bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adolescent Neighborhood Environments and Latino Intraethnic Disparities in Trajectories of Serious Violent Behaviors
Authors: Estrada-Martínez Lorena M. , Cantrell Candace , Sewell Whitney , Butler-Barnes Shretta , Cabrera-Nguyen Elián P.
Published: October 2017

The purpose of this study was to describe the longitudinal trajectories of risk for serious violent behaviors among Latinos of different ancestry in the United States and to examine the impact of neighborhood perceptions, socioeconomic status (SES), and racial/ethnic and immigrant concentration during adolescence in long-term risk. Guided by sociological theories and life-course frameworks, we utilized data from Mexican ( n = 755), Cuban ( n = 182), Puerto Rican ( n = 219), and other Latino ( n = 289) respondents who participated in all waves of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health. Stratified, weighted, multilevel growth curve models were conducted in Stata 14 MP to determine unadjusted and adjusted trajectories between 13 and 32 years of age for each ancestry group by sex. Violent behaviors decreased over time, and were lower among females of all groups. Puerto Ricans and Cubans had higher risk than Mexicans or other Latinos. Neighborhood factors did not have consistent effects across groups. Neighborhood satisfaction reduced risk among most groups, while social cohesion increased violent behaviors among Mexicans. Neighborhood economic well-being (SES) and proportion of non-Latino Whites had no impact among any group. Living in predominantly Black neighborhoods during adolescence reduced the risk into adulthood among Puerto Ricans, but increased it among other Latinos. Higher neighborhood immigrant concentration was related to higher risk among other Latinos. Initial and long-term risk for violent behaviors differed across Latino ancestry, with slower decreases among Puerto Ricans and Cubans. The impact of neighborhood perceptions, SES, and racial/ethnic and immigrant composition was inconsistent.
Neural autoantibodies in patients with neurological symptoms and histories of chemical/mold exposures
Authors: Abou-Donia Mohamed Bahie , Lieberman Allan , Curtis Luke
Published: October 2017

A number of studies have linked exposures to industrial and household chemicals and biological toxins to increased risk of autoimmunity in general and elevated levels of autoantibodies to neural antigens specifically. Elevated neural autoantibodies are biomarkers for many diseases such as multiple sclerosis and Parkinson’s disease. Our study reports levels of six types of neural autoantibodies in a group of 24 toxicant-exposed patients. The patients were exposed to a variety of toxicants including contaminated drinking water (four patients), building water/mold damage (eight patients), pesticides (four patients), and other assorted toxic chemicals (eight patients). Levels of all six neural autoantibodies were significantly elevated in most patients and in the patient group at large, with mean antibody levels for the 24 chemically exposed patients (relative to a healthy control population), in descending order: 475% for tau proteins, 391% for microtubule associated proteins-2, 334% for neurofilament proteins (NFP), 302% for myelin basic protein, 299% for glial fibrillary acidic proteins, and 225% for tubulin. Tau protein autoantibodies were significantly elevated in the patient groups with peripheral neuropathy, muscle and joint pain, asthma, and chemical sensitivity. Autoantibodies to tubulin were significantly higher in the chemical sensitivity and asthma patients, autoantibodies to NFP were significantly higher in the patients with sleep apnea, whereas S-100B autoantibodies were significantly increased in patients with muscle/joint pain, asthma, and apnea/insomnia. In patients exposed to environmental toxicants, measurements of autoantibodies may be useful for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. This study adds to the scientific literature the ability of a broad spectrum of environmental triggers adversely affecting the nervous system through the process of autoimmunity, which may explain the increasing incidence of neurodegenerative diseases.
The Development and Validation of the Child Sexual Assault Victim Credibility Scale: An Instrument to Measure Laypersons’ Perceptions of Victim Credibility
Authors: Voogt Ashmyra , Klettke Bianca , Mohebbi Mohammadreza
Published: October 2017

Child sexual assault is a global health issue, with extensive implications for legal, social, clinical, and health psychology. The perceived credibility of child victims is of considerable importance in terms of the successful prosecution of such cases. However, there has been considerable inconsistency within past research regarding how best to measure credibility, and to date, there exists no broadly accepted scale for the measurement of lay perceptions of credibility of child victims. The current study evaluates a proposed Child Sexual Assault Victim Credibility Scale (CSAVCS) and includes the results of both a pilot and scale validation study. A two-phase approach for instrument development was adopted. Thirty-six participants from the general community were involved in the pilot study (Phase I), comprising six males and 30 females. A further 210 participants (61 males and 149 females) were included in the scale validation sample (Phase II). Participants read a transcript of a child disclosing sexual abuse and rated their perceptions of the child’s accuracy, believability, competency, reliability, and truthfulness. The scale’s reliability and internal validity were successfully tested and modified in Phase I and subsequently validated and confirmed in Phase II. There was strong evidence of internal consistency, reliability, and content validity. Following model respecification, the final 23-item model was confirmed. The evaluation of the CSAVCS was a crucial first step and will be useful for future research exploring perceived credibility. Using a validated and reliable scale may serve to improve the consistency of measurement of credibility and to facilitate comparisons among studies.
Grid and Item-by-Item Formats in PC and Mobile Web Surveys
Authors: Mavletova Aigul , Couper Mick P. , Lebedev Daniil
Published: October 2017

