bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Naked Dense Bodies Provoke Depression
Authors: Hallermann Stefan , Kittel Robert J. , Wichmann Carolin , Weyhersmüller Annika , Fouquet Wernher , Mertel Sara , Owald David , Eimer Stefan , Depner Harald , Schwärzel Martin , Sigrist Stephan J. , Heckmann Manfred
Published: October 2010

At presynaptic active zones (AZs), the frequently observed tethering of synaptic vesicles to an electron-dense cytomatrix represents a process of largely unknown functional significance. Here, we identified a hypomorphic allele,brpnude, lacking merely the last 1% of the C-terminal amino acids (17 of 1740) of the active zone protein Bruchpilot. Inbrpnude, electron-dense bodies were properly shaped, though entirely bare of synaptic vesicles. While basal glutamate release was unchanged, paired-pulse and sustained stimulation provoked depression. Furthermore, rapid recovery following sustained release was slowed. Our results causally link, with intramolecular precision, the tethering of vesicles at the AZ cytomatrix to synaptic depression.
Differential Contributions of the Primate Ventrolateral Prefrontal and Orbitofrontal Cortex to Serial Reversal Learning
Authors: Rygula Rafal , Walker Susannah C. , Clarke Hannah F. , Robbins Trevor W. , Roberts Angela C.
Published: October 2010

The discrimination reversal paradigm is commonly used to measure a subject's ability to adapt their behavior according to changes in stimulus–reward contingencies. Human functional neuroimaging studies have demonstrated activations in the lateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) in subjects performing this task. Excitotoxic lesions of analogous regions in marmosets have revealed, however, that although the OFC is indeed critical for reversal learning, ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) (analogous to IFG) is not, contributing instead to higher order processing, such as that required in attentional set-shifting and strategy transfer. One major difference between the marmoset and human studies has been the level of training subjects received in reversal learning, being far greater in the latter. Since exposure to repeated contingency changes, as occurs in serial reversal learning, is likely to trigger the development of higher order, rule-based strategies, we hypothesized a critical role of the marmoset VLPFC in performance of a serial reversal learning paradigm. After extensive training in reversal learning, marmosets received an excitotoxic lesion of the VLPFC, OFC, or a sham control procedure. In agreement with our prediction, postsurgery, VLPFC lesioned animals were impaired in performing a series of discrimination reversals, but only when novel visual stimuli were introduced. In contrast, OFC lesioned animals were impaired regardless of whether the visual stimuli were the same or different from those used during presurgery training. Together, these data demonstrate the heterogeneous but interrelated involvement of primate OFC and VLPFC in the performance of serial reversal learning.
Visinin-Like Neuronal Calcium Sensor Proteins Regulate the Slow Calcium-Activated Afterhyperpolarizing Current in the Rat Cerebral Cortex
Authors: Villalobos Claudio , Andrade Rodrigo
Published: October 2010

Many neurons in the nervous systems express afterhyperpolarizations that are mediated by a slow calcium-activated potassium current. This current shapes neuronal firing and is inhibited by neuromodulators, suggesting an important role in the regulation of neuronal function. Surprisingly, very little is currently known about the molecular basis for this current or how it is gated by calcium. Recently, the neuronal calcium sensor protein hippocalcin was identified as a calcium sensor for the slow afterhyperpolarizing current in the hippocampus. However, while hippocalcin is very strongly expressed in the hippocampus, this protein shows a relatively restricted distribution in the brain. Furthermore, the genetic deletion of this protein only partly reduces the slow hyperpolarizing current in hippocampus. These considerations question whether hippocalcin can be the sole calcium sensor for the slow afterhyperpolarizing current. Here we use loss of function and overexpression strategies to show that hippocalcin functions as a calcium sensor for the slow afterhyperpolarizing current in the cerebral cortex, an area where hippocalcin is expressed at much lower levels than in hippocampus. In addition we show that neurocalcin δ, but not VILIP-2, can also act as a calcium sensor for the slow afterhyperpolarizing current. Finally we show that hippocalcin and neurocalcin δ both increase the calcium sensitivity of the afterhyperpolarizing current but do not alter its sensitivity to inhibition by carbachol acting through the Gαq-11-PLCβ signaling cascade. These results point to a general role for a subgroup of visinin-like neuronal calcium sensor proteins in the activation of the slow calcium-activated afterhyperpolarizing current.
Circulating osteoprotegerin and soluble receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand in polycystic ovary syndrome: relationships to insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction
Authors: Pepene Carmen Emanuela , Ilie Ioana Rada , Marian Ioan , Duncea Ileana
Published: October 2010

Objective

There is plenty of evidence that osteoprotegerin (OPG) is linked to subclinical vascular damage and predicts cardiovascular disease in high-risk populations. Our aim is to investigate the relationships of OPG/free soluble receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (sRANKL) to insulin resistance, brachial artery flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD), and the carotid artery intima-media thickness (CIMT) in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a disorder characterized by hyperandrogenism, impaired glucose control, and endothelial injury.

Design

A cross-sectional, observational study.

Methods

Hormonal and metabolic profiles, FMD, CIMT, serum OPG, and ampli-sRANKL were assessed in 64 young PCOS patients and 20 controls of similar age. Body composition was measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry.

