bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Concerning ordered mutation testing of relational operators
Authors: Woodward M R
Published: January 2015

The aim of this paper is to correct a misapprehension concerning mutation testing of relational operators in imperative programming languages. An apparently plausible, but fallacious argument is stated concerning the order in which mutants are best considered. Subsequently, a counter‐example is presented which disproves the argument.
Explain directory information during FERPA Basics training
Authors: Rainsberger Richard
Published: January 2015

The last eight monthly columns have been devoted to FERPA Basics training. We're just about finished. You can access any of these FERPA Basics training columns with your log‐in at www.thesuccessfulregistrar.com.
Prenatal differentiation between truncus arteriosus (Types II and III) and pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect
Authors: Traisrisilp K. , Tongprasert F. , Srisupundit K. , Luewan S. , Sukpan K. , Tongsong T.
Published: January 2015

Objective

To describe antenatal sonographic signs that help in the differentiation of truncus arteriosus Types II and III (TA‐II/III) from pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect (PA‐VSD).

Methods

From a database of fetal echocardiographic examinations, we identified fetuses with sonographic features of a single great artery with VSD and relatively normal four‐chamber view. Records were reviewed, comparing fetuses with TA‐II/III and those with PA‐VSD, with particular focus on: 1) characteristics of the overriding vessel, 2) appearance of the semilunar valves, 3) competence of the semilunar valves, 4) presence of major aortopulmonary collateral arteries (MAPCA), 5) main pulmonary artery being without antegrade flow, 6) site of arterial branching from the great artery and 7) other minor features, such as cardiac axis or associated anomalies.

Results

Seventeen fetuses were identified, eight with TA‐II/III and nine with PA‐VSD. Among the eight fetuses with TA‐II/III, seven had abnormal valves and six had valve regurgitation, compared with none of the nine PA‐VSD fetuses. Five TA‐II/III fetuses had early branching to supply the lungs, whereas most fetuses with PA‐VSD had more distal branching. Notably, in six of the TA‐II/III fetuses, the root of the single great artery originated predominantly from the right ventricle, while all but one of the PA‐VSD fetuses had typical equal overriding of the VSD. The main pulmonary artery was without antegrade flow in two cases with PA‐VSD. Finally, four cases with PA‐VSD had MAPCA, in two of which this was identified prenatally.

Conclusion

Identification of abnormal arterial valves or valve regurgitation, site of origin of branching, presence of overriding of the great artery, a main pulmonary artery without antegrade flow and MAPCA are helpful in differentiating between TA‐II/III and PA‐VSD. Copyright © 2015 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Governance issues in developing and implementing offsets for water management benefits: Can preliminary evaluation guide implementation effectiveness?
Authors: Feldman David L. , Sengupta Ashmita , Stuvick Lindsey , Stein Eric , Pettigrove Vin , Arora Meenakshi
Published: January 2015

This article explores governance issues in developing innovative pollutant offset programs by focusing on a case study being piloted at the Gisborne Recycled Water Plant in Jackson Creek, a rural subcatchment of the Maribyrnong River north of Melbourne, Australia. The article offers preliminary lessons from the ongoing design and anticipated challenges facing this innovative program based on reflections from the literature and project progress to‐date. This case exemplifies a form of adaptive governance—an approach well suited to achieving broad sustainability objectives—and for which an early assessment is both appropriate and opportune. Adaptive governance is characterized by governmental collaboration with civil society groups, social learning through public participation, and experimentation leading to more flexible policy outcomes. Early assessment affords the possibility of midcourse corrections, drawing on experience acquired elsewhere. We contend that the approach being developed in Victoria through this pilot program has implications beyond the use of recycled wastewater for achieving various social objectives. It may also contribute to the development of an expansive water quality offset framework applicable to point source discharges, nonpoint source pollution, and sewerage overspills. Moreover, the approach can be applied to design of offset systems elsewhere—with appropriate economic savings and effective application to multiple water quality challenges if potential problems are discerned early. WIREs Water 2015, 2:121–130. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1061

This article is categorized under:

Engineering Water > Planning Water

Engineering Water > Sustainable Engineering of Water

Engineering Water > Water, Health, and Sanitation
Association of Researcher Characteristics with Views on Return of Incidental Findings from Genomic Research
Authors: Wynn Julia , Martinez Josue , Duong Jimmy , Zhang Yuan , Phelan Jo , Fyer Abby , Klitzman Robert , Appelbaum Paul S. , Chung Wendy K.
Published: January 2015

Whole exome/ genome sequencing (WES/WGS) is now commonly used in research and is increasingly used in clinical care to identify the genetic basis of rare and unknown diseases. The management of incidental findings (IFs) generated through these analyses is debated within the research community. To examine how views regarding genomic research IFs are associated with researcher characteristics and experiences, we surveyed genetic professionals and assessed the effect of professional background and experience on their opinions. Researchers who did not have clinical training, provide clinical care to research participants, or have prior experience returning research results were in general more inclined to offer return of IFs than their colleagues with these characteristics. Understanding this will be important to fully appreciate the impact that policies on return of genetic IFs could have on participants, researchers, and genomic research.
Sphingolipid metabolism in colorectal adenomas varies depending on histological architecture of polyps and grade of nuclear dysplasia
Authors: Kurek Krzysztof , Łukaszuk Bartłomiej , Świdnicka‐Siergiejko Agnieszka , Rogalski Paweł , Wróblewski Eugeniusz , Chabowski Adrian , Dąbrowski Andrzej , Żendzian‐Piotrowska Małgorzata
Published: January 2015

Incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) is growing worldwide. Pathogenetic mechanisms responsible for its onset and progression need further clarification. Colorectal adenomatous polyps are precancerous lesions with malignant potential dependent on histological architecture and grade of nuclear dysplasia. One of the factors conditioning CRC development are abnormalities in sphingolipid metabolism. The aim of this study was to assess the levels of sphingolipids in human colorectal adenomas. The control group (C, n = 12) consisted of patients with no colonic polyps. The examined group consisted of patients with prior diagnosed colonic polyps, qualified to endoscopic polypectomy. This group was further divided due to histological architecture into tubular adenomas group (TA, n = 10), tubulovillous adenomas with low‐grade dysplasia (LGD‐TVA, n = 10), and tubulovillous adenomas group with high‐grade dysplasia (HGD‐TVA, n = 11). In tissue samples, sphingolipd metabolite contents were measured using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In cases of polypoid lesions with low malignancy potential (tubular adenomas), concentration of ceramide, which is characterized by proapoptotic and anti‐proliferative properties, increases compared with control group (p < 0.05), whereas content of sphingosine‐1‐phosphate with anti‐apoptotic and stimulating cellular proliferation properties is reduced in comparison with control group (p < 0.05). On the contrary, in cases of more advanced form of adenomatous polyps (tubulovillous adenomas with high‐grade dysplasia), the ceramide level decreases compared with control group (p < 0.05) while sphingosine‐1‐phosphate concentration is elevated (p < 0.05). We found that concentrations of pro‐apoptotic ceramide are decreased and pro‐proliferative S1P levels are increased in polypoid lesions with high malignancy potential, and it was the opposite in those with low malignancy potential.
Enrichment of Lysophosphatidylcholine in Canola Lysolecithin
Authors: Xie Meizhen , Dunford Nurhan Turgut
Published: January 2015

Lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) possesses excellent oil‐in‐water emulsifying properties and health benefits. The objective of this study was to produce an LPC‐enriched fraction from lysolecithin generated during enzymatic degumming of crude canola oil. Three alcohols (methanol, ethanol and isopropanol) were evaluated for their effectiveness at enriching LPC. A 3 × 3 full factorial design was employed to study the effects of two processing parameters (temperature and alcohol/lysolecithin ratio) on three responses (yield and LPC concentration of alcohol soluble fraction, and LPC recovery) with the most effective alcohol. Ethanol was found to be the best solvent to enrich LPC in lysolecithin. An ethanol soluble fraction with more than 50 % LPC was produced. Quadratic models with R2 > 0.9 were developed to describe the relationship between the processing parameters and the responses in the 3 × 3 full factorial experiment. Both ethanol soluble fraction yield and LPC recovery increased with increasing temperature and ethanol/lysolecithin ratio. LPC concentration in the ethanol soluble fraction was enhanced with decreasing temperature and ethanol/lysolecithin ratio. According to the analysis, ethanol soluble fractions with LPC concentration higher than 66 % could be obtained at temperatures of 0–40 °C and an ethanol/lysolecithin ratio of 2:1 (v/w).
What people say # what people do
Authors: Van Merrienboer Jeroen J. G.
Published: January 2015

None
Service use patterns and mental health symptoms among adolescents exposed to multiple types of trauma
Authors: McChesney Gillian C. , Adamson Gary , Shevlin Mark
Published: January 2015

Few studies have explored how different trauma experiences influence service use. This study explores patterns of service use amongst 6483 adolescents aged between 13 and 18, and examines if such patterns are associated with trauma profiles, demographic variables, and mental health disorders. Data from the National Comorbidity Survey – Adolescent Supplement (NCS‐A) were used. A latent class analysis identified four adolescent trauma sub‐groups: ‘high risk’, ‘sexual risk’ ‘non‐sexual risk’, and ‘low risk’. Regression analysis was used to explore the relationship between service use, trauma classes, and mental health outcomes. Significant relationships were found between service use, trauma sub‐groups, demographics and mental health outcomes. Despite the effectiveness of mental health services, only a minority of adolescents exposed to different traumas use such resources. However, this study may go some way towards providing an understanding of the trauma backgrounds, demographic predictors and mental health disorders associated with service use.
Robust surface segmentation and edge feature lines extraction from fractured fragments of relics
Authors: Xu Jiangyong , Zhou Mingquan , Wu Zhongke , Shui Wuyang , Ali Sajid
Published: January 2015

