bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of IL‐10RA and IL‐22 polymorphisms on outcome of hepatitis C virus infection
Authors: Hennig Branwen J. , Frodsham Angela J. , Hellier Simon , Knapp Susanne , Yee Leland J. , Wright Mark , Zhang Lyna , Thomas Howard C. , Thursz Mark , Hill Adrian V.
Published: July 2007

Background: Two receptor chains, IL‐10RA and IL‐10RB, are known to mediate the functions of interleukin‐10 (IL‐10), which has been shown to be involved in the progression of persistent hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Little information is available on the role of host genetic variation in IL‐10 receptor genes and outcome of HCV infection. IL‐22, an IL‐10 homologue, shares the IL‐10RB receptor chain with IL‐10 and has antiviral properties. We investigated the possible role of polymorphisms in the IL‐10RA and IL‐22 genes in hepatitis C disease pathogenesis.

Methods: This study population consisted of 631 HCV patients, recruited from several hepatology clinics across Europe. We genotyped four single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the IL‐10RA and six SNPs in the IL‐22 gene by ligation detection reaction or restriction fragment length polymorphism. Outcome of HCV infection was assessed according to viral clearance, treatment response, severity of fibrosis and overall inflammation.

Conclusions: Variation in IL‐10RA appeared to be correlated with response to treatment and inflammation. Two SNPs in IL‐22 affected treatment response and viral clearance respectively. We furthermore report on allele and haplotype frequencies and linkage disequilibrium for IL‐10RA and IL‐22. Our results indicate that genetic variation in these genes may play a modulatory role in the outcome of hepatitis C infection.
Serum homocystein level and vascular thrombosis in patients with Behçet disease
Authors: NAZARINIA M. A. , AFLAKI E. , HABIBAGHAHI Z. , RAJAEE A. , OMRANI G. R.
Published: July 2007

Objective:  Behçet disease (BD) is a multisystemic inflammatory disorder of unknown aetiology that in some patients will present with thrombosis. However, the mechanism of thrombosis is unknown. In this study, we investigate the correlation between homocystein level in BD patients with vascular thrombosis.

Patient and methods:  One hundred and twenty‐three patients who fullfilled the criteria of the International Study Group for BD (n = 77, 62.6% females and n = 46, 37.4% males) were included in this cross‐sectional study. Patients were divided into two groups: with thrombosis (n = 23, 18.7%) and without thrombosis (n = 100, 81.3%). All patients underwent colour Doppler sonography for documentation of vascular thrombosis. Serum homocystein was measured by ELISA method, folate and B12 were measured by radioimmunoassay.

Results:  Patients with vascular involvement, vein and/or arterial thrombosis were enrolled. Mean serum homocystein level was significantly higher in the group with thrombosis (P = 0.012) and in male patients than females (18.10 ± 5.5 vs. 13.21 ± 4.1). In multiple regression analysis, the only factors that persisted for thrombosis were age and sex (P = 0.02, P < 0.0001, respectively). Serum folate and B12 were not correlated with thrombosis in BD.

Conclusions:  In this study, we found that mean homocystein levels were higher in BD patients with thrombosis and it may have a role in the process of thrombosis in BD.
The diagnostic dilemma of undifferentiated inflammatory synovitis of the knee joint/joints: a comprehensive approach
Authors: EMAD Yasser , RAGAB Yasser , SHAARAWY Ahmed
Published: July 2007

Objective:  The objective of this pilot study was to describe clinical features, laboratory investigations and enhanced MRI features in patients presenting with undifferentiated inflammatory synovitis of the knee.

Patient and methods:  Fifteen patients with undifferentiated inflammatory synovitis of the knee joint were recruited for this study. All patients underwent full history‐taking, detailed rheumatological examination, synovial fluid analysis including polarized microscopy, rheumatoid factor (RF), anti‐nuclear antibody (ANA), anti‐cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP), C‐reactive protein, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. MRI/gadolinium‐enhanced MRI was done for all patients with unilateral presentation and for the most symptomatic knee in cases of bilateral knee involvement.

Results:  Enhanced MRI showed the following findings: synovial enhancement and effusion 15/15, pannus formation 13/15, bone marrow edema 3/15, bone erosions 2/15, cartilaginous erosions 1/15, synovial cysts 2/15, Baker's cyst 2/15, periarticular soft tissue edema 3/15, and lipoma arborescencs 2/15.

Conclusions:  Undifferentiated synovitis of the knee is not necessarily a benign condition. It represents a diagnostic dilemma in rheumatological practice that deserves early identification and early treatment in order to prevent inevitable and irreversible articular damage if left untreated. The ability of MRI to detect early changes like bone marrow edema and bony and cartilaginous erosions (usually not obvious on plain X‐rays) makes this a highly sensitive tool for evaluation of patients presenting with undifferentiated synovitis affecting the knee joint. When combined with gadolinium, it allows accurate assessment of the degree of synovial thickening (pannus) and picks up local intra‐articular lesions especially in patients with unilateral disease.
Pathologic acromioclavicular and sternoclavicular manifestations in rheumatoid arthritis, spondyloarthropathy and calcium phosphosphate deposition disease
Authors: ROTHSCHILD Bruce M. , ROBINSON Sarah
Published: July 2007

Aim:  To assess if acromioclavicular and sternoclavicular joint findings share specificity with those of peripheral joints for distinguishing among the major forms of erosive arthritis.

