bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
صناعة المناهج وتطويرها باستخدام التقنيات الحديثة... نحو منهج معاصر للغة العربية
Authors: Gomaa Amr
Published: April 2015

This paper presents practical steps towards constructing an educational curriculum for the purpose of teaching contemporary Arabic. Through incorporating modern techniques including some linguistic computing applications, statistics, and indexing in order to provide contemporary curricula to teach contemporary Arabic while incorporating modern educational technologies.

The paper emphasizes, through computing technologies, how to prepare a curriculum from a range of essential ingredients needed in the contemporary Arab education for both natives and foreigners. For example, utilizing the terms that are mostly used to communicate in Arabic and highlighting the sentence-structures that are most common would help analyze and index contemporary Arabic. These computed results would help constructing a contemporary curriculum for natives and foreigners, one that is based on highly used terms, structures, grammar and tools.

The next step consists of building a contemporary lexicon that is based on the learning technologies which is based on used Arabic, instead of on what’s “supposed” to be used. Then a modern lexicon will act as a quick reference to used Arabic, just like other nations. An explanation is included to show how such results were achieved through the usage of statistics and indexing in treating the huge body of the Arabic language with all its linguistic levels and different indicative properties.
دور مهارات التفكير في دعم تعليم النحو
Authors: Mokpl Mokpl Waleed
Published: April 2015

دور مهارات التفكير في دعم تعليم النحو دكتور وليد مقبل السيد علي الديب الأستاذ المشارك في قسم اللغة العربية كلية الآداب والعلوم الإنسانية، جامعة جازان الملخص لا شك أن الطالب أمس الحاجة إلى استخدام كل وسيلة من شأنها أن تثير انتباهه، والطريقة التقليدية القائمة على نظام التلقين لم تَعُد هي الطريقة المثلى في التدريس، فهناك مجموعة من الاستراتيجيات التي من الممكن أن تنقل العملية التعليمية من كونها ممارسة سطحية إلى كونها خبرة عملية، ومن أهم تلك الاستراتيجيات دمج مهارات التفكير في المقررات الدراسية، فهناك مجموعة من مهارات التفكير التي إذا أجدنا التعامل معها واستطعنا دمجها في المقررات الدراسية فإنها تحول الطالب من مجرد وعاء لتلقي الفكرة إلى باحث عن الفكرة، فتجعله يصل إلى المعلومة بنفسه، وتلك المهارات تكسر بعض الحواجز بين الطالب والانتباه، وقد طبقت مهارات التفكير على بعض موضوعات النحو ، وقصدت من استخدام كل مهارة أن يصل الطالب إلى الفكرة بنفسه، وأن يستنتج النتجة بناء على مقدمات يسيرة قائمة على استخدام المهارة، بحيث نتحول من طريقة المعلم الملقِّن والطالب الملقَّن، إلى شعار جديد من الممكن أن نسميه: (المعلم الميسر والطالب النشط). وفي سبيل ذلك قد قمت بمعالجة ستة دروس من دروس النحو مستعينا في عرضها بست مهارات أساسية من مهارات التفكير هي: قارِن، ولوِّن، وأضفْ، وصنِّفْ، واحذِفْ، وتوقَّعْ، كما قارنت بين طريقة عرض كتب النحو للفكرة وطريقة عرضها في إطار مهارات التفكير؛ ليتبين الفرق بين الطريقتين. - الكلمات المفتاحية : مهارات التفكير.التعلم النشط.المعلم الميسر.النحو.
Fifteen years of quality assessment in Iran's higher education system: Successes and failures
Authors: Mohammadzadeh Saeed , Baradaran Masoud , Khosravipour Bahman
Published: April 2015

In response to local, national and international developments and challenges many countries
have developed quality assurance as a new approach and institutional innovation during the last
three decades. Self-assessment is considered as a base of quality assessment in higher education.
First experience of implementing self-assessment by departments was in the middle of 1990s. In
the early 2000s, National Education Measurement Organization has introduced self-assessment
nationwide. National Education Measurement Organization efforts led to hegemony of selfassessment
in the 2000s. After fifteen years these questions are raised:
1) how was the trend of implementing self-assessment?
2) Which factors affected success and/or failure as a result of implementing self-assessment?
3) What is the lost ring of quality assessment in Iran’s higher education?

The research method was qualitative-quantitative mixed method design. Data have been
gathered through documents content analysis, interviews and questionnaires. Participants in the
qualitative phase were self-assessment committee members while the population of quantitative
phase consisted of all faculty members of departments who implemented self-assessment. Results
revealed that in spite of successful implementation of self-assessment in several departments,
other departments faced problems that led to delay or pause in implementing self-assessment.
Conflicts in the departments as well as losing motivation by executive committee members were
the main determinants of failure in implementing self-assessment.
Promoting social support for addressing students' psychological problems
Authors: Safdar Muhammad
Published: April 2015

