bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Calls for police service
Authors: Boulton Laura , McManus Michelle , Metcalfe Lauren , Brian David , Dawson Ian
Published: October 2016

In times of austerity and police budget cuts, it is important to understand the demand on the UK police service in order to reduce it effectively. This paper reviews the demand on a division within a police service in England over the period of a year. Utilising police data records, it combined descriptive statistics with content analysis to identify areas of demand. Findings revealed that the majority of the Constabulary’s resources were spent addressing non-traditional police demand. Results indicate that the police could potentially reduce demand for service by enhancing work within two key areas: partnership working and early intervention.
The Effectiveness of Dog-Training Programs in Prison
Authors: Cooke Barbara J. , Farrington David P.
Published: October 2016

To date, there are more than 290 correctional facilities across the United States that have implemented dog-training programs. To better understand the effects of dog-training programs on their human participants, this article conducts a systematic review and two meta-analyses of 10 studies that met the criteria for inclusion. The data from these 10 studies were obtained from 310 program participants and 514 controls. Conducting two meta-analyses on externalizing and internalizing outcomes of dog-training program participation, we found significant mean effect sizes for both sets of outcomes, suggesting that dog-training programs have a desirable effect on offenders.
Parental and school bonding in Iranian adolescent perpetrators and victims of bullying
Authors: Mohebbi Mina , Mirnasab Mirmahmoud , Wiener Judith
Published: October 2016

This study compared parental and school bonding in adolescents in Iran who are perpetrators of bullying, victims of bullying and not-involved in bullying. Secondary school students ( N = 240) were selected by cluster random sampling and screening, and categorized as perpetrators of bullying ( N = 80), victims of bullying ( N = 80) and non-involved ( N = 80) by teacher and vice-principal nominations. The Parental Bonding Instrument and the School Bonding Scales were completed by the students. With some exceptions (i.e., no between-group differences in maternal overprotectiveness and boys reported higher levels of school involvement than girls), results suggest similar patterns in Iran as in Western societies. With regard to parental bonding, perpetrators of bullying reported lower levels of maternal and paternal care than victims of bullying and non-involved students, higher levels of paternal overprotectiveness than non-involved students, higher levels of paternal authoritarianism (or lower levels of autonomy) than victims and non-involved students, and higher levels of maternal authoritarianism than victims. For school bonding, perpetrators of bullying reported lower levels of school and teacher attachment than the other two groups and victims reported lower levels of school and teacher attachment than non-involved students. Implications for school psychologists are discussed.
Colour and Organization Studies
Authors: Beyes Timon
Published: October 2016

Colour is inescapable. It fills and forms the world, shaping what can be felt and known, desired and expressed. It thus becomes social technology and organizational tool. At the same time, however, colour betrays, undermines and subverts the attempts to manage it. Based on an understanding of colour as aesthetic force and medium of transformation, the essay presents a montage of scenes that set up encounters with what colour does: how it affects organization, and how it is affected by organization; how it organizes what is given to perception, knowledge and organization itself, and how it is reorganized in return.
Tinkering with Space: The Organizational Practices of a Nascent Social Venture
Authors: Barinaga Ester
Published: October 2016

The article seeks to further our understanding of the process of organizing nascent social ventures. It builds upon current research on the political and collaborative nature of the social entrepreneurial process, and takes an ANT-inspired processual approach to follow the organizational practices carried by a nascent social venture in its efforts to mobilize stakeholders, bring about collaboration and ultimately secure resources. It draws upon empirical material generated during the first year of a social venture I founded and continue to chair. Findings highlight the adaptive and fluid nature of the organizational practices involved in nascent organizations and indicate that the capacity to continuously adjust the qualities of the eventual venture to the stakes of potential partners is instrumental to start up the venture. The article suggests the notion of tinkering to underscore the fluidity, the ongoing and piecemeal everyday work of such organizing processes. Further, findings highlight the extent to which social ventures, as well as the engaged scholar, are caught in the networks that contribute to reproduce the social problem they aim to change.
A Synopsis of the “Influence of Epigenetics, Genetics, and Immunology” Session Part A at the 35th Annual Society of Toxicologic Pathology Symposium
Authors: Harrill Alison H. , Moggs Jonathan G. , Adkins Karissa K. , Augustin Hellmut G. , Johnson Robert C. , Leach Michael W.
Published: October 2016

The overarching theme of the 2016 Society of Toxicology Pathology’s Annual Symposium was “The Basis and Relevance of Variation in Toxicologic Responses.” Session 4 focused on genetic variation as a potential source for variability in toxicologic responses within nonclinical toxicity studies and further explored how knowledge of genetic traits might enable targeted prospective and retrospective studies in drug development and human health risk assessment. In this session, the influence of both genetic sequence variation and epigenetic modifications on toxicologic responses and their implications for understanding risk were explored. In this overview, the presentations in this session will be summarized, with a goal of exploring the ramifications of genetic and epigenetic variability within and across species for toxicity studies and disseminating information regarding novel tools to harness this variability to advance understanding of toxicologic responses across populations.
Influence of Study Design on Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology Study Outcomes
Authors: Foster Paul M. D.
Published: October 2016

