bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hippocampal Polysynaptic Computation
Authors: Kimura Rie , Kang Siu , Takahashi Naoya , Usami Atsushi , Matsuki Norio , Fukai Tomoki , Ikegaya Yuji
Published: September 2011

Neural circuitry is a self-organizing arithmetic device that converts input to output and thereby remodels its computational algorithm to produce more desired output; however, experimental evidence regarding the mechanism by which information is modified and stored while propagating across polysynaptic networks is sparse. We used functional multineuron calcium imaging to monitor the spike outputs from thousands of CA1 neurons in response to the stimulation of two independent sites of the dentate gyrus in rat hippocampal networksex vivo. Only pyramidal cells were analyzed based onpost hocimmunostaining. Some CA1 pyramidal cells were observed to fire action potentials only when both sites were simultaneously stimulated (AND-like neurons), whereas other neurons fired in response to either site of stimulation but not to concurrent stimulation (XOR-like neurons). Both types of neurons were interlaced in the same network and altered their logical operation depending on the timing of paired stimulation. Repetitive paired stimulation for brief periods induced a persistent reorganization of AND and XOR operators, suggesting a flexibility in parallel distributed processing. We simulated these network functionsin silicoand found that synaptic modification of the CA3 recurrent excitation is pivotal to the shaping of logic plasticity. This work provides new insights into how microscopic synaptic properties are associated with the mesoscopic dynamics of complex microcircuits.
Tonic Dopamine Induces Persistent Changes in the Transient Potassium Current through Translational Regulation
Authors: Rodgers Edmund W. , Krenz Wulf-Dieter C. , Baro Deborah J.
Published: September 2011

Neuromodulatory effects can vary with their mode of transmission. Phasic release produces local and transient increases in dopamine (DA) up to micromolar concentrations. Additionally, since DA is released from open synapses and reuptake mechanisms are not nearby, tonic nanomolar DA exists in the extracellular space. Do phasic and tonic transmissions similarly regulate voltage-dependent ionic conductances in a given neuron? It was previously shown that DA could immediately alter the transient potassium current (IA) of identified neurons in the stomatogastric ganglion of the spiny lobsterPanulirus interruptus. Here we show that DA can also persistently alterIA, and that the immediate and persistent effects of DA oppose one another. The lateral pyloric (LP) neuron exclusively expresses type 1 DA receptors (D1Rs). Micromolar DA produces immediate depolarizing shifts in the voltage dependence of LPIA, whereas tonic nanomolar DA produces a persistent increase in LPIAmaximal conductance (Gmax) through a translation-dependent mechanism involving target of rapamycin (TOR). The pyloric dilator (PD) neuron exclusively expresses D2Rs. Micromolar DA produces an immediate hyperpolarizing shift in PDIAvoltage dependence of activation, whereas tonic DA persistently decreases PDIAGmaxthrough a translation-dependent mechanism not involving TOR. The persistent effects onIAGmaxdo not depend on LP or PD activity. These data suggest a role for tonic modulators in the regulation of voltage-gated ion channel number; and furthermore, that dopaminergic systems may be organized to limit the amount of change they can impose on a circuit.
Acute Cocaine Induces Fast Activation of D1 Receptor and Progressive Deactivation of D2 Receptor Striatal Neurons:In VivoOptical Microprobe [Ca2+]iImaging
Authors: Luo Zhongchi , Volkow Nora D. , Heintz Nathaniel , Pan Yingtian , Du Congwu
Published: September 2011

Cocaine induces fast dopamine increases in brain striatal regions, which are recognized to underlie its rewarding effects. Both dopamine D1 and D2 receptors are involved in cocaine's reward but the dynamic downstream consequences of cocaine effects in striatum are not fully understood. Here we used transgenic mice expressing EGFP under the control of either the D1 receptor (D1R) or the D2 receptor (D2R) gene and microprobe optical imaging to assess the dynamic changes in intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) responses (used as marker of neuronal activation) to acute cocainein vivoseparately for D1R- versus D2R-expressing neurons in striatum. Acute cocaine (8 mg/kg, i.p.) rapidly increased [Ca2+]iin D1R-expressing neurons (10.6 ± 3.2%) in striatum within 8.3 ± 2.3 min after cocaine administration after which the increases plateaued; these fast [Ca2+]iincreases were blocked by pretreatment with a D1R antagonist (SCH23390). In contrast, cocaine induced progressive decreases in [Ca2+]iin D2R-expressing neurons (10.4 ± 5.8%) continuously throughout the 30 min that followed cocaine administration; these slower [Ca2+]idecreases were blocked by pretreatment with a D2R antagonist (raclopride). Since activation of striatal D1R-expressing neurons (direct-pathway) enhances cocaine reward, whereas activation of D2R-expressing neurons suppresses it (indirect-pathway) (Lobo et al., 2010), this suggests that cocaine's rewarding effects entail both its fast stimulation of D1R (resulting in abrupt activation of direct-pathway neurons) and a slower stimulation of D2R (resulting in longer-lasting deactivation of indirect-pathway neurons). We also provide directin vivoevidence of D2R and D1R interactions in the striatal responses to acute cocaine administration.
In VivoMicrodialysis Reveals Age-Dependent Decrease of Brain Interstitial Fluid Tau Levels in P301S Human Tau Transgenic Mice
Authors: Yamada Kaoru , Cirrito John R. , Stewart Floy R. , Jiang Hong , Finn Mary Beth , Holmes Brandon B. , Binder Lester I. , Mandelkow Eva-Maria , Diamond Marc I. , Lee Virginia M.-Y. , Holtzman David M.
Published: September 2011

