bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Perceptual Degradation Affects Stop-Signal Performance in Normal Healthy Adults
Authors: Soloveva Maria V. , Jamadar Sharna D. , Hughes Matthew , Velakoulis Dennis , Poudel Govinda , Georgiou-Karistianis Nellie
Published: October 2020

During stop-signal task performance, little is known how the quality of visual information of the ‘go’ stimuli may indirectly affect the interplay between the ‘go’ and ‘stop’ processes. In this study, we assessed how perceptual degradation of the visual ‘go’ stimuli affect response inhibition. Twenty-six healthy individuals (mean age 33.34 ± 9.61) completed a modified 12-minute stop-signal task, where ‘V’ and ‘Y’ letters were used as visual ‘go’ stimuli. The stimuli were subjected to four levels of perceptual degradation using Gaussian smoothing, to parametrically manipulate stop difficulty across low, intermediate-1, intermediate-2 and high difficulty conditions. On 33% of trials, the stop-signal (50ms audio tone) followed a ‘go’ stimulus after a stop-signal delay, which was individually adjusted for each participant. As predicted, we found that with increased level of stop difficulty (little perceptual degradation), reaction times on ‘go’ trials and the proportion of successful behavioural inhibitions on ‘stop’ trials (P(i)) decreased in normal healthy adults. Contrary to our predictions, there was no effect of increased stop difficulty on the number of correct responses on ‘go’ trials and reaction times on ‘stop’ trials. Overall, manipulation of the completion time of the ‘go’ process via perceptual degradation has been partially successful, whereby increased stop difficulty differentially affectedP(i) and SSRT. These findings have implications for the relationship between the ‘go’ and ‘stop’ processes and the horse-race model, which may be limited in explaining the role of various cortico-basal ganglia loops in modulation of response inhibition.

Highlights

Manipulation of the completion time of the ‘go’ process is partially successful

Perceptual degradation differentially affects stop-signal performance

Increased stop difficulty (easy ‘go’) results in lowerP(i)

Increased stop difficulty (easy ‘go’) has no effect on SSRT

Horse-race model does not fully explain basal ganglia involvement in inhibition
Comparison of potential plant-pollinator network structure for 3 seed mixes (lawn, roadside, and pollinator-planting) in western NY, USA
Authors: Burt Briana , Chomiak Kristina , Cisse Ibrahim , Paratore Aaron , Whitney Kaitlin Stack
Published: October 2020

There is growing concern, locally and globally, about the health of pollinating insects and their decreasing abundance and diversity. While roads may also be contributing to insect pollinator declines (roads can contribute to habitat fragmentation and habitat destruction), roadsides may provide opportunities for pollinating insect conservation. Yet to use these areas to support local pollinating insects, we need to understand which plants will support wild pollinators, especially of conservation concern. To that end, we researched the potential plant-pollinator networks of three existing seed mixes in western New York (USA) – a roadside seed mix, a pollinator-friendly planting mix, and a lawn seed mix. We used publicly available information and built bipartite graphs to show the resulting networks. The pollinator-friendly seed mix supported the most pollinating insects overall and taxa of conservation concern. Yet the roadside mix, with the same species richness as the lawn seed mix, supported a different network based on the plants in the mix. Our results inform which particular plant species in existing seed mixes in western New York can support wild pollinating insect species of concern in the region. Additionally, our results show potentially how roadside and lawn plantings may be altered to support a broader network of pollinating insects.
Synthesis and preclinical evaluation of [11C]MTP38 as a novel PET ligand for phosphodiesterase 7 in the brain
Authors: Obokata Naoyuki , Seki Chie , Hirata Takeshi , Maeda Jun , Ishii Hideki , Nagai Yuji , Matsumura Takehiko , Takakuwa Misae , Fukuda Hajime , Minamimoto Takafumi , Kawamura Kazunori , Zhang Ming-Rong , Nakajima Tatsuo , Saijo Takeaki , Higuchi Makoto
Published: October 2020

Purpose

Phosphodiesterase (PDE) 7 is a potential therapeutic target for neurological and inflammatory diseases, althoughin-vivovisualization of PDE7 has not been successful. In this study, we aimed to develop [11C]MTP38 as a novel positron emission tomography (PET) ligand for PDE7.

Methods

[11C]MTP38 was radiosynthesized by11C-cyanation of a bromo precursor with [11C]HCN. PET scans of rat and rhesus monkey brains andin-vitroautoradiography of brain sections derived from these species were conducted with [11C]MTP38. In monkeys, dynamic PET data were analyzed with an arterial input function to calculate the total distribution volume (VT). The non-displaceable binding potential (BPND) in the striatum was also determined by a reference tissue model with cerebellar reference. Finally, striatal occupancy of PDE7 by an inhibitor was calculated in monkeys according to changes inBPND.

