bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La digitalización como vía frente al desafío de la competitividad: explorando en la realidad de las microempresas que se enfrentan a la transición digital
Authors: Llopis Orrego Mª del Mar
Published: February 2025

Detrás de cada micro empresa hay un autónomo en riesgo de exclusión que se enfrenta al proceso de digitalización de su negocio presionado por los avances tecnológicos. El objetivo de este
artículo es analizar las posibilidades inclusión social que ofrecen los bonos digitales, a través de
los programas de acompañamiento gubernamentales. Para ello, se ha analizado el programa “Kit
Digital” dentro del Plan de Recuperación, Transformación y Resiliencia económica, en el marco
del programa Next Generation de la Unión Europea. y se ha realizado entrevistas a profesionales que guían al empresariado autónomo en su proceso de digitalización. Entre los resultados
la dificultad para el aprovechamiento de ayudas en micro empresas en las que se observa la
necesidad de una “cultura digital” como paso previo a la implantación tecnológica. Así como la
necesidad de “alfabetización informacional” como un paso previo a la alfabetización digital del
autónomo.
Across Continents and Generations: A Legacy of Promethean Philanthropy
Authors: Saqib Mustafa , Van Til Jon
Published: February 2025

This study explores the transformative power of "Promethean philanthropy" through the interconnected narratives of William Van Til, an American educator in 1960s Iran, and a young Afghan scholar displaced by war in the 2020s. Drawing on Van Til's diary entries and the experiences of the Afghan scholar, the research explores the challenges and triumphs of cross-cultural educational development. It examines how Van Til’s dedication to education, akin to the mythological titan Prometheus's gift of fire, laid the groundwork for future educators and transcended generational and geographical boundaries. The study highlights the enduring impact of mentorship, the resilience of the human spirit, and the critical role of education in fostering intellectual growth and bridging cultural divides. By weaving together these narratives, the paper underscores the timeless value of knowledge-sharing in shaping destinies and forging connections across diverse societies.
Artificial Intelligence and Philanthropy: The Cybernetics of Philanthropy from 1974 to 2024
Authors: Plater William M. , Shaker Genevieve G.
Published: February 2025

OpenAI, creator of ChatGPT, was founded as a nonprofit with a mission of ensuring that artificial general intelligence benefits all of humanity. AI, therefore, was intended to advance the common good, sharing an underlying principle with philanthropy and the nonprofit organizations it supports. However, this was not the first association of machine learning with philanthropy, particularly in terms of algorithms designed for control versus those aimed at doing good. In 1974, a white paper by Heinz Von Foerster, a polymath scientist who happened to be president of an important foundation, considered the potential of computer-based feedback systems to improve “giving with a purpose.” A review of his paper served as the impetus for this essay, which explores the antecedents of contemporary predictions regarding the potential of AI to enhance the practice of philanthropy.
Burckhardt, Hesse and Nietzsche: Which Pathway?
Authors: Dart Ron
Published: February 2025

This article will touch on the critique of the modern liberal project by Burckhardt, Nietzsche, and Hesse—such a critique of liberal modernity tends to be seen as a form of conservatism. But, Burckhardt, Nietzsche, and Hesse understood the meaning of conservatism (each and all drawing from the classical ethos and tradition) in different ways and for different reasons. Each of them, also, had a concern for what it meant to care for the human journey (philanthropos) in diverging ways and for different reasons. This essay will reflect on their shared questioning of the modern project and its notions of the self and society but their diverging answers and prognosis to doubts and diagnosis of the modern and, in our ethos, postmodern project.
Leveraging Information Technology for Sustainable Business Growth: A Strategic Approach to Digital Transformation in SMEs
Authors: Balba Neil , Junio Oliver , Sanares Roda
Published: February 2025

This study investigates the transformative role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in improving customer experience and business performance across various industries. As AI technologies continue to advance, their application in customer service, operational optimization, and decision-making has shown significant potential in reshaping business strategies. This research explores how AI tools, such as machine learning, predictive analytics, and automated customer service systems, contribute to enhancing customer satisfaction, driving revenue growth, and reducing operational costs. Through a mixed-methods approach, data were collected via surveys and interviews from businesses in sectors such as retail, telecommunications, hospitality, and banking. The findings reveal that businesses adopting AI solutions report considerable improvements in customer satisfaction and operational efficiency, particularly in e-commerce and telecommunications. However, challenges such as data privacy concerns, integration complexities, and the need for specialized skills remain barriers to full AI adoption. This paper highlights the importance of addressing these challenges to fully harness AI’s potential and provide actionable recommendations for businesses looking to integrate AI into their operations effectively.
Optimizing Urban Farming with Smart Aquaponics Systems
Authors: Insigne Agelio , Balba Neil
Published: February 2025

This study employs the Prototyping Development Life Cycle model to investigate the functionality of various components, including temperature sensors, pH sensors, pumps, MCU boards, artificial light, and water level sensors, in an aquaponics system. The research aims to assess the accuracy of these components in regulating environmental conditions and maintaining optimal system operation. Participants include the aquaponics system's main aquatic tank, alongside the aforementioned sensors and equipment. Methodologically, tests are conducted over three days to evaluate the performance of each component in achieving desired outcomes. Findings indicate that the integration of advanced sensors and MCU boards significantly enhances the efficiency of aquaponics systems, making them viable for urban farming applications. Consequently, it is recommended to utilize these components in aquaponics systems to effectively monitor and manage environmental parameters, thereby enhancing system efficiency and sustainability within the Prototyping Development Life Cycle framework.
“АВЕСТА” ДАВРИ АРХЕОЛОГИЯСИДА КЎК РАНГ ИФОДАСИ
Authors: Шайдуллаев Шопулат , Тошалиев Қаҳрамон
Published: February 2025

