bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Investigation of the Cleanliness of Transferred Graphene: The First Step Toward Its Application as a Window Material for Electron Microscopy and Spectroscopy
Authors: Ma Tao , Miyazaki Kotaro , Ariga Hiroko , Takakusagi Satoru , Asakura Kiyotaka
Published: October 2015

Review: 48 refs.
Growth process and optical investigations of Nd:NaGd (MoO4)2 crystals with varying content of Nd and Gd
Authors: Wu Lidan , Chen Zhenqiang , Wu Yonghua , Liu Guangjin , Li Anming , Hao Yin , Zhu Siqi , Zhen Li
Published: October 2015

In this paper, [NaGd1‐xNdx](MoO4)2 crystals with x = 0.005–0.05 were grown by Czochralski method at 950 ℃ for 10 hours and subsequently characterized by absorption spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy. The intensity parameters of Nd3+ were calculated by Judd‐Ofelt theory, and the relationship between the parameters and Nd3+ concentration was analyzed. The results show that with the increasing Nd3+ concentration, the oscillator strength, stimulated emission cross‐section, Ωt and spontaneous transition probability decrease slightly, while the fluorescence lifetime decreases significantly. However, the fluorescence branching ratio is almost unchanged with the increasing Nd3+concentration. The [NaGd1‐xNdx](MoO4)2 crystal with (x = 0.01) possesses the highest quantum efficiency of 88.98%, a good fluorescence line‐width of 23 nm, a large value of σem·τf up to 0.55 × 10−22 cm2·s and a stimulated emission cross‐section up to 3.747 × 10−19 cm2 for the transition from 4F3/2 to4I11/2 at 1064 nm. Test results indicate that [NaGd1‐xNdx](MoO4)2 crystals are an excellent gain media for the solid state laser system.
Efficacy of electrical stimulation and exercise for dysphagia in patients with head and neck cancer: A randomized clinical trial
Authors: Langmore Susan E. , McCulloch Timothy M. , Krisciunas Gintas P. , Lazarus Cathy L. , Van Daele Douglas J. , Pauloski Barbara Roa , Rybin Denis , Doros Gheorghe
Published: October 2015

Background

Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) is a highly sought after but poorly studied treatment for dysphagia among patients with head and neck cancer with dysphagia. This study investigated the efficacy of NMES in this patient population.

Methods

In this double‐blinded, randomized controlled trial, 170 patients with head and neck cancer experiencing posttreatment dysphagia were randomized into active NMES + swallow exercise versus sham NMES + swallow exercise groups. Outcomes after a 12‐week program included changes in fluoroscopy measures, diet, and quality of life.

Results

After the 12‐week program, the active NMES group had significantly worse Penetration Aspiration Scale scores than the sham group. Both groups reported significantly better diet and quality of life. No other measures were significant.

Conclusion

NMES did not add benefit to traditional swallow exercises. Unfortunately, swallow exercises were not effective by themselves either. For patients with head and neck cancer with moderate to severe dysphagia caused by radiation therapy, current behavioral therapies are of limited help in reversing long‐term dysphagia. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals,Head Neck38: E1221–E1231, 2016
The role of human papillomavirus in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: A case control study on a southern Chinese population
Authors: Chor Josette S.Y. , Vlantis Alexander C. , Chow Tam‐Lin , Fung Siu‐Chung , Ng Fiona Y.H. , Lau Chi‐Hung , Chan Amy B.W. , Ho Luen‐Cheung , Kwong Wing‐Hang , Fung Mandy N.S. , Lam Eddy W.H. , Mak Kwong‐Lin , Lam Holly C.Y. , Kok Amy S.Y. , Ho Wendy C.S. , Yeung Apple C.M. , Chan Paul K.S.
Published: October 2015

HPV plays a role in the development of a portion of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), but only limited information on its role in southern Chinese population is available. A multicenter case‐control study was conducted. HPV type, viral integration, E6/7 mRNA expression status, and TP53 mutation were determined. A total of 228 HNSCC were recruited including 137 (60.1%) oral SCC, 34 (14.9%) oropharyngeal SCC, 31 (13.6%) laryngeal SCC, 21 (9.2%) hypopharyngeal SCC, and 5 (2.2%) lip and paranasal sinus SCC. High‐risk HPV infection was found in 7.5% (17/228) of HNSCC, but only a small proportion of samples had evidence of viral integration (5.3%, 12/228) or E6/7 mRNA expression (4.4%, 10/228). HPV infection with oncogenic phenotype (integration and E6/7 mRNA expression) was significantly more common in oropharyngeal SCC than controls (9/34, 26.5% vs. 0/42, 0.0%, P < 0.001). Smoking showed a significant association with HNSCC, oropharyngeal SCC, and laryngeal SCC. TP53 mutation was associated with HNSCC (P < 0.001). Older age, TP53 mutation, and HPV16 infection with oncogenic phenotypes were independently associated factors for HNSCC with odds ratios of 1.03 (1.02–1.05), 3.38 (1.71–6.66), and 9.19 (1.13–74.68), respectively. High‐risk HPV infection of head and neck mucosa is not uncommon in the Hong Kong population. This study found that 26–30% of oropharyngeal carcinoma was associated with HPV infection, mostly HPV16, and that smoking which predisposes to TP53 mutations was another important risk factor. J. Med. Virol. 88:877–887, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Decomposing the real line into Borel sets closed under addition
Authors: Elekes Márton , Keleti Tamás
Published: October 2015