Results

[11C]MTP38 was synthesized with radiochemical purity ≥ 99.4% and molar activity of 38.6 ± 12.6 GBq/μmol. Autoradiography revealed high radioactivity in the striatum and its reduction by non-radiolabeled ligands, in contrast with unaltered autoradiographic signals in other regions.In-vivoPET after radioligand injection to rats and monkeys demonstrated that radioactivity was rapidly distributed to the brain and intensely accumulated in the striatum relative to the cerebellum. Correspondingly, estimatedVTvalues in the monkey striatum and cerebellum were 3.59 and 2.69 mL/cm3, respectively. The cerebellarVTvalue was unchanged by pretreatment with unlabeled MTP38. StriatalBPNDwas reduced in a dose-dependent manner after pretreatment with MTP-X, a PDE7 inhibitor. Relationships between PDE7 occupancy by MTP-X and plasma MTP-X concentration could be described by Hill’s sigmoidal function.

Conclusion

We have provided the first successful preclinical demonstration ofin-vivoPDE7 imaging with a specific PET radioligand. [11C]MTP38 is a feasible radioligand for evaluating PDE7 in the brain and is currently being applied to a first-in-human PET study.
Neuroimaging: into the Multiverse
Authors: Dafflon Jessica , Da Costa Pedro F. , Váša František , Monti Ricardo Pio , Bzdok Danilo , Hellyer Peter J. , Turkheimer Federico , Smallwood Jonathan , Jones Emily , Leech Robert
Published: October 2020

Abstract

For most neuroimaging questions the huge range of possible analytic choices leads to the possibility that conclusions from any single analytic approach may be misleading. Examples of possible choices include the motion regression approach used and smoothing and threshold factors applied during the processing pipeline. Although it is possible to perform a multiverse analysis that evaluates all possible analytic choices, this can be computationally challenging and repeated sequential analyses on the same data can compromise inferential and predictive power. Here, we establish how active learning on a low-dimensional space that captures the inter-relationships between analysis approaches can be used to efficiently approximate the whole multiverse of analyses. This approach balances the benefits of a multiverse analysis without the accompanying cost to statistical power, computational power and the integrity of inferences. We illustrate this approach with a functional MRI dataset of functional connectivity across adolescence, demonstrating how a multiverse of graph theoretic and simple pre-processing steps can be efficiently navigated using active learning. Our study shows how this approach can identify the subset of analysis techniques (i.e., pipelines) which are best able to predict participants’ ages, as well as allowing the performance of different approaches to be quantified.
Absolute measurement of cellular activities using photochromic single-fluorophore biosensors
Authors: Gielen Vincent , Mönkemöller Viola , Bierbuesse Franziska , Bourges Anaïs C. , Vandenberg Wim , Shen Yi , Hofkens Johan , Vanden Berghe Pieter , Campbell Robert E. , Moeyaert Benjamien , Dedecker Peter
Published: October 2020

Genetically-encoded biosensors based on a single fluorescent protein are widely used to visualize analyte levels or enzymatic activities in cells, though usually to monitor relative changes rather than absolute values. We report photochromism-enabled absolute quantification (PEAQ) biosensing, a method that leverages the photochromic properties of biosensors to provide an absolute measure of the analyte concentration or activity. We develop proof-of-concept photochromic variants of the popular GCaMP family of Ca2+biosensors, and show that these can be used to resolve dynamic changes in the absolute Ca2+concentration in live cells. We also show how our method can be expanded to fast imaging with reduced illumination intensities or to situations where the absolute illumination intensities are unknown. In principle, PEAQ biosensing can be applied to other biosensors with photochromic properties, thereby expanding the possibilities for fully quantitative measurements in complex and dynamic systems.
The evolution of hematopoietic cells under cancer therapy
Authors: Pich Oriol , Cortes-Bullich Albert , Muiños Ferran , Pratcorona Marta , Gonzalez-Perez Abel , Lopez-Bigas Nuria
Published: October 2020

Chemotherapies may influence the evolution of somatic tissues through the introduction of genetic variation in cells and by changing the selective pressures they face. However, the contributions of chemotherapeutic agents to the mutation burden of healthy cells and to clonal expansions in somatic tissues are not clear. Here, we exploit the mutational footprint of some chemotherapies to explore their influence on the evolution of hematopoietic cells. Cells of Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) secondary to treatment with platinum-based drugs showed a clear mutational footprint of these drugs, indicating that healthy blood cells received chemotherapy mutations. In contrast, no trace of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) mutational signature was found in AML secondary to exposure to 5-FU, suggesting that cells establishing the AML were quiescent during treatment. We used the platinum-based mutational signature as a barcode to precisely time clonal expansions with respect to the moment of exposure to the drug. The enrichment for clonal mutations among treatment-related mutations in all platinum-treated AMLs shows that these secondary neoplasms begin their clonal expansion after the start of the cytotoxic treatment. In contrast, the absence of detectable platinum-related mutations in healthy blood samples with clonal hematopoiesis is consistent with a clonal expansion that predates the exposure to the cytotoxic agent, which favours particular pre-existing clones.
Saracatinib is an efficacious clinical candidate for fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva
Authors: Williams Eleanor , Bagarova Jana , Kerr Georgina , Xia Dong-Dong , Place Elsie S. , Dey Devaveena , Shen Yue , Bocobo Geoffrey A. , Mohedas Agustin H. , Huang Xiuli , Sanderson Philip E. , Lee Arthur , Zheng Wei , Economides Aris N. , Smith James C. , Yu Paul B. , Bullock Alex N.
Published: October 2020

