bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Beyond Banks: A Case for Interagency Collaboration to Combat Trade-based Money Laundering in Africa
Authors: Azinge-Egbiri Nkechikwu Valerie
Published: October 2022

Regulation regarding trade-based money laundering (TBML) has focused mainly on documentary trade financing arrangements, which are bank intermediated. Yet, African countries predominantly employ alternative forms of trade financing models that span beyond banks’ usual purview. These alternative models are supported by many actors across the supply chain that are not holistically supervised given the fragmented regulatory framework at the global and domestic levels. In contending that TBML significantly undermines intra-African trade and therefore amounts to a non-tariff barrier (NTB) to trade, this article challenges the need for globally transplanted solutions to address TBML. Rather, it argues for the introduction of new approach: a country focused experimental legislation that facilitates inter-agency collaboration beyond banks. This approach would ensure a homegrown, responsive, and legitimate framework that encompasses currently un-supervised actors. It contends that if the experimental legislation works at a country level, it may then be cascaded to the African Union level for contextual adaptability across other African countries.
Casting a Constitutional Light on the Cultural Defence in South African Criminal Law
Authors: Matthee Jacques
Published: October 2022

South Africa’s criminal courts have often dealt with cases where accused who committed culturally motivated crimes tried to escape criminal liability through a so-called “cultural defence”, a defence that does not currently exist in South African criminal law. However, most of the case law dealing with this matter predates the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996. Consequently, the Constitution’s cultural and religious freedom rights can be used to justify the formal recognition of a cultural defence in South Africa’s criminal law. Simultaneously, the Constitution contains limitation clauses that could counteract such a step. This article evaluates these contentious arguments and concludes that the conflict between the common law and African customary law in South Africa’s criminal law can be resolved by aligning the indigenous beliefs and customs in African customary law to the values underpinning the Constitution.
Upriver and Overseas: Revisiting Boundaries in the Study of Nineteenth-Century Cantonese Migration
Authors: Miles (麦哲维) Steven B.
Published: October 2022

Inspired by one of the themes of the “Boundaries and Bonds: An International Conference on Chinese Diaspora,” hosted by Nanyang Technological University in October 2021, this article explores conceptual boundaries in the study of Cantonese migration during the pivotal nineteenth century. Based on research on internal Cantonese migration along the West River, but set in a comparative framework of overseas Cantonese migration, I consider in turn natural or topographical barriers, political boundaries, regional and class discrepancies, and gendered imaginings and practices of migration. Focusing on villages and townships along the West River, I show that emigrant communities with prior access to a long, navigable, and commercially important river readily adapted to new experiences of overseas migration after the mid-nineteenth century.
The Participation of Malaysian Chinese Women in the Workforce: Traditional Values and Choices
Authors: Chin (陈子莹) Jee Yin , Chin (陈亿文) Yee Mun , Noew (梁僡珊) Hooi San
Published: October 2022

The rate at which women participate in Malaysia’s labor force is one of the lowest in the ASEAN region. Within the female workforce, Malaysian Chinese women participate more than women of other ethnic groups in Malaysia. Although this may indicate that the Malaysian Chinese are adapting to social changes that demand female participation in the workforce, a more in-depth study is needed to understand this phenomenon. In most circumstances, traditional Chinese values are omnipresent and affect women’s decision to join the workforce. The question is to what extent and in what circumstances are Malaysian Chinese women bound by traditional values. This paper attempts to provide some insights into this question by providing an overview of Malaysian Chinese women’s participation in the Malaysian workforce and the influences of Chinese traditional values on their decision to join the workforce. It is hoped that through this discussion, issues surrounding the participation of Malaysian Chinese women in the workforce can be highlighted, thereby opening up new avenues of research.
Is There a Problem of Demarcation for Hinges?
Authors: Ohlhorst Jakob
Published: October 2022

Hinge epistemology is sometimes taken to be exempt from many of the issues bedevilling regular epistemology because of its pre-epistemic status. That is, hinges are taken to operate beyond epistemic evaluation. In this paper, I go through different non-epistemicist interpretations of what hinge epistemology is and in what sense hinges may precede epistemic evaluation. I argue that all these non-epistemicist accounts nevertheless have to deal with a certain extent of epistemic evaluation, namely, a form of the historical problem of demarcation arises in hinge epistemology: of two incompatible hinges, one may nevertheless be epistemically preferrable over the other even though they both are pre-epistemic hinges.
A Quiet Tsunami
Authors: Eller Jack David
Published: October 2022

