bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Merthiolate hypersensitivity and vaccination
Authors: Förström L. , Hannuksela M. , Kousa Merja , Lehmuskallio E.
Published: April 2006

Epicutaneous tests with O.1 % merthiolate in petrolatum showed hypersensivity in 96 of 4647 eczema patients (2.0%) and ill seven of 105 health recruits (7%). There was a marked preponderance of young age classes in the eczema group. Twelve of 41 merthiolate‐positive patients tested reacted to mercury alone, three to thiosalylic acid alone and one to both. The remaining 25 patients; reacted to neither of the individual components although the merthiolate complex as a whole gave a positive test result. Forty‐five of the merthiolate‐positive patients were tested subcutaneously with 0.5 ml of a 0.01% merthiolate solution, i.e. a dose equal to that contained in one shot of tetanus toxoid, fur example. Nine patients developed a local reaction at the site of the injection, and the area became eczematous in four cases. In one of the patients the eczema spread over the body, causing fever. Since merthiolate‐sensitive patients also react to merthiolate administered intracutaneously. the vaccinator should avoid the use of needle whose outer surface tins been contaminated when the vaccine was aspirated from the bottle. However, even when this precautionary measure is taken, local reactions can be expected in such a high percentage of merthiolate‐sensitive persons that merthiolate in vaccines should be replaced by another antibacterial agent.
Contact allergy to the Brazilian rosewood substitute Machaerium scleroxylon Tul. (Pao ferro)
Authors: Conde‐Salazar L. , Diez A. Garcia , Rafeensphrger F. , Hausen B. M.
Published: April 2006

Five carpenters in a television set factory hail allergic contact dermatitis of the hands, forearms and neck after contact with the sawdust of the Brazilian rosewood substitute Machaerium scleraxylon Tul. (Pao ferro)

Patch tests with R‐3,4dimethoxydalbergione from Pao ferro and with two other dalbergiones from rosewood species were positive. R‐3, 4‐dirnethoxydalbergione isolated from the Pao ferro sample was shown to he a strong sensitizer and thus to be responsible for these cases of contact allergy.
Aromatic plants–A cause of severe attacks of angio‐edema and urticaria
Authors: Kauppinen Kirsti , Kousa Merja , Reunala Timo
Published: April 2006

Celery and parsley were confirmed as etiological agents in 14 patients with severe attacks of angio‐edema and urticaria. All of the patients proved to be atopic. Without exception they all had positive prick test reactions to mugwort. The patients were examined using the scratch Chamber test method and ill of them showed positive reactions to celery and 12 patients to parsley. No peroral provocation tests were performed because of the severity of the reactions in the past. Passive transfer by the Prausniz‐Küstner technique was positive in two patients.
Epidemiology of contact dermatitis from pesticides in Japan
Authors: Matsushita Toshio , Nomura Shigeru , Wakatsuki Toshikazu
Published: April 2006

An epidemiological study was made of 216 patients with contact dermatitis from pesticides in Japanese rural regions from 1968 to 1970. They were analyzed according to conditions of use, sex, age, occupation, exposure, and season. The pesticides most often responsible were captafol (Difolatan) (28.7%), sulfurs (18.5%), highly and moderately toxic organic phosphates (18.1%), and chlorinated hydrocarbons (9.7%). Complications, sites of dermatitis, prognosis and factors contributing to onset of dermatitis arc discussed.
Standard patch test results in 3,225 consecutive Danish patients from 1973 to 1977
Authors: Hammershoy Ole
Published: April 2006

From 1973 to 1977 a total of 3,225 patients were patch tested al the Department of Dermatology, Odense University Hospital, Denmark: 1.038 patients reacted to one or more allergens. The data on frequency of the most common allergens are presented. The mast common allergens observed were nickel, dichromate, balsam of Peru, wood tar, carba mix and wool alcohols.
Shoe contact dermatitis
Authors: Angelini G. , Vena G. A. , Meneghini C. L.
Published: April 2006

The incidence of contact allergy was studied in a series of 165 patients with eczematous dermatitis of the feet correlated clinically with shoe contact. Positive reactions to one or more substances were recorded in 108 patients (65.4%). Among the relevant sensitizers were chromium, paraphenylenediamine, paratertiary butylphenolformaldehyde resin and nickel, while the other allergens were benzocaine, neomycin, balsam of Peru, ethylenediamine and parabens. Allergic contact dermatitis of the feel can he prevented by recognition of the allergens responsible, control of hyperhidrosis and avoidance of topical allergens.
Statistical and comparative study of 4600 patients tested in Barcelona (1973–1977)
Authors: Romaguera Carlos , Grimalt Francisco
Published: April 2006

The authors show the results obtained during the 5‐year period 1973–1977 in 4600 patch tested patients in the Allergy Department of Barcelona University. The results obtained with the most common allergens (nickel sulfate, potassium dichromate, para compounds, cobalt and rubber) are studied separately. The results of testing with the allergens with a low incidence of positives are also shown. The results are compared with those published by the NACDG on 1200 patients and by Brun in Geneva on 1000 patients; 5.02 % of the tested patients showed sensitization to benzidine.
Occupational contact dermatitis due to spiramycin and/or tylosin among farmers
Authors: Veien N. K. , Hattel T. , Justesen O. , Nørholm A.
Published: April 2006

Nine farmers suspected of having occupational contact dermatitis had positive patch tests in spiramycin and/or tylosin. After diagnosis the dermatitis cleared or improved markedly in seven patients; five of these stopped using the antibiotics in question, and two began to wear gloves while handling the drugs. The two patients who continued use of the drugs and look no precautionary measures had link change in the activity of the dermatitis.
Allergic contact dermatitis to dimethoxane in a spin finish
Authors: Shmunes Edward , Kempton Robert J.
Published: April 2006

