bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Limits to sustained energy intake XXVII: trade-offs between first and second litters in lactating mice support the ecological context hypothesis
Authors: Vaanholt Lobke Maria , Duah Osei Agyeman , Balduci Suzanna , Mitchell Sharon Elizabeth , Hambly Catherine , Speakman John Roger
Published: January 2018

Increased reproductive effort may lead to trade-offs with future performance and impact offspring, thereby influencing optimal current effort level. We experimentally enlarged or reduced litter size in mice during their first lactation, and then followed them through a successive unmanipulated lactation. Measurements of food intake, body mass, milk energy output (MEO), litter size and litter mass were made. Offspring from the first lactation were also bred to investigate their reproductive success.

In their first lactation, mothers with enlarged litters (n=9, 16 pups) weaned significantly smaller pups, culled more pups, and increased MEO and food intake compared to mothers with reduced litters (n=9, 5 pups). In the second lactation no significant differences in pup mass or litter size were observed between groups, but mothers that previously reared enlarged litters significantly decreased pup mass, MEO and food intake compared to mothers with reduced litters. Female offspring from enlarged litters displayed no significant differences in any of the other variables measured compared to female offspring from reduced litters, but did wean slightly smaller pups.

These results suggest that females with enlarged litters suffered from a greater energetic burden during their first lactation, and this was associated with lowered performance in a successive reproductive event and impacted on their offspring's reproductive performance. Female ‘choice’ about how much to invest in the first lactation may thus be driven by trade-offs with future reproductive success, and hence the ‘limit’ on performance may not be a hard physiological limit. These data support the ecological-context-hypothesis.
Accounting and Analytical Provision of Updates Basic Funds: Selecting Sources of Financing
Authors: Золотарева Г. , Zolotareva G. , Бахмарева Н. , Bahmareva N.
Published: January 2018

Th e article offers recommendations for the control of alternative sources of financing of renovation of fixed assets, taking into account risk factors, including risks directly related to the change in the level of financial sustainability of the organization. The use of these recommendations, management of organization will have the opportunity to organize the

assessment of the potential of existing portfolio total cash flows expected from each involved source of investment by their members in the aisles of the planning horizon.
‘A cut disguised as kindness’ – concerns over FSM reforms
Authors: Henshaw Pete
Published: January 2018

Despite DfE claims, campaigners fear that thousands of families will lose out on free school meals under Universal Credit reform
RSE: What's your evidence?
Authors: Emmerson Lucy
Published: January 2018

Why basing relationships and sex education on fact rather than opinion is more important than ever…
View from the Fourteenth Floor
Authors: Erikson Kai
Published: January 2018

This chapter considers one approach to the sociological perspective that has to do with looking at social life as if from afar even when one is positioned at arm's length from it. It explains how sociologists look at social life from a point of vantage similar to that gained at a fourteenth floor. It suggests that sociologists who speak of the social tend to be speaking of tides, forces, currents, pulls—something in the nature of social life that induces people to behave in fairly predictable ways at least part of the time. Human life is subject to social forces that help give it form and pattern. Sociologists tend to regard those forces as things. The chapter also considers the conflict and disorder that characterize the social world.
Disaster at Buffalo Creek
Authors: Erikson Kai
Published: January 2018

This chapter focuses on the Buffalo Creek flood in West Virginia that occurred on February 26, 1972. Almost everyone along Buffalo Creek depended on coal mining for a living. The creek is formed by three narrow forks meeting at the top of the hollow. The middle of these forks, known as Middle Fork, had been for many years the site of an enormous bank of mine waste. The waste was there because it solved two important disposal problems for the Buffalo Mining Company. This chapter describes the events that led to the Buffalo Creek disaster and its aftermath. It also considers the individual and collective trauma caused by the flood. Finally, it presents the story of a survivor named “Wilbur.”
Becoming a Person
Authors: Erikson Kai
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the process of socialization, of becoming a person—the way we become aware of the social world we are a part of and learn to participate in it. It first considers the lessons of early childhood and how a child learns a particular language before discussing George Herbert Mead's views on childhood learning. It then analyzes the processes that occur when people are removed from the larger social order and confined to total institutions and “becoming a person once again,” also known as “secondary socialization” or “resocialization.” It suggests that, whether one is speaking of “becoming a person” in the early years or repeating some part of that process later, members of a society live by an informal grammar.
Creating Divisions
Authors: Erikson Kai
Published: January 2018

