bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lower Plasma Fetuin-A Levels Are Associated With a Higher Mortality Risk in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Chen Xuechen , Zhang Yuan , Chen Qian , Li Qing , Li Yanping , Ling Wenhua
Published: September 2017

Objective—

The present study was designed to evaluate the association of circulating fetuin-A with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-cause mortality.

Approach and Results—

We measured plasma fetuin-A in 1620 patients using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. The patients were members of the Guangdong coronary artery disease cohort and were recruited between October 2008 and December 2011. Cox regression models were used to estimate the association between plasma fetuin-A and the risk of mortality. A total of 206 deaths were recorded during a median follow-up of 5.9 years, 146 of whom died from CVD. The hazard ratios for the second and third tertiles of the fetuin-A levels (using the first tertile as a reference) were 0.65 (95% confidence interval, 0.44–0.96) and 0.51 (95% confidence interval, 0.33–0.78) for CVD mortality (
P
=0.005) and 0.65 (95% confidence interval, 0.47–0.91) and 0.48 (95% confidence interval, 0.33–0.70) for all-cause mortality (
P
<0.001), respectively.

Conclusions—

Lower plasma fetuin-A levels were associated with an increased risk of all-cause and CVD mortality in patients with coronary artery disease independently of traditional CVD risk factors.
TGFβ (Transforming Growth Factor-β) Blockade Induces a Human-Like Disease in a Nondissecting Mouse Model of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
Authors: Lareyre Fabien , Clément Marc , Raffort Juliette , Pohlod Stefanie , Patel Meghana , Esposito Bruno , Master Leanne , Finigan Alison , Vandestienne Marie , Stergiopulos Nikolaos , Taleb Soraya , Trachet Bram , Mallat Ziad
Published: September 2017

Objective—

Current experimental models of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) do not accurately reproduce the major features of human AAA. We hypothesized that blockade of TGFβ (transforming growth factor-β) activity—a guardian of vascular integrity and immune homeostasis—would impair vascular healing in models of nondissecting AAA and would lead to sustained aneurysmal growth until rupture.

Approach and Results—

Here, we test this hypothesis in the elastase-induced AAA model in mice. We analyze AAA development and progression using ultrasound in vivo, synchrotron-based ultrahigh resolution imaging ex vivo, and a combination of biological, histological, and flow cytometry-based cellular and molecular approaches in vitro. Systemic blockade of TGFβ using a monoclonal antibody induces a transition from a self-contained aortic dilatation to a model of sustained aneurysmal growth, associated with the formation of an intraluminal thrombus. AAA growth is associated with wall disruption but no medial dissection and culminates in fatal transmural aortic wall rupture. TGFβ blockade enhances leukocyte infiltration both in the aortic wall and the intraluminal thrombus and aggravates extracellular matrix degradation. Early blockade of IL-1β or monocyte-dependent responses substantially limits AAA severity. However, blockade of IL-1β after disease initiation has no effect on AAA progression to rupture.

Conclusions—

Endogenous TGFβ activity is required for the healing of AAA. TGFβ blockade may be harnessed to generate new models of AAA with better relevance to the human disease. We expect that the new models will improve our understanding of the pathophysiology of AAA and will be useful in the identification of new therapeutic targets.
Hemodynamic Phenotyping of Pulmonary Hypertension in Left Heart Failure
Authors: Naeije Robert , Gerges Mario , Vachiery Jean-Luc , Caravita Sergio , Gerges Christian , Lang Irene M.
Published: September 2017

Increased pulmonary venous pressure secondary to left heart disease is the most common cause of pulmonary hypertension (PH). The diagnosis of PH due to left heart disease relies on a clinical probability assessment followed by the invasive measurements of a mean pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) ≥25 mm Hg and mean wedged PAP (PAWP) >15 mm Hg. A combination of mean PAP and mean PAWP defines postcapillary PH. Postcapillary PH is generally associated with a diastolic pulmonary pressure gradient (diastolic PAP minus mean PAWP) <7 mm Hg, a transpulmonary pressure gradient (mean PAP minus mean PAWP) <12 mm Hg, and pulmonary vascular resistance ≤3 Wood units (WU). This combination of criteria defines isolated postcapillary PH. Postcapillary PH with elevated vascular gradients and pulmonary vascular resistance defines combined post- and precapillary PH (Cpc-PH). Postcapillary PH is associated with a decreased survival in proportion to increased pulmonary vascular gradients, decreased pulmonary arterial compliance, and reduced right ventricular function. The Cpc-PH subcategory occurs in 12% to 13% of patients with PH due to left heart disease. Patients with Cpc-PH have severe PH, with higher diastolic pulmonary pressure gradient, transpulmonary pressure gradient, and pulmonary vascular resistance and more pronounced ventilatory responses to exercise, lower pulmonary arterial compliance, depressed right ventricular ejection fraction, and shorter life expectancy than isolated postcapillary PH. Cpc-PH bears similarities to pulmonary arterial hypertension. Whether Cpc-PH is amenable to therapies targeting the pulmonary circulation remains to be tested by properly designed randomized controlled trials.
Risk Stratification Using the CHA
2
DS
2
‐VASc Score in Takotsubo Syndrome: Data From the Takotsubo Italian Network
Authors: Parodi Guido , Scudiero Fernando , Citro Rodolfo , Silverio Angelo , Bellandi Benedetta , Zito Concetta , Antonini‐Canterin Francesco , Rigo Fausto , Zocchi Chiara , Bossone Eduardo , Salerno‐Uriarte Jorge , Piscione Federico , Mario Carlo Di , Armentano Corinna , Astarita Costantino , Coppola Antonino , Ravera Amelia , Prota Costantina , Bottiglieri Pompea , Bovelli Daniella , Patella Mariano , Costantino Fabio , Gregorio Giovanni , Santoro Michele , Manganelli Fiore , Rotondi Francesco , Del Pace Stefano , Pascotto Marco , Grolla Elisabetta , Tagliamonte Ercole , Bianchi Alfredo , Marinosci Giovanni , Pappalettera Michele , Pozzi Andrea , Nardi Federico , Novo Giuseppina , Bovenzi Francesco
Published: September 2017

