bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electronic and geometric structure analysis of neutral and anionic alkali metal complexes of the CX series (X = O, S, Se, Te, Po): The case of M(CX)n = 1–4 (M = Li, Na) and their dimers
Authors: Ariyarathna Isuru R. , Miliordos Evangelos
Published: February 2019

Bonding mechanisms, potential energy curves, accurate structures, energetics, and electron affinities are obtained for all M(CX)1–3 species with M = Li, Na, and X = O, S, Se, Te, and Po, at the coupled‐cluster level with triple‐ζ quality basis sets. We discuss and rationalize the trends within different molecular groups. For example, we found larger binding energies for M = Li, for CX = CPo, and for the tri‐coordinated (n = 3) complexes. All three facts are explained by the fact that the global minimum of the titled complexes originate from the first excited 2P (2p1 for Li or 3p1 for Na) state of the metal, with each ligand forming a dative bond with the metal. All of the complexes, except Na(CO)3, have stable anions, and their electron affinity increases as MCX < M(CX)3 < M(CX)2. This sequence is attributed to the binding modes of these complexes. The Li(CO)3 and Li(CS)3 complexes are able to accommodate a fourth ligand, which is attached to the system electrostatically. Finally, two Li(CO)3 molecules can bind together covalently to make the ethane analog. The staggered conformer was found lower in energy and unlike ethane the CO ligands bend toward the neighboring Li(CO)3 moiety. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An unconventional ligand‐binding mechanism of substrate‐binding proteins: MD simulation and Markov state model analysis of BtuF
Authors: Wang Dongdong , Weng Jingwei , Wang Wenning
Published: February 2019

In conventional “Venus Flytrap” mechanism, substrate‐binding proteins (SBPs) interconvert between the open and closed conformations. Upon ligand binding, SBPs form a tightly closed conformation with the ligand bound at the interface of two domains. This mechanism was later challenged by many type III SBPs, such as the vitamin B12‐binding protein BtuF, in which the apo‐ and holo‐state proteins adopt very similar conformations. Here, we combined molecular dynamics simulation and Markov state model analysis to study the conformational dynamics of apo‐ and B12‐bound BtuF. The results indicate that the crystal structures represent the only stable conformation of BtuF. Meanwhile, both apo‐ and holo‐BtuF undergo large‐scale interdomain motions with little energy cost. B12 binding casts little restraints on the interdomain motions, suggesting that ligand binding affinity is enhanced by the remaining conformational entropy of holo‐BtuF. These results reveal a new paradigm of ligand recognition mechanism of SBPs. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A latent class approach to identify multi‐risk profiles associated with phylogenetic clustering of recent hepatitis C virus infection in Australia and New Zealand from 2004 to 2015
Authors: Bartlett Sofia R , Applegate Tanya L , Jacka Brendan P , Martinello Marianne , Lamoury Francois MJ , Danta Mark , Bradshaw Daniel , Shaw David , Lloyd Andrew R , Hellard Margaret , Dore Gregory J , Matthews Gail V , Grebely Jason
Published: February 2019

Introduction

Over the last two decades, the incidence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) co‐infection among men who have sex with men (MSM) living with HIV began increasing in post‐industrialized countries. Little is known about transmission of acute or recent HCV, in particular among MSM living with HIV co‐infection, which creates uncertainty about potential for reinfection after HCV treatment. Using phylogenetic methods, clinical, epidemiological and molecular data can be combined to better understand transmission patterns. These insights may help identify strategies to reduce reinfection risk, enhancing effectiveness of HCV treatment as prevention strategies. The aim of this study was to identify multi‐risk profiles and factors associated with phylogenetic pairs and clusters among people with recent HCV infection.

Methods

Data and specimens from five studies of recent HCV in Australia and New Zealand (2004 to 2015) were used. HCV Core‐E2 sequences were used to infer maximum likelihood trees. Clusters were identified using 90% bootstrap and 5% genetic distance threshold. Multivariate logistic regression and latent class analyses were performed.

Results

Among 237 participants with Core‐E2 sequences, 47% were in a pair/cluster. Among HIV/HCV co‐infected participants, 60% (74/123) were in a pair/cluster, compared to 30% (34/114) with HCV mono‐infection (p < 0.001). HIV/HCV co‐infection (vs. HCV mono‐infection; adjusted odds ratio (AOR), 2.37, 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.45, 5.15) was independently associated with phylogenetic clustering. Latent class analysis identified three distinct risk profiles: (1) people who inject drugs, (2) HIV‐positive gay and bisexual men (GBM) with low probability of injecting drug use (IDU) and (3) GBM with IDU & sexual risk behaviour. Class 2 (vs. Class 1, AOR 3.40; 95% CI, 1.52, 7.60), was independently associated with phylogenetic clustering. Many clusters displayed homogeneous characteristics, such as containing individuals exclusively from one city, individuals all with HIV/HCV co‐infection or individuals sharing the same route of acquisition of HCV.