While grids or matrix questions are a widely used format in PC web surveys, there is no agreement on the format in mobile web surveys. We conducted a two-wave experiment in an opt in panel in Russia, varying the question format (grid format and item-by-item format) and device respondents used for survey completion (smartphone and PC). The 1,678 respondents completed the survey in the assigned conditions in the first wave and 1,079 in the second wave. Overall, we found somewhat higher measurement error in the grid format in both mobile and PC web conditions. We found almost no significant effect of the question format on test–retest correlations between the latent scores in two waves and no differences in breakoff rates between the question formats. The multigroup comparison showed some measurement equivalence between the question formats. However, the difference varied depending on the length of a scale with a longer scale producing some differences in the measurement equivalence between the conditions. The levels of straightlining were higher in the grid than in the item-by-item format. In addition, concurrent validity was lower in the grid format in both PC and mobile web conditions. Finally, subjective indicators of respondent burden showed that the grid format increased reported technical difficulties and decreased subjective evaluation of the survey.
The Intersection of Family Firms and Institutional Contexts: A Review and Agenda for Future Research
Authors: Soleimanof Sohrab , Rutherford Matthew W. , Webb Justin W.
Published: October 2017

Examination of family firms’ interactions with institutional contexts has been a major research stream within family business scholarship. This study reviews three decades of research at the intersection of family firms and institutional contexts. Our review sample includes 124 articles published in 24 top-level journals across several disciplines. We adopt an institutional theory lens to synthesize this literature and explicate main understandings about how family firm behaviors/outcomes are influenced by or may influence formal and informal institutions in their institutional contexts. Moreover, we discuss major research gaps and unproductive biases in this research area and provide directions for future research.
Missed opportunities in the judicialisation of international criminal law? Asian states in the emergence and spread of the Rome Statute system to punish atrocity crimes
Authors: Kim Heejin
Published: October 2017

The expansion of the Rome Statute system is a clear indication of the judicialisation of international law, a normative trend that has accelerated in the past few decades. However, the current state of judicialisation cannot be regarded as “a linear story of success.” According to a critical analysis of Asian States’ overall engagement with the Rome Statute process, the International Criminal Court (ICC)-centered judicialisation has been stagnant in Asia. The author seeks to examine why Asian representation and participation in the ICC system have been consistently and significantly lower than in any other region. Just as the recent shift in Africa’s engagement with the ICC has attracted much scholarly attention for (re)assessing the relationship between African States and the Court, Asia’s continued silence in this field of law must also be raised as an important issue. This paper finds three types of common experiences shared by the overwhelming majority of Asian countries. It investigates ways in which the presence of one or a combination of these common contexts have affected Asian States’ ability and willingness to participate in the Rome Statute system.
Have Mobile Devices Changed Working Patterns in the 21st Century? A Time-diary Analysis of Work Extension in the UK
Authors: Mullan Killian , Wajcman Judy
Published: October 2017

It is commonly claimed that ubiquitous connectivity erodes the boundaries that once separated work from other aspects of life. Mobile devices in particular enable people to perform work-related activities anytime anywhere. Surprisingly, however, we know little about how people nationwide organise their daily working time over a period that has witnessed rapid technological change. Using the United Kingdom Time Use Surveys 2000 and 2015, covering this period of technological change, we studied work extension practices, and the links between work extension, total work hours and subjective time pressure. We found a significant, though small, increase in work extension, and evidence that it was significantly associated with time pressure in 2015, but not in 2000. Additionally, work extension increased total work hours, which was concentrated entirely in time working with a mobile device. We discuss our results in light of some taken-for-granted narratives about mobile devices allowing work to colonise life.
Smart manufacturing: Characteristics, technologies and enabling factors
Authors: Mittal Sameer , Khan Muztoba Ahmad , Romero David , Wuest Thorsten
Published: October 2017

