bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Theoretical Comparison of McKibben-Type Artificial Muscle and Novel Straight-Fiber-Type Artificial Muscle
Authors: Tomori Hiroki ,   Chuo University, Kasuga 1-13-27, Bunkyou-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan, Nakamura Taro
Published: April 2016

Robots have entered human life, and closer relationships are being formed between humans and robots. It is desirable that these robots be flexible and lightweight. With this as our goal, we have developed an artificial muscle actuator using straight-fiber-type artificial muscles derived from the McKibben-type muscles, which have excellent contraction rate and force characteristics. In this study, we compared the steady state and dynamic characteristic of straightfiber-type and McKibben-type muscles and verified the usefulness of straight-fiber-type muscles.
Special Issue on Robotic Technologies Towards Industrial Applications
Authors: Zhang Weijun , Asakawa Naoki
Published: April 2016

Robotics technologies have come to be widely developed for and applied to a variety of industrial areas, including the manufacturing, transportation, and public security fields. Broadly defined, the robotics technologies implemented in industry involve numerous flexible mechanisms, high-precision control, multi-sensor integration and fusion, high-performance computation, and intelligent software. The collection of articles featured in this special issue concerns several of the robotics technologies touched upon above, such as the mechanical design methodology and applications of manipulators in joint compliance research, the reliability design and implementation of robots utilized to feed glassmaking-materials in the glass industry, and the sensing techniques and navigation algorithm design in multi-floor structural environments, to mention just a few. These papers include too many subjects to all be mentioned here, and have presented exemplifications and applicable approaches to both conventional and cutting-edge industry. They have also greatly enhanced the research and development of robotic technologies. We would like to express our sincere appreciation to the authors, the reviewers, and the editors for their invaluable contributions in making this issue possible.
Calibration of Kinematic Parameters of Robot Arm Using Laser Tracking System: Compensation for Non-Geometric Errors by Neural Networks and Selection of Optimal Measuring Points by Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Aoyagi Seiji ,   Kansai University, 3-3-35 Yamate-cho, Suita, Osaka 564-8680, Japan, Suzuki Masato , Takahashi Tomokazu , Fujioka Jun , Kamiya Yoshitsugu ,   Ishikawa National College of Technology, Ta-1, Kitatyujo, Tsubata-machi, Kahoku, Ishkawa 929-0392, Japan,   Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
Published: April 2016

Offline teaching based on high positioning accuracy of a robot arm is desired to take the place of manual teaching. In offline teaching, joint angles are calculated using a kinematic model of the robot arm. However, a nominal kinematic model does not consider the errors arising in manufacturing or assembly, not to mention the non-geometric errors arising in gear transmission, arm compliance, etc. Therefore, a method of precisely calibrating the parameters in a kinematic model is required. For this purpose, it is necessary to measure the three-dimensional (3-D) absolute position of the tip of a robot arm. In this paper, a laser tracking system is employed as the measurement apparatus. The geometric parameters in the robot kinematic model are calibrated by minimizing errors between the measured positions and the predicted ones based on the model. The residual errors caused by non-geometric parameters are further reduced by using neural networks, realizing high positioning accuracy of sub-millimeter order. To speed up the calibration process, a smaller number of measuring points is preferable. Optimal measuring points, which realize high positioning accuracy while remaining small in number, are selected using Genetic Algorithm (GA).
Lateral Shift Error due to Graduation Anomalies and Line-Detection Algorithm in Line Scale Measurement
Authors: Takahashi Akira ,   Instruments Company, Nikon Corporation, 471 Nagaodai, Sakae, Yokohama, Kanagawa 244-8533, Japan, Kokumai Yuji , Takigawa Yuichi ,   Core Technology Center, Nikon Corporation, 6-3 Nishiohi 1, Shinagawa, Tokyo 140-8601, Japan
Published: April 2016

The measurement error resulting from graduation anomalies and the signal processing algorithm used for determining the positions of graduations on line scales was investigated by simulation and experiment. Optical image-forming simulations were carried out on models of 6-µm-wide graduations with three sizes of defects (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 µm) at one edge. A digital filter was used in signal processing to obtain the first differential to determine the positions of the graduations. The minimum values of the lateral shift of the determined graduation positions were observed for the three defect sizes when using a 9-µm-wide differential filter. An experiment was also carried out on an ordinary line scale with 6-µm-wide graduations using a high-precision laser-interferometric line scale calibration system by measuring seven positions on the scale in the direction perpendicular to the measurement axis. The root mean square of the standard deviations from the linear fitting lines constructed using the measured positions over a 300-mm-long line scale was 2.8 nmwhen the differential filter width was 9 µm. It was demonstrated that a differential filter was effective in reducing the lateral error due to graduation anomalies.
Indirect Measurement of Volumetric Accuracy for Three-Axis and Five-Axis Machine Tools: A Review
Authors: Ibaraki Soichi ,   Department of Micro Engineering, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan, Knapp Wolfgang ,   Engineering Office Dr. W. Knapp, Switzerland
Published: April 2016

