bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Site control procedures for applicability and quality of Rapid Impulse Compaction
Authors: Dobrzycki Przemysław , Rychlewski Piotr
Published: December 2018

Rapid development of foundation engineering and substrate improvement technologies and also availability of various enforcement techniques make that dynamic or vibration-related technologies are used in such accomplishments. They are distinguished with numerous advantages like fast execution and large bearing capacities resulting from good compaction or additional compaction of natural soils during executing the work. Among such technologies most often used are, inter alia, stone columns, impulse compaction, dynamic replacement and, finally, micro-explosions. These technologies feature however some drawbacks like noise and vibrations. Noise is definitely more arduous for people. Although it is not more intense than that of standard work on construction site, but periodicity of noise source (e.g. vibrator, pile-driver) is oppressive for outsiders. Vibrations are generally better tolerated than noise. However, the influence of work exerted on neighbouring facilities should be under control. Accelerometers, which measure acceleration of structure elements caused by dynamic influences from working machinery, are used for this purpose. Another problem is the quality control of the work progressed. The paper provides both exemplary measurement equipment for vibration control and control procedures assessing efficiency of substrate improvement process.
Durability of polyurethane - cement floors
Authors: Maj Marek , Ubysz Andrzej , Tamrazyan Ashot
Published: December 2018

The products covered by the common name polyurea were first developed and marketed in the United States in the 1980’s In the first period polyurea was used as a protective coating of polyurethane foam used for thermal insulation of roofs, and in the 1990s many other uses were quickly disseminated. In Europe this technology appeared in the second half of the nineties and the market for polyurea applications started to develop very dynamically in the recent years. Polyurea coatings, due to their extremely versatile physical properties such as watertightness, extremely high wear resistance, resistance to chemical and mechanical stresses, high elasticity and stretchability as well as resistance to freeze-thaw cycles, are increasingly popular, and more and more frequently used in the broadly understood construction. As a rule, the growing demand for technology fosters its development and enhances the knowledge of those who use it, so that it is used for its intended purpose, while maintaining security and enforcement procedures. However, in the absence of such knowledge, misconceptions about the use of polyurea spray coating technologies are emerging, both at the design stage and during the execution phase.
Features of optimization of model parameters for solving geotechnical problems
Authors: Ter-Martirosyan Armen , Sidorov Vitalii , Ermoshina Lubov
Published: December 2018

At present, numerical methods of calculations, which are implemented in a large number of software complexes, are widely used in geotechnical practice and the definition of input parameters of the ground is very important and necessary to reflect the real work of the foundation of geotechnical structures [1-4]. There are often cases when the results obtained during laboratory tests of soils are not accepted by software complexes, errors are given, recommendations are proposed for changing the parameters in the direction of increasing or decreasing. In connection with these problems, the question arose about the need to optimize soil parameters obtained as a result of laboratory tests to compare and correct these parameters, based on the degree of approximation of model tests with laboratory tests [5]. Optimization of soil parameters can be carried out in the subroutine Soil test, incorporated in the PLAXIS geotechnical software [6]. Using the Soil test, the triaxial and compression tests are simulated based on the input parameters of the soil and the initial test data. The purpose of this study was to describe the methodology for optimizing the parameters of the Hardening Soil model and the Soft Soil Creep model using the PLAXIS 3D software geotechnical complex, as well as a comparative analysis of the results of laboratory soil tests with modeling results in software complex.
How vibrations affect steel-to-concrete adherence
Authors: Wojtowicz Anna , Ubysz Andrzej , Michałek Jarosław
Published: December 2018

In view of location and tight work schedule of civil projects, more and more frequently the various kinds of work overlap each other in space and time. Hence, their interactions need to be anticipated. An example of such works are pile driving which generate vibrations, which begs a question whether and to what extent they affect proper operation of other structures being constructed at the same time, e.g. reinforced concrete elements. This paper deals with the problem of steel-to-concrete adherence in reinforced concrete elements by providing mechanism of adherence destruction, methods use to determine adherence stresses and outlining analytical and numerical methods. Examinations on how vibrations affect fresh concrete mix are provided in the latter part of the paper. At the end, further direction for development is discussed.
Evaluation of barrier functions of traditional water supply facilities in relation to toxic trihalomethanes
Authors: Govorova Zhanna , Gorenko Galina , Rudich Uliana , Govorov Vadim
Published: December 2018

