bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
VALIDATION OF LEAD (Pb) ANALYSIS METHOD IN FISH MEAL MATRIX BY ELECTROTHERMAL ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROPHOTOMETRY
Authors: Suwari  , Ledoh Sherlly M.F. , Rozari Philiphi de
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT

Validation of analytical methods is the process of proving that the methods used are scientifically good and suitable for certain purposes. The aim of this study was to validate the analytical method of lead in fish meal matrix by electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy (ETAAS) using a phosphate modifier. The research begins with optimization of the analytical conditions that include pyrolysis (ashing) and atomizing temperature, and continues with the validation process by evaluating the analytical performance parameters using a certified reference material (CRM). Method validation was carried out by determining the level of accuracy and precision as well as lead content in a CRM Cod Muscle-422 from BCR. Each experiment was conducted at a wavelength of 283.3 nm, a lamp current of 9.0 amperes, a slit width of 1.3 nm and an argon carrier gas. The optimal pyrolysis and atomizing temperature of lead obtained by adding phosphate modifier was 650 oC and 2000 oC, respectively. The results obtained in this study indicate that the ETAAS lead analysis method using a phosphate modifier is feasible as a test method with an RSD of 3.79%, precision of 0.0043, relative error of 4.0%, accuracy of 104% and recovery of 98% ± 3%. The results of the validation method obtained that the 95% confidence interval for Pb content was 0.088 ± 0.023 µg/g, still within the range of Pb levels in the certificate, namely 0.085 ± 0.015 µg/g of Pb.

Keywords: Validation, CRM, Cod Muscle, ETAAS, Lead
Ethanolic extract of Salacca zalacca peel reduce IL-1β and apoptosis in high glucose induced zebrafish embryo
Authors: Husnul Khotimah  , Safira Nur Alita P  , Dea Aninditha  , Anditri Weningtyas  , Wahyu Prima E  , Umi Kalsum  , Masruroh Rahayu  , Dian Handayani  , Shahdevi Nandar K
Published: September 2021

Gestational diabetes is a glucose intolerance level first identified during pregnancy. This condition is caused by hormone secretion that hinders insulin action from the placenta which caused insulin resistance that will cause hyperglycemia. This condition will increase oxidative stress, and in consequence increasing inflammation and cell death which can hinder fetal growth and development. Salacca zalacca peel is a food waste that contains antioxidants and anti-inflammatory properties. This research aimed to study the effect of SZ peel ethanolic extract in the expression of IL-1β and cell death marker (BAX and Apaf-1) in glucose 3% induced zebrafish embryo. Glucose metabolism is measured by the level of Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) at the age of 3 dpf. The expression of PEPCK, IL-1β, Bax, and Apaf-1 is measured using reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) method. Salacca zalacca peel extract is given in the concentration of 0,1; 0,2; and 0,4 mg/mL. The result of this research proves that PEPCK decreases in the group which was given glucose 3%. Salacca zalacca peel extract significantly decreases the expression of IL-1β and Bax in the concentration of 0,4 mg/mL, and also able to decrease Apaf-1 expression with the result that most closely resemble the negative control in the concentration of 0,4 mg/mL. In conclusion, Salacca zalacca peel extract protects from gestational diabetes condition through the decrease of IL-1β, Bax, and Apaf-1.
The physico-chemical characteristics of fresh and old pig dungs collected from three pig farmsin Port Harcourt Metropolis
Authors: Nkem Juliet Anigbo  , GC Okpokwasili  , CJ Ogugbue
Published: September 2021

The need to source for alternative use of pigs dung to reduce environmental challenges arising from its application as farm manure prompted the study into the physico-chemical attributes of both the fresh and old pig dung in three pig farms(A,R,U) in Port-Harcourt metropolis. The study examined the pH levels, exchangeable nitrate, extractable phosphate, the total organic carbon and the sulphate using methods described by the pH meter, APHA-4500-O3-B, ASTM D515, Walkley black and ASTM D516 respectively. The results indicated that the dung were alkaline ranging from pH 9-12, the nitrate content was high in fresh dung (16.03-19.40) but considerably low in the dry dung (2.36-2.92), the phosphate values were between 7.59-20.81, the sulphate level falls within 1.84-3.79 whereas the total organic carbon were between 2.36-2.92. The result obtained have showed that the fresh dung could be supplemented with other organic substrate to initiate bioremediation of crude oil polluted soil due to its high nitrate content and the dry dung used as feedstuffs for animal nutrients or feedstock for bioenergy generation because of its high fibre content which will help in reducing the ecosystem contamination by pig waste through recycling.
Formulation and evaluaiton of oxiconazole nitrate loaded nanosponges
Authors: Brunda S  , Suresh V Kulkarni  , Manjunath K  , Pushpalatha D
Published: September 2021

Nanotechnology mediated drug delivery has been reported to enhance the drug efficacy, bioavailability, reduced toxicity and improve patient compliance by targeting the cells and tissues to elicit the desired pharmacological action. The main aim of the study was to formulate and evaluate Oxiconazole nitrate loaded nanosponges. The oxiconazole nitrate nanosponges were prepared by the emulsion solvent diffusion method by using the different polymers (Ethyl cellulose, β-CD, HP-β-CD). The FTIR test is conducted as the preliminary test, by this test there was no interaction between the drug and polymers. Then nanosponges (NS) were evaluated for particle size, poly dispersive index (PDI), zeta potential, entrapment efficiency and invitro drug release. The particle size ranged from 480.60 to 753.46nm, PDI ranged from 0.284 to 0.502, zeta potential from -20.9 to -35.9 mV and entrapment efficiency was ranged from 52.72 to 92.72%. The cumulative percentage release from all nanosponges varied from 73.16 to 97.84 % after 12hours depending upon the drug and polymer ratio and F4 formulation showed highest drug release i.e., 97.84%. The release kinetic studies showed that the release zero order diffusion controlled and the n value (0.713) from the Korsmeyer-Peppa’s model indicated the release mechanism was non-fickian type.
Nutritional and lipid composition of Avena sativa, Hordeum vulgare and Echinochloa frumentacea
Authors: Saumya singh  , Gita bisla
Published: September 2021

