bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of a UAV-Assisted Autonomous Water Sampling
Authors: Koparan Cengiz , Koc Ali Bulent , Privette Charles V. , Sawyer Calvin B. , Sharp Julia L.
Published: May 2018

Water quality assessment programs for the management of water resources require the collection of water samples for physical, chemical, and biological analyses. Lack of personnel, accessibility of water bodies, and time constraints, especially after natural disasters and emergencies, are some of the challenges of water sampling. To overcome these challenges, a custom-made thief-style water sampling mechanism was developed and mounted on a multirotor unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) for autonomous water sampling. The payload capacity and endurance of the UAV were determined using an indoor test station. The UAV was equipped with floatation, and electronic components were coated to prevent water damage in the event of a forced landing or for sample collection. Water samples from a 1.1 ha pond were collected with the developed UAV-assisted water sampling system and traditional manual methods. Dissolved oxygen (DO), electrical conductivity (EC), pH, temperature and chloride measurements were made on samples collected with both UAV-assisted and manual methods and compared. Percent differences between the two sampling methods for DO, EC, pH, and temperature were minimal except for chloride level. Percent differences between the two sampling methods for DO, EC, pH, and temperature measurements were 3.6%, 2.3%, 0.76%, and 0.03%, respectively. Measured chloride levels for the manual and UAV-assisted sampling methods were 3.97 and 5.46 mg/L. UAV-assisted water sampling may prove faster and safer than manual water sampling from large surface waters and from difficult to access water bodies.
Temperature Rise of Seawater Simulation under the Influence of Sediment-Water Heat Exchange
Authors: Guo Yaqiong , Ma Jinrong
Published: May 2018

Alternating inundation and exposure of large tidal flats regions suggest that differences in thermodynamic properties of sediment and water cause an obvious heat exchange between the tidal sediment and seawater. Due to the influence of these sediment-water heat exchanges, the temperature of seawater changes dramatically in coastal areas. To understand and assess the effect of these heat exchanges on seawater temperature, a temperature rise numerical model is adopted to describe the influence of sediment-water heat exchange. The heat exchange is determined mainly by the temperature difference between the sediment and seawater. Thus, a sediment temperature model is developed to predict the temperature of tidal sediment and sediment-water heat flux under the alternating inundated or exposed condition. The surface sediment temperature, as the surface boundary condition of the model, is calculated by the heat balance at the surface, including solar radiation, atmospheric radiation, flat back radiation, latent, and sensible heat fluxes, soil heat flux, and sediment-water heat flux. The collected measured data of sediment temperature are used to verify the accuracy of the sediment temperature model. Based on this, the predicted sediment-water heat flux is provide to the temperature rise model. In the study site, the tidal flat of about 15.8 km2 is adopted in the sediment temperature model, and the simulated time is from 11 to 31 May 2017 to meet the collected climate data. The results show that a clear temperature rise water area comes out near the shore considering the heat flux. In warmer season, the maximum water temperature rise is about 2 °C in the local area, and in the envelope area of a 1 °C temperature rise can reach 2.8 km2. Certainly, the influence will be stronger after the simulated time moves into the middle of summer with stronger solar radiation.
Research on Fuzzy Cooperative Game Model of Allocation of Pollution Discharge Rights
Authors: Huang Xiaoyu , Chen Xiaohong , Huang Ping
Published: May 2018

The allocation of pollution rights is significant to the economic development of a region, which determines the industrial structure of the region in another way. This study established an allocation model based on fuzzy coalition game theory. Formation of fuzzy coalitions between many producers in a region and reallocation of pollution discharge rights in the region through these coalitions was used to increase the total production value of the region while total pollution discharge amount is constant. At the same time, the fuzzy Shapley value method was used to allocate benefits obtained from the cooperation to the participants in various coalitions. This model was validated by its application in the case of three production bases near the Shizi channel in Dongguan city for reallocation of pollution discharge rights. Results showed that this model could increase the coalition benefits of the three production bases in this region, which observed increases of 4.28%, 7.74%, and 13.98%, respectively.
Simulation of Soil Water Content in Mediterranean Ecosystems by Biogeochemical and Remote Sensing Models
Authors: Battista Piero , Chiesi Marta , Fibbi Luca , Gardin Lorenzo , Rapi Bernardo , Romanelli Stefano , Romani Maurizio , Sabatini Francesco , Salerni Elena , Perini Claudia , Maselli Fabio
Published: May 2018