A textile worker exposed to dimethoxane in an aqueous system developed allergic contact dermatitis. Patch testing to this compound and its possible products in an aqueous system demonstrated sensitization to acetaldehyde and crotonaldehyde.
Cumulative irritancy in the guinea Pig from low grade irritant vehicles and the angry skin syndrome
Authors: Andersen K. E. , Maibach Howard I.
Published: April 2006

A 4‐week open cumulative irritancy test in guinea pigs discriminated between two low grade irritant vehicles, nonionic base (anhydrous) and hydrophilic ointment. The procedure might be useful as a predictive test for low grade irritants. The angry skin syndrome was established in the guinea pigs by one Freunds complete adjuvant intradermal injection on day 0, or by daily open applications of 10% sodium lauryl sulfate in petrolatum to the neck area of the animals.
Dermatitis from slimicides in a paper mill
Authors: Rycroft R. J. G. , Calnan C. D.
Published: April 2006

Dermatitis is reported from slimicides added to wood pulp slurry in a paper mill. The active constituents of the slimicides involved were bis‐1.4‐bromoacetoxy‐2‐butene and 2, 3‐dichloro‐4‐bromotelrahydrothiophene‐l,l‐dioxide. Wood pulp slimicides include many chemicals which are highly irritant and potentially sensitizing to the skin.
Dermatitis from slimicides in a paper mill
Authors: Rycroft R. J. G. , Calnan C. D.
Published: April 2006

Dermatitis is reported from slimicides added to wood pulp slurry in a paper mill. The active constituents of the slimicides involved were bis‐l,4‐bromoacctoxy‐2‐butene and 2,3‐dichloro‐4‐bromotetrahydrothiophene‐1,1‐dioxidc. Wood pulp slimicides include many chemicals which are highly irritant and potentially sensitizing to the skin.
Incidence of cosmetic dermatitis
Authors: Skog Erik
Published: April 2006

During 1973–1978, 41 cases of contact dermatitis due to cosmetics were recorded at a skin clinic in Stockholm serving a catchment population of about 250,000 people. Most of the cases were of allergic contact dermatitis and due to eye make‐up and antiper‐spirants.
Investigation of suspected contact sensitivity to tobacco in cigarette and cigar factory employees
Authors: Rycroft R. J. G. , Smith N. P. , Stok E. T. , Middleton K.
Published: April 2006

Two independent cases of suspected occupational allergic contact dermatitis from tobacco are reported to illustrate the difficulties inherent in the accurate diagnosis of this condition. An investigatory procedure is outlined whereby the comparatively rare cases of genuine contact sensitivity to tobacco can be distinguished from other commoner dermatoses.
Berloque dermatitis – A continuing cosmetic problem
Authors: Zaynoun S. T. , Aftimos B. A. , Tenekjian K. K. , Kurban A. K.
Published: April 2006

Despite the decline in the incidence of berloque dermatitis during the past decade, milder cases resulting from the presence of relatively small quantities of bergapten in perfumed cosmetics continue to occur. The resultant hyperpigmentation may have an atypical presentation leading to error in diagnosis. In addition, the condition can sometimes induce or aggravate melasma and may he responsible for other pigmentary disorders of the face and neck of questionable etiology such as poikiloderma of Civatte, Riehl's melanosis and pigmented peribuccal erythema of Brocq.
Subacute parathion poisoning with erysipeloid‐like lesion
Authors: Svikdland H. B.
Published: April 2006

A case of subacute parathion poisoning with an erysieloid‐like eruption of the left index finger is reported. Laboratory investigations showed no growth of pathogenic bacteria and cholinesterase activity in the blood showed a rise 10 days after the poisoning. Further blood investigations 6 weeks later showed subnormal levels of cholinesterase activity indicating chronic parathion poisoning.
Comparison of A1‐test and Finn chamber test
Authors: Peltonen Leena
Published: April 2006

A comparison of the Al‐test and the chamber test was made by performing epicutaneous tests simultaneously with both methods in symmetrical sites on the upper back. Irritant reactions were provoked with 1.5% benzalkonium chloride on 90 patients. Allergic reactions were studied with 10 allergens on 510 patients: 243 of them gave positive reactions to one or more of the test substances. It was found that the results obtained by these methods were about the same when the Al‐test was fixed with nonporous occlusive plaster (Leukoplast). By fixing the Al‐test units like the chambers with a porous tape (Scanpor), the chamber test produced more irritant and allergic reactions than the A1‐test.
Dermatitis from UV acrylate in adhesive
Authors: Whittington C. V.
Published: April 2006

An employee developed unusual linear bullae and dermatitis of the forearms while formulating UV curable resins for a sanitary napkin adhesive. Patch tests to work contactants showed sensitivity to tetraethylene glycol diacrylate only. The remainder of the reactions were irritant, Resin contamination of a “rest‐bar” against which the employee leaned with his forearms contributed to the artifactual appearance of his lesions.
Hypopigmentation from UV resin additive
Authors: Whittington C. V.
Published: April 2006

