bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tools of Opinion Mining
Authors: Gupta Neha , Verma Siddharth
Published: August 2018

Today's generation express their views and opinions publicly. For any organization or for individuals, this feedback is very crucial to improve their products and services. This huge volume of reviews can be analyzed by opinion mining (also known as semantic analysis). It is an emerging field for researchers that aims to distinguish the emotions expressed within the reviews, classifying them into positive or negative opinions, and summarizing it into a form that is easily understood by users. The idea of opinion mining and sentiment analysis tool is to process a set of search results for a given item based on the quality and features. Research has been conducted to mine opinions in form of document, sentence, and feature level sentiment analysis. This chapter examines how opinion mining is moving to the sentimental reviews of Twitter data, comments used in Facebook on pictures, videos, or Facebook statuses. Thus, this chapter discusses an overview of opinion mining in detail with the techniques and tools.
Anatomizing Lexicon With Natural Language Tokenizer Toolkit 3
Authors: Jolly Simran Kaur , Agrawal Rashmi
Published: August 2018

NLTK toolkit is an API platform built with Python language to interact with humans through natural language. The very first version of NLTK was released in 2005 (1.4.3), which was compatible with Python 2.4. The latest version was in September 2017 NLTK (3.2.5), which incorporated features like Arabic stemmers, NIST evaluation, MOSES tokenizer, Stanford segmenter, treebank detokenizer, verbnet, and vader, etc. NLTK was created in 2001 as a part of Computational Linguistic Department at the University of Pennsylvania. Since then it has been tested and developed. The important packages of this system are 1) corpus builder, 2) tokenizer, 3) collocation, 4) tagging, 5) parsing, 6) metrics, and 7) probability distribution system. Toolbox NLTK was built to meet four primary requirements: 1) Simplicity: An substantive framework for building blocks; 2) Consistency: Consistent interface; 3) Extensibility: Which can be easily scaled; and 4) Modularity: All modules are independent of each other.
Challenges of Text Analytics in Opinion Mining
Authors: Kalra Vaishali , Agrawal Rashmi
Published: August 2018

Text analysis is the task of knowledge distillation from unstructured text. Due to increase in sharing of information over the web in text format, users required tools and techniques for the analysis of the text. These techniques can be used in two ways: One, this can be used for clustering, classification, and visualization of the data. Two, this can be used for predicting the future aspects, for example, in share market. But all these tasks are not easy to perform, as there are lots of challenges in converting the text into the format onto which various actions can be taken. In this chapter, the authors have discussed the framework of text analysis, followed by the background where they have discussed the steps for transforming the text into the structured form. They have shed light on its industry application along with the technological and non-technological challenges in text analysis.
Open Issues in Opinion Mining
Authors: Vyas Vishal , Uma V.
Published: August 2018

Opinions are found everywhere. In web forums like social networking websites, e-commerce sites, etc., rich user-generated content is available in large volume. Web 2.0 has made rich information easily accessible. Manual insight extraction of information from these platforms is a cumbersome task. Deriving insight from such available information is known as opinion mining (OM). Opinion mining is not a single-stage process. Text mining and natural language processing (NLP) is used to obtain information from such data. In NLP, content from the text corpus is pre-processed, opinion word is extracted, and analysis of those words is done to get the opinion. The volume of web content is increasing every day. There is a demand for more ingenious techniques, which remains a challenge in opinion mining. The efficiency of opinion mining systems has not reached the satisfactory level because of the issues in various stages of opinion mining. This chapter will explain the various research issues and challenges present in each stage of opinion mining.
Industry 4.0
Authors: Umachandran Krishnan , Jurčić Igor , Della Corte Valentina , Ferdinand-James Debra Sharon
Published: August 2018

Industry 4.0 can be considered the 21st century's industrial revolution and will soon be the new form of manufacturing delight. The definitive customer would experience manufacturing requests determined by artificial intelligence, machine learning, and automated technologies linked with data science support for gauging customer necessities. Phenomenally, Industry 4.0 is rapidly changing the firm's management and organizational systems, and competencies, as well as making its environment much more explored, even if more complexed than in the past. This new industrial revolution would possess systems with transformative technologies for managing interconnected systems between its physical assets and computational capabilities. Such enterprises would require skilled workforce to improve and operate advanced manufacturing tools and systems, and investigate the machine data, clients, and global capitals, resulting in an escalating need for trained employees proficient in cross-functional capacities and with competencies to cope new processes and IT systems.
Smart Traffic System Operations
Authors: Khare Neelu , Bhavanasi Shruthy
Published: August 2018

