bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Global Standards for Securities Holding Infrastructures: A Soft Law/Fintech Model for Reform
Authors: Mooney Charles
Published: February 2022

This Article outlines a “soft-law-to-hard-law” approach for the development and implementation of reforms to systems for the holding of publicly traded securities. It proposes the development of global standards for securities holding systems (“Global Standards”), to be led by the International Organization of Securities Commissions (the “IOSCO”). This approach contemplates that States would be encouraged and expected to implement the Global Standards by adopting “hard law” reforms through statutory and regulatory adjustments to their securities holding systems as well as modifications of the architecture of their securities holding systems. The successes of past IOSCO initiatives inspire this Article’s proposal, as do the relatively successful development and implementation of harmonized standards for supervision and capital adequacy for depository institutions (for example, banks) through the operation of the Basel Committee.
Soft and Hard Strategies: The Role of Business in the Crafting of International Commercial Law
Authors: Block-Lieb Susan
Published: February 2022

What motivates the choice between hard and soft law in the drafting of international commercial law, and what role does business play in the preference between the two? Broad disagreement exists in international law (IL) commentary as to motivations for reliance on soft international law. Traditionally, this commentary cast a wide gaze across both international public and private law, but debate about the use of hard or soft law is sharpened by focusing exclusively on international commercial lawmaking. Traditionally, IL commentary considered only on states' interests in crafting international law and ignored business interests. But recent scholarship has begun to question the primacy of nation-states in the making of IL. Some of this criticism is the result of empirical work – such as in the recent book Global Lawmakers, co-authored by Terence Halliday and me – which demonstrates that the state-centric focus of conventional IL theory is incomplete. These empirical studies, in turn, stand on the shoulders of theory questioning whether states alone are involved in international lawmaking. Looking specifically at international commercial lawmaking invites examination of the involvement of both public and private actors, and in particular businesses, financial institutions, and the international associations that represent their interests, in this process. States and businesses hold potentially divergent interests in the production of international commercial law, depending on the sort of law reform proposed, whether regulatory or otherwise. Soft law aids in bridging these differences in various ways – through its gap filling, advocacy, and socializing functions.
The Use of Soft Law in the Creation of Legal Norms in International Commercial Law: How Successful Has It Been?
Authors: Henry Henry
Published: February 2022

In this Article, I examine several interrelated points. After defining soft law in Part II, I briefly set out some of the assumed advantages soft law instruments may have over legislation and regulations in Part III. In Part IV, I examine why some soft law instruments in international commercial law have been successful in creating international legal norms. In this Part, I specifically examine the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts to show how one might gauge success by looking beyond the express purpose of the instrument. I also compare the UNIDROIT Principles of Commercial Contracts with the American Law Institute’s Restatements of Law to show different ways in which soft law instruments might be successful. In Part V, I examine the role international commercial trade usage may play in soft law. Finally, in Part VI, I suggest that the benefits of soft law in international commercial law might only be fully realized over a long timeframe.
Arctic and alpine rare plant population dynamics at Isle Royale National Park: Response to changing lake levels
Authors: Sanders Suzanne , Kirschbaum Jessica , Johnson Sarah
Published: February 2022

Arctic and alpine rare plant species populate wave-splashed rocky shorelines of Isle Royale National Park, where summer temperatures are moderated by Lake Superior. Using data from the mid-1990s and resurvey data from 1998, 2003, and 2016, we examined trajectories of change in occurrence for 25 species at 28 sites coincident with rising lake levels that followed a period of sustained low levels. We analyzed changes in site occupancy of species individually and by functional, geographic, and microhabitat groupings. We also assessed change in population structure for four focal species: Saxifraga paniculata, S. tricuspidata, Pinguicula vulgaris, and Vaccinium uliginosum. Of the 25 species, site occupancy increased for 13 and remained steady for six, declining in another six. Site occupancy did not change over time within functional, geographic, and microhabitat groupings. The four focal species showed similar dynamic and systematically changing populations, responding to similar ecological exposures. We hypothesize that the moderating influence of Lake Superior on air temperature benefits these populations despite warming temperatures and a 15-year sustained low water period. This work contributes to our understanding of the responses of at-risk species to extreme climate events.
Allerwärts – Herrnhut, Sachsen und die Welt des Tabaks
Authors: Hüsgen Jan , Usbeck Frank
Published: February 2022

,,Schmerzlich war es uns…, daß ihnen unser Wohnen allhier nur deshalb erwünscht ist, weil sie jetzt den Tabak mehr in der Nähe bekommen können als früherhin.“1 Mit diesen Worten beklagen Missionare der Herrnhuter Brüdergemeine aus
der Missionsstation Hebron in Labrador das komplizierte Verhältnis zur lokalen Inuit-Bevölkerung im Nachrichtenblatt der Unität. In diesem einen Satz drücken sich die Wechselwirkungen zwischen Missionstätigkeit und Wirtschaftsfaktoren der Kolonialzeit ebenso aus wie
durch globalen Kolonialwarenhandel hervorgerufene Umwälzungen sozialer Systeme, kultureller Praktiken und Konsumgewohnheiten verschiedener Gesellschaften. Das Interesse der Inuit, besseren Zugang zu Tabak zu erhalten, beleuchtet die Bedeutung des Produkts innerhalb der Gemeinschaft der
Inuit, aber auch seine Rolle für die religiösen und wirtschaftlichen Beziehungen mit den Herrnhutern. Die Aussage der Missionare suggeriert, dass Tabak für die Herrnhuter und ihre Inuit-Nachbarn nicht nur eine Ware, sondern selbst auch Tauschmittel für andere Waren, wie
auch für Dienstleistungen und für soziale Gewogenheit war und deswegen wechselseitige Abhängigkeiten hervorrief. Nicht nur waren die Inuit auf europäische Tabakzufuhr angewiesen, sondern dieses Bedürfnis setzte wiederum die Missionare unter Druck, im Interesse guter
Beziehungen mit den Inuit vor Ort stets über ausreichend Tabak verfügen zu können.
Das Archiv der Archiv- und Museumsstiftung der Vereinten Evangelischen Mission in Wuppertal: ein Porträt
Authors: Schneider Barbara
Published: February 2022

