bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unveiling Neuromarketing and Its Research Methodology
Authors: Royo-Vela Marcelo , Varga Ákos
Published: April 2022

Neuromarketing is the union of cognitive psychology, which studies mental processes, neurology and neurophysiology, which study the functioning and responses of the brain and body physiology to external stimuli, and marketing, which studies valuable exchanges, to explain marketing effects on customers’ and consumers’ behaviours and on buying and decision processes. It includes a set of research techniques that, by observing and evaluating how the brain and other body parts respond, avoids possible biases and provides truthful and objective information on consumer subconscious. The term “consumer neuroscience” covers academic approaches using techniques such as fMRI, Eye Tracking, or EED. The objectives of this entry are to show what neuromarketing is and what added value it brings to the study of consumer behaviour and purchase decision processes. The conclusions show a favourable future and positive attitudes towards neuromarketing.
Deep Learning for Vulnerability and Attack Detection on Web Applications: A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Alaoui Rokia Lamrani , Nfaoui El Habib
Published: April 2022

Web applications are the best Internet-based solution to provide online web services, but they also bring serious security challenges. Thus, enhancing web applications security against hacking attempts is of paramount importance. Traditional Web Application Firewalls based on manual rules and traditional Machine Learning need a lot of domain expertise and human intervention and have limited detection results faced with the increasing number of unknown web attacks. To this end, more research work has recently been devoted to employing Deep Learning (DL) approaches for web attacks detection. We performed a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) and quality analysis of 63 Primary Studies (PS) on DL-based web applications security published between 2010 and September 2021. We investigated the PS from different perspectives and synthesized the results of the analyses. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first of its kind on SLR in this field. The key findings of our study include the following. (i) It is fundamental to generate standard real-world web attacks datasets to encourage effective contribution in this field and to reduce the gap between research and industry. (ii) It is interesting to explore some advanced DL models, such as Generative Adversarial Networks and variants of Encoders–Decoders, in the context of web attacks detection as they have been successful in similar domains such as networks intrusion detection. (iii) It is fundamental to bridge expertise in web applications security and expertise in Machine Learning to build theoretical Machine Learning models tailored for web attacks detection. (iv) It is important to create a corpus for web attacks detection in order to take full advantage of text mining in DL-based web attacks detection models construction. (v) It is essential to define a common framework for developing and comparing DL-based web attacks detection models. This SLR is intended to improve research work in the domain of DL-based web attacks detection, as it covers a significant number of research papers and identifies the key points that need to be addressed in this research field. Such a contribution is helpful as it allows researchers to compare existing approaches and to exploit the proposed future work opportunities.
The CAED Framework for the Development of Performance-Based Design at the Wildland–Urban Interface
Authors: Penney Greg , Baker Greg , Valencia Andres , Gorham Daniel
Published: April 2022

The hazard posed by wildland–urban-interface (WUI) fires is recognized by the international fire research community and features as one of nine research need priority threads in the Society of Fire Protection Engineers (SFPE) Research Roadmap. We posit that the first step in the journey to enhancing fire safety engineering at the WUI is to develop a common understanding between developers, engineers, planners, and regulators of the development scope, wildfire problem, technical design solutions, and verification methods to be used. In order to define a fire safety engineering consultation process appropriate for the wildfire context, this paper aims to translate well-established and evidence-based performance-based design (PBD) consultation frameworks and approaches from traditional fire safety engineering to the wildfire context. First, we review international English-language fire safety engineering frameworks that have been developed for the urban context. Next, we distil the results into a streamlined framework, which we call the “CAED Framework”. Finally, we apply and discuss the contextualization of the CAED Framework to the WUI context through a comparative case study of urban and WUI development. In doing so we seek to provide a structure for the development of standardized PBD within the WUI context across jurisdictions internationally, as well as to embed best practices into the emerging field of performance-based wildfire engineering.
The Protein Composition Changed the Quality Characteristics of Plant-Based Meat Analogues Produced by a Single-Screw Extruder: Four Main Soybean Varieties in China as Representatives
Authors: Lyu Bo , Li Jiaxin , Meng Xiangze , Fu Hongling , Wang Wei , Ji Lei , Wang Yi , Guo Zengwang , Yu Hansong
Published: April 2022

Plant-based meat analogues (PBMs) are increasingly interesting to customers because of their meat-like quality and contribution to a healthy diet. The single-screw extruder is an important method for processing PBMs, and the characteristics of the product are directly affected by the composition of the raw materials; however, little research focuses on this issue. To explore the effect of protein composition on the quality characteristics of PBMs produced by a single-screw extruder, four soybean varieties used in China (Heihe 43 (HH 43), Jiyu 86 (JY 86), Suinong 52 (SN 52), and Shengfeng 5 (SF 5)) were selected. The 11S/7S ratios for these varieties ranged from 1.0: 1 to 2.5: 1 in order to produce PBMs with different protein compositions. The structure, processing, nutrition, and flavor characteristics were explored to analyze their differences. The results showed that protein composition affected the structure of PBMs, but the correlation was not significant. Meanwhile, a lower 11S/7S ratio (HH 43) did not prove to be a favorable characteristic for the processing of PBMs. From the perspective of nutrition and flavor, it seems acceptable to use a moderate 11S/7S ratio (JY 86 and SN 43) to produce PBMs. This study proved that the protein composition of raw materials affects the characteristics of PBM products produced by a single-screw extruder. To produce PBMs of higher quality, soybeans with a markedly different 11S/7S ratio should not be selected.
Impact of the Filling Medium on the Colour and Sensory Characteristics of Canned European Eels (Anguilla anguilla L.)
Authors: Gómez-Limia Lucía , Carballo Javier , Rodríguez-González Miriam , Martínez Sidonia
Published: April 2022

