bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Religious Prose
Authors: Cragwall Jasper
Published: July 2017

‘Religious prose’ is something of a lost category in Romantic studies. It is not widely present in undergraduate anthologies, and it has not always received the same level of scholarly attention given to other, ostensibly secular, prose forms, such as the novel or the critical essay. Yet much of what was actually read in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries might now be classified as ‘religious prose’, which formed a baseline for cultural competence: even people with very few books were likely to own John Bunyan's
The Pilgrim's Progress
, first published in 1678 but constantly in print to the present day, the Bible, and, if members (as most people were) of the Church of England, the Book of Common Prayer. The fact that many of the most‐read religious books of the Romantic period were not exactly indigenous to it complicates neat periodization – the seventeenth‐century prophecies of Christopher Love enjoyed a resurgence in the 1790s, for example, and many moral lessons, songbooks, and sermons from the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries were enduringly saleable. But the era also devoured its own productions: the
Journal
of John Wesley, one of the founders of Methodism, was published serially from 1738 to 1789, and, stretching to more than a million words and somewhere between 80 000 and 180 000 copies, was one of the most popular autobiographies in English. Respectable sermons, theological tracts, spiritual autobiographies, and religious pedagogical manuals, along with enthusiastic prophecies and battles with the Devil were a major part of late eighteenth‐ and early nineteenth‐century publishing, and recent scholarship has begun to take the measure of this important field; students are encouraged to begin with the fine work of Henry Abelove (1990), Alan Bewell (1989), Mark Canuel (2002), D. Bruce Hindmarsh (2005), Colin Jager (2007), Susan Juster (2003), Iain McCalman (1988), Jon Mee (2003), Robert Ryan (1997), and Daniel White (2006).
Reviews, Poetry
Authors: Mole Tom
Published: July 2017

In 1831, reviewing Tennyson'sPoems, Chiefly LyricalinThe Englishman's Magazine, Arthur Henry Hallam looked to the previous generation to signal the decisive break between Romanticism and his friend's new poetry. For Hallam, innovation in poetry and controversy in poetry reviews were inseparable. ‘When Mr. Wordsworth […] asserted that immediate or rapid popularity was not the test of poetry,’ he wrote, ‘great was the consternation and clamour among those farmers of public favour, the established critics.’ When Wordsworth urged his reader in the ‘Preface toLyrical Ballads’(1800) to judge the poems ‘by his own feelings genuinely, and not by reflection upon what will probably be the judgement of others’; or when he claimed in the ‘Essay, Supplementary to the Preface’ (1815) that great poetry was seldom immediately popular, because every great author had ‘the task ofcreatingthe taste by which he is to be enjoyed’, Hallam understood him to be assailing the reviewers directly. ‘Never had so audacious an attack been made upon their undoubted privileges and hereditary charter of oppression’, he asserted. For Hallam, some of Romanticism's founding tenets were formulated in antagonistic dialogue with the poetry reviews. The full range, richness, and significance of that dialogue are obscured if contemporary periodical writings, particularly reviews, are ignored.Lyrical Ballads, for example, drew on poetry published in magazines (as Robert Mayo (1954) has shown), engaged the critical assumptions of reviewers (as Hallam suggests), and was extensively reviewed: the first edition at least 14 times and the second edition at least eight times.
R
icardo,
D
avid
Authors: Dick Alexander
Published: July 2017

Few political economists of the Romantic period were as important as David Ricardo. And few writers are appreciated less by Romanticists, with some reason. Ricardo was among the first to argue that economic phenomena behave according to universal principles unaffected by social factors or individual choices. He was a staunch believer in personal liberty, but denied the inevitability of progress. He abjured the breezy philosophizing and conjectural historicism of Adam Smith and helped define the rigorously technical and insular character of his discipline. Yet, Romanticists should know more about Ricardo. Ricardo's economic writings had a direct effect on the economic policies and social thought of his era. He was a friend, correspondent, and inspiration to many of the writers who, if not canonical, are now recognized as key figures of the era's intellectual scene, including Thomas Malthus, Jeremy Bentham, James Mill, John Ramsey McCulloch, Francis Horner, Henry Brougham, Thomas De Quincey, and Maria Edgeworth. Ricardo's life and thought are crucial to a full understanding of the Romantic‐era culture.
S
cott,
W
alter, Poetry
Authors: Goslee Nancy Moore
Published: July 2017

Although he achieved enormous fame for expanding the novel's range from the domestic to what Georg Lukács calls the ‘world‐historical’ novel, Walter Scott (1771–1832) began his writing career as a best‐selling poet. Today his poems and particularly his narrative romances challenge our criteria for Romantic poetry, criteria still based on canonical English Romantic writers. For his poetry begins the exploration of historical change and national identity that characterizes his fiction, and it does so through a formal and generic practice that is also historical: it evokes oral tradition and adapts medieval and Renaissance forms of romance. This entry will consider both the poetry's representations of historical conflicts as a continuous process influencing the present, and its revisions of older verse forms, genres, and narrative framing to shape those representations.
S
iddons,
S
arah
Authors: Robinson Terry F.
Published: July 2017

