bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Catalytic Reduction of Hexaminecobalt(III) by Pitch‐based Spherical Activated Carbon (PBSAC)
Authors: Chen Yu , Mao Yan‐peng , Zhu Hai‐song , Cheng Jing‐yi , Long Xiang‐li , Yuan Wei‐kang
Published: July 2010

The wet ammonia (NH3) desulfurization process can be retrofitted to remove nitric oxide (NO) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) simultaneously by adding soluble cobalt(II) salt into the aqueous ammonia solution. Activated carbon is used as a catalyst to regenerate hexaminecobalt(II), Co(NH3), so that NO removal efficiency can be maintained at a high level for a long time. In this study, the catalytic performance of pitch‐based spherical activated carbon (PBSAC) in the simultaneous removal of NO and SO2 with this wet ammonia scrubbing process has been studied systematically. Experiments have been performed in a batch stirred cell to test the catalytic characteristics of PBSAC in the catalytic reduction of hexaminecobalt(III), Co(NH3). The experimental results show that PBSAC is a much better catalyst in the catalytic reduction of Co(NH3) than palm shell activated carbon (PSAC). The Co(NH3) reduction reaction rate increases with PBSAC when the PBSAC dose is below 7.5 g/L. The Co(NH3) reduction rate increases with its initial concentration. Best Co(NH3) conversion is gained at a pH range of 2.0–6.0. A high temperature is favorable to such reaction. The intrinsic activation energy of 51.00 kJ/mol for the Co(NH3) reduction catalyzed by PBSAC has been obtained. The experiments manifest that the simultaneous elimination of NO and SO2 by the hexaminecobalt solution coupled with catalytic regeneration of hexaminecobalt(II) can maintain a NO removal efficiency of 90% for a long time.
Synthesis of Calix[4]arene‐grafted Magnetite Nanoparticles and Evaluation of Their Arsenate as Well as Dichromate Removal Efficiency
Authors: Sayin Serkan , Ozcan Fatih , Yilmaz Mustafa , Tor Ali , Memon Shahabuddin , Cengeloglu Yunus
Published: July 2010

In this study, 5,17‐bis‐[(4‐benzylpiperidine)methyl]‐25,26,27,28‐tetrahydroxy‐calix[4]arene (3) has been prepared by the treatment of calix[4]arene with a secondary amine (4‐benzylpiperidine) and formaldehyde by means of Mannich reaction. The prepared Mannich base (3) has been grafted onto [3‐(2,3‐epoxypropoxy)‐propyl]‐trimethoxysilane‐modified Fe3O4 magnetite nanoparticles (EPPTMS‐MN) in order to obtain 5,17‐bis‐[(4‐benzylpiperidine)methyl]‐25,26,27,28‐tetrahydroxy calix[4]arene‐grafted EPPTMS‐MN (BP‐calix[4]arene‐grafted Fe3O4). All new compounds were characterized by a combination of FTIR and 1H‐NMR analyses. The morphology of the magnetic nanoparticles was examined by transmission electron microscopy. Moreover, the studies regarding the removal of arsenate and dichromate ions from the aqueous solutions were also carried out by using 5,17‐bis‐[(4‐benzylpiperidine)methyl]‐25,26,27,28‐tetrahydroxy‐calix[4]arene in liquid–liquid extraction and BP‐calix[4]arene‐grafted Fe3O4 (4) in solid–liquid extraction experiments. The extraction results indicated that 3 is protonated at proton‐switchable binding sites in acidic conditions. Hence, facilitating binding of arsenate and dichromate is resulted from both electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonding. To understand the selectivity of 3, the retention of dichromate anions in the presence of Cl−, NO, and SO anions at pH 1.5 was also examined.
Fatgraph models of proteins
Authors: Penner R. C. , Knudsen Michael , Wiuf Carsten , Andersen Jørgen Ellegaard
Published: July 2010

We introduce a new model of proteins that extends and enhances the traditional graphical representation by associating a combinatorial object called a fatgraph to any protein based upon its intrinsic geometry. Fatgraphs can easily be stored and manipulated as triples of permutations, and these methods are therefore amenable to fast computer implementation. Applications include the refinement of structural protein classifications and the prediction of geometric and other properties of proteins from their chemical structures. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The modified Pascal polynomial approximation and filter design method
Authors: Dimopoulos Hercules G. , Sarri Elena
Published: July 2010

Polynomial approximations are extensively used in analog and IIR digital filter design. In this paper, a comprehensive filter design and an optimization procedure are presented explicitly using a filter‐appropriate modified Pascal polynomial. The so‐designed all‐pole Pascal filters exhibit non‐equiripple passband and monotonic transition and stopband responses. The order of the new Pascal filters is calculated from the order inequality which, although it cannot be analytically solved, leads to a nomograph that has been created and is presented here. Inevitably, the mathematical complexity introduced by the nature of the Pascal polynomials makes the analytical expression of the poles of the transfer function unfeasible and for that reason poles are given by means of appropriate tables. The design method is demonstrated in several detailed examples and Pascal filters are compared with their all‐pole counterparts, Butterworth and Chebyshev, over which they reveal certain advantages and disadvantages. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lossless compression of time‐series data based on increasing average of neighboring signals
Authors: Takezawa Tetsuya , Asakura Koichi , Watanabe Toyohide
Published: July 2010

