bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Simulated European stalagmite record and its relation to a quasi-decadal climate mode
Authors: Lohmann G. , Wackerbarth A. , Langebroek P. M. , Werner M. , Fohlmeister J. , Scholz D. , Mangini A.
Published: January 2013

Abstract. A synthetic stalagmite δ18O record for the Bunker Cave (51° N, 7° E) is constructed using a combined climate–stalagmite modelling approach where we combine an atmospheric circulation model equipped with water isotopes and a model simulating stalagmite calcite δ18O values. Mixing processes in the soil and karst above the cave represent a natural low-pass filter of the speleothem climate archive. Stalagmite δ18O values at Bunker Cave lag the regional surface climate by 3–4 yr. The power spectrum of the simulated speleothem calcite δ18O record has a pronounced peak at quasi-decadal time scale, which is associated with a large-scale climate variability pattern in the North Atlantic. Our modelling study suggests that stalagmite records from Bunker Cave are representative for large-scale teleconnections and can be used to obtain information about the North Atlantic and its decadal variability.
A trend-preserving bias correction – the ISI-MIP approach
Authors: Hempel S. , Frieler K. , Warszawski L. , Schewe J. , Piontek F.
Published: January 2013

Abstract. Statistical bias correction is commonly applied within climate impact modeling to correct climate model data for systematic deviations of the simulated historical data from observations. Methods are based on transfer functions generated to map the distribution of the simulated historical data to that of the observations. Those are subsequently applied to correct the future projections. Thereby the climate signal is modified in a way not necessarily preserving the trend of the original climate model data. Here, we present the bias correction method that was developed within ISI-MIP, the first Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project. ISI-MIP is designed to synthesise impact projections in the agriculture, water, biome, health, and infrastructure sectors at different levels of global warming. However, bias-corrected climate data that are used as input for the impact simulations could be only provided over land areas. To ensure consistency with the global (land + ocean) temperature information the bias correction method has to preserve the warming signal. Here we present the applied bias correction method that preserves the absolute changes in monthly temperature, and relative changes in monthly values of precipitation and the other variables needed for ISI-MIP. The proposed methodology represents a modification of the transfer function approach applied in the Water Model Intercomparison Project (Water-MIP). Correction of the monthly mean is followed by correction of the daily variability about the monthly mean.
North Atlantic warming and declining volume of arctic sea ice
Authors: Alexeev V. A. , Ivanov V. V. , Kwok R. , Smedsrud L. H.
Published: January 2013

Abstract. Long-term thinning of arctic sea ice over the last few decades has resulted in significant declines in the coverage of thick multi-year ice accompanied by a proportional increase in thinner first-year ice. This change is often attributed to changes in the arctic atmosphere, both in composition and large-scale circulation, and greater inflow of warmer Pacific water through the Bering Strait. The Atlantic Water (AW) entering the Arctic through Fram Strait has often been considered less important because of strong stratification in the Arctic Ocean and the deeper location of AW compared to Pacific water. In our combined examination of oceanographic measurements and satellite observations of ice concentration and thickness, we find evidence that AW has a direct impact on the thinning of arctic sea ice downstream of Svalbard Archipelago. The affected area extends as far as Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago. The imprints of AW appear as local minima in sea ice thickness; ice thickness is significantly less than that expected of first-year ice. Our lower-end conservative estimates indicate that the recent AW warming episode could have contributed up to 150–200 km3 of sea ice melt per year, which would constitute about 20% of the total 900 km3yr−1 negative trend in sea ice volume since 2004.
Redesigning a Large Lecture Course for Student Engagement: Process and Outcomes
Authors: Reid Leslie F
Published: January 2013

Using an action-research approach, a large-lecture science course (240 students) was redesigned to improve student engagement in the areas of active and collaborative learning, faculty-student interaction and level of academic challenge. This was mainly achieved through the addition of a half-semester long group project, which replaced half of the lectures and the final exam. The course redesign did not result in more hours spent on teaching and teaching-related activities (grading, assessment preparation, lecturing, lecture preparation) for the instructor – although the redesigned course requires the support of teaching assistants for the project component. Data on students’ perceptions of the modified course and the frequency to which they participated in the engagement activities were collected using the Classroom Survey of Student Engagement (CLASSE). The majority of students reported high levels of engagement in most of the intended areas and were comfortable with the new class design. The CLASSE data also helped identify areas where intended engagement levels were not met. These areas are the focus for future course development and action research questions.
Utilisant une approche de type recherche-action, un cours de science offert dans un grand auditorium (240 étudiants) a été reconfiguré afin d’amener les étudiants à s’engager davantage dans un apprentissage actif et collaboratif ainsi que dans leur interaction professeur-étudiants et à relever un défi de nature académique. Pour ce faire, la moitié des cours magistraux ainsi que l’examen final ont été remplacés par un projet de groupe. La reconfiguration du cours ne s’est pas traduite par une augmentation des heures d’enseignement ou des activités liées à l’enseignement (notation, préparation des évaluations, exposé magistral, préparation de l’exposé magistral) – bien qu’elle ait nécessité le soutien des assistants à l’enseignement pour la composante projet de groupe. Les chercheurs ont effectué un sondage en classe afin de recueillir des données sur la perception des étudiants à propos du cours modifié et sur la fréquence à laquelle ils ont participé aux activités favorisant leur engagement. La majorité des étudiants a rapporté un niveau élevé d’engagement dans la plupart des domaines souhaités et a déclaré se sentir à l’aise avec le cours reconfiguré. Les données du sondage ont également permis d’identifier les domaines dans lesquels le niveau d’engagement souhaité n’était pas atteint. Une nouvelle version du cours de même que les questions posées dans le cadre d’une autre recherche-action tiendront principalement compte de ces domaines.
Overview of genetically modified crops and their relevance for Nicaragua
Authors: Álvarez-Guevara Marisser H. , Gil-Moreno Luvianca G. , Gómez-Rodríguez Julio A. , Huete-Pérez Jorge A.
Published: January 2013

