bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Scuffing failure analysis based on a multidisciplinary coupling model and experimental verification
Authors: Lyu Bugao , Meng Xianghui , Yin Jiabao , Cui Yi , Wang Chengen
Published: February 2023

General reductions in lubricant viscosities and increased loads in many machine components mean that the role of tribofilms has become increasingly important to provide adequate surface protection against scuffing. However, the relationship between the scuffing process and the growth and removal of tribofilm has not been systematically demonstrated. In this study, a multidisciplinary coupling model, which includes hydrodynamic lubrication, asperity contact, thermal effect, tribochemistry reaction, friction, and surface wear, was developed to capture the initiation of surface scuffing. Simulations and experiments for a piston ring and cylinder liner contact were conducted following a step-load sequence under different temperature conditions. The results show that high temperature and extreme load could induce the lubricant film collapse, and then the tribofilm breakdown initiates due to the substantially increased removal process. The failures of both lubricant film and tribofilm progress instantaneously in a coupling way, which finally leads to severe scuffing.
Simulations on flowing-gas DPALs with non-equilibrium potassium vapor
Authors: Liu Songyang , Tan Rongqing , Xu Wenning , Ning Fangjin , Li Zhiyong
Published: February 2023

A new scheme of diode pumped alkali vapor laser (DPAL) which uncouples the temperature and the concentration of alkali vapor is reported. Non-equilibrium instead of saturated potassium vapor is used. The calculation results indicate that the optical-to-optical efficiency of the diode pumped non-equilibrium potassium vapor laser (NE-DPAL) is higher than that of saturated vapor at high power pumping density.
How individuals’ relations and propagation ability affect rumor spreading in themultilayer-like networks
Authors: Li Dandan , Sun Xiaoxiao , Han Dun
Published: February 2023

An unprecedented increasing in online ties that are created on social platform makes our social relations andinfluences more complex and diverse. We hereby propose a rumor spreading model in the multilayer-like networks byincorporating strong relations and weak relations in this paper. In particular, two type of fixed topologies are servedto describe the strong relations, and the activity-driven model is used to construct the weak relations. Moreover,the differential individuals’ propagation ability is taken into consider when we present the rumor spreading model.The mean-field theory and an approximation method are employed to theoretically derive the rumor propagationthresholds, which are consistent with the simulation results. Further research results show that the difference ofones’ strong relations can significantly influence rumor propagation. More specifically, we find (i) the density ofrumor spreader reaches the equilibrium in a shorter time, (ii) the final density of rumor spreader is higher, while thestrong relation structure is a heterogeneous network. However, while the strong relation structure is a homogeneousnetwork and the individuals’ activity rate is negatively correlated with their propagation ability, resulting in a easierspreading of rumor. Interestingly, we get the opposite result while the strong relation structure is a heterogeneousnetwork. In addition, individuals’ propagation ability and their weak relations can affect the final density of therumor spreaders, but the effects are not identical.
Protective effects of β-carotene on lipopolysaccharide-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress in porcine cumulus cells
Authors: Li Jia , He Yijing , Peng Lei , Lin Qixin , Chu Yajie , Dai Jianjun , Rui Rong , Ju Shiqiang , Li Qiao
Published: February 2023

Gram-negative bacterial infection is one of the leading causes of impaired ovarian function and fertility, which is closely related to the adverse effects of the endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS). β-Carotene is a natural antioxidant with powerful anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects. To explore whether LPS exposure could exert adverse effects on porcine cumulus cells and whether β-carotene could relieve the stress caused by LPS exposure, the porcine cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs) were treated with 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 µg/mL LPS alone or cotreated with 2.5, 5 and 10 µM β-carotene during in vitro maturation for 44 h. The results show that cumulus expansion was observably inhibited and that the first polar body (PB1) extrusion rate was also significantly decreased when the concentration of LPS reached 10 µg/mL. In addition, higher expression levels of GRP78 and upregulated unfolded protein response (UPR)-related genes (PERK, IRE1, and ATF4) were detected in LPS-treated cumulus cells. Moreover, the proportion of apoptotic cells significantly increased, the expression of the endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS)-related apoptotic gene (CHOP) was upregulated, and the downstream apoptotic program was subsequently activated. Conversely, the 5 µM β-carotene cotreatment could effectively alleviate the adverse effects of LPS exposure, showing the improvement of cumulus expansion and PB1 extrusion. Moreover, β-carotene supplementation significantly alleviated LPS-triggered ERS and thus inhibited the subsequent ERS-induced apoptotic program in cumulus cells. Collectively, these results indicated that LPS exposure exerted adverse effects on porcine cumulus cells and that β-carotene could exhibit protective effects on LPS-induced cumulus cell dysfunction by allaying apoptosis via restriction of ERS.
A Enhancing Video Recommendation of Multi-Headed Self-Attentive with Multimodal Features
Authors: Chan Ethan , Liddle Olivia , Pera Emma , Rehman Liam
Published: February 2023

