bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
NMDA receptors: Substrates or modulators of memory formation
Authors: Walker David L. , Gold Paul E.
Published: July 2002

We agree with Shors & Matzel's general hypothesis
that the proposed link between NMDA-dependent LTP and memory is
weak. They suggest that NMDA-dependent LTP is important to arousal
or attentional processes which influence learning in an anterograde
manner. However, current evidence is also consistent with the view
that NMDA receptors modulate memory consolidation retroactively,
as occurs in several other receptor classes.
Does locus-equation linearity really matter in consonant perception?
Authors: Brancazio Lawrence
Published: July 2002

This commentary focuses on the claim that perceptual demands
have caused the linearity exhibited by locus equations. I discuss
results of an experiment demonstrating that, contrary to Sussman et
al.'s claims, locus equations do not have relevance for the
perception of stop consonants. I therefore argue against the
plausibility of the orderly output constraint.
Culture in cognitive science
Authors: Dedrick Don
Published: July 2002

A concern for cultural specificity, the staple of traditional
anthropological research, survives the transition to domain-specific
accounts of cognitive structuring such as Atran's, and is
arguably better off for having made the transition. The identification
of domain-specific processes provide us with criteria for sorting
cultural differences and integrating cultural concerns within
cognitive science.
The dynamical hypothesis: The role of biological constraints on cognition
Authors: Davids Keith , Bennett Simon
Published: July 2002

For the dynamical hypothesis to be defended as a viable
alternative to a computational perspective on natural cognition,
the role of biological constraints needs to be considered. This task
requires a detailed understanding of the structural organization and
function of the dynamic nervous system, as well as a theoretical
approach that grounds cognitive activity within the constraints of
organism and ecological context.
Indirect influences of gonadal hormones on sexual differentiation
Authors: Rogers Lesley J.
Published: July 2002

Indirect routes by which gonadal hormones influence sexual
differentiation are considered. In rats, differentiation may depend on
the way in which the mother responds to the hormonal condition of her
pups, and this has implications for the interpretation of the data for
humans. Interaction between gonadal hormones and light experience in
chicks is compared with the mammalian systems covered in Fitch &
Denenberg's review.
Finding order in our world: The primacy of the concrete in neural representations and the role of invariance in substance reidentification
Authors: MacLennan Bruce J.
Published: July 2002

I discuss neuroscientific and phenomenological arguments in
support of Millikan's thesis. I then consider invariance as a
unifying theme in perceptual and conceptual tracking, and how
invariants may be extracted from the environment. Finally, some wider
implications of Millikan's nondescriptionist approach to language
are presented, with specific application to color terms.
What is rank?
Authors: Morton Adam
Published: July 2002

The concept of rank is not a very clear one. Claims that two
concepts occupy the same rank in different domains are in danger
of being unintelligible. Examples show how hard it is to understand
Atran's claim that the most significant concepts in folk biology
occur at a higher level than nonbiological concepts. A reformulation
preserves some of what Atran wants to claim.
Recent evidence of the involvement of lateral frontal cortex in primate cyclic ingestive movements
Authors: Sessle Barry J.
Published: July 2002

This commentary focusses on MacNeilage's arguments
and evidence that the development of cerebral cortical controls over
cyclic ingestive movements has provided substrates for the evolution
of speech production. It outlines evidence from experimental
approaches using cortical stimulation, inactivation, and single neuron
recording in primates that lateral frontal cortical regions are indeed
crucial for the generation and guidance of cyclic orofacial
movements.
Who needs created features?
Authors: Wiemer-Hastings Katja , Graesser Arthur C.
Published: July 2002

Schyns, Goldstone & Thibaut present reasonable arguments
for feature creation in category learning. We argue, however, that
they do not provide unequivocal evidence either for the necessity or
for the occurrence of feature creation. In an effort to sharpen the
debate, we take the stand that a fixed feature approach is to be
preferred in the absence of compelling evidence.
Pitfalls in tracking the psychological reality of lexically based and rule-based inflection
Authors: Drews Etta
Published: July 2002

Clahsen reports the results from two sets of word-recognition experiments with adult native speakers of German supporting the notion that the processing of regular (or default) inflection differs from the processing of irregular inflection. My commentary points to shortcomings in stimulus selection and inconsistencies in the pattern of results, revealing that the empirical support for the proposed dual mechanism is much weaker than Clahsen suggests.
Is there more to visual attention than meets the eye?
Authors: Latimer Cyril
Published: July 2002

Models of saccade generation and visual selective attention must explain how and why particular targets are selected. Findlay & Walker do an excellent job of explaining the how of visual selection, but not the why. For a salience map to be more than a description of the relative importance of potential targets, there must be some account of the learning and inheritance that fashion its peaks and troughs. Point of gaze is not necessarily region of attention, and it may be premature to downgrade the role of covert attention in models of visual selection.
Better ways to study penetrability with detection theory
Authors: Macmillan Neil A.
Published: July 2002

