bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Benefits of Early Detection: Evidence From Modern International Mammography Service Screening Programs
Authors: Eby Peter R , Ghate Sujata , Hooley Regina
Published: June 2022

Research from randomized controlled trials initiated up to 60 years ago consistently confirms that regular screening with mammography significantly reduces breast cancer mortality. Despite this success, there is ongoing debate regarding the efficacy of screening, which is confounded by technologic advances and concerns about cost, overdiagnosis, overtreatment, and equitable care of diverse patient populations. More recent screening research, designed to quell the debates, derives data from variable study designs, each with unique strengths and weaknesses. This article reviews observational population-based screening research that has followed the early initial long-term randomized controlled trials that are no longer practical or ethical to perform. The advantages and disadvantages of observational data and study design are outlined, including the three subtypes of population-based observational studies: cohort/case-control, trend, and incidence-based mortality/staging. The most recent research, typically performed in countries that administer screening mammography to women through centralized health service programs and directly track patient-specific outcomes and detection data, is summarized. These data are essential to understand and inform construction of effective new databases that facilitate continuous assessment of optimal screening techniques in the current era of rapidly developing medical technology, combined with a focus on health care that is both personal and equitable.
Post-COVID-19 modular building review on problem-seeking framework: function, form, economy, and time
Authors: Hwang Kyung-Eun , Kim Inhan
Published: June 2022

Modular building is an innovative and sustainable construction method and a notable architectural, engineering, and construction trend. Owing to the new constructability and sustainability, significant research efforts have been focused on the engineering aspects of modular building. Since the global outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, space utilization has changed radically, and a rethinking of modular building design has become essential. However, current literature lacks a comprehensive understanding of occupants’ newly developed requirements and the relevant changes associated with engineering developments. Therefore, this study aims to review the current status of residential modular building design and construction, define its problems, and identify the key factors necessary for modular design and construction during the post-COVID-19 period from the perspective of architectural design. A total of 220 articles were selected from the Scopus database, out of which 94 papers were selected for a systematic review. The findings indicate that the present academic research primarily focuses on the technical aspects of optimizing architecture and on modularized plans to facilitate cost-effective factory production. Modular residential design has rarely considered people and cultural factors. Therefore, the authors derived 15 problems by adapting four architectural programming frameworks; function, form, economy, and time. The identified problems are mapped for future development with 11 problem-solving proposals. The proposed method contributes to developing new insights into COVID-19’s impacts on dwelling environments and can help introduce modular residential design responses that enhance the quality of life by creating better residentials in the post-pandemic.
Early Detection and Identification of Parasitoid Wasps Trichogramma Westwood (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) in Their Host Eggs Using Polymerase Chain Reaction–Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism
Authors: Yan Zhi-Chao , Hua Hai-Qing , Qi Guang-Yuan , Li Yuan-Xi
Published: June 2022

Parasitoid wasps are invaluable agents in pest biological control. Early detection and identification of parasitoid immatures are vital in characterizing parasitoid–host interactions and for evaluating parasitism rates accurately in the field. Trichogramma is the most widely used parasitoid wasp, and several studies have been performed for its molecular identification. However, those studies were mainly focused on Trichogramma adults and rarely on immatures. Here, we report a method to detect and identify Trichogramma larvae in their host eggs. We designed a pair of Trichogramma-specific primers that amplified Trichogramma mtCOI sequences from Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton) eggs parasitized by any of eight Trichogramma species tested but not from nonparasitized eggs of four lepidopteran hosts. This PCR method reliably detected Trichogramma immatures in parasitized eggs as early as 1 h after parasitism. We further developed an RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) assay using restriction enzymes SspI and VspI to differentiate eight Trichogramma species at their immature stage. Overall, we developed a sensitive and reliable PCR–RFLP method to detect and identify immature-stage Trichogramma in their lepidopteran hosts. This method shows promise for conveniently identifying Trichogramma in insectaries and accurately evaluating parasitism rates in the field.
Indirect Co-Perpetration and the Control Theory
Authors: Osten Philipp
Published: June 2022

In the case law of the International Criminal Court (ICC), the notion of indirect co-perpetration, based on the control theory, has been applied extensively. The Ntaganda appellate ruling has shown that this concept of attributing liability to persons in a position of leadership remains contested and thus requires further clarification and refinement. To this end, this article provides a comparative view on the related jurisprudence of the ICC from a Japanese perspective, which has not been reflected in the international debate on modes of liability so far. Even though the control theory has only been adopted partially in domestic law in Japan, many Japanese scholars have conveyed generally affirmative assessments of this ICC jurisprudence. In addition, the approaches that Japanese criminal law has to offer on attributing responsibility to remote masterminds behind crimes are also presented in this article. The predominating notion in Japanese case law, ‘collusive co-perpetration’ — for the most part unnoticed (or underexplored) outside of Japan — exemplifies that it is practically viable (and theoretically construable) to incorporate combined vertical and horizontal attribution mechanisms into a normative model of co-perpetration — without necessarily resorting to the notion of control over an organization.
Identifying Risk Factors and Their Premia: A Study on Electricity Prices
Authors: Wei Wei , Lunde Asger
Published: June 2022

