bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Study of the Refractive Index Variations Within and Between Sealed Beam Headlights Using a Precise Method
Authors: Ojena SM , De Forest PR
Published: July 2015

One of the primary goals of the forensic scientist is to be able to individualize physical evidence. Associated with this goal is the underlying assumption that no two things are exactly alike. Individualization has been obtained if it can be unequivocally stated that this fingerprint is that of John Doe, or that this piece of glass is from this sealed beam head-lamp and no other. Unfortunately, due to practical limitations, individualization is not always possible. In such a case the forensic scientist must examine all information available and then make an “estimate of the situation” [1] often based upon his past experience. The purpose of this paper is to aid the forensic scientist so that he may make a better estimate of the forensic value of automobile headlamp glass when confronted with this type of evidence.
Forensic Medicine
Authors: Helpern M
Published: July 2015

There has always been a relationship between medicine and law. Statutes governing the liability of the physician were included in the ancient code of Hammurabi and in Roman Law. The law makers always attached a real importance to medicine in connection with basic rules pertaining to paternity, life and death, and medical evidence. Minimal and maximal duration of pregnancy was fixed in Roman Law.
Experimental Injuries of the Eye Caused by a Tear Gas Pen Gun Loaded with Ortho-Chlorobenzalmalononitrile
Authors: Ayers KM , Stahl CJ
Published: July 2015

The wounding effects and lesions of the eye resulting from tear gas pen guns and other tear gas devices have been reported recently [1,2,3]. The tear gas devices, however, were usually loaded with chloroacetophenone (CN). Recent articles [4,5] describe the eye lesions resulting from spraying a solution of ortho-chlorobenzalmalononitrile (CS) into the eyes of rabbits and man. Eye injuries caused by the discharge of tear gas pen guns loaded with CS, however, have not been considered previously, and a review of the medical literature disclosed no reports of injuries of this type.
Problems and Pitfalls in Blood Grouping Tests for Non-Parentage IV. Qualifications of Experts
Authors: Wiener AS
Published: July 2015

The ready availability of commercial blood typing sera has led to the tacit assumption that any pathologist or laboratory technician is qualified to carry out blood grouping tests in medicolegal cases of disputed paternity, even without any previous experience or contact with problems of this nature. Suspensions of red cells from the putative father, mother, and child are merely mixed in turn with each of a battery of antisera, according to the printed directions of the manufacturer, and after the specified period of incubation, centrifugation or mixing, the reactions are read as positive or negative, depending on the presence or absence of agglutination of the red cells. The reactions for each blood specimen are then listed in tabular form for all the antisera used, and a decision is made whether or not paternity is excluded. However, the tests are by no means as simple as this description indicates; to be fully qualified to carry out such examinations one must have extensive training and experience in the field because the tests are delicate and subject to technical errors. Moreover, when the worker lacks thorough understanding, mistakes in the interpretation of the findings are inevitable, especially when it comes to the important and complex Rh-Hr blood types.
A Review of “Medicolegal Investigation of Death”
Authors: Froede RC
Published: July 2015

Medicolegal Investigation of Death is the first new textbook concerning this subject to be published in the United States in 20 years. It is the authors' stated purpose to answer these needs by developing a text establishing guidelines for the application of pathology to crime investigation. The text is a fairly comprehensive volume covering a wide range of medicolegal problems confronting the criminal investigator, the attorney, and the novice forensic pathologist. It was also the purpose of the authors and 14 very capable contributors to introduce the complex subject of the pathology of trauma to a varied professional audience.
A Review of “Investigation of Violent and Sudden Death”
Authors: Rupp JC
Published: July 2015

This slender volume of 87 pages is not a comprehensive treatise on forensic pathology, but is meant to serve as a guide for the practicing physician or hospital pathologist, who by circumstance or inclination finds himself involved in forensic problems and death investigation. The book is succinct, and often too brief; almost every sentence could be expanded into at least a paragraph and sometimes even a chapter. However, the chapters are readable and the book well organized.
A Review of “Koelsch's Textbook of Occupational Diseases”
Authors: Spitz WU
Published: July 2015

This is the fourth revised edition of an old and standard work on occupational diseases. The first printing of this book took place in 1935.
The Trace Metal Detection Technique (TMDT): A Report Outlining a Procedure for Photographing Results in Color, and Some Factors Influencing the Results in Controlled Laboratory Tests
Authors: Stevens JM , Messler H
Published: July 2015

When the investigation of a crime involving the use of a firearm leads to the apprehension of one or more suspects, the question inevitably arises as to whether or not some connection between the weapon involved and an individual suspect can be established. Frequently at this point the question becomes a problem for the forensic scientist, and his ability to demonstrate a physical link between suspect and weapon may be of vital consequence to the successful completion of the investigation and subsequent prosecution of the suspect. However, a glaring disparity becomes evident when one considers the elemental importance of this problem, and the paucity of valid methods available to the forensic scientist which he may use to solve it.
Fallacies in the Signs of Death
Authors: Burton JF
Published: July 2015

