bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Globalization and Human Rights
Authors: Loranger Marie-France
Published: August 2005

Globalization and Human Rights, Alison Brysk, sous la direction de,
Berkeley : University of California Press, 2002, 311 p.

Quel est l'impact de la mondialisation sur les droits de
l'Homme ? La mondialisation favorise-t-elle la défense des
droits de l'Homme ou fournit-elle plutôt de nouveaux
instruments, de nouvelles possibilités de violation des droits de
l'Homme ? Qu'en est-il des avancées technologiques et des
moyens de communication divers ? Selon la vision libérale, la
mondialisation serait porteuse de développement, de
démocratie, d'autonomisation et d'une meilleure
gouvernance mondiale. Cela se vérifie-t-il dans la
réalité ? Le but du collectif Globalization and Human
Rights est d'apporter des éléments de
réponse aux nombreuses questions que soulèvent les
bouleversements de notre monde actuel. Les auteurs cherchent ainsi
à dégager les grandes tendances de la mondialisation et
l'impact qu'elles ont sur les droits de l'Homme. C'est
ce qui explique la division du volume en quatre parties distinctes : la
citoyenneté (citizenship), la marchandisation
(commodification), la communication et, finalement, la
coopération. C'est le deuxième chapitre du collectif
qui sera traité ici, soit celui qui étudie la mondialisation
des marchés. Les auteurs y examinent tour à tour
l'impact politique de la mondialisation, les contradictions entre
l'économie et le libéralisme politique en ce qui a
trait aux droits sociaux, l'impact différencié de
l'intégration structurelle sur différents types de
droits et la mobilisation contre l'exploitation que pratiquent les
firmes multinationales dans certains pays.
Recognition, Redistribution and Redress: The Case of the
“Chinese Head Tax”
Authors: James Matt
Published: August 2005

Abstract. This article uses the recent Canadian campaign
seeking redress for the infamous “Chinese head tax” as a
vantage point from which to consider whether recognition-seeking social
movements are undermining the cause of egalitarian redistribution.
Methodologically, the article seeks to complement the normative theorizing
and conceptual model-making that have tended to characterize the
“recognition versus redistribution” debate by focusing more
concretely on the dynamics of an actual social movement campaign. The
article demonstrates how this approach can help to identify important
nuances in recognition campaigns that blanket claims about
recognition's impact both ignore and serve to obscure.

Résumé. Cet article étudie la
récente campagne canadienne cherchant la réparation dans les
cas d'application de l'infâme taxe d'immigration aux
Canadiens d'origine chinoise. Cette campagne offre
l'opportunité pour étudier si les mouvements sociaux
militant pour la reconnaissance des situations d'abus
perpétrées par le passé sont en train
d'éroder la cause de la redistribution égalitaire.
D'un point de vue méthodologique, l'article essaie de
compléter la théoretisation normative et le developpement de
modèles conceptuels qui ont seulement pris en compte le
débat dit “ de la reconnaissance versus la redistribution
”, en se concentrant plus sur l'étude de la dynamique
d'une campagne sociale contemporaine. L'article montre le fait
que cette approche peut aider à mettre en exergue d'importants
nuances dans les campagnes dites “ de la reconnaissance ”, que
des études plus generaux sur l'impact de la reconnaissance
ignorent.
“Pragmatic Humanism” in Foucault's Later Work
Authors: Reynolds Joan M.
Published: August 2005

Abstract.Michel Foucault's late turn to ethics for an understanding of subject self-constitution is explored in relation to the problematic of humanism. Foucault's reconsideration of Immanuel Kant's Enlightenment-grounded legacy constitutes, it is argued, a significant resource for thinking about new ways to approach cultural practices that have as their aim a reconstitution of identity outside dominant structures of scientific and legal knowledge. This essay explores how Foucault's earlier anti-humanist misgivings give way to a more ethical-pragmatic conception of humanism in relation to notions of freedom, rights and equality. The insights of pragmatism—particularly those of John Dewey—are employed as a means by which to situate what is called here the “pragmatic humanism” of the later Foucault.

Résumé.Le tour en retard de Michel Foucault à l'éthique pour une compréhension d'individu-constitution soumise est exploré parrapport au problématique de l'humanisme. La reconsidération de Foucault du legs d'Immanuel Kant publiant hors de l'éclaircissement constitue, il est discutée, une ressource importante pour penser à de nouvelles manières d'approcher les pratiques culturelles qui ont en tant que leur but une reconstitution des structures dominantes d'extérieur d'identité de la connaissance scientifique et légale. Explore comment des craintes plus tôt d'anti-humaniste de Foucault mènent à une conception moral-pragmatique d'humanisme par rapport aux notions de la liberté, des droites, et de l'égalité. Les perspicacités du pragmatisme—en particulier ceux de John Dewey—utilisé comme moyens par lesquels pour situer ce qui est s'appellent ici l'humanisme pragmatic du Foucault plus défunt.
“No Longer in the World” (John 17:11): The Transformation of the Tragic in the Fourth Gospel
Authors: Parsenios George L.
Published: August 2005