Regulatory studies of developmental and reproductive toxicity (DART) studies have remained largely unchanged for decades, with exposures occurring at various phases of the reproductive cycle and toxicity evaluations at different ages/times depending on the study purpose. The National Toxicology Program has conducted studies examining the power to detect adverse effects where there is a prenatal exposure, but evaluations occur postnatally. In these studies, examination is required of only 1 male and female pup from each litter beyond weaning. This provides poor resolving power to detect rare events (e.g., reproductive tract malformations). If an adverse effect is detected, there is little confidence in the shape of the dose–response curve (and the Benchmark Dose or No Observed Adverse Effect Level [NOAEL]). We have developed a new protocol to evaluate DART, the modified one generation study, with exposure commencing with pregnant animals and retention of 4 males and females from each litter beyond weaning to improve statistical power. These animals can be allocated to specific cohorts that examine subchronic toxicity, teratology, littering, and neurobehavioral toxicity in the same study. This approach also results in a reduction in animal numbers used, compared with individual stand-alone studies, and offers increased numbers of end points evaluated compared with recent Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development proposals.
Timing and Imaging Evidence in Sport
Authors: Finn Jonathan
Published: October 2016

This article analyzes timing and imaging systems used as sports decision aids (SDAs). Evidence of athletic performance in the form of timing and imaging data is the product of distinct interactions between humans, technology, and the live environment. As such, sports decisions are fallible. Yet the measurement of athletic performance is often presented as irrefutable thanks to enhanced technological precision. As this article shows, there are limits to the accuracy of timing and imaging systems as they are deployed in the physical environment, but such limits are rarely acknowledged in the public and professional discourse surrounding elite-level sport. To address this issue, the article analyses three sporting decisions: the 100 m butterfly race between Michael Phelps and Milorad Cavic at the 2008 Beijing Olympics; the third-place tie between Jeneba Tarmoh and Alysson Felix at the 2012 U.S. Olympic Trials; and the gold medal tie between skiers Tina Maze and Dominique Gisin at the 2014 Olympic games. The article examines the professional and public discourse surrounding each event as well as the regulations governing timing and imaging data in each sport to stress the situatedness and fallibility of SDAs. The article identifies limits to the accuracy of timing and imaging systems as they are deployed in the physical environment and calls on sports regulating bodies to clearly articulate the capabilities and limitations of timing and imaging systems in the production of evidence.
Action observation training of community ambulation for improving walking ability of patients with post-stroke hemiparesis: a randomized controlled pilot trial
Authors: Park Hyun-Ju , Oh Duck-Won , Choi Jong-Duk , Kim Jong-Man , Kim Suhn-Yeop , Cha Yong-Jun , Jeon Su-Jin
Published: October 2016

Purpose:

To investigate the effects of action observation training involving community-based ambulation for improving walking ability after stroke.

Design:

Randomized, controlled pilot study.

Setting:

Inpatient rehabilitation hospital.

Subjects:

A total of 25 inpatients with post-stroke hemiparesis were randomly assigned to either the experimental group ( n = 12) or control group ( n = 13).

Intervention:

Subjects of the experimental group watched video clips demonstrating four-staged ambulation training with a more complex environment factor for 30 minutes, three times a week for four weeks. Meanwhile, subjects of the control group watched video clips, which showed different landscape pictures.

Main measures:

Walking function was evaluated before and after the four-week intervention using a 10-m walk test, community walk test, activities-specific balance confidence scale, and spatiotemporal gait measures.

Results:

Changes in the values for the 10-m walk test (0.17 ±0.19 m/s vs. 0.05 ±0.08 m/s), community walk test (–151.42 ±123.82 seconds vs. 67.08 ±176.77 seconds), and activities-specific balance confidence (6.25 ±5.61 scores vs. 0.72 ±2.24 scores) and the spatiotemporal parameters (i.e. stride length (19.00 ±11.34 cm vs. 3.16 ±11.20 cm), single support (5.87 ±5.13% vs. 0.25 ±5.95%), and velocity (15.66 ±12.34 cm/s vs. 2.96 ±10.54 cm/s)) indicated a significant improvement in the experimental group compared with the control group. In the experimental group, walking function and ambulation confidence was significantly different between the pre- and post-intervention, whereas the control group showed a significant difference only in the 10-m walk test.