Currently, no effective therapies exist for fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP), a rare congenital syndrome in which heterotopic bone is formed in soft tissues due to dysregulated activity of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) receptor kinase ALK2/ACVR1. From a screen of known biologically active compounds, we identified saracatinib as a potent ALK2 kinase inhibitor. In enzymatic and cell-based assays, saracatinib preferentially inhibited ALK2 compared with other receptors of the BMP/TGFβ signaling pathway, and induced dorsalization in zebrafish embryos consistent with BMP antagonism. We further tested the efficacy of saracatinib using an inducibleACVR1Q207Dtransgenic mouse line, which provides a model of heterotopic ossification, as well as an inducibleACVR1R206Hknock-in, which serves as a genetically and physiologically faithful model of FOP. In both models, saracatinib was well tolerated and potently inhibited the development of heterotopic ossification even when administered transiently following soft tissue injury. Together, these data suggest that saracatinib is an efficacious clinical candidate for repositioning in the treatment of FOP, offering an accelerated path to clinical proof of efficacy studies and potentially significant benefits to individuals with this devastating condition.
Identification of qPCR reference genes suitable for normalising gene expression in the developing mouse embryo
Authors: Hildyard John C.W. , Wells Dominic J. , Piercy Richard J.
Published: October 2020

Mammalian embryogenesis is an intricate, tightly orchestrated process. Progression from zygote through somitogenesis and on to organogenesis and maturity involves many interacting cell types and multiple differentiating cell lineages. Quantitative PCR analysis of gene expression in the developing embryo is a valuable tool for deciphering these interactions and tracing lineages, but normalisation of qPCR data to stably expressed reference genes is essential. Patterns of gene expression change globally and dramatically as embryonic development proceeds, rendering identification of appropriate reference genes challenging at both the whole embryo- and individual tissue-level. We have investigated expression stability in mouse embryos from mid to late gestation (E11.5–E18.5), both at the whole-embryo level, and within more restricted tissue domains (head, developing forelimb), using 15 candidate reference genes (ACTB, 18S, SDHA, GAPDH, HTATSF1, CDC40, RPL13A, CSNK2A2, AP3D1, HPRT1, CYC1, EIF4A, UBC, B2MandPAK1IP1), and four complementary algorithms (geNorm, Normfinder, Bestkeeper and deltaCt). Unexpectedly, all methods suggest that many genes within our candidate panel are acceptable references, and despite disagreement over highest-scoring candidates,AP3D1,RPL14AandPAK1IP1are the strongest performing genes overall. Conversely,HPRT1andB2Mare consistently poor choices: these genes show strong developmental regulation. We further show that use ofAP3D1,RPL13AandPAK1IP1can reveal subtle patterns of developmental expression even in genes ostensibly ranked as acceptable (CDC40,HTATSF1), and thus these three represent universally suitable reference genes for the mouse embryo.
Molecular mechanism for the interaction between human CPSF30 and hFip1
Authors: Hamilton Keith , Tong Liang
Published: October 2020

Most eukaryotic pre-mRNAs must undergo 3′-end cleavage and polyadenylation prior to their export from the nucleus. A large number of proteins in several complexes participate in this 3′-end processing, including cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF) in mammals. The CPSF30 subunit contains five CCCH zinc fingers (ZFs), with ZF2–ZF3 being required for the recognition of the AAUAAA poly(A) signal. ZF4–ZF5 recruits the hFip1 subunit of CPSF, although the details of this interaction have not been characterized. Here we report the crystal structure of human CPSF30 ZF4–ZF5 in complex with residues 161–200 of hFip1 at 1.9 Å resolution, illuminating the molecular basis for their interaction. Unexpectedly, the structure reveals one hFip1 molecule binding to each ZF4 and ZF5, with a conserved mode of interaction. Our mutagenesis studies confirm that the CPSF30–hFip1 complex has 1:2 stoichiometry in vitro. Mutation of each binding site in CPSF30 still allows one copy of hFip1 to bind, while mutation of both sites abrogates binding. Our fluorescence polarization binding assays show that ZF4 has higher affinity for hFip1, with a Kd of 1.8 nM. We also demonstrate that two copies of the catalytic module of poly(A) polymerase (PAP) are recruited by the CPSF30–hFip1 complex in vitro, and both hFip1 binding sites in CPSF30 can support polyadenylation.
Consumption of packaged foods by the Portuguese population: type of materials and its associated factors
Authors: Costa Sofia Almeida , Vilela Sofia , Correia Daniela , Severo Milton , Lopes Carla , Torres Duarte
Published: October 2020

Purpose

This study aims to evaluate in the Portuguese population the consumption of packaged food (PF) vs non-packaged food, the associated factors and to estimate the contribution of specific food groups to the use of packaging materials.

Design/methodology/approach

A representative sample of the population was evaluated within the National Food, Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey 2015–2016 (n = 5,811, 3 months-84y). Dietary data were collected by two non-consecutive food diaries (children) or 24-h recalls, using a software program which integrates FoodEx2—Food classification system. Food packaging materials were measured according to the amount of PF by linear regression. The results were analyzed considering the distribution of the Portuguese population.

