bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Radar mapping of lunar cryptomaria east of Orientale basin
Authors: Campbell Bruce A. , Hawke B. Ray
Published: September 2005

Lunar cryptomare deposits represent early basaltic volcanic material that has been mantled by or incorporated into highland‐rich ejecta from basin‐ or crater‐forming impacts. Mapping these buried basalts is important for understanding regional stratigraphy and the history and extent of lunar volcanism. We use new 70 cm wavelength radar images, collected using Arecibo Observatory and the Green Bank Telescope, and Clementine data to study cryptomaria east of Orientale basin. Earlier multispectral analyses showed that mare material is mixed with the highland terrain along the western margin of Oceanus Procellarum, leading to a detectable increase in the FeO and TiO2 abundance of the regolith surface. The highland margin of western Procellarum is also characterized by low 70 cm radar returns, consistent with an increased regolith loss tangent due to ilmenite in the mare‐derived material. The low 70 cm radar echo, however, persists well to the west of the mixed zone evident in multispectral data and includes the region surrounding Cruger crater. It is likely that mare basalt, or a mixed zone of mare and highland material, exists at depth across the region and only reaches the visible surface near the western Procellarum margin. The plausible depth to this mixed zone is dependent upon the loss tangent of the overlying “pure” highland ejecta. If Orientale ejecta is primarily low‐loss anorthosite, then the mixed zone could lie at depths of up to several tens of meters. We propose that pre‐Orientale mare deposits flooded the region between Cruger, Grimaldi, and Oceanus Procellarum and also patches west and northwest of Humorum basin. The total area of these deposits represents 178 × 103 km2, or an additional ∼0.5% of the lunar surface, covered by mare basalts.
High-resolution absorption spectrum of jet-cooled CH3Cl between 70 000 and 85000cm−1: New assignments
Authors: Cossart-Magos Claudina , Jungen Martin , Stalder Joerg , Launay Françoise
Published: September 2005

The absorption spectrum of jet-cooled CH3Cl was photographed from 165to117nm (or 60000–85000cm−1, 7.5–10.5eV) at a resolution limit of 0.0008nm (0.3–0.6cm−1 or 0.04–0.08meV). Even in the best structured region of the spectrum, from 70000to85000cm−1 (8.7–10.5eV), observed bandwidths (full width at half maximum) are large, from 50to150cm−1. No rotational feature could be resolved. The spectrum is dominated by two strong bands near 9eV, 140nm, the D and E bands of Mulliken [J. Chem. Phys. 8, 382 (1940)] or the spectral region D of Price [J. Chem. Phys.4, 539 (1936)]. Their relative intensity is incompatible with previous assignments, namely, to a triplet and a singlet state belonging to the same configuration. On the basis of the present ab initio calculations, those bands are now assigned to two singlet states, the A11 and E1 excited states resulting from the 2e34pe Rydberg configuration. The present calculations also reveal that the two E1 states issued from 2e34sa1 and 2e34pa1 are quasidegenerate and strongly mixed. They should be assigned to the two broad bands near 8eV, 160nm, the B and C bands of Mulliken and Price. Three vibrational modes are observed to be active: the CCl bond stretch ν3(a1), and the CH3 umbrella and rocking vibrations, respectively, ν2(a1) and ν6(e). The fundamental frequencies deduced are well within the ranges defined by the corresponding values in the neutral and ion ground states. The possibility of a dynamical Jahn–Teller effect induced by the ν6(e) vibrational mode in the E1 Rydberg states is discussed.
Effect of discrete macroion charge distributions in solutions of like-charged macroions
Authors: Qamhieh Khawla , Linse Per
Published: September 2005

The effect of replacing the conventional uniform macroion surface charge density with discrete macroion charge distributions on structural properties of aqueous solutions of like-charged macroions has been investigated by Monte Carlo simulations. Two discrete charge distributions have been considered: point charges localized on the macroion surface and finite-sized charges protruding into the solution. Both discrete charge distributions have been examined with fixed and mobile macroion charges. Different boundary conditions have been applied to examine various properties. With point charges localized on the macroion surface, counterions become stronger accumulated to the macroion and the effect increases with counterion valence. As a consequence, with mono- and divalent counterions the potential of mean force between two macroions becomes less repulsive and with trivalent counterions more attractive. With protruding charges, the excluded volume effect dominates over the increased correlation ability; hence the counterions are less accumulated near the macroions and the potential of mean force between two macroions becomes more repulsive/less attractive.
Attenuated-total-reflection predictions to surface-plasmon resonance in a layered structure
Authors: Singh D. B. , Tripathi V. K.
Published: September 2005

A surface-plasmon sensor, in the attenuated-total-reflection configuration, is modeled by a glass-metal-dielectric-air structure, where a dielectric film with anisotropic permittivity models the material (or particulates) to be sensed. The laser beam, polarized in the plane of incidence, is obliquely incident on the glass-metal interface from the glass side. At a particular angle of incidence θr, the laser beam excites a surface plasma wave at the metal-dielectric interface, and the reflectivity is at a minimum. The minimum reflectivity angle θr increases linearly with the thickness of the dielectric film and is sensitive to the components of the permittivity tensor. The depth and half-width of the reflectivity minimum, however, remain practically unchanged.
Drude-type conductivity of charged sphere colloidal crystals: Density and temperature dependence
Authors: Medebach Martin , Jordán Raquel Chuliá , Reiber Holger , Schöpe Hans-Joachim , Biehl Ralf , Evers Martin , Hessinger Dirk , Olah Julianna , Palberg Thomas , Schönberger Ernest , Wette Patrick
Published: September 2005

