bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Should Larger Reserve Holdings Be More Diversified?
Authors: Beck Roland , Weber Sebastian
Published: October 2015

The notable increase in international reserve holdings over the past decade and their use during the global financial crisis has sparked renewed interest in the analysis of the optimal level for reserve holdings. However, less attention has been paid to the optimal composition of reserves and even less to the joint determination of level and composition. We show that despite the common belief that higher reserve levels should lead to greater diversification to minimize the opportunity costs of holding reserves, the opposite appears to be true. Across a sample of 20 countries, we find that reserve accumulation is driven primarily by precautionary motives, underpinning in turn the allocation of reserves to safe assets. More generally, we show that a positive relationship between increases in reserves and reserve diversification should be expected only if the reserve increase is not being driven by precautionary motives.
Cross‐Border versus Domestic Acquisitions and the Impact on Shareholder Wealth
Authors: Danbolt Jo , Maciver Gillian
Published: October 2015

Abstract:  We analyse the impact on targets and bidders from cross‐border acquisitions into and out of the UK, in comparison to companies involved in similar domestic acquisitions. We find both targets and bidders to gain more in cross‐border than in comparable domestic acquisitions, with target and bidder cross‐border effects of 10.1 and 1.5 percentage points, respectively. The cross‐border effect is significantly higher for targets acquired by companies from countries with superior governance systems to their own. There is weak evidence to suggest bidders gain from entering new markets but for targets to gain more where the bidder already operates in the target country.
Effects of Disclosure Quality on Market Mispricing: Evidence from Derivative‐Related Loss Announcements
Authors: Chung Jaiho , Kim Hyungseok , Kim Woojin , Yoo Yong Keun
Published: October 2015

Abstract:  Although previous research has suggested that the level of disclosure is positively related to stock market efficiency, it remains unclear whether an increase in the level of disclosure can facilitate price discovery regardless of the quality of information provided in the disclosure. We examine stock returns around 131 derivative‐related loss announcements in the Korean stock market from March 2008 to June 2009 to study how disclosure quality might affect the manner in which newly disclosed information is incorporated into stock prices. To properly price derivative‐related losses, investors need to differentiate ‘over‐hedged' firms from ‘non‐over‐hedged' firms, because only those losses in excess of offsetting gains from underlying assets denominated in a foreign currency adversely affect overall profitability. We find that investors are likely to misprice derivative‐related losses in non‐over‐hedged firms when information on the underlying foreign currency position is unavailable around the announcement of such losses. This implies that mechanically increasing the quantity of disclosures does not necessarily facilitate a more rational equity valuation, and thus suggests that policymakers should also consider the quality of information being provided when attempting to improve capital market efficiency by mandating more disclosures.
Does Compensation Structure Alleviate Personal CEO Risks?
Authors: Lord Richard A. , Saito Yoshie
Published: October 2015

Abstract:  Are CEO compensation packages designed to alleviate some of the personal risks that they bear? We employ a unified framework to test the relationship between the four major components of executive pay; salary, bonuses, option grants and restricted stock grants, and four factors that increase CEOs’ personal risks; the real value of their pay, the riskiness of firm equity, the value of their equity portfolios, and the delta of these equity holdings. We show that personal risks that CEOs face have significant effects on the design of their compensation contracts. Our results suggest that the portion of salary compensation decreases many of the personal risks that they face. There are intriguing differences between salary and bonuses on one hand, and option and restricted stock grants on the other. As predicted, we find that the delta of CEOs’ equity portfolios have strong nonlinear relationships with the different forms of compensation; especially with option grants.
Life of Alexander Onufrievich Kowalevsky (1840–1901)
Authors: Fokin Sergei I.
Published: October 2015

A short description of the life of the famous Russian embryologist and zoologist AlexanderO. Kowalevsky is presented, including some rare photos of the scientist.
Ecological developmental biology: environmental signals for normal animal development
Authors: Gilbert Scott F.
Published: October 2015

The environment plays instructive roles in development and selective roles in evolution. This essay reviews several of the instructive roles whereby the organism has evolved to receive cues from the environment in order to modulate its developmental trajectory. The environmental cues can be abiotic (such as temperature or photoperiod) or biotic (such as those emanating from predators, conspecifics, or food), and the “alteration” produces a normal, not a pathological, phenotype, that is appropriate for the environment. In addition, symbiotic organisms can produce important signals during normal development. Environmental cues can be obligatory, such that the organism cannot develop without the environmental cue. These cues often permit and instruct the organism to proceed from one developmental stage to another, as when larvae receive cues to settle and undergo metamorphosis from substrates. Such obligatory cues can also be given by symbionts, as when Wolbachia bacteria prevent apoptosis in developing ovaries of some wasps. Other environmental cues can be used facultatively, allowing organisms to follow different developmental trajectories depending on whether the cue is present or not. This can be seen in the temperature‐dependent determination of sex in many reptiles and in the determination of thermotolerance in aphids by their symbiotic bacteria. Signaling from the environment is essential in development, and co‐development appears to be normative between symbionts and their hosts. Here, one sees the reciprocal induction of gene expression, just as within the embryonic organism. The ability of organisms to respond to environmental cues by producing different phenotypes may be critically important in evolution, and it may be an essential feature that can facilitate or limit evolution.
Heterochrony in somitogenesis rate in a model marsupial, Monodelphis domestica
Authors: Keyte Anna , Smith Kathleen K.
Published: October 2015