Background

The CHA
2
DS
2
‐VASc score predicts stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation and has been reported to have a prognostic role even in acute coronary syndrome patients. The Takotsubo syndrome is a condition that mimics acute coronary syndrome and may present several complications including stroke. We sought to assess the ability of CHA
2
DS
2
‐VASc score to predict adverse events in Takotsubo syndrome patients.

Methods and Results

Overall, 371 Takotsubo syndrome patients were enrolled in a prospective registry. Patients were divided into 3 groups according to the CHA
2
DS
2
‐VASc score: Group A (≤1), B (2–3), and C (≥4). The median CHA
2
DS
2
‐VASc score was 3 (interquartile range: 2–4). Overall, 9%, 42%, and 49% were included in Group A, B, and C, respectively. Follow‐up length was 26±20 months. The mortality rate was 6%, 7%, and 17% in Group A, B, and C, respectively (
P
=0.011). The stroke rate was 3% and not different among the 3 groups. Estimated major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (the composite of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke) rates in the 3 groups were 6%, 9%, and 17% in Group A, B, and C, respectively (
P
=0.033). The CHA
2
DS
2
‐VASc score resulted as a predictor of major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (odds ratio 2.1, 95% confidence interval, 1.2–3.6;
P
=0.01) and all‐cause mortality (odds ratio 1.5, 95% confidence interval, 1.2–1.9;
P
=0.001).

Conclusions

In Takotsubo syndrome, the CHA
2
DS
2
‐VASc score allows prediction of cardiovascular events and mortality at long‐term follow‐up.
Body Mass Index Is Associated With Microvascular Endothelial Dysfunction in Patients With Treated Metabolic Risk Factors and Suspected Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: van der Heijden Dirk J. , van Leeuwen Maarten A. H. , Janssens Gladys N. , Lenzen Mattie J. , van de Ven Peter M. , Eringa Etto C. , van Royen Niels
Published: September 2017

Background

Obesity is key feature of the metabolic syndrome and is associated with high cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Obesity is associated with macrovascular endothelial dysfunction, a determinant of outcome in patients with coronary artery disease. Here, we compared the influence of obesity on microvascular endothelial function to that of established cardiovascular risk factors such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and smoking in patients with suspected coronary artery disease.

Methods and Results

Endothelial function was assessed during postocclusive reactive hyperemia of the brachial artery and downstream microvascular beds in 108 patients who were scheduled for coronary angiography. In all patients, microvascular vasodilation was assessed using peripheral arterial tonometry; laser Doppler flowmetry and digital thermal monitoring were performed. Body mass index was significantly associated with decreased endothelium‐dependent vasodilatation measured with peripheral arterial tonometry (
r
=0.23,
P
=0.02), laser Doppler flowmetry (
r
=0.30,
P
<0.01), and digital thermal monitoring (
r
=0.30,
P
<0.01). In contrast, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and smoking had no influence on microvascular vasodilatation. Especially in diabetic patients, endothelial function was not significantly reduced (control versus diabetes mellitus, mean±
SEM
or median [interquartile range], peripheral arterial tonometry: 1.90±0.20 versus 1.67±0.20,
P
=0.19, laser Doppler flowmetry: 728% [interquartile range, 427–1110] versus 589% [interquartile range, 320–1067]
P
=0.28, and digital thermal monitoring: 6.6±1.0% versus 2.5±1.7%,
P
=0.08). In multivariate linear regression analysis, body mass index was the only risk factor that significantly attenuated endothelium‐dependent vasodilatation using all 3 microvascular function tests.

