bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Consumer Understanding of Nutritional Supplements: An Irish Context
Authors: Walsh Julie Ann , Wright Angela
Published: January 2016

Nutritional Supplements have been available in Ireland for over thirty years. Originally available in health food stores only, supplements now have several distribution channels including pharmacy, practitioner, and online. Recommendations for consumption can come from many sources including general physicians, alternative practitioners, dieticians and nutritionists. The demand for Nutritional Supplements has increased over the years, and the industry has expanded exponentially. Nutritional Supplements provide an important opportunity to optimize illness prevention. As scientists and health professionals start to understand the value of Nutritional Supplements in terms of the prevention and treatment of disease, consumers follow suit. Market growth of Nutritional Supplements is reliant both on market positioning and the distribution strategies and channels chosen by the industry. The success or failure is dependent on how effectively and efficiently their products are sold through marketing channel members (e.g., agents, wholesalers, distributors, and retailers).

An examination of the distribution channel most appropriate to the purchase of Nutritional Supplements, and advice on their consumption has never been investigated in Ireland to date; hence, this research will be applicable to those involved in this specific industry.

A mixed method research approach was undertaken in this study to enable a thorough overview of the industry as it currently stands in Ireland. This research examines the quality of education of those who are distributing, retailing and/or recommending Nutritional Supplements. Qualitative data was collected through semi-structured interviews with twelve participants working within the Nutritional Supplement sector. This research also examines the thoughts of the consumer, relative to preferred distribution channels and who they deem most appropriate as advisors of Nutritional Supplements in Ireland. This was executed through a quantitative process and the consumer data was collated via an online survey.

A key finding of this study is that those who are considered best qualified for consultation (general practitioner, dietician and pharmacist), are actually not qualified enough to distribute Nutritional Supplement advice. Health food stores are the preferred distribution channel by consumers; however, Health store workers are not recognised as the most trustworthy for advice. This research will benefit those involved in the manufacture and distribution of Nutritional Supplements in Ireland. 
Visual Function after Implantation of a Diffractive Aspheric Trifocal Intraocular Lens
Authors: Alfonso José F. , Fernández-Vega Cueto Luis , Belda-Salmerón Lurdes , Montés-Micó Robert , Fernández-Vega Luis
Published: January 2016

Purpose

To evaluate distance, intermediate, and near vision after bilateral implantation of a diffractive aspheric trifocal intraocular lens (IOL).

Methods

This study enrolled 204 eyes of 102 patients who had bilateral implantation of the AT LISA tri 839MP IOL. Monocular and binocular uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA) and corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) (4 meters), monocular and binocular uncorrected near visual acuity (UNVA) and distance-corrected near visual acuity (DCNVA) (30, 40 centimeters), binocular uncorrected intermediate visual acuity (UIVA) and distance-corrected intermediate visual acuity (DCIVA) (50, 60, 70 centimeters), the defocus curve, and binocular photopic and mesopic contrast sensitivity with and without glare were evaluated over 6 months.

Results

No statistically significant differences in visual acuity outcomes between follow-up visits were found at any distance evaluated (p>0.05). Six months postoperatively, the mean monocular UDVA and UNVA were comparable to preoperative CDVA and DCNVA, respectively. All patients achieved a binocular CDVA of 20/25 or better. The mean binocular DCIVA ranged from 0.11 ± 0.11 (70 cm) to 0.07 ± 0.11 logMAR (50 cm). The mean binocular DCNVA was 20/25 or better in nearly 87% of patients. The defocus curve showed a wide range of useful vision, with no statistically significant differences in visual acuity at intermediate distances (p = 0.151). Mesopic contrast sensitivity was lower than under photopic conditions, particularly at medium and high spatial frequencies (p<0.001).

Conclusions

Bilateral implantation of this trifocal IOL provides good visual outcomes at far, intermediate, and near distances, being an effective solution to reduce spectacle dependence after lensectomy.
Implantation of a Polycaprolactone Scaffold with Subchondral Bone Anchoring Ameliorates Nodules Formation and Other Tissue Alterations
Authors: Vikingsson Line , Sancho-Tello María , Ruiz-Saurí Amparo , Díaz Santos Martínez , Gómez-Tejedor José A. , Ferrer Gloria Gallego , Carda Carmen , Monllau Joan C. , Ribelles José L. Gómez
Published: January 2016

Purpose

Articular cartilage has limited repair capacity. Two different implant devices for articular cartilage regeneration were tested in vivo in a sheep model to evaluate the effect of subchondral bone anchoring for tissue repair.

Methods

The implants were placed with press-fit technique in a cartilage defect after microfracture surgery in the femoral condyle of the knee joint of the sheep and histologic and mechanical evaluation was done 4.5 months later. The first group consisted of a biodegradable polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffold with double porosity. The second test group consisted of a PCL scaffold attached to a poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) pin anchored to the subchondral bone.

Results

For both groups most of the defects (75%) showed an articular surface that was completely or almost completely repaired with a neotissue. Nevertheless, the surface had a rougher appearance than controls and the repair tissue was immature. In the trials with solely scaffold implantation, severe subchondral bone alterations were seen with many large nodular formations. These alterations were ameliorated when implanting the scaffold with a subchondral bone anchoring pin.

