bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“Brick‐Mortar‐Binder” Design toward Highly Elastic, Hydrophobic, and Flame‐Retardant Thermal Insulator
Authors: Sui Shanying , Quan Huafeng , Wang Jingxing , Lu Yufang , Yang Yufan , Sheng Yuhan , Sun Zhifang , Zhang Yi
Published: November 2024

Advanced aerogels hold immense potential in thermal insulation. However, achieving high environmental adaptability aerogel insulators with elasticity, hydrophobicity, flame‐retardancy, and low temperature tolerance remains a significant challenge. Inspired by a “brick‐mortar‐binder” biomimetic texture, a layered double hydroxide/carboxylated cellulose nanofibers/Si–O–Si (LCS) hybrid aerogel is developed by bottom‐up freeze‐drying. Owing to the distinct building blocks and organized structure, as‐prepared LCS hybrid aerogel exhibits impressive mechanical elasticity, cycling stability at an extremely low temperature (‐196 °C), hydrophobicity, and flame‐retardancy (LOI = 44.6%, UL‐94: V‐0). Additionally, the incorporation of layered double hydroxide effectively improves the thermal insulation property (thermal conductivity = 0.0296 W·m−1·K−1). These distinctive features make the LCS hybrid aerogel highly promising for thermal management applications in extreme conditions, such as in pipelines for transporting liquid nitrogen and liquefied natural gas.
Information Framing Effects on Diet Choices Among Chinese Urban Residents
Authors: Chen Kevin , Yu Luyun , Lin Wen , Ortega David L.
Published: November 2024

Unhealthy diets have become a leading contributor to death and disability globally. The current Chinese diet falls short of a healthy diet, including too much meat, oil, salt, and sugar while having insufficient levels of whole grains, fruits, nuts, and milk. Transforming Chinese dietary patterns has become urgent. This paper compares the effectiveness of information framing effects on enhancing Chinese consumers' healthy diet choices, varied by information content, source, and presentation. The survey is conducted across six Chinese cities, with a sample of 3150 urban consumers. Chinese consumers' healthy diet choices are measured using an online discrete choice experiment. Four different diet patterns were used to label each of the product alternatives in the experiment, which varied in taste and cost. Results reveal that compared to positive information; negatively framed healthy information is more effective in increasing Chinese consumers' valuations for healthy diets. Consumer valuation of a healthy whole diet is significantly enhanced when the information is from social celebrities, compared to information from a scientific source. Moreover, when health information is disclosed via social media, its effectiveness in promoting healthy diet choices is significantly reduced. Our findings have implications for designing and implementing nutrition policies and programs in China and other developing countries.
Advances in Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Unfunctionalized Enol Ethers
Authors: Zhang Jian , Song Yuxi , Zhang Zhenfeng , Zhang Wanbin
Published: November 2024

Asymmetric hydrogenation of enol ethers has emerged as a valuable and environmentally friendly method for the preparation of optically active cyclic and acyclic ethers, some of which have demonstrated substantial potential for application in the synthesis of valuable compounds and total synthesis of natural products. Over the past few decades, significant attention has been devoted to the use of transition‐metal catalysts, particularly those containing chiral phosphine‐phosphine, phosphine‐amine, or carbene ligands, in the hydrogenation of unfunctionalized enol ethers. In parallel, frustrated Lewis pair catalysts have also been successfully applied in this transformation, enabling the efficient production of various chiral ethers. This review highlights the momentum and most notable advances in enantioselective hydrogenation of unfunctionalized enol ethers (with only alkyl and aryl substituents on the vinyl group). Owing to ubiquitous industrial interest, the utility in the synthesis of chiral ethers and related derivatives is included.
Antibacterial Activity and Mechanisms of Magnesium‐Doped Baghdadite Bioceramics for Orthopedic Implants
Authors: Nguyen Huu Ngoc , Roohani Iman , Hayles Andrew , Lu Zufu , Vongsvivut Jitraporn , Vasilev Krasimir , Truong Vi Khanh , Zreiqat Hala
Published: November 2024

Baghdadite (BAG, Ca3ZrSi2O9), a calcium silicate compound with zirconium incorporation, shows significant potential in medical implants. However, its susceptibility to infections poses a considerable challenge. To tackle this problem, doping biocompatible magnesium (Mg) into BAG to create Mg‐BAG enhances antibacterial activity and prevents infection in orthopedic implants. Mg‐BAG demonstrates effectiveness against Gram‐positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram‐negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This study finds that the antibacterial activity of Mg‐BAG is multifaced including causing the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within cells and disrupting membrane potential, resulting in leakage of intracellular contents. The synchrotron macro attenuated total reflectance Fourier‐transform infrared microspectroscopy shows the impact of Mg‐BAG on bacteria, resulting in modifications to biomolecules such as lipids, protein structures, and the stability of nucleic acids. The combined effect of Mg ions (Mg2+) and intracellular ROS formation contributes to the disruption of biomolecules and bacterial cell death. Mg‐BAG is a promising next‐generation bioceramic offering innovative nonantibiotic solutions for preventing infection.
Cationic Ring‐Opening Polymerization‐Induced Self‐Assembly (CROPISA) of 2‐Oxazolines: From Block Copolymers to One‐Step Gradient Copolymer Nanoparticles
Authors: Lusiani Niccolò , Pavlova Ewa , Hoogenboom Richard , Sedlacek Ondrej
Published: November 2024

