bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation Attenuates Postsurgical Allodynia and Suppresses Spinal Substance P and Proinflammatory Cytokine Release in Rats
Authors: Chen Yu-Wen , Tzeng Jann-Inn , Lin Min-Fei , Hung Ching-Hsia , Wang Jhi-Joung
Published: September 2014

Background

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is often used for management of chronic pain.

Objective

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether TENS altered postincisional allodynia, substance P, and proinflammatory cytokines in a rat model of skin-muscle incision and retraction (SMIR).

Design

This was an experimental study.

Methods

High-frequency (100-Hz) TENS therapy began on postoperative day 3 and was administered for 20 minutes daily to SMIR-operated rats by self-adhesive electrodes delivered to skin innervated via the ipsilateral dorsal rami of lumbar spinal nerves L1–L6 for the next 27 days. The expressions of substance P, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) in the spinal cord and mechanical sensitivity to von Frey stimuli (4g and 10g) were evaluated.

Results

The SMIR-operated rats displayed a marked hypersensitivity to von Frey stimuli on postoperative day 3. In contrast to the SMIR-operated rats, SMIR-operated rats after TENS administration showed a quick recovery of mechanical hypersensitivity. On postoperative days 3, 16, and 30, SMIR-operated rats exhibited an upregulation of substance P and cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β) in the spinal cord, whereas SMIR-operated rats after TENS therapy inhibited that upregulation. By contrast, the placebo TENS following SMIR surgery did not alter mechanical hypersensitivity and the levels of spinal substance P, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β.

Limitations

The experimental data are limited to animal models and cannot be generalized to postoperative pain in humans.

Conclusions

The results revealed that TENS attenuates prolonged postoperative allodynia following SMIR surgery. Increased levels of spinal substance P and proinflammatory cytokines, activated after SMIR surgery, are important in the processing of persistent postsurgical allodynia. The protective effect of TENS may be related to the suppression of spinal substance P and proinflammatory cytokines in SMIR-operated rats.
Coordinate Questions in the Web Environment
Authors: Favretto Andrea
Published: September 2014

This article contributes to the clarification of the coordinate reference systems (CRS) used by some Web mapping applications. This is a complex issue, mainly because of a lack of pertinent information; there is little published literature on CRS, and information available online – which is not produced by mapping experts – is fragmented and often imprecise. Following a short introduction focusing on Web mapping and the European Petroleum Survey Group (EPSG) database, which is currently maintained and published by the International Association of Oil and Gas Producers (OGP) Geomatics Committee, the article analyzes the CRS used by some well-known Web mapping applications, such as Google Maps and Bing Maps (planimetric browsers) and Google Earth (virtual globe). Some geodetic technical information is given, with reference to the main desktop GIS software libraries and to reports on CRS queried from different versions of the EPSG database (2008–2013).
TRPV1 and Endocannabinoids: Emerging Molecular Signals that Modulate Mammalian Vision
Authors: Ryskamp Daniel , Redmon Sarah , Jo Andrew , Križaj David
Published: September 2014

Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) subunits form a polymodal cation channel responsive to capsaicin, heat, acidity and endogenous metabolites of polyunsaturated fatty acids. While originally reported to serve as a pain and heat detector in the peripheral nervous system, TRPV1 has been implicated in the modulation of blood flow and osmoregulation but also neurotransmission, postsynaptic neuronal excitability and synaptic plasticity within the central nervous system. In addition to its central role in nociception, evidence is accumulating that TRPV1 contributes to stimulus transduction and/or processing in other sensory modalities, including thermosensation, mechanotransduction and vision. For example, TRPV1, in conjunction with intrinsic cannabinoid signaling, might contribute to retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axonal transport and excitability, cytokine release from microglial cells and regulation of retinal vasculature. While excessive TRPV1 activity was proposed to induce RGC excitotoxicity, physiological TRPV1 activity might serve a neuroprotective function within the complex context of retinal endocannabinoid signaling. In this review we evaluate the current evidence for localization and function of TRPV1 channels within the mammalian retina and explore the potential interaction of this intriguing nociceptor with endogenous agonists and modulators.
Clinical Guidelines for the Care of Childhood Cancer Survivors
Authors: Tonorezos Emily , Henderson Tara
Published: September 2014

The Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines for survivors of childhood, adolescent, and young adult cancers are evidence- and consensus-based guidelines that have been developed and published by the Children’s Oncology Group (COG) Late Effects Committee, Nursing Discipline, and the Patient Advocacy Committee. Originally published in 2004, the guidelines are currently in version 3.0. While the COG guidelines have been praised as a model for providing risk-based survivorship care, adherence has not been uniform. Reasons for this gap include unawareness on the part of the survivor and/or care team as well as disagreement about the individual recommendations. In some cases, the burden of testing (such as annual echocardiography or repeat pulmonary function testing) may be too great. A small number of intervention studies have documented improved adherence to guideline recommendations with dissemination of informational material. Future studies should focus on individualizing screening recommendations, as well as identifying unnecessary testing.
Effects of Radiographic Contrast Media on the Micromorphology of the Junctional Complex of Erythrocytes Visualized by Immunocytology
Authors: Franke Ralf-Peter , Krüger Anne , Scharnweber Tim , Wenzel Folker , Jung Friedrich
Published: September 2014

