bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Profiles in Patient Safety: When an Error Occurs
Authors: Hobgood Cherri , Hevia Armando , Hinchey Paul
Published: July 2004

Medical error is now clearly established as one of the most significant problems facing the American health care system. Anecdotal evidence, studies of human cognition, and analysis of high‐reliability organizations all predict that despite excellent training, human error is unavoidable. When an error occurs and is recognized, providers have a duty to disclose the error. Yet disclosure of error to patients, families, and hospital colleagues is a difficult and/or threatening process for most physicians. A more thorough understanding of the ethical and social contract between physicians and their patients as well as the professional milieu surrounding an error may improve the likelihood of its disclosure. Key among these is the identification of institutional factors that support disclosure and recognize error as an unavoidable part of the practice of medicine. Using a case‐based format, this article focuses on the communication of error with patients, families, and colleagues and grounds error disclosure in the cultural milieu of medial ethics.
Ultrasound Image Quality Comparison between an Inexpensive Handheld Emergency Department (ED) Ultrasound Machine and a Large Mobile ED Ultrasound System
Authors: Blaivas Michael , Brannam Larry , Theodoro Daniel
Published: July 2004

Questions have been raised regarding image quality (IQ) provided by portable ultrasound (US) machines. Objectives: To determine if a difference exists between images obtained with a common portable US machine and those obtained with a more expensive, larger US machine when comparing typical views used by emergency physicians. Methods:The authors performed a cross‐sectional, blinded comparison of images from similar sonographic windows obtained on healthy models using a SonoSite 180 Plus and a General Electric (GE) 400 US machine. Both machines were optimized by company representatives. Images obtained included typical abdominal and vascular applications using the abdominal and linear transducers on each machine. All images were printed on identical high‐resolution printers and then digitized using a bitmap format at 300 dots‐per‐inch resolution (RES). Images were then cropped, masked, and placed into random order comparing each view per model by a commercial Web design company (loracs.com). Three credentialed emergency physician sonologists, blinded to machine type, rated each image pair for RES, detail (DET), and total IQ as previously defined in the literature using a ten‐point Likert scale; 10 was the best rating for each category. Paired t‐test, 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs), and interobserver correlation were calculated. Results: A total of 49 image pairs were evaluated. Mean GE 400 RES, DET, and IQ scores were 6.8, 6.8, and 6.6, respectively. Corresponding SonoSite means were 6.3, 6.3, and 6.0, respectively. The difference of 0.5 (95% CI = 0.13 to 1.1) for DET was not statistically significant (p = 0.06). The differences of 0.5 (95% CI = 0.1 to 1.1) and 0.6 (95% CI = 0.2 to 1.2) for RES and IQ were statistically significant, with p = 0.01 and 0.01. There was good interobserver agreement (κ= 0.71; 95% CI = 0.67 to 0.78). Conclusions: A statistically significant difference was seen between GE 400 and SonoSite in IQ and RES, but not DET.
Emergency Medicine Narratives: A Systematic Discussion of Definition and Utility
Authors: Hawkins Seth Collings
Published: July 2004

A substantial number of emergency medicine providers are publishing stories and other creative expressions related to their medical experiences. This is a systematic review of such publications, introduces the term “emergency medicine narratives” to describe such pieces, and proposes a framework to classify the various forms of expression. Specifically, six genres of emergency medicine narratives are discussed: medical autobiography, clinical narratives, creative narratives, out‐of‐hospital narratives, lay exposition, and photojournalism. This review explores the utility of these narratives and the role they play within the field of emergency medicine, provides a bibliography of emergency narratives, and suggests future questions that might be addressed regarding this growing phenomenon in the field of emergency medicine.
Emergency Medicine Resident Rotation in Pediatric Emergency Medicine: What Kind of Experience Are We Providing?
Authors: Chen Esther H. , Shofer Frances S. , Baren Jill M.
Published: July 2004

Objectives: To characterize emergency medicine (EM) residents' clinical experience during a pediatric emergency medicine (PEM) rotation. Methods:Prospective observational study of EM resident–patient encounters in a children's hospital emergency department (ED). Results: Fifty‐six residents participated in the study. The mean (±SD) patient age was 6.3 (±5.6) years. Ambulatory infectious disease, respiratory illness, and wound management represented almost 50% of final diagnoses. Six and a half procedures/resident were performed per rotation, mainly nonemergent procedures, whereas resuscitations and child abuse evaluations were rare. A minority of patients required data interpretation: 34.4% had laboratory testing, 24.6% had radiographic studies, and 2.3% had electrocardiograms. Conclusions: Analysis of patient encounters during a PEM rotation showed deficiencies in critical care procedures, resuscitations, child abuse evaluations, and neonatal evaluations. Quantitative data of skills utilized during rotations can be used by residency programs to identify and correct deficiencies in their residents' PEM education.
Evaluating the Impact of an Educational Intervention on Documentation of Decision‐making Capacity in an Emergency Medical Services System
Authors: Riley Jennifer , Burgess Rob , Schwartz Brian
Published: July 2004

Objectives: To compare the documentation of decision‐making capacity by advanced life support (ALS) providers and signature acquisition before, one month after, and one year after an educational intervention. Methods:The intervention comprised a one‐and‐a‐half‐hour module on assessment and documentation of decision‐making capacity. Ambulance call reports were reviewed for all ALS calls occurring during three two‐month periods, and refusals of transport were recorded. Provider compliance with documentation of decision‐making capacity and signature acquisition were determined from a convenience sample of 75 reports from each period. Reviewers were blinded to study period. Twenty‐percent double data entry was undertaken to evaluate accuracy. Ninety‐five percent confidence intervals were calculated to compare frequencies of cancelled calls and documentation. Results: From the emergency medical services database, 7,744 calls before the intervention, 7,444 immediately after, and 7,604 one year later were identified. Documentation rates in the second and third periods did not differ from that prior to the intervention (1.3% vs. 0.0% and 0.0% in subsequent periods), nor did the rates of signature acquisition differ (85.3% vs. 85.3% and 78.6%). The accuracy of data entry was 92.6%. However, the frequency of call refusals decreased significantly after the intervention (from 9.0% to 2.0% and 6.6% in the respective periods). Conclusions: An educational intervention resulted in no change in the rate of decision‐making capacity documentation or signature acquisition by ALS providers for refusal of transport. There was a temporary increase in the number of transported patients.
Personal Preferences Regarding Family Member Presence during Resuscitation
Authors: Benjamin Marny , Holger Joel , Carr Mary
Published: July 2004