In recent years, polymerization‐induced self‐assembly (PISA) has emerged as a powerful method for the straightforward synthesis of polymer nanoparticles at high concentration. In this study, we describe for the first time the synthesis of poly(2‐oxazoline) nanoparticles by dispersion cationic ring‐opening polymerization‐induced self‐assembly (CROPISA) in n‐dodecane. Specifically, a n‐dodecane‐soluble aliphatic poly(2‐(3‐ethylheptyl)‐2‐oxazoline) (PEHOx) block was chain‐extended with poly(2‐phenyl‐2‐oxazoline) (PPhOx). While the PhOx monomer is soluble in n‐dodecane, its polymerization leads to n‐dodecane‐insoluble PPhOx, which leads to in situ self‐assembly of the formed PEHOx‐b‐PPhOx copolymers. The polymerization kinetics and micellization upon second block formation were studied, and diverse nanoparticle dispersions were prepared, featuring varying block lengths and polymer concentrations, leading to dispersions with distinctive morphologies and physical properties. Finally, we developed a single‐step protocol for the synthesis of polymer nanoparticles directly from monomers via gradient copolymerization CROPISA, which exploits the significantly greater reactivity of EHOx compared to that of PhOx during the statistical copolymerization of both monomers. Notably, this approach provides access to formulations with monomer compositions otherwise unattainable through the block copolymerization method. Given the synthetic versatility and application potential of poly(2‐oxazolines), the developed CROPISA method can pave the way for advanced nanomaterials with favorable properties as demonstrated by using the obtained nanoparticles for stabilization of Pickering emulsions.
Restraining Planar Gliding in Single‐Crystalline LiNi0.9Co0.05Mn0.05O2 Cathodes by Combining Bulk and Surface Modification Strategies
Authors: Tan Zhouliang , Chen Xiaoxuan , Lin Jing , Huang Yudai , Cheng Wenhua , Liu Qingcui , Zhang Han , Ren Fucheng , Huang Yingde , Liu Zhenjie , Brezesinski Torsten , Yang Yong , Zhao Wengao
Published: November 2024

The delamination cracking from planar gliding along the (003) facets and anisotropic lattice strain perpendicular to the (003) facets inevitable lead to degradation of Ni‐rich single‐crystal cathode materials, adversely affecting their cyclability. Herein, we rationally design a single‐crystal LiNi0.9Co0.05Mn0.05O2 (SC90) cathode with robust chemo‐mechanical properties, in which coherently grown MgO6 octahedra and BO4 tetrahedra are incorporated into the lattice, and a stabilizing Mg3(BO3)2 layer is concurrently formed on the particle surface. Multiscale in/ex situ characterizations and theoretical calculations indicate that introducing the MgO6 and BO4 units leads to a “pinning effect” within the layered structure. This in turn strongly mitigates mechanical degradation by reducing planar gliding and delamination cracking over extended cycling. Moreover, the Mg3(BO3)2 coating maintains fast lithium diffusion by suppressing parasitic reactions at the cathode|electrolyte interface. The tailored SC90 cathode exhibits a capacity retention of ~88 % after 300 cycles at 5 C rate, significantly outperforming the pristine counterpart (~60 %). Additionally, a pouch‐type full cell with a graphite anode sustains a specific discharge capacity of 177 mAh g−1 after 500 cycles, with 90 % capacity retention. This work highlights the “pining effect” in preventing unfavorable slab sliding and structural deterioration, offering new insights for designing advanced ultrahigh Ni single‐crystal cathodes.
Benzothiadiazole‐Fused Cyanoindone: A Superior Building Block for Designing Ultra‐Narrow Bandgap Electron Acceptor with Long‐Range Ordered Stacking
Authors: Zhang Nuo , Chen Tianyi , Li Yaokai , Li Shuixing , Yu Jinyang , Liu Heng , Wang Mengting , Ye Xiu‐Kun , Ding Xueyan , Lu Xinhui , Li Chang‐Zhi , Zhu Haiming , Shi Minmin , Chen Hongzheng
Published: November 2024

There are great demands of developing ultra‐narrow bandgap electron acceptors for multifunctional electronic devices, particularly semi‐transparent organic photovoltaics (OPVs) for building‐integrated applications. However, current ultra‐narrow bandgap materials applied in OPVs, primarily based on electron‐rich cores, exhibit defects of high‐lying energy levels and inferior performance. We herein proposed a novel strategy by designing the benzothiazole‐fused cyanoindone (BTC) unit with ultra‐strong electron‐withdrawing ability as the terminal to synthesize the acceptor BTC‐2. The BTC unit imparts red‐shifted absorption up to 1000 nm to BTC‐2, attributed to enhanced intramolecular charge transfer and the quinoid resonance effect. Additionally, BTC‐2 features deep‐lying energy levels with the highest occupied molecular orbital level of −5.81 eV, due to the ultra‐strong electron‐withdrawing ability of BTC. Furthermore, BTC‐2 exhibits long‐range ordering in both molecular packing and macroscopic blend morphology, resulting from shoulder‐to‐shoulder packing of two BTC units, leading to an ultra‐long exciton lifetime over 1.1 ns. These superiorities facilitated a 17.17 % efficiency in the binary OPV device with an extremely high photocurrent of 30.34 mA cm−2, representing the best performance for ultra‐narrow bandgap electron acceptors, and a record light utilization efficiency of 4.88 % in binary semi‐transparent systems. Overall, BTC is a superior building block for designing ultra‐narrow bandgap electron acceptors.
Property Prediction of Bio‐Derived Block Copolymer Thermoplastic Elastomers Using Graph Kernel Methods
Authors: Petersen Shannon R. , Kohan Marzagão David , Gregory Georgina L. , Huang Yichen , Clifton David A. , Williams Charlotte K. , Siviour Clive R.
Published: November 2024

