bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reasoning about Information Needs vs. Information Conveyed: Computational Design, Evaluation and Consistency Analysis
Authors: Miller Christopher A. , Rye Jeffrey M. , Wu Peggy
Published: January 2012

We previously developed a core representation for computationally comparing the information an operator needs to perform a task and the information provided by a user interface. This representation is based on information theoretic properties, thus it can be applied to a wide variety of work domains and information and display types. In prior work, we used this capability to dynamically and automatically reconfigure cockpit displays for military cockpits. More recently, we adapted this approach to the task of evaluating and critiquing display format designs for NASA's space operations. The representation and reasoning approach generalizes well to describing information types in procedural domains and the tool can analyze sets of display formats for sets of procedures, propose format improvements against a procedure set, project how changes to procedures will affect the suitability of existing formats, and project how changes to formats will improve or reduce their suitability for given procedures. Most recently, we have proposed extensions to evaluate and support “configuration consistency” of interfaces, within a system over time, across systems and even across vehicles and their associated work domains.
The Future of Human Factors Education: Practices and Needs from the Perspectives of Academia, Government, and Industry
Authors: Brill J. Christopher , Andre Anthony D. , Beith Barry , Boehm-Davis Deborah A. , Gawron Valerie J. , Mayhorn Christopher B.
Published: January 2012

This paper is intended to reflect the thoughts and opinions of panel discussants on the status and future of formal education in human factors and ergonomics. Major themes include the need for students to develop analytic abilities within the context of the scientist-practitioner model and the continued splintering within the field of Human Factors/Ergonomics (HF/E) by area of practice. Suggestions for meeting market demands include developing increasingly flexible curricula while encouraging students gain domain-specific knowledge and skills. Others support the “tried and true” scientist-practitioner model.
Gaining Ground: Merging Cognitive Load Theory with Human Factors Principles
Authors: Keebler Joseph R. , Ososky Scott , Jentsch Florian , Fincannon Thomas
Published: January 2012

Although considered one of the best in the world, in many ways America's educational system is not living up to its expectations. Taking an interdisciplinary approach to learning and training through integrating human factors (HF) is not a novel idea, yet it seems that further work can still be done to increase outcomes. This paper intends to investigate the similarities and differences of the theory of cognitive load (CLT), which is used extensively in instructional design, with various fundamental human factors constructs (workload, flow state, and transfer appropriate processing.). This may help to increase understanding between the fields. as well as find important similarities and differences between the given theories to increase the benefits of instructional design.
Visualizing Innovative Uses of Technology and Devices for Engaging College Students in Active Learning
Authors: Sommerich Carolyn , Sesek Richard , Stone Nancy , Joines Sharon , Smith-Jackson Tonya , Wiebe Eric
Published: January 2012

This session will provide attendees with several new ideas and examples for using older and newer types of technology and devices in order to appeal to the visual learner in every student. As described by Felder & Brent (2005), “A goal of instruction should be to equip students with the skills associated with every learning style category, regardless of the students' personal preferences, since they will need all of those skills to function effectively as professionals.” Although we are educators and many of our doctoral students aspire to go into academia, our primary focus in the course of our training was most likely not education, per se, but engineering, psychology, human factors, or some other discipline. It is often the case that subject matter experts do not also formally acquire expertise in teaching methods. According to Wankat & Oreovicz (1993)(pg 1), “The majority of engineering professors have never had a formal course in education.” Some people do have natural gifts for teaching, but Wankat & Oreovicz (1993)(pg 1) believe that “It is possible to learn how to teach well.” This belief, as well as the belief that educators want to teach well, are primary motivators for organizing this session, which has been designed to provide current and aspiring instructors with some additional knowledge and methods for enhancing their pedagogic skills.
Children as Research Subjects: Methodologies for Collecting Data in Inclusive Indoor Play
Authors: Topping Marisa , Mullick Abir , Endicott Sarah , Sung Wooyoung , Kar Gourab
Published: January 2012

This paper discusses the benefit of using children with and without disabilities as research subjects for a project about indoor play place and playthings. This paper also describes how to engage children in a study and about tools used to facilitate communication with adults. Methodologies described in this paper utilize skills children already have (drawing, sorting, talking and answering questions) to inform researchers of their play preference and needs.
The Current State of Legal, Design and Residential Usability Issues for People with Various Disabilities
Authors: Zackowitz Ilene B.
Published: January 2012

One of the many challenges facing people with disabilities today is finding accessible housing, since the abilities and disabilities of this group vary widely. The Fair Housing Act was enacted to prevent housing discrimination and covers private multi-family housing and requires that all ground floor apartments (including condominiums) and all floors of elevator buildings of four or more units, built for first occupancy after March 13, 1991, comply with the Act. There is disagreement among experts about how best to accommodate people with disabilities. This panel will bring together experts to discuss the current state of legal, design and usability issues for people with disabilities.
2010 President's Forum Medical Human Factors, Human Performance Modeling: What Every Human Factors Engineer Should Know
Authors: Green Paul A. , Bagian James , Gray Wayne
Published: January 2012

