bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Social Science in the Courtroom
Authors: Rosenfeld Michael J.
Published: November 2021

Chapter 18 describes social science research of the 1940s and 1950s that showed how segregation harmed both minority and majority populations and thereby played a role in the landmark Brown v. Board of Education decision of 1954. Between 1896, when the Supreme Court endorsed segregation in Plessy v. Ferguson to 1954, when the Supreme Court rejected segregation, social science had built a consensus about the many harms and costs that racial segregation imposed on Black and on White children. Like school desegregation, marriage equality’s victories in the courts were built on a social science consensus, specifically the social science consensus that children raised by same-sex couples have good outcomes.
Crossing the Divide
Authors: Lucas Robert E.B.
Published: November 2021

The magnitude, nature, causes, and consequences of population movements between rural and urban sectors of developing countries are examined. The prior literature is reviewed and is found to be limited in key dimensions. Evidence presented from a new database encompasses nationally representative data on seventy-five developing countries. Several measures of migration propensities are derived for the separate countries. The situation in each country is documented, both in historical context and following the time of enumeration. Rural-urban migrants enjoy major gains; those who do not move forego substantial, potential gains. Barriers to migrating are very real for disadvantaged groups. Migration among ethnolinguistic communities is a pervasive theme; the context in which each group lives is detailed. Upward mobility in incomes in towns is affirmed, and the departure of adults from rural homes raises the living standards of the family left behind, but consequent separation of married couples is endemic to particular societies. Reclassification of rural areas as urban is shown to be more important than net rural-urban moves in incremental urbanization and rural-urban moves are less permanent than normally portrayed. A contention of symmetry between rural-urban and urban-rural migration propensities is rejected, and indications that these twin movements result in sorting of labor by skills are not supported. Moreover, step and onward migration are not as common as popularly claimed. Previously neglected topics studied include autonomous migration by women, child migration, and networks at origin. Policies to limit rural-urban migration are questioned, and as climate change continues, planning for managed urban growth is vital.
Fitting Things Together
Authors: Worsnip Alex
Published: November 2021

Some combinations of attitudes—beliefs, credences, intentions, preferences, hopes, fears, and so on—don’t fit together right: they are incoherent. A natural idea is that there is a class of rational requirements—the requirements of structural rationality—that forbid these incoherent states. Yet there are surprisingly deep challenges that arise for this natural idea. First, there are challenges about how these requirements relate to “substantive” rational requirements that require us to have attitudes that are supported by good reasons. Second, there are challenges about what, if anything, unifies the diverse class of instances of incoherence. And third, there are challenges about how, if at all, facts about coherence are normatively significant. These challenges have led many philosophers to deny that structural rationality is a genuine kind of rationality after all. And even the most prominent philosophers who do believe in requirements of structural rationality have often been reticent to defend the claims that such requirements are unified or normatively significant, or reticent to give accounts of how this could be so. By contrast, this book provides a sustained defense of the view that structural rationality is a genuine kind of rationality—distinct from and irreducible to substantive rationality—and of the view that it is unified and normatively significant. In developing a theory of structural rationality, it also aims to show how such a theory can help to illuminate numerous standing debates in both ethics and epistemology.
Chaos Rainbows
Authors: Schultz William Todd
Published: November 2021

Chapter 4 provides an examination of the common states of mind arising out of openness, including schizotypy, reduced latent inhibition, and cognitive disinhibition. The chapter reconstructs a frame of mind artists themselves have a hard time describing. From there, questions center on the shaping, the organizing, and the ordering involved in art-making. Most of the chapter is dedicated to chaos and its roots in personality. But chaos alone isn’t enough. Creativity is making something. Chaos is a means to that end, the making. How the artist uses chaos is just as important as finding ways to stay open to it. Numerous artists are used as illustrations, including Bob Dylan, Jack Kerouac, Jerry Seinfeld, Steve Jobs, and Joni Mitchell. A four-step model for how raw materials get shaped into art is also presented.
The Myth of the Mentally Ill Artist
Authors: Schultz William Todd
Published: November 2021

Chapter 7 examines the actual study findings related to art and mental illness and concludes that this connection has not been decisively established. The chapter looks at popular studies that have attempted to prove that artists disproportionately suffer from mental illness. The author argues that these studies rise or fall based on how they are conducted, or the quality of the research, and proceeds to look closely at this quality question. The author argues something very different from the art–madness equation: that art is rooted not in disorder but in variations of personality. It’s personality that’s predictive, not emotional disturbance. The author concludes by locating the actual source of artist “torture” in the qualities of mind produced by openness.
Willful Defiance
Authors: Warren Mark R.
Published: November 2021