Ушбу мақола Сурхондарё вилояти Шерабод туманида топилган илк даҳмалар ва улардан олин-ган топилмалар таҳлилига бағишланади. Даҳма зардуштийлик маросимлари билан боғлиқ динийиншоот бўлиб,“Кичик Авеста”да даҳмага қуйидагича изоҳ берилган “... даҳмада улар барча гу-ноҳларидан афсус чекадилар ва гуноҳларидан фориғ бўладилар”. Мақолада зардуштийлик динидафн иншоотлари сирасига кирувчи Кўҳитанг тоғ ва тоғ олди ҳудудлари археологик тадқиқот-ларида ўрганилаётган даҳмалар ва улардан топилган кўк рангли маъданлар тўғрисида фикр юри-тилади. Тош конструкциялари остидан дафн ўралари топилмаган, даҳмалар материк қатламисатҳида қурилган бўлиб, тошлар орасидан Кучук I ва III типидаги сопол буюмлари парчалариҳамда суяк бўлаклари билан кўк рангли маъданлар топилган. Даҳмалардан аниқланган кўк ран-гли маъданлар, уларнинг хусусиятлари ва лаборатория таҳлил натижалари мақолада кенг ёри-тилган. Дунё мифологияси ҳамда этнографиясида кўк ранг билан боғлиқ эпизодлар таққослабўрганилган ва таснифи ҳамда белгиларда учраши солиштирилган. “Авеста”нинг “Видевдат” ва“Яшт” қисмларида кўк ранг билан боғлиқ алқовлар таҳлил қилиниб, археологик материалларбилан таққосланган. Мақолада “Авеста”даври этнографиясида кўк ранг билан боғлиқ анъана-лар асосан дафн жараёнларда акс этиб, археологик қазишмаларда улар ўз исботини топган.
ШИМОЛИ-ҒАРБИЙ БАҚТРИЯДА “КАТТА ЮЕЧЖИНЛАР”НИНГ ЎТРОҚЛАШУВ ЖАРАЁНИ (АРХЕОЛОГИЯ, АНТРОПОЛОГИЯ ВА ЁЗМА МАНБАЛАРНИНГ ҚИЁСИЙ ТАҲЛИЛИ)
Authors: Аннаев Тухташ , Аннаев Жалолиддин , Арзиев Комилжон
Published: February 2025

ХХ асрнинг 80-йилларидан бошлаб “Катта юечжинларнинг”Шимолий Бақтрияга миграциясимуаммолари тадқиқ этиб келинмоқда. Бу давр мобайнида кўп сонли тарихий ва археологик ман-балар нашр этилган бўлиб, уларда “Катта юечжинларнинг”Шимолий Бақтрияга юриши, улар-нинг мазкур ҳудудда жойлашуви ва қайси этносга мансублиги, шунингдек, Кушон подшолигинингшаклланишидаги ўрни масалалари ёритилган. Тадқиқотлар натижалари эрамиздан аввалги Iасрдан бошлаб Шимолий Бақтрияда урбанизацион жараёнлар жадал кечганлиги ва бу жараён-ларда “Катта юечжинлар” ҳам муҳим ўрин тутганлигини кўрсатмоқда.Мақолада илк маротаба Окс-Амударёдан шимолий тарафда, эрамиздан аввалги II асрнинг тўр-тинчи чорагидан Кушон подшолиги даври (I–III аср ўртаси) мозор қўрғонлари ва қабристонла-рининг географик жойлашувига кўра, “Катта юечжинларнинг”қуйидаги чорвачилик-ўтроқла-шув ҳудудлари аниқланган ҳамда таърифи келтирилган. Муаллифлар томонидан қуйидагиасосий зоналар белгиланган: Бойсун-Бандихон, Термиз ва унинг атрофи, Айритом-Хотинработ,Вахшувар-Далварзинтепа, Тўпаланг-Холчаён-Боботоғ шимолий-ғарбий ён бағри, Ҳисор воҳаси,Бишкент воҳаси, Тахти Сангин-Вахш дарёси ўнг қирғоғи, Тошработ-Куҳитанг ва ҳ.к.Археология, антропология ва ёзма манбаларнинг қиёсий таҳлили “Катта юечжинлар”нинг Ши-молий Бақтрияда ўтроқлашув жараёни босқичма-босқич амалга ошганлиги, шунингдек, Кушонподшолигининг ташкил топишида Гуйшуан (кушон) ябғуси билан бир қаторда, бошқа ябғулар-нинг ҳам бу жараёнда муҳим ўрин эгаллаганлигини кўрсатмоқда.
ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ, КОНСЕРВАЦИЯ И РЕСТАВРАЦИЯ МОНУМЕНТАЛЬНЫХ РОСПИСЕЙ ЭПОХИ КАРАХАНИДОВ (АФРАСИАБ)
Authors: Реутова Марина
Published: February 2025

Описывается процесс полевой консервации, химико-технологического изучения, реставрации имонтирования на стационарную основу росписей эпохи Караханидов (XII–XIII вв.). Живописьбыла обнаружена в расположенном на нижней площадке цитадели Афрасиаб павильоне двор-ца караханидского правителя Ибрахима ибн Хусейна Османа. Многочисленные фрагментыросписей (более 800) хаотически лежали в завале полностью разрушенного павильона. С ис-пользованинем лазерного теодолита впервые было проведено документирование фрагментовна схеме-картограмме с целью реконструкции живописи на стенах помещения. Как показаларасчистка, часть фрагментов росписей была покрыта вторым красочным слоем. Были разра-ботаны способы расслоения таких двухслойных росписей. Выполнены операции по выпрямлениюповерхности деформированных фрагментов. Разработаны новые составы искусственной шту-катурки, проведено монтирование живописи на современную основу – алюминий-пластиковыепанели типа "сэндвич" с сотовой структурой. Методом рамановской спектроскопии определе-ны составы минеральных пигментов красок (лазурит, охры, киноварь, гипс, углесодержащиекомпоненты). В процессе реставрации и компоновки фрагментов было собрано 14 живописныхкомпозиций. Их уникальность заключается в том, что живопись была сюжетной с антропом-орфными и зооморфными рисунками. Это медальоны с птицами, гон животных, сцены пирше-ства и охоты, мифологические сцены, композиции с эпиграфикой, рамочные картины с различ-ными персонажами.
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY ALONG THE KARATEPA PIEDMONT, SAMARKAND: PRELIMINARY RESULT OF THE 2019 AND 2021 UIAP FIELD SEASONS
Authors: Simone Mantellini , Suyunov Samaritdin , Valentina Orrù , Sara Facciani
Published: February 2025

