bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From Pleasure to Anhedonia
Authors: Heinz Andreas , Heinze Martin
Published: March 2007

Anhedonia is a negative symptom that has not always been given attention in schizophrenic patients. While phenomenologically orinted psychiatrists noticed a certain lack of emotional vivacity in schizophrenic patients, schizophrenia theory in the tradition of Bleuler emphasized a different facet of schizophrenic psychopathology. It held that the retreat into wishful fantasies, autism, is a fundamental symptom of schizophrenia. Bleuler's concept of schizophrenic psychopathology was based on J. H. Jackson's evolutionary account of mental disorders. In this view, mental diseases represent a dissolution of evolutionary progress and lead to the manifestation of primitive traits in `modem' patients. This article argues that the resulting analogies perceived between schizophrenics and `primitive' people lead to an overemphasis on wishful, irrational thinking and to the neglect of anhedonia, the inability to experience pleasure. Moreover, socially unacceptable desires were rediscovered in these supposedly `primitive' individuals. This situation changed fundamentally only after social and historical transformations occurred that shifted the center of psychiatric research from Germany to the United States and from an emphasis on the rational control of desires to the use of social reward in ensuring social conformity. As a consequence, Rado and Meehl placed anhedonia at the heart of their schizophrenia theories. Current developments in social interaction seem to stimulate another shift in schizophrenia theory, de-emphasizing social reward and providing room for a differentiated assessment of anhedonia in schizophrenia.
If Statistical Significance Tests are Broken/Misused, What Practices Should Supplement or Replace Them?
Authors: Thompson Bruce
Published: March 2007

Given some consensus that statistical significance tests are broken, misused or at least have somewhat limited utility, the focus of discussion within the field ought to move beyond additional bashing of statistical significance tests, and toward more constructive suggestions for improved practice. Five suggestions for improved practice are recommended; these involve (a) required reporting of effect sizes, (b) reporting of effect sizes in an interpretable manner, (c) explicating the values that bear upon results, (d) providing evidence of result replicability, and (e) reporting confidence intervals. Though the five recommendations can be followed even if statistical significance tests are reported, social science will proceed most rapidly when research becomes the search for replicable effects noteworthy in magnitude in the context of both the inquiry and personal or social values.
`But What Exactly does the Directive Say?': The Role of EU Acquis Experts in Industrial Relations
Authors: Baldacchino Godfrey
Published: March 2007

Expertise suffers booms and troughs like any other market good. The supply and demand for specialists, and the nature of the specialisms required, change in accordance with the exigencies of time and place. A particular breed of specialists is on the ascendant as a number of countries seek to confront, accept or adapt to the massive body of obligations of European Union (EU) law (referred to as the acquis communautaire) in the context of accession negotiations. In the dozen applicant states, a typically very small number of specialists in such matters is suddenly sought after as government consultants, media commentators, technical reporters and impact assessors. This article adopts a political sociology perspective in seeking to assess the influence of such technical experts on the politics of national industrial relations. It argues that such experts do somehow infect the opinions of interest groups, as well as their policy with respect to the EU in particular. Such is more likely to be the case when such interest groups suffer from a `knowledge gap' and do not enjoy the services of professional EU specialists `in-house'. Primary data are drawn mainly from autobiographical material; but the article attempts to propel a cross-national debate on the relevance of the experience and its analysis.
The Problem of Political Exchange in Complex Governance Systems: The Case of Germany's Alliance for Jobs
Authors: Hassel Anke
Published: March 2007

A number of continental states have adopted tripartite concertation in order to reform their welfare and employment regimes. The German welfare state, in contrast, was highly resistant to reform efforts during the 1990s. The article analyses the emergence of tripartite concertation in Germany. It presents two arguments. First, unlike many European countries, Germany encountered major economic problems only from the mid-1990s. Second, the German case illustrates the very complex nature of institutional barriers which restrict government intervention in policy fields. The examples of the Alliances for Jobs in 1995 and 1998 show the interaction between institutional barriers and reform policies.
Review Article: European Industrial Relations in Global Perspective
Authors: Keenoy Tom
Published: March 2007

In the past year a number of major comparative studies of industrial relations have been published, and five of these are reviewed here. All the texts agree that global economic integration has posed serious challenges to national industrial relations systems, but beyond this their analyses differ sharply. The author examines in detail the themes of trade union decline and human resource management, and considers how far these may be seen as connected elements in a new industrial relations paradigm.
Women's Access to European Industrial Relations
Authors: Cockburn Cynthia
Published: March 2007

