bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Analysis of Klemp–Wilhelmson Schemes as Applied to Large-Scale Wave Modes
Authors: Viner Kevin C. , Epifanio Craig C.
Published: March 2008

The use of Klemp–Wilhelmson (KW) time splitting for large-scale and global modeling is assessed through a series of von Neumann accuracy and stability analyses. Two variations of the KW splitting are evaluated in particular: the original acoustic-mode splitting of Klemp and Wilhelmson (KW78) and a modified splitting due to Skamarock and Klemp (SK92) in which the buoyancy and vertical stratification terms are treated as fast-mode terms. The large-scale case of interest is the problem of Rossby wave propagation on a resting background state. The results show that the original KW78 splitting is surprisingly inaccurate when applied to large-scale wave modes. The source of this inaccuracy is traced to the compressible vertical adjustment—and more precisely, to the splitting of the hydrostatic balance terms between the small and large time steps. The splitting errors can be reduced somewhat through implicit biasing, but large biasing coefficients are needed for acceptable error levels—and even then the time steps are limited to moderate values. The errors in the KW78 splitting are shown to be largely absent from the SK92 scheme. Two versions of the SK92 splitting are considered in particular: the original leapfrog splitting (SK92-LF) of Skamarock and Klemp and the third-order Runge–Kutta splitting (SK92-RK) proposed by Wicker and Skamarock. The mixed cubic (on the large time step) and quadratic (on the small step) behavior of the SK92-RK scheme is described in detail and is compared with the strictly quadratic behavior of the SK92-LF method.
The Accrediting of Institutions of Higher Education
Authors: Russell John Dale
Published: March 2008

Very much to the fore in higher-educa tion discussions is the topic of accredita tion. The formation of the so-called Gustavson Committee, the cooperative movement among regional accreditation agencies to form a federation, the strengthening of the regional associations— these are some of the outer evidences of the present deep concern over accredita tion in general. A major movement is under way in teacher education to im prove and strengthen accrediting stand ards and procedures. This article is therefore most timely.

An eminent scholar in the field of high er education, the author of this article knows the subject of accreditation thor oughly, in history and in practice. Mr. Russell is Director, Division of Higher Education, United States Office of Educa tion, Federal Security Agency.
Helping Teachers Interpret Sociometric- Test Data
Authors: Ohlsen Merle M.
Published: March 2008

Alert professional workers in teacher education are constantly seeking ways to help the young teacher gain greater in sights with respect to the students under his direction. A technique not commonly presented at the preservice level has to do with the interpretation of sociometric test data. Mr. Ohlsen, director of student teaching in the College of Education, Uni versity of Illinois, Urbana, clearly de scribes a procedure and cordially invites experimentation.
Community Foundations in Teacher Education
Authors: Olsen Edward G.
Published: March 2008

The school-community movement is pe culiarly a product of the past decade, but has not yet been recognized in many pro fessional programs of teacher education. This article outlines the essentials of a balanced program and suggests specific kinds of community experiences needed by teachers today. Mr. Olsen has written widely in the school-community field, was for five years Supervisor of School and Community Relations in the Washington State Office of Public Instruction, and is now Associate Professor of Educational Administration at the University of Texas, Austin.
Establishing an Off-Campus Student-Teaching Program
Authors: Ashmore Henry L.
Published: March 2008

A significant indication of progress in teacher education is the expanding reali zation that a realistic laboratory experi ence must be provided at the preservice level. Improvement in the quality of this experience is now being sought by many teacher-education institutions. Just how to extend the facilities beyond the campus has been, and continues to be, a major problem. Mr. Ashmore, Professor of Education, Georgia Teachers College, Col legeboro, assumed leadership of a soundly conceived movement to solve this problem in one of the many smaller institutions of the nation where teacher education is seen as a vital function.
Applied Economics and Teacher Education
Authors: Bowman David L.
Published: March 2008

Mr. Bowman, Research Assistant to the Director of Wisconsin State Colleges, sees the widely neglected field of economics as an area of rich possibility in the current search for improvement in teacher educa tion.
The Education of Young Children: Another Look
Authors: Goodenough Evelyn W.
Published: March 2008

More of the best in early childhood education will not be achieved by more rigidity, technology, or gadgets. We need skilled, sensitive teachers who are well paid and who are valued for their work.
The Dean of Education: A Study of Selected Role Norms
Authors: Dejnozka Edward L.
Published: March 2008

This study was undertaken to provide preliminary information, gathered from individuals representative of selected higher education groups, concerning the selected role norms of deans of education.
Partnership for Excellence: The Visiting Instructor Program
Authors: Takacs Carol P. , McArdle Richard J.
Published: March 2008