Results

OPG was significantly lower in PCOS and related negatively to free testosterone and positively to estradiol (E2) levels. In multivariate analysis, OPG but not ampli-sRANKL correlated positively to fasting insulin, insulin sensitivity indices, and FMD. Neither OPG nor ampli-sRANKL was associated with CIMT. Significantly lower adjusted FMD values were demonstrated in women in the upper OPG quartile group (>2.65 pmol/l) compared with all other quartile groups together (P=0.012). In PCOS, multiple regression analysis retained E2/sex hormone-binding globulin ratio, fat mass, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance as independent predictors of OPG.

Conclusions

In PCOS, circulating OPG is related to both endothelial dysfunction and insulin resistance, independent of obesity and androgen excess, suggesting OPG as a useful biomarker of these effects. Further studies are needed to evaluate OPG in relation to cardiovascular events and cardiovascular mortality in PCOS.
Enhancement of plasticity in Ti-based metallic glass matrix composites by controlling characteristic and volume fraction of primary phase
Authors: Lim K.R. , Na J.H. , Park J.M. , Kim W.T. , Kim D.H.
Published: October 2010

In this study, Ti-based metallic glass matrix composites with high plasticity have been developed by controlling characteristic and volume fraction of primary phase embedded in the glass matrix. By careful alloy design procedure, the compositions of β/glass phases, which are in metastable equilibrium have been properly selected, therefore the mechanical properties can be tailored by selecting the alloy compositions between the composition of β and glass phases. The relation between the compressive yield strength and volume fraction of β phase is well described using the rule of mixtures.
Nonlinear elastic load–displacement relation for spherical indentation on rubberlike materials
Authors: Liu D.X. , Zhang Z.D. , Sun L.Z.
Published: October 2010

Because of the lack of universal contact models for nonlinear strain problems, indentation analysis on rubberlike materials is confined to small deformation in which Hertz's solution is applied. Recognizing that deep indentation may provide more material information, in this paper we propose a nonlinear elastic model for large spherical indentation of rubberlike materials based on the higher-order approximation of spherical function and Sneddon's solution. The effect of limiting network stretch is studied on the initial elastic modulus for lightly cross-linked rubbers. With the comparisons of the finite-element simulation and the experimental result, the proposed model is verified to predict the large indentation of rubberlike materials over the indentation depth of 0.8 times the indenter radius.
Neurotoxoplasmose com apresentação multifocal supurativa e hemorragica: relato de caso
Authors: Piovesan Elcio Juliato , Assis Marcia , Scola Rosana Herminia , Torres Luiz Fernando Bleggi , Hidalgo Ana Claudia , Werneck Lineu Cesar
Published: October 2010

Neurotoxoplasmose é uma das infecções mais comuns em pacientes imunodeprimidos, podendo manifestar-se raramente sob a forma hemorrágica. Descrevemos um caso com apresentação tomográfica caracterizada por imagens nodulares múltiplas hiperdensas com edema perilesional. A correlação anátomo-patológica demonstrou lesões focais hemorrágicas pela toxoplasmose.
Cerebral Aneurysms: assessment of 50 cases operated on and comparison with previous series
Authors: Borges Guilherme , Gallani Nevair Roberti
Published: October 2010

A retrospective analysis of 50 patients who suffered subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) treated at UNICAMP between April 1988 and March 1992 is made, distributed as 34% in Hunt & Hess grade 1,38% in grade II, 16% in grade III, and 12% in grade IV. Males were predominant (66.6%), and patients age varied around 47± 12.13 years old. Only 13 patients (26%) were admitted within the first 24 hours after bleeding, with an overall average of 20.45 days of delay. From all cases only one had a rebleeding, survived and was submitted to surgery. Four patients died after surgery (8%). Timing of operation and prognostic chances were available, being 27.30 days after SAH for Hunt & Hess group I. It is analyzed also the timing for diagnosis - which responded for the most delay, and treatment for the other groups, and a historical comparison with previous series since year 1956 of the same Hospital were documented. Good results were observed in 38 cases (76%). The overall results in terms of mortality and morbidity is, in comparison, in accordance with the literature, and is ameliorated from the past series due to technical improvement, despite worsen difficulties in managing admittance, diagnosis and treatment faster, which is required to deal with the disease.
Cyclic alternating pattern in normal children aged 12 to 24 months
Authors: Alves Gabriela Rodrigues , Rosa Agostinho , Brito Magneide , Pradella-Hallinan Marcia , Tufik Sergio
Published: October 2010

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to complement existing data on the expression and characteristics of cyclic alternating pattern (CAP) in children, specifically in the 12 to 24 month age bracket. METHOD: Descriptive study. Settings: a university pediatric sleep laboratory. Participants: Twelve normal and healthy subjects (6 girls and 6 boys, mean age 18.9±4.72 months; range 12-24 months underwent a standard polysomnography night recording in our pediatric sleep laboratory. Sleep stages and CAP were analyzed according to standard international rules. RESULTS: CAP rate found in children of 12 to 24 months of age was (25.78±10.18%) and it is characterized by a linear increase of 2% per month, from 12% at 12 months reaching 35% at 24 months. With coefficient of determination R² of 0.91. The duration of A phases was 6.93±1.06 seconds, and B phases was found to last 21.44±2.31 seconds. The number of CAP cycles was 173.25±73.85 with an average index per hour of 33.55±14.61. The number of CAP sequences reached 25.25±9.55 per recording. CAP rate for the different type of A phases are (21.83±9.68%), for A1, (2.43±2.30%) for A3 and (1.67±1.11%) for A2. CONCLUSION: Our study provides normative data on CAP in a group of young children (12 to 24 months). The most salient result of this study is the strong correlation of CAP rate of 2% per month in this age group.
Is West Nile virus a potential cause of central nervous system infection in Brazil?
Authors: Soares Cristiane N , Castro Mauro J. Cabral , Peralta José M , Freitas Marcos R.G. de , Puccioni-Sohler Marzia
Published: October 2010

