bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Administrative Law Values and National Security Functions
Authors: Dickinson Laura A.
Published: December 2020

This chapter focuses on the case of extraterritorial military detention by the US and the UK—two countries that quickly deployed and then repeatedly refined their detention policies during the nearly two decades following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. Military detention is arguably one of the quintessential national security functions where deference to executive discretion is strongest. As such, it is an activity that differs markedly from the types of practices that form the core work of many domestic administrative agencies, and administrative law scholarship tends to ignore the national security domain. Yet even here, in a realm seemingly so insulated from administrative law norms, agencies in both the US and the UK have implemented a variety of administrative rules and procedures, as well as non-judicial administrative tribunals to assess the status of detainees. Although the US and the UK followed different pathways, both countries have ultimately come to embrace administrative law frameworks for military detention. And both countries have gradually moved to protect, at least to a limited extent, the core administrative law values of rationality, transparency, participation, and procedural protection even as they have rejected fully judicialized detention processes. This comparative case study therefore illustrates the significance of administrative law values in the area of national security and points toward the need for further scholarship at the intersection of national security law and administrative law.
Legislatures, Executives, and Political Control of Government
Authors: Metzger Gillian E.
Published: December 2020

This chapter examines how political control over government is exercised today in the UK, the US, and France, focusing on control of the executive branch by the legislature and control of the administrative executive by the political executive. These three jurisdictions were chosen because they are paradigmatic examples of different political regimes: parliamentarism, separation of powers presidentialism, and semi-presidentialism. In theory, these different institutional structures should affect how political control is understood and wielded. In the traditional Westminster parliamentary model, for example, the government is formed from the leadership of the majority party in Parliament and it is the government that controls policy-making. By contrast, the traditional account of a separation of powers regime posits a separate legislature and executive as institutional rivals. Semi-presidential regimes combine a popularly elected presidential-type executive with a legislatively-dependent cabinet executive.
Ombudsmen and Complaint-Handling
Authors: Harden Ian
Published: December 2020

This chapter is devoted to ombudsmen and to complaint-handling by ombudsmen. It contains a brief general overview of complaints and complainants. The overview draws on both legal and non-legal literature and takes into account the perspectives of not only different kinds of complainants, but also of organizational hierarchies in both the private and public sectors, in order to provide the necessary background for comparing ombudsmen. The chapter then addresses the question ‘what is an ombudsman?’ and concludes with a definition. It considers the place of ombudsmen within the broader framework of administrative law. Finally, this chapter examines the relationship between the ombudsman institution and democracy.
Criminal and Civil Liability
Authors: Fairgrieve Duncan
Published: December 2020

This chapter discusses the liability of the state. Despite the great differences in constitutional context, administrative law, and procedure, all legal systems have had to address the issue of when compensation should be provided to citizens who have been negatively affected by the activities of the administration. The chapter thus provides an overview of the historical and modern approaches of state liability from a comparative perspective, in a variety of jurisdictions. It then gives consideration to some of the salient issues arising out of this complex area of the law. An addendum is then provided examining the issue of the criminal liability of the state. Particular focus is given to the current state of the existing scholarship on this topic, as well as identifying fruitful themes for future research.
Judicial Review of Administrative Reasoning Processes
Authors: Wilberg Hanna
Published: December 2020

This chapter surveys the comparative administrative law literature on the judicial scrutiny and control of administrative reasoning processes. The chapter takes as its starting point the English, Australian, and New Zealand approach to this topic—commonly known in these jurisdictions as judicial review on the grounds of improper purpose, irrelevant considerations, and mandatory considerations. Some minor divergences between these jurisdictions are noted, as is the fact that the French approach shares at least some similar features. The chapter then identifies a range of other jurisdictions whose law on this topic has one or more features that differ from the English approach in interesting and potentially illuminating ways. The other jurisdictions touched on are Canada, the US, South Africa, Germany, and China. The different approaches identified are: no review of reasoning processes, scrutiny of reasoning processes on a much broader basis, different approaches to the intensity of review, and a shift away from review of reasoning processes to assessment of outcomes. The final sections of the chapter briefly consider possible correlations with system types, and offer some concluding reflections.
Openness and Transparency
Authors: Reichel Jane
Published: December 2020

This chapter considers how the increased interest in access to official documents on the public international law level relates to the challenges posed to domestic laws with respect to transparency. It asks if international developments of greater access can compensate for the loss of transparency at the national level brought about by the de-nationalization of domestic law, and if so, how. Swedish domestic law is chosen as the case example here. The chapter provides an introductory overview of openness and transparency as a constitutional and administrative value in Sweden. Next, it examines openness and transparency in a global context. Transparency as a human right and also as an ideal for international organizations is then addressed. The chapter concludes with a comparative analysis.
Imagining Theoretical Frameworks
Authors: Hofmann Herwig C. H.
Published: December 2020

