bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Numerical Analysis of the Hydraulic Fracturing of Pressure Tunnel Lining Based on the 2P-IKSPH Method
Authors: Yu Shuyang , Ren Xuhua , Wang Haijun , Zhang Jixun , Sun Zhaohua
Published: June 2021

In order to investigate the fracture mechanisms of the pressure tunnel lining under water-stress coupling, based on the traditional smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method, the solid-water particle interaction method, and the particle damage conversion algorithm are proposed to realize the hydraulic fracturing process, which is called the 2P-IKSPH method. The “particle domain searching method,” the “birth-and-death particle method,” and the “group discrimination searching method” have also been proposed to realize the simulations of complex processes of excavation, lining, and operation of the hydraulic tunnel. Taking the Guzeng hydraulic tunnel as an engineering example, the hydraulic fracturing of tunnel lining under different conditions is numerically simulated. Results show the following: (1) the 2P-IKSPH method can dynamically reflect the stress wave propagation processes of surrounding rock and the damage process of tunnel lining. (2) The lining damage mainly occurs on the vault and the arch foot. (3) The critical internal water pressure increases with the increase of the tunnel buried depth and the thickness of lining, but increases first and then decreases with the increase of the surrounding rock mass grade. The research results can provide some references for the optimization designs of tunnel lining and reinforcement of similar projects. Meanwhile, developing 3D parallelization program based on 2P-IKSPH will be the future research directions.
Modeling and Analysis of Shock Reduction through Counterflow Plasma Jets
Authors: Rashid Shagufta , Nawaz Fahad , Maqsood Adnan , Salamat Shuaib , Riaz Rizwan , Dala Laurent , Ahmad Riaz
Published: June 2021

The study presents a numerical investigation of aerodynamic drag reduction by implementing a counterflow plasma jet, emanating from the stagnation point of an aerodynamic surface in a supersonic regime with a constant pressure ratio

PR 
=
3

, and compares findings with a conventional opposing jet. The computational study is carried out by solving three-dimensional and axisymmetric Navier–Stokes equations for counterflow plasma-jet interaction. The calculations are performed at free-stream Mach (

M

∞

 = 1.4) with sea level stagnation conditions. The weakly ionized argon plasma jet generated by a plasma torch has constant stagnation pressure and temperature of

303,975
 Pa

and

3000
 K

. The effect of the Mach number and the angle of attack variation on plasma-jet effectiveness is also analyzed. The results indicate that the counterflow plasma jet reduces more drag (in twice) compared to the conventional jet (nonplasma). The gravitational, magnetic field effect and chemical processes in the plasma formation are considered negligible. It is inferred that the effectiveness of the counterflow plasma jet strongly depends upon the jet stagnation temperature.
Predicting the Most Deleterious Missense Nonsynonymous Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms of Hennekam Syndrome-Causing CCBE1 Gene, In Silico Analysis
Authors: Shinwari Khyber , Guojun Liu , Deryabina Svetlana S. , Bolkov Mikhail A. , Tuzankina Irina A. , Chereshnev Valery A.
Published: June 2021

Hennekam lymphangiectasia-lymphedema syndrome has been linked to single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the CCBE1 (collagen and calcium-binding EGF domains 1) gene. Several bioinformatics methods were used to find the most dangerous nsSNPs that could affect CCBE1 structure and function. Using state-of-the-art in silico tools, this study examined the most pathogenic nonsynonymous single-nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs) that disrupt the CCBE1 protein and extracellular matrix remodeling and migration. Our results indicate that seven nsSNPs, rs115982879, rs149792489, rs374941368, rs121908254, rs149531418, rs121908251, and rs372499913, are deleterious in the CCBE1 gene, four (G330E, C102S, C174R, and G107D) of which are the highly deleterious, two of them (G330E and G107D) have never been seen reported in the context of Hennekam syndrome. Twelve missense SNPs, rs199902030, rs267605221, rs37517418, rs80008675, rs116596858, rs116675104, rs121908252, rs147974432, rs147681552, rs192224843, rs139059968, and rs148498685, are found to revert into stop codons. Structural homology-based methods and sequence homology-based tools revealed that 8.8% of the nsSNPs are pathogenic. SIFT, PolyPhen2, M-CAP, CADD, FATHMM-MKL, DANN, PANTHER, Mutation Taster, LRT, and SNAP2 had a significant score for identifying deleterious nsSNPs. The importance of rs374941368 and rs200149541 in the prediction of post-translation changes was highlighted because it impacts a possible phosphorylation site. Gene-gene interactions revealed CCBE1’s association with other genes, showing its role in a number of pathways and coexpressions. The top 16 deleterious nsSNPs found in this research should be investigated further in the future while researching diseases caused CCBE1 gene specifically HS. The FT web server predicted amino acid residues involved in the ligand-binding site of the CCBE1 protein, and two of the substitutions (R167W and T153N) were found to be involved. These highly deleterious nsSNPs can be used as marker pathogenic variants in the mutational diagnosis of the HS syndrome, and this research also offers potential insights that will aid in the development of precision medicines. CCBE1 proteins from Hennekam syndrome patients should be tested in animal models for this purpose.
Chest CT Findings and Differential Diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae Pneumonia and Mycoplasma pneumoniae Combined with Streptococcal Pneumonia in Children
Authors: Wang Jing , Xia Chen , Sharma Ashutosh , Gaba Gurjot Singh , Shabaz Mohammad
Published: June 2021