The College of Education at Cleveland State University engages in a Visiting Instructors Program in partnership with area school districts. Annually, outstand ing classroom teachers are nominated by their districts to serve for a year as regular full-time members of the faculty team in the undergraduate preparation of teachers. The contributions of this partnership to realism and modeling in professional course work, as well as the benefits to individual teachers and participating districts, are described by the authors. The evidence presented counters the misconception of deep divisions between school practitioners and college faculty and suggests a technique for improving education at all levels.
A Framework for Evaluating Induction into Teaching
Authors: Schlechty Phillip C.
Published: March 2008

In this article, the author identifies the indicators and characteristics of effective induction systems. Efforts within the Charlotte-Mecklenberg Schools' Career Development Program to incorporate the characteristics of effective induction systems are then described. Schlechty concludes with an analysis of funda mental changes needed in the way teacher education is conceptualized by school personnel.
Research on Motivation: New Content for the Teacher Preparation Curriculum
Authors: Cohen Margaret W.
Published: March 2008

The literature on motivation has expanded dramatically during the past decade. Indeed, contemporary theories enable teachers and teacher educators to move beyond simple admo nitions to fulfill students' deficiency needs or to use reinforcers. Cohen reviews the research on attribution theory and extrinsic and intrinsic rewards, and she describes how teacher educators can work with prospective teachers to facilitate improved class room conditions for motivating student teaching.
Teacher Preparation in a Litigious Society: Implications in Times of Reform
Authors: Dunklee Dennis , Shoop Robert
Published: March 2008

Public school teachers increasingly are faced with civil suits charging them with a failure to perform their duties adequately. Dunklee and Shoop argue that teacher preparation programs must include coursework in school law as a preventive measure to lessen the poten tial for teachers to become defendants in civil suits. Providing some legal train ing for prospective teachers is particu larly imperative in these times of educa tional reform.
Perspectives on Reasons for Becoming Teachers
Authors: Joseph Pamela B. , Green Nancy
Published: March 2008

Substantial research suggests that the teaching profession attracts men and women who desire intrinsic rewards and who approach teaching as a mission or calling. Joseph and Green argue that these motivations need to be interpreted in light of myriad social and economic realities. The authors collected data from a broad age range of prospective teachers and discuss alternative explan ations for why men and women are now deciding to enter the teaching profes sion. Implications for teacher education and suggestions for additional research are highlighted.
The Teacher as Leader and Teacher Educator
Authors: Rowley James
Published: March 2008

Rowley uses an adventure metaphor as a means of examining the role of the classroom teacher from a leadership perspective. Four elements characteris tic of educational adventures are iden tified and discussed in terms of their im plications for the practice of classroom leadership and for the design of profes sional programs in teacher education. He argues that creating new leadership positions for teachers can play an impor tant role in bringing about substantive change in schools.
Teacher Education and Moral Education
Authors: Ryan Kevin
Published: March 2008

Preparing children for their moral re sponsibilities as adults is a crucial part of the education process. Teachers play an important role in fostering moral maturity in students, and, according to Ryan, teacher educators have an obliga tion to help preservice teachers under stand how to create a "moral curricu lum" in the classroom. He argues that the content of teacher education must consist of more than academic content and pedagogical skills. Preservice teach ers must also appreciate their role in communicating to students the larger values of a community and of a society.
Training Research and Preservice Teacher Education: A Reconsideration
Authors: Joyce Bruce R.
Published: March 2008

Joyce briefly reviews several lines of re search pertinent to the design of teacher education programs. Thetopics include: the influences of field experiences, cooperating teachers, and supervision on the development of teaching styles; the effects of training paradigms on the acquisition of specific teaching skills and strategies; and the influence of person ality on ability to learn. He discusses the application of research to program de sign and the potential effects on stu dents.
The Perfectibility of Means and the Disregard of Ends
Authors: Joseph Ellis A.
Published: March 2008

The preoccupation with "means" has prevented educators — particularly edu cational leaders — from dealing with the "ends" of schooling practices. The re conceptualist call for future leaders, argues Joseph, is one that requires ad ministrators to be more than mere in stitutional representatives. Instead, they must have an allegiance to the profes sion, the public good, and social meliorism within the context of profes sional study.
Preparing the Reflective Practitioner: Transforming the Apprentice through the Dialectic
Authors: Roth Robert A.
Published: March 2008

The idea of reflective practitioner is emerging as a viable possibility in teacher education. In this article, the re flective practitioner is first defined con ceptually and operationally. Implica tions for structuring teacher preparation programs that enable reflectivity are then discussed.
Materials on Teacher Beliefs in the ERIC Database
Authors: Stewart Dorothy K.
Published: March 2008

A review of the literature on teacher beliefs in the ERIC database reveals studies on the develop ment of beliefs about teaching in preservice and inservice teachers; data on contrasts of the beliefs of student teachers and experienced classroom teachers; analyses of factors and programs which bring about changes (desired or forced by circumstances) in teachers' beliefs; and discussion of the effects of teachers' beliefs about the subjects they teach on their effectiveness in the classroom. Ar ticles and ERIC Documents in the following bibliography were selected to provide examples of the wide range of information available in the database on teacher beliefs.

