bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Lesion Baseline Severity and Mineral Distribution on Remineralization and Progression of Human and Bovine Dentin Caries Lesions
Authors: Lippert Frank , Churchley David , Lynch Richard J.
Published: July 2015

The aims of this laboratory study were to compare the effects of lesion baseline severity, mineral distribution and substrate on remineralization and progression of caries lesions created in root dentin. Lesions were formed in dentin specimens prepared from human and bovine dentin using three protocols, each utilizing three demineralization periods to create lesions of different mineral distributions (subsurface, moderate softening, extreme softening) and severity within each lesion type. Lesions were then either remineralized or demineralized further and analyzed using transverse microradiography. At lesion baseline, no differences were found between human and bovine dentin for integrated mineral loss (ΔZ). Differences in mineral distribution between lesion types were apparent. Human dentin lesions were more prone to secondary demineralization (ΔΔZ) than bovine dentin lesions, although there were no differences in ΔL. Likewise, smaller lesions were more susceptible to secondary demineralization than larger ones. Subsurface lesions were more acid-resistant than moderately and extremely softened lesions. After remineralization, differences between human and bovine dentin lesions were not apparent for ΔΔZ although bovine dentin lesions showed greater reduction in lesion depth L. For lesion types, responsiveness to remineralization (ΔΔZ) was in the order extremely softened > moderately softened > subsurface. More demineralized lesions exhibited greater remineralization than shallower ones. In summary, some differences exist between human and bovine dentin and their relative responsiveness to de- and remineralization. These differences, however, were overshadowed by the effects of lesion baseline mineral distribution and severity. Thus, bovine dentin appears to be a suitable substitute for human dentin in mechanistic root caries studies.
Deep Brain Stimulation in Pathological Aggression
Authors: Harat Marek , Rudaś Marcin , Zieliński Piotr , Birska Julita , Sokal Pawel
Published: July 2015

Background: We describe a case of deep brain stimulation in a patient with severe aggression refractory to conservative treatment. The targets of the stimulation were set bilaterally in the posteromedial hypothalamus and - in a second procedure due to its ineffectiveness - in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) bilaterally. Methods: In the first stage, we implanted electrodes into the posteromedial hypothalamus, after obtaining consent of the Bioethics Committee. In the early postoperative period, we observed significant improvement in the range of 50-90% in terms of quantity and quality of the attacks of aggression. After about 3 weeks, attacks of aggression started to return. Despite changes in the stimulation parameters there was no improvement. For this reason, based on the experience of surgery in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder, Tourette syndrome and with morbid obesity, we decided to implant electrodes into the NAcc. Results: After 15 months of follow-up, the patient has no aggressive behavior, with no side effects. Conclusions: Although the stimulation of the posterior-medial hypothalamus did not bring long-term benefits, its combination with bilateral stimulation of the NAcc practically freed the patient from aggressive disorders. It significantly improved the patient's quality of life.
Effect of CPP-ACP Paste on Enamel Carious Lesion of Primary Upper Anterior Teeth Assessed by Quantitative Light-Induced Fluorescence: A One-Year Clinical Trial
Authors: Sitthisettapong Thanya , Doi Takashi , Nishida Yuhei , Kambara Masaki , Phantumvanit Prathip
Published: July 2015

The purpose of this clinical trial was to evaluate the effect of 1 year of daily application of 10% w/v CPP-ACP (casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate) paste in addition to regular toothbrushing with fluoridated toothpaste on the remineralization of enamel carious lesions in preschool children using quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF). A total of 103 Thai children (aged 21/2-31/2 years) with high caries risk who had at least 1 enamel carious lesion (ICDAS 1-3) on the labial surface of the upper anterior teeth were assigned to receive either CPP-ACP paste (n = 53) or placebo control (n = 50) following toothbrushing with fluoridated toothpaste after lunch at school. QLF measurement was performed at baseline, 6 months and 1 year. At 1 year, a significant reduction in fluorescence loss (ΔF), lesion area and lesion volume (ΔQ; p ≤ 0.001) of the lesions were found over time in both groups. However, no significant difference was observed between the groups (p = 0.79, 0.98 and 0.88, respectively). There was no statistically significant difference between the odds of ΔQ transition to a stage of regression or arrest compared with progression from baseline to 1 year between the two groups (OR = 1.03, 95% CI 0.31-3.39). The daily application of 10% w/v CPP-ACP paste on a school day for 1 year resulted in no improvement of enamel carious lesion remineralization in the primary upper anterior teeth as assessed by QLF. The lesion improvement was not superior to remineralization from regular toothbrushing with fluoridated toothpaste alone in these children.
Effect of 1-Minute Fluoride Treatment on Potential Virulence and Viability of a Cariogenic Biofilm
Authors: Pandit Santosh , Cai Jian-Na , Jung Ji-Eun , Jeon Jae-Gyu
Published: July 2015