Background. In this day and age, 17% of children less than 5 years of age died of pneumonia; it is the common cause of children death. It is one of the main children respiratory infectious diseases, i.e., mycoplasma pneumonia (MP). The imaging examination can be adopted to quickly observe the morphology and scope of the pulmonary lesions and know the effect of disease treatment and subsequent changes in the disease in order to provide a basis for treatment. Therefore, the most commonly applied technology for detecting pneumonia in children is imaging technology, including chest X-ray and CT. Objectives. The main objective of the work is to investigate the chest computed tomography (CT) findings of children patients with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP) and MP combined with streptococcal pneumonia (SP). The mixed infection of MP and SP is very common clinically, and the diagnosis of this type of mixed pneumonia is a critical research topic faced by pediatric respiratory physicians. The comparison is done on the incidence of bronchial and pulmonary interstitial lesions, the degree of lymph node enlargement, the volume and depth of pleural effusion, and the location and morphology of the pulmonary lesions in the chest CT images of children patients from the two groups. Methods. There were comparisons on the incidence of bronchial and pulmonary interstitial lesions, the degree of lymph node enlargement, the volume and depth of pleural effusion, and the location and morphology of the pulmonary lesions in the chest CT images of children patients from the two groups. All the experiments are done in the MATLAB. Results. The results showed that the proportions of reticular shadow, ground glass shadow, bronchial inflation phase, tube wall thickening, and vascular bundle thickening on the CT images of children patients from the MPP group were dramatically higher than those of the MP + SP group (

P
<
0.05

). The maximum transverse diameter of enlarged lymph node in children patients from the MPP group was obviously larger than the diameter of the MP + SP group (

P
<
0.05

). The number of children patients with pleural effusion was 22 in the MP + SP group, which was greatly higher than the MPP group (

P
<
0.05

). Conclusion. In conclusion, the chest CT images of children patients from the MPP group were mainly pulmonary interstitial changes. Furthermore, the alveolar inflammation could be observed on the CT images shown when children patients were combined with SP infection. The more obvious manifestations were that the flaky shadows appeared in the lungs, the pleural effusion became thicker, and the transverse diameters of enlarged lymph nodes were bigger.
Successful Treatment of Tumor-Induced Osteomalacia by Multidisciplinary Therapy with Radiation to Intracranial Fibromyxoid Tumor
Authors: Massaccesi Mariangela , Miccichè Francesco , Rigante Mario , Petrone Gianluigi , Lepre Elisabetta , Gambacorta Maria Antonietta , Valentini Vincenzo
Published: June 2021

Background. Tumor-induced osteomalacia (TIO) is a rare paraneoplastic syndrome caused by protein fibroblast-growth-factor-23 (FGF-23) secreting tumors. Complete tumor resection is the current standard of care for TIO; however, some patients may develop tumor recurrence. Due to the rarity of this paraneoplastic syndrome, the role of radiotherapy is unclear. This case is worth reporting because it adds to our knowledge some insights about the potential role of radiotherapy in this rare condition. Case Presentation. After multidisciplinary consultation, in July 2015, postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy was offered to a 52-year-old man with a multiple recurrent ossifying fibromyxoid tumor in the right frontal sinus causing TIO. The patient had a history of multiple bone fractures and pain since more than 20 years. The tumor had been removed in 2003 for the first time. Subsequent endoscopic resections of the tumor had been performed for recurrences of TIO in May 2012, October 2013, and July 2015. Starting from October 2015, external beam radiotherapy was delivered with a volumetric modulated arc technique to the tumor bed with a daily dose of 2 Gy up to a total dose of 60 Gy. After five years from treatment, the patient is free from local tumor relapse, TIO progression, and radiation-induced side effects. Conclusions. Radiotherapy may provide long-term TIO remission and tumor control, thus being a treatment option in cases where surgery is unfeasible or unsuccessful.
Progress in Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy for Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Guo Yinghan , Peng Yucong , Zeng Hanhai , Chen Gao
Published: June 2021

Ischemic stroke (IS) is a serious cerebrovascular disease with high morbidity and disability worldwide. Despite the great efforts that have been made, the prognosis of patients with IS remains unsatisfactory. Notably, recent studies indicated that mesenchymal stem cell (MSCs) therapy is becoming a novel research hotspot with large potential in treating multiple human diseases including IS. The current article is aimed at reviewing the progress of MSC treatment on IS. The mechanism of MSCs in the treatment of IS involved with immune regulation, neuroprotection, angiogenesis, and neural circuit reconstruction. In addition, nutritional cytokines, mitochondria, and extracellular vesicles (EVs) may be the main mediators of the therapeutic effect of MSCs. Transplantation of MSCs-derived EVs (MSCs-EVs) affords a better neuroprotective against IS when compared with transplantation of MSCs alone. MSC therapy can prolong the treatment time window of ischemic stroke, and early administration within 7 days after stroke may be the best treatment opportunity. The deliver routine consists of intraventricular, intravascular, intranasal, and intraperitoneal. Furthermore, several methods such as hypoxic preconditioning and gene technology could increase the homing and survival ability of MSCs after transplantation. In addition, MSCs combined with some drugs or physical therapy measures also show better neurological improvement. These data supported the notion that MSC therapy might be a promising therapeutic strategy for IS. And the application of new technology will promote MSC therapy of IS.
Modeling and Optimizing the Effects of Insert Angles on Hard Turning Performance
Authors: Duc Pham Minh , Dai Mai Duc , Giang Le Hieu
Published: June 2021

