bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neo-environmental determinism and agrarian ‘collapse’ in Andean prehistory
Authors: Erickson Clark L.
Published: February 2017

In early anthropology, environmental determinism was used to explain race, human demography, material culture, cultural variation and cultural change. As anthropological interpretation evolved, simplistic reductionist thinking was replaced with more complex socio-cultural explanations. Despite these theoretical advances,environmental determinism continues to be invoked to explain Andean prehistory.
Palaeolithic mollusc exploitation at Riparo Mochi (Balzi Rossi, Italy): food and ornaments from the Aurignacian through Epigravettian
Authors: Stiner Mary C.
Published: February 2017

This study considers exploitation of marine molluscs at Riparo Mochi (Italy) in cultural and ecological context. Five shell assemblages from this site represent the early Upper Palaeolithic (c. 36,000 BP) through Late Epigravettian (c. 9000 BP) periods. Taphonomic analysis reveals four kinds of shell debris: ornaments, food refuse, marine sponge inclusions, and land snails. While human foraging agendas at Riparo Mochi shifted over the five Palaeolithic phases, the kinds of marine shells favoured as ornaments remained nearly constant.
Prehistoric agricultural production on Easter Island (Rapa Nui), Chile
Authors: Stevenson Christopher M. , Wozniak Joan , Haoa Sonia
Published: February 2017

A survey of the Easter Island landscape has resulted in the recognition of numerous lithic mulched household gardens and fields. It is proposed that lithic mulching was a technological innovation introduced to enhance the moisture retention capacity of the excessively drained island soils, and was an innovation incorporated into élite managed field systems which arose in the early 15th century to meet the demands for surplus production.
Seeds of urbanism: palaeoethnobotany and the Indus Civilization
Authors: Weber Steven
Published: February 2017

Palaeoethnobotanical evidence reveals that there was increasing emphasis on greater varieties of species and cropping practices in the changing subsistence of the Indus civilization: agricultural intensification is discussed in relation to social and environmental changes.
Has Australia backdated the Human Revolution?
Authors: Stringer Chris
Published: February 2017

Australia has usually played a supporting role in the story of human evolution — regarded as a place at the edge of the inhabited world where modern humans arrived relatively late and then remained largely isolated from subsequent developments. However, new dates for a human burial at Mungo, New South Wales (Thorne et al. 1999) may not only force revision of views about the peopling of Australia, but also have a wider impact on ideas about modern human origins.
The curing of hides and skins in European prehistory
Authors: Groenman-van Waateringe W. , Kilian M. , van Londen H.
Published: February 2017

Leather, hide and fur were probably the preferred material for all kinds of equipment (tents, bags, pots and drinking vessels) and clothing in prehistory. It is therefore remarkable that our knowledge of this material is so restricted, and its survival even in suitable circumstances very limited. Palynological data and experimental methods attempt to explain this phenomenon.
The concept of affordance and GIS: a note on Llobera (1996)
Authors: Webster David S.
Published: February 2017

Llobera (1996) seeks to utilize the concept of affordance in his GIS study of Wessex linear ditches. Unfortunately, he does not seem fully to appreciate what is implied in the concept of affordance, nor the role that it plays within Gibson's theory of direct perception. I offer this short note as an addendum to Llobera's discussion of affordance and its uses with GIS.
Megamarsupial extinction: the carrying capacity argument
Authors: Webb R. Esmée
Published: February 2017

An ancient and contentious debate in prehistory (Owen 1846; Lyell 1863) asks if the megafauna of newly colonized worlds was exterminated by human hunting, or whether other factors, such as changing climate, were decisive. Debate on this issue remains lively in Australia, because its harsh environments surely posed problems for very large mammals. A starting-point for this fresh look at megafaunal extinction was Flannery's (1994) adoption of the ‘blitzkrieg’ hypothesis, in which humanly caused kill-off was so rapid it left no decisive archaeological traces.
Prehistoric land degradation in Hungary: who, how and why?
Authors: Willis K. J. , Sümegi P. , Braun M. , Bennett K. D. , Tóth A.
Published: February 2017

The recent study of Kis-Mohos Tó lake in Hungary reveals an important sequence of prehistoric landscape changes from the earliest land clearance to the early Middle Ages. The recognition of land degradation, through the application of new analytical methods, forms an important part of the discussion.
A settlement pattern study in northeast China: results and potential contributions of western theory and methods to Chinese archaeology
Authors: Shelach Gideon
Published: February 2017

Chinese scholarship well illustrates how research attitudes direct the spirit of research, and the tenor of the archaeological story which results. What happens when non-Chinese theory, approaches and field methods are brought to bear in a Chinese regional study?
A contextual approach to the interpretation of the early Bronze Age skeletons of the East Anglian Fens
Authors: Roberts Jo
Published: February 2017

The fenland peats of eastern England have produced some 36 prehistoric burials, whose distinctive associations place them into the early Bronze Age–just sufficient for pattern to be evident in their placing and character.
Celts, politics and motivation in archaeology
Authors: James Simon
Published: February 2017

