bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LAIRD LENTIL
Authors: SLINKARD A. E. , BHATTY R. S.
Published: March 2010

Laird is the first lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) cultivar to be licensed in Canada. It is the result of line selection from U.S. Department of Agriculture Plant Introduction 343028 from Russia. Laird is a large-seeded (Chilean type) lentil with yellow cotyledons and is higher yielding than Commercial Chilean lentils.
SWIFT, RUSSIAN WILD RYEGRASS
Authors: LAWRENCE T.
Published: March 2010

Swift is a new cultivar of Russian wild ryegrass developed at the Agriculture Canada Research Station, Swift Current, Saskatchewan. There are no visual characters that distinguish Swift from other cultivars of Russian wild ryegrass. Swift’s main attributes are excellent establishment vigor and ability to emerge from deep seedings.
GERMINATION OF LOWBUSH BLUEBERRY SEEDS AS AFFECTED BY SIZING, PLANTING COVER, STORAGE, AND PELLETING
Authors: AALDERS LEWIS E. , HALL IVAN V.
Published: March 2010

Lowbush blueberry seeds that passed through a 30-mesh screen had a total germination of less than 3% while those that were retained germinated more than 35%. Covering the seed more than 5 mm with either sphagnum or peat reduced germination significantly below no cover. Germination of seeds stored dry up to 24 wk was not significantly affected by storage temperature but seeds stored moist during the same period showed reduced germination at both 0 and 21 °C. Seeds larger than 30-mesh, when pelleted, germinated markedly better over five planting dates than similar non-pelleted ones.
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE, NITROGEN FERTILIZATION AND MOISTURE STRESS ON GROWTH, ASSIMILATE DISTRIBUTION AND MOISTURE USE BY MANITOU SPRING WHEAT
Authors: CAMPBELL C. A. , DAVIDSON H. R.
Published: March 2010

The effects of early moisture stress [tillering (Tg) to last leaf visible (LLV)], late moisture stress [LLV to anthesis (AN)], and three rates of N fertilizer (44, 88 and 132 kg N/ha) on the development and moisture use characteristics of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ’Manitou’) were determined under simulated irrigation in the growth chamber at day/night temperatures of 27 °C/12 °C (T27/12) and 22 °C/12 °C (T22/12). Plant height was unaffected by N and by early stress, but was reduced by late stress. Number of tillers increased until LLV, then decreased sharply and remained constant to maturity. More tillers were initiated at T27/12 than at T22/12, but by maturity there was little difference. Leaf blade photosynthetic area reached its maximum at LLV, while the non-leaf blade photosynthetic area reached its maximum at AN and constituted 75% of the total photosynthetic area at the milk dough stage. Heads comprised no more than 9% of the photosynthetic area at any time. Total plant matter accumulated sigmoidally, but at T27/12 and low N rates, plants lost total dry weight after the milk dough stage. Dry matter of the vegetative plant parts increased until the milk dough stage, then stems in particular, and roots to a lesser extent, lost weight. Head weight increased linearly at about 17.5 mg/head/day. Dry matter accumulation was directly proportional to N applied, inversely related to temperature, temporarily retarded by early stress and markedly reduced by late stress. Although stems were the dominant vegetative dry matter sink, leaves were the dominant N sink. A combination of high temperature, high N and moisture stress resulted in a temporary loss of N from the plants between LLV and the milk dough stage. As maturation proceeded, N assimilates appeared to move from leaves to roots into stems and thence into heads. The average rate of N accumulation in the heads was 0.22 and 0.27 mg/head/day at T22/12 and T27/12, respectively. Some N was lost by denitrification. The amount and rate of evapotranspiration were directly proportional to N applied and in general inversely related to moisture stress. The rate of moisture use was generally more rapid at T27/12, but the amount used was no different from that at T22/12. Plants stressed early recovered and used water at the same rate as unstressed plants, but plants stressed late did not recover.
EFFECT OF DROUGHT ON FROST RESISTANCE AND FATTY ACID CONTENT OF YOUNG WINTER WHEAT PLANTS
Authors: WILLEMOT C. , PELLETIER L.
Published: March 2010

Low soil moisture, both prior to and during freezing, increased frost resistance of 12-day-old winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants. While frost resistance increased, percentage of linolenic acid decreased in drought-stressed plants (10% of soil water-holding capacity) as compared with controls (40%). This occurred whether drought stress was applied before freezing at 1 °C or at 20 °C. A degree of frost hardening can be achieved in winter wheat by drought stress without low temperature treatment, and without an increase in degree of unsaturation of fatty acids.
AMINO ACID COMPOSITION AND PROTEIN QUALITY OF FIELD PEAS
Authors: HOLT N. W. , SOSULSKI F. W.
Published: March 2010

Seed of Century (16 samples) and 17 other lines of field peas (Pisum sativum L.), selected for a wide range of total nitrogen (N), were analyzed for amino acids (AA). Arginine, aspartic acid and glutamic acid were found in greatest amounts, but relatively large amounts of lysine and leucine were also present. A nitrogen-to-protein conversion factor of 5.52 was determined from the AA composition. Variability in AA content within Century samples and among all lines was not large except for arginine, methionine, tryptophan and cystine. Effects of genotype and environment on these AA were equally large. In Century, the concentration of nine AA were significantly correlated with total N. Resulting regression equations reliably predicted the AA composition of Century from total N but were not applicable to other lines of field peas. Apparently, such regressions must be developed independently for each cultivar, i.e. the AA profile is a cultivar characteristic. Peas satisfy adult human requirements for the essential AA except for the sulfur-containing AA, the proportion of which declined with increasing total N. The protein quality was estimated by amino acid score and was equal to 58 for 18 lines of field peas. Threonine and valine were second and third limiting AA, respectively.
EFFECT OF PLANT DENSITY ON YIELD, YIELD COMPONENTS AND QUALITY IN TRITICALE AND GLENLEA WHEAT
Authors: GEBRE-MARIAM H. , LARTER E. N.
Published: March 2010

