bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization of electro-mechanical response in novel carbon fiber composite materials
Authors: Sherman Riley , Chalivendra Vijaya , Hall Asha , Haile Mulugeta , Nataraj Latha , Coatney Michael , Kim Yong
Published: March 2019

A comprehensive experimental parametric study is performed to investigate the electro-mechanical response of novel three-dimensional conductive multi-functional carbon/epoxy composite materials. Three-dimensional conductive network is generated by embedding multi-wall carbon nanotubes in the epoxy matrix and reinforcing short carbon fibers between the carbon fabric laminates. An open mold compression method is utilized to fabricate the composite materials. Wet electro-up-flocking technology is employed to reinforce 150-µm and 350-µm length carbon fibers vertically at varying densities (500, 1000, 1500, 2000 fibers/mm2) between each laminate to analyze the effects these parameters have on electrical resistivity, tensile properties, and electro-mechanical response to quasi-static tensile loading. A high-resolution four-point circumferential ring probe is used to obtain electrical measurements. The resistivity of the composites having 150 µm flocked carbon fibers did not show significant change with increase in flock density; however, composites of 350-µm length carbon fibers showed a clear decrease in resistivity by a factor of 10 when the flock density increased from 500 to 2000 fibers/mm2. The electro-mechanical response of composites without short carbon fibers is inconsistent and jagged compared to that of flocked composites. The composites having 350-µm long carbon fibers showed a longer duration of initially decreasing resistance due to the applied tensile load when compared to that of 150 µm flocked carbon fibers. However, composites with no short carbon fibers registered maximum value of percentage change in resistance at the break point of tensile loading.
The Impact of a Complement-Based Assortment Organization on Purchases
Authors: Sarantopoulos Panagiotis , Theotokis Aristeidis , Pramatari Katerina , Roggeveen Anne L.
Published: March 2019

This article examines whether and why organizing product categories according to the consumption goal they serve (i.e., complement-based assortment organization) may increase purchases compared with organizing product categories according to their attributes or physical characteristics (i.e., substitute-based assortment organization). Across two field experiments, a virtual reality experiment, and a lab experiment, the authors show that a complement-based assortment organization, compared with a substitute-based assortment organization, leads to increased numbers of purchases and increased expenditures. Ease of visualization of the consumption process mediates the results. The impact of the complement-based organization on purchases is more pronounced for less involved consumers and for consumers with a less specific shopping goal. These findings have both theoretical and practical implications.
State Governance Beyond the ‘Shadow of Hierarchy’: A social mechanisms perspective on governmental CSR policies
Authors: Schneider Anselm , Scherer Andreas Georg
Published: March 2019

The extent to which state authorities can regulate the externalities and the behaviour of multinational corporations (MNCs) is limited. This is especially true when MNCs operate in or do business with fragile states that lack the willingness and/or resources to effectively and legitimately regulate businesses. However, MNCs often engage in private regulation to remedy some of the problems that unregulated business behaviour creates. In this article we examine what limits the effectiveness and legitimacy of the contributions made by MNCs to global governance. We explore the mechanisms that state authorities in functioning states can use to overcome these barriers as well as the boundary conditions of these mechanisms at both company and government levels. We provide a framework for governmental CSR policies and describe the ways in which functioning states engage in governance beyond the ‘shadow of hierarchy’ and directly or indirectly influence business conduct beyond the territory in which their legal regulations can be enforced.
Impact of Auditor and Underwriter Reputation on Underpricing of SME IPOs in India
Authors: Arora Nischay , Singh Balwinder
Published: March 2019

Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) being relatively new, young and with little operating history tends to suffer from the problem of information asymmetry and ex ante uncertainty. This problem can be reduced through the use of various signals in the initial public offering (IPO) process. Hence, this study attempts to shed some light on the signalling role of prestigious auditors and underwriters and their interacted effects on IPO returns in an emerging market like India. Cross-sectional data comprising of final 286 SME IPOs issued during February 2012–March 2018 listed on the BSE SME platform and NSE EMERGE have been taken into consideration. Multiple regression analysis has been used to empirically test the signalling role. The results reveal that underwriter reputation helps in reducing information asymmetry and signals firm quality to investors. Underwriter reputation documents a positive relationship while auditor reputation lacks statistical significance. The negative relation of interaction effect of auditors and underwriters reveal that underwriter reputation plays a significant role in positively influencing investors’ perception and assisting them in taking investment decisions.
Safe cross-clamp time using Custodiol®–histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate cardioplegia in the adult
Authors: Gatti Giuseppe , Rauber Elisabetta , Forti Gabriella , Benussi Bernardo , Gabrielli Marco , Gripari Carla , Gustin Gianfranco , Pappalardo Aniello
Published: March 2019

Introduction:

Safe cross-clamp time using single-dose Custodiol®–histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate cardioplegia has not been established conclusively.