European trade union federations are increasingly engaged in social dialogue with employer organizations in the context of the EU. Women and women's concerns are under-represented in the institutions and processes involved. Illustrations are given of sectoral social dialogue in the white-collar (insurance) sector and of European works councils in the automobile and food industries. Positive action for sex equality has produced some gains for women, but women's needs are unlikely to be fully met in European industrial relations without mechanisms to achieve sex-proportional representation in the unions and to increase the impact of their women's structures in mainstream policy-making.
The Rise of the Conglomerate Union
Authors: Streeck Wolfgang , Visser Jelle
Published: March 2007

This article discusses two cases, Germany and The Netherlands, whose systems of trade unionism have historically shared a number of characteristics, in particular a commitment to industrial unionism. In both countries a profound transformation of union organization is under way, affecting in particular the demarcation of union domains; the relationships between unions with respect to their division of representational territory and organizational jurisdiction; and the relationship between unions and their peak associations. It does not appear that this parallel transformation of union systems is a consequence of the growing interdependence between industrial nations. To the extent that we observe identical developments in different countries, they seem to be caused by identical endogenous factors resulting in convergence but in the absence of diffusion or other forms of mutual causation.
Unions' Responses to Teamwork: Differences at National and Workplace Levels
Authors: Ortiz Luis
Published: March 2007

This article compares trade unions' responses to teamwork in one Spanish and two British factories of the same multinational company. According to some authors, different national and local systems of industrial relations are currently converging around a global model of `cooperative dependence', with teamwork as one of the elements. However, the research reported in this article reveals significant differences in union responses to teamwork, at both national and local levels. These differences show, in turn, the continued vitality of national and local frameworks of labour regulation, and indeed the unions' capacity to exploit international constraints in order to reinforce their position in the industrial relations system.
Trade Unionism in Transition in Central and Eastern Europe
Authors: Pollert Anna
Published: March 2007

This article evaluates progress towards independent trade unionism in the post-command economies of Poland, Hungary, Slovakia and, in most detail, the Czech Republic. A general introduction is followed by presentation of survey evidence on the views and experiences of trade unionism among workers, union members and union representatives. Issues covered include changing attitudes towards trade unions over the first seven years of capitalist transformation, types of union-management relationships, trade union influence at the workplace, and problems of union decline and retention. The article addresses the relationship between employers and managers and unions, and that between workers and their unions. The conclusions drawn are that unions have made substantial progress in establishing the institutional frameworks of labour representation; but collective bargaining is weak; and unless union membership decline is reversed, labour representation as such seems vulnerable.
The Time-Consequences of Social Services
Authors: Lee Tim , Piachaud David
Published: March 2007

This paper analyses issues of time in relation to social services. A classification of time-consequences is presented. The fields of education, health, community care, and social security provision are then reviewed to identify the time-consequences which arise for service users and others. Finally, the implications of the analysis - relating to efficiency, consistency, equity, and gender - are discussed.
`In the Beginning was Repetition'
Authors: Forrester John
Published: March 2007

In psychoanalysis, every beginning is a repetition. While such a seeming paradox is not at odds with speculations in cosmology and thermodynamics, it is central to the conception of retroactive causality distinctive to psychoanalysis. Through a series of autobiographical and clinical examples taken from Freud, it is argued that the symptom, transference and memory all depend on a return, a repetition, of a past scene which acquires its causal power in the act of interpretation. Such a practice has much in common with the temporality found in fictions of causal loops connecting the present and the future.
Community Types, Community Typologies and Community Time
Authors: Crow Graham Paul , Allan Graham
Published: March 2007

`Community' continues to be a key concept in social science, but frequently the types of community being identified are treated in an unsystematic way. Distinctions between community's spatial, social structural and interpretive dimensions go some way towards remedying this situation, but community's temporal dimension tends to be neglected. Considering `community time' as community's fourth dimension allows more sophisticated analyses of the interconnectedness of communities as places, social structures and meanings. By paying attention to `community time', we may develop new typologies better suited to the comparative research perspective which is re-establishing itself in the field.
The Family Historian and Temporal Orientations Towards the Ancestral Past
Authors: Lambert Ronald D.
Published: March 2007

In a society preoccupied with the future, genealogists or family historians devote a great deal of effort to constructing family ancestry on paper and in the mind, and situating the ancestral family in its historic time and place. This study explores the temporal orientations, and the content of these orientations, which genealogists bring to this activity. Findings are reported from a 1994 mail survey of 1348 members of a Canadian genealogical society. In addition, this paper examines the relationship between historical time and autobiographical time, and the impact of the family historian role on personal identity and family culture.
For what and for whom do You Need More Time?
Authors: Reeves Joy B. , Szafran Robert F.
Published: March 2007