Traffic congestion is a growing problem in the world. It causes waste of time and fuel, increases pollution and stress. This is especially of road traffic in India, which faces problems like congestion, unpredictable travel time, urban chaos and noise. A smart traffic system automates the traffic control activity in order to obtain preference for the lanes on the basis of certain parameters. Hence, it provides an automatic control on the traffic in an optimized manner. It takes inputs from various sensors (utilising ultrasonic sensors, light sensors, motion sensors, cameras and IoT devices) and sends interrupt signals to the controlling devices. It consists of the IoT (Internet of Things) coupled with smartphone technology, RFID, sensors and a LADAR system. The system deals with the major issues of traffic congestion and collision avoidance and suggests remedies to tackle the same. In this chapter, various methodologies and architectures for smart traffic system operations are described.
Big Data Analytics and Internet of Things for Urban Transportation
Authors: Chandiramani Jyoti , Nayak Sushma
Published: August 2018

The idea of smart city has assumed popularity in numerous countries across the globe. In 2015, the Government of India embarked on a mission of creating 100 smart cities to sustain the burgeoning urban population. While a wide-ranging set of fundamentals has a key role in enhancing the quality of life of citizens, the chapter revolves around transportation issues and traffic management concerns in one of India's smart cities, Pune. Transport is one of the few areas where Pune lags behind compared to its urban counterparts in the country. Public transportation in the city has been ineffectual, and auto rickshaws have been unyielding and pricey, thus making it imperative to possess personal vehicles or resort to app-based cab services. A palpable outcome of this has been traffic congestion that leads to slower travelling speeds, extended trip times, and amplified vehicular queuing. Big data and IoT can make a considerable impact in realizing the smart city objectives for efficient transportation in Pune by serving as complementary measures to supply-side policies.
Songdo Smart City
Authors: Madakam Somayya , Holmukhe Rajesh M.
Published: August 2018

South Korea is one of the most advanced developed countries. South Korea's industrialization, software and hardware products and services, technological advancements, and management styles are world-renowned concepts. It has also achieved many milestones in urbanization to provide a better life for its citizens. In this current global urban scenario, it is taking a grand leap forward to an even higher level in its development of Smart City structures. In this light, this book chapter discusses and explores South Korea's Songdo Smart City. The book chapter will give a 360-degree view of Songdo Smart City project—specifically with regards to planning, design, deployment of IoT technologies, focused on urban analytics. The chapter's major areas of focus will be looking into Songdo from the perspectives of its being (1) an Aerotropolis and (2) a Ubiquitous city. Songdo IBD is a new ubiquitous city built from scratch on 600 hectares of domesticated land along Incheon's seaside. With all the modern amenities and LEED-certified buildings, the Songdo Smart City will also survive in the future.
What Constitutes a Smart City?
Authors: Kondepudi Sekhar , Kondepudi Ramita
Published: August 2018

This chapter provides an insight into what is meant by a Smart City and the underlying factors that make a city smart. The authors answer the question of “what constitutes a smart city” by presenting a multi-faceted approach including a detailed analysis of classical smart city definitions, attributes of a smart city, industry viewpoints and efforts by standards developing organizations. Through this approach, a common theme is established which best describes a smart city. The content of this chapter can therefore form the basis of developing a standard definition of a global smart city, and subsequently can be used to develop a framework to measure the performance of a smart city. The authors also propose a definition which in their view provides a reasonably holistic description of a smart city. However, they recognize that a smart city may mean different things to different stakeholders, and therefore has a strong dependence on the “lens” through which a smart city is viewed.
What Is the Source of Smart City Value?
Authors: Anthopoulos Leonidas , Fitsilis Panos , Ziozias Christos
Published: August 2018

Smart cities have attracted an increasing international scientific and business attention and an enormous niche market is being evolved, which engages almost all the business sectors. Being engaged in the smart city market is not free-of-charge and corresponding investments are extensive, while they usually concern innovation development and always demand careful planning. However, until today it is not clear how the smart city creates value to its stakeholders or simply how profit is being created. To this end, this paper performs an investigation on the smart city business models and utilizes decision making process with the contribution of smart city experts in order to conclude on the most appropriate one. This paper's findings demonstrate that business models that are followed in practice by smart cities are different to the ones suggested in literature. Moreover, the decision making processes that were followed showed that the optimal choice is the ownership business model group and from its contents preferred the Open Business Model (OBM), with the Municipal-Owned-Development (MOD) as an alternative option.
The Embedded Intelligence of Smart Cities
Authors: Deakin Mark , Reid Alasdair
Published: August 2018

