bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The new reign
Authors: Gunn Steven
Published: May 2017

Some of the new men were caught up in the political turbulence of Henry VII’s last years, but his son’s accession brought greater challenges. Empson and Dudley were destroyed, and others saw their influence wane, but many of their colleagues prospered as leading councillors and household officers under Henry VIII and Wolsey. Meanwhile, they sought to train up and promote their sons and nephews and marry their kin off well, but genetic failure could prove to be as cruel as political.
Faith and fortune
Authors: Gunn Steven
Published: May 2017

The rise of Anne Boleyn and Thomas Cromwell and the break with Rome in the 1530s posed new threats to those of the new men still alive. Some were close to Katherine of Aragon, to Princess Mary, or to the clerical leaders of resistance to the reformation. All were growing old and were unsettled by a religious climate very different to that they knew from the old king’s court, with its attachment to provision for the poor, prayers for the dead and the ministry of the friars. Most faded away, but Hussey was destroyed by his ambivalent reaction to the Lincolnshire rising of 1536. It was left to their descendants to see what could be built on the foundations they had laid.
The making of Tudor England
Authors: Gunn Steven
Published: May 2017

The new men’s role in Henry VII’s regime must be set amid the contribution made to his reign by other royal councillors and servants, bishops, lesser clerics, peers, and courtiers. Yet their efforts did much to give his government its distinctive flavour. Their careers as upwardly mobile agents of royal power were not unprecedented, but were notable in their impact, paralleled those of their contemporaries in other European polities, and foreshadowed those of later sixteenth-century statesmen. Their importance was evident to those interpreting Henry’s reign in the decades that followed, into the generations of Holinshed and Stow, Shakespeare, and Bacon. Critical contemporaries were right that they mixed self-help liberally with public service, but they were central to the making of Tudor England.
An Orientation to Musical Pedagogy
Authors: Browning Birch P.
Published: May 2017

Novice music educators often experience conflict between their roles as teachers and their roles as musicians. The broad purpose of this text is to assist pre-service music teachers as they begin the transition from students to professional educators and musicians by challenging what they think they know about those two distinct yet complementary roles. Rather than perpetuating existing practice, these future educators are encouraged to build their own new vision for music curriculum and education by examining the "big concepts" of teaching and musicianship based on several research-based ideas: (1) There's no such thing as talent, (2) effective teachers have specialized knowledge about their subject, students, pedagogy, and instructional context, and (3) musicianship is not magic. More important, through deliberate thought and action, pre-service music teachers can learn the concepts and practices of expert teachers and musicians and incorporate them into the music classroom. Attention is given to how students learn and to designing and delivering engaging classroom instruction.
Transitioning from Student to Teacher
Authors: Browning Birch P.
Published: May 2017

The chapter discusses the importance of students’ examining their motivation for becoming a music educator. As a part of this process, students learn that they must challenge what they think they already know about being a teacher and understand the purposes of public education in the United States. Effective teachers are described as having specific understandings about their subject, about students, about how to structure the subject so that their students can learn efficiently, and about the context in which they teach. Effective teachers use their specialized knowledge, much of which is learned through deliberate instructional experience, to make and assess instructional decisions. A framework for understanding teaching is presented, and a project asks students to write about their motivations to teach music.
How Students Learn
Authors: Browning Birch P.
Published: May 2017

The chapter relates that learning, whether of new knowledge, a new skill, or a new attitude, has both neurological and psychological components. The learning process modifies the structure of the brain (via synaptogenesis) and is experienced by the learner as a representation. Representations enable us to recognize and then cogitate about items, experiences, and concepts . Learning is more efficient if based on prior learning, stored in patterns, and is more likely to occur if the learner finds the material meaningful or useful. The chapter describes the ways in which changing a known routine (adaptive expertise) and being aware of one’s own thought process (metacognition) effect learning. Experts are able to solve complex problems because they have developed interlocking pattern-based representations of the core understandings of their domain.
Delivering Engaging Instruction
Authors: Browning Birch P.
Published: May 2017

classroom management (physical setup, movement between classes, and group activities) and classroom discipline (the creation of rules and the application of consequences). Disruptions obviously interfere with instruction, and effective teachers employ instructional delivery strategies to limit disruptions and maximize learning. These strategies include organizing the classroom, establishing various routines, managing teacher-student interactions, asking questions that encourage thoughtful responses, guiding student-focused work, keeping the students engaged in the learning process, and differentiated instruction—customizing teaching to meet diverse students’ needs. The principles of guided practice are explained.
Instructional Context
Authors: Browning Birch P.
Published: May 2017