Conclusions:

Action observation training of community ambulation may be favorably used for improving walking function of patients with post-stroke hemiparesis.
A concise review on advances in development of small molecule anti-inflammatory therapeutics emphasising AMPK: An emerging target
Authors: Gejjalagere Honnappa Chethan , Mazhuvancherry Kesavan Unnikrishnan
Published: October 2016

Inflammatory diseases are complex, multi-factorial outcomes of evolutionarily conserved tissue repair processes. For decades, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and cyclooxygenase inhibitors, the primary drugs of choice for the management of inflammatory diseases, addressed individual targets in the arachidonic acid pathway. Unsatisfactory safety and efficacy profiles of the above have necessitated the development of multi-target agents to treat complex inflammatory diseases. Current anti-inflammatory therapies still fall short of clinical needs and the clinical trial results of multi-target therapeutics are anticipated. Additionally, new drug targets are emerging with improved understanding of molecular mechanisms controlling the pathophysiology of inflammation. This review presents an outline of small molecules and drug targets in anti-inflammatory therapeutics with a summary of a newly identified target AMP-activated protein kinase, which constitutes a novel therapeutic pathway in inflammatory pathology.
Gender, Parenthood, and Perceived Chances of Promotion
Authors: Wynn Alison T.
Published: October 2016

In this article, I examine the gender gap in perceived promotion chances. Using General Social Survey data, I find that men are more likely than women to expect a promotion, and work-family conflict partially explains this gap. Because men work longer hours and have fewer family responsibilities, they anticipate higher promotion chances. I then explore the interaction of gender and parental status. I find that men and childless women expect higher promotion chances when they work longer hours, but the same is not true for mothers. Working long hours may violate stereotypes dictating that mothers should devote themselves primarily to caregiving, thereby decreasing mothers’ promotion expectations relative to other groups.
Decomposition analysis of the waste generation and management in 30 European countries
Authors: Korica Predrag , Cirman Andreja , Žgajnar Gotvajn Andreja
Published: October 2016

An often suggested method for waste prevention is substitution of currently-used materials with materials which are less bulky, contain less hazardous components or are easier to recycle. For policy makers it is important to have tools available that provide information on the impact of this substitution on the changes in total amounts of waste generated and managed. The purpose of this paper is to see how much changes in the mix of 15 waste streams generated in eight economic sectors from 30 European countries have influenced the amounts of waste generated and managed in the period 2004–2012. In order to determine these impacts, two variations of the logarithmic mean Divisia index (LMDI) analysis model were developed and applied. The results show that the changes in the mix of waste streams in most cases did not have a considerable influence on the changes in the amounts of generated waste. In the analyses of waste sent for landfill, incineration without energy recovery, incineration with energy recovery and recovery other than energy recovery, the results also show that the changes in the mix of waste streams in most cases did not have the expected/desired influence on the changes in the amounts of managed waste. This paper provides an example on the possibilities of applying the LMDI analysis as a tool for quantifying the potential of effects which implemented or planned measures could have on the changes in waste management systems.
Unified Approach to the Treatment of Hypertrophic and Atrophic Scars
Authors: Chambers Alexandra
Published: October 2016

Hypertrophic and atrophic scars are typically thought to be at opposite ends of the pathological healing process, and, as a consequence, cosmetic treatments have tended to be varied and disparate. This article, however, presents data from a pilot study that illustrates a coherent and unified approach can be used for the effective treatment of both scar types. This method studies the use of a precision microneedling device using mixed length needles. This is used in conjunction with the application of topical, pharmaceutical-grade creams consisting of retinoic acid, antioxidants, anti-inflammatory agents, and sea sponge collagen. Data and examples are presented that show good skin remodeling for both types of scars.
Gouvernements des pratiques et topographies du marché : La consommation à l’épreuve de l’(a)normalité
Authors: Gicquel Yohan
Published: October 2016

L’omniprésence des normes dans le marché nous invite à questionner leur influence sur les pratiques de consommation, les manières de les étudier, de les concevoir et de les gérer. Inspiré par les travaux de Foucault, cet article propose de mettre à l’épreuve de la norme, de la normalité et de la déviance, les travaux sur la consommation. Considérant le caractère politique de l’(a)normalisation, trois gouvernements des pratiques et topographies du marché (anthropème, anthropophage, mutualiste) sont identifiés depuis les principales politiques qui le façonnent (conservatisme, libéralisme et communisme). Finalement, l’auteur interroge le rôle du chercheur dans la politisation des pratiques et souligne les risques qu’il y aurait à ne pas considérer la norme et l’(a)normalité dans la recherche sur la consommation.
Population-Level Measures to Predict Obesity Burden in Public Schools: Looking Upstream for Midstream Actions
Authors: Jayawardene Wasantha P. , Lohrmann David K. , Dickinson Stephanie , Torabi Mohammad R.
Published: October 2016

Purpose:

To estimate school-level obesity burden, as reflected in prevalence of obesity, based on the characteristics of students’ socioeconomic and geographic environments.

