bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Toward the Ultimate Soil Survey: Sensing Multiple Soil and Landscape Properties in One Pass
Authors: Kweon Giyoung
Published: November 2012

Many studies have found the range of spatial dependence is shorter than the distances used in most grid sampling, and government soil surveys have limited utility in many precision applications. A new multi‐sensor platform was developed that records apparent soil electrical conductivity (ECa), optical reflectance readings with red and near‐infrared light‐emitting diodes and pH along with topography data. The objective of this study was to evaluate its performance for estimation of soil cation exchange capacity (CEC), organic matter (OM), and pH on eight fields in four states, comparing results with lab‐analyzed samples, USDA soil surveys, and 1‐ha grid maps. Proximal soil sensor measurements correlated well with lab‐analyzed soil samples. The OM calibrations using ECa, optical, and/or topographic data showed good performance with R2 of 0.8 or higher and ratio of prediction to deviation (RPD) of 2.5 or greater in all fields. In CEC calibrations, five of six fields had higher than 0.86 for R2 and greater than 2.8 for RPD. The pH calibration results showed RPD of 2.1 or greater and R2 of 0.76 or higher in seven fields. The sensor maps showed small‐scale variability not detected at conventional grid sample scales or with USDA soil surveys. Using the proximal soil sensors, the average root mean square error of prediction for OM was 2.78 g kg−1, CEC 1.20 cmolc kg−1, and pH 0.26 for the project fields. These values are significantly lower than the soil property ranges found in the soil surveys. This is a promising development for improving farm practices and management.
Water supply services for Africa's urban poor: the role of resale
Authors: Zuin Valentina , Ortolano Leonard , Alvarinho Manuel , Russel Kory , Thebo Anne , Muximpua Odete , Davis Jennifer
Published: November 2012

In sub-Saharan Africa only 35% of the urban population has access to a piped water connection on their premises. The majority of households obtain water from public standpipes or from neighbors who are connected to the municipal network. Water resale is often prohibited, however, because of concerns about affordability and risks to public health. Using data collected from 1,377 households in Maputo, Mozambique, we compare the microbiological quality, as well as the time and money costs of water supply from individual house connections, public standpipes, and water obtained from neighbors. Households with their own water connections have better service across virtually all indicators measured, and express greater satisfaction with their service, as compared with those using other water sources. Households purchasing water from their neighbors pay lower time and money costs per liter of water, on average, as compared with those using standpipes. Resale competes favorably with standpipes along a number of service quality dimensions; however, after controlling for water supply characteristics, households purchasing water from neighbors are significantly less likely to be satisfied with their water service as compared with those using standpipes.
Away-from-home drinking water consumption practices and the microbiological quality of water consumed in rural western Kenya
Authors: Onyango-Ouma W. , Gerba Charles P.
Published: November 2012

A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted to examine away-from-home drinking water consumption practices and the microbiological quality of water consumed in rural western Kenya. The study involved adults and schoolchildren. Data were collected using focus group discussions, questionnaire survey, observations, diaries and interviews. The findings suggest that away-from-home drinking water consumption is a common practice in the study area; however, the microbiological quality of the water consumed is poor. While some respondents perceive the water to be safe for drinking mainly because of the clear colour of the water, others are forced by circumstances to drink the water as it is owing to a lack of alternative safe sources. It is concluded that there is a need for new innovative approaches to address away-from-home drinking water consumption in resource-poor settings in order to complement and maximize the benefits of point-of-use water treatment at the household level.
Comparison of indicator bacteria inactivation by the ultraviolet and the ultraviolet/hydrogen peroxide disinfection processes in humic waters
Authors: Teksoy Arzu , Alkan Ufuk , Eleren Sevil Çalışkan , Topaç Burcu Şengül , Şağban Fatma Olcay Topaç , Başkaya Hüseyin Savaş
Published: November 2012

The aim of the present study was to evaluate responses of potential indicator bacteria (i.e. Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis) to the ultraviolet (UV) radiation and the UV/hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) disinfection processes of surface waters with different qualities in terms of humic content. The UV and the UV/H2O2 processes were applied to waters containing various concentrations of fulvic acid in order to inactivate E. coli, P. aeruginosa and B. subtilis spores. Three fulvic acid (0, 2 and 6 mg l−1) and four H2O2 (0, 10, 25 and 50 mg l−1) concentrations were used. Results showed that the k values of E. coli, P. aeruginosa and B. subtilis spores varied between 2.22 and 4.00, 1.73 and 3.58, and 1.40 and 1.86, respectively, in all test conditions. The sensitivity of the test organisms followed a decreasing order of E. coli > P. aeruginosa > B. subtilis. Results of the study indicated that the blocking effect of fulvic acid for the UV light was diminished by using H2O2 in combination with the UV radiation. Findings of the present study strongly suggested that the UV/H2O2 process was significantly effective on the inactivation of E. coli and P. aeruginosa in humic waters, whereas it induced little or no apparent contribution to the disinfection efficiency of B. subtilis spores.
Numerical Modeling of Seismic-induced Soil Response Around Submarine Pipeline
Authors: L. Zhang X. , S. Jeng D.
Published: November 2012