Signal detection theory (SDT) is best known as a method
for separating sensitivity from bias. If sensitivity reflects early
sensory processing and bias later cognition, then SDT can be use to
study penetrability by asking whether cognitive manipulations affect
sensitivity. This assumption is too simple, but SDT can nonetheless be
helpful in developing specific methods of how sensory and cognitive
information combine. Two such approaches are described.
Synaptic plasticity is complex; neurobiologists are not
Authors: Vickery Richard M.
Published: July 2002

The complexity of modern neurobiology in even a comparatively
restricted area such as use-dependent synaptic plasticity is
underestimated by the authors. This leads them to reject a
neurobiological model of learning as conceptually parasitic on the
psychology of conditioning, on the basis of objections that are shown to
be unsustainable. An argument is also advanced that neurobiologists hold
an intermediate version of the neuron doctrine rather than a conflated
one. In this version, neurobiologists believe that psychology will
eventually be underpinned by neurobiology but are agnostic about the
extent of upheaval that this will produce in psychology.
Single mechanism but not single route: Learning verb inflections in constructivist neural networks
Authors: Westermann Gert
Published: July 2002

Clahsen's theory raises problems that make it seem untenable. As an alternative, a constructivist neural network model is reported that develops a modular architecture and in which a single associative mechanism produces all inflections, displaying an emergent dissociation between regular and irregular verbs. Thus, Clahsen's rejection of associative models of inflection concerns only a subgroup of these models.
Questioning explicit properties of implicit individuals in knowledge representation
Authors: Westerberg Carmen E. , Marsolek Chad J.
Published: July 2002

Dienes & Perner argue that the explicit representation
of an individual to which a property is attributed requires explicit
representation of the attributed property. The reasons for this
conclusion are similar to the reasons why another of their conclusions
may be considered suspect: A property may be explicit without an
explicit representation of an individual or the predication of the
property to an individual. We question the latter conclusion and draw
connections to neurophysiological and cognitive evidence.
Minimal entropy rigidity for Finsler manifolds of negative flag curvature
Authors: BOLAND JEFF , NEWBERGER FLORENCE
Published: July 2002

We define a normalized entropy functional for compact Finsler manifolds of negative flag curvature. Using the method of Besson, Courtois, and Gallot, we show that among all such manifolds that are homotopy equivalent to a compact, Riemannian, locally symmetric manifold of negative curvature, the entropy functional is minimized precisely on the locally symmetric manifold.
Spaces of cohomologies associated with linear functional equations
Authors: BELITSKII GENRICH , BYKOV NIKOLAI
Published: July 2002

Let $F:X\rightarrow X$ be a $C^k(X)$, $k=[0, \infty]$, map on a topological space (smooth manifold) $X$, $A:X\rightarrow \End(C^m)$ and let $\{U_\alpha\}$ be an $F\mbox{-invariant}$ covering of $X$. We introduce spaces of cohomologies associated with $\{U_\alpha\}$ and an operator $T=I - R$, where $(R\phi)(x)=A(x)\phi(F(x))$ is a weighted substitution operator in $C^k(X)$. This yields a correspondence between $\Im T$ and $\Im T|U_\alpha$ and the description of $\Im T$ in cohomological terms. In particular, it is proven that for any structurally stable diffeomorphism on a circle and for large enough $k$, the operator $T$ is semi-Fredholm, and a similar result holds for the substitution operators generated by simple multidimensional maps. On the other hand, we show that, in general, the closures of $\Im T$ and $\Im T|U_\alpha$ are independent.
Rigidity of integrable twist maps and a theorem of Moser
Authors: SIBURG KARL FRIEDRICH
Published: July 2002

According to a theorem of Moser, every monotone twist map $\varphi$ on the cylinder ${\Bbb S}^1\times {\Bbb R}$, which is integrable outside a compact set, is the time-1-map $\varphi_H^1$ of a fibrewise convex Hamiltonian $H$. In this paper we prove that if this particular flow $\varphi_H^t$ is also integrable outside a compact set, then $\varphi$ has to be integrable on the whole cylinder (and vice versa, of course). From this dynamical point of view, integrable twist maps appear to be quite rigid.

As is shown in the appendix, an analogous rigidity result becomes trivial in higher dimensions.
The fractal dimension of quasi-periodic orbits
Authors: RYNNE BRYAN P.
Published: July 2002

Recently, Naito considered quasi-periodic orbits of Hölder continuous functions and obtained results relating the exponent in the Hölder condition to the asymptotic behaviour of the inclusion lengths of the $\epsilon$-almost periods of these orbits, and also to the fractal dimension of these orbits. In this paper we improve these results.
The structural stability of topological cocycles
Authors: MADDEN K. M. , MARKLEY N. G. , SEARS M.
Published: July 2002

Cocycles of $Z^m$ actions on compact metric spaces can be used to construct $R^m$ actions or flows, called suspension flows. A suspension provides a higher-dimensional analog to the familiar flow under a function and we look to this construction as a way of generating interesting $R^m$ flows. Even more importantly, an $R^m$ flow with a free dense orbit has an almost one-to-one extension which is a suspension [6] and thus suspensions can be used to model general $R^m$ flows. In this paper we examine the sensitivity of the suspension construction to small perturbations in the cocycle. Theorem 4.7 establishes the fact that two cocycles that are sufficiently close yield suspensions that are isomorphic up to a time change.
Policy-Making in Central-Local Government Relations: Balancing Local Autonomy, Macroeconomic Control, and Sectoral Policy Goals
Authors: Blom-Hansen Jens
Published: July 2002