Although tau is a cytoplasmic protein, it is also found in brain extracellular fluids, e.g., CSF. Recent findings suggest that aggregated tau can be transferred between cells and extracellular tau aggregates might mediate spread of tau pathology. Despite these data, details of whether tau is normally released into the brain interstitial fluid (ISF), its concentration in ISF in relation to CSF, and whether ISF tau is influenced by its aggregation are unknown. To address these issues, we developed a microdialysis technique to analyze monomeric ISF tau levels within the hippocampus of awake, freely moving mice. We detected tau in ISF of wild-type mice, suggesting that tau is released in the absence of neurodegeneration. ISF tau was significantly higher than CSF tau and their concentrations were not significantly correlated. Using P301S human tau transgenic mice (P301S tg mice), we found that ISF tau is fivefold higher than endogenous murine tau, consistent with its elevated levels of expression. However, following the onset of tau aggregation, monomeric ISF tau decreased markedly. Biochemical analysis demonstrated that soluble tau in brain homogenates decreased along with the deposition of insoluble tau. Tau fibrils injected into the hippocampus decreased ISF tau, suggesting that extracellular tau is in equilibrium with extracellular or intracellular tau aggregates. This technique should facilitate further studies of tau secretion, spread of tau pathology, the effects of different disease states on ISF tau, and the efficacy of experimental treatments.
The Acute Effects of Leptin Require PI3K Signaling in the Hypothalamic Ventral Premammillary Nucleus
Authors: Williams Kevin W. , Sohn Jong-Woo , Donato Jose , Lee Charlotte E. , Zhao Jean J. , Elmquist Joel K. , Elias Carol F.
Published: September 2011

Evidence suggests that the role played by the adipocyte-derived hormone leptin in female reproductive physiology is mediated in part by neurons located within the ventral premammillary nucleus (PMV). Leptin activates PMV neurons; however, the intracellular signaling pathway and channel(s) involved remain undefined. Notably, leptin's excitatory and inhibitory effects within hypothalamic and brainstem nuclei share the intracellular signaling cascade phosphoinositide 3 kinase (PI3K). Therefore, we assessed whether PI3K signaling is required for the acute effect of leptin to alter cellular activity of PMV neurons that express leptin receptors (LepR PMV neurons). Leptin caused a rapid depolarization in the majority of LepR PMV neurons in patch-clamp recordings of hypothalamic slices, while a subset of LepR PMV neurons were hyperpolarized in response to leptin. Data were obtained from both male and female mice and results demonstrate that the acute effect of leptin on LepR PMV neurons was identical for both sexes. Pharmacological inhibition of PI3K prevented the acute leptin-induced change in neuronal activity of LepR PMV neurons, indicating a PI3K-dependent mechanism of leptin action. Similarly, mice with genetically disrupted PI3K signaling in LepR PMV neurons failed to alter cellular activity in response to leptin. Moreover, the leptin-induced depolarization was dependent on a putative TRPC channel. In contrast, the leptin-induced-hyperpolarization required the activation of a putative Katp channel. Collectively, these results suggest that PI3K signaling in LepR PMV neurons is essential for leptin-induced alteration in cellular activity, and these data may suggest a cellular correlate in which leptin contributes to the initiation of reproductive development.
Iron Efflux from Oligodendrocytes Is Differentially Regulated in Gray and White Matter
Authors: Schulz Katrin , Vulpe Chris D. , Harris Leah Z. , David Samuel
Published: September 2011

Accumulation of iron occurs in the CNS in several neurodegenerative diseases. Iron is essential for life but also has the ability to generate toxic free radicals if not properly handled. Iron homeostasis at the cellular level is therefore important to maintain proper cellular function, and its dysregulation can contribute to neurodegenerative diseases. Iron export, a key mechanism to maintain proper levels in cells, occurs via ferroportin, a ubiquitously expressed transmembrane protein that partners with a ferroxidase. A membrane-bound form of the ferroxidase ceruloplasmin is expressed by astrocytes in the CNS and regulates iron efflux. We now show that oligodendrocytes use another ferroxidase, called hephaestin, which was first identified in enterocytes in the gut. Mice with mutations in thehephaestingene (sex-linked anemia mice) show iron accumulation in oligodendrocytes in the gray matter, but not in the white matter, and exhibit motor deficits. This was accompanied by a marked reduction in the levels of the paranodal proteins contactin-associated protein 1 (Caspr) and reticulon-4 (Nogo A). We show that the sparing of iron accumulation in white matter oligodendrocytes in sex-linked anemia mice is due to compensatory upregulation of ceruloplasmin in these cells. This was further confirmed in ceruloplasmin/hephaestin double-mutant mice, which show iron accumulation in both gray and white matter oligodendrocytes. These data indicate that gray and white matter oligodendrocytes can use different iron efflux mechanisms to maintain iron homeostasis. Dysregulation of such efflux mechanisms leads to iron accumulation in the CNS.
Nerve Terminal Growth Remodels Neuromuscular Synapses in Mice following Regeneration of the Postsynaptic Muscle Fiber
Authors: Li Yue , Thompson Wesley J.
Published: September 2011

Muscle fibers degenerate and regenerate in response to contractile damage, during aging, and in various muscle diseases that weaken the fibers. It is known that degeneration and regeneration of the segment of the postsynaptic fiber produces dramatic alterations in the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) that forms on the regenerated fiber, but the mechanisms here are incompletely understood. We have used a laser microbeam to damage the postsynaptic fibers at individual NMJs in the sternomastoid muscle of living young adult mice and then followed the synapses vitally over time using fluorescent proteins expressed in motor neurons and glial cells and staining of postsynaptic acetylcholine receptors. We find, in contrast to previous reports, that the mouse nerve terminal retains contact with the synaptic basal lamina marked by cholinesterase staining even in the absence of the target, showing that this terminal does not require a continuous supply of target-derived molecules for its maintenance. Thus, remodeling of the nerve terminal during the period of target absence does not explain the subsequent changes in the new NMJ. Rather, we see that the synapse becomes altered as the new fiber segment regenerates. Mechanisms for remodeling the synapse include failure of the regenerating muscle fiber to contact the old basal lamina and nerve terminal, growth of the nerve terminal and its glia toward the regenerating fiber, and remodeling of the initial contact as the nerve terminal becomes varicose.
Adenosine Receptor Signaling Modulates Permeability of the Blood–Brain Barrier
Authors: Carman Aaron J. , Mills Jeffrey H. , Krenz Antje , Kim Do-Geun , Bynoe Margaret S.
Published: September 2011

