bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Roles of Performance Measures and Monitoring in Annual Governance Decisions in Entrepreneurial Firms
Authors: Engel Ellen , Gordon Elizabeth A. , Hayes Rachel M.
Published: March 2003

This paper analyzes annual corporate governance decisions at firms making initial public offerings (IPOs) of common stock between 1996 and 1999. Our objective is to examine relations between firms’ corporate governance decisions and the informativeness of available measures of managerial performance. We consider financial measures such as earnings and stock return, as well as direct monitoring. We collect a sample of IPO firms from the manufacturing, Internet, and technology (non‐Internet) industries, and examine how the use of various performance measures in annual compensation grants and turnover decisions varies with the information environment of the firm and with the extent of venture capital influence. Consistent with prior research that finds earnings are of limited usefulness in firm valuation for Internet firms, we find Internet firms place less importance on earnings and greater importance on stock returns in determining compensation grants than do non‐Internet firms. We also find that compensation grants of firms with little or no venture capital influence display significantly stronger association with accounting and stock performance measures than those of firms with more intense monitoring by venture capitalists. This result is consistent with direct monitoring and the use of explicit performance measures acting as substitute governance mechanisms.
R&D Accounting and the Tradeoff Between Relevance and Objectivity
Authors: Healy Paul M. , Myers Stewart C. , Howe Christopher D.
Published: March 2003

We use a simulation model for a pharmaceutical R&D program to examine the tradeoff between objectivity and relevance of accounting information under various methods of R&D reporting. A simple capitalization rule, similar to the successful‐efforts method of capitalizing oil and gas exploration costs, provides a stronger relation between accounting information and economic values than immediate expensing of R&D outlays or capitalizing the full cost of outlays. The superior relevance of this “successful‐efforts” method persists even when earnings management is widespread.
Valuing the Option to Purchase an Asset at a Proportional Discount
Authors: Gu Anthony Yanxiang
Published: March 2003

I analyze the value of a nonstandard call option that allows the holder to purchase an underlying asset at a discount proportional to the asset's market price. Several applications for this type of option exist, including its use in employee compensation contracts. I derive the value of this option for a dividend‐paying asset and for an option whose exercise price reflects a time‐varying discount factor. The derived value incorporates the optimal time at which the option should be exercised. One application of this option relates to a residential real estate program in China.
Regulation And The Rise In Asset‐Based Mutual Fund Management Fees
Authors: Golec Joseph
Published: March 2003

In this article I explain why asset‐based fees are common for mutual fund management companies and why the average fee has increased recently. I argue that Securities and Exchange Commission fee regulations make alternative fee types illegal or unattractive. Management companies can maintain higher fees because regulations and brand‐name capital partly insulate them from competition and because investors cannot easily distinguish between performance‐oriented and marketing‐oriented fund companies. Index funds and unit investment trusts may offer competition to mutual funds in the future because they are designed to minimize management fees.
Adult attachment and sexual behavior
Authors: Bogaert Anthony F. , Sadava Stan
Published: March 2003

The relations between adult attachment processes and sexuality were examined in a community sample of 792 young adults (327 men and 465 women) from the Niagara region of Canada. Participants completed questionnaires that included Simpson’s (1990) measure of adult attachment, self‐reported physical attractiveness, erotophilia, and a variety of sexual behavior measures (e.g., number of sexual partners, age of first sexual experience, frequency of sexual behaviors in the past year, whether an affair had occurred in the past year, and consistent condom usage). The sexuality measures were factor analyzed to extract common factors. The results were modest, but a number of significant relationships between sexuality and attachment were observed. For example, people scoring higher on a secure attachment index perceived themselves as more physically attractive, whereas people scoring higher on an anxious attachment index perceived themselves as less physically attractive, had an early first intercourse (and more lifetime partners), more infidelity, and took more sexual precautions (e.g., condom usage). The results were generally stronger in women, with most of the attachment/sexuality associations in the full sample being driven by the results in women. Implications for understanding sexual variability, including high‐risk sexual behavior, are discussed.
The Mental Health of the Childless Elderly
Authors: Wu Zheng , Hart Randy
Published: March 2003

The substantial number of childless elderly in Canada and the United States raises important concerns about the nature of their family support, as well as their psychological well‐being. Although the (mixed) effects of childlessness on the mental health of the elderly are well documented in the literature, little is known about the social distribution of psychological distress and depression within this population: how well the childless elderly live, the status of their mental health, and what factors affect their psychological well‐being are all crucial questions that remain unanswered. This paper utilizes Pearlin et al.’s (1981) stress process model to examine psychological distress and depression among the childless elderly. Our empirical analysis uses a nationally representative sample of childless individuals aged 55 and over (N= 2,311) from the 1996‐1997 National Population Health Survey (NPHS), and generalized linear model (GLM) techniques. Generally, our results support the stress process model. We find that individual‐level stressors exert a strong and consistently negative impact on psychological distress and depression. We also find significant buffering effects of (perceived) social support.
Nationalism, Charisma, and Plebiscitary Leadership: The Problem of Democratization in Max Weber’s Political Sociology
Authors: Pfaff Steven
Published: March 2003