Conclusions

Higher body mass index is associated with reduced endothelial function in patients with suspected coronary artery disease, even after adjustment for treated diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and smoking.
Reducing Playback Rate of Audiovisual Speech Leads to a Surprising Decrease in the McGurk Effect
Authors: Magnotti John F. , Basu Mallick Debshila , Beauchamp Michael S.
Published: September 2017

We report the unexpected finding that slowing video playback decreases perception of the McGurk effect. This reduction is counter-intuitive because the illusion depends on visual speech influencing the perception of auditory speech, and slowing speech should increase the amount of visual information available to observers. We recorded perceptual data from 110 subjects viewing audiovisual syllables (either McGurk or congruent control stimuli) played back at one of three rates: the rate used by the talker during recording (the natural rate), a slow rate (50% of natural), or a fast rate (200% of natural). We replicated previous studies showing dramatic variability in McGurk susceptibility at the natural rate, ranging from 0–100% across subjects and from 26–76% across the eight McGurk stimuli tested. Relative to the natural rate, slowed playback reduced the frequency of McGurk responses by 11% (79% of subjects showed a reduction) and reduced congruent accuracy by 3% (25% of subjects showed a reduction). Fast playback rate had little effect on McGurk responses or congruent accuracy. To determine whether our results are consistent with Bayesian integration, we constructed a Bayes-optimal model that incorporated two assumptions: individuals combine auditory and visual information according to their reliability, and changing playback rate affects sensory reliability. The model reproduced both our findings of large individual differences and the playback rate effect. This work illustrates that surprises remain in the McGurk effect and that Bayesian integration provides a useful framework for understanding audiovisual speech perception.
Financing the Luso-Atlantic Slave Trade, 1500–1840
Authors: Hicks Mary E.
Published: September 2017

Between 1500 and 1840, ships under Portuguese colors embarked more than 5 million enslaved men, women and children from the coasts of Africa. Despite its position as the preeminent slave trading empire in the Atlantic World, no studies have systematically traced the evolution in maritime investment practices in Portugal and its American colonies which propelled this massive forced transportation of captive Africans. Beginning with Portuguese merchants’ earliest forays into Atlantic trade, on the West African island of Cabo Verde in the fifteenth century, maritime cargoes were collectively owned through the distribution of small shares. Drawing on medieval Mediterranean precedents, these collective, legally constructed partnerships opened early transoceanic trading opportunities to a diverse group of traders, colonists, and mariners, creating a decentralized mercantile trade which diffused profits throughout slave trading communities. Slaving merchants in Salvador da Bahia adopted this collectivist model of investment by the early eighteenth century, converting commercial disadvantages into a prosperous and durable trade which wove together the economic interests of a heterogeneous cross-section of Salvador’s inhabitants—including merchants, their families and slaves, and mariners—within the business of slaving. This article traces the persistence of this financial strategy, and argues that it enabled the longevity of the transatlantic slave trade in Salvador.
Baculamento or Encomienda?
Authors: Green Toby
Published: September 2017

This article examines pan-Atlantic legal jurisdictions in the early Atlantic world to argue that the legal domains of people nominally conquered by Iberian powers are of fundamental importance to understanding the emergence of subjectivities in Atlantic Africa during the era of the slave trade. An analysis of the legal framing of the enco-mienda in Mexico and of categories of slavery in Brazil shows how transformations in the Americas influenced the development of plural legal frameworks in Atlantic Africa in proto-colonial settings, specifically Angola and Upper Guinea.
Epilogue
Authors: Miller Joseph C.
Published: September 2017

A historiographical introduction to slaving, worldwide, accents the productivity of the social sciences in expanding its study from the modern Americas to fully global scales, but also raising challenges to maintaining a single abstract definition for “slavery” applicable to increasingly diverse contexts. An epistemological shift to historical analyses built from human motivations and strategies, richly contextualized in particular times and places, characterizes the four innovative essays in this collection, which advance the field by historicizing early maritime slave trading in the southern Atlantic.
Digitaria clarkei (Paniceae, Panicoideae, Poaceae) a new species with paniculate synflorescence and D. costaricensis a new record from Mexico
Authors: SÁNCHEZ-KEN J. GABRIEL
Published: September 2017

Digitaria clarkiae, a new species from the states of Guerrero, Morelos, and Puebla in México, is described and illustrated. The new species is compared to species of sect. Pennatae (D. arenicola, D. cognata and D. pubiflora) with so-called paniculate synflorescences, and to species of sect. Trichachne (e.g., D. patens), with which it shares an elongated rachilla between the glumes and the florets called the “stipe” and unequal spaces between the veins of the sterile lemma. Because the new species shares characteristics with both sections, its probable sectional affiliation based on morphological characters remains unclear, leaving it as incertae sedis in the genus. Digitaria costaricensis of section Debiles (Aequiglumae) is a new record from Veracruz, México.
Clitopilus fusiformis (Entolomataceae; Agaricales), a new species from southwest China
Authors: WANG DI , DENG WANG-QIU , HE XIAO-LAN , PENG WEI-HONG , GAN BING-CHENG
Published: September 2017

Clitopilus fusiformis, a new species in section Clitopilus, is described from high altitude areas in southwest China. Its detailed description and comparison with other similar members are presented. This new taxon is further confirmed by molecular evidence, and its phylogenetic affinities are discussed based on ITS and RPB2 sequences.
Psychotria nilgherensis (Rubiaceae), a new combination replacing P. elongata
Authors: GOVAERTS RAFAËL , CHAKRABARTY TAPAS
Published: September 2017

