bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of salting method and storage time on composition and quality of feta cheese
Authors: PAPPAS C P , KONDYLI E , VOUTSINAS L P , MALLATOU H
Published: August 2007

Feta cheese was manufactured by using five different salting methods (dry salting for one day followed by addition of 6% NaCl brine, dry salting for 1,2 or 3 days followed by addition of 7% NaCl brine and dry salting for 3 days followed by addition of 8% NaCl brine). The effects of salting method and storage time on the composition, physicochemical, organoleptic and rheological properties of feta cheese were studied. It was found that moisture was not affected by salting method or storage time. The salting method but not the storage time had a significant effect on salt content. As the salt content of cheeses increased or the storage time was prolonged the moisture decreased. pH and cheese yield were not influenced by salting method but did decrease with storage time. Protein content was not affected by salting method or storage time, whereas fat content was affected by both factors. Proteolysis, lipolysis, organoleptic and rheological properties of cheeses were not influenced by the salting methods applied. On the other hand, storage time had a significant effect on proteolysis, lipolysis, cheese appearance, fracturability and percentage compression at the yield point. Dry salting of cheese for one day and preservation in 7% NaCl brine was considered as the most appropriate salting method for practical application.
Casein diversity in caprine milk and its relation to technological properties: heat stability
Authors: Tziboula A.
Published: August 2007

Caprine milk is characterized by a genetically linked diversity in casein content. Of particular importance is the genetic polymorphism of αs1‐casein, which is under the influence of seven known alleles controlling the level of αs1‐casein expression in milk. In this article, the effect of αs1‐casein genotype on milk composition and heat stability is considered. Two different types of caprine milk were used: milk high in αs1‐casein from animals heterozygous AE or BE with respect to αs1‐casein genotype and milk low in αs1‐casein from animals homozygous FF. Milk high in αs1‐casein was less stable upon heating than milk low in αs1‐casein. Unlike bovine milk there was no recovery in heat stability at pH values greater than 7.0. These differences were associated with factors in the serum rather than the casein fraction and could not be explained by the variation in the protein composition, /3–lactoglobulin to casein ratio or the small variation in Ca2+ and lactose levels between the two milks. On the other hand, milk low in αs1‐casein had a higher urea content, which had a significant stabilizing effect.
Production of processed cheese using kasseri cheese and processed cheese analogues incorporating whey protein concentrate and soybean oil
Authors: KAMINARIDES S , STACHTIARIS S
Published: August 2007

A control processed cheese (A) made mainly from kasseri cheese (60%) without whey protein concentrate or soybean oil, and three other cheese products B, C and D containing increasing amounts of whey protein concentrate (UF) and soybean oil were manufactured simultaneously. All the cheeses were produced to contain 50–51% moisture and 53–54% fat‐in‐dry‐matter and were submitted to microbiological, physicochemical, theological and organoleptic tests 1 day after production and after 90 days in cold storage under vacuum. The mesophilic and psychrotrophic microflora of all the cheeses was very low; coliforms were not found. All the cheeses differed significantly in their content of total protein, soluble protein, lactose, ash, acidity (ADV) and in the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids (cheese D). In contrast, no significant differences in pH, moisture or fat were noted because of the standardization of the blends. Rheological tests of the products indicated that there were marked differences in hardness, adhesiveness, elasticity, gumminess and chewiness. The cheeses were subjected to sensory analysis and showed differences in flavour, texture and spreading ability on day 1 and, moreover, in appearance after 90 days.
The neuroprotective effect of Activin A and B: implication for neurodegenerative diseases
Authors: Kupershmidt Lana , Amit Tamar , Bar‐Am Orit , Youdim Moussa B. H. , Blumenfeld Zeev
Published: August 2007

Activin is a member of the transforming growth factor‐β superfamily which comprises a growing list of multifunctional proteins that function as modulators of cell proliferation, differentiation, hormone secretion and neuronal survival. This study examined the neuroprotective effect of both Activin A and B in serum withdrawal and oxidative stress apoptotic cellular models and investigated the expression of pro‐ and anti‐apoptotic proteins, which may account for the mechanism of Activin‐induced neuroprotection. Here, we report that recombinant Activin A and B are neuroprotective against serum deprivation‐ and toxin‐ [either the parkinsonism‐inducing neurotoxin, 6‐hydroxydopamine (6‐OHDA) or the peroxynitrite donor, 3‐(4‐morpholinyl) sydnonimine hydrochloride (SIN‐1)] induced neuronal death in human SH‐SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Furthermore, we demonstrate for the first time that transient transfection with Activin βA or βB significantly protect SH‐SY5Y and rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells against serum withdrawal‐induced apoptosis. This survival effect is mediated by the Bcl‐2 family members and involves inhibition of caspase‐3 activation; reduction of cleaved poly‐ADP ribose polymerase and phosphorylated H2A.X protein levels and elevation of tyrosine hydroxylase expression. These results indicate that both Activin‐A and ‐B share the potential to induce neuroprotective activity and thus may have positive impact on aging and neurodegenerative diseases to retard the accelerated rate of neuronal degeneration.
Behavioral expression of cocaine sensitization in rats is accompanied by a distinct pattern of modifications in the PKA/DARPP‐32 signaling pathway
Authors: Scheggi Simona , Raone Anna , De Montis Maria Graziella , Tagliamonte Alessandro , Gambarana Carla
Published: August 2007