Ruth & Vincent Megaw questioned the motivation behind the current critique of the use of the term ‘Celtic’ for the La Tène Iron Age in ANTIQUITY (1996: 175–81). They explained it is a nationalist reaction derived from insecurity about modern English identity. Here we have a reply to their paper, which rejects these interpretations.
Archaeology and nationalism in Guatemala at the time of independence
Authors: Mazariegos Oswaldo Chinchilla
Published: February 2017

Exploratory expeditions in 1834, sponsored by the newly independent state of Guatemala, researched on sites such as Copan, Iximche and Utatlan. The political, literary and social climate was such that a pre-Hispanic past was eagerly sought. This paper offers an intriguing insight into early Latin American archaeology.
Comparative studies in the presentation of archaeological sites
Authors: James N.
Published: February 2017

Nicholas James reports on a conference in South Korea in September 1997, which offers a useful insight into heritage presentation in eastern Asia.
Continuities and discontinuities: archaeology and ethnoarchaeology in the heart of the Eastern Bororo territory, Mato Grosso, Brazil
Authors: Wüst Irmhild
Published: February 2017

Bororo and cultural continuity

Cultural continuity and discontinuity is a fascinating issue in archaeological investigation, especially in regions where native populations are still present, as in the case of southeastern Mato Grosso. Since there is no necessary correlation between archaeological cultures and self-conscious ethnic groups (Hodder 1978; 1982; Jones 1997), research in areas where a link between ethnographically andlor ethnohistorically known groups and the archaeological record can be established presents a significant challenge for the study of processes involved in cultural continuities, ruptures, and the maintenance or abandonment of stylistic boundaries. This is especially true in a context of colonial impact on native populations, as in the case of the Bororo society.
‘The loss of innocence’ in historical perspective
Authors: Trigger Bruce G.
Published: February 2017

The dual tasks of this paper are to examine David Clarke’s ideas about the development of archaeology as they relate both to the era when ‘the loss of innocence’ was written and to what has happened since. In his treatment of the history of archaeology offered in that essay, Clarke subscribed to at least two of the key tenets of the behaviourist and utilitarian approaches that dominated the social sciences in the 1960s: neoevolutionism and ecological determinism.

Clarke viewed the development of archaeology as following a unilinear sequence of stages from consciousness through self-consciousness to critical self-consciousness. The first stage began with archaeology defining its subject matter and what archaeologists do. As its database and the procedures required for studying it became more elaborate, self-conscious archaeology emerged as a ‘series of divergent and selfreferencing regional schools … with regionally esteemed bodies of archaeological theory and locally preferred forms of description, interpretation and explanation’ (Clarke 1973: 7). At the stage of critical self-consciousness, regionalism was replaced by a conviction that ‘archaeologists hold most of their problems in common and share large areas of general theory within a single discipline’ (1973: 7). Archaeology was now defined by ‘the characteristic forms of its reasoning, the intrinsic nature of its knowledge and information, and its competing theories of concepts and their relationships’ (1973: 7). Clarke looked forward to a fourth (and ultimate?) phase of self-critical self-consciousncss, when the new archaeology would monitor and control its own development.
Public archaeology and prehistory in Sicily
Authors: Giannitrapani Enrico
Published: February 2017

We have invited an active prehistorian from Sicily to set two important events in context: the first conference on Sicilian prehistory held at Corleone and the important exhibition held in Palermo over the last year. Sicily is one of the richest regions of the world for archaeological remains and yet has not received the attention it deserves. This is especially true for prehistory, which has suffered from devaluation by ancient historians such as Moses Finley (1979: 13) — ‘… the Greek settlers found wives among the natives, and also a labour force. Other than that, however, the lasting effects of the pre-Greek populations would not seem to have been very significant’—and where it has often been assumed that everything of worth came from outside. Enrico Giannitrapani presents the emerging consciousness of Sicilians that their island was not founded by the Greeks.
The origins and dispersal of rice cultivation
Authors: Higham Charles , Lu Tracey L.-D.
Published: February 2017

Domesticated rice (Oryza sativa) is one of the five major crops in the world and a staple food for more than 30% of the world population. Yet the question of where, when, why and how the domestication of rice originated has been, and still is, a question under debate. However, as more archaeological and archaeobotanic discoveries have recently come to light, the question of the origin of rice cultivation now seems less elusive than it was a few decades ago. To date, both archaeological and archaeobotanic discoveries seem to indicate that rice cultivation first began in the middle Yangzi Valley by 8500–8000 years BP, and subsequently expanded to south China and Southeast Asia.
Investigations on the evolution of subsistence economy in the Qazvin Plain (Iran) from the Neolithic to the Iron Age
Authors: Mashkour M. , Fontugne M. , Hatte C.
Published: February 2017

Analysis of zooarchaeological data from three prehistoric sites on the Iranian plateau presents new details of economic strategies in this little-known region.
The Congress of Anthropology and Archaeology in Copenhagen 1869 — behind the stage
Authors: Wiell Stine
Published: February 2017