Ein Blick auf die Homepage der Archiv- und Museumsstiftung der Vereinten Evangelischen Mission (VEM) verrät, dass ihr Archiv die Aufgabe hat, das ,,Gedächtnis“ ihrer Arbeit sowie das ihrer Vorgängerorganisationen und ihrer über 39 Mitgliedskirchen zu sein.1
In Wuppertal, in den schönen Gebäuden an der Rudolfstraße 137 und der Missionsstraße 9, werden also Schriftstücke, Dokumente, Bilder und Zeugnisse aller Art gesammelt, gespeichert und erschlossen, die im direkten Kontext zur christlichen Religion und ihren weltweiten
Verbindungen stehen.2 Damit entspricht die Wuppertaler Einrichtung einer vielleicht etwas altmodischen, gleichwohl noch üblichen Archiv-Vorstellung, denn sie besteht aus der ,,Trias von Institution, Raum und Bestand“.3 Zu dieser Vorstellung kann sich eine Art
Misstrauen gesellen, suggeriert doch jede institutionelle Rahmung ,,eine gewisse Nähe zu den Zentren von Macht und Einfluss“.4 Viele staatliche und nicht-staatliche Archive müssen sich mit diesem Misstrauen auseinandersetzen, das in der Öffentlichkeit und in
Fachkreisen in der definitorisch eher unpräzisen Denkfigur ,,Archivmacht“ diskutiert wird. Eine Erläuterung hierzu, die auf die Unmöglichkeit verweist, Archiven so etwas wie eine relative historische Wahrheit abzutrotzen,5 erschien im September 2011 in der Süddeutschen
Zeitung. In Bezug auf das Politische Archiv des Auswärtigen Amtes konnte man dort lesen: ,,Geschichte schreiben nicht die Sieger, sondern die Archivare“.6
Zwischen Konsumlenkung und Konsumwandel: Tabak in Sachsen vom 16. bis zum 19. Jahrhundert
Authors: Ludwig Jörg
Published: February 2022

Es mutet einigermaßen paradox an, dass der heute aus gesundheitlichen Gründen weltweit geächtete Tabakgenuss seinen Siegeszug in der frühneuzeitlichen europäischen Konsumkultur wesentlich der Mitwirkung von Medizinern zu verdanken hat.1 Viele von
diesen sprachen seit dem 16. Jahrhundert dem Tabakrauchen heilende und gesundheitsfördernde Eigenschaften zu und halfen so, eine von vielen Zeitgenossen zunächst als fremdartig wahrgenommene Konsumform einzubürgern, die sich, auch gegen den Widerstand einer oft tabakfeindlichen
Obrigkeit, immer mehr verbreitete.2 Der Tabak ist zugleich ein Beispiel dafür, wie in der Frühen Neuzeit durch Stimulierung neuer Bedürfnisse kapitalistisches Wachstum generiert wurde. Er und seine Konsumutensilien waren Gegenstand von auf Gewinnerzielung ausgerichteten
unternehmerischen Aktivitäten, und die Verbraucher mussten den neuartigen Genuss, wenn sie nicht auf anderes verzichten wollten, durch Einkommen aus zusätzlicher oder produktiverer Arbeit finanzieren.
Der ,,Tabak-Indianer“ als transnationaler Werbeträger
Authors: Usbeck Frank
Published: February 2022

Im Sommer 1936 präsentierte sich Berlin den internationalen Besuchern der Olympischen Spiele als die Hauptstadt des wiedererstarkten und florierenden Deutschen Reichs. Die NS-Führung inszenierte pompöse Propagandaaktionen, die diesen Status demonstrieren sollten. Gleichzeitig
ergingen Anweisungen an die Medien, Land und Regime als weltoffen, modern und friedliebend zu präsentieren und damit von der politischen Repression, der Rassenverfolgung und der Aufrüstung durch die Nationalsozialisten abzulenken.1 Für Wirtschaft und Handel im Reich
war dieses weltweit beachtete Großereignis eine hervorragende Gelegenheit, ihre Produkte zur Schau zu stellen. So richtete das in der Textil- und Tabakindustrie verankerte Herrnhuter Unternehmen Abraham Dürninger & Co. sein Berliner Geschäft für den Anlass neu ein.
Eine Attraktion dieser Schaudekoration war die hölzerne Skulptur eines ,,Indianers“ mit integriertem mechanischem Feuerzeug für Zigarren. Mit dieser Skulptur stellt sich der deutsche Tabakfabrikant Dürninger in die internationale Tradition exotisierender Bilder im Kolonialwarenhandel.
Die französische Agrarpolitik im syrischen Alawitenstaat während der Mandatszeit: Ein Streitfall zwischen alawitischen Bauern und Großgrundbesitzern aus Hama, 1926-1927
Authors: Trimmel Wolfgang
Published: February 2022