Repeated cocaine administration induces behavioral sensitization and modifications in the phosphorylation pattern of dopamine and cAMP‐regulated phosphoprotein of Mr 32 000 (DARPP‐32), characterized by a tonic increase in the Thr75 phosphorylated form, and a decrease in the Thr34 phosphorylated form. This study further investigated the correlations between cocaine sensitization and modifications in the DARPP‐32 phosphorylation pattern, cAMP‐dependent protein kinase (PKA) activity, and mGluR5 tone in the medial prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens. Behavioral sensitization and modifications in these neurochemical markers followed a similar temporal pattern. Moreover, in sensitized rats acute cocaine administration modified phosphorylation levels of Thr75‐ and Thr34‐DARPP‐32, GluR1, and NR1 subunits in the nucleus accumbens only at a dose double the efficacious dose in control rats. These results suggest that the high levels of phospho‐Thr75 DARPP‐32 maintain PKA in a prevalent inhibited state. Furthermore, in sensitized rats the acute administration of 6‐methyl‐2‐(phenylethynyl)‐pyridine, a mGluR5 antagonist, reinstated the phosphorylation levels of Thr75‐ and Thr34‐DARPP‐32, GluR1, and NR1 to control values, and a subsequent cocaine challenge did not elicit a sensitized response. These data suggest that a tonic increase in mGluR5 transmission in cocaine‐sensitized rats sustains both the increase in phospho‐Thr75 DARPP‐32 levels and the expression of behavioral sensitization.
The role of the VQIVYK peptide in tau protein phosphorylation
Authors: Perez Mar , Santa‐María Ismael , Tortosa Elena , Cuadros Raquel , Valle Mercedes del , Hernández Felix , Moreno Francisco J. , Avila Jesús
Published: August 2007

Although it remains unclear whether they are related to one another, tau aggregation and phosphorylation are the main pathological hallmarks of the neuronal disorders known as tauopathies. The capacity to aggregate is impaired in a variant of the tau 3R isoform that lacks residues 306–311 (nomenclature for the largest CNS tau isoform) and hence, we have taken advantage of this feature to study how phosphorylation and aggregation may be related as well as the role of this six amino acid peptide (VQIVYK). Through these analyses, we found that the phosphorylation of the tau variant was higher than that of the complete tau protein and that not only the deletion of these residues, but also the interaction of these residues, in tau 3R, with thioflavin‐S augmented tau phosphorylation by glycogen synthase kinase 3. In addition, the binding of the peptide containing the residues 306–311 to the whole tau protein provoked an increase in tau phosphorylation. This observation could be physiologically relevant as may suggest that tau–tau interactions, through those residues, facilitate tau phosphorylation. In summary, our data indicate that deletion of residues VQIVYK, in tau protein produces an increase in tau phosphorylation, without tau aggregation, because the VQIVYK peptide, that favors aggregation, is missing. On the other hand, when the whole tau protein interacts with thioflavin‐S or the peptide VQIVYK, an increase in both aggregation and phosphorylation occurs.
Adolescents' Sexual Inferences about Girls Who Consume Alcohol
Authors: Young Amy M. , McCabe Sean Esteban , Boyd Carol J.
Published: August 2007

The purpose of this study was to document whether adolescents make inferences regarding male and female vignette characters in terms of the characters' sexuality, social skills, impairment, and aggressiveness when the characters consume alcohol. A Web-based survey of 1,691 middle and high school students (grades 6–11) from diverse socioeconomic and ethnic backgrounds was conducted. The Dating Vignette and Subjective Perception Form ( George, Gournic, & McAfee, 1988 ) were modified for use with an adolescent sample and embedded within the Web-based survey. There were significant interaction effects between the male and female characters' alcohol consumption in terms of the respondents' perception of the female character for all of the subscales examined (i.e., sexual disinhibition, social skills, impairment, and aggressiveness). In contrast, there were no significant interactions between the characters' drinking and the respondents' perception of the male character. Collectively, these findings suggest that adolescents' perceptions of girls are based not only on the girls' own drinking behaviors, but also their male partners' drinking behaviors.
Caregiving History and Prenatal Depressive Symptoms in Low-Income Adolescent and Young Adult Women: Moderating and Mediating Effects
Authors: Milan Stephanie , Kershaw Trace S. , Lewis Jessica , Westdahl Claire , Rising Sharon Schindler , Patrikios Mary , Ickovics Jeannette R.
Published: August 2007

Prenatal depressive symptoms have been linked to negative outcomes for mothers and children. Using attachment theory as a framework, this study examined developmental differences in the interpersonal context of prenatal depressive symptoms among adolescents (age 14 to 19 years; n = 352) and young adults (age 20 to 24 years; n = 348). Participants included low-income, single, predominantly African American and Latina women. Moderating and mediating factors were found in the relation between caregiving history (perceived unavailability and inconsistency of maternal and paternal figures during childhood) and depressive symptoms. For pregnant adolescents, maternal unavailability predicted depressive symptoms whereas maternal inconsistency did not. In contrast, for pregnant young women, only maternal inconsistency predicted depressive symptoms; and this association was mediated by perceptions of prenatal support. For both groups, paternal caregiving history had a small yet independent association with depressive symptoms. Results highlight the need to consider developmental differences in the interpersonal context of prenatal depressive symptoms in delivering mental health interventions to young women of color.
The Ms. Stereotype Revisited: Implicit and Explicit Facets
Authors: Malcolmson Kelly A. , Sinclair Lisa
Published: August 2007

