bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Consumers’ purchase decision based on intrinsic and extrinsic factors related to food safety issues: A review
Authors: Suhaimi A , Othman A A , Sundram V P K , Ghazali A F
Published: May 2021

Food Safety issues have been arising around the world and have led to many adversarial effects to consumers. Purchasing decisions has become more complex as it is impacted by many intrinsic and extrinsic factors that triggered changes in consumers’ behaviour. Few reviews have been conducted on the intrinsic and extrinsic factors related to food safety on consumers’ purchasing decisions. According to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA Statement) procedure and Web of Science (WoS) as the main database, 25 related studies were identified. Furthermore, these articles resulted with two main types of consumers’ purchasing decisions that lead towards consumer satisfaction which are willingness-to-pay and purchasing intention. These two themes were further analysed to identify food safety factors which produce several intrinsic and extrinsic factors including consumers’ characteristics, role of media, product characteristic, credence attributes and supply chain actors. Several recommendations are suggested for future in qualitative and quantitative studies, to produce a standard methodology for review in research synthesis in the context of consumers’ purchasing decision and food safety such as tracking of citation and reference searching techniques.
Poverty of Malaysian rice farmers in a changing climate - An empirical investigation in Kedah, Malaysia
Authors: Afroz R , Muhibbullah M , Rahman M Z
Published: May 2021

This research aims to assess the economic impact of climate change on the poverty of rice farmers in Kedah. A personal interview was conducted in a sample of 400 farm households in Kedah, Malaysia. To achieve the goal of the analysis, a logit model was used. The findings indicate that education and non-farm have major positive effect on the probability of being poor for the rice farmers. For Malaysian policymakers, the evidence from this study may be useful in promoting greater preventive measures during the key and off-seasons to counteract climate instability and vulnerability.
Plant parts and preparation of edible plants by indigenous Sama-Bajau and Dusun people in Kota Belud, Sabah
Authors: Awang-Kanak F
Published: May 2021

This work presents plant parts and preparation of edible plants by indigenous Sama-Bajau and Dusun people in Kota Belud district, Sabah. A total of ten plant parts were used for the food plants by indigenous Sama-Bajau in Usukan, Kota Belud, Sabah. The most used part of plants is leaves (29.6%), followed by fruit (20.4%) and young leaves (14.8%). Meanwhile, a total of seven plant parts were used for traditional vegetables by indigenous Dusun people from the same district. The most used part of plants by Dusun people in Kadamaian, Kota Belud are leaves (48.1%), tuber (14.8%), stem (14.8%) and fruit (11.1%). There are five types of preparation for plants that were consumed as traditional vegetable; eaten fresh, blanched, boiled, grilled, and stir fry. The findings could provide the baseline data of Dusun and Sama-Bajau sustainable usage of plant resources that are readily available from their surroundings. A study on traditional knowledge on uses of wild edibles and food plants is a necessity to preserve the knowledge and extend the application of its beneficial properties for future ethnopharmacological related research.
Effects of substituting Leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala) as roughage source on digestibility, blood metabolites and ruminal fermentation in growing goat
Authors: Semae S
Published: May 2021

This study aimed to assess the effects of three levels of inclusion (0, 50, and 100%) of Leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala) as roughage sources on growing goats. Feed nutrient digestibility, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), blood glucose (BG), and ammonia nitrogen concentration (NH3-N) of goats were measured. The results showed that the control and the 50% Leucaena in roughage groups had higher DM, OM, NDF, and ADF digestibility than the 100% Leucaena group. The digestibility of CP in goats fed with 50 and 100% of Leucaena in roughage was significantly (P<0.05) higher than goats in the control group. The values of pH, NH3-N, and BG of all treatments were not significantly different. The ruminal NH3-N concentration did was not changed with different proportions of Leucaena leaf, ranged between 24.98-26.52 mg/dL. The BUN and BG concentrations in this trial were within the physiological range of goats. Results of this study concluded that substitution of grass by Leucaena up to 50% enhanced DM, CP and fiber digestibility but total substitution reduced nutrient digestibility (except CP). However, substitution at both levels did not affect blood metabolites and ruminal fermentation of growing goat.
Participation towards Agro-Entrepreneur among RISDA rubber smallholders in Kelantan
Authors: Rosli Fazidah , Abu Bakar Tengku Halimatu Sa’adiah T , Tengku Yusman Azizi Tengku Nur Husna Bt , Hamzah Nur Masriyah , Young Liew Jeng , Mahshar Munirah
Published: May 2021

