bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prognosis and prognostic factors of lung cancer complications in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Fujita Shunichi , Nakano Kazuhisa , Nagasu Akiko , Hiramatsu‐Asano Sumie , Akagi Takahiko , Morita Yoshitaka
Published: March 2024

Aim

To clarify the prognosis and prognostic factors for lung cancer in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Methods

In this retrospective longitudinal study, we investigated the medical records of patients with RA among 1422 patients diagnosed with lung cancer and registered in a hospital‐based cancer registry between January 2013 and May 2022. The Kaplan–Meier method and Cox proportional hazards model were used to analyze survival and identify predictive factors.

Results

Of 26 patients with RA complicated with lung cancer (median age, 69 years), the 2‐year overall survival rates for stages I–II were 90%–100%, and those for stages III–IV were 20%, respectively. Positivity of anti‐citrullinated protein/peptide antibody, smoking history, interstitial lung disease, poorly controlled RA, stage III and IV lung cancer, histological types other than adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, and RF ≧ 50 IU/mL were associated with increased mortality. After the surgical resection of stage I and II lung cancer, 5 of the 16 patients experienced cancer recurrence after resumption of RA treatment, and the histology of the recurrent cancers was mostly squamous cell carcinoma.

Conclusions

Early detection of lung cancer is needed, especially in patients with RA who have a history of smoking, seropositivity, or interstitial lung disease. Even after surgical resection, it should be noted that squamous cell carcinoma is prone to recurrence.
How the method for delivering loans impacts on the economic efficiency of microfinance institutions
Authors: Fernández Sánchez José L. , Odriozola María D. , Baraibar‐Diez Elisa
Published: March 2024

The aim of this research has been to analyse how the method employed for lending can affect the cost efficiency of microfinance institutions (MFIs) since innovations for lending have been introduced in the sector in the last years and there are not empirical studies to analyse the actual impact of it. The improvement of MFIs' cost efficiency is very important for these institutions to achieve their financial self‐sufficiency and be sustainable in the long run. The data employed in this analysis have been an unbalanced panel composed of a sample of 1017 MFIs for the 2008–2018 period and collected from the microfinance information exchange (MIX) database. Our results also show that community or group‐lending methods, as village banking and solidarity groups, have a positive effect on the MFIs’ cost efficiency versus traditional methods based on individual lending. In addition, we have found that MFIs with a higher proportion of borrowers in rural areas are more cost efficient than institutions with more borrowers in urban areas, although community or group‐lending methods have a larger positive effect on MFIs’ cost efficiency in urban than in rural areas.
Assessing the one‐month mortality impact of civilian‐setting prehospital transfusion: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Schoenfeld David W. , Rosen Carlo L. , Harris Tim , Thomas Stephen H.
Published: March 2024

Background

Based on convincing evidence for outcomes improvement in the military setting, the past decade has seen evaluation of prehospital transfusion (PHT) in the civilian emergency medical services (EMS) setting. Evidence synthesis has been challenging, due to study design variation with respect to both exposure (type of blood product administered) and outcome (endpoint definitions and timing). The goal of the current meta‐analysis was to execute an overarching assessment of all civilian‐arena randomized controlled trial (RCT) evidence focusing on administration of blood products compared to control of no blood products.

Method

The review structure followed the Cochrane group's Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis (PRISMA). Using the Transfusion Evidence Library (transfusionevidencelibrary.com), the multidatabase (e.g. PubMed, EMBASE) Harvard On‐Line Library Information System (HOLLIS), and GoogleScholar, we accessed many databases and gray literature sources. RCTs of PHT in the civilian setting with a comparison group receiving no blood products with 1‐month mortality outcomes were identified.

Results

In assessing a single patient‐centered endpoint—1‐month mortality—we calculated an overall risk ratio (RR) estimate. Analysis of three RCTs yielded a model with acceptable heterogeneity (I2 = 48%, Q‐test p = 0.13). Pooled estimate revealed civilian PHT results in a statistically nonsignificant (p = 0.38) relative mortality reduction of 13% (RR 0.87, 95% CI 0.63–1.19).

Conclusions

Current evidence does not demonstrate 1‐month mortality benefit of civilian‐setting PHT. This should give pause to EMS systems considering adoption of civilian‐setting PHT programs. Further studies should not only focus on which formulations of blood products might improve outcomes but also focus on which patients are most likely to benefit from any form of civilian‐setting PHT.
Increased ventral anterior insular connectivity to sports betting availability indexes problem gambling
Authors: Brevers Damien , Baeken Chris , Bechara Antoine , He Qinghua , Maurage Pierre , Sescousse Guillaume , Vögele Claus , Billieux Joël
Published: March 2024

