bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Système de parentèle et transmission intergénérationnelle des compétences dans les petites entreprises du Sud de l’Italie
Authors: Carella Maria , Gurrieri Antonia Rosa , Lorizio Marilene
Published: February 2013

L’Italie a toujours été caractérisée par une présence considérable de petites et moyennes entreprises à gestion familiale. Selon les estimations du Family Firm Institut, notre pays enregistre une présence d’entreprises à gestion familiale d’environ 83 %. L’histoire récente de l’industrie italienne démontre que la famille y détient encore un rôle déterminant. Le présent travail aura pour but d’analyser les déterminants du succès des entreprises familiales en considérant certains aspects socio-démographiques. Plus particulièrement, nous essaierons de vérifier si et dans quelle mesure les changements générationnels et les relations parentales à l’intérieur de l’entreprise peuvent devenir des facteurs de croissance ou limiter son évolution. Nous tenterons d’analyser l’impact de la nouvelle catégorie de dirigeants à l’intérieur d’une entreprise familiale, pour savoir s’il peut être considéré comme le résultat d’un processus de stabilité et de continuité, dans un pays comme l’Italie qui oscille encore entre valeurs du passé et nouvelles cultures d’entreprise.
L’évaluation des coûts de changement de fournisseur sur le marché résidentiel de l’énergie
Authors: Lesgards Valérie
Published: February 2013

Le coût de changement (ou coût de switching) supporté par le consommateur qui change de fournisseurs est un concept récent mais qui a connu sur la dernière décennie des développements méthodologiques importants, comme en témoignent les nombreux articles publiés sur ce sujet. L’évaluation des coûts de changement demeure toutefois un exercice délicat du fait des difficultés liées à l’observation des choix du consommateur et à la mesure de la désutilité liée au changement de fournisseur. Cet article traite du cadre et des fondements théoriques sous-jacents à l’évaluation et des principales méthodes d’estimation disponibles. Les modèles économétriques qui permettent de reconstituer soit une fonction de demande (méthodes indirectes), soit l’impact du changement sur le bien-être du consommateur (méthodes directes) sont également présentés. L’application d’un modèle de choix discret au comportement du consommateur sur le marché du gaz en Grande-Bretagne réalisée par Giuletti, Waddams Price et Paterson en 2003 illustre les possibilités offertes par les méthodes directes d’évaluation.
Coordination stratégique et connaissance commune dans les réseaux de communication
Authors: Hagenbach Jeanne , Koessler Frédéric
Published: February 2013

Sur la base des travaux de Chwe (1999, 2000), nous étudions l’impact de la structure des réseaux de communication sur la diffusion de l’information et la  prise de décision dans une classe de jeux de coordination à information imcomplète. Ce cadre d’analyse permet, par exemple, de modéliser le problème d’adoption d’une nouvelle technologie lorsque les utilisateurs potentiels ne connaissent pas les préférences et les informations des autres utilisateurs potentiels. Dans la version statique du modèle, nous caractérisons les réseaux de communication minimaux permettant l’émergence du nouveau standard technologique. Nous illustrons également le rôle des connaissances interactives sur les choix d’adoption. Dans la version dynamique du modèle, nous étudions la vitesse d’adoption de la nouvelle technologie en fonction des préférences des agents et des caractéristiques structurelles du réseau, notamment l’existence de liens forts ou de liens faibles.
An Introduction to Spatial Econometrics
Authors: LeSage James P.
Published: February 2013

An introduction to spatial econometric models and methods is provided that discusses spatial autoregressive processes that can be used to extend conventional regression models. Estimation and interpretation of these models are illustrated with an applied example that examines the relationship between commuting to work times and transportation mode choice for a sample of 3,110 US counties in the year 2000. These extensions to conventional regression models are useful when modeling cross-sectional regional observations or and panel data samples collected from regions over both space and time can be easily implemented using publicly available software. Use of these models for the case of non-spatial structured dependence is also discussed.
L’usage des clauses de non-concurrence dans les contrats de travail
Authors: Bessy Christian
Published: February 2013

L’article propose d’analyser l’usage des clauses de non-concurrence dans les contrats de travail, clauses qui posent la question de l’appropriation des actifs immatériels de l’entreprise et du partage de la rente associée avec les salariés. D’un point de vue analytique, il prend appui sur les développements récents en économie qui montrent comment le droit peut favoriser l’innovation, ainsi que sur les approches institutionnalistes du droit qui mettent l’accent sur l’incomplétude des contrats et le coût d’intervention des tribunaux. Le texte avance ensuite des propositions explicatives du recours à ce type de clause dans les contrats de travail. Trois types de facteur sont analysés : le degré d’appropriation des actifs immatériels, la politique de diffusion des connaissances technologiques des entreprises et la distribution des connaissances entre leurs membres. Après avoir présenté les spécificités du droit français, nous nous appuyons sur l’exploitation d’une base française de plus de 400 contrats de travail pour analyser les liens statistiques entre le recours aux clauses de non-concurrence et les caractéristiques des emplois et des entreprises de notre base. Toutes choses étant égales par ailleurs, les résultats tendent à corroborer l’hypothèse que la possibilité du salarié de s’approprier les actifs immatériels de l’entreprise accroît l’utilisation des clauses de non-concurrence. Ces résultats sont ensuite discutés et complétés par des données plus monographiques concernant certains métiers.
Adoption et utilisation du porte-monnaie électronique Monéo – Essai empirique sur un échantillon test
Authors: Chanel Olivier , M’Chirgui Zouhaïer
Published: February 2013

