bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Phytochemicals of Vitis vinifera L. var. King Ruby protect mice from benzo(a)pyrene-induced lung injury
Authors: Ahmedy Gehad S. , Selim Hend M. , El-Aasr Mona , Ibrahim Souzan M. , El-Sherbeni Suzy A.
Published: February 2025

The world’s concern about smoking hazards, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer was the motivation to investigate plants as a source of new drugs with lung protective effect. The phytochemical profile of Vitis vinifera L. var. King Ruby leaves methanol extract (VLME) was tentatively recognized by liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric (LC-ESI-MS/MS). Fifty-two and forty-seven compounds were identified by negative and positive ESI modes, respectively. Taraxerol (1), β-sitosterol (2), daucosterol (3), quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucuronoide-6″-methyl ester (4) and isoquercetin (5) were isolated from VLME. The sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay of the different fractions against A-549 cell line revealed that the methylene chloride fraction (MCF) had the lowest cell viability at 300 µg/mL (4.54 ± 0.19%). Mice of 10 groups (n = 6) was treated as follows: Group I (negative control group), group II (disease control, mice received B(a)P 125 mg/kg, orally), groups III-V (mice received 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg of VLME, followed by B(a)P), group VI (mice received only 300 mg/kg of VLME), groups VII-XI (mice received 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg of MCF, followed by B(a)P), group X (mice received only 300 mg/kg of MCF). On the seventh day, all groups received a single oral dose of B(a)P 125 mg/kg body, except group I, VI and X. In vivo studies showed VLME and MCF (300 mg/kg body weight) effectively mitigated benzo(a)pyrene-induced lung injuries in mice. The anti-inflammatory effects were confirmed by the downregulation of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and CD34, alongside reduced nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) expression. Antioxidant activity was indicated by decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression with the remarkable increase in glutathione (GSH). Histological improvements further support the potential of Vitis vinifera L. leaves as a natural lung protectant. Further pre-clinical and clinical investigations will be required to deliver a new drug with promising protection effect.
Immune cells adapt to confined environments in vivo to optimise nuclear plasticity for migration
Authors: Karling Tua , Weavers Helen
Published: February 2025

Cells navigating in complex 3D microenvironments frequently encounter narrow spaces that physically challenge migration. While in vitro studies identified nuclear stiffness as a key rate-limiting factor governing the movement of many cell types through artificial constraints, how cells migrating in vivo respond dynamically to confinement imposed by local tissue architecture, and whether these encounters trigger molecular adaptations, is unclear. Here, we establish an innovative in vivo model for mechanistic analysis of nuclear plasticity as Drosophila immune cells transition into increasingly confined microenvironments. Integrating live in vivo imaging with molecular genetic analyses, we demonstrate how rapid molecular adaptation upon environmental confinement (including fine-tuning of the nuclear lamina) primes leukocytes for enhanced nuclear deformation while curbing damage (including rupture and micronucleation), ultimately accelerating movement through complex tissues. We find nuclear dynamics in vivo are further impacted by large organelles (phagosomes) and the plasticity of neighbouring cells, which themselves deform during leukocyte passage. The biomechanics of cell migration in vivo are thus shaped both by factors intrinsic to individual immune cells and the malleability of the surrounding microenvironment.
Mass transfer kinetics of Cr(vi) adsorption on a green mussel shell-polyethersulfone membrane
Authors: Fulazzaky Mohamad Ali , Salim Nur Atikah Abdul , Puteh Mohd Hafiz , Messer Tiffany , Othman Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan , Ismail Ahmad Fauzi , Jaafar Juhana , Rahman Mukhlis A.
Published: February 2025

Cr(vi) is toxic to human health and aquatic life, requiring removal from contaminated water.
Correction: High performance acidic water electrooxidation catalysed by manganese–antimony oxides promoted by secondary metals
Authors: Luke Sibimol , Chatti Manjunath , Simondson Darcy , Dinh Khang N. , Kerr Brittany V. , Nguyen Tam D. , Yilmaz Gamze , Johannessen Bernt , MacFarlane Douglas R. , Yella Aswani , Hocking Rosalie K. , Simonov Alexandr N.
Published: February 2025

Correction for ‘High performance acidic water electrooxidation catalysed by manganese–antimony oxides promoted by secondary metals’ by Sibimol Luke et al., EES. Catal., 2023, 1, 730–741, https://doi.org/10.1039/D3EY00046J.
Harnessing solar power with adaptive control of PV‐enriched microgrids using A3C‐driven deep reinforcement learning
Authors: Liao Yaohua , Jin Xin , Gu Zhiming , Li Bo , Pan Tingzhe
Published: February 2025