Design:

Secondary analysis of cross-sectional data.

Setting:

Public schools (N = 504) from 43 of 67 counties in Pennsylvania.

Participants:

Kindergarten through grade 12 students (N = 255 949).

Measures:

School-level obesity prevalence for the year 2014 was calculated from state-mandated student body mass index (BMI) measurements. Eighteen aggregate variables, characterizing schools and counties, were retrieved from federal data sources.

Analysis:

Three classification variables—excess weight (BMI ≥ 85th percentile), obesity (BMI ≥ 95th percentile), and severe obesity (BMI > 35% or 120% of 95th percentile)—each with 3 groups of schools (low-, average-, and high-prevalence) were created for discriminant function analysis, based on state mean and standard deviation of school distribution. Analysis tested each classification model to reveal school- and county-level dimensions on which school groups differed from each other.

Results:

Discriminant functions for obesity, which contained school enrollment, percentage of students receiving free/reduced-price lunch, percentage of black/Hispanic students, school location (suburban/other), percentage of county adults with postsecondary education, and percentage of county adults with obesity, yielded 67.86% correct classification (highest accuracy), compared to 34.23% schools classified by chance alone.

Conclusion:

In the absence of mandated student BMI screenings, the model developed in this study can be used to identify schools most likely to have high obesity burden and, thereafter, determine dissemination of enhanced resources for the implementation of proven prevention policies and programs.
Feasibility and Reliability of the System for Observing Play and Leisure Activity in Youth (SOPLAY) for Measuring Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity in Children Visiting an Interactive Children’s Museum Exhibition
Authors: Agaronov Alen , Leung May May , Garcia Jeanette M. , Kwan Amy , Yeh Ming-Chin , Zarcadoolas Christina , Platkin Charles S.
Published: October 2016

Purpose:

To test the feasibility and reliability of a direct observation method for measuring moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in children visiting an interactive children’s museum exhibition.

Design:

Direct observation was used to assess MVPA in children visiting an interactive children’s museum exhibition on 2 weekend days in winter 2013.

Setting:

The Children’s Museum of Manhattan’s EatSleepPlay™: Building Health Every Day exhibition.

Participants:

Children (group level) visiting the museum exhibition.

Measures:

System for Observing Play and Leisure Activity in Youth (SOPLAY).

Analyses:

Interobserver reliability was analyzed for MVPA and activity type. Two-group analyses were conducted using a series of Wilcoxon rank sum tests.

Results:

A total of 545 children were observed over 288 observations. No significant differences were found between observers for MVPA ( r = .91, P = .6804) or activity type (κ = .90, P = .6334). Children participated in MVPA during 35.2% of all observations. No significant differences were found for participation in MVPA between boys (37.6%) and girls (32.8%, P = .1589).

Conclusion:

The SOPLAY may be a useful tool for measuring MVPA in interactive children’s museum exhibitions. Research with multiple museum settings and diverse groups of children over longer periods of time is warranted to further establish the feasibility and reliability of the SOPLAY for measuring MVPA in this novel setting.
Creating Body Shapes From Verbal Descriptions by Linking Similarity Spaces
Authors: Hill Matthew Q. , Streuber Stephan , Hahn Carina A. , Black Michael J. , O’Toole Alice J.
Published: October 2016

Brief verbal descriptions of people’s bodies (e.g., “curvy,” “long-legged”) can elicit vivid mental images. The ease with which these mental images are created belies the complexity of three-dimensional body shapes. We explored the relationship between body shapes and body descriptions and showed that a small number of words can be used to generate categorically accurate representations of three-dimensional bodies. The dimensions of body-shape variation that emerged in a language-based similarity space were related to major dimensions of variation computed directly from three-dimensional laser scans of 2,094 bodies. This relationship allowed us to generate three-dimensional models of people in the shape space using only their coordinates on analogous dimensions in the language-based description space. Human descriptions of photographed bodies and their corresponding models matched closely. The natural mapping between the spaces illustrates the role of language as a concise code for body shape that captures perceptually salient global and local body features.
Sediment records of the influence of river damming on the dynamics of the Nelson and Churchill Rivers, western Hudson Bay, Canada, during the last centuries
Authors: Duboc Quentin , St-Onge Guillaume , Lajeunesse Patrick
Published: October 2016

