bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Using Continuous Ground-Based Radar and Lidar Measurements for Evaluating the Representation of Clouds in Four Operational Models
Authors: Bouniol Dominique , Protat Alain , Delanoë Julien , Pelon Jacques , Piriou Jean-Marcel , Bouyssel François , Tompkins Adrian M. , Wilson Damian R. , Morille Yohann , Haeffelin Martial , O’Connor Ewan J. , Hogan Robin J. , Illingworth Anthony J. , Donovan David P. , Baltink Henk-Klein
Published: April 2010

The ability of four operational weather forecast models [ECMWF, Action de Recherche Petite Echelle Grande Echelle model (ARPEGE), Regional Atmospheric Climate Model (RACMO), and Met Office] to generate a cloud at the right location and time (the cloud frequency of occurrence) is assessed in the present paper using a two-year time series of observations collected by profiling ground-based active remote sensors (cloud radar and lidar) located at three different sites in western Europe (Cabauw, Netherlands; Chilbolton, United Kingdom; and Palaiseau, France). Particular attention is given to potential biases that may arise from instrumentation differences (especially sensitivity) from one site to another and intermittent sampling. In a second step the statistical properties of the cloud variables involved in most advanced cloud schemes of numerical weather forecast models (ice water content and cloud fraction) are characterized and compared with their counterparts in the models. The two years of observations are first considered as a whole in order to evaluate the accuracy of the statistical representation of the cloud variables in each model. It is shown that all models tend to produce too many high-level clouds, with too-high cloud fraction and ice water content. The midlevel and low-level cloud occurrence is also generally overestimated, with too-low cloud fraction but a correct ice water content. The dataset is then divided into seasons to evaluate the potential of the models to generate different cloud situations in response to different large-scale forcings. Strong variations in cloud occurrence are found in the observations from one season to the same season the following year as well as in the seasonal cycle. Overall, the model biases observed using the whole dataset are still found at seasonal scale, but the models generally manage to well reproduce the observed seasonal variations in cloud occurrence. Overall, models do not generate the same cloud fraction distributions and these distributions do not agree with the observations. Another general conclusion is that the use of continuous ground-based radar and lidar observations is definitely a powerful tool for evaluating model cloud schemes and for a responsive assessment of the benefit achieved by changing or tuning a model cloud parameterization.
On Sedimentation and Advection in Multimoment Bulk Microphysics
Authors: Mansell Edward R.
Published: April 2010

In two-moment bulk microphysics schemes, the practice of using different weighted fall velocities for the various moments is known to lead to artificial growth in reflectivity values for fast-falling particles, particularly at the downward leading edge of a precipitation column. Two simple correction schemes that prevent these artifacts while still allowing some effects of size sorting are presented. The corrections are obtained by comparing particle number concentrations that result from two or three different sedimentation calculations. The corrections do not conserve particle number concentrations but do prevent spurious reflectivity growth automatically without the need to place ad hoc limits on mean particle size.

Multimoment bulk microphysics schemes often have used inconsistent variables in terms of the appropriate advection equation (e.g., mass mixing ratio and particle number concentration). A brief review of consistent advection and turbulent mixing for such variables is presented to provide clarification.
Milankovitch Forcing and Meridional Moisture Flux in the Atmosphere: Insight from a Zonally Averaged Ocean–Atmosphere Model
Authors: Antico Andrés , Marchal Olivier , Mysak Lawrence A. , Vimeux Françoise
Published: April 2010

A 1-Myr-long time-dependent solution of a zonally averaged ocean–atmosphere model subject to Milankovitch forcing is examined to gain insight into long-term changes in the planetary-scale meridional moisture flux in the atmosphere. The model components are a one-dimensional (latitudinal) atmospheric energy balance model with an active hydrological cycle and an ocean circulation model representing four basins (Atlantic, Indian, Pacific, and Southern Oceans). This study finds that the inclusion of an active hydrological cycle does not significantly modify the responses of annual-mean air and ocean temperatures to Milankovitch forcing found in previous integrations with a fixed hydrological cycle. Likewise, the meridional overturning circulation of the North Atlantic Ocean is not significantly affected by hydrological changes. Rather, it mainly responds to precessionally driven variations of ocean temperature in subsurface layers (between 70- and 500-m depth) of this basin. On the other hand, annual and zonal means of evaporation rate and meridional flux of moisture in the atmosphere respond notably to obliquity-driven changes in the meridional gradient of annual-mean insolation. Thus, when obliquity is decreased (increased), the meridional moisture flux in the atmosphere is intensified (weakened). This hydrological response is consistent with deuterium excess records from polar ice cores, which are characterized by dominant obliquity cycles.
Influence of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation on the Relationship between El Niño and the Northeast Asian Summer Monsoon
Authors: Yoon Jinhee , Yeh Sang-Wook
Published: April 2010

The influence of the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) on the relationship between El Niño and the northeast Asian summer monsoon (NEASM) is examined using observational datasets for the period of 1979–2007. When El Niño occurs during the boreal winter (December–February), the amount of rainfall over northeast Asia is usually above normal during the following summer (June–August). This relationship between El Niño and the NEASM is intensified when El Niño and the PDO are in phase during the previous winter. However, when El Niño and the PDO are out of phase, the relationship is weakened. The authors argue that the PDO can constructively or destructively interfere with the summer rainfall response over northeast Asia to El Niño.

