bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diachronic Syntax
Authors: Hale Mark
Published: August 2010

Current research on diachronic syntax has yet to provide an account of syntactic change consistent with our theoretical understanding of “knowledge of language” and its acquisition. However, explanatory adequacy requires us to account for all acquisition – this includes the acquisition of grammars that diverge from their sources (i.e., change) as well as that of fully convergent grammars. This paper argues that an adequate explanation of change phenomena is unattainable given the current widespread confusion regarding such critical concepts as “language,”“language change,’” and “syntax.” It seeks to develop a coherent theory of syntactic change, which necessitates clarification of these fundamental matters. I believe that syntactic change should fall out from an adequate theory of syntax (along with a learning algorithm). This paper frames these issues within a Minimalist perspective. Finally, I present evidence that the study of change may provide valuable insights into the proper characterization of certain syntactic phenomena within current syntactic theory.
China's emerging market for property rights: Theoretical and empirical perspectives1
Authors: Jefferson Gary H. , Rawski Thomas G.
Published: August 2010

his paper contrasts state–directed and market–mediated reform of enterprise ownership rights in transition economies. We evaluate China's emerging market for enterprise ownership rights from the perspective of conditions underpinning the Coase Theorem: the assignment of property rights, the degree of competition, and the nature of transaction costs. China's recent experience suggests that policies designed to expand and support the scope of decentralized, market–based restructuring of ownership rights, even under conditions that deviate widely from the ideal assumptions underlying the Coase Theorem, may prove more beneficial than direct official intervention.

JEL classification: G34, K11, L1 and P3.
Gendered Cultures and Performance Appraisal: The Experience of Women Academics
Authors: Thomas Robyn
Published: August 2010

This paper examines women academics’ experiences of appraisal within one English university. Adopting the Foucauldian concepts of discourse and disciplinary power, the paper illustrates how appraisal functions as a disciplinary technology within the organization. Semi‐structured interviews, carried out on women academics, reveal how the power relations operating in appraisal work to ‘normalize’ the academic role as a highly competitive, productive unit focused on identifiable, quantitative outputs. The case illustrates the difficulties which women face in trying to put forward alternative discourses which accommodate domestic commitments or different career structures. The research concludes that women academics have only gained limited visibility and voice in the gendered academy through opting in to the new competitive and highly gendered macho culture. The possibilities for women in offering alternative discourses have not materialized, emphasizing the difficultues in changing gendered cultures and challenging the ubiquity of male power.
Gender Segregation, Size of Workplace and the Public Sector
Authors: Burchell Brendan J.
Published: August 2010

Gender segregation is considered to be a key structuring factor in the labour market, and is central to explanations of phenomena as diverse as the everyday experience of men’s and women’s employment to the underachievement of women and the limited impact of equal pay legislation.

Studies of occupational segregation by gender tend to be polarized between qualitative and quantitative extremes. At the quantitative end, a primary focus of research has been to quantify segregation to a single index, permitting simple comparisons between countries and over time. However, detailed case studies of particular occupations have often hinted at ways in which breakdowns in occupational segregation have been replaced by other forms of gender segregation.

This paper will present data showing that even within occupational categories there is still significant gender segregation and concentration by public/private sector and by size of workplace. For instance, female pharmacists are very over‐represented, and female gardeners very under‐represented, in the public sector. And the general tendency for women to work in smaller workplaces is severe for some occupations (e.g. office managers) and reversed in other occupations (e.g. production fitters). These analyses question the usefulness of single indices which take account only of segregation or concentration by occupation and therefore underestimate the gendering of job opportunities even within mixed occupations.
Diversity and employment growth in Canada, 1971– 2001: can diversification policies succeed?
Authors: Shearmur Richard , Polèse Mario
Published: August 2010

In this paper, we explore the link between diversity in the local economy, the process of diversification and employment growth. To do so, we first examine diversification trends between 1971 and 2001 across 382 Canadian areas (urban and rural). We then examine whether or not the more diversified areas display faster employment growth. Over some periods and for some types of area they do, but over other periods they do not. Furthermore, there is no clear link between the process of diversification and growth. Also, proximity to a large diversified economic unit (metropolitan areas) tends to be associated with growth; thus, it is not only the local characteristics of regions that determine their growth levels. Our evidence suggests that economies associated with diversity can occur concurrently with economies associated with specialisation. In the light of these complex relationships, we conclude that diversification policies are difficult to justify on the grounds of employment growth and would in any case be difficult to implement successfully due to the overall inertia observed in diversity levels.
Diagnostic uncertainty and medical geography: what are we mapping?
Authors: Yiannakoulias Nikolaos , Svenson Lawrence W. , Schopflocher Donald P.
Published: August 2010

The administration of the Canadian health care system requires the collection of large quantities of health data that some health researchers have used to map the spatial distribution of disease. The authors discuss the difficulty of separating genuine geographic variations in health and disease from geographic differences in how diseases are diagnosed, and how these diagnoses are represented in an administrative data system. Although there have been attempts to deal with this problem at the international scale, little research has considered the issue at intranational or intraprovincial scales. There are several strategies available that can help separate spatial patterns of disease from nonmedical confounders, though they remain largely untested in medical geography. Future research should consider the scale of the problem and the effectiveness of existing approaches in mitigating the effects of geographic diagnostic inconsistency on the representation of health statistics in space.
THE Si:C:N RATIO OF MARINE DIATOMS: INTERSPECIFIC VARIABILITY AND THE EFFECT OF SOME ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES1
Authors: Brzezinski Mark A.
Published: August 2010

