bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Motion on the Sonographic and Magnetic Resonance Patterns of Ageing Blood
Authors: Alanen A. , Nummi P.
Published: June 2015

The sonographic appearance of a hematoma may be affected by various factors, including the age of the hematoma. The effect of mechanical motion on the echogenicity and histologic appearance, and on the proton relaxation times T1 and T2 of blood clots, was studied in vitro for up to 21 days. All clots were of similar echogenicity and microscopic appearance during the first 2 days. The minimally disturbed clots were sonolucent from day 4 onwards, whereas moderate mechanical disturbance changed the microscopic structure of the blood clots and caused them to retain their echogenicity. Proton relaxation times T1 and T2 of both minimally disturbed and vigorously manipulated blood samples showed a rapid shortening of T1 and a less marked decrease of T2 between days 1 and 4, which was independent of mechanical motion. The ultrasonic appearance reflected the histologic appearance but not necessarily the age of the clot. The magnetic resonance (MR) parameters T1 and to a lesser extent T2 accurately reflected the age of the clot during the first 6 days. Although relatively gentle motion caused a large change in the ultrasonic appearance of the clots, vigorous shaking did not affect the magnetic resonance appearance of human blood clots.
Perinatal Postmortem Radiography
Authors: Seppänen U.
Published: June 2015

Despite the heterogeneous nature of congenital defects, an increasing number of aetiologically specific entities are being delineated, which is partly due to the increasing use of radiology. Data concerning the aetiology are especially important to the parents, who need information on the risk of recurrence for future pregnancies. During 1980–1982 a postmortem radiologic investigation was carried out on 514 perinatally dead infants from 22 hospitals in Finland. Pathologic radiologic findings were seen in 30 per cent of the material. Ninety-nine cases had congenital defects, while the rest showed other skeletal or soft tissue abnormalities. Of those with congenital defects, there were 6 osteochondrodysplasias, 16 chromosomal malformation syndromes, 13 autosomal recessive inherited malformation syndromes and 18 multiple malformation syndromes of unknown aetiology. There were also 18 cases with malformation sequences and 10 single malformations with abnormal radiologic findings. Congenital defects due to disruptions were detected in 12 cases and defects due to deformations in 7. The present article includes a review of the radiologic findings in 514 cases, with special reference to the skeletal findings.
Tissue Damage at Computed Tomography following Resolution of Intracerebral Hematomas
Authors: Skriver E. B. , Olsen T. S.
Published: June 2015

Tissue damage as sequelae after spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage in eight consecutive patients was investigated with computed tomography performed 3 days, 2 weeks and 6 months after the stroke. The presence of contrast enhancement after 2 weeks, hypodense areas after 6 months, and atrophy of adjacent structures were considered to be markers of irreversible tissue damage. Except for a narrow zone in the periphery of the hematoma (ring blush) contrast enhancement was not observed, neither in the hematoma nor in areas where resolution had taken place. After 6 months the site of the hematomas was not identifiable in 3 patients, and 4 patients had small ‘lacunar’ hypodense lesions. Only one patient had a more extensive hypodense area 6 months after the hemorrhage. The most prominent sequelae after intracerebral hematoma were atrophy of adjacent structures (i.e. atrophy of basal ganglia, thalamus and ventricular enlargement) which were seen in all patients even though irreversible de loco damage in the hematoma area was sparse or absent.
The Internal Acoustic Meatus
Authors: Muren C.
Published: June 2015

The internal acoustic meatus was evaluated in 97 temporal bone specimens, half of which were radiographed in different projections. Part of the material was also examined by multidirectional and computed tomography. Casts of the specimens were prepared and the meatuses were measured in different planes. The anatomic variations, especially in the transverse plane, and their relations to other structures in the petrous bone, were assessed. The meatus varied in shape, being mainly either long and thin, short and broad, funnel-shaped or pear-shaped. The pear-shaped meatus was practically always broad. The angle formed by the long axis of the meatus and the posterior wall of the pyramid varied inversely with the meatal length, a long meatus forming a small angle and vice versa. Large antero-posterior diameters were correlated to large meatal angles, but there was no direct correlation between meatal length and width. In addition, the meatal length was correlated to the perilabyrinthine and mastoid pneumatization and also to the dimensions of the pyramid.
Radiologic Findings and Weight Loss following Gastroplasty for Morbid Obesity
Authors: Miskowiak J. , Fleckenstein P. , Andersen B.
Published: June 2015

Gastroplasty aimed at treatment of morbid obesity creates a small proximal pouch and a narrow stoma to the remainder of the stomach. In 11 consecutive obese patients subjected to gastroplasty radiologic examinations of the stomach were performed before operation and one week, 3 and 12 months postoperatively. All stomachs were normal before operation. A significant decrease in pouch area and increase in stoma diameter were registered over the observation period. There were no statistically significant correlations between postoperative weight loss and stoma diameter or pouch area. Nor was retention in the pouch one week after gastroplasty related to weight loss. Radiographic evidence of gastroesophageal reflux was present in only one patient. The described method of follow-up is evidently not suited to predict the outcome of gastroplasty.
Radiologic Evaluation of Urolithiasis
Authors: Laerum E. , Finnanger A. M. , Stiris G. , Heldaas O. , Larsen S.
Published: June 2015

