bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Energy efficient dry reforming process using low temperature arcs
Authors: Dinh Duy Khoe , Choi Seongil , Lee Dae Hoon , Jo Sungkwon , Kim Kwan‐Tae , Song Young‐Hoon
Published: February 2018

An energy efficient dry reforming process using a rotating arc plasma is introduced. By virtue of an elongated stable arc state in a rotating arc, a thermal energy efficiency of up to 76% and a reduction of the process costs to 9.4 and 5.52 kJ L−1 for reactant conversion and syngas production, respectively, are realized. The effects of the CH4/CO2 molar ratio on the energy cost were also investigated. The lowest energy costs were obtained at molar ratios of 3/7 and 1 for the reactant conversion and syngas production, respectively. Moreover, we found that a specific energy input (SEI) of 11.2kJ L−1 could maximize the conversion of both CO2 and CH4 to almost 100%. The results presented herein successfully demonstrate the commercial feasibility of using low‐temperature arcs for the dry reforming of methane.
Local improvements in numerical forecasts of relative humidity using polynomial solutions of general differential equations
Authors: Zjavka Ladislav , Sokol Zbyněk
Published: February 2018

Large‐scale forecast models are based on the numerical integration of differential equation systems, which can describe atmospheric processes in light of global meteorological observations. Mesoscale forecast systems need to define the initial and lateral boundary conditions, which may be carried out with robust global numerical models. Their overall solutions are able to describe the dynamic weather system on the Earth scale using a large number of complete globe 3D matrix variables in several atmospheric layers. Post‐processing methods using local measurements were developed in order to clarify surface weather details and adapt numerical weather prediction model outputs for local conditions. Differential polynomial network is a new type of neural network that can model local weather using spatial data observations to process forecasts of the input variables and revise the target 24 h prognosis. It defines and solves general partial differential equations, being able to describe unknown dynamic systems. The proposed forecast correction method uses a differential network to estimate the optimal numbers of training days and form derivative prediction models. It can improve final numerical forecasts, processed with additional data analysis and statistical techniques, in the majority of cases. The two‐stage procedure presented is analogous to the perfect‐prognosis method using real observations to derive a model, which is applied to the forecasts of the predictors to calculate output predictions.
A simple distillation method to extract bromine from natural water and salt samples for isotope analysis by multi‐collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
Authors: Eggenkamp H.G.M. , Louvat P.
Published: February 2018

Rationale

In natural samples bromine is present in trace amounts, and measurement of stable Br isotopes necessitates its separation from the matrix. Most methods described previously need large samples or samples with high Br/Cl ratios. The use of metals as reagents, proposed in previous Br distillation methods, must be avoided for multi‐collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC‐ICP‐MS) analyses, because of risk of cross‐contamination, since the instrument is also used to measure stable isotopes of metals.

Methods

Dedicated to water and evaporite samples with low Br/Cl ratios, the proposed method is a simple distillation that separates bromide from chloride for isotopic analyses by MC‐ICP‐MS. It is based on the difference in oxidation potential between chloride and bromide in the presence of nitric acid. The sample is mixed with dilute (1:5) nitric acid in a distillation flask and heated over a candle flame for 10 min. The distillate (bromine) is trapped in an ammonia solution and reduced to bromide. Chloride is only distilled to a very small extent. The obtained solution can be measured directly by MC‐ICP‐MS for stable Br isotopes.

Results

The method was tested for a variety of volumes, ammonia concentrations, pH values and distillation times and compared with the classic ion‐exchange chromatography method. The method more efficiently separates Br from Cl, so that samples with lower Br/Cl ratios can be analysed, with Br isotope data in agreement with those obtained by previous methods.

Conclusions

Unlike other Br extraction methods based on oxidation, the distillation method presented here does not use any metallic ion for redox reactions that could contaminate the mass spectrometer. It is efficient in separating Br from samples with low Br/Cl ratios. The method ensures reproducible recovery yields and a long‐term reproducibility of ±0.11‰ (1 standard deviation). The distillation method was successfully applied to samples with low Br/Cl ratios and low Br amounts (down to 20 μg).
Stability analysis of a class of nonlinear fractional‐order systems under control input saturation
Authors: Alaviyan Shahri Esmat Sadat , Alfi Alireza , Tenreiro Machado J.A.
Published: February 2018

This paper studies the stability of a class of nonlinear fractional‐order (FO) systems under input control saturation. Based on the Gronwall‐Bellman lemma and the sector‐bounded condition, sufficient conditions are provided to stabilize such systems by means of a state‐feedback controller. The performance of the proposed controller is tested with 2 FO chaotic systems, namely, the FO brushless direct‐current motor and the Chen systems. The results illustrate the good performance of the new controller under saturation effects.
NHC‐Catalyzed Efficient Syntheses of Isoquinolinones or Isochromanones through Formal [4+2] Cycloaddition of o‐Quinodimethanes with Acylhydrazones or Ketones
Authors: Hu Yong , Pan Di , Cong Lin , Yao Yibiao , Yu Chenxia , Li Tuanjie , Yao Changsheng
Published: February 2018