The journals cited in this bibliography are available at most research libraries. The documents can be read at 750 microfiche collections located in libraries, educational organizations, and school districts. Documents can also be ordered through the ERIC Document Reproduction Service (EDRS, 3900 Wheeler Avenue, Alexandria, VA 22304-5110; call (800) 227-3742 for price and order infor mation). For a list of ERIC collections in your area or for information on submitting documents to ERIC, contact the ERIC Clearinghouse on Teacher Education, One Dupont Circle, NW, Suite 610, Washington, DC 20036; or call (202) 293-2450.
Differential Admission Requirements and Student Achievement in Teacher Education
Authors: Demetrulias Diana Mayer , Chiodo John J. , Diekman Jane E.
Published: March 2008

A group of 74 students admitted to a teacher education program without meeting one or more of the admission requirements was compared on entrance and exit characteristics and achievement with 74 students who had met all of the requirements for admission. The exceptional admission group had lower GPAs, higher failure rates on the NTE, and lower evaluations of their subject matter competency than the regular admission group; however, there were no significant differ ences between the two groups in completing program requirements and in securing teaching cre dentials. The use of admission standards as predictors of teaching success is discussed.
Theme: Alternative Approaches to Teacher Education
Authors: Zumwalt Karen
Published: March 2008

Three alternate routes to teaching (Los Angeles, New Jersey, and Connecticut) are described, and differences and similarities resulting from their unique contexts are explored. In comparing the design variations of the programs, special attention is given to four aspects: the policy con text ; program elements, such as admission criteria, the role of higher education, and course work; school-based support systems; and certification requirements. Considerable variation ex ists. These programs need to be judged in terms of their goals and context as well as their impact on students and the profession of teaching. Much can be learned from viewing alternate route programs as a variety of context-specific naturally occurring experiments rather than as an alter native to be extolled or dismissed.
The Effect of Technical and Reflective Preservice Instruction on Pedagogical Reasoning and Problem Solving
Authors: Stoiber Karen Callan
Published: March 2008

The effects of instruction in classroom management that emphasized technical skills and princi ples were compared to the effects of instruction that emphasized reflective and constructive processes. Techniques and principles from research on teaching were emphasized in the technical condition. The reflective condition engaged preservice students in examining and extending their conceptions of classroom management. At posttesting, participants completed a problem-solving inventory and were interviewed using a video stimulated measure to assess their reasoning and problem solving in classroom management. Participants in the reflective condition provided more reasons for their decisions and expressed a greater sense of responsibility for motivating student learning and establishing a positive learning environment than did participants in the technical and control conditions. Compared to technical and control participants, participants in the reflective group used strategies more often to solve problems. Differences in the instruc tional context of the classroom management conditions are discussed to explain the positive effects for reflective participants.
Building a Case-Based Curriculum to Enhance the Pedagogical Content Knowledge of Mathematics Teachers
Authors: Barnett Came
Published: March 2008

Little attention has been given to research on cases in specific disciplines or on the development of an integrated case-based curriculum. In this article, I discuss how the cognitive flexibility and knowledge transfer theory proposed by Rand Spiro and his colleagues frames the design of a case-based curriculum for use in mathematics teacher education. The paper includes a sample mathematics teaching case and presents an analysis of four discussions based on that case. In the analysis, the dominant themes of those case discussions are identified and a framework for selecting and sequencing cases for an integrated curriculum is discussed. The analysis also shows the potential of subject-specific cases for enhancing mathematics teachers' pedagogical thinking and reasoning.
A Case of Pedagogical Failure—My Own
Authors: Wineburg Samuel S.
Published: March 2008

A nontextual form of case study based on an instructor's own teaching is described. A shared experience between the teacher and students becomes the raw material from which a case is crafted. Instead of giving students descriptions of events they have not experienced, the teacher educator and students recount events they have both experienced—albeit from different perspectives—in a collaborative process that promotes the development of a more complex, reality-based view of teaching. From this experience, it is hoped that students come to view teaching as an object of in quiry that they can analyze and ponder from multiple perspectives.
Tourists' Use and Evaluation of Travel Information Sources: Summary and Conclusions
Authors: Nolan Sidney D.
Published: March 2008

