bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thermal protection characteristics of non-enclosed thermal cloak
Authors: Miao Yu-Zhao , Tang Gui-Hua ,   MOE Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
Published: October 2023

The aerodynamic heat of hypersonic vehicle nose cone can reach tens of MW/m2 during flight, which could be transferred to the interior of hypersonic vehicle in the form of conduction and radiation. High efficient thermal insulation technology is of significance in keeping internal electronic components working safely. Thermal metamaterials can regulate the macroscopic heat flow path, and they are developing rapidly and have a wide application prospect in the field of thermal protection. In this work, a non-enclosed point transformation thermal cloak is designed to guide heat flow around hypersonic vehicle nose cone by using the transformation multithermotics, which can control thermal conduction and radiation simultaneously. A multi-layer structure is designed as cloak’s simplified approximation due to the anisotropic parameters. Based on the software COMSOL, the thermal protection characteristics and heat transfer mechanism of the point transformation cloak and multi-layer structure are studied numerically. The results show that heat can flow around the object in the form of conduction and radiation in both point transformation thermal cloak and multi-layer structure, so the heat transferred to the inner area decreases. Comparing with the thermal insulation material, the heating rate of the protected area slows down, and the temperature in the front of the hypersonic vehicle nose cone is significantly reduced. However, the improvement of the thermal protection performance of point transformation cloak and multi-layer structures requires that the solid thermal conductivity and radiative thermal conductivity of the material are lower than those of the original thermal insulation material. To solve this problem, a non-enclosed region transformation thermal cloak is further proposed. The solid thermal conductivity and radiative thermal conductivity of region transformation thermal cloak are non-singular, which could be higher than those of the original thermal insulation material. Numerical simulation results show that the region transformation thermal cloak can guide heat flow around object, so the thermal protection capability is improved significantly. Comparing with the thermal insulation materials, the temperature of the front of the hypersonic vehicle nose cone is reduced by 100 K, and the temperature of the inner central zone of the hypersonic vehicle nose cone is reduced by 10 K. The non-enclosed region transformation thermal cloak provides a new approach to realizing thermal protection and is suitable for complex target areas, showing great application potential in thermal protection.
Structure and migration mechanism of thin liquid film in vicinity of advancing contact line
Authors: Liu Qiao , Huang Jia-Chen , Wang Hao , Deng Ya-Jun ,   SINOPEC Petroleum Exploration and Production Research Institute, Beijing 102206, China,   College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China,   Julong College, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China
Published: October 2023

Thin liquid film near the gas-liquid-solid three phase contact line is the core area of oil and gas production, phase-change heat transfer, and material synthesis systems. Although there are many experimental studies on fluid dynamics in the contact line region, the prediction of contact angle is still difficult, and the bottleneck lies in the special structure of thin liquid film in the contact line region. Because the microstructure of thin liquid film is not well understood, the prediction of dynamic contact angle is always controversial. At present, the main controversial points focus on whether the microscopic contact angle changes with speed, and whether the microscopic contact angle is the same as the macroscopic contact angle. Therefore, it is crucial to monitor the dynamic process of the microscopic contact angle in the thin liquid film region of the contact line. In this work, the wetting system of 50 nm liquid droplets on different solid surfaces is constructed by molecular dynamics simulation, and the structure and migration mechanism of thin liquid film are studied. The structure of the precursor liquid film in the completely wetting droplet advancing contact line region and the nanoscale convex structure in the partially wetting droplet advancing contact line region are obtained. The precursor liquid film is 2–3 molecular layers in thickness, leading the droplet to move forward. However, there is no precursor liquid film in a partially wetting system, and the convex nano-bending larger than 10 nm is formed in the wetting process, resulting in the microscopic contact angle. By comparing the difference between the absolute smooth surface dynamic wetting process and the actual solid surface dynamic wetting process, the dynamic evolution law of the micro contact angle and the macro contact angle with time are obtained for the first time in the simulation. The liquid molecules in the contact line region are tracked and statistically analyzed by means of particle tracer. It is revealed that the liquid molecules in thin liquid film change from sliding mode to rolling mode with speed increasing under the action of solid surface friction, and then the air entrainment at the bottom of the contact line leads to slip and sputtering. The research results are expected to provide theoretical guidance for the following three directions: 1) improving heat transfer efficiency of micro and nano device based on wettability control; 2) improving the imbibition displacement efficiency of shale oil micro-nano matrix based on wettability regulation; 3) constructing universal contact angle prediction model.
Wandering albatrosses exert high take-off effort only when both wind and waves are gentle
Authors: Uesaka Leo , Goto Yusuke , Naruoka Masaru , Weimerskirch Henri , Sato Katsufumi , Sakamoto Kentaro Q
Published: October 2023

The relationship between the environment and marine animal small-scale behavior is not fully understood. This is largely due to the difficulty in obtaining environmental datasets with a high spatiotemporal precision. The problem is particularly pertinent in assessing the influence of environmental factors in rapid, high energy-consuming behavior such as seabird take-off. To fill the gaps in the existing environmental datasets, we employed novel techniques using animal-borne sensors with motion records to estimate wind and ocean wave parameters and evaluated their influence on wandering albatross take-off patterns. Measurements revealed that wind speed and wave heights experienced by wandering albatrosses during take-off ranged from 0.7 to 15.4 m/s and 1.6 to 6.4 m, respectively. The four indices measured (flapping number, frequency, sea surface running speed, and duration) also varied with the environmental conditions (e.g., flapping number varied from 0 to over 20). Importantly, take-off was easier under higher wave conditions than under lower wave conditions at a constant wind speed, and take-off effort increased only when both wind and waves were gentle. Our data suggest that both ocean waves and winds play important roles for albatross take-off and advances our current understanding of albatross flight mechanisms.
An emerging view of neural geometry in motor cortex supports high-performance decoding
Authors: Perkins Sean M , Amematsro Elom A , Cunningham John , Wang Qi , Churchland Mark M
Published: October 2023