The paper presents the result of the field survey carried out in the Karatepa foothill during the 2019 and2021 campaigns by the Uzbek-Italian Archaeological Project “Samarkand and Its Territory”. The investigationencompassed the piedmont area (750–1000 m asl) between the villages of Egrikul and Mirankul, Southwestof the city of Samarkand. Thanks to a systematic fieldwork, and the use of the Android App QField for QGIS,the survey resulted in the identification of ca. 150 new archaeological sites. Most of them belong to low stonemounds used for funerary purposes (kurgan) and found either single, double, or clustered together. Such a largepresence of funerary sites here suggests that the Karatepa piedmont was used for a long time as a preferentialplace for burials, not only by the communities living in this area but also for those living in the irrigated plain,where kurgans are few and multi-layered settlement mounds (tepa) abound.
НАВБОҒТЕПА ЁДГОРЛИГИНИНГ ҚОРАХОНИЙЛАР ДАВРИ СИРЛАНГАН ТОВОҚЛАРИ ХУСУСИДА
Authors: Назаров Акбар
Published: February 2025

Ушбу мақолада Навбоғтепа ёдгорлигидан топилган ривожланган ўрта асрларга оид сирланган товоқларҳақида сўз боради. IX–XIII аср бошлари Самарқанд Суғдида сирланган кулоллик буюмлари ишлабчиқариш соҳасида ўзига хос тараққиёт даври бўлди. Афросиёбнинг шимоли-ғарбида жойлашган На-вбоғтепа ёдгорлигида олиб борилган археологик тадқиқотлар натижасида, ёдгорлик тарихини очиб бе-рувчи кўплаб кулоллик идишлари аниқланган. Навбоғтепа ёдгорлигидан сирланган сопол идишлар,жумладан товоқлар ҳам топилди. Мазкур товоқлар ўзининг нафислиги ва сифати билан СамарқандСуғдининг бошқа ёдгорликларидан топилган товоқлардан фарқ қилмайди. Ясалиш техникаси ва нақшмотивларига кўра, машҳур “Афросиёб типи”, деб аталувчи сирланган идишлар туркумига киради.Кузатишлардан Навбоғтепанинг сирланган идишлари Мовароуннаҳрнинг бошқа ҳудудларида ҳам ўз“аналог”ларига эга эканлиги маълум бўлди. Еттисув, Фарғона, Чоч, Уструшона, Тоҳаристон, Бухоро ваХоразм воҳаларидан ҳам Самарқанд, хусусан Навбоғтепанинг сирланган товоқлари сингари идишлараниқланган. Мазкур ёдгорликдан аниқланган сирланган товоқларни безашда жигарранг, сариқ, қизил,яшил каби бўёқлардан фойдаланилган. Шунингдек, сирланган идишларнинг сиртига шаффоф, яшил,кўк, жигарранг, оқ ва сариқ рангдаги сирлар берилган. Навбоғтепадан аниқланган сирланган товоқларёдгорликда ҳунармандчилик Қорахонийлар даврида анча гуллаб-яшнаганидан далолат беради.
СЎХ ҲАВЗАСИ АРХЕОЛОГИК ЛАНДШАФТИГА АНТРОПОГЕН ТАЪСИР (МАСОФАДАН ЗОНДЛАШ, ДАЛА ҚИДИРУВ-КУЗАТУВ ИШЛАРИ ВА МАҲАЛЛИЙ АҲОЛИДАН АХБОРОТ ЙИҒИШ УСУЛЛАРИ ОРҚАЛИ)
Authors: Пардаев Мухриддин
Published: February 2025

Сўх ҳавзасининг иқлими ва ландшафтидаги қулайликлар туфайли инсонлар ушбу ҳудудни тош даври-даноқ ўзлаштира бошлаганлар. Тадқиқотлар давомида мазкур ҳудуддан палеолитдан тортиб сўнгги ўртаасрларга оид кўплаб ёдгорликлар аниқланган. Бироқ, турли омиллар натижасида бу каби моддий маданиймерос объектларининг сони қисқариб, улар ҳудуди инсонлар томонидан турли мақсадларда ўзлаштирибборилмоқда. Ўтган асрнинг 30-йилларида водий ҳудудида бошланган ирригация иншоотларининг қури-лиши, 50-йиллардан кейинги адирларни ўзлаштирилиши ва бошқа антропоген ландшафтларни пайдо бў-лиши археологик ёдгорликларнинг ҳолатига жиддий, салбий таъсир курсатган. Водийдаги демографикўсиш туфайли аҳоли турар жойлари ва у билан боғлиқ инфратузилмаларнинг кенгайиши, ҳудуд ландшаф-тидаги давомий ўзгаришлар баъзи ҳолларда археологик ёдгорликлар ҳисобига тўғри келди.Мазкур тадқиқотда Сўх ҳавзасида жойлашган ёдгорликларга маълум давр оралиғидаги антропоген таъсиржараёнини бир неча усуллар, шу жумладан, масофадан зондлаш орқали турли даврлар бўйича олинганмаълумотларни солиштириш, дала қидирув-кузатув ишлари ва маҳаллий аҳолидан ахборот йиғиш орқалитўпланган маълумотлар асосида кўриб чиқилади. Ушбу тадқиқот, шунингдек, археологик ёдгорликларйўқолиши қайси омиллар натижаси бўлиши мумкинлигини ҳам аниқлаш имконини беради.
РУДНАЯ БАЗА МЕТАЛЛУРГИИ ФЕРГАНО-ТАШКЕНТСКОГО РЕГИОНА В ЭПОХУ ЭНЕОЛИТА И БРОНЗЫ
Authors: Рузанов Владимир
Published: February 2025