Philosophers of old and great men of medicine have recorded changes in the human body for thousands of years (circa 2600 B.C.). One of the better known references to postmortem decomposition is recorded in the Bible: It was Lazarus of Bethany, brother of Martha and Mary, who was one of the first “stinkers.” Jesus said “Take ye away the stone.” Martha said to Jesus, “Lord, by this time he stinketh for he hath been dead four days” (John 11:39).
The Use of Bite Mark Evidence as an Investigative Aid
Authors: Dinkel EH
Published: July 2015

The purpose of this research paper is to review the literature dealing with the handling and subsequent examination of bite marks. The approach taken will be to explain the various uses of bite marks as an investigative aid to law enforcement personnel.
The Stability of PGM and AK Isoenzymes in Human Tissues
Authors: Rothwell TJ , Sayce MD
Published: July 2015

Many blood group systems are known and are in regular use in blood transfusion laboratories. Such laboratories deal with fresh samples of blood in good condition. The forensic laboratory, on the other hand, mostly must work with dried blood in the form of stains on many different substrates and in all types of condition, and the only blood grouping tests suitable for forensic use are those in which the group factors are stable to drying. In this context it is useful to know how stable the various blood group factors are and to determine whether these factors change with age, for this could lead to confusion in typing the material.
An Attempt at Determining Probabilities in Human Scalp Hair Comparison
Authors: Gaudette BD , Keeping ES
Published: July 2015

“You have testified that the hair found at the scene of the crime is similar to those of the accused's scalp. What are the chances that it could have originated from someone else?” This familiar question is frequently asked examiners presenting hair evidence in court. It was in an attempt to answer such questions that this study was begun.
A Revised Method of Classifying Fraudulent Checks in a Document Examination Laboratory
Authors: Schroeder EHW
Published: July 2015

When the Fraudulent Cheque File was organized in this laboratory in 1959, checks were filed under such headings as modus operandi, company names, suspects' names, dates of birth, and aliases, as well as headings related to the actual composition of the check—typewriting, checkwriting, etc. Only when search under these headings was successful could a handwriting comparison be made.
The Use of Chemical Spot Tests Kits for the Presumptive Identification of Narcotics and Drugs of Abuse
Authors: Velapoldi RA , Wicks SA
Published: July 2015

It is well known that chemical spot tests contribute to and are used for the identification of various substances [1–5]. From this information, chemical spot test kits have been commercially developed which are used by many law enforcement agencies for the identification of narcotics and drugs of abuse. There are basically two types of problems associated with the use of these kits, one which is inherent in the color reaction and the other which lies with color interpretation.
A Review of “Scientific Evidence in Criminal Cases”
Authors: Crown DA
Published: July 2015

In the considered judgment of this reviewer, this new book by Moenssens, Moses, and Inbau is one of the best books of its type on the market today. In a little over 600 pages, the authors manage to survey the forensic sciences in just enough depth to give the layman sufficient data to discuss a topic intelligently. No attempt has been made to make this a definitive treatise, a training manual for scientists, a compendium of research efforts, or a textbook for practitioners. Each category of evidence is covered as to methodology, significance, and courtroom usage.
A Review of “We Mainline Dreams: The Odyssey House Story”
Authors: Doherty RC
Published: July 2015

Ever so rarely does one find a book so unique that it should appeal to all disciplines of our Academy. It should also grip the attention of the general public, ranging from the adolescent to the sociologically minded adult, with satisfaction. This is a dynamically personal book on many levels—psychological, medical, political, and social. The author, Dr. Judianne Densen-Gerber, J.D., M.D. (a Fellow and proposed Dame of our Academy), projects her sociological philosophy into a workable program. We Mainline Dreams: The Odyssey House Story relates the story of Odyssey House, a drug rehabilitation program which began in 1967 with 17 addicts and $3.82 and has progressed to its present growth of 33 facilities in six states.
Thermoluminescence: Potential Applications in Forensic Science
Authors: Ingham JD , Lawson DD
Published: July 2015

The criminalistics operation in the investigative process is to identify, evaluate, and interpret potential evidence or physical materials associated with crime situations. These materials frequently offer the most convincing means of relating a suspect to an act or a scene, or of showing that a person has been incorrectly suspected.
A Review of “Medical-Legal Investigation of Traffic Accidents”
Authors: Spitz WU
Published: July 2015

The forensic pathologist can, no doubt, contribute immensely to the reconstruction of a fatal motor vehicle accident by carefully evaluating the victim's injuries. This aspect is commonly overlooked. In most cases, autopsy reports of highway fatalities fail to correlate injuries with known mechanisms and merely list the injuries and establish the cause of death.
The Foundation for Politization of the Police: Its Implications on the Watergate Scandal
Authors: Johnson TA
Published: July 2015