Objectives: Previous studies have shown that family members wish to be present during the resuscitation of a family member. No studies have addressed whether the patient would want family members present if he or she required resuscitation. The authors wanted to determine patients' preferences regarding family member presence during their own resuscitation. Methods: A seven‐item survey was administered to a sample of patients and their family members older than 17 years of age on six randomly chosen shifts in an academic community hospital emergency department. Responses were analyzed using chi‐square and t‐tests. Subjective comments were also recorded. Results: A total of 266 subjects were asked to participate in the study; 200 subjects agreed to complete the survey. Most (72%) wanted a family member present. However, 21% did not wish any family member to be present. Positive responders (family present) tended to be younger (mean, 39.4 years; 95% confidence interval = 36.7 to 42.2) than negative responders (mean, 50.5 years; 95% confidence interval = 42.9 to 55.7; p < 0.001). Positive responders were also more likely to be nonwhite (χ2= 6.29, p < 0.05). Gender, education, or health status was not associated with responder type. Of positive responders, 56% stated they wanted only certain members present, and these preferences were variable. Conclusions: Patients preferred to have family members present during their resuscitation. However, most of the positive responders wanted only certain members present, and approximately one in five patients, who tended to be older and white, did not want any family present. This study does not support an open policy of allowing family members into a resuscitation without prior knowledge of the patient's preferences.
Noninvasive Intracranial Cerebral Flow Velocity Evaluation in the Emergency Department by Emergency Physicians
Authors: Shafé Michael , Blaivas Michael , Hooker Edmond , Straus Leigh
Published: July 2004

Transcranial Doppler (TCD) is an accepted modality for the evaluation of cerebral blood flow velocities. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to test the feasibility of bedside TCD measurement in the emergency department (ED) with critically ill, intubated patients. Methods:A prospective convenience sample of patients presenting to a university hospital over a two‐month period underwent TCD evaluation of the middle cerebral artery. Intubated patients with head trauma and any patient requiring tracheal intubation were eligible. A 2‐MHz Doppler probe was positioned over the temporal bone to acquire blood flow velocities. An emergency medicine resident and research assistant obtained measurements. Continuous TCD tracings were recorded on a video cassette recorder tape for quality assurance review and data collection. Vital signs and therapeutic interventions were also recorded. Flow velocities were measured in cm/s; the peak Resistance Index (RI) was calculated for each patient. Results: A total of 30 patients were enrolled in the study. Adequate tracings were obtained in 25 patients (83%) without a disruption of resuscitation. Tracings could not be obtained in five patients; they were listed as TCD failures. However, in two of these patients, adequate flow velocity tracings were obtained after resuscitation. Four patients were evaluated during tracheal intubation. One patient was monitored successfully during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The median time required for data acquisition was 1.9 minutes. The mean highest RI for those who expired was 0.84. For those who survived, the mean highest RI was 0.52. The difference of 0.32 was statistically significant (p = 0.04). Conclusions: Noninvasive blood flow velocity monitoring of the middle cerebral artery using TCD is feasible in the ED when performed at the bedside on intubated patients with traumatic brain injury and others during tracheal intubation and resuscitation.
The Effects of Ecstasy (MDMA) on Rat Liver Bioenergetics
Authors: Rusyniak Daniel E. , Tandy Stephany L. , Kamendulis Lisa M. , Sprague Jon E. , Klaunig James E.
Published: July 2004

Objectives: Use of the drug ecstasy (3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine [MDMA]) can result in life‐threatening hyperthermia. Agents that uncouple mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation are known to cause severe hyperthermia. In the present study, the authors tested the hypothesis that MDMA directly uncouples oxidative phosphorylation in rat liver mitochondria. Methods: Effects on mitochondrial bioenergetics were assessed both in vitro and ex vivo. In vitro studies consisted of measuring the effects of MDMA (0.1–5.0 mmol/L) on states of respiration in isolated rat liver mitochondria and on mitochondrial membrane potential in a rat liver cell line. In ex vivo studies, mitochondrial rates of respiration were measured in the livers of rats one hour after treatment with MDMA (40 mg/kg subcutaneously). Results: With the in vitro mitochondrial preparations, only concentrations of 5 mmol/L MDMA showed evidence of uncoupling with a slight increase in state 4 respiration and a corresponding decrease in the respiratory control index. MDMA (0.1–5.0 mmol/L) failed to decrease the mitochondrial membrane potential in 3,3‐dihexyloxacarbocyanide iodide–stained WB‐344 cells after either one or 24 hours of incubation. Ex vivo rates of respiration obtained from the livers of rats one hour after treatment with MDMA (40 mg/kg subcutaneously) showed no evidence of mitochondrial uncoupling. Conclusions: These data suggest that while high concentrations of MDMA have some mild uncoupling effects in isolated mitochondria, these effects do not translate to cell culture or ex vivo studies in treated animals. These data do not support the view that the hyperthermia induced by MDMA is from a direct effect on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation.
Molecular and genetic interactions betweenSTYLOSAandGRAMINIFOLIAin the control ofAntirrhinumvegetative and reproductive development
Authors: Navarro Cristina , Efremova Nadia , Golz John F. , Rubiera Roger , Kuckenberg Markus , Castillo Rosa , Tietz Olaf , Saedler Heinz , Schwarz-Sommer Zsuzsanna
Published: July 2004