This paper seeks to explain patterns of central government control and local government discretion across nations as well as across policy areas. The argument is that central-local policy is the result of the interaction of three types of actors: ‘Expenditure advocates’, ‘expenditure guardians’, and ‘topocrats’. The argument is based on two assumptions. First, the actors are assumed to pursue self-interests – respectively, sectoral policy goals, macroeconomic control, and local autonomy. Second, the actors' abilities to pursue their self-interests are assumed to be constrained and facilitated by the structure of intergovernmental policy networks. The theoretical propositions are put to a first test in a comparative analysis of three policy areas (economic policy, health policy, and child care policy) in the three Scandinavian countries of Sweden, Norway and Denmark.
Mercedes Steedman, Angels of the Workplace: Women and the Construction of Gender Relations in the Canadian Clothing Industry, 1890–1940. Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1997. vii + 260. $24.95 paper.
Authors: Brac John
Published: July 2002

Gender studies in history are at an intriguing point in their
evolution. Having distinguished themselves from traditional
historiography through a marked emphasis on language as the primary
construction site of power relations, they have created a number of
principal research tasks. One involves the retelling of history from the
perspective of gender relations. A second consists of a description of
the relationship between gender dynamics and those of other categories
of identification, such as class and ethnicity. A third is the move from
the “how” of the construction of gendered power relations to
their “why.” In other words, it is the move from description
to explanation. Despite a number of attempts to undertake the second and
third tasks, this monograph by Mercedes Steedman most clearly presents
itself as a gendered retelling of the history of the Canadian clothing
industry, and it is in this light that it should be appreciated.
1ST IFAC CONFERENCE ON TELEMATIC APPLICATIONS IN AUTOMATION
AND ROBOTICS – TA 2001 (Weingarten, Germany, July 24th–26th, 2001)
Authors: Schilling Klaus
Published: July 2002

Techniques for tele-operated robots have played for more than 30 years a
major role in the context of space missions, as well as in monitoring and handling of hazardous materials. Recent progress in telecommunication and information processing technologies offers now an infrastructure for enabling the provision of services at remote locations with an enormous economic potential. The aim of this first IFAC-conference
in telematics (= telecommunications+informatics) was to survey the state-of-the-art with emphasis on applications in automation and robotics. It was organised
by the VDI/VDE Gesellschaft Mess-und Automatisierungstechnik (GMA) and the University
of Applied Sciences FH Ravensburg-Weingarten.
Integrated control architecture based on behavior and plan for mobile
robot navigation
Authors: Chung Jiyoon , Ryu Byeong-Soon , Yang Hyun S.
Published: July 2002

One of the most difficult challenges in mobile robotics is real-world navigation.
A real world can change suddenly and this change makes the robot relinquish planning actions in advance. In order to overcome such a change, behavior-based navigation was introduced. However, it had a difficulty in planning deliberate actions and in communicating
with humans.

We propose a new control strategy combining both the merits of behavior-based and planner-based approaches. The architecture consists of three major parts: Behaviors, Planner, and Coordinator. The Planner plays
two important roles: 1) as a flexible human interface and 2) as the planner itself. The Coordinator serves as an interface between Behaviors and Planner and guides Behaviors to accomplish meaningful tasks according to the guidelines from the Planner and the Position estimator.

We also provide a brief description of the intelligent mobile robot CAIR-2 and for '95 IJCAI/AAAI Robot Competition and Exhibition when the robot was placed first in the Office Delivery event.
Self-motion utilization for reducing vibration of a structurally flexible redundant
robot manipulator system
Authors: Kim Seon-Jae , Park Youn-Sik
Published: July 2002

This paper focuses on overcoming the problem of tracking control in structurally flexible redundant manipulators by utilizing their self-motion capabilities. In the proposed algorithm, the self-motion is evaluated in order to nullify the dominant modal force of flexural motion that is induced by a rigid body motion.

The flexure motions of manipulators, which are induced by joint motion, cause undesired inaccuracy in end-effector tracking. In-plath planning states, joint trajectories are so
designed as not to excite but to damp out the flexure motions. The self-motion, inherent in redundant manipulators, can alter joint motion, influencing the flexure motion (by exciting and damping the flexure modes), while not affecting end-effector motion at all. Therefore, the self-motion can be utilized to regulate flexibility and effectively reduce the end-effector tracking error.

The effectiveness and applicability of the proposed algorithm have been demonstrated through numerical simulation with three-link planar robotic manipulators possessing flexible links.
THE EIGHTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ADVANCED ROBOTICS, ICAR'97
Authors: Bejczy (ICAR'97 Chair) Antal K. , Fiorini (ICAR'97 Secretary) Paolo
Published: July 2002

This note briefly summarizes the successful ICAR'97 Conference at Hyatt Regency in Monterey, CA on July 7–9 1997.
INCORPORATING DATA FROM DISSERTATIONS IN SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS
Authors: Vickers Andrew J. , Smith Claire
Published: July 2002

Objectives: To determine whether unpublished

dissertations are an important source of trials for

systematic reviews.