Methods:

Immediate post-operative outcomes of 1,420 non-consecutive, cardiac surgery patients were reviewed retrospectively. Predictors of a combined endpoint made of in-hospital mortality and any major complication post-surgery were found with the multivariable method. Analysis of variance was used to evaluate the impact of cross-clamp time on most relevant complications. Discriminatory power and cut-off value of cross-clamp time were established for in-hospital mortality and each of the major complications (receiver operating characteristic curve analysis). A comparative analysis (with propensity matching) with multidose cold blood cardioplegia on in-hospital mortality post-surgery was performed in non-coronary surgery patients.

Results:

Coronary, aortic valve and mitral valve surgery and surgery on thoracic aorta were performed in 45.4%, 41.9%, 49.5%, 20.6% of cases, respectively. In-hospital mortality and the rate of any major complication post-surgery were 6.5% and 41.9%, respectively. Cross-clamp time had significant impact on in-hospital mortality and almost all major post-operative complications, except neurological dysfunctions (p = 0.084), myocardial infarction (p = 0.12) and mesenteric ischaemia (p = 0.85). Areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve and the optimal cut-off values for in-hospital mortality and any major complication were of 0.657, 0.594, >140 and >127 minutes, respectively. Comorbidities-adjusted odds ratio for any major complication of cross-clamp time <127 minutes was 1.86 (p < 0.0001). Despite similar in-hospital mortality (p = 0.57), there was an earlier significant increase of mortality in Custodiol–HTK than in multidose cold blood propensity-matched, non-coronary surgery patients.

Conclusions:

The use of Custodiol–HTK cardioplegia is associated with a low risk of serious post-operative complications provided that cross-clamp time is of 2 hours or less.
Cardiac Pathology and Genomics of Sudden Death in Racehorses From New York and Maryland Racetracks
Authors: Molesan Alex , Wang Minghui , Sun Qi , Pierce Virginia , Desideri Rhiannon , Palmer Scott , Todhunter Rory , Kelly Kathleen
Published: March 2019

Postmortem evaluation of racehorses has focused primarily on musculoskeletal injuries; however, horses also die suddenly on the track (sudden death [SD]). Although cardiac conditions are frequently suspected as a cause of death, SD racehorses are often autopsy negative; however, previous studies have been limited due to inconsistent or insufficient cardiac sampling and lack of controls. SD in New York (NY) and Maryland (MD) racehorses was evaluated in an observational case vs control study comparing clinical information, postmortem evaluation including cardiac dissection, and cardiac conduction system histopathology. In the study period, there were 40 cases of SD. In NY, SD occurred in 12% (37/316) of submissions, and 36 (11%) cases of SD were exercise associated (EASD); 3 EASD cases occurred in MD. In NY/MD EASD cases with histologic examination of the heart, 11 of 36 (31%) had significant lesions, including mesenteric artery rupture (1), axial trauma (2), systemic inflammation (2), pulmonary hemorrhage (1), and cardiac disease (5). Mild myocardial fibrosis, mild inflammation, coronary arteriosclerosis, and variation in cardiac nodal connective tissue were present in both SD cases and controls and thus were not considered to be causes of SD. While not excluding a genetic basis for SD, analysis of the genotypes (GGP Equine 70 K Array) of cases and controls did not reveal significant differences in allele frequencies at any locus. Most SD racehorses were autopsy negative; further research using standardized protocols and controls is needed to understand the underlying causes of SD, which is crucial to protecting the viability of racing.
Cognitive Interviewing to Improve Questionnaires for Justice-Involved Youth
Authors: Silva Jason R. , Fera Beth , Sudula Susruta , Koetzle Deborah , Schwalbe Craig
Published: March 2019

This study demonstrates the utility of cognitive interviewing for survey and scale development in criminal justice research and identifies common comprehension problems with survey items for justice-involved youth. A cognitive interviewing strategy was utilized with a sample of youth who completed a survey examining risk factors for recidivism. A content analysis of interviews was used to identify patterns and to classify the nature and type of comprehension issues youth experienced. Five specific comprehension issues were identified including reading comprehension, item ambiguity, precondition binds, double-barreled questions, and double negatives. Findings illustrate the value of cognitive interviewing for pretesting survey items for justice-involved youth and provide further insight into issues surrounding word choice, question structure, and response sets. Results also point to the need to reassess the validity of established scales used in contemporary studies. Limitations of the current study and implications for future research are discussed.
Genetics of cluster headache
Authors: Gibson Kate F , Santos Anita Dos , Lund Nunu , Jensen Rigmor , Stylianou Ioannis M
Published: March 2019

Background

Cluster headache is the most severe primary headache disorder. A genetic basis has long been suggested by family and twin studies; however, little is understood about the genetic variants that contribute to cluster headache susceptibility.

Methods

We conducted a literature search of the MEDLINE database using the PubMed search engine to identify all human genetic studies for cluster headache. In this article we provide a review of those genetic studies, along with an overview of the pathophysiology of cluster headache and a brief review of migraine genetics, which have both been significant drivers of cluster headache candidate gene selection.

Results

The investigation of cluster headache genetic etiology has been dominated by candidate gene studies. Candidate selection has largely been driven by the pathophysiology, such as the striking rhythmic nature of the attacks, which spurred close examination of the circadian rhythm genes CLOCK and HCRTR2. More recently, unbiased genetic approaches such as genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have yielded new genetic avenues of interest including ADCYAP1R1 and MME.