STYLOSA (STY) in Antirrhinum and LEUNIG(LUG) in Arabidopsis control the spatially correct expression of homeotic functions involved in the control of floral organ identity. We show here that the sty mutant also displays alteration in leaf venation patterns and hypersensitivity towards auxin and polar auxin transport inhibitors, demonstrating that STY has a more general role in plant development. STY and LUG are shown to be orthologues that encode proteins with structural relation to GRO/TUP1-like co-repressors. Using a yeast-based screen we found that STY interacts with several transcription factors, suggesting that STY, like GRO/TUP1, forms complexes in vivo. Proteins of the YABBY family, characterised by containing a partial HMG domain, represent a major group of such interactors. In vivo association of STY with one of the YABBY proteins, GRAMINIFOLIA (GRAM), is supported by enhanced phenotypic defects in sty gram double mutants,for instance in the control of phyllotaxis, floral homeotic functions and organ polarity. Accordingly, the STY and GRAM protein and mRNA expression patterns overlap in emerging lateral organ primordia. STY is expressed in all meristems and later becomes confined to the adaxial domain and (pro)vascular tissue. This pattern is similar to genes that promote adaxial identity, and, indeed, STY expression follows,although does not control, adaxial fate. We discuss the complex roles of STY and GRAM proteins in reproductive and vegetative development, performed in part in physical association but also independently.
HGF regulates the development of cortical pyramidal dendrites
Authors: Gutierrez Humberto , Dolcet Xavier , Tolcos Mary , Davies Alun
Published: July 2004

Although hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and its receptor tyrosine kinase MET are widely expressed in the developing and mature central nervous system,little is known about the role of MET signaling in the brain. We have used particle-mediated gene transfer in cortical organotypic slice cultures established from early postnatal mice to study the effects of HGF on the development of dendritic arbors of pyramidal neurons. Compared with untreated control cultures, exogenous HGF promoted a highly significant increase in dendritic growth and branching of layer 2 pyramidal neurons, whereas inactivation of endogenous HGF with function-blocking, anti-HGF antibody caused a marked reduction in size and complexity of the dendritic arbors of these neurons. Furthermore, pyramidal neurons transfected with an MET dominant-negative mutant receptor likewise had much smaller and less complex dendritic arbors than did control transfected neurons. Our results indicate that HGF plays a role in regulating dendritic morphology in the developing cerebral cortex.
GRAMINIFOLIApromotes growth and polarity ofAntirrhinumleaves
Authors: Golz John F. , Roccaro Mario , Kuzoff Robert , Hudson Andrew
Published: July 2004

The leaves of higher plants develop distinct cell types along their adaxial-abaxial (dorsal-ventral) axes. Interaction between leaf primordium cells with adaxial and abaxial identities is necessary for lateral growth of the developing leaf blade. We show that the growth and asymmetry of leaves in Antirrhinum majus involves the related YABBY transcription factors GRAMINIFOLIA (GRAM) and PROLONGATA (PROL). GRAM is expressed in abaxial margins of organ primordia where it promotes lateral growth and abaxial cell fate. GRAM, however, is not needed for abaxial fate in the absence of adaxial cell specification, suggesting that it promotes abaxial fate by excluding adaxial identity. Although GRAM expression is abaxially restricted, it functions redundantly with its abaxially expressed paralogue, PROL, and with the ubiquitously expressed PHANTASTICA gene to promote adaxial identity via intercellular signalling. This non cell-autonomous behaviour is consistent with the ability of GRAM in only the abaxial most cell layer to direct normal development of more adaxial cells. The contrasting roles of GRAM in promoting and inhibiting adaxial identity might serve to reinforce and maintain the distinction between adaxial and abaxial domains in the growing leaf primordium.
PlexinA4 is necessary as a downstream target of Islet2 to mediate Slit signaling for promotion of sensory axon branching
Authors: Miyashita Toshio , Yeo Sang-Yeob , Hirate Yoshikazu , Segawa Hiroshi , Wada Hironori , Little Melissa H. , Yamada Toshiya , Takahashi Naoki , Okamoto Hitoshi
Published: July 2004

Slit is a secreted protein known to repulse the growth cones of commissural neurons. By contrast, Slit also promotes elongation and branching of axons of sensory neurons. The reason why different neurons respond to Slit in different ways is largely unknown. Islet2 is a LIM/homeodomain-type transcription factor that specifically regulates elongation and branching of the peripheral axons of the primary sensory neurons in zebrafish embryos. We found that PlexinA4, a transmembrane protein known to be a co-receptor for class III semaphorins,acts downstream of Islet2 to promote branching of the peripheral axons of the primary sensory neurons. Intriguingly, repression of PlexinA4 function by injection of the antisense morpholino oligonucleotide specific to PlexinA4 or by overexpression of the dominant-negative variant of PlexinA4 counteracted the effects of overexpression of Slit2 to induce branching of the peripheral axons of the primary sensory neurons in zebrafish embryos, suggesting involvement of PlexinA4 in the Slit signaling cascades for promotion of axonal branching of the sensory neurons. Colocalized expression of Robo, a receptor for Slit2, and PlexinA4 is observed not only in the primary sensory neurons of zebrafish embryos but also in the dendrites of the pyramidal neurons of the cortex of the mammals, and may be important for promoting the branching of either axons or dendrites in response to Slit, as opposed to the growth cone collapse.
Function and regulation ofFoxF1duringXenopusgut development
Authors: Tseng Hsiu-Ting , Shah Rina , Jamrich Milan
Published: July 2004

