bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Results Provide Information About Cumulative Probabilities of Finding Significance: Let’s Report This Information
Authors: Bliese Paul D. , Wang Mo
Published: November 2019

Commonly reported statistics, such as the t value and p value, contain useful information about the cumulative probability of finding statistical significance based on the properties of the sample being analyzed. Unfortunately, converting t values and p values into this form of information is not intuitive and is often done incorrectly. We show how the bootstrap can provide a way to understand the cumulative probability of finding significance based on the characteristics of a specific sample and the statistical model being used. We also provide a simple way to estimate this probability from t values without having to rely on the bootstrap. Reporting sample-based probabilities can help promote robust and reliable research by conveying appropriate levels of uncertainty into discussions of results. We provide recommendations to authors, editors, reviewers, readers, and educators to help counter origination bias (i.e., how much a single-study finding should be viewed as solid or sacred) and other biases tied to misunderstanding the variability inherent associated with reporting “statistically significant” findings.
Union structure, bounded solidarity and support for redistribution: Implications for building a welfare state
Authors: Yang Jae-jin , Kwon Hyeok Yong
Published: November 2019

This study unveils the effects of union structure – national, industrial and enterprise unionism – on the solidarity and redistribution preferences of workers. We argue that labor unions have varied scope and levels of solidarity as well as redistribution preferences because solidarity is not naturally given but tends to be cultivated by labor unions. In order to sustain commitment to egalitarian wages and redistributive social policies, a spirit of solidarity must be instilled in the minds of members, especially more privileged workers. Our analysis finds that countries with encompassing unions at national and industry levels have higher levels of overall support for government intervention to reduce income inequality than countries with enterprise unionism. It suggests that welfare state building is not just a function of relative power between labor and capital; union structure and preference formation matter as well.
When Family Calls: How Gender, Money, and Care Shape the Relationship between Family Contact and Family-to-Work Conflict
Authors: Badawy Philip J. , Schieman Scott
Published: November 2019

The fluid boundaries between work and family life and the dynamic ways these domains are shaped by communication technology represent an important area in work-family research. However, surprisingly little is known about how family contact at work affects functioning in the work role—especially how these dynamics may change and unfold over time. Drawing on longitudinal data from the Canadian Work, Stress, and Health Study (2011–2017), the present study examines the association between family contact and family-to-work conflict. We find that increases in family contact over time are positively associated with more family-to-work conflict, but gender and three salient family-related conditions—financial strain, providing care for family members, and difficulties with children—are key moderators of this focal relationship. We discover that the focal association is significantly stronger for women and for those with elevated levels of financial strain, caregiving responsibilities, and difficulties with children over time. We discuss these results by integrating border theory with stress amplification and the cost of caring.
Parents’ Journeys to Acceptance and Support of Gender-diverse and Trans Children and Youth
Authors: Pullen Sansfaçon Annie , Kirichenko Valeria , Holmes Cindy , Feder Stephen , Lawson Margaret L. , Ghosh Shuvo , Ducharme Jennifer , Temple Newhook Julia , Suerich-Gulick Frank
Published: November 2019

Over the past 5 years in Canada, clinicians have observed an increasing number of gender-diverse and trans children and youth (GDTCY) accessing clinics for gender-affirming care. GDTCY who are able to access care are usually accompanied by their families, which provides a unique opportunity to integrate them into the treatment team. GDTCY have better health and social outcomes when strongly supported by their parents/caregivers. To optimize young people’s health and well-being, it is essential that we learn more about family experiences in supporting their GDTCY and in overcoming barriers to accessing services. This project is one of the first qualitative studies that aims to develop a deeper understanding of GDTCY and their parents/caregivers’ experiences of the gender-affirming care setting. This paper explores their journeys in coming to terms with their child’s gender identity, including reactions to the child’s coming out, struggles and facilitators of acceptance, and experiences in clinical settings.
How Labor-Market Integration Affects Perceptions of Discrimination: School-to-Apprenticeship Transitions of Youth with Migration Background in Germany
Authors: Lindemann Kristina
Published: November 2019

This article examines the relationship between structural integration and perceived discrimination among young people with migration backgrounds in Germany. Assimilation theories expect ethnic boundaries to lessen through minority groups’ upward mobility, while the recently proposed integration paradox asserts that structural integration increases perceptions of discrimination. Using longitudinal data from the German National Educational Panel Study, this article investigates how a successful transition from school to the training market affects young people’s perceptions of ethnic discrimination. Results of propensity score matching and linear probability models show that perceptions of discrimination increase only in response to unsuccessful entry into the training market, partially due to occupational aspirations and personal discrimination experiences. Findings also show that perceptions of discrimination do not increase for young people who are well integrated in the educational system, even if they take up a training position that is not in accordance with their desired profession. These findings highlight the importance of considering perceptions of discrimination in longitudinal and life-course perspectives to better understanding dynamics in these perceptions.
Myocardial protection technique structured on cardiac mass
Authors: Condello Ignazio , Lancellotti Patrizio , Speziale Giuseppe
Published: November 2019