Fluoride is a well-studied and widely used agent for the prevention of dental caries. Although dental caries is strongly related to cariogenic biofilms, the effect of brief fluoride treatment on the virulence properties of biofilms has not been well studied. This study evaluated the effect of a 1-min fluoride treatment on the virulence properties and viability of cariogenic biofilms, using a Streptococcus mutans biofilm model. For this study, 46-hour-old S. mutans biofilms were formed on saliva-coated hydroxyapatite discs and were treated with fluoride (0, 30, 300, 1,000, and 2,000 ppm F-) for 1 min. Viability and changes in acidogenicity, aciduricity and extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) formation of the biofilms were analyzed using biochemical and microbiological methods (pH drop, H+ permeability, acid killing, and bacterial colony-forming unit assays). Laser scanning confocal fluorescence microscopy study was also performed. After the 1-min fluoride treatment, acidogenicity, aciduricity, and EPS formation of 46-hour-old S. mutans biofilms were significantly reduced when treated with concentrations ≥300 ppm F-. The antivirulence activities of the 1-min fluoride treatment increased in a concentration-dependent pattern. However, the 1-min fluoride treatments did not affect viability, biovolume, and microcolony appearance of biofilm bacteria, even at high concentrations. These results suggest that the brief treatment with fluoride at concentrations ≥300 ppm F- is an effective measure for controlling cariogenic biofilms.
Associations between Exposure to Persistent Organic Pollutants in Childhood and Overweight up to 12 Years Later in a Low Exposed Danish Population
Authors: Tang-Péronard Jeanett L. , Jensen Tina K. , Andersen Helle R. , Ried-Larsen Mathias , Grøntved Anders , Andersen Lars B. , Timmermann Clara A.G. , Nielsen Flemming , Heitmann Berit L.
Published: July 2015

Background: Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have metabolic disrupting abilities and are suggested to contribute to the obesity epidemic. We investigated whether serum concentrations of POPs at 8-10 years of age were associated with subsequent development of overweight at age 14-16 and 20-22 years. Methods: The study was based on data from the European Youth Heart Study, Danish component (1997). Concentrations of several polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and the organochlorine pesticides p,p-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) were measured in serum from children aged 8-10 years (n = 509). Information on BMI z-scores, waist circumference and % body fat were collected at clinical examinations at ages 8-10, 14-16 and 20-22 years. Multiple linear regression analyses were performed taking potential confounders into account. Results: Overall, POP serum concentrations were low: median ΣPCB 0.18 µg/g lipid, DDE 0.04 µg/g lipid and HCB 0.03 µg/g lipid. POPs were generally not associated with weight gain at 14-16 and 20-22 years of age, except for an inverse association among the highest exposed girls at 20-22 years of age, which might possibly be explained by multiple testing or residual confounding. Conclusion: This study suggests that, in a low exposed population, childhood serum concentrations of PCB, DDE, and HCB are not associated with subsequent weight gain.
Articulating Media Arts Activities in Art-Science Contexts
Authors: Forbes Angus Graeme
Published: July 2015

This paper discusses the conflicting expectations for media artists taking part in art-science collaborations. Despite the increasing opportunity to participate in these interdisciplinary projects, it can be unclear how media arts activities are best articulated, or even if they need to be defined at all. Additionally, this paper examines a methodological framework widely used in the visualization community for identifying different visualization tasks within research activities. Inspired by its success, this paper proposes a new methodological framework for media arts activities in art-science contexts. This framework splits media arts activities into overlapping areas: generation, augmentation, provocation and mediation, providing a useful way to articulate the broader importance of media arts in interdisciplinary collaboration.
Ethics, Ecology, and the Future: Art and Design Face the Anthropocene
Authors: Anderson Kayla
Published: July 2015

Art and design have become platforms for discussing the long-term implications of technology and modernity, most recently in relation to ecological crisis and the Anthropocene. While artists, designers and curators seek to raise awareness of the Anthropocene, it is important to remain critical of the narratives these practitioners develop. This paper provides a brief critique of how these issues are being addressed in the cultural sphere, suggesting that works of critical, conceptual and speculative design may be best suited to addressing the Anthropocene as they foster critical thinking about how we relate to technology and science, how we organize ourselves politically and socially, and how we define ourselves in the broader ecological assemblage. Artists and designers discussed include Marina Zurkow, Una Chaudhuri, Oliver Kellhammer, Fritz Ertl and Sarah Rothberg; Anthony Dunne and Fiona Raby; and Jae Rhim Lee.
The Dual Skins of a Media Façade: Explicit and Implicit Interactions
Authors: Fortin Claude , Hennessy Kate
Published: July 2015

In the fall of 2013, Mégaphone, an architectural-scale interactive “Speakers’ Corner,” was deployed outdoors after dusk in downtown Montréal, Canada. This urban art installation included a monumental media façade designed to display a transcription of some of the words uttered into the microphone by end users. Driven by the system’s two temporal modalities—a performative “live mode” and an archival “sleep mode”—the video projections revealed the dual skins of a media façade that spanned almost an entire city block. This article examines how activists appropriated Mégaphone to transform an ordinary building into an urban mausoleum.
Yturralde: Impossible Figure Generator
Authors: Bravo Esteban García , García Jorge A.
Published: July 2015