The variability of marine diatom Si:C and Si:N composition ratios was examined to assess their utility as ecological conversion factors. Twenty‐seven diatom species grown under an 18:6 h LD cycle and sampled at the end of the light period gave mean ratios, by atoms, of 0.13 ± 0.04 and 1.12 ± 0.33 for Si:C and Si:N ratios, respectively (95% C.I. reported). The mean ratios for 18 species grown under continuous illumination were 0.12 ± 0.03 for Si:C and 0.95 ± 0.23 for Si:N. The mean ratios of the clones grown under constant light were not statistically different from those calculated for the same species grown under an 18:6 h LD photoperiod. The overall mean Si:C and Si:N ratios for the 18:6 h LD and continuous light experiments taken together, weighted by the number of species in each experiment, are 0.13 and 1.05, respectively. The average ratios for the nine nanoplankton species (<20 μm) examined were 0.09 ± 0.03 for Si:C and 0.80 ± 0.35 for Si:N. The eighteen netplankton species (>20 μm) had higher mean ratios, Si:C = 0.15 ± 0.04 and Si:N = 1.20 ± 0.37.

Time course sampling throughout a 24 h period revealed twofold variations in both ratios for individual species grown on a 14:10 h LD cycle. Changes in irradiance can also produce factor of two variations, both ratios being higher under low light. Comparisons of these data with those from the literature regarding the effects of temperature and nutrient limitation on diatom elemental composition suggest that use of these ratios to convert field estimates of biogenic silica into nitrogen or carbon units, or to estimate silica production from14C data, should yield results accurate to within a factor of three under most circumstances.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE FLAGELLAR APPARATUS AND FLAGELLAR ORIENTATION IN THE COLONIAL GREEN ALGAGONIUM PECTORALE(VOLVOCALES)1
Authors: Greuel Brian T. , Floyd Gary L.
Published: August 2010

Vegetative cells ofGonium pectoralehave a fine structure similar to that ofChlamydomonas.In addition, three zones comprise an extracellular matrix; a fibrillar sheath and tripartite boundary surround individual cells, and a fragile capsule zone surrounds the entire colony. Cytokinesis is accomplished by a phycoplast and cleavage furrow.

The flagellar apparatus of the immature vegetative cell of this colonial alga is similar to that ofChlamydomonas,but the basal bodies are slightly separated at their proximal ends. The four microtubular rootlets alternate between two and four members. During development, the basal bodies become further separated and nearly parallel. The distal fiber is stretched, but it remains attached to both basal bodies. At maturity, the basal bodies of peripheral cells of the colony have rotated in opposite directions on their longitudinal axes resulting in a displacement of the distal fiber to one side, an asymmetrical orientation of the rootlets and loss of 180° rotational symmetry. Central cells remain similar toChlamydomonasin that basal bodies do not rotate, rootlets are cruciate, the distal fiber remains medially inserted and 180° rotational symmetry is conserved. A “pin‐wheel” configuration of flagellar pairs and the orientation of parallel rootlets toward the colony perimeter probably accounts for the rotation of the colonies during forward swimming. In addition, these ultrastructural features support the traditional placement ofG. pectoraleas an intermediate between the unicellularChlamydomonasand the more complex colonial volvocalean genera.
SEA ICE MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES. V. THE VERTICAL ZONATION OF DIATOMS IN AN ANTARCTIC FAST ICE COMMUNITY1
Authors: Grossi Sarah McGrath , Sullivan C. W.
Published: August 2010

A distinct vertical zonation was observed among diatoms in a bottom congelation ice community at McMurdo Sound, Antarctica during the 1981 spring bloom. The bottom 20 cm of ice collected in December from four stations with variable snow cover was subdivided into 5 cm sections for analysis of algal distribution. Algal abundance was inversely related to the depth of snow cover, and generally decreased with increasing distance above the ice‐water interface. Most diatoms, including the dominant species Nitzschia stellata Manguin, Amphiprora kufferathii Manguin and Fragilaria islandica var. adeliae Manguin showed peak abundance in the bottom 10 cm of the ice, where the proportion of living to empty cells was also highest. Two species, however, an Auricula Castracane sp. and Navicula glaciei van Heurck, reached highest concentrations at depths 10–20 cm above the ice‐water interface. We considered two factors as contributing to the observed vertical zonation: (1) successive blooms at the ice‐water interface become spatially stratified within the ice by further accretion below; (2) a differential growth of species occurs along physicochemical gradients within the ice column. A comparison of early versus late season profiles suggests the latter mechanism may prevail once ice accretion has ceased.
PHOTOINHIBITION OF TEMPERATE LAKE PHYTOPLANKTON BY NEAR‐SURFACE IRRADIANCE: EVIDENCE FROM VERTICAL PROFILES AND FIELD EXPERIMENTS1
Authors: Elser James J. , Kimmel Bruce L.
Published: August 2010