Max Weber has typically been regarded as a central thinker in the liberal tradition of social analysis. At the same time, critics have long noted how his democratic commitments were compromised by his nationalism. Drawing on existing criticism, I discuss the importance of charismatic leadership in Weber’s thought and its implications for his understanding of the process of democratization. Reconstructing core concepts in Weber’s political thought, I analyze how Weber’s concept of plebiscitarian leadership unites charismatic domination with nationalism and skepticism concerning effective democratic politics. I show how Weber’s concept of plebiscitarian rule grew from deeply held political values and his engagement with German politics. I then generate propositions regarding the problem of democratization in regime transitions and apply them to contemporary charismatic leaders and ethno‐nationalist mobilization in post‐Communist transitions. I argue that as much as it anticipates the central dilemma of charismatic solutions to political crisis, Weber’s thought favors nationalist and plebiscitarian responses to democratization that have been largely discredited by historical experience.
The Effects of Free Trade on Development, Democracy, and Environmental Protection
Authors: Grossman Perry
Published: March 2003

Much literature in the social sciences addresses the relationship between economic development and democracy. Many large‐scale surveys have found a strong relationship between economic development and democracy, while others indicate a more complex dynamic involving education and inequality. Comparative studies of fewer cases indicate ambiguous results but suggest the importance of historical contingencies, class conflict, unionization, and opposition parties. Free trade advocates argue that trade leads to economic development, which leads to increased demands for and gains in environmental protection. I argue, however, that the relationship needs to be understood in a more complex and dynamic way that takes into account a variety of political, cultural, and economic developments resulting from freer trade. Accordingly, I raise several reasons to be skeptical about claims linking free trade, development, democracy, and environmental protection. I further argue that free trade acts as a cultural constraint upon democratic and environmental protection initiatives.
The Impact of the Worker: How Social Capital and Human Capital Influence the Job Tenure of Formerly Undocumented Mexican Immigrants
Authors: Aguilera Michael Bernabé
Published: March 2003

Using the 1992 Legalized Population Survey, I focus on employment matching processes of formerly undocumented Mexican immigrant workers in the United States. As in earlier studies, I show that employment characteristics are related to the job tenures of immigrant workers. However, my contribution is that I specifically analyze how formerly undocumented Mexican immigrant workers’ attributes and social networks influence their job tenures. In general, increases in human capital are associated with shorter job tenure, apparently in an effort to improve employment conditions, while the use of social capital is positively related with job tenure. It appears that acquiring employment is a social process, and those using personal networks find longer lasting jobs. Although prior studies have minimized the role of supply‐side characteristics such as employees’ skill level and social networks in influencing job tenure, my research confirms the significance of workers and the resources they bring to the labor market.
Sex/Gender: Which Is Which? A Rejoinder to Mary Riege Laner
Authors: Cresswell Mark
Published: March 2003

This article is a challenge to Mary Riege Laner's exhortation to “Let sex be sex and let gender be gender” as expressed recently in the pages of Sociological Inquiry (Laner 2000, p. 471). I examine the theoretical and linguistic underpinnings of such a view, critique the sex/gender distinction on which it is based, and endorse the maneuvers of a number of poststructuralist thinkers who have sought to problematize that very distinction. I argue instead that the classic sex/gender distinction of second‐wave feminism goes wrong on (at least) three counts: (1) it is ahistorical in an area where historical specificity matters; (2) it rests on a simplistic and untenable account of language; (3) the conceptual dichotomy it posits—demarcating gender from sex—is not sustainable and cannot withstand close scrutiny. Finally, I question whether the import of the poststructuralist critique necessitates a move to epistemological and ethical relativism in the field of sex/gender studies.

When language games change then there is a change of concepts, and with the concepts the meanings of words change. (Wittgenstein 1969, § 65)
Tribute chromite mining and environmental management on the northern Great Dyke of Zimbabwe
Authors: Maponga Oliver , Ruzive Benjamin
Published: March 2003

