bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diversity gradients and phylogeographic patterns in Santiria trimera (Burseraceae), a widespread African tree typical of mature rainforests
Authors: Koffi K. Guillaume , Hardy Olivier J. , Doumenge Charles , Cruaud Corinne , Heuertz Myriam
Published: January 2011

• Premise of the study: New insights into the history of the African rainforest can be gathered from the phylogeographic structures of their constituent species, but few studies have been performed in this ecosystem. We studied the phylogeographic structure of Santiria trimera, a primate‐ and bird‐dispersed, dioecious tree typical of mature African rainforests.

• Methods: We sequenced three chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) regions (trnL‐F, rbcL, and rpl36‐infA‐rps8) in 377 individuals from 42 populations.

• Results: Sequence chromatograms regularly displayed double peaks of unequal heights. Cloning of PCR products and sequencing of outgroup taxa led to assigning the taller peak in ambiguous sequence positions to cpDNA. A total of 14 polymorphic cpDNA sites and 12 haplotypes were detected. Populations from three distinct biogeographic regions, namely, Upper Guinea, Lower Guinea, and the volcanic island of São Tomé, did not share any haplotype, indicating allopatric divergence. In Lower Guinea, Gabonese forests had high diversity mainly from the sympatry of two genetically divergent morphotypes, whereas forests of eastern Cameroon were less diversified. The two haplotypes of the morphotype without stilt roots were distributed north and south of the Ogooué River, suggesting refuges on both sides of the river bed.

• Conclusions: The divergence between Upper and Lower Guinean rainforests is explained by the discontinuity of forest between those regions throughout most of the Quaternary. The distribution of rare endemic haplotypes concurred with proposed Pleistocene rainforest refuges in west and southwest Cameroon. Overall, phylogeographic structure is consistent with the biogeographic hypotheses largely based on patterns of species diversity.
Tools and Algorithms to Link Horizontal Hydrologic and Vertical Hydrodynamic Models and Provide a Stochastic Modeling Framework
Authors: Salah Ahmad M , Nelson E James , Williams Gustavious P
Published: January 2011

We present algorithms and tools we developed to automatically link an overland flow model to a hydrodynamic water quality model with different spatial and temporal discretizations. These tools run the linked models which provide a stochastic simulation frame. We also briefly present the tools and algorithms we developed to facilitate and analyze stochastic simulations of the linked models. We demonstrate the algorithms by linking the Gridded Surface Subsurface Hydrologic Analysis (GSSHA) model for overland flow with the CE‐QUAL‐W2 model for water quality and reservoir hydrodynamics. GSSHA uses a two‐dimensional horizontal grid while CE‐QUAL‐W2 uses a two‐dimensional vertical grid. We implemented the algorithms and tools in the Watershed Modeling System (WMS) which allows modelers to easily create and use models. The algorithms are general and could be used for other models. Our tools create and analyze stochastic simulations to help understand uncertainty in the model application. While a number of examples of linked models exist, the ability to perform automatic, unassisted linking is a step forward and provides the framework to easily implement stochastic modeling studies.
Atmospheric Dynamics of Earth‐Like Tidally Locked Aquaplanets
Authors: Merlis Timothy M , Schneider Tapio
Published: January 2011

We present simulations of atmospheres of Earth‐like aquaplanets that are tidally locked to their star, that is, planets whose orbital period is equal to the rotation period about their spin axis, so that one side always faces the star and the other side is always dark. Such simulations are of interest in the study of tidally locked terrestrial exoplanets and as illustrations of how planetary rotation and the insolation distribution shape climate. As extreme cases illustrating the effects of slow and rapid rotation, we consider planets with rotation periods equal to one current Earth year and one current Earth day. The dynamics responsible for the surface climate (e.g., winds, temperature, precipitation) and the general circulation of the atmosphere are discussed in light of existing theories of atmospheric circulations. For example, as expected from the increasing importance of Coriolis accelerations relative to inertial accelerations as the rotation rate increases, the winds are approximately isotropic and divergent at leading order in the slowly rotating atmosphere but are predominantly zonal and rotational in the rapidly rotating atmosphere. Free‐atmospheric horizontal temperature variations in the slowly rotating atmosphere are generally weaker than in the rapidly rotating atmosphere. Interestingly, the surface temperature on the night side of the planets does not fall below ∼240 K in either the rapidly or slowly rotating atmosphere; that is, heat transport from the day side to the night side of the planets efficiently reduces temperature contrasts in either case. Rotational waves and eddies shape the distribution of winds, temperature, and precipitation in the rapidly rotating atmosphere; in the slowly rotating atmosphere, these distributions are controlled by simpler divergent circulations. Both the slowly and rapidly rotating atmospheres exhibit equatorial superrotation. Systematic variation of the planetary rotation rate shows that the equatorial superrotation varies non‐monotonically with rotation rate, whereas the surface temperature contrast between the day side and the night side does not vary strongly with changes in rotation rate.
Slow Manifolds and Multiple Equilibria in Stratocumulus‐Capped Boundary Layers
Authors: Bretherton Christopher S , Uchida Junya , Blossey Peter N
Published: January 2011