An employee formulating a UV‐resin based vehicle developed hypopigmentation limited to the forearms without preceding overt dermatitis. Manual procedures in an automatic process provided opportunity for exposure and contact to various components. A non‐resin additive, quinone, alone or in conjunction with a likely contaminant, hydroquinone, was the suspected agent. Patch tests to quinone caused severe irritation. Reactions to acrylic components were not felt to be directly pertinent.
The Angry Back Syndrome – a retrospective study
Authors: Bruynzeel D. P. , van Ketel W. G. , von Blomberg‐vander Flier B. M. E. , Scheper R. J.
Published: April 2006

Irrelevant reactions occurred in 68 of 157 patients (43%) with strong positive patch test reactions and concomitant weak positive reactions. A lower figure, 13 of 45 (29%) was found in patients with only weak positive patch test reactions (0.1 > P > 0.05). An allergen eliciting a weak positive reaction should therefore be retested when a conclusion has to be drawn about the epidermal sensitivity of a patient.
Skin reactions to primary irritants*
Authors: Czerwinska‐Dihm Irena , Rudzki Edward
Published: April 2006

250 patients with dermatitis, and two groups of 70 and 30 healthy subjects were tested for their reactions to irritants following the procedures of Bjornberg. The same group of irritants was used. Although the test subjects were working in different conditions and the methods for evaluating the results were slightly different. Bjornberg's important conclusion “that it is not possible to predict the strength of the reaction to one irritant by knowing the strength of the reaction to another irritant” was confirmed.
Allergic contact dermatitis to cyanamide (carbodiimide)
Authors: Conde‐Salazar L. , Guimaraens D. , Romero L. , Harto A.
Published: April 2006

Occupational allergic dermatitis to cyanamide is described in a psychiatric ward assistant who handled several anti‐alcoholic products, one of which contained 6% cyanamide.
Contact dermatitis to estradiol benzoate
Authors: Ljunggren Bo
Published: April 2006

Three patients developed facial dermatitis after contact with preparations containing estradiol benzoate. Patch tests were positive to estradiol henzoate 0.1% in MEK but negative to other related estrogens including estradiol. All three patients also had positive tests to resorcinol monobenzoate and two out of three to balsam of Peru.

Most likely estradiol benzoate was the primary sensitizer.
Contact allergy to propylene oxide and isopropyl alcohol in a skin disinfectant swab
Authors: Jensen Ove
Published: April 2006

Two laboratory assistants developed contact dermatitis from a disposable swab for pre‐injection use. Containing isapropyl alcohol 70% and propylene oxide 1%. Patch testing gave positive allergic reactions to propylene oxide in both patients, one of whom also reacted to isopropyl alcohol. Testing of 25 control persons gave negative results.
Perioral contact urticaria from sorbic acid and benzoic acid in a salad dressing
Authors: Clemmensen O. , Hjorth N.
Published: April 2006

Contact urticaria was observed in a kindergarten in 18 of 20 children following the intake and accidental perioral application of a mayonnaise salad cream. In healthy adult controls, stinging tests and closed 20 minute patch test with the salad dressing were positive in 9 out of 12 and 4 out of 10 cases respectively. Twenty minute patch tests with the different components of the salad dressing were positive only so sorbic acid (SA) and benzoic acid (BA). Urticaria was provoked by inunction of the salad dressing periorally in two healthy boys. Serial 20 minute closed patch testing with varying concentrations of SA in 91 patients and BA in 41 patients gave almost identical results: positive reactions in two thirds of the patients with the highest concentrations. The response was only partially blocked by anti‐histamine applied locally before testing. Non‐immunologic mechanisms are probably responsible for the transient reaction, and no restriction in the extensive use of SA or BA as preservatives in food should be considered.
Nickel contact dermatitis in a blood bank
Authors: de Corres L. Fernández , Garrastazu M. T. , Soloeta R. , Escayol P.
Published: April 2006

Twenty blood donors developed a dermatitis at the site of venesection within a few hours of giving blood. A local anaesthetic administered with a Dermo‐Jet had been used before extracting blood. In only 2 cases was sensitivity to the local anaesthetic found. In the others the reaction was caused by nickel released from the Dermo‐Jet. The quantity of nickel released is greater from the anaesthetic solution than from deionised water. It increases with the time that the anaesthetic remains in the Dermo‐Jet. The release of nickel is greater from a used Dermo‐Jet than from a new one. Histology revealed a lymphohistiocytic infiltrate at the level of the deep dermis.
Lymphomatoid contact dermatitis due to ethylenediamine dihydrochloride
Authors: Wall L. M.
Published: April 2006

A case of contact sensitivity to ethylenediamine dihydrochloride is reported. The clinical and histological features were in keeping with early mycosis fungoides. The eruption cleared with avoidance of the allergen. Continued contact with the allergen was traced to its retention in a trouser pocket lining. The term “lymphomatoid contact dermatitis” should be confined to cases where the lymphomatoid features are due to a positively reacting allergen.
Occupational dermatitis from IPPD in tyres
Authors: Ancona Armando , Monroy Felope , Fernández‐Diez Jorge
Published: April 2006

A tyre assembler developed contact dermatitis from IPPD, a rubber antioxidant. The lichenified clinical pattern corresponded histologically to lichenified dermatitis.

Tyre assemblers appear to acquire contact dermatitis to this aromatic amine mare frequently than any other workers in the tyre manufacturing industry. Possible adjuvant factors and preventive measures are discussed.
Disulfiram treatment of three patients with nickel dermatitis
Authors: Christensen Jens Dahl
Published: April 2006

Diethyldithiocarbamate chelates nickel and accelerates its excretion in the urine. Disulfiram (Antabuse®) splits into two molecules of sodium diethyldithiocarbamate after absorption. Oral administration of disulfiram tablets starting with 50 mg a day with a gradual increase in dosage to 100 mg not more than twice a day readily cleared the eczema in three patients with severe and long‐standing nickel contact dermatitis.
The guinea pig as a model for predicting photoallergic contact dermatitis
Authors: Jordan William P.
Published: April 2006

This report describes modifications in the techniques used for both the induction and elicitation of photoallergic contact dermatitis (PACD) in the guinea pig. These changes have improved the reliability of this animal as the model of choice for screening chemicals or products for (heir tendency to produce PACD.