Objective:

Myocardial protection is crucial in cardiac surgery: quantification is often difficult as there is a significant mismatch between body weight and heart weight as per geometric remodeling. This study has the objective to compare two groups of patients on the administration of myocardial protection in valvular pathologies: the first group has indexed the administration with left ventricular mass index; the second has indexed it on the body weight or on the body surface area. The primary endpoint of double-blind case-control study is to detect the difference in incidence in terms of post-operative low cardiac output syndrome.

Methods:

A single-center double-blind case-control study in a specialized regional tertiary cardiac surgery center in Italy. Between March 2017 and September 2018, 200 adults (100 per Group A vs. Group B) were scheduled for elective procedures: Group A (50 aortic valve replacement-50 mitral valve repair in minimally invasive cardiac surgery) used blood cardioplegic solution with Saint Thomas I solution, with calculation of left ventricular mass index with echocardiographic measures (Formula Group A); Group B (50 aortic valve replacement-50 mitral valve repair in minimally invasive cardiac surgery) used blood cardioplegic solution with Saint Thomas I solution, with calculation indexed on the body surface area, Du Bois Method (Formula Group B).

Results:

A statistically significant difference was found for Student’s t-test in patients who used myocardial indexed protection on left ventricular mass index versus control: aortic valve replacement procedures in aortic valve stenosis—ejection fraction (24 hours, p-value = 0.046), TnT (24 hours, p-value = 0.047), stroke volume shift (24 hours, p-value = 0.043), and infusion of epinephrine after cardiopulmonary bypass (p-value = 0.033); aortic valve replacement procedures in aortic valve insufficiency—ejection fraction (24 hours, p-value = 0.044), TnT (24 hours, p-value = 0.047), stroke volume shift (24 hours, p-value = 0.046), and infusion of Epinephrine after cardiopulmonary bypass (p-value = 0.029). No statistically significant differences in patients undergoing mitral valve repair surgery.

Conclusion:

The study group in the aortic valve surgery that administered myocardial protection indexed for the left ventricular mass index and showed a statistically significant lower incidence for post-operative low cardiac output syndrome compared to the control group.
Post-political uncertainties: Governing nuclear controversies in post-Fukushima Japan
Authors: Polleri Maxime
Published: November 2019

This article examines a set of public controversies surrounding the role of nuclear power and the threat of radioactive contamination in a post-Fukushima Japan. The empirical case study focuses on the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI), Japan’s most influential ministry and, more importantly, the former regulator of nuclear energy before the 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster. Through participant observation of METI’s public conferences, as well as interviews with state and non-state actors, I examine how particular visions of nuclear power continue to affect the basis of expert authority through which state actors handle post-Fukushima controversies and their subsequent uncertainties. In its post-Fukushima representations, METI frames nuclear power as an apolitical necessity for the well-being of the Japanese nation-state and the common humanity. It does so by mobilizing categories of uncertainty around specific political scenes, such as global warming. For METI, the potential uncertainties linked with the abandonment of nuclear power have the power to trigger political turmoil of a higher scale than those linked with Fukushima’s radioactive contamination. A form of double depoliticization takes place, in which the issue of Fukushima’s radioactive contamination gets depoliticized through perceived priorities that are paradoxically depicted as ‘post-political’ – that is, in an urgent need for immediate action and not open to in-depth deliberation. I refer to this process as establishing ‘post-political uncertainties’. This kind of depoliticization raises ethical questions surrounding meaningful public participation in decisions that happen at the intersection of politics and science and technology study.
Determinants of Sleep Medication Use among Participants in the National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Center Uniform Data Set
Authors: Moloney Mairead , Oh GYeon , Moga Daniela C.
Published: November 2019

Sufficient sleep is critical for health in older adults, but prescription sleep aids are associated with numerous health risks (e.g., cognitive impairment and falls). We examine usage prevalence of two medication categories—sedative hypnotics (SH) and medications commonly used for insomnia (MCUFI)—among adults aged 45+ in the National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Center data set. Analyzing the visits conducted between September 2005 and June 2018, we determine the factors associated with SH and MCUFI use, including sociodemographic, health, independence, and cognitive statuses. Usage rates were 9% for MCUFI ( N = 3,279) and 4% for SH ( N = 1,382). Multivariable logistic regression identified White race, higher education, younger age, depression, and sedative polypharmacy as factors associated with prescription sleep aid use. We conclude that sleep medication usage rates among older adults, higher likelihood of sedative medication polypharmacy, and higher likelihood of MCUFI use among adults with cognitive impairment are findings of concern and may warrant clinical intervention.
Supported optically active poly(amide-imide) on magnetic graphene oxide/Fe3O4 for Hg2+ adsorption from aqueous solution
Authors: Khalili Sedigheh , Rafiee Zahra
Published: November 2019

