bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Depressive Störungen – verwirrende
Vielfalt?
Authors: Michael Nikolaus
Published: February 2022

Unter dem Begriff „depressive Störungen“ werden
unterschiedliche Erkrankungen zusammengefasst, die alle mit charakteristischen
Störungen der Stimmung – daher Gemütserkrankung –
einhergehen. Depressive Störungen sind häufig, betreffen im Laufe
des Lebens bis zu 20% der Menschen und dabei Frauen häufiger als
Männer. Sie sind für die Patienten qualvoll und, nach
Einschätzung der WHO, von allen erfassten Krankheiten die am schwersten
beeinträchtigenden 1. Sie werden immer
noch zu selten erkannt und, falls die Diagnose gestellt wird, oft unzureichend
behandelt. Ein Grundwissen darüber gehört zu den wichtigsten
ärztlichen Kompetenzen. Der Schwerpunkt dieses Artikels liegt daher auf der
Diagnostik depressiver Syndrome; Aspekte der Entstehung und Therapie werden knapp
zusammengefasst.
Antwort
Authors: Krisam Mathias , Kuhn Eva
Published: February 2022

Unserem Verständnis nach betont Joseph Kuhn in seinem Leserbrief folgende
Elemente: die Frage nach dem Verhältnis zwischen Gesellschaft respektive
kollektiven Zielen und dem Individuum, v. a. der individuellen Autonomie;
die Rolle von Vertrauen; die Frage nach dem hinter dem AEIOU-Modell (und Nudging)
stehenden Menschenbild sowie dessen ‚Effizienz‘ bzw. Kritik daran.
Auf diese Punkte möchten wir im Folgenden eingehen und hoffen, damit einen
Beitrag zum wissenschaftlichen, gerne kontroversen Austausch zu leisten.
Die maschinelle Autotransfusion – Patient Blood Management im OP
Authors: Meybohm Patrick , Westphal Sabine , Zacharowski Kai , Choorapoikayil Suma
Published: February 2022

Die Rückführung von eigenem Blut, das während einer Operation oder bei Wunddrainagen ansonsten verloren ginge, kann äußerst sinnvoll sein. Hierbei wird das Wundblut abgesaugt, in speziellen
Geräten aufbereitet und dem Patienten wieder zurückgegeben. Ein großer Vorteil der MAT besteht darin, dass das Blut weder gelagert noch gekühlt werden muss und somit lagerungsbedingte
Schäden an den Erythrozyten verhindert werden. Bislang etablierte Einsatzgebiete der MAT sind herzchirurgische, gefäßchirurgische, orthopädische Eingriffe und nach Bestrahlung auch
Tumoroperationen.

Die MAT ist ein fester Bestandteil des Patient Blood Managements (PBM) und stellt eine effektive Maßnahme dar, um den Fremdblutbedarf bei großen Operationen mit erwarteten Blutverlusten von
über 500 ml deutlich zu reduzieren.
Chronisch-entzündliche Darmerkrankungen in der COVID-Pandemie: Manifestationen und Management
Authors: Stallmach Andreas , Reuken Philipp A. , Grunert Philip , Teich Niels
Published: February 2022

Die COVID-19-Pandemie beeinflusst das Leben von Patient*innen mit chronisch-entzündlichen Darmerkrankungen (CED) in erheblicher Weise. Betroffene und Angehörige haben zahlreiche Fragen zum Erkrankungsrisiko, zum Verlauf einer möglichen SARS-CoV-2-Infektion oder auch zum Einfluss der CED-spezifischen Therapie. Auch bestehen bei vielen CED-Patient*innen zusätzliche Fragen zu Sicherheit und Wirksamkeit einer Impfung gegen SARS-CoV-2. Ziel dieser Übersicht ist die Zusammenfassung der neusten Erkenntnisse zu COVID-19 und CED, aber auch die Diskussion zum Impfansprechen (humoral/zellulär), zum Einfluss laufender Therapie auf die Impfantwort sowie zur Häufigkeit von Nebenwirkungen und zur Bedeutung der Booster-Immunisierungen zu führen und für das Gespräch mit Patient*innen eine Evidenz-basierte Grundlage zu schaffen.
Transiente Ischämie eines Beines bei einem
Frühgeborenen der 31+0 Schwangerschaftswoche
Authors: Jahn Andreas Matthias , Wolf Monika , Herrmann Jochen , Singer Dominique , Jürgens Julian
Published: February 2022

Ischämien im Bereich der Extremitäten sind in der
Neugeborenenperiode eher selten. Ursächlich verantwortlich
können sowohl intrauterin als auch postnatal wirksame Faktoren zeichnen.
Wir stellen das diagnostische Vorgehen und den Verlauf bei einem weiblichen
Frühgeborenen der 31+0 Schwangerschaftswoche (SSW) mit einer
transienten Ischämie der unteren Extremität vor.
Positionspapier: Empfehlungen zur Anwendung von Mepolizumab bei chronischer Rhinosinusitis mit Polyposis nasi (CRSwNP) im deutschen Gesundheitssystem – Empfehlungen des Ärzteverbandes Deutscher Allergologen (AeDA) und der AGs Klinische Immunologie, Allergologie und Umweltmedizin und Rhinologie und Rhinochirurgie der Deutschen Gesellschaft für HNO-Heilkunde, Kopf- und Hals-Chirurgie (DGHNO-KHC)
Authors: Klimek L. , Olze H. , Förster-Ruhrmann U. , Beule A. G. , Chaker A. M. , Hagemann J. , Huppertz T. , Hoffmann T. K. , Dazert S. , Deitmer T. , Strieth S. , Wrede H. , Schlenter W. , Welkoborsky H. J. , Wollenberg B. , Becker S. , Klimek F. , Zuberbier J. , Rudack C. , Cuevas M. , Hintschich C. A. , Guntinas-Lichius O. , Stöver T. , Bergmann C. , Bachert C.
Published: February 2022