The authors conducted an exploratory secondary analysis of 1434 subjects taken from the 1989 USA General Social Survey. The focus of inquiry was what people in various social roles and role configurations would spend more time on if they had an opportunity to do so. Would they choose to spend more time on paid work, housework, family, friends, leisure or relaxation? The authors hypothesize that particular roles and role configurations influence ideal time allocation and time pressure. Worker, parent and spouse roles were analyzed separately and in conjunction with the gender role. T-tests were computed for comparisons of means between groups. Particular roles and role configurations did influence ideal time allocation, but time differential pressure by men and women in selected roles was not confirmed.
Tempi Delle Città
Authors: Belloni M. Carmen
Published: March 2007

This article briefly outlines Italy's recent policies on time-use patterns in cities, and focuses on the way local authorities have involved residents (as citizens), in these processes. New legislation approved in 1990 granting mayors the power to coordinate the city's working and service hours is discussed with reference to several changes in the role of local government, to women and to existing time-use patterns.
The Vermin and the Virus: Aids in Australian Prisons
Authors: Hatty Suzanne E. , Burke Stuart
Published: March 2007

The Creature was hideous beyond belief ... He looked sick as mud ... 'I don't want you to get the wrong idea. I'm not a Big Noise on my world, Henry. I am what you call a carrier. I have been quarantined.' 'Quarantined, you say?...' 'They can't cure me,' he said. 'They use Earth as a leper colony.' This was all very unsatisfying. All these centuries we'd hoped for higher technology, wisdom. And what tumbled down from space? Outpatients. (Johnson, 1988: 134-7)
'Entitled To Be Hostile': Narrating the Political Economy of Civil Rights
Authors: Goldberg-Hiller Jonathan
Published: March 2007

This article argues that civil rights generally and gay rights in particular have increas ingly become the locus for a politics of changing state sovereignty in the USA, one which calls upon the state to empower itself by doing less. The engine behind this 'downsizing' of the state is a conservative discourse of political economy through which rights claims are understood as excessive and deleterious to limited public budgets, to private property and to efficient use of the 'police powers' over health and safety. Two case studies illuminate these claims: Colorado's anti-gay Amendment 2, and Hawai'i's impending legalization of same-sex marriage.
Knowledge-Based Development: Opportunities for Medium-Sized Cities in Hungary
Authors: Nagy Gábor
Published: March 2007

This paper foucuses on medium-sized cities (in Hungary, county seats) as key elements in transmitting innovations to the lower levels of the settlement hierarchy. In the cluster of county seats, there is a substantial group of innovative, adaptive, information-oriented individuals in their local societies which may facilitate early application of information technologies. Their local economies, particularly the information sector, are also able to adapt to new waves of innovation. Regional policy should concentrate on the most important elements in information transfer, the county seats, in order to build local information sectors into a larger, city network of knowledge centres.
Spatial Divisions of Labour and the New Inter-Regional Imbalance in Spain
Authors: Mendez Ricardo , Caravaca Inmaculada
Published: March 2007

Restructuring of the productive system during recent decades, accompanied by rapid technological development, and parallel changes in modes of social and institutional regulation, define a new framework for the deep transformations that have characterized labour markets. However, individual territories react differently to these overall processes, according to their inherited structures (economic, sociodemographic, political and spatial), and the innovative capacities of their businesses, public bodies and social authorities. These factors contribute to a redistribution of the spatial division of labour. As a result, reference to national, regional and local labour markets has become commonplace in recent research, giving rise to controversies concerning, for example, their demarcation, thematic contents, the powers and factors which shape them, and dominant processes and trends. This article provides a framework for interpreting the features and the evolution of labour markets and then applies this to analysing tendencies in Spain's spatial division of labour.
Exploring the 'Celtic Tiger' Phenomenon
Authors: Breathnach Proinnsias
Published: March 2007

The economy of the Republic of Ireland has experienced continuously high growth rates in the 1990s, after a period of severe difficulty in the previous decade. As a result, Ireland is now within sight of exceeding average EU living standards, a situation which would reverse Ireland's traditional status as a peripheral European economy. The main purpose of this article is to examine the factors which have contributed to this apparent economic miracle, which has earned Ireland the 'Celtic Tiger' appellation. Particular importance is attached to the role of inward investment, which has grown in quantity and changed in quality in the last decade. These changes are attributed to general developments in the locational behaviour of transnational corporations, especially the need for access to skilled workers in an increasingly high-tech age. Such workers have become readily available in Ireland due to demographic change and state investment in education. However, while foreign branch plants have been upgrading their skill levels and their range of functions, they generally lack strategic responsibilities and independent decision-making powers.