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is comprised of specialized endothelial cells that form the capillary microvasculature of the CNS and is essential for brain function. It also poses the greatest impediment in the treatment of many CNS diseases because it commonly blocks entry of therapeutic compounds. Here we report that adenosine receptor (AR) signaling modulates BBB permeabilityin vivo. A1and A2AAR activation facilitated the entry of intravenously administered macromolecules, including large dextrans and antibodies to β-amyloid, into murine brains. Additionally, treatment with an FDA-approved selective A2Aagonist, Lexiscan, also increased BBB permeability in murine models. These changes in BBB permeability are dose-dependent and temporally discrete. Transgenic mice lacking A1or A2AARs showed diminished dextran entry into the brain after AR agonism. Following treatment with a broad-spectrum AR agonist, intravenously administered anti-β-amyloid antibody was observed to enter the CNS and bind β-amyloid plaques in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Selective AR activation resulted in cellular changesin vitroincluding decreased transendothelial electrical resistance, increased actinomyosin stress fiber formation, and alterations in tight junction molecules. These results suggest that AR signaling can be used to modulate BBB permeabilityin vivoto facilitate the entry of potentially therapeutic compounds into the CNS. AR signaling at brain endothelial cells represents a novel endogenous mechanism of modulating BBB permeability. We anticipate these results will aid in drug design, drug delivery and treatment options for neurological diseases such as AD, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis and cancers of the CNS.
The Rise of Black Ethnics: The Ethnic Turn in African American Religions, 1916–1945
Authors: Johnson Sylvester A.
Published: September 2011

During the world war years of the early twentieth century, new African American religious movements emerged that emphasized black heritage identities. Among these were Rabbi Wentworth Arthur Matthew's Congregation of Commandment Keepers (Jewish) and “Noble” Drew Ali's Moorish Science Temple of America (Islamic). Unlike African American religions of the previous century, these religious communities distinctly captured the ethos of ethnicity (cultural heritage) that pervaded American social consciousness at the time. Their central message of salvation asserted that blacks were an ethnic people distinguished not by superficial phenotype but by membership in a heritage that reached far beyond the bounds of American history and geography. The academic study of these religions has largely moved from dismissal and cynicism to serious engagement with African American Jews and Muslims as veritable forms of religion. Despite this progress among scholars, some recent studies continue todenythat Matthew’s and Ali's communities were authentically Jewish and Islamic (respectively). When scholars dispense with theological or racial biases that bifurcate religions into ‘true’ and ‘false’ forms, the study of these black ethnic religions might best yield important insights for understanding the linkage among ethnicity, the nation-state, and religion. The religious reasoning of Matthew and Ali produced resourceful, complicated challenges to dominant colonial and racist paradigms for understanding agency and history. Their theology is appropriately discerned not as illusion, hybridity, or confusion but as thoughtful anticolonial expressions of Judaism and Islam that sought inclusion and honor through black ethnicity. At a time when African Americans were viewed as cultureless and without any legacy of inheritance except the deformities of slavery, the rise of black ethnics introduced religious traditions that demonstrated blacks were indeed a people with heritage.
Expression and function of ErbB receptors and ligands in the pituitary
Authors: Cooper Odelia , Vlotides George , Fukuoka Hidenori , Greene Mark I , Melmed Shlomo
Published: September 2011

The role of ErbB family in discreet pituitary functions is reviewed. Several ErbB receptor ligands, EGF, TGFα, and heregulin are differentially expressed in normal gonadotroph and lacto-somatotroph lineages, and other elements of the anterior pituitary. ErbB receptors, i.e. EGFR and ErbB2, are also localized to the anterior pituitary with preferential EGFR lactosomatotroph expression. EGF regulates CRH and ACTH secretion and corticotroph proliferation as well as exhibiting autocrine and paracrine effects on gonadotrophs and on lactosomatotroph proliferation, gene and protein expression, and hormonal secretion. EGF and EGFR are expressed in both functioning and non-functioning pituitary adenomas, with higher expression in more aggressive tumor subtypes. ErbB2 receptor is detected in all tumor subtypes, particularly in invasive tumors. ErbB tyrosine kinase inhibitors regulate hormonal secretion, cell morphology, and proliferation in lacto-somatotroph tumors, reflecting the emerging application of targeted pituitary therapeutics.
CRT implantation: Lead stabilization using coronary sinus side branch stenting
Authors: Szilágyi Sz. , Merkely Béla , Molnár L. , Zima E. , Osztheimer I. , Végh E. M. , Gellér L.
Published: September 2011

Objective

We describe a method to stabilize CS lead position using stent implantation in a CS side branch to anchor the electrode to the wall of the vein, in cases of intraoperative or postoperative lead dislocation, unstable lead position and phrenic nerve stimulation (PNS).

Methods

403 patients were treated with stenting. After finding the desired lead position bare metal coronary stent was introduced via another guide wire, but in the same CS sheath. The stent was deposited 5–35 mm proximal to the tip of the electrode with a pressure of 6 to 14 atmospheres.