Methods: In a review of infant massage, we identified 17 dissertations. We

recorded whether each dissertation was included in the review and, if so, whether it contributed

data to any analyses.

Results: Thirteen dissertations were excluded, 11 because of poor reporting

of methodology. Three dissertations were also published as journal papers. The data from the

remaining dissertation were not included in any analysis. Reviewing data on the Cochrane

Library, only one of 878 reviews included data from a dissertation that might have changed a

review's conclusions.

Conclusions: Searching for and retrieving

unpublished dissertations

involves considerable time and effort and appears to influence the conclusions of a review only

rarely.
MEETING OF THE NEW ZEALAND ECONOMETRIC STUDY GROUP (NZESG)
Authors: Oxley Les , Phillips Peter C.B.
Published: July 2002

The inaugural meeting of the NZESG was held in February 1997
and comprised 14 papers, a software demonstration, and a roundtable
panel discussion. Around 15 participants attended throughout, with
stronger attendance on the first day.
TOPICS IN ADVANCED ECONOMETRICS: ESTIMATION, TESTING, AND
SPECIFICATION OF CROSS-SECTION AND TIME SERIES MODELS
Authors: Whang Yoon-Jae
Published: July 2002

This book, Topics in Advanced Econometrics,
is written primarily as a textbook for an advanced graduate
econometrics course. The topics covered include consistent
model specification testing, unit roots and cointegration,
and nonparametric regression estimation; they are mainly
the topics in which Professor Bierens has made significant
contributions to the literature over the last 15 years.
This book is unusual as a textbook in the sense that it
treats both cross-sectional and time series (i.e., both
subscript i and t) issues in econometrics
at an advanced level. Most of the results given, other
than those available in standard econometrics or statistics
textbooks, are drawn from the published work of the author.
The book is very useful because it puts together a number
of important current issues that have been treated separately
in the literature and presents them systematically using
a well-organized set of statistical tools. Another advantage
of this book is that the materials given are almost self-contained,
making this book suitable for self-tuition. This book thus
ideally suits students who need tools for independent research
especially in the area of nonlinear and nonparametric models
and time series analysis. It will also be useful to more
advanced researchers who are interested in a thorough understanding
of some of the author's original and influential work
in these areas.
Identifying keystone plant resources in tropical forests: the case of gums from Parkia pods
Authors: Peres Carlos A.
Published: July 2002

Keystone plants that produce seasonally critical trophic resources comprise one of the main classes of keystone species, yet no studies have attempted to examine the ecological attributes that might help us recognize them and evaluate their importance in species-rich plant assemblages. In this paper the concept of keystone plant resources is reviewed using potential candidates proposed in the literature for neotropical forest sites. A poorly known example of a potential keystone resource—the gums produced by mature pods of two emergent tree species (Parkia nitida and P. pendula, Leguminosae: Mimosoideae)—is described for primates and other arboreal vertebrates in Amazonian forests. In particular, the fruiting phenology, tree density, patterns of vertebrate consumption, and nutritional quality of Parkia gums in Amazonian terra firme forests are considered. Putative neotropical keystone resources are then divided into four intersecting ecological attributes defining their community-wide importance to vertebrate frugivores: (1) temporal redundancy, (2) degree of consumer specificity, (3) reliability, and (4) abundance. From a vertebrate perspective, keystone plants are here defined as those producing reliable, low-redundancy resources that are consumed by a large proportion of the bird and mammal assemblage with which they coexist. Plant populations proposed to date as keystone species range widely across two of these four variables, which may disqualify most putative taxa (including Parkia spp.) from a more formal definition of keystone resources. Other importance attributes, the context-dependent role, the taxonomic refinement, and removal effects of the keystone plant resource concept as applied to tropical forests are also discussed.
Dietary relationships among four granivorous doves in Venezuelan savannas
Authors: PÉREZ ELIZABETH M. , BULLA LUIS
Published: July 2002

A total of 537 crops from four coexisting granivorous doves (Columbina minuta, C. passerina, C. talpacoti and Scardafella squammata),
collected on seven sampling dates in a Venezuelan savanna, were examined to assess food partitioning. These closely related doves are resident birds, and overlap broadly both in daily activity patterns and habitat use; in circumstances like this, segregation in the use of food resources often occurs. It was found that: (a) differences in body dimensions did not account for variations in seed
size taken by doves; they all ate seeds in the same size range and they showed high similarity in seed size preferred; (b) the importance of different seed sizes in the diets changed seasonally with similar tendencies for all four species, (c) there were differences up to 4-fold in mean seed size consumed by individuals of the same species on the same date; (d) seeds of 63 plant species were
consumed by the four dove species and constituted from 98 to 99.5% of the diets; (e) high dietary overlap both in prey size and prey type was found throughout the year. The dietary relationships found in this study support the idea that these birds forage opportunistically, and that some differences found among their diets may be the result of random seed sampling from the heterogeneous seed
pool available.
Atmospheric deposition and net retention of ions by the canopy in a tropical montane forest, Monteverde, Costa Rica
Authors: CLARK KENNETH L. , NADKARNI NALINI M. , SCHAEFER DOUGLAS , GHOLZ HENRY L.
Published: July 2002