Meningitis and encephalitis are complications of West Nile virus (WNV) infection. Although WNV is endemic in North America, the virus has recently been reported in Colombia and Argentina. Investigation of WNV in Brazil is important since this virus has never been studied previously in this country. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the presence of WNV infection in viral encephalitis/meningitis cases of unknown etiology in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. METHOD: Thirty-seven adults with viral meningitis/encephalitis had their serum and CSF tested for WNV antibodies using the ELISA method. RESULTS: Only one case was WNV-positive, but this case was also positive for dengue. The plaque reduction neutralization test distinguished infections, and was negative for WNV. CONCLUSION: WNV can be confused with dengue infection. Their symptoms and neurological picture are similar. We did not find WNV in any patients with encephalitis and meningitis in the city of Rio de Janeiro. Up to now, it has not been detected in Brazil
A potência democrática do poder constituinte em Negri
Authors: Quintar Aída
Published: October 2010

As contribuições do pensador italiano contemporâneo Antonio Negri à análise da atualidade e à filosofia política são examinadas nos seus temas e orientações básicas, centradas na concepção do "poder constituinte". Algumas reflexões são feitas sobre a relevância do pensamento de Negri para as condições latino-americanas. No final apresenta-se uma bibliografia das principais obras de Negri.
Uso de adesivos teciduais em cirurgia digestiva
Authors: Soares-Júnior Cleber , Gomes Camila Couto , Peixoto Rodrigo de Oliveira , Gomes Carlos Augusto , Souza Claudio de
Published: October 2010

INTRODUÇÃO: Apesar dos refinamentos em cirurgia gastrointestinal, vazamentos anastomóticos persistem como grave problema, associados à morbidade e mortalidade elevadas e constituem a complicação mais temida. Na tentativa de prevenir e reduzir estas complicações, diversidade de técnicas de reforço anastomótico tem sido investigada e diversas medidas auxiliares têm sido desenvolvidas. OBJETIVO: Revisar os dados associados a aplicação de adesivos em cirurgia digestiva. MÉTODO: Revisão bibliográfica de artigos disponíveis no Medline/Pubmed utilizando-se os descritores: adesivo, trato gastrointestinal, anastomose cirúrgica e fístula. Foram selecionados os artigos mais atualizados sobre o assunto os quais utilizaram adesivos como estratégia para reduzir a morbidade e mortalidade relacionada à cirurgia digestiva. CONCLUSÃO: Adesivos teciduais parecem seguros na prática clínica e têm sido utilizados com crescente frequência em várias especialidades cirúrgicas em decorrência de suas propriedades hemostáticas e selante, ganhando cada vez maior aceitação por parte dos cirurgiões. Estudos sugerem que adesivos cirúrgicos podem reforçar e melhorar a cicatrização de anastomoses intestinais, elevando a pressão de ruptura e aumentando a força tênsil. Os potenciais efeitos deletérios teciduais destas substâncias podem limitar sua utilização. Em decorrência da heterogeneidade dos estudos e falta de evidência forte, novas pesquisas deverão ser desenvolvidas.
Multiplicação in vitro de oliveira (Olea europaea L.)
Authors: Dutra Leonardo Ferreira , Oliveira Adelson Francisco de , Fráguas Chrystiane Borges , Pasqual Moacir
Published: October 2010

Com o objetivo de induzir a multiplicação em explantes de oliveira, segmentos nodais oriundos de plântulas mantidas in vitro foram excisados e inoculados em tubos de ensaio contendo meio de cultura MS suplementado com 2 g L-1 de carvão ativado, BAP (0, 1, 2 e 4 mg L-1) e ANA (0; 0,01; 0,1 e 1 mg L-1), solidificado com 6 g L-1 de ágar e pH ajustado para 5,8. Durante 100 dias, os explantes foram mantidos em sala de crescimento a 25±1ºC, intensidade luminosa de 32 µmoles.m-2.s-1 e fotoperíodo de 16 horas. Não houve indução de brotações nos segmentos nodais. O maior comprimento da parte aérea foi obtido com 0,1 mg L-1 de ANA na ausência de BAP. O meio de cultura sem BAP proporcionou maior peso de matéria fresca da parte aérea.
Adaptação à universidade em jovens calouros
Authors: Teixeira Marco Antônio Pereira , Dias Ana Cristina Garcia , Wottrich Shana Hastenpflug , Oliveira Adriano Machado
Published: October 2010

