bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Clonogenic analysis reveals reserve stem cells in postnatal mammals: I. Pluripotent mesenchymal stem cells
Authors: Young Henry E. , Duplaa Cecile , Young T. Michele , Floyd Julie A. , Reeves Michelle L. , Davis Kathryn H. , Mancini Greg J. , Eaton Mark E. , Hill J. David , Thomas Karen , Austin Troy , Edwards Chris , Cuzzourt Jeremy , Parikh Amar , Groom Jaime , Hudson John , Black Asa C.
Published: August 2002

Clonal populations of lineage‐uncommitted pluripotent mesenchymal stem cells have been identified in prenatal avians and rodents. These cells reside in the connective tissue matrices of many organs and tissues. They demonstrate extended capabilities for self‐renewal and the ability to differentiate into multiple separate tissues within the mesodermal germ line. This study was designed to determine whether such cells are present in the connective tissues of postnatal mammals. This report describes a cell clone derived by isolation from postnatal rat connective tissues, cryopreservation, extended propagation, and serial dilution clonogenic analysis. In the undifferentiated state, this clone demonstrates a high nuclear‐to‐cytoplasmic ratio and extended capacity for self‐renewal. Subsequent morphological, histochemical, and immunochemical analysis after the induction of differentiation revealed phenotypic markers characteristic of multiple cell types of mesodermal origin, such as skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, fat cells, cartilage, and bone. These results indicate that this clone consists of pluripotent mesenchymal stem cells. This report demonstrates that clonal populations of reserve stem cells are present in mammals after birth. Potential roles for such cells in the maintenance, repair, and regeneration of mesodermal tissues are discussed. Anat Rec 263:350–360, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cellular dynamics during evagination of the thyroid primordium in the chick embryo
Authors: Kinebrew Gwendolyn M. , Hilfer S. Robert
Published: August 2002

The thyroid forms as an outpouching of the ventral pharynx. Evidence supports the conclusion that formation of the thyroid pit is mediated by changes in the cytoskeleton that cause constriction of cell apices. However, it seems unlikely that a relatively flat epithelial sheet can be converted into a pit without either distortions of the surface or considerable rearrangement of cells to reduce surface area. Possible cellular rearrangements were investigated by tracing the movements of individual cells by using time‐lapse video microscopy. Changes in shape of the primordium were investigated by marking with carbon and DiI and by scanning electron microscopy. Cell movements occurred only over short distances, mostly shifts relative to a neighbor, especially at the edge of the pit. Instead, cells rearranged into clusters that piled up at the edge of the pit and then tilted inside. Adjacent rings of pharyngeal cells were annexed by the growing thyroid, undergoing rearrangement into clusters, piling up at the edge, and moving inside the pit. The consequence was the formation of a series of shelf‐like extensions within the cavity, representing successive generations of cell rings moving inside. These results have implications for the formation of other organs by evagination. Anat Rec 264:146–156, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cell proliferation and differentiation in a model of human skin equivalent
Authors: Casasco A. , Casasco M. , Zerbinati N. , Icaro Cornaglia A. , Calligaro A.
Published: August 2002

Recent advances in culturing technology has permitted the production of organotypic models that may be referred to as human skin equivalents (HSE). We have studied histochemical, ultrastructural, and kinetic aspects of an HSE composed by an epidermal equivalent and a dermal equivalent separated by a basement membrane. Only keratinocytes and fibroblasts were present in the epidermal and dermal equivalents, respectively; cells of other lineages were lacking. Keratinocyte stratification and differentiation seemed similar to natural skin. Evidence is shown that such an HSE may also release growth factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor that are believed to play a role in skin grafting. The distribution of cycling cells as well as the values of the growth fraction are comparable to those observed in natural skin. Although the absence of several cells populations that reside in natural skin is a remarkable feature of this HSE, the high levels of tissue organization and cell differentiation lead us to believe that such an HSE may be considered a candidate substitute of human skin in biological, pharmacologic, and clinical applications. Anat Rec 264:261–272, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Long‐term followup of patients treated with total lymphoid irradiation for lupus nephritis
Authors: Genovese Mark C. , Uhrin Zuzana , Bloch Daniel A. , Oehlert John , Sibley Richard K. , Myers Bryan , Strober Samuel
Published: August 2002

Objective

To describe the long‐term survival, renal condition, and morbidity outcomes in patients who received total lymphoid irradiation (TLI) for the treatment of lupus nephritis.

Methods

Twenty‐one patients with biopsy‐proven, diffuse membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis and significant proteinuria of >2.5 grams/day received TLI from 1980 to 1987 at Stanford University Medical Center. All patients had previously failed to respond to treatment with high‐dose corticosteroids or therapy with corticosteroids plus immunosuppressive agents (azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, or chlorambucil).

Results

The mean duration of followup since TLI was 10.7 years. Fifteen of 21 patients (71%) remained alive at the time of this assessment. Nine of the 21 patients (43%) survived without developing end‐stage renal disease (ESRD). The probability of long‐term survival without ESRD and without need for additional immunosuppressive agents after TLI was 19% (4 of 21). Factors predicting renal failure at the time of TLI included elevated creatinine levels, increased interstitial fibrosis on renal biopsy, and increased fractional excretion of immunoglobulin and albumin. Malignancies were found in 4 patients, and opportunistic infections occurred in 7 patients.