В настоящей статье по результатам, полученным при сопоставлениях химических составов медных ибронзовых изделий (около 300 экз.) с геохимией медных и полиметаллических месторождений Пскем-ско-Чаткало-Кураминской горно-металлургической области, выявляются конкретные рудные источникии районы производства металла, употреблявшегося металлургами культур древневосточного истепного типов, а также лепной расписной керамики в Фергано-Ташкентском регионе в эпоху раннегометалла. Кроме того, определяется хронологическая последовательность использования рудных источниковсырья. Установлено, что развитие местного древнейшего металлического производства протекалов рамках второй половины III - первой трети I тыс. до н. э. Оно базировалось на сырье, добытом вместных и зарубежных рудных источниках. В истории металлургии Фергано-Ташкентского регионаэпохи раннего металла можно выделить три этапа. Первый этап производства связывается с приходомна юго-восток Киргизии древневосточных племен из Саразма и датируется второй половиной (возможно,последние века) III первыми столетиями II тыс. до н. э. Второй этап датируется XVII-XIII вв.до н. э. В формировании металлургии этого времени участвуют племена петровской, алакульскойи федоровской культур и культур лепной расписной керамики эпохи ранней бронзы. Третий этапметаллургии, датированный XII-VIII вв. до н. э., характеризует металл культур валиковой и лепнойрасписной керамики эпохи поздней бронзы. На данных этапах в металлическом производстве Фергано-Ташкентского региона происходят значительные перемены в рецептуре сплавов, которые употреблялиместные литейщики.
ARXEOLOGIYA YODGORLIKLARINI OQAR SUV MANBALARI BOYICHA VOHA BO‘LIB JOYLASHISHI VA ULARNING KLASSIFIKASIYASI (FARG‘ONA VODIYSI, V-VIIIASRLAR)
Authors: Matboboev Boqijon
Published: February 2025

Farg‘ona vodiysi V-VIII asrlar arxeologik yodgorliklarini oqar suv manbalari bo ‘yicha joylashuvi yaxshio‘rganilmagan. Keyingi yillarda ushbu satrlar muallifi tomonidan o‘rta asrlarlarga oid yodgorliklarini ro‘yxatgaolush va tizimlashtirish ishlari olib borildi. Haritalashtirish jarayonida ilk o‘rta asrlarga oid 259 ta yodgorlikqayd qilininb, shundan 217 tasi arxeologik yodgorlik, 22 tasi ko'hna turk yozuvi topilma joylari, 20 ga yaqinostadon lar va 2 ta tangalar hazinasi tashkil qiladi. Arxeologik yodgorliklar mikrovohalarga, ular o‘z navbatidairrigatsiya rayonlariga ajratilgan. Natijada rayonlashtirishni quyidagi ierarxik tizimi shakllandi: suv manbasi»mikrovoha » irrigasion rayon. Har bir voga va irrigatsiya rayonida irrigatsiya tumanlarini ma‘muriy, madaniyyoki hunarmandchilik markazlari bo‘lishi mumkin boigan markaziy yodgorlik shartli ravishda ajrartilibaniqlandi. Bunday irrigatsiya tumanlarini Farg‘ona vodiysida 14 tasi qayd etilib, ajratilgan ilk o‘rta asrlargaoid irrigation rayonlari qadimgi davrlarga oid irrigatsiya tizimiga to‘gri keladi. Yodgorliklar daryo va soylarbazasida joylashgan bo'lib, bu holat yodgorliklami va Eylaton madaniyati yodgorliklari joylashuviga o‘xshashhisoblanadi.
НОВЫЕ НАХОДКИ ОССУАРИЕВ В САМАРКАНДЕ
Authors: Богомолов Геннадий , Бердимурадов Амридин , Болиев Бахриддин
Published: February 2025

Широкие археологические исследования, развернувшиеся в последние годы на территории Самарканда,позволили получить разнообразные и интересные археологические материалы, характеризующиеразличные стороны культуры его населения в разные исторические периоды. Особое место среди нихзанимают оссуарии. Несмотря на малочисленность находок, они проливают свет на художественнуюкультуру и религиозные представления согдийцев в доисламский период. В статье рассматриваютсяпоследние находки оссуариев в Самарканде и его окрестностях. Один из них обнаружен случайно ипроисходит с современного мусульманского кладбища Еттигур, расположенного напротив северо-за-падного угла городища Афрасиаб. Второй представлен лишь богато орнаментированной крышкой. Ноона была найдена в процессе раскопок дворца богатого горожанина на городище Кафиркала под Самаркандоми происходит из слоя заброса после пожара середины VIII века. Приводится их сопоставлениес другими выявленными ранее астоданами и обосновывается их датировка. Отдельно рассматриваютсяэлементы декора, их особенности и символическое значение. Тип оссуария из Еттигура ранее был известентолько по небольшим фрагментам. Теперь впервые его удалось реконструировать полностью. Крометого, находка оссуария из Еттигура может указывать на существование на северо-западной окраинеАфрасиаба еще одного оссуарного некрополя VII-VIII вв.
КУХОННАЯ ПОСУДА РАННЕХОРЕЗМШАХСКОГО ПЕРИОДА В ЮЖНОМ ПРИАРАЛЬЕ
Authors: Сайпов Садулла
Published: February 2025