The purpose of this article is to collect and structure the various characteristics, technologies and enabling factors available in the current body of knowledge that are associated with smart manufacturing. Eventually, it is expected that this selection of characteristics, technologies and enabling factors will help compare and distinguish other initiatives such as Industry 4.0, cyber-physical production systems, smart factory, intelligent manufacturing and advanced manufacturing, which are frequently used synonymously with smart manufacturing. The result of this article is a comprehensive list of such characteristics, technologies and enabling factors that are regularly associated with smart manufacturing. This article also considers principles of “semantic similarity” to establish the basis for a future smart manufacturing ontology, since it was found that many of the listed items show varying overlaps; therefore, certain characteristics and technologies are merged and/or clustered. This results in a set of five defining characteristics, 11 technologies and three enabling factors that are considered relevant for the smart manufacturing scope. This article then evaluates the derived structure by matching the characteristics and technology clusters of smart manufacturing with the design principles of Industry 4.0 and cyber-physical systems. The authors aim to provide a solid basis to start a broad and interdisciplinary discussion within the research and industrial community about the defining characteristics, technologies and enabling factors of smart manufacturing.
Effect of the altitude on the combustion characteristics of a low-compression-ratio diesel engine during the start-up process
Authors: Kan Ze-chao , Hu Zhi-yuan , Lou Di-ming , Cao Zhi-yi , Cao Jie
Published: October 2017

One of the ways to meet future emission standards for cars and to limit the peak pressure of a heavy-duty, highly supercharged diesel engine is to reduce the compression ratio. Nevertheless, complications appear because stringent limitations to a reduction in the diesel compression ratio are the start-up requirements, in particular at high altitudes. An experimental study was conducted on the effect of the altitude on the combustion characteristics during the start-up process of a direct-injection midspeed intercooled turbocharged diesel engine with a compression ratio of 14.25:1. Specialized testing was conducted on the low-compression-ratio diesel engine, the intake pressure and the exhaust pressure of which were controlled by a plateau simulation test system to simulate the conditions at altitudes of 0 m, 1000 m, 2000 m, 3000 m, 3750 m and 4500 m. The results indicated that the pressure in the cylinder was lower during the cranking period as the altitude increased and that this caused the ignition operation to become difficult at altitudes above 3000 m. The combustion characteristics are significantly impacted by altitudes above 2000 m. At an altitude of 0–1000 m, the curve pattern of the cycle cylinder pressure had mainly a single peak during the start-up period. When the altitude increased to 2000 m, twin peaks and afterburn appeared in the cycles. Misfire appeared during the start-up period when the altitude increased to 3000 m, the combustion instability increased and the average indicated mean effective pressure decreased rapidly. When the altitude increases, the cycle-to-cycle variations in the peak pressure increased during idle, the ignition and the crank angle position at 50% of the cumulative heat release rate were delayed and the combustion duration was extended.
Long-term health effects of chemical warfare agents on children following a single heavy exposure
Authors: Talabani JM , Ali AI , Kadir AM , Rashid R , Samin F , Greenwood D , Hay AWM
Published: October 2017

In the 1980s, villages in the Kurdistan region of Iraq were exposed to chemical weapons (CWs), which killed and injured thousands of civilians. There has been no clinical assessment of the long-term effects of CWs exposure on those injured. We report the first such evaluation of CW effects on long-term health of children. Patients from the CW-exposed areas were interviewed to assess previous and current clinical history and underwent clinical examination. The status of organs known to be targets of CWs, including skin, eyes, respiratory and neuromuscular systems, was assessed. Children of similar age and social background, but with no history of CW exposure, were selected as a control population. Results showed that 70% of children in the CWs group had chronic health problems in contrast to 3.3% in the unexposed group ( p < 0.0001). Fifty-five per cent of the CW-exposed group had long-term visual impairment but none in the unexposed population. Thirty-six per cent of the CW-exposed group had chronic dermatological conditions compared with 0.8% of the unexposed group ( p < 0.0001), 31% of the CWs group had neurological sequelae compared with 0.4% of the unexposed group ( p < 0.0001) and 51% of the CWs group had long-term respiratory problems compared with 1.5% of the unexposed group ( p < 0.0001). Respiratory complaints including asthma, chronic bronchitis and bronchiectasis were particularly common. Our study suggests that CWs used were probably a combination of sulphur mustard and organophosphate nerve agents. Results also indicate that the prevalence of acute and chronic health problems following exposure to CW agents appear to be higher in children compared with reported data in adults.
Desert camouflage and what wildlife see
Authors: Kuhne Wendy W , Duff Martine C , Salvaggio Katie , Halverson Nancy V , Staggs Ronald
Published: October 2017

Desert, desert-scrub, savanna and sandy beach, and lakeshore environments can be particularly tricky in terms of camouflage selection due to their low vegetative density. Therefore many companies focus on the development of paint color schemes that match the vegetation and the desert soils/sands. However another factor in the consideration of which camouflage to purchase may lie in what the animal can see. White-tailed deer and similar large mammals have been shown to have three classes of photo pigments that are sensitive to the range of blue to yellow-green during day light hours and blue to blue-green at night. Six commercially-available camouflage patterns were investigated to determine if the reflectance characteristics measured in the laboratory and under field conditions were elevated in the blue range and perhaps more likely to be seen by wildlife. The camouflage patterns were evaluated against standard vegetation indices including normalized difference vegetation index, soil adjusted vegetation index, enhanced vegetation index, and simple ratio. Only two of the patterns (S4 and S5) possessed a reflectance more like vegetation. Patterns S4, S6, S3, and S2 all showed only slight elevations in the blue wavelength range which could only have been detected by near infrared measurements instead of visual observation by the human eye.
The first female authors of the Journal of Urology
Authors: Marchetti Kathryn , Lee Ted , Bloom David A , Wan Julian
Published: October 2017

Introduction

In 1917, Alma Hiller became the first woman to publish in the Journal of Urology ( JU). Her contribution was followed by articles from Carol Beeler and Isabel Mary Wason. This study explores their careers and contributions.