The current study assesses the potential of two modeling approaches to simulate the daily site water budget in Mediterranean ecosystems. Both models utilize a simplified one-bucket approach but are fed with different drivers. The first model, BIOME-BGC, simulates all main biogeochemical fluxes based on conventional meteorological and ancillary data, while the second uses evapotranspiration estimates derived from the combination of meteorological data and satellite normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) images. The two models were tested for three Italian sites which are characterized by different vegetation types and ecoclimatic conditions: (i) low mountain coniferous forest; (ii) hilly deciduous forest; (iii) urban grassland. The soil water balance simulated by the two models was evaluated through comparison with daily measurements of soil water content (SWC) taken during a growing season. Satisfactory results were obtained in all cases by both approaches; the SWC estimates are significantly correlated with the measurements (correlation coefficient, r, higher than 0.74), and the mean errors are lower than 0.079 cm3 cm−3. The second model, however, generally shows a higher accuracy, which is dependent on the quality of the NDVI data utilized (r higher than 0.79 and errors lower than 0.059 cm3 cm−3). The study therefore provides useful indications for the application of these and similar simulation methods in different environmental situations.
Cost-Benefit Analysis of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Technology
Authors: Markel Tony , Simpson Andrew
Published: May 2018

Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) have emerged as a promising technology that uses electricity to displace petroleum consumption in the vehicle fleet. This paper presents a comparison of the costs (vehicle purchase costs and energy costs) and benefits (reduced petroleum consumption) of PHEVs relative to hybrid electric and conventional vehicles. A detailed simulation model is used to predict petroleum reductions and costs of PHEV designs compared to a baseline midsize sedan. The analysis finds that petroleum reductions exceeding 45% per vehicle can be achieved by PHEVs equipped with 20 mi (32 km) or more of energy storage. However, the long-term incremental costs of these vehicles are projected to exceed US$8,000. A simple economic analysis is used to show that high petroleum prices and low battery costs are needed to make a compelling business case for PHEVs in the absence of other incentives. However, the large petroleum reduction potential of PHEVs provides strong justification for governmental support to accelerate the deployment of PHEV technology.
A Study on an Advanced Lithium-ion Battery System for EVs
Authors: Horie Hideaki , Abe Takaaki , Kinoshita Takuya , Shimoida Yoshio
Published: May 2018

This paper presents an extensive study concerning a lithium-ion battery system for constructing high-performance power source systems intended to make advanced environmental vehicles a practical reality. Battery performance must be predicted and designed with higher accuracy in order to achieve performance attributes suitable for such power source systems. For example, more quantitative approaches for improving battery power output are needed that are based on a thorough understanding of the fundamental processes which take place in a battery. In line with these perspectives, we constructed a simulation model of electrode reactions and charge transport processes and used it to examine the effects of different factors on battery performance.This approach is considered to be promising for the construction of a high-performance battery system for EV application. Higher battery performance can be expected from optimization of the electrode parameters. With regard to specific power in particular, the present study examined the possibility of improving battery power output during a short duration.This paper describes how the concept of short-duration power output might be derived from the electrode characteristics and discusses its potential effects on the overall battery system. It also presents the results of simulations that examined the battery system from the standpoint of thermal behavior.
Overview of the D.O.E. Energy Storage R&D: Status for FY 2006
Authors: Duong Tien Q. , Howell David , Barnes James , Henriksen Gary , Srinivasan Venkat
Published: May 2018

This paper presents an overview, including highlights and accomplishments, of the energy storage R&D effort at the FreedomCAR and Vehicle Technologies Program Office of the United States Department of Energy (DOE) during the Fiscal Year 2006 (and the early part of FY 2007). DOE maintains a close partnership with the automotive industry through the United States Advanced Battery Consortium (USABC) to support the development of advanced energy storage technologies, including batteries and ultracapacitors, for transportation applications. It leverages resources and expertise from automobile manufacturers, battery developers, small businesses, national laboratories, and universities to address the technical barriers which prevent the market introduction of vehicles using advanced energy storage technologies. The energy storage research activities include the developer program, applied battery research, and long-term focused fundamental research; which are organized to complement each other. The developer program is conducted in collaboration with battery developers and original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) and includes benchmark testing, technology assessments, and system development. Applied battery research is focused on addressing cross-cutting barriers for high-power lithium-ion systems, which include the barriers of insufficient life, inadequate low temperature performance, inability to tolerate abuse, and a high cell-level cost. Focused fundamental research addresses critical problems of chemical instabilities for advanced batteries and attempts to better understand why systems fail, develops models to predict system failure and to enable optimization, and researches promising new materials. The paper also describes DOE’s current energy storage R&D coordination efforts with other agencies.
Wind Energy Contribution to a Sustainable Transport: The Case of Spain
Authors: Pérez-Navarro Ángel , Ibáñez Fernando , Sánchez Carlos , Segura Isidoro , Álvarez Carlos
Published: May 2018