Conclusion

Overall, patients with lupus nephritis treated with TLI do not appear to have better 10‐year survival with lower incidence of ESRD compared with patients in published series treated with conventional immunosuppressive therapies. However, in this series of patients, treatment with conventional immunosuppressive therapies had been unsuccessful and given the limited number of adverse events and the efficacy seen in some patients, TLI appears to be a reasonable therapeutic option for the treatment of severe lupus nephritis among patients who fail to respond under standard cytotoxic regimens.
Known‐item online searches employed by scholars using surname plus first, or last, or first and last title words
Authors: Kilgour Frederick G.
Published: August 2002

This experiment explores the effectiveness of retrieving the listing of a known‐item book from the 3.6 million entry onine catalog at the library of the University of Michigan using various combinations of author's name plus first and last title words. The principal finding was that 98.9% of the time a 1 to 20 line miniature catalog (minicat) was displayed that contained either the entry sought or a not‐in‐database (NID) reply when the search comprised all three words.
An interpretive and situated approach to an evaluation of Perseus digital libraries
Authors: Yang Shu Ching
Published: August 2002

The present study adopts an interpretive and situated approach to observe and assess learners' problem solving using hypermedia. The evaluation is conducted in context by considering the use of Perseus in particular learning situations. The study reflects on the design and use of hypermedia learning systems from both the learners' and researcher's perspective. The characteristics of Perseus are discussed together with some design recommendations for future consideration. Drawing from the study, conclusions are set out that highlight some implications for designers. It should be noted that the list of suggested features is not meant to be either definitive or exhaustive. The list is indicative of which design considerations should be addressed to improve Perseus hypermedia learning systems in the future. The researcher hopes that the findings of the study can help designers develop and refine better intellectual tools with which to augment learners' performance.
Natural language processing: Word recognition without segmentation
Authors: Saeed Khalid , Dardzińska Agnieszka
Published: August 2002

In an earlier article about the methods of recognition of machine and hand‐written cursive letters, we presented a model showing the possibility of processing, classifying, and hence recognizing such scripts as images. The practical results we obtained encouraged us to extend the theory to an algorithm for word recognition. In this article, we introduce our ideas, describe our achievements, and present our results of testing words for recognition without segmentation. This would lead to the possibility of applying the methods used in this work, together with other previously developed algorithms to process whole sentences and, hence, written and spoken texts with the goal of automatic recognition.
On an inverse problem in mixture failure rates modelling
Authors: Finkelstein Max S. , Esaulova Veronica
Published: August 2002

Mixtures of decreasing failure rate (DFR) distributions are always DFR. It turns out that very often mixtures of increasing failure rate distributions can decrease or show even more complicated patterns of dependence on time. For studying this and other relevant effects two simple models of mixing with additive and multiplicative failure rates are considered. It is shown that for these models an inverse problem can be solved, which means that given an arbitrary shape of the mixture failure rate and a mixing distribution, the failure rate for a governing distribution can be uniquely obtained. Some examples are considered where this operation can be performed explicitly. Possible generalizations are discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Studies of vitamin A metabolism in mouse model systems
Authors: Gottesman Max E. , Quadro Loredana , Blaner William S.
Published: August 2002

Over the past several years, discoveries from mouse genetics have had direct impact on our understanding of vitamin A metabolism. Although the metabolism of vitamin A in the mouse does have some special features (for example very large stores of liver and pulmonary retinyl esters), the ability to construct knockout and transgenic mouse models has yielded an impressive amount of information directly relevant to understanding the general principles of vitamin A transport, storage and degradation. We discuss below the metabolism of vitamin A through a number of genetically engineered mouse strains with alterations in genes that affect this metabolism. The novelty of this experimental approach is evidenced by the fact that the oldest of these strains was first reported only eight years ago.1) BioEssays 23:409–419, 2001. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Wingless can't fly so it hitches a ride with dynein
Authors: Myster Steven H. , Peifer Mark
Published: August 2002

Asymmetric RNA localization is required for many developmental processes in a wide range of organisms. For example, wingless and pair‐rule transcripts are localized to the apical membrane of polarized cells. It has been unclear, however, if this localization is important for biological activity and, in addition, how the transcripts are transported. Two recent studies(1,2) have identified cis‐elements and trans‐acting factors that are required for the asymmetric localization of mRNAs. Correct localization is shown to be required for biological activity, and a mechanism of RNA transport involving the microtubule motor dynein has been revealed. BioEssays 23:869–872, 2001. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
14‐3‐3 proteins: key regulators of cell division, signalling and apoptosis
Authors: van Hemert Martijn J. , Steensma H. Yde , van Heusden G. Paul H.
Published: August 2002