Implicit and explicit stereotypes toward the title Ms. were examined. Participants read a short description of a target person whose title of address varied (Ms., Mrs., Miss, Mr.). They then rated the person on agentic and communal traits and completed an Implicit Association Test. Replicating earlier research ( Dion, 1987 ), at an explicit level, women using the title Ms. were seen as less communal than individuals using the title Mrs. or Mr. and more agentic than individuals using the titles Mrs., Mr., or Miss. This time, however, women using the title Miss were also seen as less communal and more agentic than women using the title Mrs. but not as agentic as women using the title Ms. On the implicit measure, Ms. was relatively more associated with agentic than communal traits compared to Mrs. but not to Miss.
An Exploration of Gender-Role Expectations and Conflict among Women Rugby Players
Authors: Fallon Melissa A. , Jome LaRae M.
Published: August 2007

Gender-role conflict theory has suggested that women athletes will experience role conflict because they are attempting to enact both feminine and masculine gender roles, yet research findings have shown mixed support for this notion. The purpose of this study was to explore how women rugby players negotiate gender-role expectations and conflict as women participating in a traditionally masculine sport. Eleven Caucasian women, noncollege rugby players between the ages of 25 and 38 were interviewed. The results indicated that women rugby players perceived numerous discrepant gender-role expectations. In addition, three different types of gender-role conflict emerged; however, similar to previous findings, participants perceived conflicting expectations for their gender-role behavior more than they seemed to experience conflict about those expectations. Participants actively employed various strategies to resolve or avoid experiencing gender-role conflict. The resiliency displayed by the women athletes in coping with discrepant gender-role messages provides new considerations for gender-role conflict theory.
Characterization of microsatellite loci for the endangered cactus Echinocactus grusonii, and their cross‐species utilization
Authors: HARDESTY B. D. , HUGHES S. L. , RODRIGUEZ V. M. , HAWKINS J. A
Published: August 2007

Echinocactus grusonii is common in trade but critically endangered in its natural habitat. With the ultimate aim of developing a certification scheme to aid in the conservation of this species, we have isolated E. grusonii microsatellites from a nonenriched library. Fifty‐seven sequences contained a microsatellite array, of which 12 were polymorphic among 30 individuals from a single wild population. All 12 microsatellite primer pairs amplified product in one or more species in a screen of 27 other cactus species.
PERMANENT GENETIC RESOURCES: Isolation and characterization of nine microsatellite loci from the chub mackerel, Scomber japonicus (Perciformes, Scombridae)
Authors: YAGISHITA N. , KOBAYASHI T.
Published: August 2007

The stock abundance of the chub mackerel Scomber japonicus — a very important species for fisheries, particularly in Japan — in the Pacific Ocean off Japan has remained at a low level. For studying the population genetics of the chub mackerel, we isolated nine polymorphic microsatellite loci (12–31 alleles/locus; expected heterozygosity, 0.762–0.983) from this species. Cross‐species amplification indicated that eight of the nine microsatellite loci in the blue mackerel S. australasicus were polymorphic and functional.
Stiffness and Reinforcement Effect of Electrical Resistance Strain Gauges
Authors: Ajovalasit A. , D'Acquisto L. , Fragapane S. , Zuccarello B.
Published: August 2007

Abstract:  The increasing use of low‐modulus materials, on which the reinforcement effect of the electrical resistance strain gauge is not negligible, has re‐opened the research interest into this issue. This study deals with the evaluation of stiffness, and of the strain gauge Young's modulus involved in the estimation of both the global and the local reinforcement effect; the relationship between the strain gauge stiffness and the local reinforcement effect is also analysed. In particular, the experimental technique used to determine the stiffness of some commercial strain gauges is described. The results show that the strain gauge stiffness alone does not permit an accurate evaluation of the local reinforcement effect.
Evaluation of Screening in Children Referred for an ADHD Assessment
Authors: Sayal Kapil , Letch Nicole , Abd Samaa El
Published: August 2007

Although guidance from the National Institute for Clinical Excellence recommends the improved identification of children with ADHD, clinical resources are limited. Amongst children (n = 119) referred over the question of ADHD, we evaluated the utility of screening (using parent and teacher questionnaires) prior to offering an ADHD assessment. The introduction of screening contributed to an increase in the proportion of assessed children receiving a clinical diagnosis of ADHD. Although screening of referred children prior to assessment can optimise the use of specialist clinical resources in the identification of children with ADHD, false positives remain common.
LIQUIDITY AND ASSET PRICING UNDER THE THREE‐MOMENT CAPM PARADIGM
Authors: Nguyen Duong , Mishra Suchismita , Prakash Arun , Ghosh Dilip K.
Published: August 2007

We examine whether the use of the three‐moment capital asset pricing model can account for liquidity risk. We also make a comparative analysis of a four‐factor model based on Fama–French and Pástor–Stambaugh factors versus a model based solely on stock characteristics. Our findings suggest that neither of the models captures the liquidity premium nor do stock characteristics serve as proxies for liquidity. We also find that sensitivities of stock return to fluctuations in market liquidity do not subsume the effect of characteristic liquidity. Furthermore, our empirical findings are robust to differences in market microstructure or trading protocols between NYSE/AMEX and NASDAQ.
SHORT‐MATURITY OPTIONS AND JUMP MEMORY
Authors: Arnold Tom , Hilliard Jimmy E. , Schwartz Adam
Published: August 2007