To evaluate the in situ occurrence of phytoplankton photoinhibition, the light‐mediated depression of chlorophyll in vivo fluorescence (IVF) and of the cellular fluorescence capacity (CFC) of phytoplankton was determined in three southeastern United States reservoirs. Vertical profiles of a fluorescence depression index (FDI) and of the CFC for reservoir phytoplankton showed that near‐surface photoinhibition of fluorescence properties occurred in association with high surface irradiance and weak vertical mixing of the water column. To characterize the time scales of photochemical and photosynthetic responses to and recovery from exposure to supraoptimal light intensity, phytoplankton IVF responses and 14C‐fixation rates were measured infield experiments. Phytoplankton chlorophyll IVF, CFC, and photosynthetic 14C fixation were rapidly (20–40 min) depressed when reservoir phytoplankton were exposed to surface irradiances (1700–2000 μE·m−2·s−1). Light‐mediated increases in the FDI declined rapidly (20–40 min) to pre‐exposure levels during a subsequent low‐light (75–200 μE·m−2·s−1) period, but CFC and 14C fixation recovered more slowly (>40 min). Exposure of reservoir phytoplankton to a light‐intensity gradient revealed both intensity and time thresholds for IVF and CFC depression. Phytoplankton photochemical responses to bright light operate on time scales that, in conjunction with vertical mixing, should limit the occurrence of photoinhibition to extreme irradiance environments. Our results support the hypothesis that the photoinhibition of phytoplankton productivity occurs less commonly than is indicated by fixed‐depth incubation measurements.
PHOTOSYNTHETIC ELECTRON TRANSPORT IN CELL‐FREE EXTRACTS OF DIVERSE PHYTOPLANKTON1,2
Authors: Samuelsson Göran , Prezélin Barbara B.
Published: August 2010

A simple and rapid procedure for preparing thylakoid membranes that are active in photosynthetic electron transport from diverse phytoplankton species is described. The method requires disruption of algal cells with glass beads, exposure to mild hypotonic stress, and subsequent enrichment of the thylakoid membranes by differential centrifugation. Isolated thylakoid membranes were assayed for photosynthetic electron transport activity by measuring rates of oxygen consumption and oxygen production, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors. In the dinoflagellate Gonyaulax polyedra Stein, a relatively broad pH optimum between 7.0 and 8.0 was determined for the whole chain electron transport from water to methyl viologen. The preparation maintained maximum activity for 45 min following the preparation. The assay for photosystem I activity in G. polyedra, determined as electron flow from ascorbate/2,6‐dichlorophenolindophenol to methyl viologen, had a somewhat narrower pH optimum around 8.0. Rates of whole chain photosynthetic electron transport on a per cell and on a per chlorophyll a basis were shown to decrease dramatically with cell age in batch cultures of G. polyedra. Using the procedures optimized for G. polyedra, reproducible rates of electron transport on a per cell chlorophyll a basis were also measured in cultures of the dinoflagellate Glenodinium sp., the diatom Nitzschia closterium (Ehrenberg 1839) Wm. Smith 1853 and the chrysophyte Monochrysis lutheri Droop {= Pavlova lutheri (Droop) Green}.

Other electron transport assays applied to G. polyedra, and that resulted in comparable rates to those found in other algal groups, include the photosystem II assay from water to diaminodurene/ferricyanide and the photosystem I assay from durohydroquinone to methyl viologen.
ULTRASTRUCTURE OF MITOSIS AND CYTOKINESIS INKLEBSORMIDIUM MUCOSUMNOV. COMB., FORMERLYULOTHRIX VERRUCOSA(CHLOROPHYTA)1
Authors: Lokhorst Gijsbert M. , Star Wim
Published: August 2010

A transmission electron microscopy study of dividing cells ofUlothrix verrucosaLokhorst has provided clear evidence that this species differs in many respects from otherUlothrixKützing species. These differences include the presence of a microtubular sheath around the prophase nucleus, the complete disintegration of the nuclear envelope coinciding with the proliferation of extranuclear microtubules into the prometaphase nucleus and the intrusion of vacuoles into the interzonal spindle region in between the widely separated telophase nuclei. This necessitates the transfer ofUlothrix verrucosato the charophycean genusKlebsormidiumSilva, Mattox and Blackwell. The new combinationKlebsormidium mucosumis proposed. On account of its mitotic pattern, this species can be placed in the (charophycean) evolutionary line towards the higher plants. However, because of its cytokinesis (annular centripetal ingrowth of the plasmalemma) this species probably should be considered as a blind offshoot of this line. It is emphasized that furrowing green algae with a persistent interzonal spindle at telophase (including the presently studied alga) often show an ill‐defined cytokinetic microtubular system.
THE OPTIMUM PH OF FOUR STRAINS OF ACIDOPHILIC SNOW ALGAE IN THE GENUS CHLOROMONAS (CHLOROPHYTA) AND POSSIBLE EFFECTS OF ACID PRECIPITATION1
Authors: Hoham Ronald W. , Mohn William W.
Published: August 2010

Four axenic strains of snow algae were examined for optimum pH under laboratory conditions using M‐1 growth medium. Growth was measured using cell counts, cell measurements and absorbance readings at 440 nm. Strains C204 and C479A of Chloromonas sp. from the Adirondack Mountains, New York, grew optimally at pH 4.0 to 5.0. Strains C381F and C381G, Chloromonas polyptera (Fritsch) Hoh., Mull. & Roem. from the White Mountains, Arizona, grew optimally at pH 4.5 to 5.0. Growth was significantly higher at pH 4.0 in the northeastern species (Chloromonas sp.), but no significant difference was observed in final growth at pH 4.5, 5.0 and 5.5 between species. It is postulated that the more acidic precipitation in the northeastern United States may be selecting for strains of snow algae with greater tolerance to acidity than in strains from the southwestern United States or that the different pH optima reported are simply species differences. New York strain C204 was also grown in heavily buffered AM medium where it had an optimum pH of 5.0, but cells became irregularly shaped and tended to clump at pH 6.0 to 7.0. Growth of C204 in AM medium was significantly lower than in M‐1 medium for snow algae. These findings justify the use of M‐1 medium for this type of experimentation.
LIGHT DEPENDENCE OF GROWTH AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN PHAEODACTYLUM TRICORNUTUM (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE)1
Authors: J. Geider R. , Osborne B. A. , Raven J. A.
Published: August 2010

