bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Distribution and Conservation Status of Phlegmariurus (Lycopodiaceae) in the State of Veracruz, Mexico
Authors: Armenta-Montero Samaria , Carvajal-Hernández César I. , Ellis Edward A. , Krömer Thorsten
Published: October 2016

The fern and lycophyte flora of Mexico contains 13 species in the genus Phlegmariurus (Lycopodiaceae; club moss family), of which nine are found in the state of Veracruz ( P. cuernavacensis, P. dichotomus, P. linifolius, P. myrsinites, P. orizabae, P. pithyoides, P. pringlei, P. reflexus, P. taxifolius). They are located primarily in undisturbed areas of humid montane, pine-oak and tropical humid forests, which are all ecosystems threatened by deforestation and fragmentation. The objective of this study was to evaluate and understand the distribution and conservation status of species of this genus in the state of Veracruz, Mexico. Using Maxent, probability distributions were modeled based on 173 herbarium specimens (25% from recent collections by the authors and/or collaborators), considering factors such as climate, elevation and vegetation cover. Additionally, anthropogenic impacts on the original habitat of each species were analyzed in order to assign threatened categories based on IUCN classifications at regional levels. Results show that potential distributions are located in the montane regions of the central and southern parts of the state. All nine Phlegmariurus species in Veracruz were found to be in some category of risk, with P. orizabae classified as critically endangered, having only a single specimen collected in 1854. The main reasons for species threats are the continuous loss and fragmentation of their natural habitat, uncontrolled harvesting activities, and the lack of protected areas that include humid montane and pine-oak forests in the central region of the state.
Short-Term Effects of the Management Intensities on Structure Dynamic in Monoculture Forests of Southern Subtropical China
Authors: Jiang Jun , Lu Yuanchang , Pang Lifeng , Liu Xianzhao , Cai Daoxiong , Xing Haitao
Published: October 2016

Conversion from timber-dominated forestry to forest ecosystem management needs a rational management intensity to manage forest structure, which should be decided upon by managers and scientists as well as stakeholders. However, few studies have attempted to quantify optimal silvicultural measures for forest management intensity. Here, we examined the short-term effect of light and heavy management intensities on structure dynamics (tree composition, diversity, volumes and slenderness) in monoculture forests of southern subtropical China. Species diversity was generally lower in the heavy-intensity forests than in the light-intensity forests. The range in diameters was larger in the logged forest compared to control ones. The stand volume varied greatly between management intensities. Though higher trunk slenderness value (>80) indicates higher susceptibility to meteorological disturbance such as wind storm and heavy snow, trunk slenderness in the control and the heavy-intensity plots increased significantly compared to that in the light-intensity plot. These results suggest that stand structure dynamic are influenced by different management intensities. We conclude that light-intensity management enhances the richness and affects their patterns of diversity, and heavy-intensity management promotes an increase in understory diversity and regeneration but deficits in volumes and basal areas. In summary, we provide insights beyond traditional studies on different management intensities and levers to sustainable development of forestry. Our study also emphasises the importance for forest managers' understanding between management and conservation of monoculture forest. Nevertheless, variation in structure response to management intensity calls for careful consideration in future strategies, not only of which structure to favor during operations, but also, of how the treatments are applied.
Determining Temporal Sampling Schemes for Passive Acoustic Studies in Different Tropical Ecosystems
Authors: Pieretti N. , Duarte M.H.L. , Sousa-Lima R.S. , Rodrigues M. , Young R.J. , Farina A.
Published: October 2016

Among different approaches to exploring and describing the ecological complexity of natural environments, soundscape analyses have recently provided useful proxies for understanding and interpreting dynamic patterns and processes in a landscape. Nevertheless, the study of soundscapes remains a new field with no internationally accepted protocols. This work provides the first guidelines for monitoring soundscapes in three different tropical areas, specifically located in the Atlantic Forest, Rupestrian fields, and the Cerrado (Brazil). Each area was investigated using three autonomous devices recording for six entire days during a period of 15 days in both the wet and dry seasons. The recordings were processed via a specific acoustic index and successively subsampled in different ways to determine the degree of information loss when reducing the number of minutes of recording used in the analyses. We describe for the first time the temporal and spectral soundscape features of three tropical environments. We test diverse programming routines to describe the costs and the benefits of different sampling designs, considering the pressing issue of storing and analyzing extensive data sets generated by passive acoustic monitoring. Schedule 5 (recording one minute of every five) appeared to retain most of the information contained in the continuous recordings from all the study areas. Less dense recording schedules produced a similar level of information only in specific portions of the day. Substantial sampling protocols such as those presented here will be useful to researchers and wildlife managers, as they will reduce time- and resource-consuming analyses, whilst still achieving reliable results.
Pattern of Land-Use and Land Cover Changes in Driefontein Grassland Important Bird Area, Zimbabwe
Authors: Fakarayi Togarasei , Mashapa Clayton , Gandiwa Edson , Kativu Shakkie
Published: October 2016