Ancient gospels, canonical and noncanonical, present the resurrection of Jesus with varying degrees of thoroughness and detail. While the Gospel of Peter vividly describes the actual moment that Jesus rises (9.34–10.45), the Gospel of Mark excludes even a postresurrection appearance of Jesus—ifthe common opinion is correct that Mark ends at 16:8. Luke, by contrast, so fully documents Jesus' postresurrection activity that the events extend into the book of Acts. The Gospel of John distinguishes itself from the others as well, not only by uniquely depicting Jesus' postresurrection appearances, but also by portraying Jesus as the resurrected one prior to the crucifixion. Even before he meets Pilate, Jesus proclaims, “I have overcome the world” (16:33). And even before he ascends the cross, Jesus has ascended to the Father and announces, “I am no longer in the world” (17:11). This feature ofthe Fourth Gospel has received various historical, literary, and theological interpretations. The following paper will offer a literary interpretation based ona comparison of the Gospel of John with Greek tragedy. The argument will proceed in two phases, first demonstrating basic connections with the tragic evidence,and then exploring how the Fourth Gospel twists tragic techniques to its own purposes.
The Use and Abuse of P52: Papyrological Pitfalls in the Dating of the Fourth Gospel
Authors: Nongbri Brent
Published: August 2005

The thesis of this paper is simple: we as critical readers of the New Testament often use John Rylands Greek Papyrus 3.457, also known as P52, ininappropriate ways, and we should stop doing so. A recent example will illustrate the problem. In what is on the whole a superb commentary on John's gospel, D. Moody Smith writes the following about the date of John:

For a time, particularly in the early part of the twentieth century, the possibility that John was not written, or at least not published, until [the] mid-second century was a viable one. At that time Justin Martyr espoused a logos Christology, without citing the Fourth Gospel explicitly. Such an omission by Justin would seem strange if the Gospel of John had already been written and was in circulation. Then the discovery and publication in the1930s of two papyrus fragments made such a late dating difficult, if not impossible, to sustain. The first and most important is the fragment of John chapter 18 … [P52], dated by paleographers to the second quarter of the second century (125–150); the other is a fragment of a hithertounknown gospel called Egerton Papyrus 2 from the same period, which obviously reflects knowledge of the Gospel of John…. For the Gospel of Johnto have been written and circulated in Egypt, where these fragments were found, a date nolater than the first decade of the second century must be presumed.
A Singular Example of the Wrath of God: The Use of Sodom in Sixteenth-Century Exegesis
Authors: Elwood Christopher
Published: August 2005

What did the Reformation do for sodomy? The more or less established view, developed by social and cultural historians and contributors to the history of sexuality, is that it did relatively little. The evidence of the normative discourses of theology and law suggests that definitions and understandings of sodomy after the Reformation movements of the early and middle sixteenth century differed little from what had been proffered in the legal and moral writings of the medieval period. According to these defi nitions, which varied in their particulars, sodomy was a sin of unnatural lust which included, but was often not limited to, sexual contact between persons of the same sex. It was a sin whose origins could be traced to the biblical cities of Sodom and Gomorrah, whose inhabitants' penchant for unnatural sex led directly to their destruction in a hail of sulfur and fire—a dramatic event that was to stand as a warning both to those tempted to indulge in this vice and to those innocent of that particular sin who would nonetheless tolerate it in their neighbors. This view is found reflected in a wide range of writings from homiletic, exegetical, and penitential productions of late antiquity and the early, high, and late Middle Ages. And, indeed, while Protestant reforming ideas and practices changed many things in Europe of the sixteenth century, they seem to have left untouched this conception of the sin of the Sodomites. Confessions divided on many theological issues appear to have had no quarrel over what sodomy was, where it had come from, and what ought to be done about it. Definitions, then, remained more or less the same through the course of the Reformations; what changed was the capacity of local and regional jurisdictions to enforce legal proscriptions. And so, if the Reformation movements had any impact on the public discourse on sodomy, that impact was limited to the contribution the reforms made to the development of instruments of moral discipline and their facilitation (in some instances) of harsher responses to persons accused and convicted of the crime of sodomy.
Prosodic differences among function words
Authors: Zec Draga
Published: August 2005

Function words in standard Serbian fall into two classes: prosodically free functional elements on the one hand, and prosodically bound functional elements, or clitics, on the other. The two classes have overlapping syntactic distributions, yet exhibit clear prosodic differences. Free functional elements may become prosodic words if they are minimally disyllabic, or if focused, and in this they crucially differ from clitics, whose only prosodic option is to be included into the host prosodic word. It is argued that the prosodic properties of the two classes of function words cannot be captured by a single set of ranked constraints, and that one of the classes, the class of clitics, needs to be encoded lexically, by virtue of prosodic prespecification.
Empirical synthesis of time‐asymmetrical Green functions from the correlation of coda waves
Authors: Paul Anne , Campillo Michel , Margerin Ludovic , Larose Eric , Derode Arnaud
Published: August 2005

We demonstrate the existence of long‐range field correlations in the seismic coda of regional records in Alaska. The cross correlations between the different components of coda records at two points are measured for a set of distant earthquakes. Remarkably, while individual correlations have a random character, the correlations averaged over source and time exhibit deterministic arrivals that obey the same symmetry rules as the Green tensor between the two points. In addition, the arrival times of these waves coincide with propagating surface waves between the two stations. Thus we propose to identify the averaged correlation signals with the surface wave part of the Green tensor. We observe the causal and anticausal parts of the Green function. However, we find experimentally that amplitudes at positive and negative times are not equal. We explain this observation by the long‐lasting anisotropy of the diffuse field. We show that the flux of energy coming from the source can still dominate the late coda and result in nonsymmetric cross correlations when the distribution of earthquakes is not isotropic around the stations. The extraction of Green functions from coda waves allows new types of measurements with seismic waves along paths between stations that could not be obtained with the waves produced by earthquakes.
Trace element abundances in the Rock Canyon Anticline, Pueblo, Colorado, marine sedimentary section and their relationship to Caribbean plateau construction and oxygen anoxic event 2
Authors: Snow Laura J. , Duncan Robert A. , Bralower Timothy J.
Published: August 2005