We report on extensive measurements in the low-frequency limit of the ac conductivity of colloidal fluids and crystals formed from charged colloidal spheres suspended in de-ionized water. Temperature was varied in a range of 5°C<Θ<35°C and the particle number density n between 0.2 and 25μm−3 for the larger, respectively, 2.75 and 210μm−3 for the smaller of two investigated species. At fixed Θ the conductivity increased linearly with increasing n without any significant change at the fluid-solid phase boundary. At fixed n it increased with increasing Θ and the increase was more pronounced for larger n. Lacking a rigorous electrohydrodynamic treatment for counterion-dominated systems we describe our data with a simple model relating to Drude’s theory of metal conductivity. The key parameter is an effectively transported particle charge or valence Z*. All temperature dependencies other than that of Z* were taken from literature. Within experimental resolution Z* was found to be independent of n irrespective of the suspension structure. Interestingly, Z* decreases with temperature in near quantitative agreement with numerical calculations.
Thermal transport coefficients for liquid and glassy water computed from a harmonic aqueous glass
Authors: Yu Xin , Leitner David M.
Published: September 2005

We compute thermal transport coefficients for liquid and glassy water in terms of the vibrations of the quenched liquid. The thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity are computed for H2O and D2O at densities from 0.93to1.2gcm−3. The computed thermal diffusivity of liquid water is in reasonable agreement with measured values and is found to increase with increasing temperature due largely to the thermal accessibility of delocalized librational modes. The influence of structure and density on the thermal conductivity of amorphous ices is investigated. The calculations reveal that density alone is unable to explain the measured thermal conductivity of amorphous ices, particularly low-density amorphous ices, for which the thermal conductivity decreases with increasing temperature near 100K. To investigate the influence of structure on thermal transport in amorphous ices we have computed the thermal transport coefficients for low-density amorphous ices prepared in two different ways, one formed by quenching the liquid at 0.93gcm−3 and the other by distortion of cubic ice at the same density. The computed thermal conductivity of the latter is higher, but the structures of both forms are too disordered for the thermal conductivity to exhibit the unusual variation observed experimentally.
Path-integral virial estimator based on the scaling of fluctuation coordinates: Application to quantum clusters with fourth-order propagators
Authors: Yamamoto Takeshi M.
Published: September 2005

We first show that a simple scaling of fluctuation coordinates defined in terms of a given reference point gives the conventional virial estimator in discretized path integral, where different choices of the reference point lead to different forms of the estimator (e.g., centroid virial). The merit of this procedure is that it allows a finite-difference evaluation of the virial estimator with respect to temperature, which totally avoids the need of higher-order potential derivatives. We apply this procedure to energy and heat-capacity calculations of the (H2)22 and Ne13 clusters at low temperature using the fourth-order Takahashi-Imada [J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 53, 3765 (1984)] and Suzuki [Phys. Lett. A 201, 425 (1995)] propagators. This type of calculation requires up to third-order potential derivatives if analytical virial estimators are used, but in practice only first-order derivatives suffice by virtue of the finite-difference scheme above. From the application to quantum clusters, we find that the fourth-order propagators do improve upon the primitive approximation, and that the choice of the reference point plays a vital role in reducing the variance of the virial estimator.
Growth of p-type GaAs∕AlGaAs(111) quantum well infrared photodetector using solid source molecular-beam epitaxy
Authors: Li H. , Mei T. , Karunasiri G. , Fan W. J. , Zhang D. H. , Yoon S. F. , Yuan K. H.
Published: September 2005

A p-type GaAs∕AlGaAs multi-quantum-well infrared photodetector (QWIP) was fabricated on a GaAs (111)A substrate by molecular-beam epitaxy using silicon as dopant. The same structure was also grown on a GaAs (100) wafer simultaneously to compare the material and structural properties. It was found that Si acts as a p-type dopant in the GaAs (111)A sample while it is n-type in the GaAs (100) counterpart. The growth rate was found to be appreciably enhanced for GaAs (111)A compared with that of GaAs (100) orientation, while the Al composition in the barriers was found to be 20% smaller for a (111) orientation which results in a smaller barrier height. A peak responsivity of 1mA∕W with a relatively wide wavelength response (Δλ∕λp∼53%) was observed for the GaAs (111)A QWIP, mainly due to the location of the excited state far above the barrier. The photoresponse also showed a relatively strong normal incident absorption probably originating from the mixing of the conduction and valence Bloch states. The optimization of the quantum well parameters should further enhance the responsivity of this p-type QWIP with Si as dopant species.
Field-emission characteristics of a silicon tip defined by oxygen precipitate
Authors: Kanechika Masakazu , Sugimoto Noriaki , Mitsushima Yasuichi
Published: September 2005

