bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conclusion
Authors: Elmore Bart
Published: May 2024

This book concludes by recapping how five southern firms whose businesses focused on servicing small, often rural markets helped pioneer logistics systems that Jeff Bezos’ later used to create our have-it-now, fly-by-night, buy-on-credit economy. Bezos would travel to Bentonville, Arkansas, when he launched his firm in the 1990s. He read Sam Walton’s biography and even hired top talent out of Bentonville to get his business up and running. He also employed folks from FedEx, recognizing their expertise in logistics, expertise that came from developing an air cargo system that built on Delta’s hub-and-spoke aviation model. Bezos also gave thanks to Bank of America in speeches he gave, noting that the bank had developed a credit card system that provided basic infrastructure critical to his business. All this made Amazon wares “within arm’s reach of desire,” the mantra Coca-Cola’s Robert Woodruff had spoken of so many years ago. As it turns out, the rural roads to our “Amazon” economy ran straight through the American South.
An Isolated Valley in Wartime
Authors: Giddens Elizabeth
Published: May 2024

During the Civil War, white and Cherokee residents enlisted as Confederates, mostly under the command of Col. William Holland Thomas, who created the Thomas Legion, envisioned as a force to protect the high mountain passes and keep men close to their families. They mustered in Knoxville in September 1862, where the Cherokee troops fascinated the citizens. Thomas’ strategy was thwarted when Brigadier General Alfred E. Jackson sent part of the Legion on a campaign into northeast Tennessee and Virginia, led by Lt. Col. James R. Love and Maj. William W. Stringfield. These soldiers participated in battles at Piedmont, Monacacy, and Winchester, or the Battle of Opequon. They rejoined North Carolina forces in late 1864 to serve as a home guard against Union raids led by Col. George W. Kirk, who swept through Oconaluftee Valley. Also, Stringfield was needed to command the Legion after Thomas was court-martialed for insubordination. This decision was reversed by President Jefferson Davis in time for Thomas to be present in Waynesville when North Carolina Confederate forces surrendered to Union Col. William C. Bartlett on May 9, 1865, a month after General Robert E. Lee surrendered to General Ulysses Grant at Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia.
A City without Care
Authors: McQueeney Kevin
Published: May 2024

This book traces racially based medical inequity in New Orleans from the city's founding in the early eighteenth century through three centuries to the present. The work argues that racist health disparities emerged as a key component of the city's slave-based economy and quickly became institutionalized with the end of Reconstruction and the rise of Jim Crow. The manuscript also shows that, despite legislation and court victories in the civil rights era, a segregated health care system still exists today. In addition to charting this history of neglect, the book also suggests pathways to fix the deeply entrenched inequities, taking inspiration from the "long civil rights" framework and reconstructing the fight for improved health and access to care that started long before the boycotts, sit-ins, and marches of the 1950s and 1960s. In telling the history of how New Orleans has treated its Black citizens in its hospitals, this work uncovers the broader story of how urban centers across the country have ignored Black Americans and their health needs for the entire history of the nation.
Health and Health Care in the Era of Slavery, 1718–1843
Authors: McQueeney Kevin
Published: May 2024

Chapter 1 explores the origins of the racialized health care system in New Orleans. It details the creation and roles of early hospitals like the Royal Hospital and Charity Hospital, both of which owned enslaved people and provided invaluable medical care to many of the participants in the slave society. It examines the health requirements for enslaved individuals under the Code Noir and Black Codes, and the connection between the growing slave economy in New Orleans and the nascent medical field. The chapter details the role of physicians in promoting scientific racism used to justify the slave system. Finally, the chapter explores health problems of enslaved people, and the limited health care provided by enslavers.
Two-Tiered Health Care, 1965–1974
Authors: McQueeney Kevin
Published: May 2024

Chapter 7 explores the post-–Civil Rights period when the promise of an integrated health care system evaporated and the racialized health care system became re-entrenched, similar to what occurred in New Orleans a century earlier. This chapter starts with two juxtaposed stories: the simultaneous attempts to expand the white medical district, including the successful creation of Tulane University’s new hospital, and the stymied work to expand Flint Goodridge Hospital, which entered into decline. It explores the creation of the state agency Health Education Authority of Louisiana (H.E.A.L.) and its “urban renewal” efforts to displace Black residents and businesses. This chapter also explores also continued Black health activism, which took several forms. First, Black residents of Tulane Gravier organized against the expansion of the medical district and displacement. Second, Black residents and the NAACP initiated litigation against the formerly all-white hospitals that continued to discriminate, leading to investigations by the federal government, which were undermined by the failure of the federal government to enforce integration. Third, Black residents pushed for Health Department and federally-funded Model Cities health clinics in public housing units and Black neighborhoods, and the Black Panther Party created their own People’s Clinic in the Desire neighborhood; all the clinics proved short-lived. Finally, the chapter examines the transition of Charity Hospital to a “de facto” Black hospital, and the accompanying decrease in state funding and quality of care.
Black Health Care in the Age of Abandonment, 1975–2005
Authors: McQueeney Kevin
Published: May 2024

