bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Geoarchaeological investigations of the “potters' quarter” at Sagalassos, southwest Turkey
Authors: Degryse P. , Poblome J. , Donners K. , Deckers J. , Waelkens M.
Published: January 2003

The potters' quarter of the ancient city of Sagalassos, southwest Turkey, was one of the largest and most enduring ceramic‐producing manufactories in the eastern Mediterranean. The objective of our study was to determine environmental circumstances that favored development of different clay resources in the territory of Sagalassos and to assess utilization of these resources in the local pottery manufactory. The potters' quarter was established where, owing to favorable geological circumstances, a large clay body had developed. The bedrock in the potters' quarter, a tectonized ophiolite sequence, has synclinal structure; hence, surface runoff and groundwater tend to accumulate in its center. The weathering of the basic rock formed a smectite‐rich clay with vertic properties. This clay was mined in antiquity, and mineralogical and chemical analyses indicate that it was used for the production of local ceramics from Hellenistic to Byzantine times. It is likely that colluvium on top of the ophiolitic clay at the potters' quarter is related to deforestation and slope processes after the potters' quarter was abandoned. In sum, environmental circumstances determined the location of the artisanal quarter of Sagalassos, with its clay quarrying operation and ceramic manufactory. However, for the local mass‐produced Sagalassos red slip ware, the results of our chemical and mineralogical analyses indicate that a different, more suitable clay was used: detrital lake sediments, rich in chlorite and chlorite/smectite mixed layers, located about 8 km from the original artisanal quarter. The choice for this clay was determined both by the presence of a suitable clay deposit, as well as socio‐economic circumstances such as land ownership. The site of Sagalassos yielded unique evidence of mining of clay at a ceramic production site, as well as import of nearby clays. The local and imported clays were used side‐by‐side, but one for the production of common wares and building ceramics, and the other for the manufacturing of luxury fine tablewares. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Resistance of IAPs to methylation reprogramming may provide a mechanism for epigenetic inheritance in the mouse
Authors: Lane Natasha , Dean Wendy , Erhardt Sylvia , Hajkova Petra , Surani Azim , Walter Jörn , Reik Wolf
Published: January 2003

Summary: Genome‐wide epigenetic reprogramming by demethylation occurs in early mouse embryos and primordial germ cells. In early embryos many single‐copy sequences become demethylated both by active and passive demethylation, whereas imprinted gene methylation remains unaffected. In primordial germ cells single‐copy and imprinted sequences are demethylated, presumably by active demethylation. Here we investigated systematically by bisulphite sequencing the methylation profiles of IAP and Line1 repeated sequence families during preimplantation and primordial germ cell development. Whereas Line1 elements were substantially demethylated during both developmental periods, IAP elements were largely resistant to demethylation, particularly during preimplantation development. This may be desirable in order to prevent IAP retrotransposition, which could cause mutations. In turn, this can result in the transgenerational inheritance of epigenetic states of IAPs, which could lead to heritable epimutations of neighbouring genes through influencing their transcriptional states. genesis 35:88–93, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Odontoblast‐specific expression of cre recombinase successfully deletes gene segments flanked by loxp sites in mouse teeth
Authors: Sreenath T.L. , Cho A. , Thyagarajan T. , Kulkarni A.B.
Published: January 2003

Summary: Embryonic or neonatal lethality of mice with targeted disruption of critical genes preclude them from further characterization of specific roles of these genes during postnatal development and aging. In order to study the molecular roles of such genes in teeth, we generated transgenic mouse lines expressing bacteriophage Cre recombinase under the control of the mouse dentin sialophosphoprotein (dspp) gene promoter. The expression of Cre recombinase protein was mainly detected in the nucleus of the odontoblasts. The efficiency of Cre activity was analyzed by crossing the Dspp‐Cre mice with ROSA26 reporter (R26R) mice. The offspring with both genotypes have shown specific deletion of intervening sequences flanked by loxP sites upstream of the reporter gene, thereby facilitating the expression of the β‐galactosidase (β‐gal) gene in the teeth. The activity of β‐gal was initially observed in the odontoblasts of 1‐day‐old mice and increased with tooth development. Almost all of the odontoblasts have shown lacZ activity by 3 weeks of age. We could not detect Cre recombinase activity in any other cells, including ameloblasts. These studies indicate that the Dspp‐Cre transgenic mice will be valuable to generate odontoblast‐specific gene knockout mice so as to gain insight into the molecular roles of critical genes in the odontoblasts during dentinogenesis. genesis 35:94–99, 2003. Published; 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of scfv antibodies in xenopus embryos to disrupt protein function: Implications for large‐scale evaluation of the embryonic proteome
Authors: Abler Lisa L. , Sheets Michael D.
Published: January 2003