Risk premia are difficult to identify in nonstorable commodities such as electricity. In this article, we propose a modified Fama–French regression framework and show that when the spot prices do not follow a martingale—a common assumption in the electricity market—model specifications play an important role in detecting time-varying risk premia in the futures market. With this insight, we propose a multi-factor model that captures important dynamics in electricity prices and an estimation method based on particle Markov chain Monte Carlo to separate risk factors in energy prices. Using spot and futures data in the Germany/Austria electricity market, we demonstrate that our proposed model surpasses alternative models that ignore some of risk factors in forecasting spot prices and in detecting time-varying risk premia. Based on our proposed model, we separately identify risk premia carried by individual risk factors and document large variations in the premia of each factor.
Anatomy of a Sovereign Debt Crisis: Machine Learning, Real-Time Macro Fundamentals, and CDS Spreads
Authors: Balduzzi Pierluigi , Savona Roberto , Alessi Lucia
Published: June 2022

We employ a Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO)-based extension of the Fama–MacBeth procedure to characterize the time-varying dependence of sovereign Credit Default Swap (CDS) spreads on macro indicators during the samples 2009–2013 and 2013–2020. While CDS spreads are mainly reflective of fundamentals, this relationship varies substantially over time, leading to price variation that appears unrelated to fundamentals. The estimated LASSO coefficients are used to endogenously identify macro-sensitivity “regimes” of variation, consistently with a multiple-equilibrium view of the sovereign debt markets.
Pharmacist-driven renal dose optimization practice—outcomes of a retrospective study in ambulatory care settings
Authors: Parakkal Sainul Abideen , Hakeem Faisal Ahmed , Madathil Hafees , Nemr Habib Shaker , Ghamdi Fuad Hamed
Published: June 2022

Objectives

Previous studies indicate a higher prevalence of inappropriate drug usage in patients with renal disease in ambulatory care settings and a higher rate of non-compliance with the renal dose adjustment protocol. This study aimed to investigate the number of renal dose adjustments recommended by pharmacists in ambulatory care settings, acceptance rate by the physicians and medications involved.

Methods

This two-year retrospective study was conducted in an ambulatory care pharmacy in a Saudi Arabian tertiary care hospital. Based on the renal protocol at the study site, the pharmacists recommended dose adjustments for inappropriate medication orders, and the outcomes were documented electronically. A quantitative descriptive analysis of this practice was performed by retrieving the pharmacists’ documentation from electronic health records. Only protocol-compliant recommendations with proper documentation were included in the study.

Key findings

A total of 302 renal dose adjustments were recommended by pharmacists for 269 patients involving 47 medications, with an average of 1.12 recommendations per patient. The average monthly recommendation was 12.58 (median: 11; SD: 5.174; 95% Confidence Interval (CI), 12 to 13.16). Of the 302 recommendations, 219 (72.52%) were accepted by the physician, and 71 (23.51%) were not. The most common medications accepted for renal dosage adjustment included levofloxacin (8.94%), metformin (5.29%), amoxicillin-clavulanate (5.29%), cetirizine (4.97%), diclofenac (4.64%), ciprofloxacin (3.97%) and nitrofurantoin (3.31%).

Conclusions

The pharmacist’s renal dose recommendations have a high acceptance rate in ambulatory care. This study demonstrated that ambulatory care pharmacists play a substantial clinical role in reducing inappropriate drug use in patients with renal disease.
Staphylococcus aureus-Associated Glomerulonephritis and Chronic Granulomatous Disease in an Adolescent Male
Authors: Parzen-Johnson Simon , Dalal Vidhi , Jhaveri Ravi
Published: June 2022

Staphylococcus-associated glomerulonephritis (GN) is an uncommon diagnosis in pediatric patients. Empiric therapy with steroids alone could potentially worsen the underlying infectious process in these patients, leading to worse clinical outcomes. An adolescent male diagnosed with GN was subsequently found to have chronic granulomatous disease with a Staphylococcus aureus liver abscess. His GN improved with antibiotics alone. This case illustrates the need to consider chronic infection, and primary immunodeficiency, in the differential diagnosis for new-onset GN.
Acute cerebellar ischaemic stroke secondary to arterial thoracic outlet syndrome
Authors: Sokhal Balamrit Singh , Mohammadi Leila , Weerathunga Janaka , Rajagopalan Sriram
Published: June 2022

Arterial thoracic outlet syndrome comprises a collection of symptoms due to compression of the neurovascular structures of the thoracic outlet. Cervical ribs are rare congenital abnormalities that are a cause of thoracic outlet syndrome, leading to upper limb complications depending on the compressed structure. Management tends to be surgical in the form of rib resection. We report a case of arterial thoracic outlet syndrome secondary to a cervical rib in a 45-year-old male who presented with left-sided cerebellar stroke caused by subclavian artery thrombosis. Medical management in the form of anticoagulation was favoured. Oedema in the recent peri-infarct zone due to reperfusion may have caused compression of the fourth ventricle due to anatomical proximity, with the risk of further neurological compromise and coning. At follow-up appointments, the patient had no residual upper limb or neurological symptoms.
Pupils and accommodation
Authors: Shibasaki Hiroshi , Hallett Mark
Published: June 2022