This chapter focuses on “stratification” or “differentiation,” the process by which every society finds ways to divide itself into a vast tracery of classes, ranks, orders, estates, stations, and so on. History is testament to the ways in which we have learned to locate ourselves in a whole latticework of classes, estates, orders, and other differentials. These distinctions are of two quite different but overlapping kinds. The first is stratification, the way human beings arrange themselves into hierarchies and gradations based on rank. The second is differentiation, which has to do with the way human beings sort themselves into other divisions based on gender, occupation, lifestyle, race, and the like.
An Overview of the Model
Authors: Burch William R. , Machlis Gary E. , Force Jo Ellen
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the Human Ecosystem Model (HEM), which began as a seedling in the late 1960s and has grown and developed into a middle-aged forest today. Human ecosystem is defined as a coherent system of biophysical and social factors capable of adaptation and sustainability over time. Coherence is relative and varying within human ecosystems. There can be “tight coherence” between available energy flows and economic activity, as when a scarcity of petroleum reduces industrial production and raises costs. There can also be “loose coherence,” such as the relationship between available water supplies and the performance of educational institutions. The chapter also elaborates on some of the other key words from the given definition of human ecosystem, such as capability, adaptation, and sustainability.
Using the Model for Science during Crisis
Authors: Burch William R. , Machlis Gary E. , Force Jo Ellen
Published: January 2018

This chapter illustrates how the application of the Human Ecosystem Model (HEM) has recently been extended to include science-based assessments during major environmental crises. The model has been used as a scenario-building tool during both the Deepwater Horizon oil spill (2010) in the Gulf of Mexico and Hurricane Sandy along the East Coast of the United States (2012). These extraordinary events—one originating in failures within the social system (government, technology, and industry, for example) and one originating in a historical natural event—offer robust tests of how the HEM can be used to improve decision-making, resource management, and policy. The chapter shows why the HEM was used in the scenario-building sessions: it includes both biophysical and socioeconomic elements, is explicit regarding flows, and has an emerging record of application.
Epilogue
Authors: Becker Eve-Marie
Published: January 2018

This concluding chapter contains some final reflections on history-writing as well as on the gospel writers themselves. It notes that the conception of history engendered in part by Mark and Luke constitutes a coherent framework within which to perceive the elements of time and history and, moreover, to demythologize the future. The chapter also dwells on the anonymity of Luke and Mark, especially in comparison to the more well-known Greco-Roman historians, yet it argues that their very anonymity as writers, however, may prove to have been their greatest strength: without a care for either the opportunities or the pitfalls that haunt the mainstream historian in his quest for fame and fortune, Mark and Luke managed to conceptualize narratives of “good news.”
Lights of the World
Authors: Marshall Peter
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines Jesus' words that You are the salt of the earth…You are the light of the world…Your light must shine so brightly before men that they can see your good works', and their special meaning for those who saw themselves as the apostles' direct descendants: the priests and bishops leading Christ's Church upon earth. The chapter considers how the priesthood's collective claim to present an icon of Christ to the people was mocked by disparities of wealth, status and power. It describes priests as technicians of salvation, distributors of sacramental grace, but also as instructors in knowledge and virtue. It then explores monastic reform as a moral, jurisdictional and political question, along with the ways that religious orders in fifteenth-century Europe were gripped by the spirit of ‘Observance’. It also discusses the circulation of negative stereotypes of monks and friars in late medieval England.
Supremacy
Authors: Marshall Peter
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the nature and extent of royal supremacy during the reign of Henry VIII. If Henry's supremacy was innate and divinely ordained, the question that arises is why it required an act of Parliament. The King's own view was that Parliament merely expressed the nation's assent, but Thomas Cromwell may have thought differently. The legal theorist Christopher St German, an inspiration for the parliamentary assault against the clergy in 1531–1532, certainly believed that royal supremacy rested in the King in Parliament. The chapter considers the rise of a new religious phenomenon — dissident, oppositional Roman Catholicism — and issues regarding the King's divorce and supremacy before discussing visitation, which was intended for both symbolic performance and practical enforcement of the royal supremacy. It also looks at the death of Catherine of Aragon and the first formal statement of doctrine for the independent Church of England, known as Ten Articles.
Pilgrimage Ends
Authors: Marshall Peter
Published: January 2018