Transportation accounts for almost one third of the total final energy consumption of Spain. This energy demand is almost completely met by oil, which in the case of this country, with almost no oil sources, must be imported. Meanwhile, wind energy is becoming an important component in the country’s electricity generation portfolio, with a four fold increase in the last 5 years, going up to 8 GW installed power in 2004 and a planned upgrading to 20 MW predicted for 2010. So in a medium term scenario, this wind energy will become an important component, bigger than 30%, in the country’s electricity power generation system. Therefore, full exploitation of wind energy for transportation should be, from an economical point of view, a must. The two above-mentioned problems: coverage of transportation energy needs and full use of wind park capabilities, together with a third one related to the environmental impact of the use of oil in such a big quantity, could be solved if a hydrogen economy is successfully applied in the transportation sector. The critical questions are: (1) how much electricity would be required to make this solution possible and (2) by what scenario can surplus wind energy be best used to meet transportation energy needs, at least partly. In this paper, different scenarios for the use of the electricity generated in the wind parks for hydrogen production are proposed, deducing for each one the fraction on oil requirements that can be removed and the technical and economical viability of such scenarios in order to reach a sustainable transport in Spain.
Design and Implementation of On-Line Self-Tuning Control for PEM Fuel Cells
Authors: Williams Jonathan G. , Liu Guo-Ping , Thanapalan Kary , Rees David
Published: May 2018

This paper presents the modelling and real time implementation of PEM (polymer electrolyte membrane) fuel cell flow control. Flow control presents a critical performance requirement to achieving dynamic power responses for electric vehicle motor demands. However a fuel cell’s complex structure and reactant requirements traditionally result in an unsatisfactory response to such dynamic loading instances. This in turn causes brief power losses associated with driving patterns such as acceleration and hill climbing. To improve the fuel cell’s dynamic response to such drive cycles, this paper presents new methodology for system identification and controller design. The fuel cell is modelled initially with established linear model and parameter estimation methods. The approach is then expanded to an on-line system identification LabVIEW programme to account for the non-linear and time varying characteristics. Based upon this identification process, a novel LabVIEW self-tuning PID controller is implemented in real time to control the response. The self-tuning controller continuously re-calculates the critical gain and period, and then adjusts the controller actions accordingly. Conclusions are then summarised from the results and future ongoing work is discussed briefly.
Fuel Consumption Test Method for 4WD HEVs – On a Necessity of Double Axis Chassis Dynamometer Test –
Authors: Shimizu Ken-Ichi , Nihei Mitsuya , Okamoto Takanori
Published: May 2018

Concerns regarding global climate change have caused the transportation sector to look for alternatives to petroleum as a fuel for vehicles of all types. Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) have been recognized as being particularly efficient for urban traffic use. In the last few years, Four wheel drive (4WD) transmissions have been developed for heavy passenger vehicles. As these vehicles become more popular, there is a need for accurate fuel consumptions test methods. Clearly the most accurate fuel consumption measurements would be obtained by using dual axis dynamometers, but these systems are not always available. Single axis dynamometers are commonly used for evaluating fuel consumption, but these are inadequate for 4WD vehicles without adjustments to account for the uncertainty that will result from disabling one of the drive axles.This paper describes a method for extrapolating fuel consumption results from single axle chassis dynamometer testing to estimate the fuel consumption of 4WD vehicles. A simple method is proposed that will allow reasonable estimates of fuel consumption for 4WD vehicles to be made from single axle dynamometer testing.This paper also describes methods to reduce the uncertainty in 4WD chassis dynamometer testing by paying particular attention to road load, tire conditions and restraint characteristics.
Southern California-Edison’s Experience with the Hydrogen Demonstration Project
Authors: Salazar Jose A.
Published: May 2018

Environmental and energy security concerns are driving federal agencies to evaluate alternative domestically produced energy. Among the various technologies studied, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) launched a five-year demonstration project named “Controlled Hydrogen Fleet and Infrastructure Demonstration and Validation Project” to investigate the feasibility of hydrogen as a transportation fuel. To achieve the objective, the DOE selected a team of industry leaders to design, construct and operate a system consisting of various hydrogen fueling stations and fleet of fuel cell electric vehicles. One of the selected teams consists of Chevron Technology Ventures Inc., Hyundai American Motor Co., UTC Fuel Cells, and Southern California-Edison (SCE). Each team member is responsible for a key task: Chevron — design and build the hydrogen fueling station, Hyundai and UTC — build the Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles, and SCE — site-owner, characterize and operate the system in a real world setting.The hydrogen fueling station was built at the corporate offices of SCE in Rosemead, California. This station is capable of maintaining a minimum storage capacity of 60 kg, a daily production and dispensing capacity of 40kg, a fueling pressure of 5,000PSI, and a maximum vehicle fueling time of five minutes. As an electric utility company, SCE will perform a detailed power analysis of the station and determined key functions, such as system power demand, efficiency, and reliability. Prior to fleet assessment, SCE characterized the performance of three fuel cell electric vehicles at its EV Technical Center in Pomona, California. This characterization included both freeway and urban drive-range testing. In addition, the vehicles will be deployed to various sites throughout the SCE service territory for fleet assessments. Among the various test sites will be Palm Springs, designated as the hot-climate site.This project demonstrates the ability of hydrogen to be a possible source of sustainable domestic transportation energy. The lessons learned in this project provide valuable knowledge to the partners by conducting project tasks, such as permitting, code compliance, vehicle characterizations, fleet assessment, and infrastructure installation.
Development of a Micro-Hybrid System for a Three-Wheeled Motor Taxi
Authors: Hofman T. , Van der Tas S.G. , Ooms W. , Van Meijl E.W.P. , Laugeman B.M.
Published: May 2018

