bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Malaria Control in Complex Humanitarian Emergencies
Authors: MacArthur John R , Williams Holly A , Bloland Peter B
Published: June 2020

War, famine, civil conflict, and political
persecution displacing large populations
often leads to severe disruptions
in health services, disease control
programs, food distribution systems,
and loss of shelter. When the dimensions
of the crisis overwhelm the local and international
communities' ability to
respond quickly and effectively, significant
morbidity and mortality result in
what is termed a complex humanitarian
emergency. The public health consequences
have been most severe in underdeveloped
nations where most deaths are
caused by communicable diseases, which
include malaria. This paper describes
and analyses the factors that contribute to
malaria morbidity and mortality and
proposes effective measures to combat
them.
An Ongoing Omission: Adolescent and Adult Malnutrition in Famine Situations
Authors: Salama Peter , Collins Steve
Published: June 2020

Prolonged famine causes malnutrition in all age groups. The under five age group is systematically targeted for nutritional interventions in the majority of complex emergencies where famine is a major component. Older children and adults however, are often not targeted systematically or are excluded completely. This is despite the past experience in Somalia, Angola and more recently southern Sudan, of sustained high adolescent and adult mortality rates assocaited with malnutrition. Using the recent example of southern Sudan, the authors analyze some of the reasons for this ommission, which include factors such as inadequate scientific literature, the bias of conventional nutritional epidemiology, agency inexperience and media and funding pressures. Finally the authors call for a greater amount of attention and resources to be targeted towards these age groups by the humanitarian community. Programmes should be accompanied by operational research within the framework of a common research agenda.
The Vitality of Interconnectedness:
Vast's Service Delivery Programme, First Alone, Then Together
Authors: Esfandiari Mahshid , MacQueen Frances
Published: June 2020

Work with survivors of torture requires a
delicate balance of therapeutic approaches.
This article presents the work
of the Vancouver Association for the Survivors
of Torture (VAST) by delving into
some of VAST Therapeutic Principles of
Care. It surveys the various therapeutic
approaches embraced by VAST which
help bridge the inside and outside world
of survivors of torture. Among these approaches,
bodywork plays a significant
role in establishing this bridging. Most
of all, this article emphasizes the need to
respect the leads from the survivors themselves.
Culturally appropriate and sensitive
treatment approaches are central.
All of these salient factors contribute to
the holistic approach emphasized by
VAST in order to join hands with survivors
on their way to building a sense of
interconnectedness and human vitality.
The Baha'fs Of Iran
Authors: Bremner Margaret
Published: June 2020

The Baha'is of Iran concerns the Iranian
Baha'i situation since the Islamic revolution
in lran in 1979-1980. This article
begins with a brief résumé of events in
1980 and 1981 which led to the Canadian
Bahra'i community becoming involved
in the private sponsorship of
refugees. This article then discusses the
Canadian Baha'i refugee program of the
1980s, including the relationship of the
Baha'i community of Canada with the
Canadian government and the growth
of the initially national program into one
of global proportions. Reasons for the
persecution of Baha'is in Iran are explained,
as is the nature of the persecution.
In the 1991 secret Government memorandum
the Baha'i Question is noted, and
details are provided regarding last autumn's
raids on homes involved with the
Baha'i Institute for Higher Education.
The reader is then brought up to date regarding
the current private sponsorship
of refugees by the Bahai'i Community of
Canada. This article concludes with a
short comment regarding remedies.
Case Study: Mr. Gabriel Marshal Nylowa Yak
Authors: Rice James A.
Published: June 2020

In the following case, a refugee and victim
of torture, fled religious persecution in
Sudan. He first arrived in Syria where he
made a claim to asylum to the UNHCR.
His claim was initially refused and he
fled to Hong Kong. The High Commissioner
ruled that Gabriel was an "irregular
mover" and that his appeal
could not be considered in Hong Kong. He
was sent against his will, back to Syria,
without any of the documentation that
substantiated his claim. During the
entire time that his case was being considered,
it was closely followed by Amnesty
International. Gabriel was
ultimately successful in his appeal and
was granted protection as a refugee. He
was resettled in the United States, where
he lives today.
Refugees and Asylum ~eekers In Britain:
V.K. Immigration and Asylum Act,1999.
Authors: Richmond Anthony H.
Published: June 2020

Trends in the numbers of asylum applicants
in Britain 1997-00 are examined,
together with changes in the law and in
the treatment of refugees in the U.K. The
system is designed to deter claimants,
penalise anyone assisting illegal entry
and aims to expedite removal. New
regulations control the location of asylum
seekers in the country, pending determination of their status. Differential
treatment of various nationalities indicates
systemic discrimination against certain
groups.
Responsibility Sharing or Shifting? "Safe" Third Countries and International Law
Authors: Foster Michelle
Published: June 2020

