bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cárcere feminino: o domínio exercido sobre a mulher no sistema penal
Authors: Zambrana Bárbara Vargas , Sallum Camila
Published: May 2020

O presente artigo trabalha a temática do cárcere feminino sob os aspectos do direito penal, buscando as diretrizes de sua origem sob a ótica do direito, marcado pelo viés de uma sociedade machista e patriarcal. São trabalhadas também as funções da pena, e principalmente àquelas exercidas sobre a mulher encarcerada. Analisa-se o texto da Lei 7.210/84 – Lei de Execução Penal, através do qual é revelada a grande incongruência entre o texto legal e a realidade presente nos presídios femininos, do qual destacam-se questões como ausência de ambiente prisional próprio e estrutura adequada ao gênero feminino. Por fim, é abordado o “cárcere infantil”, expressão dada a situação das crianças que convivem com as mães presidiárias em meio ao caos do sistema carcerário. Buscou-se não somente apresentar as mazelas de um sistema punitivo penal machista, inadequado e insuficiente, mas também destacar a importância da mulher e do seu lugar na sociedade, que deve ser tão somente determinado por ela.
Actuación en conciencia y objeción de conciencia como causa de justificación y como causa de exculpación frente a la punición del delincuente por convicción
Authors: Luzón Peña Diego-Manuel
Published: May 2020

La realización de hechos típicos por motivos de conciencia (actuación en conciencia) puede estar justificada a veces en delitos omisivos como ejercicio de los derechos fundamentales constitucionalmente reconocidos de libertad de conciencia o de objeción de conciencia; tales derechos en unos casos tienen admisión y regulación legal expresa, en otros su admisión se basa en una ponderación de intereses. En los supuestos de actuación en conciencia no justificados porque no están amparados por estos derechos o exceden de sus límites, no obstante el conflicto de conciencia puede operar como causa supralegal de exculpación por inexigibilidad penal individual si, primero, fácticamente supone un conflicto motivacional extremo, insoportable para el sujeto, y si además normativa y preventivamente no merece valoración individual negativa por no haber peligro de repetición. Si no se dan ambos requisitos, el conflicto de conciencia puede al menos atenuar a veces la culpabilidad. Por el contrario, la situación de delincuencia por convicción no excluye la culpabilidad (salvo algún caso extremo de total inimputabilidad del sujeto, p.ej. por lavado de cerebro dentro de una secta de fanáticos), porque fácticamente no hay un conflicto motivacional insoportable y sobre todo se opone frontalmente a la disculpa y comprensión la valoración normativa-preventiva totalmente negativa.
Perception of eye gaze direction in a case of acquired prosopagnosia
Authors: Erni Britt , Maurer Roland , Kerzel Dirk , Burra Nicolas
Published: May 2020

The ability to perceive the direction of eye gaze is critical in social settings. Brain lesions in the superior temporal sulcus (STS) impair this ability. We investigated the perception of gaze direction of PS, a patient suffering from acquired prosopagnosia (Rossion et al., 2003). Despite lesions in the face network, the STS was spared in PS. We assessed perception of gaze direction in PS with upright, inverted, and contrast-reversed faces. Compared to the performance of 11 healthy women matched for age and education, PS demonstrated abnormal discrimination of gaze direction with upright and contrast-reversed faces, but not with inverted faces. Our findings suggest that the inability of the patient to process faces holistically weakened her perception of gaze direction, especially in demanding tasks.
The beginnings of museology
Authors: Popadić Milan
Published: May 2020

In this paper, we deal with the beginnings of museology, trying to find the common origin of its many contemporary offspring. Rather than define museology, we aim to discuss the idea of museology. We assume that beneath the diverse manifestations of museology one can see today, there is a common root and we call this root the idea of museology. Based on examples tracing the history of other scientific disciplines, in this paper we track two developmental stages in the field of museology: the development from an idea to professional knowledge, and the development from professional knowledge to academic
discipline. By these means, we aim to establish some of the crossing points in the progress of museology as a science.
Franz Beranek and his activities in Slovakia
Authors: Kubisa Tomáš
Published: May 2020

This paper deals with the research of Prof Franz Josef Beranek focused on the so called “Habans”, a social religious group that settled in western Slovakia. This research is reconstructed according to the so called German Archive, which forms a part of the scientific collections of the Institute of Ethnology and Social Anthropology of the Slovak Academy of Sciences. The first part is focused on the life of Franz Beranek and his research on the Haban community, including the history, the linguistic situation, and comparisons to other Anabaptist groups. The second part deals with the procedure of cataloguing the archive and its history, structure, and issues.
Pengaruh Kerusakan Jack Hydraulic Terhadap Proses Bongkar Muat di MV. Sri Wandari Indah
Authors: Widiyantoro Muhammad , Subardi Agus , Ahmad Ndori
Published: May 2020

Sea transportation is seen as the most effective means of responding to the high demand for a commodity. The development of industry 4.0 and society 5.0 has a big influence on the economic growth of a country. Loading and unloading must go well, so efforts are needed to ensure its implementation. Delay in unloading due to hydraulic leakage. The captain and guard officer as more experienced parties are expected to make efforts to prevent it. Coordinating work when unloading shows that the ship has followed procedures and efforts to repair hydraulic leaks. The method used by researchers to analyze problems is the fishbone analysis method. Research data obtained from primary data and secondary data, while data collection was obtained from observations, interviews, descriptive and literature. Fishbone analysis aims as an effort made to change the data from the results of a study into simpler information, so that it is easy to use to draw conclusions. Based on the results of this study, hydraulic maintenance was further improved and procurement of spare parts continued to be pursued by the ship. In addition, the company's management also affects the performance of the crew on the ship so that there is a need for improvement in the company's management of the ship.
Analisis Pengetahuan, Sikap, Dan Perilaku Anak Buah Kapal Deck Terhadap Penggunaan Personal Protective Equipment Di MV. Sendang Mas
Authors: Galih Titi Lesatri Emaning , Hasugian Sereati , Sri Wahyuni Istri
Published: May 2020

