bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
White‐Box Testing
Authors: Ostrand Thomas
Published: February 2015

White‐box testing
refers to test methods that rely on the internal structure of the software. White‐box methods are based on executing or “covering” specific elements of the code. The essential rationale for these methods is that it is impossible to detect a fault in some piece of code by testing if that code is never executed. The ideal would be to test every part of the code in every way that it could be executed during actual operation of the system. Since this ideal is achievable only for very simple programs with finite input domains, each white‐box method identifies some specific code characteristic or type of code element that should be tested.

A white‐box approach can be used either to generate test cases or to measure the extent to which a given set of test cases covers all the code elements identified by the approach. When a method is used to measure coverage, it is called an
adequacy criterion
. In practice, the white‐box methods are used primarily for measuring the adequacy of test sets that have been derived by black‐box methods. Only near the end of the testing cycle are the white‐box approaches used to help generate the small number of additional tests needed to satisfy a criterion.

The simpler white‐box methods require single elements in the program to be executed. These methods include statement and branch coverage, which were the earliest, and are still the most commonly used, white‐box methods. Tools to monitor the coverage of statements and branches for popular programming languages have been available since the 1970s. The more complex methods require sequences of elements to be executed. These include various types of path coverage and the data flow methods.
Z (Zed)
Authors: Hammond Jonathan
Published: February 2015

Z is a formal notation with a sound mathematical basis used for the development of computer systems. The fundamental mathematical basis for Z is elementary set theory. Like several formal methods the Z notation uses typed first order predicate calculus. The Z type system is decidable.

Within industry, Z is generally used in the formal specification and design of computer software. It is a modeloriented method for abstractly describing the behavior (i.e., functionality) of sequential programs. In general, other aspects of a system such as timing or concurrency cannot be described in Z. Z consists of a core language plus powerful extension mechanisms. An extensive mathematical toolkit including relations, functions, and sequences, is built using these extension mechanisms. This toolkit is used to model the pieces of information contained in a system and the ways in which the pieces can be transformed.
Capability Maturity Model for Software
Authors: Paulk Mark
Published: February 2015

This article provides an overview of the Capability Maturity Model® for Software (Software CMM®) and the concepts of software process maturity. (Capability Maturity Model and CMM are registered in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.) It contains a background discussion of why process is crucial to organizational and project success, a description of the development of the CMM, a detailed summary of the model, and a description of the model's use for process improvement and the evaluation of software suppliers; describes the use of the CMM in the context of the SEI's IDEALSM(IDEAL is a service mark of Carnegie Mellon University) approach to process improvement; summarizes some of the strengths and weaknesses of the current model and its use; characterizes the state of the practice and the return on investment for software process improvement; and concludes with a discussion of likely future directions for CMM‐like models.
Requirements Traceability
Authors: LI Wei , Vaughn Rayford B. , Saiedian Hossein
Published: February 2015

Requirements traceability (RT) can be viewed as “the ability to describe and follow the life of a requirement, in both the forward and backward direction” It is used to capture the relationships between requirements, design, and implementation of a system. RT not only can be a useful solution to align system evolution with changing stakeholder needs but also helps in finding unexpected problems, innovative opportunities and laying the groundwork for corporate knowledge management

Techniques have been suggested in the research literature to address the RT problem. Their use, however, is still not as widespread as the importance of RT suggests. This is likely because there are still many issues to be addressed, for example, the lack of common definitions and conflicting underlying problems

According to analysis, there are two different kinds of traceability: prerequirements specification (pre‐RS) traceability and postrequirements specification (post‐RS) traceability. In practice, requirement traceability users can be divided into two groups: low end and high end traceability users. Issues related to the RT definition and its importance are discussed. Pre‐RT and post‐RT traceability problems and approaches are also discussed. A brief introduction to the tools used in RT is presented and their usefulness in addressing the RT problem is discussed in the section on tools support for RT. The article concludes with suggestions for related future work.
Reengineering
Authors: Marciniak John J.
Published: February 2015

Reengineering
is a term applied to software development where an existing or legacy) system is undergoing some degree of redevelopment. It is synonyms are
software renewal
and
software renovation
.

Systems were upgraded in two ways. The first way was by completely rebuilding, thus replacing the initial system. As technology advanced, both in hardware and software capability, the capability to enhance software gracefully was improved and became more cost effective. New hardware was developed to be “upward‐compatible” from prior systems, thus, enabling moving to a new generation of hardware while rehosting existing software. Software portability was enhanced through the effective use of high order languages, cross‐compilers, and standard interfaces to operating system support environments. In addition, the investment in software was becoming so great that rewriting the system was not cost‐effective. A combination of these and other circumstances gave rise to the reengineering of software that is common in today's business environment.

Changes to systems are driven by customer and user demands. As a system becomes old hardware performance becomes an issue. Existing hardware may be one to two generations old in terms of hardware that is currently available, and maintenance of the hardware may be costly. In some situations the original vendor may have gone out of business or dropped support for the system. The user may be completely satisfied with the existing software and may wish to simply replace the hardware with a modem system. In another example, the software may be becoming old in the sense that it has undergone extensive upgrade and maintenance is difficult and costly. Or, the original software may not have been engineered well, with poor or missing documentation describing its operation and construction. The user may wish to correct this situation, developing new documentation at the same time upgrading the system to new hardware. This was a common occurrence in the 1980s as users were concerned with the maintenance and support of systems.