With the advent of digital technologies, online sports betting is spurring a fast‐growing expansion. In this study, we examined how sports betting availability modulates the brain connectivity of frequent sports bettors with [problem bettors (PB)] or without [non‐problem bettors (NPB)] problematic sports betting. We conducted functional connectivity analyses centred on the ventral anterior insular cortex (vAI), a brain region playing a key role in the dynamic interplay between reward‐based processes. We re‐analysed a dataset on sports betting availability undertaken in PB (n = 30) and NPB (n = 35). Across all participants, we observed that sports betting availability elicited positive vAI coupling with extended clusters of brain activation (encompassing the putamen, cerebellum, occipital, temporal, precentral and central operculum regions) and negative vAI coupling with the orbitofrontal cortex. Between‐group analyses showed increased positive vAI coupling in the PB group, as compared with the NPB group, in the left lateral occipital cortex, extending to the left inferior frontal gyrus, the anterior cingulate gyrus and the right frontal pole. Taken together, these results are in line with the central assumptions of triadic models of addictions, which posit that the insular cortex plays a pivotal role in promoting the drive and motivation to get a reward by ‘hijacking’ goal‐oriented processes toward addiction‐related cues. Taken together, these findings showed that vAI functional connectivity is sensitive not only to gambling availability but also to the status of problematic sport betting.
Health needs, treatment decisions and experience of traditional complementary and integrative medicine use by women with diminished ovarian reserve: A cross‐sectional survey
Authors: Maunder Alison , Arentz Susan , Armour Mike , Costello Michael F , Ee Carolyn
Published: March 2024

Background

Women with diminished ovarian reserve (DOR) have fewer eggs than would be expected at their age. It is estimated that 10% of women seeking fertility treatment are diagnosed with DOR. However, the success rate of medically assisted reproduction (MAR) is significantly lower in women with DOR, thus many seek additional approaches.

Aim

To explore the health needs of women with DOR, treatment options and experience of treatment including traditional complementary integrative medicine (TCIM).

Methods

Anyone with a diagnosis of DOR, living in Australia or New Zealand, aged over 18 were invited to complete an online survey distributed via fertility support networks and social media platforms from April to December 2021.

Results

Data from 67 respondents were included. The main aspects of health that were impacted by DOR were fertility (91.0%) and mental health (52.2%). The main treatment recommended was MAR with most women either currently using MAR (38.8%) or having previously used MAR (37.3%). TCIM was widely used with 88.1% of women utilising supplements, 74.6% consulting with TCIM practitioners, and 65.7% adopting self‐care practices. The main reasons for using TCIM were to improve fertility or support pregnancy, and to support general health and well‐being.

Conclusions

Women with DOR have additional health needs apart from infertility, most notably mental health support. The main form of treatment utilised is MAR, despite DOR being challenging for fertility clinicians. TCIM was widely used, and respondents perceived benefits related to improving fertility, supporting pregnancy, or improving well‐being through use of acupuncture, meditation, naturopathy, massage, yoga.
Close Collaboration with Parents—Implementation and effectiveness
Authors: Ahlqvist‐Björkroth Sari , Axelin Anna , Lehtonen Liisa
Published: March 2024

Aim

There has been a need to develop programs to facilitate family‐centered care. This paper describes the content of a program called Close Collaboration with Parents, its implementation, and research on its effectiveness.

Methods

The program is a systematic training with a focus on staff communication and observation skills and skills to support parenting. The primary implementation strategy is mentoring. Staff engage in bedside practices and reflections with mentors covering all four phases of the program. The effects of this unit‐wide program have been evaluated using a pre‐post study design, a qualitative study design, and a register‐based study design.

Results

The program has been successfully implemented in 26 units so far. Our research has shown that the training benefits infants, parents, staff, and healthcare organisations. Specifically, family‐centered care practices improved after the program, the parents' presence and parent‐infant skin‐to‐skin contact increased, infant growth improved and the length of hospital stays shortened. The mothers' depressive symptoms decreased in the long term.

Conclusion

We have described an educational program for the multidisciplinary staff of a neonatal intensive care unit, Close Collaboration with Parents. The program has changed hospital care cultures for the benefit of infants, parents, staff, and even the healthcare organisation.
Knock‐out of dipeptidase CN2 in human proximal tubular cells disrupts dipeptide and amino acid homeostasis and para‐ and transcellular solute transport
Authors: Pfeffer Tilman , Krug Susanne M. , Kracke Tamara , Schürfeld Robin , Colbatzky Florian , Kirschner Philip , Medert Rebekka , Freichel Marc , Schumacher Dagmar , Bartosova Maria , Zarogiannis Sotiris G. , Muckenthaler Martina U. , Altamura Sandro , Pezer Silvia , Volk Nadine , Schwab Constantin , Duensing Stefan , Fleming Thomas , Heidenreich Elena , Zschocke Johannes , Hell Rüdiger , Poschet Gernot , Schmitt Claus P. , Peters Verena
Published: March 2024

Aim

Although of potential biomedical relevance, dipeptide metabolism has hardly been studied. We found the dipeptidase carnosinase‐2 (CN2) to be abundant in human proximal tubules, which regulate water and solute homeostasis. We therefore hypothesized, that CN2 has a key metabolic role, impacting proximal tubular transport function.

Methods

A knockout of the CN2 gene (CNDP2‐KO) was generated in human proximal tubule cells and characterized by metabolomics, RNA‐seq analysis, paracellular permeability analysis and ion transport.