The ternary superparamagnetic nanocomposites consisting of graphene oxide (GO), Fe3O4 nanoparticles, and optically active poly(amide-imide) (PAI) were fabricated in three steps consisting of a facile one-pot in situ growth of Fe3O4 on GO, resulted in the preparation of the magnetic Fe3O4@GO, modification of Fe3O4@GO by 3-aminopropyltriethoxy silane to introduce amino groups on its surface, and subsequently its compositing by various levels of 5, 10, and 15 wt% with chiral PAI derived from 3,5-diamino- N-(4-(di(1H-indol-3-yl)methyl)phenyl)benzamide and N, N′-(4,4′-carbonyldiphthaloyl)-bis-l-phenylalanine diacid through ultrasonic irradiation. Characterization of the resulting nanocomposites was performed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, vibrating sample magnetometer, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The SEM analysis showed Fe3O4 nanoparticles with 30 nm size successfully decorated the GO nanosheets. The TGA analysis established the expected thermal stabilities for PAI/Fe3O4@GO nanocomposites. Furthermore, incorporation of Fe3O4@GO in polymer matrix improved the mechanical properties substantially. PAI/Fe3O4@GO 10 wt% was used to evaluate the sorption properties of Hg2+ at pH 7.
Recast layer and heat-affected zone structure of ultra-fined grained low-carbon steel machined by electrical discharge machining
Authors: Mahdieh Mohammad Sajjad
Published: November 2019

Ultra-fined grain materials are thermodynamically unstable and when they are exposed to a high external thermomechanical energy, such as electrical discharge machining process, many microstructural changes will occur in them. However, in the electrical discharge machining process, the recast layer and heat affected zone are the undesired and inevitable consequences of this process, which have several adverse effects on the surface layers of the workpiece including microstructural changes, grain growth, alternation of hardness, initiation of micro-cracks and changing the composition. All of which deteriorate the surface integrity. In this article, the effects of the electrical discharge machining process on the ultra-fined grain steel samples have been studied through investigating the microstructure of the recast layer and heat affected zone via scanning electron microscopy, optical microscopy and X-ray diffraction technique. The thickness of the recast layer and heat affected zone as well as the cracks’ density and the hardness profile of the ultra-fined grain samples was measured and the results were compared with coarse grain samples. Results show that the undesired effects of electrical discharge machining process on the ultra-fined grain samples are more considerable than the coarse grain ones; for instance, by comparison with coarse grain samples, relatively thicker recast layer and heat affected zone are formed in the ultra-fined grain samples, in which the microstructure changed more considerably. In addition, on one hand, the more extended cracks on the electrical discharge machined surface of the ultra-fined grain samples were observed, and on other hand, the hardness profile of the ultra-fined grain samples varies more noticeably from the surface to the depth.
Geometric deviation reduction method for interpolated toolpath in five-axis flank milling of the S-shaped test piece
Authors: Wang Liping , Li Weitao , Si Hao , Yuan Xing , Liu Yuzhe
Published: November 2019

Geometric deviation, defined as the distance between the designed surface and the machined surface, is an important component of machining errors in five-axis flank milling of the S-shaped test piece. Since the interpolated toolpath in practical machining process is the approximation of the theoretical toolpath, the geometric deviation caused by the interpolated toolpath appears. To overcome this problem, a novel geometric deviation reduction method is suggested in this study. First, the features of the S-shaped test piece are analyzed. Second, the theoretical toolpath is generated according to the designed surface and the cutter location data is obtained by discretizing the theoretical toolpath. The linear interpolation of the cutter location data is carried out to obtain the interpolated toolpath. Then, the geometric deviation is modeled by calculating the Hausdorff distance between the tool axis trajectory surface based on the interpolated toolpath and the offset surface of the designed surface. Finally, the geometric deviation is reduced by optimizing the cutter location data without inserting more cutter location points. The machining experiment is conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. The experimental results agree with the simulation results, and both of them indicate the geometric deviation on the machined surface reduces after optimization.
Design of a new integrated controller (braking and steering) to maintain the stability of a long articulated vehicle
Authors: Esmaeili Naser , Kazemi Reza , Tabatabaei Oreh S Hamed
Published: November 2019