Editor's Note: This article has been prepared by Dr. Sidney Nolan, Jr., and summarizes the findings in his dissertation, "Tourist Use and Evaluation of Travel Information Sources." His dissertation won first place in the William B. Keeling Dissertation Competition. The award honors the late Dr. William B. Keeling of the University of Georgia and serves to perpetuate his efforts to improve travel research methodology, standards, and practices. The first award was for $1,000 and was presented to Dr. Nolan at the 1975 TTRA meeting in San Diego, California. The next dissertation competition award will be presented in 1978.
An Empirical Investigation of the Effect of the Energy Crisis on Tourism
Authors: Solomon Paul J. , George William R.
Published: March 2008

This study investigates the effect of the energy crisis on a major industry in the United States — tourism. Behavioral and attitudinal patterns of 162 travel ers were collected and analyzed. The results reveal that there was a significant difference on several dimensions between travelers during the energy crisis and after the energy crisis had eased.
Measurement of Tourism
Authors: Chib Som N.
Published: March 2008

Reliability of international tourism statistics are discussed in this article. Differences in method of measurement and problems caused by these different methodol ogies in trying to compile a world total are described. The census method, head count from disembarkation cards, is discussed as is the value of spot checks and sample surveys conducted on a more or less continuous basis. The importance of counting domestic tourism in addition to international arrivals is pointed out.
Industrial Structure of the British Columbia Traveler Accommodation Sector: An Application of the Industrial Organization Model to Service Industries
Authors: Schwindt R. , Var Turgut
Published: March 2008

The paper describes the industrial structure of the British Columbia traveler accommodation industries (e.g. hotels, motels, auto courts, etc.) and in so doing applies concepts such as relevant market, industry size, concentration, and optimal scale, which are commonly applied to manufacturing industries but which are not so nearly refined with respect to service industries.
A Brief Treatise on Days and Nights
Authors: Frechtling Douglas C.
Published: March 2008

This article discusses one area of confusion in travel surveys; namely, how to make nights away from home indicate days spent away from home. Problems researchers encountered are given and possible solutions analyzed.
Tourist Enterprise Concentration and Old Order Amish Survival: Explorations in Productive Coexistence
Authors: Buck Roy C. , Alleman Ted
Published: March 2008

It is theorized that effects of tourist enterprise on Old Order Amish lifestyle, if any, would be most visible in the Amish community where commercial tourist development is most concentrated. Tourist enterprise concentration appears not to have altered patterns of Amish life to the extent tourism critics and conventional wisdom assert. Little or no case is made for tourist enterprise creating land use problems not shared by the total Amish community. Traffic volume in the community may be attributed as much to close proximity of a city as to tourist concen tration. Nontraditional Amish male employment is no more in evidence in the area of tourism concentration than in the larger community.

Further professionalization of tourism development and management is suggested as a wise course of action to guarantee sustained yield of economic product and protection of the indigenous culture.
Family Vacation Decision-Making —A Replication and Extension
Authors: Ritchie J.R. Brent , Filiatrault Pierre
Published: March 2008

This article reports results of research which replicated and extended a previously reported study on family vacation decision-making. The replication findings provided confirmation of the general conclusions of the earlier study concerning influence structure in the decision process but indicated that results pertaining to lodging choice criteria may be incomplete. Modifications to the research design of the previous study provided new insights into how influence structure and lodging choice criteria vary between family and couple vacationers and between the vacationing clientele of hotel/motel chains versus that of independently owned hotels and motels.
Regulation of Air Travel: A Canadian Perspective
Authors: Johnston Everett E. , Ritchie J.R. Brent
Published: March 2008

This article summarizes a more extensive report describing the historical evolution of the national air services system in Canada and current views concerning the most appropriate regulatory environment for the future development of this system. Because of the overview nature of this paper, readers interested in reviewing specific aspects of the research may wish to consult the original study. Copies of the report are available from the authors.
Trends in Travel and Tourism Marketing : The Changing Structure of Distribution Channels
Authors: Bitner Mary J. , Booms Bernard H.
Published: March 2008

This article presents results of a study which examined the structure of the travel and tourism distribution system, as well as the operations, motivations, and interactions of the intermediaries of that system. The study also explored the way the travel and tourism distribution system will operate in the future.
Perceptions and Attitudes of Decisionmaking Groups in Tourism Centers
Authors: Murphy Peter E.
Published: March 2008

A study of three decisionmaking groups in various tourist centers was conducted using discriminant analysis. The results show that significant differences in the attitudes and perceptions of local tourism development exist for the business sector, administration, and residents. Examination of the respondents' distribution around the two functions, however, shows that the groups are not too far apart and possess sufficient overlap to suggest the possibility of trade-offs and compromise in future tourism development planning.
Publishing in Research Journals: Advice for Hopeful Authors
Authors: Smith Stephen L.J.
Published: March 2008

Editor's note: This article was written at the request of the editor after hearing Dr. Smith's presentation on the subject. The information and advice contained in this article are ap plicable to many journals, including the Journal of Travel Research.
Highlights of the 15th Annual TTRA Conference Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, June 24-27, 1984
Authors: Duea Karen P. , Guernsey Cindy
Published: March 2008