Results

CNDP2‐KO in human proximal tubule cells resulted in the accumulation of cellular dipeptides, reduction of amino acids and imbalance of related metabolic pathways, and of energy supply. RNA‐seq analyses indicated altered protein metabolism and ion transport. Detailed functional studies demonstrated lower CNDP2‐KO cell viability and proliferation, and altered ion and macromolecule transport via trans‐ and paracellular pathways. Regulatory and transport protein abundance was disturbed, either as a consequence of the metabolic imbalance or the resulting functional disequilibrium.

Conclusion

CN2 function has a major impact on intracellular amino acid and dipeptide metabolism and is essential for key metabolic and regulatory functions of proximal tubular cells. These findings deserve in vivo analysis of the relevance of CN2 for nephron function and regulation of body homeostasis.
Conscientious refusal or conscientious provision: We can't have both
Authors: Kulesa Ryan , Giubilini Alberto
Published: March 2024

Some authors argue that it is permissible for clinicians to conscientiously provide abortion services because clinicians are already allowed to conscientiously refuse to provide certain services. Call this the symmetry thesis. We argue that on either of the two main understandings of the aim of the medical profession—what we will call “pathocentric” and “interest‐centric” views—conscientious refusal and conscientious provision are mutually exclusive. On pathocentric views, refusing to provide a service that takes away from a patient's health is professionally justified because there are compelling reasons, based on professional standards, to refuse to provide that service (e.g., it does not heal, and it is contrary to the goals of medicine). However, providing that same service is not professionally justified when providing that service would be contrary to the goals of medicine. Likewise, the thesis turns out false on interest‐centric views. Refusing to provide a service is not professionally justified when that service helps the patient fulfill her autonomous preferences because there are compelling reasons, based on professional standards, to provide that service (e.g., it helps her achieve her autonomous preferences, and it would be contrary to the goals of medicine to deny her that service). However, refusing to provide that same service is not professionally justified when refusing to provide that service would be contrary to the goals of medicine. As a result, on either of the two most plausible views on the goals of medicine, the symmetry thesis turns out false.
“It's like an epidemic, we don't know what to do”: The perceived need for and benefits of a suicide prevention programme in UK schools
Authors: Ashworth Emma , Thompson Joniece , Saini Pooja
Published: March 2024

Background

Despite emerging evidence for the effectiveness of school‐based suicide prevention programmes worldwide, there are few being implemented in the United Kingdom, and their social validity (i.e., the feasibility, acceptability, and utility) is not yet known.

Aims

We aimed to conduct a scoping study to determine: (1) the social validity and potential benefits of school‐based suicide prevention interventions, (2) the perceived need for such interventions, and (3) barriers and facilitators to implementation.

Sample and Methods

A total of 46 participants took part. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with mental health professionals (N = 8), school staff (N = 8), and parents whose children had experienced suicidal ideation/behaviours (N = 3) in England. Focus groups were also completed with children and young people (N = 27) aged 15–18 across three state secondary schools. Data were analysed using thematic framework analysis.

Results

Three themes were identified: (1) the need for and importance of suicide prevention in children and young people, (2) schools as a setting for delivery, and (3) key components of suicide prevention programmes.

Conclusions

Participants overwhelmingly agreed that there is a need for a greater and more consistent emphasis on school‐based suicide prevention. School appears to be an acceptable location for suicide prevention, and participants felt discussions about suicide should begin at the start of secondary school. However, there are potential barriers that need to be considered, including tailoring for neurodiversity, challenging cultural/family beliefs and stigma, managing personal experiences of suicidal thoughts or previous bereavement from suicide, and a lack of existing training for school staff.
Activation of STING signaling aggravates chronic alcohol exposure‐induced cognitive impairment by increasing neuroinflammation and mitochondrial apoptosis
Authors: Lin Xinrou , Li Xiangpen , Li Chenguang , Wang Hongxuan , Zou Lubin , Pan Jingrui , Zhang Xiaoni , He Lei , Rong Xiaoming , Peng Ying
Published: March 2024

Aims

Chronic alcohol exposure leads to persistent neurological disorders, which are mainly attributed to neuroinflammation and apoptosis. Stimulator of IFN genes (STING) is essential in the cytosolic DNA sensing pathway and is involved in inflammation and cellular death processes. This study was to examine the expression pattern and biological functions of STING signaling in alcohol use disorder (AUD).

Methods

Cell‐free DNA was extracted from human and mouse plasma. C57BL/6J mice were given alcohol by gavage for 28 days, and behavior tests were used to determine their mood and cognition. Cultured cells were treated with ethanol for 24 hours. The STING agonist DMXAA, STING inhibitor C‐176, and STING‐siRNA were used to intervene the STING. qPCR, western blot, and immunofluorescence staining were used to assess STING signaling, inflammation, and apoptosis.

Results

Circulating cell‐free mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was increased in individuals with AUD and mice chronically exposed to alcohol. Upregulation of STING signaling under alcohol exposure led to inflammatory responses in BV2 cells and mitochondrial apoptosis in PC12 cells. DMXAA exacerbated alcohol‐induced cognitive impairment and increased the activation of microglia, neuroinflammation, and apoptosis in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), while C‐176 exerted neuroprotection.