This chapter outlines some basic approaches to identifying frameworks of comparative research. It first argues that establishing comparative frameworks is a task ubiquitous to legal methodology. The framework is the decisive factor identifying the comparators and allowing assessment of similarities and differences. The framework allows identification of what to compare, how many commonalities the comparators have to start with, and how ‘foreign’ the two elements subject to comparison may be, so as to facilitate meaningful comparison. The chapter thus shows how comparative frameworks are flexible in serving the objectives defined by comparative scholars. This fluid feature of the framework of comparison and the relatively ubiquitous nature of the comparative method is the backdrop to the discussions in this chapter, critically reviewing three major frameworks identified by the objectives of the comparative approach: law as ‘category’, as ‘source’, and as ‘variable’.
Evolutionary Public Law
Authors: Lindseth Peter L.
Published: December 2020

This chapter reflects on how public law, and more specifically constitutional and administrative law, can be understood as expressions of what evolutionary anthropologists and other specialists call human ‘ultra-sociality’. The ultimate focus is on the emergence of a cultural-evolutionary phenomenon—a pervasive conception of ‘right’ (what we now call public law)—that was bound up with, and in turn fed into, the phase transitions that marked the emergence of increasingly complex societies and polities (‘states’) over the course of human history. The chapter focuses on three interrelated phase transitions in particular: the emergence of a collective capacity to mobilize surplus human and fiscal resources (‘blood’ and ‘treasure’); the emergence of a social-psychological sense of legitimate political obligation; and, finally, the emergence of scalable forms of political and legal management as between a governing principal—the person/institution to which political obligation and legitimacy is ultimately owed—and agents who are understood to carry out tasks on behalf of the principal. By stressing the importance of the first two developments as a predicate to the third, this chapter argues that we cannot understand how a polity is administered without first understanding how it is constituted.
Expanding Horizons
Authors: Huang Cheng-Yi
Published: December 2020

This chapter focuses on four interconnected topics that can lead us to envision the dynamic development of comparative administrative law now and in the future. It first discusses behavioural insights into administrative procedure and judicial review, which may broaden perspectives on rationality review. Next, the chapter addresses the desk-level operations of bureaucratic administration and calls for greater attention to how cultural differences—especially in the shadow of colonialism—have perhaps transformed or reinvented administrative law doctrines infused with the characteristics of locality. The chapter then deals with the complexity of institutions through the eyes of comparative administrative law. Finally, the chapter shifts to a future-oriented discussion about potential conflict and collaboration between governmental use of artificial intelligence and such traditional administrative law doctrines as legislative delegation and judicial deference.
Administrative Law and Democracy
Authors: Rose-Ackerman Susan
Published: December 2020

This chapter focuses on important debates at the intersection of regulatory law, constitutional structure, technical competence, and public participation. It concentrates on the representative democracies that are at the heart of this volume. In such polities, delegation of policy-making authority to the executive branch is inevitable as the state confronts the social and economic problems of modern life. Statutory and constitutional language is incapable of eliminating policy discretion given the complexity of these problems and the need to respond quickly to changed circumstances. Such delegation, however, appears to violate democratic norms that view the legislature as the only source of legitimacy. Even in a system with a popularly elected president, executive-branch policy choices must confront the issue of democratic legitimacy. These choices may bear little or no relationship to promises made during the electoral campaign, and they may involve only minimal legislative involvement. Thus, although policy delegation is inevitable, it is also democratically problematic. To further the democratic credentials of executive policy-making, this chapter defends the use of administrative procedures that require transparency, citizens’ input, and public reason-giving.
Gender and Sexuality in Australian Politics
Authors: van Acker Elizabeth
Published: December 2020

This chapter examines two examples of how gender and sexuality interact with politics in Australia, highlighting the consequences of the political resilience of masculinity. First, women have not accomplished equal representation in parliament. Indeed, it was not until 1943 that one woman entered the House of Representatives and another entered the Senate, and it was not until 2010 that a woman became prime minister—and that was under controversial circumstances. Second, gays and lesbians have fought over a long period for equality which was evident in the same-sex marriage conflict. Religious, cultural, and social norms and the regulation of individual sexuality have sent powerful messages about the meaning of marriage which are entwined with prejudices, complexities, and contradictions.
Indigenous–Settler Relationships
Authors: Strakosch Elizabeth
Published: December 2020