Willful Defiance documents how Black and Brown parents, students and members of low-income communities of color organized to dismantle the school-to-prison pipeline in their local schools and built a movement that spread across the country. The book begins in the Mississippi Delta where African American families were some of the first to name and speak out against the school-to-prison pipeline and challenge anti-Black racism, exclusionary discipline policies that suspend and expel students of color at disproportionate rates and policing practices that lead students into the juvenile and criminal justice systems. The book examines organizing processes in Mississippi, Los Angeles, Chicago, and other localities, showing how groups led by parents and students of color built the power to win policy changes to reduce suspensions and expulsions by centering the participation of people most impacted by injustice and combining deep local organizing with resources from the national movement. It shows how an intersectional movement emerged as girls of color and gender nonconforming students asserted their voice, the movement won victories to remove or defund school police and sought to establish restorative justice alternatives to transform deep-seated racism in public schools. The book documents the struggle organizers waged to build a movement led by community groups accountable to people most impacted by injustice rather than Washington-based professional advocates. It offers a new model for federated movements that operate simultaneously at local, state, and national levels, while primarily oriented to support local organizing and reconceptualizes national movements as interconnected local struggles whose victories are lifted up and “nationalized” to transform racially inequitable policies at multiple levels.
The School-to-Prison Pipeline
Authors: Warren Mark R.
Published: November 2021

Chapter 1 offers an analysis of the school-to-prison pipeline as the modern incarnation of a system of white supremacy based upon the mass criminalization of Black and Brown communities. It documents the rise of the school-to-prison pipeline in zero-tolerance school discipline policies and the increasing presence of police and security measures in schools. The school-to-prison pipeline is more than a set of well-intentioned but misguided school discipline policies that require reform. Rather, it represents an interlocking system of racial domination and control that keeps communities of color poor and lacking in power. It signifies the current version of the historic effort to maintain white supremacy by denying education to African Americans and criminalizing generations of young people of color and their families. This larger analytical framework of systemic racism is important because it establishes the need for a racial and educational justice movement to dismantle it.
The Movement Spreads
Authors: Warren Mark R.
Published: November 2021

Chapter 7 discusses the spread of the movement across the country. It shows how small, under-resourced groups like Racial Justice NOW! in Dayton, Ohio, won significant victories by combining strong parent organizing with critical support from the national Dignity in Schools Campaign. It charts the efforts of Families and Friends of Louisiana’s Incarcerated Children to combat the school-to-prison pipeline in a privatized district dominated by charter schools. It examines the work of the Gwinnett Parent Coalition to Dismantle the School-to-Prison Pipeline outside of Atlanta. It shows how students of color face sharply inequitable discipline despite attending higher performing schools and the challenges of confronting the school-to-prison pipeline in white-dominated districts used to serving majority white populations. The chapter ends in the suburbs surrounding Richmond, Virginia, where local organizers confront a system that has systematically denied educational opportunities to students of color with special needs.
Ostmark
Authors: Roche Helen
Published: November 2021

Following Austria’s annexation by the Third Reich, the NPEA authorities were eager to pursue every opportunity to found new Napolas in the freshly acquired territories of the ‘Ostmark’. In the first instance, the Inspectorate took over the existing state boarding schools (Bundeserziehungsanstalten/Staatserziehungsanstalten) at Wien-Breitensee, Wien-Boerhavegasse, Traiskirchen, and the Theresianum. Secondly, beyond Vienna, numerous Napolas were also founded in the buildings of monastic foundations which had been requisitioned and expropriated by the Nazi security services. These included the abbey complexes at Göttweig, Lambach, Seckau, Vorau, and St. Paul (Spanheim), as well as the Catholic seminary at St. Veit (present-day Ljubljana-Šentvid, Slovenia). This chapter begins by charting the chequered history of the former imperial and royal (k.u.k.) cadet schools in Vienna, which were refashioned into civilian Bundeserziehungsanstalten by the Austrian socialist educational reformer Otto Glöckel immediately after World War I. During the reign of Dollfuß and Schuschnigg’s Austrofascist state, the schools were threatened from within by the terrorist activity of illegal Hitler Youth cells, and the Anschluss was ultimately welcomed by many pupils, staff, and administrators. August Heißmeyer and Otto Calliebe’s subsequent efforts to reform the schools into Napolas led to their being incorporated into the NPEA system on 13 March 1939. The chapter then treats the Inspectorate’s foundation of further Napolas in expropriated religious buildings, focusing on NPEA St. Veit as a case study. In conclusion, it outlines the ways in which both of these forms of Napolisation conformed to broader patterns of Nazification policy in Austria after the Anschluss.
Principles of Metal Refining and Recycling
Authors: Engh Thorvald Abel , Sigworth Geoffrey K. , Kvithyld Anne
Published: November 2021