In marine stratocumulus‐capped boundary layers under strong inversions, the timescale for thermodynamic adjustment is roughly a day, much shorter than the multiday timescale for inversion height adjustment. Slow‐manifold analysis is introduced to exploit this timescale separation when boundary layer air columns experience only slow changes in their boundary conditions. Its essence is that the thermodynamic structure of the boundary layer remains approximately slaved to its inversion height and the instantaneous boundary conditions; this slaved structure determines the entrainment rate and hence the slow evolution of the inversion height and can be regarded as a one‐dimensional slow manifold. Slow‐manifold analysis is applied to mixed‐layer model and large‐eddy simulations of an idealized nocturnal stratocumulus‐capped boundary layer. Both models are found to have multiple equilibria; depending on the initial inversion height, the simulations slowly evolve toward a shallow thin‐cloud boundary layer or a deep, well‐mixed thick cloud boundary layer. In the mixed‐layer model, this can be described using a single slow manifold bifurcated by an unstable equilibrium inversion height which separates a branch that evolves toward a deep steady state from a branch which shallows indefinitely. In the large‐eddy simulations, there are two separate slow manifolds (one of which becomes unstable if cloud droplet concentration is reduced). On one, the boundary layer is well‐mixed and deepens to a thick‐cloud steady state. On the other, the boundary layer is decoupled and shallows to a thin‐cloud steady state. If the initial inversion height supports an optically thick but nearly nondrizzling cloud, it evolves onto the well‐mixed manifold; if the initial cloud layer is either too thin to efficiently radiatively cool, or thick enough to heavily drizzle, it evolves onto the decoupled manifold. Applications to analysis of stratocumulus observations and to pockets of open cells and ship tracks are proposed.
Rotated Versions of the Jablonowski Steady‐State and Baroclinic Wave Test Cases: A Dynamical Core Intercomparison
Authors: Lauritzen Peter H. , Jablonowski Christiane , Taylor Mark A. , Nair Ramachandran D.
Published: January 2011

The Jablonowski test case is widely used for debugging and evaluating the numerical characteristics of global dynamical cores that describe the fluid dynamics component of Atmospheric General Circulation Models. The test is defined in terms of a steady‐state solution to the equations of motion and an overlaid perturbation that triggers a baroclinically unstable wave. The steady‐state initial conditions are zonally symmetric. Therefore, the test case design has the potential to favor models that are built upon regular latitude‐longitude or Gaussian grids. Here we suggest rotating the computational grid so that the balanced flow is no longer aligned with the computational grid latitudes. Ideally the simulations should be invariant under rotation of the computational grid. Note that the test case only requires an adjustment of the Coriolis parameter in the model code. The rotated test case has been exercised by six dynamical cores. In addition, two of the models have been tested with different vertical coordinates resulting in a total of eight model variants. The models are built with different computational grids (regular latitude‐longitude, cubed‐sphere, icosahedral hexagonal/triangular) and use very different numerical schemes. The test‐case is a useful tool for debugging, assessing the degree of anisotropy in the numerical methods and grids, and evaluating the numerical treatment of the pole points since the rotated test case directs the flow directly over the geographical poles. Special treatments such as polar filters are therefore more exposed in this rotated test case.
Image as Text. Aspects of the shared visual language of scientific conference participants
Authors: Rowley-Jolivet Elizabeth
Published: January 2011

La sémiotique visuelle joue un rôle important d’une manière générale en science et particulièrement dans le genre ésotérique de la communication orale de congrès. Compte tenu de la quantité impressionnante de documents visuels (diapositives et transparents) projetés lors des communications, il est impératif pour les membres de l’auditoire d’être des lecteurs experts du langage visuel de leur spécialité. Cet article examine six aspects, ou strates, des connaissances visuelles partagées de l’auditoire dans trois domaines (géologie, médecine, physique). Les données comprennent plus de 2 000 visuels projetés lors de quatre-vingt-dix communications dans des congrès internationaux récents. Il apparaît que, dans le contexte de communication du congrès scientifique international, ce langage visuel partagé permet aux chercheurs présents de lire les “images” comme un “texte”.
Advanced small cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix treated by neoadjuvant chemotherapy with irinotecan and cisplatin followed by radical surgery
Authors: Nasu Kaei , Hirakawa Tomoko , Okamoto Mamiko , Nishida Masakazu , Kiyoshima Chihiro , Matsumoto Harunobu , Takai Noriyuki , Narahara Hisashi
Published: January 2011