Th is article assesses the legality at international law of “protection elsewhere” policies, that is, policies whereby responsibility for refugees is transferred between states such as in the US-Canada Safe Third Country Agreement. An analysis of the operation of such policies in Europe, Australia, and North America raises serious concerns about the ability of such schemes to uphold their aims and objectives in conformity with international law. The paper concludes by recommending that states reconsider the utility and legality of such schemes with a view to developing policies that genuinely address the need for responsibility sharing.
Life after Refusal to Enter: Reflections of an Immigration Judge
Authors: Care Geoffrey
Published: June 2020

This article is a personal account of an immigration judge
in the UK. The history of attitudes towards immigrants in the UK since the Edict of Nantes is briefly sketched along with the sporadic emergence of review systems of executive decisions concerning immigrants, both political and non-political, from the beginning of the twentieth century up to the current one introduced first in 1969. The article then looks at the sort of judges recruited at first and the subject matter of most of the appeals until 1993—visitors, students, overstayers, and those seeking settlement for work, for their families to join them, and for marriage. The article deals briefly with the development of the immigration law in this period through these sorts of cases and the issues and questions facing the judge at the time. It considers where we got our information from with its challenges
and shortcomings: particularly the misunderstandings which arise in cross-cultural dialogue. The paper deals with the differences between a tribunal system in this particular jurisdiction, which adopts an adversarial approach, and the regular courts; and with the profound impact on a judge of having to adapt to decision making in such a milieu. It also tackles how these differences affect a judge’s approach, especially given the constraints imposed on his judicial independence. It also deals with the apparent changes over the years in the attitudes of judges in the tribunal, leaving a question mark over how far they are infl uenced by events and public opinion. Some of the perceived shortcomings of the tribunal system to decide immigration matters are set out in the context of what Stephen Sedley described as a “fear of public abuse or political displeasure, unwittingly favouring individuals who fit stereotypes with which I felt an affinity; affection (sympathy) or prejudice which may skew my judgment.” The demons which lurk in all systems of adjudication, asylum prominent among them, are called out by name in the judicial oath and the hope is expressed that lessons have been learned both as a judge and a person in the course of some twenty-two years in this jurisdiction.
Sanctuary in Context
Authors: Lippert Randy , Rehaag Sean
Published: June 2020

Introduction: Sanctuary in Context
Stateless Citizenship and the Palestinian-Arabs in Israel
Authors: Molavi Shourideh C
Published: June 2020

This paper will focus on Israel’s system of government with specific attention to the idea of citizenship and to its Palestinian-Arab citizenry. It will begin with a historical and political background of Palestinian-Arab citizens, along with an examination of their paradoxical circumstances living as non-Jewish citizens in a “Jewish state.” The multi-faceted discrimination faced by Palestinian-Arab citizens is laid out in an attempt to outline the apartheid state structure and system that constitutes the Israeli regime. The ethnicized nature and structure of Israeli citizenship will then be explained, and an analysis of the limited access of Palestinian-Arabs to Israeli citizenship through an illustration of the state’s legal definition and political characterization as a “Jewish state” will follow. This paper will argue that Israel’s (hardening) ethnic policies and practices, coupled with internal Palestinian political rifts and resistance, have resulted in a notable shrinking space of citizenship. Expanding on this analysis of Israeli citizenship and state structure, this paper will introduce the concept of statelessness and argue that self identification of the Israeli state as “Jewish” repudiates the citizenship of the Palestinian-Arab community, rendering this collective stateless. The paradoxical status of stateless citizenship will be explored to illustrate that this form of statelessness is not rooted in the absence of citizenship but rather in its presence, thus distinguishing between the statelessness of the Arab citizenry of Israel and the rest of the Palestinian nation. The paper will end with the application of Mark Salter’s metaphor of the border, arguing that,as stateless-citizens, Palestinian-Arabs are in a permanent state of border exception, the effect of which makes their bodies into borders.
Migrant Illegality, Nation Building, and the Politics of Regularization in Canada
Authors: McDonald Jean
Published: June 2020

Regularization, a means for people living with precarious immigration status to legalize or “regularize” their status, is a central demand of immigrant rights groups across Canada. From a perspective of No Borders, does the demand for regularization, while challenging the dayto- day practices of Citizenship and Immigration Canada, also unintentionally reinforce state power? Historical research on regularization programs in Canada suggests that regularization programs do not eliminate migrant illegality but reconfigure it. In this way, regularization may be implicated in processes that both makes and unmakes illegality within the context of immigration and citizenship in Canada.
Differential Criminalization under Operation Streamline: Challenges to Freedom of Movement and Humanitarian Aid Provision in the Mexico-US Borderlands
Authors: Burridge Andrew
Published: June 2020