The chapter describes ways for new teachers gain a sophisticated understanding of the instructional environment. In fact, some research indicates that it takes five years in the classroom to become a fully competent teacher. Steps are laid out for pre-service teachers to lay the groundwork for understanding the instructional context by observing and interacting with in-service teachers, with the deliberate intent to understand not only what they do but also how they make their instructional decisions. Federal programs including Race to the Top are discussed. Various facets of school organizations and contemporary educational issues, such as standardized testing, teacher evaluation, diversity, and charter schools, are addressed, along with issues of music education reform.
Endocrine Disruptors, Brain, and Behavior
Authors: Patisaul Heather B. , Belcher Scott M.
Published: May 2017

Hormones play a foundational role in the sex-specific organization of the brain and, consequently, the complex behaviors they coordinate. Our world and bodies are becoming increasingly polluted with chemicals capable of interfering with hormone action and thus, possibly, our neural and mental health. If and how these endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) affect the development and function of the brain, and may be contributing to neural disorders that are rapidly rising in prevalence, are the central concerns of this book. This work also examines why even the concept of endocrine disruption is controversial in some circles; how differing definitions of endocrine disruption and “adverse” outcomes shape public policy; and where the current capacity to evaluate chemicals for safety in a regulatory context begins and ends. Fundamental concepts of the EDC hypothesis, including critical windows of exposure and sexually dimorphic effects, are explained. A historical perspective on how the endocrine disruption hypothesis emerged and a summary of how and to what degree prototypical EDCs affect human brain health are provided as a prelude to a critical evaluation of the evidence linking EDC exposures to human neurobehavioral disorders. The book concludes with suggestions for future research needs and a summary of emerging technology that might prove more capable of effectively evaluating existing and new chemicals for endocrine-disrupting properties. The impossibility of disentangling the “science” of EDC action on the brain and behavior from its public health policy implications and economic influence is comprehensively addressed throughout.
The Path Forward
Authors: Patisaul Heather B. , Belcher Scott M.
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on the contemporary approaches of research being used to understand the actions of EDCs and emerging high-throughput screening approaches to examine new and existing chemicals for endocrine-disrupting activities. Concepts arising from the 2007 NRC report “Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century: A Vision and a Strategy” are delineated and the ongoing development of predictive computational toxicology approaches are addressed. The screening strategies being developed under the Tox21 and Toxicity Forecaster (ToxCast) programs are described, with a review of advantages, challenges, and progress to date. There is a brief overview of the EPA’s Interactive Chemical Safety for Sustainability (iCSS) Dashboard as a portal for accessing the ToxCast data through ToxCastDB, and the EPA’s Aggregated Computational Toxicology data warehouse (ACToR), which contains all publicly available EPA chemical toxicity data. Additional challenges related to the inability of current screening approaches to address complex physiology involved in neuroendocrine disruption are addressed.
Medicare and Medicaid
Authors: Klosko George
Published: May 2017

The struggle for national health insurance in the United States, beginning with Harry Truman’s unsuccessful attempt. The chapter discusses the political strategy that eventually led to the passage of Medicare and Medicaid, and deleterious consequences of the arguments that were used. Especially important are the deceptions used to justify Medicare and how this contributed to Medicaid’s status as “welfare medicine.”
Bistability, Causality, and Complexity in Cortical Networks: An In Vitro Perturbational Study
Authors: D'Andola Mattia , Rebollo Beatriz , Casali Adenauer G , Weinert Julia F , Pigorini Andrea , Villa Rosa , Massimini Marcello , Sanchez-Vives Maria V
Published: May 2017

Measuring the spatiotemporal complexity of cortical responses to direct perturbations provides a reliable index of the brain's capacity for consciousness in humans under both physiological and pathological conditions. Upon loss of consciousness, the complex pattern of causal interactions observed during wakefulness collapses into a stereotypical slow wave, suggesting that cortical bistability may play a role. Bistability is mainly expressed in the form of slow oscillations, a default pattern of activity that emerges from cortical networks in conditions of functional or anatomical disconnection. Here, we employ an in vitro model to understand the relationship between bistability and complexity in cortical circuits. We adapted the perturbational complexity index applied in humans to electrically stimulated cortical slices under different neuromodulatory conditions. At this microscale level, we demonstrate that perturbational complexity can be effectively modulated by pharmacological reduction of bistability and, albeit to a lesser extent, by enhancement of excitability, providing mechanistic insights into the macroscale measurements performed in humans.
Desingularizing $\boldsymbol{b^m}$-Symplectic Structures
Authors: Guillemin Victor , Miranda Eva , Weitsman Jonathan
Published: May 2017