This research highlights José María Yturralde’s most significant involvement and contributions to early computer art from 1968 to 1973. Yturralde collaborated with artists and scientists to expand and redefine his understanding of shapes, and explored ways that the mainframe computer could be used as a tool for complementing his art practices. He is known for developing a mathematical model with which he was able to create a highly sophisticated program where Penrose geometries could be recombined algorithmically. However, there is limited evidence and access to the code of the actual software. The authors’ goal is to further understand Yturralde’s contribution by developing a re-significance of his model, which they have accomplished through a modern interpretation of manuscripts.
Hybrid Craft: Showcase of Physical and Digital Integration of Design and Craft Skills
Authors: Zoran Amit , Valjakka Seppo O. , Chan Brian , Brosh Atar , Gordon Rab , Friedman Yael , Marshall Justin , Bunnell Katie , Jorgensen Tavs , Arte Factum , Hope Shane , Schmitt Peter , Buechley Leah , Qi Jie , Jacobs Jennifer
Published: July 2015

This article introduces the Hybrid Craft exhibition, positioning 15 hybrid projects in the context of today’s Maker culture. Each project demonstrates a unique integration of contemporary making practice with traditional craft. The presenters in the show represent a wide range of professional backgrounds: independent makers, students and teachers, designers associated with research institutes, and commercial organizations. The background of Hybrid Craft, the makers and their works, including tool-making, jewelry, bowl-making and interactive design, are presented. The discussion focuses on integrating human skill and design to introduce a diverse portfolio of technologies used in this hybrid making process.
Rediscovery of the red-listed grass Isachne dimyloides (Poaceae: Micrairoideae) 130 years after type collection
Authors: Devi Moonmee , Bhattacharyya Debjyoti
Published: July 2015

This paper reports rediscovery of a rare grass Isachne dimyloides after a gap of 130 years since its type collection. The type locality of the species is the Darjeeling district of West Bengal, India and the collection was made by C.B. Clarke in the year 1884. The present collection was made in 2012 from Cachar district of Assam (India) which also indicates its geographic range extension from the Darjeeling foothills to the Assam floodplain. In this paper a description of the species, a key, and an illustration are provided to facilitate identification. Priority conservation is highly recommended for this rare species.
Lectotypification of the name Regnellidium diphyllum (Marsileaceae)
Authors: Arana Marcelo Daniel
Published: July 2015

Regnellidium Lindman (1904: 2) is a genus that includes only the extant species Regnellidium diphyllum Lindman (1904: 14) in the family Marsileaceae Mirbel (1802: 126), which encompasses a total of three extant genera of aquatic, heterosporous ferns. While the other two genera within the family, Marsilea L. (1753: 1099) with 50–75 spp., and Pilularia L. (1753: 1100) with 3–6 spp., are nearly cosmopolitan in distribution, the extant species of Regnellidium is restricted to a small region of South America, found only in northeastern Argentina, southern Brazil, and Uruguay (Schultz, 1949; de la Sota & Mitchel 1970; Tryon & Tryon 1982; Kramer, 1990; Alonso Paz & Bassagoda, 2002; Cúneo et al., 2013). It was only in 1892, on the first Regnell expedition, that Lindman discovered the plants, which he described as Regnellidium (Lindman, 1904), on the banks of the Rio Grande do Sul, in southern Brazil. The species was not found again until November 1935, when it was located at Santa Maria by Dr. W. Rau and at São Leopoldo by Dr. J. Dutra (Johnson & Chrysler, 1938). Today it is widely cultivated in Botanic Gardens.
Four new species of Scaphochlamys (Zingiberaceae) from Peninsular Malaysia
Authors: Sam Yen Yen , Ibrahim Halijah , Saw Leng Guan
Published: July 2015

Four new species of Scaphochlamys are described and illustrated, including preliminary conservation assessments. All the new species are endemic in Peninsular Malaysia.
Typification of miscellaneous Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) from Central and Middle Asia
Authors: German Dmitry A , Al-Shehbaz Ihsan Ali
Published: July 2015

The present paper deals with the typification of 25 names (11 species, 13 varieties, and one form) in the Brassicaceae, of which the majority (19 names) is in Draba. In addition, Arabis tibetica var. bucharica, A. tibetica var. pinnatifida, Eutrema potaninii, Pseudobraya kizyl-arti, Sisymbrium mollissimum f. pamiricum, and Winklera patrinoides, which are currently treated as synonyms in the genera Crucihimalaya (3 names), Draba, Eutrema, and Lepidium (one name each), are also typified. Most of the original material was collected from the five Middle Asian republics of the Former Soviet Union (especially Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan), and some other was from China, with a few syntypes of three Draba taxa originating from Asian Russia, Mongolia, Kashmir, and Sikkim.
Priogymnanthus saxicolus (Oleaceae), a new species from Minas Gerais, Brazil
Authors: Lombardi Julio Antonio
Published: July 2015

Priogymnanthus saxicolus Lombardi, a new species of Oleaceae, is described and illustrated. It is distinguished by the unique combination of persistently villose abaxial leaf surface, short congested inflorescences, and nearly sessile flowers, which do not match the characteristics of the other two species of Priogymnanthus.
A new natural hybrid of Sphagneticola (Asteraceae, Heliantheae) from Guangdong, China
Authors: Huimin Li , REN CHEN , YANG QIN-ER , YUAN QIONG
Published: July 2015

A new natural hybrid, Sphagneticola × guangdongensis (Asteraceae, Heliantheae), is described and illustrated. Its chromosome number was revealed to be 2n = 53, lending strong support for its hybridity and parental origin (S. calendulacea with 2n = 50 and S. trilobata with 2n = 56) as previously already confirmed by evidence from morphology and molecular data.
Drymonia betancurii (Gesneriaceae), a new species from northwestern Colombia
Authors: Clavijo Laura , Clark John Littner
Published: July 2015