The antidiabetic and hypoglycaemic effect of Avena sativa, Hordeum vulgare and Echinochloa frumentacea has been explored and proved. The aim of this study was to investigate proximate, essential fatty acids and quantitative analysis of phytochemicals in Avena sativa, Hordeum vulgare and Echinochloa frumentacea. These cereals not only help to prevent many diseases but also used as functional ingredients. This study includes the estimation of moisture, ash, fat, fiber, protein, CHO, vitamin C, calcium of Avena sativa, Hordeum vulgare and Echinochloa frumentaceawere determined by titerametric method and zinc, phosphorous and iron were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer method (AAS). Quantitative analysis of differential nutrient components was performed by standard methods and estimation of lipid profile were also done. Results indicate that protein and phosphorous of Avena sativa (13.7g/100g, 380.3mg/100g) Hordeum vulgare (11.5g/100g, 214.7mg/100g) and Echinochloa frumentacea(11g/100g, 281.6mg/100g) were observed to be higher. Thus, the study concluded that these cereals contain many differential nutrients component and minerals which plays an important role in nerve signal transmission, which is how your brain and muscles communicate. These cereals are packed with protein, antioxidants and nutrients. Furthermore, its gluten free, an excellent choice for peopleof celiac disease who follow a gluten free diet.
THE RESISTANCE ASPECT OF FISHING BOAT SKIPJACK POLE AND LINE
Authors: Hetharia Wolter R , De Fretes Eliza R , Siahainenia Reico H
Published: September 2021

The operation of fishing vessels skipjack pole and line contributes in catching tuna and skipjack fishes particularly in Indonesian waters. A previous study conducted by the authors found that there was no suitable method provided for the resistance computation atearly ship design phase. Besides, there was aninitial trim existed on the vessel during the operation which contributes for the resistance. The purpose of the study is to find the difference of resistance between the model test and the existing methods. The study was executed also to find the effect of initial trim of the vessel. The study began with collecting the database of a parent ship then to develop and transform into a model-scale for testing purpose in the towing tank. The results of model test were converted to the full-scale vessel. The resistance of full-scale vessel was computed based on the Holtrop and Guldhammer methods. The result of full-of resistance obtained from the model test and the methods were collected, evaluated and compared. The results showed the difference of the resistance for all methods. The result of model test is greater 21 % than that of Holtrop method at the service speed of 10 knots. Meanwhile, the result of model test is lower 14 % than that of Gulhammer method at the same speed. In addition, at the speed of 10 knots the initial trim of 0.5O increase 5 % ofthe resistance, the initial trim of 1O increase 10 % of resistance and the initial trim of 2O increase 16 % of resistance compared to the vesselwithout initial trim. In conclusion, the existing resistance methods are not suitable to be applied for skipjack pole and line fishing vessels. In addition, the initial trim contributes to increase the resistance and should be avoided during the vessel operation.
ANALISIS NUMERIK PENGARUH KECEPATAN TERHADAP SEAKEEPING KAPAL PATROLI PADA DAERAH PELAYARAN SEASTATE 7
Authors: Ar Rozi Mohammad Taufik , Ariani Betty , Wahyudi Dedy
Published: September 2021

Patrol boat is designed not to be slow in its movement on the water surface. To be able to move quickly and agilely, the most important requirement for this type of ship is in its maneuverability. The ship's motion at sea (seakeeping) is influenced by several things, speed, body shape, and the direction of the ship's heading waves. In this study, we analyze the six degrees of freedom, especially on the response of the ship's vertical movement, namely rolling on the sea waves of Seastate 7, especially in extreme weather in the South China Sea. The standard limit used is NORDFORSK 1987 with Light Manual Work Criteria. By entering parameters such as variations in speed and wave angle, such as 0°, 45°, 180° and 270°, then from the graph it can be seen the critical value for each movement. The calculation is carried out with the help of computational software Maxsurf Motions Advanced 20 V8i. The results of this study are the maximum roll movement value that occurs at a speed of 14 knots with a wave angle of 45° with a roll angle value of 6.40o. Furthermore, there is a decrease in the value of the movement along with the increase in the speed of the ship. The minimum roll value occurs when the wave angle is 270° when the ship's speed is 28 knots with a value of 5.69o.
KAJI PERFORMANSI REFRIGERAN R-290, R-32, DAN R-410A SEBAGAI ALTERNATIF PENGGANTI R-22
Authors: Ufie Rikhard , Tupamahu Cendy S. , Sarwuna Sefnath J. E. , Frans Jufraet
Published: September 2021