Seismic-induced pore pressure and effective stresses in the saturated porous seabed under seismic loading are the main factors that govern the overall stability of submarine pipelines. In most of the previous investigations for the seismic-induced dynamic response around a submarine pipeline have been limited to two-dimension cases. In this paper, a three-dimensional finite element model including buried pipeline is established by extending DYNE3WAC. Based on the numerical model presented, the effects of pipeline geometry and soil characteristics on the seismic-induced pore pressure of the seabed and internal stresses of submarine pipeline will be discussed in detail.
Waterpipe Smoking and Dependence are Associated with Chronic
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Case-Control Study
Authors: Salameh P. , Waked M. , Khayat G. , Dramaix M.
Published: November 2012

Introduction:

Waterpipe smoking gained popularity during recent years. Although waterpipe smoking exposes
people to the same noxious substances found in cigarettes, popular belief considers it harmless. Our objective was to
evaluate the association between waterpipe smoking and dependence, and COPD.

Methods:

We conducted a case-control study in two tertiary care hospitals. Cases were included if diagnosed as COPD by
a pulmonologist and confirmed by post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC<0.7; controls were included if free of any respiratory
disease or symptom. After oral consent, a standardized questionnaire was administered and spirometry results were
collected.

Results:

211 COPD cases and 527 controls were studied. In previous smokers, any smoking type was associated with
COPD. The ORs were 29.0[14.3-58.8] (p<0.001) for previous cigarette smoking, 11.7[4.4-31.2] (p<0.001) for previous
waterpipe smoking, and 44.1[16.3-4.4] (p<0.001) for previous mixed smoking. In current smokers, the ORs were
20.5[10.2-41.2] (p<0.001) for cigarette smoking, 1.8[0.5-5.9] (p=0.299) for waterpipe smoking, and 9.4[3.81-23.0]
(p<0.001) for mixed smoking. Nevertheless, we found in waterpipe current smokers, an OR=8.9[3.9-20.7] (p<0.001) for
the association between dependence evaluated by LWDS-11 scale, and COPD. These results were confirmed by stratified
and multivariate analysis, after adjustment for cigarette smoking and confounding variables. A cumulative smoking of one
waterpipe per week for 20years (or its equivalent) was predictive of higher risk of COPD.

Discussion:

Whereas evidence showing harmful effects of waterpipe smoking is sparse, this study showed a high OR
between the risk of developing COPD and being an ex-smoker of waterpipe, or a current waterpipe dependent individual.
Additional studies are necessary to confirm our results.
Fifty years of the spectrum problem: survey and new results
Authors: Durand Arnaud , Jones Neil D. , Makowsky Johann A. , More Malika
Published: November 2012

In 1952, Heinrich Scholz published a question in The Journal of Symbolic Logic asking for a characterization of spectra, i.e., sets of natural numbers that are the cardinalities of finite models of first order sentences. Günter Asser in turn asked whether the complement of a spectrum is always a spectrum. These innocent questions turned out to be seminal for the development of finite model theory and descriptive complexity. In this paper we survey developments over the last 50-odd years pertaining to the spectrum problem. Our presentation follows conceptual developments rather than the chronological order. Originally a number theoretic problem, it has been approached by means of recursion theory, resource bounded complexity theory, classification by complexity of the defining sentences, and finally by means of structural graph theory. Although Scholz' question was answered in various ways, Asser's question remains open.
An Examination of the Legal Liability Associated with Outsourcing and Offshoring Audit Procedures
Authors: Lyubimov Alex , Arnold Vicky , Sutton Steve G.
Published: November 2012

Accounting firms have steadily increased the use of outsourcing and offshoring of professional services including independent audit procedures. While firms suggest that the work is of higher quality and similar litigation risk, questions remain as to whether public perceptions may be more negative. This paper examines liability associated with an audit failure when work is performed by another office of the same firm or outsourced to a separate firm, and whether the work is performed domestically or in another country. Results indicate main effects for outsourcing on compensatory damages and an interaction between outsourcing and offshoring on punitive damages. Surprisingly, jurors assess higher than expected litigation awards for a failure by another domestic office of the firm for punitive damages. This result suggests that the close proximity in terms of both geography and organizational distance of the domestic office of the firm leads jurors to find the audit failure less understandable. Post hoc analyses indicate that potential jurors perceive that work completed by another domestic office of the firm has the highest expected quality and lowest risk, while work that is outsourced offshore is expected to be lowest quality and highest risk—consistent with proximity theory.
Maxillary growth and maturation during infancy and early childhood
Authors: Laowansiri Utumporn , Behrents Rolf G. , Araujo Eustaquio , Oliver Donald R. , Buschang Peter H.
Published: November 2012

Objective:

To describe maxillary growth and maturation during infancy and early childhood.

Materials and Methods:

Serial cephalograms (N  =  210) of 30 subjects (15 females and 15 males) from the Bolton-Brush Growth Study were analyzed. Each subject had a series of six consecutive cephalograms taken between birth and 5 years of age, as well as one adult cephalogram. Twelve maxillary measurements (eight linear and four angular) and seven landmarks were used to characterize maxillary growth. Maturation of the linear measures was described as a percentage of adult status.