Additional contributors to Ireland's economic growth have been macroeconomic stabilization, EU funding, and expansion of tourism and indigenous industry. However, growth has not been shared equally, but has been accompanied by increasing social polarization between those in skilled employment and those who have unskilled jobs or no jobs at all. This polarization could threaten the system of moderate national wage agreements which has played an important role in promoting peaceful industrial relations and in holding inflation to very low levels. There has also been growing spatial polarization, with the great bulk of the recent growth being concentrated in the main cities, especially Dublin. The current growth phase is expected to continue at least for the medium-term future, but could come under pressure from the emergence of competing pools of skilled labour in other parts of Europe.
Who's a Literate? Assessmen t Issues in a Global Perspective
Authors: Wagner Daniel A.
Published: March 2007

Demographic and economic changes around the world and the linkage between literacy and development have made literacy a critical issue especially in the developing countries. But the uncertainty about the nature and extent of literacy has necessitated taking a new look at literacy assessment. Policy-makers have been hampered not only by too little data, but also by a failure to capture varying types and levels of literacy in each society. Dichotomies like "literate—illiterate" are inappropriate for conceptualising the problem and limit the potential for more effective decision-making. The paper analyses the problems of determining reliable and valid criteria for literacy. The way in which the problem of "who's a literate?" is resolved has serious policy implications.
Methods for Instructing Studen ts with Han dicaps Integrated in to Regular Education Classrooms in Developing Countries
Authors: Baine David
Published: March 2007

Whether on the basis of a philosophy of education, or simple economic necessity, many handicapped students in developing countries have been placed in regular education classrooms. Usually the number of non-handicapped students in these classrooms is quite large. Under these conditions, it is very difficult to provide individualised or even small group instruction. In the discussion that follows, various methods are described for instructing students with handicaps integrated into regular education classrooms in developing countries. These methods include techniques in which students help other students: the buddy system, cooperative learning, and student tutoring; also described are teacher aides, small group instruction, methods for adapting lectures, learning centres, creative scheduling, sharing remedial instruction, and teaching instructional survival skills. Step-by-step procedures for implementing many of these techniques are described. The paper also describes a number of ecological considera tions that may influence the suitability of these instructional procedures and the success of integration in particular cultural contexts.
Clinical Psychology in Pakistan
Authors: Zaman Riffat Moazam
Published: March 2007

This article reviews the state of psychology in Pakistan, with special reference to clinical psychology. The issues of statutory recognition, credentials required for practice, public perception of psychology, the practice of indigenous "clinical psychology", sources of payment for psychological services, and relations between psychologists and psychiatrists are reviewed.
Justice Research: The Indian Perspective
Authors: Krishnan Lila
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the diverse interpretations and contexts of the term justice, using a social-psychological perspective. It explores the traditional Indian view of justice drawing on sources, such as the epics and theoretical texts. Focusing on the prescrip tive element of various forms of justice, which it is believed are embedded in an implicit action-outcome relationship, an analysis is presented of the different aspects of this relationship, as well as the criteria used to define deservingness in specific situations. The discussion of Western perspectives includes a statement of diverse philosophical views as well as an enumeration of the major social-psychological conceptualisations including the exchange and equity theories and Lerner's "belief in a just world" hypothesis. The empirical literature on distributive justice and reward allocation is reviewed, highlighting cultural differences and those points of view that are relevant to justice in. non-western cultures.
Organisational Commitment: From Trust to Altruism at Work
Authors: Kao Henry S.R. , Sek-Hong NG
Published: March 2007

This paper presents contrasts between the western and eastern cultural contexts and subsequent orientation of employees. The paper argues that in western societies the emphasis on rationality, self-autonomy and individualism has led to diffusive trust at work, with work organisations becoming more 'contract-oriented'. In contrast, in Oriental cultures such as China and Japan high trust underlying a high level of organisational commitment is ingrained in the traditional properties of these societies which emphasise altruistic orientation in economic and social life. However, there are growing signs to suggest that diffused and altruistic trust is slowly emascu lated in Oriental societies today as evidenced by a syndrome of (a) shift of values towards individualism, (b) a sustained experience with economic stability and afflu ence, and (c) the evolution towards less parochial market relationships in these societies.
Psychology in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Bame Nsamenang A.
Published: March 2007

