bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Divine Action in Predestination in John Calvin
Authors: Abraham William J.
Published: November 2017

In this chapter, the author surveys the major arguments John Calvin made for divine predestination and the host of action predicates Calvin attributes to God. He notes a crucial problem in Calvin’s theology, where all the actions predicated of human agents, like dispositions, capacities, and intentions, are also actions predetermined by God. The author examines Calvin’s understanding of divine causality and how it works relative to human action. In the author’s view, Calvin’s understanding of divine causation in predestination has severe consequences for the integrity of human freedom. The chapter is thus intended to remind theologians and philosophers that any account of divine agency must also take seriously the integrity of human willing and action.
Divine Concurrence and Human Freedom in Luis de Molina
Authors: Abraham William J.
Published: November 2017

Here the author interacts with the work of Luis de Molina and his views on divine concurrence. He argues that Molina’s work centers on the potential role of specific divine assistance in the performance of human actions in relation to salvation and predestination. He also argues Molina is motivated by explicitly theological concerns for the integrity of divine aseity, perfection, love, and mercy. He also claims that Molina’s efforts to sustain a genuine place for human action in salvation, providence, predestination, and reprobation have significant implications for understanding the nature of divine knowledge. The author suggests that Molina’s conception of divine concurrence through merit ought to be revised for contemporary concerns about the integrity of human action, along with patient attention to the language of causality with respect to salvation that one finds in the Augustinian–Pelagian debates.
Epilogue
Authors: Abraham William J.
Published: November 2017

The author briefly examines why “special” divine action came under fire in the modern period, and suggests that the problems with the contemporary debate about divine action in analytic philosophy rest upon core mistakes made during the modern period resulting from a disconnection with the Christian tradition. He raises again the need to engage with the Christian tradition to see what dividends it might pay for the contemporary debate. After giving a retrospective of the contributions of each chapter in this volume, he calls for theologians to take up the project of the epistemology of theology while maintaining their theological boldness.
The reality of Mrs B
Authors: Schnider Armin
Published: November 2017

The case of a 63-year-old woman with severe confabulation and reality confusion after rupture of an aneurysm of the anterior communicating artery is described. It shows how pervasive and disruptive the disorder can be. The patient falsely reported recent activities and fiercely enacted obligations she had actually held 20 years previously. Imagined activities were reported as true experiences. In contrast, she did not confabulate in response to questions of general knowledge or about her remote past—a first indication of there being different forms of confabulation. She returned to reality after 17 months, although she remained severely amnesic.
Types of confabulation
Authors: Schnider Armin
Published: November 2017

When the term ‘confabulation’ entered the medical literature, it referred to the emergence of memories of events and experiences that never happened. However, its Latin root—meaning ‘to gossip, to chat’—allowed for a broader use of the term. This chapter gives the classic and the present-day definitions of confabulations and proposes a distinction between memory-related (mnestic) and non-memory-related (non-mnestic) confabulations. Early clinical observations already suggested the distinction between different forms of mnestic confabulations. Based on the literature and our own studies, I propose to distinguish four forms of confabulations, which partially or completely dissociate, and suggest ways to explore them.
Disorders associated with confabulation
Authors: Schnider Armin
Published: November 2017

Most clinicians would agree that confabulation is always accompanied by amnesia and lack of insight. But is this true? Do confabulating patients really need to have a gap in memory? This chapter explores the complex relation between confabulation and amnesia, disorientation, and false recognition and compares it with disorders provoking false statements about the current situation, the place, people, or one’s own health status, as it happens in disorders such as déjà vu, reduplicative paramnesia, Capgras and Fregoli syndromes, intermetamorphosis, and anosognosia. Elegant recent experiments have revealed a new mechanism of anosognosia for hemiplegia, but its status among confabulations remains disputable.
Introduction
Authors: Ludwig Kirk
Published: November 2017