For over 40 years of her life, Sarah Siddons acted on the stage. During that time, she ascended from humble origins as the daughter of itinerant players to the most esteemed and renowned actor, male or female, in Britain. After beginning her career in the provinces, she soon won acclaim from audiences and critics at the Theatre Royal, Bath, and, ultimately, she presided over London's dramatic temples – the Theatres Royal, Drury Lane and Covent Garden – as the high priestess of tragedy. Her innovative acting style and her ability to elicit highly wrought emotional responses from her audiences made her an icon of the era and secured her top billing in the annals of theatrical history.
Songs Heard and Unheard
Authors: Goslee Nancy Moore
Published: July 2017

‘Heard melodies are sweet, but those unheard / Are sweeter. … Pipe to the spirit ditties of no tone’. Keats's famous address to the piper shown on a Greek urn makes a claim for an enduring, silent visual representation that allows each of us freely to imagine its music. Although the primary debate he explores in the ‘Ode on a Grecian Urn’ is that between poetry, thought of as spoken or sung speech, and painting or sculpture, seen as spatial, thus fixed and resistant to the flux of time, these lines also point towards another inter‐art debate: the relationship between a song performed with music, and song as inscribed on the page, without either an ‘air’ noted or a musical score. The embracing, difficult‐to‐define genre of song enjoyed wide popularity in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, particularly as it voiced a revival of cultural and national origins. Yet as this revival led to many new poems titled ‘song’ or ‘ballad’, their embeddedness in a culture of singing and listening gives way to the separation of words from music upon publication – from the ‘airs’ or ‘tunes’ that had once been part of the songs. While one product of this split was the silent speaking and reading of more complex forms of lyric, another was a re‐creation of performance and of direct hearing. Once the technologies of printing musical scores became more efficient and cost‐effective, the sounds – the ‘ditties’ in Keats's slightly mocking term – could be performed again, though in a very different cultural milieu (Davis 2006; McLane 2008; Wood 2010).
S
taël,
A
nne
L
ouise
G
ermaine
N
ecker de
Authors: Kelly Jim
Published: July 2017

One of the leading European writers and intellectuals of her day, Madame de Staël (1766–1817) was to have a major and lasting influence on British Romantic‐period writing, her influential disquisitions on national identity and gender relations providing subsequent British writers with a stock of images and vocabulary that would persist throughout much of the nineteenth century. Politically popular in England due to her exile from post‐revolutionary France, though criticized for her unconventional domestic life, her writings, especially
Corinne, ou l'Italie
(1807) and
De l'Allemagne
(1810–13), were received variously as anti‐Napoleonic propaganda, subversive feminist manifestos
avant la lettre
, blueprints for constructing national identities from fragmented states, and a powerful affirmation of the link between imaginative literature and public life. Her work attracted increasing attention within Anglophone criticism with the development of feminist criticism in the latter half of the twentieth century, although there is as yet no standard collection of her entire corpus of writing available in English.
Sublime
Authors: De Almeida Hermione , Gilpin George H.
Published: July 2017

The first‐hand and original impressions of India created by British artists who travelled east in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries profoundly influenced first the visual and then the overall culture of British Romanticism. These original images and novel perspectives were later absorbed into and modified by the prevailing cultural and political movements of the British imperial period. These artists – only a few of whom are now well known – include, before 1800, James Forbes, William Hodges, Johann Zoffany, James Wales, Thomas Daniell, and William Daniell; and, after 1800, Charles Gold, Henry Salt, and James Baillie Fraser. The prospect of India, visual and conceptual, and recorded in ever‐shifting forms by these traveller‐artists, found recurrent place in the imaginative inquiries of the Romantic movement, in writers from Frances Burney to Walter Scott, in poets from Samuel Taylor Coleridge to John Keats, and in artists from William Blake to J.M.W. Turner. Their example, moreover, inspired later traveller‐artists and scientists, like Alexander von Humboldt, to explore tropical regions. Between 1776 and 1836, in an interlude of extraordinary creative endeavour, intellectual ferment, political action, and geographic exploration (a period of conflicting energies and geopolitical flux that preceded the official era of the Raj), Britain saw – among a host of stimuli both positive and negative – revolutionary conflicts in North and South America, France, and the West Indies, the establishment of humanistic societies to foster visual culture at home and antiquarian study abroad (the Royal Academy in London and the Asiatick Society in Calcutta), and territorial acquisitions overseas that were the bedrock of its sea‐change in political and economic status from colonial trader to residential emperor in India.
Transatlantic
R
omanticism
Authors: Branam Amy C.
Published: July 2017

In 1836, Ralph Waldo Emerson asked in his introduction to
Nature
, ‘Why should not we also enjoy an original relation to the universe? Why should not we have a poetry and philosophy of insight and not of tradition, and a religion by revelation to us, and not the history of theirs?’ More than a generation following the American Revolution, as Emerson indicates, Americans continued to live in the shadow of English culture. The frustration felt by American Romantic authors was exacerbated by the lack of international copyright law. Edgar Allan Poe points out in ‘Some Secrets of the Magazine Prison‐House’ that American magazine editors had little incentive to pay domestic writers for their works when American culture had succumbed to arguments for ‘the beauty and conveniency of robbing the Literary Europe on the highway’ (1845: 104). American writers felt little to no support from their American audiences, and the problem was compounded by the proliferation of British reprints. The inundation of British literature resulted in the idea of a transatlantic exchange becoming a transatlantic strangulation of the domestic literary market from the American perspective. Because of this economic situation in the novel market, American writers mostly opted for the short story, which could be published in the magazines. Only Washington Irving and James Fenimore Cooper proved the exceptions to this rule. The British market created a demand for their writings, which, ironically, secured their reputations – and sales – in America. However, not even Irving and Cooper could quell the general British antipathy towards American letters. For example, Sydney Smith, writing for the
Edinburgh Review
in 1820, asserted,‘During the thirty or forty years of their independence, they have done absolutely nothing for the Sciences, for the Arts, for Literature, or even for the statesman‐like studies of Politics or Political Economy’ (ffrench 1952: 43). Despite these transatlantic tensions, Romantic prose flourished in America and Britain during the early nineteenth century as writers tried a variety of writing types to address the rapidly changing aesthetic, social, political, and economic factors resulting from the close yet contested ties of transatlantic exchange.
Translation
Authors: Burwick Frederick
Published: July 2017