We have developed a silicon tip, fabricated by highly selective anisotropic dry etching using oxygen precipitates (SiOx,x∼2) in a silicon substrate as the etching mask. The gated field-emission device with the single silicon tip was characterized, under a pressure of 10−8-Torr range after an aging process. Although the turn-on voltage of as low as 20 V was obtained, it fluctuated in a range of 20–30 V. In order to reveal the origin of this fluctuation, we investigated the fluctuations of the emitting area (α) and the tip radius (r), using the Fowler-Nordheim theory. As a result, these two were found to fluctuate with a good relation of α∝r2e1.1r, assuming that the work function is constant. This demands that the fluctuation of the turn-on voltage was caused by the variations in the emitting area and the tip radius, not in the work function.
Mismatch strain as a driving force for the annealing-induced formation of In–N bonds in (In,Ga)(As,N)
Authors: Ramsteiner M. , Mussler G. , Kleinert P. , Ploog K. H.
Published: September 2005

The mismatch strain and local bonding of N atoms in epitaxial (In,Ga)(As,N) layers has been studied by Raman spectroscopy in connection with cluster-Bethe-lattice calculations. The frequency of GaAs-like phonons is found to be applicable for a characterizion of the average strain in the epilayers by using a consistent approximation for the composition dependences. The analysis of N-related vibrational modes reveals that the preferential formation of In-N bonds during thermal annealing is driven not only by the local strain distribution, but correlates also with the average mismatch strain in (In,Ga)(As,N) via strain inhomogeneities on a longer length scale.
Room-temperature atmospheric pressure plasma plume for biomedical applications
Authors: Laroussi M. , Lu X.
Published: September 2005

As low-temperature nonequilibrium plasmas come to play an increasing role in biomedical applications, reliable and user-friendly sources need to be developed. These plasma sources have to meet stringent requirements such as low temperature (at or near room temperature), no risk of arcing, operation at atmospheric pressure, preferably hand-held operation, low concentration of ozone generation, etc. In this letter, we present a device that meets exactly such requirements. This device is capable of generating a cold plasma plume several centimeters in length. It exhibits low power requirements as shown by its current-voltage characteristics. Using helium as a carrier gas, very little ozone is generated and the gas temperature, as measured by emission spectroscopy, remains at room temperature even after hours of operations. The plasma plume can be touched by bare hands and can be directed manually by a user to come in contact with delicate objects and materials including skin and dental gum without causing any heating or painful sensation.
Growth of inclined boron nanowire bundle arrays in an oxide-assisted vapor-liquid-solid process
Authors: Yun S. H. , Wu J. Z. , Dibos A. , Gao X. , Karlsson U. O.
Published: September 2005

In the vapor-liquid-solid process typically employed for semiconductor nanowire growth, nucleation and anisotropic crystal growth of single nanowires are achieved with generation of a solid/liquid alloy interface using metal catalysts. The nucleation and growth mechanism of nanowires may be greatly altered when a second liquid is introduced into the solid/liquid alloy interface. In this work, we demonstrate bundled boron nanowire (BNW) array growth on Au coated Si substrates by introducing a second liquid of B2O3 onto the solid (B)/liquid alloy (Au-B) interface. The BNWs in each bundle are straight but highly inclined with respect to the normal of the substrate. A study of BNW morphology and chemical elemental distribution using electron microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy suggested that the catalyst Au provided the nucleation site for BNW bundles while the liquid B2O3 modified the initiation of BNWs from each nucleation site, resulting in multiple initiation of the BNWs from each site.
Silicon layer transfer using plasma hydrogenation
Authors: Chen Peng , Lau S. S. , Chu Paul K. , Henttinen K. , Suni T. , Suni I. , Theodore N. David , Alford T. L. , Mayer J. W. , Shao Lin , Nastasi M.
Published: September 2005

In this work, we demonstrate a novel approach for the transfer of Si layers onto handle wafers, induced by plasma hydrogenation. In the conventional ion-cut process, hydrogen ion implantation is used to initiate layer delamination at a desired depth, which leads to ion damage in the transferred layer. In this study, we investigated the use of plasma hydrogenation to achieve high-quality layer transfer. To place hydrogen atoms introduced during plasma hydrogenation at a specific depth, a uniform trapping layer for H atoms must be prepared in the substrate before hydrogenation. The hydrogenated Si wafer was then bonded to another Si wafer coated with a thermal oxide, followed by thermal annealing to induce Si layer transfer. Cross-section transmission electron microscopy showed that the transferred Si layer was relatively free of lattice damage. The H trapping during plasma hydrogenation, and the subsequent layer delamination mechanism, are discussed. These results show direct evidence of the feasibility of using plasma hydrogenation to transfer relatively defect-free Si layers.
Chiral optical absorption bands in [ ]CdGa2(1−x)In2xS4 semiconducting compound
Authors: Joshi N. V. , Luengo Jorge
Published: September 2005

Spectroscopic investigation of chiral absorption bands in [ ]CdGa2(1−x)In2xS4 has been carried out at 55K. The origin of these bands is attributed to both the complex structure of the midgap defect states created by inhomogeneity in as-grown samples and the presence of ordered vacancies at cadmium sites. The appearance of chiral bands are associated with dangling bonds in ordered vacancies which help to bring the component of the magnetic dipole moment parallel to the electric dipole moment. The cause for rotation of electric vector of the field is also discussed.
1.55
μ
m
GaInNAs resonant-cavity-enhanced photodetector grown on GaAs
Authors: Han Q. , Yang X. H. , Niu Z. C. , Ni H. Q. , Xu Y. Q. , Zhang S. Y. , Du Y. , Peng L. H. , Zhao H. , Tong C. Z. , Wu R. H. , Wang Q. M.
Published: September 2005

