bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hamas
Authors: Herman Lyndall
Published: April 2020

This paper addresses the evolving role of the Islamic Resistance Movement – Hamas – following its integration into “the establishment” in the aftermath of the 2006 Palestinian Legislative Council elections. By becoming the establishment in Gaza, Hamas and its leadership moved beyond earlier ideologically based concerns over legitimizing Israel’s existence. This move followed the evolutionary framework outlined by Jon Anderson. This paper contends that Anderson’s framework, which addresses the stages through which new media moves – from pioneer, to activist, to official (Islamic) discourse – can be applied to social movements to better understand their evolutionary processes. Within the limits of this paper, I will aply this framework to Hamas and its evolution and then trace this transition by analyzing both the secondary and primary literature. The nominal turning points that mark these three phases include the emergence of Hamas (1988), the claiming of an activist mantle (the mid-to-late 1990s), and its becoming the official discourse (i.e., the establishment) by winning the 2006 Palestinian Legislative Council elections.
Islam, Sexuality, and the “War on Terror”
Authors: Rasheed Shaireen
Published: April 2020

This paper explores the reasons why, in the aftermath of 9/11, the interests of Muslim women and Muslim gays have become the civilizing mission in the “war on terror.” In critically examining how pervasive American and European notions of patriotism, liberalism, secularism, and freedom have been couched within the discourseof sexual rights, I explain why this new politics of belonging is inseparable from the new politics of exclusion. This shift has had consequences for progressive social movements. Whereas in social and cultural analysis nationalism has long been associated with male dominance, sexual control, and heteronormativity, certain articulations of feminism and lesbian/gay liberation are now intimately linked with the reinforcement of ethno-cultural boundaries within the western framework. A required allegiance to sexual liberties and rights has been employed as a technology of control and exclusion – what Joan Scott calls a “politics of sexclusion.” This paper elucidates how Muslim gays are joining Muslim women, whose “liberation,” as postcolonial feminists have long argued, has traditionally been used to justify imperialism. I conclude by discussing bodies as a site for the materialization of power and resistance, as related to Luce Irigaray’s notion of an “ethics of sexual difference,” in an attempt to provide the phenomenological conditions of an “alternative space” in which the Muslim as “other” can be heard. The critical role of such a methodology is not to restore a lost historical and obliterated native, but to let her emerge in her difference. This ontology studies the varying ontic meanings of a localized phenomenon, their constitution as different realities and objectivities (i.e., as entities, occurrences, processes, events, (and facts), to shift our focus from identifying the Muslim other to asking “How do we experience the Muslim other as ‘other’?”
Crime and Punishment in a Modern Muslim State
Authors: Ahangar Mohd Altaf Hussain
Published: April 2020

By and large, contemporary Muslims enjoy all the facilities and comforts of modern life. However, in relation to a governing legal system, they still wish to live according to the laws promulgated through the Qur’an and Sunnah (the Shari‘ah) without any alteration and addition. Yet such an approach does not provide a solution for all existing and emerging offences. An acceptable solution is possible if, as proposed by Muhammad Iqbal, the great philosopher of the East, we reinterpret Islam’s foundational legal principles in light of our own experiences and conditions. I hold that the foundational legal principles regarding crime and punishment are ḥadd(a fixed punishment mandated by the Qur’an and Sunnah), qiṣāṣ(equal retaliation [an eye for an eye]), dīyah(blood money, ransom), and ta‘zīr(punishment, usually corporal).
Moderation and al-Ghazali in Turkey
Authors: Wilkinson Taraneh
Published: April 2020

Turkish theology faculties are an important but understudied source of moderate Muslim responses to the challenges of modernity. Although it is strongly associated with questions of such Enlightenment values as tolerance and freedom of thought, modernity is also tied to skepticism, atheism, and pluralism. Thus one way to examine whether the label of “moderate” applies to a given case is to examine how such a position reflects both the positive values of modernity in addition to how it addresses modernity’s challenges. This paper deals with the resources for religious moderation found in the thought of al-Ghazali and how they are used and analyzed in modern Turkish theology faculties. By focusing on two recent works by Turkish theologians Mehmet Bayrakdar and Adnan Aslan, this paper explores skepticism, atheism, and religious pluralism. I argue that not only are both thinkers “moderate,” but that they also engage this label by using their own theological interests and interpretations of al-Ghazali. Both theologians were trained in Turkish theology faculties and did significant graduate study in Europe. Their work reflects an active engagement with the western intellectual tradition. Al-Ghazali plays a crucial – but not final – role in each of their responses to modernity and the western intellectual tradition. For Bayrakdar he functions as a symbol of Muslim intellectual independence, whereas for Aslan he serves as a fundamental resource for making sense of the religious “other.” Thus, a case is presented for the increasing relevance of Turkish theological responses to debates outside Turkey.
The Ethics of Wasaṭīyah and the Pursuit of Gender Equality
Authors: Anwar Etin
Published: April 2020