We consider decompositions of the real line into pairwise disjoint Borel pieces so that each piece is closed under addition. How many pieces can there be? We prove among others that the number of pieces is either at most 3 or uncountable, and we show that it is undecidable in and even in the theory if the number of pieces can be uncountable but less than the continuum. We also investigate various versions: what happens if we drop the Borelness requirement, if we replace addition by multiplication, if the pieces are subgroups, if we partition (0, ∞), and so on.
Effect of Column Type on Polyolefin Fractionation by High‐Temperature Thermal Gradient Interaction Chromatography
Authors: Al‐Khazaal Abdulaal Z. , Soares João B. P.
Published: October 2015

High‐temperature thermal gradient interaction chromatography (HT‐TGIC) can be used to measure the chemical composition distribution (CCD) of semi‐crystalline and amorphous polyolefins. HT‐TGIC extends the range of polyolefin chemical compositions that can be measured today with crystallization‐based techniques. Hypercarb® columns packed with porous graphitic carbon are commonly used as the stationary phase in HT‐TGIC fractionation. We used a set of ethylene/1‐octene copolymers having different comonomer fractions (up to 25% of 1‐octene) and approximately the same molecular weight average to investigate how commercial Hypercarb® columns with distinct lengths and particle sizes affected HT‐TGIC fractionation. Binary copolymer blends were also analyzed to study how different blend compositions affected HT‐TGIC peak positions and shapes.
Activation of a Bis‐(Phenoxyimine) Titanium (IV) Catalyst Using Different Aluminoxane Co‐Catalysts
Authors: Romano Dario , Ronca Sara , Rastogi Sanjay
Published: October 2015

The activation of a bis‐phenoxyimine catalyst based on titanium (IV) using different aluminoxanes (MAO, PMAO and MMAO12) has been studied. The effect of a co‐catalyst modifier (BHT) used in combination with the MAO has been also tested. In particular, the effect of the activation time between the catalyst and the different aluminoxanes has been taken into consideration. On increasing the activation time between catalyst and the different aluminoxanes and TMA‐free MAO, differences in the catalyst activities have been observed. UHMWPEs having a reduced number of entanglements have been synthesized activating the FI catalyst with MAO and TMA‐free MAO. The obtained reactor powders can be solid‐state processed below the melting temperature in order to obtain high modulus/high tenacity tapes used for body armor and vehicle protection applications.
Development of Bimodality Criterion for the Sequence Length Distribution of Ethylene/1‐Olefin Copolymers
Authors: Anantawaraskul Siripon
Published: October 2015

Combination of two single‐site‐type metallocene catalysts can be used to produce polymers with well‐defined, broad microstructural distributions. Copolymers with unimodal and bimodal microstructural distributions were known to have distinct properties; therefore, it would be useful for the product development to have bimodality criterion for these microstructural distributions. In this work, a bimodality criterion for ethylene sequence length distribution (SLD) of ethylene/1‐olefin copolymers produced with two metallocene catalysts was theoretically developed to predict if a given combination of two metallocene catalysts would produce copolymers with bimodal or unimodal SLD. The proposed criterion was validated using simulation data of four hypothetical ethylene/1‐olefin copolymer blends, each with various compositional ratios. The characteristics of simulated SLD results were in a good agreement with the predictions from the proposed criterion.
Sleep aspects on video‐polysomnography in LRRK2 mutation carriers
Authors: Ehrminger Mickael , Leu‐Semenescu Smaranda , Cormier Florence , Corvol Jean‐Christophe , Vidailhet Marie , Debellemaniere Eden , Brice Alexis , Arnulf Isabelle
Published: October 2015

Background

Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder and sleepiness precede or accompany idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD), but their presence in subjects with leucine‐rich repeat kinase 2 mutations is unknown.

Methods

Ten patients with leucine‐rich repeat kinase 2‐associated PD, four healthy leucine‐rich repeat kinase 2 mutation carriers, 20 patients with idiopathic PD, and 12 healthy controls underwent clinical assessments and a nighttime video‐polysomnography.

Results

No sleep changes, no rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder, or rapid eye movement sleep without atonia was found in the 14 subjects with leucine‐rich repeat kinase 2mutations compared with controls, whereas 41% of patients with idiopathic PD had rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder. Eventually, 20% of patients with leucine‐rich repeat kinase 2–associated PD had abnormal periodic leg movements, a frequency similar to the idiopathic PD group frequency.

Conclusions

The sleep phenotype in leucine‐rich repeat kinase 2 mutations parallels that of idiopathic PD, except for absent rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder here in the presymptomatic and symptomatic stages. © 2015 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Global dynamics and bifurcation of a perturbed Sigmoid Beverton–Holt difference equation
Authors: Kulenović M. R. S. , Moranjkić S. , Nurkanović Z.
Published: October 2015

T. Wanner We investigate global dynamics of the equation

urn:x-wiley:mma:media:mma3722:mma3722-math-0001
where the parameters b,c, and f are nonnegative numbers with condition b + c > 0,f ≠ 0 and the initial conditions x−1,x0 are arbitrary nonnegative numbers such that x−1+x0>0. We obtain precise characterization of basins of attraction of all attractors of this equation and describe the dynamics in terms of bifurcations of period‐two solutions. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Morphology and Mechanical Properties of the Hybrid Films of Styrene‐Butyl Acrylate Block Copolymer/MMT From Colloid Blending
Authors: Wang Fei Zhou , Luo Yingwu
Published: October 2015