Conclusion

Activation of STING signaling played an essential role in alcohol‐induced inflammation and mitochondrial apoptosis in the mPFC. This study identifies STING as a promising therapeutic target for AUD.
Challenges and opportunities in human dimensions behind cat–wildlife conflict
Authors: Fu Changjian , Wang Fang , Zhao Yumeng , Zhu Qin , Luo Yunchao , Li Yuhang , Zhang Ziye , Yan Xueting , Sun Taozhu , Liu Yang , Li Zhongqiu
Published: March 2024

Because global anthropogenic activities cause vast biodiversity loss, human dimensions research is essential to forming management plans applicable to biodiversity conservation outside wilderness areas. Engaging public participation is crucial in this context to achieve social and environmental benefits. However, knowledge gaps remain in understanding how a balance between conservation and public demands can be reached and how complicated sociocultural contexts in the Anthropocene can be incorporated in conservation planning. We examined China's nationwide conflict between free‐ranging cats (owned cats that are allowed to go outdoors or homeless cats living outdoors) and wildlife to examine how a consensus between compassion and biodiversity conservation can help in decision‐making. We surveyed a random sample of people in China online. Over 9000 questionnaires were completed (44.2% response). In aggregate, respondents reported approximately 29 million free‐ranging owned cats and that over 5 million domestic cats per year become feral in mainland China. Respondents who were cat owners, female, and religious were more likely to deny the negative impacts of cats on wildlife and ongoing management strategies and more supportive of stray cat shelters, adoption, and community‐based fund raising than nonowners, male, and nonreligious respondents (p < 0.05). Free‐ranging cat ownership and abandonment occurred less with owners with more knowledge of biodiversity and invasive species than with respondents with less knowledge of these subjects (p < 0.05). We recommend that cat enthusiasts and wildlife conservationists participate in community‐based initiatives, such as campaigns to keep cats indoors. Our study provides a substantially useful framework for other regions where free‐ranging cats are undergoing rapid expansion.
The power of citizen science to advance fungal conservation
Authors: Haelewaters Danny , Quandt C. Alisha , Bartrop Lachlan , Cazabonne Jonathan , Crockatt Martha E. , Cunha Susana P. , De Lange Ruben , Dominici Laura , Douglas Brian , Drechsler‐Santos Elisandro Ricardo , Heilmann‐Clausen Jacob , Irga Peter J. , Jakob Sigrid , Lofgren Lotus , Martin Thomas E. , Muchane Mary Nyawira , Stallman Jeffery K. , Verbeken Annemieke , Walker Allison K. , Gonçalves Susana C.
Published: March 2024

Fungal conservation is gaining momentum globally, but many challenges remain. To advance further, more data are needed on fungal diversity across space and time. Fundamental information regarding population sizes, trends, and geographic ranges is also critical to accurately assess the extinction risk of individual species. However, obtaining these data is particularly difficult for fungi due to their immense diversity, complex and problematic taxonomy, and cryptic nature. This paper explores how citizen science (CS) projects can be leveraged to advance fungal conservation efforts. We present several examples of past and ongoing CS‐based projects to record and monitor fungal diversity. These include projects that are part of broad collecting schemes, those that provide participants with targeted sampling methods, and those whereby participants collect environmental samples from which fungi can be obtained. We also examine challenges and solutions for how such projects can capture fungal diversity, estimate species absences, broaden participation, improve data curation, and translate resulting data into actionable conservation measures. Finally, we close the paper with a call for professional mycologists to engage with amateurs and local communities, presenting a framework to determine whether a given project would likely benefit from participation by citizen scientists.
Could poor glycaemic control be a predictor of walking speed decline in older adults? Evidence from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing
Authors: Luiz Mariane M. , Máximo Roberta de O. , de Oliveira Dayane C. , Ramírez Paula C. , de Souza Aline F. , Delinocente Maicon L. B. , Cochar‐Soares Natália , Steptoe Andrew , de Oliveira Cesar , Alexandre Tiago da S.
Published: March 2024

Aim

Although diabetes is a risk factor for walking speed decline in older adults, it remains unclear how glycaemic control [assessed by glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c)] might affect the long‐term trajectories of walking speed. We investigated whether the glycaemic control status accelerates the walking speed decline and whether this decline differs depending on previous mobility conditions.

Materials and Methods

In total, 3202 individuals aged ≥60 years from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA) were classified at baseline and after 4 and 8 years of follow‐up according to glycaemic control status as ‘without diabetes’ (no self‐reported diabetes and HbA1c <6.5%), ‘good glycaemic control’ (self‐reported diabetes and HbA1c ≥6.5% and <7.0%) and ‘poor glycaemic control’ (PGC) (self‐reported diabetes and HbA1c ≥7.0%). The generalized linear mixed models verified the walking speed trajectories in m/s. A second analysis was performed, including only participants without slowness at baseline (>0.8 m/s).

Results

Compared with the status ‘without diabetes’, the annual walking speed decline was −0.015 m/s for PGC and −0.011 m/s for good glycaemic control, totalling −0.160 and −0.130 m/s, respectively, over 8 years. Among those without slowness at baseline, only PGC had a significant walking speed decline, corresponding to −0.014 m/s per year and −0.222 m/s over 8 years.

