bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Concept of Social Pedagogy in the Field of Social Work
Authors: Hämäläinen Juha
Published: July 2003

• Summary: Social pedagogy is a virtually unknown concept and practice within the Anglo-Saxon world, yet it has considerable importance on the European mainland. This article provides an analysis of the concept of social pedagogy from the point of view of social work. The analysis traces the intricacy of social pedagogy by looking at its historical background and the different contexts in which the concept is used. • Findings: This analysis has been enormously influential in determining that identifying social pedagogy too closely with social work may hinder the development of social pedagogy as a discipline that forms a part of social work education. • Applications: The concept of social pedagogy can be manifested in several national traditions and therefore used in different contexts. The combination of social and pedagogical points of view can be integrated in social work education, adopted to produce theoretical constellations to form a special branch of study and used to organize social help.
Exploring the Perceptions of Staff Towards Children and Young People Living in Community-Based Children's Homes
Authors: Heron Gavin , Chakrabarti Mono
Published: July 2003

• Summary: This article examines the perceptions of staff working in community-based children's homes. Data from interviews with staff, using the repertory grid technique, are analysed and presented in the form of a case study. Particular consideration is given to the child-worker relationship and how it might affect the quality of care provided. • Findings: The findings are selected from a doctoral study and suggest that despite significant changes in the residential sector, many staff feel powerless to address the real issues and problems affecting children. Rather than confront the realities of the situation and implement strategies that empower staff, it would appear that current developments in social work continue to de-prioritize the needs of children. • Applications: The authors argue that a fundamental change in residential care is needed if social work is to meet the needs of many of the most vulnerable children in society.
Negotiating the Contradictions between Competence and Creativity in Social Work Education
Authors: Lymbery Mark E. F.
Published: July 2003

• Summary: Social work education in Britain has recently been dominated by a competence-based frame of reference, which has proved to be inadequate in preparing social workers for the professional judgements that have to be applied in practice. At the same time the concept of reflective practice, which emphasizes the need for professionals to demonstrate creativity in their practice, has gained currency. This article explores the possibility of reconciling the two principles of competence and creativity within social work education. • Findings: The article concludes that it is possible to see competence as a necessary stage to the development of the level of creativity that should characterize highly skilled social work practice. This implies the need for more systematic development of post-qualifying education that is directly aimed at the enhancement of practitioners' creativity. • Applications: At a time of flux in British social work education, this recognition needs to inform the strategic development of qualifying and post-qualifying education in the future. It has a similar application in respect of the development of social work education internationally.
`We Did Not Simply Mimic Received Opinion'
Authors: MacGregor Susanne
Published: July 2003

Eileen Gambrill has criticized the RAE (Research Assessment Exercise) process on the basis of her experience as one of eight non-UK experts advising the Social Policy and Administration and Social Work panel. Her criticisms have some validity, especially with regard to the role of non-UK experts. However, other comments give a misleading picture of how the panels operated.
Globalization, Europeanization and Domestic Welfare State Reforms
Authors: Beyeler Michelle
Published: July 2003

This article focuses on the theoretical relationships between globalization, Europeanization, and welfare state changes. It offers an extract of new institutionalist concepts linking external processes to changes of national social protection systems, based on two analytical distinctions. The first concerns the actor model, which specifies how external processes link to welfare reforms. The second differentiation concerns the type of reform trigger at the international level. Both Europeanization and globalization encompass aspects of market pressures and political voluntarism. The effects on welfare reforms are not necessarily the same - therefore it is crucial to make this differentiation in order to develop proper hypotheses.
Europeanization or Globalization?
Authors: Graziano Paolo
Published: July 2003

Globalization and Europeanization have been increasingly fashionable terms in the past years. Nevertheless, often their use has been somewhat `loose' and they have been considered as equivalents in exerting external pressures on national welfare states. Moving from the definition of the two processes, the article illustrates the different features of globalization and Europeanization, and provides and tests an analytical framework for the understanding of the institutional effects of the processes. In the first part of the article, the two political phenomena are defined and an analytical framework based on three dimensions (market orientation, mode of governance and decision-making style) is offered. In the second part, a closer look at the Italian case is provided. The empirical analysis shows that Europeanization might act as an `antidote' to globalization: not only does it promote different policy goals but also it displays institutional effects that globalization is not able to determine.
The Clear and Present Danger of the `Globaloney' Industry
Authors: Carroll Eero
Published: July 2003