Three cultivars of hexaploid triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) and wheat (T. aestivum L. em Thell ’Glenlea’) were used to study the influence of plant density on grain yield, yield components, and protein and lysine content. Three plant densities, 140, 280 and 420 plants/m2 were tested at three locations. Significant differences were found between Glenlea and the triticales, and among the three triticales for all characters investigated. Although grain yield was not significantly affected, 1000-kernel weight, kernel number per spike, and number of fertile spikes per plant exhibited a highly significant linear decrease with increased plant density. Protein level and lysine content, however, were not influenced by density.
EVALUATION OF TWENTY GRASS POPULATIONS AS IRRIGATED HAY CROPS FOR SOUTHWESTERN SASKATCHEWAN
Authors: LAWRENCE T. , WARDER F. G.
Published: March 2010

Twenty grass populations were evaluated for dry matter yield, N content, P content, organic matter content, organic matter digestibility and winterhardiness. Of these populations, Agropyron intermedium was most suitable for a hay crop on a well-drained irrigated soil. Agropyron trichophorum, Bromus inermis, and Phalaris arundinacea were lower-yielding alternatives that had a satisfactory N content and good digestibility. Elymus angustus shows promise as an irrigated hay crop and should be evaluated further. The usefulness of the following populations was limited by one or more of these factors: low yield (Y), low N content (N), low digestibility (D) and lack of winterhardiness (W): Dactylis glomerata ’Kay’ (Y,N,D), Dactylis glomerata ’Chinook’ (Y,N,W), Elymus sibiricus (Y), Festuca arundinacea ’Kenmont’ (Y,N,W), Festuca elatior ’Trader’ (Y,N), Phleum pratense (Y,N,D), Poa ampla ’Sherman’ (N,D), Poa bulbosa cv. P4874 (Y,N,D), and Poa pratensis (Y,N,D).
TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF FUNGAL NEMATODE-TRAPPING DEVICES
Authors: TZEAN S. S. , ESTEY R. H.
Published: March 2010

The nematode-trapping devices of Arthrobotrys dactyloides (constricting rings), Monacrosporium cionopagum (adhesive columnar processes and scalariform loops) and a Dactylella sp. (sticky knobs) were investigated by electron microscopy. The cells of the constricting rings prior to inflation contained normal cytoplasmic organelles and some unusual, oblong, electron-dense inclusions in the luminal side of the protoplast, and lomasomes associated with papillate cylindrical bodies in the peripheral side. Their luminal walls differed from their peripheral walls in structure and thickness. After inflation, the ring cells had thinner luminal walls, the electron-dense inclusions were absent, there were fewer lomasomes, the cells had larger vacuoles, some of which contained electron-dense fine granules, and Woronin bodies were plugging the septal pores. It is postulated that the cells of constricting rings are inflated by means of rapidly generated gases rather than by an inflow of fluids. The sticky knob, adhesive columnar process, and scalariform loop trapping devices exhibited numerous globose electron-dense bodies, especially in their peripheral protoplasts.
COMPOSITIONAL CHANGES IN DEVELOPING PODS AND SEEDS OF OILSEED RAPE (BRASSICA NAPUS L.) AS AFFECTED BY POD POSITION ON THE PLANT
Authors: DIEPENBROCK W. , GEISLER G.
Published: March 2010

Plants of rape (Brassica napus L. ’Erglu’) were grown under controlled greenhouse conditions. The growth and composition of pods (hulls) and seeds was followed from the day when flowering took place to maturity. Pod development could be divided into three stages. In the first stage hull growth was more rapid than seed growth. Nitrogen accumulation in hulls occurred at a maximum and seeds were characterized by a high protein content but a low oil content and a fatty acid composition similar to that of photosynthetic tissue. During the second phase dry matter of hulls began to decrease, nitrogen was exported and the rates of seed dry matter accumulation grew to a maximum. At the same time the protein content of seeds declined while oil content increased rapidly. The fatty acid composition had reached the final condition. In the third stage hulls continued to lose dry matter and the rates of seed dry matter accumulation decreased dramatically. Pod growth was affected by the location of the pod on the plant. The individual seed weight and the fatty acid compvsition at 16 days after flowering indicated an accelerated development of seeds from axillary branches. Pods from the main branch generally produced the largest amount of seed dry matter. From these results the ideal high-yielding rape plant was characterized.
RESPONSE OF AGRONOMIC AND BARLEY QUALITY TRAITS TO NITROGEN FERTILIZER
Authors: McGUIRE CHARLES F. , HOCKETT E. A. , WESENBERG D. M.
Published: March 2010

Malting and non-malting barleys fertilized with nitrogen were evaluated for qualitative kernel properties, agronomic performance, cultivar-treatment interactions, and the relationship between malt quality and agronomic performance. Sixty-seven kilograms per hectare of N increased the mean yield of five barley cultivars by 38 and 44% over the checks at Ft. Ellis in 1971 (environment 3) and 1973 (environment 4), respectively; 50 kg/ha of N increased yields over the checks at Aberdeen by 8% in both 1971 (environment 1) and 1973 (environment 2). Doubling the rates at either location did not increase yields further. Nitrogen treatments delayed heading dates at Ft. Ellis in 1971 and height of plants increased at Ft. Ellis but not at Aberdeen. Nitrogen increased barley diastatic power (DP), but decreased barley extracts. Barley protein percent increased significantly with each increment of applied N. A differential response of cultivars to applied N resulted in interactions for barley DP and percent protein. Cultivars × environments interacted for grain yield, heading date, barley DP, barley extract, and grain protein content. Nitrogen rates interacted with environment for plant height, barley extract, and grain protein content. Forty-six of 65 simple correlations between malting and agronomic or kernel traits were significant.
DUNDAS SPRING WHEAT
Authors: NASS H. G. , STERLING J. D. E. , GRANT E. A. , SMELTZER G. G. , LANGILLE J. E. , BUBAR J. S.
Published: March 2010

