bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La resistencia a la clausura en los monasterios femeninos de Mallorca durante el siglo XVIII = The Resistance to the Enclosure in the Feminine Monasteries of Majorca during the XVIIIth Century
Authors: García Pérez Francisco José
Published: December 2017

El fenómeno de la clausura ha estado íntimamente ligado a los monasterios de monjas. Durante la Edad Moderna, las comunidades religiosas tenían que vivir enclaustradas y lejos del mundo exterior. Sin embargo, a lo largo de los siglos, existió una resistencia activa a la clausura. Este artículo pretende analizar, precisamente, la difícil imposición de la clausura en los monasterios de monjas de Mallorca, con incidencia en el siglo XVIII, en un momento en el que los obispos intentaban recuperar el espíritu de Trento, imponiendo nuevamente una clausura que, muchas veces, no se cumplía. AbstractThe phenomenon of enclosure has been intimately linked to Nuns’ monasteries. During the Modern Age, religious communities had to live cloistered and far from the outside world. Nevertheless, over the centuries, there was an active resistance to enclosure. This article seeks to analyze, precisely, the difficult imposition of enclosure in Nuns’ monasteries of Majorca, with incidence in the XVIIIth century, at a moment when the Bishops tried to recover the spirit of Trent, imposing again an enclosure that, often, was not respected.
El proyecto del ingeniero Carlos Robelin para las fortificaciones de Puebla de Sanabria en 1722 = Engineer Carlos Robelin’s Project for the Fortifications of Puebla de Sanabria in 1722
Authors: Echarri Iribarren Víctor
Published: December 2017

A mediados del siglo XV Puebla de Sanabria vio reforzadas sus fortificaciones con la construcción del castillo de los Condes de Benavente. Desde entonces fue vista como un enclave estratégico que jugaría un importante papel en diversos conflictos hispano-lusos. Con el levantamiento por la Restauración de la Independencia de Portugal, hacia 1640 se inició un proceso de modernización con pequeños bastiones, y la construcción del Fuerte de San Carlos. Este proceso culminaría con una tijera y un dique para gestionar inundaciones, que hicieron los portugueses entre 1710 y 1716. Tras el regreso de Jorge Próspero Verboom de las campañas de Córcega y Sicilia, el prestigioso ingeniero francés Carlos Robelin redactó un interesante proyecto para Puebla de Sanabria en 1722. Esta investigación describe las estrategias de Robelin y valora técnicamente su proyecto. También se exponen los trabajos y desencuentros de este ingeniero durante su breve periodo de tiempo al servicio de Felipe V.
Pedro Quesada, del campo de batalla a la burocracia americana: un ejemplo de versatilidad (1784-1833) = Pedro Quesada, from the Battlefield to the American Burocracy: An Example of Versatility (1784-1833)
Authors: Parrilla Albuerne Ana María , Trejo Huerta Jesús Héctor
Published: December 2017

El presente estudio gira en torno a la labor que realizara Pedro Quesada en la Intendencia de Ciudad Real de Chiapa, perteneciente a la Audiencia de Guatemala, durante las últimas décadas del Antiguo Régimen. Aunque su mudanza a suelo guatemalteco fue tardía, a través de relaciones políticas y de paisanaje, logró adaptarse y progresar en el ámbito administrativo chiapaneco durante las primeras décadas del siglo XIX, la promulgación de la independencia en la región y la adhesión de Chiapas al Estado mexicano. Durante la detentación de los diversos cargos, imbuido en el espíritu de la Ilustración hispánica tan en boga para la época, dio un gran apoyo a las campañas de vacunación, el impulso a la agricultura emergente, la búsqueda experimental de la cura para el mal del pinto y la administración de la imprenta que introdujera la Sociedad de Amigos del País en Chiapas.AbstractThe present study turns around the work that made Pedro Quesada in the Intendencia of Ciudad Real of Chiapa, pertaining to the Audience of Guatemala, during the last decades of the Antiguo Régimen. Although his transfer to Guatemalan floor was late, through political relations and of paisanaje, attained to adapt and progress in the administrative field chiapaneco during the first decades of the 19th century, the promulgation of the independence in the region and the adhesion of Chiapas to the Mexican State. During the possession of the diverse charges, included in the spirit of the Hispanic Illustration so in cattail for the period, gave a big support to the campaigns of vaccination, the impulse to the emergent agriculture, the experimental research of the cure for the evil of the paint and the administration of the printing that entered the Society of Fellow.
La gestión de la hacienda en un territorio in medio mari: la Intendencia de Mallorca en el siglo XVIII = The Public Finances Management in a Territory in Medio Mari: The Intendancy of Majorca in the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Coll Coll Ana María
Published: December 2017