Chapter 1 sets out the problem of institutional agency, explains the project and its methodology, describes the structure of the book, and gives advice to readers on navigating through it. The central problem of institutional action is to understand how the structure of institutions is grounded in more primitive forms of joint intentional action, and how those more primitive forms of joint intentional action are expressed through those institutional structures. The project aims to uncover the conceptual structure of institutional agency, taking as examples familiar institutions. It starts with the question of the logical form of grammatically singular group action sentences, that is, action sentences about mobs and organizations and institutions, and then provides reductive analyses of key notions in understanding institutional action in particular, namely, constitutive rules, status functions and roles, institutional membership, and proxy agency.
Status Functions as Agentive Functions
Authors: Ludwig Kirk
Published: November 2017

Chapter 8 begins the analysis of status functions by locating them within the broader category of agentive functions. It starts with a taxonomy of agentive functions that relies on the different bases on which we attribute them and places them in relation to the overlapping category of artefacts. Then it identifies status functions as a subcategory and analyzes them as arising from the need for agents to coordinate on, or collectively accept, the same things as filling roles in joint activities defined by constitutive rules. It distinguishes between status functions attached to types and to tokens. Finally, it considers the status of counterfeits, how we understand activities into which they are introduced, and what to say when an agent intends to introduce a counterfeit but mistakenly uses the real thing.
Kinds of Status Functions
Authors: Ludwig Kirk
Published: November 2017

Chapter 10 first discusses a subcategory of status function, the status role, which is occupied by an agent, and partially defined in terms of how the agent is to exercise her agency in that role. Second, it discusses the nature of the rights and responsibilities associated with status roles, and then whether role responsibilities generate desire-independent reasons for action. Third, it describes the role of status indicators, which are themselves status functions whose role is to make identification of other functions and roles more perspicuous. Fourth, it distinguishes between determinable and determinate status functions. Last, it discusses the relation of status functions to design functions and our ordinary terminology for the sorts of things we press into service as bearers of status functions.
Group Membership
Authors: Ludwig Kirk
Published: November 2017

Chapter 11 is concerned with the nature of the membership relation relevant to sorting agents under the concept of a mob or organization and the nature of groups organized under such relations. First, it develops a taxonomy of different sorts of groups, distinguishing natural groups, institutions or organizations, and mobs and crowds. Second, it provides an account of membership in institutions, the key idea of which is that membership is a matter of having a determinable status role characterized by the nature of the relevant institution. Third, it takes up a counting puzzle connected with the reductive view of organizations. If an organization at a time is nothing but its members, then two clubs with the same members are the same, but this seems counterintuitive. Finally, it gives an analysis of membership specifically in mobs and crowds.
The Division of Labor and Proxy Agency
Authors: Ludwig Kirk
Published: November 2017

Chapter 13 first lays out the problem of proxy agency. An example of a proxy agent is a spokesperson for an organization. When the spokesperson, appropriately authorized, in the right conditions, with the right intention and message, speaks, we count the group as announcing something. Thus, it appears that the group does something but only one of its members acts. Proxy agency appears then to be inconsistent with the multiple agents analysis of collective action. Chapter 13 provides an account of proxy agency, focusing on the case of a spokesperson, that draws on the notion of a status function and constitutive agency to show it can be compatible with the multiple agents account of institutional action. Then it clarifies and extends the account by defending it against objections. Finally, it discusses the systematic use of the same terms in different senses in relation to individual and institutional agency.
Introduction
Authors: Fitzpatrick Antonia
Published: November 2017