The induction period consists of 15 exposures of the test substance to shoulder skin that has been abraded with a nylon brush rotating at 13,000 rpm. One hour later, the KM site is irradiated with broadband UVA from a source having some irradiance below 320 nm (UVA/b). The animals receive 450 J/cm2 of UVA during the three‐week induction period. The elicitation (challenge) test is repeated fur two consecutive days. Each day, the test material, if a liquid, is applied to two sties even 30 lo 60 min for 6 h; then one of the sites receives 20 J/cm2 of UVA.

These photo‐induction and photo‐elicitation procedures have demonstrated that low‐level concentrations (0.25% range) of 6‐melhyl coumarin or musk ambrette will both induce and elicit PACD in the guinea pig. This report adds more evidence that the induction of PACD in the guinea pig is dependent on broadband UVA.
Concomitant sensitization to hydroquinone and P‐methoxyphenol in the guinea pig; inhibitors in acrylic monomers*
Authors: van Walle H. B. , Delbressine L. P. C. , Seutter K.
Published: April 2006

Concomitant sensitization to hydroquinone and p‐methoxyphenol occurred in sensitization experiments with acrylic monomers in guinea pigs. No relation between the concentration of the inhibitor in the monomers and the incidence of these concomitant sensitizations could be detected. Concomitant sensitization did not influence the cross reaction pattern of the acrylic monomers. The sensitizing potential of acrylic monomers is not influenced by the inhibitors, but some acrylic monomers, seem to interfere with the sensitizing potential of the inhibitors.
Rashes amongst persulphate workers
Authors: White Ian R. , Catchpole H. E. , Rycroft R. J. G.
Published: April 2006

Rashes were found to develop frequently amongst workers employed in the manufacture of persulphates. New employees were often affected within one month of the start of employment. Attention to occupational hygiene has caused a rapid decline in the incidence of the problem.
Propylene glycol: irritation or sensitization?
Authors: Trancik R. J. , Maibach H. I.
Published: April 2006

Irritation and sensitization patch test studies were conducted using propylene glycol in an attempt to ascertain the nature of the cutaneous response to this commonly employed topical excipient. A total of 10 and 203 subjects completed standard irritation and sensitization protocols, respectively A provocative use test was conducted on subjects reacting to propylene glycol. Results indicate, that propylene glycol is at least a minimal irritant. Fleeting evidence suggestive of sensitization was observed during patch testing but was not substantiated upon provocative use testing. Interpretation of these results is presented; however, the nature of the cutaneous response to propylene glycol remains obscure.
Acute photosensitivity from the sunscreen 2‐ethoxyethyl‐p‐methoxycinnamate
Authors: Davies M. G. , Hawk J. L. M. , Rycroft R. J. G.
Published: April 2006

Giv‐Tan® F, 2‐ethoxyethyl‐p‐methoxycinnamate, an effective sunscreen, is reported as the cause of an acute photosensitive eruption in patients.
D & C Yellow Nos. 10 and 11: delayed contact hypersensitivity in the guinea pig
Authors: Lamson Susan A. , Kong Betty M. , De Salva Salvatore J.
Published: April 2006

D & C Yellow No. 11 was found to be a skin sensitizer in guinea pigs at an elicitation concentration of 10.0% in ethanol but not at 1.0 and 3.0%. Sensitization was induced with a 50% suspension in ethanol. D & C Yellow No. 10, the disodium salt of the mono and disulfonic acids of D & C Yellow No. 11, was not a skin sensitizer nor was it capable of eliciting a response in the D & C Yellow No. 11‐sensitized guinea pigs even at a challenge concentration of 10%. Two commercial products, a soap containing 0.015% D & C Yellow No. 11 and a shampoo containing 0.002% D & C Yellow No. 10 did not elicit a reaction in the D & C Yellow No. 11‐sensitized guinea pigs.
Secondary acrylamides in nyloprint® printing plate as a source of contact dermatitis
Authors: Pedersen Niels Bang , Chevallier Marie‐Agnes , Senning Alexander
Published: April 2006

Several chemically pure fractions have been isolated from Nyloprint® printing plates. 5 of the fractions elicited positive patch test reactions in 7 Nylonprint® allergic printers. 4 of the 5 components were analysed by means of nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared spectrophotometry, mass spectrometry and elemental analysis. The fractions were identified as N,N′‐methylene‐bis‐acrylamide, N,N′‐[oxybis(methylene)]bis‐2‐propenamide, N,N′‐[1,2‐ethanediylbis(oxymethylene)]‐2‐propenamide, and a new compound N‐[(2‐hydroxyethoxy‐methyl]‐2‐propenamide. All of the analysed fractions have the common feature of being secondary acrylamides.
Chromate dermatitis and sodium dithionite
Authors: Wall L. M.
Published: April 2006

Reduction of hexavalent chromium to the trivalent form is of proven value of chrome sensitive individuals; there can be practical problems in doing this with iron sulphate added to cement. Sulphites such as sodium pyrosulphite and sodium dithionite, applied topically to the skin of cement workers, appear to be effective in the prevention of dermatitis. Sodium dithionite possesses practical advantages in the work‐place.
The role of cadmium as a skin sensitizing agent in denture and non‐denture wearers
Authors: Kaaber Svend , Cramers Marie , Jepsen Finn Løve
Published: April 2006