As their income was under the poverty line income (PLI), most of the rubber smallholders were listed as hard-core poor with the average earning of below RM800 per month. Regarding this issue, the government and private sector have provided several entrepreneurial programs to improve their better lives but however the participation among rubber smallholders are still low according to RISDA report. Therefore, a study is conducted to evaluate the variables affecting the involvement of RISDA rubber smallholders in Kelantan in agro-entrepreneurship program. Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) used to observe attitudes towards people behaviour which is important to determine the factor of participation of rubber smallholders in agro-entrepreneurship program conducted. Attitudes influence behaviour by their impact on intentions while intentions and attitudes depend on the situation and person. Thus, TPB model on data derived from Kelantan rubber smallholders with independent variables such as attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioural regulation is applied. The questionnaires were distributed among 100 RISDA rubber smallholders using a simple random sampling technique and the data was analyzed using a descriptive and correlation analysis. Results have shown that the all factors influencing participation have high mean score and was significant to the participation towards agro-entrepreneurship program.
Levels of trace metals in edible fish species of Permanent Forest Reserve (PFR), Merapoh, Pahang: a threat to Batek tribe
Authors: Idris N S U , Rosman M A , Mohamed Ghani N , Jamain E R , Mukri I , Abdul Halim N S
Published: May 2021

Monitoring metals in fish can give concise information on the water quality status than only monitoring of sediments and water column. The evaluation of metals in the fish can be used as an indicator to know the metals transfer to the human body through fish consumption. This study was carried out to evaluate the distributions of metals elements (Ni, Cu, Zn, and Cd) in fish species Cyclocheilichthys apogon, Rasbora elegans, and Barbodes lateristriga sampled from two rivers in Permanent Forest Reserve, Merapoh, Pahang. Metal elements were analysed using atomic absorption spectrometry and consumption rates advisory were estimated to assess the safety of fish consumption within Batek tribe were estimated. In risk and safety assessment, the metal concentrations in the edible muscles of fish samples were found to be below the established limits (Malaysian Food Act, 1983), except for Zn and As. However, target hazard quotient (THQ) values suggested avoiding consumption of C.apogon from Sungai Jalang and Sungai Kalong to reduce the potential risk to Batek tribe as the values of arsenic and cadmium approached unity. It is suggested that Cd and As are the best describers in characterising the potential of C. apogon as a bioindicators of metal pollution in aquatic ecosystem.
Hybrid treatment of black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) as a sustainable and efficient protein source in poultry diets
Authors: Mohd Zuki N. A. , Ibrahim N. A. , Mat K. , Rusli N. D. , Harun H. C. , Mahmud M. , Samat N. , Al-Amsyar S. M.
Published: May 2021

The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential of BSFL meal protein hydrolysate as a sustainable alternative source of protein in poultry diets. Protein hydrolysis of BSFL meal was carried out by using sodium chloride (NaCl), potassium chloride (KCl), and Thermostable Alkaline Protease enzyme (TAPzyme) under mild conditions: moderate temperature of 50 °C and pH 9. A total of 8 treatments: 10% NaCl (T1); 10% KCl (T2); 10% TAPzyme (T3); 20% TAPzyme (T4); 10% NaCl and 10% TAPzyme (T5); 10% NaCl and 20% TAPzyme (T6); 10% KCl and 10% TAPzyme (T7); and, 10% KCl and 20% TAPzyme (T8) were performed to determine protein hydrolysate concentration (μg/mL), and percentage of protein concentration decreased (%) at the end of this research. The hybrid treatment, i.e., Treatment 6 (10% NaCl and 20% TAPzyme), had the lowest protein concentration and highest protein concentration decreased at 280.782 µg/mL and 49.20%, respectively. This result shows that salt and protease’s synergistic effect managed to hydrolysed BSFL protein into smaller peptides efficiently than salt and protease alone.
Effect of soaking time and fermentation on the nutrient and antinutrients composition of Canavalia ensiformis (Kacang Koro)
Authors: Ramli N A M , Chen Y H , Zin Z Mohd , Abdullah M A A , Rusli N D , Zainol M K
Published: May 2021

The increasing demand in developing countries for alternative protein sources, coupled with the relatively high cost of importing protein, has led to the search for alternatives, particularly for novel legumes native to the tropics.Canavalia ensiformisor Jack Bean (Kacang Koro) could provide adequate protein sources for human consumption if the presence of various antinutrients can be reduced. The most cost-effective processing technique for the detoxifying method is the soaking process. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effect on the nutritional, antinutritional and mineral content ofC. ensiformisof soaking time and fermentation. The samples were treated by soaking in 1% sodium bicarbonates (NaHCO3) solutions for 12 h, 24 h and 36 h (at chilled temperature, 10 °C) and fermented (40 °C). The treated samples were analysed for their proximate values and antinutrient factors (hydrogen cyanide (HCN), phytic acid, tannin, saponin and oxalate content). The results showed that proximate values were not significantly affected by soaking treatment and fermentation. After 36 h of soaking in 1% of NaHCO3solution, the HCN level inC. ensiformisand fermentation process, the HCN level to be reduced to 7.43 ± 0.76 mg/kg while phytic acid was reduced to 0.64±0.00, saponin to 1.27 ±0.01, tannins to 0.01± 0.001 and oxalate to 39.96 ± 5.85. These results suggest good prospects for substitutingC. ensiformisfor any existing protein source as the antinutrient factors could be reduced to an acceptable level. The soaking ofC. ensiformisin 1% NaHCO3coupled with fermentation would also allow the use ofC. ensiformisin food production.
Determinants of household’s intention of practicing sustainable food waste management in Malaysia
Authors: Wong K K S , Sharifuddin J , Nik Masdek N R , Wong W L , Lai K S
Published: May 2021