A new species of Gesneriaceae from the Pacific slopes of the Colombian Andes is described and illustrated. The new species, Drymonia betancurii, is differentiated from other congeners by the following combination of characters: upper leaf surface with papillose-hispid trichomes, dark green and often covered with white spots; lower surface pitted; and corolla lobes orange-red with white to yellow margins.
Concordance between molecular and morphology-based phylogenies of Korean Enhydrosoma (Copepoda: Harpacticoida: Cletodidae) highlights important synapomorphies and homoplasies in this genus globally
Authors: KARANOVIC TOMISLAV , KIM KICHOON , LEE WONCHOEL
Published: July 2015

Three new species of Enhydrosoma Boeck, 1873 are described from Korea, all found in muddy sediments in the sublittoral zone. They also all have a bifurcate rostrum, just like the type species of this genus, E. curticauda Boeck, 1872, and one recently described Korean representative, E. coreana Kim, Trebukova, Lee & Karanovic, 2014. These five species share a number of other morphological features, and mostly differ in details of integumental relief, caudal rami shape, and ornamentation of the male antennula. We aim to compare molecular and morphology-based phylogenies obtained for four Korean species of Enhydrosoma and two other members of the family Cletodidae: Geehydrosoma intermedia (Chislenko, 1978) from Korea and Russia and Stylicletodes sp. from Korea. Similar studies in other animal groups have helped to reevaluate the suitability of morphological characters for reconstructing phylogenetic relationships and taxonomic revisions, and the genus Enhydrosoma is considered to be polyphyletic and in urgent need of revision. We use partial sequences of the mtCOI gene for our molecular phylogeny and 32 non-additive characters for our morphology-based phylogeny. High congruence between all cladograms suggests that reconstructing phylogenetic relationships in this group of harpacticoids may be straight-forward, but highlights as homoplastic some morphological characters previously considered important for defining supraspecific taxa in this family. On the other hand, some characters previously overlooked in species descriptions show a significant phylogenetic signal. Even though there is no doubt about the monophyly of the Korean Enhydrosoma, their high average pairwise maximum likelihood distances suggest only a remote relationship, and explain their sympatry and/or parapatry. Weak bootstrap support for our basal nodes in molecular phylogenies shows limitations of a single-gene approach, and probably cannot be resolved without a wider taxon and character sampling. Wider taxon sampling will also be necessary to improve bootstrap values of basal nodes in morphology-based cladograms.
More than a century old ‘Platycleis Kraussi case’ finally resolved (Tettigoniidae: Platycleidini)
Authors: SKEJO JOSIP , REBRINA FRAN , TVRTKOVIĆ NIKOLA , GOMBOC STANISLAV , HELLER KLAUS-GERHARD
Published: July 2015

In this paper we deal with a not well known orthopteran species described from Croatia—Krauss’ bush-cricket, Platycleis kraussi Padewieth, 1900 with unknown type series. After systematic field studies the species was found only three kilometres from Padewieth’s locus typicus, in Francikovac near Senj (Croatia). It was found to be the same as Bicolorana kuntzeni (Ramme, 1931), thus B. kuntzeni (Ramme, 1931) syn. nov. became a synonym of Bicolorana kraussi (Padewieth, 1900) comb. nov. which is moved into genus Bicolorana Zeuner, 1941. Since the type was lost a neotype of B. kraussi is designated and deposited in the Naturalis Biodiversity Center (Leiden, the Netherlands). Historical review of this species' taxonomy is given. An improved description is presented showing some variability of certain morphological characters. The morphology, morphometrics and bioacoustic data of the species are compared with those of the closely related B. bicolor (Philippi, 1830) and Modestana modesta (Fieber, 1853). Vichetia helleri syn. nov. is regarded a synonym of Bicolorana bicolor. The literature and new distribution data are gathered and presented.
Phytoseiid mites (Acari: Phytoseiidae) from Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego
Authors: FERRAGUT FRANCISCO , NAVIA DENISE
Published: July 2015

Predatory phytoseiid mites have been intensively studied and surveyed in the last decades because of their economic importance as biocontrol agents of agricultural pests. However, many regions of the world remain unexplored and the diversity of the family worldwide is still fragmentary. Up to date no phytoseiid species have been collected in the southernmost part of the Earth down to latitude 45º S. In this study Phytoseiidae were sampled from native vegetation in southern Argentina and Chile in the regions of Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego Island. Thirteen species were collected, five of which were previously described and eight, Chileseius australis n. sp., Neoseiulus mapuche n. sp., Typhlodromips valdivianus n. sp., T. fissuratus n. sp., Amblyseius grandiporus n. sp., A. caliginosus n. sp., Typhlodromus (Anthoseius) anomalos n. sp. and Metaseiulus parabrevicollis n. sp. are proposed as new to science and are described and diagnosed.
Taxonomic notes on Acanthomegabunus Tsurusaki, Tchemeris & Logunov 2000 (Arachnida: Opiliones: Phalangiidae), with a description of the new species A. altaicus sp. n. from the Altai Mountains of Russia and NE Kazakhstan
Authors: TCHEMERIS A. N.
Published: July 2015