The different vegetable oils used in canned fish as a filling medium have a preserving effect and contribute to the palatability of the product. In this study, the colour of European eels and the filling medium (sunflower oil, olive oil or spicy olive oil) was measured at different steps of the canning process. The sensorial characteristics of canned eels packed in the different oils were also evaluated. Colour scores (CieLab values) were higher in canned eels packed in sunflower and spicy olive oil than in canned eels packed in olive oil. The changes in colour parameters depended on the type of oil, the stage of the process and the storage time. Colour changes in canned eels packed in olive oil were highest during the sterilization process. Spicy olive oil was the filling medium in which the colour change was greatest, probably due to the migration of some of the spice components into the oil. Organoleptic properties were directly related to the type of oil used as the filling medium. The canned eels packed in sunflower oil were those awarded the highest scores in consumer tests, although the preferences varied depending on the age and gender of the consumers.
Oligomers of Carboxymethyl Cellulose for Postharvest Treatment of Fresh Produce: The Effect on Fresh-Cut Strawberry in Combination with Natural Active Agents
Authors: Shebis Yevgenia , Fallik Elazar , Rodov Victor , Sagiri Sai Sateesh , Poverenov Elena
Published: April 2022

In this study, oligomers of carboxymethyl cellulose (O-CMC) were used as a new postharvest treatment for fresh produce. The oligomers were prepared by green and cost-effective enzymatic hydrolysis and applied to prevent spoilage and improve storability of fresh-cut strawberries. The produce quality was improved by all formulations containing O-CMC in comparison to the control, as indicated by the decrease in decay incidence, weight loss (min ~2–5 times less), higher firmness, microbial load decrease, better appearance, and sensorial quality of the fruits. Natural resources: ascorbic acid, gallic acid, and vanillin were further added to enhance the beneficial effect. O-CMC with vanillin was most efficient in all of the tested parameters, exhibiting the full prevention of fruit decay during all 7 days of refrigerated storage. In addition, fruits coated with O-CMC vanillin have the smallest weight loss (%), minimum browning, and highest antimicrobial effect preventing bacterial (~3 log, 2 log) and yeast/mold contaminations. Based on the obtained positive results, O-CMC may provide a new, safe, and effective tool for the postharvest treatment of fresh produce that can be used alone or in combination with other active agents.
Optimal Design of TD-TI Controller for LFC Considering Renewables Penetration by an Improved Chaos Game Optimizer
Authors: Elkasem Ahmed H. A. , Khamies Mohamed , Hassan Mohamed H. , Agwa Ahmed M. , Kamel Salah
Published: April 2022

This study presents an innovative strategy for load frequency control (LFC) using a combination structure of tilt-derivative and tilt-integral gains to form a TD-TI controller. Furthermore, a new improved optimization technique, namely the quantum chaos game optimizer (QCGO) is applied to tune the gains of the proposed combination TD-TI controller in two-area interconnected hybrid power systems, while the effectiveness of the proposed QCGO is validated via a comparison of its performance with the traditional CGO and other optimizers when considering 23 bench functions. Correspondingly, the effectiveness of the proposed controller is validated by comparing its performance with other controllers, such as the proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller based on different optimizers, the tilt-integral-derivative (TID) controller based on a CGO algorithm, and the TID controller based on a QCGO algorithm, where the effectiveness of the proposed TD-TI controller based on the QCGO algorithm is ensured using different load patterns (i.e., step load perturbation (SLP), series SLP, and random load variation (RLV)). Furthermore, the challenges of renewable energy penetration and communication time delay are considered to test the robustness of the proposed controller in achieving more system stability. In addition, the integration of electric vehicles as dispersed energy storage units in both areas has been considered to test their effectiveness in achieving power grid stability. The simulation results elucidate that the proposed TD-TI controller based on the QCGO controller can achieve more system stability under the different aforementioned challenges.
Additive and Interactive Genetically Contextual Effects of HbA1c on cg19693031 Methylation in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Dawes Kelsey , Philibert Willem , Darbro Benjamin , Simons Ronald L. , Philibert Robert
Published: April 2022