Increasing the diversity of bio‐based polymers is needed to address the combined problems of plastic pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. The magnitude of the problems necessitates rapid discovery of new materials; however, identification of appropriate chemistries maybe slow using current iterative methods. Machine learning (ML) methods could significantly expedite new material discovery and property identification. Here, PolyAGM, a ML algorithm using graph kernel methods, is introduced and used to predict the properties of block copolymers and identify the responsible structural ‘motifs’. It applies a “fingerprinting” method to convert Graph representations of polymers into numerical vectors. The Graphs explicitly encode the entire copolymer of atoms and bonds such that the sequencing of chemical features and polymer chain length are included, alongside relevant stereochemical information. PolyAGM gives predictions for both thermal and mechanical properties that are in good agreement with experimental measurements. This work focuses on predicting the properties of bio‐derived ABA‐block polymer thermoplastic elastomers, but the general fingerprinting technique of PolyAGM should be relevant to other application fields.
Phenyl Propyl Polysiloxane‐Modified Epoxy Resin III: The Reaction Condition, Phase Structures, and Macroproperties
Authors: Ji Yundong , Feng Jitao , Wang Changzeng , Li Shuxin , Cao Dongfeng , Huang Duanping
Published: November 2024

Polysiloxanes are known to significantly enhance the toughness and thermal stability of epoxy resins. However, unsatisfactory grafting or copolymerization often occurs due to compatibility issues between the two materials, resulting in noticeable phase separation and a significant reduction in strength. In this paper, the copolymerization extent of epoxy resin with polysiloxanes was enhanced through solution polymerization by refining the synthesis process. The investigation explored the impact of polymerization process parameters on the reaction extent, phase structure, and mechanical properties. The results of refractive index and epoxy value showed that the extent of copolymerization ceased to increase after a 3‐h reaction duration at 15°C, 25°C, and 40°C. The results of FTIR and NMR showed that the lower the reaction temperature, the higher the extent of copolymerization. The toughness and strength of the resins copolymerized at 15°C increased simultaneously, while the strength of the resins copolymerized at 40°C decreased. The SEM results showed that the higher the extent of copolymerization, the finer the size of the second phase of the resins and that controlling the size of the second phase to an average of about 600 nm is the key to the strengthening of the resins. It is found that a low temperature is more favorable for the occurrence of a copolymerization reaction between polysiloxanes and epoxy resin, and it is pointed out that the relationship between the extent of reaction, phase structure, and macroscopic properties is an important guide for the work on siloxane‐modified epoxy resins.
Quinoline Endoperoxides for Mitochondria Targeted Singlet Oxygen Delivery
Authors: Si Yu , Wang Lei , Wu Hao , Yan Shoucai , Wang Yang , Qian Xiao , Liu Ziang , Akkaya Engin U.
Published: November 2024

Controlled release of singlet oxygen from chemical sources is becoming an interesting path for eliciting apoptotic death of cancer cells. In this work, we present the synthesis and characterization of hitherto unknown class of aromatic endoperoxides, namely quinoline endoperoxides. Quinolines, especially after quaternization, show significant targeting of mitochondria. This leads to more effective cytotoxicity in cancer cell cultures suggesting a potential utility in cancer therapy.
Construction of Alkaloid‐Type Bis Carbazoles via Pd(II)‐Catalyzed C‐H Functionalization
Authors: Kaur Ramandeep , Babu Srinivasarao Arulananda
Published: November 2024

We report the construction of unsymmetrical dimeric carbazoles and π‐extended bis carbazoles (having an aryl ring spacer) via the C−H functionalization route. Generally, oxidative coupling and traditional cross‐coupling reactions have been used to construct bis‐ and π‐extended carbazoles. Natural bis carbazole alkaloids and synthetic dimeric carbazoles are important molecules in medicinal, materials chemistry research. There is scope for developing new synthetic transformations leading to structurally appealing bis carbazoles. The synthesis of symmetrical bis carbazoles via cross‐coupling and C−H functionalization is well known in the literature and it is noted that there exist limited reports on the construction of unsymmetrical bis carbazoles via the C−H functionalization route. Accordingly, this paper reveals the Pd(II)‐catalyzed bidentate directing group‐assisted C−H functionalization as a progressive route for the synthesis of a library of unsymmetrical dimeric carbazoles and π‐extended bis carbazoles (connected through an aryl ring spacer).
Analysis of mitochondrial DNA replisome in autism spectrum disorder: Exploring the role of replisome genes
Authors: Rojas Valentina , Carrasco‐Gallardo Carlos , Tenorio Lidia , Olesen Margrethe A. , Tapia Victor , Carrasco Manuel , Araos Patricio , Quintanilla Rodrigo A. , Ruiz Lina M.
Published: November 2024