We assessed land cover and land use change in Driefontein Grasslands Important Bird Area (Driefontein IBA), Zimbabwe, after the land reforms that took place in 2000, using remotely sensed satellite land cover images of 1995, 2000, 2005 and 2010. A drive transect was done for ground truthing. Data were analysed spatially in a Geographical Information System environment. Changes in land cover and land use proportions were recorded from 1995 to 2010 throughout the Driefontein IBA. The land cover classes of grassland and wetland showed a decrease, whereas land area under cultivation increased during 1995–2010. However, the woodland area marginally remained constant over the same time. We concluded that changes in land cover in the study area were largely driven by land use change, i.e., increase in cultivation, following the resettlement of people within the Driefontein IBA. It is likely that with increasing human population the natural habitat of the study area will be degraded further, negatively impacting key sensitive habitats such as wetlands, bird species, and other biodiversity. Threats to birds and wetlands habitats are also threats to human livelihoods because people in this semi-arid area depend on wetland ecosystem services for their survival. The study recommends continuous monitoring of Driefontein IBA for conservation of birds and their habitats.
Forest Structure, Plant Diversity and Local Endemism in a Highly Varied New Guinea Landscape
Authors: Katovai Eric , Katovai Dawnie D. , Edwards Will , Laurance William F.
Published: October 2016

The Island of New Guinea is renowned for its high biodiversity, which arises in part from its complex geology and topographical variability. The island is, however, relatively understudied. We surveyed forest plant communities in the poorly studied Naoro-Brown catchment of the West Koiari region of Papua New Guinea. We identified four forest types—riverine successional forest, lower montane forest, hill forest, and riverine mixed forest—along a 13-km transect, and examined forest structure (tree height, stand density, and biomass) and tree species diversity (species richness, Shannon-Wiener diversity index, and composition) in these forest types. We also assessed the effect of local topography on floristic patterns. Forest structure and species diversity varied greatly among the forest types, with topography strongly affecting species assemblages. These results suggest that highly varied landscapes may contain high beta diversity via intense segregation and establishment of varied vegetation communities. Beta diversity in New Guinea may be higher than expected as such highly varied landscapes are common, yet poorly studied. To effectively conserve biodiversity in New Guinea's forests, protection must include forested landscapes that best represent the topographical variability throughout the island to account for locally endemic species restricted to specific ecological niches.
Dynamics of Logging in Solomon Islands: The Need for Restoration and Conservation Alternatives
Authors: Katovai Eric , Edwards Will , Laurance William F.
Published: October 2016

Forests of Asia-Pacific islands have undergone degradation by some of the worst-known selective logging practices in the tropics. It is unclear whether severely damaged forests can return to a pre-logging state via natural regeneration, or whether active restoration is required. In this review, we highlight how the socioeconomic dynamics in the Solomon Islands promote excessive logging, resulting in highly degraded forests. We detail seven key elements currently promoting excessive logging in this region: (i) economic interests, (ii) corruption, (iii) poor employment conditions in the logging sector, (iv) high forest accessibility, (v) resource limitations for forest monitoring, (vi) contention over logging benefits, and (vii) a paucity of information for policy development. Though research on the regeneration capacity of logged forests in the Solomon Islands remains extremely limited, we suggest that some logged forests in the country may require active restoration—especially those that have been most heavily damaged. Our argument is based on previous tree planting initiatives in logged forest in the 1970s and 1980s. We propose three broad restoration techniques—enrichment planting, direct seeding, and the use of artificial perches—as viable options to help restore logged forests in the Solomon Islands. Lastly, we recommend the conservation-concession model to aid forest restoration, given its recent success in the region.
Range Extension of the Endangered Mexican Cycad Ceratozamia Fuscoviridis Moore (Teosintle): Implications for Conservation
Authors: Pulido María T. , Vargas-Zenteno Maricela , Vite Aurelia , Vovides Andrew P.
Published: October 2016

Ceratozamia fuscoviridis, or teosintle in nahuatl, is a recently rediscovered endangered cycad species previously known from only one population (Molango) in Sierra Madre Oriental of the State of Hidalgo, Mexico. Recent botanical explorations have found new but scattered populations, increasing its known geographical range. Ecological studies were conducted on six of the 29 populations found. Parameters such as size, density, population structure, and static life table are presented. This is the first study of its kind conducted to prompt the Mexican authorities to establish natural protected areas for this species and the associated biodiversity, because deforestation is rapidly diminishing the populations. The population structure in general showed a Deevey-III curve, while two populations showed Deevey-I curves. A 400 m2 area had a population size from 143 to 378 individuals. Population density varied from 0.358 individuals/m2 to 0.945 individuals/m2. Population structure was statistically different among populations. The large amount of seedlings in all sites was distinctive and indicated the specie's reproductive success even in small forest fragments. This research provides the most complete information available to date regarding populations of C. fuscoviridis. Future protected areas established in the better conserved populations could enable the populations' rapid recovery. This study shows that C. fuscoviridis is not as restricted in area as previously believed. We suggest the IUCN Red listing category of the species be amended from Critically Endangered (CR) to Endangered (EN) in view of newly discovered populations, high population size, and successful recruitment.
Impact of Shifting Cultivation on Dense Tropical Woodlands in Southeast Angola
Authors: Wallenfang Johannes , Finckh Manfred , Oldeland Jens , Revermann Rasmus
Published: October 2016