Results:

Maxillary and anterior cranial base size increased in both sexes between 0.4 and 5 years of age. The linear anteroposterior (AP) measures (S-SE, SE-N, ANS-PNS) increased almost as much as the vertical measures (S-PNS, SE-PNS, N-A, N-ANS) over the first 5 years. After 5 years of age there was significantly more vertical than AP growth. The size and shape changes that occurred were greatest between 0.4 and 1 years; yearly velocities decelerated regularly thereafter. Overall linear growth changes that occurred between 0.5 and 5 years of age (a span of 4.5 years) were generally greater than the changes in maxillary growth that occurred between 5 and 16 years (a span of 11 years). The linear measures showed a gradient of maturation, with the AP measures being more mature than the vertical measures. Male maxillae were less mature than female maxillae at every age.

Conclusions:

The maxilla undergoes its greatest postnatal growth change during infancy and early childhood, when relative AP growth and maturation are emphasized.
Introduction
Authors: Huck Christian
Published: November 2012

In his recent “manifesto” for future “mobility studies,” Stephen Greenblatt
demands that studies investigating mobility from a cultural perspective
should (a) make sure not to ignore mobility in the “literal sense,” that is, the
“physical, infrastructural, and institutional conditions of movement,” (b) pay
attention to “hidden” as well as “conspicuous” forms of movement, (c) look
at the “contact zones” of cultural transfer, (d) consider the “tension between
individual agency and structural constraint” in these processes and, finally,
(e) not forget the “sensation” of “locality,” and the “allure” of “local cultures.”1
"Constantly in Motion
Authors: Felcht Frederike
Published: November 2012

In the nineteenth century, a significant change in the modern infrastructures of travel and communications took place. Hans Christian Andersen's (1805-1875) literary career reflected these developments. Social and geographical mobility influenced Andersen's aesthetic strategies and autobiographical concepts of identity. This article traces Andersen's movements toward success and investigates how concepts of identity are related to changes in the material world. The movements of the author and his texts set in motion processes of appropriation: on the one hand, Andersen's texts are evidence of the appropriation of ideas and the way they change by transgressing social spheres. On the other hand, his autobiographies and travelogues reflect how Andersen developed foreign markets by traveling and selling the story of a mobile life. Capturing foreign markets brought about translation and different appropriations of his texts, which the last part of this essay investigates.
Fatigue-Prone Details in Steel Bridges
Authors: Haghani Reza , Al-Emrani Mohammad , Heshmati Mohsen
Published: November 2012

This paper reviews the results of a comprehensive investigation including more than 100 fatigue damage cases, reported for steel and composite bridges. The damage cases are categorized according to types of detail. The mechanisms behind fatigue damage in each category are identified and studied. It was found that more than 90% of all reported damage cases are of deformation-induced type and generated by some kind of unintentional or otherwise overlooked interaction between different load-carrying members or systems in the bridge. Poor detailing, with unstiffened gaps and abrupt changes in stiffness at the connections between different members were also found to contribute to fatigue cracking in many details.
Adaptation of Land-Use Demands to the Impact of Climate Change on the Hydrological Processes of an Urbanized Watershed
Authors: Lin Yu-Pin , Hong Nien-Ming , Chiang Li-Chi , Liu Yen-Lan , Chu Hone-Jay
Published: November 2012

The adaptation of land-use patterns is an essential aspect of minimizing the inevitable impact of climate change at regional and local scales; for example, adapting watershed land-use patterns to mitigate the impact of climate change on a region’s hydrology. The objective of this study is to simulate and assess a region’s ability to adapt to hydrological changes by modifying land-use patterns in the Wu-Du watershed in northern Taiwan. A hydrological GWLF (Generalized Watershed Loading Functions) model is used to simulate three hydrological components, namely, runoff, groundwater and streamflow, based on various land-use scenarios under six global climate models. The land-use allocations are simulated by the CLUE-s model for the various development scenarios. The simulation results show that runoff and streamflow are strongly related to the precipitation levels predicted by different global climate models for the wet and dry seasons, but groundwater cycles are more related to land-use. The effects of climate change on groundwater and runoff can be mitigated by modifying current land-use patterns; and slowing the rate of urbanization would also reduce the impact of climate change on hydrological components. Thus, land-use adaptation on a local/regional scale provides an alternative way to reduce the impacts of global climate change on local hydrology.
Suicidal Expression among School-Attending Adolescents in a Middle-Income Sub-Saharan Country
Authors: Wilson Michael , Dunlavy Andrea , Viswanathan Bharathi , Bovet Pascal
Published: November 2012