The exponential growth of the internet has led to the creation of a large volume of information, making it challenging for users to navigate through. As a solution to this challenge, recommendation systems have emerged. In video recommendation, besides applying some basic interaction data (including image data, behavior data, context data, etc.) to the recommendation model, many studies also try to apply the video content data to the model for video recommendation. In this paper, we propose different types of features for different modal data, and select the most suitable feature types according to different tasks. The internal representation of features is learned by a multi-headed self-attentive mechanism and the cross-representation of features is learned by attention. On the basis of this, the multimodal features of video data are represented and modeled in a unified way, which is the basis for the implementation of multi-view video recommendation. and based on this, we add multimodal video content to mine richer and more comprehensive descriptions, so as to provide more accurate and personalized recommendations. The results of experiments conducted on real data sets demonstrate the effectiveness of the model proposed in this paper.
Overuse Injuries in Professional Cycling: A Cross Sectional Survey (Road and Track Cycling)
Authors: Rakheja Himanshu , Sinha A. G.K.
Published: February 2023

Background
Cycling is considered as a physical activity that excellently induces the cardiorespiratory and metabolic functions of the whole body and thus offers itself to many paybacks. The level of involvement is more in cycling, and it is an emergent sport. According to the journey of modern times, cycling emerged from an Elite European sport to worldwide partaking sport (Visentini et al., 2003). As the cycling is prone to injury, the overuse injury is a type of injury which occurs more in cycling. It is defined as the event of injury which is not directly related to the traumatic event and occurs due to more use.
Objective
Occurrence of overuse injuries in professional competitive cycling sports was considered as an aim of the study.
Methods – The population included was 102 and the method of data collection was schedule interview. The interview was developed conferring to the kind of injury. According to various research, the injury was accredited in the respective Performa which were framed on the basis of type of injury with respect to its duration.
Results – Among 102 subjects, the results screening (34.5%) subjects as an injured players at the time of collection of data. 20 cyclists were with new occurrence of injury among the total 35 injured cyclists, whereas the 15 cyclists were found to be injured earlier also. The overuse injury 21 (60%) was more predominant in contrast to acute injuries and Knee overuse injury was considered as more dominant among these in contrast to another anatomical location.
Conclusion - Cycling is considered as a hazardous game in which cyclists are more prone to overuse injuries, with more chances of injury in lower extremity and upper-extremity including the trunk along with some factors causing the incidence of injury. The researchers are needed to focus on an extra prospective study on epidemiology of cycling injuries and dimensions of bicycle as hazard factor of prevalence of injury.
CREATIVE ECONOMY AS THE MAIN DIRECTION OF FORMING A SOCIALLY ORIENTED ECONOMY
Authors: Melnyk Leonid , Kovalov Bohdan , Hrytsenko Valerii , Simanovska Alina , Stepanenko Yevheniia
Published: February 2023

The new economy is based on the sphere of services, which are created by intellectual creative work. Key factors in this are knowledge, innovation, scientific achievements and technologies based on modern progressive post-industrial society. In this way, intellectual and creative work turns into the leading driving force of the new economy. The purpose of the work is to determine the key areas of development of the creative economy. As a result of the research, it was established that the creative economy includes hundreds of spheres of activity. Among them, in particular: television, fine arts, design, cinema, music, architecture, education, fashion, etc. This list can be continued endlessly, because human imagination has no limits. The creative economy depends on the creative activity of people and the innovativeness of their works, and not on natural resources, such as land, water, and subsoil. Thus, this industry does not cause such damage to the environment as it is caused by industrial enterprises or agricultural production. It is these sectors that primarily deplete renewable and non-renewable natural resources massively, and also pollute the environment. In Ukraine, the process of investing in creative industries is still far from the indicators of developed countries and is implemented through separate programs that stimulate people, mainly young people, to earn, activating intellectual potential (Start-up Fund, Diya City, loans 5-7-9, etc). The largest producer of added value in the creative economy sector in Ukraine is the IT sector, which accounts for 25% of the total added value. The largest share of IT technology exports is accounted for by computer services – almost 37%. In 2020, their income was 5 billion dollars, and in 2021 – 6.8 billion US dollars. Recently, the creative economy is closely intertwined with all areas of our life. It affects education, science, technical progress, determines the attractiveness of regions. In the processes of formation of the creative economy, the main resource is information, and the key assets are personnel and their non-standard, creative ideas. Thus, the main direction is to increase the quality of human capital. However, the development of this area also requires appropriate capital investments. Creative industries develop best in large cities, megacities, and highly developed countries. Therefore, in order to catch up with Germany or Great Britain, Ukraine needs to increase investments in this area.
The scientific provisions regarding the systematization of the directions of the creative economy were further developed, and the volumes of the creative economy by sectors of the national economy were substantiated.
THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC DETERMINANTS OF GREEN BOND ISSUANCE
Authors: Hrytsenko Kostiantyn , Hrytsenko Avhusta
Published: February 2023