The following paragraphs briefly summarize the 15th Annual Conference of the Travel and Tourism Research Association held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Conference registrants and members of TTRA will automatically receive a copy of the conference proceedings when they are published. Other readers who wish to receive a copy of the proceedings may order copies for $45 from Mari Lou Wood, Executive Director, TTRA, Bureau of Economic and Business Research, University of Utah, P.O. Box 8066, Foothills Station, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108.
The Role of Novelty in the Pleasure Travel Experience
Authors: Bello Daniel C. , Etzel Michael J.
Published: March 2008

Despite an extensive literature on novelty-seeking and the intuitive appeal of vacation behavior as a setting for its observation, the significance of a pleasure trip that is familiar or "commonplace" as opposed to one that is "novel" has not been investigated. The purpose of this study is to describe novel versus commonplace trips and to explore behavioral and demographic differences between travelers who experience different levels of novelty.
VALS As A Tool of Tourism Market Research: The Pennsylvania Experience
Authors: Shih David
Published: March 2008

The use of lifestyle research by corporations for marketing purposes has gained popularity in recent years. However, VALS analysis value and lifestyle analysis as a marketing tool has never been fully explored by researchers in the travel industry. The Pennsylvania Bureau of Travel Development's incorporation of the VALS program into its tourism mar ket study is one such attempt. Complementary to the bureau's annual tracking study, VALS provides new insights into consumer behavior relating to tourism development, enabling the bureau to have a better understanding of the market conditions and to improve the marketing strategies. This article focuses on the concept of VALS and the research findings on the VALS analysis relating to Pennsylvania as a trip destination.
An Alternative to Conversion Studies For Measuring the Impact of Travel Ads
Authors: Silberman Jonathan , Klock Mark
Published: March 2008

Research on the effectiveness of tourism advertising has relied on conversion studies, an attempt to ascertain how many inquirers from travel ads are converted into visitors. In spite of the methodological improvements in conversion research, only descriptive statements can be made. Severe conceptual problems remain when using conversion re search. The approach presented here develops a behavioral model of tourism visitation with advertising as an independent variable. The approach is equivalent to estimating how aggregate advertising affects aggregate sales by estimating parameters of a general demand function.
Cruising: Small-Vessel Population Characteristics
Authors: Marti Bruce E.
Published: March 2008

This study identifies some of the characteristics of a small vessel cruise population. Demographic, geographic, and economic hypotheses are tested via a survey instrument. The analyses include a priori expectations, the rationale for the expectations, and com ments which support or reject the expectations based upon a questionnaire. Survey questions and analyses relate to personal attributes of the passengers, basic facts relevant to marketing aspects of the cruise company, and general information pertinent to the cruise trade's economic impact on Rhode Island. The results indicate there is a need for further empirical studies to be carried out toward determining whether or not other small vessel cruise populations exhibit similar features.
Marketing Overseas Tour Packages to the Youth Segment: An Empirical Analysis
Authors: Kale Sudhir H. , Mcintyre Roger P. , Weir Katherine M.
Published: March 2008

Owing to its size, affluence, and spending habits, the 18 to 35 age group is a viable segment for packaged tours marketing. This study examines the travel preferences of the youth segment and compares these preferences to representative tour offerings targeted to the 18 to 35 age group. The authors conclude that the current emphasis on the activities component in a tour package for the youth segment is misplaced; potential travelers in this age group place a higher value on free time, flexibility, exposure to the local culture, and the opportunity to visit scenic attractions.
An Empirical Analysis of the Effects of the Exchange Rate on Canadian Tourism
Authors: Chadeeand D. , Mieczkowski Z.
Published: March 2008

The effects of depreciation of the Canadian dollar on the Canadian tourist industry are estimated, and it is shown that the exchange rate had a modest impact in attracting U. S. visitors to Canada. However, the favorable exchange rate effects seem to be offset by other factors.
Market Identification Of A New Theme Park: An Example From Central Florida
Authors: Milman Ady
Published: March 2008

Using the concept of a horse-oriented theme park for Central Florida, this exploratory study used questionnaires to identify potential markets and predict the likelihood that tourists would visit the park A stepwise multiple regression revealed 10 predictor variables regarding respondents' likelihood of visiting the park. The study suggests that the process of identifying a new theme park market should consider internal variables pertinent to the particular park rather than external variables relating to travel behavior or demo graphics.
Overseas Travel To Canada: New Research On The Perceptions And Preferences Of The Pleasure Travel Market
Authors: Dybka Jerry
Published: March 2008

This article provides a synopsis of the first part of a joint Canada-U.S. research project concerning overseas markets. Data are reported for four countries: Japan, the United Kingdom, West Germany, and France.
Tourism Demand, Economic Theory And Econometrics: An Integrated Approach
Authors: Smeral Egon
Published: March 2008