We investigated correlates for suicidal expression among adolescents in the Seychelles. Data on 1,432 students (52% females) were derived from the Global School-based Health Survey. Participants were divided into three groups: those with no suicidal behavior (N = 1,199); those with suicide ideation/SI (N = 89); and those reporting SI with a plan to carry out a suicide attempt/SISP (N = 139), each within a 12-month recall period. Using multinomial logistic regression, we examined the strength of associations with social, behavioral and economic indicators while adjusting for covariates. Sixteen percent of school-attending adolescents reported a suicidal expression (10% with a plan/6.2% without). Those reporting SI were younger (relative risk ratio RRR = 0.81; CI = 0.68–0.96), indicated signs of depression (RRR = 1.69; CI = 1.05–2.72) and loneliness (RRR=3.36; CI =1.93–5.84). Tobacco use (RRR = 2.34; CI = 1.32–4.12) and not having close friends (RRR = 3.32; CI = 1.54–7.15) were significantly associated with SI. Those with SISP were more likely to be female (RRR = 0.47; 0.30–0.74), anxious (RRR = 3.04; CI = 1.89–4.88) and lonely (RRR = 1.74; CI = 1.07–2.84). Having no close friends (RRR = 2.98; 1.56–5.69) and using tobacco (RRR = 2.41; 1.48–3.91) were also strongly associated. Having parents who were understanding was protective (RRR = 0.50; CI = 0.31–0.82). Our results suggest that school health promotion programs may benefit from targeting multiple factors associated with suicidal expression. More research, particularly multilevel designs are needed to identify peer and family influences which may modify associations with suicidality.
Phosphatidylethanol in Blood as a Marker of Chronic Alcohol Use: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Viel Guido , Boscolo-Berto Rafael , Cecchetto Giovanni , Fais Paolo , Nalesso Alessandro , Ferrara Santo
Published: November 2012

The present paper aims at a systematic review of the current knowledge on phosphatidylethanol (PEth) in blood as a direct marker of chronic alcohol use and abuse. In March 2012, the search through “MeSH” and “free-text” protocols in the databases Medline/PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, and Ovid/Embase, combining the terms phosphatidylethanol and alcohol, provided 444 records, 58 of which fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were used to summarize the current evidence on the formation, distribution and degradation of PEth in human blood: (1), the presence and distribution of different PEth molecular species (2), the most diffused analytical methods devoted to PEth identification and quantization (3), the clinical efficiency of total PEth quantification as a marker of chronic excessive drinking (4), and the potential utility of this marker for identifying binge drinking behaviors (5). Twelve papers were included in the meta-analysis and the mean (M) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of total PEth concentrations in social drinkers (DAI ≤ 60 g/die; M = 0.288 µM; CI 0.208–0.367 µM) and heavy drinkers (DAI > 60 g/die; M = 3.897 µM; CI 2.404–5.391 µM) were calculated. The present analysis demonstrates a good clinical efficiency of PEth for detecting chronic heavy drinking.
Influence of Chemical Extraction on Rheological Behavior, Viscoelastic Properties and Functional Characteristics of Natural Heteropolysaccharide/Protein Polymer from Durio zibethinus Seed
Authors: Amid Bahareh , Mirhosseini Hamed
Published: November 2012

In recent years, the demand for a natural plant-based polymer with potential functions from plant sources has increased considerably. The main objective of the current study was to study the effect of chemical extraction conditions on the rheological and functional properties of the heteropolysaccharide/protein biopolymer from durian (Durio zibethinus) seed. The efficiency of different extraction conditions was determined by assessing the extraction yield, protein content, solubility, rheological properties and viscoelastic behavior of the natural polymer from durian seed. The present study revealed that the soaking process had a more significant (p < 0.05) effect than the decolorizing process on the rheological and functional properties of the natural polymer. The considerable changes in the rheological and functional properties of the natural polymer could be due to the significant (p < 0.05) effect of the chemical extraction variables on the protein fraction present in the molecular structure of the natural polymer from durian seed. The natural polymer from durian seed had a more elastic (or gel like) behavior compared to the viscous (liquid like) behavior at low frequency. The present study revealed that the natural heteropolysaccharide/protein polymer from durian seed had a relatively low solubility ranging from 9.1% to 36.0%. This might be due to the presence of impurities, insoluble matter and large particles present in the chemical structure of the natural polymer from durian seed.
NADPH Oxidase-Derived Reactive Oxygen Species Are Involved in the HL-60 Cell Monocytic Differentiation Induced by Isoliquiritigenin
Authors: Chen Hongmei , Zhang Bo , Yao Ying , Chen Na , Chen Xiaoyu , Tian Hui , Wang Zhenhua , Zheng Qiusheng
Published: November 2012

The present study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that NADPH oxidase-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in isoliquiritigenin (ISL)-induced monocytic differentiation in human acute promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells. Morphological changes, cell surface markers CD11b/CD14 and NBT-reducing ability were used to determine the differentiation of HL-60 cells, and 2,7-dichlorofluorescein (DCFH-DA) was used to detect the level of intracellular ROS. ISL-induced HL-60 cell differentiation was accompanied by an increase in the intracellular ROS levels. l-Buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine (BSO), N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinoxyl (Tempol) were used to interfere with ROS production. NADPH oxidase inhibitors, apocynin (APO) and diphenyleneiodonium (DPI) were used to study the role of NADPH oxidase in ISL-induced HL-60 cell differentiation. The ISL-induced HL-60 cell differentiation and intracellular ROS generation were enhanced by the oxidant BSO and inhibited by the antioxidants NAC, SOD, and tempol, and were also inhibited by the NADPH oxidase inhibitors APO and DPI. The protein and mRNA expression of the NADPH oxidase subunits gp91phox and p47phox were determined by Western blotting and RT-PCR, respectively. The levels of translation and transcription of the NADPH oxidase subunits gp91phox and p47phox increased markedly in a concentration-dependent manner. These findings suggest that NADPH oxidase plays a critical role in HL-60 cell differentiation induced by ISL and that NADPH oxidase-derived ROS is involved in the differentiation mechanism.
Wild Argentinian Amaryllidaceae, a New Renewable Source of the Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor Galanthamine and Other Alkaloids
Authors: Ortiz Javier , Berkov Strahil , Pigni Natalia , Theoduloz Cristina , Roitman German , Tapia Alejandro , Bastida Jaume , Feresin Gabriela
Published: November 2012