В статье рассматриваются технологические, типологические признаки и орнаментальные мотивы неполивнойкерамики кухонного назначения, найденные при археологических раскопках на Южнопри-аральских городищах, относящиеся к периоду раннехорезмшахского времени. В основном описываетсякухонная керамика, представленная из хорезмшахского периода кварталов городищ Миздахкана,Джампыккалы, Пулжая и других памятников левобережной части дельты Амударьи. Особое вниманиеуделяется технологическим и типологическим признакам, орнаментальным мотивам кухонной посуды,занимающей своеобразное место среди неполивных изделий и материальной культуры средневековыхгородищ Южного Приаралья. По морфологической структуре кухонная посуда сопоставляетсяс материальными артефактами других регионов Центральной Азии, а по декоративным элементам снекоторыми элементами народного прикладного искусства этносов Южноприаральского региона. Керамикаэтого периода претерпевает значительные изменения, но продолжается преемственность, почтиполностью станковая, изготовлены на гончарном круге и обожжены в керамических печах. Сосудысоздавались с примесью дресвы, это дало им высокую огнеупорность. Для этого периода характернаорнаментация в виде мелких волнообразных линий, пальцевых вдавливаний и ногтевых насечек, оттискаштампом и рельефные узоры.
ТЕРРАКОТОВАЯ ПЛАСТИКА КАФИРКАЛЫ: ОПЫТ КЛАССИФИКАЦИИ И НОВЫЕ НАХОДКИ
Authors: Бердимурадов Амридин , Богомолов Геннадий , Хирофуми Терамура , Мантеллини Симоне , Суюнов Самараддин
Published: February 2025

Терракота является одним из массовых археологических материалов, которая часто встречается во время раскопок археологических памятников доарабского периода или при мониторинге их состояния. Городище Кафиркала – небольшой, но неординарный город, где в VII – начале VIII вв. располагалась загородная резиденция правителей Самарканда. В этот период здесь достигает высокого уровня гончарное производство, в том числе изготовление художественной керамики и терракот. Полученная в процессе раскопок на городище терракота была разделена на несколько групп: вылепленная вручную; изготовленная в комбинированной технике – сочетающая ручную лепку и штамп (в котором оттискивалась голова, реже – вся лицевая часть); штампованная терракота (фигурки, образки-плакетки, налепы и оттиски штампов на керамике). Обычно методика изучения среднеазиатской штампованной терракоты строится на иконографическом анализе и подборе аналогий, но в данном случае учитываются и ее технологические особенности. Анализ находок согдийских штампованных фигурок всадников показал, что существовало некоторое ограниченное число первоначальных матриц для их изготовления, но которые широко использовались ремесленниками Кафиркалы. В статье также рассматривается культовая направленность отдельных терракотовых персонажей и изображений на керамических сосудах.
ФАРҒОНА ВОДИЙСИНИ ИЛК ТЕМИР ДАВРИ САКЛАР МУАММОСИ
Authors: Матбобоев Боқижон
Published: February 2025

Мақолада Андижон вилояти Хўжаобод тумани Дилкушод қишлоғида топилган бронза (жез)буюмлар хазинаси ҳақида маълумот берилган. Хазина 11 та топилмадан иборат бўлиб, уларжанговар болта, искана (2 та), жез ойна, сувлиқ, уст бош безакларини (6 та) ташкил этади.Бу топилмалар Фарғона водийсида илк сакларни пайдо бўлиши ва уларни тарқалиш геогра-фияси тўғрисида маълумот беради. Хазина буюмлари милоддан аввалги VII-III асрлар биландаврлаштирилиб, унда водий (шарқий) сакларини деҳқончиликка ўтиш жараёнини ва ўтроқдеҳқон хамда кўчманчи чорвадорлар симбиозининг дастлабки элементларининг кўриниши-дир. Муаллифнинг қайд қилишича, хазинадаги буюмлар илк сакларга тааллуқли бўлиб, то-пилма соҳиблари водий учун келгинди ҳисобланган ва бу даврда ҳали маҳаллий аҳоли биланаралашиб кета олмаган. Келиб чиқиши жиҳатидан хазина буюмлари Қайроққум мадания-ти ва Евроосиё чорвадор дашт қабилалари (Водил, Қарамкўл, Япаги, Чек қабристонлари)билан алоқаси йўқлиги таъкидланиб, водийнинг илк саклари авлодлари Қозоғистон-Сибиркенгликларида умргузаронлик қилганлар, деган хулосага келинган
L’élève-origine dans une recherche en didactique de l’histoire : le cas Louna
Authors: Gomes Lucie
Published: February 2025

Lors d’une recherche internationale sur le transfert de compétences critiques historiennes à l’étude de l’actualité, le monde de la recherche est confronté à une masse de données recueillies en classe. Cet article vise à expérimenter le concept d’élève-origine utilisé dans la théorie de l’action conjointe en didactique (TACD) pour isoler un cas et l’analyser afin de produire des résultats pertinents pour poursuivre cette recherche. Les productions orales et écrites de l’élève choisie mènent à des modélisations et des schématisations qui remettent en question les dispositifs. Une séquence intéressante a été étudiée pour comprendre ce qui a permis une exploration des possibles par cette élève-origine.
Mechanical behavior of adhesive joints: A review on modeling techniques
Authors: Ries Maximilian
Published: February 2025

In the pursuit of lighter designs, many industries are shifting from conventional fasteners to adhesive joints, which offer a better strength-to-weight ratio and facilitate the use of fiber-reinforced polymers. However, modeling adhesive joints presents major challenges due to the complex behavior of polymeric adhesives and the microstructural changes induced by the substrates. As a result, various simulation methods have been developed to capture the behavior of adhesive joints across different scales. Molecular dynamics studies address atomistic and nanoscale phenomena, while continuum approaches — such as the finite element method, cohesive zone models, and peridynamics — focus on meso and macro scales. Additionally, multiscale methods combine particle and continuum approaches to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the adhesive bond behavior. This review paper offers an overview of the most relevant numerical methods employed to examine the mechanical behavior of adhesive joints and illustrates the simulations’ applications through examples from the literature.
The population genetics of convergent adaptation in maize and teosinte is not locally restricted
Authors: Tittes Silas , Lorant Anne , McGinty Sean P , Holland James B , de Jesus Sánchez-González Jose , Seetharam Arun , Tenaillon Maud , Ross-Ibarra Jeffrey
Published: February 2025