As demands increase for goods transportation services, long articulated vehicles are introduced as a viable alternative to conventional heavy-duty vehicles. Nowadays, steering control systems are commonly used for enhancing the stability and handling of articulated vehicles. As situations become more difficult for the movement of a vehicle, the ability of the steering actuators decreases and it will not be possible to use this controller alone in critical maneuvers. Another effective way to adjust the directional dynamics of a long articulated vehicle is the simultaneous application of the braking and steering systems. In a situation where the vehicle is close to the ultimate steering limit, it is desirable to reduce the speed, and the steering system can be strengthened through the intervention of the braking system. In this article, a 23 degree of freedom dynamic model of the long articulated vehicle has been developed in MATLAB software. After determining the reference control variables, we will design a sliding mode controller to steer the tractor’s front axle and the semi-trailer’s rear axles. After defining and setting the weight coefficients using a performance indicator, we will design an integrated controller in a way that if maneuvers become more difficult to perform and the efficiency of the steering actuators decreases, the braking forces exerted on the tractor’s rear axle and the semi-trailer’s rear axles will take a share in regulating the vehicle’s movement. The main achievement of this article is the introduction of a new method to integrate braking and steering control systems in long articulated vehicles. The paper aims to prove that only if manoeuvres become more difficult to perform and the performance of steering actuators decreases, then braking forces can take part in regulating the vehicle’s movement.
Association Between Maternal Education and Childhood Mortalities in Myanmar
Authors: Soe Khaing , Holland Paula , Mateus Ceu
Published: November 2019

Maternal education is widely regarded as a core social determinant of child mortality in low-income countries. In Myanmar, the evidence related to context-specific social determinants of health including maternal education is scarce, limiting grounds to advocate for a comprehensive health policy. Employing multivariate methods, the study analyzed the 2015-2016 Demographic Health Survey data exploring independent effect of maternal education on neonatal, infant, and under-5 mortality. The study found that maternal education was not significantly associated with neonatal mortality as its effect was confounded by household wealth and geographic residence; however, it had independent effect on infant and under-5 mortality. Mothers with primary education had 23% reduction in the odds of under-5 mortality ( P < .001); those with secondary level had 40% reduction ( P < .001); and those at higher level had 62% reduction ( P < .001). The study concluded that maternal education is a critical social determinant of childhood mortalities in Myanmar.
The role of perfusion index and plethysmography variability index for predicting dehydration severity in patients with acute gastroenteritis
Authors: Emektar Emine , Dagar Seda , Uzunosmanoğlu Hüseyin , Çıkrıkçı Işık Gülşah , Çorbacıoğlu Şeref Kerem , Çevik Yunsur
Published: November 2019

Background:

Acute gastroenteritis is a clinical syndrome that may cause severe dehydration in affected individuals and a reason of mortality and morbidity in all age groups. Measurement of perfusion index and plethysmography variability index may provide emergency physicians valuable information about hemodynamics of the patient.

Objectives:

Our study aimed to investigate the role of perfusion index and plethysmography variability index measurement at admission for estimating dehydration severity and determiningthe possible change in those parameters after fluid replacement among patients presenting to emergency department with acute gastroenteritis.

Methods:

This was a prospective cross‐sectional study. Patients diagnosed with acute gastroenteritis at the emergency department were consecutively enrolled. The two groups were defined according to the severity of dehydration: mild and moderate/severe dehydration groups. The values of perfusion index and plethysmography variability index of all patients were measured.

Results:

A total of 180 patients were included in the study. As compared with the mild dehydration group, moderate/severe dehydration group had a significantly lower perfusion index value and significantly higher plethysmography variability index value on admission (p < 0.001 for both comparisons). Among moderate/severe dehydration patients, perfusion index value significantly increased and plethysmography variability index significantly decreased after treatment (p < 0.001). There was a significant positive correlation between osmolarity and plethysmography variability index (r = 0.298; p = 0.007) and a significant negative correlation between osmolality and perfusion index (r = −0.259; p = 0.019) in the patients with moderate/severe dehydration.

Conclusion:

The study show that perfusion index and plethysmography variability index may be useful for determining the severity of dehydration in acute gastroenteritis and may be use for assessing the response to fluid replacement especially in patients with severe dehydration at emergency department.
A Worldwide Bibliometric Analysis of Publications on Advance Care Planning in the Past 3 Decades
Authors: Liu Chia-Jen , Yeh Te-Chun , Hsieh Ming-Hsuan , Woung Lin-Chung , Huang Sheng-Jean , Chen Ming-chih , Liu Chih-Kuang
Published: November 2019

Background:

In recent decades, issues related to end-of-life care and advance care planning (ACP) have attracted popular attention. Advance care planning has been broadly discussed as one of the potential solutions to protect a patient’s rights, autonomy, and dignity at the end of life. To better understand publishing on this topic, we conducted this study to demonstrate the worldwide research productivity, trends, and citations of ACP in the past 3 decades by bibliometric analysis.

