bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Coordination‐Driven Hierarchical Assembly of Hybrid Nanostructures Based on 2D Materials
Authors: Pan Long , Liu Yi‐Tao , Zhong Ming , Xie Xu‐Ming
Published: September 2019

2D materials have received tremendous scientific and engineering interests due to their remarkable properties and broad‐ranging applications such as energy storage and conversion, catalysis, biomedicine, electronics, and so forth. To further enhance their performance and endow them with new functions, 2D materials are proposed to hybridize with other nanostructured building blocks, resulting in hybrid nanostructures with various morphologies and structures. The properties and functions of these hybrid nanostructures depend strongly on the interfacial interactions between 2D materials and other building blocks. Covalent and coordination bonds are two strong interactions that hold high potential in constructing these robust hybrid nanostructures based on 2D materials. However, most 2D materials are chemically inert, posing problems for the covalent assembly with other building blocks. There are usually coordination atoms in most of 2D materials and their derivatives, thus coordination interaction as a strong interfacial interaction has attracted much attention. In this review, recent progress on the coordination‐driven hierarchical assembly based on 2D materials is summarized, focusing on the synthesis approaches, various architectures, and structure–property relationship. Furthermore, insights into the present challenges and future research directions are also presented.
Uniform Ag Nanocubes Prepared by AgCl Particle–Mediated Heterogeneous Nucleation and Disassembly and Their Mechanism Study by DFT Calculation
Authors: Han Hye Ji , Park Ju Hyun , Park Jin Kyoung , Kristanto Imanuel , Park Bum Jun , Kwak Sang Kyu , Im Sang Hyuk
Published: September 2019

Uniform Ag nanocubes are reproducibly synthesized by a AgCl particle‐mediated heterogeneous nucleation and disassembly process in polyol chemistry. By introducing N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) in a conventional polyol method with HCl etchant, Ag nanocrystals (NCs) begin to be nucleated on the surface of AgCl‐precipitated particles due to the promoted reduction reaction by DMF. The nucleated Ag NCs on the AgCl particles are grown to Ag nanocubes in shape by consuming Ag sources from the AgCl mother particles. Eventually the grown Ag nanocubes are disassembled from the mother AgCl particles because the AgCl particles are fully digested by the growing Ag nanocubes. Density functional theory calculation confirms that the Ag atoms can be favorably deposited on the (100) facet of AgCl particles and the Ag nuclei on the AgCl particles tend to reveal (100) facet.
Decoding Charge Recombination through Charge Generation in Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Shoaee Safa , Armin Ardalan , Stolterfoht Martin , Hosseini Seyed Mehrdad , Kurpiers Jona , Neher Dieter
Published: September 2019

The in‐depth understanding of charge carrier photogeneration and recombination mechanisms in organic solar cells is still an ongoing effort. In donor:acceptor (bulk) heterojunction organic solar cells, charge photogeneration and recombination are inter‐related via the kinetics of charge transfer states—being singlet or triplet states. Although high‐charge‐photogeneration quantum yields are achieved in many donor:acceptor systems, only very few systems show significantly reduced bimolecular recombination relative to the rate of free carrier encounters, in low‐mobility systems. This is a serious limitation for the industrialization of organic solar cells, in particular when aiming at thick active layers. Herein, a meta‐analysis of the device performance of numerous bulk heterojunction organic solar cells is presented for which field‐dependent photogeneration, charge carrier mobility, and fill factor are determined. Herein, a “spin‐related factor” that is dependent on the ratio of back electron transfer of the triplet charge transfer (CT) states to the decay rate of the singlet CT states is introduced. It is shown that this factor links the recombination reduction factor to charge‐generation efficiency. As a consequence, it is only in the systems with very efficient charge generation and very fast CT dissociation that free carrier recombination is strongly suppressed, regardless of the spin‐related factor.
A simplified method to assess seismic behavior of reinforced concrete columns
Authors: Wang Zhen , Wang Jingquan , Zhu Junzheng , Zhang Jian
Published: September 2019

A simplified method was proposed to assess the seismic behavior of reinforced concrete columns that failed in different modes. In this method, an analytical monotonic model was established to obtain lateral force‐displacement curves, and the Ibarra–Medina–Krawinkler model was utilized to simulate hysteretic behavior. For the Ibarra–Medina–Krawinkler model, the backbone curve was determined based on the proposed monotonic model, and the two parameters κ and γed used to describe pinching effect and deterioration, respectively, were calculated with two suggested regression formulas. The nonlinear pushover and dynamic analyses were conducted based on the proposed method. The obtained results were compared with the results of cyclic loading and shake table tests on reinforced concrete columns that failed in different modes. Results show that the proposed monotonic model adequately captures not only the prepeak response but also the postpeak branch. The parameters κ and γed are approximately linear to the longitudinal reinforcement ratio and the shear span ratio. For the two parameters, the proposed regression formulas can provide closer predictions to the experimental calibrations. The Ibarra–Medina–Krawinkler model determined with the proposed method can be used to assess the dynamic response of reinforced concrete columns with or without sufficient stirrups.
Understanding Identity: An Ecological Systems Approach
Authors: McGrew Mandy , DiPietro Michele
Published: September 2019

