bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Measurement of structural intensity using boundary element method-based nearfield acoustical holography
Authors: Saijyou Kenji
Published: June 2007

The regularization method for measurement of structural intensity (SI) using boundary element method (BEM)-based nearfield acoustical holography (NAH) is proposed. Spatial derivatives of normal displacement are necessary to obtain the structural intensity. The derivative operations amplify high-wavenumber component of measurement noise and contaminate the measurement result of SI. To overcome this difficulty, regularization method for measurement of SI using fast Fourier transform-based NAH has been introduced. In this paper, this regularization method is modified for the BEM-based NAH. The BEM-based NAH avoids the aperture replication problem; therefore, measurement aperture for BEM-based NAH can be set smaller than that for FFT-based NAH. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated by experiments.
A modified diffusion equation for room-acoustic predication
Authors: Jing Yun , Xiang Ning
Published: June 2007

This letter presents a modified diffusion model using an Eyring absorption coefficient to predict the reverberation time and sound pressure distributions in enclosures. While the original diffusion model [Ollendorff, Acustica 21, 236–245 (1969); J. Picaut et al., Acustica 83, 614–621 (1997); Valeau et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 119, 1504–1513 (2006)] usually has good performance for low absorption, the modified diffusion model yields more satisfactory results for both low and high absorption. Comparisons among the modified model, the original model, a geometrical-acoustics model, and several well-established theories in terms of reverberation times and sound pressure level distributions, indicate significantly improved prediction accuracy by the modification.
Statistical modeling of intrinsic structures in impacts sounds
Authors: Cavaco Sofia , Lewicki Michael S.
Published: June 2007

This paper presents a statistical data-driven method for learning intrinsic structures of impact sounds. The method applies principal and independent component analysis to learn low-dimensional representations that model the distribution of both the time-varying spectral and amplitude structure. As a result, the method is able to decompose sounds into a small number of underlying features that characterize acoustic properties such as ringing, resonance, sustain, decay, and onsets. The method is highly flexible and makes no a priori assumptions about the physics, acoustics, or dynamics of the objects. In addition, by modeling the underlying distribution, the method can capture the natural variability of ensembles of related impact sounds.
The two-dimensional source location problem for time differences of arrival at minimal element monitoring arrays
Authors: Spencer Steven J.
Published: June 2007

The time difference of arrival (TDOA) source localization inverse problem is analyzed for two-dimensional signal propagation detected by a small number of sensor elements in a monitoring array. Nonlinear least-squares solutions are found based on the assumptions of geodesic rays propagating at constant speed. The two-dimensional (2D) TDOA source location problem is shown in the case of three sensors to have dual possible solutions for some combinations of arrival time differences. In the case of four non-collinear sensors, there are unique solutions for all physically possible combinations of time differences. Dual solutions to the three-sensor problem are associated with a small range of arrival time differences but large regions in physical space. The locations of the dual solutions are separated by a wide variety of distances, which in some cases prevent the use of alternative reasoning to remove the ambiguity. Three-sensor TDOA cannot be reliably used for 2D source location unless the source is a priori known to be within either the spatial region spanned by the sensor array or the external zones of unique solution. Determining the minimum number of sensors necessary to unambiguously solve the source location problem assists in cost-effective design of sensor arrays.
Multiple scattering from assemblies of dislocation walls in three dimensions. Application to propagation in polycrystals
Authors: Maurel Agnès , Pagneux Vincent , Barra Felipe , Lund Fernando
Published: June 2007

The attenuation of ultrasound in polycrystalline materials is modeled with grain boundaries considered as arrays of dislocation segments, a model valid for low angle mismatches. The polycrystal is thus studied as a continuous medium containing many dislocation “walls” of finite size randomly placed and oriented. Wave attenuation is blamed on the scattering by such objects, an effect that is studied using a multiple scattering formalism. This scattering also renormalizes the speed of sound, an effect that is also calculated. At low frequencies, meaning wavelengths that are long compared to grain boundary size, then attenuation is found to scale with frequency following a law that is a linear combination of quadratic and quartic terms, in agreement with the results of recent experiments performed in copper [Zhang et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 116(1), 109–116 (2004)]. The prefactor of the quartic term can be obtained with reasonable values for the material under study, without adjustable parameters. The prefactor of the quadratic term can be fit assuming that the drag on the dynamics of the dislocations making up the wall is one to two orders of magnitude smaller than the value usually accepted for isolated dislocations. The quartic contribution is compared with the effect of the changes in the elastic constants from grain to grain that is usually considered as the source of attenuation in polycrystals. A complete model should include this scattering as well.
Liquid jet response to internal modulated ultrasonic radiation pressure and stimulated drop production
Authors: Lonzaga Joel B. , Osterhoudt Curtis F. , Thiessen David B. , Marston Philip L.
Published: June 2007