Marsupial newborns are highly altricial and also show a wide array of shifts in the rate or timing of developmental events so that certain neonatal structures are quite mature. One particularly notable feature is the steep gradient in development along the anterior–posterior axis such that anterior structures are generally well developed relative to posterior ones. Here, we study somitogenesis in the marsupial, Monodelphis domestica, and document two heterochronies that may be important in generating the unusual body plan of the newborn marsupial. First, we demonstrate a 4‐fold change in somitogenesis rate along the anterior–posterior axis, which appears to be due to somitogenesis slowing posteriorly. Second, we show that somitogenesis, particularly in the cervical region, initiates earlier in Monodelphis relative to other developmental events in the embryo. The early initiation of somitogenesis may contribute to the early development of the cervical region and forelimbs. Other elements of somitogenesis appear to be conserved. When compared to mouse, we see similar expression of genes involved in the clock and wavefront, and genes of the Wnt, Notch, and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) pathways also cycle in Monodelphis. Further, we could not discern differences in somite maturation rate along the anterior–posterior axis in Monodelphis, and thus rate of maturation of the somites does not appear to contribute to the steep anterior–posterior gradient.
Expression and function of a limb‐patterning gene Distal‐less in the soldier‐specific morphogenesis in the nasute termite Nasutitermes takasagoensis
Authors: Toga Kouhei , Hojo Masaru , Miura Toru , Maekawa Kiyoto
Published: October 2015

One of the major foci in evolutionary developmental biology is to understand developmental mechanisms that underlie the acquisition of morphological novelties. Termite soldiers, the highly specialized defensive caste, show exaggerated species‐specific morphologies, mostly enlarged mandibles. Soldiers of the subfamily Nasutitermitinae (Termitidae), however, possess a novel structure for defense in their heads, that is a horn‐like frontal projection (nasus) from which defensive chemicals are discharged. Just prior to the molt into presoldiers (the preceding stage to soldiers) from workers, a nasus disc, or a nasus primordium, is observed under the worker head cuticle. In order to understand the developmental underpinnings of this evolutionarily novel structure, the role of a homeobox gene Distal‐less (Dll) during nasus development was examined in this study, using a nasute termite Nasutitermes takasagoensis. Histological observations showed that complex developmental processes comprising epidermal evagination and invagination through changes in cell shape and cell proliferation formed the projection and the gland. Immunohistochemistry showed that Dll was localized in the developing nasus disc, but not in the frontal‐gland primordium. Consistent with this finding, Dll RNA interference only repressed nasus growth not the frontal‐gland formation. Taken together, the co‐option of Dll is suggested to contribute to the acquisition of a novel defensive structure in a termite lineage, coupled with the acquisition of adaptive defensive behaviors.
Functional conservation and divergence of BMP ligands in limb development and lipid homeostasis of holometabolous insects
Authors: Namigai Erica K. O. , Suzuki Yuichiro
Published: October 2015

Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) ligands play key roles in regulating morphological and physiological traits. To investigate how the functions of BMP ligands have evolved among insects, the roles of two key BMP ligands, decapentaplegic (dpp) and glass bottom boat (gbb), were studied in the flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. RNA interference‐mediated knockdown revealed that the role of dpp in establishing limb segmentation is conserved among insects. Based on the expression pattern of dpp in the presumptive leg tarsal segments, we propose that the function of dpp has evolved through heterochronic changes during the evolution of complete metamorphosis. Gbb1 was found to be necessary for sculpting the tarsal segment morphology characteristic of beetles. Knockdown of Dpp and Gbb1 expression also resulted in transparent larvae and reduced triglyceride levels, indicating their critical roles in maintaining lipid homeostasis. Both knockdown phenotypes were mediated by larval translucida. Because only Gbb regulates lipid metabolism in Drosophila, regulation of lipid homeostasis appears to have evolved by developmental systems drift. Thus, developmental systems drift may underlie evolution of both morphology and physiological processes.
Supersize It: The Growth of Retail Chains and the Rise of the “Big‐Box” Store
Authors: Basker Emek , Klimek Shawn , Hoang Van Pham
Published: October 2015