Conclusions

Clusters containing individuals with specific characteristics suggest that HCV transmission occurs through discrete networks, particularly among HIV/HCV co‐infected individuals. The greater proportion of clustering found among HIV/HCV co‐infected participants highlights the need to provide broad direct‐acting antiviral access encouraging rapid uptake in this population and ongoing monitoring of the phylogeny.
Clinical, neuroradiological, and biochemical features of SLC35A2‐CDG patients
Authors: Vals Mari‐Anne , Ashikov Angel , Ilves Pilvi , Loorits Dagmar , Zeng Qiang , Barone Rita , Huijben Karin , Sykut‐Cegielska Jolanta , Diogo Luísa , Elias Abdallah F. , Greenwood Robert S. , Grunewald Stephanie , van Hasselt Peter M. , van de Kamp Jiddeke M. , Mancini Grazia , Okninska Agnieszka , Pajusalu Sander , Rudd Pauline M. , Rustad Cecilie F. , Salvarinova Ramona , de Vries Bert B.A. , Wolf Nicole I. ,   EPGEN Study, Ng Bobby G. , Freeze Hudson H. , Lefeber Dirk J. , Õunap Katrin
Published: February 2019

SLC35A2‐CDG is caused by mutations in the X‐linked SLC35A2 gene encoding the UDP‐galactose transporter. SLC35A2 mutations lead to hypogalactosylation of N‐glycans. SLC35A2‐CDG is characterized by severe neurological symptoms and, in many patients, early‐onset epileptic encephalopathy. In view of the diagnostic challenges, we studied the clinical, neuroradiological, and biochemical features of 15 patients (11 females and 4 males) with SLC35A2‐CDG from various centers. We describe nine novel pathogenic variations in SLC35A2. All affected individuals presented with a global developmental delay, and hypotonia, while 70% were nonambulatory. Epilepsy was present in 80% of the patients, and in EEG hypsarrhythmia and findings consistent with epileptic encephalopathy were frequently seen. The most common brain MRI abnormality was cerebral atrophy with delayed myelination and multifocal inhomogeneous abnormal patchy white matter hyperintensities, which seemed to be nonprogressive. Thin corpus callosum was also common, and all the patients had a corpus callosum shorter than normal for their age. Variable dysmorphic features and growth deficiency were noted. Biochemically, normal mucin type O‐glycosylation and lipid glycosylation were found, while transferrin mass spectrometry was found to be more specific in the identification of SLC35A2‐CDG, as compared to routine screening tests. Although normal glycosylation studies together with clinical variability and genetic results complicate the diagnosis of SLC35A2‐CDG, our data indicate that the combination of these three elements can support the pathogenicity of mutations in SLC35A2.
Biotin in metabolism, gene expression, and human disease
Authors: León‐Del‐Río Alfonso
Published: February 2019

Biotin is a water‐soluble vitamin that belongs to the vitamin B complex and which is an essential nutrient of all living organisms from bacteria to man. In eukaryotic cells biotin functions as a prosthetic group of enzymes, collectively known as biotin‐dependent carboxylases that catalyze key reactions in gluconeogenesis, fatty acid synthesis, and amino acid catabolism. Enzyme‐bound biotin acts as a vector to transfer a carboxyl group between donor and acceptor molecules during carboxylation reactions. In recent years, evidence has mounted that biotin also regulates gene expression through a mechanism beyond its role as a prosthetic group of carboxylases. These activities may offer a mechanistic background to a developing literature on the action of biotin in neurological disorders. This review summarizes the role of biotin in activating carboxylases and proposed mechanisms associated with a role in gene expression and in ameliorating neurological disease.
Comparative osteology and functional morphology of the forelimb ofCyonasua(Mammalia, Procyonidae), the first South American carnivoran
Authors: Tarquini Juliana , Morgan Cecilia C. , Toledo Néstor , Soibelzon Leopoldo H.
Published: February 2019

Extant procyonids only inhabit the Americas and are represented by six genera (Procyon,Nasua,Nasuella,Bassaricyon,Potos,andBassariscus); all of them, exceptBassariscus, are present in South America. The first records correspond to the early Miocene in North America (NA) and the late Miocene in South America (SA).Cyonasuawas the first carnivoran to enter SA from NA, before the Great American Biotic Interchange, and went extinct in the early middle Pleistocene. This extinct procyonid is recorded in several localities of Argentina, and also in Venezuela. Paleobiological studies of procyonids are interesting from evolutionary and biogeographical viewpoints. In this study, the pectoral girdle and forelimb of 10 specimens ofCyonasuaare described and compared with extant South American procyonids using a qualitative approach. Additionally, four functional morphology indexes were calculated for them and compared with an ecologically diverse sample of living carnivorans. Results indicate thatCyonasuamost resemblesNasua nasuaandProcyon cancrivorus, even though the extinct procyonid possessed peculiar features.Cyonasuahad robust and relatively short forelimb bones, with strong stabilized joints, and movements associated with the sagittal plane, which suggest a tendency toward terrestrial habits, related to their ability to resist relatively high bending and shearing stresses. However, some features indicate a freedom in their range of movements, with moderate supination ability, compatible with climbing. When combined with previous analyses of dietary habits and estimated body mass, the morphology ofCyonasuawould be well suited for digging and prey manipulation, allowing them to prey on small and relatively large‐sized vertebrates, as well as to avoid some of the predators that were dominant in the Cenozoic of South America.
Pre‐injury monocyte/macrophage depletion results in increased blood–brain barrier permeability after traumatic brain injury
Authors: Aertker Benjamin M. , Kumar Akshita , Prabhakara Karthik S. , Smith Philippa , Furman Naama E. Toledano , Hasen Xue , Cox Charles S. , Bedi Supinder S.
Published: February 2019