On January 14, 2008, under the wider program of the Arizona Denial Prosecution Initiative, Operation Streamline was put into effect in the Tucson Sector of the Mexico-US borderlands. Initially implemented in Del Rio, Texas, this program—aimed at mass incarceration of undocumented persons to reduce repeated migration attempts—has been most rigorously applied in the Tucson Sector, known as both the busiest and deadliest corridor for migration. Every day approximately seventy migrants are apprehended by the US Border Patrol and then sentenced for up to 180 days imprisonment. I consider Operation Streamline and its impacts on undocumented migrants through the lens of local organizing, particularly by the humanitarian aid group No More Deaths, asserting that such policies—which further militarize the border and justify criminalization of migrants in the public eye—put bodies at greater risk, even before they are prosecuted, through practices of spatial containment that add to the rigours of crossing the Sonoran Desert. In this work I explore the methods in which grassroots humanitarian aid groups apply practices of direct action to challenge such policies and promote freedom of movement.
Negotiating Rights: Th e Politics of Local Integration
Authors: Polzer Tara
Published: June 2020

Advocacy campaigns against the “warehousing” of refugees in camps suggest the facilitation of local integration as a preferred policy option for states, international organizations, and non-governmental organizations. This paper argues that the institutions, assumptions, and habits that the international refugee protection system has developed over the past forty years hinder our understanding of local integration as a fundamentally political and refugee- and host-driven process. The paper uses African case studies to show how local integration is part of broader processes of local politics. It proposes alternatives to three key assumptions of conventional policy-oriented approaches to local integration: (1) that local integration is a form of local politics rather than institutionalizable process for an exceptional category of people (e.g., refugees); (2) that local integration is negotiated by refugees based on a range of legitimacy claims and forms of exchange rather than primarily based on “refugee rights”-related claims; and (3) that local integration is enabled by hosts for a variety of reasons rather than mainly for reasons related to the idea of “refugee protection.”
Residency Documents for All! Notes to Understand the Movement of Migrants in Barcelona
Authors: Varela Amarela
Published: June 2020

This text focuses on a concrete example of the political struggle of migrants which, beginning in the last decade and continuing to the present, occupies Catalan public space in the form of an extremely novel social movement led by migrants from the post-colonial peripheries. These migrants, upon installing themselves in the Spanish state and more specifically in the city of Barcelona, choose to escape the position of victim assigned to them by the “miserablist” representation of immigration to become agents and political subjects. This article is a socio-analytic reconstruction about this social movement which demands the unconditional regularization of all migrants without papers who live in Spain.
Introduction
Authors: Barutciski Michael
Published: June 2020

Introduction
Ministerial Influence at the Canadian Immigration and Refugee Board: The Case for Institutional Bias
Authors: Bonisteel Jacqueline
Published: June 2020

This paper explores the implications of Canada’s Immigration Minister Jason Kenney’s July 2009 comments on Mexican and Czech refugee claimants that accompanied the imposition of visas for these two countries. I argue that the Minister’s comments, in concert with his control over the tenure of Immigration and Refugee Board members, substantiate a claim that the Board is institutionally biased. While allegations of institutional bias have not fared particularly well in Canadian courts, I contend that the applicability of section 7 Charter rights distinguishes the immigration and refugee context, and makes success more probable. Specifically, I posit that the Minister’s comments have opened a window of opportunity to bring an end to the executive’s unfettered discretion over IRB reappointments, since the most effective remedy to address institutional bias would be amendment of the reappointment process.
It Takes a Village: Perspectives from a Multidisciplinary Team Addressing the Needs of HIV+ Refugees in Canada
Authors: Mah Heather , Ives Nicole
Published: June 2020

This study explored the perspectives of a multidisciplinary team at an HIV clinic in Canada mandated with addressing the diverse needs experienced by their HIV+ refugee clients. Specifically, the study sought to identify barriers and facilitators to effective service provision for refugee persons living with HIV/AIDS (PHAs) in the context of a multidisciplinary team. Data were acquired using qualitative methods. Individual interviews were conducted with a sample of seven service providers who work directly with HIV+ refugees on a multidisciplinary team at an HIV clinic in Canada. Respondents identified a need for improved community services for HIV+ refugees, specifically legal aid and service from immigration doctors and pharmacies.Cultural and linguistic issues also shaped respondents’ work with refugees; suggestions for addressing these issues included HIV-related and culturally competent training. Implications for policy, practice, and research are included.
Reforming the Canadian Refugee Determination System
Authors: Collacott Martin
Published: June 2020

If Canadian refugee policy is to serve interests of Canadians as well as those of genuine refugees in an effective manner, far more radical changes will be needed than have been attempted to date. They must include the introduction of robust safe third country designations, a review of the 1985 Singh decision of the Supreme Court of Canada, and possible withdrawal by Canada of its accession to the 1951 UN Refugee Convention. Other measures should also be considered such as placing an annual limit on the intake of refugees from overseas combined with that of successful in-country asylum seekers as well as establishing provision for temporary refugee status in Canada in addition to permanent resettlement. Measures should be taken to return Canada to its role primarily as a resettlement country for refugees selected abroad and not one that accommodates large numbers of asylum seekers making claims on our territory. With strong public backing for major changes, political parties that oppose such reforms will do so at the risk of losing electoral support.
“Knowledge in the Service of the Cause”: Education and the Sahrawi Struggle for Self-Determination
Authors: Farah Randa
Published: June 2020