This paper documents and explains the recent rise of “big‐box” general merchandisers. Data from the Census of Retail Trade for 1977–2007 show that general‐merchandise chains grew much faster than specialist retail chains, and that general merchandisers that added the most stores also made the biggest increases to their product offerings. We explain these facts with a stylized model in which a retailer’s scale economies interact with consumer gains from one‐stop shopping to generate a complementarity between a retailer’s scale and scope.
Multitasking, Information Disclosure, and Product Quality: Evidence from Nursing Homes
Authors: Feng Lu Susan
Published: October 2015

This paper uses a mandatory quality disclosure policy, the Nursing Home Quality Initiative (NHQI), to investigate how quality ‘report cards’ affect firms’ choices of multidimensional product quality. I show that after the introduction of NHQI: (1) scores of quality measures improve for the reported dimensions but deteriorate for the unreported ones; (2) there is no evidence that nursing homes decrease quality‐related inputs; (3) consumer demand becomes sensitive to changes in the NHQI quality measures. These findings are consistent with the multitasking hypothesis that firms may respond to information disclosure by reallocating effort across dimensions of quality without necessarily increasing overall quality.
Innovation Strategy and Entry Deterrence
Authors: Turut Ozge , Ofek Elie
Published: October 2015

We model an incumbent’s decision to pursue radical or incremental innovation when facing a rival entrant. The radical innovation may yield lucrative financial returns but entails significant technological and market‐related uncertainties. It is also particularly attractive to the rival entrant: if the market for it pans out, such an innovation obsoletes the existing technology and any incremental improvements to it. Each firm has its own assessment of the market potential for the radical innovation, and the reliability of these market forecasts can differ. We show that when the entrant’s market‐assessment capability is weak, the incumbent will pursue incremental innovation and postpone its plans to develop radical innovation even when it thinks highly of the market potential for the radical innovation. The incumbent does so to avoid validating the high market potential to the entrant, who may otherwise be encouraged to invest aggressively. The incumbent thus prefers to look “soft” with respect to its innovation strategy in order to discourage entry. Even if its innovation strategy is not observable, we show that an incumbent that assesses the commercial potential for a radical innovation favorably may pursue an incremental path and communicate its plans publicly; this strategy serves to reduce entry by affecting the entrant’s beliefs about the market potential of the innovation. Finally, we extend the model to investigate the entrant’s decision to communicate its innovation intentions. We find that the entrant communicates its plans to aggressively pursue radical innovation only if the incumbent’s market‐assessment capabilities are strong. In doing so, the entrant acts preemptively to discourage the incumbent from pursuing the radical innovation, and is less concerned with validating market potential.
Group Identity and the Moral Hazard Problem: Experimental Evidence
Authors: Dugar Subhasish , Shahriar Quazi
Published: October 2015

We experimentally examine how real group identity of parties (a principal and an agent) facing a moral hazard problem may attenuate the problem and thereby implement the efficient outcome. We find that, the frequency of the efficient outcome is significantly higher when both parties share the same identity than when they do not. However, when we induce a substantially weaker form of identity or increase an outside‐option payoff offered to the principal, the frequency of the efficient outcome diminishes considerably, even when the parties’ identities align perfectly. Our results have important implications for the design of nonpecuniary contract enforcement devices.
Whistle‐Blowing and Incentives in Firms
Authors: Friebel Guido , Guriev Sergei
Published: October 2015

Whistle‐blowing is an important mechanism of corporate governance. We show that whistle‐blowing has negative effects on productive efficiency by undermining the incentives within a corporate hierarchy. In our model, a top manager intends to overreport earnings; a division manager may have evidence about the intended overreporting. We show that the division manager is more likely to have such evidence when the performance of his own division is low. Top management may offer a bribe to prevent the manager from blowing the whistle. This provides the division manager with an additional payoff when his division’s output is low. Therefore, potential whistle‐blowing undermines the division manager’s incentives to exert effort, which results in a less efficient outcome.
The Impact of Pamidronate and Chemotherapy on Survival Times in Dogs with Appendicular Primary Bone Tumors Treated with Palliative Radiation Therapy
Authors: Oblak Michelle L. , Boston Sarah E. , Higginson Geraldine , Patten Steven G. , Monteith Gabrielle J. , Woods J. Paul
Published: October 2015

Objective

To assess survival times in dogs that received palliative radiation therapy (RT) alone, and in combination with chemotherapy, pamidronate, or both for primary appendicular bone tumors and determine whether the addition of these adjunctive therapies affects survival.

Study Design

Retrospective case series.

Animals

Dogs (n = 50) with primary appendicular bone tumors.

Methods

Dogs were divided into the following treatment groups: RT alone, RT + chemotherapy, RT+ pamidronate, and RT+ chemotherapy + pamidronate. Dogs were considered for analysis if they had a known euthanasia date or follow‐up data were available for at least 120 days from the time of diagnosis. Survival time was defined as the time from admission to euthanasia. Cox proportional hazard models and Kaplan–Meier survival functions were used. A P value of less than .05 was considered significant.

