bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Canonists and Standards of Impartiality for Papal Judges Delegate
Authors: Helmholz Richard
Published: August 2016

In Act II, scene iv of Shakespeare's Henry VIII, Queen Catherine is confronted by the start of divorce proceedings against her. One of the two cardinals delegated as judges by the pope is Henry's faithful servant, Cardinal Wolsey, a man little likely to be an impartial judge of the legal merits of the famous case. And so the Queen says to him:

I do believe

Induced by potent circumstances, that You are mine enemy, and make my challenge You shall not be my judge.

Shakespeare does not today enjoy a wide reputation as a canonist, but he has here described with some correctness the canonical recusatio. This is the right, under certain circumstances, to challenge and remove a papal judge delegate for interest, prejudice, or unfitness for office.
Corpus Consuetudinum Monasticarum (CCM): I–V
Authors: Strittmatter Anselm
Published: August 2016

When in 1950–1951 Kassius Hallinger's impressive, not to say monument al, work was published in which with extraordinary wealth of detail he showed the basic differences in organization and observance between the two tenthand eleventh-century movements of monastic reform, the Lotharingian and Burgundian, thus proving them to have been each quite independent of the other — a thesis contrary to the view then prevalent among historians — one of the most striking features of his elaborate study was the concluding chapter devoted to the differences between the customaries or consuetudinaries of these two distinct currents of monastic life, emanating respectively from Gorze and Cluny. It was no surprise, therefore, some years later to learn that he had succeeded in securing the collaboration of twenty-seven medievalists in a project which was to include critical editions of the chief representatives of this type of document.
The Mission to Constantinople in 968 and Liudprand of Cremona
Authors: Sutherland Jon N.
Published: August 2016

Of the documents that concern the relationship between Byzantium and Western Europe in the early Middle Ages, none is more famous or more frequently read than Relatio de Legatione Constantinopolitana, Liudprand of Cremona's description of his mission to Constantinople in 968 for Otto I. Much has been learned from his vivid if acid narrative about the Byzantine court of Nicephorus II Phocas and about East-West relations in the tenth century. Over the last forty years research has reached beneath the vivid prose in search of the true significance of that mission. But since Liudprand's is the only first-hand, detailed record of an embassy to Constantinople of that era, some scholars have given it more contemporary importance than it actually had, and, by extension, they have turned Liudprand's thoughts into subtle expressions of official Western policy. The danger in these inquiries has been to divorce the mind and moods of the creator from his creation and bestow on Relatio undeserved exaltation. The problem is to keep the document in its perspective while draining every sentence of its implications.
The Deposition of Edward V
Authors: Wood Charles T.
Published: August 2016

Because depositions lie at the heart of that process through which England developed a limited monarchy, historians have long studied them. Nevertheless, this scholarly attention has been unequally bestowed. Edward II and Richard II are familiar figures in the depositional literature, but one seldom encounters Henry VI, and Edward V is never mentioned at all.

The reasons for these differences are readily comprehensible. Edward II and Richard II had significant reigns, and in the very process of their depositions the limits of legitimate monarchical power were defined. The fall of Henry VI offers few similar opportunities: if his policies also led to revolt, they weresui generis, no more than a byproduct of his lamentable mental state and, as such, of no lasting concern to those studying the growth of the constitution.
The Objective Concept of ʼʹAth in Aeschylean Tragedy
Authors: Doyle Richard E.
Published: August 2016

“Aτη was an important concept for Aeschylus. A merely numerical comparison of the passages in which ἄτη appears in pre-Aeschylean authors with the number of such Aeschylean passages makes this clear. In what remains to us of Greek literature from Homer to Pindar ἄτη occurs fifty times. In the seven extant plays of Aeschylus the word occurs with certainty forty-eight times. Thus, in the work of one author whose career spans the first four decades of the fifth century ἄτη is employed approximately as often as it had been in the remaining literary tradition of the previous three centuries.
The Schism of Anacletus II and the Glanfeuil Forgeries of Peter the Deacon of Monte Cassino
Authors: Bloch Herbert
Published: August 2016

When in the early morning hours of February 14, 1130, Pope Honorius II closed his eyes forever, a crisis within the Church of Rome broke into the open which long had been in the making. The forces which had dominated the Curia for eighty years, which had given to the world the great popes of the Reform, were challenged and swept aside by the revolution of an energetic minority which during less than a decade had steadily increased its influence in the Sacred College. Its undisputed leader was the Chancellor Haimeric, a Frenchman who had been appointed to his high office in 1123 by the French Pope Calixtus II. It was he who devised the measures which were to insure the succession to his party, measures which under the circumstances were bound to result in an uncanonical election, and, as a natural consequence, in a second election by the outraged majority.
Reading Augustine'sConfessionesin Fourteenth-Century England: John de Grandisson's Fashioning of Text and Self
Authors: Olson Linda
Published: August 2016

We give to our church of Exeter [this book], which we labored much in correcting in Paris, in the hand of John of Exeter.