Global awareness of the climate change risks draws society’s attention to issues of financing environmentally friendly projects. In this context, green bonds are a new financial instrument used exclusively for financing environmentally friendly projects. A wide range of issuers, from small firms to international corporations, can use green bonds to raise funds for environmentally friendly projects. In recent years, the green bonds market has been developing rapidly in the world. Financing the recovery of Ukraine after the Russian invasion and European integration requires launching this market in Ukraine as well. This will increase the scope of infrastructure projects financing in the field of alternative energy and energy efficiency, reduce greenhouse gas emissions and consumption of fuel and energy resources, and improve Ukraine’s investment attractiveness and competitiveness. The green bond market operates under the influence of numerous factors that have both direct and indirect effects on it. The article examines the relationship between the volume of green bond issuance in the world in 2021, when its jump-like growth took place, and the factors that characterize the environmental, social, governance and macroeconomic spheres of the сountry. The research was conducted on the dataset of socio-economic indicators of 54 countries. Correlation and regression analysis was used to determine the cause-and-effect relationship between variables, as well as the variables that have the greatest impact on the volume of green bond issuance.
The obtained results of the study indicate that countries with a higher volume of green bond issuance are primarily characterized by good credit ratings, which increases investor confidence, better economic development and a large population. Understanding the socio-economic determinants of green bond issuance will help market participants make informed decisions. The research results can be applied in the process of forming and implementing the state policy of Ukraine to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals.
PECULIARITIES OF THE FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT OF JOINT STOCK COMPANIES
Authors: Dekhtyar Nadiya , Pihul Nataliya , Kulyk Yevhenii
Published: February 2023

The joint-stock form of business organization is one of the common forms of the functioning of economic companies in modern economic development conditions, which, in turn, is associated with the processes of privatization, corporatization, and its numerous advantages. The peculiarities of the economic and legal basis of the functioning of domestic JSCs are defined in the Law of Ukraine «On Joint-Stock Companies», according to which they are divided into private and public. The article defines the advantages and disadvantages of the functioning of domestic JSCs, as well as the differences between their types. The article states that JSCs play a vital role in the country's economy, which is due to the fact that this type of business entity forms the largest share of Ukraine's GDP, as well as a significant part of the State budget's revenues. Besides, it also positively affects the technological and innovative development of economic processes.
Based on the analysis, the authors came to the conclusion that for the period of 2017-2021, there was a decrease in the number of joint-stock companies by 7,509 units or by 51%. The share of JSCs in the total number of legal entities of Ukraine is insignificant and gradually decreases from 1,19% in 2017 to 0,5% in 2021. There is a prevalence of private joint-stock companies in the structure of JSC types, which is associated with the peculiarities of the development of the domestic corporate sector. During the period of analysis of the activities of joint-stock companies, the volume of share issuance and the number of their issues decreased.
The article states that the efficiency of JSCs activities largely depends on the quality of the financial management organization. Having studied various interpretations of the essence of the concept of «financial management», the authors provided their own definitions. The article characterizes components of organizational support for the financial management of a joint-stock company, namely: purpose, tasks, principles, and functions.
Apart from that, the authors also highlighted the financial management information support system, which serves as the basis for evaluating the efficiency of JSC's financial resources management. In order to develop sound management decisions in the financial management system of JSC, it is advisable to use a set of groups of indicators of JSC's financial condition, which make it possible to focus on the strengths of financial and economic activity and identify problematic issues of the functioning of companies. The results of the conducted financial analysis should be applied both in current activities and in the exploitation of strategic development directions.
Practice Approach To The Infertile Cow
Authors: Drost Maarten
Published: February 2023

While infertility may be due to a number of diseases which may affect several cows in the herd or to traceable management errors, the following discussion will focus on the infertile cow which:l. has had a minumum of three infertile services2. has normal estrous cycles with normal intervals between services3. is free from gross genital abnormalities detectable by rectal palpation4. is free from abnormal discharges from the genital tract5. has had a minimum of one calving to exclude congenital anomalies preventing conception6. is no older than 10 years, to excluded infertility resulting from senility
Starting Herd Health Programs in Veal Calf Operations
Authors: Gawthrop J.C.
Published: February 2023

Veal raisers and veterinarians have not worked closely in the past, but there seems to be new interest in using veterinary consultation on the part of the veal raisers. However, the vealers most rapidly consume the services of veterinarians who are interested in their industry and who are willing to learn their system instead of trying to correct the inherent problems with this type of calf rearing. Our profession needs to let the veal industry know what we can do and that we are willing to learn how to do more. It can only be profitable to both groups in the long run.
Professional Liability in Bovine Practice
Authors: Dinsmore Jack R.
Published: February 2023

The changing scene in veterinary malpractice is one that encompasses not only veterinarians and their modes of practice but also encompasses the livestock industry and companion animals. The profession is governed by economic values as to the service performed while the results expected are often equated to the practice of medicine.