Golomb‐Rice encoding is a well‐known compression algorithm for sensor data. When time‐series data change drastically with large amplitudes, as found in a pulse signal, the code length based on Golomb‐Rice coding becomes long. In order to shorten the code length, the amplitude of the signal is decreased by calculating the differential signal between a raw signal and a similar signal. In this paper, we develop a lossless compression method for time‐series data such as sensor data. In traditional methods, finding the past signal from which a differential signal with low amplitude can be generated is the main topic. However, if there are no past signals that can be used to sufficiently reduce the amplitude of the differential signal, the data compression procedure has little effect. In our approach, a signal that decreases the energy of a pulse signal or increases the energy of the neighboring signal of a pulse signal is used to generate differential signals. In order to select an effective signal, we propose a method for detecting reference signals based on the cumulative distribution features of the time‐series data. Experiments confirm that the proposed method can generate codes whose length is shortened. The code length was decreased to 97% on average and to as little as 81% in comparison with the traditional method. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 93(8): 47–56, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10093
A study on selective etching for elevated PtSi salicide process and work function modulation of PtSi alloying with Hf
Authors: Ohmi Shun‐Ichiro , Gao Jun
Published: July 2010

The selective etching process for elevated self‐aligned silicide (salicide) utilizing PtSi has been investigated. We have developed a novel selective etching process utilizing dilute aqua regia followed by etching with dilute HF. It was found that the residual Pt‐rich silicide layers on the sidewall were successfully removed. We also investigated work function modulation of PtSi alloyed with Hf. The barrier height for electrons of PtSi was reduced approximately 0.1 eV for PtxHf1‐xSi formed by the silicidation of Pt (17 nm)/Hf (4 nm)/Si (100) stacked layer structures. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 93(8): 32–37, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10215
Reactions of [Re(CO)3]+ with Histidylhistidine and Modified Histidines
Authors: Herrick Richard S. , Ziegler Christopher J. , Gambella Americo
Published: July 2010

Ac‐His‐OH and His‐His‐OH were treated with [Re(CO)3(H2O)3]+ to yield two new compounds, which were structurally characterized. Each displays a peptide carboxamido‐N donor. The complex formed with His‐His‐OH uses this group as a bridging, bidentate ligand; the complex resists challenge experiments showing that His‐tags are a good way to deliver the [M(CO)3]+ core (M = 99mTc, Re).
Characterization of palm kernel oil, palm stearin, and palm olein blends in isosolid diagrams
Authors: Zhou Sheng‐Li , Zhang Fu‐Qing , Jin Qing‐Zhe , Liu Yuan‐Fa , Shan Liang , Zhang Ting , Zou Xiao‐Qiang , Wang Xing‐Guo
Published: July 2010

The binary and ternary phase behaviors of mixtures of palm kernel oil (PKO), palm stearin (POs), and palm olein (POo) were studied using isosolid diagrams. Both PKO/POs and PKO/POo binaries displayed eutectic behavior at high temperature, while binary POs/POo mixture showed good compatibility and only slight monotectic effect was observed at low temperature in the 10–50% POs addition range. Ternary phase diagrams showed that eutectic effects were observed in all ternary blends at 10–20°C and the degree of interaction depended on the content of PKO, POs, and POo in the blends. The depression of the contours in the isosolid diagrams demonstrated the dominant role of PKO and POo in the ternary system. When the amounts of POs and POo were both 45%, the derivation (ΔSFC) reached a minimum at 10–20°C, which means the weakest eutectic interaction. X‐ray diffraction results showed that addition of PKO into the blends could stabilize the β′ crystal whereas the increase of the content of POs would make the blends undergo a β′ to β polymorph state transformation.
Supplies of vegetable oils for non‐food purposes
Authors: Gunstone Frank D.
Published: July 2010

Production and trade in oilseeds and in vegetable (plant) oils during the last 10 years are detailed. Separate figures provided for food and non‐food use show the growing use for the latter purpose. While this is mainly for the production of biodiesel another factor has been the growth of the oleochemical industry in South East Asia. Using this information an attempt is made to estimate supply and demand in the near future.
Regioselective Tandem Ring Closing/Cross Metathesis of 1,5‐Hexadien‐3‐ol Derivatives: Application to the Total Synthesis of Rugulactone
Authors: Cros Fanny , Pelotier Béatrice , Piva Olivier
Published: July 2010

A tandem ring‐closing metathesis/cross‐metathesis procedure was devised for the synthesis of various pyrones. The reaction occurred with high regioselectivity and E stereocontrol of the lateral unsaturated chain. This process was applied to the synthesis of rugulactone, an inhibitor of the nuclear factor NF‐κB according to a four‐step sequence.
Expeditious Synthesis of Imidazole‐ and Pyrrole‐Fused Benzodiazocines
Authors: Mishra Amita , Batra Sanjay
Published: July 2010

A straightforward strategy for the synthesis of imidazole‐fused benzodiazocine from 1‐(2‐nitrophenyl)‐1H‐imidazole‐2‐carbaldehyde via Morita–Baylis–Hillman reaction followed by reductive intramolecular cyclization is described. Alternatively the Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons reaction of this substrate with triethyl phosphonoacetate yielded (E)‐ethyl 3‐(1‐(2‐nitrophenyl)‐1H‐imidazol‐2‐yl)acrylate which upon sequential reduction, saponification and amide coupling furnished imidazole‐fused diazocinones. On the other hand, 1‐(2‐nitrophenyl)‐1H‐pyrrole‐2‐carbaldehyde failed to undergo the Morita–Baylis–Hillman reaction but successfully yields (E)‐ethyl 3‐(1‐(2‐nitrophenyl)‐1H‐pyrrol‐2‐yl)acrylate via Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons reaction which through a similar series of reaction as for imidazole produced pyrrole‐fused diazocinone in good yields.
New developments in process understanding and modelling in geomorphology: introduction and overview
Authors: Lawler D. M. , Fairchild I. J.
Published: July 2010