The volumetric accuracy of machine tools is represented by a map of position and orientation error vectors of the tool over the volume concerned. Numerical compensation for volumetric error is possible in many latest commercial CNCs for machine tools. This paper reviews indirect measurement schemes for machine tool kinematics, in which the tool center position is measured as the superposition of error motions of linear or rotary axes. Each error motion can be separately identified by best-fitting a set of measured tool center positions to the kinematic model of machine tools. Indirect measurement schemes for the kinematics of three orthogonal linear axes, as well as the fiveaxis kinematics with two rotary axes, will be reviewed.
Effect of Clamped Toolholders on Dynamic Characteristics of Spindle System of Machining Center
Authors: Sakamoto Haruhisa ,   Sophia University, 7-1, Kioi-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan, Matsuda Taiga , Shimizu Shinji ,   Nihon Kohden Corporation, 3-14-20, Higashi Nakano, Nakano-ku, Tokyo, Japan
Published: April 2016

In this study, dynamic characteristics are determined based on the impulse response method, the correction of discretization errors and the identification of equivalent physical parameters, as found in the vibration model having one degree of freedom. In the experiments, the test tool is cylindrical bar shaped and made from solid tungsten carbide, and four toolholders with chucking mechanisms, including the shrinkfit type, collet type, hydraulic type, and press-fit type, are used. Since it had been previously confirmed that one of the tool preparation jigs had dynamic characteristics similar to those of an actual machine tool’s spindle, the dynamic characteristics of the jig could be measured the way the spindle system is measured in this study. From the experimental examinations, the following were clarified. (1) Chucking of the tooling system enhances the first mode vibration of the spindle system markedly. (2) The type of tool chuck used changes the dynamic characteristics of the spindle system. The trend in the dynamic stiffness corresponds well with that in the equivalent damping coefficient but is opposite to that in the equivalent stiffness. (3) The magnitude order of the dynamic characteristic parameters of the spindle system corresponds well with the inherent values of the dynamic characteristic parameters of the toolholders themselves; that is, the inherent dynamic characteristics of the tooling system can be used as the criteria to estimate the effect on the dynamic characteristics of the spindle system.
Design of Wearable Power Assist Wear for Low Back Support Using Pneumatic Actuators
Authors: Li Xiangpan ,   Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan, Noritsugu Toshiro , Takaiwa Masahiro , Sasaki Daisuke
Published: April 2016

This research focuses on developing a safe, lightweight, power assist device that can be worn by people during lifting or static holding tasks to prevent them from experiencing Low Back Pain (LBP). In consideration of their flexibility, light weight, and large force to weight ratio, two types of pneumatic actuators are employed in assisting low back movement for their safety and comfort. Actuator A is an elongation-type pneumatic rubber artificial muscle that is installed in the outer layer of the garment. Its two ends are fixed on the shoulders and thighs. It can output contractile force, assisting the erector spinae muscles in the same direction. Compared to McKibben-type pneumatic rubber artificial muscle, the elongation type has a larger contraction rate. Actuator B is a layer-type of pneumatic actuator; it is composed of two balloons, and it is installed in the inner layer of the garment. By taking into account the biomechanic structure of the human spine, this device can provide support in two ways. Actuator A acts as an external muscle power generators to reduce the force requirement for the erector spinae muscles. As actuator B acts as a moment arm of the contractile force generated by actuator A, it will increase the effective amount of torque. The device can be worn directly on the body like normal clothing. Because there is no rigid exoskeleton frame structure, it is lightweight and user friendly. The system’s Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU), composed of accelerometer sensors and gyro sensors to measure the human motion signals, can monitor the angles of the human body in real-time mode. By measuring the EMG signal of the human erector spinae muscles, the assistance effectiveness of the proposed device has been proven through experiments.
Restraint of Thermal Crack on Rake Face of Cermet Tool in Intermittent Cutting
Authors: Mizobuchi Akira ,   Institute of Technology and Science, The University of Tokushima, 2-1 Minami-josanjima-cho, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan, Masuda Masahiro , Nogami Teruo , Ogawa Hitoshi , Ishida Tohru ,   The Tokushima Prefectural Industrial Technology Center, 11-2 Nishibari Saiga-cho, Tokushima 770-8021, Japan
Published: April 2016

Thermal cracks due to heating-cooling cycles in intermittent cutting in the machining processes of bearing production play an important role in tool life. This paper discusses restraint in the tool failure of TiC cermet used in actual machining line. The purpose of this study is to investigate two effects the appearance of the rake face and variation in the feed rate in thermal cracks on machining lines and to examine the thermal crack mechanism. As a result, we found that tools with some micro cracks were easily damaged. Removing some cracks on the rake face delays thermal crack generation time and reduces the number of cracks. Slightly decreasing the feed rate has a good effect on restraining the occurrence of cracks due to lowering of the cutting temperature.
Study on Performance of Radius End Milling Titanium Alloy (Analysis of Cutting Cross-Sectional Area Using 3D-CAD and Experiments of Inclined Surface with Contouring)
Authors: Iwabe Hiroyasu ,   Faculty of Mechanical and Production Engineering, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi 2 nocho, Nishi-ku, Niigata City, Niigata 950-2181, Japan, Futakawa Masanori , Fujiwara Masashige , Fujita Tsuyoshi , Kikuchi Kyouhei
Published: April 2016