The paper deals with the concept of wasaṭīyah (moderation) as an ethical framework for community making and its impact on the pursuit of gender equality. Qur’an 2:143 speaks about the correlation between making a fair community (al-ummah al-wasaṭ) and piety, which is inclusive of both men and women. As both terms are intertwined, any efforts to discuss wasaṭīyah must include how Muslims relate to God and how this relationship is exercised in all areas of their lives. Given that this intersection is a matter of ethics, my paper will demonstrate that wasaṭīyah affords the inclusion of both genders as ethical agents in the pursuit of a fair community. I first discuss how the ethics of wasaṭīyah provide a framework for community building by drawing some parallels between Prophet Muhammad’s creation of a fair and inclusive community and how Muslims could embody God’s message within themselves and their communities. I then show how including women in the community-making process echoes both the Islamic ethics of moderation and the value of women as ethical agents.
The Academic Study of Hadith in North America Universities
Authors: Altıntaş Fatma Betül
Published: April 2020

Scholarly interest in Islamic studies has increased over the last decade. The academic study of Islam in North America emerged from Orientalism; after World War II it gave way to area studies and, in the mid-twentieth century, started to be addressed as a separate research area. However, the subfield of Hadith studies remainsneglected. In comparison to its role and the approach at modern academic institutions in the Muslim world, Hadith studies in North American universities seem to have received attention mainly in terms of this body of literature’s authenticity. This paper uses qualitative research methods to provide an overview of the historical and contemporary academic study of this subfield and examine the space allocated to it within the broader Islamic studies curriculum. Examining and analyzing its legacy and current state in the academy will help us clarify the general acceptance of this subfield within those institutions.
The Faqīh as Engineer
Authors: Paya Ali
Published: April 2020

Following a brief discussion on the differences between science and technology as well as engineering’s main characteristics, I explore fiqh’s epistemological features. The upshot of my discussion is that although Muslim scholars like Farabi and Ghazzali consciously placed fiqhin the category of “applied sciences,” it seems that many of the fuqahā’ and other Muslim (or even non-Muslim)s cholars have not fully appreciated the significance of this point.T he result, as I argue, has been epistemic confusion on the part ofm any fuqahā’and perhaps other Muslim scholars. It has generally been assumed that fiqhhas the (immediate) aim of acquiring knowledge and discovering objective truth about reality, and that by doing so it can fulfill its other purpose: dealing with practical issues. I shall argue that this misconception has contributed to some unfortunate consequences. Equating a faqīh, who is a practical problem-solver par excellence (i.e., an engineer), with an ‘ālim (a man of knowledge) has helped the fuqahā’ further consolidatet heir dominant position in the ecosystem of Islamic culture. In turn,t his has paved the way for the dominance of instrumentalistic/p ragmatic approaches, in contrast to truth-oriented activities, in tra-d itional centers of learning in Muslim societies.
Islam as a Platform for Politics: The Post-9/11 U.S. Conservative Popular Security Discourse
Authors: Belt David
Published: April 2020

Why, in the aftermath of 9/11, did a segment of the U.S. popular security experts, political elite, media, and other institutions classify not just al-Qaeda but Islam itself as a security threat, thereby countering the prevailing professional consensus and White House policy that maintained a distinction between terrorism and Islam? Why did this “politically incorrect” or counternarrative expand and degenerate into a scare over the country’s “Islamization” by its tiny Muslim population? Why is this security myth so convincing that legislators in two dozen states introduced bills to prevent the Shariah’s spread and a Republican presidential front-runner exclaimed: “I believe Shariah is a mortal threat to the survival of freedom in the United States and in the world as we know it”? This analysis offers a framework that conceptualizes popular discourses as highly interested fields of political struggle, deepens the prevailing characterization of this part of the U.S. popular discourse as “Islamophobia,” and analyzes how it has functioned politically at the domestic level. Specifically, it examines how a part of the conservative elite and institutions, political entrepreneurs already involved in the ongoing culture wars, seized upon Islam in the emotion-laden wake of 9/11 as another opportune site to advance their struggle against their domestic political opponents, “the Left,” and the more progressive societal institutions and culture in general.
Ali Mazrui
Authors: Rasool Ebrahim
Published: April 2020

On the occasion of the passing of Ali Mazrui, Rashied Omar, imam of the Claremont Main Road Mosque in Cape Town, South Africa, invoked probably the most appropriate verse of the Qur’an to memorialize him: “God bears witness that there is no god but Allah, and so do the angels and those possessed of knowledge, standing firm on justice. There is no God but Allah, the Exalted, the Wise” (Q. 3:18). There are many who testify to belief in the unity of God, and fewer who accept its corollary, the unity of creation and the unity of humanity. There are many who qualify for the description of possessing knowledge by virtue of qualifications obtained in institutions of learning, whether Islamic or other. It is, however, the third angle of this triangle – the triangle of belief, knowledge, and justice – where the world experiences a deficit. Standing for justice is the point of the triangle that is least populated, or if it is populated, it may well bepopulated in the absence of understanding the implications of belief in the unity of God or understanding the dynamism of knowledge. Mazrui will be remembered for epitomizing the completeness and perfection of this golden triangle, for indeed his knowledge was founded in his unflinching commitment to tawḥīd (unity) and this, in turn, impelled him toward utilizing his intellect both for identifying the sources of injustice in the world and positing theoretical and practical solutions towards justice.
Mapping Mazrui’s Mind
Authors: Haron Muhammed
Published: April 2020