Summary: We evaluated the use of single‐chain antibody (scFv) expression as a tool to disrupt the function of specific proteins in embryos of the frog, Xenopus laevis. The expression of scFvs that recognize the bone morphogenetic protein receptor (ALK3) or the fibroblast growth factor receptor1 (FGFR1) as endoplasmic reticulum‐anchored proteins caused distinct developmental defects that were virtually indistinguishable from the defects caused by expression of the dominant negative forms of each receptor. These results demonstrate that scFvs from phage‐display libraries can be readily fashioned into effective and specific inhibitors of signaling pathways in developing embryos. In addition, as several effective scFvs against a specific target can be isolated rapidly, this approach represents a valuable new tool for large‐scale functional analysis of the embryonic proteome. genesis 35:107–113, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Overlapping deletions define novel embryonic lethal loci in the mouse t complex
Authors: Chao Hanna H. J. , Mentzer Sarah E. , Schimenti John C. , You Yun
Published: January 2003

Summary: The t complex region of mouse chromosome 17 contains genetic information critical for embryonic development. To identify and map loci required for normal embryogenesis, a set of overlapping deletions (D17Aus9df10J, D17Aus9df12J, and D17Aus9df13J) surrounding the D17Aus9 locus and one encompassing the T locus, Del(17)T7J, were bred in various combinations and the consequences of nullizygosity in overlapping regions were examined. The results indicated that there are at least two functional units within 1 cM of D17Aus9. l17J1 is a peri‐implantation lethal mutation within the region deleted in D17Aus9df13J, whereas l17J2 is a later‐acting lethal defined by the region of overlap between Del(17)T7J and D17Aus9df12J. Del(17)T7J/D17Aus9df12J embryos die around 10.5 dpc. The development of the mutant embryos is characterized by lack of axial rotation, an abnormal notochord structure, and a ballooning pericardium. These studies demonstrate the value of overlapping deletion complexes, as opposed to individual deletion complexes, for the identification, mapping, and analysis of genes required for embryonic development. genesis 35:133–142, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Do indicators of financial crises work? An evaluation of an early warning system
Authors: Edison Hali J.
Published: January 2003

The object of this paper is to develop an operational early warning system (EWS) that can detect financial crises. To achieve this goal the paper analyses and extends the early warning system developed by Kaminsky, Lizondo and Reinhart (1998) and Kaminsky and Reinhart (1999) that is based on the ‘signal’ approach. This system monitors several indicators that tend to exhibit an unusual behaviour in the periods preceding a crisis. When an indicator exceeds (or falls below) a threshold, then it is said to issue a ‘signal’ that a currency crisis may occur within a given period. The model does a fairly good job of anticipating some of the crises in 1997/1998, but several weaknesses to the approach are identified. The paper also evaluates how this system can be applied to an individual country. On balance, the results in this paper are mixed, but the results suggest that an early warning system should be thought of as a useful diagnostic tool. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The net barter terms of trade: A smooth transition approach
Authors: Persson Anna , Teräsvirta Timo
Published: January 2003

This paper analyses the net barter terms of trade measured by the primary commodity price index relative to the indexes of unit values of export of manufactures from industrial countries. The starting point is that the series is stationary but possibly non‐linear. Statistical tests indicate that the logarithmed series is non‐linear and we estimate a Smooth Transition Autoregressive model to describe the process. The dynamics of the model are illustrated by use of parametrically estimated local spectra and generalized impulse response functions. Our model encompasses models from several previous studies, and our conclusion is that the starting point very much decides the outcome. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Monetary policy's effects during the financial crises in Brazil and Korea
Authors: Goodhart Charles , Mahadeva Lavan , Spicer John
Published: January 2003

This paper looks at the effect of monetary policy changes on asset prices in the foreign exchange and equity markets of Brazil and Korea. We were searching for evidence whether monetary policy tightening may have had (adverse) counterproductive effects on such asset markets. In common with other authors we find only weak or sporadic evidence for this hypothesis. Using a theoretical model of financial market imperfections, we show that the failure to find monetary policy effectiveness during a crisis can come about not only because of the endogeneity caused by a ‘leaning against the wind’ policy reaction but also, independently, if there are large and correlated risk premia in the financial markets in which interest rates and determined. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
E‐scapes: The electronic physical environment and service tangibility
Authors: Koernig Stephen K.
Published: January 2003

Tangible cues in a firm's physical environment play an important role in affecting consumer attitudes and behavior (Baker, Berry, & Parasuraman, 1988; Bitner, 1990, 1992; Darden & Babin, 1994; Donovan & Rossiter, 1982; Zeithaml, 1981). The physical environment has typically been conceptualized as in‐store variables such as lighting, music, color, smell, and store layout, but the Internet has created a new type of electronic physical environment, the e‐scape, based in cyberspace. This research investigates the role of tangibility in maximizing the effectiveness of an e‐scape for service firms. The effectiveness of the Berry and Clark (1986) documentation, physical representation, and association strategies is explored by empirically examining the impact of Web sites employing these strategies on attitudinal and behavioral measures. The results suggest that the documentation strategy is effective for increasing the tangibility of services and elicits more positive evaluations of the service and the Web site, higher unaided recall, and higher loyalty. The results also indicate that the physical representation strategy is more effective than the association strategy in certain conditions. The mechanism driving these effects is described and managerial implications are discussed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Toward a better understanding of the interplay of personal values and the internet
Authors: Schiffman Leon G. , Sherman Elaine , Long Mary M.
Published: January 2003