The problem of formation of the toxic carcinogenic substances in the process of the water treatment during disinfection of natural waters containing organic pollution is actual both in Russia and in foreign countries. There is an information about the negative effects of trihalomethanes (THM) on the human organism. The examples shows that, the concentration of trihalomethanes in the drinking water exceeds the standards several times in water treatment according to the traditional technology with the use of chlorine. The aim of the work was to study the dynamics of THM changes in the stages of purification in the comparison with the water quality, the reagent treatment modes and technological parameters to assess the barrier role of existing water supply stations. It was found that the standard degree of the purification achieves with chromaticity, turbidity, permanganate oxidation, bacteriological parameters. At the same time, the prechlorination of water with a temperature of 1 ° C and a chromaticity of 67-71 °C leads to the formation of chloroform in the amount of 40-61 µg/l, and postchlorination at the final stage of the full cycle contributes to an increase in the concentration to 192-215 µg/l. The new data were the basis for the development of the improved water purification technology and measures for the modernization of the water supply stations.
Smart city: automatic reconstruction of 3D building models to support urban development and planning
Authors: Danilina Nina , Slepnev Mihail , Chebotarev Spartak
Published: December 2018

The spread of smart city technologies dictates the need to develop new methods in the field of urban planning and design. The article devotes to the question how to find new approaches to make digital urban project according to the BIMtechnology. We analyze the opportunities of automated design technology BuildingReconstruction 2018 that allows constructing 3D models of landscapes, urban territories and infrastructure objects. Their distinctive feature is their high accuracy of details. We consider methods and tools for creating such models. There is the description of a 3d-model and composing information layers. On the base of the analysis of the model–s capabilities, we offer various directions how to use them for solving urban planning problems addressed to the examples of their existing implementation.
Research of the possibilities of application of the Data Warehouse in the construction area
Authors: Konikov Alexandr , Kulikova Ekaterina , Stifeeva Olga
Published: December 2018

Today, in information technologies, the direction associated with the use of Data Warehouse (DW) is evolving very dynamically. Using DW, it is possible to implement two types of data analysis: OLAP-analysis: a set of technologies for the rapid processing of data presented as a multidimensional cube; Data Mining is an intelligent, deep analysis of data to detect previously unknown, practically useful patterns (in our case, the construction area). It is noted, that of all the methods used in technology Data Mining, cluster analysis is especially useful for the construction area. At present, the role of DW has increased, significantly due to the fact, that many methods and approaches of Data Mining have formed the basis of a new, promising method of Big Data. We will specify that, that Data processing from the Data Warehouse with the help of technology Big Data, allows to deduce researches in a building area to the higher level. The purpose of this work is to research of the possibilities of application of the Data Warehouse in the construction area. The article suggests the new approach to data analysis in the construction area, based on the use of Big Data technology and elements of OLAP - analysis. In the section “Discussion” is considering the possibility of the new promising business in the construction field, based on the application of Data Warehouse and technology Big Data.
Building Information Modelling in Agile Environments - an Example of Event Management at the Airport of Tempelhof
Authors: Besenyői Zsuzsa , Krämer Markus , Husain Faraz
Published: December 2018

The concept of Building Information Modelling (BIM) is heavily promoted but rarely used in the Facility Management (FM) industry. Especially for event locations, where FM and Event Management organizations have to collaborate within a short period in a highly flexible manner with various external partners and public authorities. Hence, applying the method of BIM for Event Management is even more difficult compared to regular building operations. As a first attempt to dissolve this issue, the presented article emphasizes on the adoption of agile project management framework for BIM-based Event Management, where the focus lays on the creation of a suitable Building Information Model (BIM Model), at one hand for general FM, on the other hand for event management purposes. The paper shows results of a collaborative research project BIM4Events founded by KiraDIGI between the HTW Berlin, Berlin Airport of Tempelhof and Metropolia UAS Helsinki, as a Scrum-based BIM Model development at the case of a public event, ‘Sommerfest – Tag der offenen Tür’, organized in September 2018.
Application of the successive approximation method to the analysis of bending plates
Authors: Gabbasov Radek , Filatov Vladimir , Ryasny Nikita
Published: December 2018

This work presents an algorithm for calculating the bending plates of medium thickness according to the Reissner’. To obtain numerical results, the method of successive approximations (MSA) is used. This method has high accuracy and fast convergence, which was confirmed by the solution of a range of tasks. Publication of the results of the calculation of plates of medium thickness with the boundary conditions revised here is supposed to be in the following articles.
Layered composite and contact layer. Normal separation and transversal strength
Authors: Andreev Vladimir , Turusov Robert , Tsybin Nikita
Published: December 2018

As well as testing adhesion joints, in which the average adhesion shear strength is measured, there are widespread methods of testing for normal separation, in which the value called transversal strength is measured. This value is calculated as the ratio of the breaking load applied perpendicular to the gluing plane, to the gluing area. At the same time, two types of tests for normal separation - for cylindrical and prismatic joints - are now standardized. The article deals with the solution of this problem for prismatic compound obtained on the basis of the contact layer model.
Thermal characterization of a plate heated by a multi-jet system
Authors: Zerrout Amar , Khelil Ali , Loukarfi Larbi
Published: December 2018