In large cities in Asia and Africa millions of auto-rickshaws offer their taxi-services. At the same time these three-wheelers cause severe air-pollution and produce large amounts of green house gasses (carbon dioxide). The goal of the research presented in this paper is to develop a compact, robust and affordable hybrid system in order to significantly reduce the fuel consumption and emissions of auto-rickshaws. A Bajaj RE auto-rickshaw equipped with a two-stroke engine is imported from India into The Netherlands and tested on a dynamo meter regarding fuel consumption and emissions on a representative drive cycle. A fully-automated, easy-to-mount, compact and affordable micro-hybrid system has been developed with which the fuel consumption and CO2-emissions are significantly reduced (21%) and the driver’s comfort is increased.
Goods distribution with electric vans in cities: towards an agent-based simulation
Authors: Boussier Jean-Marie , Cucu T. , Ion L. , Estraillier P. , Breuil D.
Published: May 2018

Cities being the framework and power of economics, urban goods distribution is essential for the prosperity of urban areas but at the same time it is a source of problems related to the environment, traffic safety and accessibility. To classify and describe different problem-solving options for urban goods distribution, there is a need for a fundamental way of describing the transport process, its actors and its means (equipments and infrastructures). Few works describe methodologies for facing the problem of goods distribution in historical city centers, while taking into account the particular infrastructural restrictions and especially the narrow streets to which such areas are subject.The main objective of our work is the specification and design of a software tool for the management of an electric vehicle fleet for goods distribution in small and medium sized cities. This is a part of a multimodal urban traffic simulator based on the paradigm of multi agent system (MAS). Agents and interactions are defined from modeling of the system “Goods Transport in City”. The end-user (e.g. city centre Manager) simulates scenarios in agreement with local traffic regulations, the capacity of the fleet and the routing alternatives.This paper focuses on the modeling of the management process of the parking place sharing between car drivers and dedicated areas of goods deliveries.
Analysis of Fuel Cell Vehicle Customer Usage and Hydrogen Refueling Patterns – Comparison of Private and Fleet Customers
Authors: Uenodai Asao , Mathison Steven
Published: May 2018

Honda has been leasing our fuel cell vehicle to numerous fleet customers, such as the City of LA, since 2002, and to individual customers since 2005. Honda is unique in having this combination of customer types. Because of their variety, our customers use the fuel cell vehicle in very different ways. As a result, we have learned a lot about the differences in driving habits and refueling patterns of fleet vs. individual customers. This paper will discuss these differences and show the importance of considering these different usage patterns for future vehicle and hydrogen infrastructure development toward an effective rollout of a fueling network, and to provide maximum vehicle utility to our early customers.
Extending EV Range with Direct Methanol Fuel Cells
Authors: Steckmann Kai
Published: May 2018

Electric cars are the vehicles of the future, and there is a proven hybrid system for extending their mileage. Direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) provide safe, lightweight, onboard battery charging that can free car owners from worry about running out of power. The hybrid system includes a DMFC fuel cell, fuel cell cartridge and electric vehicle batteries. The fuel cell operates almost silently with virtually no exhaust, it is immune to extreme weather and the convenient fuel cartridges feature extremely high energy density, providing vehicle owners with a lightweight, efficient and onboard power source. When connected to a rechargeable battery, the fuel cell constantly monitors the battery’s charge state. Once this drops below a predefined value, the fuel cell automatically starts recharging the battery. When the battery is full, the fuel cell returns to standby mode. This presentation will discuss the role methanol/battery hybrid systems can play in extending the range and operating time of electric vehicles. In addition, it will discuss the environmental merits of methanol, including its increasing production from biomass.
Simulation of Electric Drive System Faults in Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Authors: Winkler Dietmar , Gühmann Clemens
Published: May 2018

