bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Risky Business: The Political Economy of Chinese Investment in Kazakhstan
Authors: O'Neill Daniel C.
Published: May 2014

Kazakhstan lacks the democratic institutions that have been shown to protect foreign investors (Jensen, 2008; Li & Resnick, 2003). Nevertheless, as latecomers to globalization, China's resource-seeking state-owned enterprises (SOEs) must go, not only where resources are, but also where they are available. These are often less than ideal investment environments, such as Kazakhstan, where they are confronted by high corruption, weak rule of law, and political risk. Focusing on investments by the China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC), this study analyzes how Chinese foreign economic policies, such as aid and loans, assist Chinese SOEs in securing protection for their investments. They do so by making key members of the Kazakh government stakeholders in the success of the investments. In addition, the study details how Chinese government strategy has evolved from one of simply buying off key members of the Kazakh government in order to gain approval for investments to one of making institutions in the Kazakh state, such as KazMunaiGas, stakeholders in the long-term success of the investment in order to secure protection for investments in a climate of political uncertainty.
How Demand for Security Influence the Shaping of Foreign Policy: Using the Theory of Securitisation to Understand Armenia–Iran Relations
Authors: Tüysüzoğlu Göktürk
Published: May 2014

This study assesses the alliance currently developing between Armenia and Iran using the framework provided by the Copenhagen School's securitisation theory. Armenia is resorting to securitisation with regard to Turkey on the basis of genocide, and with regard to Azerbaijan through the Nagorno-Karabakh Question. Iran, meanwhile, is securitising Azerbaijan and Turkey within the framework of its own regional activities. Examining the relationship developing between Armenia and Iran, in terms of the theory of securitisation, will be helpful in revealing the psycho-social aspects of the tensions in this region.
An analysis and comparison of observed Pleistocene South Carolina (USA) shoreline elevations with predicted elevations derived from Marine Oxygen Isotope Stages
Authors: Doar William Richardson , Kendall Christopher George St. Clement
Published: May 2014

Geological maps of South Carolina, covering >6800 km2, confirm the existence of eight preserved Pleistocene shorelines above current sea level: Marietta (+ 42.6 m), Wicomico (+ 27.4 m), Penholoway (+ 21.3 m), Ladson (+ 17.4 m), Ten Mile Hill (+ 10.7 m), Pamlico (+ 6.7 m), Princess Anne (+ 5.2 m), and Silver Bluff (+ 3 m). Current geochronologic data suggest that these eight shorelines correlate with Marine Oxygen Isotope Stages (MIS) as follows: Marietta—older than MIS 77; Wicomico—MIS 55–45; Penholoway—MIS 19 or 17; Ladson—MIS 11; Ten Mile Hill—MIS 7; Pamlico—MIS 5; Princess Anne—MIS 5; and Silver Bluff—MIS 5 or 3. Except for the MIS 5e Pamlico, and possibly the MIS 11 Ladson, the South Carolina elevations are higher than predicted by isotope proxy-based reconstructions. The <4 m of total relief from the Pamlico to the Silver Bluff shoreline in South Carolina, for which other reconstructions suggest an expected relief of ~ 80 m, illustrates the lack of match. Our results suggest that processes affecting either post-depositional changes in shoreline elevations or the creation of proxy sea-level estimates must be considered before using paleo sea-level position on continental margins.
MINIMALISM AND THE LIMITS OF WARRANTED ASSERTABILITY MANEUVERS
Authors: Roeber Blake
Published: May 2014

Contextualists and pragmatists agree that knowledge-denying sentences are contextually variable, in the sense that a knowledge-denying sentence might semantically express a false proposition in one context and a true proposition in another context, without any change in the properties traditionally viewed as necessary for knowledge. Minimalists deny both pragmatism and contextualism, and maintain that knowledge-denying sentences are not contextually variable. To defend their view from cases like DeRose and Stanley's high stakes bank case, minimalists like Patrick Rysiew, Jessica Brown, and Wayne Davis forward ‘warranted assertability maneuvers.’ The basic idea is that some knowledge-denying sentence seems contextually variable because we mistake what a speaker pragmatically conveys by uttering that sentence for what she literally says by uttering that sentence. In this paper, I raise problems for the warranted assertability maneuvers of Rysiew, Brown, and Davis, and then present a warranted assertability maneuver that should succeed if any warranted assertability maneuver will succeed. I then show how my warranted assertability maneuver fails, and how the problem with my warranted assertability maneuver generalizes to pragmatic responses in general. The upshot of my argument is that, in order to defend their view from cases like DeRose and Stanley's high stakes bank case, minimalists must prioritize the epistemological question whether the subjects in those cases know over linguistic questions about the pragmatics of various knowledge-denying sentences.
Scale analysis of miscible density-driven convection in porous media
Authors: Jenny Patrick , Lee Joohwa S. , Meyer Daniel W. , Tchelepi Hamdi A.
Published: May 2014