Methods:  The clavicles from skeletons of 392 individuals with documented spondyloarthropathy, rheumatoid arthritis and calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease (CPDD) were macroscopically examined for erosion presence and character and for reactive new bone formation.

Results:  Examination of the bones of individuals with documented rheumatoid arthritis, spondyloarthropathy and calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease revealed specificity of acromioclavicular and sternoclavicular joint alterations for the underlying arthritis.

Conclusions:  Acromioclavicular and sternoclavicular erosions have equivalent diagnostic specificity to that of peripheral joints, facilitating diagnosis when erosions are not recognized in the latter. Such joint involvement was so common in individuals with other evidence of CPPD that its presence should suggest the likelihood of that diagnosis.
The role of HLA‐DQβ1 alleles in susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: AFSHARI Jalil Tavakkol , REZAIEYAZDI Zahra , SHOJA‐TAHERI Farnaz , SADEGHIZADEH Majid
Published: July 2007

Aim:  Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the most common chronic inflammatory erosive joint disease with the worldwide distribution of approximately 0.5–1.0%. Etiology of RA is not exactly known but immunologic and genetic factors play an important role in the pathogenesis of the disease. Genetic factors such as human leukocyte antigens (HLA) are responsible for many autoimmune diseases; therefore we decided to look for a correlation between RA and the presence of HLA‐DQβ1 alleles as possible genetic markers.

Methods:  Genomic DNA from the whole blood samples of 25 patients with RA and 86 normal individuals as control group were extracted by salting out method. The genomic DNA was amplified by polymerase chain reaction‐sequence specific primer (PCR‐SSP) technique. HLA‐typing was done by this method after optimizing the PCR reaction for each allele. In this procedure seven serological subclasses of HLA‐DQβ1 can be detected.

Results:  Comparing the results between the patients and controls show a significant increase in the frequency of HLA‐DQ8 (*0302, *0305) alleles in RA patients. The P‐values were 0.007 and the relative risk for these alleles was evaluated higher than 1.

Conclusions:  The results suggest that DQ8 is the dominant HLA‐DQβ1 allele that is associated with susceptibility to RA in north‐eastern Iran.
Effects of FTY720 on BXSB lupus‐prone mice: a preliminary study
Authors: YE Shuang , GU Yue‐ying , WANG Jing‐ding , TAKAHARA Shiro , GUO Chang‐zhan , CHEN Shun‐le , SHEN Nan
Published: July 2007

Aim:  To examine the effects of a novel immunosuppressant, FTY720, on BXSB lupus‐prone mice, and to investigate its immune regulatory pathway by using a cDNA microarray.

Methods:  Male BXSB mice received oral administration of 10 mg/kg FTY720 twice a week from age 9 weeks. Levels of antinuclear antibodies in serum and histopathology of the kidney were evaluated. The gene expression profile of splenic lymphocyte was analysed by cDNA microarray.

Results:  FTY720 suppressed the production of antinuclear antibodies (P < 0.05) and reduced the deposition of IgG in glomeruli, compared to control animals. The microarray determined 247 differential expressed genes, which contained a cluster of genes related to lymphocyte trafficking and cytoskeletal remodeling.

Conclusion:  Our preliminary data suggests FTY720 has some immune suppressive effect on BXSB mice. The mechanism may be due to accelerate lymphocyte homing and redistribution which differs from traditional cytotoxic agents. Its clinical implication deserves further study.
Granulomatous disease in selective IgA deficiency
Authors: LIMAYE Vidya , LU Tim , ANG Eugene , KRISHNAN Amirtharajan , HISSARIA Pravin , GILLIS David
Published: July 2007

Although common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is sometimes associated with sarcoidosis/granulomatous disease, there have only been isolated reports of selective immunoglobulin A (IgA) deficiency and granulomatous disease. We present a patient with IgA deficiency who developed Heerfordt syndrome, a variant of neurosarcoidosis. This specific entity has not been previously reported to occur in IgA deficiency. Our case expands the reported associations of IgA deficiency and provides another example to the paucity of reported cases of sarcoidosis occurring in patients with IgA deficiency. As CVID and IgA deficiency have common underlying genetic factors, such an association is biologically plausible.
Prevalence of osteoporosis among postmenopausal women in Sri Lanka: a cross‐sectional community study
Authors: LEKAMWASAM Sarath , WIJAYARATNE Lalith , RODRIGO Mahinda , HEWAGE Udul
Published: July 2007

Objective:  This study was designed to estimate the prevalence of osteoporosis among postmenopausal women selected from seven provinces in Sri Lanka.

Method:  The study was a community‐based cross‐sectional survey of a group of 1642 community‐dwelling postmenopausal women in seven provinces, except the North and East, in Sri Lanka. Phalangeal bone mineral density (BMD) was measured in all subjects using an AccuDEXA. In a subgroup of 150 women BMDs in the spine from L2–L4 and proximal femur were measured using a Norland Eclipse central DXA machine. In this subgroup, the diagnosis of osteoporosis was made according to the WHO criteria based on T‐scores of the spine or femoral neck. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of different phalangeal BMD levels were examined and the prevalence of osteoporosis was calculated using the most acceptable cut‐off value.