An efficient in situ generation of ortho‐quinodimethane (o‐QDM) from 2‐methyl‐3,5‐dinitrobenzoic acid through N‐Heterocyclic Carbene (NHC) catalysis, which underwent a formal [4+2] annulation with activated C=O (or C=N) bonds for the assembly of isoquinolinone and isochromanone scaffolds, was disclosed. This method features challenging direct functionalizations of C(sp3)‐H bond, readily available starting materials, mild reaction conditions and good yields.
A Silver Complex with Cycloserine: Synthesis, Spectroscopic Characterization, Crystal Structure and In Vitro Biological Studies
Authors: Ciol Mariana Rosolen , Manzano Carlos Marrote , Cuin Alexandre , Pavan Fernando Rogério , Ribeiro Camila Maríngolo , Ruiz Ana Lúcia Tasca Gois , de Oliveira Ellen Cristina S. , Lustri Wilton Rogério , Fregonezi Nathália Ferreira , Nogueira Flávia Aparecida Resende , Corbi Pedro P.
Published: February 2018

Synthesis, characterization and biological activities of a silver(I) complex with cycloserine (AgCIC) are presented. Elemental, thermal and mass spectrometric analyses permitted proposing the minimal formula AgC3H5N2O2. The structure of the AgCIC complex was solved by powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD) studies. Coordination of the ligand to silver was shown to occur by the nitrogen atom of the heterocyclic ring and by the nitrogen and oxygen atoms of the amino and carbonyl groups, leading to a polymeric arrangement. Infrared (IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic analyses confirmed the coordination sites. Antibacterial assays revealed the activity of the AgCIC complex against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, with minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC90) of 79.1 μmol⋅L−1, and against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacterial strains. Antiproliferative assays over a panel of tumoral and non‐tumoral cells showed that the AgCIC complex is more active and selective than doxorubicin against breast and leukemia cancer cells, considering the total growth inhibition (TGI) values. The interaction of the complex with biomolecules and its mutagenicity were also investigated.
Cobalt Silicides Nanoparticles Embedded in N‐Doped Carbon as Highly Efficient Catalyst in Selective Hydrogenation of Cinnamaldehyde
Authors: Zhang Liangliang , Chen Xiao , Li Chuang , Armbrüster Marc , Peng Zhijian , Liang Changhai
Published: February 2018

Metal silicides are unconventional heterogeneous catalysts. Herein, cobalt silicide nanoparticles (NPs) embedded in N‐doped carbon (CoxSi@C−N) catalysts have been synthesized by microwave‐assisted silicification of metal‐organic framework‐templated Co@C−N NPs successfully. The phase transitions of cobalt silicide can be controlled by the numbers of microwave cycles. The synthesized CoxSi@C−N‐2 catalyst possesses an ordered and uniform porous structure, high cobalt content (8.85 at.%), high specific surface area (236 m2 g−1), and highly dispersed and small NPs (10‐15 nm). The cobalt silicide catalyst is firstly used for selective hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde. Owing to the strong modification of geometric structure and electronic properties by silicon, the particle size effect, and the Mott‐Schottky effect at the metal‐support interface, the as‐synthesized CoxSi@C−N exhibits catalytic performance that is superior to its counterpart Co@C−N. In addition, this silicide catalyst sustains the robust stability in hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde.
Nanodiamonds for In Vivo Applications
Authors: van der Laan KiranJ. , Hasani Masoumeh , Zheng Tingting , Schirhagl Romana
Published: February 2018

Due to their unique optical properties, diamonds are the most valued gemstones. However, beyond the sparkle, diamonds have a number of unique properties. Their extreme hardness gives them outstanding performance as abrasives and cutting tools. Similar to many materials, their nanometer‐sized form has yet other unique properties. Nanodiamonds are very inert but still can be functionalized on the surface. Additionally, they can be made in very small sizes and a narrow size distribution. Nanodiamonds can also host very stable fluorescent defects. Since they are protected in the crystal lattice, they never bleach. These defects can also be utilized for nanoscale sensing since they change their optical properties, for example, based on temperature or magnetic fields in their surroundings. In this Review, in vivo applications are focused upon. To this end, how different diamond materials are made and how this affects their properties are discussed first. Next, in vivo biocompatibility studies are reviewed. Finally, the reader is introduced to in vivo applications of diamonds. These include drug delivery, aiding radiology, labeling, and use in cosmetics. The field is critically reviewed and a perspective on future developments is provided.
Improving Starch‐Related Traits in Potato Crops: Achievements and Future Challenges
Authors: Ahmed Sulaiman , Zhou Xin , Pang Yuehan , Jin Liping , Bao Jinsong
Published: February 2018

Potato is one of the most important starch crops in the world and is used as a staple food for more than one billion people worldwide. Starch is the main storage compound in potato tubers and is of considerable value in food and non‐food applications. The starch biosynthesis pathway is the principal biochemical pathway in plants. Potato starch bioengineering can be considered complicated and has been an extensive subject of study over the past three decades. Tetraploid inheritance is the most conspicuous feature linked with potato breeding. Genetic map construction and linkage mapping have contributed greatly to potato breeding, and association studies have further enhanced our knowledge to carry out optimized and comprehensive breeding programes. This review begins with the introduction of the starch structure with respect to functionality, the starch biosynthesis pathway and related genes/enzymes participating in the pathway. Then, the advances that have been made during the past years in the study of genetic basis of starch‐related traits by linkage and association mapping are summarized. Molecular breeding via transgenic engineering of starch biosynthesis‐related genes to modify starch properties is also reviewed. Finally, future challenges and new directions for improving starch quality in potato and the implication of new genome editing tools to produce the next generation starches are proposed. A better understanding of these factors is necessary to conduct molecular breeding programes in potato to improve starch quality.
Characteristics of Starch from Opaque and Translucent Perisperm of Amaranth (A. hypochondriacus) Grains
Authors: Bello‐Pérez Luis A. , Rodriguez‐Ambriz Sandra L. , Hoyos‐Leyva Javier D. , Agama‐Acevedo Edith , Pacheco‐Vargas Glenda , Alvarez‐Ramirez Jose
Published: February 2018