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition often associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, including increased mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number and impaired energy production. This study investigates the role of the mitochondrial replisome—specifically, the genes TFAM, TWNK, POLG, and TOP1MT—in mtDNA replication and its potential contribution to ASD pathophysiology. We analyzed samples from the oral mucosa of children with ASD and typically developing (TD) controls, assessing mtDNA copy number, gene expression, and protein levels. Our findings revealed a significant increase in mtDNA copy number in the oral mucosa of ASD children, along with partially deleted mtDNA molecules. However, there were no significant changes in the expression of TFAM, TWNK, POLG, or MT‐TL1 genes between ASD and TD samples. Additionally, TFAM protein levels, including monomeric, dimeric, and trimeric forms, did not differ significantly. We also observed increased oxidative stress and inflammatory markers in the oral mucosa of ASD children, suggesting that mitochondrial alterations may be linked to inflammation and oxidative damage in ASD. To further investigate the functional impact of TFAM, we overexpressed it in human HEK293 cells and cortical neurons (CN1.4). TFAM overexpression led to increased mtDNA copy number, cell proliferation, and ATP production in HEK293 cells, but did not significantly alter mitochondrial gene expression, protein oxidation, or mtDNA integrity. In CN1.4 neurons, TFAM overexpression increased mitochondrial membrane potential and length, indicating potential changes in mitochondrial dynamics. Overall, our study suggests that while mtDNA alterations are present in ASD, they are not directly driven by changes in mitochondrial replisome gene expression. These findings highlight the complexity of mitochondrial dysfunction in ASD and suggest the need for further investigation into the underlying molecular mechanisms.
Enhanced Oxygen Redox Kinetics and Stability in Li−O2 Batteries Using Trimetallic MnCo2‐xCuxO₄ Spinel Catalysts
Authors: Kannan Pavithra , Guddehalli Chandrappa Shivaraju , Kumar Gupta Raju , Prakash Annigere S.
Published: November 2024

High energy density rechargeable Li−O2 batteries (LOBs) have garnered significant attention as a promising energy storage device. However, the sluggish oxygen redox kinetics impeded the efficiency and cycling performance during both the charge and discharge processes. To address this issue, we introduce a non‐noble‐trimetallic MnCo2‐xCuxO4 (X=0 to 1) spinel interface as a bifunctional catalyst, to improve the reaction kinetics and cycle stability of LOBs. The half‐filled eg orbital improves the synergistic interaction between Cu+/Cu2+, Co2+/Co3+, and Mn3+/Mn4+ redox pairs in the lattice, which enhances catalytic performance. In the series of MnCo2‐xCuxO4 (X=0 to 1) spinel catalyst MnCo1.75Cu0.25O4 (MCU25) emerged as a standout performer. This exhibited notable half‐cell performance, featuring superior ORR/OER bifunctional electrocatalytic activity with a ΔE of 1.15 V (vs RHE). Notably, the MCU25 cathode exhibited remarkable stability for over 1250 hours, enduring 225 cycles at 500 mA h g−1 and stable up to 70 cycles at a capacity limit of 1000 mA h g−1 in LOBs. Furthermore, it demonstrated an exceptional discharge‐specific capacity of 11272 mA h g−1 at a current density of 175 mA g−1, exceeding the performance achieved by state‐of‐the‐art RuO2 around 10180 mA h g−1.
Sustainable entrepreneurship support programs in nature‐protected areas: How universities third mission aids sustainability transitions
Authors: Buzzao Giacomo , Long Thomas B. , Argade Padmaja
Published: November 2024

This research examines the role of universities in supporting sustainability transitions in the context of nature‐protected areas through the leveraging of sustainable entrepreneurship. Universities are legitimate agents of change embedded within a territory and can play a pivotal role by initiating and supporting sustainable entrepreneurship ‐ a means of replacing unsustainable ventures with regenerative solutions linked to the success of sustainability transitions. However, the context of nature‐protected areas is unique on account of fragile ecosystems and cultural heritage sites – sustainable entrepreneurship can thus face a variety of challenges. This study focuses on a university‐led sustainable entrepreneurship program in North Sea nature‐protected areas, employing a multi‐level perspective framework for studying sustainability transitions. Through qualitative analysis of interviews, the study explores how such programs contribute to sustainability transitions by facilitating support to new sustainable entrepreneurs, creating coordination across actors and sustainability concerns, and creating a narrative for sustainability transition. The research contributes by spotlighting the role of universities in enhancing legitimacy and embeddedness in these areas, and in doing so, identifies new ‘third mission’ roles for universities. The research also provides one of the first attempts to synthesize ‘third mission’ concepts with sustainability transitions literature.
‘Therapy Through the Lens of Autism’: Qualitative exploration of autistic adults' therapy experiences
Authors: Pappagianopoulos Jessica , Brunt Sophie , Smith Jessica V. , Menezes Michelle , Howard Mya , Sadikova Eleonora , Burroughs Christina , Mazurek Micah O.
Published: November 2024

Background

Autistic adults are at increased risk for mental health (MH) conditions. As such, there is a need for effective MH care services that meet the unique needs of autistic clients. However, a deeper understanding of the therapy experiences and preferences of autistic adults is necessary to inform future enhancements to clinical practice for this population.

Aim

This study aimed to qualitatively examine the perspectives of autistic adults regarding past MH therapy experiences through semi‐structured interviews.Method: Autistic adults (N = 19, ages 21–51 years) completed a demographics survey and participated in individual interviews to share experiences and recommendations.

Findings

Reflexive thematic analysis revealed three over‐arching themes and eight sub‐themes. Overall, findings highlight therapeutic approaches that are important to autistic adults. Specifically, participants emphasised the value of the following strategies: (1) cultivating a safe space informed by an understanding of autism; (2) demonstrating a flexible and collaborative approach to therapy that is responsive to clients' needs; and (3) considering clients' preferences regarding talking in session when supporting personal growth and skill development.