The first transgenic plants were created in Europe about three decades ago. In Nicaragua, however, there is not commercial cultivation of transgenic crops allowed yet, and the only history of transgenic grain imports occurred in 2005, when the introduction of 15 events of GM maize was first authorized. The Law on Prevention of Risks from Living Modified Organisms by Means of Molecular Biotechnology was published in 2010, and more recently, in September 2012, the Law on Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity came into force. In line with the resulting requirements from these laws, the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MAGFOR) currently works in coordination with the Molecular Biology Center at the University of Central America to ensure that grains imported in the country correspond to events legally authorized. This article begins by presenting an overview of transgenic crops (GMO), their history and their implications for the economy and human health. Next, we describe the current status of GMO in Nicaragua. We conclude that MAGFOR has been successful in fulfilling the law in regards to sampling of imports related to the introduction of GMO grains. It is recommended, however, that for better monitoring of compliance with these laws, it will be necessary to establish a systematic monitoring plan nationwide, aimed at the appropriate screening and detection of transgenic material both in crop seeds as well as in imported grains.
Filogenética Molecular de Peces del Complejo Midas Cichlidae que habitan lagos y lagunas de Nicaragua, utilizando el gen COI
Authors: Páiz-Medina Lucía , Huete-Pérez Jorge
Published: January 2013

Las lagunas cratéricas de Nicaragua se consideran verdaderos “laboratorios” naturales de investigación debido a que son geológicamente jóvenes y por su pequeña dimensión, lo que permite el estudio de procesos evolutivos y de especiación. En estas lagunas se encuentran especies endémicas (familia Cichlidae) que representan recursos valiosos para estudios de especiación, incluyendo la velocidad y fuerzas con las que el aislamiento geográfico, la selección natural y sexual provocan la diversificación fenotípica y, finalmente, la especiación misma. Los peces de la familia Cichlidae han sido objeto de mucha controversia debido a que morfológicamente es difícil diferenciarlos y se requieren de nuevas herramientas moleculares para descifrar las diferencias a nivel genético y entender mejor los procesos de especiación de este fascinante grupo de peces. En este estudio se utilizó el gen Citocromo Oxidasa I, COI, para determinar las relaciones filogenéticas entre los peces del Complejo presente en lagos y lagunas de Nicaragua. El COI ha sido propuesto como “código de barras” genético y como técnica ha sido estandarizada para animales. Este trabajo es parte de una investigación más grande que se enmarca en el Proyecto “DNA Barcoding de la biodiversidad nicaragüense” y se realiza en el Centro de Biología Molecular de la Universidad Centroamericana. Con este estudio se ha logrado determinar que: (1) el gen COI discrimina entre especies de diferentes lagunas, (2) las relaciones entre las especies Midas Cichlidae son complejas y es necesario más de un gen para obtener resultados concluyentes, (3) las especies fundadoras de las lagunas cratéricas provienen del lago de Nicaragua, (4) en las lagunas habitan más de una especie del Complejo Midas Cichlidae y (5) se infiere que la especiación simpátrica es el mecanismo evolutivo que ha conducido a la creación de estas especies, confirmando la hipótesis de otros autores y aportando nuevos elementos sobre la complejidad filogenética de los cíclidos de Nicaragua.
Overview of Metagenomics for Marine Biodiversity Research
Authors: Slatko Barton E.
Published: January 2013

We are in the midst of the fastest growing revolution in molecular biology,perhaps in all of life science, and it appears to be speeding up. We still know very little about the vast diversity of micro-organisms, their metabolic pathways and microbial activity in natural environments. Modern genomic tools are providing deep access to natural microbial diversity and ecology. Interdisciplinary approaches will be required to fully understand microbial ecology by: (1) analysis of genomes, transcriptomes, proteomes and metabolomes and (2) analysis at various levels of individuals, populations, communities and ecosystems. Data gathered is not only theoretical. It holds the promise of practical applications in the control of infectious diseases, in the production of biotechnology goods and services and in environmentalremediation. It is an incredibly exciting time in science for the newer generation of scientists, “loaded” with opportunities. It is an excellent time to develop and apply tools to solve problems of local and global importance.
Natural Convection and Radiation Heat Loss from Open Cavities of Different Shapes and Sizes Used with Dish Concentrator
Authors: Jilte R. D. , Kedare S. B. , Nayak J. K.
Published: January 2013