This study is an experimental and numerical analysis of the influence from changes in the conditions of inputs temperature and velocity on the behavior thermal and dynamic of a multi-jet swirling system impacting a flat plate. The experimental device comprising three diffusers arranged in line, of diameter D aloof 2D between the axes of their centers, impinging the plate perpendicularly at an impact height H = 6D. The swirl is obtained by a generator (swirl) of composed 12 fins arranged at 60° relative to the vertical placed just at the exit of the diffuser. By imposing the temperature and velocity for three input conditions with three studied configurations. The paper deals with find the configuration that optimizes the best thermal homogenization. The results show that the configuration having an equilibrated inlet temperature (T, T, T) is derived from a good temperature distribution on the baffle wall and a better thermal transfer from the plate. The system was numerically simulated by the fluent code by using the turbulence model (k–ε). This last has yielded results accorded to those experimental results.
Statement by the OEGGG with Review of the Literature on the Mode of Delivery of Premature Infants at the Limit of Viability
Authors: Fischer Thorsten , Mörtl Manfred , Reif Philipp , Kiss Herbert , Lang Uwe ,   for the Austrian Society for Gynaecology and Obstetrics (OEGGG)
Published: December 2018

In 2017, the Austrian Society for Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine (ÖGKJ) published a guideline on the primary care of premature infants at the limit of viability. In this guideline, it is recommended that a Caesarean section be preferred as mode of delivery with regard to an early preterm birth (22 + 0 – 24 + 6 weeks of pregnancy) due to an allegedly lower perinatal risk of cerebral haemorrhage. In contrast to this, the Austrian Society for Gynaecology and Obstetrics (OEGGG) considers there to be no clinical and scientific basis for this recommendation and the mode of delivery in the case of early preterm birth must be adapted to the individual maternal and foetal clinical situation. The international data available from the generally retrospective investigations show heterogeneous results regarding the mode of delivery. The prospective and randomised data in this regard are insufficient. A Cochrane analysis does not show any advantage in favour of a Caesarean delivery. The German-language guidelines (AWMF and Switzerland) make analogous recommendations for adapting the mode of delivery with regard to an early preterm birth individually to the respective clinical situation. In the case of an early preterm birth and a singleton in cephalic presentation, the OEGGG therefore recommends individual management of the delivery which takes the maternal and foetal clinical situation into account and also includes vaginal delivery as a mode of delivery in the clinical decision process.
Asymmetric Organocatalysis Revisited: Taming Hydrindanes with Jørgensen–Hayashi Catalyst
Authors: Stöckl Yannick , Frey Wolfgang , Lang Johannes , Claasen Birgit , Baro Angelika , Laschat Sabine
Published: December 2018

The organocatalytic Michael reaction of easily available 1-cyclopentene-1-carbaldehyde and 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds led to cyclopentanecarbaldehydes on a gram scale with low catalyst loading (2 mol%) and high enantioselectivity. The synthetic potential of 4-acylhexahydroindenones from intramolecular aldol condensation was demonstrated by Diels–Alder reaction to a tetracyclic derivative with seven stereogenic centers. The diastereofacial preference of the tetracyclic product was confirmed by DFT calculations. The described reaction sequence is characterized by few redox-economic steps and high degree of molecular complexity.
High-resolution dislocation imaging and micro-structural analysis of HVPE-βGa2O3 films using monochromatic synchrotron topography
Authors: Mahadik Nadeemullah A. , Tadjer Marko J. , Bonanno Peter L. , Hobart Karl D. , Stahlbush Robert E. , Anderson Travis J. , Kuramata Akito
Published: December 2018

Threading and basal dislocations were observed and their Burgers vectors (b→) were analyzed in 20 µm thick halide vapor phase homoepitaxially grown beta-gallium oxide (β−Ga2O3) films using 15 keV monochromatic synchrotron X-ray topography with symmetric reflection (004) and two asymmetric reflections (205) and (115) in back-reflection and grazing incidence angle geometries, respectively. In a 1 × 1.5 cm2 sample, threading screw dislocations with b→=001 were observed with a density of 30 cm−2, whereas a single threading edge dislocation with b→=100 was observed. Basal dislocations with b→=12112 were observed with a density of ∼20 cm−2, and a single basal dislocation with b→=010 was observed. Rocking curve mapping of the three reflections was also performed on the entire sample with the same setup and a high resolution x-ray camera to obtain the full width at half maximum (FWHM), strain, and curvature maps in two almost orthogonal directions. The epilayer demonstrated excellent crystalline quality with a median FWHM of 8.2 arc sec in the (004) reflection and a very low median strain of ∼|8 × 10−5| obtained from both sample directions. The median radius of curvature was ∼−100 m along the [100] direction and ∼280 m along the [010] sample axis, indicating very low lattice plane curvature that enables high manufacturability and reliability of devices.
The microstructural origin of the enhanced current-perpendicular-to-the-plane giant magnetoresistance by Ag/In-Zn-O/Zn spacer layer
Authors: Nakatani T. , Sasaki T. T. , Li S. , Sakuraba Y. , Furubayashi T. , Hono K.
Published: December 2018