Methods:

Articles published on ACP were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection database, and the subject terms included “advance directive,” or “advance care planning.”

Results:

Overall, 2126 publications on ACP were retrieved until January 22, 2019. North America, Western Europe, and Australia were the most productive regions. The top 15 countries published 95.9% of the total number of articles. The United States accounted for approximately three-fifths (61.0%) of all publications. When adjusted for population size, Australia had the highest number of articles per million persons (6.64), followed by the Netherlands (6.14) and Belgium (4.61). The most productive authors were Sudore (n = 37), Deliens (n = 29), and Green (n = 24).

Conclusions:

The current study revealed that research in terms of publications on ACP has rapidly increased over the past 3 decades. Developed countries, especially the United States, were more concerned with the ACP research field than developing countries were.
The Reproducibility of the Jaw Index in the Measurement of Healthy Newborns
Authors: Mermans J.F. , Ghasemi S.M. , Lissenberg-Witte B.I. , Griot J.P.W. Don
Published: November 2019

Objective:

Establish the reliability of the jaw index to objectify the relationship between the maxilla and mandible in healthy newborns.

Design:

Cohort study.

Setting:

Tertiary setting.

Patients:

A total of 52 healthy newborns were included to detect an inter and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of 0.8 with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI) of width 0.3. Inclusion criteria were children born full term without respiratory or feeding problems, and without congenital malformations or facial deformities due to birth trauma. Uncooperative patients were excluded.

Interventions:

The jaw index, a measuring tool for objectifying micrognathia in children suspected of having Robin sequence, was used. An ICC of greater than 0.8 was considered clinically relevant.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Primary outcomes are the reliability of the jaw index expressed as interclass correlation coefficient and ICC. Secondary outcomes are the mean jaw index and mean length of the mandible, maxilla, and the alveolar overjet.

Results:

An interclass correlation coefficient of 0.74 (95% CI: 0.49-0.86) and an ICC of 0.81 (95% CI: 0.66-0.89) were found. The mandible had an average length of 162.6 mm (standard deviation [SD] 11.1), the maxilla 168.7 mm (SD 9.4), the alveolar overjet 2.0 mm (SD 0.60), and the mean jaw index was 2.1 (SD 0.64).

Conclusion:

The jaw index is a consistent instrument between different observers as well as for one observer measuring consecutively in the same child, to objectify the size of the lower jaw compared to that of the upper jaw in healthy newborns.
Application of the DeepSense Deep Learning Framework to Determination of Activity Context from Smartphone Data
Authors: Bracken Bethany K. , Manjunath Shashank , German Stan , Monnier Camille , Farry Mike
Published: November 2019

Current methods of assessing health are infrequent, costly, and require advanced medical equipment. 92% of US adults carry mobile phones, and 77% carry smartphones with advanced sensors (Smith, 2017). Smartphone apps are already being used to identify disease (e.g., skin cancer), but these apps require active participation by the user (e.g., uploading images). The goal of this research is to develop algorithms that enable continuous and real-time assessment of individuals by leveraging data that is passively and unobtrusively captured by cellphone sensors. Our first step to accomplish this is to identify the activity context in which the device is used as this affects the accuracy and reliability of sensor data for measuring and inferring a user’s health; data should be interpreted differently when the user is walking or running versus on a plane or bus. To do this, we use DeepSense, a deep learning approach to feature learning first developed by (Yao, Hu, Zhao, Zhang, & Abdelzaher, 2017). Here we present six experiments validating our model on: (1) a baseline implementation of DeepSense on the same data used by Yao et al., (2017) achieving a balanced accuracy (BA) of 95% over the six main contexts; (2) its ability to classify context using a different publically-available dataset (the ExtraSensory dataset) using the same 70/30 train/test split used by Vaizman et al. (2018), with a BA of 75%; (3) its ability to achieve improved classification when training on a single user, with a BA of 78%; (4) its ability to achieve accurate classification of a new user with a BA of 63%; (5) its improvement to 70% BA for new users when we considered phone placement to remove confounding information, and (6) its ability to accurately classify contexts over all 51 contexts collected by Vaizman et al, achieving a BA of 80% on 9 contexts, 75% on 12, and 70% on 17. We are now working to improve these results by adding other sensors available through smartphone data collection included in the ExtraSensory dataset (e.g., microphone). This will allow us to more accurately assess minor deviations in user behaviors that could indicate changes in health or injury status by accurately accounting for irrelevant, inaccurate, or misleading readings due to contextual effects that may confound interpretation.
Sex Differences in Perceptions of Asynchronous Audiotactile Cues
Authors: Claypoole Victoria L. , Christopher Brill J.
Published: November 2019