This research introduces an advanced adaptive control framework utilizing deep reinforcement learning, specifically the Asynchronous Advantage Actor‐Critic algorithm, to optimize the operation of photovoltaic‐enriched microgrids integrated with solar electric vehicles. The integration of solar electric vehicles within microgrids not only addresses transportation needs and energy sustainability by acting as dynamic energy storage systems. The inherent intermittency of solar power and the dynamic energy demands of solar electric vehicles pose significant operational challenges, requiring robust, flexible control systems capable of real‐time optimization. Our framework leverages the Asynchronous Advantage Actor‐Critic algorithm for its efficiency in handling high‐dimensional state spaces and its capability for rapid, concurrent learning processes, making it well‐suited for the dynamic and complex environment of photovoltaic‐enriched microgrids. The proposed model innovatively combines solar energy generation with solar electric vehicle energy storage and consumption dynamics, providing a holistic approach to microgrid management that optimizes energy flows, reduces reliance on traditional energy sources, and minimizes environmental impact.
Physiological Traits and Rainfed Rice Grain Yield Treated with Cow Manure and Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria Consortium
Authors: Purwanto  , Rahayuani Ratnaningsih Hanim , Na’imatul Bayyinah Lafi , Naila Khusna Syarifah Risqa , Anik Leana Ni Wayan , Sarjito Agus , Supartoto  , Mudmainah Siti , Yousif Ramzy A. , Ahmed Mohamed Omer Omer , Hanifa Hana
Published: February 2025

Agricultural intensification in the long term has had the impact of decreasing soil organic matter levels so that rice production tends to stagnate. The return of organic matter and the application of rhizobacteria is an action in the effort to the reclamation of paddy soil to be productive again. This research was conducted to examine the effect of the dosage of organic manure combined with the application of the PGPR consortium on the agronomic, physiological traits, and yield of aromatic rice plants to achieve sustainable rice production. The experiment was carried out using a Randomized Block Design 3 x 3 factorial and provide with replication. The first factor was the selected PGPR consortium application (P0 = control: P1+ PGPR consortium isolate R08 + R11, and P2 = PGPR consortium isolate R08 + Rhizobium sp. LM-5) and the second factor was cow manure application (0, 15 and 30tons ha-1). Application of organic fertilizer and the PGPR consortium was able to increase vegetative growth, nutrient uptake (N, P, and K), as well as the physiological character of rice plants. The interaction between the dose of organic fertilizer and the PGPR consortium affects the net assimilation rate, crop growth rate, and yield of rice plants. The highest yield was achieved at a dose of organic fertilizer of 30 tons ha-1 and the PGPR consortium isolate R08+Rhizobium sp. LM-5 of 11.68 tons ha-1.
Potential of phosphate solubilizing microbes from Andisol in qualitatively dissolving P at various pH
Authors: Marpaung Agustina E. , Sabrina Tengku , Rauf Abdul , Susilowati Dwi N.
Published: February 2025

Plants require P nutrients to grow, develop, and produce yields. Andisols are often used as agricultural land, but this soil has low available P and high P retention (97.8%). Using phosphate-solubilizing microbes (PSM) can increase phosphate solubility. The dissolution of P by phosphate-solubilizing microbes is greatly influenced by environmental factors, one of which is pH. This research aimed to determine the potential of PSM from Andisol in qualitatively dissolving phosphate at various pH levels. The study used a completely randomized design with the treatment factor is a type of phosphate solubilizing microbes (T11, T21, SE, BJ11, BJ12, BJ22, P1, P2, SP11, SP12, SP21, SP22, P13 (F), P12 (F), BJ21 (F), BJ23 (F)). The results of the research show that the phosphate solubilizing microbe that has the potential to produce the highest dissolution index at pH 4 is Bacillus sp T11, followed by Bacillus sp P11 and Bacillus sp P21, at pH 5 is Bacillus sp P11, at pH 6 is Burkholderia sp SP12 and followed by Bacillus sp SE and at pH 7 is Burkholderia sp SP12. The maximum P dissolution index occurred 4 days after planted (DAP) in pH 4, pH 5, and in pH 6, 7 at 6-10 DAP. Correlation of colony diameter and P dissolution index at pH 4-7 shows a strong relationship, where the larger the colony diameter, the smaller the dissolution index, respectively, the percentages are 81%, 89%, 91%, and 95%.
The Effect of Drying Method on Physical and Chemical Characterictic of Porang (Amorphophallus muelleri Blume) Chips in North Sumatera Province
Authors: Setiavani Gusti , Devita Liza , Sari Maya
Published: February 2025

Porang is a commodity currently being developed in North Sumatra. Drying is a crucial factor influencing the quality of porang chips, selecting the appropriate drying method can enhance the quality of porang chips. This study reports effect of various drying on the physical and chemical characteristics of porang chips. Porang tuber processed into chips followed a traditional method. Drying treatment include coventional, oven, solar dryer, and greenhouse. The drying rate in the solar dryer was higher compared to other methods (0.18 kg/hour). The results showed a significantly (p<0.05) higher yield (18.76 ± 0.21%) in oven than other drying method. The solar dryer exhibited higher ash (8.72 ± 0.06%), proteins (4.69 ± 0.13%), and fats (1.13 ± 0.04%) and lower water (08.53 ± 0.17%), and iron content (3.43 ± 0.01%). Solar dryer showed significantly higher glucomannan (84,42 ± 0,27%). Person correlation showed significant and positive correlation between ashes and fats, ashes and glucomannans, proteins and ashes, proteins and fats, proteins and glucomannans. This result showed significantly effected of drying method to the physical (yield) and some chemical characteristic of porang chip.
Immunity Protection of Pregnant Employees Working in the Healthcare Sector
Authors: Seidling Marie , Goertzen Stephanie , Schmid Klaus , Drexler Hans , Wolfschmidt Anna
Published: February 2025

Infectious diseases during pregnancy can pose a serious health risk for mother and child. Employees with an occupational risk of infection are especially at risk. We investigated the immune status of pregnant employees working in the health service to determine the percentage of women who were adequately protected during pregnancy and the percentage of cases with a pregnancy-relevant risk.