We investigate jump memory using an extensive database of short‐term S&P 500 index options. Jump memory refers to the attenuation of the implied jump intensity and magnitude parameters following a crash event. We use a genetic algorithm to obtain a time series of implied parameter estimates and posit behavioral and rational explanations for parameter attenuation following a crash event. We find that a nested form of the jump‐diffusion model sharpens the remaining parameter estimates and has a negligible effect on pricing accuracy.
Minimising algorithm‐induced artefacts in true ortho‐image generation: a direct method implemented in the vector domain
Authors: Sheng Yongwei
Published: August 2007

True ortho‐images are generated from perspective images with both object and terrain displacement distortion corrected and with occlusions removed. However, widely used algorithms based on a Z‐buffer have drawbacks and may result in artefacts in the generated ortho‐images. This paper analyses the artefacts induced by Z‐buffer algorithms in true ortho‐image generation, and proposes a vector‐based method to avoid algorithm‐induced artefacts. The proposed method treats a perspective image pixel as a square patch instead of an image pixel point, and generates ortho‐images in the vector domain. Under the vector implementation, occlusion detection is a simple process, and image resampling becomes a straightforward procedure. Most importantly, this method can minimise artefacts in the ortho‐images so generated.
Focal Epithelial Hyperplasia (Heck Disease) in a Black Child
Authors: Binder Barbara , Wieland Ulrike , Smolle Josef
Published: August 2007

Abstract:  We describe a 3‐year‐old African male child with focal epithelial hyperplasia (Heck disease). The clinical diagnosis was confirmed histologically and by the finding of human papillomavirus type 32.
Hair Coil Strangulation—An Uncommon Cause of Penile Edema
Authors: Dar Col. Nasser Rashid , Siddiqui Salma , Qayyum Lt. Col. Rashid , Ghafoor Major Tariq
Published: August 2007

Abstract:  Penile strangulation by hair coil is an uncommon, under‐recognized condition with a spectrum of potential complications including urethral transection and partial or complete penile amputation. Early recognition and treatment can greatly reduce the incidence of these devastating complications. We report a 5‐year‐old, circumcised boy with penile edema and erosions secondary to a hair wrapped around the coronal sulcus. Prompt diagnosis and removal of the hair led to rapid resolution without surgical repair. We also analyze the possible underlying causes which can lead to strangulation of the penis with a hair.
Childhood Linear IgA Bullous Disease Triggered by Amoxicillin‐Clavulanic Acid
Authors: Ho Jean Chin Ching , Ng Pei Lin Patricia , Tan Suat Hoon , Giam Yoke Chin
Published: August 2007

Abstract:  Linear immunoglobulin A bullous disease is an autoimmune subepidermal blistering disease that has been described in both children and adults. Reports have shown that as many as two‐thirds of occurrences may be drug‐induced. The offending drugs include antibiotics, predominantly vancomycin, nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory agents and diuretics. We report childhood linear immunoglobulin A bullous dermatosis developing following amoxicillin‐clavulanic acid administration. The patient presented with characteristic blisters in an annular fashion, likened to a ‘‘crown of jewels.’’ The diagnosis was confirmed by the presence of a linear band of immunoglobulin A at the dermoepidermal junction on direct immunofluorescence. The lesions resolved with withdrawal of the drug, and systemic therapy was not required. We review the current literature and concepts of drug‐induced linear immunoglobulin A bullous disease.
Bacillus Calmette‐Guérin Vaccine‐Induced Lupus Vulgaris in a Child Adopted from China
Authors: Samuel Amber , Browning John , Campbell Judith , Metry Denise
Published: August 2007

Abstract:  Lupus vulgaris is a rare form of cutaneous mycobacterial infection that can occur from mycobacterial exposure and even more rarely from exposure to the Bacillus Calmette‐Guérin vaccine. We report a child who received this vaccination in China and then developed lupus vulgaris shortly after being adopted in the United States. After histopathologic confirmation, the infection was successfully treated with a combination of antibiotics. This occurrence demonstrates the need for heightened surveillance of Bacillus Calmette‐Guérin vaccine‐induced lupus vulgaris, given the increasing numbers of overseas adoptions taking place in the United States. To our knowledge, this is the first reported instance of Bacillus Calmette‐Guérin immunization‐induced lupus vulgaris in the United States.
Dermatitis Artefacta in a Child
Authors: Finore Enzo D. , Andreoli Elisabetta , Alfani Stefania , Palermi Giuliana , Pedicelli Cristina , Paradisi Mauro
Published: August 2007

Abstract: The high visibility of dermatologic diseases and their easy accessibility make the skin a primary and direct target for dysfunctional behaviors. Self‐harm tendencies can frequently be expressed through dermatologic lesions, and dermatitis artefacta falls within this clinical frame. The occurrence of this cutaneous manifestation in children is very rare, with a peak of greater frequency in adolescence. We describe the characteristics of a multidisciplinary intervention—dermatologic and psychologic. Our pediatric patient displays a dermatologic picture that has no etiologic confirmation. The source of this disorder must therefore be found in socio‐relational difficulties within the family and school environments, which lead the patient to self‐harm behaviors that have a high communication value.
Molluscum Contagiosum Infection Associated with Pimecrolimus Use in Pityriasis Alba
Authors: Goksugur Nadir , Ozbostanci Betul , Goksugur Sevil Bilir
Published: August 2007