Dry tropical woodlands are the characteristic natural vegetation type of southeast Angola, where precipitation is seasonal and nutrient content of soils is very low. Subsistence farmers overcome the poor abiotic conditions by using shifting cultivation based on specific site selection. We describe the vegetation composition of a previously unstudied dense woodland tract, which is preferred for agriculture, comparing it to nearby open woodland. We placed 25 vegetation plots randomly in the two types of natural woodland vegetation (open and dense) as well as in fallows with three different durations of land use. In each plot the cover of all vascular plant species was recorded. Variables describing vegetation structure, including basal area and leaf area index, were recorded. We analyzed soil samples for texture, pH, conductivity and nutrients, and investigated the impact of land use duration on woodland regeneration. We found that species composition and vegetation structure of the dense woodland differed greatly from the surrounding open woodland. The dense woodland is preferable for agriculture because of its higher soil content of silt, clay and potassium, higher woody biomass, and more abundant soft litter. A longer duration of land use affects species composition and diversity of the regenerating vegetation as well as nutrient content in the soil. In the near future, the increasing demand for agricultural land is likely to change the structure and composition of the dense woodland.
Reducing Deforestation and Enhancing Sustainability in Commodity Supply Chains: Interactions between Governance Interventions and Cattle Certification in Brazil
Authors: Alves-Pinto Helena Nery , Newton Peter , Pinto Luis Fernando Guedes
Published: October 2016

A large number of governance interventions are being developed in order to reduce deforestation and enhance the sustainability of commodity supply chains across the tropics. The extent to which individual agricultural commodity supply chain interventions can achieve scale, and environmental or social objectives, depends in part on the ways in which those interventions interact with other interventions. We use a case-study of the new Sustainable Agriculture Network (SAN) cattle certification program in Brazil to explore the different ways in which governance interventions interact. We examine the broad landscape of policies and programs that affect sustainability in the cattle supply chain in Brazil, and assess whether such interventions support or constrain the scaling up of the SAN cattle program. We conducted semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders from government, private sector, and civil society organizations. We found that multiple interventions are acting in a complementary manner to enhance sustainability and therefore enable the scaling up of the SAN program, by aiding compliance with environmental laws, adoption of good production practices, and improved monitoring. At the same time, limited development, implementation, and complementarity of some interventions could be antagonistic to the SAN program's expansion because they maintain a context in which many actors operate far below the sustainability criteria required by the program. Our holistic approach enables us to identify specific gaps in the complex landscape of governance interventions in Brazil. Greater strategic complementarity and coordination between interventions may catalyze a more coherent and effective pathway to reduced deforestation and enhanced sustainability.
The Elephant Poaching Crisis in Tanzania: A Need to Reverse the Trend and the Way Forward
Authors: Kideghesho Jafari R.
Published: October 2016

Over the past six years, elephant poaching and the illicit ivory trade have attracted global attention and Tanzania has been slated as one of the worst offenders. During the 2013 CITES Conference of the Parties in Bangkok, Tanzania, along with Kenya, Uganda, Malaysia, Vietnam, the Philippines, Thailand and China were labeled “t he gang of eight”, singled out as being instrumental in fueling the illegal ivory trade either as suppliers, transit countries, or consumers. Individuals, conservation groups and local and international media have accused the Tanzanian government of inaction and have linked the current slaughter of elephants to increased criminality, corruption, the proliferation of firearms, the failure of the judicial system and a perception that Tanzania is a sanctuary for criminals. Besides tarnishing the image of the country, elephant poaching has undesirable effects on the ecological, economic and security aspects. This paper explores these effects and highlights the need for reversing the current trend of this crime. The paper provides an historical overview of poaching in Tanzania and urges for immediate action to halt the crime. Focusing on factors that are considered key in driving poaching, the paper recommends some proactive measures that should be adopted in order to reverse the current trend. The paper highlights the positive outcomes the adoption of these measures could have for conservation efforts.
Predicting and Preventing Elephant Poaching Incidents through Statistical Analysis, GIS-Based Risk Analysis, and Aerial Surveillance Flight Path Modeling
Authors: Shaffer Michael J. , Bishop Joseph A.
Published: October 2016