This chapter applies a layered identity model to educational development in order to unpack the complexities of our professional identities.
Inhaled Kathon may induce eosinophilia‐mediated disease in the lung
Authors: Park Eun‐Jung , Han Ji‐Seok , Seong Eunsol , Park Eun‐Jun , Lee Byoung‐Seok , Lee Sang Jin , Lee Kyuhong
Published: September 2019

In 2011, a link between humidifier disinfectants and patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis was identified in Korea, and Kathon was suggested as one of the causative agents. In this study, Kathon induced apoptotic cell death along with membrane damage at 24 h post‐exposure. Additionally, on day 14 after a single instillation with Kathon, the total number of pulmonary cells and the levels of TNF‐α, IL‐5, IL‐13, MIP‐1α, and MCP‐1α clearly increased in the lung of mice. The proportion of natural killer cells and eosinophils were significantly elevated in the spleen and the bloodstream, respectively, and the level of immunoglobulin (Ig) A, but not IgG, IgM, and IgE, dose‐dependently increased. Therefore, we suggest that inhaled Kathon may induce eosinophilia‐mediated disease in the lung by disrupting homeostasis of pulmonary surfactants. Considering that eosinophilia is closely related to cancer and fibrosis, further studies are needed to understand the relationship between them.
Post‐traumatic stress disorder: a state‐of‐the‐art review of evidence and challenges
Authors: Bryant Richard A.
Published: September 2019

Post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is arguably the most common psychiatric disorder to arise after exposure to a traumatic event. Since its formal introduction in the DSM‐III in 1980, knowledge has grown significantly regarding its causes, maintaining mechanisms and treatments. Despite this increased understanding, however, the actual definition of the disorder remains controversial. The DSM‐5 and ICD‐11 define the disorder differently, reflecting disagreements in the field about whether the construct of PTSD should encompass a broad array of psychological manifestations that arise after trauma or should be focused more specifically on trauma memory phenomena. This controversy over clarifying the phenotype of PTSD has limited the capacity to identify biomarkers and specific mechanisms of traumatic stress. This review provides an up‐to‐date outline of the current definitions of PTSD, its known prevalence and risk factors, the main models to explain the disorder, and evidence‐supported treatments. A major conclusion is that, although trauma‐focused cognitive behavior therapy is the best‐validated treatment for PTSD, it has stagnated over recent decades, and only two‐thirds of PTSD patients respond adequately to this intervention. Moreover, most people with PTSD do not access evidence‐based treatment, and this situation is much worse in low‐ and middle‐income countries. Identifying processes that can overcome these major barriers to better management of people with PTSD remains an outstanding challenge.
Targets and outcomes of psychotherapies for mental disorders: an overview
Authors: Cuijpers Pim
Published: September 2019

It is not yet clear what mental disorders are and what are the causal pathways that lead to them. That makes it difficult to decide what the targets and outcomes of psychotherapies should be. In this paper, the main types of targets and outcomes of psychotherapies are described, and a brief overview is provided of some of the main results of research on these types. These include symptom reduction, personal targets and outcomes from the patient's perspective, improvement of quality of life, intermediate outcomes depending on the theoretical framework of the therapist, negative outcomes to be avoided, and economic outcomes. In line with the dominance of the DSM and ICD systems for diagnoses, most research has been focused on symptom reduction. This considerable body of research, with hundreds of randomized trials, has shown that for most mental disorders effective psychotherapies are available. There is also research showing that psychotherapies can result in improvement of quality of life in most mental disorders. However, relatively little research is available on patient‐defined outcomes, intermediate outcomes, negative outcomes and economic outcomes. Patients, relatives, therapists, employers, health care providers and society at large each have their own perspectives on targets and outcomes of psychotherapies. The perspective of patients should have more priority in research, and a standardization of outcome measures across trials is much needed.
Consistency of gauged two Higgs doublet model: gauge sector
Authors: Huang Cheng-Tse , Ramos Raymundo , Tran Van Que , Tsai Yue-Lin Sming , Yuan Tzu-Chiang
Published: September 2019

Abstract

We study the constraints on the new parameters in the gauge sector of gauged two Higgs doublet model using the electroweak precision test data collected from the Large Electron Positron Collider (LEP) at and off the Z-pole as well as the current Drell-Yan and high-mass dilepton resonance data from the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Impacts on the new parameters by the projected sensitivities of various electroweak observables at the Circular Electron Positron Collider (CEPC) proposed to be built in China are also discussed. We also clarify why the Stueckelberg mass M

Y
for the hypercharge U(1)
Y
is set to be zero in the model by showing that it would otherwise lead to the violation of the standard charge assignments for the elementary quarks and leptons when they couple to the massless photon.
Correction to: Short-term dietary restriction in old mice rejuvenates the aging-induced structural imbalance of gut microbiota
Authors: Zeng Ting , Cui Hui , Tang Duozhuang , Garside George B. , Wang Yiting , Wu Jianying , Tao Zhendong , Zhang Liu , Tao Si
Published: September 2019

In the original publication of the article, the alphabets in figures were published in upper case and mismatched with the figure legends. The corrected figures and figure legends are given in this Correction.
Crop performance, biological N fixation and pre-crop effect of pea ideotypes in an organic farming system
Authors: Gollner Gabriele , Starz Walter , Friedel Jürgen K.
Published: September 2019