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) has a complex genetic and environmental architecture that underlies its development and clinical presentation. Despite the identification of well over a hundred genetic variants and CpG sites that associate with T2D, a robust biosignature that could be used to prevent or forestall clinical disease has not been developed. Based on the premise that underlying genetic variation influences DNA methylation (DNAm) independently of or in combination with environmental exposures, we assessed the ability of local and distal gene x methylation (GxMeth) interactive effects to improve cg19693031 models for predicting T2D status in an African American cohort. Using genome-wide genetic data from 506 subjects, we identified a total of 1476 GxMeth terms associated with HbA1c values. The GxMeth SNPs map to biological pathways associated with the development and complications of T2D, with genetically contextual differences in methylation observed only in diabetic subjects for two GxMeth SNPs (rs2390998 AG vs. GG, p = 4.63 × 10−11, Δβ = 13%, effect size = 0.16 [95% CI = 0.05, 0.32]; rs1074390 AA vs. GG, p = 3.93 × 10−4, Δβ = 9%, effect size = 0.38 [95% CI = 0.12, 0.56]. Using a repeated stratified k-fold cross-validation approach, a series of balanced random forest classifiers with random under-sampling were built to evaluate the addition of GxMeth terms to cg19693031 models to discriminate between normoglycemic controls versus T2D subjects. The results were compared to those obtained from models incorporating only the covariates (age, sex and BMI) and the addition of cg19693031. We found a post-pruned classifier incorporating 10 GxMeth SNPs and cg19693031 adjusted for covariates predicted the T2D status, with the AUC, sensitivity, specificity and precision of the positive target class being 0.76, 0.81, 0.70 and 0.63, respectively. Comparatively, the AUC, sensitivity, specificity and precision using the covariates and cg19693031 were only 0.71, 0.74, 0.67 and 0.59, respectively. Collectively, we demonstrate correcting for genetic confounding of cg19693031 improves its ability to detect type 2 diabetes. We conclude that an integrated genetic–epigenetic approach could inform personalized medicine programming for more effective prevention and treatment of T2D.
Compliance Surveillance of the Tobacco Control Legislation in a Spanish Region and Characterization of Passive Exposure to Tobacco Smoke and E-Cig in Children in Outdoor Spaces
Authors: Jovell Laura , Díez-Izquierdo Ana , Martín-Sánchez Juan Carlos , Cartanyà-Hueso Àurea , González-Marrón Adrián , Lidón-Moyano Cristina , Martínez-Sánchez Jose M.
Published: April 2022

(1) Background: Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke has decreased in recent years in Spain, due to the implementation of tobacco control policies. However, there is no regulation that protects against second-hand smoke (SHS) in outdoor environments. Our goal is to describe the smoking prohibition signage in public spaces and to characterize tobacco consumption in outdoor environments describing the SHS exposure in children. (2) Methods: A cross-sectional study using direct observation was carried out with a convenience sample (n = 179) that included hospitality venues with terraces, schools and healthcare facilities in the municipality of Sant Cugat del Vallès (Barcelona, Spain). The observations were made without notifying the owners by one single field researcher between April and June 2018. The variables were evaluated by signage and signs of tobacco consumption (ashtrays, cigarette butts and presence of smokers). (3) Results: Smoke-free zone signage outside public spaces was present in 30.7% of all venues, with only 50.9% correctness. When analysing terraces of hospitality venues, in 35.8% of them there were children present with 66.7% of tobacco consumption. (4) Conclusions: Our results show a low prevalence of antismoking signage, without an impact on tobacco consumption regardless of the presence of children.
The Association between Medical Utilization and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Severity: A Comparison of the 2007 and 2011 Guideline Staging Systems
Authors: Wang Chen-Yu , Liu Chen , Yang Hsien-Hui , Tseng Pei-Ying , Wang Jong-Yi
Published: April 2022

(1) Background: This study aimed to investigate the associations between the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) staging systems, medical costs, and mortality among patients with chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD). Predictions of the effectiveness of the two versions of the staging systems were also compared. (2) Purpose: this study investigated the associations between the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) staging systems, medical costs, and mortality among patients with COPD. Predicting effectiveness between the two versions of the staging systems was also compared. (3) Procedure: This study used a secondary clinical database of a medical center in central Taiwan to examine records between 2011 and 2017. A total of 613 patients with COPD were identified. The independent variables comprised the COPD GOLD Guideline staging of the 2007 and 2011 versions, demographic characteristics, health status, and physician seniority. The dependent variables included total medical cost, average length of hospital stay, and mortality. The statistical methods included binomial logistic regression and the general linear model (GLM). (4) Discussion: The total medical cost during the observation period for patients with COPD averaged TWD 292,455.6. The average length of hospital stay was 9.7 days. The mortality rate was 9.6%, compared with that of patients in Grade 1 of the 2007 version; patients in Grade 4 of the 2007 version had significantly higher odds of death (OR = 4.07, p = 0.02). The accuracy of mortality prediction for both the 2007 and 2011 versions of the staging was equal, at 90.4%. The adjusted GLM analysis revealed that patients in Group D of the 2011 version had a significantly longer length of hospital stay than those in Group A of the 2011 version (p = 0.04). No difference between the 2007 and 2011 versions was found regarding the total medical cost. Complications were significantly associated with the total medical cost and average length of hospital stay. (5) Conclusions: The COPD staging 2011 version was associated with an average length of hospital stay, whereas the COPD staging 2007 version was related to mortality risk. Therefore, the 2011 version can estimate the length of hospital stay. However, in predicting prognosis and mortality, the 2007 version is recommended.
Factors Associated with Major Errors on Death Certificates
Authors: Chung Sangyup , Kim Sun-Hyu , Park Byeong-Ju , Park Soobeom
Published: April 2022