Meteorological variables, bulk cloud water and precipitation (BCWP), and bulk precipitation (BP) were measured above the canopy, and throughfall (TF; n = 20) was collected beneath an epiphyte-laden canopy of a tropical montane forest (TMF) for 1 y at Monteverde, Costa Rica. Total deposition (cloud + wet + dry) of inorganic ions to the canopy was estimated using a sodium (Na+) mass balance technique. Annual BCWP and BP depths were 2678 mm and 1792 for events where mean windspeeds (u) ≥ 2 m s&supminus1;, and 4077 mm and 3191 mm for all events, respectively. Volume-weighted mean pH and concentrations of nitrate-N (NO3−-N) and ammonium-N (NH4+-N) were 4.88, 0.09 and 0.09 mg l&supminus1; in BCWP, and 5.00, 0.05 and 0.05 mg l&supminus1; in BP, respectively. Cloud water and mist deposition to the canopy was estimated to be 356 mm. Estimated deposition of free acidity (H+), NO3−-N, and NH4+-N to the canopy was 0.49, 3.4 and 3.4 kg ha&supminus1; y&supminus1;, respectively. Mean TF depth was 1054 ± 83 mm (mean ± S.E.) for events where u ≥ 2 m s&supminus1;, and 2068 ± 132 mm for all events. Volume-weighted mean pH and concentrations of NO3−-N and NH4+-N in TF were 5.72, 0.04 mg l&supminus1;, and 0.07 mg l&supminus1;, respectively. Mean fluxes of H+, NO3−-N, and NH4+-N in TF were 0.04 ± 0.01, 0.6 ± 0.2 and 1.3 ± 0.2 kg ha&supminus1; y&supminus1;, and percent net retention of these ions by the canopy was 92 ± 2, 80 ±6, and 61 ± 6%, respectively. Phosphate, potassium, calcium and magnesium were leached from the canopy. Seasonal data suggest that biomass burning increased concentrations of NO3− and NH4+ in cloud water and precipitation at the end of the dry season. Regardless, a large majority of the inorganic N in atmospheric deposition was retained by the canopy at this site.
Progress in multi-agent systems research
Authors: RANA OMER , PREIST CHRIS , LUCK MICHAEL
Published: July 2002

Continuing the series of workshops begun in 1996 (Luck, 1997; Doran et al., 1997; d'Inverno et al.,
1997; Fisher et al., 1997) and held in each of the two years since (Luck et al., 1998; Aylett et al., 1998;
Binmore et al., 1998; Decker et al., 1999; Beer et al., 1999), the 1999 workshop of the UK Special
Interest Group on Multi-Agent Systems (UKMAS'99) took place in Bristol in December. Chaired
and organised by Chris Preist of Hewlett Packard Laboratories, with support from both HP and BT
Laboratories, the workshop brought together a diverse range of participants, from the agent
community in both the UK and abroad, to discuss and present work spanning all areas of agent
research. Although dominated by computer scientists, also present at the meeting were electronic
engineers, computational biologists, philosophers, sociologists, statisticians, game-theorists, economists and behavioural scientists, with both academia and industry well represented. Indeed,
numbers attending these workshops continue to grow, reflecting the continued and rising interest
in agent-based systems. The meeting truly demonstrated the wider view of what the term “agency”
implied to research in other disciplines and the questions raised at the end of presentations were a
pertinent reminder of the diversity of the audience.
A multidisciplinary perspective on multi-agent systems
Authors: CHATTOE EDMUND , DAUTENHAHN KERSTIN , DICKINSON IAN , DORAN JIM , VULKAN NIR
Published: July 2002

The theory, principles and practice of multi-agent systems is typically characterised as a computational and engineering discipline, since it is through the medium of computational systems that artificial agent systems are most commonly expressed. However, most definitions of agency draw directly on non-computational disciplines for inspiration. During the 1999 UK workshop on multi-agent systems, UKMAS'99, we invited four speakers to address the conceptualisation of multi-agent systems from their perspective as non-computer scientists. This paper presents their arguments and summarises some of the key points of discussion during the panel.
COUNTEREXAMPLES TO CONJECTURES FOR UNIFORMLY OPTIMALLY RELIABLE
GRAPHS
Authors: Ath Yontha , Sobel Milton
Published: July 2002

In [7], several conjectures are listed
about uniformly most reliable graphs, and, to date, no
counterexamples have been found. These include the conjectures
that an optimal reliable graph has degrees that are almost
regular, has maximum girth, and has minimum diameter. In
this article, we consider simple graphs and present one
counterexample and another possible counterexample of these
conjectures: maximum girth (i.e., maximize the length of
the shortest circuit of the graph G) and minimum
diameter (i.e., minimize the maximum possible distance
between any pair of vertices).
THE CROSS-LINGUISTIC STUDY OF LANGUAGE ACQUISITION. VOL. 5:
EXPANDING THE CONTEXTS.Dan Isaac Slobin (Ed.). Mahwah, NJ:
Erlbaum, 1997. Pp. xiii + 339. $89.95 cloth.
Authors: Gelman Susan A.
Published: July 2002