In today's era of consumerism, statements of intent to perform a service are generally taken to imply a guarantee of good results. Although professionals in the health field cannot guarantee the results of surgical, diagnostic, and medical procedures, or the use of drugs or biological agents, legal decisions in recent years increasingly have put veterinarians, like other health professionals at risk of being sued for malpractice. There will always be variables that compound a health problem, confuse the client, and create a potential claim-producing situation. A review of such incidents can help veterinarians guard against situations that predispose to malpractice claims.
Bovine Vaccines
Authors: Schultz Kevin T. , Israel Barbara A.
Published: February 2023

A vaccine can be defined as an attenuated microorganism, a killed microorganism, or a part or product of a microorganism which is administered to an animal for the prevention, amelioration or treatment of an infectious disease. There are a wide variety of vaccines available to the bovine practitioner for use in cattle, and therefore selecting the most appropriate vaccines for a particular situation can be difficult.

The effectiveness and suitability of a vaccine depends upon the nature of the immune response it generates and on the role that the immune system may play in preventing or regulating the infectious process of a particualr microorganism.
Ultrasonographic Evaluation of Exogenous Isobutane Gas in the Mammary Gland of Cows
Authors: Trostle Steven S. , O'Brien Robert T. , Britt Jenks , Waller Kenneth R.
Published: February 2023

Infusion of chemicals or gases into the mammary glands of dairy cattle has been used to alter the appearance of udders in cattle used in exhibitions. People who fit dairy cattle to enhance the gross appearance of the udder by making it appear larger and fuller have used these agents. The ethical issues surrounding this practice are controversial and the purebred dairy cattle show industry is considering methods to detect these practices. In the past, studies using thermography and ultrasonography were inconclusive in determining if agents placed in the udder could be detected.1,2 The purposes of this study were to determine the ultrasonographic appearance of exogenous isobutane gas infused into the udder. And to determine the effects of volume and pressure used to infuse exogenous isobutane gas and exogenous isobutane gas on duration of ultrasonographic appearance in the udder.
Managing Heat Stress In Dairy Facilities
Authors: Smith J. F. , Brouk M. J. , Harner J. P.
Published: February 2023

Heat stress can have a dramatic impact on milk production and reproduction on commercial dairies. The impact of heat stress can be minimized by improving water availability, providing shade in the housing areas and holding pen, reducing walking distance, reducing time in the holding pen, improving holding pen ventilation, adding holding pen cooling and exit lane cooling, improving ventilation in cow housing areas (freestalls), cooling close-up cows (3 weeks prior to calving), cooling fresh cows and early lactation cows, and cooling mid and late lactation cows. Dairy cattle can be cooled by providing a cooler environment (cooling the air) or by soaking the cows and evaporating water off her skin surface (cooling the cow). Using evaporative cooling to cool the air works in climates with low relative humidity. Evaporating water off the skin surface of the cow to cool the cow will be beneficial in all climates.
Abstracts
Authors: Whitehead J. G. M. , Smith R. F. , Murray R. D. , Cripps P. J. , Roper T. J. , Garnett B. T. , Delahay R. J.
Published: February 2023

Abstracts of the following articles:

Preliminary Findings Regarding the Reproductive Performance in First Calving Dairy Heifers Associated With the Prevalence of Milk Antibodies to Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus and Leptospira hardjo

Visits to Farm Buildings and Cattle Troughs by Badgers (Meles meles ): a Potential Route forTransmission of Bovine Tuberculosis 1 (Mycobacterium bovis) Between Badgers and Cattle
Demonstration of Protection Provided by a Single Dose Modified Live BRSV Vaccine against Virulent BRSV Challenge
Authors: Ellis J. , West K. H. , Ohnesorge W. C. , Rinehart C. L.
Published: February 2023

Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) is an economically important cause of respiratory disease in cattle worldwide. The virus is an important respiratory pathogen in naïve cattle of all ages, but as with other respiratory syncytial viruses, it primarily affects young calves. The virus has also been implicated as one of the viral agents involved in the inducing phase of bovine respiratory disease complex. Efficacy of vaccines developed to protect against BRSV related respiratory disease must be demonstrated in models that exhibit clinically relevant respiratory disease in susceptible cattle. The model used in this trial involves experimental infection with a virulent field isolate of BRSV, resulting in induction of severe clinical disease and associated pneumonic lesions.
Effect of Removal of Follicular Cyst Content on Success of Ovsynch in Dairy Cows
Authors: Caldwell V. , Martineau R.
Published: February 2023

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of removing cyst content on conception rate in dairy cows treated for follicular cysts with Ovsynch. The trial was conducted using data collected over regular herd health visits in a private practice.
Validation of the Minnesota Easy Culture System II
Authors: Jones M. , Hochhalter J. , Lago A. , Godden S. , Bey R.
Published: February 2023