Ali Mazrui has left his enormous intellectual footprint in politicalscience in general and African studies in particular. By the beginningof the 1990s, his output had been impressive enough to bringabout Abdul Bemath’s 1998 compilation The Mazruiana Collection(1962-1997).1 As the years unfolded, Bemath saw the need toupdate his earlier compilation, which he renamed The MazruianaCollection Revisited. The 2005 annotated bibliographical text thathe painstakingly put together continues to generously serve the socialsciences and humanities. This compilation’s latest edition isabout to be concluded and will include all of Mazrui’s publicationsbetween 2005 and 2014, as well as other edited texts that containMazrui’s writings that were compiled posthumously.This article essentially returns to Bemath’s invaluable compilationas well as to Mazrui’s updated resume to study and review froma bibliometric perspective Mazrui’s substantial contribution to thesocial sciences and the humanities. Put differently, it sets itself thetask of undertaking a bibliometric approach that will help map outthis scholar’s “mind” by reflecting upon the numbers of peer reviewedarticles alongside his long list of books and book chapter publications. It graphically depicts and analyzes Mazrui’s outputin order to show the extent of his contributions toward the knowledgeproduction process related to the above-mentioned disciplinesand in particular to that of African studies.
Framing Political Islam
Authors: Reda Amir Abdul
Published: April 2020

What aspects of the Syrian Muslim Brotherhood’s (a.k.a. the Ikhwan) cultural/ideological framing contributed to its failure to gather opponents of the Assad regime around its leadership during the 2011uprising? What does this reveal about why some Islamist political parties failed in situations of high political contention, such as the Syrian civil war? I argue that despite considerable evolution in the Syrian Brotherhood’s cultural/ideological framing since its first uprising (1977-82), it failed to target three crucial aspects of the 2011 uprising: the military struggle, the masses, and the religious minorities. My research outlines how the movement’s ideological shift toward non-violence and post-1982 reorientation toward democratic elections (ironically) prevented its members from playing a leadership role in what was mainly an armed struggle. At the same time, my research outlines how this evolution and its related changes attracted neither the masses, which remained oriented toward the traditional economic elites, nor the Sunni-oriented religious minorities. I argue that these three crucial aspects undermined the Ikhwan’s efforts and illustrate how poor cultural/ideological framing can doom even those Islamist political parties with the strongest resource mobilization capacities and previously unmatched situationsof political opportunity structures.
Exploring Nejatullah Siddiqi’s Contribution to the Maqāṣid al-Sharī‘ah in Urdu Literature
Authors: Parray Tauseef Ahmad
Published: April 2020

This paper examines the maqāṣid al-Sharī‘ah discourse with special reference to the contribution of Muhammad Nejatullah Siddiqi (b.1931), India’s renowned Islamic economist and scholar. It describes and analyzes his approach and methodology in debating, discussing, and addressing this discourse, especially its applications and understanding as well as its position and perspective vis-à-vis the contemporary issues facing the global Muslim community. The primary focus is his stance on the modern-day concerns related to and discussed within the paradigm of the maqāṣid al-Sharī‘ah discourse (e.g., ijtihād’s importance and scope, Muslim minorities, and issues ranging from globalization to weapons of mass destruction) within the context of Urdu literature.
American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences
Authors: Ojsadmin
Published: April 2020

Included in sample.
Palestine-Israel and the Neoliberal Ideal
Authors: Peterson Luke Mathew
Published: April 2020

The following study envisions the modern history of the Palestinian- Israeli conflict through the application of previously underutilized theoretical frames. Beginning with the unprecedented political and social upheaval wrought upon the Middle East after the end of World War I, the article unfolds in three distinct sections. The first section provides an historical introduction to the global, transnational forces that guided the developing infrastructure of political conflict within the region. The second section articulates the ideological parameters of the international political and economic forces (“neoliberalism”) that connect the past and present of political conflict in the region as well as the local (state and non-state) and non-local actors involved in its contemporary manifestation. The third and final section reconceptualizes the Palestinian-Israeli conflict not exclusively as a territorial dispute or as a nebulous clash of cultures, but rather as a deliberate, operational casualty enduring in the service of an aggressive, transnational, and indeed historical force whose trajectory spans the length of the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries: neoliberalism. In each sphere in which the neoliberal ideal has been applied – one, an historical fait accompli, another, a contemporary situation en cours – an important, connective element persists: the distinctly non-local origin of both the historical forces and the contemporary economic manifestations under examination.
Specters of Islam
Authors: Doha Tanzeen Rashed
Published: April 2020