Methods

We reviewed JU articles from 1917 to 1925 and identified Hiller, Beeler, and Wason as the first three women authors. Using public records, we obtained information of their educations and careers.

Results

Hiller demonstrated resilience in obtaining training and ultimately contributed to innovation in clinical chemistry. Beeler worked on research on metabolic physiology. Wason influenced both lab work and national policy.

Conclusions

For female scientists entering the workforce in the late 1800s/early 1900s, reception was contingent upon the acceptance of male colleagues. Despite these barriers, Hiller, Beeler, and Wason contributed to novel discoveries. Their most influential contributions remain their historic presence as early female researchers and the first female authors in JU.
William Osler and the “fixed period” of creativity
Authors: Ambrose Charles T
Published: October 2017

In 1905, William Osler was the pre-eminent physician in American medical circles but was unknown to the general public. The latter suddenly learned of him through damning newspaper accounts of his address announcing his retirement from the Johns Hopkins Medical School. In it Osler mentioned two “fixed ideas” he held—(1) that most major advances in civilization have been made by men under age 40 (the “fixed period”) and (2) that those over 60 should retire because they create little of significance and sometimes stifled the initiatives of younger colleagues. He highlighted the second idea with a Victorian novel describing a mythical society which chloroformed men at age 60. He never imagined that this literary allusion would be taken as a serious solution for his second idea. However, countless newspaper articles ridiculed the first and condemned him for the second. Scurrilous press attacks on him continued for several months and resurfaced occasionally thereafter. The extent of the public approbation can also be found in poems and stories linking him with euthanasia. Also discussed here are the sources of Osler’s equanimity in the face of such public derision and the inner drives which accounted for over 1300 publications by him—nearly half of which were composed after age 40.
Mary Barkas at the Maudsley: 1923–1927
Authors: Kaplan Robert M
Published: October 2017

The Maudsley Hospital, reopened in January 1923, became the centre of British psychiatric research and achieved a world-wide reputation. At a time when women were rare in psychiatry, New Zealand-born Mary Barkas was the only woman (and psychoanalyst) among the first four psychiatrists appointed. This paper looks at her role in the early years at the Maudsley. The letters she wrote to her father, often on a daily basis, provide a unique insight to the earliest years of the hospital that was to have such an influence on British psychiatry. It is the only insider record we have of this crucial time. Barkas demonstrated her versatility in psychiatry and child psychiatry. She used psychoanalysis to treat her patients, receiving recognition from her colleagues. Her work in this field proved to be an exception as analysis was not practiced after she left the Maudsley. Her problem was the institutionalised prejudice against women in psychiatry, which caused her to leave. Her career was terminated at an early stage and her life took a puzzling turn after she returned to New Zealand in 1933. We can remember Mary Barkas as a forgotten psychiatric pioneer whose life and work deserves to be more widely known and recognised.
What Getting Legal Land Title Really Means
Authors: Annez Patricia Clarke , Bhatt Bijal , Patel Bimal
Published: October 2017

This article documents, for a neighbourhood in Ahmedabad, India, what would be involved for current occupants to regularise tenure and register legal title. We show that the process of clearing title can be expensive, fraught with risks and perhaps impossible to complete for either the current occupants or the owners of record. Staying on the land in their current ambiguous status seems viable for now, but investing in further development is very risky. We discuss these findings in the context of the debate about providing secure tenure to slum dwellers from two perspectives: (a) the practicality of providing legal tenure as part of neighbourhood upgrading programmes; (b) the impacts on the real estate market of a system that leaves many private plots, in slums or elsewhere, in legal limbo and difficult to develop—in essence an anti-commons. Both issues are of critical interest as India faces the challenge of urbanisation.