Effects of radiographic contrast media (RCM) application were demonstrated in vitro and in vivo where the injection of RCM into the A. axillaris of patients with coronary artery disease was followed by a significant and RCM-dependent decrease of erythrocyte velocity in downstream skin capillaries. Another study in pigs revealed that the deceleration of erythrocytes coincided with a significant reduction of the oxygen partial pressure in the myocardium—supplied by the left coronary artery—after the administration of RCM into this artery. Further reports showed RCM dependent alterations of erythrocytes like echinocyte formation and exocytosis, sequestration of actin or band 3 and the buckling of endothelial cells coinciding with a formation of interendothelial fenestrations leading to areas devoid of endothelial cells. Key to morphological alterations of erythrocytes is the membrane cytoskeleton, which is linked to the band 3 in the erythrocyte membrane via the junctional complex. Fundamental observations regarding the cell biological and biochemical aspects of the structure and function of the cell membrane and the membrane cytoskeleton of erythrocytes have been reported. This review focuses on recent results gained, e.g., by advanced confocal laser scanning microscopy of different double-stained structural elements of the erythrocyte membrane cytoskeleton.
Larval Helicoverpa zea Transcriptional, Growth and Behavioral Responses to Nicotine and Nicotiana tabacum
Authors: Gog Linus , Vogel Heiko , Hum-Musser Sue , Tuter Jason , Musser Richard
Published: September 2014

The polyphagous feeding habits of the corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), underscore its status as a major agricultural pest with a wide geographic distribution and host plant repertoire. To study the transcriptomic response to toxins in diet, we conducted a microarray analysis of H. zea caterpillars feeding on artificial diet, diet laced with nicotine and Nicotiana tabacum (L.) plants. We supplemented our analysis with growth and aversion bioassays. The transcriptome reflects an abundant expression of proteases, chitin, cytochrome P450 and immune-related genes, many of which are shared between the two experimental treatments. However, the tobacco treatment tended to elicit stronger transcriptional responses than nicotine-laced diet. The salivary factor glucose oxidase, known to suppress nicotine induction in the plant, was upregulated by H. zea in response to tobacco but not to nicotine-laced diet. Reduced caterpillar growth rates accompanied the broad regulation of genes associated with growth, such as juvenile hormone epoxide hydrolase. The differential expression of chemosensory proteins, such as odorant binding-protein-2 precursor, as well as the neurotransmitter nicotinic-acetylcholine-receptor subunit 9, highlights candidate genes regulating aversive behavior towards nicotine. We suggest that an observed coincidental rise in cannibalistic behavior and regulation of proteases and protease inhibitors in H. zea larvae signify a compensatory response to induced plant defenses.
Valorization of Waste Obtained from Oil Extraction in Moringa Oleifera Seeds: Coagulation of Reactive Dyes in Textile Effluents
Authors: Vilaseca Mercè , López-Grimau Víctor , Gutiérrez-Bouzán Carmen
Published: September 2014

Moringa oleifera seeds contain about 40% of highly valued oil due to its wide range of applications, from nutritional issues to cosmetics or biodiesel production. The extraction of Moringa oil generates a waste (65%–75% of seeds weight) which contains a water soluble protein able to be used either in drinking water clarification or wastewater treatment. In this paper, the waste of Moringa oleifera extraction was used as coagulant to remove five reactive dyes from synthetic textile effluents. This waste constitutes a natural coagulant which was demonstrated to be effective for the treatment of industrial reactive dyestuff effluents, characterized by alkaline pH, high NaCl content and hydrolyzed dyes. The coagulation yield increased at high NaCl concentration, whereas the pH did not show any significant effect on dye removal. Moringa oleifera showed better results for dye removal than the conventional treatment of coagulation-flocculation with FeCl3 and polyelectrolyte. Treated water can be reused in new dyeing processes of cotton fabrics with high quality results.
11-epi-Sinulariolide Acetate Reduces Cell Migration and Invasion of Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Reducing the Activation of ERK1/2, p38MAPK and FAK/PI3K/AKT/mTOR Signaling Pathways
Authors: Lin Jen-Jie , Su Jui-Hsin , Tsai Chi-Chu , Chen Yi-Jen , Liao Ming-Hui , Wu Yu-Jen
Published: September 2014

Cancer metastasis is one of the major causes of death in cancer. An active compound, 11-epi-sinulariolide acetate (11-epi-SA), isolated from the cultured soft coral Sinularia flexibilis has been examined for potential anti-cell migration and invasion effects on hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HCC). However, the molecular mechanism of anti-migration and invasion by 11-epi-SA on HCC, along with their corresponding effects, remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigated anti-migration and invasion effects and the underlying mechanism of 11-epi-SA in HA22T cells, and discovered by trans-well migration and invasion assays that 11-epi-SA provided a concentration-dependent inhibitory effect on the migration of human HCC HA22T cells. After treatment with 11-epi-SA for 24 h, there were suppressed protein levels of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) in HA22T cells. Meanwhile, the expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) and metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2) were increased in a concentration-dependent manner. Further investigation revealed that 11-epi-SA suppressed the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38MAPK. The 11-epi-SA also suppressed the expression of the phosphorylation of FAK/PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways.
Evaluation of Two Approaches for Aligning Data Obtained from a Motion Capture System and an In-Shoe Pressure Measurement System
Authors: Kim Sunwook , Nussbaum Maury
Published: September 2014