Development of the visceral mesoderm is a critical process in the organogenesis of the gut. Elucidation of function and regulation of genes involved in the development of visceral mesoderm is therefore essential for an understanding of gut organogenesis. One of the genes specifically expressed in the lateral plate mesoderm, and later in its derivative, the visceral mesoderm, is the Fox gene FoxF1. Its function is critical for Xenopus gut development, and embryos injected with FoxF1morpholino display abnormal gut development. In the absence of FoxF1function, the lateral plate mesoderm, and later the visceral mesoderm, does not proliferate and differentiate properly. Region- and stage-specific markers of visceral mesoderm differentiation, such as Xbap and α-smooth muscle actin, are not activated. The gut does not elongate and coil. These experiments provide support for the function of FoxF1 in the development of visceral mesoderm and the organogenesis of the gut. At the molecular level, FoxF1 is a downstream target of BMP4 signaling. BMP4 can activate FoxF1 transcription in animal caps and overexpression of FoxF1 can rescue twinning phenotypes, which results from the elimination of BMP4 signaling. The cis-regulatory elements of FoxF1are located within a 2 kb DNA fragment upstream of the coding region. These sequences can drive correct temporal-spatial expression of a GFP reporter gene in transgenic Xenopus tadpoles. These sequences represent a unique tool, which can be used to specifically alter gene expression in the lateral plate mesoderm.
Apical sensory neurones mediate developmental retardation induced by conspecific environmental stimuli in freshwater pulmonate snails
Authors: Voronezhskaya Elena E. , Khabarova Marina Yu. , Nezlin Leonid P.
Published: July 2004

Freshwater pond snails Helisoma trivolvis and Lymnaea stagnalis undergo larval development and metamorphosis inside egg capsules. We report that their development is permanently under slight tonic inhibitory influence of the anterior sensory monoaminergic neurones, which are the remnants of the apical sensory organ. Conspecific juvenile snails, when reared under conditions of starvation and crowding, release chemical signals that are detected by these neurones in encapsulated larvae and reversibly suppress larval development, thus providing a link between environmental signals and developmental regulation. Induced retardation starts from the trochophore stage and results in up to twofold prolongation of the larval lifespan. Upon stimulation with the signal, the neurones increase synthesis and release of monoamines [serotonin (5-HT) in Helisoma and dopamine in Lymnaea] that inhibit larval development acting via ergometrine-sensitive internal receptors. Thus, the novel regulatory mechanism in larval development of molluscs is suggested and compared with the phenomenon of dauer larvae formation in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.
Rhomboid 3 orchestrates Slit-independent repulsion of tracheal branches at the CNS midline
Authors: Gallio Marco , Englund Camilla , Kylsten Per , Samakovlis Christos
Published: July 2004

EGF-receptor ligands act as chemoattractants for migrating epithelial cells during organogenesis and wound healing. We present evidence that Rhomboid 3/EGF signalling, which originates from the midline of the Drosophilaventral nerve cord, repels tracheal ganglionic branches and prevents them from crossing it. rho3 acts independently from the main midline repellent Slit, and originates from a different sub-population of midline cells: the VUM neurons. Expression of dominant-negative Egfr or Ras induces midline crosses,whereas activation of the Egfr or Ras in the leading cell of the ganglionic branch can induce premature turns away from the midline. This suggests that the level of Egfr intracellular signalling, rather than the asymmetric activation of the receptor on the cell surface, is an important determinant in ganglionic branch repulsion. We propose that Egfr activation provides a necessary switch for the interpretation of a yet unknown repellent function of the midline.
Preparation of New Main-chain Type Polyquinone and Its Properties
Authors: Muramatsu Yukiko , Yamamoto Takakazu
Published: July 2004

New semiconducting poly(anthraquinone-1,5-diyl) with two NO2 groups at 4- and 8-positions has been prepared by an Ullmann type coupling reaction using metallic copper or a zerovalent nickel complex. The polymer shows intrinsic dc conductivity of 1.4 × 10−6 S cm−1 at room temperature.
Photothermal Signal Detection on the Optical Waveguide
Authors: Kato Kenji , Takatsu Akiko , Matsuda Naoki , Sugitani Yoshinori
Published: July 2004

A new detection technique of photothermal signal on the slab optical waveguide (SOWG) was demonstrated. Photothermal deflection of probe laser beam transmitted in the core layer of the SOWG was detected. Dependence of signal intensity and phase change on distance between the excitation and probe beam positions was measured. This method has high sensitivity to sample on the surface.
Separation of Basic Drug Enantiomers by Capillary Electrophoresis with New Glycosaminoglycan
Authors: Tsukamoto Tsuyoshi , Ushio Takanori , Haginaka Jun
Published: July 2004

A new fucose-containing glycosaminoglycan was investigated as the chiral additive for the separation of basic drug enantiomers by capillary electrophoresis. Tolperisone and eperisone enantiomers were not separated with α- or β-cyclodextrin, or heparin as the chiral additive, but were separated with the new fucose-containing glycosaminoglycan. A variety of basic drug enantiomers were resolved using 2-5%(w/w) solution of the glycosaminoglycan in 10 mM phosphate buffer (final pH 5.0).
An Intermediate for Naphthoylnaphthvalene → Naphthoylnaphthalene Valence Isomerization Originating from the Lowest Excited Singlet State
Authors: Nakayama Toshihiro , Nagahara Tetsuhiko , Miki Sadao , Hamanoue Kumao
Published: July 2004

By measurements of the absorption, phosphorescence and transient absorption spectra, the photoproduct obtained by steady-state photolysis of the title compound (NNV) at 77 K is tentatively ascribed to a zwitterionic intermediate for NNV→naphthoylnaphthalene valence isomerization originating from the lowest excited singlet state.
Intracomplex Quenching by Copper(II) Ion of Excited Singlet and Triplet States of Zinc Myoglobin Modified with Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic Acid
Authors: Tsukahara Keiichi , Kimura Chieko , Sakurai Takeshi
Published: July 2004

Both excited singlet and triplet states of zinc myoglobin, whose lysine residue was modified with diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid, were quenched by copper(II) ions bound at the modified site.
Synthesis and Novel Spectroscopic Behavior Octahedral Bis(β-diketonato) Complexes of Paramagnetic Cr(III) and Ni(II) Ions Containing a Nitronyl Nitroxide Radical Chelate
Authors: Yoshida Takafumi , Kanamori Kan , Takamizawa Satoshi , Mori Wasuke , Kaizaki Sumio
Published: July 2004