Conclusions

The majority of candidate genes studied for cluster headache suffer from poor reproducibility. Broader genetic interrogation through larger unbiased GWAS, exome, and whole genome studies may provide more robust candidates, and in turn provide a clearer understanding of the causes of cluster headache.
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles using Vehicle Usage Data Collected in Shanghai, China
Authors: Xia Yan , Yang Jie , Liu Zhiyuan , Dong Jing
Published: March 2019

This paper investigates the economic viability of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) in Shanghai, China based on a real-world in-use PHEV dataset. To quantify PHEV drivers’ gross profit compared with internal combustion engine vehicle (ICEV) owners, a total cost of ownership (TCO) model is adopted taking account of vehicle retail price, tax credits, subsidies, insurance, maintenance, energy prices, and resale value. The impact of the determinants for gross profit are examined in relation to vehicle distance traveled (VDT) electrically, gasoline price, electricity price, and car-buying cost. It is found that: (1) only 10% of the deployment of PHEVs (i.e., BYD Qin) is economically viable if the benefit from a free license plate is exempt; (2) the 100-kilometer gross profit of PHEVs increases linearly with the electric driving distance, while the saving of energy cost per kilometer decreases with the total VDT; (3) PHEVs’ profit could be significantly improved by reducing the car-buying cost—a decrease of 10% in car-buying cost makes 80% of the PHEV deployment feasible; and (4) if switching the daytime charges to off-peak hours, 50% of the PHEV deployment will become feasible.
Estimating the magnitude of the food loss and waste generated in Brazil
Authors: Dal’ Magro Glenio Piran , Talamini Edson
Published: March 2019

The current global food production is enough to meet the caloric needs of the 7 billion individuals. On the other hand, 821 million people are currently malnourished. Living on a planet with this contradiction should lead to more effective actions in combating food insecurity. Food loss and waste contribute to this scenario, both in the economic sphere and in the use of inputs such as water, energy and work for the production process, and greenhouse gases emissions. The lack of data and a precise method of quantification should not prevent the producing countries and food suppliers, such as Brazil, from quantifying their food loss and waste. Through a methodology used by Oelofse and Nahman, we performed an exercise in quantifying FLW in the Brazilian food supply chain. Thus, an improved understanding of this topic can be initiated. An annual average of loss and waste of 82,200 tons was identified between the years 2007 and 2013. This represents 42% of the average national food supply for the period. The average amount of loss and waste were 427 kg/inhabitant/year. The edible portion corresponds to 327 kg/inhabitant/year. Specific studies that quantify and detail the loss and waste of food by the productive chain are necessary to assist in the resolution of this problem.
Escalator or Step Stool? Gendered Labor and Token Processes in Tech Work
Authors: Alegria Sharla
Published: March 2019

Gender scholars use the metaphor of the “glass escalator” to describe a tendency for men in women-dominated workplaces to be promoted into supervisory positions. More recently, scholars, including the metaphor’s original author, critique the glass escalator metaphor for not addressing the intersections of gender with other relevant identities or the ways that work has changed in the twenty-first century. I apply an intersectional lens to understand how gender and race shape women’s career paths in tech work, where twenty-first century changes to the organization of workplaces are common. I build on theories of raced and gendered labor and the glass escalator to make sense of women’s careers in a contemporary field dominated by men. I find some evidence that white women, but not women of color, experience something similar to a “glass escalator” where they are promoted into management, but those promotions are a smaller step up—more step stool than escalator. These promotions move women out of technical positions and towards business and management, releasing engineering teams from the pressure to fully incorporate women.
INR Management of an Antiphospholipid Syndrome Patient With Point-of-Care INR Testing
Authors: Dush Aaron , Erdeljac H. Paige
Published: March 2019

Management of patients with antiphospholipid syndrome on warfarin therapy can be challenging. The international normalized ratio (INR) of patients with antiphospholipid syndrome can be falsely elevated. This elevation is thought to be reflective of the reaction of the antiphospholipid antibody with the thromboplastin used to measure the protime. This false elevation can be seen in both venipuncture and point-of-care results. This discrepancy is usually more apparent in patients with whose INR is tested using point of care. As a result, there is a preference for venipuncture INR testing in most patients with antiphospholipid syndrome requiring warfarin therapy. In our case, we highlight one patient who we correlated her venipuncture INR with point-of-care INR as well as a chromogenic factor X level in order to manage her INR by point-of-care INR testing.
Effects of endwall profiling near the blade leading edge on the sealing effectiveness of turbine rim seal
Authors: Shuxian Cheng , Zhigang Li , Jun Li
Published: March 2019