Scale analysis of unstable density-driven miscible convection in porous media is performed. The main conclusions for instabilities in the developed (long time scales) regime are that (i) large-scale structures are responsible for the bulk of the production of concentration variance, (ii) variance dissipation is dominated by the small (diffusive) scales and that (iii) both the production and dissipation rates are independent of the Rayleigh number. These findings provide a strong basis for a new modelling approach, namely, large-mode simulation (LMS), for which closure is achieved by replacing the actual diffusivity with an effective one. For validation, LMS results for vertical flow in a homogeneous rectangular domain are compared with direct numerical simulations (DNS). Some of the analysis is based on the derivation and closure of the concentration mean and variance equations, whereby averaging over the ensemble of all possible initial perturbations is considered. While self-similar solutions are obtained for vertical, statistically one-dimensional fingering, triple correlation of concentration and scalar dissipation rate (rate at which the concentration variance decays due to diffusion) have to be modelled in the general case. For this purpose, an ensemble-averaged Darcy modelling (EADM) approach is proposed.
On calculating forces from the flow field with application to experimental volume data
Authors: DeVoria Adam C. , Carr Zakery R. , Ringuette Matthew J.
Published: May 2014

The use of flow field information to compute the fluid dynamic force on a body is investigated with specific application to experimental volumetric measurements. The calculation method used avoids the explicit evaluation of the pressure on the boundaries. It is shown that errors in the data introduce an artificial dependence of the calculations on the position origin, and also that these errors are amplified by the position vector. A statistical description of the calculation variation associated with origin dependence is presented. A method is developed that objectively determines an origin which reduces the effect of the amplified error. The method utilises mathematical identities which relate the measurements to the main sources of error in a physically meaningful way, and is also found to be effective for changes of the external and internal boundaries of the fluid.
NATIONAL MOVEMENTS AND INTERNATIONAL LAW: RABBI SHLOMO GOREN'S UNDERSTANDING OF INTERNATIONAL LAW
Authors: Fuchs Ilan , Hollander Aviad Yeḥiel
Published: May 2014

Rabbi Shlomo Goren was one of the leading rabbinic figures in religious Zionist circles. As the first chief Rabbi of the Israeli military, he had a unique opportunity to influence the development of the Israeli army and its policies. He needed to deal with questions that had no precedents in Jewish law. One of his challenges was the part international law played in the formation of a modern army. Rabbi Goren wished to give a halachic perspective to questions of international law, and to do that, he had to translate the language of international law, a field developed in the modern period, to halachic language. This process led him to evaluate moral positions that are part of international law and the ability of halacha to be part of the modern world.
Ernst Faber and the Consequences of Failure: A Study of a Nineteenth-Century German Missionary in China
Authors: Wu Albert
Published: May 2014

In 1898, the year before his death, the German missionary Ernst Faber reflected on his forty-year career in China. The account of his early missions work was suffused with a tone of failure and disappointment. He wrote openly about his difficulties in adjusting to the climate and environment of southern China, the diminutive numbers of converts to Christianity, his frustrations with learning Mandarin and the local dialects used in Guangdong, and the overwhelming feeling of loneliness that he encountered working in rural parishes.
Österreichische Aktion: Monarchism, Authoritarianism, and the Unity of the Austrian Conservative Ideological Field during the First Republic
Authors: Wasserman Janek
Published: May 2014

Even as recently as 2011, in the wake of Otto Habsburg's death, Austrians have contested the place of the monarchy in Austrian identity. For many, the Habsburg monarchy represents a defining feature of Austria's past glory. Dating from late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the earliest examples of an “Austrian myth” stressed the unifying function of the Habsburgs inMitteleuropaand the importance of German and Catholic traditions for the advancement of European culture. This nostalgic view tended to overlook the myriad problems of the late imperial period—ethnonationalist tensions, declining imperial might, undemocratic government, social unrest. Not surprisingly, many of the earliest proponents of a distinct, pro-Habsburg and non-German Austrian identity—which emerged after the Great War—were Catholic conservatives who wished to create an animating myth for Austrian Germans that would distinguish them from Prussians. This became increasingly important after the establishment of the Austrian Republic, when many of these individuals pressed for a restoration of the HabsburgKaiserand a return to the prewar status quo.
Studies indhāraṇīliterature II: Pragmatics ofdhāraṇīs
Authors: Davidson Ronald M.
Published: May 2014

This article is one of a series that reassesses thedhāraṇītexts of Mahāyāna Buddhism. The article seeks to examinedhāraṇītexts by using the linguistic tools of pragmatics, especially historical pragmatics, to assist the understanding of their statements. Rather than the meaning of the termdhāraṇīas a subject term, the domain of truth-conditional semantics, this paper examines statements in texts labelleddhāraṇī. Pragmatics examines meaning in context, and the categories of speech acts developed by Searle has been especially helpful in mapping out differences within such texts and the formalization of statements across texts. The grammaticalization of specific speech elements, especially interjections, in the context ofmantra-dhāraṇīs is also discussed.
Adhāraṇīfor each day of the week: Thesaptavāratradition of the Newar Buddhists
Authors: Bühnemann Gudrun
Published: May 2014

The paper discusses a group ofdhāraṇīs associated with the seven days (saptavāra) of the week, with eachdhāraṇībeing recited on a specific day. The visual forms of thedhāraṇīs were represented in miniature paintings in manuscripts of thesaptavāratexts and in woodcarvings on the struts of two Newar Buddhist monasteries in Kathmandu. The paper shows that even though two members of thesaptavāragroup were originally male, eventually all members came to be conceived of as feminine in Nepal. It further provides evidence that the group is likely to have become known in Nepal by at least the late sixteenth century.
Twodhāraṇīprints in the Stein Collection at the British Museum
Authors: Hidas Gergely
Published: May 2014