Titanium alloy is being increasingly applied to parts and structures in many fields, such as aerospace engineering, marine engineering, and bio-engineering, because of its superior properties, including light weight, high specific strength, and corrosion resistance. However, machining this alloy is very difficult because of premature tool failure, low thermal conductivity, and low removal rate. Recently, several studies have been done on titanium alloy machining in turning and milling, but these were only tried on square end mills. At the same time, radius end mills have been developed to machine three-dimensional shapes with accuracy and high efficiency. Therefore, this paper reports on our investigation into the performance of a radius end mill in terms of cutting titanium alloy. The study is based on the calculation of a cutting crosssectional area, using 3D-CAD and experiments involving inclined surface machining with contouring paths. First, the modeling of a cutter, an edge, and a workpiece with an inclined surface are carried out using 3D-CAD. Second, the uncut chip to be removed is defined by the interference of the tool and the workpiece models, and the cutting cross-sectional area is calculated based on the interference of the rake surface and the uncut chip volume. Third, experiments are performed under the conditions of stepped up and down pick feeds with up and down milling. The cutting force and surface roughness obtained through the experiments are investigated and compared under the various cutting conditions mentioned above. Experiments are also carried out for carbon steel, and the cutting performance of the radius end mill is discussed for both materials.
Adaptive Cutting Force Control with a Hybrid Axis System
Authors: Denkena Berend ,   Institute for Production Engineering and Machine Tools, Leibniz Universität Hannover, An der Universität 2, Garbsen 30823, Germany, Flöter Felix
Published: April 2016

Cutting forces have a major effect on the results of a machining process. High loads on the tool can lead to surface geometry and surface roughness that are less than optimal. However, due to its high implementation costs, cutting force control is not often used on milling machines. The paper presents a new approach by integrating a hybrid axis system in the force control loop. This offers a more dynamic and accurate way to influence cutting forces, but it also results in a more complex control problem. Therefore, how the nonlinear and time-varying characteristics of the cutting process can be modeled and considered for an automated operation is comprehensively shown. The interaction of process estimation and control is demonstrated with a PID-Control structure. Experimental results are presented.
Influence of Tungsten-Carbide and Cobalt on Tool Wear in Cutting of Cemented Carbides with Polycrystalline Diamond Tool
Authors: Fujiwara Junsuke ,   Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-1, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan, Wakao Keisuke , Miyamoto Takeshi ,   Kobe City College of Technology, Gakuenhigashimachi 8-3, Nishiku, Kobe, Hyogo 651-2194, Japan
Published: April 2016

The influence of the tungsten-carbide (WC) particle size and Co contents of cemented carbides on polycrystalline diamond tool wear during turning was investigated experimentally. The main results obtained were as follows. (1) Tool wear increased with increasing Co content. (2) It is important to cut off the binder between the WC particles and the Co. (3) Cemented carbides containing small WC particles are more effective than cemented carbides containing large particles.
Modeling the Process of Animation Production
Authors: Nakanishi Hisato ,   The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8568, Japan, Shichijo Naohiro , Sugi Masao , Ogata Taiki , Hara Tatsunori , Ota Jun ,   National Institute for Science and Technology Policy, 3-2-2 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku 100-0013, Japan,   The University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu-shi, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
Published: April 2016

In this study, a work process model for animation production is developed. Interviews with animation studio workers and surveys of their working diaries and shot progress charts are conducted to create a framework for the work processes. The work hours necessary for each operation of the work project are expressed using a gamma function. Workers are classified into two categories, managers and animators, and their behavioral rules are modeled. To establish a rule for the determination of the operation sequence order for an animator to perform multiple work operations, four typical dispatching rules, often used in a scheduling theory, are selected, and the one that is closest to actual data is regarded as the rule that the animator actually follows. As a result of the analysis, it is found that the Earliest Due Date (EDD) and SLACK are closest to actual animators’ behavioral rules. Managers are also found to move the sub-deadline (a deadline of each operation) up about 30% earlier than the actual deadline. The knowledge we obtain is that, in order to realize better working conditions, animators should determine their operation sequence order by using SLACK, and managers should designate subdeadlines by keeping a balance between the prevention of deadline violation and the reduction of overtime work.
Pneumatic Servo Bearing Actuator with Multiple Bearing Pads for Ultraprecise Positioning
Authors: Tsujimura Shuhei ,   Graduate School of Mechanical Engineering, Doshisha University, 1-3 Miyakodani, Tatara, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan, Hashimoto Yusuke , Matsuoka Takashi , Hirayama Tomoko , Sasaki Katsumi ,   Department of Mechanical Engineering, Doshisha University, 1-3 Miyakodani, Tatara, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan,   Pneumatic Servo Controls Ltd., 2266-22 Anagahora, Shimo-Shidami, Moriyama-ku, Nagoya 463-0003, Japan
Published: April 2016