This Special Issue of Earth Surface Processes and Landforms develops from the ‘Geomorphology: a 2020 Vision’ Annual Conference of the British Society for Geomorphology, organised at the University of Birmingham, UK, in July 2007. Entitled ‘New Developments in Process Understanding and Modelling in Geomorphology’, the Issue comprises a vibrant selection of 10 ‘process’ papers from leading researchers in geomorphological processes who presented at Birmingham. It aims to provide a readily accessible source of new and emerging ideas in understanding different landform processes across a range of space and time scales, based on innovations in geomorphological modelling and monitoring. The last few years have seen significant and exciting changes in geomorphology, especially in conceptual developments, numerical simulations, monitoring methodologies, data‐acquisition strategies and dating techniques. The resultant empirical datasets, theory development and modelling results have generated substantial advances in the understanding of geomorphological processes, form‐process feedbacks, scale impacts, long‐term landform evolution, the effects of climate and environmental change, and human impacts and management strategies. The Special Issue attempts to address the following key challenges: (a) to build on our Conference theme ‘Geomorphology: a 2020 Vision’, by identifying fundamental areas where doors need to be opened, for example in theory development, conceptual understanding, model evaluation, integration of the chemistry, physics, biology and mathematics of geomorphological processes, experimental validation, data needs and monitoring requirements; (b) to look forward to the next decade and beyond, and critically examine some of the approaches we will need for the questions ahead; and (c) to stimulate new research in the geomorphological sciences by highlighting both research gaps and promising developments, including emerging process modelling approaches, monitoring technologies and robust datasets. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of vanilla extract on radical scavenging activity in biscuits
Authors: Anuradha Krushnamurthy , Naidu Madeneni Madhava , Manohar Ragu Sai , Indiramma Ambuga Ramanujaiyengar
Published: July 2010

There is an increasing trend worldwide towards using natural flavours. Vanilla being an important food flavouring agent, the demand for natural vanilla is increasing. Hence, the present study was an attempt to evaluate the utilization of vanilla extract as a source of flavorant as well as an antioxidant in biscuits. Biscuit doughs were incorporated with 0.4% vanilla extract and synthetic vanillin 0.2%. The biscuits were powdered, extracted with aqueous ethyl alcohol and screened for radical scavenging activity. Natural vanilla and synthetic vanillin biscuit extracts at a concentration of 200 ppm showed 70% and 43% of radical scavenging activity, respectively, by the DPPH method in comparison to a corresponding value of 93% for BHA. The extract was profiled by HPLC. The effect of moisture content on retention of flavour in biscuits was studied. The loss of flavour in packed and stored biscuits with time was also studied. Addition of vanilla extract showed higher antioxidant activity and lowered the peroxide value in biscuits. The results revealed that the natural vanilla extract 0.4% level could be used in glucose biscuit preparation, since this concentration imparted considerable antioxidant properties to the biscuits. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthetic siRNA targeting the breakpoint of EWS/Fli‐1 inhibits growth of Ewing sarcoma xenografts in a mouse model
Authors: Takigami Iori , Ohno Takatoshi , Kitade Yukio , Hara Akira , Nagano Akihito , Kawai Gou , Saitou Mitsuru , Matsuhashi Aya , Yamada Kazunari , Shimizu Katsuji
Published: July 2010

The EWS/Fli‐1 fusion gene, a product of the translocation t(11;22, q24;q12), is detected in 85% of Ewing sarcomas and primitive neuroectodermal tumors. It is thought to be a transcriptional activator that plays a significant role in tumorigenesis. In this study, we developed a novel EWS/Fli‐1 blockade system using RNA interference and tested its application for inhibiting the proliferation of Ewing sarcoma cells in vitro and the treatment of mouse tumor xenografts in vivo. We designed and synthesized a small interfering RNA (siRNA) possessing an aromatic compound at the 3′‐end targeting the breakpoint of EWS/Fli‐1. As this sequence is present only in tumor cells, it is a potentially relevant target. We found that the siRNA targeting EWS/Fli‐1 significantly suppressed the expression of EWS/Fli‐1 protein sequence specifically and also reduced the expression of c‐Myc protein in Ewing sarcoma cells. We further demonstrated that inhibition of EWS/Fli‐1 expression efficiently inhibited the proliferation of the transfected cells but did not induce apoptotic cell death. In addition, the siRNA possessing the aromatic compound at the 3′‐end was more resistant to nucleolytic degradation than the unmodified siRNA. Administration of the siRNA with atelocollagen significantly inhibited the tumor growth of TC‐135, a Ewing sarcoma cell line, which had been subcutaneously xenografted into mice. Moreover, modification of the 3′‐end with an aromatic compound improved its efficiency in vivo. Our data suggest that specific downregulation of EWS/Fli‐1 by RNA interference is a possible approach for the treatment of Ewing sarcoma.
Homeland security initiatives and background checks in higher education
Authors: Hughes Stephanie , Keller Eileen Weisenbach , Hertz Giles T.
Published: July 2010