Covers the field of recycling and refining of metals. An important point the book stresses is that the principles are the same in the treatment of various different metals. The book answerd why it is important to have a clean and properly alloyed metal from recycling and refined metal? The text covers basic thermodynamics, physical and transport properties, mixing, mass transfer and numerical models. Further it identifies problems and described methods for removal of dissolved impurity elements, particles and inclusions, also during solidification. And lastly applications remelting and addition of alloys, recycling and challenges and specific processes for each metal are included. The book is self-contained.
Soft Parmenideanism
Authors: Mumford Stephen
Published: November 2021

What-is-not sometimes seems to matter just as much as what is. But Parmenides, in the oldest surviving argument in the West, said that nothing is not anything. He also argued that nothing comes from nothing, we cannot know nothing, nor think or speak about it. Soft Parmenideanism would be an acceptance of some but not all of what Parmenides claimed. It also suggests a methodology. We should avoid negative entities if we can but admit that we might have to accept them under some circumstances, namely, where they are irreducibly negative and an indispensable part of our best scientific or philosophical theory. We will proceed by looking at whether anything meets these conditions or whether some form of soft Parmenideanism survives such a test.
Nonentities
Authors: Mumford Stephen
Published: November 2021

A diverse range of ‘things’ can be viewed as nonentities; that is, negative particulars. Some of the main candidates are considered to see whether anything about them threatens the soft Parmenidean project. Some think of holes as absences, for instance, since they are where something else isn’t. We can think of a hole instead as immaterial and dependent on their hosts, drawing a distinction between real holes and negative, non-existent holes. Similarly, negative facts, limits and boundaries, privations, shadows, omissions, negative norms, negative epistemic states, and logico-mathematical entities such as zero and the empty set are considered. None of them appears to pose a serious threat to soft Parmenideanism.
Life tables: construction and interpretation
Authors: Jones Owen R.
Published: November 2021

Life tables, which describe how the risk of death (and sometimes fertility) changes with age, are a fundamental tool for describing and exploring the diversity of life histories. Numerous important life history metrics can be derived from them. This chapter provides a broad coverage of life table construction and use and use with a particular focus on nonhuman animals. The calculation of life tables can be divided into approaches: cohort-based, where the data are obtained from individuals born at (approximately) the same time that are followed until death; and period-based, where the data are obtained from a population of mixed ages followed for a particular time-frame (e.g. a year). Worked examples of both approaches are provided using data from published sources. Emphasis is placed on understanding concepts such as rates vs. probability, life expectancy, and generation time. Links are drawn between the survivorship curve (type I, type II, and type III survivorship) and entropy. The chapter also covers the concept of the Lexis diagram which is used to represent births and deaths for individuals in different cohorts. Finally, the assumptions and limitations of life tables are discussed, with pointers to further reading. Code and data are provided.
Transient analyses of population dynamics using matrix projection models
Authors: Koons David N. , Iles David T. , Stott Iain
Published: November 2021

The bulk of theoretical population biology has focused on long-term, asymptotic population dynamics for which tractable analytical solutions can be derived for particular questions. Following suit, the vast majority of empirical studies have focused on the established parameters provided by theory, such as the asymptotic population growth rate associated with a stable stage structure. But ‘there is nothing permanent [in natural environments] except change’ (Heraclitus), and thus there are good reasons to expect nonstable stage structures in real populations. The urgency of global change is indeed prompting increasing popularity of studying the transient dynamics caused by nonstable stage structures that occur before asymptotic dynamics are reached. This chapter provides an introduction to the concepts and analysis of transient dynamics using matrix projection models and ample examples.
Efficient use of demographic data: integrated population models
Authors: Gamelon Marlène , Vriend Stefan J. G. , Visser Marcel E. , Hallmann Caspar A. , Lommen Suzanne T. E. , Jongejans Eelke
Published: November 2021

Various types of demographic data can be collected in the field: population censuses, capture–mark–recapture data, and so on. These data sources share common demographic information about the studied population. Bayesian integrated population models (IPM) make efficient use of these different types of demographic data by jointly analysing them. This chapter discusses the advantages and the possibilities offered by this integrated approach. It describes the different steps required to build an IPM and illustrates the usefulness of this approach using two case studies. The first case study is a short-lived bird species, the blue tit, taking advantage of different data sources collected in a Dutch population to highlight how an integrated analysis might help to obtain a comprehensive picture of its dynamics. This IPM also assesses whether and how beech crop size might influence vital rates. The second case study is an invasive plant species, the common ragweed. The chapter illustrates how seedling data, plant data, and seed bank data could be analysed simultaneously to estimate key vital rates such as the probability that a seedling survives up to flowering.
Spatial demography
Authors: Péron Guillaume
Published: November 2021