Although personal values have been widely used to examine consumer behavior in many product and service categories, little research has been devoted to the relationship between values and usage of the Internet. This article examines the association between consumers' personal values and their attitudes, preferences, and activities associated with using the Internet. With the use of survey data gathered from 506 Internet users, the relationship between selected Internet activities and specific personal values, and the association between two technological paradoxes (with relevance to the Internet) and specific personal values (as measured by the Kahle, 1983, LOV inventory) are explored. The Internet activities include (a) business‐related uses of the Internet, (b) information and research‐related uses of the Internet, (c) e‐commerce and related uses of the Internet, and (d) fun and entertainment‐related uses of the Internet. The results highlight the differences in behavior and feelings about the Internet based on personal values. Advertising and other forms of marketing communication can incorporate those personal values that appear to be linked to specific Internet usage or activities. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Analyzing the evolution of the opioid/orphanin gene family
Authors: Dores Robert M. , Lecaudé Stéphanie , Bauer David , Danielson Phillip B.
Published: January 2003

I.
Introduction
220

II.
Proenkephalin
223

III.
Prodynorphin
228

IV.
Proorphanin
230

V.
Proopiomelanocortin
233

VI.
Post‐Translational Processing Mechanisms
236

VII.
Origin of the Opioid/Orphanin Gene Family
238

Acknowledgements
240

References
240

Advances in molecular biology have made it possible to rapidly obtain the amino acid sequence of neuropeptide precursors—either by cloning and sequencing the cDNA that encodes the precursor, or by reconstructing the arrangement of exons and introns in a neuropeptide‐coding gene through genomic approaches. The databases generated from these molecular approaches have been used to design probes to identify the cells that express the gene, or to ascertain the rate of expression of the gene, and even to predict the post‐translational modifications that can generate functional neuropeptides from a biologically inert precursor. Although the power of these approaches is substantial, it is appreciated that a gene sequence or an mRNA sequence reflects the potential products that may be assembled in a secretory cell. To understand the functional capabilities of the secretory cell, the molecular genetics approaches must be combined with procedures that actually characterize the end‐products generated by the secretory cell. Recent advances in two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry now make it possible to analyze neuropeptides from a relatively small amount of tissue. These procedures can reveal novel end‐products, tissue‐specific endoproteolytic cleavage events, and developmental shifts in post‐translational processing schemes. A gene family that illustrates all of these processes and the advantages of combining genomics with proteomics is the opioid/orphanin gene family. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 21:220–243, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mas.10029
Molecular constituents and phosphorylation‐dependent regulation of the post‐synaptic density
Authors: Yamauchi Takashi
Published: January 2003

I.
Introduction
267

II.
Isolation of the PSD
267

III.
Molecular Properties of PSD Constituents
269

A. Glutamate Receptors
269

B. CaM Kinase II and Protein Kinases
269

C. Scaffold and Receptor‐Clustering Molecules
272

D. Association Proteins and Adaptor Proteins
272

E. Cytoskeletal Proteins
273

F. Enzymes
273

G. Proteins of Other Classes
273

H. Proteins of Other Fractions
274

IV.
Identification of PSD Proteins Based on Mass Spectrometry
274

V.
Substrates of Protein Kinases
274

A. CaM Kinase II Substrates
274

B. PKA and PKC Substrates
275

C. Substrates of MAP Kinase Cascade Kinases
275

D. Src Family Kinase Substrates
276

VI.
Regulation of PSD Proteins by Phosphorylation‐Dephosphorylation
276

A. NMDA Receptor
277

B. AMPA and Kainate Receptors
278

C. Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors (mGluRs)
279

D. CaM Kinase II
279

E. K+‐Channel Proteins
280

F. Scaffold‐ and Adaptor‐Proteins
280

G. nNOS
280

H. Dynamin
281

I. Membrane Proteins
281

VII.
Perspectives
281

VIII.
Conclusions
282

Abbreviations
282

References
282

The post‐synaptic density (PSD) contains receptors with associated signaling‐ and scaffolding‐proteins that organize signal‐transduction pathways near the post‐synaptic membrane. The PSD plays an important role in synaptic plasticity, and protein phosphorylation is critical to the regulation of PSD function, including learning and memory. Recently, studies have investigated the protein constituents of the PSD and substrate proteins for various protein kinases by proteomic analysis. The present review focuses on the molecular properties of PSD proteins, and substrates of protein kinases and their regulation by phosphorylation in order to understand the role of PSD in synaptic plasticity. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 21:266–286, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mas.10033
Robust adaptive fuzzy controller for non‐affine nonlinear systems with dynamic rule activation
Authors: Park Jang‐Hyun , Park Gwi‐Tae
Published: January 2003