Every component of the criminal justice system except the law enforcement component is able to protect itself from the scandalous taint of the Watergate affair. This is not to infer that the other components of the criminal justice system would necessarily be free of potential scandalous involvement, but it is meant to infer that structurally all other components of the criminal justice system are organized in such a manner as to minimize their vulnerability to such scandalous involvement. Moreover, their visibility in the areas of processing participants of such scandals is more legitimized in terms of discretionary decision making that must necessarily occur in such cases, both prior to and after adjudication. The law enforcement component, on the other hand, is severely handicapped by low visibility political pressures to influence the decision either to arrest, charge, or investigate. Aggravating this problem is the intense political nature of the police organization, with its politically appointed adminstrators; its historical involvement in political activities; and its vulnerability to the use of discretionary decision making.
The Use of Vitreous Humor for Determination of Ethyl Alcohol in Previously Embalmed Bodies
Authors: Scott W , Root I , Sanborn B
Published: July 2015

For about a decade the vitreous humor has been increasingly in chemical analysis in an attempt to determine the postmortem interval or to evaluate the premortem level of various constituents with the intent of obtaining information helpful in determining the cause of death.
Extraction of Drugs from Biofluids and Tissues with XAD-2 Resin
Authors: Pranitis PAF , Milzoff JR , Stolman A
Published: July 2015

Good toxicological procedure necessitates the analysis of biological fluids and tissue for a wide range of drugs. The forensic toxicologist must also consider the analytical problems associated with the isolation and quantitation of drugs present in low concentrations. The usual approach is to use a solvent extraction procedure or one of its numerous modifications.
A Gas Chromatographic Method for Ethanol Determination in Vapors of Biological Fluids
Authors: Karnitis L , Porter LJ
Published: July 2015

Rapid identification and quantitation of blood ethanol by gas chromatography (GC) has been especially useful to the clinical and forensic chemist, particularly as court evidence in prosecuting drunken drivers. Certain identification can be made and concentration determined rapidly by GC. A number of GC methods are available for ethanol determination in biological liquid samples. Currently, advances are being made in the area of vapor phase analysis [1–4]. Direct vapor injections overcome several disadvantages of liquid sample injection. Liquid samples containing sodium fluoride as a preservative tend to etch the syringe. Clotted samples are no longer a problem with vapor injections and frequent cleaning of the syringe is not required. With direct injection of blood or diluted blood samples, special inlets are necessary and must be changed periodically to remove protein and other nonvolatile deposits. In addition, the life of the columns is increased with vapor samples. According to Henry's law, at a given temperature there is a definite ratio between the concentration of ethanol in the blood phase and the air in direct equilibrium with it. Investigators have verified Henry's law [5–10] for both aqueous and blood ethanol solutions. The method described here consists of equilibrating blood with n-propanol as internal standard and injecting the vapors. Because of the internal standard, the volume of the injected sample is no longer a critical quantity.
A hétévesnél fiatalabb gyermeket nevelő szülők háziorvosokkal való elégedettsége Magyarországon
Authors: Bánfai Bálint , Deutsch Krisztina , Petőné Csima Melinda , Jeges Sára , Domina-Tancsics Dóra , Betlehem József , Lampek Kinga
Published: July 2015

Introduction: Development of children’s primary care may only take place through proper monitoring of both providers and recipients. Aim: The aim of the study was to investigate the parental satisfaction with the doctor of 0–7 years old children. Method: The research took place in Budapest and five Hungarian counties in “Early Childhood (0–7 years) Programme 6.1.4/12/1-2012-0001”. There were 980 parental questionnaires were evaluated and 93 parents participated in ten focus group interviews (n = 93). Results: Answers indicated that parents were most satisfied with the information received from the physician of their child (score 3.8), and they were least satisfied with the waiting time and the time of consulting hours (score 3.4). The results of focus group interviews were similar to those obtained from the questionnaire survey. Conclusions: Participating parents are “rather satisfied” or “satisfied” with the physician of their child. Evaluation of the results forms basis to create indicators for primary care improvement. Orv. Hetil., 2015, 156(31), 1253–1260.
OCEAN CHANGE AND CLIMATE CHANGE - TWO DIMENSIONS OF A PROBLEM
Authors: Hoi Nguyen Chu
Published: July 2015

The world ocean, including oceans and marginal seas, covers 71% of the Earth’s area and has been considered as a supportive system to the Earth’s life. Especially, the ocean maintains food and energy security for humankind while such sources are being exhausted on the mainlands. The climate change and its impacts on oceans, coasts and islands have been know more than ocean change and its impacts on climate system. The scientists have continuously affirmed that climate change and ocean change are closely related and are considered as two dimensions of the same problem. The paper presents the ocean change, the role of the ocean in adapting to the impacts of the climate change and the approaches to respond to the changes worldwide and in Vietnam.
Electrode processes during the electrorefiniment of lead in the KCl-PbCl2-PbO melt
Authors: Pershin P. S. , Burich A. A. , Khalimullina Yu. R. , Arkhipov P. A. , Zaikov Yu. P.
Published: July 2015

The influence of PbO addition on current efficiency during the electrorefinement of lead in the KCl-PbCl2-PbO melt was investigated. It was shown that with PbO concentration in the KCl-PbCl2 eqiumolar mixture increasing, the current efficiency of lead decreases. Electrode processes mechanism is proposed.
The Voice of William Glasser: Accessing the Continuing Evolution of Reality Therapy
Authors: Wubbolding Robert E.
Published: July 2015