Surface segmentation and edge feature lines extraction from fractured fragments of relics are essential steps for computer assisted restoration of fragmented relics. As these fragments were heavily eroded, it is a challenging work to segment surface and extract edge feature lines. This paper presents a novel method to segment surface and extract edge feature lines from triangular meshes of irregular fractured fragments. Firstly, a rough surface segmentation is accomplished by using a clustering algorithm based on the vertex normal vector. Secondly, in order to differentiate between original and fracture faces, a novel integral invariant is introduced to compute the surface roughness. Thirdly, an accurate surface segmentation is implemented by merging faces based on face normal vector and roughness. Finally, edge feature lines are extracted based on the surface segmentation. Some experiments are made and analyzed, and the results show that our method can achieve surface segmentation and edge extraction effectively.
Identity‐based motivations and anticipated reckoning: Contributions to gift‐giving theory from an identity‐stripping context
Authors: Klein Jill G. , Lowrey Tina M. , Otnes Cele C.
Published: January 2015

We utilize the Identity‐Based Motivation (IBM) model to examine gift giving within the identity‐stripping context of Nazi concentration camps, as reported in the memoirs of Holocaust survivors. By exploring gift giving in this crisis‐laden context, we demonstrate the fundamental role gifts can play in reestablishing personal and social identities. In doing so, we provide insights into the motivations for giving that go beyond the existing paradigms that emphasize social exchange, economic exchange, or agapic giving. Further, we introduce the construct of anticipated reckoning, in which people self‐regulate their behavior through an imagined future self whom they perceive to judge their current actions.
It's not just numbers: Cultural identities influence how nutrition information influences the valuation of foods
Authors: Gomez Pierrick , Torelli Carlos J.
Published: January 2015

This research examines how cultural mindsets cued by a salient identity can influence how consumers interpret seemingly benign nutrition information in foods. Results show that nutrition information can be incongruent with the cultural norm of food enjoyment distinctively associated with French (and not American) identity. This occurs because of a conflict between the motivation to enjoy foods activated by a salient French identity and the utilitarian nature of nutrition information in foods – that does not belong to a French‐culture mindset. Three studies demonstrate that French (and not American) consumers with a salient cultural identity are more sensitive (i.e., perceive as riskier for their health) and evaluate more negatively foods that display (vs. not) nutrition information. Furthermore, this devaluation effect is mediated by anticipated feelings that the foods would not be enjoyable. Providing further evidence for the motivational inconsistency between the culturally‐distinctive norm of food enjoyment cued by a salient French‐culture mindset, French (and not American) consumers with a salient (vs. not) cultural identity experienced more disfluency when processing nutrition information in foods.
Marketing actions that influence estimates of others also shape identity
Authors: Burson Katherine A. , Gershoff Andrew D.
Published: January 2015

Consumers' social identities stem from comparisons between themselves and others. These identities help determine consumption decisions. Unfortunately, perceptions of comparative traits and characteristics are frequently biased, which can lead to similarly biased consumption decisions. Five studies show that two incidental but commonplace marketing decisions can influence consumers' estimates of their relative standing and thus their social identities by influencing estimates of how other consumers are distributed.
Hamstring Elongation Quantified Using Ultrasonography During the Straight Leg Raise Test in Individuals With Low Back Pain
Authors: Kellis Eleftherios , Ellinoudis Athanasios , Kofotolis Nikolaos
Published: January 2015

Background

Although the straight leg raise (SLR) test frequently is used to assess hamstring extensibility in individuals with low back pain (LBP), evidence relating LBP, SLR, and hamstring extensibility remains unclear. The SLR measures the angle between the lifted leg and the horizontal, however, and, as such, it is not a direct measure of the elongation capacity of the hamstrings.

Objective

To examine the differences in hamstring elongation (quantified via ultrasonography) and SLR score between individuals with LBP and asymptomatic controls and to determine the relationship between hamstring elongation, SLR, and functional disability scores.

Design

Cross‐sectional study.

Setting

University laboratory.

Participants

Forty men and women with chronic LBP (mean ± SD, age 43.51 ± 3.71 years and 40 control subjects (age 45.11 ± 4.01 years) participated in this study.

Assessment

Passive SLR, elongation assessed via ultrasonography, and functional disability.

Assessment and Outcome Measurements

SLR score, elongation of tendinous tissue within the semitendinosus muscle, and Oswestry Disability Index.

Results

Two‐way analysis of variance tests indicated a significantly lower SLR score and a greater Oswestry score in LBP group compared with control subjects (P < .05). In contrast, there were no significant group differences in hamstring elongation (P > .05). Gender did not have an effect on all dependent measures (P > .05). Hamstring elongation showed a low correlation with SLR score and a minimal correlation with Oswestry score.