Die derzeitige Lage in Syrien hat auch innerhalb der Geschichtswissenschaften ein verstärktes Interesse an den historischen Dimensionen des aktuellen Konflikts hervorgerufen. Rezente Publikationen behandeln vor allem die Geschichte Syriens von der Unabhängigkeit 1946 bis zum
Ausbruch des Bürgerkriegs 2011.1 Ebenso haben die Entwicklungen während der französischen Mandatszeit in den letzten Jahren vermehrte Beachtung erfahren.2 Dieser Artikel befasst sich mit einem bisher kaum untersuchten Aspekt der französischen Kolonialpolitik3
in Syrien: Agrarreformen im Alawitenstaat, einer territorialen Einheit, die von Seiten Frankreichs geschaffen wurde und von 1920 bis 1936 Bestand hatte.4
The Effectiveness of Adding Rice Husk Nanosilica to the Flexural Strength of Opaque Porcelain Coatings on Metal Ceramic Dental Crowns
Authors: Zain Nurul Fauziyah , Sopan Sinamo  , Elisanta Desriana Br Sinuraya  , Florenly
Published: February 2022

Background. Failure of dentures that are unable to withstand flexural forces is often a major problem in the use of metal-ceramic crowns. The use of rice husk nano-silica powder has been extensively researched in dentistry because of its ability to improve mechanical properties. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of nano-silica particles from rice husks on the flexural strength of the opaque layer on Co-Cr metal-ceramic crowns.

Methods. The type of research is experimental laboratories in vitro with posttest only control group design. The research samples were rectangular Co-Cr metal and porcelain plated on top of the metal center totaling 25 samples which were divided into 5 treatment groups. Flexural strength measurement with three-point bending at UTM. Data were analyzed by independent T-test and way ANOVA.

Results. flexural strength of Co-Cr metal ceramic crown with the addition of 0.25% rice husk silica; 0.5%; 0.75%.1% in the opaque layer is 70.431±4.168; 84.093±2.852; 100,672±4,182 and 115,092±3,821, respectively.

Conclusion. There is an increase in the flexural strength of metal ceramic crowns with the addition of 0.25% silica; 0.5%; 0.75%,1% on opaque coating.
Penguatan Integrasi TIK Dalam Pembelajaran IPA Di Era Pandemi Covid-19 Kepada Guru IPA Di Palangka Raya
Authors: Hutahaen Saulim DT , Hartanto Theo Jhoni , Dinata Pri Ariadi Cahya , S. Dermawati
Published: February 2022

Tujuan umum program bimtek penguatan  ini adalah untuk memberikan Bimbingan Teknis kepada guru-guru sekolah dasar tentang pengintegrasian TIK pada pembelajaran IPA/Fisika di SMP/SMA. Tujuan khusus Program ini adalah untuk menghasilkan (1) disain pengintegrasian TIK dalam Pembelajaran IPA/Fisika, (2) paket  tugas pengintegrasian TIK dalam Pembelajaran IPA/Fisika (3) pengembangan media dan bahan ajar yang berbasis pengitegrasian TIK dalam pembelajaran. Untuk mencapai tujuan khusus Program ini ditempuh beberapa tahap pengembangan mengacu pada Thiagarajan (1974), yang dikenal dengan Four-D model, yaitu (1) tahap Define meliputi analisis kurikulum IPA/Fisika, pengkajian secara teoretik materi ipa/fisika, dan perumusan IPA/Fisika dengan tugas-tugas yang bersesuaian, (2) tahap Design meliputi: penulisan tugas-tugas pengintegrasian TIK, dan perumusan petunjuk pelaksanaan tugas-tugas bagi guru dan siswa, (3) tahap develop meliputi: uji coba terbatas (dua guru mitra), analisis hasil uji coba, revisi paket hasil uji coba, dan review dan evaluasi oleh, dan (4) tahap dissiminate meliputi: perluasan uji penggunaan paket, dan pemantauan dan evaluasi penggunaan paket. Manfaat yang dapat diperoleh dari Program ini adalah: (1) paket disain pengintegrasian TIK dalam Pembelajaran IPA/Fisika dapat menjadi pegangan/contoh dalam pembelajaran. (2) penerapan paket paket disain pengintegrasian TIK dalam Pembelajaran IPA/Fisika dapat meningkatkan pemahaman guru terhadap beberapa Teknik pengintegrasian TIK dalam pembelajaran, dan (3) paket disain pengintegrasian TIK dalam Pembelajaran IPA/Fisika ini dapat direkomendasikan kepada pemerintah, khususnya.
Thermal oxidation process on Si(113)-(3 × 2) investigated using high-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy
Authors: Tanaka Hiroya , Ohno Shinya , Miki Kazushi , Tanaka Masatoshi
Published: February 2022

Thermal oxidation of Si(113) in a monolayer regime was investigated using high-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Dynamic processes during thermal oxidation were examined in three oxidation modes – oxidation, etching, and transition modes – in the third of which both oxidation and etching occur. A precise temperature–pressure growth mode diagram was obtained via careful measurements for Si(113), and the results were compared with those for Si(111) in the present work and Si(001) in the literature. Initial oxidation processes were identified based on high-resolution STM images.
PENINGKATAN MINAT BELAJAR MATEMATIKA SECARA DARING PADA MASA PANDEMI DI DESA GARUNG LAMONGAN
Authors: Febriyanti Rahma , Nur Ilmayasinta  , Kiftiyatus Sholikah  , Rahmi Catur Kartika Sari
Published: February 2022