Results

Fifty dogs were considered for survival analysis. Median survival times (MSTs) were longest for dogs receiving RT and chemotherapy (307 days; 95% CI: 279, 831) and shortest in dogs receiving RT and pamidronate (69 days; 95% CI: 47, 112 days). The difference in MST between dogs who received pamidronate and those who did not in this population was statistically significant in a univariate (P = .039) and multivariate analysis (P = .0015). The addition of chemotherapy into any protocol improved survival (P < .001).

Conclusions

Chemotherapy should be recommended in addition to a palliative RT protocol to improve survival of dogs with primary appendicular bone tumors. When combined with RT ± chemotherapy, pamidronate decreased MST and should not be included in a standard protocol.
Which Bonds Are More Expensive? The Cost Differentials by Debt Issue Purpose and the Method of Sale: An Empirical Analysis
Authors: GUZMAN TATYANA , MOLDOGAZIEV TEMIRLAN
Published: October 2015

In this paper, we survey the cost differentials by debt issue purpose and the method of underwriting. We find that cost differentials are a function of the purpose for which the debt was issued, with bond purposes traditionally considered riskier facing higher borrowing costs. However, this effect is not uniform and varies by credit quality portfolios. Moreover, the method of bond sale is an important factor for true interest costs. Overall, the competitive method of sale consistently performs better than the negotiated method of sale in all regression models, even after correcting for self‐selection.
The Hard Road to Fiscal Responsibility
Authors: PALMER JOHN L. , PENNER RUDOLPH G.
Published: October 2015

The paper describes the current fiscal problems of the United States showing that without significant changes in revenue and spending policies, the country is headed for a sovereign debt crisis similar to that afflicting countries in Southern Europe. Numerous committees and commissions have offered policy options that would stabilize the debt–GDP ratio in the long run. The proposals of the President's National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform and the Bipartisan Policy Center's Deficit Reduction Task Force are described in detail. Elected politicians have not been enthusiastic about the work of these bodies. Only the House has passed a budget that would stabilize the debt and that proposal is analyzed as is the president's response. The paper goes on to describe the Budget Control Act that was passed after the debt limit debate in the summer of 2011.
Federal Intervention in the Municipal Bond Market: The Effectiveness of the Build America Bond Program and Its Implications on Federal and Subnational Budgeting
Authors: LUBY MARTIN J.
Published: October 2015

The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA) included several new federal programs intended ostensibly to “unfreeze” the credit markets as a result of the global financial crisis. One such program, the Build America Bond (BAB) program, aimed to lower the borrowing costs for state and local governments by increasing their access to capital and providing a more generous federal subsidy than the traditional indirect tax exemption subsidy. BABs are taxable bonds sold by subnational governments, which carry a 35 percent direct federal payment subsidy to the borrower. In creating this program, the federal government hoped that the large direct federal subsidy along with greater potential investor interest in taxable securities would result in lower borrowing costs for state and local governments vis‐à‐vis traditional tax‐exempt bonds. This research study examines the relative effectiveness of the BAB program and details the various quantitative and qualitative implications on federal and subnational budgeting by moving from an indirect to a direct federal subsidy approach in facilitating state and local government capital raising.
Revenue Cyclicality and Changes in Income and Policy
Authors: M c GRANAHAN LESLIE , MATTOON RICHARD
Published: October 2015

The past two recessions have proved alarming to state government finances. In 2001, a relatively shallow national recession led to a severe downturn in state revenues that took three years to unwind. In the wake of the recent economic downturn, signs of fiscal stress are readily apparent. In this paper, we investigate whether the revenue patterns surrounding these two recessions are the result of state government revenues having grown more sensitive to economic conditions. We find that the responsiveness of revenues to measures of business cycle conditions has grown since the 1990s. We use data on state government revenues, state‐specific information on economic conditions, and measures of state policy to examine fiscal performance and budgeting practice over the economic cycle. Our findings suggest that increasing income cyclicality, in particular of investment income, has made state revenues more responsive to the business cycle since the mid‐1990s. We also find that changes in policy making have served to increase revenue cyclicality.
Balanced Budget Requirements and State Spending: A Long–Panel Study
Authors: SMITH DANIEL L. , HOU YILIN
Published: October 2015

This study tests the effects of balanced budget requirements on three measures of state expenditure using data on 48 states for the years 1950–2004. We find that the following rules are effective in constraining expenditures: (1) requiring that the governor submits a balanced budget; (2) placing controls on supplemental appropriations; and (3) prohibiting the carry‐over of a deficit from one fiscal year or biennium into the next. The latter two rules exert larger individual effects than the first. All else equal, states can best improve their prospects of reigning in spending by instituting technical rules that govern budgetary outcomes, as opposed to political rules that dictate how the budget is assembled and approved.
Demography of the Legal Profession and Racial Disparities in Sentencing
Authors: King Ryan D. , Johnson Kecia R. , McGeever Kelly
Published: October 2015