The objective of this study was to investigate errors on death certificates and factors associated with the occurrence of major errors. A retrospective analysis was conducted for six months in 2020 at a university training hospital. Errors were judged as major and minor errors according to the contribution to the process of determining the cause of death. Death certificates were classified into two groups with major errors (ME group) and without major errors (non-ME group). General characteristics of the death certificates, the main cause of death (cancer, cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, digestive disease, respiratory disease, genitourinary disease, intentional self-harm, external causes, and other causes), the number of causes of deaths written on the death certificate, and major and minor errors were investigated. The ME group had 127 cases out of 548 death certificates. The number of causes of deaths written on the death certificates and the total number of errors were higher in the ME group than in the non-ME group. Cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, digestive disease, respiratory disease, external causes, and other diseases as causes of deaths had higher risks of major errors on death certificates than cancer as a cause of death. The group with cancer as a cause of death had the lowest incidence of major errors and fewer causes of deaths. To reduce major errors, continuous education and feedback are needed for those who are qualified to issue a death certificate.
Benefits and Limitations of Using Hydrochars from Organic Residues as Replacement for Peat on Growing Media
Authors: Farru Gianluigi , Dang Chau Huyen , Schultze Maja , Kern Jürgen , Cappai Giovanna , Libra Judy A.
Published: April 2022

New technologies for the production of peat-substitutes are required to meet the rising demand for growing media in horticulture and the need to preserve natural peatlands. Hydrothermal conversion of organic residues into char materials, hydrochars, with peat-like properties may produce such substitutes, reducing environmental impacts and CO2 emissions from improper management. To assess their potential as a component in growing media, cress seed germination tests are used to assess hydrochars from digestate (D), spent coffee grounds (SCG), and grape marc (GM). Pre- and post-treatments (extraction, washing, and drying) are applied to remove phytotoxic compounds associated with process waters retained on the hydrochars, and a nitrification bioassay with process water is used to predict their toxicity. All hydrochars achieve similar or better germination results compared to their feedstock, showing a potential to replace at least 5% of peat in growing media. SCG and GM hydrochars show inhibition above 5%, while all post-treated D-hydrochar mixtures produce >3 times longer roots than the control. The nitrification test shows a high sensitivity and good agreement with the high inhibition trends found in the germination tests with process water. Such tests can be a good way to optimize process combinations for the hydrothermal production of peat replacements.
Impact of Different Methods of Root-Zone Application of Biochar-Based Fertilizers on Young Cocoa Plants: Insights from a Pot-Trial
Authors: Meyer zu Drewer Johannes , Köster Mareike , Abdulai Issaka , Rötter Reimund Paul , Hagemann Nikolas , Schmidt Hans Peter
Published: April 2022

Effective and efficient nutrient management is central to best-practice agriculture, facilitating sustainable intensification while reducing negative externalities. The application of biochar-based fertilizers (BBF) in tropical agronomy has the potential to improve nutrient management by enhancing nutrient availability and uptake. Here, we performed pot-trials with Theobroma cacao L. seedlings planted in an Oxisol with critically low phosphorus levels. Four fertilizer levels were deployed, including BBFs using micro-dosed biochar (16 g plant−1 i.e., 0.3% soil amendment w/w) charged with mineral fertilizer. Three different fertilizer-placement levels (topsoil, root-zone hotspot and root-zone layer) were evaluated. The results from the topsoil application of mineral fertilizer (farmer practice) served as the reference data. The root-zone layer application of BBF increased the aboveground biomass, total leaf area and chlorophyll content index by 56%, 222%, and 140% respectively. Foliar phosphorus levels were also significantly elevated by 53%. The N:P ratio of the foliar tissue was improved, indicating the potential of BBF to ameliorate P limitations. Thus, low dosages of biochar, which is upgraded to BBF, can considerably improve plant nutrition. Small scale technology to produce biochar can be easily adopted and integrated in T. cacao systems. We suggest that BBF production and application within tropical, perennial systems can contribute to achieving a range of sustainable development goals (SDGs), including climate action.
Effect of Morbidities, Depression, Anxiety, and Stress on Oral Health-Related Quality of Life among Migrant Elderly Following Children in Weifang, China
Authors: Li Hexian , Kong Fanlei
Published: April 2022