With the increase in demand for semiconductor products, ultrafine linear patterning technologies for Large-Scale Integrations (LSIs) have been making progress. The requested positioning accuracy in such ultraprecise apparatuses is of nanometer order. To meet such specific needs, the research and development of a variety of actuators has been necessary. Our laboratory has developed a ‘Pneumatic Servo Bearing Actuator (PSBA),’ a novel actuator that uses pneumatic servo technology for ultraprecise positioning. Our past studies have showed that the minimum resolution of PSBA was almost 6 nm, even under open loop control; thus, we concluded that the PSBA was a promising actuator in advanced ultraprecise positioning systems. However, the stroke of the PSBA was comparatively short. To expand the stroke of the actuator, we proposed and developed a new PSBA with multiple thin thrust-bearing pads. The main purpose in this study is to investigate the positioning properties of the new PSBA with multiple thrust bearing pads. The obtained characteristics of the PSBA can be enumerated as follows. (1) The PSBA with multiple bearing pads achieves a longer stroke than the PSBA with a single pad. (2) The difference in the thickness of the bearing pads affects the dynamic characteristics of the actuator. (3) The minimum positioning resolution of the developed PSBA with twenty-nine bearing pads is about 2 – 4 nm with feedback control.
Influence of the Anode Material and the Flushing Gas on the Dry Electrical Discharge Machining Process
Authors: Roth Raoul ,   Intitute of Machine Tools and Manufacturing, ETH Zürich, CLA G4, Tannenstrasse 3, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland, Lukas Beck , Balzer Hartmi , Kuster Friedrich , Weingärtner Eduardo , Wegener Konrad ,   Balzer Technik AG, Route de l’industrie 65, 1564 Domdidier, Switzerland,   Inspire, Transfer Institute for Mechatronic Systems and Manufacturing Technology, Zürich, Switzerland
Published: April 2016

In the last years dry electrical discharge machining (DEDM) has been proposed as an alternative to the traditional EDM. The main reason for these efforts is the absence of a liquid dielectric which results in a simpler and environmentally friendly process. This paper presents measurements of the material removal rate in function of different tool electrodes, work piece materials and flushing gases put in relation with the breakdown behavior of the process. Evaluation of absolute and current specific material removal rate are presented. The data show a big influence on the material removal rate depending on the combination of work piece material and flushing gas. Two different effects are observed, the first enhancing the removal per spark and the second one reducing the short circuiting occurrence. The share of these two effects on the enhancing of the absolute material removal rate also differs in function of the work piece material. It is suggested that the chemical reaction strongly influences the process in two different ways, on one hand releasing a surplus of energy and on the other hand changing the debris particles’ properties.
Development of an Ultrasonically-Assisted Electrolytic Grinding System
Authors: Kobayashi Satoshi ,   Micron Machinery Co., Ltd., 578-2 Uwano, Zao, Yamagata 990-2303, Japan, Shimada Keita , Murakoshi Chikashi , Koike Kazunori , Takahashi Masayuki , Tachibana Toru , Kuriyagawa Tsunemoto ,   Tohoku University, 6-6-01 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
Published: April 2016

Conventional methods of grinding tend to be less efficient and less accurate for circumferential surfaces of smaller inner diameter. To make such grinding highly accurate and highly efficient, we have developed an Ultrasonically-Assisted Grinding Unit (UAG-Unit) by providing ultrasonic assistance to conventional internal grinding. In addition, we have also developed an Ultrasonic and Electrolytic Grinding System (UEGSystem), which incorporates the effects of both ultrasonic vibrations and electrolytic actions into the conventional grinding of parts with small internal diameters and high aspect ratios.
Mirror Surface Finishing of Silicon Wafer Edge Using Ultrasonic Assisted Fixed-Abrasive CMP (UF-CMP)
Authors: Wu Yongbo ,   Department of Machine Intelligence and Systems Engineering, Akita Prefectural University, 84-4 Tsuchiya-ebinokuchi, Yurihonjo, Akita 015-0055, Japan, Yang Weiping , Fujimoto Masakazu , Zhou Libo ,   Jiangxi Agricultural University, Economic Development District, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China,   Ibaraki University, 4-12-1 Nakanarusawa, Hitachi, Ibaraki 316-8511, Japan
Published: April 2016

This paper proposes a new method of using Ultrasonic Assisted fixed-abrasive CMP (UA-CMP) to treat silicon wafer edges. In this method, a disc-shaped pellet containing CeO2abrasives is attached to the end face of an ultrasonic head. The head is elliptically vibrated at an ultrasonic frequency, rotated at a given speed, and pressed against the work-surface of a silicon wafer edge at a certain normal force. In so doing, a solid-state chemical reaction occurs between the CeO2abrasives and the silicon to form amorphous Ce-O-Si, which is easily removed from the silicon by the mechanical action of the ultrasonic vibration and rotation of the pellet. An experimental apparatus is produced and its fundamental performance is confirmed experimentally. Subsequently, the optimal processing conditions are determined experimentally using the Taguchi method. A mirror edge surface of around Ra3nm with few defects is obtained repeatedly under the optimum conditions.
Mold Pattern Fabrication by Nanoscratching
Authors: Shimizu Jun ,   Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Ibaraki University, 4-12-1 Nakanarusawa, Hitachi 316-8511, Japan, Zhou Libo , Yamamoto Takeyuki , Ojima Hirotaka , Onuki Teppei , Huang Han ,   School of Mechanical & Mining Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
Published: April 2016