Chapter 8 examines Black health care in New Orleans in the age of crisis, from the late 1970s until Hurricane Katrina. It explores the factors that led to the decline, sale, and closure of Flint Goodridge, primarily the hospital’s declining finances due to low levels of reimbursement from Medicare and Medicaid, inability to attract donors or investors, and lack of government funding. This chapter also explores the growing corporatization of health care. While Flint Goodridge became a victim of this process, hospitals like Tulane and Ochsner that served a wealthier, whiter clientele thrived, buoyed by their support from hospital companies and continued aid from H.E.A.L. Finally, this chapter details the further decline of Charity Hospital, principally caused by the state’s continued reduction in funding. By the 2000s, Charity provided care for 75 percent of the city’s Black hospital patients, as both quality of care at the hospital and the racial health disparity worsened.
Solidarity across the Americas
Authors: Power Margaret M.
Published: May 2024

The Puerto Rican Nationalist Party (PNPR) understood that to successfully establish an independent nation it needed to generate solidarity across the Americas with its struggle against US colonial rule. It invested significant energy, personnel, and resources in attending regional conferences, distributing its literature throughout the hemisphere, creating solidarity committees, presenting its case to elected officials and the public, and promoting the causes of oppressed peoples. The hemispheric outpourings of solidarity with Puerto Rican independence have been obscured by larger, later liberation movements as well as the anticolonial party's ultimate failure to achieve independence. However, as this book shows, they were nonetheless central to anti-imperialists, nationalists, and revolutionaries from New York City to Buenos Aires.
Introduction
Authors: Power Margaret M.
Published: May 2024

This chapter introduces the pro-independence Puerto Rican Nationalist Party and its solidarity networks throughout the Americas. It argues that for the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party anti-colonial nationalism went hand in hand with anti-imperialism and transnational solidarity with individuals, organizations, and governments across the region. It disputes the suggestion that the Nationalist Party was influenced by European fascism by demonstrating its strong ties with anti-imperialism and left-wing forces throughout the hemisphere.
A Conceptual Design of a Generative Artificial Intelligence System for Education
Authors: Bonde Lossan
Published: May 2024

Artificial Intelligence (AI) and, more specifically, Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) are among the most trending disruptive technologies, offering unprecedented possibilities for innovation in education by customising learning paths, fostering creativity, and bridging knowledge gaps. Gen AI is a subfield of AI which generates content (text, image, audio or video) that is comparable to human-generated content. It uses complex Machine Learning (ML) models and Neural Networks (NN) trained on large datasets. The launch of ChatGPT in November 2022 has significantly raised the standards for generative artificial intelligence capabilities. Since then, researchers and practitioners have extensively investigated the potential applications of this technology. Consequently, GenAI has been applied in various sectors, including business and marketing, media and entertainment, arts and design, research and innovation, and education. While it is evident that GenAI has a high potential transformative power on education, its actual application in classical educational settings such as schools and universities remains limited to individual (student or teacher) trials without institutional guidance and support. The aim of this is expressed in two points: (1) to explore the advances in GenAI and provide guidelines on leveraging the technology in the context of learning and teaching. (2) to identify the main barriers to adopting GenAI in education and how to address them when building a Gen AI application for education. The paper’s main contribution is conceptualising a Gen AI system for learning and teaching. Such a system produces course content, exercises, and supplementary materials tailored to the curriculum and each student’s learning pace and style. This system will enhance comprehension and retention, making education more accessible and effective. Secondarily, the research addresses the ethical issues and other barriers to adopting GenAI in education.
The Implementation of Cognitive Strategy in Teaching English at SMPN 2 Sungguminasa
Authors: Ibrahim Zahratul Aini Gani , Mahmud Murni , Atmowardoyo Haryanto
Published: May 2024

This research aims to determine the implementation of cognitive strategy in teaching English and the influence of implementing cognitive strategy on students’ English learning process. Researchers conducted this research at SMPN 2 Sungguminasa. This research method is descriptive qualitative. The instruments in this research are observation, interviews and documentation. Data collection was carried out using observation sheets and interview techniques. Participants in this research were two English teachers at SMPN 2 Sungguminasa. The results of this research showed that English teachers implement this cognitive strategy by forming discussion groups, utilizing learning models (PJBL, PBL and direct methods) and conducting questions and answers to students. The influences of implementing this cognitive strategy are students who were initially very passive in learning English became motivated to participate in English learning after implementing this cognitive strategy. They spoke actively in expressing opinions, suggestions, creative ideas and actively collaborated. This shows that the results of the implementation of cognitive strategy have met the four indicators (critical thinking, creative thinking, decision making and problem solving). This strategy is very influential on students' learning process because it can improve students' thinking process through the application of cognitive strategies, so that students can develop their knowledge in learning.
RESPONSABILIDADE CIVIL DECORRENTE DE APENADOS MORTOS SOB CUSTÓDIA DO ESTADO: UMA ANÁLISE JURISPRUDENCIAL
Authors: Rocha Mariana da Hora , Camargo Júnior Waldir Franco de
Published: May 2024