O primeiro ano é um período crítico para a adaptação do estudante à universidade. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi investigar, qualitativamente, a experiência de adaptação à universidade em jovens calouros em uma universidade. Participaram do estudo 14 estudantes de diferentes cursos, com idades entre 18 e 22 anos. Os sujeitos foram entrevistados individualmente e as entrevistas submetidas a uma análise fenomenológica. Quatro grandes temas emergiram da análise: Saindo de casa, Ingressando na vida acadêmica, Percebendo mudanças em si mesmo e Adaptando-se ao curso. Os resultados indicam que a adaptação à universidade entre calouros é uma experiência que traz mudanças importantes para os estudantes, e que o sucesso na adaptação depende de muitos fatores, alguns deles não ligados diretamente ao contexto acadêmico. Apesar disso, o contexto universitário tem um papel importante a desempenhar no processo de adaptação à universidade.
Um olhar sobre o abrigamento: a importância dos vínculos em contexto de abrigo
Authors: Vectore Célia , Carvalho Cíntia
Published: October 2010

Trata-se de um estudo objetivando compreender o universo da criança institucionalizada em abrigo. Para tanto, foram realizadas entrevistas semi-estruturadas com a equipe técnica da instituição, representadas pelo gestor, assistente social, secretário e com cinco profissionais, denominadas mães sociais, responsáveis pelos cuidados às crianças nas casas lares, além de duas funcionárias que assumem na ausência das mães sociais (mães folguistas). Os dados obtidos por meio das entrevistas permitiram a identificação de aspectos, como: concepções de infância da equipe, concepções acerca da família de origem e a formação de vínculos em contexto institucional, os quais mostram uma diversidade de pontos de vista e, conseqüentemente, de ações diferenciadas dos profissionais no trato junto à criança. Sugere-se a necessidade de novos estudos, haja vista a importância que assume a questão dos vínculos em uma institucionalização de qualidade para crianças em situação de risco.
Institucionalismo organizacional e práticas de governança corporativa
Authors: Rossoni Luciano , Machado-da-Silva Clóvis L.
Published: October 2010

Com este ensaio teórico, buscamos delinear uma visão institucional acerca da governança corporativa, destacando suas dimensões e suas instituições, bem como o processo de institucionalização dessas práticas. Destaque especial é dado ao caráter legitimador da governança, já que a legitimidade constitui ponto central no institucionalismo organizacional. Conforme se destaca na literatura, a legitimidade das práticas de governança fundamenta-se não somente em questões de ordem racional-utilitária, mas também em questões de ordem simbólica e social, como, por exemplo, o ideal de justiça distributiva, em que acionistas minoritários buscam justificar maior controle sobre acionistas controladores e gestores das organizações, pautando-se pela moralidade de tais exigências. Esboçamos alguns elementos do processo de institucionalização das práticas de governança corporativa ao redor do mundo, destacando que a emergência do fenômeno da sua difusão é resultado de uma série de fatores que acabam pressionando os mercados produtivos e de capitais a conformar suas práticas a padrões internacionalmente dominantes. Concluímos este ensaio teórico, dando destaque às implicações de se compreender as práticas de governança, com enfoque no institucionalismo organizacional, desdobrando possibilidades de estudos futuros.
Desempenho e qualidade dos ovos de poedeiras comerciais alimentadas com rações contendo diferentes níveis de metionina e lisina
Authors: Silva Mayra Fernanda Rizzo , Faria Douglas Emygdio de , Rizzoli Paula Wick , Santos Andréa Luciana dos , Sakamoto Márcia Izumi , Souza Henrique Rosa Baltazar de
Published: October 2010

Foram avaliados os efeitos dos níveis de metionina e lisina sobre o desempenho e a qualidade interna e externa dos ovos de poedeiras comerciais. Foram utilizadas 256 poedeiras Hisex White com 68 semanas de idade, alojadas individualmente em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em arranjo fatorial 4 õ 4, com quatro níveis de lisina (0,482; 0,682; 0,882 e 1,082%) e metionina (0,225; 0,318; 0,411 e 0,505%), totalizando 16 dietas, cada uma com quatro repetições de quatro aves. O desempenho foi avaliado por meio das características consumos de ração, lisina, metionina, proteína bruta e de energia, peso, produção e massa de ovos e conversão alimentar. A qualidade interna dos ovos foi avaliada por meio das características peso e porcentagem de albúmen e gema e pela unidade Haugh. As aves apresentaram máxima produção de ovos quando alimentadas com rações contendo 0,444% de metionina total e 0,872% de lisina total. A classificação dos ovos por tipo e as características de qualidade interna e externa dos ovos não foram influenciadas pelos níveis de metionia e lisina da dieta.
Comparação das respostas fisiológicas, perceptuais e afetivas durante caminhada em ritmo autosselecionado por mulheres adultas de três diferentes faixas etárias
Authors: Buzzachera Cosme Franklim , Baldari Carlo , Elsangedy Hassan Mohamed , Krinski Kleverton , Santos Bruno Vinicius , Campos Wagner de , Guidetti Laura , Silva Sergio Gregorio da
Published: October 2010