Reengineering of software intensive systems has a spectrum of possibilities. Both hardware and software can be reengineered, either by themselves or in some combination. In a hardware reengineered project, the hardware is normally swapped out with new equipment, and the software may not be modified at all. Or, the hardware may be held constant and the software reengineered.
Safety
Authors: Ferrell Uma D. , Ferrell Thomas K.
Published: February 2015

Safety is often the result of a system's failure to operate properly, which, in turn, may have been caused by a fault in the system. This fault in the system may be a result of an error in the design or use of the system. One definition of “error” is “A mistake in engineering, requirement specification, or design, implementation, or operation which could result in a failure, and/or contributory hazard”. Faults are a static property, whereas a failure is a dynamic property of a system. Failures arise when the underlying fault is encountered in the normal execution of the system. One additional term,hazard, is necessary to fully define the domain of safety. A hazard may be defined as a set of conditions (state) of a system or object that together with other conditions in the environment will lead inevitably to an accident (loss event). Some definitions of hazard suggest that an accident is possible, but not a certainty; a “hazard” is a condition, which could directly or indirectly contribute to an accident. As in any new field, agreement on the terminology that best describes the elements used n the study of safety has been a slow and arduous process. Numerous definitions of error, fault, failure, and hazard exist. Often different definitions have been adopted to suit the industry or the system in which the terms are being used. Common to all of the definitions, however, is the idea of one or more causal agents leading to a potential loss. The study of such causes, their identification, and their mitigation in systems is referred to assystem safety. Safety is inherently a human‐centered aspect of the system the role of human interaction is discussed

Other characteristics that relate to safety include usability, maintainability, integrity, availability, reliability, and security. As noted in the previous section, issues of usability and maintainability directly relate to how human operators interact with a system. Integrity, availability, reliability, and security, while still possessing elements associated with human interaction, tend to be driven by the technical properties of the design. These include redundancy, error trapping, fault and threat monitoring, partitioning, strength of materials, load characteristics, and environmental susceptibility and are discussed. The assessment process and continuing safety are detailed.
Software Development Metrics
Authors: Reynolds R. G.
Published: February 2015

Software development metrics are the means by which software engineers assess and predict aspects of those processes, resources, and products that are relevant to the software engineering activity. Metrics serve as the compass that guides the discipline in the search for efficient and effective solutions to complex problems. Future progress in the discipline will be closely tied to the ability of these metrics to provide accurate and timely information to those software engineers navigating the problem‐solving seas.

In this article, the notion of a software metric and its formulation for use in a problem‐solving situation are presented. A description of the basic categories of software metrics based on the entities of the software development process that they measure is given. Metrics that have been proposed for each phase of the software development process using this classification are surveyed.
The role of magnetic flux tube deformation and magnetosheath plasma beta in the saturation of the Region 1 field‐aligned current system
Authors: Wilder F. D. , Eriksson S. , Wiltberger M.
Published: February 2015

The phenomena of cross polar cap potential (CPCP) and ionospheric field‐aligned current (FAC) saturation remain largely unexplained. In the present study, we expand upon the Alfvén wing model of CPCP saturation by investigating its impact on the magnetosphere‐ionosphere current system, particularly the Region 1 FAC input into the polar cap. Our hypothesis is that the ability of open flux tubes to deform in response to applied fluid stress from the magnetosheath is governed by the magnetosheath plasma beta, which in turn governs the Maxwell stress imposed on ionospheric plasma from the magnetosphere. We performed 32 MHD simulations with varying solar wind density and interplanetary magnetic field strength and show that the plasma beta does govern the deformation of open field lines, as well as the nonlinear response of the Region 1 FAC system to increasingly southward interplanetary magnetic field. Further, we show that the current‐voltage relationship in the ionosphere also shows a dependence on the plasma beta in the magnetosheath, with the ionosphere becoming more resistive at lower beta.
The impact of reservoir conditions on the residual trapping of carbon dioxide in Berea sandstone
Authors: Niu Ben , Al‐Menhali Ali , Krevor Samuel C.
Published: February 2015

The storage of carbon dioxide in deep brine‐filled permeable rocks is an important tool for CO2 emissions mitigation on industrial scales. Residual trapping of CO2 through capillary forces within the pore space of the reservoir is one of the most significant mechanisms for storage security and is also a factor determining the ultimate extent of CO2 migration within the reservoir. In this study we have evaluated the impact of reservoir conditions of pressure, temperature, and brine salinity on the residual trapping characteristic curve of a fired Berea sandstone rock. The observations demonstrate that the initial‐residual characteristic trapping curve is invariant across a wide range of pressure, temperature, and brine salinities and is also the same for CO2‐brine systems as a N2‐water system. The observations were made using a reservoir condition core‐flooding laboratory that included high‐precision pumps, temperature control, the ability to recirculate fluids for weeks at a time, and an X‐ray CT scanner. Experimental conditions covered pressures of 5–20 MPa, temperatures of 25–50°C, and 0–5 mol/kg NaCl brine salinity. A novel coreflooding approach was developed, making use of the capillary end effect to create a large range in initial CO2 saturation (0.15–0.6) in a single coreflood. Upon subsequent flooding with CO2‐equilibriated brine, the observation of residual saturation corresponded to the wide range of initial saturations before flooding resulting in a rapid construction of the initial‐residual curve. For each condition we report the initial‐residual curve and the resulting parameterization of the Land hysteresis models.
Appreciation of Peer Reviewers for 2014
Authors: Baratoux David , Hauck, Steven A. , Stanley Sabine , Wieczorek Mark A.
Published: February 2015