The illegal ivory market poses a serious threat of extinction to the African elephant ( Loxodonta africana). Conservation efforts to protect elephants are challenging due to their vast habitat range. Conservation efforts focused on high risk areas provide a more efficient management method than randomly patrolling entire habitat areas. The use of unmanned aerial vehicles is having a profound effect on conservationists' abilities to detect and stop poachers. This study provides methods for identifying high risk elephant poaching areas and for modeling drone surveillance capabilities. Point pattern analyses were conducted to identify spatial distribution patterns of elephant poaching incidents in the Tsavo National Parks area in Kenya. We performed geospatial analyses on the physical environment to create a risk map based on how roads, water features, and land cover correlate to poaching incidents. We also modeled drone flight paths for surveillance of high risk areas based on aircraft flight characteristics and the horizontal field of view for a selected infrared camera. We conclude that poaching incidents were geographically clustered and followed a deterministic (predictive) process. Poaching incidents correlated with close proximity to roads and water features, and were predominately upon specific land cover types. Drone flight modeling determined the number of flights and duration necessary to cover a specific high risk area. The procedures discussed can be applied using a combination of both GIS software and freely available statistical analysis software. The analysis and risk identification will enable conservation groups with limited budgets to improve the efficiency of their anti-poaching efforts.
Plastic Responses Mediated by Identity Recognition in Below-Ground Competition in Cycas micronesica K.D. Hill
Authors: Marler Thomas E. , Dongol Nirmala , Cruz Gil N.
Published: October 2016

We studied the ability of Cycas micronesica roots to recognize the identity of competitor roots using pot culture. Pairs of seedlings were grown in single pots for 10.5 months, and morphological traits of the focal plant were determined when the non-focal plant was a half-sibling, a close relative from a mother 170 m away, a distant relative from a habitat 40 km away, or a different species ( Cycas edentata) from Mindanao, Philippines. Most of the measured response traits exhibited similar trends and confirmed that C. micronesica plant roots were able to recognize the identity of competitors. For example, focal plants grown in pots with C. edentata competitors exhibited 66% increase in fine root dry weight, 54% increase in coralloid root dry weight, and 49% increase in total plant dry weight, compared to focal plants grown in competition with half-siblings. Our methods have shown that plot design in ex situ conservation and botanic garden settings would improve by positioning C. micronesica plants adjacent to non-relatives. Recruitment may improve within in situ conservation plots if managers distribute seeds away from the maternal parent so that emerging seedlings are not forced into immediate competition with half-siblings. These findings may be useful for designing more complex experiments to quantify the influence of these plastic root responses on plant nutrient status and physiology.
Applicability of the ‘Recommendations for Sustainable Land Use’ Method for Brazilian Tropical Soils
Authors: Matoso Stella Cristiani Gonçalves , Zaqueo Kaynara Delaix , Nóbrega Lopes da Silvestre
Published: October 2016

The current demand for the preservation of natural resources and biodiversity has led to the need to adjust agricultural activities according to land-use capability. One method, the ‘Recommendations for Sustainable Land Use’, aims to overcome the limitations of the diverse systems currently available for evaluating agricultural land capability. The aim of this work was to critically analyze the application of this method for tropical soils (Plinthosols and Planosols). The evaluation occurred in two phases: the first with application of the method, and the second analyzing whether the land-use recommendations were appropriate for the edaphic and landscape characteristics. We found that corrections to the methodology are needed to facilitate comprehension by the user. The suitability of classes of Plinthosols and Planosols should be adjusted with the incorporation of indicators associated with the presence of plinthite, and the improvement of indicators related to salinity and sodicity. With these adjustments, the ‘Recommendations for Sustainable Land Use’ method will be an important tool for the conservation of environmental resources such as soil and water.
Behavior and Ecology of the White-Footed Tamarin (Saguinus Leucopus) in a Fragmented Landscape of Colombia: Small Bodied Primates and Seed Dispersal in Neotropical Forests
Authors: Luna Gabriela de A. , García-Morera Yesenia , Link Andrés
Published: October 2016

Tamarins are small-bodied Neotropical primates that mainly feed on ripe fruits and insects, and supplement their diet with plant exudates, nectar, fungi and vertebrate prey. They are important seed dispersers in Neotropical forests as they are able to disperse a large number of small and medium-sized seeds from parental trees. In this paper, we describe the diet of the white-footed tamarin ( Saguinus leucopus) and its role as seed disperser in a fragmented landscape in Colombia. During a twelve month period, we collected data on activity patterns, ranging behavior and feeding ecology, as well as on habitat-wide forest productivity. S. leucopus fed from >95 plant species and spent 17% of their time feeding. We found a positive relationship between fruit consumption and ripe-fruit availability. Dietary diversity increased during periods of fruit scarcity, when the tamarins fed more on insects and exudates. During periods of fruit scarcity, they relied more heavily on the borders of forest fragments and made occasional incursions into adjacent fragments across a matrix of pastures. They used larger areas and had larger overlapping home ranges during periods of fruit scarcity. We recovered at least 44 species of seeds effectively dispersed by tamarins, including small and medium-sized seeds (range <1–26 mm). Seeds were dispersed up to 500m from parent trees across a wide diversity of habitat types. This study provides further evidence on the important role small-bodied frugivorous primates play in the recovery of forest connectivity and in the maintenance of tropical forest diversity in human-impacted landscapes.
Lymphatic dysfunction after ligation surgery for varicose vein
Authors: Hara Hisako , Mihara Makoto , Hasegawa Kyoko , Yamanaka Kazuko
Published: October 2016

Objective:

Although the lymphatic complications such as lymphocele sometimes occur after surgery for varicose veins, the lymphatic function of such patients has not been evaluated. In this case report, we present a case of lymphocele after ligation surgery for varicose vein. We also detected subclinical dysfunction in lower limb using indocyanine green (ICG) lymphography.