Psychological problems cause decrease in academic achievement among students. However, social support can lessen psychological problems. Main purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between social support and students’ psychological problems (depression, anxiety and stress). A sample of 100 students (50 male & 50 female) was taken randomly and data were collected from the respective respondents via a questionnaire. The researcher used Social Support Behaviour (SSB) scale to assess the level of social support among students and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS) to determine the level of depression, anxiety, and stress among students. Pearson product moment correlations were used to determine the strength and direction of relationship between social support and psychological problems. Main findings of the study revealed that there was a significant negative relationship between social support and learners’ psychological problems. Social support is very useful in decreasing psychological problems of the learners. Therefore, teachers and counselors may focus on social support of the learners to enhance their psychological well-being.
Notes on the ecology and biology of Scorpidium scorpioides (Hedw.) Limpr.
Authors: Borysławski Z. R.
Published: April 2015

The present paper is concerned with certain features of the growth cycle, both vegetative and reproductive, of the moss Scorpidium scorpioides. Some ecological factors are also discussed. Positive hygrotropism which occurs in young shoots prevents mosses from desiccation. Capsules of Scorpidium scorpioides are rare in Boland. S. scorpioides is markedly intolerant of shade and this may be a restricting factor in its competition with other plants. Experiments and literature indicate that S. scorpioides is indiifferent t to lime and can tolerate sites poor in calcium ions.
Influence of hydroxyurea on the course of germination and growth of rape (Brasica napus L.) seedlings
Authors: Kuraś M. , Teleżyński H.
Published: April 2015

The effects of continuous incubation in hydroxyurea (HU) solutions (0.2, 0.4, 0.8 mg/ml) on germination of rape seeds and growth of young seedling axes were studied during 132 hours from initial soaking. Germination turned out to be unaffected by the treatment. Root growth was first increasingly inhibited by the HU concentration tested, but after prolonged incubation a complete arrest of the root growth was noted at all HU concentrations. The elongation growth of hypocotyls was found to be stimulated by a HU 0.2 mg/ml concentration while it was markedly suppressed by 0.4 mg/ml, and completely arrested by 0.8 mg/ml Inhibition of growth of the upright hypocotyl part at higher HU concentration was found to be accompanied by the unbending of the hooked under-cotyledonary part. It is suggested that inhibition of nuclear endomitotic DNA synthesis In elongating hypocotyl cells, suppresses only partially their growth, whereas a complete inhibition of the hypocotyl growth results from arrest of the mitochondrial DNA synthesis.
3H-thymidyne incorporation into the microspores and pollen grains nuclei in excised Tradescantia stamens
Authors: Charzyńska Maria , Maleszka Joanna
Published: April 2015

The development of microspores and pollen grains lasts in Tradescantia bracteata in vivo from the tetrad stage to pollen shedding about 14 days. This including 7 days of the microspore life cycle. In stamens excised and placed on a medium the microspores and pollen grains develop normally for at least 3 days. 3H-thymidine is added into medium culture. DNA synthesis m the microspore nucleus is demonstrated 6 days after tetrad formation so at the end of microspore interphase. During synthesis the nucleus lies at one end of the long axis of the vacuolated microspore. Synthesis ends before migration of the nucleus to the proximal pole of the microspore where mitosis begins. Incorporation of 3H-thymidine into the generative nucleus is noted in two-celled pollen grains as early as about 24h after the end of microspore division. During DNA synthesis the generative cell is rounded and is still adjacent to the pollen grain wall. DNA synthesis ends before separation of the generative cell from the sporoderm, before the generative nucleus starts to elongate. 3H-thymidine is not incorporated into the vegetative nucleus in stamens developing in vitro.
The development rhythm of the flower-bud in some Papilionaceae species. Part II. Microsporogenesis, macrosporogenesis and early gametogenesis in Pisum sp. forms against the background of bud development
Authors: Wojciechowska W.
Published: April 2015

The process of microsporogenesis and development of pollen grains was found to occur in an identical rhythm in 14 examined forms of Pisum sp. as compared with the development of the perianth. In the 3 forms studied in detail: Pisum sativum L. cultivar Folger, cultivar Peluszka Bordowa and Pisum sativum L. ssp. transcaucasicum Gov. an identical development rhythm of the bud was observed as compared with that of microsporogenesis, pollen grain formation and macrosporogenesis.
Early stages of embryo development in Delphinium paniculatum Host
Authors: Babis H.
Published: April 2015

The zygote in Delphinium paniculatum divides transversely like that of D. staphisagria and D. elatum. As regards the destination of the apical and basal cells this type of embryo development is new in the classification of Soueges (1948) and has been called Delphinium type.
Electrical properties of Lupinus angustifolius L. stem L Subthreshold potentials
Authors: Zawadzki Tadeusz
Published: April 2015

Subthreshold and action potentials in Lupinus stem in response to sub-threshold and threshold stimuli (square constant current pulses) were studied. The occurrence of electrotonic potentials and local responses is demonstrated. The general characteristic of these responses and their amplitudes are the same as demonstrated for the isolated crab axons by Hodgkin (1939) and Hodgkin and Rushton (1946). The course of the phenomenon, however, is about 108-104 times slower in plants.
Tannin vacuoles and starch in the development of Scots pine (Pinus sihestris) vegetative buds
Authors: Hejnowicz Alina
Published: April 2015