Phaeodactylum tricornutum Bohlin was maintained in exponential growth over a range of photon flux densities (PFD) from 7 to 230 μmol·m−2s−1. The chlorophyll a‐specific light absorption coefficient, maximum quantum yield of photosynthesis, and C:N atom ratio were all independent of the PFD to which cells were acclimated. Carbon‐ and cell‐specific, light‐satuated, gross photosynthesis rates and dark respiration rates were largely independent of acclimation PFD. Decreases in the chlorophyll a‐specific, gross photosynthesis rate and the carbon: chlorophyll ratio and increases of cell‐ or carbon‐specific absorption coefficients were associated with an increase in cell chlorophyll a in cultures acclimated to low PFDs. The compensation PFD for growth was calculated to be 0.5 μmol·m−2s−1. The maintenance metabolic rate (2 × 10−7s−1), calculated on the basis of the compensation PFD, is an order of magnitude lower than the measured dark respiration rate(2.7 × 10−6mol O2·mol C−1s−1). Maintenance of high carbon‐specific, light‐saturated photosynthesis rates in cells acclimated to low PFDs may allow effective use of short exposures to high PFDs in a temporally variable light environment.
A RAPID SIMPLE TECHNIQUE UTILIZING CALCOFLUOR WHITE M2R FOR THE VISUALIZATION OF DINOFLAGELLATE THECAL PLATES1
Authors: Fritz Lawrence , Triemer Richard E.
Published: August 2010

The fluorescent stain Calcofluor White M2R readily binds to cellulose and other β‐linked glucans (Hughs and McCully 1975). We have found the stain to readily bind to the thecal plates of armored dinoflagellates. Considerable detail is revealed about plate structure in both living and preserved specimens at the light microscopic level. This simple rapid technique should prove useful for the tabulation and study of dinoflagellate thecae.
DIEL SYNCHRONIZATION OF SPERM FORMATION IN THE DIATOM CHAETOCEROS CURVISETUM CLEVE1
Authors: Furnas Miles J.
Published: August 2010

During diel observations of spermatogenesis in Chaetoceros curvisetum Cleve, recognizable 4‐ and 8‐celled developmental stages were observed primarily during the daily dark period. The timing of the appearance of recognizable stages, 12–16 h after light period onset, was independent of the photoperiods used (8:16, 12:12, 16:8 h LD).
31P NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE STUDY OF INTRACELLULAR PHOSPHATE POOLS AND POLYPHOSPHATE METABOLISM IN HETEROSIGMA AKASHIWO (HADA) HADA (RAPHIDOPHYCEAE)1
Authors: Watanabe Masataka , Kohata Kunio , Kunugi Masayuki
Published: August 2010

The effects of starvation and subsequent addition of phosphate‐containing medium on the phosphate metabolic intermediates were studied by 31P‐NMR spectroscope of perchloric acid extracts and intact cells of Heterosigma akashiwo (Hada) Hada. When orthophosphate in the medium was completely depleted the medium was enriched with orthophosphate (4.5 μM). In the phosphate starved condition, the P cell quota was 76 fmol·cell−1 and the major components of phosphate intermediates were phosphodiester, sugar phosphate and orthophosphate (Pi). After addition of Pi, rapid uptake of Pi was observed and the P cell quota increased to 108 fmol·cell−1 in 2 h, 134 fmol·cell−1 in 5 h and 222 fmol·cell−1 in 1 day after addition of phosphate. The 31P‐NMR spectrum indicated that a major portion of P was stored as polyphosphate, in which the average chain length of polyphosphate increased from 10 to 20 phosphate residues in one day after addition of Pi.
OBSERVATIONS OF A TUBE‐DWELLING DIATOM: NAVICULA HAMULIFERA (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE)1
Authors: Navarro J. Nelson
Published: August 2010

Colonies of the tube‐dwelling diatom Navicula hamulifera Grunow living on mangrove prop roots in Indian River. Florida and at La Parguera, Puerto Rico, were studied using light and electron microscopy. Observations of the tube morphology and cell structure of this diatom from fresh samples and cultures are described, as well as the ultrastructural morphology of its frustule.

The formation of tubes by this diatom is reported for the first time. Comparisons are made with the closest species; Navicula delognei V.H. and Navicula pseudocomoides Hendey.
PATTERNS OF RELATIVE GROWTH IN NEREOCYSTIS LUETKEANA (PHAEOPHYTA)1
Authors: Kain Joanna M.
Published: August 2010

Plants of Nereocystis luetkeana (Mert.) Post. et Rupr. of different sizes were held on a raft at the surface of the sea off the Friday Harbor Laboratories, San Juan Island, Washington for 5 day periods for observation of detailed relative growth of different parts. Each stipe was marked at intervals with injected Indian ink and each blade was punched with a series of holes. Measurements of diameter, length, width and thickness were made before and after the 5 day periods.