This chapter focuses on the Pilgrimage of Grace, a popular rising that erupted in Yorkshire in October 1536 against Henry VIII's religious policies. On 11 October 1536, Robert Aske, ‘chief captain’ of a spate of risings breaking out across the East Riding of Yorkshire, issued a proclamation, calling upon his countrymen ‘to preserve the church of God from spoiling’. A couple of days later, Aske's troops met with a force commanded by William Stapleton. On parting, Aske declared that ‘they were pilgrims, and had a pilgrimage gate to go’. The government viewed the ‘Pilgrimage’ as nothing but armed rebellion. The Pilgrimage makes nonsense of a frequently asked question: why there was ‘so little opposition’ to the religious upheavals instigated by the King. The chapter examines the events leading to the Pilgrimage, its suppression by Henry, and why it failed.
Slaying Antichrist
Authors: Marshall Peter
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the economic problems and social unrest that in 1549 erupted into riot and rebellion during Edward VI's reign. Copies of the new Prayer Book were distributed, and the new liturgy was performed in place of the Latin mass on Whitsunday even in remote rural parishes. One of these was Sampford Courtenay, a small village in mid-Devon. The chapter first describes the events that led to the Sampford Courtenay rebellion, along with similar uprisings in Cornwall and in Norfolk. It then considers the Oxfordshire rebellion, a short but bloody civil war portrayed by many as a conflict between forces of Christ and Antichrist. It also discusses the sequence of events that led to the removal from power of Edward's uncle, Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset. Finally, it analyses the assertion by evangelicals that radicals and Romanists both distorted the Word of God.
The Two Queens
Authors: Marshall Peter
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the succession crisis sparked by the death of Edward VI. Before he died, Edward VI drafted a document headed ‘My Device for the Succession’, in which he ignored his half sisters Mary and Elizabeth, and settled the Crown on his first cousin once removed — the 16-year-old Lady Jane Grey. The chapter considers the proclamation of Jane Grey as queen of England before she was replaced by Mary I. It also discusses some of the first acts made by Mary, including the declaration of formal religious toleration, and issues that arose during her reign, such as the church lands question, the rebellion that erupted after Mary insisted on marrying Philip of Spain, reconciliation with the Roman Catholic Church, and the exile of English Protestants in Geneva.
Alteration
Authors: Marshall Peter
Published: January 2018

This chapter focuses on the accession and coronation of Elizabeth I as queen of England in 1558. The reign of Elizabeth began with a declaration that nothing had changed. On the morning of Mary's death, a proclamation announcing the Queen's succession was read at Westminster, and at the Great Cross at Cheapside, and despatched to sheriffs in every county. It commanded Elizabeth's new subjects not to attempt ‘breach, alteration, or change of any order or usage presently established within this our realm’. The chapter first examines the evangelicals' response to the accession of Elizabeth before discussing some of the measures introduced by Parliament, including a bill to restore royal supremacy, and the nationwide royal visitation. It also considers some of Elizabeth's initiatives, particularly the Royal Injunctions which completed the alteration of religion.
Unsettled England
Authors: Marshall Peter
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines issues regarding Elizabeth I's religion. Elizabeth's goal as Supreme Governor, in the words of a 1559 proclamation, was ‘the soul health of her loving subjects, and the quieting of their consciences in the chief and principal points of Christian religion’. Whatever the condition of their souls, the consciences of many Protestants and Catholics had been stirred rather than quieted by the events of the ensuing nine years. The chapter first considers Elizabeth's relationship with the bishops during her reign before discussing the Canterbury Convocation, which led to the drafting of the Thirty-Nine Articles and Homilies and produced practical proposals for further reform of the Church of England. It also looks at the plague that struck England in the summer of 1563 and the Marian exiles' condemnation of Nicodemism.
Admonitions
Authors: Marshall Peter
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the so-called ‘Admonition Controversy’ involving the Church of England and its bishops during the reign of Elizabeth I. It begins with a discussion of the danger posed by Mary Queen of Scots, along with her disastrous personal circumstances, and proceeds by analysing the rebellion known as the Rising of the Northern Earls and the outbreak of Counter-Reformation in the north. It then considers Pope Pius V's promulgation of the bull called Regnans in Excelsis (Ruling in the highest) in 1570, Protestants' attempt to close ranks against Catholicism, and the pamphlets An Admonition to the Parliament and A Second Admonition to Parliament. It also looks at Edmund Grindal, archbishop of Canterbury, and concludes with an assessment of the official crackdown on prophesyings and Puritanism.
Wars of Religion
Authors: Marshall Peter
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines how Reformation changed what it meant to be a Christian in England, affecting not just what people believed but how they believed it. The late 1580s did not herald the end of endeavours to reform the worship, habits and thoughts of the people of England. But more than one grandiose project of Reformation peaked and ebbed in the period around 1587–1589. The chapter considers the precariousness of peace and Protestantism in Elizabethan England, the moral panic about Jesuits, the use of judicial torture that reflected some important claims about the limits of ‘religion’, and the division between papists and Protestants. It also discusses the results of the campaign to encourage the Protestant Church of England to become the best version of itself, with particular emphasis on the failure of bishops to make the case for continuing reformation that pushed Puritanism into becoming a political movement.
The Supernatural and the Second World War
Authors: Kurlander Eric
Published: January 2018