Experimental evidence shows that a liquid jet in air is an acoustic waveguide having a cutoff frequency inversely proportional to the jet diameter. Ultrasound applied to the jet supply liquid can propagate within the jet when the acoustic frequency is near to or above the cutoff frequency. Modulated radiation pressure is used to stimulate large amplitude deformations and the breakup of the jet into drops. The jet response to the modulated internal ultrasonic radiation pressure was monitored along the jet using (a) an optical extinction method and (b) images captured by a video camera. The jet profile oscillates at the frequency of the radiation pressure modulation and where the response is small, the amplitude was found to increase in proportion to the square of the acoustic pressure amplitude as previously demonstrated for oscillating drops [P.L. Marston and R.E. Apfel, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 67, 27–37 (1980)]. Small amplitude deformations initially grow approximately exponentially with axial distance along the jet. Though aspects of the perturbation growth can be approximated from Rayleigh’s analysis of the capillary instability, some detailed features of the observed jet response to modulated ultrasound are unexplained neglecting the effects of gravity.
Directive sources in acoustic discrete-time domain simulations based on directivity diagrams
Authors: Escolano José , López José J. , Pueo Basilio
Published: June 2007

Discrete-time domain methods provide a simple and flexible way to solve initial boundary value problems. With regard to the sources in such methods, only monopoles or dipoles can be considered. However, in many problems such as room acoustics, the radiation of realistic sources is directional-dependent and their directivity patterns have a clear influence on the total sound field. In this letter, a method to synthesize the directivity of sources is proposed, especially in cases where the knowledge is only based on discrete values of the directivity diagram. Some examples have been carried out in order to show the behavior and accuracy of the proposed method.
Generation and the measures of impact sound by stick-slip phenomenon at beam joint in buildings (the first report)
Authors: Hayashi Yasuaki , Shimoda Hidemaro
Published: June 2007

It is often happened to be annoyed by the sound of an uncertain cause in the completed buildings. The phenomenon might be repeated indefinitely though most of these sounds are canceled with the passage of time. This paper reports a series of processes from the investigation of the cause, to effective measures on the case in a high rise housing complex. And the ascertained cause is thought to give a systematic explanation to this kind of uncertain sound in buildings. The outline of this paper is as follows. (1) It paid attention to the vibration wave form (phase) to which it propagated in the building frame to specify the position in the plane of the slab, the vibration accelerometers were arranged in two dimensional distribution on the slab, and the source was ascertained adequately. (2) It was clearly specified that the cause of generation was ‘‘stick-slip phenomenon’’ in the beam joint part from the wave form of the generated sound and its spectrum of the vibration. (3) Appropriate measures construction of completely controlling movement in this case was executed by being able to specify the cause of generation and the effect was confirmed.
Early history of the Midcontinent Rift inferred from geochemistry and sedimentology of the Mesoproterozoic Osler Group, northwestern Ontario
Authors: Hollings Pete , Fralick Philip , Cousens Brian
Published: June 2007

The Mesoproterozoic 1108–1105 Ma Osler Group, a 3 km thick succession of basaltic flows and sedimentary units on the north shore of Lake Superior, is among the oldest expressions of the Midcontinent Rift. Basal sediments of the Simpson Island Formation (new name) deposited by braided fluvial systems record westward transport of debris eroded from local Archean and Proterozoic rock units. Strata deposited by this fluvial system are intercalated with, and overlain by, ocean-island basalt (OIB)-like basalts, which become increasingly contaminated up section (εNd(1100Ma) = +0.3 to –5.3). The light rare-earth element (LREE) enriched (La/Smn = 1.5–3.9) and heavy REE (HREE) fractionated (Gd/Ybn = 1.5–3.7) subaerial flows are divisible into two units that correlate with other sections of the Osler Group to the east, but simple correlations with more distant sequences are difficult. The volcanic rock dominated portion of the succession is overlain by a thin (25 m thick) conglomerate–sandstone assemblage representing southeast progradation of an alluvial fan in a semi-arid climatic setting. Clast lithologies and geochemistry indicate no extra-rift detritus was delivered from the hinterland of the fan. Various lines of evidence in both volcanic and sedimentary rocks support a scenario where early, pre-1108 Ma, subsidence along a north–south axis from the western arm of the rift to the Nipigon Embayment was replaced by subsidence along the east–west rift axis between 1108 and 1105 Ma.
Tempestite frequency curves: a key to Late Ordovician and Early Silurian subsidence, sea-level change, and orbital forcing in the Anticosti foreland basin, Quebec, Canada
Authors: Long D GF
Published: June 2007

Following partial closure of the northern Iapetus Ocean along the Newfoundland segment of the St. Lawrence Promontory, subsidence along the Anticosti Platform was influenced by residual thermal subsidence, renewed tectonic loading by thrust sheets to the south, and sediment loading. Basement subsidence, calculated by removing the effects of sediment loading, was between 2 and 5 cm/ka in the Caradocian, increasing to 8.6 cm/ka in the Pusgillian and Cautleyan, and reaching a maximum of 17.7 cm/ka in the Rawtheyan, during deposition of the Princeton Lake and Vauréal Formations. A marked decline in subsidence, beginning in the Hirnantian and continuing into the Early Silurian, may reflect decoupling of thrust loads to the south, although a further stage of thrust loading may have occurred in the Aeronian during deposition of the lower part of the Jupiter Formation. Storm frequency curves, produced using tempestite abundance, thickness, and grain size through more than a kilometre of carbonate strata on Anticosti Island, allow recognition of long period, 3rd-order trends. These are in part similar to local sea-level trends deduced from direct interpretation of sedimentary structures, but depart significantly from paleontological-based sea-level curves. Shorter period 4th-order cycles appear to be related to orbital eccentricity with periods of 100 and 400 ka. These may reflect periods with falling sea levels, increasing storm activity, or enhanced sediment flux to the middle and outer shelf.
Bearriverops, a new Lower Ordovician trilobite genus from the Great Basin, western USA, and classification of the family Dimeropygidae
Authors: Adrain Jonathan M , Westrop Stephen R
Published: June 2007