Tannin cells occur throughout the bud except the distal and peripheral meristem zones of the apical meristem, and the youngest cataphyll primordia. Starch is absent in winter buds. The earliest structural manifestation of spring awakening in the bud are fragmentation of tannin vacuoles and synthesis of starch in the green cells of the bud. The tannins occurring in the vacuoles are hydrolysable giving a positive reaction for sugars (PAS). During their spring hydrolysis glucose is released. It is probably one of the sources of sugars for the synthesis of starch. During extension growth of the bud there occurs a degradation of tannin cells in the pith, which consist in the precipitation of tannins to a condensed form.
Quantitative variation of flavonoids and related compounds in Cosmos bipinnatus
Authors: Saito Koho
Published: April 2015

Quantitative variation of nine flavonoid compounds and two related phenolic acids in several parts of three garden varieties of Cosmos bipinnatus Cav. were examined by; means of paper chromatography followed by a spectrophotometric procedure.
Entre el organismo y el artefacto. Sobre la conformidad a fin narrativa
Authors: Garrido German
Published: April 2015

El principio de conformidad a fin proporciona a Kant el medio para justificar la contingente adecuación de la naturaleza en sus leyes mecánicas a las limitaciones del entendimiento humano. Considerando que la narración literaria persigue la recreación de un mundo a través de la unidad de experiencia, el presente artículo sostiene que es en la idea de conformidad a fin formal donde encuentra el concepto de fin que le corresponde. La Crítica del Juicio, y especialmente la Primera Introducción, permite dar cuenta de la múltiples implicaciones que conlleva la traslación de este principio a un entorno ficcional como el narrativo.
Jorge Gemisto Pletón y la eternidad del mundo
Authors: Granada Martínez Miguel A.
Published: April 2015

La eternidad del mundo, junto con su identidad estructural y la consiguiente eternidad de las especies y metempsicosis como efectos necesarios de la inmutable causa divina, son puntos centrales en la obra de Pletón. Constituyen también elementos centrales de la tradición de prisca theologia que se remonta en la memoria histórica (limitada) hasta Zoroastro. Según Pletón, Aristóteles y el cristianismo (hermanados en su común dimensión de ‘sofística’) abandonaron la sabiduría antigua introduciendo una decadencia, a cuya dimensión filosófica, política y religiosa él pretende hacer frente con un programa de restauración del Helenismo. El artículo señala asimismo la coincidencia de Pletón en muchos puntos con la reivindicación posterior de la filosofía llevada a cabo por Giordano Bruno.
Michel Foucault, La inquietud por la verdad
Authors: Ramírez Guijarro Alba
Published: April 2015

Reseña
Simon Critchley, Tragedia y Modernidad
Authors: Vivero Rodríguez Roberto
Published: April 2015

Reseña
Kant, I. Primera Introducción de la Crítica del Juicio. Edición bilingüe de N. Sánchez Madrid
Authors: Blanco Martínez Julia
Published: April 2015

Reseña del análisis crític que Nuria Sánchez Madrid realiza de la Primera Introducción de la Crítica del Juicio de Kant en esta edición de la obra.
Lenguaje y Normatividad
Authors: Paolicchi Leandro
Published: April 2015

El presente trabajo hace foco en la problemática crucial a la pragmática trascendental del lenguaje, y a la ética del discurso desarrollada a partir de ella, del alcance de la normatividad de las reglas de la argumentación. Una vez presentado el problema (I), se trae a colación una objeción que pone en entredicho el alcance normativo de dichas reglas, tal como ha sido pensado en la pragmática (II). En una discusión con el racionalismo crítico que muestra similares rasgos a la objeción presentada (III), y luego de evaluar la forma que tiene el propio Apel de resolver la cuestión, se indica de qué manera debe ser resuelto el problema tratado en este trabajo (IV).
Por un “derecho al olvido” para los europeos: aportaciones jurisprudenciales de la Sentencia del TJUE del caso Google Spain y su recepción por la Sentencia de la Audiencia Nacional de 29.12.2014
Authors: Azurmendi Ana
Published: April 2015

RESUMEN La Sentenciadel Tribunal de Justicia Europeo de 13 de mayo de 2014 (Caso C-131/12) Google Spain, S.L., Google, Inc./Agencia Española de Protección de Datos (AEPD), Mario Costeja González ha significado el respaldo definitivo de la Unión Europea al derecho al olvido. En medio de la reforma de la actual Directiva 95/46 de Protección de Datos Personales, y en el contexto de una crisis diplomática entre Estados Unidos y Europa por las revelaciones sobre espionaje masivo en Internet, los argumentos del Tribunal de Justicia representan una búsqueda de mayor protección frente a los también mayores riesgos para la privacidad en este entorno. El derecho al olvido pretende ser una fórmula de equilibrio entre los derechos fundamentales a la vida privada y a la protección de datos personales (art. 7 y 8 de la Carta de Derechos Fundamentales de la Unión Europea, mencionados por la Sentencia) y el derecho de acceso a la información y a la obtención de beneficios económicos promovidos por los gestores de motores de búsqueda como Google. La Sala de lo Contencioso-administrativo de Audiencia Nacional en Sentencia de 29 de diciembre de 2014, sobre el caso Costeja, ha asumido los planteamientos dela Sentencia del Tribunal de Justicia y ha fijado los criterios de ponderación para aplicar el derecho al olvido.ABSTRACT The European Court of Justice’s sentence, of May 13th, 2014 (Case C-131/12) Google Spain, S.L., Google, Inc./Spanish Data Protection Agency (SDPA), Mario Costeja González has the significance of a definitive support of the European Union to the Right to be forgotten.  In the middle of the reform process of the Directive 95/46 on Data Protection, and in a context of diplomacy crisis among America and Europe motivated by the leaks on massive espionage on Internet, the argumentation of the Court of Justice represents the looking for a better protection facing the bigger risks for privacy. The right to be forgotten tries to be a recipe of balance between privacy and data protection (art. 7 and 8, Charter of Fundamental Rights, EU, mentioned by the sentence) and the right to information and the economic interest promoted by search engines like Google. The Spanish Audiencia Nacional in its Sentence of December 29th, 2014, on the Costeja case, has assumed the argumentations from the European Court of Justice and, at the same time, has set the balancing rights criteria in order to apply the right to be forgotten.
Probability of Responding: A Return to the Original Brunswik
Authors: Athanasou James Anthony , Kaufmann Esther
Published: April 2015