Amaranth is a pseudocereal that has seen increasing production in recent decades. However, the physicochemical properties of amaranth starch have been scarcely studied. This work focuses on the characterization of amaranth starch from two different varieties. Amaranth starch was isolated from the perisperm of opaque and translucent amaranth (A. hypochondriacus) grains using a wet milling process. The starch granules in both cases show typical morphological features, with a polygonal shape and mean granule diameter of 1.5–2.5 µm. Starch from opaque perisperm is waxy, with an amylose content of 0.5%. In contrast, starch from a translucent perisperm presents a high amylose content of 14.9%. A DSC study shows a gelatinization enthalpy of 8.1–8.4 J g−1 for both cases. The amylopectin molecular weight is higher for the opaque perisperm (7.0 × 107 g · mol−1) than for the translucent (6.2 × 107 g · mol−1) perisperm. In contrast, the radius of gyration is higher for the translucent perisperm (237 nm) than its opaque (222 nm) counterpart. The differences in the starch characteristics of translucent and opaque perisperm increase the potential of amaranth starch for diverse applications, from gluten‐free bread to encapsulation systems.
Primer Designs for Identification and Environmental DNA (eDNA) Detection of Gars
Authors: Farley Nicole J. , Vasquez Adrian A. , Kik Richard , David Solomon R. , Katailiha Arjun S. , Walker Xavier N. , Ram Jeffrey L.
Published: February 2018

Gars (family Lepisosteidae) play important roles as apex predators in freshwater ecosystems, helping to balance fish populations. Several gar species are exploited as food and game fish, and some species are classified as vulnerable due to habitat loss. New molecular techniques to detect, monitor, and identify environmental DNA (eDNA) from gars might help inform management and conservation efforts for these interesting fish. The goal of this project was to develop and test PCR primers for gars, using specimens of all seven gar species, which are on exhibit at the Belle Isle Aquarium in Detroit, Michigan. Focusing on the mitochondrial gene for cytochrome oxidase I, we first designed primers to amplify DNA from all species of gars (“universal gar primers”) and confirmed their specificity in silico. These primers amplified DNA from all seven species, and species identities were confirmed by sequencing the PCR products. Only one of the three ostensibly Shortnose Gar Lepisosteus platostomus specimens sampled exhibited a Shortnose Gar matriline; two other specimens may be Longnose Gar L. osseus × Shortnose Gar hybrids. Genus‐targeted primers were developed that amplified all Atractosteus species and two of four Lepisosteus species. Species‐specific primers were developed for Longnose Gar, Shortnose Gar, and Tropical Gar Atractosteus tropicus. A primer set that targeted Alligator Gar A. spatula also amplified DNA from Cuban Gar A. tristocheus, but not other species. While the universal gar primers followed by sequencing confirmed the identities of all seven gar species at the Belle Isle Aquarium, PCR with the species‐specific primers enabled direct detection of the presence of DNA from the targeted species in the water in which those species had been maintained. Designing these primers is the first step in developing eDNA markers for gars, which in turn could inform the conservation and management of gar populations.
Intracoelomic Implantation of Transmitters in Longnose Gar
Authors: Midwood Jonathan D. , Reddick David T. , Brooks Jill L. , Boston Christine , Doka Susan E. , Cooke Steven J.
Published: February 2018

Fish in the family Lepisosteidae (hereafter, gars) have unique ganoid scales that pose inherent challenges to implanting electronic tags in their coeloms for telemetry studies. In this paper we outline a unique approach to conducting laparotomic surgery in gars, with a focus on the Longnose Gar Lepisosteus osseus. An electric rotary tool with a circular cutting blade was used to cut through the scales, and the same tool, with a drill bit, was used to create holes through which to run the suture material. The final incision into the body cavity was made with a scalpel, and the incision was expanded using surgical scissors. Using a passive acoustic telemetry array, the survival of 12 of 15 tagged Longnose Gars was confirmed over a 123‐d period based on their detection at receivers outside of their areas of capture and release. Two individuals were recaptured 17–19 weeks postsurgery and showed complete healing of the wounds with limited evidence of scarring. This approach will allow for the long‐term tagging and tracking of gars to help elucidate their ecology.
Efficacy of Low‐Cost, Side‐Scan Sonar for Surveying Alligator Gars
Authors: Paul Fleming B. , Daugherty Daniel J. , Smith Nathan G. , Betsill Robert K.
Published: February 2018