This retrospective data collection was done using the standard records of the Occupational Health Department (Betriebsärztliche Dienststelle) of Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany. The data of employees with a pregnancy reported between 1 May 2018 and 31 May 2020 were collected. This resulted in a total study population of 406 cases. We collected data on the respective occupational groups, occupational risk profile, employment bans for expectant mothers, occupational-medical consultations, and immunity status with regards to measles, mumps, rubella, varicella zoster virus, parvovirus B19, CMV, hepatitis A and B, tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis, and poliomyelitis.

The investigated employees had attended a mean of three previous occupational-medical consultations; 45.8% had received advice about maternity protection from the occupational physician’s office. The immunity rates of the total study population at the time of their last medical consultation prior to their due date varied, depending on the respective disease, from 77.3% (mumps) to 90.9% (varicella zoster virus). 182 cases (44.8%) were prohibited from working during their further pregnancy.

Medical advice on infection risks and immunization combined with the offer of vaccinations are decisive in determining the immune status and ensure that immunizations can be carried out in good time. To achieve full immunization before becoming pregnant, girls and women should be advised early on about preventive maternity protection measures.
Politischer Einfluss auf die Therapieberufe – Bundestagswahl 2025
Authors: Hausner Theresa , Eißmann Sven
Published: February 2025

Anlässlich der anstehenden Wahl kontaktierte ergopraxis alle Parteien, die die Fünf-Prozent-Hürde erreichen. Die Antworten auf unsere Fragen zu relevanten Themen der Ergotherapie blieben allerdings aus. Welche berufspolitischen Herausforderungen derzeit im Raum stehen und welche Chancen sie für unseren Beruf bedeuten, lesen Sie in diesem Beitrag.
Validation of a New Clinical Test for Diagnosis of Trapeziometacarpal Arthritis
Authors: Kafury Alvaro Antonio , Novillo María Elisa , Angarita Fredy , Castañeda Jhon Freddy , Rojas Juliana Andrea , Muñoz Sandra Patricia
Published: February 2025

Purpose Symptomatic trapeziometacarpal arthrosis is primarily diagnosed on clinical grounds. The X-ray appearance correlates poorly with the presence and severity of pain; therefore, radiography is not a useful tool to define which patient is symptomatic, nor which one should be treated. There is not a specific gold standard test. The grind test is the most used clinical test; however, its level of diagnostic accuracy is not very high. The aim of this study is to describe and validate a new clinical test.

Materials and Methods A prospective study was conducted to evaluate the diagnostic performance and reliability of the compression and flexion test.

Results A total of 106 patients were included. Excellent interobserver agreement was found for both semiology tests (kappa = 0.82 and intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.97). The area under the curve for the compression and flexion test showed an estimate of 99.2 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 97.6–100) and for the grind test of 62 (95% CI: 51.2–71.9). The diagnostic performance of the compression and flexion test showed a sensitivity of 100% (95% CI: 92.1–99.9) and a specificity of 98.4% (95% CI: 91.2–100), in contrast to the grind test that reports a sensitivity of 22.2% (95% CI: 11.2–37.1) and a specificity of 93.4% [95% CI: 84.1–98.2].

Conclusions The diagnostic performance of the compression and flexion test is higher than that of the grind test. Furthermore, the results show an excellent interobserver correlation and diagnostic accuracy, making it a useful clinical tool for the diagnosis of trapeziometacarpal arthritis.

Type of Study/Level of Evidence Diagnostic tests II.
Skin Tumors in Pediatric Patients with Xeroderma Pigmentosum: A Case Series
Authors: Aftab Kanwal , Maqsood Sidra , Yaqoob Nausheen
Published: February 2025

Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disease. This disease predisposes patients to early-onset skin cancers, like squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma. This was a 5-year experience. Here, we report nine pediatric cases of XP in which two patients had basal cell carcinoma and six patients had squamous cell carcinoma. We have also reported one case in which both skin malignancies were present. The subjects included seven boys and two girls, while seven subjects were from consanguineous marriages, and the average age was 9.4 years. All the patients had ulcerative budding tumor lesions on the face (eye, nose, chin, cheek, and forehead) and scalp. Squamous cell carcinoma is a common cutaneous malignancy related to XP in our study. Prevention is based on the early diagnosis of XP, skin photo-protection, screening and early treatment of lesions, and genetic counseling.
Prostate Cancer Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy with Image-guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT) Technique with Three-Dimensional Transperineal Ultrasound for IGRT Tracking of the Prostate
Authors: Migowski Igor , Migowski Arn
Published: February 2025

Introduction Ultrahypofractionated radical radiotherapy for prostate cancer, also known as stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT), is an unprecedented modality of prostate radiotherapy and is still used very sparsely in Brazil. The use of fiducial implants and spacers may make it even more difficult to implement prostate SBRT on a large scale in Brazil. We describe a completely non-invasive technique for the treatment of localized prostate cancer with stereotactic body radiotherapy.