Dundas is an early maturing hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with adaptation to Eastern Canada.
A COMPARISON OF FRUIT YIELDS OF LOWBUSH BLUEBERRY CLONAL LINES AND RELATED SEEDLING PROGENIES
Authors: AALDERS LEWIS E. , HALL IVAN V. , BRYDON AVARD C.
Published: March 2010

Up to 39 tonnes/ha were obtained in three-harvest cumulative yields of superior lowbush blueberry materials planted in 1972 and harvested in 1974, 1976 and in 1978. Plants from four select clones yielded an average of 50% more fruit than did their four respective seedling progenies. At a spacing of 20 000 plants/ha, 70% survived through the third fruiting season.
EFFECTS OF CYCOCEL (CCC) AND FUNGICIDE SPRAYS ON SPRING WHEAT GROWN AT THREE NITROGEN LEVELS
Authors: JOHNSTON H. W. , MacLEOD J. A. , CLOUGH K. S.
Published: March 2010

Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ’Opal’) was grown at three N levels, 80, 120, and 160 kg N/ha, to evaluate effects of Cycocel (CCC) and fungicide sprays in a 2-yr test. CCC decreased yields, in the absence of lodging, by increasing disease severity. Fungicides decreased disease severity while increased levels of N increased the severity of powdery mildew. The combination of high N plus fungicides produced the highest yields because the healthier plants gave greater responses to higher levels of N than did diseased plants. Levels of N above the 80 kg/ha rate did not increase yield of Opal wheat in the absence of appropriate fungicide sprays.
PERFORMANCE OF OAT PLANTS GROWN FROM PRIMARY AND SECONDARY KERNELS
Authors: BRINKMAN M. A.
Published: March 2010

Mixtures of primary and secondary kernels within each of four oat (Avena sativa L.) genotypes differing in primary:secondary kernel weight ratio (weight of primary kernels/weight of an equal number of secondary kernels) were grown in four environments with diverse yield levels. Grain and straw yields and numbers of panicles per plant and spikelets per panicle decreased as the frequency of secondary kernels in the primary:secondary combinations increased, while 100-kernel weight was relatively constant. The reductions that occurred as the proportion of secondary kernels increased were linear and were not affected by genotype, environment, or genotype × environment interaction. Plants in plots grown from 100% primary kernels yielded 14.5% more grain and 13.1% more straw than plants in plots grown from 100% secondary kernels. The higher grain yields of plants grown from primary kernels were due to comparable increases in tillering and spikelets per panicle. Although our results indicate that grain and straw yields can be increased significantly by separating out at least one half of the secondary kernels in seed oats, the cost of separating should be compared to the anticipated monetary gain from grain and straw yield improvements to determine if the extra handling would be an economically sound practice.
EFFECT OF RATE AND DATE OF SEEDING ON YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS OF TWO WINTER WHEAT CULTIVARS GROWN IN ONTARIO
Authors: SMID A. E. , JENKINSON R. C.
Published: March 2010

Two cultivars of soft white winter wheat, Fredrick and Yorkstar, were sown at rates of 34, 67, 101, 134 and 168 kg/ha on or near 24 Sept., 9 Oct. and 23 Oct. in each of the 3 yr 1973–1975, at Ridgetown, Ontario. Highest net yields were obtained with rate of seeding 134 kg/ha. Seeding rate did not affect lodging. Yield per hectare and spikes per hectare were positively correlated while kernels per spike and spikes per hectare were negatively correlated. However, as the rate of seeding was increased, the increase in the number of spikes per hectare was greater than the accompanying decrease in kernels per spike, resulting in a net overall increase in yield. Highest yields of Fredrick were obtained near 9 Oct. and those of Yorkstar near 24 Sept. Yields decreased more rapidly with delayed seeding when seeding rates were less than 134 kg/ha, especially with Yorkstar. Test weight of Yorkstar was low, especially when sown late. Fredrick yielded 3–25% more than Yorkstar. A delay in seeding beyond 9 Oct. resulted in a yield reduction of 23 kg/ha/day. Fredrick should be sown instead of Yorkstar when seeding is delayed beyond recommended dates of seeding.
INFLUENCE OF PLOIDY LEVEL ON SEVERAL PLANT CHARACTERISTICS IN SOYBEANS
Authors: BEVERSDORF W. D.
Published: March 2010

A ploidy series including haploid, diploid, triploid, tetraploid and pentaploid plants were identified among mono-embryonic and polyembryonic progeny of male-sterile (ms1/ms1) soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merrill). Ploidy level was positively correlated with guard cell length, number of chloroplasts per guard cell, leaflet width to length ratio and flower size; and negatively correlated with stomatal frequency and number of internodes. The influence of ploidy level was significant for all characteristics examined. All of these characteristics responded linearly with ploidy level, with coefficients of determination ranging from 0.54 to 0.94. Guard cell length and number of chloroplasts per guard cell appeared to be excellent indicators of ploidy level.
INTRA-PLANT VARIATION IN NUMBER OF SEEDS PER POD AND SEED WEIGHT IN BRASSICA NAPUS ’TOWER’
Authors: CLARKE JOHN M.
Published: March 2010