Discussions

The results show that tissue repair is improved by implanting a PCL scaffold compared to solely microfracture surgery, and most importantly, that subchondral bone alterations, normally seen after microfracture surgery, were partially prevented when implanting the PCL scaffold with a fixation system to the subchondral bone.
Multiple Sclerosis and Catastrophic Health Expenditure in Iran
Authors: Juyani Yaser , Hamedi Dorsa , Hosseini Jebeli Seyede Sedighe , Qasham Maryam
Published: January 2016

BACKGROUND: There are many disabling medical conditions which can result in catastrophic health expenditure. Multiple Sclerosis is one of the most costly medical conditions through the world which encounter families to the catastrophic health expenditures. This study aims to investigate on what extent Multiple sclerosis patients face catastrophic costs.

METHOD: This study was carried out in Ahvaz, Iran (2014). The study population included households that at least one of their members suffers from MS. To analyze data, Logit regression model was employed by using the default software STATA12.

RESULTS: 3.37% of families were encountered with catastrophic costs. Important variables including brand of drug, housing, income and health insurance were significantly correlated with catastrophic expenditure.

CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that although a small proportion of MS patients met the catastrophic health expenditure, mechanisms that pool risk and cost (e.g. health insurance) are required to protect them and improve financial and access equity in health care.
Ethics Training and Workplace Ethical Decisions of MBA Professionals
Authors: Romious Tamar S. , Thompson Randall , Thompson Elizabeth
Published: January 2016

We recruited 15 MBA professionals in the St. Louis, Missouri metropolitan area to explore experiences and perceptions of classroom ethics training and ethical experiences in the workplace. Telephone interviews were conducted using open-ended questions to collect data that were uploaded to NVivo 10 for qualitative analysis. As a result of the data analysis, seven themes were recognized: (a) effective decision-making; (b) combining classroom instruction with real-world experience; (c) reasoning through an ethical issue; (d) resolution of workplace ethical issues; (e) feelings about ethics and corporate fraud; (f) fear of employer retaliation; and (g) expectations of management. One unexpected finding was that managers do not resolve ethical issues that the participants expect and that managers need more ethics training. The importance of human resources department was noted in dealing with ethical issues. A disturbing finding was the strong fear of retaliation for reporting an unethical issue. The self-assessment of the quality of ethics training in their MBA programs was mixed.
An Empirical Analysis of Local Opposition to New Transmission Lines Across the EU-27
Authors: Cohen Jed , Moeltner Klaus , Reichl Johannes , Schmidthaler Michael
Published: January 2016

The current European Union vision for a low carbon electricity system requires a large-scale expansion of overhead transmission lines to integrate renewable energy sources and ensure a secure electricity supply for the future. Recently, new installations of overhead transmission lines across Europe have been stymied by local opposition, which causes long delays in project completion and occasional cancellations. This study presents and analyzes data from an unprecedented survey on the social acceptance of transmission lines that was conducted in the EU-27. We find that auxiliary information regarding the positive effects of a grid development project can have a substantial impact in decreasing the opposition of local stakeholders. In particular, emphasizing any long-term carbon reduction potential or economic benefit of a particular project will, on average, decrease the likelihood that a local resident is strongly opposed to the project by 10-11%.
GEOLÓGIA A TEKTONIKA STYČNEJ OBLASTI CENTRÁLNYCH A EXTERNÝCH KARPÁT NA ZÁPADNOM SLOVENSKU – PREHĽAD NOVÝCH VÝSLEDKOV A KONCEPCIÍ
Authors: Plašienka Dušan
Published: January 2016

New data gathered in the Pieniny Klippen Belt (PKB) and adjacent zones along the Central–External Carpathians boundary in western Slovakia allow for a formulation of an updated model of its structure and tectonic evolution. In general, these zones evolved as an accretionary complex in front of the prograding Central Western Carpathian orogenic wedge during the latest Cretaceous to Paleogene. Step-by-step forward accretion of Oravic units of the PKB (Šariš, Subpieniny, Pieniny) with piggyback frontal elements of the Fatric units (Drietoma, Manín, Klape) was followed by incorporation of the External Carpathian Biele Karpaty and Magura units and brought about transfer of the Oravic elements from the wedge tip to its rear. The wedge growth was accompanied by steepening of the PKB structures up to final overturning and backthrusting to the south in places. By this process, the PKB were ultimately placed in the centre or southern limb of an asymmetric fan-wise accretionary wedge, i.e. in a backstop position between the wedge and rigid Central Carpathian block. Consequently, the original fold-and-thrust structures of the PKB were modifi ed or largely obliterated by superimposed out-of-sequence thrusting, transpressional and transtensional deformation. In addition to a rather poor brittle structural record that is mostly related to younger post-thrusting deformation, these processes are nicely registered by synorogenic clastic sediments in both the trench-foredeep basins in the lower plate of the convergent system (Oravic units) and in the piggyback, wedge-top basins above the deformed wedge (Gosau-type basins). Sedimentary record in the wedge-top area is diff erentiated into several transgression/regression cycles that are interpreted in terms of the critical wedge theory.
ALTERACE DETRITICKÉHO TITANITU V KULMU DRAHANSKÉ VRCHOVINY
Authors: Novotný Aleš , Čopjaková Renata
Published: January 2016