Always the gateway to intercultural exchange, translation provides a revealing index to the defining concerns of an era. The leading scholars and thinkers of the Reformation adoptedad fontesas the motto for their endeavour and made the return to the old the means for generating the new. Translating the foundational religious works out of Hebrew, Greek, and Latin into the modern European languages were priorities in transforming the church into a national institution that shared the language of the people. Because representation was as much at stake as the conditions of faith, translation was entangled as well in the Catholic/ Protestant conflicts. By the end of the eighteenth century, British concerns had turned more to commercial enterprise and the extension of empire. The Bible was still important, for translating the King James version into Spanish or Portuguese, Hindi or Mandarin now served the colonial endeavour.
W
illiams,
H
elen
M
aria, Prose
Authors: Sigler David
Published: July 2017

Born in 1761, Helen Maria Williams emerged in the 1780s as a poet of sensibility and liberal political commitments; her trenchant poetry and involvement in the Portman Square literary salon allowed her star to rise quickly. In 1790, on the invitation of her acquaintance Augustin du Fossé, she visited Paris to celebrate the Fête de la Fédération and there found, in the sublime spectacle of the ongoing French Revolution, what would become her major subject thenceforth. A masterpiece of creative non‐fiction, her
Letters Written in France, In the Summer 1790
offers enthusiastic support for the Revolution and imagines, through a subversive reworking of Burkean aesthetic and political theory, a transformative spirit of liberty emerging beautifully out of the sublime ruins of the Bastille. Williams's
Letters
were among the first eyewitness accounts of the French Revolution available in Britain, and the first two volumes sold briskly, requiring five printings within six years. When the Revolution proceeded into the Reign of Terror, Williams remained committed to the cause of liberty but adopted a more moderate Girondist perspective for the subsequent volumes of her
Letters;
these writings would bring her and her partner under police surveillance in 1793 and force them to leave France for a while. Between 1790 and 1796, Williams published eight volumes on the political situation in France; further observations followed in 1815 and 1819. In addition to her writings on the Revolution and its aftermath, Williams, interested as she was in becoming ‘a citizen of the world’, produced several works concerning travel across national borders: these include the novel
Julia
(1790), a narrative of her travels in Switzerland (1798), and translations of the writings of the explorer and scientist Alexander von Humboldt (1814–15). Williams can be considered a major writer of cosmopolitan prose (Craciun 2005), although she was equally capable of invoking English nationalism when it was politically expedient, as in her poem
A Farewell, for Two Years, to England
(1791). Perhaps the most complex statement of Williams's cosmopolitanism was her unorthodox translation of Bernardin de St Pierre's novella
Paul et Virginie
, which would become the most reprinted of her works in her lifetime and her most readily identifiable work across the nineteenth century (Favret 1993: 56). The Humboldt translations aside, she wrote little between 1803 and 1815. She died in Paris in 1829, having long hosted a prominent literary salon there, and having become a naturalized French citizen in 1818.
W
ordsworth,
W
illiam, Poetry
Authors: Graver Bruce
Published: July 2017

William Wordsworth was born in the town of Cockermouth, Cumberland, on 7 April 1770, the second of five children. His father, John Wordsworth, was a lawyer and agent for Sir James Lowther, later the first Earl of Lonsdale; his mother, Ann Wordsworth, was a daughter of the Cookson/Crackenthorpe family of Penrith; his siblings were Richard (1768–1816), Dorothy (1771–1855), John (1772–1805), and Christopher (1774–1846).
Y
earsley,
A
nn, Poetry
Authors: Watkins Daniel P.
Published: July 2017

In her own day, Ann Yearsley (1753–1806) was known popularly as ‘Lactilla, the Poetical Milkwoman of Bristol’. From the labouring classes, she began her career as an author under the auspices of Hannah More, whom she met at a time when she and her family were near starvation. On discovering Yearsley's literary proclivities, More arranged for the publication of
Poems on Several Occasions
(1785). While the volume was successful, its publication led to a quarrel between the two women, as Yearsley thought that More had defrauded her of the funds she had earned from sales of the volume. After her split with More, she went on to publish works of poetry, drama, and fiction, including
Poems on Various Subjects
(1787),
A Poem on the Inhumanity of the Slave Trade
(1788),
Earl Godwin: A Historical Play
(1789; 1791),
Stanzas of Woe
(1790),
Reflections on the Death of Louis XVI
(1793),
The Royal Captives: A Fragment of Secret History, Copied from an Old Manuscript
(a novel in four volumes, 1795), and
The Rural Lyre
(1796).
Spatial Analysis of Metal–PLGA Hybrid Microstructures Using 3D SERS Imaging
Authors: Strozyk Malte S. , de Aberasturi Dorleta Jimenez , Gregory Jason V. , Brust Mathias , Lahann Joerg , Liz‐Marzán Luis M.
Published: July 2017