Refrigerant R-22 is a substance that destroys the ozone layer, so that in the field of air conditioning it has begun to be replaced, among others with refrigerants R-32 and R-410a, and also R-290. Through this research, we want to know how much Coefficient of Performance (COP) and Refrigeration Capacity (Qe) can be produced for the four types of refrigerants. The study was carried out theoretically for the working conditions of the vapor compression cycle with an evaporation temperature (Tevap) of 0, -5, and -10oC, a further heated refrigerant temperature (ΔTSH) of 5 oC, a condensation temperature (Tkond) of 45 oC and a low-cold refrigerant temperature. (ΔTSC) 10 oC and compression power of 1 PK . The results of the study show that the Coefficient of Performance (COP) in the use of R-22 and R-290 is higher than the use of R-32 and R-410a, which are 4,920 respectively; 4,891; 4.690 and 4.409 when working at an evaporation temperature of 0 oC; 4.260; 4,234; 4.060 and 3.812 when working at an evaporation temperature of -5 oC; and amounted to 3,730; 3,685; 3,550 and 3,324 if working at an evaporation temperature of -10 oC. Based on the size of the COP, if this installation works with a compression power of 1 PK, then the cooling capacity of the R-22 and R-290 is higher than the R-32 and R-410a, which are 3,617 respectively. kW; 3,597 kW; 3,449 kW and 3,243 kW. If working at an evaporation temperature of 0 oC; 3.133 kW; 3.114 kW; 2,986 kW and 2,804 kW if working at an evaporation temperature of -5 oC; and 2,741 kW; 2,710 kW; 2,611 kW and 2,445 kW if working at an evaporation temperature of -10oC.
ANALISA TITIK KRITIS GERAKAN ROLL KAPAL TRIMARAN UNTUK DIAPLIKASI PADA KAPAL IKAN PURSE SEINE
Authors: Gaspersz Fella , Luhulima Richard B.
Published: September 2021

The marine fisheries catching and processing industry are considered vulnerable to the effects of extreme weather at sea. Global warming effects and El Nino and La Nina have a significant impact on the upwelling process, which impacts the lifestyle and environment of marine biota, including pelagic fish, which is one of the most important contributors to the shipping industry. Extreme weather conditions, with wave heights ranging from 1 to 5 meters, dominate the waters of Maluku. In extreme sea conditions, most fishers choose not to go fishing, not because there are no fish at the fishing grounds, but to avoid mishaps at sea. This research aimed to analyze the critical point of ship roll motion and ship stability. The hull shape employed in this study was a monohull fishing vessel and a trimaran fishing vessel with the same displacement of 21,1 tons. In extreme weather conditions, the Maxsurf software was used to analyze the ship's response, especially the critical point of the ship's roll motion. The I.M.O. Standard was utilized to calculate the ship's stability. The operational speed of the ship was v = 3 knots, with fluctuations in wave angle of incidence between 00 - 1800. Wave heights of 1,0; 2,0; 3,0, and 0,4 meters represent extreme weather conditions in Maluku waters' fishing grounds. The findings revealed that the trimaran hull type had better stability where the inclination angle of trimaran vessel stability was 480 while the monohull was 410. The trimaran fishing vessel was able to withstand a wave height of 3 meters with an inclination angle of 32,560. In comparison, the monohull fishing vessel was able to survive at a wave height of 2 meters with an inclination angle of 24,690. Monohull fishing vessel had a maximum limit of roll motion at wave directions 82 and 99 with a wave height of 3 m, and it reached at the critical point at angles of 43 and 138, at the height of 4 m. Meanwhile, the trimaran fishing vessel had a critical point at a wave angle of 760 and 1000 with a wave height of 4 meters. In the area between those two angles, monohull and trimaran fishing vessels will lose the balance (stability) of the roll motion, resulting in capsize.
AKSES TRANSPORTASI DALAM PENURUNAN BIAYA LOGISTIK KEPULAUAN BERBASIS KOMODITI UNGGULAN LOKAL
Authors: Tukan Marcus , Hozairi Hozairi , Camerling Billy J.
Published: September 2021

Smooth access to ships and ports can reduce logistics costs, therefore transportation is seen as the lifeblood of the regional economy. The decrease in logistics costs (B_L) is a function of ship visits (Call) with available loading and unloading capacity (Q_bongkar), unloading performance (K_B/M) is the ability and efficiency of the use of loading and unloading labor (TKBM) at the port including loading and unloading equipment. loading at a port in an area, the efficiency of logisticBL logistics transport costs can improve the transportation performance of the archipelago and this condition will have a derivative impact on the purchasing power of the people in the islands. The results of the study obtained parameters 0 = -1.102, 1 = 0.001046, 2 = 0.00005, 4 = + 08970, 4 = 0.000000 where the increase in logistics costs can affect Call, Q_bongkar, Performance_B/M, GRDP_unggulan, if B_L increases by 1% will have an impact also for all existing parameters. if performance_B/M = + 08970. then B_L has a fairly good correlation with improved loading and unloading performance at the port and has a significant effect on cargo which has a strong impact on price declines in encouraging purchasing power and economic growth
DESAIN AUTOMATIC CONTROL SYSTEM POMPA AIR TAWAR PADA KAPAL RAKYAT
Authors: Tanahitumessing Franky
Published: September 2021

Freshwater supplies on people's ships are a vital need that must be met during the ship's voyage. The distribution system used without control will be troublesome for the Crew, who are always in charge of controlling the availability of water in the daily tank and running the water pump. Water pump control equipment is used to help reduce the working time of the Crew and can improve the performance efficiency of the water pump. A buoy switch is a control tool that is often used, but the buoy system will be disrupted over time. An automatic control system using a water level sensor is not familiar to use to control the water pump. From the design results of this system is more efficient than the buoy switch. Its efficiency can be seen from the degree of sensitivity to changes in water level, as well as longer service life. This system can be used to control the work of water pumps without supervision or control of the Crew, thus saving more time and the availability of water in the daily tank remains available at all times.
EFFECTIVE PARAMETERS OF TAIL PROCESSING GOLD-BEARING ORE HYDROTRANSPORT FOR VERNINSKAYA PROCESSING FACTORY
Authors:   Saint-Petersburg Mining University, Russia, Alexandrov Victor , Kuzhelev Arseny ,   Saint-Petersburg Mining University, Russia, Vatlina Anna ,   Saint-Petersburg Mining University, Russia
Published: September 2021