Findings

The reported amount of PF was 1,530 g/person/day (57%), in which PF in plastic was the most reported (69%), mainly associated with “Non-alcoholic beverages” (38%). “Fruit and vegetables” food group is most frequently reported without a package (35%). Men consumed significantly more quantity of PF for all materials, excepted for “paperboard/paper”, but also significantly more quantity of food without a package (β = 135.3 [95%IC: 63.7; 207.0]). Children and adolescents consumed more quantity of PF in multilayer materials (β = 177.8 [95%IC: 154.8; 200.9]) and significantly less quantity of food without a package (β = −343.8 [95%IC: −408.9; −278.6]). Also, more educated people consume more food without a package (β = 106.9 [95%IC: 33.2; 180.7]).

Originality/value

The Portuguese population presents a large consumption of PF. Male population and adults were identified as groups with higher consumption of PF.
The evolution of China's rural labor market in the 21st century: an empirical study based on nationally representative survey data at the household level
Authors: Zhang Tonglong , Huang Xiaowen , Zhang Lina , Zhang Linxiu
Published: October 2020

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to assess the development of China's rural labor markets and the identification of the important factors that affect rural labor's off-farm employment and migration.

Design/methodology/approach

Based on a set of long-term panel data, this paper makes a clear judgment on the trend of rural labor transfer. High-quality survey design makes it possible to examine the development of the rural labor market from multiple dimensions. Adding household fixed effects to the empirical model alleviates endogenous problems.

Findings

The authors find that the increasing trend toward off-farm employment, which is dominated by migration, has continued. There are some other important findings: (1). young male workers dominated off-farm employment, but the gap between groups continues to narrow; (2). the structure of employment is a good response to the economic transformation and (3). the quality of off-farm laborers, especially in terms of human capital, has also enhanced significantly and has continued to support off-farm employment and migration. These findings all indicate that the China's rural labor markets have been constantly improving in recent years, although there is still segmentation.

Originality/value

It is the first paper that uses a nationally representative survey data to address the development of rural labor market in the 21st century. With the help of a long-term panel data structure and by controlling the household-level fixed-effect, the authors obtained a deeper and more robust conclusion. Specifically, this article finds that whether it is for the off-farm transfer or the migration, the influence of labor age, gender, human capital and marital status is gradually weakening.
Biculturalism and cross-cultural competence: examination of an attribution complexity theory-based model
Authors: Lakshman C. , Lakshman Sangeetha , Gok Kubilay
Published: October 2020

Purpose

Based on attributional complexity (AC) theory, the authors empirically examine the impact of biculturalism on cross-cultural adjustment and the degree to which people make isomorphic attributions, critical for cross-cultural leadership effectiveness.

Design/methodology/approach

Using questionnaire surveys, the authors first validate measures in a validation sample and then empirically test the model in a second sample, using structural equation modeling.

Findings

The authors’ findings reveal an empirical connection between biculturalism and AC on the one hand, while also showing support for the relationship between biculturalism and attributional knowledge. Findings also demonstrate that biculturalism is related to attributional accuracy in cross-cultural contexts via an attributional mechanism, as suggested by AC theory.

Research limitations/implications

First, AC theory emerges as one with excellent prospects for explaining intercultural work in multicultural settings. Biculturalism's links to AC and attributional knowledge are critical for extensions to cross-cultural leadership effectiveness, and international knowledge transfer, interesting and high potential research avenues for the discipline.

Practical implications

The authors’ findings carry a host of managerial implications. AC training can provide all international assignees with the necessary foundational skills and learning abilities to successfully interact in the host country setting with local nationals. This study also suggests that managers on international assignments should focus their efforts on acquiring attributional knowledge because it can provide a solid boost to their understanding of the local culture.

Originality/value

One’s understanding of biculturals and their cross-cultural management competencies is very limited. The authors provide empirical support for the hypotheses, hitherto unexamined in extant literature.
Relevance of cryptomarkets, characteristics of purchasers and possibilities for survey research: experience from the European Web Survey on Drugs
Authors: Strizek Julian , Karden Alexandra , Matias João
Published: October 2020

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to assess the relevance of cryptomarkets, characteristics of purchasers and possibilities for survey research by approaching users directly on cryptomarkets.

Design/methodology/approach

Cross-country comparison of the results from the European Web Survey on Drugs (EWSD) and summarizing lessons learned during the data collection was carried out.

Findings

Purchasers of drugs on cryptomarkets are still a rather small segment of all drug purchasers, and most people who use cryptomarkets also use other sources of supply to buy drugs. The percentage of people using cryptomarkets is unevenly distributed across countries and substances. Purchasers on cryptomarkets in most countries are more likely to be men and more likely, on average, to use more substances. Other characteristics such as age or place of residence do not show a consistent pattern across countries. Recruitment of respondents on cryptomarkets calls for specific techniques and procedures. Specific attention should be paid to build trust and guarantee credibility and anonymity.

Research limitations/implications

Interpretation of the quantitative results is limited by nonprobabilistic sampling and different recruitment strategies in different countries.

Practical implications

Users of cryptomarkets show some specific characteristics, providing a challenge for research and prevention agencies to keep up with digital technology. Increasing knowledge about characteristics of users of cryptomarkets may help to create adequate responses for harm reduction measures in different supply settings. However, collecting self-reported data from users on cryptomarkets is limited owing to significant privacy concerns and requires specific skills and strategies.