To analyze hard turning performance characteristics, a new mathematical model was developed for the hard turning process, and cutting force (CF), another important response for cutting machining, was also studied in the present work. The analysis of the mathematical model and experimental results revealed that thrust force (Fy) was the largest, followed by tangential force (Fz) and feed force (Fx). The resultant CF was most influenced by inclination angle (IA) with 25.02%, followed by rake angle (RA) (14.26%) and cutting edge angle (CEA) (10.04%). Increasing CEA changed the position of cutting on the tool-nose radius and increased local negative RA and correspondingly local clearance angle (CA). Meanwhile, increasing negative RA and IA resulted in larger local negative RA and CA. Moreover, local RA and local CA were the main geometric factors affecting surface roughness (SR), tool wear (TW), and CF. Increasing local negative RA resulted in higher SR and CF. In contrast, increasing local CA resulted in lower SR, TW, and CF. Under specific conditions, the positive effects of the local CA overcame the negative effects of the local negative RA, leading to a simultaneous decrease in SR and TW. The proposed novel mathematical model can be further applied to calculate local CF, cutting temperature, and TW for each cutting-edge element, to analyze and optimize the hard turning process.
A Time-Dependent Creep Constitutive Model of Deep Surrounding Rock under Temperature-Stress Coupling
Authors: Li Xiaofeng , Yin Zhixiang
Published: June 2021

In order to study the creep behavior of the surrounding rock of Hengda coal mine in Fuxin under different temperatures, the triaxial creep test of sandstone is carried out by the MTS815.02 test system. The relationship between damage variables and temperature is constructed based on the Weibull distribution of the meso-probability voxel intensity. Aiming at the nonlinear characteristics of rock creep, a nonlinear viscous pot element and a nonlinear spring element are proposed. The two linear viscous pot elements and one linear spring element in the Nishihara model can be replaced separately. Thus, an unsteady parameter creep model is established. The comparison between the Nishihara model curve and the model and the experimental curves in this article has been added to the article. Furthermore, the superiority of this model can be proved. The results show that the established variable-time aging creep model not only can describe the rock attenuation creep and stable creep deformation characteristics but also can make up for the shortcomings of the traditional creep model that cannot describe the accelerated creep characteristics. Moreover, it predicts the development law of creep deformation well. The model is in good agreement with the test curve, which shows the correctness and rationality of the model. It has guiding significance for actual engineering support and prediction of long-term deformation of surrounding rock.
Altered Small-World Functional Network Topology in Patients with Optic Neuritis: A Resting-State fMRI Study
Authors: Song Ke , Li Juan , Zhu Yuanqiang , Ren Fang , Cao Lingcan , Huang Zi-Gang
Published: June 2021

Aim. This study investigated changes in small-world topology and brain functional connectivity in patients with optic neuritis (ON) by resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) and based on graph theory. Methods. A total of 21 patients with ON (8 males and 13 females) and 21 matched healthy control subjects (8 males and 13 females) were enrolled and underwent rs-fMRI. Data were preprocessed and the brain was divided into 116 regions of interest. Small-world network parameters and area under the integral curve (AUC) were calculated from pairwise brain interval correlation coefficients. Differences in brain network parameter AUCs between the 2 groups were evaluated with the independent sample

t

-test, and changes in brain connection strength between ON patients and control subjects were assessed by network-based statistical analysis. Results. In the sparsity range from 0.08 to 0.48, both groups exhibited small-world attributes. Compared to the control group, global network efficiency, normalized clustering coefficient, and small-world value were higher whereas the clustering coefficient value was lower in ON patients. There were no differences in characteristic path length, local network efficiency, and normalized characteristic path length between groups. In addition, ON patients had lower brain functional connectivity strength among the rolandic operculum, medial superior frontal gyrus, insula, median cingulate and paracingulate gyri, amygdala, superior parietal gyrus, inferior parietal gyrus, supramarginal gyrus, angular gyrus, lenticular nucleus, pallidum, superior temporal gyrus, and cerebellum compared to the control group (

P
<
0.05

). Conclusion. Patients with ON show typical “small world” topology that differed from that detected in HC brain networks. The brain network in ON has a small-world attribute but shows reduced and abnormal connectivity compared to normal subjects and likely causes symptoms of cognitive impairment.
Temperature Prediction Model for Two-Phase Flow Multistage Fractured Horizontal Well in Tight Oil Reservoir
Authors: Zhang Ruiduo , Duan Yonggang , Wei Mingqiang
Published: June 2021

Distributed temperature sensing (DTS) has been used for fracture parameter diagnosis and flow profile monitoring. In this paper, we present a new model for predicting the temperature profile of two-phase flow multistage fractured horizontal wells in the tight oil reservoirs. The homogeneous reservoir flow/heat transfer model is extended to the tight oil reservoir-fracture-wellbore coupled flow/thermal model. The influence of SRV area on reservoir and wellbore is considered, and the Joule-Thomson effect, heat convection, heat conduction, and other parameters are introduced into the improved model. The temperature distributions of reservoir and wellbore with different production times, water cut, and locations of water entry are simulated. The simulated results indicate that the Joule-Thomson effect will cause wellbore temperature to rise; the temperature of fractures with more water production is significantly lower than that of other fractures, and the water outlet location can be judged according to the temperature change of the wellbore. By using the improved temperature prediction model, the DTS monitoring data of two-phase flow multistage fractured horizontal well in the tight reservoir has been calculated and analyzed, and the accurate production profile has been obtained.
Efficacy of MI Paste® on Bleaching-Related Sensitivity: Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Rashid Shaista , ElSalhy Mohamed
Published: June 2021