This paper describes the design of a robust adaptive fuzzy controller for an uncertain single‐input single‐output nonlinear dynamical systems. While most recent results on fuzzy controllers considers affine systems with fixed rule‐base fuzzy systems, we propose a control scheme for non‐affine nonlinear systems and a dynamic fuzzy rule activation scheme in which an appropriate number of the fuzzy rules are chosen on‐line. By using the proposed scheme, we can reduce the computation time, storage space, and dynamic order of the adaptive fuzzy system without significant performance degradation. The Lyapunov synthesis approach is used to guarantee a uniform ultimate boundedness property for the tracking error, as well as for all other signals in the closed loop. No a priori knowledge of an upper bounds on the uncertainties is required. The theoretical results are illustrated through a simulation example. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Necessary and sufficient conditions for robust perfect tracking under variable structure control
Authors: Balluchi Andrea , Bicchi Antonio
Published: January 2003

The tracking control of linear MIMO systems with structured uncertainty is considered. A necessary and sufficient condition for robust asymptotic tracking employing variable structure techniques in the presence of multiplicative uncertainty is derived. The constructive proof of the theorem provides an explicit formula for controller synthesis. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Robust quadratic performance for time‐delayed uncertain linear systems
Authors: Wu Fen
Published: January 2003

In this paper, the analysis and control synthesis problems were studied for a general class of uncertain linear systems with variable time delay. It is assumed that the structured time‐varying parametric uncertainties enter the system state‐space description in a linear fractional fashion. The generic quadratic performance metric encompasses many types of dynamic system performance measure. In the context of delay‐independent stability, it was shown that the analysis and state‐feedback synthesis problems for such time‐delayed uncertain systems can be formulated equivalently as linear matrix inequality (LMI) optimization problems using the mechanism of full block multipliers. However, the solvability condition to output‐feedback problem was given as bilinear matrix inequality (BMI), which leads to a non‐convex optimization problem. A numerical example is provided to demonstrate the advantages of newly proposed control synthesis condition for time‐delayed uncertain systems over existing approaches. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Notions of exponential robust stochastic stability, ISS and their Lyapunov characterizations
Authors: Spiliotis J. , Tsinias J.
Published: January 2003

Concepts of exponential global robust stability for stochastic control systems are analysed in terms of Lyapunov functions. The main result of the paper constitutes a generalization of a converse stability theorem due to Khasminskii for stochastic differential equations and establishes that, under certain hypotheses, the origin is robustly exponentially stable in the rth mean, if and only if the system admits a Lyapunov function which is smooth except possibly at the origin. The main result concerning robust asymptotic stability enable us to derive a Lyapunov‐like characterization for the concept of stochastic input‐to‐state stability (ISS). Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Overcoming the dark side of worker flexibility
Authors: Schultz Kenneth L , McClain John O , Thomas L.Joseph
Published: January 2003

Flexible work assignment has great potential to increase productivity. When bottlenecks develop, for example, downstream operations may halt for lack of materials. A flexible worker can prevent this by moving in and increasing capacity temporarily, thereby avoiding work stoppages. In practice, it is not that simple. This paper identifies several “negative side effects” that occur in systems that rely on worker flexibility, effects that may partially or totally offset the advantages. Research has shown that performance feedback and work interruptions are factors that may explain some of these effects. Behavioral theories about those two factors lead to a series of hypotheses and two experiments. The results show that productivity loss due to these behavioral effects can be significant, in both the statistical and managerial sense of the word. Implications for the design and operation of flexible work environments are discussed, including methods for mitigating or eliminating the negative side effects, resulting in a meaningful productivity gain.
Assessing the effects of operational processes and information systems on inventory performance
Authors: Rabinovich Elliot , Dresner Martin E , Evers Philip T
Published: January 2003

Over the past decade, manufacturing firms have implemented enterprise‐wide information systems in order to improve their performance. In many cases, the achieved results have been much less than anticipated. Previous research suggests that in order to realize maximum performance improvements it is necessary to access timely and informative customer demand data. While enterprise‐wide information systems may contribute to the realization of this objective, operational processes, such as inventory management and mass customization may also be effective in improving the firm’s inventory performance. This paper develops a structural equation model that evaluates the impact of enterprise‐wide information systems, along with four operational processes, on inventory performance. The results indicate that the use of operational processes, especially just‐in‐time (JIT), rather than the use of enterprise‐wide information systems, leads to improved performance as measured by inventory speculation, lead times, and turnover ratios.
Linking quality management to manufacturing strategy: an empirical investigation of customer focus practices
Authors: Sousa Rui
Published: January 2003