Originality/value

The EWSD provides a rare opportunity for detailed analyses of consumption patterns and characteristics of active drug users across several European countries. Furthermore, experiences of a new recruitment strategy are discussed.
Transfer relations: useful basis for computer-aided engineering of circular arch structures
Authors: Zhang Jiao-Long , Liu Xian , Yuan Yong , Mang Herbert A. , Pichler Bernhard L.A.
Published: October 2020

Purpose

Transfer relations represent analytical solutions of the linear theory of circular arches, relating each one of the kinematic and static variables at an arbitrary cross-section to the kinematic and static variables at the initial cross-section. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the significance of the transfer relations for structural analysis by means of three examples taken from civil engineering.

Design/methodology/approach

The first example refers to an arch bridge, the second one to the vault of a metro station and the third one to a real-scale test of a segmental tunnel ring.

Findings

The main conclusions drawn from these three examples are as follows: increasing the number of hangers/columns of the investigated arch bridge entails a reduction of the maximum bending moment of the arch, allowing it to approach, as much as possible, the desired thrust-line behavior; compared to the conventional in situ cast method, a combined precast and in situ cast method results in a decrease of the maximum bending moment of an element of the vault of the studied underground station by 46%; and the local behavior of the joints governs both the structural convergences and the bearing capacity of the tested segmental tunnel ring.

Originality/value

The three examples underline that the transfer relations significantly facilitate computer-aided engineering of circular arch structures, including arch bridges, vaults of metro stations and segmental tunnel rings.
New jerseys: exploring the influence of NBA team jersey sponsorships on teams and sponsors
Authors: Shoffner Sara , Slavich Mark , Koo Gi-Yong
Published: October 2020

Purpose

In 2017, the National Basketball Association (NBA) became the first major professional North American sport league to adopt jersey sponsorship. While professional leagues across the globe have allowed this practice for decades, the NBA's decision marked what may be the start of a new trend in North American sport sponsorship. With this in mind, the current study sought to assess the impact of fans' perceptions of these sponsorships on sponsor- and team-related outcomes.

Design/methodology/approach

An online sample of 301 NBA fans across the United States was conducted through Amazon's MTurk.

Findings

Results exhibited the importance of sponsorship authenticity, which maintained the strongest influence on sponsor- and team-related outcomes. Brand–team fit, sponsorship familiarity and sponsorship identification were also assessed, with mixed results for each factor.

Originality/value

Results of these findings related to sponsorship authenticity and consequent practical and theoretical implications are discussed, and areas for future research are provided.
Thermal-mechanical reliability analysis of WLP with fine-pitch copper post bumps
Authors: Sun Haiyan , Gao Bo , Zhao Jicong
Published: October 2020

Purpose

This study aims to investigate the several parameters in wafer-level packaging (WLP) to find the most critical factor impacting the thermal fatigue life, such as the height of copper post, the height of solder bump, the thickness of chip. The FEA results indicate the height of solder bumps is the most important factor in the whole structure.

Design/methodology/approach

The copper post bumps with 65 µm pitch are proposed to investigate the thermal-mechanical performance of WLP. The thermal cycle simulation is used to evaluate the reliability of WLP by using finite element analysis (FEA). Taguchi method is adopted to obtain the sensitivity of parameters of three-dimension finite element model, for an optimized configuration.

Findings

It can be found that the optimal design has increased thermal fatigue life by 147% compared with the original one.

Originality/value

It is concluded that the finite element simulation results show outstanding thermal-mechanical performances of the proposed 65 µm pitch copper post bumps of WLP, including low plastic strain, high thermal fatigue life, which are desired for mobile device.
Water‐flooding and consolidation of reservoir chalk – effect on porosity and Biot's coefficient
Authors: Gram Tobias B. , Ditlevsen Frederik P. , Mosegaard Klaus , Fabricius Ida L.
Published: October 2020

Improved oil recovery from chalk reservoirs by water‐flooding may cause mechanical weakening and change in elasticity. Confined compressive strength testing of chalk from a North Sea reservoir was done in water‐saturated and oil‐saturated conditions. During testing, elastic wave velocities were sampled by ultrasonic transducers, so that subsequently Biot's coefficient could be modelled. The porosity declined via an ‘elastic phase’, a ‘transitional phase’, an ‘elastoplastic phase’ and a ‘strain hardening phase’, but Biot's coefficient indicates that these terms may be partly misleading. In the ‘elastic phase’, porosity and Biot's coefficient decrease, indicating elastoplastic deformation. In the ‘transitional phase’, Biot's coefficient increases as a reflection of breaking contact cement (pore collapse), whereas Biot's coefficient remains stable in the ‘elastoplastic phase’, indicating elastic deformation on the virgin curve. Plastic deformation takes place during phases of creep, where both porosity and Biot's coefficient decrease. Similarly, in the ‘strain hardening phase’, both porosity and Biot's coefficient decrease as a reflection of elastoplastic deformation. For chalk with 45%–47% porosity, the ‘transitional phase’ begins at 8 MPa axial stress when water‐saturated and at 12 MPa when oil‐saturated. For chalk with 41%–43% porosity, the corresponding stresses are 16 and 20 MPa. For chalk with 32%–36% porosity, the corresponding stresses are 23 and 31 MPa. Chalk samples with irreducible water saturation and movable oil were water‐flooded. They yield at stresses close to corresponding oil‐saturated samples, but after flooding show compaction trends not significantly different from the water‐saturated samples. Water‐flooding promotes pore collapse as reflected in an increasing Biot's coefficient. The consequent softening effect on acoustic impedance is small as compared with the effect of increasing fluid density. With respect to 4D seismic, water‐flooding causes distinctly higher acoustic impedance and Poisson's ratio irrespective of compaction.
nir gene‐based co‐occurrence patterns reveal assembly mechanisms of soil denitrifiers in response to fire
Authors: Goberna Marta , Donat Santiago , Pérez‐Valera Eduardo , Hallin Sara , Verdú Miguel
Published: October 2020