Pandemi covid telah mengubah pola belajar siswa sehingga menyebabkan menurunnya minat belajar siswa. SDN 1 Garung merupakan salah satu sekolah yang terdampak. Banyak siswa yang mengalami penurunan minat belajar secara daring di masa pandemi. Oleh karena itu diperlukan kegiatan pembimbingan untuk meningkatkan minat belajar matematika siswa secara daring. Metode yang dilakukan yaitu dengan melakukan pembimbingan belajar dengan aplikasi yang menarik secara online yang diberikan melalui WhatsApp. Pemberian kuisioner dilakukan sebelum dan setelah pembimbingan untuk mengetahui sejauh mana minat belajar siswa. Hasil dari kegiatan ini yaitu siswa SDN 1 Garung mengalami peningkatan minat yang baik yaitu 11% dalam mengikuti pembelajaran matematika secara daring. Hal ini ditunjukkan dengan antusias siswa saat pembelajaran daring berlangsung yaitu dengan aktif bertanya dan menanggapi materi yang disampaikan.
Penguatan Peran Masyarakat dalam Mewujudkan Desa Tangguh Bencana
Authors: Wiratama Rifqy Adhi , Rizky Andriyanto  , Rizki Anugrah Firdaus  , Wily Adiyaksa  , Rizkia Wulandari  , Lia Novitasari  , Romadona Desy Suciati  , Ardhana Januar Mahardhani
Published: February 2022

Kegiatan ini mempunyai fokus penguatan peran masyarakat dalam mewujudkan desa tangguh bencana di Desa Dayakan Kecamatan Badegan Kabupaten Ponorogo. Manfaat utama dalam kegiatan ini adalah membangun kembali kontribusi masyarakat dalam rangka penanganan bencana yang ada di Desa Dayakan. Desa Dayakan merupakan salah satu desa yang setiap tahun terkena bencana alam seperti tanah gerak, banjir bandang, kebakaran hutan, dan kekeringan. Seluruh Desa Dayakan terletak pada kontur tanah pegunungan dan sebagai besar merupakan hutan. Dalam pelaksanaan pengabdian ini dilakukan melalui beberapa aktivitas diantaranya: (1) Sosialisasi kegiatan program, (2) Penguatan keberadaan forum pengurangan resiko bencana (PRB), (3) Pelatihan mitigasi bencana dan kegawatdaruratan, (4) Pendirian posko kebencanaan pada setiap dukuh, dan (5) Pendirian pos komunikasi dan informasi bencana. Pada pelaksanaannya masyarakat sangat mendukung kegiatan ini melalui partisipasi mereka dalam setiap aktivitas yang diselenggarakan, selain itu peran pemerintah desa, kelompok PRB, serta pihak institusi eksternal juga terus dibangun. Saran yang diberikan dalam kegiatan ini adalah pemerintah desa harus menjadi motor dalam memberikan semangat kepada masyarakat untuk mewujudkan Desa Dayakan sebagai desa tangguh bencana.
GEOPOLITICS OF TECHNOLOGY: A NEW BATTLEGROUND?
Authors: Khan Khalid , Su Chi-Wei , Umar Muhammad , Zhang Weike
Published: February 2022

This study aims to consider the causality between global geopolitical risk (GPR) and technology (TEC) using the rolling window approach. The results reveal that GPR has a significant impact on TEC across different sub-samples. It points out that GPR increases TEC and both are highly integrated and the geopolitical constraints are pivotal to TEC development. On the other hand, TEC leads GPR due to competition between countries for geopolitical dominance and security. The results back the Becker Model, which reveals that divergence of interests between countries drive TEC competition and systematically associated with GPR in a country. The international community should create a mechanism that supports interoperability and the states should pay attention to TECs that are critical to economic and strategic interests in the long run. Moreover, the states could enhance cooperation with the private sector which is an important determinant.
TeV and keV–MeV Excesses as Probes for Hadronic Process in BL Lacertaes
Authors: Cheng Ji-Gui , Huang Xiao-Li , Wang Ze-Rui , Huang Jian-Kun , Liang En-Wei
Published: February 2022

A hard TeV γ-ray component excess over the single-zone leptonic model prediction (TeV excess) is observed in the spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of some BL Lacs. Its origin is uncertain. We revisit this issue with four BL Lacs (1ES 0229+200, 1ES 0347–121, 1ES 1101–232, and H2356–309), in which the TeV excess is detected in their intrinsic SEDs. We represent their SEDs with a single-zone leptohadronic model, where radiations of the electrons and protons as well as the cascade electrons produced by the γγ and pγ interactions within their jets are considered. We show that the observed SEDs below the GeV gamma-ray band are attributed to the synchrotron radiations and self-Compton process of the primary electrons, and the TeV excess is explained with the γ-ray emission from the pγ process via the π
0 decay. The cascade emission of the electrons produced via the γγ and pγ interactions results in a keV–MeV excess in the SEDs, illustrated as a bump or plateau. This extra photon field enhances the production of TeV photons from the p
γ process, resulting in a reduction of the proton power by about one order of magnitude. However, the derived powers are still 3–4 orders of magnitude larger than the Eddington limit, being challenged by the current black hole accretion physics. Applying our model to Mrk 421, we propose that synergic observations with current and upcoming TeV and keV–MeV telescopes for its tentative TeV and MeV excesses can give insights to the hadronic process in its jet.
A Correlational Study Between Sex Ratio and Literacy Rate Matrix in India: A Case Study of Jammu and Kashmir State
Authors: Shah Mehraj
Published: February 2022