This study aims to determine the knowledge, attitudes, and behavior of deck crew regarding the use of Personal Protective Equipment in MV. Sendang Mas. As well as to determine the suitability of knowledge, attitudes and behavior of the deck crew with the applicable rules. The type of research is descriptive with a quantitative approach. With a population of 24 crew on the MV. Sendang Mas by using purposive sampling of the crew of the ship deck, the number of samples in this study were 9 respondents. Retrieval of data obtained from distributing questionnaires, observations of crew members and interviews. The location of this research was carried out when the author was carrying out the practice of sailing on the MV. Sendang Mas. The results showed that the crew of MV. Sendang Mas has a good knowledge of Personal Protective Equipment with the knowledge indicator showing an average score of 3.44. A good attitude about Personal Protective Equipment with the attitude indicator shows an average score of 3.33. As well as having good behavior, with the use of Personal Protective Equipment which reached 98.7%. The knowledge, attitudes and behavior of the deck crew are not maximal and are not in accordance with the Code of Save Working Practice for Merchant Seafarers and SMM TE-S02 regarding Ship Safety Management Procedures for PT. Tirtamas Express.
Studi Numerik Karakteristik Separasi dan Reattachment Aliran Di Belakang Gundukan (BUMP) Setengah Lingkaran
Authors: P. Setyo Hariyadi S.
Published: May 2020

Karakteristik aliran viscous melalui suatu kontur selalu menjadi topik yang menarik untuk dikaji. Pada penelitian kali ini, karakteristik yang dikaji adalah aliran turbulen melintasi plat datar dengan bump. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui karakteristik aliran melintasi bump berbentuk setengah lingkaran distribusi koefisien tekanan (Cp) dan titik separasi. Selain itu juga dilakukan visualisasi aliran untuk mendapatkan gambaran aliran yang melintasi pelat datar dengan bump.Bentuk bump yang digunakan pada studi numerik ini adalah setengah lingkaran dengan freestream sebesar 9.75 m/s dan 15.5 m/s. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan simulasi numerik mengunakan software simulasi dengan model turbulen k – ε Realizable. Model benda uji berupa plat datar yang ditambahi dengan bump.Adanya bump pada pelat datar mengakibatkan aliran menjadi terseparasi sehingga menimbulkan penambahan gaya total drag sepanjang pelat datar. Separasi massive pada bump setengah lingkaran terjadi akibat momentum aliran tidak mampu mengatasi advarse pressure gradient dan tegangan geser antara permukaan bump dengan aliran fluida, sehingga untuk harga Re yang lebih besar akan mengakibatkan letak titik separasi lebih tertunda.
Rancang Bangun DC-DC Konverter 300 Volt Jenis Buck Konverter
Authors: S. Rifdian I.
Published: May 2020

DC chopper jenis buck dengan beberapa aplikasi telah banyak dibuat. Namun dalam penelitian tersebut hanya menggunakan tegangan masukan yang dturunkan terlebih dahulu oleh trafo step down. Selain itu, dalam beberapa penelitian dengan DC chopper buck tidak pernah memperhitungkan seberapa besar pengaruh efek parasitik terhadap tegangan keluaran yang dibutuhkan. Komponen pensaklaran yang digunakan dalam beberapa penelitian juga tidak dibahas secara mendalam. Dari beberapa topologi konverter arus searah, konverter jenis buck dipilih karena konverter ini menghasilkan tegangan keluaran yang memiliki nilai maksimal sama dengan tegangan masukan Selain itu, buck converter memiliki efisiensi yang tinggi dan riak pada tegangan keluaran yang rendah. Dalam penelitian ini akan dibahas respon DC Chopper Buck dengan catu daya utama tegangan AC jala-jala satu fasa yang disearahkan yang meliputi tegangan masukan, arus masukan, tegangan keluaran, arus keluaran, dan efisiensi. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian, tegangan yang digunakan untuk mensuplai DC Chopper buck ini sebesar 300 Volt dengan variasi beban resistif dan beban dominan induktif. Variasi beban resistif yang digunakan yaitu 40Ω, 100Ω, dan 300Ω. Efisiensi yang dihasilkan ketika diberi beban resistif 40Ω dengan tegangan 30V-210V yaitu sebesar 62,60%-98,08%, beban 100Ω sebesar 42,05%-97,18%, sedangkan pada beban 300Ω efisiensi yang dihasilkan sebesar 37,32%-90,90%.
Performa Mesin Bensin Berbahan Bakar Ethanol Dengan Pengaturan Kompresi Rasio
Authors: Junipitoyo Bambang
Published: May 2020