This chapter argues that the relationship between Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander and non-Indigenous societies in Australia is complex and conflictual, and that the nature of that relationship is itself a site of conflict. It identifies and elaborates the dominant ways of understanding the relationship in the Australian context: policy, rights, nation-building, and sovereignty. Different registers have been more influential at different times, but all have been present throughout the history of Indigenous–state interactions. While the policy register is dominant in academic and public discourse, this chapter suggests that viewing the relationship in terms of sovereign political orders is more useful.
The Demographics of Meditation in the United States
Authors: Hackett Conrad
Published: December 2020

This chapter describes which U.S. groups report meditating frequently. While there is little cross-national data available to analyze demographic characteristics associated with meditation, Pew Research Center’s nationally representative 2014 Religious Landscape Study (RLS) asked more than 35,000 U.S. adults, “How often do you meditate? Would you say at least once a week, once or twice a month, several times a year, seldom, or never?” Americans tend to say they meditate regularly (40 percent do so at least weekly) or rarely, if at all (45 percent seldom or never do). There’s not much middle ground—only 8 percent say they meditate once or twice a month and only 4 percent say they do so several times a year. The Americans most likely to report high frequency of meditation—Jehovah’s Witnesses, older Americans, Black Americans, poorer Americans, and political conservatives—diverge from stereotypes about frequent practitioners of meditation.
The role of attention in the development of creativity
Authors: Kauer Anna R. , Sowden Paul T.
Published: December 2020

Creativity is typically defined as an output that is both novel and effective, and creative ability in adults is strongly linked to attentional processes. Creative thinking requires the attentional flexibility to combine information from internal and external inputs and to switch between ideas and representations, together with the attentional control to resist distraction, and persist with an idea over time. There are also indications that attention style may be qualitatively different in highly creative people, although we do not yet have a complete picture of the optimal attentional profile for creativity. However, the relationship between attention and creativity has hardly been explored in children. Consequently, we have little understanding of what the developmental attentional milestones for creativity might be. Here, the authors consider the evidence that the development of attention in children is as integral to the development of creativity as it is to other aspects of cognition and suggest potential avenues for future research.
Book Audio
Authors: Rubery Matthew
Published: December 2020

Audiobooks can do more than reproduce printed books. Whereas the book requires audiences to construct the narrative in their minds from a set of visual cues, the audiobook supplies a sonic dimension muted on the page. The use of sound is sometimes perceived as a shortcoming since it allegedly diminishes the imaginative labor of fiction. Yet focusing on deficits alone neglects those instances in which the addition of sound effects might be said to enhance the reading experience. This chapter examines recordings that take advantage of the audiobook’s affordances in order to go beyond simply replicating print. The “audio” in “audiobook” stands for more than just speech, after all. What happens when publishers experiment with sound in order to create “book audio” instead of audiobooks—that is, recordings whose soundtracks go beyond the verbal description of sounds by using actual sounds?
Turk’s-Head Knots
Authors: Gillespie Alexandra
Published: December 2020

This chapter begins by discussing the often-remarked connection between textual and textile technologies, before focusing on a style of knot called a “Turk’s-head” knot by modern codicologists, and commonly found on medieval book fastenings and girdle book chemises. The codicologists’ term has evaded scrutiny, I suggest, because the image—of a Moorish head hanging from the hand or belt of a premodern European reader—fits Western thought about books a little too well. The legacies of violence and conquest latent in the term “Turk’s-head” knot are latent in Western histories of the book, where they form the overlooked background for endless, triumphalist narratives about the “rise of the West.” My chapter tries to reorient these narratives by demonstrating that knot work found in and on medieval European books is closely tied to many other cultures’ bookbinding practices. Such books can be resituated, by way of their knots, in a global network for the exchange of text technologies in the premodern period.
Transatlantic Traffic
Authors: Rezek Joseph
Published: December 2020

This chapter examines the eighteenth-century transatlantic traffic in books by analyzing one extraordinary letter by Phillis Wheatley. Written in Boston on 18 October 1773, and addressed to David Wooster, in New Haven, the letter enlists Wooster’s help selling copies of Wheatley’s book, “Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral,” describes Wheatley’s manumission from slavery, and mentions a number of books Wheatley acquired during her recent trip to London, including Paradise Lost, Alexander Pope’s complete Works, and Don Quixote. Many of the books Wheatley mentions have survived with her signed inscriptions. An examination of those particular books and the letter that describes them provides a rich understanding of Wheatley’s relationship to books as a reader and published author, an enslaved and freed person, and a literary celebrity. In emphasizing the intimacy of transatlantic traffic, Wheatley’s letter suggests printed books remain “unfinished” until they change hands from one person to another.
Derrida’s Unfinished Book
Authors: Fleming Juliet
Published: December 2020