Mallorca e Ibiza entraron en el nuevo sistema administrativo borbónico en 1715 y lo hicieron en forma de intendencia y con un tridente formado por un intendente, un contador principal y un tesorero de ejército. Los cambios entre este y el anterior modelo fueron sustanciales si lo focalizamos sobre dos conceptos: militarización permanente y estatalización. Sin embargo, algunas prácticas de reproducción social y de poder, la existencia de endogamia administrativa y la escasa renovación de los hombres-eje de la gestión fiscal hacen que se den paralelismos con los siglos anteriores. Los datos fiscales y la composición de la intendencia muestran también la continuidad de su condición de espacio de segundo orden en este siglo XVIIII, donde el funcionamiento de los planes estatales se garantiza a través de los largos mandatos en la tesorería del ejército y en la contaduría, dos elementos clave que apuntalan una débil intendencia.AbstractMajorca and Ibiza entered the new Bourbon administrative system in 1715 and they did it in the shape of an intendancy, with a trident formed by an intendant, a head accountant and an army treasurer. The changes between this and the previous model were substantial, if we focus them on two concepts: permanent militarization and stabilization. However, the practices of social and power reproduction, the existence of administrative endogamy and the weak renewal of the key management men create parallelisms with previous centuries. The fiscal data and the composition of the intendancy also show the continuity of its second order territory condition along the 18th century, where the release of the State plans will be guaranteed through the long mandates at the army's treasury and the main accounting offices, a key element that will underpin this weak intendancy.
Entre Reyes y Ministros de Hacienda. Bernardo Francisco Aznar y el «nodo 1732» = Between Kings and Ministers of Finance. Bernardo Francisco Aznar and the «1732 Node»
Authors: Delgado Barrado José Miguel
Published: December 2017

Entre reyes y ministros transcurren las vidas de una multitud de oficiales del Estado que han pasado desapercibidos para buena parte de los historiadores. Los protagonistas del «nodo 1732» son muchos y, aparentemente, bien conocidos. Yo me he fijado en cinco, todos vinculados directamente con la gestión, administración, gobierno y reflexión de materias hacendísticas y fiscales: Bernardo Francisco Aznar, Gerónimo de Uztáriz, Alejandro de la Vega, Santa Cruz de Marcenado y Miguel de Zavala y Auñón. De todos ellos sólo profundizaré en Bernardo Francisco Aznar. El objetivo del trabajo ha sido presentar un estudio de la obra de Bernardo Francisco Aznar titulada Discursos…, publicada en 1732 y engarzarla en el ambiente político de su época; atender a las fases de redacción; analizar el proceso de impresión; y, por supuesto, analizar la influencia y divulgación de sus ideas.AbstractBetween Kings and Ministers pass the lives of a multitude of officers of the State that have gone unnoticed for a good part of the historians. Many are the protagonists of the «1732 node» and, apparently, well known. I I’ve noticed five, all directly linked with the management, administration, Government and reflection of fiscal matters: Bernardo Francisco Aznar, Gerónimo de Uztáriz, Alejandro de la Vega, Santa Cruz de Marcenado and Miguel de Zavala y Auñón. All of them I only go in Bernardo Francisco Aznar. The objective of the study has been to present a study of the work of Bernardo Francisco Aznar entitled Discurso…, print in 1732 and engage it in the political atmosphere of its time; attend the phases of drafting; analyze the printing process; and, of course, analyses the influence and dissemination of their ideas.
Las judaizantes del Reino de Mallorca. La resistencia religiosa de las chuetas en el siglo XVII = The Judaists of The Kingdom of Mallorca: The Religious Resistance in the Seventeenth Century
Authors: Picazo Muntaner Antoni
Published: December 2017

A finales del siglo XVII la Inquisición del reino de Mallorca procesó, en dos ocasiones, a un elevado número de personas descendientes de judíos conversos. Se les acusó, en sendas ocasiones, de ser criptojudíos. Entre todos ellos destacaban las mujeres, guardianas de las normativas más elementales de la ley mosaica y practicantes de dicha religión. El análisis de los juicios inquisitoriales permite vislumbrar los métodos de resistencia religiosa que aquellas mujeres practicaron. Desde los elementos cotidianos, como la preparación de alimentos, pasando por los rituales y fiestas más importantes hasta las oraciones que realizaban.AbstractAt the end of the seventeenth century the Inquisition of the kingdom of Majorca processed, on two occasions, a large number of people descendants of converted Jews. They were accused, on several occasions, of being crypto-Jews. Among all of them stood out the women, guardians of the most basic norms of the Mosaic law and practitioners of that religion. The analysis of the inquisitorial judgments allows to glimpse the methods of religious resistance that those women practiced. From everyday elements such as food preparation, rituals and most important parties to the prayers they performed.
Reseña de: Manuel-Reyes García Hurtado (ed.), El Siglo XVIII en femenino. Las mujeres en el Siglo de las Luces, Editorial Síntesis, 2016, 436pp. isbn 978-84-9077-271-3.
Authors: Ruiz Ortiz María
Published: December 2017

Reseña de: Manuel-Reyes García Hurtado (ed.), El Siglo XVIII en femenino. Las mujeres en el Siglo de las Luces, Editorial Síntesis, 2016, 436pp. isbn 978-84-9077-271-3.
Reseña de: Torremocha Hernández, Margarita y Corada Alonso, Alberto (eds.), La mujer en la balanza de la justicia. (Castilla y Portugal, siglos XVII y XVIII), Valladolid, Castilla Ediciones, 2017
Authors: Martínez López Rocío
Published: December 2017

Reseña de: Torremocha Hernández, Margarita y Corada Alonso, Alberto (eds.), La mujer en la balanza de la justicia. (Castilla y Portugal, siglos XVII y XVIII), Valladolid, Castilla Ediciones, 2017, pp. 221, isbn 9788416822058.
ARTE CONCEITUAL E HISTÓRIA: Desafios da construção poética na década de 1970
Authors:   Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Vivas Rodrigo
Published: December 2017