Quality management (QM) has often been advocated as being universally applicable to organizations. This is in contrast with the manufacturing strategy contingency approach of operations management (OM) which advocates internal and external consistency between manufacturing strategy choices. This article investigates, using the case‐study method, whether customer focus practices—a distinctive subset of the whole set of QM practices—are contingent on a plant’s manufacturing strategy context. The study strongly suggests that customer focus practices are contingent on a plant’s manufacturing strategy and identifies mechanisms by which this takes place. The findings inform the implementation of QM programs.
Revisiting customer participation in service encounters: does culture matter?
Authors: Youngdahl William E. , Kellogg Deborah L. , Nie Winter , Bowen David E.
Published: January 2003

Service customers expend significant effort through a variety of behaviors, before, during, and after encounters, to increase the likelihood of satisfactory service experience or to salvage failing service encounters. Service customers’ satisfaction‐seeking behaviors are both proactive and reactive in terms of both intent and execution. These behaviors include preparation, relationship building, information exchange, and intervention. This extension of the original research was presented by Youngdahl and Kellogg [Journal of Operations Management 15 (1997) 19]. It provides an examination of how robust the satisfaction‐seeking behaviors are across cultures. The overall question is whether people in different cultures would use similar participative behaviors. We also examined whether or not culture is related to service customers’ effort and satisfaction. The counter‐intuitive findings indicate that service customers’ satisfaction‐seeking behaviors are not related to their cultural orientations. Additionally, culture is not related to effort or satisfaction level. The implication is that prescriptions derived from earlier research on these forms of service participation can be applied both across cultures and to any culturally diverse customer base.
Improving operations planning with learning curves: overcoming the pitfalls of ‘messy’ shop floor data
Authors: Smunt Timothy L , Watts Charles A
Published: January 2003

While most of the previous research on learning and experience curves examines cost improvements at the product level, we investigate the use of learning curve analysis at the detailed component part production level. Using extensive shop floor data from a medium‐sized commercial firm, we discovered that the ‘messy’ data (i.e. high level of data variance) at the detailed levels often lead to reduced decision maker confidence in the estimates of the learning rates. However, we also found that by applying simple aggregation methods, we could better determine the accuracy of the predicted learning curve rates. Increased confidence in the learning curve estimates is made possible by comparison of regression estimates made at the detailed data level to those made at various aggregated data levels. Based upon our analysis of the empirical data, we are able to provide insights into the practical use of learning curve analysis and associated data aggregation with ‘messy’ shop floor data.
Testing Hierarchical Information Integration Theory: The Causal Structure of Household Residential Satisfaction
Authors: Molin Eric J E , Timmermans Harry J P
Published: January 2003

In this paper we propose use of structural equation modelling to validate the assumed classification of attributes necessary in hierarchical information integration approaches to preference formation. The suggested approach is illustrated in a study of residential satisfaction and preference in the Netherlands. The findings emphasise the potential of the approach.
The Rebound of Private Zoning: Property Rights and Local Governance in Urban Land Use
Authors: Deng F Frederic
Published: January 2003

NIMBY and regulatory takings are two well-known phenomena associated with land-use change in US cities. I claim that both are manifestations of what economists refer to as a ‘hold-up problem’ and analyze how fast-growing private zoning, namely the ground-lease system and common interest developments, have evolved to respond to these problems. My argument is based on two spatial facts: the consumption of local collective goods is bundled with land and property; property owners have only limited ex post mobility. By comparing five different combinations of property rights and land use control, I submit that private zoning is most efficient in relieving the agency problem in urban land use. Policy implications of NIMBY and equity issues of private zoning are also discussed.
Deprivation, Diet, and Food-Retail Access: Findings from the Leeds ‘Food Deserts' Study
Authors: Wrigley Neil , Warm Daniel , Margetts Barrie
Published: January 2003

Within a context of public policy debate in the United Kingdom on social exclusion, health inequalities, and food poverty, the metaphor of the ‘food desert’ caught the imagination of those involved in policy development. Drawing from a major cross-disciplinary investigation of food access and food poverty in British cities, the authors report in this paper findings from the first ‘before/after’ study of food consumption in a highly deprived area of a British city experiencing a sudden and significant change in its food-retail access. The study has been viewed as the first opportunity in the United Kingdom to assess the impact of a non-healthcare intervention (specifically a retail-provision intervention) on food-consumption patterns, and by extension diet-related health, in such a deprived, previously poor-retail-access community. The paper offers evidence of a positive but modest impact of the retail intervention on diet, and the authors discuss the ways in which their findings are potentially significant in the context of policy debate.
A New Web-Based Interface to British Census of Population Origin–Destination Statistics
Authors: Stillwell John , Duke-Williams Oliver
Published: January 2003