The 14‐3‐3 proteins constitute a family of conserved proteins present in all eukaryotic organisms so far investigated. These proteins have attracted interest because they are involved in important cellular processes such as signal transduction, cell‐cycle control, apoptosis, stress response and malignant transformation and because at least 100 different binding partners for the 14‐3‐3 proteins have been reported. Although the exact function of 14‐3‐3 proteins is still unknown, they are known to (1) act as adaptor molecules stimulating protein–protein interactions, (2) regulate the subcellular localisation of proteins and (3) activate or inhibit enzymes. In this review, we discuss the role of the 14‐3‐3 proteins in three cellular processes: cell cycle control, signal transduction and apoptosis. These processes are regulated by the 14‐3‐3 proteins at multiple steps. The 14‐3‐3 proteins have an overall inhibitory effect on cell cycle progression and apoptosis, whereas in signal transduction they may act as stimulatory or inhibitory factors. This article contains supplementary material which may be viewed at the BioEssays website at http://www.interscience.wiley.com/jpages/0265‐9247/Suppmat/23/v23_10.936. BioEssays 23:936–946, 2001. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Recent critiques of the UCLA Young Autism Project
Authors: Eikeseth Svein
Published: August 2002

Lovaas and his associates at UCLA reported substantially better treatment outcomes for children with autism than had been reported previously. Many authors have closely scrutinized the UCLA research, and some have published major criticisms. Recently two critical reviews have appeared. Howlin (1997) evaluated the most common treatment approaches for children with autism, including the UCLA model. Additionally, the UK Department for Education and Employment commissioned a review of treatment research on autism written by Jordan, Jones, and Murray (1998). Although both reports contain useful information, they also contain inaccurate statements about the published results of the UCLA project. An aim of this paper is to illustrate the errors of fact and interpretation contained in the two papers and to clarify the existing data. A second aim is to identify points of agreement, which is also important when attempting to facilitate critical and accurate assessments of available scientific evidence. It is argued that Lovaas and colleagues made a convincing case for the efficacy of one model of early intensive behavioral treatment by presenting outcome data showing clinically meaningful, long‐term gains in a population historically characterized by a severe and chronic disability, and an unfortunate history of treatment failures. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Flow injection chemiluminescence determination of captopril based on its enhancing effect on the luminol–ferricyanide/ferrocyanide reaction
Authors: Du Jianxiu , Li Yinhuan , Lu Jiuru
Published: August 2002

A new flow injection chemiluminescence method is described for the determination of captopril. It is based on the enhancing effect of captopril on the chemiluminescence reaction of luminol with potassium ferricyanide in alkaline solution in the presence of potassium ferrocyanide. The method allows the determination of captopril over 0.1–40 µg/mL range, with a relative standard deviation (SD) of 1.0% for the determination of 0.5 µg/mL captopril solution in 11 repeated measurements. The method was satisfactorily applied to the determination of captopril in commercial captopril tablets. The possible reaction mechanism is also discussed briefly. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Conformational studies of cyclic enkephalin analogues with L‐ or D‐proline in position 3
Authors: Malicka Joanna , Groth Małgorzata , Czaplewski Cezary , Wiczk Wiesław , Liwo Adam
Published: August 2002

The conformation of a series of cyclic enkephalin analogues of a general formula X1–cyclo[Y2–Z3–Nal4–Leu5] (Nal: β‐(2‐naphthyl)alanine), where X = Tyr, Phe, or Phe(NO2), Y = D‐Dab or L‐Dab (Dab: 2,4‐diaminobutyric acid), and Z = D‐Pro or L‐Pro, was studied by means of NMR spectroscopy and theoretical conformational analysis with the Empirical Conformational Energy Program for Peptides and Proteins force field plus solvation. The NMR measurements were performed in dimethyl sulfoxide solution. The nuclear Overhauser effect intensities and coupling constants were used to compute the statistical weights of the conformations of the ensemble generated in global conformational searches. The purpose of this study was to determine whether introducing the D‐ or L‐proline residue in position 3 can produce peptides with both rigid backbone and significant separation of the pharmacophore groups in position 1 and 4 (as required for high affinity for the μ‐type opioid receptors). It was found that the analogues with D‐Dab in position 2 and D‐Pro in position 3 possess a stable type II′ β‐turn at positions 3 and 4, which rigidifies the cyclic backbone; this finding was confirmed by independent measurements of the temperature coefficients of the amide protons, which indicated very significant screening of the Leu5 amide proton from the solvent. However, these analogues were found to possess a short interchromophore distance. The analogues containing both Dab and Pro in the L‐configuration are characterized by a larger interchromophore distance; however, they do not possess a stable β‐turn and have therefore a higher conformational flexibility. The modifications proposed in this work are therefore not likely to lead to enkephalin analogues with a high affinity for the μ‐receptors. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biopolymers 63: 217–231, 2002; DOI 10.1002/bip.10068
Structural characterization of a cyclic dipeptidomimetic: The effect of ring size on a 1,2,5‐trisubstituted‐3‐oxo‐1,4‐diazepine system
Authors: Piserchio Andrea , Han Yinglin , Chorev Michael , Mierke Dale F.
Published: August 2002