Small cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix is a rare form of cervical cancer characterized by extreme aggressiveness and poor prognosis because of its rapid growth, frequent distant metastases, and resistance to conventional treatment modalities. We report here a case of advanced-stage small cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix treated by neoadjuvant chemotherapy, followed by radical surgery, resulting in locoregional disease control. A 39-year-old Japanese woman was diagnosed as having stage IIIb small cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix. She was treated by neoadjuvant chemotherapy with irinotecan/cisplatin, followed by extended radical hysterectomy with pelvic and paraaortic lymphadenectomy. The patient was further treated by adjuvant chemotherapy with irinotecan/cisplatin. Intrapelvic recurrence has not been detected throughout the postoperative course. However, the patient died with distant metastases of the disease, 27 months following the initial treatment. It has been suggested that neoadjuvant chemotherapy therapy followed by radical surgery is a treatment option for advanced-stage small cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix for the locoregional disease control. Further studies are necessary to obtain information regarding multimodal treatment including sequence, duration, frequency, and type of effective chemotherapy agents to be used in the treatment of small cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix.
Radiation of European Eubosmina (Cladocera) from Bosmina(E.) longispina—concordance of multipopulation molecular data with paleolimnology
Authors: Faustova Markéta , Sacherovà Veronika , Svensson Jan-Erik , Taylor Derek J.
Published: January 2011

We investigated the evolutionary radiation of a freshwater zooplankter that possesses a mixed breeding system and a detailed, dated, subfossil record. We estimated the phylogenetic relationships among the proposed species with complete nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase subunit 2 mitochondrial gene sequence variation. We sequenced 374 Eubosmina specimens representing 10 out of 11 distinct morphospecies from 86 water bodies in three separate Holarctic regions. As expected for a Holocene radiation, there was a lack of monophyly for the proposed species and rare sharing of derived haplotypes among some species. Nevertheless, the proposed species exhibited little or no sharing of mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid haplotypes. Moreover, the phylogenetic and haplotype network results revealed a radiation pattern that is concordant with the subfossil record—with an older Bosmina (E.) longispina radiating into several new forms. Our results bolster the subfossil, morphometric, experimental, and within‐population genetic evidence that B. (E.) longispina has radiated into several incipient species during the Holocene.
Can copepods be limited by the iron content of their food?
Authors: Chen Xi , Baines Stephen B. , Fisher Nicholas S.
Published: January 2011

In laboratory experiments, we show that naupliar survival and egg production by the copepod Acartia tonsa was significantly lower when they were fed iron‐depleted algal cells than when they were fed a diet of Fe‐replete cells that had two orders of magnitude higher Fe levels. Naupliar survival after 1 week was reduced from 60% for copepods feeding on Fe‐replete diatoms (Thalassiosira oceanica) to 0% for those feeding on Fe‐depleted cells. The decline of egg production rate was greatest (83%) when T. oceanica was used as prey and smaller (20–30%) when the cryptophyte Rhodomonas salina and the prymnesiophyte Isochrysis galbana were used as food. The assimilation rates of Fe and C from Fe‐replete and Fe‐depleted algae were determined using radioisotopes. Egg production was hyperbolically dependent on the Fe assimilation rate (r2=0.71). The effect of Fe on copepod reproduction rates could not be explained by changes in ingestion rate and the rate of carbon assimilated, because there was no significant difference of ingestion rate and C assimilation between Fe‐replete and Fe‐depleted treatments. Iron might limit zooplankton productivity in high‐nutrient, low‐chlorophyll regions.
Evaluation of groundwater discharge into small lakes based on the temporal distribution of radon‐222
Authors: Dimova Natasha T. , Burnett William C.
Published: January 2011

In order to evaluate groundwater discharge into small lakes we constructed a model that is based on the budget of 222Rn (radon, t1/2=3.8 d) as a tracer. The main assumptions in our model are that the lake's waters are well‐mixed horizontally and vertically; the only significant 222Rn source is via groundwater discharge; and the only losses are due to decay and atmospheric evasion. In order to evaluate the groundwater‐derived 222Rn flux, we monitored the 222Rn concentration in lake water over periods long enough (usually 1–3 d) to observe changes likely caused by variations in atmospheric exchange (primarily a function of wind speed and temperature). We then attempt to reproduce the observed record by accounting for decay and atmospheric losses and by estimating the total 222Rn input flux using an iterative approach. Our methodology was tested in two lakes in central Florida: one of which is thought to have significant groundwater inputs (Lake Haines) and another that is known not to have any groundwater inflows but requires daily groundwater augmentation from a deep aquifer (Round Lake). Model results were consistent with independent seepage meter data at both Lake Haines (positive seepage of ∼ 1.6 × 104 m3 d−1 in Mar 2008) and at Round Lake (no net groundwater seepage)
The chemical development of a hypersaline coastal basin in the High Arctic
Authors: Dugan Hilary A. , Lamoureux Scott F.
Published: January 2011