Case report:

A 76 year- old female underwent ligation surgery for right lower leg varicose vein, and she noticed the squashy lesion in the medial side of the right knee. Three years later, she consulted our clinic and we performed ICG lymphography. We observed dermal backflow around the mass, which indicated lymphatic dysfunction. After injecting additional ICG around the knee, we punctured and drained the clear, yellow fluid from the mass and it was contrasted with ICG during the examination and the involvement of the lymphatic system was proven.
Locally Made Instruments for Endoscopic Carpal Tunnel Release
Authors: Adulkasem Wallop , Hirunyachot Pinit , Prathumsuwan Chullatham
Published: October 2016

Endoscopic carpal tunnel release (ECTR) was introduced into Thailand when this technique became widely accepted. However, the technique was limited to only a few institutions because of the training required and the very high cost of the instruments. Because of the economic crisis in Thailand, most hospitals in the public health ministry had no budget to invest in new instruments. However, new technology cannot be ignored so the authors modified some unused instruments in conjunction with an arthroscope in order to perform ECTR. A 5 cm by 4 mm slot was made at the mid-portion of an old unused 5 mm arthroscopic sheath. One end of this sheath was reshaped to fit the meniscectomy hook blade. A 4.5 mm Steinmann pin was reshaped to be the obturator of the arthroscopic sheath. ECTR was performed with this instrument in conjunction with an arthroscope (modified from Chow's 2-portals technique). The transverse carpal ligament was clearly viewed and identified, and the transverse carpal ligament was completely divided by the menisectomy hook blade. The operation time was 10 to 20 minutes. 30 patients received ECTR with this set of instruments, and they were completely relieved from the symptoms and returned to work early without any complications. The advantages of this instrument are that it is very cheap, it has a low learning curve, and it is safe and effective.
Body Height Correction in Scoliosis Patients for Pulmonary Function Test
Authors: Kono K , Asazuma T , Suzuki N , Ono T
Published: October 2016

We studied standing anteroposterior roentgenograms from 140 scoliosis patients and obtained a correction equation for body height by Cobb angle. This equation is applicable to patients with a double curve or special curve pattern as well as patients with a single curve. The repeatability of the method examined with this equation was higher than that with the previous correction method for body height by Cobb angle, and the difference between the corrected values and the measured values was small. Therefore, this method is considered to be more reliable.
Exposure in Difficult Total Knee Arthroplasty Using Coronal Tibial Tubercle Osteotomy
Authors: Bruce WJ , Rooney J , Hutabarat SR , Atkinson MC , Goldberg JA , Walsh WR
Published: October 2016

Exposure in a total knee arthroplasty can be challenging regardless of whether it is a difficult primary or a revision. Various techniques both proximal and distal to the patella have been described and implemented to gain exposure and improve knee flexion.3,6,12 When patella eversion is not possible due to previous surgery or severe preoperative knee flexion contracture, a coronal tibial tubercle osteotomy may be utilized.15,16

We present successful results utilizing the coronal tibial tubercle osteotomy procedure. The technique involved in this series is based on that described by Whiteside.15,16 It involves the development of a long lateral musculoperiosteal flap incorporating the tibial tubercle and anterior tibia, and leaving the proximal tibial cortex intact. This is extended along the tibia distally for 10 cm. It finishes by gradually osteotomising the anterior surface of the tibial crest. The tubercle is reattached with wires at the end of the procedure. This technique minimizes complications that have been associated with the tibial tubercle osteotomy.10,11,17

The 10 knees in 9 patients, who had total knee arthroplasty with a coronal tibial tubercle osteotomy, were reviewed pre and postoperatively. All knees were assessed using the Hospital for Special Surgery knee score (HSS). The scores averaged 43.6 preoperatively (range, 29–57) and 79.2 postoperatively (range, 67–90), and the mean range of motion was 59.5° preoperatively and 78.0° postoperatively. There were no cases of extension lag. Fixed flexion deformity was present in 3 cases postoperatively. Average time to union at the proximal and distal ends of the osteotomy was 8 and 24 weeks respectively. There was no evidence of nonunion and no other significant complications occurred.
Correction of Complex Lower Limb Deformities by the Ilizarov Technique: An Audit of Complications
Authors: Theis Jean-Claude , Simpson H , Kenwright J
Published: October 2016