This is the fifth volume in a renowned series edited by Dan Slobin, focusing on
cross-linguistic studies of children acquiring their first language. The series is seminal for its
focus on languages other than English and for addressing the astonishing diversity and
complexity of the language acquisition task. Slobin notes that, in contrast to Chomskyan models
that consider core grammar to be the main topic of interest, the series was conceived with the
notion of showing “how much fruit there is beyond the core” (p. 14). The goal of
Volume 5 is to explore themes that were relatively backgrounded in the others. Specifically,
these themes include: typological analysis, semantic systems, phonology and prosody, individual
differences, and diachronic processes.
FOREIGN LANGUAGE POLICY: AN AGENDA FOR CHANGE.
Richard D. Lambert (Ed.). The Annals of the American Academy of Political and
Social Science , 532 (March 1994). Special Issue. Pp. 249. $14.00 paper.
Authors: Müller Kurt E.
Published: July 2002

This collection of 15 papers includes two that also appear in Lambert (1994). Lambert has
included significant perspectives on language teaching in America, with papers reflecting
elementary and secondary education as well as adult needs and language-maintenance efforts.
Presenting an excellent, inclusive set of concerns, this issue of Annals deserves
special attention.
LANGUAGE TEACHING AND LEARNING IN HIGHER EDUCATION: ISSUES
AND PERSPECTIVES.Richard Wakely, Andrew Barker, David Frier, Peter Graves,
& Yasir Suleiman (Eds.). Edinburgh: CILT, 1995. Pp. iii + 154.
Authors: Lefkowitz Natalie
Published: July 2002

This volume contains edited versions of 13 of the papers presented at a 1994 University of
Edinburgh conference entitled, “Issues and Perspectives in Language Learning: Scottish
and Wider Dimensions.” The general topics include: I. The typical pattern of studies in
language departments (four papers), II. The relationship of different parts of degree curricula
(four papers), III. Languages in the working world; learners, their backgrounds and expectations
(one paper), IV. Developments of new methods and using new technology (three papers), V. The
particular place of language study in Scotland (one paper), and VI. A summary report of the
Round Table discussions.
BILINGUAL EDUCATION: A DIALOGUE WITH THE BAKHTIN
CIRCLE.Marcia Moraes. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press,
1996. Pp.
xii + 159. $39.50 cloth, $12.95 paper.
Authors: Reagan Timothy
Published: July 2002

Marcia Moraes has made a contribution that will be of interest to many bilingual
educators in the United States. Her book is an attempt to examine and critique contemporary
bilingual education as it is generally conceptualized in the United States within the framework
of a critical Marxian, poststructuralist perspective grounded in the work of Mikhail Bakhtin
and Valentin Voloshinov. Thus, Bilingual education: A dialogue with the Bakhtin
circle seeks to bring together two fields that have been, until this time, relatively
unconnected.
There is a great deal to be said for such undertakings, and both those interested in critical
pedagogy and those involved in bilingual education have much to learn from one
another.
The acquisition of past tense morphology in Icelandic
and Norwegian children: an experimental study
Authors: RAGNARSDÓTTIR HRAFNHILDUR , SIMONSEN HANNE GRAM , PLUNKETT KIM
Published: July 2002

Icelandic and Norwegian past tense morphology contain strong patterns
of inflection and two weak patterns of inflection. We report the results
of an elicitation task that tests Icelandic and Norwegian children's
knowledge of the past tense forms of a representative sample of verbs.
This cross-sectional study of four-, six- and eight-year-old Icelandic
(n=92) and Norwegian (n=96) children systematically manipulates
verb characteristics such as type frequency, token frequency and
phonological coherence – factors that are generally considered to have
an important impact on the acquisition of inflectional morphology in
other languages. Our findings confirm that these factors play an
important role in the acquisition of Icelandic and Norwegian. In
addition, the results indicate that the predominant source of errors in
children shifts during the later stages of development from one weak
verb class to the other. We conclude that these findings are consistent
with the view that exemplar-based learning, whereby patterns of
categorization and generalization are driven by similarity to known
forms, appropriately characterizes the acquisition of inflectional systems
by Icelandic and Norwegian children.
Conservation laws and variational sequences in gauge-natural theories
Authors: FATIBENE L. , FRANCAVIGLIA M. , PALESE M.
Published: July 2002

In the classical Lagrangian approach to conservation laws of gauge-natural field
theories a suitable vector density is known to generate the so-called conserved Noether
currents. It turns out that along any section of the relevant gauge-natural bundle
this density is the divergence of a skew-symmetric tensor density, which is called a
superpotential for the conserved currents.

We describe gauge-natural superpotentials in the framework of finite order variational
sequences according to Krupka. We refer to previous results of ours on variational
Lie derivatives concerning abstract versions of Noether's theorems, which
are here interpreted in terms of ‘horizontal’ and ‘vertical’ conserved currents. The
gauge-natural lift of principal automorphisms implies suitable linearity properties
of the Lie derivative operator. Thus abstract results due to Kolář, concerning the
integration by parts procedure, can be applied to prove the existence and globality of
superpotentials in a very general setting.
Intelligent Transport Systems
Authors: Carter Alan
Published: July 2002

This and the following paper were first presented at NAV 2000 on Thursday, 2 November
2000 – the day devoted to Location and Communication for Land Vehicles.