The demography of the legal profession has changed rather dramatically in recent decades, yet the consequences of a more racially and ethnically diverse pool of lawyers for the administration of justice have not received significant attention. The present research examines how the racial composition of the local legal profession affects one facet of criminal law: the sentencing of convicted defendants. Building on prior work in the fields of law, stratification, and mobility, we hypothesize that racial and ethnic disparities in sentencing are mitigated where the legal profession is more diverse. In line with this hypothesis, analysis of data from a sample of large urban counties taken between 1990 and 2002 shows that the black-white racial disparity in sentencing attenuates as the number of black attorneys in the county increases, net of the percent black in the county and other possible confounding variables. Comparable results are found for Hispanics. The findings are discussed in the context of a demographically changing legal profession and prior work on racial disparities in the justice system.
Optimal containment and policy differentiation under unilateral climate policy
Authors: Csordás Stefan , Krysiak Frank C.
Published: October 2015

Abstract Without a broad international agreement, climate policy is less effective, owing to carbon leakage. We investigate whether this negative effect can be addressed by partially containing the policy’s effects to intermediate goods sectors, such as electricity or transportation services. We use a three‐sector model to study a policy that taxes emissions caused by intermediate goods production while subsidizing the intermediate good. We characterize the optimal containment policy for combating carbon leakage and show that it complements the concept of policy differentiation.
The effects of cross‐border M&As on the acquirers’ domestic performance: firm‐level evidence
Authors: Stiebale Joel , Trax Michaela
Published: October 2015

Abstract This paper provides empirical evidence on the effects of cross‐border mergers and acquisitions (M&As) on the acquiring firms’ domestic performance in the U.K. and France. We build a new firm‐level data set that combines a global M&A database with balance sheet data for the years 2000 to 2007. Combining matching techniques with a difference‐in‐differences estimator, we find that cross‐border M&As boost on average acquirers’ domestic sales and investment, and they are not accompanied by a downsizing of the domestic labour force in either country. Further, cross‐border M&As in knowledge‐intensive industries lead to improvements in domestic productivity. Our results display some heterogeneity across industries and types of acquisitions, suggesting a connection between the motives for international M&As and their resulting effects.
Employment, job turnover, and trade in producer services: UK firm‐level evidence
Authors: Hijzen Alexander , Pisu Mauro , Upward Richard , Wright Peter W.
Published: October 2015

Abstract We provide the first firm‐level evidence of the impact of the trade in producer services (‘offshoring’) on the labour market. Using a new data set from the UK that measures trade in services at the firm level, we find no evidence that importing intermediate services is associated with job losses or greater worker turnover. Using regression to control for observable differences between firms that import service inputs and those that do not, we show that firms that start importing intermediate services experience faster employment growth than equivalent firms that do not. This seems likely to be the result of positive demand shocks, which cause a simultaneous increase in employment, output, and use of imported service inputs.
Symptoms of Distress and Pain Associated With Pelvic Examinations Are Higher Among Victims of Sexual Violence and Those With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: Bond Sharon
Published: October 2015

Weitlauf JC, Finney JW, Ruzek JI, Lee TT, Thrailkill A, Jones S, et al. Distress and pelvic pain during pelvic examinations: Effect of sexual violence. Obstet Gynecol 2008;112:1343–50.
Event Sequencing as an Organizing Cultural Principle
Authors: Quinn Naomi
Published: October 2015

AbstractOne common cultural organizing principle is event sequencing. This article describes and illustrates two widespread examples of this kind of organization, cultural routines, and cultural templates. Cultural routines organize recurrent activities in time and space. Cultural templates rely on causally linked sequences of more abstract events to support reasoning and narrative. Why should so much of culture be organized thusly? My argument rests on evidence from childhood development and evolutionary history. Recognition of discrete events and their sequencing in routines occurs early in childhood. Although event sequencing is an ancestral trait in humans, it is the full‐blown human capacity to understand how the events in such a sequence are causally linked, including intentionally linked, that finds its way into the organization of cultural templates. In taking advantage of event sequencing and causality, culture has piggybacked on human cognitive capacities. It follows that a full accounting of human culture requires recognition of the way both world and brain are organized.
Maya Folk Botany and Knowledge Devolution: Modernization and Intra‐Community Variability in the Acquisition of Folkbotanical Knowledge
Authors: Shenton Jeffrey , Ross Norbert , Kohut Michael , Waxman Sandra
Published: October 2015