The paper shows that in order to increase the efficiency of hydraulic transport systems in mining the transportation of slurries with a high concentration of solids in the slurry flow. Experimental studies have shown that slurry tailings of gold-containing ore with mass concentration of more than 55% are viscoplastic fluids. Experiments on a rotational viscometer allowed us to establish the main rheological characteristics of the studied slurries. Experimental studies of hydraulic transport performed on a laboratory setup, confirmed the results obtained on a rotational viscometer. Curved mixture streams are inclined straight lines that cut off on the axis of the head the sections, which determine the initial hydraulic slope corresponding to the shear stress yield on the rheological curves. According to the results of the experiments, a method has been developed for calculating the hydraulic transport of highly concentrated slurries of tailings of gold-bearing ore. Head loss values increase with increasing concentration. A sharp increase in head loss occurs in the concentration range from 60 to 65% and above
SEPARATING SUNFLOWER SEEDS OUT FROM RECEPTACLES BY TWO AIR-JETS IN STATIC, LINEAR, AND ROTATIONAL MOVEMENT STATES
Authors:   Department of Mechanical Engineering of Biosystems, College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran, Mirzabe Amir Hossein , Chegini Gholam Reza ,   Department of Mechanical Engineering of Biosystems, College of Aboureihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran, Massah Jafar ,   Department of Mechanical Engineering of Biosystems, College of Aboureihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran, Khazaei Javad ,   Department of Mechanical Engineering of Biosystems, College of Aboureihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
Published: September 2021

In order to eliminate some problems of traditional and mechanical methods of separating sunflower seeds from the receptacles, a new method based on impingement jets was innovated. The effect of the seeds' location, reservoir pressure, nozzle diameter, and the distance between the two nozzles on the separating area of sunflower receptacle, in three different states including, static, linear movement of sunflower receptacle, and rotational movement of nozzles were examined. Also theoretical areas of covered region by the two nozzles in the three different states were calculated. The regions separated by impingement of the air-jet were photographed and the area of the separated regions was calculated based on image processing technique. Also, for the three states, power consumption of compressor was calculated. Moreover, in each state, response surface methodology was used to find the five best optimized points. In the static state, maximum and minimum values of area of separated regions in the central, middle, and side region of sunflower receptacle were equal to 2.63 and 1.39, 3.83 and 1.96, and 4.02 and 2.12 cm2, respectively. In the linear movement state, maximum and minimum values of area of separated regions in the central, middle, and side region of sunflower receptacle were equal to 9.78 and 5.72, 16.19 and 10.02, and 17.43 and 11.15 cm2, respectively. The corresponding values for rotational movement state were 9.33 and 5.14, 128.98 and 86.12, and 241.89 and 157.65 cm2, respectively. Obtained results by variance analyzing showed that in all three states and in each region, effects of independent input factors were significant at probability level of 1%. Also in all tests, no seed was observed to be damaged due to air-jet impinging.
EFFECT OF PIPE INCLINATION ON COARSE-GRAINED PARTICLE-WATER MIXTURES FLOW
Authors:   Institute of Hydrodynamics CAS, Praha, Czech Republic, Vlasak Pavel , Chara Zdenek ,   Institute of Hydrodynamics CAS, Praha, Czech Republic, Konfrst Jiri ,   Institute of Hydrodynamics CAS, Praha, Czech Republic, Krupicka Jan ,   Institute of Hydrodynamics CAS, Praha, Czech Republic
Published: September 2021

The effect of the mixture velocity, solid concentration, and pipe inclination on the coarse-grained particle–water mixtures flow behaviour, concentration distribution, and pressure drops were experimentally studied in horizontal, vertical, and inclined pipes of inner diameter D=100 mm. Graded basalt gravel was used as a solid phase. The local concentration distribution was studied with the application of a gamma-ray densitometer. The study revealed the stratified flow pattern of the coarse particle-water mixture in horizontal and inclined pipes. The particles moved principally close to the pipe invert, and particle saltation becomes the dominant mode of particle conveying for higher and moderate flow velocities. The frictional pressure droops in ascending pipe increases with increasing pipe inclination up to about 30 degrees, then gradually decreases. For the pipe inclination lower than about 30°, the effect of pipe inclination on local concentration distribution was not significant. The in-situ concentration reached higher values in the ascending than in the descending sections.
HOT-AIR DRYING AND MODELING THE DRYING KINETICS OF SUNFLOWER (HELIANTHUS ANNUS L.) PETALS
Authors:   Department of Mechanical Engineering of Biosystems, College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran, Mirzabe Amir Hossein , Chegini Gholam Reza ,   Department of Mechanical Engineering of Biosystems, College of Aboureihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
Published: September 2021

Sunflower seeds and oil in food and agricultural processing are of great importance. Dried sunflower petals are the most important parts of the sunflower plant that have economic value. Thin-layer drying experiments were performed in a laboratory scale hot-air dryer. The results indicated that with increasing drying temperature and air velocity, time of drying reduces and in most cases, the logarithmic model had the best performance for modeling the drying kinetics. The calculated values of the effective moisture diffusivity varied from 3.16627 ×10-13 to 1.32860 ×10-12 m2 s-1 and the values of the activation energy for air velocities of 0.4 and 0.8 m s-1 were equal to 51.21 and 42.3 kJ mol-1, respectively. Also, to verify whether the production and sale of sunflower petals can be cost effective, economic analysis was done. This analysis showed that drying of sunflower petals is profitable process and the generated revenue can even surpass the revenue from the sale of sunflower seeds.
SOME EXAMPLES OF NUMERICAL MODELING OF NON-STEADY LIQUID FLOWS IN SIMPLE AND BRANCHED PIPELINES
Authors:   Institute of Hydromechanics at National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine, Berman Vyacheslav , Kril Stepan ,   Institute of Hydromechanics at National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine, Bournaski Emil ,   Climate, Atmosphere and Water Research Institute at Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
Published: September 2021