Multisensory cueing is increasingly used in technological systems to alert users to critical events. However, relatively little is known how environmental factors and individual differences affect the perception of asynchronous multisensory cues. In the present experiment, participants were required to provide “yes/no” discriminations related to perceived simultaneity on 288 pairings of auditory and tactile cues. Both the auditory and tactile cues were presented for either 200, 500, or 1000 milliseconds and incorporated one of twelve randomly-selected levels of onset asynchrony, ranging from 25 ms to 300 ms, at 25 ms intervals. For the analyses, participants were grouped by their biological sex. The results indicated that perceived onset asynchrony was affected by both the stimulus duration and participant sex. Stimuli that were 200 milliseconds in duration resulted in the lowest temporal tolerance for perceived asynchrony relative to 500 and 1000 millisecond audiotactile cues. Moreover, males were more sensitive to asynchronies than females.
Plausibility of Human Remote Driving: Human-Centered Experiments from the Point of View of Teledrivers and Telepassengers
Authors: Cabrall Christopher , Stapel Jork , Besemer Pavan , Jongbloed Koen , Knipscheer Mitchel , Lottman Bas , Oomkens Philip , Rutten Niek
Published: November 2019

Remote driving operations represents an area of growing promise to exercise human driving capability rather than replace it. Autonomous driving technology is often motivated towards removing humans from the control loop of driving but up to now, has not been able to fully realize such aims. This paper summarizes two experiments that were conducted to investigate viability aspects of emulated teledriving from the point of view of a teledriver and of telepassengers. In the first experiment, a test driver improved lateral lane conformance across a closed-course track after only a few laps while experiencing novel arrangements of live-filmed driving camera and display views. In the second experiment, acceptance ratings from online survey respondents showed prominent negative scores only after viewing simulated driving videos with up to 20x to 50x the steering angle error of a modeled tele-steering device. Together, these studies suggest plausibility for teledriving and promise for future human factors research in this area.
Industrial Workers Perception of Reverse Motion Warning Devices on Forklifts
Authors: Abulhassan Yousif , Wilbanks David , Kilpatrick Richard , Howell Tyler
Published: November 2019

In the United States, forklift accidents account for one in every six workplace fatalities (Bostelman and Shackleford, 2010). Backup warning devices such as tonal alarms and blue safety lights are commonly used to alert pedestrians of approaching forklifts. The purpose of this research is to identify worker’s perception on the effectiveness of two configurations of backup alarm systems: the level of nuisance perceived of these systems; and the importance of having a forward motion warning system. Results of this study indicate no statistically significant differences in the level of satisfaction between facilities using tonal backup alarms and facilities that use both tonal backup alarms along with blue safety lights. Additionally, results of this study indicate that the majority of the pedestrians and forklift operators sampled are in favor of having forward motion warning devices installed on forklifts.
Investigating Gender Differences in Human Interactions with a Transparent Swarm
Authors: Hussein Aya , Elsawah Sondoss , Abbass Hussein
Published: November 2019

Research suggests that different operationalisations of automation transparency can influence team collaboration and performance. Yet, little is known about how gender differences can affect humans’ ability to process the information provided by their automation teammate when the automation is transparent. The significance of this research question stems from the fact that the broader areas of judgment and decision making show that females and males deploy different information processing strategies. The aim of this paper is to explore whether gender differences exist in the way people interact with a transparent swarm. We conducted a user study in which 33 subjects (15 males and 18 females) interacted with a simulated swarm under two conditions: with and without transparency. While no significant differences were detected under the control condition, results indicate that when transparency was added, males were able to utilise transparency early on, while females needed significantly more time to benefit from it. Besides, under the transparency condition, females exhibited significantly longer response times than males. However, as time progresses and towards the last time window of the experiment, females could achieve slightly higher decision accuracy than males. These findings stress the need to consider gender differences when designing transparent human-machine interaction and its training protocols.
The Effect of Social Context on the Mind Perception of Robots
Authors: Butler Rebecca , Pruitt Zoe , Wiese Eva
Published: November 2019

As social robots are increasingly introduced into our everyday lives, an emphasis on improving the human-robot interaction (HRI), particularly through increased mind perception, is necessary. Substantial research has been conducted that demonstrates how manipulations to a robot’s physical appearance or behavior increases mind perception, yet little has been done to examine the effects of the social environment. This study aims to identify the impact of social context on mind perception by comparing mind perception ratings assigned to robots viewed in a human context with those assigned to robots viewed in a robot context. Participants were assigned to one of the two contexts in which they viewed images of 5 control robots with either 15 humans or 15 robots and answered questions that measured the degree to which they ascribed mind to the agents. A t-test comparing the overall average mind ratings of the control robots between contexts showed a significant difference between the two, with the robots in the robot context having a higher average rating than those in the human context. This result demonstrates a need to consider the social context in which the HRI will take place when designing for the best interaction. Considering that most robots in the foreseeable future will be viewed in a human context, this result also calls for additional research on ways to further increase mind perception to combat the negative effect of the most likely social environment.
Risk Surface: A Visualization of Data Sharing Risk for Enterprise Users
Authors: St. John Mark F. , Gustafson Woodrow , Martin April , Moore Ronald A. , Korkos Christopher A.
Published: November 2019