On August 23, 2013, the voice of William Glasser, MD, became silent. His life was characterized by his mission of teaching the ever-evolving ideas originating in his work in corrections and mental health. He taught what he called “internal controls”: Although human beings are influenced by their environment and their previous relationships, they need not remain powerless and victimized by forces beyond their control or by their past history. Rather, they choose most of their current behaviors, especially their actions. Reality therapy is a system that counselors use to liberate clients and help them make realistic choices to more effectively satisfy their needs within their limitations. The evolution of reality therapy has covered not only its theoretical basis, choice theory, but more recently its links with mindfulness, neuroscience, and especially its formulation as the WDEP (Wants, Doing, Evaluation, Planning) system. A growing body of evidence illustrates the widespread use and multicultural effectiveness of Dr. Glasser's legacy—reality therapy.
Comparison of Coping, Stress, and Life Satisfaction Between Taiwanese and U.S. College Students
Authors: Gnilka Philip B. , Ashby Jeffrey S. , Matheny Kenneth B. , Chung Y. Barry , Chang Yuhsuan
Published: July 2015

Measures of coping resources, perceived stress, and life satisfaction were used to compare 120 Taiwanese men, 387 Taiwanese women, 114 U.S. women, and 264 U.S. men currently in college. While no differences were found in overall coping resources and perceived stress, U.S. students reported greater life satisfaction than Taiwanese students. Models for predicting life satisfaction from perceived stress and coping resources were significant for both genders within each country. Implications for counselors are discussed.
¿A dónde vamos? Análisis de políticas públicas de seguridad ciudadana en América Latina de Carlos Basombrío (ed.)
Authors: Montero Bagatella Juan Carlos
Published: July 2015

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Thermodynamic Modeling of Phase Behavior in Shale Media
Authors: Jin Zhehui , Firoozabadi Abbas
Published: July 2015

In conventional permeable media, once pore volume (PV) is known, the amount of fluid-in-place can be estimated. This is because the fluid is locally homogeneous, pores are generally larger than 100 nm, and surface adsorption is negligible. In shale media, in addition to PV, knowledge of pore-size distribution, total organic content, and chemistry of the rock is required. Fluid molecules in shale media can be found in three different states: (1) free molecules in the pores, (2) adsorbed molecules on the pore surface, and (3) dissolved molecules in the organic matter. Of the three, the first two mechanisms are discussed in the literature. In this work, we compute for the first time the amount of dissolved molecules.

To compute the fluids in shale media, we divide the pores into sizes greater than 10 nm and sizes less than 10 nm. In pores greater than 10 nm, the interface curvature affects phase behavior, and fluid phases are homogeneous. Therefore, they can be described by conventional equations of state. Our calculations show that retrograde condensation increases in nanopores; the upper dewpoint increases, and the lower dewpoint decreases. These calculations are supported by experimental measurements. Gas solubility in water and liquid normal decane shows a modest increase with curvature.

In pores less than 10 nm, the fluids become inhomogeneous, and the direct use of conventional equations of state cannot be applied even with adjusted critical pressure and temperature. We suggest the use of molecular modeling. A model such as the Langmuir adsorption isotherm is merely a curve fitting of the data.

We use available data in shale media, which are mainly limited to excess sorption of methane and carbon dioxide, to compare to our thermodynamic model computations. This is the first attempt to compare measured data in shale and predictions that are based on the integration of molecular modeling and classical thermodynamic modeling.
Hydrogeochemical approach to estimate the quality of bottled waters in Serbia
Authors: Cuk Marina , Todorovic Maja , Sisovic Jovana , Strbacki Jana , Andrijasevic Jakov , Papic Petar
Published: July 2015

Bottled waters were analyzed for different chemical parameters and activity
concentrations of radionuclides. The hydrocarbonate ion was dominant in all
samples, while the major cation composition was a combination of Ca-Mg-Na
ions. Physicochemical properties of bottled water samples are influenced by
underlying geology. The sum of trace element concentrations varied from 79.7
to 9349.7 ?g/l. The Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) system was applied and
contributions of some essential elements were calculated according to age
group and gender. Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) grouped bottled water
samples into four clusters based on the similarities of the groundwater
quality and essential elements concentrations. The origin of radioactivity is
natural and could be traced to minerals in felsic igneous rocks. Two brands
exhibited elevated beta activity (1.087?0.134 Bq/l; 1.242?0.146 Bq/l).
Effective doses were found to be below the reference level of 0.1 mSv/yr.
Development of portable HPGe spectrometer for in situ measurements
Authors: Kail Artjoms , Kaiser Matthias , Kim Sergey , Loshevich Edward , Sokolov Alexander
Published: July 2015