Field trials were conducted at Saskatoon in 1976, and at Swift Current in 1977, to investigate intra-plant variation in number of seeds per pod and seed weight in Brassica napus L. ’Tower’. Number of pods was greatest on the main raceme, least on the lowest branch. Seed number per pod was also highest on the main raceme, as was seed weight. In 1976, number of seeds per pod and seed weight were higher in pods from the lower half of the main raceme than from those on the upper half. A study of the trends in number of seeds per pod between the end of flowering and maturity revealed a general decline in number of seeds per pod and an increase in the number of aborted seeds at the lower branch positions. At the end of flowering, pods from all branch positions had equal numbers of developing seeds.
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE, NITROGEN FERTILIZATION AND MOISTURE STRESS ON YIELD, YIELD COMPONENTS, PROTEIN CONTENT AND MOISTURE USE EFFICIENCY OF MANITOU SPRING WHEAT
Authors: CAMPBELL C. A. , DAVIDSON H. R.
Published: March 2010

The effects of temperature, nitrogen fertility (N), and moisture stress on the yield components, protein content and moisture use efficiency of Manitou wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were determined under simulated irrigation in a 2 × 3 × 5 factorial experiment. Grain yield was directly related to and mainly influenced by N. Yield was directly related to the number of spikes (r = 0.71**), and the number of seeds/spike (r = 0.65**), and inversely related to average seed weight (r = −0.41**). Seed weight was also inversely related to the number of spikes and number of seeds per spike. At maturity, the number of spikes was directly and mainly affected by N. The number of spikelets per spike, seed set of primary and secondary florets, and seed weight were inversely related to, and mainly a function of, temperature. At high temperature and low NO3-N, low moisture stress was detrimental to several yield components where these conditions existed during a period critical to the development of the component. These poor responses were alleviated by high moisture stress or high rate of NO3-N fertilizer or both. Grain protein was mainly influenced by temperature to which it was directly related. Protein was increased by N at day/night temperatures of T22/12 °C, but was unaffected by N at T27/12 °C; it was also increased by high moisture stress applied between last leaf visible and anthesis. Grain protein was inversely related to grain yield at any given level of N. Covariance was used to isolate the true effect (i.e., corrected for yield effects) of the treatment variables on protein. In this experiment, N influenced protein only via its effect on grain yield. Moisture use efficiency for grain production was improved by all factors that increased grain yield (e.g., increased N, low temperature, or high moisture stress between tillering and last leaf visible). Efficiency was deleteriously affected by moisture stress between last leaf visible and anthesis.
GLIADIN COMPOSITION OF THE BREAD-WHEAT CULTIVARS BW 20 AND SINTON
Authors: KOSMOLAK F. G.
Published: March 2010

Gliadins from 123 breeder lines of the cultivar BW 20 and from 198 breeder lines of the cultivar Sinton were extracted and separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The cultivar BW 20 consisted of four biotypes and the cultivar Sinton of five with respect to their gliadin composition. The major biotype was represented by 93% of the breeder lines of the cultivar BW 20 and by 98% of the cultivar Sinton. The electrophoretic patterns of awned off-type plants in a yield test plot of Cultivar BW 20 were different from the patterns of the biotypes present in breeder lines of BW 20. It was concluded that these awned plants were contaminants from other cultivar sources.
EFFECT OF MAGNETIC SEED TREATMENT ON AMYLOLYTIC ACTIVITY OF QUIESCENT AND GERMINATING BARLEY AND WHEAT SEEDS
Authors: PITTMAN U. J. , CAREFOOT J. M. , ORMROD D. P.
Published: March 2010

Pre-imbibition exposure of quiescent seeds of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. ’Olli’ and ’Conquest’) and of hard red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ’Kharkov 22 MC’) to a nonhomogeneous magnetic field reduced the amount of amylolytic enzyme activity in subsequently imbibed seed parts, whole seeds, or very young seedlings.
COMPARISON OF CULTIVAR HYBRIDS AND BLENDS WITH PURE CULTIVARS IN CRESTED WHEATGRASS
Authors: KNOWLES R. P.
Published: March 2010

Four strains of crested wheatgrass were allowed to interpollinate in pairs to form hybrids which were subsequently compared with parents and seed blends of parents for hay production. Average yield gains of 2–3% were obtained for hybrids relative to parental averages while that of blends was 0–1%. Certain combinations gave somewhat greater gains such as 4–8% for the cross Summit × Nordan relative to the higher yielding Summit parent. The degree of hybridization varied from 0 to 56% with an average of 16% in the first set of crosses and 21% in the second set. The. colchicine-induced tetraploid of Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn. as seed parent showed little crossing with the natural tetraploid A. desertorum (Fisch.) Schult., but 12–34% when used as the pollen parent.
THE USE OF SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE IN TESTING THE SEED VIABILITY OF WILD OATS
Authors: HSIAO A. I. , MacGREGOR M. E. , BANTING J. D.
Published: March 2010

When seeds of wild oats (Avena fatua L.) were imbibed in water for 24 h, followed by 24-h immersion in 6% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), the hulls were completely degraded. The embryos were clearly defined before the hull was completely degraded. Several hours were required for the maximum number of sharply defined embryos to develop after NaOCl treatment to dry seeds, and hull degradation was less rapid in these seeds relative to seeds that had been previously imbibed in water for 24 h. The maximum percentage of caryopses with sharply defined embryos was found to be closely correlated to percentage of viable seeds estimated by germination plus tetrazolium tests; thus the NaOCl treatment can be used to estimate the viability of wild oat seeds.
OZONE RESPONSE OF TOMATO PLANTS INFECTED WITH CUCUMBER MOSAIC VIRUS AND/OR TOBACCO MOSAIC VIRUS
Authors: ORMROD D. P. , KEMP W. G.
Published: March 2010