This chapter addresses the issue of higher education institution policies and procedures in regard to background checks for students, staff, and faculty in light of homeland security concerns.
Uses of GIS for homeland security and emergency management for higher education institutions
Authors: Murchison Stuart B.
Published: July 2010

This chapter describes how data derived from geographic information systems (GIS) can be used to reinforce and integrate emergency operation plans at institutions of higher learning.
Compliance issues and homeland security with new federal regulations for higher education institutions
Authors: Valcik Nicolas A.
Published: July 2010

This chapter discusses new guidelines for chemical hazardous materials for homeland security compliance and the role institutional research has in these compliance mandates.
Effective seeding of smooth muscle cells into tubular poly(trimethylene carbonate) scaffolds for vascular tissue engineering
Authors: Song Y. , Wennink J. W. H. , Kamphuis M. M. J. , Vermes I. , Poot A. A. , Feijen J. , Grijpma D. W.
Published: July 2010

Porous tubular poly(trimethylene carbonate) (PTMC) scaffolds for vascular tissue engineering, with an inner diameter of 3 mm and a wall thickness of 1 mm, were prepared by means of dip‐coating and subsequent leaching of NaCl particles. The scaffolds, with an average pore size of 110 μm and a porosity of 85%, showed a smooth muscle cell (SMC) seeding efficiency of only 10%. To increase the efficiency of cell seeding, these scaffolds were coated with a microporous PTMC outer layer with a thickness of 0.1–0.4 mm, an average pore size of 28 μm, and a porosity of 65%. Coating of the scaffolds with the microporous outer layer did not influence the inner pore structure or the mechanical properties of the scaffolds to a significant extent. The intrinsic permeability of the scaffolds decreased from 60 × 10−10 m2 to approximately 5 × 10−10 m2 after coating with the microporous outer layer. The latter value is still relatively high indicating that these scaffolds may facilitate sufficient diffusion of nutrients and waste products during cell culturing. The efficiency of SMC seeding determined after 24 h cell adhesion in the scaffolds increased from less than 10% to 43% after coating with the microporous outer layer. The cells were homogeneously distributed in the scaffolds and cell numbers increased 60% during culturing for 7 days under stationary conditions. It is concluded that coating of porous tubular PTMC scaffolds with a microporous PTMC outer layer facilitates effective cell seeding in these scaffolds. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2010.
Underlying mechanism for suppression of vascular smooth muscle cells by green tea polyphenol EGCG released from biodegradable polymers for stent application
Authors: Han Dong‐Wook , Jung Duk‐Young , Park Jong‐Chul , Cho Han Hee , Hyon Suong‐Hyu , Han Dong Keun
Published: July 2010

Epigallocatechin‐3‐O‐gallate (EGCG), the predominant catechin from tea, is known to exert a variety of cardiovascular beneficial effects by affecting the activity of receptor and signal transduction kinases. In this study, we investigated the suppressive effects of EGCG released from biodegradable poly(L‐lactide‐co‐ε‐caprolactone, PLCL) films on the proliferation, cell cycle progression and matrix metalloproteinase‐2 (MMP‐2) expression of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). The involvement of phosphorylated Akt (pAkt) and nuclear factor‐κB (pNF‐κB) as well as the internalization of EGCG into VSMCs was also examined as underlying mechanisms for EGCG‐mediated VSMC inhibition. The proliferation of canine aortic SMCs (CASMCs) on EGCG‐releasing PLCL (E‐PLCL) was significantly inhibited. The culture of CASMCs on E‐PLCL resulted in induction of cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase and inactivation of pAkt, leading to subsequent apoptosis. Active MMP‐2 expression was directly lowered by EGCG released from E‐PLCL and indirectly inhibited by the EGCG‐mediated suppression of pNF‐κB. We also observed the incorporation of fluorescein isothiocyanate‐conjugated EGCG into the cytoplasm of CASMCs and its further nuclear translocation, which could lead to the interruption of the exogenous signals directed to genes responsible for cellular responses of CASMCs. Taken together, the attenuated responses of VSMCs to E‐PLCL were shown to be mediated through the suppression of pNF‐κB, pAkt and each subsequent target genes or proteins by EGCG incorporated into the cells. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2010.
Possible regulation of trehalose metabolism by methylation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Sengupta Shinjinee , Chaudhuri Paramita , Lahiri Sagar , Dutta Trina , Banerjee Shakri , Majhi Ramdhan , Ghosh Anil K.
Published: July 2010

The current study was undertaken to correlate post‐translational protein modification by methylation with the functionality of enzymes involved in trehalose metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Trehalose is an economically important disaccharide providing protection against various kinds of stresses. It also acts as a source of cellular energy by storing glucose. Methyl group donor S‐adenosyl L‐methionine (AdoMet) and methylation inhibitor‐oxidized adenosine (AdOx) were used for the methylation study. AdoMet delayed initial growth of the cells but the overall growth rate remained same suggesting its interference in G1 phase of the cell cycle. Metabolic‐altered enzyme activities of acid trehalase (AT), neutral trehalase (NT), and trehalose‐6‐phosphate synthase (TPS) were observed when treated with AdOx and AdoMet separately. A positive effect of methylation was observed in TPS, hence, it was purified in three different conditions, using AdoMet, AdOx, and control. Differences in mobility of methylated, methylation‐inhibited, and control TPS during acidic native gel electrophoresis confirmed the occurrence of induced methylation. Hydrolysis under alkaline pH conditions revealed that methylation of TPS was different than O‐methylation. MALDI‐TOF analysis of trypsin‐digested samples of purified methylated, methylation‐inhibited, and control TPS revealed that an increase of 18 Da mass in methylated peptides suggesting the introduction of methyl ester in TPS. Results of amino acid analysis corroborated the presence of methyl cysteine. The data presented here strongly suggests that trehalose production was enhanced due to methylation of TPS arising from carboxymethylation of cysteine residues. J. Cell. Physiol. 226: 158–164, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Selective regulation of UGT1A1 and SREBP‐1c mRNA expression by docosahexaenoic, eicosapentaenoic, and arachidonic acids
Authors: Caputo Mariella , Zirpoli Hylde , Torino Gaetano , Tecce Mario Felice
Published: July 2010