A series of dipeptidomimetics derived from Cαi‐to‐Ni−1 side chain‐to‐backbone amide cyclization of adjacent amino acids are structurally characterized. The resulting ring systems are either 1,2,5‐trisubstituted‐3‐oxo‐1,4‐diazepine (DAP) structurally related to benzodiazepines, commonly used in drug candidates and therapeutic agents, or higher homologs of it. Here, we examine the structural consequences of enlarging the ring size from seven members to eight‐, nine‐, and ten‐membered rings. The structural features determined by high‐resolution NMR methods, relying largely on homo‐ and heteronuclear coupling constants, indicate that variation of the ring leads to alternative conformations and topological orientations of the attached chemical moieties or functional groups. Controlling the topological display of the ring substituents required for biological action, using a molecular scaffold made up entirely of functional groups found in peptides, should facilitate the rational, stepwise transformation of peptide lead candidate into a nonpeptidic drug candidate. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 64: 16–25, 2002
Study of Langmuir–Blodgett phospholipidic films deposited on surface enhanced Raman scattering active gold nanoparticle monolayers
Authors: Bernard S. , Felidj N. , Truong S. , Peretti P. , Lévi G. , Aubard J.
Published: August 2002

Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) was used to study phospholipid monolayers transferred by the Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) technique to SERS active substrates. These substrates, which were constituted of gold colloidal nanoparticles bound to polysilane films grafted onto glass plates, showed a uniform and homogeneous layer with strong interacting particles as revealed from UV–visible extinction spectra and atomic force microscopy images. Laser excitation at 632.8 nm within the red part of the localized surface plasmon resonance leads to intense and reproducible SERS spectra of trans‐1,2‐bis(4‐pyridyl)ethylene (BPE). From SERS measurements at different pHs it was possible to determine the apparent pKa of BPE adsorbed on gold‐coated silanized substrates in the absence and presence of one LB monomolecular layer of phospholipids. These SERS titrations allowed the estimation of the pH at the metal–LB film interface. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Biospectroscopy) 67: 314–318, 2002
Real‐time in situ monitoring of freely suspended and immobilized cell cultures based on mid‐infrared spectroscopic measurements
Authors: Rhiel Martin , Ducommun Paul , Bolzonella Ivan , Marison Ian , von Stockar Urs
Published: August 2002

Glucose and lactate profiles in Chinese hamster ovary cell cultures were accurately monitored in real time and in situ during three bioreactor batch cultures lasting 11,15, and 15 days performed within a 60‐day period. Monitoring was accomplished using in situ‐collected mid‐infrared spectra analyzed with a priori one‐time established partial least‐squares regression models. The robustness of the technique was demonstrated by application of these models without modification after 2.3 years. Neither recalibration nor instrument maintenance was required during the 2.3‐year period, except for the daily filling of liquid nitrogen for detector cooling during operation. The lactate calibration model yielded accurate absolute concentration estimations during each of the batch cultures with standard errors of estimate from 1 to 3 mM. The a priori‐established glucose calibration model yielded concentration estimations with an off‐set, which was constant throughout a culture. Adjustment of the off‐set before inoculation resulted in accurate concentration estimations with Standard errors of estimate of approximately 1 mM for each of the bioreactor cultures. Sensitivity in detecting differences of 0.5 mM and selectivity against variation of one metabolite while the other was kept constant was demonstrated during standard additions of either glucose or lactate. The sensor system proved to be reliable, simple, accurate, sterile, and capable of long‐term automatic operation and is considered to be mature enough to be routinely applied for in situ (on‐line) cell culture monitoring. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 77: 174–185, 2002.
Full model for reversible kinetics of lipase‐catalyzed sugar–ester synthesis in 2‐methyl 2‐butanol
Authors: Flores Maria Victoria , Halling Peter J.
Published: August 2002

A kinetic model derived from the ping‐pong bi‐bi reversible mechanism is proposed to described the acylation of glucose by lauric acid in 2‐methyl 2‐butanol mediated by Candida antarctica lipase at 60°C. The model accounts for the effect of all four compounds in the reaction mixture, namely lauric acid, glucose, water, and lauroyl glucose ester. A supersaturated glucose solution was used to avoid limitations by glucose dissolution rate. Experiments with varied initial water content were performed to determine the effect of water on the initial reaction rate. The full time course of ester formation is described by five parameters: (a) three parameters evaluated from initial rate measurements; (b) the equilibrium constant, independently evaluated; and (c) one extra parameter fitted to the progress curve of ester formation. This reduced form of a full reversible kinetic model based on the ping‐pong bi‐bi mechanism is able to describe the complete course of lauroyl glucose ester synthesis. The proposed model provides a good fit for the experimental results. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 78: 795–801, 2002.
Laser morphometric analysis of the glenoid fossa of the scapula
Authors: Monk A.P. , Berry E. , Limb D. , Soames R.W.
Published: August 2002