A $2n$-dimensional Poisson manifold $(M ,\Pi)$ is said to be $b^m$-symplectic if it is symplectic on the complement of a hypersurface $Z$ and has a simple Darboux canonical form at points of $Z$ which we will describe below. In this article, we will discuss a desingularization procedure which, for $m$ even, converts $\Pi$ into a family of symplectic forms $\omega_{\epsilon}$ having the property that $\omega_{\epsilon}$ is equal to the $b^m$-symplectic form dual to $\Pi$ outside an $\epsilon$-neighborhood of $Z$ and, in addition, converges to this form as $\epsilon$ tends to zero in a sense that will be made precise in the theorem below. We will then use this construction to show that a number of somewhat mysterious properties of $b^m$-manifolds can be more clearly understood by viewing them as limits of analogous properties of the $\omega_{\epsilon}$’s. We will also prove versions of these results for $m$ odd; however, in the odd case the family $\omega_{\epsilon}$ has to be replaced by a family of “folded” symplectic forms.
The Role of Non-Governmental Organizations in the Business and Human Rights Treaty Negotiations
Authors: Bernaz Nadia , Pietropaoli Irene
Published: May 2017

In June 2014, the UN Human Rights Council established an intergovernmental working group to elaborate a treaty on business and human rights. In July 2015, the working group held its first session launching the negotiations process—the culmination of a global movement of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) that over the last four decades have called for greater corporate accountability for human rights violations. The advocacy activities of the Treaty Alliance, an alliance of NGOs that supports the development of the treaty, were pivotal to the tabling of the resolution establishing the working group. These organizations now have the opportunity to engage with the negotiations process, both formally and informally, through consultations, advocacy, and lobbying. This article considers the impact NGOs may have in the drafting negotiations of the proposed treaty. It identifies several lobbying and advocacy strategies that were successful in previous international law-making processes and discusses the extent to which they could be applied to the current negotiations. It presents the benefits of an NGO coalition, of formal and informal lobbying strategies, and of the development of a common NGOs and friendly states framework. It analyses the reasons for Western states’ opposition and suggests lobbying strategies that may overcome it. Recognizing the unique subject matter of this treaty, it also focuses on lobbying corporate actors, and explores the complementarity between the Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights and the treaty and the need for NGOs to support both. The article concludes on the necessity to compromise on essential points if a treaty is ever to emerge.
A Retrospective Propensity Score-Matched Early Thromboembolic Event Analysis of Prothrombin Complex Concentrate vs Fresh Frozen Plasma for Warfarin Reversal Prior to Emergency Neurosurgical Procedures
Authors: Agarwal Prateek , Abdullah Kalil G , Ramayya Ashwin G , Nayak Nikhil R , Lucas Timothy H
Published: May 2017

BACKGROUND

Reversal of therapeutic anticoagulation prior to emergency neurosurgical procedures is required in the setting of intracranial hemorrhage. Multifactor prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC) promises rapid efficacy but may increase the probability of thrombotic complications compared to fresh frozen plasma (FFP).

OBJECTIVE

To compare the rate of thrombotic complications in patients treated with PCC or FFP to reverse therapeutic anticoagulation prior to emergency neurosurgical procedures in the setting of intracranial hemorrhage at a level I trauma center.

METHODS

Sixty-three consecutive patients on warfarin therapy presenting with intracranial hemorrhage who received anticoagulation reversal prior to emergency neurosurgical procedures were retrospectively identified between 2007 and 2016. They were divided into 2 cohorts based on reversal agent, either PCC (n = 28) or FFP (n = 35). The thrombotic complications rates within 72 h of reversal were compared using the χ2 test. A multivariate propensity score matching analysis was used to limit the threat to interval validity from selection bias arising from differences in demographics, laboratory values, history, and clinical status.

RESULTS

Thrombotic complications were uncommon in this neurosurgical population, occurring in 1.59% (1/63) of treated patients. There was no significant difference in the thrombotic complication rate between groups, 3.57% (1/28; PCC group) vs 0% (0/35; FFP group). Propensity score matching analysis validated this finding after controlling for any selection bias.

CONCLUSION

In this limited sample, thrombotic complication rates were similar between use of PCC and FFP for anticoagulation reversal in the management of intracranial hemorrhage prior to emergency neurosurgical procedures.
Accuracy in Identifying the Source of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in the Setting of Multiple Intracranial Aneurysms
Authors: Orning Jennifer L , Shakur Sophia F , Alaraj Ali , Behbahani Mandana , Charbel Fady T , Aletich Victor A , Amin-Hanjani Sepideh
Published: May 2017

BACKGROUND

Subarachnoid hemorrhage cases with multiple cerebral aneurysms frequently demonstrate a hemorrhage pattern that does not definitively delineate the source aneurysm. In these cases, rupture site is ascertained from angiographic features of the aneurysm such as size, morphology, and location.

OBJECTIVE

To examine the frequency with which such features lead to misidentification of the ruptured aneurysm.

METHODS : Records of patients who underwent surgical clipping of a ruptured aneurysm at our institution between 2004 and 2014 and had multiple aneurysms were retrospectively reviewed. A blinded neuroendovascular surgeon provided the rupture source based on the initial head computed tomography scans and digital subtraction angiography images. Operative reports were then assessed to confirm or refute the imaging-based determination of the rupture source.