Interobserver variations between three radiologists with different backgrounds (duration of practice, and departments) were studied in connection with the diagnosing of urolithiasis. Films from 152 consecutive patients (examined with conventional abdominal films, urography/tomography) were analyzed independently. With respect to the number of patients with or without calculi there was agreement between the three observers in 129 of the 152 cases, which was taken to represent very good agreement beyond chance. The total number of stones was interpreted as 832, 460 and 570 respectively, and the median stone size as 6, 9 and 11 mm2. There was a fair interobserver agreement rate regarding whether stones were localized to the renal parenchyma or calyces, and whether stenosis/stricture or hydronephrosis was present. Tomography appeared to reduce the interobserver variability significantly. Adequate bowel cleaning, oblique projections, and lack of clinical information apparently did not influence the agreement rate. It was concluded that such interobserver variations are factors of importance in the reliability of the radiologic evaluation of urolithiasis.
Gamma Camera Renography with 99Tcm-MDP and 131I-Hippuran
Authors: Thomsen F. , Jørgensen L. , Diemer H.
Published: June 2015

Nineteen patients with urologic disorders referred to bone scintigraphy were evaluated with a dual radioisotope technique using simultaneous injection of 99Tcm-MDP and 131I-Hippuran. The MDP and Hippuran renograms showed in general the same pattern and there was no difference between the kidney function determined with the two radionuclides. The peak of the MDP curves occurred later and was less distinct than that of the Hippuran curves. The residual activity of the kidneys 20 min after the injection was higher on the MDP renograms compared with the Hippuran renograms. The early sequential MDP images were superior in quality to the Hippuran images and to the renal images obtained at bone scintigraphy. The early MDP images correlated well with the findings at urography performed in 12 patients, as all cases of radiologically diagnosed hydronephrosis, reduction of renal parenchyma and renal mass lesions became demonstrated. Renal calculi were only diagnosed at urography. In conclusion, MDP cannot replace Hippuran as a renal radionuclide agent, mainly due to its lower extraction ratio and the high bone uptake. However, an increased use of early dynamic renal imaging is recommended in urologic patients referred to bone scintigraphy as valuable information about renal function may be obtained by this procedure.
Radiologic Examination and Measurement of the Wrist and Distal Radio-Ulnar Joint
Authors: Törnvall A. H. , Ekenstam F. Af , Hagert C. G. , Irstam L.
Published: June 2015

Following fractures of the distal radius, a relatively high incidence of complications is caused by malalignment in the distal radio-ulnar (DRU) joint; recent anatomic and clinical investigations have shown congruity of that joint to be of significant importance for restoring the function of the wrist. The radius forms a moderately arched bone, which moves around the ulna in pronation and supination. Biomechanically, the ulna may be regarded as the pillar around which the radius moves. In an anatomic investigation of 5 arm specimens, we have shown that the maximum cartilage contact in the DRU joint between the ulnar head and the distal radius occurs in the neutral rotation position. A proposed routine examination method of the wrist and forearm includes a true antero-posterior and a lateral projection of the radius and the ulna, performed with the forearm and wrist in a neutral rotation, a neutral wrist deviation and with the elbow angled 90 degrees. Such an examination implies a standardized and reproducible method. In a radioanatomic investigation, a series of SO healthy wrists and forearms were examined. A simple measuring technique is presented, applicable to the DRU joint and wrist favouring the ulna as the bone through which a reproducible long axis of the forearm/wrist may be drawn. It is suggested that the length of the radius should be judged relative to the ulna. Ulnar head inclination and radio-ulnar angle are new concepts, being major characteristics of the DRU joint. These angles of the right and left wrist were equal and no difference was found between the sexes. Minor alterations of the distal radius may be revealed when estimating these angles.
Technical Aspects of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Parathyroid Gland Lesions
Authors: Hemmingsson A. , Ericsson A. , Ljunghall S. , Juhlin C. , Jung B. , Rastad J. , Thuomas K. Å. , Åkerström G.
Published: June 2015

Two patients with primary hyperparathyroidism were examined before parathyroid surgery with magnetic resonance imaging at 0.35 tesla in order to analyse optimal methods of visualization. Two large parathyroid glands in the neck had long transverse relaxation times which rendered them clearly visible in T2-weighted images as structures of a signal intensity higher than that of the surrounding. Large parathyroid lesions may thus be easily detected by magnetic resonance imaging provided proper examination parameters are employed.
The Subarcuate Fossa and Channel
Authors: Wilbrand H. , Rauschning W. , Ruhn G.
Published: June 2015

The subarcuate channel conveys the blood supply to the otic capsule of the semicircular canals, to part of the vestibule and to other neighbouring structures. It is often observed in conventional radiographs of the temporal bone and is reproduced to advantage by conventional multidirectional and computed tomography. The purpose of this report is to draw the attention of otoradiologists to this anatomic structure and to report on some results concerning the radioanatomy of the channel. Plastic casts of 100 radiographed and subsequently macerated temporal bones were evaluated. Fourteen temporal bone specimens were submitted to automatic serial cryomicrotomy. The radioanatomic variations of the channel were demonstrated The radiographic reproducibility of the channel, length and width, were found to be dependent on the degree of perilabyrinthine and mastoid pneumatization of the temporal bone.
Posture of the Head and Pharyngeal Swallowing
Authors: Ekberg O.
Published: June 2015