Ethanol merupakan bahan bakar yang menghasilkan polutan yang rendah, bahan bakar yang aman, titik nyala etanol tiga kali lebih tinggi dibandingkan bensin dan emisi hidokarbon lebih sedikit. Ethanol 50 merupakan campuran premium 50% - Bioethanol 50% yang mempunyai nilai kalor lebih rendah dari premium. Pengaruh rasio kompresi pada kinerja mesin Bensin dengan 50% bioethanol gasoline bahan bakar dicampur diselidiki pada dinamometer rem air. Sifat bioetanol diukur berdasarkan pada American Society for Testing Material (ASTM) standar. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui unjuk kerja mesin bensin yang menggunakan bahan bakar Ethanol E50 dengan pengaturan kompresi rasio. Penelitian dilakukan pada Mesin Bensin 2 silinder 650 cc pada variable speed 2000 - 5000 rpm, metode yang digunakan adalah dengan mengatur kompresi rasio. Kompresi rasio yang digunakan pada penelitian ini sebesar 9 , 10 dan 11. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa melalui pengaturan kompresi rasio pada mesin bensin berbahan bakar Ethanol 50, pada kompresi rasio 11 diperoleh kenaikan torsi, daya mengalami kenaikan sebesar 9 %, 4,25% terhadap E50 standar. dibandingkan dengan menggunakan bensin murni pada kompresi rasio 9,6. Sedangkan pengaruh rasio kompresi menambahkan pada E50 dapat mengurangi bsfc oleh 12,25% dan meningkatkan thermal efisiensi dengan 14,2%.
Analisis Pengaruh Kualitas Pelayanan Terhadap Tingkat Kepuasan Taruna di Politeknik Penerbangan Surabaya
Authors: Wasito Bambang , Lestari Sri
Published: May 2020

In this research of writer use method either through qualitative and also quantitatively with examination of reliabilitas and validity, test doubled regresi, correlation coefficient test, parsial correlation coefficient test, test F test and t. As for result of this research is : For the examination of by parsial known by variable (tangibles) (X1), assess t calculate which obtained is equal to 9,547 and its value is 0,000, (reliability) (X2), assess t calculate which obtained is equal to 10,245 and its value is 0,000, (responsiveness) (X3), assess t calculate which obtained is equal to 8,576 and its value is 0,001, (assurance) (X4), assess t calculate which obtained is equal to 7,568 and its value is 0,002, (empathy) (X5), assess t calculate which obtained is equal to 6,125 and its value is 0,000, this smaller value than = 0,05, so that can be said that that free variable (tangibles) (X1), (reliability) (X2), (responsiveness) (X3), (assurance) (X4), (empathy) (X5) by parsial have an effect on to storey; level satisfaction of cadets (Y) at Aviation Polytechnic of Surabaya. Result of calculation Test conducted F constructively SPSS program obtained [by] f value [count/calculate] equal to 980,365. obtained Signifikansi value [is] equal to 0,000, this smaller signifikansi value than value that is 0,05. Thereby can be interpreted that free variable which (tangibles) (X1), (reliability) (X2), (responsiveness) (X3), (assurance) (X4), (empathy) (X5), together have an effect on to storey; level satisfaction of cadets (Y) at Aviation Polytechnic of Surabaya. Because X2 variable that is (reliability) have highest parsial correlation value that is equal to 0,988 compared to other free variable hence X2 variable that is (reliability) represent dominant free variable influence variable tied that is storey; level satisfaction of cadets (Y) at Aviation Polytechnic of Surabaya.
Peningkatan Hasil Belajar Modal Auxiliary Melalui Penggunaan Flipped Classroom Taruna Teknik Pesawat Udara Angkatan II POLTEKBANG Surabaya
Authors: Fatmawati Fatmawati
Published: May 2020

Pembelajaran yang dirancang oleh dosen harus menggunakan metode yang sesuai dengan situasi atau kondisi pembelajaran, media yang digunakan dan kompetensi yang ingin dicapai sehingga tercipta pembelajaran efektif, efesien dan menyenangkan bagi taruna yang belajar dan pada akhirnya taruna mendapatkan pengalaman yang bermakna bagi dirinya. Peneliti ingin mengetahui peningkatan hasil belajar Modal Auxiliary melalui penggunaan Flipped classroom taruna Teknik Pesawat Udara Angkatan II C Poltekbang Surabaya.Saat belajar Modal Auxiliary seringkali taruna melakukan kesalahan saat membuat dan menggunakan kata - kata tentang spelling, pronounciation, intonasi, dan kosa kata reading. Hal ini dikarenakan dosen tidak tepat dalam memilih metode pembelajaran. Permasalahan mendasar dalam penelitian ini adalah sebagian besar taruna Teknik Pesawat Udara Angkatan II C Poltekbang Surabaya Tahun Pelajaran 2016/2017 kurang mampu dalam Modal Auxiliary. Tujuan yang diharapkan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui apakah penggunaan Flipped classroom dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar Modal Auxiliary taruna Teknik Pesawat Udara Angkatan II C Poltekbang Surabaya tahun pelajaran 2016/2017.Penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian tindakan karena penelitian tindakan adalah merupakan penelitian yang lebih sesuai dengan tugas pokok dan fungsi dosen, meningkatkan kualitas pembelajaran, meningkatkan kualitas taruna, serta mencapai tujuan pembelajaran atau pendidikan. Dalam penelitian ini yang menjadi subyek penelitian adalah 24 taruna Teknik Pesawat Udara Angkatan II C Poltekbang Surabaya Tahun Pelajaran 2016/2017. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan Februari 2018. Metode pengumpulan data pada penelitian ini adalah observasi, tes, wawancara, dan catatan lapangan. Teknik analisis data yang dipergunakan adalah reduksi data, penyajian data, penarikan simpulan, serta verifikasi refleksiBerdasarkan pengamatan dalam pembelajaran pada siklus pertama diperoleh data hasil belajar taruna rata-rata 71,67 pada siklus pertama ini yang tuntas ada 13 taruna (54,17) yang tidak tuntas ada 11 taruna (45,83%). Berdasarkan pengamatan pembelajaran pada siklus kedua hasil belajar taruna rata-rata 86,67 dan pada siklus kedua yang tuntas ada 24 taruna (100%) . Kualitas pembelajaran siklus pertama memperoleh skor 3 (baik), dan siklus kedua memperoleh skor 4 (sangat baik).
STUDI EKPERIMENTAL PENERIMA ADS-B MENGGUNAKAN RTL 1090 DAN RTL-SDR R820T2 DI BANDARA JUANDA SURABAYA
Authors: Harianto BB
Published: May 2020

Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast (ADS-B) adalah sebuah teknologi surveillance menggunakan informasi posisi dari satelit yang dipancarkan (broadcast) secara terus-menerus. Salah satu permasalahan dalam perkembangan teknologi surveillance yaitu bagaimana mendeteksi atau memantau pesawat dengan teknologi peralatan yang murah, dimana diketahui peralatan surveillance yang ada di bandara Indonesia cenderung mahal harganya bahkan modul-modul peralatan tiap-tiap alat surveillance dijual khusus sesuai merk dan tipe tiap-tiap peralatan surveillance. Permasalahan yang juga dihadapi di bandara Indonesia yaitu terbatasnya peralatan surveillance yang ada di tiap-tiap bandara terutama peralatan ADS-B, dimana rata-rata di bandara cabang dan unit di Indonesia belum mempunyai peralatan ADS-B dan hanya menggunakan situs Flightradar24 sebagai sumber informasinya. Flightradar24 adalah layanan jasa berbasis internet yang menunjukan informasi penerbangan pesawat terbang yang meliputi Ident atau Squawk, Heading dan Track. Akan tetapi Flightradar24 memiliki beberapa kelemahan, diantaranya adalah jika pengguna ingin menampilkan informasi lebih banyak, pengguna diharuskan membayar secara berkala atau berlangganan, dan delay yang terjadi karena pemrosesan data dan dibutuhkannya internet untuk bisa menjalankannya. Oleh karena itu penulis membuat Analisa terutama daya yang diterima sebuah perangkat receiver ADS-B yang menggunakan RTL-SDR R820T2 untuk memproses sinyal yang dipancarkan transponder pesawat untuk mendapat informasi berupa 24 bit ICAO aircraft address, Nationality, Ident atau Squawk, Altitude, Latitude, Longitude, Speed, Heading dan Track sehingga dapat membantu user untuk mengamati sebuah target atau pesawat.
DESAIN DAN SIMULASI MONITORING DAYA SISTEM TIGA FASA MENGGUNAKAN MATLAB SIMULINK
Authors: Indrianto Rifdian
Published: May 2020

Aplikasi sistem tiga fasa dalam kelistrikan sudah luas digunakan dalam dunia penerbangan dan industri. Monitoring dari sistem tiga fasa ini diperlukan untuk mengetahui kualitas daya dari sistem. Besaran yang dimonitoring adalah tegangan kerja, nilai arus, nilai daya dan faktor daya, serta konsumsi energi dari sistem.

Monitoring sistem tiga fasa pada penelitian ini ditentukan melalui pemodelan menggunakan software Matlab/Simulink. Pengukuran dari nilai tegangan dan arus sangat menentukan keakuratan dari monitoring sistem tiga fasa yang digunakan. Beban yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah beban tidak seimbang yang terdiri dari beban resistif, beban kapasitif dan beban induktif. Penggunan beban ini untuk menjamin keandalan pada sistem monitoring sehingga dapat menghasilkan nilai pengukuran yang akurat.

Dari hasil simulasi yang telah dilakukan, diperoleh hasil bahwa monitoring daya pada sistem tiga fasa menunjukkan nilai yang akurat dengan hasil respon sistem yang cepat untuk penunjukan nilai besaran yang diukur.
PERENCANAAN TURN PAD AREA DENGAN FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT DI BANDAR UDARA INTERNASIONAL ADISUTJIPTO YOGYAKARTA
Authors: Wasito Bambang , Nashiruddin Yazid , Dhaning Ranatika
Published: May 2020

Kondisi eksisting turn pad area pada bagian runway 09 di Bandar Udara Internasional Adisutjipto Yogyakarta masih belum sesuai dengan peraturan yang ada untuk melayani pesawat terbesar yang beroperasi. Ketidaksesuaian antara turning pad yang ada dengan pesawat udara yang beroperasi dapat menimbulkan permasalahan lain yang dapat berakibat fatal bagi kelangsungan operasi bandar udara bersangkutan. Beberapa hal yang dapat terjadi apabila kondisi dari turn pad area belum sesuai adalah dapat terjadinya one wheel lock ataupun terjadinya tergelincir pesawat udara yang beroperasi diatasnya keluar dari perkerasan yang ada. Hasil dari perencanaan dimensi adalah adanya penambahan luas turn pad area dengan luasan 165,72 m2 untuk mampu mengakomodir pesawat terbesar yang beroperasi. Ketebalan untuk turn pad area yang direncanakan dengan menggunakan perhitungan metode FAA adalah 35 inc atau 89 cm, untuk perbandingan ketebalan perkerasan yang direncanakan menggunakan aplikasi FAARFIELD dan COMFAA maka didapatkan ketebalan perkerasan yang dibutuhkan adalah 34,29 inc atau 87,09 cm
STUDI EKSPERIMEN PENGARUH PENGGUNAAN VORTEX GENERATOR PADA AIRFOIL NACA 0012 DENGAN SMOKE GENERATOR
Authors: Suranto Putro Setyo Hariyadi , Pradana Mahaputra Ramadhan
Published: May 2020