RESULTS

One hundred fifty-one patients had multiple aneurysms. Seventy-one patients had definitive hemorrhage patterns on initial computed tomography scans and 80 patients had nondefinitive hemorrhage patterns. Thirteen (16.2%) of the cases with nondefinitive hemorrhage patterns had discordance between the imaging-based determination of the rupture source and intraoperative findings of the true ruptured aneurysm, yielding an imperfect positive predictive value of 83.8%. Of all multiple aneurysm cases with subarachnoid hemorrhage treated by surgical or endovascular means at our institution, 4.3% (13 of 303) were misidentified.

CONCLUSION

Morphological features cannot reliably be used to determine rupture site in cases with nondefinitive subarachnoid hemorrhage patterns. Microsurgical clipping, confirming obliteration of the ruptured lesion, may be preferentially indicated in these patients unless, alternatively, all lesions can be contemporaneously and safely treated with endovascular embolization.
ARIMA Algebra
Authors: McCleary Richard , McDowall David , Bartos Bradley J.
Published: May 2017

The goal of Chapter 2 is to derive the properties of common processes and, based on these properties, to develop a general scheme for classifying processes. Stationary processes includes white noise, moving average (MA), and autoregressive (AR) processes. MA and AR models can approximate mixed ARMA models. A lag or backshift operator is used to solve ARIMA models for time series observations or random shocks. Covariance functions are derived for each of the common processes.Maximum likelihood estimates are introduced for the purposes of estimating autoregressive and moving average parameters.
Noise Modeling
Authors: McCleary Richard , McDowall David , Bartos Bradley J.
Published: May 2017

Chapter 3 introduces the Box-Jenkins AutoRegressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) noise modeling strategy. The strategy begins with a test of the Normality assumption using a Kolomogov-Smirnov (KS) statistic. Non-Normal time series are transformed with a Box-Cox procedure is applied. A tentative ARIMA noise model is then identified from a sample AutoCorrelation function (ACF). If the sample ACF identifies a nonstationary model, the time series is differenced. Integer orders p and q of the underlying autoregressive and moving average structures are then identified from the ACF and partial autocorrelation function (PACF). Parameters of the tentative ARIMA noise model are estimated with maximum likelihood methods. If the estimates lie within the stationary-invertible bounds and are statistically significant, the residuals of the tentative model are diagnosed to determine whether the model’s residuals are not different than white noise. If the tentative model’s residuals satisfy this assumption, the statistically adequate model is accepted. Otherwise, the identification-estimation-diagnosis ARIMA noise model-building strategy continues iteratively until it yields a statistically adequate model. The Box-Jenkins ARIMA noise modeling strategy is illustrated with detailed analyses of twelve time series. The example analyses include non-Normal time series, stationary white noise, autoregressive and moving average time series, nonstationary time series, and seasonal time series. The time series models built in Chapter 3 are re-introduced in later chapters. Chapter 3 concludes with a discussion and demonstration of auxiliary modeling procedures that are not part of the Box-Jenkins strategy. These auxiliary procedures include the use of information criteria to compare models, unit root tests of stationarity, and co-integration.
Introduction
Authors: Armstrong Chris
Published: May 2017

Conflicts over natural resources are impossible to ignore in our world. We know that the tribespeople of the Amazon have been brutally dispossessed as great swathes of rainforest are destroyed. We understand that a key factor in many of the civil wars which have devastated African communities is the struggle to gain control over supplies of oil, diamonds, and gold. We may even remember that a relentless thirst for natural resources spurred Europe’s colonization of the world, shaping the very boundaries of nation-states in its aftermath. Countries such as Argentina, the Ivory Coast, and the Gold Coast (now Ghana) were even named after the resources to be found (or pillaged) there. Others (including Nigeria, Cameroon, Senegal, and Gambia) were named for the rivers which sustained local communities....
Equality and Its Critics
Authors: Armstrong Chris
Published: May 2017

What constraints does justice impose on our appropriation, or our holdings, of natural resources? This chapter examines several competing answers to that question. It rejects right-libertarian and minimalist views on resource justice, and instead argues in favour of an egalitarian approach. It then moves on to address some important challenges to an egalitarian theory of resource justice. For instance, it is sometimes argued that the ‘resource curse’ shows that natural resource endowments make little difference to economic growth. If so, egalitarian interest in their distribution is misplaced. The chapter shows how egalitarians should respond to this challenge. It also addresses objections from relationist scholars of global justice, and from those who believe that individual nations or states might have special claims over the resources they control.
The Demands of Equality
Authors: Armstrong Chris
Published: May 2017