Both scholars and the general public have tended to assume that Islam is immune to modernization and secularization and that Muslims are all fanatical religionists. However, the growing and increasingly active number of nonbelievers in Muslim-majority countries has been called a tsunami by religious authorities. This article surveys the current research on nonreligion and atheism in Islam-dominated countries, with special attention to Egypt. After examining the statistical information on nonbelief, including in unlikely places such as Iran and Saudi Arabia, the article considers the terminology of nonbelief in Arabic, which is not equivalent to English terminology and illustrates the local nature of nonreligion, constructed in relation to local concepts of religion. The article then discusses the social and legal perils of nonbelievers in societies still committed to religious belief and finally investigates the lives and activities of nonbelievers and atheists, individually, in groups, and online. The article concludes with some reflections on modernization and secularization, noting the forces that have made nonbelief more possible and prevalent in Muslim-majority contexts but also led to multiple specific secularities and atheisms.
Has Religion Been Explained Away?
Authors: Atkinson Andrew Ross
Published: October 2022

This paper re-engages with the science versus religion debate in the light of the last three decades of scholarly progress in the study of religion coming from the cognitive and evolutionary sciences of religion. I begin by asking (1) ‘if it is indeed possible to account for the origins of religious belief, its cultural transmission and evolution, and its maintenance—without any appeal to the real existence of any supernatural deity—then are we in a position to say we have explained it all away?’ If we are, how does this affect central themes in the philosophy of religion about God’s existence? In (2) I provide an outline of the cognitive and evolutionary approach to explaining religion. In section (3) I discuss abductive reasoning (3.1), problems with the accusation of having committed the genetic fallacy when answering (1) in favour of positive atheism (3.2), the need for first-order justifications of religious belief (3.3), and in (3.4) a peculiar divine attribute (i.e. omnipotent potential in a causal chain of events) that appears to immunise religious belief in a particular kind of supernatural deity from having been explained away.
The Great Man Theory of History and the Paleolithic Curse of Humankind
Authors: Ellerman Carl P.
Published: October 2022

This study is motivated by the plea of a renowned philosopher who urged humankind to break the habit of reverencing and submitting to seemingly great human beings, whose great mistakes issue in tragic historical events that threaten the survival of civilization. Conceiving World War Two as a modern tragedy, and using instructive elements of this era to identify an enraptured nation’s worship of a seemingly great leader, the author sources evolutionary biology to evidence the thesis that hereditary human nature, now conceived as a maladaptive Paleolithic Curse, is the origin of humankind’s emotional instability, ruinous aggression, enduring worship of fallible alphas, divisive tribalism, and mastery of artful deceptions. While challenging the facile claim of epigenetic science that education will produce a worldwide enlightenment enabling humankind to defeat the Paleolithic Curse, the forced choice of retrofitting the human genotype by advocates of volitional selection underlies this analysis of humankind’s lesser greatness.
Articulating Korean American Women’s Power Amidst Conflicts of Colonialism and War in Helie Lee’s Still Life with Rice
Authors: Praphan Kittiphong
Published: October 2022

Gender is a quintessential issue in Asian American literature, since Asian Americans are seen as weak with feminine qualities, according to the Western colonial concept. This paper examines Korean American women’s power through an analysis of Hongyong, the female protagonist in Helie Lee’s Still Life with Rice, who survives Japanese colonization in Korea and the Korean War and finally starts her new life as a Korean American woman in the United States. Hongyong goes beyond the concept of patriarchy in Korea and rescues herself and her family with her intelligence, determination, power, and bravery. As an Asian woman who successfully resettles in the United States, her achievement refutes the Western colonial concept which double-feminizes Asian women and the binary concept about the West and the East. Through Hongyong, the image of Korean American women, as part of Asian American women, is transformed from weak and powerless to strong and powerful.
Thailand’s Trade Relations with the German Democratic Republic: the Example of Carl Zeiss Jena
Authors: Warning Christina
Published: October 2022

With the example of one of the German Democratic Republic’s (gdr) most renowned high-tech companies, Carl Zeiss Jena, this article argues that despite global and regional pressures, Thailand’s international trade relations have been nurtured largely without reference to ideological bias. Founded in 1846, the Carl Zeiss Jena Company grew to become an important patent holder in the production and export of precision optical instruments. By the 1930s, Carl Zeiss Jena was already an important international player, attracting military institutions and land surveying specialists, including clients from Siam/Thailand. In the decads to come, Carl Zeiss Jena’s relations with Thailand transcended the major global conflicts of the twentieth century, most notably the acrimonious Cold War period and Germany’s partition. This stability is a testament to the flexibility with which Thailand’s diplomatic and military elites have been willing to engage with diverse partners regardless of political affiliations and fundamental ideological differences.
The Wreck of the Galleon San Francisco (1609): Anatomy of a Maritime Disaster in the Manila-Acapulco Trade Route
Authors: Casabán Jose L. , Kimura Jun
Published: October 2022