In this paper we suggest to develop the theoretical approach and numerical modeling for non-steady turbulent transport of liquid flows in simple and branched pipelines. The basic problems for non-steady flows, such as starting and stopping of hydraulic pipeline systems, hydraulic impact and other were studied. Some concrete numerical algorithms for simulation of such kind of non-steady flows were also proposed in this paper.
FIRST CONFIRMED RECORD OF AN ESTABLISHED POPULATION OF SAILFIN MOLLY, POECILIA LATIPINNA (ACTINOPTERYGII: CYPRINODONTIFORMES: POECILIIDAE), IN THE FRESHWATER AREAS OF OMAN, WITH DESCRIPTION OF AN IMPERFECT ALBINISM INCIDENCE
Authors:   Department of Marine Science and Fisheries, Sultan Qaboos University, Sultanate of Oman, Jufaili Saud M. Al , Jawad Laith A. ,   Pokeno, New Zealand
Published: September 2021

Among the ways that the alien can introduce to a new environment is the aquarium trade that became one of the major problem facing the existing of the native species worldwide. This study confirms the presence of an established non-native molly population in two inland water in Oman. The sailfin molly, Poecilia latipinna was positively identified using the number of scales around the caudal peduncle as the main pinpointing character within the sailfin molly species complex. The study also reports on the presence of imperfect melanism incidence in one specimen of P. latipinna collected from Al-Amarat area. The causative factor of this anomaly was discussed.
EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS OF TITANIUM OXIDE NANOPARTICLES AND BULK ON GERMINATION CHARACTERISTICS AND ANTIOXIDANT ENZYMES ACTIVITY OF AVENA SATIVA L. SEEDS
Authors:   Department of Biology, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran, Iranmanesh Moein , Beyraghdar Abolfazl ,   Department of Biology, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran, Mahmoodzadeh Homa ,   Department of Biology, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
Published: September 2021

The aim of this study is to compare the effects of different concentrations of nano and bulk titanium oxide on germination characteristics and the activity of antioxidant enzymes in Avena Sativa L. The titanium oxide nanoparticles diameter was determined about 40 nm using AFM, DLS, XRD analysis. In this study, based on a completely randomized design, seeds were placed in Petri dishes containing different concentrations of nano and bulk titanium oxide (50, 150, 250, 350 ppm). Three replications were considered for each concentration and the germination factors and antioxidant enzyme activity in the treated plant were compared with the control. The average data were compared using one-way ANOVA analysis and DUNCAN tests. According to the results, the following parameters of seedling vigor index, root length, dry weight, wet weight, guaiacol peroxidase enzyme, and polyphenol oxidase were statistically significant. The highest germination percentage, relative germination percentage, germination rate, weight germination index and shoot length were observed at 250 ppm bulk titanium oxide. In addition, the highest average germination time, seedling vigor index, optimum seedling index, and root length were observed in 50 ppm bulk titanium oxide treatment and the highest shoot length was observed in 250 ppm nano-titanium oxide treatment. In the enzyme activity, the highest activity of guaiacol peroxidase enzyme was observed in 150 ppm bulk titanium oxide treatment and the highest Polyphenol oxidase enzyme activity was observed in bulk titanium oxide 350 ppm treatment.
Hipólito Unanue
Authors: Lastres Juan B.
Published: September 2021

La más grande figura de nuestro historial médico, es sin duda Hipólito Unanue y Pavón. De los ensayos biográficos hechos hasta ahora sobre su vida y obra, sólo dos merecen el título oe tal: el ya antiguo de Vicuña Mackenna, el literato chileno, que conoció de cerca a los descendientes del procer; y el de Valdizán, que es una completa semblanza, respaldada con una buena documentación.
Un expediente inédito de Rodríguez de Mendoza
Authors: Hernandez Robledo Alejandro
Published: September 2021

Dentro de los manuscritos de valor, felizmente salvados del incendio de la Biblioteca Nacional, se encuentra el expediente quo en 1779 siguió don Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza para graduarse de abogado.El expediente al parecer completo, consta de nueve hojas hoy sueltas, con todos los bordes quemados y muchas de ellas casi ilegibles debido a la acción del agua utilizada para combatir a aquel "epilogo lógico del largo calvario de la inteligencia en quo hace muchos años vive el Perú", como el Dr. Porras Barrenechea llamó con gran propiedad, al infausto siniestro del 10 de mayo de 1943.
Algunos documentos del virrey La Serna
Authors: Valcárcel Carlos Daniel
Published: September 2021

El Cusco fué paradójicamente la última Capital del Virreinato del Perú. Luego del Virrey don José de la Serna e Hinojosa, vino el nominal, inefectivo y fugacísimo mandato de don Pío Tristán, como el colofón de una época ya concluida.La historia del Perú, después del pronunciamiento de Aznapuquio y la deposición de Pezuela, ha sido estudiada de preferencia en lo que concierne a  las actividades de los patriotas y ai auxilio sudamericano recibido.
Don Ricardo Palma, periodista
Authors: Vélez Picasso José M.
Published: September 2021

Hace treinta años, los pueblos del Perú se conmovían al conocer la noticia de que en el entonces tranquilo balneario de Miraflores, se había extinguido la vida del insigne autor de las Tradiciones Peruanas. Si en verdad se marcaba el término de la existencia terrena de Don Ricardo Palma, nacido en Lima el 7 de febrero de 1833 en una casa de la pintoresca calle del Puno, ingresaba de lleno a la Inmortalidad.
Las ideas dominantes en el Convictorio de San Carlos y las reflexiones de Don José Rezabal y Ugarte, en 1788, sobre el plan de estudios reformador del claustro
Authors: Hernández Robledo Alejandro
Published: September 2021