A combination of poor mining methods, waste storage and disposal systems, as well as the day‐to‐day activities associated with tribute and contract chromite mining are primarily responsible for environmental problems on the Zimbabwe Great Dyke. For instance, the unsystematic dumping of waste rocks in rivers blocks channels and results in flooding, which further sterilizes agricultural land and mineral resources. Erosion of these haphazardly located dumps causes siltation of water bodies and results in the dispersion of heavy metals in soils and watercourses. Vegetation growth on waste dumps is limited and constrained by the high pH levels from phytotoxic metals in soils, the lack of nutrients, poor moisture retention qualities of the mining waste and critical cation imbalances within dumps. This article attributes poor environmental management on the Dyke to poverty, a direct result of the nature of tribute agreements and output prices. Prices based on output targets are exploitative and undervalue labour and thus perpetuate poverty. By absolving claim holders from environmental liability, tribute agreements contribute directly to environmental problems. Thus, the incorporation of enforceable dual environmental responsibility requirements in contract mining agreements is needed to overcome this problem. This article recommends that, to break the poverty cycle, the primary cause of environmental mismanagement in the sector, miners need to be empowered through claim ownership and the enhancement of their capacity to negotiate prices with buyers of chrome.
The Relation between Puberty and Psychological Distress in Adolescent Boys
Authors: Ge Xiaojia , Conger Rand D. , Elder, Jr. Glen H.
Published: March 2003

This longitudinal study examined the relation between puberty, as measured by both pubertal status and timing, and adjustment problems, as measured by externalized hostile feelings and internalized distress symptoms, among adolescent males in grades 7 through 10. The results showed that boys who were physically more developed in grade 7, compared with their less physically developed peers, manifested more externalized hostile feelings and internalized distress symptoms in grades 8 through 10. Pubertal timing was significantly related to both internalized distress and externalized hostile feelings. This relation remained statistically significant, even after controlling for grade 7 maladjustment symptoms and concurrent stressful life events. Several significant interaction effects emerged between pubertal timing and concurrent stressful life events. The significant long‐term effect of the pubertal transition, independent of stressful life experiences and symptom continuity, suggests that the past undifferentiated view of the favorable influence of early maturation on males needs to be modified.
Partner Violence and Street Violence among Urban Adolescents: Do the Same Family Factors Relate?
Authors: Gorman‐Smith Deborah , Tolan Patrick H. , Sheidow Ashli J. , Henry David B.
Published: March 2003

Few studies have evaluated how participation in violence that occurs on the streets as part of criminal or delinquent behavior relates to violence that occurs as part of dating or marital relationships (partner violence). Using longitudinal data from 141 African American and Latino male youth (15–19 years old), the relation between family characteristics and participation in one or both types of violent behavior was evaluated. The youth in this study were more likely to report use of violence in relationships if they were also participating in violence as part of other criminal behavior. However, there were distinct groups of offenders. Among those males reporting involvement in a dating or romantic relationship, four groups were identified: (1) those who had not participated in either type of violence, 57%; (2) those who had participated in partner violence only, 14%; (3) those who had participated in street violence only, 12%; and (4) those who had participated in both, 17%. Discriminate function analyses significantly differentiated the group who had participated in both types of violence from the nonviolent group, with the former group having poorer functioning families. These two groups were also differentiated from the partner violence‐only and street violence‐only groups. No differences were found between the partner violence‐only and the street violence‐only groups. Implications for intervention and prevention are discussed.
Changes in Adolescents' Interpersonal Experiences: Are They Being Prepared for Adult Relationships in the Twenty‐First Century?
Authors: Larson Reed W. , Wilson Suzanne , Brown B. Bradford , Furstenberg, Jr. Frank F. , Verma Suman
Published: March 2003

Trends across nations suggest that adulthood in the future will require greater social versatility, including abilities to function in relationships that are less scripted by community norms and that bridge multiple social worlds. This article assesses whether current changes in adolescents' interpersonal experience are likely to give them the social resources and competencies they will need. Changes in families are making them smaller, more diverse in social capital, and more responsive to adolescents. Changes in adolescents' nonfamily experience include more time in institutional settings; more involvement with peers; and more cycles of developing (and ending) relationships with a heterogeneous set of adults, friends, and, for many, romantic partners. The analysis suggests that these changes will provide many youth with greater opportunities to develop the more versatile interpersonal resources required in the future, but that many adolescents will have restricted opportunities to acquire these resources.
More than Myth: The Developmental Significance of Romantic Relationships During Adolescence
Authors: Collins W. Andrew
Published: March 2003

Adolescents' romantic relationships have attracted popular interest, but, until recently, little scientific curiosity. Research has been impeded by erroneous assumptions that adolescent relationships are trivial and transitory, that they provide little information beyond measures of the influence of parent‐child and peer relationships, and that their impact is primarily associated with problems of behavior and adjustment. This article proposes that distinguishing five features of romantic relationships (involvement, partner selection, relationship content, quality, and cognitive and emotional processes) is essential to describing adolescents' relationships and their developmental significance. These distinctions also help to clarify the role of context, age‐related variations, and individual differences in the impact of romantic experiences. Research is needed to illuminate questions of how and under what conditions romantic relationships affect individual development and how romantic and other close relationships jointly influence developmental trajectories during adolescence.
Public Participation in Life Cycle Assessment and Risk Assessment: A Shared Need
Authors: Anex Robert P. , Focht Will
Published: March 2003