In this paper, I trace historical developments in Islamist politics and mainstream feminism in relation to media representations of Muslim women. By examining articles in The New York Times (NYT) published between 1979 and 2011, I suggest that secular representations of Islam, both in the media and feminist discourse, propagate what I call ‘anti-Islamism.’ By constructing a periodization based on signature events within contemporary Islamist history (what I term an ‘Islamist periodization’), I identify tactical shifts within the larger, global strategy of anti-Islamism. As a conceptual frame, anti-Islamism moves beyond articulations that either conceptualize Islamophobia as a behavioral-psychological disposition created through misinformation, or as a structural form of racial bigotry. Instead, anti-Islamism describes a consistent effort to counter and negate Islam’s world-making aspirations. Ultimately, I deduce that feminism as a political and epistemic project (with three major exceptions) is necessarily incompatible with Islamic orthodoxy – an incompatibility reinforced by media representations.
Lexical Choice and Rhetorical Expression in Ignazio Lomellini’s 1622 Translation of and Commentary on the Qur’an
Authors: Shore PAUL JOHN
Published: April 2020

Animadversiones, Notae ac Disputationes in Pestilentem Alcoranum is a unique document housed in the University of Genoa library and consisting of the entire text of the Qur’ān in Arabic, a Latin translation of same, and extensive commentaries and marginalia in Latin, with a few short passages in Arabic and Hebrew. The document is dated 1622 and has heretofore received little attention from scholars. Although Animadversiones had none of the impact of other early Latin translations of the Qur’ān, this text is of considerable value as an example of how early Western Christian scholars of the Qur’ān grappled with lexical, syntactical and exegetical problems. This article examines a series of lexical choices made by Lomellini and touches on some of his exegetical discourses, his intended audiences, and possible sources and informants. Special attention is given to the tension between Lomellini’s mission to propagate the Catholic faith and his desire to produce a translation faithful to the meaning of the original.
Islam and Support for Gender Inequality among Women in Turkey
Authors: Bartkowski John , Acevedo Gabriel , Karakeci Gulcimen , Campbell Favor
Published: April 2020

Turkey has been characterized as a nation that exhibits an amalgam of Eastern and Western cultural values. For a lengthy period of time, Turkey had prohibited Muslim women’s wearing of the veil in many public venues. Yet, the vast majority of this nation’s citizens are highly devout Muslims. Our study uses these paradoxes as a springboard for investigating early twenty-first century religious influences on Turkish Muslim women’s attitudes toward gender inequality. We introduce the theoretical construct of diversified institutional contexts, arguing that gender is not simply a singular institutional form but rather ebbs and flows with women’s mobility across variegated institutional settings. We hypothesize that religious devotion among Muslim women in Turkey circa the year 2000 will be associated with greater support for gender inequality across several institutional domains, namely, family, education, the workplace, and politics. In addition, we anticipate that as women move across these institutional contexts, they will encounter distinctive gender norms that shape their social opportunities. The public secularism and privatized religious climate of Turkey will yield the most pronounced religious support for gender inequality in family life when compared with other institutional contexts. These hypotheses are proposed for Turkey at the turn of the twenty-first century, prior to the rise of the current ruling party, and are supported with data analyzed from the 2001 wave of the World Values Survey. We conclude by specifying implications of these findings and promising directions for future research, including the continued monitoring of recent developments in this politically changing nation.
Scholarship and Social Engagement: Reflecting on the Career of Sulayman Nyang
Authors: Safi Louay
Published: April 2020

The theme of this editorial is inspired by the passing of a dear friend, Sulayman Nyang, whose life epitomized the nexus between scholarship and social engagement. Dr. Nyang’s life and career follows a long-held Islamic tradition stretching over a millennium. I would like to begin my reflections by citing the tradition of social engagement and social responsibility within Islamic scholarship, and then briefly examine how that tradition was upheld by Dr. Nyang and offer a synopsis of his thoughts and actions.
Volume 36 Issue 2 - Spring 2019
Authors: Anjum Ovamir
Published: April 2020

This issue begins with an editorial on humanistic education and Islam by the journal editor, Ovamir Anjum.

It then features two research articles: Kareem Rosshandler’s “A Review of Contemporary Arabic Scholarship on the Use of Isrā’īliyyāt for Interpreting the Qur’an” is an important exploration of how modern Arabophone Muslim exegetes employ Israelite narratives in their commentaries. The second article, Abbas Ahsan’s “Quine’s Ontology and the Islamic Tradition,” is a meticulous philosophical treatment of a fundamental point: whether naturalist philosophy, particularly in its Quinean form, is commensurable with an absolutely transcendent notion of God as expressed in certain dominant theological traditions of Islam.

A review essay on the second edition of Jonathan Brown's celebrated book Hadith: Muhammad's Legacy in the Medieval and Modern World precedes eight book reviews.