AbstractOne potential source of folkbiological knowledge loss is changing patterns of interaction with the natural world stemming from “modernizing” material change. This article compares models of plant knowledge among age‐matched groups of children and adults in two communities of a municipality located in the highlands of Chiapas, Mexico. Use of the Cultural Consensus Model (CCM), analysis of residual agreement, and examination of model content show that while plant knowledge remains fairly robust in the municipality, devolutionary change is ongoing and manifests in the urbanized municipal town center relative to a rural outlying hamlet. Quantifying disparities in folkbiological knowledge is considered as a preliminary step in understanding general processes of culture change. Recent investigations into domain‐specific folkbiological expertise in adults and the acquisition of folkbiological models in children shows that differences in propositional knowledge interact with culture‐specific reasoning strategies and have profound consequences for value complexes and environmental behavior.
Richard G. Condon Prize, 2010 The Part of Me that Wants to Grab: Embodied Experience and Living Translation in U.S. Chinese Medical Education
Authors: Pritzker Sonya E.
Published: October 2015

AbstractIn this article, I examine the relationship between embodiment, learning, and translation in the field of U.S. Chinese medical education. Based on data collected over two years of video‐recorded classroom interaction and audio‐recorded interviews in a Southern California school of Chinese medicine, I present several examples of how specific Chinese terms are interpreted and learned vis‐à‐vis embodied experience. Analysis of these segments demonstrates that translation does not end with the terms chosen to represent Chinese concepts in texts and other materials, but continues in an ongoing series of encounters in which participants' bodies are intercorporeally engaged with language as they gradually come to understand terms describing aspects of the self, the pulse, and herbal actions. This ongoing process is referred to as “living translation,” a notion that bridges linguistic studies of interaction and translation with psychocultural theories of embodiment and individual experience to advance understanding of the day‐to‐day contingencies of language socialization, translation, and embodiment in the emergent field of U.S. Chinese medicine.
Making Meaning of Everyday Practices: Parents' Attitudes toward Children's Extracurricular Activities in the United States and in Italy
Authors: Kremer‐Sadlik Tamar , Izquierdo Carolina , Fatigante Marilena
Published: October 2015

This article focuses on children's engagement in extracurricular activities from the perspective of middle‐class parents in Rome, Italy, and Los Angeles, California. Analysis of parents' accounts captured in interviews and ethnographic fieldwork reveals that both sets of parents perceive activities as important for children's success. Yet Roman parents consider activities as part of “children's world,” downplaying intense involvement and performance. Conversely, L.A. parents view activities as preparing children for adult life, emphasizing competition and accomplishment.  [childhood, extracurricular activities, family, United States, Italy]
A Leader Without Followers? The Growing Divergence Between the Regional and Global Performance of Brazilian Foreign Policy
Authors: Malamud Andrés
Published: October 2015

Brazilian diplomats and academics alike have long regarded regional leadership as a springboard to global recognition. Yet Brazil's foreign policy has not translated the country's structural and instrumental resources into effective regional leadership. Brazil's potential followers have not aligned with its main goals, such as a permanent seat on the UN Security Council and Directorship-General of the World Trade Organization; some have even challenged its regional influence. Nevertheless, Brazil has been recognized as an emergent global power. This article analyzes the growing mismatch between the regional and global performance of Brazilian foreign policy and shows how both theoretical expectations and policy planning were “luckily foiled” by unforeseen developments. It argues that because of regional power rivalries and a relative paucity of resources, Brazil is likely to consolidate itself as a middle global power before gaining acceptance as a leader in its region.
Activating Citizens, Remaking Brokerage: Transparency Activism, Ethical Scenes, and the Urban Poor in Delhi
Authors: Webb Martin
Published: October 2015

Based on ethnographic fieldwork carried out with transparency activists in Delhi between 2006 and 2007, this article explores their attempts to help Delhi's poor engage with the state as active citizens claiming their rights to welfare. Drawing on Lawrence Cohen's recent writing on ethical publicity I argue that the work of transparency activists is directed at producing an “ethical scene” in which their poor clients are encouraged to understand themselves as potentially empowered citizens of a nation wounded by corruption and bad governance. However, this ethical scene is partly framed by exclusionary middle‐class discourses about corruption, dirty politics, and brokerage that problematize the need for the urban poor to negotiate their existence in the city through informal mediated connections to political and bureaucratic power. The same mediated connections between “political society” and the local state which transparency and accountability activists work to expose and reform. Furthermore, my ethnography shows how the process of promoting and implementing transparency mechanisms in the social and political context of urban India produces new relationships of brokerage between activists and those who seek their assistance as expert mediators with the state.
Tillage affects the activity‐density, absolute density, and feeding damage of the pea leaf weevil in spring pea
Authors: Hatten Timothy D. , Dahlquist Ruth M. , Eigenbrode Sanford D. , Bosque‐Pérez Nilsa A.
Published: October 2015