This paper reviews Mitchell's thesis on the transition from the city of bits to e-topia. The review finds it wanting and suggests the problems encountered with the thesis rest with the lack of critical insight e-topia offers into the embedded intelligence of smart cities. It also suggests the difficulties, which the thesis experiences in accounting for the embedded intelligence of smart cities raise serious questions about whether the e-topia demonstrators that digitally-inclusive regeneration platforms stand on are progressive. In particular, whether the demonstrators these platforms stand on are progressive in embedding the intelligence that cities need for them to be smart in not only bridging the digital divide in urban life, but also overcoming any adverse effect, which the inequalities and degradation of such exclusion have on the sense of citizenship and community they in turn construct.
Total Quality Management in Smart City Development
Authors: Babatunde Oluwayomi Kayode
Published: August 2018

Wastes and pollution are associated with an uncoordinated urbanization trend. This exploratory study investigates total quality management's (TQM) role in smart city development. It delineates smart cities and its conjoined relationship with digital cities. It submits to the complementary relationship between TQM and quality function deployment (QFD) and highlights stakeholder engagement as central to smart city development strategy, underpinned by social theory. It distils that stakeholders and built environment professionals need to work collaboratively to maximize the benefit of smart cities as being an innovation value chain, leading to the use of IT-enabled platform such as building information modelling (BIM). This culminates in the design of an integrative framework with ICT (focusing on BIM) and TQM serving as the information architecture and the ideological premise respectively. It then presents the close-loop (front-end) and open-loop (back-end) approaches to smart city development, discusses future research directions and concludes with implications.
Operationalising Resilience Within Planning Practice
Authors: Doyle Aoife , Hynes William , Ehimen Ehiaze , Purcell Stephen M. , Coaffee Jon , Clarke Jonathan , Davis Peadar
Published: August 2018

Over the past decade the concept of ‘resilience' – broadly viewed as the capacity to plan, prepare, respond and recover from shocks or disturbances - has gained increasing attention within urban planning literature. Yet there remains ongoing debate around how this concept can be operationalised within planning policy and practice. This paper presents emerging findings from two EU funded projects – HARMONISE and RESILENS – which both seek to explore the development of e-tools and processes to equip planners with capabilities to assess and enhance the resilience of existing and future urban development projects. To date, the widespread development and optimisation of such tools (and subsequent exploitation of such functions) have been relatively limited in practice due to a poor understanding of resilience as a concept, and differing conceptualisations of ‘resilience' across cities and national borders. This paper examines some of the key practical challenges in this respect.
Visualisation and Auralisation for Perception-Driven Decision Supports in Planning
Authors: Jiang Like
Published: August 2018

Visualisation and auralisation are among the essential technologies for perception-driven decision support in landscape planning and soundscape planning, respectively. By making proposed developments and environmental changes visible and audible, they allow decision-makings based on perceptual experience, providing a “common language” that all the stakeholders are capable of using to communicate and to exchange ideas. While they share common function and criteria when used for decision support in planning, they are not in parallel developments and have been approached differently regarding their applications. This chapter comparatively reviews the developments and applications of visualisation and auralisation for perception-driven decision support in planning, aiming to provide technological and methodological insights into the two interconnected yet somewhat independent subjects. This led to indications for new developments and optimized applications in the near future. The chapter addresses three issues: validity, contents to present, and ways to present.
Developing a Conceptual Framework for Knowledge-Based Urban Development in Isfahan, Iran
Authors: Farhangi Marjaneh
Published: August 2018

We have witnessed vast economic, social, technological, and environmental changes that have influenced patterns of urbanization. Through all these years urban planning has also experienced major reforms. During last two decades, with emergence of knowledge economy, it is claimed that the nature of urban development has changed; this new notion of development is called knowledge-based urban development. As there is not clear methodology for directing cities development process, this chapter aims to formulate a conceptual model for cities leadership towards knowledge-based urban development. This chapter considers the city of Isfahan, Iran as a case study. Finally, a model is proposed according to literature review and using ANP method for analyzing the data gathered from the context. This conceptual model has also prioritized effective factors for KBUD.
ICT-Based Solutions Supporting Energy Systems for Smart Cities
Authors: Loibl Wolfgang , Bach Brigitte , Zucker Gerhard , Agugiaro Giorgio , Palensky Peter , Schmidt Ralf-Roman , Basciotti Daniele , Brunner Helfried
Published: August 2018