The Amaryllidaceae family is well known for its pharmacologically active alkaloids. An important approach to treat Alzheimer’s disease involves the inhibition of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Galanthamine, an Amaryllidaceae alkaloid, is an effective, selective, reversible, and competitive AchE inhibitor. This work was aimed at studying the alkaloid composition of four wild Argentinian Amarillydaceae species for the first time, as well as analyzing their inhibitory activity on acetylcholinesterase. Alkaloid content was characterized by means of GC-MS analysis. Chloroform basic extracts from Habranthus jamesonii, Phycella herbertiana, Rhodophiala mendocina and Zephyranthes filifolia collected in the Argentinian Andean region all contained galanthamine, and showed a strong AChE inhibitory activity (IC50 between 1.2 and 2 µg/mL). To our knowledge, no previous reports on alkaloid profiles and AChEIs activity of wild Argentinian Amarillydaceae species have been publisihed. The demand for renewable sources of industrial products like galanthamine and the need to protect plant biodiversity creates an opportunity for Argentinian farmers to produce such crops.
Advancing Social Sustainability in Film Tourism
Authors: Buchmann Anne
Published: November 2012

Film tourism research has produced numerous case studies but little theoretical development. As an example, many film tourism studies report social impacts and further sustainability issues in a trend mirroring the wider tourism literature. This article presents a theoretical approach
analyzing the potential and realization of sustainable film tourism. It introduces the notions of social sustainability and discusses its adaptation, concentrating on the case studies of Whale Rider and Lord of the Rings tourism. For this, the study also refers to literature
and previous case studies into organizations demonstrating sustainable vision and/or behavior in the contemporary New Zealand film tourism industry. The article argues the need to adapt currently existing frameworks to film tourism theory and practice.
Le haut-commandement allemand et les chars d'assaut en 1916-1918 : incompréhension ou impasse délibérée ?
Authors: Médard Frédéric
Published: November 2012

Résumé Au lendemain de la Première Guerre mondiale, les Alliés ont unanimement conclu que les chars d’assaut leur avaient donné la victoire alors que le haut commandement allemand n’avait pas perçu le potentiel offensif de ce nouveau matériel. En fait, lorsque les « cuirassés terrestres » sont apparus sur le champ de bataille en septembre 1916, ces engins n’étaient pas de nature à servir les buts de guerre de Berlin. Encerclée et soumise au blocus de l’Entente, ne plaçant désormais ses espoirs que dans une paix négociée, l’Allemagne mobilise plutôt l’acier disponible pour construire des sous-marins destinés à couper les voies de ravitaillement maritimes de ses ennemis. Mais prenant la mesure du danger que constituent les « tanks » sur le champ de bataille, les armées impériales réemploient ceux qu’elles ont capturés. Surtout, elles développent une gamme d’armes antichars et élaborent des tactiques d’emploi, tout en s’essayant à la mise au point d’un modèle introduisant des innovations originales.
Les anarchistes et la guerre d'Espagne : apports nouveaux
Authors: Pike David Wingeate
Published: November 2012

Résumé Guerre sans pareille, celle d’Espagne, car unique parmi les conflits : pour la première fois dans une guerre, la gamme entière de l’idéologie politique fut représentée. L’auteur présente d’abord la partie d’extrême gauche de la gamme : à la gauche du petit Parti communiste (PCE, stalinien) se trouvent ses rivaux partis communistes implacables, et encore plus à gauche cette masse énorme des anarchistes qui avaient fait de Barcelone la capitale mondiale du mouvement libertaire. Dans leurs rangs, des nihilistes, certes. Mais aussi des personnes de grande valeur, tels Montseny, García Oliver, Abad de Santillán, Durutti, Berneri. L’ironie du sort voulut que quatre anarchistes acceptent d’occuper des postes au gouvernement républicain ; ce faisant, ils devaient faire face plus tard aux vives critiques de leurs condisciples. Plaider auprès des anarchistes l’obligation de la discipline, c’était pour un leader anarchiste la tâche sublime, mais comment faire la guerre sans accepter la discipline ? Les anarchistes devaient affronter, en même temps, les fascistes en face et les staliniens à leur côté, les deux camps cherchant également leur perte. Si les staliniens triomphaient sur les anarchistes, aux jours de mai 1937, en rejouant à Barcelone le massacre de Kronstadt de 1917, leur triomphe leur coûterait cher, car il gravait, chez des millions d’hommes et de femmes de gauche autour du monde, haine et mépris pour Staline et pour ceux qui travaillaient pour lui.
« Saturer les esprits » Việt Cộng par la propagande : l'incitation à la défection dans le programme Chiêu Hồi
Authors: Rapin Ami-Jacques
Published: November 2012