Pea (Pisum sativum L.) is a valuable grain legume in organic crop rotations. Pea rotations provide nitrogen (N) to the system through N fixation and produce animal feed or human food. Because of the high susceptibility of pea to pests, diseases and weeds and due to low profitability, especially in organic systems, pea cropping intensity decreased in the last 15 years in Austria. Therefore, it is important to find strategies for improving pea cropping systems in organic systems, by increasing yields and providing a positive N balance. The objective of this study was to compare pea genotypes of selected field and fodder pea in pure and mixed pea stands for biomass performance, biological N fixation and pre-crop effect under dry site conditions in a 2-year study in Eastern Austria. Pea N fixation was estimated using the extended N-difference method, with oat as the reference crop. The highest grain yield was found for the leafed field pea, with 2.5 Mg dry mass (DM) ha−1, followed by the semi-leafless field pea with 2.1 Mg DM ha−1 and the pea-mixtures with 2.2 Mg DM ha−1. The field pea cultivars yielded more than the fodder pea cultivars with 1.6 Mg DM ha−1. The average N concentration in pea grains was 3.6 mg g−1. The fodder pea type contained 3.8 mg g−1, significantly more N (p < 0.0001) than the semi-leafless and leafed field pea. Pea N fixation ranged from 53 to 75 kg N ha−1, corresponding to 42–50% of N derived from the atmosphere (% Ndfa). No differences in N fixation were found among cultivars, types and field/fodder pea. The fodder pea exported less N from the field because of their lower grain yield. Therefore, the N balance (N-input − N-output) of fodder pea was positive, with + 3.4 kg N ha−1 compared to the negative N balance of − 0.6 to − 3.6 kg N ha−1 for the leafed field pea types. These differences were not reflected in the following winter wheat crop, where the DM grain yield was 3.6–3.9 Mg ha−1 with no differences between cultivars and ideotypes. The results demonstrate that leafed field pea could have a sufficient grain yield and fodder pea could produce high N concentration in the grains. Because there are no differences regarding the effect of pea types on the yield of the following crop, it can be concluded that all tested pea types are suitable for successful organic pea production under dry site conditions. While there were no negative effects on the subsequent crop, the different ideotypes and mixtures may be selected based on different management goals.
The impact of stakeholder engagement on local policy decision making
Authors: Nguyen Long Le Anh , Foster Megan , Arnold Gwen
Published: September 2019

We investigate how grassroots stakeholder engagement in municipal meetings shapes the decision making of local elected officials (LEOs) by examining the choices LEOs in New York State made on how to regulate high-volume hydraulic fracturing (HVHF) orfracking. We analyzed the content of 216 meeting minutes and 18 policy documents for 13 municipalities in New York. Our observations suggest that government responsiveness to local activism is shaped by the level of contestation between grassroots stakeholders. They reveal that contestation among grassroots stakeholders encourages LEOs to try to deflect responsibility for regulating fracking. When this contestation is high, LEOs tend to pursue actions which may limit but not prohibit HVHF within their jurisdiction. In contrast, when there is no contestation, LEOs more actively pursue substantive policy actions that prohibit HVHF. Generally, we find that that the level of contestation among grassroots stakeholders about HVHF impacts the political actions LEOs take.
Die Bedeutung der Leistungserwartung von Lehrpersonen für die Mathematikleistungen von Schülerinnen und Schülern
Authors: Hollenstein Lena , Affolter Benita , Brühwiler Christian
Published: September 2019

Schulische Leistungen werden durch zahlreiche Determinanten beeinflusst. Neben kognitiven und familiären Faktoren auf Seiten der Schülerinnen und Schüler spielt die Lehrperson eine maßgebliche Rolle für den Schulerfolg. In diesem Beitrag wird die Relevanz der Leistungserwartung von Lehrpersonen auf die schulische Leistung geprüft. Dabei werden individuelle Schülerinnen- und Schülermerkmale (soziale Herkunft, Vorwissen) sowie das Professionswissen von Lehrpersonen kontrolliert. Im Rahmen einer vom Schweizerischen Nationalfonds unterstützten Längsschnittstudie wurden Daten von 28 Primarlehrpersonen und 509 Schülerinnen und Schülern erhoben. Die Ergebnisse weisen auch unter Kontrolle des Professionswissens einen positiven Zusammenhang zwischen der Leistungserwartung von Lehrpersonen und der Mathematikleistung von Schülerinnen und Schülern nach. Nach Berücksichtigung der Leistungserwartung von Lehrpersonen reduziert sich der Zusammenhang der sozialen Herkunft mit der Schülerinnen- und Schülerleistung. Diese Befunde bestätigen die Bedeutung der Leistungserwartung von Lehrpersonen für schulische Lernprozesse und werden vor allem unter dem Aspekt der Chancengerechtigkeit diskutiert.
Maesa camptobotrys (Primulaceae) is Sabia pauciflora (Sabiaceae), not Discocalyx (Primulaceae)
Authors: Utteridge Timothy M. A.
Published: September 2019

The type specimen of Maesa camptobotrys is re-examined and morphology and characters are discussed. The specimen is a member of the genus Sabia (Sabiaceae) rather than the genus Discocalyx (Primulaceae) into which it was transferred; the name is formally placed as a synonym of Sabia pauciflora.
New insights into Neolithic milk consumption through proteomic analysis of dental calculus
Authors: Charlton Sophy , Ramsøe Abigail , Collins Matthew , Craig Oliver E. , Fischer Roman , Alexander Michelle , Speller Camilla F.
Published: September 2019