Aerodinamika adalah salah satu cabang dinamika yang berkenaan dengan kajian pergerakan udara, khususnya ketika udara tersebut berinteraksi dengan benda padat. Pada aerodinamika terdapat sebuah airfoil. Untuk meningkatkan kinerja airfoil, pada bagian sayap pesawat dipasang vortex generator. Aliran udara yang mengalir melalui sayap pesawat akan membentuk sebuah airfoil yang bisa menyebabkan pesawat tersebut bisa terbang. Metode yang digunakan pada studi ini adalah simulasi menggunakan terowongan angin (wind tunnel). Yang menghasilkan aliran udara yang membentuk menjadi airfoil dapat terlihat dengan menggunakan smoke generator. Dengan benda uji NACA 0012 dengan sudut serang (angle of attack) , dan Dari hasil penelitian ini didapatkan peforma aerodinamika dan fenomena aliran udara di sekitar airfoil. Pada penelitian ini ada perbedaan airfoil dengan menggunakan vortex generator, dan tidak menggunakan vortex generator. Airfoil yang menggunakan vortex generator sudut separasinya lebih kecil daripada airfoil yang tidak menggunakan vortex generator.
What We Know about the Acquisition of Russian Aspect as a First, Second, and Heritage Language: State of the Art
Authors: Mikhaylova Anna
Published: May 2020

This paper offers a state of the art review of the available linguistic scholarship on the acquisition
of Russian aspect in various acquisition scenarios. While the studies reviewed here differ in their
analyses of Russian verbal aspect, specific research questions, acquisition context, and research
methodology, a common observation is that Russian aspectual contrasts are not easily acquired
and that some may be more difficult to master than others. The review shows that some of these
asymmetries are not unique to child grammars or to bilingual acquisition, but hold in all the
acquisition contexts and may be determined by the complexity of the category itself, while others
reflect developmental trends and effects of context and timing of acquisition. The paper starts with
an overview of Russian aspect and the associated learning tasks, which is followed by the review
of patterns emerging from studies on the acquisition of aspect by children, adult foreign language
learners, and adult heritage speakers of Russian. The paper concludes with a discussion of the way
these empirical findings can be connected to classroom contexts.
Da macchina da guerra a “decoroso fondale”: la Cittadella di Torino nell’Ottocento
Authors: Pozzati Alice
Published: May 2020

From war machine to “decorous backdrop”: the Citadel of Turin in the nineteenth centuryThe citadel of Turin, built in the sixteenth century by the duke Emanuele Filiberto, became an expensive and obsolete object that hampered the enlargements during the nineteenth century. The Enlargement Plan for the capital designed by Carlo Promis (1851-1852) progressively reduced the military constraints facing the citadel. In 1856 the City Council decreed the demolition of the defensive structure. During the demolition one section of the building was spared: the donjon. In 1864 it became the urban background of the statue erected in honor of Pietro Micca, the “soldier mineworker” hero of the siege in 1706. Therefore, this project became an opportunity for the Municipality and the Ministry of War to discuss two central issues. On one hand, the need to set up a “decorous backdrop” to the Piedmontese hero, and on the other hand keeping the costs of the restoration project to a minimum. A well-known architect from Turin named Carlo Ceppi presented an accurate report about the choices of the “restoration” works. Finally, in 1892 the responsibility of the work was given to the engineer Riccardo Brayda, who was an expert in medieval and modern architecture.
Disegno di fortificazioni nella cartografia tra i secoli XII e XVI
Authors: Gallozzi Arturo , Cigola Michela
Published: May 2020

Drawing of fortifications in the cartography between the twelfth and sixteenth centuriesThe contribution schematically analyzes themes and graphic codes related to the cartographic representation, in a period between twelfth and sixteenth centuries. Significant examples of Maps, Nautical charts, Atlases and Globes are examined, highlighting some characteristic aspects, connected to the figuration of fortified and non-fortified cities. In cartography the period considered is extremely significant. Because there is the passage from a predominantly symbolic representation of the world to a “modern” evolution of maps, based on direct observations using measuring instruments.
La influencia de Pedro Luis Escrivá en el sistema defensivo colonial de América
Authors: Pérez Gallego Francisco , Giusto Rosa María
Published: May 2020