Scientific publishing relies heavily on the process of peer review to ensure that the most well‐founded and clearly described science is communicated to our colleagues and beyond. Papers published in JGR Planets benefit from the time, effort, and talents of the reviewers who provide thoughtfully considered advice on each manuscript. This role is critical to the advancement of planetary science as these reviews lead to even clearer and higher‐quality papers. In 2014, papers submitted to JGR Planets were the beneficiaries of more than 520 reviews provided by 340 members of the planetary science community. To everyone who volunteers their time and intellect to peer reviewing, thank you for helping us share the best science possible.
TiO2@Layered Double Hydroxide Core–Shell Nanospheres with Largely Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity Toward O2 Generation
Authors: Dou Yibo , Zhang Shitong , Pan Ting , Xu Simin , Zhou Awu , Pu Min , Yan Hong , Han Jingbin , Wei Min , Evans David G. , Duan Xue
Published: February 2015

TiO2@CoAl‐layered double hydroxide (LDH) core–shell nanospheres are fabricated via hydrothermal synthesis of TiO2 hollow nanospheres followed by in situ growth of CoAl‐LDH shell, which exhibit an extraordinarily high photocatalytic activity toward oxygen evolution from water oxidation. The O2 generation rates of 2.34 and 2.24 mmol h−1 g−1 are achieved under full sunlight (>200 nm) and visible light (>420 nm), respectively, which are among the highest photocatalytic activities for oxygen production to date. The reason is attributed to the desirable incorporation of visible‐ light‐active LDH shell with UV light‐responsive TiO2 core for promoted solar energy utilization. Most importantly, the combined experimental results and computational simulations reveal that the strong donor–acceptor coupling and suitable band matching between TiO2 core and LDH shell facilitate the separation of photoinduced electron‐hole pairs, accounting for the highly efficient photocatalytic performance. Therefore, this work provides a facile and cost‐effective strategy for the design and fabrication of hierarchical semiconductor materials, which can be applied as photocatalyst toward water splitting and solar energy conversion.
Recent R&D Trends in Inorganic Single‐Crystal Scintillator Materials for Radiation Detection
Authors: Nikl Martin , Yoshikawa Akira
Published: February 2015

In this review, the major achievements and research and development (R&D) trends from the last decade in the field of single crystal scintillator materials are described. Two material families are included, namely, those of halide and oxide compounds. In most cases, the host crystals are doped with Ce3+, Pr3+ or Eu2+ rare earth ions. Their spin‐ and parity‐allowed 5d–4f transitions enable a rapid scintillation response, on the order of tens to hundreds of nanoseconds. Technological recipes, extended characterization by means of optical and magnetic spectroscopies, and theoretical studies are described. The latter provide further support to experimental results and provide a better understanding of the host electronic band structure, energy levels of specific defects, and the emission centers themselves. Applications in medical imaging and dosimetry, security measures, high‐energy physics and the high‐tech industry, in which X(γ)‐rays or particle beams are used and monitored, are recognized as the main driving factor for R&D activities in this field.
Copper‐Catalyzed Direct Arylselenation of Anilines by CH Bond Cleavage
Authors: Ricordi Vanessa G. , Thurow Samuel , Penteado Filipe , Schumacher Ricardo F. , Perin Gelson , Lenardão Eder J. , Alves Diego
Published: February 2015

We describe here an efficient and regioselective synthesis of arylselanyl anilines by copper‐catalyzed direct arylselenation of arylamines. Using a catalytic amount of copper iodide in dimethyl sulfoxide at 110 °C under an air atmosphere, a range of arylselanyl anilines was obtained directly from substituted diaryl diselenides in moderate to good yields via CH bond cleavage of aryl amines.

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Ni3+‐Induced Formation of Active NiOOH on the Spinel Ni–Co Oxide Surface for Efficient Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Wang Hsin‐Yi , Hsu Ying‐Ya , Chen Rong , Chan Ting‐Shan , Chen Hao Ming , Liu Bin
Published: February 2015

Efficient and earth abundant electrocatalysts for high‐performance oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are essential for the development of sustainable energy conversion technologies. Here, a new hierarchical Ni–Co oxide nanostructure, composed of small secondary nanosheets grown on primary nanosheet arrays, is synthesized via a topotactic transformation of Ni–Co layered double hydroxide. The Ni3+‐rich surface benefits the formation of NiOOH, which is the main redox site as revealed via in situ X‐ray absorption near edge structure and extended X‐ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy. The Ni–Co oxide hierarchical nanosheets (NCO–HNSs) deliver a stable current density of 10 mA cm−2 at an overpotential of ≈0.34 V for OER with a Tafel slope of as low as 51 mV dec−1 in alkaline media. The improvement in the OER activity can be ascribed to the synergy of large surface area offered by the 3D hierarchical nanostructure and the facile formation of NiOOH as the main active sites on the surface of NCO–HNSs to decrease the overpotential and facilitate the catalytic reaction.
Treatment response in enteropathy associated T‐cell lymphoma; survival in a large multicenter cohort
Authors: Nijeboer Petula , de Baaij Laura R. , Visser Otto , Witte Birgit I. , Cillessen Saskia A.G.M. , Mulder Chris J. , Bouma Gerd
Published: February 2015

