bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improved Biological Activity and Stability of enzyme L-Asparaginase in Solid Lipid Nanoparticles Formulation
Authors: Sharma Gazal , Rath Goutam , Goyal Amit
Published: September 2024

To protect the biological activity of an enzyme during the development of formulations is one of the biggest challenges. The tetrameric form of L-Asparaginase is used to treat Acute Lymphocytic Leukaemia. It possesses shorter in vivo half–life. Using a modified (water/oil)/water-emulsion method followed by solvent evaporation L-Asn was successfully encapsulated at the core of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles made of lipid glyceryl monostearate. This study elucidated that the preparation of L-Asn loaded SLN develop a colloidal formulation with enhanced activity. The in-vitro release proﬁle of the enzyme revealed ﬁrst bursts has been increased. The study of the lyophilised formulation also shows that the enzyme holds its biological activity and retains its particle size distribution. Consequently, by using an apt combination of homogenisation speed, temperature and additives the storage and biological activity of L-Asn in SLN formulation can be improved.
Keywords: L-Asparaginase, Solid Lipid Nanoparticles, Controlled release, Lymphocytic Leukaemia
IN VITRO ADME STUDIES OF TUG-891, A GPR-120 INHIBITOR USING SWISS ADME PREDICTOR
Authors: Mishra Shweta , Dahima Rashmi
Published: September 2024

Predicting the absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination (ADME) profile of drug candidates before their synthesis, in the early stage of drug discovery, could help in selecting candidates with the less critical ADME profile. In vivo ADME assessment is found to be costly, time consuming and involve the lives of animals, so the in vitro ADME analysis is better, cheaper and provides accurate results quickly. TUG-891 is a GPR-120 inhibitor under clinical trials. The aim of the present study is to predict the in vitro ADME studies of TUG-891, to know the expected outcome of the clinical trials and finding the correlation between the in vivo and in vitro results along with the improvisation in the structure of the TUG-891, so that the biological activity remains unaffected, but reduces the unwanted ADME effects. The 2D and 3D structures of TUG-891 were drawn on chemdraw 3D-Ultra version 8.0 by minimizing the energy using MM2 and MOPAC setting the minimum RMS gradient to 0.01. The structure was imported, the structure smiley was entered and the Swiss ADME drug design study was run. The bioavailability radar showed that the colored zone is the suitable physicochemical space for oral bioavailability where the following properties were taken into consideration as flexibility, lipophilicity, saturation, size, polarity and solubility. The pharmacokinetic properties were studied using the boiled egg model allows for intuitive evaluation of passive gastrointestinal absorption and brain penetration in function of the position of the molecules in the WLOGP-versus-TPSA referential. The white region is for high probability of passive absorption by the gastrointestinal tract and the yellow region that is yolk, is for high probability of brain penetration. Yolk and white areas are not mutually exclusive. Through the study conducted it could be concluded that the aqueous solubility of the compound should be increased along with the fraction of sp3 hybridized carbon atoms. The molecule should not be the inhibitor of metabolizing enzymes and so further modifications need to be done on the lead structure.
Quantification and stability aspects of Luliconazole in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms by UV spectroscopy
Authors: Sowjanya Gummadi , Mohana Kommoju
Published: September 2024

Two simple and economical UV spectroscopic methods were developed for the estimation of Luliconazole in creams. The drug showed maximum absorption at 294 nm, both in 0.1N HCl and phosphate buffer (pH 2.0) in the fundamental spectra (D0). The same spectra were derivatized into first derivative (D1) and the dA/dλ was measured at 315 nm in 0.1N HCl and 317 nm in phosphate buffer (pH 2.0). In both the methods the drug obeyed Beer-Lambert’s law in the concentration range of 2-30 μg/mL in 0.1N HCl and 10-30 μg/mL in phosphate buffer (pH 2.0). The linear regression equations were calculated to be y = 0.0504x + 0.0102 (R2 = 0.9991) for D0 and y = 0.0025x + 0.0002 (R2 = 0.9991) for D1 in 0.1N HCl, y = 0.0637x + 0.0181 (R2 = 0.999) for D0 and y = 0.0025x + 0.0006 (R2 = 0.999) for D1 in phosphate buffer (pH 2.0). An acceptable recovery in the range of 98 ± 0.01 – 102 ± 0.001 % indicates accuracy as well as non-interference from excipients in the present method. The intraday and inter day precision results were within 2 % RSD indicating the preciseness of the methods. The methods were applied for quantification of Luliconazole in marketed creams and the assay was obtained as 98.53 % w/w against the label claim. The methods were also applied to study the stability aspects of the drug in a variety of conditions like acid, base and oxidative stress along with thermal and photolytic stress conditions. The drug showed altered absorbance in basic and photolysis conditions. The methods were validated statistically as per the ICH guidelines.
Keywords: Luliconazole, UV spectroscopy, Stability, Validation, ICH.
Formulation, evaluation & comparison of traditional poly herbal shampoo powders with marketed formulation
Authors: PAVAN AMPAPURAM RAJESH , Hima Bindu K , Prasanna Kumari M , Maddileti R , Anitha Lakshmi G
Published: September 2024