The incorporation of gold nanoparticles in biodegradable polymeric nanostructures with controlled shape and size is of interest toward different applications in nanomedicine. Properties of the polymer such as drug loading and antibody functionalization can be combined with the plasmonic properties of gold nanoparticles, to yield advanced hybrid materials. This study presents a new way to synthesize multicompartmental microgels, fibers, or cylinders, with embedded anisotropic gold nanoparticles. Gold nanoparticles dispersed in an organic solvent can be embedded within the poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) (PLGA) matrix of polymeric microstructures, when prepared via electrohydrodynamic co‐jetting. Prior functionalization of the plasmonic nanoparticles with Raman active molecules allows for imaging of the nanocomposites by surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) microscopy, thereby revealing nanoparticle distribution and photostability. These exceptionally stable hybrid materials, when used in combination with 3D SERS microscopy, offer new opportunities for bioimaging, in particular when long‐term monitoring is required.
High Conductivity and Electron‐Transfer Validation in an n‐Type Fluoride‐Anion‐Doped Polymer for Thermoelectrics in Air
Authors: Zhao Xingang , Madan Deepa , Cheng Yan , Zhou Jiawang , Li Hui , Thon Susanna M. , Bragg Arthur E. , DeCoster Mallory E. , Hopkins Patrick E. , Katz Howard E.
Published: July 2017

Air‐stable and soluble tetrabutylammonium fluoride (TBAF) is demonstrated as an efficient n‐type dopant for the conjugated polymer ClBDPPV. Electron transfer from F− anions to the π‐electron‐deficient ClBDPPV through anion–π electronic interactions is strongly corroborated by the combined results of electron spin resonance, UV–vis–NIR, and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy. Doping of ClBDPPV with 25 mol% TBAF boosts electrical conductivity to up to 0.62 S cm−1, among the highest conductivities that have been reported for solution‐processed n‐type conjugated polymers, with a thermoelectric power factor of 0.63 µW m−1 K−2 in air. Importantly, the Seebeck coefficient agrees with recently published correlations to conductivity. Moreover, the F−‐doped ClBDPPV shows significant air stability, maintaining the conductivity of over 0.1 S cm−1 in a thick film after exposure to air for one week, to the best of our knowledge the first report of an air‐stable solution‐processable n‐doped conductive polymer with this level of conductivity. The result shows that using solution‐processable small‐anion salts such as TBAF as an n‐dopant of organic conjugated polymers possessing lower LUMO (lowest unoccupied molecular orbital), less than −4.2 eV) can open new opportunities toward high‐performance air‐stable solution‐processable n‐type thermoelectric (TE) conjugated polymers.
Controllable Organic Resistive Switching Achieved by One‐Step Integration of Cone‐Shaped Contact
Authors: Ling Haifeng , Yi Mingdong , Nagai Masaru , Xie Linghai , Wang Laiyuan , Hu Bo , Huang Wei
Published: July 2017

Conductive filaments (CFs)‐based resistive random access memory possesses the ability of scaling down to sub‐nanoscale with high‐density integration architecture, making it the most promising nanoelectronic technology for reclaiming Moore's law. Compared with the extensive study in inorganic switching medium, the scientific challenge now is to understand the growth kinetics of nanoscale CFs in organic polymers, aiming to achieve controllable switching characteristics toward flexible and reliable nonvolatile organic memory. Here, this paper systematically investigates the resistive switching (RS) behaviors based on a widely adopted vertical architecture of Al/organic/indium‐tin‐oxide (ITO), with poly(9‐vinylcarbazole) as the case study. A nanoscale Al filament with a dynamic‐gap zone (DGZ) is directly observed using in situ scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) , which demonstrates that the RS behaviors are related to the random formation of spliced filaments consisting of Al and oxygen vacancy dual conductive channels growing through carbazole groups. The randomicity of the filament formation can be depressed by introducing a cone‐shaped contact via a one‐step integration method. The conical electrode can effectively shorten the DGZ and enhance the localized electric field, thus reducing the switching voltage and improving the RS uniformity. This study provides a deeper insight of the multiple filamentary mechanisms for organic RS effect.
Bulk Bismuth as a High‐Capacity and Ultralong Cycle‐Life Anode for Sodium‐Ion Batteries by Coupling with Glyme‐Based Electrolytes
Authors: Wang Chenchen , Wang Liubin , Li Fujun , Cheng Fangyi , Chen Jun
Published: July 2017

Sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) have attracted great interest for large‐scale electric energy storage in recent years. However, anodes with long cycle life and large reversible capacities are still lacking and therefore limiting the development of SIBs. Here, a bulk Bi anode with surprisingly high Na storage performance in combination with glyme‐based electrolytes is reported. This study shows that the bulk Bi electrode is gradually developed into a porous integrity during initial cycling, which is totally different from that in carbonate‐based electrolytes and ensures facile Na+ transport and structural stability. The achievable capacity of bulk Bi in the NaPF6‐diglyme electrolyte is high up to 400 mAh g−1, and the capacity retention is 94.4% after 2000 cycles, corresponding to a capacity loss of 0.0028% per cycle. It exhibits two flat discharge/charge plateaus at 0.67/0.77 and 0.46/0.64 V, ascribed to the typical two‐phase reactions of Bi ↔ NaBi and NaBi ↔ Na3Bi, respectively. The excellent performance is attributed to the unique porous integrity, stable solid electrolyte interface, and good electrode wettability of glymes. This interplay between electrolyte and electrode to boost Na storage performance will pave a new pathway for high‐performance SIBs.
Ultrathin Single‐Crystalline CdTe Nanosheets Realized via Van der Waals Epitaxy
Authors: Cheng Ruiqing , Wen Yao , Yin Lei , Wang Fengmei , Wang Feng , Liu Kaili , Shifa Tofik Ahmed , Li Jie , Jiang Chao , Wang Zhenxing , He Jun
Published: July 2017