We report the design, growth, fabrication, and characterization of a GaAs-based resonant-cavity-enhanced (RCE) GaInNAs photodetector operating at 1.55μm. The structure of the device was designed using a transfer-matrix method (TMM). By optimizing the molecular-beam epitaxy growth conditions, six GaInNAs quantum wells were used as the absorption layers. Twenty-five (25)- and 9-pair GaAs∕AlAs-distributed Bragg reflectors were grown as the bottom and top mirrors. At 1.55μm, a quantum efficiency of 33% with a full width at half maximum of 10nm was obtained. The dark current density was 3×10−7A∕cm2 at a bias of 0V and 4.3×10−5A∕cm2 at a reverse bias of 5V. The primary time response measurement shows that the device has a rise time of less than 800ps.
Complex cardiac Nkx2-5 gene expression activated by noggin-sensitive enhancers followed by chamber-specific modules
Authors: Chi Xuan , Chatterjee Pradeep K. , Wilson Willie , Zhang Shu-Xing , DeMayo Franco J. , Schwartz Robert J.
Published: September 2005

We previously reported that an Nkx2-5-GFP bacterial artificial chromosome in transgenic mice recapitulated the endogenous gene activity in the heart. Here, we identified three additional previously uncharacterized distal enhancer modules of Nkx2-5: UH6, which directed transgene expression in the right ventricle, interventricular septum, and atrial ventricular canal; UH5, which directed expression in both atria; and UH4, which directed transgene expression in tongue muscle. Nkx2-5 enhancers drive cardiogenic gene activity from the earliest progenitors to the late-stage embryonic heart, reside within its 27 kb of 5′ flanking sequences, organized in a tandem array. Nkx2-5 enhancers involved with stomach-, tongue-, and chamber-restricted expression displayed
lacZ
transgene activity and chromatin histone acetylation patterns consistent with tissue-specific expression. An examination of Nkx2-5 gene activity in murine embryonic stem cells converted to beating embryoid bodies showed that only the proximal active region 2 and GATA-Smad enhancers were chromatin-remodeled. Chromatin remodeling of active region 2 and GATA-Smad enhancers were blunted by noggin coexpression, which indicated dependence on bone morphogenetic protein signaling for their chromatin activation during activation of Nkx2-5 expression.
Small-scale field experiments accurately scale up to predict density dependence in reef fish populations at large scales
Authors: Steele Mark A. , Forrester Graham E.
Published: September 2005

Field experiments provide rigorous tests of ecological hypotheses but are usually limited to small spatial scales. It is thus unclear whether these findings extrapolate to larger scales relevant to conservation and management. We show that the results of experiments detecting density-dependent mortality of reef fish on small habitat patches scale up to have similar effects on much larger entire reefs that are the size of small marine reserves and approach the scale at which some reef fisheries operate. We suggest that accurate scaling is due to the type of species interaction causing local density dependence and the fact that localized events can be aggregated to describe larger-scale interactions with minimal distortion. Careful extrapolation from small-scale experiments identifying species interactions and their effects should improve our ability to predict the outcomes of alternative management strategies for coral reef fishes and their habitats.
Leading World Cities: Empirical Evaluations of Urban Nodes in Multiple Networks
Authors: Taylor Peter J.
Published: September 2005

This is an empirical paper that uses an interlocking network model to evaluate the importance of leading world cities within contemporary globalisation. Cities are treated as locales through which four globalisations-economic, cultural, political and social-are produced and reproduced. Sixteen sets of data describing agents of global network formation, such as global service firms, NGOs and UN agencies, are analysed to measure cities' overall network locations and sub-net articulator roles. Analyses are synthesised in a taxonomy of leading world cities that identifies five classes of 'global city' and types of other world cities.
Diagnostic Criteria for Proliferative Thyroid Lesions in Bony Fishes
Authors: Fournie John W. , Wolfe Marilyn J. , Wolf Jeffrey C. , Courtney Lee A. , Johnson Rodney D. , Hawkins William E.
Published: September 2005

Thyroid proliferative lesions are rather common in bony fishes but disagreement exists in the fish pathology community concerning diagnostic criteria for hyperplastic versus neoplastic lesions. To simplify the diagnosis of proliferative thyroid lesions and to reduce confusion regarding lesion interpretation, we propose specific criteria for distinguishing hyperplastic from neoplastic lesions. Development of these criteria was based on the examination of a large series of proliferative lesions from Japanese medaka ( Oryzias latipes), lesions from other small fish species, and a reexamination of the 97 cases of proliferative thyroid lesions from bony fishes deposited in the Registry of Tumors in Lower Animals. Specific diagnostic criteria are provided for all lesion categories including follicular cell hyperplasia (simple, nodular, or ectopic), adenoma (papillary or solid), and carcinoma (well- or poorly differentiated). These criteria should assist fish pathologists in describing and categorizing naturally occurring proliferative lesions from wild fishes, lesions that develop in laboratory fishes due to suboptimal culture practices or water quality, those in fishes used in toxicological assays, and captive aquarium fishes.
Promoting Image and Identity in ‘Cultural Quarters’: the Case of Dundee
Authors: Mccarthy John
Published: September 2005