This article uses econometric methods to estimate how tourism demand reacts to increased economicgrowth. Three models are introduced and used in the illustration of the effects of a 1% increase in growth on real revenue from tourism in nine European countries.
A Statistical Analysis Of The Impact Of Oil Price Shocks On Tourism
Authors: Steinnes Donald N.
Published: March 2008

This article presents a regression model relating tourism expenditures in a city to gasolineprices and othereconomic variables. The advantages ofsuch a model, as opposed to surveys and time-series models, for analyzing the consequences of oil price shocks are discussed in general. Also, actual estimation results for the model are examined and compared to previous studies. The results show tourism expenditures significantly related to lagged gasoline prices and employment levels.
A Test of Assumptions Inherent in Attribute-Specific Advertising
Authors: Manfredo Michael J.
Published: March 2008

Past research suggests that tourism ads should feature attributes which are salient to a target consumer group. That proposition is examined in a three-phase study involving promotion of ocean charters in Oregon. In phase 1, a telephone survey determined the salient attributes of a desirable charter trip. In phase 2, two ads were developed. Both were postcards used in mass mailings, onefeaturing an attribute salient to a largeproportion of a consumer group and one featuring an attribute oflow salience. In phase 3, a mail survey was sent to those seeking further information as a result of receiving the postcard. Results showed that those responding to the highly salient attribute rated that attribute higher than others and had intentions to purchase trips whichfocus on that attribute. Those responding to the low salience attribute rated that attribute high but also rated several other attributes as important. Also, thisgroup had stronger intentions to engage in a trip whichfeatured the high salience attribute. Findings generally offer supportfor attribute-specific advertising.
Evaluation Of An Informational Brochure For Promoting Charter Boat Trip Opportunities Along The Oregon Coast
Authors: Baas John M. , Manfredo Michael J. , Lee Martha E. , Allen Deborah J.
Published: March 2008

This study was undertaken to assess the effectiveness of an informational brochurefor increasing awareness, interest, and participation in charter boat trip opportunities. A brochure was developed based on multi-attribute models of decision making and was distributed to tourists at four major access points to the Oregon Coast. To determine whether the brochure would influence trip participation decisions, one group of tourists received brochures, the other did not. Subjects from both groups were later contacted by telephone to determine whether they had taken a charter boat trip. Subjects who had received brochures were also queried about other evaluative measures of the brochure. The brochure did notpositively or negatively affect charter trip participation, but did positively influence the other evaluative measures. The brochure appears to be effective only in increasing awareness of charter trip opportunities.
Frontiers in Australian Tourism: The Search for New Perspectives in Policy Development and Research
Authors: Hall Colin Michael
Published: March 2008

The Frontiers in Australian Tourism Conference was held from June 29-July 1 at the Australian National University, Canberra. Jointly organized between the Australian National University's Department of Continuing Education and the Australian Travel Research Workshop, the conference was designed to search for new perspectives in Australian tourism policy and related research issues. The conference had four main objectives. First, to delineate the key policy issues confronting the Australian tourism industry. Second, to identify research priorities and to explore the scope for applying analyticalframeworks and techniques not hitherto applied to Australian tourism problems. Third, to establish a network of researchers in tourism. Fourth, to encourage closer cooperation between Government and industry in developing strategies for sustained tourism development.
Evaluating Tourism Advertising Campaigns: Conversion vs. Advertising Tracking Studies
Authors: Siegel William , Ziff-Levine William
Published: March 2008

This article is the fourth in a series of articles prepared by the U. S. Department of Commerce Task Force to examine the issues of accountability and evaluation in travel research. The manuscript discusses advertising tracking studies.
Information Search Strategies B y Destination-Naive Tourists
Authors: Snepenger David , Meged Kelli , Snelling Mary , Worrall Kelly
Published: March 2008

First-time visitors to a novel destination who are not visitingfriends or relatives may be viewed as being destination-naive. This article examined the information search strategies used by destination-naive vacationers to Alaska and their associated vacation-specific behaviors. Three distinct information search strategies were identified, with the travel agent playing a pivotal rolefor two of the information search strategies. The third strategy involved using information sources other than a travel agent. Marketing implications of the differences between the segments are discussed.
Visitor-Employed Photography: An Urban Visit Assessment
Authors: Haywood K. Michael
Published: March 2008

Photographs are an under-used but powerful qualitative research tool. In the project described, visitors to the city of Toronto were provided with a camera and asked to document those aspects of the visit they found most enjoyable or most distressing. The photographs formed the basis of an intensive interview session in which visitors discussed and evaluated various aspects of their visit.
A Quasi-Experimental Measure Of The Effectiveness Of Destinational Advertising: Some Evidence From Hawaii
Authors: Mok Henry M.K.
Published: March 2008