The issue of food waste continues to be a challenge especially when it comes to practicing sustainable food waste management in Malaysia. Much attention is needed to overcome the issue of food waste in order to make changes towards the current situation. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the factors related to the urban households’ intention towards sustainable food waste management in Malaysia. Data from 200 respondents was collected through an online survey using purposive sampling method. Thereafter, factor analysis was adopted to analyze the relationship between the factors influencing the intention of households to practice sustainable food waste management. Descriptive analysis showed that respondents from the survey had high intention of practicing sustainable food waste management and the majority of the respondents claimed that it would reduce environmental harm. Based on the factor analysis, the determinants related to the households’ intention of practicing sustainable food waste management were attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioural control, and intention of reducing food waste. To curb the growing issues of food waste, local authorities have implemented various strategies and campaigns to create awareness as well as ensuring practices to reduce local food waste, such as waste segregation laws, building anaerobic digesters for food courts, composting facilities, the MY Save Food initiative, and others. However, the efforts and the efficiency of the local authority to minimize local food waste are still under observation. Perhaps, all levels of the community should increase their cooperation to provide the drive towards a zero-food waste culture in Malaysia.
Indonesian food security during the Covid-19 pandemic
Authors: Suwardi
Published: May 2021

The World Food Organization (FAO) has warned of a potential food crisis during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic. In response to this problem, the Indonesian government has implemented various strategies to maintain food security in order to avoid a food crisis. Even though the national food stock is still considered safe, anticipation needs to be done for maintaining food security. Efforts have been made in the form of increasing food security at the household, local, and national levels. At the household level, the movement of homestead land use in villages with integrated farming and urban areas with urban farming has helped to increase food security. At the local level, local food development movements such as maize, cassava, sago, and tubers were carried out to reduce dependence on food supplies from other areas that were disrupted by distribution during the Covid-19 pandemic. At the national level, the government continues to develop food security through the development of Food Estate in Kalimantan and Sumatra. The strategy for achieving food security is carried out through massive short-, medium- and long-term movements. The impact of Covid-19 is not only on food security but also on community innovation and creations.
Species diversity of pteridophytes in oil palm plantations at Segamat, Johor
Authors: Saharizan N , Karim M F A , Madzri N H , Fikri N A , Adnan N S , Ali N B , Abas M A , Amaludin N A , Zakaria R
Published: May 2021

Species composition, diversity and richness of pteridophytes were observed in three oil palm plantations of different age and management histories at Segamat, Johor using random sampling method. A total of 3762 individuals of pteridophytes consisting of 32 species belonging to 13 families from 20 genera were identified and recorded. Family Polypodiaceae, genera Microsorum and family Davalliaceae, genera Davallia contributed to the highest richness of species and were commonly found within the study area. The diversity index represented by Shannon Index, H’, is 2.51 whereas the computed evenness index is 0.72 for the overall pteridophytes species indicating a relatively high species distribution within the monoculture system. The species richness in Kg. Sri Rahmat oil palm plantation was found higher than Kg. Logah and Felda Medoi oil palm plantation with 2.15, 2.10 and 2.09 respectively. From the total recorded species of pteridophytes, the highest diversity is observed at the Kg. Sri Rahmat (H’=2.07) followed by Kg. Logah (H’=1.81) and Felda Medoi (H’=1.79). At Kg. Sri Rahmat, the species evenness is nearly even (EH=0.73) whereas at Kg. Logah and Felda Medoi, the species evenness was less significant different (EH=0.66 and EH=0.65). The type of fertilizer used, frequency of herbicide application and pruning activity at Kg. Sri Rahmat could potentially affect the diversity of pteridophytes species in the plantation. This highlights the potential of oil palm plantations owned by smallholders as an ecosystem support for the diversity of pteridophytes species. However, this may vary with different plantation age and management history.
Anti-MRSA activity of ethyl acetate crude extract from endophytic fungus Ceratobasidium ramicola IBRLCM127 isolated from rhizome of Curcuma mangga Valeton & Zijp
Authors: Muazzam K A A R , Darah I
Published: May 2021