The genus Acanthomegabunus Tsurusaki, Tchemeris & Logunov 2000 is diagnosed and redescribed. A key to species is presented. A new species, Acanthomegabunus altaicus sp. n. from the Аltai Mountains of Russia and NE Kazakhstan is diagnosed, described and figured; its distribution is mapped, along with new records of A.sibiricus Tsurusaki, Tchemeris & Logunov 2000.
Why is Pseudosphromenus cupanus (Teleostei: Osphronemidae) reported from Bangladesh, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, and Pakistan?
Authors: KULLANDER SVEN O. , RAHMAN MD. MIZANUR , NORÉN MICHAEL , MOLLAH ABDUR ROB
Published: July 2015

The native distribution of the small labyrinth fish species Pseudosphromenus cupanus includes southern India and Sri Lanka. According to literature it has a range including also Pakistan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Malaysia, and Indonesia (Sumatra) but there are no voucher specimens or reliable observations from those areas. The distribution record of P. cupanus was inflated partly by including P. dayi as a synonym. Pseudosphronemus dayi is native to the Western Ghats in India, but the origin of the aquarium importation in 1907 was reported as both Cochin (=Kochi) and Malacca (=Malaysia), the latter locality obviously in error. The basis for the Sumatra record is an obviously mislabeled sample of P. dayi from Pulau Weh close to Sumatra. The basis for reporting the species from Pakistan, Myanmar or Bangladesh could not be located. Misidentified museum specimens from Myanmar and Pakistan identified as P. cupanus were never published on. Pseudosphromenus cupanus has been considered recently to be extinct in Bangladesh, but in fact it never occurred there.
Przełączanie kodów czy kod mieszany? Aktualny stan bilingwizmu staroobrzędowców w regionie suwalsko-augustowskim
Authors: Głuszkowski Michał
Published: July 2015

Code-switching or a mixed code? The present situation of the old believers' bilingualism in the Suwałki–Augustów region Old Believers’ in the Suwałki–Augustów region constitute a bilingual community. They simultaneously use the Polish language and the Russian dialect. We observe numerous cases of code-switching, i.e. intersentential switches and functionally meaningful intrasentential switches between two languages (between clauses or phrases in a clause), as well as code-mixing, i.e. switches inside simpler units. According to Peter Auer, the phenomenon of code-mixing may bring to the origin of a fused lect. The text is an attempt to describe the present situation of the Polish Old Believers’ bilingualism and answer the question if their dialect has already become a mixed code. The analysis is basing on the linguistic and sociolinguistic material gathered during scientific expeditions to the Old Believers’ settlements in North-Eastern Poland in the years 1999–2011. Актуальная ситуация билингвзма старообрядцев в сувальско-августовском регионеСтарообрядцы в сувальско-августовском регионе образуют двуязычную общину. Они попеременно пользуются польским языком и русским диалек­том. В их речи наблюдаются многочисленные случаи переключения кодa, т.е. смены языка высказывания между предложениями, на стыке придаточных предложений и других функционально значимых синтаксических единиц, а также смешение кодов, т.е. смены языка внутри меньших единиц. Согласно положениям П. Ауэра, смешение кодов может привести к образованию сме­шанного кода (fused lect). Данная статья является попыткой определить со­стояние билингвизма польских старообрядцев, а также дать ответ на вопрос о возможном образовании смешанного кода на основании русского говора. Анализ опирается на языковые и социолингвистические данные, собранные во время научных экспедиций в старообрядческих местностях северо-восточной Польши в 1999–2011 гг.
Osobliwości funkcjonowania gwar wyspowych (na marginesie badań rosyjskiej gwary staroobrzędowców w ośrodku suwalsko-augustowskim i polskiej gwary mieszkańców Wierszyny na Syberii)
Authors: Paśko-Koneczniak Dorota
Published: July 2015

Peculiarities of the functioning of island dialects (on the margins of research into the Russian dialect of the old believers in the Suwałki–Augustów region and the polish dialect of the inhabitants of Vershina in Siberia)The article deals with the functioning of island dialects: the Russian dialect of the Old Believers from the Suwałki–Augustów region and the Polish dialect of the inhabitants of Vershina in Siberia. The former functions in the Polish-language environment, and the latter in the Russian-language environment. The speakers of island dialects do not have any contact with their nationwide languages. The foreign language environment influences the linguistic condition of island dialects to a considerable degree. On the one hand, it contributes to cultivating distinct features of the dialect; on the other, it facilitates the process in which elements of the surrounding language permeate the dialect. The major peculiarity of the island dialect is its vocabulary. It is also the most rapidly changing linguistic element. Each and every aspect of reality will sooner or later be reflected in language. Island dialects ‘fill’ their linguistic gap by means of borrowing words from the surrounding language. Both dialects studied in this article borrow lexical items in such fields as health, jobs and professions, household management, education, transportation, and farming, which then at various degrees are subject to adaptation processes.Особенности функционирования островных говоров (по поводу исследований русского говора старообрядцев в сувальско-августовском регионе и польского говора жителей дер. Вершина в Сибири)Статья посвящена функционирванию двух островных говоров: русского говора старообрядцев, проживающих в сувальско-августовском регионе и польского говора жителей деревни Вершина в Сибири. Говор старообрядцев находится в польском языковом окружении, а говор вершининцев в русском языковом окружении. Говоры островного характера не имеют территориального контакта со своим общенародным языком. Иноязычное окружение в большой степени влияет на языковое состояние островного говора. С одной стороны оно способствует сохранению своеобразия определëнного диалекта, а с другой, взаимопроникновению элементов одного языка в диалект другого. Особенностью островных говоров является прежде всего их лексика. Лексика – это тот пласт языка, который подвергается самым быстрым изменениям. В случае островных говоров лексический запас пополняется заимствованиями, которые касаются обычно повседневной жизни. В исследуемых говорах заимствования затрону- ли бытовую и хозяйственную лексику, а также названия профессий, названия связанные со здоровьем, транспортом, торговлей, школой.
Белорусская песенная строфика как предмет лингво-музыкальной диалектологии
Authors: Кутырёва-Чубаля [Kutyriowa-Czubala] Галина [Galina]
Published: July 2015