Finally, in a refreshing and provocative essay, “Islam in English,” Oludamini Ogunnaike and Mohammed Rustom make a case for new vocabulary that could express, not merely describe, Islam in English.
Young Muslim America: Faith, Community, and Belonging (by Muna Ali)
Authors: Rashid Hussein
Published: April 2020

Muna Ali’s Young Muslim America is a multi-layered, multi-disciplinary work that delivers a snapshot of American Muslim life, grounded in history and theory. She begins by saying she is looking at individual narratives embedded in a larger narrative “about being and belonging, about identity politics in a globalizing world where grand narratives of national and civilizational histories, secularism, and global wars are summoned” (4). The idea of “narrative” is repeated because it signals a primary methodological approach of the book, where narratives are seen as full of information used to navigate social realities (5).
Muslim Americans: Debating the Notions of American and Un-American (by Nahid Kabir)
Authors: Mohamed Besheer
Published: April 2020

Muslim Americans: Debating the Notions of American and Un-American is an ambitious attempt to explore how American Muslims, especially immigrants and their children, see the US and are seen by it. It uses the voices of Muslim Americans to explore what peoples and cultures can be considered American, and which are not. The author offers it as “a counter-narrative to the reactionary thinking of academics ... and some media and politicians who have place Islam/Muslims as the Other.”
Sufis, Salafis, and Islamists
Authors: Rizvi Muneeza
Published: April 2020

In Sufis, Salafis, and Islamists: The Contested Ground of British Islamic Activism, Sadek Hamid provides a rich history of nearly four decades of Muslim organizing in Britain. Replete with careful typologies and periodizations, the work reflects the author’s intimate grounding in the world of British Islam, and provides a unique insight into the challenges and successes of four trends he describes as the “reformist Islamist Young Muslims UK (YM), the Salafi-oriented JIMAS (Jamiyyah Ihya’ Minhaj as Sunnah)...the radical pan-Islamist movement Hizb ut-Tahrir, and the neo-Sufi Traditional Islam Network”.
Islam and World History: The Ventures of Marshall Hodgson
Authors: Schubel Vernon James
Published: April 2020

In Islam and World History: The Ventures of Marshall Hodgson, editors Edmund Burke III and Robert J. Mankin have provided a valuable service to the scholarly community by bringing together a series of insightful essays that place the creation of Hodgson’s posthumous masterwork, The Venture of Islam, into a broader historical and intellectual context. Perhaps most importantly, this slim but comprehensive volume adds greatly to our understanding of Marshall Hodgson himself, a historian who famously argued for the importance of recognizing the scholarly pre-commitments of academics, by providing a remarkable biographical context in which to consider the deeper implications of his work.

To download full review, click on PDF.
Faith and Resistance: The Politics of Love and War in Lebanon
Authors: Saeidi Shirin
Published: April 2020

Faith and Resistance: The Politics of Love and War in Lebanon by Sarah Marusek is a brave, timely, and innovative investigation that not only introduces readers to the historical development of Lebanon and Shi‘i Islam in the modern era but also challenges scholars to question how they study religious activism. The volume is based on over two years of intermittent fieldwork in Lebanon and Iran spread out from 2009 and 2017. The gist of Marusek’s argument is that the religious activism of Lebanon’s Hizbollah, and the wider Islamic resistance movement, can be examined through the lens of liberation theology. This analytical move is grounded in her desire to push the boundaries on how Shi‘i activism is conceptualized and studied by Western scholars—to show us that there are multiple ways of making sense from fieldwork experience and archival research. This openness to experiment with new theoretical frameworks, research methods, and, perhaps most importantly, to engage in comparative studies of the Middle East makes the volume a significant contribution to different fields of study.

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Radical Love: Teachings from the Islamic Mystical Tradition
Authors: Valkenberg Pim
Published: April 2020

Collections of poems from the Islamic mystical tradition are not at all unusual on the American market. Yet most of these collections have been published by presses that specialize in spirituality, so it is quite remarkable to see this collection of poetry translated and edited by Omid Safi being published by Yale University Press. Safi is a Professor of Islamic Studies in the Department of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies at Duke University in North Carolina, and he is author of numerous books such as Progressive Muslims (2003), The Politics of Knowledge in Premodern Islam (2006) and Memories of Muhammad: Why the Prophet Matters (2009). Yet he is prob-ably better known as a public intellectual through his blogs and columns.

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Latina Muslim Producers of Online and Literary Countermedia
Authors: Avivi Yamil
Published: April 2020

Since 9/11, US English and Spanish language media have reported on the rise in Latino/a conversion to Islam. Western(ized) media images I examined for this essay about Latinas converting to Islam raise suspicions overpossible forced conversions, brainwashing, or abuse. What is evident and salient in these media portrayals, whether deliberately or unintentionally created, are the binaries (Western vs. non-Western, Christian vs. Muslim, and Arab vs. Latino) that limit understandings of how these women are self-empowered and make choices for themselves in their everyday lives as Latina Muslim converts. In effect, Western imperial ideologies and discourses in these media portrayals reinforce and normalize rigid state identitarian notions of Christian/Catholic Latinas living in Union City, New Jersey, a traditionally Catholic/Christian-majority and urban  Cuban-majority/Latino immigrant enclave since the 1940s-1950s. Now more alarming is this post-9/11 moment when “the Latino American Dawah Organization (LADO) estimated that Latina women outnumbered their male counterparts and reached 60 per cent,” as part of a changing religious and ethnic demographic that includes Muslim Arab and South Asian populations amidst Latino/a populations. In my research, it soon became evident that a variety of media sources perceived Union City as a prime site of Latino/a Muslim conversion post-9/11. This essay offers a specific look at the way newsmedia has portrayed Latina Muslims in Union City and how the cultural productions of these women challenge simplistic and Islamophobic views of Latinas who have converted to Islam post-9/11.