And to this point I, John de Grandisson, have corrected, and not beyond, according to the book of Hugo of Saint Victor, as it was said to have been corrected by him, while I was studying in Paris, in the year of the Lord 1314, when the Templars were burned, in the next year after the Council of Vienne.
Ritual Brotherhood in Byzantium
Authors: Rapp Claudia
Published: August 2016

Kinship networks and social hierarchies provide an important key to the Byzantine Empire's tenacious survival over the course of more than a millennium. This study concentrates on one such social networking strategy, that of ritual brotherhood. No investigation of ritual brotherhood can overlook the Byzantine evidence, for Byzantium is unique among medieval societies in having formally incorporated into its ecclesiastical ritual the ceremony by which the priest's prayers and blessing make ‘brothers’ of two men. Further, the history of the empire provides ample evidence for the concrete implementation of this bond. Hagiographical and historical narratives as well as regulations of secular and ecclesiastical authorities attest to the importance of ritual brotherhood as it was practiced by holy men and patriarchs, aristocrats and emperors. The Byzantine evidence is, unsurprisingly, at the core of John Boswell's argument in his Same-Sex Unions in Pre-Modern Europe,' Boswell drew attention to this interesting and multi-faceted relationship, but he did not explore the full range of sources for ritual brotherhood, nor did he attempt to show how this relationship related to others within Byzantine society.
Ritual Brotherhood in Roman and Post-Roman Societies
Authors: Shaw Brent D.
Published: August 2016

A singular merit of John Boswell's provocativeSame-Sex Unionshas been to refocus the attention of a wide range of scholars from differing disciplines on the significance of manuscript sources foradelphopoiesis, a Christian ceremonial in the eastern Mediterranean for the ‘making of a brother'. It seems fair to say that the balance of scholarly opinion has rejected his claim that these rites were, in effect, marriage ceremonials for men. The ceremonials seem to have been used to create a ritual brotherhood in which one man ‘adopted’ another as his ‘brother’. This still leaves a large question to be considered: precisely what kinds of social institutions or arrangements did these rituals seek to confirm? I propose to investigate this problem in the context of evidence relating to the social structures of Roman and post-Roman societies, both to elucidate the social bonds reflected in the rites ofadelphopoiesisand to suggest why this peculiar type of personal attachment is strikingly absent from the annals of western Roman imperial society.
The Library of the Augustinian Priory of S. Stefano di Prato, ca. 1300
Authors: Skemer Don C.
Published: August 2016

Medieval inventories often provide the best available evidence about the holdings and organization of libraries that long ago ceased to exist. While most book inventories are quite primitive by modern standards of bibliographic control, they deserve publication as valuable documentation for the history of libraries and of the diffusion of ideas. To be of highest research value, published inventories should make every effort to identify vague titles, explain cryptic references, and identify surviving manuscripts. Even conventional lists of books should be placed in historical context, leading to a creative reconstruction of particular medieval libraries over time. This involved process has no doubt led some editors to publish mere transcriptions of inventories without scholarly apparatus, and others to avoid publishing library inventories altogether. Perhaps this problem is most serious in the case of medieval Italian libraries (especially those beyond the principal cities and centers of learning) for which our knowledge is still imperfect despite an abundance of unpublished evidence.
The Venerable Bede on Prayer and Contemplation
Authors: DeGregorio Scott
Published: August 2016

As a monk at the famous Northumbrian monastery of Jarrow, the Venerable Bede (673–735) produced a body of exegetical work that enjoyed enormous popularity throughout the Middle Ages. Something of that spirit seems to have reawakened in recent years, as Bede's commentaries are increasingly being studied and made available to wider audiences in English translation. One distinctive feature of this development is a growing awareness that Bede's reputation as an exegete is more multifaceted than has been previously realized, that it goes beyond what Beryl Smalley called “his faithful presentation of the tradition in its many aspects. Whereas earlier interpreters were content to regard Bede as a mere compiler reputed for his good sense and able Latinity, scholars are now paying homage to him as a penetrating and perceptive biblical commentator who did more than reproduce the thought of the fathers who preceded him. As I intend to show in what follows, Bede's treatment of prayer and contemplation in his exegesis attests well to this quality of his thought. The topic to date has received only minimal commentary, mainly on what Bede actually taught about prayer. My approach will be different. I begin with a discussion not of Bede's exegetical method but of his occupations and aims as a spiritual writer. Neither Bede's spirituality nor his role as spiritual writer have received the attention they deserve, and it is hoped that the reflections offered here will help rekindle interest in these neglected subjects. I then consider four prayer-related themes in his exegesis that bring his aims as a spiritual writer into view. Patristic tradition had commented widely on prayer, and Bede, we will see, did not set out to summarize this tradition in its entirety but rather to highlight and distill certain themes within it, those that best suited the needs of his Anglo-Saxon audience.
Eve in Anglo-Saxon Retellings of the Harrowing of Hell
Authors: Glaeske Keith
Published: August 2016

A spate of recent articles attests to a growing interest in Eve in criticism of Old English literature. However, these same articles demonstrate the narrowness of this interest, as they all focus on Eve in one poem — Genesis B — which is not even an entire poem, but rather a small (albeit significant) interpolation into another poem. Other Old English writings have been little studied: in particular, several prominent occurrences of Eve during the Harrowing of Hell survive in the Old English Martyrology; Blickling Homily 7; a homily De descensu Christi ad inferos in Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Junius 121; and the poem Christ and Satan, but have received little comment. In each of these texts Eve supplicates Christ when he descends into hell to free the souls of the biblical patriarchs and prophets after his crucifixion; furthermore, six Old English homilies record Eve's appearance during the Harrowing, although not her active involvement. The Evangelium Nicodemi most fully describes the Harrowing of Hell; Eve's appearance within these texts, however, does not derive from this apocryphon. Moreover, while these episodes incorporate ideas drawn from patristic exegesis, they do not derive directly from patristic writings either; nevertheless, Eve's role in these texts may be an Anglo-Saxon modification of the patristic contrast between Eve and Mary, whereby Eve is portrayed as a type of Mary instead of as her antithesis.
Aristotelica Berolinensia
Authors: Lohr Charles H.
Published: August 2016