Este Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso tem como objetivo central de estudo a análise jurisprudencial acerca do dever de Reparação Civil pelo Estado aos familiares de apenados mortos sob sua custódia. As garantias individuais, são contempladas no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro como obrigações originárias, de modo que para se reestabelecer o equilíbrio violado pelo dano decorrente do descumprimento de uma dessas obrigações primárias, é extremamente necessário recorrer ao instituto da responsabilidade civil. Na relação estabelecida entre o Estado e encarcerados no Brasil não é diferente, pois, a própria Constituição Federal de 88 assegura direitos individuais e coletivos à pessoa apenada no Brasil, inclusive prevendo punição para qualquer ato discriminatório ou atentatório a tais direitos. Para alcançar a finalidade da pesquisa, analisou-se através de jurisprudências a aplicação das normas jurídicas na fundamentação da responsabilidade estatal em garantir na prática a segurança e o bem-estar de aprisionados sob custódia do Estado. Além disso, foram identificados os direitos legalmente conferidos aos familiares das vítimas, incluindo-se o direito de indenização. No decorrer do trabalho, necessariamente foram discutidas as duas principais vertentes da responsabilidade, recepcionadas para além da Constituição cidadã, no Código Civil brasileiro de 2002, sendo tais a responsabilidade subjetiva – recepcionada no art.186 CC, bem como, a responsabilidade objetiva, que é atual recepcionada na CF/88 e adotada excepcionalmente no campo prático do direito brasileiro - sempre em virtude de Lei ou da prestação de atividade de risco. Para o cumprimento da pesquisa, foi adotada a análise documental, cujo fonte primária foram jurisprudências referentes à temática debatida, utilizando-se também do método dedutivo para a partir de uma premissa maior, que são os direitos fundamentais estabelecidos na Constituição Federal de 1988, verificar-se a defesa dessas garantias em questão particularizada, a saber, no espaço prisional brasileiro. Concluindo-se, portanto, que apesar do dispositivo constitucional - §6° do art.37, recepcionar a tese de assunção do risco administrativo para reparar à vítima, é preciso aperfeiçoar os mecanismos já existentes para que tal aplicação normativa, na prática, além de indenizar pelo dano ocasionado - sob um caráter compensatório, possibilite também o alcance da ideia de ressocialização da pessoa apenada – prevalecendo um “olhar circunspecto” ³. Afinal todo cidadão brasileiro deve ser tratado sob égide das garantias fundamentais à pessoa humana, independentemente do espaço ou ambiente a que submetido.
INTEGRAÇÃO DA CULTURA MAKER NO CURRÍCULO ESCOLAR
Authors: Andrade Filho Marcos Antonio Soares de , Franqueira Alberto da Silva , Andrade Aline Socorro de , Botelho Sandra de Oliveira , Santos Silvana Maria Aparecida Viana
Published: May 2024

Este estudo aprofundou a investigação sobre a integração da cultura Maker no currículo escolar, um movimento educacional que enfatiza a aprendizagem prática, a criatividade e a colaboração. A cultura maker incentiva os alunos a criarem, experimentarem e resolverem problemas utilizando ferramentas e tecnologias acessíveis. No contexto escolar, isso pode envolver a criação de projetos DIY (faça você mesmo) que combinam disciplinas tradicionais com habilidades práticas, como programação, design e fabricação digital. A integração da cultura Maker no currículo busca promover o pensamento crítico, a resolução de problemas e o engajamento dos alunos, preparando-os para os desafios do século XXI. O artigo discute estratégias para implementar essa abordagem, destacando exemplos de escolas que já adotaram com sucesso a cultura Maker em seu ensino.
A IMPORTÂNCIA DO ENFERMEIRO NA ATENÇÃO BÁSICA NO CUIDAR DO PACIENTE DIABÉTICO
Authors: Carvalho José Eduardo Oliveira de , Andrade Robson Vidal de
Published: May 2024

O Diabetes Mellitus é uma doença que afeta grande parte da população mundial. Este fato constitui uma grande preocupação, principalmente no que diz respeito à saúde pública. O tratamento precoce e monitoramento do nível glicêmico são de extrema importância para diminuir a incidência de possíveis complicações em pacientes diabéticos. Objetivo: analisar à importância do enfermeiro frente no cuidado do paciente com Diabete Mellitus. Materiais e Métodos: O presente trabalho de conclusão de curso consistiu em uma revisão bibliográfica de literatura. Resultados: Notou-se que com o aumento da prevalência de comorbidades e das complicações advindas da Diabetes Mellitus, o enfermeiro possui um papel primordial no cuidado com o paciente diabético na Atenção Primária, contribuindo assim para melhora na qualidade de vida e na redução das complicações. Conclusão: A pesquisa evidenciou que o enfermeiro exerce muito mais que a função de cuidar, ele atua direto na educação em saúde da população, por meio da prevenção e promoção. Todas as orientações são simples, todavia são essenciais para o sucesso do tratamento e a melhora da qualidade de vida dos pacientes.
Reconstrucción histórica del saber comunitario para la descolonización del pasado en el entorno escolar
Authors: Cruz Hernández Jorge Luis , Bravo Moreno Josefa , Alcántara Ramírez Juan Alberto
Published: May 2024