Comparar as respostas fisiológicas, perceptuais e afetivas durante caminhada em ritmo autosselecionado por mulheres adultas de três diferentes faixas etárias. Métodos: Foram investigados 66 sujeitos do sexo feminino, previamente sedentários, distribuídos de acordo com a sua idade cronológica nos seguintes grupos: GI (20,0-25,0 anos, n = 22), GII (30,0-35,0 anos, n = 22) e GIII (40,0-45,0 anos, n = 22). Todos os participantes foram submetidos a (i) pré-avaliação médica, avaliação antropométrica e processo de familiarização, (ii) teste incremental máximo em esteira, e (iii) um teste de 20-minutos de caminhada em ritmo autosselecionado em esteira. As respostas fisiológicas (consumo de oxigênio, O2, e frequência cardíaca, FC) foram mensuradas continuamente durante a realização do teste de 20-minutos de caminhada em ritmo autosselecionado. Por sua vez, as respostas perceptuais (percepção subjetiva de esforço, PSE) e afetivas foram determinadas a cada intervalo de cinco minutos do teste. Para a análise estatística, empregou-se uma ANOVA de um fator (faixa etária), adotando-se um valor de p < 0,05. Resultados: Nenhuma diferença significativa foi verificada entre os grupos etários no O2 e na FC durante teste de 20-minutos de caminhada em ritmo autosselecionado. A velocidade de caminhada também foi similar entre os grupos etários. Contudo, as respostas fisiológicas relativas aos valores máximos (%O2Máx e %FC Máx) e aos valores no limiar ventilatório (LV, %O2LV e %FCLV) foram mais elevadas em GIII comparativamente à GI e GII (p < 0,05). Nenhuma diferença foi verificada tanto na PSE como no afeto entre os grupos etários. CONCLUSÃO: As respostas fisiológicas, porém não as respostas perceptuais e afetivas, diferem de acordo com a faixa etária investigada durante realização de caminhada em ritmo autosselecionado por mulheres adultas, previamente sedentárias.
Efeitos da suplementação de creatina na força máxima e na amplitude do eletromiograma de mulheres fisicamente ativas
Authors: Medeiros Rômulo José Dantas , Santos Alexsandra Araújo dos , Ferreira Alan de Carvalho Dias , Ferreira José Jamacy de Almeida , Carvalho Luis Carlos , Sousa Maria do Socorro Cirilo de
Published: October 2010

A suplementação de creatina apresenta ação ergogênica na força muscular. Entretanto, não há consenso deste efeito na força isométrica máxima e na amplitude do eletromiograma (EMG). Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os efeitos da suplementação de creatina na força isométrica máxima e na amplitude do EMG em mulheres fisicamente ativas. Vinte e sete mulheres (idade 23,04 ± 1,82 anos, massa corporal 58,37 ± 6,10kg, estatura 1,63 ± 0,05m e índice de massa corporal 21,93 ± 2,02kg/m²) foram designadas aleatoriamente para os grupos creatina (GCr) (n = 13) e placebo (GPL) (n = 14), os quais ingeriram diariamente, durante seis dias, 20g de creatina mono-hidratada e 20g de maltodextrina, respectivamente. Antes e depois da suplementação, a força foi medida em um dinamômetro isométrico durante contração isométrica voluntária máxima (CIVM) de extensão unilateral do joelho (três séries de 6s intervaladas por 180s), com captação simultânea dos valores root mean square (RMS) do EMG obtido no músculo vasto lateral. A ANOVA de dois critérios de classificação (dois momentos x dois grupos) e o teste de Wilcoxon foram utilizados na análise estatística dos dados paramétricos e não paramétricos (p < 0,05). Após a suplementação, o GCr aumentou significativamente a força, com incrementos de 7,85% (p = 0,002), 7,31% (p = 0,001) e 5,52% (p = 0,001) para a primeira, segunda e terceira séries, respectivamente. Para este mesmo grupo, os valores RMS aumentaram significativamente na terceira série (p = 0,026). O GPL não apresentou alterações significativas. Os resultados sugerem que a suplementação de creatina aumenta a força isométrica máxima e que a amplitude do EMG pode ser utilizada como indicador dessas alterações de desempenho.
Morfologia alveolar sob a perspectiva da tomografia computadorizada: definindo os limites biológicos para a movimentação dentária
Authors: Garib Daniela Gamba , Yatabe Marília Sayako , Ozawa Terumi Okada , Silva Filho Omar Gabriel da
Published: October 2010

INTRODUÇÃO: a tomografia computadorizada (TC) permite a visualização do osso alveolar que recobre os dentes por vestibular e lingual. OBJETIVO: o propósito deste estudo foi expor e discutir as implicações da morfologia do osso alveolar, visualizado por meio da TC, sobre o diagnóstico e plano de tratamento ortodôntico. MÉTODOS: foram descritas as evidências sobre a inter-relação entre características dentofaciais e a morfologia das tábuas ósseas vestibular e lingual, assim como evidências sobre a repercussão da movimentação ortodôntica sobre o nível e espessura dessas estruturas periodontais. RESULTADOS: pacientes adultos podem apresentar deiscências ósseas previamente ao tratamento ortodôntico, principalmente na região dos incisivos inferiores. Os pacientes com padrão de crescimento vertical parecem apresentar menor espessura das tábuas ósseas vestibular e lingual no nível do ápice dos dentes permanentes, comparados a pacientes com padrão de crescimento horizontal. O movimento dentário vestibulolingual descentraliza os dentes do rebordo alveolar e ocasiona deiscências ósseas. CONCLUSÃO: a morfologia do rebordo alveolar constitui um fator limitante para a movimentação dentária e deve ser considerada, de forma individual, na realização do plano de tratamento ortodôntico.
The Platinum Group Element Deposits of the Bushveld Complex in South Africa
Authors: Cawthorn R. Grant
Published: October 2010