We investigated a hypersaline, seasonally isolated marine basin (SIMB) in the Canadian High Arctic to elucidate the role of brine rejection, tidal forcing, and groundwater input over the formation of hypersalinity. Analyses of physical parameters and seasonal sampling of ionic and isotopic composition were carried out on a coastal basin near Shellabear Point, Melville Island, Northwest Territories (75°N, 113°W). Observations reveal daily and seasonal variability in the water column due to a seasonal tidal connection during the ice‐free season, which lasts substantially longer than the period of freshwater inflow from the catchment. An ice formation model of the volume of brine rejected from surface ice formed from marine water indicates that rapid saline enrichment of the basin due to ice formation is possible from tidally replenished marine water, and that the current hypersalinity may have formed in less than a decade. Modeled isotopic composition of brines are consistent with observations and provide an alternative to freshwater isotopic dilution suggested by other workers. A tidal connection is a critical consideration in lake evolution, and many hypersaline polar lakes could have developed their current chemical composition before full marine isolation. By contrast, in some coastal lakes, marine stratification caused by ice shelves before isolation provides a setting for minimal brine formation and subsequent meromictic conditions to develop. Hence, the marine setting at the time of isolation represents a key factor in explaining divergent lake chemical evolution in the High Arctic.
Partying and Cocooning? No Paradox for Mayoral Recruitment in Belgium
Authors: Steyvers Kristof , Reynaert Herwig , Block Thomas , Verhelst Tom
Published: January 2011

This paper studies the role of partisanship in the road to the Belgian mayoralty. It confirms the expectation that most mayors have quite extensive party records prior to coming to office. Although different degrees of partisanship are thus relative, they tend to sort both internal and external effects. Mayors with a highly partisan background give a more active interpretation of their initial recruitment and get a head start in their political career. They also more frequently come from families that are deeply engaged in politics. In addition, they combine their own partisan experience with additional recruitment apprenticeships. Having

held a function in a party and having experienced extensive party support make mayoral orientations more partisan in terms of task importance and exchange of views with party leaders.

KEYWORDS: • local government • mayor • mayoral recruitment • local party system • Belgium
Building Capacity for Sustainability: Strategic Planning Processes for Local Sustainable Development Practices in Western Balkan
Authors: Milutinovic Slobodan , Jolovic Ana
Published: January 2011

Municipalities on the Western Balkan have made significant progress in their strategic approach to local development after 2000. A number of municipalities have already developed and implemented strategic plans for local sustainable development. However, differences in capacities, management skills and motivation among local governments are easy to observe. The lack of substantial decentralization efforts, low internal capacity in municipalities, overlapping jurisdictions between central and local levels, a culture of non-participation and an unfavorable economic environment jeopardize the success of local development efforts. This paper analyzes local sustainable development planning processes and

practices in three Western Balkan countries (Serbia, Montenegro and Bosnia - Herzegovina) by using the Drina River Basin as a case study.

KEYWORDS: • sustainable development • local community • Western Balkan • Serbia • Montenegro • Bosnia -Herzegovina
Reducing Administrative Burdens as Part of the »Better Regulation« Programme – the Case of Slovenia
Authors: Virant Gregor , Kovač Polona
Published: January 2011

The reduction of administrative burdens is an essential component of the Better Regulation programme in almost all EU Member States. The first part of the paper presents the BR programme as an attempt to modernise public administration, and it tries to define what good regulation means in accordance with various substantive and formal standards. It also describes the principles and standards of good regulation, together with the tools to achieve it. The following is a general and Slovenia-specific presentation of the removal of administrative burdens and barriers in terms of procedure simplification and deregulation (with particular emphasis on differences between process optimisation and deregulation), highlighting innovative solutions. The results, impacts, and shortcomings presented here are critically evaluated as a basis for further research.