Derivado de las actuales políticas educativas a nivel internacional y nacional, sobre todo, desde las exigencias de la agenda 2030 y su preocupación por el desarrollo sostenible, y desde la propuesta nacional mexicana de promover un curriculum escolar centrado en la recuperación del sentido comunitario y la legitimación de saberes, el presente escrito tiene como propósito mostrar las posibilidades de reconstrucción del conocimiento histórico a partir de los saberes comunitarios. Por lo tanto, se vincula el pensamiento decolonial como marco interpretativo para situar a las y los sujetos sociales como hacedores de su propio presente/futuro, y con ello, construir una propuesta para la decolonización del pasado. De ahí que la presente investigación tiene como foco central a las comunidades colindantes a la UPN del norte del Estado de México, caracterizadas por tener herencia cultural de los pueblos originarios, específicamente con la cultura otomí. Con ello, se intenta problematizar las prácticas y saberes culturales que ayuden a de-colonizar el discurso del pasado legítimo que se aprende en la asignatura de Historia. Se utiliza una metodología cualitativa de tipo exploratoria cuyas técnicas principales fueron las encuestas y las entrevistas no estructuradas para dar cuenta de las posibilidades de reconstruir el conocimiento histórico comunitario. Se concluye que al día de hoy los saberes de las comunidades originarias son un aporte fundamental para vincular el curriculum educativo nacional actual cuya preocupación es reconstruir la vida comunitaria en pro al derecho a la dignidad humana y al equilibrio de la naturaleza.
Factores sociodemográficos y su relación con el diagnóstico nutricional del preescolar
Authors: López Jiménez Mitzi Areli , Estrada Reyes César Uziel , Pérez Jaimes Alejandra Karina
Published: May 2024

La importancia del desarrollo, el estado de nutrición y el diagnóstico nutricional en la etapa pediátrica conforme a todos los factores sociodemográficos que los rodean es de gran relevancia debido a que en esta edad es donde se estructura gran parte de sus costumbres y hábitos. Entre los 4 y 6 años los niños asumen sus patrones de comportamiento, base primordial para la toma de decisiones, gustos o disgustos. Objetivo: analizar la relación que existe entre los factores sociodemográficos y el estado de nutrición en pacientes pediátricos en etapa preescolar. Material y Métodos: tipo de estudio observacional analítico transversal prospectivo. La población fue de 98 la muestra con la que se trabajó se estableció de 69 seleccionados a través de un muestreo no probabilístico a conveniencia. Se utilizó una báscula digital marca Omron HBF-514 y un estadiómetro de pared con 2 metros de largo marca genérica, modelo JSM-SH-2M-1. Para analizar la relación se utilizó la prueba estadística de Chi cuadrada tomando como significativo un p valor menor a 0.05. Resultados: la principal remuneración económica de los menores, el promedio fue para eutrofia con un 44% de acuerdo a una remuneración por trabajo propio, en el mismo diagnóstico para remuneración por apoyo de pareja fue de 56%, y un 0% para apoyo familiar. Seguido del diagnóstico de sobrepeso donde hubo un 50% para trabajo propio y un 50% para remuneración por la pareja, sin ningún porcentaje en el caso de apoyo familiar. No se encontró relación estadísticamente significativa para estas variables (p=0.09). Conclusión: se identificó una prevalencia en el diagnóstico de sobrepeso y obesidad. Se observó para el diagnóstico de eutrofia un 44% para madres en relación de unión libre. Seguido del diagnóstico de sobrepeso donde un 43.8% para un estado civil casado, en el diagnóstico de obesidad un 35.7% para madres casadas.
Construcción del discurso periodístico en el noticiero “Noticias al Mediodía” de la CMKO Radio Angulo
Authors: Berbén Leyva Leannis
Published: May 2024

El desarrollo de la sociedad aumentó la necesidad de mejorar los procesos comunicativos. Así surgen diferentes formas para transmitir y comunicar un hecho o pensamiento. Este proceso que desencadenó el surgimiento de los medios de comunicación y posteriormente las Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones, permitió al hombre interactuar, escuchar y ser escuchado por el mundo social que lo rodea. En este entramado socio comunicativo, la información adquiere gran relevancia, concediéndole al discurso que ofrecen los medios de comunicación un lugar fundamental en el progreso de la sociedad en dependencia de luso que hagan del mismo. Precisamente, dado el papel que desempeñan los medios y en especial la radio, el trabajo del periodista/redactor en el proceso de construcción del discurso periodístico, debe estar acorde a las necesidades actuales. De tal forma, es necesario emplear investigaciones que ayuden a comprender las concepciones teórico-metodológicos que sustentan al discurso y el discurso periodístico como conceptos clave de la investigación, donde se reflexionará además, sobre su utilización en programas informativos radiales como el programa “Noticias al Mediodía” de la Emisora Provincial de Holguín, CMKO Radio Angulo.
Technical note: An assessment of the performance of statistical bias correction techniques for global chemistry–climate model surface ozone fields
Authors: Staehle Christoph , Rieder Harald E. , Fiore Arlene M. , Schnell Jordan L.
Published: May 2024