Life cycle assessment (LCA) and risk assessment are operationally different but share the common purpose of supporting decisions about reducing threats to human welfare. Both analysis methods also involve a complex mixture of science and value judgments reflecting epistemological as well as moral and esthetic values. The inability of risk assessment and LCA to be “value free” has been a source of considerable controversy in both communities. Recognition of the contingent and social nature of human interpretation of the risks and environmental impacts created by public and private decisions has led to an increased appreciation of the importance of involving interested and affected parties in risk characterization. Comparison of the value‐based nature of LCA and risk assessment demonstrates the need for participation in LCA. Although the need for participation by affected parties in decision‐making processes is gaining acceptance, there is little agreement as to how participation should be structured. Risk assessment and LCA have a shared need for research examining the design and analysis of participation processes appropriate to a given decision context. A proposed framework recommends participation strategies designed to enhance the effectiveness of policy‐driven analyses such as risk assessment and LCA based on the level of trust that interested and affected parties have for other policy participants.
Potential Exposures and Risks from Beryllium‐Containing Products
Authors: Willis Henry H. , Florig H. Keith
Published: March 2003

Beryllium is the strongest of the lightweight metals. Used primarily in military applications prior to the end of the Cold War, beryllium is finding new applications in many commercial products, including computers, telecommunication equipment, and consumer and automotive electronics. The use of beryllium in nondefense consumer applications is of concern because beryllium is toxic. Inhalation of beryllium dust or vapor causes a chronic lung disease in some individuals at concentrations as low as 0.01 μg/m3 in air. As beryllium enters wider commerce, it is prudent to ask what risks this might present to the general public and to workers downstream of the beryllium materials industry. We address this question by evaluating the potential for beryllium exposure from the manufacturing, use, recycle, and disposal of beryllium‐containing products. Combining a market study with a qualitative exposure analysis, we determine which beryllium applications and life cycle phases have the largest exposure potential. Our analysis suggests that use and maintenance of the most common types of beryllium‐containing products do not result in any obvious exposures of concern, and that maintenance activities result in greater exposures than product use. Product disposal has potential to present significant individual risks, but uncertainties concerning current and future routes of product disposal make it difficult to be definitive. Overall, additional exposure and dose‐response data are needed to evaluate both the health significance of many exposure scenarios, and the adequacy of existing regulations to protect workers and the public. Although public exposures to beryllium and public awareness and concern regarding beryllium risks are currently low, beryllium risks have psychometric qualities that may lead to rapidly heightened public concern.
Canada Wide Standard for Particulate Matter and Ozone: Cost‐Benefit Analysis Using a Life Quality Index
Authors: Pandey Mahesh D. , Nathwani Jatin S.
Published: March 2003

The adverse impacts of particulate air pollution and ground‐level ozone on public health and the environment have motivated the development of Canada Wide Standards (CWS) on air quality. In cost‐benefit analysis of air‐quality options, valuation of reduction in mortality is a critical step as it accounts for almost 80% of the total benefits and any bias in its evaluation can significantly skew the outcome of the analysis. The overestimation of benefits is a source of concern since it has the potential of diverting valuable resources from other needs to support broader health care objectives, education, and social services that contribute to enhanced quality of life. We have developed a framework of reasoning for the assessment of risk‐reduction initiatives that would support the public interest and enhance safety and quality of life. This article presents the Life Quality Index (LQI) as a tool to quantify the level of expenditure beyond which it is no longer justifiable to spend resources in the name of safety. It is shown that the LQI is a compound social indicator comprising societal wealth and longevity, and it is also equivalent to a utility function consistent with the basic principles of welfare economics and decision analysis. The LQI approach overcomes several shortcomings of the method used by the CWS Development Committee and provides guidance on the compliance costs that can be justified to meet the Standards.
On the Possibility of a Private Crop Insurance Market: A Spatial Statistics Approach
Authors: Holly Wang H. , Zhang Hao
Published: March 2003

Risk theory tells us if an insurer can effectively pool a large number of individuals to reduce total risk, the insurer can then provide insurance by charging a premium close to the actuarially fair rate. However, a common belief exists that risk can be effectively pooled only when random loss is independent. Therefore crop insurance markets cannot survive without government subsidy because crop yields are not independent among growers. In this article, we take a spatial statistics approach to examine the effectiveness of risk pooling for crop insurance under correlation. We develop a method for evaluating the effectiveness of risk pooling under correlation and apply the method to three major crops in the United States: wheat, soybeans, and corn. The empirical study shows that yields for the three crops present zero or negative correlation when two counties are far apart, which complies with a weaker condition than independence, finite‐range positive dependency. The results show that effective risk pooling is possible and reveal a high possibility of a private crop insurance market in the United States.
Beyond Simple Truths: The Human‐Internet Interaction
Authors: Bargh John A.
Published: March 2003