This paper examines two tenth-century woodblock prints from Dunhuang acquired by Sir Aurel Stein. They are registered under the numbers Ch.00151 and Ch.00152 at the British Museum. The first, Ch.00151, is dedicated to Avalokiteśvara and the second, Ch.00152, to Amitābha, both with magical formulas written in Siddham characters in square or circular fashion around the central image of the respective deity. Editions, translations and identifications of the texts are presented along with a study of the Chinese inscriptions on the side of the xylographs. It is shown that these two objects were apparently produced to serve as amulets.
Evolving the future: Toward a science of intentional change
Authors: Wilson David Sloan , Hayes Steven C. , Biglan Anthony , Embry Dennis D.
Published: May 2014

Humans possess great capacity for behavioral and cultural change, but our ability to manage change is still limited. This article has two major objectives: first, to sketch a basic science of intentional change centered on evolution; second, to provide examples of intentional behavioral and cultural change from the applied behavioral sciences, which are largely unknown to the basic sciences community.

All species have evolved mechanisms of phenotypic plasticity that enable them to respond adaptively to their environments. Some mechanisms of phenotypic plasticity count as evolutionary processes in their own right. The human capacity for symbolic thought provides an inheritance system having the same kind of combinatorial diversity as does genetic recombination and antibody formation. Taking these propositions seriously allows an integration of major traditions within the basic behavioral sciences, such as behaviorism, social constructivism, social psychology, cognitive psychology, and evolutionary psychology, which are often isolated and even conceptualized as opposed to one another.

The applied behavioral sciences include well-validated examples of successfully managing behavioral and cultural change at scales ranging from individuals to small groups to large populations. However, these examples are largely unknown beyond their disciplinary boundaries, for lack of a unifying theoretical framework. Viewed from an evolutionary perspective, they are examples of managing evolved mechanisms of phenotypic plasticity, including open-ended processes of variation and selection.

Once the many branches of the basic and applied behavioral sciences become conceptually unified, we are closer to a science of intentional change than one might think.
Communication patterns between parents and children: Comparing mothers and fathers in different learner contexts
Authors: PIERCE LARA , GENESEE FRED , GAUTHIER KARINE , DUBOIS MARIE-EVE
Published: May 2014

Language use and joint attention (JA) strategies were examined during interactions between francophone mothers and fathers and either their birth children (n = 10) or their internationally adopted children from China (n = 8), once when the children were 15 months old and again at 20 months, on average. Results showed that mothers engaged in more JA episodes and tended to talk more with their children than did fathers; however, this was influenced by the language-learning situation of the child. Specifically, the adoptive parents engaged more with their children than did the birth parents, and the behaviors of the internationally adopted mothers and fathers were more similar to each other than to those of the birth parents, arguably to support their children's unique language-learning situation. However, in contrast to a previous study that examined JA with adoptive mothers, the adoptive fathers’ interaction styles with their children at 15 months were not related to children's vocabularies at 20 months as has been observed for mothers.
A study of a robotic hand with tendon driven fingers
Authors: Rossi Cesare , Savino Sergio , Niola Vincenzo , Troncone Stefano
Published: May 2014

In the present paper, a model of an underactuated robotic hand with tendon driven fingers is proposed. The aim of the project was to study the feasibility of building a mechanical hand with four or five fingers, the movement of which is achieved using a single linear actuator. The mechanism was first modelled in order to study the possible improvement in the ability of a “robotic hand” powered with a single actuator in regard to grasping objects with complex shapes and also in achieving a strong grip on objects. Next, a model of the finger was studied in order to optimize of its parameters. Finally, a five-fingered robotic hand was modelled for potential application as a human hand prosthesis. Our studies on the dynamic and kinematic behaviour of a single finger mechanism permitted us to make the first prototypes of the mechanism. In addition to modelling studies, we also present a prototype of the modelled robotic hand that was developed in order to optimize functionality and simplicity of construction.
Weighted spatial decay rates for the Navier–Stokes flows in a half-space
Authors: Han Pigong
Published: May 2014

The weighted Lq − Lr-estimates for the Stokes flow are given in half-spaces. Furthermore, the weighted decays for the first and second spatial derivatives of the Navier-Stokes flows are also established, where the unboundedness of the projection operator is overcome by employing a decomposition for the convection term. The main results in this paper are inspired by the works of Bae and Jin.
Mechanix: A natural sketch interface tool for teaching truss analysis and free-body diagrams
Authors: Atilola Olufunmilola , Valentine Stephanie , Kim Hong-Hoe , Turner David , McTigue Erin , Hammond Tracy , Linsey Julie
Published: May 2014

Massive open online courses, online tutoring systems, and other computer homework systems are rapidly changing engineering education by providing increased student feedback and capitalizing upon online systems' scalability. While online homework systems provide great benefits, a growing concern among engineering educators is that students are losing both the critical art of sketching and the ability to take a real system and reduce it to an accurate but simplified free-body diagram (FBD). For example, some online systems allow the drag and drop of forces onto FBDs, but they do not allow the user to sketch the FBDs, which is a vital part of the learning process. In this paper, we discuss Mechanix, a sketch recognition tool that provides an efficient means for engineering students to learn how to draw truss FBDs and solve truss problems. The system allows students to sketch FBDs into a tablet computer or by using a mouse and a standard computer monitor. Using artificial intelligence, Mechanix can determine not only the component shapes and features of the diagram but also the relationships between those shapes and features. Because Mechanix is domain specific, it can use those relationships to determine not only whether a student's work is correct but alsowhyit is incorrect. Mechanix is then able to provide immediate, constructive feedback to students without providing final answers. Within this manuscript, we document the inner workings of Mechanix, including the artificial intelligence behind the scenes, and present studies of the effects on student learning. The evaluations have shown that Mechanix is as effective as paper-and-pencil-based homework for teaching method of joints truss analysis; focus groups with students who used the program have revealed that they believe Mechanix enhances their learning and that they are highly engaged while using it.
Analysis of trace bromadiolone and brodifacoum in environmental water samples by ionic liquid ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction and LC-MS/MS
Authors: Chen Mei-lan , Zhu Guang-feng , Zhou Li-xin , Min Jian-qing , Chen Xiao-hong , Jin Mi-cong
Published: May 2014