Hintergrund Die chronische Rhinosinusitis mit Nasenpolypen (CRSwNP) ist eine multifaktorielle entzündliche Erkrankung der paranasalen Schleimhäute, der als häufigstem Endotyp eine eosinophile Inflammation zugrunde liegt. Der Anti-IL-5-Antikörper Mepolizumab wurde im November 2021 für die Therapie der schweren CRSwNP zugelassen.

Methoden In einer Literatursuche wurde die Immunologie der CRSwNP analysiert und die vorhandene Evidenz ermittelt durch Recherchen in Medline, PubMed sowie den nationalen und internationalen Studien- und Leitlinien-Registern und der Cochrane Library. Es wurden Humanstudien berücksichtigt, die bis einschließlich 12/2021 publiziert wurden und in denen die Wirkung von Mepolizumab bei CRSwNP untersucht wurde.

Ergebnis Basierend auf der internationalen Literatur und bisherigen Erfahrungen werden von einem Expertengremium Empfehlungen für die Anwendung von Mepolizumab bei CRSwNP im deutschen Gesundheitssystem auf der Grundlage eines Dokumentationsbogens gegeben.

Schlussfolgerungen Das Verständnis über die immunologischen Grundlagen der CRSwNP eröffnet neue nichtoperative Therapieansätze mit Biologika für Patienten mit schweren Verlaufsformen. Mepolizumab ist seit November 2021 zugelassen zur Zusatztherapie mit intranasalen Kortikosteroiden zur Behandlung von erwachsenen Patienten mit schwerer CRSwNP, die mit systemischen Kortikosteroiden und/oder chirurgischem Eingriff nicht ausreichend kontrolliert werden können.
Risk factors and long-term course of gastroesophageal reflux disease after peroral endoscopic myotomy: A large-scale multicenter cohort study in Japan
Authors: Shiwaku Hironari , Sato Hiroki , Shimamura Yuto , Abe Hirofumi , Shiota Junya , Sato Chiaki , Ominami Masaki , Sakae Hiroyuki , Hata Yoshitaka , Fukuda Hisashi , Ogawa Ryo , Nakamura Jun , Tatsuta Tetsuya , Ikebuchi Yuichiro , Yokomichi Hiroshi , Hasegawa Suguru , Inoue Haruhiro
Published: February 2022

Background Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and reflux esophagitis remain problems after peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM). This study aimed to elucidate the risk factors and long-term course of reflux esophagitis and symptomatic GERD after POEM.

Methods This multicenter cohort study involved 14 high volume centers. Overall, 2905 patients with achalasia-related esophageal motility disorders treated with POEM were analyzed for reflux esophagitis, severe reflux esophagitis (Los Angeles classification C or D), and symptomatic GERD.

Results Reflux esophagitis was diagnosed in 1886 patients (64.9 %). Age ≥ 65 years (risk ratio [RR] 0.85), male sex (RR 1.11), posterior myotomy (RR 1.12), esophageal myotomy > 10 cm (RR 1.12), and gastric myotomy > 2 cm (RR 1.17) were independently associated with reflux esophagitis. Severe reflux esophagitis was diagnosed in 219 patients (7.5 %). Age ≥ 65 years (RR 1.72), previous treatments (RR 2.21), Eckardt score ≥ 7 (RR 0.68), sigmoid-type achalasia (RR 1.40), and esophageal myotomy > 10 cm (RR 1.59) were factors associated with severe reflux esophagitis. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) were more effective for reflux esophagitis at 5-year follow-up (P = 0.03) than after 1 year (P = 0.08). Symptomatic GERD was present in 458 patients (15.9 %). Symptom duration ≥ 10 years (RR 1.28), achalasia diagnosis (RR 0.68), integrated relaxation pressure ≥ 26 (RR 0.60), and posterior myotomy (RR 0.80) were associated with symptomatic GERD. The incidence of symptomatic GERD was lower at 5-year follow-up compared with that after 1 year (P = 0.04), particularly in PPI users (P < 0.001).

Conclusions The incidence of severe reflux esophagitis was low after POEM, but excessive myotomy for older patients with previous treatments should be avoided. Early phase symptomatic GERD is non-acid reflux dependent and the natural course is favorable, basically supporting conservative treatment.
Palladium-Catalyzed Coupling of Biphenyl-2-yl Trifluoromethanesulfonates with Dibromomethane to Access Fluorenes
Authors: Zhang Yanghui , Pan Shulei , Zhu Qiongqiong
Published: February 2022

A facile and efficient method has been developed for the synthesis of fluorenes by Pd-catalyzed C–H alkylation of biphenyl-2-yl trifluoromethanesulfonates. The trifluoromethanesulfonates are more readily available and more environmentally benign than biphenyl iodides, and are advantageous substrates for traceless directing-group-assisted C–H activation. The reaction generates C,C-palladacycles as the key intermediates that form two C(sp2)–C(sp3) bonds through reaction with CH2Br2. The reaction tolerates various functional groups, permitting easy access to a range of fluorene derivatives.
Association of 24-Hour In-house Neonatologist Coverage with Outcomes of Extremely Preterm Infants
Authors: Debay Anthony , Shah Prakesh , Lodha Abhay , Shivananda Sandesh , Redpath Stephanie , Seshia Mary , Dorling Jon , Lapointe Anie , Canning Rody , Strueby Lannae , Beltempo Marc ,   on behalf of the Canadian Neonatal Network Investigators
Published: February 2022

Objective This study aimed to assess if 24-hour in-house neonatologist (NN) coverage is associated with delivery room (DR) resuscitation/stabilization and outcomes among inborn infants <29 weeks' gestational age (GA).