Enteropathy‐associated T‐cell lymphoma (EATL) is a T‐cell Non‐Hodgkin Lymphoma which is highly associated with celiac disease. The prognosis of EATL has been considered poor and there are no standardized treatment protocols. Here, we evaluate treatment response and survival of EATL patients in a large multicenter cohort. A total of 61 patients diagnosed with EATL were analyzed. Various treatment regimens were applied in EATL during the past fifteen years including either monotherapy consisting of chemotherapy or resection, or combination therapy with both aforementioned regimens whether or not combined with stem‐cell transplantation (SCT). Overall, 50/61 patients (82%) died after a median of 7.4 months. One‐ and five‐year overall survival was 40 and 11%, respectively. Median follow‐up in the survivors was 26 months. Patients treated with the most aggressive treatment, that is, resection, chemotherapy and autologous SCT, showed the most favourable outcome with complete remission in all patients, the lowest relapse rate and one‐ and five‐year overall survival of 100 and 33%, respectively, although overall survival in this group was not significantly better as compared to patients treated with surgery and chemotherapy. This study indicates that combination treatment is superior compared to monotherapy. Whether or not consolidation therapy with autologous SCT may improve survival needs to be substantiated in a larger randomized international trial. Am. J. Hematol. 90:493–498, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Expanding the phenotypic spectrum in EP300‐related Rubinstein–Taybi syndrome
Authors: Solomon Benjamin D. , Bodian Dale L. , Khromykh Alina , Mora Gabriela Gomez , Lanpher Brendan C. , Iyer Ramaswamy K. , Baveja Rajiv , Vockley Joseph G. , Niederhuber John E.
Published: February 2015

Rubinstein–Taybi syndrome (RSTS) can be caused by heterozygous mutations or deletions involving CREBBP or, less commonly, EP300. To date, only 15 patients with EP300 mutations have been clinically described. Frequently reported manifestations in these patients include characteristic facial and limb features, varying degrees of neurocognitive dysfunction, and maternal preeclampsia. Other congenital anomalies are less frequently reported. We describe a child found to have a de novo EP300 mutation (c.4933C>T, predicted to result in p.Arg1645X) through research‐based whole‐genome sequencing of the family trio. The child's presentation involved dysmorphic features as well as unilateral renal agenesis, a myelomeningocele, and minor genitourinary anomalies. The involvement of congenital anomalies in all 16 clinically described patients with EP300 mutations (25% of which have been identified by “hypothesis free” methods, including microarray, exome, and whole‐genome sequencing) is reviewed. In summary, genitourinary anomalies have been identified in 38%, cardiovascular anomalies in 25%, spinal/vertebral anomalies in 19%, other skeletal anomalies in 19%, brain anomalies in 13%, and renal anomalies in 6%. Our patient expands the phenotypic spectrum in EP300‐related RSTS; this case demonstrates the evolving practice of clinical genomics related to increasing availability of genomic sequencing methods. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Etiology of non‐immune hydrops fetalis: An update
Authors: Bellini Carlo , Donarini Gloria , Paladini Dario , Calevo Maria Grazia , Bellini Tommaso , Ramenghi Luca A , Hennekam Raoul C
Published: February 2015

Hydrops fetalis is an excessive fluid accumulation within the fetal extra vascular compartments and body cavities. Non‐immune hydrops fetalis (NIHF), due to causes other than Rh alloimmunization, is the cause in >85% of all affected individuals. Herein we present an update of our earlier systematic literature review [Bellini et al., 2009] using all publications between 2007 and 2013. We excluded most of the initial 31,783 papers by using strict selection criteria, thus resulting in 24 relevant NIHF publications describing 1,338 individuals with NIHF. We subdivided the affected individuals into 14 classification groups based on the cause of NIHF (percentage of the total group): Cardiovascular (20.1%), Hematologic (9.3%), Chromosomal (9.0%), Syndromic (5.5%), Lymphatic Dysplasia (15.0%), Inborn Errors of Metabolism (1.3%), Infections (7.0%), Thoracic (2.3%), Urinary Tract Malformations (0.9%), Extra Thoracic Tumors (0.7%), TTTF‐Placental (4.1%), Gastrointestinal (1.3%), Miscellaneous (3.6%), Idiopathic (19.8%). We discuss the results of the review. There may be some shifts in the percentages of etiological categories as compared to the previous review, but the small numbers within each category make drawing firm conclusions hazardous. We highlight the need for multi‐center series of NIHF cases collected and classified using the same schemes in diagnostic work‐ups to allow for comparisons of larger numbers of cases. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A General and Scalable Synthesis of Aeruginosin Marine Natural Products Based on Two Strategic C(sp3)H Activation Reactions
Authors: Dailler David , Danoun Grégory , Baudoin Olivier
Published: February 2015