JEL: R310, O170
Internal accounting practices at Whitbread & Company, c. 1890–1925
Authors: Kristandl Gerhard , Quinn Martin
Published: October 2017

This article examines internal accounting practices at Whitbread & Company from c. 1890 to 1925. At this time, there was an increasing interest in cost accounting, but there is little detailed extant research on general internal accounting practices of firms. The brewing sector, we suggest, is a potentially fruitful realm to further our knowledge of this time. Drawing on the Whitbread brewery archival records, we chart the internal accounting practices of the company. Our findings reveal a stable set of accounting practices, focused mainly on bookkeeping, although the firm’s auditor produced some reports which may have been useful for management decision-making. We argue that these practices were highly institutionalised and seemingly resistant to external forces present in the company’s environment.
An Evaluation of a Social Skills Application for Children Who Are Homeless
Authors: Baton Emily , Crosland Kimberly , Haynes Rocky
Published: October 2017

Purpose:

Homeless children are more likely to have social skills deficits relative to same aged peers and may benefit from a social skills intervention. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the Let’s Be Social application with the addition of behavioral skills training (BST) to teach social skills to children who were homeless.

Method:

This study used a multiple baseline across behaviors design to evaluate the effects of the iPad application and BST for teaching three social skills to three participants.

Results:

Participants did not demonstrate increases in targeted social skills after the introduction of the application, but social skills did increase after BST was added.

Conclusions:

The findings suggest that the application needs to be paired with BST in order to see improvement and maintenance in social skills. Future downloadable applications might consider including features that are similar to BST to assist in teaching social skills.
Managing engineering change requirements during the product development process
Authors: Ullah Inayat , Tang Dunbing , Wang Qi , Yin Leilei , Hussain Ishfaq
Published: October 2017

Product redesign is not a straightforward task, specifically for complex commodities. Engineering change requirements can be evoked in any phase of the product development process, thus making engineering change management a challenging task. The motive of this study is to explore the best possible way of managing engineering change requirements taking execution sequence of change requirements into consideration. In this article, a new approach supporting engineering change requirements implementation sequence, by considering the risk associated with engineering changes, is presented. The risk of the redesign is hard to foresee since the engineering change effects are being dispersed from the instigating component to other associated components. In this article, the term of rework-risk is used for the amount of rework needed to be done to redesign the products’ components. The practicality of suggested method is analyzed using the redesign of an optical mouse as a case study. Managing engineering change requirements in a group with proper sequence can ensue with a 15% decrease in the redesign duration as compared with the prompt implementation of engineering change requirements. Conversely, it can also cause 36.23% increase in the redesign duration, if not handled in an appropriate sequence. The results from a single, simple case, indicates that running engineering change requirement batches can be beneficial.
Cecal Endometriosis With Intestinal Metaplasia Misdiagnosed as Neoplasm of the Cecum by Intraoperative Histological Examination
Authors: Fu Xinge , Jiang Juhong , Li Bin , Tian Xiao-ying , Li Zhi
Published: October 2017

Appendiceal or cecal endometriosis with intestinal metaplasia is uncommon and may mimic mucinous tumors of the appendix. A 50-year-old woman was found incidentally to have an ileocecal lesion. In the intraoperative histological examination, a diagnosis of neoplasm of the cecum was made predominantly based on mucin extrusion with scattered lining mucinous epithelium. However, postoperative histological diagnosis of the lesion was cecal endometriosis with intestinal metaplasia as determined by thoroughly microscopic inspection and the presence of typical endometrial glands with surrounding endometrial-type stroma. There was no evidence of recurrence and pseudomyxoma peritonei after 1 year of follow-up. Overinterpretation of cytological atypia or mucin extrusion in endometriosis may lead to inappropriate surgical management. Therefore, in any ileocecal or appendiceal lesions with mucinous epithelia and mucin extrusions, removal of sufficient tissue from different portions of the lesion is essential for surgeons and pathologists to make a precise diagnosis in the intraoperative histological examination.
Work/Think/Play/Birth/Death/Terror/Qualitative/Research
Authors: Wolgemuth Jennifer R. , Rautio Pauliina , Koro-Ljungberg Mirka , Marn Travis M. , Nordstrom Susan , Clark Adam
Published: October 2017

Inspired by work/think/play in qualitative research, we centered the idea of “play” in a qualitative research project to explore what proceeding from the idea of work/think/play might look like and accomplish. We pursued play in an experimental qualitative inquiry over dinner one night at the 2016 Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association. Our article centers on one work/think/play inquiry three of us conducted. Through a playful account of how play unfolded in our work/think/play inquiry that evening, we explore research play as generative, deadly, and censored in the context of neoliberalism and other terrors. We reflect on what (good) play does in qualitative research, what our work/think/play/birth/death/terror/qualitative/research accomplished, if anything. Maybe research play is vital, what keeps us fit to do critical qualitative research. Yet research play moves (well) beyond normative rules of much qualitative research. Is it worth the risk? Can we know? Even after?
Classified Staff Perceptions of Behavior and Discipline: Implications for Schoolwide Positive Behavior Supports
Authors: Feuerborn Laura L. , Tyre Ashli D. , Beaudoin Kathleen
Published: October 2017