Changing Demographic statistics huge have both instantaneous and distant policy ramifications for all the world's nations, especially India, which will emerge as the world’s populist country shortly. The country on one hand is expected to enjoy the benefit of the young population, while on the other side, it is likely to suffer on account of adverse sex ratio. The situation is almost identical in the state of Jammu and Kashmir. The panorama demands a careful investigation into gender statistics. Accordingly, the study based on secondary data attempts to examine the influence of literacy and illiteracy on selective sex births in rural and urban areas. The study on the basis of parametric analysis finds that literacy significantly contributes to particular sex births both in urban and rural areas and illiteracy largely favours unselective sex births. Moreover, the study observes that the literate population overwhelmingly adopts selective sex births syndrome. This seems a major reason for the aggravated sex ratio in Jammu and Kashmir.  Moreover, the study based on some advanced studies in medical science emphasises that eliminating feticide on the basis of advanced medical aid is yet not a full proof procedure to know exactly the type sex of new birth in advance. Therefore, the paper attempts to refute the belief that the sex of a  foetus not be determined precisely. The reality of the fact is that the sex of a foetus can not be determined exactly before the actual birth. Thus the study concludes that gender statistics imbroglio is a very crucial issue and it myths and realities should be exposed in the light of advanced medical science along with eliminating emerging expensive socio-economic evils of the society.
Bird in the Sky – Babylonian Bird Omen Collections, Astral Observations and the manzāzu
Authors: Anor Netanel , Cohen Yoram
Published: February 2022

L’objectif de cet article est d’examiner les collections babyloniennes de présages tirés d’oiseaux afin de démontrer comment les organes physiques externes de l’oiseau sacrifié pouvaient être interprétés par le devin comme des signes d’événements célestes potentiels. Cela nous amènera à soutenir que le terme bien connu manzāzu fait référence à l’apparition concrète d’une divinité sous forme de corps astral au cours du rituel d’extispicine. La discussion est suivie de l’édition complète d’un recueil de présages tirés d’oiseaux (YOS 10 51, YOS 10 52 et Nougayrol 1967).
Conservation of Sculptures and Wall Panels of the palace of Sennacherib, 2013
Authors: Abd Mustafa Saad Ahmed , Saadallah Zaid Ghazi
Published: February 2022

Cet article présente les problèmes liés à la conservation et à la restauration de sculptures et de panneaux muraux en calcaire du palais de Sennachérib à Ninive. Après avoir fait le point sur les différentes atteintes que peuvent subir ces sculptures, les modalités et les procédures de restaurations conduites en 2013 sont décrites, tout particulièrement les processus de nettoyage, de consolidation et de remplissage.
Renouveau de la présidence Obama à mi-mandat ?
Authors: Vergniolle de Chantal François
Published: February 2022

Résumé Le chômage de masse et les déséquilibres budgétaires sont les principaux obstacles à la réélection de Barack Obama en 2012. A-t-on assisté en deux ans à l’échec d’une « greffe » progressiste sur une culture politique américaine dans laquelle certains voient un conservatisme incontournable ?
Contours genrés du soutien informel et temporalités de la maladie cancéreuse
Authors: Meidani Anastasia
Published: February 2022

Prenant appui sur le volet français d’une enquête européenne de méthodologie mixte alliant protocole qualitatif et quantitatif, le présent article se propose d’examiner les contours genrés du travail de soins apportés par les proches aidant·es aux malades atteint·es de cancer. Appréhendé à partir de ses composantes morales, informationnelles ou matérielles, le soutien informel est examiné selon les différents registres temporels de la trajectoire de la maladie. Sont alors observées les disparités de genre les plus significatives qui opèrent au sein des réseaux personnels informels mobilisés tout au long de la trajectoire et les différences du soutien informel perçues du point de vue des hommes et des femmes malades.
Les cycles Hubris – Némésis
Authors: Sanchez-Palencia Évariste
Published: February 2022

Les interactions de type antagoniste (prédation) entre deux entités quantifiables (populations par exemple) conduisent à des processus évolutifs faisant souvent apparaître des cycles périodiques stables (attracteurs) exhibant des phases parfaitement identifiables (démesure, effondrement, résilience). Dans des cas plus complexes d’interaction où les prédateurs ont aussi une influence collatérale bénéfique sur les proies, il peut apparaître une phase initiale d’essor mutuel des deux populations. Ces phénomènes se déclenchent lorsque l’efficacité du mécanisme de prédation est suffisamment grande. Nous décrivons ces comportements dans les deux cadres de la biologie et de l’économie.
Dans quelle mesure les honoraires du mandat salarié sont-ils la rémunération du service rendu ?
Authors: Hecketsweiler Laurent
Published: February 2022

H. Ader, A. Damien, S. Bortoluzzi, D. Piau et T. Wickers, Règles de la profession d’avocat (2018/2019), 16 e éd., Paris, 2018, p. 1347-1348 : La question de l’application du droit de la consommation aux avocats a longtemps bénéficié d’un certain flou lié à l’existence d’une réglementation spéciale, propre à la profession d’avocat, qui justifiait, selon la doctrine dominante, l’exclusion de l’application des règles du code de la consommation […]. La pleine application du droit de la consommation aux avocats, clairement affirmée tant par la Cour de cassation que par la CJUE en 2015, a des impacts certains sur les modalités d’exercice des avocats, tant s’agissant de la publicité et de la sollicitation personnalisée que s’agissant de la rémunération au niveau de la conclusion de la relation avocat - client, en matière d’obligation d’information, de formation de la convention d’honoraires et de contenu de celle-ci […].
La grammaire peut-elle être illicite ? La réponse de l’arrêt GISS et Fourtic
Authors: Moron-Puech Benjamin
Published: February 2022