This Introduction expresses the intent of this study to re-examine the place of the body in Thomas Aquinas’s thought on the composition of the human being and its identity through time. Aquinas is famous for holding that the soul is the one and only substantial form in a human being. The generally accepted view is that Aquinas accounted for the identity of the person almost exclusively with reference to their soul. This study will restore the significance of the body by placing Aquinas’s thought in its theological and social context: principally, his concern for the earthly and resurrected body to be identical and his polemic against heretics. The Introduction goes on to survey the source material from Peter Lombard, St. Augustine, Aristotle, and Averroes with which Aquinas would construct his account of the body, its identity over time, and its autonomy relative to the soul. It briefly outlines that account.
Aristotelian Tradition (I)
Authors: Fitzpatrick Antonia
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses, principally, Aristotle’s biological works on animals, De anima and the Metaphysics. Its intent is to lay out the texts with which Aquinas would substantiate his view that individuality has its origins in matter, and not the soul. Aristotle’s thought on heredity and the embryo and his (problematic) account of the relationship between universals (or common natures) and individuals are discussed. The distinctive sophistication of the human body vis-à-vis other animals is another theme. Two related Aristotelian principles emerge as crucial: that matter and form should bear a proportion to one another, such that each form has its differentiated ‘proper matter’, and that matter’s ability to receive form depends upon its having developed the appropriate qualities (i.e. in its capacity as the ‘material cause’). The chapter concludes by schematically illustrating how Aquinas adapted Aristotle’s thought on individuality for his own purposes.
Aristotelian Tradition (II)
Authors: Fitzpatrick Antonia
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the problems Aristotle’s discussions of bodily identity posed for Aquinas, who wanted to maintain that individual bodies would necessarily be reconstituted from their own matter at the resurrection. Aristotle appeared to suggest (in De generatione et corruptione) that a human body could remain the same despite the exchange—by wastage and nourishment—of all of its matter over a lifetime. So was the soul the only carrier of identity? Aristotle had little to say about the continuity of a body’s material after its death, and furthermore his Physics dispensed with atoms. Aquinas would rely heavily on Averroes in solving these problems. Central to the solution would be a concept of ‘body’ as a kind of ‘quantity’, or physical structure. In particular, Averroes endowed matter with a quasi-corpuscular structure of its own (‘indeterminate dimensions’), which fixed matter’s identity across change.
Epilogue
Authors: Fitzpatrick Antonia
Published: November 2017

This Epilogue sketches the historical and doctrinal consequences of Aquinas’s theory of the composition of human nature, focusing on the thirteenth-century debate over the unicity or plurality of forms, and then following the continuing quarrel between the mendicant orders episodically through to the fifteenth century. It explains that Aquinas’s theory had no inherently heretical consequences for the body, but attracted controversy after it was misconstrued by the Franciscan William de la Mare in 1277. The notion that all that bridges the gap from living body to corpse was featureless ‘prime’ matter (with the heretical consequences in the case of Christ) originates with de la Mare’s tendentious presentation of Aquinas, although some modern interpreters have mistakenly argued that it follows directly from Aquinas’s principles. Not many have focused on the Dominican response: four examples are discussed here, including Richard Knapwell, the immediate target of the 1286 condemnation of Aquinas’s theory.
Voters and Voting in Context
Authors: Wolf Christof
Published: November 2017

This book investigates the role of context in affecting political opinion formation and voting behavior. Building on a model of contextual effects on individual-level voter behavior, the chapters of this volume explore contextual effects in Germany in the early twenty-first century. The contributions draw on manifold combinations of individual and contextual information gathered in the German Longitudinal Election Study (GLES) framework and employ advanced methods. In substantive terms, they investigate the impact of campaign communication on political learning, the effects of media coverage on the perceived importance of political problems, and the role of electoral competition on candidate strategies and perceptions. Other contributions deal with the role of social and economic contexts as well as parties’ policy stances in affecting electoral turnout. The chapters on vote choice explore the impact of social cues on candidate voting, effects of electoral arenas on vote functions, the role of media coverage on ideological voting, and effects of campaign communication on the timing of electoral decision-making. The volume demonstrates the key role of the processes of communication and politicization in bringing about contextual effects. Context thus plays a nuanced role in voting behavior. The contingency of contextual effects suggests that they should become an important topic in research on political behavior and democratic politics.
Voters and Voting in Context
Authors: Schoen Harald , Roßteutscher Sigrid , Schmitt-Beck Rüdiger , Weßels Bernhard , Wolf Christof
Published: November 2017