Decoders for brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) assume constraints on neural activity, chosen to reflect scientific beliefs while yielding tractable computations. Recent scientific advances suggest that the true constraints on neural activity, especially its geometry, may be quite different from those assumed by most decoders. We designed a decoder, MINT, to embrace statistical constraints that are potentially more appropriate. If those constraints are accurate, MINT should outperform standard methods that explicitly make different assumptions. Additionally, MINT should be competitive with expressive machine learning methods that can implicitly learn constraints from data. MINT performed well across tasks, suggesting its assumptions are well-matched to the data. MINT outperformed other interpretable methods in every comparison we made. MINT outperformed expressive machine learning methods in 37 of 42 comparisons. MINT’s computations are simple, scale favorably with increasing neuron counts, and yield interpretable quantities such as data likelihoods. MINT’s performance and simplicity suggest it may be a strong candidate for many BCI applications.
Simple decoding of behavior from a complicated neural manifold
Authors: Perkins Sean M. , Cunningham John P. , Wang Qi , Churchland Mark M.
Published: October 2023

Decoders for brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) assume constraints on neural activity, chosen to reflect scientific beliefs while yielding tractable computations. We document how low tangling – a typical property of motor-cortex neural trajectories – yields unusual neural geometries. We designed a decoder, MINT, to embrace statistical constraints that are appropriate for these geometries. MINT takes a trajectory-centric approach: a library of neural trajectories (rather than a set of neural dimensions) provides a scaffold approximating the neural manifold. Each neural trajectory has a corresponding behavioral trajectory, allowing straightforward but highly nonlinear decoding. MINT consistently outperformed other interpretable methods, and outperformed expressive machine learning methods in 37 of 42 comparisons. Yet unlike these expressive methods, MINT’s constraints are known rather than the implicit result of optimizing decoder output. MINT performed well across tasks, suggesting its assumptions are generally well-matched to the statistics of neural data. Despite embracing highly nonlinear relationships between behavior and potentially complex neural trajectories, MINT’s computations are simple, scalable, and provide interpretable quantities such as data likelihoods. MINT’s performance and simplicity suggest it may be an excellent candidate for clinical BCI applications.
Sex chromosome gene expression associated with vocal learning following hormonal manipulation in female zebra finches
Authors: Davenport Matthew H. , Choe Ha Na , Matsunami Hiroaki , Jarvis Erich D.
Published: October 2023

Zebra finches are sexually dimorphic vocal learners. Males learn to sing by imitating mature conspecifics, but females do not. Absence of song in females is associated with atrophy and apparent repression of several vocal learning brain regions during development. However, atrophy can be prevented and vocal learning retained in females when given early pharmacological estrogen treatment. To screen for drivers, we performed an unbiased transcriptomic analysis of song learning nuclei and surrounding regions from either sex, treated with vehicle or estrogen until 30 days old when divergence between the sexes becomes anatomically apparent. Analyses of transcriptomes by RNA sequencing identified song nuclei expressed gene modules associated with sex and estrogen manipulation. Female HVC and Area X gene modules were specialized by supplemental estrogen, exhibiting a subset of the transcriptomic specializations observed in males. Female RA and LMAN specialized modules were less dependent on estrogen. The estrogen-induced gene modules in females were enriched for anatomical development functions and strongly correlated to the expression of several Z sex chromosome genes. We present a hypothesis linking loss and de-repression of vocal learning in females, estrogen, and sex chromosomes gene expression.
Representational drift as a result of implicit regularization
Authors: Ratzon Aviv , Derdikman Dori , Barak Omri
Published: October 2023

Recent studies show that, even in constant environments, the tuning of single neurons changes over time in a variety of brain regions. This representational drift has been suggested to be a consequence of continuous learning under noise, but its properties are still not fully understood. To uncover the underlying mechanism, we trained an artificial network on a simplified navigational task, inspired by the predictive coding literature. The network quickly reached a state of high performance, and many neurons exhibited spatial tuning. We then continued training the network and noticed that the activity became sparser with time. We observed vastly different time scales between the initial learning and the ensuing sparsification. We verified the generality of this phenomenon across tasks, learning algorithms, and parameters. This sparseness is a manifestation of the movement within the solution space - the networks drift until they reach a flat loss landscape. This is consistent with recent experimental results demonstrating that CA1 neurons increase sparseness with exposure to the same environment and become more spatially informative. We conclude that learning is divided into three overlapping phases: Fast familiarity with the environment, slow implicit regularization, and a steady state of null drift. The variability in drift dynamics opens the possibility of inferring learning algorithms from observations of drift statistics.
On the computational principles underlying human exploration
Authors: Fox Lior , Dan Ohad , Loewenstein Yonatan
Published: October 2023

Adapting to new environments is a hallmark of animal and human cognition, and Reinforcement Learning (RL) models provide a powerful and general framework for studying such adaptation. A fundamental learning component identified by RL models is that in the absence of direct supervision, when learning is driven by trial-and-error,
exploration
is essential. The necessary ingredients of effective exploration have been studied extensively in machine learning. However, the relevance of some of these principles to humans’ exploration is still unknown. An important reason for this gap is the dominance of the Multi-Armed Bandit tasks in human exploration studies. In these tasks, the exploration component
per se
is simple, because local measures of uncertainty, most notably visit-counters, are sufficient to effectively direct exploration. By contrast, in more complex environments, actions have long-term exploratory consequences that should be accounted for when measuring their associated uncertainties. Here, we use a novel experimental task that goes beyond the bandit task to study human exploration. We show that when local measures of uncertainty are insufficient, humans use exploration strategies that propagate uncertainties over states and actions. Moreover, we show that the long-term exploration consequences are temporally-discounted, similar to the temporal discounting of rewards in standard RL tasks. Additionally, we show that human exploration is largely uncertainty-driven. Finally, we find that humans exhibit signatures of temporally-extended learning, rather than local, 1-step update rules which are commonly assumed in RL models. All these aspects of human exploration are well-captured by a computational model in which agents learn an exploration “value-function”, analogous to the standard (reward-based) value-function in RL.
Imaging analysis of six human histone H1 variants reveals universal enrichment of H1.2, H1.3, and H1.5 at the nuclear periphery and nucleolar H1X presence
Authors: Salinas-Pena Monica , Rebollo Elena , Jordan Albert
Published: October 2023