The influence of Pedro Luis Escrivá in the American colonial defense systemThe architect and military engineer Pedro Luis Escrivá (1490 ca. - sixteenth century), at the service of Charles V of Habsburg and the Viceroyal Court of Naples, built two bastioned fortifications designed to considerably influence the subject of territorial defense structures: The quadrangular Spanish Fort of L'Aquila (1534-1567) and the reconstruction of the Sant’Elmo Castle in Naples (1537), with an elongated six-pointed stellar plan, served as a reference point for the European and American fortifications of the period. Due to its size and versatility, the model adopted in L’Aquila was widely used in the Latin American context between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries. It is found in countries that were Hispanic colonies such as Cuba, Mexico, Venezuela, Chile, Argentina and Uruguay; as well as in the Hispanic domains of the United States and in some of the dependent territories of the Portuguese crown, in Brazil. Based on a historical-architectural and contextual analysis of these structures, the effects of the “cultural transfer” between Europe and America will be investigated with respect to the model devised by Escrivá to promote its cultural valorization.
Arqueología e investigación documental: las defensas pre-abaluartadas de Alacant (España)
Authors: Bevià i Garcia Màrius , Mira Rico Juan Antonio , Giner Martínez Jaime Manuel , Ortega Pérez José Ramón
Published: May 2020

Archaeology and documentary research: the first bastioned fortifications of Alacant (Spain)In the Courts of the Crown of Aragon held in Monzón (Huesca, 1528) it was raised the need to organise the coast defence of the Kingdom of Valencia through a series of fortification works and the creation and maintenance of militias in order to avoid the attacks and incursions of the Turks and the Berber corsairs. In Alacant (1533), under the auspice of the Duke of Calabria, viceroy of the Kingdom of Valencia, and the design of Joan de Cervelló, noble, military and engineer of King Carlos I and with great experience in artillery and fortification of cities, three bastions were built taking advantage of the medieval walls: Sant Francesc, Sant Bertomeu and Sant Sebastià. These improvement works on the walls continued with the rise of two more towers that protected the gate (Puerta del Mar or Montserrat). The bastions had a circular plan and an escarp elevation up to their half and vertical until the crowning, besides a low armed parapet. They were demolished because of the urban renovations that Alacant experienced during the nineteenth century. However, the historical planimetry, engraving images and photographs, as well as the archaeological excavations carried out in them allow to know their morphology and materials, which are explained in this paper.
Rilievo e modellazione digitale: un percorso critico per la valorizzazione del Castello di Ischia
Authors: Papa Lia Maria , D’Auria Saverio
Published: May 2020

Survey and digital modeling: a critical approach for the enhancement of the Castle of IschiaThe development and dissemination of ICT have also influenced the cultural heritage sector. In the last decade, for this reason and not only, the way of doing scientific research, documentation and enhancement has quickly changed, to such a degree to question the real benefits brought by the digitization and virtualization of the historical buildings, in the fields just mentioned. The paper is part of a research field linked to the analysis of the metric and formal reliability of 3D integrated surveying and digital modeling of architectural heritage, and to the critical evaluation of the photogrammetry and laser scanning as tools for the deep knowledge and for the dissemination of the object of study. In particular, the focus is on the majestic Aragonese Castle of Ischia –whose origins date back to the fifth century BC, located in the eastern part of the island, on an area of over 5 hectares– and on the ruins of the Cathedral of the Assumption, of the fourteenth century, preserved inside. Starting from particular analysis and coming to general methodological considerations, the research had different objectives: comparing qualitatively and quantitatively the goodness of image-based and range-based surveys of single environments, determining the spatial location of some volumes compared to others, analyzing the “Castle-Cathedral system” through the development of virtual reality applications built from photo-modeling and laser scanning at the urban scale.
La fortificación hispanomusulmana de la madīna de Burriana (Castellón)
Authors: Melchor Monserrat José Manuel
Published: May 2020

The Spanish-Muslim fortification of the Burriana’s medina (Castellón)This communication aims to publicize the latest archeological findings related to the Spanish-Muslim wall of Burriana, obtained thanks to the interventions carried out throughout the twenty-first century, in which new sectors and towers of the wall have been evidenced, and that they also clarify some ancient historical and archaeological news about the fortification. We highlight the documentation of the construction technique of the wall, which provides interesting data on its chronology, recently established around the eleventh century. The relationship between the defensive structure and other recent archaeological findings associated with this period are examined, such as some necropolis and elements of the urban plot. Finally, an analysis of the historical and territorial context of the defensive structure and the Spanish-Muslim city will be carried out, since Burriana’s medina was an important administrative and commercial center, a stopping point on the land route between Tortosa and Valencia, and cited as an amal that also had a seaport, according to some sources. We do not forget that the madīna is also a prominent enclave in the historical events related to the Christian razzias of the eleventh and twelfth centuries, and in the subsequent process of conquest of the kingdom of Valencia at the beginning of the thirteenth century, as reflected in the chronicles of the time.
Una torre en la muralla de Biar. Consolidación y recuperación de una imagen urbana
Authors: Del Rey Miguel , Gallud Antonio , Bronchales Silvia
Published: May 2020

A tower in the wall of Biar. Consolidation and recovery of an urban imageThe wall of Biar goes around the historical part of the city and connects it with the castle at the top of the hill. This urban wall was comprised by the city wall and a walk wall, which were protected by a battlement and a series of towers. Currently, the urban wall has been swallowed by changes in the area. Internal edifications to the city wall have progressively taken over the wall and, in its outside part, an area as wide as the towers has been occupied, which has eventually set up the front part of Torreta street. The Tower of Jesus is part of this defensive set that nowadays is almost invisible. Before its restoration, the tower was in an unfortunate state of abandonment and deterioration. Large cracks in its masonry warned of its immediate collapse. After its defensive use, it was transformed and joined to more modern neighboring buildings. Removed walls, deformed gaps and variations in the roof concealed its past as it went unnoticed and passed as another house on the street. Only the traces in its walls exposed its history. The intervention process for its recovery began with a thorough, formal, dimensional and technical study, to subsequently propose its restoration and the choice of contiguous elements that had to be eliminated to show a recognizable set. Also, a new way of walking and using it was put forward. During the intervention, several objectives were considered. In addition to the most obvious ones, such as the structural consolidation that would prevent its eventual collapse, recovering its historical image and showing the key facts that would lead to interpreting its past and discovering its secrets. Besides describing in detail the restoration process in its entirety, this text aims to present the issues that were raised during the intervention and to consider those reasons behind all the decisions that were made.
Enhancing the digital heritage, educating with the heritage. The Charles V Fort of the harbor of Girgenti
Authors: Basso Alessandro , Vattano Starlight , Luigini Alessandro
Published: May 2020