These pages on the Aristotelica preserved in the Handschriften-Abteilung of the Staatsbibliothek-Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Berlin, supplement various publications concerned with the Latin tradition of Aristotle's works. The manuscripts of the medieval translations of Aristotle's works have been catalogued in Aristoteles latinus (Codices I–II–Suppl., Rome, 1939; Cambridge, 1955; Bruges-Paris, 1961); of the manuscripts included there only cross-references are supplied here. Several manuscripts containing Renaissance Latin translations of Aristotle's works — not included in the Aristoteles latinus — have been described completely.
Early Latin Discussions of the Eternity of the World in the Thirteenth Century
Authors: Dales Richard C.
Published: August 2016

Although the doctrine of the eternity of the world had evoked much concern and opposition among the Fathers of the Christian Church, it ceased to engage the attention of Latin Christian writers during most of the early Middle Ages. When interest in the question revived during the twelfth century, it was nearly always considered in the context of Plato's Timaeus or Boethius’ De consolatione philosophiae. By 1270, the issue seemed to be between the supporters and the opponents of Aristotle. Although the story of Latin discussions of the eternity of the world during the 1260s and 1270s has been quite thoroughly investigated, the preceding period from about 1230 to 1260 has been largely ignored. It is the purpose of the present study to elucidate this neglected stage in medieval discussions of the eternity of the world and to show its relationship to the earlier and later periods.
Quintilian on Comedy
Authors: Goldberg Sander M.
Published: August 2016

Is orator erit mea sententia hoc tam gravi dignus nomine, qui, quaecumque res inciderit, quae sit dictione explicanda, prudenter et composite et ornate et memoriter dicet cum quadam actionis etiam dignitate.

(Cicero,De orat.1.64)

Though Cicero's authority helped elevate the ideal orator's dexterity and discipline to the status of cliche, the vital link between theory and practice that his dialogues advocate did not long survive him. As professional rhetoricians of the next century became increasingly preoccupied with declamation, practical oratory developed and rewarded other qualities. Eloquence of the old kind could be thought a vanishing art. This then is how the younger Pliny would describe one of the most successful speakers of the late first century, the notorious (and long-lived)delatorM. Aquilius Regulus.
Walter Burley on Motion in a Vacuum
Authors: Wood Rega
Published: August 2016

We all ‘know’ that medieval Aristotelians did not believe that a vacuum was possible, and we are complacent in our ‘knowledge’ that they were wrong. Even if we have an inkling of the sophistication of much medieval thinking on this topic, we are unlikely to suppose that anything medievals had to say on the subject is worth the trouble to study. What we may not realize is that not all medievals thought a vacuum or motion in a vacuum was impossible; following Avempace, in fact, many medieval philosophers argued that motion in a vacuum was possible, at least in theory.
On the Origins and Import of the Columbinus Prophecy
Authors: Brown Elizabeth A. R. , Lerner Robert E.
Published: August 2016

In 1961 Robert Kaske called attention to an eschatological prophecy of a certain ‘frater Columbinus’ which had attracted scant notice before. Until now there has been no close study of the prophecy, perhaps because of the apparent lack of early evidence relating to the ‘frater’ and his work. Some recent discoveries, however, cast light on the origins and significance of what we consider one of the most original and interesting prophetic texts of the later Middle Ages.
HabitusRevisited: A Reply to Cary Nederman
Authors: Colish Marcia L.
Published: August 2016

In a recentTraditioarticle, Cary J. Nederman has added another valuable study to the series of papers he has been publishing over the past few years. This body of work has the laudable goal of showing that, across the twelfth century, thinkers were taking an increasingly Aristotelian line in the fields of ethics and political theory, on the basis of ideas transmitted indirectly via works available in Latin well before the appearance of the integral Latin translations of the texts of the Stagirite deemed to have launched the “Aristotelian revolution” of the thirteenth century in these fields. Throughout this burgeoning oeuvre, Nederman has been quite successful in supporting his case for a more gradual and less cataclysmic reception of Aristotle in the Latin West than the standard accounts acknowledge. It is not the purpose of this paper to challenge that larger argument. Nonetheless, with respect to the Aristotelian doctrine ofhabituson which Nederman focuses in hisTraditioarticle, we would like to suggest that his analysis needs to be reconsidered. We offer the following pages as anamplificatioof his thesis, with the aim of adding nuance to it by bringing forward material that he omits. Our intention here is not so much to criticize Nederman's reading of the texts onhabitusin the twelfth century that he does adduce, and certainly not to object to his larger project, but rather to indicate that there is more to the story, and so to refine his analysis in the hope of strengthening it.
Saggio per l'edizione critica dell'Ovidio Metamorphoseos Vulgaredi Giovanni di Bonsignori: II “Proemio” e l' “Esordio”
Authors: Ardissino Erminia
Published: August 2016