The sensitivity of three tomato cultivars to several concentrations of ozone was evaluated after prior sequential inoculations with tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and/or cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). Ozone injury in inoculated and uninoculated tomatoes varied from slight to severe depending on the virus, cultivar, ozone concentration and virus incubation period. The frequency of increased ozone injury was about twice as great as that of suppressed injury on infected plants. Ozone injury occurred more frequently in TMV-inoculated plants than in those inoculated with CMV. There were more increases than decreases in ozone injury after 7 or 14 days of virus infection, but mainly decreases in injury after 21 days infection. Growth was significantly reduced in plants exposed to ozone after a 21-day virus incubation period, particularly when they were inoculated with both viruses.
EFFECTS OF PRATYLENCHUS PENETRANS AND MELOIDOGYNE HAPLA ON POTENTIAL CROPS FOR THE TOBACCO-GROWING AREAS OF SOUTHWESTERN ONTARIO
Authors: OLTHOF Th. H. A.
Published: March 2010

Initial densities of 1800, 2600, 3700, 5100 and 14 700 P. penetrans/kg of soil did not cause any difference in growth of nine cereal and peanut cultivars. The nematode reproduced well on dormoats and two corn and sorghum cultivars, rather poorly on two millet cultivars, and very poorly on Valencia and Spanish peanuts. Initial densities of 3000 M. hapla larvae/kg of soil suppressed top growth of pelleted chicory, white lupine, mint, and both peanut cultivars; increased top growth of mung beans; and had no effect on unpelleted chicory and Jerusalem artichoke. For Valencia peanuts, the final larval density in the soil was 29 times the initial density; Spanish peanut, 16 times; lupine, 11 times; mint, 6 times; both chicories, 5 times; mung bean, 2 times; and Jerusalem artichoke, 0.5 times. None of the crops tested are considered to be safe rotation crops with flue-cured tobacco in southwestern Ontario except millet and, possibly, Jerusalem artichoke.
THE RESPONSE OF SOME KENTUCKY BLUEGRASS CULTIVARS TO COMPETITIVE STRESS FROM ANNUAL BLUEGRASS
Authors: EGGENS J. L.
Published: March 2010

The ability of seven Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) cultivars to compete against annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.) under greenhouse and growth chamber conditions was evaluated. Under natural long days from June to November in the greenhouse and under a 15-h daylength in the growth chamber, annual bluegrass produced significantly more tillers than each of the Kentucky bluegrass cultivars. Under short day condition (10 h) in the growth chamber, the number of innovations produced by Sydsport Kentucky bluegrass was not significantly different from annual bluegrass. Under natural daylength of February and March in the greenhouse, the number of innovations produced by Baron, Glade and Sydsport Kentucky bluegrass cultivars was not significantly different from that produced by annual bluegrass. A method to evaluate the competitive ability of Kentucky bluegrass under daily 2-cm mowing height is described.
TOLERANCE OF SEEDLING CICER MILKVETCH TO HERBICIDES
Authors: MOYER J. R. , SMOLIAK S. , JOHNSTON A.
Published: March 2010

Cicer milkvetch (Astragalus cicer L.) is tolerant to several herbicides, such as barban, TCA, and dichlofop methyl, that will control annual grasses. There was good tolerance to trifluralin, which controls annual grasses and some broad-leaved weeds, and marginal tolerance to bromoxynil and bentazon, which control additional broad-leaved weeds.
OCCURRENCE AND WINTER SURVIVAL OF JOHNSON GRASS (SORGHUM HALEPENSE) IN ONTARIO
Authors: ALEX J. F. , McLAREN R. D. , HAMILL A. S.
Published: March 2010

Recorded infestations of Johnson grass (Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.) in Ontario increased from 3 in 1971 to about 20 in 1978. All examined plants grew from seed, except in Brant County where regrowth from overwintered rhizomes occurred in 1978. Winter survival may have been due to deep, continuous snow cover or to a founder effect.
PHENOLS, CAROTENE AND ASCORBIC ACID OF SWEET POTATO ROOTS INFECTED WITH RHIZOPUS STOLONIFER
Authors: THOMPSON D. P.
Published: March 2010

Sweet potato roots (Ipomoea batatas L. ’Porto Rico’) were infected with Rhizopus stolonifer. Results showed that in the infected tissues, the content of both the carotenoids and ascorbic acid were significantly low while there was an accumulation of the total phenols and orthodihydroxyphenols.
THE EFFECT OF CROSS-GRAFTING BETWEEN IMMUNE, TOLERANT AND SUSCEPTIBLE NICOTIANA TABACUM CULTIVARS ON INFECTION WITH THIELAVIOPSIS ROOT ROT
Authors: GAYED S. K.
Published: March 2010

The severity of infection of tobacco cultivars and breeding lines to necrotic lesion formation by Thielaviopsis basicola and subsequent growth of the plants of cross-grafted, self-grafted and ungrafted seedlings of the immune breeding lines 72C18, the tolerant cultivar Virginia 115 and the susceptible cultivars White Mammoth depended totally on the root irrespective of the grafted shoot.
THE EFFECT OF LOCATION ON NATURAL SELECTION IN BULK POPULATIONS OF BARLEY (HORDEUM VULGARE L.). I. SIMPLY INHERITED TRAITS
Authors: CHOO T. M. , KLINCK H. R. , ST-PIERRE C. A.
Published: March 2010