Enterprises share a wide variety of data with different partners. Tracking the risks and benefits of this data sharing is important for avoiding unwarranted risks of data exploitation. Data sharing risk can be characterized as a combination of trust in data sharing partners to not exploit shared data and the sensitivity, or potential for harm, of the data. Data sharing benefits can be characterized as the value likely to accrue to the enterprise from sharing the data by making the enterprise’s objectives more likely to succeed. We developed a risk visualization concept called a risk surface to support users monitoring for high risks and poor risk-benefit trade-offs. The risk surface design was evaluated in a series of two focus groups conducted with human factors professionals. Across the two studies, the design was improved and ultimately rated as highly useful. A risk surface needs to 1) convey which data, as joined data sets, are shared with which partners, 2) convey the degree of risk due to sharing that data, 3) convey the benefits of the data sharing and the trade-off between risk and benefits, and 4) be easy to scan at scale, since enterprises are likely to share many different types of data with many different partners.
The Impact of Mind Wandering on Signal Detection, Semi-autonomous Driving Performance, and Physiological Responses
Authors: Huang Gaojian , Liang Nade , Wu Chuhao , Pitts Brandon J.
Published: November 2019

Significant growth in the number of autonomous vehicles is expected in the coming years. With this technology, drivers will likely begin to disengage from the driving task and often experience mind wandering. Research has examined the effects of mind wandering on manual driving performance, but little work has been done to understand its impact on autonomous driving. In addition, it is unclear what physiological measurements can reveal about mind wandering in the driving context. Therefore, the goals of this paper were to (a) understand how mind wandering affects warning signal detection, semi-autonomous driving performance, and physiological responses, and (b) develop a model to predict mind wandering. Preliminary findings suggest that mind wandering may be observed as a result of road familiarity, and that the number of driving years and response times to alerts may be suitable predictors of mind wandering. This work is expected to help inform the design of future autonomous vehicles to prevent distracted driving behaviors.
Muscle Activation and Driving Performance Differences Between Static and Dynamic Driving Simulation Conditions
Authors: Gonzalez Diego , Filio Danielle , Dony Lynn , Oliver Michele
Published: November 2019

The purpose of this work was to compare simulator and surface electromyography (sEMG) variables between fixed base (FBDS) and dynamic driving (DDS) simulation conditions using a hexapod robot based driving simulator during 90 degree turning manoeuvers. Nine males and nine females, who wore a light-weight head mounted display to provide the visual input, drove faster in the DDS leading to faster turn exit velocities and turn completion times. For sEMG variables, one of the most common findings was that when making left turns, higher muscle activity was observed in the DDS. This suggests that DDS driving does differ from FBDS driving. Information provided by this work shows that simulator movement affects muscle activation, therefore, care should be taken when interpreting results from FBDS to not assume that similar results would be found in DDS, and by extension naturalistic driving.
Acute Hyperglycemia may impair driving skills of young T1DM patients
Authors: Ridel Dana , Borowsky Avinoam , Parmet Yisrael , Haim Alon , Shalev Rotem , Hershkovitz Eli
Published: November 2019

Diabetic drivers are at increased risk to be involved in road crashes. While there is a large body of evidence regarding the effects of hypoglycemia on driving, very little is known about the effects of hyperglycemia on driving. The goal of this study was, therefore, to evaluate the effects of acute hyperglycemia (AH) on type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) drivers in comparison to euglycemic state. Eighteen T1DM drivers were asked to navigate twice through nine hazardous scenarios in a driving simulator during euglycemia and AH (mean glucose level 138±34 and 321±29 mg\dL respectively) in a counterbalanced crossover design. Driving performance was continually monitored for driving data and eye tracking data. During euglycemia, participants maintained a longer headway distance (Mean=50.46+26.2m) compared to AH (40.87+20.15m P<0.005). Under a state of euglycemia, participants had a fewer number of brakes per kilometers driven (4.31+3.867) compared to AH (6.69+5.192 P<0.05). This study provides evidence to the negative effects of acute hyperglycemia on driving performance.
Do People Mentally Represent Automated Tasks? Evidence from Task-Switching Costs Following Takeovers
Authors: Hollearn Martina K. , Miles James D.
Published: November 2019