Results:  A sharp decline in phalangeal BMD (0.006 g/cm2/year) was seen during the postmenopausal period. Phalangeal T‐score of −2.00, which had sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of 78%, 85%, 91% and 68% respectively, was selected as the most suitable value to predict osteoporosis: 357 women had phalangeal T‐scores either equal to or lower than −2.00. When the positive predictive value and negative predictive value of this cut‐off value were applied, 736 women (44.9%) in our sample were likely to have osteoporosis.

Conclusions:  Osteoporosis is a prevalent disease among postmenopausal women in Sri Lanka. Similar prevalence figures have been reported from other Asian countries.
Effects of Earthworm Invasion on Plant Species Richness in Northern Hardwood Forests
Authors: HOLDSWORTH ANDREW R. , FRELICH LEE E. , REICH PETER B.
Published: July 2007

Abstract: The invasion of non‐native earthworms (Lumbricus spp.) into a small number of intensively studied stands of northern hardwood forest has been linked to declines in plant diversity and the local extirpation of one threatened species. It is unknown, however, whether these changes have occurred across larger regions of hardwood forests, which plant species are most vulnerable, or with which earthworm species such changes are associated most closely. To address these issues we conducted a regional survey in the Chippewa and Chequamegon national forests in Minnesota and Wisconsin (U.S.A.), respectively. We sampled earthworms, soils, and vegetation, examined deer browse in 20 mature, sugar‐maple‐dominated forest stands in each national forest, and analyzed the relationship between invasive earthworms and vascular plant species richness and composition. Invasion by Lumbricus was a strong indicator of reduced plant richness in both national forests. The mass of Lumbricus juveniles was significantly and negatively related to plant‐species richness in both forests. In addition, Lumbricus was a significant factor affecting plant richness in a full model that included multiple variables. In the Chequamegon National Forest earthworm mass was associated with higher sedge cover and lower cover of sugar maple seedlings and several forb species. The trends were similar but not as pronounced in Chippewa, perhaps due to lower deer densities and different earthworm species composition. Our results provide regional evidence that invasion by Lumbricus species may be an important mechanism in reduced plant‐species richness and changes in plant communities in mature forests dominated by sugar maples.
Recent insights into the causes of chronic leg ulceration in venous diseases and implications on other types of chronic wounds
Authors: Chen W. Y. John , Rogers Alan A.
Published: July 2007

Venous ulceration represents the most prevalent form of difficult‐to‐heal wounds and these problematic wounds require a significant amount of healthcare resources for their treatment. In order to develop effective treatment regimens a clearer understanding of the underlying pathological processes that lead to skin breakdown is required. However, to date, most of these studies have tended to focus on describing the pathology of already‐established ulcers. By bringing together relevant aspects of diverse disciplines such as inflammation, cardiovascular, and connective tissue biology, we aim to provide an insight into how circulatory abnormalities that are caused by the underlying disease etiology can induce local tissue inflammation resulting in tissue breakdown. Initially this results in internal tissue damage but if the underlying disease is not treated, the internal tissue damage can worsen and lead to open ulceration. This article discusses the cause‐and‐effect relationships between chronic venous insufficiency and venous ulceration, focusing particularly on the biological processes that lead from the underlying disease condition to overt ulceration. Available evidence also suggests that formation of pressure, diabetic foot and arterial ulcers, and ulcers as results of blood disorders, is also likely to share some of the same biological processes as venous ulcers.
Chronic tympanic membrane perforation: a better animal model is needed
Authors: Santa Maria Peter L. , Atlas Marcus D. , Ghassemifar Reza
Published: July 2007

Developments in the treatment of chronic tympanic membrane perforation have been hindered by the lack of an ideal animal model. It is not appropriate to test such treatments on acute perforations as the majority of these heal spontaneously. An ideal animal model would be one that most closely resembles the human clinical situation. It should be inexpensive, readily available, and easy to create. There have been a number of attempts to create a chronic tympanic membrane perforation model with limited success. All published attempts at chronic tympanic membrane perforations have been reviewed and the limitations of each model are discussed. A number of areas for research exist for further developing a chronic tympanic membrane perforation model. These areas include a perforation model in the presence of bacteria and eustachian tube dysfunction. Understanding the molecular and genetic mechanisms of chronic otitis media and potential treatments will also be useful.
Are we really seeing the total costs of surgical site infections? A Spanish study
Authors: Alfonso Jose Luis , Pereperez Sergio Blasco , Canoves Jose Moreno , Martinez Mercedes Melgar , Martinez Isabel Martinez , Martin‐Moreno Jose M.
Published: July 2007

To identify overall costs generated by surgical site infections (SSI) patients, including indirect costs. A prospective study of case series of patients who have undergone major surgical treatment was undertaken. Patients who suffered SSI were compared with controls (nested case–control design). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention definitions were followed and SSI established. Overall costs and indirect related morbidity/mortality costs were estimated. The study was performed in a general, tertiary hospital (Valencia, Spain) for 4.5 years. Surgical site infections patients were 9.02% of the total people who underwent surgery. Their stays were prolonging by 14 days, and resources were used more intensely and for longer periods than in controls. Excess hospital costs were $10,232 per patient of which 37% corresponded to prolonged stays. Health costs only accounted for 10% of overall costs; $97,433 per patient including indirect social costs. Studies merely assessing excess costs due to prolonged stays of SSI patients do not reflect the entire scenario as they simply represent 35% of real hospital costs. A comprehensive appraisal shows that total healthcare expenditures represent a tenth of overall costs, which strengthens the claims that investment in preventing SSI would be highly cost‐effective.
Creating thick linear scar by inserting a gelatin sponge into rat excisional wounds
Authors: Wu Xiaoli , Gao Zhen , Song Nan , Chua Chekhau , Deng Dan , Cao Yilin , Liu Wei
Published: July 2007