The mechanism of the enhancement of the current-perpendicular-to-the-plane giant magnetoresistance ratio (ΔR/R) by a Ag/In-Zn-O (IZO)/Zn spacer layer for the spin-valves with Co2(Mn0.6Fe0.4)Ge Heusler alloy ferromagnetic layers was investigated. The insertion of a thin Ag (0.2-0.6 nm) layer below the IZO layer was found to be critical for achieving relatively low resistance-area product (RA) ∼ 0.1 Ω μm2 and large ΔR/R up to 22%. Structural characterizations by scanning transmission electron microscopy revealed that the actual spacer layer was an inhomogeneous Ag-In:Mn-Zn-O nanocomposite, where the Ag-In is thought to play a role in current-confined-path (CCP) for electric current, and the Mn-Zn-O is an oxide matrix which forms by Mn diffusion from the Co2(Mn0.6Fe0.4)Ge layers and oxidation by In2O3 in IZO. The enhancement of ΔR/R is explained to be due to the current confinement through the Ag-In CCPs in the Ag-In:Mn-Zn-O nanocomposite spacer, and the lower RA values (0.065-0.011 Ω μm2) for the Ag-In:Mn-Zn-O CCP-spacer than those for the conventional Cu:AlOx CCP-spacer can be understood by assuming a lower resistivity in the Ag-In CCPs.
Multi-plate interceptive electron beam energy diagnostic—Implementation and validation
Authors: McChesney Patrick D. , Cardenas Joe , Love John , Harris John R. , Cooksey Rufus , Lewellen John W. , Berls Brian , O’Neill Chad , Folkman Kevin , Stoner Jon
Published: December 2018

A previous publication [P. D. McChesney, “Multi-plate interceptive electron beam energy diagnostic—Theoretical design,” AIP Adv. (submitted)] reported a new interceptive electron beam kinetic energy measurement technique based on the beam penetration depth within a stack of conductive plates and gave results on the theoretical design of such a device. This paper expands on this and gives further results on the actual implementation of the diagnostic. The device geometry and measurement electronics system are described in detail. A prototype version of the multi-plate diagnostic was fabricated and tested using an electron linear accelerator at the Idaho Accelerator Center (IAC). A high-precision magnetic spectrometer system was designed and built for the purpose of validating the multi-plate diagnostic’s energy measurement capabilities. It was found that the diagnostic provides electron beam energy estimates that are accurate to better than the 10% level.
Origin and evolution.
Authors: d'Eeckenbrugge G. C. , Duval M. F. , Leal F.
Published: December 2018

This chapter describes the pineapple wild relatives, including their taxonomic status, ecology and distributions. The domesticated pineapples and their pre-Columbian distribution are discussed, as well as the domestication syndrome in the cultivated forms of Ananas comosus. Pineapple diversity and genetic relations among wild and cultivated forms are also explained.
Plant nutrition.
Authors: Vásquez-Jiménez J. , Bartholomew D. P.
Published: December 2018

This chapter focuses on pineapple nutrient management, discussing soil sampling and analysis (for minerals, chemicals, texture, pH and liming), as well as plant tissue analysis (for nutrient concentrations). The distribution of nutrients within the plant; plant macro- and micronutrients; plant nutrient characteristics, typical deficiency levels and symptoms; and plant nutrient requirements are described. Important nutrients issues, such as environmental quality, are also mentioned.
Production for other uses.
Authors: Souza F. V. D. , Souza E. H. de , Sena Neto A. R. , Marconcini J. M. , Assis S. A. de
Published: December 2018

The pineapple plant has many uses besides fresh and processed fruit products, where it stands out not only for its flavour, but also for its nutritional properties. These alternate uses include ornamental purposes, reinforcing fibres for varied products, fibres for paper, enzymes with proteolytic action, secondary metabolites and animal feed. This chapter deals with pineapple production for these uses. The multitude of potential uses combined with the ability of the pineapple plant to survive in dry environments make pineapple suitable for many rural communities with limited resources. These qualities and utility also highlight the need to protect germplasm collections of this valuable and unique natural resource.
Postharvest physiology, handling and storage.
Authors: Paull R. E. , Chen ChingCheng Chen ChingCheng
Published: December 2018

This chapter discusses pineapple fruit development, physiology, harvesting and handling, including postharvest treatment, storage and grading. The postharvest changes in fruit quality, insect disinfestation by irradiation, disorders and malformations of pineapples are also described.
Jahn-Teller effect problems via ultrasonic experiments. Application to the impurity crystal CdSe:Cr
Authors: Averkiev N S , Bersuker I B , Gudkov V V , Zhevstovskikh I V , Sarychev M N , Zherlitsyn S , Yasin S , Korostelin Yu V , Surikov V T
Published: December 2018