Positive patch test reactions to cadmium were observed in 8 out of 21 denture wearing persons with burning mouth sensations during 1979 and 1980, and in 13 of 125 consecutive outpatients being routine tested at the Dermatological Department in late 1980 and early 1981, Retesting 17 of these patients after at least 3 months delay with 2.0% cadmium chloride and 2% cadmium sulphate in water showed only 7 with a definite positive reaction. At serial dilution of cadmium sulphate, only 1 person reacted to a 1% aqueous solution. An exposure to cadmium could in 1 case be traced back to a 2‐year period of work in a PVC plant, while in the remaining 6 cases the most probable exposure factor seemed to be chronic heavy cigarette smoking. The observations did not lend support to the pink acrylic denture base material being a relevant cadmium exposure factor.
Erythema multiforme exudativum linked to the manufacture of printed circuit boards*†
Authors: Nethercott James R. , Albers J. , Guirguis S. , Ching G. , Hofstader S. , From L.
Published: April 2006

4 men working at different times in a factory in a factory where they were exposed to palladium chloride, copper sulfate, formaldehyde, epozy‐fibreglass, lead trichloroethylene and ammonium persulfate, developed erythema multiforme major after 6 yo 12 weeks of exposure. Liver involvement was documented in 3 cases. On the basis of positive epicutaneous tests in 2 of the 4 workers, formaldehyde is presumed to be the cause of the reactions.
Benzoyl peroxide reactions in an acne study group
Authors: Rietschel Robert L. , Duncan Susan H.
Published: April 2006

Benzoyl peroxide patch testing was performed on 60 young adults who had participated in a double‐blind acne study. 25% of those who had used a benzoyl peroxide product showed reactivity of +1 or greater (on a 0–3 scale). None of these individuals demonstrated symptoms suggestive of irradiancy or allergy greater than those who did not have positive patch tests and who were on the same treatment program. The positive patch tests did not correlate with acne treatment responses. 2 of 44 individuals in the acne study group developed clinical allergy and had dramatically positive patch tests, while the majority of individuals with positive patch tests could use products containing benzoyl peroxide daily without significant adverse effects.
Contact dermatitis in children
Authors: Veien N. K. , Hattel T. , Justesen O. , Nørholm A.
Published: April 2006

168 children, 14 years of age or younger, were patch tested with the Standard Series of the International Contact Dermatitis Research Group (ICDRG) over a 5‐year period, 77 of the children had 1 or more positive reactions: relevant test results were found in 80% of them.

8 boys and 24 girls were allergic to nickle, which proved to be the most common allergen: 5 boys and 6 girls reacted to chromate, and 5 boys and 4 girls reacted to one or more of the rubber chemicals.
Cross reaction pattern of 26 acrylic monomers on guinea pig skin*
Authors: Walle H. B. Vander , Bensink T.
Published: April 2006

The cross reaction pattern of acrylic monomers was investigated in 20 groups of animals sensitized to a different acrylic monomer.

Aminals sensitized to one monoacrylated tend to react to other monoacrylates. Reactions to a corresponding monomethacrylates (same alcohol group in the ester) or other monomethacrylates did not occur. Some reactions to di(meth)acrylates were observed.

A number of animals sensitized to one monomethacrylated to some other monomethacrylates and to monoacrylates. Reactions to di(meth)acrylates were observed.

Animals sensitized to di(meth)acrylates showed hardly any positive cross reaction.

A universal screening allergen to detected acrylic monomer sensitizations does not exist. The composition of (industrial) products should be made accessible to the occupational dermatologist in order to prevent the undresirable situation in which a patient suspected of having an acrylic monomer sensitization must be tested with a large series of potent allergens in order to detect the real origin of the sensitization.
Photocontact dermatitis to cobalt salts
Authors: Romaguera C. , Lecha M. , Grimalt F. , Muniesa A. M. , Mascaro J. M.
Published: April 2006

4 patients with chronic photocontact dermatitis were sensitive to cobalt salts. They presented as cases of contact dermatitis from cement or pig fodder with persistent lesions on exposed areas. Only 2 of them had standard patch test positive reactions to chromate and cobalt, but all showed positive photo‐patch tests to cobalt. Photo‐oxidation tests proved that are photosensitizing. Exposure to cobalt salts was responsible for the patients' chronic actinic dermatitis.
Lanolin allergy: crisis or comedy*
Authors: Kligman Albert M.
Published: April 2006

Lanolin has been applied to human skin from at least Egyptian limes. Its virtues as an emollient and vehicle for cosmetics and drugs have been extolled for centuries. 50 years ago, a fly was found in the ointment – the first case of lanolin allergy was reported (1). Since then lanolin has achieved considerable notoriety as a contact sensitizer. Dozens of articles in the dermatologic literature emphasize the high frequency of lanolin allergy. European dermatologists seem 10 have become especially sensitized to lanolin allergy. Medical students learn early on. that medicaments in lanolin bases arc hazardous. Every novice knows that lanolin is a sensitizer! The nadir of lanolin's fall from grace has been reached in advertisements of topical drugs which emphasize the absence of lanolin in the vehicle.

These denouncements by dermatologists have not slowed down the demand for lanolin. About 2 billion pounds of finished cosmetics contain lanolin or its derivatives. It is impossible to reconcile this expanding market with the apprehensions of skin doctors.