Demographic methods can be used to study the spatial response of individuals and populations to current global changes. The first mechanism underlying range shifts is a change in the spatial distribution of births and deaths. The spatial regression of demographic rates with geostatistical and spatially explicit models documents the intrinsic growth rate across the range of a population. The population distribution is expected to shift towards areas with the largest intrinsic growth rate, both mechanistically and because these areas are attractive to dispersing individuals. The second mechanism is indeed movement, including emigration away from places that recently became inhospitable and immigration into newly available locations. The analysis of dispersal fluxes using movement data, or indirectly by comparing the observed and intrinsic growth rates in integrated population models, documents these fluxes. Combining these two mechanisms in integral projection models or in individual-based simulations is expected to yield major advances in predictive spatial ecology, that is, mechanistic species distribution models.
Applying comparative methods to different databases: lessons from demographic analyses across mammal species
Authors: Gaillard Jean-Michel , Ronget Victor , Lemaître Jean-François , Bonenfant Christophe , Péron Guillaume , Capdevila Pol , Gamelon Marlène , Salguero-Gómez Roberto
Published: November 2021

Comparative demographic analyses aim to identify axes of variation in vital rates and the factors that determine the position of species along these axes. These analyses can be performed using different primary data sets, with marked heterogeneity in data quality and structure. Whether the outcome of demographic comparative analyses depends on the database used because theoretical predictions of evolutionary ecology are not that robust and depend on the set of species analysed or because data limitation prevents the identification of the expected patterns has never been investigated. This chapter fills this knowledge gap by performing a comparative demographic analysis across mammalian species from two distinct databases (Comadre and Malddaba) that were built for different purposes. The chapter first estimates some demographic metrics for each database, analyses their allometric relationships, and compares the estimates with theoretical expectations by performing phylogenetic regressions. Using Malddaba led to stronger allometric relationships closer to the expectation than Comadre. Moreover, the contribution of dimensionless demographic metrics to axes of variation in the shape of demographic trajectories was different between databases. The findings in the chapter demonstrate the key role of age dependence in vital rates for shaping demographic tactics across mammalian species and highlight the need for carefully choosing the database and the metrics to use depending on the question asked. Instead of opposing databases, the authors’ analysis nicely illustrates that different databases could be used to address different questions about life history variation.
Demographic methods in epidemiology
Authors: Klepac Petra , Metcalf C. Jessica E.
Published: November 2021

Demography is both shaped by and shapes infectious disease dynamics. Infectious pathogens can increase host mortality. Host birth rates introduce new susceptible individuals into the population, which allows infections to persist in the face of the depletion of susceptible individuals that can result from mortality or immunity that can follow infection. Many important processes in infectious disease epidemiology, from transmission to vaccination, vary as a function of age or life stage. Epidemiology thus requires demographic methods. This chapter introduces broad expectations for patterns emerging from the intersection between demography and epidemiology and presents a set of structured population modelling tools that can be used to dissect important processes, including next generation methods, and estimation of R0 in the context of stage structure and with important differences in time-scale between host demography and pathogen life cycle.
Collecting Large-scale Comparative Text Data on Legislative Debates
Authors: Schwalbach Jan , Rauh Christian
Published: November 2021

Parliamentary speeches present one of the most consistently available sources of information about the political priorities, actor positions, and conflict structures in democratic states. Recent advances of automated text analysis offer more and more tools to tap into this information reservoir in a systematic manner. However, collecting the high-quality text data needed for unleashing the comparative potential of the various text analysis algorithms out there is a costly endeavor and faces various pragmatic hurdles. Against this challenge, this chapter offers three contributions. First, we outline best practice guidelines and useful tools for researchers wishing to collect or to extend existing legislative debate corpora. Second, we present an extended version of the ParlSpeech Corpus. Third, we highlight the difficulties of comparing text-as-data outputs across different parliaments, pointing to varying languages, varying traditions and conventions, and varying metadata availability.
Drones for conservation
Authors: Wich Serge A. , Hudson Mike , Andrianandrasana Herizo , Longmore Steven N.
Published: November 2021