Conclusions

Poor glycaemic control is a discriminator of walking speed decline in older adults, regardless of previous mobility conditions. It may serve as an early screening tool for those at risk of decreased functional performance later in life.
Amitriptyline effectiveness in burning mouth syndrome: An in‐depth case series analysis
Authors: Gonçalves Douglas Rodrigues , Botelho Leonardo Monteiro , Carrard Vinícius Coelho , Martins Marco Antônio Trevizani , Visioli Fernanda
Published: March 2024

Objectives

To assess the effectiveness of amitriptyline (AMT), and to identify the determinants of the treatment's effectiveness in patients diagnosed with burning mouth syndrome (BMS).

Background

Treatment of BMS is challenging and no established treatment protocol is available. AMT may be an important treatment option, cout not all patients benefit from this drug. Studies assessing factors related to treatment response are valuable in improving decision‐making.

Materials and Methods

This case series study examined the medical records of all patients diagnosed with BMS at an oral medicine unit in a university hospital from 2008 to 2022. The patients were divided into responders to AMT and non‐responders to AMT. Data on demographic information, comorbidities, medications, types of symptoms and oral subsites affected were collected. Descriptive and bivariate analyses were conducted to assess the association between the independent variables and the outcome, using the Chi‐squared test (P < .05).

Results

Three hundred and fourty‐nine patients reported a burning mouth sensation, 50 of them (14.3%) being diagnosed with primary BMS. Of these, 35 were treated with AMT, and 26 (74.2%) responded significantly to AMT. All males responded to AMT, whereas only 67.9% of females responded. The mean dose of AMT among responders was 29.8 ± 12.3 mg, with most patients achieving a response with 25 mg (61.5% of patients), followed by 50 mg (23%). The concomitant use of an anticonvulsant resulted in non‐response.

Conclusions

AMT may be effective in BMS management for most patients.
Developing and testing a reflection method for implementation of the informal care guideline in community nursing: Design‐based research
Authors: Vullings Nicole , Maas Marjo , Adriaansen Marian , Vermeulen Hester , van der Wees Philip , Heinen Maud
Published: March 2024

Aim

To develop a reflection method for community nurses and certified nursing assistants to support the implementation of the Dutch Informal Care guideline in daily care.

Design

Design‐based research.

Methods

A design group and four test groups of community nurses and nursing assistants were formed to develop a reflection method that aligns with the needs and preferences of its end‐users. The design and test group meetings were video recorded. The video data were iteratively discussed and analysed thematically to adapt and refine the method and to identify its key features.

Results

A final reflection method was developed. Five main themes were identified from the analysis: the group, reflective triggers, knowledge about the guidelines, the coach and preconditions. The themes are linked to nine key features representing the building blocks of the reflection method. The key features are group size, participants with different (educational) backgrounds, pairs of participants, expressing thoughts, video feedback, reflection game, making the connection with the guideline, coaching as a process facilitator and meeting organizational and contextual conditions for implementation.

Conclusion

An evidence‐ and practice‐based reflection method for community nurses and certified nursing assistants is developed to support the implementation. By involving community nurses and certified nursing assistants, the method closely matches their needs and preferences. Critical elements of the reflection method are a game element, video feedback and working in pairs in a group of participants from different (educational) backgrounds. Guidance is needed to make the transfer from theory to practice.

Impact

A reflection method for community nurses and certified nursing assistants was developed to enhance care work according to guideline recommendations, aiming to improve the care provided by informal caregivers.

Report Method

The COREQ guideline was used.

Patient or Public Contribution

This reflection method was developed in close collaboration with all stakeholders during the entire study.
Accessory pathway localization with probabilistic density maps generated by a mobile application: Assessment of a full pre‐excitation net‐vector method
Authors: Jastrzębski Marek , Fijorek Kamil , Futyma Piotr , Orczykowski Michał , Pitak Maciej , Zarębski Łukasz , Sajdak Piotr , Góreczny Sebastian , Szumowski Łukasz , Rajzer Marek , Moskal Paweł
Published: March 2024

Introduction

Precise electrocardiographic localization of accessory pathways (AP) can be challenging. Seminal AP localization studies were limited by complexity of algorithms and sample size. We aimed to create a nonalgorithmic method for AP localization based on color‐coded maps of AP distribution generated by a web‐based application.

Methods

APs were categorized into 19 regions/types based on invasive electrophysiologic mapping. Preexcited QRS complexes were categorized into 6 types based on polarity and notch/slur. For each QRS type in each lead the distribution of APs was visualized on a gradient map. The principle of common set was used to combine the single lead maps to create the distribution map for AP with any combination of QRS types in several leads. For the validation phase, a separate cohort of APs was obtained.

Results

A total of 800 patients with overt APs were studied. The application used the exploratory data set of 553 consecutive APs and the corresponding QRS complexes to generate AP localization maps for any possible combination of QRS types in 12 leads. Optimized approach (on average 3 steps) for evaluation of preexcited electrcardiogram was developed. The area of maximum probability of AP localization was pinpointed by providing the QRS type for the subsequent leads. The exploratory data set was validated with the separate cohort of APs (n = 256); p = .23 for difference in AP distribution.