Le porte-monnaie électronique (PME) est l’une des dernières innovations technologiques de paiement fondée sur la technologie « carte à puce ». Toutefois, le PME Monéo peine à se généraliser en France alors même que d’autres PME dans le monde connaissent le succès. Nous nous appuyons sur un échantillon test de 100 consommateurs de la région marseillaise pour examiner les facteurs expliquant la décision d’adopter Monéo, et la fréquence de son usage chez 50 utilisateurs. En modélisant la dépendance entre ces deux décisions par un modèle de sélection, cette étude liminaire et exploratoire indique que le revenu du ménage n’affecte pas le niveau d’utilisation mais uniquement l’adoption.
Changing Contract Structures in the International Liquefied Natural Gas Market : A First Empirical Analysis
Authors: Ruester Sophia
Published: February 2013

Ce papier présente une analyse empirique des contrats de livraison de gaz naturel liquéfié (GNL) à long terme en vue de déterminer la durée des contrats optimale. Nous étudions le compromis entre des coûts du contrat à la suite des négociations bilatérales répétées et le risque d’être lié à un contrat inflexible dans un environnement incertain. En outre, nous ajoutons une analyse de différentes dimensions de la fréquence des transaction et leurs impact à la choix de la forme organisationnelle à la discussion théorétique. Les résultats de l’estimation d’un modèle à deux étages indiquent que la présence de la spécificité des actifs dédiée conduit à des contrats plus longs confirmant les propositions de la théorie des coûts de transactions. Au contraire, le besoin de flexibilité réduit la durée d’un contrat. Avec une ascension de l’expérience des relations bilatérales entre les mêmes partenaires commerciaux, la durée d’un contrat diminue. En plus, on observe que des pays étant fortement dépendants des imports de gaz naturel en forme du GNL sont disposés à céder d’une certaine flexibilité en faveur de la sécurité des approvisionnements. Des contrats dédiés aux marchés compétitifs sont plus courts comparé aux contrats dédiés aux marchés non-liberalisés.
Clusters, réseaux d’innovation et dynamiques de proximité dans les secteurs high-tech
Authors: Depret Marc-Hubert , Hamdouch Abdelillah
Published: February 2013

La littérature sur les clusters High-Tech a connu un développement remarquable au cours des années récentes. Elle a permis de souligner la spécificité des secteurs High-Tech (notamment les technologies de l’information et de la communication et les sciences de la vie) et des logiques spatiales et réticulaires d’organisation des dynamiques d’innovation sur lesquelles ils s’appuient. Cependant, en dépit de sa richesse, cette littérature présente une grande hétérogénéité d’approches qui rend difficile la compréhension des formes et des logiques de clusterisation dans ces secteurs. Cet article propose une lecture critique de ces travaux et esquisse une grille de lecture visant à les mettre en perspective de manière constructive en vue d’investigations futures dans ce domaine.
Les théories de la firme entre « contrats » et « compétences »
Authors: Coriat Benjamin , Weinstein Olivier
Published: February 2013

Cet article propose une lecture critique des développements de la théorie de la firme, depuis la redécouverte, durant les années 1970, de l’article de Coase de 1937 sur la « nature de la firme ». Il aborde tout d’abord la vision contractuelle dominante qui dérive des questions soulevées par Coase, et qui s’est structurée autour de trois grandes théorisations : la théorie des couts de transaction de Williamson, la théorie de l’agence, qui, avec la théorie (ancienne) des droits de propriété offre la nouvelle vision néo-classique de la firme, et la théorie des contrats incomplets et des droits de propriété qui tente de reformuler la théorie des couts de transaction. Il considère ensuite la théorisation alternative de la firme comme « nœud de compétences », à partir de trois sources majeures : l’approche behavioriste, développée par Cyert, March et Simon et la vision de la firme comme « processeur d’information » ; les apports de Edith Penrose, puis de Chandler sur les conditions de création et gestion de ressources intangibles ; et enfin les développements évolutionnistes sur l’économie des routines et des connaissances.
Technology and technology policy in the postwar UK : « market failure » or « network failure » ?
Authors: Tunzelmann Nick von
Published: February 2013