After a brief review of the scholarly discussion about the idea that context affects political behavior, this chapter proposes a model for the analysis of contextual effects on opinion formation and voting behavior. It highlights theoretical issues in the interplay of various contextual features and voter predispositions in bringing about contextual effects on voters. This model guides the analyses of contextual effects on voter behavior in Germany in the early twenty-first century. These analyses draw on rich data from multiple voter surveys and various sources of information about contextual features. The chapter also gives an overview of different methodological approaches and challenges in the analysis of contextual effects on voting behavior.
A Vicious Circle of Demobilization? Context Effects on Turnout at the 2009 and 2013 German Federal Elections
Authors: Schäfer Anne , Schmitt-Beck Rüdiger
Published: November 2017

This chapter explores the contextual effects of constituency-level turnout on individual turnout intentions at the 2009 and 2013 German federal elections. It assesses whether these effects are mediated by citizens’ embedding into networks of political discussants, differentiating between influences originating from discussants inside and those outside of voters’ households. Although we can establish contextual effects, no empirical support is established for their mediation by voters’ discussion networks. Still, we detect relationships between shares of constituency turnout and citizens’ propensity to talk about political matters at all and to do so with other voters. It turns out that political discussants are a very powerful source of environmental influence on electoral behavior. Discussants cohabitating in voters’ households are especially influential. However, embedding into discussion networks is not always a boon; talking to non-voters also has substantial demobilizing effects.
Always Late? Stability and Change in Individuals’ Time of Vote Decisions
Authors: Preißinger Maria
Published: November 2017

In contrast to assumptions in the literature, voters do not make up their mind about which party to vote for at around the same time relative to the election date in different campaigns. By using a unique intra- and inter-campaign panel survey of German voters in the 2009 and 2013 federal campaigns, this analysis demonstrates that voters arrived at their final voting decision at different points of time because they were subjected to different streams of political communication in these two campaigns. Thereby, this chapter makes a case for acknowledging more variation in campaigning by examining individuals’ decision-making in more than just a single campaign. Furthermore, it calls for future research to put analyses of campaign effects into context by studying non-campaign periods as well.
Jewish Lists
Authors: Gallagher Edmon L. , Meade John D.
Published: November 2017

In this chapter we provide texts, translations, and analysis of the two earliest Jewish canon lists: Josephus and the Babylonian Talmud. Josephus provides the earliest definitive ‘list’ of the biblical books. In actuality, he says there are only twenty-two books and then groups them according to five books of Moses, thirteen by prophets, and four remaining books. He does not specifically tell the reader the contents of the Jewish canon. The Babylonian Talmud provides evidence from as early as 200 CE or as late as the sixth century CE for what books the Jews considered to be canonical. The list implies a number of twenty-four books. Though these lists are not Christian, every history of the development of the canon requires analysis and synthesis of these sources.
Selected Greek, Syriac, Latin, and Hebrew Manuscripts
Authors: Gallagher Edmon L. , Meade John D.
Published: November 2017

In this chapter, we contextualize the data of the canon lists further by listing the contents of significant manuscripts in the Greek, Syriac, Latin, and Hebrew traditions. These manuscripts help the reader further understand the problems raised by the lists themselves. For example, a typical canon list will only mention ‘Daniel’, but the manuscripts clarify that under this title were also included the books of Susanna and Bel and the Dragon. When the lists and the manuscripts are read and analysed together, the reader can further conceptualize the contents of the canon. Furthermore, a codex typically contains more books than the normal canon list catalogues. This means that the codex does not equal the canon, putting into relief the narrow contents of the lists against the background of wider manuscript contents.
Introduction
Authors: Svantesson Dan Jerker B.
Published: November 2017

This chapter introduces the topic of the book with particular focus on displaying its diversity. It brings attention to the challenges we face, especially due to our current territoriality-focused paradigm. It hints at the tools—the law reform initiatives—needed to solve the Internet jurisdiction puzzle. Finally, this chapter outlines and discusses a set of fundamental assumptions that have impacted how the author views this area of law. Based on those fundamental assumptions, it is argued that the Internet serves humanity best where it caters for cross-border interaction governed by law: law with an appropriate reach determined not merely by national territoriality but also by broader international interests that transcend the public/private international law divide.
A New Jurisprudential Framework for Jurisdiction
Authors: Svantesson Dan Jerker B.
Published: November 2017