The Manila galleon San Francisco sank off the coast of Japan in 1609 after almost two months of sailing through storms and hurricanes that damaged the ship to the point that it was carrying more than two metres of water in its hold. This article provides an account of the final journey of San Francisco according to primary and secondary sources. It also proposes a set of theoretical dimensions for the galleon based on its tonnage, contemporary vessels of similar tonnages, hull ratios provided in late sixteenth- and early seventeenth-century shipbuilding treatises and ordinances, and archaeological parallels. In addition, the authors estimate possible distances from the wreck of the galleon to the shore, using the distances provided in accounts of wreck and contemporary marine leagues, and the theoretical draft of the vessel.
Analysis of Automotive Paint Smears Using Attenuated Total Reflection Infrared Microscopy
Authors: Affadu-Danful George P. , Kalkan A. Kaan , Zhang Linqi , Lavine Barry K.
Published: October 2022

Paint smears represent a type of automotive paint sample found at a crime scene that is problematic for forensic automotive paint examiners to analyze as there are no reference materials present in automotive paint databases to generate hit-lists of potential suspect vehicles. Realistic paint smears are difficult to create in a laboratory and have also proven challenging to analyze because of the mixing of the various automotive paint layers. A procedure based on an impact tester has been developed to create smears to simulate paint transfer between vehicles during a collision. Data collected from 24 original equipment manufacturer (OEM) paints in simulated collisions using an impact tester with a steel (inert) substrate to simulate vehicle to vehicle collisions shows that attenuated total reflection infrared microscopy can isolate individual paint layers. For each OEM paint sample, the corresponding smear obtained was dependent upon the conditions used. By varying these conditions, the number of distinct layers obtained could be tuned for each of the OEM paints investigated. Furthermore, the IR spectrum of each layer extracted from the paint smear using alternating least squares was found to compare favorably to an in-house OEM paint infrared spectral library for each layer as the correct match (make and model of the vehicle from which the smear originated) was always found as a top five hit in the hit-list. The results of this study indicate that paint smears developed using an impactor can serve as the basis of realistic proficiency tests for forensic laboratories.
‘Put me on to a male agent’: Emotional labor and performing gender in call centers
Authors: Akdemir Ayşegül
Published: October 2022

This article aims to shed light on the gender dynamics in the context of performing emotional labor in Turkish call centers. Based on qualitative interviews, this study aimed to illuminate how gender is done and undone, providing a perspective on the relationship between gender and emotional labor in call centers, a highly gendered and interactional line of work. Gender relations are complex and gender performativity in call center work allows us to observe different ways in which employees do and undo gender. This study reveals that female employees are more inclined to undo gender and display competence as a work strategy to elevate their position, whereas male employees struggle between job demands and adhering to masculine norms.
“I Had No Problems and Just Felt So Fabulous”: The “Storylines” of Methamphetamine Initiation in Aotearoa/New Zealand
Authors: Bax Trent
Published: October 2022

This qualitative life course-based study analyses the key circumstances preceding methamphetamine initiation. This paper utilizes Agnew’s “storylines” concept to analyse the background and situational factors that led 42 Aotearoa/New Zealanders to initiate methamphetamine. Multiple exposure to adversity across multiple life domains placed participants at heightened risk of early-onset drug use. Preceding methamphetamine initiation, the impact of social bonds and social roles were identified within the domains of family, romantic relationships, friendship and work. Whilst drug use onset broadly follows the stage theory sequence of drug use, participants did not initiate methamphetamine until age 27 on average. Initial use typically took place in a private setting among friends, family and co-workers. The initial effect was typically very positive, which greatly contributed to escalating use. Analysis revealed four main storylines, which highlight the importance of psychological state, social bonds, romantic attachments and social functioning in methamphetamine initiation.
Individual Differences in Early Disambiguation of Prosodic Grouping
Authors: Hansen Marie , Huttenlauch Clara , de Beer Carola , Wartenburger Isabell , Hanne Sandra
Published: October 2022

Prosodic cues help to disambiguate incoming information in spoken language perception. In structurally ambiguous coordinate utterances, such as three-name sequences, the intended grouping is marked by three prosodic cues: F0-range, final lengthening, and pause. To indicate that the first two names are grouped together, speakers typically weaken the durational and tonal cues on the first name whereas they are strengthened on the second name, compared with a structure without internal grouping. The current study uses a gating paradigm to test whether listeners can decide about the internal grouping of a coordinate structure by already exploiting prosodic information on the first name. One hundred ninety-two stimuli were cut into seven parts (gates) and presented to naive participants ( n = 45) successively (gate by gate) with increasing length of the utterance and amount of prosodic information. In a two-alternative forced-choice decision task, accuracy was above chance level after the second name. However, more than half of the participants could already reliably detect grouping patterns after the first name. These interindividual differences point toward the existence of different subgroups with diverging prosodic parsing strategies. Furthermore, listeners were sensitive to speaker-specific prosodic patterns. Depending on speaker-specific characteristics and individual parsing capacities, it seems possible—at least for a subgroup of listeners—to make predictions about the underlying grouping structure of coordinated name sequences based on early prosodic cues.
Meddling in the 2016 Elections and Satisfaction With Democracy in the US
Authors: Justwan Florian , Baumgaertner Bert , Curtright Madeleine
Published: October 2022