This chapter evaluates the influence of the supernatural imaginary on the Third Reich's conception of foreign policy, investment in fanciful weaponry, and use of astrology, divination, clairvoyance, and telepathy in prosecuting the war. The Second World War was neither caused nor directed primarily by occult designs. However, many aspects of the war were influenced or determined by folklore, border science, and the broader Nazi supernatural imaginary. Rather than rely on a practical evaluation of risks and rewards, Hitler frequently tapped into his own intuition in making foreign-policy decisions and appealed to the German people's collective unconscious in selling his aggressive policies. Abetting Hitler's faith-based foreign policy, the Propaganda Ministry and Foreign Office employed professional astrologers and diviners to produce wartime propaganda aimed at both the Allies and the German public. Finally, the Third Reich utilized occultism and border science to gather military intelligence, search for enemy battleships, and train Nazi soldiers.
How to Read
Authors: Williams Abigail
Published: January 2018

Over the course of the eighteenth century, ideas about delivery and linguistic effect were repackaged in more plentiful and accessible forms for aspirational audiences eager to acquire skills of self-improvement. We see a tension between nostalgia for ancient eloquence, so privileged in the early modern period, and a new emphasis on polite style and genteel social accomplishment. Reading out a written text becomes a popular art form, hobby, spectator sport, subject of academic enquiry, and topic of satire. This chapter explores the culture of learning to read well, and considers what it was that the good reader was supposed to be doing.
Reading and Sociability
Authors: Williams Abigail
Published: January 2018

This chapter shows how the social history of the book was closely linked to other practices—to ideas about sociability, conventions of visiting, use of leisure time, nature of domestic spaces, value of conversation. By the end of the eighteenth century there were plenty of newly available places in which to spend leisure time and money in company, including pleasure gardens, coffeehouses, museums, and concerts. Although many people took full advantage of these innovations in external leisure activity, the home remained an essential place of recreation for men and women of property. People supped, dined, played cards, read, gossiped, argued, and performed music together in their homes throughout the eighteenth century. The choice of books on display within a house—whether being read or in sight on table or shelves—was also significant. In larger houses, it had an added significance because of the eighteenth-century shift towards the use of the library as a general living space.
Drama and Recital
Authors: Williams Abigail
Published: January 2018

This chapter discusses the consumption of drama in the eighteenth century. Readers in the eighteenth century consumed plays as avidly as we now read novels. Texts designed for the theatre swiftly migrated into domestic environments, where they had alternative lives—read silently, adapted into narrative form, recited, or turned into amateur performance. Both the vogue for elocution and the rise of private theatricals at the end of the century shaped perceptions of amateur drama and recitation. There were clear distinctions between reading, reciting, and performing, and these were linked to fundamental issues of propriety. Shakespeare also became ever more firmly ensconced as the national bard over the course of the eighteenth century.
Fictional Worlds
Authors: Williams Abigail
Published: January 2018

This chapter discusses the rise of the novel in the eighteenth century. At the beginning of the century, readers had little more than short continental prose fictions, or romances; by the end they had thousands of pages of invented lives and stories that were consumed in books, anthologies, part books, abridgements, and magazine instalments. The development of a tradition of extended prose fiction had a transformative impact on the landscape of literary culture at this time. Critics viewed the rise of narrative fiction as the reason for, amongst other things, a crisis in poetic identity, the rise of the solitary reader, and the development of a complex sense of self. The development of the novel also generated what now seems like bizarre mass hysteria over the uses of this new form—reading novels was thought by many to be seductive, dangerous, and enervating for those who consumed too much, too fast.
Britain’s Controversial Empire
Authors: du Rivage Justin
Published: January 2018

This chapter recounts the political-economic debate surrounding the War of Austrian Succession and shows why authoritarian reform initially failed. That debate centered on a critique of Whig government. Those establishment Whigs who led Britain believed that their country could only survive the mortal threats of French absolutism and Jacobitism by building a strong fiscal-military state, one that not only engaged in European warfare but also raised large amounts of revenue through high domestic taxes and extensive public borrowing. Britain's midcentury prime ministers believed that Britain had created a powerful commercial empire, and they had little interest in either taxing the colonies or spending heavily to defend them. This vision of politics, which placed a heavy burden on both country gentry and middling sorts, did not go unchallenged.
The Seven Years’ War and the Politics of Empire
Authors: du Rivage Justin
Published: January 2018

This chapter offers an account of the British debate over the war. Although establishment Whigs were initially reluctant to commit money and men to rebuff French encroachments in North America, military defeats and angry denunciations from radical Whigs on both sides of the Atlantic eventually led to an alliance with radical Whig leader William Pitt. Pitt's strategy of colonial reimbursement and global warfare helped make the Seven Years' War one of the most expensive in Britain's history, and it led politicians to accuse him of warmongering and demagoguery. Although authoritarian reformers were initially a voice in the wilderness, the accession of George Grenville and the fall of the Pitt–Newcastle ministry gave them the opportunity they needed to enact a sweeping program of reform and austerity. They cut back the war effort, negotiated peace with France, and stifled dissent—even as radical and establishment Whigs cried out against them.
Introduction
Authors: Lockwood Matthew
Published: January 2018