Study design Survey-linked cohort study of 2,476 inborn infants of 23 to 28 weeks' gestation, admitted between 2014 and 2015 to Canadian Neonatal Network Level-3 neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) with a maternity unit. Exposures were classified using survey responses based on the most senior provider offering 24-hour in-house coverage: NN, fellow, and no NN/fellow. Primary outcome was death and/or major morbidity (bronchopulmonary dysplasia, severe neurological injury, late-onset sepsis, necrotizing enterocolitis, and retinopathy of prematurity). Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to assess the association between exposures and outcomes and adjust for confounders.

Results Among the 28 participating NICUs, most senior providers ensuring 24-hour in-house coverage were NN (32%, 9/28), fellows (39%, 11/28), and no NN/fellow (29%, 8/28). No NN/fellow coverage and 24-hour fellow coverage were associated with higher odds of infants receiving DR chest compressions/epinephrine compared with 24-hour NN coverage (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 4.72, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.12–10.6 and aOR = 3.33, 95% CI: 1.44–7.70, respectively). Rates of mortality/major morbidity did not differ significantly among the three groups: NN, 63% (249/395 infants); fellow, 64% (1092/1700 infants); no NN/fellow, 70% (266/381 infants).

Conclusion 24-hour in-house NN coverage was associated with lower rates of DR chest compressions/epinephrine. There was no difference in neonatal outcomes based on type of coverage; however, further studies are needed as ecological fallacy cannot be ruled out.

Key Points
Impact of Online Classes on the Health of Indian Medical and Dental Students during the Pandemic Period of COVID-19: An Observational Study
Authors: Tripathi Alok , Patel Ajay Kumar , Jain Ishi , Khare Satyam , Jain Shilpi , Raizaday Shobhit
Published: February 2022

Background After attending online classes during the coronavirus disease pandemic, drastic changes were observed in their physical, mental, and social health, which were also reflected in their academic performances. All these negative impacts were due to prolonged screen time and sedentary lifestyle due to online classes, no interaction with classmates, and poor teacher–student interaction.

Material and Method This was an observational study, and the data were collected through a self-designed questionnaire sent via the mode of electronic message (Google forms) to Indian medical and dental students across India. Eight hundred students responded to our questionnaire. All the responses were then compiled in the form of adequate tables and charts to study the responses.

Results Among 800 responders, 83.4% students preferred the offline mode of teaching over the online mode. Online classes had negative impact on the academic performance of 73.6% students and 67% students were frustrated with their academic performance. Weight gain due to lockdown (online classes) was seen in 62.6% students. The low energy level was seen in 58.8% students. Lost interest toward careers was observed in 51.6% students. Complains of frequent headaches were seen in 50.6% students, and 54.3% students had visual problems. Interaction with batch mates during classes was missed by 76.1% students.

Conclusion From the present study, we conclude that there is a negative impact of online classes not only on the physical, mental, and social health but also on the academic performance and interest toward the careers of Indian medical and dental students.
A Comparison of Methods to Detect Changes in Prediction Models
Authors: Schnellinger Erin M. , Yang Wei , Harhay Michael O. , Kimmel Stephen E.
Published: February 2022

Background Prediction models inform decisions in many areas of medicine. Most models are fitted once and then applied to new (future) patients, despite the fact that model coefficients can vary over time due to changes in patients' clinical characteristics and disease risk. However, the optimal method to detect changes in model parameters has not been rigorously assessed.

Methods We simulated data, informed by post–lung transplant mortality data and tested the following two approaches for detecting model change: (1) the “Direct Approach,” it compares coefficients of the model refit on recent data to those at baseline; and (2) “Calibration Regression,” it fits a logistic regression model of the log-odds of the observed outcomes versus the linear predictor from the baseline model (i.e., the log-odds of the predicted probabilities obtained from the baseline model) and tests whether the intercept and slope differ from 0 and 1, respectively. Four scenarios were simulated using logistic regression for binary outcomes as follows: (1) we fixed all model parameters, (2) we varied the outcome prevalence between 0.1 and 0.2, (3) we varied the coefficient of one of the ten predictors between 0.2 and 0.4, and (4) we varied the outcome prevalence and coefficient of one predictor simultaneously.

Results Calibration regression tended to detect changes sooner than the Direct Approach, with better performance (e.g., larger proportion of true claims). When the sample size was large, both methods performed well. When two parameters changed simultaneously, neither method performed well.