In this article, we investigate how external election interventions influence satisfaction with democracy. We expect that mere knowledge about a foreign intervention will not affect system support. Instead, only those who believe that the external influence campaign had a decisive impact on the election outcome should see a reduction in democratic satisfaction. Furthermore, since electoral winners are likely to think that their preferred party provides superior policy outputs, supporters of winning parties should be less affected by their beliefs in the decisiveness of an influence campaign. Finally, we expect that those who place a high value on in-group loyalty will be more likely to engage in motivated reasoning. Thus, in-group loyalty should cause electoral winners to discount the substantive impact of a given electoral intervention, whereas it should have the opposite effect for losers. Our analysis relies on US survey data, and it uncovers broad support for our theoretical expectations.
Longitudinal Relations Among Executive Function, Theory of Mind, and Japanese Language Skills Achievement in Elementary School: A 4-year Longitudinal Study
Authors: Nakamichi Keito , Nakamichi Naoko , Nakazawa Jun
Published: October 2022

This longitudinal study investigated the roles of elementary schoolers’ executive function (EF) and theory of mind (ToM) as predictors in their academic achievements in Japanese language skills (e.g., speaking and listening ability, writing ability, reading ability, and linguistic knowledge) from first through fifth grade. We assessed the EF, ToM, and academic achievements of 85 Japanese elementary schoolers, when they were grade 1 ( M = 90.19 months) and grade 3 ( M = 114.34 months). Moreover, academic achievements of same children tested in grade 5 ( M = 137.92 months). A path analysis revealed that EF abilities in Grades 1 and 3 predicted Japanese language achievement via ToM ability, and EF and ToM in Grade 1 had an indirect effect on achievements in Grades 3 and 5. Further, Japanese language skills achievement in Grade 1 predicted EF ability in Grade 3 and EF predicted achievement in Grade 5. These findings indicate the vital role of elementary schoolers’ EF on academic achievement in Japan.
Tourist–Host Identity Risk: Scale Development and Consequences
Authors: Fong Lawrence Hoc Nang , Zhang Carol Xiaoyue , Wang Ziyou
Published: October 2022

Risk perception has been an important construct in understanding tourists’ trip planning. Surprisingly, while tourists’ perceived tourist–host identity risk (THIR) plays an essential role in this process, its effects have been overlooked. Against this backdrop, this study develops a THIR scale and investigates how it shapes the intention of mainland Chinese tourists to revisit Hong Kong, and also investigates the spread of positive word-of-mouth (WoM) by conducting multiple online surveys with mainlanders. The results show that THIR is a uni-dimensional construct which is robustly measured by 12 items. It undermines revisit intention and the spread of positive WoM because of lower emotional solidarity followed by anticipation of unpleasant experience. This negative serial mediation is weaker for people who have a strong Chinese identity and perceive high THIR of an alternative destination (Macao). Meaningful implications are provided for destination marketers.
Measuring Tourist Festival Experience: Development and Validation of the PHF-TX Model
Authors: Olivier Lizette , Carlson Jamie , Rahman Syed Mahmudur , Rosenberger Philip J.
Published: October 2022

Despite the economic and academic importance of periodic hallmark festivals (PHFs) and customer experience, knowledge about the tourist experience (TX) in a PHF consumption context remains limited. In response, this research conceptualizes a novel “periodic hallmark festival tourist experience” (PHF-TX) construct and develops a measurement instrument. Findings from three empirical studies of PHF tourists confirmed six constituent perceived value dimensions of PHF-TX. Empirically, PHF-TX was positively associated with behavioral intentions and subjective wellbeing, with festival attachment playing a mediating role. Important theoretical and practical implications include heterogeneity with prior experience and an attenuated impact of PHF-TX in the proposed relationships, indicating that the relationship between PHF-TX and behavioral intention may differ between first-time and repeat PHF tourists. This finding suggests there may be a point on the perceived value spectrum where the benefits of PHF-TX increase at a decreasing rate. Consequently, PHF organizers are recommended to nurture festival attachment opportunities for first-time tourists.
Interaction Rituals and Social Relationships in a Rural Tourism Destination
Authors: Wu Mao-Ying , Tong Yixuan , Li Qiucheng , Wall Geoffrey , Wu Xinfang
Published: October 2022

