bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Politics of Sacred Lineages in 19th-Century Central Asia: Descent Groups Linked to Khwaja Ahmad Yasavi in Shrine Documents and Genealogical Charters
Authors: DeWeese Devin
Published: December 2011

Khwaja Ahmad Yasavi, the celebrated saint of Central Asia who lived most likely in the late 12th century, is perhaps best known as a Sufi shaykh and (no doubt erroneously) as a mystical poet; his shrine in the town now known as Turkistan, in southern Kazakhstan, has been an important religious center in Central Asia at least since the monumental mausoleum that still stands was built, by order of Timur, at the end of the 14th century. While Yasavi's shrine, owing to the predilections of Soviet scholarship, was extensively studied by architectural historians and archeologists, its role in social and religious history has received scant attention; at the same time, Ahmad Yasavi's legacy as a Sufi shaykh has itself been the subject of considerable misunderstanding, resulting from two related tendencies in past scholarship: to approach the Yasavi tradition as little more than a sideline to the historically dominant Naqshbandiyya, and to regard it as a phenomenon definable in “ethnic” terms, as limited to an exclusively Turkic environment. Even less well known in the West, however, is one aspect of Ahmad Yasavi's legacy that is of increasing significance in contemporary Central Asia, as the region's religious heritage is recovered and redefined in the wake of the Soviet Union's collapse—namely, the distinctive familial communities that define themselves in terms of descent from Yasavi's family, and have historically claimed specific prerogatives associated with Yasavi's shrine.
Jerusalem's Hope Lies Only in Partition: Israeli Policy on the Jerusalem Question, 1948–67
Authors: Golani Motti
Published: December 2011

In June 1937, David Ben-Gurion explained to one of the leaders of American Zionism why he thought it was right to divide Jerusalem: “England (and we) need control over the holy places—that is, the Old City. [But] ruling over Rehavia [a neighborhood in the city's western part] adds nothing [to Britain], whereas for the Jews, the millions of the Jews who do not know the difference between the Sharon and the [Jezre'el] Valley [or the difference between Rehavia and the Old City] … —the name Jerusalem means everything.”
SELLING AND SAVING “MOTHER IRAN”: GENDER AND THE

IRANIAN PRESS IN THE 1940S
Authors: Amin Camron Michael
Published: December 2011

The sensational nature of the Iranian press in the 1940s has been largely understood in

political terms. In September 1941, occupying Allied armies forced Reza Shah Pahlavi

(1879–1944, r. 1925–41) into exile, ending his tyrannical “twenty

years” and unleashing a variety of political forces which vied with each other for public

support in the press.3 The presence of Allied censors notwithstanding, so the

argument goes, the Iranian press was momentarily free from effective government

censorship—though not from the recurring cycle of censorship that has dominated scholarly

interest in the Iranian press.4 But a closer look at the often violent and sexual

political discourse in the Iranian press raises questions less about Iran's political history

than about its cultural and economic history. Why was the content of the press so graphic in the

1940s? What economic and cultural trends sustained such content once it had been provoked by

political events? How much did the overt sexuality of political discourse confirm or modify

notions of gender in Iranian culture?
LEBANESE WOMEN'S FICTION: URBAN IDENTITY AND THE
TYRANNY OF THE PAST
Authors: Aghacy Samira
Published: December 2011

This study undertakes an examination of Lebanese women's fiction over the past forty
years or so. For many women, the urban environment is an escape from the restrictive traditional
community that is closely aligned with a rural mentality. Many of these writers tend to see the city
in stark contrast to the country, which, in their eyes represents restraining cultural values. If in
some cases the city and the country are represented as real, tangible places, the majority of
women tend to view them as “states of mind and feeling”1 or as
representations. Some female writers see the city and the village in ontological opposition
between repression and freedom, backwardness and progress, and past and present—or, as
Raymond Williams refers to it, “of consciousness with ignorance; of vitality with routine;
of the present and actual with the past or the lost.”2 Nevertheless, it is clear
that in many cases the city incorporates and embraces both the traditional and modern patterns,
because “an old order, a ‘traditional' society, keeps appearing, reappearing,
at bewilderingly various dates.”3 Far from viewing themselves as alienated
and degraded beings in the corrupt and hellish city4 or the modern wasteland,
women see the nurturing city as a symbol of well-being, independence, and freedom from
shackles. Indeed, they become so immersed in city life that, for some of them, there is
“little reality in any other mode of life.”5 The city gives them the
opportunity to escape the narrow confines of home, family, and stifling traditions that have
relegated them to a corner and associated them with a nostalgic past. Accordingly, for many of
them, the city has become, as Williams puts it, “the physical embodiment of a decisive
modern consciousness,”6 a place consistently in flux and
motion7 where women attempt to keep the ever-haunting past at bay and reveal a
thrust for change and for experience and knowledge that they try to replenish in the city.
BEVERLEY MILTON-EDWARDS, Islamic Politics in Palestine (London: I. B.

Tauris, 1996). Pp. 256. $59.95 cloth, $14.95 paper.
Authors: JAMAL AMANEY
Published: December 2011

Islamic Politics in Palestine charts the evolution of political Islam's

responses to the changing political environment in Palestine from the 1920s through the mid

1990s. Through extensive fieldwork based on oral evidence, ethnographic interviews, and an

impressive compilation of primary source material, Milton-Edwards provides her readers with

perhaps the most detailed, comprehensive, and informative account of Palestinian Islamic politics

in recent years.
URI MILSTEIN, History of Israel's War of Independence: Volume III, The First

Invasion. Trans. and ed. Alan Sachs (Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 1998). Pp.