Due to the novel physical properties, high flexibility, and strong compatibility with Si‐based electronic techniques, 2D nonlayered structures have become one of the hottest topics. However, the realization of 2D structures from nonlayered crystals is still a critical challenge, which requires breaking the bulk crystal symmetry and guaranteeing the highly anisotropic crystal growth. CdTe owns a typical wurtzite crystal structure, which hinders the 2D anisotropic growth of hexagonal‐symmetry CdTe. Here, for the first time, the 2D anisotropic growth of ultrathin nonlayered CdTe as thin as 4.8 nm via an effective van der Waals epitaxy method is demonstrated. The anisotropic ratio exceeds 103. Highly crystalline nanosheets with uniform thickness and large lateral dimensions are obtained. The in situ fabricated ultrathin 2D CdTe photodetector shows ultralow dark current (≈100 fA), as well as high detectivity, stable photoswitching, and fast photoresponse speed (τrising = 18.4 ms, τdecay = 14.7 ms). Besides, benefitting from its 2D planar geometry, CdTe nanosheet exhibits high compatibility with flexible substrates and traditional microfabrication techniques, indicating its significant potential in the applications of flexible electronic and optoelectronic devices.
Recent Development of Quinoxaline Based Polymers/Small Molecules for Organic Photovoltaics
Authors: Gedefaw Desta , Prosa Mario , Bolognesi Margherita , Seri Mirko , Andersson Mats R.
Published: July 2017

Among the various molecular designs developed for the synthesis of conjugated polymers and small molecules for optoelectronic applications, the donor: acceptor (D–A) approach is the most widely explored method over the past decades. Through the covalent linkage of electron‐rich and electron‐deficient units, a plethora of medium‐low band gap materials has been developed and tested in organic photovoltaic devices. In particular, the quinoxaline aromatic structure and its derivatives are among the most studied electron deficient aromatic units used in D–A structures. Quinoxaline based materials are endowed with characteristics that are useful for large scale production in real world applications, such as easy synthetic procedures and excellent stability in air. Moreover, the use of quinoxaline based polymers/small molecules in bulk heterojunction (BHJ) devices led to power conversion efficiencies over 9%. Considering the potential of quinoxaline based materials, this review gathers together quinoxaline based polymers and small molecules reported in the literature during the last 5 years, summarizing and discussing the structure‐properties relationships for this class of organic semiconductors, aiming to serve as a background and to promote efforts for the further development of new quinoxaline derivatives with improved and advanced properties for future applications.
Renewable‐Biomolecule‐Based Electrochemical Energy‐Storage Materials
Authors: Wang Hua , Yang Yun , Guo Lin
Published: July 2017

Currently, the development of safe and sustainable energy‐storage systems is being pursued due to their large‐scale production and widespread utilization. Harnessing the electroactive materials derived from biomass could pave a way to fabricate next‐generation, environmental friendly and biocompatible energy‐storage devices. In this Research News, recent progress in the field of renewable‐biomolecules‐based electrochemical energy‐storage materials is highlighted. Specifically, the biomolecules exploration, electrode fabrication and electrochemical charge‐storage mechanism of such renewable‐biomolecules‐based energy‐storage materials are discussed. Finally, the critical challenges associated with renewable‐biomolecules‐based electrode materials are presented, and insights into the future development of rechargeable energy‐storage devices based on natural biomaterials are provided.
Medium Bandgap Polymer Donor Based on Bi(trialkylsilylthienyl‐benzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b′]‐difuran) for High Performance Nonfullerene Polymer Solar Cells
Authors: Bin Haijun , Zhong Lian , Yang Yankang , Gao Liang , Huang He , Sun Chenkai , Li Xiaojun , Xue Lingwei , Zhang Zhi‐Guo , Zhang Zhanjun , Li Yongfang
Published: July 2017

A new 2D‐conjugated medium bandgap donor–acceptor copolymer, J81, based on benzodifuran with trialkylsilyl thiophene side chains as donor unit and fluorobenzothiazole as acceptor, is synthesized and successfully used in nonfullerene polymer solar cells (PSCs) with low bandgap n‐type organic semiconductor (n‐OS) 3,9‐bis(2‐methylene‐ (3‐(1,1‐dicyanomethylene)‐indanone)‐5,5,11,11‐tetrakis(4‐ hexylphenyl)‐dithieno[2,3‐d:2′,3′‐d′]‐s‐indaceno[1,2‐b:5,6‐b′]‐ dithiophene (ITIC) and m‐ITIC as acceptor. J81 possesses a lower‐lying highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy level of −5.43 eV and medium bandgap of 1.93 eV with complementary absorption in the visible–near infrared region with the n‐OS acceptor. The PSCs based on J81:ITIC and J81:m‐ITIC yield high power conversion efficiency of 10.60% and 11.05%, respectively, with high V
oc of 0.95–0.96 V benefit from the lower‐lying HOMO energy level of J81 donor. The work indicates that J81 is another promising polymer donor for the nonfullerene PSCs.
The Space Confinement Approach Using Hollow Graphitic Spheres to Unveil Activity and Stability of Pt‐Co Nanocatalysts for PEMFC
Authors: Pizzutilo Enrico , Knossalla Johannes , Geiger Simon , Grote Jan‐Philipp , Polymeros George , Baldizzone Claudio , Mezzavilla Stefano , Ledendecker Marc , Mingers Andrea , Cherevko Serhiy , Schüth Ferdi , Mayrhofer Karl J. J.
Published: July 2017