Archaeological meetings have always provided the essential forum for discussion of the discipline. The tradition goes back in Denmark over 130 years, and here Stine Wiell reviews how the important meetings in 19th-century Copenhagen and elsewhere had a major influence on archaeological perceptions in Europe.
The origins of French archaeology
Authors: Olivier Laurent
Published: February 2017

In contemporary scientific research, the most marked result of the last 30 years has been the development of a specifically American science and its emancipation from the old European intellectual heritage of the 19th century and the interwar period. This movement, marked in archaeology by the birth of the New Archaeology in the 1960s and 1970s, followed by the anti-processual reaction of the 1980s and 1990s, has been accompanied by a process of globalization of the archaeological discipline, leading to the unification of methods and theory. The birth of a world market dominated by the United States, characterized by mass consumption and the hegemony of the economic over the political, has imposed new practices of archaeology, which post-processual scholars have been quick to exploit.
Questions of epistemology and a working hypothesis about engravings of the 5th millennium in western France
Authors: Cassen Serge
Published: February 2017

‘When Mr Renaud, of Auray, during his 1811 excavation at the dolmen des Marchands in Lockmariaker, discovered engraved, previously unknown, characters, he made a discovery which none has effaced, in the prehistoric science of our western regions, that no one else, in our view, has even equalled, and which we shall appreciate more and more as new pages of this language of ancient times are revealed to us.’
A Levallois point embedded in the vertebra of a wild ass (Equus africanus): hafting, projectiles and Mousterian hunting weapons
Authors: Boëda Eric , Geneste J. M. , Griggo C. , Mercier N. , Muhesen S. , Reyss J. L. , Taha A. , Valladas H.
Published: February 2017

The hunting methods of the Neanderthals are rarely evident in detail in the archaeological record. Here, the rare and important discovery of a fragment of broken Levallois point, embedded in the neck-bones of a wild ass, provokes plenty of discussion of the methods of hafting and killing game in the Middle Palaeolithic of Syria.
A limestone landscape from the air: le Causse Méjean, Languedoc, France
Authors: Fowler Peter
Published: February 2017

Reconnaissance on the southern edge of the Massif Central is studying field evidence which deepens appreciation of the present-day upland French landscape as not only ‘sauvage’ but also the product of long-term use.
Dating the first New Zealanders: the chronology of Wairau Bar
Authors: Higham Thomas , Anderson Atholl , Jacomb Chris
Published: February 2017

The first colonization of New Zealand is a much debated issue. The lack of appropriate absolute dating has meant chronology has been poorly understood. New 14C dating of materials from archaic Polynesian graves and occupation levels provides important precision and understanding of early exploitation on New Zealand.
An ultra-low chronology of Iron Age Palestine
Authors: Hagens Graham
Published: February 2017

The dating of the complex historical events of Palestine, Syria and Egypt during the Iron Age have long occupied scholarly research. Here, a new scheme of dating is offered, which may help to remove gaps and anomalies in the sequence.
Rock art and rock music: Petroglyphs of the south Indian Neolithic
Authors: Boivin Nicole
Published: February 2017

The rock art of Kupgal, south India, represents an archive of images amassed over five millennia. The author works out a first sequence and shows how the Neolithic petroglyph site may have functioned in its landscape – as a ritual locality at which not only images but sound, performance and social relationships were all prominent.
The Tula Adze: manufacture and purpose
Authors: Moore Mark W.
Published: February 2017

Toolmakers in Queensland Australia used ingenious knapping techniques to produce an implement with a large bulb of percussion and a gouge-shaped cutting edge: the “gull-wing tula adze”. The author concludes that the tool results from a unique compromise between an inefficient knapping technique and a peculiar – but in this case desirable – phenomenon of fracture mechanics
The beginnings of Slavic settlement east of the river Elbe
Authors: Brather Sebastian
Published: February 2017

Did the Slavs invade eastern Europe and settle there? The traditional verdict of placename and historical studies is “yes – in the sixth century”, and the archaeological evidence once seemed to fit this model too. Now Sebastian Brather presents some new archaeological thinking about the area: the cultural zones represented by pottery and burial practice are different from each other and must have other causes than invasion by homogeneous cultural groups; while new dating of the hillforts places them in the late eighth to the tenth century. Welcome to an exciting new world of local cultural diversity …
Buried treasure at the British Museum: a view from abroad
Authors: Price Neil
Published: February 2017

Treasure seems to be a popular subject in Britain at the moment. The BBC was first out with the television series Hidden Treasure, controversially focussing on the monetary value of archaeological finds, to the predictable and appropriate dismay of archaeologists. The programme is supported by an accompanying book (Faulkner 2003) and website (www.bbc.co.uk/history/archaeology/treasure) that fortunately both take a more balanced view. A professional offering on the same subject appeared almost simultaneously, in the shape of a conference at the British Museum and what the same institution has described as the first major exhibition of national archaeology for fifteen years.
Birth and death: infant burials from Vlasac and Lepenski Vir
Authors: Borić Dušan , Stefanović Sofija
Published: February 2017