New bis(β-diketonato)Cr(III) and Ni(II) complexes with a chelating nitronyl nitroxide radical were synthesized and characterized. The intensification and/or large Stokes shift of the spin-forbidden components and the charge transfer transitions revealed by the resonance Raman spectra in the visible region were found, which result from the moderate exchange coupling.
Structure and Stereodynamics of N-Methyl-N-9-triptycylacetamide: Pyramidal Amide Nitrogen in the Crystalline State
Authors: Yamamoto Gaku , Murakami Hiroaki , Tsubai Natsuko , Mazaki Yasuhiro
Published: July 2004

N-Methyl-N-9-triptycylacetamide exists as the Z-isomer in the crystalline state and the amide nitrogen is considerably pyramidal, while in solution the compound exists as a mixture of E/Z isomers, the equilibrium being dependent on the solvent and the temperature.
Synthesis of Polynitrobenzene by Chemical Modification of Poly(N,N-dimethylaniline)
Authors: Zheng Haipeng , Zhang Ruifeng , Shen Jiacong
Published: July 2004

Nitrification of poly(N,N-dimethylaniline)(PDMA) was carried out to synthesize a new kind of poly(phenylene)(PP) derivative–polynitrobenzene(PNB). Characterization of PNB and the determination of another product showed that in this reaction almost all the N,N-dimethyl groups on PDMA were replaced by the nitro groups without degradation. A possible mechanism of this special reaction has been put forward.
Practical Preparation of Size-Controlled Gold Nanoparticles in Water
Authors: Yonezawa Tetsu , Sutoh Mizuki , Kunitake Toyoki
Published: July 2004

Facile, safe and efficient preparation of stable dispersions of gold nanoparticle from tetrachloroaureic(III) ion is achieved by simultaneous addition of citrate as reductant and sodium 3-mercaptopropionate as stabilizer. No rigorous cleanliness is needed and the reductant is decomposed to CO2. The particle size can be controlled in the range between 2.3 nm and 10 nm.
Unique Behavior of a (Ind-P)n Ligand on the Substitution Reaction of {η5,η1-(Ind-P)n}RhCO with nBu3P
Authors: Kataoka Yasutaka , Saito Yoshinori , Shibahara Atsushi , Tani Kazuhide
Published: July 2004

Several types of rhodium carbonyl complexes, {η5,η1-(Ind-P)n}RhCO [(Ind-P)n = C9H6(CH2)nPR2; n = 2-4; R = Ph or Cy (Cy = cyclohexyl)], have been prepared. The substitution of the carbonyl group of {η5,η1-(Ind-P)n=4}RhCO with nBu3P proceeded via a novel “lid-on-off” mechanism to afford {η5,η1-(Ind-P)n=4}Rh(nBu3P). However, the reaction of {η5,η1-(Ind-P)n}RhCO having an ethylene or a propylene spacer with nBu3P gave the addition products, {η3,η1-(Ind-P)n}Rh(CO)(nBu3P).
Highly Stereoselective Preparation of α-Glucosides Utilizing Anomerization Reaction with MgBr2·OEt2 and a Catalytic Amount of Titanium(IV)tetrahalides
Authors: Mukaiyama Teruaki , Takeuchi Kazuya , Uchiro Hiromi
Published: July 2004

The anomerization reactions of several β-d-glucopyranosides proceed smoothly in the coexistence of MgBr2·OEt2 and a catalytic amount of titanium(IV)halides to afford the corresponding α-d-glucopyranosides. The desired alkyl α-glucosides and α-anomer of disaccharides such as Glcα1-6Glc were obtained in high yields with high stereoselectivities.
Crystal Structure and Conducting Property of a Metallic Charge-Transfer Complex Based on a Novel Tellurophene-Extended [3]Radialene Acceptor
Authors: Tarutani Shinji , Mori Takehiko , Mori Hatsumi , Tanaka Shoji , Takahashi Kazuko
Published: July 2004

A metallic charge-transfer complex of a novel tellurophene-extended [3]radialene type acceptor with TTF was prepared. The one-dimensional metallic conduction was proved to occur through the acceptor column by X-ray crystal analysis and thermoelectric power measurement.
Synthesis of a Mixed-Metal Cluster Complex of Rhenium and Nickel [Re3NiS4Cl6(PEt3)4]
Authors: Miyake Naofumi , Imoto Hideo , Saito Taro
Published: July 2004

Condensation of [Ni(cod)2] with a trinuclear rhenium chloro sulfido cluster complex prepared from [Re3S7Cl6]Cl and triethylphosphine forms a mixed metal cluster complex [Re3NiS4Cl6(PEt3)4]. The cluster complex has 17 metal cluster electrons and is paramagnetic. The four metal atoms form a cubane structure with face-capping sulfur atoms.
New Access to Cross-Coupling Reaction between Arylsilanes or Heteroarylsilanes and Aryl Halides Mediated by a Copper(I) Salt
Authors: Ito Hajime , Sensui Hiro-omi , Arimoto Kikuo , Miura Katsukiyo , Hosomi Akira
Published: July 2004

Copper(I) salt can be used as a promoter for the cross-coupling reactions between aryl- or heteroarylsilanes and aryl halides without a fluoride ion. Under these mild conditions, even a substrate containing a fluoride ion-sensitive silyloxyl group was employed directly.
Ester-Mediated Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution of 2,3-Alkylidenedioxybenzoic Esters by Aryl Lithium Reagents
Authors: Koike Nobuyuki , Hattori Tetsutaro , Takeda Ayanobu , Okaishi Yoshikazu , Miyano Sotaro
Published: July 2004

Treatment of 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenyl 2,3-methylenedioxybenzoate with several aryllithium reagents in diethyl ether at 0 °C affords 6-hydroxy-1,1′-biphenyl-2-carboxylates in good to excellent yields. Reaction of an (S)-(−)-2,3-ethylidenedioxybenzoic ester with 2-methoxy-4,6-dimethylphenyllithium induces R axial twist with not less than 81% diastereoselectivity in the biphenyl coupling.
Adsorptive Separation of Lead and Zinc Ions by Novel Type of Calix[4]arene Carboxylate Resin Immobilized with Polyallylamine
Authors: Ohto Keisuke , Tanaka Yuki , Inoue Katsutoshi
Published: July 2004