The essay proposes a project of enhancement and valorization of the Fort of Charles V to guard the harbor of Agrigento, in 1549. Starting from those visual references testified by the sixteenth and seventeenth century representations between the defensive fort, the harbor of Agrigento, and the ancient Greek city taking shape in the landscape configurations of Camiliani and Spannocchi, the article proposes the enhancement of the building starting from a photogrammetric digital survey with a phase of digital elaboration of the model on virtual platforms for the immersive exploration to be concluded with the definition of paths differentiated by users from a wide range of sources (scholars, citizens, students of different ages).
La torre nella torre. Recupero e rilievo 3D per la fruizione della Torre Matta ad Otranto
Authors: Muscatello Giovanna
Published: May 2020

The tower in the tower. Recovery and 3D survey for virtual visits to the Torre Matta in OtrantoOtranto is one of the biggest ancient settlements in the Salento (Puglia), in the easternmost part of the Italian peninsula. This location has always affected the city’s history, which has a stratified system of defence. As a result of the Turkish invasion of 1480, the city was completely destroyed. During the counter-offensive of 1481 the city was reconquered by the Aragonese, who are credited with the reconstruction of the city and its defences, building high walls with circular towers (still visible and well conserved), which housed artillery pieces on the various floors of the casemates. Around the mid sixteenth century the existing defensive structures were enriched with bastions including the imposing pentagonal structure that incorporates the circular tower of the late fifteenth century, the so-called Torre Matta, facing the harbour. As part of recent recovery measures, the enormous room inside the bastion was completely emptied. This entailed removing all the accumulated material which, over the years, had come to fill the entire space. This material obscured the external wall of the fifteenth century tower enclosed within the bastion, of which, at the beginning of the work, only the stone corbels and the blind arches at the top were visible. The material had also prevented access via the only original entrance, on the south-east side, which was on the level of the moat. The stratified deposits to be removed were about 18 m deep, and the operation served to bring to light the entire room and the tower, making it possible for the first time to appreciate the relationship between the walls. To record the geometry of the individual architectural features, a 3D laser scan was performed, integrated with direct surveys. A three-dimensional model was created in order to enable virtual visits and disseminate knowledge of the monument.
Al-Bunayya, una ciudad fortificada benimerín en la costa norte del estrecho de Gibraltar (1282-1375)
Authors: Jiménez-Camino Álvarez Rafael , González Gallero Raúl , Blanco Medrano Estrella , Ramos Martín María Ángeles , Eïd Aurélie Simone
Published: May 2020

Al-Bunayya, a fortified Marinid city on the northern coast of the strait of Gibraltar (1282-1375 AD)This article presents the results of the archaeological investigation carried out between 2017 and 2018 by Algeciras City Council in al-Bunayya (1282-1375), the only city founded by the Marinid dynasty in al-Andalus, after recent research revealed its true location. Until then, the site of the city had been attributed to another Islamic city in Algeciras: al-Ŷazīra al-jadrā’. The two cities existed alongside one another from the end of the Middle Ages, until they were destroyed by the Nasrids in 1375 or 1379 and subsequently abandoned. The medina’s defences comprised a wall protected by two lines of concentric barbicans and a third section which may have formed part of the entrance to one of the city gates. At least three phases of construction have been identified: the first coincides with the founding of the city by the Marinid sultan Abū Yūsuf (1282-1285), when the wall and the first barbican were built from rammed earth, a technique used in most Marinid urban settlements. The second phase (1285-1344) may be linked to Nasrid refurbishments, which covered or substituted the former rammed earth walls of the towers with walls made from layers of stone masonry and filled with rubble masonry, reflecting the customary methods used to refurbish fortifications on the border with Castile. The third phase (1344-1369) may be attributed to the time of the Castilian conquest due to the presence of stonemasons’ marks, and involved the construction of a sloping barbican using stone and rubble masonry.
La réutilisation du patrimoine défensif urbain en Algérie
Authors: Korichi Amina , Guenadez Zineeddine , Faucherre Nicolas
Published: May 2020