Polystyrene/poly(butyl acrylate)/montmorillonite (PS/PBA/MMT) ternary hybrid films were fabricated by colloid blending of oligo(acrylic acid)‐functionalized core–shell particles of PS‐b‐PBA diblock copolymers and Na+‐MMT aqueous dispersions. The particles were synthesized by RAFT emulsion polymerization using oligo(acrylic acid‐block‐styrene) RAFT as a reactive surfactant. Coherent hybrid films could be formed when the particles possessed a relatively thick soft PnBA shell (core–shell ratio = 1:1 or 3:7) without adding any coalescing agent even when 15 wt% MMT was added. TEM observations revealed that around 20 nm thick clay stacks were well dispersed throughout the hybrid films. Increasing the levels of PS or MMT could much increase the modulus and tensile strength of the hybrid films. However, simply increasing PS composition would be limited by the crack formation and brittleness of the resultant films. The ternary hybrid design would allow one to gain good balance between mechanical properties and coherent film formation. The enhancing efficiency of MMT for the modulus and tensile strength was much higher when placing the clay stacks in PS domains than in PBA domains, which was particularly obvious when MMT levels were higher than 10 wt%.
Commit to innovation to grow enrollment, meet community needs
Authors: Hope Joan
Published: October 2015

Wake Technical Community College in North Carolina started the fall term with record enrollment.
Reconstructing Diet of the Early Qin (ca. 700–400 BC) at Xishan, Gansu Province, China
Authors: Ma Y. , Fuller B. T. , Chen L. , Zhao C. , Hu Y. , Richards M. P.
Published: October 2015

Here we report the bone collagen carbon and nitrogen isotopic results of humans (n = 33) and animals (n = 58) to reconstruct the dietary practices of an early Qin population dating to the Zhou Dynasty (Late Western–Early Eastern period ca. 700–400 BC) at the Xishan site in Gansu Province, China. The humans have a very large range of δ13C (−23.3‰ to −7.1‰) and δ15N (4.3‰ to 10.9‰) values which reflects extraordinarily diverse diets and included individuals with predominately C3 as well as those with exclusive C4 diets. This wide span of isotopic results produced a subtle linear trend (R2 = 0.62) in the human data, which paralleled the animals across the C3 and C4 environmental gradient. However, the majority of the individuals had a predominately C4 diet based on millet with δ15N results only slightly elevated above the animals, except for the pigs and cattle. This is evidence that many of the animals were likely used for their secondary products, labour or as sacrificial offerings and that pork and beef were the main sources of animal protein for the population. High status individuals had elevated δ15N values (10.2 ± 0.6‰) compared to medium (8.9 ± 0.3‰) and lower status (8.8 ± 0.8‰) individuals, possibly related to increased animal protein in the diet. Differences related to gender were also found with females having elevated δ13C (−11.2 ± 1.9‰) and δ15N (9.4 ± 0.8‰) values compared to the males (δ13C = −14.1 ± 4.2‰; δ15N = 7.9 ± 1.9‰), but these results necessitate caution given the large number of individuals that could not be sexed. The results of this study support the view that the early Qin people were a more sedentary society focused on millet agriculture and animal husbandry, and that they were influenced by the pre‐existing populations of the central Gansu region. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Successful Treatment of Extra‐Renal Noncerebral Rhabdoid Tumors with VIDE
Authors: Yasui Naoko , Yoshida Akihiko , Kobayashi Eisuke , Nakatani Fumihiko , Kawamoto Hiroshi
Published: October 2015

Extra‐renal noncerebral rhabdoid tumors (ERRTs) are highly aggressive and often lethal. An optimal chemotherapy regimen for ERRT remains undetermined. We report on three pediatric patients successfully treated with vincristine, ifosfamide, doxorubicin, and etoposide (VIDE). Two of our patients who had metastatic or refractory disease have survived more than 2 years, one disease free without myeloablative megatherapy. The treatment with high‐dose alkylator therapy is reported to have a beneficial effect on survival. A VIDE regimen containing high‐dose ifosfamide is feasible and appears to prolong the survival of patients with ERRT. This regimen may be a promising option for ERRT treatment without myeloablative megatherapy.
The composition and ageing of high‐viscosity and elasticity asphalts
Authors: Zhang Feng , Hu Changbin
Published: October 2015

Different kinds of plasticizers and crosslinkers were used to prepare high‐viscosity modified (HVM) asphalt and high‐elastic modified (HEM) asphalt and the major physical properties were studied and compared. The kinds of plasticizers were optimized and the difference in composition between HVM and HEM asphalts was clarified. The plasticizers with different thickness and flexibility were available for HVM or HEM asphalts respectively. The kinds of crosslinkers were also compared and optimized and it was found that the most effective crosslinker was sulfur. The effect of anti‐ageing reagent on HEM asphalt was confirmed and it was found that one of the most effective way to retain the properties of HVM and HEM asphalt before ageing was to increase the SBS content further. POLYM. COMPOS., 38:2509–2517, 2017. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers
Silicon nanocrystals for nonlinear optics and secure communications
Authors: Bisadi Z. , Mancinelli M. , Manna S. , Tondini S. , Bernard M. , Samusenko A. , Ghulinyan M. , Fontana G. , Bettotti P. , Ramiro‐Manzano F. , Pucker G. , Pavesi L.
Published: October 2015

Silicon nanocrystals (Si‐nc) are reviewed here for their interesting optical applications. On the one hand, they do exhibit quantum confinement effects. This allows turning silicon into a light‐emitting material where luminescence can be excited by electrical injection. On the other hand, small sizes, large surfaces, and dielectric mismatch between the core and the surrounding matrix increase dramatically the nonlinear optical coefficients. This allows using Si‐nc as a nonlinear material in different waveguide configurations. In this paper, we discuss specifically two different applications of Si‐nc: (i) as a nonlinear material in various devices, e.g., in bistable optical cavities, in waveguide optical mode monitors that are based on two‐photon excited luminescence detection, and in wavelength shifters by using four‐wave mixing (FWM); (ii) as an entropy source for quantum random number generation, the key device for cryptography.