There has long been debate over the origins of dairy consumption within European populations. Whilst it was previously assumed that lactase persistence (LP) was under positive selection following the advent of agriculture, recent genetic studies of prehistoric human remains have revealed LP may have only emerged in Europe in the last 4000 years. These findings stand in contrast to organic residue analysis of Neolithic pottery indicating the utilisation of dairy products, and zooarchaeological mortality profiles consistent with dairying herds at Neolithic sites. The recent discovery of the milk protein β-lactoglobulin (BLG) within human dental calculus presents a new method via which to explore dairy product consumption in the archaeological past. Here, we apply shotgun proteomic analysis to dental calculus samples from three British Neolithic sites, revealing the earliest identification of BLG in human dental calculus to date. The presence of BLG peptides in individuals who are unlikely to possess LP provides new insight into dairying in the British Neolithic, suggesting the potential processing of milk by Neolithic populations to reduce the lactose content of dairy products.
A Field-scale Overview of Facies Architectures and Depositional Environment Integrating Core and Geophysical Log Data: Study from a Marginal Gondwana Basin, India
Authors: Sen Souvik , Dey Joyjit
Published: September 2019

Karanpura field is the western most member of the E-W trending Damodar Valley basin, belonging to Indian Gondwana sedimentation. This paper aims to provide a field-scale depositional model of Permian Barakar Formation from Karanpura field in order to enlarge the knowledge of stratigraphic and facies architecture. The study reviews the findings from extensively available cores. Four major facies were defined, which represented a fluvial depositional environment. Observations from core analyses were integrated with high resolution geophysical log data to understand the stacking pattern and depositional cyclicity of Barakar Formation. The lateral and vertical distributions of the facies associations were highlighted by well correlations, which established major fining upwards depositional cycles in the area. The depositional model has been interpreted on a regional scale.
First Report on Platinum Occurrence in Ultramafic-Mafic Complex, East-Central Karbi Hills of Assam, North East India
Authors: Majumdar Dilip , Gogoi Abhijit
Published: September 2019

The results of SEM-EDS and XRD, indicating the presence of PGE in stratified vanadium bearing magnetite-ilmenite ore, hosted by layered ultramafic-mafic complex in a part of east-central Karbi Anglong district, Assam (NE India) are reported here. The initial XRD data indicate presence of PGE minerals like braggite, laurite and cooperite; the SEM-EDS indicate variable wt. % of PGE and rare metals like 11.58% Re and gold. The highest weight % value is 19.55 Pt; 13.83 Ir; 7.36 Os; 0.95 Pd and 0.45 Ru. Plume model has been cited as the key factor causing high partial melting of the upper mantle in back arc rift environment, producing platinum rich but sulphur poor magma, subsequently acquiring sulphur from pelites of Shillong Group, thereby, gaining PGE.
Detection of Old Mine Workings over a Part of Jharia Coal Field, India using Electrical Resistivity Tomography
Authors: Bharti Abhay Kumar , Pal S.K. , Saurabh  , Kumar Sarvesh , Mondal Subhendu , Singh K.K. K. , Singh P.K.
Published: September 2019

Old mine workings, mainly hidden galleries, goafs, shafts etc may pose a great threat to the local environment and also for future mine development. The present study mainly deals with delineation and mapping of old mine workings over Tikmani-Gareriya section, a part of east Basuria colliery, Jharia coal field, India using state-of-the-art 64 electrodes and 61 channel FlashRES-Universal electrical resistivity tomography (ERT). ERT data have been acquired along a line at 5m electrode spacing covering total profile length of 315m using Wenner, Schlumberger, Gradient and Dipole-Dipole arrays over a known old mine working. Further joint inversion of all combined arrays has also been carried out using 2.5D resistivity inversion program to combine the relative advantage of all arrays for producing superior results. The acquired data have been analysed using four different thresholds for all arrays with quality factors 15, 10, 5, and 1; each with 60mA current. 2D inverse resistivity models generated using Joint inversion of all combined arrays with quality factor 5 provides best result for delineation of coal pillars, galleries and goafs followed by Gradient, Schlumberger, Dipole-Dipole and Wenner arrays with same quality factor. Coal pillars have been identified with relatively high resistivity anomaly whereas galleries and goaf have been delineated with relatively low resistivity anomaly. The estimated range of resistivity variation of coal pillars have been well corroborated with published results. The results prove the efficacy of the ERT technique for detection of old mine workings.
Microzonation of Seismic Hazard for the State of Haryana, India
Authors: Puri Nitish , Jain Ashwani
Published: September 2019