This chapter clarifies the place that natural resources should have within an egalitarian theory, as one important set of advantages and disadvantages amongst many which drive access to wellbeing. It rejects some rival views which suggest that natural resources are the only things that matter from the point of view of distributive justice, or that natural resources or their value are the only thing we should distribute so as to bring us closer to equality. It claims instead that natural resources are, in a slogan, ‘tremendously important but nothing special’ as drivers of human wellbeing. It then draws out the implications of this view for important questions about natural resource appropriation, climate justice, and intergenerational justice.
Rewarding Improvement
Authors: Armstrong Chris
Published: May 2017

This chapter introduces one source of special claims over natural resources, based upon ‘improvement’. It sketches a responsibility-catering principle which would underpin local claims over the economic value which is ‘added’ to a natural resource when it is improved. If the principle can be defended it might provide defenders of national claims over natural resources with an argument for reducing the scope o egalitarian redistribution across borders. The chapter, however, raises several doubts about responsibility-catering claims over ‘added value’. The upshot is that rather less flows from improvement—and indeed the distinction between improved and unimproved resources—than is sometimes thought to be the case.
Accommodating Attachment
Authors: Armstrong Chris
Published: May 2017

This chapter considers a second source of special claims, this time based upon ‘attachment’. Sometimes particular resources matter to people, as non-substitutable supports for their most central life-plans. If so, egalitarians might wrong people if they recommend that we redistribute resources without regard to those attachments. This chapter shows that egalitarianism does not require us to do so. It shows that egalitarians can and should care about these attachments, and moreover that they can be much more permissive towards them than has sometimes been alleged. But pointing towards attachment does not give us reason to believe that some people’s life-plans matter more than others, and it does not give us reason to abandon egalitarianism as a theory about natural resources.
Against Permanent Sovereignty
Authors: Armstrong Chris
Published: May 2017

The status quo within international politics is that individual nation-states enjoy extensive and for the most part exclusive rights over the resources falling within their borders. Egalitarians have often assumed that such a situation cannot be defended, but perhaps some sophisticated defences of state or national rights over natural resources which have been made in recent years prove otherwise. This chapter critically assesses these various arguments, and shows that they are not sufficient to justify the institution of ‘permanent sovereignty’ over resources. Even insofar as those arguments have some weight, they are compatible with a significant dispersal of resource rights away from individual nation-states, both downwards towards local communities, and upwards towards transnational and global agencies.
Perfecting Sovereignty?
Authors: Armstrong Chris
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the idea that our priority ought to be to reform the international trade in resources so as to deliver on popular resource sovereignty, and to deliver upon an ideal of ‘public accountability’ in resource sales. It suggests that ‘accountability’ reforms have some promise, but cannot be considered a replacement for more ambitious egalitarian reforms. Indeed, it shows that we have reason to be cautious about those reforms, in light of their likely effects. It also shows that public accountability and popular sovereignty are not unambiguously enshrined in international law. This reduces the supposed pragmatic advantage of accountability reforms, and their purported superiority over more ambitious egalitarian reforms.
Resource Taxes
Authors: Armstrong Chris
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines some of the best-known suggestions for advancing justice when it comes to natural resources: resource taxes. It begins by addressing some general questions about when, why, and on what we should levy taxes. It also addresses some concerns about taxing natural resources in particular, and clarifies the role resource taxes can play in the egalitarian project. One of its principal conclusions is that a single undifferentiated global tax on natural resources is unlikely to serve justice well. The chapter therefore concludes with discussions of user charges on common-pool resources, carbon taxes, and a tax on Sovereign Wealth Funds.
The Burdens of Conservation
Authors: Armstrong Chris
Published: May 2017

Justice surely requires the conservation of at least some resources. But when resources are conserved this can generate costs. This chapter discusses where those costs should fall. For instance, if we want to enjoy a safe climate, we ought to ‘leave (some of) the oil in the soil’. But doing so will set back the interests of those who currently rely on fossil fuel extraction for their livelihoods. The chapter draws out an account of when it is appropriate to pool these costs globally. One consequence is that a common picture of natural resource justice—under which agents or communities with valuable resources are taxed so as to shift funds in the direction of those without—is rendered more complex. In some cases, justice likely requires transfers in the direction of agents or communities who currently control valuable resources.
Introduction
Authors: Jones Geoffrey
Published: May 2017