Many cities in recent decades have encouraged the arts and cultural sectors as a means of achieving regeneration outcomes. Such strategies have been followed particularly by cities with perceived problems in relation to image and identity, linked to the need to promote inward investment and tourism. One policy implication has been the designation of ‘cultural quarters’, as areas where a ‘critical mass’ of culture-related activity is seen as providing the basis for further related uses. Dundee's Cultural Quarter follows this model, but evidence so far raises questions as to the extent to which relevant policy is embedded within local identity, history and culture. This implies that such quarters may promote homogeneity rather than distinctiveness, and may therefore prove to be counter-productive.
The Anatomy of Object Processing: The Role of Anteromedial Temporal Cortex
Authors: Bright Peter , Moss Helen E. , Stamatakis Emmanuel A. , Tyler Lorraine K.
Published: September 2005

How objects are represented and processed in the brain remains a key issue in cognitive neuroscience. We have developed a conceptual structure account in which category-specific semantic deficits emerge due to differences in the structure and content of concepts rather than from explicit divisions of conceptual knowledge in separate stores. The primary claim is that concepts associated with particular categories (e.g., animals, tools) differ in the number and type of properties and the extent to which these properties are correlated with each other. In this review, we describe recent neuropsychological and neuroimaging studies in which we have extended our theoretical account by incorporating recent claims about the neuroanatomical basis of feature integration and differentiation that arise from research into hierarchical object processing streams in nonhuman primates and humans. A clear picture has emerged in which the human perirhinal cortex and neighbouring anteromedial temporal structures appear to provide the neural infrastructure for making fine-grained discriminations among objects, suggesting that damage within the perirhinal cortex may underlie the emergence of category-specific semantic deficits in brain-damaged patients.
Perirhinal Cortex and its Neighbours in the Medial Temporal Lobe: Contributions to Memory and Perception
Authors: Murray Elisabeth A. , Graham Kim S. , Gaffan David
Published: September 2005

As promised in the Introduction, this Special Issue presents several recurring themes concerning the perirhinal cortex and its neighbours within the medial temporal lobe (MTL). First, although orthodoxy insists that the diverse constituents of the MTL operate as a single functional entity, several papers presented here challenge that idea, although some defend it. Second, although many experts hold that the MTL subserves memory but not perception, several papers presented here point to a role for certain MTL structures in both. Third, although some researchers have invoked “species differences” to account for discrepant findings, several papers presented here document a striking convergence of findings in humans, nonhuman primates, and rodents. We close this Special Issue by high-lighting these recurring themes, acknowledging discrepant findings and pointing to future research that might resolve some current controversies.
Islets of meningioma in an acoustic schwannoma in a patient with neurofibromatosis-2: pathology and magnetic resonance imaging findings
Authors: Gelal F. , Rezanko T. , Uyaroglu M. A. , Tunakan M. , Bezircioglu H.
Published: September 2005

Mixed tumors of the cerebellopontine angle, composed of meningioma and schwannoma components, are extremely rare; so far, only 12 cases have been reported in the literature. They are thought to be exclusively associated with neurofibromatosis-2. We present a mixed tumor of schwannoma and meningioma in a patient with neurofibromatosis-2 and discuss the pathology and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in relation to the literature. Review of the literature shows that a typical MRI pattern has not been established for mixed tumors and it seems unlikely that a meningioma component can be differentiated within a schwannoma preoperatively.
An ex-vivo experimental study on optimization of bipolar radiofrequency liver ablation using perfusion-cooled electrodes
Authors: Lee J. M. , Han J. K. , Kim S. H. , Lee J. Y. , Shin K. S. , Choi B. I.
Published: September 2005

Purpose: To determine optimal parameters for bipolar radiofrequency ablation (RFA) using perfusion-cooled electrodes to create a large ablation volume in ex vivo bovine liver.

Material and Methods: Three sets of RF experiments were performed using a 200-Watt generator and two 15-gauge perfusion-cooled or internally cooled electrodes in ex vivo bovine livers. In the first set of experiments, to find the ideal inter-electrode distance for creating large coagulation necrosis, 30 ablation lesions were created by bipolar RFAs at inter-electrode spacings of 3 cm, 4 cm, and 5 cm. In the second set of experiments, to explore the ideal duration of RF application, bipolar RFAs were performed for 10 min and 20 min. In the first and second experiments, 10 lesions were made for each condition with infusion of 6% hypertonic saline (HS) at 2 ml/min. In the third set of experiments, 10 ablation lesions were created by bipolar RFAs using internally cooled electrodes without HS infusion. The mean volume of those ablation lesions was then compared to that of the lesions created by bipolar RFA using perfusion-cooled electrodes in the second experiments. Tissue impedance, dimension, and shape of the ablated areas were compared in each condition.

Results: In the first set of experiments, bipolar RFA created a homogeneous oval or spherical-shaped ablation area between the electrodes at 3–5 cm spacing, but showed a more spherical-shaped lesion at 3 cm inter-electrode spacing than at 4 cm and 5 cm spacing. In the second set of experiments, RF energy delivered for 20 min created a larger dimension of coagulation necrosis than energy delivered for 10 min: 107.6±34 cm3 versus 59.5±27 cm3 ( P<0.05). In addition, the mean volume of ablation regions obtained with bipolar RFA using the internally cooled electrode was 47.5±17 cm3, which was significantly less than that with bipolar RFA using perfusion-cooled electrodes ( P<0.05).