KEYWORDS: • better regulation • reduction of administrative burdens/barriers • EU • Slovenia • regulation quality • principles • standards • tools
Radon activity in the lower troposphere and its impact on ionization rate: a global estimate using different radon emissions
Authors: Zhang K. , Feichter J. , Kazil J. , Wan H. , Zhuo W. , Griffiths A. D. , Sartorius H. , Zahorowski W. , Ramonet M. , Schmidt M. , Yver C. , Neubert R. E. M. , Brunke E.-G.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. The radioactive decay of radon and its progeny can lead to ionization of air molecules and consequently influence aerosol size distribution. In order to provide a global estimate of the radon-related ionization rate, we use the global atmospheric model ECHAM5 to simulate transport and decay processes of the radioactive tracers. A global radon emission map is put together using regional fluxes reported recently in the literature. The near-surface radon concentrations simulated with this new map compare well with measurements. Radon-related ionization rate is calculated and compared to that caused by cosmic rays. The contribution of radon and its progeny clearly exceeds that of the cosmic rays in the mid- and low-latitude land areas in the surface layer. In winter, strong radon-related ionization coincides with low temperature in China, USA, and Russia, providing favorable condition for the formation of aerosol particles. This suggests that it is probably useful to include the radon-induced ionization in global models when investigating the interaction between aerosol and climate.
Results from the first national UK inter-laboratory calibration for very short-lived halocarbons
Authors: Jones C. E. , Andrews S. J. , Carpenter L. J. , Hogan C. , Hopkins F. E. , Laube J. C. , Robinson A. D. , Spain T. G. , Archer S. D. , Harris N. R. P. , Nightingale P. D. , O'Doherty S. J. , Oram D. E. , Pyle J. A. , Butler J. H. , Hall B. D.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. Very short-lived halocarbons (VSLH) such as CH3I, CH2Br2 and CHBr3 provide an important source of reactive halogens to the atmosphere, however high spatial and seasonal variability in their ambient mixing ratios and sea-air fluxes gives rise to considerable uncertainty in global scale emission estimates. One solution to improve global flux estimates is to combine the multitude of individually published datasets to produce a database of collated global halocarbon observations. Some progress towards this has already been achieved through the HalOcAt (Halocarbons in the Ocean and Atmosphere) database initiative, however the absence of a common calibration scale for very short-lived halocarbons makes it difficult to distinguish true environmental variations from artefacts arising from differences between calibration methodologies. As such, the lack of inter-calibrations for both air and seawater measurements of very short-lived halocarbons has been identified as a major limitation to current estimations of the global scale impact of these reactive trace gases. Here we present the key findings from the first national UK inter-laboratory comparison for calibrations of the halocarbons CH3I, CH2Br2 and CHBr3. The aim of this inter-calibration was to provide transparency between halocarbon calibrations from major UK research institutions, an important step towards enabling all measurements from these institutions to be treated as one coherent integrated dataset for global source term parameterisations.
Ground-based remote sensing profiling and numerical weather prediction model to manage nuclear power plants meteorological surveillance in Switzerland
Authors: Calpini B. , Ruffieux D. , Bettems J.-M. , Hug C. , Huguenin P. , Isaak H.-P. , Kaufmann P. , Maier O. , Steiner P.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. The meteorological surveillance of the four nuclear power plants in Switzerland is of first importance in a densely populated area such as the Swiss Plateau. The project "Centrales Nucléaires et Météorologie" CN-MET aimed at providing a new security tool based on one hand on the development of a high resolution numerical weather prediction (NWP) model. The latter is providing essential nowcasting information in case of a radioactive release from a nuclear power plant in Switzerland. On the other hand, the model input over the Swiss Plateau is generated by a dedicated network of surface and upper air observations including remote sensing instruments (wind profilers and temperature/humidity passive microwave radiometers). This network is built upon three main sites ideally located for measuring the inflow/outflow and central conditions of the main wind field in the planetary boundary layer over the Swiss Plateau, as well as a number of surface automatic weather stations (AWS). The network data are assimilated in real-time into the fine grid NWP model using a rapid update cycle of eight runs per day (one forecast every 3 h). This high resolution NWP model has replaced the former security tool based on in situ observations (in particular one meteorological mast at each of the power plant) and a local dispersion model. It is used to forecast the dynamics of the atmosphere in the planetary boundary layer (typically the first 4 km above ground layer) and over a time scale of 24 h. This tool provides at any time (e.g. starting at the initial time of a nuclear power plant release) the best picture of the 24-h evolution of air mass over the Swiss Plateau and furthermore generates the input data (in the form of simulated values substituting in situ observations) required for the local dispersion model used at each of the nuclear power plants locations. This paper is presenting the concept and two validation studies as well as the results of an emergency response exercise performed in winter 2009.
Temporal and spatial trends for trace metals in streams and rivers across Sweden (1996–2009)
Authors: Huser B. J. , Köhler S. J. , Wilander A. , Johansson K. , Fölster J.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. Long term data series (1996 through 2009) for trace metals were analyzed from a large number of streams and rivers across Sweden varying in tributary watershed size from 0.05 to 48193 km2. The final data set included 139 stream sites with data for arsenic (As), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and vanadium (V). Between 7% and 46% of the sites analyzed showed significant trends according to the seasonal Kendall test. However, in contrast to previous studies and depositional patterns, a substantial portion of the trends were positive, especially for V (100%), As (95%), and Pb (68%). Other metals (Zn and Cr) generally decreased, were mixed (Ni and Zn), or had very few trends (Co) over the study period. Trends by region were also analyzed and some showed significant variation between the north and south of Sweden. Regional trends for both Cu and Pb were positive (60% and 93%, respectively) in the southern region but strongly negative (93% and 75%, respectively) in the northern region. Kendall's τ coefficients were used to determine dependence between metals and potential in-stream drivers including total organic carbon (TOC), iron (Fe), pH, and sulphate (SO42−). TOC and Fe correlated positively and strongly with As, V, Pb, and Co while pH and SO42−generally correlated weakly, or not at all with the metals studied.
Effects of ozonation and temperature on the biodegradation of natural organic matter in biological granular activated carbon filters
Authors: van der Aa L. T. J. , Rietveld L. C. , van Dijk J. C.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. Four pilot (biological) granular activated carbon ((B)GAC) filters were operated to quantify the effects of ozonation and water temperature on the biodegradation of natural organic matter (NOM) in (B)GAC filters. The removal of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), assimilable organic carbon (AOC) and oxygen and the production of carbon dioxide were taken as indicators for NOM biodegradation. Ozonation stimulated DOC and AOC removal in the BGAC filters, but had no significant effect on oxygen consumption or carbon dioxide production. The temperature had no significant effect on DOC and AOC removal, while it had a positive effect on oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production. Multivariate linear regression was used to quantify these relationships. In summer, the ratio between oxygen consumption and DOC removal was approximately 2 times the theoretical maximum of 2.6 g O2 g C−1 and the ratio between carbon dioxide production and DOC removal was approximately 1.5 times the theoretical maximum of 3.7 g CO2 g C−1. The production and loss of biomass, the degassing of (B)GAC filters, the decrease in the NOM reduction degree and the temperature effects on NOM adsorption could only partly explain these excesses and the non-correlation between DOC and AOC removal and oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production. It was demonstrated that bioregeneration of NOM could explain the excesses and the non-correlation. Therefore, it was likely that bioregeneration of NOM did occur in the (B)GAC pilot filters.
Assimilation of MODIS snow cover area data in a distributed hydrological model
Authors: Thirel G. , Salamon P. , Burek P. , Kalas M.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. Snow is an important component of the water cycle and its estimation in hydrological models is of great importance concerning snow melting flood events simulations and forecasting. The LISFLOOD model is a spatially distributed hydrological model designed at the Joint Research Centre for large European river basins. It is used for a variety of applications including flood forecasting and assessing the effects of land use change and climate change. In order to improve the streamflow simulations of this model, especially with respect to snowmelt induced floods, the assimilation of Snow Cover Area (SCA) has been evaluated in this study. For this purpose daily 420 m-resolution MODIS satellital SCA data have been used, which were then converted in Snow Water Equivalent (SWE) using a Snow Depletion Curve. Tests were performed over the Morava basin, a tributary of the Danube, for a period of almost three years. Two data assimilation techniques, the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF) and the particle filter, were compared, for assimilating the MODIS composites of SCA every seven days. Two approaches were tested, in which the SWE of the model was adjusted either using three altitudinal-based zones or seven sub-basins-based zones. These experiments showed the improvement of the SWE of the model when compared with MODIS-derived snow for both the EnKF and the particle filter. However, on average only the particle filter improved the discharge simulation, because the EnKF imposed too important water balance modifications, which deteriorated the simulation of the discharges during the snow melt periods.
Parameter uncertainty and sensitivity analysis in sediment flux calculation
Authors: Cheviron B. , Delmas M. , Cerdan O. , Mouchel J.-M.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. This paper examines uncertainties in the calculation of annual sediment budgets at the outlet of rivers. Emphasis is put on the sensitivity of power-law rating curves to degradations of the available discharge-concentration data. The main purpose is to determine how predictions arising from usual or modified power laws resist to the infrequence of concentration data and to relative uncertainties affecting source data. This study identifies cases in which the error on the estimated sediment fluxes remains of the same order of magnitude or even inferior to these in source data, provided the number of concentration data is high enough. The exposed mathematical framework allows considering all limitations at once in further detailed investigations. It is applied here to bound the error on sediment budgets for the major French rivers to the sea.