This chapter lays out the principal aims of the book and its contribution. It shows that business drove unprecedented wealth creation over the last two hundred years but the cost was unprecedented environmental pollution resulting in new geological era known as the Anthropocene Age. Already in the nineteenth century there was resistance which mostly took the form of elite conservation movements. Overlooked has been the advent of green entrepreneurs who sought to create new firms to facilitate sustainability. Today there is much discussion about green entrepreneurship, but these figures predate today’s green entrepreneurs by a century. The book breaks new ground in business history by looking at these many small and marginal entrepreneurial figures, who were often highly unconventional. The book will explore what has motivated green entrepreneurs in each generation, how they build businesses, and whether they achieved their goals.
Building Green Institutions
Authors: Jones Geoffrey
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores the creation of a set of institutions which launched new financial products to deliver capital and address risk in green businesses. It explores the creation of social banks such as Triodis, Socially Responsible Investment houses such as Trillium Asset Management and Jupiter Ecology Fund, and Impact Investors such as EcoEnterprises. The outcomes were positive, but not yet transformational. Social banking and impact investment remained small. SRI funds were larger but the execution of many such SRI funds was such that the industry symbolized the contested nature of sustainability. The SRI industry also spawned influential institutions, including CERES, environmental reporting, and sustainability indexes. Environmental reporting in particular spread to many large corporations, but there were many uncertainties concerning what was being reported and how to interpret it.
Introduction
Authors: Coolen A.C.C. , Annibale A. , Roberts E.S.
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter sets the scene for the material which follows by briefly introducing the study of networks and describing their wide scope of application. It discusses the role of well-specified random graphs in setting network science onto a firm scientific footing, emphasizing the importance of well-defined null models. Non-trivial aspects of graph generation are introduced. An important distinction is made between approaches that begin with a desired probability distribution on the final graph ensembles and approaches where the graph generation process is the main object of interest and the challenge is to analyze the expected topological properties of the generated networks. At the core of the graph generation process is the need to establish a mathematical connection between the stochastic graph generation process and the stationary probability distribution to which these processes evolve.
Graphs with hard constraints: further applications and extensions
Authors: Coolen A.C.C. , Annibale A. , Roberts E.S.
Published: May 2017

This chapter looks at further topics pertaining to the effective use of Markov Chain Monte Carlo to sample from hard- and soft-constrained exponential random graph models. The chapter considers the question of how moves can be sampled efficiently without introducing unintended bias. It is shown mathematically and numerically that apparently very similar methods of picking out moves can give rise to significant differences in the average topology of the networks generated by the MCMC process. The general discussion in complemented with pseudocode in the relevant section of the Algorithms chapter, which explicitly sets out some accurate and practical move sampling approaches. The chapter also describes how the MCMC equilibrium probabilities can be purposely deformed to, for example, target desired correlations between degrees of connected nodes. The mathematical exposition is complemented with graphs showing the results of numerical simulations.
Graphs on structured spaces
Authors: Coolen A.C.C. , Annibale A. , Roberts E.S.
Published: May 2017

This chapter moves beyond viewing nodes as homogeneous dots set on a plane. To introduce more complicated underlying space, multiplex networks (which are defined with layers of interaction on the same underlying node set) and temporal (time-dependent) networks are discussed. It shown that despite the much more complicated underlying space, many of the techniques developed in earlier chapters can be applied. Heterogeneous nodes are introduced as an extension of the stochastic block model for community structure, then extended using methods developed in earlier chapters to more general (continuous) node attributes such as fitness. The chapter closes with a discussion of the intersections and similarities between the many alternative models for capturing topological features that have been presented in the book.
Miocene and Lower Pliocene hominins
Authors: Ayala Francisco J. , Cela-Conde Camilo J.
Published: May 2017

This chapter first introduces the different genera and species within the hominin tribe that will be considered, as well as their immediate ancestors, which they shared with African apes. Next is the description and interpretation of the Miocene hominin fossil exemplars that belong to the genera Sahelanthropus (Chad), Orrorin (Kenya), and Ardipithecus (Ethiopia). The deposits of Toros Menalla, Tugen Hills, and Aramis are analyzed from a stratigraphic and paleoclimatic perspective, advancing an interpretation about every one of the taxa that make up the Miocene hominin genera. Next comes consideration of their evolution toward the Australopithecus genus. Then, the different australopithecine species from the Lower Pliocene are considered, taking into account their distinctive apomorphies. Finally comes the analysis of the likely evolutionary relationships between the hominins of the Miocene and the Lower Pliocene. The australopithecine exemplars of the Middle Pliocene are left for Chapter 5.
The emergence of the genus Homo
Authors: Ayala Francisco J. , Cela-Conde Camilo J.
Published: May 2017

This chapter’s focus is the emergence of the genus Homo in the Pliocene, proposing Homo habilis as the oldest species. The features of the H. habilis taxon are examined by means of the specimens from Olduvai and Koobi Fora. Next, the presence is considered of other early Homo taxa in the Rift (H. rudolfensis), South Africa (H. gautengensis and H. naledi), and, outside Africa, in Georgia (H. georgicus). The last part of the chapter investigates the phylogenetic relationships between the australopithecines and the earliest exemplars of Homo; the disappearance of Homo’s monophyly if the early specimens (before H. erectus) are included in the taxon; and the geographic dispersal of hominin populations during the Pliocene. Interpreting the evolutionary process of Pliocene hominins is necessary not only to consider the named genera and species, and the age of available specimens, but also to consider their geographic location.
Middle and Lower Pleistocene: the Homo radiation
Authors: Ayala Francisco J. , Cela-Conde Camilo J.
Published: May 2017