Population censuses are among the primary sources of information on directional flows of migrants between places of usual residence, and of commuters between places of dwelling and work in Great Britain. The use of census origin–destination counts has in the past been restricted by data complexities and the lack of user accessibility. In order to improve accessibility a new, web-based interface has been developed which is the core of a Census Interaction Data Service, launched in 2002. The authors explain the Web-based Interface to Census Interaction Data from a user perspective, focusing on various features of the system that enable queries to be constructed and subsets of flow data to be extracted and downloaded in a quick and easy manner. Examples are provided to demonstrate alternative types of query and to illustrate the value of these data sets in providing insights into interaction behaviour.
Conserving English Landscapes: Land Managers and Agri-Environmental Policy
Authors: Fish Robert , Seymour Susanne , Watkins Charles
Published: January 2003

There is increasing public policy interest in the management of rural landscapes for conservation, both in terms of natural and cultural heritage. Agri-environmental policies are an important part of an emerging vision for a sustainable countryside, with increasing support for the existing Environmentally Sensitive Area (ESA) and Countryside Stewardship (CS) schemes. This paper provides insight into the nature of land-manager attitudes towards the conservation of rural landscapes and how these relate to differing modes and levels of engagement with these two schemes. It is based on the results of a recently completed project exploring the attitudes and practices of 100 land managers towards features of landscape and historic interest. Agri-environmental research has often sought to ‘typologise’ attitudes and practices around discrete land-manager types; an approach that may downgrade commonalities between land managers, the potential interplay of elements defining these types, and the possibility that land-manager identities may not be uniform. In this paper, in contrast, we emphasise the significance of these three analytical issues surrounding land-manager attitudes and practices. We explore land managers' interest and investment in conservation and go on to explain how these concerns were often closely related to the wildlife, historic and aesthetic goals of the schemes. The analysis then considers in detail how a concern for conservation often came to interplay with economic concerns to produce different attitudes and practices. We term these ‘styles of participation and nonparticipation’ to emphasise that such modes of uptake are not necessarily associated with specific land-manager types. Land managers developed these attitudes and practices with respect to different parts of their farms, types of landscape feature, and scheme in question. We conclude by emphasising the importance of contextualised analyses of land-manager values, knowledges, and practices for exploring the nature and possibilities of a ‘sustainable countryside', and the role of agri-environmental policy within this policy vision of rural areas.
Declining Fertility: Implications for Regional Education Planning
Authors: Pavía-Miralles Jose Manuel , Vila-Lladosa Luis Eduardo , Cabrer-Borrás Bernardi
Published: January 2003

The most important asset of any organisation or country is its reserve of human resource. The capacity of society to understand and successfully adapt to new situations is highly related to the levels of training and education of its individual members. The education system, therefore, is one of the main foundations of any society's future. Over the last decade, Spain and the Valencia region, in particular, have experienced precipitous drops in fertility that will inevitably reduce school enrolments. In this paper we quantify the magnitude of the reductions and, after some analysis, lay out the potential consequences for the regional education system, and for society as a whole.
Estimating Interregional Economic Impacts: An Evaluation of Nonsurvey, Semisurvey, and Full-Survey Methods
Authors: Oosterhaven Jan , van der Knijff Ed C , Eding Gerard J
Published: January 2003

Literature shows that nonsurvey input–output tables tend to produce regional multipliers with systematic upward biases. This paper explores the related, relatively uncharted territory of nonsurvey versus survey impact studies by means of a series of simulations. The base case is provided by a very detailed five region survey of both the forward and the backward impacts of the energy-distribution sector in the four northern provinces of the Netherlands. To deal adequately with the two-sided dependence between a firm or sector and a region, as opposed to using the traditional (gross) multipliers, we argue in favor of using a new multiplier concept: the net multiplier. Next, from examining alternative impact study methods ranging from quick and dirty, via semiextensive, to full-survey methods, we conclude that using even aggregate, first-order impact information is more important than using a very detailed survey-based input–output model.
Enforcement Styles, Organizational Commitment, and Enforcement Effectiveness: An Empirical Study of Local Environmental Protection Officials in Urban China
Authors: Tang Shui-Yan , Lo Carlos Wing-Hung , Fryxell Gerald E
Published: January 2003

The authors investigated the relationship between enforcement styles and perceptions of enforcement effectiveness in China by surveying three groups of environmental protection bureau officials from the major cities of Guangzhou, Chengdu, and Dalian. In general, it was found that organizational commitment partially mediates the relationship between the enforcement style of prioritization and perceptions of effectiveness. In this case, mediation and direct effects work together such that prioritization has by far the greatest positive total effect. In contrast, a coercive enforcement style is more completely mediated by organizational commitment, but this relationship is negative (that is, a coercive style appears to reduce organizational commitment, leading to lower perceptions of enforcement effectiveness). Although some differences are noted among the three samples, the overall pattern suggests that other enforcement styles (formalism, education, and external influence) appear to be much less influential in shaping perceptions of enforcement effectiveness.
Cloud cover limits net CO
2
uptake and growth of a rainforest tree during tropical rainy seasons
Authors: Graham Eric A. , Mulkey Stephen S. , Kitajima Kaoru , Phillips Nathan G. , Wright S. Joseph
Published: January 2003