This paper assesses the present state of psychology in sub-Saharan Africa. In spite of enormous diversities, countries of this sub-region display considerable commonalities in the evolution of psychology into a professional discipline. It is a fledgling science at best, increasingly in the hands of Africans. Lack of recognition of psychology, insufficient finances, a small number of psychologists, embryonic infrastructure, lack of sensitivity to eco-cultural realities, over-orientation towards western models, and poor incentives for scholarship are some of the major barriers to effective training, practice, and research in psychology. Despite these copstraints, considerable progress has been recorded. Prospects for enriching the international status of psychological science abound if Africa's cultural and social conditions, not available elsewhere, are properly studied.
Failing Grade 1: South African Children's First Encounters with School*
Authors: Liddell Christine
Published: March 2007

Since educational statistics were first collated in South Africa, more than 30 years ago, roughly a quarter of children from the majority groups of the nation have failed Grade 1 each year. This represents one of the highest Grade 1 wastage rates in the world. This paper examines the assumed correlates of early school failure, and then pieces together a mosaic of information from a variety of sources, which calls much of this received wisdom into question. The paper provides evidence that confirms the existence of a substantial home-school divide for these children, demonstrable in the contexts and conditions under which learning takes place at home and at school, and also calls into question whether the sorts of qualities which children might need to succeed in Grade 1 are in fact the sorts of qualities which it would be wise for educationists to nurture.
Empowerment of Women in Watershed Management
Authors: Gate Smita
Published: March 2007

This paper is a case study discussing the high level of community participation in watershed management. This programme is being implemented by the Rajiv Gandhi Watershed Manage ment Mission under the Madhya Pradesh government. The unique feature of this is that the vil lage watershed committee is constituted entirely of women. The case study involves the analysis of the dual process of involving women at all decision-making levels while being subject to the resistance by some sections of the feudal society. The implementation of the watershed pro gramme was done by the zilla panchayat of Sagar district. The approach was to create an aware ness and perception in women, which would empower them to play a positive role in their own development and that of society. The user groups and self-help groups were also closely associ ated with health and sanitation issues, thus directly contributing to the economic and ecological development of Guraiya village.
Enhancing Women's Mobility in a Forest Economy: Transport and Gender Relations in the Santal Parganas, Jharkhand
Authors: Rao Nitya
Published: March 2007

This paper, based on a study of three villages in Dumka district, Jharkhand, attempts to under line some of the linkages between transport provisioning, livelihoods and changes in the socioeconomic and environmental context of the transport components of the roles and responsibilities of women and men. Transport needs are largely local in nature-to the fields, forests and mar kets. Distance and time factors seem to play an important role both in determining livelihood choices and the gender division of labour within the household. The state provisioning, however, has primarily related to the construction of roads and setting up of bus routes catering to the major markets rather than local needs. The paper advocates a combination of non-transport interventions for providing basic services in the village itself, along with innovative transport and organisational interventions to ease the transport burdens on the local tribal population, particularly women.
Constituting a Field
Authors: Pappu Rekha
Published: March 2007

The present paper examines the founding moment of women's studies in India, namely, the 1970s. It investigates the unique impulses that made women's studies possible, which predated the official recognition of women's studies as field of study within the university system. Institutions such as the Indian Council of Social Science Research as well as the women's movement were critical players in this complex process. The paper goes on to discuss a major lacuna in women's studies, namely, its pedagogical dimension. Indeed, the absence of information or discussion of feminist pedagogic strategies within higher education could be one of the chief hurdles currently impeding a critical assessment of the undoubtedly significant role that women's studies has played.
The Brazilian Genome Project: A Successful Example of a Research Network
Authors: Negraes Carmen Lucia B. , Egler Paulo César G.
Published: March 2007

The sequencing of the bacteria Xyllela fastidiosa, a plant pathogen that causes a serious disease in orange trees, is considered as a very successful project that was financially supported by Fundaçào de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP), and developed by research institutes and universities of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Conducted through a network structure, the São Paulo Genome Project, as the project is usually known, is being used as an example to demonstrate a new model to develop scientific and technological researches. The main objective of this article is to describe how the project was conceived and developed, pointing out the aspects considered as relevant for its success. An additional question also considered in the text is a discussion concerning the generalisation that is being done for the network model, which is being considered adequate to any type of scientific and technological research.
International Science, Brazil and Diplomacy in UNESCO (1946-50)
Authors: Bertol Domingues Heloisa Maria , Petitjean Patrick
Published: March 2007