414. $65.00 cloth.
Authors: MADDY-WEITZMAN BRUCE
Published: December 2011

For more than a decade, scholars and writers of various stripes have been revisiting the events

surrounding the first Arab–Israeli war of 1948, whose outcome heavily shaped subsequent

Middle East politics. Basing their work primarily on newly available Israeli, British, and American

archival materials, they have shed considerable light and generated much heat regarding the

origins, consequences, and degrees of responsibility for the events surrounding the birth of the

State of Israel, the uprooting of two-thirds of the Palestinian Arab community, and the defeat of

neighboring Arab armies.
MARGARET L. MERIWETHER, The Kin Who Count: Family
and Society in Ottoman Aleppo, 1770–1840 (Austin: University of Texas Press,
1999). Pp. 286. $45 cloth, $22 paper.
Authors: Fleischmann Ellen L.
Published: December 2011

As Margaret Meriwether notes in her Introduction to this well-crafted study, until recently
there has been little history of the Middle Eastern family. There were “histories of
families,” which is not the same as a solidly researched sub-discipline within the broader
field of Middle Eastern history, because these “did not deal with the family as an
institution, its evolution over time, nor the relationship between family and society” (p. 2).
The difficulty derives in part (as it does for other sub-fields of Middle Eastern history, particularly
social history) from problems of sources that are partial, limited, or sometimes non-existent, and
often where they do exist are unavailable. There are few written records on certain subjects,
particularly private lives. Scholars of social history and anthropology have relied increasingly on
the use of Islamic court records as sources for social history. The growing body of works
produced from this scholarship has been highly sophisticated, nuanced, and exciting, opening
windows into the history of private life in the Middle East. This book is a welcome contribution to
this growing field of scholarship.
EDHEM ELDEM, DANIEL GOFFMAN, AND BRUCE MASTERS, The Ottoman

City Between East and West, Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization (Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press, 1999). Pp. 260. $59.95 cloth.
Authors: KASABA REŞAT
Published: December 2011

Ever since Max Weber posited the ideal-typical distinction between Oriental and Occidental

cities in his essays on the economic history of Europe, many historians of the Middle East have

grappled with his model. The debate about the existence of the “Oriental” or, more

specifically, the “Islamic” city and the validity of Weber's construct have led

to the growth of a sizable body of literature on the topic. In this collection of their essays,

Masters, Goffman, and Eldem approach this question from a different angle. They ask not so

much whether the “Islamic City” exists, but whether there was such a thing as an

Ottoman city. Based on their work on Aleppo, Izmir, and Istanbul in the 17th and 18th centuries,

they come up with an answer that can be described as a qualified no.
HENRI J. BARKEYAND GRAHAM E. FULLER, Turkey's Kurdish Question (Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 1998). Pp. 258. $65.00 cloth, $22.95 paper.
Authors: ENTESSAR NADER
Published: December 2011

The Kurdish question has remained one of the most destabilizing issues for modern Turkey.
Despite decades of military campaigns in the southeast and the existence of a continuing state of
emergency in that region of Turkey for more than a decade, various Turkish governments have
yet to resolve their Kurdish dilemma in a satisfactory way. According to the Turkish Association
for Human Rights, some 3 million Kurds have been driven from their villages by the Turkish army,
and some 3,000 Kurdish villages have been evacuated (ethnically cleansed) over the past fourteen
years. In addition to military campaigns in Turkey's southeast, disappearances, summary
trials, and other forms of political repression have turned the region into a permanent war zone.
RAHMA BOURQUIA, MOUNIRA CHARRAD, AND NANCY GALLAGER, ED., Femmes, Culture et Societé au Maghreb, 2 vols. (Casablanca: Afrique-Orient, 1996). Pp. 338. $25.00 paper.
Authors: Radi Lamia
Published: December 2011

This work seeks to portray the reality of the “Maghribi woman” (the Maghrib
of Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia) using a gender-studies approach. It therefore has both the
advantages and disadvantages of such an approach: its multidisciplinarity allows each contribution
to enrich the others by analyzing women in turn through their legal status and economic and
political role. At the same time, however, this exclusive focus on women at times overlooks
important aspects of women's social relations with their broader environment.
ALEXANDER KNYSH, Islamic Mysticism: A Short History, Themes in Islamic Studies (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 2000). Pp. 370.
Authors: CHITTICK WILLIAM C.
Published: December 2011

This much-needed historical survey of the Sufi tradition brings together a great deal of

specialized literature, especially the European scholarship that is often ignored in North America.