Titanite is a common accessory mineral of magmatic rocks, low- and medium-grade metamorphic rocks and it occurs as a detrital mineral in clastic sediments. Our paper deals with titanite alterations as a result of interaction of diagenetic fluids with detrital titanite during deep burial of sedimentary rocks of Drahany Upland, Protivanov Formation. Detrital titanites and their alteration products were examined by electron microprobe. Titanite dissolution was observed from the rim and along the cracks, accompanied by the formation of an authigenic calcite, TiO2 phase, synchysite-(Ce), and rarely chlorite. With an increasing degree of alteration, detrital titanite occurs as small irregular relics inside a mixture of authigenic minerals. Based on the composition of authigenic minerals, we can suppose diagenetic fluid rich in CO2, F and Ca responsible for alteration of detrital titanite. The maximum temperatures in this area during deep burial of sedimentary rocks reached 250–300 °C, corresponding to the conditions of very low-grademetamorphism. Contents of REE (0.67–3.55 wt. % REE2O3) in detrital titanite are rather high and vary significantly. Authigenic synchysite-(Ce) compared with detrital titanite strongly prefers LREE over HREE, indicating that LREE released during dissolution of detrital titanite were preferentially incorporated into the structure of synchysite-(Ce), whereas HREE were mobilized and removed away by diagenetic fluids.
MINERALOGIE ŽELEZNÝCH RUD Z LOŽISKA ŘÍDEČ V JIŽNÍ ČÁSTI ŠTERNBERSKO-HORNOBENEŠOVSKÉHO PRUHU (MORAVSKOSLEZSKÁ JEDNOTKA ČESKÉHO MASIVU)
Authors: Zimák Jiří
Published: January 2016

The Řídeč iron ore deposit of the Lahn-Dill type is located in the southernmost part of the Šternberk-Horní Benešov belt. The Jiří-Hugo Mine near Řídeč was in operation to 1947. Basic volcanites form the immediate footwall of an iron ore horizon which is covered with clastic sediments. All iron ore samples found on a heap at the Jiří-Hugo Mine represent one variety of ore: stilpnomelane ore with variable amounts of magnetite and calcite. The ore exhibits a banded structure – it consists of repeated, thin bands composed of black stilpnomelane scales and fine-grained magnetite, alternating with thin bands of calcite. Chamosite, siderite and ankerite are present in small amounts in some samples. Sulphides (pyrite, less abundant chalcopyrite, sporadically sphalerite) occur as disseminations in the ore. Chromite inclusions were found in magnetite. Hydrothermal veins are composed mainly of quartz, calcite, chamosite and stilpnomelane penetrate iron ore.High-grade stilpnomelane-magnetite ores poor in calcite contain 51–56 wt. % of iron. Therefore, they are one of the richest iron-ore varieties mined at deposits of the Lahn-Dill type in the Šternberk-Horní Benešov belt and in the Vrbno Group.
ANIZOTROPIE MAGNETICKÉ SUSCEPTIBILITY HORNIN NA KONTAKTU METABAZITOVÉ A DIORITOVÉ ZÓNY BRNĚNSKÉHO MASIVU V OKOLÍ VELKÉ BABY U JINAČOVIC
Authors: Mareček Lukáš , Melichar Rostislav
Published: January 2016

An anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility and temperature dependence on magnetic susceptibility were used to reveal an evolution history along the contact of the Metabasite and Diorite zones of Brno massif north of Brno-Řečkovice. The analysis of temperature dependence of magnetic susceptibility indicated that magnetic properties of all rocks in this area are essentially controlled by magnetite with a very small contribution of pyrhotite and hematite. These minerals were formed later than the primary magmatic minerals. Therefore we assume that magnetic fabrics in studied rocks reflect deformational processes which affected these rocks. There are three patterns in anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) in studied rocks. In the first pattern detected in diorites, the magnetic foliation is striking NE–SW, dipping to the NW and there is subvertical magnetic lineation. The second planar magnetic indicates a rotational movement of microgranite rocks along the contact of the Metabasite and Diorite zones. The last pattern found in rocks of the Metabasite zone is magnetic foliation striking NNE–SSW dipping on the NWW and magnetic lineation trending to the SW with plunge of 42° and it shows normal faulting of studied area.
VYUŽITELNOST KOLORIMETRIE PŘI STUDIU HORNIN – NA PŘÍKLADU VÁPENCŮ VE VELKOLOMU MOKRÁ
Authors: Dalajková Kristýna , Zimák Jiří , Štelcl Jindřich , Všianský Dalibor
Published: January 2016

The paper summarizes the results of colorimetric analyses of a large set of limestone samples from the Mokrá Quarry in the Moravian Karst (NE from Brno, Czech Republic). The examined samples belong to three lithologically different series of strata: Macocha, Líšeň, and Březina Formations. Limestones of these formations differ in the contents of non-carbonate component and, hence, in colour. The samples were prepared in four ways for colorimetric measurements: 1. unpolished bulk samples (cleavage planes were measured), 2. polished sections, 3. powder in a plastic bag, 4. simple uncovered powder. All of the four ways of sample preparation led to different results. The results were expressed using a CIE L*a*b* colour space. Based on the L* (specific lightness) value, the amounts of a non-carbonate component can be roughly judged. The specific lightness can be used for assigning a sample to a lithostratigraphic member and possibly also to correlation reasons in many cases.
VZTAH MEZI PŘIROZENOU RADIOAKTIVITOU HORNIN A PŮD NA NICH VYTVOŘENÝCH – ZÁKLADNÍ PROBLÉM INTERPRETACE DAT ZÍSKANÝCH LETECKOU A TERÉNNÍ GAMASPEKTROMETRIÍ
Authors: Zimák Jiří
Published: January 2016