At the end of World War II, numerous initiatives for international scientific cooperation were undertaken by the UN: the creation of a science division in UNESCO, projects of international laboratories, support to scientific unions and creation of scientific cooper ation field offices in Southern countries. The development of international science and the contribution of scientific cooperation in maintaining peace were seen as one and only goal. Committed scientists such as Henri Laugier in the UN and Joseph Needham in the UNESCO tried to give life to ideas developed by the 'science and society' move ments in the 1930s and 1940s through a new form ofscientific cooperation. The develop ment of international science, before anything else, was to meet social needs: health, food, standards of living and education. But in the beginning of the 1950s the Cold War reduced the international support given to these projects considerably. This paper analyses the goals coherence of the goals pursued by these international bodies. It focuses on the specific perspectives defended by Paulo Carneiro, as a scientist and as a representative of the Brazilian government in the UNESCO, mainly through his project of the International Institute of the Hylean Amazon.
Science and Technology in a Democratic South Africa—New Challenges and New Policy Directions
Authors: Kaplan David E.
Published: March 2007

The contribution that S&T could make to improving the quality of life of all of the people of South Africa is currently a subject for considerable debate. This is not an academic debate, for, as the ancien regime departs and South Africa restructures, the protagonists are influencing directly the reconfiguration of S& T policies and struc tures. The new government has inherited a highly fragmented system and one in which no organisation has effective overview of the entire science and technology system. Considerable challenges face the new government in devising and imple menting appropriate strategies and policies for science and technology.

The government of National Unity created a new Ministry for Science and Tech nology coupled with Arts and Culture signalling the new orientation of S&T policy framework. At the same time, a major organisational grouping under the Science and Technology Initiative (STI)-involving actors and agencies from S&T, government, professional societies, business, labour unions and other representatives-has under taken work towards reorganisation of science and technology structures.

The paper begins by outlining the major developments in science and technology in South Africa and its current capacities in a comparative mode. This serves as a backdrop for examining the restructuring of the governmental S&T management system towards new national social and economic objectives underlying South African science and technology system.
Georges Duby and the Medieval Peasantry
Authors: Freedman Paul
Published: March 2007

The late Georges Duby contributed to many fields of medieval history, from his explorations of social ideology to the experience of women. This article looks at his work on peasants in the Middle Ages, emphasising in particular his thesis on the Mâconnais (published in 1953), L'économie rurale (1962), and Guerriers et paysans (1973). Duby was increasingly interested in tracing the emergence of aristocratic power, its ethos and family patterns. He came to see peasants as the rather passive base on which the brilliant chivalric culture of the medieval period was erected. His earlier studies, however, depicted agrarian society in its own right and with exemplary vividness and detail. The article discusses changes and continuities in Duby's understanding of the peasantry and the enduring influence of this historian.
Citizenship vs the Pursuit of Happiness, Bonum Commune vs Private Property
Authors: Kaminsky Howard
Published: March 2007

One of the two cultural principles of our civilisation, the public culture of citizenship deriving from Antiquity, asks individuals to serve the common good; the other, the pursuit of happiness, ends in the indi vidual's enjoyment ofh is private property. It derives from the security of individual property right in medieval Europe, where lordships are held as property. The forms of public culture include metaphysical philosophy, theology, and science; the pursuit of happiness evokes a culture of individuality valorised in chivalry, whose aristocratic values of prowss, erotic enjoyment, and adventure continue to ani mate our non-aristocratic world. The nation-state history of the modern world belongs to the culture of citizenship; the post-modern culture of individuality generates varieties of social history and may, in its elitist dimension, revive humanistic history as literature.
Suftan, Dynasty and State in the Ottoman Empire: Political Institutions in the Sixteenth Century
Authors: Metin Kunt I.
Published: March 2007

From its inception around 1300, 'the House of Osman' maintained the ancient Eurasian steppe tradition which kept the system of suc cession open. At a sultan's death, the throne went to the best candidate to emerge in a contest. By the end of sixteenth century, dynastic strug gles, amounting to civil war and the killing of all the brothers of a successful prince, had caused disquiet in Ottoman polity. Subse quently, rules of succession favoured seniority due to circumstances of the age and lifespan of sultans. Also in the sixteenth century, the grand vezir established a personal administration. By the end of the century, the sultan, though himself no longer a charismatic military leader, curtailed the emergence of a minister in charge of policy. Ot toman polity remained a dynastic empire to its end which deliberately curtailed the emergence of independent political institutions.
Budgetary Subsidies to the Health Sector among Selected States in India
Authors: Selvaraju V.
Published: March 2007

Public spending and subsidies on health are justified because markets fail to deliver services equitably and also because of the large externalities associated with public health services. But attempts are on in India to phase out subsidies emanating from budgets to non-merit services. This article attempts to estimate and analyse the extent of budgetary subsidies in the health sector during 1985- 86, 1991-92 and 1998-99 covering six major states in India. The analysis sug gests that the budgetary allocations to the health sector have been declining while at the same time the cost of treatments for households has been increasing as evidenced by the two surveys of the NSSO. The survey results also suggest that the utilisation of public health facilities by the poor has witnessed a declining trend.