In situ applications require a very high level of portability of
high-resolution spectrometric equipment. Usage of HPGe detectors for
radioactivity measurements in the environment or for nuclear safeguard
applications, to combat illicit trafficking of nuclear materials or uranium
and plutonium monitoring in nuclear wastes, has become a norm in the recent
years. Portable HPGe-based radionuclide spectrometer with electrical cooling
has lately appeared on the market for in situ applications. At the same time
deterioration of energy resolution associated with vibrations produced by
cryocooler or high weight of the instrument, short time of autonomous
operation and high price of these spectrometers are limiting their usage in
many cases. In this paper we present development results of ultra compact
hand held all-in-one spectrometer for in situ measurements based on HPGe
detector cooled by liquid nitrogen without listing the above disadvantages.
Evaluation of syringe shield effectiveness in handling radiopharmaceuticals
Authors: Cho Yong-In , Kim Chang-Soo , Kim Jung-Hoon
Published: July 2015

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the radiation
shield of radionuclide syringes and the personal dose equivalent by
performing a simulation of radionuclides used in nuclear medicine diagnosis.
In order to evaluate the dose depending on the distance between the radiation
source and the ICRU sphere against the thickness of the shielding device, the
distance at which a nuclear medicine worker may inadvertently come into
contact with radiation from the radiation source was set at 0 cm to 30 cm
according to the thickness of the shield, thus fixing the ICRU sphere. For a
dose evaluation, Hp(10), Hp(3), and Hp(0.07) measurable in specific depth of
the ICRU were evaluated. It was found that a dose measured on skin surface of
nuclear medicine workers was relatively higher, that the dose varied in
relation to the thickness of the radiation shield, and that the shielding
effect decreased for some radiation sources such as 67Ga and 111In. It proved
necessary to increase thickness of shielding device to the radiation sources
such as 67Ga and 111In. It is also considered that a study of proper
shielding thickness will be needed in future.
Effect of Cable Loss in Cable Stayed Bridges – Focus on Dynamic Amplification
Authors: Park Yongsuk , Starossek Uwe , Koh Hyun-Moo , Choo Jinkyo , Kim Hokyung , Lee Sung Woo
Published: July 2015

This paper investigates the dynamic response in case of cable loss with focus on dynamic amplification through case studies on an actual cable-stayed bridge. Cable-stayed bridges are designed to accommodate cable replacement as well as the abrupt loss of a stay cable and design recommendations are providing simplified method of the cable loss verification, which replaces the dynamic effect by factored static load. It is not unusual for cable loss to govern the design of the superstructure due to inadequate or overestimated dynamic amplification factors. This paper intends to derive proper load factor for cable-stayed bridges through adequate simulation of the instantaneous or progressive rupture of a stay cable as well as the use of appropriate model in the time history analysis. Accordingly, a process by which reasonable values of DAF can be derived for cable stayed bridges according to the stress of considered structural element or section is proposed. The proposed process applied to Seohae Bridge is seen to produce reasonable values of the DAFs according to the structural element with values below 1.5 for the critical sections.
Exploration of super-large-span prestressed steel truss-concrete composite continuous rigid frame bridges
Authors: Zhou Zhixiang , Xiang Hong
Published: July 2015

To succeed to major advantages while overcome demerits of the existing prestressed concrete (PC) continuous rigid frame bridge, a new type of prestressed steel truss-concrete composite continuous rigid frame bridge (PTCB) is put forward in this paper. The PTCB is schemed with a composite main beam combining steel truss with concrete prestressed in batches to fully exert the respective superiorities of shape steel, prestress tendons and high-strength concrete, which can greatly cut down the superstructure self weight and in turn enable a slimmer substructure shape compared with the PC correspondents. Therefore, the PTCB is especially suitable for design of super-large-span continuous rigid frame bridges. A preliminary analysis of a rigid frame bridge with a 400m span indicates: a PTCB design could effectively simplify the construction process, save the building time and result in a bridge structure with more concise mechanics and more reliable performances. In addition, the PTCB could basically avoid the latent distresses of uncontrollable long-term main- beam deflection and concrete cracking that often haunt the PC continuous rigid frame bridges.
Uplifting Slide Bearing (2) – Verification Tests of Seismic Response –
Authors: Uno Hiroshige , Igarashi Akira , Adachi Yukio , Kato Yoshihisa , Sato Tomoaki , Shinohara Masatsugu
Published: July 2015

A new type of slide bearing characterized by horizontal and inclined sliding surfaces was developed. With the application of this bearing, which will be referred to as Uplifting Slide Bearing, girders are allowed to move on the horizontal sliding surface during temperature changes while sliding takes place on the inclined sliding surface for large displacement response in case of strong earthquakes. The kinetic energy of the superstructure will be transformed to the gravitational potential energy during the sliding on the inclined sliding surfaces, thus controlling the seismic response and the distribution of inertia force. In order to evaluate the influence of this impact, component tests as well as shaking table tests using a shaking table were performed. As a result, we could verify the characteristic of a collision at the beginning of the inclined sliding surface.
Brief considerations on the Accademia Bridge in Venice
Authors: Barbisan Umberto , Pogacnik Marko , Skansi Luka
Published: July 2015

The hundreds of bridges, built in the centuries and most of them still service, make Venice, probably, the city in the world with the higher presence of these structures.

And surely the city in which the culture of bridges is closely linked to the culture of the town.