There are two kinds of muscles in the eyes: extraocular muscles, which move the ocular bulb, and intraocular muscles, which are innervated by the autonomic nervous system. The intraocular muscles have two functions; one controls the diameter of pupils and the other controls thickness of the lens (accommodation). For examining the ocular muscles, we can start from either muscle, but it is practical to examine the intraocular muscles first in order to avoid overlooking them by examining the extraocular muscles first. First, the shape and diameter of pupils should be observed, paying special attention to possible asymmetry between the two eyes. Asymmetry of pupillary diameter is called anisocoria. A pathologically large pupil is called mydriasis, and a pathologically small pupil is called miosis.
Examination of motor functions
Authors: Shibasaki Hiroshi , Hallett Mark
Published: June 2022

The motor system can be examined in the following order. In general, the examination may start with observation of visible findings, followed by manual examination of objective findings, and finally observation of the execution of the patient’s voluntary movements, namely (1) posture, (2) the presence or absence of muscle atrophy and fasciculation, (3) muscle strength (muscle power), (4) muscle tone, (5) the presence or absence of muscle spasm and myotonia, and (6) coordination.
Infectious diseases of the nervous system
Authors: Shibasaki Hiroshi , Hallett Mark
Published: June 2022

Infectious diseases of the nervous system with microorganisms are important because many of them have a favorable prognosis if the appropriate treatment is initiated at an early clinical stage. Some infections present with acute onset of neurological symptoms, while others present more chronically. In this chapter, bacterial infection, spirochete infection, viral infection with particular emphasis on the new corona virus infection, fungal infection, parasitic infection, and transmissible form of prion disease are discussed.
Hydrofluoric Acid, an Unexpected Surprise
Authors: Meaney Colleen , Perdue Matthew , Umar Mohamad , Walker Jerimiah
Published: June 2022

We report the case of a 37-year-old man presenting with pain out of proportion to the exam with hydrofluoric acid burns to his upper extremities after he spilled a wheel-stripping compound on his forearms while working at his powder coating business. His burns initially appeared mild and superficial, but over the course of several days, these evolved from simple erythema to significant partial thickness tissue destruction and ulceration. He required substantial topical, intradermal, and intravenous therapies to control the unseen burning process during his index visit to the emergency department. We transferred the patient to a burn center given the location of his burns and the causative agent. The burn center clinicians observed him over the course of two nights and then discharged him with instructions to come for multiple follow-up visits during the subsequent month. Following nonoperative management, he had an uneventful recovery with full function retained in the affected extremities. Hydrofluoric acid burns require prompt treatment with calcium to neutralize the burning process, despite a potentially benign initial appearance. The emergency clinician should use an aggressive diagnostic and therapeutic approach to patients presenting with pain out of proportion to their exam, as this finding is associated with various serious underlying pathology.
Reliability and limitations of inferring birth radii in the Milky Way disc
Authors: Lu Yuxi(Lucy) , Buck Tobias , Minchev Ivan , Ness Melissa K
Published: June 2022

Recovering the birth radii of observed stars in the Milky Way is one of the ultimate goals of Galactic Archaeology. One method to infer the birth radius and the evolution of the interstellar medium (ISM) metallicity assumes a linear relation between the ISM metallicity with radius at any given look-back time. Here, we test the reliability of this assumption by using four zoom-in cosmological hydrodynamic simulations from the NIHAO-UHD project. We find that one can infer precise birth radii only when the stellar disc starts to form, which for our modelled galaxies happens ∼10 Gyr ago, in agreement with recent estimates for the Milky Way. With a current day measurement of ISM metallicity gradient of −0.05 dex and a dispersion of 0.03 dex, the intrinsic uncertainty in inferring Rbirth is ∼0.6 kpc. At later times, the linear correlation between the ISM metallicity and radius increases, as stellar motions become more ordered and the azimuthal variations of the ISM metallicity start to drop. The formation of a central bar and perturbations from mergers can increase this uncertainty in the inner and outer disc, respectively.
DNA G-quadruplex structure participates in regulation of lipid metabolism through acyl-CoA binding protein
Authors: Xiang Lijun , Niu Kangkang , Peng Yuling , Zhang Xiaojuan , Li Xiaoyu , Ye Ruoqi , Yu Guoxing , Ye Guojun , Xiang Hui , Song Qisheng , Feng Qili
Published: June 2022