Conversion from conventional‐tillage (CT) to no‐tillage (NT) agriculture can affect pests and beneficial organisms in various ways. NT has been shown to reduce the relative abundance and feeding damage of pea leaf weevil (PLW), Sitona lineatus L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in spring pea, especially during the early‐season colonization period in the Palouse region of northwest Idaho. Pitfall traps were used to quantify tillage effects on activity‐density of PLW in field experiments conducted during 2001 and 2002. As capture rate of pitfall traps for PLW might be influenced by effects of tillage treatment, two mark‐recapture studies were employed to compare trapping rates in NT and CT spring pea during 2003. Also in 2003, direct sampling was used to estimate PLW densities during the colonization period, and to assess PLW feeding damage on pea. PLW activity‐density was significantly lower in NT relative to CT during the early colonization period (May) of 2001 and 2002, and during the late colonization period (June) of 2002. Activity‐density was not different between treatments during the early emergence (July) or late emergence (August) periods in either year of the study. Trap capture rates did not differ between tillage systems in the mark‐recapture studies, suggesting that pitfall trapping provided unbiased estimates of PLW relative abundances. PLW absolute densities and feeding damage were significantly lower in NT than in CT. These results indicate that NT provides a pest suppression benefit in spring pea.
Recirculation of germinal center B cells: a multilevel selection strategy for antibody maturation
Authors: Or‐Guil Michal , Wittenbrink Nicole , Weiser Armin A. , Schuchhardt Johannes
Published: October 2015

Summary:  Optimization of antibody affinity is a hallmark of the humoral immune response. It takes place in hundreds of transient microstructures called germinal centers (GCs). Their function and time‐dependent behavior are subjects of active investigation. According to a generally accepted notion, their individual kinetics follows the average kinetics of all GCs present in the observed lymphatic tissue. In this review, we challenge this view and point out, with the help of mathematical simulations, that inferring the kinetics of individual GCs from cross‐sectional evaluation of GC kinetics is virtually impossible. Thus, the time course of individual GCs is open to conjecture. For instance, one possible interpretation is that GCs exist for a time span considerably shorter than that of the observed average kinetics. We explore the implications of different temporal organizations of GCs in the light of the hypothesis that GC B‐cell emigrants recolonize GC niches. This assumption leads to a view where GCs work in parallel but are linked by recirculation of B‐cell emigrants. In this view, interleaved global and local competition provide for an implementation of multiple levels of B‐cell selection in affinity maturation. The concepts of iteration, all‐or‐none behavior, and phasic mutation schedule are discussed in the light of this hypothesis.
EFFICACY AND TOXICITY OF AN ACCELERATED HYPOFRACTIONATED RADIATION THERAPY PROTOCOL IN CATS WITH ORAL SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA
Authors: Poirier Valérie J. , Kaser‐Hotz Barbara , Vail David M. , Straw Rodney C.
Published: October 2015

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most common feline oral tumor. Standard radiation protocols have been reported to achieve tumor control durations of 1.5–5.5 months (45–165 days). The purpose of this study was to describe the efficacy and toxicity of an accelerated hypofractionated radiation therapy protocol in cats with oral SCC. Twenty‐one cats with histologically confirmed oral SCC and T1‐3N0M0 were treated with 10 once‐daily fractions (Monday–Friday) of 4.8 Gy. Seventeen cats had macroscopic disease and four were microscopic after incomplete excision. Acute toxicity consisted of grade 2 mucositis in all cats and this was effectively managed using esophageal or gastric tube feeding, pain medication, and antibiotics. Late toxicity effects for cats with available follow‐up data included alopecia (4 cats), leukotricia (6), tongue ulceration (1), and oronasal fistula (1). Response could be assessed in 17 cats (seven complete response and five partial response). Four cats (19%) developed metastatic disease without evidence of local progression. The median progression‐free survival (PFS) was 105 days (1 year PFS of 23%), median local progression‐free survival (LPFS) was 219 days (1 year LPFS of 41%), and median overall survival (OS) was 174 days (1 year OS of 29%). Only tumor stage was prognostic, with T1 having a median PFS of 590 days. Findings indicated that this accelerated hypofractionated radiation therapy protocol was well tolerated in cats with oral SCC, with manageable adverse events. Tumor response was observed in most cats and long tumor control durations were achieved in some cats.
News/Interview/Editorial
Authors: Christensen Hannah , Tarran Brian
Published: October 2015

Psychology papers fail to replicate more than half the time. Statistician who defied Argentine government has criminal charges dismissed. How many trees are there on Earth? World population to exceed 11bn by 2100, according to the UN. Outlook for the weekend? Chilly with a chance of confusion. Will humans one day live forever?
Doing less with more: The ‘new’ politics of policing
Authors: Innes Martin
Published: October 2015

Martin Innes assesses the Coalition government's police reform agenda and sees an ‘evolution within a revolution’, with apparently radical reforms in fact representing the continuation of a deeper, longer‐term process of reshaping and democratising the police force and its social role.
LEADERSHIP AND EMPLOYEES’ REACTIONS TO CHANGE: THE ROLE OF LEADERS’ PERSONAL ATTRIBUTES AND TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP STYLE
Authors: OREG SHAUL , BERSON YAIR
Published: October 2015