Résumé Lancé en 1963 par le président Ngô Ðình Di?m, le programme chiêu h?i visait à susciter des défections dans les rangs Viêt c?ng. Sa première phase, dite de persuasion, consistait en un intense effort de propagande réalisé par le largage de milliards de tracts, la diffusion de messages par haut-parleur aérien, l’affichage de banderoles ou de posters et plus généralement l’utilisation de tous les canaux de communication possibles. S’y ajoutait le déploiement d’unités de propagande armées, composées d’anciens Viêt c?ng, chargées de plus particulièrement cibler les groupes prioritairement visés par les messages du programme. Le programme chiêu h?i fut la plus massive des opérations psychologiques conduites lors de la guerre du Vietnam et sans doute la plus importante des actions de guerre psychologique de l’histoire.
La part du national. Comparer des politiques infranationales dans un environnement multi-niveaux
Authors: Pollard Julie , Prat Pauline
Published: November 2012

Résumé Si des enjeux, des configurations d’acteurs, ou la définition de certains problems peuvent être propres au niveau local, ceux-ci sont fréquemment influencés par des paramètres définis à d’autres niveaux de gouvernement. En particulier, il est nécessaire que les dispositifs de recherche centrés sur la comparaison de politiques infranationales abordent directement la question de l’intégration et de l’impact du cadre national. Comment faire la part du national dans les comparaisons de politiques infranationales ? À partir d’un ensemble de travaux de sociologie de l’action publique, cet article montre que dominent deux manières d’articuler national et infranational. Certains travaux privilégient le niveau national, et prennent en compte ce qui se joue à d’autres niveaux pour observer des déclinaisons ou des réappropriations de politiques mises en place au niveau national. D’autres travaux, en particulier la littérature centrée sur la gouvernance territoriale ou urbaine, accordent un primat au local tout en prenant acte de la multiplication des niveaux de gouvernement. Enfin, l’accent est placé sur les tentatives visant à concilier ces perspectives. À l’appui de nos propres travaux, nous montrons comment des approches centrées sur les acteurs permettent d’ouvrir des pistes stimulantes pour articuler plusieurs niveaux d’analyse.
Comparer les espaces régionaux : stratégie de recherche et mise à distance du nationalisme méthodologique
Authors: Pasquier Romain
Published: November 2012

Résumé Comment construire un cadre analytique comparatif ? Quelles stratégies empiriques le chercheur doit-il ensuite déployer dans la collecte des données ? Cet article cherche à apporter des éléments de réponse à partir d’expériences variées de comparaison sur les régions en Europe. Le premier défi est de penser l’espace regional en tant qu’unité d’analyse du changement politique afin de mettre à distance le nationalisme méthodologique et, ainsi, rendre possible la comparaison entre les régions et leurs différentes les traditions politiques, les valeurs sociales ou cultures. Cela suppose donc de considérer le territoire non pas comme un simple receptacle de dynamiques exogènes, mais comme un espace institutionnalisé, producteur de logiques autonomes de pouvoir. Le second défi consiste à mettre au service de la démonstration un matériau empirique riche et varié dans le but de construire un point de vue original et argumenté sur le phénomène étudié. Ce traitement croisé de données qualitatives et quantitatives permet une densification de ce que l’on peut qualifier de faisceaux d’indice empirique. C’est en effet en collectant un large matériau empirique concordant que l’on peut être en mesure d’établir des relations de causalité entre les phénomènes étudiés et donc mieux appréhender et informer les paramètres du pouvoir regional
Le problème de l'interdépendance dans la comparaison des politiques publiques infranationales : une méta-analyse des mécanismes de diffusion
Authors: Maggetti Martino
Published: November 2012

Résumé Un des problèmes majeurs de la méthode comparative, et notamment de la comparaison entre politiques publiques infranationales, est le fait que les phénomènes à comparer, au lieu de consister en unités analytiques indépendantes les unes des autres, sont au contraire susceptibles de s’influencer mutuellement. Cette contribution aborde la problématique de l’interdépendance, avec une attention particulière aux différences entre politiques publiques internationales et infranationales. Elle synthétisera et discutera les apports des travaux empiriques sur la diffusion, à travers une métaanalyse des « conditions nécessaires » pour les différents mécanismes de diffusion des politiques publiques. Dans ce but, elle analysera, un échantillon de la littérature scientifique avec la technique des ensembles flous, et illustré à l’aide d’exemples concrets.
Institutions autoritaires et corruption politique. L'Algerie et le Maroc en perspective comparée
Authors: Hachemaoui Mohammed
Published: November 2012