An efficient and scalable access to the aeruginosin family of marine natural products, which exhibit potent inhibitory activity against serine proteases, is reported. This synthesis was enabled by the strategic use of two different, recently implemented C(sp3)H activation reactions. The first method led to the common 2‐carboxy‐6‐hydroxyoctahydroindole (Choi) core of the target molecules on a large scale, whereas the second one provided rapid and divergent access to the various hydroxyphenyllactic (Hpla) subunits. This strategy allowed the synthesis of the aeruginosins 98B and 298A, with the latter being obtained in unprecedentedly large quantities.
Synthesis of Carbon/Sulfur Nanolaminates by Electrochemical Extraction of Titanium from Ti2SC
Authors: Zhao Meng‐Qiang , Sedran Morgane , Ling Zheng , Lukatskaya Maria R. , Mashtalir Olha , Ghidiu Michael , Dyatkin Boris , Tallman Darin J. , Djenizian Thierry , Barsoum Michel W. , Gogotsi Yury
Published: February 2015

Herein we electrochemically and selectively extract Ti from the MAX phase Ti2SC to form carbon/sulfur (C/S) nanolaminates at room temperature. The products are composed of multi‐layers of C/S flakes, with predominantly amorphous and some graphene‐like structures. Covalent bonding between C and S is observed in the nanolaminates, which render the latter promising candidates as electrode materials for Li‐S batteries. We also show that it is possible to extract Ti from other MAX phases, such as Ti3AlC2 , Ti3SnC2 , and Ti2GeC, suggesting that electrochemical etching can be a powerful method to selectively extract the “M” elements from the MAX phases, to produce “AX” layered structures, that cannot be made otherwise. The latter hold promise for a variety of applications, such as energy storage, catalysis, etc.
Discovery and Reconstitution of the Cycloclavine Biosynthetic Pathway—Enzymatic Formation of a Cyclopropyl Group
Authors: Jakubczyk Dorota , Caputi Lorenzo , Hatsch Anaëlle , Nielsen Curt A. F. , Diefenbacher Melanie , Klein Jens , Molt Andrea , Schröder Hartwig , Cheng Johnathan Z. , Naesby Michael , O'Connor Sarah E.
Published: February 2015

The ergot alkaloids, a class of fungal‐derived natural products with important biological activities, are derived from a common intermediate, chanoclavine‐I, which is elaborated into a set of diverse structures. Herein we report the discovery of the biosynthetic pathway of cycloclavine, a complex ergot alkaloid containing a cyclopropyl moiety. We used a yeast‐based expression platform along with in vitro biochemical experiments to identify the enzyme that catalyzes a rearrangement of the chanoclavine‐I intermediate to form a cyclopropyl moiety. The resulting compound, cycloclavine, was produced in yeast at titers of >500 mg L−1, thus demonstrating the feasibility of the heterologous expression of these complex alkaloids.
Iron‐Catalyzed Dehydropolymerization: A Convenient Route to Poly(phosphinoboranes) with Molecular‐Weight Control
Authors: Schäfer André , Jurca Titel , Turner Joshua , Vance James R. , Lee Kajin , Du Van An , Haddow Mairi F. , Whittell George R. , Manners Ian
Published: February 2015

The catalyst loading is the key to control the molecular weight of the polymer in the iron‐catalyzed dehydropolymerization of phosphine–borane adducts. Studies showed that the reaction proceeds through a chain‐growth coordination–insertion mechanism.
An Unconventional Route to Monodisperse and Intimately Contacted Semiconducting Organic–Inorganic Nanocomposites
Authors: Xu Hui , Pang Xinchang , He Yanjie , He Ming , Jung Jaehan , Xia Haiping , Lin Zhiqun
Published: February 2015

We developed an unconventional route to produce uniform and intimately contacted semiconducting organic–inorganic nanocomposites for potential applications in thermoelectrics. By utilizing amphiphilic star‐like PAA‐b‐PEDOT diblock copolymer as template, monodisperse PEDOT‐functionalized lead telluride (PbTe) nanoparticles were crafted via the strong coordination interaction between PAA blocks of star‐like PAA‐b‐PEDOT and the metal moieties of precursors (i.e., forming PEDOT–PbTe nanocomposites). As the inner PAA blocks are covalently connected to the outer PEDOT blocks, the PEDOT chains are intimately and permanently tethered on the PbTe nanoparticle surface, thereby affording a well‐defined PEDOT/PbTe interface, which prevents the PbTe nanoparticles from aggregation, and more importantly promotes the long‐term stability of PEDOT–PbTe nanocomposites. We envision that the template strategy is general and robust, and offers easy access to other conjugated polymer–inorganic semiconductor nanocomposites for use in a variety of applications.
Caesium carbonate supported on hydroxyapatite‐encapsulated Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 nanocrystallites as a novel magnetically basic catalyst for the one‐pot synthesis of pyrazolo[1,2‐b]phthalazine‐5,10‐diones
Authors: Maleki Behrooz , Barat Nam Chalaki Samaneh , Sedigh Ashrafi Samaneh , Rezaee Seresht Esmail , Moeinpour Farid , Khojastehnezhad Amir , Tayebee Reza
Published: February 2015