Seismic hazard analysis has been carried out for the state of Haryana using probabilistic approach. An area with a radius of about 300 km around Haryana, between 25° to 33° N latitude and 72° to 81° E longitude, has been considered as seismic study region for the evaluation seismic hazard. The potential seismic hazard of the state is controlled by three different tectonic regimes, Himalayan frontal thrust, Aravalli-Delhi fold belt and Sargodha-Lahore-Delhi ridge. An earthquake catalogue has been developed based on the data from both historic and instrumental periods. The final catalogue has 942 events after it has been homogenized, examined to remove duplicate events, declustered and checked for completeness. The active tectonic features of the study region have been identified by superimposing epicenters of earthquakes on the tectonic map. There are 39 active tectonic features in the study region and 13 features have been identified as potential seismogenic sources. Maximum magnitude potential of the seismogenic sources has been calculated using various methods based on total fault length, sub-surface rupture length and maximum observed magnitude. Seismicity parameters have also been obtained in order to calculate return period corresponding to expected earthquake magnitude. Considering a grid size of 0.1° × 0.1°, hazard maps have been developed for expected PGA and Sa for return periods of 475 years, 2475 years and 4975 years with 10%, 2% and 1% probability of exceedance respectively in 50 years. It has been observed that the PGA values for the north and northeastern parts of the state range from 0.1g - 0.35g and for rest of the areas to be ≤ 0.1g for 10% probability of exceedance in a time frame of 50 years. The PGA map developed for Haryana for the return period of 475 years has been modified for site class D using the amplification factors specified in NEHRP provisions. The PGA value ranging from 0.074g to 0.376g has been observed. The results obtained in the study have been compared with the specifications given in Indian standard code of practice.
Detection of Zika virus in paired urine and amniotic fluid samples from symptomatic and asymptomatic women and their babies during a disease outbreak: association with neurological symptoms in newborns
Authors: Vedovello Danila , Witkin Steven S. , Silva Andrea Cristina Botelho , Fajardo Thamirys Cosmo Gillo , Mello Alexandra Siqueira , Bertozzi Ana Paula Antunes Pascalicchio , da Silva Alify Bertoldo , Filho Nemésio Florence Vieira , Rodrigues Maria Manoela Duarte , Gazeta Rosa Estela , Moron Antônio Fernandes , Sarmento Stéphanno Gomes Pereira , Soriano-Arandes Antonio , Passos Saulo Duarte
Published: September 2019

Paired maternal and newborn urine and amniotic fluid from 138 subjects collected during a Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreak was analyzed for ZIKV by gene amplification (RT-qPCR), and the findings were correlated with clinical symptoms and neurological anomalies in the babies. ZIKV was detected in 1 of 9 symptomatic women (11.1%) and in 19 of 129 asymptomatic women (14.7%). Neurological manifestations were present in 19 babies (13.7%), 10 of 20 (50%) positive and 9 of 119 (7.6%) negative (p < 0.001) for ZIKV. Twelve (8.6%) urines collected during gestation were ZIKV-positive; only 2 remained positive for ZIKV postpartum. Six (4.1%) newborn urines collected within 1 day of delivery were ZIKV-positive cases. In 3 of these cases, ZIKV was detected in mother’s urine pre- and postpartum and in both mother’s urine and babies’ urine. Four of the amniotic fluid samples (2.9%) were ZIKV-positive. Among ZIKV-negative babies with neurological sequel, 87.5% were female; in contrast, 72.7% ZIKV-positive babies with neurological abnormalities were male (p = 0.019). We conclude that during a ZIKV outbreak, clinical symptoms and ZIKV detection in biological fluids are poor predictors of infection and adverse neurologic sequel in newborns.
The Effects of Adolescent Childbearing on Literacy and Numeracy in Bangladesh, Malawi, and Zambia
Authors: Psaki Stephanie R. , Soler-Hampejsek Erica , Saha Jyotirmoy , Mensch Barbara S. , Amin Sajeda
Published: September 2019

Global investments in girls’ education have been motivated, in part, by an expectation that more-educated women will have smaller and healthier families. However, in many low- and middle-income countries, the timing of school dropout and first birth coincide, resulting in a rapid transition from the role of student to the role of mother for adolescent girls. Despite growing interest in the effects of pregnancy on levels of school dropout, researchers have largely overlooked the potential effect of adolescent childbearing on literacy and numeracy. We hypothesize that becoming a mother soon after leaving school may cause the deterioration of skills gained in school. Using longitudinal data from Bangladesh, Malawi, and Zambia, we test our hypothesis by estimating fixed-effects linear regression models to address the endogeneity in the relationship between childbearing and academic skills. To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the effects of adolescent childbearing on academic skills in low- and middle-income countries. Our results indicate that among those with low levels of grade attainment, first birth has a negative effect on English literacy and numeracy. Among those with higher levels of grade attainment, we find little evidence of effects of childbearing on academic skills. Childbearing also has little effect on local language literacy. Beyond the immediate loss of English literacy and numeracy, if these skills lead to better health and more economic productivity, then adolescent childbearing may have longer-term repercussions than previously understood. In addition to ongoing efforts to increase educational attainment and school quality in low- and middle-income countries, investments are needed to strengthen the academic skills of adolescent mothers to secure the demographic and economic promise of expanded education for girls and women.
Are labor unions important for business cycle fluctuations? Lessons from Bulgaria
Authors: Vasilev Aleksandar
Published: September 2019