Conclusions

In the largest data set of APs to‐date, a novel probabilistic and semi‐automatic approach to electrocardiographic localization of APs was highly predictive for anatomic localization.
The European Union's Place in United States–China Strategic Competition: How Role Dynamics Drive Brussels Towards Washington
Authors: Biba Sebastian
Published: March 2024

Against the backdrop of intensifying United States–China strategic competition, the European Union (EU) has recently changed course and moved closer to mirroring US rhetoric and action on China. Why has this happened, and how can it be best explained? In this article, it is argued that current role dynamics between the EU and the two rival great powers can help us understand the growing, albeit not full, EU–United States alignment on China. Role theory assumes that co‐operation between actors intensifies when their roles become more compatible. Accordingly, it is shown that the EU has recently adjusted its role to be more closely aligned with the United States' position. That is to say, the EU has reshaped its own role conception, whilst the bloc has likewise become more open to meeting US role expectations after EU–United States role‐playing turned positive once again under President Joe Biden.
Dual effects of TGF‐β inhibitor in ALS ‐ inhibit contracture and neurodegeneration
Authors: Lee Do‐Yeon , Kwon Young Nam , Lee Kwangkook , Kim Sang Jeong , Sung Jung‐Joon
Published: March 2024

As persistent elevation of transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) promotes fibrosis of muscles and joints and accelerates disease progression in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), we investigated whether inhibition of TGF‐β would be effective against both exacerbations. The effects of TGF‐β and its inhibitor on myoblasts and fibroblasts were tested in vitro and confirmed in vivo, and the dual action of a TGF‐β inhibitor in ameliorating the pathogenic role of TGF‐β in ALS mice was identified. In the peripheral neuromuscular system, fibrosis in the muscles and joint cavities induced by excessive TGF‐β causes joint contracture and muscular degeneration, which leads to motor dysfunction. In an ALS mouse model, an increase in TGF‐β in the central nervous system (CNS), consistent with astrocyte activity, was associated with M1 microglial activity and pro‐inflammatory conditions, as well as with neuronal cell death. Treatment with the TGF‐β inhibitor halofuginone could prevent musculoskeletal fibrosis, resulting in the alleviation of joint contracture and delay of motor deterioration in ALS mice. Halofuginone could also reduce glial cell‐induced neuroinflammation and neuronal apoptosis. These dual therapeutic effects on both the neuromuscular system and the CNS were observed from the beginning to the end stages of ALS; as a result, treatment with a TGF‐β inhibitor from the early stage of disease delayed the time of symptom exacerbation in ALS mice, which led to prolonged survival.

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A novel hybrid BonT‐A and hyaluronic acid cannula‐based technique for eyelid ptosis and periorbital rejuvenation
Authors: Hernández Luis Alberto Parra , Hernández Andrea Marcela Parra , Castelanich Desiree , Shitara Daniella , Chacín Maricarmen
Published: March 2024

Background

Eyelid ptosis is characterized by an inferior displacement of the upper eyelid when the eye assumes its primary position. Besides its aesthetic implications, ptosis can also adversely affect visual acuity.

Objective

This study aimed to evaluate the simultaneous administration of IncobotulinumtoxinA (IncoBonTA) and hyaluronic acid effect in eyelid ptosis and ocular rejuvenation.

Methods

A novel, non‐surgical technique for eyelid ptosis management involving IncoBonTA and hyaluronic acid the co‐administration within a single syringe, and applied using a cannula.

Results

The dual action of IncoBonTA and hyaluronic acid in conjunction with the exact injection sites approaches improves overall aesthetic outcomes but also optimizes the restoration of eyelid functionality in palpebral ptosis.

Conclusions

The functional balance achieved among the contributory muscles—primarily the orbicularis oculi (OO) and its antagonists, the frontal muscle and levator palpebrae superioris (LPS), yields to both, cosmetic and functional.
‘We can't help you – it doesn't concern us’: the legal consciousness of young people seeking asylum in Sweden who report violent crime
Authors: SCOTT HANNA
Published: March 2024

Young people seeking asylum face many different forms of violence, including violent crime, yet their illegalization, as well as their experiences of police contact and border violence, often lead to reporting of crime not being perceived as a safe or viable option. But what are the experiences of those who, in spite of their fears, do attempt to engage with law by reporting crime? Drawing on in‐depth interviews with Omid, Hussein, and Akram – three young men who have sought refuge in Sweden – this article examines their attempts to mobilize law as victims of crime at the intersection of restrictive migration controls and welfare exclusions. I argue that the legal consciousness of young people in this situation is shaped by the same legal structures that create the underlying conditions for their victimization as well as by other people's perceptions of how law operates in relation to their legal status. Relationships of trust, friendship, and support can aid engagement with the criminal justice system, yet such engagement often results in re‐victimization instead of protection and a lack of meaningful remedies, reinforcing feelings of disenchantment with law.
Evaluation of submandibular and parotid salivary glands by ultrasonography in patients with diabetes
Authors: Ozturk Elif Meltem Aslan , Yalcin Eda Didem
Published: March 2024

Background

Microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus (DM) include oral manifestations and complications, including xerostomia, reduced salivary flow, susceptibility to infection, periodontal disease and salivary gland enlargement.