The case for government intervention via technology policy in the UK in the later 20th century was typically justified by « market failure » arguments. In this paper I argue firstly that an analysis of technology trends indicates that non-market failures, mainly systemic and dynamic in nature, were a more basic source of British technological shortcomings. Secondly, an analysis of trends in technology policy suggests that narrowly economics-based views too often hampered good intentions to reform policy along more appropriate lines, and restricted development of any serious capabilities for « policy learning » in the field. The main line of argument represents an application of the Richardson-Sen model of capabilities and networking to the government/policy field. There follows a discussion of policy learning in a context of network misalignment and systemic failure over the longer term of British technology policy, although there have been more encouraging efforts to overcome some of these problems in recent times. The paper concludes that « market failure » is at best a gross simplification of the issues confronting British technology policy in this era, and often an obstruction in the way of applying more constructive network-oriented policies.
Non-exécution du contrat : le choix de l’arbitrage
Authors: Chappe Nathalie
Published: February 2013

Nous proposons une analyse des mesures visant à réparation d’un préjudice lors de l’inexécution involontaire d’un contrat en mettant l’accent sur le rôle que peut jouer l’arbitrage en la matière. Fondée sur une analyse des incitations à investir fournies respectivement par la règle des « expectations damages » et par la règle de décision de l’arbitre, notre analyse montre la supériorité parétienne de l’arbitrage sous certaines conditions.
Explication du choix d’adhésion aux syndicats par l’approche coûts-bénéfices
Authors: Sandi Mourad
Published: February 2013

L’approche des coutumes sociales suppose que les syndicats offrent à leurs membres une réputation de bonnes valeurs sociétales (1984). Dès lors, l’adhésion est une fonction croissante de cette réputation. Les cadres institutionnels influent-ils sur les choix d’adhésion ? Quel est l’impact des caractéristiques individuelles dans la détermination du choix d’adhésion ? Les individus ayant des caractéristiques identiques auront-ils le même comportement à l’égard du syndicalisme ? Dans ce papier, nous adoptons une approche économétrique dans l’analyse des facteurs susceptibles d’orienter le choix d’adhésion. L’article propose une étude empirique des déterminants de l’adhésion syndicale en centrant l’éclairage sur l’impact des caractéristiques individuelles et des facteurs institutionnels. Pour cela plusieurs spécifications économétriques sont proposées portant les unes sur des données agrégées panelisées (pays-années) les autres sur des données individuelles de l’European Social Survey couvrant 23 pays.
The law and economics of the modern firm: a new governance structure of power relationships
Authors: Chassagnon Virgile
Published: February 2013

Cet article analyse l’impact des changements industriels récents sur la structure de gouvernement des relations de pouvoir. Partant, trois arguments sont développés. Tout d’abord, une clarification de la représentation de la firme dans les théories économiques et dans le droit est proposée. Puis, la nature des quatre caractéristiques clés des firmes modernes que constituent l’industrie « financialisée », la valorisation du capital humain spécifique, le développement des actifs immatériels et la genèse des réseaux verticaux de coopération inter-firmes est étudiée. Enfin, cet article montre dans quelle mesure ces changements institutionnels influent sur le gouvernement interne et externe des firmes en termes de relations de pouvoir. À titre conclusif, des implications politiques et des orientations de recherche sont brièvement discutées.
Capital-investissement et stratégies de syndication : le cas de la france
Authors: Dal-Pont Legrand Muriel , Pommet Sophie
Published: February 2013

Cet article propose d’analyser les stratégies de syndication des sociétés de capital-investissement françaises et de les comparer à celles de leurs homologues européennes et nord-américaines. La syndication est en effet une stratégie qui permet globalement aux investisseurs d’améliorer leurs performances par exemple en partageant les risques ou encore en ajoutant de la valeur aux firmes. Cet article montre que les motifs de syndication varient en fonction du stade de développement de la firme que l’on finance mais aussi en fonction de la nature des sociétés de capital-investissement. Cet examen approfondi des choix de syndication du capital-investissement français, quand on les compare à ceux des sociétés localisées aux États-Unis, semble révéler une certaine « spécialisation » de ce dernier.
Émergence et intégration commerciale
Authors: Abdelmalki Lahsen , Sandretto René , Sadni Jallab Mustapha
Published: February 2013

L’accord signé entre le Maroc et les États-Unis le 15 juin 2004 et entré en vigueur le 1er janvier 2006 prévoit plusieurs modalités différentes de démantèlement des droits de douanes selon les secteurs concernés. Notre étude vise à évaluer les conséquences de cet accord tant sur le plan du bien-être que sur la croissance et l’évolution de la balance commerciale sectorielle des deux pays et, plus généralement sur la contribution – éventuelle – de cet accord à l’émergence de l’économie marocaine. À cet effet, nous utilisons un modèle d’équilibre partiel (le modèle WITS/SMART développé conjointement par la Banque mondiale et la CNUCED) afin de repérer les activités et les questions « sensibles ». Ce repérage est rendu possible grâce à un niveau très fin de désagrégation (niveau de spécification à six chiffres). Nous utilisons également un modèle d’équilibre général calculable (GTAP) destiné à évaluer de manière plus rigoureuse les effets allocatifs inter- et intra-sectoriels, les effets de création et de détournement de trafic ainsi que les impacts en terme de bien-être. Nos simulations montrent le rôle décisif joué par les modalités de libéralisation commerciale. Plus précisément, nos résultats démontrent l’intérêt d’un accord graduel et asymétrique. En outre, l’accord de libre-échange (ALE) entre les États-Unis et le Maroc aura un impact significatif non seulement sur le commerce entre ces deux pays, mais également sur leurs relations commerciales avec d’autres pays. Le plus important détournement de commerce affectera l’Union européenne et particulièrement la France et l’Espagne, qui sont les deux principaux partenaires commerciaux du Maroc. Les effets de détournement affecteront également certains pays d’Afrique du Nord. En somme, l’accord pourrait permettre au Maroc de diversifier ses marchés et de diluer sa dépendance commerciale par rapport à ses partenaires traditionnels.
Public intervention for Free/Open Source Software
Authors: Comino Stefano , Manenti Fabio M. , Rossi Alessandro
Published: February 2013