Résumé Si la science politique enregistre depuis ces deux dernières décennies d’appréciables avancées dans la compréhension du phénomène de la corruption, son application au monde arabe reste en revanche bien à la traîne. Cet article ambitionne de comparer la corruption systémique dans les deux sous-types dominants d’autoritarisme dans la région: les régimes prétorien en Algérie et monarchique au Maroc. Le texte, partant des dissemblances existant entre les communautés politiques de ces deux pays, entend démontrer ce qui suit : 1) la corruption politique s’est posée dès les fondations institutionnelles des régimes comme le pendant de l’ordre autoritaire ; 2) contractés dans des « situations critiques », les arrangements institutionnels sous-jacents à l’autoritarisme et à la corruption structurent l’organisation de l’état et de l’économie politique par-delà les métamorphoses formelles et discursives du système politique ; 3) les trajets institutionnels façonnés depuis les fondations étant très difficiles à changer, les réformes promises par les élites dirigeantes au lendemain des soulèvements populaires survenus dans la région depuis 2011 seront jugées à l’aune du démantèlement des accommodements institutionnels liant institutions politiques et corruption systémique.
Innovation projects and visions on the future: ambition and commitment in the Agropark case
Authors: Hoes Anne-Charlotte , Regeer Barbara J. , Zweekhorst Marjolein B.M.
Published: November 2012

Since the 1980s, Dutch agricultural policy focuses on changing the agricultural sector into a more sustainable sector. In this article we explore an Agropark visioning initiative and four Agropark innovation projects to provide further understanding in how visions on the future influence innovation projects. In addition we question which innovation strategies actors adopt to ensure both high levels of ambition and high degrees of commitment towards the innovation Agropark. Our study shows that future visions can lead to high expectation within the policy and public domain which creates both opportunities and tensions for innovation projects. Furthermore, the analysis shows that each Agropark innovation project applied specific innovation strategies that suited their distinct context and network of actors. Furthermore, actors within the innovation projects contextualise and thereby re-design future visions into local visions. They thus create a more viable design but at the same time dilute initial ambitions. Recognising these tensions and opportunities in their different guises, and making them part of the learning process time and again, both at regime level and at niche level, assist actors that aspire to guide far-reaching innovations.
Characteristic SD-OCT Findings in Preeclampsia
Authors: Pastore Marco R. , De Benedetto Umberto , Gagliardi Marco , Pierro Luisa
Published: November 2012

High-resolution spectral-domain optical coherence tomography of a patient affected by acute macular edema secondary to preeclampsia is described. The particular optical coherence tomography pattern was characterized by bilateral macular edema with a tent-shaped organization, associated with massive neurosensorial retinal detachment. Many hyperreflective irregular dots were evident in the context of a subfoveal clear cystic lesion. A different hyperreflective irregularity was detected in the retinal pigment epithelium. The central role of spectral-domain optical coherence tomography among instrumental imaging procedures and for final successful diagnosis in this particular macular edema is emphasized.
Architectural Analysis of Clear Corneal Incision Techniques in Cataract Surgery Using Fourier-Domain OCT
Authors: Teixeira Anderson , Salaroli Camila , Filho Flavio Rezende , Pinto Francisco Teixeira , Souza Nonato , Sousa Benedito Antonio , Allemann Norma
Published: November 2012

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:

To compare the architecture of single plane self-sealing clear corneal incision (SP-CCI) and shallow grooved self-sealing clear corneal incision (SG-CCI) after cataract surgery using Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography (FD-OCT).

PATIENTS AND METHODS:

An FD-OCT system with a corneal adaptor module was used to image the corneal incisions in radial sections in 44 eyes. A line scan pattern was used to measure the corneal incision, positioning the caliper mark perpendicular to the limbus. Measurements were performed immediately after cataract surgery and at postoperative days 1, 7, and 30. Incisions were analyzed regarding length, location, angle, architecture, and anatomic imperfections.

RESULTS:

All incisions were located superiorly (temporal, 24 eyes; nasal, 20 eyes). The mean SG-CCI length (20 eyes) was 1.79 ± 0.31 mm (range: 0.93–2.64 mm) and the mean incision angle was 37 ± 7 degrees (range: 24–34 degrees). The mean SP-CCI length (22 eyes) was 1.64 ± 0.22 mm (range: 1.25–2.36 mm) and the mean incision angle was 38.5 ± 5 degrees (range: 27–52 degrees) (
P
< .05). Anatomic imperfections were observed at postoperative day 1 in 19 eyes for SP-CCI and 14 eyes for SG-CCI. No patient presented endophthalmitis during 30 days of follow-up.

CONCLUSION:

Epithelial imperfection at the corneal incision site was observed in more than 36% of the wounds (36% in SP-CCI and 45% in SG-CCI) at postoperative day 1 with spontaneous resolution. SG-CCI had the greatest length and lowest angle of corneal incision. Reduced incision length and inappropriate construction may determine risk factors for wound architectural imperfections. Further studies including more patients with an architectural analysis of clear corneal incisions are needed to confirm these preliminary results.
A Qualitative Analysis of Life Course Adjustment to Multiple Morbidity and Disability
Authors: Harrison Tracie , Taylor Jessica , Fredland Nina , Stuifbergen Alexa , Walker Janiece , Choban Robin
Published: November 2012

The accumulation of limitations over the life course requires that women readapt to environmental barriers they encounter over time. The purpose of this qualitative case study was to detail the life experiences associated with living with mobility, cognitive, and sensory loss experienced by a woman and her sister who participated in an ongoing ethnographic study of mobility impairment in women. In-depth interviews were subjected to thematic, life course analysis. A family case study was interpreted as an exemplar for aging with early-onset disability into multiple morbidity, which was described as a series of loss, recovery, and reengagement. Within the case study, the participant suggested that because her functional limitations were not accommodated earlier in life due to societal and family-level disadvantage, these limitations were more difficult to adjust to in later years.
Remote Laboratory Collaboration Plan in Communications Engineering
Authors: Abu-aisheh Akram Ahmad , Eppes Tom
Published: November 2012