Reuse of urban defensive heritage in AlgeriaThe growing interest in the heritage that contemporary society carries with it, and which is reflected in the extent of the debates and issues relating to its preservation and enhancement, runs up, most of the time, to the authentic memory / memory dichotomy. Dynamic. That being said, the reuse of built heritage in the process of renewing the image of our cities (use-value) becomes dependent on a global conception included in a sustainable urban development approach. The monumental heritage, subdivided, generally, into five categories namely; religious, hospitable and funeral, civil (public or private), agricultural and industrial and finally military, raises enormous problems as for its reuse. These are more pronounced towards the military-defensive architecture that is the subject of this contribution. In Algeria, defensive architecture occupies an important part in its heritage site. The typological diversity –the result of a long stratification from the early antiquity to the middle of the last century– as well as the dominant position occupied by this defensive heritage abandoned in the current urban landscape imposes a more urgent care. Therefore, we want, through this communication, to lay the first steps of a patrimonial approach to highlight this or these unknown military architectures and preserve our defensive heritage for which the collective memory is not attested and still painful. The reuse of the defensive heritage in Algeria must first and foremost go through its identification, inventory its various typologies, evaluate its current physical impact and finally explore the different urban alternatives that will result from its reintegration into the urban experience and for sustainable cities and citizens.
Poliorcética, morfología edilicia y técnicas constructivas en el Tossal de la Vila, un recinto fortificado de época emiral en el extremo septentrional del Šarq al-Andalus
Authors: Negre Joan , Falomir Ferran , Pérez-Polo Marta , Aguilella Gustau
Published: May 2020

Poliorcetics, architectural morphology and construction techniques at Tossal de la Vila, a fortified enclosure from the Emirate period in the northernmost end of Šarq al-AndalusThis work focuses on the first results from the systematic excavation of the Tossal de la Vila (Serra d’en Galceran, Castelló) archaeological site. This is, a hillfort build during the Emirate of al-Andalus in the intersection between the territories of Tortosa, Valencia and the Iberian System mountain ranges. Our case study is framed within the historiographic discussion on the subject of rocky and castellated settlements in this area set forth thirty years ago by André Bazzana. A debate that was largely enriched by several works pending the last years on the subject of hilly occupations between Late Antiquity and Early Middle Ages. In that direction, we analyse here the architectural questions that have been raised by the recent archaeological works at the site. Specifically, we will try to systematise the different defensive solutions adopted on the design of the fort, as well as the diverse construction techniques used along the fortbuilding process.
Exploring the unique challenges of presenting English Heritage’s castles to a contemporary audience
Authors: Savage Joe , Wyeth William
Published: May 2020

The seventy-nine castles in the care of English Heritage Trust (EHT) are some of the most visually stunning and historically important in the world. In recent years, EHT has explored new ways of sharing the histories and stories of these properties with local communities and with domestic and international visitors. This paper presents a review of these approaches, outlining the ways in which the Trust has applied different methodologies to castles within certain areas of operation, such as Interpretation; Digital Content; and Conservation. It assesses the self-reflection of EHT staff members from some of the organisation’s operations as to how certain strategies and approaches have met the expectations of both the EHT and its target audiences. It outlines approaches to sharing our passion for these properties which were not heavily reliant on significant monetary investment, for instance examining how to re-interpret castles in the context of a challenging economic climate. It assesses some of the philosophies behind the decisions made as well. These reflections are examined in the context of a new castle interpretation project currently underway, at Warkworth Castle in Northumberland, England. They are presented to our international colleagues with the explicit desire to share our experiences and improve our industry’s approach to the interpretation of humanity’s rich castle heritage.
Fortifications at Piacenza. Historical background, restoration, open-air museum and urban planning
Authors: Broglia Francesco
Published: May 2020

The “modern” fortifications at Piacenza are situated at a significant physical and cultural crossroads linking the Mediterranean and roads leading to Central Europe and the North Sea. This paper aims to include their historical bastion features and city walls within an open-air educational museum that is well integrated within the modern town. Starting from the original basis of a defensive nature conceived to mark boundaries and divide kingdoms, the plan is to build a park which, by means of a fully-equipped green belt, is able to narrate the story of the Siegecraft and Renaissance apse techniques. At the same time, the aim is to explain how such a system may serve as a valuable means of allowing sustainable urban transport along with that of respecting and highlighting cultural heritage. In order to tell the complete story, an attempt is made to describe how direct relief may relate to the “compact town.”
Adaptación cristiana de las defensas de la Alcazaba de Almería durante el siglo XVI
Authors: Garzón Osuna Diego
Published: May 2020

Christian adaptation of the defences of the Alcazaba of Almeria during the sixteenth centuryAfter the capitulation of the nasrid city of Almería (1489), the new Castilian administration was able to verify the state of ruin of its defences due to the earthquake of 1487, ordering the rapid construction of a castle on the highest point of the battered hispano-muslim Alcazaba. Between 1490 and 1502 the castle was built, incorporating in its design the most effective systems of the time to repel an attack with gunpowder. The typological references of this military installation correspond to the School of Valladolid; with a long tradition in the construction of castles. In parallel with the completion of these works, the Catholic Monarchs ordered in 1501 to armor the defence of the coasts of the Kingdom of Granada, articulating and extending the medieval system of watchtowers scattered along the coast, to counteract the fragility of the annexed territories, the mestizaje of its people, and the proximity of Africa. Thus concluded the works in the Castle, the works were centred in the repair of the walls of the city, action that will extend to the fences of the Alcazaba (1526). Towards 1547, attacks by turkish and berber pirates followed one another on the Almeria coast in the face of the defencelessness of the population. These incursions led to concern about the proper conservation of military installations. As a consequence of this, the old Alcazaba was adapted to the distant war offered by the use of gunpowder. The first interventions were designed by Luis de Machuca, architect of the Palace of Carlos V in the Alhambra. This accommodation included the construction of the bastions of the Campana (1550) and the repair of the doors of Justice and the Guard (1565), completing the program due to the proximity of the War with the Moriscos, with the construction of the bastions of the San Matías and Espolón (1568).