Partially automated vehicles, in which automation performs parts of the driving task, introduce new challenges of automation monitoring and human-automation teaming to the driving experience. We describe a new method for measuring whether operators mentally represent automated task performance using a version of the joint task-switching (JTS) task paradigm. In the JTS task, an operator and a teammate take turns performing two intermixed tasks. Following takeover from the teammate, task-switching costs (slower responses following a task switch vs repetition) indicate that the operator mentally represents the teammate’s performance. We measured performance following task switches and repetitions with and without a takeover from automation. Switch costs disappeared following takeovers, indicating a lack of representation of the prior automated task. We discuss how task switch costs following takeovers can serve as indirect measures of whether operators mentally represent automated task performance in mixed automation situations.
Moving our Understanding of Team Dynamics from the Simulation Room to the Operating Room
Authors: Gallowaya Trysha , Stevensa Ron , Yulec Steven , Gormane Jamie , Willemsen-Dunlap Ann , Dias Roger
Published: November 2019

Healthcare organizations rely on simulations of complex processes to provide the training required for individuals and teams to evolve their skills and maintain high levels of competence in medical domains. Inherent in this process is the belief, generally founded on macro-scale measures such as observations and workplace-based assessments, that simulations provide the degree of psychological fidelity needed to accomplish this goal. A paradigm shift is underway toward a more dynamic perspective of teamwork to include psycho-physiological measures which will shape the creation of new forms of simulations, performance measures, and practices.

Initially it is expected that these dynamic understandings will be derived from simulation studies. However, it is currently unknown at the neural / physiologic/ cognitive level how well simulation training elicits the types of dynamic thinking that is actually used by operating room teams during live-patient surgery, i.e. the ecological validity of simulation environments is unknown for dynamic neural and physiologic measures of team performance. This panel will describe efforts to address this question.

Among the questions the panel will consider are:

• To what extent do neurodynamic behaviors seen during simulations diverge from those in the operating room?

• What are the implications for improving patient safety when communication, cognitive, and neurodynamic analysis become real-time?

• Can biometric and communication measures better inform root cause analyses and best practices during live-patient encounters?

The topics discussed anticipate the time when dynamic biometric data can contribute to our understanding of how to rapidly determine a team’s functional status, and how to use this information to optimize outcomes and training. The rapid, dynamic and task neutral measures will make the lessons learned in healthcare applicable to other complex group and team environments. They will also provide a foundation for incorporating these models into machines to support the training and performance of teams.
Training Machines to Recognize Neural Correlates of Team and Team Member Uncertainty
Authors: Stevensa Ronald , Galloway Trysha
Published: November 2019

Every human decision has its origins in uncertainty. Despite its ubiquity, and theoretical understandings, there are few ways of dynamically tracking moment-by-moment uncertainties. Knowing when a team or one of its members was beginning to experience uncertainty would provide a basis for assessment-intervention loops enabling machines to better support human activities. In this paper we describe efforts to train machines to recognize neural correlates of team and team member uncertainty.

Second-by-second symbolic representations of EEG power were created from each team member and quantitative estimates of their neurodynamic information were calculated from the Shannon entropy of the symbol streams. Neurodynamic information was isolated from thirty-one 70-127s segments where speech indicated surprise or uncertainty by team members. The first 70s of these segments were classified by self-organizing artificial neural networks to provide profiles of the onset of uncertainty.

The thirty-one segments were classified into six artificial neural network categories based on dynamic profiles and the levels of neurodynamic information. The categories were sufficiently distinct to suggest that alternative forms of feedback could be developed for each category.

The results suggest that computer machines can be taught to recognize the onset, and possibly predict the duration of uncertainty in humans performing complex tasks. The ability of machines to recognize neurodynamic correlates of uncertainty provide the potential for developing real-time feedback and scaffolding for teams and team members performing in complex task environments.
Ergonomics in Elementary School: A Multifaceted Approach for Laptop Computers in the Classroom
Authors: Afterman Melissa M.
Published: November 2019

With more than half of US primary and secondary school students using Google education apps in the classroom, the programmatic use of technology starting at an early age needs ergonomics attention. Many students will have at least 14 years of exposure to personal technology before they enter the workforce. Most of their parents had less than 5 years of exposure prior to beginning their careers and musculoskeletal disorders still account for about 30% of workplace injuries in the US. This paper illustrates a program to bring computer ergonomics education to an elementary school that issues Chromebook computers to every 3rd, 4th and 5th grade student. Communication with the staff, children and parents is discussed, along with ideas for equipment funding and specific tips on coaching the students. To protect today’s students and tomorrow’s workers, a multifaceted approach of engineering, administrative and work-practice controls is needed for early development of lifelong healthy habits.