This study explored the relationship between depression, anxiety, stress, morbidity, and oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) in the migrant elderly following children (MEFC) in Weifang, China. A total of 613 MEFC were selected using multistage cluster random sampling. The GOHAI scale was used to evaluate oral health-related quality of life. The DASS-21 scale was used to assess levels of depression, anxiety, and stress. Univariate analysis and binary logistic regression were used to analyze the correlation between these indicators and oral health-related quality of life, of which 43.9% were classified as having poor oral health. Logistic regression analysis showed that the MEFC who were of older age (OR = 0.965, p = 0.039), with hypertension (OR = 0.567, p = 0.004), with gastroenteropathy (OR = 0.263, p = 0.007), had received an outpatient service in the past year (OR = 0.669, p = 0.048), were depressed (OR = 0.338, p = 0.012), and anxious (OR = 0.414, p = 0.026) were less likely to report good oral health status. On the other hand, the MEFC with a high school education or above (OR = 1.872, p = 0.020) were more likely to report good oral health than those with primary school education and below. In conclusion, with regard to depression, anxiety, and stress: the results indicated that the fewer morbidities, the lower the level of depression and anxiety and the better the OHRQoL of MEFC. Targeted measures for government, communities, and family members were given to improve the OHRQoL of MEFC.
Bayesian Linear Regressions Applied to Fibromyalgia Syndrome for Understanding the Complexity of This Disorder
Authors: Cigarán-Méndez Margarita I. , Pellicer-Valero Oscar J. , Martín-Guerrero José D. , Varol Umut , Fernández-de-las-Peñas César , Navarro-Pardo Esperanza , Valera-Calero Juan A.
Published: April 2022

A better understanding of the connection between factors associated with pain sensitivity and related disability in people with fibromyalgia syndrome may assist therapists in optimizing therapeutic programs. The current study applied mathematical modeling to analyze relationships between pain-related, psychological, psychophysical, health-related, and cognitive variables with sensitization symptom and related disability by using Bayesian Linear Regressions (BLR) in women with fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS). The novelty of the present work was to transfer a mathematical background to a complex pain condition with widespread symptoms. Demographic, clinical, psychological, psychophysical, health-related, cognitive, sensory-related, and related-disability variables were collected in 126 women with FMS. The first BLR model revealed that age, pain intensity at rest (mean-worst pain), years with pain (history of pain), and anxiety levels have significant correlations with the presence of sensitization-associated symptoms. The second BLR showed that lower health-related quality of life and higher pain intensity at rest (mean-worst pain) and pain intensity with daily activities were significantly correlated with related disability. These results support an application of mathematical modeling for identifying different interactions between a sensory (i.e., Central Sensitization Score) and a functional (i.e., Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire) aspect in women with FMS.
Prevalence of Drug and Substance Use among Malaysian Youth: A Nationwide Survey
Authors: Ismail Rozmi , Abdul Manaf Mohd Rizal , Hassan Mohd Rohaizat , Mohammed Nawi Azmawati , Ibrahim Norhayati , Lyndon Novel , Amit Noh , Zakaria Ezarina , Abd Razak Muhammad Ajib , Zaiedy Nor Norshaffika Izzaty , Shukor Md Shafiin , Kamarubahrin Aimi Fadzirul
Published: April 2022

Uncontrolled drug and substance use (DSU) may pose unprecedented threats to nation building and a country’s socioeconomic development. Despite considerable efforts made and resources used to address DSU concerns, Malaysia has seen a significant annual rise in cases of DSU. The bulk of the reported cases originate from youth between the ages of 15 and 40 years. To date, data related to DSU in Malaysia have been entirely dependent on operation statistics, arrest counts, and reported cases; DSU may therefore be under-reported and the data obtained not representative at the national level. This study aims to determine the prevalence of DSU among Malaysian youth through a large nationwide representative survey. Of the population of 11,129,316 youth aged 15–40 years, the prevalence of DSU among lifetime users was found to be 5.5%, while for those who had taken drugs in the past 30 days or who currently use them, the prevalence of DSU was found to be 3.5%. The most popular drugs for lifetime users were kratom or Mitragyna speciosa, while for current users the most popular drug was cannabis. The current study reports the magnitude of the problem at a country-wide level, which is a crucial preliminary effort for crafting evidence-based and well-informed policies.
Correction: Malizia et al. Response of a Radiology Department to the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic: The Experience of the Hospital “Policlinico Tor Vergata” in Rome. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 5255
Authors: Malizia Andrea , Filograna Laura , Sbordone Francesco Paolo , Ciccarese Giorgio , Carbone Andrea , Carreri Beatrice , Ryan Colleen Patricia , Ludovici Gian Marco , Chierici Andrea , Manenti Guglielmo
Published: April 2022

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“We’re Still Struggling a Bit to Actually Figure Out What That Means for Government”: An Exploration of the Policy Capacity Required to Oversee Robot Technologies in Australia and New Zealand Care Services
Authors: Dickinson Helen , Smith Catherine , Carey Nicole , Carey Gemma
Published: April 2022