Conclusion Neither change detection method examined here proved optimal under all circumstances. However, our results suggest that if one is interested in detecting a change in overall incidence of an outcome (e.g., intercept), the Calibration Regression method may be superior to the Direct Approach. Conversely, if one is interested in detecting a change in other model covariates (e.g., slope), the Direct Approach may be superior.
Temperature measurements of liquid flat jets in vacuum
Authors: Chang Yi-Ping , Yin Zhong , Balciunas Tadas , Wörner Hans Jakob , Wolf Jean-Pierre
Published: February 2022

Sub-μm thin samples are essential for spectroscopic purposes. The development of flat micro-jets enabled novel spectroscopic and scattering methods for investigating molecular systems in the liquid phase. However, the temperature of these ultra-thin liquid sheets in vacuum has not been systematically investigated. Here, we present a comprehensive temperature characterization using optical Raman spectroscopy of sub-micron flatjets produced by two different methods: colliding of two cylindrical jets and a cylindrical jet compressed by a high pressure gas. Our results reveal the dependence of the cooling rate on the material properties and the source characteristics, i.e., nozzle-orifice size, flow rate, and pressure. We show that materials with higher vapor pressures exhibit faster cooling rates, which is illustrated by comparing the temperature profiles of water and ethanol flatjets. In a sub-μm liquid sheet, the temperature of the water sample reaches around 268 K and the ethanol around 253 K close to the flatjet's terminus.
Existence of solutions to the Lichnerowicz equation: A new proof
Authors: Gicquaud Romain
Published: February 2022

We provide a complete study of the existence and uniqueness of solutions to the Lichnerowicz equation in general relativity with arbitrary mean curvature.
Effects of Coulomb collisions on lower hybrid drift waves inside a laboratory reconnection current sheet
Authors: Yoo Jongsoo , Hu Yibo , Ji Jeong-Young , Ji Hantao , Yamada Masaaki , Goodman Aaron , Bergstedt Kendra , Fox William , Alt Andrew
Published: February 2022

We have developed a local, linear theoretical model for lower hybrid drift waves that can be used for plasmas in the weakly collisional regime. Two cases with typical plasma and field parameters for the current sheet of the magnetic reconnection experiment have been studied. For a case with a low electron beta (βe=0.25, high guide field case), the quasi-electrostatic lower hybrid drift wave is unstable, while the electromagnetic lower hybrid drift wave has a positive growth rate for a high-βe case (βe=8.9, low guide field case). For both cases, including the effects of Coulomb collisions reduces the growth rate but collisional impacts on the dispersion and growth rate are limited (≲20%).
Partnership for eXtreme Xtallography (PX2)—A state-of-the-art experimental facility for extreme-conditions crystallography: A case study of pressure-induced phase transition in natural ilvaite
Authors: Xu Jingui , Zhang Dongzhou , Tkachev Sergey N. , Dera Przemyslaw K.
Published: February 2022

Single-crystal x-ray diffraction (SCXRD) is an important tool to study the crystal structure and phase transitions of crystalline materials at elevated pressures. The Partnership for eXtreme Xtallography (PX2) program at the GSECARS 13-BM-C beamline of the Advanced Photon Source aims to provide state-of-the-art experimental capabilities to determine the crystal structures of materials under extreme conditions using SCXRD. PX2 provides a focused x-ray beam (12 × 18 µm2) at a monochromatic energy of 28.6 keV. High-pressure SCXRD experiments are performed with a six-circle diffractometer and a Pilatus3 photon-counting detector, facilitated by a membrane system for remote pressure control and an online ruby fluorescence system for pressure determination. The efficient, high-quality crystal structure determination at PX2 is exemplified by a study of pressure-induced phase transitions in natural ilvaite [CaFe2+2Fe3+Si2O7O(OH), P21/a space group]. Two phase transitions are observed at high pressure. The SCXRD data confirm the already-known ilvaite-I (P21/a) → ilvaite-II (Pnam) transformation at 0.4(1) GPa, and, a further phase transition is found to occur at 22.8(2) GPa where ilvaite-II transforms into ilvaite-III (P21/a). The crystal structure of the ilvaite-III is solved and refined in the P21/a space group. In addition to the ilvaite-I → ilvaite-II → ilvaite-III phase transitions, two minor structural modifications are observed as discontinuities in the evolution of the FeO6 polyhedral geometries with pressure, which are likely associated with magnetic transitions.
High-heat flux ball-pen probe head in ASDEX-Upgrade
Authors: Grenfell G. , Adamek J. , Komm M. , Brida D. , Conway G. D. , Manz P. , Tolias P. , Eich T. , Sestak D. , Herrmann A. , Nishizawa T. , Stroth U. ,   ASDEX Upgrade Team
Published: February 2022

A new high heat flux ball-pen probe head installed on the midplane manipulator is currently being used in ASDEX-Upgrade (AUG). The probe was designed to withstand high heat fluxes making possible the investigation of the plasma edge under harsh conditions, such as low power H-mode. Composed of seven pins (four Langmuir probes, mounted in two Mach probe pairs, and three ball-pen probes), the new probe head allows us to measure several plasma parameters simultaneously and with high temporal resolution. A novel method to correct the sheath potential dynamically accounting for the total secondary electron emission is introduced together with applications to obtain the electron temperature and plasma potential profiles. The total secondary electron emission yield is obtained from particle in cell simulations in AUG condition and probe realistic impact angle with respect to the magnetic field. Finally, the probe capability to investigate turbulence around the separatrix of AUG is discussed.
Demonstration of DC Kerr effect induced high nonlinear susceptibility in silicon rich amorphous silicon carbide
Authors: Chang Li-Yang Sunny , Nejadriahi Hani , Pappert Steve , Yu Paul K. L.
Published: February 2022