Histone H1 participates in chromatin condensation and regulates nuclear processes. Human somatic cells may contain up to seven histone H1 variants, although their functional heterogeneity is not fully understood. Here, we have profiled the differential nuclear distribution of the somatic H1 repertoire in human cells through imaging techniques including super-resolution microscopy. H1 variants exhibit characteristic distribution patterns in both interphase and mitosis. H1.2, H1.3, and H1.5 are universally enriched at the nuclear periphery in all cell lines analyzed and co-localize with compacted DNA. H1.0 shows a less pronounced peripheral localization, with apparent variability among different cell lines. On the other hand, H1.4 and H1X are distributed throughout the nucleus, being H1X universally enriched in high-GC regions and abundant in the nucleoli. Interestingly, H1.4 and H1.0 show a more peripheral distribution in cell lines lacking H1.3 and H1.5. The differential distribution patterns of H1 suggest specific functionalities in organizing lamina-associated domains or nucleolar activity, which is further supported by a distinct response of H1X or phosphorylated H1.4 to the inhibition of ribosomal DNA transcription. Moreover, H1 variants depletion affects chromatin structure in a variant-specific manner. Concretely, H1.2 knock-down, either alone or combined, triggers a global chromatin decompaction. Overall, imaging has allowed us to distinguish H1 variants distribution beyond the segregation in two groups denoted by previous ChIP-Seq determinations. Our results support H1 variants heterogeneity and suggest that variant-specific functionality can be shared between different cell types.
Molecular and phenotypic distinctions of macrophages in tolerant and susceptible to hypoxia rats
Authors: Dzhalilova Dzhuliia , Kosyreva Anna , Lokhonina Anastasiya , Tsvetkov Ivan , Vishnyakova Polina , Makarova Olga , Fatkhudinov Timur
Published: October 2023

Individual hypoxia tolerance is a major influence on the course and outcome of infectious and inflammatory diseases. Macrophages, which play central roles in systemic inflammatory response and other immunity reactions, are subject to functional activation orchestrated by several transcription factors including hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs). HIF-1 expression levels and the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced systemic inflammatory response severity have been shown to correlate with hypoxia tolerance. Molecular and functional features of macrophages, depending on the organisms resistance to hypoxia, can determine the severity of the course of infectious and inflammatory diseases, including the systemic inflammatory response. The purpose is the comparative molecular and functional characterization of non-activated and LPS-activated bone marrow-derived macrophages under normoxia in rats with different tolerance to oxygen deprivation. Hypoxia resistance was assessed by gasping time measurement in an 11,500 m altitude-equivalent hypobaric decompression chamber. Based on the outcome, the animals were assigned to three groups termed ‘tolerant to hypoxia’ (n = 12), ‘normal’, and ‘susceptible to hypoxia’ (n = 13). The ‘normal’ group was excluded from subsequent experiments. One month after hypoxia resistance test, the blood was collected from the tail vein to isolate monocytes. Non-activated and LPS-activated macrophage cultures were investigated by PCR, flow cytometry and Western blot methods. Gene expression patterns of non-activated cultured macrophages from tolerant and susceptible to hypoxia animals differed. We observed higher expression of VEGF and CD11b and lower expression of Tnfa, Il1b and Epas1 in non-activated cultures obtained from tolerant to hypoxia animals, whereas HIF-1α mRNA and protein expression levels were similar. LPS-activated macrophage cultures derived from susceptible to hypoxia animals expressed higher levels of Hif1a and CCR7 than the tolerant group; in addition, the activation was associated with increased content of HIF-1α in cell culture medium. The observed differences indicate a specific propensity toward pro-inflammatory macrophage polarization in susceptible to hypoxia rats.
Dynamic analysis and control of a rice-pest system under transcritical bifurcations
Authors: Mandal Sajib , Oberst Sebastian , Biswas Md. Haider Ali , Islam Md. Sirajul
Published: October 2023

A decision model is developed by adopting two control techniques, combining cultural methods and pesticides in a hybrid approach. To control the adverse effects in the long term and to be able to evaluate the extensive use of pesticides on the environment and nearby ecosystems, the novel decision model assumes the use of pesticides only in an emergency situation. We, therefore, formulate a rice-pest-control model by rigorously modelling a rice-pest system and including the decision model and control techniques. The model is then extended to become an optimal control system with an objective function that minimizes the annual losses of rice by controlling insect pest infestations and simultaneously reduce the adverse impacts of pesticides on the environment and nearby ecosystems. This rice-pest-control model is verified by analysis, obtains the necessary conditions for optimality, and confirms our main results numerically. The rice-pest system is verified by stability analysis at equilibrium points and shows transcritical bifurcations indicative of acceptable thresholds for insect pests to demonstrate the pest control strategy.
Complete chloroplast genome assembly and phylogenetic analysis of blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum), red and white currant (Ribes rubrum), and gooseberry (Ribes uva-crispa) provide new insights into the phylogeny of Grossulariaceae
Authors: Sun Xinyu , Zhan Ying , Li Songlin , Liu Yu , Fu Qiang , Quan Xin , Xiong Jinyu , Gang Huixin , Zhang Lijun , Qi Huijuan , Wang Aoxue , Huo Junwei , Qin Dong , Zhu Chenqiao
Published: October 2023

Background

Blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum), red currant (R. rubrum), white currant (R. rubrum), and gooseberry (R. uva-crispa) belong to Grossulariaceae and are popular small-berry crops worldwide. The lack of genomic data has severely limited their systematic classification and molecular breeding.