Abstract. State-of-the-art chemistry–climate models (CCMs) still show biases compared to ground-level ozone observations, illustrating the difficulties and challenges remaining in the simulation of atmospheric processes governing ozone production and loss. Therefore, CCM output is frequently bias-corrected in studies seeking to explore the health or environmental impacts from changing air quality burdens. Here, we assess four statistical bias correction techniques of varying complexities and their application to surface ozone fields simulated with four CCMs and evaluate their performance against gridded observations in the EU and US. We focus on two time periods (2005–2009 and 2010–2014), where the first period is used for development and training and the second to evaluate the performance of techniques when applied to model projections. We find that all methods are capable of significantly reducing the model bias. However, biases are lowest when we apply more complex approaches such as quantile mapping and delta functions. We also highlight the sensitivity of the correction techniques to individual CCM skill at reproducing the observed distributional change in surface ozone. Ensemble simulations available for one CCM indicate that model ozone biases are likely more sensitive to the process representation embedded in chemical mechanisms than to meteorology.
Significant impact of urban tree biogenic emissions on air quality estimated by a bottom-up inventory and chemistry transport modeling
Authors: Maison Alice , Lugon Lya , Park Soo-Jin , Baudic Alexia , Cantrell Christopher , Couvidat Florian , D'Anna Barbara , Di Biagio Claudia , Gratien Aline , Gros Valérie , Kalalian Carmen , Kammer Julien , Michoud Vincent , Petit Jean-Eudes , Shahin Marwa , Simon Leila , Valari Myrto , Vigneron Jérémy , Tuzet Andrée , Sartelet Karine
Published: May 2024

Abstract. Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) are emitted by vegetation and react with other compounds to form ozone and secondary organic matter (OM). In regional air quality models, biogenic emissions are often calculated using a plant functional type approach, which depends on the land use category. However, over cities, the land use is urban, so trees and their emissions are not represented. Here, we develop a bottom-up inventory of urban tree biogenic emissions in which the location of trees and their characteristics are derived from the tree database of the Paris city combined with allometric equations. Biogenic emissions are then computed for each tree based on their leaf dry biomass, tree-species-dependent emission factors, and activity factors representing the effects of light and temperature. Emissions are integrated in WRF-CHIMERE air quality simulations performed over June–July 2022. Over Paris city, the urban tree emissions have a significant impact on OM, inducing an average increase in the OM of about 5 %, reaching 14 % locally during the heatwaves. Ozone concentrations increase by 1.0 % on average and by 2.4 % during heatwaves, with a local increase of up to 6 %. The concentration increase remains spatially localized over Paris, extending to the Paris suburbs in the case of ozone during heatwaves. The inclusion of urban tree emissions improves the estimation of OM concentrations compared to in situ measurements, but they are still underestimated as trees are still missing from the inventory. OM concentrations are sensitive to terpene emissions, highlighting the importance of favoring urban tree species with low-terpene emissions.
Coherency and time lag analyses between MODIS vegetation indices and climate across forests and grasslands in the European temperate zone
Authors: Kulesza Kinga , Hościło Agata
Published: May 2024

Abstract. Identifying the climate-induced variability in the condition of vegetation is particularly important in the context of recent climate change and plants' impact on the mitigation of climate change. In this paper, we present the coherence and time lags in the spectral response of three individual vegetation types in the European temperate zone to the influencing meteorological factors in the period 2002–2022. Vegetation condition in broadleaved forest, coniferous forest and pastures was measured with monthly anomalies of two spectral indices – normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI) and enhanced vegetation index (EVI). As meteorological elements we used monthly anomalies of temperature (T), precipitation (P), vapour pressure deficit (VPD), evapotranspiration (ETo), and the teleconnection indices North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and North Sea Caspian Pattern (NCP). Periodicity in the time series was assessed using the wavelet transform, but no significant intra- or interannual cycles were detected in both vegetation (NDVI and EVI) and meteorological variables. In turn, coherence between NDVI and EVI and meteorological elements was described using the methods of wavelet coherence and Pearson's linear correlation with time lag. In the European temperate zone analysed in this study, NAO produces strong coherence mostly for forests in a circa 1-year band and a weaker coherence in a circa 3-year band. For pastures these interannual patterns are hardly recognisable. The strongest relationships occur between conditions of the vegetation and T and ETo – they show high coherence in both forests and pastures. There is a significant cohesion with the 8–16-month (ca. 1-year) and 20–32-month (ca. 2-year) bands. More time-lagged significant correlations between vegetation indices and T occur for forests than for pastures, suggesting a significant lag in the forests' response to the changes in T.
Multi-model effective radiative forcing of the 2020 sulphur cap for shipping
Authors: Skeie Ragnhild Bieltvedt , Byrom Rachael , Hodnebrog Øivind , Jouan Caroline , Myhre Gunnar
Published: May 2024

Abstract. New regulations of sulphur emissions from shipping were introduced in 2020, reducing emissions of SO2 from international shipping by ~80 %. As SO2 is an aerosol precursor, this drop in emission over the ocean will weaken the total aerosol effective radiative forcing (ERF) that historically has masked an uncertain fraction of the warming due to increased concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Here, we use four global climate models and a chemistry transport model to calculate the ERF due to an 80 % reduction in SO2 emissions from international shipping relative to 2019 emission estimates. The model means of the ERF range from 0.06 to 0.09 W m-2 corresponding to the ERF due to the increase in CO2 concentration over the last two to three years.
Changes in extreme precipitation patterns over the greater Caribbean and teleconnection with large-scale sea surface temperature
Authors: Destouches Carlo , Diedhiou Arona , Anquetin Sandrine , Hingray Benoit , Pierre Armand , Boisson Dominique , Joseph Adermus
Published: May 2024