G-quadruplex structure (G4) is a type of DNA secondary structure that widely exists in the genomes of many organisms. G4s are believed to participate in multiple biological processes. Acyl-CoA binding protein (ACBP), a ubiquitously expressed and highly conserved protein in eukaryotic cells, plays important roles in lipid metabolism by transporting and protecting acyl-CoA esters. Here, we report the functional identification of a G4 in the promoter of the ACBP gene in silkworm and human cancer cells. We found that G4 exists as a conserved element in the promoters of ACBP genes in invertebrates and vertebrates. The BmACBP G4 bound with G4-binding protein LARK regulated BmACBP transcription, which was blocked by the G4 stabilizer pyridostatin (PDS) and G4 antisense oligonucleotides. PDS treatment with fifth instar silkworm larvae decreased the BmACBP expression and triacylglycerides (TAG) level, resulting in reductions in fat body mass, body size and weight and growth and metamorphic rates. PDS treatment and knocking out of the HsACBP G4 in human hepatic adenocarcinoma HepG2 cells inhibited the expression of HsACBP and decreased the TAG level and cell proliferation. Altogether, our findings suggest that G4 of the ACBP genes is involved in regulation of lipid metabolism processes in invertebrates and vertebrates.
Identification of flexible Pif1–DNA interactions and their impacts on enzymatic activities
Authors: Li Jinghua , Ma Jianbing , Kumar Vikash , Fu Hang , Xu Chunhua , Wang Shuang , Jia Qi , Fan Qinkai , Xi Xuguang , Li Ming , Liu Haiguang , Lu Ying
Published: June 2022

Flexible regions in biomolecular complexes, although crucial to understanding structure–function relationships, are often unclear in high-resolution crystal structures. In this study, we showed that single-molecule techniques, in combination with computational modeling, can characterize dynamic conformations not resolved by high-resolution structure determination methods. Taking two Pif1 helicases (ScPif1 and BsPif1) as model systems, we found that, besides a few tightly bound nucleotides, adjacent solvent-exposed nucleotides interact dynamically with the helicase surfaces. The whole nucleotide segment possessed curved conformations and covered the two RecA-like domains of the helicases, which are essential for the inch-worm mechanism. The synergetic approach reveals that the interactions between the exposed nucleotides and the helicases could be reduced by large stretching forces or electrostatically shielded with high-concentration salt, subsequently resulting in reduced translocation rates of the helicases. The dynamic interactions between the exposed nucleotides and the helicases underlay the force- and salt-dependences of their enzymatic activities. The present single-molecule based approach complements high-resolution structural methods in deciphering the molecular mechanisms of the helicases.
An automatic integrative method for learning interpretable communities of biological pathways
Authors: Beebe-Wang Nicasia , Dincer Ayse B , Lee Su-In
Published: June 2022

Although knowledge of biological pathways is essential for interpreting results from computational biology studies, the growing number of pathway databases complicates efforts to efficiently perform pathway analysis due to high redundancies among pathways from different databases, and inconsistencies in how pathways are created and named. We introduce the PAthway Communities (PAC) framework, which reconciles pathways from different databases and reduces pathway redundancy by revealing informative groups with distinct biological functions. Uniquely applying the Louvain community detection algorithm to a network of 4847 pathways from KEGG, REACTOME and Gene Ontology databases, we identify 35 distinct and automatically annotated communities of pathways and show that they are consistent with expert-curated pathway categories. Further, we demonstrate that our pathway community network can be queried with new gene sets to provide biological context in terms of related pathways and communities. Our approach, combined with an interpretable web tool we provide, will help computational biologists more efficiently contextualize and interpret their biological findings.
Does a Bevacizumab-based regime have a role in the treatment of children with diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma? A systematic review
Authors: Evans Mia , Gill Ria , Bull Kim S
Published: June 2022

Background

There are no effective treatments for diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG); median survival is 11.2 months. Bevacizumab has the potential to improve quality of life (QOL) and survival in DIPG but has never been evaluated systematically. The aim of this review was to assess Bevacizumab’s role in the treatment of DIPG.

Methods

MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched for relevant studies using terms developed from alternatives for Bevacizumab and DIPG. One reviewer screened titles and abstracts, then two reviewers screened full texts. Data were extracted into tables and quality assessed using methodological index for non-randomized studies and JBI tools.

Results

Searching revealed 1001 papers; after deduplication 851 remained. After screening of titles and abstracts, then 28 full texts, 11 studies were included. Four studies reported a median overall survival longer than historical data, however, two found no significant impact of Bevacizumab. Five studies reported a radiological response in a proportion of participants and two reported no response. Three studies, evaluating clinical response, reported improvement in a proportion of patients. Three studies, evaluating QOL, reported stability or improvement. Four studies, evaluating steroid use, reported reductions in the proportion of patients receiving steroids. In radiation necrosis treatment, Bevacizumab led to clinical improvement in 6/12 patients in 2 studies and permitted a reduction in steroid use in most patients.

Conclusions

Insufficient evidence means the role of Bevacizumab in the treatment of DIPG is unclear. However, Bevacizumab may be beneficial to some patients. The review highlights the need for further research in this area.
Assessment of clinical consultations in an academic occupational medicine clinic
Authors: Spilchuk V , House R , Holness D Linn
Published: June 2022

Background

Occupational medicine clinical consultation services are relatively under-recognized and under-utilized in Canada.

Aims

To describe clinical consultations in a university-affiliated general occupational medicine clinic.

Methods

All of the charts of patients seen in referral to our general occupational medicine clinic over a 2-year period were reviewed to extract information to provide a descriptive summary of the nature of these consultations. We evaluated patient demographic factors and work- and exposure-related information, as well as the source of referral and the nature of the presenting clinical problem.