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) effects both the brain and the immune system. Circulating monocytes/macrophages (Mo/Ma) after a TBI may play an important role in preserving the blood–brain barrier (BBB), reducing brain edema, and interacting with resident microglia. To elucidate the role of circulating Mo/Ma, we utilized a monocyte/macrophage depletion model in response to TBI in male rats. Clodronate liposomes (CL) were used to deplete circulating Mo/Ma. A controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury model was used to create a TBI. All animals received either CL or PBS liposomes (PL), 48 and 24 hr prior to the procedure, and were sacrificed 72 hr post‐injury for analysis of BBB permeability, brain edema, whole blood (Mo/Ma and granulocytes), and/or microglial analysis. Animals undergoing Mo/Ma depletion with CL prior to CCI (CCI‐CL) were found to have increased BBB permeability when compared to non‐depleted CCI (CCI‐PL) animals. At 72 hr following injury, Sham‐CL maintained on average an 82% reduction in the whole blood monocytes when compared to Sham‐PL (p < 0.001). Monocytes in the whole blood remained significantly lower in CCI‐CL animals when compared to CCI‐PL (p < 0.001). The number of granulocytes in the whole blood of CCI‐CL animals was higher at 3 days when compared to CCI‐PL (p < 0.022). Surprisingly, the depletion of Mo/Ma did not affect brain edema. However, the depletion of Mo/Ma did result in a significant decrease in microglia (CCI‐CL vs. CCI‐PL, p < 0.012). In conclusion, an intact Mo/Ma population is required to repair BBB integrity and microglial response following injury.
Daily precipitation variability in the southern Alps since the late 19th century
Authors: Brugnara Yuri , Maugeri Maurizio
Published: February 2019

We analysed a data set of 18 homogenized daily precipitation series from the southern European Alps, covering approximately the last 150 years. Previously available data from stations in Northern Italy have been extended considerably by recent digitization work, and, for the first time, they have been combined with daily data from Swiss stations on a centennial scale. Precipitation frequency in the southern Alps decreased significantly over the period 1890–2017. We show that this trend is related to a step‐like reduction in cyclonic weather types over central Europe that occurred around 1940. This decrease is an example of the large variability that affects precipitation in the region over many different time scales. In particular, strong trends on a decadal scale are related to the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation and the North Atlantic Oscillation, although the influence of the latter is present only in the recent decades. Trends in heavy precipitation indices do not show a coherent pattern across the study area. We find a significant increase in heavy precipitation in Switzerland, while a decrease affects the southeastern subset in spring.
The challenges of job hunting and recruitment in Ghana: Opportunity for improvement
Authors: Sarpong Sam
Published: February 2019

Exploring job search practices and the challenges in the hiring procedures encountered by both job seekers and human resource (HR) professionals can inform recruitment and selection policies and practices commonly used in developing countries. An analysis conducted in Ghana of 2,418 job ads, augmented with input from 40 job seekers and 10 HR professionals, sheds light on the role of HR management in a developing country. The findings, which revealed job hunters' concerns regarding partiality and the transparency of the recruitment and selection processes, highlighted the need to update local HR professionals' skills and strategies. Improvement in these areas can help enterprises in both the public and private sector attract and retain the qualified employees needed to enhance organizational operations.
Proven people practices at three leading Indian firms
Authors: Rao Indu
Published: February 2019

India is an attractive destination for global investment. Yet multinational firms seeking to do business in this dynamic and diverse environment often overlook the importance of local values and traditions when designing their human resources policies. Interviews with a dozen human resource managers in three industry‐leading firms reveal the importance of devising personnel policies that address social relationships and family concerns, and highlight how such efforts can align with and support the achievement of organizational goals. Key lessons center on effective recruitment and selection, ongoing training and development, initiatives that boost employee engagement, and attention to employees' overall well‐being.
Increased pain and sensory hyperinnervation of the ligamentum flavum in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis
Authors: Benditz Achim , Sprenger Svenja , Rauch Luise , Weber Markus , Grifka Joachim , Straub Rainer H.
Published: February 2019

Nociceptive sensory nerve fibers have never been investigated in the ligamentum flavum (LF) of patients with LSS. The aim was to analyze nociceptive sensory nerve fibers in the ligamentum flavum (LF) of patients with LSS. A prospective study in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) undergoing invasive surgical treatment for lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) with flavectomy was performed. Patients with LSS were subjected to flavectomy and density of sensory and sympathetic nerve fibers, macrophages, vessels, activated fibroblasts, and cells were investigated by immunostaining techniques. A group of patients with acute disc herniation served as control group. We found a higher density of sensory nerve fibers in LSS patients versus controls. These findings support the role of LF in associated low back pain. Density of sensory nerve fibers in LSS, was positively correlated with typical markers of clinical pain and functional disability, but not with LF density of activated fibroblasts. Inflammation as estimated by macrophage infiltration and higher vascularity does not play a marked role in LF in our LSS patients. In the present study, compared to men with LSS, women with LSS demonstrate more pain and depression, and show a higher density of sensory nerve fibers in LF. This study shed new light on nociceptive nerve fibers, which are increased in LSS compared to controls. The findings speak against a strong inflammatory component in LSS. A higher pain levels in women compared to men can be explained by a higher density of nociceptive nerve fibers. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 9999:1–7, 2019.
Preparative mass‐spectrometry profiling of minor concentrated metabolites in Salicornia gaudichaudiana Moq by high‐speed countercurrent chromatography and off‐line electrospray mass‐spectrometry injection
Authors: Costa Fernanda das Neves , Borges Ricardo Moreira , Leitão Gilda Guimarães , Jerz Gerold
Published: February 2019