Why were infants buried beneath house-floors at the Mesolithic and early Neolithic site of Lepenski Vir? Undertaking a new analysis of the neonate remains at Vlasac and Lepenski Vir the authors reject the idea of sacrificial infanticide, and demonstrate a consistency of respect in these burials. They suggest that the deaths were mourned and the dead, like the living, were given protection by the houses they were buried in. The treatment of mothers and children suggests increasing social cohesion from the Mesolithic at Vlasac to the early Neolithic at Lepenski Vir.
The wounded roan: a contribution to the relation of hunting and trance in southern African rock art
Authors: Thackeray J. Francis
Published: February 2017

A 1934 photograph of a man dressed in an animal skin and a painting of three figures in a cave at Melikane, Lesotho led to a new hypothesis about the role of the roan antelope in both the economy and beliefs of early Africa. The author shows that not only art, but language too, may reach back to a time when the need for food first began to find expression in ritual.
The politics of supply: the Neolithic axe industry in Alpine Europe
Authors: Thirault Eric
Published: February 2017

By examining their rock sources and mode of manufacture, the author offers a new interpretation for the Neolithic polished axe blades found in the western Alpine region. The dominant examples were made from rock extracted on the Italian side of the Alps (eclogitic) and finished in workshops on the French side. These first appeared as large blades with symbolic status, as part of the Neolithic expansion in North Italy. By the middle Neolithic the blades were reduced in size, but enjoying their widest distribution, creating a cultural zone on the left bank of the Rhône, more than 200 km from their source. In the late Neolithic, although the zone of influence was still large, the eclogites in the Rhône Valley were giving way to more local rock sources and copper. The fluctuations in this supply are interpreted as reflecting the varied political relations of Alpine communities.
Ethnic identity and archaeology in the Black Sea region of Turkey
Authors: Erciyas D. Burcu
Published: February 2017

How has Turkey used archaeology to define itself and address political goals? How have these goals clashed with western Europeans in pursuit of the Hittites and ancient Greeks? The author analyses the context of her own work in the Black Sea coastal area of Turkey, and deconstructs its ethnic influences in the context of modern archaeology.
Khirigsuurs, ritual and mobility in the Bronze Age of Mongolia
Authors: Allard Francis , Erdenebaatar Diimaajav
Published: February 2017

The khirigsuurs are large and complex ritual sites that are major features in the landscape of Bronze Age Mongolia and represent considerable investment. The authors present recently investigated examples of this important class of monument, describe their attributes and offer preliminary deductions of the kind of society they imply – and whether it was truly nomadic.
Knowing when to consult the oracle at Delphi
Authors: Salt Alun , Boutsikas Efrosyni
Published: February 2017

The cities of Greece had their own calendars, so how did they all know when the god Apollo had returned from the northern realms and it was time to consult the oracle at Delphi? The authors show that the heliacal rising of the constellation Delphinus probably provided the annual marker, and that because of the mountains it appeared to rise a month later at Delphi than elsewhere, giving would-be visitors time to travel. The landscape of Delphi was itself instrumental in creating or enhancing the cosmology of Apollo.
Focus on Islam III: Archaeology and Islamic identities in Bahrain
Authors: Insoll Timothy
Published: February 2017

Exploring the archaeological correlates of Islam in Bahrain, the author finds that ‘Islamic identity’ is no singular condition: communities are diverse, exhibiting a culture that is rich, multicultural and complex.
New light on an ancient landscape: lidar survey in the Stonehenge World Heritage Site
Authors: Bewley R.H. , Crutchley S.P. , Shell C.A.
Published: February 2017

Lidar (Light Detection and Ranging), which has recently come into use for airborne environmental monitoring, is now beginning to find success in archaeological survey. Liaison between the Environment Agency and English Heritage has led to a lidar survey of the Stonehenge landscape, where new sites have been discovered, known ones extended and its potential as an important new tool for the management of archaeological landscapes is discussed for the first time. Lidar has the potential to radically transform our future understanding and management of the historic environment. The article by Devereux et al. (pages 648-660 of this volume) shows the technique applied to woodland.
Ras al Khaimah: further archaeological discoveries
Authors: De Cardi Beatrice
Published: February 2017

Ras a1 Khaimah is the most northerly of the seven states comprising the United Arab Emirates and its Ruler, H. H. Sheikh Saqr bin Mohammad al-Qasimi, is keenly interested in the history of the state and its people. Survey carried out there jointly with Dr D. B. Doe in 1968 had focused attention on the site of JuIfar which lies just north of the present town of Ras a1 Khaimah (de Cardi, 1971, 230-2). Julfar was in existence in Abbasid times and its importance as an entrep6t during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries-the Portuguese Period-is reflected by the quantity and variety of imported wares to be found among the ruins of the city. Most of the sites discovered during the survey dated from that period but a group of cairns near Ghalilah and some long gabled graves in the Shimal area to the north-east of the date-groves behind Ras a1 Khaimah (map, FIG. I) clearly represented a more distant past.
BIPARTITE SUBGRAPHS OF -FREE GRAPHS
Authors: ZENG QINGHOU , HOU JIANFENG
Published: February 2017