Background. To evaluate the effectiveness of MI Paste® in reducing sensitivity associated with vital tooth bleaching. Methods. This randomized controlled split-mouth clinical trial included 45 subjects that were randomly divided into two groups. In Group 1, the maxillary arch was the control arch (only bleaching), while the mandibular arch was the intervention arch (bleaching and MI Paste®). In Group 2, the mandibular arch was the control arch (only bleaching), while the maxillary arch was the intervention arch (bleaching and MI Paste®). Subjects started with the control arch and then switched to the intervention arch after two weeks. Subjects were instructed to use MI Paste® in a custom tray for 5 minutes, wait for 1 hour, and then bleach overnight using a different tray. Sensitivity was measured using both a thermal sensitivity test and a daily log of sensitivity for 14 days. Shade was evaluated using a colorimeter and a shade guide. Results. Immediately after treatment, the thermal test sensitivity scores for the arches bleached without MI Paste® were greater than those with MI Paste® (p=0.011). Arches not receiving the MI Paste® treatment showed significantly higher VAS sensitivity scores during the 14-day period of bleaching (p=0.002). The mean score for the 14-day period was 37.9 for the arches not treated with MI Paste® versus 27.5 for the treated arches. Both the intervention group and the control group showed significantly lighter shade relative to baseline (p<0.001) with no significant difference between them (p=0.42). Conclusion. MI Paste® significantly reduced the sensitivity associated with bleaching and did not interfere with shade change.
On the Resolution of a Remarkable Bond Pricing Model from Financial Mathematics: Application of the Deductive Group Theoretical Technique
Authors: Aziz Taha
Published: June 2021

The classical Cox–Ingersoll–Ross (CIR) bond-pricing model is based on the evolution space-time dependent partial differential equation (PDE) which represents the standard European interest rate derivatives. In general, such class of evolution partial differential equations (PDEs) has generally been resolved by classical methods of PDEs and by ansatz-based techniques which have been previously applied in a similar context. The author here shows the application of an invariant approach, a systematic method based on deductive group-theoretical analysis. The invariant technique reduces the scalar linear space-time dependent parabolic PDE to one of the four classical Lie canonical forms. This method leads us to exactly solve the scalar linear space-time dependent parabolic PDE representing the CIR model. It was found that CIR PDE is transformed into the first canonical form, which is the heat equation. Under the proper choice of emerging parameters of the model, the CIR equation is also reduced to the second Lie canonical form. The equivalence transformations which map the CIR PDE into the different canonical forms are deduced. With the use of these equivalence transformations, the invariant solutions of the underlying model are found by using some well-known results of the heat equation and the second Lie canonical form. Furthermore, the Cauchy initial-value model of the CIR problem along with the terminal condition is discussed and closed-form solutions are deduced. Finally, the conservation laws associated with the CIR equation are derived by using the general conservation theorem.
Hybrid Resource Environmental Value Chain Model Based on a Discrete Time Algorithm
Authors: Cao Wenting , Ayana Melkamu Teshome , Gao Rongwei
Published: June 2021

Due to the inconsistency between resource environment and value data types, the hybrid model of resource environment value chain cannot effectively coordinate the relationship among resources, environment, and value chain. The circulation of resource chain, ecological chain, and value chain is not completed independently; they are intertwined and promote each other. Therefore, this paper proposes a hybrid resource environmental value chain model based on a discrete time algorithm. Analyze the hybrid internal structure of resource chain, environment chain, and value chain model; integrate the natural resource information through the objective function of natural resource integration; obtain the indicators affecting the environment; and complete the analysis of the characteristics of environmental change. On this basis, the relationship between resources, environment, and economic value is analyzed, and the hybrid content of resources, environment, and value chain is determined. The discrete‐time algorithm is introduced to transform the hybrid content into the same data format, obtain the objective function and constraints of the resource environment value chain hybrid model, and complete the construction of the resource environment value chain hybrid model based on the discrete‐time algorithm. The simulation results show that the hybrid model designed in this paper can effectively improve the resource saving rate, up to 97%, and the error of resource environment value chain data fusion is the lowest, and the time is less than 1 min which was a considerable achievement.
Zebrafish Minichromosome Maintenance Protein 5 Gene Regulates the Development and Migration of Facial Motor Neurons via Fibroblast Growth Factor Signaling
Authors: Wu Yongmei , Huang Sizhou , Zhao Haixia , Cao Kang , Gan Jinfan , Yang Chan , Xu Zhen , Li Shurong , Su Bingyin
Published: June 2021