Salicornia species have just been introduced to the European market as a vegetable named ‘samphire’, ‘green asparagus’, or ‘sea asparagus’. Due to its increasing attention, and associated value, minor compounds of Salicornia gaudichaudiana Moq were investigated. The use of countercurrent chromatography and mass spectrometry enabled the search for known, as well as potentially novel natural products. Their identification was achieved based on molecular weights and mass‐spectrometric fragmentation data. Low detection limits enabled the visualization of all compounds with their identification in almost real time close to the preparative countercurrent chromatography experiment. A list of known natural products from Salicornia genus guided the identification process of compounds occurring in Salicornia gaudichaudiana Moq by tandem mass spectrometry fragment comparison. The natural product classes were divided into four groups: chlorogenic acid derivatives; flavonoid derivatives; pentacyclic triterpenoid saponins; and other compounds.
Risk for Revictimization Following Interpersonal and Noninterpersonal Trauma: Clarifying the Role of Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms and Trauma‐Related Cognitions
Authors: Jaffe Anna E. , DiLillo David , Gratz Kim L. , Messman‐Moore Terri L.
Published: February 2019

One victimization experience can increase the risk for subsequent victimization, which is known as revictimization. The aims of this study were to build on sexual revictimization research by (a) broadening the understanding of revictimization to interpersonal (and potentially noninterpersonal) trauma generally and (b) gaining specificity in the mechanisms that underlie revictimization. Using a prospective multisite design, an ethnically and racially diverse sample of 453 young women from the community (age range: 18–25 years, 60.7% European American) completed an initial survey and at least one follow‐up survey within the subsequent year. Participants completed self‐report measures of trauma history, posttraumatic stress symptoms, and maladaptive posttraumatic cognitions. Structural equation models revealed that interpersonal revictimization was observed when controlling for past noninterpersonal trauma, odds ratio (OR) = 2.27, 95% CI [1.23, 4.18], and supported the role of posttraumatic stress symptoms as a mechanism underlying such revictimization, 95% CI of indirect effect (IE) [0.08, 0.51]. Additionally, a history of noninterpersonal trauma (controlling for past interpersonal trauma) increased risk of subsequent interpersonal victimization via posttraumatic stress symptoms, 95% CI of IE [0.01, 0.38]. Notably, however, when maladaptive cognitions were included as mediators in addition to posttraumatic stress symptoms, the only unique indirect effect was for the association between interpersonal trauma and risk of revictimization specifically through perceived threat of harm, 95% CI of IE [0.05, 0.20]. These findings suggest that efforts to reduce interpersonal revictimization should target maladaptive posttraumatic cognitions, particularly perceptions of threat in the environment.
Body Image in Liver Transplantation Recipients
Authors: Zimbrean Paula C. , Gan Geliang , Deng Yanhong , Emre Sukru
Published: February 2019

Body image (BI) concerns have been reported to play a significant role in the psychological adaptation after organ transplantation. There is a paucity of data about BI beliefs in liver transplant recipients. We report the results of a cross‐sectional study of 177 liver transplant recipients for whom we assessed BI, anxiety, depression, and quality of life (QOL) using validated instruments. Our results indicate that higher BI concerns correlated with higher levels of anxiety and depression. BI concerns were more elevated in females, younger patients, and patients with a lower income. Patients with chronic liver disease had more BI concerns than patients who received liver transplantation for acute liver failure. Specific BI concerns also correlated independently with QOL scores. We conclude that BI concerns are significant in liver transplant recipients and should be evaluated by clinicians involved in the mental health care of this population.
Evolving Trends in Liver Transplant for Metabolic Liver Disease in the United States
Authors: McKiernan Patrick J. , Ganoza Armando , Squires James E. , Squires Robert H. , Vockley Jerry , Mazariegos George , Soltys Kyle , Sun Qing , Sindhi Rakesh
Published: February 2019

Indications for liver transplantation (LT) in metabolic disease are evolving. We reviewed the US experience with primary LT for metabolic disease in the Scientific Registry for Transplant Recipients (October 1987 to June 2017) to determine the following: temporal changes in indications, longterm outcomes, and factors predicting survival. Patients were grouped by the presence of structural liver disease (SLD) and whether the defect was confined to the liver. There were 5996 patients who underwent LT for metabolic disease, 2354 (39.3%) being children. LT for metabolic disease increased in children but not in adults. Children experienced a 6‐fold increase in LT for metabolic disease without SLD. Indications for LT remained stable in adults. Living donor liver transplantation increased between era 1 and era 3 from 5.6% to 7.6% in children and 0% to 4.5% in adults. Patient and graft survival improved with time. The latest 5‐year patient survival rates were 94.5% and 81.5% in children and adults, respectively. Outcomes were worse in adults and in those with extrahepatic disease (P < 0.01), whereas SLD did not affect outcomes. Survival improved with younger age at LT until age <2 years. On multivariate analysis, diagnostic category, inpatient status, age at LT, and transplant era significantly predicted outcomes in all ages with male sex predicting survival in childhood only. Children without structural disease were less likely to die awaiting LT and had improved post‐LT survival compared with children with chronic liver disease. In conclusion, LT for metabolic disease is increasingly used for phenotypic correction in children; extrahepatic manifestations significantly impact survival at all ages; where indicated, transplantation should not be unnecessarily delayed; and the development of new allocation models may be required.
Ultraporous Membranes Electrospun from Nonsolvent‐Induced Phase‐Separated Ternary Systems
Authors: Rezabeigi Ehsan , Demarquette Nicole R.
Published: February 2019