The genus Grumilea was established by Gaertner (1788: 138, t. 28, f. 2) on the basis of a single species, G. nigra Gaertner from Sri Lanka. The genus was subsequently recognized and treated by a number of authors such as Candolle (1830: 495), Wight & Arnott (1834: 432), Miquel (1857: 295) and Thwaites (1859: 147). However, Bentham & Hooker (1873: 123) combined Grumilea with Psychotria Linnaeus (1759: 929, 1364), nom. cons., a delimitation that was accepted by later workers (e.g., Mabberley 2008: 377). Hooker (1880: 161) treated Grumilea as a Section of Psychotria. Wight (1845: 16, t. 1036) described a species, Grumilea elongata from Tamil Nadu, India which was transferred to Psychotria by Hooker as Psychotria elongata (Wight) Hooker (1880: 163). This name was used in most of the subsequent floristic treatments (e.g., Trimen 1894; Brandis 1906; Gamble 1921; Fyson 1932; Sebastine & Vivekananthan 1967; Matthew & Rani 1983; Swaminathan 1987; Mohanan & Henry 1994). Sohmer (1977: 381), realizing that the name P. elongata is a later homonym of two names published by Bentham (1853: 32) and Beddome (1872: t. 17), applied a new name, P. fosbergii Sohmer which was accepted and used by Deb & Gangopadhyay (1989: 70, f. 29) in their revision of the genus Psychotria. Unfortunately, they overlooked the fact that this name is also a later homonym of P. fosbergii Steyermark (1972: 630). Later, Kiehn published the replacement name P. sohmeri Kiehn (1986: 215) and this was used as the correct name by Sohmer (1987: 339). Two years later, Suresh proposed another replacement name, P. glandulosa Suresh (1988: 229). As this is a later replacement name, it is superfluous and illegitimate. Unfortunately, all these authors overlooked the fact that Kuntze (1891: 957) published the name Uragoga nilgherensis replacing Grumilea elongata which, if transferred to Psychotria, becomes the earliest valid replacement name for the Wight’s species.  Hence the necessary new combination is proposed below.
Women Weathercasters: Their Positions, Education, and Presence in Local TV
Authors: Cranford Alexandra
Published: September 2017

Data on weathercasters at local television stations in all 210 markets in the United States were gathered through individual weathercaster biography web pages provided on television news station websites. The weathercasters’ genders, positions, and educational backgrounds were compiled and analyzed to determine women’s presence in local broadcast meteorology. While the overall percentage of females in the field increased and females were more represented in larger markets, females held fewer influential and desired positions in 2016 compared with previous studies. Women made up 29% of all weathercaster positions, which was higher than in earlier studies that showed the percentage at 25% or less over the past two decades. Females made up 8% of chief meteorologist positions and less than 11% of evening shifts, which were lower than numbers in previous studies. The proportion of female weathercasters who held meteorology degrees was lower than their male counterparts (52% of females compared with 59% of males). This difference was statistically significant (p < 0.01). Chi-squared tests revealed strong and statistically significant associations between males and chief meteorologist positions and between males and evening shifts. There was a higher percentage of weathercasters with meteorology degrees in smaller markets as opposed to larger markets.
Attitudes Toward Euthanasia Among Turkish University Students
Authors: Ulas Karaahmetoglu Gulsen , Kutahyalioglu Nesibe Sumeyye
Published: September 2017

This study aims to examine perceptions and attitudes toward euthanasia among university students who are pursuing bachelor’s degrees. Although the legalization and application of euthanasia are discussed commonly by health-care professionals and partially by lawyers, the ideas of other segments of society, especially university students, are taken place very rarely. The research was conducted descriptively to determine the ideas of 1,170 students at Kastamonu University from six different departments: arts and sciences, theology, tourism, nursing, school of physical education, and sports with using a questionnaire. Findings demonstrated that 73.2% of the students do not approve euthanasia. Also, it was found that there are significant differences depending on age, gender, department of study, income level, place of living, and the loss of kinsmen. This study serves as a resource for future research to understand the effects of sociodemographic characteristics on the decision of euthanasia.
Advantaged/Disadvantaged School Neighborhoods, Parental Networks, and Parental Involvement at Elementary School
Authors: Li Angran , Fischer Mary J.
Published: September 2017

This article examines the relationship between parental networks and parental school involvement during the elementary school years. Using a large, nationally representative data set of elementary school students—the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study–Kindergarten Cohort—and contextual data from the 2000 U.S. Census, our multilevel analysis shows that higher levels of parental networks in first grade are associated with higher levels of parental school involvement in third grade after controlling for individual- and school-level characteristics. Parental networks are positively related to school involvement activities in formal organizations that consist of parents, teachers, and school staff, including participating in parent–teacher organizations and volunteering at school. Furthermore, the positive effects of parental networks on parental school involvement is stronger for families whose children attend schools in disadvantaged neighborhoods. This suggests that well-connected parental networks can serve as a buffer against school neighborhood disadvantages in encouraging parents to be actively involved in schools.
The Importance of Relevance to Student Lives: The Impact of Content and Media in Introduction to Sociology
Authors: Belet Margot
Published: September 2017