Estimation of future glaciation and runoff in the Tanimas basin, Eastern Pamirs
Authors: Hagg W. , Hoelzle M. , Wagner S. , Klose Z.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. A conceptual hydrological model was set up in the upper Panj catchment, the main tributary of Amu-Darya river. Driven by daily temperature and precipitation, the model reproduced daily hydrographs of Tanimas river at the Rukhk gauging station in a very satisfactory way. Based on two glacier inventories from the mid-20st century (WGI, World Glacier Inventory) and from 2003 (GLIMS, Global Land Ice Measurements from Space), a simple parameterization scheme based on steady state conditions was applied to infer the ice volumes and glacier areas for the two different time periods in the past. Assuming temperature rises of 2.2 °C and 3.1 °C, which mark the extreme values of regional climate scenarios, the same method was used to extrapolate glaciation to the year 2050. The results show that these temperature rises will reduce the current glacier extent of 431 km2 by 36% and 45%, respectively. To assess future changes in water availability, the hydrological model input was modified according to the regional climate scenarios and the resulting glacier changes. The use of an elevation distributed deglaciation pattern is a clear improvement over methods used previously, where the impact on runoff was tested by excluding either the lower half or the total glacier area. The runoff scenarios reveal no changes in annual runoff, because the glacier area decrease is balanced out by enhanced melt rates. However, there is an important seasonal shift of water resources from summer to spring, unfavorably affecting agriculture and irrigation in the lowlands.
Tsunami hazard at the Western Mediterranean Spanish coast from seismic sources
Authors: Álvarez-Gómez J. A. , Aniel-Quiroga ĺ. , González M. , Otero L.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. Spain represents an important part of the tourism sector in the Western Mediterranean, which has been affected in the past by tsunamis. Although the tsunami risk at the Spanish coasts is not the highest of the Mediterranean, the necessity of tsunami risk mitigation measures should not be neglected. In the Mediterranean area, Spain is exposed to two different tectonic environments with contrasting characteristics. On one hand, the Alboran Basin characterised by transcurrent and transpressive tectonics and, on the other hand, the North Algerian fold and thrust belt, characterised by compressive tectonics. A set of 22 seismic tsunamigenic sources has been used to estimate the tsunami threat over the Spanish Mediterranean coast of the Iberian peninsula and the Balearic Islands. Maximum wave elevation maps and tsunami travel times have been computed by means of numerical modelling and we have obtained estimations of threat levels for each source over the Spanish coast. The sources on the Western edge of North Algeria are the most dangerous, due to their threat to the South-Eastern coast of the Iberian Peninsula and to the Western Balearic Islands. In general, the Northern Algerian sources pose a greater risk to the Spanish coast than the Alboran Sea sources, which only threaten the peninsular coast. In the Iberian Peninsula, the Spanish provinces of Almeria and Murcia are the most exposed, while all the Balearic Islands can be affected by the North Algerian sources with probable severe damage, specially the islands of Ibiza and Minorca. The results obtained in this work are useful to plan future regional and local warning systems, as well as to set the priority areas to conduct research on detailed tsunami risk.
Assessment of the three dimensional temperature and salinity observational networks in the Baltic Sea and North Sea
Authors: Fu W. , Høyer J. L. , She J.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. The spatial averaged correlations are presented in 1.5° × 1.5° bins for the North and Baltic Sea region. The averaged correlations are computed based on the proxy ocean data generated by the operational forecast model of Danish Meteorology Institute (DMI). It is shown that the spatial distribution of the averaged correlations could reflect the overall influence of the local atmospheric forcing, complex topography, coastlines, boundary and bottom effect, etc. Comparisons with the satellite SST data demonstrate that the proxy ocean data reproduce realistic results at the surface. Based on the spatial bin-averaged correlations, a general correlation model is assumed to approximate the spatial and temporal correlation structure. Parameters of the correlation model are obtained on the standard Levitus levels. It is found that the correlation model is not the typical Guaussian-type function. For instance, the exponents of the correlation model vary in the longitudinal direction from 0.75 at the surface to 1.33 at the depth of 250 m for temperature. For salinity, the temporal correlation can be approximated with an exponential function. Two complementary quality-indicators, effective coverage rate and "explained" variance, are defined based on the correlation models obtained above. The two indicators are able to identify the "influence area" of the information content in a given observation network and the relative importance of observations at different locations. By these indicators, the 3-D temperature and salinity observational networks are assessed in the Baltic Sea and North Sea for the period 2004–2006. It is found that the surface level is more effectively covered than the deep waters with existing networks. In addition, the Belt Sea and the Baltic Proper also show good coverage for both temperature and salinity. However, more observations are required in the Norwegian Trench and Kattegat. In the vertical, the two indicators show smaller values from 50 m to 125 m in this region, indicating the need for more observations.
Tracers confirm downward mixing of Tyrrhenian Sea upper waters associated with the Eastern Mediterranean Transient
Authors: Roether W. , Lupton J. E.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. Observations of tritium and 3He in the Tyrrhenian Sea, 1987–2009, confirm the enhanced vertical mixing of intermediate waters into the deep waters that has been noted and associated with the Eastern Mediterranean Transient in previous studies. Our evidence for the mixing rests on increasing tracer concentrations in the Tyrrhenian deep waters, accompanied by decreases in the upper waters, which are supplied from the Eastern Mediterranean. The downward transfer is particularly evident between 1987 and 1997. Later on, information partly rests on increasing tritium-3He ages; here we correct the observed 3He for contributions released from the ocean floor. The Tyrrhenian tracer distributions are fully compatible with data upstream of the Sicily Strait and in the Western Mediterranean. The tracer data show that mixing reached to the bottom and confirm a cyclonic nature of the deep water circulation in the Tyrrhenian. They furthermore indicate that horizontal homogenization of the deep waters occurs on a time scale of roughly 5 years. Various features point to a reduced impact of Western Mediterranean Deep Water (WMDW) in the Tyrrhenian during the enhanced-mixing period. This is an important finding because it implies less upward mixing of WMDW, which has been named a major process to enable the WMDW to leave the Mediterranean via the Gibraltar Strait. On the other hand, the TDW outflow for several years represented a major influx of enhanced salinity and density waters into the deep-water range of the Western Mediterranean.
High frequency variability of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation
Authors: Balan Sarojini B. , Gregory J. M. , Tailleux R. , Bigg G. R. , Blaker A. T. , Cameron D. , Edwards N. R. , Megann A. P. , Shaffrey L. C. , Sinha B.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. We compare the variability of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) as simulated by the coupled climate models of the RAPID project, which cover a wide range of resolution and complexity, and observed by the RAPID/MOCHA array at about 26° N. We analyse variability on a range of timescales. In models of all resolutions there is substantial variability on timescales of a few days; in most AOGCMs the amplitude of the variability is of somewhat larger magnitude than that observed by the RAPID array, while the amplitude of the simulated annual cycle is similar to observations. A dynamical decomposition shows that in the models, as in observations, the AMOC is predominantly geostrophic (driven by pressure and sea-level gradients), with both geostrophic and Ekman contributions to variability, the latter being exaggerated and the former underrepresented in models. Other ageostrophic terms, neglected in the observational estimate, are small but not negligible. In many RAPID models and in models of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 3 (CMIP3), interannual variability of the maximum of the AMOC wherever it lies, which is a commonly used model index, is similar to interannual variability in the AMOC at 26° N. Annual volume and heat transport timeseries at the same latitude are well-correlated within 15–45° N, indicating the climatic importance of the AMOC. In the RAPID and CMIP3 models, we show that the AMOC is correlated over considerable distances in latitude, but not the whole extent of the North Atlantic; consequently interannual variability of the AMOC at 50° N is not well-correlated with the AMOC at 26° N.
Geophysical evidence for soft bed sliding at Jakobshavn Isbrae, West Greenland
Authors: Block A. E. , Bell R. E.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. Jakobshavn Isbrae is Greenland's fastest moving outlet glacier and a major contributor to sea level rise. We analyze new gravity and magnetic profiles across the glacier, extending from the mouth of the outlet fjord to 64 km inland of the 2008 grounding line. Our results provide new insights into Jakobshavn Isbrae's geologic underpinnings and controls on the basal velocities. Earlier studies of basal processes minimized basal slip as a fast flow mechanism. Currently, velocities are up to double those considered in these studies, necessitating a reanalysis of the basal conditions. The gravity field along the glacier's main trunk cannot be attributed to the gravitational effect of bed topography and the overlying ice sheet. We interpret the remaining gravity signal as evidence of up to 2400 m of low density sediment beneath the main trunk. Examining recent velocities, we find basal slip is a major contributor to ice flow along most of the sediment filled trough. Within 54 km of the grounding line, only isolated 1–3 km wide regions have velocities that possibly result solely from internal deformation of the ice. We conclude soft bed sliding over the thick sediment wedge beneath Jakobshavn Isbrae is the dominant mechanism of fast flow.
Brand umbrella and made in the international competitiveness of granite
Authors:   Departamento de Organización de Empresas y Marketing- Universidad de Vigo. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales. Lagoas Marcosende s/n- 36310 Vigo (Pontevedra). E-mail: mjgarcia@uvigo.es, García Rodríguez Mª José , Gómez Fraiz José Santiago ,   Departamento de Organización de Empresas y Marketing- Universidad de Vigo. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales. Lagoas Marcosende s/n- 36310 Vigo (Pontevedra). E-mail: jsgomez@uvigo.es, Martínez Senra Ana Isabel ,   Departamento de Organización de Empresas y Marketing- Universidad de Vigo. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales. Lagoas Marcosende s/n- 36310 Vigo (Pontevedra). E-mail: aimtnez@uvigo.es
Published: January 2011