This article examines the education strategy of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR), the state-in-exile with partial sovereignty on “borrowed territory” in Algeria. The article, which opens with a historical glance at the conflict, argues that SADR’s education program not only succeeded in fostering self-reliance by developing skilled human resources, but was forward looking, using education as a vehicle to instill “new traditions of citizenship” and a new imagined national community, in preparation for future repatriation. In managing refugee camps as provinces of a state, the boundaries between the “refugee” as status and the “citizen” as a political identity were blurred. However,the stalled decolonization process and prolonged exile produced new challenges and consequences. Rather than using the skilled human resources in an independent stat eof Western Sahara, the state-in-limbo forced SADR andthe refugees to adapt to a deadlocked conflict, but not necessarily with negative outcomes to the national project.
Beyond Basic Education: Exploring Opportunities for Higher Learning in Kenyan Refugee Camps
Authors: Wright Laura-Ashley , Plasterer Robyn
Published: June 2020

This paper seeks to elucidate the socio-cultural and economic benefits of higher education in refugee contexts. NGO and UNHCR initiatives in Dadaab and Kakuma camps are used as a reference point for discussing the challenges, best practices, and potential of higher and adult learning in contexts of protracted exile. This small-scale, qualitative study seeks to understand what opportunities for higher education exist for those living in Kenyan refugee camps, and do existing opportunities yield “social benefits” beyond those accrued by the refugees themselves? Drawing upon interviews with practitioners, observation in schools and learning centres, and data from refugee-service providers, our findings are primarily descriptive in nature and explore the myriad ways in which opportunities for higher learning can strengthen refugee communities in countries of asylum. We contend that although Kenya’s encampment policies limit the potential economic and social benefits of refugee education on a national level, opportunities for refugees to pursue higher education are still immensely valuable in that they bolster refugee service provision in the camps and provide refugees with the skills and knowledge needed to increase the effectiveness of durable solutions at both an individual and societal level, be they repatriation, local integration, or third-country resettlement.
Dual Disasters: Humanitarian Aid aft er the 2004 Tsunami
Authors: Collyer Michael
Published: June 2020

Book Review
To Feel at Home Abroad or No Place Like Home: Meanings of Displacement in Refugee Studies
Authors: Canefe Nergis
Published: June 2020

Book Review
Living in Limbo: Iraqi Refugees in Indonesia
Authors: Hoffman Sue
Published: June 2020

Between 1999 and 2001 about 4,800 Iraqi refugees made their way to Australia. While the vast majority reached their destination, some never got that far, instead finding themselves stranded in Indonesia for up to 10 years. The author conducted interviews with Iraqi refugees in both Indonesia and Australia, from which a number of themes emerged. Central to these was the insecurity and uncertainty faced by participants over a protracted period with a marked difference when comparing the narratives of the participants settled in Australia with those living in a limbo situation in Indonesia. The former recalled the stresses of their journey and the associated feelings of fear, anxiety, and depression. In the case of the latter group, these feelings were ever present as their journey was not yet over.
Paternités en exil: Une expérience thérapeutique père-enfant avec des réfugiés irakiens en Jordanie
Authors: Génot Muriel , Asfoor Muath , Hammad Hala
Published: June 2020

Paternités en exil: Une expérience thérapeutique père-enfant avec des réfugiés irakiens en Jordanie.
Protecting Boat People
Authors: Matas David
Published: June 2020

Remarks prepared for delivery to Association Québécoise des Avocats et Avocates en Droit de l’immigration, Montreal 21 October 2011
Protecting Boat People: Reply to James Bissett
Authors: Matas David
Published: June 2020

Reply to James Bissett
Contextual Introduction to UCT Refugee Rights Unit Special Section
Authors: Schreier Tal
Published: June 2020

Introduction
Reunification of the Refugee Family in South Africa: A Legal Right?
Authors: Khan Fatima
Published: June 2020

Family unity is not considered a right within international refugee instruments and as a result the laws and policies of most states are silent in this regard. Family unity is however a legal concept which is addressed extensively in various other international law instruments. This paper contends that refugee law as a dynamic body of law is informed by these international law instruments and it should not be viewed as an isolated body of law and be denied the benefits there from. The right of family unity is often distinguished from the right to family reunification, which extends protection more specifically to families that have been separated that wish to reunite. Even though few human rights instruments specifically designate a right offamily reunification it will be argued that to deny family reunification is to effectively violate the right to family unity. This paper furthermore examines the right to family reunification as it applies to refugees, looking specifically at the current status of South African and international law. It will be emphasised that because refugee law is informed by international human rights law, it can support, reinforce or supplement refugee law.
Restructuring Refuge and Settlement: Responding to the Global Dynamics of Displacement
Authors: Türk Volker
Published: June 2020