It’s interesting to investigate on the engineering aspects of the Venetian Bridges and on the problems that the Venetian artisans, artists, engineers and architects have encountered and overcame during the centuries of bridge engineering in Venice.

This paper, together with its companion paper on the Scalzi bridge, wants to illustrate the engineering and structural aspects of one of the most interesting wooden structure built in the XXth century in Venice: the Accademia Bridge.
New urban bridge as a socially responsible public space
Authors: Marina Ognen , Trombeva Ana G. , Karanakov Bojan , Samardzioska Todorka
Published: July 2015

New governmentally financed project “Skopje 2014” with intention to “re-establish” the identity of the nation through development of infrastructure and architecture in Baroque style has substantially changed the urban, social, political and ethical context of the central area of the city.

The aim of our work is to present an open approach of form finding process as a result of interaction of functional, engineering and social issues that is in contrast with fixed and predetermined typology proposed by government. Our new pedestrian bridge on river Vardar in the centre of the city creates new urban landscapes acting as a social attractor and urban infrastructure. Its geometry and structure is a result of formal and functional concept generated as a complex emergent property of the topologically based system expressing high level of social responsibility of design and ethical and esthetical approach to complex engineering challenges in urban areas.
Long-term Dynamic Monitoring of the historic “San Michele” Iron Bridge (1889)
Authors: Gentile Carmelo , Saisi Antonella
Published: July 2015

The San Michele bridge is an iron arch bridge that crosses the Adda river about 50 km far from Milan. The bridge, built in 1889, is the most important monument of XIX century iron architecture in Italy and is still used as a combined road and railway bridge. In order to assess the structural condition of the bridge, ambient vibration tests were performed in 2009 and suggested the opportunity of installing a permanent dynamic monitoring system with Structural Health Monitoring purpose. Hence, a continuous monitoring system was designed and it is now active on the bridge since late November 2011. The paper, after a brief X of the experimental studies developed since 2009, describes the monitoring system and the software developed in LabVIEW for processing the collected data. Subsequently, the tracking of natural frequencies automatically identified until the beginning of September 2012 is presented and the effects of environmental and operational conditions on the dynamic response of the bridge are investigated.
Energy Harvesting Potential of Piezoelectric Materials from Train-Bridge Interaction using Finite Element Modelling
Authors: Cahill Paul , Pakrashi Vikram , Mathewson Alan , Jackson Nathan
Published: July 2015

This paper investigates the potential for the harvesting of energy from the interaction between a train and a bridge through the use of piezoelectric materials. Two piezoelectric materials are considered in this regard, Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) and PolyVinyliDene Fluoride (PVDF). A finite element analysis of train bridge interaction is carried out. The friendliness of the different trains in terms of energy harvesting potential is assessed and quantified. The speed zones conducive to maximum harvested energy are identified. The use of train-bridge interaction ensures that the energy harvesting is carried out while the bridge is under operational conditions, with minimal to no impact on the existing operation of the bridge or the rail network during energy harvesting operations. The approach is useful in terms of designing a new generation of smart bridge infrastructures and potential retrofitting of existing structures.
Structural monitoring of the Iris railway viaduct in Belgium
Authors: Nagy Wim , Schotte Ken , Stael Dries , De Backer Hans , van Bogaert Phillippe
Published: July 2015

In order to expand the existing end station for railway connections to the Brussels Airport in Belgium, the Diabolo project was created. One of the largest structures built in this project was the “Iris” railway viaduct. The viaduct has a total length of approximately 800 m and the piers consist of a high vertical shaft supporting a system of six curved branches. Because of its rather unusual design, load tests were carried out with two freight trains. During these tests, strains and acceleration measurements were performed. This not only indicated that the theoretical calculations are conservative, but also reflected the complex structural behaviour. The piers seem to be very stiff but still have the capacity to distribute the braking and acceleration forces across the bridge. Finally, the long-term behaviour is observed indicating the importance of the daily temperature variations in the bridge design.
Design of Reforma 509 with High Strength Niobium Steel
Authors: Smith Stuart , Whitby William , Easton Marc , Algaard William , Patel Jitendra
Published: July 2015

Reforma 509 is a high-rise building located in the heart of the Central Business District of

Mexico City. The building is comprised of office, hotel, residential and parking and forms part of a cluster of tall buildings in the area. If completed Today, Reforma 509 would be the tallest building in Mexico, at 238m. All of the building's gravity and lateral (wind and seismic) loads are carried by an architecturally expressed perimeter frame that is formed from highly efficient Steel

Reinforced Concrete (SRC) columns coupled together by steel tube perimeter bracing.

This paper investigates the implications

of substituting grade 50 (fy=345 MPa) carbon steel with grade 70 (fy=480 MPa) steel in the design of Reforma 509.