The objectives of this study were to perform an in-lab validation of the Minnesota Easy Culture System II tri-plate method as compared to standardized laboratory culture methods and to describe inter-reader agreement for tri-plate culture results.
Bovi-Shield GOLD® FP® 5 VL5* Induces Fetal Protection against a Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Type 2 Persistently Infected-Seeder Calf Challenge
Authors: Ellsworth Michael A. , Behan Stephan , Jackson James A. , Goodyear Mark , Meinert Todd R. , Leyh Randy D.
Published: February 2023

Efficacy ofBovi-Shield GOLD® FP® 5 VL5 in heifers at five to seven months of gestation was evaluated following exposure to seeder calves persistently infected (Pl) with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) type 2.
Serum Fatty Acid and 3-hydroxybutyrate Concentrations Depend on the Sample Time Related to the First Feed Intake in Dairy Cows
Authors: Quiroz-Rocha G. F. , LeBlanc S. , Duffield T. , Wood R. D. , Leslie K. E. , Jacobs R. M.
Published: February 2023

When sampling cows to monitoring NEB in the peripartum, there is twice the probability of detecting animals with values ~0.4 mmol/L if they are sampled one hour before the first feed offer.
Foot and Mouth Disease
Authors: Whiting Terry L.
Published: February 2023

North American red meat industries are highly integrated. Most of this integration has been driven to maximize efficiency and historically, animals have been cheaper to move to the sources of coarse grain than the transport of feeds to the origin of animals. When a foreign animal disease occurs in a previously disease-free area, certain pre-existing trade patterns may result in the massive killing of healthy animals as a consequence of loss of access to live animal markets in other states or countries. In Canada, time-sensitive and resource demanding livestock, such as early weaned piglets (10 lb; 4.5 kg) and feeder pigs (50 lb; 22. 7 kg), will be critically affected. Cattle movement is far less time-sensitive than swine. Governments of European countries have anticipated welfare slaughter as part of their disease eradication preparedness. The concept of welfare slaughter, and the resource implications thereof, have not been included in current published disease emergency planning documents in Canada or the United States. Public outcry related to a disease eradication crisis will be focused on the animal welfare problem, and not disease eradication. If the disease is foot and mouth or classical swine fever, the nature of the emergency will be focused on animal welfare, not disease eradication. The national veterinary infrastructure in both Canada and the USA currently tasked to prepare for animal emergencies have been planning for the wrong emergency.
Heat Detection, Conception and Pregnancy Rates of Holstein Cows in Central Chile
Authors: Duchens M. , Melendez P. , Perez A. , Moraga L.
Published: February 2023

Although the HDR of this particular Chilean cattle population may be considered good, there is still room for progress in order to improve fertility of Chilean dairy herds.
Effects of Parenteral Supply of Iron and Copper on Hematology, Performance, and Health in Neonatal Dairy Calves
Authors: Mohri M. , Heidarpour M. , Seifi H. A. , Alavi A.
Published: February 2023

The objective of this present study was to examine the effects of parenteral administration of iron and copper on hematological parameters, growth, and health of dairy calves in the period when iron and copper deficiency could exist.
Improvement of Feed Intake and Blood Chemistry Status by Cooling in Holstein Dairy Cows under Heat Stress Condition
Authors: Rezazadeh Baei S. F.
Published: February 2023

The effects of HS on DMI and blood chemistry in dairy cattle can be alleviated by artificial cooling methods as have been suggested by others.
Management Practices Associated with Veterinary Consultation among
Authors: Green Alice , Welborn Matt , Lane Clyde , Edmission Darryl , Carpenter L. Rand , Dunn John
Published: February 2023

Tennessee beef cattle producers who consult with a veterinarian are more likely to be in compliance with or knowledgeable of certain best management practices, including practices related to judicious use of antimicrobials. In Tennessee, three-quarters of beef operations are cow-calf only. These results can be useful in tailoring client education efforts. Additionally, a valid veterinary client-patient relationship should be emphasized in promoting judicious use of antimicrobials and other practices enhancing beef production.
Modification of a CIDR/OvSynch Timed Artificial Insemination Protocol for Reproductive Management of Dairy Heifers
Authors: Rabaglino M. B. , Risco C. A. , Francisco N. , Kim I. H. , Thatcher M. J. , Thatcher W. W.
Published: February 2023

Acceptable pregnancy rates (PR) after timed AI (TAI) could improve reproductive management of dairy heifers. In beef cattle (Helser, 2006) the CIDR/OvSynch TAI protocol was improved by reducing the interval between GnRH and PGF to five days, giving two injections (AM/PM) of PG F and administering GnRH and TAI at 72 h after withdrawal of the CIDR to increase the proestrus period. The overall PR was 65.3%. Using this procedure in dairy heifers, PR was 58.3% at day 32 post TAI (Thatcher, 2007). Objectives of Exp. 1 were to compare PR of dairy heifers relative to whether one vs. two injections of PGF is required for effective use of the CIDR/OvSynch TAI protocol, and to compare PRs to CIDR/OvSynch TAI resynchronization programs of non-pregnant heifers involving estrus and no estrus detection. A second objective was to evaluate PR in two additional groups of heifers using the CIDR/OvSynchTAI protocol with one injection of PGF for first and second service without estrus detection (Exp. 2).
Direct Comparison of Natural Service versus Timed Artificial Insemination
Authors: Lima F. S. , Risco C. A. , DeVries A. , Thatcher M. J. , Benzaquen M. B. , Thatcher W. W.
Published: February 2023