Closure of the laryngeal vestibule during swallowing is important for protection of the airways. The present investigation included 53 patients with dysphagia examined cineradiographically with the head held in resting posture, flexion and extension. The ability to protect the airways by the downward movement of the epiglottis and by obliteration of the laryngeal vestibule was studied in different postures of the head. Of 35 patients with normal laryngeal obliteration with the head in resting position 10 showed a defective closure at swallowing in extension. In 18 patients with defective closure of the laryngeal vestibule in resting position 9 were improved on flexion and two on extension of the head. In one patient with defective closure of the laryngeal vestibule in resting position swallowing in flexion showed an aggravated dysfunction. In four other patients the defective closure became more marked on extension. Four patients had less effective downward movement of the epiglottis with the head in extension. Of 10 patients with defective epiglottic movement with the head in resting position two were improved on tilting the head forwards. The results show that the position of the head influences the closure of the airways during swallowing. Patients with defective protection of the laryngeal vestibule should be instructed to swallow with the head tilted forwards.
Inadvertently Performed Hysterosalpingography during Early Pregnancy
Authors: Justesen P. , Rasmussen F. , Andersen P. E.
Published: June 2015

A review of 6225 hysterosalpingographies disclosed four cases of inadvertently performed examinations during early pregnancy. These radiologic misadventures were in three cases performed because of oligomenorrhoea and in one case because of a misjudged decidual bleeding. The radiologic findings and the outcome of these pregnancies are presented. Precautions to avoid this radiographic error are discussed.
Value of Bone Scan in the McCune-Albright Syndrome
Authors: Edeburn G. F. , Mortensson W.
Published: June 2015

Bone scintigraphy proved valuable in diagnosing McCune-Albright's syndrome in a 6-year-old girl by detecting multiple, non-symptomatic foci in the skull, axial skeleton and in the extremities. Subsequent roentgen examination showed abnormal bone structure in the affected areas, consistent with fibrous dysplasia.
Computed Chest Tomography in Rats with Pulmonary Damage Due to Microembolism
Authors: Wegener T. , Wegenius G. , Hemmingsson A. , Jung B. , Saldeen T.
Published: June 2015

Computed chest tomography was performed in 13 rats with pulmonary damage due to microembolism, caused by injection of thrombin (500 NIH/kg body weight) and tranexamic acid, a fibrinolytic inhibitor (200 mg/kg body weight), and in 9 control rats. The purpose of the investigation was to perform attenuation measurements at two levels of the right lung, each with three regions of interest (anterior, mid and posterior). Alterations in attenuation, compared with controls, were correlated with lung weight. Compared with controls, the attenuation was significantly increased in the anterior and posterior regions at both levels in animals with pulmonary damage, but not in the mid regions. There was a statistically significant correlation between increasing attenuation and increasing lung weight. A significant difference was found between damaged and control lungs regarding the microscopic grade of interstitial oedema, alveolar oedema and fibrin. Histograms of attenuation values in computed tomograms might be of value in detecting alveolar oedema. It is concluded that computed chest tomography is a good method for detecting pulmonary oedema at an early stage of experimental microembolism in the rat.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Primary Amyloidosis
Authors: Benson L. , Hemmingsson A. , Ericsson A. , Jung B. , Sperber G. , Thuomas K.-Å. , Westermark P.
Published: June 2015

Twelve patients with primary amyloidosis (AL) were investigated with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In 9 patients an abnormal thickening of the heart walls was present and in 2 macroglossia was found at MRI. T1 was significantly increased in liver (p<0.05) and subcutaneous fat (p<0.01) while it was decreased in the spleen (p<0.05). T2 was significantly decreased (p<0.01) in the spleen in patients with amyloidosis, while it was not significantly altered in the liver or subcutaneous fat. After therapy T1 of the liver was reduced towards normal values in 4 patients. It is concluded that MRI might be a method to quantitate the amount of amyloid deposits in the tissue, and that the effect of therapy may be monitored with this technique.
Radiography and Ultrasonography in Paranasal Sinusitis
Authors: Jensen C. , von Sydow C.
Published: June 2015

In order to analyze whether ultrasonography with a reasonable degree of confidence can replace radiography in the diagnosis of sinusitis, 138 patients with clinical signs of sinusitis were examined with both methods. It was found that maxillary sinus fluid was recognized ultrasonographically with a confidence that increased with the amount of fluid, judged from radiographic examinations. In a sub-group of 45 cases, fluid confirmed by maxillary sinus puncture was detected by ultrasonography in 35/45 sinuses (78%) and by radiology in 38/45 sinuses (84%). In patients with radiographically normal maxillary sinuses, the correlation to ultrasound was good. However, mucosal swelling and polyps or cysts observed at radiography were poorly demonstrated by ultrasonography. In addition, the ultrasound method was not reliable for frontal sinus diagnosis. It was concluded that ultrasonography can be recommended in maxillary sinusitis for follow-up of treatment and as a screening method before sinus radiography.
A Normal Variant Simulating Freiberg's Disease
Authors: Jensen E. Legarth , de Carvalho A.
Published: June 2015

Radiologic examination of the feet was performed in 72 normal persons with no history or physical signs of disease of the feet. In about 10 per cent, bilateral flat configuration of the second metatarsal head accompanied by a joint space wider than in the neighbouring joints was found, and is therefore a normal anatomic variant that must not be confused with Freiberg's disease or its final stages.
Double Blind Evaluation of the Effects of Various Contrast Media on Extremity Veins in the Dog
Authors: Laerum F. , Dehner L. P. , Rysavy J. , Amplatz K.
Published: June 2015