It is my intention to review the history of lanolin allergy, to present experimental data on its contact sensitizing potential and to put the risk of lanolin allergy in perspective.
Contact allergy to trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA) in an aziridine plastic hardener
Authors: Dahlquist Inger , Freigert Sigfrid , Truison Lena
Published: April 2006

4 workers developed hand and face dermatitis when exposed to a floor top coal. This contained a polyurethane arid a polyfunctional aziridine hardener and additives. The aziridine hardener was made by reacting propyleneimine with a polyfunctional acrylate, trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA). All 4 reacted to the hardener and to TMPTA, which is present in excess, 2 of them also reacted to pentacrythritol triacrylate (PETA), which can be used in the production of aziridine hardeners. TMPTA and PETA cross‐react, and are known sensitizers in UV‐hardening acrylates.

The present finding shows that well‐known sensitizers can be found in hidden sources when used in a quite different chemical process.
Skin protection against ionized cobalt and sodium lauryl sulphate with barrier creams
Authors: Fischer Torkel , Rystedt Ingela
Published: April 2006

853 individuals who are still working or had previously worked in hard metal Manufacture were examined and selected for patch tests with materials from their working environment including metal allergens. The majority of the individuals with positive test reactions to cobalt chloride were retested with serial dilutions of cobalt chloride and with the same serial dilutions after preparation of (he skirt with a layer of barrier or emollient cream used for hand cart in this factory. The irritant effect of sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) was similarly investigated. The barrier and emollient creams did not give any protection against cobalt chloride or sodium lauryl sulphate. In fact they seemed to enhance the penetration of cobalt ions. Their use in protection against metal allergens and cutting fluids is questionable.
Copper – a rare sensitizer
Authors: Karlberg Ann‐Therese , Boman Anders , Wahlberg Jan E.
Published: April 2006

To determine the incidence of patch test reactions to copper, 2% copper sulphate was included incur routine patch test series. The allergic potential of copper sulphate was evaluated by the guinea pig maximization test method (GPMT). 13 of the 1190 eczema patients showed reactions (1.1 %), but they were considered non‐relevant. 3 series of GPMT demonstrated that copper sulphate was a grade I allergen. A critical review of the literature disclosed that several reports on cases of allergic contact dermatitis to copper must be regarded as uncertain or non‐relevant. 4 eases were considered relevant and another 20 cases probably relevant. It is suggested that a test reaction to copper sulphate should be verified by a serial dilution test (SDT). Furthermore, the sensitivity of patients to other metals should be stated, so that one can be aware that false positive reactions from metal impurities, especially nickel, in the copper salt used for testing may occur.
Contact allergy to petrolatums
Authors: Dooms‐Goossens A. , Degreef H.
Published: April 2006

46 yellow and while petrolatums were screened for their skin sensitizing properties in 3 subjects with known histories of contact sensitivity to yellow petrolatum.

Patch testing revealed that all the petrolatums examined contain sensitising substances in varying amounts. The results were analyzed with regard to origin, color, purification procedures involved in the production of pharmaceutical grade petrolatum, and pharmacopoeial requirements satisfied. Allergenicity correlated positively with these parameters, but only among petrolatums of the same brand.

Petrolatum sensitivity may sometimes account for false positive patch test reactions to substances diluted in it. A petrolatum which causes no reaction on healthy skin may cause rczematous reactions on damaged skin.
Prevalence of dichromate sensitivity
Authors: Peltonen Leena , Fräki Jorma
Published: April 2006

In a population of 822 healthy adult volunteers, 2% of the 410 men and 1.5% of the 412 women showed a positive patch lest reaction to 0.5% potassium dichromate in pet. Most of the positive reactions (10/14) occurred in the group of 110 offset printers, lithographers and printing plant cleaners with present occupational exposure to chromium. Among the remaining test population, sensitivity to dichromate was rare (4/712). Of the 14 chromium‐allergic persons, 9 had present or past hand eczema, 2 had eczema only on the face, and 3 could not recall having had any skin trouble.

In 2981 Clinic patients tested during a 5‐year period, the frequency of chromate sensitivity was 6.8% in men and 2.8% in women among all patients tested, but 20% in men and 8% in women of the 499 patients with occupational hand eczema. The incidence of chromium allergy in separate occupational groups is presented.
Contact allergy to colophony in soldering flux
Authors: Widström Lena
Published: April 2006

3 cases of allergic contact dermatitis from colophony used as soldering flux are described. Gum rosin is still the most common soldering flux used in the electronic industry.
Elbow eruptions in nickel and chromate dermatitis
Authors: Kaaber K. , Sjølin K. E. , Mennne T.
Published: April 2006

In 7 patients with nickel or chromate allergy and dyshidrotic hand eczema, we observed symmetric hyperkeratotic lesions on the elbows which ran a similar course to the hand dermatitis.

Histopathological examinations show findings suggestive of lichen simplex chronicus and subacute‐chronic dermatitis, but exclude psoriasis.

We conclude that these elbow lesions are a characteristic of systemic allergic contact dermatitis.
Type‐1 reactions to commercial fish in non‐exposed individuals
Authors: Beck Hans‐Iver , Nissen Birge Knudsen
Published: April 2006

The frequency of type‐I reactions (contact urticaria) to plaice, whiting, common dab, witch, codfish, Norwegian haddock, herring and halibut has been examined in 26 individuals; 23 of these carried through all the investigations.

65% of the volunteers had a positive scratch patch test to one or more species of fish. All 120 min closed patch tests were negative.