The first eight chapters of the book discuss the beginnings of the tradition, early figures, gradual

institutionalization, poetical and metaphysical expressions, and the foundations of the great tariqahs. Chapter 9 provides an overview of the later history of the tariqahs on a regional basis, in most cases coming into the 20th century. Chapter 10 discusses major concepts and practices. Given Knysh's keen awareness that the Sufi tradition cannot be isolated from the Islamic tradition as a whole, surprisingly little attention is paid to the roots of Sufism in the Qur[ham]an and the hadith. Then again, the survey is necessarily selective and aims only to highlight major figures and movements. Any serious attempt to be comprehensive would have given us a multi-volume study. Every specialist will be disappointed at the failure to discuss or at least mention certain figures, movements, themes, or topics.
WILFRIED BUCHTA, Who Rules Iran? The Structure of Power
in the Islamic Republic (Washington Institute for Near East Policy and Konard Adenauer
Stiftung, 2000). Pp. 255. $19.95 paper.
Authors: Moslem Mehdi
Published: December 2011

Arguably, the most distinguishing facet of Iran's post-revolutionary regime has been the
plethora of institutions and competing power centers. The myriad religious and revolutionary
bodies are constitutionally empowered to subdue and duplicate the functions of the central
government and the republican institutions. This structural enigma is exacerbated by the existence
of political factions dispersed throughout the Iranian polity. Although they maintain their
allegiance to the tenets of the Islamic Revolution and the ideological legacy of Ayatollah Ruhallah
Khomeini, factions provide divergent renditions on policies in different realms. For this reason,
political outcomes in the Islamic Republic of Iran depend largely on the faction that controls the
relevant organization or ministry.
Molecular identification of animal isolates ofEchinococcus granulosusfrom Iran using four mitochondrial genes
Authors: Rostami Nejad M. , Taghipour N. , Nochi Z. , Nazemalhosseini Mojarad E. , Mohebbi S.R. , Fasihi Harandi M. , Zali M.R.
Published: December 2011

Mitochondrial genes have more power than nuclear genes in reconstructing phylogenetic relationships among closely related species because of their faster sequence evolution. The aim of this study was to use the complete or near-complete sequences from three mitochondrial genes (cox1,nad1andatp6) and partial sequences of the 12S rRNA gene to infer relationships among isolates ofEchinococcus granulosusfrom Iran. Two hundred and twenty-nine isolates ofE. granulosuswere collected from cattle, camels, sheep, buffalo and goats from different geographical areas. Most individuals were found to possess the G1 genotype but some of the camel samples belonged to the G6 genotype. Newly designed primers forcox1,nad1andatp6genes amplified bands of 1830, 708 and 1157 bp for the G1 genotype and 1856, 705, 1054 bp for the G6 genotype, respectively. The result of this survey showed thatatp6andnad1genes are good molecular markers for identifyingE. granulosusisolates from a range of hosts in Iran.
Helminths of lizards from the municipality of Aripuanã in the southern Amazon region of Brazil
Authors: Ávila R.W. , da Silva R.J.
Published: December 2011

Ninety-five specimens from 13 species of lizard collected during a herpetofaunal monitoring programme of the Faxinal II power plant, municipality of Aripuanã, state of Mato Grosso, Brazil (southern Amazon region) were examined for helminths. A total of 21 helminth species (16 Nematoda, 1 Cestoda and 4 Trematoda) were recovered, with an overall prevalence of 67.37%. Seventeen new host records and seven new locality records are reported. A low number of specialists and core helminth species were found. Lizard body size was positively correlated with both the total number of helminth species and individuals. Active foragers exhibited higher helminth diversity. However, sit-and-wait foragers, especially Plica plica, had similar diversity values as active foragers and harboured more helminth species. The degree of similarity in helminth fauna was higher among closely related host species.
Reproductive Biology of the Gregarious Mediterranean Vermetid GastropodDendropoma Petraeum
Authors: Calvo M. , Templado J. , Penchaszadeh P.E.
Published: December 2011

The reproductive biology of the gregarious Mediterranean vermetid gastropodDendropoma petraeum(Mollusca: Gastropoda) has been studied in the south-eastern coast of Spain. It apparently is a gonochorisric species with the sex ratio biased toward females (71%). A broad peak of more intense reproductive activity occurs in spring months and an inactive reproductive period during winter. The gonad of the males develops about two months before those of females, and storage of sperm by females has been observed. Internal fertilization takes place after the capture of pelagic spermatophores.

The egg capsules lie free within the female mantle cavity, and females brood up to 86 capsules simultaneously (the highest number reported for any vermetid gastropod). The size of the capsules is somewhat variable and increases slightly from those containing first stages of development (mean = 678×579 μm) to those containing late stages (mean = 996×693 μm). Each egg capsule usually contains a single large egg or embryo, but sometimes two (8.2% of the capsules) or rarely three (0.24%). Production of egg capsules by females seems to be continuous throughout the reproductive period (from March to October).

The unsegmented eggs measure from 440 to 507 μm in diameter (mean = 482) and are the largest reported for any vermetid gastropod. Nurse eggs are not present, and therefore most of the intracapsular nutrition comes from the internal yolk of the embryo.