Endwall profiling designed to reduce secondary flow loss may change the local pressure distribution which has an impact on the sealing effectiveness of a rim seal. This paper presents a numerical comparison of the sealing effectiveness of the rim seal and the aerodynamic performance of the blade with five different endwall profiling near the blade leading edge. Three-dimensional unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) equations coupled with a fully developed shear stress transport (SST) turbulent model are utilized to investigate the sealing effectiveness and the flow characteristics of turbine rim seal. The numerical method for the pressure field and sealing performance of turbine rim seal is validated on the basis of published experimental data. The total-to-static efficiency of the blade and the minimum sealing rates of the rim seal with five endwall profiling near blade leading edge are compared. The baseline, convex and concave cases are selected to investigate the transient variation of the sealing effectiveness and the flow field in the disc cavity. In comparison with baseline case, the convex endwall makes the high pressure area move forward, increases the mainstream circumferential pressure fluctuation, and reduces the sealing effectiveness. The concave endwall reduces the local pressure and the mainstream circumferential pressure fluctuation, and increases the sealing effectiveness. However, the concave endwall profiling enhances the vortex in the blade passage and increases the secondary flow loss. The flow field near the rim seal with different endwall profiling is illustrated and analyzed.
The impact of climate and land-use changes on the most southerly fir forests (Abies pinsapo) in Europe
Authors: Alba-Sánchez Francisca , López-Sáez José Antonio , Abel-Schaad Daniel , Sabariego Ruiz Silvia , Pérez-Díaz Sebastián , González-Hernández Antonio , Linares Juan Carlos
Published: March 2019

Current knowledge of climate change effects on forest ecology and species conservation should be linked to understanding of the past-time. Abies pinsapo forests constitute a model of an endangered ecosystem, highly vulnerable to ongoing warming, whose populations have been declining for centuries, while the drivers of this local depletion trend remain poorly understood. We hypothesized that long-term disturbances, both human- and natural-induced, have shaped A. pinsapo forests, contributing to these decline processes. Until today, studies using fossil pollen record to identify past climate impacts and land-use changes on A. pinsapo populations have not been done. Here, we investigate forests’ dynamics since the late Holocene (1180 cal. AD to present) in Southern Iberian Peninsula from a fossil pollen record by comparing the results obtained with climate fluctuations and land-uses changes. The pollen sequence shows a phase of stability during the Islamic Period (~1180–1400 cal. AD; ‘Medieval Climate Anomaly’), followed by increasing degradation at Christian Period concurrent with ‘Little Ice Age’ (LIA) (ca. 1487–1530 cal. AD). The Modern Period (1530–1800 cal. AD; LIA) is linked to intensive forest management, related to the naval industry. Afterwards, a progressive reduction is recorded during the Contemporary Age period (‘Industrial Period’) until ‘Recent Warming’. In short, historical severe forest management coupled with increasing aridity since LIA appear to influence A. pinsapo forest current species composition and poor structural diversity. These disturbances might be limiting the resilience of A. pinsapo forests under a climate change scenario. A selected forest management could promote a more complex forest structure.
Using a Serious Game to Train Violence Risk Assessment and Management Skills
Authors: Mason Jonathan , Loader Krystelle
Published: March 2019

Background. Staff in healthcare and human services settings are frequently exposed to interpersonal violence and challenging behaviour that requires competence in assessing and managing the associated risks. The pressure to adequately manage these risks can result in high levels of workplace stress.

Intervention. Students and workers face many barriers to receiving practical training in risk assessment and management, and serious gaming has shown promise as a method of learning in a realistic, experiential, and safe environment. This study examined whether a serious game was an effective and engaging method for training people to assess and manage challenging behaviours, compared to a traditional mode of learning.

Method. The 78 participants in this quasi-experimental study were divided into a serious game condition and a traditional learning condition. Participants were scored on their acquired knowledge across five categories and surveyed on their level of engagement in the learning method.

Results. Results demonstrated no significant differences between learning conditions on acquired knowledge, and significantly higher levels of engagement in the serious game condition.

Conclusion. Serious games may offer an effective way of teaching risk assessment and management skills to novice healthcare professionals. As an engaging, cost-effective, authentic, flexible, and self-directed learning method, the advantages of utilising serious gaming as a training tool in healthcare and human services are substantial.
“We Are Powerful People”: Health-Promoting Strengths of LGBTQ Communities of Color
Authors: Hudson Kimberly D. , Romanelli Meghan
Published: March 2019

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) communities of color experience intersecting systems of oppression that limit access to health care, safety, and other basic resources. Important research has documented these disparities, their antecedents, and consequences. However, little research has examined the strengths of multiply marginalized LGBTQ communities. Drawing from a health equity framework, this study is based on interviews with 38 LGBTQ-identified people of color in New York City. We used framework analysis to examine participants’ perspectives on the role of community in enhancing health and well-being. Community strengths identified by participants included (a) safety, acceptance, and support; (b) interconnectedness and resource sharing; and (c) advocacy, collective action, and community potential. Recommendations for policy, practice, and future research are suggested, including efforts toward community power building.
Waiting to Vote in the 2016 Presidential Election: Evidence from a Multi-county Study
Authors: Stein Robert M. , Mann Christopher , Stewart Charles , Birenbaum Zachary , Fung Anson , Greenberg Jed , Kawsar Farhan , Alberda Gayle , Alvarez R. Michael , Atkeson Lonna , Beaulieu Emily , Birkhead Nathaniel A. , Boehmke Frederick J. , Boston Joshua , Burden Barry C. , Cantu Francisco , Cobb Rachael , Darmofal David , Ellington Thomas C. , Fine Terri Susan , Finocchiaro Charles J. , Gilbert Michael D. , Haynes Victor , Janssen Brian , Kimball David , Kromkowski Charles , Llaudet Elena , Mayer Kenneth R. , Miles Matthew R. , Miller David , Nielson Lindsay , Ouyang Yu , Panagopoulos Costas , Reeves Andrew , Seo Min Hee , Simmons Haley , Smidt Corwin , Stone Farrah M. , VanSickle-Ward Rachel , Victor Jennifer Nicoll , Wood Abby , Wronski Julie
Published: March 2019