(a) Top view optical image of a Si‐nc‐based whispering‐gallery mode (WGM) microdisk resonator, vertically coupled with a bus waveguide. (b) Detail of the coupling zone. (c) Normalized waveguide transmission spectrum over a wide spectral range. The inset shows a blow up of a resonance with the radial and azimuthal mode orders and the Q factor value indicated.
Variable selection in a flexible parametric mixture cure model with interval‐censored data
Authors: Scolas Sylvie , El Ghouch Anouar , Legrand Catherine , Oulhaj Abderrahim
Published: October 2015

In standard survival analysis, it is generally assumed that every individual will experience someday the event of interest. However, this is not always the case, as some individuals may not be susceptible to this event. Also, in medical studies, it is frequent that patients come to scheduled interviews and that the time to the event is only known to occur between two visits. That is, the data are interval‐censored with a cure fraction. Variable selection in such a setting is of outstanding interest. Covariates impacting the survival are not necessarily the same as those impacting the probability to experience the event. The objective of this paper is to develop a parametric but flexible statistical model to analyze data that are interval‐censored and include a fraction of cured individuals when the number of potential covariates may be large. We use the parametric mixture cure model with an accelerated failure time regression model for the survival, along with the extended generalized gamma for the error term. To overcome the issue of non‐stable and non‐continuous variable selection procedures, we extend the adaptive LASSO to our model. By means of simulation studies, we show good performance of our method and discuss the behavior of estimates with varying cure and censoring proportion. Lastly, our proposed method is illustrated with a real dataset studying the time until conversion to mild cognitive impairment, a possible precursor of Alzheimer's disease. © 2015 The Authors. Statistics in Medicine Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Impacts of Foreign Direct Investment on the Most Centralized Country: Evidence from Gaeseong Industrial Complex in North Korea
Authors: Kim Kwang‐Ho
Published: October 2015

Foreign direct investment (FDI) may influence host countries, not only their economy but also their institutions such as political and economic systems. This study comprehensively explores these diverse impacts of FDI in the most centralized economy in the world, North Korea, by focusing on the Gaeseong Industrial Complex (GIC). The GIC is a special economic zone for FDI, especially from South Korea. Based on the thorough analysis of literature and data on the GIC, this study found a significant impact of FDI on North Korean economy, but limited impact on institutional reforms and military détente. Furthermore, this study attributes the limited FDI impact to characteristics of the GIC, type of FDI in the GIC, and the political system of North Korea. By observing several FDI effects on North Korea, this study provides a holistic view of FDI effects on a centralized economy and the implications for better understanding of FDI. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Does the Frequency of Cholecystectomy Affect the Ensuing Incidence of Gallbladder Cancer in Sweden? A Population‐Based Study with a 16‐Year Coverage
Authors: Noel R. , Arnelo U. , Lundell L. , Sandblom G.
Published: October 2015

Background

Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is rare among the different gastrointestinal cancers with a significant global variation in incidence. High cholecystectomy rates on benign indications have been assumed to prevent the development of gallbladder cancer. The aim of the present study was to explore the relationship between the rate of cholecystectomy at different time periods and regions of the country and the annual incidence of GBC.

Methods

Standardized cholecystectomy and GBC incidences for Swedish counties have been obtained from the Swedish national inpatient and National Cancer registries for the years 1998–2013. The incidences have been calculated for ages over 15 years and per 100,000 population. The relationships between cholecystectomy and GBC incidences have been analyzed using regression models. Correlation analyses were performed for the total cumulative incidence rates as well as the incidence rates calculated for the first and last 8 years of the entire study period.

Results

Cholecystectomy rates ranged from 99 to 205 per 100,000 and year, and the GBC incidence from 2.3 to 5.1. Overall, we observed a slow but steady decline in cholecystectomy rates—as well as GBC incidences during the 16‐year period. No significant correlation between the cholecystectomy rates and GBC incidences was seen.

Conclusions

This nationwide population‐based study demonstrates substantial geographic differences in annual cholecystectomy rates without any significant inverse co‐variation between cholecystectomy rates and the ensuing GBC incidence which would have supported the idea that frequent cholecystectomy affects the incidence of GBC.
Long‐Term Outcome of Laparoscopic Totally Extraperitoneal Repair of Bilateral Inguinal Hernias with a Large Single Mesh
Authors: Issa Nidal , Ohana Gil , Bachar Gil Nissim , Powsner Eldad
Published: October 2015

Background

A totally extraperitoneal (TEP) approach is currently the technique of choice for the laparoscopic repair of bilateral inguinal hernias in our institution. Most other surgeons use two meshes for the TEP repair, one for each side. We prefer a large single mesh when possible since it allows for easier correct placement of the mesh in one stage. We compared our long‐term results of both techniques in terms of late complications and recurrence rates.