This was the keynote address at the 2012 Conference organized by the Canadian Association for Refugee and Forced Migration Studies (CARFMS), hosted by the Centre for Refugee Studies (CRS) at York University in Toronto.
Addressing Xenophobia in the Equality Courts of South Africa
Authors: De Jager Justin
Published: June 2020

South African society bears a legacy of inequality and struggle against oppression. In the Constitutional era, our courts have held that the right to equality is a core fundamental value against which all law and state practice must be tested. South Africa’s Equality Courts have been heralded as a transformative mechanism for the redressing of systemic inequality and the promotion of the right to equality. Following the aftermath of the 2008 xenophobic attacks in South Africa, the University of Cape Town Refugee Law Clinic, on behalf of some of the victims of these attacks, launched equality claims against the South African Police Services in order to address the unfair discrimination and xenophobia of police officials in protecting these victims. This paper reviews the two matters launched by the Clinic in the Equality Courts, examining the challenges that effectively reduce the accessibility of the Equality Courts and the difficulty inherent in proving discrimination in equality claims, and commenting on the benefits of using these courts to address xenophobia.
Policy Report on UNHCR’s Community Technology Access Program: Best Practices and Lessons Learned
Authors: Anderson Jessica
Published: June 2020

This report gives an overview of UNHCR’s Community Technology Access (CTA) program, which aims to improve education and livelihood opportunities for displaced populations via technology. Th e paper analyzes the key findings of a comprehensive external evaluation of the program conducted in 2012. According to the evaluation, the areas of greatest positive impact for people of concern were in the enjoyment of basic rights to freedom of expression and information, in building relationships with the host community, and social networking. However, access to technology alone is not sufficient to achieve the goals of quality education and self-reliance. Therefore, the evaluation recommends developing strategic, contextualized education and livelihood content and tools in order to achieve the desired goals of learning, skills, and access to employment, as well as a reassessment of CTAs’ potential for operational and fiscal autonomy in different countries.
“Migration and Violence: Lessons from Colombia for the Americas” A workshop of the Transatlantic Forum on Migration and Integration and the Refugee Research Network (TFMI)
Authors: Salcedo Jorge
Published: June 2020

The conference, “Migration and Violence: Lessons from Colombia to the Americas” was held in Bogotá D.C., Colombia at the Pontifi cia Universidad Javeriana on June 29, 2012. The main objective of the conference was to develop inter-disciplinary academic research in Central America and Mexico regarding the relationship between violence, particularly narco-violence, and migration. The setting in Bogotá D.C. was deliberate as the participants discussed how lessons learned from Colombia’s experience with narco-induced migration could be leveraged for the benefit of Central America and Mexico. With the participation of experts on international migration, government representatives, academics, and civil society, the conference highlighted research results and relevant intervention experience concerning this problem in Colombia, El Salvador, Guatemala, and Mexico.This article presents an analysis of the presentations given and the discussions held at the conference. It consists of four parts. The first section compares the similarities and differences regarding migration and violence in Colombia and El Salvador, Guatemala, and Mexico. The second section presents the major epistemological challenges emerging from research and models of intervention. The third section presents the implications of the epistemological challenges and their impact on public policy. The fourth section concludes with principal lessons from Colombia for research and intervention in the problem of violence and migration.
Social Navigation and the Resettlement Experiences of Separated Children in Canada
Authors: Denov Myriam , Bryan Catherine
Published: June 2020

This article explores the implications of language and dis- course for the experiences of separated refugee children in Canada, and the ways in which anti-refugee and anti-child discourses shape the terrain of resettlement. The article begins by tracing the academic and popular discourses of refugee populations generally, and separated children specifically. Given the formulaic and rigid portrayals and representations, we introduce the concept of social navigation, which provides a useful framework to study the resettlement experiences of separated children. Following an overview of the study’s methodology, we explore the social navigation and resettlement experiences of seventeen youth. In particular, we highlight the creative, resourceful, and thoughtful ways in which the youth navigated the refugee determination system, experiences of discrimination and isolation, as well as separation and loss during the resettle- ment process. The article ultimately underscores the ways in which these children and youth strategically navigate resettlement, overcome challenges, and—despite significant ideological barriers and material obstacles—ensure their survival and well-being as individuals and as groups.
Childhood in Exile: The Agency of Second-Generation Exiles Seeking Refuge from Apartheid
Authors: De Sas Kropiwnicki Zosa Olenka
Published: June 2020

This paper is based on a retrospective study of children who were born in exile and/or spent their formative years in exile during apartheid. It is based on 21 in-depth interviews with men and women who spent their childhoods in an average of three different countries in North America, Western Europe, the Nordic region, Eastern Europe, West Africa, and East Africa as second-generation exiles during apartheid. This article will argue that the interplay of structure and agency in the lives of second-generation exiles in the process of migration and in the transitory spaces that they occupied should be explored. Second-generation exile children devised a range of strategies in order to challenge or cope with constantly shifting contexts characterized by inequalities, social exclusion, violence, and political uncertainty.
Queer Settlers: Questioning Settler Colonialism in LGBT Asylum Processes in Canada
Authors: Fobear Katherine
Published: June 2020