In this study, we demonstrate the DC Kerr effect in plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition silicon rich amorphous silicon carbide (a-SiC). Using the resonance shift of the transmission spectra of a ring resonator, we experimentally extract the third order nonlinear susceptibility χ3 to be 6.90×10−19 m2/V2, which is estimated to be more than six times higher than previous reported values in stoichiometric a-SiC. The corresponding induced second order nonlinear susceptibility χ2 of 44.9 pm/V is also three times higher than the reported value in silicon and silicon rich nitride utilizing the DC Kerr effect. The high nonlinearity makes silicon rich a-SiC a good materials candidate for nonlinear photonic applications.
Optimizations of CFETR steady state H-mode scenario with localized reversed shear enhanced internal transport barrier
Authors: Zhou Cheng-Xi , Chen Jia-Le , Chan Vincent , Jian Xiang , Zhuang Ge
Published: February 2022

Both a fully noninductive steady state operation scenario and a hybrid scenario with fusion power ∼ 1 GW and fusion gain >10 are being considered to fulfill the mission of a Chinese fusion engineering testing reactor. Compared to the hybrid scenario, plasma current is generally lower in steady state operation, so that better confinement and stabilization of MHD instability introduced by higher normalized beta (possibly beyond the ideal MHD limit without a wall) are required to achieve the same fusion performance. Integrated modeling is used to find candidate scenarios to match both these requirements at the same time. By creating a localized strong reversed magnetic shear using radio frequency wave driven current, a strong off-axis internal transport barrier is formed, so that the target fusion power and fusion gain are achieved for Chinese fusion engineering testing reactor steady state operation. Further optimizing the location of the reversed magnetic shear by modifying radio frequency wave launch parameters can keep the normalized beta below the ideal MHD no-wall limit while the fusion power remains beyond 1 GW. Based on this finding, several combinations of heating and current drives are proposed with fusion gain close to 12.5.
Hysteresis-free Ga2O3 solar-blind phototransistor modulated from photoconduction to photogating effect
Authors: Tan Pengju , Zou Yanni , Zhao Xiaolong , Hou Xiaohu , Zhang Zhongfang , Ding Mengfan , Yu Shunjie , Ma Xiaolan , Xu Guangwei , Hu Qin , Long Shibing
Published: February 2022

High tunability of photoresponse characteristics under work conditions is desired for a single solar-blind photodetector to be applied in multifarious fields. Three-terminal metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect phototransistors have shown excellent controllability of performance, but the hysteresis issue impedes their stable operation. In this work, the metal–semiconductor field-effect phototransistor based on the exfoliated Ga2O3 microflake and graphene thin film is demonstrated. The high-quality quasi-van der Waals interface between Ga2O3 and graphene eliminates the hysteresis issue and generates a subthreshold swing as low as 69.4 mV/dec. By regulating gate voltage (Vg), the dominated mechanism of photocurrent generation in the device can be tuned continuously from the fast photoconduction effect to photogating effect with high photogain. Accordingly, the responsivity, dark current, detectivity, rejection ratio, and decay time of the device can be well adjusted by the Vg. At Vg = −1 V and a source to drain voltage of 2 V, the device shows excellent performance with a responsivity of 2.82 × 103 A/W, a rejection ratio of 5.88 × 105, and a detectivity of 2.67 × 1015 Jones under 254 nm illumination. This work shows the possibility of realizing highly tunable solar-blind photodetectors to meet the requirements for different application fields by introducing gate voltage modulation.
Non-destructive imaging of residual strains in GaN and their effect on optical and electrical properties using correlative light–electron microscopy
Authors: Naresh-Kumar G. , Edwards P. R. , Batten T. , Nouf-Allehiani M. , Vilalta-Clemente A. , Wilkinson A. J. , Le Boulbar E. , Shields P. A. , Starosta B. , Hourahine B. , Martin R. W. , Trager-Cowan C.
Published: February 2022

We demonstrate a non-destructive approach to understanding the growth modes of a GaN thin film and simultaneously quantify its residual strains and their effect on optical and electrical properties using correlative scanning electron microscopy techniques and Raman microscopy. Coincident strain maps derived from electron backscatter diffraction, cathodoluminescence, and confocal Raman techniques reveal strain variations with similar magnitude and directions, especially in the proximity of dislocations. Correlating confocal Raman imaging with electron channeling contrast imaging suggests that the dislocations organize themselves to form a distinctive pattern as a result of the underlying growth mask, where some of them align along the [0001] growth direction and some are inclined. The methodology presented in this work can be adopted to investigate any heteroepitaxial growth, in particular, those using selective masks on the growth substrates, where the morphology influences the subsequent growth.
Electron transport in a collisional plasma with multiple ion species in the presence of a magnetic field
Authors: Simakov Andrei N.
Published: February 2022

The classical work of Braginskii [Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 33, 459 (1957)] published almost 65 years ago was the first to provide a complete, closed fluid description of a weakly coupled, fully ionized, collisional plasma immersed in a magnetic field. While this fact is not widely known or appreciated, the Braginskii expressions for the electron transport coefficients can under- or overestimate the said coefficients by up to a factor of two for the electron Hall parameter of order unity (with the Hall parameter being proportional to the electron gyro-frequency over the electron–ion collision frequency) and can provide incorrect Hall-parameter scalings for its large values. Starting with the work of Epperlein and Haines [Phys. Fluids 29, 1029 (1986)], several papers attempted to correct the Braginskii electron results with varying degrees of success. Herein, we present our own effort with a hope to finally put this problem to rest.
Hydrodynamic benefits of pectoral fins in a self-propelled flexible plate
Authors: Mao Qian , Zhao Jiazhen , Liu Yingzheng , Sung Hyung Jin
Published: February 2022