An ionic liquid-based ultrasonic-assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (IL-USA-DLLME) method was proposed for highly effective extraction of trace bromadiolone and brodifacoum in environmental water samples.
Designing and fabricating double resonance substrate with metallic nanoparticles–metallic grating coupling system for highly intensified surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Zhou Ying , Li Xuanhua , Ren Xingang , Yang Liangbao , Liu Jinhuai
Published: May 2014

We propose and fabricate a novel double-resonance SERS system by strategically assembling Au NPs separated by a MoO3nanospacer from an Ag grating film.
Cetyltrimethylammonium micelles enhance the sensitivity of ssDNA-based electrochemical sensor for the determination of pyridoxol
Authors: Pei Xiao-Zhe , Liu Shou-Qing , Sun Wei-Hui
Published: May 2014

CTAB surfactant was assembled on ssDNA film electrode by electrostatic attraction between CTAB and ssDNA. The self-assembly of CTAB on ssDNA formed the micellar bilayer. Pyridoxol anions adsorbed on the micellar bilayer resulted in a markedly enhanced sensitivity. Practical applicability can be realized by the direct assay of pharmaceutical samples.
Pyridyl-cyclodextrin for ultra-hydrosolubilization of [60]fullerene
Authors: Nobusawa Kazuyuki , Payra Debabrata , Naito Masanobu
Published: May 2014

An efficient hydrosolubilizing reagent for [60]fullerene (C60) was developed with a γ-cyclodextrin (γ-CD) derivative having triazole-methoxypyridyl moieties at its 6-hydroxyl positions (PCD).
Phosphine catalyzed reduction of CO2 with boranes
Authors: Wang Tongen , Stephan Douglas W.
Published: May 2014

Phosphine is shown to catalyse the reaction of CO2 with 9-BBN to give mixtures of HCO2(B(C8H14)) 3, H2C(OB(C8H14))24 and MeOB(C8H14) 5; at 0.02 mol% of tBu3P 5 is obtained in 98% yield at 60 °C with TON of almost 5500 and a TOF of 170.
Aryloxymaleimides for cysteine modification, disulfide bridging and the dual functionalization of disulfide bonds
Authors: Marculescu Cristina , Kossen Hanno , Morgan Rachel E. , Mayer Patrick , Fletcher Sally A. , Tolner Berend , Chester Kerry A. , Jones Lyn H. , Baker James R.
Published: May 2014

Aryloxymaleimides represent ‘next generation maleimides’ of attenuated reactivity. We demonstrate their use in establishing novel bioconjugation procedures at disulfide bonds.
Near-infrared light triggerable deformation-free polysaccharide double network hydrogels
Authors: Luo Rong-Cong , Lim Zhen Han , Li Wei , Shi Peng , Chen Chia-Hung
Published: May 2014

Agarose/alginate double network hydrogels composited with polypyrrole (PPy) nanoparticles enable formation of light-triggerable deformation-free materials.
Monitoring enzymatic ATP hydrolysis by EPR spectroscopy
Authors: Hacker Stephan M. , Hintze Christian , Marx Andreas , Drescher Malte
Published: May 2014

Adenosine triphosphate is modified with two nitroxide radicals and employed to demonstrate that electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy can be used to study the enzymatic hydrolysis of doubly labelled substrate analogues.
A novel iron complex for highly efficient catalytic hydrogen generation from the hydrolysis of organosilanes
Authors: Liang Teo Alan Kay , Fan Wai Yip
Published: May 2014

Hydrolytic oxidation of silanes to dihydrogen and silanols catalyzed by an iron-based catalyst.
Modeling of photoactive conjugated donor–acceptor copolymers: the effect of the exact HF exchange in DFT functionals on geometries and gap energies of oligomer and periodic models
Authors: Niskanen M. , Hukka T. I.
Published: May 2014

Commonly used density functionals including an optimally tuned OT-ωB97X functional are benchmarked on oligomer and periodic models of donor–acceptor copolymers.
Sorting particles with nanoscale thermophoretic devices: how efficient is it?
Authors: Lervik Anders , Bresme Fernando
Published: May 2014

Nanoscale structural defects significantly enhance the efficiency of particle separation using thermally driven nanopumps.
Isolation of the CH3˙ rotor in a thermally stable inert matrix: first characterization of the gradual transition from classical to quantum behaviour at low temperatures
Authors: Buscarino G. , Alessi A. , Agnello S. , Boizot B. , Gelardi F. M. , Boscaino R.
Published: May 2014