For a graph $G$, let $f(G)$ denote the maximum number of edges in a bipartite subgraph of $G$. For an integer $m$ and for a fixed graph $H$, let $f(m,H)$ denote the minimum possible cardinality of $f(G)$ as $G$ ranges over all graphs on $m$ edges that contain no copy of $H$. We give a general lower bound for $f(m,H)$ which extends a result of Erdős and Lovász and we study this function for any bipartite graph $H$ with maximum degree at most $t\geq 2$ on one side.
Long-term associations between inflammatory dietary scores in relation to long-term C-reactive protein status measured 12 years later: findings from the Supplémentation en Vitamines et Minéraux Antioxydants (SU.VI.MAX) cohort
Authors: Julia Chantal , Assmann Karen E. , Shivappa Nitin , Hebert James R. , Wirth Michael D. , Hercberg Serge , Touvier Mathilde , Kesse-Guyot Emmanuelle
Published: February 2017

Chronic low-grade inflammation has been recognised as a key underlying mechanism for several chronic diseases, including cancer and CVD. Nutrition represents a host of key modifiable factors that influence chronic inflammation. Dietary inflammatory scores were developed to assess the inflammatory potential of the diet and have been associated with inflammatory biomarkers in cross-sectional and short-term longitudinal studies. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between the dietary inflammatory index (DII), the alternate dietary inflammatory index (ADII) and long-term C-reactive protein (CRP). We also tested age as an effect modifier of this relationship. Participants were selected in the Supplémentation en Vitamines et Minéraux Antioxydants study, which included subjects aged 45–60 years old for men and 35–60 years old for women in 1994. Participants with ≥3 24-h dietary records at baseline and a CRP measurement at the 12-year follow-up evaluation were included in the present study (n 1980). The relationships between the DII and ADII and elevated CRP (>3 mg/l) were investigated using logistic multivariable regression. All analyses were stratified by age (cut-off at median age=50 years old). The overall associations between DII and ADII and long-term CRP were not statistically significant (Ptrend across tertiles=0·16 for DII and 0·10 for ADII). A quantitative interaction was found between ADII score and age (P=0·16 for ADII, 0·36 for DII). In stratified analyses the ADII was significantly prospectively associated with CRP only in younger participants: OR tertile 3 v. tertile 1: 1·79 (95 % CI 1·04, 3·07). Pro-inflammatory diets may have long-term effect on CRP only in younger subjects.
Soft drink consumption is associated with increased incidence of the metabolic syndrome only in women
Authors: Kang Yunjin , Kim Jihye
Published: February 2017

Prospective studies on the association between soft drink consumption and incident risk of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) have not been carried out in Asians. We explored the sex-specific association between soft drink consumption and incident risk of the MetS in Korean adults during 10 years of follow-up. A total of 5797 subjects who were free of the MetS at baseline were studied. Soft drink consumption was assessed using a semi-quantitative FFQ. Time-dependent Cox proportional hazard model was used to examine hazard ratios (HR) of incidence of the MetS and its components in relation to soft drink consumption. In women, the multivariable-adjusted HR for developing the MetS was 1·8-fold higher in frequent consumers of soft drinks (≥4 servings/week) compared with rare consumers (95 % CI 1·23, 2·64). The adjusted HR for elevated blood pressure increased by 2-fold (95 % CI 1·24, 3·14) and for hypertriacylglycerolaemia by 1·9-fold (95 % CI 1·19, 2·88) in frequent consumers of soft drinks compared with rare consumers. However, in men, there was no association between soft drink consumption and incident risk of the MetS or its components. Frequent soft drink consumption was associated with increased risk of developing the MetS and its components only in middle-aged Korean women, suggesting sex differences for the risk of the MetS related to diet.
Prospective association between consumption frequency of organic food and body weight change, risk of overweight or obesity: results from the NutriNet-Santé Study
Authors: Kesse-Guyot Emmanuelle , Baudry Julia , Assmann Karen E. , Galan Pilar , Hercberg Serge , Lairon Denis
Published: February 2017

A lower BMI has been reported among consumers of organic foods, but this relationship has never been examined in a prospective design study. Our aim was to prospectively investigate the association between frequency of organic food consumption and weight change. We analysed data from 62 224 participants of the NutriNet-Santé cohort (78 % women, mean age=45 years) with information on consumption frequency of organic foods, dietary intake and repeated anthropometric data. For sixteen products, participants reported their consumption frequency of labelled organic foods (never, occasionally, most of the time). An organic score (OS) with a maximum of thirty-two points was computed. The associations of the OS (modeled as quartiles (Q)) with change in BMI during follow-up (on average 3·1 years) and with the risk of overweight and obesity were estimated by ANCOVA and multivariable logistic regression. A lower BMI increase was observed across quartiles of the OS (mean difference Q4 v. Q1=−0·16 (95 % CI −0·32, −0·01). An increase in the OS was associated with a lower risk of overweight and obesity (among non-overweight and non-obese participants at inclusion): OR for Q4 v. Q1 were 0·77 (95 % CI 0·68, 0·86) and 0·69 (95 % CI 0·58, 0·82), respectively. Concerning obesity risk, the association was stronger among participants with higher adherence to nutritional guidelines. This study supports a strong protective role of consumption frequency of organic foods with regard to the risk of overweight and obesity that depends on overall dietary quality. Upon confirmation, these results may contribute to fine-tune nutritional guidelines by accounting for farming practices in food production.
Electoral Fraud or Violence: The Effect of Observers on Party Manipulation Strategies
Authors: Asunka Joseph , Brierley Sarah , Golden Miriam , Kramon Eric , Ofosu George
Published: February 2017