Denitrification causes nitrogen losses from terrestrial ecosystems. The magnitude of nitrogen loss depends on the prevalence of denitrifiers, which show ecological differences if they harbour nirS or nirK genes encoding nitrite reductases with the same biological function. Thus, it is relevant to understand the mechanisms of co‐existence of denitrifiers, including their response to environmental filters and competition due to niche similarities. We propose a framework to analyse the co‐existence of denitrifiers across multiple assemblages by using nir gene‐based co‐occurrence networks. We applied it in Mediterranean soils before and during 1 year after an experimental fire. Burning did not modify nir community structure, but significantly impacted co‐occurrence patterns. Bacteria with the same nir co‐occurred in space, and those with different nir excluded each other, reflecting niche requirements: nirS abundance responded to nitrate and salinity, whereas nirK to iron content. Prior to fire, mutual exclusion between bacteria with the same nir suggested competition due to niche similarities. Burning provoked an immediate rise in mineral nitrogen and erased the signals of competition, which emerged again within days as nir abundances peaked. nir co‐occurrence patterns can help infer the assembly mechanisms of denitrifying communities, which control nitrogen losses in the face of ecological disturbance.
What happens to diversity at work in the context of a toxic triangle? Accounting for the gap between discourses and practices of diversity management
Authors: Küskü Fatma , Aracı Özlem , Özbilgin Mustafa F.
Published: October 2020

With liberalization, the responsibility for the management of diversity has shifted internationally from the state to organizations. Countries that are prepared for this transition have developed legal measures and supportive discourses to hold organizations responsible for diversity. We provide evidence from a country that has not undertaken such a transition and has neither protective laws nor supportive arguments for diversity. Drawing on a survey with 792 employees from Turkey, our field study examines the awareness and embeddedness of diversity, by considering the gap between discourses and diversity practices in organizations. In this study, we introduce the concept of the toxic triangle, which includes (a) hyper‐deregulation of diversity, where the legal measures of equality are absent, (b) voluntarism without responsibilization of organizations, and (c) lack of supportive discourses for diversity. Our study shows that diversity is left unattended in the context of a toxic triangle.
Incidental finding of ileal gastrointestinal stromal tumour during prostate cancer staging with prostate‐specific membrane antigen scan
Authors: Lee Daniel Jia Wei , Warner Michael , Shannon Thomas , Moschilla Jerry
Published: October 2020

Prostate‐specific membrane antigen (PSMA) positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) is used in managing and staging prostate cancer, but can identify other non‐prostate pathology. We present the first reported case where small bowel gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST) has been incidentally identified on PSMA‐PET scan and highlight the need for awareness of other pathology being identified on PSMA‐PET/CT.
Imaging of temporomandibular disorder and its mimics
Authors: Whyte Andy , Phoon Nguyen Amanda , Boeddinghaus Rudolf , Balasubramaniam Ramesh
Published: October 2020

Temporomandibular disorders are common, especially in young to middle‐aged women, and most settle with supportive treatment. MRI is the accepted reference standard for the evaluation of the temporomandibular joint and is indicated when significant internal derangement is suspected, in those who do not respond to conservative management and when the diagnosis is no doubt. Multiple pathological processes involving the temporal bone, upper pharynx and neck can mimic temporomandibular disorder secondary to anatomical proximity and referred pain related to shared sensory innervation.
Use of foot snares to capture large felids
Authors: de Araujo Gediendson Ribeiro , de Deco‐Souza Thyara , Morato Ronaldo Gonçalves , Crawshaw Peter G. , da Silva Leanes Cruz , Jorge‐Neto Pedro Nacib , Csermak‐Jr Antônio Carlos , Bergo Letícia C. F. , Kantek Daniel Luis Zanella , Miyazaki Selma Samiko , Beisiegel Beatriz de Mello , Tortato Fernando Rodrigo , May‐Junior Joares Adenilson , da Silva Maitê Cardoso Coelho , Leuzinger Lucas , Salomão‐Jr Jorge Aparecido , de Paula Tarcizio Antônio Rego
Published: October 2020

The study of free‐living felids requires the capture of individuals from the wild to collect biological samples and to equip them with GPS‐satellite collars for telemetry monitoring. The traditional methods used by researchers to capture wild felids are box traps and trained hounds, both of which have disadvantages.

We present the description of the foot snare and the adaptations required for the capture of jaguars and cougars, showing its efficiency.