Abstract:  Atopic dermatitis is an inflammatory, chronically relapsing, highly pruritic skin disorder that has considerable impact on the quality of life. As corticosteroids are not ideal for long‐term control of the disease because of their potential side effects, steroid‐free topical immunomodulators have recently been developed for the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Although clinical trials do not indicate an increased risk of cutaneous infection, the clinician must be careful about viral infections such as eczema herpeticum or molluscum eczema that can be observed during treatment with pimecrolimus and tacrolimus. We report molluscum contagiosum that developed on the preauricular area treated with topical pimecrolimus.
Plane Xanthoma Associated with Multiple Mastocytoma
Authors: Matsumoto Masaaki , Ikeda Mitsunori , Takeya Motohiro , Kodama Hajime
Published: August 2007

Abstract:  A 5‐month‐old boy was noted to have brown macules with palpable infiltration on the head, trunk, and extremities a few weeks after birth, with recurrent episodes of generalized flushing and blistering in some of the macules. These lesions developed into yellowish plaques after 1 year of topical treatment with clobetasol propionate. Serum lipid levels were within normal limits. The appearance of the yellowish lesions was similar to that of the xanthelasmoid type of cutaneous mastocytosis. The brown macules showed infiltration of a large number of mast cells and a small number of scattered foam cells, whereas in the yellowish plaques, the number of foam cells was greatly increased. The yellowish plaques regressed spontaneously within a year after cessation of topical corticosteroid treatment. Immunohistochemical analysis found that the foam cells were stained with monocyte/macrophage markers including HAM56, and with SRA‐C6, a monoclonal antibody to macrophage scavenger receptor class A (CD204). Therefore, the yellowish plaques were considered to be plane xanthoma associated with cutaneous mastocytoma.
Early Postnatal Stress Confers Enduring Vulnerability to Limbic Epileptogenesis
Authors: Salzberg Michael , Kumar Gaurav , Supit Laureen , Jones Nigel C. , Morris Margaret J. , Rees Sandra , O'Brien Terence J.
Published: August 2007

Summary

Purpose: Early life stress has enduring behavioral and neuroendocrine effects, particularly in hippocampus and amygdala. This may be relevant to mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) that arises from these structures. In rats, we tested the hypothesis that early postnatal stress, in the form of maternal separation (MS), creates vulnerability to limbic epileptogenesis in adult life.

Methods: On postnatal days 2–14, we exposed male and female nonepileptic rats to either MS for 180 min/day, or early handling (EH) and brief separation (15 min/day). At 7 weeks of age, rats of both genders exposed to MS displayed significantly increased anxiety, as evidenced by reduced time spent in the open arms of the elevated plus maze compared with EH rats. For epileptogenesis experiments, separate cohorts of rats, similarly exposed to either early life MS or EH, were implanted with bipolar electrodes into the left amygdala and one week later rapid electrical kindling performed until fully kindled (five Class V seizures, Racine scale).

Results: In females, fewer stimulations were required following MS than EH to reach the fully kindled state (39.6 ± 6.4 vs. 67.1 ± 9.4; p < 0.0001); no differences were observed in males (MS: 49.1 ± 5.1; EH: 53.7 ± 6.6 stimulations).

Discussion: We conclude that, while postnatal MS stress increases anxiety in both genders, this early life stressor results in persisting vulnerability to limbic epileptogenesis only in females. This has implications for human MTLE and its psychiatric comorbidities, suggesting a common causation model and the involvement of gender‐specific factors such as sex hormones.
Gender Differences in Bone Mineral Density in Epilepsy
Authors: Sheth Raj D. , Binkley Neil , Hermann Bruce P.
Published: August 2007

Summary

Purpose: Bone accrual in adolescence is a major determinant of peak bone mass and risk of osteoporotic fractures later in life. Postmenopausal women are at highest risk, although, both men and premenopausal women with epilepsy experience adverse bone effects. We examined gender differences in bone density in epilepsy.

Methods: Cross‐sectional study examining age and gender‐specific z‐score total bone mineral density (z‐BMD) in 108 ambulatory children with epilepsy between 6 and 18 years of age (61 females 12.8 ± 3.6 years; 47 males 12.4 ± 3.1 years) compared to 35 healthy controls who were first‐degree cousins of patients (21 females 13.8 ± 2.5 years and 14 males 11.7 ± 2.5 years).

Results: Patients with epilepsy accrued lower z‐BMD compared to controls (0.27 ± 0.77 vs. 0.53 ± 1.1, p < 0.05), and were reduced for both females (0.23 ± 1.1 vs. 0.47 ± 0.76; p = 0.14, NS) and males (0.3 ± 1.1 vs. 0.8 ± 0.5; p = 0.11, NS). Increasing duration of epilepsy was associated with lower BMD in males (correlation coefficient = 0.06; p = 0.05). Males with ≥6 years of epilepsy experienced the lowest z‐BMD compared to controls (−0.89 ± 0.80 vs. 0.62 ± 0.80; p = 0.45). Fractures occurred in two females with epilepsy for ≥6 years and z‐BMD of −1.5 and −2.7.