We evaluated, in human cell line HepG2, the action of individual dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on the expression of several lipid metabolism genes. The effects of docosahexaenoic acid, 22:6, n‐3 (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid, 20:5, n‐3 (EPA), and arachidonic acid, 20:4, n‐6 (AA) were studied alone and with vitamin E (Vit.E). DHA, EPA, and AA down‐regulated mRNAs and encoded proteins of stearoyl‐CoA desaturase (SCD) and sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP‐1c), two major factors involved in unsaturated fatty acids synthesis. DHA affected SREBP‐1c mRNA less markedly than EPA and AA. Vit.E did not affect these products, both when individually added or together with fatty acids. The expression of UDP‐glucuronosyl transferase 1A1 (UGT1A1) mRNA, an enzyme of phase II drug metabolism with relevant actions within lipid metabolism, resulted also differentially regulated. DHA did not essentially reduce UGT1A1 mRNA expression while EPA and AA produced a considerable decrease. Nevertheless, when these PUFAs were combined with Vit.E, which by itself did not produce any effect, the result was a reduction of UGT1A1 mRNA with DHA, an increase reverting to basal level with EPA and no variation with AA. Observed regulations did not result to be mediated by peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor (PPAR). Our data indicate that major dietary PUFAs and Vit.E are differentially and selectively able to affect the expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism. The different actions of these slightly different molecules could be associated with their physiological role as relevant nutrient molecules. J. Cell. Physiol. 226: 187–193, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The global recession of 2009 in a long‐term development perspective
Authors: Gore Charles
Published: July 2010

This paper argues that the global recession of 2009 marks the ending of a global development cycle which began in the early 1950s. The long‐wave rhythm of production and prices in the global development cycle is generated by the life cycle of investment and innovation during a technological revolution, related changes in supply and demand for natural resources, and inertia and transformation in the socio‐institutional framework within which development takes place. From this perspective, the global recession is interpreted as a blocked structural transition. Whilst failings in the financial system triggered the global financial crisis, that crisis and the recession are more deeply rooted in contradictions in the global development trajectory. A paradigm shift in development theory and practice is a crucial element of the socio‐institutional transformation now necessary to re‐boot the global development cycle. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The global financial crisis of 2008–2009: an opportunity for development studies?
Authors: Copestake James
Published: July 2010

This paper draws upon the five other papers presented in this volume, along with other presentations made at the 2009 Development Studies Association Conference, to reflect on the relationship between development studies and the 2008–2009 global financial crisis. It first analyses antecedents to the crisis by relating the papers presented by Gore (on long waves of capitalism) and Fischer (on China's integration into the world economy) to a Polanyian analysis. It then considers immediate policy responses with particular reference to India (based on the conference presentation by Mehrotra), China (based on the paper by de Haan) and the 2009 DFID White Paper. Third, it considers two possible additional sources of finance for developing countries: South Korean aid (discussed by Chun et al.) and new forms of international money (discussed by Hudson). The paper concludes that while the crisis is a reminder of structural global economic interconnectedness a challenge for development studies is to combine this fact with analysis that is also interdisciplinary, multi‐tiered and policy relevant. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Coupled atmospheric and land surface dynamics over southeast Australia: a review, analysis and identification of future research priorities
Authors: Evans Jason P. , Pitman Andy J. , Cruz Faye T.
Published: July 2010

The southeastern Australian climate and climate variability is driven primarily by large‐scale climate dynamics. How these dynamics translate into local effects is influenced by the nature of the landscape, the vegetation, soil moisture, fire, snow, irrigation and orography. This local land‐atmosphere coupling can enhance or moderate the large‐scale dynamics and have significant influences locally and regionally. This paper reviews the state of knowledge of the coupled land‐atmosphere dynamics over southeast Australia and identifies the challenges for future research. Relevant processes are investigated and if possible their importance to regional climate is identified. Many coupled land‐atmosphere dynamic processes, identified as important in the Northern Hemisphere studies, remain to be studied in southeast Australia. This represents an important priority for Australian research because this will establish their role in future changes in regional climate over Australia. However, this also represents a significant international priority because the very high natural climate variability in the region provides a laboratory to examine how coupled land‐atmosphere dynamic processes may change in other regions if global warming increases the range of natural variability. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Soil productivity analysis based on a fuzzy logic system
Authors: Duru Nevcihan , Dökmen Funda , Mücella Canbay M , Kurtuluş Cengiz
Published: July 2010

BACKGROUND: Maintaining soil productivity is essential if agriculture production systems are to be sustainable. However, there is a paucity of tools for measurement for the purpose of understanding changes in soil productivity. Fuzzy logic‐based analysis offers this possibility. It is a new method on the evaluation of soil productivity in Turkey and even in the world.