Based on the data analysis of ultrasonic experiments, a novel approach has been developed to explore Jahn-Teller effect (JTE) problems in non-cubic crystals with JT centers without involving additional experimental data beyond the information about the electronic term and crystal symmetry. Distinguished from cubic crystals, the axis of symmetry of the bulk non-cubic crystal do not necessarily coincide with those of the local impurity center, thus complicating the relation between the distortions produced by the ultrasound wave and the JTE active modes. We analysed the problem with corresponding calculations for the wurtzite-type hexagonal crystal CdSe:Cr2+, in which the chromium ion substitutes the cadmium one in the tetrahedral environment, resulting in its electronic ground state 5
T
2(e2t2
). Experimental investigation of this system by ultrasound at frequencies of 28-105 MHz in the temperature range of 4-180 K, yields a peak in the attenuation of the ultrasound below 40 K for the normal modes related to the c
11, c
44, c
55, c
55, and c
66 elastic moduli. The peak has been interpreted as the manifestation of the JTE, similar to the one, observed in cubic crystals doped with 3d ions. However, no anomalies of attenuation have been detected for the mode related to the c
33 elastic modulus, in contradiction to the theoretical predictions based on the previous method, worked out for cubic crystals. In the new method we obtained direct relations between the deformations, related to the crystal moduli, and the local JT modes, calculated the partition functions for each of the three possible JTE problems for systems with an electronic T term, T⊗e, T⊗t2
and T⊗(e + t2) revealed how these deformations alter the vibronic energy levels responsible for the relaxations in the JT centers. It emerged that in the wurtzite crystal under consideration, only in the T⊗e problem the deformation related to the elastic moduli c
33 displaces all the vibronic energy level uniformly, without relaxation possibilities, thus supporting the new method and explaining the experimental observations.
Game Theory-Based Reasoning of Opposing Non-functional Requirements using Inter-actor Dependencies
Authors: Sumesh Sreenithya , Krishna Aneesh , Subramanian Chitra M
Published: December 2018

Goal-oriented requirements engineering frameworks are used to model stakeholders’ objectives and requirements using goals. In a real-time environment, stakeholders’ requirements may have opposing objectives. Hence, a novel framework is needed that captures the real issues in order to achieve multi-objective optimization of inter-dependent actors. For obtaining an optimum strategy for inter-dependent actors in the i* goal model, a multi-objective two-person zero-sum game theory-based approach is applied in this paper, by balancing the opposing goals reciprocally. The proposed approach involves the generation of each objective function based on the inter-dependency relationships, the creation of decision pay-off matrices based on the objective function values and their variation to a final decision pay-off matrix. A Maxmin solution is formulated for the multi-objective game model, in which the optimization problem for each player is a linear programming problem. Finally, the most desirable strategies and their proportion values are found. By integrating Java with the IBM CPLEX optimization tool, a simulation model based on the proposed method was developed. A successful evaluation was conducted on various case studies from the existing literature. Evaluation results indicate that the developed simulation model helps users to choose an optimal alternative design option feasible in real-time competitive environments that have goals with opposing objectives.
Line-driven ablation of circumstellar discs – IV. The role of disc ablation in massive star formation and its contribution to the stellar upper mass limit
Authors: Kee Nathaniel Dylan , Kuiper Rolf
Published: December 2018

Radiative feedback from luminous, massive stars during their formation is a key process in moderating accretion on to the stellar object. In the prior papers in this series, we showed that one form such feedback takes is UV line-driven disc ablation. Extending on this study, we now constrain the strength of this effect in the parameter range of star and disc properties appropriate to forming massive stars. Simulations show that ablation rate depends strongly on stellar parameters, but that this dependence can be parameterized as a nearly constant, fixed enhancement over the wind mass-loss rate, allowing us to predict the rate of disc ablation for massive (proto)stars as a function of stellar mass and metallicity. By comparing this to predicted accretion rates, we conclude that ablation is a strong feedback effect for very massive (proto)stars which should be considered in future studies of massive star formation.
Developmental Pathways to Conduct Problems and Serious Forms of Delinquency
Authors: Loeber Rolf
Published: December 2018

This chapter addresses several questions regarding developmental pathways. It considers a parsimonious model of developmental pathways from oppositional behaviors and conduct problems to serious property crime, violence, and homicide. Moreover, the chapter asks what methods are available for identifying pathways, and what their key aspects and limitations are. The chapter explores these questions by first reviewing the defining characteristics of developmental pathways and the methods to identify them. It then studies other key aspects of developmental pathways, including developmental pathways between substance use and delinquency. Finally, this chapter discusses some limitations of developmental pathways as well as the applications of these concepts.
Family Influences on Youth Offending
Authors: Fagan Abigail A. , Benedini Kristen M.
Published: December 2018