We go the HFES Annual Meeting to get an overview of our field, but we usually go to niche sessions that focus on presenting specific experimental results. The goal of this session is to begin to get HFES members to think more strategically about the content of the Annual Meeting. In this session, two accomplished presenters will talk about developments in their respective areas of expertise—what we know, what we don't know, what new developments pertain to other areas of human factors/ergonomics, and where other fields of interest can contribute to medical HF/E and human performance modeling.
Facilitating University-Industry Collaborations in Human Factors and Ergonomics
Authors: Rogers Wendy A. , Beith Barry , Duncan Jerry , Endsley Mica , Hancock Peter
Published: January 2012

There are many benefits of university-industry collaborations in the field of human factors and ergonomics. Such collaborations can yield high-quality scientifically based solutions to industry challenges and provide unique opportunities for students to work on complex and interesting problems. However, there are also challenges that can impede the success of these collaborations such as mismatched expectations, unclear communications, and bureaucracies on both sides. For this discussion panel we have two university researchers and three industry members. We will discuss benefits and challenges of university-industry collaborations, share experiences from how we have been able to maximize the benefits and minimize the challenges, and have an interactive discussion with the audience regarding how best to facilitate successful university-industry collaborations.
Sleep across Military Environments
Authors: Alfred Petra , Boykin Gary , Caldwell Lynn , Lieberman Harris , Matsangas Panigiotis , Miller Nita Lewis , Rice Valerie , Wesensten Nancy
Published: January 2012

This focus of this discussion panel is on the effect of sleep on human performance in different military environments or contexts. Panelists will discuss a wide range of topics including how to address fatigue among Air Force pilots, the impact of sleep on performance in Army Advanced Individual Training, the effects of adjusting Army and Navy recruits' sleep schedules during training, the existing gaps in addressing sleep needs on naval vessels, the impact of sleep loss and other stressors on dismounted warfighter performance, and the effects of chronic inadequate sleep on cognitive readiness. It is important to understand both the differences in the effects of sleep in these environments, as well as the commonalities that can be applied to multiple environments and operators. Our panelists include some of the foremost sleep experts of today, as well as others who examine sleep in their human performance research. Participation in this panel will include discussing their latest research, offering practical applications, and engaging the audience in discussions of cross-disciplinary applications, including areas for collaboration across military and civilian services and environments. Finally, panelists and audience members will and share ideas about directions for future sleep-related research.
Supporting cognition and decision making in clinical work
Authors: Gorman Paul N. , Richardson Joshua , Russ Alissa , Militello Laura G. , Xiao Yan
Published: January 2012

Clinical decision support systems and other health information technologies are being implemented in healthcare organizations to enhance clinician performance by helping to overcome the limits of human cognition. In spite of gains achieved with these systems, significant problems remain, including unexpected complexity and sometimes harmful effects, and persistent use of paper-based cognitive artifacts. This panel will explore current research that is meant to help us better understand the implications of clinical decision support and cognitive support, and develop novel approaches that are intended to take better advantage of the complementary capabilities of human and machine cognition.
Just What the Doctor Ordered?: The Role of Cognitive Decision Support Systems in Clinical Decision-Making & Patient Safety
Authors: Lazzara Elizabeth H. , Weaver Sallie J. , Karsh Ben-Tzion , Guerlain Stephanie , Metcalf David , Marquard Jenna L. , Gorman Paul
Published: January 2012

Human expertise is limited by both cognitive workload and the boundaries of attention. With the spread and integration of healthcare informatics, cognitive decision support (CDS) technologies have been suggested as a means for improving the effectiveness and efficiency of healthcare. The current panel brings together leading human factors and medical experts in the fields of decision-making, design, and human-system interaction to provide their insight and perspective on the following question: What contributions can human factors science bring to bear on (1) the design, (2) integration, and (3) training necessary for effective CDS implementation?
The Workflow of Computerized Medication Ordering in Primary Care is Not Prescriptive
Authors: Russ Alissa L. , Saleem Jason J. , McManus M. Sue , Frankel Richard M. , Zillich Alan J.
Published: January 2012