Many countries are experiencing a “care crisis” driven by increasing demand for care services alongside difficulties in recruiting and retaining an appropriate care workforce. One of the solutions offered to this is the use of robotic technologies. While there are several positives produced by robots, they are not without challenges and have the potential to be misused. History shows disruptive technologies require appropriate policy capacity for these to be effectively stewarded so that we can secure the positive gains of these without encountering potential harms. In this paper, we explore the types of policy capacity needed to oversee robotic technologies. Drawing on interviews with 35 key stakeholders involved with the implementation of robots in Australian and New Zealand care services, we identify the capabilities required at the individual, organisational, and systemic levels across the analytical, operational, and political domains. We found the respondents perceived a lack of policy capacity to oversee robotics in the government. However, these gaps are less in respect to technological skills and abilities and more in respect to the system’s impacts and effects of these technologies. We conclude by outlining a summary of the capabilities required to oversee robots in complex care systems.
Socioeconomic Inequalities in Women’s Undernutrition: Evidence from Nationally Representative Cross-Sectional Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey 2017–2018
Authors: Rahman Mahfuzur , Tariqujjaman Md. , Islam Md. Rayhanul , Sheikh Sifat Parveen , Sultana Nadia , Ahmed Tahmeed , Ahmed Sayem , Sarma Haribondhu
Published: April 2022

The objective of this study was to explore the socioeconomic inequalities in undernutrition among ever-married women of reproductive age. We used nationally representative cross-sectional data from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey, 2017–2018. Undernutrition was defined as a body mass index (BMI) of <18.5 kg/m2. The concentration index (C) was used to measure the socioeconomic inequality in the prevalence of women’s undernutrition. A multiple binary logistic regression model was carried out to find out the factors associated with women’s undernutrition. The prevalence of undernutrition among women of 15–49 years was 12%. Among them, 8.5% of women were from urban and 12.7% of women were from rural areas. The prevalence of undernutrition was highest (21.9%) among women who belonged to the adolescent age group (15–19 years). The C showed that undernutrition was more prevalent among the socioeconomically worst-off (poorest) group in Bangladesh (C = −0.26). An adjusted multiple logistic regression model indicated that women less than 19 years of age had higher odds (adjusted odds ratio, AOR: 2.81; 95% confidence interval, CI: 2.23, 3.55) of being undernourished. Women from the poorest wealth quintile (AOR: 3.93, 95% CI: 3.21, 4.81) had higher odds of being undernourished. On the other hand, women who had completed secondary or higher education (AOR: 0.55; 95% CI: 0.49, 0.61), married women who were living with their husbands (AOR: 0.72, 95% CI: 0.61, 0.86), and women exposed to mass media (AOR: 0.87, 95% CI: 0.79, 0.97) were less likely to be undernourished. Intervention strategies should be developed targeting the poorest to combat undernutrition in women of reproductive age in Bangladesh.
Two Cases of Temporomandibular Synovial Chondromatosis Associated with Gli1 Gene Mutation
Authors: Fukutani Taeko , Toratani Shigeaki , Kanda Taku , Matsui Kensaku , Yamasaki Sachiko , Sumi Kensaku , Ogawa Ikuko , Yanamoto Souichi
Published: April 2022

Synovial chondromatosis (SC) is a rare benign disease involving multifocal generation of ectopic cartilage in the synovial tissue. Herein, we report two cases of SC in the temporomandibular joint: a 38-year-old woman (patient 1) and 39-year-old woman (patient 2). Both patients had trismus, jaw joint noises, and jaw-opening pain in the temporomandibular joint. Cone-beam computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patient 1 showed multiple calcified loose bodies around the right mandibular condyle. In addition, CT and MRI in patient 2 showed multiple calcified loose bodies around the left mandibular condyle and temporal bone perforation. Following establishing a diagnosis of SC, both patients underwent tumor resection via open surgery. In immunohistochemical examinations of the resected tissues, tumor cells showed intense nuclear staining with labeled anti-Gli1 antibody. Gene sequencing revealed that both patients had a homozygous mutation in the Gli1 gene (rs2228226 G>C). In conclusion, we suggest that the Gli1 gene (rs2228226 G>C) may be involved in the etiology of SC.
Change in the Results of Motor Coordination and Handgrip Strength Depending on Age and Body Position—An Observational Study of Stroke Patients and Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Olczak Anna , Truszczyńska-Baszak Aleksandra , Mróz Józef
Published: April 2022