The study was conducted to investigate the effects of ethyl acetate crude extract of C. ramicola IBRLCM127, an endophytic fungus which was previously isolated from rhizome of C. mangga against a common human bacterial pathogen, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in order to develop a new MRSA treatmet. The efficiency of antimicrobial compounds in inhibiting or killing the bacterial cells was evaluated by adopting minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC). The effect of ethyl acetate crude extract on the growth profile of MRSA was examined using time-kill assay. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation was opted to investigate the ultrastructural effect of MRSA cells. The results revealed that fungal extract demonstrated a bactericidal effect on MRSA with the ratio of MBC/MIC was 1. Both MIC and MBC values of the extract were 0.5 mg/mL. The result obtained from the time-kill study disclosed that the bactericidal activity of fungal extract under investigation was both time and concentration-dependent. After 12 hours of exposure to the extract, the formation of cavities and a few cell debris can be observed on the bacterial cells, indicating the failure of cell wall and cell membrane to maintain their rigid structure due to the rupture caused by the extract. Prolonged exposure to the extract for up to 48 hours caused the bacterial cell wall to lyse and release its cytoplasmic content into the surrounding which led to cell death. Based on the SEM observation, the fungal ethyl acetate extract of C. ramicola IBRLCM127 exhibited a prominent anti-MRSA activity particularly against cell membrane of MRSA cells. This report was the first report concerning the antimicrobial potential of endophytic fungus C. ramicola recovered from local medicinal plant, C. mangga.
Elucidation of total phenolic content and antioxidant activity in medicinal Aroid, Alocasia longiloba Miq.
Authors: Nur-Izzati M , Arifullah M , Nazahatul A A , Klaiklay S , Chumkaew P , Norhazlini M Z , Abdulhafiz F , Zulhazman H
Published: May 2021

Alocasia longilobaMiq belongs to Araceae family, believed to have the medicinal potential. However, the scientific evidences on this plant were limited. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity of the different extracts (methanol, ethyl acetate and hexane) ofA. longilobaleaf blades. The TPC was investigated by Folin-Ciocalteu method and antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH scavenging assay. The results showed ethyl acetate extract had the highest content of phenolic with 46.013 mg GAE/g followed by methanol extract (32.936 mg GAE/g) and hexane extract (31.782 mg GAE/g). The hexane extract exhibited the highest DPPH antioxidant acitivity, followed by ethyl acetate and methanol with IC50values 2.519 µg/mL, 2.758 µg/mL and 9.542 µg/mL respectively. The results indicateA. longilobahas natural sources of antioxidant that can be used for the medicinal purposes.
Factors impinging fruit farmers adoption of organic farming practices in Johor, Malaysia
Authors: Abu Bakar T H S T , Shukri N A S M , Liew J Y , Zakaria S , Mahshar M , Rosli F
Published: May 2021

A Malaysia Organic (myOrganic) Program is being promoted in Malaysia as a strategy to raise small-scale producers’ income, protect the environment, and reduce food imports. However, from almost 144, 843 fruit farmers in Malaysia, only 63 farms received myOrganic certification. Unfortunately, Johor is the second-lowest state of myOrganic recipients even though they have the highest number of fruit farmers. Thus, this study aims to determine the factors impinging the organic farming practices adoption by fruits farmers in Johor, Malaysia. The quantitative research design was employed, and the questionnaire is structured based on a combination of Theory Planned Behavior (TPB) and Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). The probability sampling was employed by using simple random sampling technique that involved fruits farmers in Johor. SPSS version 25.0 had been used to analyse the data using descriptive analysis. Findings from this study showed moderate mean score for organic farming practices adoption (M= 2.597), perceived behavioural control (M=3.212) and perceived usefulness (M=3.499), while high mean score showed by attitude (M=3.711) and perceived ease of use (are M=3.860). This study is significant to the government, researchers and farmers to understand the factors and importance of organic farming practices adoption.
Study of microbial inoculants effect on the quality of corn stover silage planted in different areas in Kelantan
Authors: Mat K , Mahamad N , Rusli N D , Hasnita C H , Rahman M M , Al-Amsyar S M , Mahmud M
Published: May 2021

Corn stover silage serves as high-energy forage for the ruminant animal as it consists of a relatively high energy content, good digestibility and palatable. The microbial inoculants applied to silage will increase the good bacteria concentration, resulting in a higher lactic acid level, resulting in a quicker drop in the pH. The present study aimed to investigate microbial inoculants’ effects on the quality of corn stover silage planted in different areas in Kelantan. The samples of corn plant collected from PPK Tanah Merah and Agropark, UMK Jeli Campus. Each sample was treated with an effective microorganism (EM) as the treatment with the ratio used was 1: 1: 1»2: 4: 1, for molasses, salt, urea, water and EM. In contrast, the sample with no inoculation of EM served as the control. All samples were ensiled for 21 days to obtain complete fermentation. The chemical composition of the silage determined by proximate analysis. The pH value and physical characteristics of the silage were recorded. All collected data were subjected to analysis of variance. After 21 days, moisture (66.47% and 69.70%) and crude protein (13.8% and 21.2%) content were significantly higher (p<0.05) for both treatment samples from Agro Techno Park (AGPK) Universiti Malaysia Kelantan and Persatuan Peladang Kawasan (PPK), Jedok, Tanah Merah compared to the control. The results showed a significantly lower pH value (3.76 –3.81) (p<0.05) for samples treated with EM compared to control. All samples’ physical characteristics expressed a good ranging of quality silage as the texture was firm and not slimy with greenish-brown and yellowish-brown colour with a pleasant odour. There was no presence of mould observed for all samples except for control from AGPK. As a conclusion, the microbial inoculants applied to corn stover silage and fermented for 21 days had improved the moisture and crude protein content and decreased the contamination level, thus improved the quality of corn stover silage.
The potential of dairy farm development in Coastal Area, Bangka Botanical Garden, Pangkalpinang, Indonesia
Authors: Hendriyanto E O , Yani A , Cyrilla L
Published: May 2021