A novel nanomagnetic basic catalyst of caesium carbonate supported on hydroxyapatite‐coated Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 magnetic nanoparticles (Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4@HAP‐Cs2CO3) was prepared. This new catalyst was fully characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission and scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction and vibrating sample magnetometry techniques, and then the catalytic activity of this catalyst was investigated in the synthesis of 1H‐pyrazolo[1,2‐b]phthalazine‐5,10‐dione derivatives. Also, Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4@HAP‐Cs2CO3 could be reused at least five times without significant loss of activity and could be recovered easily by applying an external magnet. Thus, the developed nanomagnetic catalyst is potentially useful for the green and economic production of organic compounds. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of sealing with ultraviolet‐curable adhesives on the performance of dye‐sensitized solar cells
Authors: Chiang Tzu Hsuan , Chen Chun Hsiung , Liu Chun Yu
Published: February 2015

In this study, we investigated different types of oligomers, including an aliphatic polyester‐based urethane diacrylate (CN 991) and aliphatic hydrophobic backbone (CN 9014), and different contents of the oligomers and different amounts of 2‐(perfluorohexyl) ethyl methacrylate (PFE) monomer in ultraviolet (UV)‐curable adhesive to explore the effects of their resistance to corrosion on the basis of the electrolyte, adhesion strength, and performance of the sealing of dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The DSSCs were sealed with a 58% CN 9014 containing UV‐curable adhesive mixed with 3.0 wt % PFE monomer, which had the greatest open‐circuit voltage and short‐circuit current density. A 4.8% efficiency was obtained after the sample underwent long‐term thermal stability tests at 60°C for 37 days. The performance of the 3.0 wt % PFE‐containing UV‐curable adhesive in the sealing of DSSCs was better than that of Surlyn for long‐term thermal stability. In addition, this adhesive provided better resistance to corrosion because of the electrolyte and enhanced the DSSCs' durability. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42015.
Nanomechanical and tribological behavior of hydroxyapatite reinforced ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene nanocomposites for biomedical applications
Authors: Mirsalehi Seyed Ali , Khavandi Alireza , Mirdamadi Shamsodin , Naimi‐Jamal M. Reza , Kalantari Seyed Mohammad
Published: February 2015

A hydroxyapatite (HA) particulate reinforced ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) nanocomposite is fabricated by internal mixer at 180°C and using of paraffin oil as a processing aid to overcome the high viscosity of melted UHMWPE. The reinforcing effects of nano‐HA are investigated on nanomechanical properties of HA/UHMWPE nanocomposites by nanoindentation and nanoscratching methods. Results show that the nanocomposite with 50 wt % nano‐HA exhibits a Young's modulus and hardness of 362.5% and 200% higher, and a friction coefficient of 38.86% lower than that of pure UHMWPE, respectively. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42052.
Studies on thermal degradation and flame retardant behavior of the sisal fiber reinforced unsaturated polyester toughened epoxy nanocomposites
Authors: Paluvai Nagarjuna Reddy , Mohanty Smita , Nayak S. K.
Published: February 2015

Unsaturated polyester (UP) toughened nanocomposites were prepared using both sisal fibers and montmorillonite clays. The effect of fibers and Cloisite 30B (C30B) nanoclays on the mechanical properties, thermal stability, flame retardant, and morphological behavior of the UP toughened epoxy (Epoxy/UP) were systematically studied. The chemical structures of Epoxy, UP, and Epoxy/UP systems were characterized using Proton Nuclear magnetic resonance (1HNMR) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra. The homogeneous dispersion of nanoclay within the polymer matrix was analyzed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Incorporation of sisal fibers and C30B nanoclays within Epoxy/UP system resulted in an increase in the mechanical, thermal, and flame retardance properties. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) has been employed to evaluate the thermal degradation kinetic parameters of the composites using Kissinger and Flynn‐Wall‐Ozawa methods. Cone calorimeter, UL‐94, and LOI tests revealed a reduction in the burning rate of the matrix with the addition of fibers and nanoclays. The results showed that the treated fiber reinforced nanocomposites had higher thermal stability and better flame retardant properties than the treated fiber reinforced composites. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42068.
Bacterial cytoplasmic display platform Retained Display (ReD) identifies stable human germline antibody frameworks
Authors: Beasley Matthew D. , Niven Keith P. , Winnall Wendy R. , Kiefel Ben R.
Published: February 2015

Conventional antibody surface display requires fusion protein export through at least one cellular membrane, constraining the yield and occasioning difficulties in achieving scaled production. To circumvent this limitation, we developed a novel cytoplasmic display platform, Retained Display (ReD), and used it to screen for human scFv frameworks that are highly soluble and stable in the bacterial cytoplasm. ReD, based on the retention of high‐molecular weight complexes within detergent‐permeabilized Escherichia coli, enabled presentation of exogenous targets to antibodies that were expressed and folded in the cytoplasm. All human λ and κ light chain family genes were expressed as IGHV3‐23 fusions. Members of the λ subfamilies 1, 3 and 6 were soluble cytoplasmic partners of IGHV3‐23. Contrary to previous in vivo screens for soluble reduced scFvs, the pairings identified by ReD were identical to the human germline sequences for the framework, CDR1 and CDR2 regions. Using the most soluble scFv scaffold identified, we demonstrated tolerance to CDR3 diversification and isolated a binding scFv to an exogenous protein target. This screening system has the potential to rapidly produce antibodies to target threats such as emerging infectious diseases and bioterror agents.
Outcomes of Environmental Management Systems: the Role of Motivations and Firms’ Characteristics
Authors: Heras‐Saizarbitoria Iñaki , Arana German , Boiral Olivier
Published: February 2015