Limitations

The study was limited by a relatively non‐diverse sample in terms of racial and ethnic identity and potential recall bias due to the retrospective nature of the investigation.
Progress in the Functionalization of Purines and Purine Nucleosides by Minisci Reactions Over the Past 50 Years
Authors: Li Yangyan , Butt Madiha , Bao Wenhu , Xie Ruoqian , Chen Gang
Published: November 2024

Over the past decade, significant progress has been witnessed in the functionalization of purines and purine nucleosides via Minisci reactions. This review primarily focuses on the latest advancements in applying Minisci reactions to purine bases, while also including some notable early examples, with an emphasis on the late‐stage functionalization of purine nucleosides. The Minisci reaction, a radical‐based method, enables direct C─H functionalization of purines, facilitating the incorporation of a wide range of functional groups under mild conditions. Key developments discussed in this review include the regioselective functionalizations at the C6, C8, and C2 positions, which have greatly expanded the toolkit for nucleoside modification. Additionally, this review also explores mechanistic insights, as well as the role of catalysts and reaction conditions that enhance the selectivity and efficiency of these transformations. The progress in Minisci‐type reactions offers valuable strategies for the synthesis of novel purine‐based compounds with promising applications in drug discovery and development.
Synthesis of Bis(diimino)palladium Nanosheets as Highly Active Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Maeda Hiroaki , Jia Han Phua Eunice , Sudo Yuta , Nagashima Sayoko , Chen Wentai , Fujino Mayumi , Takada Kenji , Fukui Naoya , Masunaga Hiroyasu , Sasaki Sono , Tsukagoshi Kazuhito , Nishihara Hiroshi
Published: November 2024

Development of efficient electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reactions (HERs) is necessary to achieve environmentally friendly and sustainable hydrogen production. To reduce cost and to circumvent the scarcity of platinum, the most efficient catalyst for HER, it is essential to develop catalysts using ubiquitous base metals or minimal amounts of precious metals. Bis(diimino)metal (MDI) coordination nanosheets are potential HER catalysts because their electric conductivities, two‐dimensionality, and porous structures provide large surface areas and efficient mass and electron transfer. In addition, with sparse metal arrangements in their chemical structures, nanosheets can reduce the amount of metal needed. We synthesized bis(diimino)palladium coordination nanosheets (PdDI) as a coordination polymer composed of bis(diimino)palladium, with semiconducting characteristics, using gas‐liquid interfacial synthesis and electrochemical oxidation. These electrochemically synthesized PdDIs exhibit remarkable catalytic performance with overpotential reaching 10 mA cm−2 of 34 mV, a Tafel slope of 47 mV dec−1, and an exchange current density of 2.1 mA cm−2 after appropriate activation. This performance is closely comparable to that of metallic platinum. An ex‐situ investigation of the activation process revealed that reduction of the divalent Pd center in bis(diimino)palladium produced a composite of Pd(0) species and PdDI, combining high catalytic activity with smooth electron transfer.
TiO2‐Phase‐Mediated Size Effect of Rh Nanoparticles on Photothermal Catalytic CO2 Hydrogenation
Authors: Liao Yanlin , Guo Qiaoqi , Sun Wenzheng , Yang Hui , Xu Jun , Luo Ying , Wang Qiang , Wang Zheng , He Hong
Published: November 2024

Photothermal catalytic CO2 hydrogenation on TiO2‐based catalysts has drawn extensive attention. However, few reports have focused on the impact of particle size of the active sites by altering TiO2 crystal phase on the CO2 hydrogenation activity. Herein, we successfully regulated Rh nanoparticle size by adjusting the crystal phases of TiO2 at different calcination temperatures and obtained impressive photothermal catalytic CO2 hydrogenation performance. Notably, the anatase‐phase TiO2 loaded with Rh nanoparticles achieved a CH4 production rate of 2.7 mmol h−1 with nearly 100 % selectivity and a single‐pass CO2 conversion rate of 69.4 %. Given the anatase‐phase TiO2 is more favorable for the presence of surface hydroxyl groups and oxygen vacancies, which can facilitate the distribution of Rh cations, Rh nanoparticles on the anatase‐phase TiO2 exhibited the smallest sizes. Small Rh particle size further enhanced CO2 adsorption and activation, leading to high photothermal CO2 hydrogenation performance. Furthermore, the optimized Rh nanoparticle‐loaded anatase‐phase TiO2 catalyst exhibited high structural stability and resistance to coke accumulation, maintaining stability during long‐term performance tests. This work investigated the particle size effect of active sites adjusted by crystal phase of light‐harvesting materials on the photothermal catalytic performance, providing guidance for the preparation of effective catalysts for CO2 hydrogenation to CH4.
Social capital as a catalyst for gender inequality: A scoping review of networking disparities in academic medicine
Authors: Callander Jacquelyn K. , Johnson Daniel E. , Grandis Jennifer R.
Published: November 2024