A década de 1970 significou um momento de grande complexidade por comportar, de um lado, perseguições, torturas e cerceamento da liberdade, e de outro, um espaço de contínua efervescência artística. Infelizmente as pesquisas têm concentrado maior interesse em discussões no campo da música e do teatro, conferindo pouca dedicação às artes visuais. No presente artigo serão analisadas algumas questões artísticas desenvolvidas no período, tendo como eixo as premiações, críticas e obras dos Salões de Arte da Prefeitura de Belo Horizonte. Para tanto, serão contemplados os trabalhos de Miguel Gontijo.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus influence maize root growth and architecture in rock phosphate amended tropical soil
Authors: Priyadharsini Perumalsamy , Muthukumar Thangavelu
Published: December 2017

Hemos ensayado la influencia del homgo micorrícizo arbuscular (AM) Scutellospora calospora en la estructura, crecimiento, asimilación de nutrientes, actividad fosfatasa y dependencia micorrizal de raíces de maíz por adicción de 0-5% de fosforita (RP) en suelos deficientes de fósforo (P). La adicción de RP aumentó significativamente la longitud total de la raíz, el número de raíces a diferentes niveles y el diámetro de los pelos radiculares de las plantas AM. El hongo AM influyó positivamente el crecimiento del maíz y la asimilación de nutrientes. Las actividades fosfatasa ácida y alcalina fueron mayores en las plantas AM en suelos mejorados. Al aumentar las concentraciones RP se redujeron no linealmente el porcentaje de colonización del hongo AM. Entonces, la inoculación de hongos AM junto a la mejora de fósfoso proveniente de RP podría sustituir fertilizantes químicos y hacer disponible el P proveniente de RP.

We evaluated the influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Scutellospora calospora on root architecture, growth, nutrient uptake, root phosphatase activity and mycorrhizal dependency of maize in 0-5% rock phosphate (RP) amended phosphorus (P) deficient soil. RP amendment significantly increased total root length, number of roots in different orders, and root hair diameter of AM plants. The AM fungus positively influenced maize growth and nutrient uptake. Acid and alkaline phosphatase activities were higher for AM plants in RP amended soils. In contrast, increasing concentrations of RP reduced the percentage of AM fungus colonization non-linearly. Thus, AM fungus inoculation along with RP amendment could substitute chemical fertilizers and make available the P in RP to the plants.
Å kunne mer enn man har lært? Om "generell kompetanse" i Nasjonalt kvalifikasjonsrammeverk
Authors: Opdal Pål Anders
Published: December 2017

Går det an å kunne mer enn man har lært? Finnes det ferdigheter og kompetanser som er generelle? Kategorien «generell kompetanse» i Nasjonalt kvalifikasjonsrammeverk for livslang læring forutsetter at svarene på disse spørsmålene er «ja». I denne artikkelen argumenterer jeg for at svaret ikke er så enkelt.
Cinq-Mars, d’Alfred de Vigny
Authors: Julliot Caroline
Published: December 2017

Vigny l’affirme clairement dans sa préface à la réédition de son roman, en 1829 : selon lui, la littérature a pour fonction de transfigurer le matériau historique en une leçon morale utile à l’édification du lecteur ; elle peut donc s’affranchir de la réalité des faits afin que la signification profonde de l’Histoire apparaisse de façon intelligible. Il opère ainsi, dans Cinq-Mars, une recomposition de la chronologie, afin de placer, notamment, au fondement de la conscience morale de son héros, l’épisode frappant du procès de Loudun – preuve éclatante de l’immoralité du gouvernement de Richelieu, et légitimation du bien-fondé de la mission de Cinq-Mars, conjuré coupable de haute trahison, ainsi élevé au rang de valeureux croisé au service de Dieu. Mais cette claire désignation des bons et des méchants de l’histoire permet-elle vraiment au lecteur de se rallier au projet d’une refondation réactionnaire, sur le modèle de l’idéal médiéval ? La mélancolie romantique, à l’oeuvre dans le roman, aurait plutôt tendance à le décourager…
Morale et éthique dans des romans de Gisèle Bienne et de Scholastique Mukasonga
Authors: Camelin Colette
Published: December 2017

Comment la morale serait-elle légitime après que l’histoire du xxe siècle a mis en cause le « progrès de l’humanité », le « sens de l’Histoire » et les « grands récits » qui les accompagnaient, après que l’organisation même des génocides, justifiée par des valeurs « morales » et des « raisons scientifiques », a altéré l’humanité même de l’homme ? Les romans de Gisèle Bienne et de Scholastique Mukasonga se situent hors de la morale instituée puisqu’ils affrontent l’expérience de l’inhumain. Les Paysages de l’insomnie de Marcel, revenu de la Première Guerre mondiale, sont hantés par les fantômes de ses camarades morts : il a perdu l’estime de soi et la capacité d’insérer ses actes dans la vie collective. Son expérience l’a séparé des siens : il reste « tenu au silence » face à celles qui restent du côté de la morale catholique et nationaliste. L’étrange solitude de Manfred Richter, ancien prisonnier nazi, et son silence, sont dépassés quand il transmet à Hélène, vingt ans, une leçon éthique contre l’ordre moral existant. Inyenzi ou les Cafards de Mukasonga aborde le génocide au Rwanda du point de vue d’une exilée tutsie dont la famille a été massacrée au nom de la morale chrétienne, républicaine et socialiste. La littérature, par son ironie, éclaire l’hypocrisie et la lâcheté. Notre-Dame du Nil va à la racine de la catastrophe : le mythe hamitique, inventé par les Européens, s’est transformé en cauchemar racial, orchestré par l’Église. La fiction ironique de Mukasonga est libératrice car elle s’oppose aux discours pesants des idéologies. Pour les personnages de ces quatre romans, l’Histoire n’est que mensonge, chaos, cruauté ; ils ne peuvent croire au sens de l’Histoire, mais la lucidité et l’ironie des romans donnent du sens à leur expérience humaine. De plus, les romans renouent les échanges sensibles entre les humains et avec le monde.
Computer-assisted language learning in reading comprehension by using visual mnemonics A case study of Iranian EFL learners
Authors: Aghajani Mojtaba , Amanzadeh Hanieh
Published: December 2017