An in-shoe pressure measurement (IPM) system can be used to measure center of pressure (COP) locations, and has fewer restrictions compared to the more conventional approach using a force platform. The insole of an IPM system, however, has its own coordinate system. To use an IPM system along with a motion capture system, there is thus a need to align the coordinate systems of the two measurement systems. To address this need, the current study examined two different approaches—rigid body transformation and nonlinear mapping (i.e., multilayer feed-forward neural network (MFNN))—to express COP measurements from an IPM system in the coordinate system of a motion capture system. Ten participants (five male and five female) completed several simulated manual material handling (MMH) activities, and during these activities the performance of the two approaches was assessed. Results indicated that: (1) performance varied between MMH activity types; and (2) a MFNN performed better than or comparable to the rigid body transformation, depending on the specific input variable sets used. Further, based on the results obtained, it was argued that a nonlinear mapping vs. rigid body transformation approach may be more effective to account for shoe deformation during MMH or potentially other types of physical activity.
Model Estimation of Water Use Efficiency for Soil Conservation in the Lower Heihe River Basin, Northwest China during 2000–2008
Authors: Yan Haiming , Zhan Jinyan , Liu Bing , Yuan Yongwei
Published: September 2014

There has been very limited research on water use efficiency for soil conservation (WUE-SC) in typical water scarce regions such as the lower Heihe River Basin, where there is serious wind erosion and the soil conservation service plays a key role in guaranteeing the ecological safety of Northern China. The soil conservation service, which was represented by the soil conservation amount (SC), was first estimated with an experiment-based model in this study. Then, the WUE-SC (i.e., SC/ET) was calculated on the basis of evapotranspiration (ET) data, and management implications were finally discussed. The results indicated the WUE-SC ranged between 0–98.69 t mm−1, and it first decreased and then increased on the whole during 2000–2008. Besides, the inter-annual variation of WUE-SC was mainly due to change in the potential soil loss. In addition, the WUE-SC showed significant spatial heterogeneity, and the average WUE-SC of the whole study area was very low due to spatiotemporal inconsistency between the potential soil loss and the vegetation coverage rate. Although there are some uncertainties, these results still can provide local managers with valuable information for water resource utilization and ecosystem management to improve water use efficiency.
Evolutionary Game Analysis of Remanufacturing Closed-Loop Supply Chain with Asymmetric Information
Authors: Li Jian , Du Weihao , Yang Fengmei , Hua Guowei
Published: September 2014

Remanufacturing is an effective means to realize energy saving and emission reduction. This paper develops an evolutionary game model with a two-echelon closed-loop supply chain to study evolutionary stable strategies (ESS) of manufacturers and retailers. Through analyzing evolutionary path of the game, we find that there are two possible evolutionary results affected by the profits of manufacturers. Price of remanufacturing products may be a critical factor that determines the ESS. Government subsidy is critical to promote the development of remanufacturing industry.
Comment on Jameson et al.: Prevalence of Antibodies against Hantaviruses in Serum and Saliva of Adults Living or Working on Farms in Yorkshire, United Kingdom
Authors: Clement Jan , McKenna Paula , Vergote Valentijn , Van Ranst Marc
Published: September 2014

This British hantavirus IgG prevalence study, aimed at 119 asymptomatic farmers in England, and using indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) as screening technique, concluded that rat-transmitted Seoul virus (SEOV) might be the main suspect as hantaviral pathogen in the UK. Exactly the same conclusion, using the same IFA screening technique, resulted from a 1994 serosurvey in the same country, and in 627 clinical cases plus 100 healthy controls. SEOV-positive study subjects were also mainly farmers with heavy rat-exposure, but residing in Northern-Ireland, a region where all other known rodent reservoirs for pathogenic hantaviruses are known to be absent, except the wild rat. A rodent capture action in and around the farms of eight seropositives confirmed SEOV seropositivity in 21.6% of 51 rats. All SEOV seropositives were patients, hospitalized with an acute feverish condition, a majority of which having the clinical picture of hantavirus-induced nephropathy, known as hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS). Leptospirosis, often mimicking perfectly HFRS, was serologically excluded. Thus, SEOV was established as a human hantaviral pathogen in the UK and in Europe 20 years ago.
Reply to Comment Clement et al.: (Prevalence of Antibodies against Hantaviruses in Serum and Saliva of Adults Living or Working on Farms in Yorkshire, United Kingdom)
Authors: Jameson Lisa , Newton Autilia , Coole Louise , Newman Edmund , Carroll Miles , Beeching Nick , Hewson Roger , Christley Robert
Published: September 2014

We acknowledge Clement and colleagues for their comments [1] on our paper [2]. We agree that many controversies are being discussed by the hantavirus community, particularly surrounding the interpretation of serological results and the designation of new species and strains. Within this setting, we are grateful for the opportunity to respond to the key factual and methodological points raised by Clements et al. [...]
Is anaesthesia of the deep branch of the lateral plantar nerve specific for the diagnosis of proximal metatarsal pain in the horse?
Authors: Milner P. , Talbot A. , Singer E. , Hinnigan G.
Published: September 2014

Objectives: To investigate the specificity of anaesthesia of the deep branch of the lateral plantar nerve (DB-LPN).