Objective

The present study aims to evaluate B‐mode ultrasonography (USG) parameters such as size, volume and echogenicity of the submandibular and parotid salivary glands on both sides, shear‐wave elastography (SWE) value and colour Doppler properties in patients with DM and healthy control groups.

Methods

In total, 160 right and left submandibular glands and 160 right and left parotid glands of 80 patients, 40 patients (20 type 1 DM, 20 type 2 DM) and 40 healthy control group, between the ages of 18–70 were examined by USG. Echogenicity, parenchyma internal structure, margin and dimensional measurements (antero‐posterior length, supero‐inferior length, medio‐lateral length and volume) and colour Doppler with ‘ML 6‐15‐D Matrix Array (4‐15 MHz)’ probe, shear‐wave elastography ‘9L‐D (2–8 MHz)’ probe was investigated.

Result

Statistically significant difference was observed in echogenicity in the right submandibular gland, echogenicity in the right parotid gland, margin characteristics, parenchymal homogeneity and colour Doppler characteristics between the type 1 DM, type 2 DM and control groups (p < .05). It was observed that the size, volume and SWE values of both submandibular and parotid glands were higher in the DM patient group than in the control group. Higher values were observed in type 2 DM compared to type 1 DM in the patient group.

Conclusion

USG is an effective imaging technique in investigating the effects of diabetes on the submandibular and parotid salivary glands.
Exploring the effect of disc displacement on the risk and severity of condylar erosion in adult temporomandibular disorder patients: A CBCT and MRI study
Authors: Fan Pei‐Di , Han Sophie Lau Rui , Cheng Qiao‐Yu , Dan Rui‐Chen , Cheng Jun‐Xin , Tian Yi‐Hong , Xiang Jie , Wang Jun , Xiong Xin
Published: March 2024

Objective

The objective of the study was to investigate the relationship between types of disc displacement (DD) diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and the risk (presence or absence) and severity of condylar erosion (CE) graded using cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT) in adult Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) patients.

Methods

A total of 353 TMD patients (283 females, 70 males) underwent MRI scans to categorise DD as normal (NA), anterior displacement with reduction (ADDR), or anterior displacement without reduction (ADDNR). CE severity was graded on a scale of 0–3 (absence, mild, moderate or severe) using CBCT. To establish the plausibility and cut‐off points for CE diagnosis, the severity of CE was then further divided into three classifications: Grade 0 versus 1 + 2 + 3; Grades 0 + 1 versus 2 + 3; Grades 0 + 1 + 2 versus 3. Logistic regression analysis was performed, adjusting for age, gender and joint correlation.

Results

ADDNR significantly increased the risk of CE compared with NA (OR = 10.04, 95% CI: [6.41, 15.73]) and showed a significant increase in CE severity across all classifications (ORs = 10.04–18.95). The effects of ADDNR were significant in both genders (p < .001) and had a greater impact in females. ADDR was predominantly associated with mild CE.

Conclusions

ADDNR significantly increased the risk and severity of CE independent of gender when compared to NA, whereas ADDR was mainly associated with mild CE. Slight cortical discontinuity may represent a subclinical diagnosis requiring further investigation.
Implant survival rate and marginal bone loss of 174 implants with different variables associated over a minimum observational period of 20 years: A retrospective study
Authors: Carossa Massimo , Pera Francesco , Alovisi Mario , Ponzio Michele , Schierano Gianmario , Migliaretti Giuseppe , Carossa Stefano , Scotti Nicola
Published: March 2024

Purpose

To investigate the long‐term implant survival rate and marginal bone loss (MBL) of implants with different variables associated over an observational period of at least 20 years.

Materials and Methods

Patients with at least one implant placed prior to 2001 were recalled and visited. Data on implant macro‐design, prosthetic aspects, site distribution, and patient‐related factors were collected. MBL was evaluated on intraoral X‐rays and peri‐implant soft tissue parameters were recorded. The patients were asked to fill out a questionnaire to evaluate their satisfaction with the treatment received. Descriptive statistics indicators were estimated. Analysis of variance and analysis of covariance models were used to investigate any differences in the MBL and peri‐implant probing depth (PPD) among the variables. A chi‐square analysis was performed to investigate any association between different types of prosthetic implant‐supported rehabilitations and survival/success outcomes.

Results

Forty‐one (41) patients and 174 implants were included with a mean observational period of 23.3 ± 2.8 years. The implant survival and success rates were 96.5% and 83.3% respectively, while 3.5% of early failures were detected. The lowest success rates were observed for implants supporting fixed full‐arch rehabilitations (71.05%) and overdenture rehabilitations (86.11%). A mean MBL of 1.81 ± 0.71 mm and a mean PPD of 3.38 ± 1.62 mm were recorded. The interaction between the collected data with MBL and PPD did not reveal any statistically significant differences between the variables (p > 0.05). A statistically significant difference was recorded when analyzing the association between the different types of prosthetic implant‐supported rehabilitations and success rates (p = 0.014), with fixed and removable full‐arch rehabilitations presenting with lower success rates. Answers to the questionnaire showed a generally high level of satisfaction.