This article analyzes the influence of the sources of motivation that lead companies to adopt environmental management systems (EMSs) on the outcomes of these systems. A set of hypotheses derived from an extensive review of the literature is analyzed using cluster analysis – in order to identify groups of companies – as well as correlation and regression analyses, with data obtained from a survey of 361 Spanish organizations that have environmental certification. The results reveal that, for the groups identified, companies from the holistic cluster (with high levels of both internal and external drivers) and from the internal focus cluster (with more intensive internal sources of motivation) secure greater benefits from the process of adopting an EMS. This article also sheds light on the influence on the outcomes of some variables that have been under‐researched, such as the economic resources invested in an EMS and whether or not the certified companies belong to a sector with high environmental pressure. The findings help to characterize the firms with environmental certification and may also help managers, policy makers and other stakeholders to anticipate the potential benefits of EMSs. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Interaction of PiB‐Derivative Metal Complexes with Beta‐Amyloid Peptides: Selective Recognition of the Aggregated Forms
Authors: Martins André F. , Dias David M. , Morfin Jean‐François , Lacerda Sara , Laurents Douglas V. , Tóth Éva , Geraldes Carlos F. G. C.
Published: February 2015

Metal complexes are increasingly explored as imaging probes in amyloid peptide related pathologies. We report the first detailed study on the mechanism of interaction between a metal complex and both the monomer and the aggregated form of Aβ1–40 peptide. We have studied lanthanide(III) chelates of two PiB‐derivative ligands (PiB=Pittsburgh compound B), L1 and L2, differing in the length of the spacer between the metal‐complexing DO3A macrocycle (DO3A= 1,4,7,10‐tetraazacyclododecane‐1,4,7‐triacetic acid) and the peptide‐recognition PiB moiety. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and saturation transfer difference (STD) NMR spectroscopy revealed that they both bind to aggregated Aβ1–40 (KD=67–160 μM), primarily through the benzothiazole unit. HSQC NMR spectroscopy on the 15N‐labeled, monomer Aβ1–40 peptide indicates nonsignificant interaction with monomeric Aβ. Time‐dependent circular dichroism (CD), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and TEM investigations of the secondary structure and of the aggregation of Aβ1–40 in the presence of increasing amounts of the metal complexes provide coherent data showing that, despite their structural similarity, the two complexes affect Aβ fibril formation distinctly. Whereas GdL1, at higher concentrations, stabilizes β‐sheets, GdL2 prevents aggregation by promoting α‐helical structures. These results give insight into the behavior of amyloid‐targeted metal complexes in general and contribute to a more rational design of metal‐based diagnostic and therapeutic agents for amyloid‐ associated pathologies.
Titanium‐Catalyzed Reductive Umpolung Reactions with a Metal‐Free Terminal Reducing Agent
Authors: Frey Georg , Hausmann J. Niklas , Streuff Jan
Published: February 2015

A new method for titanium‐catalyzed reductive umpolung reactions is reported that overcomes the traditional requirement for a stoichiometric metallic reductant. With N,N′‐disilylated tetramethyldihydropyrazine as a potent organic reducing agent, reductive carbonyl–nitrile, enone–acrylonitrile and pinacol coupling reactions can be achieved in good yields and stereoselectivities. [Cp2TiI2] is a superior catalyst to [Cp2TiCl2], which is rationalized by a faster generation of the active catalyst [Cp2TiI]. A mechanism is proposed that is in agreement with the experimental results.
Ring Opening of Donor–Acceptor Cyclopropanes with the Azide Ion: A Tool for Construction of N‐Heterocycles
Authors: Ivanov Konstantin L. , Villemson Elena V. , Budynina Ekaterina M. , Ivanova Olga A. , Trushkov Igor V. , Melnikov Mikhail Ya.
Published: February 2015

Invited for the cover of this issue is the group of Ekaterina M. Budynina and Igor V. Trushkov at Lomonosov Moscow State University. The image depicts the diversity of synthetic outcomes that can be achieved by using the ring‐opening of donor–acceptor cyclopropanes with the azide ion as a triggering reaction. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.201405551.
Zum praktikablen Farbfilm
Authors: Gill Manfred , Mustroph Heinz
Published: February 2015

Ungeachtet der großen gesellschaftlichen und politischen Umwälzungen, die sich zwischen den zwei Weltkriegen in Deutschland vollzogen, setzte der Film seinen Siegeszug fort und das mit einer rasanten Geschwindigkeit. Die Empfindlichkeit, die Bildauflösung, die Haltbarkeit und die Verarbeitung wurden entscheidend verbessert. Der Tonfilm kam auf den Markt und ermöglichte vor allem der Film‐ und Kinoindustrie ganz andere, vielfältigere Gestaltungs‐ und Darstellungsmöglichkeiten. Dazu kam ständig verbesserte Aufnahme‐ und Wiedergabetechnik, mit der Leica die erste Kleinbildkamera. Mit der Verwendung von Fotomaterial, u.a. in der Röntgentechnik, im Druckgewerbe, aber auch in der militärischen Luftbildaufklärung, wurden völlig neue Einsatzgebiete erschlossen. Fotografieren und Filmen wurden zum “Volkssport”, die Fotoapparate, Kameras und Projektoren zu Kultobjekten. Höhepunkt dieser rasanten Entwicklung, die nur wenige Jahrzehnte umfasste, war in Deutschland am 17. Oktober 1936 die Vorstellung des praktikablen Mehrschichtenfarbfilms aus den Laboren und der Produktion der Agfa Filmfabrik Wolfen.
Distribution and density of contacts from noradrenergic and serotonergic boutons on the dendrites of neck flexor motoneurons in the adult cat
Authors: Maratta Robert , Fenrich Keith K. , Zhao Ethan , Neuber‐Hess Monica S. , Rose P. Ken
Published: February 2015