We have assessed the topography of the articular surface of the glenoid fossa using a laser morphometric technique. Eighteen cadaveric scapulae from individuals aged 66 to 90 years were scanned and the degree of version of five lines constructed in the horizontal plane was determined. The lines comprised a transverse reference line (equatorial midline) located midway between the superior and inferior tubercles of the fossa, lines at 45% of the height of the glenoid fossa above and below the equatorial line, and further lines midway between these pairs. The cartilage‐covered glenoid articular surface displayed differences in version between its superior and inferior aspects; the mean difference in version between the superior and inferior lines was 11.2 degrees, with the most superior line being retroverted 8.2 degrees with respect to the equatorial midline and the most inferior line anteverted 3.2 degrees. These data may be of importance in understanding the kinematics of the glenohumeral joint and in translating this knowledge to joint replacement surgery. Clin. Anat. 14:320–323, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transfer readiness: A case study of former Santa Monica College students
Authors: Johnson‐Benson Brenda , Geltner Peter B. , Steinberg Steven K.
Published: August 2002

This chapter addresses the motivating factors that led to research and collaboration efforts to uncover issues pertaining to transfer students at one community college in Southern California. Implications and ongoing research are discussed.
From isolation to integration: Postsecondary vocational education and emerging systems of workforce development
Authors: Grubb W. Norton
Published: August 2002

This chapter offers a new vision for vocational education and systems of workforce development covering both education and training to address duplication, waste, and ineffectiveness. By targeting programs on the most promising employment opportunities, education providers can develop integrated systems that yield positive outcomes for students and employers.
Community colleges and their communities: Collaboration for workforce development
Authors: Orr Margaret Terry
Published: August 2002

Community colleges are forging a wide range of partnerships and collaborations with other community interests and resources to create a variety of vocational education opportunities. Examples are provided to illustrate new directions and innovative practices. Limitations of collaborations are also discussed.
Community colleges and the workforce investment act: Promises and problems of the new vocationalism
Authors: Jacobs James
Published: August 2002

Although the Workforce Investment Act has reached the implementation stage, questions about its impact on community colleges remain. Interesting and creative work in line with the new vocationalism has been initiated on behalf of low‐income clients, but it is still unclear how well community colleges will meet client needs within the framework of the legislation.
A Model for Implementing a Concurrent Enrollment Program
Authors: Chapman Brian
Published: August 2002

This chapter provides guidelines for establishing a partnership between a community college and a single high school or school district. In addition to outlining the steps necessary for developing the program, discussions of how to maintain quality and meet the needs of the individual institutions are included.
Moving welfare families into economic self‐sufficiency: A model from El Paso Community College
Authors: Bombach Kathleen
Published: August 2002

This chapter discusses how El Paso Community College linked welfare‐to‐work participants to college credit programs that offer realistic pathways to certificates, associate degrees, and bachelor degrees.
Concurrent Enrollment and More: Elements of a Successful Partnership
Authors: Helfgot Steven
Published: August 2002

Although concurrent enrollment activities provide an opportunity for cooperation between a community collegeand local high schools, they are not the only opportunity. This chapter examines concurrent enrollment in the context of a larger working relationship between one community college and the high school districts it serves.
Simultaneous transcatheter occlusion of two atrial baffle leaks and stent implantation for SVC obstruction in a patient after mustard repair
Authors: Sharaf Eman , Waight David J. , Hijazi Ziyad M.
Published: August 2002

A 19.5‐year‐old patient after Mustard operation was found to have baffle leaks and obstruction. This patient underwent successful device closure of the leaks using the Amplatzer device and stent implantation with complete resolution of the symptoms. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2001;54:72–76. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Electronic effects on the regio‐ and enantioselectivity of the asymmetric aminohydroxylation of O‐Substituted 4‐Hydroxy‐2‐butenoates
Authors: Chuang Chih‐Yuan , Vassar Victor C. , Ma Zuping , Geney Raphaël , Ojima Iwao
Published: August 2002

Regio‐ and enantioselectivity in the asymmetric aminohydroxylation (AA) reaction of O‐substituted 4‐hydroxy‐2‐butenoates as well as the mechanism of the reaction were studied. When the electronic properties of the phenyl group in a substrate were altered by using different substituents, two conflicting trends were observed: The O‐benzoyl substrates showed greater regio‐ and enantioselectivity when an electron‐donating substituent was attached at the C‐4 position of the phenyl group, while the O‐benzyl substrates exhibited better regio‐ and enantioselectivity with an electron‐withdrawing substituent at the C‐4 position of the phenyl moiety. Thus, these results have disclosed hitherto unknown remarkable electronic effects in the AA reaction. Detailed analysis of possible electronic interactions in the chiral catalyst–substrate complex has revealed the importance of dipolar aromatic–aromatic interactions between the aromatic substituent of the substrate and the nitrogen heteroaromatic moiety of the chiral ligand for effective regiocontrol as well as enantioface selection in the AA reaction. A plausible model of the key intermediate in the AA reaction of O‐substituted 4‐hydroxy‐2‐butenoates is proposed. Chirality 14:151–162, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
NMR studies of chiral discrimination relevant to the enantioseparation of N‐acylarylalkylamines by an (R)‐phenylglycinol‐derived chiral selector
Authors: Im Sung Hyun , Ryoo Jae Jeong , Lee Kwang‐Pill , Choi Seong‐Ho , Jeong Young Han , Jung Young Sik , Hyun Myung Ho
Published: August 2002