This chapter describes ICT solutions for planning, maintaining and assessing urban energy systems. There is no single urban energy system, but – like the city itself – a system of sub-systems with different scales, spatially ranging from buildings to blocks, districts and to the city, temporally ranging from real time data to hourly, daily, monthly and finally annual totals. ICT support must consider these different sub-systems which makes necessary dividing the chapter into different sections. The chapter starts with framework conditions and general requirements for ICT solutions, and continues discussing urban development simulating models. Then decision support tools are described for energy supply and demand as well as for energy efficiency improvement assessment. Later further instruments for Smart Grid-, district heating- and cooling-planning, as well as demand side management are addressed. In the final section tools are discussed for building automation systems as smallest physical entity within the urban energy system.
Conflict Resolution With Agents in Smart Cities
Authors: Chamoso Pablo , De la Prieta Fernando , Pérez Javier Bajo , Rodríguez Juan Manuel Corchado
Published: August 2018

Today, there is a common trend to use tools and methodologies that allow the development of Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) with capabilities of reorganization and adaptation to determine changes in their environments. This work presents an architecture based on different levels and whose key level is the one corresponding to the semi-open type of MAS, structured in such a way that it is able to solve conflicts. In addition, a case study is introduced with the objective of showing the possibilities on conflict resolution basis, where a specifically designed architecture is utilized for that purpose. In particular, the system is applied to the resolution of the conflict raised by the decision of the technology to be used in order to obtain or to measure information in smart cities.
Configuring a Trusted Cloud Service Model for Smart City Exploration Using Hybrid Intelligence
Authors: Sarkar Manash , Banerjee Soumya , Badr Youakim , Sangaiah Arun Kumar
Published: August 2018

Emerging research concerns about the authenticated cloud service with high performance of security and assuring trust for distributed clients in a smart city. Cloud services are deployed by the third-party or web-based service providers. Thus, security and trust would be considered for every layer of cloud architecture. The principle objective of cloud service providers is to deliver better services with assurance of trust about clients' information. Cloud's users recurrently face different security challenges about the use of sharable resources. It is really difficult for Cloud Service Provider for adapting varieties of security policies to sustain their enterprises' goodwill. To make an optimistic decision that would be better suitable to provide a trusted cloud service for users' in smart city. Statistical method known as Multivariate Normal Distribution is used to select different attributes of different security entities for developing the proposed model. Finally, fuzzy multi objective decision making and Bio-Inspired Bat algorithm are applied to achieve the objective.
Crowdsensing in Smart Cities
Authors: Bellavista Paolo , Cardone Giuseppe , Corradi Antonio , Foschini Luca , Ianniello Raffaele
Published: August 2018

The widespread availability of smartphones with on-board sensors has recently enabled the possibility of harvesting large quantities of monitoring data in urban areas, thus enabling so-called crowdsensing solutions, which make it possible to achieve very large-scale and fine-grained sensing by exploiting all personal resources and mobile activities in Smart Cities. In fact, the information gathered from people, systems, and things, including both social and technical data, is one of the most valuable resources available to a city's stakeholders, but its huge volume makes its integration and processing, especially in a real-time and scalable manner, very difficult. This chapter presents and discusses currently available crowdsensing and participatory solutions. After presenting the current state-of-the-art crowdsensing management infrastructures, by carefully considering the related and primary design guidelines/choices and implementation issues/opportunities, it provides an in-depth presentation of the related work in the field. Moreover, it presents some novel experimental results collected in the ParticipAct Crowdsensing Living Lab testbed, an ongoing experiment at the University of Bologna that involves 150 students for one year in a very large-scale crowdsensing campaign.
Cultural Event Management and Urban E-Planning Through Bottom-Up User Participation
Authors: Corallo Angelo , Trono Anna , Fortunato Laura , Pettinato Francesco , Schina Laura
Published: August 2018

Cultural events are an important driver of socio-cultural-economic transformation. The growth of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) has affected the ways in which people can play an active role in cultural event management and urban planning. This work proposes a methodological approach that identifies the key elements for building bottom-up urban e-planning strategies. After a brief theoretical analysis of the impact of cultural activities, tourism and ICTs on urban planning, this paper presents the results of an empirical study carried out in the Puglia region (south of Italy) during the cultural event known as “La Notte della Taranta”, in which the crowd created added-value information via comments posted on social media. Data were collected using a mobile application specifically created for this event as part of the Folkture project, as well as from Facebook and Twitter posts. Using network-analytic and sentiment/semantic algorithms, the work aims to support the event management decisional process and produce results valuable to the field of urban planning.
Sustainability in Smart Cities
Authors: Vázquez Dolores Gallardo , Gil María Teresa Nevado
Published: August 2018