Development is lecithotrophic without a pelagic larval phase. The late intracapsular veliger stage metamorphoses within the capsule and hatching occurs at a crawling juvenile stage.
Age and Growth of the Myosid Squid Loliolus Noctiluca in Western Port, Victoria, Determined from Statolith Microstructure Analysis
Authors: Dimmlich Wetjens F. , Hoedt Frank E.
Published: December 2011

Growth in Loliolus noctiluca (Myopsida: Loliginidae) in Western Port, Victoria, Australia was studied from statolith growth increments. Tetracycline staining experiments verified previous work on tropical forms of this species that showed growth increments to be deposited daily. A logistic growth function described the relationship between length and increment number. There appear to be major differences in the form of growth, longevity and life history pattern between tropical and temperate forms of this species. These are probably attributable to differences in environmental conditions.
Partial Emergence of the Bivalve Donax Vittatus in Response to Abrupt Changes in Light Intensity and before Spawning
Authors: Ansell Alan D. , Günther Carmen-Pia , Burrows Michael T.
Published: December 2011

Buried individuals of the bivalve Donax vittatus (Bivalvia: Donacidae) respond to change in incident light intensity by adjusting their position in the sediment. Video recordings of activity in aquarium tanks in natural daylight revealed that individuals responded to shading by moving upwards, causing some to partially emerge from the sand. Subsequent removal of the shading stimulated reburial to the normal position. Recordings in laboratory aquaria show similar upward movement and partial emergence occurring when illumination in the visible range is switched off. Upward movement and partial emergence of D. vittatus has also been observed to take place prior to spawning.
EDUCATION AND THE MODERN STATE
Authors: O'Hear Anthony
Published: December 2011

In this paper I show how modern democratic states are likely to be inimical to traditional liberal education. Drawing on theoretical considerations and recent history I show how any attempt to promote traditional educational values through state interventions, such as national curricula or state regulation, is bound to be illusory. The preservation of liberal education will best be served by the wholesale removal of education from the progressive state and its bureaucracies.
WHY FREE TRADE IS REQUIRED BY JUSTICE
Authors: Tesón Fernando R.
Published: December 2011

The article argues that free trade is required by any plausible conception of justice. Free trade is supported by a host of consequentialist and deontological reasons. Empirically, trade increases global and national wealth, and in particular helps the poor. Morally, those who benefit from protectionist laws are not deserving beneficiaries of wealth redistribution. Both economic theory and evidence amply warrant the view that trade is beneficial. Protectionism by rich countries is harmful, not only to those countries' consumers, but to producers in poor countries. Given this, and given the fact that protectionism is almost always the result of political pressure by inefficient producers, there is no plausible moral reason to support it. Protectionism by poor countries is equally harmful. Relying on the institutionalist literature, the article shows that protectionism is yet another bad institution that contributes to economic stagnation in those countries. The article considers and rejects two criticisms of free trade: the problem of stolen goods, and the pauper-labor argument.
Coarctation of the aorta and vein of Galen malformation – treatment considerations in a severely compromised patient
Authors: Emmel Mathias , Bennink Gerardus , Meila Dan , Brassel Friedhelm
Published: December 2011

A vein of Galen malformation – a rare cause of cardiac insufficiency in neonates – is sometimes associated with coarctation of the aorta, two diseases requiring urgent therapy in the neonatal period. We report on a term neonate in whom we first palliated the coarctation by stent implantation, providing time to treat the vein of Galen malformation by endovascular embolisation. Following this, the coarctation was surgically repaired and the stent was explanted.
LONG-TERM OIL PRICE FORECASTS: A NEW PERSPECTIVE ON OIL AND THE MACROECONOMY
Authors: Miller J. Isaac , Ni Shawn
Published: December 2011

We examine how future real GDP growth relates to changes in the forecasted long-term average of discounted real oil prices and to changes in unanticipated fluctuations of real oil prices around the forecasts. Forecasts are conducted using a state-space oil market model, in which global real economic activity and real oil prices share a common stochastic trend. Changes in unanticipated fluctuations and changes in the forecasted long-term average of discounted real oil prices sum to real oil price changes. We find that these two components have distinctly different relationships with future real GDP growth. Positive and negative changes in the unanticipated fluctuations of real oil prices correlate with asymmetric responses of future real GDP growth. In comparison, changes in the forecasted long-term average are smaller in magnitude but are more influential on real GDP. Persistent upward revisions of forecasts in the 2000s had a substantial negative impact on real GDP growth, according to our estimates.
Mediterranean diet pyramid today. Science and cultural updates
Authors: Bach-Faig Anna , Berry Elliot M , Lairon Denis , Reguant Joan , Trichopoulou Antonia , Dernini Sandro , Medina F Xavier , Battino Maurizio , Belahsen Rekia , Miranda Gemma , Serra-Majem Lluís
Published: December 2011

Objective

To present the Mediterranean diet (MD) pyramid: a lifestyle for today.

Design

A new graphic representation has been conceived as a simplified main frame to be adapted to the different nutritional and socio-economic contexts of the Mediterranean region. This review gathers updated recommendations considering the lifestyle, dietary, sociocultural, environmental and health challenges that the current Mediterranean populations are facing.

Setting and Subjects

Mediterranean region and its populations.

Results

Many innovations have arisen since previous graphical representations of the MD. First, the concept of composition of the ‘main meals’ is introduced to reinforce the plant-based core of the dietary pattern. Second, frugality and moderation is emphasised because of the major public health challenge of obesity. Third, qualitative cultural and lifestyle elements are taken into account, such as conviviality, culinary activities, physical activity and adequate rest, along with proportion and frequency recommendations of food consumption. These innovations are made without omitting other items associated with the production, selection, processing and consumption of foods, such as seasonality, biodiversity, and traditional, local and eco-friendly products.