Two gravity cores (778 and 780) sampled at the Nelson River mouth and one (776) at the Churchill River mouth in western Hudson Bay, Canada, were analyzed in order to identify the impact of dam construction on hydrology and sedimentary regime of both rivers. Another core (772) was sampled offshore and used as a reference core without a direct river influence. Core chronology was established using 14C and 210Pb measurements. Cores 778 and 780 show greater variability than the others, and the physical, chemical, magnetic, and sedimentological properties measured on these cores reveal the presence of several hyperpycnites, indicating the occurrence of hyperpycnal flows associated with floods of the Nelson River. These hyperpycnal flows were probably caused by ice-jam formation, which can increase both the flow and the sediment concentration following the breaching of such natural dams. However, these hyperpycnites are only observed in the lower parts of cores 778 and 780. It was not possible to establish a precise chronology because of the remobilization of sediments by the floods. Nevertheless, some modern 14C ages suggest that this change in sedimentary regime is recent and could be concurrent with the dam construction on the Nelson River, which allows a continuous control of its flow since the 1960s. This control prevented the formation of hyperpycnal flows and the deposition of hyperpycnites. Finally, core 776 contains only one rapidly deposited layer. This lower frequency may be related to the enclosed estuary of the Churchill River, its weaker discharge, and the distance of the site from shore.
Hydrological changes in the Rzecin peatland (Puszcza Notecka, Poland) induced by anthropogenic factors: Implications for mire development and carbon sequestration
Authors: Milecka Krystyna , Kowalewski Grzegorz , Fiałkiewicz-Kozieł Barbara , Gałka Mariusz , Lamentowicz Mariusz , Chojnicki Bogdan H , Goslar Tomasz , Barabach Jan
Published: October 2016

Wetlands are very vulnerable ecosystems and sensitive to changes in the ground water table. For the last few thousand years, hydrological balance has also been influenced by human activity. To improve their cropping features, drainage activity and fertilizing were applied. The drainage process led to an abrupt change of environment, the replacement of plant communities and the entire ecosystem. The problem of carbon sequestration is very important nowadays. A higher accumulation rate is related to higher carbon accumulation, but the intensity of carbon sequestration depends on the type of mire, habitat, and climatic zone. The main aim of this article was an examination of the changes in poor-fen ecosystem during the last 200 years in relation to natural and anthropogenic factors, using paleoecological methods (pollen and macrofossils). The second aim was a detailed investigation of the sedimentary record to aid our understanding of carbon sequestration in the poor fen of temperate zone. This case study shows that fens in temperate zones, in comparison with boreal ones, show higher carbon accumulation rates which have been especially intensive over the last few decades. To reconstruct vegetation changes, detailed palynological and macrofossil analyses were done. A 200-year history of the mire revealed that it was influenced by human activity to much degree. However, despite the nearby settlement and building of the drainage ditch, the precious species and plant communities still occur.
A comparative study of public libraries’ contribution to digital inclusion in Korea and the United States
Authors: Noh Younghee
Published: October 2016

This research was designed to measure the level of contribution public libraries in Korea have made to digital inclusion in their communities. To that end, the study compared the degree of contribution to digital inclusion by Korean libraries with that by US libraries. Specifically, the following domains of digital inclusion were assessed: (1) information technologies and infrastructures that can be utilized by the users, as well as (2) digital literacy campaigns and programs that promoted digital integration (helping people to use technologies and library programs and know about other resources and events provided by libraries). Public libraries in Korea were surveyed using a questionnaire developed by the Institute of Museum and Library Service in the United States – FY2011 Public Library Survey, revised for the Korean context. From a systems perspective, Korean public library computers and Internet infrastructure surpassed those of their counterparts in the United States in terms of quality but the diversity of technologies, equipment, and technology-related services and the proportion of technology-related services provided were higher in the United States. In terms of educational content, libraries in both countries informed the public about diverse subjects but US libraries offered more, and more diverse, services than Korean. Library staff were responsible for running programs in the United States, whereas these were provided through collaboration with external organizations in Korea.
How Dogs Perceive and Understand Us
Authors: Huber Ludwig
Published: October 2016

In recent years, researchers have become increasingly interested in how dogs understand us humans, given that they show impressive abilities for interacting and communicating with us. Such understanding of heterospecifics is especially interesting because decoding of social signals across the species boundary is challenging. Latent learning during a pet dog’s life in the human environment seems to be a major promotor of this ability. This article reviews recent research on one aspect of this ability: the reading of the human face for the acquisition of important social information, such as identity and emotional expression. Our knowledge of how dogs perceive the human environment and use this information to solve their everyday problems is important for understanding why they fit so well into the human environment.
The Genetics of How Dogs Became Our Social Allies
Authors: Jensen Per , Persson Mia E. , Wright Dominic , Johnsson Martin , Sundman Ann-Sofie , Roth Lina S. V.
Published: October 2016