The introduction outlines previous definitions of the modern state as well as historians’ current explanations of state formation in early modern Europe and England. It demonstrates that earlier scholars have focused almost entirely on the state’s ability to engage in active warfare and have thus neglected an important aspect of the monopoly of violence, the restriction of non-state or illegitimate violence. The introduction also explores the medieval background of the coroner system, the mechanism designed to regulate violence in England and explains why the system had failed to achieve its proposed ends prior to the sixteenth century.
Conclusion
Authors: Lockwood Matthew
Published: January 2018

The conclusion reiterates the centrality of the coroner system and its oversight in the monopolization of violence, state formation, and the growth of state power by creating and delineating new definitions of legitimate and illegitimate violence. It also examines the resulting decline of extra-judicial violence—blood feud, vendetta etc.—and subsequent attempts by the English state to target and control non-lethal forms of non-state violence such as riot and assault. Finally, the conclusion offers some initial comparisons with continental Europe and suggests that the trends seen in England may have been mirrored by similar attempts to monopolize violence in the Holy Roman Empire.
Them and Us (Iliad 6)
Authors: Anhalt Emily Katz
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines how the Iliad promotes the capacity of its audience as individuals to acknowledge and respect the essential humanity of every other individual. It explains how the Iliad enables its audience to get a glimpse of the Trojan War from the Trojans' perspective, as well as the surprisingly humanizing depiction of Hector within his city. The Iliad suggests that the recognition of multiple perspectives makes moral judgment possible. In addition to humanizing the enemy and perhaps promoting self-restraint and compassion, the Iliad delineates the spheres of men and women: warfare and politics for men; domestic activities, weaving, and child-rearing for women. The chapter concludes by arguing that the Iliad confronts its audience with the responsibility to reassess the conviction that the capacity for violence deserves the highest honors that the community can confer.
The Dangers of Democratic Decision Making (Sophocles’ Ajax)
Authors: Anhalt Emily Katz
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines how the Ajax tackles the problem of rage and highlights the dangers of democratic decision making. In Ajax, Sophocles shows that democratic institutions alone cannot eradicate the burning desire for vengeance because they do not address the fundamental problem. Ajax rejects not only the flexibility of democratic values and decision-making procedures, but also the cyclical processes of nature and the movement of time itself. The chapter considers how, following Ajax's death, the Ajax exposes the double nature of moral flexibility. It also considers how Odysseus's awareness of human vulnerability and mortality infuses the concept of justice with humanity and compassion. Ajax's rage reminds us to approach consensus and compromise carefully, with a farsighted, Odyssean understanding of self-interest.
The Abuse of Power and Its Consequences (Euripides’ Hecuba)
Authors: Anhalt Emily Katz
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines Hecuba's emphasis on the abuse of power and its consequences. In its depiction of rage, Hecuba exposes the ramifications of people in power failing to respect any obligations toward the powerless. The play reminds its audience that democratic decision making, by empowering individuals, simultaneously requires individuals to take responsibility for their actions and to learn to judge and to choose to do what is best. The chapter also explains how Hecuba enables the audience to see that every violent act will produce further violence. The characters call this “justice,” but the audience cannot. In addition, the play insists that morality can be unlearned and stresses the gratuitous cruelty and suffering that human beings inflict on one another.
“The Power to Enchant that Comes from Disillusion”: W. H. Auden’s Anti-Magical Poetics
Authors: Mutter Matthew
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines Auden’s vision of the body and the broader material character of existence by elaborating his critique of “magical thinking,” which for Auden marks an attempt to subsume the material otherness of the world into human subjectivity. As a late modernist, Auden is writing against what he takes to be two distorted modernist responses to secular “disenchantment”: magic, which disavows the gap between subject and object, and pagan immanence, which identifies with and seeks to resacralize the very inhumanness of the world’s material energy. Auden, rather, accepts the secular disenchantment of the world, which for him uncovers a new possibility: an ethical relation to material life, including the life of one’s own body, as the nonhuman other. But he simultaneously preserves a Christian, nonreductive vision of the human world as a domain of responsibility, original action, and transcendent aspiration. He thus develops what I call a nonhierarchical “affirmative dualism,” a vision of two distinct orders given equal standing.
A Test Case for the Kinsey Male
Authors: Irmscher Christoph
Published: January 2018