This chapter draws from the provocations of Derrida’s thought to undo heuristic assumptions (including some of Derrida’s own) about what constitutes a book. From the beginning of his career, Derrida resisted the idea of the book, which he regarded as a powerful metaphor of, and technology for, gathering things together. But in fact the book has never been a certain bulwark against the dissipative, fissiparous effects of writing. In the broadened sense Derrida gives the term, writing is that which happens. The book can then be said to be an adapted environment: not a shelter, however brief, from history but, on the contrary, a point of its uncontrolled accretion and acceleration. For Derrida’s most provocative thoughts on the nature of the book we will in the future need to look to his dispersed and extended work on questions of the archive.
Remade
Authors: Calè Luisa
Published: December 2020

Extra-illustration remakes a book through a series of interventions that modify its bibliographic form. The smallest of these involves pasting materials in the margin, but often the book’s gatherings are disbound, the pages mounted on larger sheets, and additional sheets are interleaved to accommodate materials such as prints, watercolors, and manuscript pages. As the book’s format and size are altered from octavo to folio, from one to many volumes, its new partitions rearticulate its units of perception, the rhythm, and hand-eye coordination that mark the act of reading. The extra-illustrated book is a composite of objects and interventions from different periods. This chapter considers the extra-illustration of Shakespeare. When and why is a book remade? What happens to the book as a medium? Is it an updated, backdated, embellished support for reading or viewing, or does it become something else? At what point does the book stop being a book?
How The Bookworm Got its Glasses, or a Natural History of Bookishness
Authors: Favret Mary A. , Ross Sarah
Published: December 2020

Robert Hooke’s Micrographia (1665) presented an engraving of a bookworm, a creature who devoured books and already figured the avid reader. The image launches a history of efforts to render visible—empirically verifiable—the bookworm. Repeatedly, the effort fails: Hooke is not the last to claim that he captured the critter, nor the last to mistake what he finds (his is a silverfish). Traces of devoured books appeared in every library, but what did devouring books look like? Unlike the scholastics before them, natural history’s proponents understood themselves as learning directly from nature, reading the bookworm as the sign of everything wrong about bookishness. Yet for centuries, empirical science could not nail down what (or if) a bookworm was, nor how it performed its work. Natural history thus shows itself as a sort of fable, creating the bookworm who destroys—and creates—the art of reading.
Book Microbiomes
Authors: Calhoun Joshua
Published: December 2020

This chapter posits the value of learning to read and interpret non-textual and even nonhuman markings—what we might call eco-annotations—on the pages of the aging books we investigate. Manuscript annotations in a book can reveal patterns of readerly use and interaction; similarly, biomatter on the pages of our books allow us to see unexpected patterns and gain new insights into book production, transmission, storage, and deterioration. My case-study here is foxing, the rust-colored blotches that stain the pages of books. After considering the ways book lovers, librarians, and scientists have attempted to make sense of foxing, I suggest a few approaches one might use to read and revalue biomatter in books as biodata: legible, living records that can reveal new insights about the history of books and about the ecosystems in which they are made, preserved, and eventually cease to be.
Ordinatio
Authors: Kraebel Andrew
Published: December 2020

Beginning especially in the twelfth century, developments in the presentation of texts in medieval manuscripts became increasingly bound up with understandings of textual forms, the structures inherent in texts. Scribes sought ways to express ideas of what was called a text’s ordinatio (or the forma tractatus) visually, in their approaches to copying and their organization of the page, and—especially insofar as scholastic literature increasingly favored ever greater subdivisions of texts—emphasis was placed on distinguishing and quickly locating these smaller textual pieces. After reviewing earlier scholarship on these intersecting issues of intellectual and material history, this essay extends this work in two ways: first, by exploring the overlapping contributions of scribes and authors to the visual presentation of their texts, and, second, by tracking “ordinational” impulses beyond single texts, to the organization of whole books, multiple volumes, and entire libraries.
Books on the Loose
Authors: McGill Meredith L.
Published: December 2020

While much of book history addresses itself to bound books or assumes that publishing a book is an author’s ultimate goal, an enormous amount of literature and para-literary writing circulated in ephemeral formats, in cheaply produced and loosely bound pamphlets that were addressed to particular audiences as well as to an anonymous print public sphere. The provisionality of pamphlets—broadcast in the cheapness of their production, the informality of their means of circulation, the looseness of their binding, and their capacity to be bound up by readers and collectors in varying groupings and orders—is crucial to understanding how print helped constitute and extend voluntary associations of all kinds. This essay addresses the difficulty pamphlets have posed for those who collect and preserve them and brings together two senses of the word gathering: the arrangement of folded sheets prior to binding, and a public assembly or meeting.
Anti-Discrimination Rules and Religious Minorities in the Workplace
Authors: Alidadi Katayoun
Published: December 2020