This paper is the result of a nationwide study of polling place dynamics in the 2016 presidential election. Research teams, recruited from local colleges and universities and located in twenty-eight election jurisdictions across the United States, observed and timed voters as they entered the queue at their respective polling places and then voted. We report results about four specific polling place operations and practices: the length of the check-in line, the number of voters leaving the check-in line once they have joined it, the time for a voter to check in to vote (i.e., verify voter’s identification and obtain a ballot), and the time to complete a ballot. Long lines, waiting times, and times to vote are closely related to time of day (mornings are busiest for polling places). We found the recent adoption of photographic voter identification (ID) requirements to have a disparate effect on the time to check in among white and nonwhite polling places. In majority-white polling places, scanning a voter’s driver’s license speeds up the check-in process. In majority nonwhite polling locations, the effect of strict voter ID requirements increases time to check in, albeit modestly.
Biomechanical Comparison of Suture-External Button Fixation vs Internal Suspension Fixation for Tendon Transfers of the Feet
Authors: Pathy Rubini , Sturnick Daniel R. , Blanco John S. , Dodwell Emily R. , Scher David M.
Published: March 2019

Background:

Fixation of tendon transfers in pediatric feet typically involves passing a suture that is secured to a tendon, through an intraosseous tunnel, and tying it over an external button on the plantar foot, with appropriate tension. After adequate time is allowed for bone-tendon healing, the suture and button are removed. This construct can be complicated by suture breakage with loss of fixation, and/or skin ulceration under the button. Internal suspension systems of tendons and ligaments in adults have demonstrated excellent fixation strength and minimal intraosseous tunnel displacement, with no risk of skin ulceration and no need for suture and button removal. This study compared the biomechanical properties of the suture-external button and internal suspension fixation techniques in cadavers. The primary outcome and secondary outcomes were displacement of suture-fixation construct during dynamic loading, and static loading, respectively.

Methods:

Nine adult cadaver feet were obtained. Both the external button and internal suspension techniques were tested once in each cadaver, in random order. Relative displacement of the fixation construct within the bone tunnel was recorded with video capture during dynamic and static loading. A custom Matlab script processed video and materials testing data. Static and cyclic displacements were analyzed between fixation groups using a paired t test (alpha value =0.05).

Results:

Internal suspension fixation had significantly less mean displacement of the tendon within the bone tunnel than the external button technique during dynamic (0.3 mm internal suspension system, 0.7 mm external button, P = .0115) and static loading (0.4 mm internal suspension system, 2.2 mm external button, P = .0019).

Conclusions:

Internal suspension systems may provide superior fixation compared to the traditional external button for tendon transfers, with the added benefit of avoiding the risk of skin ulceration and the need for suture and button removal.

Clinical Relevance:

It appears internal suspension method of tendon transfer fixation would be an acceptable alternative to traditional methods of fixation with an external button.
The Treatment Intensity of Anticoagulant Therapy for Patients With Sepsis-Induced Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation and Outcomes: A Multicenter Cohort Study
Authors: Kudo Daisuke , Hayakawa Mineji , Iijima Hiroaki , Yamakawa Kazuma , Saito Shinjiro , Uchino Shigehiko , Iizuka Yusuke , Sanui Masamitsu , Takimoto Kohei , Mayumi Toshihiko ,   JSEPTIC DIC Study Investigators
Published: March 2019

We examined the institutional variations in anticoagulation therapy for sepsis-induced disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and their effects on patient outcomes. This post hoc analysis of a cohort study included 3195 patients with severe sepsis across 42 intensive care units. To evaluate differences in the intensity of anticoagulation therapy, the proportion of patients receiving anticoagulation therapy and the total number of patients with sepsis-induced DIC were compared. Predicted in-hospital mortality for each patient was calculated using logistic regression analysis. To evaluate survival outcomes, the actual/mean predicted in-hospital mortality ratio in each institution was calculated. Thirty-eight institutions with 2897 patients were included. Twenty-five institutions treated 60% to 100% (high-intensity institutions), while the rest treated 0% to 50% (low-intensity institutions) of patients with sepsis-induced DIC having anticoagulant therapy. Every 10-unit increase in the intensity of anticoagulant therapy was associated with lower in-hospital mortality (odds ratio: 0.904). A higher number of high-intensity institutions (compared to low-intensity institutions) had lower in-hospital mortality and fewer bleeding events than predicted. In conclusion, institutional variations existed in the use of anticoagulation therapy in patients with sepsis-induced DIC. High-intensity anticoagulation therapy was associated with better outcomes.
Television News Repertoires, Exposure Diversity, and Voting Behavior in the 2016 U.S. Election
Authors: Ksiazek Thomas B. , Kim Su Jung , Malthouse Edward C.
Published: March 2019