Conclusions

Within the limits of this retrospective study and based on the results, an implant survival rate higher than 96% was observed after a mean observational period of 23.3 ± 2.8 years. Both the implant survival rate and MBL seemed stable after a mean observational period of 23.3 ± 2.8 years. Implants supporting fixed and removable full‐arch rehabilitations seemed to present lower success rates over time. Implant rehabilitation seemed to provide patients with optimal long‐term outcomes in terms of functional and psychological aspects.
Age‐related changes in sweetness perception: Exploring the role of cross‐modal interactions
Authors: Romeo‐Arroyo Elena , Mora María , Boronat Òscar , Vázquez‐Araújo Laura
Published: March 2024

Crossmodal strategies have been proven to be useful to enhance sweetness perception, although, in general, the segmentation of consumers is not an essential part of this kind of research. The aim of the present study was to determine if a set of crossmodal strategies could be useful to modify sweetness perception in three different age groups: young, middle‐aged, and senior adults. A butter cookie and a milkshake sample were reformulated (appearance and aroma of both samples, and the mouthfeel of the milkshake) to assess liking and perception of overall flavor and sweetness intensities. Results suggested that adding a sweet‐related aroma enhanced sweet taste/flavor intensity, without affecting liking ratings, for all the studied age groups. Liking and the ratings for flavor and sweetness intensity were significantly different among age groups, but no interactions “sample x age” were identified, suggesting that crossmodal interactions were similar for all age groups.

Practical Applications

The growing demand for low‐sugar foods has led food companies to reformulate their products, requiring research into the best ways to develop successful low‐sugar alternatives. Research on potential crossmodal interactions is useful to guide companies to attend consumers' demands, but there is a lack of information on how to adapt the most successful strategies to each consumer segment (beyond cross‐cultural studies). Results of the present research include interesting data on three different consumers' segments and their perception of two kinds of products in which cross‐modal strategies were used to reformulate a control sample: a solid food ‐exemplified using a butter cookie‐ and a beverage ‐exemplified using a milkshake‐.
Revealing the algicidal characteristics of Maribacter dokdonensis: An investigation into bacterial strain P4 isolated from Karenia mikimotoi bloom water
Authors: Lee Thomas Chun‐Hung , Lam Winnie , Tam Nora Fung‐Yee , Xu Steven Jing‐Liang , Chung Wing Lam , Lee Fred Wang‐Fat
Published: March 2024

Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are a global environmental concern, causing significant economic losses in fisheries and posing risks to human health. Algicidal bacteria have been suggested as a potential solution to control HABs, but their algicidal efficacy is influenced by various factors. This study aimed to characterize a novel algicidal bacterium, Maribacter dokdonensis (P4), isolated from a Karenia mikimotoi (Hong Kong strain, KMHK) HAB and assess the impact of P4 and KMHK's doses, growth phase, and algicidal mode and the axenicity of KMHK on P4's algicidal effect. Our results demonstrated that the algicidal effect of P4 was dose‐dependent, with the highest efficacy at a dose of 25% v/v. The study also determined that P4's algicidal effect was indirect, with the P4 culture and the supernatant, but not the bacterial cells, showing significant effects. The algicidal efficacy was higher when both P4 and KMHK were in the stationary phase. Furthermore, the P4 culture at the log phase could effectively kill KMHK cells at the stationary phase, with higher algicidal efficacy in the bacterial culture than that of the supernatant alone. Interestingly, P4's algicidal efficacy was significantly higher when co‐culturing with xenic KMHK (~90% efficacy at day 1) than that with the axenic KMHK (~50% efficacy at day 1), suggesting the presence of other bacteria could regulate P4's algicidal effect. The bacterial strain P4 also exhibited remarkable algicidal efficacy on four other dinoflagellate species, particularly the armored species. These results provide valuable insights into the algicidal effect of M. dokdonensis on K. mikimotoi and on their interactions.
Visualising cervical lymph nodes in jaw osteonecrosis using diffusion‐weighted imaging
Authors: Muraoka Hirotaka , Kaneda Takashi , Kondo Takumi , Otsuka Kohei , Tokunaga Satoshi
Published: March 2024

Objectives

This study aimed to apply diffusion‐weighted imaging to the evaluation of cervical lymph nodes affected by medication‐related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ).

Methods

This retrospective study analysed the diffusion‐weighted imaging data of 70 patients with or without MRONJ (Stages 0–3). The mean apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values of the submandibular (level IB) and superior internal jugular (level IIA) nodes in the control and MRONJ groups were calculated, and differences were analysed using the Mann–Whitney test. Moreover, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to evaluate the ability of ADC values to predict lymph nodes that were affected by MRONJ. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

The median [interquartile range] (×10−3 mm2/s) of level IB was 0.74 [0.7–0.81] and 0.93 [0.84–1.09] and that of level IIA was 0.79 [0.76–0.85] and 0.97 [0.84–1.06] in the control and MRONJ groups respectively. ROC analysis revealed that the ADC value had excellent ability to discriminate between the control and MRONJ groups.

Conclusions

The study findings indicate that diffusion‐weighted imaging can contribute to differentiation of MRONJ from other cervical lymph node diseases and facilitate early detection of MRONJ.