Bearriverops n. gen. is a distinctive clade of small, vaulted trilobites from the Lower Ordovician (Ibexian Series; Stairsian Stage) of Utah and Idaho. The genus includes at least seven new species known from silicified material of which five are well enough known to name: B. alsacharovi, B. borderinnensis, B. deltaensis, B. ibexensis, and B. loganensis (the type species). All are known from the lower Fillmore Formation in western Utah; B. alsacharovi and B. loganensis are also known from the Garden City Formation of southeastern Idaho. Both units record deposition in shallow subtidal environments above storm wave base. Bearriverops is characterized particularly by a suite of pygidial apomorphies apparently related to spiral enrollment. Its close relatives include a large group of mostly undescribed Skullrockian and Stairsian species with more conventional spinose pygidia. Together, the taxa are referred to Dimeropygidae, which is considered a senior synonym of Toernquistiidae. Cladistic parsimony analysis of Bearriverops indicates that B. alsacharovi and B. borderinnensis are sister taxa, and that B. loganensis, B. deltaensis, and the plesiomorphic B. ibexensis are successive sister taxa to this clade.
Formation of monofluorophosphate from fluoride in phosphoric acid – water and phosphoric acid – sulfuric acid – water mixtures
Authors: Newman Kenneth E , Ortlieb Raymond E , Pawlik Nicole , Reedyk Jason
Published: June 2007

When dissolved in concentrated phosphoric acid, sodium fluoride reacts rapidly to form monofluorophosphate. In less concentrated acid, the reaction does not proceed to completion, and the reaction kinetics become very much slower. The equilibrium and rate constants for the reaction have been determined. In ternary mixtures of phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, and water, the formation of monofluorophosphate is considerably enhanced, and the kinetics are rapid. The results are interpreted in terms of the very low water activity coefficients in strong-acid solutions.Key words: monofluorophosphate, monofluorophosphoric acid, 19F NMR, 31P NMR, phosphoric acid, sulufric acid, equilibria, kinetics.
Quinonoids from the barks of Cratoxylum formosum subsp.pruniflorum
Authors: Boonnak Nawong , Karalai Chatchanok , Chantrapromma Suchada , Ponglimanont Chanita , Kanjana-Opas Akkharawit , Chantrapromma Kan , Fun Hoong-Kun
Published: June 2007

A mixture of new bianthrones J (1a and 1b) was isolated from the barks of Cratoxylum formosum subsp. pruniflorum together with six known quinonoids, namely bianthrone A1 (2), vismones E (3) and D (4), 11-hydroxy-5-methoxy-2,2,9-trimethyl-2H-anthra[1,2-b]-pyran-7,12-dione (5), vismiaquinone (6), and 3-geranyloxy-6-methyl-1,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone (7). Their structures were assigned on the basis of spectroscopic methods. The antibacterial and cytotoxic activities of compounds 3 and 4 were also reported.Key words: Cratoxylum formosum subsp. pruniflorum, bianthrone, vismone, anthraquinone, antibacterial activity, cytotoxicity.
Solvent effects on the reactions of copper chlorides with OP(NH-t-Bu)3 — Formation of the novel [Cu5Cl10]5– anion via in situ templation
Authors: Fu Zhiyong , Chivers Tristram
Published: June 2007

X-ray structural investigations have shown that the products of the reaction of CuCl2·2H2O and OP[NH-t-Bu]3 are markedly dependent on solvent and temperature. The polymeric ionic complex [(t-BuNH3)2(Cu3(OH)(H2O)Cl7)]∞ (1), containing a trinuclear anionic repeating unit, is obtained from toluene at 80 °C, whereas the 2:1 adduct Cu(t-BuNH2)2Cl2 (4) is formed at 150 °C. By contrast, a neutral tetranuclear cluster Cu4[PO(NH-t-Bu)3]4(µ4-O)Cl6 (2) or the one-dimensional chain [Cu(Py)2Cl2]∞ (3) is produced when the reaction is carried out in hexane or pyridine, respectively, at 80 °C. The reaction of a mixture of CuCl and CuCl2·2H2O (2:1 molar ratio) with OP[NH-t-Bu]3 at 80 °C in toluene produces [t-BuNH3]5[Cu5Cl10] (5), in which the anion is a pentanuclear cluster with both terminal and bridging chloride ions. The removal of the chloride ions from the reaction mixture by the addition of AgNO3 yields the 2:1 adduct Cu[OP(NH-t-Bu)3]2(NO3)2 (6).Key words: copper halides, templation, P–N compounds, cluster complexes, one-dimensional framework
Efficient regio- and stereo-selective cleavage of aziridines and epoxides using an ionic liquid as reagent and reaction medium
Authors: Ranu Brindaban C , Adak Laksmikanta , Banerjee Subhash
Published: June 2007