An analysis of budgetary spending and subsidies on health reveals that the level of spending or subsidies does not have any direct bearing on the level of health status. The complementary nature of budgetary spending and household spending on health warrants an increasing role for the governments in the health sector in order to improve the levels of health care consumption. Therefore, attempts to prune the budgetary subsidies or the spending on health would adversely affect the utilisation of the health care services.
Negative Indicators of Quality of Reproductive Health Care
Authors: Kabra S.G. , Gupta Rajeshwari , Paliwal Sunita
Published: March 2007

Rates offour adverse outcomes, namely, stillbirths, congenital anomalies, ectopic preg nancies and caesarean births, in maternity hospitals of Jaipur have been studied. Data of the early 1990s and the late 1990s are evaluated. Two large public maternity (teach ing) hospitals, 12 government-run small public maternity hospitals and 10 private fee- for-service hospitals provided the study data. The rates of stillbirths (53 per 1,000 live births), congenital anomalies, mainly neural tube defects (42 per 1,000 live births), ectopic pregnancy (7 to 24 per 1,000 live births) and caesarean births (more than 20 per cent) are considered high. High rates of these adverse outcomes reflect poor quality of obstetric services considering the advancement and facilities available.
Entrepreneurial Strategy: The Case of Jammu and Kashmir
Authors: Gupta Vipin , Rohmetra Neelu , Sharma Dinesh
Published: March 2007

Effective entrepreneurship in emerging markets is a strategic process, and strategic management in emerging markets can hardly succeed without entrepreneurial orientation. Therefore, integrating the entrepreneurship and the strategic perspectives, we develop a construct of entrepreneurial strategy. Using managerial data from Jammu—an emerging market within India—the reliability of the construct is established. The construct provides a sound characterization of the relationship between contextual conditions and the opportunities for the entrepreneurial strategy in the sample.
Resource Strategy and Signals to Resources Market in Indian Software
Authors: Banerjee Parthasarathi
Published: March 2007

Resource dependence of strategies of firms in software have mostly been studied from an internal perspective. However, because large manpower turnover takes place across most firms and because quality of resources is uncertain, firms value the functioning of the market of software personnel. Signals based on which transactions in such a market take place appear through advertisements for jobs. This paper has studied 1,615 advertisements for software jobs in India and abroad. It is observed that signals that appear in advertisements are vague. It appears that firms benefit by concealing from competitors information about its resources, although vagueness of information raises fixed cost.
Influence of TV Advertisements on Children's Buying Response: Role of Parent-Child Interaction
Authors: Verma D.P.S. , Kapoor Neeru
Published: March 2007

The study seeks to assess the possible effects of television advertising on children's buying response from early childhood to early adolescence and the role of parent-child interaction in this process. For the purpose, two non-disguised structured questionnaires were designed and administered: one to the children and the other to their parents. Children from different income groups and both the sexes were considered. The study has revealed that parents give due recognition to the increasing role of children above the age of eight years in the family's purchase decision. Both the parents and the children felt the impact of TV advertisements on children's purchase request. However, with an increase in the age of the child, the parents' perception of the children's purchase request being influenced by TV advertisements tended to decrease. Parents' response to children's purchase request was found to be strongly influenced by the age of the child and the family income. The results further implied that parent-child interaction plays an important role in the children's learning positive consumer values and in parents perceiving the influence as positive on their children's buying response. Thus, instead of criticizing TV advertisements, it would be desirable if parents resort to more of co-viewing and explaining the intent and contents of such advertisements to their children.
Managerial and Organizational Trends in a BOT Treatment: A Study in the Indonesian Telecommunications Sector
Authors: Pearson Cecil A. L. , Entrekin Lanny V. , Safina Tengku H.
Published: March 2007