By isolating the CH3˙ rotor in a stable clathrate host the gradual transition from classical to quantum behavior was observed.
Electronic and magnetic properties of honeycomb transition metal monolayers: first-principles insights
Authors: Li Xinru , Dai Ying , Ma Yandong , Huang Baibiao
Published: May 2014

The electronic and magnetic properties of d-electron-based Dirac systems are studied by combining first-principles with mean field theory and Monte Carlo approaches.
Open-circuit voltage improvement in tantalum-doped TiO2 nanocrystals
Authors: Gu Feng , Huang Wenjuan , Wang Shufen , Cheng Xing , Hu Yanjie , Lee Pooi See
Published: May 2014

Enhanced electron concentration is responsible for the open-circuit voltage improvement due to the upward shift of the Fermi level.
Differences in the cyclometalation reactivity of bisphosphinimine-supported organo-rare earth complexes
Authors: Zamora Matthew T. , Johnson Kevin R. D. , Hänninen Mikko M. , Hayes Paul G.
Published: May 2014

A novel yttrium complex [LnY(CH2SiMe3)2] is resistant to cyclometalation, while samarium variants undergo C–H activation, forming unique cyclometalated motifs.
Furfural from corn stover hemicelluloses. A mineral acid-free approach
Authors: Gómez Bernal Hilda , Bernazzani Luca , Raspolli Galletti Anna Maria
Published: May 2014

Two-step cascade conversion of corn stover hemicellulose to furfural in water in the presence of niobium phosphate.
Light-responsive control of bacterial gene expression: precise triggering of thelacpromoter activity using photocaged IPTG
Authors: Binder Dennis , Grünberger Alexander , Loeschcke Anita , Probst Christopher , Bier Claus , Pietruszka Jörg , Wiechert Wolfgang , Kohlheyer Dietrich , Jaeger Karl-Erich , Drepper Thomas
Published: May 2014

An optogenetic tool was established allowing for precise, gradual and homogeneous light-triggering oflac-based gene expression in a non-invasive fashion.
Paired single cell co-culture microenvironments isolated by two-phase flow with continuous nutrient renewal
Authors: Chen Yu-Chih , Cheng Yu-Heng , Kim Hong Sun , Ingram Patrick N. , Nor Jacques E. , Yoon Euisik
Published: May 2014

Cancer–stromal cell interactions are a critical process in tumorigenesis.
Optically induced dielectropheresis sorting with automated medium exchange in an integrated optofluidic device resulting in higher cell viability
Authors: Lee Gwo-Bin , Wu Huan-Chun , Yang Po-Fu , Mai John D.
Published: May 2014

The integration of a microfluidic device with an optically induced dielectrophoresis (ODEP) device such that the critical medium replacement process could be performed automatically and the cells could be subsequently manipulated by using digitally projected optical images.
Carbohydrate antigen delivery by water soluble copolymers as potential anti-cancer vaccines
Authors: Qin Qian , Yin Zhaojun , Bentley Philip , Huang Xuefei
Published: May 2014

Water soluble polymers can deliver tumor associated carbohydrate antigens and generate significant titers of tumor cell binding IgG antibodies.
ω-Heteroarylalkylcarbamates as inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH)
Authors: Terwege Tobias , Dahlhaus Helmut , Hanekamp Walburga , Lehr Matthias
Published: May 2014

A series of heteroaryl-substituted alkylcarbamates have been synthesized and evaluated for their inhibitory potency against fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH).
Antidiabetic potential of polyoxotungstates: in vitro and in vivo studies
Authors: Ilyas Zaitoon , Shah Hamid Saeed , Al-Oweini Rami , Kortz Ulrich , Iqbal Jamshed
Published: May 2014

Polyoxometalates are structurally diverse inorganic metal complexes capable of treating diabetes and its associated complications, a metabolic disorder continuously affecting people all over the world.
Composition, properties and potential food applications of natural emulsions and cream materials based on oil bodies
Authors: Nikiforidis Constantinos V. , Matsakidou Anthia , Kiosseoglou Vasilios
Published: May 2014

Oil bodies are micron- or submicron-sized organelles found mainly in parts of plants such as seeds, nuts or some fruits and their main role is to function as energy stores.
Introduction of ‘lattice-voids’ in high tap density TiO2-B nanowires for enhanced high-rate and high volumetric capacity lithium storage
Authors: Su Zhong , Zhu Yuxuan , Wu Zhenzhen , Peng Xiaoyu , Gao Chenlong , Xi Kai , Lai Chao , Kumar R. Vasant
Published: May 2014

Enhanced high-rate performance of TiO2-B nanowires can be achieved by introducing “lattice voids” to produce a partially disordered structure. The obtained TiO2-B nanowires can show the same excellent rate capability as TiO2-B nanotubes, but a much higher volumetric capacity and better capacity retention.
Wetting transitions within membrane compartments
Authors: Guo Kunkun , Xiao Wenjia , Yoshikawa Kenichi
Published: May 2014

The wetting transitions from complete to partial wetting and to complete dewetting are identified within a membrane compartment. The dependences of wetting transitions on material parameters, such as the intrinsic contact angles, the interaction strengths between the polymers and between the membrane and polymer ηp, and impermeability of the membrane to the enclosed polymers, are investigated.
High performance dielectric composites by latex compounding of graphene oxide-encapsulated carbon nanosphere hybrids with XNBR
Authors: Tian Ming , Ma Qin , Li Xiaolin , Zhang Liqun , Nishi Toshio , Ning Nanying
Published: May 2014