Human rights and anti-discrimination law address social inequalities faced by religious minorities in today’s societies, including their discrimination in the workplace. Legal rules are necessarily abstract, separated from current realities of vulnerable minorities. Abstract rules do not speak for themselves (what does the prohibition of ‘indirect discrimination’ really mean?), but require interpretation, and since much is at stake they become the subject of continuous contestations over meanings. Judicial decisions mediate between the abstract and the concrete, and create ‘semi-abstract’ norms; decisions interpret and apply the abstract norms in the law on the books, but are in turn themselves the subject of (re)interpretation in the legal, social, and political realm. Thus, the specific and serendipitous facts and circumstances of particular workplace disputes provide the material for constructing meaningful understandings of legal norms. These interpretations are not neutral, but are, rather, products of judicial policy.

To illustrate the importance of taking stock of judicial decisions and their role in moving abstract legal norms towards the ‘shop floor of social life’, this chapter uses as case studies two European anti-discrimination cases – Achbita and Bougnaoui (2017) – involving female Muslim employees seeking to wear a headscarf in the workplace. A holistic law and society viewpoint should engage deeply with judicial decisions that interpret and apply abstract anti-discrimination norms. Developments in case law thus merit not only the close attention of legal scholars but of legal anthropologists as well, as the latter are interested in the percolation of enacted norms on the ground.
Law, Science, and Technologies
Authors: Turner Bertram , Wiber Melanie G.
Published: December 2020

Over the past twenty years, scholars in both anthropology and law (L) have found the approaches and concepts in Science and Technology Studies (STS) useful to understand techno-scientific transformations of the world. Legal scholars recognized that new scientific discoveries and technology interfered in the processes of routinization of social practices, creating new norms and influencing law. In the legal approach to STS, however, the focus has been on the law of the state and/or law deriving from the production of global governance institutions. Meanwhile, the encounter between anthropology and law has always had to take into consideration normatively effective mechanisms of social ordering that were not conventionally identified as law. Thus, the adoption of an STS perspective in legal anthropology was more open to exploring the normative power invested in other domains, such as the built environment, technologies, and inventories of knowledge and convictions such as religion. While L and STS are viewed as mutually constitutive of modernity, anthropological studies of legal pluralism (LP) have focused in recent years on multiple normative orders generated by world-making initiatives, including the normative power of technology under the influence of neoliberalism. In this contribution, then, we bring together law, science and technology studies, and legal pluralism to explore how normative orders are affected by materiality, technology, and scientific knowledge. In discussing the intersection of these three knowledge regimes, we find particularly useful concepts coming out of Actor Network Theory such as co-production, translation, boundary objects, and infrastructure.
It’s Not (Only) the International New Venture But (Also) the Micromultinational, Daftie!
Authors: Dimitratos Pavlos
Published: December 2020

This chapter advances the argument that, together with the international new venture (INV; or, born global (BG) firm), the unit of analysis in international business (IB) strategy should also be the micromultinational enterprise (mMNE). Based on the IB strategy and international entrepreneurship (IE) literatures, the chapter posits that the mMNE is a salient international entrepreneurial firm that has been neglected from most empirical work. The argument is built on an IE literature search and subsequent conceptualization around the dimensions of international entrepreneurial orientation (IEO). It is posited that risk attitude manifested in hefty resource mode commitments (contractual joint ventures and wholly owned subsidiaries) forms a key entrepreneurial dimension that should be a major focus of empirical analysis beyond innovativeness and proactiveness. The main contribution of this chapter is that it delineates the dimensions and manifestations of IEO and advances research in this area. The aim is to persuade the reader that the mMNE should be a focal firm of interest in the IB strategy and entrepreneurship arenas.
Internationalization of Emerging-Market Multinationals
Authors: Cuervo-Cazurra Alvaro , Rodríguez Alicia , Un C. Annique
Published: December 2020

This chapter analyzes the internationalization of emerging-market multinational enterprises (EMNEs) to clarify past contributions and outline suggestions for future research. We critically review the novelty of the phenomenon associated with the foreign expansion of firms from emerging markets, the new theoretical concepts introduced from analyzing these firms, and the new explanations related to their internationalization. We propose that future research can advance our understanding of these firms by studying how the underdevelopment of the home country’s economy and institutions influences firm internationalization. We specifically discuss four areas that can yield promising insights for internationalization research: frugal innovation, contractual innovation, upgrading escape, and institutional escape.
Looking back to move Forward
Authors: Sousa Carlos M. P. , Tan Qun
Published: December 2020