A profitable method to address reading delays is to use computer-assisted learning, but these techniques are not always effective. In this research, the researchers evaluated a commercially available computer system, which uses visual mnemonics, in a randomised controlled trial with 78 English-speaking children (mean age 7 years) who their schools identified as needing reading support.  School based individual tutorials usually took place 2-3 times/week.  Only the experimental group received the intervention in the first 10 months, thereafter both the experimental and control groups received the intervention for 6 months. After 10 months, the experimental group had significantly higher standardised scores than the waiting list control group of decoding, phonological awareness, naming speed, phonological short-term memory and executive loaded working memory. The computer-assisted intervention was effective and this suggests that this medium can be used for reading interventions with English speaking children.
Subjectivity and Ideological Interpellation: An Althusserian Reading of Bozorg Alavi’s Her Eyes
Authors: Sadjadi Baktiar , Ahmadirad Alireza
Published: December 2017

The present study seeks to critically investigate Bozorg Alavi’s celebrated Persian novel, Čašmhāyaš (Her Eyes), in terms of Louis Althusser’s concepts of ideology, interpellation and, most significantly, the subject/Subject model. Althusser developed the notion of ‘interpellation,’ that is the procedure through which individuals become subjects by what he called Ideological State Apparatuses. Accordingly, there exist ‘subjects’ and ‘the Subject’ at work precisely in the way ‘ideologies’ and ‘Ideology’ are present in the process of subjectivization. The subject is the individual who turns into being interpellated whereas the Subject is required by ideology. Bozorg Alavi’s Her Eyes, considered as chef-d’oeuvre in the realm of modern Persian realist fiction, portrays a protagonist who is wholeheartedly attached to his ideological Cause, a character who dedicated his whole life to socialist ideals. Alavi’s masterful depiction of the protagonist, Master Makan, and other major characters including Farangis in particular, demonstrates the way individuals are both consciously and unconsciously recruited by ideology, a process through which the subjects attempt to impersonate the Subject. Structurally, the ideological devotion in the protagonist, here to the communist Tudeh Party, entangles the subjects with a closed domain in a destructive manner that leads to their downfall.
Comparison of Three Models Dealing with Working Memory and Its Dimensions in Second Language Acquisition
Authors: Alshahrani Abdulaziz
Published: December 2017

The current status of research on working memory (WM) and its components in second language acquisition (SLA) was examined in this review. Literature search was done on four aspects using search terms in Google Scholar. Hence, the review results are given and introduced. 1. In the definition of WM, some confusion exists on whether short term memory (STM) or recent memory is the same as WM or different. 2. In this review, three main models have been discussed elaborately, as they are the only ones discussed in literature. They are: multicomponent model of Baddeley (2000), embedded process model of Cowan (2005) and attention control model of Engle and Kane (2003). 3. The phonological and executive components of WM were examined in more detail, as these determine the two basic aspects of language acquisition: language characteristics and acquisition methods (Wen, 2012). Overall, the variables related to phonological and executive working memories are evident from published research, but their interactive relationships and affecting factors are not entirely clear. 4. Admittedly, several diverse internal and external factors affect WM in relation to SLA. Some practically useful interventions are indicated by certain findings.
Culture as a Problem in the Translation of Jordanian Proverbs into English
Authors: Al-Azzam Bakri Hussein Suleiman
Published: December 2017

The study aims at identifying the cultural problems, encountered in the translation of Jordanian proverbs into English. The significance of the study stems from the fact that it stresses on the social, colloquial, and folkloric use of proverbs that adds to the various implications of them. It relies on the selection of proverbs that are used and understood in different regions of Jordan. They address different social and cultural issues, and this makes indispensible the relationship between Jordanians and their cultural and social values. The conventions of the proverbs reflect their historical background, and the actual incidents or events that have led to their formation, utterance, currency, and frequency. The whole proverbial context has been pivotally and elementally noticed in proverbs' construction, and this fact enhances both the utterer and the audience in the comprehension of the proverb. Translating the selected proverbs into English collides with many challenges, of which the cultural ones are observed as the most manifest. What adds to the translation challenges is the colloquialism of the proverbs, which gives them enough semantic, social, and cultural values that cannot be stripped or ignored in the literal translation of the proverbs.
Life Cycle of Quality Management System in Organizations
Authors: Živaljević Aleksandra , Bevanda Vuk , Trifunović Dragana
Published: December 2017

Considering that some organizations implemented the ISO 9001 standard more than 25 years ago, while othersdid it a while ago, some quality management systems (QMS) are older than others. This fact led authors to question whether there are differences between long and recently implemented quality management systems. Is there a pattern that QMS follows in its aging that could be considered as a life cycle of QMS? From October 2013 to June 2014, authors have conducted a survey in 186 certified companies using structured questionnaire in order to learn whether there was a significant difference between long and recently implemented QMSs.Collected data were processed using the ANOVA test with a confidence interval of 95%, i.e., α=0.05.Results show that there is a difference between quality management systems in the mature stage and those recently implemented. However, research pointed out two facts. First,34.41% of all surveyed companies apply QMS partially and have virtual QMS that has no purpose of improving business performances but only the purpose ofmaintaining the company’s certificate. Second, in companies that apply QMS fully, the frequency of all processes (which are elements of QMS) decreases in the first seven years of implementation, while after that period it begins to increase. Also, the paper describes indicators for determining companies which partially apply QMS.
The shell morphology of the latest Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) trionychid turtleHelopanoplia distincta
Authors: Joyce Walter G. , Lyson Tyler R.
Published: December 2017