Results

Mechanical damage of the CS side branch or pericardial effusion was not observed. During follow-up (median 39, 23–48, max. 82 months) re-operation was necessary in only two patients because of high pacing threshold, while repositioning with ablation catheter was performed in 7 cases because of PNS. Impedance measurements did not suggest lead insulation failure. Transvenous extraction of stented CS leads was successful after 3, 18 and 49 months, while 4 leads were extracted easily during heart transplantation.

Conclusion

Stent implantation to stabilize CS lead position seems to be effective and safe for the prevention and treatment of CS lead dislocation in special cases.
A study on the diagnosis of minimal endoscopic lesions in nonerosive reflux esophagitis using computed virtual chromoendoscopy (FICE)
Authors: Gomes Jr. Claudio Antonio Rufino , Loução Thais Santana , Carpi Glaucia , Catapani Wilson Roberto
Published: September 2011

CONTEXT: Gastroesophageal reflux disease is very prevalent in the world. Endoscopically it can be classified as nonerosive when there is no mucosal erosive lesion on endoscopy. The presence of endoscopic minimal lesions is included in the Los Angeles classification for reflux disease. Virtual chromoendoscopy Fuji Intelligent Color Enhancement (FICE) is an endoscopic technique that enhances detection of small lesions of the digestive tract. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether the use of FICE improves the diagnosis of minimal lesions on endoscopy, and to assess the association of symptoms with minimal lesions in patients with nonerosive reflux disease. METHODS: One hundred fifty-five patients were enrolled, 62 with typical reflux symptoms and 93 without esophageal symptoms. The patients had normal esophageal endoscopy or minimal lesions. Each patient was examined initially by conventional video endoscopy and then using FICE. RESULTS: Among 155 patients, 113 had a normal conventional endoscopy and 42 had minimal lesions. Sixty-two patients had typical reflux symptoms, and 93 other symptoms unrelated to reflux. In 104 patients, the esophageal mucosa was normal for both conventional endoscopy and FICE, in 42 patients both techniques showed minimal lesions, in 9 patients conventional endoscopy was normal and minimal lesions were shown by FICE. The height and circumference of minimal lesions were greater using FICE than that measured by conventional endoscopy. There was a significant association of the presence of minimal lesions with male gender, but not with alcoholism, smoking, anti-inflammatory drugs and age. The diagnosis of minimal lesions was observer-dependent, both in conventional endoscopy as using FICE. CONCLUSIONS: The use of FICE improves the diagnosis of minimal lesions as compared to conventional videoendoscopy, although this diagnosis remains observer-dependent. There was no association between the presences of minimal lesions with reflux symptoms.
Analysis of the sustained virological response in patients with chronic hepatitis C and liver steatosis
Authors: Piccoli Leonora De Zorzi , Mattos Angelo Alves de , Coral Gabriela Perdomo , Mattos Ângelo Zambam de , Santos Diogo Edele dos
Published: September 2011

CONTEXT: Chronic hepatitis C as well as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease are recognized as the main cause of liver disease in Western countries. It is common to see the concomitance of the diseases and the influence of steatosis in the sustained virological response of patients with hepatitis C virus. OBJECTIVE: Assess the sustained virological response in chronic hepatitis C patients according to the presence of liver steatosis. METHODS: One hundred sixty patients with chronic hepatitis C were retrospectively evaluated. Demographic data such as gender, age, body mass index, presence of diabetes mellitus and systemic arterial hypertension, virus genotype and use of pegylated interferon were analyzed, as was the staging of fibrosis and the presence of steatosis at histology. RESULTS: Most patients were male (57.5%), with a mean age of 48 ± 9.7 years. The most frequent genotype observed was 3 (56.9%) and, in the histological evaluation, steatosis was observed in 65% of the patients (104/160). Sustained virological response in patients with steatosis occurred in 38.5%, and in 32.1% in patients without steatosis (P = 0.54). When we analyzed possible factors associated with the presence of steatosis, only body mass index and systemic arterial hypertension revealed a significant association. When the factors that influenced sustained virological response were evaluated in a logistic regression, genotype and use of pegylated interferon proved to be independent factors associated to the response. CONCLUSION: In the evaluated patients the presence of liver steatosis did not influence the sustained virological response of patients with chronic hepatitis C treated with interferon and ribavirin.
Gluco-lipidic indices in treated hypothyroidism associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Mazo Daniel Ferraz de Campos , Lima Vicência Mara Rodrigues de , Stefano Jose Tadeu , Rabelo Fabiola , Faintuch Joel , Oliveira Claudia Pinto de
Published: September 2011

CONTEXT: Thyroid hormones may interfere with regulation of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism as well as with severity of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), however results are still debated. OBJECTIVES: Retrospective evaluation of clinical and metabolic correlations between hypothyroidism and NAFLD was the target. METHODS: Clinical, biochemical and histological investigation of 103 NAFLD patients exhibiting drug-treated hypothyroidism was conducted. RESULTS: Steatosis was present in 32.0% of the population and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in 68.0%. Females were the majority in both groups, with age of 50.0 ± 1.5 and 56.0 ± 1.1 years, respectively. Hypothyroidism was not rare (15.5%), and multivariate analysis confirmed positive correlation with this disease for insulin (r = 0.213, P = 0.03), glucose homeostasis index "HOMA" (r = 0.221, P = 0.02), aspartate aminotransferase (r = 0.234, P = 0.01) and triglycerides above 150 mg/dL (r = 0.233, P = 0.01). No association between hypothyroidism and steatohepatitis could be established. CONCLUSION: A link could be identified between hypothyroidism and markers of glucose and lipid homeostasis, but not with severity of NAFLD. The lack of correlation with liver biopsy requires further studies.
Comparison of three methods based on endoscopic gastric biopsies for diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori active infection in a clinical setting
Authors: Arismendi-Morillo Gabriel , Hernández Ileana , Mengual Edgardo , Fuenmayor Alisbeth , Romero Gisela , Lizarzábal Maribel
Published: September 2011