Materials and Methods This is a case series study with 9 patients and 48 SBRT fractions analyzed. In our treatment protocol, we use the Elekta Versa-HD linear accelerator (Elekta, Stokholm, Sweden), a transperineal ultrasound (TPUS) with tracking and synchronization capabilities (Clarity 4D ultrasound system, Elekta), and the Monaco Planning System (Elekta). Displacements were measured in the three axes (lateral, longitudinal, and vertical). The discrepancy between the initial ultrasound location of the prostate and the location of the cone beam has also been documented.

Results The mean displacements were 2.02 mm, 3.12 mm, and 2.93 mm for the lateral, longitudinal, and vertical directions, respectively. The data show that treatment was interrupted in 14 of the 48 treatment fractions (29.17%), 8 (57%) with displacements greater than 5 mm and 6 (43%) with displacements between 3 and 5 mm.

The initial TPUS image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT) and its mean displacements for localization with the cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) were 1.3 mm, 1.9 mm, and 1.5 mm, for the lateral, longitudinal, and vertical directions, respectively. Using van Herk formula, a margin of 7.3 mm in the lateral directions, 9.35 mm longitudinally, and 7.74 mm vertically, would be required

Conclusion Here we describe an SBRT technique for prostate cancer that is completely non-invasive and allows for a high level of accuracy. Transperineal 3D ultrasound provides real-time position data to the prostate that can be used to gate the SBRT treatment, allowing for smaller, more personalized planning target volume (PTV) margins even without fiducial markers or spacers, which may be more applicable for low- and middle-income countries.
Nonreciprocal superconductivity at Ti2O3/GaN interface
Authors: Dong Peng , Wang Lijie , Zhang Guanqun , Ning Zhongfeng , He Jiadian , Zhang Yiwen , Ding Yifan , Zeng Xiaohui , Wang Yanjiang , Wang Jinghui , Zhou Xiang , Wu Yueshen , Li Wei , Li Jun
Published: February 2025

Two-dimensional superconductors exhibit intriguing quantum physical phenomena and hold promising potential for superconducting circuit applications due to their inherently broken inversion symmetry, which can introduce additional degrees of freedom related to spin or momentum. Achieving chemical stability in atomic layer 2D superconductors, including mechanical exfoliation and film deposition, remains both fundamentally and technologically challenging. Naturally, interfacial superconductivity, enclosed and safeguarded between two materials, is considered an ideal two-dimensional candidate, providing a stable and immaculate platform to explore correlated phenomena with inversion symmetry breaking in the 2D limit. Here, we report a Rashba spin–orbit coupling induced momentum-dependent superconducting order parameter in the inversion symmetry breaking heterointerface superconductor Ti2O3/GaN. Remarkably, nonlinear responses emerge in the superconducting transition regime when the magnetic field is precisely aligned parallel to the interface and perpendicular to the applied current. In particular, the observed nonreciprocal supercurrent is extremely sensitive to the direction of the field for 0.5°, suggestive of a crossover from a symmetry breaking state to a symmetric one. Our finding unveils the underlying rich physical properties in heterointerface superconductors, providing an exciting opportunity for the development of novel mesoscopic superconducting devices.
First-principles study on segregation anisotropy of grain boundaries in Pt–Au alloys
Authors: Yao Xin , Guo Ya-Fang , Li Wei , Kokko Kalevi , Li Changle , Vitos Levente
Published: February 2025

Gold (Au) segregation at Pt grain boundaries (GBs) plays an important role in the properties of Pt-based alloys. It was reported that close-packed GBs and open GBs exhibit different segregation behaviors, and their origin is still unclear. Based on the density functional theory as implemented in the exact muffin-tin orbitals method and the full charge density technique, we investigate the impact of bulk composition and temperature on the segregation behaviors of the Σ3(111)[11¯0], Σ5(310)[001], and Σ9(221)[11¯0] symmetric tilt GBs in Pt–Au alloys. It is revealed that the segregation driving forces are correlated with the large local volume near the GB and the miscibility gap in Pt–Au alloys. At finite temperatures when the configurational entropy is considered, a competition between the chemical driving force and the configurational entropy is responsible for the segregation anisotropy in Pt–Au alloys. The bulk composition has a small effect on the segregation energy but strongly impacts the equilibrium concentration profiles at finite temperatures. The present study provides a theoretical analysis for the segregation anisotropy, and the methodology utilized in this work can be generalized to other binary or multi-component dilute or concentrated alloys while the composition variation is involved.
Nondestructive analysis of threading mixed dislocations in SiC using x-ray topography and birefringence
Authors: Harada Shunta , Matsubara Yasutaka , Hayashi Shohei , Kawase Michio , Seo Keisuke , Mizutani Seiya , Mizutani Yuya , Mizutani Seiji , Murayama Kenta
Published: February 2025