This chapter reviews the degree to which empirical evidence demonstrates that families influence youth delinquency. Because they are most likely to be emphasized in life-course theories, this chapter focuses on parenting practices such as parental warmth and involvement, supervision and discipline of children, and child maltreatment. It also summarizes literature examining the role of children's exposure to parental violence, family criminality, and young (teenage) parents in affecting delinquency. Because life-course theories are ideally tested using longitudinal data, which allow examination of, in this case, the impact of parenting practices on children's subsequent behaviors, this chapter focuses on evidence generated from prospective studies conducted in the United States and other countries. It also discusses findings from experimental studies designed to reduce youth substance use and delinquency by improving the family environment.
Schools and the Pathway to Crime
Authors: Pepler Debra J.
Published: December 2018

This chapter focuses on the role of schools in the pathway to crime. It highlights research that points to the importance of relationships in development, reviews theoretical perspectives of relationships and the development of delinquency, and considers school violence. Next, the chapter focuses on the importance of school connections and relationships, with a consideration of engagement and bonding with school, failing academic performance, and dropout rates. School and classroom organization as well as relationships with teachers and with peers are identified as potential risk factors that further alienate troubled youth. Conversely, if these systemic and relationship processes are positive, they can mitigate the risk of moving along the pathway to crime. To conclude, the chapter revisits the theory and research, with a call to identify and intervene with the most vulnerable youth and leading to a discussion of implications for programming and policy.
Employment, Crime, and the Life Course
Authors: Savolainen Jukka , Aaltonen Mikko , Skardhamar Torbjorn
Published: December 2018

This chapter focuses on life-course studies of employment and crime. It draws predominantly on quantitative results, but evidence from qualitative life-course studies are discussed as well. The purpose here is to provide an informed assessment of state-of-the-art scholarship. This chapter reviews studies that examine the capacity of employment (job entries) to curb criminal involvement. There are strong theoretical reasons to expect transitions to stable employment to contribute to the desistance process. Hence, the chapter explores the life-course studies of unemployment effects on criminal behavior (job exits). It concludes with a summary of the evidence and discusses implications for the next generation of studies on employment and crime.
Religion and the Military
Authors: Bouffard Leana A. , Jin Haerim
Published: December 2018

This chapter provides an overview of the literature examining the role of religion and military service in the desistance process. It also identifies outstanding issues and directions for future research. It first presents an overview of research examining the role of religion in desistance and highlights measurement issues, potential intervening mechanisms, and a consideration of faith-based programs as criminal justice policy. Next, this chapter covers the relationship between military service and offending patterns, including period effects that explain variation in the relationship, selection effects, and the incorporation of military factors in criminal justice policy and programming. The chapter concludes by highlighting general conclusions from these two bodies of research and questions to be considered in future research.
Effects of Incarceration
Authors: Kazemian Lila , Walker Allyson
Published: December 2018

This chapter offers an overview of research findings relating to the impact of incarceration on subsequent offending and other risk factors. It examines the empirical evidence on the impact of incarceration on aggregate crime rates, followed by a discussion of the effect of imprisonment on subsequent reoffending. The chapter then explores the link between incarceration and risk factors extending beyond behavioral outcomes, including psychological well-being and mental health issues as well as housing and employment outcomes. The collateral consequences of imprisonment on the families of prisoners are also discussed. These include the impact of incarceration on family ties, family housing, and income and the potentially adverse effects on the children of prisoners. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the imprisonment–desistance link and the methodological intricacies pertinent to the study of this relationship.
Persistence and Desistance
Authors: Liu Siyu , Bushway Shawn D.
Published: December 2018

This chapter examines persistence and desistance in criminal offending. Persistence in criminal offending may be observed when subjects are followed for a sufficiently long period and found to have maintained a certain level of offending. Desistance is discussed when offending declines to a zero or close-to-zero level, with other parameters also clearly defined. This chapter first discusses the challenges in the identification of persistent offenders. It then provides a review of evidence on the age–crime relationship and heterogeneous patterns of desistance. The controversy surrounding desistance as a process or a discrete point is also examined. The chapter also summarizes the theoretical underpinnings of desistance, before concluding with a discussion on the future of research on desistance.
The Structure and Role of the Underwriting Syndicate
Authors: Dereeper Sébastien , Schwienbacher Armin
Published: December 2018

This chapter presents research findings on the structure and role of underwriter syndicates in the initial public offering (IPO) process, thereby extending the list of participants beyond the lead underwriter. The authors rely on recent studies to offer a more comprehensive picture of syndicate structure and size in Europe and the United States. Research questions being addressed include the following: How are underpricing and reputation linked to syndicates? How many banks should be included in the syndicate? What responsibilities can be shared? Finally, the chapter concludes with a discussion of avenues for future research on IPO syndicate structure.
Going Public in China
Authors: Cheng Zijian (Vincent) , Fleming Grant , Liu Zhangxin (Frank)
Published: December 2018