This paper traces the conceptual foundations of the Brunswik based Social Judgment Theory. The historical transition from measurement through probability of responding (i.e., a constancy ratio) to measurement via correlations is documented. It is shown that there are substantive limitations with the correlation approach for the idiographic analysis of human perception or decision-making. Instead, the constancy ratio developed originally by Brunswik as well as the measurement of the probability of accuracy in responding are better suited to the analysis of human responding under conditions of uncertainty and complexity. These measures are relevant for the development of psychological laws of individual responding. It was concluded that focusing on the probability of individual responses to situations through analysing the pattern of responding intensively is more consistent with the original approach of Brunswik.
Rape Crimes Reviewed: The Role of Observer Variables in Female Victim Blaming
Authors: Ferrão Maria Clara , Gonçalves Gabriela
Published: April 2015

This article presents an overview of empirical research on the role of observer variables in rape victim blaming (female attacked by a male perpetrator). The focus is on literature from the last 15 years. The variables observer gender, ambivalent sexism, rape myth acceptance, and rape empathy are discussed in relation to victim blaming. Most research on rape is conducted using diverse methods and approaches that result in a great disparity regarding the role of these variables in predicting blame assignments. Despite the inconsistencies, most studies show that men hold the victim more responsible for her own victimization than women. Findings further indicate that higher scores on sexist ideologies and rape myth acceptance predict higher victim blame, and that higher rape empathy scores predict lower victim blame. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Predatory Publishing and the Psychology Behind it
Authors: Drugaş Marius
Published: April 2015

This Editorial article discusses the publishing strategies of some journals, the authors' reactions to them and the quality of publishing.
Phosphodiesterase 7 Inhibition Induces Dopaminergic Neurogenesis in Hemiparkinsonian Rats
Authors: Morales-Garcia Jose A. , Alonso-Gil Sandra , Gil Carmen , Martinez Ana , Santos Angel , Perez-Castillo Ana
Published: April 2015

Parkinson's disease is characterized by a loss of dopaminergic neurons in a specific brain region, the ventral midbrain. Parkinson's disease is diagnosed when approximately 50% of the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) have degenerated and the others are already affected by the disease. Thus, it is conceivable that all therapeutic strategies, aimed at neuroprotection, start too late. Therefore, an urgent medical need exists to discover new pharmacological targets and novel drugs with disease-modifying properties. In this regard, modulation of endogenous adult neurogenesis toward a dopaminergic phenotype might provide a new strategy to target Parkinson's disease by partially ameliorating the dopaminergic cell loss that occurs in this disorder. We have previously shown that a phosphodiesterase 7 (PDE7) inhibitor, S14, exerts potent neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects in different rodent models of Parkinson's disease, indicating that this compound could represent a novel therapeutic agent to stop the dopaminergic cell loss that occurs during the progression of the disease. In this report we show that, in addition to its neuroprotective effect, the PDE7 inhibitor S14 is also able to induce endogenous neuroregenerative processes toward a dopaminergic phenotype. We describe a population of actively dividing cells that give rise to new neurons in the SNpc of hemiparkinsonian rats after treatment with S14. In conclusion, our data identify S14 as a novel regulator of dopaminergic neuron generation.

Significance

Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the ventral midbrain. Currently, no cure and no effective disease-modifying therapy are available for Parkinson's disease; therefore, an urgent medical need exists to discover new pharmacological targets and novel drugs for the treatment of this disorder. The present study reports that an inhibitor of the enzyme phosphodiesterase 7 (S14) induces proliferation in vitro and in vivo of neural stem cells, promoting its differentiation toward a dopaminergic phenotype and therefore enhancing dopaminergic neuron generation. Because this drug is also able to confer neuroprotection of these cells in animal models of Parkinson's disease, S14 holds great promise as a therapeutic new strategy for this disorder.
New Detection Method for Alkylphenol Traces in Water Based on an Integrated Electrochemical Cell Sensor
Authors: Chmayssem Ayman , Hauchard Didier
Published: April 2015