A novel dielectric composite with high dielectric constant (k), low dielectric loss, low elastic modulus and large actuated strain at a low electric field was prepared by a simple, low-cost and efficient method.
An efficient extrapolation to the (T)/CBS limit
Authors: Ranasinghe Duminda S. , Barnes Ericka C.
Published: May 2014

We extrapolate to the perturbative triples (T)/complete basis set (CBS) limit using double ζ basis sets without polarization functions (Wesleyan-1-Triples-2ζ or “Wes1T-2Z”) and triple ζ basis sets with a single level of polarization functions (Wesleyan-1-Triples-3ζ or “Wes1T-3Z”). These basis sets were optimized for 102 species representing the first two rows of the Periodic Table. The species include the entire set of neutral atoms, positive and negative atomic ions, as well as several homonuclear diatomic molecules, hydrides, rare gas dimers, polar molecules, such as oxides and fluorides, and a few transition states. The extrapolated Wes1T-(2,3)Z triples energies agree with (T)/CBS benchmarks to within ±0.65 mEh, while the rms deviations of comparable model chemistries W1, CBS-APNO, and CBS-QB3 for the same test set are ±0.23 mEh, ±2.37 mEh, and ±5.80 mEh, respectively. The Wes1T-(2,3)Z triples calculation time for the largest hydrocarbon in the G2/97 test set, C6H5Me+, is reduced by a factor of 25 when compared to W1. The cost-effectiveness of the Wes1T-(2,3)Z extrapolation validates the usefulness of the Wes1T-2Z and Wes1T-3Z basis sets which are now available for a more efficient extrapolation of the (T) component of any composite model chemistry.
External excitation of a short-wavelength fluctuation in the Alcator C-Mod edge plasma and its relationship to the quasi-coherent mode
Authors: Golfinopoulos T. , LaBombard B. , Parker R. R. , Burke W. , Davis E. , Granetz R. , Greenwald M. , Irby J. , Leccacorvi R. , Marmar E. , Parkin W. , Porkolab M. , Terry J. , Vieira R. , Wolfe S. ,   Alcator C-Mod team
Published: May 2014

A novel “Shoelace” antenna has been used to inductively excite a short-wavelength edge fluctuation in a tokamak boundary layer for the first time. The principal design parameters, k⊥=1.5±0.1 cm−1 and 45<f<300 kHz, match the Quasi-Coherent Mode (QCM, k⊥∼1.5 cm−1, f∼50−150 kHz) in Alcator C-Mod, responsible for exhausting impurities in the steady-state, ELM-free Enhanced Dα H-mode. In H-mode, whether or not there is a QCM, the antenna drives coherent, field-aligned perturbations in density, ñe, and field, B̃θ, which are guided by field lines, propagate in the electron diamagnetic drift direction, and exhibit a weakly damped (γ/ω0∼5%−10%) resonance near the natural QCM frequency. This result is significant, offering the possibility that externally driven modes may be used to enhance particle transport. In L-mode, the antenna drives only a non-resonant B̃θ response. The facts that the driven mode has the same wave number and propagation direction as the QCM, and is resonant at the QCM frequency, suggest the antenna may couple to this mode, which we have shown elsewhere to be predominantly drift-mode-like [B. LaBombard et al., Phys. Plasmas 21, 056108 (2014)].
Complete spectrum of the infinite-U Hubbard ring using group theory
Authors: Soncini Alessandro , Van den Heuvel Willem
Published: May 2014

We present a full analytical solution of the multiconfigurational strongly correlated mixed-valence problem corresponding to the N-Hubbard ring filled with N−1 electrons, and infinite on-site repulsion. While the eigenvalues and the eigenstates of the model are known already, analytical determination of their degeneracy is presented here for the first time. The full solution, including degeneracy count, is achieved for each spin configuration by mapping the Hubbard model into a set of Hückel-annulene problems for rings of variable size. The number and size of these effective Hückel annulenes, both crucial to obtain Hubbard states and their degeneracy, are determined by solving a well-known combinatorial enumeration problem, the necklace problem for N−1 beads and two colors, within each subgroup of the CN−1 permutation group. Symmetry-adapted solution of the necklace enumeration problem is finally achieved by means of the subduction of coset representation technique [S. Fujita, Theor. Chim. Acta 76, 247 (1989)], which provides a general and elegant strategy to solve the one-hole infinite-U Hubbard problem, including degeneracy count, for any ring size. The proposed group theoretical strategy to solve the infinite-U Hubbard problem for N−1 electrons is easily generalized to the case of arbitrary electron count L, by analyzing the permutation group CL and all its subgroups.
Projecting diffusion along the normal bundle of a plane curve
Authors: Valero-Valdés Carlos , Herrera-Guzmán Rafael
Published: May 2014

The purpose of this paper is to provide new formulas for the effective diffusion coefficient of a generalized Fick-Jacob's equation obtained by projecting the two-dimensional diffusion equation along the normal directions of an arbitrary curve on the plane.
Ultrasound guided fluorescence molecular tomography with improved quantification by an attenuation compensated born-normalization and in vivo preclinical study of cancer
Authors: Li Baoqiang , Berti Romain , Abran Maxime , Lesage Frédéric
Published: May 2014