Minichromosome maintenance protein 5 (MCM5), a member of the microchromosomal maintenance protein family, plays an important role in the initiation and extension of DNA replication. However, its role in neural development in zebrafish remains unclear. Here, we used morpholino (MO) and CRISPR/Cas9 to knock down mcm5 and investigated the developmental features of facial motor neurons (FMNs) in the hindbrain of zebrafish. We found that knockdown of mcm5 using mcm5 MO resulted in a small head, small eyes, and a blurred midbrain-hindbrain boundary, while MO injection of mcm5 led to decrease in FMNs and their migration disorder. However, the mutant of mcm5 only resulted in the migration defect of FMNs rather than quantity change. We further investigated the underlying mechanism of mcm5 in the development of hindbrain using in situ hybridization (ISH) and fgfr1a mRNA co-injected with mcm5 MO. Results from ISH showed that the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling pathway was changed when the MCM5 function was lost, with the decrease in fgfr1a and the increase in fgf8, while that of pea3 had opposite trend. FMN development defects were rescued by fgfr1a mRNA co-injected with mcm5 MO. Our results demonstrated that FGF signaling pathway is required for FMN development in zebrafish. Specifically, mcm5 regulates FMN development during zebrafish growing.
Incidence and Outcomes of Acute Kidney Injury in COVID-19: A Systematic Review
Authors: Raina Rupesh , Mahajan Zubin A. , Vasistha Prabhav , Chakraborty Ronith , Mukunda Krishna , Tibrewal Abhishek , Neyra Javier A.
Published: June 2021

Background and Objectives: The recent worldwide pandemic of COVID-19 has been a serious, multidimensional problem that has left a detrimental worldwide impact on individuals of all ages and several organ systems. The typical manifestation of kidney involvement is acute kidney injury (AKI); however, there is a lack of consensus data regarding AKI epidemiology in COVID-19. This systematic literature review aims to bridge this knowledge gap. Design, Setting, Participants, and Measurements: MEDLINE and Cochrane library were systematically searched for the literature related to AKI in COVID-19 patients of all ages. MedRxIV was searched for relevant unpublished manuscripts. Two reviewers independently assessed the literature on the incidence of AKI and mortality, extracting the need for kidney replacement therapy (KRT). Results: Sixty studies (n = 43,871 patients) were included in this review. The pooled incidence of AKI among COVID-19 patients was 19.45% (95% confidence intervals [95% CI]: 14.63–24.77%), while the pooled incidence of AKI COVID-19 patients requiring KRT was 39.04% (16.38–64.57%). The pooled proportion of COVID+ patients was significantly lower at 8.83% (5.64% to 12/66%). The overall mortality of COVID-19 patients was calculated to be 17.71% (95% CI: 11.49–24.93%), while the mortality among patients with AKI was higher at 54.24% (95% CI: 44.70–63.63%). Conclusion: This comprehensive systematic review summarizes the available literature pertaining to AKI epidemiology in COVID-19 patients and highlights the incidence, associated mortality, and the need for KRT in this susceptible population.
White Matter Hyperintensities after Five-Year Follow-Up and a Cross-Sectional FA Decrease in Bipolar I and Major Depressive Patients
Authors: Kieseppä Tuula , Mäntylä Riitta , Luoma Katariina , Rikandi Eva , Jylhä Pekka , Isometsä Erkki
Published: June 2021

Introduction: An increase in brain white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) and a decrease in white matter fractional anisotrophy (FA) have been detected in bipolar I (BPI), II (BPII), and major depressive disorder (MDD) patients. Their relationship, and differences in diagnostic groups are obscure. Longitudinal studies are rare. Objective: After 5-year follow-up, we evaluated WMHs in BPI, BPII, and MDD patients as compared with controls, and studied the effects of clinical variables. We also explored the associations of clinical variables with cross-sectional whole brain FA. Methods: Eight BPI, 8 BPII, 6 MDD patients, and 19 controls participated in magnetic resonance imaging at baseline and follow-up. Diffusion weighted imaging was included at follow-up. WMHs were rated by the Coffey scale, and a tract-based spatial statistics method was used for diffusion data. The general linear model, ANOVA, Fisher’s exact, Wilcoxon sign, and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used for statistical analyses. Results: Periventricular WMHs were increased in BPI patients (p = 0.047) and associated with the duration of disorder and lifetime occurrence of substance use disorder (p = 0.018). FA decrease was found in the corpus callosum of BPI patients (p < 0.01). MDD patients showed FA decrease in the right cerebellar middle peduncle (RCMP) (p < 0.01). In BPI patients, the duration of disorder associated with FA increase in RCMP (p < 0.05). No FA decrease was detected in patients with WMHs as compared with those without. Conclusions: Preceding illness burden associated modestly with WMHs, and FA increase in RCMP in BPI patients. MDD patients had FA decrease in RCMP. No association with FA decrease and WMHs was found.
Overhydration May Be the Missing Link between Peritoneal Protein Clearance and Mortality
Authors: Malho Guedes Anabela , Marques Roberto , Domingos Ana Teresa , Silva Ana Paula , Bernardo Idalécio , Neves Pedro Leão , Rodrigues Anabela , Krediet Raymond T.
Published: June 2021