Side‐scan sonar (SSS) provides an efficient, nonintrusive sampling tool for many fisheries applications. Professional‐grade systems have proven useful for species‐specific detection of large, distinctive fishes; however, these systems are often cost prohibitive for widespread use. Lower‐cost, consumer‐grade systems are becoming increasingly popular for fisheries applications and have been used extensively to map aquatic habitat. However, these systems often produce lower‐resolution imagery that may limit species‐specific applications. We used experimental ponds stocked with known fish assemblages and a field‐based mark–recapture study to determine the efficacy of a consumer‐grade SSS system in surveying Alligator Gars Atractosteus spatula. Three ponds were stocked with known abundances of Alligator Gars and other sympatric fishes. A fourth pond remained unstocked to assess false positives; a fifth was stocked only with other species to quantify misidentification. Replicate sonar images of each pond were then recorded using a Humminbird 998c system. For the field‐based application, we used gill nets to mark and recapture Alligator Gars and estimate population size within a closed backwater of the Guadalupe River, Texas. Following final recapture, we recorded replicate imagery of the backwater. Imagery from both evaluations was interpreted by three independent readers of varying experience without knowledge of image origin. The results from the ponds indicated a low rate of false detection (7%) and misidentification (4%). The number of Alligator Gars identified was positively related to density; however, the probability of detection varied among readers (range, 0.27–0.71) and was positively related to experience. In contrast, all readers estimated Alligator Gar abundance in the backwater within 10% of the population estimated from the mark–recapture data. Our results suggest that low‐cost SSS can provide an effective, noninvasive alternative to traditional sampling techniques for Alligator Gars.
A wide‐area relaying protection system based on multi‐point measurement information
Authors: Li Zhenxing , Meng Xiaoxing , Wang Xin , Deng Jinglei
Published: February 2018

Based on the wide application of wide‐area measurement system and synchronous digital hierarchy, wide‐area relaying protection is becoming hot topic which can help to solve the problems about the complicated setting and coordination of traditional backup protection and cascading overload trip caused by power flow transferring. Based on sectional and centralized‐distributed wide‐area relaying protection system architecture, a novel wide‐area backup relaying protection algorithm is proposed in this paper. Combined with the distribution characteristics of line's sequence voltage and current when power system fault occurs, the algorithm can monitor the starting signal of each bus' sequence voltage, then select out a suspected faulty line by collating of bus's enable sequence voltage. At the same time, the criterion of identifying fault is formed with the proportion of sequence current phase and current amplitude in both ends of suspected fault line. When fault occurs in the range of the line, current's phase and amplitude are equal in both ends of the line. When fault occurs outside the range of the line, current's phase and amplitude are opposite in both ends of the line. The algorithm can decrease system's communication quantity and calculating quantity by only uploading the information of suspected faulty line. Meanwhile, the algorithm can eliminate the effects of line's distributed capacitance by using line model with distributed parameters. The algorithm could be set conveniently and could be used in the complexity operating condition such as grounding with high impedance, operating with two phases, translating fault and power transferring. Based on IEEE 10‐machine and 39‐bus system, Simulation results prove the effectiveness and adaptability of the method. © 2018 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Maximizing the value of waste: From waste management to the circular economy
Authors: Romero‐Hernández Omar , Romero Sergio
Published: February 2018

Over 90% of Fortune 75 companies publish corporate social responsibility (CSR) reports to highlight their efforts to tackle sustainability challenges, and while a vast majority of these reports cite improved waste management initiatives, less than a quarter of these firms derive profit from good solid waste management practices or circular economy strategies. Unfortunately, many firms instead implement waste management purely to enhance a corporate image. This article both outlines a framework to guide companies on their journey from a linear consumption pattern to a holistic, circular approach and illustrates that waste management practices can be cost‐saving and revenue‐generating opportunities. Collectively defined as circular economy initiatives, these opportunities create new value streams from materials previously discarded. Circular economy principles extend beyond traditional waste management enhancement practices. These principles emphasize improved design and production practices to eliminate the traditional concept of waste and repurposing resources from products at the end of their life cycle back as raw material inputs to create new products. Though there are surface challenges to adopting circular economy principles, this article presents a framework for all companies to start on a path to maximizing the value of corporate waste streams.
Mutually exclusive alternative splicing of pre‐mRNAs
Authors: Jin Yongfeng , Dong Haiyang , Shi Yang , Bian Lina
Published: February 2018

Pre‐mRNA alternative splicing is an important mechanism used to expand protein diversity in higher eukaryotes, and mutually exclusive splicing is a specific type of alternative splicing in which only one of the exons in a cluster is included in functional transcripts. The most extraordinary example of this is the Drosophila melanogaster Down’s syndrome cell adhesion molecule gene (Dscam), which potentially encodes 38,016 different isoforms through mutually exclusive splicing. Mutually exclusive splicing is a unique and challenging model that can be used to elucidate the evolution, regulatory mechanism, and function of alternative splicing. The use of new approaches has not only greatly expanded the mutually exclusive exome, but has also enabled the systematic analyses of single‐cell alternative splicing during development. Furthermore, the identification of long‐range RNA secondary structures provides a mechanistic framework for the regulation of mutually exclusive splicing (i.e., Dscam splicing). This article reviews recent insights into the identification, underlying mechanism, and roles of mutually exclusive splicing.