The reproduction of social relationships in a rural tourism destination is examined through a micro-sociological lens that explores residents’ everyday interactions. Interaction ritual theory is adopted as the theoretical foundation. Zhinan, a mountainous village in Hangzhou, China, which initiated tourism in 2014, is the study site. Two rounds of focus groups and interviews were conducted with village residents. Qualitative inquiry shows that, under the influence of tourism, residents’ daily interactions consist of three interaction rituals, that is, rural living rituals, tourism operation rituals, and event and festival rituals. Due to the distinct ingredients, these rituals unfold differentially and engage different social actors. They complement each other in the co-construction of rural social relationships that have symbolic, emotional, collective, and normative connotations. This study provides in-depth, contextualized understandings of rural residents’ interactions and relationships, and draws practical implications for sustainable development of rural tourism destinations.
Hyperscanning and the Future of Neurosociology
Authors: TenHouten Warren , Schussel Lorne , Gritsch Maria F. , Kaplan Charles D.
Published: October 2022

Because all aspects of social life have a mental component, sociology’s focus is not society alone but mind and society. Insofar as mind is an emergent level of brainwork, the description and measurement of mindwork amidst social interaction can be accomplished by neurometric measurement methodology. The authors’ topic, hyperscanning, involves the simultaneous recording of either hemodynamic or neuroelectric measurement of brain activity in two (or more) interacting individuals. The authors consider two hyperscanning methods, functional magnetic resonance imaging and electroencephalography (EEG). Although functional magnetic resonance imaging provides excellent spatial resolution of brain-region activation, the temporal resolution of EEG is unmatched. EEG’s low spatial resolution has been overcome by low-resolution electromagnetic tomography. Hyperscanning studies show that interpersonal coordination of action includes mutual entrainment or synchronization of neural dynamics, flow of information between brains, and causal effects of one brain upon another with respect to social-signaling processes involving fairness, reciprocity, trust, competition, cooperation, and leadership.
Workplace-Based Connection: Interest Articulation of Deputies in China’s Municipal People’s Congresses
Authors: Chen Chuanmin , Huang Dongya
Published: October 2022

Existing studies have demonstrated that China’s people’s congresses are co-optative and constituency-based representative institutions where regime outsiders’ interests and regional interests are articulated. Drawing on data of the municipal people’s congresses in Shenzhen and Kunming, this article shows that the congresses are also “workplace-based” representative institutions, that is, institutions through which deputies express the interests of their work organizations. Different from the conventional view that deputies’ workplaces make them less active in performing in the congresses, this article first shows that a “workplace-based connection” exists in people’s congresses and thus deputies are driven by incentives from their workplaces to articulate the latter’s interests. Furthermore, municipal deputies whose work organizations depend more on municipal units (i.e., municipal party-state organs) or have less influence on municipal policy making usually put forward more proposals about workplace-based interests. These findings indicate that people’s congresses can be channels utilized by both state and nonstate sectors to articulate organizational interests.
Gender, party and performance in the 2020 New Zealand general election: politicking on Facebook with Jacinda and Judith
Authors: Ross Karen , Fountaine Susan , Comrie Margie
Published: October 2022

New Zealand’s 2020 General Election campaign was unusual, though not unprecedented, in featuring women as both Prime Minister (Jacinda Ardern, Labour) and Leader of the Opposition (Judith Collins, National). To explore the extent to which gender, party and style intersected in their social media positioning, we analysed all posts made on the two Party Leaders’ public Facebook pages. We found both quantitative (post frequency and composition, main topic and policy issues, audience reactions) and qualitative differences (tone, presentational style) but importantly, our research suggests that neither woman ‘performed’ gender in normatively stereotypical ways.
A regional and historical approach to platform capitalism: The cases of Alibaba and Tencent
Authors: Zhang Lin , Chen Julie Yujie
Published: October 2022

This article situates China’s efforts to toughen the regulation of its tech companies since the late 2010s in the global context of Big Techs rein-in and the specific trajectory of economic development in China. Focusing on the three-phase development of Alibaba and Tencent since the late 1990s, we propose a regional and historical approach to study platform capitalism concerning how platform companies, through interacting and negotiating with shifting institutional conditions, have developed novel business models, organizational structures, and technological innovations. Not a static domination, state power co-shapes platform capitalism through a constant process of institutional improvisation and innovation, as well as interacting with private players. This geographically and historically conscious approach to platform capitalism not only contributes to a more nuanced understanding of the specificities and historicity of platform capitalism in China, but also helps to deprovincialize platform studies and extend its analytical relevance beyond the Euro-American focus or the disciplinary boundaries.
A Network Approach to Assessing the Relationship between Discrimination and Daily Emotion Dynamics
Authors: Deckard Faith M. , Messamore Andrew , Goosby Bridget J. , Cheadle Jacob E.
Published: October 2022