What is the genetic architecture of local adaptation and what is the geographic scale over which it operates? We investigated patterns of local and convergent adaptation in five sympatric population pairs of traditionally cultivated maize and its wild relative teosinte (Zea mays subsp. parviglumis). We found that signatures of local adaptation based on the inference of adaptive fixations and selective sweeps are frequently exclusive to individual populations, more so in teosinte compared to maize. However, for both maize and teosinte, selective sweeps are also frequently shared by several populations, and often between subspecies. We were further able to infer that selective sweeps were shared among populations most often via migration, though sharing via standing variation was also common. Our analyses suggest that teosinte has been a continued source of beneficial alleles for maize, even after domestication, and that maize populations have facilitated adaptation in teosinte by moving beneficial alleles across the landscape. Taken together, our results suggest local adaptation in maize and teosinte has an intermediate geographic scale, one that is larger than individual populations but smaller than the species range.
Origin-destination prediction from road average speed data using GraphResLSTM model
Authors: Hu Guangtong , Zhang Jun
Published: February 2025

With the increasing demand for traffic management and resource allocation in Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), accurate origin-destination (OD) prediction has become crucial. This article presents a novel integrated framework, effectively merging the distinctive capabilities of graph convolutional network (GCN), residual neural network (ResNet), and long short-term memory network (LSTM), hereby designated as GraphResLSTM. GraphResLSTM leverages road average speed data for OD prediction. Contrary to traditional reliance on traffic flow data, road average speed data provides richer informational dimensions, reflecting not only vehicle volume but also indirectly indicating congestion levels. We use a real-world road network to generate road average speed data and OD data through simulations in Simulation of Urban Mobility (SUMO), thereby avoiding the influence of external factors such as weather. To enhance training efficiency, we employ a method combining the entropy weight method with the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) for key road segment selection. Using this generated dataset, carefully designed comparative experiments are conducted to compare various different models and data types. The results clearly demonstrate that both the GraphResLSTM model and the road average speed data markedly outperform alternative models and data types in OD prediction.
Integrating Cognitive Behaviour Therapy into Schizophrenia Care
Authors: Poornalingam Jeyalakshmi
Published: February 2025

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) is an evidence-based psychotherapeutic approach widely applied in managing schizophrenia and many other mental conditions. It aims to address cognitive distortions, reduce psychotic symptoms and improve overall functioning by nurturing adaptive coping mechanisms. This article explores the role of CBT in schizophrenia, emphasizing its effectiveness in treating both positive symptoms (e.g., hallucinations, delusions) and negative symptoms (e.g., social withdrawal, apathy). Techniques such as cognitive restructuring, behavioural activation, and coping strategy enhancement are highlighted. The importance of CBT as a supportive mechanism along pharmacotherapy is discussed, demonstrating significant developments in patient outcomes, including symptom management, quality of life, and relapse prevention.
Impact of Nitrogen Dosage and Various Sources on Growth of Dragon Fruit in Mid-Hill Conditions of Nagaland
Authors: Mounika Kosgi , Alila Pauline , Maiti C.S. , Sarkar A.
Published: February 2025

Aims: To evaluate optimum dose of nitrogen through various sources for growth and development of dragon fruit grown under mid-hill condition of Nagaland.
Study Design: Randomized Complete Block Design.
Place and Duration of Study: The present experiment was carried out during the year of 2021 and 2022 has been conducted in the research experimental block of Department of Horticulture, School of Agricultural Sciences, Medziphema Campus, Nagaland, India.
Methodology: Different levels of nitrogen with and without organic manures were applied to the one-year-old plants to evaluate the optimum dose for growth and development of dragon fruit plants. Ten treatments of different doses of nitrogen and combinations of organic manures (Farm Yard Manure (FYM), Pig manure), common doses of phosphorous and potassium were applied to plants. [N0 Control (T1); N100g/plant (T2); N125g/plant (T3); N150g /plant (T4); 75% of N100g+FYM1.0 kg/plant (T5); 75% of N125g+FYM1.25 kg/plant (T6); 75% of N150+FYM1.5kg /plant (T7); 75% of N100g+Pig manure1.66kg/plant (T8); 75% of N125g+Pig manure2.1kg/plant (T9); 75% of N150g+Pig manure2.5kg/plant (T10)]
Results: The data of two-year study revealed that the maximum cladode length (232.04 cm) and number of areoles/cladode (79.32) were recorded in the treatment with 75% of N150g+Pig manure2.5kg/plant (T10) whereas maximum cladode diameter (5.02 cm), cladode girth (15.78 cm), distance between areoles (3.30 cm) and area of areoles (0.18 mm2) were recorded in the treatment 75% of N125g+Pig manure2.1kg/plant (T9) and minimum values were recorded mostly in treatments supplied with only inorganic manures (T1 and T2).
Conclusion: The combined application of both organic and inorganic manures (Pig manure + NPK) (T9 and T10) found to be most superior treatment combination with regard to vegetative growth in Hylocereus polyrhizus.
Detection of Beta-lactamase Genes in Uropathogens of Diabetic and Non-diabetic Subjects in Eleme General Hospital, Rivers State, Nigeria
Authors: Huldah Hanson, Asikiya , Okwelle Austin
Published: February 2025

One of the leading antimicrobial resistance mechanisms for many uropathogens among diabetic subjects is Extended–Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) enzyme production which has become a public health concern. The aim of the study is to investigate the presence of Beta-Lactamase genes (TEM gene, CTX-M gene and SHV gene) in uropathogens of diabetic and non-diabetic subjects in Eleme, Rivers State. The 16s rRNA classification of bacteria was used and isolates were identified as Staphylococcus aureus, Serratia marcescens, Serratia ficana, Kluyvera sp., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella aerogenes, Pragia fontium, Kocuria palustris, Pantoea dispersa, Enterobacter hormaechie, Enterobacter mori, and Morganella morganii. Isolates were screened for resistant genes of blaTEM(Temoniera), blaCTX-M(Cefotaxime Munich) and blaSHV(Sulfydryl Variable). These genes were identified using the 27F: 5- AGAGTTTGATCMTGGCTCAG-3 and 1492R: 5-CGGTTACCTTGTTACGACTT-3 primers on a AB19700 Applied Biosystems thermal cycle at a final volume of 40 microlitres for 35 cycles (Polymerase Chain Reaction). Twenty (20) multi drug resistant isolates (antimicrobial resistance shown by a species of micro-organism to at least one antimicrobial drug in three or more antimicrobial category) were investigated for the presence of ESBL resistant genes and 17 were found to possess ESBL genes representing 85% of the isolates investigated. The study revealed that CTX-M had an overall percentage prevalence of 41.2%, TEM had 35.3% and SHV had 23.5% respectively. A statistical significance of p=0.0195 was observed in the SHV gene in the distribution pattern of ESBL genes. The TEM and CTX-M genes had p=0.9999 and p=0.8282 respectively which showed no statistical significance.
The Prevalence of 5 Alpha Reductase Inhibitor Adverse Events in Patients with Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia in Jamaica
Authors: Menzies Gaynelle , Morrison-Blidgen Belinda , Reid Marvin
Published: February 2025