They follow the hypothesis that the summer rainfall over northeast Asia could be separated into two components, that is, the tropics-related component and the extratropics-related component. Then they argue that the PDO could modulate the relationship between El Niño and the NEASM through changes in the extratropics-related rainfall, which is associated with the atmospheric circulation, such as the Eurasian pattern. The conditional composites show that when El Niño and the PDO are in phase, the Eurasian-like pattern acts to enhance the extratropics-related rainfall over northeast Asia, resulting in the strengthening of the NEASM. In contrast, the Eurasian-like pattern acts to reduce the extratropics-related rainfall when El Niño and the PDO are out of phase, resulting in the weakening of the NEASM.
The Effects of the Internal Flow Structure on SPM Entrapment in the Rotterdam Waterway
Authors: de Nijs Michel A. J. , Winterwerp Johan C. , Pietrzak Julie D.
Published: April 2010

Field measurements are presented, which are the first to quantify the processes influencing the entrapment of suspended particulate matter (SPM) at the limit of saltwater intrusion in the Rotterdam Waterway. The estuarine turbidity maximum (ETM) is shown to be maintained by the trapping of fluvial SPM at the head of the salt wedge. The trapping process is associated with the raining out of fluvial SPM from the upper, fresher part of the water column, into the layer below the pycnocline. The dominant mechanisms responsible are baroclinic shear flows and the abrupt change in turbulent mixing characteristics due to damping of turbulence at the pycnocline. This view contrasts with the assumption of landward transport of marine SPM by asymmetries in bed stress. The SPM transport capacity of the tidal flow is not fully utilized in the ETM, and the ETM is independent of a bed-based supply of mud. This is explained by regular exchange of part of the ETM with harbor basins, which act as efficient sinks, and that the Rotterdam Waterway is not a complete fluvial SPM trap. The supply of SPM by the freshwater discharge ensures that the ETM is maintained over time. Hence, the ETM is an advective phenomenon. Relative motion between SPM and saltwater occurs because of lags introduced by resuspension. Moreover, SPM that lags behind the salt wedge after high water slack (HWS) is eventually recollected at the head. Hence, SPM follows complex transport pathways and the mechanisms involved in trapping and transport of SPM are inherently three-dimensional.
Three-Dimensional Structure and Temporal Evolution of Submesoscale Thermohaline Intrusions in the North Pacific Subtropical Frontal Zone
Authors: Shcherbina A. Y. , Gregg M. C. , Alford M. H. , Harcourt R. R.
Published: April 2010

Four instances of persistent intrusive deformation of the North Pacific Subtropical Front were tagged individually by a Lagrangian float and tracked for several days. Each feature was mapped in three dimensions using repeat towed observations referenced to the float. Isohaline surface deformations in the frontal zone included sheetlike folds elongated in the alongfront direction and narrow tongues extending across the front. All deformations appeared as protrusions of relatively cold, and fresh, water across the front. No corresponding features of the opposite sign or isolated lenslike structures were observed. The sheets were O(10 m) thick, protruded about 10 km into the warm saline side of the front, and were coherent for 10–30 km along the front. Having about the same thickness and cross-frontal extent as the sheets, tongues extended less than 5 km along the front. All of the intrusions persisted as long as they were followed, several days to one week. Their structures evolved on both inertial (23 h) and subinertial (∼10 days) time scales in response to differential lateral advection. The water mass surrounding the intrusions participated in gradual anticyclonic rotation as a part of a mesoscale meander of the subtropical front. The intrusions may be interpreted as a manifestation of three-dimensional submesoscale turbulence of the frontal zone, driven by the mesoscale. Absence of large features of the opposite sign may be indicative of the asymmetry of the underlying dynamics.
Wind Speed Dependence of Single-Site Wave-Height Retrievals from High-Frequency Radars
Authors: Haus Brian K. , Shay Lynn K. , Work Paul A. , Voulgaris George , Ramos Rafael J. , Martinez-Pedraja Jorge
Published: April 2010