CONTEXT: The correct diagnosis and effective treatment of Helicobacter pylori gastric infection are essential in controlling this infection. OBJECTIVE: To compare the diagnostic value of three tests based in endoscopic gastric biopsies histopathological evaluation with hematoxylin-eosin (H-E) staining, urease rapid test and microbiological culture for detecting Helicobacter pylori active infection, in order to make recommendations for daily clinical practice. METHODS: Gastric biopsies from 115 adult patients (85 female/30 male) were obtained by upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and studied by histopathological evaluation with H-E (antrum-corpus), urease test in 2 hours (antrum) and microbiological culture (antrum). RESULTS: Helicobacter pylori active infection was diagnosed in 67% of patients. Helicobacter pylori active infection was detected by histopathological evaluation with H-E, urease test and microbiological culture in 87%, 79% and 70% of the positive cases, respectively. There were significant differences when histopathological evaluation with H-E and urease test rapid test when compared with microbiological test (P<0.01). There was no significant difference between histopathological evaluation with H-E and urease test (P = 0.7). The kappa index of agreement for histopathological evaluation with H-E/urease test was 0.56, histopathological evaluation with H-E/microbiological culture 0.6, and urease test/microbiological culture 0.64. CONCLUSIONS: In a hospital setting like the one studied, histopathological evaluation with H-E and urease test are the most recommended tests for diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori active infection based in endoscopic biopsies. If pathological information of gastric lesions will be required, histopathological evaluation with H-E is essential. Urease test is mandatory if a prompt diagnosis is necessary. Microbiological culture can be used in cases of persistent or complicated infection, which may require studies on Helicobacter virulence or antimicrobial susceptibility. Selected cases might demand a combination of several tests. The three tests exhibit a good concordance level for Helicobacter pylori active infection diagnosis.
AIDS em gestantes: possibilidade de reduzir a transmissão vertical
Authors: Wiethäuper Fernanda Scherer , Cechin Petronila Libana , Correia Sandra Gomes
Published: September 2011

Neste estudo, buscamos investigar o conhecimento que gestantes possuem sobre a transmissão vertical, o comprometimento do feto e o significado do resultado soropositivo que a identifica como infectada pelo HIV. A pesquisa exploratória, de natureza qualitativa, foi desenvolvida em Unidades Sanitárias de São Leopoldo/RS. A análise permitiu captar a percepção de 63 gestantes entre 16 e 40 anos sobre os motivos e os significados para realização do teste, os conhecimentos e vivências do cotidiano e as perspectivas e cuidados com o bebê. Os resultados trazem um alerta aos profissionais que atuam no pré-natal, visto que necessitam atender uma complexidade de situações que emergem quando se vincula gestação e AIDS.
A contribuição da saúde mental para o desenvolvimento do PSF
Authors: Rosa Walisete de Almeida Godinho , Labate Renata Curi
Published: September 2011

O Programa Saúde da Família surge como uma nova estratégia para atendimento primário e secundário, incluindo a saúde mental. Partindo desses presssupostos, os objetivos deste artigo foram: conhecer a percepção dos enfermeiros sobre o PSF; identificar dificuldades pertinentes a promoção da saúde mental; investigar sobre a contribuição da enfermagem psiquiátrica dentro do PSF. Foram entrevistadas 05 enfermeiras que atuam nas equipes do PSF de Passos-MG, sendo os dados submetidos, posteriormente, a uma análise de conteúdo. Os discursos revelaram a necessidade de qualificação dos profissionais para trabalhar em equipe e com a família, havendo necessidade, também, de humanizar a assistência, vista neste contexto como uma atividade pré-estabelecida, sem um maior envolvimento entre equipe/comunidade.
O cuidado no "resguardo": as vivências de crenças e tabus por um grupo de puérpera
Authors: Nakano Ana Márcia Spanó , Beleza Ana Carolina , Gomes Flávia Azevedo , Mamede Fabiana Villela
Published: September 2011

Em nosso meio, o resguardo é cercado de manifestações culturais e tabus, fundamentadas em interpretações de ordem natural, sobrenatural e social. Este trabalho identificou os significados atribuídos por puérperas acerca do auto-cuidado, sob o referencial teórico da cultura. Os sujeitos foram puérperas que compareceram à Unidades de Saúde com seu filho para procedimentos de rotina. Os resultados mostraram que as crenças revelam um poder simbólico na estruturação de condutas e comportamentos das puérperas em relação a manifestações e cuidados no puerpério. Consideramos importante que os profissionais de saúde incorporem em sua prática, valores e crenças das puérperas, compartilhando os saberes que envolvem o puerpério, favorecendo a compreensão crítica da realidade e a promoção da saúde ao binômio mãe e filho.
Enfermagem neonatal: análise das publicações indexadas nos índices de referências informatizados
Authors: Almeida Ana Paula , Kimura Amélia Fumiko
Published: September 2011

O objetivo do estudo foi identificar e analisar a produção do conhecimento científico em enfermagem neonatal utilizando índices de referências informatizados. Estudo quantitativo, descritivo teve como fonte de informações as bases de dados MEDLINE, CINAHL e LILACS no período de 1990 a 2000. Utilizaram-se dos descritores "neonatal nursing", para acessar às primeiras duas bases de dados e "enfermagem neonatal e enfermeria neonatal" para o LILACS. Foram identificadas 3.576 publicações, 2.336 (61,12%) indexadas no CINAHL, 3.062 (85,58%) divulgadas em periódicos norte-americanos e ingleses. Analisaram-se 1940 resumos do total de publicações, processo de assistir foi a temática com o maior número de publicações - 804 (41,45%).
A Globalização e o Segundo Sexo
Authors: Fonseca Adriana Dora da , Madureira Valéria Silvana Faganello
Published: September 2011