While the potential benefits of computerized provider order entry (CPOE) are well recognized, little is known about how prescribers have integrated electronic medication ordering into other aspects of patient care. As part of a larger investigation of computerized medication alerts, we observed and opportunistically interviewed 20 primary care prescribers at a major Veterans Affairs Medical Center (VAMC). Participants were recruited from each of the VAMC's 5 primary care clinics and included physicians, nurse practitioners, and clinical pharmacists. Prescribers were observed as they ordered mediations via the CPOE system during routine patient care. In total, observations included 91 routine patient encounters across 66.5 hrs of observation. This paper provides illustrative case examples of how prescribers have integrated CPOE into medication decision-making processes and other patient care tasks. Results demonstrate that CPOE workflow varies widely among prescribers. In addition, results indicate that there are trade-offs associated with using CPOE with the patient in the exam room versus outside of the exam room. Findings may have implications for provider-patient relationships, workflow efficiency, and medication safety, and may ultimately enhance the effectiveness of CPOE in primary care.
Analysis of Error Management Strategies during Cardiac Surgery: Theoretical and Practical Implications
Authors: Wiegmann Douglas A.
Published: January 2012

Preventing errors that threaten patient safety is a priority within all healthcare specialties. One approach is to increase the resiliency of healthcare systems by improving error management processes and by making systems more error tolerant. Research has shown that a key marker of surgical excellence is the ability of a surgical team to successfully manage errors and unexpected events during surgery. Proactively improving error management during surgery is difficult however because little is known about the cognitive mechanisms involved in error recovery or the situational factors that impact successful error management processes. This paper describes a systematic analysis of errors and error management processes during cardiovascular surgery. Results are used to develop a theoretical framework that captures the complexity of cognitive and situational factors involved in error management. The utility of this model in identifying areas within healthcare systems that can be redesigned to improve patient safety will be discussed.
Improving Patient Safety in the Heart Room through Simulation
Authors: Howard Steven K. , Fann James I.
Published: January 2012

Simulation-based training in health care has been gaining momentum recently. Simulation of cardiac surgical procedures is now becoming a reality. Rehearsal and practice of simple tasks (knot tying) and complex tasks (managing emergencies) are a hallmark of high reliability teams. Simulation allows for individuals and teams to undergo deliberate practice for these situations and many feel that this will positively impact patient outcome and safety.
The Use of Resources during Shift Hand-offs in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Parush Avi , Simoneau Yolande , Foster-Hunt Tara , Thomas Margot , Rashotte Judy
Published: January 2012

The nursing handoff is a fundamental aspect of continued patient care that involves the transfer of vital medical information through various means. This project qualitatively examined nursing dyads to determine the types of resources used during handoffs and their frequency through the theoretical framework of distributed cognition. Forty handoffs between nurses, with experience ranging from 3 to 40 or more years, were observed within the intensive care unit of a pediatric hospital. The findings revealed that a variety of resources were referred to and appear mildly correlated with handoff durations, where more experienced individuals displayed a greater frequency of resource use in prolonged handoffs.
NeoCITIES: A Simulated Command and Control Task Environment for Experimental Research
Authors: Hellar D. Benjamin , McNeese Michael
Published: January 2012

In this paper we describe the design of a new experimental research platform to study human decision-making in command and control environments. NeoCITIES is a scaled worlds simulation of emergency dispatcher interaction. This paper describes the most recent enhancements to the NeoCITIES Simulation, now available in version 3.0. As a research platform NeoCITIES 3.0 provides a reliable scoring model for evaluating human task performance and an extensive modular graphical user interface for the investigation of cognitive aids. NeoCITIES was developed to study the effectiveness of cognitive artifacts within a simulated command and control environment in a simulated extreme events scenario.
Applying CPM-GOMS Analysis for Predicting and Explaining Two-Handed Korean Text Entry Task on Mobile Phone
Authors: Back Jiseung , Myung Rohae , Yoon Daesub
Published: January 2012

In this study, we employ CPM-GOMS analysis for explaining physical and cognitive processes and for quantitatively predicting when users are typing Korean text messages on mobile phones using both hands. First, we observe the behaviors of 10 subjects, when the subjects enter keypads with both hands. Then, basing upon MHP, we categorize the behaviors into perceptual, cognitive, motor operators, and then we analyze those operators. After that, we use the critical paths to model three task sentences. Also, for the sake of comparison between the actual data and the results predicted from our CPM-GOMS model, we empirically tested 30 subjects and concluded that there were no significant differences between the predicted values and the actual data. With the CPM-GOMS model, we can observe the human information processes composed on the physical and cognitive processes. Also we verified that the CPM-GOMS model can be well applied to predict the users' performance when they input text messages on mobile phones using both hands by comparing the predicted total task time with the real execution time.
A Principled Account of the Older Adult in ACT-R: Age-Specific Model Human Processor Extensions in a Mobile Phone Task
Authors: Jastrzembski Tiffany S. , Myers Christopher , Charness Neil
Published: January 2012