Methods

This study retrospectively evaluated the medical records of 108 patients who underwent bilateral laparoscopic TEP repair in our institution between January 2002 and December 2003. Excluded were patients who had a conversion to a transabdominal preperitoneal or open approach. A total of 73 (67 %) patients fulfilled study entrance criteria and were enrolled: 39 had undergone single mesh repair and 34 had undergone double mesh repair.

Results

There were no significant group differences in demographics, operating time, postoperative morbidity, or hospital stay. Likewise, after a median follow‐up of 102 months (range 94–115 months), there were no significant group differences between the single and double mesh groups in persistent pain (5.8 vs 2.5 %, respectively; p = 0.476) and recurrence (7.6 vs 8.8 %, respectively; p = 0.55).

Conclusion

The use of a large single mesh is an effective and safe alternative technique for TEP repair of bilateral inguinal hernias, and is technically easy to perform.
A review of meta-analytic research in accounting
Authors: Khlif Hichem , Chalmers Keryn
Published: October 2015

This study reviews the use of meta-analysis in accounting research. We categorize the meta-analytic research into five topics: financial reporting, auditing, corporate governance and accounting quality, management accounting, and miscellaneous topics. Further, we classify the studies by the meta-analysis technique employed: Hunter et al. (1982), Hunter and Schmidt (2000), Lipsey and Wilson (2001), and Stouffer’s approach. We identify 27 meta-analytical studies over the period 1985–2014 with financial reporting (auditing) topics representing seven (six) of these studies. Our review highlights that meta-analytic methods are being applied and accepted, more frequently, to answer complex questions concerning the moderating effects of country-level variables, such as national culture, economic conditions, and institutional characteristics, on various associations of interest.
Editorial
Authors: Fleming Jenny , Simpson Grahame
Published: October 2015

This year is a year of significant steps in the evolution of Brain Impairment. As outlined in the Editorial for Issue 16.1, a new team has been handed the baton from foundation editors Dr Jacinta Douglas and Dr Robyn Tate. The second major development occurring in 2015 is the move from hard copy to an exclusively on-line journal. From the beginning of this year, Brain Impairment will only be available on-line. This development reflects broader moves in academic publishing to an ever increasing footprint within the on-line universe. Many new journals have been launched as purely on-line publications. Established rehabilitation journals that pre-existed the on-line revolution are also joining the trend, adopting hybrid models, with a mix of hard copy and e-articles, all documented in the Issue Contents. Furthermore, most journals have now created e-archives of all past issues, increasing the ease of access for practitioners and scholars alike, and reducing even further, the need for hard copy.
Between Law and Political Truth? Member State Preferences, EU Free Movement Rules and National Immigration Law
Authors: SHAW Jo
Published: October 2015

This article explores how Member States respond to the challenge of complying with EU law obligations, whilst remaining alert to the demands of domestic politics in the context of contentious areas of EU competence. It is argued that in the case of free movement we can see the United Kingdom drawing upon three overlapping strategies in order to tread the fine line ‘between law and political truth’: it exploits as much as possible any uncertainties within free movement law; it draws upon the proximate field of domestic immigration law in order to reinterpret free movement law; and it argues for new resources to be brought into the field of free movement, in particular resources which restrict the freedoms of Member States. A discursive frame of migration governance provides the analytical construction within which the argument is located. The article is therefore a contribution to debates about (legal) Europeanisation and compliance, as well as the more specific challenges facing the UK in the latter half of the 2010s, namely a renegotiation of and referendum on EU membership.
Les dépotoirs d'ateliers de céramiques de Majoura: nouvelles données
Authors: Nasr Mongi
Published: October 2015

Majoura, an unpublished rural site in south-west Tunisia, is characterised by a wealth of archaeological remains including waste from ceramic production. The ceramic material allows us to better understand the nature of the site, which produced amphorae, finewares and cooking wares. Nevertheless, it is more or less impossible to differentiate the local productions from other workshops in the region, notably Sidi Aïch, without scientific analyses. However, the diversification of this workshop gives the site an important place, as much in studies of the economy of the region of south-west Byzacena as in the economy of antiquity in general.
Feasibility of a Healthy Trolley Index to assess dietary quality of the household food supply
Authors: Taylor Amanda , Wilson Freya , Hendrie Gilly A. , Allman-Farinelli Margaret , Noakes Manny
Published: October 2015

Supermarket receipts have the potential to provide prospective, objective information about the household food supply. The aim of this study was to develop an index to estimate population diet quality using food purchase data. Supermarket receipt data of 1 month were available for 836 adults from a corporate office of a large retail chain. Participants were aged 19–65 years (mean 37·6 (sd9·3) years), 56 % were female and 63 % were overweight or obese. A scoring system (Healthy Trolley Index (HETI)) was developed to compare food expenditure with the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating. Monthly expenditure per food group, as a proportion of total food expenditure, was compared with food group recommendations, and a HETI score was calculated to estimate overall compliance with guidelines. Participants spent the greatest proportion on discretionary foods, which are high in fat/sugar (34·8 %), followed by meat including beef and chicken (17·0 %), fresh and frozen vegetables (13·5 %) and dairy foods (11·3 %). The average HETI score ranged from 22·6 to 93·1 (out of 100, mean 58·8 (sd10·9)). There was a stepwise decrease in expenditure on discretionary foods by increasing HETI quintile, whereas expenditure on fruit and vegetables increased with HETI quintile (P<0·001). The HETI score was lower in obese compared with normal-weight participants (55·9v. 60·3;P<0·01). Obese participants spent more on discretionary foods (38·3v. 32·7 %;P<0·01) and less on fruits and vegetables (19·3v. 22·2 %;P<0·01). The HETI may be a useful tool to describe supermarket purchasing patterns and quality of the household food supply with application for consumer feedback to assist improved quality of foods purchased.
Generation of terahertz radiation by beating of two circular flat-topped laser beams in collisional plasma
Authors: Bakhtiari Farhad , Yousefi Masoud , Golmohammady Shole , Jazayeri Seyed Masoud , Ghafary Bijan
Published: October 2015