Conservation management benefits from having accurate and timely data on land-cover change, animal distribution and density, as well as the ability to detect poachers before they reach their target species. In addition to other methods, drones have become a data collection tool for all three of these aspects and are becoming rapidly more widespread in conservation management and research. This chapter discusses these three issues and provides a case study in which a drone was used for habitat mapping. The chapter will also go over some of the sensors and drone systems currently used in conservation. To conclude, it will discuss the current challenges with the usage of drones in conservation settings.
Pain and the Aesthetics of US Literary Realism
Authors: Davis Cynthia J.
Published: November 2021

This book examines the cultural pursuit of a painless ideal as a neglected context for US literary realism. Advances in anesthesia in the final decades of the nineteenth century together with influential religious ideologies helped strengthen the equation of a comfortable existence insulated from physical suffering with the height of civilization. Theories of the civilizing process as intensifying sensitivity to suffering were often adduced to justify a revulsion from physical pain among the postbellum elite. Yet a sizeable portion of this elite rejected this comfort-seeking, pain-avoiding aesthetic as a regrettable consequence of over-civilization. Proponents of the strenuous cult instead identified pain and strife as essential ingredients of an invigorated life. The Ache of the Actual examines variants on a lesser known counter-sensibility integral to the writings of a number of influential literary realists. William Dean Howells, Henry James, Edith Wharton, Mark Twain, and Charles Chesnutt each delineated alternative definitions of a superior sensibility indebted to suffering rather than to either revulsion from or immersion in it. They resolved the binary contrast between pain-aversion on one side and pain-immersion on the other by endorsing an uncommon responsiveness to pain whose precise form depended on the ethical and aesthetic priorities of the writer in question. Focusing on these variations elucidates the similarities and differences within US literary realism while revealing areas of convergence and divergence between realism and other long-nineteenth-century literary modes, chief among them both sentimentalism and naturalism, that were similarly preoccupied with pain.
Proven Facts, Beliefs, and Reasoned Verdicts
Authors: Beltrán Jordi Ferrer
Published: November 2021

Proven Facts, Beliefs and Reasoned Verdicts challenges a subjectivist conception of factfinding by tying the very concept of “proof” and the applicable proof standards and burdens to the duty of giving reasons for trial verdicts. The chapter examines the link between the Roman-Germanic and English-speaking legal traditions and concludes that evidential subjectivism still predominates in civil law countries in the name of the free evaluation of evidence. It aims to demonstrate that there is a close relationship between the concept of proof, standards of proof, and the way in which the duty of giving reasons for trial verdicts, and even the possibility of complying with this duty, are understood. Specifically, it reinforces the fact that if proof is conceptually linked to the beliefs or convictions of the trier of fact, it is impossible to sustain the idea of giving reasons as a justification of the decisions about facts.
Burdens of Proof
Authors: Spottswood Mark
Published: November 2021

This chapter provides a brief introduction to the scholarly conversation concerning burdens of persuasion. An adequate account of burdens must first explain what case-related facts the burden draws upon to produce outcomes. I review a variety of answers to this question, including probability threshold, likelihood ratio, belief function, weight-of-evidence, explanatory, and story-based approaches. I then identify several key questions that theories must answer with respect to inputs and show that the best answer on any given question must depend on whether the theory is advanced as a psychological, doctrinal, or normative account. The remainder of the chapter considers varying methods of transforming these inputs into case outcomes, including fixed thresholds, variable thresholds, multi-stepped, and continuous approaches. With respect to these choices, the problem of describing current practices is much easier, but the normative debates are harder to resolve.
The Scenario Theory about Evidence in Criminal Law
Authors: Mackor Anne Ruth , van Koppen Peter J.
Published: November 2021

In this chapter the Dutch scenario theory is presented, which was developed in the 1990s by Peter van Koppen and Anne Ruth Mackor in collaboration with Willem Wagenaar and Hans Crombag. The scenario theory builds on the descriptive psychological account featuring factfinders who think in terms of a story when they are reasoning about evidence to develop a normative theory of adjudicative factfinding. The theory claims that factfinders ought to assess the strength of the scenario underlying the indictment by reference to alternative scenarios, the evidence, and their general knowledge of the world. The theory ascribes a piece of evidence the status of a discriminating fact when one scenario explains it better than another competing scenario.
Relevance through a Feminist Lens
Authors: Simon-Kerr Julia
Published: November 2021