Ce papier passe en revue les principaux arguments théoriques et pratiques pour et contre les politiques en faveur du logiciel libre. À partir d’informations recueillies à partir du site OSOR.eu, nous construisons une base de données sur les interventions publiques liées au logiciel libre, établissant qu’en Europe le soutien public au logiciel libre se fait le plus souvent par une adoption directe du partenaire public ou par ses avis favorables à une telle adoption. Notre analyse suggère qu’une analyse sérieuse de la rationalité, des motivations et des conséquences de telles interventions publiques passe par un examen attentif des différents rôles des pouvoirs publics et des différentes catégories de logiciels en jeu. Les arguments empiriques que nous apportons établissent que le soutien au logiciel libre est plus fort i) quand les services en ligne de l’État sont largement disponibles, et ii) quand l’industrie locale du logiciel est en retard. Cette observation empirique va dans le sens de conceptions partagées par les défenseurs du logiciel libre.
La différenciation qualitative dans les services de l’aide à domicile : une lecture par les conventions de qualité
Authors: Messaoudi Djamel
Published: February 2013

L’incertitude qualitative dans les services de l’aide à domicile empêche la différenciation des qualités par les prix. Dans cette situation, comment les usagers choisissent-ils un prestataire dont la qualité est adaptée à leurs attentes et comment les prestataires signalent-ils leurs différences de qualité ? Les jugements qualificatifs de la réputation des prestataires sont un dispositif par lequel les différences de qualité sont repérées. L’ajustement de la qualité figure parmi les dimensions les plus importantes de cette réputation. Mais cet ajustement peut s’opérer selon des schémas distincts propres à chaque prestataire. Leur spécification a permis d’identifier quatre conventions de qualité selon lesquelles on peut « lire » les différences de qualité dans le marché des services de l’aide à domicile.
Piracy, indirect « Sampling » and sequential adoption of TV series with multiple episodes
Authors: Gordah Maher , Le Texier Thomas , Niang Moustapha
Published: February 2013

Nous analysons le poids d’une activité illégale de téléchargement ou de streaming sur l’activité commerciale de « vidéo à la demande », ainsi que le rôle de l’échantillonnage indirect dans l’établissement des stratégies tarifaires. À ce titre, nous considérons le cas des séries télévisées à épisodes multiples, dont l’adoption est définie de manière séquentielle. Nos résultats montrent que l’acteur marchand éprouve toujours un intérêt à intégrer l’échantillonnage indirect dans son modèle de tarification optimale. Néanmoins, cette stratégie peut parfois ne pas lui suffire pour tirer systématiquement parti de l’activité illégale, dans la mesure où son niveau de profit dépend directement de la combinaison de deux effets opposés (un effet « direct de piratage » et un effet « différentiel d’échantillonnage »). Les résultats de notre analyse du bien-être ne justifient pas quant à eux la mise en oeuvre de politiques publiques visant à évincer les acteurs hors-la-loi sur le seul argument de la préservation de l’intérêt social.
Interpolation Based Mutation Variants of Differential Evolution
Authors: Kumar Pravesh , Kumar Sushil , Pant Millie , Singh V.P.
Published: February 2013

Differential evolution algorithm (DE) is an efficient and versatile population-based search technique for global optimization. In this paper, two novel mutation variants for DE are presented. These mutation variants are based on interpolation rules; first variant is based on Inverse Quadratic Interpolation called IQI-DE and the second variant is based on sequential parabolic interpolation called SPI-DE. Both variants aim at efficiently generating the base vector in the mutation phase of DE. The performance of proposed variants is implemented on 12 benchmark problems and compares with basic DE and five other enhanced versions of DE such as DERL, ODE, jDE, JADE, and LeDE. Experimental results show that the proposed variants are significantly better or at least comparable to other variants in term of convergence speed and solution accuracy.
Use of Virtual World for Soft/Communication Skills Training
Authors: Abshier Patricia
Published: February 2013