Ionic liquids, containing a variety of functionalities such as halo, azido, and thiocyano, efficiently cleave aziridines and epoxides to the corresponding products in high yields. The cleavages are regio- and stereo-selective. The reactions are complete in 1 h at 60 °C and do not require any other catalyst or organic solvent. Thus, a convenient synthetic route to 1,2-haloamines, 1,2-azidoamines, 1,2-thiocyanoamines, 1,2-azidoalcohols, and 1,2-thiocyanoalcohols is developed.Key words: aziridine, epoxide, ionic liquid, cleavage, regioselectivity, stereoselectivity
Aqua-mediated one-pot synthesis and aromatization of pyrimido-fused 1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives using ammonium salts
Authors: Kidwai Mazaahir , Singhal Kavita
Published: June 2007

Dipyrimidine-fused pyridine derivatives were synthesized using 1,3-diketone, aldehyde, different ammonium salts, and water, as the solvent. Aromatization was observed when ammonium nitrate was used as the source of nitrogen, and thus, dipyrimidine-fused pyridine derivatives were synthesized in one-pot synthetic procedure. This environmentally benign procedure leads to high yield of products (80%–90%) in a single step, with greater purity using water as the solvent.Key words: water, aromatization, dipyrimidopyridine, ammonium salts.
Synthesis and characterization of [M(DMSO)6][SnCl6] complexes (M = Fe2+, Co2+, and Ni2+) — An old mystery solved
Authors: White Andrew P , Robertson Katherine N , Cameron T Stanley , Liengme Bernard V , Leznoff Daniel B , Trudel Simon , Aquino Manuel A.S
Published: June 2007

The synthesis of an "unknown" Fe(II) complex originally reported in 1973 and formulated then as [Fe(DMSO)5Cl][SnCl4] was thoroughly reproduced and the compound reformulated as the novel [Fe(DMSO)6][SnCl6] double complex salt. Current elemental analysis and IR and Mössbauer spectroscopy matched the original 1973 data, and Raman spectroscopy and single crystal X-ray diffraction provided additional confirmation of our reformulation. [Fe(DMSO)6][SnCl6] (1) crystallizes in the trigonal space group R[Formula: see text] with octahedral [Fe(DMSO)6]2+ and [SnCl6]2– complex ions with an Fe—O bond length of 2.121(3) Å. The same synthesis was extended to Co(II) and Ni(II) to generate the novel [Co(DMSO)6][SnCl6] (2), which crystallizes in the triclinic space group P[Formula: see text] with a Co—O bond length of 2.093(4)–2.113(5) Å, and [Ni(DMSO)6][SnCl6] (3), which crystallized in the trigonal R[Formula: see text] space group and has a Ni—O bond length of 2.062(2) Å. The Sn—Cl bond length in all three complexes ranged from 2.421(2) to 2.448(2) Å.Key words: DMSO complexes of Fe(II), Co(II) and Ni(II), SnCl62– salts, IR, Raman and Mössbauer spectroscopy, X-ray crystal structures.
STABILIZATION OF A FOUR-STEP EXPONENTIALLY-FITTED METHOD AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE SCHRÖDINGER EQUATION
Authors: SIMOS T. E.
Published: June 2007

In this paper we present a singularly P-stable exponentially — fitted four-step method for the numerical solution of the radial Schrödinger equation. More specifically we present a method that is singularly P-stable (a concept later introduced in this paper) and also integrates exactly any linear combination of the functions {1, x, x2, x3, x4, x5, exp (±Ivx)}. The numerical experimentation showed that our method is considerably more efficient compared to well-known methods used for the numerical solution of resonance problem of the radial Schrödinger equation.
DISCOVERED FUNCTION FOR POSITRON COLLISIONS WITH ALKALI-METAL ATOMS USING GENETIC PROGRAMMING
Authors: EL-BAKRY SALAH YASEEN , RADI AMR
Published: June 2007

Genetic programming (GP) has been used to discover the function that describes the collisions of positrons with sodium, potassium, rubidium and cesium atoms at low and intermediate energies. The GP has been running based on experimental data of the total collisional cross sections to produce the total cross sections for each target atom. The incident energy and the static dipole polarizability of the alkali target atom have been used as input variables to find the discovered function. The experimental, calculated and predicted total collisional cross sections are compared. The discovered function shows a good match to the experimental data. We find that the GP technique is able to improve upon more traditional methods. To our knowledge, this is the first application of the GP technique to the data of positron collisions with alkali atoms at low and intermediate energies.
A STUDY ON THE EVACUATION OF PEOPLE IN A HALL USING THE CELLULAR AUTOMATON MODEL
Authors: CHEN ROUHANG , QIU BING , ZHANG CHAOYING , KONG LINGJIANG , LIU MUREN
Published: June 2007

We have modified the transition probability calculations in the lattice gas model of biased-random walkers. Adopting the collision-avoided rules, a new cellular automata model of pedestrian flow which updates in parallel is established. Using this model, we have simulated and studied the evacuation process of people in a hall. The spatial configuration of people is presented, which is more consistent with the scene of reality than that presented in the lattice-gas model. It is found that the escape time tc closely depends on the width of the door and the initial density of people, it scales as tc ∝ W-0.55±0.01 and tc ∝ ρ0.98±0.01 ≈ ρ.
GENETIC PROGRAMMING FOR HADRONIC INTERACTIONS AT HIGH ENERGIES
Authors: EL-BAKRY M. Y. , RADI A.
Published: June 2007

Genetic programming (GP) has been used to discover a function that describes pseudo-rapidity distribution of created pions from proton–proton (p-p) interactions at high and ultra-high energies. The predicted distributions from the GP-based model are compared with the experimental data. The discovered function of GP model has proven matching better for experimental data.
RIBBON-MOVES OF 2-KNOTS: THE TORSION LINKING PAIRING AND THE $\tilde{\eta}$-INVARIANTS OF 2-KNOTS
Authors: OGASA EIJI
Published: June 2007

We discuss the ribbon-move for 2-knots, which is a local move. Let K and K' be 2-knots. Then we have the following: Suppose that K and K' are ribbon-move equivalent.