Recently, it was reported that the chiral recognition ability of (R)‐N‐3,5‐dinitrobenzoyl phenylglycinol derivative was examined as a new HPLC chiral stationary phase (CSP 1) for the resolution of racemic N‐acylnaphthylalkylamines. However, the mechanism of chiral discrimination on the CSP remained elusive until now. In this study, a spectroscopic investigation of the chiral discrimination mechanism of CSP 1 was undertaken using mixtures of (R)‐N‐3,5‐dinitrobenzoyl phenylglycinol‐derived chiral selector (2) and each of the enantiomers of N‐acylnaphthylalkylamines (3) by NMR study. First, the differences in free energy changes (ΔΔG) upon diastereomeric complexation in solution between the complex of each isomer with chiral selector 2 by NMR titration were calculated. The values were then compared with those estimated by chiral HPLC. The chemical shift changes of each proton on the chiral selector and analytes were also checked and it was found that the chemical shift changes decreased continuously as the acyl group on analytes increased in length. This observation was consistent with the HPLC data. From these experimental results, the interaction mechanism of chiral discrimination between the chiral selector and the analytes is more precisely explained. Chirality 14:329–333, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gram‐scale synthesis of (+)‐ and (−)‐trans‐10‐amino‐9‐hydroxy‐9,10‐dihydrophenanthrene by enzymatic hydrolysis
Authors: Irurre J. , Riera M. , Guixá M.
Published: August 2002

The enzymatic resolution of (±)‐trans‐10‐azido‐9‐acetoxy‐9,10‐dihydrophenanthrene by Candida cylindracea lipase‐catalyzed hydrolysis was achieved on the gram‐scale with excellent yield and enantiomeric excess. The resulting (+)‐ and (−)‐amino alcohols were derivatized to α‐hydroxy‐N‐benzenesulphonamides. Chirality 14:490–494, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chiral recognition phenomena probed by steady‐state luminescence measurements: Stern‐Volmer analysis of chiral discriminatory behavior
Authors: Bolender James P. , Meyers Andrew , Cordaro Joseph , Ries Ryan S.
Published: August 2002

The chiral recognition phenomenon observed in enantioselective excited‐state energy transfer processes currently requires the use of chiroptical spectroscopic techniques to probe the magnitude and sense of the discriminatory interactions. The use of chiroptical spectroscopic techniques limits the study of chiral recognition to those molecular species with strong absorption or emission dissymmetry factors. This study presents the theoretical and experimental methodology to determine the magnitude of chiral discriminatory interactions with unpolarized, steady‐state luminescence measurements. Based on bimolecular luminescence quenching kinetics for a system containing chiral molecules, the Stern‐Volmer equation is derived and contains a chiral discriminatory term for a system containing a chiral but racemic luminophore and an enantiomerically resolved quencher species. The utility of this methodology is confirmed by examining the enantioselective excited‐state quenching between several Ln(dpa) complexes (where Ln = Eu3+, Tb3+, or Dy3+ and dpa = pyridine‐2,6‐dicarboxylate) acting as the energy donor and either racemic or enantiomerically resolved [Co(dach)3]3+ (where dach = trans‐1R,2R (or 1S,2S)‐diaminocyclohexane) acting as the energy acceptor in an aqueous solution. The results of this study confirm the utility of unpolarized, steady‐state luminescence measurements as a probe of chiral discriminatory behavior. Chirality 14:456–464, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Competitive intelligence: Lessons from the trenches
Authors: Prescott John E.
Published: August 2002

This article is adapted from the introduction to the recently published book Proven Strategies in Competitive Intelligence: Lessons from the Trenches, edited by John E. Prescott and Stephen H. Miller (2001, John Wiley & Sons). Along with his own research, Dr. Prescott draws key lessons from articles published over the past five years in the pages of Competitive Intelligence Review, including competitive intelligence (CI) case studies and competitive technical intelligence (CTI) case studies, as well as articles describing, from a case study perspective, CI and CTI research tools and analytical techniques. The four overarching lessons he finds and explains are (1) CI programs require a clearly articulated role that emerges through a process of (re)learning the intelligence needs of organizational members; (2) the set of outputs from a CI program must be disseminated on a timely basis, provide actionable implications, and be perceived as credible and trustworthy; (3) in organizations, an intelligence‐driven culture is built one person at a time, through intelligence skill enhancement, human network development, and mechanisms that facilitate the flow of information; and (4) the evolution of CI programs is a natural phenomenon driven by the needs of the corporation, feedback, and quality enhancement techniques. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Immunologic quantitation of the carcinoma specific human carcinoma antigen in clinical samples
Authors: Codington John F. , Haavik Svein , Nikrui Najmosama , Kuter Irene , Vassileva Christina , Zhang Hui , Matson Samantha , Chen Xiaomei , Wu Zibin
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND

Based on the cross‐reactivity of the human carcinoma antigen, HCA, with epiglycanin, a mouse mammary carcinoma cell surface glycoprotein, HCA has been detected in the tissue and blood of patients with every type of epithelium‐derived cancer tested.