In this paper, we investigate the quantitative importance of collective bargaining agreements for the observed fluctuations in Bulgarian labor markets. Following Maffezzoli (Rev Econ Dyn 4:860–892, 2001), we introduce a monopoly union into a real-business-cycle model with government sector. We calibrate the model to Bulgarian data for the period following the introduction of the currency board arrangement (1999–2018), and compare and contrast it to a model without unions. We find that the sequential bargaining procedure between the monopoly union and the stand-in firm produces an important internal propagation mechanism within the theoretical setup, which allows the monopoly model to fit data better than the alternative framework with perfectly-competitive labor markets.
A Remote Subgrade Settlement Monitoring System Based on Optical Method
Authors: Xu Jianye , Li Xin , Yang Jing , Gao Yan , Wu Sijin
Published: September 2019

Monitoring of subgrade settlement in railway and highway helps to maintain traffic safety and reduce infrastructure losses. When an excess subgrade settlement is detected, maintenances of the unqualified subgrade will be processed in time, and early warning of constructions will be processed to prevent the occurrence of safety accident. In this article, a noncontact, real-time, and unattended system based on optical method is introduced to monitor the subgrade settlement remotely. Several high-power infrared LED targets are mounted on the subgrade and they will move as the subgrade subsides. The movements of the LED targets are detected by an optical detection device based on the principle of optical imaging. The displacement data is remotely transmitted to a server for analysis via GPRS. The remote monitoring system has been applied to the monitoring of subgrade settlement of Zhensheng highway in Guizhou province of China in 2014. This technology helped to detect the subgrade settlement that was caused by the construction of Beiyinpo railway tunnel. Four test points on road surface were monitored at a sampling rate every 20 minutes. The effectiveness of the system has been verified by the practical application.
Mapping Entity Sets in News Archives Across Time
Authors: Duan Yijun , Jatowt Adam , Bhowmick Sourav S. , Yoshikawa Masatoshi
Published: September 2019

We propose a novel way of utilizing and accessing information stored in news archives as well as a new style of investigating the history. Our idea is to automatically generate similar entity pairs given two sets of entities, one from the past and one representing the present. This allows performing entity-oriented mapping between different times. We introduce an effective method to solve the aforementioned task based on a concise integer linear programming framework. In particular, our model first conducts typicality analysis to estimate entity representativeness. It next constructs orthogonal transformation between the two entity collections. The result is a set of typical across-time comparables. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach on the New York Times dataset through both qualitative and quantitative tests.
Northern Asian Pliocene–Pleistocene beremendiin shrews (Mammalia, Lipotyphla, Soricidae): a description of material from Russia (Siberia), Kazakhstan, and Mongolia and the paleobiology of Beremendia
Authors: Zazhigin Vladimir S. , Voyta Leonid L.
Published: September 2019

Beremendiini is an extinct group of soricine shrews that were widely distributed during the Pliocene and Pleistocene. Their occurrence in China has been investigated, but their presence in northern Asian regions has remained poorly studied. This paper analyzes 56 fossil remains of Beremendiini collected from 16 early Pliocene to early Pleistocene localities in Russia (Siberia), Kazakhstan, and Mongolia and shows the presence of two beremendiin species:Beremendia fissidens(Petényi, 1864) andBeremendia minorRzebik-Kowalska, 1976. Northern AsianBeremendiaconsiderably vary in size and qualitative characteristics, although most of the different states have been identified in European or Chinese specimens. Through the application of geometric morphometric techniques, mandibular shape analyses reveal similarities between the members of the beremendiin generaPeisorexKowalski and Li, 1963,BeremendiaKormos, 1934, andLunanosorexJin and Kawamura, 1996. Shape analyses and comparisons of mandibular characteristics reveal ‘trophic’ analogies betweenBeremendiaandBlarinaspp. and a new model of ‘Mandible Swinging and Sliding’ (MSS-model) accounting for the similarities in mandibular morphology with implications for the understanding of the diet ofBeremendia.

UUID:http://zoobank.org/ef92ee1a-3977-44b2-86d7-381665bcf78b
RANDOMNESS NOTIONS AND REVERSE MATHEMATICS
Authors: NIES ANDRÉ , SHAFER PAUL
Published: September 2019

We investigate the strength of a randomness notion${\cal R}$as a set-existence principle in second-order arithmetic: for eachZthere is anXthat is${\cal R}$-random relative toZ. We show that the equivalence between 2-randomness and being infinitely oftenC-incompressible is provable in$RC{A_0}$. We verify that$RC{A_0}$proves the basic implications among randomness notions: 2-random$\Rightarrow$weakly 2-random$\Rightarrow$Martin-Löf random$\Rightarrow$computably random$\Rightarrow$Schnorr random. Also, over$RC{A_0}$the existence of computable randoms is equivalent to the existence of Schnorr randoms. We show that the existence of balanced randoms is equivalent to the existence of Martin-Löf randoms, and we describe a sense in which this result is nearly optimal.
Seismic imaging evidence that forearc underplating built the accretionary rock record of coastal North and South America
Authors: Scholl David W.
Published: September 2019