In previous research, Jastrzembski & Charness (2007) estimated weighted mean values for nine information processing parameters for older adults using the Card, Moran, & Newell (1983) Model Human Processor (MHP) model, and successfully validated a subset of those parameters with age-specific GOMS models for two mobile phone tasks across two mobile phone devices. The current research extends the mapping of MHP parameters to the ACT-R cognitive architecture (e.g., Anderson, 2007), and transitions age-specific MHP parameters into theoretically-plausible ACT-R models of older adult performance. We argue that the incorporation of theoretically-motivated MHP parameters into ACT-R will produce better fits to empirical data than default ACT-R parameters, and the use of those theoretically-principled parameter values will provide designers with more precise insight concerning why hardware/software designs/devices work or fail as a function of age. We test these hypotheses in the same mobile phone domain used to validate the age-specific MHP parameters in previous research and our findings demonstrate that age-specific ACT-R models using elemental MHP parameter values achieve better fits than default ACT-R parameters. This research may provide designers and human factors engineers the ability to inspect details of human performance at a finer grain of resolution than is currently available, help determine the cause of specific errors resulting from hardware/software design, cognitive workload, or user characteristics, and support the development of age-sensitive technologies.
Using Task Analytic Models and Phenotypes of Erroneous Human Behavior to Discover System Failures Using Model Checking
Authors: Bolton Matthew L. , Bass Ellen J.
Published: January 2012

Breakdowns in complex systems often occur as a result of system elements interacting in ways unanticipated by analysts or designers. In systems with human operators, human-automation interaction associated with both normative and erroneous human behavior can contribute to such failures. This paper presents a method for automatically generating task analytic models encompassing both erroneous and normative human behavior from normative task models. The resulting model can be integrated into a formal system model so that system safety properties can be formally verified with a model checker. This allows analysts to prove that a human automation-interactive system (as represented by the model) will or will not satisfy safety properties with both normative and generated erroneous human behavior. This method is illustrated with a case study: the operation of a radiation therapy machine. In this example, a problem resulting from a generated erroneous human action is discovered. Future extensions of our method are discussed.
Comparison of Anthropometry of US Electric Utility Field Workers to North American General Population Databases
Authors: Saginus Kyle , Marklin Richard , Freier Stephen , Seeley Patricia , Stone Amy
Published: January 2012

The primary purpose of this anthropometric study was to determine whether conventional anthropometric databases of the US general population are applicable to the population of US electric utility field workers. Based on anecdotal observations, electric utility field workers seemed to be taller and larger than the general population. Fourteen anthropometric measurements were recorded from 187 male field workers from three US electric power utilities. The anthropometric data from field workers were compared to seven well-known conventional anthropometric databases for North American males, including Central American. In general, the male field workers were taller and heavier than the people in the reference databases for U.S. males. The field workers were up to 2.3 cm taller and 10 to 18 kg heavier on average than the reference databases. When designing for electric utility field workers, designers and ergonomists should consider the population of intended users and the data from this study.
Mexican Practical Anthropometry of Automotive Industry Workers
Authors: de la Vega Bustillos Enrique , Duarte Karla Lucero , Millán Octavio López
Published: January 2012

Due to the lack of anthropometric information in northwest Mexico, we made an anthropometric study to know the workers physical characteristics and use this information in the design or redesign of workstations. The study was divided in three phases. The first one was the anthropometric study of 1342 automotive industry workers in northwest of Mexico. The study includes 40 body dimensions of 1072 males and 270 females personalized to be used in the third phase. These data are compared with anthropometric characteristics of population reported in four Mexican places and a Colombian study. The second phase includes the workstations and critical process requirement studies. In the third one, a system is develop where combines workers physical characteristics and workstations lay out and process requirements with the purpose of assigned workers to the best suited workstation. The benefits of this project are: increase workers satisfaction and product quality and reduce economic, medical and union complains.
Hand Tool Ergonomics – past and Present
Authors: Armstrong T. , Cochran David J. , Bleed Peter A. , Lin Jia-Hua , Freivalds Andris , Radwin Robert G. , Rempel David M.
Published: January 2012

Hand tools are used in nearly all occupations and industries. Modern tools have been enhanced with advance materials, external power and electronics. Some tools no longer have a mechanical connection between the hand and the work object, e.g., joysticks, computer mice and hand controls used for robotic surgery hand tools. Still it is widely recognized that tools must fit the user and task to achieve best possible performance. Failure to consider the user and task can result in acute or chronic injuries. Examination of tools from different applications and from different times offers many important lessons for tools designers and users. Panelist in this session will use historical and contemporary examples, models and standards recommendations for selection and design of tools.
The Effect of Bracing Availability on Force-Exertion Capability in One-Hand Isometric Pulling Tasks
Authors: Jones Monica L.H. , Reed Matthew P. , Chaffin Don B.
Published: January 2012