To increase students’ engagement and achievement in introductory sociology courses, teachers should make them relevant to students’ lives. Students’ relevance perceptions may vary within the classroom, depending on the degree of fit between their sociocultural position and the teaching methods. To test this prospect, an experiment among 1,325 undergraduates distinguished the sociocultural mechanisms underlying content- and medium-related course relevance. The students viewed one of four versions of an introductory video lecture about Durkheim with (1) feminine/masculine content and (2) YouTube/verbal-anecdotal medium manipulated in its examples. The results indicate first, that students’ perceptions of the sociology course as relevant were associated with their course satisfaction and achievement. Second, matching students’ gender with gendered example content stimulated their relevance perceptions, while a mismatch decreased those perceptions. Finally, tentative evidence was found that the use of YouTube examples engaged disadvantaged students in the course without harming advantaged students’ learning.
An Investigation of a Video-Based Preference Assessment of Social Interactions
Authors: Wolfe Katie , Kunnavatana S. Shanun , Shoemaker Adrianna M.
Published: September 2017

We examined the use of a paired-stimulus, video-based preference assessment (VPA) to identify high- and low-preference social interactions for three children with autism spectrum disorder. We conducted two VPAs with each participant: one with access to the interaction contingent on each selection and one without access. We also conducted a concurrent-operant reinforcer assessment to evaluate the accuracy of the VPAs in identifying reinforcers. For two participants, the VPAs corresponded strongly and the results of the reinforcer assessment suggest that the high-preference interaction produced more of the target response than the low-preference interaction. For the other participant, the VPAs identified different high- and low-preference interactions, and the results of the reinforcer assessment suggest that the VPA without access may have been more accurate in identifying a reinforcer.
Reverse electron transfer results in a loss of flavin from mitochondrial complex I: Potential mechanism for brain ischemia reperfusion injury
Authors: Stepanova Anna , Kahl Anja , Konrad Csaba , Ten Vadim , Starkov Anatoly S , Galkin Alexander
Published: September 2017

Ischemic stroke is one of the most prevalent sources of disability in the world. The major brain tissue damage takes place upon the reperfusion of ischemic tissue. Energy failure due to alterations in mitochondrial metabolism and elevated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is one of the main causes of brain ischemia-reperfusion (IR) damage. Ischemia resulted in the accumulation of succinate in tissues, which favors the process of reverse electron transfer (RET) when a fraction of electrons derived from succinate is directed to mitochondrial complex I for the reduction of matrix NAD+.

We demonstrate that in intact brain mitochondria oxidizing succinate, complex I became damaged and was not able to contribute to the physiological respiration. This process is associated with a decline in ROS release and a dissociation of the enzyme's flavin. This previously undescribed phenomenon represents the major molecular mechanism of injury in stroke and induction of oxidative stress after reperfusion. We also demonstrate that the origin of ROS during RET is flavin of mitochondrial complex I. Our study highlights a novel target for neuroprotection against IR brain injury and provides a sensitive biochemical marker for this process.
Maternal high-fat diet programs cerebrovascular remodeling in adult rat offspring
Authors: Lin ChengCheng , Wu XiaoYun , Zhou YuLei , Shao Bei , Niu XiaoTing , Zhang WanLi , Lin YuanShao
Published: September 2017

Maternal environmental factors such as diet have consequences on later health of the offspring. We found that maternal high-fat diet (HFD) exposure renders adult offspring brain more susceptible to ischemic injury. The present study was further to investigate whether HFD consumption during rat pregnancy and lactation influences the cerebral vasculature in adult male offspring. Besides the endothelial damage observed in the transmission electron microscopy, the MCAs of offspring from fat-fed dams fed with control diet (HFD/C) also displayed increased wall thickness and media/lumen ratio, suggesting that cerebrovascular hypertrophy or hyperplasia occurs. Moreover, smaller lumen diameter and elevated myogenic tone of the MCAs over a range of intralumenal pressures indicate inward cerebrovascular remodeling in HFD/C rats, with a concomitant increase in vessel stiffness. More importantly, both wire and pressure myography demonstrated that maternal HFD intake also enhanced the MCAs contractility to ET-1, accompanied by increases in ET types A receptor (ETAR) but not B (ETBR) density in the arteries. Furthermore, ETAR antagonism but not ETBR antagonism restored maternal HFD-induced cerebrovascular dysfunction in adult offspring. Taken together, maternal diet can substantially influence adult offspring cerebrovascular health, through remodeling of both structure and function, at least partially in an ET-1 manner.
Effect of char sulfonic acid and ammonium polyphosphate on flame retardancy and thermal properties of epoxy resin and polyamide composites
Authors: Yuan Liping , Feng Siyu , Hu Yunchu , Fan Youhua
Published: September 2017

Char sulfonic acid and ammonium polyphosphate were used to improve the flame retardancy of composites. A synergistic effect between char sulfonic acid and ammonium polyphosphate on the flame retardancy of epoxy resin and polyamide composites was proposed. The results showed that the optimal synergistic effects were achieved when the weight ratio of char sulfonic acid:ammonium polyphosphate was 1:3. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated that the flame retardants improved the amount of residue. The char sulfonic acid and ammonium polyphosphate additives greatly decreased the peak heat release rate and suppressed smoke according to cone calorimetry testing. Scanning electron microscope results showed that a compact and thick char layer was formed, which hindered the transfer of heat flow and combustible gases in the condensed phase. Thus, the combination of char sulfonic acid and ammonium polyphosphate had been proved to be a promising flame retardant system for epoxy resin and polyamide composites.
Analysis of Different Melatonin Secretion Patterns in Children With Sleep Disorders: Melatonin Secretion Patterns in Children
Authors: Checa-Ros Ana , Muñoz-Hoyos Antonio , Molina-Carballo Antonio , Muñoz-Gallego Antonio , Narbona-Galdó Susana , Jerez-Calero Antonio , Augustín-Morales María del Carmen
Published: September 2017