Discrimination-health research has been critiqued for neglecting the endogeneity of reports of discrimination to negative affect and the multidimensionality of mental health. To address these challenges, we model discrimination’s relationship to multiple psychological variables without directional constraints. Using time-dense data to identify associational network structures allows for joint testing of the social stress hypothesis, prominent in discrimination-health literature, and the negativity bias hypothesis, an endogeneity critique rooted in social psychology. Our results show discrimination predicts negative emotions from day-to-day but not vice versa, indicating that racial discrimination is a risk factor and not symptom of negative emotion. Furthermore, we identify sadness, guilt, hostility, and fear as a locus of interrelated emotions sensitive to racism-related stressors that emerges over time. Thus, we find support for what race scholars have argued for 120+ years in a model without a priori directional restrictions and then build on this work by empirically identifying cascading mental health consequences of discrimination.
“It’s pretty much flying blind in the home care setting”: A qualitative study on the influence of home care specific circumstances on sedation in specialist palliative home care
Authors: Meesters Sophie , Bazata Jeremias , Handtke Violet , Gehrmann Jan , Kurkowski Sandra , Klein Carsten , Bausewein Claudia , Schildmann Eva ,   for the SedPall Study Group
Published: October 2022

Background:

Existing data on sedation at the end of life indicate challenges in the home care setting, leading to deviations from guidelines or non-provision of sedation.

Aim:

As part of the “SedPall” study, we aimed to explore circumstances in specialist palliative home care, which influence the practice of sedation.

Design:

Semi-structured qualitative interviews ( n = 59) and two focus groups ( n = 4, n = 5). Recruitment took place via contact persons. We thematically analyzed the transcripts with the Framework Approach, using MAXQDA 2018.2.

Setting/participants:

Physicians, nurses, and other members of the multiprofessional team from 10 palliative care units and seven home care teams.

Results:

Participants reported home care specific circumstances that can be categorized into three interrelated topics. (1) Lack of 24/7 on-site availability, (2) active involvement of the family, (3) challenges regarding teamwork and multidisciplinarity. Participants drew different conclusions from the reported circumstances regarding the feasibility of different types of sedation at home: While some reported to generally use all types of sedation, others stated that some types of sedation are not feasible in home care, for example deep sedation until death. Most participants questioned the applicability of existing sedation guidelines in the home care setting.

Conclusion:

Our data indicate that sedation practices might currently follow the healthcare professional’s attitude or service policy rather than the patient’s need. To avoid hospital admission in manageable cases and ensure that home care specific best practice standards are met, existing guideline recommendations have to be adapted and supplemented by additional supporting measures specific for the home care setting.
Contesting Method and Theory Between Europe and Asia: Asian Studies in Turkey
Authors: Esenbel Selçuk , Togan Isenbike
Published: October 2022

This paper presents the content of this thematic issue of Diogenes on Asian studies in Turkey. It explains the origins of this set of papers in light of relevant scholarship, relates it to current academic work in the field, and provides a rationale for issuing a volume on Asian scholarship in Turkey.
The Representation of Women as Post-Secondary Graduates and the Role of Educational Systems: Evidence From 51 Countries
Authors: Moorhouse Elizabeth
Published: October 2022

Women now earn well over half of bachelor’s and master’s degrees awarded in most countries around the world. Although this gender revolution in higher education is a global one, there is a good deal of cross-national variation in the representation of women as recipients of post-secondary degrees. Using a sample of both OECD and non-OECD countries, this study examines whether differences in educational systems help explain this cross-national variation. Women’s representation as master’s degree recipients are most strongly correlated with the institutional features of a country’s education system. The empirical results show that countries with later ages of first selection into distinct educational programs are associated with a greater representation of women earning master’s and (though this finding is less robust) doctoral degrees. The empirical evidence also shows that those countries with more educational programs available to students at age 15 award greater shares of master’s degrees to women.

JEL codes: I21, I23, I24, J16
The Association between Ageist Attitudes, Subjective Age, and Financial Exploitation Vulnerability Among Older Adults
Authors: Weissberger Gali , Bergman Yoav S. , Shrira Amit
Published: October 2022

Ageism, or age-based negative stereotypes, prejudice, and/or discriminatory behaviors toward older adults, has been linked with various detrimental physical and psychological consequences. The current study examined the relevance of ageist attitudes to financial exploitation vulnerability (FEV) among older adults and investigated whether feeling older than one’s chronological age (i.e., older subjective age) moderated the ageist attitudes-FEV association. 230 participants ( M age = 72.08, SD = 5.74) filled out scales assessing ageist attitudes, subjective age, and provided relevant sociodemographic information. High levels of ageist attitudes and an older subjective age were associated with increased FEV. Moreover, the ageist attitudes-FEV association was significantly stronger among participants reporting an older subjective age. The results highlight the importance of taking into account ageism and subjective age in order to gain a deeper understanding of the underlying mechanisms which render older adults vulnerable to financial exploitation. Practical and empirical implications are discussed.
Older Adults’ Frequency of Going Outside during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Associations with Physical Distancing, Health Status, and Fall Risk Factors
Authors: Choi Namkee G. , DiNitto Diana M. , Marti C. Nathan
Published: October 2022