Canine superficial extremity veins were examined grossly and microscopically in a double blind fashion for endothelial damage and phlebitis one hour and four days after the injection of ionic monomeric or dimeric, and non-ionic monomeric, 300 mg I/ml, contrast media. Superficial veins of all four extremities and the tail vein were injected with the same amounts of contrast medium after application of tourniquets for 20 minutes following the injections. Silver staining and prefixation of the veins were done in situ. The specimens were evaluated together with cross-sectioned, hematoxylin-eosin stained biopsies. On the basis of a randomized study of 77 dogs, endothelial damage or thrombosis caused by various contrast media as seen in man was not demonstrated. This may be due to species differences. It is postulated that canine endothelium may have a higher resistance to contrast medium injury than human endothelium.
Balloon Catheter Dilatation of Stenotic Common Bile Duct Anastomoses in the Pig
Authors: Nilsson U. , Ekelund L. , Hammarström L.-E. , Holmin T. , Jonsson N.
Published: June 2015

Fibrotic stenosing anastomoses of the common bile duct were surgically created in pigs in order to investigate the effects of percutaneous transhepatic balloon catheter dilatation. In a group of 6 animals, not treated with balloon dilatation, percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography and microscopic examination of the stricture were performed 5 to 25 weeks postoperatively. A persistent stenosis and slight to moderate fibrosis of the bile duct wall and peribiliary tissue were observed. In 5 animals the stenotic anastomosis was dilated.4 to 10 weeks postoperatively and this resulted in widening of the stricture and necrosis of the mucosa at the stricture site. Rupture of the fibrotic tissue in the bile duct wall and thrombus formation in the peribiliary veins also occurred in one of these 5 animals. Short-term follow-up in 3 animals 4 to 6 weeks after balloon dilatation showed almost complete fibrotic healing and partial re-stenosis of the anastomoses.
The Upper Esophageal Sphincter Area
Authors: Ekberg O. , Lindström C.
Published: June 2015

The localization of the upper esophageal sphincter is partly controversial. The aim of the present study was to elucidate whether or not the sphincter area could be allocated within an area inferior to and separate from the cricopharyngeal muscle. Cineradiography of the pharyngo-esophageal segment in 252 dysphagial patients disclosed a posterior impression in 55 (22%). There were no signs of a circular impression or other indications of a sphincter localized inferior to the circopharyngeus as revealed on these cinefilms. Macro- and microscopic examination of 16 autopsy specimens revealed the level of the upper esophageal sphincter to be localized within the cricopharyngeal muscle. There was no indication of any sphincter inferior to the crico-pharyngeus in the cervical esophagus.
Asymptomatic Leiomyosarcoma of the Inferior Vena Cava
Authors: Cederlund C.-G. , Edin R.
Published: June 2015

A case of leiomyosarcoma of the inferior vena cava is presented. The tumor was incidentally found at ultrasonography of a patient who underwent a follow-up examination after surgery for carcinoma of the colon. The tumor was resected and the patient was alive and well one year postoperatively at which time repeat ultrasonography and inferior vena cavography showed no remaining tumor.
Intermittent Cerebrospinal Liquorrhea
Authors: Fagerlund M. , Liliequist B.
Published: June 2015

Eight patients with posttraumatic intermittent rhinoliquorrhea were examined in the dry non-drop period, seven of them with CT metrizamide cisternography. The evidence of fracture of the skull base in combination with protruding soft tissues into the sinuses, a local deformity of basal sulci, and pooling of contrast medium in a dural pouch or herniated soft tissue plug will localize the site of leakage. There is no need for special maneuvers such as raising the intracranial pressure in order to initiate flow of the cerebrospinal fluid. Criteria for localizing the leakage are discussed.
Intra-Arterial Injection of Adriamycin/Mitomycin C Lipiodol Suspension in Liver Metastases
Authors: Kobayashi H. , Inoue H. , Shimada J. , Yano T. , Maeda T. , Oyama T. , Shinohara S.
Published: June 2015

Intra-arterial injection of a suspension of adriamycin and/or mitomycin C in Lipiodol was performed in 17 patients with hepatic metastases, which at angiography were poorly vascularized. Accumulation of Lipiodol in the tumors was demonstrated at computed tomography (CT) in 15 of 17 patients examined within one week. Follow-up with CT showed that Lipiodol remained in the tumor during the first month in 94 per cent, after 2 months in 31 per cent, and after 3 months in 17 per cent. In the non-tumor part of the liver Lipiodol disappeared earlier, and one month after injection it could no longer be traced on CT. In 8/17 cases (47%) CT, after intra-arterial injection of Lipiodol, gave superior information compared with CT after intravenous contrast enhancement. Tumor response was achieved in 9 of 16 cases. Particularly in metastases originating from cancer of the colon and stomach response was observed with a decrease in tumor size in 8 of 10 patients.
Ultrasound Examination in Diffuse Liver Disease
Authors: Forsberg L. , Florén C. H. , Hederström E. , Prytz H.
Published: June 2015