This research aims to analyze potential development dairy farming in the lowlands and to be carried out as an evaluation to increase productivity. This study can be a case study for other areas that will establish dairy farms, especially coastal areas. Design of research is a descriptive study with data collection procedures using data collection, sample testing, data sorting, data tabulation, and data discussion. The parameters evaluated consist of cattle, physiological status, cows productivity, microclimate pen environment, physiological response of cows, digestibility of feed, and quality of milk products. The data calculated with average and standard deviation to determine the data-centre and will provide with each test indicator’s conclusion value.
Biomimicry in agrotechnology: Future solution of water problem for the agriculture industry?
Authors: Othmani N I , Sahak N M , Yunos M Y M
Published: May 2021

Agriculture main issues are the reduction in water availability and the loss in water quality. If the population is increasing, the demand for food will increase, but the amount of water available to produce food does not increase. It would be a huge problem for the future. This study explores the alternative method in biomimicry to provide sufficient water supply for agriculture by reviewing challenges in agriculture and identifying biomimicry approach on previous research. The designers can use these technologies to solve water problems in agriculture, for example, Watercone and Warka Water. Both of these designs are inexpensive and can extracts gallons of fresh water from the air and designed to be environmental friendly by not causing any pollution or harm to the ground they are built on. By studying nature people learn to respect it and understand the importance of conservation, in other words, the more people, especially for designer, are aware of the potential of biomimicry. Biomimicry expected to be a promising approach, effective in improving well-being and its environmental efficiency at both agriculture and technology. Based on this study at the agriculture in particular, it is possible to see biomimicry as a driver to change urban environment.
Agro farmer’s implementation towards the application of kitosanplus in Terengganu
Authors: Zul Ariff A L , Mohammad Amizi A , Zulhazman H , Aweng E R , Nursalwani M
Published: May 2021

Agriculture sector remains as one of the important sectors that contribute to Malaysia’s economy. The usage of Kitosanplus could represent an innovative eco-friendly strategy for managing plant diseased and replacing copper as it is consisting with an active molecule which could provide variety of application towards agriculture sector. The Kitosanplus is an active molecule that finds many possible applications in agriculture to reduce or replace more environmentally damaging chemical pesticides. The purpose of this study is to determine the most influential factor of agrofarmer towards Kitosanplus applications in Terengganu, Malaysia. The most popular agriculture activities in this area are paddy plantation followed by chilies. A survey conducted towards 50 respondent by distributing the questionnaires using purposive sampling technique which have the background of agrofarmer including the owner and the manager of the farms. The data then were analysed using SPSS Software. Based on the result, the implementation of agrofarmers towards Kitosanplus applications are influenced by their attitude.
Dietary methyl farnesoate, a potential growth inducer in male crab Oziothelphusa senex senex
Authors: Reddy P R , Arifullah M
Published: May 2021

Insect juvenile hormone-like compound methyl farnesoate (MF), identified through ‘reverse endocrinology’ in crustaceans is a sesqui-terpenoid and plays crucial role in growth well proved by direct administration into the animals at laboratory conditions. However, these studies are not reached to the cultural ponds. Moreover, dietary supplementation of MF and its effects on growth in crustaceans is still at infancy. The present study tested MF (concentration of 10−9, 10−8 and 10−7 moles/crab added to commercial shrimp pellet diet) in the growth of male crab Oziothelphusa senex senex (Oss) supplemented every alternative day for about 40 days. Along with experimental group control and eyestalk removed (ESX) groups are maintained. Dietary MF induced significant enhancement in the growth of male crab. The most effective group MF 10−8 moles/crab supplemented. The frequency of growth induction found in this study is MF 10−8>10−9>10−7 moles/crab ≤ ESX and molted percentage is 27.5%, 17.5%, 10%, 10% in each group, respectively. The dietary supplementation of MF effective in inducing growth in cultured crustaceans thereby increases the yield of crustacean protein.
Utilization of fly ash - bottom ash, compost and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on growth of crops
Authors: Rais M A , Suryaningtyas D T , Baskoro D P T , Suwardi  , Hazra F , Iskandar
Published: May 2021

This study examines the effectiveness of fly ash-bottom ash (FABA) from Suge Steam Power Station, Belitung Island, Indonesia. FABA will formulated with compost and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), as Komfaba an ameliorant for a source of nutrition for the growth of corn, eggplant, and tomato. The study was carried out in a greenhouse experiment by applying compost and FABA in three comparisons, ie 75:25, 50:50 and 25:75; two doses of Komfaba 1250 g/pot and 2500 g/pot; and two doses of AMF 2.5 g/pot and 5 g/pot. Plants growth were observed until the vegetative phase and analyzed the number of mycorrhizal infections in plant roots. In general, Komfaba composed of compost:FABA=75:25, at a dose of 2500 g/pot and AMF 2.5 g/pot produced significant increase in few growth parameters (plant height, shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, and root length) of corn, eggplant and tomato. Fly ash-bottom ash can be used as a soil amendment agent and provides better results when combined with compost and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.
Potential application of actinomycetes as natural fungicide
Authors: Yeng C M , Pahirulzaman K A K
Published: May 2021