Refugee and forced migration studies have focused primarily on the refugees’ countries of origin and the causes for migration. Yet it is also important to also critically investi- gate the processes, discourses, and structures of settlement in the places they migrate to. This has particular signifi- cance in settler states like Canada in which research on refugee and forced migration largely ignores the presence of Indigenous peoples, the history of colonization that has made settlement possible, and ways the nation has shaped its borders through inflicting control and violence on Indigenous persons. What does it mean, then, to file a refugee claim in a state like Canada in which there is ongoing colonial violence against First Nations communities? In this article, we will explore what it means to make a refugee claim based on sexual orientation and gender identity in a settler-state like Canada. For sexual and gender minority refugees in Canada, interconnected structures of col- onial discourse and regulation come into force through the Canadian asylum and resettlement process. It is through this exploration that ideas surrounding migration, asylum, and settlement become unsettled.
“Waiting for a Wife”: Transnational Marriages and the Social Dimensions of Refugee “Integration”
Authors: Brunner Lisa Ruth , Hyndman Jennifer , Mountz Alison
Published: June 2020

This paper addresses the gap in research on the social dimensions of refugee resettlement. This is accomplished by examining refugee belonging and definitions of “integration”through a case study of Acehnese refugees resettled in Vancouver, British Columbia, between 2004 and 2006. We analyze findings based on a survey and in-depth interviews conducted five years after resettlement. Our findings suggest that recently resettled groups like the Acehnese, who are “new and few,” face specif c integration challenges. Importantly,the lengthy timelines to enact sponsorship of a spouse and/or family reunification from Aceh unwittingly inhibit the social integration of the sponsors waiting in Canada.
Seen in Its True Light: Desertion as a Pure Political Crime
Authors: Khoday Amar
Published: June 2020

Individuals from democratic states who flee state prosecution and seek refugee status in Canada face significant challenges in obtaining asylum. There is a strong presumption that the legal system of their country of nationality will provide adequate procedural safeguards. This presumption extends to US military deserters who refused to serve in Iraq. The consequence is that numerous claimants have been denied over the past decade.

This article contends that where the feared prosecution relates to a political crime, there should not be a presumption of state protection. Furthermore, the article posits and discusses why desertion should constitute a pure political crime much like treason, sedition, or espionage. Lastly, the article argues, pursuant to United Nations policies, that such deserters should be able to obtain refugee status only where their desertion constitutes a refusal to be associated with military actions that are internationally condemned as contrary to the basic rules of human conduct.
Governing Refugees: Justice, Order and Legal Pluralism
Authors: Purkey Anna
Published: June 2020

Governing Refugees: Justice, Order and Legal Pluralism Kirsten McConnachie Abingdon, UK: Routledge, 2014, pp. 200
The International Law of Migrant Smuggling
Authors: Ouedraogo Awalou
Published: June 2020

The International Law of Migrant SmugglingAnne T. Gallagher et Fiona David Cambridge University Press, 2014: ISBN 987-1-107-01592-0 (Hardback), 783 p.
Young, Well-Educated and Adaptable: Chilean Exiles in Ontario and Quebec, 1973–2010
Authors: Poteet Morgan
Published: June 2020

Young, Well-Educated and Adaptable: Chilean Exiles in Ontario and Quebec, 1973–2010Francis Peddie Winnipeg, Manitoba: University of Manitoba Press, 2014
Already in America: Transnational Homemaking among Liberian Refugees
Authors: Trapp Micah M.
Published: June 2020

This article explores how refugees at the Buduburam Liberian refugee settlement in Ghana constructed and imagined home in and through a place they have never been to—“America.” Drawing on ethnographic examples of homemaking at Buduburam, this article develops the concept of entanglement to show how preferences for and access to the three durable solutions of the United Nations High Commission for Refugees were influenced by centuries of transnational homemaking embedded in the histories of the transatlantic slave trade and colonization of Liberia. Refugees preferred and practised resettlement not as a final destination, but as an active form of transnationalism. The reconfiguration of homemaking through the lens of entanglement demonstrates the importance of developing migratory policies and practices that are attentive to historic and future forms of inequality.
Book Review: Belonging in Oceania: Movement, Place-making and Multiple Identifications. Vol. 3 of Pacific Perspectives: Studies of the European Society for Oceanists
Authors: Lipset David
Published: June 2020

Belonging in Oceania: Movement, Place-making and Multiple Identifications. Vol. 3 of Pacific Perspectives: Studies of the European Society for Oceanists Edited by Elfriede Hermann, Wolfgang Kempf, and Toon van Meijl New York: Berghahn, 2014, pp. 232
Book Review: The Point of No Return: Refugees, Rights, and Repatriation
Authors: Beers Daniel
Published: June 2020

The Point of No Return: Refugees, Rights, and Repatriation Katy Long Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013, pp. 280
The Psycho-Social Conditions of Asylum-Seekers from Darfur in Israel
Authors: Slonim-Nevo Vered , Regev Shirley , Millo Yiftach
Published: June 2020

ObjectiveThe study appraises the prevalence of pre-migration trauma exposure, the ability to secure basic living needs, and psychological functioning among Darfuri asylumseekers and refugees living in Israel.