The rat incisional wound is an important model for wound scarring research, but it is also difficult to mimic thick human incisional scarring. We hypothesized that such a thick linear scarring can be generated by inserting a gelatin sponge into a rat excisional wound. The results demonstrated that the new wound model could generate 11 times wider wound width (at day 7) and 4–5 times wider scar width (at days 14, 21, and 60), respectively, than the widths of incisional wounds (p<0.05) in adult Sprague–Dawley rats. The thick linear scar created was grossly apparent in contrast to the grossly unobvious scar of the incisional wound, and a regular linear shape could be achieved with a similar scar width along the wound. The mechanism study revealed several factors that might contribute to the enhanced scarring, including delayed wound healing, enhanced inflammation, increased expression of fibrotic factors, and abnormal wound remodeling due to the insertion of the gelatin sponge. These results indicate that the new wound model of thick linear scar might be valuable for clinically relevant study of scar manipulation. Moreover, this model may serve as a tool for studying gene‐mediated tissue regeneration during wound repair using inserted gelatin sponge as a gene carrier.
Hydrated keratinocytes reduce collagen synthesis by fibroblasts via paracrine mechanisms
Authors: Tandara Andrea A. , Kloeters Oliver , Mogford Jon E. , Mustoe Thomas A.
Published: July 2007

Regulating collagen metabolism can control hypertrophic scars in cutaneous wounds. Hypertrophic scars can be reduced by occlusive dressings such as silicone sheeting; however, their mechanism is still unknown. We hypothesized that hydration of keratinocytes reduces the collagen secretion of fibroblasts by modifying the cytokine levels. Stratified human epidermal keratinocytes and confluent human dermal fibroblasts were co‐cultured serum free for 72 hours. Keratinocytes were either kept at the air interface or hydrated. Messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of interleukin‐1 (IL‐1)α, IL‐1β, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF‐α), keratinocyte growth factor (KGF), and procollagen‐1 were analyzed by real‐time reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction. Secretion of cytokines into conditioned media was quantified by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and collagen content by Western blot. The content of collagen‐I decreased by 44% in the presence of hydrated keratinocytes. Co‐culture with air‐treated keratinocytes decreased collagen‐I only by 23%. Co‐cultured hydrated keratinocytes had significantly higher TNF‐α mRNA (172%) than hydrated keratinocytes. At the protein level, there was an overall trend toward increased TNF‐α levels in hydrated cultures. IL‐1β secretion decreased significantly under hydration (42% monoculture, 58% co‐culture). Co‐culture stimulated a 240% increase of KGF mRNA in fibroblasts compared with monocultured fibroblasts. Fibroblasts secreted 4.5‐fold more KGF in hydrated co‐cultures and sixfold more KGF in air‐treated co‐cultures. Hydration of keratinocytes modifies important paracrine interactions between keratinocytes and fibroblasts and reduces collagen‐1, which supports the hypothesis that hydration of the epidermis and restoration of water barrier function play an important role in scar formation.
Enhanced healing of mitomycin C‐treated wounds in rats using inbred adipose tissue‐derived stromal cells within an atelocollagen matrix
Authors: Nambu Masaki , Ishihara Masayuki , Nakamura Shingo , Mizuno Hiroshi , Yanagibayashi Satoshi , Kanatani Yasuhiro , Hattori Hidemi , Takase Bonpei , Ishizuka Takamitsu , Kishimoto Satoko , Amano Yoshiko , Yamamoto Naoto , Azuma Ryuichi , Kiyosawa Tomoharu
Published: July 2007

The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential accelerating effects of an adipose tissue‐derived stromal cells (ATSC)‐containing atelocollagen matrix with silicone membrane (ACMS) for repairing mitomycin C‐treated healing‐impaired wounds. Mitomycin C was applied to full‐thickness skin incisions in this study to create a healing‐impaired wound model in rat. After thoroughly washing out the mitomycin C from the wound, ACMS alone or ATSC‐containing ACMS was applied to the wounds. Histological sections of the wounds were then prepared at indicated time periods after the treatments. These results indicated significantly advanced granulation tissue and capillary formations in the healing‐impaired wounds treated with ATSC‐containing ACMS compared with those treated with ACMS alone. Thus, this study suggested that transplantation of inbred ATSC‐containing ACMS is effective for repairing healing‐impaired wounds.
Delayed wound healing in Mac‐1–deficient mice is associated with normal monocyte recruitment
Authors: Sisco Mark , Chao Jerome D. , Kim Injoong , Mogford Jon E. , Mayadas Tanya N. , Mustoe Thomas A.
Published: July 2007