With the increased number of electric drive systems in hybrid electric vehicles also the probability of electric faults within those systems rises. We have developed a Modelica® library to simulate fieldoriented drive systems, including faults. The library is called freeFOClib (short for “free Field-Oriented Control library”) and can be used to build a field-oriented control system for existing machine models from the Modelica Standard Library, investigate the impact of electric faults (e.g., battery faults, inverter faults, machine faults) on a electric drive system, and run simulations to estimate the fuel consumption of hybrid electric vehicles. This paper will show how to model and simulate a faulty electric drives systems in combination with a hybrid electric vehicle.
Electric Vehicle Powertrain Architecture and Control Global Optimization
Authors: Janiaud Noëlle , Vallet François-Xavier , Petit Marc , Sandou Guillaume
Published: May 2018

The design of a full electric vehicle (or battery electric vehicle (BEV)) requires the development and optimization of a complete electric powertrain, including battery, power electronics, electric machine, sensors and control system.When designing an electrical platform, from the very beginning of the V-cycle, it is mandatory to rely on modelling and simulation tools in order to drive the main choices and then to optimize the system. This paper presents an electric powertrain simulation platform developed with Matlab-Simulink, dedicated to multiphysic optimization of the system.As an example, the basic electrical powertrain architecture first considered in this paper includes a battery, an inverter, a dc-dc buck converter supplying motor inductor and a wound rotor synchronous machine (WRSM). The purpose is to show how simulation tools can help in comparing different powertrain control strategies.The present simulation platform is also useful to study physics architecture. To illustrate this point, another electrical architecture is also presented, including a dc-dc boost converter between battery and inverter. This structure must be considered here as an example only in order to show how to optimize control laws taking into account various criteria, including architecture ones. Simulation results are compared for both architectures in terms of powertrain performances and range.
Integrated Modeling Approach for Highly electrified HEY. Yirtual Design and Simulation Methodology for Advanced Powertrain Prototyping
Authors: Valera Juan José , Iglesias Iñaki , Peña Alberto , Martin Adrian , Sánchez Javier
Published: May 2018

Nowadays car development time from concept approval to Job 1 is between 2 and 5 years (with an average of 3 years), but in the coming years is necessary to reduce it in order to achieve the optimal 12-month car. On the other hand the penetration rate of alternative powertrains (electric, hybrid) is growing quickly, increasing the complexity of the vehicle and therefore development time cycle. Presented architecture and methodology in this paper, is based on virtual modelling of system/components, giving the possibility of an integrated vehicle virtual simulation, and also allowing the substitution of system/component models for real hardware (Hardware-In-the-Loop, HiL), or even using the entire vehicle model in a driving simulator searching for Human-In-the-Loop (HuiL) approaches. As far as the modelling represent the real system/components with accuracy, the use of these vehicle integrated virtual models will be more useful, allowing reduce the development time and also increasing vehicle overall quality.
Internal resistance of cells of lithium battery modules with FreedomCAR model
Authors: Culcu H. , Verbrugge B. , Omar N. , Van Den Bossche P. , Van Mierlo J.
Published: May 2018

Internal resistance is usually calculated by EIS (Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy) method, which gives unrealistic low internal resistance values. In this paper internal resistance will be calculated from the voltage drop with FreedomCAR method where the validation of the results is much better (99%) than EIS method[1][12]. Batteries are often tested per cell. But in most cases more than one single cell is needed for an application and the characteristics of a module of cells is not the same. In other cases the whole module is examined as one big cell, without looking on the individual cells. But the weakest cell affects the performance of the whole module. This research goes deeper than the module approach on batteries: the behavior of individual cells is examined while they are working together in a module. The battery model consists in most researches of an ideal voltage source and a simple internal resistance[2]. In this work the advanced FreedomCAR battery model, created by Idaho National Laboratories (USA), is used: the cell is represented by an ideal voltage source with two internal resistances and two capacitors. Usually batteries are tested with very low constant currents (till 5% of the nominal current value) to show a high capacity value to the customer, while the customer needs the characteristics of the battery in real conditions. Here the parameters are calculated by testing the battery packets in high pulse conditions. The matching between the predicted and the measured voltage is proportional with the quality of the model. This was 99% (+-0.9%) in the tests. This means that the model is very close to the reality. Three types of Lithium-ion battery packets with 6-7 cells were tested.
Hybridization of a Mobile Work Machine
Authors: Lehmuspelto Teemu , Heiska Matti , Leivo Antti , Hentunen Ari
Published: May 2018

Interest to hybridize mobile work machines has increased substantially during ongoing decade. Reasons for increasing interest are mainly tightening emission regulations and trend of rising fuel prices. To get better understanding for the benefits of hybridization, Helsinki University of Technology (TKK) has started 5 years project to research different aspects, how to improve fuel economy in mobile work machines. For case work machine is chosen an underground mining loader which will be first researched as conventional version and then it will be converted to a hybrid version. The tests for conventional version were done in the early 2009 and for hybridized version till the end of 2010. The results will be then compared to each other.
Modelling and Analysis of Energy Source Combinations for Electric Vehicles
Authors: Jarushi A. , Schofield N.
Published: May 2018