Cities play an important role in the development of economies, generating wealth and well-being for citizens, providing better, energy efficient and sustainable services and giving residents their rightful place as the cornerstone of city management. Spain has a quite unique example of a smart city, Vitoria-Gasteiz. This is an emblematic city for Europe, which awarded this municipality the title of European Green Capital 2012. This paper seeks to analyse the best sustainable practices through a case study based on content analysis of this city's website. In the social dimension, the results highlight the promotion of resident participation through municipal services, to ensure public debate and transparency. In the environmental dimension, the city has a sustainable mobility plan that aims to reverse the trend towards an increased use of private vehicles by promoting the use of buses, trams and bicycles. Finally, in the economic dimension, the findings underscore the city's economic rigour, transparency in management and economic recovery.
Knowledge Management for the Development of a Smart Tourist Destination
Authors: Varra Lucia , Buzzigoli Lucia , Buzzigoli Chiara , Loro Roberta
Published: August 2018

This chapter presents, through a case analysis, the linking between knowledge management and the development of a smart tourist destination. The case here proposed, concerning the city of Prato, is an experimental project of the Region of Tuscany referring NECSTouR model (www.necstour.eu) for the implementation of a Tourism Observatory for competitiveness and sustainability of the destination. The aim of this chapter is to demonstrate how the Tourism Destination Observatory (TDO) is a knowledge management tool for the further development of tourism in this area, and how this could act as a driving force for the creation of a smart city. The methodology includes an original set of indicators on the sustainability and the competitiveness of tourist destinations, in a perspective of integrated and complementary measurements between tourist destination sustainability and city smartness. This may be a starting point for local government process.
Evaluating the Smart and Sustainable Built Environment in Urban Planning
Authors: Lombardi Patrizia , Giordano Silvia
Published: August 2018

The measurement of urban performance is one of the important ways in which one can assess the complexity of urban change, and judge which projects and solutions are more appropriate in the context of smart and sustainable urban development. This chapter introduces a new system for measuring urban performances. This is the result of two years of joint cooperation between the authors and the Italian iiSBE members group. It is based on previous research findings in the field of evaluation systems for the sustainable built environment. This new approach is useful for evaluating smart and sustainable urban redevelopment planning solutions, as it is based on benchmarking approaches and multi-scalar quantitative performance indicators (KPIs), from individual building level to city level. A number of important implications of the main findings of this study are set out in the concluding section, together with suggestions for future research.
Smart Destination as Key Element
Authors: González Elisa Alén , Vila Trinidad Domínguez , Villamarín Pablo de Carlos
Published: August 2018

The study intends to show the business opportunities generated through the use of technology in the tourism sector by identifying its key elements, with the aim of improving the user's experience. In order to achieve this, the Way of St James has been taken as the object of analysis, given its relevance at a national level as a tourist attraction, and its impact at international level. The methodology applied uses a content analysis of the key technologies that are being used in its promotion, dissemination, information and management. The main results obtained showed that companies are not taking sufficient advantage of social media, which are a key element in user communication and feedback. It was also noted that their webpages had only basic information that was not dynamic enough, and showed an almost general lack of tools such as augmented or virtual reality, and more intuitive interfaces and applications.
Integration Between Urban Planning and Natural Hazards for Resilient City
Authors: Tüdeş Şule , Kumlu Kadriye Burcu Yavuz , Ceryan Sener
Published: August 2018

Analyses and syntheses conducted before the urban planning process are significant. Accurate analysis and synthesis enable to determine proper site selection and the proper site selection is the basis of a sustainable urban plan. In this sense, fundamental analysis inputs of the proper site selection could be indicated as the related parameters of the earth sciences. The interpretation of these inputs require the essential analyses and syntheses of initially the geological and geotechnical research with geophysics, tectonic, topography, mineral and natural resources, hydrogeology, geomorphology and engineering geology. Synthesis maps composed of these inputs especially provide guides for natural thresholds consisting of landslide, flood, inundation, earthquake etc. for land use planning and site selection parts in the urban planning processes. In this regard, this chapter of the book contains the relation between the earth sciences parameters with the urban planning and the way these parameters lead the way of urban planning processes.
Unleashing the Intelligence of Cities by Social Innovation and Civic Crowdfunding
Authors: Bernardino Susana , Santos J. Freitas
Published: August 2018

Public resources to address communities' needs are increasingly scarce. The digitalization of economies has led to an increasingly distance between citizens and public entities. However, the use of ICT by citizens and public authorities must be able to unleash social innovation potential. These are interrelated concepts that could boost the involvement of people in the economic, social, cultural and political decision-making processes of a community. Based on two case studies described in this article, the authors aim to explore the potential of civic crowdfunding for increasing participation and the collaboration of citizens, firms and government. The analysis shows that civic crowdfunding platforms could be a useful tool for public administration enhance the engagement of communities in the solution of their problems. Civic crowdfunding platforms encourage the development of new ideas for common interest as well as the collection of the resources needed for implementing social innovations. Additionally, these civic platforms may be used to strengthen community ties and leverage the bonds among stakeholders and members of the community ecosystem.
When Wearable Computing Meets Smart Cities
Authors: Neto João Soares de Oliveira , Silva André Luis Meneses , Nakano Fábio , Pérez-Álcazar José J. , Kofuji Sergio T.
Published: August 2018