(1) Let [Formula: see text] (respectively, [Formula: see text]) be the ℤ-torsion submodule of the Alexander module [Formula: see text] (respectively, [Formula: see text]). Then [Formula: see text] is isomorphic to [Formula: see text] not only as ℤ-modules but also as ℤ[t, t-1]-modules.

(2) The Farber–Levine pairing for K is equivalent to that for K'.

(3) The set of the values of the ℚ/ℤ-valued [Formula: see text] invariants for K is equivalent to that for K'.
AN IMPERFECT PROCESS POLICY WITH PRODUCTION CORRECTION AND REORGANIZATION
Authors: LIAO GWO-LIANG
Published: June 2007

This study applies imperfect production processes to obtain in-control state by production correction and reorganization. Production processes are classified into two types of state: one is the type I state (out-of-control state) and the other is the type II state (in-control state). The type I state involves adjustment of the production mechanism. Production correction is either imperfect; worsening a production system, or perfect, returning it to "in-control" conditions. After N type I states, the operating system must be reorganized and returned to the beginning condition. At the beginning of the production of the each renewal cycle, the state of the process is not always to be restored to "in-control". The mean loss cost until "in-control" state, is determined. The existence of a unique and finite optimal N for an imperfect process under certain reasonable conditions is shown. A numerical example is presented.
RE-CONFIGURING WORKFLOW MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS TO FACILITATE A "SMOOTH FLOW OF WORK"
Authors: REIJERS H. A. , POELMANS S.
Published: June 2007

The image of workflow systems as being context-insensitive technology, hindering rather than supporting people in performing their work may still exist at present. This impression is also raised in the well-known and often cited case study within Establishment Printers. Using this case as a starting point, this paper presents an analysis of more recent workflow implementations to support the view that modern workflow systems are widely applied in the services industry and are considered useful by performers to support their way of working. In cases where the introduction of workflow technology initially disrupted the flow of work, a wide range of configuration options was available to mend such situations. A detailed analysis of a workflow implementation in a Belgian financial organization clearly shows that re-configuration decisions, like a finer step granularity, can transform a pre-structured production-type workflow system into a flexible application allowing and supporting a smooth flow of work.
TOWARDS A THEORY FOR MULTIPARTY PROACTIVE COMMUNICATION IN AGENT TEAMS
Authors: KAMALI KAIVAN , FAN XIAOCONG , YEN JOHN
Published: June 2007

Helping behavior in effective teams is achieved via some overlapping "shared mental models" that are developed and maintained by members of the team. In this paper, we take the perspective that multiparty "proactive" communication is critical for establishing and maintaining such a shared mental model among teammates, which is the basis for agents to offer proactive help and to achieve coherent teamwork. We first provide formal semantics for multiparty proactive performatives within a team setting. We then examine how such performatives result in updates to mental model of teammates, and how such updates can trigger helpful behaviors from other teammates. We also provide conversation policies for multiparty proactive performatives.
The Angiotensin II/Angiotensin II Receptor System Correlates with Nodal Spread in Intestinal Type Gastric Cancer
Authors: Röcken Christoph , Röhl Friedrich-Wilhelm , Diebler Eva , Lendeckel Uwe , Pross Matthias , Carl-McGrath Stacy , Ebert Matthias P.A.
Published: June 2007

We aimed to substantiate the putative significance of angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1R) and type 2 (AT2R) for gastric cancer biology by investigating the correlation of their expression with various clinicopathologic variables and patient survival. Local expression of AT1R, AT2R, and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) was investigated by immunohistochemistry in tumor and corresponding nontumor specimens obtained from 100 patients with gastric cancer, and compared with the ACE insertion/deletion gene polymorphism. AT1R and AT2R were found in the tumor epithelial cells of 26 (26%) and 95 (95%) patients, respectively. AT1R was significantly more prevalent (P < 0.001) in intestinal type gastric cancer than in diffuse type gastric cancer. In intestinal type gastric cancer, its expression correlated with the N category (P = 0.009) and the International Union Against Cancer tumor stage (P = 0.024). AT1R+ intestinal type gastric cancers had a larger number of lymph node metastases (P = 0.026), a higher International Union Against Cancer tumor stage (P = 0.032), and a shorter survival time (P = 0.009) than AT1R− tumors. Multivariate analysis with lymph nodes as a dependent variable showed that AT1R status and ACE-I/D gene polymorphism are independent risk factors. Irrespective of the genotype, AT1R+ gastric cancers had a relative risk of lymph node metastases of 4.40 (95% confidence interval, 1.30-14.86). When the ACE genotype was included, the relative risk of having lymph node metastases increased considerably in AT1R+ tumors being heterozygous or homozygous for the ACE D allele (odds ratio, 19.00; 95% confidence interval, 1.45-248.24). Our study shows that AT1R and AT2R are expressed locally in gastric cancer and that the combination of AT1R expression and ACE I/D gene polymorphism correlates with nodal spread in intestinal type gastric cancer. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(6):1206–12)
Low-Positive Antibody Titer againstHelicobacter pyloriCytotoxin-Associated Gene A (CagA) May Predict Future Gastric Cancer Better Than Simple Seropositivity againstH. pyloriCagA or againstH. pylori
Authors: Suzuki Gen , Cullings Harry , Fujiwara Saeko , Hattori Nobuaki , Matsuura Shinsuke , Hakoda Masayuki , Akahoshi Masazumi , Kodama Kazunori , Tahara Eiichi
Published: June 2007