Wave-height observations derived from single-site high-frequency (HF) radar backscattered Doppler spectra are generally recognized to be less accurate than overlapping radar techniques but can provide significantly larger sampling regions. The larger available wave-sampling region may have important implications for observing system design. Comparison of HF radar–derived wave heights with acoustic Doppler profiler and buoy data revealed that the scale separation between the Bragg scattering waves and the peak energy-containing waves may contribute to errors in the single-site estimates in light-to-moderate winds. A wave-height correction factor was developed that explicitly considers this scale separation and eliminates the trend of increasing errors with increasing wind speed.
Scribe and script in the Cālukya West Deccan
Authors: Cox Whitney M.
Published: April 2010

This article concentrates on the production of copper plate donative charters by the chancellery of the later Western Cālukyas in what is now northern Karnataka. In analysing this small corpus of eight documents, I try to capture how this form of public document can be contextualised in multiple ways, in order to restore something of the pragmatic world of the emergence and use of this particular set of epigraphic materials. Over the period studied here, several changes can be observed in the relationship between the officials authorising the plates’ issue and the Brahman scribes who actually drew up the documents, while the documents themselves remain totally standardised in their orthography and general physique. The article also includes a brief cultural–historical digression on the empirical as well as subjective worlds of a literate professional in this world, suggesting a general type of disillusioned, highly mobile literatus within the professional cadres of the medieval peninsula. Scribe and script afford us evidence of separate and internally heterogeneous historical processes, which unfolded according to altogether different temporal rhythms. The complex social and cultural dynamics evident from these materials suggest new ways in which historians of medieval India can approach questions of temporality and of causal heterogeneity.
Cowries and coins
Authors: Deyell John S.
Published: April 2010

This article examines the establishment, operation and evolution of the dual–denomination monetary system of the Bengal Sultanate, 1205–1576. The Sultans ruled a populous country blessed with a consistent surplus production of agricultural commodities and textiles which they redistributed through their system of state revenue and expenditure. Also, traders drew on this surplus for the Indian Ocean trade.

Both levels of the economy were served by the monetary system. A heavy, high purity silver coin met the needs of government and trade, while cowry shells met the needs of low-value transactions for most of the population. A private financial industry brokered the exchange of the two denominations. Over time the relative importance of cowries and silver tankas shifted, with the metallic currency predominant by the sixteenth century. This reflected the expansion of the Sultanate, the growing maturity of its state system and the improved availability of bullion.

Bengal’s money appears to have been almost exclusively domestic in circulation and impact. However, neither silver nor cowry shells were available locally, and had to be imported. The high capacity of Bengal to absorb cowries and silver into its money supply must have been a significant driver of overland and maritime trading patterns.
‘All gifting is sacred’
Authors: Kasturi Malavika
Published: April 2010

This article examines the Sanatana Dharma Sabha movement’s engagement with socio-religious charitable gifting practices, or dana, between 1915 and 1940. In late colonial India, elite donors used the language and forms of dana to rework relationships of patronage, reinforce power hierarchies and transform the moral fibre of different ‘publics’. Reformist orthodox Hindu socio-religious organisations affiliated to the Sanatana Dharma Sabha movement fostered and shaped sanatana dharma norms, precepts and ritual practices through charitable gifting. Reforming dana was also a significant part of their project of revitalising sanatana dharma to craft citizenship, nationalism and a modern civil society. Sanatani organisations led public initiatives to prevent the misuse of monies by the managers of wealthy religious and charitable institutions and use this wealth to reinvigorate the Hindu samaj and religion. They also utilised the Religious and Charitable Endowments Acts as legal tools of reform to nurture a ‘Hindu public’ bound by caste, sampradayik and gender norms.
Routes into the British Service Class
Authors: Bühlmann Felix
Published: April 2010

Goldthorpe’s conception of mobility into the service class relies strongly on biographical explanations. Hence, it is surprising that empirically biographical trajectories are often approached using methodological proxies. Employing a sequence analysis of the work histories of 13,119 members of the National Child Development Study’s 1958 cohort, we examine different routes into the service class. It appears that there are two important roads leading to the service class: one direct and short, the other tortuous and long. Surprisingly, these two routes fork not along the boundaries of the factions of the service class, but along gender lines. Women move later and through feeder occupations to service class positions, whereas men attain these positions immediately subsequent to the educational phase. We explain this by different feeder logics for men and women.
Freeing Time? The ‘Family Time Economies’ of Nurses
Authors: Maher JaneMaree , Lindsay Jo , Bardoel E. Anne
Published: April 2010