Rapid eruption of submarine lava flows during formation of the Caribbean plateau correlates closely with ocean anoxic event 2 (OAE2), which bracketed the Cenomanian/Turonian boundary (∼93.5 Ma). These events also correspond with a positive excursion in carbon isotopic composition of seawater. Hydrothermal activity associated with large‐scale submarine volcanism may have been responsible for this abrupt change in ocean chemistry. We determined the distribution of major, minor, and trace element abundances in the Rock Canyon marine sedimentary section (Pueblo, Colorado). After normalizing element concentrations to Zr to remove the variable contribution of terrigenous material to these sediments, we detected an interval of concentrated metal abundance anomalies that coincides with the abrupt beginning of the positive δ13C isotope excursion. The metal abundance anomalies indicate that intermittent hydrothermal activity, in the form of both water/rock exchange and magmatic degassing, introduced large concentrations of trace metals into the Cretaceous ocean at the same time that extinctions of benthic species, turnover in plankton communities, and increases in isotopically light organic carbon burial occurred. The stratigraphic position of this interval of trace metal anomalies matches events associated with OAE2 and indicates that intermittent hydrothermal activity on a massive scale triggered abrupt changes in carbon burial and deep ocean oxygen contents.
Malta Escarpment fault zone offshore eastern Sicily: Pliocene‐Quaternary tectonic evolution based on new multichannel seismic data
Authors: Argnani A. , Bonazzi C.
Published: August 2005

The Malta Escarpment represents the dominant morphological feature offshore eastern Sicily, linking the deep Ionian basin to the east with the Hyblean carbonate platform to the west. Interpretation of purposely acquired multichannel seismic data allows division of the Malta Escarpment into two portions characterized by different tectonic structures. Along the segment south of Siracusa the Malta Escarpment is not affected by recent faulting and appears as a steep surface that flattens out toward the Ionian basin. A recent deformation, characterized by a broad area of uplift, occurs 20–30 km east from the slope, along a NNW‐SSE trend. The segment of the Malta Escarpment extending north of Siracusa, on the other hand, is characterized by the presence of NNW‐SSE, east dipping recent extensional faults and related sedimentary basins. The observed structural features support the occurrence of a lithospheric tear between the Ionian oceanic basin and the Hyblean plateau.
Observational evidence of the complementary relationship in regional evaporation lends strong support for Bouchet's hypothesis
Authors: Ramírez Jorge A. , Hobbins Michael T. , Brown Thomas C.
Published: August 2005

Using independent observations of actual and potential evapotranspiration at a wide range of spatial scales, we provide direct observational evidence of the complementary relationship in regional evapotranspiration hypothesized by Bouchet in 1963. Bouchet proposed that, for large homogeneous surfaces with minimal advection of heat and moisture, potential and actual evapotranspiration depend on each other in a complementary manner through land‐atmosphere feedbacks. Although much work has been done that has led to important theoretical and conceptual insights about regional actual evapotranspiration and its relation to regional potential evapotranspiration, never before has a data set of direct observations been assembled that so clearly displays complementarity, providing strong evidence for the complementary relationship hypothesis, and raising its status above that of a mere conjecture.
Photochemistry and diffusion in Jupiter's stratosphere: Constraints from ISO observations and comparisons with other giant planets
Authors: Moses J. I. , Fouchet T. , Bézard B. , Gladstone G. R. , Lellouch E. , Feuchtgruber H.
Published: August 2005

We have developed a one‐dimensional, diurnally averaged, photochemical model for Jupiter's stratosphere that couples photodissociation, chemical kinetics, vertical diffusion, and radiative transport. The predictions regarding the abundances and vertical profiles of hydrocarbon compounds are compared with observations from the Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) to better constrain the atmospheric composition, to better define the eddy diffusion coefficient profile, and to better understand the chemical reaction schemes that produce and destroy the observed constituents. From model‐data comparisons we determine that the C2H6 mole fraction on Jupiter is (4.0 ± 1.0) × 10−6 at 3.5 mbar and (2.7 ± 0.7) × 10−6 at 7 mbar, and the C2H2 mole fraction is (1.4 ± 0.8) × 10−6 at 0.25 mbar and (1.5 ± 0.4) × 10−7 at 2 mbar. The column densities of CH3C2H and C6H6 are (1.5 ± 0.4) × 1015 cm−2 and (8.0 ± 2) × 1014 cm−2, respectively, above 30 mbar. Using identical reaction lists, we also have developed photochemical models for Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Although the models provide good first‐order predictions of hydrocarbon abundances on the giant planets, our current chemical reaction schemes do not reproduce the relative abundances of C2Hx hydrocarbons. Unsaturated hydrocarbons like C2H4 and C2H2 appear to be converted to saturated hydrocarbons like C2H6 more effectively on Jupiter than on the other giant planets, more effectively than is predicted by the models. Further progress in our understanding of photochemistry at low temperatures and low pressures in hydrogen‐dominated atmospheres hinges on the acquisition of high‐quality kinetics data.
Neuroprotective Effects of Virally Delivered HSPs in Experimental Stroke
Authors: Badin Romina Aron , Lythgoe Mark F , van der Weerd Louise , Thomas David L , Gadian David G , Latchman David S
Published: August 2005