MEMS technologies for various nano/micro-devices often requires special facilities and complicated,multistage processes. The fabrication cost is thus extremely high. Consequently, alternative solutions have been sought, and NanoImprint Lithography (NIL) is one of the potential solutions. To date, the nano/micromolds for NIL are mainly fabricated using photolithography or focused ion beams. However, such beam methods generally make use of special instruments and require a long time to draw precise patterns. Thus, this study aims to fabricate nanoscale structures on monocrystalline silicon substrates using nanoscratching, which can potentially be used to fabricate nano/micro-molds for NIL. This paper discusses how various nano/micro-scale structures such as lineand-space, single-layer, and multiple-layer structures were fabricated on a silicon substrate using nanoscratching by an atomic force microscope equipped with a sharp probe made of monocrystalline diamond. Subsequent chemical etching was also conducted on the fabricated groove patterns to enlarge the depth of the fabricated groove patterns. The results confirmed that the groove was deepened several times, with only a slight increase in its width. A nanoimprint experiment was also carried out, and the line-and-space patterns were duplicated successfully on a polycarbonate resin film.
Product Identification by Machined Micro Patterns
Authors: Denkena Berend ,   Institute of Production Engineering and Machine Tools, Leibniz Universität Hannover, An der Universität 2, 30823 Garbsen, Germany, Ostermann Jörn , Köhler Jens , Mörke Tobias , Spitschan Benjamin ,   Institut für Informationsverarbeitung, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Appelstraße 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
Published: April 2016

Fast and secure component identification is one key requirement for automation technologies in manufacturing processes marked by high product diversity. In addition, critical or safety components have to be identified during maintenance even if exposed to harsh conditions during the time of operation. Furthermore, product specifications or information on its manufacturing process, commonly stored separately in databases or as a hardcopy, must be available at any point of the lifecycle. An advanced machining technology is presented, enabling to machine micro patterns carrying inherent data into the components surface. A piezo-electrically driven milling tool is shown, allowing for storage on face-milled components while employing productive machining parameters. The data can be retrieved fast and reliably by an optical readout method. Image processing algorithms allowing for the reconstruction of the stored information using a single monochrome camera image of the surface are presented.
Generalized Two-Point Method Using Inverse Filtering for Surface Profile Measurement – Theoretical Analysis and Experimental Results for Error Propagation –
Authors: Okuyama Eiki ,   Akita University, Akita 010-8502, Japan, Ishikawa Hiromi
Published: April 2016

Error separation techniques of the surface profile from parasitic motions have been developed for the straightness profile measurement of a mechanical workpiece. These are known as software datums, which separate the surface profile from the parasitic motions by using multiple sensors and/or multiple orientations. The authors proposed a generalized twopoint method that used the difference with either integration or inverse filtering. This method can take any sampling interval. In this article, the relationship between the ratio of the sensor distance to the sampling interval and the error propagation at the lowest spatial frequency is clarified. Furthermore, experimental results are described to support the theoretical analysis of the error propagation.
Evaluation of the IWF-Wunder Reproduction Method for Generating Positive Replica
Authors: Henerichs Marcel ,   Institute of Machine Tools and Manufacturing (IWF), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETH), Tannenstrasse 3, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland, Egeter Michael , Liebrich Thomas , Voß Robert , Wegener Konrad
Published: April 2016

Research into manufacturing technology requires regular measurement and documentation of workpiece and tool quality. The instant or direct measurement of tool or workpiece surfaces is often difficult or impossible. Remounting of workpieces or tools leads to undesired remounting errors, a direct integration of adapted measurement systems is not suitable for research and development. Additionally, abrasive or transparent surfaces can be unsuitable for use with some measurement systems. This study evaluates an imprinting method for the production of positive replicas of tool or workpiece surfaces. The resulting errors between original sample and replica are evaluated. The analyses include common test methods, such as tactile surface profiling, focus variation microscopy, and white light interferometry. The study shows that for the evaluated reproduction method, the difference between original and replica is less than 10%of the surface roughness, Ra, for original surface roughnesses greater than Ra= 0.1µm. Mostly better results are achieved (difference <2%). In addition, contour dimensions greater 1 mm can be copied with deviations less than 0.5%.
Effects of N-Face Finishing on Geometry of Double-Side Polished GaN Substrate
Authors: Koyama Koji ,   Namiki Precision Jewel Co., Ltd., 3-8-22 Shinden, Adachi, Tokyo 123-8511, Japan, Aida Hideo , Uneda Michio , Takeda Hidetoshi , Kim Seong-Woo , Takei Hiroki , Yamazaki Tsutomu , Doi Toshiro ,   Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasuga Kouen, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan,   Kanazawa Institute of Technology, 7-1 Ogigaoka, Nonoichi, Ishikawa 921-8501, Japan
Published: April 2016