The current state of the economy has created an increased pressure on companies to establish more efficient training programs, resulting in an upswing in e-learning and distance learning programs. With this increased demand for e-learning/distance learning training, the need for more interactive training that goes beyond the traditional webinar and video conference has also been identified. The literature regarding virtual learning platforms suggests that the use of simulations, both asynchronous and synchronous, holds great potential for enhancing the knowledge and skills of learning in a myriad of fields. Although these platforms are proving to have great benefits, they also are showing some challenges and barriers to overcome. After a review of current research, Cicatelli Associates, Inc. (CAI), conducted an internal feasibility study to determine the feasibility of the use of virtual worlds in training healthcare and health care service provision staff in general counseling skills and communications skills. After examining, both the strengths and the challenges of utilizing this method for training it was determined that several barriers exist that currently prohibit the organization from using this method. These barriers include access to appropriate computer systems, as well as the lack of fine or micro non-verbal gestures in virtual worlds.
An Intelligent Particle Swarm Optimization for Fuzzy Based Heterogeneous Radio Access Technology (RAT) Selection
Authors: Preethi J. , Palaniswami S.
Published: February 2013

The future wireless networks are heterogeneous in nature where different Radio Access Technologies (RATs) coexist in the same coverage area. The user terminal has to select the best access technology among Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN), Wireless Wide Area Network (WWAN), and Universal Mobile Telecommunication Systems (UMTS) etc. at its current location. Thus, selecting the appropriate RAT and cell becomes a complex problem in heterogeneous network due to number of variables involved in the selection process. The main objective of this work in the heterogeneous networks is to maximize the percentage of satisfied users who are assigned to the networks. Henceforth, this paper presents an innovative mechanism for the selection of heterogeneous networks such as WWAN and WLAN. The performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated using 1000 datasets. From the simulation results, it is found that the proposed algorithm gives highest probability for mobile user satisfaction than the existing methods.
Design Democratization with Communities
Authors: Winschiers-Goagoses Naska , Winschiers-Theophilus Heike , Rodil Kasper , Kapuire Gereon Koch , Jensen Kasper
Published: February 2013

The authors present community drawing as meaningful representations to inform locally valid technology design. They investigate recognition within and across cultural borders, thereby exposing variances of localities. The study contributes to the still scarce body of empirical work on culturally meaningful development of visual representations and recognition, as part of a longitudinal research project in which we co-design a 3D visualization for a specific Namibian pilot site.
A Case Study of Using Online Communities and Virtual Environment in Massively Multiplayer Role Playing Games (MMORPGs) as a Learning and Teaching Tool for Second Language Learners
Authors: Kongmee Isara , Strachan Rebecca , Pickard Alison , Montgomery Catherine
Published: February 2013

Massively Multiplayer Online Role Playing Games (MMORPGs) create large virtual communities. Online gaming shows potential not just for entertaining, but also in education. This research investigates the use of commercial MMORPGs to support second language teaching. MMORPGs offer virtual safe spaces in which students can communicate by using their target second language with global players. Using a mix of ethnography and action research, this study explores the students’ experiences of language learning and performing while playing MMORPGs. The results show that the use of MMORPGs can facilitate language development by offering fun, informal, individualised and secure virtual spaces for students to practise their language with native and other second language speakers.
Implementing Unconventional Virtual Environments for Enhancing Creativity in Architecture Pedagogy
Authors: Hakak Alireza Mahdizadeh , Biloria Nimish , Rahimi Mozhgan Raouf
Published: February 2013

What can be extracted as a common definition amongst near 100 different definitions of creativity according to different disciplines is: Creativity is a new combination of what you have in your inventory of experiences + intuition. It can be considered that expanding the inventory of experiences can gradually help in novel combination of experiences and intuition. To support and promote such an expansion, experiencing a virtual environment (VE) with unconventional spatial characteristics offers to be an interesting case. VE’s can help in detaching one self from the real-world as regards the sense of time, matter and physical constraints, thus enabling a designer to embody and expand into a new palette of inventory.The authors thus hypothesize from a cognitive point of view that extensiveness extensiveness of experience gained by surfing in unconventional virtual environments can positively be related to both creative performance (enhance interactivity, lateral thinking, idea generation and creativity-supporting cognitive processes (retrieval of unconventional knowledge, recruitment of ideas from unconfined virtual environment for creative idea expansion). The authors also believe that creating a new perception of spatial environment as the first step of architecture pedagogy can be of vital impetus in expanding the educator’s ideas. As a practical suggestion the authors suggest conducting praxis based workshops besides the main academic curriculum in which designers can design, surf, play, manipulate unconventional virtual environment, totally free of any constrains in an immersive, interactive virtual environment.
Exploring Identity and Citizenship in a Virtual World
Authors: Martin Stewart
Published: February 2013

Digital technology is able to modify deep-rooted views (Martin & Vallance, 2008) and facilitate identity articulation (Bers, 2001). During adolescence young people are developing their personal identity framed through the context of family, friends and cultural and religious inheritance. The complex dynamics between ’self,’ upbringing, cultural background, religious belief and social context may produce a sense of acceptance and welcome, feelings social engagement, or lead to anomie, social rejection, personal failure, disaffection or radicalisation. In multicultural, pluralistic democracies the emergence of trans-national political structures and the rise of international tensions have increased concerns about the nature of, and entitlement to, citizenship. This paper describes the Citizenship Project’s virtual world study of identity development in young people, using real-world scenarios to discover what values underpin engagement with political issues and citizenship, how they receive the concerns and values of others and how virtual worlds can promote social inclusion and cohesion.
On the Hadamard Product of Hopf Monoids
Authors: Aguiar Marcelo , Mahajan Swapneel
Published: February 2013

Combinatorial structures that compose and decompose give rise to Hopf monoids in Joyal's category of species. The Hadamard product of two Hopf monoids is another Hopf monoid. We prove two main results regarding freeness of Hadamard products. The first one states that if one factor is connected and the other is free as a monoid, their Hadamard product is free (and connected). The second provides an explicit basis for the Hadamard product when both factors are free.