Recent global-scale analyses indicate that climate variability affects net carbon storage but regard temperature and precipitation to be the main contributors. Seasonal and interannual variation in light availability may also limit CO
2
uptake. As an experimental test of light limitation by cloud cover during tropical rainy seasons and by the unusually heavy cloud cover associated with La Niña, we installed high-intensity lamps above the forest canopy to augment light for
Luehea seemannii
, a tropical canopy tree species, during cloudy periods of 1999–2000. Light augmentation only partially compensated for the reduction in photosynthetic photon flux density caused by clouds. Nonetheless, leaves acclimated to the augmented irradiance, and photosynthesis, vegetative growth, and reproduction increased significantly. Light, rather than water, temperature, or leaf nitrogen, was the primary factor limiting CO
2
uptake during the rainy season.
Room temperature measurements of the 3D orientation of single CdSe quantum dots using polarization microscopy
Authors: Chung Inhee , Shimizu Ken T. , Bawendi Moungi G.
Published: January 2003

Simple far-field emission polarization microscopy reveals that the emission transition dipole of CdSe colloidal quantum dots (QDs) is twofold degenerate at room temperature. We measure, model, and compare polarization anisotropy statistics of CdSe QDs and DiI (a one-dimensional emitter). We find excellent agreement between experiment and theory if the transition dipole of CdSe QDs is assumed to be twofold degenerate. This implies that the three-dimensional orientation of the unique crystal axis in QDs can be determined at room temperature with polarization microscopy. We describe an optical setup to measure four polarization angles of multiple single QDs simultaneously and in real time (≈16 Hz). We use this setup in a proof-of-concept experiment to demonstrate that the rotational motion of QDs can be monitored in various host matrices.
Involvement of CjMDR1, a plant multidrug-resistance-type ATP-binding cassette protein, in alkaloid transport in
Coptis
japonica
Authors: Shitan Nobukazu , Bazin Ingrid , Dan Kazuyuki , Obata Kazuaki , Kigawa Koji , Ueda Kazumitsu , Sato Fumihiko , Forestier Cyrille , Yazaki Kazufumi
Published: January 2003

Alkaloids comprise one of the largest groups of plant secondary metabolites. Berberine, a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid, is preferentially accumulated in the rhizome of
Coptis japonica
, a ranunculaceous plant, whereas gene expression for berberine biosynthetic enzymes has been observed specifically in root tissues, which suggests that berberine synthesized in the root is transported to the rhizome, where there is high accumulation. We recently isolated a cDNA encoding a multidrug-resistance protein (MDR)-type ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter (
Cjmdr1
) from berberine-producing cultured
C. japonica
cells, which is highly expressed in the rhizome. Functional analysis of
Cjmdr1
by using a
Xenopus
oocyte expression system showed that CjMDR1 transported berberine in an inward direction, resulting in a higher accumulation of berberine in
Cjmdr1
-injected oocytes than in the control. Typical inhibitors of ABC proteins, such as vanadate, nifedipine, and glibenclamide, as well as ATP depletion, clearly inhibited this CjMDR1-dependent berberine uptake, suggesting that CjMDR1 functioned as an ABC transporter. Conventional membrane separation methods showed that CjMDR1 was localized in the plasma membrane of
C. japonica
cells.
In situ
hybridization indicated that
Cjmdr1
mRNA was expressed preferentially in xylem tissues of the rhizome. These findings strongly suggest that CjMDR1 is involved in the translocation of berberine from the root to the rhizome.
The Red King effect: When the slowest runner wins the coevolutionary race
Authors: Bergstrom Carl T. , Lachmann Michael
Published: January 2003

Mutualisms provide benefits to those who participate in them. As a mutualism evolves, how will these benefits come to be allocated among the participants? We approach this question by using evolutionary game theory and explore the ways in which the coevolutionary process determines the allocation of benefits in mutualistic interactions. Motivated by the Red Queen theory, which states that coevolutionary processes favor rapid rates of evolution, we pay particular attention to the role of evolutionary rates in the establishment of mutualism and the partitioning of benefits among mutualist partners. We find that, contrary to the Red Queen, in mutualism evolution the slowly evolving species is likely to gain a disproportionate share of the benefits. Moreover, population structure serves to magnify the advantage to the slower species.
Na
+
/K
+
-pump ligands modulate gating of palytoxin-induced ion channels
Authors: Artigas Pablo , Gadsby David C.
Published: January 2003