Methods: Twenty horses had DB-LPN anaesthesia performed by a single injection technique as part of a lameness investigation. The mechanical nociceptive threshold (NT) was measured using a handheld force meter at six points on the lateral aspect of the limb: before diagnostic anaesthesia (T0), and at 15 (T15) and 30 (T30) minutes post anaesthesia. Paired t-tests were performed and significance was set at p <0.05. In addition, ten cadaveric limbs were injected with 2.5 ml new methylene blue solution using a single injection technique to evaluate the extent of dye diffusion within the proximal metatarsal region.

Results: Compared with T0, there was a significant decrease in NT for all points combined at T15 (p = 0.008) and also at T30 (p = 0.007). There was a significant decrease in NT at T15 on the lateral third metatarsal bone (p = 0.012). At T30 there was a significant decrease in NT at the lateral sesamoid (p = 0.007), lateral third metatarsal bone (p = 0.031), and mid metatarsus (p = 0.033). Four out of 20 horses had a NT greater than 10 N at the lateral heel bulb at T30. In the cadaveric limbs, the total diffusion distance for all limbs (mean ± SD) was 70.4 ± 20.5 mm. Dye surrounded the DB-LPN in all limbs and the lateral plantar nerve (LPN) in nine out of 10 limbs.

Clinical significance: Concurrent anaesthesia of the LPN is likely to occur when DBLPN anaesthesia is performed using a single injection technique.
Current state of laser synthesis of metal and alloy nanoparticles as ligand-free reference materials for nano-toxicological assays
Authors: Rehbock Christoph , Jakobi Jurij , Gamrad Lisa , van der Meer Selina , Tiedemann Daniela , Taylor Ulrike , Kues Wilfried , Rath Detlef , Barcikowski Stephan
Published: September 2014

Due to the abundance of nanomaterials in medical devices and everyday products, toxicological effects related to nanoparticles released from these materials, e.g., by mechanical wear, are a growing matter of concern. Unfortunately, appropriate nanoparticles required for systematic toxicological evaluation of these materials are still lacking. Here, the ubiquitous presence of surface ligands, remaining from chemical synthesis are a major drawback as these organic residues may cause cross-contaminations in toxicological studies. Nanoparticles synthesized by pulsed laser ablation in liquid are a promising alternative as this synthesis route provides totally ligand-free nanoparticles. The first part of this article reviews recent methods that allow the size control of laser-fabricated nanoparticles, focusing on laser post irradiation, delayed bioconjugation and in situ size quenching by low salinity electrolytes. Subsequent or parallel applications of these methods enable precise tuning of the particle diameters in a regime from 4–400 nm without utilization of any artificial surface ligands. The second paragraph of this article highlights the recent progress concerning the synthesis of composition controlled alloy nanoparticles by laser ablation in liquids. Here, binary and ternary alloy nanoparticles with totally homogeneous elemental distribution could be fabricated and the composition of these particles closely resembled bulk implant material. Finally, the model AuAg was used to systematically evaluate composition related toxicological effects of alloy nanoparticles. Here Ag+ ion release is identified as the most probable mechanism of toxicity when recent toxicological studies with gametes, mammalian cells and bacteria are considered.
Molecular recognition of AT-DNA sequences by the induced CD pattern of dibenzotetraaza[14]annulene (DBTAA)–adenine derivatives
Authors: Stojković Marijana Radić , Škugor Marko , Dudek Łukasz , Grolik Jarosław , Eilmes Julita , Piantanida Ivo
Published: September 2014

An investigation of the interactions of two novel and several known DBTAA–adenine conjugates with double-stranded DNA and RNA has revealed the DNA/RNA groove as the dominant binding site, which is in contrast to the majority of previously studied DBTAA analogues (DNA/RNA intercalators). Only DBTAA–propyladenine conjugates revealed the molecular recognition of AT-DNA by an ICD band pattern > 300 nm, whereas significant ICD bands did not appear for other ds-DNA/RNA. A structure–activity relation for the studied series of compounds showed that the essential structural features for the ICD recognition are a) the presence of DNA-binding appendages (adenine side chain and positively charged side chain) on both DBTAA side chains, and b) the presence of a short propyl linker, which does not support intramolecular aromatic stacking between DBTAA and adenine. The observed AT-DNA-ICD pattern differs from previously reported ss-DNA (poly dT) ICD recognition by a strong negative ICD band at 350 nm, which allows for the dynamic differentiation between ss-DNA (poly dT) and coupled ds-AT-DNA.
Infections in breast implants: a review with a focus on developing countries
Authors: Rubino Corrado , Brongo Sergio , Pagliara Domenico , Cuomo Roberto , Abbinante Giulia , Campitiello Nicola , Santanelli Fabio , Chessa Daniela
Published: September 2014

The risk of surgical site infection is always present in surgery; the use of prosthetic materials is linked to an increased possibility of infection. Breast augmentation and breast reconstruction with implants are gaining popularity in developing countries. Implant infection is the main complication related to breast aesthetic and reconstructive surgery. In the present paper, we reviewed the current microbiological knowledge about implant infections, with particular attention to risk factors, diagnosis, clinical management, and antibiotic prophylaxis, focusing on reports from developing countries. After breast aesthetic surgery, up to 2.9% of patients develop a surgical site infection, with an incidence of 1.7% for acute infections and 0.8% for late infections. The rate of surgical site infection after post-mastectomy breast reconstruction is usually higher, ranging from 1% to 53%. The clinical features are not constant, and bacterial culture with antibiogram is the gold standard for diagnosis and for identification of antibiotic resistance. While waiting for culture results, empiric therapy with vancomycin and extended-spectrum penicillins or cephalosporins is recommended. Some patients require removal of the infected prosthesis. The main methods to bring down the risk of infection are strict asepsis protocol, preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis, and irrigation of the surgical pocket and implant with an antibiotic solution.
Serological evidence of Flaviviruses infection among acute febrile illness patients in Afghanistan
Authors: Elyan Diaa Salman , Moustafa Lais , Noormal Bashir , Jacobs Jolanta S , Aziz Mustafa Abdel , Hassan Khaled S , Wasfy Momtaz O , Monestersky Jesse H , Oyofo Buhari A
Published: September 2014