The hydrodynamic benefits of fixed and flapping pectoral fins were explored using the penalty immersed boundary method. A self-propelled flexible plate was realized in the present study, where a clamped leading edge of the flexible plate was forced into a prescribed harmonic oscillation in the spanwise direction but was free to move in the horizontal direction. The body and pectoral fins of a fish were modeled using a flexible plate and two rigid/flexible plates. Simulations without the pectoral fins were also performed for comparison. The pressure distributions and vortical structures around the plate were visualized to characterize the hydrodynamic roles of the pectoral fins. The vortices generated by the pectoral fins increase the pressure difference between the upper and lower sides of the plate, resulting in an enhancement of both the cruising speed (10.5%) and thrust. The horizontally flapping pectoral fins with low flapping frequency enhance the propulsive efficiency rather than the fixed pectoral fins. The flexible flapping fins enhance the cruising speed rather than the rigid flapping fins. In addition, the presence of one flapping fin on one side of the flexible plate induces asymmetrical heaving of the flexible plate and increases the lateral forces, which might help fish achieve turning and maintain balance in perturbed flows.
Effects of aspect ratio on the hydrodynamics of a self-propelled flexible plate near the ground
Authors: Zhao Jiazhen , Mao Qian , Pan Guang , Huang QiaoGao , Jin Sung Hyung
Published: February 2022

The hydrodynamics of a three-dimensional self-propelled flexible plate near the ground was explored using the penalty immersed boundary method. A self-propelled flexible plate was realized by enforcing a prescribed harmonic oscillation in the vertical direction but allowing the plate to move freely in the horizontal direction. The gap distance (g) from the ground is a key parameter governing the propulsive performance. A strong vortex is generated by interaction of the plate with the ground, which leads to an increase in the cruising speed. For comparison, two-dimensional simulations near the ground were also performed. The aspect ratio (AR=L/W) affects the cruising performance, where L and W are the length and width of the plate, respectively. Vortical structures (ωx and ωz) were visualized to characterize the effects of the AR and g on the performance of a self-propelled flexible plate. The cruising speed near the ground was 49.4% greater than the cruising speed far from the ground for AR = 2.0. A scaling relation was formulated to represent the effects of the AR and g on the locomotion of a self-propelled flexible plate.
High throughput tabletop shock techniques and measurements
Authors: Li Fabing , Dlott Dana D.
Published: February 2022

Although shock experiments are traditionally performed in large facilities, tabletop experiments that provide convenient high-throughput shock testing have been growing in importance. Here, we describe tabletop experiments using a shock compression microscope that features a pulsed 0–6 km/s laser flyer plate launcher and a photon Doppler velocimeter. We also describe methods to mass-produce flyer plates and targets to achieve high throughput. We explain how to condition a laser beam to launch flyers that provide reproducible short-rise time impacts with minimal tilt, and we present a number of applications including measuring shock propagation in nanoporous media, a simple way to describe shock wave energy absorption, the use of photoemissive probes such as organic dyes or quantum dots to study shocked inhomogeneous media, the development of an apparatus to measure optical absorption in shocked media, methods to study and measure the temperature of shocked energetic materials in the form of plastic-bonded explosives and in a form that allows us to observe hot spots in real time, and studies of the shocked interface between a metal fuel and a ceramic oxidizer. Finally, a brief perspective is presented describing new possibilities for future research of a diverse set of applications including the chemistry of shocked water and biological systems, dense plasmas, and the use of laser-launched flyer plates as surrogates for hypersonic vehicles.
Combined zinc and selenium biofortification in field peas under Mediterranean conditions
Authors: Reynolds-Marzal Maria D. , Rivera-Martín Angélica M. , Pinheiro Nuno M. , Rodrigo Sara M. , Santamaria Oscar , Poblaciones Maria J.
Published: February 2022

The intake of zinc (Zn) and selenium (Se), two essential micronutrients, is deficient worldwide both in humans and in livestock. This deficiency could be alleviated through agronomic biofortification, a practice that increases their concentrations in edible parts through mineral application. The aim of the present study was to evaluate in a 2-year field experiment (2017/18, 2018/19) the suitability of field peas to increase Zn and Se grain concentration after soil Zn application (50 kg Zn ha−1; no Zn) and foliar application (0; 10 g Se ha−1; 8 kg Zn ha−1; 10 g Se ha−1 + 8 kg Zn ha−1). Zinc bioavailability (estimated by the molar ratio phytate/mineral), grain yield, thousand grain weight, grain crude protein and mineral status (magnesium, calcium and iron) of the grain were also evaluated by following a split-split plot design. For biofortification purposes, the combined foliar application of Zn (8 kg Zn ha−1) and Se (10 g Se ha−1) increased Zn and Se concentrations in grain by around 30% and 73%, respectively, as well as Zn bioavailability, decreasing the molar ratio phytate/Zn by 30%. The additional soil application of 50 kg Zn ha−1 increased grain yield by 16%. Other nutritional parameters, such as content of protein or other essential minerals, were also improved (or at least not negatively affected) by the combined application of Zn and Se. All of these aspects evidenced the suitability of field peas for use in biofortification programmes through the simultaneous application of Zn and Se, which might also cheapen application costs.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
DNA repair helicase UvrD1 is activated by redox-dependent dimerization via a 2B domain cysteine
Authors: Chadda Ankita , Jensen Drake , Tomko Eric J. , Ruiz Manzano Ana , Nguyen Binh , Lohman Timothy M. , Galburt Eric A.
Published: February 2022