The Mac‐1 integrin is an important mediator of migration and inflammatory activation of neutrophils and monocytes. However, the role of Mac‐1 in modulating macrophage emigration and activation and its subsequent impact on cutaneous wound healing have not been fully elucidated. To examine the significance of Mac‐1 to murine wound healing, we measured epithelialization and granulation tissue formation in partial‐thickness ear wounds and full‐thickness head wounds, respectively, in Mac‐1–deficient mice. Wounds were histologically analyzed at postwounding days 3, 5, and 7. The gap measured between the leading edges of inward‐migrating granulation tissue was significantly increased in knockout mice compared with control animals at day 5 (3.8±0.3 vs. 2.6±0.5 mm; p<0.001) and day 7 (2.2±0.4 vs. 0.96±0.73 mm; p=0.005). Epithelial gap measurements were also increased in knockout mice vs. wild‐type controls at days 3 (0.62±0.02 vs. 0.54±0.07 mm; p<0.05) and 5 (0.58±0.06 vs. 0.39±0.08 mm; p<0.001). Immunohistochemistry showed equal numbers of macrophages in knockout and control wounds. These findings show that Mac‐1 is required for normal wound healing but that the attenuation in the deposition of granulation tissue and wound epithelialization in Mac‐1 knockout mice is not associated with decreased monocyte migration into the wound.
Statins and C‐Reactive Protein Levels
Authors: Asher Jordan , Houston Mark
Published: July 2007

In patients with or at risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD), including hypertensive individuals, lowering levels of low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) reduces CVD risk. Statins are the most effective of available therapies for lowering LDL‐C. Extensive clinical trial data have shown that the degree of LDL‐C reduction obtained depends on the particular statin used and that intensive LDL‐C lowering reduces the incidence of cardiovascular events compared with more moderate LDL‐C lowering. More recent data suggest that effects independent of LDL‐C lowering may also play a part in the reduction in cardiovascular events. C‐reactive protein (CRP), a marker of inflammation, is a potential predictor of CVD risk, and statins reduce CRP levels by up to 60%. CRP reduction is independent of LDL‐C lowering, and variation between statins in CRP reduction may play some role in CVD event reduction rates. At present, however, there are few outcome data relating to the cardiovascular benefits of reducing CRP.
The Complexity of External Acoustic Detection of Defects in Björk‐Shiley Convexoconcave Heart Valves
Authors: De Mol Bas A. , Cromheecke Manon E. , Groen Janny G. , Faber Gerard , Van Der Heiden Maurits S. , Ongkiehong Leo
Published: July 2007

Abstract: Fractures in Björk‐Shiley convexoconcave (BScc) heart valves have raised questions about the feasibility of early diagnosis of technical defects by means of acoustic assessment. Three laboratory tests were conducted. To establish acoustic fingerprints, 66 valves with a defect, such as single‐leg fracture (SLF) or single‐leg separation (SLS), or without a defect were connected with a contact sensor and excited by dropping a small metal ball onto the outlet strut. In the second test, we simulated the valve sound propagation within the thorax. In the third test, intact, SLF, and SLS valves were placed in a mock heart immersed in a large water tank. We observed a resonance frequency corresponding with valve size and presence of defects. The second test showed that both the chest wall and the lungs created numerous reflections. This led to a substantial overlap of the original pulse frequencies and the frequencies measured. The third test confirmed that submersion of the chest in water can significantly reduce chest wall reflections. Reliable noninvasive assessment of BScc valve clicks for the presence of defects of the outlet strut is hampered by complex sound propagation within the thorax and variability of valve excitation. Acoustic fingerprints to diagnose mechanical defects should be integrated in valve design.
Performance of a New Implantable Cardiac Assist Centrifugal Pump
Authors: Tevaearai Hendrik T. , Mueller Xavier M. , Jegger David , Augsburger Monique , Burki Marco , Von Segesser Ludwig K.
Published: July 2007

Abstract: The AB‐180 is a new implantable centrifugal pump with a low volume dome (10 ml) and a local heparin delivery system which avoids systemic heparinization. This study focuses on its hemodynamic performance. We analyzed 3 anesthetized calves (71.0 ± 2.5 kg), equipped with arterial pressure (AP), and Swan‐Ganz and left atrial pressure (LAP) catheters. The AB‐180 pump was installed through a left thoracotomy, with a transmitral left ventricular (LV) inflow cannula inserted via the left appendage and an outflow tract sutured to the descending aorta. LAP, AP, and blood flow across the pump were recorded for various pump speed and in different preload conditions (right atrial pressure = 4, 7, and 10 mm Hg, respectively). The pump significantly unloaded the left heart cavities and was able to increase the mean AP. For an RAP of 10 mm Hg, running the pump at 4,500 rpm decreased the LAP from 11.0 ± 0.8 mm Hg to 3.0 ± 0.8 mm Hg (p < 0.001) and augmented the mean AP from 48.2 ± 6.4 mm Hg to 80.8 ± 12.1 mm Hg (p < 0.001). A maximal pump flow of 5.6 ± 0.2 L/min was obtained under these conditions. In addition to the advantage of its particular design, the AB‐180 can be considered as an efficient left ventricular assist device (LVAD). It significantly unloads the left heart cavities and ensures efficient systemic AP and blood flow.
One Month Survival with the Undulation Pump Total Artificial Heart in a Goat
Authors: Abe Yusuke , Chinzei Tsuneo , Isoyama Takashi , Ono Toshiya , Mochizuki Shuichi , Saito Itsuro , Iwasaki Kiyotaka , Ishimaru Mitsuhiko , Karita Tatsuro , Kuono Akimasa , Baba Kazunori , Imachi Kou
Published: July 2007