The Internet is only 10 years old, but it has already had a great impact on the world. In its “early” days, it was both heralded as a liberating force for the spread of democracy and condemned as a grave threat to the social fabric. However, as the present articles indicate, our knowledge of the Internet across a variety of social science perspectives has now accumulated to where we have a good initial picture of how the Internet really is (or isn't) affecting social life. One theme stands out: These effects depend on how the unique qualities of Internet communication modes interact with the particular characteristics and goals of the individuals, groups, and communities using them.
Studying Hate Crime with the Internet: What Makes Racists Advocate Racial Violence?
Authors: Glaser Jack , Dixit Jay , Green Donald P.
Published: March 2003

We conducted semistructured interviews with 38 participants in White racist Internet chat rooms, examining the extent to which people would, in this unique environment, advocate interracial violence in response to purported economic and cultural threats. Capitalizing on the anonymity and candor of chat room interactions, this study provides an unusual perspective on extremist attitudes. We experimentally manipulated the nature and proximity of the threats. Qualitative and quantitative analyses indicate that the respondents were most threatened by interracial marriage and, to a lesser extent, Blacks moving into White neighborhoods. In contrast, job competition posed by Blacks evoked very little advocacy of violence. The study affords an assessment of the advantages and limitations of Internet‐based research with clandestine populations.
Hate Crime Offenders: An Expanded Typology
Authors: McDevitt Jack , Levin Jack , Bennett Susan
Published: March 2003

Little research has been conducted to determine the motivations of hate crime offenders. This article builds on an earlier work of J. Levin and McDevitt (1993) in which a typology of offender motivations was first articulated. We reanalyze 169 Boston police case files that were originally studied in order to provide empirical grounding for the typology. In this updated study, characteristics of the three original motives—thrill, defensive, and mission—are examined in relation to a new category: retaliatory motivation. In addition, the article addresses the issue of levels of culpability in explaining the most appropriate sanctions for certain kinds of hate offenders.
Vulnerability to Violence: A Contextually‐Sensitive, Developmental Perspective on African American Adolescents
Authors: Beale Spencer Margaret , Dupree Davido , Cunningham Michael , Harpalani Vinay , Muñoz‐Miller Michèle
Published: March 2003

Spencer's Phenomenological Variant of Ecological Systems Theory (PVEST) is presented as a theoretical framework to analyze potential effects of being a victim or co‐victim of a violent crime. Data are presented from a sample of African American adolescents residing in a Southeastern metropolitan area. Victims (n = 20) and non‐victims (n = 332) are compared on their self‐reporting of clinical symptoms normally associated with violent or traumatic experience during middle childhood and early adolescence. Results suggest that observed symptomatology may not be solely attributable to actual victimization. Discussion includes possible mechanisms by which factors such as cognitive developmental status, physical and social context, and previous victimization of the adolescent or a family member of the adolescent can influence symptomatology.
Producing Contradictory Masculine Subject Positions: Narratives of Threat, Homophobia and Bullying in 11–14 Year Old Boys
Authors: Phoenix Ann , Frosh Stephen , Pattman Rob
Published: March 2003

This paper reports a qualitative analysis of data from a study of masculinity in 11–14 year old boys attending twelve London schools. Forty‐five group discussions (N= 245) and two individual interviews (N= 78) were conducted. The findings indicate that boys’ experiences of school led them to assume that interviews would expose them to ridicule and so threaten their masculinity. Boys were generally more serious and willing to reveal emotions in individual than in group interviews. A key theme in boys’ accounts was the importance of being able to present themselves as properly masculine in order to avoid being bullied by other boys by being labeled “gay.” The ways in which boys were racialized affected their experiences of school.
MLJ Reviews
Authors: Liskin–Gasparro Judith E.
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this article:

James E. Alatis, and Ai–Hui Tan (eds.), Language in Our Time: Bilingual Education and Official English, Ebonics and Standard English, Immigration and the Unz Initiative. Georgetown University Round Table on Languages and Linguistics, 1999

Mark Aronoff and Janie Rees–Miller (eds.), The Handbook of Linguistics

Kathleen M. Bailey, Andy Curtis, and David Nunan, Pursuing Professional Development: The Self as Source

Ellen Bialystok, Bilingualism in Development: Language, Literacy and Cognition

Jasone Cenoz, Britta Hufeisen, and Ulrike Jessner (eds.), Cross–Linguistic Influence in Language Acquisition: Psycholinguistic Perspectives

Vivian Cook, Second Language Learning and Language Teaching

David Corson, Language Diversity and Education

Susanne E. Döpke (ed.), Cross–Linguistic Structures in Simultaneous Bilingualism.