The effect of location on natural selection was investigated by studying the changes in phenotypic composition of six simply inherited traits. Seventeen F15 unselected bulk populations were derived from a single cross of barley. Fifteen of the bulks were alternated between Macdonald College and La Pocatière either annually or after 2–8 yr at one location; one of the remaining two bulks was grown continuously at Macdonald College and the other at La Pocatière. By F15, almost all populations had shifted toward plants with rough awns, yellow aleurone, short-haired rachillas, hairy rachis, or a dense spike. The V-shaped collar type predominated in these populations. The propagation environments had a significant effect on the rates of change in phenotypic composition of the six simply inherited traits in these barley bulk populations. However, the frequency of alternating populations between the two locations appeared to have only a minor influence on the rates of change in phenotypic composition of these traits.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOME DURUM WHEAT PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND SEMOLINA MILLING PROPERTIES
Authors: MATSUO R. R. , DEXTER J. E.
Published: March 2010

A recently developed modified milling flow for a three-stand Allis-Chalmers laboratory mill that gives a semolina yield and semolina granulation similar to that of Canadian commercial mills was used to study the relationship between durum wheat test weight, 1000-kernel weight, protein content and semolina milling yield for a series of 174 durum wheat samples. All correlations except the correlation between protein content and 1000-kernel weight were significant. Maximum milling yield was obtained for samples possessing high test weight and high 1000-kernel weight. Increased protein content resulted in a tendency to lower milling yield. For a series of hand-picked samples it was found that as starchy kernel content increased, milling yield was not affected but the proportion of flour increased. Protein content and yellow pigment content decreased with increased starchy kernel content.
SPECIES AND CULTIVAR DISCRIMINATION OF CEREALS BY FIELD SPECTROSCOPY
Authors: GLICK H. , LACROIX L. J. , SHAYKEWICH C. F. , BRACH E. J. , BELL W. C.
Published: March 2010

Measurements of reflection in the visible spectrum (350–750 nm) were made from plant canopies of wheat (cvs. Sinton, Neepawa), barley (cvs. Bonanza and Klondike) and oats (cvs. Harmon and Hudson). Reflectance values were compared among species and cultivars in 4-nm intervals to determine the potential for discriminating between species and cultivars by field spectroscopy. Results indicated that it was possible to discriminate between wheat and barley at the tillering stage. Discrimination between wheat and oats, and barley and oats was not possible until flowering. Comparison of reflectance from cultivars within species indicated that there is a potential for discriminating between cultivars.
INHERITANCE AND FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF A YELLOW-EMBRYO MUTANT IN TURNIP RAPE (BRASSICA CAMPESTRIS L.)
Authors: STRINGAM G. R. , McGREGOR D. I.
Published: March 2010

The inheritance of a yellow-embryo mutant in Brassica campestris L. was shown to be determined by a simple recessive gene yy under embryonic control. Analysis of mature seed on heterozygous plants indicated that the content of each of the polyunsaturated fatty acids linoleic and linolenic, for the mutant seed, was approximately 3 percentage-points less than for the normal seed. The reduction of linolenic and linoleic acid to almost the same extent might indicate that the desaturation pathway from oleic acid, rather than the elongation pathway from dodecatrienoic acid, has been involved to effect these changes.
SOME FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH INJURY TO ALFALFA DURING THE 1977–78 WINTER AT BEAVERLODGE, ALBERTA
Authors: McKENZIE J. S. , McLEAN G. E.
Published: March 2010

During the 1977–78 winter, many perennial legumes were severely injured in northern Alberta and British Columbia. The winter was characterized by an early killing frost on 1 Sept. 1977. Air temperatures were −28 °C in late November and −43 °C in early December prior to any appreciable ground snow cover. This caused soil temperatures at 5 cm to drop to −19 °C. Field and laboratory experiments are described in which cold hardiness measurements (LT40), etiolated regrowth weight measurements of root food reserves and visual percent stand estimates were determined on various cultivars of Medicago sativa, M. media and M. falcata prior to, during and/or following the 1977–78 winter. Injury was first observed in plants collected from the field following the low soil temperatures in November and December. Fall cutting management studies indicated that alfalfa harvested during August or early September in 1977 suffered the most severe injury the following spring. In June 1978, first-cut yields of these plots were up to 50% lower than the yields from single-cut control plots or plots harvested after mid-September. M. sativa, M. media and M. falcata cultivars left for seed showed little evidence of winter injury. The results suggest that low fall food reserves which resulted from harvesting during August or early September and low soil temperatures in December and January were two primary factors associated with winter injury. M. sativa stands cut twice in 1977 were more severely injured than stands of M. media or M. falcata. Three-year-old stands of M. media were more severely injured than 2-yr-old stands.
INFLUENCE OF SOIL MOISTURE ON COLD TOLERANCE OF ALFALFA
Authors: PAQUIN ROGER , MEHUYS GUY R.
Published: March 2010

Drought stress applied to alfalfa seedlings (Medicago media Pers.) grown at 20–22 °C by reducing soil moisture from 100 to 30% of soil water holding capacity prior to freezing increased their LT50 by 4–7 °C. The tests were performed in 12-cm pots containing either a greenhouse sandy loam potting mixture or material sampled in the Ap horizon of several soils of varying texture. Similar increases were obtained when identical soil water treatments were applied to plants hardened for 2 or 4 wk at 1 °C. Both stresses, drought and low temperature, have additive influences on plant survival following freezing. Low soil moisture increased both the level of cold hardening achieved and plant survival to freezing, but it had a larger effect on the freezing process than on the hardening process. Freezing tests carried out with insulated pots, in order to simulate field conditions where frost comes from above, did not affect the survival of alfalfa in spite of a delay in the cooling of the soil. Differences in cooling rates during freezing could not be correlated with the higher mortality observed with moist soils.
SCREENING WORLD ONION GERMPLASM COLLECTION AND COMMERCIAL CULTIVARS FOR RESISTANCE TO SMUT
Authors: UTKHEDE R. S. , RAHE J. E.
Published: March 2010