Numerical three dimensional studies of the combined natural convection and radiation heat loss from downward facing open cavity receiver of different shapes is carried out in this paper. The investigation is undertaken in two categories: same inner heat transfer area and aperture area (case I) and same aspect ratio and aperture area (case II). These studies are carried out for five isothermal wall temperatures (523 to 923 K in steps of 100K). The effect of inclination is studied for seven inclinations from 0° (cavity aperture facing sideways) to 90° (cavity aperture facing down), in steps of 15°. The cavity shapes used are: cylindrical, conical (frustum of a cone), cone-cylindrical (combination of frustum of cone and cylindrical shape), dome-cylindrical (combination of hemispherical and cylindrical shape), hetro-conical, reverse-conical (frustum of a cone in the reverse orientation) and spherical. For both cases, conical cavity yields the lowest convective loss among the cavities investigated whereas spherical cavity results in the highest convective loss. Convective heat loss from cavities of different shapes and sizes are characterized by using different internal zone areas of the cavity (Acw, Acz, Acb and Aw). Acb is found to be better parameter for characterization of the convective heat loss. Nusselt number correlation is developed using convective zone area (Acb). It correlates 91% of data within ±11% deviation, 99% of data within ±16% deviation. Radiative losses (Qrad) have been determined numerically from cavities of both cases. The ratio of Qrad/Aap is found to be more or less constant (variation within 5%) for all types of cavities and for 0 ? epsilon ? 1. Thus radiative loss is dependent on aperture area and effective emissivity of cavity rather than the shape of the cavity. Further, it also matches well with the analytical formula based on effective emissivity.
An Update on Treatments and Interventions for Male Infertility, and the Role of Nutriceutical Food Supplementation
Authors: Comhaire Frank H. , Mahmoud Ahmed
Published: January 2013

Congenital factors have been thoroughly explored in recent years revealing the role of genetic mutations and polymorphisms, and highlighting the contribution of epigenetics in the pathogenesis of certain forms of infertility. Acquired male infertility is commonly due to varicocele, male accessory gland infection, immunological infertility, and idiopathic oligozoospermia. The mechanisms by which these causes interfere with male reproduction are endocrine deregulation, inflammation through prostaglandins and cytokines, and oxidative overload damaging the cell membrane, inducing mutagenesis of the DNA, and impairing mitochondrial energy production. Causal treatment includes (non-surgical) interruption of spermatic venous reflux in varicocele, adequate antibiotic treatment with third generation Quinolones in accessory gland infection, assisted reproduction techniques in immunological infertility, and the anti-estrogen Tamoxifen for idiopathic oligozoospermia. In addition, a novel nutriceutical food supplement (NFS) has been formulated that aims at correcting the pathological mechanisms and at reducing the influence of detrimental environmental factors. Complementary NFS-treatment also may improve the fertilizing capacity of spermatozoa in some patients with a congenital cause of sperm deficiency. The efficiency of adding this NFS to causal therapy, or in assisted reproduction is expressed as numbers of couples needed to treat (NNT) to obtain one additional pregnancy.
Frugivore carnivores: preferences and contribution to seed dispersal of red fox Vulpes vulpes (Linnaeus, 1758) and stone marten Martes foina (Erxleben, 1777) in Carrascal de la Font Roja Natural Park (Alicante, Spain)
Authors: Rico-Guzmán Encarnación , Terrones Beatriz , Cantó José Luis , Bonet Andreu
Published: January 2013

The contribution of red fox and stone marten as seed dispersers in a Mediterranean mountain protected area is analysed. We gathered 332 scats and analysed seed content in presence and number. The eight species eaten in greater proportion were selected, three of them domesticated. Seed and plant remains are present in half of the scats found. Seed presence is distributed almost equally in summer (29%), autumn (34%) and winter (37%). The most dispersed wild species are Juniperus phoenicea subsp. phoenicea, Rhamnus alaternus and Amelanchier ovalis in a lower proportion. Red fox exploits more domesticated species, which presence in the Natural Park is lower. On the contrary, stone marten consumes more J. phoenicea and A. ovalis than red fox, but shows a certain preference for Prunus avium subsp. avium. Both carnivores might have a relevant role on long distance seed dispersal for R. alaternus, which is normally dispersed by birds and ants. The different exploiting rate among the plant species found compared with their presence in the area leads to think that there exist preferences in these carnivores’ feeding habits. Factors as the percentage of relative pulp weight and smell of the fruits and the habitat of the plant species could be related. Further research is needed to actually know the importance of endozoochorous seed dispersal by carnivores and determine patterns in time and preferences.
A Multi-Perspective Collaborative on Teacher Learning for Teachers of Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: West Elizabeth A. , Jones Phyllis , Chambers Dianne , Whitehurst Teresa
Published: January 2013

The purpose of this multi-perspective collaborative research activity was to analyze moments of teacher learning as perceived by a group of teachers who educate students with the label of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). The researchers in this project acknowledge the value of hearing teachers' perspectives on what works for them in their professional learning. This perspective is generated from surveys distributed to inservice teachers at three Universities (two located within the USA and one situated in Australia) and one Residential School (UK). Five overarching themes emerged at the analysis stage and relate to: practical experience, pre-service training, in-service training, mentoring and assistive technology. The current research generates insight into effective teacher learning aimed to benefit those who develop professional learning programs, with a particular emphasis on ASD. The lessons learned from this collaborative endeavor will assist the global autism community as we inform the development and design of appropriate professional development practices.
Parent to Parent Peer Support Across the Pacific Rim
Authors: Singer George H.S. , Hornby Garry , Park Jiyeon , Wang Mian , Xu Jiacheng
Published: January 2013