In activities of daily living and industrial tasks people encounter obstructions in their environment that kinematically limit the postures that they can achieve. These obstructions can also provide an opportunity for additional support such as bracing with the hand, thigh or other body part. The reaction forces acting at hand or body coupling, which are in addition to those acting at the feet and task hand, may support some percentage of body weight, allow modification to postural behavior strategies, or provide the ability to generate oppositional forces relative to the task force. The effects of kinematic constraints and associated bracing opportunities on isometric hand force were quantified in a motion-capture study of 25 men and women with a range of body size. The objective of this work was to quantify the effect of bracing availability on force-exertion capability. Analyses of one-hand maximal pulling tasks demonstrated that the additional force reaction surfaces enable participants to exert more force at the task hand, by 31% on average, but these values were greatly affected by the location and utility of the constraint and the specified force direction.
Lifting Kinematics and Kinetics during Simulated Boat Motions
Authors: Ning Xiaopeng , Mirka Gary
Published: January 2012

The purpose of current study was to investigate the effects of vertical ground accelerations induced by simulated wave motions on trunk muscle activation and trunk kinematics during manual materials handling tasks. Sixteen subjects performed lifting, lowering and static weight-holding tasks under ten different combinations of load mass and vertical acceleration of the ground surface (ten different effective loads). The results showed that this effective load had a significant effect on the peak sagittal plane angular acceleration during lifting and peak sagittal plane angular deceleration during lowering. The EMG results indicate that the boat motions tend to amplify the effects of the slant of the lifting surface.
Ergonomics of Colonoscopy: Wrist Postures of Gastroenterologists Performing Routine Colonoscopy
Authors: Lee David L. , Rempel David , Barr Alan B. , Shergill Amandeep
Published: January 2012

The purpose of this study was to investigate the bilateral wrist postures of gastroenterologists who perform routine colonoscopy. Gastroenterologists are exposed to upper extremity musculoskeletal risk factors such as high pinch forces, sustained muscle loading, and awkward postures; however, to date, no studies have specifically quantified the wrist postures associated with routine colonoscopy. Four experienced gastroenterologists performed 3 to 5 routine colonoscopy procedures while bilateral wrist extension/flexion and radial/ulnar deviation postures were measured using biaxial electrogoniometers. Peak (90th percentile) wrist extension angles in both wrists (42.6° left; 36.0° right), radial deviation for the left wrist (23.0°) and ulnar deviation for the right wrist (17.83°) across all 4 phases of the colonoscopy procedures exceeded the injury threshold limit values of 26.6°, 17.8°, and 12.1°, respectively, based on carpal tunnel pressure (Keir et al., 2007). The findings suggest that the wrist postures required during routine colonoscopy may present a risk for musculoskeletal injuries at the wrist and forearm.
Developing Ergonomic Interventions to Reduce Musculoskeletal Disorders in Grocery Distribution Centers
Authors: Lavender Steven A. , Sommerich Carolyn M. , Johnson Monica R. , Radin Zaid
Published: January 2012

The purpose of this work was to explore intervention concepts aimed at addressing the workers' needs in grocery distribution centers. Worker interviews indicated that many of the items that they handle are heavy, including cases of meat (up to 80 lbs), juice, water, and detergent. Management and safety personnel who participated in a brainstorming focus group session indicated key ergonomic issues include the weight of the meat cases, extended reaching, and even more specifically, overhead reaching. Intervention ideas discussed during the brainstorming indicated a need for mechanisms that reduce reach distances by keeping product close to the order picking aisle and mechanisms that relieve the physical burden of handling heavy product from their storage slots onto the order-picker's pallet jack.
Understanding Factors that Affect the Adoption of Ergonomic Interventions among Ems Workers
Authors: Johnson Monica R. , Lavender Steven A. , Crawford J Mac , Reichelt Paul A. , Fernandez Antonio R.
Published: January 2012

The primary goal of this study was to understand the adoption of specific voluntarily used ergonomic interventions aimed at the musculoskeletal needs of EMS workers. According to previous research in the areas of information technology, acceptance and diffusion of innovation, worker's perceptions and attitudes impact the adoption of an intervention. Prior research identified the lateral transfer of patients as a frequently performed strenuous task performed by EMS workers. The intervention introduced is a transfer-board, designed and biomechanically validated to assist with these lateral transfers. In the current study EMS workers were surveyed to determine which factors most closely correlated with their intention to use the transfer-board. The data suggest that the perception that it is easy to use, the patient is safer while using the transfer-board, the transfer-board is compatible with other pieces of equipment and the smoothness of the patient transfer when using the transfer-board are all factors that may predict adoption.
Company Size and Human Factors and Ergonomics Awareness
Authors: Gungor Celal
Published: January 2012