CE, 2 e et 7 e SSR, 28 févr. 2019, Association Groupement d’information et de soutien sur les questions sexuées et sexuelles (GISS) et Mme F., req. n os  417128 et 417445 : 6. […] En prescrivant d’utiliser le masculin comme forme neutre pour les termes susceptibles, au sein des textes réglementaires, de s’appliquer aussi bien aux femmes qu’aux hommes et de ne pas faire usage de l’écriture dite inclusive, la circulaire attaquée s’est bornée à donner instruction aux administrations de respecter, dans la rédaction des actes administratifs, les règles grammaticales et syntaxiques en vigueur. Eu égard à sa portée, elle ne saurait en tout état de cause être regardée comme ayant pour objet ou pour effet de porter atteinte à l’égalité entre les femmes et les hommes […].
Hybrid Fixation of Open Distal Humerus Fracture With Acute Loss of Lateral Articular Condyle
Authors: Morley Meghan , Makar Gabriel S. , Fedorka Catherine J. , Fuller David A.
Published: February 2022

Acute, major articular bone loss associated with an open fracture is an uncommon injury. These injuries typically occur after high-energy trauma and are challenging to treat. Various approaches to treatment include allografts, prosthetic composite structures, custom implants, and total joint arthroplasty. These treatment options provide a wide array of variability in outcomes, costs, and challenges, especially in young and active patients. Two patients presented to our institution with open elbow injuries that included structural bone loss of the lateral column including the entire capitellar articular surface and a portion of the lateral trochlea. With the limited portions of bone available, the surgical principles for distal humerus fracture of articular repair followed by medial and lateral column restoration were followed. Each patient was treated with repair of the residual remnant of the articular surface. Then, repair of the columns of the distal humerus was performed by using a combination of internal fixation and hinged external fixation. In both cases, a plate was inserted to repair the medial column and a hinged external fixation was applied laterally to protect the lateral column. Immediate motion was allowed and progressed within each patient's tolerance. The lateral, hinged external fixator was removed at 8 weeks after injury and converted to a lateral column plate fixed distally into the lateral portion of the residual trochlea. At follow-up, both patients had radiographic evidence of reconstitution of the lateral column of the distal humerus and were able to return to heavy manual labor. [
Orthopedics
. 2022;45(3):e162–e167.]
Effects of Manikin Fidelity on Simulation-Based Nursing Education: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Kim Young-Ju , Yoo Jee-Hye
Published: February 2022

Background:

Few studies have examined whether higher-fidelity manikins are superior to lower-fidelity manikins in nursing simulation-based education.

Method:

A database search initially yielded 2,656 studies written in English or Korean. Duplicates and irrelevant studies were excluded. Ancestry searches generated 3 additional studies, and 15 studies met the criteria.

Results:

Higher-fidelity manikins were more effective than lower-fidelity manikins in improving skill performance/clinical competence and perception of nursing students and nurses. In terms of learners' knowledge, satisfaction, and self-confidence, both higher- and lower-fidelity manikins were similarly effective for nursing students.

Conclusion:

This article provides evidence that higher-fidelity manikins do not always ensure a superior educational effect compared with lower-fidelity manikins.

[
J Nurs Educ
. 2022;61(2):67–72.]
A Model for Student Success
Authors: Sanderson Carla D. , Hollinger-Smith Linda , Cox Karen
Published: February 2022

Background:

Institutions may be experiencing an increasing number of applicants who are underprepared for nursing study, especially institutions with access missions. Early identification and intervention can mitigate risk of attrition and unsuccessful NCLEX-RN
®
outcomes.

Method:

An initial study of approximately 1,500 graduates from a multi-campus system led to the development of a comprehensive approach to student success. The model includes identifying nonacademic success factors through an early assessment survey, implementing a data-driven admissions matrix, changing progression policies, designing a new learning-relearning approach, and offering robust cocurricular student support.

Results:

NCLEX-RN pass rates and student persistence have improved in the 4 years since implementation, and graduation rates are stable.

Conclusion:

Although improvements have been made, there is more work to do. African American students have not demonstrated overall improvements when compared to students of different racial and ethnic backgrounds. Further research is needed to test, design, and implement strategies to address social and race-related factors influencing persistence and success.

[
J Nurs Educ
. 2022;61(2):101–104.]
Language Variation Placed in the Center of Language Teaching
Authors: Tzakosta Marina
Published: February 2022

The purpose of this study is twofold: first, to present the main axes of a course focused on Greek geographical language varieties offered for the first time by the University of Crete, Greece and, second, to analyze the reactions of students who have attended all lectures of this course. The ideas expressed by the participants in the study are in line with the view that Greek geographical language varieties fall within the major picture of language diversity, and, since the former are often non-dominant language systems which are spoken by minority groups, they are threatened by linguistic death. Therefore, such varieties should be defined by the principles of inter-cultural communication and anti-bias teaching and supported and strengthened by well-designed courses addressed to in-service and future language educators.
A Cross-Cultural Investigation Into EMI Instruction
Authors: Kvasova Olga , Kavytska Tamara , Westbrook Carolyn , Westbrook Kevin W.
Published: February 2022

The chapter is a comparative research of EMI instruction in two educational and cultural settings. It examines EMI practices in the Anglophone and non-Anglophone contexts through surveying EMI teachers' perceptions of the issues related to content and language pedagogy. Through comparing these perceptions, the chapter reveals different understanding of the EMI concept as well as different implementation of the instructional practices in the two contexts, which stems from cultural, educational, and social distinctions. The participants of the research were 129 university content lecturers from the UK and EMI teachers from Ukraine. The survey contained nine questions that elicited the respondents' views on the relevance of the skills the students have to obtain and the tasks that the students are required to do while taking up the EMI course.
Multilocational Evaluation of Growth and Antioxidant Content of Curly Kale (Brassica oleracea L. var acephala) and Chinese Kale (Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra) in Sri Lanka
Authors: Jayasooriya R.Y. , Chamara R.M.S.R. , Gunathilake G.K.D.C.S. , Liyanage L.P.H. , Beneragama C.K.
Published: February 2022