Novel type of calix[4]arene carboxylate resin immobilized with polyallylamine has been prepared to investigate the adsorption behavior for lead and zinc ions. It was found that the resin possesses significantly higher separation efficiency for lead away from zinc. In the separation by means of column chromatography, it was confirmed to highly selectively adsorb trace amount of lead ion over large excess amount of zinc ion.
Cyclohexylenedithio Annelated Bis-Fused TTF Donors and Their Conducting Salts
Authors: Ashizawa Minoru , Aragaki Masanobu , Mori Takehiko , Misaki Yohji , Yamabe Tokio
Published: July 2004

Bis-fused TTF(tetrathiafulvalene) derivatives with a cyclohexane ring 1a-c have been synthesized. One of their radical-cation salts (1b)2Au(CN)2 exhibits high conductivity σrt=160 Scm−1 and is metallic down to 120 K. Its structure consists of weakly dimerized columns with relatively small intercolumnar interactions.
Another Photochromism of a Spironaphtoxazine Due to the Geometric Isomerization of the Open-Form
Authors: Horii Toyokazu , Miyake Yoshinobu , Nakao Ren , Abe Yasuo
Published: July 2004

The photodecoloration rate of colored spironaphtho[1,2-b]oxazine 2 was much slower than the corresponding [2,1-b]oxazine 1. Existence of another photochromic system between two of the open-form isomers of 2, in addition to the well-known one for 1 between the closed and the open forms, was proved.
Preparation of High Lithium Ion Conducting LiLnSiO4 (Ln = La, Sm) Thin Films by Sol-Gel Method
Authors: Sato Mineo , Ueda Hirokazu , Ohara Yoichi , Uematsu Kazuyoshi , Toda Kenji
Published: July 2004

A sol-gel method was applied to prepare thin films of LiLnSiO4 (Ln = La,Sm). The coating solution was made from lithium isopropoxide, silicon tetraethoxide, and tris(acetylacetonato)rare-earth. Well crystalline films with 0.1∼0.3 μm in thickness were obtained on alumina and quartz glass substrates by spin-coating, followed by firing over 400 °C. The lithium ionic conductivity of the films was much greater than that of sintered samples prepared by a conventional solid state reaction at 1000 °C.
Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2 with H2O on Ti-MCM-41 and Ti-MCM-48 Mesoporous Zeolites at 328 K
Authors: Zhang Shu Guo , Fujii Yo , Yamashita Hiromi , Koyano Keiko , Tatsumi Takashi , Anpo Masakazu
Published: July 2004

Ti-MCM-41 and Ti-MCM-48 mesoporous zeolites were prepared and investigations into the unprecedented use of these catalysts for the photocatalytic reduction of CO2 with H2O at 328 K were carried out. Ti-mesoporous zeolites exhibited high photocatalytic reactivity for the formation of CH3OH, its reactivity being much higher than bulk TiO2.
Electron Spin Echo Investigation for Radicals Produced on ZnS Semiconductor Photocatalysts
Authors: Nosaka Yoshio , Nakaoka Yasuhiro , Ushida Kiminori , Kira Akira
Published: July 2004

Pulsed electron spin resonance technique was applied to the investigation into radicals formed on photo-irradiated ZnS semiconductor powder. From the decay profile of the signal intensity of electron spin echo, the spin relaxation times for surface holes and Sn radicals were measured to be 1.2 and 6 μs, respectively.
Synthesis of 3-Hydroxy-5-oxonene via 2,3-Epoxy-5-oxonene
Authors: Fujiwara Kenshu , Tsunashima Misa , Awakura Daisuke , Murai Akio
Published: July 2004

Synthesis of 2r, 3t, 9t- and 2r, 3t, 9c-2,9-diethyl-3-hydroxy-5-oxonenes was achieved by the reduction of 2,9-diethyl-2,3-epoxy-5-oxonene which was prepared from 2,9-diethyl-2,5-oxonadiene and dimethyldioxirane. Stereoselective conversion of these 3-hydroxy-5-oxonenes was also described.
Binding Affinity of GM3 Lactone to Wheat Germ Agglutinin
Authors: Sato Toshinori , Ishii Megumi , Terabayashi Takashi , Kawanishi Yasuhiro , Okahata Yoshio
Published: July 2004

Binding amounts and initial binding rates of Wheat Germ Agglutinin (WGA) to GM3 lactone containing mixed monolayer were measured by using a quarts-crystal microbalance (QCM). GM3 lactone showed the higher initial binding rate and binding amount compared with the parent GM3.
Synthesis of Trinuclear Rhenium Halide Sulfide Cluster Complexes with Triethylphosphine Ligands [Re3(μ3-S)2(μ2-S)2(μ2-Br)Br2(PEt3)4] and [Re3(μ3-S)2(μ2-S)2(μ2-Cl)Cl3(PEt3)3]
Authors: Yamada Soichiro , Miyake Naofumi , Imoto Hideo , Saito Taro
Published: July 2004

The reactions of [Re3S7X6]X (X = Br, Cl) with triethylphosphine formed a 10 electron cluster complex [Re3(μ3-S)2(μ2-S)2(μ2-Br)Br2(PEt3)4] or a 9 electron cluster complex [Re3(μ3-S)2(μ2-S)2(μ2-Cl)Cl3(PEt3)3].
A New Approach to 5-Hydroxyindoles from 1,4-Cyclohexanedione
Authors: Ozaki Yutaka , Okamura Kyouko , Hosoya Ayako , Kim Sang-Won
Published: July 2004

Several kinds of 2-substituted 5-hydroxyindoles were prepared by the procedure starting from the condensation of 1,4-cyclohexanedione with N-protected α-amino aldehydes in the presence of lithium chloride. The substitutent on 2-position of the indole ring system depends on that of the α-amino acid which was converted to the aldehyde.
Palladium-Catalyzed Coupling Polymerization of Bromophenylallenes and Sodium Malonates
Authors: Miyaki Nobuyuki , Tomita Ikuyoshi , Endo Takeshi
Published: July 2004