L'importanza del volgarizzamento e dell'allegorizzazione delleMetamorfosiovidiane per opera di Giovanni di Bonsignori, meglio conosciuti con il titoloOvidio Metamorphoseos Vulgare, che venne lora assegnato nelle edizioni a stampa, è dovuta alla larga diffusione che ebbero nel XV secolo e nei primi decenni del XVI. Terminato nel 1377, il testa ebbe una discreta divulgazione manoscritta e conobbe una prima stampa a Venezia nel 1497 “per Zoanne Rosso Vercellese ad instantia del nobile homo miser Lucantonio Zonta fiorentino” (ovvero Lucantonio Giunti), Sempre a Venezia “ad instantia del […] Lucantonio Zonta” seguirono una seconda edizione nel 1501 “per Christofolo de Pensa” e una terza nel 1508 “per Alexandro di Bandoni.” Nel 1517 e nel 1523 si ebbero ancora a Venezia altre due edizioni, ambedue “per Georgio de' Rusconi.” Nel 1519 fu pubblicato a Milano “in Minutiana officina,” per i fratelli da Legnano; nel 1520, ancora a Milano, “per Rocho et Fratello da Valle ad instantia de Miser Nicolò Da Gorgonzola.”
Bristol University MS DM 1 A Fragment of theMedulla Grammatice: An Edition
Authors: McCarren Vincent P.
Published: August 2016

N. R. Ker, in hisMedieval Manuscripts in British Libraries, provides a note to his analysis of Bristol University Library DM 14, a version of theMedulla Grammatice: “A fragment of three leaves, now Bristol University DM 1, appears to be also fromMedulla Grammaticae.It contains part of C and the end ofDand is described and printed by P. Haworth inTrans. Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society, xlv (1923), 253–75, with two facsimiles. Written space c.232 150 mm. 2 cols. 45 lines. Used apparently in the binding of a volume of Buckinghamshire wills, s. xvi. The title ‘Liber test' bucks (?) sacerdotis magistri Ric' Edmunds anno 1569 xxix decembris' is on f. 3 and the names of some testators, Thomas Gayts of Coleshill, Ralph Wright of Olney and John Haward of Chesham Wooburn, are on f.1.”
The Wycliffite Glossed Gospels as Source: Further Evidence?
Authors: Hargreaves Henry
Published: August 2016

In a recent issue of Traditio, Sister M. Teresa Brady demonstrates clearly that the late fourteenth-century devotional work The Pore Caitif, which she is confident is wholly orthodox, has made extensive use of some of the material produced in the well-organized and well-financed centers of Lollardy which Anne Hudson has shown to have been active at the time. Her demonstration starts with, and is clearest for, the Glossed Gospels, a series of commentaries on the four Gospels consisting entirely of translations from the works of standard authorities, mostly patristic, and based on the Catena Aurea, but including also quotations from authors more nearly contemporary, such as Grosseteste, John of Abbeville, FitzRalph, and William Peraldus. In establishing so clearly the use of the Glossed Gospels (hereafter GG) Sister Teresa claims justly to have found the first stone in the metaphorical arch which I once suggested should link Bible translation and tract production, though her tracts are orthodox, not the Lollard ones the metaphor envisaged.
A Guide to the Medical Manuscripts Mentioned in Kristeller's Iter Italicum V–VI
Authors: Durling Richard J.
Published: August 2016

With the final volumes of his Iter, Paul Oskar Kristeller covers such important countries as Italy, Switzerland, the United States, and (what was at the time of publication) the U.S.S.R. A significant portion of the manuscripts listed or described concerns scientific correspondence between, for example, Italian physicians and Swiss naturalists, such as that between Ulisse Aldrovandi and Konrad Gessner and the Zwinger and Platter families. The Aldrovandi correspondence has been known for some time, but the Zwinger and Platter letters have not yet been sufficiently exploited. In all, eighty-seven letter writers are represented.
William of Auvergne on the Individuation of Human Souls
Authors: Teske Roland J.
Published: August 2016

William of Auvergne, bishop of Paris from 1228 to his death in 1249, was one of the first theologians of the thirteenth century to take into serious account the philosophical works that poured into the Latin West during the last half of the twelfth and the early decades of the thirteenth century. William showed a great deal of openness toward the works of those to whom he referred as “Aristotle and his followers,” and obviously drew upon them, even going so far as to adopt the Avicennian arguments for the existence of God as the being that is necessary through itself, and to claim that the Avicennian expression, “necesse esse per se,” is the proper name of the first principle. On the other hand, he also firmly rejected many Aristotelian doctrines when he found them to be in opposition to the faith.
Uthred and the Friars: Apostolic Poverty and Clerical Dominion between FitzRalph and Wyclif
Authors: Dipple Geoffrey L.
Published: August 2016