Gender disparities in academic medicine persist despite gender parity among medical school graduates. Women remain underrepresented in higher academic ranks and leadership roles, with significant differences in retention, promotion, and compensation. In this scoping review, the authors explore the role of networking and social capital in exacerbating these disparities. The literature reviewed highlights the importance of networking in obtaining leadership roles, decreasing social isolation, and enhancing retention. Sponsorship, distinct from mentorship, is vital for career development and has a direct impact on professional growth. However, women are often under‐sponsored compared with men, limiting their access to influential networks. In addition, virtual networking platforms and women‐focused organizations offer promising alternatives to traditional, male‐dominated networking activities. Despite the progress made, informal networking practices and gender biases continue to exclude women from key opportunities. These findings underscore the need for targeted interventions aimed at enhancing the social capital of women in academic medicine to help close the gender gap. Proposed interventions prime for further evaluation include the implementation of formal sponsorship programs, the development of structured networking opportunities, and the promotion of women‐focused organizations.
Facile Fabrication of Poly(Acrylic Acid)‐Functionalised Nickel‐Metal‐Organic Frameworks Nanoplates for Electrochemical Immunosensor for the Detection of Prostate‐Specific Antigen
Authors: Alake John , Nate Zondi , Adu Darko Kwabena , Ike Blessing Wisdom , Chauhan Ruchika , Gill Atal , Karpoormath Rajshekhar
Published: November 2024

The Current study proposes the first application of nanoplate poly(acrylic acid)‐modified Nickel‐2‐Amino‐1,4‐benzene dicarboxylic (PAA−Ni−NH2BDC) for quantifying PSA in serum. The MOF surface was functional with poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) to supply carboxylic groups. Anti‐PSA antibodies were immobilised onto the modified electrode using EDC‐NHS chemistry facilitated by the carboxylic groups supplied by PAA. Differential pulse voltammetry was used to study the sensor's performance towards prostate‐specific antigen using 2.5 mM Fe (CN)6]3−/[Fe(CN)6]4− in 0.01 M PBS as a redox probe. The immunosensor exhibited a detection limit of 1.0×10−13 μg/L with a wide linear range of 10−13 to 10−3 μg/L. The MOF′s high surface area and large pore sizes allowed the material to adsorb large quantities of the anti‐PSA antibodies for enhanced performance. Furthermore, the results from the proposed technique were highly reproducible. The PAA‐NI‐MOF may be useful for early prostate cancer detection in clinical diagnosis and monitoring.
Hierarchical Architectures by Hybridizing Ru Nanoparticles with Nitrogen/Oxygen Dual‐Doped Carbon Nanotubes for Advanced Hydrogen Evolution Reaction Performance
Authors: Han Yan , Lu Yanhui , Yu Xu
Published: November 2024

Developing highly efficient and stable electrocatalysts is critical for advancing hydrogen evolution reactions (HER) for hydrogen production. Herein, we report a facile approach to fabricating a hierarchical catalyst featuring ruthenium (Ru) nanoparticles uniformly integrated with nitrogen/oxygen co‐doped carbon nanotube aerogels (Ru‐NOCAs). Heteroatoms N and O‐modified CNTs can result in a negatively charged surface to effectively trap Ru3+ ions. Ru‐NOCAs exhibit a well‐defined hierarchical morphology facilitated by the self‐assembly of functional groups on the surface of CNTs, which enhances the interaction between Ru nanoparticles and CNTs. Due to the synergistic effect of hierarchical structure and strong interaction formation, Ru‐NOCAs show excellent catalytic activity and stability. Ru‐NOCAs catalyst demonstrates a remarkable overpotential of 41 mV at 10 mA cm−2 with a Tafel slope of 57 mV dec−1 in 1 M KOH and an overpotential of 68 mV with a Tafel slope of 65.8 mV dec−1 in 0.5 M H2SO4. These results indicate superior catalytic efficiency and enhanced charge transfer kinetics compared to the control samples. This study highlights the effectiveness of incorporating hierarchical structures and tailored surface chemistries in electrocatalyst design, offering new avenues for optimizing HER performance and advancing hydrogen fuel technology.
Investigating the Influence of Pore Wall–Water Interactions on Proton Conductivity within Metal‐Organic Nanotubes Using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
Authors: Jahinge Tiron H.L. , Forbes Tori Z.
Published: November 2024

Water‐mediated proton conductivity in nanoporous materials is influenced by channel water ordering and the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity of interior walls, making metal‐organic nanotubes (MONTs) useful systems for exploring these relationships due to their high crystallinity and tunable hydrophobicity. In the current study, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy is utilized to explore the proton conductivity on two metal organic nanotubes (UMONT and Cu‐LaMONT) with weak hydrophobic behavior that possess extended water networks within the 1‐D channels. Measurements performed at 95% RH and 20 °C indicate values of 1.63 × 10−4 S cm−1 for UMONT and 3.80 × 10−4 S cm−1 for Cu‐LaMONT, which is lower than values for walls with acidic, hydrophilic functional groups or nanotubular materials with strictly hydrophobic behavior. Proton conductivity decreases sharply with lower humidity, with Cu‐LaMONT being more sensitive to humidity changes. At low temperatures, UMONT outperforms LaMONT due to its well‐established hydrogen bonding network and hydrophobic interior. The anisotropic nature of proton conduction is also confirmed through pelletized powder sample analysis, emphasizing that the conductivity occurs through the water networks located within the 1‐D MONT channels. These findings emphasize the importance of understanding water–pore interactions and the resulting proton conductivity mechanisms to understand complex systems and design advanced materials.
Reduced Biofilm Accumulation on Implants Treated With Implantoplasty—An In Situ Trial With a Within‐Subject Comparison
Authors: Bertl Kristina , Al‐Said Mohammad , Mourad Ahmed , Mayol Magdalena , Lopes da Silva Zita , Papia Evaggelia , Stavropoulos Andreas
Published: November 2024

Objectives

This study aimed to evaluate potential differences in biofilm accumulation on three different implant surfaces: turned surface (TS), modified surface (MS), and modified surface treated with implantoplasty (IPS), using a within‐subject comparison.