In this chapter, wearables are presented as assistive technology to support persons with disabilities (PwD) to face the urban space in an autonomous and independently way. In the Inclusive Smart City (ISC), everyone has to be able to access visual and audible information that so far are available just for people that can perfectly see and listen. Several concepts and technologies – such as Accessibility and Universal Design, Pervasive Computing, Wearable Computing, Internet of Things, Artificial Intelligence, and Cloud Computing – are associated to achieve this aim. Also, this chapter discusses some examples of use of wearables in the context of Smart Cities, states the importance of these devices to the successful implementation of Inclusive Smart Cities, as well as presenting challenges and future research opportunities in the field of wearables in ISC.
Digitalization and Information Management in Smart City Government
Authors: Syväjärvi Antti , Kivivirta Ville , Stenvall Jari , Laitinen Ilpo
Published: August 2018

The widespread use of information and communication technology (ICT) in public management and public sector reforms is widely recognized. Here digital or electronic government is studied on the basis of information management in smart city government. Digital governance and information management have changed the ways city governments are organized and public services delivered. Unlike the research that has concentrated on private sector developments from digital or business perspective, studies taking place in the public sector context must also take the dynamics of e-government into consideration. In this research, the empirical material was produced by interviewing high-position managers in city governments. Both individual thematic interviews and focus group interviews were done to scrutinize the organizational and management implications of ICT and data mining in information management. The authors' findings indicate that the managers view how information management quite often falls short in providing and presenting relevant information for all parties in city governance. Currently digital information management practices are fragmented and scattered over projects. It is concluded that issues related to the practices of organizing ICTs and projects in smart city government, and additionally the human dimension related to information management, should be addressed more thoroughly to increase understanding about the smart city governance. Furthermore, activities are needed on behalf of a more mature information management.
Limits and Potential for eGov and Smart City in Local Government
Authors: Przeybilovicz Erico , Vieira da Silva Wesley , Cunha Maria Alexandra
Published: August 2018

This study explore ICT infrastructure in the towns of Paraná State, reflecting on the potential and limits of ICT in the local government and the possibilities of these cities developing into smart cities. A quantitative study was conducted using multivariate data analysis techniques. The data are secondary and were obtained through a Municipal Basic Information Study in Brazil in 2012. The main result was the identification of five distinct municipal clusters in terms of ICT use and infrastructure. The size of a town is not a determining factor for towns to use and make web based services available to its citizens. Many towns remain lacking in basic infrastructure, with every profile showing different needs. There are a few strong patterns of eGov development and local conditions that could be treated as the foundation for some different policy packages that would be appropriate in these five situations. There are aspects that characterize the challenges and potential of towns than the emphasis placed on eGov. These aspects should be considered in studies of eGov and smart city.
Making Citizens' Activities Flourish Through a Crowdsourcing-Based Social Infrastructure
Authors: Sakamoto Mizuki , Nakajima Tatsuo
Published: August 2018

We now typically live in modern cities, where ubiquitous computing technologies such as advanced sensing enhance various aspects of our everyday lives. For example, smart phones offer necessary information to make our everyday lives convenient anytime, anywhere in the city; energy management and traffic management have become smarter, making our everyday lives more convenient and efficient. However, from a citizen perspective, the well-being of citizens needs to be more essential than merely achieving efficient and convenient smart city infrastructures. We think that this issue is particularly crucial for establishing the next generation of smart city design. In this chapter, we propose a social infrastructure named flourished crowdsourcing to make our society flourish, so diverse citizens will live comfortably and happily. To achieve a flourishing society, one of the most essential issues is making diverse citizens activists who will participate in socially collective activities. Traditional approaches such as gamification typically make it possible to guide the social activities of the average number of citizens, but it is not easy to maintain activities for diverse citizens. By incorporating fictionality into the real space, our approach is to increase the social awareness of citizens to achieve a flourishing society within each citizen's community so that they see the necessity of their contribution. To design and analyze fictionality, we also propose a gameful digital rhetoric as design abstractions. The design abstractions are extremely different from traditional approaches; designers can explicitly focus on the enhancement of the meaning in the real space from multiple perspectives; thus designers can change the meaning incrementally according to rapidly changing social situations or citizens' diverse preferences.
Strategic Directions in European Sustainable City Management
Authors: Backović Nemanja , Milićević Vesna , Sofronijevic Adam
Published: August 2018