The first main result is obtained by showing the existence of a one-parameter deformation of the comonoid structure and appealing to a rigidity result of Loday and Ronco that applies when the parameter is set to zero. To obtain the second result, we introduce an operation on species that is intertwined by the free monoid functor with theHadamard product. As an application of the first result, we deduce that the Boolean transform of the dimension sequence of a connected Hopf monoid is nonnegative.
Boundary Conditions for Limited Area Models Based on the Shallow Water Equations
Authors: Bousquet Arthur , Petcu Madalina , Shiue Ming-Cheng , Temam Roger , Tribbia Joseph
Published: February 2013

A new set of boundary conditions has been derived by rigorous methods for the shallow water equations in a limited domain. The aim of this article is to present these boundary conditions and to report on numerical simulations which have been performed using these boundary conditions. The new boundary conditions which are mildly dissipative let the waves move freely inside and outside the domain. The problems considered include a one-dimensional shallow water system with two layers of fluids and a two-dimensional inviscid shallow water system in a rectangle.
Governance, Competence and Relationship Perspectives: An Empirical Analysis on New Taipei City Government
Authors: Chi-ho Chiou
Published: February 2013

The thesis of this article is drawn from the governance, competence and relationship perspectives. It discusses what factors will enhance the government’s administrative efficiency and effectiveness and how to improve organization performance. For the first question, this article founds some factors including: organizational structure, management mechanism, resources and ability, partnerships, and so on. As for the second issue concerning how to improve organizational performance, this article argues that including: compatibility, complementary, collaboration, knowledge sharing, information technology, and effective governance. The results of this article will be able to be followed by other researches and as reference for practical applications. The thesis of this article is drawn from the governance, competence and relationship perspectives. It discusses what factors will enhance the government’s administrative efficiency and effectiveness and how to improve organization performance. For the first question, this article founds some factors including: organizational structure, management mechanism, resources and ability, partnerships, and so on. As for the second issue concerning how to improve organizational performance, this article argues that including: compatibility, complementary, collaboration, knowledge sharing, information technology, and effective governance. The results of this article will be able to be followed by other researches and as reference for practical applications.
The Value of the Right of Superficies
Authors: Rijavec Vesna , Pšunder Igor
Published: February 2013

The right of superficies is the right to build and own a building over, on or under a land owned by another person. Because the right of superficies is payable and transferable, it puts under question a compensation for the granted right of superficies and also its value at the transfer. Present article treats the legal characteristics of the right of superfices, and on this basis a model of determining the periodic compensation for the right of superficies is devised. On the basis of the annual compensation we derived the models of appraising of the value of the right of superficies. In the article we also introduce the influence of renovation on the value of the building and consenquently on the value of compensation that has to be payed by the owner of the land to the holder of the right of superficies at cessation.
Effectiveness of Administrative Appeals - Empirical Evidence from Romanian Local Administration
Authors: Dragos Dacian Cosmin , Neamtu Bogdana
Published: February 2013

Before resorting to a court for the annulment/modification of an administrative decision, an interested party has the possibility of challenging the decision before the administration itself. The (internal) administrative appeal is addressed to the issuing public authority (or to the higher public authority). Administrative appeals have always been considered an affordable tool for alternative dispute resolution in administrative matters, and a way of reducing the burden of litigation on the courts. The present article endeavors to make an analysis of the issues related to this topic. Empirical research conducted at the level of local public administrative authorities in Romania shows the importance and effectiveness of administrative appeals, in spite of the (sometimes) discouraging provisions of

the law
Medical Student Appraisal
Authors: Khalifian S. , Markman T. , Sampognaro P. , Mitchell S. , Weeks S. , Dattilo J.
Published: February 2013

Background: The rapidly growing industry for mobile medical applications provides numerous smartphone resources designed for healthcare professionals. However, not all applications are equally useful in addressing the questions of early medical trainees.

Methods: Three popular, free, mobile healthcare applications were evaluated along with a GoogleTM web search on both AppleTM and AndroidTM devices. Six medical students at a large academic hospital evaluated each application for a one-week period while on various clinical rotations.

Results: GoogleTM was the most frequently used search method and presented multimedia resources but was inefficient for obtaining clinical management information. EpocratesTM Pill ID feature was praised for its clinical utility. MedscapeTM had the highest satisfaction of search and excelled through interactive educational features. MicromedexTM offered both FDA and off-label dosing for drugs.