This chapter advances a new jurisprudential framework for jurisdiction and discusses it in detail, outlining how it may be applied, and responds to some potential concerns that may be raised against the framework. The framework is focused on: (1) there being a substantial connection between the state claiming jurisdiction and the matter; (2) the state claiming jurisdiction having a legitimate interest in the matter; and (3) a balancing of that state’s interest with other relevant interests. As this framework represents the core of jurisdiction in both public international law and in private international law, it effectively unifies those two disciplines commonly viewed as distinct.
A Very Brief History of Internet Jurisdiction
Authors: Svantesson Dan Jerker B.
Published: November 2017

This chapter provides a brief history of Internet jurisdiction taking account of key court decisions, legislation as well as developments in the academic thinking on the topic. In doing so, it divides the history of Internet jurisdiction into four relatively distinct phases. The discussion in the chapter highlights facts such as that: (1) law has largely been reactive, responding to technological developments; (2) the level of creativity applied in the search for workable solutions was seemingly higher in the earlier stages than in more recent times; and (3) unsurprisingly, the attitudes of courts, legislators, and the academic community have varied considerably over the time period examined.
Jurisdictional Interoperability— the Path Forward (for Now)
Authors: Svantesson Dan Jerker B.
Published: November 2017

This chapter draws conclusions from the previous chapter on the history of Internet jurisdiction and suggests that the most appropriate path forward at this stage is to focus our attention on the concept of ‘jurisdictional interoperability’ as a part of ‘legal interoperability’. In other words, rather than vainly hoping for law reform in the shape of an all-encompassing international agreement overcoming the problems of Internet jurisdiction, we must accept that the road ahead will instead be travelled by many thousands of small steps. Just as the Internet is a successful network of networks, the mid-term solution to the jurisdictional issues online will be found in what one can see as a legal system of legal systems—a system in which domestic legal systems operate smoothly together with a minimum of inconsistencies and clashes.
Understanding the Functions of Jurisdictional Law
Authors: Svantesson Dan Jerker B.
Published: November 2017

This chapter takes us into the domain of legal theory and legal philosophy as it places the questions of Internet jurisdiction in a broader theoretical, and indeed philosophical, context. Indeed, it goes as far as to (1) present a definition of what is law, (2) discuss what are the law’s tools, and (3) to describe the roles of law. In addition, it provides distinctions important for how we understand the role of jurisdictional rules both in private international law and in public international law as traditionally defined. Furthermore, it adds law reform tools by introducing and discussing the concept of ‘market sovereignty’ based on ‘market destroying measures’––an important concept for solving the Internet jurisdiction puzzle.
Scope of (Remedial) Jurisdiction
Authors: Svantesson Dan Jerker B.
Published: November 2017

This chapterdraws attention to a new category of jurisdiction, what we may term ‘scope of jurisdiction’, or ‘scope of remedial jurisdiction’, and explains why this category of jurisdiction is particularly important in the online environment. It thenprovides a coherent framework for how we ought to approach this type of jurisdiction. In doing so, it draws upon experiences from recent cases; in particular, the Google Spain (González) case and the Google Canada (Equustek) case, both of which provide important insights into current practices regarding territoriality in private international law, and perhaps to a lesser extent public international law (as traditionally distinguished).
The Role of Geo-location Technologies
Authors: Svantesson Dan Jerker B.
Published: November 2017

This chapter explores the role geo-location technologies may play on the road towards achieving jurisdictional interoperability. The relevant technologies involved are introduced briefly, their accuracy examined, and an overview is provided of their use, including the increasingly common use of so-called geo-blocking. Attention is then given to perceived and real concerns stemming from the use of geo-location technologies and how these technologies impact international law, territoriality, and sovereignty, as well as to the role these technologies may play in law reform. The point is made that the current ‘effect-focused’ rules in both private international law and public international law (as those disciplines are traditionally defined), are likely to continue to work as an incentive for the use of geo-location technologies.
The Division of Goods and the Completion of Justice
Authors: Payne Andrew
Published: November 2017