The aim of present work is to formulate poly herbal powder by using different natural herbs like Aswagandha, Tulsi, Ginger, Hibiscus, Aloe vera, Amla and Soap nut to have safety and effectiveness which can avoid toxic effects by chemical ingredients and prepared formulations were compared with marketed poly herbal shampoo. Prepared formulation strengths hair growth, prevents hair fall, dandruff and also acts as antibacterial conditioner and foaming agent without affecting or damaging hair. All the herbs have been selected to formulate poly herbal traditional shampoo powder on the basis of traditional system with scientific modern uses of poly herbs. In this present work herbs like Aswagandha, Tulsi, Ginger, Hibiscus, Aloe vera, Amla and Soap nut were collected, dried, powdered and sieved by passing through sieve no.60, stored in an air tight container and used for further formulation. Then the powders were formulated into four different formulations namely F1, F2, F3, F4 and evaluated for their organoleptic properties like color, odor and texture etc., General powder characteristics like angle of repose, bulk density and true density etc. and physiochemical properties like pH, moisture content, total ash contents, acid insoluble ash, other parameters evaluated were dirt dispersion and foaming capacity. All the four formulations offered good results in all the evaluation tests. The organoleptic characteristics were found to be good, general powder characteristics results were in specified limits and physicochemical evaluation like pH, foaming action, Dirt dispersion were found to yield good satisfactory results. So, the present work successfully formulated poly herbal traditional shampoo powder which meets the modern uses of hair without causing any damage to both skin and hair. Further the Scope of work need to be extended to carry out the stability studies.
 Keywords: Poly herbal, Traditional
A new stability indicating RP-HPLC method for estimation of Osimertinib Mesylate
Authors: Chakradhar Talluri , Mondal Sumanta , Vanapalli Goutham Kumar
Published: September 2024

A simple stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatographic method was developed and validated for the determination of Osimertinib Mesylate in tablet dosage forms. Reversed-phase chromatography was performed on Shimadzu Model CBM-20A/20 Alite, using a mixture of 0.1% T.E.A and methanol (50:50, v/v) as mobile phase with a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min.  Detection was carried at 211nm. Linearity was observed over the concentration range of 10–400 μg/mL (R2 = 0.9992) with regression equation y = 125927x + 192648 Osimertinib Mesylate was subjected to stress conditions (acidic, alkaline, oxidation and thermal degradation) and validated as per ICH guidelines. The validated method can be applied to perform long-term and accelerated stability studies of Osimertinib Mesylate formulations.
Nanostructured lipid carriers: A platform to lipophilic drug for oral bioavailability enhancement
Authors: Patil Deepak , Pattewar Seema , Palival Sarvesh , Patil Gargi , Sharma Swapnil
Published: September 2024

Lipid based drug delivery system such as Solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN) and Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) are among the most promising drug delivery system used in many industries such as food, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics industries. Over the last few years, new constituents of lipids have developed and investigated for enhancement of bioavailability. The present manuscript is an attempt on solving the concerned uncertainty with efficacious peroral administration of hydrophobic drugs through fabricating new lipid formulations, NLC. NLC, the second-generation lipid carrier is usually composed of solid lipids and liquid lipids together in a system. This mixing causes depression in melting point of substrates and converts the mixture into solid form at body temperature and termed as NLC. NLC shows a high drug loading with minimum drug expulsion. The unique advantages of NLC over SLN and Lipid-drug conjugates (LDC) are increased capacity of drug loading, avoidance of drug expulsion. This manuscript gives detailed information on definitions and simple way of production methods, new approaches in formulation of NLC and it also highlights how NLC improves bioavailability of bioactive molecules through peroral route and its future perspective as a pharmaceutical carrier. It also gives idea about the supremacy of NLC over other lipid-based system.
Keywords: Bioavailability; Lipids; Lipophilic drugs; Nanostructured lipid carriers; Solid lipid nanoparticle.
Docking of 3,5-diphenyl- pyrazoline with monoamine oxidase A receptor and In-Silico structural property calculation
Authors: Pratyush Kumar , Asnani Alpana
Published: September 2024

Depression is one of the widely spread disorder in current population and is increasing exponentially. Now age group is not a mandatory clause for depression as children today are also affected. Inhibition of monoamine oxidase A (MAO A) isoform was reported for treating depression by elevating mood. Hydrazines have been also reported for their antidepressant action by inhibiting the monoamine oxidase. In this current study we have chosen 3,5-diphenyl-pyrazoline as ligand molecule which actually mimics the structure of cyclic hydarazine and was supposed to bind with MAO A receptor and inhibit it. Autodock software was used and standard protocol of docking was carried out by selecting grid of X:Y:Z (60:60:60). Other insilico properties were calculated using Molinspiration online property calculator, Protox II for structural property calculation and acute oral toxicity determination respectively. Results revealed though the ligand molecule was safe but not solely effective for MAO inhibition. Derivatization in the molecule is must increasing its biological potential.
Keywords: Depression, Docking, pyrazoline, Insilico toxicity determination
Formulation and Evaluation of Tropicamide loaded Niosomes
Authors: Joshi Gayitri , Singh Arun Kumar , Upadhyay Prashant , Tiwari Abhishek
Published: September 2024