RESULTS: Values for pH, salinity, carbonate and organic matter were entered into the system as input variables so as to obtain soil productivity as the output. After the membership functions related to input and output were determined, rules were created. Then, the fuzzy logic system was applied separately to pH, salinity, lime and organic matter values of different soil types present in the Kocaeli region with the aim of obtaining corresponding fuzzy values. Thus, soil productivity profiles of the region were deciphered.

CONCLUSION: Organic matter levels in the study field remained below 30 g kg−1 and varied between 22 and 28 g kg−1. Productivity values were obtained as a percentage and varied between 16.9% and 18.1%. The lime content of the study soils varied in the range of 33–88 g kg−1. Average totals for salt values of the field changed between 0.58 and 0.77 g kg−1. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Water quality concerns and acceptance of irradiated food: a pilot study on Mexican consumers
Authors: Ibarra Alonso Aguilar , Vargas Armando Sanchez , Nayga Rodolfo M
Published: July 2010

BACKGROUND: Poor quality irrigation water is a major cause of disease transmission for urban inhabitants consuming fresh produce in many developing countries. Irradiation of food is an alternative approach to reducing health risks for consumers, but its implementation depends heavily on consumer acceptance.

RESULTS: In this pilot study, we show that most respondents consider the water quality of Mexico City to be poor and a health risk, and would be willing to pay for irradiated food as a means of pasteurizing fresh iceberg lettuce.

CONCLUSION: Irradiated food could, potentially, be accepted in developing countries that have problems with water quality. Such acceptance would presumably be due to the perception that such a novel technology would (1) alleviate water impairment, and (2) lead to economic improvement. It is then possible that the public considers that water quality is a more pressing concern than any potential side effects of food irradiation. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Phenolic profile and free radical‐scavenging activity of Cabernet Sauvignon wines of different geographical origins from the Balkan region
Authors: Radovanović Blaga C , Radovanović Aleksandra N , Souquet Jean‐Marc
Published: July 2010

BACKGROUND: The phenolic profile, determined by the relative proportions of different phenolic compounds, is characteristic for each grape variety and its corresponding wine. The aim of this study was to determine the phenolic and hydroxycinnamate acid, flavan‐3‐ol and flavonol contents and free radical‐scavenging activity of single‐cultivar (Cabernet Sauvignon) wines from selected Balkan vineyard regions by spectrophotometric methods and high‐performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array and fluorescence detection.

RESULTS: The contents of phenolic compounds varied depending on the agroclimatic factors and oenological practices of the vineyard region. The antioxidant activity of wine samples was estimated by their ability to scavenge the stable 2,2′‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl free radical (DPPH). All wines showed high DPPH‐scavenging activity (70.03–83.53%, mean 73.76%). Significant correlations between catechin (R2 = 0.8504) and quercetin (R2 = 0.8488) concentrations and DPPH‐scavenging ability of the wines were found.

CONCLUSION: The concentrations of the main components catechin and quercetin can be used as biochemical markers for the authentication of red grape cultivars and their corresponding single‐cultivar wines. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Lipid modification of amino acids, carbohydrates and polyols
Authors: Altenbach H.‐J. , Berger M. , Jakob B. , Ihizane R. , Laumen K. , Lange K. , Machmüller G. , Müller S. , Schneider M.P.
Published: July 2010

Agricultural crops provide a considerable reservoir of useful and low cost raw materials like fats and oils, plant proteins and carbohydrates. By selective combination of their molecular constituents (e. g. fatty acids, glycerol, amino acids, saccharides), a wide variety of surface active materials can be prepared. Due to their molecular constitution, all of them are potentially biodegradable. In this article we describe two generally applicable methods for the synthesis of such combination products using fatty acids from plant oils – one of the most important renewable materials as feedstock for the chemical industry – in combination with amino acids and monosaccharides including sugar alcohols. Using the high selectivities displayed by lipases, which catalyze a wide variety of transformations under very mild conditions (pH, temperature) with high atom efficiency in various non‐toxic solvents and without the production of by‐products or waste, numerous useful products can be obtained ranging all the way from surface active compounds (detergents and emulsifiers for food and personal care products) such as mono‐ and diglycerides, sugar esters, synthetic building blocks, products for food and dietary applications, all the way to novel methods for the production of biofuels (biodiesel). In our continuing effort to devise novel and generally applicable methods for the syntheses of such combination products we recently discovered a novel class of building blocks, fatty acid modified anhydrides of hydroxy carboxylic acids such as citric acid, tartaric acid and malic acid which led to alternative synthetic approaches towards new classes of the title compounds.
Dietary lipids may protect the retina against age‐related macular degeneration
Authors: Stanley John
Published: July 2010

Age‐related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of visual loss in the Western World. It is a disease of the retina probably initiated by the highly oxidising environment of this tissue. The Age‐Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) demonstrated in 2001 that a supplement of the antioxidants β‐carotene, vitamin E, vitamin C and the minerals zinc and copper can slow down the progression of AMD. The use of this supplement should be standard practice in all countries. It is known that the carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin and the very long chain n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) play special roles in protecting the retina against oxidative damage and there is some evidence from epidemiological studies that these nutrients slow down the progression of AMD. AREDS 2 a randomised controlled trial is testing the ability of DHA, lutein and zeaxanthin to slow down the progression of AMD. Until this study is complete in 2012 AMD patients should consider taking a supplement corresponding to the AREDS 2 formulation as a precaution.
Low pulse energy Nd:YAG laser irradiation exerts a biostimulative effect on different cells of the oral microenvironment: “An in vitro study”
Authors: Chellini Flaminia , Sassoli Chiara , Nosi Daniele , Deledda Cristiana , Tonelli Paolo , Zecchi‐Orlandini Sandra , Formigli Lucia , Giannelli Marco
Published: July 2010