A trisubstituted poly(phenylene-vinylene) (Mn = 7700) was obtained in 67% yield by the coupling polymerization of p-bromophenylallene (1a) with sodium diethyl methylmalonate (2) at 80°C for 6h. Owing to the diethyl methylmalonate moieties in the side chain, the polymer is remarkably soluble in various organic solvents. From m-bromophenylallene (1b), a polymer was also obtained in high yield.
Reversible Control of Pitch of Induced Cholesteric Liquid Crystal by Optically Active Photochromic Fulgide Derivatives
Authors: Yokoyama Yasushi , Sagisaka Toshiya
Published: July 2004

Mixtures of nematic 4-cyano-4′-pentylbiphenyl and (R)-2,2′-dihydroxy-1,1′-binaphthyl-condensed fulgide derivatives form stable cholesteric liquid crystalline states. Photochromic reactions of them induced the change of their cholesteric pitch reversibly.
Reaction of Tungsten Metal Powder with Hydrogen Peroxide to Form Peroxo Tungstates, An Useful Precursor of Proton Conductor
Authors: Nakajima Hitoshi , Kudo Tetsuichi , Mizuno Noritaka
Published: July 2004

The title reaction was investigated by 183W NMR, Raman and TOF-MASS spectroscopy. Peroxotungstates with peroxo/W = 2 and peroxo/W = 1 were formed. The latter compounds are previously unknown. The removal of hydrogen peroxide from the reaction solution by the decomposition with Pt net promoted the polymerization of these species.
Preparation of m-Acylphenol Derivatives by the Reaction of Tricarbonyl(cyclohexadienone)iron Complex and Higher Order Cuprates
Authors: Ban Sooho , Sakurai Hidehiro , Hayashi Yujiro , Narasaka Koichi
Published: July 2004

Reaction of tricarbonyl[(2,3,4,5-η)-2,4-cyclohexadien-1-one]iron and higher order cuprates followed by the treatment with acetic anhydride and then with carbon monoxide affords tricarbonyl[(1,2,3,4-η)-1-acetoxy-5-endo-acyl-1,3-cyclohexadiene]iron complexes in good yield, which are converted to meta-acylphenol derivatives by the oxidation with trimethylamine N-oxide.
Characterization of Atomically Smooth Al Films by Transmission Electron Microscopy and Atomic Force Microscopy
Authors: Higo Morihide , Lu X , Mazur U , Hipps K W
Published: July 2004

Atomically smooth Al films were prepared by vacuum evaporation on heated mica substrates at 350°C. The films consist of single crystals 270 nm in diameter with (111) faces and the crystals are oriented randomly about the [111] direction which is perpendicular to the substrate. The roughness of the Al film surfaces is 0.6 nm over 1 × 1 μm areas.
Chiral Recognition of Tetrahelicene Dicarboxylic Acid by Linear Dextrins
Authors: Kano Koji , Negi Shigeru , Takaoka Ryoko , Kamo Hisanobu , Kitae Takashi , Yamaguchi Masahiko , Okubo Hitoshi , Hirama Masahiro
Published: July 2004

Recognition of the helicity of 1,12-dimethylbenzo[c]phenanthrene-5,8-dicarboxylic acid (1) by linear oligosaccharides has been studied by 1H NMR spectroscopy and capillary zone electrophoresis. Both methods, clearly indicate that maltotetraose, maltopentaose, maltohexaose, and maltoheptaose selectively complex with the (M)-isomer of 1 as a guest through hydrogen-bonding interaction in water.
Synthesis of Solid Solutions in a System of LiCoO2-Li2MnO3 for Cathode Materials of Secondary Lithium Batteries
Authors: Numata Koichi , Sakaki Chie , Yamanaka Shoji
Published: July 2004

Lithium-manganese-cobalt oxide, Li(Lix/3MN2x/3Co1−x)O2 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) was prepared as a solid solution between the two kinds of layer structured end members, LiCoO2 and Li2MnO3. Excess lithium carbonate or lithium hydroxide should be added to the mixture on calcination at 900 - 1000 °C to obtain the solid solutions. The resulting layer structured solid solutions can be used as a cathode material for secondary lithium batteries.
Efficient S1-S1 Radiationless Energy Transfer in Solid Cyclohexane and 1,4-Dioxane Solutions at Unusually Low Concentration
Authors: Mutai Toshiki , Araki Koji
Published: July 2004

Singlet-singlet radiationless energy transfer between 6,6′-bis(diethylamino)-2,2′-bipyridine (1) and 3,3′-dihydroxy-2,2′-bipyridine (2) was observed at unusually low concentration (3 × 10−5 mol dm−3 of 1 with 10 mol% of 2) only in solid solutions of cyclohexane and 1,4-dioxane but not of methylcyclohexane, cyclohexanol, hexane, 3-methylpentane, cyclopentane, and tetrahydrofuran.
Novel Annulation of 6-Aryl-3-ethoxy-6-hydroxy-2,4-hexadienoates to 5-Benzoyl-3-ethoxycyclopent-2-en-1-ones under Basic Conditions
Authors: Kawano Tomikazu , Islam Md Saiful , Jeong Jae-Seung , Ueda Ikuo
Published: July 2004

Reaction of 6-aryl-3-ethoxy-6-hydroxy-2,4-hexadienoates with potassium hydroxide in ethanol gave 5-benzoyl-3-ethoxycyclopent-2-en-1-ones in moderate yields.
Esterase Catalyzed Regio- and Enantio-selective Hydrolysis of Substituted Carboxylates
Authors: Ozaki Eiji , Sakashita Keiichi
Published: July 2004

Optically active α-substituted carboxylic acid derivatives were obtained with regio- and enantio-selective hydrolysis catalyzed by esterase from Pseudomonas putida MR-2068. Substrate specificities were summarized in empirical rule to predict the enantiopreferences of the esterase. High regio-selectivities were also discussed with binding models.
The Molecular Orientation of a Peptide-based Amphiphile at Hexane/Water Interface
Authors: Hosokawa Hirofumi , Kinoshita Takatoshi , Tsujita Yoshiharu , Yoshimizu Hiroaki
Published: July 2004