Tropicamide is an antimuscarinic drug used in eye disease. The niosomal vesicular drug delivery system facilitate the permeation of drug through the cornea because of the micron/nano size of vesicles containing drugs, which will increase the corneal penetration of drug, and increase the residence time of formulation in ocular cavity that result to increase the bioavailability of drug. Tropicamide loaded Niosomes by investigating the relationship between drug/Nonionic surfactant ratio were successfully prepared by thin film hydration method and compare the result of different grade of span used (20,40,60) with different ratio of cholesterol. niosomes were evaluated for particle size ,drug entrapment efficiency, drug content ,corneal permeation study and in–vitro drug release. Respectively as a result the niosomes designed showed nearly spherical particles with a mean particle size 156.3nm. Niosomes prepared using cholesterol and span 60 in the ratio (1:1) f9 shoed higher entrapment efficiency (84.35%) in-vitro drug release (94.02%) was optimized.
Keywords: Niosomes, in-situ gel, vesicles, ocular cul-de-sac, viscoelastic gel.
Enhancement of Sulfamethoxazole by Solid Dispersion using Spray Dryer Technique
Authors: Gadakh Pravin , Valvi Surup Singh , Jagatp Shubham , Gomase Amol
Published: September 2024

The aim of this study was to enhance the solubility of SMZ by preparing solid dispersion using a spray dryer. Different polymers were used to study their effect on the solubility of SMZ. Effect of polymer on solubility of drug in the form of solid dispersion was studied by determining the solubility of each solid dispersion separately. It was observed that solubility of drug changes with change in the polymer. As   a result of this study, it was found that solubility of SMZ was significantly enhanced by solid dispersion with the polymers especially with the PVP K30 and HPMC E15.
Keywords SMZ, Solubility, Solid dispersion, Spray dryer.
Formulation and Evaluation of Sustained Release Matrix Tablets of Isoxsuprine Hydrochloride by Direct Compression Method
Authors: Jain Priyanshi , Ekta , , Kushwaha R S , Khan Azaz
Published: September 2024

A sustained-release tablet formulation should ideally have a proper release profile insensitive to moderate changes in tablet hardness that is usually encountered in manufacturing. Isoxsuprine hydrochloride is structurally a novel vasodilator. The short biological half-life (5±2 hr) and the fast clearance make the drug, a suitable candidate for the development of modified release formulation. A novel oral controlled delivery system for isoxsuprine hydrochloride was developed and optimized. Matrix tablets of isoxsuprine hydrochloride were prepared by using hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC K15), Gaur Gum and PVP K 30 as polymer substance to achieve required sustained release profile. The matrix tablets were prepared by direct compression method which is now days considered a cost effective and simple method of manufacturing. It is considered as an appropriate method for hygroscopic and thermolabile substances. Six formulations of different polymer percentages were formulated (F1-F6). Pre-compression parameters were evaluated. The influence of matrix forming agents and binary mixtures of them on isoxsuprine hydrochloride release was investigated. The formulated tablets were characterized by hardness, friability, thickness, weight variation and in vitro drug release. The formulated tablets had acceptable physicochemical characters. There was no chemical interaction found between the drug and excipients throughout FT-IR and UV study thought of in the present investigation. The quantity of isoxsuprine hydrochloride present in the tablets and the release medium were estimated by a simple, rapid and validated UV method. The dissolution results show that increased amount of polymer resulted in reduced and extended drug release. F4 formulation is the optimum formulation due to its better targeting profile in terms of release. First order kinetic profiles were achieved. This formulation may provide an alternative for oral controlled delivery of isoxsuprine hydrochloride and be helpful in the future treatment of   peripheral vascular disease.
Keywords: Isoxsuprine hydrochloride, HPMC K15, Gaur Gum, PVP K30, Direct compression method, Dissolution
Oviasose: A Novel Oligosaccharide from the Milk of Gaddi Sheep (Ovis aries)
Authors: Singh Pushpraj , Shahi Sanyogita , Deepak Desh
Published: September 2024

Oligosaccharides are the most biologically diverse and important carbohydrate among biological system, present as natural constituents in fruits, vegetables, milk, blood, bacteria fungus etc. Oligosaccharides present in milk protect infants by reducing the number of pathogen infections and promoting the development of the intestinal epithelium. Oligosaccharides isolated from sheep milk strongly stimulate the immune system and are used for treatment of immune system related disorders. Keeping above mentioned biological activities of Gaddi sheep’s (Gaddi is a breed of sheep found at higher altitude of Himalayan region) milk oligosaccharides in mind we have isolated a novel oligosaccharide namely Oviasose from sheep’s milk and elucidated its structure by chemical degradation & spectroscopic techniques (like 1H NMR, 13C NMR, COSY, TOCSY, HSQC and HMBC) and Mass Spectrometry. The structure of Oviasose was established by comparing the chemical shift (1H NMR and 13C NMR) of anomeric signals and other important signals of isolated milk oligosaccharide with the chemical shifts of known milk oligosaccharides, 2D-NMR and mass of Oviasose.
Keywords:  Sheep milk, Oligosaccharides, NMR, Oviasose.
Oral hypoglycemic drugs: An overview
Authors: Kaur Pardeep , Kumar Munish , Parkash Jyoti , Prasad D.N.
Published: September 2024