This article reports on the effects of domestic election observers on electoral fraud and violence. Using an experimental research design and polling station data on fraud and violence during Ghana’s 2012 elections, it shows that observers reduced fraud and violence at the polling stations which they monitored. It is argued that local electoral competition shapes party activists’ response to observers. As expected, in single-party dominant areas, parties used their local political networks to relocate fraud to polling stations without an election observer, and, in contrast, party activists relocated violence to stations without observers in competitive areas – a response that requires less local organizational capacity. This highlights how local party organization and electoral incentives can shape the manipulative electoral strategies employed by parties in democratic elections.
Brownian motion with quadratic killing and some implications
Authors: Wenocur Michael L.
Published: February 2017

Brownian motion subject to a quadratic killing rate and its connection with the Weibull distribution is analyzed. The distribution obtained for the process killing time significantly generalizes the Weibull. The derivation involves the use of the Karhunen–Loève expansion for Brownian motion, special function theory, and the calculus of residues.
Concepts of dispersion in distributions: a comparative note
Authors: Hickey Raymond J.
Published: February 2017

The Lewis-Thompson (L-T) approach to ordering distributions in terms of dispersion is compared to the dispersion ordering obtained from majorisation. For given conditions, L-T ordering is shown to be stronger than majorisation ordering. Dilation is considered in relation to majorisation ordering.
Tangential measure on the set of convex infinite cylinders
Authors: Molter Ursula Maria
Published: February 2017

We find a ‘natural' measure on the set of convex infinite cylinders touching a convex body K in En. Using the curvature measures, we can calculate the probability that a convex infinite cylinder and a convex body K are tangent in some previously determined regions. As a particular case we obtain a measure on all q-planes touching K.
On Langford’s Problem (II)
Authors: Davies Roy O.
Published: February 2017

The problem is to arrange the numbers 1, 1, 2, 2, …, n, n in a sequence (without gaps) in such a way that for r = 1, 2, …, n the two r’s are separated by exactly r places; for example

41312432.

Priday has shown in the preceding paper that for every n there exists either such a perfect sequence (as he calls it) or else a hooked sequence, with a gap one place from one end, for example

345131425*2.
The Problem Bureau
Authors: Garreau G. A.
Published: February 2017

The late Mr. A. S. Gosset Tanner conducted the Bureau for the Solution of Problems from 1928 almost up to the day of his death in 1953 and many members of the Association will remember with gratitude the help he gave so freely, and with undiminished vigour as the years went on. Mr Gosset Tanner kept files of solutions to the papers for scholarships in Mathematics at Cambridge colleges. These files have been kept up to date, and the solutions are available to any member of the Association who, after a genuine attempt to solve a problem, has failed or has a solution with which he is not satisfied.
Two Relativistic Paradoxes
Authors: Landsberg P. T.
Published: February 2017

It has been argued from time to time [1] that the special theory of relativity is suitable for first year undergraduates reading mathematics or physics at British Universities. The pedagogical value of this subject is considerable, since it introduces conceptual problems, whose solutions require clear thought, but only elementary mathematics. The teaching of this subject can therefore bring about a useful broadening in a student’s intellectual equipment.
Frederick Charles Boon 1875-1939
Authors: H. V. S.
Published: February 2017

Members of the Association will deeply regret to hear of the death of F C. Boon. Readers of the Gazette and members attending the Annual Meetings will not need to be told of the immense work he did for the Association, in his contributions to the Gazette, his part in discussions, the way he literally carried the London Branch as Secretary and as Chairman, his years of strenuous and fruitful service on the Teaching Committee. His stalwart defence of the so-called “duffer”, the essential soundness of his outlook, his fatherly treatment (the boys at Dulwich called him “Daddy Boon”), his patience and kindliness in debate, by these he was known.
Alfred Lodge
Authors: Tuckey C.O.
Published: February 2017

Alfred Lodge became a member of the A.I.G.T. in 1888, was Honorary Treasurer from 1891 to 1896, and first President of the Mathematical Association in 1897-1898. Until recently he was constant in his attendance at meetings of the Council; we shall not easily forget his keen interest in all the activities of the Association or the charm of his kindly manner. His first contribution to the Gazette appeared in No. 1; his last in No. 239.
Orthogonal Projection
Authors: Lodge A.
Published: February 2017