The objective of this study was to assess the amount of natural radionuclides in fresh parent rocks and their effect on natural radioactivity of soils developed from them. Forty-five fresh rocks consisting mainly of granitoids, syenitoids, acid to basic metavolcanites, mica schists, gneisses, quartzites, serpentinites, sandstones, graywackes, and limestones and their corresponding overlying soils were sampled for laboratory gamma-ray spectrometric analysis. Contents of potassium, uranium and thorium were converted to mass activity of 226Ra equivalent (am) and terrestrial gamma radiation dose rate (D). Data are tabled and discussed. The highest am values occured in syenitoids (386–441 Bq·kg-1) followed by granitoids, mica schists, greywackes and gneisses, whereas the lowest am values were found in quartzose sandstones (15–36 Bq·kg-1) followed by limestones (less than 15 Bq·kg-1) and serpentinites (less than 6 Bq·kg-1). The natural radioactivity of soils is usually slightly lower than that of parent rocks due to the lower content of potassium, uranium and thorium in soils. This is typical for granitoids, syenitoids and rocks of similar mineralogical composition. In soils developed on granitoids and syenitoids were found increased concentrations of all three elements in the grain size fraction below 0.063 mm. Soils developed on rocks with low natural radioactivity (such as limestones and serpentinites) tend to have significantly higher natural radioactivity than their parent rocks. This may complicate the interpretation of data obtained by airborne gamma-ray spectrometry.
Concise Review: Organoids Are a Powerful Tool for the Study of Liver Disease and Personalized Treatment Design in Humans and Animals
Authors: Nantasanti Sathidpak , de Bruin Alain , Rothuizen Jan , Penning Louis C. , Schotanus Baukje A.
Published: January 2016

Organoids are three-dimensional culture systems in which adult stem cells and their progeny grow and represent the native physiology of the cells in vivo. Organoids have been successfully derived from several organ systems in both animal models and human patients. Organoids have been used for fundamental research, disease modeling, drug testing, and transplantation. In this review, we summarize the applications of liver-derived organoids and discuss their potential. It is likely that organoids will provide an invaluable tool to unravel disease mechanisms, design novel (personalized) treatment strategies, and generate autologous stem cells for gene editing and transplantation purposes.

Significance

Organoids derived from the liver have hepatocellular differentiation potential and can be an unlimited source for hepatocytes for application in in vitro toxicology testing and for transplantation purposes as an alternative to orthotopic liver transplantation. The in vitro representation of the native physiology and epigenetic background of the adult liver stem cells makes the organoid technology an excellent tool to study and model liver diseases, for drug screening, and for the design of personalized treatments. This review summarizes the applications of liver organoids and discusses their potential in the study and modeling of liver diseases, and in the development and testing of novel drugs.
Funcionalidad actual de la "Fuente la Mina". Lorca (Región de Murcia)
Authors: López Fernández José Antonio
Published: January 2016

La galería de la fuente La Mina, en La Paca, Lorca, es un ejemplo de galería con lumbreras en la Región de Murcia. A pesar de la sequía actual en este territorio (2013-2014), este sistema tradicional de aguas continúa alumbrando un pequeño caudal, motivo por el que la cercana comunidad de regantes Campo Alto ha realizado una solicitud a Confederación Hidrográfica del Segura para disponer de estos recursos y mantener su espacio regado.
Valoración socioeconómica de la extracción de gas mediante fracturación hidráulica en la Región de Murcia
Authors: Martínez-Paz Jose M. , Pellicer-Martínez Francisco , Fernández José Ramón , Lamonaca Luca
Published: January 2016

La extracción de gas no convencional mediante fracturación hidráulica (fracking) es una técnica controvertida,  ya que a sus beneficios sociales y económicos se contraponen sus potenciales riesgos ambientales y sobre la salud humana. En el norte de  la Región de Murcia, al igual que en otras zonas de España, se han concedido recientemente permisos de investigación y prospección para la posible explotación de yacimientos gas mediante fracking,  lo que ha originado la aparición de movimientos ciudadanos que abogan por su prohibición. El objetivo  central de este trabajo es estudiar el conocimiento, la percepción y la aceptabilidad  que tienen los ciudadanos de la Región de Murcia sobre la explotación de esta fuente de energía. Con este fin se realiza una encuesta en la que se implementa el método de la Valoración Contingente. Los resultados informan, entre otros,  que algo más de dos tercios de la población estarían a favor de su implementación, condicionado a que salud y el medioambiente sean salvaguardados. A su vez cada familia murciana se muestra dispuesta a contribuir, en media,  con 15 €/año como sobrecoste en el recibo eléctrico para evitar o retrasar la explotación
What is ideology?
Authors: Martin John Levi
Published: January 2016

Political ideology has been a confusing topic for social analysts, and those who attempted to eschew judgmental reductions of others’ conceptions and develop a non-polemical political psychology found ideology behaving in ways that defeated their theories of political reasoning.  I argue that political ideology can best be understood as actors’ theorization of their own position, and available strategies, in a political field.
(Auto)Mobilities and social identities in Portugal
Authors: Oliveira Catarina Sales
Published: January 2016