This is an audit of complications resulting from correction of complex lower limb deformities by the Ilizarov technique. 33 patients (40 bone segments) were reviewed and divided into 4 groups according to the type of surgery carried out: limb lengthening and/or correction of deformity, bone or joint stabilisation, treatment of nonunion or bone defect, angular and/or rotation correction. Most minor complications were fixator specific. Pin tract infections were almost universal but responded well to oral antibiotics and rarely resulted in osteomyelitis. Major complications were procedure specific and more common in those patients who underwent leg lengthening, treatment for nonunion and bone transport. There was also a high incidence of nerve injury as a result of acute angular deformity correction. Despite the high complication rate the Ilizarov technique remains an effective tool for complex lower limb reconstruction surgery.
Retrodental Synovial Cyst Which Disappeared after Posterior C1-C2 Fusion: A Case Report
Authors: Ito Tomokazu , Hayashi Masahiro , Ogino Toshihiko
Published: October 2016

Synovial cysts of the cervical spine are extremely rare. We describe an 8-year-old boy with atlantoaxial subluxation and hypoplasia of the dens. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a round lesion, posterior to the odontoid process. This mass was characterized by a low signal intensity on T1-weighted images, and high signal intensity on T2-weighted images. The retrodental synovial cyst disappeared after posterior atlantoaxial arthrodesis.
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Using the Double Bundle Method
Authors: Kubo Toshikazu , Hara Kunio , Suginoshita Takehiko , Shimizu Choji , Tsujihara Takashi , Honda Hiroaki , Hirasawa Yasusuke
Published: October 2016

Clinical results of our reconstruction technique for anterior cruciate ligament using the double bundle, i.e., the combination of bone-tendon-bone (BTB) from the patellar tendon and semitendinosus tendon (ST), were evaluated. BTB was fixed in the tunnels produced on the isometric points on the tibia and femur, and ST, on the tibial tunnel through the same route as BTB. Throughout the observation period, no patients developed pain, limited range of motion, and/or instability of the operated knee. All patients were able to return to previous sports activities within 12 months. No apparent changes occurred on the reconstructed ligament. In 4 of 14 patients, knee stability was quantitatively examined, and a good result was obtained. The double bundle was found to be a useful method for patients who require physiologically more durable reconstruction.
Chemical Eluates from Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene and Fibroblast Proliferation
Authors: Wang Kate Y , Horne J Geoffrey , Devane Peter A , Wilson Tracy , Miller John H
Published: October 2016

Although polyethylene wear particles have been implicated in osteolysis and implant loosening, this study is the first to test whether chemical eluates extracted from ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) could also be involved in this process. Eluates were prepared from UHMWPE bar stock and examined for their effects on 3H-thymidine incorporation by human foreskin fibroblasts grown in 96-well culture plates. Low concentrations of eluates stimulated 3H-thymidine uptake; whereas, high concentrations inhibited uptake in a dose-dependent manner. Maximum inhibition of proliferation for eluates (87 ± 0.03% inhibition, n = 45 paired wells) was greater than that observed for particles (54 ± 0.07% inhibition, n = 45 paired wells). Ethylene oxide sterilization of UHMWPE reduced 3H-thymidine uptake at low eluate concentrations relative to sterilization by gamma-irradiation. It was concluded that leachable eluates from UHMWPE implants contribute to the osteolytic process at the bone-implant interface.
Foot and Ankle Injuries Occurring in Inflatable Rescue Boats (IRB) during Surf Lifesaving Activities
Authors: Ashton L Andrew , Grujic Les
Published: October 2016

Inflatable Rescue Boats (IRBs) are utilised by the Surf Life Saving Association (SLSA) in Australia to perform rescue operations and in regional competitions between surf clubs. These activities have resulted in a number of serious foot and ankle injuries which reflect the high impact of this activity in heavy and unpredictable surf. We have retrospectively reviewed 12 significant injuries relating to IRB usage presented to our regional hospital emergency department over a 3-year period. These include 6 Lisfranc fracture dislocations of the midfoot, 4 ankle fracture variants, one tibial shaft fracture, and one traumatic rupture of the peroneal retinaculum leading to peroneal tendon dislocation. Analysis of IRB footstraps in current usage shows they are directly related to the patterns of injury seen. We have recommended modifications to footstraps and handgrips currently in use with the aim of minimising or preventing these injuries.
Review Article: Paediatric Bone and Joint Infection
Authors: Stott N Susan
Published: October 2016

Paediatric musculoskeletal infection remains an important cause of morbidity. Methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus is still the most common organism although the incidence of methicillin resistant S. aureus in the community is rising. Osteomyelitis and septic arthritis due to Haemophilus influenzae is decreasing in incidence secondary to immunisation and in some units has been replaced by infections with the gram negative bacillus, Kingella kingae. Recent prospective studies indicate that uncomplicated osteomyelitis can be treated by three to four weeks of antibiotics. However, there is still a small group of children who will have overwhelming disseminated infection. These children require aggressive surgical and medical intervention. Two recent reports have identified an increased incidence of septic arthritis in children who have hemophilia and are HIV positive.
Calcium Absorption Measured by Stable Calcium Isotopes (42Ca & 44Ca) among Northern Chinese Adolescents with Low Vitamin D Status
Authors: Lee Warren T K , Cheng Jack C.Y. , Jiang Ji , Hu Pei , Hu Xiaopeng , Roberts David C K
Published: October 2016

An adequate calcium intake and vitamin-D status is important for bone mineralization in adolescents. In Northern China, calcium intake and plasma vitamin-D level of adolescents is low due to low consumption of dairy foods and inadequate sunshine exposure. True fractional calcium absorption (TFCA) in Chinese adolescents has never been performed.