The submerged forearcs of Pacific subduction zones of North and South America are underlain by a coastally exposed basement of late Palaeozoic to early Tertiary age. Basement is either an igneous massif of an accreted intra-oceanic arc or oceanic plateau (e.g. Cascadia(?), Colombia), an in situ formed arc massif (e.g. Aleutian Arc) or an exhumed accretionary complex of low and high P/T metamorphic facies of late Palaeozoic (e.g. southern Chile, Patagonia) and Mesozoic age (e.g. Alaska). Seismic studies at Pacific forearcs image frontal prisms of trench sediment accreted to the seaward edge of forearc basement. Frontal prisms tend to be narrow (10–40 km), weakly consolidated and volumetrically small (∼35–40 km3/km of trench). In contrast, deep seismic imaging of submerged forearcs commonly reveals large volumes (∼2000 km3/km of trench) of underplated material accreted at subsurface depths of ∼10–30 km to the base of forearc basement. Underplates have been imaged below the southern Chile, Ecuador–Colombia, north Cascade, Alaska, and possibly the eastern Aleutian forearcs. Deep underplates have also been observed below the Japan and New Zealand forearcs. Seismic imaging of northern and eastern Pacific forearcs supports the conclusion drawn from field and laboratory studies that exposed low and high P/T accretionary complexes accumulated in the subsurface at depths of 10–30 km. It seems significant that imaged underplated bodies are characteristic of modern well-sedimented subduction zones. It also seems likely that large Pacific-rim underplates store a significant fraction of sediment subducted in Cenozoic time.
New evidence on the impact of the quality of prenatal care on neonatal and infant mortality in India
Authors: Upadhyay Ashish Kumar , Singh Abhishek , Srivastava Swati
Published: September 2019

Evidence on the impact of the quality of prenatal care on childhood mortality is limited in developing countries, including India. Therefore, using nationally representative data from the latest round of the National Family Health Survey (2015–16), this study examined the impact of the quality of prenatal care on neonatal and infant mortality in India using a multivariable binary logistic regression model. The effect of the essential components of prenatal care services on neonatal and infant mortality were also investigated. The results indicate that improvement in the quality of prenatal care is associated with a decrease in neonatal (OR: 0.93, 95% CI: 0.91–0.97) and infant (OR: 0.94, 95% CI: 0.92–0.96) mortality in India. Tetanus toxoid vaccination, consumption of iron–folic acid tablets during pregnancy and having been weighed during pregnancy were statistically associated with a lower risk of neonatal and infant mortality. Educating women on pregnancy complications was also associated with a lower risk of neonatal mortality. No effect of blood pressure examination, blood test and examination of the abdomen during pregnancy were found on either of the two indicators of childhood mortality. Although the coverage of prenatal care has increased dramatically in India, the quality of prenatal care is still an area of concern. There is therefore a need to ensure high-quality prenatal care in India.
Fasciola hepaticain Brazil: genetic diversity provides insights into its origin and geographic dispersion
Authors: Schwantes J.B. , Quevedo P. , D’Ávila M.F. , Molento M.B. , Graichen D.A.S.
Published: September 2019

Fasciola hepaticais a trematode parasite that affects mammals, including humans. In Brazil, fascioliasis, a disease caused by the parasite, is of great importance. The disorder affects the welfare of the Brazilian population through impairing the agricultural production of cattle, where the disease causes weight loss as a result of liver damage. This study aimed to evaluate the genetic diversity ofF. hepaticathroughout Southern Brazil to determine its geographic origin and estimate the colonization route of the parasite. To accomplish these aims, flukes were collected from slaughterhouses in three endemic areas of Rio Grande do Sul and Paraná states. DNA was isolated using the phenol–chloroform protocol from single flukes and two mitochondrial genes, cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) and nicotinamide dehydrogenase subunit 1 (Nad1), were amplified and sequenced. Ten haplotypes of COI were found from 75 isolated parasites and the total haplotype and nucleotide diversity observed were 0.475 and 0.002, respectively. Using the Nad1 gene, we found 24 haplotypes from 79 samples, resulting in haplotype and nucleotide diversity values of 0.756 and 0.004, respectively. An analysis of molecular variance showed that 57.4% and 77.5% of variation was within populations (FST), while 9.0 and 36.8% of variation was among groups (FCT) when considering COI and Nad1 genes, respectively. For COI, the fixation index values of 0.425 and 0.368 were obtained for FSTand FCT, respectively, while analysis of Nad1 0.225 and 0.089 index values were obtained for FSTand FCT, respectively. We have determined thatF. hepaticafound in the two distinct areas originated from several geographical regions, since we found haplotypes that were shared with at least three different continents. These data are in accordance with the recent colonization of Brazil, and the recent import of cattle from South American, European and, possibly, some African countries. The observed FSTand FCTvalues for COI and Nad1 genes ofF. hepaticamay be a result of limited movement of animals within states and support the lack of geographical structure of the parasite in Brazil, which are in agreement with the observed cattle production systems in this region.
Non-Iranian historical lands in Pahlavi literature
Authors: Agostini Domenico
Published: September 2019

Although Zoroastrian Pahlavi literature preserves few geographical and ethnographic descriptions of non-Iranian historical regions, the popular bookAyādgār ī Jāmāspīgdevotes several chapters to an extensive account of the landscape, social customs and religious practices of India, China, Arabia, Barbary, Ceylon (or the region of Slavs), Mazandarān and Turkestan. These descriptions share many similarities with the accounts of Muslim geographers between the ninth and twelfth centuriesce, though they also contain many Late Sasanian elements. In providing an English translation of these passages, this article aims to identify the inhabitants of these regions as well as to provide a more precise chronology of the chapters. It argues that Zoroastrian authors in the first centuries of the Islamic era, taking as a model the new Islamic science of geography, wrote or reworked these chapters with the intention of redefining and mapping the new world around them.
Beyond deviancy-training: Deviant adolescent friendships and long-term social development
Authors: Allen Joseph P. , Narr Rachel K. , Loeb Emily L. , Davis Alida A.
Published: September 2019