This study explores the television news repertoires and voting behaviors of American citizens in the 2016 U.S. election. The results reveal notably different repertoires, some defined by ideologically driven selective exposure, others defined by political interest selective exposure (preference/disinterest in the news), and others that are seemingly neutral. In turn, both total news exposure and exposure diversity positively predict voter turnout, with exposure diversity demonstrating the stronger effect. Moreover, there was a clear relationship between exposure to partisan news media and voting in that respective party’s primary election.
Moving Beyond “Insider or Outsider”: The Ethnographic Challenges of Researching Elite Sport Facilities in New Zealand
Authors: Kerr Roslyn , Sturm Damion
Published: March 2019

Recently, several researchers have highlighted the difficulty with the binary terms “insider–outsider” within qualitative research. We similarly critique the insider/outsider binary in this article, but offer an alternative by utilizing Bourdieu’s theoretical concepts of capital, habitus, and field to compare two researcher’s ethnographic accounts of researching sports facilities in New Zealand. One of the ethnographers, D.S., describes himself as closer to an outsider than an insider in the context of the velodrome he was examining, while R.K. describes herself as an insider in the field of gymnastics. Through comparing their accounts, we show how the language of insider/outsider can be limiting. Instead, we argue that Bourdieu’s framework provides a more nuanced account of researcher positionality that moves beyond the insider/outsider binary, while affording insights into the reflexive and fluid researcher performances that shape the ethnographically researched field.
Baseline characteristics of arm vessels by preoperative duplex ultrasonography in Korean patients for hemodialysis vascular access
Authors: Cho Minji , Kim Jung Sun , Cho Sungsin , Cho Won Pyo , Choi Chanjoong , Ahn Sanghyun , Min Sang-il , Ha Jongwon , Min Seung-Kee
Published: March 2019

Background:

Preoperative mapping with duplex ultrasonography is crucial for successful vascular access creation for hemodialysis. The aims of this study are to assess the baseline characteristics of arm vessels by preoperative duplex ultrasonography in Korean patients, to find out a preoperative duplex ultrasonography parameter precluding distal arteriovenous fistula creation, to assess the maturation failure rate of arteriovenous fistulas, and to identify associated risk factors.

Methods:

Preoperative duplex ultrasonography mapping for vascular access creation was done in all patients with end-stage renal diseases during the year 2015. The baseline data of duplex ultrasonography were retrospectively analyzed with follow-up clinical data.

Results:

A total of 299 end-stage renal disease patients (mean age = 62 years, 62% male) were included. On preoperative duplex ultrasonography, mean diameters of radial artery and cephalic vein at wrist were 2.03 and 2.40 mm in the non-dominant arm and 2.10 and 2.26 mm in the dominant arm, respectively. The most common reason for precluding radial-cephalic arteriovenous fistula at wrist was small-sized cephalic vein. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the risk factors for inadequate vessels were warfarin treatment, old age (⩾75 years), and peripheral arterial occlusive disease. The rate of arteriovenous fistula maturation failure was 21% and vein diameter <2.5 mm was the only risk factor for arteriovenous fistula maturation failure by multivariate logistic regression analysis.

Conclusion:

Preoperative duplex ultrasonography evaluation is important to find out inadequate vessels for native arteriovenous fistula and to determine the location of vascular access.
Nail Changes in Sézary Syndrome: A Single-Center Study and Review of the Literature
Authors: Damasco Fabiana M. , Geskin Larisa J. , Akilov Oleg E.
Published: March 2019

Background:

The onychodystrophies associated with Sézary syndrome (SzS) have rarely been described in the literature. We performed a retrospective analysis of SzS patients at a single institution and compared our data with previous publications.

Objectives:

The objectives of this study were to identify and describe the most frequent nail alterations in patients with SzS.

Methods:

A retrospective analysis was performed with some prospective observations at the University of Pittsburgh from 1989 to 2017.

Results:

We identified 54 patients with SzS out of 535 patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Nineteen patients with SzS had photos of their nail. All those patients exhibited some type of onychodystrophy. The most common types were paronychia (63.2%; 12/19), leukonychia (42.1%; 8/19), onycholysis (42.1%; 8/19), trachyonychia (31.6%; 6/19), and subungual hyperkeratosis (26.3; 5/19). Cluster analysis of our data in comparison with published data on the psoriatic nails indicated that while leukonychia, onycholysis, subungual hyperkeratosis, and nail discoloration were frequently observed in psoriasis, onychauxis, anonychia, distal notching, and onychoschizia occurred more commonly in patients with SzS.