Poor estrus detection contributes to low pregnancy rate (rate of pregnancy by day postpartum [pp]; PR) and economic losses on dairy farms. The use of natural service (NS) and timed artificial insemination (TAI) are two options that minimize problems with detection of estrus. The objective of this study was to compare reproductive performance and economics between TAI and NS breeding systems.
Risk Factors for Bulk Tank Milk Fat Depression in Northeast and Midwest U.S. Dairy Herds Feeding Monensin
Authors: Nydam D. V. , Overton T. R. , Mechor G. D. , Bauman D. E. , Jenkins T. C.
Published: February 2023

Farm gate milk prices in the US are based on milk components, including fat. Of these components, fat is most easily altered quickly. Understanding management strategies to influence milk fat percentage (MFP) is therefore useful. The biohydrogenation theory of milk fat depression (MFD) has improved our comprehension; however, many of the ruminal conditions that can result in MFD are not clearly understood. The objectives of this study were to investigate nutritional risk factors associated with bulk tank MFD and to characterize the fatty acid profile of bulk tank milk in relation to MFP in herds feeding monensin in the northeast and midwest US.
Bulk Tank Raw Milk Quality
Authors: ElMoslemany Ahmed , Keefe Greg , Dohoo Ian
Published: February 2023

Raw bulk tank milk (BTM) quality (SCC and bacteria burden) is used to quantify the health and safety of milk and is associated with consumer acceptance of milk products. No case-control study examining specific on-farm risks for decreased milk quality (increased bacteria burden) has been conducted. The objective of this study was to determine on-farm risk factors for overall and class specific bacteriological quality of bulk tank milk.
Practical Approach to Reducing the Incidence of Intramammary Infection in Heifers by Using Prepartum Systemic Tylosin Therapy
Authors: Sears P. M. , Contreras G. A.
Published: February 2023

While mastitis in heifers is recognized as a problem, most dairymen often view heifers at parturition as free of intramammary infections (IMI) For example, in a survey (Bormet al, 2006) that included farms in seven states and one province, as many as 63% of heifers and 34% of their quarters had a IMI at calving. IMI during lactogenesis can impair mammary development and cause a decrease in milk yield in the productive life at the animal level. At the herd level IMI could cause an increase in somatic cell counts (SCC) and clinical mastitis cases. To prevent and treat IMI in heifers, infusion of antibiotics in the mammary gland before calving was proposed. However, systemic administration of antimicrobials to heifers before calving could offer advantages related to its relative lower cost and easier administration when compared to intramammary infusion. Tylosin offers an excellent diffusion into the mammary gland related to its basic pK, which results in a very high milk to plasma concentration ratio.
Effect of Selective Dry Cow Therapy on Subsequent Lactation Milk Yield
Authors: Rajala-Schultz P. J. , Torres A. H. , DeGraves F. J.
Published: February 2023

Mastitis is the most common and costly disease in dairy herds around the world. Antibiotic treatment of all quarters of all cows at the end of lactation (dry cow therapy, DCT) is a common mastitis control procedure in US dairy herds to eliminate existing and to prevent new intramammary infections (IMI) during the dry period. However, due to growing concerns about antimicrobial resistance, selective DCT (SDCT) has received increasing attention in the past years; selectively treating only infected cows would offer the opportunity to reduce use of antimicrobials in dairy operations. SDCT is successfully practiced in some parts of the world, but there are no recent studies evaluating the effects of SDCT on udder health or milk production in the US dairies. For a switch from total to selective DCT to be feasible, the new alternative needs to maintain similar udder health and production level as the current practice of treating all quarters of all cows. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of SDCT on daily milk yield during the subsequent lactation in US dairy herds.
Effect of Milk Fraction on Concentrations of Cephapirin and Desacetylcephapirin in Bovine Milk after Intramammary Infusion of Cephapirin Sodium
Authors: Stockler R. M. , Morin D. E. , Lantz R. K. , Hurley W. L. , Constable P. D.
Published: February 2023