5 of the volunteers were atopics. They showed about twice as many positive scratch patch tests when compared to the non‐atopics.

The investigation shows that the “fish allergen” is destroyed by cooking but not by freezing. The possibility of common and specific fish allergens is discussed.
Seasonal variations in the content of phototoxic compounds in giant hogweed
Authors: Knudsen Erik A
Published: April 2006

The Candida inhibition method of Daniels was used for monthly determinations of the relative amounts of phototoxic substances in giant hogweed from April to September. Significant seasonal variations were found in the highest content of active constituents in April and May, with a decrease in the following months. Except in May (where it was highest for the root), the highest content of phototoxic substances was found in the leaves. It was lower in the root and lowest in the stem and stalk.
Treatment of nickel dermatitis with Antabuse® a double blind study
Authors: Kaaber K. , Menné T. , Veien N. , Hougaard P.
Published: April 2006

A double Wind, placebo‐controlled treatment with Antabuse® was carried out in 24 patients with hand eczema and nickel allergy. The amount of Antabuse® given was gradually increased from 50 to 200 mg daily. The maximum dose was given for ft weeks. During the treatment period, the dermatitis of 5 out of 11 patients in the group treated with Antabuse® healed, compared with 2 out of 13 in the group receiving the placebo. A statistical analysis was made of changes observed during the study, through the parameters: staling, frequency of flares, erythema, area involved and number of vesicles. Differences in results obtained with Antabuse® and the placebo were statistically significant only for the parameters scaling and frequency of flares (p < 0.05). The difference between the sums of parameters following the 2 forms of treatment was not statistically significant (p= 0.11). 2 patients treated with Antabuse® showed signs of hepatic toxicity; 1 of them had toxic hepatitis. No other significant side effects were seen.
Allergic contact dermatitis from an organic di‐isocyanate
Authors: White Ian R. , Stewart J. R. , Rycroft R. J. G.
Published: April 2006

Organic di‐isocyanates are used widely in industry. The concomitant respiratory complications are well‐known. Cutaneous problems precipitated by skin contact with these chemicals are less well recognised. Allergic contact dermatitis caused by exposure to di‐cyclohexytmethane 4,4′‐di‐isocyanate has been demonstrated in a factory where it was used to form a surface‐coating polyurethane. Attention to hygiene methods may have reduced the incidence of cases.
Bronopol allergic contact dermatitis
Authors: Peters Margot S. , Connolly Suzanne M. , Schroder Arnold L.
Published: April 2006

Bronopol (2‐bromo‐2‐nitropropane‐1, 3‐diol) is an antimicrobial widely used as a preservative, primarily in cosmetic formulations. Analysis of patch tests performed on our patients revealed an incidence of 12.5% relevant positive results to 0.5% and/or 0.25% bronopol. This result reflects a history of prolonged use of bronopol‐containing lubricants in our referral population of patients with different types of severe, extensive dermatitis. Contact sensitization to bronopol in this population is probably facilitated by abnormal cutaneous barrier function. Our findings emphasize the need for further clinical study of the potential for bronopol to produce contact sensitivity, and suggest caution with regard to its use in patients with dermatitis.
Oral challenge with metal salts. (I). Vesicular patch‐test‐negative hand eczema
Authors: Veien N. K. , Hattel T. , Justesen O. , Nørholm A.
Published: April 2006

202 patients, 68 males and 134 females, with patch‐test‐negative, symmetrical vesicular hand eczema were challenged orally in a controlled study with 2.5 mg nickel, 2.5 mg chromium and 1 mg cobalt given as salts of the respective metals. Initially a mixture of the 3 metal salts was given, and if this produced a flare of the eczema, the salts were administered individually at 1 week intervals.

55 patients reacted to the mixture of salts as well as to 1 or 2 of the individual salts. 3 other patients were challenged openly with nickel alone. Male patients reacted primarily to chromate and cobalt, while female patients more commonly reacted to nickel and cobalt.

56 patients were instructed to follow diets planned to reduce the daily intake of the respective metals. The dermatitis of 36 patients cleared or improved markedly after 1 month of dieting. Responses to a questionnaire sent to these 36 patients indicated that 28 of them had followed the prescribed diet rigorously or intermittently for at least a year, because they experienced recurrence of the dermatitis if they stopped dieting, 6 noted no long‐term benefit and 2 did not respond.
Mercury exanthem
Authors: Nakayama Hiroko , Niki Fumio , Shono Mamiko , Hada Shunroku
Published: April 2006

We experienced 15 patients with generalized rash, mostly appearing a day or two after breaking a clinical thermometer or during dental treatment. Similar skin manifestations were revealed, suggestive at first glance of mercury exanthem, i.e. diffuse symmetrical erythema predominantly on major fluxural areas. An inverted triangular or V‐shaped erythema on both upper antero‐medial thighs was a common feature. Severe cases had miliary pustules and/or purpura on erythematous skin. Pruritus or burning sensation was relatively mild. Pyrexia or malaise was a complaint of more than half the patients. Most of the patients had a previous history of contact dermatitis to Mercurochrome, and by patch‐testing were found to have contact allergy to several mercurials, especially inorganic ones. Until recently, Mercurochrome had been most widely used as a topical disinfectant in Japan. This seems to be a possible cause of the high incidence of contact allergy to mercurials in this country. From our findings we feel that our patients had developed systemic contact dermatitis due to inhalation of mercury vapor.
Allergic contact dermatitis to topical corticosteroids: clobetasol propionate and clobetasone butyrate
Authors: Dooms‐Goossens A. , Vanhee J. , Vanderheyden D. , Gevers D. , Willems L. , Degreef H.
Published: April 2006