Methods

The complete chloroplast (cp) genomes of these four taxa were assembled for the first time using MGI-DNBSEQ reads, and their genome structures, repeat elements and protein-coding genes were annotated. By genomic comparison of the present four and previous released five Ribes cp genomes, the genomic variations were identified. By phylogenetic analysis based on maximum-likelihood and Bayesian methods, the phylogeny of Grossulariaceae and the infrageneric relationships of the Ribes were revealed.

Results

The four cp genomes have lengths ranging from 157,450 to 157,802 bp and 131 shared genes. A total of 3,322 SNPs and 485 Indels were identified from the nine released Ribes cp genomes. Red currant and white currant have 100% identical cp genomes partially supporting the hypothesis that white currant (R. rubrum) is a fruit color variant of red currant (R. rubrum). The most polymorphic genic and intergenic region is ycf1 and trnT-psbD, respectively. The phylogenetic analysis demonstrated the monophyly of Grossulariaceae in Saxifragales and the paraphyletic relationship between Saxifragaceae and Grossulariaceae. Notably, the Grossularia subgenus is well nested within the Ribes subgenus and shows a paraphyletic relationship with the co-ancestor of Calobotrya and Coreosma sections, which challenges the dichotomous subclassification of the Ribes genus based on morphology (subgenus Ribes and subgenus Grossularia). These data, results, and insights lay a foundation for the phylogenetic research and breeding of Ribes species.
The Place and Importance of Digital Literacy in Music Education
Authors: YILMAZ Gülce , TEMİZ Ebru
Published: October 2023

Bu araştırmada, müzik eğitiminde dijital okuryazarlığın yeri ve öneminin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu araştırmanın çalışma grubunu, 2021-2022 eğitim-öğretim yılında araştırma için gerekli izin belgeleri alınan 36 farklı üniversitenin
Eğitim Fakültesi Müzik Eğitimi Ana Bilim Dalı’nda görev yapan 150 akademisyen oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmanın gerçekleştirilmesinde nitel yöntem izlenmiş olup bu kapsamda araştırma için Google Dokümanlar üzerinde hazırlanan yapılandırılmış
görüşme formu ile elde edilen veriler içerik analizi yapılarak çözümlenmiştir. Akademisyenlerin görüşleri doğrultusunda elde edilen bulgulardan yola çıkarak, müzik eğitimi alanında dijital okuryazar olmanın çok gerekli olduğu,
akademisyenlerin dijital okuryazarlığın gerektirdiği bilgi ve donanıma sahip olmalarının gerektiği, dijital okuryazar olmanın müzik eğitimi sürecine eğitim-öğretim, eğitimci ve öğrenci açısından; nitelikli ders planlama, çeşitli
ve farklı öğretim imkânları sunma, araştırma esnasında intihal, kopya ve etik dışı davranışları fark etme, aktif öğrenme, doğru bilgiye ulaşım imkânı, bilgide derinlik ve kalıcılık sağlama, derste uygun materyaller kullanma, online
platformlardan ders ve toplantılar oluşturabilme, dijital materyaller kullanarak dersi zevkli ve kalıcı hale getirme, uluslararası kimlik kazanma, online ödev kontrolü ve geri bildirim sağlayabilme, uzaktan tez yönetme konularında
önemli olduğu, akademik yayınları takip etme, güncel projeleri duyurma, online masterclass, seminer ve konferanslara az maliyet ile katılım sağlama, alanındaki sanatçıları takip etme, izleme ve dinleme olanağı, müzik programlarını
kullanma, ulusal ve uluslararası veri tabanları ve dijital kütüphanelere ulaşma konularında katkı sağladığı sonuçlarına ulaşılmıştır.
The Scale of Teacher Self-Sufficiency in Teaching Turkish to Foreigners: Validity and Reliability Study
Authors: Dilan ÖNER Elif , KOÇAK Duygu
Published: October 2023

Bu araştırmada yabancılara Türkçe öğretiminde öğretmen özyeterliği ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi, geçerlik ve güvenirliğinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla öncelikle etik kurul onayı alınmış ardından madde havuzu oluşturularak ön
uygulama yapılmış ve deneme uygulaması yapılarak 21 maddelik üç boyutlu yapı tanımlanmıştır. Oluşturulan madde havuzundaki madde sayısı göz önünde bulundurularak deneme formunun en az 300 kişiye uygulanması kararı verilmiştir.
Ölçeğin yapı geçerliğinin ve iç tutarlılık anlamında güvenirliğinin belirlenmesi amacıyla deneme formu 314 kişiye uygulanmıştır. Açımlayıcı faktör analizi ve Horn’un paralel analizi yöntemi ile Öğretim sürecini yönetme, Dili kullandırma
ve Kültür aktarımı olmak üzere üç boyut tanımlanmıştır. Belirlenen üç boyut toplam varyansın yaklaşık yüzde 65’ini açıklamaktadır. Cronbach Alpha yöntemi ile içtutarlılık anlamında güvenirlik ölçeğin bütünü için 0.953, Öğretim
sürecini yönetme alt boyutunun 0.944, Dili kullandırma alt boyutunun 0.871 ve Kültür aktarımı alt boyutunun ise 0.784 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Ölçekte yer alan toplam 21 maddenin madde faktör yüklerinin 0.582 ile 0.773 arasında,
ayırt edicilik indekslerinin ise 0.503 ile 0.799 arasında değer aldığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Ölçeğin son hali 163 kişilik bir başka gruba uygulanarak elde edilen veriye doğrulayıcı faktör analizi yapılarak 21 maddelik üç faktörlü
yapının geçerliği uyum indeksleri incelenerek test edilmiştir. Tanımlanan yapının doğrulanması ile 21 maddelik üç faktörlü yapı ile yabancılara Türkçe öğretiminde öğretmen özyeterliği ölçeğinin geçerli ve güvenilir olarak ölçüldüğü
sonucuna varılmıştır.
Tendencies in Postgraduate Thesis Related to Teaching Turkish to Foreigners: A Content Analysis
Authors: SEVİM Oğuzhan , MERCAN Musa , SEVİM Seher
Published: October 2023