Results

The 131 patients had a mean (SD) age of 50.6 (14.0) years, 55% were men and 62% were referred by their family physicians. They presented with a broad spectrum of clinical problems, with neurological problems (29%) and multisystem problems (24%) being the most prevalent. The patients worked in a variety of occupational sectors, with manufacturing and the service sector being the most frequent. Seventy-two per cent of patients came for investigation of an occupational problem and 28% came for an environmental issue. Only 36% of patients were found to have their presenting problem due to an exposure, which highlights the need for in-depth clinical assessment before making a causal attribution.

Conclusions

This study provides information about the nature of clinical problems seen in an academic general occupational medicine referral clinic. The results might assist in increasing awareness and utilization of occupational medicine clinical services, which are beneficial for patient education, diagnosis and management.
Evaluating Diversity in Randomized Clinical Trials of Dolutegravir-Based Antiretroviral Therapy Regimens: Pooled 48-Week Analyses by Race, Sex, and Regional Subgroups
Authors: Rawlings M Keith , Letang Emilio , Quercia Romina , Grove Richard , DeMasi Ralph , Min Sherene , Vannappagari Vani , Zolopa Andrew , van Wyk Jean , Smith Kimberly
Published: June 2022

Background

In HIV clinical trials, proportions of Black and female participants achieving virologic suppression (VS) are often lower compared with White and male participants. As the antiretroviral therapy (ART) landscape continues to evolve, addressing existing challenges in clinical trial diversity will be critical to effectively translate results into clinical practice. Here, we pooled data to evaluate the efficacy and safety of dolutegravir (DTG)-containing regimens by race, sex, and regional subgroups.

Methods

Three pooled analyses were conducted using 48-week results from phase 3/3b trials: DTG 3-drug vs non-DTG-containing 3- or 4-drug regimens in ART-naive participants (ARIA, FLAMINGO, SINGLE, SPRING-2), DTG-containing 2-drug vs 3-drug regimens in ART-naive participants (GEMINI-1, GEMINI-2), and DTG 3-drug vs non-DTG-containing 3- or 4-drug regimens in ART-experienced participants (SAILING, DAWNING). Proportions of participants with VS, safety, and change from baseline in CD4+ cell count were analyzed.

Results

Proportions of participants achieving VS were high among those receiving DTG vs comparator regimens. Proportions of participants achieving VS were generally lower in Black (vs non-Black), female (vs male), and US (vs non-US) subgroups. No new safety signals emerged from any subgroup in pooled analyses.

Conclusions

These analyses confirm that, across subgroups, DTG has robust efficacy and a good safety profile at week 48 relative to comparator regimens. Achieving VS may vary by participant characteristics, highlighting the urgent need for enrollment to reflect the demographics of global HIV populations more accurately. Future studies should strive to support participants throughout the trial to ensure optimal representation, inclusion, and retention.
Management of Histoplasmosis by Infectious Disease Physicians
Authors: Mazi Patrick B , Arnold Sandra R , Baddley John W , Bahr Nathan C , Beekmann Susan E , McCarty Todd P , Polgreen Philip M , Rauseo Adriana M , Spec Andrej
Published: June 2022

Background

The Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) guidelines for the management of histoplasmosis were last revised 15 years ago. Since those guidelines were compiled, new antifungal treatment options have been developed. Furthermore, the ongoing development of immunomodulatory therapies has increased the population at increased risk to develop histoplasmosis.

Methods

An electronic survey about the management practices of histoplasmosis was distributed to the adult infectious disease (ID) physician members of the IDSA’s Emerging Infections Network.

Results

The survey response rate was 37% (551/1477). Only 46% (253/551) of respondents reported seeing patients with histoplasmosis. Regions considered endemic had 82% (158/193) of physicians report seeing patients with histoplasmosis compared to 27% (95/358) of physicians in regions not classically considered endemic (P < 0.001). Most ID physicians follow IDSA treatment guidelines recommending itraconazole for acute pulmonary (189/253 [75%]), mild-moderate disseminated (189/253 [75%]), and as step-down therapy for severe disseminated histoplasmosis with (232/253 [92%]) and without (145/253 [57%]) central nervous system involvement. There were no consensus recommendations observed for survey questions regarding immunocompromised patients.

Conclusions

Though there are increased reports of histoplasmosis diagnoses outside regions classically considered endemic, a majority of ID physicians reported not seeing patients with histoplasmosis. Most respondents reported adherence to IDSA guidelines recommending itraconazole in each clinical situation. New histoplasmosis guidelines need to reflect the growing need for updated general guidance, particularly for immunocompromised populations.
Jerusalem
Authors: Whittaker Jason
Published: June 2022

In the century since Parry set it to music, ‘Jerusalem’ has become emblematic of a conventional view of Englishness as a rural vision of a green and pleasant land. Yet when William Blake wrote the stanzas to his Preface to Milton, he had recently been tried for sedition and even Parry, having composed his music during the First World War, was appalled by the jingoism and nationalism of those who had commissioned him, instead giving the copyright to the suffragettes. Over the following century the hymn has been used by conservatives nostalgic for a lost empire and radicals committed to a socialist vision for Britain. This book explores the ways in which ‘Jerusalem’ has been used to create often conflicting narratives of Englishness, from royal celebrations to sporting events, from the 1920s exhibition of empire to protests against the poll tax in the 1990s, and from boosting the morale of a country suffering during war to dividing that nation during the vote for Brexit.
Catalonia
Authors: McRoberts Kenneth
Published: June 2022