The foot snare consists of a combination of structures. It is composed of a thrower system, which is responsible for closing the steel cable noose on the paw of the animal; a holding system, which is responsible for securing the animal safely, after stepping into the trap; and a monitoring system, consisting of a VHF transmitter that allows remote monitoring of the snares. The snares are set on trails and roads according to the presence of tracks, scats and other evidence indicating use by the two species of large felids or as determined by monitoring camera traps.

Thirty jaguars (16 females and 14 males) and six cougars (all males) were captured. Three jaguars in the Pantanal were captured more than once, therefore totalling 34 capture events. Snares have been demonstrated to be a safe and efficient method to capture these felids.
Defining and evaluating predictions of joint species distribution models
Authors: Wilkinson David P. , Golding Nick , Guillera‐Arroita Gurutzeta , Tingley Reid , McCarthy Michael A.
Published: October 2020

Joint species distribution models (JSDMs) simultaneously model the distributions of multiple species, while accounting for residual co‐occurrence patterns. Despite increasing adoption of JSDMs in the literature, the question of how to define and evaluate JSDM predictions has only begun to be explored.

We define four different JSDM prediction types that correspond to different aspects of species distribution and community assemblage processes. Marginal predictions are environment‐only predictions akin to predictions from single‐species models; joint predictions simultaneously predict entire community assemblages; and conditional marginal and conditional joint predictions are made at the species or assemblage level, conditional on the known occurrence state of one or more species at a site. We define five different classes of metrics that can be used to evaluate these types of predictions: threshold‐dependent, threshold‐independent, community dissimilarity, species richness and likelihood metrics.

We illustrate different prediction types and evaluation metrics using a case study in which we fit a JSDM to a frog occurrence dataset collected in Melbourne, Australia.

Joint species distribution models present opportunities to investigate the facets of species distribution and community assemblage processes that are not possible to explore with single‐species models. We show that there are a variety of different metrics available to evaluate JSDM predictions, and that choice of prediction type and evaluation metric should closely match the questions being investigated.
Anticompetitive Employment
Authors: Day Gregory
Published: October 2020

Scholars, antitrust agencies, and policy makers have historically paid little attention to anticompetitive practices in labor markets. This was largely due a misconception that antitrust law is meant to govern conventional markets in which goods and services trade, rather than govern labor markets. Antitrust law may also offer a poor remedy to redress employers who enter no‐poaching agreements or otherwise impair competition. The primary tension involves antitrust's purpose, which is to promote “consumer welfare.” To identify whether conduct eroded consumer welfare, courts tend to scrutinize whether prices increased. But here, lessening wages can enable firms to sell goods at cheaper prices, benefiting consumers. Another issue is that the typical restraint affects only a smattering of workers instead of lessening wages throughout the greater market. This article uses empirical analyses to show that antitrust should promote labor's welfare as it does consumer welfare, and it argues that enforcement must condemn labor cartels as per se illegal. The research demonstrates that labor cartels are more pernicious than restraints in product markets, as employers can lessen wages with less effort than in product markets. Antitrust should even proscribe no‐poaching agreements formed for a legitimate purpose (e.g., to protect trade secrets) because employers could have achieved the same goals using less coercive means; the noncompete agreement, at least, provides labor with a semblance of notice and bargaining power without drawing antitrust scrutiny. The prohibition of labor cartels would thus promote competition and consumer welfare, especially in minimum wage labor markets.
Systematic Review of Clinician‐Reported Barriers to Provision of Brief Advice for Alcohol Intake in Hospital Inpatient and Emergency Settings
Authors: Gargaritano Kristine Lou , Murphy Caoimhe , Auyeung Austin B. , Doyle Frank
Published: October 2020

Hospital inpatient and emergency care settings provide frequent opportunities for clinicians to screen and provide brief interventions to patients who engage in the harmful use of alcohol. However, these services are not always provided, with several reasons given in different studies. We aimed to systematically review clinician‐reported barriers in the provision of brief alcohol screening, brief advice, and intervention specific to hospital inpatient and emergency department (ED) settings. A systematic literature review was conducted in MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and CINAHL to identify the barriers perceived by healthcare workers in the provision of alcohol screening and brief intervention. These barriers were then categorized according to the capability, opportunity, and motivation (COM‐B) model of behavior change theory. Twenty‐five articles were included in this study, which involved questionnaires, surveys, interviews, and conference call discussions. The most commonly cited barriers (i.e., greater than half of the studies) were related to capability (lack of knowledge cited in 60% of studies); opportunity (lack of time and resources, 76 and 52% of studies, respectively); and motivation (personal discomfort in 60% of studies). Twenty‐two other barriers were reported but with lower frequency. Clinicians cite a multitude of factors that impede their delivery of alcohol screening and brief interventions in the hospital inpatient and ED settings. These barriers were explored further under the framework of the COM‐B model, which allows for intervention design. As such, changes can be made at the policy, managerial, and educational levels to address these barriers and help improve the self‐efficacy and knowledge of clinicians who counsel patients on alcohol use.
An interRAI‐derived frailty index is associated with prior hospitalisations in older adults residing in retirement villages
Authors: Bloomfield Katherine , Wu Zhenqiang , Tatton Annie , Calvert Cheryl , Peel Nancye , Hubbard Ruth , Jamieson Hamish , Hikaka Joanna , Boyd Michal , Bramley Dale , Connolly Martin J
Published: October 2020

Objectives

To develop and validate a frailty index (FI) from interRAI‐Community Health Assessments (CHA) on older adults in retirement villages (RVs).