This paper presents a scheme of terahertz (THz) radiation generation based on beating of two flat-topped laser beams by different frequencies and the same electric field amplitudes in actual plasma with spatially periodic density that electron–neutral collisions have been taken into account. Flat-topped laser beams have the exclusive features such as steep gradient in distribution of laser intensities, wider cross-section in comparison with other profiles, which make stronger ponderomotive force and lead to stronger nonlinear current and hence, THz radiation of higher field. The effects of laser and plasma parameters on THz radiation generation are investigated analytically. It is shown that by increasing the order of flatness of incident laser beams, because of their steep gradient, good enhancement in emitted THz radiation take place. It can be deduced that by increasing beating frequency, efficiency of THz generation decreases which can be compensated by manipulating in density ripple magnitudes. The intensity of the emitted radiations is found to be highly sensitive to the order of flatness. Based on the results of this paper, optimization of laser and plasma parameters can increase the efficiency of THz radiation generation strongly.
Restricted movements and high site fidelity in three East African cloud-forest birds
Authors: Habel Jan Christian , Hillen Jessica , Schmitt Thomas , Fischer Christina
Published: October 2015

Species with specific habitat requirements often remain within their habitat and are characterized by a very sedentary behaviour. We used radio-tracking during a 3-wk campaign to investigate the home ranges and movements of three East African passerine bird species, all adapted to cloud-forest habitats: montane white-eye Zosterops poliogaster mbuluensis, stripe-cheeked greenbul Andropadus milanjensis and white-starred robin Pogonocichla stellata macarthuri. Individuals were observed in a forest-grassland mosaic on top of Chyulu Hills, south Kenya. Based on 15 individuals with a total of 1041 fixes, we found (1) that all three species show a sedentary behaviour restricted to their home forest patch; (2) least activity during the afternoon; and (3) re-colonization into its home patch after translocation into a nearby forest patch. Our findings underline that forest-specialist bird species of the tropics show high site fidelity despite their potential movement ability.
Factors associated with syphilis infection: a comprehensive analysis based on a case-control study
Authors: XIAO Y. , LI S.-L. , LIN H.-L. , LIN Z.-F. , ZHU X.-Z. , FAN J.-Y. , GAO K. , ZHANG H.-L. , LIN L.-R. , LIU L.-L. , TONG M.-L. , NIU J.-J. , YANG T.-C.
Published: October 2015

This study aimed to comprehensively evaluate factors that influence the likelihood of syphilis infection from risk-taking behaviours and medical conditions. A retrospective case-control study was conducted by enrolling 664 syphilis inpatients (excluding 11 congenital syphilis patients) and 800 sex- and age-matched controls. Medical histories, clinical data and patient interview data were collected and subjected to logistic regression analyses. The prevalence of syphilis in the study population was 3·9% (675/17 304). By univariate analysis, syphilis infection was associated with migration between cities, marital status, smoking, reproductive history, hypertension, elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) (P < 0·05). A high rate of syphilis-HBV co-infection was observed in HIV-negative patients and further research revealed an association between syphilis and specific HBV serological reactivity. Syphilis was also associated with the frequency, duration and status of tobacco use. Multivariate analysis indicated that syphilis infection was independently associated with migration between cities [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1·368, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·048–1·785], current smoking (aOR 1·607, 95% CI 1·177–2·195), elevated BUN (aOR 1·782, 95% CI 1·188–2·673) and some serological patterns of HBV infection. To prevent the spread of infectious diseases, inpatients and blood donors should be tested for HIV, syphilis, HBV and HCV simultaneously.
Under-recognized pertussis in adults from Asian countries: a cross-sectional seroprevalence study in Malaysia, Taiwan and Thailand
Authors: KOH M. T. , LIU C.-S. , CHIU C.-H. , BOONSAWAT W. , WATANAVEERADEJ V. , ABDULLAH N. , ZHANG XH. , DEVADIGA R. , CHEN J.
Published: October 2015