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Recognizing Job Apathy Patterns of Iraqi Higher Education Employees Using Data Mining Techniques
Authors: Abd Mustafa S. , Behadili Suhad Faisal
Published: April 2020

Psychological research centers help indirectly contact professionals from the fields of human life, job environment, family life, and psychological infrastructure for psychiatric patients. This research aims to detect job apathy patterns from the behavior of employee groups in the University of Baghdad and the Iraqi Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research. This investigation presents an approach using data mining techniques to acquire new knowledge and differs from statistical studies in terms of supporting the researchers’ evolving needs. These techniques manipulate redundant or irrelevant attributes to discover interesting patterns. The principal issue identifies several important and affective questions taken from a questionnaire, and the psychiatric researchers recommend these questions. Useless questions are pruned using the attribute selection method. Moreover, pieces of information gained through these questions are measured according to a specific class and ranked accordingly. Association and a priori algorithms are used to detect the most influential and interrelated questions in the questionnaire. Consequently, the decisive parameters that may lead to job apathy are determined.
Coumarin 4 Laser dye/PVP Polymer/Al2O3 Nanoparticle Thin Films Induced by Er: YAG Laser Radiation
Authors: Al-Sultani Mithaq M. Mehdy
Published: April 2020

In this paper, thin films were made of 10-4 mol/l of Coumarin 4 laser dye dissolved in ethanol, 0.3 g of PVP polymer and 0.04 g of Al2O3 nanoparticles. The electrical properties such as dielectric constant, phase velocity of laser photons inside the film, the film permittivity and permeability, medium impedance, electrical conductivity, skin depth, the electrical response time, magnetic susceptibility and dielectric time have been studied for the prepared thin films at two different Er:YAG laser wavelengths of 1645nm and 1617 nm based on various laser powers in one time and with changed laser exposure periods in the other time. It is observed that the highest laser power consolidates each value of dielectric constant, dielectric time, electrical conductivity, the electrical response time, magnetic susceptibility and the permeability of film because of increasing the abundant energy in films within laser irradiation. The most important conclusion is that the electrical properties were much higher for the prepared thin films irradiated with 1645nm Er: YAG laser wavelength than for those irradiated with 1617nm laser wavelength.
Inclined Magnetic Field of Non-uniform and Porous Medium Channel on Couple Stress Peristaltic Flow and application in medical treatment (Knee Arthritis)
Authors: Hummady Liqaa Zeki , Abbas Iraq T. , Mohammed Rana A.
Published: April 2020

The present study analyzes the effect of couple stress fluid (CSF) with the activity of connected inclined magnetic field (IMF) of a non-uniform channel (NUC) through a porous medium (PM), taking into account the sliding speed effect on channel walls and the effect of nonlinear particle size, applying long wavelength and low Reynolds count estimates. The mathematical expressions of axial velocity, stream function, mechanical effect and increase in pressure have been analytically determined. The effect of the physical parameter is included in the present model in the computational results. The results of this algorithm have been presented in chart form by applying the mathematical program.
Developing a Digital Sliding Mode Controller to Improve the Performance of a Non-Linear Converter
Authors: Hashim Muhanad Dheyaa , Al-Badri Muhammad
Published: April 2020

This paper studies the control of the non-linear, time-varying Buck/Buck converter that operates in continuous mode by using the digital sliding mode technology. The main goal is to meet the final objective of achieving acceptable performance and to overcome the system nonlinearity, or in other words, to track the output voltage during load and source diversity. The simulation procedure is based on a small signal state-space model of the Buck/Boost converter in canonical form to achieve the desired operation by using a pulse width modulator to make the system into a stable state, i.e. error signal is zero. This simulation model is preformed in MATLA/SIMULINK to verify the dynamic performance under different operation conditions. All results of the simulation show that this proposed technique both enhances the regulation of the voltage and eliminates the steady-state ripple.
Effect of Various Parameters on Flat Region of Occupancy Function of non-Crystalline Silicon with Statistical Analysis
Authors: Al Ibraheemi Mazen M. A. , Radhy Zainb Hassan
Published: April 2020