Conclusions: BMD in both males and females with epilepsy is reduced. Young males with more chronic epilepsy (≥6 years) had the lowest BMD. Age at onset of epilepsy, growth trends, and hormonal differences may underlie these gender differences. Lower bone accrual in adolescence may contribute to increased fracture risk for both men and women with epilepsy.
Role of Medium‐Chain Triglycerides in the Alcohol‐Mediated Cytochrome P450 2E1 Induction of Mitochondria
Authors: Lieber Charles S. , Cao Qi , DeCarli Leonore M. , Leo Maria A. , Mak Ki M. , Ponomarenko Anatoly , Ren Chaoling , Wang Xiaolei
Published: August 2007

Background:  Chronic alcohol consumption is known to induce cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) leading to lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial dysfunction and hepatotoxicity. We showed that replacement of dietary long‐chain triglycerides (LCT) by medium‐chain triglycerides (MCT) could be protective. We now wondered whether the induction of mitochondrial CYP2E1 plays a role and whether liver injury could be avoided through mitochondrial intervention.

Methods:  Rats were fed 4 different isocaloric liquid diets. The control group received our standard dextrin‐maltose diet with intake limited to the average consumption of the 3 alcohol groups fed ad libitum the alcohol containing Lieber‐DeCarli liquid diet. The fat was either 32% of calories as LCT (alcohol), or 16% as LCT + 16% as MCT (alcohol‐MCT 16%), or 32% as MCT only (alcohol‐MCT 32%).

Results:  After 21 days, compared to the controls, the alcohol and both alcohol‐MCT groups had a significant increase in mitochondrial CYP2E1 (p < 0.05 for both). As shown before, the same was found for the microsomal CYP2E1. When MCT replaced all the fat, like in the alcohol‐MCT 32% group, CYP2E1 was significantly reduced by 40% in mitochondria (p < 0.05) and 30% in microsomes (p < 0.01). In mitochondria, 4‐hydroxynonenal (4‐HNE), a parameter of oxidative stress, paralleled CYP2E1. Compared to controls, alcohol and alcohol‐MCT 16% significantly raised mitochondrial 4‐HNE (p < 0.001), whereas the alcohol‐MCT 32% diet brought it down to control levels (p < 0.001). Mitochondrial reduced glutathione (GSH) was also significantly lowered by alcohol consumption (p < 0.05), and it increased to almost normal levels with alcohol‐MCT 32% (p = 0.006). These changes in the mitochondria reflected the reduction observed in total liver in which alcohol‐MCT 32% decreased the alcohol‐induced steatosis with a diminution of triglycerides (p < 0.001) and of the pro‐inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor‐α (p < 0.001).

Conclusion:  Mitochondria participate in the induction of CYP2E1 by alcohol and contribute to lipid peroxidation and GSH depletion. Thus, lipid composition of the diet is an important determinant for the beneficial effect of MCT, with a diet containing a mixture of LCT/MCT being ineffective.
Repeated Light–Dark Phase Shifts Modulate Voluntary Ethanol Intake in Male and Female High Alcohol‐Drinking (HAD1) Rats
Authors: Clark James W. , Fixaris Michael C. , Belanger Gabriel V. , Rosenwasser Alan M.
Published: August 2007

Background:  Chronic disruption of sleep and other circadian biological rhythms, such as occurs in shift work or in frequent transmeridian travel, appears to represent a significant source of allostatic load, leading to the emergence of stress‐related physical and psychological illness. Recent animal experiments have shown that these negative health effects may be effectively modeled by exposure to repeated phase shifts of the daily light–dark (LD) cycle. As chronobiological disturbances are thought to promote relapse in abstinent alcoholics, and may also be associated with increased risk of subsequent alcohol abuse in nonalcoholic populations, the present experiment was designed to examine the effects of repeated LD phase shifts on voluntary ethanol intake in rats. A selectively bred, high alcohol‐drinking (HAD1) rat line was utilized to increase the likelihood of excessive alcoholic‐like drinking.

Methods:  Male and female rats of the selectively bred HAD1 rat line were maintained individually under a LD 12:12 cycle with both ethanol (10% v/v) and water available continuously. Animals in the experimental group were subjected to repeated 6‐hour LD phase advances at 3 to 4 week intervals, while control rats were maintained under a stable LD cycle throughout the study. Contact‐sensing drinkometers were used to monitor circadian lick patterns, and ethanol and water intakes were recorded weekly.

Results:  Control males showed progressively increasing ethanol intake and ethanol preference over the course of the study, but males exposed to chronic LD phase shifts exhibited gradual decreases in ethanol drinking. In contrast, control females displayed decreasing ethanol intake and ethanol preference over the course of the experiment, while females exposed to experimental LD phase shifts exhibited a slight increase in ethanol drinking.