Dogs were domesticated from wolves about 15,000 years ago, and an important selection pressure (intentional or unintentional) has been their ability to communicate and cooperate with people. They show extensive human-directed sociability, which varies within as well as between breeds and is not shared by ancestral wolves. Hence, dogs are potentially ideal models for studying the genetics of social behavior. Here, we review some recent research carried out by us and others on this subject. We present results showing that recent selection of different breed types can be used as a model system for investigating the genetic architecture of personalities. Furthermore, we review data showing that human-directed social behavior is significantly related to a small number of genes that have known connections to human social disorders such as autism and schizophrenia. We suggest that dogs are excellent study subjects for analyzing the evolution and genetics of social behavior and can serve as probes for human health and welfare.
What Is Special About Dog Cognition?
Authors: Wynne Clive D. L.
Published: October 2016

I review three domains in which it has been proposed that dogs possess unique cognitive abilities in understanding people. The ability of dogs to follow human pointing gestures is widely reported, but so too is evidence of this behavior in a range of other species. Several studies have investigated the ability of dogs to discriminate between people who can see them and others whose vision is obscured. Dogs’ successes and failures on this task are best accounted for by considering the conditions under which different populations of dogs live. I conclude by reviewing studies of dogs’ ability to select whether or not to imitate the actions of another dog depending on whether the demonstrator dog appeared to have a motive for behaving in a less-than-optimal fashion. In all three cases, the evidence for unique human-like cognitive skills in dogs is limited, either because of evidence that other species complete these tests successfully or because the evidence for success in dogs is modest. Dogs are better viewed as equipped with the same cognitive skills as many other species, but, by living in proximity to and often being totally dependent on human beings, they acquire exquisite sensitivity to human action.
Are Dogs Social Generalists? Canine Social Cognition, Attachment, and the Dog-Human Bond
Authors: Udell Monique A. R. , Brubaker Lauren
Published: October 2016

Reports of variability in the social behavior of the domestic dog ( Canis lupus familiaris) are common across populations, breeds, and individuals. This has often been considered a challenge for characterizing the nature and origins of the domestic dog’s social cognition. Here, we propose that this variability might be explained by social plasticity, a trait that could contribute to the success of the domestic dog and facilitate the dog-human bond. Additional research specifically aimed at investigating population and individual variation in canine social behavior, such as attachment-style research, may provide important insight into domestic dogs’ biological success, as well as knowledge that could benefit both dogs and humans in a wide range of applied settings.
Sharing More Than the Sofa
Authors: Beurms Sarah , Miller Holly Christine
Published: October 2016

Following an initial act of self-control, human performance on subsequent tasks that also require self-control exertion is impaired. This phenomenon, termed ego depletion, is constrained by beliefs and perceptions in humans. Interestingly, this effect has also been observed in dogs, which arguably do not share similar belief systems. This observation suggests that a common biological mechanism might underlie the phenomenon for both species. It also suggests that we can learn something about human self-control by conducting research with dogs. In this article, we relate findings on the depletion effect in dogs to the different mechanisms that are proposed to explain the effect in humans. Finally, we elaborate on practical implications for working dogs.
Current Trends in Canine Problem-Solving and Cognition
Authors: Miklósi Ádám , Kubinyi Enikő
Published: October 2016

Dogs have occupied a central place in modern comparative cognition, partly because of their specific past and present relationship with humans. Over the years, we have gained insights about the functioning of the dog’s mind, which has helped us to understand how dogs’ problem-solving abilities differ from those present in related species such as the wolf. Novel methodologies are also emerging that allow for the study of neural and genetic mechanisms that control mental functions. By providing an overview from an ethological perspective, we call for greater integration of the field and a better understanding of natural dog behavior as a way to generate scientific hypotheses.
The gender gap in sport event attendance in Europe: The impact of macro-level gender equality
Authors: Lagaert Susan , Roose Henk
Published: October 2016

This paper studies the gender gap in sport event attendance – characterized by higher male and lower female participation – using a macro-sociological and cross-national comparative approach. We argue that because gender is produced and justified in the realm of sport, gender gaps in sport event attendance may be more pronounced in some societies than others, depending on the position women and men have in the particular context in which someone ‘does’ his/her gender. So, in addition to individual attributes, one has to consider the societal, macro-level gender equality in order to understand the individual-level gender inequalities in sport event attendance. Using multilevel analyses on Eurobarometer data (2007), we evaluate whether the size of the gender gap in sport event attendance varies across European Union (EU) countries and how this variation relates to societal gender equality, as measured by the Gender Equality Index of the European Institute for Gender Equality. We find higher male than female attendance in all EU countries, but also conclude that higher levels of macro-level gender equality are associated with smaller gender gaps in sport event attendance.
Deuce or advantage? Examining gender bias in online coverage of professional tennis
Authors: Yip Adrian
Published: October 2016