Max Eastman’s increasing conservatism does not lead to self-imposed restrictions on his love life. Among his lovers the young Creigh Collins, an aspiring poet and fellow devotee to physical pleasure, stands out. The Hitler-Stalin pact seals Max’s rejection of communist ideas and drives his advocacy for American involvement in World War II. In the protagonist of his long poem, Lot’s Wife (1942), heavily criticized by Edmund Wilson, Max paints a picture of the archetypal tyrant, Hitler and Stalin rolled into one terrifying package. To the consternation of his former leftist friends, Max joins Reader’s Digest as a “roving editor,” celebrating his new association with an essay on why socialism does not “jibe” with human nature. Buoyed by this new source of income, Max and Eliena build a home on Martha’s Vineyard.
Juridical Subordination
Authors: Brooks Roy L.
Published: January 2018

This chapter focuses on the socio-legal race problem; namely juridical subordination. The Supreme Court engages in this form of racial subordination when its rulings freeze or impede racial progress for the sake of pursuing a nonracist, competing interest. Juridical subordination most often occurs today in the name of racial progress; in other words, when the Court’s vindication of a black equality norm (such as racial omission or racial integration) in reality inhibits black advancement. Since the end of Jim Crow, the black equality interest has been defined in ways that compete not only with the civil-rights-era norms but with other legitimate norms. Focusing on cases involving antidiscrimination law and racial preference (or affirmative action) law, this chapter illustrates how the Court can avoid juridical subordination in its civil rights cases.
Neoliberalism and the commodification of identity
Authors: Gulson Kalervo N. , Webb P. Taylor
Published: January 2018

*There is an extensive literature, over the course of 25 years, that identifies neoliberalism as a political-economic theory that utilises the efficiencies of market economics to develop and legitimate government priorities and practices. Neoliberalism also promotes forms of social organisation that emphasise individuals’ freedom of choice, and has emphasised ways to increase the educational choices of those who have been racialised as Black or African American. Neoliberalism calls for ‘freedom’, mostly understood in relation to the rights of the individual to market participation and of markets themselves to operate without interference from the state (...
Policy events, race and the future of the city
Authors: Gulson Kalervo N. , Webb P. Taylor
Published: January 2018

The final chapter concludes the book by examining some of the effects of problematizing ideas of race, racism, equity and so forth, and explicitly takes on the challenges that emerge when education policy is constituted by contradiction, incompleteness, and indeterminacy. The chapter revisits the key concepts of the book (events, biopolitics, race, cities, neoliberalism, difference) and places them within variegated histories of inequality and what alternatives policy scholars might consider in relation to these histories, and potential futures.
Is 70 the new 60? Extending American women’s and men’s working lives
Authors: Street Debra , Tompkins Joanne
Published: January 2018

Although the United States economy rebounded relatively quickly from the global recession, older workers wanting or needing to work longer confront similar limitations to those in other countries. The critical role of Social Security for shaping patterns of later life work is considered, alongside the US neoliberal stance that minimizes family-friendly policies that would support more equal gender outcomes for work and retirement. Instead, the structure of employment markets, persistent gender gaps in pay, raced and gendered outcomes related to sources and amounts of retirement income, and increasing retirement ages that compel some of the most vulnerable Americans to work longer are considered. The concept of extended working life is considered at both ends of the adult life course, taking into account the challenges of both young and older workers given the realities of the US labour market, underscoring the importance of taking both labour supply and demand into account to fully understand the implications of extended working lives. Although women bear a disproportionate burden of unpaid care, few compensatory policies exist to ensure their income adequacy in old age. That, combined with ageism in the American workplace, make older women who have interrupted work histories or lifetimes of low paid or part time work very vulnerable to experiencing precarious employment, or low incomes/poverty in old age.
Gendered and extended work: research and policy needs for work in later life
Authors: Vickerstaff Sarah , Street Debra , Léime Áine Ní , Krekula Clary
Published: January 2018

The conclusion briefly summarises the contributions of each of the individual country chapters; to highlight major cross-national similarities and differences; to emphasise topics where more research is needed to better understand the myriad implications of extended working lives, and to consider some policy directions that could improve prospects for extended working life by countering the increasing polarisation of later life opportunities which current policy trajectories will create. While not denying the materially better conditions in Sweden or the United States than, say, Portugal or Ireland, there is not as much variation across the countries covered as might otherwise have been expected when extended working life is considered through a gendered lens. If older women's disadvantage is to be minimised or addressed, it is certain that the private sector alone cannot accomplish that. Only governments can redistribute resources and life chances in ways that would give future women (and vulnerable men) a fighting chance at good employment in later life and adequate income in old age.
Introduction
Authors: Sutherland Claire
Published: January 2018