By now, it is known that multinational enterprises (MNEs) make important decisions associated with entering international markets for the first time, dealing with competitors in their host markets via their international subsidiaries, exploiting firm-specific resources while acquiring new ones in order to organize their global value chains most effectively. However, firms also divest their operations and exit foreign market operations. The stigma associated with divesting from international markets previously entered may cause managerial decision makers to become more risk-averse, or to be removed from their current positions and replaced with other, more internationally experienced managers. The chapter discusses the antecedents and outcomes associated with the decision to divest international operations. It is proposed that a more comprehensive understanding of the divestment process can be achieved by understanding organizational and individual behavior through the lens of attribution theory.
Sustainability Strategies
Authors: Orsato Renato J. , Barakat Simone R. , de Campos José Guilherme F.
Published: December 2020

Sustainability strategies are choices available to managers to align environmental and social investments with the general strategy of the multinational enterprise (MNE). Opportunities to profit from sustainability strategies are available to MNEs of different sizes, in different sectors and stages of the internationalization process. Return on social and environmental investments depends on internal and external circumstances, which can either facilitate or hinder potential opportunities. This chapter discusses sustainability strategies that MNEs implement in both home countries and foreign host markets. Such strategies are based on the analysis of internal capabilities and of the external environment. More than complying with regulations or responding to stakeholder pressures, firms may proactively develop eco-efficiency strategies that reduce costs and environmental impacts, differentiate products and services based on ecological prerogatives, or develop new value propositions through innovative business models and market development. The chapter proposes a set of future research opportunities sitting at the interface between sustainability strategies and the international business decisions of the MNE.
International New Ventures
Authors: Ebeigbe Isibor Jerry , Rose Elizabeth L.
Published: December 2020

There is growing research interest in firms that engage in international business (IB) very early in their histories. We consider these international new ventures (INVs) as research-worthy entities in their own right, and as providing extreme examples of internationalization that have the potential to yield deeper insights into the IB strategies of a much broader collection of firms, including the traditional multinational enterprise (MNE). In this chapter, we review the development of the literature on INVs, discuss how INV research can inform our understanding of IB strategy more generally, and suggest areas in which research into INVs can be developed and enhanced.
Mapping and topography
Authors: Jeffreys David
Published: December 2020

Egypt and maps have a long history. What follows traces the various attempts at the cartography of the Nile Valley and Delta, and adjacent desert regions, from early mental maps to more formal, technically sophisticated imagery up to the present. From Classical, medieval, and early antiquarian maps, Egypt (and especially the exotic world city of Cairo) has been a focus in the west for social, anthropological, and cultural imagery—for explorers and adventurers, diplomats and ambassadors, tourists and visitors, and of course for archaeologists.
The Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period
Authors: Grajetzki Wolfram
Published: December 2020

The ancient Egyptians of later times saw the Middle Kingdom as their classical period. Its language was used in temple and tomb inscriptions until the Roman Period, and its literature was still read and copied hundreds years after it was written. Its sculpture was the prototype for that of the Late Period, more than a thousand years later. The basic outlines of this period are relatively straightforward: the Eleventh-Dynasty king Mentuhotep II unified the country around 2000 bc, and subsequently the kings of the Twelfth Dynasty built a strong administration and centralized the country. Lower Nubia was conquered and raids into Western Asia are attested. In the Thirteenth Dynasty there is a detectable process of political decline, with a high number of kings ruling over a short period of time. Around 1650 bc, foreign (Hyksos) rulers took over parts of the Delta, while, in the south, Egypt fought against the Nubian Kerma empire, but in about 1550 bc the Theban ruler Ahmose managed to defeat the Hyksos and unite the country.
The New Kingdom
Authors: Darnell Colleen Manassa
Published: December 2020

The New Kingdom encompasses five hundred years of Egyptian history (c.1550–1070 bc) characterized by long stretches of domestic stability and foreign expansion. Lengthy reigns of kings such as Thutmose III, Amenhotep III, and Ramesses II abound in textual, architectural, and artistic milestones; the reign of Akhenaten and his immediate successors, the Amarna Period, illuminate the potential for both religious and political transformations in a civilization often described as monolithic and unchanging. Extensive textual and archaeological material from throughout the Nile Valley make the three dynasties of the New Kingdom among the best understood of the pharaonic era.
History of the Egyptian language
Authors: Stauder Andréas
Published: December 2020