This chapter provides an interpretation of two key aspects of Socrates’ procedure in mounting a defense of justice. In Book 2 of the Republic, Socrates agrees to praise justice for itself, and he proposes to investigate the nature of justice by constructing a city in speech. First, to praise justice for itself is to present the activity of being just as valuable for its own sake. In the course of doing this, Socrates may mention certain valuable results of being just, those which signal the completion of the activity of being just. Second, Socrates turns to the construction of a city as a means of investigating justice because a city is a larger and more extensive partnership. Engaging in partnerships is the activity that is the context for justice. Examining the best city will allow us to see partnerships arising in the best way.
Teleology and the Parts of the Soul
Authors: Payne Andrew
Published: November 2017

This chapter seeks to describe the particular sort of psychic conflict that allows Socrates to distinguish different parts of the soul. In Republic 4 Socrates argues that the soul has roughly the same parts as the best city. The resulting parts of the soul (appetite, spirit, and desire) are described as capable of acting for such ends as pleasure, honor, and knowledge. The function of the rational part, calculation, is described in detail. Two sorts of unity between parts of the soul are described. A weak unity characterizes a soul whose parts are capable of helping each other carry out their own tasks but often interfere with each other. A strong unity characterizes the virtuous soul whose parts actively help each other achieve their different ends. In the virtuous soul, each part acts for the sake of achieving the end of strong unity.
Victory and the Ending of Conflicts
Authors: Patterson Eric
Published: November 2017

Scholars and political leaders have recently grown increasingly uncomfortable with terms like victory and ‘unconditional surrender’. One reason for this becomes clear when reconsidering the concept of ‘victory’ in terms of ethics and policy in times of war. The just war tradition emphasizes limits and restraint in the conduct of war but also highlights state agency, the rule of law, and appropriate war aims in its historic tenets of right authority, just cause, and right intention. Indeed, the establishment of order and justice are legitimate war aims. Should we not also consider them exemplars, or markers, of just victory? This chapter discusses debates over how conflicts end that have made ‘victory’ problematic and evaluates how just war principles—including jus post bellum principles—help define a moral post-conflict situation that is not just peace, but may perhaps be called ‘victory’ as well.
The Scars of Victory
Authors: Campbell Luke , Steele Brent J.
Published: November 2017

A key provision in just war theory counsels that it is unjust to engage in conflict without a reasonable expectation of success. This is often imbued with an exclusive focus on achievability, such that success is connected to an a priori ethical end. This chapter challenges the focus on achievement by untangling the process from the ends. We argue that the most powerful political processes do not have the ‘finality’ so actively sought in ‘winning’ an international conflict. Instead, the process of cultivating finality through victory in war is too often dependent upon an assumed moral outcome driven through the politically, historically, and affectively determinative presentations of the past, presented in the visual and metaphorical scars of victory and defeat. Thus, scars of violence, visceral instances in which conflicts, regardless of outcome, are continually open, perpetuate interpretations and exist independent of attempts to achieve finality through their politicized use.
Introduction
Authors: Ready Jonathan L.
Published: November 2017

This chapter aims to convince Homerists and their fellow travelers in classical studies that they will find this entire book of value and to persuade those with interests in comparative literature, ethnography, folkloristics, and linguistic anthropology that they should at least read Part I. The chapter reviews the precedents for and goals of this study, defends the choice of the phrases “the Iliad poet” and “the Odyssey poet,” explains the comparative methods used, provides a bibliographical survey of the modern oral poetries investigated in the book, defines a simile, and summarizes the contents of each chapter.
The Spectrum of Distribution
Authors: Ready Jonathan L.
Published: November 2017