A rod-like amphiphile, hydrophobic poly(γ-methyl l-glutamate) containing β-cyclodextrin as a hydrophilic terminal group (PMG-CyD), lay down in its monolayer membrane at air/water interface, however, it has a possibility for the perpendicular orientation at hexane/water interface above specific surface pressure.
Effects of Hydrostatic Pressure on DNA Minor Groove Binding as Studied by Restriction Endonuclease Protection Assay (REPA)
Authors: Tang Guo-Qing , Tanaka Naoki , Kunugi Shigeru
Published: July 2004

The effect of pressure on the interaction of minor groove binders with the pBR322 DNA was investigated by using the restriction endonuclease protection assay. The pressure employed alone did not provide measurable enzyme protection whereas it improved the DNA protection ability of drugs. Hydration change terms were proposed to be responsible for the observed pressure effect.
Complex Formation between Water-Soluble Porphyrin and Cationic Surfactant below the Critical Micelle Concentration
Authors: Hinoue Teruo , Kobayashi Junji , Ozeki Toru , Watarai Hitoshi
Published: July 2004

It was found that a visible absorption spectrum of 5, 10, 15, 20-tetraphenyl-21H, 24H-porphinetetrasulfonic acid (TPPS) drastically changes with concentration of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). This spectral change is due to the successive complex formation between them in aqueous solution (pH 7). The formation constants were determined by applying a factor analysis with equilibrium constraints (FAEC) to the spectra of TPPS solutions with different concentrations of CTAB.
Nonplanar σ2,π-and Planar σ2-Enediamide Coordinations of 1,4-Di(p-methoxyphenyl)-1,4-diaza-1,3-butadiene (=MeOC6H4-DAD) on Ta(η5-C5R5) Fragments (R=H,Me): Crystal Structures of TaCl2 (σ2,π-MeOC6H4-dad)(η5-C5H5) and Ta(σ2-MeOC6H4-dad)(η5-C5Me5)(η4-1,3-butadiene)
Authors: Mashima Kazushi , Matsuo Yutaka , Tani Kazuhide
Published: July 2004

Treatment of TaCl4(η5-C5R5)[1 ; R = H (a), R = Me (b)] with a dilithio compound of 1,4-di(p-methoxyphenyl)-1,4-diaza-1,3-butadiene (abbr. MeOC6H4-DAD) gave TaCl2(σ2,π-MeOC6H4-dad)(η5-C5R5) [2; R = H (a), R = Me (b)]. Complexes 2 reacted with a magnesium-butadiene compound to afford Ta(σ2-MeOC6H4-dad)(η5-C5R5)(η4-1,3-butadiene)[3; R = H (a), R = Me (b)]. Crystal structures of 2a and 3b were determined by X-ray analysis.
The Synergistic Extraction of Lanthanides with Trifluoroacetylcycloalkanones and Trioctylphosphine Oxide
Authors: Umetani Shigeo , Kawase Yusuke , Le Quyen T H , Matsui Masakazu
Published: July 2004

The separation of lanthanides in the solvent extraction into chloroform with trifluoroacetylcycloalkanones having a narrowed oxygen-oxygen distance has been found to improve by an addition of trioctylphosphine oxide as a synergist.
Rare Earth Elements in Human Blood Serum as Determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Inagaki Kazumi , Haraguchi Hiroki
Published: July 2004

The multielement determination of all rare earth elements in human blood serum by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry has been studied, where the blood serum sample was digested with nitric acid and perchloric acid, and then rare earth elements were preconcentrated by using the chelating resin prior to the determination. It was found that the concentrations of rare earth elements in human blood serum were at the ppt (10−12 g/ml) level.
Chemoselectivities in Palladium Catalyzed Eneyne Cyclizations
Authors: Oh Chang Ho , Rhim Chul Yun , Hwang Sun Kyung
Published: July 2004

Palladium catalyzed 1,7-eneyne cyclizations proceeded endo- or exo-mode depending on solvent: polar solvent afforded the exo-mode predominantly, non-polar solvent did the endo mode product.
Chemical Ionization Mass Spectra of Benzene and Toluene at Low CH4 Pressures
Authors: Tsuji Masahara , Oda Erika , Nishimura Yukio
Published: July 2004

Chemical ionization (CI) of benzene and toluene by the CH5+, C2H5+, and C3H5+ ions has been studied in an ion-trap type GC/MS at low CH4 pressures. The main product ion from benzene was C6H7+ for all the reactant ions, and that from toluene was C7H9+ for the CH5+ and C2H5+ ions, and C7H7+ for the C3H5+ ion. Initial adduct ions, which had been found in previous CI spectra at high CH4 pressures, were not observed.
Polyvinylalcohol Microgel
Authors: Fukutomi Takashi , Asakawa Kazuaki , Kihara Nobuhiro
Published: July 2004

Soap-free copolymerization of vinyl acetate and N,N′-dimethyl-N,N′-divinyl-sebacoyldiamide followed by alkaline hydrolysis afforded poly(vinyl alcohol) microgel.
A New and Efficient Method for the Chemoselective Reduction of Azidoarenes and Aroylazides: Use of Zinc-Cobalt Chloride
Authors: Baruah Mukulesh , Hussain Akhtara , Prajapati Dipak , Sandhu Jagir S
Published: July 2004

Reduction of azidoarenes and aroylazides to the parent primary amines or amides respectively occurs in excellent yields upon treatment with a novel reduction system consisting of Zn-CoCl2·6H2O-THF.
Magnetic Field Effect on Photochromism. Recombination of 2,3,4,5-Tetraphenylpyrrolyl Radicals
Authors: Nakai Takako , Tani Masanao , Nishio Satoru , Matsuzaki Akiyoshi , Sato Hiroyasu
Published: July 2004

Photochromism of the dimer of 2,3,4,5-tetraphenylpyrrolyl radical consists of coloration by photochemical scission and decoloration by thermal recombination of radicals. Application of external magnetic field gave a pronounced retarding effect on the second-order recombination rate constant of escaped radicals.