Introduction: Current published reports on the causative agents of acute febrile illness (AFI) in Afghanistan are scarce, and the burden of disease due to flaviviruses is unknown. Methodology: A hospital-based surveillance study for AFI was established in 2008 through 2010 to determine the seroepidemiology of West Nile virus (WNV), tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) and dengue viruses (DENV) using commercial ELISA kits. Due to major logistical challenges, only acute sera were collected. Results: Serological analysis for IgG were as follows: WNV 30.4% (277/913); TBEV 23.4% (214/913); DENV 19.7% (180/913). Single positive IgG reactions for WNV, TBEV and DENV were noted in 11% (100/913), 7.2% (66/913), and 5% (47/913), respectively. Reactivity for all three screened flaviviruses was detected in 44.5% (406/913) of sera. IgM positivity was uncommon, with only 0.5% (5/913), 2.2% (20/913) and 2.6% (8/312) of samples positive for WNV, TBEV, and DENV, respectively. Serological findings were confirmed in random positive samples by neutralization assay. Conclusions: These serological results suggest circulation of WNV, TBEV, and DENV within Afghanistan, with evidence of current or prior infection noted in a significant proportion of patients seeking care for AFI. Obtaining additional information on the prevalence of these and other causes of AFI is paramount for improving the distribution of available limited syndromic treatment and improving the existing health protection policy in Afghanistan.
Antibiotic resistance and resistance genes in Escherichia coli from poultry farms, southwest Nigeria
Authors: Adelowo Olawale O , Fagade Obasola E , Agersø Yvonne
Published: September 2014

Introduction: This study investigated the mechanisms of resistance in 36 E. coli isolated from waste, litter, soil and water samples collected from poultry farms in Southwestern Nigeria. Methodology: Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) distributions of the isolates were determined using the methods of the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute and resistance genes detected by PCR. Results: A total of 30 isolates (94%) showed resistance to more than one antimicrobial. Percentage resistance was: tetracycline 81%, sulphamethoxazole 67%, streptomycin 56%, trimethoprim 47 %, ciprofloxacin 42%, ampicillin 36%, spectinomycin 28%, nalidixic acid 25%, chloramphenicol 22%, neomycin 14%, gentamicin 8%, amoxicillin-clavulanate, ceftiofur, cefotaxime, colistin, florfenicol and apramycin 0%. Resistance genes found among the isolates include bla-TEM (85%), sul2 (67%), sul3 (17%), aadA (65%), strA (70%), strB (61%), catA1 (25%), cmlA1 (13%), tetA (21%) and tetB (17%). Class 1 and 2 integrons were found in five (14%) and six (17%) isolates, respectively, while one isolate was positive for both classes of integrons. Seven out of eight isolates with resistance to ciprofloxacin and MIC ≤ 32 mg/L to nalidixic acid contained qnrS genes. Conclusions: Our findings provided additional evidence that the poultry production environment in Nigeria represents an important reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes such as qnrS that may spread from livestock production farms to human populations via manure and water.
Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus skin and soft tissue infections in a pediatric hospital in Argentina
Authors: Von Specht Martha Helena , Gardella Noella , Ubeda Clotilde , Grenon Sandra , Gutkind Gabriel , Mollerach Marta
Published: September 2014

Introduction: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) emerged at the Pediatric Hospital of Misiones Province, north Argentina, in 2003 as a cause of community-acquired (CA) infections, mostly associated with skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs). This study aimed to assess the microbiological, epidemiological, and clinical features of CA-MRSA SSTIs treated at the hospital. Methodology: From 2003 through 2006, a longitudinal study on CA-MRSA SSTIs was conducted. Clinical, bacteriological, and molecular data were collected and analyzed by multiple correspondences and cluster analysis (MCCA). Results: A total of 138 children were enrolled; 55.8% of the children required hospitalization. The main clinical presentation was abscesses (51%). Antibiotic therapy in the previous six months was registered in 41% of the patients, and 72% of the patients had relatives with similar symptoms. Resistance to non-b-lactam antibiotics was found in less than 12% of patients. All 44 isolates carried staphylococcal cassette chromosomemec (SCCmec) type IV, and 30/44 had Panton-Valentine leucocidin (PVL) coding genes. Six pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns were detected from 17 isolates. MCCA hierarchic classification resulted in four distinctive patient classes (new variable). No relationship could be observed regarding the PVL detection, as PVL (+) isolates were detected in all classes; the same lack of significance was observed concerning the distribution of resistance to non-β-lactam antibiotics. Conclusions: This study increases the understanding and knowledge about CA-MRSA skin and soft tissue infections in pediatric patients. Continuous efforts should be made to control this significant public health problem.
The rarity of gonococcal arthritis in association with HIV infection
Authors: Maharaj Rasha , Mody Girish M
Published: September 2014