Robert Davis, and Maria Losado, Tertulia: Advanced Oral Skills in Spanish

Annie Delaveau, Syntaxe: La phrase et la subordination

Julian Edge (ed.), Action Research

Joseph Farrell, Latin Language and Latin Culture from Ancient to Modern Times

James S. Holton, Roger L. Hadlich, and Norhma Gómez–Estrada, Spanish Grammar in Review

Kimberly Jansma, and Margaret Ann Kassen, Motifs: An Introduction to French

Kimberly Jansma, Student Activities Manual

Ana Jarvis, Raquel Lebredo, and Francisco Mena–Ayllón, ¡Hola, Amigos!

Viljo Kohonen, Riita Jaatinen, Pauli Kaikkonen, and Jorma Lehtovaara, Experiential Learning in Foreign Language Education

Stephen May, Language and Minority Rights: Ethnicity, Nationalism and the Politics of Language

Malcolm Offord, Nicki Hatchcott, Sam Haigh, Laila Ibnlfassi, and Rosemary Chapman (eds.), Francophone Literatures: A Literary and Linguistic Companion

Susana Pastor Cesteros, and Ventura Salazar García (eds.), Tendencias y líneas de investigación en adquisición de segundas lenguas

Jack C. Richards, Curriculum Development in Language Teaching

Jack C. Richards, and Theodore S. Rodgers, Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching

Dorothy Robbins, Vygotsky's Psychology–Philosophy. A Metaphor for Language Theory and Learning

Cynthia Schmidt–Cruz, and Frank Sedwick, Conversation in Spanish: Points of Departure

Emily Spinelli, and Marta Rosso–O’Laughlin, Encuentros

Guadalupe Valdés, Learning and Not Learning English: Latino Students in American Schools

Masayo Yamamoto, Language Use in Interlingual Families: A Japanese–English Sociolinguistic Study
An Examination of the Impact of Budget Reform on Arizona and Oklahoma Appropriations
Authors: Franklin Aimee L.
Published: March 2003

Government reform shifts from using the budget as a control mechanism to focusing on how the budget can leverage planning and management tools that emphasize results. This research investigates reform at the state level. First, has the emphasis in the appropriations format changed from a control to more of a planning or performance orientation? Second, what factors explain any change in the level of control exercised through the appropriations process? Through multiple regression analysis, this research finds that Arizona, a reform state, is more likely to have reduced appropriations format control than Oklahoma, a nonreform state. Also, an elected agency head, the number of changes in the head of the agency, the level of reliance on the general fund, and the format received in a prior year are predictors of change.
Welfare Receipt and Private Charity
Authors: Brooks Arthur C.
Published: March 2003

In the wake of welfare reform efforts, alliances between governments and charities, and public preoccupation with “social capital,” it is useful to understand how welfare payments interact with charitable giving. Using Consumer Expenditure Survey data from the first quarter of 1999, this article estimates the impacts on charitable giving by individuals from receipt of welfare payments, as well as income, wealth, and a number of demographic variables. The data analysis suggests that charity is negatively associated with welfare receipt, while wealth, income, and age have positive impacts on giving. These findings have significant implications for public policy and nonprofit management.
Implementing Performance‐Based Program Budgeting: A System‐Dynamics Perspective
Authors: Grizzle Gloria A. , Pettijohn Carole D.
Published: March 2003

The article proposes a model for evaluating budget reforms that combines insights from budgeting, policy implementation, and system‐dynamics literatures. System‐dynamics modeling combines both quantitative and qualitative research techniques to provide a new framework for applied research; its use is illustrated using performance budgeting as an example. Applied to the implementation of Florida's performance‐based program budget, the model identifies actions in the short run that will increase the reform's likelihood of success: providing clear communications; facilitative budget and accounting routines; reliable performance information. The model also identifies critical legislative behaviors that influence executive implementation: how the legislature in the long‐run uses performance information to inform resource allocation and how it applies incentives or sanctions to programs that achieve or fail to achieve their performance standards. The legislature has the opportunity to use program reviews prepared by legislative staff to invigorate the executive branch's resolve to continue implementing the reform.
Defining the Client in the Public Sector: A Social‐Exchange Perspective
Authors: Alford John
Published: March 2003

Government reformers urge the adoption of a private‐sector‐style “customer focus,” but critics see it as inappropriate to the public sector, in particular because it devalues citizenship. This article first argues that most public‐sector organization‐client interactions differ from the private‐sector customer transaction and offers a typology of these interactions. But second, it proposes that the central feature of the customer model—the notion of exchange—can be broadened in a way that accentuates the importance of administrators’ responsiveness to their publics. In a social‐exchange perspective, government organizations need things from service recipients—such as cooperation and compliance—which are crucial for effective organizational performance; eliciting those things necessitates meeting not only people’s material needs but also their symbolic and normative ones. Engaging in these different forms of exchange with clients is not necessarily inconsistent with an active citizenship model.
Bureaucracy, Network, or Enterprise? Comparing Models of Governance in Australia, Britain, the Netherlands, and New Zealand
Authors: Considine Mark , Lewis Jenny M.
Published: March 2003