The aim of this study was to evaluate safety and efficacy of oral hypoglycemic agents in obese Type-2 diabetic patients. The objectives are to compare fasting and postprandial blood sugar (PPBS) levels, to compare body mass index in all the groups and to identify glycosylated hemoglobin levels and adverse drug reaction in all the groups. Diabetes mellitus is one of the world’s major diseases. It currently affects an estimated143 million people worldwide and the number is growing rapidly. In the India, about 1-5% population suffer from diabetes or related complication. So there is need to cure this disease. Anti-diabetic drugs treat diabetes mellitus by lowering glucose levels in the blood. With the exceptions of insulin, exenatide, and pramlintide, all are administered orally and are thus also called oral hypoglycemic agents or oral anti hyperglycemic agents. There are different classes of anti-diabetic drugs, and their selection depends on the nature of the diabetes, age and situation of the person, as well as other factors. Diabetes mellitus type 1 is a disease caused by the lack of insulin. Insulin must be used in Type 1, which must be injected or inhaled. Diabetes mellitus type 2 is a disease of insulin resistance by cells. Treatments include agents which increase the amount of insulin secreted by the pancreas, agents which increase the sensitivity of target organs to insulin , and agents which decrease the rate at which glucose is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract.
Keywords: hypoglycemic, blood suger, insulin, diabetes mellitus, pancreas
Review on Buccal Adhesive Drug Delivery System: A Promising Strategy for Poorly Soluble Drugs
Authors: Teelavath Mangilal , Rao Patnaik K.S.K
Published: September 2024

Rapid developments in the field of molecular biology and gene technology resulted in generation of many macromolecular drugs including peptides, proteins, polysaccharides and nucleic acids in great number possessing superior pharmacological efficacy with site specificity and devoid of untoward and toxic effects. However, the main impediment for the oral delivery of these drugs as potential therapeutic agents is their extensive presystemic metabolism, instability in acidic environment resulting into inadequate and erratic oral absorption. Parentral route of administration is the only established route that overcomes all these drawbacks associated with these orally less/inefficient drugs. But, these formulations are costly, have least patient compliance, require repeated administration, in addition to the other hazardous effects associated with this route. Over the last few decades' pharmaceutical scientists throughout the world are trying to explore transdermal and transmucosal routes as an alternative to injections. Among the various transmucosal sites available, mucosa of the buccal cavity was found to be the most convenient and easily accessible site for the delivery of therapeutic agents for both local and systemic delivery as retentive dosage forms, because it has expanse of smooth muscle which is relatively immobile, abundant vascularization, rapid recovery time after exposure to stress and the near absence of langerhans cells. Direct access to the systemic circulation through the internal jugular vein bypasses drugs from the hepatic first pass metabolism leading to high bioavailability. Further, these dosage forms are self-administrable, cheap and have superior patient compliance. Developing a dosage form with the optimum pharmacokinetics is a promising area for continued research as it is enormously important and intellectually challenging. With the right dosage form design, local environment of the mucosa can be controlled and manipulated in order to optimize the rate of drug dissolution and permeation. Advances in experimental and computational methodologies will be helpful in shortening the processing time from formulation design to clinical use.
Effervescent Floating Drug Delivery System: A review
Authors: Pakhale Nilesh V , Gondkar S.B , Saudagar R.B.
Published: September 2024

Effervescent floating drug delivery systems release gas CO2, thus reduce the density of the system and remain buoyant in the stomach 2 for a prolonged period of time and released the drug slowly at a desired rate so it can be used to prolong the gastric residence time in order to improve the bioavailability of drug. In the present article we will discuss in detail about effervescent agent and mechanism of effervescent floating drug delivery system. Oral sustained release gastro-retentive dosage forms offer many advantages for drugs with the absorption from upper parts of the gastro intestinal tract. Gastric emptying is a complex process and it is highly variable. The floating drug delivery systems are useful methods to avoid this variability which increases the retention time of the drug delivery systems for more than 12 hours.  This review article is in pursuit of giving detailed information on the pharmaceutical basis of their design, classification, advantages, in vitro and in vivo evaluation parameters, and application of floating systems, and applications of these systems. These systems are useful to several problems encountered during the development of a pharmaceutical dosage form and the future potential of FDDS. At attempt has been made in this review article to introduce the readers to current development in floating drug delivery system,
Keywords: Effervescent system, Floating drug delivery system, Effervescent agent, floating lag time, Gastric residence time.
Physicochemical evaluation, in vitro anti-inflammatory, in vitro anti-arthritic activities and GC-MS analysis of the oil from the leaves of Gaultheria fragrantissima Wall of Meghalaya
Authors: Uriah Tiewlasubon , Rai Swarnim , Mohanty J. P. , Ghosh Pallab
Published: September 2024