Ultrasound imaging, having the advantages of low-cost and non-invasiveness over MRI and X-ray CT, was reported by several studies as an adequate complement to fluorescence molecular tomography with the perspective of improving localization and quantification of fluorescent molecular targets in vivo. Based on the previous work, an improved dual-modality Fluorescence-Ultrasound imaging system was developed and then validated in imaging study with preclinical tumor model. Ultrasound imaging and a profilometer were used to obtain the anatomical prior information and 3D surface, separately, to precisely extract the tissue boundary on both sides of sample in order to achieve improved fluorescence reconstruction. Furthermore, a pattern-based fluorescence reconstruction on the detection side was incorporated to enable dimensional reduction of the dataset while keeping the useful information for reconstruction. Due to its putative role in the current imaging geometry and the chosen reconstruction technique, we developed an attenuation compensated Born-normalization method to reduce the attenuation effects and cancel off experimental factors when collecting quantitative fluorescence datasets over large area. Results of both simulation and phantom study demonstrated that fluorescent targets could be recovered accurately and quantitatively using this reconstruction mechanism. Finally, in vivo experiment confirms that the imaging system associated with the proposed image reconstruction approach was able to extract both functional and anatomical information, thereby improving quantification and localization of molecular targets.
Improved method for calculating neoclassical transport coefficients in the banana regime
Authors: Taguchi M.
Published: May 2014

The conventional neoclassical moment method in the banana regime is improved by increasing the accuracy of approximation to the linearized Fokker-Planck collision operator. This improved method is formulated for a multiple ion plasma in general tokamak equilibria. The explicit computation in a model magnetic field shows that the neoclassical transport coefficients can be accurately calculated in the full range of aspect ratio by the improved method. The some neoclassical transport coefficients for the intermediate aspect ratio are found to appreciably deviate from those obtained by the conventional moment method. The differences between the transport coefficients with these two methods are up to about 20%.
Electron-beam induced variation of surface profile in amorphous As20Se80 films
Authors: Kaganovskii Yu. , Trunov M. L. , Cserhati C. , Lytvyn P. M. , Beke D. L. , Kökényesi S.
Published: May 2014

Unusual profile variation of holographic surface relief gratings is detected in thin (2 μm) As20Se80 chalcogenide films under e-beam irradiation: gratings of small periods were smoothed, whereas the gratings of larger periods increased their amplitudes. Irradiation was carried out in SEM, with 20 kV voltage and 8 nA current; the profiles of the irradiated areas were analyzed both by AFM and SEM. It is found that the kinetics of both flattening and growth followed by exponential law and took place due to lateral mass transport accelerated by e-irradiation. It is shown that the profile variation is mainly caused by competition between capillary forces and “chemical” forces induced by broken and deformed atomic bonds under e-beam irradiation. The kinetics of profile variation was calculated assuming that the mechanism of e-beam induced mass transfer is volume diffusion. The diffusion coefficients were estimated from the experimental data using theoretical expressions derived.
Suspended plate microresonators with high quality factor for the operation in liquids
Authors: Linden J. , Thyssen A. , Oesterschulze E.
Published: May 2014

Partial wetting has been recently proposed to facilitate the operation of microresonators with high quality factor in liquids. By applying this concept to a resonator operated in a shearing eigenmode, a further reduction of viscous damping is expected corresponding to theory. In this study, an excellent quality factor of 490 could be verified for suspended plate-microresonators operated in water combining these two approaches. As a proof of concept, the resonators were employed as mass sensors in water revealing a sensitivity of 80 Hz/pg.
Planar Hall effect bridge geometries optimized for magnetic bead detection
Authors: Østerberg Frederik Westergaard , Rizzi Giovanni , Henriksen Anders Dahl , Hansen Mikkel Fougt
Published: May 2014

Novel designs of planar Hall effect bridge sensors optimized for magnetic bead detection are presented and characterized. By constructing the sensor geometries appropriately, the sensors can be tailored to be sensitive to an external magnetic field, the magnetic field due to beads being magnetized by the sensor self-field or a combination thereof. The sensors can be made nominally insensitive to small external magnetic fields, while being maximally sensitive to magnetic beads, magnetized by the sensor self-field. Thus, the sensor designs can be tailored towards specific applications with minimal influence of external variables. Three different sensor designs are analyzed theoretically. To experimentally validate the theoretical signals, two sets of measurements are performed. First, the sensor signals are characterized as function of an externally applied magnetic field. Then, measurements of the dynamic magnetic response of suspensions of magnetic beads with a nominal diameter of 80 nm are performed. Furthermore, a method to amplify the signal by appropriate combinations of multiple sensor segments is demonstrated.
Impact of environmental conditions on the chemical surface properties of Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2 thin-film solar cell absorbers
Authors: Hauschild D. , Meyer F. , Pohlner S. , Lechner R. , Dietmüller R. , Palm J. , Heske C. , Weinhardt L. , Reinert F.
Published: May 2014

Environmentally driven aging effects play a crucial role in thin-film solar cells based on Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2, both for long-term stability and short air exposure during production. For a better understanding of such effects, Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2 absorber surfaces were investigated by x-ray photoelectron and Auger electron spectroscopy after exposure to different environmental conditions. Identical absorbers were stored in a nitrogen atmosphere, in damp heat, and under ambient conditions for up to 14 days. We find varying degrees of diffusion of sulfur, copper, and sodium towards the surface, with potential impact on the electronic surface structure (band gap) and the properties of the interface to a buffer layer in a solar cell device. Furthermore, we observe an oxidation (in decreasing order) of indium, copper, and selenium (but no oxidation of sulfur). And finally, varying amounts of carbon- and oxygen-containing adsorbates are found. In particular, the findings suggest that, for ambient air exposure, sodium carbonate is formed at the surface.
Selective injection of magnetic domain walls in Permalloy nanostripes
Authors: Akerman Johanna , Muñoz Manuel , Maicas Marco , Prieto José L.
Published: May 2014