Research shows significant health benefits of going outside in late life. Using the 2019 and 2020 National Health and Aging Trend Study and its 2020 COVID-19 supplemental survey ( N = 3,857, age 70+), we examined changes in the past-month frequency of going outside one’s home/building during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 compared to the same time in 2019. We found that 57.0% reported no change in the frequency of going outside, 32.0% went out less frequently, and 11.0% went out more frequently. Logistic regression models showed that decreased frequency was associated with higher frequency of going outside in 2019, avoidance of contact with those outside their household (AOR = 1.51, 95% CI = 1.10, 2.06), dementia diagnosis, mobility device use, self-rated health (AOR = .85, 95% CI = .75–.97), and being 90+ years of age, female, non-Hispanic Black or Hispanic, divorced/separated. Older adults are likely to benefit from going outside more often when they can safely do so.
Professional Networks of Special Educators and Speech-Language Pathologists Working With Students Who Use Augmentative and Alternative Communication
Authors: Biggs Elizabeth E. , Bumble Jennifer L. , Hacker Rebecca E.
Published: October 2022

Supporting students with complex communication needs requires collaboration within and beyond the school system. Through a state-wide survey, this quantitative descriptive study used social network analysis to examine the professional networks and collaboration patterns of 325 special education teachers and 189 speech-language pathologists who worked with students with complex communication needs. Findings revealed wide variability in network size and function across these educators. Information is reported about collaborative partners, frequency of communication, perceptions of trust, and exchange of supports across relationships (i.e., informational, tangible, emotional supports). Teachers and speech-language pathologists who worked with students with access to high-tech augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) had larger professional networks than those whose students only used unaided AAC (e.g., gestures, signs) or low-tech AAC such as picture symbols. This research provides an important first look at AAC-related professional networks and collaboration patterns within these networks to inform future research and practice.
Alternative Layouts for Grid Questions in PC and Mobile Web Surveys: An Experimental Evaluation Using Response Quality Indicators and Survey Estimates
Authors: Vehovar Vasja , Couper Mick P. , Čehovin Gregor
Published: October 2022

The grid question refers to a table layout for a series of survey question items (i.e., sub-questions) with the same introduction and identical response categories. Because of their complexity, concerns have already been raised about grids in web surveys on PCs, and these concerns have heightened regarding mobile devices. Some studies suggest decomposing grids into item-by-item layouts, while others argue that this is unnecessary. To address this challenge, this paper provides a comprehensive evaluation of the grid layout and four item-by-item alternatives, using 10 response quality indicators and 20 survey estimates. Results from the experimental web survey ( n = 4644) suggest that item-by-item layouts (unfolding or scrolling) should be used instead of grids, not only on mobile devices but also on PCs. While the former justifies the already increasing use of item-by-item layouts on mobile devices in survey practice, the latter implies that the prevailing routine of using grids on PCs should be reconsidered.
Decent Work and Turnover Intentions Among Chinese Millennials: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Wan Wei , Duffy Ryan D.
Published: October 2022

Turnover among millennial employees is frequent and is more common when work is not considered decent. Nevertheless, the potential reasons for why decent work attainment links with millennials’ turnover intentions deserves further exploration. Grounded in the psychology of working theory and social exchange theory, the current research explored the roles of overall well-being and perceived career opportunity in the relation between decent work and turnover intentions. Through an analysis of three-wave data obtained from 327 millennials in China, we found that decent work was indirectly related to turnover intentions via overall well-being, and that perceived career opportunity served as an important moderator in this relation. The results suggest that millennials who perceive their work as indecent may have greater turnover intentions in part because they are less satisfied with their lives. This relation is even stronger when they perceive few career opportunities in their current job.
Functional Capacity and Difficulties in Activities of Daily Living From a Cross-National Perspective
Authors: Kekäläinen Tiia , Luchetti Martina , Sutin Angelina , Terracciano Antonio
Published: October 2022

Objectives: This study investigated whether physical and cognitive functioning predicts developing difficulties in basic or instrumental activities of daily living (ADL/IADL), and whether country-level factors moderated the associations. Methods: 69,227 adults aged 50+ from 19 countries were followed for up to 14 years. Cox regression and meta-regression analyses were used. Results: Higher grip strength was associated with a 45% lower risk of developing ADL limitations and a 47% lower risk of IADL limitations. The corresponding values were 22% and 23% for peak flow, 20% and 23% for word recall, and 20% and 24% for temporal orientation. The associations were similar and statistically significant in most countries, but some associations were weaker in countries with lower GDP and lower service coverage. Discussion: Good physical and cognitive functional capacity protects from ADL and IADL limitations consistently across Western countries. The associations may be stronger in countries with more resources.
Ethical sensitivity and compassion in home care: Leaders’ views
Authors: Blomqvist Heidi , Bergdahl Elisabeth , Hemberg Jessica
Published: October 2022

Background

With an increasing older population, the pressure on home care resources is growing, which makes it important to ensure the maintenance of quality care. It is known that compassion and ethical sensitivity can improve the quality of care, but little is known about care leaders’ perceptions on ethical sensitivity and compassion in home care and how it is associated with staff competence and thus quality of care.