The Na
+
/K
+
pump is a ubiquitous P-type ATPase that binds three cytoplasmic Na
+
ions deep within its core where they are temporarily occluded before being released to the extracellular surface. The 3Na
+
/2K
+
-exchange transport cycle is completed when two extracellular K
+
ions bind and become temporarily occluded within the protein and subsequently released to the cytoplasm. Coupling of Na
+
-ion occlusion to phosphorylation of the pump by ATP and of K
+
-ion occlusion to its dephosphorylation ensure the vectorial nature of net transport. The occluded-ion conformations, with binding sites inaccessible from either side, represent intermediate states in these alternating-access descriptions of transport. They afford protection against potentially catastrophic effects of inadvertently allowing simultaneous access from both membrane sides. The marine toxin, palytoxin, converts Na
+
/K
+
pumps into nonselective cation channels, possibly by disrupting the normal strict coupling between opening of one access pathway in the Na
+
/K
+
ATPase and closing of the other. We show here that gating of the channels in palytoxin-bound Na
+
/K
+
pumps in excised membrane patches is modulated by the pump's physiological ligands: cytoplasmic application of ATP promotes opening of the channels, and extracellular replacement of Na
+
ions by K
+
ions promotes closing of the channels. This suggests that, despite the presence of bound palytoxin, certain partial reactions of the normal Na
+
/K
+
-transport cycle persist and remain capable of effecting the conformational changes that control access to the pump's cation-binding sites. These findings affirm the alternating-access model of ion pumps and offer the possibility of examining ion occlusion/deocclusion reactions in single pump molecules.
Hilbert series, Howe duality, and branching rules
Authors: Enright Thomas J. , Willenbring Jeb F.
Published: January 2003

Let λ be a partition, with
l
parts, and let
F
λ
be the irreducible finite dimensional representation of
GL
(
m
) associated to λ when
l
≤
m.
The Littlewood Restriction Rule describes how
F
λ
decomposes when restricted to the orthogonal group
O
(
m
) or to the symplectic group
Sp
(
m
/2) under the condition that
l
≤
m
/2. In this paper, this result is extended to all partitions λ. Our method combines resolutions of unitary highest weight modules by generalized Verma modules with reciprocity laws from the theory of dual pairs in classical invariant theory. Corollaries include determination of the Gelfand–Kirillov dimension of any unitary highest weight representation occurring in a dual pair setting, and the determination of their Hilbert series (as a graded module for p
−
). Let
L
be a unitary highest weight representation of sp(
n
,
R
), so*(2
n
), or u(
p
,
q
). When the highest weight of
L
plus ρ satisfies a partial dominance condition called quasi-dominance, we associate to
L
a reductive Lie algebra g

L

and a graded finite dimensional representation

B
L

of g

L

. The representation

B
L

will have a Hilbert series
P
(
q
) that is a polynomial in
q
with positive integer coefficients. Let δ(
L
) = δ be the Gelfand–Kirillov dimension of
L
and set

c
L

equal to the ratio of the dimensions of the zeroth levels in the gradings of
L
and

B
L
.

Then the Hilbert series of
L
may be expressed in the form

\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
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\usepackage{amsfonts}
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\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}
\begin{equation*}\boldsymbol{{\mathit{H}}}_{\boldsymbol{{\mathit{L}}}}(\boldsymbol{{\mathit{q}}})\boldsymbol{{\mathit{=c}}}_{\boldsymbol{{\mathit{L}}}}\boldsymbol{\hspace{.167em}}\frac{\boldsymbol{{\mathit{P}}}(\boldsymbol{{\mathit{q}}})}{(\boldsymbol{{\mathit{1-q}}})^{\boldsymbol{{\mathit{{\delta}}}}}}\boldsymbol{.}\end{equation*}\end{document}

In the easiest example of the correspondence
L
→

B
L

, the two components of the Weil representation of the symplectic group correspond to the two spin representations of an orthogonal group.
Assembly of single chromatin fibers depends on the tension in the DNA molecule: Magnetic tweezers study
Authors: Leuba Sanford H. , Karymov Mikhail A. , Tomschik Miroslav , Ramjit Ravi , Smith Paul , Zlatanova Jordanka
Published: January 2003

We have used magnetic tweezers to study in real time chaperone-mediated chromatin assembly/disassembly at the level of single chromatin fibers. We find a strong dependence of the rate of assembly on the exerted force, with strong inhibition of assembly at forces exceeding 10 pN. During assembly, and especially at higher forces, occasional abrupt increases in the length of the fiber were observed, giving a clear indication of reversibility of the assembly process. This result is a clear demonstration of the dynamic equilibrium between nucleosome assembly and disassembly at the single chromatin fiber level.
Identification of a PU.1–IRF4 protein interaction surface predicted by chemical exchange line broadening
Authors: McKercher Scott R. , Lombardo Christian R. , Bobkov Andrey , Jia Xin , Assa-Munt Nuria
Published: January 2003

Relaxation values reflecting residue-specific line broadening revealed amino acids in the DNA-binding domain of PU.1 on a surface potentially involved in protein–protein interactions. Mutation of these amino acids did not cause protein unfolding but destabilized PU.1–DNA binding. Addition of IFN response factor 4 to form the ternary complex recovered binding stability. Fluorescence quenching experiments proved that this surface of PU.1 interacts with IFN response factor 4 during binding. Our results provide evidence that residues that display increased conformational exchange can be used to predict areas of protein–protein interactions.