The paper discusses a simulation platform developed in Matlab/Simulink suitable for the modelling and analysis of combined energy sources and components considered for electric vehicle power trains. While there are a number of similar simulation tools in literature, the simulation model elements each have suitable resolution to model detailed dynamic operation, an important consideration when assessing the specification requirements for the interconnection of multiple electrical components and their associated interface power electronics. Models are presented for a number of vehicle power-train components that can be interconnected to investigate alternative energy sources and power-train components proposed for electric vehicles, the combination of which is undertaken to exploit their various attributes. In particular, the paper considers the combination of an energy dense ZEBRA battery and power dense supercapacitor. The energy dense source is specified and operated to fulfil the requirements for vehicle range, while the power dense source provides the peak power for acceleration or regenerative braking and to help improve the regulation of the vehicle dc supply.
Modelling the RESS: Describing Electrical Parameters of Batteries and Electric Double-Layer Capacitors through Measurements
Authors: Verbrugge B. , Heremans Y. , Van Mulders F. , Culcu H. , Van den Bossche P. , Van Mierlo J.
Published: May 2018

Being able to predict the behaviour of Rechargeable Energy Storage Systems (RESS) such as batteries and Electric Double-Layer Capacitors (EDLC) relies on the models used to represent them. Research on the development and enhancement of these models is performed on two tracks: on one hand by defining the model topology, where a trade-off is sought between the reduction of components in the model equivalent scheme and the ability of the model to describe all potential system behaviour and, on the other hand by improving the method of calculating the magnitudes of the different components in the model. The storage devices examined in this paper are divided in two groups, electrochemical devices and electrical double layer capacitors. The first group consists of lead-acid, lithium, Ni-Cd and Ni-MH batteries. The second group comprises of Electric Double-Layer Capacitors (EDLC). For every model used to describe a battery or EDLC, different techniques are implemented to calculate the magnitude of the components. The work presented in this paper will elaborate to the calculating method used in NREL's FreedomCAR test-manual adapted to fit different battery- and EDLC models. This method consists of an iterative approach to the equations of the model using data gathered from performing tests on the battery or supercapacitor. Validation of the models obtained through this calculating method will be done by performance tests on the storage devices. As the models of batteries and supercapacitors are a key aspect in the simulation software for hybrid-vehicles more accurate models result in more accurate simulations. These simulation programs depend upon the underlying component models, the data generated by which determines the accuracy of the program's data-output. The availability of reliable storage RESS models will thus be a key element in to allow overall vehicle modelling.
Development of High Power Anode Material for Automotive Li-ion Batteries
Authors: Chahar Bharat S , Mao Zhenhua
Published: May 2018

ConocoPhillips has engaged in research and development of carbonaceous materials as anode material for lithium ion batteries for the past 10 years and developed a technology platform for producing graphite anode materials for Li-ion batteries (Li-B). The CPreme® graphite powders were developed as anode material for Li-ion batteries, specifically addressing the challenging needs of Li-B in automotive and other high-power applications. The CPreme® graphite powders provide excellent combination of power, energy density, long cycle life and safety. This presentation provides details behind the technology platform used in making CPreme® graphites. Examples of how CPreme® graphites can help the LiB manufacturers meet the difficult requirements of future automobiles are discussed.
Integration of Renewable Energies for Trolleybus and Mini-Bus Lines in Coimbra
Authors: De Almeida Aníbal T. , Inverno Carlos , Santos Luís
Published: May 2018

Trolleybuses and electric mini-buses in the Portuguese city of Coimbra are one of the main forms of daily transportation of its many citizens. As part of CIVITAS MODERN European Project — MObility, Development and Energy use ReductioN, one of its main objectives for Coimbra is the integration of clean production electricity system owned by the City Council, able to supply the energy to the trolleybus traction lines, plus electric energy to charge the batteries of the electric mini-buses fleet. This electric fleet is undergoing a significant expansion in the near future. A study was carried out in order to evaluate the potential of renewable energy production to supply the electric fleet public transportation in Coimbra, reducing the necessity of fossil fuels and associated emissions, therefore improving the air quality. The electricity source will be a low head hydro potential, using an already existing dam-bridge, where a group of turbine-generators units can be placed, with modest operation costs and reduced civil works with small environmental impact. The optimization of the renewable energy generation is also assessed as a function of the load profiles.
Magnetic material optimization for hybrid vehicle PMSM drives
Authors: Jacobs Sigrid , Hectors Dietrich , Henrotte François , Hafner Martin , Gracia Mercedes Herranz , Hameyer Kay , Goes Patrick
Published: May 2018