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are molecular chaperones with essential roles in modulating the proteolytic machinery and accelerating cell repair. Heat shock protein overexpression has been observed in vivo and in vitro under stresses including heat, nutrient deprivation and ischemia. Experiments in in vivo models of stroke indicate that transgenically overexpressed or virally delivered HSPs can enhance cell survival, but cannot always reduce lesion size. This study aims to assess the effects of virally delivered HSPs in a rat middle cerebral artery occlusion model of reversible focal cerebral ischemia using noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging. Attenuated herpes simplex virus carrying HSP27, HSP70, or a LacZ control was microinjected into the striatum 3 days before ischemia. Multislice T2-weighted images at 24 h after ischemia indicated that lesion volume was reduced by 44% in HSP27-treated animals compared with controls ( P 0.019). No significant differences were found between HSP70-treated and control animals ( P 0.88). Immunohistochemistry and Western blots revealed that HSP27 and HSP70 expression levels were equally high in injected hemispheres, but only the former had an effect on lesion size. This is the first evidence of the efficacy of gene therapy with any viral vector expressing HSP27 in an experimental model of stroke.
Cerebral Accumulation of TC-99M Ethyl Cysteinate Dimer (ECD) in Severe, Transient Hypothyroidism
Authors: Schraml Frank V , Beason-Held Lori L , Fletcher Douglas W , Brown Brian P
Published: August 2005

Thyroid dysfunction is a well-known contributor to psychiatric morbidity. To investigate the mechanism(s) by which thyroid hormone availability affects cerebral activity, a group of thyroidectomized individuals were studied at two points in time: when markedly hypothyroid in preparation for a thyroid cancer metastatic survey and when clinically and/or biochemically euthyroid. The analysis consisted of single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) using a lipophilic radiopharmaceutical, technetium-99m (Tc-99m) ethyl cysteinate dimer (ECD), and measurement of mood, anxiety, and psychomotor function, at both points in time. Both increases and decreases in regional cerebral radiotracer activity were found in the hypothyroid condition relative to the euthyroid condition, and the neuropsychological assessment demonstrated significantly greater depression, anxiety, and psychomotor slowing during the hypothyroid state. Increased radiotracer activity was seen in frontal and temporal regions, posterior cingulate gyrus, thalamus, and putamen. Decreased activity was seen in the occipital cortex, and the pre- and postcentral gyri. This distribution pattern is partially consistent with findings in persons with depression and anxiety unrelated to thyroid disease, supporting the link between the symptoms observed in our subjects and their marked hypothyroidism. Finally, these results support the need to consider the effect of the thyroid state on cellular mechanisms of uptake and retention of cerebral blood flow radiopharmaceuticals when studying ‘noneuthyroid’ individuals.
Expression and Function of Inwardly Rectifying Potassium Channels after Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Authors: Weyer George W , Jahromi Babak S , Aihara Yasuo , Agbaje-Williams Mayowa , Nikitina Elena , Zhang Zhen-Du , Macdonald Robert L
Published: August 2005

Cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is because of smooth muscle contraction, although the mechanism of this contraction remains unresolved. Membrane potential controls the contractile state of arterial myocytes by gating voltage-sensitive calcium channels and is in turn primarily controlled by K+ ion conductance through several classes of K+ channels. We characterized the role of inwardly rectifying K+ (KIR) channels in vasospasm. Vasospasm was created in dogs using the double-hemorrhage model of SAH. Electrophysiological, real-time quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and isometric tension techniques were used to characterize the expression and function of KIR channels in normal and vasospastic basilar artery 7 days after SAH. Subarachnoid hemorrhage resulted in severe vasospasm of the basilar artery (mean of 61% ± 5% reduction in diameter). Membrane potential of pressurized vasospastic basilar arteries was significantly depolarized compared with control arteries (+-46 ± 1.4 mV versus −29.8 ± 1.8 mV, respectively, P < 0.01). In whole-cell patch clamp of enzymatically isolated basilar artery myocytes, average KIR conductance was 1.6 ± 0.5 pS/pF in control cells and 9.2 ± 2.2 pS/pF in SAH cells ( P = 0.007). Blocking KiR channels with BaCI2 (0.1 mmol/L) resulted in significantly greater membrane depolarization in vasospastic compared with normal myocytes. Expression of KIR 2.1 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) was increased after SAH. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry also showed increased expression of KIR protein in vasospastic smooth muscle. Blockage of KIR channels in arteries under isometric tension produced a greater contraction in SAH than in control arteries. These results document increased expression of KIR 2.1 mRNA and protein during vasospasm after experimental SAH and suggest that this increase is a functionally significant adaptive response acting to reduce vasospasm.
In Vivo Uptake and Metabolism of α-[11C]Methyl-l-Tryptophan in Human Brain Tumors
Authors: Juhász Csaba , Chugani Diane C , Muzik Otto , Wu Dafang , Sloan Andrew E , Barger Geoffrey , Watson Craig , Shah Aashit K , Sood Sandeep , Ergun Eser L , Mangner Tom J , Chakraborty Pulak K , Kupsky William J , Chugani Harry T
Published: August 2005