To what extent is globalization given an institutionally elaborated definition in studies on its welfare, welfare state and/or social policy impacts published since 1995? And, is it seen to inhibit or stimulate welfare (state) development? These questions are addressed through a study sample ( N = 161) from the International Bibliography of the Social Sciences, subjected to combinatory analysis similar to qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) using a pre-typological classification of definition components. Disaggregated definitions oriented to relations and actors (most often trade and/or competition as well as international organizations) coincide with polarized welfare (state) impacts, envisioned or real, of globalization. Positive overall globalization impacts are rare in this literature. Mixed or zero impacts claims are more common in studies including an arena-related component (often global market integration) in defining globalization, possibly indicating less determinism in views thereof, but also conventionalism in perspectives on markets. Future research needs more methodological rigour and scepticism of overgeneralized assertions on globalization's impacts.
Globalization, Welfare and `Social' Partnership
Authors: Ananiadis Blanca P.
Published: July 2003

This article stresses that, in today's European Union, a nationally or regionally based neo-corporatist revival would not bridge the democratic deficit in welfare governance. Using the example of employment, it describes trends that point at the changing character of `social Europe' as the site of multiple vulnerabilities. Such transformation would require speedy assessments of, and tailored policies towards, excluded social categories. It argues that work-centred institutional expressions of yesterday's welfare state, such as the traditional `social partners', cannot be expected to represent welfare demands and perspectives of hitherto politically isolated sectors. Further, issues of representation and democracy in the European context are reviewed.
Professional Interaction: Exploring the Concept of Attraction
Authors: Harris Lloyd C. , O'Malley Lisa , Patterson Maurice
Published: July 2003

This paper explores the role of attraction in the initiation, development and maintenance of relationships. Building on the extant social exchange literature and incorporating recent work in the marketing domain, attraction in professional services is defined as the extent to which relational partners perceive past, current, future or potential partners as professionally appealing in terms of their ability to provide superior economic benefits, access to important resources and social compatibility. A conceptual model is developed that (1) posits the determinants of attraction as economic, social and resource-based, and (2) incorporates the proposed relationships between attraction, trust, commitment, interaction and accommodation/assimilation. The legal sector provides the context for the empirical research reported here. Specifically, the paper addresses relationships between barristers, solicitors and barristers' clerks. Findings on the determinants of attraction are presented and a data-driven model developed which substantially expands previous under-standings. This model presents the conditions for attraction, the lens through which attraction is viewed, and the elements of attraction. The paper concludes with a discussion of implications and directions for further research.
Brand Equity in Cooperative Business Relationships: Exploring the Development of a Conceptual Model
Authors: Van Durme Joël , Brodie Roderick J. , Redmore David
Published: July 2003

With the increase in inter-firm activities - whether joint promotion, cobranding, joint ventures, alliances, or other types of organizational cooperation - an individual firm stands to become more dependent on consumers' associations with its cooperative partners. Since cooperation involves association and sharing of both tangible and intangible assets, the focus shifts to how to jointly manage the individual firm's assets and equity and also the assets and equity of close affiliates. We develop a conceptual model that examines how and why a cooperative partner's relational assets and equity may transfer to the firm. First we examine the theoretical foundations and then we focus on the key relational constructs of trust and reputation, which are integrated into the model.
Perceptions of Dyadic Business Relationships: In Search of the Social Psychological Basis of Interpersonal Relationship Perceptions in Socio-Economic Exchange Relationships
Authors: Berghäll Sami
Published: July 2003

During the past 10 years, substantial relationship marketing disciplinary discussion has centred around the concepts of commitment and trust as the key mediating concepts of relationship perceptions. The models developed, however, have lacked the psychological basis from which each of us typically approach the above mentioned relationships. As the essential reflective feature of business interaction seems to be the dualism between calculative monetary considerations and the social elements of relationship considerations, the key to understanding relational behaviour within these parameters is to combine both the rational business decision elements with the psychological elements that enter into this process of decision-making. This study builds a model of socio-economic exchange based on work from both relationship marketing and social psychology. Thus, the model might be placed at the core of the `marketing as exchange' discussion, in that this model captures the processes that are happening within the individual who is involved in the marketing exchange. The results provide support for a two-dimensional mediating concept of relationship perceptions and an additional view on what constitutes relationship quality is provided.
B2B `Relationships' - A Social Construction of Reality?
Authors: Blois Keith
Published: July 2003