Difficulties involved in producing Double-Side Polished (DSP) GaN substrate are extracted and approaches to overcoming them are reported in this paper. Mechanical polishing with a neutral diamond slurry of pH 7.0 for the N-face and CMP for the Ga-face are widely applied to obtain DSP GaN substrates. Accordingly, the substrate exhibits transparency. However, this is accompanied by approximately 100 µm of bowing due to the Twyman effect. In this paper, the reduction of the substrate bowing to 10 µm is successfully achieved through the use of an acidic diamond slurry with a pH of 1.8 instead of a neutral slurry. Cathode luminescence reveals that an acidic diamond slurry also induces less subsurface damage in the N-face than does the neutral one. We conclude that the stress on the N-face induced by the subsurface damage in the case of polishing with an acidic diamond slurry comes closer to that of the Gaface finished via CMP.
Design of Two-Wheeled Self-Balancing Robot Based on Sensor Fusion Algorithm
Authors: Han Jianhai ,   School of Mechatronics Engineering, Henan University of Science & Technology, No.48, Xiyuan Road, Luoyang 471003, China, Li Xiangpan , Qin Qi
Published: April 2016

A two-wheeled, self-balancing robot is proposed using 6-axis MEMS sensors MPU6050 to measure its posture. The sensors integrated with a 3-axis gyroscope and a 3-axis accelerometer, can output the inclination of the robot based on sensor fusion algorithm. A handheld remote controller sends out commands to the robot such as forward, back, and turning around. According to the inclination and orientation commands, a 16-bit MCU using the PID control algorithm calculates the required control voltage for the motors, to adjust the robot’s posture and keep the body balanced. In this paper, the principle of the sensor fusion algorithm is fully described, and its effects are verified through related experiments. The experimental results show that the proposed robot is practical and able to balance using inexpensive MEMS sensors.
Burnishing Process Using Spherical 5-DOF Hybrid-Type Parallel Mechanism with Force Control
Authors: Okada Masato ,   Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan, Kozuka Hiroaki , Tachiya Hiroshi , Iwasaki Taira , Yamashita Yorihiro
Published: April 2016

This paper proposes a novel diamond tip burnishing process to improve the integrity of various free-curved surfaces using a spherical 5-Degree-Of-Freedom (5-DOF), hybrid parallelmechanism. The developed parallel mechanism, which has high rigidity and a large workspace, is composed of a spherical 3-DOF parallel mechanism and anXYstage, and is equipped with a burnishing tool on its output link. Using a threedimensional force control system, the parallel mechanism can adjust the thrust force in the burnishing process. The surface roughness and profile of the stainless steel (AISI 316) workpiece, burnished by the proposed method, were evaluated. The surface integrity depended on the values of cross-feed and thrust force, which were controlled by the hybrid parallel mechanism. In addition, the surface roughness improved as cross-feed decreased and thrust force increased. The preliminary surface roughness ofRa= 2.5 µm was improved toRa= 0.25 µm in the burnishing process of the free curved surface, and homogeneous surface integrity was obtained. The results thus suggest that the proposed burnishing method can achieve a highquality surface finish, even on a free curved surface.
Automated Modular and Part-Flexible Feeding System for Micro Parts
Authors: Leberle Urs ,   Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), wbk Institute of Production Science, Kaiserstr. 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany, Fleischer Jürgen
Published: April 2016

In the assembly, efficient part feeding is a decisive factor for a successful automation. Therefor an automated modular and part-flexible feeding system for micro parts on the basis of piezoelectric vibratory conveyors has been developed at the wbk Institute of Production Science. Very different parts can be conveyed, positioned and partly be rotated around their vertical axis by the system. The sliding conveyance offers also the possibility to feed extremely delicate parts. In this article the design and the commissioning results of the system are presented. In the end an outlook is given on future work to increase productivity and efficiency of the system.
Robust Design Method Using Adjustable Control Factors
Authors: Kato Takeo ,   Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tokai University, 4-1-1 Kitakaname, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259, Japan, Muramatsu Masatoshi , Kimura Suguru , Matsuoka Yoshiyuki ,   Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University, Japan,   Department of Mechanical Engineering, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 238, Japan
Published: April 2016

Design that ensures robust performance for diverse users and environments has received much attention. Previous research proposed a Robust Design Method (RDM) that considered the adjustable control factors (ACFs) of mechanisms such as the servo mechanisms of machine tools or recliner mechanisms of public seats. This method derived the optimum adjustment ranges of the ACFs only after both these factors and their (dependent or independent) relationships had been identified in the design problem. This research improves on the previous RDM to enable designers to select ACFs and their relationships. This method contains two indices. One is the standard deviation of each control factor, used for finding ACFs that need not be adjusted. The other is the contribution ratio of the eigenvalues calculated from the variance-covariance matrix of the ACFs, used for finding dependent relationships. This method effectively derives the optimum adjustment ranges of the ACFs and their relationships based on these indices. Numerical and design examples are presented to demonstrate the practicality of the proposed method.
Topology Optimization for Polymeric Foam Shock-Absorbing Structure Using Hybrid Cellular Automata
Authors: Lee Wonho ,   R&D Solution Lab., Digital Media Communication R&D Center, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., 129, Samsung-Ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 443-742, Korea, Kim Jinhoon , Park Changbae
Published: April 2016