Conclusions

These results indicate that the SLR score is not determined by hamstring elongation (quantified via ultrasonography).
“Green Pastures of Plenty from Dry Desert Ground”: Nature, Labor, and the Growth and Structure of a California Grape Company
Authors: WINANT GABRIEL
Published: January 2015

This article examines the growth and change of a southern California table grape firm, the George F. Johnston Company. Combining business, labor, and environmental history, it traces the company’s expansion from a semi-arid region just east of Los Angeles to the fully arid deserts of the Coachella and Imperial Valleys of California. The Johnston Company moved south and east into this more hostile environment to produce grapes out of the traditional season, beating the competition to market. In the process, it produced a racially stratified workforce and contributed to an ecological catastrophe. The Johnston case suggests that agricultural production pits capitalists in a triangular struggle over the moment of the harvest with nature and labor. This struggle is intensified by competitive dynamics that drive firms to expand or shift the timing of the productive process.
Dialectical behaviour therapy for younger adults: evaluation of 22 weeks of community delivered dialectical behaviour therapy for females 18–25 years
Authors: Lyng J. L. , Swales M. A. , Hastings R. P.
Published: January 2015

Background

Dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT) is a multi-modal psychological therapy with established efficacy in treating borderline personality disorder (BPD). Younger adults represent a group more likely to drop out of treatment than their older counterparts and treatments specifically targeted at this younger cohort may be advantageous.

The current study

We describe an evaluation of a DBT programme in a mental health centre for younger adults 18–25 years who met criteria for BPD (n=11).

Methodology

We used a simple pre/post-test design, measuring BPD symptoms, general mental health symptoms, and coping skills using self-report questionnaires at the beginning of DBT and again following the delivery of 22 weeks of DBT.

Findings

Statistically significant reductions were found in BPD symptoms and several mental health symptoms alongside an increase in DBT skills use. Dropout was 31% at 22 weeks of treatment. Methodological weaknesses and avenues for future research are discussed.
Intervening early in bipolar disorder in young people: a review of the clinical staging model
Authors: Power P.
Published: January 2015

Bipolar disorder (BPD) essentially has its onset during adolescence and early adulthood. It has the capacity to be highly disruptive, dislocating individuals from their normal developmental trajectory and potentially causing significant long-term co-morbidity and chronicity. At a societal level the burden created is greater than schizophrenia. This is not helped by the very substantial delays in its diagnosis and appropriate treatment. Thus, there is a clear rationale for intervening earlier and at a younger age. However, the field of early intervention in BPD is in its infancy. One approach that conceptually provides a basis for early intervention is the Clinical Staging Model (used widely in general medicine). This article outlines how this model helps in an understanding of the emerging stages of BPD. It also summarises the interventions that might be appropriately introduced if a person progresses from an early to a late stage of the illness. Early intervention has a well-established record in psychotic disorders. If it can be realised for BPDs, then it may hold out hope of better outcomes for the next generation of young people at risk.
The Charity-Mongers of Modern Babylon: Bureaucracy, Scandal, and the Transformation of the Philanthropic Marketplace, c.1870–1912
Authors: Roddy Sarah , Strange Julie-Marie , Taithe Bertrand
Published: January 2015

This essay sheds new light on the supposedly familiar world of Victorian philanthropy by considering charity in relation to market regulation. Focusing on the “charity fraud,” we suggest that in the shaping of this exclusive and paradoxical marketplace, charities eagerly seized fraud denunciations to advertise and authenticate their legitimacy. This reflected the massive changes in the charitable world since the days of paternalist social relations and, paradoxically, illustrates the extremity of the problem facing the donating public: if one could not be entirely certain of a local charity, how could he or she discern between the national organizations that undertook fund-raising for international disasters? This contest for legitimacy and the exposure of fraud shaped a contested but oddly virtuous exchange market: by the turn of the twentieth century, charities not only published account sheets but debated them publicly, too.
Milton and Cromwell: Another Look at the Evidence
Authors: Gregory Tobias
Published: January 2015

It is often claimed that John Milton grew politically disaffected under the Protectorate government, which he served as Latin secretary. This article reviews the evidence for said disaffection. It finds that the passages in Milton's writings that have been taken to show disaffection with Protectorate or Protector, most of which postdate Cromwell's death, have little to do with Cromwell and mainly to do with the rapidly shifting political conditions of 1659–60. While the Cromwellian religious settlement fell short of the disestablishment Milton wanted, Cromwell favored religious toleration more strongly than his parliaments did, and Milton supported him in foreign affairs. Most likely Milton had no such thing as a single view of the Protectorate regime; his views of its various actors and interest groups, its successes and failures, would have been detailed and complex.
The Imperial History Wars
Authors: Kennedy Dane
Published: January 2015

The key question posed by this essay is why historians' interest in Britain's imperial past has increased rather than diminished in recent decades. It argues that this interest has been sustained in part by a preoccupation with certain contemporary social and political issues, and differences of opinion about these issues have helped fuel the “imperial history wars.” The nature of the debate has differed for American- and British-based historians. For the former, British imperial history has served as an analogy for thinking about America's racial politics and its role as a global power. For the latter, it has served as a focal point for contending claims about Britain's past and deepening anxieties about its future. The essay concludes by urging historians to be more self-reflexive about their own practices and more rigorous in exposing presentist claims about the past.
Private Lives, Public Histories: The Diary in Twentieth-Century Britain
Authors: Moran Joe
Published: January 2015