Conclusions:  Chronic circadian desynchrony induced by repeated LD phase shifts resulted in sex‐specific modulation of voluntary ethanol intake, reducing ethanol intake in males while slightly increasing intake in females. While partially contrary to initial predictions, these results are consistent with extensive prior research showing that chronic stress may either increase or decrease ethanol intake, depending on strain, sex, stressor type, and experimental history. Thus, repeated LD phase shifts may provide a novel chronobiological model for the analysis of stress effects on alcohol intake.
Thymocytes, Pre‐B Cells, and Organ Changes in a Mouse Model of Chronic Ethanol Ingestion—Absence of Subset‐Specific Glucocorticoid‐Induced Immune Cell Loss
Authors: Cook Robert T. , Schlueter Annette J. , Coleman Ruth A. , Tygrett Lorraine , Ballas Zuhair K. , Jerrells Thomas R. , Nashelsky Marcus B. , Ray Nancy B. , Haugen Thomas H. , Waldschmidt Thomas J.
Published: August 2007

Background:  The well‐known immune deficiency of the chronic alcoholic dictates the need for a long‐term rodent ethanol administration model to evaluate the baseline immunologic effects of chronic ethanol abuse, and investigate the genetic determinants of those effects. Much published work with rodents has shown clearly that acute ethanol administration and short‐term ethanol‐containing liquid diets both cause elevated corticosterone and can cause significant thymocyte, pre‐B cell and peripheral lymphocyte losses. Such losses may mask more subtle alterations in immune homeostasis, and in any case are generally short‐lived compared with the span of chronic ethanol abuse. Thus, it is important to have a model in which long‐term immune alterations can be studied free of corticosteroid‐induced cell losses.

Methods:  We have utilized chronic 20% (w/v) ethanol in water administration to several mouse strains for prolonged periods of time and evaluated serum corticosterone, immunologic stress parameters, and other organ changes by standard methods.

Results:  We now confirm earlier reports that chronic ethanol in water administration to mice does not produce net elevations of corticosterone, although diurnal variation is altered. Importantly, there is neither selective loss of immune cell populations known to be corticosteroid sensitive, CD4+CD8+ thymocytes and pre‐B cells, nor are changes observed in the histologic appearance of the thymus. Nonetheless, there are significant chronic ethanol effects in other tissues, including reduced heart weight, mild hepatic steatosis, alterations of gut flora, increased serum peptidoglycan, and as published elsewhere, immune system abnormalities.

Conclusions:  This model of ethanol administration is convenient, sustainable for up to 1 year, demonstrably feasible in several mouse strains, permits good weight gains in most strains, and results in significant changes in a number of organs. The administration method also will permit modeling of long‐term steady abuse punctuated by major binges, and is suitable for supplementation studies using water soluble additives. Overall, the method is useful for a wide range of studies requiring a chronic low‐stress method of ethanol administration.
Comparison of Nd:YAG Surgical Laser and Remorgida Bipolar Electrosurgery Forceps for Canine Laparoscopic Ovariectomy
Authors: VAN NIMWEGEN SEBASTIAAN A. , KIRPENSTEIJN JOLLE
Published: August 2007

Objective— To investigate and compare technique, surgical time, and complications of canine laparoscopic ovariectomy using Nd:YAG surgical laser and Remorgida bipolar electrosurgery forceps.

Study Design— Randomized, prospective clinical trial.

Animals— Female dogs (n=40) for elective ovariectomy.

Methods— Dogs had bilateral ovariectomy with one ovary randomly assigned to removal by use of Nd:YAG surgical laser with a 600 μm optical fiber in contact mode and the other ovary to removal by use of a Remorgida forceps (featuring bipolar electrocoagulation with simultaneous sharp resection). Duration of predetermined surgery intervals and complications were compared between techniques. Additionally, the effects of several intraoperative variables on surgical time were evaluated.

Results— Ovariectomy by use of Remorgida forceps required significantly less time than laser ovariectomy but intraoperative hemorrhage was not reduced. Surgical time was significantly increased in obese dogs, depending on the amount of fat in the ovarian ligament. Intraoperative hemorrhage had no significant influence on surgical time.

Conclusion— Both ovariectomy techniques were effective but the Remorgida forceps can be used as a relatively inexpensive, stand‐alone device that decreases surgical time compared with Nd:YAG laser ovariectomy.

Clinical Relevance— Novel techniques, such as laser and combined bipolar electrosurgical and cutting forceps aim to reduce surgery duration, complication rates and recovery time in laparoscopic surgery.
Plasma Lactate as a Predictor of Colonic Viability and Survival After 360° Volvulus of the Ascending Colon in Horses
Authors: JOHNSTON KIMBERLY , HOLCOMBE SUSAN J. , HAUPTMAN JOE G.
Published: August 2007

Objectives—To determine the relationship between plasma lactate concentration and colonic viability and survival in horses with ≥360° volvulus of the ascending colon.

Study Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—Horses (n=73) with ≥360° volvulus of the ascending colon.

Methods—Medical records (January 2000–November 2005) of all horses examined for colic at Michigan State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital were reviewed. Horses were included only if plasma lactate concentration was measured preoperatively and a diagnosis of ≥360° volvulus of the ascending colon was confirmed by surgery or necropsy. Non‐survivors were only included if the ascending colon was evaluated histopathologically. Logistic regression analysis was used to model the relationship between lactate, colonic viability, and survival.

Results—Of 73 horses, 61 were discharged. Mean (±SD) plasma lactate concentration was significantly lower in survivors (2.98±2.53 mmol/L) compared with non‐survivors (9.48±5.22 mmol/L; odds ratio [OR]=1.628, 95% confidence limit [CI]=1.259–2.105). Plasma lactate concentration was significantly lower in horses with a viable colon (3.30±2.85 mmol/L) compared with horses with a non‐viable colon (9.1±6.09 mmol/L; OR=1.472, 95% CI=1.173–1.846). Plasma lactate concentration <6.0 mmol/L had a sensitivity of 84% and a specificity 83% for predicting horse survival.