Foam shock-absorbing structures such as cushioned packages are often utilized to protect various products from mechanical shock and vibration during transportation. The goal of packaging design engineers is to design a cushioned package structure that improves the shock-absorbing performance and minimizes the volume of the package. Some optimization techniques, combined with computational simulation, provide engineers with a way to design an optimal structure. In this paper, we propose a modified topology optimization method suitable for a polymeric foam shock-absorbing structure under dynamic drop loads in multiple directions. Our approach uses a heuristic topology optimization method, known as the Hybrid Cellular Automata (HCA). The HCA algorithm uniformly distributes internal energy density and controls the relative density of Cellular Automata (CAs) making up the design space. This allows the algorithm to maintain or increase the performance of shock absorption and to decrease the amount of material. In particular, this paper presents a modified Solid IsotropicMaterial with Penalization (SIMP) model for foam materials, which parameterizes the design region and interpolates the material properties. We attempt to optimize a simple bottom-cushioned package for a refrigerator by using the proposed foam SIMP model with commercial software: LS-DYNA for drop dynamic simulation and LS-OPT/Topology for the HCA algorithm. Drop simulation and topology optimization are performed considering multiple drop-directions. As a result, our method removes elements that are not related to the shock-absorption performance and provide an optimal cushioning structure using foam material.
Study on Underwater Dual-Laser Structured-Light System for ROV Guiding
Authors: Zhang Xi ,   Shanghai University, Yanchang Rd.149, Zhabei District, Shanghai, China, Li Laiwei , Yang Junyi ,   Second Institute of Oceanography, SOA, No.36 baochubei Road, Hangzhou, China
Published: April 2016

Remotely Operated underwater Vehicles (ROVs) equipped with manipulators have increasingly been used for underwater operation. An ROV is usually operated manually with the aid of an underwater camera for approaching and grasping a target using its manipulator. Owing to the low quality of underwater imaging, it is quite difficult for the human operator to determine accurate distances and orientations between the ROV and the target of interest. This paper presents a proposal for developing an automatic three-dimensional measurement and guidance system for ROVs in an effort to facilitate this process. Based on optical triangulation principles, dual laser lines and a camera are utilized to calculate the position and orientation of a cylindrical target. A measurement model considering refraction compensation and a joint system calibration method are proposed. The experimental study shows that the proposed system is feasible for automatically determining the position and orientation of a cylindrical target in an accurate and efficient manner. The accuracy of the measurement system is verified in air and underwater, respectively, by a prototype system.
In the Loop – Sustainable, Circular Product Design and Critical Materials
Authors: Whalen Katherine ,   Faculty of Industrial Design Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Landbergstraat 15, 2628 CE Delft, the Netherlands, Peck David
Published: April 2016

Globally there is increasing concern about a range of materials which have been termed critical materials. This paper defines critical materials as single elements, which are metals, at risk of supply constraints, financially costly, price volatile, deemed economically important and difficult to substitute as a result of their special or unique properties. These metals are used in engineering, technology applications, and product designs. They are widely used and of high value in the field of Automation Technologies. Previous studies have shown that awareness and understanding about critical materials in companies is low. This paper outlines a novel approach to address the company gap in knowledge through the development and testing of a specially developed serious game called ‘In the Loop: The Critical Raw Materials Game.’ Developed from prior research, company case studies, and literature, the game serves as a catalyst for informed discussion about the topic of critical materials. The results of the testing demonstrate the applicability of the approach to the automation technology field and present a roadmap going forwards.
An Actual Purchasing Experiment for Investigating the Effects of Eco-Information on Consumers’ Environmental Consciousness and Attitudes Towards Agricultural Products
Authors: Aoki Keiko ,   Department of Research Promotion, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan, Akai Kenju , Ujiie Kiyokazu , Shinmura Takeshi , Nishino Nariaki ,   Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan,   Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan,   Ganko Food Service Co. Ltd., 8F, Meiji-Yasuda-Seimei Building, 2-13 Shinkitano 1-Chome, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532-0025, Japan
Published: April 2016

This study investigates the effects of eco-information on the environmental consciousness and attitudes of consumers towards agricultural products. We focus on Japanese rice to provide recommendations to protect the Ibis, an endangered bird in Japan, and evaluate how Ecologically Conscious Consumer Behavior (ECCB) affect consumers’ Willingness To Pay (WTP) via the choice experiment method. Participants are provided with the necessary eco-information pertaining to rice production, and are required to taste and purchase the rice. The results indicate that consumers with high ECCB display higher WTP after they are provided with the necessary eco-information pertaining to rice production.
Route Search and Evaluation Method Including Charging Plan for Electric Vehicles
Authors: Taguchi Takuya ,   The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan, Matsumoto Kei , Imamura Keita , Goto Koichiro , Oizumi Kazuya , Tanaka Kenji , Aoyama Kazuhiro
Published: April 2016