This paper will suggest that the growing attention to B2B `relationships' is merely part of a wider growth in the interest in long-term exchanges between economic actors. `Relationships' are said to have distinguishing characteristics - in particular the existence of commitment and trust plus the expectation of continuity. The paper describes Marks and Spencer's links with one of its major suppliers using information about this exchange's history from sources including members of the supplier and the customer firms, legal submissions and also independent observers. It uses this information to make two interpretations of the exchange and as a consequence questions whether or not `a relationship' in the B2B context is a `social construction of reality'.
Relationship Marketing and Customer Satisfaction: An Information Economics Perspective
Authors: Rese Mario
Published: July 2003

Marketing science has long been concerned with the question of the extent to which customer satisfaction leads to customer retention and, subsequently, to a positive effect on profits. Most of the behaviour-driven explanations posit a generally positive relationship between the two. However, this generality has not been confirmed in empirical investigations. In this paper, the relationship between customer satisfaction and customer retention is analysed from an economic perspective. The overall aim is to identify relevant factors that influence the effect of satisfaction on the retention of clients. Based on considerations derived from economics of information theory, it is revealed that apart from the speed of technological progress, the possibility of assessing product quality is a significant driver for customer satisfaction as a source of retention.
Customers and Customer Relationships in Service Firms: The Perspective of the Resource-Based View
Authors: Gouthier Matthias , Schmid Stefan
Published: July 2003

In many publications on service management and marketing, the customer is said to be an important resource of the service firm. This is not surprising, since a basic characteristic of services is the participation of the customer in the production process. However, up to now, there has been no theoretical discussion as to whether and why customers - as well as relationships with customers - are really important resources of the service firm. The present paper draws on the resource-based view within strategic management. It explores the potential of the resource-based view for analyzing customer roles and customer relationships within service firms, and it discusses managerial implications for customer relationship management.
Back to the Future: Divergence in Relationship Marketing Research
Authors: Egan John
Published: July 2003

This paper suggests that there is a growing, if not permanent, divide in relationship marketing (RM) research between the holistic view of diverse organizational relationships and those who wish to return to a concentration on the customer-supplier dyad. It charts the history of RM theory and the different perspectives that have enriched its development. Although it recognizes that the scope of RM research has always been an issue, it foresees uncertain consequences resulting from the break-up of relationship marketing's traditional `broad-church' approach. In particular, it considers whether following any break-up, marketing's research agenda will be poorer as a result.
Relationship Marketing: Looking Back, Looking Forward
Authors: Ballantyne David , Christopher Martin , Payne Adrian
Published: July 2003

Relationship marketing has taken off over the past 10 years with a burst of vigour. Were relationships staring marketers in the face and were we too preoccupied to see them? We begin with a short historical perspective on the origins of relationship marketing. A discussion on future directions and theory development based around the concept of value exchange follows. A `view from the edge' of chaos is then offered. We conclude that marketing as a discipline is forever changed.
A Support Group for Caregivers of Patients with Frontotemporal Dementia
Authors: Diehl Janine , Mayer T. , Förstl H. , Kurz A.
Published: July 2003

Several recent articles have pointed out that caregivers of patients with frontotemporal dementia (FTD) need counselling and support. To date, however, no support groups have been provided other than those available to caregivers of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). At our outpatient unit for cognitive disorders we initiated a specific support group for caregivers of patients with FTD. This pilot project had four objectives: 1) to provide information, advice and support to caregivers, 2) to learn more about the specific problems and needs of family carers of patients with FTD and to explore the differences to caregiver burden in AD, 3) to encourage mutual support and development of coping strategies, 4) to evaluate the intervention using a questionnaire completed by the caregiver. Eight spouse caregivers of patients diagnosed with frontotemporal dementia (FTD) participated in special support groups. Seven weekly sessions of 90 minutes' duration were held. To evaluate the program participants were asked to complete a questionnaire about their satisfaction with the support group immediately after the final session. Six months after the intervention they received a questionnaire by mail gathering information on coping efficacy. It became obvious that many problems faced by caregivers of patients with FTD are different from those encountered in AD. During group meetings participants were encouraged to express their own needs and to deal with painful emotions, including aggression, anger, mourning and guilt. Caregivers felt relieved by sharing their problems with others. They were able to learn from each other and to share coping strategies. The group also helped to establish new social relations contacts and even friendships. The participants rated the program as useful and said that benefits were sustained even six months after termination. We conclude from these initial observations that caregiver support groups are a useful component in the management of patients with FTD. Such groups should be tailored to the specific problems and needs of these caregivers. To maintain benefits, self-help groups are recommended even in the absence of professional input.
The Implications of the Early Recognition of Dementia for Multiprofessional Teamworking
Authors: Manthorpe Jill , Iliffe Steve , Eden Alison
Published: July 2003