Background

Helopanoplia distinctais an extinct soft-shelled turtle (Pan-Trionychidae) for which the type specimen is a fragmentary costal and the inguinal notch portion of the left hypoplastron from the Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Lance Formation of Wyoming, USA that bear a distinct surface sculpture pattern consisting of raised tubercles. Over the course of the past few decades, a number of additional, fragmentary specimens from the Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Hell Creek Formation of Montana and North Dakota have been referred to this taxon based on the presence of these tubercles, but a more complete understanding of the anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of this distinctive soft-shelled turtle is still outstanding.

Methods

We here figure and describe shell remains of eight fossils referable toHelopanoplia distinctafrom the Hell Creek Formation of Montana and North Dakota that, in combination, document nearly all aspects of the shell morphology of this taxon. We furthermore explore the relationships of this fossil turtle by inserting it into a modified phylogenetic analysis of pan-trionychid relationships.

Results

The new fossil material thoroughly supports the validity ofHelopanoplia distincta. In addition to its unique surface sculpture pattern, this turtle can be diagnosed relative to all other named pan-trionychids by the presence of a distinct corner along the margin of costals II, the complete covering of costal ribs I–VI by metaplastic bone, midline contact of the main plastral elements, hyoplastral shoulder, presence of a lateral, upturned margin on the hyo/hypoplastron that is covered dorsally and laterally by sculptured metaplastic bone, a single, lateral hyoplastral process, and the apomorphic presence of fine scallops along the margin of costals VIII, formation of a laterally embraced, rounded nuchal, anteriorly rounded costals I, distally expanded costals II, and narrow costals VII. A phylogenetic analysis placesHelopanoplia distinctaas sister to the clade formed byPlastomenus thomasiiandHutchemysspp., thereby confirming its identity as a plastomenid. The vast majority ofHelopanoplia distinctamaterial has been recovered from fine-grained overbank deposits, thereby supporting the hypothesis that this turtle favored ponded waters.
Understanding membrane selectivity in pervaporation of water‐rich water:ethanol mixtures
Authors: Prangley Rowan P. , Wallace Andrew D. , Brown Trevor C. , Fellows Christopher M.
Published: December 2017

In pervaporation, membrane selectivity is defined as the ratio of the ratios of two components of a liquid:liquid mixture in the permeate and in the feed. In a thermodynamically‐controlled system, this value will be the same as the difference between vapour and liquid composition in the absence of a membrane. We demonstrate this to be the case for water:ethanol pervaporation at high water:ethanol ratios both for an unmodified polydimethylsiloxane membrane and for a membrane modified by grafting a layer of hydrophilic polyacrylamide. We observe transient kinetic deviations toward greater selectivity on addition of salts which push the thermodynamic vapour pressure equilibrium towards ethanol, and to a more significant degree with grafting of polyacrylamide to the hydrophobic membrane, suggesting that these modifications retard the flow of water through the membrane. The physical plausibility of the chemical potential gradient used in interpretation of pervaporation data by the solution‐diffusion model is critiqued.
In Vitro Selection and Characterization of DNA Aptamers to a Small Molecule Target
Authors: Ruscito Annamaria , McConnell Erin M. , Koudrina Anna , Velu Ranganathan , Mattice Christopher , Hunt Vernon , McKeague Maureen , DeRosa Maria C.
Published: December 2017

Aptamers, synthetic oligonucleotide‐based molecular recognition probes, have found use in a wide array of biosensing technologies based on their tight and highly selective binding to a variety of molecular targets. However, the inherent challenges associated with the selection and characterization of aptamers for small molecule targets have resulted in their underrepresentation, despite the need for small molecule detection in fields such as medicine, the environment, and agriculture. This protocol describes the steps in the selection, sequencing, affinity characterization, and truncation of DNA aptamers that are specific for small molecule targets. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Sustainable Carbon/Carbon Supercapacitors Operating Down to −40 °C in Aqueous Electrolyte Made with Cholinium Salt
Authors: Abbas Qamar , Béguin François
Published: December 2017

Cholinium chloride at a concentration of 5 mol kg−1 in water is proposed as a low‐cost and environmentally friendly aqueous electrolyte, enabling extension of the operating range of carbon/carbon supercapacitors (SCs) down to −40 °C. This solution has a pH close to neutrality (pH 6.1) and high conductivity of 88 mS cm−1 at 24 °C. The supercapacitors demonstrate a high capacitance of 126 F g−1 (per mass of one electrode) and long life span at voltages up to 1.5 V. At −40 °C, the carbon/carbon SCs display excellent electrochemical characteristics with only slightly reduced capacitance of 106 F g−1 and negligible ohmic losses. As compared to previous works, where antifreezing additives were introduced in traditional neutral electrolytes, the low solubility of the salt and related poor conductivity of the solution is no longer an issue, which makes cholinium salt aqueous solutions very promising for SCs operating at sub‐ambient temperature conditions.
Hydrogen Evolution Activity of Ruthenium Phosphides Encapsulated in Nitrogen‐ and Phosphorous‐Codoped Hollow Carbon Nanospheres
Authors: Chi Jing‐Qi , Gao Wen‐Kun , Lin Jia‐Hui , Dong Bin , Yan Kai‐Li , Qin Jun‐Feng , Liu Bin , Chai Yong‐Ming , Liu Chen‐Guang
Published: December 2017