Two hundred and fifty-five accessions to the USDA world onion germplasm collection and 66 commercial cultivars of Allium cepa were screened for resistance to Urocystis magica, the causal agent of onion smut. The trial was conducted in Cloverdale, British Columbia on a muck soil heavily infested with U. magica. Percent smut infection in bulbs at harvest was measured and significant differences (P = 0.01) among the accessions and cultivars occurred. Three plant introduction lines and one commercial cultivar were completely resistant to U. magica in the trial and significant levels of resistance were found in six other plant introduction lines and one commercial cultivar.
RECIPROCAL CROSS ANALYSIS OF GROWTH COMPONENT STAGES IN TOMATOES UNDER TWO TEMPERATURE REGIMES
Authors: LI THOMAS SHIN-CHAI , HORNBY C. A.
Published: March 2010

The nuclear and cytoplasmic effects on seven growth component stages in tomatoes were studied in a reciprocal cross experiment involving two parental cultivars, Bonny Best and Immur Prior Beta, and their reciprocal hybrids. These were grown under the two temperature regimes in greenhouses, 17 °C–21 °C and 10 °C–13 °C respectively. There was evidence that cytoplasmic effects were relatively important for some of the characteristics under stress temperature condition. It is suggested that the cytoplasmic effects and genic-cytoplasm interactions should be considered during selection for tomatoes under subnormal temperature conditions.
EFFECT OF SEED INFESTATION AND FLOWER BUD INOCULATION ON SYSTEMIC INFECTION OF TURNIP RAPE BY ALBUGO CANDIDA
Authors: VERMA P. R. , PETRIE G. A.
Published: March 2010

Oospores of (Albugo candida race 7 mixed with seeds of turnip rape (Brassica campestris L. ’Torch’) prior to sowing resulted in a significant increase over the control in both locally (foliar) and systemically-infected plants in field plots, demonstrating the potential importance of seed infestation in initiating the disease. In growth room studies, inoculation of flower buds with zoospores resulted in a 10-fold increase, over cotyledon and leaf inoculations, in the number of stagheads on turnip rape. Over 55% of the flower-bud-inoculated plants produced stagheads. Results suggest that flower bud infection is probably a major source of systemic infection of individual branches. Stagheads may also result from systemic infection beginning at the seedling stage.
MINGO BARLEY
Authors: HO K. M. , JONES G. E.
Published: March 2010

Mingo, a six-rowed spring feed barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), is the first barley cultivar developed by the doubled haploid method. It has a high yield, high test weight and good threshability. It took only 5 yr from the time when the parental lines were crossed to the time when Mingo was licenced on 28 March 1979. Breeder seed of Mingo is maintained by CIBA-GEIGY Seeds Ltd., Ailsa Craig, Ontario.
SCREENING RYE CULTIVARS AND BREEDING LINES FOR RESISTANCE TO THE ROOT-LESION NEMATODE PRATYLENCHUS PENETRANS
Authors: OLTHOF Th. H. A.
Published: March 2010

In greenhouse pot tests, 66 cultivars and breeding lines of rye (Secale cereale L.) were screened for resistance to the root-lesion nematode (Pratylenchus penetrans Cobb). Ten cultivars and breeding lines supported less reproduction of the nematode than did Tetra Petkus, the standard cultivar used in rotation with flue-cured tobacco in southwestern Ontario.
LOW OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE ATMOSPHERES FOR STORAGE OF McINTOSH APPLES
Authors: LIDSTER P. D. , FORSYTH F. R. , LIGHTFOOT H. J.
Published: March 2010

McIntosh apples (Malus sylvestris Mill.) held in 1.5% CO2 + 1.0% O2 were 2.60 kg firmer and had 89 mg/100 mL more acid after 7 mo storage at 2.8 °C than did apples held at standard commercial atmospheres of 5% CO2 + 3% O2. After holding these apples for 7 days in air at 21 °C there were still significant treatment differences. There was no evidence of any internal or external injury or of increased ethanol or acetaldehyde production resulting from the low O2 treatments.
THE INFLUENCE OF IMMERSION IN WATER ON THE EFFICACY OF POSTEMERGENCE WILD OAT HERBICIDES
Authors: O’SULLIVAN P. A. , BORN W. H. VANDEN
Published: March 2010

Wild oat foliage was immersed in water after treatment with postemergence herbicides. The interval required between spraying and immersion to maintain herbicidal activity was: barban, 0–0.5 h; benzoylprop ethyl, 0–0.5 h; difenzoquat, 1–4 h; barban-benzoylprop ethyl, 0–0.5 h; barban-difenzoquat, 4–8 h; diclofop methyl, 8–12 h; flamprop isopropyl, 0 h; flamprop methyl, 0–0.5 h.
THE EFFECT OF THE NITRIFICATION INHIBITOR NITRAPYRIN ON YIELD AND ON NITROGEN FRACTIONS IN SOIL AND TISSUE OF CORN (ZEA MAYS L.) GROWN IN THE ANNAPOLIS VALLEY OF NOVA SCOTIA
Authors: TOWNSEND L. R. , McRAE K. B.
Published: March 2010

The application of fertilizer (10-10-10) treated with the nitrification inhibitor nitrapyrin [2-chloro-6-(trichloromethyl) pyridine] was generally not effective in increasing the yields of grain corn, although at one location the addition of stabilized fertilizer increased the yield (P = 0.25) by 660 kg/ha over that from plots receiving non-stabilized N fertilizer. Nitrapyrin did not affect the levels of the N fractions in corn tissue but it did inhibit nitrification of soil NH4-N. As might be expected, the addition of fertilizer and increasing fertilizer rates increased yields and levels of N in tissue and soil.
INFLUENCE DE LA LUMIERE ET DE LA TEMPERATURE SUR LA TENEUR EN ACIDE LINOLENIQUE ET LA RESISTANCE AU GEL DU BLE D’HIVER
Authors: WILLEMOT C. , PELLETIER L.
Published: March 2010