Gonococcal urethritis is common with HIV, but gonococcal arthritis is rare. We report two HIV-positive patients with gonococcal arthritis and review previously published reports. A 27-year-old HIV-positive female presented with a pustular skin rash and acute oligoarthritis. Neisseria gonorrhoeae was cultured from the right elbow aspirate. The second patient, a 24-year-old HIV-positive female on zidovudine for one month, presented at 28 weeks gestation with acute oligoarthritis and peroneal tenosynovitis. Neisseria gonorrhoeae was cultured from the throat swab. Both patients responded to ceftriaxone. Gonococcal arthritis must be considered in HIV patients with acute arthritis.
Hepatitis B and C prevalence among heroin addicts in methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) and not in MMT in Pereira, Colombia
Authors: Sepúlveda-Arias Juan Carlos , Isaza Carlos , Vélez Juan Pablo
Published: September 2014

This item has no abstract. Follow the links below to access the full text.
Hypocalcemia is associated with disease severity in patients with dengue
Authors: Constantine Godwin R , Rajapakse Senaka , Ranasinghe Priyanga , Parththipan Balasundaram , Wijewickrama Ananda , Jayawardana Priyankara
Published: September 2014

Introduction: Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in tropical regions. Serum free calcium (Ca2+) is known to be important in cardiac and circulatory function. We evaluated association between serum Ca2+ level and severity of dengue. Methodology:A cross-sectional study was carried out at a tertiary care private hospital in Sri Lanka. A probable case of dengue was diagnosed and classified according to World Health Organization criteria and confirmed by either IgM antibody, PCR, or NS1 antigen detection. Socio-demographic details were collected using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Results: The sample size was 135. The mean age was 26.1 years, and the majority were males (n = 80, 59.3%). DHF was diagnosed in 71 patients (52.6%). Mean serum Ca2+ level of the study population was 1.05 mmol/L (range 0.77–1.24). Mean serum Ca2+ was significantly higher in patients with dengue fever (DF) (1.09 mmol/L) than in those with DHF (1.02 mmol/L) (p < 0.05). A significant difference was observed between mean serum calcium levels of DHF I and DHF II. Prevalence of hypocalcemia in DHF and DF patients was 86.9% (n = 60) and 29.7% (n = 11), respectively (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Serum Ca2+ levels significantly correlated with dengue severity. Serum Ca2+ levels were significantly lower and hypocalcemia was more prevalent in patients with DHF than in patients with DF. Further studies are required to determine whether hypocalcemia can be utilized as a prognostic indicator and to evaluate effectiveness of calcium therapy in prevention of dengue complications.
Prevalence of colonization by Streptococcus agalactiae among pregnant women in Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo
Authors: Mitima Kashosi T , Ntamako Steve , Birindwa Achippe M , Mukanire Ntakwinja , Kivukuto John M , Tsongo Kibendelwa , Mubagwa Kanigula
Published: September 2014

Introduction: Maternal vaginal colonization by Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS) has an important impact on neonatal health but has not been studied in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The aim of this study was to determine its frequency and influencing factors. Methodology: Vaginal samples (n = 509) for bacteriological analysis were collected from women in Bukavu, eastern DR Congo, during their third trimester of pregnancy, along with information about age, education and socio-economic status, and medical and obstetric-gynecological history. Results: The overall GBS colonization rate was 20%. Colonization was significantly associated with low education, history of urinary infection during the pregnancy, history of premature childbirth or abortion, and HIV-positive serology, but was not significantly associated with socio-economic level or parity. Conclusions: The GBS colonization rate is similar to that found elsewhere on the continent. Further studies, with follow-up of neonates of infected mothers and evaluation of prevention/treatment strategies, are needed.
La géométrie normative variable des droits de la personne présents dans le système de droit criminel
Authors: Garcia Margarida
Published: September 2014

L’objectif de cet article est le développement de la thèse suivante : à bien des égards, la contribution de la sémantique des droits de la personne dans les opérations de reproduction du système de droit criminel est certes importante, mais elle ne se distribue pas de la même manière, ni avec la même puissance sur le terrain des normes de comportement et de sanction que sur celui des normes de procédure. En tirant profit d’entretiens qualitatifs réalisés auprès de juges et de procureurs de la Couronne sur la question des droits de la personne et de leurs impacts dans l’ordre du droit criminel, les résultats de recherche présentés dans cet article indiquent que si les droits de la personne fournissent aux acteurs judiciaires une orientation normative stable et garantiste dans l’univers de la procédure, leur impact devient imprévisible, erratique ou tout simplement inexistant dans l’univers des normes de comportement comme dans celui des normes de sanction.
Vers un retour de la philosophie politique dans la Revue française de science politique ?
Authors: Cervera-Marzal Manuel
Published: September 2014

Résumé Bien qu’elle n’ait jamais atteint l’importance de la sociologie électorale ou de l’étude des relations internationales, la philosophie politique a toujours constitué l’une des sousdisciplines de la science politique française. À partir d’une étude longitudinale de la Revue française de science politique, ce chapitre s’interroge sur l’ouverture de la science politique française à la philosophie politique anglo-saxonne. Les données obtenues viennent infirmer deux hypothèses communément admises : celle de l’existence d’une hostilité de principe entre science politique et philosophie politique et celle de la supposée herméticité de la philosophie politique française aux débats qui animent son homologue anglo-saxonne.
Effects of oral Enterococcus faecium strain DSM 10663 NCIMB 10415 on diarrhoea patterns and performance of sucking piglets
Authors: Büsing K. , Zeyner A.
Published: September 2014