This chapter provides an analysis of companies undertaking a reverse merger (RM) as opposed to an initial public offering (IPO) on Chinese stock markets. It introduces a new data set of RMs on Chinese exchanges to examine the financial characteristics of firms that choose an RM over an IPO. The authors find that Chinese RM firms have lower liquidity, higher leverage, and lower asset turnover than firms that go public through an IPO. Promoters of Chinese RM firms also hold more shares as compared with IPOs. Finally, Chinese RM firms have higher return on assets and lower underpricing at listing. The results identify several characteristics of Chinese RM firms that differentiate them from firms that go public via an RM in Western markets, suggesting that Chinese institutions and stage of stock market development may impact the decision to go public.
Lower Visibility Platforms Serving as Stepping Stones to National Stock Exchanges
Authors: Cecala, Jr. Joseph J. , Floros Ioannis V.
Published: December 2018

Using a proprietary, recent shell reverse mergers (SRMs) sample, we analyze the financial profiling, financing event specifics, disclosure levels, and governance schemes of the private companies that are quoted on lower visibility platforms. We examine SRMs forward in time and identify a unique sample of SRMs that is successful getting upgraded to main U.S. stock exchanges. We report their financial characteristics and how they differ from the SRMs that do not manage to get upgraded. Further, we delve into the pricing, source of financing, and contractual terms of PIPE transactions that constitute their main capital raising events. We also note any differences in the financing and governance characteristics surrounding SRM firm listing changes. Our study contributes to the empirical going public literature by identifying the determinants of successful companies within lower visibility platforms and by justifying the necessity of the private secondary market’s existence.
Specified Purpose Acquisition Company IPOs
Authors: Shachmurove Yochanan , Vulanovic Milos
Published: December 2018

Specified purpose acquisition companies (SPACs) are a special type of public company currently available to investors in financial markets. As an investment vehicle, modern SPACs are traced back to eighteenth-century England where blank checks were first mentioned as blind pools during the infamous South Sea Bubble. In the United States, the Security and Exchange Commission classifies a SPAC as a blank-check company. This chapter reviews the academic and financial literatures about SPACs, describes their institutional characteristics, and analyzes their market performance since initial public offering (IPO). The sole purpose of SPACs is to use the proceeds to finance future merger or acquisition.
Crowdfunding
Authors: Horváthová Alexandra
Published: December 2018

Crowdfunding is a way of raising money through small contributions from a large number of investors, i.e. a “crowd.” Crowdfunding constitutes a common denominator for a number of financing methods, from donations through lending up to venture capital, all taking place online. Therefore, there are numerous legal challenges, namely use of copyright, distribution of loans and credits, or possible sale of securities. This chapter focuses on the development of equity crowdfunding, which shows many similarities with classical initial public offering (IPO) as a financing tool, yet on a smaller scale. The chapter analyzes the existing regulatory framework of equity crowdfunding in the United States and in the European Union.
Citizenship
Authors: Schattle Hans
Published: December 2018

This chapter explores citizenship as an interdisciplinary concept of central interest in the field of global studies. The chapter outlines the general concept of citizenship and discusses how several circumstances related to globalization and its accompanying social and economic disparities, in addition to ongoing patterns of immigration and cultural change, have disrupted the civil, political, and social rights of modern citizenship and opened new lines of contestation over questions of “who belongs” within specific nation-states. Next, the chapter discusses global citizenship, tracing the progression of this specific concept in political thought and contemporary scholarship and then reckoning with several lines of critique that have questioned the feasibility and desirability of global citizenship. The chapter also examines how global citizenship and related ideas, such as global competency and global consciousness, have been employed within the endeavor of civic education.
Decolonizing Global Studies
Authors: Darian-Smith Eve
Published: December 2018

This chapter argues for the need to decolonize global studies, particularly as it is emerging as a new field of inquiry in the Global North. This entails decolonizing the basic building blocks that have dominated the past three centuries of Western thought. For global studies scholars, this means decentering the dominance of a White privileged world view that naturally assumes that such a world view leads the rest at home and abroad. It also means actively seeking to understand social and political relations from the standpoint of non-Western communities. The chapter argues for the need to decolonize Western thinking precisely because histories of marginalization and being “cut out” of the positive impacts of global capitalism have long been the experience among many non-Western peoples of the world..
Climate Change
Authors: Hamilton Clive
Published: December 2018