Belarusian stanzaic prosody as a topic of the lingua-musical dialectology Stanzaic prosody of ritual songs detects both synchronous as well as polymorphic or bistructural correlations of the two song components – poetic text and tune. Tune often has its own actual segmentation (which does not match the text) and its own syntagmatics. Therefore, the verse-quantitative (according to number of verses in the strophe) classification of song forms accepted so far in musical folklore is unproductive and slightly informative. Paradigmatics of melodious forms is more complex and diverse. The same poetic text in tunes of various internal architectonics has different tension, euphony and semantics. This article discusses four of them: 1) repeating, 2) reprise-symmetrical forms, 3) polymorphic forms based on bistructural properties (opposition) of text/tune, 4) implicative forms, variations of question-and-reciprocal ones. Each of the structural-compositional paradigms has its spatial distribution (areal) and is located in the chronological order of forms.
Dawna leksyka Ciechanowca i okolicznych wsi
Authors: Maryniakowa Irena
Published: July 2015

Former lexis of Ciechanowiec and surrounding villagesIntroduction includes: a) the synthetic approach to the history of micro-regions – geographic location, ethnic and confessional composition, Krzysztof Kluk Museum of Agriculture, Krzysztof Kluk – a priest, an eighteenth-century naturalist who was born and settled here; b) a description of the microtoponimy of Ciechanowiec; c) a description of the local dialect; d) a list of place names; e) a dialect dictionary in alphabetical order; f) a list of proverbs and phraseological saings. In the dictionary part there is lexical material no longer used today, or so we hear rarely, usually at home, in the family. Using it is subject to certain factors: age of the caller, the themes of conversation, particular emotional situation or the other. The entries record not only the meaning of the word, but also the diversity of phonetic, inflectional, peculiar grammatical forms. The usual entry articles are examples of the use of the word in context, and often phrases and proverbs. Ранее употребляемая лексика города Цехановец и окрестных деревеньВступительная часть исследования состоит из: а) синтетического подхода к истории микрорайона – географическое положение, этнический и религиозный состав, краткий очерк истории Сельскохозяйственного музея имени священника и биолога Кшиштофа Kлюка, родившегося и работавшего в Цехановце в XVIII столетии; б) описания микротопонимии города Цехановец; в) описания местного говора; г) списка географических названий; д) словаря местного диалекта; е) списка пословиц и фразеологических оборотов. В словарь включены лексемы сегодня уже не употребляемые или употребляемые редко, как правило, дома, в семейном кругу. Примнение этой лексики обусловлено некоторыми факторами: возраст собеседника, тема разговора, особое эмоциональное состояние и др. Словарная статья отражает значение лексемы, разнообразие фонетических и морфологических форм, примеры использования слов в контексте.
Полонистика в Московском Государственном Университете имени м. В. Ломоносова
Authors: Ананьева [Anan'eva] Наталия [Naliia]
Published: July 2015

Polish studies at Lomonosov State University in MoscowPolish Studies at Moscow University are one of specialisations of the department of Slavic Studies at the Faculty of Linguistics. The beginnings of Slavic Studies as a university discipline dates back in 1835. In the 20th century such outstanding scholars as Afanasij Sieliszczew and Samuił Bernsztejn worked as lecturers here. The Polish language and literature together with Czech, Serbo-Croatian and Bulgarian department has existed permanently until today. The Chair of Polish Studies is currently held by the author of the article. Enrolment for Polish Studies takes place once three years. Groups consist of ca. 10–15 people. There is a division into two specialisations – linguistics and literature since the second year of studies. The article presents the subject matter of research and scientific work of didactic workers and their main publications. Student training in Poland and lectures of Polish specialists help mastering fluency in the Polish language.
Из истории Тартуской Полонистики
Authors: Дуличенко [Dulichenko] Александр [Aleksandr] Д. [D.]
Published: July 2015