Significance

Mycobacterium tuberculosis
(
Mtb
) is an intracellular pathogen that causes tuberculosis and is exposed to oxidative insults from immune system macrophages.
Mtb
UvrD1 plays a role in DNA repair during infection and has been suggested to function as a monomer. However, we find that UvrD1 can self-assemble, the balance between monomer and dimer depends on redox potential via a cysteine residue in the regulatory 2B domain, and unwinding activity is uniquely a property of the dimer. Our results provide direct evidence of the domain interface in these ubiquitous enzymes, reveal a subfamily of UvrD-like enzymes regulated by redox potential, and suggest that
Mt
b UvrD1 is activated by the oxidative conditions imposed during infection.
Discourse Structuring Markers in English
Authors: Traugott Elizabeth Closs
Published: February 2022

This book is a contribution to the growing field of diachronic construction grammar. Focus is on corpus evidence for the importance of including conventionalized pragmatics within construction grammar and suggestions for how to do so. The empirical domain is the development of Discourse Structuring Markers in English such as after all, also, all the same, by the way, further and moreover (also known as Discourse Markers). The term Discourse Structuring Markers highlights their use not only to connect discourse segments but also to shape discourse coherence and understanding. Monofunctional Discourse Structuring Markers like further, instead, moreover are distinguished from multifunctional ones like after all and by the way. Drawing on usage-based work on constructionalization and constructional changes, the book is in three parts: foundational concepts, case studies, and currently open issues in diachronic construction grammar. These open issues are how to incorporate the concepts subjectification and intersubjectification into a constructional account of change, whether position in a clause is a construction, and the nature of constructional networks and how they change.
French ne … que exceptives in prepositional contexts
Authors: Authier Jean-Marc , Reed Lisa A.
Published: February 2022

A common assumption in the literature is that French (ne) … que exceptives cannot appear inside a prepositional phrase. In this chapter we examine in some detail three contexts that counterexemplify this generalization. We show that in all cases, the data are consistent with the relatively recent hypothesis that (ne) … que exceptives contain a silent n-word (O’Neill 2011; Homer 2015; Authier & Reed 2019; Authier 2020). We also demonstrate that whenever an exceptive appears within a prepositional phrase, it is unable to take sentential scope. We provide three pieces of evidence that support this conclusion. First, PP-internal exceptives go hand in hand with the obligatory absence of the (optional) sentential negative scope marker ne. Second, PP-internal exceptives, unlike their PP-external counterparts, are unable to scope over modals in the clause in which they appear. Third, PP-internal exceptives, unlike their PP-external counterparts, do not license negative concord readings when they co-occur with a clause-mate n-word. These properties reveal the existence of a novel constraint that is not easily subsumed under existing theories of scope. That is, it seems that the combination of an exceptive’s quantificational component (i.e., its n-word) with its association with focus property is such that any PP that contains it acts as a scope island.
English Rock and Pop Performances
Authors: Jansen Lisa
Published: February 2022

This book addresses the phenomenon of non-American rock and pop singers emulating an Americanized singing style for performance purposes. By taking a novel approach to this pop cultural trend and drawing attention to the audience, British and American students’ perceptions of English rock and pop performances were elicited. Interviews guided by various music clips were conducted and analyzed through a detailed qualitative content analysis. The interviewees' responses provide important insights into social meanings attached to Americanized voices and local British accents in the respective genres and show how British and American attitudes toward these performance accents differ. These perceptions and attitudes are illustrated by developing associative fields which offer a fresh view on the notion of indexicalities.
An engaging folk linguistic investigation of a relatable everyday pop culture phenomenon, this book makes complex sociolinguistic phenomena easily approachable and qualitative research accessible. It is suitable for intermediate students onward and inspires further research projects in the field of language performances.
Zum Stand der Erfassung und Erschließung des Wortschatzes der nordfriesischen Sprache der Inseln Föhr und Amrum
Authors: Århammar Nils
Published: February 2022

It is a great pleasure for me to be able to contribute this exhaustive presentation of the Fering-Öömrang lexicography, and partly also its lexicology, to this volume in honour of Jarich Hoekstra. During my time in Groningen, I had the privilege of introducing Jarich to North Frisian dialectology, and during the last two decades he has been the director of the Nordfriesische Wörterbuchstelle at the University of Kiel, sharing my special interest in Fering-Öömrang and also Halunder, the closely related Insular North Frisian dialect of Heligoland. In the final chapter two major lexicological projects are outlined, taking into account a recently published comprehensive etymological dictionary of the Frisian adjectives.
De “Burmania”-sprekwurden. Meitsjen, sammeljen en útjaan
Authors: Breuker Philippus
Published: February 2022

The so-called “Burmania” – proverbs have come down to us in two versions, as a manuscript from 1614 and as a printed edition from 1641. The former must be a copy. The blueprint is from about 1610, possibly from Sibrandus Siccama. The author must have had an older collection of proverbs at his disposal, probably compiled around 1540–1550. A non-native speaker who learned Frisian at the time, or who had already done so, edited the edition from 1641, modernising the Frisian from 1614 in a consistent manner. As editor, Johannes Arcerius comes to mind. He lived in the place where the book was printed, he wrote a Frisian akin to that of 1641, and in 1662 he seemingly had at his disposal the manuscript from 1614, or its blueprint from about 1610. At the time there was a certain interest in Frisian, which commercially benefitted this edition of Frisian proverbs.
Addenda zum Etymologischen Wörterbuch der friesischen Adjektiva, Teil II
Authors: Faltings Volkert F.
Published: February 2022