In order to evaluate the efficiency and to monitor the treatment of organic micropollution by advanced oxidation processes, we have developed a new detection method based on the use of an electrochemical sensor for alkylphenol detection in water. This sensor, integrating a three-electrode cell configuration, is a commercial screen-printed electrode (SPE-110GPH) that can be used for alkylphenol detection continuously by mean of a derived flow cell. The working electrode is modified by a graphene layer that enhances the sensor sensibility. The experimental conditions were optimized for the sensor incorporated into the flow cell. Linearity ranges, repeatability and accuracy were studied as well as the detection limits for each alkylphenol. The lowest detection limit was obtained with bisphenol A (60 nM) and the measurement ranges achievable with the SPE-110GPH electrode allow the continuous monitoring of treatment processes.
Middleway aesthetics: an aesthetical way to say nothing about aesthetics
Authors: Sattler Janyne
Published: April 2015

This is a very brief sketch on Wittgenstein’s “middle” writings about aesthetical appreciation and aesthetical attitude concerning the objects of art. Even if it takes the Tractarian conception of ‘aesthetics’ as a starting point, the paper is focused on Wittgenstein’s (second-hand) class-notes taken from his Lectures on Aesthetics and a very specific remark reported by Moore, brought from the Philosophical Occasions, where “reasons” for aesthetical persuasion and correction are said to be like those offered in “discussions in a court of law”. At the end, not much is left for aesthetical appreciation and for aestheticsitself but a certain kind of contextual, circumstantial “appeal to the judge”.
Pulsão de morte e experiências precoces em Freud e Melanie Klein
Authors: Caropreso Fátima
Published: April 2015

A partir da década de 20, dois fatores adquirem importância na teoria freudiana sobre o desenvolvimento inicial do psiquismo e sobre a gênese das neuroses: a constituição pulsional envolvendo a pulsão de morte e experiências traumáticas precoces. No entanto, não há uma hipótese claramente formulada sobre a maneira como esses fatores interagem entre si. Encontramos, contudo, na teoria psicanalítica kleiniana, hipóteses sobre a relação entre os fatores constitucionais e as experiências precoces que parecem permitir avançar a reflexão freudiana desenvolvida a partir da década de 20. O objetivo deste artigo é retomar algumas das ideias formuladas por Freud sobre a temática em foco, principalmente em “Além do princípio do prazer” (1920), “Inibições, sintomas e angústia” (1926) e “Análise terminável e interminável” (1937) e, em seguida, discutir algumas das contribuições trazidas por Melanie Klein, sobretudo, em seu livro “Inveja e gratidão” (1957).
A técnica como fenômeno ontológico e político: uma articulação entre Heidegger, Feenberg e Deleuze
Authors: Craia Eladio Constantino Pablo
Published: April 2015

O artigo analisa uma das possíveis relações conceituais entre a questão ontológica e a reflexão política no marco do pensamento sobre a técnica. Num primeiro movimento analítico, o texto expõe os traços fundamentais da filosofia de Martin Heidegger no que diz respeito à questão da técnica, verificando sua novidade, radicalidade e fertilidade. Permanecendo no âmbito da filosofia heideggeriana, o artigo aponta certos limites e dificuldades na analítica estritamente ontológica proposta pelo pensador alemão. Em virtude destas restrições indicadas, num segundo momento o texto pondera algumas das propostas básicas da filosofia da técnica de Andrew Feenberg, implementando, deste modo, um deslocamento do puramente ontológico para o marco do político. O ponto central neste movimento é aquele que verifica que, apesar de todos os cuidados conceituais de Feenberg, a censura heideggeriana, de cunho ontológico, a qualquer intento de organização da técnica a partir das esferas da ética e da política, permanece pertinente. Finalmente, num terceiro momento, o artigo aborda a filosofia de Gilles Deleuze, expondo uma possível articulação entre política e ontologia que possa superar essa aporia de base.
Teoria crítica da tecnologia e cidadania tecnocientífica: resistência, “insistência” e hacking
Authors: Castelfranchi Yurij , Fernandes Victor
Published: April 2015

Nos últimos anos, a noção de cidadania e suas novas formas e práticas foram criticadas, discutidas e reconceitualizadas por diversos autores. O trabalho de Andrew Feenberg é de grande valor no sentido de aplicar e fomentar tais discussões no campo dos Estudos Sociais da Ciência e da Tecnologia, bem como no da investigação de potencialidades e práticas da cidadania tecnocientífica. Neste trabalho, a partir de estudos de caso e conceitos advindos da área interdisciplinar das Science and Technology Studies e da Teoria Crítica da Tecnologia, investigaremos a possibilidade de uma “Prática Crítica da Tecnologia”, examinando as mudanças de sistemas sociais e de códigos técnicos em uma perspectiva fundamentada não numa visão essencialista da técnica, nem mesmo numa noção normativa de natureza humana, mas numa abordagem dinâmica, dialética, da condição humana e de seu devir no meio técnico. Mostraremos como o que chamamos de hacking político e epistemológico podem contribuir tanto para redefinir a noção de cidadania quanto para apontar possíveis caminhos para uma ética experimental e uma política “de baixo para cima”.
Technology and human finitude
Authors: Feenberg Andrew
Published: April 2015

In this text I discuss the fundamental problem of human finitude. This is an issue that comes up in both sources of Western ethical tradition, both the Judaic and the Greek source. The ancient wisdom teaches human finitude and enjoins human beings to avoid hubris, the belief that they are gods. Despite, or rather because of the many advances in technology that have occurred in the past century, we can still draw on this tradition for wisdom. The text is divided into three parts: ontological finitude, epistemological finitude and democracy as recognition of finitude. A systems-theoretic concept of human action and the concept of “entangled hierarchy” are introduced to explain the relevance of finitude to technology.
Uso de dados de avaliações externas por redes municipais de educação paulistas
Authors: Zákia Sousa Sandra , Martins Angela Maria , Oliveira Pimenta Cláudia , Ishii Ione , Dos Santos Mauro Pedro
Published: April 2015