Spain, like Italy, the traditional leader of granite sector, has seen how China, India or Brazil have risen several positions on global production and export rankings. In a globalized context, it's necessary a good differentiation from international competitors, much more when this is a generic product that offers suitable prices and quality. One way to identify and differentiate it, is providing value by creating a brand. In this paper we study the utility of a strategy based on made in for Galicia, major production location for the industry in Spain; an alternative that seems attractive to enterprises, but whose implementation requires strong collaboration between firms and public and private institutions.
Analysis of key factors influencing SMS usage to participate in television programmes
Authors:   Departamento de Comercialización e Investigación de Mercados. Facultad de Economía, Universidad de Valencia. Avda. Tarongers s/n. 46022. Valencia-ESPAÑA. carla.ruiz@uv.es, Ruiz Mafé Carla , Sanz Blas Silvia ,   Departamento de Comercialización e Investigación de Mercados. Facultad de Economía, Universidad de Valencia. Avda. Tarongers s/n. 46022. Valencia-ESPAÑA. silvia.sanz@uv.es, Tavera Juan Fernando ,   Facultad de Ciencias Económicas, Universidad de Antioquia. Calle 67 No. 53-108. Bloque 13. Oficina 405. Medellin - COLOMBIA. jftavera@economicas.udea.edu.co
Published: January 2011