Classified staff are important stakeholders in schools and commonly interact with students across grade levels, subject matter areas, and physical locations—making their involvement in the implementation of schoolwide positive behavior interventions and supports (SWPBIS) essential. However, their voice, including the intentional and systematic consideration of their perspectives and concerns, is virtually absent in this field of research. Hence, the purpose of this mixed-methods study was to develop a general understanding of classified staff perspectives of behavior and discipline. We used quantitative analysis to compare survey data from teachers and classified staff ( n = 1,833) and then applied qualitative thematic analysis to classified staff responses ( n = 243) to an item derived from the Concerns-Based Adoption Model (CBAM). As compared with teachers, classified staff reported lower levels of knowledge or understanding of SWPBIS, less SWPBIS-related training, poorer quality communication, and more philosophical beliefs that were inconsistent with SWPBIS. Qualitative analysis of classified staffs’ SWPBIS-related concerns yielded the following 10 themes listed in order of prevalence: consistency, communication, effectiveness, amount of discipline, specific procedures and behaviors, climate and stress, student and parent involvement, acknowledgment systems, leadership, and resources. Limitations and implications for research are provided herein.
Derivatives of 5-Aminolevulinic Acid for Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Donnelly Ryan F. , McCarron Paul A. , Woolfson David A.
Published: October 2017

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a clinical treatment that combines the effects of visible light irradiation with subsequent biochemical events that arise from the presence of a photosensitising drug (possessing no dark toxicity) to cause destruction of selected cells. Today, the most common agent used in dermatological PDT is 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA). As a result of its hydrophilic character, ALA penetrates skin lesions poorly when applied topically. Its systemic bioavailability is limited and it is known to cause significant side effects when given orally or intravenously. Numerous chemical derivatives of ALA have been synthesised with the aims of either improving topical penetration or enhancing systemic bioavailability, while reducing side effects. In vitro cell culture experiments with ALA derivatives have yielded promising results. However, if ALA derivatives are to demonstrate meaningful clinical benefits, a rational approach to topical formulation design is required, along with a systematic study aimed at uncovering the true potential of ALA derivatives in photodynamic therapy. With respect to systemic ALA delivery, more study is required in the developing area of ALA-containing dendrons and dendrimers.
The Role of Glucose Metabolism and Glucose-Associated Signalling in Cancer
Authors: Wittig Rainer , Coy Johannes F.
Published: October 2017

Aggressive carcinomas ferment glucose to lactate even in the presence of oxygen. This particular metabolism, termed aerobic glycolysis, the glycolytic phenotype, or the Warburg effect, was discovered by Nobel laureate Otto Warburg in the 1920s. Since these times, controversial discussions about the relevance of the fermentation of glucose by tumours took place; however, a majority of cancer researchers considered the Warburg effect as a non-causative epiphenomenon. Recent research demonstrated, that several common oncogenic events favour the expression of the glycolytic phenotype. Moreover, a suppression of the phenotypic features by either substrate limitation, pharmacological intervention, or genetic manipulation was found to mediate potent tumour-suppressive effects. The discovery of the transketolase-like 1 (TKTL1) enzyme in aggressive cancers may deliver a missing link in the interpretation of the Warburg effect. TKTL1-activity could be the basis for a rapid fermentation of glucose in aggressive carcinoma cells via the pentose phosphate pathway, which leads to matrix acidification, invasive growth, and ultimately metastasis. TKTL1 expression in certain non-cancerous tissues correlates with aerobic formation of lactate and rapid fermentation of glucose, which may be required for the prevention of advanced glycation end products and the suppression of reactive oxygen species. There is evidence, that the activity of this enzyme and the Warburg effect can be both protective or destructive for the organism. These results place glucose metabolism to the centre of pathogenesis of several civilisation related diseases and raise concerns about the high glycaemic index of various food components commonly consumed in western diets.
The Role of Integrins in Cancer and the Development of Anti-Integrin Therapeutic Agents for Cancer Therapy
Authors: Lu Xinjie , Lu Dong , Scully Mike , Kakkar Vijay
Published: October 2017

Integrins have been reported to mediate cell survival, proliferation, differentiation, and migration programs. For this reason, the past few years have seen an increased interest in the implications of integrin receptors in cancer biology and tumor cell aggression. This review considers the potential role of integrins in cancer and also addresses why integrins are present attractive targets for drug design. It discusses of the several properties of the integrin-based chemotherapeutic agents currently under consideration clinically and provides an insight into cancer drug development using integrin as a target.
The retrospective (im)moralization of self-plagiarism: Power interests in the social construction of new norms for publishing
Authors: Callahan Jamie L.
Published: October 2017