This chapter deals with the radiation of the genus Homo after its exit from Africa. It deals with population dispersals and the meaning of the taxon Homo erectus with respect to the African and Asian fossils. The morphological characterization of H. erectus is complemented with other sorts of evidence, such as fossil footprints. The comparison between the Asian and African specimens suggests the possible existence of the taxon Homo ergaster. The next issue is the colonization of Europe, with a distinction between “long chronology” and “short chronology,” according to a sporadic or permanent human presence. The hominins’ possible ways of entry in Europe are discussed, and the oldest exemplars, such as Homo antecessor, are described. Finally, the climatic (glaciations) and cultural alternatives are examined in order to determine the status of H. erectus considered as a whole.
Real-Estate Derivative Instruments
Authors: Tunaru Radu S.
Published: May 2017

This chapter is dedicated to the innovation of real-estate derivatives, with a focus on vanilla products such as forwards/futures, total return swaps, and European call and put options. A description is given of the mechanics behind these instruments and their range of applications. The examples provided here highlight changes in market quotation agreements and standard market practices related to valuation of vanilla real-estate derivatives such as forwards, futures, and total return swaps. In addition, MacroShares, PICs, PIFs, and PINs are discussed.
Switzerland
Authors: Kriesi Hanspeter
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on two partial and one full policy reversal on nuclear politics in Switzerland since the 1970s. The occupation of the construction site of a planned nuclear power plant in 1975 marked the first turning point in nuclear energy policy, ending a period of pro-nuclear consensus. This protest event led to a ten-year moratorium on the construction of new nuclear power plants. The second partial reversal came in 2003, when the construction of new plants was planned. The third, full policy reversal came after the Fukushima catastrophe, which led to the decision to phase out Swiss nuclear power plants. The chapter stresses two Swiss specifics: the high importance of direct democracy on the nuclear issue, as the issue opposition can launch initiatives and de facto subject any nuclear energy decision to referendum, and the comparatively minor role of the Greens because of their lack of issue ownership.
Conclusion
Authors: Schulze Christian
Published: May 2017

This chapter first evaluates the hypotheses presented in Chapter 2, drawing on the book’s seven country case studies. Second, it extends the scope of analysis to all of Western Europe, with short analytical narratives of the nuclear energy trajectory in the remaining West European countries in an appendix. The chapter distinguishes four groups of countries in terms of nuclear energy policy reversals and discusses the commonalities and differences between them. Third, the chapter turns to quantitative analysis. On the most general level the analyses in this book demonstrate that nuclear energy policy has become incorporated in the competition between the mainstream parties that have proved remarkably flexible in adapting their positions and policy-making if government office was at stake. The chapter highlights the factors that will be important for the future of nuclear energy in Western Europe and the world.
The Background II
Authors: Stewart Edmund
Published: May 2017

Chapter 2 demonstrates the central importance of travel to Greek culture. By the fifth century, a network of festivals and sanctuaries, where Greeks of all description could gather, perform, and exchange goods and ideas, was already in existence. Moreover, from an early period travel was seen as an essential part of the work of the poet. This is because poets were professionals who wished to display their skills and abilities before as wide an audience as possible. In many cases, they may also have wished to exploit wider opportunities for enrichment and employment than those available in their home cities. As such, though Greek poets come from many cities, their poetry does not belong exclusively to any one region or locality.
Prosodically Defective Morphemes and blocking
Authors: Zimmermann Eva
Published: May 2017

The predictions of multiple interacting Prosodically Defective Morphemes are discussed in this chapter. For one, there are instances where several morphemes in a language are lexically marked exceptions to an MLM process. This can follow, it is shown, if those morphemes are prosodically defective themselves. A very interesting instance of such an effect can be found in Aymara where a so-called ’rescuer morpheme’ exists whose only surface effect is to block an expected MLM pattern. On the other hand, there are cases where lexical allomorphy between different MLM processes can be found. It is shown that again the exceptional behaviour of some morphemes in the presence of a triggering Prosodically Defective Morpheme follows if those morphemes themselves are prosodically defective. The chapter hence strengthens the role of phonological representation and shifts the burden of various (apparently morphological) idiosyncratic lexical information to the phonological representation of the morphemes in question.
The complete empirical picture of MLM and the linearization of morphemes
Authors: Zimmermann Eva
Published: May 2017

This chapter presents the representative data set of MLM phenomena which is the base for the theoretical arguments put forth in this book. After giving some general background information about the data set and how it is genetically and areally balanced, the empirical generalizations about (un)attested MLM patterns that can be drawn from this data set are discussed in detail, with a special focus on the positions in the base that are possible and frequent targets for MLM operations. Two main generalizations hold for the MLM patterns in the data set: MLM patterns show a strong edge bias and are far more frequently attested at the right edge of their base than on the left edge. How the locality restriction for MLM follows from the theoretical assumptions about morpheme linearization and especially the assumption of the RecoverableMorphemeOrderCondition proposed in this book is shown in detail.
A critical review of alternative accounts
Authors: Zimmermann Eva
Published: May 2017