Curly kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) and Chinese kale (Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra) are cruciferous vegetables, which have recently gained great popularity in the world as a ‘superfood’. Generally, kale has the capacity to tolerate diverse climatic conditions while demanding fewer inputs, thus making it possible to cultivate them with a minimum cost for crop management. However, kale is still not widespread in Sri Lanka as a vegetable. Therefore, it has not been a commercialized crop to date. This study was conducted to explore the potential for cultivating kale in Sri Lanka. Two cultivars of curly kale (‘Dwarf green curled’ and ‘Winterbor F1’) and Chinese kale were cultivated in three agro-climatic zones representing three main climatic zones in the country, namely the Mid-Country Wet Zone, Mid country Intermediate Zone and Low-Country Dry Zone, using three different media (M1: Existing soil in each location; M2: Sand and coir dust mixture – ratio 1:1; M3: Sand, coir dust, and soil - ratio 1:1:1) at each location. The experiment was carried out as a three-factor factorial with three replicates as a pot experiment. Based on the present study results, even though all the varieties displayed a significantly (p < 0.05) higher growth in terms of dry matter accumulation in the Wet Zone, the growth in the other two locations was also found to be satisfactory. Dry matter accumulation was not significantly different among the varieties within each location. Different media did not have a significant influence on growth. Even though the antioxidant contents in all varieties varied among locations, the values were within the acceptable range. Therefore, both curly kale and Chinese kale can be successfully grown in the tested locations in Sri Lanka and can be easily introduced to local consumers as a ‘superfood’.
Sustainability in the Face of Adversity – In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter
Authors: Jayasinghe M.K.
Published: February 2022

The extent to which the four main characters of The Scarlet Letter are capable of enduring hardships in the face of the rigid structure of the Puritan society is studied in this research paper. Endurance being a far-fetched meaning of sustainability; if said differently, this paper is a study of their sustainability. These characters are namely, Hester Prynne, her legal husband Roger Chillingworth, the pastor Arthur Dimmesdale, all of them caught up in a love triangle and Pearl, Hester Prynne’s daughter, born out of wedlock. Using a qualitative research approach, a narrative analysis is conducted where initially the reader is given an insight into the story line of The Scarlet Letter. Ensuing, is a brief description of the Puritan period and its society, the significance of symbolism in the novel, and an examination of the transformation of the four characters throughout the duration of the novel. Hester Prynne, the bearer of the scarlet letter, faces extremely challenging times due to her behavior. A detailed observation of how she gradually and positively integrates into this environment of an unforgiving Bostonian Puritanical society through her fortitude to face up to it, is done in this paper. Finally, the power of endurance of the characters being evaluated, Hester Prynne turns out to be the victor. Thereby, proving that despite great adversity, a female is yet able to endure hardships and show her tenacity in male dominated societies.
Bioetica clinica. Il problema dei pazienti affetti da broncopatia cronica ostruttiva.
Authors: Furfori P. A. , Pala F. , Messina M.
Published: February 2022

Dato che nell'opinione comune si pensa alla rianimazione ed alla terapia intensiva come le branche della pratica medica più facilmente tacciabili di disumanizzazione, gli Autori ritengono possibile parlare di umanizzazione di tali discipline mediche portando due casi clinici di pazienti affetti da insufficienza respiratoria cronica. In tali situazioni i problemi etico-deontologici sollevati sarebbero: il principio di autonomia del paziente, quest'ultimo spesso quasi impossibilitato, per le sue condizioni, a dare un consenso sereno e consapevole; il principio di verità, da calibrare sulle caratteristiche psicologiche della persona; la libertà-responsabilità dei familiari; il principio di beneficialità-non maleficialità, da valutare attentamente in questo caso. Vengono elaborate delle possibili linee-guida, fatte salve le peculiarità di ciascun paziente: la promozione dello sviluppo fisico, psichico e sociale della persona; il rispetto prioritario della vita fisica; il rispetto per la dignità della persona; il diritto al consenso informato - quando possibile - del paziente, coinvolgendo anche i familiari nell'informazione; non instaurare un trattamento se ritenuto inutile e previo accordo col paziente, se possibile. In definitiva gli Autori ritengono che, alla luce delle considerazioni sopra esposte, le vie percorribili nell'umanizzazione dell'assistenza al paziente con broncopatia cronica ostruttiva (BPCO) sono due: nel caso dell 'individuazione dei pazienti con BPCO in fase iniziale è possibile mettere in atto, di comune accordo con l'ammalato ed informati familiari e medico di famiglia, la strategia da seguire in caso di acuzie della patologia. Nell'altro caso, quando cioè il paziente arriva all'attenzione del rianimatore senza conoscenza o in fase acuta, occorre tentare di umanizzare al massimo la degenza nella rianimazione.
Bioetica e Nursing. Il ruolo dell'infermiere nei trapianti d'organo
Authors: Carraro Mara , Spagnolo Antonio G.
Published: February 2022