This chapter evaluates and criticizes the established evidentiary rules and institutions through the lens of feminist theory. Contrary to accepted wisdom, the author argues that these rules and institution are neither epistemically neutral nor value-free. She develops this argument through the doctrine of relevance that determines whose stories are told and how they are told. These stories’ relevancy and veracity critically depend upon generalizations from experience or expertise that are irreducibly socialized. As such, they predominantly reflect the experiences of the white men acting as judges and comprising the vast majority of jurors, while silencing the experiences and voices of women and people of color. The author claims that understanding this contingency holds the potential for validating alternative ways of knowing and for expanding the process of arriving at truth.
Music ensembles as self-organized groups
Authors: Pennill Nicola , Breslin Dermot
Published: November 2021

Making music in small groups can be viewed as a form of intensive team work. This chapter examines the self-organized nature of music-making, taking as its departure point current thinking in organizational studies. In achieving their goals, self-organized music groups need to balance flexibility and creativity within a framework of “rules” or conventions, within a genre or community of practice. Organizational characteristics of music ensembles are presented as a number of tensions, in which competing forces of stability versus change, collectivity versus individuality, and maturity versus emergence are balanced. These tensions are managed in relation to an organizational structure consisting of roles, leadership, and communication processes, as well as constraints and developments over time. These perspectives offer ways to reflect on group dynamics and musical creative processes, and the internal and external forces impacting rehearsal and performance.
Group behaviors as music
Authors: Saunders James
Published: November 2021

A framework for thinking about group behaviors in music as a compositional strategy is set out, drawing on research in social psychology and game studies to explore how different aspects of group behaviors can be explicitly explored in musical compositions. Using Forsyth’s notion of group dynamics as “the influential interpersonal processes that occur in and between groups over time,” the chapter considers how behavioral–musical systems use rules to govern interaction between people, how decisions are enacted through the ways players make choices, and how values are suggested by the outcome of these decisions. Forsyth suggests five processes that influence the behavior of groups: formative, influence, performance, conflict, and contextual processes. These are discussed in relation to some of the author’s recent work and the strategies evident in work by others.
Together in cyberspace
Authors: Kirkbride Ryan
Published: November 2021

A recent musical practice that has emerged as a result of the twenty-first century’s rapidly developing technological landscape is live coding. This is the act of writing computer code for generating music in front of an audience while the performer projects their screen. As the number of live coders performing together increases, so too does the number of screens required to project all of the ensemble’s code. This well-documented problem is addressed in this chapter, which introduces a live coding editor built for collaborative improvisation and reflects on its impact on group creativity and ensemble interaction. The editor Troop displays all performer’s code in one window, simplifying technical setup, and shares inter-performer communication with audiences. This case study explores technological design parameters that allow live-coding composers to collaboratively compose music in real time and discuss what means of interaction and collaboration these afford.
“Crystal clear” or “as clear as mud!”
Authors: Black Mary T
Published: November 2021

Verbal imagery in the context of the choral rehearsal is explored in this chapter in order to understand how it is employed and what its effects are. Choral directors employ imagery to communicate to singers how to create and change vocal responses. Imagery is allied to specific features in the music and enables singers to gain conceptual understanding of aspects of the vocal sound. The study is based on research into the contexts and efficacy of verbal imagery in choral rehearsals; vocal responses were examined and imagery’s efficacy in affecting all categories of sound was observed, with examples demonstrating the perceived effects on tonal quality. Implications for directors highlight the efficacy of verbal imagery in assisting directors to achieve their musical and creative goals. Directors are encouraged to be creative in devising and employing imagery during their interactions with singers, enabling singers to create the desired vocal responses.
Ensemble participation and personal development
Authors: Burland Karen
Published: November 2021

Participation in leisure activities offers a range of social, emotional, and personal benefits and research investigating the value of musical participation for leisure confirms similar benefits. Music is thought to play a role in the development of self-identity, which suggests that musical leisure may also offer opportunities for individuals to develop, refine, or maintain personal identities. This chapter explores the ways in which the psychological dimensions of ensemble cultures facilitate personal development during adulthood. The chapter proposes that dimensions of group affiliation, opportunities for learning, pleasure and rejuvenation, wellbeing, and identity characterize amateur ensemble participation and impact upon the personal, psychological, and musical development of those who participate. The chapter discusses the ways in which ensembles afford opportunities for individuals to develop motivation and confidence in their working/personal lives, a clear sense of belonging and personal meaning, and an enriched sense of self.
Ensembles in music therapy
Authors: Wood Stuart , Torras Irene Pujol
Published: November 2021

Music therapy is a varied landscape, and the ensemble is a diverse aspect of music therapy practice. This chapter brings together an overview of the many approaches, sites, resources, formats, and types of participant that create ensembles within the frame of professionalized music therapy practice. These elements are discussed through an exploration of the musical structures, contexts, research strategies, and theoretical traditions that underpin them. The chapter explores the evidence and scholarship that are harnessed to justify the prevalence of ensembles in health promotion, and suggests opportunities for further development within practice and research.
Demystifying China's Innovation Machine
Authors: Zhang Marina , Dodgson Mark , Gann David
Published: November 2021