Aim: To determine the prevalence of adverse effects (sexual dysfunction, depression and gynaecomastia) of 5-ARIs in patients with BPH in Jamaica.
Study Design: A Prospective Cohort Study.
Place and Duration of Study: Genitourinary Outpatient Departments at the University Hospital of the West Indies and Kingston Public Hospital in Kingston, Jamaica between September 2021 and September 2022.
Methodology: We included 80 patients with inclusion criteria: all patients with symptomatic BPH being commenced on 5-ARIs with no prior history of conditions considered as adverse effects. Patients were administered a two-time descriptive questionnaire designed to assess the recognized adverse effects of 5-ARIs. The change from baseline to interval follow-up on the Male Sexual Health Questionnaire (MSHQ) erection, ejaculation, sexual desire scores and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale Depression subscale (HADS-D) score and the development of gynaecomastia (primary outcomes) and personal stressors experienced (secondary outcome) were assessed, using a standard software package.
Results: Ten percent of patients self-reported adverse effects. There was a statistically significant reduction (worsening) in the MSHQ erection score from baseline (34.08; sd 8.99) to 33.26 (sd 9.42; p=0.05) after commencing 5-ARI but no significant change in ejaculation (difference of 0.43; p= 0.15) and sexual desire (difference of 0.01; p=0.98) scores. No signs of depression were noted in patients taking 5-ARI up to 6 months with the mean HADS-D score at baseline being 2.66 with no significant change at follow-up (2.50; p = 0.24). The development of gynaecomastia was not significant (p= 0.630). The proportion of patients who experienced personal stressors was lower after commencing 5-ARIs compared with baseline (8 patients; 10% vs 33 patients; 41.25%).
Conclusion: 5-ARIs are associated with a reduction in MSHQ erection score within 6 months of therapy and may correlate to the onset of erectile dysfunction. Depression and gynaecomastia are not recognized short term adverse effects of 5-ARIs.
Young Learners and Language Teaching
Authors: Butler Yuko G.
Published: June 2024

An ever‐increasing number of young learners (YLs, defined as children ages 4–12) are learning additional language(s) (ALs) other than their home language(s) in instructional settings. Efforts to provide high‐quality AL instruction to these learners are complicated by their highly diverse backgrounds, learning environments, and instructional goals and needs. Importantly, YLs are in the midst of cognitive, social, and affective development at the same time as they develop their first language. There is also substantial variability in the manner and speed of such development even among children of any given chronological age. The wealth of research on instructed second language acquisition for adult learners can inform efforts to teach ALs to YLs, but educators must pay special attention to age‐related factors and individual differences. After describing unique age‐related characteristics and diverse needs associated with YLs' AL learning, this entry discusses how such characteristics should be factored in when teachers develop/select tasks and materials, implement instructional strategies, and conduct/interpret assessments directly assisting YLs' learning. The entry also addresses the role of digital technology in YLs' AL learning. Finally, it discusses the relationship between the onset of learning and AL development in instructional settings. Contrary to the common belief that “the earlier the start, the better outcome” in AL learning, empirical research suggests that older starters have advantages in learning efficiency; it is not the age of onset of learning but the
amount
and
quality
of instruction that seem to have greater influences on AL learning in instructional settings.
Lexical Semantics
Authors: Paradis Carita
Published: June 2024

This entry offers a short description of basic research questions, different theories, and topics in lexical semantic research. At the beginning, it states five fundamental questions that all lexical semantics theories need to attend to in descriptions and explanations of their observations and findings. A brief presentation of past and present theoretical approaches on lexical semantics follows, in the light of their answers to the fundamental questions. The focus in the remaining sections is on central issues in lexical semantics. This account is primarily within the cognitive semantic framework, even though the issues are key in any theory of lexical semantics. The issues concern the relation between words and concepts and lexical semantic relations such as polysemy, synonymy, and antonymy. The entry concludes with some words on the nature of meanings of words in language in use.
Multilingualism in Education in the People's Republic of China
Authors: Feng Anwei , Adamson Bob
Published: June 2024

In this entry of the scholarship and practices in multilingualism in education in mainland China since the founding of the PRC, we focus our analysis on policies, models, and challenges that policymakers, researchers, and practitioners have to face in what we call the
period of multilingualism in education
in which multilingualism and multilingual education are most active. This entry suggests that, while the promotion of Mandarin Chinese has remained most consistent for the PRC era and is further intensified in the whole society in recent years, policies and practices concerning minority languages, varieties of Chinese (
Fangyan
), and foreign languages have fluctuated, particularly in education. In the current post‐COVID context where tensions deepen between diversity and uniformity conceptions for language education and for the society at large, how far the pendulum that shows an overall balance of the two in this period is swinging toward the latter remains to be seen.
The Pragmatics of English as a Lingua Franca
Authors: House Juliane
Published: June 2024

English as a lingua franca (ELF) is defined and a comprehensive overview of research into the pragmatics of ELF is given. Early ELF studies often investigated ELF as a learner language, but more recent research takes a broader view by examining the ways that EFL speakers accomplish communication in everyday practices. Three strands of recent research are described: one identifies strategies for negotiation of meaning, the second studies the role of ELF users' multilingual repertoires in communication, and the third documents interactional elements such as
Yeah
and
Yes
. Several suggestions for future research on ELF interactions are also provided.
Impoliteness on Social Media
Authors: Dynel Marta
Published: June 2024