Discussion: GoogleTM was the preferred search method for questions related to basic disease processes and multimedia resources, but was inadequate for clinical management. Caution should also be exercised when using GoogleTM in front of patients. MedscapeTM was the most appealing application due to a broad scope of content and educational features relevant to medical trainees. Students should also be cognizant of how mobile technology may be perceived by their evaluators to avoid false impressions.

Citation: Dattilo J, Khalifian S, Markman T, Sampognaro P, Mitchell S, Weeks S. Medical student appraisal: searching on smartphones. Appl Clin Inf 2013; 4: 53–60

http://dx.doi.org/10.4338/ACI-2012-10-CR-0047
Gubernatorial Emergency Management Powers: Testing the Limits in Pennsylvania
Authors: Sweeney Patricia
Published: February 2013

We live in an age marked by natural disasters, pandemics, and terrorism. Individually and in combination, these destructive forces provoke socio-political and economic havoc across the country. Pennsylvanians are intimately familiar with the devastating effects of flooding, severe tornadoes, and crippling snowstorms. Moreover, the very landscape of Pennsylvania bears the scars of the wreckage of a failed terrorist airplane hijacking. Such disasters, be they attributable to nature or humankind, present unique challenges to state and local governments. During such crisis, officials-from small-town mayors to the Governor-are called upon to make critical, time-sensitive decisions. Some of these decisions will be wise and prove effective, while others may not. Against this backdrop of seemingly impending crisis, it is critical that the legal powers of elected officials be clearly understood before they are needed. This article explores one such disaster-related legal issue by answering the question: When the Governor of Pennsylvania declares a state of emergency, what are his emergency management powers, and what is the breadth of the scope of these powers? Answering this question requires an understanding of state governors' powers in general, which is presented in Part II of the article. Part III discusses the constitutional and statutory authority for the Pennsylvania Governor's emergency management powers. The apparent breadth of these powers is explored in Part IV, wherein the Governor's powers are analyzed in the context of legislative history. Part V analyzes effective "checks" on the Governor's powers and details a specific instance of a legal challenge to the Governor's declaration of a state of emergency. Part VI concludes with the answer to the central inquiry.
Doctors, Dioceses, and Decisions: Examining the Impact of the Catholic Hospital System and Federal Conscience Clauses on Medical Education
Authors: Wurdock Stephanie M.
Published: February 2013

In a time when health care reform and the limits on First Amendment freedom of religion are persistent subjects of debate, Catholic restrictions on health care have made it to the forefront of public concern. Catholic providers prohibit a variety of medical procedures traditionally viewed by the Church as contrary to the tenet of respect for human life and dignity. Many Americans view this as an unconstitutional restriction on care. As a result, the growing presence of Catholic providers, namely hospitals, has become a major point of contention in many communities. The potential barrier to medical services raises concern not only for potential patients, but also for medical students whose chosen specialty may include a prohibited service. This article identifies some difficulties that may emerge for current and prospective medical students and advocates that both groups should be required to contemplate (1) their personal beliefs as they pertain to religiously-restricted care, and (2) the effects those beliefs will have on their medical education and training. This article also gives a comprehensive background of the history of the Catholic hospital system in America and analyzes the federal "conscience clauses" and their implications for the instruction and practice of medicine. Finally, this article concludes that a mandatory bioethics curriculum is absolutely crucial to ensure adequate ethics training for medical students.
Is Down Syndrome Doomed? How State Statutes Can Help Expectant Parents Make Informed Decisions about Prenatal Down Syndrome Diagnoses*
Authors: Santin Teresa
Published: February 2013

Giving birth to a child with Down syndrome is a choice and one that should be well-informed. It has become a trend for expectant parents to abort fetuses with Down syndrome before fully weighing their options.[1] Expectant parents may automatically assume that an individual with Down syndrome will not lead a worthwhile life and that raising the child will pose too many challenges for them.[2] In order to minimize the number of fetuses with Down syndrome that are being aborted (which may be greater than 90%),[3] expectant parents need access to up-to-date, comprehensive information about all aspects of raising a child with Down syndrome, including the many positive aspects. Whatever decision a parent makes regarding raising a child with Giving birth to a child with Down syndrome is a choice and one that should be well-informed. It has become a trend for expectant parents to abort fetuses with Down syndrome before fully weighing their options.[1] Expectant parents may automatically assume that an individual with Down syndrome will not lead a worthwhile life and that raising the child will pose too many challenges for them.[2] In order to minimize the number of fetuses with Down syndrome that are being aborted (which may be greater than 90%),[3] expectant parents need access to up-to-date, comprehensive information about all aspects of raising a child with Down syndrome, including the many positive aspects. Whatever decision a parent makes regarding raising a child with consent. Part IV examines current state and federal laws that require healthcare providers to give information to expectant mothers who receive a prenatal Down syndrome diagnosis. Part IV also addresses why a law requiring post-Down syndrome diagnosis information is not unduly burdensome. Specifically, Part IV looks closely at the Prenatally and Postnatally Diagnosed Conditions Awareness Act and state statutes in Missouri, New Jersey, Alabama, and Virginia.  Part V discusses why laws already enacted on this issue are inadequate and proposes a model statute that all states can follow in crafting their own similar laws. Finally, Part V addresses potential concerns related to the proposed law like cost, enforcement, and First Amendment rights, and how those issues may be resolved.
Talking (About) the Elite and Mass:
Authors: Ingraham Chris
Published: February 2013