Background and Objectives

Dental lasers represent a promising therapeutic tool in the treatment of periodontal and peri‐implant diseases. However, their clinical application remains still limited. Here, we investigated the potential biostimulatory effect of low pulse energy neodymium:yttrium–aluminum–garnet (Nd:YAG) laser irradiation on different cells representative of the oral microenvironment and elucidated the underlying molecular mechanisms.

Materials and Methods

Saos‐2 osteoblasts, H‐end endothelial cells, and NIH/3T3 fibroblasts pre‐treated or not with photosensitizing dye methylene blue (MB), were irradiated with low pulse energy (20 mJ) and high repetition rate (50–70 Hz) Nd:YAG laser, and evaluated for cell viability and proliferation as well as for the expression of specific differentiation markers by confocal immunofluorescence and real‐time RT‐PCR. Changes in intracellular Ca2+ levels after laser exposure were also evaluated in living osteoblasts.

Results

Nd:YAG laser irradiation did not affect cell viability in all the tested cell types, even when combined with pre‐treatment with MB, and efficiently stimulated cell growth in the non‐sensitized osteoblasts. Moreover, a significant induction in the expression of osteopontin, ALP, and Runx2 in osteoblasts, type I collagen in fibroblasts, and vinculin in endothelial cells could be observed in the irradiated cells. Pre‐treatment with MB negatively affected cell differentiation in the unstimulated and laser‐stimulated cells. Notably, laser irradiation also caused an increase in the intracellular Ca2+ in osteoblasts through the activation of TRPC1 ion channels. Moreover, the pharmacologic or genetic inhibition of these channels strongly attenuated laser‐induced osteopontin expression, suggesting a role for the laser‐mediated Ca2+ influx in regulating osteoblast differentiation.

Conclusion

Low pulse energy and high repetition rate Nd:YAG laser irradiation may exert a biostimulative effect on different cells representative of the oral microenvironment, particularly osteoblasts. Pre‐treatment with MB prior to irradiation hampers this effect and limits the potential clinical application of photosensitizing dyes in dental practice. Lasers Surg. Med. 42:527–539, 2010. © 2010 Wiley–Liss, Inc.
Anti‐inflammatory effects of low‐level light emitting diode therapy on achilles tendinitis in rats
Authors: Xavier Murilo , David Débora Rodrigues , de Souza Renato Aparecido , Arrieiro Arthur Nascimento , Miranda Humberto , Santana Eduardo Tadeu , Silva José Antonio , Salgado Miguel Angel Castillo , Aimbire Flávio , Albertini Regiane
Published: July 2010

Background and Objectives

The present study investigated the effects of low‐level light emitting diode (LED) therapy (880 ± 10 nm) on inflammatory process in a experimental model of Achilles tendinitis induced by collagenase.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

Fifty‐six male Wistar were separated into seven groups (n = 8), three groups in the experimental period of 7 days and four groups in the experimental period of 14 days, the control group (CONT), tendinitis group (TEND), LED therapy group (LEDT) for both experimental periods, and LED therapy group 7th to 14th day (LEDT delay) for 14 days experimental period. The LED parameters was 22 mW CW of optical output power, distributed in an irradiation area of 0.5 cm2, with an irradiation time of 170 seconds, the applied energy density was 7.5 J/cm2 in contact. The therapy was initiated 12 hours after the tendinitis induction, with a 48‐hour interval between the irradiations. The histological analysis and inflammatory mediators were quantified.

Results

Our results showed that LED decreases the inflammatory cells influx and mRNA expression to IL‐1β, IL‐6, tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) in both phase, and cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) just in initial phase (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

Our results suggest that the anti‐inflammatory therapy with low‐power LED (880 nm) enhanced the tissue response in all groups. We can conclude that the LED was able to reduce signs of inflammation in collagenase‐induced tendinitis in rats by reducing the number of inflammatory cells and decrease mRNA expression of cytokines. Lasers Surg. Med. 42:553–558, 2010. © 2010 Wiley–Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of inflammatory biomarkers associated with oxidative stress and histological assessment of low‐level laser therapy in experimental myopathy
Authors: Servetto Natalia , Cremonezzi David , Simes Juan C. , Moya Monica , Soriano Fernando , Palma Jose A. , Campana Vilma R.
Published: July 2010