This paper discusses the need for Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) and the key factors
influencing the Government's Integrated Transport Policy. Typical ITS projects and
applications in the UK are reviewed and conclusions drawn.
Testing a Medium-Range DGPS Network for the Taiwan Area
Authors: Chang C. C. , Lin S. H.
Published: July 2002

The DGPS technique can be used for navigation over baselines up to approximately 100 km.
However, DGPS positioning accuracy is highly correlated and degraded with the extension
of its operational range. It is, hence, improper simply to carry on using conventional DGPS
for navigation over longer ranges. An approach aimed at providing sufficient accuracy with
the use of a minimum network of reference stations, and the modelling of GPS errors, has
been proposed and tested for regional navigation over the Taiwan area. It has been shown
from the test results that medium-range DGPS based on using multi-reference stations is
capable of improving the RMS coordinate differences by 35%, when compared to the use of
a single reference station. The RMS values can be further improved by 14% and 6% in plan
coordinates and height respectively, when the modelling of atmospheric delay is applied to
the differential corrections based on the pseudorange observables collected from the multi-reference stations.
Advanced Vehicle Navigation
applied in the BMW Real Time
Light Simulation
Authors: Löwenau J. P. , Venhovens P. J. Th. , Bernasch J. H.
Published: July 2002

Advanced vehicle navigation based on the US Global Positioning Systems (GPS) will play
a major role in future vehicle control systems. Contemporary vehicle navigation systems
generally consist of vehicle positioning using satellites and location and orientation of the
vehicle with respect to the roadway geometry using a digitised map on a CD-ROM. The
standard GPS (with Selective Availability) enables positioning with an accuracy of at least
100 m and is sufficiently accurate for most route guidance tasks. More accurate, precision
navigation can be obtained by Differential GPS techniques. A new light concept called
Adaptive Light Control (ALC) has been developed with the aim to improve night-time traffic
safety. ALC improves the headlamp illumination by means of continuous adaptation of the
headlamps according to the current driving situation and current environment. In order
to ensure rapid prototyping and early testing, the step from offline to online (real-time)
simulation of light distributions has been successfully completed in the driving simulator.
The solutions are directly ported to real vehicles to allow further testing with natural road
conditions.
Human carrying capacity estimation in Brazilian Amazonia as a basis for sustainable development
Authors: FEARNSIDE PHILIP M.
Published: July 2002

Sustainable development requires that population and consumption remain within the limits of carrying capacity, while preventing a decline in the carrying capacity of an area requires that productive systems implanted through development be sustainable. Zoning can be a valuable tool in influencing land-use decisions, but we cannot expect government decrees to be capable of causing the landscape to evolve toward the sustainable patterns which have been recommended through zoning. A prerequisite for influencing land-use change is understanding the social processes involved in land-use decisions, beginning with deforestation dynamics. Work to estimate carrying capacity needs to embrace the wide variety of production systems used and contemplated for Amazonia and to be able to interpret this information at scales ranging from local communities to the region as a whole. This will require not only studies of different land-use systems in rural areas, but also integration with studies of energy use and support limits of urban populations. Risks of environmental impacts must be quantified under different development scenarios, and limits of acceptable risk identified and integrated into analyses of carrying capacity.

Tapping the value of environmental services of standing forest represents a promising means of sustaining Amazonia's population over the long term, but numerous obstacles exist. These include halting deforestation before opportunities are lost and supporting the population in non-damaging ways while the institutional groundwork is laid for using the environmental services involved. Research is needed to quantify the magnitude of services and the appropriate monetary value per unit of service. Diplomatic agreement must be reached on these values, which can be expected to be quite different from estimates of the 'true' values based on research. A series of social arrangements must be proposed and implemented if the value derived from environmental services is to fulfil its dual role of maintaining both the forest and the human population in Amazonia.
The Climate Convention: deciphering the Kyoto commitments
Authors: NAJAM ADIL , PAGE THOMAS P.
Published: July 2002

The third meeting of the Conference of Parties (COP-3) of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) concluded with the signing of the Kyoto Protocol (UNFCCC 1997). After much political wrangling and an extended all night negotiation session, delegates agreed to a Protocol that mandates specific emissions limits for industrialized countries and economies in transition (collectively listed as Annex I countries). The Protocol mandates that the average anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) equivalent emission of each Annex I country should be no more than its agreed allowance in the ‘first quantified emission limitation commitment period’ which is defined as the five years between the beginning of 2008 and the end of 2012 (UNFCCC 1997, Article 3.7). The base-period for most countries in Annex I is 1990. The exceptions, which were granted during COP-2 (UNFCCC 1996, decision 9/CP.2), are Bulgaria (1989), Hungary (1985-87), Poland (1988) and Romania (1989).
Use of graphic displays of process capability data to facilitate
producibility analyses
Authors: THORNTON ANNA C. , TATA MELISSA
Published: July 2002