This article is categorized under:

RNA Processing > Splicing Regulation/Alternative Splicing

RNA Structure and Dynamics > Influence of RNA Structure in Biological Systems
A New Experimental Design to Study the Kinetics of Solid Dissolution into Liquids at Elevated Temperature
Authors: Wang Huijun , White Jesse F. , Sichen Du
Published: February 2018

A new method was developed to study the dissolution of a solid cylinder in a liquid under forced convection at elevated temperature. In the new design, a rotating cylinder was placed concentrically in a crucible fabricated by boring four holes into a blank material for creating an internal volume with a quatrefoil profile. A strong flow in the radial direction in the liquid was created, which was evidently shown by computational fluid dynamic (CFD) calculations and experiments at both room temperature and elevated temperature. The new setup was able to freeze the sample as it was at experimental temperature, particularly the interface between the solid and the liquid. This freezing was necessary to obtain reliable information for understanding the reaction mechanism. This was exemplified by the study of dissolution of a refractory in liquid slag. The absence of flow in the radial direction in the traditional setup using a symmetrical cylinder was also discussed. The differences in the findings by past investigators using the symmetrical cylinder are most likely due to the extent of misalignment of the cylinder in the containment vessel.
The effective diffusivity of ordered and freely evolving bubbly suspensions
Authors: Loisy Aurore , Naso Aurore , Spelt Peter D. M.
Published: February 2018

We investigate the dispersion of a passive scalar such as the concentration of a chemical species, or temperature, in homogeneous bubbly suspensions, by determining an effective diffusivity tensor. Defining the longitudinal and transverse components of this tensor with respect to the direction of averaged bubble rise velocity in a zero mixture velocity frame of reference, we focus on the convective contribution thereof, this being expected to be dominant in commonly encountered bubbly flows. We first extend the theory of Kochet al.(J. Fluid Mech., vol. 200, 1989, pp. 173–188) (which is for dispersion in fixed beds of solid particles under Stokes flow) to account for weak inertial effects in the case of ordered suspensions. In the limits of low and of high Péclet number, including the inertial effect of the flow does not affect the scaling of the effective diffusivity with respect to the Péclet number. These results are confirmed by direct numerical simulations performed in different flow regimes, for spherical or very deformed bubbles and from vanishingly small to moderate values of the Reynolds number. Scalar transport in arrays of freely rising bubbles is considered by us subsequently, using numerical simulations. In this case, the dispersion is found to be convectively enhanced at low Péclet number, like in ordered arrays. At high Péclet number, the Taylor dispersion scaling obtained for ordered configurations is replaced by one characterizing a purely mechanical dispersion, as in random media, even if the level of disorder is very low.
Factors related to reducing free sugar intake among white ethnic adults in the UK: a qualitative study
Authors: Rawahi Said Harith Al , Asimakopoulou Koula , Newton Jonathon Timothy
Published: February 2018

Objective/Aims:

To determine the barriers and enablers to behavioural change to reduce free sugar intake related to dental caries in a sample of UK adults who identify their ethnicity as White.

Materials and methods:

Qualitative study comprising semi-structured interviews of 27 participants. Interviews were recorded, transcribed and analysed using thematic analysis methods. The Capability-Opportunity-Motivation-Behaviour model (COM-B) and the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF) were used to guide the derivation of themes.

Results:

Data saturation occurred at 27 interviews. The COM-B Model and TDF domains captured various factors that may influence the consumption of free sugar. TDF elements which are reflected in the study are: Knowledge; Psychological skills; Memory, attention, and decision processes; Behavioural regulation; Physical skills; Social influence; Environmental context and resources; Social and professional role and identity; Beliefs about capabilities; Beliefs about consequence; Intentions and goals reinforcement; and Emotions. COM-B Model elements which are reflected in the study are: psychological capabilities, physical capabilities, social opportunities, physical opportunities, reflective motivation, and automatic motivation.

Discussion and conclusion:

The COM-B model and TDF framework provided a comprehensive account of the barriers and facilitators of reducing sugar intake among white ethnic groups.
Ocean science research is key for a sustainable future
Authors: Visbeck Martin
Published: February 2018

Human activity has already affected all parts of the ocean, with pollution increasing and fish-stocks plummeting. The UN’s recent announcement of a Decade of Ocean Science provides a glimmer of hope, but scientists will need to work closely with decision-makers and society at large to get the ocean back on track.
The role of disease-linked residue glutamine-913 in support of the structure and function of the human electrogenic sodium/bicarbonate cotransporter NBCe1-A
Authors: Myers Evan J. , Marshall Aniko , Parker Mark D.
Published: February 2018

Mutations in the sodium bicarbonate cotransporter NBCe1 (SLC4A4) cause proximal renal tubular acidosis (pRTA). We recently described a novel pRTA mutation p.Gln913Arg (Q913R), inherited in compound heterozygous form with p.Arg510His (R510H). Q913R causes intracellular retention of NBCe1 and a ‘gain of function’ Cl− leak. To learn more about the importance of glutamine at position 913, we substituted a variety of alternative amino-acid residues (Cys, Glu, Lys, Leu, Ser) at position 913. Studying cRNA-injected Xenopus oocytes by voltage clamp, we find that most de novo mutants exhibit close-to-normal NBCe1 activity; only Q913K expresses a Cl− leak. Studying transiently-transfected, polarised kidney cells by fluorescence microscopy we find that most de novo mutants (except Q913E) are intracellularly retained. A 3D homology model predicts that Gln913 is located in the gating domain of NBCe1 and neighbours the 3D space occupied by another pRTA-associated residue (Arg881), highlighting an important and conformationally-sensitive region of NBCe1. We conclude that the intracellular retention of Q913R is caused by the loss of Gln at position 913, but that the manifestation of the Cl− leak is related to the introduction of Arg at position 913. Our findings will inform future studies to elucidate the nature and the consequences of the leak.
Diamond FinFET without Hydrogen Termination
Authors: Huang Biqin , Bai Xiwei , Lam Stephen K. , Tsang Kenneth K.
Published: February 2018