Abnormal metabolism of tryptophan has been implicated in modulation of tumor cell proliferation and immunoresistance. α-[11C]Methyl-l-tryptophan (AMT) is a PET tracer to measure cerebral tryptophan metabolism in vivo. In the present study, we have measured tumor tryptophan uptake in 40 patients with primary brain tumors using AMT PET and standard uptake values (SUV). Tryptophan metabolism was further quantified in 23 patients using blood input data. Estimates of the volume of distribution ( VD') and the metabolic rate constant ( k'3) were calculated and related to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and histology findings. All grade II to IV gliomas and glioneuronal tumors showed increased AMT SUV, including all recurrent/residual tumors. Gadolinium enhancement on MRI was associated with high VD' values, suggesting impaired blood–brain barrier, while k'3 values were not related to contrast enhancement. Low-grade astrocytic gliomas showed increased tryptophan metabolism, as measured by k'3. In contrast, oligodendrogliomas showed high VD' values but lower k'3 as compared with normal cortex. In astrocytic tumors, low grade was associated with high k'3 and lower VD', while high-grade tumors showed the reverse pattern. The findings show high AMT uptake in primary and residual/recurrent gliomas and glioneuronal tumors. Increased AMT uptake can be due to increased metabolism of tryptophan and/or high volume of distribution, depending on tumor type and grade. High tryptophan metabolic rates in low-grade tumors may indicate activation of the kynurenine pathway, a mechanism regulating tumor cell growth. AMT PET might be a useful molecular imaging method to guide therapeutic approaches aimed at controlling tumor cell proliferation by acting on tryptophan metabolism.
Coupled-cluster methods including noniterative corrections for quadruple excitations
Authors: Bomble Yannick J. , Stanton John F. , Kállay Mihály , Gauss Jürgen
Published: August 2005

A new method is presented for treating the effects of quadruple excitations in coupled-cluster theory. In the approach, quadruple excitation contributions are computed from a formula based on a non-Hermitian perturbation theory analogous to that used previously to justify the usual noniterative triples correction used in the coupled cluster singles and doubles method with a perturbative treatment of the triple excitations (CCSD(T)). The method discussed in this paper plays a parallel role in improving energies obtained with the full coupled-cluster singles, doubles, and triples method (CCSDT) by adding a perturbative treatment of the quadruple excitations (CCSDT(Q)). The method is tested for an extensive set of examples, and is shown to provide total energies that compare favorably with those obtained with the full singles, doubles, triples, and quadruples (CCSDTQ) method.
Multiple solvation configurations around phthalocyanine in helium droplets
Authors: Whitley Heather D. , Huang Patrick , Kwon Yongkyung , Birgitta Whaley K.
Published: August 2005

Recent measurements of the emission spectrum of phthalocyanine solvated in superfluid helium nanodroplets exhibit a constant 10.3cm−1 splitting of each emission line relative to the absorption spectrum. This splitting has been attributed to two distinct helium environments near the surface of the phthalocyanine molecule. Rigid-body path-integral Monte Carlo provides a means of investigating the origin of the splitting on a detailed microscopic level. Path-integral Monte Carlo simulations of HeN4-phthalocyanine at 0.625K with N ranging from 24 to 150 show two distinct helium configurations. One configuration is commensurate with the molecular substrate and the other is a triangular lattice. We investigate the energetics of these two configurations and use a method for calculating electronic spectral shifts for aromatic molecule-rare-gas clusters due to dispersive interactions to estimate the spectral splitting that would arise from the two helium configurations seen for N=150. The results are in reasonable agreement with the experimentally measured splitting, supporting the existence of two distinct local helium environments near the surface of the molecule in the nanodroplets.
Effects of catalyst film thickness on plasma-enhanced carbon nanotube growth
Authors: Hofmann S. , Cantoro M. , Kleinsorge B. , Casiraghi C. , Parvez A. , Robertson J. , Ducati C.
Published: August 2005

A systematic study is presented of the influence of catalyst film thickness on carbon nanostructures grown by plasma-enhanced chemical-vapor deposition from acetylene and ammonia mixtures. We show that reducing the Fe∕Co catalyst film thickness below 3nm causes a transition from larger diameter (>40nm), bamboolike carbon nanofibers to small diameter (∼5nm) multiwalled nanotubes with two to five walls. This is accompanied by a more than 50 times faster growth rate and a faster catalyst poisoning. Thin Ni catalyst films only trigger such a growth transition when pretreated with an ammonia plasma. We observe a limited correlation between this growth transition and the coarsening of the catalyst film before deposition. For a growth temperature of ⩽550°C, all catalysts showed mainly a tip growth regime and a similar activity on untreated silicon, oxidized silicon, and silicon nitride support.
A potential from quantum chemistry for thermodynamic property predictions for methanethiol
Authors: Garrison Stephen L. , Sandler Stanley I.
Published: August 2005