Despite considerable interest in assessing work dimensions and managerial practices that may enhance organizational vitality, seldom have these features been examined in Build Operate Transfer (BOT) arrange ments which have been frequently used in large-scale infrastructure and development in emerging economies. This study examined job design dimensions and management practice in regional divisions of TELKOM Indonesia, four operating under foreign-partnered BOT arrangements and two operating under the Indo nesian public sector. Surveys were administered to employees at management, functional and lower levels in the telecommunications divisions. Analysis of variance was used to compare private BOT and public sector divisions for staff training, perceived job dimensions and productivity. The results show that BOT divisions with a centralized, pyramidal structure and autocratic management style achieved the greatest infrastructure development and revenue. This was particularly evident in the French BOT division that was associated with the greatest job scope, reasonable investment in training and the highest rates of productivity. The host nation, Indonesia used training and autonomy in work design and reported the greatest spending on human resources and the fewest service complaints. Implications are discussed in terms of executive development and management practices in developing countries.
Stock Prices, Inflation, and Output: Evidence from the Emerging Markets
Authors: Al-Khazali Osamah M.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the short and long-term relationships between stock prices, inflation, and output in 21 emerging capital markets. It also investigates whether the proxy hypothesis can explain the puzzling negative relation between stock returns and inflation. The study shows that in the short run the negative relationship between stock returns and inflation still persist for all countries except Malaysia, even after the effects of expected economic activity and inflation variability have been explicitly incorporated. Furthermore, the results of the generalised autoregressive conditional heteroscedastic (GAR CH) model are consistent with the OLS results. These results reject the proxy-effect hypothesis in the short run. However, in the long run, cointegration tests verify a long-run equilibrium between stock prices, consumer price index, and the real economic activity. The findings support the Fisher effect and the proxy hypotheses in the long run only.
THE FEMALE WARRIOR
Authors: Thing Lone Friis
Published: March 2007

Sport is in this article analysed as an antithesis to ordinary life situations, a sphere where the dynamics of symbolic play contrast with the routinization and restraint of emotions in the life of modern society. In an effort to challenge the concept of emotion based on Freud in the figurational thinking of sport, it is argued that the psychology of pleasure in sport is not exhausted by Freud. With a sociological perspective on emotions in female sport such as soccer, ice hockey and basketball, the article reconsiders the knowledge and perspective whereby emotions are seen to involve both cognitive and affective dimensions. Various emotional vocabularies in the face-to-face context of female sport are analysed, as well as the broader interdependence between emotion and the social context. The purpose is to elaborate how emotions are guided and unfolded on court in the ball game itself. The data comes from 26 in-depth interviews with Danish top-level players.
Football in Yemen
Authors: Stevenson Thomas B. , Alaug Abdul-Karim
Published: March 2007

As documented in many parts of the world, football clubs are important symbols of resistance, integration and identity. This article traces the multiple roles of sport rituals in North Yemen and South Yemen. In each nation, football has been a symbol of resistance to colonial or imāmate power and of regional integration into and identification with nationalist and state agencies. Before their union in 1990, football matches between the two Yemens were symbolic expressions of the success of the nations' opposing ideologies. The union of the two nations was marked by widespread public support but few obvious indications of unity or identity. Since unification, football rituals have been used to promote a new national identity. The first national football championship and the selection of a national team were instances where union was obvious. While a new national identity may be emerging, there are renewed signs of football as a symbol of resistance.
WHICH NATION, WHICH FLAG? BOXING AND NATIONAL IDENTITIES IN IRELAND
Authors: Cronin Mike
Published: March 2007

This article explores the many conflicting identities which are evident in Irish sport, with special reference to boxing. It is argued that some conventional wisdoms about the links between sport and nationalism are not applicable to the Irish context. It is concluded that while the ideal of a single, unified nation-state is still a contested idea in Ireland sport can only further expose, rather than eliminate, the different identities that exist there.
WRESTLING WITH GENDER
Authors: Sisjord Mari-Kristin
Published: March 2007

This article provides an analysis of the behaviour and personal experiences of female and male wrestlers. The study has an ethnographic approach, utilizing fieldwork and qualitative interviews. The fieldwork lasted for about six months, and the qualitative interviews were conducted at the end. Those having the appropriate age for this project were invited for the interviews, three girls and four boys. The results show that girls and boys have different experiences of being a wrestler. This article will focus upon `the hidden curriculum' and different perceptions of physicality.
Global Competency and Intercultural Sensitivity
Authors: lee Olson Christa , Kroeger Kent R.
Published: March 2007

How do educators enhance their global competencies and intercultural communication skills so they can better educate students in our increasingly diverse society? In Spring 2000, the authors conducted a survey of 52 New Jersey City University faculty and staff to assess the relationships between their international experience, global competencies, and levels of intercultural sensitivity. The survey drew on Milton Bennett’s Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity and definitions of global competency from Wilson, Stohl, Singer, and Hanvey. The authors of this article found that both second-language proficiency and substantive experience abroad independently increase the likelihood that an educator will be more advanced on the Bennett Intercultural Sensitivity Scale. This survey provides directional information about the relationship between second-language acquisition, experience abroad, and ethnorelativism. The findings suggest that we need global, intercultural, and professional development for faculty and staff that is ongoing, substantial, and inclusive of work in another language and culture.