This chapter details the model underlying the examination of similes in subsequent chapters. In order to investigate how an oral performer shows his competence, one can talk about the sources a performer utilizes without employing the concepts of tradition and innovation. This is a good thing because these terms get in the Homerist’s way. Here those words are set aside, and, taking a geographic approach to the elements an oral performer uses, the chapter speaks of the idiolectal, dialectal, and pan-traditional. These three categories constitute a spectrum of distribution. A performer reveals his competence by moving around on the spectrum of distribution and especially by deploying elements that falls on the shared (dialectal and pan-traditional) end of the spectrum. The chapter concludes by hypothesizing that similes help performers show off their movements on the spectrum of distribution.
Two Preliminary Points
Authors: Ready Jonathan L.
Published: November 2017

Two discussions prepare for the argument that the Iliad poet and the Odyssey poet show their competence by producing similes that fall at different points on the spectrum of distribution. First, the consideration of a poet’s competence that emerges in archaic Greek hexameter poems encourages study of how the actual poet exhibits his competence. Second, the model of a spectrum of distribution interacts with current trends in Homeric studies, especially the research of John Miles Foley, Richard Martin, and Deborah Beck.
Idiolectal Similes in the Homeric Epics
Authors: Ready Jonathan L.
Published: November 2017

Like modern oral poets, our Homeric poets constructed their idiolectal similes in two ways. Some idiolectal similes comprise an idiolectal vehicle and an unparalleled tenor, and other idiolectal similes comprise an idiolectal vehicle and a paralleled tenor. The Iliad poet and the Odyssey poet display their competence by at times generating similes that come down squarely on the idiolectal end of the spectrum of distribution and at times turning to similes that go from one end of the spectrum to the other.
Introduction
Authors: Allen Michael P. , Tildesley Dominic J.
Published: November 2017

This chapter contains a short review of the development of computer simulation, and its place in research as a complement to experiment and theory. This is followed by an introduction to intermolecular interactions, and the way that they are modelled on a computer, complete with examples of program code. Force fields are introduced to describe the full range of interactions in atomic and molecular fluids and a number of coarsegrained models for exploring liquid-crystalline and polymer systems are also considered. The consequences of performing bulk simulations using finite-size systems are described, along with the way that these problems can be mitigated by the use of periodic boundary conditions.
Domestic Colonies
Authors: Arneil Barbara
Published: November 2017

Colonization is generally defined as a process by which states settle and dominate foreign lands or peoples. Thus, modern colonies are assumed to be outside Europe and the colonized non-European. This volume contends such definitions of the colony, the colonized, and colonization need to be fundamentally rethought in light of hundreds of ‘domestic colonies’ proposed and/or created by governments and civil society organizations initially within Europe in the nineteenth and first half of the twentieth centuries and then beyond. The three categories of domestic colonies in this book are labour colonies for the idle poor, farm colonies for the mentally ill, and disabled and utopian colonies for racial, religious, and political minorities. All of these domestic colonies were justified by an ideology of domestic colonialism characterized by three principles: segregation, agrarian labour, improvement, through which, in the case of labour and farm colonies, the ‘idle’, ‘irrational’, and/or custom-bound would be transformed into ‘industrious and rational’ citizens while creating revenues for the state to maintain such populations. Utopian colonies needed segregation from society so their members could find freedom, work the land, and challenge the prevailing norms of the society around them. Defended by some of the leading progressive thinkers of the period, including Alexis de Tocqueville, Abraham Lincoln, Peter Kropotkin, Robert Owen, Tommy Douglas, and Booker T. Washington, the turn inward to colony not only provides a new lens with which to understand the scope of colonization and colonialism in modern history but a critically important way to distinguish ‘the colonial’ from ‘the imperial’ in Western political theory and practice.
Foucault and Eugenics versus Domestic Colonialism
Authors: Arneil Barbara
Published: November 2017