This paper has shown that potential savings in material are possible if high strength steel is economically viable and can be competitively tendered.
Framed or triangular brace arrangements in tubular arches
Authors: Van Bogaert Philippe , Stael Dries , De Pauw Bart , De Backer Hans
Published: July 2015

Two alternatives may be considered for connecting the main arch chord and the bridge deck of tubular arches. This is demonstrated through the example of Merxem and Woluwe Lane Bridges. In the generally preferred truss arrangement bending moments are low, the nodes being of the K-type. The alternative of frame arrangement includes larger clamping moments of the arch springs, as well as larger bending of the brace tubes and thus it needs a larger amount of steel. However, the nodes of a frame may be of the N-type and the comparison should also focus on tubular nodes. Numerical and experimental research has demonstrated that stress concentrations at nodes can effectively be reduced by using internal diaphragm stiffening. The location of the diaphragms may be different for K- and T-nodes and even be optimized. Surprisingly, the optimum location is different for total stress limitation and for fatigue resistance.
The Macau Eiffel Tower - Recreating the 19th Century Elegance
Authors: Chong Alecs K. T. , Chon Jeremy , Tapley Mike , Buckley Keith
Published: July 2015

The Macau Eiffel Tower is a faithful replica of the Paris Eiffel Tower, constructed next to the Venetian Hotel on the famous Cotai Strip in Taipa, Macau. The Macau Eiffel Tower forms a part of the hotel development and will complement the hotel, acting both as a landmark feature and a tourist observatory tower. This paper presents the challenges encountered and the engineering solutions provided during the structural design phase through to the construction phase and how effective project management has brought successful collaboration between the project teams to deliver the recreation of the Eiffel Tower in Macau.
Designs of Bridges in the Hirose-gawa Area Determined by Competition
Authors: Mori Kenichiro , Hatayama Yoshihito , Juraku Kazuya , Katagiri Akinori , Ebina Takahiro
Published: July 2015

The bridges (the Hirose-gawa Bridge and Nishikoen Viaduct) are the structures of the Sendai Subway Tozai Line cross over the Hirose-gawa River and Nishikoen Park. These structures are passes through the scenic Sendai area that is called "Forest city". Sendai City required the two bridges an excellent aesthetic design constructed for such an important area. In 2006, the city held a design competition to select the design. It was the first design competition as railway bridges in Japan. The winners of the competition were consigned the design of the bridges [1], [2]. Construction works, which have been conducted since 2008, are planned to be completed in 2013, and will be followed by installation of rail tracks. The outline of the fully worked-out plan for realization of a very exceptional bridge design and construction will be reported in this paper.
Shape optimization of latticed blocks for seismic retrofit of building frames
Authors: Mikami Tomohiro , Ohsaki Makoto , Fukushima Kotaro
Published: July 2015

A shape optimization approach is presented for latticed blocks that are assembled as a wall used for seismic retrofit of building frames. The existing beams and columns, as well as the members in blocks, are modeled using beam elements. The negative effect on the existing beams and columns, such as increase of shear and axial forces due to installation of the blocks, are reduced by optimizing the thickness and location of members in the blocks. It is shown that various shapes can be generated by solving nonlinear programming problems considering structural weight, stiffness, and contact force against the existing frame members.
A Study on Correction Method of Exposure Time in Exposure Examination of Weathering Steel
Authors: Nakajima Ryuichiro , Iwasaki Eiji
Published: July 2015

In recent years, public investment in Japan is reduced, and low-cost and durable structures are used intensively. The number of bridge using unpainted weathering steel has been increasing. Weathering steel generates a precise protection rust on the surface, and controls invasion of corrosion factors. Thus, by using the weathering steel, it is possible to omit the painting. It is important to use weathering steel in consideration of environmental conditions of a construction site. At the moment, local exposure examination is known as one method to evaluate the application of weathering steel. In case of local exposure of 30 µm or less in the amount of corrosion for one year, application of weathering steel is possible in area of Japan. However, in the short-term exposure examination, there is no index for exposure time, and the influence of observed time is not considered.

The purpose of this study is to clarify the influence of the observed time at which a piece of weathering steel is installed in a weathering steel exposure examination. And, we aimed to correct the effect of the observed time. Specifically, we investigated by shifting the starting time of airborne salt investigation, and an exposure examination for several months.

From the results, the relations between the change of the amount of corrosion and other corrosion factors and exposure time were considered. Moreover, the relation of each corrosion factor in the corrosion environment of a researched bridge was grasped. And the correction method for the influence of exposure time on the exposure examination by exposure time is proposed. From wind speed of AMeDAS station, correction method for the effects were examined. As a result, it was possible from the value of the wind speed, to represents the tendency of the effects of installation time.
Bond Behavior of RC Beam with Cut-off Bars
Authors: Uno Kanami , Suzuki Yuya , Hasegawa Keisuke , Takahashi Susumu , Ichinose Toshikatsu
Published: July 2015

There are many differences of bond regulations between the AIJ code and the ACI code. In the AIJ code, bond stresses within a distance d from the end of a beam are assumed to be zero because of tension shift, where d is effective depth. By contrast, the ACI code does not. Another difference is checking for continuous bars. The AIJ code considers bond failure of continuous bars although the ACI code does not. The objective of this study is to verify these bond regulations.