The motivation of this analysis is the need of high efficiency and high power density permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drives for use in electrical vehicle power trains. It is clear that the chosen electrical steel for the lamination stack plays an important role, but proper quantification is missing. The purpose of this paper is to formalize the problem of selecting the optimal steel grade for the construction of PMSM’s. This question is important to steel producers, not only for helping customers selecting the most appropriate existing grade for their application, but also for defining the strategic orientation of the further R&D of enhanced electrical steel grades. The notion of steel efficiency is defined and, after describing the FE implementation of iron loss models, a methodology for material optimisation is proposed.
All electric cars are not the same and why the call for ‘real’ electric cars should be resisted
Authors: Geurtsen Evert , Wilford Julian
Published: May 2018

Battery powered cars have many merits over traditionally powered cars: they are more energy efficient (i.e. less GHG emissions), less polluting and quiet.However, not all electric cars are the same and there is a ‘break point’ at a range of around 50-75 miles. Up to this range battery packs can be made affordable, compact and manageable in size and weight. Vehicles with this range are already produced today at affordable prices and do not need dramatic technology breakthroughs. Nevertheless, in the popular media and among commentators and politicians there is a sense that such vehicles are not an adequate replacement for traditional ICE powered car’s long range, fast refuelling and high performance. Such a view ignores the potential of small BEV’s to deliver adequately and economically on the actual mobility requirements of the majority of the population.In the United Kingdom the average car journey is only 8 miles long and the average speed is only 24 mph. This suggests that the capabilities of most current cars are vastly in excess of their actual requirement. This apparent paradox is easily explained by a brief look at the price list of a typical car manufacturer’s range. By the nature of the global, large scale car production process the marginal costs of extra performance, space and features is relatively small. The free market and consumerism do the rest.These economics do not apply to BEVs where the cost of the energy storage system imposes a large cost on vehicle size, performance, range and features. This paper concludes that smaller, short range BEVs are nevertheless such good match to actual consumer mobility needs and have so many societal advantages that the economics of carbon pricing and fuel price rises already make them cost competitive with traditional ICE powered cars in selected markets. As consumers re-evaluate how much they are prepared to pay for range and performance in particular, they are likely to opt for vehicles that match their actual needs at an affordable cost. Therefore small BEVs specifically should be encouraged as a means to create affordable and clean access to individual mobility in the shorted possible timescale.
Full-Scale Hardware-in-the-Loop Verification Environment for Heavy-Duty Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Authors: Hentunen Ari , Suomela Jussi , Leivo Antti , Liukkonen Matti , Sainio Panu
Published: May 2018

This paper presents an implementation of a versatile full-scale hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) verification environment for testing of heavy-duty hybrid electric vehicles and mobile work machines. The test facility includes a full-scale hybrid system that can be loaded with either an electric motor dynamometer or a programmable chassis dynamometer. Model-based software development tools and rapid control prototyping hardware are used to implement control algorithms and other vehicle controller software as well as to control other test equipment.
Optimization of Propulsion Systems for Series-Hybrid City Busses through Experimental Analysis
Authors: Coosemans Thierry , Barrero Ricardo , Timmermans Jean-Marc , Van Mierlo Joeri
Published: May 2018

This article describes a methodology for the optimization of hybrid propulsion systems combining an onroad measurement campaign with the development of a simulation tool. This methodology has been applied in particular on a series-hybrid city bus. The experimental set-up and the software tool are presented. The measurement setup is based on a National Instruments-cDAQ data acquisition system, containing a real-time programmable embedded processor. The software model is mainly based on the ‘backwards-looking’ or ‘effect-cause’ method which calculates the energy consumed by a vehicle following a predefined driving cycle by going upstream the vehicle components. Experimental as well as simulated results are presented. The developed simulation tool is assessed and refined by means of the experimental data obtained during the thorough on-road measurement campaign. Suggestions for an improved and more efficient power flow control strategy for series-hybrid city busses are given. - Copyright Form of EVS25.sz
Performance evaluation and analysis of EV air-conditioning system
Authors: Lin Po-Hsu
Published: May 2018

The electric air conditioning system is in relation to the comfort of the electric vehicle. In this paper, the influence of several parameters on the electric air conditioning system was studied. The model of the air conditioning system was developed based on the thermodynamic and the performance testing results of the components. The model was coded on the Matlab/Simulink platform and simulated. The simulation results show that the ventilation ratio and the indoor blower speed could be used to remove the heat entered the cabin in a short time. Therefore, these two parameters could be used as the major control parameters for the developing thermostat controller.
Research and Development of Wheel-motor Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle
Authors: Xiong Yun , Zhao Han-mo , Yin Ting-ting , Zhang Tong
Published: May 2018