METHODS

Competitive binding assays utilized the following antiepiglycanin antibodies: a polyclonal rabbit antiserum (immunoglobulin [Ig] G and IgM) in a radioimmunoassay; mouse monoclonal antibodies (Ab‐1, IgM) on immunoplates; anti‐idiotypic (Ab‐2) and anti‐anti‐idiotypic (Ab‐3) monoclonal antibodies (both IgG) from spleen cells of C57BL mice immunized, respectively, with Ab‐1 and Ab‐2, and utilized on immunoplates. IgG and IgM antibodies were evaluated for their ability to detect HCA and to distinguish between the blood of patients with, or without, carcinomas.

RESULTS

Assays with the rabbit antiserum distinguished plasmas of metastatic breast carcinoma patients from those of patients with benign breast disease with a sensitivity of approximately 93% (specificity 90%). Antiepiglycanin IgM monoclonal antibodies (i.e., AE3) showed high specificity and sensitivity (> 90%) with sera from advanced carcinoma patients when compared with normal sera. The IgG anti‐anti‐idiotypic (Ab‐3) monoclonal antibodies (i.e., AF2), which bind the same epitope as Ab‐1, appear to possess less nonspecific binding capacity, however, than the Ab‐1 (IgM) antibodies. Anti‐Ab‐1 (i.e., C8F2) anti‐idiotypic monoclonal antibodies, which bear an idiotope equivalent to the epitope present in epiglycanin and the HCA, demonstrated greater consistency as a standard calibrator and for coating wells than epiglycanin.

CONCLUSIONS

The concentration of the HCA in the body fluids of patients with carcinomas may be accurately determined by competitive binding assays. It is suggested that the use of anti‐idiotypic antibodies (IgG), rather than epiglycanin/HCA, and Ab‐3 anti‐anti‐idiotypic antibodies (IgG), rather than Ab‐1 (IgM), will improve the consistency, as well as the sensitivity and specificity, of the assay. Cancer 2002;94:803–13. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10124
Detection of genetic alterations in the p53 suppressor gene and the K‐ras oncogene among different grades of dysplasia in patients with colorectal adenomas
Authors: Hosaka Shigetoshi , Aoki Yuji , Akamatsu Taiji , Nakamura Naoshi , Hosaka Noriko , Kiyosawa Kendo
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND

Although it is believed that p53 suppressor gene mutations, compared with mutations in the K‐ras oncogene, occur at a later stage of colorectal tumorigenesis, the distribution of these genetic alterations at an early stage remains poorly characterized.

METHODS

The authors analyzed the immunoreactivity for p53 protein (p53 protein expression), which reflects the functionally altered p53 gene, and K‐ras mutations at codons 12 in 68 colorectal adenomas with both low‐grade and high‐grade dysplasia obtained from 62 patients.

RESULTS

The prevalence of p53 positive immunostaining was significantly greater compared with the prevalence of K‐ras mutations both in low‐grade dysplasia and in high‐grade dysplasia. Twenty‐two adenomas (32.3%) showed positive immunostaining for p53 protein in high‐grade dysplasia and also were positive for p53 in surrounding low‐grade dysplastic tissues; 20 adenomas (29.4%) showed positive immunostaining for p53 protein in high‐grade dysplasia and were negative for p53 in surrounding low‐grade dysplastic tissues; 8 adenomas (11.7%) showed negative immunostaining for p53 protein in high‐grade dysplasia and were positive for p53 in surrounding low‐grade dysplastic tissues; and 18 adenomas (26.4%) showed negative immunostaining for p53 protein in both high‐grade dysplasia and in surrounding low‐grade dysplastic tissues. On the whole, a significant difference (P < 0.05) was seen in the frequency of p53 positive immunostaining between low‐grade dysplasia and high‐grade dysplasia (44.1% and 61.8%, respectively) but not in that of K‐ras mutations (20.3% and 23.4%, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS

The results of this study suggest that mutation of the p53 suppressor gene occurs earlier in the adenoma‐carcinoma sequence than K‐ras mutation, providing a clue for further understanding of the role of the p53 gene in the early stage of colorectal tumorigenesis. Cancer 2002;94:219–27. © 2002 American Cancer Society.
Functional imaging of Langerhans cell histiocytosis by 111In‐DTPA‐D‐Phe1‐octreotide scintigraphy
Authors: Lastoria Secondo , Montella Liliana , Catalano Lucio , Rotoli Bruno , Muto Pietro , Palmieri Giovannella
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND

Langerhans cell histiocytosis is a rare group of diseases of unknown pathogenesis, variable clinical presentation, and behavior. It encompasses highly aggressive, often fatal, and indolent diseases, with a variety of intermediate forms between the two extremes. Localization and monitoring of Langerhans cell histiocytosis deposits are based on the combined use of different imaging modalities, which include magnetic resonance, computed tomography, and nuclear medicine procedures. Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy recently has been used to image immune‐mediated diseases with excellent results.