Conclusion: Bipolar RFA using perfusion-cooled electrodes achieves homogeneous areas of coagulation necrosis between two electrodes, preferably at 3 or 4 cm inter-electrode distance for 20 min, and is better in creating large coagulation necrosis than bipolar RFA using internally cooled electrodes.
Computed tomography demonstration of systemic arterial supply to lung without sequestration
Authors: Agarwal P. P. , Matzinger F. R. , Shamji F. M. , Seely J. M. , Peterson R. A.
Published: September 2005

We present two cases of systemic arterial supply to lung without sequestration diagnosed confidently based on imaging findings on computed tomography scan, thereby obviating the need for invasive diagnostic procedures.
Bronchial atresia of the right lower lobe
Authors: Murat A. , Ozdemir H. , Yildirim H. , Kursad Poyraz A. , Artas H.
Published: September 2005

Bronchial atresia (BA) is a rare congenital anomaly that is found incidentally in approximately 50% of cases. It predominantly affects young men and generally produces no symptoms. The other 50% of cases have pulmonary symptoms such as fever, cough, or shortness of breath due to recurrent pulmonary infection or overinflation of the involved lung parenchyma. The most common site is the left upper lobe, particularly of the apical-posterior segment. The right lower and middle lobes are affected in only 8% of cases. The radiographic features may be highly suggestive of the diagnosis. The mucus-filled bronchus is seen as a rounded, branching opacity emanating from the hilum and is surrounded by an area of increased hyper-translucency. We report an unusual presentation of BA in a 43-year-old woman with a history of recurrent pulmonary infection and dyspnea. The patient was found to have BA in all the basal segments of the lower lobe of the right lung.
Bronchobiliary fistula evaluated with magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Ragozzino A. , De Rosa R. , Galdiero R. , Maio A. , Manes G.
Published: September 2005

Bronchobiliary fistula (BBF) is a rare disorder consisting of a passageway between the biliary ducts and the bronchial tree. Many conditions may give rise to this development. Management of these fistulas is often difficult and can be associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. We present a case of BBF developing after hemihepatectomy in a 74-year-old man treated with endoscopic biliary drainage and illustrate MRCP findings.
Geometry of the proximal femur in relation to age and sex: a cross-sectional study in healthy adult danes
Authors: Nissen N. , Hauge E. M. , Abrahamsen B. , Jensen J. E. B. , Mosekilde L. , Brixen K.
Published: September 2005

Purpose: To describe the natural variation in hip geometry in relation to Danish population characteristics, and to establish normal reference values.

Material and Methods: We included 249 healthy individuals (94 M and 155 F, aged 19–79 years) and measured hip-axis-length (HAL), neck-width (NW), neck-shaft-angle (NSA), and femoral head-radius (HR) on dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) screen images.

Results: HAL, NW, HR, and NSA were higher in men than in women (10.9±0.7 vs. 9.5±0.6 cm ( P<0.001), 3.8±0.3 vs. 3.3±0.3 cm ( P<0.01), 2.5±0.3 vs. 2.3±0.2 cm ( P<0.001), and 131±5 vs. 129±5° ( P<0.01). NSA was higher in post-menopausal than in pre-menopausal women (130±4 vs. 128±5° ( P<0.001)). In multiple regression analysis, HAL, NW, and HR were positively related to body height in both sexes ( R  =  0.20 to 0.63, P<0.05 to P<0.001). In females, NSA was positively related to body height ( R  =  0.20, P<0.05) and negatively to body weight ( R  =  −0.30, P<0.01). NW increased with age in men ( R  =  0.34, P<0.01) but not in women.

Conclusion: Hip dimensions differ between genders in the Danish population. HAL, NW, and HR depend on body height. Finally, NW increases with age in men but not in women.
Percutaneous transcatheter embolization in arterial injuries of the lower limbs
Authors: Aksoy M. , Taviloglu K. , Yanar H. , Poyanli A. , Ertekin C. , Rozanes I. , Guloglu R. , Kurtoglu M.
Published: September 2005

Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of percutaneous transcatheter arterial embolization (PTE) in lower extremity arterial injuries.

Material and Methods: From January 2000 to June 2004, patients who presented with a penetrating trauma of the lower limbs, along with bleeding and with no sign of ischemia or hemodynamic instability, were included in the study. The injuries were embolized by coils and Gelfoam. The efficacy of PTE was defined as its ability to stop bleeding both radiographically and clinically, and its safety was determined by the complication rate.

Results: There were 10 embolizations, which consisted of 5 profundal femoral, 3 superior gluteal, and 2 inferior gluteal artery embolizations. PTE was effective in all patients. There were two inguinal hematomas, which did not require any intervention, and there was a temporary renal function alteration. The mean hospital stay of these patients was 2.67±0.91 days.

Conclusion: PTE may be an effective and safe method of treatment in certain cases with lower limb arterial injuries. However, patients should be selected meticulously by both the vascular surgeon and the interventional radiologist, and PTE should be undertaken only in experienced hands.
Multi-detector computed tomography angiography of the hepatic artery in liver transplant recipients
Authors: Boraschi P. , Donati F. , Cossu M. C. , Gigoni R. , Vignali C. , Filipponi F. , Bartolozzi C. , Falaschi F.
Published: September 2005

Purpose: To evaluate the ability of multi-detector row computed tomography angiography (CTA) in detecting hepatic artery complications in the follow-up of liver transplant patients, performing volume-rendering as reconstruction technique.