The Etymologisches Wörterbuch der friesischen Adjektiva was published in 2010. Due, however, to the complicated linguistic situation in North Frisia, and as the result of further research into hitherto uncharted lexicographic material, further adjectives have been discovered which need to be similarly subjected to an etymological analysis. This article provides a second supplement with such analyses.
#hokerbeest
Authors: Heyen Hauke
Published: February 2022

In small language communities like that of North Frisian, the limited communicative range of the small language is a major obstacle when it comes to computer mediated communication in social media networks. Although completely genuine Frisian content is rarely published in public postings on the Instagram network, users do use Frisian language hashtags. This paper shows how different types of hashtags can be classified and argues that the majority of Frisian hashtags will most likely appear in non-Frisian postings.
Two notes on the Old Frisian Version of ‘The Fifteen Days before Doomsday’
Authors: Stiles Patrick V.
Published: February 2022

It is suggested that the text of Day 10 of the Old Frisian Version of ‘The Fifteen Days before Doomsday’ be understood not as saying the world reverts to its state before the Creator made it, but when He made it. This entails a reinterpretation of the form er in the clause in question. In Day 14, the word dāthon ‘dead ones’ is problematic, because the medial consonantism -th- is not immediately reconcilable with the accepted interpretation as the substantivized adjective dād (we expect medial -d-). A solution is provided by the extinct modern East Frisian dialect of the island of Wangerooge (which is closely related to the Riostring dialect of the Old Frisian text). It attests the lexeme dooeTH (m.) ‘der Todte, die Leiche’. Assuming such a form existed already in Old Frisian solves the problem.
Flexible actuator by electric bending of saline solution-filled carbon nanotubes
Authors: Gao Xiang , Zhang Fujian , Hu Xinghao , Zhang Zhongqiang
Published: February 2022

As a two-phase hybrid material, liquid-filled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) provide a great opportunity to design dexterous flexible nano-manipulator actuated by electric field. Here, we report a group of saline solution-filled CNTs with the end constraint can realize 360° all-round bending in a suitable electric field. The molecular dynamics (MD) simulation results show that saline solution-filled CNTs can be bent under the axial-lateral compound electric field, whereas the bending deflection increases with the increase of salinity, CNTs length and electric intensity. The deformation mechanism of saline solution-filled CNTs under the electric field is clarified by exploring the movement and distribution of salt ions in CNTs under the axial electric field. Moreover, based on the bending deformation characteristics of saline solution-filled CNTs, the MD simulations for the two-finger and four-finger nano grippers grasping diamond balls are carried out to demonstrate the micromanipulation functions of saline solution-filled CNTs. The findings will provide an important theoretical basis for the design and application of micromanipulation devices based on low dimensional carbon materials.
The role of different types of dopants in 1.3 μm InAs/GaAs quantum-dot lasers
Authors: Deng Huiwen , Jarvis Lydia , Li Zhibo , Liu Zizhuo , Tang Mingchu , Li Keshuang , Yang Junjie , Maglio Benjamin , Shutts Samuel , Yu Jiawang , Wang Lingfang , Chen Siming , Jin Chaoyuan , Seeds Alwyn , Liu Huiyun , Smowton Peter M
Published: February 2022

The performance of O-band InAs/GaAs quantum-dot (QD) lasers grown by molecular beam epitaxy with three different doping strategies in the active region are investigated for a temperature range of 17 °C–97 °C. The lasing performance indicates that the n-type doping technique reduced the threshold current density of InAs QD lasers across the full temperature range and narrowed the near field lasing spot. However, for short-cavity lasers, the n-type doped laser switches from ground-state to excited-state lasing at a lower temperature compared to undoped and p-type modulation-doped lasers. In contrast, the p-type modulation-doped lasers have a reduced threshold current density for higher temperatures and for shorter lasers with cavity lengths of 1 mm and below.
Conservation of currents in reduced full-F electromagnetic kinetic and fluid models
Authors: Gerrú R , Wiesenberger M , Held M , Nielsen A H , Naulin V , Rasmussen J J , Järleblad H
Published: February 2022

In this paper, we present an analysis of the conservation of currents in a full-F electromagnetic gyro-kinetic model in the long-wavelength limit. This equation corresponds to what is usually called the ‘vorticity equation’, which is not strictly correct as it cannot be formulated as the curl of a velocity equation. In the paper, we will therefore use the term ‘current conservation equation’ instead. Our results are relevant to reduced plasma descriptions like gyro-kinetic, drift-kinetic, gyro-fluid and drift-fluid models for tokamaks and stellarators. The equation describes the change of the polarization charge density (often called ‘vorticity’) in terms of the polarization stress due to the

E
×
B
 

flow, external sources and three currents: the parallel current, the curvature current and a current related to the magnetic field fluctuations. We compare this equation with previous drift- and gyro-fluid equations and find general agreement, except in the vorticity source terms where previous drift-fluid models fail to capture the heating and density sources. We discuss the role of currents in the dynamics of diamagnetic and

E
×
B
 

flow shear. The possible connection between these currents with phenomena observed in experiments that influence the radial electric field in the edge of tokamak plasmas, like resonant magnetic perturbations, and different magnetic field configurations and shapes, is presented.