In Pacific Rim countries parents of children with developmental disabilities have organized peer support organizations. One form of peer support is Parent to Parent based on one to one connections between two parents. The movements to create and sustain peer support in the U.S., New Zealand, China, and Korea are described. Qualitative evidence from interviews in the US indicates several reasons why Parent to Parent is effective for some of the people who obtain social provisions from the organizations. Peer support helps parents resist social stigma, gain hope, and obtain persuasive guidance. They are able to exchange situated knowledge from their lived experiences with children with disabilities (Brown, Collins & Duguid, 1989). This kind of information may not be available through other sources.
Surface‐Micromachined Microfiltration Membranes for Efficient Isolation and Functional Immunophenotyping of Subpopulations of Immune Cells
Authors: Chen Weiqiang , Huang Nien‐Tsu , Oh Boram , Lam Raymond H. W. , Fan Rong , Cornell Timothy T. , Shanley Thomas P. , Kurabayashi Katsuo , Fu Jianping
Published: January 2013

An accurate measurement of the immune status in patients with immune system disorders is critical in evaluating the stage of diseases and tailoring drug treatments. The functional cellular immunity test is a promising method to establish the diagnosis of immune dysfunctions. The conventional functional cellular immunity test involves measurements of the capacity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to produce pro‐inflammatory cytokines when stimulated ex vivo. However, this “bulk” assay measures the overall reactivity of a population of lymphocytes and monocytes, making it difficult to pinpoint the phenotype or real identity of the reactive immune cells involved. In this research, we develop a large surface micromachined poly‐dimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfiltration membrane (PMM) with high porosity, which is integrated in a microfluidic microfiltration platform. Using the PMM with functionalized microbeads conjugated with antibodies against specific cell surface proteins, we demonstrated rapid, efficient and high‐throughput on‐chip isolation, enrichment, and stimulation of subpopulations of immune cells from blood specimens. Furthermore, the PMM‐integrated microfiltration platform, coupled with a no‐wash homogeneous chemiluminescence assay (“AlphaLISA”), enables us to demonstrate rapid and sensitive on‐chip immunophenotyping assays for subpopulations of immune cells isolated directly from minute quantities of blood samples.
Using the Computer Game “FoldIt” to Entice Students to Explore External Representations of Protein Structure in a Biochemistry Course for Nonmajors
Authors: Farley Peter C.
Published: January 2013

This article describes a novel approach to teaching novice Biochemistry students visual literacy skills and understanding of some aspects of protein structure using the internet resource FoldIt and a worksheet based on selected Introductory Puzzles from this computer game. In responding to a questionnaire, students indicated that they (94%) enjoyed playing the game and furthermore, they indicated that they (100%) perceived an improvement in their understanding of protein structure as a result. Instructor observation of the students using the game together with the worksheet corroborated the results of the student perception survey. © 2012 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 41(1):56–57, 2013
Changes in snow accumulation and ablation following the Las Conchas Forest Fire, New Mexico, USA
Authors: Harpold Adrian A. , Biederman Joel A. , Condon Katherine , Merino Manuel , Korgaonkar Yoganand , Nan Tongchao , Sloat Lindsey L. , Ross Morgan , Brooks Paul D.
Published: January 2013

Seasonally, snow‐covered forests are a critical source of water in the Western United States and are subject to major disturbances, including fire, harvest, disease and insect‐caused mortality, that have relatively unknown effects on water availability. In this study, we investigated changes in winter season snow accumulation and ablation in a forest following the Las Conchas fire in the Jemez Mountains of New Mexico. We investigated two competing sets of processes that should determine the peak annual snowpack prior to snowmelt: (1) reduced interception by forest canopy results in greater new snow accumulation and (2) increased winter season ablation of the snowpack results in reduced peak snowpack volumes. These processes were evaluated with approximately 800 spatially distributed manual observations of new snow, 1500 manual observations of peak snowpack, and light detection and ranging‐derived snow depth, vegetation and terrain datasets collected prior to the fire. A single snowfall event yielded significantly larger snow depths in the post‐burn area versus the unburned area (p < 0.001), with 25% to 45% interception in the unburned area and near zero in the post‐burn area. Conversely, the peak snowpack depths were significantly larger in the unburned area compared with the post‐burn area (mean of 55 and 47 cm, respectively), despite nearly identical peak snowpacks prior to the fire (72 and 72 cm, respectively). The lack of strong vegetation controls led to less variability at peak snowpack in the post‐burn area and a shift towards topographically controlled variability, caused by differences in elevation and aspect, occurring at larger spatial scales. The unburned area had roughly 10% more water available for melt than the post‐burn area, with winter season ablation reducing snowpacks by nearly 50% prior to melt in the post‐burn area. The relative importance of shortwave radiation to the snowpack energy balance and sublimation suggests that the 10% reductions in peak snow water storage found in these north‐facing areas could be a conservative estimate for winter season ablation following fire. Further work is necessary to assess the role that topography plays in altering water partitioning following forest disturbance and the potential implications for ecological health and downstream water resources. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simultaneous determination of monoamines in rat brain with Pt/MWCNTs@Pdop hybrid nanocomposite using capillary electrophoresis— amperometric detection
Authors: Liu Xiaoqian , Yu Yanyan , Gu Hui , Zhou Tianshu , Wang Lili , Mei Bing , Shi Guoyue
Published: January 2013