Conclusions—Our results demonstrate a strong association between plasma lactate concentration at the time of hospital admission and outcome in horses with ≥360° volvulus of the ascending colon.

Clinical Relevance—Plasma lactate concentration may help predict colonic viability and horse survival after ascending colon volvulus in horses.
Measurement of Femoral Angles in Four Dog Breeds
Authors: TOMLINSON JAMES , FOX DEREK , COOK JAMES L. , KELLER G. GREG
Published: August 2007

Objective— To develop a standard method of measurement for femoral angles and report values for normal Labrador Retrievers, Golden Retrievers, German Shepherds, and Rottweilers.

Study Design— Retrospective evaluation of canine pelvis and femoral radiographs.

Sample Population— Radiographs of Labrador Retrievers, Golden Retrievers, German Shepherds, and Rottweilers (n=100 for each breed).

Methods— Anatomic lateral distal and proximal femoral angle, mechanical lateral distal and proximal femoral angle, and femoral angle of inclination were measured from radiographs.

Results— For the 4 breeds (Labrador Retrievers, Golden Retrievers, German Shepherds, and Rottweilers, respectively) anatomic lateral distal femoral angles were 97°, 97°, 94°, and 98°; mechanical lateral distal femoral angles were 100°, 100°, 97°, and 100°; anatomic lateral proximal femoral angles were 103°, 98°, 101°, and 96°; mechanical lateral proximal femoral angles were 100°, 95°, 97°, and 93°; and inclination angles were 134°, 134°, 132°, and 137°. Labrador Retrievers, Golden Retrievers, and Rottweilers had significantly higher values for both anatomic and mechanical lateral distal femoral angle than German Shepherds. Anatomic and mechanical lateral proximal angles were greatest for Labrador Retrievers and lowest for Rottweilers.

Conclusion— Anatomic and mechanical femoral joint angles vary between breeds of dogs.

Clinical Relevance— Values for femoral joint angles may be clinically useful for angular limb deformity diagnosis, treatment, and assessment.
Biomechanical Characteristics of an Implant Used to Secure Semitendinosus–Gracilis Tendon Grafts in a Canine Model of Extra‐Articular Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: LOPEZ MANDI J. , SPENCER NAKIA , CASEY JOHN P. , MONROE WILLIAM TODD
Published: August 2007

Objective— To compare initial femoral fixation properties of a new implant, Graftgrab (GG), with 2 established methods of extra‐articular femoral graft fixation, spiked washers (SW) and bone staples (ST).

Study Design— Experimental in vitro cohort study.

Methods— Canine semitendinosus–gracilis tendon grafts were passed through bone tunnels and fixed to the lateral surface of femoral condyles with spiked washers, bone staples, or new implant prototypes. The fixations were tested to failure with a single‐cycle load at a rate of 50 mm/min. Failure and yield strength, stiffness, energy, and elongation were determined from load–displacement curves and failure modes were recorded.

Results— The graft failed midsubstance in 4 SW, 4 ST, and 1 GG fixations. In 3 SW, 3 ST, and 1 GG specimens, the graft slipped from the fixation. The graft ruptured at the clip (3) and the intra‐articular (2) surface of the bone tunnel in the remaining GG specimens. There were no significant differences between fixation groups in femoral tunnel length, femoral width, or the mechanical properties evaluated.

Conclusions— The initial in vitro mechanical properties of the new fixation implant are comparable with those of spiked washers and bone staples.

Clinical Relevance— The initial mechanical performance of the new implant tested in this study was similar to those of comparable, established implants. The new implant is novel and may be useful for human anterior and veterinary cranial cruciate ligament graft reconstruction fixation.
Kinetic Gait Analysis of Healthy Dogs on Two Different Surfaces
Authors: KAPATKIN AMY S. , ARBITTIER GREGG , KASS PHILIP H. , GILLEY ROBERT S. , SMITH GAIL K.
Published: August 2007

Objective—To determine the effects of 2 different, commonly used surfaces with different coefficients of friction on ground reaction forces in normal dogs.

Study Design—Prospective, observational, single cross‐over study.

Animals—Dogs (n=10) with no gait abnormalities.

Methods—Dogs were acclimated to the force plate and 5 valid trials for each dog and each limb were recorded. Velocity and acceleration were tightly controlled. Each dog was tested on both surfaces sequentially in different sequences. Data analysis was done on peak vertical force, peak impulse, breaking and propulsion peak forces and impulses. Three‐way repeated measures analysis of variance was used to separately evaluate the effect of floor type on force plate measures in fore and hind limbs, while controlling for side (left versus right) and experimental replicate.P‐values<.05 were considered significant. Mean force and 95% confidence interval for the 6 variables analyzed for all limbs on each surface were calculated.

Results—There were no significant differences in ground reaction forces between the linoleum and the carpet surface for thoracic or pelvic limbs for all gait variables measured. There were no significant differences between each individual gait trial per dog between the right and left thoracic limbs trials nor differences between the right and left pelvic limb trials.

Conclusions—Normal dogs had no change in their ground reaction forces on linoleum and carpet surfaces.

Clinical Relevance—Kinetic results from multi‐center or comparative trials will not be affected by use of either linoleum or carpet surfaces.