Despite the increasing popularity of women’s sports, it has generally been found that female athletes receive less media coverage and are portrayed negatively with myriad gender-specific descriptors. Such biased representations warrant attention as they construct and reinforce traditional gender beliefs. This study compared the representations of female and male tennis players on the official site of the Australian Open 2015 and ESPN. A total of 357 articles were analysed using content analysis. The findings showed that gender representations on the two media outlets were quite similar as they both portrayed female players more negatively than male players by focusing on a few areas directly or indirectly: athletic weaknesses, negative skills, mental weaknesses and non-competitive roles (including appearance, attire, family and personal relationship). However, the use of certain descriptors might indicate the possibility of more gender-neutral representations of athletes in the future. It was concluded that while hegemonic masculinity was challenged at times, stereotypical beliefs about females were largely reinforced in the mediated gender representations on the two websites.
The physical health of Indigenous and non-Indigenous patients participating in residential rehabilitation programs: a comparison study
Authors: Meehan Tom , Jones Donna , Stedman Terry , Johnson Dean , Suetani Shuichi , Foreman Emma
Published: October 2016

Objective:

To examine the differences in the physical health of Indigenous and non-Indigenous patients with severe mental illness (SMI) undergoing psychiatric rehabilitation.

Methods:

An audit of the physical health of patients ( n = 361) in all publicly funded residential rehabilitation programs in Queensland was carried out in late 2014. Data collection focused on clinical and lifestyle factors associated with physical health.

Results:

The prevalence of smoking, substance use and type 2 diabetes in Indigenous patients was significantly higher than rates found in non-Indigenous patients. Metabolic syndrome was also significantly higher in indigenous patients, with 66% of Indigenous patients compared to 46% of non-Indigenous patients meeting criteria for metabolic syndrome.

Conclusions:

Patients with SMI in residential rehabilitation programs have poor physical health. Our findings underscore the need for clinicians to develop and evaluate interventions aimed at improving the metabolic profile of those with SMI in residential rehabilitation programs. Historical factors and cultural traditions need to be considered when designing lifestyle interventions for Indigenous patients.
Modelling production system architectures in the early phases of product development
Authors: Guðlaugsson Tómas V , Ravn Poul M , Mortensen Niels H , Hvam Lars
Published: October 2016

This article suggests a framework for modelling a production system architecture in the early phases of product development. The challenge in these phases is that the products to be produced are not completely defined and yet decisions need to be made early in the process on what investments are needed and appropriate to enable determination of obtainable product quality. In order to meet this challenge, it is suggested that a visual modelling framework be adopted that clarifies which product and production features are known at a specific time of the project and which features will be worked on – leading to an improved basis for prioritizing activities in the project. Requirements for the contents of the framework are presented, and literature on production and system models is reviewed. The production system architecture modelling framework is founded on methods and approaches in literature and adjusted to fit the modelling requirements of a production system architecture at an early phase of development. The production system architecture models capture and describe the structure, capabilities and expansions of the production system architecture under development. The production system architecture modelling framework is tested in a case study, and the results indicate that the modelling process facilitates identification of critical factors of the production system architecture, that the production system architecture models capture and describe the structure, capabilities and expansions of a production system architecture under development, and that the production system architecture models can facilitate dialogue on the production system architecture between heterogeneous stakeholder groups.
Mid-Esophagus Columnar Metaplasia: What Is the Biopathogenic Pathway?
Authors: Rolim Inês , Rodrigues Rita Vale , Bettencourt António , Barros Rita , Camilo Vânia , Dias Pereira António , Almeida Raquel , Chaves Paula
Published: October 2016

We report a case of metaplastic columnar epithelium in the mid-esophagus in a patient with history of caustic ingestion. A cardiac-type gastric phenotype, with early signs of intestinalization, was confirmed by immunohistochemistry studies (MUC5AC, MUC6, SOX2, and CDX2). Nonmetaplastic mucosa had histologic evidence of gastroesophageal reflux. In this case, esophageal reepithelization seems to have been modulated by acidic gastroesophageal reflux, which might activate transcription factors leading to phenotypic reprogramming of the regenerative epithelium. Most interestingly, it is a clinical example showcasing the origin of columnar metaplasia from stem cells located within the esophageal epithelium.
Bridging Weak Links of Solid Waste Management in Informal Settlements
Authors: Gutberlet Jutta , Kain Jaan-Henrik , Nyakinya Belinda , Oloko Michael , Zapata Patrik , Zapata Campos María José
Published: October 2016

Many cities in the global South suffer from vast inadequacies and deficiencies in their solid waste management. In the city of Kisumu in Kenya, waste management is fragmented and insufficient with most household waste remaining uncollected. Solid waste enters and leaves public space through an intricate web of connected, mostly informal, actions. This article scrutinizes waste management of informal settlements, based on the case of Kisumu, to identify weak links in waste management chains and find neighborhood responses to bridge these gaps. Systems theory and action net theory support our analysis to understand the actions, actors, and processes associated with waste and its management. We use qualitative data from fieldwork and hands on engagement in waste management in Kisumu. Our main conclusion is that new waste initiatives should build on existing waste management practices already being performed within informal settlements by waste scavengers, waste pickers, waste entrepreneurs, and community-based organizations.
Actigraphic Sleep Pattern of Preschoolers With ADHD
Authors: Melegari Maria Grazia , Vittori Elena , Mallia Luca , Devoto Alessandra , Lucidi Fabio , Ferri Raffaele , Bruni Oliviero
Published: October 2016