Material and Methods: The anatomy of hepatic artery was studied in 27 liver transplant recipients with a four-row CT scanner using the following parameters: collimation, 1 mm; slice width, 1 mm; table feed, 6–8 mm/s; spiral reconstruction time, 0.5 s; reconstruction interval, 0.5 mm; mAs, 160; kVp, 120. Before the study, the patients received 1000 ml of water as oral contrast agent to produce negative contrast in the stomach and the small bowel. A non-ionic contrast medium was infused intravenously at a rate of 5 ml/s with a bolus tracking system. Volume-rendering of hepatic artery was performed with the 3D Virtuoso software.

Results: The celiac trunk, the hepatic artery, and the right and left hepatic arteries were successfully displayed in high detail in all patients. Side branches, including small collaterals, and hepatic artery anastomosis could also be readily visualized. Volume-rendered CTA detected six hepatic artery stenoses, two hepatic artery thromboses, and two intrahepatic pseudoaneurysms. In two cases, CT detected hepatic artery stenosis with a diameter reduction of less than 50%, while digital subtraction angiography showed a normal artery.

Conclusion: Volume-rendered multi-detector CTA is a promising non-invasive technique, since it allows images of high quality to be generated with excellent anatomical visualization of the hepatic artery and its complications in liver transplant recipients.
Serial high-resolution computed tomography imaging in patients with wegener granulomatosis: differentiation between active inflammatory and chronic fibrotic lesions
Authors: Lohrmann C. , Uhl M. , Schaefer O. , Ghanem N. , Kotter E. , Langer M.
Published: September 2005

Purpose: To evaluate pulmonary pathologies in Wegener granulomatosis with sequential computed tomography (CT) in order to differentiate active inflammatory lesions from chronic fibrotic lesions.

Material and Methods: Serial CT findings in 38 patients with Wegener granulomatosis were retrospectively analyzed (mean follow-up period, 21 months). The presence, extension, and distribution of the following findings were evaluated with CT: parenchymal nodules, masses, ground-glass attenuation, airspace consolidation, bronchial wall-thickening, bronchiectasis, linear areas of attenuation, pleural irregularities, pleural effusions, hilar and mediastinal lymphadenopathy.

Results: Observed in 92% of patients, nodules were the most common CT pathology. Areas of ground-glass attenuation, consolidation, masses of linear attenuation, and tracheal/bronchial wall-thickening were detected in 24%, 26%, 32%, 39%, and 68% of patients. At follow-up, the clearance of lesions was most consistent for areas of ground-glass attenuation (89%), masses (87%), and cavitated nodules (85%). In the follow-up scan, 58% of all nodules, 47% of pulmonary consolidations, and 66% of bronchial wall-thickening were completely resolved. Areas of bronchiectasis and septal/non-septal lines remained stable in 70% and 71% of patients.

Conclusion: The majority of the lesions decreased or resolved completely with or without areas of linear attenuation. Ground-glass attenuation, cavitated nodules and masses appear to represent active inflammatory lesions. In most probability, areas of bronchiectasis and septal/non-septal lines more often represent chronic fibrotic changes rather than active inflammatory changes. In combination with clinical evaluation and bronchoscopy, CT assists in the assessment of disease activity.
Sudan: a flawed peace process leading to a flawed peace
Authors: Young John
Published: September 2005

Peace is more than the cessation of military hostilities, more than simple political stability. Peace is the presence of justice and peace building entails addressing factors and forces that stand as impediments to the realisation of all human rights.
1

The hopes and aspirations of the Sudanese people hang on the Inter-Governmental Authority on Development (IGAD)2 peace process and there are increasing doubts whether it can deliver lasting peace, much less democracy and justice. It is too early to give up on the process, but not too late to analyse and critique it, in the hope that this will encourage debate and stimulate the Sudanese to take control of the process from self-proclaimed leaders and an ‘international community’ which has not encouraged broad participation. This is all the more important because there is every indication that the flaws discussed below will be repeated in trying to resolve the conflict in Darfur.

The following points are articulated in the pages that follow: (1) most Sudanese in both the north and south have been denied access to the IGAD peace process; (2) this process has been dominated by a handful of Western states led by the US which have injected their own interests into the process; (3) democracy and justice do not figure highly among their concerns; (4) the peace protocols that have been signed do not adequately address fundamental issues of power sharing, equity, and human rights; (5) the security agreements reached thus far, and the instruments they establish, lack accountability, transparency and professionalism; and (6) given the weaknesses of the peace process, the belligerents are indicating by their actions, if not their words, that they are not discounting the possibility of returning to war.
Win-win or new imperialism? Public-private partnerships in Africa mining
Authors: Dansereau Suzanne
Published: September 2005

One of the most significant elements of globalisation is the way in which the reshaping of the public-private divide is transforming the relationship between state and economy. In industrialised economies, there is a growing commodification and privatisation of public services, undertaken through the establishment of public private partnerships. State policy is becoming increasingly ‘market-driven’, managing national politics in such a way as to adapt to the pressures of transnational market forces (Leys, 2001). In developing economies, structural adjustment has removed the state as the principal agent of development, while private agencies are playing an increasingly public role as they engage in public service delivery. These include non-profit organisations (churches and NGOs) and for-profit caregiving and educational institutions (van Rooy & Robinson, 1998). In the political arena, the discourse over donor-defined democratisation has also meant a larger political role for a differentiated set of private agents, in the name of civil society participation, prompting Schmitz & Hutchful (1992) to call this a recipe for ‘free markets and free votes’.
W. E. Johnson's 1913 Paper and the Question of his Knowledge of Pareto
Authors: Moscati Ivan
Published: September 2005