Effects of probiotic Enterococcus faecium DMS 10663 NCIMB 10415 on diarrhoea and performance of sucking piglets were evaluated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Piglets from treatment group (TG, n=56) and placebo group (PG, n=53) sows were included in the study. Immediately after birth and at day 2 and 3 post natum, each of the TG piglets received 2.8×109 colony forming units (cfu) per os. From day 4 until weaning (day 26), 1.26×109 cfu E. faecium/piglet were given twice a day via a liquid additive. Piglets already suffering from diarrhoea additionally got a glucose-electrolyte solution enriched with 2.9×108 (week 1) and 5.8×108 (week 2) cfu E. faecium/day. PG piglets received corresponding placebo preparations. A score was defined to characterise the severity of diarrhoea, including accompanying symptoms. The counts of viable born, stillborn and weaned piglets were similar in TG and PG litters (P≯0.05). The probiotic treatment mitigated incidence and severity of diarrhoea (P<0.05) with no impact on diarrhoea length (P≯0.05). Probiotic treatment improved daily weight gain (P<0.05) yet with no provable effect on body weight at weaning (P≯0.05). The additional supply of E. faecium in piglets suffering from diarrhoea had no further beneficial effect.
A pilot study to determine if a dietary mineral supplement can affect reactivity to stimuli by horses in training
Authors: Nielsen B.D. , O'Connor-Robison C.I.
Published: September 2014

Trainers have reported horses to be calmer and easier to train after receiving a calcium- and magnesium-rich mineral supplement derived from a calcified algae source. The purpose of this study was to test whether horses receiving this supplement were calmer than horses receiving a placebo. Fourteen 2-year-old Arabians in training were subjected to a ‘moving object reactivity test’ (MORT) and ‘handling reactivity test’ (HRT). The MORT involves quickly raising a bag suspended from the ceiling and scoring horses' reactions. The HRT involves placing horses into breeding stocks and scoring the horses’ nervousness. Horses were equipped with heart rate (HR) monitors and were scored by four observers blinded to treatment. Reactivity scores and HR were used to randomly striate the horses into two groups: a treated group (MIN) receiving 100 g of Aquacid/horse/day and a control group (CO) receiving a placebo. After supplementation for 60 days, horses were retested. Using PROC Mixed, changes from day 0 were examined. In the MORT, CO had an increase of 29 bpm (P=0.001), while MIN only showed a trend to increase (12 bpm; P=0.1). There was no difference between treatments (P=0.12). Reactivity scores during the MORT were not different between treatments (P=0.14) with CO horses increasing by 0.58 (1 to 5 scale) and MIN horses by 0.31. In the HRT, the peak HR of CO increased from day 0 by 17 bpm (P=0.009), but only by 11 bpm in the MIN (P=0.08). Reactivity scores for MIN horses improved by 0.45 (scale from 1 to 4) while the CO worsened by 0.04. Neither HRT measurement was significant (P=0.41 and P=0.33, respectively). Limited treatment differences suggest greater subject numbers were needed due to variability in behavioural responses despite some outcomes favouring MIN. Though inconclusive, results suggest anecdotal claims of calming effects may warrant further investigation.
Combination Systemic and Intravitreal Antiviral Therapy in the Management of Acute Retinal Necrosis Syndrome
Authors: Yeh Steven , Suhler Eric B. , Smith Justine R. , Bruce Beau , Fahle Gary , Bailey Steven T. , Hwang Thomas S. , Stout J. Timothy , Lauer Andreas K. , Wilson David J. , Rosenbaum James T. , Flaxel Christina J.
Published: September 2014

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:

Acute retinal necrosis (ARN) may lead to severe visual loss because of its rapid progression and high likelihood of retinal detachment (RD). This study investigates whether combination systemic and intravitreal antiviral therapy is superior to systemic antiviral therapy alone.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:

Single-center, interventional, comparative case series of patients with ARN treated with combination systemic antiviral and intravitreal foscarnet injection therapy or systemic antiviral therapy alone. Survival analysis and incidence rates of visual acuity (VA) gain of two lines or greater, severe visual loss of 20/200 or worse, and RD were assessed.

RESULTS:

Twelve patients received combination therapy and 12 received systemic therapy alone. Patients receiving combination therapy were more likely to gain two or more lines of VA and showed decreased incidences of severe visual loss and RD.

CONCLUSION:

Combination oral and intravitreal antiviral therapy may improve the likelihood for VA gain and decrease the risk of RD in patients with ARN. Clinicians should consider administering combination systemic and intravitreal antiviral therapy for patients with the ARN syndrome.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina
. 2014;45:399–407.]
Developments in Mercury Removal from Natural Gas - A Short Review
Authors: Abbas Tauqeer , Abdul Mutalib Mohamad Ibrahim , Azmi Bustam Mohammad
Published: September 2014