The history of the Egyptian language is both a linguistic and a cultural one. Considerable synchronic variation can be observed in the record, reflecting the various high-cultural and social settings and determinations of written performance in ancient Egypt at various times. Over the longue durée, Egyptian underwent a series of major typological changes, which, however, are only the overall results of a series of more minute changes following regular principles, paths, and mechanisms of linguistic change, such as grammaticalization. Current research is diverse: it strives for a more detailed description of linguistic change, concerns linguistic contacts with other languages, emphasizes the importance of synchronic variation of all sorts, and problematizes the partly discontinuous nature of the written record by which Egyptian, as a corpus language, presents itself.
Rock art, rock inscriptions, and graffiti
Authors: Darnell John Coleman
Published: December 2020

Rock inscriptions and graffiti in ancient Egyptian and Nubian contexts are ubiquitous at desert sites already by the early fourth millennium bc, marking and creating space along the networks of desert roads linking Nilotic termini with the oases, coasts, and points beyond. Such inscriptions are also common on the walls of structures both free-standing and rock-cut, augmenting and even altering the significance of those structures. Belying their often small size and frequently unassuming appearance, these artistic and epigraphic productions frequently reveal important information, sometimes even preserving evidence of poorly attested rituals.
Ptolemaic and Roman temple texts
Authors: Kaper Olaf E.
Published: December 2020

This chapter discusses the texts decorating Egyptian temples created during the Ptolemaic and Roman periods, such as those at Edfu, Philae and Kom Ombo. Such inscriptions were, until relatively recently, largely disregarded, on the erroneous basis that they were simply corruptions of earlier religious texts. Some problems have arisen in translating and interpreting some of the most difficult surviving hieroglyphic inscriptions in Greek and Roman temples, but it is argued here that this complexity has been exaggerated to some extent. The chapter discusses the current state of publication of the texts decorating the walls and ceilings of these temples, as well as analysing the nature of the writing system, lexicography and grammar. It goes on to consider the bibliographies, translations and teaching tools relating to such texts, as well as studies dealing with their typical content and potential methods of interpretation, including use of the so-called ‘grammaire du temple’ initiated by Derchain.
The mineral world
Authors: Bloxam Elizabeth
Published: December 2020

This chapter considers past and current research of procurement landscapes (quarries and mines) and the extent to which landscape archaeologies, together with comparative and cross-cultural methods in practice and theory have impacted on this field of study. Two case studies are presented in which these new methods of survey and characterization of procurement landscape have been deployed, along the Aswan West Bank and in the central Wadi Hammamat (Eastern Desert). The chapter goes on to address the ways in which holistic ‘bottom up’ approaches to interpreting micro-level data offers us fresh insights into understanding the social organization of procurement within broader aspects of social and cultural transformations over time.
Reception of ancient Egypt
Authors: Ebeling Florian
Published: December 2020

The history of reception of ancient Egypt deals with the perceptions and images of ancient Egypt in the West that emerged without direct access to ancient Egyptian sources, especially without proper knowledge of the hieroglyphs. It deals with texts, images and art as part of the history of ideas and with material culture as well. It is not about the question of whether these images and concepts correspond to the historical realities in ancient Egypt, but about the question of the way in which ancient Egypt was referred to, and about the relevance of this concept in the history of the West.
Textiles
Authors: Picton Jan , Johnstone Janet , Pridden Ivor
Published: December 2020

As with many crafts, textiles and their production have been a poor relation in studies of ancient Egypt, and even today a detailed academic description of a stele or relief is more likely to concentrate on artistic merit, hieroglyphs, role, and status with only the most basic description of clothing. The study of textiles has been seen as a gendered (female)—non-archaeological (museum and craft)—specialization, and only recently has this changed. This chapter seeks to place textiles and clothing at the heart of our understanding of Egyptian society as the main signifier of gender, status, and personal wealth. It also briefly addresses how wealth was measured in the ancient world and the impact of textiles on land use and the economy.
Texts for healing and protection
Authors: Nyord Rune
Published: December 2020

Texts for healing and protection form a relatively well-delineated category of writings from pharaonic Egypt. The traditional further distinction between ‘medical’ and ‘magical’ texts has proven increasingly problematic and has now mainly been abandoned in favour of approaches more reflective of ancient Egyptian categories. In a similar way, current approaches to the texts tend to aim at understanding their role within their own conceptual, cultural and experiential context, although more traditional etic approaches shaped by modern biomedical frameworks also continue to play an important role in the exploration of the texts.
The Nineteenth Century
Authors: Dorschel Andreas
Published: December 2020