The dispute between the Durham Benedictine Uthred of Boldon and members of the mendicant orders on the issue of ecclesiastical possessions was only one in a series of intra-clerical controversies in England during the later fourteenth century. Spanning a decade from the early 1360s to the early 1370s, it occupies a crucial area between the attack on mendicant privileges by Richard FitzRalph, the archbishop of Armagh, and Wyclif's denunciation of the endowed church. C. H. Thompson first pointed to the importance of this period between the activities of FitzRalph and those of Wyclif for the development of political thought. The issue has recently become more pressing with Wendy Scase's identification of the development of a “new anticlericalism” in the later fourteenth century. Older traditions of anticlericalism, she claims, had as their targets specific classes of cleric. These traditions, however, were established during this period on a new basis that allowed them to become anticlerical in the fullest sense of the word. “The old traditions of opposition to clerics were developed and unified in a new polemic which opposed all clerics. This was the essential strength and danger of the new anticlericalism.” The present study concentrates on one central aspect of this extension of the anticlerical polemic: the attack on ecclesiastical endowment.
The Anonymous Translation of Aristotle's De Generatione et Corruptione (Translatio Vetus)
Authors: Durling Richard J.
Published: August 2016

The editor of the Translatio Vetus, Joanna Judycka, remarks of the anonymous translator that he knew his métier. Indeed, the translation, apart from some minor omissions, is extremely competent. Some of its various features mentioned by Dr. Judycka are, in fact, common to many medieval translations from the Greek into Latin; for example, the confusion of the present and future, the rendering of ἄν with the optative by utique with the future indicative, and the handling of the all-pervasive articular infinitive (so common and important in scientific prose). Nor are the discrepancies in number and degree characteristic of any one author or school. Only a detailed analysis of the translator's Sprachgebrauch, such as L. Minio-Paluello contemplated before his death, can reveal the identity of the translator.
Uncovering a Lost Work of Gregory the Great: Fragments of the Early Commentary on Job
Authors: Meyvaert Paul
Published: August 2016

Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, MS Lat. 2342 begins with a list of works by an anonymous monk of the abbey of Bec, in Normandy, who seems to have lived there during the first half of the twelfth century. Dom André Wilmart, who first published this list, characterized the author of these works as a writer “de troisième rang,” who nevertheless possessed a kind of encyclopedic knowledge. Approximately two thirds of the works mentioned in the list are preserved in the same manuscript. Among the works now lost must be counted:

Vnum scriptum prolixum contra uerba cuiusdam, in quo contra dogma illius po suit centum L. auctoritates de diuersis doctoribus collectas.

Item aliud scriptum multum prolixum de diuersis sententiis et auctoritatibus quod diuisit in VIItem partes.
Le Cogito érigénien
Authors: Jeauneau Édouard
Published: August 2016

Les premiers qui pensèrent avoir trouvé dans les écrits du Moyen Age un antécédent au Cogito cartésien furent probablement les auteurs de l'Histoire littéraire de la France.Voici ce qu'ils écrivent au sujet d'Heiric d'Auxerre: “Il ne possédoit pas moins parfaitement la Philosophie que les autres sciences. Il poussa en effet ses réflexions sur cette faculté de Litérature, jusqu'à découvrir le doute méthodique de M. des Cartes, qu'il explique fort clairement.” Pour étayer cette affirmation, nos Bénédictins citaient une glose, placée par Heiric lui-même en marge de saVita Sancti Germani. Stimulé par cette remarque, Barthélemy Hauréau s'intéressa àla glose citée. Avec plus d'enthousiasme encore que les Mauristes, il y salua le Cogito cartésien: “Rien ne manque, en effet, àcette démonstration, et Descartes, il faut le reconnaître, ne l'a pas donnée en des termes plus rigoureux, plus énergiques, plus concluants.” Hauréau, cependant, eut le mérite de reconnaître en cette glose un extrait duPeriphyseon(I, 490 AB) d'É rigène, un texte sur lequel nous aurons l'occasion de revenir. Le vrai précurseur de Descartes, selon lui, est Érigène; Heiric d'Auxerre n'est qu'un écho du maître irlandais.
The Career of Philip the Cleric, Younger Brother of Louis VII: Apropos of an Unpublished Charter
Authors: Lewis Andrew W.
Published: August 2016

The life of Philip the cleric, younger brother of Louis VII of France, is meagerly documented. Philip died young, without having attained high rank in the church — indeed, having refused election to the see of Paris. The documents concerning him are unevenly distributed. The greatest concentration of them is the record of his attestation as a child or youth to charters emanating from the bishop or from the cathedral chapter of Paris, where he had been placed for education as a canon. From his youth or adulthood, there are several references, chiefly in letters, to disputes in which he was involved. He is mentioned in few of the extant acts of Louis VII and almost never in the narrative sources. Only three of his charters and a single reference to a lost act have previously been known.
Petrus Aureoli:De unitate conceptus entis(Reportatio Parisiensis in I Sententiarum dist. 2, p. 1, qq. 1–3 et p. 2, qq. 1–2)
Authors: Brown Stephen F.
Published: August 2016

The French Franciscan, Peter Aureoli, was born shortly before 1280 near Cahors in the south of France. He studied in Paris, but the date of his arrival there, 1304, quite likely would have made him too late to hear the lectures of Duns Scotus on books 1 and 4 of theSentences.After teaching at Bologna (1312) and Toulouse (1314), Peter finally returned to Paris where he lectured from 1316–20. In July 1318, his friend John XXII sponsored him for the licentiate in Theology. The request was granted and Aureoli took the oath ofMagister actu regenson 13 November 1318. Elected provincial of the Aquitaine Franciscans toward the end of 1320, he was nominated archbishop of Aix-en-Provence before he exercised the former office. Pope John XXII consecrated him on 14 June 1321, but before Peter could settle into his new task he died, probably on 10 January 1322.
Kommentar zu Galen De motibus dubiis in der mittelalterlichen lateinischen Übersetzung des Niccolò da Reggio
Authors: Larrain Carlos J.
Published: August 2016