In this letter we report the first diamond fin field-effect transistor (diamond FinFET) without a hydrogen-terminated channel. The device operates with hole accumulation by metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) structures built on fins to maintain effective control of the channel conduction. Devices with 100-nm—wide fins were designed and fabricated to ensure that the channel pinched off at zero gate bias. The transfer characteristic of FinFET showed a greater than 3000 on/off ratio, successfully demonstrating the transistor behavior. Devices were characterized at room temperature and at 150 °C, showing 30 mA/mm current density at 150 °C, 35 times more than current density at room temperature. The diamond FinFET, which leverages the fin concept from the silicon industry and the material advance of diamond, enables a new class of diamond transistors for applications from digital to power and radio frequency (RF) electronics.
Human subarachnoid space width oscillations in the resting state
Authors: Gruszecki Marcin , Lancaster Gemma , Stefanovska Aneta , Neary J. Patrick , Dech Ryan T. , Guminski Wojciech , Frydrychowski Andrzej F. , Kot Jacek , Winklewski Pawel J.
Published: February 2018

Abnormal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pulsatility has been implicated in patients suffering from various diseases, including multiple sclerosis and hypertension. CSF pulsatility results in subarachnoid space (SAS) width changes, which can be measured with near-infrared transillumination backscattering sounding (NIR-T/BSS). The aim of this study was to combine NIR-T/BSS and wavelet analysis methods to characterise the dynamics of the SAS width within a wide range of frequencies from 0.005 to 2 Hz, with low frequencies studied in detail for the first time. From recordings in the resting state, we also demonstrate the relationships between SAS width in both hemispheres of the brain, and investigate how the SAS width dynamics is related to the blood pressure (BP). These investigations also revealed influences of age and SAS correlation on the dynamics of SAS width and its similarity with the BP. Combination of NIR-T/BSS and time-frequency analysis may open up new frontiers in the understanding and diagnosis of various neurodegenerative and ageing related diseases to improve diagnostic procedures and patient prognosis.
Loss of the homeostatic protein BPIFA1, leads to exacerbation of otitis media severity in the Junbo mouse model
Authors: Mulay Apoorva , Hood Derek W. , Williams Debbie , Russell Catherine , Brown Steve D. M. , Bingle Lynne , Cheeseman Michael , Bingle Colin D.
Published: February 2018

Otitis Media (OM) is characterized by epithelial abnormalities and defects in innate immunity in the middle ear (ME). Although, BPIFA1, a member of the BPI fold containing family of putative innate defence proteins is abundantly expressed by the ME epithelium and SNPs in Bpifa1 have been associated with OM susceptibility, its role in the ME is not well characterized. We investigated the role of BPIFA1 in protection of the ME and the development of OM using murine models. Loss of Bpifa1 did not lead to OM development. However, deletion of Bpifa1 in Evi1Jbo/+ mice, a model of chronic OM, caused significant exacerbation of OM severity, thickening of the ME mucosa and increased collagen deposition, without a significant increase in pro-inflammatory gene expression. Our data suggests that BPIFA1 is involved in maintaining homeostasis within the ME under steady state conditions and its loss in the presence of inflammation, exacerbates epithelial remodelling leading to more severe OM.
Predictive Biomarkers of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease and Barrett’s Esophagus in World Trade Center Exposed Firefighters: a 15 Year Longitudinal Study
Authors: Haider Syed H. , Kwon Sophia , Lam Rachel , Lee Audrey K. , Caraher Erin J. , Crowley George , Zhang Liqun , Schwartz Theresa M. , Zeig-Owens Rachel , Liu Mengling , Prezant David J. , Nolan Anna
Published: February 2018

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and Barrett’s Esophagus (BE), which are prevalent in the World Trade Center (WTC) exposed and general populations, negatively impact quality of life and cost of healthcare. GERD, a risk factor of BE, is linked to obstructive airways disease (OAD). We aim to identify serum biomarkers of GERD/BE, and assess the respiratory and clinical phenotype of a longitudinal cohort of never-smoking, male, WTC-exposed rescue workers presenting with pulmonary symptoms. Biomarkers collected soon after WTC-exposure were evaluated in optimized predictive models of GERD/BE. In the WTC-exposed cohort, the prevalence of BE is at least 6 times higher than in the general population. GERD/BE cases had similar lung function, D
LCO
, bronchodilator response and long-acting β-agonist use compared to controls. In confounder-adjusted regression models, TNF-α ≥ 6 pg/mL predicted both GERD and BE. GERD was also predicted by C-peptide ≥ 360 pg/mL, while BE was predicted by fractalkine ≥ 250 pg/mL and IP-10 ≥ 290 pg/mL. Finally, participants with GERD had significantly increased use of short-acting β-agonist compared to controls. Overall, biomarkers sampled prior to GERD/BE presentation showed strong predictive abilities of disease development. This study frames future investigations to further our understanding of aerodigestive pathology due to particulate matter exposure.
Botulinum neurotoxin–encoding plasmids can be conjugatively transferred to diverse clostridial strains
Authors: Nawrocki Erin M. , Bradshaw Marite , Johnson Eric A.
Published: February 2018