Since the publication of Catalonia: nation-building without a state in 2001, Catalonia’s political life has undergone a remarkable transformation. The idea of an independent and sovereign Catalonia, which for decades had been relegated to the margins of Catalan politics, has become: the formal objective of Catalonia’s nationalist parties; the raison d’être of a strongly mobilized social movement; and the primary option of as much as half of Catalonia’s residents. In 2017, this drive to independence even led to a failed unilateral declaration of independence. How can this transformation be best explained and what does it portend for the future of Catalonia and Spain? In the new edition of the book, these questions are the central focus of four entirely new chapters and a rewritten concluding chapter. As well, the edition contains a new chapter on Spain’s transition to democracy that establishes the edition’s fundamental argument: the roots of Catalan secessionism lie in the failure of Spain’s political institutions to accommodate Spain’s plurinationality and in the continued influence of a Spanish state nationalism that denies plurinationality outright.
SWOLLEN TAPETUM AND STERILITY 1 is required for tapetum degeneration and pollen wall formation in rice
Authors: Yuan Guoqiang , Zou Ting , He Zhiyuan , Xiao Qiao , Li Gongwen , Liu Sijing , Xiong Pingping , Chen Hao , Peng Kun , Zhang Xu , Luo Tingting , Zhou Dan , Yang Shangyu , Zhou Fuxin , Zhang Kaixuan , Zheng Kaiyou , Han Yuhao , Zhu Jun , Liang Yueyang , Deng Qiming , Wang Shiquan , Sun Changhui , Yu Xiumei , Liu Huainian , Wang Lingxia , Li Ping , Li Shuangcheng
Published: June 2022

The pollen wall is important for protecting the male gametophyte and for fertilization. The lipid components of the pollen wall are mainly synthesized and transported from the sporophytic tapetum. Although several factors related to lipid biosynthesis have been characterized, the molecular mechanisms underlying lipid biosynthesis during pollen development in rice (Oryza sativa L.) remain elusive. Here, we showed that mutation in the SWOLLEN TAPETUM AND STERILITY 1 (STS1) gene causes delayed tapetum degradation and aborted pollen wall formation in rice. STS1 encodes an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-localized protein that contains domain of unknown function (DUF) 726 and exhibits lipase activity. Lipidomic and transcriptomic analyses showed that STS1 is involved in anther lipid homeostasis. Moreover, STS1 interacts with Polyketide Synthase 2 (OsPKS2) and Acyl-CoA Synthetase 12 (OsACOS12), two enzymes crucial in lipidic sporopollenin biosynthesis in pollen wall formation, suggesting a potentially lipidic metabolon for sporopollenin biosynthesis in rice. Collectively, our results indicate that STS1 is an important factor for lipid biosynthesis in reproduction, providing a target for the artificial control of male fertility in hybrid rice breeding and insight into the function of DUF726-containing protein in plants.
At the nexus of science, engineering, and medicine: Pasteur's quadrant reconsidered
Authors: Pettigrew Roderic I , Cooke John P
Published: June 2022

There has been a sea change in the scientific world, advanced even more rapidly by the recent compounded public crises. Accelerated discovery, and impact from such discoveries have come from convergence approaches across disciplines, sectors, institutions, and the multiple communities seeking the common goal of innovations that transform. The classic simultaneous pursuit of fundamental understanding and application has been termed  Pasteur's quadrant, where use-inspired basic research occurs. In the classic schematic developed by Donald Stokes, three quadrants  represent research approaches using a 2D plane in which the vertical dimension represents the quest for understanding (basic research) and the horizontal dimension represents the consideration of use (applied research). The three outer quadrants are Bohr's (pure basic research), Edison's (pure applied research), and Pasteur's (use-inspired  basic research). Viewing each of these axes as a continuum, we label the previously unnamed but contributory cell as the Innominate quadrant, where a nonzero amount of discovery and applied research also has value in generating scientific tools, novel processes or products that inform the other quadrants. More importantly, a reimagined Pasteur's quadrant schema shows a third dimension of Transformations over Time, occurring through a continuous fluid interchange among the quadrants.  Transformative innovations may originate from any single quadrant.  While work in Pasteur's quadrant has been shown to be highly productive, a dynamic fluid interchange among the quadrants is often involved and generates transformative advances at a faster rate. This should inform how we fund science, engineering, and medicine and educate the next generation of innovators.
A Closer Look at the Effects of Equity Market Liberalization in Emerging Markets
Authors: McLean R David , Pontiff Jeffrey , Zhao Mengxin
Published: June 2022