Blades showed a very similar pattern of relative growth rate (R) over an 18‐fold range of sizes. The maximum local R in length was about 0.2 day−1 and occurred at 6.5% of the distance from the bulb to the tip, declining to 0.01 at half way. Half the linear growth occurred in the proximal one tenth of the blade and 95% within the proximal half. The relative growth rate of the whole blade declined only slightly with increased size and lay between 0.0.3 and 0.06 day−1 (approx. 3–6% day−1). The linear growth rate therefore increased with blade size, the maximum observed being 14 cm day−1. The maximum relative growth rate in blade width was slower, and sited more distally than that in length. Unless fertile tissue was involved all blade tissue, except that closely adjoining the bulb, became thinner during growth. R in volume reached 0.3 day−1.

Presumably because the plants were held near the sea surface stipes grew slowly, with a maximum linear rate of 9 mm day−1. The maximum R in length decreased with stipe length. Bulb R in volume also decreased as size increased, from a maximum of 0.3 day−1.
THE ROLE OF DIATOMS IN STROMATOLITE GROWTH: TWO EXAMPLES FORM MODERN FRESHWATER SETTINGS1
Authors: Winsoborough Barbara M. , Golubić Stjepko
Published: August 2010

Some modern laminated find calcified stromatolitic structures are partially or completely formed by eukaryotes. Diatom populations in freshwater environments with elevated ionic concentrations contribute to calcite precipitation, and the formation of distinctive mineral‐rich stromatolitic laminae. Two types of stromatolite‐forming diatom populations were observed. In the first example, in stromatolites growing on a quarry ledge near Laegerdorf, North Germany, calcite crystals with biogenic imprints form around polysaccharide stalks of the diatom Gomphonema olivaceum var. calcarea (Cleve) Cleve‐Euler. These individually precipitated crystals eventually become cemented together in layers, forming rigid, laminated stromatolitic deposits which drape over the quarry ledge. In the second example, in stromatolites forming in a shallow stream near Cuatro Ciénegas, Coahuila, Mexico, diatomaceous laminae also form by the accumulation of carbonate particles in a matrix of diatoms and their extracellular polysaccharide products. These laminae become thick enough to drape over individual stromatolite heads. The diatoms responsible for these deposits are Amphora aff. A. katii Selva, Nitzschia denticula Grun., and six other species. At Cuatro Ciénegas, in addition to the diatomaceous laminae, carbonate‐rich cyanobacterial layers, dominated by two cyanobacterial species with different fabrics and porosities, are also present and contribute substantially to the growth of the stromatolites. In both the Laegerdorf and Cuatro Ciénegas examples, entire stromatolites or thick laminations on stromatolites are built by a small number of diatom species which produce copious amounts of extracellular stalk, gel, and sheath material, a propertuy they share with cyanobacterial stromatolite builders.
SYSTEMATICS AND ECOLOGY OF LYNGBYA SPP. AND ASSOCIATED SPECIES (CYANOPHYTA) IN A NEW ENGLAND SALT MARSH1,2
Authors: Baker Kathleen Kromer
Published: August 2010

Field populations of the most abundant filamentous blue‐green algae (cyanobacteria) from a northern New England salt marsh were examined for the presence of natural morphological clusters. A continuum in the distribution of average cell sizes and shapes for individual trichomes was evident. However, there was a high frequency of certain cell sizes (six clusters), which were also separated by several qualitative characters (end cell shape, granule location, and cell color). In clonal cultures the trichomes of these clusters maintained the morphology of the original isolated trichome and thus morphology appeared to he stable. The clusters were either named according to Geitler's (1932) terminology or assigned numbers if no adequate descriptions were available: (1) Lyngbya and Phormidium spp., (2) Microcoleus chthonoplastes Thur. (3) Lyngbya sp. 1, (4) Lyngbya sp. 2, (5) Lyngbya aestuarii (Mert.) Liebmann. and, (6) Lyngbya sp. 3. All groups had maximum abundance in late summer. Microcoleus chthonoplastes occurred throughout the year, while Lyngbya aestuarii and Lyngbya sp. 3 occurred throughout the summer and fall. It is concluded that both field and culture information are useful in enhancing our knowledge of blue‐green algal systematics.
SYSTEMATICS OF THE GRACILARIACEAE (GRACILARIALES, RHODOPHYTA): A CRITICAL ASSESSMENT BASED ON RBCL SEQUENCE ANALYSES1
Authors: Gurgel Carlos Frederico D. , Fredericq Suzanne
Published: August 2010