Este artigo apresenta resultados de estudo que teve como propósito explorar eventuais usos de resultados de avaliações externas para a gestão da escola básica, em cinco redes municipais de educação no estado de São Paulo. A pesquisa apresentava o propósito de identificar e analisar a visão de coordenadores pedagógicos do Ensino Fundamental sobre possíveis usos dos resultados das avaliações externas no trabalho pedagógico, especialmente na coordenação pedagógica e na atuação dos professores das escolas sob sua coordenação. As opiniões dos coordenadores foram coletadas por meio de questões elaboradas em escala Likert, com informações sobre seu perfil de formação, trajetória profissional e usos dos resultados das avaliações. Os resultados revelam crescente valorização das avaliações externas no desenvolvimento de práticas pedagógicas nas redes municipais de ensino estudadas.
POLÍTICAS DE ACESSO À EDUCAÇÃO SUPERIOR: POR QUE AVALIAR?
Authors: Gisi Maria Lourdes , Ens Romilda Teodora
Published: April 2015

Neste trabalho, busca-se discutir a avaliação de políticas públicas e como se apresentam os estudos na literatura contemporânea sobre essa temática, e, nesse contexto, investigar a avaliação das políticas de acesso à educação superior. A importância de estudos sobre avaliação de políticas, em especial, as de natureza social, está no fato de que é justamente a avaliação que permite uma prestação de contas do governo à população, o que significa que é um processo necessário para a democracia. Buscou-se, ainda, identificar em teses e dissertações (2011-2012), no banco de teses da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), a frequência de trabalhos referentes à avaliação das políticas de acesso à educação superior. A partir do estudo realizado, pode-se concluir que as pesquisas sobre avaliação de políticas públicas, de modo geral, ainda são incipientes, e, no que se refere às políticas de acesso à educação superior, embora exista uma produção significativa sobre a temática, o foco está voltado para análise das formas de acesso e permanência na educação superior de diferentes grupos sociais e diferentes programas. São poucos os estudos realizados na área da educação que investigaram, especificamente, a avaliação das políticas de acesso, constituindo-se ainda em um campo de pesquisa pouco explorado.
Teologia e espiritualidade: por uma teologia que ilumine a mente e inflame o coração
Authors: Boff Clodovis
Published: April 2015

Pretende-se mostrar que a espiritualidade é uma dimensão intrínseca de toda teologia, sem prejuízo, porém, à sua cientificidade — antes, é exigência, ainda que paradoxal, desta última. Provaremos que é a natureza mesma de seu objeto próprio — o Deus revelado em Jesus Cristo como amor salvador — que obriga a teologia cristã a ser afetiva para poder ser adequadamente intelectiva. Veremos que, de fato, o lado afetivo ou experiencial da teologia não se agrega simplesmente ao racional, mas se integra a ele, conferindo-lhe intensidade e vivacidade. Poder-se-á ver, através da história, que a dimensão espiritual nunca faltou à grande teologia, ainda que a tentação do racionalismo nunca tenha deixado de acossá-la, sobretudo a partir da época moderna. Essa época efetivamente deu prevalência à razão discursiva sobre a inteligência intuitiva e a fé experiencial, prevalência que felizmente, hoje, está em vias de superação.
Vacillation, indecision and hesitation in moment-by-moment decoding of monkey motor cortex
Authors: Kaufman Matthew T , Churchland Mark M , Ryu Stephen I , Shenoy Krishna V
Published: April 2015

When choosing actions, we can act decisively, vacillate, or suffer momentary indecision. Studying how individual decisions unfold requires moment-by-moment readouts of brain state. Here we provide such a view from dorsal premotor and primary motor cortex. Two monkeys performed a novel decision task while we recorded from many neurons simultaneously. We found that a decoder trained using ‘forced choices’ (one target viable) was highly reliable when applied to ‘free choices’. However, during free choices internal events formed three categories. Typically, neural activity was consistent with rapid, unwavering choices. Sometimes, though, we observed presumed ‘changes of mind’: the neural state initially reflected one choice before changing to reflect the final choice. Finally, we observed momentary ‘indecision’: delay forming any clear motor plan. Further, moments of neural indecision accompanied moments of behavioral indecision. Together, these results reveal the rich and diverse set of internal events long suspected to occur during free choice.
Mechanisms underlying the prereversal enhancement of the vertical plasma drift in the low‐latitude ionosphere
Authors: Eccles J. V. , St. Maurice J. P. , Schunk R. W.
Published: April 2015