The article gives an illustration about low speed wheel motor hybrid vehicle(LWP), firstly, introduces the structure of fuel cell vehicle and function of components; secondly, presents vehicle control policy, thirstily, takes an emulation about the power performance of LWP; lastly, experiment checking the simulation result, proofs the power performance of fuel cell vehicle.
Researches and Development of an Efficient Electric PersonalMover for City Commuters
Authors: Cao Sijia , Huang Yagang , Zhang Youtong , Zhao Dong , Liu Ke
Published: May 2018

In order to reduce the carbon emission, saving fuel energy and for the convenience of personal transportation in urban area, a two-wheel-driven self-balancing vehicle was developed, which utilize the well-known inverted pendulum control technique, can carry one person and travels at a maximum speed of 20km/h. The vehicle which is called “Tiny” ， consists up of two brushless DC motors, the motors are placed coaxially. A gravity sensor and a gyro are mounted on the vehicle, signals from the two sensors are combined with Kalman Filter to indicate the tilt angle of the vehicle. By controlling the tilt angle to be 0 degree (which means the vehicle body is perpendicular to ground), the vehicle can perform travelling forward and backward. In this paper, the implementation of the Kalman filter is discussed by using Matlab simulations, and the mathematical model of the vehicle is also presented, then the controlling diagram is presented. In the end of this paper, some experimental parameter is presented.
Researches on Fault Diagnosis of Time Master in TTCAN on Hybrid
Authors: Wang Huan , Wang Lifang , Shan Rongming
Published: May 2018

Determinant factors of time interval for sending reference message in Time Triggered Controller Area Network, called TTCAN below, was analyzed. A software method for fault diagnosis and tolerance of time master was also proposed and the method was validated in a network of hybrid electric vehicle topology. The results indicate that it does work to monitor local time counter in each potential time master and to compare it with basic cycle to diagnose the fault of current time master and that it does make sense to set multi-potential time masters to get tolerance of current time master’s fault and to guarantee proper operation and reliability of TTCAN system.
Strategic thoughts on the promotions of electric mobility
Authors: CHEN Yi , JI Guangji , ZHOU Su
Published: May 2018

Traditional mobility mostly relies on fossil fuels (e.g. the oil), but they will run out. Before the arrival of the depletion, we must get rid of our mobility dependence on the oil and prepare ourselves well for the advent of that day. Globally under urgent environmental protection mission and further tension between energy supply and demand, the transition of vehicular powertrains combined with the change or yet the revolution in mobility pattern is the trend of the times. Some thoughts and prospect are given here about the mobility pattern and its promotion. Similar to the Internet, a kind of Enternet (energy exchange network) could be constructed for the grid power to be shared and selected by energy users, in which distributed renewable power plants play a role as a "network terminal", and large-scale power plants (e.g. nuclear power plant, large-scale hydropower) as a "network server". It is here proposed to promote and introduce electric mobility in the near of renewable network terminals.
The Transmission Design of a Human Powered SAGWAY
Authors: Shaw Dein , Chan S. H.
Published: May 2018

In this study, a double-wheel self balanced unicycle is proposed. Because of the shortage of energy resource and parking space in city, the idea of this light-weight electrical aid personal unicycle can hopefully be used in future transportation system. The unicycle has the features of small longitudinal length, with two coaxial wheels and pedal by human with electric control system to balance the unicycle. It is known that when the rider rides the unicycle, the paddle force disturbs the balance of the vehicle. This unbalance force comes from the gravity center is not at the point of the ground contact points of the vehicle. To balance the unbalance force, two servo-motors to drive the two wheels are used. The unbalance condition is detected by sensors. A transmission mechanism to combine human power and electric power is designed. Planetary gear set is considerable to be the basic concept of transmission mechanism design. The sequence of study processes would be helpful to design the layout of the transmission about chassis, bike frame, and wheels. The mechanism design could link up the mechanical system with the motors and electro-control system.
Trends and insight in heavy-duty vehicle electrification
Authors: Mol Carlo , O’Keefe Michael , Brouwer Arie , Suomela Jussi
Published: May 2018

This paper describes the results from Annex XII “Heavy-duty hybrid vehicles” of the International Energy Agency (IEA) Implementing Agreement on “Hybrid and Electric Vehicles” (IA-HEV). Since 1993, this Implementing Agreement has provided a platform to exchange knowledge, experience and strategies among the member states on the latest developments in hybrid and electric vehicles, mostly passenger cars. Because heavy-duty vehicles have specific technical requirements and economic boundary conditions compared to the passenger car market, a dedicated Annex was started in 2007 and has run for several years until the end of 2010. Six countries (Belgium, Canada, Finland, Switzerland, the Netherlands and the United States) have been participating to collect and share relevant information on the latest technical and market developments in “electrified” trucks, buses and mobile work machines. This information will broaden the insight in the existing applications of heavy-duty vehicles electrification and can provide essential information for future heavy-duty hybrid vehicle deployment projects.