Adolescent association with deviant and delinquent friends was examined for its roots in coercive parent–teen interactions and its links to functional difficulties extending beyond delinquent behavior and into adulthood. A community sample of 184 adolescents was followed from age 13 to age 27, with collateral data obtained from close friends, classmates, and parents. Even after accounting for adolescent levels of delinquent and deviant behavior, association with deviant friends was predicted by coercive parent–teen interactions and then linked to declining functioning with peers during adolescence and greater internalizing and externalizing symptoms and poorer overall adjustment in adulthood. Results are interpreted as suggesting that association with deviant friends may disrupt a core developmental task—establishing positive relationships with peers—with implications that extend well beyond deviancy-training effects.
Using baseline target moderation to guide decisions on adapting prevention programs
Authors: Howe George W.
Published: September 2019

Tom Dishion, a pioneer in prevention science, was one of the first to recognize the importance of adapting interventions to the needs of individual families. Building towards this goal, we suggest that prevention trials be used to assess baseline target moderated mediation (BTMM), where preventive intervention effects are mediated through change in specific targets, and the resulting effect varies across baseline levels of the target. Four forms of BTMM found in recent trials are discussed including compensatory, rich-get-richer, crossover, and differential iatrogenic effects. A strategy for evaluating meaningful preventive effects is presented based on preventive thresholds for diagnostic conditions, midpoint targets and proximal risk or protective mechanisms. Methods are described for using the results from BTMM analyses of these thresholds to estimate indices of intervention risk reduction or increase as they vary over baseline target levels, and potential cut points are presented for identifying subgroups that would benefit from program adaptation because of weak or potentially iatrogenic program effects. Simulated data are used to illustrate curves for the four forms of BTMM effects and how implications for adaptation change when untreated control group outcomes also vary over baseline target levels.
Resuscitative Endovascular Balloon Occlusion of the Aorta for Refractory Out-of-Hospital Non-Traumatic Cardiac Arrest – A Case Report
Authors: Coniglio Carlo , Gamberini Lorenzo , Lupi Cristian , Cavallo Piergiorgio , Tartaglione Marco , Chiarini Valentina , Gordini Giovanni
Published: September 2019

Resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) is a percutaneous transfemoral balloon technique used in select centers for resuscitation and temporary hemostasis of bleeding patients. Several animal studies demonstrated that its application in non-traumatic cardiac arrest could enhance cerebral and coronary perfusion during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR); despite this, there are few reports of its application in humans. This is a case report of REBOA application during a refractory out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in a 50-year-old man where Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) alone was unable to maintain a stable return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) and Extracorporeal Cardiac Life Support (ECLS) was not available.
A UNIFIED FRAMEWORK FOR OPTIMAL TAXATION WITH UNDIVERSIFIABLE RISK
Authors: Panousi Vasia , Reis Catarina
Published: September 2019

This paper considers a model of linear capital taxation for an economy where capital and labor income are subject to idiosyncratic uninsurable risk. To keep the model tractable, we assume that investment decisions are made before uncertainty is realized, so that the realization of the capital and labor income shocks only affects current consumption. In this setting, we are able to jointly analyze capital and labor income risk and derive analytical results regarding the optimal taxation of capital. We find that the optimal capital tax is positive in the long run if there is only capital income risk. The reason for this is that the capital tax provides insurance against capital income risk. Furthermore, for high levels of risk, increasing the capital tax may actually induce capital accumulation. On the other hand, if there is only labor income risk, the optimal capital tax is zero. The sign of the optimal tax can only be negative if the two types of risk are negatively correlated and labor income risk is large enough.
Comparison of anthropometric indicators to predict mortality in a population-based prospective study of children under 5 years in Niger
Authors: O’Brien Kieran S , Amza Abdou , Kadri Boubacar , Nassirou Beido , Cotter Sun Y , Stoller Nicole E , West Sheila K , Bailey Robin L , Porco Travis C , Keenan Jeremy D , Lietman Thomas M , Oldenburg Catherine E
Published: September 2019

Objective:

In the present study, we aimed to compare anthropometric indicators as predictors of mortality in a community-based setting.

Design:

We conducted a population-based longitudinal study nested in a cluster-randomized trial. We assessed weight, height and mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) on children 12 months after the trial began and used the trial’s annual census and monitoring visits to assess mortality over 2 years.

Setting:

Niger.

Participants:

Children aged 6–60 months during the study.

Results:

Of 1023 children included in the study at baseline, height-for-age Z-score, weight-for-age Z-score, weight-for-height Z-score and MUAC classified 777 (76·0 %), 630 (61·6 %), 131 (12·9 %) and eighty (7·8 %) children as moderately to severely malnourished, respectively. Over the 2-year study period, fifty-eight children (5·7 %) died. MUAC had the greatest AUC (0·68, 95 % CI 0·61, 0·75) and had the strongest association with mortality in this sample (hazard ratio = 2·21, 95 % CI 1·26, 3·89, P = 0·006).

Conclusions:

MUAC appears to be a better predictor of mortality than other anthropometric indicators in this community-based, high-malnutrition setting in Niger.