Seventy-three patients with pathologic liver function tests were examined using ultrasound one day prior to liver biopsy. The ultrasound findings were compared with the histologic findings. In 23 patients enlarged lymph nodes were found in the hepato-duodenal ligament and 21 of these had active immune-mediated liver disease. Of the remaining 2 patients one had ulcerative colitis (and fatty liver) and one chronic cholecystitis (and ***haemosiderosis). Of the 33 patients with biopsy-proven active ***immune-mediated liver disease 21 had pathologic lymph nodes in the hepato-duodenal ligament at ultrasound. It was not possible to identify the ligament in 8 patients and in the remaining 4 no pathologic lymph nodes could be found. Twenty-one of these patients had normal liver echoes on ultrasound, 5 exhibited increased echogenicity and 5 had heterogeneous echogenicity. In a further 2 patients both increased echogenicity and heterogeneous parenchyma were found. Ultrasound examination of the liver parenchyma alone would thus lead to 21 of the 33 patients being classified as normal and a further 5 being classified as having fatty changes of the liver. Only 7 would be regarded as having significant liver pathology. However, if demonstration at ultrasound of pathologic lymph nodes in the hepato-duodenal ligament is regarded as being consistent with significant hepatic pathology a further 15 patients could be added to these 7 patients, giving a total of 22 out of 33 patients (67%) identified as having significant liver pathology using ultrasound alone. The reliability of ultrasound in the diagnosis of immune-mediated liver disease can thus be improved considerably by actively searching for lymph nodes in the hepato-duodenal ligament.
Comparison of Endoscopic Retrograde Pancreatography with Functional and Histologic Changes in Chronic Pancreatitis
Authors: Heij H. A. , Obertop H. , van Blankenstein M. , Nix G. A. J. J. , Westbroek D. L.
Published: June 2015

The findings from endoscopic retrograde pancreatography (ERP) and secretin-CCK test data were compared in 69 patients: 36 with chronic pancreatitis, 9 with possible chronic pancreatitis, and 24 without chronic pancreatic disease. The ERP findings were also compared with the histologic changes in pancreatic tissue in 18 patients who underwent pancreatic surgery for chronic pancreatitis. ERP films were reviewed according to the criteria proposed by Kasugai et coll. (8) with special attention paid to the side branches. Secretin-CCK test data were interpreted using the discriminant analysis. A good correlation between bicarbonate and chymotrypsin output and ductular changes at ERP was found. The results of ERP and the secretin-CCK test were compatible in 86 per cent of the patients. The relationship between ERP findings and histologic changes was not straightforward. It was concluded that ERP and the secretin-CCK test are complementary in the diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis. ERP does not necessarily represent the histology in chronic pancreatitis.
Percutaneous Transsplenic Embolization of Esophageal Varices in a 5-Year-Old Child
Authors: Rasinska G. , Wermenski K. , Rajszys P.
Published: June 2015

A five-year-old girl with portal vein thrombosis and severe gastrointestinal hemorrhage recurring after repeated endoscopic sclerotherapy was successfully embolized via an ultrasonically guided transsplenic catheterization of the splenic vein.
Preoperative Renal Tumor Embolization
Authors: Fischedick A.-R. , Peters P. E. , Kleinhans G. , Pfeifer E.
Published: June 2015

The medical reports of 113 patients operated upon for renal tumors were retrospectively reviewed to assess the value of preoperative embolization. Coils or ethanol were used preoperatively in 55 patients while 58 patients underwent nephrectomy without embolization. The tumors were staged according to the TNM and the Robson staging classification. T1 and T2 tumors as well as T3 and T4 tumors were grouped together for statistical evaluation. There was no significant difference in intraoperative blood loss, operation time and survival rate between patients undergoing preoperative embolization and those who had only nephrectomy. Duration of hospital stay was always longer in the preoperatively embolized group. Preoperative embolization of renal tumors neither improved the patients' outcome nor reduced the surgical risk. Robson's classification, stage III/IV, did not show any significant differences for embolized patients or for those nephrectomized without embolization.
Contrast-Enhanced Computed Tomography to Show Perivesical Extension in Bladder Carcinoma
Authors: Sager E. M. , Talle K. , Fosså S. D. , Ous S. , Stenwig A. E.
Published: June 2015

Fifty-two patients (53 lesions) with muscle invasive carcinoma (T2/T3) of the urinary bladder were examined with computed tomography (CT) before planned total cystectomy. The object of CT was to demonstrate perivesical growth. All patients were examined before and after intravenous injection of contrast medium. The stages obtained from the precontrast and postcontrast scans were compared with the histopathologic stage from the cystectomy specimen. CT staged correctly 35 of the 53 lesions in the precontrast series and 46 of the 53 lesions in the postcontrast series. The improved accuracy from contrast enhancement resulted primarily from fewer cases being overstaged. The use of intravenous contrast medium improved accuracy of CT in evaluation of perivescial tumor growth.
Urinary Protein Profiles following Urography with Iothalamate
Authors: Skaarup P. , Thomsen H. S.
Published: June 2015

Urinary protein profiles (IgG, albumin, β2-microglobulin) following urography with iothalamate were investigated in 5 patients with functionally and morphologically normal kidneys. In 4 of 5 patients an increased clearance of at least one of the proteins was found indicating disturbance in both glomerular and tubular function and the change was transient (up to 6 days). Albustix was always negative.
Sensitometric Control of Roentgen Film Processors
Authors: Forsberg H.
Published: June 2015