Objective: The stroke is considered a common disease of the elderly. Young people also get sick, but the risk of stroke increases with the age of 60. Stroke, regardless of the age of the patients, causes functional deficits; therefore, the aim of the study was to analyze the significance of the body position and examined upper limb on the parameters of motor coordination and handgrip strength in various age groups of people after stroke and healthy people. Material and method: This is an observational study. A total of 117 people participated in the study (60 stroke patients and 57 healthy people without neurological disorders). Both patients and healthy volunteers were prospectively divided into three age groups: 18–45, 46–60, and 61+. The tests were carried out in two starting positions: sitting without back support and lying on the back with the upper limb stabilized against the body. HandTutorTM and a hand dynamometer were used to assess the motor coordination, including the maximum range of motion and frequency of movement, as well as the grip strength. Results: The passive stabilization of the trunk and shoulder improved the maximum wrist ROM (p < 0.001) and frequency of finger movements (Hz F5 p = 0.018; F3 p = 0.010; F2 p = 0.011), especially in the oldest stroke patients. In the group of healthy volunteers, the most statistically significant results were obtained in the age range of 46–60. They occurred in both stable (wrist maxROM p = 0.041 and Hz F5 p = 0.034; Hz F4 p = 0.010; Hz F3 p = 0.028; Hz F1 p = 0.034, maxROM F1 p = 0.041) and unstable positions (maxROM F5 p = 0.034; maxROM F4 p = 0.050; maxROM F3 p = 0.002; maxROM F2 p = 0.002). In the group of the oldest healthy people, only one significant result was obtained in the stable position (Hz F3 p = 0.043). Conclusion: Passive stabilization of the trunk and examined upper limb improves the results of motor coordination of the distal part of the upper limb in both study groups. Passive stabilization of the trunk and upper limb improves motor coordination, especially in the oldest group of patients, after stroke.
Is Active Moss Biomonitoring Comparable to Air Filter Standard Sampling?
Authors: Świsłowski Paweł , Nowak Arkadiusz , Wacławek Stanisław , Ziembik Zbigniew , Rajfur Małgorzata
Published: April 2022

Recently, significant attention has been paid to air quality awareness and its impact on human health, especially in urban agglomerations. Many types of dust samplers for air quality monitoring are used by governmental environmental monitoring agencies. However, these techniques are associated with high costs; as a consequence, biological methods such as active moss biomonitoring are being developed. The main disadvantages of such techniques are the lack of standardization of the preparation procedures and the lack of reliable comparisons of results with data from instrumental analyses. Our study aimed to compare the results obtained from active biomonitoring with the use of three moss species: Pleurozium schreberi, Sphagnum fallax and Dicranum polysetum. Samples were exposed via the moss-bag technique to measure the concentrations of analytes (Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Cd, Hg and Pb) which had accumulated among the total suspended particulates (TSP) collected from the filters of a dust collector in the city of Opole (Opole voivodeship, Poland). With regard to the physicochemical and biological traits of the mosses, their assessed lifetime and actual photochemical efficiency (yield) following exposure were meagre, which may have been related to the change of environment and their exposure to pollutants. When comparing the results obtained by the two methods used to monitor air pollution, the biomonitoring method was found to be incompletely consistent with the reference method. Biological monitoring using mosses must be carefully considered depending on the monitoring objectives, the required level of sensitivity and quality of measurement and the type of pollutant.
The Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Educational Communities: Evidence of Early Childhood Education Students
Authors: Martín-Sánchez Miguel , Cáceres-Muñoz Jorge , Flores-Rodríguez Cruz
Published: April 2022

In the last two years, the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on schools and its consequences for the training of new teachers have been the subject of numerous studies. The pandemic has led to a change in schools and their functioning, as trainee teachers have had to be introduced to a new environment for which university training proved to be insufficient. The pandemic poses shared challenges in which future teachers must be present. The objective of this study is to assess the perception of students enrolled in Early Childhood Education courses at the University of Extremadura (Spain) regarding the impact relationships between the subjects and agents of the educational communities. In order to achieve this goal, we present a qualitative study with a phenomenological design. The results of this research show perceptions in line with what the scientific literature shows: a profound change in the relationships between the different agents. Communication increased, but pedagogical issues were displaced by concerns about the health emergency. This study concludes with the need to broaden the knowledge of future teachers about the administrative functioning of and their relationship with the school, as well as about new resources to address new challenges.
A Safe Home? A Qualitative Study into the Experiences of Adolescents Growing Up in the Dutch Area Impacted by Earthquakes Induced by Gas Extraction
Authors: Zijlstra Elianne A. , Brummelaar Mijntje D. C. ten , Cuijpers Mileen S. , Post Wendy J. , Balkom Ingrid D. C. van , Seddighi Hamed
Published: April 2022

For decades, the Netherlands has experienced minor earthquakes due to gas extraction. This study aims to obtain insight into the experiences of adolescents and the impact of these earthquakes on their well-being and living environment. Focus groups were held with 24 adolescents, and interviews were held with 3 adolescents (N = 27; M = 15 years). Through qualitative analysis, we identified six themes. The adolescents shared experiences of anxiety related to the earthquakes and their consequences and considered these to be a normal part of their life. Anxiety and feelings of endangerment not only related to their own experiences but were also connected to the impact of earthquakes on their social environment, such as the restoration of buildings. Several sources of support (e.g., talking, social cohesion) were mentioned to deal with the negative consequences of the earthquakes. A lack of trust in the government was an additional main theme, with adolescents mentioning several needs, potentially relevant to policymakers in the Netherlands. Growing up in the gas extraction area of Groningen had many consequences on the adolescents in the study, who felt inhibited from expressing feelings of anxiety and fear. To support their needs, interventions at the individual, family, educational, societal, and policy levels are recommended.
Longitudinal Association between Sarcopenia and Cognitive Impairment among Older Adults in Rural Malaysia
Authors: Ramoo K. , Hairi Noran N. , Yahya A. , Choo W. Y. , Hairi F. Mohd , Peramalah D. , Kandiben S. , Bulgiba A. , Ali Z. Mohd , Razak I. Abdul , Ismail N. , Ahmad N. S.
Published: April 2022