In this study, we combined x-ray topography (XRT) and birefringence imaging to identify the Burgers vectors in threading mixed dislocations (TMDs) in SiC. XRT was utilized to determine the screw components of the Burgers vectors, while the edge components were ascertained using birefringence images obtained by polarized light microscopy. Our analysis, validated against transmission electron microscopy and large-angle convergent beam electron diffraction, provides a novel, nondestructive approach for examining defects in SiC power devices. The results demonstrate a significant advancement in the characterization of TMDs, contributing insights into enhancing the quality and reliability of semiconductor devices. This research paves the way for future developments in SiC technology, highlighting the importance of a detailed dislocation analysis in the field of semiconductor materials.
Applicability of the thermodynamic and mechanical route to Young’s equation for rigid and flexible solids: A molecular dynamics simulations study of a Lennard-Jones system model
Authors: Zhou Fulu , Di Pasquale Nicodemo , Carbone Paola
Published: February 2025

The wetting properties of a liquid in contact with a solid are commonly described by Young’s equation, which defines the relationship between the angle made by a fluid droplet onto the solid surface and the interfacial properties of the different interfaces involved. When modeling such interfacial systems, several assumptions are usually made to determine this angle of contact, such as a completely rigid solid or the use of the tension at the interface instead of the surface free energy. In this work, we perform molecular dynamics simulations of a Lennard-Jones liquid in contact with a Lennard-Jones crystal and compare the contact angles measured from a droplet simulation with those calculated using Young’s equation based on surface free energy or surface stress. We analyze cases where the solid atoms are kept frozen in their positions and where they are allowed to relax and simulate surfaces with different wettability and degrees of softness. Our results show that using either surface free energy or surface stress in Young’s equation leads to similar contact angles but different interfacial properties. We find that the approximation of keeping the solid atoms frozen must be done carefully, especially if the liquid can efficiently pack at the interface. Finally, we show that to correctly reproduce the measured contact angles when the solid becomes soft, the quantity to be used in Young’s equation is the surface free energy only and that the error committed in using the surface stress becomes larger as the softness of the solid increases.
Flow and thrust vectoring characteristics of underwater high-speed gas jet
Authors: Zhang Shaoqian , Bao Wenchun , Feng Shichao , Xu Hao , Sun Tiezhi
Published: February 2025

When utilizing high-speed gas jet for the propulsion of underwater vehicles, complex flow phenomena such as ventilated cavitation, bubble expansion, and contraction are formed, along with corresponding complex thrust characteristics. In this paper, an experimental study was conducted on the thrust and flow field evolution characteristics of vector-deflected high-speed gas jets produced by a Laval nozzle under co-flow conditions. Under the experimental conditions of this study, the venting position of the pulsating foam tail cavity shifts with the increase in the nozzle vector angle θ. The axial component of thrust exhibits a noticeable loss as the vector angle θ increases, and its oscillation is correlated with the pressure pulsation of the tail cavity. The nozzle thrust vector angle operates within an optimal range, with the lateral force peaking at θ = 6°. Beyond this angle, the lateral force diminishes as θ progresses further. The amplitude of the lateral force is related to the vent channel, with unobstructed channels corresponding to the peak values of the lateral force. This paper can provide a reference for the design of vector jet propulsion systems for underwater vehicles. The unique phenomena and patterns of underwater vector jets revealed through experiments lay the foundation and offer insights for more in-depth mechanistic studies.
New novel solitonic-like solutions describing two dimensional Schrödinger equation with source term
Authors: Alhazmi Hadil , Bajri Sanaa A. , El-Shewy E. K. , Abdelrahman Mahmoud A. E.
Published: February 2025

In this study, we used the Riccati–Bernoulli technique to generate new solitary structures for the model of the nonlinear two-dimensional Schrödinger equation (NTDNLSE) with a source term. These structures included rational, periodic, solitary, explosive, dissipative, and blow-up solitons. To demonstrate the shape of the obtained solutions for suitable free parameter values, a few 2D and 3D charts are displayed. The dynamical and phase portrait behaviors with the aid of model parameters controlled the type of obtained NTDNLSE solitary solutions. The properties of NTDNLSE structure solutions that depend on the Kerr, drift, and dispersion have been investigated. Many fluid and space plasma applications depend on the dynamical behaviors of these solutions. The results show how straightforward and quick this method is for constructing elaborate nonlinear wave patterns and rich exact solutions to nonlinear equations in mathematical physics.
Flow control by traveling wave surface actuations
Authors: Ogunka U. E. , Olivett A. , Akbarzadeh A. M. , Bhayadia A. , Karami M. A. , Borazjani I.
Published: February 2025