Treatment of clinical mastitis accounts for a substantial proportion of antimicrobial use on dairy farms. Intramammary (IMM) antibiotics are a mainstay of treatment for clinical mastitis, especially episodes caused by streptococci or staphylococci. For therapy to be successful, the antimicrobial treatment must attain and maintain an effective concentration at the site of infection. Accurate pharmacokinetic data are essential for determining appropriate treatment regimens and withholding times, especially when antimicrobials are used off-label, because milk is withheld from sale until antimicrobial residues drop below the tolerance concentration. Some studies use foremilk or total milk collected during milking for antimicrobial quantification, whereas many studies do not report sample type. Because antimicrobials distribute unevenly in the mammary gland, and because milk fractions differ in protein and fat concentrations which influence distribution, we hypothesized that antimicrobial concentrations differ in milk fractions after IMM infusion. Therefore, our objective was to compare antimicrobial concentrations in three fractions of milk 8 or 12 hours after administering an IMM antimicrobial to lactating dairy cows.
Effect of Oral Calcium Propionate on Blood Calcium and Energy Metabolite Concentrations in Dairy Cows with Dystocia Fed a Prepartum Anionic Diet
Authors: Benzaquen Mauricio E. , Risco Carlos A. , Erickson Amanda , Melendez Pedro
Published: February 2023

Results from research on the calcium and energy status of cows affected with dystocia have not been conclusive. We hypothesize that during early post-partum (pp), similar to cows with retained placenta and uterine prolapse, cows with dystocia develop subclinical hypocalcemia, as well as ketosis. Therefore, the objectives of this study were : (1) to describe the total blood calcium (tCa), betahydroxybutyrate (BOHB) and non-esterified free fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations in blood during the first 12 days pp in dairy cows with dystocia, 2) to determine if an oral calcium propionate drench at calving and 72 hours later improves blood calcium concentration and energy status.
Serial progression of experimental Mannheimia haemolytica pneumonia
Authors: Hanzlicek G. , White B. , Anderson D. , Mosier D. , Renter D.
Published: February 2023

Mannheimia haemolytica (MH) is a major pathogen of the bovine respiratory disease (BRD) complex. The objective of this study was to monitor various parameters of disease in beef feeder calves following experimental intrabronchial inoculation with MH.
Effects of Prepartum Supplemental Fat Types on Cow Performance and Passive Transfer of Immunity to Neonatal Calves
Authors: Bottger J. D. , Thomson D. U. , Thomson C. H. , Marston T. T.
Published: February 2023

Prepartum fat supplementation has been shown to have effects on immune function of dairy cows and reproductive function of dairy and beef cows. The objective of this study was to look at the effect of prepartum fat supplementation on immune function and transfer of innate immunity in calves of cows supplemented prepartum and their subsequent production.
Association between Clinical Signs and Microbiology Results in Dairy Cattle Suspected of Clinical Salmonellosis
Authors: Aubry P. , Bigras-Poulin M. , Cripps C. J. , Warnick L. D. , Nydam D. V. , Grohn Y. T.
Published: February 2023

Infection with Salmonella spp can cause a variety of diseases in the bovine species, from subclinical infections to bacteremia, endotoxemia and death, as well as enteritis, abortion or dry gangrene of the extremities in calves. The aim of our study was to determine which clinical signs were associated with a diagnosis of salmonellosis in dairy cattle.
Feeding Pasteurized Non-saleable Milk did not Increase the Risk for Mycobacterium Avium subsp. paratuberculosis Infection in Adult Dairy Cows
Authors: Godden S. , Feirtag J. , Fetrow J. , Ferrouillet C. , Wells S.
Published: February 2023

While the most important route of transmission of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is generally considered to be through the ingestion of infective feces from the calf's environment, other potential sources of transmission could include shedding (or post-harvest contamination) of MAP in colostrum or milk. The importance of consuming raw milk in MAP transmission to calves has not been quantified. The objective of this study was to describe if feeding pasteurized non-saleable milk from a Johne's infected herd controlled the transmission of MAP in calves, as compared to calves fed commercial milk replacer, under conditions of natural exposure.
Transmission of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus from Persistently Infected Cattle to Pregnant White-tailed Deer
Authors: Passler T. , Walz P. H. , Ditchkoff S. S. , Givens M. D. , DeYoung R. W. , Brock K. V.
Published: February 2023

Substantial impact of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) on the cattle industries has prompted introduction of organized control programs in many states. These programs primarily focus on identification and removal of persistently infected (PI) cattle, the main source of BVDV transmission. In addition to cattle, BVDV may infect a large number of species within the order Artiodactyla as demonstrated by seropositivity. The white-tailed deer is the most abundant wild ruminant species in North America and BVDV infection has been documented in this species. Recently, experimental inoculation of pregnant white-tailed deer resulted in the birth of a persistently infected fawn. Considering the role of PI cattle in the maintenance of BVDV within cattle populations, PI white-tailed deer that harbor and shed the virus continuously may hamper successful execution of control efforts. The objective of this study was the investigation of interspecific BVDV transmission by cohabitation of PI cattle with pregnant white-tailed deer.
Opportunities via Distance Education
Authors: Reinhardt C. D. , Thomson D. U. , Anderson D.
Published: February 2023