Music seems to touch human beings more immediately than any other art form; yet it can be an elaborate medium steeped in complex thought. The paradox of this “immediate medium” was pursued in nineteenth-century philosophy’s significant encounters with music. Giacomo Leopardi (1798–1837) addressed music’s immediacy through sound, suggesting that if music is a sonic bodily practice, sensualism is an adequate philosophy of listening. Søren Kierkegaard (1813–55) dismantled that recommendation, paving the way to account for the intellectual dimensions of music, including the key issue of its temporality. Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900) moved from considering psychological time to historical time: music creates meaning by absorbing the complementary elements of word and gesture over time. Of course, intriguing philosophies of music may not be all there is to the nineteenth century. Did music in that era acquire a capacity to articulate philosophical insight, as some have said? That argument is still open.
Deconstruction
Authors: Waltham-Smith Naomi
Published: December 2020

This essay explores the complex, yet intimate relation between music and philosophy, arguing that this opposition has always already gone into deconstruction. If the tradition of Western philosophy from Plato to contemporary Continental thought has founded itself through the exclusion of music as its other, this essay explores how philosophy might let music be in its singularity without appropriating it and reducing it to the order of the concept. It focuses in particular on the approaches to music and listening found in the thought of Jacques Derrida, Jean-Luc Nancy, and Giorgio Agamben, locating music at the thresholds between sound and sense and between sensation and signification.
Historical Musicology and Philosophy
Authors: Johnson Julian
Published: December 2020

This chapter begins from the failure of both musicology and philosophy to grasp the aesthetic experience afforded by music. It argues instead for an approach that explores the gap between the sensuous particularity of musical thought and the kinds of language brought to it. This hinges on recognising that key terms are not absolute but historically constructed – issues of musical beauty, taste, expression, representation, meaning, ontology – and that the aesthetic experience of music resists the generality of conceptual language. It proposes four key issues for rethinking the relation of music and philosophy: (1) the persistence of the aesthetic (what is not reducible in music to either history or philosophy); (2) the restoration of the body (music as an embodied practice that resists being the object of language); (3) the particularity of listening; (4) the challenge of contemporary music to ahistorical ‘normative’ ideas about music.
Posthumanism
Authors: Tomlinson Gary
Published: December 2020

Several distinct strains of posthumanist discourse have pointed beyond twentieth-century humanisms, but their project of alienating the human in a transhuman or transspecies commons remains elusive. Human music can aid in this project, if we gauge it against nonhuman communicative means that we habitually describe as “music” or “song.” All these behaviours are semiotic in nature, their human and nonhuman forms at once related and distinct by virtue of the supernormal animal capacities they marshal. To understand their relations requires the operation of deep-historical abstract machines or modes of virtuality that formed them and shaped the distinctive turn marking the late stages of hominin evolution. Evolutionary musical studies can describe the emergence of human music from this semiotic evolution, distancing music from both nonhuman song and human symbolism and language in features such as discrete pitch perception and rhythmic entrainment. Together these efforts build a prehuman scaffold for posthumanist thought.
Theology
Authors: Begbie Jeremy
Published: December 2020

The history of philosophy has been repeatedly and profoundly interwoven with theology, and the same applies to the philosophy of music. In the Christian West, for centuries the most prominent way of viewing music theologically was to see it as an expression of a God-given, cosmic order. With the advent of modernity and the phenomenon of “disenchantment,” this vision came under heavy suspicion, giving way to various anthropologically centred accounts of music, allied to what were often questionable theological schemes. It is argued that theological engagement with music in the future could benefit from far greater attention to the foundational texts of the Christian tradition, especially with respect to their focus on the integrity of the material environment, on the intrinsic worth of the human body, and on a highly distinctive understanding of transcendence.
Listening
Authors: Cobussen Marcel
Published: December 2020

Engaging in music, being affected by it, and experiencing its in/audible effects, is achieved first of all by listening. Responding to music’s call happens in and through several different active–passive regimes of listening. However, this essay will demonstrate, first, that our contact with musical (as well as non-musical) sounds is most often multisensorial. Second, it will stand up for regimes of everyday listening that frequently have been treated with scorn by proponents of structural listening. Listening involves the whole body: visual, tactile, and even olfactory systems contribute in specific ways to auditory experiences. Listening also involves the mind: it triggers our intellect, emotions, imagination, and memories. Listening is influenced by the environment: and immaterial developments determine not only what we are listening to and when we can listen, but also how we listen: attentively, analytically, but also—and perhaps more frequently—distractedly, dipping in and out of concentrated contact with music.