In December 1913, William Ernest Johnson (1858–1931), a Cambridge logician, published a famous article on demand theory in the Economic Journal (EJ) entitled “The Pure Theory of Utility Curves.” Although Johnson's treatment of the subject was in some ways original, in others it strongly resembled the analysis set forth by Vilfredo Pareto in earlier contributions, particularly in the Manuel d'économie politique (Italian edition 1906, French edition 1909). Despite this resemblance, Johnson did not cite Pareto. This failure to acknowledge Pareto's precedence aroused resentment and some suspicion of plagiarism among the Italian Paretians. In the end, however, the Paretian economists of the period generally assumed that Johnson was unfamiliar with Pareto's works and had obtained his results independently. For example, in 1916, Luigi Amoroso published a review of Johnson's 1913 paper in the Giornale degli Economisti, in which he wrote, “From Johnson's article it comes out that Johnson does not know Pareto's work” (Amoroso 1916, p. 410, author's translation). Amoroso attributed Johnson's ignorance of Pareto's work to a more general ignorance on the part of English economists, “Johnson's lacuna, more than particular to him, is a lacuna of the area in which he lives” (Amoroso 1916, p. 410, author's translation).
Imiquimod Does not Affect Shedding of Viable Chlamydiae in aMurine Model of Chlamydia trachomatis Genital Tract Infection
Authors: Ramsey Kyle H. , Shaba Namir , Cohoon Kevin P. , Ault Kevin A.
Published: September 2005

Objective: We postulated that either oral or vaginal administration of the immune response modifier imiquimod
would decrease vaginal shedding of Chlamydia trachomatis, mouse pneumonitis strain (MoPn), in a murine model.

Methods: Female BALB/c mice were infected intravaginally withC. trachomatis (MoPn) and were administered
imiquimod either orally (30 mg/kg) or vaginally (10 μl of 5%imiquimod cream) prior to infection and every second
day after infection for a total of four doses. The course of infection was monitored by collecting cervical–vaginal
swabs and isolation in HeLa 229 cell culture. To determine whether the drug affected T helper type 1 or T helper
type 2 immune response polarization, immunoglobulinG(IgG) subclass antibody responses were assessed at day 56
after infection.

Results: There was no significant difference in the course of infection when imiquimod‐treated mice were
compared with sham‐treated controls, regardless of whether the drug was administered orally or vaginally. IgG
subclass antibody responses, and by extension, T helper type 1 to T helper type 2 immune response polarization,
were also unaffected.

Conclusions: Imiquimod has no efficacy in controllingC. trachomatis (MoPn) infection in the murine model.
Clinical Safety‐in‐Use Study of a New Tampon Design
Authors: Shehin Stacey E. , Jones Michaelle B. , Hochwalt Anne E. , Sarbaugh Frank C. , Nunn Stephen
Published: September 2005

Objective: To confirm the safety of a new experimental Tampax ® tampon and applicator compared with that
of a currently marketed Tampax ®
tampon and applicator using comprehensive gynecological and microbiological
assessments.

Methods: A 2‐month, single‐blind, randomized, crossover study was conducted in which each subject served
as her own control. Safety was evaluated by comparing potential product‐related irritation (using colposcopic
examination and subject diary data), assessment of vaginal discharge, vaginal pH, and effects on selected microorganisms
(yeast, Escherichia coli ,Staphylococcus aureus and group B streptococci) obtained by vaginal swab
cultures after normal menstrual use in the experimental and control groups.

Results: In total, 110 women completed the study. There were no significant differences between the groups
that used either the experimental or control tampon with regard to prevalence or mean cell density for the
selected microorganisms. No differences were observed in the incidence or severity of erythema, in abrasion
or ulceration of the cervix, vagina, introitus, vulva or perineum, or in mean vaginal pH and discharge assessments.
There were equivalent low incidences of reported symptoms such as discomfort during insertion, wear or removal,
and a similar low incidence of burning, stinging or itching during use of either the control or experimental tampon.
There was a more favorable overall product rating for the experimental tampon (p = 0.003).

Conclusions: This approach provides a combination of gynecological, microbiological and self‐reported (diary
recall) methodologies in order to assess tampon safety during use more thoroughly than has previously been
reported, and it supports a comparable safety profile for the experimental tampon and a currently marketed
tampon.
Group B Streptococcal Endocarditis in Obstetric andGynecologic Practice
Authors: Crespo Antonio , Retter Avi S. , Lorber Bennett
Published: September 2005

Background: We describe a case and review ten other instances of group B streptococcal endocarditis in the
setting of obstetric and gynecologic practice reported since the last review in 1985.

Case: Abortion remains a common antecedent event, but in contrast to earlier reports, most patients did not have
underlying valvular disease, the tricuspid valve was most often involved, and mortality was low. Patients with
tricuspid valve infection tended to have a subacute course, whereas those with aortic or mitral involvement typically
had a more acute, fulminant course.

Conclusion: Despite an improvement in mortality, morbidity remains high, with 8 of 11 patients having clinically
significant emboli.