METHODS

In this study, the authors have evaluated the potential role of somatostatin receptor scintigraphy by using 111In‐DTPA‐D‐Phe1‐octreotide in a series of patients with Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Eight consecutive patients (2 males, 6 females; mean age, 43 years; age range, 29–60 years) with histologically proven Langerhans cell histiocytosis, in various phases of their disease, were imaged 24 hours after intravenous injection of 111–222 MBq of 111In‐DTPA‐D‐Phe1‐octreotide, by using total body and spot view images. The objective of the study was to preliminarly evaluate this technique in the evaluation of Langerhans cell histiocytosis.

RESULTS

Most Langerhans cell histiocytosis deposits were clearly documented by somatostatin receptor scintigraphy, independently from the anatomic location (i.e., skeleton, mucosae, soft tissue, etc.). The correlation between conventional imaging modalities and somatostatin receptor scintigraphy results was fairly good, though this was not considered a primary objective of the study.

CONCLUSIONS

Among the various imaging modalities for Langerhans cell histiocytosis, somatostatin receptor scintigraphy is unique, becuase it accurately depicts the active sites of disease and thus can help in monitoring the response to treatment, together with conventional imaging modalities. Further studies are necessary to confirm the diagnostic value of this technique and clarify the biologic significance of the expression of somatostatin receptors in Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Cancer 2002;94:633–40. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10276
99mTC‐tetrofosmin scintigraphy in lung carcinoma staging and follow‐up evaluations
Authors: Buccheri Gianfranco , Biggi Alberto , Ferrigno Domenico , Francini Antonella
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND

99mTC‐tetrofosmin recently has emerged as a new radiopharmaceutical for cancer visualization. In this study, the authors have investigated, for the first time in a comprehensive way, its ability to assess lung carcinoma dissemination and progression.

METHODS

A 99mTC‐tetrofosmin scan was incorporated into the pretreatment and posttreatment diagnostic workup of all lung carcinoma patients seen in a second referral institution for a province of 500,000 inhabitants during the years 1998 and 1999. Sixty‐one patients, strongly suspected of lung carcinoma were photon‐scanned; 21 of them were rescanned after completion of their front‐line treatment. Eleven patients eventually underwent surgery, and 3 others underwent mediastinoscopy. Both planar and single photoemission computed tomography thoracic views were obtained. Images for the whole body also were acquired.

RESULTS

All 57 patients whose lung carcinoma was pathologically confirmed showed accumulation of the radiotracer (100% sensitivity). However, three of the four nonmalignant lesions were also 99mTC‐tetrofosmin positive. 99mTC‐tetrofosmin scan was highly sensitive for the detection of the T0–T2 disease (97% sensitivity) and highly specific for the N0–N1 disease (83% specificity). In the 16 pathologically staged mediastina, sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy rates were 73%, 100%, and 81%, respectively. 99mTC‐tetrofosmin scan correctly detected most skeleton (9 of 10) and brain (5 of 7) metastases. The treatment response evaluation made with 99mTC‐tetrofosmin corresponded to the clinical estimate in almost half of the sample.

CONCLUSIONS

This study shows that 99mTC‐tetrofosmin scan is a relatively accurate method for lung carcinoma evaluation. The authors' preliminary data exclude, however, that noninvasive diagnostic efficiency might be substantially increased by a scintigraphy with 99mTC‐tetrofosmin. More studies are needed for a better understanding of the real value of this technique. Cancer 2002;94:1796–807. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10394
Prognostic significance of intrahepatic lymphatic invasion in patients with hepatic resection due to metastases from colorectal carcinoma
Authors: Sasaki Atsushi , Aramaki Masanori , Kawano Katsunori , Yasuda Kazuhiro , Inomata Masafumi , Kitano Seigo
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND

Intrahepatic spread from liver metastases of colorectal carcinoma has been well described; however, its prognostic value after hepatectomy is controversial. To clearly determine factors predicting survival after hepatectomy in such patients, the authors evaluated 14 clinicopathologic factors of liver metastasis from colorectal carcinoma with special reference to intrahepatic lymphatic invasion.

METHODS

The authors retrospectively analyzed data obtained from 67 consecutive patients who underwent hepatectomy for liver metastasis from colorectal carcinoma. Intrahepatic spread was classified into discreet categories that were evaluated separately: invasion to the portal vein, hepatic vein, bile duct, and lymphatic or perineural space. Overall survival and disease free survival periods were examined as functions of clinicopathologic determinants by univariate and multivariate analyses.

RESULTS

Intrahepatic spread was found in a total of 28 (43.1%) of the 65 evaluable cases. Portal vein invasion was found in 15 (23.1%) of these cases, hepatic vein invasion in 3 (4.6%), bile duct invasion in 10 (15.4%), and intrahepatic lymphatic invasion in 10 (15.4%). Five year overall and disease free survival rates after hepatectomy were 33.4% and 28.5%, respectively. A short interval (< 12 months) from treatment of primary colorectal carcinoma to liver metastasis and the presence of intrahepatic lymphatic invasion significantly and adversely affected the overall and disease free survival rates.

CONCLUSIONS

Intrahepatic lymphatic invasion was shown statistically to be an independent predictor of recurrence and death after hepatectomy in patients with liver metastases from primary colorectal carcinoma. Cancer 2002;95:105–11. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10655