China’s extraordinary economic development is explained in large part by the way it innovates. This book explains how it innovates, which has important implications not only for China but also for the rest of the world. Contrary to widely held views, China’s innovation machine is not created and controlled by an all-powerful government. Instead, it is a complex, interdependent system composed of hundreds of millions of elements, involving bottom-up innovation driven by innovators and entrepreneurs and highly pragmatic and adaptive top-down policy. Using case studies of leading firms and industries, statistics, and policy analysis, the book argues that China’s innovation machine is similar to a natural ecosystem. Innovations in technology, organization, and business model resemble genetic mutations which are random, self-serving and isolated initially, but the best fitting are selected by the market and their impacts are amplified by the innovation machine. This machine draws on China’s massive number of manufacturers, supply chains, innovation clusters, and digitally literate population, connected through supersized digital platforms. China’s innovation suffers from a lack of basic research and reliance upon certain critical technologies from overseas; its scale (size) and scope (diversity) possess attributes that make it self-correcting and stronger in the face of challenges. China’s innovation machine is most effective in a policy environment where the market prevails; policy intervention plays a significant role when market mechanisms are premature or fail. The book concludes that the future success of China’s innovation will depend on continuing policy pragmatism, mass entrepreneurship and innovation, and the development of the ‘new infrastructures’.
China’s Innovation Machine
Authors: Zhang Marina Yue , Dodgson Mark , Gann David M.
Published: November 2021

This chapter sets the context of China’s innovation machine. It introduces its characteristics, including massive numbers of innovators embedded in China’s manufacturing and supply chains that offer efficiency, flexibility, and resilience; the emergence of the digital economy; and pragmatic government policies that have seen the nation progress from a period of catch-up with world leaders to a position of leadership in some fields. It explains the importance of Chinese culture for innovation and the ability of the nation to operate with ‘multiple institutional logics’ of state control and market forces. Challenges confronting China’s innovation machine are outlined, including in some areas of advanced technology and basic research, the fracturing of globalization, and the reascendancy of central planning.
Fix IT
Authors: Thimbleby Harold
Published: November 2021

We can’t get healthcare without computers. This book shows that digital healthcare is riskier than you thought. Until digital healthcare improves, digital risk means that patients will be harmed unnecessarily, and healthcare staff will continue to be blamed for problems when it’s not their fault. This book tells stories of widespread problems with digital healthcare. The stories inspire and challenge anyone who wants to make hospitals and healthcare better. The stories and their resolutions will empower patients, clinical staff and digital developers to help transform digital healthcare to make it safer and more effective. This book is not just about the many problems that affect digital healthcare. More importantly, it’s about the solutions that can make digital healthcare much safer. It’s baffling that these solutions are not universally required, as our health and all our lives depend on them.
Ṭur ʿAbdin
Authors: Keser Kayaalp Elif
Published: November 2021

The introduction of the chapter analyses the topography of Ṭur ʿAbdin through comparisons and settlement relations. The material about church architecture is organized under the separate headings of ‘Villages’ and ‘Monasteries’, which constitute the main settlements in the region, together with some fortifications. The division of settlements into villages and monasteries also coincides with two distinct types of church plans: parish and monastic. In the section on villages, the main settlement features of a late antique village are discussed. After that, the village churches are examined through some of their distinct features, such as engaged arcades, masonry, brickwork, architectural sculpture, and outdoor oratories. The analysis shows that some of these churches underwent considerable rebuilding in the eighth century. Some sixth-century evidence points to their possible origins. Some small churches, built probably from scratch in the eighth century, show that in that period some architectural features were repeated faithfully. Monasteries are first examined as settlements, and spaces that constitute a monastery, other than the churches, such as walls, towers and beth qadishe, are discussed. Then both the main and secondary churches are examined in detail. Some churches of the monasteries stand out for their plan or decoration, such as the church of Mor Ḥananyo at Dayr al-Zaʿfarān and the main church of the monastery of Mor Gabriel. They are dealt with under separate headings. Although not a monastic church, the Church of Yoldath Aloho at Ḥāḥ is treated together with these churches because of some of its architectural features.
Writing a War of Words
Authors: Mugglestone Lynda
Published: November 2021