The objective of this study was to better understand the knowledge and opinions of managers in the American furniture manufacturing industry regarding Human Factors and Ergonomics (HF/E) and to explore significant relationships between company size and managers' awareness on HF/E. The furniture manufacturing industry has a high occupational injury and illness rate and HF/E awareness is vital to improve worker safety and health. A web-based survey was used to gage managers' awareness of HF/E. Development, pre-test, and review stages followed to design the final survey. Sixty-four managers participated in the survey. This study shows the awareness level of managers depended on company size. Smaller companies were less likely to provide HF/E training programs to both managers and employees, additionally; smaller companies were less likely to have a team or department for HF/E interventions or for establishing HF/E programs in their organizations. The main reason for lower commitment to HF/E in small companies is owners, managers, and employees had a low awareness about the importance of HF/E to improve their occupational injury and illness rates. For example, 75 percent of the managers surveyed rated their HF/E knowledge level as poor, fair, or average. Some of the managers were not aware of available information resources about HF/E. A considerable number of managers believed that HF/E resulted in more regulations to follow and higher cost in training new employees. Without managers' commitment and support, the success of HF/E programs is not likely. In summary, our findings indicate managers in small companies are not well informed of the importance HF/E awareness plays in controlling their injury and illness rates. Therefore, we feel managers of any sized company especially smaller companies should be introduced to available HF/E resources and the benefits of HF/E.
Identification of the Human Factors Contributing to Maintenance Failures in a Petroleum Operation
Authors: Antonovsky Ari , Pollock Clare , Straker Leon
Published: January 2012

Structured interviews (N=38) were conducted with maintainers in a petroleum company who were asked to discuss a maintenance failure with which they were familiar. The interview structure was based on the Human Factor Investigation Tool - HFIT (Gordon, 2001) which in turn was based on the Model of Human Malfunction (Rasmussen, 1982). HFIT proved to be a useful instrument for identifying the pattern of human factors that recurred most frequently in maintenance-related failures. Of the 27 human factors identified, the three most frequent were found to be Assumptions (79% of cases), Design & Maintenance (71%) and Communication (66%). Of equal interest, were the factors that were infrequently mentioned such as Procedure Violations, Supervision, and Work Quality.
Getting the Buzz: What's Next for Tactile Information Delivery?
Authors: Allan Karla , White Timothy , Jones Lynette , Merlo James , Haas Ellen , Zets Gary , Rupert Angus
Published: January 2012

As a result of continuous technological advances, information delivery is becoming multi-modal and complex. In many professions (e.g., air traffic control, combat operations) an abundance of information is delivered simultaneously over the visual and auditory sensory channels resulting in cognitive overload and leading to performance degradation over time. The Multiple-Resource theory suggests that offloading information from overtaxed sensory modalities to other modalities can reduce workload (Wickens, 2002). If properly implemented, tactile displays – i.e., devices used to present information to the user by stimulating the skin – may be a viable solution in reducing sensory and cognitive overload from the visual and audio channels. Shifting information to the tactile (touch) channel or judicious use of tactile information in conjunction with auditory and/or visual cues can lead to a reduction in cognitive and perceptual overload and an increase in positive performance outcomes. The primary objective of this panel is to discuss the most promising developments in tactile research and how the next steps can lead to new application areas or to specific products. The panelists – representing academia, the military, and industry, can collectively speak to diverse tactile information delivery methodologies, their respective applications, and challenges for the path forward. Some applications have already been realized in aviation, robotics, medicine, and commercial products and these will be described. Ultimately, this panel session is expected to inspire interest in tactile information delivery and to identify promising pathways for research leading to new application areas and specific application products.
Accessibility Experience Lab: Discovering the Impact of Design on Disabilities
Authors: Jordan J. Bern , Vanderheiden Gregg C.
Published: January 2012

Many accessibility problems of devices and user interfaces could be avoided if the needs of people with disabilities were considered during the design process. This paper describes an accessibility experience lab module which introduces participants to both the barriers associated with disabilities and the impact that simple design changes can have on those barriers. The core of the lab is an experience session where participants are given functional limitations along with tasks at paired stations so they can compare their experiences on devices with inaccessible and accessible designs. For seven years the experience lab has been a part of the curriculum for first-year engineering students at the University of Wisconsin, and over 1700 students have completed it. In the popular lab, the students are engaged and report interest and insights into design for disabilities. Materials are available at www.trace.wisc.edu/training/explab/ .
Gestural Interaction with In-Vehicle Audio and Climate Controls
Authors: Chung Chongyoon , Rantanen Esa
Published: January 2012