We examined the role of leaders’ personal attributes and transformational leadership behaviors in explaining employees’ intentions to resist a large‐scale organizational change. Through a multilevel analysis of data from 75 school principals and 586 teachers, we found that teachers’ intentions to resist the organizational change were negatively related to their principals’ openness to change values and transformational leadership behaviors, and positively related to their principals’ dispositional resistance to change. Furthermore, principals’ transformational leadership behaviors moderated the relationship between teachers’ dispositional resistance and intentions to resist the change.
Leadership development inKorea: aDelphi study
Authors: Choi Myungweon , Yoon Hea Jun , Jeung Chang‐Wook
Published: October 2015

The purpose of this study was to identify the leadership competencies most required for leaders operating inKorean organizations and to examine the characteristics of leadership development practices used for developing those competencies. TheDelphi method was used to obtain the consensus of a group of leadership development experts inKorea and, ultimately, to identify and prioritize issues relevant to this study. The findings revealed that some universal leadership competencies commonly identified in the global leadership literature are important for contemporary leaders inKorea; at the same time, there are idiosyncratic competencies required that reflect the characteristics ofKorean society. In addition,Korean organizations have adopted many leadership development methods developed in western countries, and the relatively new methods such as coaching and 360‐degree feedback are considered to be more effective than the traditional methods. Finally, strong support from theCEOand top management is the most critical factor affecting the success of leadership development practices inKorea.
A psychological approach to occupational safety
Authors: Clissold Gemma , Buttigieg Donna M , De Cieri Helen
Published: October 2015

The psychological approach to occupational safety is comprised of two perspectives, the behaviour‐based perspective and the person‐based perspective. These two perspectives are typically applied separately in research, leaving gaps in the explanation of safety‐related behaviour. In this paper, we argue that an integrated approach to occupational safety is required and that Bandura's social cognitive theory can be used to address this need. The paper is conceptual, integrating several bodies of literature and theoretical approaches to safety‐related behaviour.
Knowledge sharing: implications for downsizing and restructuring outcomes in Australian organisations
Authors: Sitlington Helen
Published: October 2015

Although downsizing and restructuring are topics of interest to both scholars and practitioners, little research has examined the impact of knowledge management and knowledge sharing on the outcomes of such events. With the growing importance of knowledge management to HRM practitioners, this research looks at the impact of knowledge sharing and the resulting organisational knowledge on the effectiveness of organisations after downsizing or restructuring. As well as being of concern to organisations undergoing downsizing or restructuring, this issue will become increasingly relevant as the ageing population exits the workforce in large numbers over coming years. Data were collected from over 600 ‘survivors’ of downsizing and restructuring across Australia and were analysed from the perspective of those who made and/or implemented downsizing or restructuring decisions and of the general population of employees affected by these events. Findings suggest the decision‐maker group places greater importance on formal knowledge sharing mechanisms while the general population relies more heavily on informal networks. This may result in insufficient support being provided for informal knowledge networks, with adverse organisational results.
The transfer of training and development practices in Japanese subsidiaries in Vietnam
Authors: Vo Anne , Hannif Zeenobyah
Published: October 2015

This paper examines the interaction between ‘home‐country’ and ‘host‐country’ effects in determining human resource management (HRM) policies and practices in multinational companies (MNCs) in the context of a developing country. The paper is based on an investigation of the training and development strategies for local managers of a sample of Japanese companies operating in Vietnam, and presents clear evidence of the transfer of home‐country practices. The sector emerges as a key variable in explaining variations in HRM patterns with a greater number of comprehensive training and development programs recorded in automotive than in fast‐moving consumer goods (FMCG) industries. We also argue that developing host countries pose little in the way of formal constraint mechanisms to the transfer of HRM practices, but the instability of the institutional environment and the weakness of its subsystems suggest a complex and challenging situation for MNC operations, and inhibit their ability to maintain their home‐country HRM practices.
Effect of Various Anticoagulant Agents on Large‐Volume Leukocytapheresis Using New Cellsorba CS‐180S Filter
Authors: Hohtatsu Katsura , Yamaji Ken , Yamada Risa , Oda Keisuke , Kageyama Michiaki , Kusaoi Makio , Onuma Shin , Kawamoto Toshio , Sugimoto Kaoru , Sekiya Fumio , Kon Takayuki , Ogasawara Michihiro , Kempe Kazuo , Tsuda Hiroshi , Takasaki Yoshinari
Published: October 2015

We conducted a study to evaluate the effect of various anticoagulant agents on large‐volume leukocytapheresis using the new Cellsorba CS‐180S Filter filled with a changed solution of sodium pyrosulfite and sodium carbonate. We conducted the study on a total of 12 cases of rheumatoid arthritis. As the anticoagulant agents we used sodium citrate, nafamostat mesilate and low molecular weight heparin. The new Cellsorba CS‐180S was safely used with the various blood anticoagulant agents. Also, through adjustment of the sodium citrate percentage to the blood flow volume, it is hypothesized that it is possible to increase the neutrophil removal rate.