Almost all hydrocarbons contain mercury up to different levels depending upon the locality and region. In the case of natural gas and natural gas liquids, it is likely to be present as elemental mercury. However in crude oil, it may also be present as organo-metallic and ionic mercury. The presence of mercury in refinery hydrocarbon streams not only results in detrimental effects, including catalyst poisoning, corrosion, safety issues but also anthropogenic increase of mercury level in environment which has provoked the search for environmental friendly techniques to capture the mercury from process streams. In this paper, the available techniques, current limitations and future prospects for mercury removal from natural gas are discussed.
Catalytic Cracking of Synthetic Bio-Oil: Kinetic Studies
Authors: Jamil Farrukh , Abdullah Bawadi , Ahmad Murni Melati , Inayat Abrar , Yusup Suzana
Published: September 2014

Kinetic study on the transformation of model compounds of bio-oil into less oxygenated liquid product was performed. A fixed bed continuous reactor was used for the catalytic cracking of bio-oil model compounds at the temperatures of 300°C, 400°C and 500°C under atmospheric pressure. HZSM-5 was used as the catalyst with the oil to catalyst ratio of 15. The kinetic behavior of the catalytic cracking of bio-oil was represented by a 3-lumped model. The kinetic parameters were calculated using an error minimization approach based on least square method. The results indicated that rate of formation for both gaseous products as well as for liquid product (LP) increased when the temperature increased. The activation energy for liquid product was higher compared to that for gaseous product. The order of reaction was in a fraction form which implies the complex nature of the cracking reaction.
Electron-Beam Irradiation of Halogen Free Flame Retardant Polymers for Wire and Cable Applications
Authors: Sabet Maziyar , Soleimani Hassan
Published: September 2014

Effect of addition different polymers and fillers with electron beam irradiation on changes of physical, electrical and flammability properties of low density polyethylene (LDPE) / trimethylol propane trimethylacrylate (TMPTMA) / Irganox/ zinc borate (ZB) have been investigated. Results of measured gel content (GC), tensile strength (TS), elongation at break (EL), hot set (HS) tests, melt index (MFI), dielectric strength (DS), volume resistivity (VR), flammability and limiting oxygen index (LOI) have confirmed positive effects of adding maleic anhydride grafted LDPE (LDPEgMAH), ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) and CS whereas effect of ATH to blends drastically had negative effects on improvement of physical properties of blends. Meanwhile, presence of TMPTMA and enhancing irradiation could improve properties seriously. Keywords Halogen free; polymers; irradiation; wires and cables
Laccase Incorporated into PEG-PLA Polymer as Active and Stable Biocatalyst for Ionic Liquids Media
Authors: Moniruzzaman Muhammad , Nao Yoichiro , Bhattacharjee Sekhar , Ono Tsutomu
Published: September 2014

Laccase Y20 (EC.1.10.3.2) was coated with poly (ethylene glycol)-block-polylactide (PEG-PLA, MW = 27680) via water-in-oil emulsion, and the activity and stability of the resulting PEG-PLA-laccase complex have been compared to those for the native laccase and lyophilized native laccase in an ionic liquid (IL) [C2mim][PF6] (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate. The formation of spherical PEG-PLA-laccase complex of 330-480 nm was demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy. This polymer-laccase complex retained most of its enzymatic catalytic activity and exhibited excellent storage stability in IL, with over 70% of its initial activity retained after 12 days of storage in IL at 40 °C, whereas it was about 20% for native laccase under the identical conditions. This strategy could be employed to fabricate polymer based composites materials with novel biological functions.
Economic Optimization of CO2 Capture Process Using MEA-MDEA Mixtures
Authors: Yong Ruth , Maulud Abdulhalim Shah , Suleman Humbul
Published: September 2014

Amine based solvents are extensively being used for post combustion carbon capture through absorption. Each solvent has its associated benefits and drawbacks. In order to overcome their drawbacks, a number of mixed amine streams have been used. However, this amalgamation step is usually overshadowed by process optimization issues and cost limitations. In this study, Monoethanolamine (MEA) – Methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) is used as the mixed amine-based solvent for removal of carbon dioxide. A simulation model of CO2 removal is developed using Aspen HYSIS to optimize the process. Subsequently, an economic analysis is constructed to evaluate the operating expenditure (OPEX) and capital expenditure (CAPEX) based on the simulation model, followed by sensitivity analysis. It is found that 25 wt% MDEA and 15 wt% MEA is the optimal operating condition that achieve the minimal total cost. Sensitivity analysis reveals that utilities cost affects the total cost significantly, followed by CAPEX. However, the effect of raw material costs on total cost is negligible.
Effect of Solid to Liquid Ratio on the Mechanical and Physical Properties of Fly Ash Geopolymer without Sodium Silicate
Authors: Abdul Rahim Rosniza Hanim , Azizli Khairun Azizi , Man Zakaria , Rahmiati Tia , Ismail Lukman
Published: September 2014

Geopolymer is produced from the alkali activation of materials rich in Si and Al with addition of silicate solution in order to improve the mechanical property. Limited research has been done with the absence of silicate solution in the geopolymerization process by varying solid/liquid ratio and on how it works for that condition on mechanical and physical properties. This paper presents an investigation on the mechanical and physical properties of fly ash based geopolymer by varying solid to liquid ratio using sodium hydroxide as the only activator. In addition, the strength development also been investigated. The samples were prepared using 50mm x 50mm x 50mm mould and cured at an elevated temperature (60oC). It can be observed that the optimum compressive strength and density were obtained at solid/ liquid ratio of 4. In addition, the compressive strength of fly ash based geopolymer for all the solid to liquid ratio increased until 14 days and started to decrease later.