Communications laboratories for electrical engineering undergraduates typically require that students perform practical experiments and document findings as part of their knowledge and skills development. Laboratory experiments are usally designed to support and reinforce theories presented in the classroom and foster independent thinking; however, the capital cost of equipment needed to sustain a viable laboratory environment is large and ongoing maintenance is an annual expense. Consequently, there is a need to identify and validate more economic solutions for engineering laboratories. This paper presents a remote laboratory collaboration plan for use in an elctrical engineering communications course.
MVâ??SYDIME : A Virtual Patient for Medical Diagnosis Apprenticeship
Authors: Batchakui Bernabé , Monthe Valery , Tangha Claude
Published: November 2012

Shortage of medical personnel and the existence of inexperienced ones, are frequently the causes of false diagnosis, and call for a reflection on the methods of training of the later. One of the solutions might be the application of new technologies in the training of medical students, in order to counter the shortage of experts as well as training conditions which are usually inadequate (no patients available for practice). The aim of this paper is to propose a virtual patient, on which an expert can formulate pathology, and hand this patient to a learner for exercises on medical diagnostics.
Posthuman Literacies?
Authors: Gourlay Lesley
Published: November 2012

Social media and mobile technologies have introduced new means of networking, particularly in affluent post-industrial societies. However, the centrality of communication to these technologies is not always acknowledged. Drawing on the perspective of New Literacy Studies (e.g. Barton 2001), this chapter examines digital media from the point of view of meaning making, discussing the complex ways in which multimodal semiotic resources are used in creating and maintaining digital identities. It argues that the use of these resources engages the subject in hybridity across digital, analogue, and embodied practice. The notion of “posthuman literacies” is proposed, drawing on Haraway’s notion of the cyborg (1991) and Hayles’ examinations of the posthuman (1999, 2006), examining meaning making in a context where the boundaries between analogue and digital, “human” and “machine” are disrupted, blurred, and ideologically freighted. It concludes with a discussion of how this analysis might apply to the context of higher education.
Managing Social Reputation in Twitter
Authors: Preussler Annabell , Kerres Michael
Published: November 2012

Online communities, like Twitter, attract thousands of users worldwide spending hours communicating with others via the Internet. Most platforms offer mechanisms that show the ‘rank’ or ‘social reputation’ users have gained within the social community the platform establishes. This chapter analyses the motivation of users to engage intensively from a social psychological perspective and follows the hypotheses that these status information function as a highly effective reward mechanism. The chapter describes the results of a survey that has been conducted with users of Twitter in order to find out how important it is for users to gain ‘followers’. The chapter outlines a theoretical construct that explains why users try to gain social reputation in different virtual worlds. For this, a typology of virtual worlds has been developed based on possible spill-over effects of social reputation that can be gained in virtual and real worlds.
This Is Me
Authors: Williams Shirley , Fleming Sarah , Lundqvist Karsten , Parslow Pat
Published: November 2012

The chapter reports on the ‘This Is Me’ project, which aimed to help students and the wider public to be aware of the impact that online material has on their identity and reputation. The chapter explores practical aspects of Digital Identity, relating to issues such as employability, relationships, and even death. For example, understanding the impact a photograph posted on a social networking website might have for different groups of people, ranging from friends or parents to future employers. As part of the ‘This is Me’ project, stories were collected from students and others about Digital Identity matters, a grounded methodological approach based on action research was used to establish issues related to Digital Identity particularly relevant to those in academia. Drawing from these issues, resources were developed to help inform and educate people about how they can understand and control their own Digital Identity. A number of these resources are presented here, along with reflections on how they are used and can be adapted.
Higher Education Institutions and Digital Identity
Authors: Aresta Mónica , Santos Carlos , Pedro Luís , Moreira António
Published: November 2012

This chapter addresses the concepts of social software, digital identity, learning, and education and how they feed into SAPO Campus, an institutionally supported Personal Learning Environment that provides its users with a high level of freedom in the use of Web 2.0 services. Depicted as a social media platform for Higher Education, the SAPO Campus project is described in its various facets, services, and relationships with other entities, making a case for user-generated content production and aggregation for use in Higher Education. It also debates the ever increasing demand for the inception of institutional tools that are especially designed to support the construction of the digital identities of its members, letting go of the stubborn molding features offered centrally – disregarding its user’s presence in communities and/or services that are outside its influence – but that still are at the core of each and every academia member’s digital life.
Digital Library
Authors: Rajput P. S.
Published: November 2012

The perception of library is undergoing a drastic alteration due to the impact of information communication technologies. Gone are the days when libraries had only printed collections. The emerging technologies have compelled libraries to digitize information. The advent of the Internet has radically changed the form of library classification and cataloging. The present chapter aims to solicit the definition of digital library, meaning, and complete process for creating a well-designed digital library. It highlights the challenges encountered in the process of creating and developing a digital library. It also discusses major and minor issues that need to be given serious thought in the process of digitizing libraries.