An ab initio potential for methanethiol is determined by computing quantum-chemical interaction energies for a range of orientations and center-of-mass separation distances. These energies are initially fitted to a pairwise-additive, site-site Morse-C6 intermolecular potential. Additional interaction energies were then calculated at separation distances determined to be important from the angle-averaged Mayer f function calculated with the initial potential. This expanded set of interaction energies is then fitted using Boltzmann-type weighting to obtain the final intermolecular potential. Although there are some discrepancies in the fit for a particular type of orientation, the phase behavior calculated from Gibbs ensemble Monte Carlo simulations using this final potential is in very good agreement with experimental data. The prescription used here for obtaining the optimum potential from quantum-chemical methods should be applicable to other systems.
On the relationship of magnetocrystalline anisotropy and stoichiometry in epitaxial L10 CoPt (001) and FePt (001) thin films
Authors: Barmak K. , Kim J. , Lewis L. H. , Coffey K. R. , Toney M. F. , Kellock A. J. , Thiele J.-U.
Published: August 2005

Two series of epitaxial CoPt and FePt films, with nominal thicknesses of 42 or 50 nm, were prepared by sputtering onto single-crystal MgO(001) substrates in order to investigate the chemical ordering and the resultant magnetic properties as a function of alloy composition. In the first series, the film composition was kept constant, while the substrate temperature was increased from 144 to 704 °C. In the second series the substrate temperature was kept constant at 704 °C for CoPt and 620 °C for FePt, while the alloy stoichiometry was varied in the nominal range of 40–60-at. % Co(Fe). Film compositions and thicknesses were measured via Rutherford backscattering spectrometry. The lattice and long-range order parameter for the L10 phase were obtained for both sets of films using x-ray diffraction. The room-temperature magnetocrystalline anisotropy constants were determined for a subset of the films using torque magnetometry. The order parameter was found to increase with increasing temperature, with ordering occurring more readily in FePt when compared with CoPt. A perpendicular anisotropy developed in CoPt for substrate temperatures above 534 °C and in FePt above 321 °C. The structure and width of the magnetic domains in CoPt and FePt, as seen by magnetic force microscopy, also demonstrated an increase in magnetic anisotropy with increasing temperature. For the films deposited at the highest temperatures (704 °C for CoPt and 620 °C for FePt), the order parameter reached a maximum near the equiatomic composition, whereas the magnetocrystalline anisotropy increased as the concentration of Co or Fe was increased from below to slightly above the equiatomic composition. It is concluded that nonstoichiometric L10 CoPt and FePt, with a slight excess of Co or Fe, are preferable for applications requiring the highest anisotropies.
The surprisingly short vibrational lifetime of the internal stretch of CO adsorbed on Si(100)
Authors: Laß Kristian , Han Xu , Hasselbrink Eckart
Published: August 2005

Picosecond sum-frequency generation spectroscopy has been employed to study the dynamics of the internal stretch vibration of CO adsorbed on a Si(100) surface. Using the IR pump—sum-frequency generation probe method, the vibrational lifetime of the C–O stretch vibration has been determined to be 2.3±0.5ns. Within the experimental error limits, the identical lifetime was observed for C12O16 and C13O16. No strong dependency on the carrier density in the substrate, inferred from measurements using differently doped crystals, was observed.
Intervalley interactions in Si quantum dots
Authors: Ahn Doyeol
Published: August 2005

In this paper, we studied the intervalley interactions between the orbital functions associated with multivalley of silicon (Si) quantum dots. Numerical calculations show that the intervalley coupling between orbital functions increases rapidly with an applied electric field. We also considered the potential applications to quantum bit operation utilizing controlled intervalley interactions. Quantum bits are the multivalley symmetric and antisymmetric orbitals. Evolution of these orbitals would be controlled by an external electric field which turns on and off the intervalley interactions. Estimates of the decoherence time are made for the longitudinal-acoustic-phonon process. Elementary single- and two-qubit gates are also proposed.
Structure and properties of WO3-doped Pb0.97La0.03(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 ferroelectric thin films prepared by a sol-gel process
Authors: Shannigrahi Santiranjan , Yao Kui
Published: August 2005

Lanthanum-modified lead zirconate titanate Pb0.97La0.03(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 doped with xat.% WO3 (x=0, 0.2, 0.5, 1, and 2) (PLWZT) ferroelectric thin films have been deposited on Pt∕Ti∕SiO2∕Si substrates using a sol-gel spin-coating process. We have demonstrated that WO3 dopant plays a significant role on the structure and electrical properties of the PLWZT films. The x-ray-diffraction analysis shows that the PLWZT films undergo a dramatic tetragonal-to-cubic crystalline phase transformation with small amount of WO3 additives. Surface morphology (atomic force microscopy) analysis shows that the average grain size decreases with the increase of WO3 doping amount in the PLWZT films. The highest average grain size of 91nm has been observed for PLWZT (WO3:0.2at.%). It is also observed from x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study that W varies its chemical state with the varying concentration of WO3 in the films. Moreover, the polycrystalline PLWZT thin films with a small amount of WO3 doping (0.2at.%) show a reduced electrical conductivity, improved dielectric constant (ε) (1675 at 1kHz) and decreased dielectric loss (D) (0.03 at 1kHz), and improved remnant polarization (Pr) value of 30μC∕cm2 along with significantly improved fatigue resistance (∼5% attenuated after 108 switching cycles) compared with the other PLWZT films. A defect chemistry mechanism indicating the reduction of oxygen vacancies by the substitution of W for Ti at different doping concentrations has been proposed to well explain the observed experimental results.
Debris mitigation in a laser-produced tin plume using a magnetic field
Authors: Harilal S. S. , O’Shay Beau , Tillack Mark S.
Published: August 2005