Introduction: Peritoneal protein loss (PPL) has been associated with mortality. Inflammation was assumed a putative cause with malnutrition as a consequence. Hydrostatic convection is a major drive for microvascular protein transport, but most studies in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients overlooked this mechanism. An association between peritoneal protein clearance (PPCl) and venous congestion has been reported recently. The aim of this study was to explore the importance of fluid overload in PPCl in PD. Methods: Sixty-seven prevalent PD patients were assessed with peritoneal equilibration test and multifrequency bioelectrical impedance assessment (BIA). PPL and PPCl were calculated from simultaneously obtained 24-h peritoneal effluent. Results: PPL averaged 5.2 g/24 h. It was higher in patients on continuous treatment than in those without a long dwell. Significant associations between PPCl and BIA parameters of overhydration were found in both univariable and multivariable analyses. Lean mass index, partly dependent on hydration status, was associated with PPCl in univariable but not in multivariable analysis. A multiple linear model identified extracellular water excess and higher D/P creatinine as predictors of higher PPCl, independent of PD duration, type of PD, age, gender, albumin, cardiovascular disease, C-reactive protein, or lean mass index. Conclusions: The uni- and multivariable strong associations between fluid overload and PPCl support the importance of hydrostatic pressure-induced convection for PPCl. Also, peritoneal small solute transport was associated with PPCl. Both are amenable by adjusted dialysis prescription, especially focused on fluid status and avoidance of overhydration. The assumption of an association with inflammation and malnutrition was not confirmed.
Vacinação dos estudantes de medicina e o papel das instituições de ensino superior na prevenção primária
Authors: Almeida Angélica Aparecida , Neves Bruna Ramos , Palhares Felipe Ribeiro Dutra , Raposo Flavia Bruno Cursino , Handere Matheus Pascoal , Freitas Yara de Oliveira , Cupertino Marli do Carmo
Published: June 2021

A vacinação é uma medida profilática eficaz e segura, capaz de evitar a disseminação de agentes infecciosos, sendo essencial, principalmente, a indivíduos que possuem contato habitual com ambientes hospitalares. Objetivou-se analisar o conhecimento dos acadêmicos de medicina sobre imunização profilática, e o papel das Instituições de Ensino Superior (IES), que oferecem graduação em medicina, sobre vacinação dos acadêmicos. Para isso, foi realizada buscas por artigos sobre o tema e dados nos sites das secretárias acadêmicas de todas as IES do estado de Minas Gerais (MG)/Brasil por informações sobre exigência ou não da comprovação de vacinação, qual momento e quais vacinas seriam exigidas. A maioria (34/39) das IES exige o cartão de vacina completo, enquanto cinco (12,82%) exigem apenas as vacinas para Hepatite B, Tríplice Viral e Febre Amarela. Vinte IES exigem os cartões de vacina no ato da matrícula (51,3%), restando 19/39, que exigem antes de iniciar o estágio (48,7%), por volta do nono período. Dados de literatura revelaram um grande contingente de acadêmicos dos cursos de Medicina, em vários estados do país, com cartões de vacinação incompletos. De acordo com dados dos artigos recuperados, os discentes relataram desconhecimento sobre o próprio status vacinal, mesmo possuindo riscos de exposição devido o contato direto com ambientes e pessoas contaminadas, contrariando as exigências das IES. Uma razão, para tal fato, é que os hospitais não verificam o status de imunização dos alunos ao iniciarem os estágios, logo as faculdades negligenciam a não apresentação do cartão de vacina. Conclui-se, que apesar de reconhecida a importância da vacinação, acadêmicos, IES e hospitais não tem atuado de forma efetiva, necessitando maior atenção ao tema, para serem evitadas infecções por doenças imunopreveníveis.
Associação entre resiliência, religiosidade e adesão terapêutica em pacientes submetidos à hemodiálise
Authors: Bôas Gabriela Vilas , Nakasu Maria Vilela Pinto
Published: June 2021

Objetivo: Avaliar o nível de resiliência e de religiosidade em pacientes com insuficiência renal crônica, bem como investigar a influência destes elementos na adesão ao tratamento e à terapia farmacológica. Método: O estudo é de abordagem descritiva, transversal e correlacional. Foram incluídos 60 pacientes em hemodiálise. Utilizou-se o prontuário eletrônico para levantamento do início do tratamento e das faltas, bem como os instrumentos: questionário para caracterização pessoal, Escala de Resiliência de Wagnild e Young, Escala de Religiosidade de Duke e Escala de Adesão à Terapêutica de oito itens de Morisky. A análise dos dados iniciou-se com a estatística descritiva, seguida do teste de correlação de Spearman (p<0,05) e da regressão linear. Resultados: A idade média encontrada foi de 59,3 ± 12,5 anos e 66,7% eram do sexo masculino. Constatou-se que houve associação entre resiliência e as variáveis sexo (r=0,281, p=0,030) e status de saúde autorreferido (r=0,424, p=0,01), sendo que a categoria “Independência e determinação” correlacionou-se às faltas nas sessões (r=0,290, p=0,024). Houve também correlação entre a adesão farmacológica e à religiosidade não organizacional (r=0,262, p=0,043) e entre a religiosidade intrínseca e a idade dos pacientes (r=0,300, p=0,020). A regressão linear evidenciou a colaboração da Religiosidade não organizacional na variação da pontuação obtida no domínio “Independência e determinação” (β=0,445, p<0,05). Conclusão: As associações encontradas entre as variáveis sugerem que abordar a religiosidade e resiliência no cuidado com o paciente pode auxiliar a melhorar o padrão de adesão ao tratamento hemodialítico.
Long-Term Prognostic Value of Stress Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance in Patients With History of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
Authors: Pezel Théo , Hovasse Thomas , Kinnel Marine , Sanguineti Francesca , Champagne Stéphane , Toupin Solenn , Unterseeh Thierry , Garot Philippe , Garot Jérôme
Published: June 2021

Background:

Recurrence of cardiovascular events remains a substantial cause of mortality and morbidity among patients with previous coronary revascularization. The aim was to assess the prognostic value of stress cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) parameters in patients with history of percutaneous coronary intervention.