La azarosa existencia del Convictorio de San Carlos de Lima, y toda la larga via crucis que soportó, es, en principio, el resultado fácilmente explicable de las sucesivas y entre sí contrarias tendencias ideológicas que le fueron impresas por las autoridades docentes encargadas de su gobierno.
Estética y existencialismo filosófico
Authors: Festini Illich Nelly
Published: September 2021

Las siguientes reflexiones tienen por objeto indagar acerca de las posibilidades del existencialismo estético, frente a las corrientes pragmatista, fenomenológica y axiológica estéticas, todo ello, desde un estricto punto de vista filosófico.
Semblanza biográfica de Ramón Echenique
Authors: Tauro Alberto
Published: September 2021

Ramón Echenique, segundogénito de Miguel Echenique y Ana Josefa Vázquez, nació en Valparaíso. Con su familia hubo de establecerse en Puno, a mediados de 1807, porque la ciudad natal se hallaba apartada de las rutas comerciales y no ofrecía muy halagüeñas esperanzas al espíritu de empresa. Entonces pudo iniciarse en la administración colonial. Compartió, con su hermano José Martin, las inquietudes que sembraron en la región las marchas y contramarchas de realistas y patriotas; y la estrecha comprensión entre ambos quedó ratificada el 13 de enero de 1813, en La Paz, cuando Ramón llevó a la pila bautismal a su sobrina Benita María.
La Audiencia de Lima en el siglo XVIII
Authors: Valcárcel Daniel
Published: September 2021

Este año, en lugar de la introducción a la Efemérides, va otra a la pequeña obra que la sigue. Las noticias que he adquirido del Reino del Perú, por medio de algunas relaciones, hechas por los Corregidores, de sus Provincias, me han dado motivo para empezar una descripción de este Reino. La esperanza de adquirir las restantes, me hacen prometer su continuación. Bien veo la dificultad de la promesa y ¡la arduidad del empeño. Es muy vasto el campo que pretendo medir, y no muy proporcionados los medios.
La ganadería en la comunidad de Tupe
Authors: Matos Max José
Published: September 2021

Enmarcado geográficamente el área cultural del idioma Kauke o Xakaro en el Perú ("Letras" N° 44), voy a tratar, ya dentro del informe puramente etnológico acerca de la Ganadería, una de las actividades económicas del grupo.
Los conocimientos astronómicos de los primitivos peruanos
Authors: Dianderas Gerardo
Published: September 2021

Es evidente que los antiguos peruanos tenían un conocimiento profundo de la astronomía, pues habían llegado a determinar con toda precisión la duración del año computándolo en 365 días, y 1/4; conocían, además, las fechas precisas del comienzo de las estaciones, dato indispensable para la iniciación de las faenas agrícolas.
La casa de la Universidad de San Marcos en el siglo XVII
Authors: Zevallos Quiñones Jorge
Published: September 2021

Mal año fué el de 1687 para los limeños porque vivieron en el temor y sobresalto más agudos desde el mes de Febrero, en que estuvo la capital del Virreynato a punto de caer en las manos codiciosas del pirata flamenco Eduardo David, que la huoiera saqueado y humillado sin tasa; hasta el 20 de Octubre, en cuyo trágico amanecer un terremoto destrozó Lima, dejándola "desquadernada y dividida", sin edificio bueno libre de escombros.
Geografía virreinal del Perú: la audiencia de Lima en el siglo XVIII
Authors: Bueno Cosme
Published: September 2021

El Obispado da Huamangia, fundado en 1609, comprende ocho provincias que son: la de su nombre, Huanta, Angaraes, Castrovirreyna, Lucanas, Parinacochas, Vilcashuaman y Andahuaylas. De la primera es Capital la Ciudad de Huamanga (25), fundada en nueve de Enero da 1539 por Don Francisco Pizarro con el nombre de San Juan de la Frontera, por hacer frente a los Indios de la Montaña. Después tomó el de San Juan de la Victoria, por una que se ganó en aquel paraje.Está situada en 12° 54' de latitud austral, en un dilatado terreno de temperamento benigno, y sane, pues ni el frío ni el calor molestan en tiempo alguno y viene a ser todo el año una deliciosa Primavera.
José María Eguren, poeta geográfico
Authors: Jiménez Borja José
Published: September 2021

A los diez años de su muerte, la figura del poeta se hace legendaria y azulada como una cumbre de la alta cordillera. El hombre nos parece cada vez más inverosímil, musical y angélico; su tránsito por el país materialista, un milagro de desasimiento de lo terreno, de generosidad insólita; su traza menuda pero señorial el último mensaje de una sociedad patricia que a la jerarquía de la clase sumaba la jerarquía del espíritu y que casi ha desaparecido junto con sus heredades transformadas por la industrialización agrícola, sus casas solariegas y sus hidalgos sentimientos.
Luz y sombras de Goya: un estudio psicoanalítico
Authors: Seguín Carlos Alberto
Published: September 2021

Tarea difícil es la de ésta conferencia y ello por dos motivos fundamentales. Ante todo, porque los oradores que me han precedido se han ocupado de todas las facetas de la vida, la personalidad y el arte de Goya y lo han hecho con un conocimiento y una erudición que parecen dejar muy poco par a agregar. Y, para añadir dificultad a la dificultad, lo que yo voy a decir, encarado desde el punto de vista de la disciplin a psicoanalítica, no tiene nad a de agradable, placentero, o fácil.
Irrigación y técnica en el Perú precolombino
Authors: Zegarra Jorge M.
Published: September 2021

Considera que los canales de irrigación pre-colombinas son preincaicos.
Investigación de la religión de los incas
Authors: Cook Warren L.
Published: September 2021