In health and social care in the UK there is increasing emphasis on the need to recognize mental health problems as early as possible, particularly among older people. Both research and policy have identified the difficulties caused by delayed or late awareness of dementia and depression, and the potential benefits of their recognition at earlier stages. This article draws on the output from a series of multidisciplinary dementia workshops to explore the implications of such a shift in practice for interprofessional working. At a time when core specialist mental health teams have been identified as a way forward for dementia care in the UK, this discussion sets out four key bipolar categories derived from the workshops which may be useful in planning, implementing and reviewing the development of services and the drawing of professional responsibilities. These categories are opportunistic recognition versus population screening; referral and responsibility; key working and team working; generalist versus specialist roles. From this discussion we note a further four determinants which in our view need to be addressed in order to promote positive developments in dementia services: learning processes, resource implications, professional capacity and confidence and the impact of new teams on broader systems.
A Psychosocial Model of Understanding the Experience of Receiving a Diagnosis of Dementia
Authors: Pratt Rebekah , Wilkinson Heather
Published: July 2003

Based on the findings of the study `Tell me the truth': A subjective understanding of diagnosis disclosure (Pratt & Wilkinson, 2001), this article proposes a psychosocial model for understanding the experience of people with dementia. The model operates on two main aspects, the combined desire and/or ability to know the diagnosis, and the social context that surrounds an individual. The model proposes that these two aspects are inexorably linked and are represented as two axes. There are four `quadrants' represented in the model: detachment, distress, maximizing coping, and decline and denial. The model proposes that individual experience can be located in any of these `quadrants' as a function of the combined effect of social context, alongside individual response. The model proposes that social context can contribute to the experience of `distress' or the ability of individuals to access `maximizing coping strategies'. In terms of diagnosis disclosure the model advocates that when an individual shows an `ability and desire' to know their diagnosis, withholding the diagnosis may directly contribute to feelings of distress. This situation would be one example of the potential impact of the social context on individual experience. The implication for practice, and research, is that social context needs to be assessed and explored as part of individual assessment to find ways to minimize distress and maximize positive coping responses.
Costs and Consequences for the Carers of People with Dementia in Ireland
Authors: O'Shea Eamon
Published: July 2003

This study examines the economic and psychological costs of care for family carers of people with dementia in Ireland. The analysis is based on an opportunistic survey of 98 carers of people with dementia. The article presents new findings on Irish carers' own perceptions of optimal care provision and the value of the care provided in monetary terms. Family carers in the survey provide an average of just under 12 hours of specified care each day to people with dementia. Many carers refer to the constant nature of care, with very high figures recorded for surveillance and supervision of the person with dementia. Irish caregivers spend considerably longer than they would wish caring for their relatives with dementia, allowing their mental health to suffer in the process. Carers would also like to be paid for the work that they do. Current arrangements for monetary compensation are, however, selective and therefore inadequate to meet the needs of most carers.
African American Dementia Caregivers
Authors: Cloutterbuck Jane , Mahoney Diane Feeney
Published: July 2003

Differences in ethno-cultural perspectives have been previously suggested as the source of variation among ethnic groups regarding their approaches to dementia family caregiving. This study explored the perceptions and experiences that African American caregivers of family members with dementia encountered on their journey toward obtaining a diagnosis of dementia for their loved ones. An overall theme of respect emerged from a focus group session with seven family caregivers. Reports of respecting older family members through `normalization', thereby delaying evaluation for dementia, then encountering a lack of respect from health care providers when one was finally sought, created a duality of respect vs disrespect. This tension constituted a subtle but profound form of caregiver stress that may be unique to African American caregivers, and one that has not been considered in standardized measures. Findings inform providers about important issues to consider when working with and studying dementia caregiving among African American families.
People with Dementia in a Rural Community
Authors: Gilmour Helen , Gibson Faith , Campbell Jim
Published: July 2003

This local study, a follow-up to one carried out 10 years earlier, focuses on prevalence rates and living circumstances of 435 people with dementia residing in a rural county in Northern Ireland. The cross-disciplinary, collaborative nature of the research process and the impact of community care policy and variation in place of residence over a decade are discussed. The advantages to be gained by carrying out similar pieces of local research are highlighted.
`It's Feminist because I Say So!'
Authors: Orme Joan
Published: July 2003