This study uses the ‘family time economies’ concept for a nuanced investigation of family work-care experiences in 20 Australian nursing families. The family time economy captures information on the management and coordination of work and care responsibilities in families. Our study investigates how nurses were utilizing nursing flexibility to support time for caring for their families. We report on couple interview research which offered important insights into how shift work and family time are described and negotiated between partners caring for children. The study shows that the complex work schedules generated by shift work are reflected in domestic life, as nurses and their partners use available employment flexibility to ensure they have time for family care. The ‘taylorized’ allotment of time within the family competed with the desire to make, and preserve, free and unstructured family time, reflecting the incursion of, and resistance to, industrial temporalities in the familial sphere.
Re-thinking Western Art Music: a perspective shift for music educators
Authors: Drummond John
Published: April 2010

While many resources are now available to teach world music in our classrooms, less attention has been given to helping teachers exhibit the quality defined by Patricia Shehan Campbell as ‘an open reception to the breadth of music’s multiple manifestations’. For many music educators, Western Art Music is ‘their music’, which they often unconsciously privilege in their work. Further, the widespread adoption of western education systems has led to ‘music’ in formal education being defined in western terms.

Barbara Lundquist suggests that we need to develop new ethnomusicological perspectives on the music we teach. Applying this approach to Western Art Music leads to the conclusion that it can usefully be described as North-west Asian Court Music. This shift in perspective allows the music to be viewed and taught in the conservatorium and in the classroom in a different way, with no loss of status to those involved in it or to the music itself. In this way, neo-colonial attitudes can be avoided while music educators can better meet the needs of students in the modern world.
Musicians as instrumental music teachers: Issues from an Australian perspective
Authors: Watson Amanda
Published: April 2010

Instrumental music teaching occupies a significant portion of the protean career of a musician. Musicians teach their instrument in schools, conservatoires and in private studios. The aim of this paper is to identify educational opportunities available for the education of musicians as instrumental music teachers, to discuss issues associated with their participation in these activities, and the challenges they face as practising teachers in schools and/or the private studio. In Australia, there are a variety of professional learning activities and training courses that the professional musician can undertake to expand her/his skills and knowledge as an instrumental music teacher. Not all of these educational opportunities are recognized as approved teacher education qualifications by the teacher registration boards in Australia. All instrumental music teachers in Australian schools must be registered with the teacher registration authority in the state or territory where they wish to work before they can seek employment. A discussion is presented in this paper on the issues associated with registration. The final section of this paper is devoted to a consideration of the different work environments and cultures in schools that may be experienced by professional musicians.
Keyboard improvisation: a phenomenological study
Authors: Kingscott John , Durrant Colin
Published: April 2010

The purpose of this study was to explore the phenomenon of musical improvisation within two contrasting musical genres — jazz piano and liturgical and concert organ. While improvisation is well documented in both genres, there is little literature relating the two forms and, in particular, the process of improvisation. The aim of this study is to contribute to this dialogue. In encounters with two experienced improvisers, several key areas are identified. In particular, improvisation in both forms draws heavily on pre-existing and pre-rehearsed material both as a starting point and as exemplar material, and so therefore exposure to and immersion in both forms is necessary for successful mastery. Improvisation in both traditions is far from instantaneously conceived music (that is — made up entirely from scratch); indeed, it exists within a tight socio-musical framework. Deviation from this framework can lead to confusion for both performer and audience. Improvisation is affected not only by the intentions of the performer, but also by the expectations of the audience. Musically, improvisation cannot be said to be fully autonomous. Meaningful improvisation, then, should take place in an appropriate context.
Current status of string teacher education at university music teacher training schools in Turkey
Authors: Göktürk Dilek
Published: April 2010

The purpose of this study was to examine the status of undergraduate string teacher education curriculum in Turkish universities in both eastern and western regions. To accomplish this task, the relative strengths and weaknesses of Turkish string teacher education were investigated through an intensive literature review and a survey. Seventy-one string professors at nineteen university music teacher training schools in Turkey were sent a questionnaire for the purpose of this investigation. Sixty-one of the professors (85.92%) responded. The findings indicated that there were significant differences in the application of the centralized string teacher education curriculum in universities in eastern and western Turkey. According to the respondents in both regions, the string teacher education curriculum should be restructured and new courses in string teacher training (such as String Skills/Techniques, String Methods, String Laboratory, Public School Orchestra Conducting and Public School Orchestra Literature) should be added to the curriculum. After the study was completed, a new string teacher education curriculum including these additional courses was developed. Relevant courses from other universities were examined as the basis for development of the new curriculum.
New journal models and publishing perspectives in the evolving digital environment
Authors: Cassella Maria , Calvi Licia
Published: April 2010