In this article, polydopamine (Pdop) functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs@Pdop) were firstly synthesized and employed as the template for the dispersion of Pt nanoparticles to form Pt/MWCNTs@Pdop hybrid nanocomposite. The characterizations of the Pt/MWCNTs@Pdop were investigated by SEM, transmission electron microscopy, x‐ray diffraction, and voltammetry. Based upon the Pt/MWCNTs@Pdop nanocomposite, a modified carbon disk electrode was fabricated and successfully applied to the simultaneous detection of four important monoamines, including dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and serotonin, using capillary electrophoresis—amperometric detection system. Compared with the bare electrode, the four analytes at the Pt/MWCNTs@Pdop electrode exhibited higher sensitivity, broad linear responses from 0.5 to 1.0 × 102 nmol/L. The detection limits (S/N = 3) were lower than 9.2 × 10−10 mol/L. More importantly, the effect of noise exposure on monoamines (MAs) in hippocampus and hypothalamus was investigated for the first time. Compared with the control group, the levels of the MAs all varied to different extents after rats receiving the same noise stimulation. The results showed that the proposed method could be applied to the determination of low levels of MAs in biological samples and screening the target molecules for the diagnosis and treatment of various related diseases.
Combination of hollow‐fiber liquid‐phase microextraction and capillary electrophoresis for pioglitazone and its main metabolites determination in rat liver microsomal fraction
Authors: Calixto Leandro Augusto , Bonato Pierina Sueli
Published: January 2013

Pioglitazone (PGZ), a thiazolidinedione antidiabetic agent, is reported as a potent and selective activator of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ (PPAR γ). This drug has been widely prescribed for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes mellitus. In this regard, this manuscript presents, for the first time, an alternative electrophoretic method for PGZ and its main metabolites determination in rat liver microsomal fraction. The electrophoretic analyses were performed using an uncoated fused‐silica capillary of 50 μm id, 48 cm in total length and 40 cm in effective length, and 50 mmol/L sodium phosphate buffer solution (pH 2.5). All experiments were carried out under the normal mode. The capillary temperature was set at 35°C and a constant voltage of +30 kV was applied during the analyses. Samples were introduced into the capillary by hydrodynamic injection (50 mbar, 15 s) and detection was performed at 190 nm. The sample preparation procedure, based on hollow‐fiber liquid‐phase microextraction, was optimized using multifactorial experiments. Next, the following optimal condition was established: sample agitation at 1500 rpm, extraction for 15 min, 0.01 mol/L hydrochloric acid as acceptor phase, 1‐octanol as organic phase, and donor phase pH adjustment to 6.0. The method demonstrated LOQs of 200 ng/mL. Additionally, it was linear over the concentration range of 200–25 000 ng/mL for PGZ and 200–2000 ng/mL for the metabolites. Finally, the validated method was employed to study the in vitro metabolism of PGZ using rat liver microsomal fraction.
Development and optimization of an integrated PDMS based‐microdialysis microchip electrophoresis device with on‐chip derivatization for continuous monitoring of primary amines
Authors: Nandi Pradyot , Scott David E. , Desai Dhara , Lunte Susan M.
Published: January 2013

An all‐PDMS on‐line microdialysis‐microchip electrophoresis with on‐chip derivatization and electrophoretic separation for near real‐time monitoring of primary amine‐containing analytes is described. Each part of the chip was optimized separately, and the effect of each of the components on temporal resolution, lag time, and separation efficiency of the device was determined. Aspartate and glutamate were employed as test analytes. Derivatization was accomplished with naphthalene‐2,3,‐dicarboxyaldehyde/cyanide (NDA/CN−), and the separation was performed using a 15‐cm serpentine channel. The analytes were detected using LIF detection.
Identification and genetic characterization of Anisakis larvae from marine fishes in the South China Sea using an electrophoretic‐guided approach
Authors: Zhang Luping , Du Xiaojie , An Ruiyong , Li Liang , Gasser Robin B.
Published: January 2013