The objective of this study was to analyze circadian patterns of urinary 6-sulphatoxymelatonin (aMT6s) excretion in children with primary sleep disorders in comparison with healthy controls. A total of 124 control children and 124 patients (aged 4-14 years) diagnosed with diverse primary sleep disorders were recruited. aMT6s concentrations were measured in diurnal and nocturnal urine, as well as in 24-hour urine. aMT6s levels were significantly higher and showed significantly more evident circadian variations in the control group ( P < .001). Four different melatonin (aMT) production and excretion patterns were distinguished in the group with sleep disorders: (1) standard aMT production pattern, (2) low aMT production pattern, (3) aMT production pattern with absence of circadian variation, and (4) aMT hyperproduction pattern. This study highlights the importance of analyzing specific alterations of aMT secretion in each sleep disorder and provides evidences to explain why not all children with sleep disturbances do respond to aMT treatment.
Development of wireless bird collision monitoring system using 0-3 piezoelectric composite sensor on wind turbine blades
Authors: Kang Sang-Hyeon , Kang Lae-Hyong
Published: September 2017

Over the past several decades, wind turbines have been established as one of the promising renewable energy systems for safe and clean energy collection. In order to collect more energy efficiently, the size of wind turbines has been increased and many wind farms have been constructed. Wind farms generate lots of energy, but they cause several side effects, such as noise and a threat to wildlife. It is reported that the bird collision rate of a wind turbine ranges from 0.01 to 23 annually. It is more serious in the case of rare and endangered birds. In order to monitor the effect on birds in wind farms, researchers have developed remote sensing technology for a detection apparatus using heat and radar. In addition, paint color and other variables have been studied regarding their effects on the collision rate. However, the existing methods are passive ways to prevent bird collision or just monitor bird conditions. Therefore, in this study, we propose a bird collision monitoring system that can detect where the bird collision occurred, which will aid in rescuing the birds. If the wind turbine blade has its own ability to capture an impact signal, the impact location can be easily detected, and the birds can be rescued. For this purpose, piezoelectric paint was applied to the wind turbine blades used in this study. The piezoelectric paint is also known as 0-3 piezoelectric composite, which is composed of piezoelectric particles and polymer resin. It is sensitive to high-frequency signals such as impacts, so it is suitable for monitoring bird collision signals. In order to amplify and transmit the impact signal from the rotating blade to a stationary base, a wireless transmission device using a ZigBee module and signal conditioning circuit was also installed. Through lab-scale tests, it was confirmed that this bird collision monitoring system shows a 100% bird collision detection rate.
Photovoice and Photodocumentary for Enhancing Community Partner Engagement and Student Learning in a Public Health Field School in Cape Town
Authors: Wainwright Megan , Bingham Shantell , Sicwebu Namhla
Published: September 2017

Background: Field school research, which begins by considering community partners as pedagogues and thus exploring their perspectives on student learning, is uncommon. Photovoice is a method for self-expression of such marginalized voices. Purpose: Describe the photovoice to photodocumentary process and present results of its evaluation. Methodology/Approach: We employed photovoice with the local guides who accompany community health research field school students in Cape Town. Guides were prompted to take photographs of what students may not see or understand about their community. These were discussed at three workshops and developed into a photodocumentary for inclusion in the curriculum. Twenty-one students completed an open-ended questionnaire. These, and student/staff discussions, were thematically analyzed. Findings/Conclusion: Students reported learning about cultural practices which otherwise would not be visible to them. They felt greater connection to their guides who they saw in a new light, and became aware of how topic-specificity drew attention away from overarching characteristics of community life. Questions raised might be better explored through facilitated discussion rather than question-and-answer sessions alone. Implications: Field schools depend on academic–community partnerships. Photovoice can create space for community partner reflection on student learning and the co-creation of effective pedagogical tools valued by students.
Impact of Test Conditions on ADP-Induced Platelet Function Results With the Multiplate Assay: Is Further Standardization Required?
Authors: Dézsi Döme A. , Merkely Béla , Skopál Judit , Barabás Eszter , Várnai Katalin , Faluközy József , Veress Gábor , Alotti Nasri , Aradi Dániel
Published: September 2017

Background:

Platelet function testing was suggested to help tailor P2Y12-inhibitor therapy; however, the lack of proper standardization is still a limitation.

Methods:

In a prospective study, we enrolled clopidogrel-treated and P2Y12-inhibitor naive patients to investigate the influence of (1) time from blood collection, (2) stability of the stored Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) reagent, and (3) the use of enoxaparin on results of the Multiplate assay. Measurements were performed from samples kept for 0, 30, 60, 120, and 240 minutes at room temperature before processing. To determine the impact of the reagent stability, freshly thawed ADP was compared with ADP kept for 3 to 5 or 8 to 13 days at 2°C to 8°C. Finally, samples containing enoxaparin at therapeutic or prophylactic doses were compared with enoxaparin-free blood.