Abstract. This study examines changes in extreme precipitation over the greater Caribbean and their correlation with large-scale sea surface temperature (SST) for the period 1985 to 2015. The data used for this study were derived from two satellite products: Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation (CHIRPS) and NOAA DOISST (Daily Optimum Interpolation Sea Surface Temperature version 2.1) with resolutions of 5 km and 25 km, respectively. Then, change in the characteristics of six(6) extreme precipitation indices defined by the WMO ETCCDI (World Meteorological Organization Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices) is analyzed, and Spearman's correlation coefficient has been used and evaluated by t-test to investigate the influence of a few large-scale SST indices: (i) Caribbean Sea Surface Temperature (SST-CAR); (ii) Tropical South Atlantic (TSA); (iii) Southern Oscillation Index (SOI); (iv) Northern Oscillation Index (NAO). The results show that at the regional scale, +NAO contributes significantly to a decrease in heavy precipitation (R95p), daily precipitation intensity (SDII), and total precipitation (PRCPTOT), whereas +TSA is associated with a significant increase in daily precipitation intensity (SDII). At an island scale, in Puerto Rico and southern Cuba, the positive phase of +TSA, +SOI, and +SST-CAR is associated with an increase in daily precipitation intensity (SDII) and heavy precipitation (R95p). However, in Jamaica and northern Haiti, the positive phases of +SST-CAR and +TSA are also associated with increased indices (SDII, R95p). In addition, the SST warming of the Caribbean Sea surface temperature and the positive phase of the Southern Oscillation (+SOI) significantly increases with the number of rainy days (RR1) and the maximum duration of consecutive rainy days (CWD) over the Dominican Republic and in southern Haiti.
National forest carbon harvesting and allocation dataset for the period 2003 to 2018
Authors: Wang Daju , Ren Peiyang , Xia Xiaosheng , Fan Lei , Qin Zhangcai , Chen Xiuzhi , Yuan Wenping
Published: May 2024

Abstract. Forest harvesting is one of the anthropogenic activities that most significantly affect the carbon budget of forests. However, the absence of explicit spatial information on harvested carbon poses a huge challenge in assessing forest-harvesting impacts, as well as the forest carbon budget. This study utilized provincial-level statistical data on wood harvest, the tree cover loss (TCL) dataset, and a satellite-based vegetation index to develop a Long-term harvEst and Allocation of Forest Biomass (LEAF) dataset. The aim was to provide the spatial location of forest harvesting with a spatial resolution of 30 m and to quantify the post-harvest carbon dynamics. The validations against the surveyed forest harvesting in 133 cities and counties indicated a good performance of the LEAF dataset in capturing the spatial variation of harvested carbon, with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.83 between the identified and surveyed harvested carbon. The linear regression slope was up to 0.99. Averaged from 2003 to 2018, forest harvesting removed 68.3 ± 9.3 Mt C yr−1, of which more than 80 % was from selective logging. Of the harvested carbon, 19.6 ± 4.0 %, 2.1 ± 1.1 %, 35.5 ± 12.6 % 6.2 ± 0.3 %, 17.5 ± 0.9 %, and 19.1 ± 9.8 % entered the fuelwood, paper and paperboard, wood-based panels, solid wooden furniture, structural constructions, and residue pools, respectively. Direct combustion of fuelwood was the primary source of carbon emissions after wood harvest. However, carbon can be stored in wood products for a long time, and by 2100, almost 40 % of the carbon harvested during the study period will still be retained. This dataset is expected to provide a foundation and reference for estimating the forestry and national carbon budgets. The 30 m × 30 m harvested-carbon dataset from forests in China can be downloaded at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.23641164.v2 (Wang et al., 2023).
Simple process-led algorithms for simulating habitats (SPLASH v.2.0): robust calculations of water and energy fluxes
Authors: Sandoval David , Prentice Iain Colin , Nóbrega Rodolfo L. B.
Published: May 2024

Abstract. The current representation of key processes in land surface models (LSMs) for estimating water and energy balances still relies heavily on empirical equations that require calibration oriented to site-specific characteristics. When multiple parameters are used, different combinations of parameter values can produce equally acceptable results, leading to a risk of obtaining “the right answers for the wrong reasons”, compromising the reproducibility of the simulations and limiting the ecological interpretability of the results. To address this problem and reduce the need for free parameters, here we present novel formulations based on first principles to calculate key components of water and energy balances, extending the already parsimonious SPLASH model v.1.0 (Davis et al., 2017, GMD). We found analytical solutions for many processes, enabling us to increase spatial resolution and include the terrain effects directly in the calculations without unreasonably inflating computational demands. This calibration-free model estimates quantities such as net radiation, evapotranspiration, condensation, soil water content, surface runoff, subsurface lateral flow, and snow-water equivalent. These quantities are derived from readily available meteorological data such as near-surface air temperature, precipitation, and solar radiation, as well as soil physical properties. Whenever empirical formulations were required, e.g., pedotransfer functions and albedo–snow cover relationships, we selected and optimized the best-performing equations through a combination of remote sensing and globally distributed terrestrial observational datasets. Simulations at global scales at different resolutions were run to evaluate spatial patterns, while simulations with point-based observations were run to evaluate seasonal patterns using data from hundreds of stations and comparisons with the VIC-3L model, demonstrating improved performance based on statistical tests and observational comparisons. In summary, our model offers a more robust, reproducible, and ecologically interpretable solution compared to more complex LSMs.
Investigating ground-level ozone pollution in semi-arid and arid regions of Arizona using WRF-Chem v4.4 modeling
Authors: Guo Yafang , Roychoudhury Chayan , Mirrezaei Mohammad Amin , Kumar Rajesh , Sorooshian Armin , Arellano Avelino F.
Published: May 2024