This study aims to evaluate nutritional adaptation namely, TFCA and urinary calcium excretion among Chinese adolescents in northern China.
Retroperitoneal Giant Schwannomas: Report on Two Cases and Review of the Literature
Authors: Schindler Oliver S , Dixon John H , Case Patrick
Published: October 2016

The occurrence of massive retroperitoneal schwannomas is extremely rare and their presence may only be expressed by insidious onset of non-specific and misleading symptoms with a predominance of lower back pain. MRI scan as the imaging procedure of choice will demonstrate the tumour location and its relation to the surrounding structures, but due to heterogeneity and degeneration in some tumours, it may mimic malignancy. Hence tissue sampling through needle biopsies are essential to verify the diagnosis prior to surgery.

Tumour excision in toto is considered the treatment of choice, but it can be hazardous especially if the tumour is adherent to the presacral venous plexus. Severe bleeding complications due to the damage of venous structures have to be encountered, and establishing lasting haemostasis may pose considerable difficulties. Hence surgery should be attempted with full precautions, and preoperative counseling of the patient. If malignancy can safely be excluded, laparoscopic ‘piecemeal’ excision should be considered as an alternative treatment as recurrence is unlikely. Definition of the originating nerve might not always be possible and a minor degree of neurological impairment has therefore to be anticipated.
Radiotherapy for Desmoplastic Fibroma of Bone: A Case Report
Authors: Nag HL , Kumar R , Bhan S , Awasthy BS , Julka PK , Ray RR
Published: October 2016

Desmoplastic fibroma is a rare benign tumour of bone. Diagnosis is not easy and is often made by excluding other tumours. Histopathological diagnosis of this tumour is also sometimes not easy. The treatment modalities for this tumour are non-uniform and often controversial. In the present case surgical options were left aside because the patient did not consent to surgery, so radiotherapy was used, with success at 3-year follow-up. This case is presented here along with a review of relevant literature.
Prognostic Indicators for Outcome following Rotator Cuff Tear Repair
Authors: Feng S , Guo S , Nobuhara K , Hashimoto J , Mimori K
Published: October 2016

Purpose.

To examine the prognostic indicators associated with outcome following rotator cuff surgery.

Methods.

A retrospective evaluation of records on 1120 shoulders (1067 patients) with rotator cuff tear treated by surgery was performed. Preoperative, intra-operative and postoperative factors were analysed by Kendall's Tau-b correlation analysis and logistic regression analysis.

Results.

Positive correlations were seen between the type of tear and the number of tendons involved, retraction, age, degeneration, subacromial bone spur, surgical technique, preoperative and postoperative muscle power, surgical outcome, and preoperative abduction on Kendall's Tau-b analysis. There was a positive correlation seen between degenerative change and age, number of tendons involved, retraction, preoperative pain, tear type, and preoperative muscle power on logistic regression analysis. Additionally, positive correlations were seen between good surgical postoperative outcome and postoperative activities of daily living, preoperative pain, postoperative muscle power, preoperative activities of daily living, tear type, preoperative external rotation, preoperative muscle power, number of tendons involved, preoperative pain, and duration of symptoms.

Conclusion.

Ageing was found to be the major factor in progressive degeneration of the rotator cuff, and should be considered the single most important contributing factor in the pathogenesis of rotator cuff tears. In addition, degenerative tendonopathy appeared the primary pathology in rotator cuff tear, preceding hypertrophic spur formation. Rotator cuff tears are therefore unlikely to be initiated by impingement; rather, they develop as an intrinsic degenerative tendonopathy.
Clinical Pathways in Total Knee Arthroplasty: A New Zealand Experience
Authors: Pennington JM , Jones DPG , McIntyre S
Published: October 2016

Purpose.

To ascertain the effects of a clinical pathway in our institution.

Methods.

This retrospective and comparative study was performed on all patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty over a 5-year period. This period covered the 30 months prior to the introduction of the pathway (group 1), and the 30 months following its introduction (group 2).

Results.

There was a significant reduction in the duration of hospital stay of group 2 patients (p<0.0001), with 62.8% of these patients staying less than 8 postoperative days. There was a reduction in the number of patients with thromboembolic complications (p<0.05) and no increase in overall complications or readmission rate. There was a trend to increased use of rehabilitation services among group 2 patients.

Conclusion.

Clinical pathway implementation resulted in a significant reduction in the length of stay, and achieved a more efficient management of hospitalised patients without compromising outcome.
Role of Joshi's External Stabilisation System Fixator in the Management of Idiopathic Clubfoot
Authors: Suresh S , Ahmed A , Sharma VK
Published: October 2016

Purpose.