Non-crystalline silicon has a leading position in many fields of electronic industrial applications. With this type of silicon material, localized states in the middle of the energy gap, play an important role in determining the wafer characteristic. Therefore, the region around the middle of the energy gap is regarded as the center of charge carrier activities, whereas the occupancy function is employed to define the condition of the localized states, whether they are empty or filled with charge carriers. The occupancy function is divided into three parts within the energy gap. The most important part is the gap center which is always a flat region of a certain width and level. This paper investigates the effect of various parameters on width and level of the flat region of the silicon wafer occupancy function. The work was achieved with the aid of statistical approaches for curve fitting through regression equations. The main contribution is verified through creating a novel MATLAB-SIMULINK model for this case study. The proposed model may represent a significant addition to the Simulink library that does not have such a modelling block.
The Energy Flow for Maize Production: an Application of Material Flow Analysis (MFA) and Giddens Structural Theory
Authors: Ghani Latifah Abdul , Mahmood Noor Zalina , Muhammad Zikri , Bahri Syaiful , Saputra Jumadil
Published: April 2020

Energy in maize productivity is an important parameter that is often used as a stabilization indicator in sustainable agricultural management. The production of maize contributed 25 percent of the total crop production in Terengganu, Malaysia. The purpose of this study is to examine the extent of the effectiveness of the Giddens Structural Theory-based Material Flow Analysis approach in creating an eco-friendly, sustainable and green economy through energy flow for maize production management. A total of 10 farms exceeding 50 hectares of land were involved as study samples, and the biomass energy from maize production waste was selected as a parameter of the study. The data was analyzed using the SubTANce Analysis (STAN) 2.5, ArcGIS and Microsoft Excel software packages. The results of the study show a continuous and significant relationship in the acquisition of biomass energy flow data in the proposed integrated framework model. These results support the fact that in the maize waste production the biomass energy balance data can be evaluated through a computational and correlative calculation method. The conclusion of this study also identified the change agents involved concretely in developing a more efficient and effective governance system for the management of maize productivity and its residual waste.
Graphical Comparison of Critically Damped Versus Overdamped Free Vibration of Single Degree of Freedom Structure
Authors: Resen Israa Abdulameer , Zaki Rana I. K. , Risan Hussam K.
Published: April 2020

In most vibration structural problems, the value of damping is less than unity. Such a small amount of damping may increase near or exceed unity under certain special circumstances. Critically damped and overdamped solutions are completed until the final expressions are generated and an indication provided by MATLAB as to how these expressions depend on viscous damping ratios, natural frequencies, and initial conditions. The developed equations of various damping systems, which are commonly employed in vibration analyses, are compared, with several important observations are noted. Natural frequency is of primary importance when controlling the settling time of critically damped and overdamped vibration responses. Initial conditions are also considered main factors that affect critically damped and overdamped vibration peak responses. Damping plays a crucial role in the peak response of an overdamped system. A direct relationship between the damping ratio and the peak response is observed, whereas an inverse relationship exists between the damping ratio and the settling time. Therefore, critically damped and overdamped systems exhibit an identical response in the large scale perspective, whereby they first rise and then fall. In the zoomed scale, the peak response of the overdamped system is lower than that of the critically damped system, and the latter falls faster than the former. No cyclic response is observed, and the vibration statement is abnormally used for both critically damped and overdamped systems.
Enhanced 5G Throughput using UFMC Multiplexing
Authors: Taher Montadar Abas
Published: April 2020

The next era of communication, fifth generation (5G), substituted the fourth generation (4G) in different aspects. For instance, 5G should support massive machine communications (MMC), which uses very small message signals. The cyclic prefix orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (CP-OFDM), which is adopted in 4G systems, requires a huge number of bits as an overhead along with the cyclic prefix.Moreover, the sinc-shape of the subcarriers in the frequency domain makes the rectangular pulse in the time domain have long tails; therefore, it is not conceivable to transmit short message signals, which requires no synchronization, while CP-OFDM requires tight synchronization both in time and frequency domain. Accordingly, a new air-interface has to be introduced to overcome the CP-OFDM shortcomings. Various candidates have been suggested such as the universal filtered multicarrier (UFMC). UFMC divides the allocated band into several sub-bands and filter them individually, rather than filtering completely the band. Thus, enabling low tails, this gives more flexibility for MMC signals. In this paper, a comparison and design parameters have been set up, the simulation results show that the UFMC outperforms the CP-OFDM with respect to power spectral density efficiency and the throughput with different signal-to-noise ratios with low and high user equipment velocities.
Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using the UV-Irradiation Technique in an Antibacterial Application
Authors: Rheima Ahmed Mahdi , Mohammed Mahdi A. , Jaber Shaimaa Hamed , Hameed Shahad Abbas
Published: April 2020