Bu çalışmanın amacı yabancılara Türkçe öğretimi alanında yapılmış yüksek lisans ve doktora tezlerindeki araştırma eğilimlerinin belirlenmesidir. Araştırmanın amacı doğrultusunda 1994-2023 yılları arasında YÖK Ulusal Tez Merkezi Sistemi’nde
yabancılara Türkçe öğretimi alanında yayımlanmış lisansüstü tezler, nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden biri olan içerik analizi yöntemi ile incelenmiştir. Araştırma materyalini YÖK Ulusal Tez Merkezi Sistemi’nde kayıtlı bulunan yabancılara
Türkçe öğretimi ile ilgili 868 yüksek lisans ve doktora tezi oluşturmaktadır. Verilerin toplanmasında nitel araştırmalarda sıklıkla başvurulan bir teknik olan doküman incelemesinden yararlanılmıştır. Araştırma kapsamına alınan
lisansüstü tezlerin analizini gerçekleştirmek için araştırmacılar tarafından hazırlanan Lisansüstü Tez Çözümleme Formu kullanılmıştır. Analiz işlemlerinin gerçekleştirilmesinde içerik analizi tekniğinden yararlanılmıştır. Elde
edilen veriler, frekans (sıklık) ve yüzdeye dayalı bir şekilde değerlendirilerek tablo ve grafiklerle sunulmuştur. Araştırmanın sonunda yabancılara Türkçe öğretimi alanında pek çok farklı konunun ele alındığı, bu konulardan üzerinde
en çok durulanların ise sırasıyla ders kitabı incelemesi, model/yöntem/teknik uygulaması, materyal tasarımı/geliştirme ve öğrencilerin öğrenme özelliklerinin incelenmesi olduğu anlaşılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgulardan hareketle lisansüstü
çalışmaların çok büyük bir kısmının (%82,3) yüksek lisans düzeyinde yapıldığı belirlenmiştir. Tezlerde geçen anahtar kelimelerin analiziyle en çok tekrar eden ilk üç anahtar kelimenin sırasıyla yabancılara Türkçe öğretimi, yabancı
dil olarak Türkçe öğretimi, Türkçenin yabancı dil olarak öğretimi (TYDÖ) olduğu tespit edilmiş ve yapılan çalışmaların çoğunun nitel yaklaşım bağlamında desenlendiği sonuçlarına ulaşılmıştır.
UV Spectrophotometric Quantification of Sudan-IV Dye in Palm Oil from Major Markets of Benin Metropolis
Authors: Asiriuwa N. U. , Akpose I. O. , Okogbenin E. A. , Imoisi O. B. , Onyia D. C. , Okunwaye T. , Gold I. L. , Obibuzor J. U. , Anemene H.
Published: October 2023

The deficit in the supply of palm oil in Nigeria over the years has been met in part through smuggling of the product from different sources into the Nigerian market by marketers of which some of the products have been reported to be adulterated with azo dyes. The aim of this study was to detect and quantify sudan dyes in adulterated palm oil from the open market using simple and inexpensive procedures such as analytical thin layer chromatography (TLC) and Ultra violet spectrophotometric methods respectively. Seven palm oil samples from the open markets within Benin metropolis labelled as (AUC, AUC2, IK1, IK5, OLK1, ADIT, and OB) were screened for the presence of Sudan-III and Sudan-IV dyes. Four of the samples (IK1, IK5, OLK1, ADIT) were confirmed to contain Sudan-IV dye with quantities of 22.5mg/L, 21.7mg/L, 29.5mg/L, 23.8mg/L respectively. This experiment shows that the use of easy and cheap methods such as TLC and UV-spectrophotometry can be used to detect and quantify Sudan dyes in adulterated palm oil.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Bipolar Disorder
Authors: Nierenberg Andrew A. , Agustini Bruno , Köhler-Forsberg Ole , Cusin Cristina , Katz Douglas , Sylvia Louisa G. , Peters Amy , Berk Michael
Published: October 2023

Importance

Bipolar disorder affects approximately 8 million adults in the US and approximately 40 million individuals worldwide.

Observations

Bipolar disorder is characterized by recurrent episodes of depression and mania or hypomania. Bipolar depressive episodes are similar to major depressive episodes. Manic and hypomanic episodes are characterized by a distinct change in mood and behavior during discrete time periods. The age of onset is usually between 15 and 25 years, and depression is the most frequent initial presentation. Approximately 75% of symptomatic time consists of depressive episodes or symptoms. Early diagnosis and treatment are associated with a more favorable prognosis. Diagnosis and optimal treatment are often delayed by a mean of approximately 9 years following an initial depressive episode. Long-term treatment consists of mood stabilizers, such as lithium, valproate, and lamotrigine. Antipsychotic agents, such as quetiapine, aripiprazole, asenapine, lurasidone, and cariprazine, are recommended, but some are associated with weight gain. Antidepressants are not recommended as monotherapy. More than 50% of patients with bipolar disorder are not adherent to treatment. Life expectancy is reduced by approximately 12 to 14 years in people with bipolar disorder, with a 1.6-fold to 2-fold increase in cardiovascular mortality occurring a mean of 17 years earlier compared with the general population. Prevalence rates of metabolic syndrome (37%), obesity (21%), cigarette smoking (45%), and type 2 diabetes (14%) are higher among people with bipolar disorder, contributing to the risk of early mortality. The annual suicide rate is approximately 0.9% among individuals with bipolar disorder, compared with 0.014% in the general population. Approximately 15% to 20% of people with bipolar disorder die by suicide.