Earlier studies have linked equity market liberalization to growth in emerging markets. Some conclude liberalization causes growth, whereas others contend contemporaneous economic policies and conditions play important roles. The causal argument contends that foreigner investability in public firms leads to lower discount rates and greater share issuance, investment, and efficiency. Using three separate measures of foreign investability, we do not find these effects. Moreover, common de jure foreigner-investability measures are poor de facto measures. Economic indicators, not directly influenced by equity market liberalization, also grow faster in countries with more investable firms. Our findings suggest foreigner investability cannot fully explain the equity-market-liberalization-growth relation. (JEL F30, F38, G30, G24, G15)
Matching with Externalities
Authors: Pycia Marek , Yenmez M Bumin
Published: June 2022

We incorporate externalities into the stable matching theory of two-sided markets. Extending the classical substitutes condition to markets with externalities, we establish that stable matchings exist when agent choices satisfy substitutability. We show that substitutability is a necessary condition for the existence of a stable matching in a maximal-domain sense and provide a characterization of substitutable choice functions. In addition, we extend the standard insights of matching theory, like the existence of side-optimal stable matchings and the deferred acceptance algorithm, to settings with externalities even though the standard fixed-point techniques do not apply.
Pseudocercospora pancratii Causing Leaf Spots on Commercial Blackberry (Rubus sp.) in Florida
Authors: Marin Marcus V. , Wang Nan-Yi , Seijo Teresa , Druffel Keri L. , McGuin Rebeca L. , Deng Zhanao , Peres Natalia A.
Published: June 2022

Blackberry (Rubus L. subgenus Rubus Watson) is a deciduous berry crop that is the fourth most economically important berry crop, and its production is expanding in the southeastern United States. However, since most commercially available cultivars were bred under temperate conditions, they are not always well adapted and could be threatened by new pathogen populations inhabiting subtropical areas. In 2017, plants showing purple or brown leaf spots and angular-to-irregular lesions on both leaf surfaces, with clusters of black conidiophores at the center, were observed in a field trial at the University of Florida’s Gulf Coast Research and Education Center (UF/GCREC) in Wimauma, FL. A fungus resembling Cercospora/Pseudocercospora was isolated from the lesions. The ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacers, the translation elongation factor 1-alpha, and the actin genes were amplified and sequenced. Based on the phylogenetic analysis, the closest related species was Pseudocercospora pancratii. Pathogenicity assays and subsequent reisolation confirmed that this species is the causal agent of the disease. Among eight cultivars screened, no complete resistance was found. However, ‘Osage’ was the least susceptible, and ‘Kiowa’ was the most susceptible. This study is the first report of P. pancratii causing leaf spots on blackberry worldwide, and it may help shape future research into disease epidemiology and management for a crop that is rapidly expanding but has very limited disease information currently available for Florida growers.
A New Coronavirus Estimation Global Score for Predicting Mortality During Hospitalization in Patients with COVID-19
Authors: Zeng Hesong , He Xingwei , Liu Wanjun , Kan Jing , He Liqun , Zhao Jinhe , Chen Cynthia , Zhang Junjie , Chen Shaoliang
Published: June 2022

Objective:

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) exists as a pandemic. Mortality during hospitalization is multifactorial, and there is urgent need for a risk stratification model to predict in-hospital death among COVID-19 patients. Here we aimed to construct a risk score system for early identification of COVID-19 patients at high probability of dying during in-hospital treatment.

Methods:

In this retrospective analysis, a total of 821 confirmed COVID-19 patients from 3 centers were assigned to developmental (n = 411, between January 14, 2020 and February 11, 2020) and validation (n = 410, between February 14, 2020 and March 13, 2020) groups. Based on demographic, symptomatic, and laboratory variables, a new Coronavirus estimation global (CORE-G) score for prediction of in-hospital death was established from the developmental group, and its performance was then evaluated in the validation group.

Results:

The CORE-G score consisted of 18 variables (5 demographics, 2 symptoms, and 11 laboratory measurements) with a sum of 69.5 points. Goodness-of-fit tests indicated that the model performed well in the developmental group (H = 3.210, P 
= 0.880), and it was well validated in the validation group (H = 6.948, P 
= 0.542). The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves were 0.955 in the developmental group (sensitivity, 94.1%; specificity, 83.4%) and 0.937 in the validation group (sensitivity, 87.2%; specificity, 84.2%). The mortality rate was not significantly different between the developmental (n = 85,20.7%) and validation (n = 94, 22.9%, P 
= 0.608) groups.

Conclusions:

The CORE-G score provides an estimate of the risk of in-hospital death. This is the first step toward the clinical use of the CORE-G score for predicting outcome in COVID-19 patients.
Relationship of Microchannels and Plaque Erosion in Patients with ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction: An Optical Coherence Tomography Study
Authors: Jiang Senqing , Guo Junchen , Yin Yanwei , Fang Chao , Wang Jifei , Wang Yidan , Lei Fangmeng , Sun Sibo , Pei Xueying , Jia Ruyi , Zhang Shaotao , Li Lulu , Wang Yini , Xing Lei , Yu Huai , Liu Huimin , Xu Maoen , Ren Xuefeng , Ma Lijia , Wei Guo , Hou Jingbo , Dai Jiannan , Yu Bo
Published: June 2022

Objective:

Microchannels are associated with the progression of atherosclerotic vulnerable plaques. However, in patients with culprit optical coherence tomography (OCT)-defined plaque erosion, the knowledge of microchannels and culprit lesion vulnerability is limited. The aim of this study was to investigate culprit lesion characteristics in patients with ST-segment elevated myocardial infarction (STEMI) caused by plaque erosion with and without microchannels using OCT.