The correlation between accumulation of linolenic acid in the crowns and roots of winter wheat and its frost hardening at low temperature is indirect. It results from their common requirement for light and low temperature. Light mainly produces energy and carbon reserves. The partial hardening obtained in darkness could be eliminated by preetiolation. The high levels of linolenic acid and frost resistance reached after hardening were maintained for a long time in darkness. The levels of linolenic acid and frost hardiness decreased faster at low temperature in hardened plants after treatment with BASF 13-338, a substituted pyridazinone, than in plants deprived of light. The mode of action of BASF 13-338 is apparently not limited to the inhibition of photosynthesis.
EFFECTS OF SEED- AND SOIL-APPLIED RHIZOBIUM JAPONICUM INOCULANTS ON SOYBEANS IN ONTARIO
Authors: MULDOON J. F. , HUME D. J. , BEVERSDORF W. D.
Published: March 2010

Soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merrill), inoculated with 1.75 kg/ha of seed-applied inoculant (Rhizobium japonicum (Kirchner) Buchanan) or 40 kg/ha of granular, soil-applied inoculant, were grown in 1976 and 1977, along with uninoculated control plots, in fields planted to soybeans for the first time. Control plots averaged 2.1 t/ha, compared to 2.6 t/ha for the seed-applied inoculant and 3.1 t/ha for the granular inoculant treatment. However, neither inoculant treatment increased yields over the uninoculated controls on land where soybeans had been grown before. In 1978, two commercial granular inoculants and one seed-applied inoculant were treated at various rates at three sites on new soybean land. Granular inoculants caused consistently higher yields than the seed-applied inoculant. Seed yields increased linearly with rates of granular inoculant which were 1/4, 1/2, 3/4 and 1 times the manufacturers’ recommended rates for soybeans grown in 18-cm rows. However, above the lowest rate, the value of the added yield was only equal to the cost of the extra inoculant. Thus, in the narrow-row soybean cultural system necessary to maximize yields in short-season areas, the manufacturers’ recommended rates of granular inoculant were higher than necessary for maximum economic return.
EFFECT OF SIMULATED FROST INJURY INDUCED BY PARAQUAT ON KERNEL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT IN CORN
Authors: MAJOR D. J.
Published: March 2010

Four corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids, grown at Lethbridge, Alberta, in 1975, 1976, and 1977, were sprayed on three dates with paraquat in an attempt to produce symptoms similar to those of a first killing frost. Interactions among hybrids and treatments were rare for characteristics such as grain yield, test weight, and kernel moisture content. The most pronounced effect of paraquat was that yield was reduced by about 1000 kg/ha for each week the simulated frost occurred before maturity. Development was affected less than yield. Treatments that resulted in a yield reduction of 60% only caused a 15% reduction in test weight. Kernel development was closely related to the accumulation of growing degree days with a base of 12 °C. Kernel moisture content was higher immediately after paraquat treatment, but rate of moisture loss was also slightly higher so that the paraquat treatments caught up to the checks and finally had a slightly lower moisture content. The earlier the paraquat treatment was imposed, the greater was the reduction in growth rate of grain. In addition, a very early paraquat treatment resulted in a longer effective filling period duration (EFPD), and a later imposition of the paraquat treatment caused a reduction in the EFPD compared to the check treatments.
EFFECTS OF NITROGEN RATES AND HARVEST SCHEDULES ON YIELD AND QUALITY OF WESTERWOLDS RYEGRASS GROWN AS A SUMMER ANNUAL
Authors: KUNELIUS H. T.
Published: March 2010

Westerwolds ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam. ’Promenade’) was grown on fine sandy and light loam soils. Nitrogen was applied at 40, 80, or 120 kg/ha after emergence and after both the first and second harvests. The 1st harvest under schedules A, B and C was on 10, 15 and 22 July followed by the 2nd harvest in 28, 37 and 40 days and the 3rd harvest in 30, 50 and 37 days after the 2nd harvest, respectively. The 4th harvest for schedule A was 46 days after the 3rd harvest. Mean dry matter yields ranged from 6.26 to 9.03 t/ha, total N in tissue from 2.09 to 2.99%, in vitro digestibility of dry matter from 73.3 to 76.3%, and dry matter content from 12.1 to 14.1% depending on the N rate and/or harvest schedule. Nitrate-N concentration in plant tissue was low for 40 and 80 kg/N/ha/application but reached up to 0.45% for the 120 kg/ha/application under harvest schedule A. Yield distribution within the season was most uniform for schedule B. A 3-harvest schedule with 80 kg/ha of applied N at seeding and after the 1st and 2nd harvests was suitable management for Promenade Westerwolds ryegrass in this region.
ENDURCISSEMENT, RESISTANCE AU GEL ET CONTENU EN PROLINE LIBRE DE LA FLEOLE DES PRES (PHLEUM PRATENSE L.)
Authors: PAQUIN R. , ST-PIERRE J. C.
Published: March 2010

After 4 wk of hardening at 1.5 ± 0.5 °C, the frost resistance (LT50) of three cultivars of timothy (Phleum pratense L) reached a maximum of −19 °C which slightly decreased thereafter. There was no significant difference in the frost resistance between the three cultivars, Climax, Clair and Bounty. The increase in proline of leaves, crowns and roots of timothy as well as the increase in the dry matter were highly correlated with the LT50. The correlation is of quadratic nature. In the discussion, the frost resistance of timothy is compared to that of alfalfa and winter wheat hardened in the same conditions and reported elsewhere.