Trata-se de uma reflexão que toma como ponto de partida o processo de globalização estabelecendo um contraponto entre as características deste processo e as proposições da Conferência Internacional sobre População e Desenvolvimento/1994, procurando discuti-lo com base nos escritos de Sen (2000, 2001) sobre igualdade. Esta análise comparativa indica que a discussão sobre a igualdade entre os sexos tem se globalizado enfatizando a situação da mulher no mundo contemporâneo como um obstáculo ao desenvolvimento, o que foi reafirmado nas discussões da IV Conferência Mundial Sobre a Mulher/1995. Em seguida, analisa os avanços ocorridos no Brasil a partir dos encaminhamentos dados às proposições da Conferência e conclui colocando a busca da igualdade entre os sexos, no campo dos direitos e das oportunidades.
Assistência humanizada ao cliente oncológico: reflexões junto à equipe
Authors: Costa Cleonice Antonieta , Lunardi Filho Wilson Danilo , Soares Narciso Vieira
Published: September 2011

O presente relato refere-se a uma prática assistencial, construída e implementada junto a membros da equipe de saúde de um Serviço de Oncologia e Radioterapia de um hospital geral de grande porte da região leste do Rio Grande do Sul, visando à humanização da assistência. Constituiu-se numa possibilidade de refletir com a equipe de trabalho, acerca da assistência prestada aos clientes à luz das propostas do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) e sob a ótica da abordagem humanística e suas propostas metodológicas.
Detecção imunoistoquímica de receptores de estrógeno e progesterona no endométrio de vacas Nelore (Bos taurus indicus) durante o anestro pós-parto
Authors: Lima R.S. , Martin I. , Marques Filho W.C. , Rodrigues M.M.P. , Laufer-Amorim R. , Ferreira J.C.P.
Published: September 2011

Foram utilizadas 24 vacas Nelore P.O., em anestro pós-parto, diagnosticado pelo histórico reprodutivo, por avaliações ultrassonográficas transretais e por dosagem de progesterona plasmática, que foram submetidas à colheita de fragmento uterino via transcervical. Os animais foram divididos em dois grupos conforme o máximo diâmetro folicular: grupo 1: folículos <6mm (n=12); grupo 2: folículos >6mm (n=12). Para avaliar receptor de estrógeno e receptor de progesterona no epitélio glandular e no estroma, foi utilizada a técnica de imunoistoquímica. Altas contagens relativas e alta intensidade de marcação para receptor de estrógeno e progesterona no epitélio glandular e no estroma foram observadas nos dois grupos. No entanto, a intensidade de marcação para o receptor de progesterona no epitélio glandular foi mais alta no grupo 2 comparado ao grupo 1. Quando o epitélio glandular e o estroma foram comparados, o número relativo de receptor de estrógeno no grupo 1 foi mais alto no epitélio glandular comparado ao estroma, e a intensidade de marcação para o receptor de progesterona no grupo 2 foi mais alta no epitélio glandular comparado ao estroma. Os resultados sugerem que os mecanismos que controlam a expressão de receptores no anestro são semelhantes aos observados durante o ciclo estral.
Suplementação de vacas leiteiras com homeopatia: células somáticas do leite, cortisol e imunidade
Authors: Silva J.R.M. , Bitencourt L.L. , Oliveira B.M.L. , Dias Júnior G.S. , Lopes F. , Caporale G.M.M. , Scheffer K.C. , Pereira R.A.N. , Pereira M.N.
Published: September 2011

Avaliou-se o efeito da suplementação de uma combinação homeopática sobre a contagem de células somáticas do leite (CCS), o teor sanguíneo de cortisol e a resposta de anticorpos neutralizantes antivírus da raiva de vacas leiteiras. Trinta e duas vacas Holandesas em lactação foram blocadas em pares e aleatoriamente alocadas a um de dois tratamentos por 63 dias, posterior a um período de padronização de 14 dias. A CCS mensurada no final da padronização ajustou os valores semanais de CCS no modelo de análise estatística. Os tratamentos foram: 150 gramas de uma combinação homeopática (Hypothalamus, 10-30; Colibacilinum, 10-30; Streptococus Beta Hemolyticum, 10-60; Streptococus Uberis, 10-60; Phytolacca, 10-60; Calcium Phosphoricum, 10-30; Natrum Muriaticum, 10-60; Urtica Urens, 10-30; Silicea Terra, 10-400) em veículo mineral, ou 150 gramas do mesmo veículo mineral (controle). A homeopatia tendeu a aumentar a CCS de 124 para 222 x1.000 células mL-1 (P=0,09) e a CCS linearizada (P=0,08). Não foram detectados efeitos de tratamento sobre a concentração sérica de cortisol após estresse induzido por aspiração percutânea do saco ventral do rúmen (P=0,59) ou sobre o título de anticorpos neutralizantes em resposta à vacinação antivírus da raiva (P=0,40). A suplementação com homeopatia tendeu a aumentar a CCS de vacas com baixa CCS.
Efeito da associação de furosemida e fenilbutazona sobre variáveis hidroeletrolíticas de cavalos antes e após a corrida
Authors: Camargos A.S. , Costa A.P.D. , Carvalho C.B. , Guidi R.C. , Quirino C.R. , Batista A.M.B. , Machado J.A.
Published: September 2011