Mobility is an expression of modernity, and is considered by some an analytical paradigm of contemporary western society (Sheller and Urry, 2006). Stratification, on the other hand, is a classic sociological dilemma. In this article we propose to look at mobility patterns from the point of view of the social composition of their actors in the Portuguese context. Based on the results of PhD research on Portuguese metropolitan mobility patterns, we explore the relationship between mobility and social classes, with particular emphasis on the choice of automobility. We identify different mobility profiles, mainly according to the means of transport and the socio-professional identity of the studied population.
O impacto do PISA em Portugal através dos media
Authors: Lemos Valter , Serrão Anabela
Published: January 2016

O PISA (Programme for International Student Assessment) tem constituído um instrumento de ação da OCDE com impacto público e influência nas políticas de educação de diversos países. Este artigo analisa a forma como o PISA e a divulgação dos resultados dos alunos portugueses foram tratados em três meios nacionais de referência de comunicação escrita entre 2001 e 2012: o jornal Diário de Notícias, o jornal semanário Expresso e a revista semanal Visão. Concluiu-se que cada vez mais os media nacionais têm vindo a desempenhar um importante papel na divulgação dos resultados do PISA, com um aumento significativo do número de peças jornalísticas, contribuindo para moldar a política de educação nacional, ao estabelecerem frequentemente relação entre o PISA e medidas de política concretas em que este programa aparece como elemento legitimador da decisão.
Medicamentos, consumos de performance e culturas terapêuticas em mudança
Authors: Lopes Noémia Mendes , Rodrigues Carla F.
Published: January 2016

O uso de fármacos e produtos naturais para a gestão do desempenho pessoal, aqui designado consumos de performance, constitui o foco deste artigo e dá suporte a uma reflexão analítica sobre a mudança nas culturas terapêuticas. Tendo por referência a atual problemática dafarmacologização, bem como o lugar do natural na expansão do uso do medicamento, demonstra-se que a farmacologização do quotidiano está a emergir noutros campos, que não exclusivamente o da saúde, dando lugar a novas lógicas de relação com estes recursos. A sustentação empírica desta abordagem tem por base os resultados de um estudo nacional sobre os consumos de performance na população jovem em Portugal.
Clivagens e cumplicidades entre a Igreja Católica e o Estado: o casamento entre pessoas do mesmo sexo
Authors: Vilaça Helena , Oliveira Maria João
Published: January 2016

Portugal é um país maioritariamente católico e com indicadores de religiosidade significativos no contexto europeu. Contudo, tal facto não impediu a emergência de um conjunto de atitudes mais liberalizantes da sociedade em relação a temas delicados e recorrentemente designados como fraturantes, como o da legalização do casamento entre pessoas do mesmo sexo. Neste artigo, pretendemos analisar as reações da Igreja Católica sobre esse desafio ético, tendo em conta as interações desenvolvidas com o sistema político e dentro do próprio universo católico (hierarquia, população em geral, grupos e organizações), pautado simultaneamente por homogeneidade e diversidade, por dinâmicas de solidariedade e de conflito.
Review: Ethnic Boundary Making. Institutions, Power, Networks [Wimmer, Andreas, 2013, Nova Iorque, Oxford University Press]
Authors: Oliveira Nuno
Published: January 2016

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A economia solidária na contramarcha da pobreza
Authors: Gaiger Luiz Inácio
Published: January 2016

O artigo apresenta e discute evidências de que os empreendimentos econômicos solidários devam ser considerados como uma alternativa para gerar renda, combater a pobreza e romper a lógica das desigualdades, dado que promovem o protagonismo dos pobres, buscam eficiência e lutam por trabalho decente. Da comparação realizada entre estatísticas sobre empresas no Brasil e dados do primeiro mapeamento nacional da economia solidária ressaem também argumentos consistentes quanto à conveniência de uma abordagem singular do empreendedorismo no contexto da economia solidária e, em certos aspectos, no campo mais amplo das pequenas empresas.
Nas asas da borboleta: filosofia de Bergson e educação
Authors: Célia Magalhães Torreão Rita
Published: January 2016

Esta obra apresenta a Pedagogia da Duração em um texto poemático-filosófico. A partir das ideias de Bérgson, a autora fala sobre a linha tênue entre o fluir do tempo e o espaço sólido. Rita Célia reúne os conhecimentos adquiridos no ambiente acadêmico com sua vocação para a poesia e o resultado é um livro que vai além da pedagogia de Bérgson, utilizando-o apenas como um interlocutor.
Graphene-gated lateral P–I–N photodiode based on silicon-on-insulator process
Authors: Zou Wanghui , Xia Yu , Peng Wei , Zeng Yun
Published: January 2016

A lateral P–I–N photodiode consisting of a monolayer graphene gate based on the silicon-on-insulator (SOI) process for blue and ultraviolet wavelengths is proposed. The introduced gate increases the depletion area with a small gate bias voltage. Owing to the extraordinary optical and electrical properties of graphene, the gated structure shows an improved quantum efficiency over the conventional “ungated” structure. Moreover, the employment of graphene is mainly compatible with modern integrated circuit processes and makes the proposed device suitable for future integration.
Different Designs of Dual-Focus Perforated Transmitarray Antenna in Near/Far-Field Region
Authors: Malhat H. Abd El-Azem , Zainud-Deen S. , Hassan W.
Published: January 2016