The ‘scourge of self-plagiarism’ has begun to find a place in the discourse of organization and management scholarship. Whether a real issue of concern or a moral panic, self-plagiarism has captured the attention of authors, editors, publishers, and plagiarism-detection software companies. The types of behaviors castigated as self-plagiarism and the severity of approach toward those behaviors vary, as power brokers in the publishing process argue they hold an ethical high ground. Yet, little has been done to problematize self-plagiarism as a concept and how, and why, it came to occupy such a central role in the academic discourse. In this article, I explore these issues and argue that self-plagiarism is a misnomer that has been retrospectively (im)moralized through regimes of power. I review the spectrum of behaviors that now fall under the self-plagiarism umbrella and problematize issues associated with self-plagiarism. I identify and challenge the power interests that are negotiating the spaces in which self-plagiarism has risen to the forefront and present a call to action to more transparently, and ethically, deal with issues that are currently labeled as ‘self-plagiarism’. Furthermore, in presenting this article, I engage in a form of ‘guerrilla plagiarism’ to resist the appropriation of my authorial voice by power elites in the institutional field of publishing.
Resources to cope with stigma related to HIV status, gender identity, and sexual orientation in gay men and transgender women
Authors: Arístegui Inés , Radusky Pablo D , Zalazar Virginia , Lucas Mar , Sued Omar
Published: October 2017

The stigma related to HIV status, gender identity, and sexual orientation has negative implications for the quality of life of individuals. A qualitative study was conducted to explore the resources that these stigmatized groups recognize as tools to cope with stigma and maintain their psychological well-being. Four focus groups were conducted with gay men and transgender women divided by HIV status. A thematic analysis revealed that individual, interpersonal, and institutional resources are commonly recognized as coping resources. This article discusses the importance of enhancing self-acceptance, social support, and a legal framework that legitimizes these groups as right holders.
Effects of multi-dimensional social capital on mental health of children in poverty: An empirical study in Mainland China
Authors: Li Chunkai , Jiang Shan , Fang Xiaotong
Published: October 2017

Using the data of 1314 underprivileged children in Xiushui, China, this study adopted an ecological framework to explore how social capital embedded in family, peer, school, and community interplay and affect the mental health of poor children. Structural equation modeling was employed to verify the hypothesized model. The results demonstrated that higher levels of family, peer, and school social capital were all associated with better mental health outcomes of children in poverty. Moreover, family, peer, and school social capital fully mediated the effect of community social capital on children’s mental health. Theoretical and practical implications were discussed.
Supporting metacognitive monitoring in mathematics learning for young people with autism spectrum disorder: A classroom-based study
Authors: Maras Katie , Gamble Tim , Brosnan Mark
Published: October 2017

Previous research suggests impaired metacognitive monitoring and mathematics under-achievement in autism spectrum disorder. Within educational settings, metacognitive monitoring is supported through the provision of feedback (e.g. with goal reminders and by explicitly correcting errors). Given the strength of the relationship between metacognition, learning and educational attainment, this research tested new computer-based metacognitive support (the ‘Maths Challenge’) for mathematics learners with autism spectrum disorder within the context of their classroom. The Maths Challenge required learners to engage in metacognitive monitoring before and after answering each question (e.g. intentions and judgements of accuracy) and negotiate with the system the level of difficulty. Forty secondary school children with autism spectrum disorder and 95 typically developing learners completed the Maths Challenge in either a Feedback condition, with metacognitive monitoring support regarding the accuracy of their answers, goal reminders and strategy support, or with No Feedback. Contrary to previous findings, learners with autism showed an undiminished ability to detect errors. They did, however, demonstrate reduced cohesion between their pre- and post-test intentions. Crucially, support from the Feedback condition significantly improved task performance for both groups. Findings highlight important implications for educational interventions regarding the provision of metacognitive support for learners with autism to ameliorate under-performance in mathematics within the classroom.
Parent-observed thematic data on quality of life in children with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Epstein Amy , Whitehouse Andrew , Williams Katrina , Murphy Nada , Leonard Helen , Davis Elise , Reddihough Dinah , Downs Jenny
Published: October 2017

Domains of quality of life in children with autism spectrum disorder have not previously been explored and there has been no quality of life measure developed for this population. Our study investigated parent observations to identify the domains important to children with autism spectrum disorder who also had an intellectual disability. In all, 21 parents (19 mothers, 2 fathers) of children with autism spectrum disorder (aged 6–17 years) participated in a qualitative study to discuss their child’s quality of life. Thematic analysis using a grounded theory framework was conducted and 10 domains emerged in relation to health and well-being, capacity to perform and develop skills in daily life, and connections with the community and environment. Unique aspects of quality of life included varying levels of social desire, consistency of routines, and time spent in nature and the outdoors, which are not comprehensively captured in existing measures. Parent observations provide an initial framework for understanding quality of life in autism spectrum disorder and support the development of a new measure for this population.
Closing ranks: Ingroup norm conformity as a subtle response to threatening climate change
Authors: Barth Markus , Masson Torsten , Fritsche Immo , Ziemer Carolin-T.
Published: October 2017