Electrospinning of nonsolvent‐induced phase‐separated ternary (NIPST) systems has gained a lot of interest due to its potential to produce (nano)fibers, which are superficially and internally porous with nanoscale surface roughness. Membranes produced from such systems are expected to have a high specific surface area (SSA; e.g., more than 50 m2 g−1), an essential requirement for many of their applications. In spite of their advantages and potential, there are major issues regarding the electrospinning of NIPST systems that are not systematically addressed in the literature. In this paper, the most recent developments are reported and the potential and challenges associated with the electrospinning of NIPST systems are discussed. Furthermore, the essential steps to improve and optimize the electrospinning process of these systems are concisely discussed. By developing a modified time‐dependent rheological model, a time range can be defined for NIPST systems as “electrospinnability window,” in which fiber functionality and characteristics can be tailored through aging of the systems prior to electrospinning. Some potential post‐treatment processes are also proposed based on the results of recent studies to stabilize as‐electrospun membranes without damaging their highly porous fibers, which can guarantee their in‐service mechanical and morphological stability.
Healthcare decision‐making applications using multicriteria decision analysis: A scoping review
Authors: Glaize Annabelle , Duenas Alejandra , Di Martinelly Christine , Fagnot Isabelle
Published: February 2019

The objective of this study is to review applications of multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) methods to provide structure for and practical insights on how MCDA methods are applied in different healthcare areas. Four databases (Embase, Medline, Web of Science, and PubMed) were searched from 1980 to February 7, 2018. A scoping review was performed to outline the most frequently applied MCDA methods, in which only case studies were considered, as the objective was to assess the applications of MCDA methods. Seventy case studies were selected. The review showed that the first real‐life application was published in 1990. With regard to areas of application, three aspects were analysed: type of health services (public or private), type of intervention (preventive, diagnostic, or treatment), and healthcare area (policymaking; resource allocation; health technology assessment; pharmaceutics; and hospital, clinical, or patient level). Data revealed that MCDA was principally used in public health services (n = 59). Three types of interventions were identified: prevention (n = 36), diagnosis (n = 32), and treatment (n = 2). An MCDA process of application was then followed to provide practical insights. During the problem‐structuring phase, results showed that processes for selecting stakeholders and criteria differed among healthcare areas. For model building, authors preferred value measurement methods and especially the analytical hierarchy process. Authors of the 70 case studies included and confirmed the usefulness of MCDA in different healthcare contexts. The stakeholders, criteria, and MCDA methods chosen differ from one study to another, answering different research objectives in different healthcare areas. This scoping review highlights the importance of each MCDA step (using Belton and Stewart's framework), from problem structuring (including the selection of stakeholders) to the model building phase (encompassing the selection of the appropriate MCDA method). We recommend structured and justified analysis so that decision makers and stakeholders can feel confident during the application process in order to make final decisions more meaningful. Further work is needed to help researchers and decision makers when choosing a suitable MCDA method.
Founder's background as a catalyst for social entrepreneurship
Authors: Asarkaya Cigdem , Keles Taysir Nurgul
Published: February 2019

Social entrepreneurship has a long history of practice worldwide. However, the concept has become widely popular among researchers over the last two decades. Despite this popularity, less is known about the process, which leads to becoming a social entrepreneur. Barendsen and Gardner's study shows that many social entrepreneurs have traumatic experience in their early lives; however, there are no supporting studies investigating the impact of the background of founders on the founding decision of their entities. Because of that we utilized the models of theory of planned behavior as well as the concept of imprinting to explain the process that leads to entrepreneurial behavior. The purpose of our study is to investigate the life stories of some Turkish social entrepreneurs, and to explore which factors in these people's backgrounds may have contributed to their decisions to establish their foundations.
Molecular comparison of interval and screen‐detected breast cancers
Authors: Cheasley Dane , Li Na , Rowley Simone M , Elder Kenneth , Mann G Bruce , Loi Sherene , Savas Peter , Goode David L , Kader Tanjina , Zethoven Magnus , Semple Tim , Fox Stephen B , Pang Jia‐Min , Byrne David , Devereux Lisa , Nickson Carolyn , Procopio Pietro , Lee Grant , Hughes Siobhan , Saunders Hugo , Fujihara Kenji M , Kuykhoven Keilly , Connaughton Jacquie , James Paul A , Gorringe Kylie L , Campbell Ian G
Published: February 2019