Verificaram-se os efeitos da associação de furosemida e fenilbutazona sobre variáveis hidroeletrolíticas de cavalos antes e após a corrida. Dezenove equinos foram distribuídos em três grupos, de acordo com os protocolos de tratamento. O primeiro grupo, de cinco animais, não recebeu medicação (grupo-controle); o segundo grupo, de sete animais, foi tratado com furosemida, na dose de 1mg/kg, por via intramuscular, até quatro horas antes do páreo; o terceiro, de sete animais, recebeu furosemida, por via intramuscular, e fenilbutazona, por via intravenosa, nas doses de 1,0 e 4,4mg/kg, respectivamente, até quatro horas antes da corrida. Amostras de sangue foram colhidas antes, imediatamente após e duas horas após o páreo, para avaliação da osmolalidade plasmática e das concentrações plasmáticas de sódio, potássio e cloreto. A utilização de furosemida e da associação furosemida e fenilbutazona até 4h antes dos páreos nas dosagens descritas alterou (P<0,05) a osmolalidade plasmática dos equinos, mas não alterou (P>0,05) as concentrações de sódio, potássio e cloreto. Os páreos alteraram de forma fisiológica a osmolalidade plasmática e a concentração sanguínea de K+ devido ao exercício de alta intensidade.
Avaliação radiográfica da silhueta cardíaca pelo método vertebral heart size em cães da raça Yorkshire Terrier clinicamente normais
Authors: Castro M.G. , Tôrres R.C.S. , Araújo R.B. , Muzzi R.A.L. , Silva E.F.
Published: September 2011

Determinou-se valor médio do vertebral heart size (VHS) em cães da raça Yorkshire Terrier. Foram selecionados 30 cães clinicamente normais, com média de peso de 2,42±0,64kg e idades entre um e seis anos. Os animais foram submetidos ao exame radiográfico do tórax nas projeções lateral direita, ventrodorsal e dorsoventral. Foram feitas mensurações para avaliação cardíaca e da profundidade e largura torácicas. O valor médio de VHS foi de 9,9±0,6 vértebras na projeção lateral, 10,1±0,6 vértebras na projeção ventrodorsal e 10,0±0,6 vértebras na projeção dorsoventral. Não houve diferença entre esses valores. Cinco animais (16,7%) apresentaram VHS acima de 10,5 vértebras, valor sugerido como limite superior para a maioria das raças, em projeção lateral. Os valores de VHS correlacionaram-se com peso corporal nas projeções lateral e ventrodorsal. A razão profundidade:largura torácica apresentou valor médio de 0,75±0,06. Não foi observada correlação entre a qualidade do tórax e o VHS.
Fontes proteicas em suplementos para novilhos no período de transição seca-águas: características nutricionais
Authors: Acedo T.S. , Paulino M.F. , Detmann E. , Valadares Filho S.C. , Sales M.F.L. , Porto M.O.
Published: September 2011

Avaliaram-se fontes proteicas em suplementos para novilhos em pastagens de Brachiaria decumbens Stapf., durante a transição seca-águas, sobre as características nutricionais. Utilizaram-se quatro animais Holandês x Zebu, não castrados, com média de peso de 300kg, fistulados no esôfago, rúmen e abomaso, distribuídos em delineamento em quadrado latino 4x4. Avaliaram-se suplementos isoproteicos, balanceados para 38% de proteína bruta (PB), sendo um tratamento controle mistura mineral (MM); e três suplementos à base de grãos de milho moído + ureia (MU); grãos de milho moído + farelo de soja (MFS) e farelo de algodão 38% PB (FA), fornecidos na quantidade de 0,17% do peso vivo (PV). O consumo de fibra em detergente neutro pelos animais do tratamento MU, de 12,1g/kg PV, foi maior em 19,9% do que o observado para os dos tratamentos MM e MFS, 10,2g/kg PV, e semelhante ao observado para os do tratamento FA, 11,0g/kg PV. Foram observados valores mais altos de digestibilidade aparente total da matéria seca (MS) para os tratamentos MU e MFS em relação aos demais. Os valores de pH ruminal, produção de nitrogênio microbiano e eficiência de síntese microbiana não foram influenciados pelos tratamentos. A suplementação com MU proporciona maior consumo e digestibilidade aparente total da MS em relação ao tratamento MM.
Economia solidária, a perspectiva européia
Authors: Laville Jean-Louis
Published: September 2011

Na Europa, é bem verdade, o reconhecimento dos direitos humanos desestabilizou a antiga ordem social sem eliminar as diferenças de condições herdadas das sociedades tradicionais. Com o surgimento da questão social, desde o século XIX, a compatibilidade entre cidadania e desenvolvimento econômico teve como resultado ser o objeto de debates apaixonados, nos quais se inscreveram as associações emergentes. O objetivo desta contribuição é salientar a existência de um número significativo de pesquisas sobre o associativismo os quais demarcam perspectivas hipotético-dedutivas próprias da teoria econômica padronizada, tendo como recurso metodologias mais históricas e compreensivas. Seus principais resultados nos levam a relativizar as noções de não-lucratividade e de terceiro setor. É principalmente o conceito de solidariedade que aparece como essencial para se explicitar as diversas práticas sociais que podem estar reagrupadas pelo nome genérico de associativismo cívico.
Discurso tentativo sobre o anonimato
Authors: Ribeiro Ana Clara Torres , Lourenço Alice
Published: September 2011

O artigo interroga, associando-as à crise societária, as formas atuais de nomeação e classificação social que procuram organizar intervenções referidas aos denominados excluídos. Trata, com especial ênfase, a produção social do anonimato, enfatizando sentidos sociais da ação estratégica focalizada, que caracteriza políticas públicas e a competitividade entre agentes econômicos. Para tal, recorre a orientações reflexivas da filosofia e da sociologia e a um conjunto heterogêneo de fontes documentais. O artigo alerta para os limites contemporâneos da socialidade e do autoritarismo, que se ocultam nas formas correntes de nomeação do não-outro.
Cooperativas: uma possível transformação identitária para os trabalhadores do setor informal?
Authors: Nunes Christiane Girard Ferreira
Published: September 2011