We tested the hypothesis that climate change threat increases group-based cognition and action tendencies. As ingroups can provide extended primary control, we expected climate change threat to increase conformity with ingroup norms and group protective behavior. In three studies ( N = 404), we experimentally manipulated climate change threat (Studies 1–3) and group norm content (Studies 2 and 3). We found that participants under climate change threat more strongly derogated group members who acted against the group’s interests (Study 1). When a specific group norm was made salient, both manipulated (Study 3) and perceived climate change threat (Studies 2 and 3) increased ingroup norm conformity. Importantly, this effect occurred for norms of radical left-wing behavior. This suggests that climate change threat does not necessarily induce a conservative shift. Instead, it elicits group-based defenses whose expression depends on which ingroup and which of its norms are salient.
Solid structure analysis with large deformation of eight-node hexahedral element using vector form intrinsic finite element
Authors: Hou Xiangying , Fang Zongde
Published: October 2017

The vector form intrinsic finite element method has been proposed to deal with large deformation and complex non-linear problems in structural analysis. However, the study of method is mainly limited in plane element. This article expands the application range of the vector form intrinsic finite element method by deriving the formula of eight-node hexahedral element. A new method to determine pure nodal deformation was proposed and described in detail, which could simplify the computation comparing to the traditional vector form intrinsic finite element method. Compared with the finite element method and other methods in three different numerical examples, the numerical results of this method show a good reliability and accuracy in large deformation problems. This method lays the foundation for solving three-dimensional solid problems by vector form intrinsic finite element method in structural engineering fields.
Adjusting for selective non-participation with re-contact data in the FINRISK 2012 survey
Authors: Kopra Juho , Härkänen Tommi , Tolonen Hanna , Jousilahti Pekka , Kuulasmaa Kari , Reinikainen Jaakko , Karvanen Juha
Published: October 2017

Aims: A common objective of epidemiological surveys is to provide population-level estimates of health indicators. Survey results tend to be biased under selective non-participation. One approach to bias reduction is to collect information about non-participants by contacting them again and asking them to fill in a questionnaire. This information is called re-contact data, and it allows to adjust the estimates for non-participation. Methods: We analyse data from the FINRISK 2012 survey, where re-contact data were collected. We assume that the respondents of the re-contact survey are similar to the remaining non-participants with respect to the health given their available background information. Validity of this assumption is evaluated based on the hospitalisation data obtained through record linkage of survey data to the administrative registers. Using this assumption and multiple imputation, we estimate the prevalences of daily smoking and heavy alcohol consumption and compare them to estimates obtained with a commonly used assumption that the participants represent the entire target group. Results: When adjusting for non-participation using re-contact data, higher prevalence estimates were observed compared to prevalence estimates based on participants only. Among men, the smoking prevalence estimate was 28.5% (23.2% for participants) and heavy alcohol consumption prevalence was 9.4% (6.8% for participants). Among women, smoking prevalence was 19% (16.5% for participants) and heavy alcohol consumption was 4.8% (3% for participants). Conclusions: The utilisation of re-contact data is a useful method to adjust for non-participation bias on population estimates in epidemiological surveys.
“It can’t happen to me”
Authors: Belackova Vendula , Janikova Barbara , Vacek Jaroslav , Fidesova Hana , Miovsky Michal
Published: October 2017

Background:

In September 2012, a series of methanol poisonings occurred in the Czech Republic as a result of an influx of illicit alcohol into (predominantly) cheap alcoholic beverages on the retail market. The public authorities decided to prevent public health risks by prohibiting sales of liquors that contained more than 20% alcohol (> 20% liquor). The “partial” prohibition lasted for almost two weeks, but the poisonings still continued. This article assesses the impact of the methanol poisoning risks and the (partial) prohibition on alcohol drinking patterns, and describes the understanding of risks and their mitigation in vulnerable groups.

Methods:

The rapid assessment and response method (RAR) was used during the (partial) alcohol prohibition. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with respondents recruited for the study in alcohol-intake settings (e.g., bars and restaurants, street alcohol outlets) in six regions. In total, 107 alcohol users were interviewed, mostly with risky drinking patterns (69% scored ≥ 1 on the CAGE scale), and 53 alcohol retailers/staff members serving alcohol.

Results:

About one third of the alcohol users in the study (35%) drank > 20% liquors during the prohibition; a higher score on the CAGE scale was associated with a lower probability of drinking > 20% liquors during the period of the prohibition, probably because of the perception of being at high risk of poisoning. There was some increase in drinking liquors with an alcohol content less than 20%. Those who continued drinking > 20% liquors typically did so in the belief that some sources of these were safe.

Conclusions:

Public policies aimed at reducing the risk of methanol poisonings in emergency situations should adopt broader measures than those focusing on market control. These measures include increased access to brief interventions, addressing the strategies that alcohol consumers adopt to prevent risk, and, in general, helping consumers make informed choices to prevent further fatalities.