Sarcopenia is a condition that is highly prevalent among older adults. This condition is linked to numerous adverse health outcomes, including cognitive impairment that impairs healthy ageing. While sarcopenia and cognitive impairment may share a common pathway, limited longitudinal studies exist to show the relationship between these two conditions. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the longitudinal association between sarcopenia and cognitive impairment. This is a cohort study among older adults residing in Kuala Pilah District, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. There were 2404 respondents at the baseline and 1946 respondents at one-year follow-up. Cognitive impairment was determined using Mini-mental State Examination scores. Sarcopenia was identified using the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia 2019 criteria, gait speed was measured using a 4-meter gait test, handgrip strength was assessed using Jamar handheld dynamometer, and appendicular skeletal muscle mass was measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Generalized estimating equation (GEE) was used to determine the longitudinal association between sarcopenia and cognitive impairment, presented as relative risk (RR) and its 95% confidence interval. The prevalence of sarcopenia was 5.0% (95% CI 4.00–5.90), and severe sarcopenia was 3.60% (95% CI 2.84–4.31). Upon adjusting for covariates, older adults with sarcopenia have an 80 per cent increased risk of cognitive impairment compared to those without (RR 1.80; 95% CI 1.18–2.75). Similarly, severe sarcopenia was found to significantly increase the risk of cognitive impairment by 101 per cent in the adjusted model (RR 2.01; 95% CI 1.24–3.27). Our study showed that sarcopenia, severe sarcopenia, low physical activity, depressive symptoms, hearing impairment and chronic pain were associated with a higher risk of cognitive impairment among community-dwelling older adults. Therefore, early intervention to prevent sarcopenia, depressive symptoms, hearing impairment, chronic pain, and higher physical activity among older adults is recommended.
Does Social Support Matter in the Workplace? Social Support, Job Satisfaction, Bullying and Harassment in the Workplace during COVID-19
Authors: Sigursteinsdottir Hjordis , Karlsdottir Fjola Bjork
Published: April 2022

This study aims to examine social support at work amongst the employees of Icelandic municipalities and its relationship to job satisfaction, bullying and harassment. The study is based on an online survey conducted in 2021. A total of 4973 employees answered the questionnaire in part or in full after three reminders (57% response rate). The majority of the participants in the study were women (82%), but this gender ratio was representative of the population. The results show that social support gave an average score of 4.2 on a scale of 1–5; 87% of the participants were rather often or always satisfied with their job, 8% had experienced bullying at work, 2% had experienced sexual harassment and 3% had experienced gender-based harassment. Social support has a positive, moderately strong correlation with employee job satisfaction and a weak negative correlation with bullying at work. Based on the results, social support is an important factor related to the job satisfaction of employees and is a protective factor against bullying and sexual harassment at work. This finding demonstrates that managers and those responsible for employee well-being in the workplace should focus on social support at work, especially now that the psychosocial work environment is fragile because of COVID-19.
HDRLM3D: A Deep Reinforcement Learning-Based Model with Human-like Perceptron and Policy for Crowd Evacuation in 3D Environments
Authors: Zhang Dong , Li Wenhang , Gong Jianhua , Huang Lin , Zhang Guoyong , Shen Shen , Liu Jiantao , Ma Haonan
Published: April 2022

At present, a common drawback of crowd simulation models is that they are mainly simulated in (abstract) 2D environments, which limits the simulation of crowd behaviors observed in real 3D environments. Therefore, we propose a deep reinforcement learning-based model with human-like perceptron and policy for crowd evacuation in 3D environments (HDRLM3D). In HDRLM3D, we propose a vision-like ray perceptron (VLRP) and combine it with a redesigned global (or local) perceptron (GOLP) to form a human-like perception model. We propose a double-branch feature extraction and decision network (DBFED-Net) as the policy, which can extract features and make behavioral decisions. Moreover, we validate our method’s ability to reproduce typical phenomena and behaviors through experiments in two different scenarios. In scenario I, we reproduce the bottleneck effect of crowds and verify the effectiveness and advantages of HDRLM3D by comparing it with real crowd experiments and classical methods in terms of density maps, fundamental diagrams, and evacuation times. In scenario II, we reproduce agents’ navigation and obstacle avoidance behaviors and demonstrate the advantages of HDRLM3D for crowd simulation in unknown 3D environments by comparing it with other deep reinforcement learning-based models in terms of trajectories and numbers of collisions.