Methods:

Between 2011 and 2014, consecutive patients with history of percutaneous coronary intervention referred for stress perfusion CMR were followed for the occurrence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs), defined by cardiovascular death or nonfatal myocardial infarction. Patients with prior coronary artery bypass graft were excluded. Univariable and multivariable Cox regressions were performed to determine the prognostic value of each parameter.

Results:

Of 1762 patients who completed the CMR protocol, 1624 patients (81.7% male, mean age 67.9±10.4 years) completed the follow-up (median [interquartile range], 6.7 [5.6–7.3] years); 244 experienced a MACE (15.0%). Stress CMR was well tolerated. Using Kaplan-Meier analysis, inducible ischemia and late gadolinium enhancement were significantly associated with the occurrence of MACE (hazard ratio, 2.70 [95% CI, 2.11–3.46],
P
<0.001; and hazard ratio: 1.52 [95% CI, 1.16–1.99],
P
=0.002; respectively). In multivariable Cox regression, inducible ischemia and late gadolinium enhancement were independent predictors of a higher incidence of MACE (hazard ratio, 2.79 [95% CI, 2.16–3.60];
P
<0.001 and hazard ratio, 1.41 [95% CI, 1.04–1.90],
P
=0.032; respectively).

Conclusions:

Inducible ischemia and late gadolinium enhancement assessed by stress CMR were independently associated with MACE in patients with history of percutaneous coronary intervention.
Dispute Settlement in the Law of the Sea: Survey for 2020
Authors: Churchill Robin
Published: June 2021

This is the latest in a series of annual surveys in this Journal reviewing dispute settlement in the law of the sea, both under Part XV of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea and outside the framework of the Convention. It covers developments during 2020. The most significant developments were awards by the arbitral tribunals in the Enrica Lexie and Coastal State Rights cases.
Upper Elementary School Children’s Adaptive Use of Subtraction by Addition: A Choice/No-Choice Replication Study Involving Two Choice Conditions
Authors: Van Der Auwera Stijn , Mathys Lien , De Smedt Bert , Torbeyns Joke , Verschaffel Lieven
Published: June 2021

The current study examined upper elementary school children’s frequent, efficient and adaptive use of direct subtraction (DS) and subtraction by addition (SBA) when mentally solving multi-digit subtractions, replicating and expanding previous research by Torbeyns et al. (2018). First, children were offered subtractions in two choice conditions in which they had to indicate whether they would use DS or SBA to solve each item. In the choice-compute condition they were allowed to make actual calculations, in the choice-decide condition they were not allowed to do so. Thereafter, two no-choice conditions were offered (mandatory use of either DS or SBA). Results showed that children made frequent, efficient and adaptive use of the untrained SBA strategy. Furthermore, children were most adaptive for task and subject characteristics in the choice-compute condition. The current study confirms previous findings on SBA, and questions current classroom practices that focus heavily on the development of DS.
A new species of Anurophorus (Collembola: Isotomidae) from South Korea, with notes on its molecular data
Authors: CHANG GYU-DONG , POTAPOV MIKHAIL , PARK KYUNG-HWA
Published: June 2021

A new species, Anurophorus hallaensis sp. nov. was collected from the withered leaves of Korean fir (Abies koreana Wilson), which is distributed at higher than 1,300 m in altitude on Mt. Hallasan (Jeju Island, South Korea). The morphology and two partial gene regions of this species are described herein. Anurophorus hallaensis sp. nov. showed the same formulas of macrochaetae and sensilla on thoracic segment II to abdominal segment IV as those exhibited by A. laricis Nicolet and A. palearcticus Potapov; however, this new species can be distinguished from them by the number of knobbed hairs on ventral side of legs. Partial DNA sequences of the mitochondrial Cytochrome c Oxidase subunit I (COI) gene and ribosomal DNA (28S rDNA) were used as DNA barcodes to distinguish between A. hallaensis sp. nov. and closely related congeners. The results of the present study indicate that the COI and rDNA are useful for species discrimination within the genus Anurophorus. An identification key to the Korean species of Anurophorus is provided.
Studies on Neotropical crickets: A new Anurogryllina genus (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Gryllinae)
Authors: CADENA-CASTAÑEDA OSCAR J. , VÁSQUEZ RODRÍGUEZ MARTHA CAROLINA , GONZALEZ GLORIA RAQUEL DÁVILA , LÓPEZ VÍCTOR HUGO GRANDE
Published: June 2021

Andeogryllus n. gen. including two new species from the inter-Andean slopes and valleys of the Magdalena and Cauca rivers of Colombia are described. This new genus is similar to Zebragryllus in their habitus, differed by not have white stripes on the body or antennae and by a modified pseudoepiphallic sclerite. The genus Atsigryllus (Atsigryllae group) is located in the subtribe Anurogryllina, highlighting the secondary reduction of the median lobe. An updated key is provided for the genera of the subtribe Anurogryllina and the species of the new genus.
Microtia Reconstruction and Erector Spinae Block in Children: A Case Series With Chart Review
Authors: Gomez Gabriel , Osterbauer Beth , Nguyen Robert , Wee Choo Phei , Kochhar Amit , Tai Tymon , Lo Carl (Yuan‐Feng) , Le Sang , Kim Eugene , Chen Shiu‐Yi
Published: June 2021

Objectives

Autologous reconstruction of microtia is advantageous due to its inherent biocompatibility and long‐term stability, but postoperative pain associated with costal harvest is a significant issue. A well‐planned pain management approach is imperative. Our objective is to introduce the novel application of erector spinae block anesthesia in pediatric microtia reconstruction and evaluate its impact on pain scores, use of opioids, and hospital length of stay.