RuPx nanoparticles (NPs) encapsulated in uniform N,P‐codoped hollow carbon nanospheres (RuPx@NPC) have been synthesized through a facile route in which aniline–pyrrole copolymer nanospheres are used to disperse Ru ions followed by a gas phosphorization process. The as‐prepared RuPx@NPC exhibits a uniform core–shell hollow nanospherical structure with RuPx NPs as the core and N,P‐codoped carbon (NPC) as the shell. This strategy integrates many advantages of hollow nanostructures, which provide a conductive substrate and the doping of a nonmetal element. At high temperatures, the obtained thin NPC shell can not only protect the highly active phase of RuPx NPs from aggregation and corrosion in the electrolyte but also allows variation in the electronic structures to improve the charge‐transfer rate greatly by N,P codoping. The optimized RuPx@NPC sample at 900 °C exhibits a Pt‐like performance for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and long‐term durability in acidic, alkaline, and neutral solutions. The reaction requires a small overpotential of only 51, 74, and 110 mV at 10 mA cm−2 in 0.5 m H2SO4, 1.0 m KOH, and 1.0 m phosphate‐buffered saline, respectively. This work provides a new way to design unique phosphide‐doped carbon heterostructures through an inorganic–organic hybrid method as excellent electrocatalysts for HER.
Sexual dimorphism of microglia and synapses during mouse postnatal development
Authors: Weinhard Laetitia , Neniskyte Urte , Vadisiute Auguste , di Bartolomei Giulia , Aygün Nil , Riviere Laurie , Zonfrillo Francesca , Dymecki Susan , Gross Cornelius
Published: December 2017

Microglia participate in synapse remodeling in the cortex and hippocampus during mouse postnatal development. Although sex differences in microglia activity during embryonic development have been reported in these regions, it remains unexplored whether microglia show sexually dimorphic features during the early postnatal period, a critical window for synapse formation and maturation. Here, we investigated morphological and functional features of microglia across early postnatal development as well as morphological features of both pre‐ and postsynaptic neuronal compartments in the mouse hippocampus. We found a sex‐dependent shift in microglia volume and phagocytic capacity across the first four postnatal weeks. Measurements of synaptic features revealed sex differences in the density of synaptic spines and boutons during the second postnatal week. These data are consistent with a precocious development of both microglia and synapses in the female brain. We further hypothesize that this bias may contribute to sex‐specific brain wiring. © 2017 The Authors. Developmental Neurobiology Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 78: 618–626, 2018
Brain structural alterations associated with dysfunctional cognitive control of pain in patients with low back pain
Authors: Chehadi O. , Rusu A.C. , Konietzny K. , Schulz E. , Köster O. , Schmidt‐Wilcke T. , Hasenbring M.I.
Published: December 2017

Background

Recent evidence has shown that chronic back pain (CBP) can lead to functional alterations in the circuitry underlying the cognitive control of pain. Thought suppression (TS) is a common type of cognitive control of pain. Previous research has shown that TS has paradoxical effects that may increase the awareness of pain. Pain‐related TS may also increase individuals’ attention to pain, which may also increase pain sensation, but thus far, the relationship between pain‐related TS and structural brain alterations is unknown.

Methods

In this study, we investigated a group of 30 patients 6 months after lumbar disc surgery by applying voxel‐based morphometry (VBM) to identify brain regions correlated with TS scores.

Results

Since pain‐related TS has been positively correlated with depression, all calculations were controlled for depression and age. VBM revealed a negative correlation between the TS score and regional grey matter volume (GMV) in the left superior temporal gyrus (LSTG) and the left middle temporal gyrus (L MTG), which is part of the left temporoparietal junction (L TPJ). In addition, a mediation analysis revealed a significant mediation effect of the pain‐related TS on the association between GMV of the left TPJ and reported pain intensity in the last 7 days.

Conclusions

These findings are consistent with previous research on the dysfunctional cognitive control of pain and may therefore provide potential insights into the neural substrates of obstructive cognitive control in chronic low back pain, with a special emphasis on pain‐related TS.

Significance

The link between pain‐related thought suppression and brain morphology may provide a new perspective on the understanding of cognitive control of pain in chronic low back pain, which may help improve cognitive behavioural therapy.
Autofluorescence and white light imaging‐guided endoscopic Raman and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy for in vivo nasopharyngeal cancer detection
Authors: Lin Duo , Qiu Sufang , Huang Wei , Pan Jianji , Xu Zhihong , Chen Rong , Feng Shangyuan , Chen Guannan , Li Yongzeng , Short Michael , Zhao Jianhua , Fawzy Yasser , Zeng Haishan
Published: December 2017

Nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) is an endemic with high incidence in Southern China and Southeast Asia countries. Screening for NPC under conventional white light imaging (WLI) nasopharyngoscope examination remains a great clinical challenge due to its poor sensitivity. Here, we developed an integrated 4‐modality endoscopy system combining WLI, autofluorescence imaging (AFI), diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy technologies for in vivo endoscopic cancer detection for the first time. A pilot clinical test of the system for NPC detection was conducted, in which 283 in vivo Raman and diffuse reflectance spectral data sets from 30 NPC patients and 30 healthy subjects were acquired under the guidance of AFI and WLI. Both high diagnostic sensitivity (98.6%) and high specificity (95.1%) for differentiating cancer from normal tissue sites were achieved using this system combined with principal component analysis‐linear discriminant analysis diagnostic algorithm, demonstrating great potential for improving real‐time, in vivo diagnosis of NPC at endoscopy.
An innovative solution for T‐tube obstruction: The tracheostomy–customized stent combination
Authors: Mehta Ravindra M. , Singla Abhinav , Bhat Rajani S. , Rao Rasika , Agarwal Ritesh
Published: December 2017