Buscamos, neste artigo, refletir sobre o impacto identitário e as dinâmicas que dele resultam a partir de diferentes formas de inserção no mundo do trabalho, mais especificamente, a partir da socialização dos trabalhadores do setor informal e das cooperativas. Consideramos, portanto, estes três elementos, que ressaltamos: os trabalhadores do informal que recebem entre um e três salários mínimos; os trabalhadores das cooperativas cuja remuneração se situa em torno do mesmo patamar; algumas noções para refletir sobre a identidade no trabalho e, por fim, os vínculos entre esses três elementos a fim de perceber as mudanças que se produzem numa parte importante do mundo que vive do trabalho.
Electroacupuncture versus morphine for the postoperative control pain in dogs
Authors: Gakiya Hugo Higa , Silva Danielle Alves , Gomes Juliano , Stevanin Helaine , Cassu Renata Navarro
Published: September 2011

PROPOSE: To compare the postoperative analgesic effects of electroacupuncture, morphine or sham acupuncture in dogs undergoing mastectomy. METHODS: Thirty client-owed dogs undergoing to mastectomy were randomly assigned to three groups of 10 animals each and received either morphine (T-M), the electroacupuncture (T-EA) or sham procedure (T-Sham). Pre-anesthetic medication was acepromazine (0.05 mg kg-1, IM). Anesthesia was induced with propofol (4 to 5 mg kg-1, IV) and maintained with isoflurane. Postoperatively pain degree was assessed using a numerical rating scale. Dogs were scored at 1, 3, 6 and 12 hours post-extubation. If the pain score was ≥6, supplemental morphine was administered. Serum cortisol concentration was measured before pre-anesthetic medication, at 45 minutes after the anesthetic induction, and at 1, 3 and 6 hours post-extubation. RESULTS: The pain score did not differ among the treatments, but rescue analgesia was lower in the T-EA group (2 of 10 dogs), when compared with T-Sham (6 of 10 dogs) and T-M (6 of 10 dogs) groups. Serum cortisol concentration did not differ among the treatments. CONCLUSION: Electroacupuncture reduces the postoperative analgesic requirement and promotes satisfactory analgesia in dogs undergoing mastectomy.
Morphological findings in the tracheal epithelium of dogs exposed to the inhalation of poorly conditioned gases under use of an endotracheal tube or laryngeal mask airway
Authors: Dias Norimar Hernandes , Braz José Reinaldo Cerqueira , Defaveri Júlio , Carvalho Lídia Raquel , Martins Regina Helena Garcia
Published: September 2011

PURPOSE: To study morphological findings in the tracheal epithelium of dogs exposed to the inhalation of poorly conditioned gases under use of an endotracheal tube (ET) or laryngeal mask airway (LMA). METHODS: Twelve dogs randomly were allocated to two groups: ET group (n-6) and LMA group (n-6), anaesthetized and mechanically ventilated, without CO2 reabsorption. Haemodynamic and ventilatory parameters, tympanic temperature, temperature, relative and absolute humidity of the ambient and inhaled gases were analyzed during three hours. The animals were submitted to euthanasia and biopsies were carried out along the tracheal segment to morphological study. Three healthy dogs were used to morphological control. RESULTS: Inhaled gas temperature was maintained between 24ºC and 26ºC, relative humidity between 10% and 12%, and absolute humidity between 2 - 3 mg H2O.L-1 with no significant differences between groups. In both groups, histological analysis showed epithelial inflammation and congestion in the corion and scanning electron microscopy showed ciliary grouping and disorganization. Transmission electron microscopy showed higher alterations in ET group than LMA group as widening of cell junctions, ciliary disorientation, cytoplasmic vacuolization, nuclear abnormalities, picnosis and chromatin condensation. CONCLUSION: LMA determined less pronounced changes in the tracheal epithelium in dogs exposed to the inhalation of poorly conditioned gases.
Experimental dry socket: microscopic and molecular evaluation of two treatment modalities
Authors: Cardoso Camila Lopes , Ferreira Júnior Osny , Carvalho Paulo S. Perri de , Dionísio Thiago José , Cestari Tânia Mary , Garlet Gustavo Pompermaier
Published: September 2011

PURPOSE: To evaluate two treatment modalities of dry socket in rats and to discuss the first findings of the molecular analysis in this experimental model. METHODS: 84 rats underwent a tooth extraction were divided in 4 groups: I-uninfected socket (control), II-infected socket without any treatment, III-infected socket treated with irrigation of 2% sodium iodide and 3% hydrogen peroxide solution, IV-infected socket submitted to curettage, irrigation with physiological saline solution and fulfilled with metronidazole paste as base. The groups were subdivided in postoperative sacrifice periods: 6/15/28 days. A quantitative and a qualitative microscopic analysis was performed. Also, a quantitative analysis was performed using a RealTimePCR to evaluate the genes expression in the wound healing: Collagen Type I/COL-I, vascular endothelial growth factor/VEGF, osteocalcin/OCN, alkaline phosphatase/ALP, runt-related transcription factor 2/RUNX2 and tumor necrosis factor alpha/TNF-α. RESULTS: The group I showed higher bone formation, followed by groups IV, III, II respectively. The group II presented higher inflammatory infiltrate and the wound healing was delayed compared with other groups. It was obtained a significant positive correlation between bone neoformation and the expression of OCN and RUNX2, inflammatory infiltrate with TNF-α and a negative correlation between bone neoformation and TNF-α. CONCLUSION: No significant difference was found between the treatments.