Conclusions

Adopting a healthy lifestyle and preserving cultural elements should be considered in order to acquire all the benefits from the MD and preserve this cultural heritage. Considering the acknowledgment of the MD as an Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO (2010), and taking into account its contribution to health and general well-being, we hope to contribute to a much better adherence to this healthy dietary pattern and its way of life with this new graphic representation.
Food choices and health during military service: increases in sugar- and fibre-containing foods and changes in anthropometric and clinical risk factors
Authors: Bingham Clarissa M L , Lahti-Koski Marjaana , Absetz Pilvikki , Puukka Pauli , Kinnunen Marja , Pihlajamäki Harri , Sahi Timo , Uutela Antti , Jallinoja Piia
Published: December 2011

Objective

To analyse changes in food choices, diet-related risk factors and their association during 6 months of military service.

Design

Longitudinal cohort study in Finland, where all men are liable to military service and a clear majority of each age group completes service. Dietary intake data were collected by self-administered questionnaire before and at 6 months of service. Three dietary indices based on food frequencies were developed to characterize the diet: Sugar Index, Fibre Index and Fat Index. Thirteen diet-related risk factors were measured at the beginning and at 6 months of service.

Setting

Military environment, two geographically distinct garrisons.

Subjects

Male conscripts aged 18–21 years (n 256) performing military service.

Results

During 6 months of service, positive changes concerned more frequent use of fibre-rich foods (P = 0·011), improved body composition (BMI, waist circumference, muscle mass, fat mass and percentage body fat, P ≤ 0·003 for all), decreased systolic blood pressure and increased HDL cholesterol (P < 0·001 for both). Negative changes concerned more frequent use of sugar-rich foods and increased total cholesterol, TAG and blood glucose (P < 0·001 for all). The consumption of fibre-rich foods was inversely associated with anthropometric risk factors at baseline and with sugar-rich foods at both time points.

Conclusions

Despite more frequent consumption of sweet foods, military service with a unified, nutritionally planned diet, a controlled environment and high physical load has a positive effect on conscripts’ health risk factors. The negative changes in blood lipids and glucose may reflect more varied free-time eating.
Modeling and design of a bi-access tri-band antenna combining different radiating structures based on modal analysis of resonant cavity
Authors: El Hajj Walid , Gallee François , Person Christian
Published: December 2011

A new design method for multi-access antennas is presented. This method is based on a modal analysis assuming the microstrip antennas as a resonant cavity. Using this cavity approach, the eigenmodes perturbation induced by the cavity deformation (adding slots or short circuits) is studied. As an application, a solution of multi-access antenna with two ports, with operating frequency bands centered approximately on digital cellular system (DCS) and universal mobile telecommunication system (UMTS)/Wi-Fi standards is developed. These two ports are isolated using the previous original design method. In addition to the design method, the innovation of the structure resides on its application in terms of flexibility, reconfigurability, and portability for the future development of a unique system that allows cross services where telephony joined multimedia and online services. The design method and the performances are validated through comparisons between simulations and measurements.
Declining Sri Lanka
Authors: Wijesinha Rajiva
Published: December 2011

Declining Sri Lanka is a political history of Sri Lanka which focuses on the reasons for and results of the ethnic violence that has plagued the country over the last quarter century. After an incisive study of the background, it explores in depth the contribution of the J R Jayewardene government (1977-1989), and in particular the international dimension that led to tensions with India. Having dealt with the Indian intervention of 1987 which led to Indian troops battling their former protégés, the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, it looks at further developments and the failure of both the Kumaratunga and Wickremesinghe governments to quell violence or provide political solutions. The book ends with a brief analysis of the current government in the context of increasing international concern over both terrorism (as exemplified by the LTTE) and basic human rights (as exemplified by the continuing suffering of Tamil people).
Ecotourism Development in India
Authors: Bhatt Seema , Liyakhat Syed
Published: December 2011

Ecotourism is a term debated upon by practitioners all over the world. The initiatives carried out in the name of ecotourism have adversely affected people and the environment. The indigenous and local communities have raised voices against such steps at local, national and international levels. However, sustainable ecotourism  tourism carried out within certain defined norms, can lead to the development of the people. Ecotourism Development in India attempts to present a comprehensive and analytical perspective on the development of ecotourism in India. This book showcases the key policies and legal frameworks linked to ecotourism development at national and international levels. The consequences of large-scale models of ecotourism in terms of responses and impacts, both negative and positive, are presented through select case studies. It is intended to facilitate effective formulation and implementation of conservation and development policies and practices.
High‐speed imaging of Strombolian explosions: The ejection velocity of pyroclasts
Authors: Taddeucci J. , Scarlato P. , Capponi A. , Del Bello E. , Cimarelli C. , Palladino D. M. , Kueppers U.
Published: December 2011