This work explores the conditions that allow the injection and pinning of different magnetic domain walls (DWs) in Permalloy nanostripes with notches of different shapes. The injection is done under a constant external field by applying a 10 ns current pulse through an adjacent current line. The type of DW is identified by its anisotropic magnetoresistance (AMR). We find that, while a quasi-static pinning (nucleating at zero field and propagating the DW to the notch by slowly increasing the external field) would allow to distinguish different types of DWs pinned at the notch, a dynamic pinning (nucleating, propagating, and pinning the DW under a constant non-zero magnetic field) makes the discrimination of different DWs very difficult. Micromagnetic simulations indicate that the AMR of the different types of DWs become quite similar to each other as the injection field increases. This might explain why at large injection fields, usually only one or two values of resistance are detected, depending on the shape of the notch. Therefore, caution should be taken when establishing a one-to-one relationship between a type of DW and a value of resistance, especially if the injection is done under a non-zero external magnetic field.
L
1/2 regularization based numerical method for effective reconstruction of bioluminescence tomography
Authors: Chen Xueli , Yang Defu , Zhang Qitan , Liang Jimin
Published: May 2014

Even though bioluminescence tomography (BLT) exhibits significant potential and wide applications in macroscopic imaging of small animals in vivo, the inverse reconstruction is still a tough problem that has plagued researchers in a related area. The ill-posedness of inverse reconstruction arises from insufficient measurements and modeling errors, so that the inverse reconstruction cannot be solved directly. In this study, an l1/2 regularization based numerical method was developed for effective reconstruction of BLT. In the method, the inverse reconstruction of BLT was constrained into an l1/2 regularization problem, and then the weighted interior-point algorithm (WIPA) was applied to solve the problem through transforming it into obtaining the solution of a series of l1 regularizers. The feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method were demonstrated with numerical simulations on a digital mouse. Stability verification experiments further illustrated the robustness of the proposed method for different levels of Gaussian noise.
Modulation of contact resistance between metal and graphene by controlling the graphene edge, contact area, and point defects: An ab initio study
Authors: Ma Bo , Gong Cheng , Wen Yanwei , Chen Rong , Cho Kyeongjae , Shan Bin
Published: May 2014

A systematic first-principles non-equilibrium Green's function study is conducted on the contact resistance between a series of metals (Au, Ag, Pt, Cu, Ni, and Pd) and graphene in the side contact geometry. Different factors such as the termination of the graphene edge, contact area, and point defect in contacted graphene are investigated. Notable differences are observed in structural configurations and electronic transport characteristics of these metal-graphene contacts, depending on the metal species and aforementioned influencing factors. It is found that the enhanced chemical reactivity of the graphene due to dangling bonds from either the unsaturated graphene edge or point defects strengthens the metal-graphene bonding, leading to a considerable contact resistance reduction for weakly interacting metals Au and Ag. For stronger interacting metals Pt and Cu, a slightly reduced contact resistance is found due to such influencing factors. However, the wetting metals Ni and Pd most strongly hybridize with graphene, exhibiting negligible dependence on the above influencing factors. This study provides guidance for the optimization of metal-graphene contacts at an atomic scale.
Correlation between measured voltage and observed wavelength in commercial AlGaInP laser diode
Authors: Iskrenović Predrag S. , Krstić Ivan B. , Obradović Bratislav M. , Kuraica Milorad M.
Published: May 2014

Temperature of a commercial AlGaInP/GaInP quantum well laser diode (LD) is measured using two methods: peak wavelength shift and the diode voltage drop caused by working current. Time evolutions of temperature obtained by the two methods during the LD self-heating are measured and compared. No significant difference between the thus obtained temperature evolutions is obtained. Correlation between the LD voltage drop and the laser radiation frequency is established using a simple four-level semiconductor laser scheme and the LD gap energy is estimated. The LD gap energy decreases from 1.66 eV to 1.56 eV for temperature increase of 21 K, at close to room temperature. It is found that LD's frequency decrease is caused by the gap energy decrease.
A silicon nanocrystal tunnel field effect transistor
Authors: Harvey-Collard Patrick , Drouin Dominique , Pioro-Ladrière Michel
Published: May 2014

In this work, we demonstrate a silicon nanocrystal Field Effect Transistor (ncFET). Its operation is similar to that of a Tunnelling Field Effect Transistor (TFET) with two barriers in series. The tunnelling barriers are fabricated in very thin silicon dioxide and the channel in intrinsic polycrystalline silicon. The absence of doping eliminates the problem of achieving sharp doping profiles at the junctions, which has proven a challenge for large-scale integration and, in principle, allows scaling down the atomic level. The demonstrated ncFET features a 104 on/off current ratio at room temperature, a low 30 pA/μm leakage current at a 0.5 V bias, an on-state current on a par with typical all-Si TFETs and bipolar operation with high symmetry. Quantum dot transport spectroscopy is used to assess the band structure and energy levels of the silicon island.