Open access combined with Web 2.0 networking tools is fast changing the traditional journal’s functions and framework and the publisher’s role. As content is more and more available online in digital repositories and on the web, an integrated, interconnected, multidisciplinary information environment is evolving and Oldenburg’s model disintegrates: the journal is no longer the main referring unit for scholarly output, as it used to be, for Scientific, Technical, and Medical disciplines, but scholars’ attention is now more focused on the article level. New journals models are thus evolving. The first part of this paper discusses these new experimental journal models, i.e. overlay journals, interjournals and different levels journals. The second part directs readers’ attention to the role commercial publishers could play in this digital seamless writing arena. The authors consider that publishers should concentrate much more on value-added services for authors, readers and libraries, such as navigational services, discovery services, archiving and evaluation services.
Changing visions of parliamentary libraries: From the Enlightenment to Facebook
Authors: Watt Iain
Published: April 2010

Parliamentary libraries’ founding ideal is of unbounded rationality: Members making decisions using full information, aided by the library. This is assessed as a necessary myth projecting the modernity of the parliament and the value of the library. The standard narrative of parliamentary library history — that changing visions are responses to the needs of Members — is questioned. In reality, the library may not fulfil its idealized role and in any case it no longer signifies modernity. The myth has become a liability. An alternative paradigm of Members’ information work is proposed based on the concept of bounded rationality and, in particular, the work of Gigerenzer on ‘fast and frugal’ decision-making. Rather than focusing on quality of information produced/delivered, parliamentary libraries should focus on quality of information actually used. Improving ease of access to information and focusing on specialist Members may have more impact than incremental improvements of product quality. Parliamentary libraries must also consider the growth in Members’ support staff and adapt their marketing to a business-to-business model. A focus on core competences and their deployment in new areas of parliamentary information work is one vision for the future. The paper represents the personal views of the author and does not reflect the views of the European Parliament.
Bridging between libraries and information and communication technologies for development
Authors: Sears Rebecca , Crandall Michael
Published: April 2010

The International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA), the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (Global Libraries initiative), and the Technology & Social Change Group (TASCHA), at the University of Washington Information School, believe that the library and ICTD fields are at a point in their evolutions where each may be able to provide significant value to the other. They have organized a series of ‘bridging’ convenings to bring together interested stakeholders in both fields to advance activities that will realize tangible benefits for the two communities. Libraries and ICTD share an interest in the use of technology to achieve their ultimate goals. While their contexts come from very different histories and intentions, there are many areas of commonality that are worth exploring as possible collaborative efforts. A two-level view of the fields is proposed, starting with the overall characteristics that determine the character of each field as a necessary context for thinking about possible intersections, and ending with a proposal for exploration of potential areas for joint work at a more practical level. Possible projects in the areas of user services, training and technology are suggestions for further investigation.
Politics in medias res: power that precedes and exceeds in Foucault and Burke
Authors: Watkins Robert E.
Published: April 2010

Foucault famously claimed that in political theory the king’s head still needs to be cut off, proclaiming the imperative to move beyond a centralized and prohibitive conception of power and toward a more distributed, relational and productive understanding of power in political society. Ironically, Edmund Burke, famous for criticizing an actual revolutionary regicide in France, can be read as an ally in Foucault’s project of theoretical regicide and conceptual revolution. For although he staunchly defended existing monarchies in France and Britain, Burke’s political theory in many ways encapsulates the kind of approach that Foucault sought to call forth. In this article, I argue for three particular resonances between Burke’s and Foucault’s views on power’s place and role in political society: one, power precedes subjects; two, power exceeds subjects; and three, subjects must negotiate with existing power relations (as opposed to ignoring or destroying them). Combined, these resonances remind us that political practice, reform and resistance are (almost) always situated in an unchosen context, thus happening in the middle of things rather than on a blank social canvas. Recognizing Burke’s interest in reform conditioned by the socio-cultural and historical circumstances and Foucault’s concern for resistance even though we can never be outside power allows us to appreciate the unchosen constraints that shape political practice of individual and collective subjects alike.
Choice under description: The motivational nexus
Authors: Eriksson Lina
Published: April 2010

In order to solve the problem of seemingly reasonable violations of expected utility theory (EUT), many have suggested we should re-describe choice alternatives. But this strategy suffers from the problem of determining the relevant description among multiple possible ones. I argue that the relevant description is given by the theory of motivation that underlies rational choice theory (RCT); more specifically, by the desires people try to satisfy. The descriptions that followed from the traditional assumption that people desire wealth had some peculiar features that suited EUT well. But not all desires generate descriptions with these features. In particular, a desire for fairness will sometimes require people to violate menu independence and thus EUT, and will further often require that people are sensitive to the framing of choices. This suggests that EUT is a good normative theory for choices driven by some desires but not for others.
Modelling a rational choice theory of criminal action: Subjective expected utilities, norms, and interactions
Authors: Mehlkop Guido , Graeff Peter
Published: April 2010