Among the most distractive in-vehicle interactions are audio and climate controls. If these interactions were as easy and spontaneous as natural language, driving could be much safer. Through this research it was found that drivers preferred gestural language to voice language when the control was simple and repetitive; subsequently, gestural interactions with secondary in-vehicle tasks were investigated. Following the principle of “eyes on the road and hands on the wheel”, a steering wheel design with two touch pads on the wheel to recognize gestures was conceived. The physical design of the steering wheel incorporated good ergonomics and anthropometric data, while gesture stereotypes assigned to a number of in-vehicle controls were determined empirically by two experiments. The new steering wheel design does not have any buttons, which may contribute to driver distraction, yet it incorporates 19 functions through natural thumb-gestures. This compares favorably with most current steering wheel designs, which have more than 11 buttons and 13 functions on the average.
Soldier –Robot Teams: Six Years of Research
Authors: Barnes Michael , Jentsch Florian , Chen Jessie Y.C. , Haas Ellen , Cosenzo Keryl
Published: January 2012

US Army researchers and support contractors are involved in a multi-year effort to understand the impact of human-robot interaction (HRI) and teaming for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) and unmanned ground vehicles (UGV) in future and current Army conflicts. The purpose of this paper is to summarize human–robotic principles derived from these programs. The principles cover both problems and solutions evaluated over the more than six years of experimentation. We discuss the implications of Soldier teaming, survivability, multitasking, automation and the importance of individual differences for HRI. Mitigation strategies related to individual differences and training regimens are discussed. We also explicate results related to multimodal interfaces and adaptive systems.
Expert Detection of Improvised Explosive Device Emplacement Behavior
Authors: Cooke Nancy J. , Hosch Cynthia , Banas Steven , Hunn Bruce P. , Staszewski James , Fensterer John
Published: January 2012

The objective of this study was to uncover the cognitive underpinnings of Improvised Explosive Device (IED) emplacement detection expertise possessed by United States Army Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) Mission Payload Operators (MPOs) who have a proven history of success at this task. Specific issues of interest include identifying strategies used to detect IED emplacement threats, as well as identifying indicators and cues associated with IED emplacement to provide the basis for future training. We reviewed existing training programs and interviewed MPOs with varying levels of in-theater experience. Initial data gathered was verified by presenting video recordings from UAS sensors depicting possible IED emplacement activity to an additional group of experienced MPOs. These videos were used to elicit cues and strategies used to identify potential threats. Results of this study highlight tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs) employed by experienced MPOs. The results also emphasize the need for training on IED emplacement detection and support the presentation of feedback from tactical ground units to reinforce effective search strategies. Finally, there is support for the development of realistic IED emplacement indicators in the visual models, supporting simulation for use as an unclassified training tool for initial and reinforcement training.
Designing Products to Evoke an Emotional Connection in Users
Authors: D'souza Melroy E. , Hancock Peter A. , Hoonhout Henriette C.M. , Krout Kelly , Ohme Phillip J. , Walline Erin K.
Published: January 2012

Nowadays, companies are building products (e.g. iPhone, Wii, Xbox360, 1.2“ Flat Panel TVs, Dyson BallTM, etc.) that literally strike at the heart-strings of users through the emotional connection they seek to establish with customers. It is no longer just about ease of use, usefulness, satisfaction, functionality, but more around building holistic experiences that differentiate products/services and create a strong emotional attachment. In this panel we hope to bring greater awareness of this topic and discuss how the Human Factors community can play a more prominent role in developing products and services that deliver a ”wow“ experience.
Panel Discussion: Methodology for Creating an Anthropometric Database for Workstation Setup Using Caesar, Natick and Nhanes
Authors: Openshaw Scott , Trippany David
Published: January 2012

Current workstation setup and design guidelines are based on anthropometric databases from military subjects who were measured over 25 years ago. This panel discussion will explore the methodology used to implement a civilian anthropometric database (CAESAR—;Civilian American and European Surface Anthropometry Resource) in creating specifications for workstation guidelines and design. Discussion will include general methodology used, data variables that were chosen, statistical methods, data weighting methodology and cleaning of the dataset by eliminating certain outliers. Panelists will present their approach to the problem and seek discussion from the audience to understand the pros and cons of their methodology in formulating the foundation for an anthropometric guideline based on a civilian population rather than a military dataset.
Development of a 3D Semi-Automatic Measurement Protocol for Hand Anthropometric Measurement
Authors: Lee Wonsup , Yoon Sunghye , You Heecheon
Published: January 2012

Measurement protocols for hand anthropometry have been studied for ergonomic product design. The present study developed a 3D semi-automatic measurement protocol (3D-SAMP) which semi-automatically measures various hand dimensions using a 3D scanner. The 3D-SAMP was compared with the conventional direct measurement protocol (DMP) to examine its effectiveness. The 3D-SAMP consists of (1) fabricating a plaster cast of the hand, (2) placing landmarks on the plaster hand, (3) scanning the plaster hand with a 3D scanner, (4) automatically identifying the positions of the landmarks on the digital hand, and (5) automatically extracting hand anthropometric measurements (lengths, widths, thicknesses, and circumferences). An evaluation experiment was conducted and found the 3D-SAMP preferred to the DMP in terms of reliability, efficiency, and ease of measurement.
Novel Electrosurgical Hand Controls Integrated into a Standard Laparoscopic Grasper
Authors: Brown-Clerk Bernadette J. , Rousek Justin B. , Lowndes Bethany R. , Eikhout Sandra M. , Balogh Bradley J. , Hallbeck M. Susan
Published: January 2012