This chapter starts by looking at the idea of nationalism, referencing the European refugee ‘crisis’ of 2015 and Brexit vote in 2016, and the frightening power of this nationalist ideology. It also introduces Anthony Key, an artist, whose work is used to illustrate the ideas presented throughout the book. The chapter concludes with an outline of the book’s chapters.
Introduction
Authors: Bildtgård Torbjörn , Öberg Peter
Published: January 2018

The chapter opens with a case description of an older cohabiting couple who met late in life. The case sets the scene for a discussion of the phenomenon of late life repartnering – its socio-historical preconditions, as well as the particularities of meeting a new intimate partner in later life in difference with other life phases – central themes of discussion in the following chapters. The chapter continues by outlining the key findings for the book’s readers, such as gerontologists, family researchers, sexologists, people working with older people, and the generally interested reader.
The changing landscape of intimacy in later life
Authors: Bildtgård Torbjörn , Öberg Peter
Published: January 2018

The purpose of this chapter is to uncover the changing structural conditions for late-life intimacy using empirical data. The chapter shows the prolongation of the lifespan in different countries and discusses its importance for older people’s relationships and for envisioning new intimate futures. The rise of divorce culture among older people is discussed using comparative data on divorce rates in different countries and shows how this affects the partner market for older singles, by creating a ‘society of divorcees’ and potential for a ‘grey repartnering revolution’. It also shows how the gendered structure of the partner market is affected by this change. Finally, the chapter shows how new digital technologies have affected the dating arena by introducing new venues for meeting a partner.
Discussion
Authors: Bildtgård Torbjörn , Öberg Peter
Published: January 2018

The final chapter briefly summarizes the major insights from the previous chapters. It then relates these findings to three central theoretical questions: how does late-life repartnering relate to the wider historical transformation of intimacy described by social theory? How can the concept of life phase enhance an understanding of late-life repartnering? How can the results from the Swedish case studies be generalised to a wider international context?
Learning across cases, learning beyond ‘cases’
Authors: Bassel Leah , Emejulu Akwugo
Published: January 2018

In this chapter we take a step back to think across the three cases, and ‘beyond’ them. In Section 1, we reflect on our cases in order to avoid the analytical straightjacket of national ‘models’ that can obscure similarities as much as they also elucidate differences. In Section 2, we move ‘beyond’ these cases in the sense of thinking about the internationalist and autonomous dimensions of intersectional and minority women-led organising that we see in the creative, subversive and influential voices and actions of new actors and movements in both France and Britain.
Twenty-first century socialism? Venezuela’s solidarity, social, popular and communal economy
Authors: Azzellini Dario
Published: January 2018

The chapter critically analyses the different efforts in Venezuela to support and build a solidarity, social, popular and communal economy as part of what is defined as goal of a societal transformation toward a so-called ‘21st century socialism.’ It presents different initiatives from below as well as the state’s reaction and initiatives. The range of initiatives and models of collective ownership and production ranges from workers’ participation in state companies to workers’ control and the construction of a communal economy self-managed by the communities based on direct democracy. The chapter also points out the tension between the officially declared policy supporting self-management and workers’ control and the far more contradictory and conflictive reality of the relationship between state and self-management.
Living sín patrón: lessons from Argentina’s societies in movement
Authors: Sitrin Marina
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores a few of the movements that arose in Argentina soon before and after the popular rebellion of the 19th and 20th of 2001 – movements whose forms of organizing, such as horizontaldad, prefigurative politics and autogestion, closely coincide with movements that have emerged over the past twenty years across vast geographic areas. It then opens the question of what sorts of lessons communities and societies in movement, such as Occupy, the Movements of the Squares and Climate Justice can learn from the Argentine experiences – using the framework of Working and Living Sin Patron to help guide the discussion.
The sustainability of food charity
Authors: Lambie-Mumford Hannah
Published: January 2018

Chapter 5 addresses how sustainable emergency food initiatives are, in relation to the sustainability of both the availability of food to emergency food providers and the accessibility of that food to potential recipients. This chapter first of all explores the agency of emergency food providers to make food available and finds that they are constrained in significant ways by the structure of the food industry. The agency of potential emergency food recipients is also highly constrained, both in terms of accessing the projects and once within them. The sustainability of emergency food provision in terms of the availability of food through these systems and access to that food by people in need therefore appears to be particularly vulnerable. Emergency food providers and their recipients are constrained by the structures in which they operate (the food system and emergency food systems) and their ability to access the amount of food they require is ultimately determined by these structures.
Food charity as caring
Authors: Lambie-Mumford Hannah
Published: January 2018