Most Group I Clostridium botulinum strains harbor botulinum neurotoxin (bont) genes on their chromosome, while some carry these genes (including bont/a, bont/b, and bont/f) on large plasmids. Prior work in our laboratory demonstrated that Group I BoNT plasmids were mobilized to C. botulinum recipient strains containing the Tn916 transposon. Here, we show that Tn916 is nonessential for plasmid transfer. Relying on an auxotrophic donor phenotype and a plasmid-borne selectable marker, we observed the transfer of pCLJ, a 270 kb plasmid harboring two bont genes, from its host strain to various clostridia. Transfer frequency was greatest to other Group I C. botulinum strains, but the plasmid was also transferred into traditionally nontoxigenic species, namely C. sporogenes and C. butyricum. Expression and toxicity of BoNT/A4 was confirmed in transconjugants by immunoblot and mouse bioassay. These data indicate that conjugation within the genus Clostridium can occur across physiological Groups of C. botulinum, supporting horizontal gene transfer via bont-bearing plasmids. The transfer of plasmids possessing bont genes to resistant Clostridium spp. such as C. sporogenes could impact biological safety for animals and humans. These plasmids may play an environmental role in initiating death in vertebrates, leading to decomposition and nutrient recycling of animal biomass.
Mesoporous silica nanocarriers encapsulated antimalarials with high therapeutic performance
Authors: Amolegbe Saliu Alao , Hirano Yui , Adebayo Joseph Oluwatope , Ademowo Olusegun George , Balogun Elizabeth Abidemi , Obaleye Joshua Ayoola , Krettli Antoniana Ursine , Yu Chengzhong , Hayami Shinya
Published: February 2018

The use of nanocarriers in drug delivery is a breakeven research and has received a clarion call in biomedicine globally. Herein, two newly nano-biomaterials: MCM-41 encapsulated quinine (MCM-41 ⊃ QN) (1) and 3-phenylpropyl silane functionalized MCM-41 loaded QN (pMCM-41 ⊃ QN) (2) were synthesized and well characterized. 1 and 2 along with our two already reported nano-antimalarial drugs (MCM-41 ⊃ ATS) (3) and 3-aminopropyl silane functionalized MCM-41 contained ATS (aMCM-41 ⊃ ATS) (4) were screened in vitro for their activity against P. falciparium W2 strain, cytotoxicity against BGM cells and in vivo for their activity against Plasmodium bergheiNK65. 1 has the highest antimalarial activity in vivo against P. berghei NK65, (ED50: < 0.0625 mg/kg body weight) and higher mean survival time compared to the other nano biomaterials or unencapsulated drugs at doses higher than 0.0625 mg/kg body weight. This encapsulation strategy of MCM-41 ⊃ QN (1) stands very useful and effective in delivering the drug to the target cells compared to other delivery systems and therefore, this encapsulated drug may be considered for rational drug design.
Decreased succinate dehydrogenase B in human hepatocellular carcinoma accelerates tumor malignancy by inducing the Warburg effect
Authors: Tseng Po-Lin , Wu Wei-Hsuan , Hu Tsung-Hui , Chen Chih-Wei , Cheng Hung-Chi , Li Chien-Feng , Tsai Wen-Hui , Tsai Hui-Ju , Hsieh Meng-Che , Chuang Jiin-Haur , Chang Wen-Tsan
Published: February 2018

Changes in TCA cycle enzymes or respiratory activity are possible mechanisms of aerobic glycolysis that contributes to tumor progression. To clarify whether the decrease of succinate dehydrogenase B (SDHB) alters energy metabolism, induces the Warburg effect and results in tumor malignancy, SDHB expression was examined and modulated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissues and cells, respectively. SDHB level was often decreased in malignant HCC cells and tissues. Furthermore, the reduced SDHB expression was associated with advanced tumor stage and poor survival rate. Moreover, silencing of SDHB altered energy metabolism switched from aerobic respiration to glycolysis, resulted in the Warburg effect, and enhanced cell proliferation and motility. In contrast, the SDHB overexpression deregulated bioenergetic metabolism and decreased cell growth and migration. In mouse xenograft models, subcutaneous implantation and tail vein injection with SDHB knockdown cells resulted in a larger tumor volume and accelerated cancer metastasis, respectively. A mutation or decrease in SDHB induced the switch from aerobic respiration to glycolysis. This metabolic alteration was associated with tumor cell dedifferentiation, proliferation, motility and overall patient survival in HCC.
Structural elucidation of a polysaccharide from Flammulina velutipes and its immunomodulation activities on mouse B lymphocytes
Authors: Wang Wen-Han , Zhang Jing-Song , Feng Ting , Deng Jing , Lin Chi-Chung , Fan Hua , Yu Wen-Juan , Bao Hai-Ying , Jia Wei
Published: February 2018