From 35 species of marine fishes (n = 327) from the South China Sea, 237 nematode larvae were collected and identified morphologically as Anisakis. Genomic DNA was isolated from each larva and subjected to PCR‐based RFLP and targeted sequencing of a nuclear ribosomal DNA region between the 3′‐end of the small subunit and 5′‐end of the large subunit of the rRNA genes (= internal transcribed spacers, ITS+). Four different RFLP profile combinations (sets) were detected for all restriction endonucleases (HinfI, HhaI, and TaqI), of which three were characteristic of Anisakis typica, A. pegreffii, and A. physeteris, respectively. One profile set (for sample CA‐2012) was linked to an ITS+ sequence that was identical to a previously published sequence of Anisakis sp. (sample HC‐2005; originating from the African shelf) and another sequence (PH‐2010; Madeira, Portugal). Phylogenetic analysis was carried out using the ITS+ sequence data from this study and reference sequences from the GenBank database. Neighbor joining and maximum parsimony trees displayed three clades. Clades I and II included nine described species of Anisakis, including all type I and type II larvae; clade III represented some undescribed species of Anisakis. Morphological comparison showed that Anisakis sp. CA‐2012 was distinct from type I and type II larvae based on its tail shape and ratio of tail length to body length. The phylogenetic analysis and morphological characters suggest that Anisakis sp. CA‐2012 represents a new record, now called Anisakis type III larvae.
Electrophoretic mobility of duplex DNA cross‐linked by mechlorethamine at a cytosine–cytosine mismatch pair
Authors: Romero Rebecca M. , Rojsittisak Pornchai , Haworth Ian S.
Published: January 2013

The common nitrogen mustard, mechlorethamine, can form a covalent cross‐link between the two bases of a cytosine–cytosine mismatch pair within a DNA duplex. The cross‐linked species can be readily separated from DNA monoadducts and unreacted strands using denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Here, using DNA 19 mer duplexes that are mechlorethamine cross‐linked at a C4–C35, C7–C32, C10–C29, or C13–C26 mismatch pair, we show that the denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis mobility of the cross‐linked species is particularly sensitive to the proximity of the C–C cross‐link to the duplex end. Species that are cross‐linked at a C4–C35 mismatch have greater mobilities than those cross‐linked at C7–C32 or C13–C26, and the species with a central C10–C29 cross‐link have the lowest mobility. The mobility is also dependent on the proximity of the cross‐link to a 5′‐32P‐phosphate or a 5′‐fluorescein label. We interpret these results in terms of the conformational properties of the cross‐linked species in the denaturing gel. The results are consistent with the retention of partial duplex character at the end proximal to the cross‐link, with an influence on the mobility of the GC/AT ratio proximal to the cross‐link and at the duplex end, and a small but discernible effect of the label.
Effect of crosslinking on the mechanical properties of mineralized and non‐mineralized collagen fibers
Authors: Bou‐Akl Therese , Banglmaier Richard , Miller Rebecca , VandeVord Pamela
Published: January 2013

Problems associated with current bone substitutes led to an increased interest in tissue engineered surrogates with properties similar to natural bones. Commonly used materials lack the ultimate mechanical properties. In this study, we examined the influence of 1‐ethyl‐3‐(3‐dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) as a crosslinking agent on the strength of collagen fibers. Collagen fibers are crosslinked with EDC, or EDC/N‐hydroxysulfosuccinimide (Sulfo‐NHS) in water or EDC in acetone. After which fibers are mineralized using calcium chloride and potassium phosphate. The mechanical properties of the treated fibers are measured using tensile testing. In addition, the effect of crosslinking on cellular behavior was tested by culturing bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) on modified fibers. We found that the mechanical properties of non‐mineralized and mineralized collagen fibers are significantly affected by the crosslinking method. The tensile strength of single fibers is greatly improved by crosslinking with EDC in acetone. BMMSCs were found to attach and spread well on modified fibers confirming biocompatibility. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 101A: 2507–2514, 2013.
Hydrogen Peroxide Biosensor Based on Immobilization of Hemoglobin on Au@Ag Nanoparticles Modified Carbon Ionic Liquid Electrode
Authors: Ma Chun‐Yang , Liu Kun , Ma Chun‐Hua , Chu Dian‐Qing
Published: January 2013

A hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) biosensor based on the combination of Au@Ag core‐shell nanoparticles with a hemoglobin‐chitosan‐1‐butyl‐3‐methyl‐imidazolium tetrafluoroborate (Hb‐CHIT‐BMIM×BF4) composite film was prepared. UV‐vis spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy confirmed a core‐shell nanostructure of Au@Ag nanoparticle was successfully obtained. Cyclic voltammetric results showed a pair of well‐defined redox peaks appeared with the formal potential (EO′) of ‐0.301 V (versus Ag/AgCl reference electrode) and the peak‐to‐peak separation (ΔEp) was 84 mV in 0.1 M phosphate buffer solutions. Due to the synergetic effect of Au@Ag core‐shell nanoparticles and Hb‐CHIT‐BMIM×BF4, the biosensor exhibited good electrocatalytic activity to the reduction of H2O2 in a linear range from 1.0 × 10−6 to 1.0 × 10−3 M with a detection limit of 4 × 10−7 M (S/N = 3). The apparent Michaelis‐Menten constant (KM) was estimated to be 4.4 × 10−4 M, showing its high affinity. Thus, the study proved that the combination of Au@Ag core‐shell nanoparticles and Hb‐CHIT‐BMIM×BF4 is able to open up new opportunities for the design of enzymatic biosensors.
Synthesis and Antitumor Activity of New Substituted Mercapto‐1,2,4‐Triazine Derivatives, Their Thioglycosides, and Acyclic Thioglycoside Analogs
Authors: Nassar Ibrahim F.
Published: January 2013