Monitoring of film processors performance is essential since image quality, patient dose and costs are influenced by the performance. A system for sensitometric constancy control of film processors and their associated components is described. Experience with the system for 3 years is given when implemented on 17 film processors. Modern high quality film processors have a stability that makes a test frequency of once a week sufficient to maintain adequate image quality. The test system is so sensitive that corrective actions almost invariably have been taken before any technical problem degraded the image quality to a visible degree.
Magnetic Resonance Relaxation Characteristics of Muscle, Fat and Bone Marrow of the Extremities
Authors: Pettersson H. , Slone R.
Published: June 2015

The T1 and T2 relaxation times were calculated in the bone marrow, subcutaneous fat and muscles in the extremities of 21 volunteers. There were no significant differences in relation to age or sex. In the same individual, the difference in the relaxation time was negligible between different sites in muscle, fat and bone. These and other normal values reported are dependent on examination technique and calculation method which must be compensated for when comparisons between materials from different centers are performed.
Computed Tomography of the Thymus Gland in Myasthenia Gravis
Authors: Thorvinger B. , Lyttkens K. , Samuelsson L.
Published: June 2015

Sixteen consecutive patients with myasthenia gravis were examined by computed tomography (CT) before thymectomy. Surgical and histologic findings were compared with those obtained at CT. The results, like those of most other recent studies, indicate that CT is a reliable method for identifying thymoma. In all three patients with thymoma, and in five out of eight patients with hyperplasia, the lesion was observed at CT, giving an overall accuracy of 80 per cent. Although tymic hyperplasia is a basically histologic diagnosis an enlarged gland may give a correct diagnosis of this abnormality.
Sonography in Differential Diagnosis of Deep Venous Thrombosis of the Leg
Authors: Aronen H. J. , Pamilo M. , Suoranta H. T. , Suramo I.
Published: June 2015

The lower extremities of 60 consecutive symptomatic patients were examined first by ultrasound (US) and then by phlebography. Deep venous thrombosis was found in 17 patients by means of venography. A hematoma was detected by US in six legs without thrombosis. A popliteal cyst was observed by US in five cases; one patient had a concurrent deep venous thrombosis. It was concluded that symptomatic patients with a negative phlebography should be examined by US for correct diagnosis and treatment, although US cannot replace phlebography.
Formation of Potential Antigens from Radiographic Contrast Media
Authors: Nilsson R. , Ehrenberg L. , Fedorcsak I.
Published: June 2015

The use of radiographic contrast media is occasionally accompanied by more or less serious adverse effects, evidently of complex etiology, following intravascular administration. Some of these reactions are suspected of having an allergic basis. The in vitro and in vivo formation of iodinated serum proteins following gamma irradiation in the presence of two commonly used radiographic contrast media is demonstrated. Non-toxic concentrations of ascorbate present during the irradiation is shown to prevent the formation of such iodo-proteins in vitro as well as in vivo. The amounts of potentially antigenic iodoprotein formed during radiographic procedures will certainly be very small, but this quantity may be sufficient to elicit a hypersensitivity reaction in cases when an individual has been previously sensitized to immunologically similar iodo-proteins, a mechanism that could account for certain rare and unpredictable reactions. The radiation induced formation of iodo-proteins may also serve as a model for the formation of iodine containing antigens mediated by a free radical mechanism, i.e. in the metabolism of iodinated compounds like erythrosine, a widely used colouring agent for certain foods.
Gadolinium-DTPA Enhancement of VX-2 Carcinoma of the Rabbit Kidney on T1 Weighted Magnetic Resonance Images
Authors: Yancey J. M. , Ackerman N. , Kaude J. V. , Googe R. E. , Fitzsimmons J. R. , Scott K. N. , Mancuso A. A. , Hackett R. L. , Hager D. A. , Caballero S.
Published: June 2015

Experimental renal carcinoma was induced by percutaneous injection of VX-2 carcinoma cells into the left kidney in New Zealand white rabbits. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed at 0.15 T before and after intravenous injection of 0.3 mmol gadolinium-DTPA (Gd-DTPA) per kg body weight. GdDTPA enhanced the tumors by increasing the signal intensity on T1 weighted images. The enhancement was evident immediately after Gd-DTPA injection, increasing during the observation time of 30 minutes. Histologically the areas of enhancement corresponded well to the viable tumor tissue.
Percutaneous Phenol Block of the Upper Thoracic Sympathetic Chain with Computed Tomography Guidance
Authors: Dondelinger R. F. , Kurdziel J. C.
Published: June 2015

Twenty-one percutaneous neurolyses of the upper thoracic sympathetic chain were performed in 12 patients with CT guidance by a single injection of 1 to 3 ml of phenol at the level of Th3. Results were assessed after a follow-up period varying from 4 to 33 months. Three patients with hyperhidrosis had immediate and complete disappearance of symptoms, but only one patient remained dry. In 7/14 procedures done for Raynaud's disease symptoms disappeared or diminished. These long term results are competitive with surgery. Three transitory Horner syndromes and one pneumothorax occurred.
Excretion of Iohexol and Metrizoate in Human Breast Milk
Authors: Nielsen S. T. , Matheson I. , Rasmussen J. N. , Skinnemoen K. , Andrew E. , Hafsahl G.
Published: June 2015