The performance of polymer electrolyte fuel cells is strongly correlated to the electrocatalytic activity and stability. In particular, the latter is the result of an interplay between different degradation mechanisms. The essential high stability, demanded for real applications, requires the synthesis of advanced electrocatalysts that withstand the harsh operation conditions. In the first part of this study, the synthesis of oxygen reduction electrocatalysts consisting of Pt‐Co (i.e., Pt5Co, Pt3Co, and PtCo) alloyed nanoparticles encapsulated in the mesoporous shell of hollow graphitic spheres (HGS) is reported. The mass activities of the activated catalysts depend on the initial alloy composition and an activity increase on the order of two to threefold, compared to pure Pt@HGS, is achieved. The key point of the second part is the investigation of the degradation of PtCo@HGS (showing the highest activity). Thanks to pore confinement, the impact of dissolution/dealloying and carbon corrosion can be studied without the interplay of other degradation mechanisms that would induce a substantial change in the particle size distribution. Therefore, impact of the upper potential limit and the scan rates on the dealloying and electrochemical surface area evolution can be examined in detail.
Synergic Interface and Optical Engineering for High‐Performance Semitransparent Polymer Solar Cells
Authors: Shi Hui , Xia Ruoxi , Sun Chen , Xiao Jingyang , Wu Zhihong , Huang Fei , Yip Hin‐Lap , Cao Yong
Published: July 2017

In this study the thickness of the PTB7‐Th:PC71BM bulk heterojunction (BHJ) film and the PF3N‐2TNDI electron transport layer (ETL) is systematically tuned to achieve polymer solar cells (PSCs) with optimized power conversion efficiency (PCE) of over 9% when an ultrathin BHJ of 50 nm is used. Optical modeling suggests that the high PCE is attributed to the optical spacer effect from the ETL, which not only maximizes the optical field within the BHJ film but also facilitates the formation of a more homogeneously distributed charge generation profile across the BHJ film. Experimentally it is further proved that the extra photocurrent produced at the PTB7‐Th/PF3N‐2TNDI interface also contributes to the improved performance. Taking advantage of this high performance thin film device structure, one step further is taken to fabricate semitransparent PSCs (ST‐PSCs) by using an ultrathin transparent Ag cathode to replace the thick Ag mirror cathode, yielding a series of high performance ST‐PSCs with PCEs over 6% and average visible transmittance between 20% and 30%. These ST‐PSCs also possess remarkable transparency color perception and rendering properties, which are state‐of‐the‐art and fulfill the performance criteria for potential use as power‐generating windows in near future.
Accuracy of computer‐assisted navigation: significant augmentation by facial recognition software
Authors: Glicksman Jordan T. , Reger Christine , Parasher Arjun K. , Kennedy David W.
Published: July 2017

Background

Over the past 20 years, image guidance navigation has been used with increasing frequency as an adjunct during sinus and skull base surgery. These devices commonly utilize surface registration, where varying pressure of the registration probe and loss of contact with the face during the skin tracing process can lead to registration inaccuracies, and the number of registration points incorporated is necessarily limited. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of novel facial recognition software for image guidance registration.

Methods

Consecutive adults undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) were prospectively studied. Patients underwent image guidance registration via both conventional surface registration and facial recognition software. The accuracy of both registration processes were measured at the head of the middle turbinate (MTH), middle turbinate axilla (MTA), anterior wall of sphenoid sinus (SS), and nasal tip (NT).

Results

Forty‐five patients were included in this investigation. Facial recognition was accurate to within a mean of 0.47 mm at the MTH, 0.33 mm at the MTA, 0.39 mm at the SS, and 0.36 mm at the NT. Facial recognition was more accurate than surface registration at the MTH by an average of 0.43 mm (p = 0.002), at the MTA by an average of 0.44 mm (p < 0.001), and at the SS by an average of 0.40 mm (p < 0.001). The integration of facial recognition software did not adversely affect registration time.