History of the Faculty of Polish studies at Tartu University Slavic Studies in Tartu (Dorpat) came to existence at the beginning of the 19th century when Russian language and literature started to be taught here. Other Slavic languages and literatures were gradually being included in the curriculum. Polish Studies were initiated in 1883 by a distinguished Polish linguist J. Niecisław Baudouin de Courtenay. In the article the author discusses gradual development of Polish Studies, expanding Slavic courses, contribution of particular famous scholars mainly from Poland in the inter-war period. The author lists the most important research topics and highlights the Tartu scholars’ special interest in Kashubian matters. Currently the Faculty of Polish Studies is supported by the Polish Ministry of Education which delegates Polish lecturers to run classes and enables Estonian students to undergo their training in Poland as well as participate in language courses. The author presented important publications from the field of Polish Studies published in Tartu.
Кафедре Польской Филологии свыше двадцати лет
Authors: Мусиенко [Mucīenko] Светлана [Svetlana]
Published: July 2015

Faculty of Polish Philology at Grodno University is thirty years oldFaculty of Polish Philology at Grodno University is the first and so far the only one in the system of higher education in Belarus. It was established in 1989. The organiser of the faculty and its longlasting director was professor Swietlana Musijenko – tireless and enthusiastic researcher of Zofia Nałkowska’s works. She also put a lot of effort into organising a museum of the writer. Establishing the faculty was supported by the Polish consulate in Grodno and Polish educational authorities. Besides prof. Musijenko’s students who after graduating from the faculty remained here as lecturers there are also specialists from Poland. Belorussian students undergo their training in Poland. In 1994 the first students graduated from the faculty and doctoral studies have been conducted since 1992. Research workers and postgraduate students conduct their individual and team research and are authors of numerous publications. There have been about one hundred substantial works published so far. The faculty excels at organising seminars and conferences including international ones. Currently there are 15 employees – research workers and lecturers.
Nauczanie języka polskiego na Uniwersytecie Dyneburskim: przeszłość i teraźniejszość
Authors: Rubene Diana , Kazjukevičs Andris
Published: July 2015

Polish philology at the Daugavpils University – yesterdays and present In 1991, in the Daugavpils Pedagogical Institute was opened the first group of Polish. This was the beginning of the studies of Polish language not only in Daugavpils, but also in the Second Republic of Latvia. Students of the first groups had possibility to receive a diploma of specialist teaching Polish language from Polish and Russian, as well as Russian literature. In 2005 was created the program “Bachelor of Polish philology with a second foreign language”. After receiving a bachelor’s degree in Polish philology students have possibility to continue their education at two-year master’s degree. Currently, the “Polish Studies” among the universities of Latvia proposes only Daugavpils University. Every year Polish language institution is organizing an international conference “Polish-Baltic cultural associations”, which involved researchers from the Polish and Baltic countries. In 2010 at the Daugavpils University was opened Centre of Polish Language and Culture, which functions as a center for education and research. Polish philology at the Faculty of Humanities of the Daugavpils University support Polish Embassy, Foundations “Semper Polonia” and “Pomoc Polakom na Wschodzie” and the Association “Wspólnota Polska”.
Repeat Storm Surge Disasters of Typhoon Haiyan and Its 1897 Predecessor in the Philippines
Authors: Soria Janneli Lea A. , Switzer Adam D. , Villanoy Cesar L. , Fritz Hermann M. , Bilgera Princess Hope T. , Cabrera Olivia C. , Siringan Fernando P. , Maria Yvainne Yacat-Sta. , Ramos Riovie D. , Fernandez Ian Quino
Published: July 2015

On 8 November 2013, Typhoon Haiyan impacted the Philippines with estimated winds of approximately 314 km h-1 and an associated 5–7-m-high storm surge that struck Tacloban City and the surrounding coast of the shallow, funnel-shaped San Pedro Bay. Typhoon Haiyan killed more than 6,000 people, superseding Tropical Storm Thelma of November 1991 as the deadliest typhoon in the Philippines. Globally, it was the deadliest tropical cyclone since Nargis hit Myanmar in 2008. Here, we use field measurements, eyewitness accounts, and video recordings to corroborate numerical simulations and to characterize the extremely high velocity flooding caused by the Typhoon Haiyan storm surge in both San Pedro Bay and on the more open Pacific Ocean coast. We then compare the surge heights from Typhoon Haiyan with historical records of an unnamed typhoon that took a similar path of destruction in October 1897 (Ty 1897) but which was less intense, smaller, and moved more slowly. The Haiyan surge was about twice the height of the 1897 event in San Pedro Bay, but the two storm surges had similar heights on the open Pacific coast. Until stronger prehistoric events are explored, these two storm surges serve as worst-case scenarios for this region. This study highlights that rare but disastrous events should be carefully evaluated in the context of enhancing community-based disaster risk awareness, planning, and response.
Long-Lived Mesoscale Systems in a Low–Convective Inhibition Environment. Part II: Downshear Propagation
Authors: Moncrieff Mitchell W. , Lane Todd P.
Published: July 2015

Part II of this study of long-lived convective systems in a tropical environment focuses on forward-tilted, downshear-propagating systems that emerge spontaneously from idealized numerical simulations. These systems differ in important ways from the standard mesoscale convective system that is characterized by a rearward-tilted circulation with a trailing stratiform region, an overturning updraft, and a mesoscale downdraft. In contrast to this standard mesoscale system, the downshear-propagating system considered here does not feature a mesoscale downdraft and, although there is a cold pool it is of secondary importance to the propagation and maintenance of the system. The mesoscale downdraft is replaced by hydraulic-jump-like ascent beneath an elevated, forward-tilted overturning updraft with negligible convective available potential energy. Therefore, the mesoscale circulation is sustained almost entirely by the work done by the horizontal pressure gradient and the kinetic energy available from environmental shear. This category of organization is examined by cloud-system-resolving simulations and approximated by a nonlinear archetypal model of the quasi-steady Lagrangian-mean mesoscale circulation.
Changes in Independency between Two Types of El Niño Events under a Greenhouse Warming Scenario in CMIP5 Models
Authors: Ham Yoo-Geun , Jeong Yerim , Kug Jong-Seong
Published: July 2015