Abstract. Ground-level ozone (O3) pollution is a persistent environmental concern, even in regions that have made efforts to reduce emissions. This study focuses on the state of Arizona, which has experienced elevated O3 concentrations over past decades and contains two non-attainment areas as designated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Using the Weather Research and Forecasting with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) model, we examine O3 levels in the semi-arid and arid regions of Arizona. Our analysis focuses on the month of June between 2017 and 2021, a period characterized by high O3 levels before the onset of the North American Monsoon (NAM). Our evaluation of the WRF-Chem model against surface Air Quality System (AQS) observations reveals that the model adeptly captures the diurnal variation of hourly O3 levels and the episodes of O3 exceedance through the maximum daily 8 h average (MDA8) O3 concentrations. However, the model tends to overestimate surface NO2 concentrations, particularly during nighttime hours. Among the three cities studied, Phoenix (PHX) and Tucson (TUS) exhibit a negative bias in both hourly and MDA8 O3 levels, while Yuma demonstrates a relatively large positive bias. The simulated mean hourly and MDA8 O3 concentrations in Phoenix are 44.6 and 64.7 parts per billion (ppb), respectively, compared to observed values of 47.5 and 65.7 ppb, resulting in mean negative biases of −2.9 and −1.0 ppb, respectively. Furthermore, the analysis of the simulated ratio of formaldehyde (HCHO) to NO2 (HCHO/NO2; FNR), reveals interesting insights of the sensitivity of O3 to its precursors. In Phoenix, the FNR varies from a VOC (volatile organic compound)-limited regime in the most populated areas to a transition between VOC-limited and NOx-limited regimes throughout the metro area, with an average FNR of 1.15. In conclusion, this study sheds light on the persistent challenge of ground-level O3 pollution in semi-arid and arid regions, using the state of Arizona as a case study.
Social protection strategies in relations between Ukraine and the European Union
Authors: M. Yaroshenko Oleg , І. Demenko Olga , V. Moskalenko Olena , M. Sliusar Andrey , M. Vapnyarchuk Natalya
Published: May 2024

In today’s world, social protection is becoming an increasingly important topic that combines economic, political, and social aspects. Regardless of the level of development of a country, people are constantly looking for ways to ensure their well-being and protect themselves from negative influences. Social protection strategies are of particular importance in relations between Ukraine and the European Union. Ukraine, as a sovereign state, monitors the needs of its population and tries to adapt its social system to European standards. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to analyze the current state and prospects for the development of social protection strategies in Ukraine in the context of cooperation with the European Union to identify possible areas for improving the social sphere and ensuring a high level of social protection for the Ukrainian population. The study uses a variety of methods, including analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, comparative legal, dialectical, and others. Considering cooperation with the European Union helps to solve socioeconomic problems and ensure a high level of social protection.
La invención del porvenir: El tiempo histórico en el pensamiento de Juan David García Bacca
Authors: Pérez Baquero Rafael
Published: May 2024

El propósito fundamental del presente artículo es el de ofrecer una reconstrucción y exégesis de las reflexiones del filósofo español exiliado Juan David García Bacca en torno al problema filosófico del tiempo. En este sentido, a través de la lectura de varias de sus obras extraeremos aquellos elementos de su pensamiento que nos ofrecerán herramientas conceptuales para prefigurar las tensiones vinculadas al tratamiento de estas cuestiones por buena parte de la tradición filosófica occidental. De esta forma, partiendo del diagnóstico de las aporías de la temporalidad desarrollado por Paul Ricoeur explicitaremos de qué manera la metafísica de García Bacca obliga a volver a pensar los fundamentos ontológicos del tiempo. Así, su metafísica transustanciadora dotará de una relevancia insoslayable a los instrumentos de medición del tiempo – en sus palabras, de temporalización  - en la configuración de la realidad. Ello nos permitirá rastrear desde su pensamiento una novedosa articulación de las relaciones y dependencias entre técnica y temporalidad que prefigura de forma heterodoxa la aproximación filosófica a este concepto.
Sobre el primer uso filosófico de "alétheia" como descubrimiento o iluminación
Authors: González Fernández Enrique
Published: May 2024

Según Julián Marías, fue Ortega, en 1914, quien hizo el primer uso filosófico de la palabra griega alétheia con el significado de descubrimiento o iluminación: se trata de una innovación significativa porque Ortega introdujo una acepción nueva, sirviéndose de esa palabra, para superar la idea, que le parecía inaceptable, de que la verdad tenga que ser adecuación. Después de Ortega, los demás filósofos, a partir de 1927 con Heidegger, no saben de dónde procede la interpretación etimológica que ellos dan como obvia para sus reflexiones filosóficas sobre la verdad. En realidad no hay textos griegos claros que interpreten el concepto de alétheia ni etimológica ni filosóficamente. Julián Marías descubrió la más antigua discusión etimológica en el lingüista y filósofo Teichmüller (1879), de la cual se sirvió Ortega en fecha tan temprana como 1914 para hacer la primera interpretación filosófica de esa palabra. A pesar de ello, se ha hecho general la creencia de que fue Heidegger el primero que trató sobre la verdad como alétheia en contraposición a lo que denomina concepto tradicional de la verdad.
El gobierno del intraemprendedor: la dimensión transgresora y repro-ductora de las microrresistencias
Authors: Candil Moreno Daniel
Published: May 2024