The evening prereversal enhancement (PRE) of the vertical plasma drift has important consequences for the Appleton density anomaly and the stability of the nighttime ionosphere. Simplified simulations were used to review the three competing theories of the PRE origin, to explore their relative importance, and to indentify their interdependence. The mechanisms involved in the generation and climatology of the PRE are, first, a curl‐free electric field response to rapid changes in the vertical electric field associated with the nighttime F region dynamo; second, a divergence of Hall currents in the E region away from the magnetic equator; and, third, the moderating effect of the large Cowling conductivities in the equatorial E region. The simulations indicate that the equatorial Cowling conductivity creates an important current path that limits the other two mechanisms prior to equatorial sunset and releases them after equatorial sunset. The curl‐free mechanism is the dominant mechanism when the terminator and magnetic meridian are aligned in part due to the accelerating F region zonal wind. When the solar terminator is not aligned with the magnetic meridian, there is an interaction involving all three mechanisms contributing to the magnitude and timing of the PRE. Finally, the altitude profile of the PRE decays more quickly with altitude when the curl‐free mechanism dominates as compared to when the Hall current mechanism dominates.
Laboratory‐developed contact models controlling instability on frictional faults
Authors: Selvadurai Paul A. , Glaser Steven D.
Published: April 2015

Laboratory experiments were performed on a polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)‐PMMA frictional interface in a direct shear apparatus in order to gain understanding of fault dynamics leading to gross rupture. Actual asperity sizes and locations along the interface were characterized using a pressure‐sensitive film. Slow aseismic slip accumulated nonuniformly along the fault and showed dependency on the applied normal force—increased normal force resulted in higher slip gradients. The slow slip front propagated from the trailing (pushed) edge into a region of more densely distributed asperities at rates between 1 and 9.5 mm/s. Foreshocks were detected and displayed impulsive signals with source radii ranging between 0.21 and 1.09 mm; measurements made using the pressure‐sensitive film were between 0.05 and 1.2 mm. The spatiotemporal clustering of foreshocks and their relation to the elastodynamic energy released was dependent on the normal force. In the region where foreshocks occurred, qualitative optical measurements of the asperities along the interface were used to visualize dynamic changes occurring during the slow slip phase. To better understand the nucleation process, a quasi‐static asperity finite element (FE) model was developed and focused in the region where foreshocks clustered. The FE model consisted of 172 asperities, located and sized based on pressure‐sensitive film measurements. The numerical model provides a plausible explanation as to why foreshocks cluster in space and observed a normal force dependency and lend credence to Ohnaka's nucleation model.
Designing Twist‐Beam Axles
Authors: Held Veit , Hiemenz Rüdiger
Published: April 2015

Since the mid‐1970s, the twist‐beam axle has been the mainstream rear suspension for small and compact passenger cars. It combines a compact design, low mass, and robustness with a very good ride and handling performance and a reasonable, but acceptable good noise isolation. High camber stiffness and low roll camber are advantages in particular for handling. However, because of the highly integrated design, every part has to take multiple functions, turning the design process into an iterative optimization problem. In this chapter, the main design parameters of twist‐beam axles and the main steps to quantify them will be explained. The basic concept can be further improved by adding a Watt linkage to the body of the twist‐beam axle. With a bent crossmember, the twist‐beam axle even becomes all‐wheel‐drive capable.
Chassis Control Systems
Authors: Klapper Gerhard , Leiter Ralf
Published: April 2015

The future of chassis control systems is strongly dependent on the development of sensors, electronic controllers, and the intelligence of the engineers to find useful solutions to improve driving safety and driving comfort.

Chassis control is structured into the three degrees of freedom: longitudinal, lateral, and vertical dynamics. According to this, the vehicle aggregates under consideration are the brakes, the drive train with the traction forces, the steering systems at the front and the rear axles, and the springs and dampers.

Following this systematic approach, this chapter deals with the different parts of the cars and their applications, the possibilities to influence these functions, and finally, the necessary electronic systems to have the networking of the systems/functions.

New technological solutions such as electronic power steering, electric drive trains, and electronic control systems allow the impressive improvements for the future.

The chapter discusses the communication between the systems and the technical solutions, which are already used. The high exchange rate of data requires special bus systems and gateways to connect the systems and the busses with each other. It is shown how the different domains will be connected to the required functions of today and the future.
System Simulation in

DSH
plus

, What Applications are Possible?
Authors: von Grabe Christian , Reinertz Olivier , von Dombrowski René , Murrenhoff Hubertus
Published: April 2015

This chapter presents the basic principles of modern system simulation tools with focus on the modeling of fluid power systems. The general modeling procedure and the creation of user‐specific component models are presented, which in combination are leading to reliable simulation models. In addition, the basic mathematical equations of the simulation process are presented.

In this chapter, the system simulation tool DSH
plus
developed by FLUIDON GmbH is used to demonstrate the strengths and application possibilities of one‐dimensional system simulation tools. Furthermore, ssto illustrate the wide field of applications, two rather uncommon simulation examples are presented in detail.

The first example shows the usage of DSH
plus
for the simulation of a pneumatically actuated comfort system, which is used for the dynamic contour adjustment of automotive seats. Within this example, the implementation of realistic component behavior is realized by characteristic fields within the simulation. The required steps from measuring the single system components, such as the cushions, to processing the measured data into characteristic fields are stated. Finally, the simulation results are compared to measurements to validate the simulation model.