Designs of the single-focus and multi-focused transmitarray antennas for the near-field (NF) or/and far-field (FF) applications have been introduced. Perforated dielectric single sheet is used for transmitarray design for simple configuration. Single-focus transmitarray for the far-field and the near-field are obtained. The radiation characteristics of 13×13 unit-cells transmitarray in the near-field and the far-field region have been investigated. A single structure multi-focus transmitarray is designed using the chess-board arrangement of the unit-cells elements. Multi-focus transmitarray for FF/FF, FF/NF, and NF/NF have been designed and investigated. The phase distribution and the corresponding holes radii for the first quadrant of the multi-focus transmitarray are presented. The radiation characteristics of different array configuration have been investigated and analyzed using full-wave simulator CST Microwave Studio.
CO2 annual and semiannual cycles from multiple satellite retrievals and models
Authors: Jiang Xun , Crisp David , Olsen Edward T. , Kulawik Susan S. , Miller Charles E. , Pagano Thomas S. , Liang Maochang , Yung Yuk L.
Published: January 2016

Satellite CO2 retrievals from the Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT), Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS), and Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) and in situ measurements from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ‐ Earth System Research Laboratory (NOAA‐ESRL) Surface CO2 and Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) are utilized to explore the CO2 variability at different altitudes. A multiple regression method is used to calculate the CO2 annual cycle and semiannual cycle amplitudes from different data sets. The CO2 annual cycle and semiannual cycle amplitudes for GOSAT XCO2 and TCCON XCO2 are consistent but smaller than those seen in the NOAA‐ESRL surface data. The CO2 annual and semiannual cycles are smallest in the AIRS midtropospheric CO2 compared with other data sets in the Northern Hemisphere. The amplitudes for the CO2 annual cycle and semiannual cycle from GOSAT, TES, and AIRS CO2 are small and comparable to each other in the Southern Hemisphere. Similar regression analysis is applied to the Model for OZone And Related chemical Tracers‐2 and CarbonTracker model CO2. The convolved model CO2 annual cycle and semiannual cycle amplitudes are similar to those from the satellite CO2 retrievals, although the models tend to underestimate the CO2 seasonal cycle amplitudes in the Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes and underestimate the CO2 semiannual cycle amplitudes in the high latitudes. These results can be used to better understand the vertical structures for the CO2 annual cycle and semiannual cycle and help identify deficiencies in the models, which are very important for the carbon budget study.
Short‐term probabilistic earthquake risk assessment considering time‐dependentbvalues
Authors: Gulia Laura , Tormann Thessa , Wiemer Stefan , Herrmann Marcus , Seif Stefanie
Published: January 2016

Laboratory experiments highlight a systematicbvalue decrease during the stress increase period before failure, and some large natural events are known to show a precursory decrease in thebvalue. However, short‐term forecast models currently consider only the generic probability that an event can trigger subsequent seismicity in the near field. While the probability increase over a stationary Poissonian background is substantial, selected case studies have shown through cost‐benefit analysis that the absolute main shock probability remains too low to warrant significant mitigation actions. We analyze the probabilities considering both changes in the seismicity rates and temporal changes in thebvalue. The precursorybvalue decrease in the 2009 L'Aquila case results in an additional fiftyfold probability increase for aM6.3 event. Translated into time‐varying hazard and risk, these changes surpass the cost‐benefit threshold for short‐term evacuation.
Millenary Mw > 9.0 earthquakes required by geodetic strain in the Himalaya
Authors: Stevens V. L. , Avouac J.‐P.
Published: January 2016

The Himalayan arc produced the largest known continental earthquake, the Mw ≈ 8.7 Assam earthquake of 1950, but how frequently and where else in the Himalaya such large‐magnitude earthquakes occur is not known. Paleoseismic evidence for coseismic ruptures at the front of the Himalaya with 15 to 30 m of slip suggests even larger events in medieval times, but this inference is debated. Here we estimate the frequency and magnitude of the largest earthquake in the Himalaya needed so that the moment released by seismicity balances the deficit of moment derived from measurements of geodetic strain. Assuming one third of the moment buildup is released aseismically and the earthquakes roughly follow a Gutenberg‐Richter distribution, we find that Mw > 9.0 events are needed with a confidence level of at least 60% and must return approximately once per 800 years on average.
On the calculation of electric diffusion coefficient of radiation belt electrons with in situ electric field measurements by THEMIS
Authors: Liu Wenlong , Tu Weichao , Li Xinlin , Sarris Theodore , Khotyaintsev Yuri , Fu Huishan , Zhang Hui , Shi Quanqi
Published: January 2016

Based on 7 years' observations from Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS), we investigate the statistical distribution of electric field Pc5 ULF wave power under different geomagnetic activities and calculate the radial diffusion coefficient due to electric field,
, for outer radiation belt electrons. A simple empirical expression of
is also derived. Subsequently, we compare
to previous DLL models and find similar Kp dependence with the
model, which is also based on in situ electric field measurements. The absolute value of
is constantly higher than
, probably due to the limited orbital coverage of CRRES. The differences between
and the commonly used
and
models are significant, especially in Kp dependence and energy dependence. Possible reasons for these differences and their implications are discussed. The diffusion coefficient provided in this paper, which also has energy dependence, will be an important contributor to quantify the radial diffusion process of radiation belt electrons.
Multicore structure of the North Pacific subtropical mode water from enhanced Argo observations
Authors: Gao Wendian , Li Peiliang , Xie Shang‐Ping , Xu Lixiao , Liu Cong
Published: January 2016