Aus den folgenden Anmerkungen zur mittelalterlichen Übersetzung von Galen De motibus dubiis geht einerseits die Beziehung der Schrift zum Gesamtwerk Galens klarer hervor; andererseits wird dabei die schon erwähnte Kenntnis, die Nemesius von dieser Schrift gehabt hat, ausführlicher belegt. Darüberhinaus belegen die nachfolgenden Anmerkungen eine Beziehung dieser Schrift Galens zu der Schrift De fato des Ps. Plutarch und zur stoischen Denkweise, wie ich sie in bezug auf den Timaioskommentar Galens schon anderswo angemerkt habe. Ein Zeugnis aus Theodoret belegt zusätzlich den nicht-christlichen Charakter der Ausführungen dieser Schrift. Andererseits scheinen sich die Erklärungen des Clemens Alexandrinus in Stromateis I, XVII: 53, 14 sqq. (sowie auch 60, 12 sqq.: τò αὐτόματον) gegen die Auffassung unserer Schrift, Seite 216, VII 38 sqq. zu richten. Zum Vergleich s. a. die christliche Stellungnahme zu diesen und ähnlichen Fragen bei Jo. Damascenus (nach Nemesius); vgl. De fide orthodoxa II, cap. 12–30 (PG 94: 925–80. Klar geht aus diesen Addenda auch hervor, daß die in dieser Schrift vertretene Lehre, oder besser die Lehre, die eine folgerichtige Erklärung für viele der Aussagen dieser Schrift liefert, eng 1) mit der Lehre, die aus den von mir erstveröffentlichten Fragmenten des Timaioskommentars Galens hervorgeht; und 2) mit der Lehre, die in Ps. Plutarch De fato entfaltet ist, und somit auch mit den betreffenden Partien aus Nemesius und Chalcidius zusammenhängt, wie ich es in bezug auf den Timaioskommentar Galens geschildert habe. Ihrerseits erhellen sich aus diesen drei sich gegenseitig erklärenden Schriften manche Ansichten, die uns aus Galens Gesamtwerk bekannt sind. Für Ps. Plutarch De fato ist eine Datierung in der Zeit Trajans oder vielmehr in der zweiten Hälfte des zweiten Jahrhunderts (so Valgiglio 319) bislang akzeptiert worden. Ebenso ist die Zuweisung der Fragmente des Timaioskommentars an Galen bis jetzt nicht ernsthaft in Zweifel gezogen worden. Die vorliegende Schrift De motibus dubiis ist gleichfalls unter dem Namen Galens überliefert und soll dies auch bleiben, solange seine Urheberschaft nicht begründeterweise angezweifelt wird. Wir haben es also hier mit einer Lehre zu tun, die A. Gercke folgendermaßen trefflich charakterisiert hat: “im Anschlusse an Platon werden Naturordnung und Vorsehung gegliedert und geordnet und mit der Weltseele, den Himmelssphären, den drei Parzen und drei Götterklassen in Verbindung gesetzt. Aristoteles liefert logische Erörterungen über das Mögliche mit Beispielen; die Stoa wird zwar bekämpft oder vielmehr ihre Lehre eingeschränkt und umgebogen: aber vielleicht ohne daß der Verfasser sich dessen bewußt ist, verdankt er ihr ein gut Theil seiner Anschauungen” (vgl. auch Valgiglio 325 sq.).
Melania the Elder: A Biographical Note
Authors: Murphy Francis X.
Published: August 2016

Thanks to several biographical studies based on Cardinal Rampolla's monumental Santa Melania giuniore, senatrice Romana, the history of the early-fifth-century heiress and ascetic, Melania the Younger, is fairly well known. Her grandmother, Melania the Elder was an even more notable figure in the history of the Church during the second half of the fourth century. She is of particular importance in tracing the history of late-fourth-century asceticism and monasticism. Round her career, in a way, revolve many of the historical and chronological problems in connection with Jerome and Rufinus of Aquileia, Paulinus of Nola and Severus Sulpicius. Details of her travels are our surest approach to datings and to the authenticity of much of the material found in Palladius' Lausiac History. At the same time, she was an extremely interesting, well-travelled, and forceful figure coming at the apex of the western patristic period. Hence her career bears pointed scrutiny.
Social media, spontaneous writing and dictation. Spelling variation
Authors: COUGNON LOUISE-AMELIE , MASKENS LENAIS , ROEKHAUT SOPHIE , FAIRON CEDRICK
Published: August 2016

This study investigates the hypothesis of young people having the multi-skills required to switch between formal and informal communication. We collected samples of the written output of students across different media and communication situations. The results obtained through dictation tests show that the students’ level is relatively low, with a majority of grammatical errors. The analysis of linguistic forms common to the corpora indicates that all the participants use traditional spelling in at least one of them. Lastly, we present a qualitative analysis of spelling variation and an overview of the teenagers’ linguistic representations.
Patterns of Trauma Deaths in an Accident and Emergency Unit
Authors: Osime Odigie Clement , Ighedosa Stephen Udi , Oludiran Olugbenga Ojo , Iribhogbe Pius Ehiawaguan , Ehikhamenor Eddy , Elusoji Sunday Oladepo
Published: August 2016

Introduction:

Trauma is a leading cause of death in most countries. Different patterns of trauma deaths are recorded in different countries. The purpose of this study was to evaluate retrospectively the pattern of trauma deaths in the emergency unit of a University Teaching Hospital in Nigeria.