The object of the papers is to consider two modes of representing points and lines on a spherical surface by points and lines on a plane: one method being by orthogonal projection, and the other by stereographic projection. The authors consider that students of spherical trigonometry ought to be able to accurately draw any figure with which they may have to deal, using one or other of the above methods of projection. The following propositions indicate methods of solving the various problems which would arise in connection with such accurate drawing.
On Von Staudt’s Geometrie der Lage
Authors: Scott C. A.
Published: February 2017

It is far too much the custom now to rely on the analogy of algebra to justify the introduction of imaginaries into geometry. Analogy, however, is no justification unless we first prove the exact correspondence of the fields of investigation. In analytical geometry the identification of the two fields is permissible, and is easily explained; but in pure geometry any reference to algebra, expressed or implied, is irrelevant and misleading. The elements of pure geometry have no dependence on calculation.
Report of the Girls’ Schools Special Committee
Authors: Punnett Margaret
Published: February 2017

This Committee has met three times during the year, and the sub-committee appointed by it has met twice. It has elected as its Chairman, Miss Gwatkin, and as its Secretary, Miss Punnett. One member has been co-opted—Miss Waters of the Bromley County Secondary School.
Cubic Graphs of the Form y = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d
Authors: Lodge A.
Published: February 2017

The object of the paper is to call attention to some simple means of interpolating points in a cubic graph, and of indicating gradients without actual calculation.
Bordered Antilogarithms. Trigonometric Logarithms to Every two Minutes. Natural Functions on Three Pages. Tables of Exact Squares
Authors: Bryan G. H.
Published: February 2017

Although books of mathematical tables have appeared by the dozen in recent years, most of them show little or no evidence of originality in the matter of arrangement. One of the most common characteristics of such tables is that much space is taken up with unnecessary repetition, as when both logarithms and antilogarithms, squares and square roots, or sines and cosines of all circles from 0° to 90° are separately tabulated, while the information supplied in other directions is defective, as when logarithms of reciprocals are omitted and tables of squares fail to give the correct values of the squares of integers.
A Slipped Disc
Authors: M E. A.
Published: February 2017

An Editor who asks for comments deserves what he gets, though he may not always be able to take it. The problem of the “slipped disc”, raised originally by Miss W. M. Griffin (see The Mathematical Gazette, XLIV (1965), p. 389), has aroused a great deal of interest and several notes have been received, including one from Miss Griffin herself. In the present circumstances, however, when a good deal of material is being returned to authors through lack of space, it seems, regrettably, to be necessary to confine publication to one article, given below, which introduces an entirely new point of view. Thanks are due to all those who offered comments on an interesting but awkward problem.
On Differentials.
Authors: Picken D. K.
Published: February 2017

The article on “Differentials”, in the May Gazette—based on a discussion at the last Annual Meeting of the Association, and referring back to articles of July 1931 and February 1932 —has so clarified certain issues for the writer as to confirm a long-standing conviction that the standard definition of “differentials” is quite unsound, and that the view set out below (which he had developed in his own teaching ) is much truer to all the facts of the situation.
The Use of Signs in Geometry.
Authors: Mallison H. V
Published: February 2017

The idea of attaching signs to certain geometrical magnitudes such as lengths, angles and areas is fundamental in analytical geometry. It has its uses, too, in pure geometry in simplifying certain theorems and constructions. Many theorems, for instance, such as “ the area of a triangle is half that of a rectangle with the same base and height ”, or “ the angle subtended at the centre of a circle is double that at the circumference”, have to be proved differently for two or more figures, the word “ add ” being in some cases changed to “ subtract ”. In such theorems the one proof will suffice for any figure provided the proper interpretation is made of the signs of the magnitudes.
Note on the “Method of the Arithmetic Mean” as Applied to Rates of Increase
Authors: Bryan George H.
Published: February 2017

It is known to all students of physics that when a number of different observations have been made of the same constant quantity, the best result is, in general, obtained by taking the arithmetic mean of the observed values.

If the observed quantity instead of being constant is increasing at a uniform rate, and we require to determine this rate of increase, we should naturally expect that the proper course to follow would be to find the rates of increase of the quantity in successive equal intervals of time and take their arithmetic mean.
II—Expansion of Functions in General
Authors: Roseveare W. N.
Published: February 2017

To prove that if ƒ represents a function satisfying certain conditions for all values of the variable from a to a + x, then ƒ(a + x) can be expanded in powers of x.