A novel polysaccharide FVPB2 was purified from fruiting bodies of Flammulina velutipes. Its structure was elucidated by monosaccharide composition and methylation analyses, UV-Visible and FTIR spectroscopy as well as NMR. FVPB2 was a homogeneous heteropolysaccharide (molecular weight ~ 1.50 × 104 Da) containing D-galactose, D-mannose, L-fucose, and D-glucose at molar ratio of 1.9:1.2:1:2.5. In vitro immunomodulatory studies showed FVPB2 induced proliferation of mouse spleen lymphocytes in a dose-dependent manner. The levels of IgM and IgG, secreted by B cells, increased after FVPB2 treatment. So FVPB2 has potential to be a new important immunomodulatory nutraceutical.
Molecular dynamics study of strengthening mechanism of nanolaminated graphene/Cu composites under compression
Authors: Weng Shayuan , Ning Huiming , Fu Tao , Hu Ning , Zhao Yinbo , Huang Cheng , Peng Xianghe
Published: February 2018

Molecular dynamics simulations of nanolaminated graphene/Cu (NGCu) and pure Cu under compression are conducted to investigate the underlying strengthening mechanism of graphene and the effect of lamella thickness. It is found that the stress-strain curves of NGCu undergo 3 regimes i.e. the elastic regime I, plastic strengthening regime II and plastic flow regime III. Incorporating graphene monolayer is proved to simultaneously contribute to the strength and ductility of the composites and the lamella thickness has a great effect on the mechanical properties of NGCu composites. Different strengthening mechanisms play main role in different regimes, the transition of mechanisms is found to be related to the deformation behavior. Graphene affected zone is developed and integrated with rule of mixtures and confined layer slip model to describe the elastic properties of NGCu and the strengthening effect of the incorporated graphene.
Measurements of complex refractive index change of photoactive yellow protein over a wide wavelength range using hyperspectral quantitative phase imaging
Authors: Lee KyeoReh , Kim Youngmin , Jung JaeHwang , Ihee Hyotcherl , Park YongKeun
Published: February 2018

A novel optical holographic technique is presented to simultaneously measure both the real and imaginary components of the complex refractive index (CRI) of a protein solution over a wide visible wavelength range. Quantitative phase imaging was employed to precisely measure the optical field transmitted from a protein solution, from which the CRIs of the protein solution were retrieved using the Fourier light scattering technique. Using this method, we characterized the CRIs of the two dominant structural states of a photoactive yellow protein solution over a broad wavelength range (461–582 nm). The significant CRI deviation between the two structural states was quantified and analysed. The results of both states show the similar overall shape of the expected rRI obtained from the Kramers–Kronig relations.
Ultra-Broadband Optical Gain in III-Nitride Digital Alloys
Authors: Sun Wei , Tan Chee-Keong , Wierer Jonathan J. , Tansu Nelson
Published: February 2018

A novel III-Nitride digital alloy (DA) with ultra-broadband optical gain is proposed. Numerical analysis shows a 50-period InN/GaN DA yields minibands that are densely quantized by numerous confined states. Interband transitions between the conduction and valence minibands create ultra-broadband optical gain spectra with bandwidths up to ~1 μm that can be tuned from the red to infrared. In addition, the ultra-broadband optical gain, bandwidth, and spectral coverage of the III-Nitride DA is very sensitive to layer thickness and other structural design parameters. This study shows the promising potential of the III-Nitride DAs with tunable ultra-broadband interband optical gain for use in semiconductor optical amplifiers and future III-Nitride photonic integration applications.
A hERG mutation E1039X produced a synergistic lesion on IKs together with KCNQ1-R174C mutation in a LQTS family with three compound mutations
Authors: Wu Jie , Mizusawa Yuka , Ohno Seiko , Ding Wei-Guang , Higaki Takashi , Wang Qi , Kohjitani Hirohiko , Makiyama Takeru , Itoh Hideki , Toyoda Futoshi , James Andrew F. , Hancox Jules C. , Matsuura Hiroshi , Horie Minoru
Published: February 2018

Congenital long QT syndrome (LQTS) caused by compound mutations is usually associated with more severe clinical phenotypes. We identified a LQTS family harboring three compound mutations in different genes (KCNQ1-R174C, hERG-E1039X and SCN5A-E428K). KCNQ1-R174C, hERG-E1039X and SCN5A-E428K mutations and/or relevant wild-type (WT) cDNAs were respectively expressed in mammalian cells. IKs-like, IKr-like, INa-like currents and the functional interaction between KCNQ1-R174C and hERG-E1039X channels were studied using patch-clamp and immunocytochemistry techniques. (1) Expression of KCNQ1-R174C alone showed no IKs. Co-expression of KCNQ1-WT + KCNQ1-R174C caused a loss-of-function in IKs and blunted the activation of IKs in response to isoproterenol. (2) Expression of hERG-E1039X alone and co-expression of hERG-WT + hERG-E1039X negatively shifted inactivation curves and decelerated the recovery time from inactivation. (3) Expression of SCN5A-E428K increased peak INa, but had no effect on late INa. (4) IKs and IKr interact, and hERG-E1039X caused a loss-of-function in IKs. (5) Immunocytochemical studies indicated that KCNQ1-R174C is trafficking defective and hERG-E1039X is defective in biosynthesis/degradation, but the abnormities were rescued by co-expression with WT. Thus, KCNQ1-R174C and hERG-E1039X disrupted IKs and IKr functions, respectively. The synergistic lesion, caused by KCNQ1-R174C and hERG-E1039X in IKs, is very likely why patients showed more severe phenotypes in the compound mutation case.