Breast cancer (BC) diagnosed after a negative mammogram but prior to the next screening episode is termed an 'interval BC' (IBC). Understanding the molecular differences between IBC and screen‐detected BCs (SDBC) could improve mammographic screening and management options. Therefore, we assessed both germline and somatic genomic aberrations in a prospective cohort. Utilising the Lifepool cohort of >54 000 women attending mammographic screening programs, 930 BC cases with screening status were identified (726 SDBC and 204 IBC). Clinico‐pathological and family history information were recorded. Germline and tumour DNA were collected where available and sequenced for BC predisposition and driver gene mutations. Compared to SDBC, IBCs were significantly associated with a younger age at diagnosis and tumour characteristics associated with worse prognosis. Germline DNA assessment of BC cases that developed post‐enrolment (276 SDBCs and 77 IBCs) for pathogenic mutations in 12 hereditary BC predisposition genes identified 8 carriers (2.27%). The germline mutation frequency was higher in IBC versus SDBC, although not statistically significant (3.90% versus 1.81%, p = 0.174). Comparing somatic genetic features of IBC and SDBC matched for grade, histological subtype and hormone receptor revealed no significant differences, with the exception of higher homologous recombination deficiency scores in IBC, and copy number changes on chromosome Xq in triple negative SDBCs. Our data demonstrates that while IBCs are clinically more aggressive than SDBC, when matched for confounding clinico‐pathological features they do not represent a unique molecular class of invasive BC, but could be a consequence of timing of tumour initiation and mammographic screening. Copyright © 2019 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigation of mechanisms involved in germination enhancement of wheat (Triticum aestivum) by cold plasma: Effects on seed surface chemistry and characteristics
Authors: Los Agata , Ziuzina Dana , Boehm Daniela , Cullen Patrick J. , Bourke Paula
Published: February 2019

Recent reports indicate that atmospheric cold plasma (ACP) treatment of seeds can enhance their germination, however, the mechanisms of action are not yet entirely clear. In the present work, we report on the effects of plasma treatment on wheat seed germination and seedling growth. Additionally, changes in the surface chemistry and characteristics of the wheat seeds exposed to plasma were investigated. Treatments of 30–60 s significantly enhanced the germination rate and showed positive effects on seedling growth. ACP resulted in changes of seed surface and chemical characteristics including water uptake and contact angle values. Changes in seed pH and total titratable acidity, as well as nitrites, nitrates, and malondialdehyde concentrations were also recorded.
Exploring new strategies for grafting binding peptides onto protein loops using a consensus‐designed tetratricopeptide repeat scaffold
Authors: Madden Sarah K. , Perez‐Riba Albert , Itzhaki Laura S.
Published: February 2019

Peptide display approaches, in which peptide epitopes of known binding activities are grafted onto stable protein scaffolds, have been developed to constrain the peptide in its bioactive conformation and to enhance its stability. However, peptide grafting can be a lengthy process requiring extensive computational modeling and/or optimisation by directed evolution techniques. In this study, we show that ultra‐stable consensus‐designed tetratricopeptide repeat (CTPR) proteins are amenable to the grafting of peptides that bind the Kelch‐like ECH‐associated protein 1 (Keap1) onto the loop between adjacent repeats. We explore simple strategies to optimize the grafting process and show that modest improvements in Keap1‐binding affinity can be obtained by changing the composition of the linker sequence flanking either side of the binding peptide.
An inhibitory mechanism of action of coiled‐coil peptides against type three secretion system from enteropathogenic Escherichia coli
Authors: Larzábal Mariano , Baldoni Hector A. , Suvire Fernando D. , Curto Lucrecia M. , Gomez Gabriela E. , Da Silva Wanderson Marques , Giudicessi Silvana L. , Camperi Silvia A. , Delfino Jose M. , Cataldi Angel A. , Enriz Daniel
Published: February 2019

Human pathogenic gram‐negative bacteria, such as enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC), rely on type III secretion systems (T3SS) to translocate virulence factors directly into host cells. The coiled‐coil domains present in the structural proteins of T3SS are conformed by amphipathic alpha‐helical structures that play an important role in the protein‐protein interaction and are essential for the assembly of the translocation complex. To investigate the inhibitory capacity of these domains on the T3SS of EPEC, we synthesized peptides between 7 and 34 amino acids based on the coiled‐coil domains of proteins that make up this secretion system. This analysis was performed through in vitro hemolysis assays by assessing the reduction of T3SS‐dependent red blood cell lysis in the presence of the synthesized peptides. After confirming its inhibitory capacity, we performed molecular modeling assays using combined techniques, docking‐molecular dynamic simulations, and quantum‐mechanic calculations of the various peptide‐protein complexes, to improve the affinity of the peptides to the target proteins selected from T3SS. These techniques allowed us to demonstrate that the peptides with greater inhibitory activity, directed against the coiled‐coil domain of the C‐terminal region of EspA, present favorable hydrophobic and hydrogen bond molecular interactions. Particularly, the hydrogen bond component is responsible for the stabilization of the peptide‐protein complex. This study demonstrates that compounds targeting T3SS from pathogenic bacteria can indeed inhibit bacterial infection by presenting a higher specificity than broad‐spectrum antibiotics. In turn, these peptides could be taken as initial structures to design and synthesize new compounds that mimic their inhibitory pharmacophoric pattern.
A case of vitiligo cured with cucumber and sulfur
Authors: Liu Zhigang , Wang Ru , Zhang Chaohui , Guo Shanshan , Chen Peijie
Published: February 2019