There are enough platinum group element deposits in the Bushveld Complex in South Africa to supply world demands for many decades or even a century using current mining techniques. Demonstrated reserves and resources published by mining companies make detailed calculations up to a maximum of about twenty years ahead, but there is abundant and adequate geological evidence that these deposits continue far beyond where mining companies have proven according to rigorous international reporting codes. For each 1 km of depth into the Earth in the Bushveld Complex there is in the order of 350 million oz of platinum. For comparison, annual production of platinum from the Bushveld Complex currently is only around 5 million oz. The distinction between ‘reserves’,‘resources’ and ‘deposits’ is also explained in this article.
Michele Peyrone (1813–1883), Discoverer of Cisplatin
Authors: Kauffman George B. , Pentimalli Raffaele , Doldi (1908–2001) Sandro , Hall Matthew D.
Published: October 2010

The Italian chemist Michele Peyrone (1813–1883) was the first to synthesise cisplatin (cis-diamminedichloro-platinum (II)), the basis of today’s most widely used family of anticancer drugs. This biographical article aims to present, for the first time in the English lan-guage,a summary of his life and the achievements that he made during his scientific career.Originally trained in medicine, Peyrone moved to chemistry and attended some of the most prestigious institutions in Europe in his time. He wrote several publications describing his work on ‘Peyrone’s chloride’ (PtCl
2
(NH
3 )2) and Magnus’ green salt ([Pt(NH
3
)
4
][PtCl
4
]). He later turned his attention to agricultural science where he defended important advances in the understanding of plant growth. Michele Peyrone’s dedication to science is best summarised in the English translation of his first report on the synthesis of cisplatin: “I am determined to pursue this subject with all my energies,with-out having regard for the difficulties to be encountered at every step in so expensive and delicate a research”.
Regional differences between rural areas of Serbia in population aging and agricultural activities: Case studies of the Indjija and Knjazevac municipalities
Authors: Pantic Marijana , Zivanovic-Miljkovic Jelena
Published: October 2010

As one of the signs of demographic change, population aging influences various spatial categories: economic activities, social features, land-use, perspectives for future development and more. Even though the process is indicative on a national level, there are significant differences among geographically and functionally distinctive regions. Based on considerable regional differences in the development of Serbia, this paper analyses the key problems of rural areas related to the interdependences of population aging and agricultural activities. Research on aging processes, changes in agricultural activities and their features is based here on the examples of two case studies. The Indjija and Knjazevac Municipalities have been chosen to represent geographically different regions - lowland and mountainous. This study uses both quantitative and qualitative approaches in order to achieve a better understanding of the situation. Statistical data were used to illustrate processes of aging and agriculture where data from two census years indicate a trend of changes. Interviews conducted with representatives of local government, entrepreneurs and local citizens from the villages are the source of information for quantitative analysis. Population aging and agriculture are examined separately, followed by an illustration of their interdependences.
Ethnicity and Sex Affect Diabetes Incidence and Outcomes
Authors: Khan Nadia A. , Wang Hong , Anand Sonia , Jin Yan , Campbell Norman R. C. , Pilote Louise , Quan Hude
Published: October 2010

OBJECTIVE

Diabetes guidelines recommend aggressive screening for type 2 diabetes in Asian patients because they are considered to have a higher risk of developing diabetes and potentially worse prognosis. We determined incidence of diabetes and risk of death or macrovascular complications by sex among major Asian subgroups, South Asian and Chinese, and white patients with newly diagnosed diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Using population-based administrative data from British Columbia and Alberta, Canada (1997–1998 to 2006–2007), we identified patients with newly diagnosed diabetes aged ≥35 years and followed them for up to 10 years for death, acute myocardial infarction, stroke, or hospitalization for heart failure. Ethnicity was determined using validated surname algorithms.

RESULTS

There were 15,066 South Asian, 17,754 Chinese, and 244,017 white patients with newly diagnosed diabetes. Chinese women and men had the lowest incidence of diabetes relative to that of white or South Asian patients, who had the highest incidence. Mortality in those with newly diagnosed diabetes was lower in South Asian (hazard ratio 0.69 [95% CI 0.62–0.76], P < 0.001) and Chinese patients (0.69 [0.63–0.74], P < 0.001) then in white patients. Risk of acute myocardial infarction, stroke, or heart failure was similar or lower in the ethnic groups relative to that of white patients and varied by sex.

CONCLUSIONS

The incidence of diagnosed diabetes varies significantly among ethnic groups. Mortality was substantially lower in South Asian and Chinese patients with newly diagnosed diabetes than in white patients.
Supervised Walking Groups to Increase Physical Activity in Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Authors: Negri Carlo , Bacchi Elisabetta , Morgante Susanna , Soave Diego , Marques Alessandra , Menghini Elisabetta , Muggeo Michele , Bonora Enzo , Moghetti Paolo
Published: October 2010

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the impact of an exercise program organized into supervised walking groups in subjects with type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Fifty-nine diabetic subjects were randomized to a control group receiving standard lifestyle recommendations or an intervention group assigned to three supervised walking sessions per week and counseling. Changes in metabolic features, weight, 6-min walk test, prescription of antidiabetic medications, and overall physical activity were assessed.