The objective of the present work was to study the effect of helium–neon (He–Ne) and gallium–arsenide (Ga–As) laser upon inflammatory biomarkers associated with oxidative stress: fibrinogen, nitric oxide (NO), L‐citrulline, and superoxide dismutase (SOD). These were evaluated through histological assessment, in rats with experimental myopathy. Materials and Methods: The groups studied were: (A) control, (B) injured, (C) injured and treated with He–Ne laser, (D) injured and treated with Ga–As laser, (E) irradiated with He–Ne; and (F) irradiated with Ga–As laser. Myopathy was induced by injecting 0.05 mg/rat/day of adrenaline in the left posterior limb muscle at the same point on 5 consecutive days, in groups B, C, and D. Low‐level laser therapy (LLLT) was applied with 9.5 J/cm2 daily for 7 consecutive days with each laser. The determination of the biomarkers was made by spectrophotometry. The muscles (5/8, single blinded) were stained with Gomori Trichrome and examined by optic microscopy. The quantitative variables were statistically analyzed by the Fisher's test and categorical data by the Axionvision 4.8 program. Pearson's chi‐squared test was applied, setting significant difference at P < 0.05 for all cases. Results: In group B, the biomarkers were significantly increased compared to the other groups (P < 0.001), except for NO which in group B decreased significantly (P < 0.001). In group B, there was a higher inflammatory infiltration level (80.67%) in relation to destroyed fibers. Conclusions: LLLT caused significant changes in inflammatory biomarkers and oxidative stress: decreased levels of fibrinogen, L‐citrulline and SOD as opposed to the increase of NO in rats with experimental myopathies and significant muscle recovery. Lasers Surg. Med. 42:577–583, 2010. © 2010 Wiley–Liss, Inc.
Visible light‐induced killing of bacteria as a function of wavelength: Implication for wound healing
Authors: Lipovsky Anat , Nitzan Yeshayahu , Gedanken Aharon , Lubart Rachel
Published: July 2010

Background and objective

Visible light (400–800 nm) at high intensity was previously found to kill bacteria that are frequently found in infected wounds, while low‐power white light enhances bacterial proliferation. The phototoxic effect was found to involve induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by the bacteria. The aim of the present study was to identify the most effective wavelengths in the visible range for inducing a bactericidal effect.

Experimental

ROS production in Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli as a function of wavelengths in the visible range (400–500, 500–800, 415, and 455 nm) was studied using the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spin trapping technique. The phototoxicity of 415 and 455 nm light at different fluencies on the survival of S. aureus and E. coli was assessed by colony count of the bacteria following irradiation.

Results

ROS production following blue (400–500 nm) light illumination was found to be higher than that of red (500–800 nm). Within the blue range, light of 415 nm induced more ROS than 455 nm, which correlated with results obtained for the reduction in colony count of S. aureus and E. coli following illumination using equal intensities of these two wavelengths. At low fluencies, both 415 and 455 nm enhanced proliferation of S. aureus but reduced viability of E. coli.

Conclusion

Intense blue light, preferably at 415 nm, could be used for bacterial eradication. However, it should be noted that low intensity of visible light can be dangerous since it may promote proliferation of the microorganisms. Lasers Surg. Med. 42:467–472, 2010. © 2010 Wiley–Liss, Inc.
Investigation of the Crossover From Simple Liquid‐Like to a Polymer‐Like Behavior of Polyisoprene by Means of MD Simulations
Authors: Sacristan Javier
Published: July 2010

The crossover from small‐molecule to polymer behavior in realistic models of PI at temperatures well above the glass transition is investigated by means of MD simulations. The molar masses range from the monomer to $\overline {M} _{{\rm w}} $ = 6 800 g · mol−1 which is far from the critical value for entanglement in PI. It is shown that at this temperature the non‐Gaussian parameter almost vanishes in the Q‐range studied. This implies Gaussian behavior in almost all the Q‐range. From the mean square displacement and the incoherent scattering function behavior a smooth transition from the microscopic regime to the Rouse dynamics is observed. The Rouse behavior is achieved at chain molecular weights of about 1 000 g · mol−1, which corresponds to 14 monomer units.

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Delayed contrast‐enhanced MRI of cartilage: Comparison of nonionic and ionic contrast agents
Authors: Li Wei , Scheidegger Rachel , Wu Ying , Edelman Robert R. , Farley Michelle , Krishnan Nitya , Burstein Deborah , Prasad Pottumarthi V.
Published: July 2010

The objective of this study was to evaluate if cartilage fixed charge density is the only factor determining the distribution of the measured delayed gadolinium‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of cartilage index, T1(Gd‐DTPA2−), across cartilage in the clinical delayed gadolinium‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of cartilage protocol. Nineteen subjects with osteoarthritis and 14 controls were included. Cartilage T1(Gd) was measured following administration of 0.2 mmol kg−1 of nonionic (Gd‐DTPA‐BMA) and, at a different date, anionic (Gd‐DTPA2−). T1(Gd‐DTPA‐BMA) was plotted against T1(Gd‐DTPA2−); a slope of 0 would indicate domination by charge effects; a nonzero slope would suggest that other factors influence T1(Gd‐DTPA‐BMA), and hence potentially T1(Gd‐DTPA2−). The low slope of the curve found in osteoarthritis subjects (0.31) indicates that Gd‐DTPA‐BMA penetrated most osteoarthritis cartilage to the same extent, and T1(Gd‐DTPA‐BMA) did not differentiate cartilages, which were differentiated by T1(Gd‐DTPA2−). The higher slopes in control subjects (0.88) are possibly due to inhibited transport of contrast agent into healthier cartilage, potentially exaggerated by the fast body clearance of the nonionic contrast agent. Overall, the use of anionic Gd‐DTPA2− for delayed gadolinium‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of cartilage is indicated for better discrimination of the health status of cartilage. Future studies could be designed to use contrast‐enhanced dynamics to understand the transport properties of tissues in the joint and to evaluate the concentration of tissue constituents. Magn Reson Med, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.