This article examines the growth of interest in diary keeping in twentieth-century Britain. It explores how diary keeping by private citizens was encouraged in the first part of the century by mass-circulation newspapers, diary manufacturers, diary anthologists like Arthur Ponsonby, and the social research organization Mass Observation in response to changing notions of the self, privacy, and daily life. It discusses the ways in which, in the context of a growing interest in public archives, these private diaries have more recently been imagined as compelling forms of historical evidence, as well as some of the problems of organization and interpretation that these kinds of texts present. I argue that the inherently opaque and incomplete nature of private diaries means that they can add nuance to our understanding of the recent past and offer insight into the randomness and singularity of everyday experience as it is being lived.
Violent breaking wave impacts. Part 3. Effects of scale and aeration
Authors: Bredmose H. , Bullock G. N. , Hogg A. J.
Published: January 2015

The effects of scale and aeration on violent breaking wave impacts with trapped and entrained air are investigated both analytically and numerically. By dimensional analysis we show that the impact pressures for Froude scaled conditions prior to the impact depend on the scale and aeration level. The Bagnold–Mitsuyasu scaling law for the compression of an air pocket by a piston of incompressible water is rederived and generalised to 3D air pockets of arbitrary shape. Numerical results for wall pressure, force and impulse are then presented for a flip-through impact, a low-aeration impact and a high-aeration impact, for nine scales and five levels of initial aeration. Two of these impact types trap a pocket of air at the wall. Among the findings of the paper is that for fixed initial aeration, impact pressures from the flip-through impact broadly follow Froude scaling. This is also the case for the two impact types with trapped air pockets for impact pressures below 318 kPa, while impact pressures above this value broadly follow the Bagnold–Mitsuyasu scaling law with full-scale pressures greater than those predicted by the Froude law. For all impact types, the effect of aeration is found to reduce the maximum impact pressure, maximum force and impulse. Good agreement with the asymptotic model of Peregrine & Thais (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 325, 1996, pp. 377–397) is found for the flip-through impact pressure and a fair agreement is found for the low- and high-aeration impacts. Based on the numerical results, a modified scaling curve that combines Froude scaling and the Bagnold–Mitsuyasu law is suggested. The practical implications of the findings are discussed and attention is drawn to the limitations of physical model tests.
Strategy orientation, product innovativeness, and new product performance
Authors: Liu Tsung-Chi , Chen Yi-Jen
Published: January 2015

This study employs a dynamic capabilities perspective to examine the relationships among strategy orientation, product innovativeness, and new product development performance. This paper proposes that the role of product innovativeness in these relationships differs between the two dimensions of strategy orientation (market orientation and technology orientation) and new product performance. Regression analysis was used to test the hypotheses in a sample of 118 new product development cases. The empirical findings indicate that product innovativeness positively moderates the relationship between market orientation and new product performance, whereas technology orientation affects new product performance through the mediating effects of product innovativeness. Finally, the study provides a discussion on the managerial implications and directions for future research.
Goal orientation and employee creativity: The mediating role of creative role identity
Authors: Song Wenhao , Yu Hongyan , Zhang Yanlong , Jiang Wan
Published: January 2015

We developed and tested a model of employee creativity based on achievement goal theory and role identity theory. Examining the relationship between the three dimensions of goal orientation and employee creativity, we explored the mediating effect of creative role identity. Data were collected from 197 employees and their supervisors from several industries in China. The results indicated that employee learning orientation was positively related to employee creativity, but that no such positive relationship existed between approach performance orientation and employee creativity. Interestingly, we found that avoidance performance orientation was positively related to employee creativity. Learning orientation, approach performance orientation and avoidance performance orientation were all found to have significant effects on creative role identity. In turn, creative role identity fully mediated the relationship between learning orientation and employee creativity, and the relationship between avoidance performance orientation and employee creativity. These findings contribute to the advancement of role identity theory, and their theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Chinese international business graduates: A career dilemma: Repatriate or stay?
Authors: Tharenou Phyllis
Published: January 2015

This paper examines the mobility paths taken by Chinese coursework graduates who studied abroad chiefly in business (Chinese ‘foreign’ graduates) and the consequences for their careers. A model is developed that focuses on the two major interconnected paths of repatriating and remaining abroad, and looks at the influence of pull–push forces. The model suggests the career consequences for repatriates, and their reactions to re-entry to China, in contrast to the career consequences for stayers and their reactions to the host country. The career capital the business graduates acquired while studying is developed. Adverse career consequences and reactions may lead to further mobility, including re-expatriation abroad by repatriates and repatriation by stayers. Overall, Chinese foreign business graduates may be caught in a dilemma when selecting the best path for their career and lifestyle. Implications for future research and management of Chinese foreign business graduates in host countries and China are assessed.
The Welfare State: A Fundamental Dimension of Modern Government
Authors: Garland David
Published: January 2015

What, in fact,isthe Welfare State? This article traces the emergence of the welfare state as a specific mode of government, describing its distinctive rationality as well as its characteristic forms, functions and effects. It identifies five sectors of welfare governance, the relations between them, and the various forms these take in different times and places. It discusses the contradictory commitments that shape welfare state practices and the problems associated with these practices and contradictions. It situates welfare state government within a long-term account of the changing relations between the social and the economic spheres. And it argues that the welfare state ought to be understood as a “normal social fact”—an essential (though constantly contested) part of the social and economic organization of modern capitalist societies.
THE RESPONSE OF SUGARCANE TO TRASH RETENTION AND NITROGEN IN THE BRAZILIAN COASTAL TABLELANDS: A SIMULATION STUDY
Authors: DE OLIVEIRA ANA PAULA PESSIM , THORBURN PETER J. , BIGGS JODY S. , LIMA EDUARDO , DOS ANJOS LÚCIA HELENA CUNHA , PEREIRA MARCOS GERVASIO , ZANOTTI NELSON ÉLIO
Published: January 2015