Explosive volcanic eruptions are defined as the violent ejection of gas and hot fragments from a vent in the Earth's crust. Knowledge of ejection velocity is crucial for understanding and modeling relevant physical processes of an eruption, and yet direct measurements are still a difficult task with largely variable results. Here we apply pioneering high‐speed imaging to measure the ejection velocity of pyroclasts from Strombolian explosive eruptions with an unparalleled temporal resolution. Measured supersonic velocities, up to 405 m/s, are twice higher than previously reported for such eruptions. Individual Strombolian explosions include multiple, sub‐second‐lasting ejection pulses characterized by an exponential decay of velocity. When fitted with an empirical model from shock‐tube experiments literature, this decay allows constraining the length of the pressurized gas pockets responsible for the ejection pulses. These results directly impact eruption modeling and related hazard assessment, as well as the interpretation of geophysical signals from monitoring networks.
Effects of Gender on Gene Expression in the Blood of Ischemic Stroke Patients
Authors: Tian Yingfang , Stamova Boryana , Jickling Glen C , Liu Dazhi , Ander Bradley P , Bushnell Cheryl , Zhan Xinhua , Davis Ryan R , Verro Piero , Pevec William C , Hedayati Nasim , Dawson David L , Khoury Jane , Jauch Edward C , Pancioli Arthur , Broderick Joseph P , Sharp Frank R
Published: December 2011

This study examined the effects of gender on RNA expression after ischemic stroke (IS). RNA obtained from blood of IS patients ( n = 51; 153 samples at ≤ 3, 5, and 24 hours) and from matched controls ( n = 52) were processed on Affymetrix microarrays. Analyses of covariance for stroke versus control samples were performed separately for both genders and the regulated genes for females compared with males. In all, 242, 227, and 338 male-specific genes were regulated at ≤ 3, 5, and 24 hours after IS, respectively, of which 59 were regulated at all time points. Overall, 774, 3,437, and 571 female-specific stroke genes were regulated at ≤ 3, 5, and 24 hours, respectively, of which 152 were regulated at all time points. Male-specific stroke genes were associated with integrin, integrin-liked kinase, actin, tight junction, Wnt/β-catenin, RhoA, fibroblast growth factors (FGF), granzyme, and tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)2 signaling. Female-specific stroke genes were associated with p53, high-mobility group box-1, hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)1α, interleukin (IL)1, IL6, IL12, IL18, acute-phase response, T-helper, macrophage, and estrogen signaling. Cell death signaling was overrepresented in both genders, although the molecules and pathways differed. Gender affects gene expression in the blood of IS patients, which likely implies gender differences in immune, inflammatory, and cell death responses to stroke.
Human-protein-derived peptides for intracellular delivery of biomolecules
Authors: Haas Alexander K. , Maisel Daniela , Adelmann Juliane , von Schwerin Christoffer , Kahnt Ines , Brinkmann Ulrich
Published: December 2011

Access of therapeutic biomolecules to cytoplasmic and nuclear targets is hampered by the inability of these molecules to cross biological membranes. Approaches to overcome this hurdle involve CPPs (cell-penetrating peptides) or protein transduction domains. Most of these require rather high concentrations to elicit cell-penetrating functionality, are non-human, pathogen-derived or synthetic entities, and may therefore not be tolerated or even immunogenic. We identified novel human-protein-derived CPPs by a combination of in silico and experimental analyses: polycationic CPP candidates were identified in an in silico library of all 30-mer peptides of the human proteome. Of these peptides, 60 derived from extracellular proteins were evaluated experimentally. Cell viability and siRNA (small interfering RNA) transfection assays revealed that 20 out of the 60 peptides were functional. Three of these showed CPP functionality without interfering with cell viability. A peptide derived from human NRTN (neurturin), which contains an α-helix, performed the best in our screen and was uniformly taken up by cultured cells. Examples for payloads that can be delivered to the cytosol by the NRTN peptide include complexed siRNAs and both N- and C-terminally fused pro-apoptotic peptides.
Adipoparacrinology – vascular periadventitial adipose tissue (tunica adiposa) as an example
Authors: Chaldakov George N , Beltowsky Jerzy , Ghenev Peter I , Fiore Marco , Panayotov Plamen , Rančič Gorana , Aloe Luigi
Published: December 2011

Human adipose tissue is partitioned into two large depots (subcutaneous and visceral), and many small depots associated with internal organs, e.g. heart, blood vessels, major lymph nodes, pancreas, prostate gland and ovaries. Since the adipose ‘Big Bang’ led to the discovery of leptin (Zhang, Proenca, Maffei, Barone, Leopold and Friedman, Nature 1994;372:425–32), adipose tissue has been seen not merely as a lipid store, but as a secretory – endocrine and paracrine – organ, particularly in the pathogenesis of a number of diseases. Accordingly, two major sub‐fields of adipobiology have emerged, viz. adipoendocrinology and adipoparacrinology, the latter herein being illustrated by PAAT (periadventitial adipose tissue) in vascular walls. A long‐standing paradigm holds that the vascular wall consists of three coats, tunica intima, tunica media and tunica adventitia. It is now imperative that ‘to further elucidate vascular function, we should no longer, as hitherto, separate adventitia and PAAT from the vascular wall, but keep them attached and in place, and subject to thorough examination’ (Chaldakov, Fiore, Ghenev, Stankulov and Aloe, Int Med J 2000;7:43–9; Chaldakov, Stankulov and Aloe, Atherosclerosis 2001;154:237–8; Chaldakov GN, Stankulov IS, Fiore M, Ghenev PI and Aloe L, Atherosclerosis 2001;159:57–66). From the available data, we propose that it is time to rethink about vascular wall composition, and suggest that the PAAT may be considered the fourth and outermost vascular coat, hence, tunica adiposa (regarding the proximal segment of coronary artery, it is the innermost part of the EAT (epicardial adipose tissue) situated around the coronary adventitia). Its significance in the pathogenesis and therapy of CMDs (cardiometabolic diseases), particularly atherosclerosis and hypertension, requires further basic, translational and clinical studies.
Water, Water Everywhere, But Why? Argument Against Free Water Protocols
Authors: Coyle James L.
Published: December 2011