RESULTS

Functional capacity and overall physical activity were higher in the intervention group, whereas metabolic changes were not different between groups after 4 months. However, in subjects who attended at least 50% of scheduled walking sessions, changes in A1C and fasting glucose were greater than in control subjects. Discontinuation or reduction of antidiabetic drugs occurred in 33% of these patients versus 5% of control subjects (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Supervised walking may be beneficial in diabetic subjects, but metabolic improvement requires adequate compliance.
Laser lap welding of zinc coated steel sheet with laser-dimple technology
Authors: Gu Hongping
Published: October 2010

Laser beam welding technology has been widely used to weld automobile components, especially for tailored blank welding. In order to provide best corrosion resistance to the welded sheet metal parts, zinc coated steel sheets are normally used. The zinc coating poses no issues to the butt joining of the sheet metals. However, when laser welding technology is applied to lap joint of these sheets, the welding process is not straightforward. Special techniques must be employed to allow the venting of the zinc vapor that is generated at the interface between the paired sheets. Many efforts have been attempted around the world trying to develop a practical technique for laser lap welding of zinc coated steel sheets. Most of the developed technologies has some success but with limitations—extra cost for equipment and process or limited convenience of implementation. In this paper, a new concept of laser lap welding with laser dimpling technology is described. This lap welding technique was implemented successfully in a robotic laser welding system in the laboratory environment and is capable of incorporation into manufacturing processes.
Variation in seed morphology in the genus Erica L. (Ericaceae)
Authors: Szkudlarz Piotr
Published: October 2010

Variation in seed morphology in the genus Erica L. (Ericaceae)

Seed morphology was studied in 136 species of Erica, including 123 from South Africa (Cape Floristic Region), 5 from tropical Africa, and 8 from Europe. Seed anatomy was studied in 13 selected species by light and scanning electron microscopy. Seed morphology of each species was described and documented by SEM micrographs. Ten major diagnostic features were selected, concerning seed shape, primary sculpture, and fine relief. On the basis of these features, the species were divided into 14 groups. Within them, 40 morphologically homogeneous subgroups were distinguished, which could possibly be used in future revisions of the genus. A key to species identification has been developed on the basis of seed characteristics. A very close similarity was observed between seeds of some Erica species from distant parts of the distribution range of this genus.
Fox tapewormEchinococcus multilocularis,an underestimated threat: a model for estimating risk of contact
Authors: König Andreas , Romig Thomas
Published: October 2010

The fox tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis occurs across large areas of Europe, Asia and North America. In people it may cause the zoonotic infection alveolar Echinococcosis (AE). Incurable and fatal if left untreated, it therefore requires costly, intensive and lifelong medication. To ensure efficient use of resources it is crucial to know where counter‐measures are most beneficial. To assist prevention efforts, we developed a model based on prevalence rates in red foxes Vulpes vulpes, fox population densities, fox defecation rates and human population densities. Our aim was to estimate and gain insight into the intensity of contamination in different environments and the relative probability of people coming into contact with tape worm eggs. Based on data from six Bavarian regions, there was a strong positive correlation (Pearson r = + 0.970, P ≤ 0.001) between human cases of AE and the relative probability of contact calculated using this model. Furthermore, the example calculations showed that due to the higher fox population density, just as much infectious material is released into the environment per day and per km2in urban areas with low prevalence of fox tapeworms (10%) as is in rural areas with high prevalence (80%). If human population density is also taken into account, the likelihood of contact between people and infectious faeces is higher in suburban/urban than in rural areas. For example, in 2005 the likelihood of contact was 45 times higher in the city of Munich than the Bavarian average. Our model thus confirms the hypothesis of Deplazes et al. (2004), which emphasises the substantial risk presented to humans by fox tapeworms in suburban areas, and it calls for counter‐measures.
Timing of parturition events in Yellowstone bison Bison bison: implications for bison conservation and brucellosis transmission risk to cattle
Authors: Jones Jennifer D. , Treanor John J. , Wallen Rick L. , White Patrick J.
Published: October 2010

Yellowstone bison Bison bison are chronically infected with brucellosis (caused by the bacterium Brucella abortus), which raises concerns about possible transmission to cattle when they migrate to winter ranges outside the Yellowstone National Park. We monitored bison from April to mid‐June during 2004‐2007 to estimate the timing and location of parturition events that may shed tissues infected by B. abortus. Observed abortions (N = 29) occurred from January through 19 May, while peak calving (80% of births) occurred from 25 April to 26 May, and calving was finished by 5 June. Observed parturition events (N = 115) occurred in the Park and on the Horse Butte peninsula in Montana, USA, where cattle were not present at any time of the year. Allowing bison to occupy public lands outside the Park where cattle are never present (e.g. Horse Butte peninsula) until most bison calving is completed (late May or early June) is not expected to significantly increase the risk of brucellosis transmission from bison to cattle because: 1) bison parturition is essentially completed weeks before cattle occupy nearby ranges, 2) female bison meticulously consume birthing tissues, 3) ultraviolet light and heat degrade B. abortus on tissues, vegetation and soil, 4) scavengers remove fetuses and remaining birth tissues and 5) management maintains separation between bison and cattle on nearby ranges. Allowing bison to occupy public lands outside the Park through their calving season will help conserve bison migratory behaviour and reduce stress on pregnant females and their newborn calves, while still minimizing the risk of brucellosis transmission to cattle.
Examining Welfare Receipt and Mental Disorders After a Decade of Reform and Prosperity: Analysis of the 2007 National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing
Authors: Butterworth Peter , Burgess Philip M. , Whiteford Harvey
Published: October 2010

Objectives: To estimate the prevalence of mental disorders among Australian income support recipients in 2007, and to evaluate whether this has changed over the past 10 years.