Greenhouse gases emitted anywhere affect people everywhere, and they will do so for a very long time. Progress on an international response to climate change has been bedeviled by ethical, political, and economic fractures, highlighting the severe limitations of the Westphalian state system. Non-state actors have played a crucial role in negotiations; some are “internationalist,” whereas others are “globalist.” Climate change is inseparable from capitalism’s insatiable appetite for growth. The rise of China destabilizes previous understandings of the world, including those of global studies and world-systems analysis. There are signs of a new cosmopolitanism, although securitization of the climate threat works against it. The globality of the natural world calls for a rethinking of global studies.
Transdisciplinarity
Authors: Mittelman James , Esser Daniel
Published: December 2018

This chapter assesses transdisciplinarity as an epistemological and methodological approach to research and teaching in the emerging field of global studies. It posits that the world’s most pressing problems in the areas of migration, health, and intersectional identities, to name a few, are unlikely to be addressed convincingly by inquiries rooted exclusively in singular social science disciplines. At the same time, transdisciplinarity is understood as a means to complement disciplinary research, not to dispense with it. By foregrounding global–local dynamics and their effects across scales, global studies can draw from a wealth of approaches and experiences in interdisciplinary scholarship without becoming entangled in protracted epistemological battles over scholarly turf. This chapter then provides examples of transdisciplinary research in global studies and closes by stressing the importance of disciplinary methodological innovations as building blocks for multimodal designs and arguing for methodological rigor in global studies, whether transdisciplinary or not.
Global Governance
Authors: Anheier Helmut K.
Published: December 2018

This chapter puts the topic of global governance in the context of governance and governance systems more generally. Although global governance has many special features and is indeed the most complex and also a frequently contested governance system, it nonetheless shares many basic principles and performance criteria with other forms of managing public problems, be they at the national or the local level or designed for one policy field or another. Global governance is set apart by the legitimacy of international or supranational government given the growing interdependence of formally sovereign nation-states; the institutionalization of measures for global problem-solving, especially regarding the challenges of transgressions and voids; and the specific nature of innovation in a system yet to gain levels of capacity and readiness to cope with the task of managing a globalized world. This chapter addresses these and related issues of global governance in turn.
The Transnational Capitalist Class
Authors: Robinson William I. , Sprague-Silgado Jeb
Published: December 2018

Since the late 1960s, social scientists have been studying the development of the capitalist class beyond national borders. In the 1990s, a group of researchers studying globalization began to document and theorize the rise of a transnational capitalist class associated with the spread of transnational corporations and the rise of a globally integrated production and financial system. This chapter summarizes the foundational works of sociologists Leslie Sklair and William I. Robinson in developing the concept of a transnational capitalist class and explores recent research and ongoing debates on the topic. It discusses the formation of the Network for Critical Studies of Global Capitalism as an international forum for shared research and debate.
What Is Global Studies?
Authors: Steger Manfred B.
Published: December 2018

This chapter provides an overview of the emerging field of global studies by introducing readers to its growing institutional significance in global higher education. Drawing on influential arguments of major thinkers in global studies to their own framework, the chapter discuss the “four pillars of global studies”: globalization, transdisciplinarity, space and time, and critical thinking. Having presented the new field’s conceptual and thematic framework, this chapter closes by considering its capacity for self-criticism. After all, the critical thinking framing of global studies creates a special obligation for all scholars working in the field to listen to and take seriously internal and external criticisms with the intention of correcting existing shortcomings, illuminating blind spots, and avoiding theoretical pitfalls and dead ends.
Financialization
Authors: Roy Ravi , Willett Thomas D.
Published: December 2018

The size and scope of financial sectors throughout the world have grown exponentially in tandem with the rise of globalization and increased capital mobility. The terms “economic globalization” and “financialization” are often discussed as inextricably related phenomena. Although the rapid increase in the number and variety of financial services and products during the past four decades has helped spur economic growth and create wealth on an unprecedented scale, the devastating fallout from the global financial crisis of 2008–2009, and the economic turbulence that followed, demonstrates how poorly managed financial sectors can simultaneously cause enormous pain. This chapter argues that if the opportunities created by economic globalization and financialization are to be maximized, while at the same tempering volatile financial markets, then the global financial system (and the national economies connected with it) must be fundamentally restructured. A number of ways that should be taken under consideration are discussed.
Trafficking
Authors: Amar Paul
Published: December 2018

This chapter offers a global history, as well as cultural, legal, and political–economic analysis, of “trafficking,” a set of relationships and processes often constituted as the dark mirror of globalization. First, the chapter traces how the term “trafficking” emerged. Second, it examines the evolution of “trafficking” in the context of “drug wars,” from the imperial Opium Wars in China in the early nineteenth century to the twenty-first-century “narco” battlegrounds of Mexico. Third, it surveys how global studies-related research has developed critical lenses for analyzing the politics of “sex trafficking” and “human trafficking.” Finally, it examines the term “trafficker” as selectively deployed along racial and social lines in ways that produce obscuring pseudo-analyses of the violence of global capitalism that preserve the impunity of certain powerful actors, create monstrous misrepresentations of globalizing forms of violence, and stir moral and racial panics on a global scale.