Conclusions and Relevance

Bipolar disorder affects approximately 8 million adults in the US. First-line therapy includes mood stabilizers, such as lithium, anticonvulsants, such as valproate and lamotrigine, and atypical antipsychotic drugs, such as quetiapine, aripiprazole, asenapine, lurasidone, and cariprazine.
Recent Advancements in Electrochemical Hydrogen Production via Hybrid Water Splitting
Authors: Qian Qizhu , Zhu Yin , Ahmad Nazir , Feng Yafei , Zhang Huaikun , Cheng Mingyu , Liu Huanhuan , Xiao Chong , Zhang Genqiang , Xie Yi
Published: October 2023

As one of the most promising approaches to producing high‐purity hydrogen (H2), electrochemical water splitting powered by the renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydroelectric power has attracted considerable interest over the past decade. However, the water electrolysis process is seriously hampered by the sluggish electrode reaction kinetics, especially the four‐electron oxygen evolution reaction at the anode side, which induces a high reaction overpotential. Currently, the emerging hybrid electrochemical water splitting strategy is proposed by integrating thermodynamically favorable electro–oxidation reactions with hydrogen evolution reaction at the cathode, providing a new opportunity for energy–efficient H2 production. To achieve highly efficient and cost–effective hybrid water splitting toward large–scale practical H2 production, much work has been continuously done to exploit the alternative anodic oxidation reactions and cutting–edge electrocatalysts. This review will focus on recent developments on electrochemical H2 production coupled with alternative oxidation reactions, including the choice of anodic substrates, the investigation on electrocatalytic materials, and the deep understanding of the underlying reaction mechanisms. Finally, some insights into the scientific challenges now standing in the way of future advancement of the hybrid water electrolysis technique are shared, in the hope of inspiring further innovative efforts in this rapidly growing field.
Synthesis of Trifluoromethylthiolated Quinolinones via Trifluoromethanesulfanamide‐Induced Electrophilic Intramolecular Cyclization of N‐Arylpropynamides
Authors: Xu Lingzhi , Sun Fengxia , Zhao Hui , Shi Haofeng , Wu Yihang , Li Xiaoxian , Du Yunfei
Published: October 2023

The reaction of N‐arylpropynamides with the commercially available trifluoromethanesulfanamide in the presence of BiCl3 was found to afford quinolin‐2‐ones in a selective manner via electrophilic trifluoromethylthiolation enabled by the in‐situ generated CF3S−Cl and the followed intramolecular cyclization. Differing from the existing analogous cyclization route that solely produces spiro[4,5]trienones, this alternative approach exclusively affords the biologically interesting quinolin‐2‐ones as the major products.
Rapid Access to γ,γ‐Dichloroketones via Radical‐Induced Dichloromethylation and Concomitant 1,2‐Aryl Migration of Allylic Alcohols with CHCl3
Authors: Zhang Jiantao , Zhu Weiming , Zhou Peng , Chen Cui , Li Xianwei , Liu Weibing
Published: October 2023

A radical‐induced dichloromethylation and concomitant 1,2‐aryl migration of allylic alcohols with CHCl3 is developed for the construction of γ,γ‐dichloroketones in moderate to good yields. We found that, for the para‐substituted unsymmetrical substrates, the more electron‐deficient aryl group migrates preferentially over the more electron‐rich aryl group. Moreover, chlorocyclopropanes could be obtained from allyl alcohols in one‐pot manner through radical‐addition/1,2‐aryl migration/nucleophilic substitution.
Selective Formation of 2,3,5‐Trisubstituted Furans from 1,3‐Dicarbonyls and Hydroxyketones
Authors: Yan Wanying , Shou Jiaru , Qin Wenyi , Mo Jiayu , Huang Huawen
Published: October 2023

Chemoselective cyclizations of 1,3‐dicarbonyl compounds with hydroxyketones for the selective formation of two 2,3,5‐trisubstituted furans have been reported. While TsOH‐mediated cyclization in DCM afforded 2‐acylfurans, the additional copper catalyst in acetone turned over the selectivity for the generation of 3‐acylfurans. The featured advantages of both reactions include simple conditions, high yielding, broad substrate scope, gram scalability, and H2O as the sole byproduct.
Selective Gas‐Phase Hydrogenation of CO2 to Methanol Catalysed by Metal‐Organic Frameworks
Authors: Dhakshinamoorthy Amarajothi , Navalón Sergio , Primo Ana , García Hermenegildo
Published: October 2023

Large scale production of green CH3OH obtained from CO2 and green H2 is a highly wanted process due to the role of CH3OH as H2/energy carrier and for producing chemicals. Starting with a short summary of the advantages of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) as catalysts in liquid‐phase reactions, the present article highlights the opportunities that MOFs may offer also for some gas‐phase reactions, particularly for the selective CO2 hydrogenation to CH3OH. It is commented that there is a temperature compatibility window that combines the thermal stability of some MOFs with the temperature required in the CO2 hydrogenation to CH3OH that frequently ranges from 250 to 300 °C. The existing literature in this area is briefly organized according to the role of MOF as providing the active sites or as support of active metal nanoparticles (NPs). Emphasis is made to show how the flexibility in design and synthesis of MOFs can be used to enhance the catalytic activity by adjusting the composition of the nodes and the structure of the linkers. The influence of structural defects and material crystallinity, as well as the role that should play theoretical calculations in models have also been highlighted.
Temporal Regulation of PET‐RAFT Controlled Radical Depolymerization
Authors: Bellotti Valentina , Wang Hyun Suk , Truong Nghia P. , Simonutti Roberto , Anastasaki Athina
Published: October 2023