This entry aims to chart the landscape of impoliteness research on social media. Impoliteness is conceptualized as a theoretical framework with which to capture discursive aggression. Impoliteness is prevalent across social media, facilitated by their affordances. A number of key issues and notions relevant to pragmatic research on social media impoliteness are addressed: forms of discursive aggression online (notably, hate speech and cyberbullying); emic/etic labeling of aggressive practices (e.g., via metapragmatic comments); appropriation or normalization of aggressive discourse; the contextually driven distinction between genuine aggression/impoliteness and overtly pretended aggression (i.e., mock impoliteness); and the diversity of reactions to impoliteness in public (and thus inherently, multi‐party) communication, which range from offense to humor experience.
Writing and Genre Studies
Authors: Martin J. R.
Published: June 2024

This entry offers a reappraisal of the three traditions of genre analysis canonized in Hyon 1996—EAP, New Rhetoric, and the Sydney School. In doing so, it develops a perspective on knowledge structure inspired by the social realist sociology of Bernstein and Maton. This perspective draws attention to the extent to which the three traditions progress (a) by developing every more integrative and general propositions or via the development of a new perspective and a new set of theories and (b) by testing theories against data or by using theory to interpret texts. The entry closes with discussion of some of the implications of these complementarities for teaching/learning practice.
Ideology
Authors: Montgomery D. Philip , Green‐Eneix Curtis , Cinaglia Carlo , De Costa Peter I.
Published: June 2024

Ideologies, as shared beliefs about what is acceptable or valued in a society, are present in various aspects of everyday life, including education, public discourse, and popular culture. Applied linguistics research has increasingly used the concept of ideology to examine the intersection of language and social structures, including the social norms, contested value systems, and imagined representations of the social world, both in concrete practices and as discourses operating more broadly. In this entry, we provide an overview of the concept of ideology in applied linguistics, with a specific focus on language ideologies. After presenting a historical account of the concept of ideology and its interpretations across different academic disciplines, we examine the relationship between ideology, power, and social structures, highlighting how ideologies are (re)produced and enacted through language practices and discourses. We highlight different theoretical tools used to examine ideologies, including indexicality, iconization, fractal recursivity, erasure, chronotope, and ideological becoming. These conceptual tools have proven useful to examine language learning, identity construction, and language policy and help demonstrate the role of language ideologies in mediating second language acquisition, multilingual literacy practices, and the appropriation of school language. Overall, the entry provides a comprehensive overview of the concept of ideology and its relevance to applied linguistics, particularly in relation to language use and social structures.
Altered brain perfusion and oxygen levels relate to sleepiness and attention in post‐COVID syndrome
Authors: Chien Claudia , Heine Josephine , Khalil Ahmed , Schlenker Lars , Hartung Tim J. , Boesl Fabian , Schwichtenberg Katia , Rust Rebekka , Bellmann‐Strobl Judith , Franke Christiana , Paul Friedemann , Finke Carsten
Published: June 2024

Objective

Persisting neurological symptoms after COVID‐19 affect up to 10% of patients and can manifest in fatigue and cognitive complaints. Based on recent evidence, we evaluated whether cerebral hemodynamic changes contribute to post‐COVID syndrome (PCS).

Methods

Using resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging, we investigated brain perfusion and oxygen level estimates in 47 patients (44.4 ± 11.6 years; F:M = 38:9) and 47 individually matched healthy control participants. Group differences were calculated using two‐sample t‐tests. Multivariable linear regression was used for associations of each regional perfusion and oxygen level measure with cognition and sleepiness measures. Exploratory hazard ratios were calculated for each brain metric with clinical measures.

Results

Patients presented with high levels of fatigue (79%) and daytime sleepiness (45%). We found widespread decreased brain oxygen levels, most evident in the white matter (false discovery rate adjusted‐p‐value (p‐FDR) = 0.038) and cortical grey matter (p‐FDR = 0.015). Brain perfusion did not differ between patients and healthy participants. However, delayed patient caudate nucleus perfusion was associated with better executive function (p‐FDR = 0.008). Delayed perfusion in the cortical grey matter and hippocampus were associated with a reduced risk of daytime sleepiness (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.07, p = 0.037 and HR = 0.06, p = 0.034). Decreased putamen oxygen levels were associated with a reduced risk of poor cognitive outcome (HR = 0.22, p = 0.019). Meanwhile, lower thalamic oxygen levels were associated with a higher risk of cognitive fatigue (HR = 6.29, p = 0.017).

Interpretation

Our findings of lower regional brain blood oxygen levels suggest increased cerebral metabolism in PCS, which potentially holds a compensatory function. These hemodynamic changes were related to symptom severity, possibly representing metabolic adaptations.
Soft Pumps: Catalysts for Advancing Fluid‐Driven Soft Robots
Authors: Wang Yuzhe , Liang Xinquan
Published: June 2024

Fluid‐driven soft robotics, inspired by biological systems, has emerged as a dynamic field in the past decades. Soft pumps, crucial components for soft robots to be untethered or wearable on the human body, offer unique features for propelling fluids. This article provides a concise perspective on recent advancements in soft pumps, including combustion‐driven, electrohydrodynamic, dielectric elastomer actuation, dielectrophoretic liquid zipping, magnetic actuation, thermally active soft pumps, and fluid‐driven volume amplification. Each technology is examined in terms of its working principles, advantages, and challenges. Looking ahead, critical challenges must be addressed to facilitate successful integration of soft pumps into real‐world applications, including healthcare and wearable‐assistive devices. As soft robotics continues to advance, future research directions involve enhancing safety measures, optimizing material properties, improving control precision, and advancing flexible electronics to ensure the seamless adoption of soft pumps in diverse real‐world scenarios. This perspective article serves as a guide to the current trends and challenges in the evolving field of soft pumps, laying the foundation for the future development and application of fluid‐driven soft robotics.