Methods:

In all, 348 STEMI patients with plaque erosion who underwent OCT of the culprit lesion at the 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University (Harbin, China) from August 2014 to December 2017 were included and divided into the microchannel group (n = 116, 33.3%) and no-microchannel group (n = 232, 66.7%). The clinical characteristics and OCT-derived plaque features were compared between both groups.

Results:

Among the 348 STEMI patients with plaque erosion, culprit lesions with microchannels had higher incidence of lipid plaque (59.5% vs. 45.3%, P 
= 0.012); calcification (41.4% vs. 24.6%, P 
= 0.002); spotty calcification (30.2% vs. 18.1%, P 
= 0.014); macrophages accumulation (72.4% vs. 45.7%, P 
< 0.001); and cholesterol crystals (32.8% vs. 14.2%, P 
< 0.001) than those without microchannels. In addition, minimal lumen area was smaller ((1.9 ± 0.9) mm2
vs. (2.8 ± 2.3) mm2, P 
< 0.001) and lumen area stenosis was greater ((71.3% ± 13.4%) vs. (65.3% ± 19.3%), P 
= 0.001) in the microchannel group than in the no-microchannel group.

Conclusion:

In patients with STEMI caused by plaque erosion, one-third manifested typical microchannel characteristics, and those with microchannels were associated with more severe luminal stenosis and more vulnerable plaque features than those without microchannels.
Benefits of the First Pritikin Outpatient Intensive Cardiac Rehabilitation Program
Authors: Racette Susan B. , Park Lauren K. , Rashdi Serene T. , Montgomery Kristin , McKenzie Kristin M. , Deych Elena , Graham Christopher , Das Nikhil , Fogarty Taylor M. , Van Zandt Alexandria , Carson Tessa , Durbin Dotti , Jonagan Jennifer , Rich Michael W. , de las Fuentes Lisa , Peterson Linda R.
Published: June 2022

Purpose:

Intensive cardiac rehabilitation (ICR) is a comprehensive, medically supervised exercise treatment program covered by Medicare for patients with approved cardiac diagnoses. The aim of this study was to determine the benefits of the first Pritikin outpatient ICR program.

Methods:

This retrospective analysis included patients referred to ICR or traditional cardiac rehabilitation (CR) during the first 7 yr (2013-2019) at the first facility to implement Pritikin ICR. Intensive cardiac rehabilitation is composed of 36 education sessions on nutrition, exercise, and a healthy mindset, in addition to 36 monitored exercise sessions that comprise traditional CR. Assessments included anthropometrics (weight, body mass index, and waist circumference), dietary patterns, physical function (6-min walk test, [6MWT] Short Physical Performance Battery [SPPB: balance, 4-m walk, chair rise], handgrip strength), and health-related quality of life (Dartmouth COOP, 36-item Short Form Survey). Baseline and follow-up measures were compared within and between groups.

Results:

A total of 1963 patients enrolled (1507 ICR, 456 CR, 66.1 ± 11.4 yr, 68% male, 82% overweight or obese); 1141 completed the program (58%). The ICR patients completed 22 exercise and 18 education sessions in 9.6 wk; CR patients completed 19 exercise sessions in 10.3 wk. ICR resulted in improvements (P < .001 pre vs post) in all anthropometric measures, dietary patterns, 6MWT distance, all SPPB components, grip strength, and health-related quality of life. The improvements in anthropometrics and dietary patterns were greater in ICR than in CR.

Conclusions:

The Pritikin outpatient ICR program promoted improvements in several cardiovascular health indices. Critical next steps are to assess long-term health outcomes after ICR, including cardiac events and mortality.
Revealing the pathogenic and ageing-related mechanisms of the enigmatic idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)
Authors: Spagnolo Paolo , Semenzato Umberto
Published: June 2022

Purpose of review

Growing evidence suggests that ageing-associated alterations occur in both idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Here, we review the most recent literature on dysregulated ageing pathways in IPF and COPD and discuss how they may contribute to disease pathogenesis.

Recent findings

Recent studies have shown that alveolar epithelial type II (ATII) cells undergo premature senescence under stress and that senescent ATII cells promote lung fibrogenesis. Some studies have explored the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in IPF. They have provided evidence that dysfunctional mitochondria are important contributors to fibrogenesis through release of damaged DNA and excessive formation of reactive oxygen species, whereas restoration of mitochondrial homeostasis may attenuate lung fibrosis. Insufficient autophagy has been shown to promote epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and aberrant epithelial-fibroblast crosstalk, suggesting that autophagy augmentation may represent a potential therapeutic strategy. A number of studies have also explored the role of cellular senescence, mitochondrial homeostasis and autophagy in COPD.

Several ageing mechanisms are dysregulated in the lungs of patients with IPF and COPD, although how they contribute to disease development and progression remains elusive. Genetic or pharmacologic attenuation of senescence-related pathways and elimination of senescent cells may represent a promising therapeutic strategy.