This study investigates a 42‐year‐old man who used sulfur powder adhered to cucumber slices to successfully self‐treat a vitiligo condition. The treatment has resulted in no recurrence of the disease for 21 years. We analyzed the mechanism of this folk prescription for vitiligo, concluding that the success of the self‐treatment may be mainly associated with hydrogen sulfide (H2S). The antibacterial activity of pentathionic acid (H2S5O6) and the antioxidant activity of cucumber might also play a role in the treatment.
Femtosecond Photon‐Mediated Plasma Enhances Photosynthesis of Plasmonic Nanostructures and Their SERS Applications
Authors: Ran Peng , Jiang Lan , Li Xin , Li Bo , Zuo Pei , Lu Yongfeng
Published: February 2019

Laser ablation in liquid has proven to be a universal and green method to synthesize nanocrystals and fabricate functional nanostructures. This study demonstrates the superiority of femtosecond laser‐mediated plasma in enhancing photoredox of metal cations for controllable fabrication of plasmonic nanostructures in liquid. Through employing upstream high energetic plasma during laser‐induced microexplosions, single/three‐electron photoreduction of metallic cations can readily occur without chemical reductants or capping agents. Experimental evidences demonstrate that this process exhibits higher photon utilization efficiency in yield of colloidal metal nanoparticles than direct irradiation of metallic precursors. Photogenerated hydrated electrons derived from strong ionization of silicon and water are responsible for this enhanced consequences. Furthermore, these metallic nanoparticles are accessible to self‐assemble into nanoplates for silver and nanospheres for gold, favored by surface‐tension gradients between laser irradiated and unirradiated regions. These metallic nanostructures exhibit excellent surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy performance in trace detection of Rhodamine 6G (R6G), 4‐mercaptobenzoic acid (4‐MBA), and mercapto‐5‐nitrobenzimidazole molecules with high sensitivity (down to 10−12 mol L−1, 30 × 10−15
m for R6G), good reproducibility (relative standard deviation < 7%), and good dual‐analyte detection ability with mixture ratios of R6G to 4‐MBA ranging from 20 to 0.025. The conceptual importance of this plasma‐enhanced‐photochemical process may provide exciting opportunities in photochemical reactions, plasmofluidics, and material synthesis.
Co–Fe Alloy/N‐Doped Carbon Hollow Spheres Derived from Dual Metal–Organic Frameworks for Enhanced Electrocatalytic Oxygen Reduction
Authors: Zhang Song Lin , Guan Bu Yuan , Lou Xiong Wen (David)
Published: February 2019

Metal–organic framework (MOF) composites have recently been considered as promising precursors to derive advanced metal/carbon‐based materials for various energy‐related applications. Here, a dual‐MOF‐assisted pyrolysis approach is developed to synthesize Co–Fe alloy@N‐doped carbon hollow spheres. Novel core–shell architectures consisting of polystyrene cores and Co‐based MOF composite shells encapsulated with discrete Fe‐based MOF nanocrystallites are first synthesized, followed by a thermal treatment to prepare hollow composite materials composed of Co–Fe alloy nanoparticles homogeneously distributed in porous N‐doped carbon nanoshells. Benefitting from the unique structure and composition, the as‐derived Co–Fe alloy@N‐doped carbon hollow spheres exhibit enhanced electrocatalytic performance for oxygen reduction reaction. The present approach expands the toolbox for design and preparation of advanced MOF‐derived functional materials for diverse applications.
Phylogenetics and cytology of a pantropical orchid genusPolystachya(Polystachyinae, Vandeae, Orchidaceae): Evidence from plastid DNA sequence data
Authors: Russell Anton , Samuel Rosabelle , Rupp Barbara , Barfuss Michael H.J. , Šafran Marko , Besendorfer Visnja , Chase Mark W.
Published: February 2019

The pantropical orchid genusPolystachyais the subject of ongoing taxonomic work. We inferred phylogenetic relationships in the genus using 5.3 kb of plastid DNA, for 83 out of ca. 240 species and 12 out of 15 sections, as well as five outgroup species. We also collected ploidy data using chromosome counts and genome size estimates. Bayesian and parsimony trees were congruent with each other and well resolved.Polystachyaappears monophyletic based on current sampling, provided that the nameP. neobenthamiais used instead ofNeobenthamia gracilisfor that species. The current sectional classification does not define monophyletic groups, but the present study can be used as the basis for a future sectional classification. Areas postulated as Pleistocene refugia for wet tropical forests in Africa also form centres of diversity for the genus. Biogeographical analyses using DIVA and Lagrange show an early radiation in eastern Africa, followed by separate radiations in eastern and western Africa. Subsequent dispersal from western to eastern Africa has occurred at a much higher rate than from east to west. Dispersal to the Neotropics occurred more than once, and one lineage has spread recently and rapidly throughout the tropics. Polyploidy has occurred several times during the diversification of the genus, most notably in association with the recent pantropical dispersal.
Out of China: Distribution history of Ginkgo biloba L.
Authors: Zhao Yunpeng , Paule Juraj , Fu Chengxin , Koch Marcus A.
Published: February 2019