The second example shows the use of DSH
plus
to simulate and optimize automotive lines for power steering units. In this example, a system optimization is performed by an automated parameter variation in DSH
plus
. A validation of the simulation results by measurements completes this second simulation example.
Diesel and DieselLTCCombustion
Authors: Andersson Öivind , Miles Paul C.
Published: April 2015

Conventional and low temperature diesel combustion systems are reviewed from a broad perspective, beginning with a summary of practical design considerations. This material will provide practicing engineers a comprehensive review, and for those new to the field, an overview of what is essential and references for further information. The practical considerations are followed by a description of the fundamental physical processes controlling the combustion process. With this background, an overview of the evolution of the combustion process is provided and the impact of various design parameters on this evolution is discussed. Our objective is to provide the combustion system designer a strong physical understanding to guide his development of modern, low emission, high efficiency diesel combustion systems.
Fundamentals, Basic Principles in Road Vehicle Aerodynamics and Design
Authors: Sebben Simone , Walker Tim , Landström Christoffer
Published: April 2015

The objective of this chapter is to briefly explain some of the basic principles of fluid mechanics applied to road vehicle aerodynamics. It introduces the main concepts of drag, lift, boundary layer, wake separation, and so on. It also describes the importance and relevance of aerodynamics in the development process of new car models. Aerodynamics has a significant influence on other road vehicle properties such as performance, handling, contamination, and comfort. These aspects are highlighted in the chapter. An overview of a typical aerodynamic development process for high volume production cars is given. It explains the need for attribute balancing, engineering compromises, and other considerations such as costs and manufacturing. Interaction effects of different areas of the body are described in a general way in this chapter. Finally, we discuss some future styling trends and the need of reducing cooling air, increasing under body paneling, and methods for flow control.
Human Machine Interface Design in Modern Vehicles
Authors: Becker Stefan , Hanna Parrish , Wagner Verena
Published: April 2015

The human machine interface (
HMI
) in a vehicle is subject to constant change. The growth in number and complexity of technical systems in the vehicle cockpit confronts the driver with new displays, components, and interaction logic. Automotive
HMI
deals with three different scopes including infotainment, comfort features, and driver assistance features. The chapter starts at the basis of psychological and physiological needs of the user and describes, based on the user's needs, an
HMI
development process that results in an interactive system that is safe and easy to use. Therefore, research (from market segmentation to personas), the definition of goals, use cases, and functions and the importance of requirements as well as of the validation process are described in detail. On the basis of these, classifications of displays and controls (interface design) as well as the definition of the interaction design can be carried out. Also, a short overview of future trends will give the reader some indication of emerging technologies and interactive paradigms that will influence the next generation of automotive
HMIs
.
Transcription
Authors: Roberts Felicia
Published: April 2015

Transcription is an analytic process that embodies an intellectual stance toward the matter studied. As an artifact and source for data, the transcript represents not just the participants' verbal and physical actions, but also the theoretical concerns and commitments of the researcher. Since the 1950s, the goal has been to capture naturally occurring interaction, with the definition of what constitutes the components of that interaction changing along with available technologies. Over time, attention has turned from verbal to vocal and most recently to visually available content. Technologies for recording and managing multimodal data have allowed for greater precision in representation, but theoretical arguments have developed that increasingly focus on the rhetorical and political nature of transcripts and transcription.
Veterinarian–Client Discourse
Authors: Bauer Amy E. , Roberts Felicia
Published: April 2015

Companion animals, food production animals, and wildlife have a significant presence in the lives of modern humans. However, very little empirical research addresses the interaction between humans and the veterinarians who provide health care for these animals. Although similar to the pediatric setting in interactional terms, the veterinary clinic presents a unique set of communication, economic, and ethical dilemmas to be managed through talk in interaction. Available empirical research is largely composed of ethnographic, interview, and coding studies, but a small set of conversation‐analytic studies examine the context in terms of both pet‐directed and client‐directed talk.
War Discourse
Authors: Hodges Adam
Published: April 2015

War discourse
refers to the use of language and social interaction as a mediating element in the outbreak, conduct, and disputation of armed political conflict. This article identifies and outlines key elements of war discourse, which include call to arms rhetoric, the discursive construction of social identities, and the use of legitimating devices in language to make the actions associated with war appear appropriate, reasonable, and justifiable.
Synthetic Personalization
Authors: Patrona Marianna
Published: April 2015

The concept of synthetic personalization was introduced by critical discourse analyst Norman Fairclough in 1989 to refer to the simulation of private, face‐to‐face discourse for institutional purposes in mass media discourse, as well as advertising, political, public administration, and interview discourse. This article traces the origins of the concept, its development, and its applications in sociolinguistic discourse‐analytic research to date, as well as the related concept of conversationalization of public discourse.
Public Meeting Discourse
Authors: Buttny Richard , Cohen Jodi R.
Published: April 2015

Public meetings are sites for democratic participation and deliberation on issues facing a municipality. In the North American context, the New England Town Hall meeting epitomizes this democratic ideal. Such meetings are a place where ordinary folks can get up on their feet, have their say, and possibly influence the town's decision. Not surprisingly, what transpires at public meetings often falls short of these ideals or mythos of democracy. The gap between the ideal and the realities of public meetings has led to calls for empirical studies of citizen participation and deliberation. A language and social interaction (
LSI
) approach seems especially well suited for studies of public meetings given the focus on talk as social action and interaction. This discursive turn to actual communicative practices as embodied in participants' discourse has been called “ordinary democracy.”