The rhetorical tradition has long been concerned with how to negotiate the discursive juncture between mass and elite audiences. Such a concern has contributed to what might be characterized as the rhetorical tradition's anxiety with regard to its own status. In this article I suggest that this anxiety parallels an ontological conception of the elite as second-order in relation to the first-order mass. I use the standoff between novelist Jonathan Franzen and Oprah Winfrey in 2001 as a running example of status tensions in the public sphere, arguing for a theory of vernacular as language that talks and of specialized language as language that talks about. Finally, I suggest that the separate claims to status of vernacular and specialized language might be resolved by thinking further about Bakhtin's theory of heteroglossia.
Peer-Supported Diabetes Prevention Program for Turkish- and Arabic-Speaking Communities in Australia
Authors: Sulaiman Nabil , Hadj Elaine , Hussein Amal , Young Doris
Published: February 2013

In Australia, type 2 diabetes and prediabetes are more prevalent in culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) communities than mainstream Australians. Purpose. To develop, implement, and evaluate culturally sensitive peer-supported diabetes education program for the prevention of type 2 diabetes in high-risk middle-aged Turkish- and Arabic-speaking people. Methods. A two-day training program was developed. Ten bilingual peer leaders were recruited from existing health and social networks in Melbourne and were trained by diabetes educators. Each leader recruited 10 high-risk people for developing diabetes.
Questionnaires were administered, and height, weight, and waist circumference were measured at baseline and three months after the intervention. The intervention comprised two 2-hour group sessions and 30 minutes reinforcement and support telephone calls.
Results. 94 individuals (73% women) completed the program. Three months after the program, the participants’ mean body weight (before = 78.1 kg, after = 77.3; Z score = −3.415, P=0.001) and waist circumference (Z = −2.569, P=0.004) were reduced, their diabetes knowledge was enhanced, and lifestyle behaviours were significantly improved. Conclusions. A short diabetes prevention program delivered by bilingual peers was associated with improved diabetes awareness, changed lifestyle behaviour, and reduction in body weight 3 months after intervention. The findings are encouraging and should stimulate a larger control-designed study.
Probiotics and Necrotizing Enterocolitis: Finding the Missing Pieces of the Probiotic Puzzle
Authors: Luedtke Sherry A. , Yang Jacob T. , Wild Heather E.
Published: February 2013

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is one of the leading causes of death in the neonatal intensive care unit. Morbidity and mortality rates significantly increase with decreases in gestational age and birth weight. Strong evidence suggests probiotic prophylaxis may significantly decrease the incidence of NEC and should therefore be incorporated into the standard of care for preterm infants. However, debate still remains because of limitations of completed studies. The purpose of this review was to provide an overview of the controversies regarding probiotic use in preterm infants and to shed light on the practical considerations for implementation of probiotic supplementation.
Recent New Drug Approvals. Part 1: Drugs with Pediatric Indications
Authors: Shelton Chasity M. , Chhim Rebecca F. , Christensen Michael L.
Published: February 2013

This two-part review provides information about drugs that have been recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration and focuses on drugs approved with pediatric indications or approved in adults with active pediatric studies. Information was obtained from the product labeling and selected published studies. Part 1 reviews recently approved drugs with labeled pediatric indications, and Part 2 will review recent drug approvals in adults that have potential use in pediatrics and have active studies.
Exploring Differences in Inpatient Drug Purchasing Cost Between Two Pediatric Hospitals
Authors: Nydert Per , Poole Robert
Published: February 2013

OBJECTIVES

In this study, the hospital cost of purchasing drugs at two children's hospitals is explored with respect to high-cost drugs and drug classes and discussed with regard to differences in hospital setting, drug price, or number of treatments.

METHODS

The purchasing costs of drugs at the two hospitals were retrieved and analyzed. All information was connected to the Anatomic Therapeutic Chemical code and compared in a Microsoft Access database.

RESULTS

The 6-month drug purchasing costs at Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital (ALCH), Stockholm, Sweden, and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital at Stanford (LPCH), Palo Alto, California, are similar and result in a cost per patient day of US $149 and US $136, respectively. The hospital setting and choice of drug products are factors that influence the drug cost in product-specific ways.

CONCLUSIONS

Several problems are highlighted when only drug costs are compared between hospitals. For example, the comparison does not take into account the amount of waste, risk of adverse drug events, local dosing strategies, disease prevalence, and national drug-pricing models. The difference in cost per inpatient day at ALCH may indicate that cost could be redistributed in Sweden to support pediatric pharmacy services. Also, when introducing new therapies seen at the comparison hospital, it may be possible to extrapolate the estimated increase in cost.