SMS sent in response to programmes, advertising and television competitions are currently an important source of income for mobile phone operators, television chains and producers. This present work aims to analyse the role of the attitude and individual-media variables which encourage televiewers to use this messaging service to participate in television programmes. The study was carried out on a sample of 205 SMS users. The results show that individual compatibility with the service, the perceived entertainment value of participating in this type of programme and attitude towards use are determinants of SMS use.
Analysing customer requirements and satisfaction in the furniture industry according to ISO 9000 certification: a case study
Authors:   Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena. Departamento de Economía de la Empresa. Paseo Alfonso XIII, 50. C.P. 30203. e-mail: laura.martinez@upct.es, Martínez Caro Laura , Flores López Enrique ,   Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena. Departamento de Economía de la Empresa. Paseo Alfonso XIII, 50. C.P. 30203. e-mail: enrique.flores@upct.es, Martínez García Jose Antonio ,   Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena. Departamento de Economía de la Empresa. Paseo Alfonso XIII, 50. C.P. 30203. e-mail: josean.martinez@upct.es
Published: January 2011

The need to identify customer requirements and to satisfy them has become the main objective of companies. To manage that activity, that it is commonly associated to the marketing department, is the aim of every quality system, and therefore is a task that comprises the remaining departments of the organization. Through a case study, this paper seeks to identify which are the usual marketing practices in the furniture industry, and to outline an appropriate performance framework in agreement with the procedures settled down in the ISO 9000:2000 standards.