This article explores the contribution of feminism to critical social work practice within the UK. It does so by examining a claim that social work students and practitioners have taken a simplistic stance to feminist theory: `it's feminist because I say so'. While this position might be a consequence of unease with theory within some approaches to feminism it is compounded by arrangements for social work education in the UK. It is argued that such a stance denies the complexities of feminist theory and fails to recognize some of the tensions within feminism. Identifying that in UK social work there are struggles to reconcile `standpointism' with postmodern feminism, the article uses the examples of feminist analyses of care and researching domestic violence to argue that critical practice is enriched by explorations of theoretical differences.
Action Research
Authors: Bradbury Hilary , Reason Peter
Published: July 2003

In this overview the authors describe the underlying principles of action research as: (1) grounded in lived experience, (2) developed in partnership, (3) addressing significant problems, (4) working with, rather than simply studying, people, (5) developing new ways of seeing/theorizing the world, and (6) leaving infrastructure in its wake. We refer to the role of social workers as frontline implementers of important social policies and suggest how action research can be used to both implement and also influence the creation of such policies. We offer examples of action research efforts that can be applied to the social worker's practice-scholarship repertoire.
Self-Determination and a Critical Perspective in Casework
Authors: Furlong Mark A.
Published: July 2003

The principle of `self determination' enjoys a well-deserved position within the theory and practice of social work. While seeking to respect this status, the present exercise begins with a question: might we as clinicians, therapists and case workers risk attenuating our clients' current relationships, and their future prospects for quality connection, if we pursue the goal of self-determination over zealously? In order to explore this question, first, an examination of definitional and historical material is developed which suggests that self-determination was once viewed as more contentious than it is currently, a view that prompts a clearer perception of the ascendant place of the independent self in contemporary conditions. Second, material focusing on the cultural specificity of the concept is presented, the result of which raises further doubt about universalizing the status and legitimacy of self-determination. Third, critical ideas related to practice are developed to identify and problematize the theory of the self that is implicitly performed in casework practices that overly rely on self-determination. A final, brief section canvasses examples of progressive practices that seek to qualify the primacy of self-determination as a goal by introducing complementary goals. Specifically, it is suggested an allegiance to that which emphasizes personal accountability and interpersonal interdependence helps strike a balance between the goal of self-determination and imperatives related to feminist, cultural and ecological values.
Critical Reflection in Community-Based Evaluation
Authors: Gardner Fiona
Published: July 2003

Having used critical reflection in teaching students about a critical social work approach, the writer explores the development of a critical reflection framework for thinking about evaluation. She identifies a range of possible criteria including: • seeing subjective histories and stories as valid sources of information and knowledge, • making sure the views of those least likely to be heard are included, • enabling participants to make connections between personal and broader structural issues, and • specific suggestions about evaluation processes such as paying attention to processes as well as outcomes.

These criteria are used to critically consider the evaluation of two community-based projects - Shared Action, a community development approach to child safety and community building, and the Rural Access Project - a pilot project exploring the provision of education services about arthritis in rural communities. She concludes that such a framework could certainly help in raising issues for evaluators.
Liberal Arts and Distance Education
Authors: Ess Charles
Published: July 2003

The goals of a global liberal arts education, as conjoining both western and eastern sources, focus on ‘virtue first’, i.e. on pursuing human excellence ( areteØ). To determine whether such excellence can be taught online, I turn to contemporary research on Computer-Mediated Communication (CMC) and online education. Among other factors, important cultural issues as well as the real costs of online education have moderated 1990s enthusiasm for online learning as ‘revolutionary’. I then take up Hubert Dreyfus’ pedagogical taxonomy as it emphasizes the role of embodiment in learning. Expanding on his analysis, I argue that the most important goals of a global liberal arts education–precisely the goals of becoming excellent human beings capable of Aristotelian phroneØsis, a key form of judgment crucial to not only professional success but also ethical and political life–require human teachers who incarnate the skills and judgment students need to acquire. These analyses, finally, support what is in fact a recent turn in online education towards blended classrooms that seek to exploit the distinctive advantages of both embodied and disembodied teaching.
Writing, Revising and Practising the Disciplines:
Authors: Parker Jan
Published: July 2003

Two centres of pedagogic excellence and innovation, the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching and Cornell University’s Knight Institute for Writing in the Disciplines are influencing ideas and pedagogic practice outside as well as inside the US. The movement for scholarship of teaching which resulted in and is developed by the Carnegie’s Scholars Program, demands status and energy to be devoted to the proper study of university teaching and learning. ‘Writing in the Disciplines’ at Cornell evolved from generic composition classes to a distinctive programme which covers all undergraduate subjects and levels and all levels of Faculty in the corporate endeavour to ‘write the discipline’. The article considers the implication for Arts and Humanities in higher education and for disciplinarity itself of their programmes and of three important and thought provoking books produced by the two centres.
Forging a Learning Community?
Authors: Hall Richard
Published: July 2003