A quasi-experimental assessment of Hawaii Visitor Bureau's city magazine advertising campaign shows an inelastic visitor demand with respect to advertising and a disparity in market responses in different cities. The tourism return on advertising expenditure ratios obtained is about half of those ratios usually obtained in conversion studies.
Activity Preferences and Trip-planning Behavior of the U.S. Outbound Pleasure Travel Market
Authors: Rao S.R. , Thomas Edward G. , Javalgi Rajshekhar G.
Published: March 2008

This article examines the findings of a survey of American pleasure travelers, who represent an attractive market in terms of size and economic potential for the travel industry. The study provides market-based information pertaining to American outbound pleasure travelers' destination activity preferences and their travel-planning behavior. More specifically, the study examines the travelers' trip-planning behavior and the impor tance attached to a variety of activities, amenities, and locational variables in considering four foreign destinations (Canada, Mexico, the Caribbean Islands, and Europe). Market ing implications of the findings are delineated.
The Impact of Tiananmen Square on China's Tourism Image
Authors: Gartner William C. , Jingqing Shen
Published: March 2008

The People's Republic of China (PRC) has yet to recover from a dramatic drop in tourism due to the Tiananmen Square conflict. Occupancy levels remain lower than those existing before the conflict. Although the drop in tourism can be quantified, it was not known if there was a corresponding drop in the touristic image of the country. A study assessing the image of the country held by the mature market in the United States was completed one day before the Tiananmen Square conflict. In an attempt to assess image change due to Tiananmen Square, the initial study was repeated one year after the conflict using a similar sample population. Images of tourism attractions and services were compared between groups using Anova procedures. Touristic images of the country, for the most part, had declined; however, not all image components changed equally. Some evidence suggests that the image changes for touristic services may mean more to future travel to the PRC than the image changes noted for attractions.
Travel Review Conference Report ... War and Recession Produce Flat Year
Authors: Goeldner C.R.
Published: March 2008

The Sixth Annual Travel Review Conference, sponsored by the Travel and Tourism Research Association, U.S. Travel and Tourism Administration, and the U.S. Travel Data Center, was held February 5, 1992, in Arlington, Virginia. Proceedings were published and can be ordered from Executive Director, TTRA, PO Box 58066, Salt Lake City, UT 84158-0066.
Tourism Impacts Related to EC 92: A Look Ahead
Authors: Mihalik Brian J.
Published: March 2008

In January 1993, an historic event will occur within 12 countries in Europe. The European Community (EC) 1992 will signify a United States of Europe representing 322 million people and $4.5 trillion per year in goods and services. Because tourism plays such an important role in Europe and receives approximately 50% of the world's tourism receipts, changes in Europe with regard to the free movement of people, goods, services, and capital will affect international tourism. In particular, the airline and hotel industries should be heavily affected by EC 1992 because of increased competition, airline and hotel mergers and consolidations, and reforms in the banking, insurance, and construction industries. Taxation will be affected because of standardization in tourism taxes.
Factors Affecting Time Spent by Near-Home Tourists in City Destinations
Authors: Dadgostar Bahram , Isotalo Robert M.
Published: March 2008

Limited emphasis has been placed upon empirically verifying the relationship between destination image and tourist patronage behavior. The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of city destination image along with other important variables on the travel behavior of near-home tourists living in small communities. The findings of this study show destination image, distance, family income, perceived expensiveness, and age to be influential factors on near-home travel. As well, the multiattribute attitude model has been used to calculate an image score of city destinations for near-home tourists. Substitution of this score for the unidimensional measure of image in the model causes no major changes in the findings of this study.
Predicting Vacation Activity Preferences on the Basis of Value-System Segmentation
Authors: Madrigal Robert , Kahle Lynn R.
Published: March 2008

Personal values have long been considered an important variable for market segmentation. Single values may be grouped on the basis of their importance ratings into higher-order value domains, and the differential weighting of these domains represents an individual's value system. Value systems serve to maintain an individual's self-esteem and consistent behavior in those situations where one or more values may be in conflict. Thus, value-system segments derived from the rating of personal values reflect the fact that multiple values affect behavior. The purpose of this study was to examine whether vacation activity importance ratings differed across segments comprised of tourists homogeneously grouped on the basis of personal value systems. The sample included 394 English-speaking tourists visiting Scandinavia. Four mutually exclusive higher-order value-system segments were identified and found to differ on activity importance ratings. Implications for tour ism marketers are discussed.
Bridging the Research Gap between Industry and Researchers
Authors: Taylor Gordon D. , Rogers Judy , Stanton Bruce
Published: March 2008