To evaluate the impact of trash management on sugarcane production and N fertiliser requirements in environmental conditions of Brazilian coastal tablelands, a simulation was conducted with APSIM-Sugar cropping systems model. The model was parameterised for, and validated against results from a long term (over 23 years) experiment comparing the system-burnt trash and green cane trash blanketing (GCTB), in Linhares-ES. Simulations were conducted over two crop cycles (14 years) with different management (100%, 75%, 50%, 25% GCTB and burnt trash), and N fertiliser rates from 0 to 240 kg ha−1 (in 40 kg ha−1 increments) on the ratoon crops, and 75% of these rates on the plant crops. Measured cane yields and soil carbon were simulated well by the model. The RMSE (root mean square error) of predictions in burnt and GCTB treatments were 14.02 Mg ha−1 and 13.45 Mg ha−1 for yield, and 0.09 and 0.13% for soil carbon. In the simulation, the cane yield responded positively to the GCTB systems. Optimum N rates were higher in the 100%, 75% and 50% GCTB than with burnt trash and 25% GCTB reflecting the greater yields under GCTB systems. The response to trash retention was dependent on N fertiliser, and it was smaller or even negative at lower N rates. With adequate N, the positive responses were predicted to occur in all crops after the imposition of GCTB system. The removal of any proportion of the trash reduced the potential sugarcane yield. The simulations showed that average environmental losses of N are likely to be greater from trash-retained systems at all N fertiliser rates.
Mammary gland development of dairy heifers fed diets containing increasing levels of metabolisable protein: metabolisable energy
Authors: Albino Ronan L , Marcondes Marcos I , Akers Robert M , Detmann Edenio , Carvalho Bruno C , Silva Tadeu E
Published: January 2015

This study was conducted to evaluate the development of the mammary gland in Holstein heifers subjected to different dietary metabolisable protein (MP): metabolisable energy (ME) ratios. Twenty-five Holstein heifers (initial body weight (BW) 213±13·5 kg and initial average age 7·8±0·5 months) were divided into five treatments. The treatments were designed to provide MP:ME ratios equal to 33, 38, 43, 48, and 53 g of MP per Mcal of ME. All diets were formulated to have the same energy content (2·6 Mcal ME/kg dry matter). Actual MP:ME ratios were 36·2, 40·2, 46·2, 47·1, and 50·8 g MP/Mcal ME. The experiment was conducted in a randomised block design, while considering initial BW as a blocking factor to evaluate pre- and post-pubertal periods. Block effect was not observed for all variables evaluated; hence it was considered that the diets had the same influence both on pre- and post-pubertal phases. Dry matter and nutrient intake did not change between treatments, excepting protein intake and digestibility. Serum concentrations of insulin-like growth factor 1 increased linearly across treatments. Changes in the pixel brightness of mammary gland ultrasound images, which are associated with lipid content, were significantly influenced by MP:ME ratios in the diet of heifers that were subjected to accelerated growth rates. It is not recommended to use diets of less than 38 g MP/Mcal ME in diets to heifers allowed to gain more than 1 kg/d.
Current trends in antibiotic prophylaxis for laryngectomy in the UK – a national survey
Authors: Harris R , Ofo E , Cope D , Nixon I , Oakley R , Jeannon J-P , Simo R
Published: January 2015

Background:

With the increasing use of chemoradiotherapy protocols, total laryngectomy carries increasing risks such as pharyngocutaneous fistula. There is little reference to the use of antibiotic prophylaxis in salvage surgery. This study aimed to determine the current practice in antibiotic prophylaxis for total laryngectomy in the UK.

Method:

A questionnaire was designed using SurveyMonkey software, and distributed to all ENT-UK registered head and neck surgeons.

Results:

The survey revealed that 19 surgeons (51 per cent) follow a protocol for antibiotic prophylaxis in primary total laryngectomy and 17 (46 per cent) follow a protocol in salvage total laryngectomy. Only 11 (30 per cent) use anti-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus agents in their antibiotic prophylaxis. The duration of prophylaxis varies considerably. Nineteen surgeons (51 per cent) revealed that their choice of antibiotic prophylaxis reflected non-evidence-based practices.