Methods:

This is a descriptive, retrospective study. The data were obtained from patient case files and nurses'records. The data abstracted included age, sex, cause of trauma/death, parts of the body injured, time of death, andthe duration of stay in the Accident and Emergency Unit (AEU).

Results:

A total of 5,537 cases presented to the AEU of the University of Benin Teaching Hospital between 01 January 2001 and 31 December 2004. Of these, 5,446 were due to trauma (98.4%). A total of 127 patients died (case fatality rate: 2.3%). Of the deaths, 81.9% were males. Motor vehicle crashes were the most frequent cause (54.3%), and drowning was the least common cause of trauma (0.8%). The most frequently injured region of the body was the head and neck (53.4%). A total of 67.4% of the deaths occurred within six hours of presentation to the AEU.

Conclusions:

There is a great need for improved road safety, adequate pre-hospital medical care, and prompt transfer services for victims of trauma.
Mental Health Emergency Preparedness: The Need for Training and Coordination at the State Level
Authors: Hawley Suzanne R. , Hawley Gary C. , Ablah Elizabeth , Romain Theresa St. , Molgaard Craig A. , Orr Shirley A.
Published: August 2016

Introduction:

The coordination and integration of mental health agencies' plans into disaster responses is a critical step for ensuring effective response to all-hazard emergencies.

Problem:

In order to remedy the current lack of integration of mental health into emergency preparedness training, researchers must assess mental health emergency preparedness training needs. To date, no recognized assessment exists.The current study addresses this need by qualitatively surveying public health and allied health professionals regarding mental health preparedness in Kansas.

Methods:

Participants included 144 professionals from public health and allied fields, all of whom attended one of seven training presentations on mental health preparedness. Following each presentation, participants provided written responses to nine qualitative questions about preparedness and mental health preparedness needs, as well as demographic information, and a program evaluation. Survey questions addressed perceptions of bioterrorism and mental health preparedness, perceptions about resource and training needs, as well as coordination of preparedness efforts.

Results:

Overall, few respondents indicated that they felt their county or community was prepared to respond to an attack. Respondents felt less prepared for mental health issues than they did for preparedness issues in general. The largest proportion of respondents reported that they would look to a community mental health center or the state health department for mental health preparedness information. Most respondents recognized the helpfulness of interagency coordination for mental health preparedness, and reported a willingness to take an active role in coordination.

Conclusions:

The current study provides important data about the gaps regarding mental health preparedness in Kansas.This study demonstrates the present lack of preparedness and the need for coordination to reach an appropriate level of mental health preparedness for the state.These findings are the first step to implementing effective distribution of information and training.
Epidemic and Bioterrorism Preparation among Emergency Medical Services Systems
Authors: Maguire Brian J. , Dean Stephen , Bissell Richard A. , Walz Bruce J. , Bumbak Andrew K.
Published: August 2016

Introduction:

The purpose of this research was to determine the preparedness of emergency medical services (EMS) agencies in one US state to cope with a massive epidemic event.

Methods:

Data were collected primarily through telephone interviews with EMS officials throughout the State. To provide a comparison, nine out-ofstate emergency services agencies were invited to participate.

Results:

Emergency medical services agencies from nine of the 23 counties (39%) provided responses to some or all of the questions in the telephone survey. Seven of the nine out-of-state agencies provided responses to the survey. Most of the EMS agencies do not have broad, formal plans for response to large-scale bio-terrorist or pandemic events.

Conclusions:

The findings indicate that EMS agencies in this state fundamentally are unprepared for a large-scale bioterrorism or pandemic event.The few existing plans rely heavily on mutual aid from agencies that may be incapable of providing such aid. Therefore, EMS agencies must be prepared to manage a response to these incidents without assistance from any agencies outside of their local community. In order to accomplish this, they must begin planning and develop close working relationships with public health, healthcare, and elected officials within their local communities.
Emergency Department Evaluations of Non-Percutaneous Blood or Body Fluid Exposures during Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
Authors: Merchant Roland C. , Katzen Jeremy B. , Mayer Kenneth H. , Becker Bruce M.
Published: August 2016

Introduction:

The demography of healthcare workers (HCWs) and non- HCWs seeking medical care at emergency departments after a non-percutaneous potential exposure to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) duringcardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), the types and body locations of their exposures, the time elapsed from exposure to emergency department presentation, and usage of HIV-post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) for these exposures are described.

Methods:

A retrospective study of emergency department patients who were exposed to blood or body fluids during CPR in Rhode Island from January 1995–June 2001 was performed.The demography, characteristics of the exposure, and HIV-PEP usage for these patients were compared, and the elapsed time from exposure to evaluation inthe emergency department was calculated.