To explore the role of Joshi's external stabilisation system fixator in correcting cases of clubfoot peculiar to India, we studied cases of neglected clubfoot, dropout cases of plaster-of-paris cast treatment, or failed surgical procedures that had been followed for a minimum period of 2 years.

Methods.

26 children underwent 44 Joshi's external stabilisation system procedures at the Central Institute of Orthopaedics at the Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, between January 1998 and December 1999 for the conditions of interest. Three-dimensional correction was achieved by use of the distractor device.

Results.

Excellent results were obtained in 77% of the cases, good results in 13%, and poor results in 9% of the cases. Complications in half of the cases were -pintract infections, which eventually healed on an out-patient basis without any residual sequelae.

Conclusion.

The Joshi's external stabilisation system frame is ideally suited for the child in whom clubfoot deformities remain uncorrected by plaster-of-paris casts and manipulation, as well as for recurrent clubfoot. Casting after complete correction not only protects the osteopenic bones while the pin-tracts heal, but also maintains correction and allows gradual weightbearing.
Changing Epidemiology of Neonatal Septic Arthritis
Authors: Deshpande SS , Taral N , Modi N , Singrakhia M
Published: October 2016

Purpose.

To study the changing epidemiological pattern of micro-organisms as an aetiology of septic arthritis, and to correlate the pattern with the outcome of neonatal septic arthritis, in terms of joint function and morphology.

Methods.

15 consecutive cases of neonatal septic arthritis of hip admitted between 1999 and 2002 were studied. Diagnosis of septic arthritis was made on the basis of Morrey's criteria. All patients were treated by arthrotomy after aspiration of purulent fluid from the joint. Patients were followed up for a mean period of 2.4 years. Clinical and radiological examinations were performed at follow-up.

Results.

The mean age of the 15 patients was 20.35 days. 13 (87%) patients had primary septic arthritis, while only 2 (13%) had associated osteomyelitis. Culture reports revealed that the spectrum consisted of 33% gram-negative organisms, 7% fungal, and only 20% gram-positive organisms— Staphylococcus aureus in 3 patients, Klebsiella in 2 patients, one each of Proteus, Candida, Escherichia coli, and Enterobactor. Six patients were pus-cell positive with negative culture. No organism was found in 6 (40%) cases. Investigations showed leukocytosis, raised C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate in all 15 patients. 12 patients had normal clinical and radiological parameters at follow-up. Three patients had delayed surgical drainage of more than 72 hours due to late presentation, and showed various radiological sequelae with terminal restriction of joint movements.

Conclusion.

There are more cases of primary septic arthritis than secondary septic arthritis. Clinicians should be alert of the aetiology shift to gram-negative organisms, in addition to fungal and gram-positive ones. Arthrotomy to drain pus from the joint should not be delayed. Better long-term results can be achieved by early surgical drainage and immediate antibiotic coverage.
Extensively Coated Femoral Components in Revision Hip Arthroplasty: Follow-up Study of 23 Patients
Authors: Ng FY , Chiu KY , Yau WP , Ng TP , Tang WM
Published: October 2016

Purpose.

To review the outcome of revision hip arthroplasty using extensively coated femoral components.

Methods.

We reviewed the results of revision involving 24 extensively porous-coated cementless femoral components in 23 patients, whose mean age was 52.4 years (range, 28.0–79.0 years). Most revisions were performed for aseptic loosening of the previously cemented femoral component. All patients were followed up for a minimum period of 24.0 months (mean, 61.1 months).

Results.

Of the 24 femoral stems, 20 showed bone ingrowth, 3 showed stable fibrous ingrowth, and one was unstable because of deep infection. Intra-operative anterior femoral diaphyseal perforation occurred in 2 hips during the insertion of straight femoral components of 200 mm. Postoperative radiographs displayed marked cortical erosion in 3 other hips and cortical perforation in one.

Conclusion.

The results from the use of extensively coated femoral components were promising. Nevertheless, anterior cortical perforations were also common, which may be related to more bowing of the femora among the Chinese patients. Caution must be exercised when inserting a long, straight, extensively coated femoral component.
Comparing Wound Complication Rates following Closure of Hip Wounds with Metallic Skin Staples or Subcuticular Vicryl Suture: A Prospective Randomised Trial
Authors: Shetty AA , Kumar VS , Morgan-Hough C , Georgeu GA , James KD , Nicholl JE
Published: October 2016

Purpose.

To compare 2 methods of wound closure—metallic staples or 3–0 undyed vicryl—according to postoperative wound complication rates.

Methods.

Patients who underwent surgery for proximal femoral fractures were randomised to have wound closure with metallic staples or with subcuticular vicryl suture. Wounds were regularly examined postoperatively and only those with positive wound swabs were regarded as wound infections.

Results.

Five infections and one superficial wound dehiscence occurred in the patients who had wound closure with metallic staples. The complication rate was significantly higher for this group compared with the group who had wound closure with subcuticular vicryl suture (p<0.025).

Conclusion.

Superficial wound complication rates are higher for wounds closed with metallic staples compared to wounds closed with subcuticular vicryl.