The aim of our present study is to assess the in vitro anti-inflammatory activity against denaturation of proteins whereby the test oil sample at different concentrations was incubated with egg albumin and the absorbance was determined at 660 nm.  The anti-arthritic activity was investigated by two methods; firstly, in-vitro method by bovine serum protein denaturation and the absorbance was measured at 255 nm and secondly in vitro method by egg albumin denaturation where the absorbance was measured at 660 nm. In all the studies diclofenac sodium was used as thestandard drug. The physicochemical parameters like colour, solubility, refractive index, boiling point, specific gravity, carbon residue, iodine value, acid value, ester value were evaluated. The different components of the volatile oil were determined by GC-MS analysis. Ten organic compounds were identified out of which Methyl salicylate C8H8O6 was found to be the most dominant organic compound of Gaultheria fragrantissima oil (97.7%). The present results exhibited a concentration dependent inhibition of protein (albumin) denaturation by the test oil. The study reveals that diclofenac sodium was less effective when compared with the test oil. From the present findings it can be concluded that the essential oil of Gaultheria fragrantissima from Meghalaya possessed significant anti-inflammatory and anti- arthritic effects against the denaturation of protein in vitro. This effect could be due to the high content of methyl salicylate (97.7%) which is an inflammation-fighting compound.  The high altitude and conducive climatic conditions of Meghalaya make wintergreen from this region far more superior in comparison to the ones grown in other parts of the world.
Keywords: Gaultheria fragrantissima, anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic, GC-MS, methyl salicylate.
Formulation, Development and Evaluation of Floating Microsphere of Losartan Potassium Using Natural Polymer
Authors: Patel Bharti , Kushwaha R S , Jain Shailesh
Published: September 2024

Floating drug delivery system is one of the novel drug delivery system. Floating drug delivery system have a bulk density less than gastric fluids and so remain buoyant in the stomach without affecting gastric emptying rate for a prolonged period of time. Various approaches have been used to retain the dosage form in stomach as a way of increasing the gastric residence time, including floatation systems, high-density systems, mucoadhesive systems, magnetic systems, unfoldable, extensible, or swellable systems and superporous hydrogel systems. The objective of this study was to prepare and evaluate floating microspheres of losartan potassium for the prolongation of gastric residence time. The microspheres were prepared by solvent diffusion–evaporation method using ethyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose and sodium alginate as natural polymers. Ethanol/dichloromethane blend was used as solvent in a ratio of 1:2. The floating microspheres were evaluated for flow properties, particle size, zeta potential, drug entrapment, as well as In-vitro release studies and stability studies. The shape and surface morphology of the microspheres were characterized by optical and scanning electron microscopy. The floating microspheres showed particle size, buoyancy, drug entrapment efficiency and yield in the ranges of 331.6 nm, 69±3 to 81±2%, and 60.25±0.25 to 75.65±0.74% and 69.98±0.56 to81.47±0.52%, respectively. Maximum drug release after 12 hr was 99.45 % for formulations F4. Scanning electron micrographs indicate pores both on the surface and interior of the microspheres.  Accelerated stability study was also performed for three months indicated that optimized formulation was stable. The developed losartan microsphere system is a promising floating drug delivery system for oral sustained administration of losartan.
Keywords: Losartan Potassium, Floating microspheres, Drug entrapment, In-vitro drug release, Ethyl cellulose, Hydroxyl propyl methylcellulose
Dhattura Lavana: An Eccentric Salt Preparation in Folklore
Authors: Amrutha O.P. , Govinda Sharma K. , Ajith Kumar G. , Savitha H.P.
Published: September 2024

Lavana kalpana is a formulation in Ayurveda which is prepared from combination of certain drugs with lavana (Salt). A particular heating pattern is followed for drugs and lavana in an earthen crucible by subjecting it to putapaka. Number of lavana kalpana like Narikela lavana Arka lavana and other such formulations are being practiced in Ayurveda. Dhattura lavana is also a formulation of Dhattura and lavana used in alcohol dependence.  An attempt was made in this work to gather the information about this formulation. It is observed that this formulation is used by traditional practioners of Kerala. The reference of Dhattura lavana could not be found in the books or literatures of Ayurveda. Deviating from the general method of preparation of putapaka, Dhattura lavana is prepared in a unique way. In this formulation, a decoction of Dhattura is prepared first and to that equal amount of lavana is added and dehydrated.
Keywords: Dhattura lavana, Lavana kalpana, madatyaya, tadarthakari chikitsa.
Development and Validation of RP-HPLC Method for the Simultaneous Estimation of Tenofovir Alafenamide Fumarate and Emtricitabine in Bulk and Tablet Dosage Form
Authors: Kalamkar Chaitali S , Bhawar Sanjay B
Published: September 2024

New Analytical method was developed for the estimation of Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Alafenamide Fumarate in drug product by liquid chromatography. The chromatographic separation was achieved on Cosmosil C18 column (250mm×4.6ID, 5µm) at ambient temperature. The separation achieved employing a mobile phase consists of   Methanol:water(80:20v/v). The flow rate was 0.8ml/ minute and ultra violet detector at 252nm. The average retention time for Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Alafenamide Fumarate found to be 4.277min and 5.293min. The proposed method was validated for selectivity, precision, linearity and accuracy. All validation parameters were within the acceptable range. The assay methods were found to be linear from 10-50µg/ml for Emtricitabine and 15-75µg/ml for Tenofovir Alafenamide Fumarate. 
Keywords: Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Alafenamide Fumarate, HPLC, Methanol and validation.
Formulation and evaluation of sustained release matrix tablet of metoprolol succinate by using xanthan gum and carbopol
Authors: Kumari Satish , Puri Anchal , Dev Dhruv , Prasad DN , Monika ,
Published: September 2024