Study Design

Case series with chart review.

Setting

Patients undergoing stage 1 microtia reconstruction at a tertiary pediatric hospital.

Methods

Data collected included demographics, opioid amounts, Wong‐Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale scores, opioid‐related side effects, and hospital length of stay. We used generalized estimating equations to examine the effect of erector spinae block use on total opioid use and pain scores and a linear regression model to assess the effect on hospital stay.

Results

Forty‐seven patients were included: 14 in the erector spinae block group and 33 in the continuous wound pump group. The mean age was 8.3 years (SD, 2; range, 6‐13), and 13 (32%) were female. Patients in the erector spinae block group had a 65.44% decrease in adjusted total opioid use (95% CI, –79.72% to –41.10%; P <. 0001), a decrease in length of hospital stay (β = −1.69 [95% CI, −2.11 to −1.26], P <. 0001), and no difference in reported pain scores when compared with patients in the continuous wound pump group.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates that early experience with an erector spinae block resulted in decreased opioid use and shorter hospital stay as compared with continuous wound infiltration with local anesthetic.
Socioeconomic Status and Rurality Among Patients With Head and Neck Cancer
Authors: Lawrence Lauren A. , Heuermann Mitchell L. , Javadi Pardis , Sharma Arun
Published: June 2021

Objective

Describe the relationship among rurality, socioeconomic status (SES), and patient/tumor characteristics in patients presenting with head and neck cancer.

Study Design

Retrospective single‐institution study.

Setting

Academic tertiary‐level medical center.

Methods

Patients with head and neck cancer presenting between 2011 and 2015 were included. Stage at presentation, insurance status, and demographic characteristics were collected. Rurality was measured through Rural‐Urban Continuum Codes. SES was measured by SES index scores of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, which incorporate multiple components of SES. Associations among rurality, SES, and patient/tumor characteristics were assessed with univariate and multivariable statistics. All P values were calculated via 2‐sided hypotheses. The threshold for statistical significance was set at P <. 05. Statistical analyses were conducted with Stata/SE 14 (StataCorp).

Results

The study included 266 patients diagnosed with head and neck cancer between 2011 and 2015. Rural residence was associated with lower SES (P <. 001). T and N stages were associated with rurality (P =. 036 and. 050, respectively). Higher educational status was associated with oropharyngeal cancer (P =. 005).

Conclusions

Rurality and SES have distinct impacts on patients with head and neck cancer. Specifically, rurality is associated with tumor stage among patients with head and neck cancer. Knowledge of disparities among patients with rural residency may help target interventions to facilitate earlier diagnosis.
Ecuador’s dual populisms: Neocolonial extractivism, violence and indigenous resistance
Authors: Bernal Angélica María
Published: June 2021

This article examines the confluence of extractivism, violence, and their resistance in the context of left governance – specifically the case of Ecuador – through an engagement with the concept of populism. Alongside Bolivia and Venezuela, Ecuador has long been associated with the rise of radical populism and with it an ‘autocratic turn’ in Latin America. Dispensing with overdetermined accounts of populism as either the anti-thesis or essence of democracy, this article proposes a third lens – dual populisms – to better grapple with the neocolonial turn toward intensified natural resource extraction and violence. That this intensification took place in the context of a left-in-power in Ecuador was initially surprising given previous alliances between President Correa’s party and Indigenous and environmental movements, and its rejection of capitalist and neoliberal developmentalism. With the expansion of extractive industries, and its accompanying violence increasingly becoming a global phenomenon, dual populism posits a third position – one that is at once top-down, state centered, and also bottom-up and social movement focused – to better account for the complex dynamics at work within this turn.
Supporting Employee Health at Work: How Perceptions Differ Across Wage Category
Authors: Jenkins Kristi Rahrig , Stiehl Emily , Sherman Bruce W. , Bales Susan L.
Published: June 2021

Purpose:

This study examines the association between sources of stress and perceptions of organizational and supervisor support for health and well-being.

Design:

Retrospective, cross-sectional analysis.

Setting:

Large university in the mid-western United States.

Sample:

This study focused on university employees with complete data for all variables (organizational support/N = 19,536; supervisor support/N = 20,287).

Measures:

2019 socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, count of chronic conditions, sources of stress and perceptions of organizational and supervisor support.

Analysis:

For the multivariate analyzes, linear regression models were analyzed separately by wage bands (low ≤$46,100; middle >$46,100-$62,800; high >$62,800).

Results:

For all employees, workplace stressors, including problematic relationships at work and heavy job responsibilities, were negatively associated with perceptions of supervisor and organizational support. In comparison, the most salient home-based stressors were negatively associated with perceptions of supervisor support for the lowest-wage band (the death of a loved one, b = −0.13) and middle-wage band (personal illness or injury, b = −0.09), while the one for the highest-wage band (illness or injury of a loved one, b = 0.07) was positively associated with perceptions of supervisor support.

Conclusion:

Stressful job responsibilities and work relationships are associated with lower perceptions of supervisor and organizational support for health and well-being across all wage bands. Favorable perceived support for personal stressors only among high wage earning employees may suggest a need for improved equity of perceived support for these stressors among lower wage workers.