To specify realistic tolerances and ensure acceptable
product yields, a product development team must take into
account the current process capability of the factory.
Using historical process capability data in product development
is frequently discussed in academic and industry literature.
However, while many organizations have databases, the use
of historical data in design is limited. This paper addresses
the technical challenges of implementing a producibility
analysis tool. First, a description of how data is currently
collected and recorded is given. Second, the infeasibility
of a “just-press-a-button” system for checking
producibility is described. Finally, a new paradigm for
data access is proposed, implemented in software, and tested
on data used by industry.
SHORT PAPER The stimulating effect of fosfomycin, an antibiotic in common
use in Japan, on the production/release of verotoxin-1 from
enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157[ratio ]H7 in vitro
Authors: YOH M. , HONDA T.
Published: July 2002

In 1996 Japan had a big outbreak of enterohaemorrhagic
Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157[ratio ]H7,
especially in Osaka prefecture where about 6000 patients (mainly
schoolchildren) suffered from
diarrhoea, haemorrhagic colitis and haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) due to EHEC
infection via school lunch. Our survey of doctors who took care
of those patients showed that
most patients had received antibiotics, especially fosfomycin which
comprised 84% of the
prescribed treatment. Since the administration of antibiotics for
EHEC infection is under
discussion, we analysed the effect of fosfomycin on production/release
of verotoxins (VTs).
Addition of fosfomycin into EHEC culture in CAYE broth at 2 and 5 h after start of
incubation caused marked increase of VT1 release. This observation
warns of the possibility of
fosfomycin treatment making the disease worse.
Seroepidemiological evaluation of 1989–91 mass vaccination
campaigns against measles, in Italy
Authors: GRANDOLFO M. E. , MEDDA E. , NOVELLO F. , RIDOLFI B. , The STUDY GROUP
Published: July 2002

In 1989–91 anti-measles vaccination campaigns were conducted
in several Italian regions to
vaccinate all children aged between 13 months and 10–12 years without
a history of measles or
measles vaccination. This study was conducted to evaluate serological status
after the mass
vaccination campaigns. In 1994, capillary blood samples were collected
from randomly selected
children, aged 2–14 years, living in 13 local health units. Antibody
titres were determined by
ELISA. Blood spot samples were analysed for 4114 (75·6%) of 5440
selected children. Among
the 835 that reported measles before 1990, 806 (96·5%) were immune
and of the 2798
vaccinated, 2665 (95·2%) were immune. The Edmoston–Zagreb
(E–Z) strain vaccine was
associated with a lower level of immunity than the Schwarz (SW) strain.
A history of measles
identified almost all immune children. Vaccination with the SW strain conferred
persistent
immunity (at least 5 years) in 98% of vaccinees. The strategy was able
to unite natural and
induced immunity.
Prevalence of Clostridium botulinum type E in Finnish fish

and fishery products
Authors: HYYTIÄ E. , HIELM S. , KORKEALA H.
Published: July 2002

The prevalence of Clostridium botulinum type E
gene in fish and fishery products of commercial
importance in Finland was determined using a quantitative PCR analysis.
The contamination
level in 438 raw fish samples from intestines, surface and whole fish and
208 fish roe samples
varied from 10–40% and from 4–14% respectively, depending
on the fish species studied. The
presence of C. botulinum in European wild freshwater fish
and roe was demonstrated for the
first time by isolation of the organism from PCR-positive samples. Five
percent of 214
vacuum-packed and 3% of 123 air-packed fishery product samples examined
at retail level
were positive for the botulinum neurotoxin type E gene. A contamination
level of 10% in
vacuum-packed hot-smoked whitefish was detected. The results demonstrate

that C. botulinum
type E poses a serious health risk for those consuming fishery products
from the Baltic Sea
area.
Virulence of Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis
aflagellate and afimbriate mutants in a day-old chick model
Authors: ALLEN-VERCOE E. , SAYERS A. R. , WOODWARD M. J.
Published: July 2002

Certain fimbriae and the flagellae of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium have been
shown to contribute to attachment and invasion of gut epithelium in the murine typhoid
infection model and to contribute to pathogenesis in the chick. However, little is known of the
role these organelles play in Enteritidis poultry infections and, to study this, day-old chicks
were dosed orally in separate experiments with defined multiply afimbriate and/or aflagellate
mutant strains of Enteritidis. The colonization and invasion characteristics of each mutant were
compared with those of the isogenic wild type strain by the determination of the number of
bacteria recovered from livers and spleens at known time points post infection. Compared with
wild type Enteritidis, a mutant unable to express flagella but retaining the genetic potential to
express fimbriae was recovered post mortem from livers and spleens in significantly reduced
numbers compared to the isogenic wild-type at all time points post infection (P<0·001).
Conversely, a flagellate but multiply afimbriate mutant (defective for the elaboration of five
different fimbrial types) and a flagellate but non-motile ‘paralysed’ mutant were recovered
from livers and spleens in similar numbers to the wild-type. The data suggested that Enteritidis
flagella, but not fimbriae, played an important role in pathogenesis in the chick model and that
the flagellar apparatus itself and not motility per se contributed significantly to this role.