Gingko biloba L. is one of the most mysterious plant species, which continues to attract the interest of scientists and the public since many centuries. However, our knowledge of its evolutionary history and worldwide distribution is limited. Herein we are combining evidence from a previous phylogeographic analysis of Ginkgo biloba's range in China using cpDNA and AFLPs with new data from old, early introduced in Korea, Japan, Europe and Northern America with the aim to unravel the early human–mediated introduction history of this species. We provide evidence that Ginkgo biloba reached Japan via different routes from China during the last two millennia most likely by human–mediated dispersal. Based on AFLP data, all individuals originally introduced to Europe and North America (e.g., by Kaempfer in Europe in the 1720s) are genetically similar to one of the Korean accessions raising, the question of the validity of the origin of Kaempfer's original material, which was said to be brought from Japan to Europe in the early 18th century. Multiple introduction into Korea and Japan in concert with an out–crossing mating system has maintained high levels of gene diversity; this is also true for the European and North American trees. In addition, the trees outside the original Chinese Pleistocene refugia, due to their relatively small gene–pool, have a reduced number of AFLP fragments and no exclusive alleles.
New tribal delimitations for the early diverging lineages of Apiaceae subfamily Apioideae
Authors: Magee Anthony R. , Calviño Carolina I. , Liu Mei (Rebecca) , Downie Stephen R. , Tilney Patricia M. , Wyk Ben-Erik van
Published: February 2019

Phylogenetic analyses of the cpDNA trnQ–trnK5′ exon region for 27 genera and 42 species of Saniculoideae and early diverging lineages of Apioideae were carried out to assess or confirm the tribal placements of the following anomalous genera: Annesorhiza, Astydamia, Chamarea, Choritaenia, Ezosciadium, Itasina, Lichtensteinia, Marlothiella, Molopospermum and Phlyctidocarpa. To accommodate these unique early diverging members of the Apiaceae and to reflect their relationships, a new tribal classification system has become necessary. Many of the early diverging genera (herein referred to as the protoapioids) can readily be distinguished from the euapioids (the remaining apioids) by the presence of scattered druse crystals in the mesocarp. The major morphological discontinuity within the family, however, lies between the combined protoapioids and euapioids (representing an expanded Apioideae s.l., including the Saniculoideae) and the subfamilies Azorelloideae and Mackinlayoideae. The broadened subfamily Apioideae is diagnostically different from the other subfamilies in the absence of rhomboidal crystals, the presence of druse crystals scattered throughout the mesocarp (subsequently lost in the euapioids), and the non–woody endocarp. No such diagnostic characters are available to support the traditional or recently expanded concept of Saniculoideae. The broadened concept of Apioideae is also supported by the sporadic presence of true wings. This character can be variously interpreted from a phylogenetic point of view, but nevertheless has considerable diagnostic value. A new tribal classification system for the protoapioids is proposed on the basis of molecular, morphological and anatomical evidence. This new system is intended to be practical and non–hierarchical to allow for future realignments amongst the tribes, as more evidence becomes available. It makes provision for hitherto poorly known African taxa and comprises the following eight tribes, five of which are newly described: Annesorhizeae, Choritaenieae, Heteromorpheae, Lichtensteinieae, Marlothielleae, Phlyctidocarpeae, Saniculeae and Steganotaenieae.
Plant DNA barcoding: A test using Macaronesian taxa of Tolpis (Asteraceae)
Authors: Mort Mark E. , Crawford Daniel J. , Archibald Jenny K. , O'Leary T. Ryan , Santos-Guerra Arnoldo
Published: February 2019

Two combinations (designated as options 1 and 2) of four plastid markers (matK, rpoC1, rpoB, psbA–trnH) that have been recommended for DNA barcoding were tested for utility in a putatively recently–diversified group: the primarily Canarian clade within the genus Tolpis (Asteraceae). Prior studies had indicated very little molecular variation in the group, and thus it was used to determine whether accepted taxa, segregate species, and morphological variants ostensibly deserving taxonomic recognition could be distinguished employing regions proposed as useful for DNA barcoding. The regions, particularly option 2, separated all morphologically distinct species of Tolpis except one, and distinguished one segregate species and certain variants in a morphologically variable and intergrading group (comprising both the T. laciniata and T. lagopoda species complexes). The barcoding sequences also revealed several variants that are worthy of additional study in order to further understand the diversity of Tolpis in the Canary Islands.
A rapid and cost–efficient DMSO–based method for isolating DNA from cultured lichen photobionts
Authors: del Campo Eva M. , Hoyo Alicia del , Casano Leonardo M. , Martínez-Alberola Fernando , Barreno Eva
Published: February 2019

We have developed a simple and fast procedure for the purification of PCR–quality DNA from cultured lichen photobionts. This new one–step method uses the solvent dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) combined with heat treatment to chemically breakdown algal and plant tissues. The DMSO–DNA extracts may be directly precipitated and purified by standard techniques in a total time of approximately 30 min. Compared to other DNA extraction protocols, the DMSO–based method suppresses the need for liquid nitrogen, any extraction buffer, grinding, phenol, and long incubation or centrifugation steps, thereby considerably reducing the possibility of contamination. In addition, minimal amounts of starting material (5 × 106–20 × 106 cells from liquid or agarized cultures) produce sufficient DNA for 200 PCR reactions approximately, making this protocol a practical option for colony screening. This method works well in a wide range of cultured lichen photobionts and reduces the amount of labor–intensive steps and time consumed by other multi–step procedures, allowing for efficient processing of an increased number of samples.