Debris mitigation in a laser-produced tin plume is one of the most important issues for its use as an extreme ultraviolet source in next generation lithography. We investigated the use of a magnetic field for controlling the kinetic energies of various species in a laser-produced tin plasma. 1.06μm, 8-ns pulses from a Nd:yttrium aluminum garnet laser were used to create the tin plasma in vacuum that expanded across a transverse magnetic field. Time-of-flight optical emission spectroscopy was used to measure the velocities of excited neutral and singly ionized tin species. Our studies showed a significant reduction in the kinetic energies of the plume species with a modest magnetic field of 0.64T.
Endothermic freezing on heating and exothermic melting on cooling
Authors: Tombari E. , Ferrari C. , Salvetti G. , Johari G. P.
Published: August 2005

Generally, a liquid freezes exothermally on cooling and a crystal melts endothermally on heating. Here we report an opposite occurrence—a liquid’s endothermic freezing on heating and the resulting crystal’s exothermic melting on cooling at ambient pressures. Cp decreases on freezing and increases on melting, and the equilibrium temperature meets the thermodynamic requirement. Melting on cooling takes longer than freezing on heating. A rapidly cooled crystal state becomes kinetically frozen, evocative of a nonergodic state. Both Cp and enthalpy relax like those of glasses, though the viscosity is only a few centipoise. The crystal state belongs to energy minima higher than those of the melt, which has consequences for the use of potential-energy landscape, or inherent structures, for a thermodynamic description of a material.
Tunable uniaxial vs biaxial in-plane strain using compliant substrates
Authors: Yin Haizhou , Peterson R. L. , Hobart K. D. , Shieh S. R. , Duffy T. S. , Sturm J. C.
Published: August 2005

In this letter, the relaxation of strained rectangular islands on compliant substrates is used to achieve semiconductor thin films with either uniaxial stress or uniaxial strain in the plane of the film over an area of tens of microns. The work is demonstrated using silicon and silicon–germanium alloy single-crystal thin films, with uniaxial strain values approaching 1%. The biaxially strained SiGe or SiGe∕Si films on borophosphorosilicate glass (BPSG) were fabricated by a wafer bonding and layer transfer process. When the viscosity of BPSG drops at high temperatures for short times, films patterned in a rectangular shape can move laterally to relieve stress only in one in-plane direction. Thus one can tailor the strain from biaxial to uniaxial in the thin films.
Ultrasonic signal identification by empirical mode decomposition and Hilbert transform
Authors: Chen Tian-lu , Que Pei-wen , Zhang Qi , Liu Qing-kun
Published: August 2005

A novel approach is proposed to identify the arrival time of overlapping ultrasonic echoes in time-of-flight diffraction (TOFD) flaw detection. The nonlinear and nonstationary ultrasonic signal is decomposed using empirical mode decomposition method to obtain intrinsic mode functions, which are used for signal reconstruction. By applying Hilbert transform to the reconstructed signal, the arrival time of each echo can be clearly identified. The efficiency and feasibility of this approach in enhancing the time resolution of ultrasonic signal are validated by simulation and experiment, where 98% of flaws in 12-, 10-, and 8-mm-thickness pipelines can be identified with an average accuracy of 0.2 mm. The blind area of TOFD has been reduced to 2.5 mm under the surface. The frequency and angle of the probe pair have little influence on the identification.
High resolution planar encoder by retro-reflection
Authors: Kao Ching-Fen , Lu Sheng-Hua , Lu Mao-Hong
Published: August 2005

This investigation presents a planar diffractive laser encoder system (PDLENS), which serves as a two-dimensional (2D) position detection apparatus for precision machine applications. Traditional 2D position detection utilizes a pair of linear encoders in crossed construction and so maintaining the perpendicularity between this pair of encoders is difficult. Besides, the rigorous alignment requirements among various components of the encoder system impose a serious user adaptation bottleneck. Of all alignment tolerances, the head-to-scale alignment tolerance is the most important problem for applications. In this work, a 2D grating is employed as the scale and the PDLENS is based on the retro-reflection configuration. Therefore the new encoder can provide good perpendicularity and tolerate larger alignment errors than the conventional encoder does. The grating pitch is 1.6μm and the period of the output signal is 0.4μm due to the double diffraction. Electronic interpolation with a factor of 400 leads to a readout resolution of 1 nm. The new encoder and a capacitive sensor were employed to simultaneously measure a circular motion with a radius of 1μm generated by a piezo stage. Comparing the measured positions, the deviation is less than 30 nm and the repeatability is better than 8 nm.
Ultrahigh vacuum scanning electron microscope system combined with wide-movable scanning tunneling microscope
Authors: Kaneko A. , Homma Y. , Hibino H. , Ogino T.
Published: August 2005