This article is based on a research presentation made to the February 1993 annual conference of the Tourism Industry Association of Canada (TIAC). The presentation represents an effort by the Canada Chapter, TTRA, to close the gap that is reported to exist between researchers and potential research users in the travel industry. An actual research study and the differing reactions to it by the prime client, Resorts Ontario, and some of the members of that association provide the basis for the article. The need for dialogue between researchers and users is stressed. The outcome demonstrates that when a meaningful discussion takes place, secondary analysis of data can provide good, usable information for management decisions.
The Environmental Impacts of Tourism— Whose Responsibility Is It Anyway? The Case Study of Mykonos
Authors: Kavallinis Ioannis , Pizam Abraham
Published: March 2008

The purpose of this study was to investigate the differential perceptions of residents, entrepreneurs, and tourists toward the negative environmental impacts of tourism on the Greek island of Mykonos. The authors interviewed 115 residents, entrepreneurs, and tourists in Hora, the capital of Mykonos, during the beginning of the 1993 summer season. It was hypothesized that each of the three groups would consider the other two more responsible for the creation of negative environmental impacts caused by tourism. The results only par tially supported this hypothesis. Perceptual gaps were found between tourists and the other two groups. Tourists considered both residents and entrepreneurs to be more responsible than themselves for the negative environmental impacts of tourism. No gaps were found between residents' and entrepreneurs' responses. Both entrepreneurs and residents perceived the environmental impacts to be lower than tourists did. The most interesting finding was that all three groups — including the residents themselves — considered the residents to be more responsible than anyone else for the creation of tourism's negative environ mental impacts.
Proposals and Guidelines for the Carriage of Elderly and Disabled Persons by Air
Authors: Abeyratne R.I.R.
Published: March 2008

This article examines the international and national regulatory measures relating to the carriage of elderly and disabled persons by air that have been adopted, and recommends proposals and guidelines that air carriers and airport administrations throughout the world could follow, so that such carriage can be facilitated.
Co-marketing Tourism Internationally: Bases for Strategic Alliances
Authors: Hill Tracey , Shaw Robin N.
Published: March 2008

An exploratory study was conducted into the criteria for the successful cooperative marketing of two countries' tourism industries and the opportunity for strategic alliances to be formed. Key variables in the decision-making process were identified, including country-pair destination elements and the nature of the origin target market. An examination of convergent validity across research techniques suggests that some key attributes may be situation specific.
Resident Support for Gambling as a Tourism Development Strategy
Authors: Perdue Richard R. , Long Patrick T. , Yong Soon Kang
Published: March 2008

The purpose of this research was to examine resident support for gambling as a function of the perceived impacts of gambling and the quality of contact between resi dents and gamblers, controlling for levels of personal benefits and the perceived future of the community. Key positive impacts of gambling identified in this research included the number of jobs available for local residents, recreational and cultural opportunities, and the preservation of historical buildings and structures. Negative impacts included increases in the cost of living, traffic congestion, driving hazards, crime, and noise levels. A regres sion model was estimated of resident support for gambling development as a function of personal benefits, perceived future of the community, gambling impacts, and quality of contact with gambling.
Competition, Casino Spending, and Use of Casino Amenities
Authors: Roehl Wesley S.
Published: March 2008

Users of some casino amenities, such as gourmet restaurants, coffee shops, and large-and small-scale shows, spend substantially more money gambling than do nonusers of these amenities. As competition increases, information on the role amenities play in attracting guests and keeping them on-site will become more important.
Profit Center Analysis within Private Campgrounds
Authors: Arimond George , Lethlean Steven
Published: March 2008

This article investigates private campground profit centers to determine which contribute significantly to the campground's gross revenue. A rank ordering shows overnight campsite rentals producing the largest contribution and certain recreational services generating the least. Retail store sales are a complementary service that contribute significantly. In addition, the spending patterns of separate segments of the camping population are compared by their contribution to profit center revenue. Findings show overnight campers contributing the most revenue support and seasonal campers contributing the least.
The Third Tier of Public Sector Tourism: A Profile of Local Government Tourism Officers in Australia
Authors: Mckercher Bob , Ritchie Megan
Published: March 2008

Local government tourism represents the third tier of public sector tourism. While state and national tourism organizations are chiefly responsible for the design and implementation of tourism strategies and national and international marketing campaigns, it is the lesser-known local government authorities that shoulder the responsibility for promoting the regional tourism product. This article reports on a study of local government tourism officers conducted in the Australian states of New South Wales and Victoria. The study raises a number of questions about the level of professionalism in the local government tourism field. Local government tourism officers generally lack formal educational qualifications in tourism or marketing and have little prior tourism industry or public sector tourism experience. This sector also records a high turnover rate of between 40% and 50% per annum. In addition, gender preferences were noted in hiring practices: men typically were appointed to manage larger, better-funded organizations, while women were appointed as either managers of tourist information centers or to support managerial positions in large organizations.