MethodThe sample included 340 adults from Darfur. Standardized measures assessing socio-psychological functioning were utilized.

Results

The participants demonstrated high rates of pre-migration exposure to traumatic experiences. Thirty per cent of the participants met DSM–IV criteria PTSD, with a higher proportion for women than for men. Post-migration stressors were mentioned by the majority of the participants.

ConclusionsThe State of Israel should recognize past atrocities and traumas of Darfuris who arrived in Israel. Such recognition should be offered as acceptance of their rightful access to refugee status determination. Moreover, the State of Israel needs to modify government policies and legalization facilities so that Darfuri refugees and asylum-seekers will have access to basic human needs and support services.
Migrant Women of Johannesburg: Life in an In-Between City, by Caroline Wanjiku Kihato
Authors: Rink Bradley
Published: June 2020

Migrant Women of Johannesburg: Life in an In-Between CityCaroline Wanjiku KihatoJohannesburg: Wits University Press, 2013
“We Are in the Middle of Two Great Powers”: Refugees, Activists, and Government during the Plattsburgh Border Crisis of 1987
Authors: Rosinbum John
Published: June 2020

In early 1987 the Canadian government closed its border to hundreds of would-be refugees streaming north from the United States. Forced to flee the newly passed Immigration Reform and Control Act, refugees from Central America, Southeast Asia, and eastern Africa found themselves trapped between the two countries. This article examines the reasons for the Canadian government’s policy shift, the temporary refugee camp it created in upstate New York, and the camp’s effect on the border town of Plattsburgh, NY.
Challenges and Progress in Ensuring the Right to Be Heard and the Best Interests of Children Seeking International Protection
Authors: Kanics Jyothi
Published: June 2020

Societal attitudes towards children significantly limit the extent to which they are able to realize their rights and can contribute to discrimination against children. Fortunately, legislative reform as well as changes in policies and practices are slowly leading to progress for children, in line with the Convention on the Rights of the Child. Child-sensitive procedures for children seeking international protection are being developed and implemented. It is crucial that these systems be strengthened so that durable solutions for children and families are secured without discrimination and in line with the best interests of the children concerned.
Interpreters’ Self-Perceptions of Their Use of Self When Interpreting in Health and Behavioural Health Settings
Authors: Dubus Nicole
Published: June 2020

This study examines interpreters’ self-perception of their use of self when interpreting in health and behavioural health-care settings. Constant comparative analysis was used to analyze the individual, semi-structured interviews of thirty-six interpreters. Interpreters identified specific skills and techniques, that they developed on their own, (1) to create a safe environment for provider and client, and (2) to increase the effectiveness of the intervention. Interpreters are vital members of care teams. Interpreters might be under-utilized if only seen as a language conduit. Embracing interpreters as members of the inter professional team may hold great promise for addressing challenges in providing culturally effective services.
Fleeing Domestic Violence from a “Safe” Country?: Refugee Determination for Mexican Asylum-Seekers in Canada
Authors: Bhuyan Rupaleem , Vargas Adriana , Píntín-Perez Margarita
Published: June 2020

This article presents a mixed-methods study of domestic-violence-related claims for Mexican asylum-seekers in Canada. Although refugee claims that indicate domestic violence are slightly more likely to be approved, the majority of Mexicans seeking protection from domestic violence are denied because they are unable to demonstrate the lack of state protection. Our findings illustrate that Immigration and Refugee Board members’ assessment of a claimant’s credibility, internal flight alternatives, and the availability of state protection pivot on their perception of Mexico as a “democratic” or “safe” nation. We discuss how cursory attention to the social context of gendered violence in Mexico leaves Mexicans with few legal options for humanitarian migration.
Refugee Voices: Exploring the Border Zones between States and State Bureaucracies
Authors: Chatty Dawn
Published: June 2020