New 1,2,4‐triazine and their derived thioglycoside derivatives were synthesized from 5,6‐diphenyl‐1,2,4‐triazine‐3‐thiol. Furthermore, the corresponding acyclic thioglycoside analogs were synthesized from the corresponding mercapto derivatives and acyclic oxygenated alkyl halides. The newly synthesized compounds were evaluated for their antitumor activity and some of them showed high inhibition activities.
Synthesis of β‐Arylacyl/β‐Heteroarylacyl‐β‐alkylidene Malonates and Their Application in Substituted Pyridone Synthesis
Authors: Wagh Manoj Balu , Shankar R. , Mini K. , Krishnamohan T. , Madhubabu M. V. , Pal Abir K. , Jayaprakash Sarva , Krishna T. , Dahanukar Vilas , Kumar U. K. Syam , Gill C. H.
Published: January 2013

A novel approach has been developed for the synthesis of β‐arylacyl/β‐heteroarylacyl‐β‐alkylidine malonates in moderate to good yields by the reaction of Stork aryl and heteroaryl enamine with β‐chloroalkylidene malonates. The reaction involves conjugate (Michael) addition of Stork enamine on β‐chloroalkylidene malonates and elimination of chloride ion. These Michael adducts were utilized as intermediates for the synthesis of highly substituted 1,4‐dialkyl‐2‐oxo‐6‐aryl/hetreoaryl‐1,2‐dihydro‐pyridine‐3‐carboxylic acid ethyl esters via 5 + 1 ring annulation protocol.
Complexity and expressive power of second‐order extended Horn logic
Authors: Feng Shiguang , Zhao Xishun
Published: January 2013

We introduce SO‐HORNr which is a revised version of SO‐HORN and show that SO‐HORNr captures \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty}$\mathsf {P}$\end{document} on ordered finite structures. We also introduce second‐order extended Horn logic SO‐EHORN and a superclass SO‐EHORNr of it. We show that both of them capture \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty}$\mathsf {co}\mbox{-}\mathsf {NP}$\end{document} on ordered finite structures by proving that SO‐EHORN and SO‐EHORNr have the same expressive power when only consider ordered structures.
Effects of PFM rehabilitation on PFM function and morphology in older women
Authors: Madill Stéphanie J. , Pontbriand‐Drolet Stéphanie , Tang An , Dumoulin Chantale
Published: January 2013

Aims

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of a pelvic floor muscle (PFM) rehabilitation program on incontinence symptoms, PFM function, and morphology in older women with SUI.

Methods

Women 60 years old and older with at least weekly episodes of SUI were recruited. Participants were evaluated before and after a 12‐week group PFM rehabilitation intervention. The evaluations included 3‐day bladder diaries, symptom, and quality of life questionnaires, PFM function testing with dynamometry (force) and electromyography (activation) during seven tasks: rest, PFM maximum voluntary contraction (MVC), straining, rapid‐repeated PFM contractions, a 60 sec sustained PFM contraction, a single cough and three repeated coughs, and sagittal MRI recorded at rest, during PFM MVCs and during straining to assess PFM morphology.

Results

Seventeen women (68.9 ± 5.5 years) participated. Following the intervention the frequency of urine leakage decreased and disease‐specific quality of life improved significantly. PFM function improved significantly: the participants were able to perform more rapid‐repeated PFM contractions; they activated their PFMs sooner when coughing and they were better able to maintain a PFM contraction between repeated coughs. Pelvic organ support improved significantly: the anorectal angle was decreased and the urethrovescial junction was higher at rest, during contraction and while straining.

Conclusions

This study indicated that improvements in urine leakage were produced along with improvements in PFM co‐ordination (demonstrated by the increased number of rapid PFM contractions and the earlier PFM activation when coughing), motor‐control, pelvic organ support. Neurourol. Urodynam. 32:1086–1095, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Who's up for early detection?
Authors: Kirby Roger
Published: January 2013

The debate about the pros and cons of periodic health checks looks set to run and run – the value of advanced screening techniques will be reviewed critically in future issues of Trends. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons
Genetic haemochromatosis and sexual health in men
Authors: Rosenbaum Leah , Morgan Marsha Y.
Published: January 2013

Clinically overt genetic haemochromatosis is ten times more frequent in men than in women, but is often underdiagnosed because of the generalised and varied nature of the symptoms and slow onset. As sexual dysfunction is a common early sign, often occurring years before other manifestations of the disease, the authors suggest a case could be made for screening men who present to sexual health services. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons
One size does not fit all: The oligomeric states of αB crystallin
Authors: Delbecq Scott P. , Klevit Rachel E.
Published: January 2013

Small Heat Shock Proteins (sHSPs) are a diverse family of molecular chaperones that delay protein aggregation through interactions with non‐native and aggregate‐prone protein states. This function has been shown to be important to cellular viability and sHSP function/dysfunction is implicated in many diseases, including Alzheimer's and Alexander disease. Though their gene products are small, many sHSPs assemble into a distribution of large oligomeric states that undergo dynamic subunit exchange. These inherent properties present significant experimental challenges for characterizing sHSP oligomers. Of the human sHSPs, αB crystallin is a paradigm example of sHSP oligomeric properties. Advances in our understanding of sHSP structure, oligomeric distribution, and dynamics have prompted the proposal of several models for the oligomeric states of αB. The aim of this review is to highlight characteristics of αB crystallin (αB) that are key to understanding its structure and function. The current state of knowledge, existing models, and outstanding questions that remain to be addressed are presented.
Oligodendrogenesis from neural stem cells: Perspectives for remyelinating strategies
Authors: Grade Sofia , Bernardino Liliana , Malva João O.
Published: January 2013