A photocatalytic RAFT‐controlled radical depolymerization method is introduced for precisely conferring temporal control under visible light irradiation. By regulating the deactivation of the depropagating chains and suppressing thermal initiation, an excellent temporal control was enabled, exemplified by several consecutive “on” and “off” cycles. Minimal, if any, depolymerization could be observed during the dark periods while the polymer chain‐ends could be efficiently re‐activated and continue to depropagate upon re‐exposure to light. Notably, favoring deactivation resulted in the gradual unzipping of polymer chains and a stepwise decrease in molecular weight over time. This synthetic approach constitutes a simple methodology to modulate temporal control during the chemical recycling of RAFT‐synthesized polymers while offering invaluable mechanistic insights.
Weiteres zur Assoziation des Wassers
Authors: Eucken A.
Published: October 2023

Die Schallgeschwindigkeit des Wassers (H2O und D2O) zeigt zwischen 0° und etwa 60° einen abnormen Temperaturanstieg, dem eine gleichfalls abnorme Temperaturabnahme der isothermen Kompressibilität entspricht. Qualitativ läßt sich dieser Effekt leicht durch das Vorhandensein von relativ weiträumigen größeren H2O‐bzw, D2O‐Aggregaten deuten, deren mit steigernder Temperatur abnehmende Konzentration sich durch äußeren Druck vermindert, wodurch das Gesamtvolumen bei der Kompression stärker herabgesetzt wird, als bei normalen Flüssigkeiten.

Die quantitative Auswertung der sowohl für die Kompressibilität, wie auch für den Ausdehnungskoeffizienten erhaltenen Meßergebnisse wurde zunächst mit den früher (Abb. I, II) benutzten, verhältnismäßig einfachen Ansätzen durchgeführt. Durch die auf diese Weise erzielten Ergebnisse werden zwar die damaligen Grundlagen der Berechnung weitgehend bestätigt; doch bleiben noch einige Diskrepanzen übrig, welche eine Verfeinerung der Auswertung erforderlich machen. Z. B. muß der Volumenüberschuß der höheren (Achter)‐Aggregate über die kleineren Molekeln als temperatur‐ und druckabhängig angesehen werden; vor allem kann aber das Wasser nicht mehr als eine ideale Mischung der verschiedenen Aggregate angesehen werden; man muß daher mit partiellen Volumina rechnen, welche von der Konzentration der jeweils vorhandenen Achter‐molekeln abhängig sind.
Energie, Entropie und Dissoziationskonstante des Stickstoffmoleküls zwischen 5000° und 20000°
Authors: Döring W.
Published: October 2023

Es werden die Ergebnisse von Berechnungen der kalorischen Daten des Stickstoffs aus den spektroskopisch ermittelten Konstanten des Moleküles für den Temperaturbereich von 5000° bis 20000° mitgeteilt.
Über die katalytische Ammoniakoxydation I. Die Kinetik der Primärreaktion und die Lebensdauer des Hydroxylamins am Kontakt
Authors: Krauss Walther
Published: October 2023

Es wird gezeigt, daß die Kinetik der Primärreaktion NH3 + O → NH3O (Ammoniakumsatz bei kleinen Drucken) gegeben ist durch \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \frac{{d{\rm NH}_{3u} /dt}}{{d{\rm NH}_{3a} /dt}} = \frac{1}{{1 + 1/2{\rm NH}_3 /{\rm O}_2 }}$$\end{document}. Diese Beziehung läßt sich durch die Annahme deuten, daß die Primärreaktion in dem Stoß von Ammoniakmolekülen gegen die Sauerstoffatome des Kontaktes besteht. Geschwindigkeit und Ausbeuten sind daher nur von der Nachlieferung der Reaktanden abhängig. Es wird die Adsorptionswärme des NH3O an Pt zu 23 kcal abgeschätzt. Aus dem aus den Versuchen berechenbaren Zerfall des NH3O sowie dessen Aktivierungswärme und der Adsorptionswärme des NH3O läßt sich die mittlere Lebensdauer des NH3O zu τ' = 3 · 10−12 exp. \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \left({\frac{{5000}}{{RT}}} \right) $\end{document} sec abschätzen. Die Folgereaktionen müssen daher in einer Zeit ablaufen, die kleiner als τ' ist. Die stationäre Konzentration des NH3O wird ermittelt. Für die NO‐Bildung im normalen Versuche wird durch eine gewisse Vereinfachung der Reaktionsfolge und Ansetzen der Geschwindigkeitsgleichungen gezeigt, daß diese durch die Kinetik der Primärreaktion unter Einsatz der berechenbaren stationären Konzentration gegeben und in weitgehender Übereinstimmung mit dem Experimente und früheren qualitativen Überlegungen Bodensteins ist. Für die NO‐Ausbeute wird die Beziehung \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \frac{{d{\rm NO}/dt}}{{d{\rm NH}_{3a} /dt}} = \frac{1}{{(1 + 1/2{\rm NH}_3 /{\rm O}_2)(k_z /k_{C2} [{\rm O}_2] + 1({\rm NH}_3 /{\rm O}_2)}} $\end{document} gefunden. Für den Temperaturgang der NO‐Ausbeuten ist in erster Linie das Glied kz/ko2 (O2) verantwortlich zu machen.
Die Diffusion von Silber in Gold
Authors: Ebert H. , Trommsdorf G.
Published: October 2023

Im Rahmen systematische Untersuchungen über die Zusammenhänge zwischen Diffusionsgeschwindigkeit und Ablösungsenergie wurde die Temperaturabhängigkeit der Diffusionsgeschwindigkeit von Silber in Gold gemessen.
Der Aktivzustand und die spontane Repassivierung von stromaktiviertem Eisen in Salpetersäure
Authors: Vetter Klaus J.
Published: October 2023