Initiatives for development of sustainable cities require complex and long term managerial approach in order to succeed. Strategic approach to this challenge is of special interest in European environment where certain cultural and economic features create specific framework for long term development of sustainable cities. This chapter presents and analyzes several strategic directions important for management of sustainable cities in Europe. Based on in-depth literary review and Internet research, culture diversity, innovativeness and flexibility of sustainable city economy and civic initiatives integrated in urban growth are pinpointed as major strategic influencers on sustainable city growth in Europe.
Smart Urbanism and Digital Activism in Southern Italy
Authors: Di Bella Arturo
Published: August 2018

This chapter debates the competing approaches of the smart city model. It starts by critically discussing top-down approaches, focusing on influence of neoliberal urban experimentation, the role of dominant social interests, the reduction of the city and of urban citizenship, and the risks linked with its uncritical assumption. Then, attention shifts on counter-geographies of digital urbanism drawn from below by citizens, communities, and social movements, as part of a fragmented landscape of activism engaged in building alternative and bottom-up approaches of the smart city. Making use of the case study of a city in southern Italy, Catania, the aim of the chapter is threefold since it discusses the critical aspects linked with dissemination of smart city model as a means for investigating the evolutionary neoliberalization developed in southern Italy during last decades, the influence of neoliberal scripts of urban planning on policy practices, and then the potential alternative activities of digital urbanism hold for a more human-centered and socially embedded smart city.
Governance in Smart Cities
Authors: Bolívar Manuel Pedro Rodríguez
Published: August 2018

Many of the challenges to be faced by smart cities surpass the capacities, capabilities, and reaches of their traditional institutions and their classical processes of governing, and therefore new and innovative forms of governance are needed to meet these challenges. According to the network governance literature, governance models in public administrations can be categorized through the identification and analysis of some main dimensions that govern in the way of managing the city by governments. Based on prior research and on the perception of city practitioners in European smart cities, this paper seeks to analyze the relevance of main dimensions of governance models in smart cities as well as to identify differences among prior research and perceptions of practitioners regarding these dimensions. Results could shed some light regarding new future research on efficient patterns of governance models within smart cities.
UK-Based Police Officers' Perceptions of, and Role in Investigating, Cyber-Harassment as a Crime
Authors: Millman Catherine M. , Winder Belinda , Griffiths Mark D.
Published: August 2018

Within the UK, cyber-harassment is a criminal act and perpetrators can be prosecuted if the crime is reported to the police. Cyber-harassment has a detrimental impact and causes psychological distress to victims but due to its online nature, complaints made may not be taken seriously and the impact may not be fully acknowledged. Police officers' perceptions of this crime and its victims are crucial as this will impact on how the crime is investigated and whether perpetrators are prosecuted. The present exploratory study aimed to gain insight into how cyber-harassment is investigated and identify issues and barriers. Eight police officers based in the United Kingdom were recruited using a snowball technique to participate in semi-structured interviews. The data were analyzed using thematic analysis and three themes were identified: online accessibility, threat, and the unhelpful victim. Each theme is discussed in relation to theory, policy and legislation within the UK.
Sexual Violence in the University Campuses of Delhi, India, and Therapeutic Jurisprudence for Justice to Victims
Authors: Kousar Hina
Published: August 2018

This chapter explores the existence of therapeutic jurisprudential approach in the present laws and guidelines that may address sexual harassment in the university campuses in Delhi, India. It has been seen that sexual harassment in the college campuses has often been overlooked as courtship problems between young adults. In this course, the trauma and victimization of women had also been overlooked. This chapter suggests that university campus sexual harassment may be exhaustive and it may include various forms of harassment including physical touching, verbal sexual bullying to even graver offences like molestation. This chapter researches on several forms of sexual harassments which are prevalent in the university campuses and which may defy the existing regulations due to the patriarchal social setup. It further researches on needs of therapeutic jurisprudence to deal with such problems.
Specific Concerns for Teachers, School Counselors, and Administrators
Authors: Christopher David Edward
Published: August 2018

This chapter describes the types of sexual misconduct most prevalent in schools and the types of professional conduct needed by educators to counteract these inappropriate behaviors. Teachers, school counselors, and administrators will learn the best ways to organize the physical space in several types of instructional settings as well as maintain professional interactions with students in all settings. Additionally, educators will learn to evaluate their own behaviors and how they may inadvertently be promoting inappropriate relationships between themselves and the students in their schools.
Trauma
Authors: McGinley Vicki Ann , Salako Olatomiwa O. , Dubov Jena
Published: August 2018