Conclusion

In this prospective study, automated facial recognition software significantly improved the accuracy of image guidance registration when compared to conventional surface registration.
Catalytic Regio‐ and Enantioselective [4+2] Annulation Reactions of Non‐activated Allenes by a Chiral Cationic Indium Complex
Authors: Wang Le , Lv Jian , Zhang Long , Luo Sanzhong
Published: July 2017

Regio‐ and enantioselective [4+2] annulation between β,γ‐unsaturated α‐keto esters and non‐activated allenes was achieved by using a chiral cationic indium(III)/phosphate catalyst. The reaction affords the corresponding C3‐selective dihydropyrans in good yields and with high enantioselectivity (up to 99 % ee).
Facile Synthesis of Azetidine Nitrones and Diastereoselective Conversion into Densely Substituted Azetidines
Authors: Reidl Tyler W. , Son Jongwoo , Wink Donald J. , Anderson Laura L.
Published: July 2017

An electrocyclization route to azetidine nitrones from N‐alkenylnitrones was discovered that provides facile access to these unsaturated strained heterocycles. Reactivity studies showed that these compounds undergo a variety of reduction, cycloaddition, and nucleophilic addition reactions to form highly substituted azetidines with excellent diastereoselectivity. Taken together, these transformations provide a fundamentally different approach to azetidine synthesis than traditional cyclization by nucleophilic displacement and provide novel access to a variety of underexplored strained heterocyclic compounds.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Spirocyclization through C−H Activation and Regioselective Alkyne Insertion
Authors: Yoon Hyung , Rölz Martin , Landau Felicitas , Lautens Mark
Published: July 2017

A Pd‐catalyzed spirocyclization involving a sequential carbopalladation, intramolecular C−H activation, and a highly regioselective alkyne insertion to afford spirooxindoles and spirodihydrobenzofurans has been achieved. The spirocyclic products were generated in good to excellent yields with complete regiocontrol in a readily scalable procedure.
Total Syntheses of the Reported Structures of Curcusones I and J through Tandem Gold Catalysis
Authors: Li Yong , Dai Mingji
Published: July 2017

Total syntheses of the reported structures of the rhamnofolane diterpene natural products curcusones I and J in racemic form were achieved. The synthetic strategy features a novel tandem gold‐catalyzed furan formation and furan–allene [4+3] cycloaddition to build the 5,7‐fused ring system with an oxa‐bridge in one step, and a stereoselective exo‐Diels–Alder reaction to form the 6‐membered ring. The newly developed tandem gold catalysis is quite general and can be scaled up. Our syntheses suggest that structural revisions of curcusones I and J are needed.
Effect of different additives and their mixtures on thermal stability of polyethylene synthesized using iron and titanocene hybrid catalysts
Authors: Koohi Fayegh Afsaneh , Ahmadjo Saeid , Mortazavi Seyed Moahammad Mahdi
Published: July 2017

Traditionally, additives are introduced into a polymer matrix via extrusion process which consumes a high amount of energy. In this study, the use of different additives including antioxidants for the in‐reactor stabilization of polyethylene has been investigated in order to provide an energy saving system. Particular attention was dedicated to the efficiency of antioxidant influencing the catalysts activity and properties of polymers. The effect of the addition of Irganox 1330 and Irgafos 168 antioxidants and zinc stearate on the activities of metallocene, post‐metallocene, and their supported hybrid were studied. In addition, the effect of different additives on the thermal characteristics of the synthesized polymers and oxidative induction time (OIT) was evaluated. Our polymerization results exhibited that the factors such as chemical structure of antioxidant and its steric hindrance, type of catalysts, and their hybrid could affect the catalyst performance and OIT contents. The use of antioxidants mixture and hybrid of catalysts is a way that can increase oxidation resistance of polymers considerably. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45482.
Behaviour of recreational spearfishers and its impacts on corals
Authors: Giglio Vinicius J. , Luiz Osmar J. , Barbosa Moysés C. , Ferreira Carlos E.L.
Published: July 2017

Recreational diving is a concern regarding its effects on benthic assemblages, especially on heavily dived coral reefs. However, spearfisher behaviour and the scale of damage they cause to corals remains unknown.

The behaviour of recreational spearfishers was observed to determine their rate of physical contacts with corals. The experience level and fishes captured by spearfishers were assessed to establish their relationship with the number of contacts with corals.

All spearfishers made contact with corals, at an average rate of 1.25 ± 0.1 SE touches per minute and caused physical damage at a rate 0.51 ± 0.04 per minute. Massive corals were most frequently touched and branching corals were most frequently damaged. Touches and damage occurred mainly through fin kicks, spearfisher bodies and spearguns. Contact rates varied according to spearfisher experience level and the fish they were targeting. Novice spearfishers showed no preference for specific targets while experienced spearfishers target mesopredator fishes.

Spearfishing caused the highest known rates of touches and damage to corals among all the activities involving recreational diving. The activity may add to local stressors on corals, especially at sites with high visitation rates. Understanding how the factors that affect spearfisher behaviour and their effects on corals may help managers to develop strategies to mitigate the incidence of damaging behaviour.
The GPR investigation of the Shakespeare family graves
Authors: Carrick Utsi Erica , Colls Kevin S.
Published: July 2017

As part of a multi‐disciplinary programme of archaeological investigation, GPR was used to investigate the Shakespeare family graves below the chancel of Holy Trinity Church in Stratford, Warwickshire, England. Although William Shakespeare's place as perhaps one of the most famous individuals who has ever lived has been cemented in the annals of history, much of his life and death is still shrouded in mystery. As a result, a large number of myths and legends have grown up around his burial place. These included the suggestion of an unusually deep burial or the presence of a large family crypt beneath the chancel floor. A series of multi‐frequency surveys was carried out to establish the depth and structure of the graves and as much burial information as possible. Close survey (using a strategy developed and successfully applied in Westminster Abbey and other churches) was used in order to optimise the quality of patterning in the data. Within Holy Trinity, this strategy was validated by the detection of a known vault.