Chapter 6 looks at where charitable emergency food provision fits into responsibilities to respect, protect and fulfil the human right to food. It employs a theory of care ethics to explore the nature of need for emergency food provision and how providers define success within these systems. Whilst need and success are often spoken of in immediate terms (crisis and meeting immediate need) this in fact belies the more nuanced appreciation organisations have for the complex circumstances which underpin need for emergency food and how they understand the impact of their projects on recipients’ lives. The chapter goes on to discuss the ways in which emergency food providers are assuming responsibility for caring for the hungry with mixed feelings. It places these findings within the context of care ethics approaches which see care as structural and public and discusses how these endeavours could be interpreted as privatised care, fitting within wider neo-liberal shifts. The chapter concludes that in line with care ethics approaches, the right to food framework indicates that there might be a particular role for emergency food providers, in relation to political engagement and utilising the power of their collective voice.
Conclusion
Authors: Lambie-Mumford Hannah
Published: January 2018

Chapter 8 focuses on the consequences of the rise of emergency food provision for the progressive realisation of the human right to food in the UK. The chapter discusses the opportunities that the right to food approach provides and its appropriateness in the current context and sets out three key conclusions. The first is that there is a need to challenge minimalist approaches to the definition of food insecurity, ways in which responses are framed and solutions understood. The second conclusion relates to the importance of rights-based policies to move us forward from the current situation, where the findings suggest there is an increasing reliance on emergency food provision in the context of a retrenched welfare state. The third conclusion relates to the important social and political role emergency food charities could have in the realisation of the right to food. The conclusion chapter ends with recommendations for a range of stakeholders including emergency food charities, policy makers, NGOs, the food industry, communities and individuals and researchers.
The awardees’ contribution reviewed
Authors: Askeland Gurid Aga , Payne Malcolm
Published: January 2018

The chapter presents a content analysis of interviews with most of the awardees and of biographies of others who received the Katherine Kendall Award, summarizing information about them. It reviews the nature of their international work, their roles in developing social work education in their own country and internationally, in extending practice education and in curriculum development. The main social issues that engaged their involvement and the main subjects of their publications are analysed. Issues such as academization, community involvement and policy advocacy, social work and gender, the funding of their work and their work with the United Nations are explored.
Armaity S. Desai, 1992
Authors: Askeland Gurid Aga , Payne Malcolm
Published: January 2018

This chapter contains a brief biography and transcript of an interview with Armaity S. Desai, a leader in Indian social work education, who was awarded the Katherine Kendall Award of the International Association of Schools of Social Work in 1992, for her contribution to international social work education. After social work training and practice experience in India and the USA, she held leadership roles at the Nirmala Niketan College of Social Work, the Tata Institute of Social Sciences and the Indian University Grants Commission. Areas of social work important in her career included adoption, practice education, integrated practice in social work, using a range of modalities, using social work ideas to inform leadership roles and social development. She saw international social work as giving breadth of perspective, and saw lack of funding and indigenous literature as obstacles to development in social work education. Activism, standing up against the state, is seen as important in social work.
Stories of migration, displacement, community resistance and solidarity
Authors: Mayo Marjorie
Published: January 2018

This chapter introduces the book’s themes of migration, displacement, community resistance and the development of community solidarities – drawing upon the author’s experiences as well as her previous research. In the context of neo-liberal globalisation there are common underlying causes for the movement of peoples, whether these are movements within countries or movements across national borders. There are similarities as well as differences between people’s displacements, including people’s displacement as a result of social cleansing, here in Britain. The chapter concludes by introducing the chapters that follow.
Public policies to promote community cohesion
Authors: Mayo Marjorie
Published: January 2018

This chapter focuses upon strategies to respond to the darker sides of ‘community’, the more exclusionary sides, and the conflicts that can so easily be exacerbated within as well as between communities. Public policies have addressed these issues in more – or less- successful ways. Public policies can backfire, just as they can have the effect of reinforcing negative stereotypes of the ‘other’. This criticism has been applied to policies to promote community cohesion via ‘Prevent’ programmes against violent extremism, for example, in the context of the so-called ‘War on Terror’. The chapter concludes by focussing upon policy interventions that have been making a difference more constructively, supporting communities to identify shared interests, negotiating differences and developing solidarity in the process.
A school for our community:critically assessing discourses of marginality in the establishment of a free school
Authors: Tupling Claire
Published: January 2018

Claire Tupling examines the case study of a Free School to challenge whether Free Schools are really designed to be responsive to the needs of local communities.
She argues Free Schools may not reflect the diversity of local communities, failing to offer increased educational opportunities for the most disadvantaged pupils.
Thus, the lack of available school places within the local community threatens the very existence of itself as community.
She draws upon the concept of ‘imagined communities’ to demonstrates how the term community is employed in local political and popular discourses to identify, and secure a school for, the ideal pupil.
With the result that disadvantaged pupils who should be at the school are deemed as belonging outside of the community.