Referring to classic rational choice models of criminal behaviour (Becker 1968), this paper presents an extended Subjective Expected Utility model that is more in line with the requirements of theorizing and empirical testing than former models. In our model, the decision of an actor is influenced by the expected utility of the crime and the norms that prohibit the delinquent action. It is suggested that there is an interaction between utility and norms which reflect different patterns of decision making leading to different probabilities for the occurrence of crimes. The model is tested by using survey data from Germany. Applying a new technique to uncover interaction effects reveals that in one pattern, internalized norms that label criminal action as not appropriate take effect instead of deliberation. In another pattern, the recognition that certain actions are connected to societal norms increases deliberation about costs and benefits of criminal behaviour.
Measuring religious costs and rewards in a cross-cultural perspective
Authors: Lavrič Miran , Flere Sergej
Published: April 2010

The assumption of rationally motivated individual religious behavior was tested in a survey of undergraduate university students from four different cultural/religious environments: Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, and the United States of America. In particular, an attempt was made to explain readiness to bear religious costs by the expectation of otherworldly rewards and some other variables, such as religious socialization, support in the upbringing of children, religious capital, satisfaction with religious services and the perceived social sanctions for possible religious nonparticipation. It was found that it is the otherworldly rewards in all the samples that explain by far the major part of the variance in the readiness to bear religious costs. These results suggest that individuals do tend to make rational choices even when it comes to religion. Based on their beliefs, they are ready to accept religious costs approximately to the level of their expectation of otherworldly rewards.
Mutual interdependence versus repeated interaction: An experiment studying voluntary social exchange
Authors: Güth Werner , Levati M. Vittoria , von Wangenheim Georg
Published: April 2010

Relations of mutual interdependence have been regarded as necessary for human cooperation to evolve. However, many studies in the social sciences indicate that repeated interaction suffices to establish cooperation. We examine this issue by means of a voluntary social exchange experiment where mutually interdependent players coexist with merely dependent ones. We systematically vary the degree of mutual interdependence and the length of the time horizon. According to our data, repetition of interactions is crucial for fostering cooperation, although people remain attentive to mutual interdependencies.
Pre- and post-trip perceptions: an insight into Chinese package holiday market to Australia
Authors: Wang Ying , Davidson Michael CG.
Published: April 2010

In light of the importance of destination image in determining purchase decision and visitor satisfaction, the present study investigated how Australia is perceived as a tourist destination in the Chinese package holiday market. A self-administered questionnaire survey was conducted to collect travellers’ pre- and post-trip perceptions. Natural scenery and agreeable environment were identified as Australia’s advantages whilst museums, accessibility, shopping and entertainment related areas were disadvantages. The study also revealed significant improvement in perception of 13 destination attributes. The factorial structure of the perception was also modified by the travel experience. These results pose the question of whether Australia has been appropriately portrayed in existing destination promotional materials targeting the Chinese package holiday market. A shift in marketing emphasis or product offering may be necessary.
PLD1-dependent PKCγ activation downstream to Src is essential for the development of pathologic retinal neovascularization
Authors: Zhang Qiuhua , Wang Dong , Kundumani-Sridharan Venkatesh , Gadiparthi Laxmisilpa , Johnson Dianna A. , Tigyi Gabor J. , Rao Gadiparthi N.
Published: April 2010

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) appears to be an important mediator of pathologic retinal angiogenesis. In understanding the mechanisms of pathologic retinal neovascularization, we found that VEGF activates PLD1 in human retinal microvascular endothelial cells, and this event is dependent on Src. In addition, VEGF activates protein kinase C-γ (PKCγ) via Src-dependent PLD1 stimulation. Inhibition of Src, PLD1, or PKCγ via pharmacologic, dominant negative mutant, or siRNA approaches significantly attenuated VEGF-induced human retinal microvascular endothelial cell migration, proliferation, and tube formation. Hypoxia also induced Src-PLD1-PKCγ signaling in retina, leading to retinal neovascularization. Furthermore, siRNA-mediated down-regulation of VEGF inhibited hypoxia-induced Src-PLD1-PKCγ activation and neovascularization. Blockade of Src-PLD1-PKCγ signaling via the siRNA approach also suppressed hypoxia-induced retinal neovascularization. Thus, these observations demonstrate, for the first time, that Src-dependent PLD1-PKCγ activation plays an important role in pathologic retinal angiogenesis.
Can Capitalism Save the Planet?
Authors: Steinberg Ted
Published: April 2010