Fungal diseases in green leafy vegetables are commonly under-estimated. However, the application of agrochemical fungicide has raised multiple drawbacks such as the higher amount of chemical residues and intensified microbial community stress. There is an urgent need to establish a bio-control antifungal agent with minimal toxicity threat, which sourced from natural environment. This study aimed to isolate soil-borne fungi from soil underneath infected green leafy vegetables and identify the antifungal activities of actinomycete strains on the isolated fungi strain. Fungi were isolated from 3 soils collected underneath the infected green leafy vegetables. Actinomycete strains were screened for antifungal potential against selected fungi strains using agar plug assay. Forty-one fungal strains were isolated from the soil samples. Actinomycetes strain C.D6.5 exhibited the largest inhibition zone on five selected fungal strains, whereas actinomycetes strain C.KSJ 13.3 produced the broadest spectrum of antifungal activities. It can be concluded that actinomycetes strain have significant antagonistic activity against fungi and pure antifungal component can be extracted as an effective and environmental friendly bio-control agent on plant fungi.
Influence of dark and light colours of Carica papaya leaves on physical properties and sensory acceptability in crackers
Authors: Shantini K , Nurhanan A R , Tham L
Published: May 2021

Papaya (Carica papaya) leaves have been used traditionally in treating a wide range of ailments. The leaves contain appreciable amount of nutritional components (protein, fibre, carbohydrate, minerals) and phytochemical compounds. This study was conducted to determine proximate compositions, texture, and sensory properties of crackers as influenced by dark and light colours of papaya leaves. The dark and light colour of leaves were incorporated separately in crackers at 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5% of flour substitution. The cracker without papaya leaves powder served as control. The colour attributes that were lightness (L*), redness (a*), and yellowness (b*) were determined using chromameter, while texture properties were determined using a texture analyser. The proximate compositions of crackers (moisture, ash, fat, protein, and carbohydrate content) were determined using AOAC methods. The results showed that the proximate compositions of crackers were not significantly different between crackers containing dark and light colour leaves. The L*, a*, and b* values of crackers containing dark or light colour leaves decreased during storage. Similarly, the hardness and fracturability of crackers were decreased during storage. Hardness and fracturability values of crackers containing dark leaves were found higher than crackers with light leaves. In sensory evaluation, there was no significant differences in flavour, bitterness, crispiness, hardness, and overall acceptability among control and crackers with dark or light color leaves. In conclusion, the incorporation of dark and light colours of papaya leaves in crackers within 0.5% to 1.5% level did not significantly influence physical and sensory properties of the crackers while but improved some nutritional compositions in the crackers.
Comparative studies of physicochemical properties of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) cookies from different variations of sweet potato
Authors: Mohamad Nor M , Loh S , Liew J Y , Rahman M M , Hamid M Abdul , Maslan H , Mohd Rosdi M A , Hamzah S Z
Published: May 2021

Sweet potato possesses superb nutritional values and it grows easily in a hot and humid climate. In Malaysia, sweet potatoes are commonly used in making traditional snacks and sweet desserts despite that sweet potato has greater potential for utilization in other new food products. This study was conducted to formulate cookies with partial substitution of wheat flour with orange-flesh (VitAto) or purple-fleshed (Anggun) sweet potatoes. The cookies were prepared from the formulation blend of sweet potato and wheat flour in the substitution levels of 20% and 40%, respectively. The proximate composition and physicochemical properties of the formulated cookies were studied. The proximate analysis results depicted that, compared to the control cookies, sweet potato incorporated cookies had higher moisture, ash, and carbohydrates contents but lower crude protein and crude fat. The cookies incorporated with sweet potato presented a significantly greater spread ratio and diameter than the control. The results of texture profile analysis indicated that partial substitution of sweet potato for wheat flour significantly decreased the hardness of cookies though it had zero effect on the attribute of springiness. These findings revealed that the sweet potato has positive potential uses in the development of cookies or other bakery products with enhanced nutritional quality.
Potential of Goniothalamus velutinus wood for agri-food industry
Authors: Mhd Ramle S F , Ali N M A M , Jemali N J N , Che Zaudin N A , Ibrahim N I , Majid N K S A
Published: May 2021