Conclusion:

There appears to be little evidence-based guidance on antibiotic prophylaxis in primary and salvage total laryngectomy. The survey highlights the need for more research in order to inform national guidance on antibiotic prophylaxis in primary and salvage total laryngectomy.
Colonization dynamics in trophic-functional patterns of biofilm-dwelling ciliates using two methods in coastal waters
Authors: Wang Qi , Xu Henglong
Published: January 2015

The colonization dynamics in trophic-functional structure of biofilm-dwelling ciliate fauna were studied using two methods based on an artificial substratum in Korean coastal waters of the Yellow Sea during April 2007. Polyurethane foam enveloped slide (PFES) and conventional slide (CS) systems were used to collect ciliate samples at a depth of 1 m. The ciliate fauna represented similar colonization dynamics in trophic-functional patterns that were driven mainly by the algivores, bacterivores and non-selectives in both systems. Simple trophic-functional patterns (e.g. algivores and non-selectives) occurred within the ciliate fauna at the initial stage (1–3 days), while complex patterns (e.g. algivores, non-selectives and bacterivores) were established at the transitional (5–7 days) and equilibrium (9–19 days) stages. However, the time in which ciliate fauna reached a stable trophic-functional pattern was shorter in the PFES than in the CS system. Among four trophic-functional types, the algivores and bacterivores significantly fitted the MacArthur-Wilson and logistic models in colonization and growth curves in both systems, respectively. Furthermore, the species richness and diversity of algivores and bacterivores were significantly higher in the PFES system than in the CS. These results suggest that the PFES system was more effective than the conventional slide method for a colonization survey on trophic-functional patterns of biofilm-dwelling ciliate fauna in marine ecosystems.
‘The Viceroys are Disappearing from the Roundabouts in Delhi’: British symbols of power in post-colonial India
Authors: MCGARR PAUL M.
Published: January 2015

In the aftermath of the Second World War, as post-colonial regimes in Africa and Asia hauled down imperial iconography, to the surprise and approval of many Western observers, India evidenced little interest in sweeping away remnants of its colonial heritage. From the late 1950s onwards, however, calls for the removal of British imperial statuary from India's public spaces came to represent an increasingly important component in a broader dialogue between central and state governments, political parties, the media, and the wider public on the legacy of British colonialism in the subcontinent. This article examines the responses of the ruling Congress Party and the British government, between 1947 and 1970, to escalating pressure from within India to replace British statuary with monuments celebrating Indian nationalism. In doing so, it highlights the significant scope that existed for non-state actors in India and the United Kingdom with a stake in the cultural politics of decolonization to disrupt the smooth running of bilateral relations, and, in Britain's case, to undermine increasingly tenuous claims of continued global relevance. Post-war British governments believed that the United Kingdom's relationship with India could be leveraged, at least in part, to offset the nation's waning international prestige. In fact, as the fate of British statuary in India makes clear, this proved to be at least as problematic and flawed a strategy in the two decades after 1947 as it had been in those before.
Locke and the Nature of Political Authority
Authors: Hoff Shannon
Published: January 2015

This paper aims to illuminate the ongoing significance of Locke's political philosophy. It argues that the legitimacy of political authority lies, according to Locke, in the extent to which it collaborates with individuals so as to allow them to be themselves more effectively, and in its answerability to the consent such individuals should thereby give it. The first section discusses how the free will inevitably asserts its authority; the second shows the inevitability of the will's incorporation of authority as a kind of prosthesis, which in turn transforms the operation of the will; and the third treats the issue of consent, arguing that Locke is less interested in explicit acts of consent than in the norm of consent, in answerability to which structures of authority should be shaped so as to honor the beings whose capacity to consent is definitive for them.
Hume's Socratism
Authors: Merrill Thomas
Published: January 2015

Hume's famous “Conclusion” to Book I of the Treatise of Human Nature has been an enduring source of interest and controversy to scholars, with some going so far as to argue that the Treatise is inconsistent. Yet in the opening pages of the book Hume makes an odd, rarely noticed allusion to Socrates that helps explain the “Conclusion.” This article argues that the “Conclusion” is Hume's version of calling philosophy down from the heavens, establishing it in the cities, and compelling to inquire into morality and human affairs. Recognizing Hume's Socratic allusion focuses our attention on the centrality of moral and political topics to his mature thought and sheds light on the character of his skepticism. Far from being a confession of despair, Hume's skeptical crisis is an argument for a new conception of philosophy that takes self-knowledge as the indispensable condition of philosophizing about anything.
Caro's Lives: Comparative Biography as Political Theory
Authors: Lebow David
Published: January 2015

Robert Caro's biographies of Robert Moses and Lyndon Johnson prove fruitful for political theory, particularly when approached in tandem, along the lines of Plutarch's comparative profiles. Building on the supposition that general insights into political power and its ethics lie in biographical particulars, Caro demonstrates that the most exhaustively detailed research of the most extreme subjects can yield otherwise inaccessible findings. Similarities between Moses and Johnson expose common mechanics of accumulating power, converting personal relationships into institutional authority, and show that norms are given effect as tools used by politicians. Contrasts offer the career as a unit of moral evaluation and suggest that although power may corrupt, it also “reveals.” A praiseworthy career should aim at ends distinct from both ideals and means. Assessment depends not only on intents or accomplishments, but on means, weighing their morality against their necessity.
Children with autism align syntax in natural conversation
Authors: HOPKINS ZOË , YUILL NICOLA , KELLER BILL
Published: January 2015