L'articolo intende esaminare da una parte il ruolo infermieristico nei confronti dei familiari di un potenziale donatore di organi e dall'altra quello tra infermiere e malato ricevente. Nel primo caso l'infermiere svolge una duplice funzione: il momento di raccordo tra medici e familiari dopo che questi sono stati informati sulle condizioni del loro congiunto; l'assistenza al cadavere per cercare di conservare gli organi da donare fino all'espianto. Anche nel caso del rapporto tra l'infermiere ed il paziente ricevente, l'infermiere è chiamato a dare ulteriori informazioni e conferme al dialogo tra medico ed ammalato sia nella fase pre- che post-operatoria. Occorre, perciò, ma sono rari gli esempi, un protocollo d'intesa tra medici ed infermieri in modo da fornire all'ammalato una risposta integrata e completa. Nella professione infermieristica, fatta non solo di mansioni e compiti, ma anche di prestazioni relativamente autonome, si pone una domanda di eticità e di rettitudine dell'operato. Tenendo conto che all'infermiere si chiede un'assistenza attenta agli aspetti umani e relazionali della cura, è necessario allora che egli abbia un quadro di riferimento etico-deontologico, tale che lo aiuti ad acquisire. con altre complesse competenze, la capacità di orientare eticamente il suo lavoro. Tale quadro si individua nel modello etico personalistico. Rintracciato, allora, nel delicato rapporto tra i principi di autonomia e di beneficialità il nodo etico dell'assistenza infermieristica, questa risulterà eticamente adeguata quando opera con il pieno consenso del paziente ottenendo il miglior risultato terapeutico e nella consapevolezza che l'uomo è il valore massimo da tutelare.
La bioetica nel nuovo Catechismo della Chiesa Cattolica
Authors: Russo Giovanni
Published: February 2022

L'articolo intende riflettere sulla bioetica nel nuovo Catechismo della Chiesa Cattolica (CCC) da tre angolazioni: 1. la bioetica come problematica della fede; 2. la trattazione che il catechismo fa degli argomenti di interesse bioetico; 3. la rilevanza "catechetica'' della bioetica. L'Autore ritiene che nel CCC si possa parlare di educazione alla bioetica che - pur non comparendo esplicitamente nel testo per scelte legate all'organizzazione della materia - costituisce il Leitmotiv antropologico e teologico dell'esposizione nel Catechismo delle singole problematiche.
Change in refraction, corneal power and axial length of the eye secondary to silicone oil tamponade injection after pars plana vitrectomy
Authors: Elmadina Abdelaziz M. , Abdu Mustafa , Alrasheed Saif H. , Alrahman Nuha M.F. , Hamza Akram E. , Alobaid Mohammad A.
Published: February 2022

Background: Refractive and ocular biometric changes after silicone oil tamponade (SOT) in phakic eyes have been studied thoroughly; however, similar studies amongst Sudanese patients with vitreoretinal conditions were not carried out.Aim: This study aimed to assess post-operative changes in refraction, corneal power and axial length after pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) with SOT in phakic patients.Setting: The study was conducted at Sudan Eye Center, Khartoum, Sudan.Methods: A cross-sectional retrospective hospital-based study was performed at Sudan Eye Center. The study included all phakic patients who underwent PPV with SOT for a variety of vitreoretinal conditions from October 2018 to January 2019. Clinical investigations included uncorrected visual acuity (VA), best-corrected VA, refraction, corneal power and axial length pre- and post-surgery. Differences in these parameters were assessed using a paired sample t-test with a significance level of 0.05.Results: Medical records of 59 consecutive patients (59 eyes, 41 men and 18 women) with ages ranging from 22 years to 75 years were studied. The findings revealed a statistically significant hypermetropic change (pre: –0.17 ± 2.44 dioptre [D] and post: +4.43 ± 2.04 D) with a p-value of 0.001. In terms of axial length, there was a significant increase (pre: 23.61 ± 1.17 mm and post: 23.82 ± 1.27 mm; p  0.001). However, no significant change was found in corneal power (pre: –43.60 ± 1.96 D and post: 43.63 ± 2.03 D; p = 0.45).Conclusion: A hypermetropic shift in refraction, longer axial length and non-considerable increase in corneal power were observed amongst Sudanese phakic patients after PPV with instillation of silicone oil.
The association between objectively measured physical activity and health-related quality of life, life-space mobility and successful ageing in older Indian adults
Authors: Grace Jeanne M. , Naiker Jacqueline
Published: February 2022

Background: Longevity is increasing, accompanied by a rise in disability and chronic diseases with physical activity (PA) delaying disability, ensuring successful ageing (SA) and independent living in older adults.Aim: This study aimed to determine objectively measure PA levels, health-related quality of life (HRQoL), life-space mobility and SA of older adults as well as their mutual associations.Setting: KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa.Methods: A total of 210 older adults aged 65–92 years were purposively sampled and completed the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey, the Life-Space Mobility, and Successful Ageing questionnaires. Physical activity levels were measured using an Omron Pedometer, which the participants wore for seven consecutive days.Results: The average number of steps taken per day for the 7 days was 2025, with 98.6% of the entire study population classified as sedentary. The Vitality domain (one of 8 categorised) reflected the best health status (M = 59.9, s.d. ± 18.8) with a significant 93% of the participants indicating that they had not visited places outside their immediate neighbourhood (p 0.0005). A significant, negative association between the average number of steps taken in 7 days and all three SA variables, namely, the physical (r = –0.152, p = 0.027), sociological (r = –0.148, p = 0.032) and psychological (r = –0.176, p = 0.010), and a significant, positive association with life-space mobility (r = 0.224, p = 0.001) was noted.Conclusion: The majority of the older adults were sedentary, affecting their HRQoL, life-space mobility, and SA negatively.Contribution: It is imperative to develop effective physical activity programmes to ensure successful ageing by improving older adults’ quality of life and physical activity levels.