Free water protocols have become common in the management of patients with dysphagia. Their popularity has blossomed in the near-complete absence of any empirical data regarding their safety, efficacy and effectiveness. Proponents point to anecdotal reports and opinion pieces, while recent peer-reviewed investigation shows a mixed bag of safety and efficacy outcomes. This paper presents the argument against administration of “free water” without consideration of numerous factors besides the presence of dysphagia, and strongly urges the developers of the method to submit their data to peer review.
Direct evidence of quantum transport in photosynthetic light-harvesting complexes
Authors: Panitchayangkoon Gitt , Voronine Dmitri V. , Abramavicius Darius , Caram Justin R. , Lewis Nicholas H. C. , Mukamel Shaul , Engel Gregory S.
Published: December 2011

The photosynthetic light-harvesting apparatus moves energy from absorbed photons to the reaction center with remarkable quantum efficiency. Recently, long-lived quantum coherence has been proposed to influence efficiency and robustness of photosynthetic energy transfer in light-harvesting antennae. The quantum aspect of these dynamics has generated great interest both because of the possibility for efficient long-range energy transfer and because biology is typically considered to operate entirely in the classical regime. Yet, experiments to date show only that coherence persists long enough that it can influence dynamics, but they have not directly shown that coherence does influence energy transfer. Here, we provide experimental evidence that interaction between the bacteriochlorophyll chromophores and the protein environment surrounding them not only prolongs quantum coherence, but also spawns reversible, oscillatory energy transfer among excited states. Using two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy, we observe oscillatory excited-state populations demonstrating that quantum transport of energy occurs in biological systems. The observed population oscillation suggests that these light-harvesting antennae trade energy reversibly between the protein and the chromophores. Resolving design principles evident in this biological antenna could provide inspiration for new solar energy applications.
Protein dynamical transition at 110 K
Authors: Kim Chae Un , Tate Mark W. , Gruner Sol M.
Published: December 2011

Proteins are known to undergo a dynamical transition at around 200 K but the underlying mechanism, physical origin, and relationship to water are controversial. Here we report an observation of a protein dynamical transition as low as 110 K. This unexpected protein dynamical transition precisely correlated with the cryogenic phase transition of water from a high-density amorphous to a low-density amorphous state. The results suggest that the cryogenic protein dynamical transition might be directly related to the two liquid forms of water proposed at cryogenic temperatures.
Structures of RNA 3′-phosphate cyclase bound to ATP reveal the mechanism of nucleotidyl transfer and metal-assisted catalysis
Authors: Chakravarty Anupam K. , Smith Paul , Shuman Stewart
Published: December 2011

RNA 3′-phosphate cyclase (RtcA) synthesizes RNA 2′,3′ cyclic phosphate ends via three steps: reaction with ATP to form a covalent RtcA-(histidinyl-Nϵ)-AMP intermediate; transfer of adenylate to an RNA 3′-phosphate to form RNA(3′)pp(5′)A; and attack of the vicinal O2′ on the 3′-phosphorus to form a 2′,3′ cyclic phosphate and release AMP. Here we report the crystal structures of RtcA•ATP, RtcA•ATP•Mn
2+
, and RtcA•ATP•Co
2+
substrate complexes and an RtcA•AMP product complex. Together with the structures of RtcA apoenzyme and the covalent RtcA–AMP intermediate, they illuminate the mechanism of nucleotidyl transfer, especially the stereochemical transitions at the AMP phosphate, the critical role of the metal in orienting the
PP

i

leaving group of ATP during step 1, and the protein conformational switches that accompany substrate binding and product release. The octahedral metal complex of RtcA•ATP•Mn
2+
includes nonbridging oxygens from each of the ATP phosphates, two waters, and Glu14 as the sole RtcA component. Whereas the RtcA adenylylation step is metal-catalyzed, the subsequent steps in the cyclization pathway are metal-independent.
Know thy God: on Simmel’s philosophy, organizational spirituality and its critique
Authors: Woźniak Anna
Published: December 2011

‘Organizational spirituality’ has been conceptualized as a resource having a capacity to sustain lasting competitive advantage and superior organizational performance. Simultaneously, some scholars have remained critical towards such a discourse, perceiving it as typical for capitalist organizations and harmful to its participants. German thinker Georg Simmel offers an interesting source of insight for this critical-spiritual conjunction. Rather than seeing organization, capitalism, science and religion as distinct social forms, he accentuates their relationship to the subjects by revealing an element of norm-defining agency that they involve. The paper discusses the consequences of such a change in the terms of the debate, especially for researchers who are themselves subjected to norm-defining agencies.
The impact of changes in North Atlantic Gyre distribution on water mass characteristics in the Rockall Trough
Authors: Sherwin Toby J. , Read Jane F. , Holliday N. Penny , Johnson Clare
Published: December 2011