Previous experimental work has shown that verbal children with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) converge linguistically, or align, with an interlocutor, and to the same extent as typical children. However, it is not known whether ASD children align in natural conversation. The studies presented in this paper aimed to address this issue. We measured syntactic alignment in ASD children, first using an experimental task, and second in natural conversation. We found that ASD and typical children aligned to the same extent in both tasks, suggesting that experimental findings about alignment in ASD are ecologically valid. We argue, however, that the experimental measurement of alignment overstates the prevalence of syntactic alignment in children's conversations.
Fenchel–Nielsen coordinates on upper bounded pants decompositions
Authors: ŠARIĆ DRAGOMIR
Published: January 2015

Let X0 be an infinite-type hyperbolic surface (whose boundary components, if any, are closed geodesics) which has an upper bounded pants decomposition. The length spectrum Teichmüller space Tls(X0) consists of all surfaces X homeomorphic to X0 such that the ratios of the corresponding simple closed geodesics are uniformly bounded from below and from above. Alessandrini, Liu, Papadopoulos and Su [1] described the Fenchel–Nielsen coordinates for Tls(X0) and using these coordinates they proved that Tls(X0) is path connected. We use the Fenchel–Nielsen coordinates for Tls(X0) to induce a locally bi-Lipschitz homeomorphism between l∞ and Tls(X0) (which extends analogous results by Fletcher [9] and by Allessandrini, Liu, Papadopoulos, Su and Sun [2] for the unreduced and the reduced Tqc(X0)). Consequently, Tls(X0) is contractible. We also characterize the closure in the length spectrum metric of the quasiconformal Teichmüller space Tqc(X0) in Tls(X0).
Risk factors for gastroenteritis in child day care
Authors: ENSERINK R. , MUGHINI-GRAS L. , DUIZER E. , KORTBEEK T. , VAN PELT W.
Published: January 2015

The child day-care centre (DCC) is often considered as one risk factor for gastroenteritis (GE) rather than a complex setting in which the interplay of many factors may influence the epidemiology of GE. This study aimed to identify DCC-level risk factors for GE and major enteropathogen occurrence. A dynamic network of 100 and 43 DCCs participated in a syndromic and microbiological surveillance during 2010–2013. The weekly incidence of GE events and weekly prevalence of five major enteropathogens (rotavirus, norovirus, astrovirus,Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium hominis/parvum) were modelled per DCC using mixed-effects negative binomial/Poisson regression models. Sixteen hundred children were surveyed up to 3 years, during which 1829 GE episodes were reported and 5197 faecal samples were analysed. Identified risk factors were: large DCC capacity, crowding, having animals, nappy changing areas, sandpits, paddling pools, cleaning potties in normal sinks, cleaning vomit with paper towels (but without cleaner), mixing of staff between child groups, and staff members with multiple daily duties. Protective factors were: disinfecting fomites with chlorine, cleaning vomit with paper towels (and cleaner), daily cleaning of bed linen/toys, cohorting and exclusion policies for ill children and staff. Targeting these factors may reduce the burden of DCC-related GE.
Risk factors for herpes zoster in a large cohort of unvaccinated older adults: a prospective cohort study
Authors: LIU B. , HEYWOOD A. E. , REEKIE J. , BANKS E. , KALDOR J. M. , McINTYRE P. , NEWALL A. T. , MACINTYRE C. R.
Published: January 2015

We analysed data from a prospective cohort of 255024 adults aged ⩾45 years recruited from 2006–2009 to identify characteristics associated with a zoster diagnosis. Diagnoses were identified by linkage to pharmaceutical treatment and hospitalization records specific for zoster and hazard ratios were estimated. Over 940583 person-years, 7771 participants had a zoster diagnosis; 253 (3·3%) were hospitalized. After adjusting for age and other factors, characteristics associated with zoster diagnoses included: having a recent immunosuppressive condition [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 1·58, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·32–1·88], female sex (aHR 1·36, 95% CI 1·30–1·43), recent cancer diagnosis (aHR 1·35, 95% CI 1·24–1·46), and severe physical limitationvs.none (aHR 1·33, 95% CI 1·23–1·43). The relative risk of hospitalization for zoster was higher for those with an immunosuppressive condition (aHR 3·78, 95% CI 2·18–6·55), those with cancer (aHR 1·78, 95% CI 1·24–2·56) or with severe physical limitations (aHR 2·50, 95% CI 1·56–4·01). The novel finding of an increased risk of zoster diagnoses and hospitalizations in those with physical limitations should prompt evaluation of the use of zoster vaccine in this population.
Bed bug outbreak in a neonatal unit
Authors: BANDYOPADHYAY T. , KUMAR A. , SAILI A.
Published: January 2015

There has been a worldwide increase in bed bug infestations over the last 10–15 years. A major stigma is placed upon the institutions found to be infested. We report our experience with an outbreak of the tropical bed bug, Cimex hemipterus, in a neonatal unit. The outbreak not only affected the admitted newborns and mothers by causing a wide variety of rashes and inducing sleeplessness, but also impinged upon the health professionals and their families by producing similar symptomology. It is important for healthcare providers to be aware of, and for each healthcare facility to have, bed bug prevention and control policies.