2 case reports are given of patients with positive patch test reactions to clobetasol propionate. One of the patients also reacted to clobetasone butyrate. 30 other steroids that were chemically very closely related to these two 2l‐chloro‐9‐α‐fluoro‐corticosteroids, were patch test negative. The literature on contact dermatitis reactions to corticosteroids is reviewed.
Sensitizing potential of 12di(meth)acrylates in the guinea pig*
Authors: van der Walle H. B. , Wagemakers Th. , Bensink T.
Published: April 2006

The aim of this study was to investigate the sensitizing potential of 12di(meth)acrylates, when tested in the Guinea Pig Maximization Test (GPMT) and Freund's Complete Adjuvant Test (FCAT). In these tests the same (molar) concentration was used for intradermal induction. The results (see table, below) show that dimethacrylates are moderate to strong sensitizers in the guinea pig. In the group of diacrylates, no sensitization to diethylene glycol diacrylate was observed. 1,2‐ethanediol diacrylate and 1,6‐hexanediol diacrylate sensitized a number of animals. The challenge reaction pattern of the FCAT with 1,4‐butanediol diacrylate, neopentane diol diacrylate and 1,5‐pentanediol diacrylate differed from that commonly observed with sensitizers. Positive reactions were seen only to the maximum non‐irritant concentration at 24 h in the challenge at day 21. At 48 h and in the second challenge at day 35, the reactivity had decreased or disappeared. This different reaction pattern makes it difficult to classify these monomers with certainty as sensitizers.

In most of the FCATs, a decrease in reactivity in successive challenges was found. Possible explanations for this decrease and for the different challenge reaction patterns of some diacrylates are discussed.

The skin irritant capacity of di(meth)acrylates was estimated after one open application. Diacrylates are very strong irritants on guinea pig skin. Dimethacrylates are weak irritants.
Patch testing with sodium tungstate
Authors: Rystedt Ingela , Fischer Torkel , Lagerholm Björn
Published: April 2006

Hard metal contains about 90% tungsten carbide. In an investigation of the skin of 853 individuals who are still working or had previously worked in hard metal manufacture. Sodium tungstate was in included in a patch test with a panel of substances from the environment of the employees. No allergic reactions to tungstate were found. However, irritant pustular reactions appeared in 2.0% of the patch tests. The pustular reactions were often reproducible.
Hand dermatoses and contact allergic reactions in construction workers exposed to epoxy resins
Authors: van Putten P. B. , Coenraads P. J. , Nater J. P.
Published: April 2006

In 23/135 (18%) workers exposed 10 epoxy resins, a work‐related dermatosis on the hands and/or forearms had been present during the past 3 years. In 9 persons, the occupational dermatosis was still present at the time of investigation. In all workers, patch tests were performed with epoxy resin, isophoronediamine, triethylenetetramine and xylenediamine. Positive patch tests were observed in 27 of the 135 exposed workers (20%) 13 of whom had never previously experienced skin problems. Epoxy resin accounted for the majority of the positive reactions. There was no relation between a history of atopy and the development of contact allergy. Only half of all workers had received any safety instructions. The wearing of gloves (mostly cotton), intended to protect the skin, had an adverse effect.
Thin‐layer chromatography search for Disperse Yellow 3 and Disperse Orange 3 in 52 stockings and pantyhose
Authors: Berger C. , Muslmani M. , Brandao F. Menezes , Foussereau J.
Published: April 2006

Thin‐layer (uni‐dimensional and bi‐dimensional) chromatography studies were performed on 52 beige stockings and pantyhose from different countries. They demonstrated the presence of Disperse Yellow 3 in 51 and Disperse Orange 3 in 15 stockings. In the absence of isolation and spectroscopic identification of the dyes, these results are strong clues to their presence.
Contact dermatitis from dibutylthiourea
Authors: Kanerva Lasse , Jolanki Riitta , Plosila Mikko , Estlander Tuula
Published: April 2006

A 35‐year‐old machinist developed hand eczema from contact allergy to dibutylthiourea, a compound found in a paint and glue remover. Light and electron microscopy of his positive patch test was consistent with allergic contact dermatitis, showing Langerhans cell‐mononuclear cell contacts in the epidermis.
Sensitization potential of benzotriazole
Authors: Maurer T. , Meier F.
Published: April 2006

Predictive guinea pig sensitization studies have been performed with commercial and purified 1H‐benzotriazole. In only 3 animals, induced and challenged according to the maximization protocol with more than 100 times the normal use concentration, were slight erythemas elicited with the commercial grade of benzotriazole. The optimization test with commercial and purified materials, as well as the test with the purified material, was negative. We conclude that benzotriazole has a very low sensitization potential.
Hand dermatoses in Tromsø
Authors: Kavli Gunnar , Førde Olav H.
Published: April 2006

As a parallel project to a coronary risk factor survey in northern Norway, 14,667 men and women aged 18–55 years answered questions concerning the occurrence or allergic handeczema. 364 men (4.9%) and 961 women (13.2%) had had allergic hand eczema during the previous 12 months, 49 men (0.7%) and 105 women (1.4%) claimed to have had one or more sick leaves because of hand eczema during the preceding 3 years, 114 subjects reported both eczema last year and sick leave during the preceding 3 years, of whom 74 were already registered in the files of the regional department of dermatology. The majority had irritant contact dermatitis. The incidence of hand eczema appears to be high in this part of Norway and the possibility that the subarctic climate may increase skin irritancy is discussed.