Metoprolol succinate is a β1 selective antagonist used as an Anti-hypertensive, Anti arrhythmic, Anti Angina. The aim of present investigation was to develop matrix tablets of Metoprolol succinate using different polymers.Metoprolol succinate matrix tablet was prepared by use of xanthan gum and carbopol-934 as a polymer initially by direct compression methods. Physicochemical compatibility of the drug with polymer was confirmed by IR spectroscopy and DSC. Metoprolol succinate matrix tablets were prepared by direct compression and wet granulation method using different polymers. All the formulations were evaluated for weight variation, thickness, hardness, friability and dissolution. The result of matrix tablets formulation (A-4) showed drug release 94.12% in 720 min. Therefore it was concluded that formulation (A-4) containing carbopol-934 and xanthan gum in the ratio of 80:20 showing promising result for sustained release of Metoprolol succinate, further for improvement of release profile in situ interpolymeric complexes of both carbopol and xanthan gum were tried. All the formulations were evaluated for weight variation, thickness, hardness, friability and dissolution. The results of IPC formulation B-11 showed drug release 96.29% in 720 min. It was concluded that tablets were prepared by using in-situ inter polymer complex formed with 70:30 ratio of Carbopol and Xanthan gum solution as binder. Formulation B-11 showed promising result because of its resistance in pH 1.2 HCL buffer for more than 2 hrs showed the maximum sustained release as compared to simple matrix tablet because of more acid resistance of the complex. Thus, sustained release matrix tablets of Metoprolol succinate using biocompatible polymers were successfully formulated, evaluated and found to be suitable candidates in extending the release of the drug from the matrix tablets.
Keywords: Metoprolol succinate, Sustained release Matrix tablets, Direct compression, Wet granulation method.
Pharmacognostic Investigation and HPTLC Fingerprinting of a Siddha Polyherbal Drug, Padai chankaran
Authors: Neethu Kannan B , Gayathri Devi V , Anitha John , Lekha GS , Natarajan M , Kanagarajan A
Published: September 2024

The present study aims to establish the quality and purity of a Siddha formulation, Padai chankaran by laying down various pharmacognostic parameters, physico-chemical constants and HPTLC fingerprint profiles. Padai chankaran is a Siddha polyherbal preparation comprised of Catunaregum spinosa – root bark, C. spinosa – seed and Alangium salvifolium – root bark as the ingredients. The formulation is used as an external application, having astringent, anthelmintic and antiseptic activities that supports in healing of ulcers and dermatological diseases. Powder microscopy studies and physico-chemical analysis were carried out. Also, an attempt has been made to develop a HPTLC method for phytochemical fingerprinting and the mobile phase Toluene: Ethyl acetate: Formic acid (5: 2: 0.1) gave the best resolution for various components. Hence, the aforesaid analyses confirmed the purity and quality of the Siddha formulation for their future applications.
Keywords: Padai chankaran, powder microscopy, physico-chemical, HPTLC studies
Pharmacognostical and Preliminary Phytochemical Screening of Nardostachys jatamansi Dc Rhizome, Achyranthus aspera Linn plant and Trachyspermum ammi Linn fruit
Authors: Shah Vrunda V , Shah Vipul K , Santani Devdas D
Published: September 2024

Nardostachys jatamansi, Achyranthus aspera and Trachyspermum ammi are very important medicinal plants which are traditionally used in many medical conditions. The present study involves Pharmacognosy and preliminary phytochemical investigations of the rhizomes, whole plant and fruit parts of above three plants respectively .This study consist of the morphological and microscopical study of the plant; the phytochemical screening and testing for alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, steroids and flavonoids; TLC study and HPTLC fingerprinting. The parameters from the above were recorded with an objective of drawing an attention on the plant as well as a reference for further scientific investigations.
 Keywords: Nardostachys jatamansi, Achyranthus aspera, Trachyspermum ammi, Flavanoids,  Microscopical, Pharmacognosy.
Formulation and Evaluation of Fluconazole Microsponge using Eudragit L 100 by Quasi Emulsion Solvent Diffusion Method
Authors: Hans Mansi , Dua Jagdeep Singh , Prasad D.N . , Monika , , Sharma Diksha
Published: September 2024

The aim of the present study is to formulate and evaluate the fluconazole microsponge by using Eudragit L 100. Microsponge was made because they provide controlled as well as target specific release of the drug. Thus study the effect of stirring rate on the formation of microsponge. Microsponge containing Fluconazole were prepared by quasi-emulsion solvent diffusion method at different stirring rate i.e 500, 800, 1000, 1200 and 1500 rpm. Particle size of prepared microsponge was observed in the range of 76.2 to 32.5μm. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the porous, spherical nature of the microsponges. The production yield, entrapment efficiency and drug content were found to be 78.24%, 82.76%, 81.36%. The impact of Drug: Polymer ratio and process variables i.e stirring speed and stirring time on the physical features of microsponges like production yield, mean particle size, entrapment efficiency were examined. It was shown that production yield, drug content and entrapment efficiency was found to be increase with increase in drug polymer ratio while drug: polymer ratio has reverse effect on particle size, as drug: polymer ratio increase, particle size decrease. As the polymer concentration increased, more amount of polymer surrounding the drug, thus increasing the thickness of the wall of the polymer matrix which lead to extended diffusion path and ultimately to lesser drug release or more sustained release. The effect of stirring rate on the morphology of microsponge. The formulation with higher drug to polymer ratio 1:8 (i.e F4) was chosen to investigate the effect of stirring rate on the morphology of microsponges. The dispersion of the drug and polymer within the aqueous phase was found to be dependent on the agitation speed. As the speed was increased the size of microsponges was reduced and the microsponges were found to be spherical and uniform.
Keywords: Novel drug delivery system, Microsponges, Eudragit L 100, Fluconazole, Quasi-emulsion solvent diffusion method.
Sustained Release Drug Delivery System with the Role of Natural Polymers: A review
Authors: Sharma Diksha , Dev Dhruv , Prasad D.N. , Hans Mansi
Published: September 2024