Seventeen Argo profiling floats with enhanced vertical and temporal sampling were deployed in the Kuroshio recirculation gyre in the western North Pacific in late March 2014. The Subtropical Mode Water (STMW) observed in many profiles displays a “multicore structure” with more than one minima in potential vorticity (PV), corroborated by vertical covariations in apparent oxygen utilization (AOU). These cores are classified into four submodes according to density and AOU. The submode waters are typically 100 m thick, in which PV varies by 1 × 10−10 m−1 s−1 and AOU by 10 µmole/kg. The STMW multicore structure is most frequently observed in spring, gradually taken over by single‐core profiles into summer. The seasonal evolution is suggestive of vertical mixing, especially in STMW of lower density.
Stable ring beam of solar wind He2+ in the magnetosheath
Authors: Tsubouchi K. , Nagai T. , Shinohara I.
Published: January 2016

Heavier, or large mass‐per‐charge, ion species like helium ions (He2+) in the solar wind are decelerated less than protons at the Earth's bow shock. The resulting velocity difference in the magnetosheath forms a ring beam around the core protons. In this study, we identified the presence of such a ring beam composed of He2+ ions in the magnetosheath from observations from the Geotail spacecraft. Previous studies have shown that the ring distribution induces ion cyclotron waves that rapidly scatter the He2+ ring beam, leading to evolution into a shell or to a Maxwellian distribution. In contrast, the present event suggested that the He2+ ring beam persisted for the order of 10 min, i.e., hundreds of ion gyroperiods. One‐dimensional hybrid simulations of a quasi‐perpendicular, low Mach number shock (θ = 85°,MA ∼ 2.5) showed that the lower density of He2+ ions (less than 1% to protons) is the crucial condition that accounts for the long‐duration property of the ring beam. Weaker wave activity was insufficient to scatter He2+ ions, whereas two‐dimensional simulations showed a rapid scattering of the ring beam as suggested in the previous studies. Comparison between these results indicated that there are still controversial issues concerning the dynamics of minor ions in the magnetosheath, whether the He2+ ring beam is really stable, and what parameters control the stability condition.
Extended magnetohydrodynamics with embedded particle‐in‐cell simulation of Ganymede's magnetosphere
Authors: Tóth Gábor , Jia Xianzhe , Markidis Stefano , Peng Ivy Bo , Chen Yuxi , Daldorff Lars K. S. , Tenishev Valeriy M. , Borovikov Dmitry , Haiducek John D. , Gombosi Tamas I. , Glocer Alex , Dorelli John C.
Published: January 2016

We have recently developed a new modeling capability to embed the implicit particle‐in‐cell (PIC) model iPIC3D into the Block‐Adaptive‐Tree‐Solarwind‐Roe‐Upwind‐Scheme magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) model. The MHD with embedded PIC domains (MHD‐EPIC) algorithm is a two‐way coupled kinetic‐fluid model. As one of the very first applications of the MHD‐EPIC algorithm, we simulate the interaction between Jupiter's magnetospheric plasma and Ganymede's magnetosphere. We compare the MHD‐EPIC simulations with pure Hall MHD simulations and compare both model results with Galileo observations to assess the importance of kinetic effects in controlling the configuration and dynamics of Ganymede's magnetosphere. We find that the Hall MHD and MHD‐EPIC solutions are qualitatively similar, but there are significant quantitative differences. In particular, the density and pressure inside the magnetosphere show different distributions. For our baseline grid resolution the PIC solution is more dynamic than the Hall MHD simulation and it compares significantly better with the Galileo magnetic measurements than the Hall MHD solution. The power spectra of the observed and simulated magnetic field fluctuations agree extremely well for the MHD‐EPIC model. The MHD‐EPIC simulation also produced a few flux transfer events (FTEs) that have magnetic signatures very similar to an observed event. The simulation shows that the FTEs often exhibit complex 3‐D structures with their orientations changing substantially between the equatorial plane and the Galileo trajectory, which explains the magnetic signatures observed during the magnetopause crossings. The computational cost of the MHD‐EPIC simulation was only about 4 times more than that of the Hall MHD simulation.
Paleomagnetic rotation pattern of the southern Chile fore‐arc sliver (38°S–42°S): A new tool to evaluate plate locking along subduction zones
Authors: Hernandez‐Moreno Catalina , Speranza Fabio , Di Chiara Anita
Published: January 2016