A surface analysis system has been newly developed with combination of ultrahigh vacuum scanning electron microscope (SEM) and wide-movable scanning tunneling microscope (STM). The basic performance is experimentally demonstrated. These SEM and STM images are clear enough to obtain details of surface structures. The STM unit moves horizontally over several millimeters by sliding motion of PZT actuators. The motion resolution is proved to be submicrometers. The STM tip mounted on another PZT scanner can be guided to a specific object on the sample surface during SEM observation. In the observation of a Si(111) surface rapidly cooled from high temperature, the STM tip was accurately guided to an isolated atomic step and slightly moved along it during SEM observation. The STM observation shows an asymmetry of the (7×7)-transformed region along the step between the upper and lower terraces. (7×7) bands continuously formed along the edge of terraces, while (7×7) domains distributed on the terraces slightly far from the step. These experiments show the wide-movable STM unit resolves a gap of observation area between SEM and STM and the system enables a specific object found in the SEM image to be observed easily by STM.
Rapid stress-driven grain coarsening in nanocrystalline Cu at ambient and cryogenic temperatures
Authors: Zhang Kai , Weertman J. R. , Eastman J. A.
Published: August 2005

There have been long-standing concerns about the stability of the internal structure of nanocrystalline metals. In this letter we examine grain growth in nanocrystalline Cu under the microhardness indenter, examining the influence of temperature of indentation and sample purity. Surprisingly, it is found that grain coarsening is even faster at cryogenic temperatures than at room temperature. Sample purity is seen to play an important role in determining the rate of grain growth. Fast grain coarsening can affect the outcome of mechanical tests, especially if they involve large stresses and high-purity samples.
Flexible normally on photomultiplier gating strategy for reducing postgate artifacts
Authors: Hagen Guy M. , Gao Guangzhong , Roess Deborah A. , Barisas B. George
Published: August 2005

A normally on photomultiplier (PMT) gating strategy effectively eliminates postgate signals arising both from ion feedback after pulsing and from capacitive storage of primary photoelectrons. This approach has been applied to gating an Electron Tubes 9816B 14-stage linear focused PMT but should be applicable to a variety of other tubes. A positive potential pulse 10 V smaller than the photocathode (PC)-first dynode (D) potential difference is applied to the PC. This potential prevents ionization of residual gas, while still removing primary photoelectrons to D1. A negative pulse applied to intermediate dynodes D4/D6 increases overall attenuation to 5×106:1 with turn-off and turn-on times of 40 ns. The system adjusts pulse amplitudes to the applied tube HV and so provides consistent gating at all PMT gains. The free-standing, independently powered pulse generators are cabled to a passive tube base and can gate essentially any PMT with a maximum high voltage of 3 kV and a maximum PC-D1 potential of 450 V. A suitable passive tube base is thus the only tube-specific requirement.
Highly efficient and bright electroluminescent Ru(bpy)3(ClO4)2∕Alq3 device
Authors: Liu Chong-Yang , Bard Allen J.
Published: August 2005

Electroluminescent devices of indium tin oxide (ITO)∕Alq3(212nm)∕Ru(bpy)3(ClO4)2(100nm)∕Ga:In were fabricated and showed high external quantum and power efficiencies, of 6.4% and 5.3%, respectively, at an optical output power of 0.4mW∕cm2 under a bias of 2.3 V. At a higher bias voltage (>2.7V), the output power was well above 10mW∕cm2, but with a lower efficiency. Light emission occurred at the interface between Alq3 and Ru(bpy)3(ClO4)2, whose relative energies of both excited and ground states were offset, ideal for confining both charge carriers and minimizing the quenching of the Ru(bpy)32+ excited state. By comparison, in a single layer device without Alq3, the emission zone was located at the ITO interface where excited states were quenched and electron injection from the reduced molecules to the ITO contact produced a unipolar current and thus lower efficiency.
Side-chain electro-optic polymer modulator with wide thermal stability ranging from −46°Cto95°C for fiber-optic gyroscope applications
Authors: Kim Seong-Ku , Hung Yu-Chueh , Seo Byoung-Joon , Geary K. , Yuan W. , Bortnik B. , Fetterman H. R. , Wang C. , Steier W. H. , Zhang C.
Published: August 2005

Electro-optic (EO) polymer modulators with a wide range of thermal stability from −46°Cto95°C for fiber-optic gyroscope applications are reported. The synthesized EO side-chain polymer used has a glass transient temperature (Tg) of 200°C and a large EO coefficient of 25.2pm∕V in a real device measurement. Mach–Zehnder (MZ) intensity and optical phase modulators are implemented based on this high-Tg side-chain EO polymer, exhibiting ∼3.75V half-wave voltage with 1.5cm interaction length and 2.3cm total length at 1.55μm wavelength. The optical fiber-to-lens insertion loss is ∼7.5dB in the MZ interferometers and ∼6dB in the straight waveguides. We examine the long-term thermal stability of these devices and demonstrate their ability to meet the strict requirements of various EO device applications, particularly fiber-optic gyroscopes.
Silicon membrane resonant-cavity-enhanced photodetector
Authors: Cheng B. W. , Li C. B. , Yao F. , Xue C. L. , Zhang J. G. , Mao R. W. , Zuo Y. H. , Luo L. P. , Wang Q. M.
Published: August 2005

A Si resonant-cavity-enhanced (RCE) photodiode was fabricated on a silicon membrane. The Si membrane was formed by etching from the back side of the silicon-on-insulator substrate with the buried SiO2 layer as etch-stop layer. A gold layer was deposited serving as an electrode layer and bottom mirror of the RCE photodiode. The photodiode had an external quantum efficiency of 33.8% at the resonant wavelength of 848nm and a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 17nm. The responsivity was 4.6 times that of a conventional Si p-i-n photodiode with the same absorption layer thickness.