Enhancements in the fields of digital information exchange provide new opportunities in educational delivery. Practicing animal health professionals may desire to further their education in order to maintain state licensure, improve their skills within a specialty field, or advance within their career field. Delivering this training via distance would allow participants to gain expertise and certification while maintaining their present career status.
Comparison of the Immune Response between a Pair of Noncytopathic and Cytopathic Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) Type 1 Isolates
Authors: Chase C. C. L. , Braun L. J. , Ridpath J. , Harland R.
Published: February 2023

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a major pathogen of cattle causing severe respiratory and reproductive disease. BVDV vaccines remain an important part of the control strategy. Previous work has described higher antibody responses in animals infected with a noncytopathic (NCP) BVDV when compared to its cytopathic (CP) BVDV pair. Animals were re-infected 90 days later with either the same biotype or the other biotype. The animals infected with NCP initially were protected to a higher degree against re-infection with either biotype when compared to the animals infected with CP initially. In this study we wanted to see the effect of an initial infection (or vaccination) with a type 1 NCP or CP BVDV pair followed by infection with a virulent type 2 BVDV on clinical signs and immune responses.
Effects of Feeding Mycoplasma bovis to Neonatal Bull Calves
Authors: Stebbins J. C. , Schneider C. S.
Published: February 2023

Mycoplasma bovis has been identified as the etiologic agent in a variety of bovine diseases. Transmission of M. bovis may occur by direct contact, environmental exposure, vertical transmission at parturition, and often involves fomites. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of feeding viable M. bovis as manifest through body site colonization, clinical disease and animal health. The hypothesis of this study was feeding M. bovis in milk replacer would result in body site colonization and decreased animal health.
Comparison of Pregnancy Rate in Angus-cross Beef Cows following Insemination with Frozen Thawed or Fresh Extended Semen
Authors: Bucher A. M. , Kasimanickam R. K. , Hall J. B. , DeJarnette J. M. , Whittier W. D.
Published: February 2023

Currently cattle producers in the United States are increasing their farm size for economic profit and using synchronization programs for a fixed time AI for better reproductive management. This requires insemination of large number of cows on a single day. With this trend, there is an opportunity to investigate the possibility of maintaining or improving the reproductive outcomes using fresh extended semen with low sperm numbers instead of frozen semen with high sperm numbers per insemination. The objective of this study was to compare fixed time AI pregnancy rate in Angus cross beef cows inseminated with frozen thawed or fresh extended semen.
Effects of Increasing Prepartum Dietary Protein Level on Production and Health of Multiparous Holstein Dairy Cows
Authors: Yazdi M. Hossein , Amanlou H. , Kafilzadeh F. , Moghadam M. Jahani
Published: February 2023

Effects of two levels of crude protein (CP) during late gestation on the production performance, health, blood metabolites and colostrums composition were determined in Holstein cows.
Use of Lung Biopsy to Determine Early Lung Pathology and Its Association with Health and Production Outcomes in High-Risk Feedlot Steers
Authors: Burgess Brandy A. , Hendrick Steve H. , Pollock Colleen M. , Booker Calvin W. , Jim G. Kee , Abutarbush Sameeh M.
Published: February 2023

The purposes of this study were to determine if lung biopsy can be used to characterize pulmonary pathology at feedlot arrival and in sick calves within the first 30 days on feed; to determine if lung pathology is associated with health and production outcomes; and to determine the microbiological agents associated with early lung pathology using lung biopsy.
Laboratory Evaluation of Two Potential On-farm Culture Systems for Clinical Mastitis Cases
Authors: McCarron J. L. , Keefe G. P. , Poole D. E.
Published: February 2023

In Canada, mastitis treatment accounts for more than half of all antibiotics used by dairy producers. Treatment decisions are often made without knowledge of the pathogen, therefore, researchers have called for a more targeted approach to antibiotic therapy for clinical mastitis. The overall hypothesis of this project is that the use of rapid on-farm tools for the identification of mastitis pathogens will result in therapy decisions that will decrease antibiotic use, without compromising short or long term cow or herd mastitis outcomes. The objective of this study was to determine test characteristics and compare two potential on-farm culture systems, the Minnesota Easy Culture System II Bi-plate (University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN) and 3M Petrifilm™ (3M Microbiology, London, ON).
Training Bovine Health Professionals for the Future
Authors: Garry Franklyn
Published: February 2023

Livestock production systems have changed dramatically in the last several decades and continue to evolve. This has led to a much greater diversity in the potential demands for animal health care delivery, assurance of production animal well-being, and delivery of safe food products to the consuming public. One response to these changes is the current discussion about the potential need for more food animal veterinarians. It seems highly desirable to improve the supply of well-trained and highly skilled food animal professionals. Looking at the analogous problem of the need to provide primary health care and rural health systems in human medicine, maybe we need to rethink the nature of the challenge. Perhaps the salient question is how to provide for appropriate livestock health and well-being in a changing agricultural production environment. The veterinary profession needs to consider not just how to improve the supply of veterinarians but also how to incorporate animal health paraprofessionals into a more diversified health care delivery system.