Abstract: The undulation pump is a small continuous flow displacement‐type blood pump. The undulation pump total artificial heart (UPTAH) is a unique implantable total artificial heart using undulation pumps. An adult female goat weighing 45.8 kg was used for implantation. The natural heart was replaced with the UPTAH under extracorporal circulation. The cardiac output (CO) was maintained to 100 ml/kg/min by controlling the right pump manually. To prevent lung edema, the left pump was controlled automatically to maintain the left atrial pressure below 20 mm Hg. The CO was maintained for 2 weeks. Thereafter, the CO gradually decreased. The goat suddenly died because of a brain stroke on the 31st postoperative day. At autopsy, the cavity of the left atrial cuff was almost occupied by the big pannus‐like thrombus, which was thought to be the cause of death. Improvement of the atrial cuff is necessary to obtain longer survival and is being modified. No thrombus was found inside the pumps. However, temperature rise in a left motor was a problem. Improvement of the efficiency in a motor is necessary. Although many problems still remained, 1 month survival could be obtained with this unique implantable TAH using continuous flow displacement‐type blood pumps.
Differentiation of Two Very Similar Glaucomid Ciliate Morphospecies (Ciliophora, Tetrahymenida) by Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization with 18S rRNA Targeted Oligonucleotide Probes
Authors: FRIED JOHANNES , FOISSNER WILHELM
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACT. Conventional, morphological identification of ciliates and other protozoa needs considerable experience and often is difficult as various staining methods must be applied. New molecular techniques, such as fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with gene probes, are powerful means to overcome this problem. As a test case, the morphology of two very similar, and thus difficult to differentiate ciliate morphospecies, Glaucoma scintillans and Glaucomides bromelicola, were compared. They were then distinguished by applying the Ciliate‐FISH technique with a set of eight 18S rRNA targeted oligonucleotide probes, four of which have been developed for specific detection of G. scintillans. The remaining four probes were designed to detect G. bromelicola in order to prove probe specificities by binding to the homologous target region of the probes mentioned before. The tests resulted in a clear and easy differentiation of the two species by fluorescence signals of three of the four tested probe pairs. Thus, FISH techniques are very useful for the identification and detection of protozoa and might be of great help studying geographical distributions of known taxa.
Porous Hydroxyapatite Scaffolds Coated With Bioactive Apatite–Wollastonite Glass–Ceramics
Authors: Jun In‐Kook , Song Ju‐Ha , Choi Won‐Young , Koh Young‐Hag , Kim Hyoun‐Ee , Kim Hae‐Won
Published: July 2007

The objective of this study was to fabricate porous hydroxyapatite (HA) scaffolds coated with bioactive A/W glass–ceramics and to examine their mechanical and biological properties. Firstly, the HA scaffolds were prepared by the polymeric sponge replication method, and then A/W glasses were coated on the surface of the struts. All of the scaffolds had a highly porous structure with well‐interconnected pores. It was observed that the bioactive glass coating markedly increased the strength of the HA scaffolds. This enhancement was attributed to the formation of a dense and strong coating layer on the weak HA struts. The in vitro bioactivities of the scaffolds were markedly improved by the coatings. When the coated scaffolds were soaked in a simulated body fluid (SBF), the bone‐like apatite crystals were well mineralized on their surfaces. Osteoblast‐like cells (MC3T3) adhered, spread, and grew well on the porous scaffolds. The cells placed on the glass‐coated HA scaffold showed a higher proliferation rate and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity than those on the pure HA scaffold. These results demonstrate that the bioactive glass coating is effective in improving the strength and bioactivity of the porous HA scaffolds.
Change in the Surface Microstructure of Ti(C0.5N0.5)–20WC–10Ni–10Co Cermets During Sintering in a Nitrogen Atmosphere
Authors: Kim Seongwon , Kang Shinhoo
Published: July 2007

Experiments were carried out to determine the effects of introducing nitrogen during sintering on the formation of the surface gradient zone for Ti(C,N)‐based cermets. WC was used as a secondary carbide in a Ti(C,N)–Ni/Co system, and processing was carried out in vacuum, and under various nitrogen conditions (at 1torr). Nitrogen was introduced during various stages of the sintering (above 1300°C). The introduction of nitrogen during the heating stage facilitated the formation of a (Ti,W)(C,N)‐enriched layer to a greater extent than the vacuum conditions. A thermodynamic calculation revealed that denitrification occurs during sintering, even when nitrogen pressure is applied. A nitrogen atmosphere during the heating stage is effective in retarding the dissolution of WC in the cermet matrix. The introduction of nitrogen during the holding or cooling stages also led to an enrichment in the binder phase near the surface. The thickness of the stratified binder layer was strongly related to the cooling rate.
Death in Custody: A Historical Analysis*
Authors: Grant Jami R. , Southall Pamela E. , Fowler David R. , Mealey Joan , Thomas Eleanor J. , Kinlock Timothy W.
Published: July 2007

Abstract:  This research delineates the historical evolution of death in custody. A retrospective, exploratory analysis of 145,425 cases from Maryland’s Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, occurring from 1939 to 2004, was conducted. Two hundred and two custodial deaths were identified and subsequently examined relative to time, agency, decedent characteristics, and cause and manner of death. Results indicate that there have been substantive changes in custodial deaths over time. Cardiovascular disease was the most frequent cause of death from the 1930s to the 1970s, except for the 1940s, when syphilis and tuberculosis took precedence. Asphyxia, the predominant cause of death in the 1980s, reflected an increase in suicidal hangings. Emerging in the 1980s, drug intoxication deaths were prevalent in the 1990s and 2000s. Sudden unexplained deaths involving violent behavior, the use of multiple restraints, and drug intoxication were not identified until the 1980s, coinciding with periods of increased cocaine abuse nationally.
The Relationship Between the Detection of Acquisitive Crime by Forensic Science and Drug‐Dependent Offenders
Authors: Bond John W. , Sheridan Lorraine
Published: July 2007