Background: To investigate the IgG antibody titer against Helicobacter pylori CagA as a risk factor for future noncardia gastric cancer.

Methods: A nested case-control study was done in the longitudinal cohort of atomic bomb survivors using stored sera before diagnosis (mean, 2.3 years). Enrolled were 299 cancer cases and 3 controls per case selected from cohort members matched on age, gender, city, and time and type of serum storage and countermatched on radiation dose.

Results: H. pylori IgG seropositive with CagA IgG low titer was the strongest risk factor for noncardia gastric cancer [relative risk (RR), 3.9; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 2.1-7.0; P < 0.001], especially for intestinal-type tumor (RR, 9.9, 95% CI, 3.5-27.4; P < 0.001), compared with other risk factors, H. pylori IgG seropositive with CagA IgG negative (RR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.3-3.9; P = 0.0052), H. pylori IgG seropositive with CagA IgG high titer (RR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.3-3.2; P = 0.0022), chronic atrophic gastritis (RR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.8-3.3; P < 0.001), current smoking (RR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.4-3.5; P < 0.001), or radiation dose (RR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.2-3.1; P = 0.00193). Current smoking showed significantly higher risk for diffuse-type than intestinal-type tumors (P = 0.0372). Radiation risk was significant only for nonsmokers, all noncardia, and diffuse-type gastric cancers.

Conclusions: A low CagA IgG titer is a useful biomarker to identify a high-risk group and it also provides a clue to understanding host-pathogen interaction. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(6):1224–8)
Genetic and Environmental Sources of Variation in Heart Rate Response to Infused Nicotine in Twins
Authors: Swan Gary E. , Lessov-Schlaggar Christina N. , Krasnow Ruth E. , Wilhelmsen Kirk C. , Jacob Peyton , Benowitz Neal L.
Published: June 2007

The heart rate response to nicotine may be an important component of the process leading to dependence. The present study is the first to determine the extent to which genetic and environmental sources play a role in various components of the heart rate response. One hundred and ten monozygotic and 29 dizygotic twin pairs received an i.v. infusion of nicotine and cotinine over 30 min. Before, during, and for 30 min after infusion, heart rate was measured via an electronic monitor. The clearance of nicotine was determined as a measure of the rate of nicotine metabolism. Average resting heart rate before infusion was 64.7 beats per minutes (bpm), and at the termination of infusion, heart rate had increased to an average of 72.7 bpm. At 30 min after infusion, heart rate had decreased to 67.5 bpm. Age, current smoking status, body mass index, and nicotine clearance were associated significantly with heart rate levels over the full 60 min of measurement. After adjustment for several covariates, including dose of administered nicotine and rate of nicotine clearance, the variance in several characteristics of the heart rate response curve was examined for the relative contribution from genetic and environmental sources. In the total sample, as much as 30.3% of the variance in the acceleration of heart rate was due to additive genetic sources. In nonsmokers, 34.8% and 31.0% of variance in the acceleration and deceleration of heart rate, respectively, was due to genetic sources. Heart rate acceleration and deceleration may be a reflection of central nervous system responsiveness to nicotine. The contribution from genetic sources to heart rate response characteristics should be investigated further as a potential endophenotype for use in genetic studies of nicotine dependence. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(6):1057–64)
MDR1Gene Variants, Indoor Insecticide Exposure, and the Risk of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Authors: Urayama Kevin Y. , Wiencke John K. , Buffler Patricia A. , Chokkalingam Anand P. , Metayer Catherine , Wiemels Joseph L.
Published: June 2007

Objective: The multidrug resistance (MDR) 1 gene encodes a membrane transporter called P-glycoprotein, which plays an important role in protecting cells against lipophilic xenobiotics by way of an ATP-dependent cellular efflux mechanism. Among children enrolled in the Northern California Childhood Leukemia Study, we examined the susceptibility conferred by MDR1 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) and predicted haplotypes and whether they modify the association between indoor insecticide exposure and risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).

Methods: Buccal cell DNA from ALL cases (n = 294) and controls (n = 369) individually matched on gender, date of birth, Hispanic status, and maternal race were whole genome amplified and genotyped for four MDR1 SNPs, T−129C (rs3213619), C1236T (rs1128503), G2677T/A (rs2032582), and C3435T (rs1045642). Detailed and time-specific information on household pesticide use was obtained using in-home interviews with the mother.