A novel device was developed that will allow laparoscopic surgeons to hand-operate standard electrosurgical equipment, eliminating the use of electrosurgical foot pedals, which typically cause static, unstable and non-neutral body positions. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to quantitatively and qualitatively determine the optimal ergonomic placement of the novel electrosurgical hand controls integrated into a standard laparoscopic grasper to optimize functionality. Three distinct hand control designs were evaluated by 26 participants during the performance of four basic inanimate laparoscopic electrosurgical tasks. Hand control actuation force and user preference were evaluated for each hand control design. The results indicate that hand control design 1 (CD 1) resulted in the ability to generate significantly greater actuation force for three of the four tasks (P < 0.05). Additionally, CD 1 was subjectively rated significantly better for comfort and ease-of-use compared to the other two hand control designs (P < 0.05). As a result, CD 1 was determined to be an advantageous ergonomic design placement for the novel electrosurgical hand controls integrated into a standard laparoscopic grasper.
Investigation of Relative Mobile Phone Size Preference Using Interactive Genetic Algorithms
Authors: Nathan-Roberts Dan , Liu Yili
Published: January 2012

There are 4.6 billion mobile phone subscriptions worldwide, yet relatively little is known about what leads to a highly desirable phone design. This study employed an Interactive Genetic Algorithm (IGA) to identify the relative importance of physical factors in mobile phone design, calculating factor preference ratios and the limits of user discriminability between levels of the factors. Ten participants interacted with a GUI running the IGA to iteratively evolve their preferred design. Screen size, button spacing, and phone radius were varied independently. Results showed that users strongly preferred their final designs over initial ones, validating the use of an IGA in this application. Vertical screen size and button spacing were significantly different between the first and last iterations. A Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed horizontal screen size preference varied between participants, and vertical screen size and phone radius were correlated. Future research needs are discussed, including testing the effect of prompt on design preference.
An Analysis of Natural Motion for Product Design: Refrigerator Half-Guard Installation Part Design
Authors: Park Jangwoon , Kim Sujin , You Heecheon
Published: January 2012

Ergonomic product design which considers users' natural-use motion is of importance to improve the usability and satisfaction of a product. A five-step process of product design was developed in the present study by measuring and analyzing users' natural product-use motion with a motion capture system. The developed process was applied to the ergonomic design improvement of a half-guard installation component of a refrigerator; new guard designs (diagonal and arc shape) were developed with the process and evaluated in terms of validity during the development as two measures (task satisfaction and similarity of natural motion). According to the evaluation result, the satisfaction at putting in- and out-task of new guard designs (diagonal and arc shape; 6.3 + 0.5 points) was significantly higher than that of existing guard designs (3.3 + 1.0 points); the difference between natural motion and product-use motion in new guard designs (1.0 + 0.3 cm) was significantly less than that of existing guard designs (nipper and rectangular shape; 2.0 + 0.2 cm). The proposed process of natural motion analysis and product design is widely applicable to ergonomic product design and evaluation.
Development of the Inclusive Indoor Play Design Guidelines
Authors: Endicott Sarah , Mullick Abir , Kar Gourab , Topping Marisa
Published: January 2012

There are no guidelines that help with designing inclusive indoor playthings and spaces. Consequently, the design of indoor playthings and spaces has followed an intuitive approach of “good design” not grounded in research, investigation or testing. Through research using a variety of methods, characteristics were identified that makes a plaything or play environment universally inclusive. The results of the research were used to develop Inclusive Indoor Play Design Guidelines. The Guidelines were tested and successfully implemented by designing and developing inclusive indoor play environments and playthings.
Management's attitudes toward safety in commercial vehicle operations
Authors: Peng Yiyun , Boyle Linda Ng , Neyens David M. , Short Jeffrey
Published: January 2012

Management's attitudes toward safety in commercial vehicle operations play an important role in how safety is perceived within the organization and can have a great influence on commercial motor vehicle (CMV) related crashes. A pilot study examining factors and motivations of safety managers' attitudes toward safety was conducted using data collected from a survey of 30 safety managers that oversees the safety of CMV operations. The data was examined to find underlying factors associated with the respondent's perceptions of workplace safety. Factor analytic results reveal four constructs that relates to the managers' attitudes toward safety: financial, internal awareness, demand for safety, and overall safety culture in the industry. This study provides a first step in understanding the values that management may place on safety for commercial vehicle operations.