Serotonergic (5‐HT) and noradrenergic (NA) input to spinal motoneurons is essential for generating plateau potentials and self‐sustained discharges. Extensor motoneurons are densely innervated by 5‐HT and NA synapses and have robust plateau potentials and self‐sustained discharges. Conversely, plateau potentials and self‐sustained discharges are very rare in flexor motoneurons. The most likely reasons for this difference are that flexor motoneurons have few 5‐HT and NA synapses and/or they are distributed distant to the channels responsible for plateau potentials and self‐sustained discharges. However, the distribution of 5‐HT and NA synapses on flexor motoneurons is unknown. Here we describe the distribution and density of 5‐HT and NA synapses on motoneurons that innervate the flexor neck muscle, rectus capitis anterior (RCA), in the adult cat. Using a combination of intracellular staining, fluorescent immunohistochemistry, and 3D reconstruction techniques, we found that 5‐HT and NA synapses are widely distributed throughout the dendritic trees of RCA motoneurons, albeit with a strong bias to small‐diameter dendrites and to medial dendrites in the case of NA contacts. The number of 5‐HT and NA contacts per motoneuron ranged, respectively, from 381 to 1,430 and from 642 to 1,382, which is 2.3‐ and 1.4‐fold less than neck extensor motoneurons (Montague et al., J Comp Neurol 2013;521:638–656). These results suggest that 5‐HT and NA synapses on flexor motoneurons may provide a powerful means of amplifying synaptic currents without incurring plateau potentials or self‐sustained discharges. This feature is well suited to meet the biomechanical demands imposed on flexor muscles during different motor tasks. J. Comp. Neurol. 523:1701–1716, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Carbon and nitrogen isotope fractionation of amino acids in an avian marine predator, the gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)
Authors: McMahon Kelton W. , Polito Michael J. , Abel Stephanie , McCarthy Matthew D. , Thorrold Simon R.
Published: February 2015

Compound‐specific stable isotope analysis (CSIA) of amino acids (AA) has rapidly become a powerful tool in studies of food web architecture, resource use, and biogeochemical cycling. However, applications to avian ecology have been limited because no controlled studies have examined the patterns in AA isotope fractionation in birds. We conducted a controlled CSIA feeding experiment on an avian species, the gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua), to examine patterns in individual AA carbon and nitrogen stable isotope fractionation between diet (D) and consumer (C) (Δ13CC‐D and Δ15NC‐D, respectively). We found that essential AA δ13C values and source AA δ15N values in feathers showed minimal trophic fractionation between diet and consumer, providing independent but complimentary archival proxies for primary producers and nitrogen sources respectively, at the base of food webs supporting penguins. Variations in nonessential AA Δ13CC‐D values reflected differences in macromolecule sources used for biosynthesis (e.g., protein vs. lipids) and provided a metric to assess resource utilization. The avian‐specific nitrogen trophic discrimination factor (TDFGlu‐Phe = 3.5 ± 0.4‰) that we calculated from the difference in trophic fractionation (Δ15NC‐D) of glutamic acid and phenylalanine was significantly lower than the conventional literature value of 7.6‰. Trophic positions of five species of wild penguins calculated using a multi‐TDFGlu‐Phe equation with the avian‐specific TDFGlu‐Phe value from our experiment provided estimates that were more ecologically realistic than estimates using a single TDFGlu‐Phe of 7.6‰ from the previous literature. Our results provide a quantitative, mechanistic framework for the use of CSIA in nonlethal, archival feathers to study the movement and foraging ecology of avian consumers.
On the Mechanism of Phenolic Formylation Mediated by TiCl4 Complexes: Existence of Diradical Intermediates Induced by Valence Tautomerism
Authors: Heras Carlos , Ramos‐Tomillero Iván , Caballero Marc , Paradís‐Bas Marta , Nicolás Ernesto , Albericio Fernando , de P. R. Moreira Ibério , Bofill Josep Maria
Published: February 2015

The conventional electrophilic intramolecular aromatic substitution pathway proposed by Cresp et al. [J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1973, 340–345] is confirmed by the observed products of phenolic formylation mediated by TiCl4. However, when the nucleophilic path is quenched by appropriate ligand modification, the initial equilibria between the possible neutral complexes of TiCl4 with 3,5‐dimethoxyphenol and/or diethyl ether lead to different stable diradical intermediates induced by valence tautomerism that provide valuable activated reagents. Some of these species have been detected by EPR, characterized theoretically and captured by TEMPO, thus providing a consistent mechanism for the reaction with one or more equivalents of TEMPO per phenol.