The Chile fore arc at 37°S–47°S represents the coseismic deformation zone of the 1960 Mw 9.5 Valdivia earthquake. Here we report on the paleomagnetism of 43 Oligocene‐Pleistocene volcanic sites from the fore‐arc sliver between 38°S and 42°S. Sites were gathered west of the 1000 km long Liquiñe‐Ofqui dextral fault zone (LOFZ) that represents the eastern fore‐arc sliver boundary. Nineteen reliable sites reveal that the fore arc is characterized by counterclockwise (CCW) rotations of variable magnitude, except at 40°S–41°S, where ultrafast (>50°/Myr) clockwise (CW) rotations occur within a 30 km wide zone adjacent to the LOFZ. CCW rotation variability (even at close sites) and rapidity (>10°/Myr) suggest that the observed block rotation pattern is related to NW‐SE seismically active sinistral faults crosscutting the whole fore arc. According to previously published data, CW rotations up to 170° also occur east of the LOFZ and have been related to ongoing LOFZ shear. We suggest that the occurrence and width of the eastern fore‐arc sliver undergoing CW rotations is a function of plate coupling along the subduction zone interface. Zones of high coupling enhance stress normal to the LOFZ, induce high LOFZ strength, and yield a wide deformation zone characterized by CW rotations. Conversely, low coupling imply a weak LOFZ, a lack of CW rotations, and a fore arc entirely dominated by CCW rotations related to sinistral fault kinematics. Our locking inferences are in good agreement with those recently derived by GPS analysis and indicate that seismotectonic segment coupling has remained virtually unchanged during the last 5 Ma.
An extreme value model for maximum wave heights based on weather types
Authors: Rueda Ana , Camus Paula , Méndez Fernando J. , Tomás Antonio , Luceño Alberto
Published: January 2016

Extreme wave heights are climate‐related events. Therefore, special attention should be given to the large‐scale weather patterns responsible for wave generation in order to properly understand wave climate variability. We propose a classification of weather patterns to statistically downscale daily significant wave height maxima to a local area of interest. The time‐dependent statistical model obtained here is based on the convolution of the stationary extreme value model associated to each weather type. The interdaily dependence is treated by a climate‐related extremal index. The model's ability to reproduce different time scales (daily, seasonal, and interannual) is presented by means of its application to three locations in the North Atlantic: Mayo (Ireland), La Palma Island, and Coruña (Spain).
The Productivity of Wh‐ Prompts when Children Testify
Authors: Andrews Samantha J. , Ahern Elizabeth C. , Stolzenberg Stacia N. , Lyon Thomas D.
Published: January 2016

Wh‐ prompts (what, how, why, who, when, and where) vary widely in their specificity and accuracy, but differences among them have largely been ignored in research examining the productivity of different question types in child testimony. We examined 120 six‐ to 12‐year‐olds' criminal court testimony in child sexual abuse cases to compare the productivity of various wh‐ prompts. We distinguished among wh‐ prompts, most notably the following: what/how‐happen prompts focusing generally on events, what/how‐dynamic prompts focusing on actions or unfolding processes/events, what/how‐causality prompts focusing on causes and reasons, and what/how‐static prompts focusing on non‐action contextual information regarding location, objects, and time. Consistent with predictions, what/how‐happen prompts were the most productive, and both what/how‐dynamic prompts and wh‐ prompts about causality were more productive than other wh‐ prompts. Prosecutors asked proportionally more what/how‐dynamic prompts and fewer what/how‐static prompts than defense attorneys. Future research and interviewer training may benefit from finer discrimination among wh‐ prompts. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Creating Nostalgic Advertising Based on the Reminiscence Bump: Diachronic Relevance and Purchase Intent
Authors: Ju Ilyoung , Choi Yunmi , Morris Jon , Liao Hsiao‐Wen , Bluck Susan
Published: January 2016

Nostalgic advertising uses images relevant to past periods in individuals' lives to market products. The current study examines the reminiscence bump in a new context: reactions to nostalgic advertising. We examine diachronic relevance and its influence on purchase intent using a 3 (time frame: bump advertisements, non‐bump past advertisements, present‐focused advertisements) × 2 (age group: Generation X, late‐stage baby boomers) between‐subject design. Results show that advertisements for a fictional camera brand (i.e., Optimax) that focus on a bump year (i.e., 15–24 years) have more diachronic relevance than advertisements from either a non‐bump past year or present‐focused advertisements. In addition, advertisements focused on bump years elicit greater intent to purchase the advertised product than non‐bump past and present‐focused advertisements. Analyses show that intent to purchase the product is fully mediated by diachronic relevance of the bump‐year advertisement. These effects hold across both age groups.Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Transient Localization Scenario for Charge Transport in Crystalline Organic Materials
Authors: Fratini Simone , Mayou Didier , Ciuchi Sergio
Published: January 2016

Charge transport in crystalline organic semiconductors is intrinsically limited by the presence of large thermal molecular motions, which are a direct consequence of the weak van der Waals intermolecular interactions. These lead to an original regime of transport called transient localization, sharing features of both localized and itinerant electron systems. After a brief review of experimental observations that pose a challenge to the theory, we concentrate on a commonly studied model which describes the interaction of the charge carriers with intermolecular vibrations. We present different theoretical approaches that have been applied to the problem in the past, and then turn to more modern approaches that are able to capture the key microscopic phenomenon at the origin of the puzzling experimental observations, i.e., the quantum localization of the electronic wavefunction at timescales shorter than the typical molecular motions. We describe in particular a relaxation time approximation which clarifies how the transient localization due to dynamical molecular motions relates to the Anderson localization realized for static disorder, and allows us to devise strategies to improve the mobility of actual compounds. The relevance of the transient localization scenario to other classes of systems is briefly discussed.