Goniothalamus velutinus is from the family of annonaceae and it is native to Borneo. It is also known as “kayu tas” or “kayu hujan panas”. This type of wood is rarely encountered and also hard to find in the forest. It grows in the shady primary rainforest of tropical Asia, and approximately 160 species of this genus have been discovered. This plant is also known to have anti-cancer, anti-tumour and many other bioactivities. In this study, the Goniothalamus velutinus wood’s potentials were explored for the agri-food industry. The objectives of this study are to determine chemical composition of Goniothalamus velutinus and the functional group of two samples which are male tas (MT) and female tas (FT). The chemical compositions were determined by the Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry (TAPPI) method, and the functional group analysis were determined by Fourier Transform Infra-red Spectroscopy (FT-IR). The results shows that male tas (MT) showed a higher chemical composition compared to the female tas (FT) such as for extractive; 4.73% and 2.21%, Holocellulose; 92.19% and 88.96%, Cellulose; 57.02% and 55.88%, Hemicellulose; 35.16% and 33.08%, Lignin; 27.48% and 34.46%, respectively. These chemical compositions have good potential for the food sector. For FT-IR analysis, the results revealed five different functional groups related to which chemical composition in the sample, especially cellulose.
Evaluation of sunscreen cream incorporated with astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis in different storage conditions
Authors: Zakaria N N A , Zamzurie N A , Harith Z T
Published: May 2021

The use of sunscreen is highly recommended to protect the skin from ultraviolet radiation (UV) from the sun. Natural substances from natural source, such as astaxanthin, have been considered as potential sunscreen resources due to high UV ray absorption and antioxidant activity. However, substances originated from nature usually has low stability especially when incorporated into a mixture of ingredients with different physicochemical properties. Thus, this study aims to investigate the physicochemical properties of astaxanthin sunscreen cream from Haematococcus pluvialis extract at different storage conditions (25 °C, 4 °C, and 40 °C). The developed astaxanthin sunscreen cream formulations (F1=0%, F2=0.5% and F3=1.0% astaxanthin) were evaluated for SPF, pH and viscosity. Inclusion of astaxanthin in the sunscreen cream formulations significantly increase the SPF value at all storage conditions with higher SPF were observed at room temperature (25 °C). Astaxanthin significantly lower the pH of the base cream (F1) when stored at lower and higher temperatures (4 °C and 40 °C) but had no effect on pH at room temperature (25 °C). Viscosity was affected when stored at higher temperature (40 °C). This study shows that astaxanthin is an excellent natural UV filter that can improve the efficacy of the sunscreen and stable at room temperature (25 °C) with higher SPF observed and no significant change in pH and viscosity. In summary, the results will benefit the cosmetics industry and provide an alternative natural sunscreen cream to consumers.
Economic feasibility of soybean cultivation using bio-pesticide technology
Authors: Prasetiaswati N , Prayogo Y , Elisabeth D A A , Susanto G W A , Bayu M S Y I , Harnowo D , Mejaya M J
Published: May 2021

Pests and diseases are one of the obstacles to increase soybean productivity in Indonesia. Pests control by chemical pesticides requires high production cost resulted in a low profit of soybean farming; therefore, it is less favorable to farmers. The study aims to evaluate the economic feasibility of soybean farming using bio-pesticide in rainfed rice fields. The research was conducted in Banyuwangi Regency, East Java, during the second dry season of 2018. The survey involved forty respondents. Three improved soybean varieties (Anjasmoro, Argomulyo, and Devon) and one local variety (Martoloyo) were evaluated on two cultivation technologies, namely bio-pesticide and existing. The results showed that the yield of existing technology was 2.18 t ha−1 or 5.8% higher than the bio-pesticide (2.06 t ha−1). Anjasmoro obtained the highest seed yield, i.e. 2.31 and 2.38 t ha-1, while the lowest was Argomulyo, i.e. 1.85 and 1.96 t ha-1, respectively for both bio-pesticide and existing technologies. The application of soybean cultivation using bio-pesticide technology and improved varieties provided a profit of IDR 8,785,300. The profit was 125.88% higher than the existing. Bio-pesticide and existing technologies (both for improved and local varieties) showed the R/C ratio >1, suggested that both technologies were feasible to be developed.
Study on sweet potato market behaviour in supporting food security
Authors: Rozi F , Prasetiaswati N , Elisabeth D A A
Published: May 2021

Sweet potato has an important role in food security. In the future, the demand for sweet potatoes will become higher. However, there has not been any significant awareness of sweet potatoes’ importance; moreover, it is considered an inferior commodity. New improved varieties of sweet potato having high beta-carotene, namely Beta 1 and high anthocyanins, Antin 2 and Antin 3 are already available. Besides, Pating 2 has high starch and dry matter (> 30%) as well as high potential yield (30-40 t ha−1). Sweet potato condition is indicated by its market behaviour described by market elasticity and integration. Sweet potato demand is inelastic, and the price level is inversely proportional to demand quantity. The cross elasticity showed rice was the strongest substitute for sweet potato. The negative value of income elasticity meant the decrease of sweet potato consumption would follow the increase in income. Similarly, the integration of production centres inter-regional market has not been well ordered, distorting product distribution. Suggestions for the sweet potato market included exploiting its potential as a functional food by promoting and community education, diversifying the products, structuring the market for distributional purpose, creating market regulation, issuing price stabilization policy, and improving marketing infrastructures.
Factors influencing the public park use in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Authors: Samad Nur Syafiqah A , Abdul-Rahim A S , Mohammad Afandi Syamsul Herman , Mohd Johari M Y
Published: May 2021