El trabajo de investigación iniciado por el suscrito en 1947 bajo la guía de los doctores Ella Dunbar Temple, Raúl Porras Barrenechea, Luis E. Valcárcel y otros distinguidos profesores de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, está llegando a su culminación.
Notas sobre la religión en el tiempo de los incas
Authors: Baudin Louis
Published: September 2021

Es natural que en un país en el que l a organización está fundada sobre un principio dualista, la religión presente un doble aspecto. Lo sobrenatural tiene l a misma estructura que lo económico y lo administrativo. La jerarquía bastea se establece en todos los dominios.
El primer vocabulario quechua
Authors: Porras Barrenechea Raúl
Published: September 2021

El primer carácter que observaron los españoles en relación con el lenguaje peruano primitivo fué el de una gran variedad o diversidad dentro de una tendencia unificadora. Se notaba, de pueblo a pueblo,  o mas bien de valle a valle, saltantes diferencias lingüísticas, pero fáciles de ser superadas por un parentesco etimológico y la analogía de la estructura gramatical.
El kechua y su expansión hacia el norte del Imperio Incaico
Authors: Ortiz Sergio Elías
Published: September 2021

El nombre propio de ésta familia lingüística, atendiendo al testimonio de los mismos indígenas debería ser Runa Simi, que significa aproximadamente "lengua de la gente común". En documentos antiguos es llamada "Lengua General del Perú" o simplemente "Lengua General"; juntamente con estas consideraciones se le dió el nombre de quichua reconocido oficialmente en el Concilio Provincial de Lima (1538).
Ante una nueva edición del manuscrito quechua de Francisco de Ávila
Authors: Trimborn Hermann
Published: September 2021

Con respecto al círculo cultural del Perú Antiguo forma parte integrante de aquellos como prueba autóctona, el manuscrito compuesto por Francisco de Avila, fundándose en las informaciones de indígenas, y cuya importancia destaca el americanista alemán K. Th. Preuss de la manera siguiente: "El manuscrito de Francisco de Avila me parece una paralela al material inapreciable aportado por Sahagún sobre los Aztecas. Siendo un deber ineludible el de traducir del azteca por Sahagún, de igual modo lo es vertir la obra de Francisco de Avila, el único documento extenso en quechua, de tiempos anteriores".
Paracas Cavernas and Chavin
Authors: Kroeber Alfred L.
Published: September 2021

El Prof. Kroeber analiza en este trabajo sus discrepancias con Willey, con quien concuerda en que lo conocido del material de Cavernas no es total o estrictamente de estilo chavín, y con quien discrepa al concedersignificación a ese pequeño margen de ingrediente chavín, que Willey estima despreciable, dudoso y debatible.Kroeber examina también otro problema relacionado con la cuestión ant rior: Si la mayoría de los ingredientes de la cultura de Cavernas no es chavín, ¿cuáles son sus conexiones estilísticas?. En seguida, el autor pasa al análisis de las relaciones con Ocucaje, Necrópolis de Paracas y la cultura de Nazca. Compara las formas yrasgos generales de todo el material denominado chavinoide llamando la atención hacia la distinción de las características locales, como el gollete en forma de estribo, que no aparece sino en el Norte, y las  características que él llama universales o comunes a todos los sitios chavín. Kroeber cree que, al presente no se puede dudar de que el nacimiento del estilo chavín se ha originado en el norte del Perú y que paso después a Supe y Ancón, donde degeneró algo. Y que cuando llego a Pisco e lea se revigorizó con la adición de otros rasgos: aquí se originaron entonces el estilo de la Necrópolis y el de Nazca.
La metalurgia aborigen de América
Authors: Lothrop S. K.
Published: September 2021

La metalurgia del Nuevo Mundo se ha conocido por muchos siglos a través de los cuentos o relatos fabulosos de los saqueos y botines de los conquistadores. A través del ojo más prosaico del arqueólogo, parece que desde los esquimales en el Norte hasta los araucanos en el Sur, casi todos los aborígenes de América que tenían acceso a los minerales más o menos puros, habían hecho uso de ellos. Esto lo demuestran los artefactos de metal de muchas regiones, los cuales ya han sido descritos.
El significado de la cerámica sepulcral antropomorfa de los mochicas
Authors: Disselhoff H. D.
Published: September 2021

La tendencia en sí necesaria de lograr una cronología relativa de las antiguas culturas peruanas, tuvo la culpa de que —a favor de la busca de estratigráficos yacimientos arqueológicos dentro de los basurales, a favor del recuento de fragmentos y de la calculación del porcentaje de los mismos en la sucesión de especies y estilos cerámicos— se hayan descuidado un poco los planteamientos desde el punto de vista de la Historia de la Cultura y de la Etnología. Creo que investigando conjuntos sepulcrales enteros, podría llegarse —amén de otros procedimientos—a mejores respuestas para tales planteamientos.
Orientación y medidas en los dibujos antiguos de las pampas de Nazca
Authors: Reiche María
Published: September 2021

Cuando por primera vez se voló sobre Nazca, se vió, lo que nunca antes y en ninguna parte del mundo se había visto, huellas kilométricas en una superficie plana trazadas con exactitud por un pueblo desaparecido. Pero lo que se ve al pasar por avión es sólo una pequeña parte de lo que existe dibujado en las pampas. Se necesitaba el lente poderoso de la cámara Fairchild para hacemos ver el laberinto de líneas, cuyo orden y sentidos escondidos han de brotar de años de estudio laborioso de todosi sus detalles. Fué en 1944, cuando por primera vez el Servicio Aereofotográfico voló sobre el lugar, descubriendo con la cámara la red complicada de líneas en su totalidad. Más fotografías tomadas en 1947 de Palpa desde menos altura, revelaron la existencia de figuras de líneas curvas, de las que hasta entonces se sabía muy poco.
Sentido social de la rebelión de Túpac Amaru
Authors: Valcárcel Carlos Daniel
Published: September 2021