Theories of democratic government traditionally have relied on a model of organization in which officials act impartially, accept clear lines of accountability and supervision, and define their day–to–day activities through rules, procedures, and confined discretion. In the past 10 years, however, a serious challenge to this ideal has been mounted by critics and reformers who favor market, network, or “mixed–economy” models. We assess the extent to which these new models have influenced the work orientations of frontline staff using three alternative service types—corporate, market, and network—to that proposed by the traditional, procedural model of public bureaucracy. Using surveys of frontline officials in four countries where the revolution in ideas has been accompanied by a revolution in methods for organizing government services, we measure the degree to which the new models are operating as service–delivery norms. A new corporate–market hybrid (called “enterprise governance”) and a new network type have become significant models for the organization of frontline work in public programs.
Organizing the War on Terrorism
Authors: Waugh Jr. William L. , Sylves Richard T.
Published: March 2003

The network of public agencies, private firms, nonprofit organizations, ad hoc groups, and individual volunteers that deals with natural and technological hazards and disasters did a remarkable job of responding to and helping us recover from the September 11th attacks. That national emergency management network, along with the national security and law enforcement networks, provides a foundation for our war on terrorism, helps us mitigate the hazard of terrorism, and improves our preparedness for future violence. However, coordinating the efforts of the networks will be a real challenge for the director of homeland security and his or her state and local counterparts. Coordination will necessitate using legal authority to assure compliance, economic and other incentives to encourage compliance, formal partnerships to encourage collaboration, informal understandings to encourage cooperation, and personal encouragement to influence appropriate action. A top–down, command–and–control approach to the war on terrorism, such as the proposed Department of Homeland Security is intended to provide, may be counterproductive.
GMM Repeat Sales Price Indices
Authors: Peng Liang
Published: March 2003

Illiquid assets are widely spread within the economy but their indices are difficult to measure. This paper proposes a Generalized Method of Moment (GMM) repeat sales regression for estimating illiquid asset price indices. This method has estimators that are arithmetic averages of individual asset returns. This method is able to estimate custom‐weighted indices, including equal‐ and value‐weighted indices. It can incorporate hedonic variables to improve estimation accuracy, and it can work with a reweighting technique to mitigate a biased sample problem. Simulations based on artificial markets indicate that the method is more accurate than some alternatives in both efficient and sluggish markets, with and without temporal aggregation. As an application, we use this method to estimate a commercial property price index.
A Mass–Elite Comparison of Wishful Thinking
Authors: Granberg Donald , Holmberg Sören
Published: March 2003

Objective. The purpose of this article was to test the generality of wishful thinking by comparing mass and elite beliefs concerning the future of nuclear power in Sweden. Methods. Data from 11 (1986–1996) surveys of the public and a 1988 survey of the Swedish Parliament that included questions concerning preference and expectation regarding nuclear power were examined. Results. A tendency toward wishful thinking occurred consistently across years among the masses, but was considerably stronger among the political elite (members of parliament). The anti–nuclear segment of the public showed a weakened tendency to expect a preferred outcome. Conclusion. Ambiguity of the future outcome, involvement, and knowledge are discussed as key factors in determining the level of wishful thinking in a given context.
Leaning for the Tape: Evidence of Gaming Behavior in Equity Mutual Funds
Authors: Carhart Mark M. , Kaniel Ron , Musto David K. , Reed Adam V.
Published: March 2003

We present evidence that fund managers inflate quarter‐end portfolio prices with last‐minute purchases of stocks already held. The magnitude of price inflation ranges from 0.5 percent per year for large‐cap funds to well over 2 percent for small‐cap funds. We find that the cross section of inflation matches the cross section of incentives from the flow/performance relation, that a surge of trading in the quarter's last minutes coincides with a surge in equity prices, and that the inflation is greatest for the stocks held by funds with the most incentive to inflate, controlling for the stocks' size and performance.
Where Does State Street Lead? A First Look at Finance Patents, 1971 to 2000
Authors: Lerner Josh
Published: March 2003

This paper empirically examines patents for financial formulas and methods, whose patentability was recently confirmed in the litigation between State Street Bank and Trust and Signature Financial Group. The number of such filings and awards has been accelerating. Patent filings by academics have been very infrequent, which appears to be a consequence of a lack of awareness or interest on the part of faculty members, rather than any fundamental unsuitability of their research for patenting. The failure to cite academic research in this area appears to be problematic and may reflect patent examiners' limited exposure to finance research and patents.
An Analysis of the Determinants and Shareholder Wealth Effects of Mutual Fund Mergers
Authors: Jayaraman Narayanan , Khorana Ajay , Nelling Edward
Published: March 2003