Results: Allele frequencies in non-Hispanic White and Hispanic controls were similar, and with the exception of T−129C, seemed to be in strong linkage disequilibrium. Overall, the SNPs considered individually or within haplotypes (C1236T-G2677T/A-C3435T) were not significantly associated with childhood ALL. However, we observed strong evidence of a differential effect of indoor insecticide exposure (interaction odds ratio, 0.31; 95% confidence interval, 0.15-0.64; P = 0.025) on risk of ALL between carriers and noncarriers of haplotype CGC.

Conclusion: These preliminary data suggest that children carrying the haplotype CGC may be less susceptible to the leukemogenic effects of indoor insecticide exposures. Future studies are needed to confirm these findings. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(6):1172–7)
A Multifaceted Intervention to Increase Cervical Cancer Screening among Underserved Korean Women
Authors: Fang Carolyn Y. , Ma Grace X. , Tan Yin , Chi Nungja
Published: June 2007

Objective: Despite the proven survival benefits associated with cervical cancer screening, use of the Pap test continues to be suboptimal in some population subgroups, such as among Korean-American women who face considerable barriers to screening. Therefore, we evaluated a multifaceted intervention that combined psychoeducational counseling with patient navigation to address both psychosocial and access barriers to screening.

Method: Women (n = 102) were recruited from Korean community centers and assigned to the intervention or control condition. The intervention group received cervical cancer education and patient navigation delivered by bilingual Korean health educators. The control group received general health education, including information about cervical cancer and screening. Assessments were obtained at baseline and postintervention. Screening behavior was assessed at 6 months postintervention.

Results: At baseline, 17% of participants reported having had a Pap test in the previous year. At 6 months postintervention, 83% of women in the intervention group had obtained screening compared with 22% in the control group, χ2(1) = 41.22, P < 0.001. Multivariate logistic regression analyses indicated that participation in the intervention was associated with screening (P < 0.001). Fewer psychosocial barriers (e.g., discomfort at having a stranger perform Pap) and greater self-efficacy were also associated with screening (P < 0.05).

Conclusion: A combined modality intervention that delivers education with patient navigation training and assistance resulted in increased screening rates. Multifaceted approaches may be effective in reducing the psychosocial, access, and language barriers that contribute to cancer health disparities in underserved populations. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(6):1–5)
Prospective Cohort Study of Green Tea Consumption and Colorectal Cancer Risk in Women
Authors: Yang Gong , Shu Xiao-Ou , Li Honglan , Chow Wong-Ho , Ji Bu-Tian , Zhang Xianglan , Gao Yu-Tang , Zheng Wei
Published: June 2007

Tea and its constituents have shown anticarcinogenic activities in in vitro and animal studies. Epidemiologic studies, however, have been inconsistent. We prospectively evaluated the association between green tea consumption and colorectal cancer (CRC) risk in a cohort of 69,710 Chinese women aged 40 to 70 years. Information on tea consumption was assessed through in-person interviews at baseline and reassessed 2 to 3 years later in a follow-up survey. During 6 years of follow-up, 256 incident cases of CRC were identified. The multivariate relative risk of CRC was 0.63 (95% confidence interval, 0.45-0.88) for women who reported drinking green tea regularly at baseline compared with nonregular tea drinkers. A significant dose-response relationship was found for both the amount of tea consumed (P trend = 0.01) and duration in years of lifetime tea consumption (P trend = 0.006). The reduction in risk was most evident among those who consistently reported to drink tea regularly at both the baseline and follow-up surveys (relative risk, 0.43; 95% confidence interval, 0.24-0.77). The inverse association with regular tea drinking was observed for both colon and rectal cancers. This study suggests that regular consumption of green tea may reduce CRC risk in women. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(6):1219–23)
Readiness Theory and the Northern Ireland Conflict
Authors: Pruitt Dean G.
Published: June 2007

After 20 years of heavy fighting in Northern Ireland, a peace process started in 1988. The fighting went on, with some interruptions, for another 9 years; but during this time there was a long series o;f back-channel communications and conciliatory signals that led to a cease-fire, negotiations, and a peace settlement. The dynamics of this peace process are analyzed by means of the author's readiness theory, which attributes the process to (a) Irish Republican Army and British discouragement about the likelihood of a military victory, (b) pressure from allies of both these parties, (c) growing optimism about the success of negotiation, and (d) the emergence of a broad central coalition that embraced most of the political groups in Northern Ireland.
Restructuring time: Implications of work-hours reductions for the working class
Authors: Lautsch Brenda A. , Scully Maureen A.
Published: June 2007

This article examines the implications for working-class employees of reducing work hours, specifically when over time is cur tailed in hourly jobs. Much of the literature on work/life balance recommends a reduction in hours for professional employees. We find that the income from over time hours solves a host of work/family problems for working-class employees, ranging from the basic need to `make ends meet' to the more hidden strains of caring for extended families and dealing with divorce, illness, and addiction. Effor ts to reduce hours will be met with resistance not relief. Our depiction of working-class concerns helps the work/family literature to move beyond a focus on professionals and to tackle tough trade-offs regarding livelihood and quality of life.
Ways of interacting: The standardization of communication in medical training
Authors: Islam Gazi , Zyphur Michael
Published: June 2007