La histórica rebelión de José Gabriel Condorcanqui Noguera y Túpac Amaru —mestizo serrano, caudillo de masas indias— pertenece a la etapa predominante social y fidelista de fines del siglo XVIII y principios del XIX, precursora todavía no-conciente de una futura etapa predominantemente política y separatista entre los años 1816 a 1826 —coincidente, más o menos, con la llegada de Brown al litoral y la salida de Abascal— a través de un intermediario momento socio-político y liberal que corre desde la iniciación del siglo XIX hasta el año 1815.
"Trilce" y los límites de la poesía
Authors: Coyné André
Published: September 2021

Cuatro años soparan la publicación de Trilce de la de Los Heraldos Negros : son años importantes, no sólo para Vallejo, sino también para la evolución posterior de la literatura peruana.
Realidad y ser en la filosofía española
Authors: Marías Julián
Published: September 2021

La coherencia de la filosofía española en lo que va del siglo XX es tanta, hay tanta cíinidad sustancial en posiciones que por lo demás puedan ser distintas y en ocasiones divergentes, que a veces se siente la esperanza de que ello responda a una simple coincidencia en la verdad.
Tres temas de etnología
Authors: Valcárcel Luis E.
Published: September 2021

Siendo lo que entendemos por cultura una creación del hombro para el hombre, tiene que partirse de la idea fundamental acerca de la existencia humana, concebida ésta como un tránsito y por tanto como un período limitado en su duración. La existencia del hombre, de cada hombre, es el único supuesto verdadero para la edificación de todo el sistema de la cultura. Esta temporalidad de la vida humana caracteriza todos los actos que tienen que realizarse en un tiempo y en un lugar dado.
La obra y la personalidad de Giovanni Papini
Authors: Barboza Enrique
Published: September 2021

En el siglo XIX, el positivismo había extendido su dominio por toda Europa y por supuesto, había logrado una situación preponderante en Italia. Se recuerda al eminente profesor Roberto Ardigó, sacerdote que dejó los hábitos impulsado por una especie de apostolado laico y positivista.
Literatura peruana y literatura brasileña a través de los siglos
Authors: Tamayo Vargas Augusto
Published: September 2021

Por ser el Perú una realidad formada por la superposición de la cultura occidental sobre las culturas aborígenes unificadas por acción del Imperio Incaico, pueden encontrarse en su literatura rasgos de uno y otro lado, que la hacen mestiza desde los primeros años del Virreynato.
Relación de méritos y servicios de Morales Duarez
Authors: Valcárcel Daniel
Published: September 2021

Entre los grandes representantes de la generación de criollos nacidos en la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII, Vicente Morales Duárez ocupa lugar distinguido. Jurista y Catedrático sanmarquino, pasa a España, se transforma en político y ocupa puestos de gran importancia, falleciendo en 1812 cuando desempeñaba el cargo de Presidente de las Cortes de Cádiz.
Juan Parra del Riego
Authors: Beltroy Manuel
Published: September 2021

Ha querido la Comuna de Barranco, haciendo honor a los fueros de su Ciudad, a la tradición artística de la Gran Lima y a los blasones culturales de nuestra Patria, honrar la memoria del que fuera su cantor: Juan Parra del Riego, dando su nombre a esta Plazoleta, que habrá de perennizarla en el recuerdo de las generaciones venideras barranquinas y peruanas.
Muerte y transfiguración de los museos
Authors: Cayetano Andrés Rafael
Published: September 2021

Es curioso que por "museo", si no se dice más, entendamos hoy el de pintura y escultura. Este es el museo propiamente dicho; los otros se especifican, se dice por ejemplo ; museo de historia natural, museo de artillería. Habría que decir: museo de astronomía, museo de poesía, o de tragedia, o de música, o de danza, Pero, como sabe todo el mundo, aunque el "museion" griego era el templo de las musas, ninguna de ellas, por lo menos de las que los griegos consideraban principales, tienen museo ahora.
Sonetos italianos
Authors: Althaus Clemente
Published: September 2021

Creación literaria.
La epistemología de Gaston Bachelard
Authors: Salazar Bondy Augusto
Published: September 2021

Gastón Bachelard es una de las más vigorosas y originales figuras surgidas en la filosofía francesa entre las dos guerras mundiales. Desde hace treinta años, su variada producción, llena de severo rigor teórico y al mismo tiempo de una sincera pasión sabia, que se expresa en un estilo solpicado de paradojas y de una extraña franqueza polémica (se le ha calificado de estilo filosófico rural), ha llamado la atención del público científico europeo sobre este pensador y le ha ganado un lugar principal en la filosofía de nuestros días.
La poesía de Baudelaire en la música
Authors: Arróspide de la Flor César
Published: September 2021

La obra de arte, una vez creada, sigue su propia carrera en el mundo, proyectando su mensaje con tanta mayor fuerza y alcance, cuanto más profunda y penetrante es su inspiración. Por eso, es especialmente significativo incluir, entre las actuaciones que se vienen realizando en estos días, al cumplirse el centenario de las Flores del Mal, de Baudelaire, una dedicada a la música inspirada en ellas.
Baudelaire, crítico de arte
Authors: Ferrari Américo
Published: September 2021

Es sumamente difícil, por no decir imposible, separar en la obra de Charles Baudelaire al crítico del poeta. Como pocos escritores, como ninguno quizás, Baudelaire vivió y padeció bajo el signo permanente de la poesía, de una poesía exclusiva, celosa, omnipresente, que desborda de todos sus escritos e invade su vida y su obra con la fuerza que sólo la intuición constante del misterio en la vida y en el arte puede dar al poeta que se hace portavoz e introductor del mito.