Assume that, as in § I., where ƒ′ is another function which we call the derived function of ƒ.
From the Balkans to Baghdad (via Baltimore): Labor Migration and the Routes of Empire
Authors: Brown Keith
Published: February 2017

While scholars of the Balkans have frequently emphasized the importance of nationalism in the region, labor migration has long been a critical component of economic, social, and cultural life. In this article, Keith Brown examines the connections between two well-documented cases of the risks faced by long-distance migrants from the territory of the modern Republic of Macedonia, separated by a hundred years. Putting each case into its larger context—U.S. industrial expansion in the early 1900s, and U.S. military occupation in the early 2000s—Brown argues that the study of contemporary Macedonia demands attending to imperial and colonial histories that make clear the larger systems of power in which the country and its people have long been suspended.
On the Politics ofImidž: European Integration and the Trials of Recognition in Postconflict Macedonia
Authors: Graan Andrew
Published: February 2017

This article examines how a discourse on international image animated Macedonian politics following the country's 2001 conflict and how it reflected a broader cultural politics of European Union expansion. Contrasting with the continual deferral of recognition that characterized European integration in Macedonia, the Macedonian discourse on image(imidž)anchored a social imaginary where a national project of marketing could facilitate Macedonia's accession into the European Union and concretize its belonging to "Europe." The analysis developed here centers on the ambivalences in this discourse and the practices it authorized. By incorporating both orientalist distinctions and key concepts from the European Union's own process of integration, the discourse of imidž supported the neoliberal reform associated with Macedonia's postconflict restructuring and European integration. But the discourse on imidž also provided Macedonian political actors with an idiom in which to imagine, respond to, and capitalize on the larger political forces engendered by discursive constructs of Europe and the international community.
Conversing with Stalin, Surviving the Terror: The Diaries of Aleksandra Kollontai and the Internal Life of Politics
Authors: Farnsworth Beatrice
Published: February 2017

In this article, Beatrice Farnsworth suggests that Aleksandra Kollontai, Old Bolshevik, socialist-feminist, and former leader of the Workers' Opposition, survived Iosif Stalin's terror largely because in her effort to assure Stalin that she was no longer an oppositionist, she nurtured a friendly dynamic with him. Indeed, in their conversations, she pursued a gendered strategy of warm deference and flattery. Yet, while publicly serving the Soviet regime, even ingratiating herself with the party leadership, Kollontai, in diaries written for history, privately, and at risk to her life, mourned the regime's failure to develop "communist humanism." With their interlocking themes of emotion and personalities, her diaries not only provide insight into Kollontai's uncanny survival and the personal responses of an Old Bolshevik to political changes and people but offer a rare and intimate portrait of the internal life of Soviet politics at their highest level.
Comment: From Overlooking to Overestimating Russia's Authoritarianism?
Authors: Kotkin Stephen
Published: February 2017

Under Vladimir Putin, the Russian state turned out to be pretty adept at authoritarianism, and the voters have appreciated it. That, at any rate, is the broad upshot of these three articles.

Following what has seemed the dominant tendency in the Anglophone political science literature on contemporary Russia, Henry E. Hale and Timothy J. Colton examine not governance but elections. The two scholars confirm “arguments that Putin draws a great deal of vote-winning power from how people view his performance and that the economy is a large part of this.” Readers may have believed this before encountering this article (I did), but Hale and Colton demonstrate the point marshaling evidence.
Comment: On the Meaning of Genocide and Genocide Denial
Authors: Weitz Eric D.
Published: February 2017

Robert M. Hayden raises two very significant issues: He argues against laws that criminalize genocide denial, and he challenges the notion that a genocide occurred in Srebenica during the ex-Yugoslav wars of the early 1990s. Yet Hayden misreads the basis of the Hague Tribunal's genocide conviction in the Krstićcase and raises faulty comparisons in regard to limitations on free speech. The fundamental basis of the Tribunal's decision was that by killing seven to eight thousand Muslim men, Serb nationalists intended to prevent the Srebenica Muslim community from reproducing. Genocide denial laws have little in common with attacks on heresy in the medieval and early modern past. Moreover, a full consideraton of the problem of genocide and free speech would have to include cases in which the affirmation of genocide is criminalized, as in contemporary Turkey.
The Economic Geography of Chert Lithic Production in the Southern Maya Lowlands: A Comparative Examination of Early-Stage Reduction Debris
Authors: Speal C. Scott
Published: February 2017

It has been known for several decades that certain regions of the Maya Lowlands were characterized by specialized production of chert tools in ancient times. The extent, intensity, organization, and net social effects of centralized lithic production in the Maya area as a whole, however, are not well understood. In order to address issues of broader relevance to social and economic processes, lithicists working in the Maya region need to develop analytical approaches suited to the study of complex economies. The research presented here attempts to establish simple baseline measures for use in comparing the production of siliceous stone tools, both formal and expedient, at different scales across the Maya area. Scholarship in this region has been chronically plagued by prolonged, unresolved debates—mostly a factor of the multitude of single-site-focused projects employing different methodologies and research emphases. The present study therefore proposes a new direction in Maya lithic studies with the goal of enhancing comparability of data on ancient economic structure through the use of standardized statistics that facilitate spatial analysis. Using the proportion of early-stage core reduction debris to the total of all debitagefrom a given context, for instance, enables the analyst to roughly assess the amount of tool manufacture taking place locally. By extension, inferences can be made about the degree of economic integration and interdependence characterizing any given geographic scale, including the architectural group, site, region, and so on. Preliminary analysis of patterns in early-stage reduction illustrates differential spatial distributions of chert tool production and consumption at several scales from across the southern Lowlands, allowing for the refinement of current models of ancient Maya lithic economy.