The ‘learning community’ is an important theme within the move to an information age. This article argues that the empowering elements of such communities are fundamental to higher education. However, a better understanding of what they entail is required by teachers. The author reflects upon current thinking about collaborative learning and communities of practice, and highlights how userinvolvement in curriculum design and delivery can promote fuller engagement with the learning process. The findings of a three-year Higher Education Funding Council for England-funded initiative to implement and evaluate online teaching/learning in humanities and arts departments are analysed in order to illustrate the possibilities for learning and teaching innovation that learning communities can offer.
Art and Design Practice-Based Research Degree Supervision
Authors: Hockey John
Published: July 2003

Little is known empirically about the supervision of practice-based research degree students in Art and Design. Drawing on qualitative interview data with 50 supervisors, this article portrays some of their routine practices, conceptualizing them as an ongoing craft, which, whilst theoretically informed, is foremost a practical activity learned by trial and error. The article concludes by stressing the essentially tacit nature of these craft practices, and advocates the development of an adequately resourced programme of mentorship, so as to facilitate the transmission of good practice between experienced and novice supervisors.
Networking in the Arts and Humanities: ave atque vale HAN News
Authors: Senter Howard
Published: July 2003

This article reviews the activities of the Humanities and Arts Higher Education Network (the HAN) in the UK, and the role of its newsletter HAN News in helping to establish and maintain the network. The article also looks at the origins of our current understanding of networks and networking, and locates the HAN network in the space between purposive networks (often commercial) that are supported by large inputs of outside resources, and those that are ‘natural’ and require little or no inputs of energy, such as family and friendship groups. It points out that without such resource and energy inputs, entropy soon overwhelms a purposive network, thus pointing to the key role played in voluntary networks by a central ‘maintaining’ group. From 2003 onwards the HAN network will largely operate via electronic means, rather than relying on printed media and face-toface events–it will become a virtual network.
The Transition from School to University
Authors: Marland Michael
Published: July 2003

This article reviews the five contributions to the Forum on ‘Access and transition to higher education’ in Volume 2 (1) of this journal, and considers the needs of all potential undergraduate students–especially those from backgrounds from which students have rarely come, including the most disadvantaged. The article reflects upon secondary school curricula and pastoral care provision, and also on the need for more specific tuition in key skills in the courses offered by universities.
Locke and the Non-Arbitrary
Authors: Halldenius Lena
Published: July 2003

In this article, John Locke's accounts of political liberty and legitimate government are read as expressions of a normative demand for non-arbitrariness. I argue that Locke locates infringements of political liberty in dependence on the arbitrary will of another, whether or not interference or restraint actually takes place. This way Locke is tentatively placed in that tradition of republican thought recently brought to our attention by Pettit, Skinner and others. This reading shifts the focus on legitimacy and identifies the independent moral argument for legitimate government as ruling for the good of the people. Consent is left with a hypothetical role to play.
The Weaknesses of Strong Intersubjectivism
Authors: Cooke Maeve
Published: July 2003

The article deals with Habermas's intersubjective approach to critical social theory, focusing on his intersubjective accounts of truth, justice and democratic legitimacy. Distinguishing between stronger and weaker versions of an intersubjective account, it draws attention to Habermas's recent move from a strong intersubjective, constructivist, interpretation of truth to a weaker, non-constructivist, one. It then looks at his refusal to make a similar move in the case of justice, arguing that it is not well-founded, even from the point of view of Habermas's overall concerns. It contends, in particular, that a strong intersubjective conception is not necessary in order to maintain the close link between normative validity and argumentation that plays an important role in Habermas's project of a critical social theory and concludes that the advantages of abandoning a strong intersubjective position outweigh the disadvantages. Consequently, it recommends extension of the weaker, non-constructivist, account that Habermas now proposes in the case of truth to justice as well. In the final section, it considers the implications of this recommendation for Habermas's conception of normative validity in the domain of law and politics.
Collective Guilt and Responsibility
Authors: Alweiss Lilian
Published: July 2003

Does our responsibility extend to deeds that have been performed in our name? Is our modern understanding of responsibility in need of revision? Arendt holds that it is not necessary to revise our conception of responsibility since there are two forms of responsibility: a moral and a political one. Margalit, in turn, argues that our conception of responsibility is too narrow. We are not only morally responsible for the deeds we have performed or neglected to perform but also for the deeds carried out in our name. I believe neither position to be entirely coherent: Arendt is mistaken to argue that collective responsibility is free from moral expressions and Margalit conflates political with moral responsibility and confuses guilt with shame. The article concludes that moral responsibility is distinct from collective responsibility, even though the former retains elements of the latter.
The European Union
Authors: Fossum John Erik
Published: July 2003