Conclusions:

The most common nail manifestations in SzS patients included paronychia, leukonychia, and onycholysis. The nail manifestations in SzS patients appeared to be heterogeneous, while onychauxis, anonychia, distal notching, and onychoschizia seem to be specific to SzS in comparison with psoriasis.
Research of Biological Dose Conversion Platform Based on a Modified Linear Quadratic Model
Authors: Dai Li yan , Huang Ren hua , Zhou Yun , Gu Heng le , Wang Yong bin , Yang Ching chong Jack , Xu Xin , Ye Ming , Bai Yong rui , Liu Yu long , Li Xiao bo , Ma Xiu mei
Published: March 2019

The study aimed to develop a novel dose conversion platform by improving linear-quadratic (LQ) model to more accurately describe radiation response for high fraction/acute doses. This article modified the LQ model via piecewise fitting the biological dose curve using different fractionated dose and optimizing the consistency between mathematical model and experimental data to gain a more reasonable transform. That mathematical development of the LQ model further amended certain deviations of various cell curves with high doses and implied the rationality of the present model at low dose range. The modified biologically effective dose model that solved the dilemma of inaccurate LQ model had been used in comparing between hypofractionated and conventional fractioned dose. It has been verified that the calculated values are similar in the treatment of same efficacy, no matter what α/β is, and provided a more rational explanation for significant differences among various hypofractionations. The equivalent uniform dose based on the subsection function could represent arbitrary inhomogeneous dose distributions including high-dose fractions, providing a foundation for the implementation of detailed evaluation of different cell dose effects.
Effects of axial impact load on the dynamics of an oilwell drillstring
Authors: Tang Liping , Zhu Xiaohua , Lin Hongzhi
Published: March 2019

This article studies the dynamics of oilwell drillstring under large and small axial impact loads. For the case of large impact load, the drillstring is regarded as a continuous bar under the impact load of a falling mass, and the energy conservation method is implemented. A sensitivity analysis is conducted to investigate the effect of cross-sectional area of the drill string on the impact stress. Results show that the design of drillstring with different cross-sectional areas is not a suitable method. In order to understand the effect of high-frequency small axial impact (applied from percussion tools or downhole generators) on the drillstring vibration, a mechanical model in which the drillstring is regarded as a 2-degree-of-freedom system under a harmonic force is developed. Sensitivity analysis on the effects of impact generator placement and impact frequency on drillstring dynamics are conducted. Results show that the impact generator should be installed near the drill bit and that high frequency is recommended to be used.
Underwater digital elevation map gridding method based on optimal partition of suitable matching area
Authors: Rupeng Wang , Ye Li , Teng Ma , Zheng Cong , Yusen Gong
Published: March 2019

Global positioning system signal does not penetrate into the water volume, and autonomous underwater vehicle have to use the inertial navigation system that will cause an inevitable cumulative error. Terrain reference position can zero out the inertial navigation system error and have been widely used. To improve the positioning accuracy, the planning path of the underwater robot is required to pass through the suitable matching areas in the path planning stage. So, a gridding map is needed to quantify the suitability of the terrain and to partition the suitable matching area and the unsuitable matching area optimally. In this article, we will focus on the quantitative method of terrain suitability and the grid parameter solution method for optimal partition of suitable matching area. Finally, the validity of the algorithm is obtained using the ship borne data. The results show that in the low suitability blocks, the influence of measurement error on terrain reference position accuracy is higher than that in high suitability blocks. And the average of terrain reference position deviation obtained of the path passed through the high suitability area is 53.3% which is lower than that of the path passed through the low suitability area, and the standard deviation of the position deviation is reduced by 21.15%.
14th International Symposium on Thrombolysis, Thrombectomy and Acute Stroke Therapy: Proceedings and summary of discussions
Authors: Sheth Sunil A , Lopez-Rivera Victor , Lee Songmi , Savitz Sean I , Liebeskind David S , Grotta James C ,   for the Thrombolysis, Thrombectomy and Acute Stroke Therapy (TTST) group
Published: March 2019

The 14th International Symposium on Thrombolysis, Thrombectomy and Acute Stroke Therapy (TTST) took place in Houston, Texas on 21–22 October 2018. Attended by 150+ invited global experts, the objectives of TTST 2018 were to explore the changing landscape of acute ischemic stroke therapy and to address current controversies in thrombolysis and thrombectomy, including expanding access and systems of care with global relevance. This article summarizes the proceedings of TTST 2018. The key points of each session are listed below, the full text of presentations and discussion are available in the online supplement, and the full list of contributing authors appear in the Appendix at the end of this article.
Small vessel occlusion is a high-risk etiology for early recurrent stroke after transient ischemic attack
Authors: Ohara Tomoyuki , Uehara Toshiyuki , Sato Shoichiro , Hayakawa Mikito , Kimura Kazumi , Okada Yasushi , Hasegawa Yasuhiro , Tanahashi Norio , Suzuki Akifumi , Nakagawara Jyoji , Arii Kazumasa , Nagahiro Shinji , Ogasawara Kuniaki , Uchiyama Shinichiro , Matsumoto Masayasu , Iihara Koji , Toyoda Kazunori , Minematsu Kazuo ,   on Behalf of the PROMISE-TIA Study Investigators
Published: March 2019

Background

Recent prospective registration studies of transient ischemic attack in Western countries demonstrated that large artery atherosclerosis is the highest risk etiology for early stroke recurrence under urgent evaluation and treatment. On the other hand, some limited transient ischemic attack studies from East Asian countries showed transient ischemic attack patients due to small vessel occlusion were at a higher early stroke risk.