Generic concepts in the economically important agarophyte red algal family Gracilariaceae were evaluated based on maximum parsimony, Bayesian likelihood, and minimum evolution analyses of the chloroplast‐encoded rbc
L gene from 67 specimens worldwide. The results confirm the monophyly of the family and identify three large clades, one of which corresponds to the ancestral antiboreal genera Curdiea
and Melanthalia, one to Gracilariopsis, and one to Gracilaria sensu lato, which contains nine distinct independent evolutionary lineages, including Hydropuntia. The species currently attributed to Hydropuntia
comprise a single well‐supported clade composed of two distinct lineages. The two most basal clades within Gracilaria sensu lato
deserve generic rank: a new genus centered around G. chilensis
Bird, McLachlan et Oliveira and G. aff. tenuistipitata
Chang et Xia and a resurrected Hydropuntia
encompassing primarily Indo‐Pacific (G. urvillei
[Montagne] Abbott, G. edulis
[S. Gmelin] P. Silva, G. eucheumatoides
Harvey, G. preissiana
[Sonder] Womersley, and G. rangiferina
[Kützing] Piccone) and western Atlantic species (G. cornea
J. Agardh, G. crassissima
P. et H. Crouan in Mazé et Schramm, G. usneoides
[C. Agardh] J. Agardh, G. caudata
J. Agardh, and G. secunda
P. et H. Crouan in Mazé et Schramm). Cystocarpic features within the Gracilaria sensu lato
clades appear to be more phylogenetically informative than male characters. The textorii‐type spermatangial configuration is represented in two distinct clusters of Gracilaria.
The rbc
L genetic divergence among the Gracilariaceae genera ranged between 8.46% and 16.41%, providing at least 2.5 times more genetic variation than does the 18S nuclear rDNA. rbc
L also resolves intrageneric relationships, especially within Gracilaria sensu lato. The current number of gracilariacean species is underestimated in the western Atlantic because of convergence in habit and apparent homoplasy in vegetative and reproductive anatomy.
DIATOMS LIVING INSIDE THE THALLUS OF THE GREEN ALGAL LICHEN COENOGONIUM LINKII IN NEOTROPICAL LOWLAND RAIN FORESTS1
Authors: Lakatos Michael , Lange‐Bertalot Horst , Büdel Burkhard
Published: August 2010

Coenogonium linkii Ehrenb. is a very common filamentous lichen, growing on stems, hanging roots, and lianas in the understory of neotropical lowland rain forests. We investigated several thalli of this species from locations in Panama and French Guiana. All thalli were inhabited by various species of terrestrial diatoms, which were found between the thallus filaments on extracellular material of the mycobiont. We identified 18 species of diatoms belonging to nine genera: Diadesmis, Eunotia, Hantzschia, Luticola, Melosira, Nitzschia, Orthoseira, Pinnularia, and Stauroneis. The potential benefits both diatoms and lichens could derive from symbiosis in relation to water, irradiance, and nitrogen availability are discussed.
THE PROTECTING CAPACITY OF NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODIES BY DISTEMPER VIRUS INFECTIONS IN MINK
Authors: Hansen Mogens , Lund Ebba
Published: August 2010

By challenge experiments on minks it has been shown that distemper vaccines may provoke formation of neutralizing antibodies in good titres without giving protection. In small scale experiments it was found that mink kits even at the age of 4 weeks might be protected through vaccination, provided the mothers had not been vaccinated. In kits born of vaccinated mothers, successful vaccinations may apparently be carried out by the age of 11 weeks, but if applied before this time, maternal antibodies seem to interfere with the vaccination. At 4 weeks, maternal antibodies alone may give protection.
SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF THE A ANTIGEN IN MAREK'S DISEASE VIRUS—INFECTED CELL CULTURES
Authors: Settnes O. P.
Published: August 2010

The A antigen in Marek's Disease Virus infected cell cultures was found to be stable at 37° C or lower for long periods, to be rapidly inactivated at temperatures at 75° C to 100° C, unaffected by ether or chloroform, tolerate pH 1.7 for 4 1/2 hours, but is inactivated by pH 12.1 in 4 1/2 hours. Trypsin inactivates the antigen activity in 40–60 minutes at 37° C and it remains in the supernatant after centrifugation at 100,000 × G for 120 minutes. A antigen preparations were found inhibitory to the replication of MDV in cell cultures and to VSV plaque formation in CK cultures, but not in L cells. The possibility that the A antigen is an interferon ‐associated protein is discussed.
LEUKOLYTIC ACTIVITY OF ACINETOBACTER CALCOACETICUS
Authors: Lehmann Vidar , Wiig Johan N.
Published: August 2010

The leukolytic activity of haemolytic culture filtrates of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus has been investigated by a vital dye technique and by electrophoresis, employing mouse thymocytes. The leukolytic and haemolytic (phospholipase C) activities showed the same characteristic features. Both were activated by Mg2+, inactivated by ethylendiaminetetraacetate and heating, had similar pH‐optima and showed the same electrophoretic mobilities.
HAEMOPOIETIC DEFECTS IN MICE INFECTED WITH LYMPHOCYTIC CHORIOMENINGITIS VIRUS
Authors: Bro‐Jørgensen Klaus , Volkert Mogens
Published: August 2010

Seemingly paradoxical observations were made with mice exposed to infections with the LCM virus and treatment with X‐rays. The X‐irradiation could afford a beneficial effect upon the cource of the viral infection or cause a serious aggravation. The beneficial effect was associated with X‐ray treatment given prior to the inoculation of virus. This pre‐irradiation effectively prevented an antiviral immune response and protected mice against lethal intracerebral challenges with the virus. However, doses of X‐rays which were sublethal for normal mice provoked a lethal disease when given to mice previously inoculated with the virus. Fatal outcomes were observed with persistent, tolerant virus carriers and with i. p. infected adult mice, that is, in cases of normally inapparent LCM virus infections. The X‐ray induced deaths were apparently not related to any enhanced growth of the virus in the irradiated mice. Clinical findings and reconstitution experiments strongly indicated that the striking increase in the sensitivity to X‐rays was caused by a haemopoietic defect in the LCM virus infected mice. The nature of this haemopoietic disorder is not readily explained. Thus several observations made it unlikely that the LCM virus had any direct damaging effect upon the haemopoietic cells. Moreover, the findings with the persistent, tolerant virus carriers provided evidence against any immunopathological basis of the disorder.
NEISSERIA ELONGATA PRESENTATION OF NEW ISOLATES
Authors: Bøvre Kjell , Fuglesang Jan E. , Henriksen S. D.
Published: August 2010

Thirteen strains, or clones, of oxidase positive, rodshaped bacteria from the human pharynx and a perimandibular abscess were identified as Neisseria elongata by comparison with the type strain of this species in conventional cultural and biochemical tests and in genetic transformation. The study establishes N. elongata as an entity of more than sporadic occurrence in pharyngeal cultures.
Food habits of giraffe in Tsavo National Park, Kenya
Authors: LEUTHOLD BARBARA M. , LEUTHOLD WALTER
Published: August 2010

In the context of a broader ecological investigation, food habits of giraffe were studied in Tsavo National Park (East). The only method employed was direct observation of feeding animals in the field. Each instance in which one animal fed on one individual plant was counted as one food record for this plant species; 4025 records are analysed.