This book is the first exploration of the war-time quest by Andrew Clark to document changes in the English language from the start of World War One up to 1919. It describes Clark as a writer, historian, and long-time volunteer on the first edition of the Oxford English Dictionary. It focusses, however, on Clark’s unique series of lexical scrapbooks — replete with clippings, annotations, and real-time definitions which reveal, in unprecedented detail, his endeavours to record the intricacies of living language history in war-time use. For Clark, the language of great writers was cast aside. Instead, he chose to investigate language and its use by means of contemporary advertising and newspapers, pamphlets, and ephemera. Across his work, he provides a compelling account of language and language change, probing its role a prism of contemporary events, whether in relation to the changing roles of women, the nature of total war, and the diverse consequences – human and material – of modern and industrial conflict. The book traces Clark’s emphasis on words and sources which might otherwise be neglected, not least given his committed interest in ephemerality and change. In so doing, it offers fresh perspectives on received wisdom on the inexpressibilities of war, examines the diversities of war-time use from a wide range of angles, while stressing the need for Clark’s own recuperation as a innovative if ‘forgotten lexicographer’ of words in time.
The Linguistics Wars
Authors: Harris Randy Allen
Published: November 2021

This book centers on a key rupture in the field of linguistics as a hegemony by the theories of Noam Chomsky appeared to be taking hold, a rupture in the 1960s that began a flowering of alternate approaches to Chomsky's framework, but also reoriented his framework markedly. The rupture was between Generative Semantics, which pushed to include more and more meaning in linguistic theory, and Interpretive Semantics, which resisted that push, putting more and more weight on syntactic structure. But in many ways the dispute can be reduced to George Lakoff, the most prominent voice on the more-meaning side, and Chomsky on the more-syntax side. Chomsky is a big personality, quiet and understated but always gesturing at monumental, revolutionary implications for his ideas, and always bringing great numbers of linguists along with him whenever he chases after those implications, stirring up psychology, philosophy, computer science, and other fields in the bargain. Lakoff is also big personality, anything but quiet or understated, equally comfortable gesturing at grand revolutions, equally happy to stir things up. They drive the story, but the story is about theories, data, and various technical developments, set among social currents that range from military industrial politics to the counterculture. All of these factors show up in the book, with a cast of other remarkable and influential characters. Noam Chomsky is unquestionably the most influential linguist of the twentieth century—many people claim of any century—whose work and personal imprint remains powerfully relevant today, so the book culminates with an analysis of Chomsky’s influence and legacy.
Resistance, Rebellion, and the Subaltern
Authors: Wagner Kim A.
Published: November 2021

Often falling short of its putative aims, subaltern resistance has throughout history played a significant role in shaping the political landscape of states and empires. This chapter examines some of the more recent developments, as well as criticisms, of the broader study of subaltern resistance and rebellion within a global context. The empirical case studies are drawn primarily from the European imperial expansion during the long nineteenth century, and from British India in particular, and the discussion focusses on three central themes: violence, rumors, and religion. Considering the centrality of historiographical debates on the key concepts of “resistance” and “subalternity,” the discussion is framed by a critical reading of the work of Ranajit Guha and his classic 1983 book, Elementary Aspects of Peasant Insurgency.
A vacuolar hexose transport is required for xylem development in the inflorescence stem
Authors: Aubry Emilie , Hoffmann Beate , Vilaine Françoise , Gilard Françoise , Klemens Patrick A W , Guérard Florence , Gakière Bertrand , Neuhaus H Ekkehard , Bellini Catherine , Dinant Sylvie , Le Hir Rozenn
Published: November 2021

In Angiosperms, the development of the vascular system is controlled by a complex network of transcription factors. However, how nutrient availability in the vascular cells affects their development remains to be addressed. At the cellular level, cytosolic sugar availability is regulated mainly by sugar exchanges at the tonoplast through active and/or facilitated transport. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), among the genes encoding tonoplastic transporters, SUGAR WILL EVENTUALLY BE EXPORTED TRANSPORTER 16 (SWEET16) and SWEET17 expression has been previously detected in the vascular system. Here, using a reverse genetics approach, we propose that sugar exchanges at the tonoplast, regulated by SWEET16, are important for xylem cell division as revealed in particular by the decreased number of xylem cells in the swt16 mutant and the accumulation of SWEET16 at the procambium–xylem boundary. In addition, we demonstrate that transport of hexoses mediated by SWEET16 and/or SWEET17 is required to sustain the formation of the xylem secondary cell wall. This result is in line with a defect in the xylem cell wall composition as measured by Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy in the swt16swt17 double mutant and by upregulation of several genes involved in secondary cell wall synthesis. Our work therefore supports a model in which xylem development partially depends on the exchange of hexoses at the tonoplast of xylem-forming cells.