An appropriately designed sustained release dosage form is opted to be a major goal in solving the problems which arises regarding the targeting of a drug to a specific organ or tissue and for controlling its rate of delivery to the target site. The development of oral sustained release system has proven to be a major challenge to formulation scientist due to their inability to restrain as well as localize the system at targeted areas of the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore the development of matrix type drug delivery system is promising option regarding the development of an oral sustained release system. There is availability of wide variety of polymers which helps the formulation scientist to develop sustained/controlled release products. The attractiveness of these dosage forms is increasing because of their awareness towards toxicity and ineffectiveness when administered by oral route in the form of tablets and capsules. Numerous advantages are provided by sustained release products over conventional dosage forms through optimizing various bio-pharmaceutics, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics properties of drugs and finally leads to reduction in dosing frequency to such an extent that only once daily dose is required for therapeutic management with maximum utility of drug with reduction in both local as well as systemic side effects. They can cure or control diseased condition in shortest possible time with smallest quantity of drug to assure greater patient compliance. Polymer swelling, drug dissolution and its diffusion are the known mechanisms for drug release through polymer network.
Keywords: Oral drug delivery system, sustained release dosage form, matrix system, polymer swelling, drug diffusion.
Nanosponges: A Novel Trend for Targeted Drug Delivery
Authors: Jagtap Sneha R. , Bhusnure Omprakash G. , Mujewar Imran N. , Gholve Sachin B. , Panchabai V.B.
Published: September 2024

Effective targeted drug delivery system has been a dream for a long time, but it has been largely frustrated by the complex chemistry that is involved in the development of new systems. Topical drug delivery system has many problems like poor permeability, skin irritation, allergic reactions etc. major problems of newly developed chemical entities is their poor solubility in water and pharmacokinetic issues. These poorly-water soluble drugs show many problems in formulating them in conventional dosage forms and the critical problems associated is its very low bioavailability. The invention of Nanosponge has become a significant step towards overcoming these problems. Nanosponge is tiny sponges with a size about a virus (250nm-1um), which can be filled with a wide variety of drugs. Nanosponge play vital role in targeting drugs delivery in a controlled manner. This sponge can circulate around the body until interact with specific target site and stick on surface and releasing drug in controlled manner both lipophilic and hydrophilic drugs are  incorporated in nanosponge . Important characteristics of these sponges are their solubility in aqueous from and suitable for the drugs with poor solubility. This review is focusing on the preparation method, applications of nanosponge, factor in the field of drug delivery.           
Keywords: nanosponge, poor solubility, Biodegradable polymers, synthesis, preparation
A Review on Pharmacological Activities of Calotropis Procera
Authors: Mali Rohit P , Rao Priya S , Jadhav R. S.
Published: September 2024

The plant Calotropis procera  (Aiton) Dryand belong to the Apocynaceae family it is popularly known as “Rui” in Marathi, “ Mudar” in hindi other common name include Rubber Bush, Apple of sodom. (India & Pakistan). The bark and leaves are known to show wound healing, shows anti-Hyperglycemic effect, Analgesic, Anti pyretic, neuromuscular blocking activity, Purgative, anti-cancer activities. The phytochemistry of plant reveals presence of triterpenoids, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, cardenolides, anthocyanins, α-amyrin, β-amyrin, lupeol, β-sitosterol, flavanols, mudarine, resins, a powerful bacteriolytic enzyme calactin, a nontoxic proteolytic enzyme calotropin, and a wax was isolated from the heartwood of Calotropis procera. The present review focuses on pharmacological activities of Calotropis procera.
Keywords:  Calotropis procera, anti- Hyperglycemic effect, wound healing, pharmacological activities.
Rituximab therapy for Severe and Persistent Lichenoid drug-reaction
Authors: El-Reshaid Kamel , Al-Bader Shaima
Published: September 2024

We report on a patient with severe and fixed lichenoid drug-reaction.  She did not respond to 2 months treatment with high-dose corticosteroids.  Hence, Rituximab was given.  One month later, her lesions improved and remained stable for 14 months of follow up.   
Keywords: fixed drug reaction, Prednesone, Rituximab.
Bilayer Tablet: Novel Technology Use in Extended Release Drug Delivery System
Authors: Saha Shreya , Bhowmick Mithun , Goswami Rimpa
Published: September 2024

Bilayer tablet is a successful technology of controlled release formulation or extended release formulation to provide successful drug delivery. The name of this development is clear that the tablets have been consisting of two layers, these are immediate release layer (IR) and another is extended release layer (ER). In this era it is very useful in many developing countries as a combination therapy for various disease treatment purposes. Bilayer tablet are needs to separate incompatible active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) by physical separation. In this formulation IR and ER both layers are present and it form extended release layer (ER). This types of formulations helps to maintain plasma level concentration in the body. So, it is a very useful and successful technology in novel drug delivery system.
Keywords: Bilayer tablet, extended drug release, Tablet press,
Gandhahastadi Agada: A Review
Authors: Vidyavati T , Hussain Gazala , Nataraj H.R , Srinidhi S
Published: September 2024