Methods

This is a cross‐sectional analysis of a current RV research study. A FI was generated using the cumulative deficit model. Health‐care utilisation measures were acute, and all, hospitalisations 12 months before baseline assessment. Associations between FI and hospitalisations were explored using multivariable logistic regression to estimate odds ratio (OR).

Results

Of 577 included residents, mean (SD) age was 81 (7) and 419 (73%) were female. Mean (SD) FI was 0.16 (0.09); 260 (45%) were mildly frail, and 108 (19%) moderate‐severely frail. In multivariate‐adjusted analysis, odds of acute hospitalisation for mild (OR = 3.3, P < .001) and moderate‐severely frail (OR = 6.4, P < .001) were significantly higher than fit residents. Higher odds were also observed for all hospitalisations.

Conclusion

A considerable proportion of RV residents were moderately‐severely frail. FI was associated with acute and all hospitalisations.
Scary Mask/Local Protector: The Curious History of Jero Amerika
Authors: Kendall Laurel , Ariati Ni Wayan Pasek
Published: October 2020

“Jero Amerika,” a mask/tutelary god, protects the people of Ubud, a former kingdom of Bali, Indonesia, and today a tourist mecca. Jero Amerika operates within the logic of empowered Balinese temple masks, but Jero Amerika is also eccentric. Returned to Bali from abroad after uncanny events, the mask makes remarkable appearances during temple festivals and in stories that circulate by word of mouth and via media old and new. Jero Amerika’s activities encourage us to regard ontologies, as with all social and material phenomena, as fluid and malleable in their unfolding encounters with changing circumstance.
Antihero Care: On Fieldwork and Anthropology
Authors: Yates‐Doerr Emily
Published: October 2020

“Antihero care” offers an approach to anthropology that emphasizes the importance of fallibility over mastery and social connections over individually acquired knowledge. I draw together Le Guin’sCarrier Bag Theory of Fictionand Mol, Pols, and Moser’sCare in Practiceto analyze the challenge of carrying out fieldwork with my children in highland Guatemala. I describe how an everyday accident led me to refuse the “killer story” of the hero and to instead embrace a script that emphasized dependency and incompletion. In my case, antihero care has changed the way I engage with holism and biomedicine in my research and writing. More broadly, reframing limitations on knowledge as a strength—not a drawback—of the discipline usefully unsettles the boundaries between fieldwork and care work.
Guideline for referring short or tall children in preventive child health care
Authors: van Dommelen Paula , van Zoonen Renate , Vlasblom Eline , Wit Jan M. , Beltman Maaike ,   the Expert Committee
Published: October 2020

Aim

To develop a guideline for preventive child healthcare professionals in order to improve early detection of pathological disorders associated with short stature (or growth faltering) or tall stature (or accelerated growth).

Methods

We updated the previous Dutch guideline for short stature in children aged 0‐9 years and extended it to adolescents (10‐17 years), and added a guideline for tall stature, based on literature and input from an expert committee. Specificities were calculated in a cohort of healthy Dutch children aged 0‐9 years (n = 970). We investigated the impact of a late onset of puberty on height standard deviation score based on the Dutch growth charts.

Results

Growth parameters of the guideline include height, the distance between height and target height and change of height over time. Other parameters include diagnostic clues from medical history and physical examination, for example behavioural problems, precocious or delayed puberty, body disproportion and dysmorphic features.

Conclusion

Preventive child healthcare professionals now have an updated guideline for referring short or tall children to specialist care. Further research is needed on the diagnostic yield after referral and specificity at field level.
Comorbidity of inflammatory bowel disease in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes
Authors: Jasser‐Nitsche Hildegard , Bechtold‐Dalla Pozza Susanne , Binder Elisabeth , Bollow Esther , Heidtmann Bettina , Lee‐Barkley Young Hee , Raile Klemens , de Sousa Gideon , Schramm Ursula , Holl Reinhard W.
Published: October 2020

Aim

To determine the prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and to characterise patients with both diseases.

Methods

Data of 65.147 patients with T1D ≤18 years of 379 centres in Germany and Austria participating in the DPV initiative were analysed. A total of 63 children had comorbid IBD; IBD prevalence was 0.1%. Regression models were used to analyse differences in metabolic control, acute complications and steroid intake.

Results

Mean BMI‐SDS in patients with T1D and IBD was lower (−0.15 ± 0.11) compared to patients with T1D only (0.27 ± 0.00, p < .001). Patients with T1D and IBD had a significantly higher use of steroids (22% ± 0.05% vs. 1% ± 0.00, p < .001) and a significantly higher rate of severe hypoglycaemic events per patient year (0.33 ± 0.07 vs. 0.16 ± 0.00, p = .001). No differences were found in HbA1c levels, insulin dose and occurrence of DKA.

Conclusion

Although children and adolescents with T1D and IBD take steroids more often, they suffer from severe hypoglycaemia more frequently and have a lower BMI‐SDS. These findings might be explained by chronic intestinal inflammation leading to malabsorption, malnutrition and increased severe hypoglycaemia.