Is it possible for one of the most dynamic and exploitative social systems in the history of the world to stave off global warming, massive habitat destruction, and the vast changes in the earth's nitrogen cycle? This essay will examine the origins of green liberalism—the idea that recourse to the market and its price mechanism combined with individual action can lead to ecological balance. It examines the historical forces that gave rise to this ideology and documents the existence of at least one main democratic alternative brushed aside as green liberalism took root beginning in the 1970s.
Revisiting a “World without Borders”
Authors: Kinkela David , Maher Neil M.
Published: April 2010

In this interview we sit down with one of the founding voices of environmental history, Donald Worster, to discuss the state of the field and to reflect on the impact of his 1982 essay, “World without Borders: The Internationalization of Environmental History,” which proclaimed that environmental history, because of its interest in material nature, offered a unique approach to historical inquiry that “move[s] easily across national boundaries.”
Contemplating Animal Histories
Authors: Andrews Thomas G.
Published: April 2010

This essay describes two experiments in integrating contemplative practices such as sitting meditation and lectio divina into an undergraduate seminar titled “Animals in America.” It begins by giving account of the first iteration of the class, then discussing student evaluations. It proceeds to explain how the author subsequently revised the course to deepen students' engagement with the subject matter, as well as to heighten their confrontation with the realities of animal suffering in the past and present. The essay concludes by weighing some of the benefits and disadvantages that contemplative practices pose in the history classroom.
Urban Images from “World View of Global Warming”
Authors: Braasch Gary
Published: April 2010

Gary Braasch is a photographer who has been documenting the changing global environment since 1975. This issue's “Curated Spaces” section comprises a photo essay with photographs from his ten-year project, “World View of Global Warming,” and the resulting book, Earth under Fire: How Global Warming Is Changing the World (2007). In his corresponding essay, Matthew Gandy, the author of Concrete and Clay: Reworking Nature in New York City (2002), investigates the historical linkages between nature and cities in the southern and northern reaches of the world, reminding readers that environmental justice is not only rooted in the local but also blossoms transnationally.
Commodities, Colonial Science, and Environmental Change in Latin American History
Authors: Carey Mark
Published: April 2010

Recent scholarship on Latin American environmental history builds on and enriches the field's traditional orientation toward colonialism, capitalism, and conservation. This essay analyzes four themes present in this new environmental history research: the transnational study of commodities that incorporates global, national, and local scales; the role of the state in shaping historical human-environment interactions; the social and cultural production of environmental knowledge and geographical science; and the varying approaches to landscape change that partially parallel disciplinary divisions in the way scholars conceptualize nature and explain environmental change in Latin America. These four themes reveal productive approaches, methods, and topics to guide future environmental histories not only of Latin America but of other world regions as well.
Recent Developments in Transnational Environmental History
Authors: Evans Sterling
Published: April 2010

The field of environmental history in the past twenty years has become an important discipline for every continent on earth. Yet this internationalization has taken a more recent transnational turn, which this essay addresses. Now various scholars are asking questions about ecological connections between countries, about ecosystems that cross international borders, and about the environmental impact of transnational industries, export agriculture, international trade, and immigration. The works under review here address these themes, and the current essay frames the books in the contexts of both environmental history and transnational history, offering an analysis of how they are advancing the conjoined fields.
Random Dispersion of Metal Nanoparticles Can Form a Laser Cavity
Authors: Murai Shunsuke , Fujita Koji , Meng Xiangeng , Tanaka Katsuhisa
Published: April 2010

Metal nanoparticles are efficient scatterers for light at around the frequency of localized surface plasmon resonance. By randomly dispersing such strong scatterers in a gain material, a laser system is achieved. Multiple scattering leads to an optical feedback that selects lasing modes. This type of laser is called random laser and has been developed using dielectric scatterers. This article highlights the application of metal nanoparticles to random laser and emphasizes the advantages of metallic scatterers compared to dielectric scatterers.
Electrochemical Capacitor Properties of NiO in Ionic Liquids
Authors: Makino Sho , Takasu Yoshio , Sugimoto Wataru
Published: April 2010

The electrochemical capacitor properties of dip-coated NiO/Ni were studied in six different ionic liquids and compared with a typical nonaqueous electrolyte and an alkaline electrolyte. A 3 V working potential for the ionic liquids leads to a larger energy density when compared to KOH electrolyte, with the highest energy density obtained in EMI-BF4.
Selective Oxidation of Hydrazides Using o-Iodoxybenzoic Acid to Carboxylic Acids, Esters, and Aldehydes
Authors: Takale Balaram S , Telvekar Vikas N
Published: April 2010

A selective method for conversion of hydrazide to corresponding aldehydes, acids, and esters by using hypervalent iodine reagent o-iodoxybenzoic acid (IBX) has been developed under different reaction conditions. The developed method is mild and gives moderate to good yields for both aliphatic and aromatic substrates.
One-pot Preparation of Antioxidized Copper Fine Particles with a Unique Structure by Chemical Reduction at Room Temperature
Authors: Yonezawa Tetsu , Nishida Naoki , Hyono Atsushi
Published: April 2010