Abstract:  Drug‐ and nondrug‐related acquisitive crime offences such as burglary, theft, and motor vehicle theft, were compared to assess whether drug abusers were more likely to be apprehended via forensic science techniques. Data were all acquisitive offences committed over a 6‐year period within a police force area in England. Drug‐dependent offenders committed a wider range of offence types than nondependent offenders, and they were significantly more likely to be detected via their DNA or fingerprints (p < 0.01). A logistic regression (n > 14,000) revealed a number of predictors that influence the detection of the crime by forensic techniques. The results indicate that a number of these predictors are of statistical significance; the most significant of these being drug use by the offender with sex, ethnicity, and employment status also being relevant. Age of the offender and number of offences committed were found not to be significant. Of the four hypotheses considered to explain this, the most likely was thought to be the physical and mental impact of drug use on crime scene behavior. Consideration is given to the disciplines of forensic science and forensic psychology working closely together to distinguish factors that influence crime scene behavior.
Forensic Applications of Infrared Imaging for the Detection and Recording of Latent Evidence
Authors: Lin Apollo Chun‐Yen , Hsieh Hsing‐Mei , Tsai Li‐Chin , Linacre Adrian , Lee James Chun‐I
Published: July 2007

Abstract: We report on a simple method to record infrared (IR) reflected images in a forensic science context. Light sources using ultraviolet light have been used previously in the detection of latent prints, but the use of infrared light has been subjected to less investigation. IR light sources were used to search for latent evidence and the images were captured by either video or using a digital camera with a CCD array sensitive to IR wavelength. Bloodstains invisible to the eye, inks, tire prints, gunshot residue, and charred document on dark background are selected as typical matters that may be identified during a forensic investigation. All the evidence types could be detected and identified using a range of photographic techniques. In this study, a one in eight times dilution of blood could be detected on 10 different samples of black cloth. When using 81 black writing inks, the observation rates were 95%, 88% and 42% for permanent markers, fountain pens and ball‐point pens, respectively, on the three kinds of dark cloth. The black particles of gunshot residue scattering around the entrance hole under IR light were still observed at a distance of 60 cm from three different shooting ranges. A requirement of IR reflectivity is that there is a contrast between the latent evidence and the background. In the absence of this contrast no latent image will be detected, which is similar to all light sources. The use of a video camera allows the recording of images either at a scene or in the laboratory. This report highlights and demonstrates the robustness of IR to detect and record the presence of latent evidence.
Structure Elucidation of Dyes That Are Formed in the Colorimetric Detection of the Improvised Explosive Urea Nitrate
Authors: Lemberger Nitay , Almog Joseph
Published: July 2007

Abstract:  Urea nitrate (uronium nitrate, UN) is a powerful, improvised explosive that can be easily made from urea and nitric acid. It is considered the most frequently used, illegal explosive in the Israeli arena, which is responsible for the loss of more than a hundred lives in terrorist incidents. Urea nitrate is a colorless, crystalline substance that looks very much like sugar. A sensitive color test for UN was developed recently. It is based on the formation of a red dye in the reaction between p‐dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde and UN under neutral conditions. A similar reaction with p‐dimethylaminobezaldehyde produces a yellow dye. The two dyes have been synthesized, and their structures determined by X‐ray crystallography. Both dyes are protonated Schiff bases, prevailing in the crystal in a quinoid form. They are identical to the compounds, which are obtained in the colorimetric detection of urea with the same reagents, under strong acidic conditions, whose structures have been postulated in the literature, but never fully proved experimentally.
Predicting the Position of the Source of Blood Stains for Angled Impacts
Authors: Knock Clare , Davison Marie
Published: July 2007

Abstract:  Droplets of pig’s blood were dropped onto paper at different angles to the horizontal to produce blood stains. Impact velocities varied from 1.82 to 5.76 m/sec, drop size from 3.7 to 5.0 mm in diameter, and the surface sloped at angles between 22.7° and 90° to the horizontal. From the data a single equation relating stain size to drop size and velocity for all impact angles was produced; ab = 111.74 (Re1/2We1/4)0.75DoDo + 0.00084 with R2 = 0.88, where a is the stain width, b the stain length, Re the Reynolds number, and We the Weber number. A second equation related the number of spines, N, to drop size, velocity, and surface slope for all impact angles as N = 0.76 We0.5 sin3θ with R2 = 0.9, where θ is the impact angle. Combining these equations the impact velocity can be determined and hence the position of the stain’s source.
DNA Identification of “Earthquake McGoon” 50 Years Postmortem
Authors: Irwin Jodi A. , Edson Suni M. , Loreille Odile , Just Rebecca S. , Barritt Suzanne M. , Lee Demris A. , Holland Thomas D. , Parsons Thomas J. , Leney Mark D.
Published: July 2007