Material and Methods

Ten volunteers wore individualized splints containing three titanium implants with different surfaces (TS, MS, and IPS) on each buccal side of the splint. The implant position (anterior, central, and posterior) was randomly assigned among the three implants on each side. Volunteers were instructed to wear the splint for 72 h and to remove it only for eating, drinking, and performing standard oral hygiene; the splint itself was not cleaned. After 72 h, the implants were carefully removed from the splint, and the accumulated biofilm was assessed using a crystal violet assay by measuring intensity/absorbance at 570 nm.

Results

All volunteers reported no deviations from the instructions. The lowest mean amount of biofilm (0.405 ± 0.07) was detected on implants of the IPS group, followed by implants of the MS (0.463 ± 0.06) and TS group (0.467 ± 0.07). A multilevel mixed‐effects linear regression analysis confirmed that implants of the IPS group accumulated a significantly lower amount of biofilm than the other surfaces (p < 0.001); however, no significant difference was detected between implants of the TS and MS groups (p = 0.806).

Conclusions

Implantoplasty can generate a surface significantly less conducive to biofilm accumulation in the short term compared to pristine implants with turned or modified surfaces.

Trial Registration: clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT06049121.
Evaluation of Bone Density for Primary Implant Stability Using a Newly Designed Drill: An In Vitro Study on Polyurethane Bone Blocks
Authors: Wakamatsu Kaien , Doi Kazuya , Kobatake Reiko , Oki Yoshifumi , Tsuga Kazuhiro
Published: November 2024

Objectives

Bone density is an important factor for long‐term implant success. Peri‐implant bone density evaluation before implant placement can be useful for treatment planning, such as the selection of proper implant size or drilling protocol in each case. In this study, we aimed to establish an objective intraoperative bone density evaluation method by measuring the drilling torque value using a newly designed density measurement drill.

Materials and Methods

Drilling torque value measurement was performed intraoperatively using three types of drills; two previously reported drills and a newly designed drill as a density measurement drill. Polyurethane bone blocks of different densities (D1–D4) were used in this experiment. After the measurement, implants were inserted based on the scheduled plan, and insertion torque (IT) and implant stability quotient (ISQ) were measured to assess primary implant stability.

Results

The drilling torque value increased with the bone blocks' density, and there were significant differences among different densities in all groups (p < 0.05). The drilling torque value showed a positive correlation with IT in all groups (p < 0.05). In addition, the drilling torque value increased with the increase in ISQ in all groups.

Conclusions

Within the limitations of this study, a newly designed density measurement drill was able to classify D1–D4 in polyurethane bone blocks despite its narrow diameter, and an objective intraoperative bone evaluation can be achieved. An intraoperative assessment of the drilling torque value can predict primary implant stability and provide valuable information for intraoperative treatment planning, such as undersized drilling protocol and implant size change.
The Association of Matrix Metalloproteinase‐1, ‐2, ‐3, ‐7, and ‐13 Gene Polymorphisms With Peri‐Implantitis in an Iranian Population: A Case–Control Study
Authors: Saremi Leila , Shahbazi Soheil , Ghaffari Mohammad Ebrahim , Esmaeili Saharnaz , Lotfipanah Shirin , Amid Reza , Kadkhodazadeh Mahdi
Published: November 2024

Objectives

Peri‐implantitis (PI) is the most common biological issue surrounding dental implants. According to current knowledge, the aforementioned complication is not equally distributed across different populations, and gene polymorphisms might be one contributing factor. The current study aimed to examine the association between gene polymorphisms of matrix metalloproteinase‐ (MMP‐) 1, ‐2, ‐3, ‐7, and ‐13 with PI in an Iranian demographic.

Material and Methods

The study's sample included 50 subjects suffering from PI and 89 healthy controls. From each participant, a venous blood sample of 5 cc was obtained, and DNA was extracted. Gene polymorphisms were investigated using restriction fragment length polymorphism polymerase chain reaction (RFLP‐PCR) combined with electrophoresis. Statistical analyses were done using the Pearson chi‐square test, odds ratio, and t‐test via SPSS version 28.

Results

The MMP‐3 (‐1171 5A/6A) and MMP‐7 (‐181 A/G) gene polymorphisms were significantly different between the patients with PI and healthy controls (PV < 0.001 and =0.025, respectively). MMP‐1 (‐1607 1G/2G), MMP‐2 (‐1306 C/T), and MMP‐13 (‐77 A/G) gene polymorphisms did not, however, differ in terms of prevalence between the two groups (PV > 0.05). Moreover, the presence of the 6 A allele in the MMP‐3 (‐1171 5A/6A) genotype resulted in a significant decrease in PI risk (PV < 0.001).

Conclusions

Gene polymorphisms in the genotypes of MMP‐3 (‐1171 5A/6A) and MMP‐7 (‐181 A/G) were differential when comparing PI patients and healthy controls of the studied population.
Petrocodon gracilis (Gesneriaceae), a New Species From Southwestern Guangxi, China
Authors: Ding Tao , Liu Ming , Zhang Qiang , Wang Peng‐Fei , Huang Xing , Lin Yan‐Xiang , Pan Bo , Li Peng‐Wei
Published: November 2024