Experimentelle Ergebnisse, die als Grundlage für eine theoretische Deutung des Aktivzustandes und der anschließenden spontanen Repassivierung in einer gemeinsamen Arbeit mit K.‐F. Bonhoeffer neben früheren Messungen des letzteren verwendet wurden, werden ausführlich dargestellt. Auf Grund oszillographischer Aufnahmen werden die Minimal‐ und Maximalpotentiale und das stationäre Potential im Aktivzustand, das Potential des Haltepunktes bei der Repassivierun'g und die zugehörigen Zeiten in Abhängigkeit von Eisensorte (Kohlenstoffgehalt), Salpetersäurekonzentration, Salpetrigsäure‐Anfangskonzentration, kathodischer Dauerstromdichte, Rünning, Temperatur und Ferriionenkonzentration angegeben. Die Eisenauflösungsgeschwindigkeit, die praktisch gleich der kathodischen Reaktionsgrenzstromdichte des HNO3/HNO2‐Redoxsystems gesetzt wird, ist in ihrem zeitlichen Verlauf auf Grund der Kinetik des genannten Redoxsystems gedeutet und eine quantitative Übereinstimmung festgestellt worden.

Der Haltepunkt des Potentials bei einem Wert von über + 0,45 V am Ende der Aktivzeit wird als Beginn der Repassivierung angesehen. Die Potentialabhängigkeit von der Haltezeit und der Salpetersäurekonzentration stützt diese Auffassung. Zur Erreichung des hohen Potentials ϵ > 0,45 V ist eine wesentliche Erhöhung der kathodischen Äquivalentstromdichten gegenüber der des stationären Auflösungszustandes nötig, die durch eine sich autokatalytisch steigernde Ferroionenoxydation durch die salpetrigsäurehaltige Salpetersäure auch quantitativ'zu erklären ist. Unter Berücksichtigung der Fe(NO)2+‐Komplexbildung ergibt sich mit Hilfe der stationären H+‐, NO3'‐ und HNO2‐Konzentrationen und unter Verwendung der von Abel und Schmid bestimmten Oxydationsgeschwindigkeitskonstante des Fe2+ die experimentell gefundene Aktivdauer und ihre Konzentrationsabhängigkeit. Eine ursächliche Verknüpfung, der Refraktarität mit der Fe3C‐Oxydation führt auf die richtige Größenordnung der frischpassiven Erhöhung der minimalen Aktivierungsstromdichte (Rheobase).
Untersuchung polarographischer Maxima. 4. Mitteilung: Polarographische Maxima in Methanol‐Lösungen
Authors: Wåhlin Erik , Hans Willi
Published: October 2023

Polarographische Maxima zweiter Art werden in wasserfreiem Methylalkohol untersucht. Da durch diese Maxima eine quantitative Auswertung der polarographischen Aufnahmen nicht möglich ist, werden Methoden zur Unterdrückung der Maxima beschrieben.
Formation et développement des zones et des précipités au sein des solutions solides sursaturées
Authors: Guinier A.
Published: October 2023

La germination et la croissance d'un cristal au sein du solide s'observe dans le cas de la décomposition d'une solution solide sursaturée. Nous prendrons comme exemple la solution solide Al‐Cu à 4% de cuivre, à la quelle de si nombreuses études ont été consacrées et dont, à l'heure actuelle, l'évolution est assez clairement comprise. Nous considérerons un alliage homogénéise par un long recuit à une température oú tout le cuivre est dissous, ensuite trempé, puis évoluant avec le temps à température constante. II est bien établi qu'il existe une température critique de l'ordre de 200°C qui separe deux domaines dans lesquels le processus de décomposition de la solution solide au cours du revenu isotherme est différent: ce sont respectivement le „Kalt‐”︁ et le „Warmaushärtung”︁1). Nous allons examiner les renseignements que les techniques expérimentales récentes ont apportés sur le phénomène de la germination et de la croissance dans l'un et l'autre cas.
Gasadsorption und Oberflächenstruktur
Authors: Hüttig G. F. , Theimer O.
Published: October 2023

Im ersten Teil des Vortrages wird ein Überblick über die Theorie der Adsorption von Gasen an festen Körpern gegeben. Es werden nur solche Formeln angeführt, die für schwache Adsorption gelten und bei denen man daher die Mehrschichtenbildung vernachlässigen kann. Dagegen wird besonderes Gewicht auf die formelmäßige Erfassung jener Effekte gelegt, die durch die zwischen den adsorbierten Molekülen herrschenden Kräfte bedingt sind. Eine Veränderung der Oberfläche durch die adsorbierten Moleküle wird nicht in Erwägung gezogen. Dieser wichtige Effekt kann jedoch im Rahmen dieses Vortrages als Spezialfall einer inhomogenen Adsorption aufgefaßt werden, bei der die Verteilung des Attraktionspotentials entlang der Oberfläche veränderlich ist.

Im zweiten Abschnitt werden verschiedene Adsorptionsexperimente im Hinblick auf die Frage diskutiert, ob man aus ihnen auf eine Inhomogenität der adsorbierenden Oberfläche schließen kann. Als experimentelle Grundlage der Diskussion dienen: a) Die Form von Adsorptionsisothermen, b) Die Temperaturabhängigkeit von Adsorptionsisothermen, c) Die differentielle Adsorptionswarme, d) Die Desorptionsgeschwindigkeit. Die Untersuchung ergibt, daß die rein qualitative Frage, ob eine Oberfläche homogen oder inhomogen ist, auf Grund von Adsorptionsmessungen beantwortet werden kann. Insbesondere ergibt sich, daß die meisten der für Adsorptionsmessungen verwendeten Oberflächen inhomogen sind. Eine quantitative Bestimmung der Energieverteilung entlang der Oberfläche wird wegen der überaus großen Schwierigkeit dieser Aufgabe nicht versucht.