Surveillance data on the burden of pertussis in Asian adults are limited. This cross-sectional study evaluated the prevalence of serologically confirmed pertussis in adults with prolonged cough in Malaysia, Taiwan and Thailand. Adults (⩾19 years) with cough lasting for ⩾14 days without other known underlying cause were enrolled from outpatient clinics of seven public and/or private hospitals. Single blood samples for anti-pertussis toxin antibodies (anti-PT IgG) were analysed and economic impact and health-related quality of life (EQ-5D) questionnaires assessed. Sixteen (5·13%) of the 312 chronically coughing adults had serological evidence of pertussis infection within the previous 12 months (anti-PT IgG titre ⩾62·5 IU/ml). Three of them were teachers. Longer duration of cough, paroxysms (75% seroconfirmed, 48% non-seroconfirmed) and breathlessness/chest pain (63% seroconfirmed, 36% non-seroconfirmed) were associated with pertussis (P< 0·04). Of the seroconfirmed patients, the median total direct medical cost per pertussis episode in public hospitals (including physician consultations and/or emergency room visits) was US$13 in Malaysia, US$83 in Taiwan (n= 1) and US$26 in Thailand. The overall median EQ-5D index score of cases was 0·72 (range 0·42–1·00). Pertussis should be considered in the aetiology of adults with a prolonged or paroxysmal cough, and vaccination programmes considered.
Hunting and Hunting Technologies as Proxy for Teaching and Learning During the Stone Age of Southern Africa
Authors: Lombard Marlize
Published: October 2015

Human hunting represents one of the most difficult foraging activities. It is a skill-intensive pursuit with an extended learning process. Different from other animals, Stone Age hunter-gatherers used complex strategies and technologies to outsmart and pursue their prey. Such strategies and technologies were grounded in extensive knowledge that facilitated context-specific solutions during different phases of weapon production and hunting. Apart from subsistence behaviour, Stone Age hunting technologies also inform on a suite of associated skills, behaviours and levels of cognition. At least since the start of the Holocene in southern Africa, and probably much earlier, behaviours associated with hunting permeated almost every sphere of hunter-gatherer life, and I argue that the theme is a suitable angle from which to explore broader aspects of the evolution of teaching and learning. I provide a brief overview and broad timeline of the ‘evolution’ of hunting technologies associated with the southern African Stone Age record and present some ethnographic hunter-gatherer examples of teaching and learning associated with hunting. The aim is to start situating the archaeological and ethnographic data within a theoretical framework of teaching and learning evolution.
Felix Candela’s first European Project: The John Lewis Warehouse, Stevenage New Town
Authors: Mendoza Marisela
Published: October 2015

Felix Candela’s hyperbolic paraboloid reinforced concrete structures - also known as hypars - were not only masterly used in his well-known religious buildings but they were also ingeniously and profusely employed to roof a vast number of industrial buildings during the Mexican industrialisation era. Candela’s inverted hypar shells prototype for industrial buildings became a trademark for a systematic and standardised construction method which crossed the Mexican borders to reach and influence the work of other architects and engineers further afield. In the United Kingdom this is exemplified by the John Lewis Warehouse (JLW) at Stevenage in which Candela worked as co-designer and consultant of the post-War architectural firm Yorke, Rosenberg and Mardall (YRM) and the engineers Clarke Nicholls and Marcel.

The JLW represents a unique structure in the repertoire of Candela’s work outside Mexico for two main reasons. Firstly, it stands as Candela’s first European project and secondly it represents a structure in which ‘automatic beauty’ was achieved through economic efficiency and the use of more sophisticated construction methods than those conventionally used in Mexico. Moreover, and beyond its structural and constructional merits the JLW yields a spatial richness which transformed the ephemeral of the working day to forge spaces of mnemonic identification. Built in 1963, the JLW is an epitome of structural art amongst the industrial buildings of Britain's post-Austerity period. Candela’s first European project is analysed not only in terms of its structural and constructional merits but also in relation to its spatial poetics.
Evaluation of the tolerance of Thai indigenous upland rice germplasm to early drought stress using multiple selection criteria
Authors: Narenoot Kittichai , Monkham Tidarat , Chankaew Sompong , Songsri Patcharin , Pattanagul Wattana , Sanitchon Jirawat
Published: October 2015

Drought remains the most important factor that affects rice productivity, especially in rainfed areas, worldwide. Upland rice is one of the crop choices of farmers in the rainfed environment. Although upland rice varieties require less water than lowland rice varieties, yields often remain limited by drought, particularly in the period of early growth. The aims of this study were to identify the traits related to early drought tolerance in upland rice varieties, and to identify the potential sources of germplasm for early drought tolerance. A total of sixty upland rice varieties were planted in a factorial experiment with a randomized complete block design with 3 replications in the rainy seasons of 2011 and 2012, under greenhouse conditions. Based on the drought tolerance index (DTI), the test germplasm sources were classified into three groups: (i) susceptible; (ii) moderately tolerant; (iii) tolerant to drought stress. Grain yield (GY) showed significant negative correlations with the leaf rolling score (r= − 0.623, P< 0.01), the leaf death score (LDS) (r= − 0.673, P< 0.01) and the recovery score (r= − 0.746, P< 0.01), while leaf dry matter (r= 0.698, P< 0.01) and leaf water potential (r= 0.618, P< 0.01) had significant positive correlations with GY. These findings indicate the suitability of the DTI as the selection criteria for early drought tolerance in a breeding programme. In addition, the upland rice germplasm accessions KKU-ULR011, KKU-ULR012, KKU-ULR125, KKU-ULR199 and KKU-ULR292 were identified as having high levels of stability for drought tolerance in both the 2011 and 2012 experiments, suggesting their potential for further use for rice variety improvement for drought tolerance.
Building respect for the rule of law in violent contexts: The Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights' experience and approach
Authors: Bellal Annyssa
Published: October 2015