The article describes a new way to the synthesis of silver nanoparticles based on UV-irradiation energy. Our technique allows for producing high quality and clean nanoparticles. Moreover, our photolysis approach allows us to synthesis silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) with very low cost and short time. The nanostructures were characterized using X-ray diffraction, transmission electron spectroscopy and UV-visible spectrometer. Most of the Ag NPs are shown to be a hexagonal shape and some of them are a spherical shape. The average size of nanoparticles was calculated to be around 20.23 nm. The morphology, size, and ion concentration of the synthesized Ag NPs determine their absorbance and transmittance at the UV region of spectrum. Silver's antimicrobial properties are well known and due to their antimicrobial activity, silver nanoparticles become more important. Therefore, our synthesized Ag NPs were used against Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive bacteria) and E. coli (Gram-negative bacteria). The results show that the nanoparticles at a concentration of 0.2 mg/ml demonstrated a high activity of antimicrobials, resulting in a good inhibition for both grams positive and negative bacteria. However, the effect of Ag NPs on gram-positive bacteria is higher than gram-negative bacteria.
A Mathematical Model of Real Time Communication Process in the Telecommunication Network Channel
Authors: Al Zurfi Lina Yahya Kadhim , Dahham Israa Amer , Abbas Maytham Khudhair
Published: April 2020

A mathematical model of the process of real time traffic transmission in the packet-switched telecommunications network channel is based on the exponential distribution of the moments of initial communication and the duration of real-time flow transmission. The use of the proposed model allows for the investigation of the results of the simulation the process of dynamically changing the traffic intensity in real time of the channel of a packet-switched telecommunications network.
Tankmate Design for Settings Filter, Temperature, and Light on Aquascape
Authors: Sutabri Tata , Widodo Yohanes Bowo , Sibuea Sondang , Rajiani Ismi , Hasan Yaziz
Published: April 2020

The success of aquascape maintenance lies in certain critical factors, including temperatures, lights and water filtration, which should be constantly monitored; but at some point, these keys are not well monitored, causing correctional action being taken too late and creating damage. Using an online control system as an IoT device can assist in control and automation functions, while an online feature provides monitoring, remote access, and remote override as other benefits that would help maintain an aquascape. This research’s subject involves designing an IoT device as an online control system that would automatically control temperatures, lights and water filtration using an Arduino-compatible board based on an ATMega328/P microcontroller connected to web services and a web portal for a monitoring and management interface. This control system uses Wi-Fi as a communication line with the web service. API is a bridge from the control system and the web service, and the portal’s front end and back end are custom-built using PHP and MySQL. The overall process was developed using a combination of the spiral model and prototyping paradigm modelling. The result is a fully working prototype of an online control system complete with a web interface, which helps aquascapers maintain their tank as human factors could be minimized by this device.
A Generalized Higher Reverse Left (accordingly, Right) Centralizer on Prime Rings
Authors: Jarullah Fawaz Ra’ad , Salih Salah Mehdi
Published: April 2020

In this study we introduced the concepts of generalized higher reverse left (accordingly, right) centralizer, and Jordan generalized higher reverse left (accordingly, right) centralizer of rings. The definition of Jordan triple generalized higher reverse left (accordingly, right) centralizer was deduced. The most important findings of this paper are as follows: every Jordan generalized higher reverse left (accordingly right) centralizer of a 2-torsion free prime ring R into itself is a generalized higher reverse left (accordingly right) centralizer of R. The results have confirmed that every Jordan generalized higher reverse left (accordingly right) centralizer is a generalized higher reverse left (accordingly right) centralizer within certain conditions.
The Structural Impact of Confinement in the Rehabilitation of Reinforced Concrete Beams
Authors: AL-ASADI ALI K.
Published: April 2020

Confinement is shown to be effective in restoring the initial operating capacity to the damaged concrete. However,a lack of set guidelines for design and implementation prevents it from successful implementation. In this paper, we reviewed the application of confinement in the rehabilitation of damaged concrete beams. The findings illustrate that confinement could be used as a repairing technique for damaged concrete members. The simulation analysis in ANSYS 16 helped evaluate the performance of the rehabilitated beam under stress and strain. The proposed method is shown to increase structural strength and ductility in the rehabilitated concrete beam.
Fabrication of Solar Cells Using Novel Micro- and Nano-Complexes of Triazole Schiff Base Derivatives
Authors: Ali Atheer A. , Al-Hassani Rehab M. , Hussain Dhia H. , Rheima Ahmed Mahdi , Abd Ahmed N. , Meteab Hamid S.
Published: April 2020

A new asymmetrical Schiff base triazole ligand, (4-(((3-mercapto-5-(naphthalen-1-ylmethyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)imino)methyl)phenol) (L1), was synthesized and characterized using CHNS elemental analysis and FTIR, UV/Vis, mass, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR spectroscopies. The Schiff base metal complexes of NiL1, PdL1, and AgL1 were synthesized and identified using FTIR, UV/Vis and flame atomic absorption spectroscopies and elemental analysis, as well as magnetic susceptibility and conductivity measurements. NanoL1 and its complexes, nanoNiL1, nanoPdL1, and nanoAgL1, were prepared as compounds using ultrasound. The new nano-complexes were characterized using FTIR, UV/Vis, atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscope, and XRD measurements. The structural, optical and morphological properties were studied in a solution of DMSO and then precipitated on silicon slides using the drop-casting method to fabricate the solar cells.