Sherwin, T. J., Read, J. F., Holliday, N. P., and Johnson, C. 2012. The impact of changes in North Atlantic Gyre distribution on water mass characteristics in the Rockall Trough. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69: 751–757. Regular time-series of temperature and salinity in the upper waters of the northern Rockall Trough can be traced back to 1948, when Ocean Weather Ships on passage to the west began to record them. Since 1975, these data have been complemented by, then replaced by, dedicated Conductivity, Temperature, and Depth sections along 57.5°N. Today, they are enhanced with real-time observations of the upper 1000 m made by an underwater glider. Since 1995, there has been a steady increase in both temperature (from 9.1 to 10°C) and salinity (from 35.32 to 35.41) as the Subpolar Gyre has retreated west. The historical record suggests that such increases could be compatible with decadal scales of natural variability. Nutrient (nitrate, phosphate, and silicate) concentrations have been measured systematically since 1996 and exhibit interannual variability, particularly in nitrate, the causes of which are not immediately clear. Average phosphate concentrations in the upper 800 m declined from 0.80 to 0.63 μM by 2009, consistent with the recent incursion of depleted Subtropical Gyre water. The Ellett Line dataset contains a unique and essential archive of observations that can be used to place in context the recent changes in local ocean climate.
First Report of Apple mosaic virus in Alaska
Authors: Robertson N. L.
Published: December 2011

Apple mosaic virus (ApMV; family Bromoviridae, genus Ilarvirus) is one of the oldest and most economically important viruses of apples (Malus × domestica Borkh.) (1,3). Yield losses may vary from negligible to as much as 50%, depending on the affected cultivar. Although ApMV is found worldwide and occurs naturally in more than 65 plant species (1), it has not been reported to occur in Alaska. In July 2011, noticeably bright yellow mosaic leaves were observed on apple ‘Valentine’ and its rootstalk ‘Ranetka’ from an apple orchard in Wasilla, AK. Leaves were collected and assayed by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR using ApMV-specific primers (2) and total RNA extracted with buffer modifications to RNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA). Briefly, 50 mg of leaf tissue was ground in liquid nitrogen and 450 μl of SE buffer (0.14 M NaCl, 2 mM KCl, 2 mM KH2PO4, 8 mM Na2HPO4·2H2O [pH 7.4], 0.05% vol/vol Tween-20, 2% wt/vol polyvinylpyrrolidone 40, 0.2% wt/vol ovalbumin, 0.5% wt/vol bovine serum albumin, and 0.05% wt/vol sodium azide) was added, and after vigorous vortexing, 80 μl of the mixture was added to 400 μl of RLT buffer supplied by the kit and then processed as directed by the manufacturer (4). Direct sequencing of the predicted ~260-bp PCR product resulted in 97 to 98% nucleotide identities to ApMV accessions in GenBank when analyzed by BLAST. To determine the distribution and incidence of infection in the Wasilla orchard, all 118 apple trees (99 cultivars) were then sampled and assayed serologically by double-antibody sandwich-ELISA with ApMV antiserum according to the manufacturer's protocol (Agdia, Inc., Elkhart, IN). Apple ‘Geneva Early’ and the same ‘Valentine’ tree and its rootstock tested positive for ApMV by ELISA and RT-PCR. Strong diagnostic ApMV symptoms were not apparent on the infected ‘Geneva Early’, which is typical for most commercially grown apples. No leaves were available on the ‘Ranetka' rootstock of ApMV-infected ‘Geneva Early’ for virus indexing. An additional 21 apple trees with no symptoms from an orchard in Talkeetna, AK tested negative to ApMV by ELISA. Limited natural spread of ApMV to other plants may be by pollen and seed transmission. The most prevalent mode of transmission is from ApMV-infected rootstock and grafts. It is important to obtain new propagation plant material from certified virus tested nurseries and to avoid grafting plant material containing ApMV. To my knowledge, this is the first report of ApMV in Alaska.

References: (1) R. W. Fulton. No. 83. CMI/AAB Descriptions of Plant Viruses. 1972. (2) W. Menzel et al. J. Virol. Methods 99:81, 2002. (3) M. J. Roossinck et al. Virus Taxonomy. Eight Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, 1049, 2005. (4) J. Thompson et al. J. Virol. Methods 111:85, 2003.
Modeling of Yield Losses Caused by Potato Late Blight on Eight Cultivars with Different Levels of Resistance toPhytophthora infestans
Authors: Rakotonindraina Toky , Chauvin Jean-Éric , Pellé Roland , Faivre Robert , Chatot Catherine , Savary Serge , Aubertot Jean-Noël
Published: December 2011

The Shtienberg model for predicting yield loss caused by Phytophthora infestans in potato was developed and parameterized in the 1990s in North America. The predictive quality of this model was evaluated in France for a wide range of epidemics under different soil and weather conditions and on cultivars different than those used to estimate its parameters. A field experiment was carried out in 2006, 2007, 2008, and 2009 in Brittany, western France to assess late blight severity and yield losses. The dynamics of late blight were monitored on eight cultivars with varying types and levels of resistance. The model correctly predicted relative yield losses (efficiency = 0.80, root mean square error of prediction = 13.25%, and bias = –0.36%) as a function of weather and the observed disease dynamics for a wide range of late blight epidemics. In addition to the evaluation of the predictive quality of the model, this article provides a dataset that describes the development of various late blight epidemics on potato as a function of weather conditions, fungicide regimes, and cultivar susceptibility. Following this evaluation, the Shtienberg model can be used with confidence in research and development programs to better manage potato late blight in France.