The Montgomery T‐tube (MTT) is a useful tool for post‐tracheostomy tracheal stenosis. However, MTTs can get blocked. We present a case series of life‐threatening MTT blockage, wherein a split‐function option was implemented, which was a customized silicone Dumon stent above the tracheostomy to maintain both airway and phonation. This tracheostomy–customized stent combination serves the same function as an MTT, with a greater margin of safety due to the easy suctioning capacity of the tracheostomy. With a fenestrated tracheostomy and stent above, speech is effectively preserved. We recommend this strategy in severe MTT blockage as a superior option to regular tracheostomy. Laryngoscope, 1795–1797, 2018
Nanoparticle delivery of RNA‐based therapeutics to alter the vocal fold tissue response to injury
Authors: Hiwatashi Nao , Kraja Iv , Benedict Peter A. , Dion Gregory R. , Bing Renjie , Rousseau Bernard , Amin Milan R. , Nalband Danielle M. , Kirshenbaum Kent , Branski Ryan C.
Published: December 2017

Objectives/Hypothesis

Our laboratory and others hypothesized that Smad3 is a principle mediator of the fibrotic phenotype in the vocal folds (VFs), and we further posited that alteration of Smad3 expression through short interfering (si)RNA holds therapeutic promise, yet delivery remains challenging. To address this issue, we employed a novel synthetic oligomer, lipitoid, complexed with siRNA to improve stability and cellular uptake with the goal of increased efficiency of RNA‐based therapeutics.

Study Design

In vitro study and in vivo animal model.

Methods

In vitro, lipitoid cytotoxicity was quantified via colorimetric and LIVE/DEAD assays in immortalized human VF fibroblasts and primary rabbit VF fibroblasts. In addition, optimal incubation interval and solution for binding siRNA to lipitoid for intracellular delivery were determined. In vivo, a rabbit model of VF injury was employed to evaluate Smad3 knockdown following locally injected lipitoid‐complexed siRNA.

Results

In vitro, lipitoid did not confer additional toxicity compared to commercially available reagents. In addition, 20‐minute incubation in 1× phosphate‐buffered saline resulted in maximal Smad3 knockdown. In vivo, Smad3 expression increased following VF injury. This response was significantly reduced in injured VFs at 4 and 24 hours following injection (P = .035 and .034, respectively).

Conclusions

The current study is the first to demonstrate targeted gene manipulation in the VFs as well as the potential utility of lipitoid for localized delivery of genetic material in vivo. Ideally, these data will serve as a platform for future investigation regarding the functional implications of therapeutic gene manipulation in the VFs.

Level of Evidence

NA. Laryngoscope, 128:E178–E183, 2018
ENG mutational mosaicism in a family with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia
Authors: Tørring Pernille M. , Kjeldsen Anette D. , Ousager Lilian Bomme , Brusgaard Klaus
Published: December 2017

Background

Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder caused by mutations in ENG, ACVRL1, or SMAD4. Around 90% of HHT patients present with a heterozygous pathogenic genetic variation. Almost all cases of HHT have a family history. Very few cases are de novo or mosaicism. We describe a case with mutational mosaicism that would not be observed in the clinical routine when using Sanger sequencing or a NGS read coverage below app. 100.

Methods

DNA was extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes, and buccal swabs. The coding region, exon–intron boundaries, and the flanking sequences of the genes were sequenced by NGS.

Results

The proband had clinical HHT fulfilling the Curaçao criteria and genetic testing identified a frameshift mutation in ENG. The mother of the proband, also with clinical HHT, was found negative when analyzing DNA from blood for the familial mutation using Sanger sequencing. Analyzing her DNA by NGS HHT panel sequencing when extracted from both peripheral blood leukocytes, and cheek swabs, identified the familial ENG mutation at low levels.

Conclusion

We provide evidence of ENG mutational mosaicism in an individual presenting with clinical HHT. These findings illustrate the importance of considering mutational mosaicism.
Anxiety‐ and activity‐related effects of paracetamol on healthy and neuropathic rats
Authors: Chen Zuyue , Wei Hong , Pertovaara Antti , Wang Jianhong , Carlson Synnöve
Published: December 2017

Paracetamol has recently been suggested to affect emotion processing in addition to alleviating pain in humans. We investigated in adult male Hannover–Wistar rats whether acute intraperitoneally administrated paracetamol affects behavior in tests measuring anxiety, mood, motor activity, and memory. Unoperated rats received saline or a low (50 mg/kg) or high (300 mg/kg) dose of paracetamol, while rats with a spared nerve injury (SNI) model of neuropathy and sham‐operated rats received saline or the low dose of paracetamol. Rats were tested on open‐field (OFT), elevated plus‐maze (EPM), light‐dark box (LDB), novel‐object recognition (NOR), sucrose preference, rotarod, and monofilament tests. In unoperated rats, both the low and high dose of paracetamol reduced line crossings, and grooming time in the OFT, and novel preference in NOR. The high dose of paracetamol increased the time spent in the closed arm in EPM, reduced the number of rearings and leanings in OFT, the time spent in the light box in LDB, and sucrose preference. Paracetamol had no significant effect on the rotarod test measuring motor activity. The low dose of paracetamol suppressed mechanical pain hypersensitivity in SNI rats, without influencing pain behavior in sham‐operated rats. Saline‐ but not paracetamol‐treated SNI rats spent more time than sham‐operated rats in the closed arm in the EPM test. Together the results suggest that a high dose of paracetamol increases anxiety‐like and anhedonic behavior, and impairs recognition memory in unoperated controls, while in neuropathy, a low dose of paracetamol reduces nerve injury‐associated anxiety probably by reducing neuropathic pain.
An Arginine‐Mediated Protocol for the Aldol Addition of Methyl Vinyl Ketone in Water
Authors: Inani Heena , Jha Ajit Kumar , Easwar Srinivasan
Published: December 2017