Traveling waves, employed by aquatic animals to propel themselves, have served as inspiration for the development of a novel, energy-efficient flow control technique, which utilizes surface actuations in the form of traveling waves. The utility and efficacy of this novel technique is demonstrated by complementary wind tunnel experiments and simulations. The traveling waves were generated on the suction side of the airfoil using multiple piezoelectric actuators. The measured lift force showed hysteresis loops, and the traveling wave actuations increased the stall angle relative to the unactuated airfoil in the upper, i.e., increasing angle of attack (AOA), branch of the hysteresis loop. The corresponding wall-resolved large eddy simulations (LES) with a sharp interface curvilinear immersed boundary (CurvIB) method, in which the airfoil's surface motion was prescribed from measurements, were validated against the lift measurements and captured their hysteresis loops. LES-CurvIB results confirmed that the higher and lower lift in the actuated and unactuated airfoils in the upper and lower branches of the hysteresis loop was due to attached and separated flow, respectively. Although the traveling waves keep the flow attached and delay stall to a higher AOA, the hysteresis loop indicates that the tested traveling waves might not be able to reattach an already separated flow. To reattach a fully separated flow and improve lift recovery, LES-CurvIB simulations initialized from a fully separated flow suggest these avenues for future design of traveling waves: (a) increasing the wave amplitude and (b) keeping the actuation frequency within the bounds of vortex shedding frequency from the leading edge of unactuated airfoil.
A new composite neural network with spatiotemporal features extraction capability for unsteady flow fields predictions
Authors: Cheng Xu , Liu Zhengxian , Li Xiaojian
Published: February 2025

Artificial intelligence based on neural network technology has provided innovative methods for predicting unsteady flow fields. However, both purely data-driven and single physics-driven methods can only perform short-term predictions for unsteady flow fields and are unable to achieve medium- to long-term predictions. A composite neural network CNN-GRU-PINN (CGPINN) is proposed by combining convolutional neural network (CNN), gated recurrent unit (GRU), and physics-informed neural network (PINN). CNN and GRU are used to learn the spatial and temporal characteristics of unsteady flows, respectively. PINN is adopted to constrain flow field prediction data according to physical laws. The flow around a circular cylinder is employed to verify the medium- and long-term prediction performances of the CGPINN. The test results show that compared to PINN, the reconstruction accuracy of the CGPINN is improved by about 86.10% on average, and the prediction accuracy is improved by about 96.18%. Compared to pure data-driven approaches, the prediction accuracy of the CGPINN is improved by an average of 65.71%. Additionally, CGPINN exhibits better robustness, demonstrating insensitivity to variations in sample size and noise levels, thereby ensuring stable and reliable performances across diverse data conditions. This study has provided a more accurate and robust method for the reconstruction and prediction of unsteady flow fields.
Effect of electric field on droplet formation in a co-flow microchannel
Authors: Wang Dongbao , Chagot Loïc , Wang Junfeng , Angeli Panagiota
Published: February 2025

The present study investigated experimentally the effect of electric field on droplet formation process in a co-flow microchannel. A silicone oil (viscosity of 4.6 mPa · s) and an aqueous solution (mixture of 52% w/w water–glycerol) were used as the continuous and dispersed phases, respectively, while the applied voltage varied from 0 kV to 10 kV. It was found that both electric field and flow rates of the two phases affected the droplet formation process. When no electric field was utilized, the droplet size decreased with increasing continuous phase flow rate while the formation time decreased with increasing dispersed phase flow rate. When an electric field was applied, both the droplet size and formation time decreased with increasing voltage. Three droplet formation patterns, namely squeezing, dripping, and jetting, were identified. Under the effect of electric field, the range of flow rates where the squeezing pattern appeared reduced. The droplet size was related to the electric Bond number and the flow rate ratio of the continuous phase to the total flow rate with exponents that depended on whether the electric field affected the droplet formation process. A flow pattern map with phase flow rate ratio and electric Bond number as coordinates was also built.
Multi-scale boundary-enhanced diffusion network for high-resolution sea surface height reconstruction
Authors: Li Xiaowei , Tao Na , Zhang Dan , Liu Wenhu , Peng Yan , Cao Yong , Chen Yaoran
Published: February 2025

Accurately reconstructing information-rich high-resolution sea surface height (SSH) from low-resolution SSH data has long been a critical challenge in oceanography. Despite significant advances in generative methods, most existing approaches fail to adequately capture the multi-scale nature of oceanic phenomena and struggle to resolve high-frequency features such as small-scale vortices and boundary currents, particularly at high sampling factors. To address these challenges, we propose a multi-scale boundary-enhanced diffusion network (MBD-Net) for SSH super-resolution. The key innovation of our method lies in the design of the contextual squeeze and excitation pyramid pooling module, which efficiently captures local and global contextual information across multiple scales, enabling the model accurate reconstruction of fine-scale structures while preserving large-scale oceanic patterns. Additionally, we propose the boundary enhanced channel attention block, which improves the model's sensitivity to high-frequency details (particularly around complex vortex boundaries) while strengthen its robustness by mitigating noise as well. Experimental evaluations show that MBD-Net outperforms existing methods, achieving average structural similarity indexes of 0.983 for 4× and 0.962 for 8× super-resolution across multiple ocean regions. These results demonstrate the effectiveness and versatility of MBD-Net, establishing it as a promising tool for high-fidelity SSH reconstruction in ocean environment.
The flow characteristics of cavitation water jets with different nozzle structures
Authors: Wu Wei , Xu Yan , Yin Zhong , Yan Yuejuan , Zhang Jinglong , Wang Zunce , Li Sen
Published: February 2025