Six lactating women undergoing contrast media examination had milk and blood taken to determine the rate and extent of excretion of iohexol (Omnipaque) (four mothers) and metrizoate (Isopaque) (two mothers). Blood samples were taken up to 45 minutes and milk samples up to 48 hours after the contrast medium injection. The excretion was low, reaching a maximum at 3 to 6 hours and showing a slow decay curve (t 1/2 = 15 to 108 hours). One mother, who was weaning her baby, showed a different excretion pattern. The amount excreted during 24 hours was about 0.5 per cent of the weight adjusted maternal dose for both iohexol and metrizoate. It is not likely, that such a low dose of poorly absorbed drug would cause any adverse effects in the infant, unless it is hypersensitive to the drug already. The authors consider breast feeding to be acceptable for mothers receiving iohexol or metrizoate.
Postrenal Segment Aneurysm and Infrahepatic Interruption of the Inferior Vena Cava
Authors: Stiris M. G. , Finnanger A. M.
Published: June 2015

Infrahepatic interruption of the inferior vena cava (IVC) with azygos and hemiazygos continuation is a well known anomaly. An aneurysm of the IVC has to our knowledge never been reported. A patient is described in whom a postrenal segmental aneurysm of the IVC in association with infrahepatic interruption was evaluated by cavography, ultrasound, and computed tomography. The different modes of evaluation are discussed with emphasis on the embryogenesis of the IVC.
Videodefaecography Combined with Measurement of the Anorectal Angle and of Perineal Descent
Authors: Skomorowska E. , Henrichsen S. , Christiansen J. , Hegedüs V.
Published: June 2015

Cineradiographic defaecography combined with measurement of the anorectal angle and descent of the pelvic floor is proposed. The method used in 73 women gave valuable information in 48 patients who complained of anal incompetence, rectal tenesmus, and chronic constipation. In these patients, high and low rectal intussusception, rectocele, and pathologic movement of the pelvic floor were detected. Some of these phenomena could only be diagnosed by the radiologic method here described. Quantitations of the anorectal angle and descent of the pelvic floor placed the group with constipation halfway between normal individuals and those with anal incompetence. The value of this finding is discussed. Recent improvements in anorectal surgery often make videodefaecography decisive for the choice of the optimal operative method. Therefore, videodefaecography together with measurement of the anorectal angle and pelvic floor descent is recommended whenever anorectal surgery for correction of functional disturbances is contemplated.
Adverse Reactions to Iotroxate at Intravenous Cholangiography
Authors: Nilsson U.
Published: June 2015

The number and type of adverse reactions to meglumine iotroxate at intravenous infusion cholangiography, performed one day prior to elective cholecystectomy, were recorded in a prospective investigation of 196 asymptomatic, anicteric patients. One hundred ml (50 mg I/ml) of contrast medium was infused over a period of 30 minutes. Only 2 minor (1 %) and no severe or fatal reactions were noted. A review of the literature on the use of iotroxate in 2492 patients, including those in the present investigation, revealed a complication rate of 3.5 per cent (3.0% minor, 0.3% moderate and 0.2% severe reactions) at infusion of iotroxate (5.0–8.0 g I) over a period of 30 to 120 minutes. This compared favourably with the 5 per cent complication rate (4% minor, 0.5 % moderate and 0.5 % severe reactions) at infusion of iodoxamate and the 9 per cent complication rate (5 % minor, 1 % moderate and 3% severe reactions) at infusion of ioglycamide. Irrespective of the contrast agent used, the frequency of adverse reactions at infusion was found to be 3 times lower than when equal amounts (5.0–5.6 g I) of the same medium were injected. It is concluded that, at present, infusion of iotroxate in an amount which approximates to the transportation maximum of the liver is the least toxic way of performing intravenous cholangiography with an optimum filling of the bile ducts.
Estimating Kidney Function during Urography
Authors: Sjoberg S. , Hellsten S. , Almen T. , Golman K. , Grönberg T.
Published: June 2015

Blood samples were taken from 21 subjects at 2 to 4 hours after simultaneous injection of contrast medium (metrizoate) for urography and51Cr-EDTA. Clearance calculations were performed using the single injection (single slope) technique. The plasma concentrations of51Cr-EDTA and contrast medium were measured by gamma counting and X-ray fluorescence analysis, respectively. A good correlation was found between the clearance of51Cr-EDTA and clearance of contrast medium (r=0.94).
Blood Flow Determinations Utilizing Digital Densitometry
Authors: Lois J. F. , Mankovich N. J. , Gomes A. S.
Published: June 2015

A method of obtaining relative and absolute blood flow measurements from digital densitometry was evaluated with a simulated vessel phantom and a hydrodynamic model. A digital vascular imaging system capable of acquisition in 5122 and 10242 mode was used. Relative and absolute blood flow were measured using parameters derived from the densitometric curve. Since application of densitometric data to absolute flow measurements requires the vessel diameter, an algorithm for vessel size determination was created. Gray scale changes were demonstrated to be linearly related to contrast concentration. The variance of vessel size determination was significantly different in all combinations of 10242 and 5122 imaging with 15 cm or 35 cm field size. The error in vessel size determination was significantly less using the larger 10242 matrix and the smaller 15 cm image intensifier field size, as shown by the smaller variance. In relative flow determinations, there was good correlation between the flow and four parameters of the densitometric curve with no significant differences between 5122 and 10242 imaging. Absolute flow determinations had slightly lower correlation to actual flow but were not significantly different from relative flow determinations. Relative and absolute blood flow determinations can be performed adequately with either 5122 or 10242 imaging. The increased accuracy in vessel size determination with 10242 imaging makes this high resolution system potentially preferable to determine absolute blood flow.
Relaxation Enhancement of the Dog Liver and Spleen by Biodegradable Superparamagnetic Particles in Proton Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Hemmingsson A. , Carlsten J. , Ericsson A. , Klaveness J. , Sperber G. O. , Thuomas K.-Å.
Published: June 2015