The purpose of this article is to discuss the type of attachment and allegiance propounded in the recently proclaimed Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. Charters such as Bills of Rights are generally held to be reflective of and evocative of a rights-based constitutional patriotism. The EU is not a state; there are widely different conceptions of what it is and should be, one of which is the vision of a Europe of nation states. Is the spirit of the Charter thus instead that of deep diversity, i.e. reflective of a wide diversity of views, visions and values as to what the EU is and ought to be? The article contrasts constitutional patriotism and deep diversity as alternative underlying philosophies of the Charter and also briefly examines the Charter's presumed ability to produce either type of sentiment of allegiance.
Evaluation of a High Sampling Rate Time-Domain Multiplexing Fiber-Optic Sensor System
Authors: Levin Klas , Matrat Jérôme , Gunnarsson Ola
Published: July 2003

A fiber-optic system for continuous high sampling rate measurement of strain is presented in this paper. It is clear that many applications require a monitoring system with high sampling rate capability and the ability to multiplex many sensors. This has led to the definition and development of a time-domain multiplexed system for measurement of strain and temperature. The system concept is based on short-pulse interferometry and Bragg-grating reflective elements. Time-domain multiplexing is achieved by using an optical amplitude modulator, synchronized with the triggering of light pulses, as a switch to select the reflected pulses from a particular sensor. The sequentially queried sensors all have the same spectral characteristics, with the number of sensors being limited by the available light intensity, the reflectivity of the sensors and the sensitivity of the detection system. The current version of the optical system has a fast digital signal processor (DSP), which increases the attainable sampling rates in the order of 100kHz, divided among sensors. The dedicated DSP controls the system and performs all data reduction tasks autonomously in real-time, storing the results in its memory.

The capabilities of this system are evaluated in the present work. A series of strain experiments, involving surface-attached sensors were conducted to evaluate the system performance. It was shown that the system was capable of measuring strains at high sampling rates as well as to determine operational loads at low frequency ranges.
Design of a Hierarchical Health Monitoring System for Detection of Multilevel Damage in Bolted Thermal Protection Panels: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Yang Jinkyu , Chang Fu-Kuo , Derriso Mark M.
Published: July 2003

Space vehicles perform in the temperature range from - 160°C in space to 1650°C reached during reentry. As a result, space vehicles require high performance thermal protection systems (TPS) that provide high temperature insulation capability with lower weight, high strength, and reliable integration with the existing system. Carbon-carbon panels mounted with bracket joints are potential future thermal protection systems with light weight, low creep, and high stiffness at high temperature. However, the thermal protection system experiences a very harsh high temperature and aerodynamic environment in addition to foreign object impacts. Damage of failure of panels without being detected can lead to catastrophe. Therefore, knowledge of the integrity of the thermal protection system before each launch and reentry is essential to the success of the mission. Currently, the maintenance procedure of TPS is extremely time consuming and expensive due to its heavy reliance on human labor, which is also the largest obstacle in shortening the downtime of space vehicles after a mission. The objective of the study is to develop a built-in diagnostic system to assess the integrity of TPS panels as well as to lower inspection and maintenance time and costs. An integrated structural health monitoring system is being developed to monitor the TPS panels. The technology includes hierarchical investigation of the damages from loosening of bolts which connects TPS panels to the supporting structure, to potentially, identifying the location of damage on the panel caused by external impacts from micrometeorites and other objects. A prototype was manufactured and tested in an acoustic chamber which simulated a reentry environment to investigate the feasibility of the health monitoring system focusing on its survivability and sensitivity. The preliminary results were promising.
Structural Integrity Monitoring of Concrete Structures via Optical Fiber Sensors: Sensor Protection Systems
Authors: Fernando G. F. , Hameed A. , Winter D. , Tetlow J. , Leng J. , Barnes R. , Mays G. , Kister G.
Published: July 2003

This paper reports on the design requirements and a range of specific concepts for optical fiber-based sensor protection systems that can be used in concrete structures. The designs range from sensor protection systems that are manufactured involving stainless steel, fiber reinforced composites and concrete. The feasibility of manufacturing the sensor protection systems using these materials is also demonstrated. A detailed finite element analysis was carried out to optimise the stainless steel-based sensor protection system for concrete. Experimental results involving the sensor protection system will be presented in Part 2 of this series of papers.
Principal Component Analysis of a Piezosensor Array for Damage Localization
Authors: De Boe Pascal , Golinval Jean-Claude
Published: July 2003