The genus Petrocodon is renowned for its remarkably diverse floral morphology, exhibiting a high level of disparity compared to most genera within Gesneriaceae. In this study, we present a detailed description and illustration of Petrocodon gracilis T. Ding & B. Pan, a new species with unique floral features that is native to Guangxi, China. This species is geographically close to P. jingxiensis H.S. Gao & W.B. Xu and is indistinguishable from P. jingxiensis in vegetative characteristics. However, it can be clearly distinguished from the latter by its shorter pedicels, slender tubular corolla, shorter corolla tube, distinctly unequal corolla lobes with upper ones linear and reflexed and lower ones oblanceolate, and included chiritoid‐like stigma. The presence of linear upper lobes and the chiritoid‐like stigma has not been previously reported in Petrocodon, and the emergence of this new species will further expand the morphospace occupied by this morphologically diverse genus.
Dominant species stabilize pollination services through response diversity, but not cross‐scale redundancy
Authors: Genung Mark A. , Winfree Rachael
Published: November 2024

Substantial evidence suggests that biodiversity can stabilize ecosystem function, but how it does this is less clear. In very general terms, the hypothesis is that biodiversity stabilizes function because having more species increases the role of compensatory dynamics, which occur when species in a community show different responses to the environment. Here, we focus on two forms of compensatory dynamics, cross‐scale redundancy (CSR) and response diversity (RD). CSR occurs when species respond to a disturbance at different scales such that scale‐specific disturbances do not negatively affect all species. RD occurs when species contributing to the same function show different responses to an environmental change. We developed a new analytical approach that can compare the strength of CSR and RD in the same dataset and used it to study native bee pollination of blueberry at 16 farms that varied in surrounding agricultural land use. We then asked whether CSR and RD among bee species are associated with the stability of blueberry pollination. Although CSR and RD were both present, only RD was associated with higher stability of pollination. Furthermore, the effects of RD on stability were due to a single widespread species, Andrena bradleyi, that is a specialist on blueberry and, unlike other bee species, was highly abundant at farms surrounded by intensive blueberry agriculture. Thus, the stabilizing effect we observed was attributable to an “identity effect” more than to species richness per se. Our results demonstrate how CSR and RD can be empirically measured and compared and highlight how the theoretical expectations of the biodiversity–ecosystem functioning field are not always upheld when confronted with real‐world data.
An insect pheromone primes tolerance of herbivory in goldenrod plants
Authors: Yip Eric C. , Mescher Mark C. , De Moraes Consuelo M. , Tooker John F.
Published: November 2024

Environmental cues that predict increased risk of herbivory can prime plant defenses; however, few studies have explored how such cues elicit broader plant responses, including potential effects on plant growth and other resource allocations that may affect tolerance to herbivore damage. We exposed goldenrod plants (Solidago altissima) to varying concentrations of the putative sex pheromone of a gall‐inducing herbivore, which has previously been implicated in defense priming. In experiments with two plant genotypes and three herbivore populations, any level of exposure to the pheromone enhanced tolerance of galling, rescuing flower production to levels observed for ungalled plants. Exposure to low doses of the pheromone elicited greater resistance to galling than exposure to high doses, with unexposed plants exhibiting intermediate resistance, suggesting a nonlinear relationship between exposure and defense priming. These findings suggest plant responses to environmental cues associated with biotic stressors are broader and more complex than previously appreciated.
Involvement as a Polarizing Factor?—A Comprehensive Multi‐Method Analysis across Representative Datasets
Authors: Hoffstadt Madlen , Smal Iris , Maas Han van der , Garcia‐Bernardo Javier
Published: November 2024

Complex system models of attitudes, such as the Hierarchical Ising Opinion Model (HIOM), suggest that a person's involvement in an attitude object could be linked to attitude extremity and polarization. Despite its potential to integrate various theories of attitude change and despite the implications it could hold for attitude research, this assumption has not yet been studied systematically. We investigate the role of involvement in five large‐scale, representative surveys on general political orientation and attitudes towards the EU and COVID‐19 vaccines, conducted in 79 different countries over the last 8 years. We propose criteria to classify the degree of ideological divergence and introduce a modality detection measure suited for ordinal data and large sample sizes. We find that involvement is linked to attitude extremity and that predictions of HIOM are validated in a topic‐specific dataset on COVID‐19 vaccines. Results on political orientation and general attitudes towards the EU show either no effect of involvement or patterns that contradict HIOM's predictions. We discuss implications for the measurement of involvement, complex system models of attitudes and polarization research.
Analysis of Bifurcation Characteristics of Fractional‐Order Direct Drive Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator
Authors: Chen Wei , Kou Wentao , Wei Zhanhong , Wang Bo , Li Qiangqiang
Published: November 2024

In this study, we establish a fractional‐order direct drive permanent magnet synchronous wind turbines (DPMSG) model defined by Caputo based on the fractional calculus theory to overcome the singularity and limitations of integer‐order DPMSG models. The path and characteristics of the DPMSG system entering the bifurcation and chaos caused by the internal parameter changes and external disturbances were analyzed. First, we established a nonlinear fractional‐order mathematical model of a DPMSG system. Second, a bifurcation diagram was drawn using the maximum algorithm, and the path to chaos of the system at different orders was analyzed by combining its chaotic phase portrait and temporal sequence diagram. Subsequently, the impact of variations in the system order on the chaotic features of the original system was analyzed. The internal parameter adjustments of the system and changes in the system stability under external disturbances and other external excitations were analyzed. The influence of the system on its bifurcation phenomenon and chaotic behavior under multidimensional orders was determined, and it was observed that its path into chaos was opened by period‐doubling bifurcation. Lastly, the dual‐parameter stability domain of the system order corresponding to the internal parameters of the system was obtained by determining the parameter conditions for the critical stability of the system.