Bio-degradable superparamagnetic particles of about 0.5 μm diameter were investigated in 2 dogs as potential intravenous contrast enhancing agents for the reticuloendothelial system. The particles lowered the MRI signal of the liver for all investigated sequences, while the signal of the spleen was lowered only in T2 weighted sequences. No clear effect was seen on signals of fat and muscle. There was a pronounced effect on T 2 in both liver and spleen but relatively little effect on T1. Diminishing contrast effect with time indicates that the particles degrade. The particles did not have any adverse effects on the general state of the dogs or on routine liver and kidney function tests.
Digitized Intra-Operative Video-Fluoroscopy Cholangiography
Authors: Fork F.-T. , Bååth L. , Borgström A. , Nylander G. , Olin T.
Published: June 2015

Experience is reported of intra-operative fluoroscopy in 100 cholecystectomized patients using bilateral video- and tele-communicating systems between the surgeon and the conducting radiologist. The radiologist's guidance and the surgeon's realtime observation of the intra-operative study together with reduction in the mean operation time constitute the main advantages of this technique.
Computed Tomography of Malignant Ovarian Disease
Authors: Thorvinger B. , Samuelsson L. , Skjaerris J.
Published: June 2015

One hundred and five patients with proven malignant ovarian disease were examined with one or more abdomino-pelvic CT scans in order to evaluate clinically suspected recurrence, complete clinical remission, or the effect of therapy. The findings obtained at CT were compared with follow-up examinations including surgery in 85 patients within 3 months. CT was accurate in the evaluation of therapeutic response, but if negative not reliable enough to replace a laparotomy of patients with possible recurrence or in clinical remission.
Hemodynamic Effect of Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty for Lower Limb Atherosclerosis
Authors: Jørgensen J. J. , Stranden E. , Gjølberg T.
Published: June 2015

Measurements of ankle pressure index (API) and arterial flow velocity including calculation of pulsatility index (PI) from the common femoral and pedal arteries were performed in 89 limbs of 75 patients before and after percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) (63 iliac and 26 femoropopliteal). A pulsed wave Doppler ultrasound flowmeter was used. An increase of API at rest of at least 0.15 or the absence of pressure drop after exercise following PTA was used as criteria for a hemodynamically successful angioplasty. In patients with hemodynamically successful PTA of an iliac obstruction PI increased from 4.2 to 8.6 (p<0.001); 91 per cent of these patients improved clinically. When iliac angioplasty was hemodynamically unsuccessful, PI remained unchanged; 11 per cent of these patients improved clinically. All limbs with hemodynamically successful PTA of a femoropopliteal obstruction improved clinically and PI increased from 3.1 to 8.7 (p<0.001). After hemodynamically unsuccessful femoropopliteal PTA, PI remained unchanged though 25 per cent of these patients improved clinically. These results illustrate that measurement of arterial flow velocity with calculation of PI may be a useful supplement for the functional evaluation of the effect of PTA, since symptomatic response alone may be unreliable.
Iohexol and Ioxaglate in Peripheral Angiography
Authors: Stiris M. G. , Laerum F.
Published: June 2015

A double-blind, cross-over trial of the non-ionic, low-osmolar contrast medium iohexol (Omnipaque) and the ionic, low-osmolar medium ioxaglate (Hexabrix) at concentrations of 300 mg I/ml was carried out in 107 consecutive patients with arterial insufficiency of the lower limbs. The purpose of the study was to observe possible ‘carry-over’ effects from any of the contrast media, and to evaluate patient discomfort such as pain, adverse reactions, or effect on peripheral blood pressure. No carry-over effect was seen. Ioxaglate caused less injection pain and heat sensations than iohexol, and showed less effect on the systemic blood pressure.
Radiologic Diagnosis of Gastro-Oesophageal Reflux by Means of Graded Abdominal Compression
Authors: Fransson S.-G. , Sökjer H. , Johansson K.-E. , Tibbling L.
Published: June 2015

The aim of the study was to ascertain whether abdominal compression by a standardized technique increases the reliability of the radiologic diagnosis of gastro-oesophageal reflux. Eightyeight patients were examined by means of a manometric reflux test, 24-hour measurements of pH and endoscopy. The radiologic examination was performed with and without graded abdominal compression, the patient at the same time turning from side to side. When abdominal compression was included the result of the radiologic examination was positive in 31 patients. In the absence of abdominal compression reflux was detected in 11 of these patients. In one patient reflux was detected only without compression. All these 31 patients had one more test positive and in 27 at least 2 more tests were positive. Another 21 patients had reflux disease as indicated by at least 2 of the 3 other tests. The compression technique seems to yield no false positive responses, and proved to be significantly more reliable than examinations without compression.