The use of multiple frequencies was critical in this investigation in order both to detect the graves and also to establish information about the graves. Too low a frequency may result in non‐detection because of the relatively low target resolution whereas too high a frequency risks insufficient depth penetration.

From this process a number of myths can now be discounted, including the presence of a large Shakespeare family vault or crypt. Instead, the GPR survey suggests that a simple, shallow, earth‐cut burial lies beneath William's tombstone. One story however concerning disturbance of William Shakespeare's grave in order to remove his skull does correspond with the evidence.
Decreased parvalbumin mRNA levels in cerebellar Purkinje cells in autism
Authors: Soghomonian Jean‐Jacques , Zhang Kunzhong , Reprakash Sujithra , Blatt Gene J.
Published: July 2017

Recent neuropathology studies in human brains indicate that several areas of the prefrontal cortex have decreased numbers of parvalbumin interneurons or decreased parvalbumin expression in Autism Spectrum disorders (ASD) [Hashemi, Ariza, Rogers, Noctor, & Martinez‐Cerdeno, 2017; Zikopoulos & Barbas, ]. These data suggest that a deficit in parvalbumin may be a key neuropathology of ASD and contribute to altered GABAergic inhibition. However, it is unclear if a deficit in parvalbumin is a phenomenon that occurs in regions other than the cerebral cortex. The cerebellum is a major region where neuropathology was first detected in ASD over three decades ago [Bauman & Kemper, ]. In view of the documented association between parvalbumin‐expressing neurons and autism, the objective of the present study was to determine if parvalbumin gene expression is also altered in Purkinje neurons of the cerebellum. Radioisotopic in situ hybridization histochemistry was used on human tissue sections from control and ASD brains in order to detect and measure parvalbumin mRNA levels at the single cell level in Purkinje cells of Crus II of the lateral cerebellar hemispheres. Results indicate that parvalbumin mRNA levels are significantly lower in Purkinje cells in ASD compared to control brains. This decrease was not influenced by post‐mortem interval or age at death. This result indicates that decreased parvalbumin expression is a more widespread feature of ASD. We discuss how this decrease may be implicated in altered cerebellar output to the cerebral cortex and in key ASD symptoms. Autism Res 2017, 10: 1787–1796. © 2017 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Lay Summary

The cerebellum of the brain controls movement and cognition, including memory and language. This study investigated mechanisms of cerebellar function in Autism. Our hypothesis is that parvalbumin, a molecule that controls and coordinate many cellular brain functions, contributes to the excitatory/inhibitory imbalance in Autism. We report that parvalbumin expression is depressed in Purkinje cells of the cerebellum in autism. This finding contributes to elucidate the cellular and molecular underpinings of autism and should provide a direction for future therapies.
Time‐dependent and nonlinear effects of prognostic factors in nonmetastatic colorectal cancer
Authors: Chi Sheng‐Qiang , Tian Yu , Li Jun , Tong Dan‐yang , Kong Xiang‐Xing , Poston Graeme , Ding Ke‐Feng , Li Jing‐Song
Published: July 2017

The survival risk following curative surgery for nonmetastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) may be over‐ or underestimated due to a lack of attention to nonlinear effects and violation of the proportional hazards assumption. In this paper, we aimed to detect and interpret the shape of time‐dependent and nonlinear effects to improve the predictive performance of models of prognoses in nonmetastatic CRC patients. Data for nonmetastatic CRC patients diagnosed between 2004 and 2012 were obtained from the Surveillance Epidemiology End Results registry. Time‐dependent and nonlinear effects were tested and plotted. A nonlinear model that used random survival forests was implemented. The estimated 5‐year cancer‐specific death rate was 17.95% (95% CI, 17.70–18.20%). Tumor invasion depth, lymph node status, age at diagnosis, tumor grade, histology and tumor site were significantly associated with cancer‐specific death. Nonlinear and time‐dependent effects on survival were detected. Positive lymph node number had a larger effect per unit of measurement at low values than at high values, whereas age at diagnosis showed the opposite pattern. Moreover, nonproportional hazards were detected for all covariates, indicating that the contributions of these risks to survival outcomes decreased over time. The nonlinear model predicted prognoses more accurately (C‐index: 0.7934, 0.7933–0.7934) than did the Fine and Gray model (C‐index: 0.7550, 0.7510–0.7583). The three‐dimensional cumulative incidence curves derived from nonlinear model were used to identify the change points of the risk trends. It would be useful to implement these findings in treatment plans and follow‐up surveillance in nonmetastatic CRC patients.
Clinical value of integrated‐signature miRNAs in esophageal cancer
Authors: Zhang Heng‐Chao , Tang Kai‐Fu
Published: July 2017

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are crucial regulators of gene expression in tumorigenesis and are of great interest to researchers, but miRNA profiles are often inconsistent between studies. The aim of this study was to confirm candidate miRNA biomarkers for esophageal cancer from integrated‐miRNA expression profiling data and TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas) data in tissues. Here, we identify five significant miRNAs by a comprehensive analysis in esophageal cancer, and two of them (hsa‐miR‐100‐5p and hsa‐miR‐133b) show better prognoses with significant difference for both 3‐year and 5‐year survival. Additionally, they participate in esophageal cancer occurrence and development according to KEGG and Panther enrichment analyses. Therefore, these five miRNAs may serve as miRNA biomarkers in esophageal cancer. Analysis of differential expression for target genes of these miRNAs may also provide new therapeutic alternatives in esophageal cancer.