This study uses archives from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) to investigate changes in independency between two types of El Niño events caused by greenhouse warming. In the observations, the independency between cold tongue (CT) and warm pool (WP) El Niño events is distinctively increased in recent decades. The simulated changes in independency between the two types of El Niño events according to the CMIP5 models are quite diverse, although the observed features are simulated to some extent in several climate models. It is found that the climatological change after global warming is an essential factor in determining the changes in independency between the two types of El Niño events. For example, the independency between these events is increased after global warming when the climatological precipitation is increased mainly over the equatorial central Pacific. This climatological precipitation increase extends convective response to the east, particularly for CT El Niño events, which leads to greater differences in the spatial pattern between the two types of El Niño events to increase the El Niño independency. On the contrary, in models with decreased independency between the two types of El Niño events after global warming, climatological precipitation is increased mostly over the western Pacific. This confines the atmospheric response to the western Pacific in both El Niño events; therefore, the similarity between them is increased after global warming. In addition to the changes in the climatological state after global warming, a possible connection of the changes in the El Niño independency with the historical mean state is discussed in this paper.
Extremely Intense Hurricanes: Revisiting Webster et al. (2005) after 10 Years
Authors: Klotzbach Philip J. , Landsea Christopher W.
Published: July 2015

Ten years ago, Webster et al. documented a large and significant increase in both the number as well as the percentage of category 4 and 5 hurricanes for all global basins from 1970 to 2004, and this manuscript examines whether those trends have continued when including 10 additional years of data. In contrast to that study, as shown here, the global frequency of category 4 and 5 hurricanes has shown a small, insignificant downward trend while the percentage of category 4 and 5 hurricanes has shown a small, insignificant upward trend between 1990 and 2014. Accumulated cyclone energy globally has experienced a large and significant downward trend during the same period. The primary reason for the increase in category 4 and 5 hurricanes noted in observational datasets from 1970 to 2004 by Webster et al. is concluded to be due to observational improvements at the various global tropical cyclone warning centers, primarily in the first two decades of that study.
Bulk Mass-Flux Perturbation Formulation for a Unified Approach of Deep Convection at High Resolution
Authors: Gerard Luc
Published: July 2015

Parameterizing deep convection at model resolutions of a few kilometers or less requires diverging from several simplifying assumptions valid at coarser resolutions. The separation or complementarity between the deep-convection scheme and the model cloud scheme must be addressed properly to prevent a double counting of some phenomena, account for evolution in time, and keep consistent results while approaching resolutions where deep convection can be treated explicitly (without parameterization). In this paper, the author formulates and tests a perturbation approach of the bulk mass-flux representation of deep convective updrafts and downdrafts. The subgrid deep-convection scheme represents only the effect of the unresolved part of the real updrafts, complementing an explicit part associated with the mean gridbox vertical velocity. Special attention is paid to the ordering and interactions of the moist parameterizations, the formulation of the closure and of the triggering, and the accounting of time evolution aspects. The multiresolution behavior of the scheme is assessed in the operational numerical prediction model ALARO [a version of the Action de Recherche Petite Echelle Grande Echelle-Aire Limitée Adaptation Dynamique Développement International (ARPEGE-ALADIN) operational limited area model with a revised and modular structure of the physical parameterizations]. Unlike most mass-flux schemes, the parameterized part gradually fades out when the model resolution is increased, allowing the results to approach those of an explicit treatment of deep convection.
An Analysis of Cloud-to-Ground Lightning in China during 2010–13
Authors: Yang Xinlin , Sun Jianhua , Li Wanli
Published: July 2015

The cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning data being detected by the China Lightning Detection Network between 2010 and 2013 are employed to gain insight into the spatial and temporal distribution of CG lightning in China. There are clear interannual and seasonal variations of CG lightning activity. The mean total CG and positive CG (PCG) flashes in 2010–13 are approximately 6.44 million and 0.42 million, respectively, and the mean percentage of PCG (PPCG) is 6.6%. CG and PCG flashes predominately occur during summer, with August being the peak month for CG and June for PCG. PPCG in the cold season is considerably greater than in the warm season; its maximum of 56.2% is in January and the minimum value of 4.0% is found in August. The centers of maximum mean annual CG density are scattered throughout southern China, the Sichuan basin, and the south of Jiangsu Province. The CG density in the high elevations and arid regions of western China is less than that in the low elevations and coastal regions of southeastern China. In addition, daily CG density and CG lightning days in southeastern China are greater than in northwestern China, but PPCG in western China is apparently greater than that in eastern China. Areas experiencing more than 30 CG lightning days per year are primarily south of 30°N, with 10–30 lightning days per year in northern and northeastern China, and approximately 10–20 lightning days per year over the central Tibetan Plateau.