Mobilization of remyelinating cells spontaneously occurs in the adult brain. These cellular resources are specially active after demyelinating episodes in early phases of multiple sclerosis (MS). Indeed, oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) actively proliferate, migrate to and repopulate the lesioned areas. Ultimately, efficient remyelination is accomplished when new oligodendrocytes reinvest nude neuronal axons, restoring the normal properties of impulse conduction. As the disease progresses this fundamental process fails. Multiple causes seem to contribute to such transient decline, including the failure of OPCs to differentiate and enwrap the vulnerable neuronal axons. Regenerative medicine for MS has been mainly centered on the recruitment of endogenous self‐repair mechanisms, or on transplantation approaches. The latter commonly involves grafting of neural precursor cells (NPCs) or neural stem cells (NSCs), with myelinogenic potential, in the injured areas. Both strategies require further understanding of the biology of oligodendrocyte differentiation and remyelination. Indeed, the success of transplantation largely depends on the pre‐commitment of transplanted NPCs or NSCs into oligodendroglial cell type, while the endogenous differentiation of OPCs needs to be boosted in chronic stages of the disease. Thus, much effort has been focused on finding molecular targets that drive oligodendrocytes commitment and development. The present review explores several aspects of remyelination that must be considered in the design of a cell‐based therapy for MS, and explores more deeply the challenge of fostering oligodendrogenesis. In this regard, we discuss herein a tool developed in our research group useful to search novel oligodendrogenic factors and to study oligodendrocyte differentiation in a time‐ and cost‐saving manner.
Successful catheter ablation of premature ventricular contractions originating from the anterior fascicle of the left bundle branch in a patient with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Authors: Sonoda Kazumasa , Okumura Yasuo , Watanabe Ichiro , Nagashima Koichi , Mano Hiroaki , Kofune Masayoshi , Kunimoto Satoshi , Ohkubo Kimie , Nakai Toshiko , Hirayama Atsushi
Published: January 2013

A 73‐year‐old man with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy was referred for an electrophysiologic study and catheter ablation of premature ventricular contractions (PVCs)/nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT). The QRS morphology of the PVCs was right bundle branch block with an inferior axis. Transthoracic echocardiography showed left ventricular hypertrophy and a normal left ventricular ejection fraction without any obstruction in the left ventricle (LV). Intracardiac mapping showed that the earliest activation site of the PVCs was within the anterior portion of the basal LV, where a Purkinje potential preceded the QRS onset by 32 ms. Radiofrequency application at that site terminated the PVCs. The PVCs/NSVT did not recur during 10 months of follow‐up.
Unidirectional block on the mitral isthmus during radiofrequency application for perimitral atrial tachycardia
Authors: Yamashita Seigo , Yamane Teiichi , Matsuo Seiichiro , Ito Keiichi , Narui Ryohsuke , Hioki Mika , Tanigawa Shin‐ichi , Tokuda Michifumi , Inada Keiichi , Date Taro , Sugimoto Ken‐ichi , Yoshimura Michihiro
Published: January 2013

We present the case of a patient who developed regular, narrow QRS tachycardia after ablation for long‐standing persistent atrial fibrillation. During the electrophysiological study, this tachycardia was diagnosed as macroreentrant atrial tachycardia circulating around the mitral annulus. Catheter ablation was performed to treat the tachycardia by targeting the linear region between the annulus and the left inferior pulmonary vein. Although linear radiofrequency application along the mitral isthmus (MI) line resulted in the termination of this tachycardia, a unidirectional conduction block was observed through the MI. Bidirectional conduction block was subsequently achieved by delivering supplemental radiofrequency energies at the gap on the MI.
Mood instability and functional recovery in bipolar disorders
Authors: Strejilevich S. A. , Martino D. J. , Murru A. , Teitelbaum J. , Fassi G. , Marengo E. , Igoa A. , Colom F.
Published: January 2013

Objective

The aim of this study was to identify psychopathological factors associated with long‐term functional outcome in euthymic bipolar disorder patients and to test new measures of mood instability and symptoms intensity.

Method

Fifty‐five patients with more than 12 months of follow‐up were included. In addition to traditional clinical variables, the time spent ill was documented using a modified life‐charting technique based on NIHM life‐charting method. New measures, Mood Instability Factor, and Mood Intensity Factor were defined and assessed. Functioning Assessment Short Test (FAST) was used to assess disability.

Results

The follow‐up period was 3.00 ± 1.51 years. Weeks with subsyndromal depressive symptoms (β = 0.133, t = 2.556, P = 0.014), weeks with mild manic symptoms (β = 1.441, t = 3.10, P = 0.003), and the Mood Instability Factor (β = 0.105, t = 3.593, P = 0.001) contributed to approximately 46% of the FAST total score variance.

Conclusion

New methodologies including subsyndromal symptoms and mood instability parameters might contribute to understand the worse long‐term functional outcome that affects a considerable percentage of BD patients even after episode remission. Concerns about therapeutic approaches are discussed.