Results:

Of the 39 patients exposed to non-percutaneous blood or body fluid during CPR, 22 were healthcareworkers (HCWs) and 17 were non-HCWs. Thirty-four patients sustained mucous membrane exposures. Most of the patients (69.2%) were exposed to saliva or sputum (p <0.001), experienced a mouth exposure (71.8%; p <0.0001) and presented to the emergency department within one day of their exposure (84.4%; p <0.0001).Three HCWs and no non-HCWs were offered HIV-PEP for their CPR exposure. Of the three HCWs offered PEP, two actually received it.

Conclusions:

Nearly half of the patients who presented with non-percutaneous exposures acquired during CPR were not HCWs. Most of the exposures were to saliva or sputum and occurred on their mucous membranes. Continuing education programs on maintaining universal precautions to prevent blood or body fluid exposures and appreciating the benign nature of most non-percutaneous exposures possible during CPR are needed.
Non-Governmental Organizational Health Operations in Humanitarian Crises: The Case for Technical Support Units
Authors: Greenough P. Gregg , Nazerali Rahim , Fink Sheri , VanRooyen Michael J.
Published: August 2016

As the humanitarian health response industry grows, there is a need for technical health expertise that can build an evidence base around outcome measures and raise the quality and accountability of the health relief response.We propose the formation of technical support units (TSUs), entities of health expertise institutionalized within humanitarian non-governmental organizations (NGOs), which will bridge the gap between the demand for evidencebased, humanitarian programming and the field capacity to accomplish it. With the input of major humanitarian NGOs and donors, this paper discusses the attributes and capacities of TSUs; and the mechanisms for creating and enhancing TSUs within the NGO management structure.
Advances in Monitoring Have Not Translated into Improvements in Humanitarian Health Services
Authors: Roberts Les
Published: August 2016

Background:

This paper is an attempt to review the advances and shortfalls in data collection and use of health data that have occurred during health emergencies in recent decades for the opening session of the Humanitarian and Health Conference at Dartmouth University in September of 2006.

Methods:

Examples of various kinds of successes and failures associated with health data collection are given to highlight advances with an effort to emphasize multi-agency efforts reviewed by outside scholars.

Results:

Health data, particularly surveillance data, have allowed relief workers to set priorities for life-saving humanitarian programs. The main guidelines widely utilized such as those of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Médecins sans Frontières, and the Sphere Project have considerable similarity due to the consistency of data collected in various crises. Moreover, difficult to see problems and successes have been revealed by coherent surveillance efforts. Yet, these data collection efforts can not show significant improvements in the quality of humanitarian aid in recent years. Moreover, health data often do not appear to have meaningful influence on the prioritizing of relief resources globally or on those political issues that trigger emergencies.

Conclusions:

The field of humanitarian relief is relatively nascent. Methods for documenting basic health measures on the local level have been developed and general health priorities have been documented. Some technical improvements in monitoring still are needed but decision-making is most often limited by the lack of data rather than the problems with data. The ability of health data to influence spending global priorities, legal or political actions undertaken by international organizations, remains very limited.
Relationship between milk storage characteristics and the short-term response of dairy cows to thrice-daily milking
Authors: Dewhurst R. J. , Knight C. H.
Published: August 2016

Twenty lactating dairy cows were used to investigate the relationship between the site of milk storage in the udder and the short-term response to thrice-daily milking. Cisternal and alveolar milk volumes were measured 8 h after an ordinary morning milking by catheter drainage and machine milking with oxytocin respectively. The response to thrice-daily milking was assessed using a half-udder technique and the relative milk yields quotient (RMYQ). Over the first 7 days, both halves were milked twice daily (8/16 h intervals) and milk yields over the final 4 days of this period were higher for left fore/right hind (LF/RH) (12·4 (s.e. 0·85) kg/day) than for RF/LH (10·5 (s.e. 0·63) kg/day) which was milked after LF/RH throughout the experiment. Over the following week, LF/RH quarters were milked an additional time (8/8/8 h intervals) and yields over the final 4 days were increased (15•7 (s.e. 0·95) kg/day) compared with control quarters (9·8 (s.e. 0·73) kg/day). In a final 4-day period, animals were milked twice daily and half udder yields were 13·1 (s.e. 0·89) kg/day and 10•6 (s.e. 0·77) kg/day respectively. Differences between yields from the two halves of the udders were highly significant in all 3 weeks of the experiment (P < 0·001). Cistern milk yield as a proportion of total milk yield at 8 h (cistern proportion) averaged 0·170 (s.e. = 0·0275; range 0·020 to 0·334) and tended to be greater for multiparous (0·215, s.e. 0·0279) than for primiparous animals (0·118, s.e. 0·0437; P = 0·076). During the periods of twice-daily milking, the proportion of milk yielded from LF/RH quarters was not significantly related to cistern proportion (P = 0·70 and 0·43 for weeks 1 and 3 respectively). However the response to thrice-daily milking, assessed as RMYQ, was significantly related to cistern proportion both when changing up to, and down from, thrice-daily milking (P < 0·01). Animals with low cistern proportions showed larger responses to thrice-daily milking. There was a significant relationship (P < 0·05) between the responses on changing up to, and down from, thrice-daily milking. Primiparous animals tended to exhibit smaller declines on returning to twice-daily milking than multiparous animals with equivalent responses to thrice-daily milking.