How does the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) discharge its mandate of “promoting and protecting the effective enjoyment by all of all civil, cultural, economic, political and social rights”, especially in armed conflicts and other situations of violence? What are its concrete responsibilities, and how does it work to generate respect for the rule of law on the ground? This article aims to provide an overview of OHCHR's activities, and point to some of the challenges associated with its work to generate respect for the rule of law, in particular in violent contexts. It begins with an overview of the unique mandate of OHCHR and situates it within the broader United Nations human rights machinery. It then gives an account of OHCHR's experience and approach in building respect for the rule of law, including in armed conflicts and post-conflict situations, outlining how this informs OHCHR's field setup. Finally, the article summarizes the main challenges that OHCHR faces in the discharge of its mandate. It highlights the need for more concerted action on the part of human rights/humanitarian protection organizations on the ground, despite differences in mandates and constituencies.
Integrated stress response is critical for gemcitabine resistance in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Palam L R , Gore J , Craven K E , Wilson J L , Korc M
Published: October 2015

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive cancer with marked chemoresistance and a 5-year survival rate of 7%. The integrated stress response (ISR) is a cytoprotective pathway initiated in response to exposure to various environmental stimuli. We used pancreatic cancer cells (PCCs) that are highly resistant to gemcitabine (Gem) and an orthotopic mouse model to investigate the role of the ISR in Gem chemoresistance. Gem induced eIF2 phosphorylation and downstream transcription factors ATF4 and CHOP in PCCs, and these effects occurred in an eIF2α-S51 phosphorylation-dependent manner as determined using PANC-1 cells, and wild type and S51 mutant mouse embryo fibroblasts. Blocking the ISR pathway in PCCs with the ISR inhibitor ISRIB or siRNA-mediated depletion of ATF4 resulted in enhanced Gem-mediated apoptosis. Polyribosomal profiling revealed that Gem caused repression of global translation and this effect was reversed by ISRIB or by expressing GADD34 to facilitate eIF2 dephosphorylation. Moreover, Gem promoted preferential mRNA translation as determined in a TK-ATF4 5′UTR-Luciferase reporter assay, and this effect was also reversed by ISRIB. RNA-seq analysis revealed that Gem upregulated eIF2 and Nrf2 pathways, and that ISRIB significantly inhibited these pathways. Gem also induced the expression of the antiapoptotic factors Nupr1, BEX2, and Bcl2a1, whereas ISRIB reduced their expression. In an orthotopic tumor model using PANC-1 cells, ISRIB facilitated Gem-mediated increases in PARP cleavage, which occurred in conjunction with decreased tumor size. These findings indicate that Gem chemoresistance is enhanced by activating multiple ISR-dependent pathways, including eIF2, Nrf2, Nupr1, BEX2, and Bcl2A1. It is suggested that targeting the ISR pathway may be an efficient mechanism for enhancing therapeutic responsiveness to Gem in PDAC.
TCR usage, gene expression and function of two distinct FOXP3+Treg subsets within CD4+CD25hi T cells identified by expression of CD39 and CD45RO
Authors: Ye Lingying , Goodall Jane C , Zhang Libin , Putintseva Ekaterina V , Lam Brian , Jiang Lei , Liu Wei , Yin Jian , Lin Li , Li Ting , Wu Xin , Yeo Giles , Shugay Mikhail , Chudakov Dmitriy M , Gaston Hill , Xu Huji
Published: October 2015

FOXP3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells are indispensable for immune homeostasis, but their study in humans is complicated by heterogeneity within Treg, the difficulty in purifying Tregs using surface marker expression (e.g. CD25) and the transient expression of FOXP3 by activated effector cells. Here, we report that expression of CD39 and CD45RO distinguishes three sub‐populations within human CD4+CD25hi T cells. Initial phenotypic and functional analysis demonstrated that CD4+CD25hiCD39+CD45RO+ cells had properties consistent with effector Treg, CD4+CD25hiCD39−CD45RO− cells were naïve Treg and CD4+CD25hiCD39−CD45RO+ cells were predominantly non‐Treg with effector T‐cell function. Differences in these two newly identified Treg subsets were corroborated by studies of gene expression and TCR analysis. To apply this approach, we studied these two newly identified Treg subsets in ankylosing spondylitis, and showed impairment in both effector and naïve Treg. This work highlights the importance of discriminating Treg subsets to enable proper comparisons of immune regulatory capacity in healthy individuals and those with inflammatory disease.
Single-cell RNA-Seq resolves cellular complexity in sensory organs from the neonatal inner ear
Authors: Burns Joseph C. , Kelly Michael C. , Hoa Michael , Morell Robert J. , Kelley Matthew W.
Published: October 2015

In the inner ear, cochlear and vestibular sensory epithelia utilize grossly similar cell types to transduce different stimuli: sound and acceleration. Each individual sensory epithelium is composed of highly heterogeneous populations of cells based on physiological and anatomical criteria. However, limited numbers of each cell type have impeded transcriptional characterization. Here we generated transcriptomes for 301 single cells from the utricular and cochlear sensory epithelia of newborn mice to circumvent this challenge. Cluster analysis indicates distinct profiles for each of the major sensory epithelial cell types, as well as less-distinct sub-populations. Asynchrony within utricles allows reconstruction of the temporal progression of cell-type-specific differentiation and suggests possible plasticity among cells at the sensory–nonsensory boundary. Comparisons of cell types from utricles and cochleae demonstrate divergence between auditory and vestibular cells, despite a common origin. These results provide significant insights into the developmental processes that form unique inner ear cell types.