This paper focuses on applying statistical process control techniques, based on principal component analysis, to vibration-based damage diagnosis. It is well known that localized structural damages with relative small amplitude do not affect much the global modal response of the structure, at least at low frequencies. Nevertheless, it can be expected that the local dynamic behavior of a damaged structural subcomponent is significantly affected. Assuming that each structural subcomponent is monitored, local structural damage, with relative small amplitude, will only affect a particular sensor without affecting significantly the response of the others. By applying a principal component analysis on the sensor time responses, it is possible to see that any change of one particular sensor will affect the subspace spanned by the complete sensor response set. The subspace corresponding to the damaged structure can then be compared with the subspace of an initial state in order to diagnose possible damage. The principal component analysis may also be performed for every potential subset of damaged sensors in order to identify the involved sensor, and, therefore, the damaged structural component. The spatial information given by the distributed sensors (e.g. piezoelectric laminates) can be used to forecast structural damages on a critical area but damage localization is also possible with classical sensors (e.g. accelerometers). The damage may be located as the errors attain the maximum at the sensors instrumented in the damaged substructures.
Structural Monitoring Using Fiber-Optic Bragg Grating Sensors
Authors: Betz Daniel C. , Staudigel Lothar , Trutzel Michael N. , Kehlenbach Michael
Published: July 2003

For many applications in the aerospace industry, monitoring of structural performance is becoming increasingly important in order to reduce maintenance and inspection costs and enhance efficiency. One of the most attractive sensors to build large area sensor networks has become the fiber-optic Bragg grating. Despite the fact that Bragg grating sensors have been of considerable interest to the structural health monitoring community for the last few years, many challenges associated with applying Bragg grating sensors in real-world applications have not yet been solved. One of the major issues remaining is the method of attaching the sensors to the structure to be monitored. It is essential to understand the optical signal of the sensor and its relation to the actual strain fields in or on the structure. DaimlerChrysler and EADS have studied several solutions for the fiber attachment over the past few years. This paper discusses three of these methods, which are currently under investigation in both lab and field tests.
A Hybrid Electromagnetic Acousto-Ultrasonic Method for SHM of Carbon/Epoxy Structures
Authors: Lemistre Michel B. , Balageas Daniel L.
Published: July 2003

A model of electromagnetic behavior of composite materials like carbon/epoxy or glass/epoxy structures has been developed. Based on this model, an electromagnetic method allowing to evaluate the electric conductivity and the electric polarization of this type of material by measurement of magnetic and electric components of an incident electromagnetic wave crossing through the material has been also developed. A local measurement of magnetic and electric field allows to detect the presence and the extent of a damage if it induces a local variation of electric conductivity and/or electric polarization. This method presents a great sensitivity to detect damages inducing local variations of electric characteristics such as burning and liquid ingress. However, the sensitivity to mechanical damages such as delaminations is clearly lower, contrary to acousto-ultrasonic methods. Based on the complementarity of these two techniques, a new concept is proposed, combining them in an unique Structural Health Monitoring System (SHMS). The new SHMS which consists of a network of electromagnetic and ceramic piezo-electric sensors, is presented. The main results performed with this dual method applied to a carbon/epoxy structure including various defects (impact delaminations and local burning) are presented and discussed. Various images obtained by data reduction are presented.
Output-Only Subspace-Based Damage Detection - Application to a Reticular Structure
Authors: Basseville Michèle , Mevel Laurent , Vecchio Antonio , Peeters Bart , Van der Auweraer Herman
Published: July 2003

The output-only vibration-based structural health monitoring problem is addressed as the task of detecting damages modeled as changes in the eigenstructure of a linear dynamic system. The proposed damage detection algorithm is based on a residual generated from a subspace-based covariance-driven identification method and on the statistical local approach to the design of detection algorithms. This algorithm computes a global test, which performs a sensitivity analysis of the residuals to the damages, relative to uncertainties and noises. Numerical results are reported, which show the efficiency of the proposed method. They have been obtained on a geometrically simple test article designed, assembled and tested dynamically under impact and random shaker excitation. The method allows detecting damage in an early stage, and it does not require the extraction of the modal parameters from each newly collected data set. This characteristic is very well suited for monitoring purposes: it does not need continuous user interaction and it can easily be made automatic.