A new type of self-excited oscillating cavitation nozzle was proposed, and numerical simulations of the self-excited oscillating nozzle (SEON), organ pipe nozzle (OPN), and column nozzle (CN) were carried out by using the large eddy simulation model and Zwart–Gerber–Belamri (ZGB) cavitation model in this work. The attached-wall flow mechanism of automatic switching in the cavity of the oscillating cavitation nozzle was revealed, and significant differences in the jet mixing capacity and jet impact characteristics of different nozzle structures were found. When the inlet pressure is lower than 10 MPa, the SEON nozzle shows better impact characteristics than the traditional OPN and CN jet nozzles. However, the OPN has the highest peak velocity at the axial point, and the radial kinetic energy dissipation is less; As the jet develops downstream, the SEON structure has a high intensity of streamwise vortex and a large area of spanwise vortex disturbance, while the OPN and CN nozzles show a more centralized vortex structure and the cavitation cloud morphology. Energy coherent structures of larger size were obtained by dynamic modal decomposition, indicating that the SEON nozzle produces better cavitation and dispersion. This study aims to provide guidance for the selection of jet nozzles with different performance parameters in various engineering fields.
Characteristics of inclined negatively buoyant jet of dense gas leakage
Authors: Ma Yuanqing , Li Angui , Wang Tianqi , Che Jigang , Yang Changqing , Zhang Xuan , Wu Dingmeng
Published: February 2025

Many industrial products generate or utilize toxic gases. Once a dense gas leak occurs, hazardous gases with negatively buoyant tend to accumulate in areas of human activity. The investigation on characteristics of inclined negatively buoyant jet (INBJ) of dense gas leakage can contribute to hazard assessment and effective elimination. This study explores the characteristics of dense gas leaks from inclined sources on the basis of high-speed schlieren imaging experiment and large eddy simulation. Two dense gases, carbon dioxide (CO2) and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), were selected as pollutants. The results suggest that the characteristics of INBJ are primarily influenced by jet discharge angle and the densimetric Froude number, including the rise height, distance, and dilution ratio of the terminal and return points. The gas leakage with θ = 60° has the maximum dilution ratio, whereas the maximum distance of the return point is achieved at θ = 45°. A model is proposed to estimate the terminal rise height and distance of INBJ based on dimensional analysis. Finally, the semi-empirical formulas of the velocity distribution and dilution ratio were obtained. The reduced gravity of INBJ decreases exponentially from the source to the return point, while the X component of velocity decreases as a logistic function and the Z component of velocity decreases as a linear function. The findings of this study can contribute to the monitoring and assessing the impact of dense gas leakage.
Numerical investigation of aerodynamic characteristics and interference of parabolic trough solar collector
Authors: Zhang Dongqin , Liu Zhenqing , Yang Minglong
Published: February 2025

Parabolic trough solar collectors (PTSCs) are a cornerstone technology in solar thermal power plants, contributing significantly to renewable electricity generation. This study investigates the aerodynamic characteristics and interference effects of PTSCs using the shear stress transport k−ω turbulent model. Key aerodynamic parameters, including drag force, lift force, and rolling moment, are analyzed, revealing that the aerodynamic loads on an array of six collectors at a 0° pitch angle are 23.36%, 115.53%, and 97.44% larger, respectively, compared to a single collector. This underscores the underestimation of aerodynamic forces when evaluated for individual collectors. The study also examines the variation in aerodynamic forces across different pitch angles, finding the largest discrepancies at a 150° pitch angle with a maximum relative error of 30.11%, and the smallest at 90°, with a minimum error of 11.43%. These differences are attributed to aerodynamic interference between adjacent collectors. Finally, the results suggest that a row of six collectors provides a reliable representation of the aerodynamic behavior and loadings for PTSC arrays. The findings highlight the need for accurate aerodynamic simulations to ensure the safety and efficiency of PTSCs under varying wind conditions.
Sodium heat pipe startup and non-condensable gas interactions
Authors: Kim Hansol , Seo Joseph , Hassan Yassin A. , Moon Chan , Jeong Subin , Melsheimer Trevor
Published: February 2025