This chapter argues that the theory of PDM is preferable over alternative accounts both in terms of theoretical economy and empirical coverage. The four most important existing theoretical OT alternatives to account for MLM are introduced which includes analyses for which it has been claimed that they are able to account for non-concatenative morphology in general and/or length-manipulation in specific: Transderivational Antifaithfulness (Alderete, 2001), a RealizeMorpheme-based theory (Kurisu, 2001), cophonology theory (Inkelas and Zoll, 2007), and morpheme-specific constraints (Pater, 2009). It is shown that all these four accounts suffer from severe over- and/or undergeneration problems if they are tested against the full typology of attested MLM patterns. Their empirical coverage is put to the test with three case studies for which detailed PDM analyses were presented in previous chapters: the ‘rescuer morpheme’ in Aymara, non-concatenative allomorphy in Upriver Halkomelem, and long epenthetic vowels in Southern Sierra Miwok.
Hugo Grotius and the Century of Revolution, 1613-1718
Authors: Barducci Marco
Published: May 2017

This book is a reconstruction of the way Hugo Grotius (1583–1645) was read and used by English political and religious writers in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. The book is broad in approach, covering the reception of all of Grotius’ key works and a wide range of topics. It has much to say also about the search for peace in an age of religious conflict and about the cultural roots of the Enlightenment. Most of all, this book aims to deepen our understanding of the connections that made English political thought part of the history of European thought. To this end, it brings together a succinct account of Grotius’ own thinking on key topics; maps these accounts onto English debates, to show why his ideas were seen to be relevant at key moments; shows awareness of the possibilities for misappropriation inherent in reception; and adds something new to our understanding of why seventeenth-century Englishmen argued in the ways that they did. The subject the book covers is potentially of wide interest to historians of political thought, religion, and culture; to British and European historians; and to historians with an interest in international history, specifically the cultural and intellectual links between England and the Dutch Republic.
Contract, Allegiance, Protection
Authors: Barducci Marco
Published: May 2017

Chapter 1 examines the way in which English authors used and interpreted Grotius as a source of absolutist doctrines. It posits two major reasons for the influence of Grotius’ arguments as they concerned the State’s stability and the total submission to sovereign authority. The first related to the repertoire of ideas he provided to his readers through his large output. The second aspect of Grotius’ success related to his capacity to concomitantly incorporate and convey a set of strands of thought about State order and political obligation that ranged from neo-Stoicism to Socinianism. Chapter 1 starts from the analysis of the political argument of the royalist members of the Great Tew Circle in the early 1640s, and it continues with the exploration of the debates concerning the origins and ends of the allegiance between subjects and the sovereign magistrate from the Civil Wars and Interregnum to the Glorious Revolution.
Republicanism and Ancient Constitutionalism
Authors: Barducci Marco
Published: May 2017

Grotius has been regarded a major bridging figure between Dutch and English republican culture. In particular, after the settlement of the English Commonwealth, the ‘States’ became a veritable model of political, religious, and commercial liberty for the neighbouring Republic. However, in examining the role of Grotius as a source on the Dutch Republic, scholars have rather pointed to his natural law theory, which was the object of contrasting interpretations which fell also into monarchical and parliamentary field. Was Grotius a republican thinker? Were his works constitutive of the Dutch republican culture? If so, did English authors read and use them in ways that were consistent with Grotius’ republican beliefs? Chapter 3 aims to respond to these questions. Along with an analysis of the impact of Grotius’ use of history on English historiography, it will also compare his praise of the Batavian Republic with the English political language of ‘ancient constitutionalism’.
Conclusion
Authors: Barducci Marco
Published: May 2017

Christopher Hill’s influential account of the ‘century of revolution’ described a period of decisive transformation in politics, religion, economy, culture, and society. Such transformation did not involve solely English insular tradition, as during this period ‘[t]wo conceptions of civilisation were in conflict. One took French absolutism for its model, the other the Dutch Republic’....
Overview
Authors: Champollion Lucas
Published: May 2017

This chapter provides a general introduction and presents the central ideas and the structure of the book. Four semantic oppositions are introduced, which are closely associated with the domains under consideration in this book. These are the telic/atelic opposition, which is central to the study of aspect; the singular/plural opposition and the count/mass opposition, which are central to the study of plurality and measurement; and the collective/distributive opposition, which is central to the study of distributivity. These oppositions can be formally related to one another. Intuitively, singular, telic, and collective predicates are delimited or bounded in ways that plural, mass, atelic, and distributive predicates are not. The book proposes to answer the question how to capture the difference between boundedness and unboundedness in a general way.