Urban public parks provide a recreational space for urban residents. However, some peoples claimed that Malaysia has yet to reach a satisfactory degree of urban public parks design and development to facilitate residents with a healthy environment. Therefore, there is an essential need to identify a public park’s characteristics that can satisfy and fulfill urban residents’ needs for a healthy and high quality environment. This study aimed to examine the influencing factors of urban public park usage in Kuala Lumpur. A questionnaire is designed based on the socio-ecological model and previous empirical findings was distributed to 400 respondents at 12 public parks in Kuala Lumpur through a purposive sampling method. Multiple linear regression was used to analyze the data. The results found that the physical environment was the strongest factor influencing the use of public parks in Kuala Lumpur. Social and individual factors followed this. The results found extensive input and contributed to new literature related to the use of urban public parks. This study recommends several policies to be considered, particularly on urban landscape management. The local authorities should play an important role in protecting the existing public park’s physical environment to achieve the best quality continuously.
Application of digital terrain model in identifying potential conservation area (PCAs) of subtropical forest in Okinawa, Japan
Authors: Jemali N J N , Masami S , Azita A Z
Published: May 2021

Conserving the Northern forest of Okinawa Main Island is very crucial and the selection of significant areas to be protected is a complex and challenging process. The altitudinal gradients provide ideal settings to determine priority area for conservation hence improving our understanding of species richness and distribution pattern. The study sought to identify potential conservation areas (PCAs) in the subtropical forest of Okinawa Island based on the Digital Terrain Model (DTM). Different elevation levels range from were overlaid with forestland owner boundary data, vegetation, protected parks and accessible forest road. Results showed that the available PCAs decreased with an increase of elevation gradient. Protected sites require a small area as possible to allow competing demands for development and other human activities. Considering the influence of the qualitative factors for site selection, the middle-peak elevation region in the study area was chosen as the priority area for protection and conservation sites. This finding was also compared to the preceding studies which influenced the diversity of flora, fauna, climate, and geographical factors at different altitudinal levels.
Yankee Architecture in Bandar Lampung City
Authors: Lisa Diana , Mardiyanto Anggi
Published: May 2021

This study provides an overview of the condition of the building architectural with yankee style that are expected to be the first step in the preservation of historical and cultural of Bandar Lampung over the street corridor at Sriwijaya, Majapahit, Singosari and K.S. Tubun also became a reference in the inventory of buildings with certain styles, especially the yankee architectural styles. The objective of this study was to introduce the people of Bandar Lampung regarding yankee architecture building style. In the corridors there are several buildings that still exists and is maintained to the original form, as well as changes in the functions of the building. Yankee architecture is an architectural style that developed in Indonesia after the independence war and became a trend in Indonesia in the late 50s and early 60s. This study uses qualitative methods through descriptive analysis. Along with rapid development of Bandar Lampung the existence of buildings with yankee architecture style is increasingly worrying, otherwise the efforts to preserve these buildings are needed to preserve the historical and cultural heritage of Bandar Lampung. The results of this study were typologies of yankee architectural buildings in Bandar Lampung.
Integrated elderly park model with social interaction qualities
Authors: Dewi Julia , Prakoso Susinety , Heindri Natasia
Published: May 2021

The increased longer life expectancy of the elderly is a positive thing though it requires more attention related to the quality of life. The decrease of physical capability will also affect the psychological conditions if they have to depend on others. Activities that involve social interaction of the elderly could minimise loneliness and tend to improve the quality of life. A pleasant and friendly environment for the elderly will help to reduce the level of dependence of the elderly on others. This research takes place Lippo Karawaci as a case study. This neighbourhood has been developed since 1993 and tends to have more ageing population recently. Majority of the elderly are still socially active in exercising and engaging with each other. However, they use residual spaces that are not particularly designed to meet their needs. This study aims to observe the activities, social interactions and how they use the space. The process begins with studying the profiles, activities, needs of the elderly and their spatial use patterns. The descriptive interpretative analysis finds trends in spatial use patterns in residential areas. The result of this study is a model of integrated elderly park that can be applied to residential areas.
Revealing the transcendental space in Mangkubumen Yogyakarta
Authors: Wibowo Satrio HB , Krisna Murti Desy Ayu , Yuniastuti Tri
Published: May 2021

Dalem Mangkubumen is the home of Prince Adipati Anom, the Crown Prince of the Yogyakarta Palace, candidate for Sultan Hamengku Buwono VII. This research reveals the transcendental space in Mangkubumen which has been hidden. To reveal this transcendental space a phenomenological method will be used according to Husserl (1965). The method carried out directly in the field by researchers with the epoche technique is to uncover the phenomena of transcendental spaces that arise naturally in the field. Other techniques are related information that is carried out through informants issued related to the transcendental spaces in Mangkubumen. From this study the initial findings obtained were to contain space (half space) inside the dalem Ageng Prabayeksa palace which became the transcendent center of Mangkubumen palace. It is in the palace of Prabayeksa that transcendent spaces are formed specifically for the residence of spiritual beings. The conclusion of this research is the transcendent space that has been approved from the beginning as a spiritual dwelling creature. Thus spiritual beings live together with humans to help and support human life and making life in Mangkubumen buildings.