Methods: Analysis of data from the 2007 National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing (NSMHWB), a nationally representative survey of 8841 community-dwelling residents. The data were used to estimate and classify those working-age survey respondents who were income support recipients into categories reflecting major payment types, and to estimate the 12-month prevalence of affective, anxiety and substance use disorders. Data from the 1997 NSMHWB were also used for comparison.

Results: The 12-month prevalence of mental disorders among working-age recipients was 34% compared to 20% for non-recipients. Rates of mental disorders were elevated among all categories of income support recipients, including the unemployed, lone parents, partnered parents, and those classified as receiving disability payments. There were limited differences between the results from the two surveys. A marked increase in the prevalence of mental disorders in partnered parent recipients (from 21% in 1997 to 39% in 2007) seemed due to methodological differences in the estimation of income support categories and likely reflected greater accuracy of the 2007 estimate.

Conclusions: Income support recipients are much more likely to experience mental disorders than those not receiving payments and there has been little change in the strength of the association between income support receipt and mental disorders over the past decade. Mental disorders represent a substantial barrier to work, community engagement and social participation. A greater focus on mental health in the design and delivery of social policy and services may be an appropriate strategy to promote more positive outcomes in areas such as welfare, employment and social inclusion.
Clinical Indicators for Routine Use in the Evaluation of Early Psychosis Intervention: Development, Training Support and Inter-Rater Reliability
Authors: Catts Stanley V. , Frost Aaron D. J. , O'Toole Brian I. , Carr Vaughan J. , Lewin Terry , Neil Amanda L. , Harris Meredith G. , Evans Russell W. , Crissman Belinda R. , Eadie Kathy
Published: October 2010

Aim: Clinical practice improvement carried out in a quality assurance framework relies on routinely collected data using clinical indicators. Herein we describe the development, minimum training requirements, and inter-rater agreement of indicators that were used in an Australian multi-site evaluation of the effectiveness of early psychosis (EP) teams.

Methods: Surveys of clinician opinion and face-to-face consensus-building meetings were used to select and conceptually define indicators. Operationalization of definitions was achieved by iterative refinement until clinicians could be quickly trained to code indicators reliably. Calculation of percentage agreement with expert consensus coding was based on ratings of paper-based clinical vignettes embedded in a 2-h clinician training package.

Results: Consensually agreed upon conceptual definitions for seven clinical indicators judged most relevant to evaluating EP teams were operationalized for ease-of-training. Brief training enabled typical clinicians to code indicators with acceptable percentage agreement (60% to 86%). For indicators of suicide risk, psychosocial function, and family functioning this level of agreement was only possible with less precise ‘broad range’ expert consensus scores. Estimated kappa values indicated fair to good inter-rater reliability (kappa > 0.65). Inspection of contingency tables (coding category by health service) and modal scores across services suggested consistent, unbiased coding across services.

Conclusions: Clinicians are able to agree upon what information is essential to routinely evaluate clinical practice. Simple indicators of this information can be designed and coding rules can be reliably applied to written vignettes after brief training. The real world feasibility of the indicators remains to be tested in field trials.
Bikesharing in Europe, the Americas, and Asia
Authors: Shaheen Susan A. , Guzman Stacey , Zhang Hua
Published: October 2010

Growing concerns about global motorization and climate change have led to increasing interest in sustainable transportation alternatives such as bikesharing (the shared use of a bicycle fleet). Since 1965, bikesharing has grown across the globe on five continents: Europe, North America, South America, Asia, and Australia. Today, approximately 100 bikesharing programs are operating in an estimated 125 cities, with more than 139,300 bicycles. Bikesharing's evolution is categorized into three generations: (a) white bikes (or free bike systems), (b) coin-deposit systems, and (c) information technology-based systems. In this paper, a fourth generation is proposed: demand-responsive, multimodal systems. A range of existing bikesharing business models (e.g., advertising) and lessons learned are discussed, including (a) bicycle theft and vandalism, (b) bicycle redistribution, (c) information systems (e.g., real-time information), (d) insurance and liability concerns, and (e) prelaunch considerations. Although limited in number, several studies have documented bikesharing's social and environmental benefits, which include reduced auto use, increased bicycle use, and a growing awareness of bikesharing as a daily mobility option. Despite bike-sharing's ongoing growth, obstacles and uncertainty remain: these include future demand, safety, sustainability of business models, limited cycling infrastructure, challenges to integrate with public transportation systems, technology costs, and user convenience (e.g., limited height adjustment on bicycles, lack of cargo space, and exposure to weather). More research is needed for a better understanding of bikesharing's effects, operations, and business models in light of its reported growth and benefits.
Explaining Economic Crises: Are There Collective Representations?
Authors: Thagard Paul
Published: October 2010

This paper uses the economic crisis of 2008 as a case study to examine the explanatory validity of collective mental representations. Distinguished economists such as Paul Krugman and Joseph Stiglitz attribute collective beliefs, desires, intentions, and emotions to organizations such as banks and governments. I argue that the most plausible interpretation of these attributions is that they are metaphorical pointers to a complex of multilevel social, psychological, and neural mechanisms. This interpretation also applies to collective knowledge in science: scientific communities do not literally have collective representations, but social mechanisms do make important contributions to scientific knowledge.