This study investigates the startup behavior of sodium heat pipes, focusing on how different startup methods, the presence of non-condensable gases (NCGs), and flow instabilities near the mixing layer affect thermal performance and operational stability. Four startup methods were evaluated, ranging from slow, incremental power increases to rapid, one-step power applications. Thermal instabilities were observed to emerge at a critical power of 50.43 W, corresponding to an operating temperature of 340 °C. Slow startups initiated below this threshold enabled a gradual displacement of NCGs toward the condenser, resulting in a uniform temperature distribution and extended effective heat transfer lengths. At 200 W, the effective length exceeded 800 mm in slow startups, whereas rapid startups showed shorter lengths due to mixing at the vapor-NCG interface. At 1000 W, rapid startups exhibit significant portions of the heat pipe remaining below the sodium melting point of 97.8 °C, particularly near the condenser. This occurs due to incomplete displacement of NCGs during the initial phase of startup, leading to uneven temperature distributions and inactive regions. The abrupt vaporization of sodium causes unstable flow patterns that prevent the vapor from fully engaging the condenser region. Slow startups, by contrast, gradually transition the entire pipe into operation, minimizing inactive regions and maintaining a more uniform temperature profile. These results underscore the need to manage startup rates carefully, especially at higher power levels, to ensure complete activation of the heat pipe. The results validate a theoretical model treating the flow near the mixing layer as compressible in time and incompressible in space. This approach successfully modeled the interface dynamics and instability mechanisms caused by rapid interactions between sodium vapor and NCGs. The findings demonstrate that gradual power increases are shown to maximize thermal performance and operational stability. Future research should refine startup methodologies, develop strategies to mitigate instabilities, and improve the interaction between sodium vapor and NCGs for high-temperature applications. This study provides critical insights into optimizing sodium heat pipe performance in high-temperature applications, particularly for advanced nuclear reactors and other demanding thermal management systems.
Green, efficient, and controllable preparation of In2O3 uniformly modified MoS2 nanoflowers for methanol detection
Authors: Yin Li , Yu Tengbiao , Guo Wantao , Liu Jinrui , Song Hongyue , He Hui , Lin Yongxing
Published: February 2025

In2O3 uniformly modified MoS2 (In2O3/MoS2) nanoflowers were synthesized via a green, efficient, and controllable normal-pressure microwave-assisted route and a subsequent calcination process, using MoS2 nanoflowers as substrates. The In2O3/MoS2 nanoflower is composed of extremely thin MoS2 nanosheets, among which In2O3 nanoparticles are uniformly attached to the MoS2 nanosheets. Numerous p–n heterojunctions and oxygen vacancies are present on the surfaces of the In2O3/MoS2 nanoflowers. The In2O3/MoS2 composites exhibited high sensitivity and selectivity, along with rapid response and recovery to methanol vapor at 240 °C. The In2O3/MoS2 nanoflower sensors exhibit rapid response and recovery rates toward methanol, particularly notable with a recovery time of only 15 s for 100 ppm methanol. The In2O3/MoS2 sensors also demonstrate excellent stability and reproducibility, with a remarkable selectivity toward methanol. This research presents a promising approach for the future design and preparation of In2O3/MoS2 composite for methanol detection.
G-quadruplexes catalyze protein folding by reshaping the energetic landscape
Authors: Huang Zijue , Ghosh Kingshuk , Stull Frederick , Horowitz Scott
Published: February 2025

Many proteins have slow folding times in vitro that are physiologically untenable. To combat this challenge, ATP-dependent chaperonins are thought to possess the unique ability to catalyze protein folding. Performing quantitative model selection using protein folding and unfolding data, we here show that short nucleic acids containing G-quadruplex (G4) structure can also catalyze protein folding. Performing the experiments as a function of temperature demonstrates that the G4 reshapes the underlying driving forces of protein folding. As short nucleic acids can catalyze protein folding without the input of ATP, the ability of the cell to fold proteins is far higher than previously anticipated.
“Mij dodte, mij loppe, in mijn lande”
Authors: Bøegh Kristoffer Friis , Parkvall Mikael , Bakker Peter
Published: February 2025

A 1681 letter written by Jørgen Iversen (1638–1682), the first governor of Danish St. Thomas, unearthed from the
Danish National Archives, contains a quote in incipient Virgin Islands Dutch Creole (VIDC). The quote, Mij dodte, mij
loppe, in mijn lande, lit. ‘I die/dead, I go, in my country’ (free translation: ‘If/when I die, I will go back to my
own country’), predates other early VIDC sources by over half a century. This finding shows that a Dutch-related contact variety
was in use on St. Thomas a mere decade after the island’s colonization in 1672. Assessing historical-demographic evidence
alongside the linguistic evidence, the most plausible scenario, we argue, is one in which VIDC formed locally on St. Thomas rather
than having been imported before the 1680s. The quote is among the earliest fragments of a European-lexifier contact language in
the Caribbean, and among the earliest in any Dutch-related contact language.
Orthographic uncertainty
Authors: Westbury Chris , Yang Michelle
Published: February 2025

Measures of orthographic typicality have long been studied as
predictors of lexical access. The best-known orthographic typicality measure is
orthographic neighbourhood size (Coltheart’s
N or ON), the number of words that are one letter
different, by substitution, from the target word. A more recent related measure
of orthographic typicality is orthographic Levenshtein distance 20
(OLD20), the average Levenshtein orthographic edit distance
of a target word from its 20 closest neighbours (Yarkoni, Balota, and Yap, 2008). Both measures have
been implicated in lexical access. In this paper, we propose and assess a family
of measures of word form similarity we call orthographic
uncertainty. These measures are based on Shannon entropy (Shannon, 1948), which has a long
history of being considered psychologically relevant. Orthographic uncertainty
measures are superior to ON and OLD20 at predicting lexical decision and naming
reaction times and accuracies. They are also superior to the older measures
insofar as they are naturally tied to the widely-accepted quantification using
Shannon Entropy of the psychological functions of familiarity, uncertainty,
learnability, and representational and computational efficiency.