Electric vehicles (EVs) have numerous inherent challenges, including running out of power frequently and taking a long time to charge. To make matters worse, current automotive navigation systems cannot provide proper route searches that include charging plans. One way to tackle these challenging problems is to propose several route plans and select one which meets the driver’s needs. In this paper, the following three evaluation criteria are proposed: shortening travel time by predicting charging queues, maintaining high residual capacity of the battery, and utilizing charging time. The proposed method is applied to Okinawa, Japan as a case study. The simulation results using this evaluation method in Okinawa demonstrate its potential utility and open the way for future work on relieving the stress of EV drivers.
Finished Surface Simulation Method to Predicting the Effects of Machine Tool Motion Errors
Authors: Sato Ryuta ,   Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokko-dai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan, Sato Yuki , Shirase Keiichi , Campatelli Gianni , Scippa Antonio ,   Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Florence, Via di Santa Marta, 3-50139 Firenze, Italy
Published: April 2016

This paper proposes a method of simulating the effects of the machining center motion errors onto the finished surface. The proposed simulation method consists of the servo delay models of feed drive systems, a geometrical error model of the machine tool, a machined shape simulator, and a renderer. In order to compare the simulated finished surfaces with the machined one, tests consisting of machining spheres are carried out using a ball-end mill. As result, it is proven that the proposed simulation method can adequately simulate the effects of motion errors on the finished surface. In addition, an investigation into the cause of blemishes is carried out. It is also confirmed that the proposed method can be an effective tool in the identification of the causes of blemishes on the surface.
Tool Failure Mechanism in High-Speed Milling of Inconel 718 by Use of Ceramic Tools
Authors: Suzuki Norikazu ,   Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan, Enmei Risa , Hashimoto Yohei , Shamoto Eiji , Hatano Yuki ,   NGK Spark Plug Co., Ltd., 2808 Iwasaki, Komaki-shi, Aichi 485-8510, Japan
Published: April 2016

A series of high-speed milling tests of Inconel 718 were carried out utilizing SiAlON ceramic tools, and the transitions of the cutting edge geometry and cutting forces were investigated. Through the experimental investigations, it was confirmed that the cutting edge is worn rapidly and a round shape is formed at the initial stage of machining. The radius of the round cutting edge becomes considerably large with respect to the uncut chip thickness, and thus the ploughing process is dominant in ceramic milling like general micro cutting operations. Based on the observed phenomena, a quasi-mechanistic model for cutting force prediction was proposed, where the measured cutting edge geometry and the contact stress distribution at the toolworkpiece interface are taken into account. The estimated cutting force by the proposed model showed a good agreement with the measured one. Minimizing the estimation error in the cutting forces, contact stresses of the cutting edge to the workpiece are identified. Stress field analysis using the estimated contact stresses revealed that the large tensile stress instantaneously generates around the stagnation point. This mechanism may contribute to the generation of the rake face flaking, which determines the end of the tool life.
Development of a Novel Linear Magnetic Actuator
Authors: Thanh Truong Quoc ,   Ho Chi Minh University of Technology, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, Truong Dinh Quang , Tri Nguyen Minh , Ahn Kyoung Kwan ,   School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
Published: April 2016

The aim of this paper is to design, fabricate and control a novel Linear Magnetic Actuator (LMA) for applications such as active magnetic bearing systems to deal with vibration problems in rotating machines. This LMA actuator contains a moving body named ‘mover’ and three driving parts to drive the mover. Firstly, experiments have been conducted on the LMA to derive its mathematical model in order to investigate the generated electro-magnetic force as well as further research. The modeling result in a comparison with the actual system performance show that the electro-magnetic force varied symmetrically with the mover motion defined by the applied current. Secondly, an advanced trajectory controller named online tuning fuzzy PID controller has been designed for the LMA to improve the working performance. Finally, real-time experiments have been carried out to evaluate the tracking performance of the designed LMA control system. The results prove that the LMA driven by the proposed controller could track the desired trajectories with high accuracy.
Cutting Force Prediction in Drilling of Unidirectional Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics
Authors: Tamura Shoichi ,   Mechanical and Electronics Technology Division, Industrial Technology Center of Tochigi Prefecture, 1-5-20 Yuinomori, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 321-3226, Japan, Matsumura Takashi ,   Mechanical Engineering, Tokyo Denki University, 5 Senjyu Asahi-cho, Adachi-ku, Tokyo 120-8551, Japan
Published: April 2016

An analytical forcemodel is applied in order to predict the cutting force in drilling of unidirectional Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics (CFRP). Because a threedimensional chip flow is interpreted as a piling up of the orthogonal cuttings, the shear angle, the shear stress on the shear plane and the friction angle in the orthogonal cutting are obtained in the cutting tests. Because the chip thickness and the cutting force of CFRP depend on the cutting direction for the fiber orientation, the orthogonal cutting data are associated with the relative angle of the cutting direction with respect to the fiber orientation. The cutting forces in drilling are predicted using the orthogonal cutting data. The force model considering the fiber orientation is verified in comparison of the predicted cutting forces and the measured ones.