Abstract:  This report describes the genetic identification of James “Earthquake McGoon” McGovern, a WWII fighter ace who perished in Laos while providing supplies to French troops during the French Indochina war. Because reference samples were unavailable for all of the potential casualties, testing of the entire mitochondrial genome, autosomal STRs and Y‐chromosomal STRs was performed to increase the genetic information available for analysis. Kinship analyses performed on the evidentiary data and numerous indirect family references for McGovern excluded other possible casualties and definitively established McGovern’s identity. This particular case demonstrates the practical utility of novel research technologies and aggressive genetic typing protocols in the identification of aged, degraded remains.
Assertive community treatment in the Netherlands: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Sytema S. , Wunderink L. , Bloemers W. , Roorda L. , Wiersma D.
Published: July 2007

Objective:  Assertive community treatment is rapidly implemented by many European mental health services, but recently the evidence base has been questioned. Positive results of randomized trials in the USA were not replicated in the UK. The question is whether the UK findings are representative for other European countries with modern mental health services.

Method:  Open randomized controlled trial of long‐term severely mentally ill patients [Health of the Nation Outcome Scales (HoNOS) total score ≥15], assigned to assertive community treatment (n = 59) or to standard community mental health care (n = 59). Primary outcome: sustained contact; housing stability and admission days. This trial is registered as an International Standard Randomized Clinical Trial, number ISRCTN 11281756.

Results:  Assertive community treatment was significantly better in sustaining contact with patients, but not in reducing admission days. No differences in housing stability, psychopathology, social functioning or quality of life were found.

Conclusion:  The results are in agreement with UK studies. However, the sustained contact potential of assertive community treatment is important, as too many patients are lost in standard care.
Application of optical coherence tomography in non‐invasive characterization of skin vascular lesions
Authors: Salvini Camilla , Massi Daniela , Cappetti Alessio , Stante Marcello , Cappugi Pietro , Fabbri Paolo , Carli Paolo
Published: July 2007

Background: Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a new non‐invasive approach for real‐time in vivo tissue characterization. A promising use of OCT can be the assessment of the architecture of lesions with some degree of inhomogeneities, such as vascular lesions. Knowledge of the size and depth of the vascular structures can be useful for the diagnosis and for choosing the best treatment.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate a series of vascular lesions by means of OCT in order to obtain new insights into the non‐invasive, pre‐operative analysis of these lesions.

Methods: Seven vascular lesions were included in the study. Histopathological diagnosis showed two haemangiomas and one haemolymphangioma; the remaining four cases were classified as haemangiomas on the basis of their clinical appearance.

Results: In all lesions, OCT analysis was able to visualize different areas of the lesion from the horny layer to the dermis showing a clear image of the vascular proliferation. Specifically, oval to roundish signal‐poor areas sharply demarcated by a surrounding signal‐rich layer were observed in good correlation with histopathology.

Conclusion: The analysis of vascular lesions by OCT provides a new insight into non‐invasive diagnosis and can be helpful in the selection of the most appropriate treatment.
Changes of skin characteristics during and after local Parafango therapy as used in physiotherapy
Authors: Clijsen Ron , Taeymans Jan , Duquet William , Barel André , Clarys Peter
Published: July 2007

Background/aims: In physiotherapy, fango (mud) application is a frequently used heat therapy. The main therapeutic effects are due to the elevated temperature of the different tissues with a significant redistribution of blood towards the heated area. This may influence several cardiovascular parameters. There is only limited information on the effect of fango application on skin characteristics. It was the aim of the present study to evaluate the effects of fango application on skin temperature, perfusion of the microcirculation and skin colour. At the same time, cardiovascular parameters such as heart rate, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were recorded.

Method: Eighteen healthy subjects (age 23.7±3.8 years) entered the study. The skin characteristics and cardiovascular parameters were measured before, during and after a 21‐min fango application at 44.5°C.

Results: Skin temperature and perfusion of the microcirculation increased significantly during fango application: from 35.5±0.4°C to 44.3±1.2°C for skin temperature and from 23.2±8.8 to 197±41 p.u. for the skin microcirculation. These two parameters remained elevated during the fango application and decreased slowly to baseline values within 21 min after fango removal. Skin colour (CIELAB, a* parameter) increased from 11.0±2.5 to 17.9±1.9 when comparing pre‐ with post‐treatment values. At the end of the measuring period, the a* parameter did not return to baseline values (15.8±2.1). Heart rate increased with 8 bpm during the fango therapy and returned to baseline within 3 min after removal of the fango. SBP and DBP varied slightly during the fango application. They returned to baseline values within 21 min after fango removal.

Conclusion: The skin parameters indicate a transient temperature effect with an increased perfusion of the microcirculation and a flooding of the superficial capacitance system. The cardiovascular parameters were only slightly influenced and remained in the physiological range. Fango application seems not to be too demanding for the cardiovascular system in healthy subjects.
Human skin buffering capacity: an overview
Authors: Levin Jacquelyn , Maibach Howard
Published: July 2007

Skin surface acidity can be measured according to two criteria, its value given by pH and its strength determined by the ability of the skin to resist an acidic/alkaline aggression (i.e. acidic/alkaline resistance and neutralization tests). It is the quantitative extent to which the skin resists these changes that defines the term buffer capacity or acid/alkali resistance and neutralization capacity of skin. We review studies investigating the possible mechanisms contributing to the buffering capacity of the epidermis via alkali/acidic aggression tests. This paper discerns which components of the epidermis are most likely responsible for the epidermal buffering ability.