Results:

A total of 180 measurements were performed. ADP-stimulated platelet reactivity values decreased significantly over time (67 ± 40 U to 68 ± 37 U to 58 ± 37 U to 45 ± 33 U to 35 ± 33 U; P < .0001). Consequently, a dramatic reduction was observed in the proportion of patients with high platelet reactivity ( P < .0001). A significant drop in platelet reactivity was observed with ADP stored for 8 to 13 days as compared to freshly thawed ADP ( P = .011). Enoxaparin triggered a slight, concentration-dependent increase in platelet reactivity ( P < .05).

Conclusion:

Test conditions may have profound impacts on the obtained results with the Multiplate assay. Our findings highlight the large influence of the time from sample collection until testing, suggesting that measurements should be performed within an hour of blood collection.
Cardiotoxicity with carfilzomib at doses greater than 27 mg/m2: A case series
Authors: Kim Gee Youn , Ahuja Tania , Papadopoulos John , Cirrone Frank
Published: September 2017

Carfilzomib is a second-generation proteasome inhibitor that irreversibly inhibits chymotrypsin-like (CT-L) activities of the proteasome, and is indicated for relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. Cardiotoxicity is a well-established adverse effect of carfilzomib. The extent of cardiac toxicity in the literature spans anywhere from palpitations to cardiac arrest, with the most commonly reported manifestation being new-onset or worsening heart failure. A pre-clinical study of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of carfilzomib given via intravenous bolus or 30-minute infusion in rats showed that carfilzomib can strongly induce apoptosis and potently damage cardiac myocytes at clinically relevant concentrations. Moreover, the mortality rate with the bolus administration was 44% whereas the same dose administered as a 30-minute infusion did not result in mortality. There remains limited clinical data regarding the safety of carfilzomib at doses of 27–56 mg/m2 based on infusion times as these doses have not been well studied. This retrospective review was conducted to evaluate the safety of carfilzomib at doses >27 mg/m2 at all infusion times.
Development of a patient-centered conceptual model of the impact of living with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: McDougall Fiona , Willgoss Thomas , Hwang Steve , Bolognani Federico , Murtagh Lorraine , Anagnostou Evdokia , Rofail Diana
Published: September 2017

The aim of this study was to generate a patient-centered conceptual model of the impact of living with autism spectrum disorder, which can be used to support the selection of outcome measures for clinical trials. Following an initial literature review to identify preliminary concepts and inform an interview guide, in-depth face-to-face interviews were conducted with adolescents and adults with autism spectrum disorder (IQ ⩾ 70) (n = 10), as well as parents of children, adolescents, and adults with autism spectrum disorder (IQ ⩾ 70) (n = 26). Data were analyzed using established qualitative research methods. The resultant conceptual model contains three interrelated domains reflecting core symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (communication deficits, socialization deficits, and restrictive, repetitive patterns of behavior), three domains reflecting associated symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (physical, cognitive, and emotional/behavioral), and three domains representing the impacts of living with autism spectrum disorder (impacts on activities of daily living, school/work, and social life). Interview respondents also cited social communication deficits as priority targets for new treatments. The conceptual model provides a patient-centered perspective of relevant concepts of autism spectrum disorder from the perspectives of people with autism spectrum disorder and their parents and offers a valuable tool for identifying valid patient-centered outcome measures for future clinical trials.
Impact of the heat release distribution on high-frequency transverse thermoacoustic driving in premixed swirl flames
Authors: Hertweck Michael , Berger Frederik M , Hummel Tobias , Sattelmayer Thomas
Published: September 2017

Self-excited, high-frequency first transversal thermoacoustic instabilities in a cylindrical combustion chamber equipped with a premixed swirl-stabilized flame are investigated. Phase-locked image analysis of the phenomena shows the displacement of the flame and a higher burning rate in the region of elevated pressure. The impact of diffuser angle and fuel composition on the stability limits and the flame position is investigated. The Rayleigh-Index is computed for a three-dimensional domain based on analytical flame transfer functions for experimentally obtained data of OH*-chemiluminescence as measure for the spatial heat release. Two models from different sources are applied, which describe the interaction between flame and acoustic locally. The axial dependence of the amplitude of the transversal mode is computed by a numerical model, which takes the temperature distribution inside the combustion chamber into account. The comparison of the Rayleigh-Index of different operation points shows a correlation with the stability limits for some, but not for all investigated configurations.
Mechanical performance of plymetal structures subjected to impact loading
Authors: Masood SH , Ruan D , Rajapatruni P
Published: September 2017

Plymetal is a new type of composite metallic structure based on the concept of plywood created by laser direct metal deposition additive manufacturing technology. Two different metal powders, 316L stainless steel and H13 tool steel, are deposited in alternative parallel rows in each layer in the defined orientations to create a plymetal structure. In this research, the plymetal was manufactured by the POM DMD 505 machine, in which a laser beam melts various metal powders deposited through a coaxial nozzle in a layer-by-layer manner to form a metallic structure. The ballistic performance of plymetal structures was then experimentally studied for high impact applications. Ballistic tests were carried out using a high-pressure gas gun. The plymetal plates of 3-mm-thick were subjected to impact of projectiles at various velocities and the results were compared with test results of stainless steel plates of different thicknesses. Results show that the ballistic resistance of the direct metal deposition generated plymetal structure is better than the ballistic resistance of the stainless steel 316L with the same thickness. Vickers hardness and face deformation characteristics of the plymetal samples and stainless steel samples were also investigated.
The effect of regular aquatic exercise on blood pressure: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Igarashi Yutaka , Nogami Yoshie
Published: September 2017

Background

No meta-analysis has examined the effect of regular aquatic exercise on blood pressure. The purpose of this study was to perform a meta-analysis to evaluate the effects of regular aquatic exercise on blood pressure.