This study examines the determinants of mutual fund mergers and their subsequent wealth impact on shareholders of target and acquiring funds. Results indicate significant improvements in postmerger performance and a reduction in expense ratios for target fund shareholders. In contrast, acquiring fund shareholders experience a significant deterioration in postmerger performance. The net asset flows continue to remain negative for the combined fund in the year following the merger. The likelihood of a fund merger is inversely related to fund size for both within‐and across‐family mutual fund mergers. However, poor past performance is a significant determinant for only within‐family mergers.
A Review of IPO Activity, Pricing, and Allocations
Authors: Ritter Jay R. , Welch Ivo
Published: March 2003

We review the theory and evidence on IPO activity: why firms go public, why they reward first‐day investors with considerable underpricing, and how IPOs perform in the long run. Our perspective is threefold: First, we believe that many IPO phenomena are not stationary. Second, we believe research into share allocation issues is the most promising area of research in IPOs at the moment. Third, we argue that asymmetric information is not the primary driver of many IPO phenomena. Instead, we believe future progress in the literature will come from nonrational and agency conflict explanations. We describe some promising such alternatives.
Unexpected Absence of the Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) lyLMP-1 Open Reading Frame in Tumor Virus Isolates: Lack of Correlation between Met129 Status and EBV Strain Identity
Authors: Erickson Kimberly D. , Berger Christoph , Coffin William F. , Schiff Edwin , Walling Dennis M. , Martin Jennifer M.
Published: March 2003

The lytic cycle-associated lytic latent membrane protein-1 (lyLMP-1) of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is an amino-terminally truncated form of the oncogenic LMP-1. Although lyLMP-1 shares none of LMP-1's transforming and signal transducing activities, we recently reported that lyLMP-1 can negatively regulate LMP-1-stimulated NF-κB activation. The lyLMP-1 protein encoded by the B95-8 strain of EBV initiates from methionine 129 (Met129) of the LMP-1 open reading frame (ORF). The recent report that Met129 in the B95-8 LMP-1 ORF is not conserved in the Akata strain of EBV prompted us to screen a panel of EBV-positive cell lines for conservation of Met129 and lyLMP-1 expression. We found that 15 out of 16 tumor-associated virus isolates sequenced encoded an ATT or ACC codon in place of ATG in the LMP-1 ORF at position 129, and tumor cell lines harboring isolates lacking an ATG at codon 129 did not express the lyLMP-1 protein. In contrast, we found that EBV DNA from 22 out of 37 healthy seropositive donors retained the Met129 codon. Finally, the lyLMP-1 initiator occurs variably within distinct EBV strains and its presence cannot be predicted by EBV strain identity. Thus, Met129 is not peculiar to the B95-8 strain of EBV, but rather can be found in the background of several evolutionarily distinct EBV strains. Its absence from EBV isolates from tumors raises the possibility of selective pressure on Met129 in EBV-dependent tumors.
TRANSMUTATION OPERATORS AND PALEY–WIENER THEOREM ASSOCIATED WITH A SINGULAR DIFFERENTIAL-DIFFERENCE OPERATOR ON THE REAL LINE
Authors: MOUROU MOHAMED A. , TRIMÈCHE KHALIFA
Published: March 2003

We consider a singular differential-difference operator Λ on the real line which includes, as particular case, the Dunkl operator associated with the reflection group Z2 on R. We exhibit a Laplace integral representation for the eigenfunctions of the operator Λ. From this representation, we construct a pair of integral transforms which turn out to be transmutation operators of Λ into the first derivative operator d/dx. We exploit these transmutation operators to develop a new commutative harmonic analysis on the real line corresponding to the operator Λ. In particular, we establish a Paley–Wiener theorem and a Plancherel theorem for the Fourier transform associated to Λ.
Hippocampal cell genesis does not correlate with spatial learning ability in aged rats
Authors: Merrill David A. , Karim Rajiv , Darraq Michael , Chiba Andrea A. , Tuszynski Mark H.
Published: March 2003

Aging in rodents is known to lead to deficits in spatial learning and memory, including decreased performance on the Morris water maze. Recent attention has focused on the possible role of adult hippocampal neurogenesis in regulating spatial learning and memory. Therefore, in this study, we have examined levels of hippocampal cell proliferation in relation to water maze performance in aged and young male Fischer 344 rats. Aged rats (24 months old) were divided into aged‐unimpaired and aged‐impaired groups based on comparison with performance of young animals. Animals received five daily injections of the thymidine‐analog bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and were killed 1 week later. Total numbers of BrdU‐labeled cells were quantified in the hippocampal dentate gyrus and hilus and were related to behavioral performance. Whereas aging was associated with a significant reduction in the number of BrdU‐labeled cells, behavioral impairment with aging was not associated with a further reduction in BrdU labeling. In the context of aging, these finding do not support a direct relationship of adult hippocampal neurogenesis with learning and memory capability. J. Comp. Neurol. 459:201–207, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.