Settled people have been forced to move and nomads have been coerced into settling for as long as there has been history. Until the emergence of the Westphalian concept of the nation (where the state corresponded to the nation, groups of people united by language and culture), movement and mobility were largely recognized and accommodated. However, most contemporary academic disciplines as well as public institutions adopt a particular sedentist perspective on the nation-state. It is commonly recognized that people are displaced and move when political states collapse; they return when political security is restored. The liminal “state” outside the defined territory of the nation-state, where the displaced are found, is regarded as a threat to the world order.1 Predominant theory has been that people must be tied to territory, and thus the durable policy solutions advanced are frequently about resettlement. Reality does not support either current forced migration theory or humanitarian aid practices, however, and an epistemological change in thinking about forced migrants is urgently required. This means looking beyond the nationstate— the purview of most academic work in this area— and beyond traditional barriers between disciplines, to give cross-disciplinary attention to the self-expressions and experiences of forced migrants. Furthermore, the forced migrant creates a dilemma in how aesthetic expression is displayed, as their forms of expression cannot be squarely identified with one state or another. The dispossessed and displaced are changed by their experiences in the grey zones between states, and their migrations cannot be neatly catalogued as belonging to one state or culture.
How KANERE Free Press Resists Biopower
Authors: Deramo Michele C.
Published: June 2020

How does a free press resist state biopower? This article studies  the development and dissemination of KANERE Free Press, a refugee-run news source operating in the Kakuma Refugee Camp, that was founded to create “a more open society in refugee camps and to develop a platform for fair public debate on refugee affairs” (KANERE Vision Statement). The analysis of KANERE and its impact on the political subjectivity of refugees living in Kakuma is framed by Foucault’s theory of biopower, the state-sanctioned right to “make live or let die” in its management of human populations. The author demonstrates the force relations between KANERE, its host country of Kenya, and the UNHCR through two ongoing stories covered by KANERE: the broad rejection of the MixMe nutritional supplement and the expressed disdain for the camp’s World Refugees Day celebration. Using ethnographic and decolonizing methodologies, the author privileges the voices and perspectives of the KANERE editors and the Kakuma residents they interviewed in order to provide a ground-level view of refugee’s lived experiences in Kakuma. As KANERE records refugees’ experiences of life in the camp, they construct a narrative community that is simultaneously produced by and resistant to the regulations and control of camp administration and state sovereignty. In doing so, KANERE creates a transgressive space that reaches beyond the confines of the camp.
Refugees of the Revolution: Experiences of Palestinian Exile, by Diana Allan
Authors: Taylor Helen
Published: June 2020

Refugees of the Revolution: Experiences of Palestinian ExileDiana AllanStanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2014, pp. 328
Forced Migration, Reconciliation and Justice, edited by Megan Bradley
Authors: Atak Idil
Published: June 2020

Forced Migration, Reconciliation and JusticeEdited by Megan BradleyMontreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2015, pp. 448
Special Focus on Age Discrimination in Forced Migration Law, Policy, and Practice
Authors: Clark-Kazak Christina
Published: June 2020

This special focus of Refuge highlights the widespread but under researched occurrence of age discrimination in forced migration law, policy, and practice. Using a conceptual lens of social age, authors analyze the ways in which people in situations of forced migration are treated differently on the basis of chronological age, biological development, and family status. By framing this differential treatment as discrimination, this special focus approaches age as an equity issue. Such an approach differentiates the articles presented here from other recent scholarship on specific age groups, which is framed largely in terms of their vulnerabilities and needs. This special focus is intended to stimulate further research and activism on age discrimination in all its forms in varying contexts of forced migration. L’accent particulier accordé à ce sujet dans Refuge souligne l’incidence généralisée, bien qu’insuffisamment étudiée, de la discrimination fondée sur l’âge dans la législation, la politique et la pratique concernant la migration forcée.À l’aide de l’optique théorique de l’âge social, les auteurs abordent une analyse du traitement différencié accordée aux personnes en situation de migration forcée en fonction de leur âge chronologique, de leur développement biologique et de leur statut familial. En considérant ces différences dans le traitement par l’entremise du cadre de la discrimination, l’âge est conçu en tant qu’enjeu d’équité dans l’optique de cette approche particulière. Une telle approche dans les articles présentés ici se démarque des travaux et recherches récentes sur les groupes d’âge spécifiques qui se conceptualisent plutôt en fonction des vulnérabilités et besoins des sujets concernés. Cette approche particulière vise à inciter des recherches ultérieures ainsi que des activités politiques concernant la discrimination fondée sur l’âge dans toutes ses manifestations dans les divers contextes de la migration forcée.
Australia as a Powerbroker on Refugee Protection in Southeast Asia: The Relationship with Indonesia
Authors: Kneebone Susan
Published: June 2020

Using the example of Australian-Indonesian cooperation on deterrence of asylum seekers in transit through Indonesia to Australia, this article challenges the view that Australia is a regional hegemon. It does this through two main methods. First, it engages in a close analysis of the shifting relationship between the two countries on refugee and asylum-seeker issues through different periods since 2001 to 2016. This demonstrates that the relationship is in fact more nuanced than previously suggested by other scholars. Second, it refers to Thomas Pedersen’s political concept of “cooperative hegemony,” which focuses upon “ideationalinstitutional realism” as a lens through which to view regional co-operation. It analyzes the institutional nature of the Australian–Indonesian cooperation relationship in the Southeast Asian context, to demonstrate that Australia has not established itself as a model of “cooperative hegemony.”