Design

A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Methods

Databases were searched for literature published up to April 2017. The randomized controlled trials analysed involved healthy adults, an intervention group that only performed aquatic exercise and a control group that did not exercise, no other intervention, and trials indicated mean systolic blood pressure or diastolic blood pressure. The net change in blood pressure was calculated from each trial, and the changes in blood pressure were pooled by a random effects model, and the risk of heterogeneity was evaluated. Subgroup analysis of subjects with hypertension, subjects who performed endurance exercise (or not), and subjects who only swam (or not) was performed, and the net changes in blood pressure were pooled.

Results

The meta-analysis examined 14 trials involving 452 subjects. Pooled net changes in blood pressure improved significantly (systolic blood pressure −8.4 mmHg; diastolic blood pressure −3.3 mmHg) and the changes in systolic blood pressure contained significant heterogeneity. When subjects were limited to those with hypertension, those who performed endurance exercise and subjects who did not swim, pooled net changes in systolic and diastolic blood pressure decreased significantly, but the heterogeneity of systolic blood pressure did not improve.

Conclusion

Like exercise on land, aquatic exercise should have a beneficial effect by lowering blood pressure. In addition, aquatic exercise should lower the blood pressure of subjects with hypertension, and other forms of aquatic exercise besides swimming should also lower blood pressure.
The influence of geometric design variables on the kinematic performance of a surface-guided total knee replacement
Authors: Pejhan Shabnam , Bohm Eric , Brandt Jan-Mels , Wyss Urs
Published: September 2017

Objective:

Tibiofemoral geometries in a total knee replacement (TKR) affect the performance of an implant during activities of daily living. The specially shaped components of a surface-guided TKR aim to control the tibiofemoral motion, such that a normal pattern of motion is achieved, even at high flexion angles. The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of the design parameters on the kinematic behavior of such an implant. A combination of design variables was determined that resulted in the least deviation from the design kinematic target.

Methods:

Six major design variables were considered to generate customized surface-guided TKR candidates. The contribution of these variables was evaluated by principal component analysis considering the input design variables and the results of the kinematic performance from a virtual simulation of deep squatting. The tibial internal–external rotation and the anterior–posterior translation of the medial and lateral femoral condyles were recorded for each design candidate. A quantified objective function of the kinematic behavior was used to define the design with a maximum agreement with the target pattern of motion.

Results:

The location and orientation of the flexion–extension axis and the tibial slope were the most contributing parameters on the modes of variation. On the other hand, the conformity between the lateral guiding arcs had the least contribution.

Conclusion:

Virtual simulation showed that the current TKR reached deep flexion angles under squat load, while the tibia pivoted around the medial center. The tibial rotation was within the expected range of the IE rotation from healthy joints.
Retrosplenial and postsubicular head direction cells compared during visual landmark discrimination
Authors: Lozano Yave Roberto , Page Hector , Jacob Pierre-Yves , Lomi Eleonora , Street James , Jeffery Kate
Published: September 2017

Background:

Visual landmarks are used by head direction (HD) cells to establish and help update the animal’s representation of head direction, for use in orientation and navigation. Two cortical regions that are connected to primary visual areas, postsubiculum (PoS) and retrosplenial cortex (RSC), possess HD cells: we investigated whether they differ in how they process visual landmarks.

Methods:

We compared PoS and RSC HD cell activity from tetrode-implanted rats exploring an arena in which correct HD orientation required discrimination of two opposing landmarks having high, moderate or low discriminability.

Results:

RSC HD cells had higher firing rates than PoS HD cells and slightly lower modulation by angular head velocity, and anticipated actual head direction by ~48 ms, indicating that RSC spiking leads PoS spiking. Otherwise, we saw no differences in landmark processing, in that HD cells in both regions showed equal responsiveness to and discrimination of the cues, with cells in both regions having unipolar directional tuning curves and showing better discrimination of the highly discriminable cues. There was a small spatial component to the signal in some cells, consistent with their role in interacting with the place cell navigation system, and there was also slight modulation by running speed. Neither region showed theta modulation of HD cell spiking.

Conclusions:

That the cells can immediately respond to subtle differences in spatial landmarks is consistent with rapid processing of visual snapshots or scenes; similarities in PoS and RSC responding may be due either to similar computations being performed on the visual inputs, or to rapid sharing of information between these regions. More generally, this two-cue HD cell paradigm may be a useful method for testing rapid spontaneous visual discrimination capabilities in other experimental settings.