Four RC beam specimens with single layered bars were tested. Test variables were length and the number of cut-off bars. Bond failure was observed before flexural yielding in all the specimens, and tension shift was not observed. The postulate in the ACI code is appropriate in such cases. Bond failure occurred along not only cut-off bars but continuous bars. The observed bond strengths of the continuous bars almost agreed with those calculated from the AIJ code.
Static and Dynamic Fatigue Strength of Textile Reinforced Concrete
Authors: Schuetze Elisabeth , Lorenz Enrico , Curbach Manfred
Published: July 2015

The application of textile reinforced concrete (TRC) is an effective way to strengthen reinforced concrete structures, as already demonstrated in numerous studies, pilot projects and practice- oriented applications. In order to allow the application of TRC for bridge strengthening, further investigations regarding the static and dynamic fatigue strength of the composite material are necessary. To obtain results in those fields first experimental investigations have been conducted. We tested the long term strength for specific periods under defined permanent loads and varying climatic conditions. Subsequently the residual strength of the specimen was determined. Additionally dynamic tests were carried out to prove the fatigue strength of TRC. This paper shows test setups and results of these investigations and provides some perspective to future developments.
Las Publicaciones Comerciales (trade journals), fuentes fundamentales para las historias azucareras del Caribe: Le Journal des Fabricants de Sucre, The Sugar Cane y The Louisiana Planter and Sugar Manufacturer
Authors: García Muñiz Humberto
Published: July 2015

Este ensayo destaca la importancia de las publicaciones comerciales de la segunda mitad del siglo XIX y la primera del siglo XX (trade journals) dedicadas al azúcar de caña como el estadounidense Louisiana Planter and Sugar Manufacturer, el francés Le Journal des Fabricants de Sucre, y el británico The Sugar Cane. Su abundante y confiable cobertura sobre la producción, el procesamiento y el mercadeo de este producto básico o mercancía tropical, es decir, la cadena de mercancías, las convierten en fuentes indispensables para el estudio del azúcar en el Caribe. El trabajo se centra en un estudio de caso del Louisiana Planter and Sugar Manufacturer al explicar su gestación e internacionalización, clientela, y analizar su cobertura del Caribe, en particular Cuba, Puerto Rico y la República Dominicana, con referencias al Caribe danés, francés, holandés e inglés.
La maquinaria social y las ciencias humanas. Pensionados de la Junta para la Ampliación de Estudios en la Europa de la razón tecnocrática
Authors: Guijarro Mora Víctor
Published: July 2015

La creación de la JAE y su política de pensiones promovió no solo los elementos integrantes del discurso oficial, sino otros intereses ligados a los enfoques tecnocráticos de los problemas sociales difundidos en la Europa de la modernidad. En este estudio exploramos este segundo efecto, no reconocido suficientemente, mediante el examen de la trayectoria y propuestas de diversos pensionados que viajaron entre 1909 y 1932 a Alemania, Inglaterra, Bélgica, Suiza y Francia.
Estimating deep temperatures in the Soultz‐sous‐Forêts geothermal area (France) from magnetotelluric data
Authors: Spichak V. , Geiermann J. , Zakharova O. , Calcagno P. , Genter A. , Schill E.
Published: July 2015

An indirect electromagnetic geothermometer is used for deep temperature estimations in the Soultz‐sous‐Forêts geothermal area (France) using magnetotelluric sounding data. Validation of temperature assessment carried out by comparison of the forecast temperature profile with temperature log from the deepest borehole has resulted in the relative extrapolation accuracy of less than 2%. It is found that the resistivity’s uncertainty caused by magnetotelluric inversion errors and by possible effects of external factors very weakly affects the resulting temperature, with the latter being influenced mainly by the ratio between the borehole length and the extrapolation depth. The temperature cross‐section constructed up to the depth 5000 m manifests local temperature maxima at large depths beneath the wells GPK2 and RT1/RT3. The analysis of the temperature profile in GPK2 location beneath 5000 m indicates that its behaviour continues to be of the conductive type (as in the depth range of 3700 m–5000 m) up to the depth 6000 m, while manifesting convective type below this depth. Finally, application of the indirect electromagnetic geothermometer for the deep temperature forecasting in the Rittershoffen site enabled us to constrain the location for future drilling.
Grassroots Political Campaign in Russia
Authors: Gambarato Renira Rampazzo , Medvedev Sergei Andreevich
Published: July 2015

This chapter analyzes the transmedia strategies of opposition candidate Alexey Navalny's campaign during the 2013 Moscow mayoral election. The goal is to highlight how the use of information and communication technology contributed to the development of democratic practices in Russia. His westernized, grassroots political campaign was a novelty in the country, involving online fundraising, door-to-door canvassing, engagement of volunteers, digital projects, and meetings with voters, for instance. The argument is that, although Navalny lost the election, his candidacy represented advancement in terms of both the use of new media and the promotion of democratic development in the midst of autocratic Russia. If the progress will be maintained, it remains to be seen. The theoretical framework includes the reality of the Russian political scenario and the conceptualization of transmedia storytelling strategies in the context of participatory politics. The methodological approach is based on the transmedia analytical model by Gambarato (2013).