Aim

The aim of the study was to explore home care leaders’ perceptions of ethical sensitivity and compassion associated with care quality in home care.

Research design, participants, and research context

A hermeneutical approach with a qualitative explorative design was used. The data consists of texts from 10 in-depth interviews with home care leaders. Content analysis was used as a method.

Ethical considerations

The study was conducted following the ethical guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki and the Finnish Advisory Board of Research Ethics. Research ethics permission was applied for from a Research Ethics Board.

Findings

One overall theme and four subthemes were found. The overall theme was: “Compassion provides deeper meaning and ethical sensitivity provides means for knowing how to act”.

Discussion

If nurses fail to be sensitive and compassionate with patients, good and high qualitative home care cannot be achieved. Ethical sensitivity and compassion can be seen as resources in home care but the organization and the care leaders need to provide the support for these to develop.

Conclusion

This study provides an understanding of the meaning of ethical sensitivity and compassion as sources of strength and their link to quality of care in a home care context. Further studies could focus on how to build compassion and ethical sensitivity into home-based care and how to ensure adequate support for healthcare professionals’ compassion and ethical sensitivity.
Job Embeddedness: Cross-cultural Comparison Between China and Pakistan During COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Rafiq Muhammad , Jafar Rana Muhammad Sohail , Ahmad Wasim , Dastane Omkar , Sial Muhammad Adnan
Published: October 2022

As the COVID-19 pandemic spreads across the globe, cross-cultural studies are at the forefront of individuals’ minds. Following this line, we conducted a cross-cultural examination between Chinese and Pakistani management employees’ attitude toward job embeddedness. Survey data were collected using the English and Chinese versions of seven items exhibiting attitudes towards the employees’ job embeddedness scale in the COVID-19 pandemic setting. As, the two groups are diverse on geographic, cultural, religious and economic scopes; it was not surprising to see that in this COVID-19 pandemic, these future managers differed on a number of opinions regarding job embeddedness. On the other hand, some similarities were also noted. The current research proposes a novel approach to probe cross-cultural comparison on job embeddedness in COVID-19 background. Considering the previous research on job embeddedness, there is scant attention given to Pakistan and China. This research will not only help to enhance understanding of job embeddedness knowledge but also help to boost the continued development of worldwide business opportunities in the COVID-19 pandemic. The implications of curated findings and future directions are also discussed.
Exploring Curriculum for the Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change: The Case of Planning Schools in India
Authors: Roy Anil Kumar , Kaliyath Ajith , Ghosh Debjani
Published: October 2022

This article explores the urban planning curriculum of the three selected planning schools in India. They are the School of Planning and Architecture (SPA), New Delhi; Department of City and Regional Planning, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Kharagpur; and the Faculty of Planning, CEPT University, Ahmedabad. It uses content analysis to understand the deepening of research, skill formation and the possible change in pedagogy due to growing concerns about climate change (CC) and disaster risk reduction (DRR) in the urban area. The concerned programme coordinators and heads of the departments have also been consulted to find out the general approach to integrating CC and DRR knowledge into their planning curricula. An account of research outreach of faculty members, student dissertations and institutional publication in the CC and DRR has also been presented to illustrate research outreach with the community. It has been found that these schools need to deepen further their engagement with the domain of CC and DRR.
Educational Servant-Leaders and Personal Growth
Authors: D’Ascoli Steven , Piro Jody S.
Published: October 2022

Background: Servant leadership is a leadership approach based on universal values and involves an ethical, practical, and meaningful way to live and lead. Servant leadership has been adopted around the world as a follower-centered transformational leadership paradigm focusing on identifying and meeting the needs of others. Purpose: The purpose of this research was to explore servant leadership and the personal growth phenomenon with the context of education. Research Design: This study used an exploratory collective case study which addressed how servant leader principals and superintendents understood and facilitated the personal growth of those they serve. Data Collection: Data were collected from questionnaires and semi-structured interviews and analyzed through inductive and deductive processes. Results: Two findings emerged from the study: 1. to facilitate the growth of others, educational servant-leaders utilized emotional intelligence and; 2. facilitated growth through the principles of a learning organization. Conclusion: Implications of the study suggested that participant servant leaders instituted paradoxical approaches, which leveraged the polarity between individual and group to facilitate the growth of staff as well as their organizations.