Aims

We aimed to assess the risk for early stroke in small vessel occlusion-transient ischemic attack patients in a Japanese large transient ischemic attack registry.

Methods

We analyzed the data of a prospective Japanese transient ischemic attack registry including 1320 transient ischemic attack patients within seven days after onset. Small vessel occlusion-transient ischemic attack was defined as the presence of lacunar transient ischemic attack syndrome, without other etiologies. The outcome measure was recurrent stroke within 30 days after transient ischemic attack. The predictors of 30-day recurrent stroke were estimated using the Cox proportional hazards model.

Results

The study population had a mean age of 69 ± 12 years and 470 were women. Recurrent stroke was observed in 61 patients (4.6%), and the highest rate was observed with small vessel occlusion-transient ischemic attack (7.8%), followed by large artery atherosclerosis (5.4%). In multivariate analysis, recurrent stroke was independently associated with small vessel occlusion-transient ischemic attack (hazard ratio (HR): 2.01, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.19–3.35), higher systolic blood pressure (HR: 1.18, 95% CI: 1.08–1.28), and presentation within 3 h after onset (HR: 2.21, 95% CI: 1.27–4.04). Furthermore, small vessel occlusion-transient ischemic attack with acute small deep infarct on diffusion-weighted imaging was a stronger predictor of recurrent stroke (HR: 4.87, 95% CI: 2.09–10.0).

Conclusion

Small vessel occlusion-transient ischemic attack, especially with acute small deep infarct, had a higher early stroke risk compared with other etiologies in Japanese transient ischemic attack patients who received early management.
The Visual Framing of ‘Failed’ States: Afro-Pessimism vs Afro-Optimism
Authors: Hellmann Olli
Published: March 2019

The ‘failed state’ frame equates the collapse of formal state institutions with violent anarchy and destructive chaos. By analysing newspaper imagery of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Somalia through a multi-method research design, this article shows that tabloid newspapers are significantly more likely to adopt the ‘failed state’ frame than broadsheet newspapers. Visual narratives in the latter, on the other hand, tend to shift the focus away from issues of violence and instability, emphasizing instead the ability of alternative forms of governance to organize social and economic life. Of wider significance, the article therefore also shows that tabloids feed Afro-pessimism discourses to a much greater extent than broadsheets, which visualize Africa in more positive terms.
Sun heated surfaces are an environmental hazard for young children
Authors: Choi YM , Chopra T , Smith D , Moulton S
Published: March 2019

Aims:

Children commonly sustain heat contact type burn injuries from sun heated surfaces during the summer months in hot, sunny climates. The aim of this study was to review the causes and outcomes in a series of heat contact type burns sustained by children who touched hot sun heated surfaces.

Methods:

A retrospective chart review was performed to identify all children who sustained burn injuries due to naturally heated surfaces and were treated between January 2012 and December 2017 at Children’s Hospital Colorado. Demographics of the subjects and clinical data regarding their burn injuries were collected.

Results:

A total of 58 children were identified over the study period, involving 118 burn wounds. The median age was 17 months (interquartile range = 14–23), and 33 were male (57%). Mean total body surface area (TBSA) was 1.4% (standard deviation = 1). A foot was the most commonly involved area, affecting 36 subjects (62%). The most common causes of these burn injuries were metal thresholds ( n = 7, 12%) and metal covers or lids ( n = 5, 9%) outside the home. The depth of the burn injury was partial thickness in 57 children (98%). The mean time to heal was 12 ± 6 days, and the majority of injuries occurred in June ( n = 28, 48%).

Conclusion:

Heat contact type burn injuries from sun heated surfaces commonly affect children ⩽2 years of age during the summer months, and the majority of these injuries occur around the home environment. They are preventable injuries, and this information should be used for prevention and education materials for parents and healthcare providers, who reside in hot, sunny climates.
Strengthening the founding values of the EU: The potential role of the Fundamental Rights Agency
Authors: Margaritis Konstantinos
Published: March 2019

The rule of law is one of the founding values of the EU, as indicated in Article 2 TEU. This provision recognises that the rule of law is a core value, inherent to liberal democracy, and one which characterised the Union and its member states long before the formal establishment of the EU by the Maastricht Treaty. However, several member states, most notably Poland and Hungary, seem to have placed this value in jeopardy, leading EU institutions to disagree on how to combat this problem and its political consequences. The aim of this article is to propose a solution that involves a rather neglected, yet certainly competent actor, the Fundamental Rights Agency. The outcome would be twofold: on the one hand, the rule of law would be vitally strengthened; on the other, the role of the Agency would be fortified in line with its scope.