A total of sixty‐six plant species was found to be eaten, the great majority being trees and shrubs, with a few creepers and vines. There were marked seasonal differences in the diet of giraffe, deciduous trees, shrubs and vines being dominant in the green season, evergreen plants (partly in riverine forest) in the dry season. All the trees and larger shrubs common in the study area were eaten by giraffe, while few records for very small shrubs and none for herbs and grasses were obtained. An analysis of the available vegetation was made in part of the dry‐season habitat, and for twenty species the frequency in the habitat was compared with the frequency in the giraffe's diet, revealing selection for or against certain species. Giraffe utilized the upper vegetation layers, where available, but overall c. 50% of all browsing was below 2 m above ground, i.e. within reach of smaller browsers.

Results of this study are compared with what is known on food habits of giraffe in other areas.

Possible competition of giraffe with other browsers and the relationship between giraffe and their habitat are discussed. Continued survival of giraffe, and other browsers, in Tsavo National Park depends primarily on (1) adequate control of fire, and (2) the impact of future vegetation changes on the amount and variety of available browse plants.
Papillary Wilms' tumour with carcinoma‐like foci and renal cell carcinoma in childhood
Authors: KODET R. , MARSDEN H.B.
Published: August 2010

Five cases of Wilms' tumour with prominent papillary formation and focal carcinomalike epithelium are described. The morphology of these tumours is compared with a group of six renal cell carcinomas in childhood. A link between this type of nephroblastoma and renal carcinoma is suggested but pure renal carcinomas are considered to be a separate category. The biological behaviour of the papillary Wilms' tumours was found to be more aggressive than is generally believed. The course of the disease may be influenced by carcinoma‐like structures although this fact is not definitely established. Stageing seems to be more helpful in such patients as is the case with renal cell carcinomas. Further studies on this type of Wilms' tumour are needed to establish more consistent data.
A morphological and immunocytochemical study of a distinctive variant of ductal carcinoma in‐situ of the breast
Authors: CRCSS A. S. , AZZOPARDI J. G. , KRAUSZ T. , VAN NOORDEN S. , POLAK J. M.
Published: August 2010

Because so‐called ‘carcinoid’ tumour of the breast has proven to be a difficult entity to define, we studied in‐situ carcinoma as there were reasons to believe that this might help clarify the complex problems involved. We studied a consecutive series of 30 cases of ductal carcinoma in‐situ (DCIS) by light microscopy and silver impregnation methods and identified a relatively common endocrine variant of DCIS. This variant was studied by immunocytochemical and ultrastructural methods, using conventional DCIS as a control. Endocrine DCIS is identified by its organoid pattern, stromal ‘inclusions’, festooned structure and a distinctive type of polypoid invagination. It is argyrophilic and rich in neuron‐specific enolase. Ultrastructurally it contains abundant dense core granules which are impregnated selectively by Grimelius' method. This tumour type frequently contains peptide hormones of the ACTH family. Three of seven cases contained cells reactive for ACTH and corticotropin‐like intermediate lobe peptide CLIP or their precursor, proopiomelanocortin. A fourth tumour contained neurotensin, recently identified in a variety of endocrine tumours. Argyrophil invasive carcinomas are a much more heterogeneous group of tumours than argyrophil DCIS and only a minority have an endocrine structure comparable to that described here.
Giant nodular ovaries with aberrant follicles
Authors: HUGHESDON P. E. , ANDERSON M. C.
Published: August 2010

Two cases of an unusual variant of the Stein‐Leventhal syndrome and ovary are described and two similar reported cases reviewed. Clinically three of the patients had a delayed menarche followed by irregular periods and one had irregular menorrhagia. Pathologically all four had large firm nodular ovaries of 6‐9 cm in diameter, showing a gross excess of stroma and distorted or fragmented atretic follicles with unusual granulosal cell persistence. Both grossly and microscopically, ovaries of this type are liable to be mistaken for tumours, but there is no good evidence that they are either neoplastic or pre‐neoplastic.
Adenomatoid tumour of the uterus
Authors: MARCUSSEN N. , DONNA A.
Published: August 2010

Two adenomatoid tumours of the uterus were examined immunohistochemically using antibodies to keratin, Factor VIII related antigen, EMA, CEA and a specific protein isolated from mesothelioma cells. The tumour cells gave positive staining for keratin and for the specific mesothelial marker. The results strongly support a mesothelial origin for adenomatoid tumours and this panel of antibodies may be used to solve diagnostic problems.
Immunohistochemistry of basal cell adenoma of the major salivary glands
Authors: FERREIRO J.A.
Published: August 2010