El objetivo del artículo es estudiar los mecanismos de resistencia organizados por los trabajadores en un entorno paradójico como es la consultoría de selección de personal. El sector de la consultoría es un ámbito de estudio especialmente sugerente, ya que, desde hace años, se ha establecido como vector de cambio y fiel reflejo de las transformaciones y nuevas formas de trabajo marcadas por la flexibilidad y la externalización de servicios. Una característica relevante de los profundos cambios que están teniendo lugar en el mundo laboral está vinculada con la resignificación del ideal normativo del “buen trabajador” y el desplazamiento normativo y referencial del asalariado tradicional. La figura del intraemprendedor, trabajador por cuenta ajena al que se le reclama una actitud y mentalidad equiparables a las del emprendedor, da cuenta de los procesos de profunda transformación de los referenciales normativos del mundo del trabajo. A través de una detallada aproximación autoetnográfica, desarrollamos un análisis empírico orientado a identificar algunas de las estrategias de resistencia que utilizan a diario los consultores de selección de personal, profundizando en su dimensión transgresora y reproductora del orden social existente dentro de las organizaciones estudiadas.
Pochówek ciał i przechowywanie prochów wiernych zmarłych. Aspekt kanoniczno-liturgiczny
Authors: Adamczyk Jerzy
Published: May 2024

The purpose of this paper is to present the problem of the burial of bodies and the storage of ashes of the faithful departed in the canonical-liturgical aspect. The Church demands respect for human bodies and ashes. The first part of the article presents the burial of corpses in the ground as an ordinary and basic form of Christian burial. The second part presents the problem of cremation as an acceptable way of burying the bodies of the faithful departed, while the second part discusses the question of the place of burial of the bodies and storing the ashes of the faithful departed.
Wizerunek Polskiego Radia S.A. jako rozgłośni publicznej (2015–2020). Studium medioznawcze
Authors: Jaroszek Małgorzata
Published: May 2024

The article presents the image of Polish Radio as a public radio station in the years 2015-2020. An important research problem was the reconstruction of the perception of Polish Radio by the recipients. Based on the conducted analysis, it was proved that the Polish public broadcasting station is an issuer pursuing a social mission, caring for a high level of journalistic objectivity, implementing the concept of truth in the classical sense and promoting high culture. The author used the method of qualitative content analysis, literature criticism and literature review method.
Assessment of Child Health Services during Mamta Divas (Health and Nutrition Day): Insights from the Urban Health Centres of Ahmedabad, Gujarat -
A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Singh Shalini , J Bhatt Rajshree
Published: May 2024

Background: Maternal and infant mortality rates in India are impacted by limited access to healthcare services. So, the current study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the child health service delivery during the Mamta divas at Urban health centres of Ahmedabad district.
Aims/Objectives: 1) To assess the planning components including availability of logistics/vaccines/other supplies during Mamta divas sessions. 2) To evaluate the process and extent of child health services implemented during Mamta Divas sessions.
Methodology: A cross sectional study was conducted at the seven Urban primary health care settings (including slum and non-slum areas) for duration of 18 months. Total 42 mamta sessions were evaluated using a preformed semi-structured Questionnaire comprising information about planning components, logistics and maternal health services.
Results: The study revealed that child health services followed the micro-plan consistently, focusing primarily on child registration, weight assessment, immunization, and filling out Mamta cards. However, 32% of outreach sessions were conducted in poorly defined areas. Lacunae were noted in height/length measurements, which were conducted in only 50% of cases, and the absence of growth chart plotting. Additionally, two-thirds of the sessions failed to identify different grades of malnutrition. Moreover, the four key post-vaccination messages were communicated to beneficiaries in only half of the Mamta sessions.
Conclusions: Therefore, the process evaluation of Mamta Divas will serve as a tool to advocate for ways to improve services and highlight strengths and flaws.

Key words: Process evaluation, Urban primary health centres, Mamta divas, Child health services
Childhood Obesity and Its Exploration in Ayurveda: A Review
Authors: Bishnoi Suman , Singhal Harish Kumar , Rai Dinesh
Published: May 2024

In the present time, childhood obesity is one of the most serious public health challenges. The problem is worldwide, especially in urban areas. Modified dietary habits, diet quality and quantity, increased physical inactivity, junk food preservation, an increasingly sedentary lifestyle, and other factors are among the causes of childhood obesity in India. Ayurveda explains nutritional difficulties haphazardly. Incorrect Ahara and Vihara cause every sickness. A well-balanced diet combined with appropriate dietetic guidelines can help prevent many common health issues. Sthaulya, as described in Ayurvedic literature, is very similar to obesity. Sthaulya Roga is categorised as Medoroga in Ayurveda. It is classified as one of the eight disgusting circumstances as mentioned by Acharya Charaka. Atisthula is defined as a person who has an excessive accumulation of Meda and Mamsa that causes flabbiness in the hips, abdomen, and breasts. Ayurveda and Yoga offer promising solutions for managing and preventing obesity. The present review explores the aetiology, pathophysiology, and therapy of obesity using Ayurvedic and Yoga approaches.

Key words: Ayurveda, Medo Roga, Obesity, Sthaulya, Yoga.