Objective: To assess the features of sleep in preschoolers with ADHD by means of questionnaire and actigraphy. Method: Twenty-five ADHD and 21 age-matched typically developing (TD) preschool children underwent the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) for ages 1½ to 5 and Pre-School-Age Psychiatric Assessment interview. Sleep was assessed by means of a modified Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children and wrist actigraphy for at least 5 days. Results: Children with ADHD, compared with TD, showed higher scores in CBCL Withdrawal (58.83 vs. 51.15, p < .0001), Attention Problems (69.88 vs. 51.54, p < .0001), and Aggressive Behavior (59.46 vs. 51.08, p < .0001) dimensions; they also showed increased actigraphic nocturnal activity (activity index 31.57 vs. 25.74, p < .05); and night-to-night variability for sleep minutes (56.44 vs. 32.79, p < .01), mean wake episodes (1.34 vs. 0.98, p < .05), mean activity (2.64 vs. 1.71, p < .05), and activity index (5.15 vs. 3.77, p < .05). Conclusion: This pilot study in preschoolers with ADHD showed increased motor activity during sleep and night-to-night variability for sleep duration and motor activity.
Are inspectors’ assessments reliable? Ratings of NHS acute hospital trust services in England
Authors: Boyd Alan , Addicott Rachael , Robertson Ruth , Ross Shilpa , Walshe Kieran
Published: October 2016

The credibility of a regulator could be threatened if stakeholders perceive that assessments of performance made by its inspectors are unreliable. Yet there is little published research on the reliability of inspectors’ assessments of health care organizations’ services.

Objectives

We investigated the inter-rater reliability of assessments made by inspectors inspecting acute hospitals in England during the piloting of a new regulatory model implemented by the Care Quality Commission (CQC) during 2013 and 2014. Multi-professional teams of inspectors rated service provision on a four-point scale for each of five domains: safety; effectiveness; caring; responsiveness; and leadership.

Methods

In an online survey, we asked individual inspectors to assign a domain and a rating to each of 10 vignettes of service information extracted from CQC inspection reports. We used these data to simulate the ratings that might be produced by teams of inspectors. We also observed inspection teams in action, and interviewed inspectors and staff from hospitals that had been inspected.

Results

Levels of agreement varied substantially from vignette to vignette. Characteristics such as professional background explained only a very small part of the variation. Overall, agreement was higher on ratings than on domains, and for groups of inspectors compared with individual inspectors. A number of potential causes of disagreement were identified, such as differences regarding the weight that should be given to contextual factors and general uncertainty about interpreting the rating and domain categories.

Conclusion

Groups of inspectors produced more reliable assessments than individual inspectors, and there is evidence to support the utility of appropriate discussions between inspectors in improving reliability. The reliability of domain allocations was lower than for ratings. It is important to define categories and rating levels clearly, and to train inspectors in their use. Further research is needed to replicate these results now that the model has been fully implemented, and to understand better the impact that inspector uncertainty and disagreement may have on published CQC ratings.
The world is a scary place: Individual differences in belief in a dangerous world predict specific intergroup prejudices
Authors: Cook Corey L. , Li Yexin Jessica , Newell Steve M. , Cottrell Catherine A. , Neel Rebecca
Published: October 2016

Research suggests that people chronically concerned with safety, as measured by the Belief in a Dangerous World (BDW) Scale, are prone to intergroup prejudice and likely to endorse negative stereotypes under conditions eliciting concern for safety. Using a sociofunctional, threat-based approach to prejudice, the current research tested whether people with high BDW report increased prejudice specifically toward groups stereotypically associated with safety-related threats compared to groups associated with unrelated threats. Studies 1 and 2 found that higher BDW predicts increased negativity, safety-related concern, and fear toward groups stereotypically associated with threats to safety (e.g., illegal immigrants and Muslims) compared to groups thought to pose unrelated threats (e.g., gay men and obese people). Study 3 activated concern for safety using a news story detailing increased crime (vs. a control story), finding an interaction between safety concern activation, target group, and BDW, such that situational threat concern elicited greater prejudice toward Mexican Americans, but not toward Asian Americans, from those participants with higher BDW. These studies suggest that individual differences in concern for safety predict specific prejudices (e.g., fear and social distancing) toward distinct groups rather than general outgroup negativity.