An immunohistochemical study of basal cell adenoma of the major salivary glands was performed. All basal cell adenomas showed similar staining patterns. Carcinoembryonic antigen was expressed in the apical portions of luminal cells, in the luminal secretions, and in the duct‐lining cells. Epithelial membrane antigen showed a similar pattern of expression but was less frequently present in duct‐lining cells. Keratin expression was found in all epithelial cells but not in stromal cells. S‐100 protein was strongly expressed in stromal cells, with focal positivity of cells in epithelial nests. Vimentin expression was noted in stromal cells and the outer layer of epithelial nests. Staining for muscle‐specific actin was negative in both stromal cells and epithelial nests. Thus, there appears to be evidence of myoepithelial cell participation in the histogenesis of basal cell adenomas, and at least some basal cell adenomas appear to be closely related to pleomorphic adenomas.
Reactive pulmonary lymphoid disorders
Authors: NICHOLSON A.G. , WOTHERSPOON A.C. , DISS T.C. , HANSELL D.M. , BOIS R.DU , SHEPPARD M.N. , ISAACSON P.G. , CORRIN B.
Published: August 2010

The two main reactive pulmonary lymphoid disorders are lymphoid interstitial pneumonia and follicular bronchitis/bronchiolitis, both pathological entities with a variety of aetiologies. We reviewed the morphological and immunohistochemical features of 26 cases with one or other of these two diagnoses, to explore the possibility that they represented overlapping patterns of hyperpiasia of the bronchopulmonary immune system. The polymerase chain reaction was used to determine the clonality of the infiltrates. Histologically, there was a spectrum of changes with two main components. An interstitial infiltrate of mainly T lymphocytes, plasma cells and histiocytes predominated in lymphoid interstitial pneumonia, whilst lymphoid follicles predominated around airways in follicular bronchitis/bronchiolitis. Classification of the disorder rested on which component the pathologists believed to be dominant. In two cases, histology and immunohistochemistry suggested lymphoma, and in one of these cases this diagnosis was confirmed by the polymerase chain reaction. One case of lymphoid interstitial pneumonia produced three bands. The remainder produced polyclonal patterns when samples were adequate. Clinically, there was no clear difference between patients with the two disorders, or patients with pathological features of both.
Predictive markers in breast cancer – the future
Authors: Faratian D , Bartlett J
Published: August 2010

The published literature is awash with examples of new tissue biomarkers promising to predict responses to therapy in breast cancer patients. However, few, if any, of these progress from the laboratory to the clinic. In this review we discuss some of the reasons for this, illustrating our discussion with a selection of biomarkers which are in development and which may be candidates for clinical application within the next few years (topoisomerase IIα, epidermal growth factor receptor, AKT, phosphatase and tensin homologue). In particular, we explore how our ever increasing knowledge of molecular and pathway biology is facilitating hypothesis‐driven biomarker discovery, and the statistical considerations which need to be addressed in order to validate new candidate biomarkers adequately.
Eosinophilia in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and architectural destruction are features of desquamative interstitial pneumonia
Authors: Kawabata Y , Takemura T , Hebisawa A , Ogura T , Yamaguchi T , Kuriyama T , Nagai S , Sakatani M , Chida K , Sakai F , Park J , Colby T V
Published: August 2010

Aims:  Desquamative interstitial pneumonia (DIP) is a rare pattern of diffuse parenchymal lung disease known to overlap with respiratory bronchiolitis‐interstitial lung disease (RB‐ILD). The aim was to review biopsy‐proven cases of DIP to investigate further the clinical, imaging and histological features of this disease.

Methods and results:  Twenty patients fulfilled the pathological criteria: 19 men and one woman with a mean age of 54 years. Clinical features, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) data, radiological findings, pathological findings other than criteria, effect of therapy and outcome were examined. The BAL data for 17 cases revealed marked eosinophilia (mean 18%) and moderate neutrophilia (mean 11%). Computed tomography in 17 patients showed peripheral involvement in all cases with a clear margin in 64% and thin‐walled cysts in 35% of cases. Additional pathological features were a distinct lobular distribution (70%) and architectural destruction (70%) with cyst formation (55%). Eighteen of the 19 patients (95%) improved under steroid pulse and/or oral therapy. Sixteen subjects (80%) are alive, three died of other diseases and one died of DIP 74 months after the diagnosis. Percent vital capacity increased significantly and new thin‐walled cysts appeared in one case.

Conclusions:  BAL eosinophilia, lobular distribution and architectural destruction with cyst formation are characteristic features of DIP.
Information requisition is the core of guideline‐based medical care: which information is needed for whom?
Authors: Gschwandtner Theresia , Kaiser Katharina , Miksch Silvia
Published: August 2010

Rationale, aims and objectives  It is mandatory for the design of an efficient software product to know the different groups of users of a software tool, the tasks the users want to perform with it, and the information that is required for it. Our goal is to establish a comprehensive information source for the development of a consistent software environment supporting all tasks emerging from the creation to the execution of a computerized clinical practice guideline (CPG) for different user groups.

Methods  We conducted a comprehensive literature review to investigate the different user groups of a computerized CPG as well as their specific information needs.

Results  We provide a complete catalogue of every single aspect that may be related to information needs of any party concerned. In particular, we give detailed information on the tasks of guideline modellers on the one hand, and clinical information needs (i.e. information needs of physicians, nurses, nurse practitioners and patients) on the other hand.

Conclusion  By providing categorized information from several studies and publications, we establish an exhaustive information basis for the design of a useful software tool facilitating the formalization and the execution of a CPG.