Experiencing trauma will impact a child's development, specifically physically, psychologically (mentally), and emotionally. There is much research on how trauma affects child development, and more information is being addressed on interventions to ameliorate the impact of the symptoms of trauma children experience. Schools play an important role in working with traumatized children and their families. It is through effective collaboration, communication, cognitive behavior interventions, mindfulness techniques to teach self-awareness, social awareness, self-management, responsible decision making, and relationship skills where schools and families may best support the child's growth and development.
Legal Issues Involving Educator Sexual Misconduct
Authors: Fields Sean Ashley
Published: August 2018

In addition to the trauma for victims of an educator's sexual misconduct, such conduct can have lasting consequences for the educator, their employer, and the community the educator serves. The educator who crosses professional boundaries and engages in sexual misconduct with students faces the possibility of both professional and personal consequences. In addition to discussing these consequences, this chapter will identify and examine the liability risks for school employers when an educator engages in sexual misconduct. This chapter will also provide insight into how a school employer can to adopt and implement measures to prevent and manage risks posed by sexual misconduct through background checks, training, supervision, reporting procedures, and conducting investigations when appropriate.
Sexual Violence
Authors: Trivedi Ruchi
Published: August 2018

It takes seconds of impulsiveness for an act of sexual abuse to cross the thin line to convert into an act of sexual violence and vice-versa. There are cases where the act of sexual violence is initiated with consent, and there are acts of sexual violence that fall under the umbrella term sexual assault. This chapter examines the role of violence in sexual abuse, i.e. sexual violence. The first section reviews the definitions of sexual violence and throwing some light on forms of violence in sexual abuse and violation of consent during an act of sexual violence. The second section reviews the risk factors and causal for sexual violence. The third section presents an overview of different perspectives on violence in context to sexual abuse are mentioned and examined.
Title IX and Sexual Harassment
Authors: Gibbon Thomas C. , Bateman David F.
Published: August 2018

This chapter addresses the application of Title IX to protect students from sexual harassment and assault in schools and human service organizations. The United States continues to need this legislation to protect students and other vulnerable populations. Title IX recognizes that sexual harassment can happen between males and females or within genders. Age is not a limiting factor in sexual harassment cases. The law is designed to protect victims regardless of the source of the alleged abuse. Institutions must designate a Title IX Coordinator, create and publicize policies and procedures, and regularly train students and employees. When a complaint is being investigated, the institution must protect the privacy of the victim, protect the victim's safety, document the steps taken, and act promptly. Students can sue for damages if the school does not comply with Title IX procedures. This chapter was meant as an overview of this topic. The authors strongly recommend seeking legal counsel for any specific questions about a violation of Title IX.
Sexual Abuse Among Adolescents
Authors: Kakati Ankita , Goswami Sangeeta
Published: August 2018

This chapter addresses about the prevalence of sexual abuse of adolescents. The consequences, effects and treatment are discussed in this chapter. The chapter also focuses on the laws and amendment acts enforced for the protection of child and adolescents. The major objectives of this chapter are to bring into focus the consequences of sexually abused child and adolescents and how to help them by making them aware of the available treatments and laws enforced for their protection.
Childhood Trauma and Barriers in a Rural Setting
Authors: Salcido Sonja Lee
Published: August 2018

This chapter details the experiences author had while attempting to obtain medical and psychological help for her children while living in a rural area. This chapter, per the author's request, addresses childhood trauma and barriers that need to be broken down so that emotional healing can begin. This submission is personal, and real occurrences. Rural areas generally have less resources available and because rural areas are sometimes remote, financial resources may not be available for a parent or caregiver to travel to obtain the needed help. Rural towns are normally condensed. This means that there is less privacy, and more ways for perpetrators to work a system of abuse within the schools, community, and churches in order to continue “getting to” the victim-- the child, or in this submission, child and parent. Healing from trauma can only begin when the barriers are recognized, broken down, and eliminated.
Abuse Among Child Domestic Workers in Bangladesh
Authors: Islam M. Rezaul
Published: August 2018

This study explored the prevalence and causes of child abuses e.g., physical, emotional, and sexual abuse of child domestic workers in Bangladesh. This study used a mixed method approach. Data sources were 849 child domestic workers, 849 house owners, and 15 development practitioners and experts. A household survey was carried out in three different areas in the Dhaka city. The study employed semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions (FGDs), and observation methods. The results showed that the prevalence of child abuses was very high and manifested physically, emotionally, and sexually among the studied child domestic workers. This was noted as a violation of Bangladesh law and of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC). The findings of this study could be an important guideline to the policy makers, human rights practitioners, and international human and child rights organisations in seeking to alleviate these violations.