A one-pot and single-step reduction process for producing antioxidized copper fine particles will be described. This process can be carried out at room temperature, and size range is quite wide, from 190 nm to 1 µm by varying the amount of gelatin, the stabilizing reagent. From SEM images it is revealed that higher loading of gelatin gave larger but relatively uniform particles. However, XRD patterns indicated that the large particles were composed of smaller particles; that is, they had a “particle-in-particle” structure. Cross-sectional TEM image strongly supports this structure and indicates that gelatin is a good antioxidizing coating material which kept 5-nm copper metallic.
Preparation and Characterization of Polydopamine-coated Silver Core/Shell Nanocables
Authors: Zhang Min , Zhang Xihao , He Xiwen , Chen Langxing , Zhang Yukui
Published: April 2010

This paper describes for the first time a simple method to synthesize polydopamine-coated Ag nanocable with well-defined core–shell structure. The morphology, structure, and composition of the products were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray power diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy.
Upright Structuring of Functional Carboxylate Anchored on Benzoate/Cu(110) Molecular Template Studied by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy
Authors: Katano Satoshi , Hori Masafumi , Rabot Caroline , Kim Yousoo , Kawai Maki
Published: April 2010

Geometric control of p-aminobenzoate adsorbed on Cu(110) substrate has been demonstrated using the benzoate molecular template. Scanning tunneling microscopy was used to elucidate the local structures and electronic states of adsorbates on the molecular template.
Reviews
Authors: Lightman Sarah
Published: April 2010

Diary Drawings by Bobby Baker 19 March2 August 2009, Wellcome Collection, 183 Euston Road, London NW1 2BE
Reviews
Authors: Wllner Daniel
Published: April 2010

Yellow Series Christian A. Bachmann (ed.), Bochum and Essen: Christian A. Bachmann Verlag. Academic publishing on comics in Germany
Intertwining verbal and visual elements in printed narratives for adults
Authors: Lefvre Pascal
Published: April 2010

In the course of print history only a few successful models of image and word-alliances (e.g., comics, picture books) developed, while other types remained rather marginal. This article tries to argue why such different and experimental works as What a Life! (Lucas and Morrow,
1911), La Prose du Transsibrien et de la petite Jehanne de France/Prose of the Trans-Siberian and of Little Jehanne of France (Cendars and Delaunay, 1913), Dynamik der Gross-Stadt/Dynamics of a Metropolis (Moholy-Nagy, 1925), La Cantatrice Chauve/The Bold Soprano (Ionesco
and Massin, 1964), La Toilette/The Cleaning (Charras, Robial and Montellier, 1983) or Narratology (Drucker, 1994) in fact belong to a separate but cohesive body of works. Though individual works of this newly defined group of image and word-narratives may share some characteristics
with better known models (as those of comics or picture books for children), as a group they use far more extensively typographic manipulations and special layouts, they experiment more freely with varying styles and they can redesign the object of the book itself. The image and word prototype
books created in a workshop at a Flemish art school will serve here as a case study.
William Hogarth's A Harlot's Progress: the beginnings of a purely pictographic sequential language
Authors: Bartual Roberto
Published: April 2010

There have been numerous attempts to draw attention to the role of William Hogarth in the history of sequential art. Scott McCloud has cited Hogarth as one of the precursors of pictographic narratives, and Robert Crumb acknowledged the influence that the English engraver and painter
has had in his work. But in spite of constant homage, it still remains unclear in which ways the language of comics is indebted to the narrative techniques Hogarth applied in sequential groups of engravings such as A Harlot's Progress, The Rake's Progress, Marriage -la-Mode or Industry
and Idleness.

Hogarth's scholars have thoroughly studied the aesthetic aspects of his work but generally dismissed its sequential devices, with the fortunate exception of David Kunzle, who placed Hogarth's sequential prints in the much wider context of the European broadsheet and the
narrative strip. The purpose of this article is to analyse in a systematic manner Hogarth's sequential devices using his first long narration, A Harlot's Progress (1732), as a paradigm of his narrative style. It will use C. S. Peirce's terminology to distinguish between two types of
pictographic signs: symbols, which are systematically inserted in the dramatic setting in order to give metaphoric clues to the personality and background of the characters; and indexes, which function in a metonymic manner as causal clues to the events not depicted in the image. This distinction
will allow us to defend our central thesis in this article: these two types of visual signs, metaphoric and metonymic, which allowed Hogarth to evoke unrepresented events in the blank space between images, are the starting point of a purely pictographic sequential language that, after undergoing
many transformations, eventually led to what we call comics today.