An aldolisation protocol for methyl vinyl ketone has been developed using an arginine mediated reaction in water. The reaction brought out an interesting contrast to the reactivity of methyl vinyl ketone with two different amino acids proline and arginine under nearly identical conditions. The aldolisation was only moderately effective with aromatic aldehydes as acceptors, but proved quite efficient when isatins were used. The latter underwent a rapid aldol addition with methyl vinyl ketone at room temperature under aqueous conditions to provide an expedient access to the corresponding 3‐substituted‐3‐hydroxyindolin‐2‐ones in good yields. These adducts were further transformed in ways characteristic to the β‐unsubstituted activated olefin moiety. The method also helped access a spirooxindole pyranone in reasonable yield.
Graft-Versus-Host Disease Amelioration by Human Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Is Associated with Peripheral Preservation of Naive T Cell Populations
Authors: Fujii Sumie , Miura Yasuo , Fujishiro Aya , Shindo Takero , Shimazu Yutaka , Hirai Hideyo , Tahara Hidetoshi , Takaori-Kondo Akifumi , Ichinohe Tatsuo , Maekawa Taira
Published: December 2017

A substantial proportion of patients with acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) respond to cell therapy with culture-expanded human bone marrow mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (BM-MSCs). However, the mechanisms by which these cells can ameliorate aGVHD-associated complications remain to be clarified. We show here that BM-MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) recapitulated the therapeutic effects of BM-MSCs against aGVHD. Systemic infusion of human BM-MSC-derived EVs prolonged the survival of mice with aGVHD and reduced the pathologic damage in multiple GVHD-targeted organs. In EV-treated GVHD mice, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were suppressed. Importantly, the ratio of CD62L-CD44+ to CD62L + CD44- T cells was decreased, suggesting that BM-MSC-derived EVs suppressed the functional differentiation of T cells from a naive to an effector phenotype. BM-MSC-derived EVs also preserved CD4 + CD25 + Foxp3+ regulatory T cell populations. In a culture of CD3/CD28-stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells with BM-MSC-derived EVs, CD3+ T cell activation was suppressed. However, these cells were not suppressed in cultures with EVs derived from normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDFs). NHDF-derived EVs did not ameliorate the clinical or pathological characteristics of aGVHD in mice, suggesting an immunoregulatory function unique to BM-MSC-derived EVs. Microarray analysis of microRNAs in BM-MSC-derived EVs versus NHDF-derived EVs showed upregulation of miR-125a-3p and downregulation of cell proliferative processes, as identified by Gene Ontology enrichment analysis. Collectively, our findings provide the first evidence that amelioration of aGVHD by therapeutic infusion of BM-MSC-derived EVs is associated with the preservation of circulating naive T cells, possibly due to the unique microRNA profiles of BM-MSC-derived EVs.
Cover Image, Volume 10, Issue 1
Authors: Tian Xin , Zhang Lechuan , Yang Mo , Bai Lei , Dai Yiheng , Yu Zhiqiang , Pan Yue
Published: December 2017

The cover image, by Xin Tian et al., is based on the Focus Article Functional magnetic hybrid nanomaterials for biomedical diagnosis and treatment, DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1476.

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Dispute Settlement Reports 2007
Authors: World Trade Organization
Published: December 2017

The Dispute Settlement Reports of the World Trade Organization (WTO) include Panel and Appellate Body reports, as well as arbitration awards, in disputes concerning the rights and obligations of WTO members under the provisions of the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization. These are the WTO authorized and paginated reports in English. An essential addition to the library of all practising and academic trade lawyers, and needed by students worldwide taking courses in international economic or trade law. Among others, DSR 2007: VI reports on Turkey - Measures Affecting the Importation of Rice.
Do Others Judge My Humor Style as I Do?
Authors: Heintz Sonja
Published: December 2017

Abstract. Humor research has intensified in psychology over the last two decades, with the Humor Styles Questionnaire (HSQ) being the most prevalent measure. Still, the construct validity of its four scales (affiliative, self-enhancing, aggressive, and self-defeating) has not received unequivocal support. The present study uses a multitrait-multimethod approach to test the self-other agreement of the four HSQ scales with 202 targets and two knowledgeable informants per target. Employing a multilevel multiple-indicator correlated trait-correlated (method-1) (ML-CT-C[M-1]) model informed on the construct validity of the HSQ. Discriminant validities were sufficient for all scales. Convergent validity was supported for three of the four HSQ scales, except for the self-defeating scale. Similarly, the overlaps of the self- and other-reported HSQ scales with maladaptive personality as external criteria converged for all HSQ scales except for the self-defeating scale. Taken together, the present findings suggest that the self-defeating scale does not measure the maladaptive humor style it is supposed to measure.