This study explains the effects of medical institutionalization on the framing of doctor—patient interviews. We draw on Weberian, Habermasian, and Foucaultian perspectives to explain the ways that occupational rationalities are embodied in doctor—patient encounters, and how these rationalities structure and are structured by occupational conceptions of medical clients. We use the results of par ticipant-obser ver methods to demonstrate specific instances of the ways in which organization—client interactions are simulated in a standardized patient training programme. Finally, we discuss findings with respect to our theoretical perspectives, showing how each perspective contributes unique insights into understandings of organizations and the communities they serve.
Complexity in practice
Authors: Campbell-Hunt Colin
Published: June 2007

Theories of social practice point to a wide domain of largely tacit social accommodations as the source from which the dynamic structures of social practices are sedimented. The strategy-as-practice initiative seeks to use these insights to widen our appreciation of the origins and evolution of strategy in organizations. This ar ticle suggests that this domain, and its components, can be substantively and literally represented as a complex adaptive system. Complexity gives access to a considerable body of theor y on the emergent orders that may arise from social practice, and on the evolution of social order over time. These carry impor tant implications for the scope of practitioners' agency in leading strategic change, for the locus of strategy in organizations, and for the design of research strategies to investigate these complex phenomena.
Readiness for Organizational Change
Authors: Holt Daniel T. , Armenakis Achilles A. , Feild Hubert S. , Harris Stanley G.
Published: June 2007

Using a systematic item-development framework as a guide (i.e., item development, questionnaire administration, item reduction, scale evaluation, and replication), this article discusses the development and evaluation of an instrument that can be used to gauge readiness for organizational change at an individual level. In all, more than 900 organizational members from the public and private sector participated in the different phases of study, with the questionnaire being tested in two separate organizations. The results suggest that readiness for change is a multidimensional construct influenced by beliefs among employees that (a) they are capable of implementing a proposed change (i.e., change-specific efficacy), (b) the proposed change is appropriate for the organization (i.e., appropriateness), (c) the leaders are committed to the proposed change (i.e., management support), and (d) the proposed change is beneficial to organizational members (i.e., personal valence).
Work Life Balance: What DO You Mean? The Ethical Ideology Underpinning Appropriate Application
Authors: Reiter Natalie
Published: June 2007

This article categorizes definitions of work life balance (WLB) according to a framework of ethical ideologies. By understanding what perspective the definition of WLB is framed within, practitioners and academics will be better able to assess the suitability of that definition for a particular application. Although many current definitions are absolutist in nature, dictating a “right” balance that all should aspire to, the author argues that definitions reflecting a situationalist perspective are most valuable to academics and practitioners. Definitions from a situationalist perspective offer an opportunity to explore what factors contribute to attainment of WLB for particular groups of people. Once there are broadly agreed definitions of WLB for groups of people, relevant measures of WLB and WLB initiatives that respond to these definitions can be developed. This will provide a baseline for the comparative analysis of WLB programs. Implications for organization development interventions and change management practice are explored.
Kurt Lewin and the Harwood Studies
Authors: Burnes Bernard
Published: June 2007

This article examines the importance to the study of organizational change and development of the first phase of the Harwood studies, which were conducted between 1939 and 1947. It examines the studies and their place within Lewin's broader research agenda and personal philosophy. The article shows that the Harwood studies marked a significant break with the past by moving research on group behavior from the laboratory to the real world, changing the focus of research from understanding group behavior per se to understanding and changing group behavior, and pioneering the use of participative management. The article concludes that the first phase of the Harwood studies can be seen as having laid the foundations of organization development (OD) and as having a continuing relevance to the challenges facing organizations today.
Effects of Verbal and Graphic Performance Feedback on Behavior Support Plan Implementation in a Public Elementary School
Authors: Hagermoser Sanetti Lisa M. , Luiselli James K. , Handler Marcie W.
Published: June 2007

Previous research suggests that performance feedback improves treatment integrity. This study compared the effects of verbal performance feedback and verbal plus graphic performance feedback on implementation of a student-specific behavior support plan (BSP) by members of a second-grade teaching team at a public elementary school. A consultant to the school delivered feedback following regularly scheduled classroom observations. Results indicated that combining verbal and graphic performance feedback was more effective than verbal performance feedback alone in improving treatment integrity. Informal data collected on student performance also suggested that appropriate behavior increased with better implementation of the BSP. Clinical and research issues are discussed.
An Empirical Investigation of Time-Out With and Without Escape Extinction to Treat Escape-Maintained Noncompliance
Authors: Everett Gregory E. , Joe Olmi D. , Edwards Ron P. , Tingstrom Daniel H. , Sterling-Turner Heather E. , Christ Theodore J.
Published: June 2007

The present study evaluates the effectiveness of two time-out (TO) procedures in reducing escape-maintained noncompliance of 4 children. Noncompliant behavioral function was established via a functional assessment (FA), including indirect and direct descriptive procedures and brief confirmatory experimental analyses. Following FA, parents were taught to consequate noncompliance with two different TO procedures, one without and one with escape extinction following TO release. Although results indicate TO without escape extinction is effective in increasing compliance above baseline levels, more optimal levels of compliance were obtained for all 4 children when escape extinction was added to the TO procedures already in place. Results indicate efficacy of TO with escape extinction when applied to escape-maintained noncompliance and are discussed as an initial example of the successful application of TO to behaviors maintained by negative reinforcement.