Agada Tantra is a branch of Ayurveda that deals with the science of toxicology. It deals with the treatment of various poisons. For the management of poisons various treatment procedures have been described, one among them is the use of formulations taken internally. Varied formulations are described of just herbal, animal origin drugs and also herbo- mineral in origin. One among them is Gandhahastadi agada that is mentioned in the treatment of visha. It is a formulation of nineteen drugs and the bhavana dravya is of animal origin drugs namely Ajamutra (Goat’s urine), Go pitta (cow’s bile) and Ashwa pitta (horse’s bile) alternatively for seven days. This is indicated in various conditions such as Visuchika, Pilla, Arbuda, Arma, Kandu, Kshaya (consumption), Dourbhalya (asthenia), Madatyaya (alcoholism), Pandu (anaemia), Moha (unconsciousness), etc. and also as nasya in  sarvajwara (all types of fever).
Keywords: Gandhahastadi Agada, visha, formulation
Pharmacological study of trunk bark of Acacia nilotica var adansonii (Guill et Perr).o Ktze (Mimosaceae): Assays, antioxidant and antispasmodic activities
Authors: Boly Abdoul Gilchrist L , Traore Aristide , Ouedraogo Moussa , Belemlilga Mohamed , Traore Tata K. , Belemnaba Lazare , Ouedraogo Noufou. , Lupu Andre , Ouedraogo Sylvin , O Mirn Liviu , Guissou Innocent P
Published: September 2024

Aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro polyphenols content, antioxidant and antispasmodic properties of the aqueous extract and fractions of the trunk bark of Acacia nilotica. According to a survey conducted in rural Burkina Faso, Acacia nilotica var. adansonii (Guill and Perr). Ktze reported to be widely used in the treatment of gastrointestinal diarrhoea and parasitosis. A maceration of the powder of the trunk bark of the plant was carried out. Then the aqueous macerate obtain, was fractionated with dichloromethane, butanol and ethyl acetate successively. The phenolic compounds of the aqueous extract, butanol and ethyl acetate fractions was determinated. The antioxidant activity of aqueous extract and fractions was evaluated by the DPPH, ABTS and FRAP tests. The contractility test on smooth muscle was realized according to Magnus method. Assay of the extracts revealed a high content of polyphenols, tannins and flavonoids. The aqueous extract, the butanol fraction and the ethyl acetate fraction demonstrated a high antioxidant capacity. Aqueous extract showed a better antispasmodic effect of acetylcholine contraction induction at 1 μM (IC50 = 13.02 μg / mL) and for BaCl2 at 160 μg / mL (IC50 = 117.2 μg / mL). The aqueous extract of Acacia nilotica and his fractions had antioxidant properties. Only aqueous extract proven better antispasmodic property. Hence its use in traditional medicine in the treatment of diarrhoea.
Keywords: Acacia nilotica, Antioxidant, Antispasmodic
Preparation, Quality Control and Stability Studies of Avipattikar churna
Authors: Patil Sonali , Shah Shruti
Published: September 2024

Throughout  world  more people are turning to use medicinal plant products in healthcare system. Worldwide need of alternative medicine has resulted in growth of natural product markets and interest in traditional systems of medicine. Proper integration of modern scientific techniques and traditional knowledge is important. There is a growing focus on the importance of traditional health care system (viz. Ayurveda, Unani, Homoeopathy, Yoga) in solving health care problems. Systematic approach and well-designed methodologies for the standardization of herbal formulations are developed. In the present study preparation of Avipattikar Churna was carried out and then it was subjected to various quality control parameters. The formulation was prepared as per the guidelines mentioned in pharmacopeia & various tests performed were  physical properties (such as moisture content) , biochemical test, ash value, HPLC, IR spectroscopy. The above parameters can be used as preliminary standardization for quality control of Avipattikar Churna       .
Keywords: Standardization, herbal formulation, Avipattikar Churna, Physicochemical properties.
Formulation Development and Evaluation of Leaf Extract of Ficus benghalensis for Antidiabetic Activity
Authors: Laware Ravindra B. , Pulate Shubhangi P. , Dighe Santosh B , Bhawar Sanjay B
Published: September 2024

Herbal products are known for their inherent property i.e. comparatively safe and economic. In present study, leaf extract of ficus benghalensis was evaluated for antidiabetic activity. The aim of the research work was to formulate and evaluate capsule dosage form of ethanolic extract. Leaves of Ficus benghalensis collected from local area of Ahmednagar district and shade dried. Ethanolic, Hydroalcoholic and petroleum ether extracts were prepared using soxhlet apparatus. Extracts were screened for antidiabetic activity using alloxan induced diabetes in rats. Oral glucose tolerance test was measured as parameter to check antidiabetic activity. Ethanolic extract was found most effective among them. Granules were prepared using ethanolic ectract and filled in capsule.  Capsule were evaluated for parameters including uniformity of weight, disintegration time.
Keywords: Ficus benghalensis, Ethanolic extract, Antidiabetic activity