In Chapter 7, the author steps back from the empirical accounts of domestic colonies in the previous four chapters to engage in a comparative theoretical analysis of arguments advanced within contemporary scholarship to explain the rise of the colony model to manage various populations. Specifically, the author considers how domestic colonialism stacks up in comparison to the two leading explanations in the scholarly literature for labour and farm colonies, namely, Michel Foucault’s theory of disciplinary power with respect to colonies for the mentally ill and juvenile delinquents and eugenics with respect to farm colonies for the mentally disabled. The author examines and critiques Foucault’s various formulations of ‘colonization’ in his key published works, particularly his College of France lectures where he draws important links between ‘internal’ and ‘external’ colonization. Eugenics, the author argues, does not work chronologically nor substantively as the key causal explanation, since most eugenicists eventually reject the colony in favour of sterilization. The chapter concludes that domestic colonialism explains not only the explicit use of the term ‘colony’ by its proponents, but also the centrality of agrarian labour, targeting of idle and irrational populations, and the emphasis on both the economic and ethical benefits of this model over the asylums, prisons, or sterilization.
The Turn Inward
Authors: Arneil Barbara
Published: November 2017

The concluding chapter shows how domestic colonies deepen and complicate our understanding of colonization and colonialism. The analysis in the preceding chapters provides three new theoretical contributions to colonial and postcolonial scholarship. First, the colonial and imperial are fundamentally distinct historically in Western political theory and practice. Second, domestic and external colonies are not so much a binary as common nodes within transnational colonial networks, constituted materially and conceptually through the transit of people and ideas across borders. Third, these networks were justified by intersecting colonialisms—domestic colonialism intersects with both other ideologies (racism, paternalism, socialism, anarchism, republicanism, and liberalism) to create specific kinds of colonies and other kinds of colonialisms (settler and radical) to create contradictory colonial spaces. Thus, ‘the colonial’ is larger, more complicated, and more contradictory than is currently understood, and can only be understood if we include domestic colonies within our understanding of colonialism and colonization.
Person, case, and agreement
Authors: Bárány András
Published: November 2017

This chapter illustrates some of the data to be discussed in the book and introduces the grammatical notions and specific theoretical assumptions made. It provides examples of differential object marking in Hungarian and Hindi and argues for a dissociation of Case and agreement. Since in both Hungarian and Hindi, case-marking and agreement are not governed by the same grammatical principles and do not always appear together, they should not be analysed as reflecting a single grammatical operation. There is also discussion of the notion of person and the idea that it can grammaticalize properties such as definiteness or animacy in different languages. Person is treated as a complex category where each ‘person’ consists of a set of person features; these sets are ordered by subset/superset relations.
Differential object marking in Hungarian
Authors: Bárány András
Published: November 2017

This chapter provides an overview of differential object agreement in Hungarian. Finite verbs in Hungarian always agree with the subject in person and number, and sometimes agree with the object. Generally, the trigger of object agreement is argued to be related to definiteness. It is argued that while both syntactic and semantic properties are relevant for determining object agreement, the syntactic structure of the object is the main factor: objects have to be DPs to agree, and can sometimes even be indefinite. The focus is on lexical, third person noun phrases, including common nouns and proper names, and modifiers like numerals, different types of quantifiers. The main claim is that objects that trigger agreement have a person feature, which makes them referential, but objects that do not trigger agreement lack person features.
Introduction
Authors: Sullivan-Bissett Ema , Bradley Helen , Noordhof Paul
Published: November 2017

This introductory chapter outlines the main themes and questions as they arise in the volume. The discussion in this chapter also draws on the ways in which the chapters contribute to debates occurring in the philosophy of mind and philosophy of art, and in turn how the chapters interact with one another. A diagram gives an overview of the issues and structure of the various positions developed and defended in the volume. Also included in this introductory chapter are short biographies of the contributors to this volume and summaries of the chapters which outline the main arguments of each contribution.
Belief, Thought, and Literature
Authors: Lamarque Peter
Published: November 2017

The starting point is the recognition that works of literature are works of art and to appreciate them as such is to appreciate their aesthetic (and, closely related, their ‘literary’) achievement. The chapter takes another look at the reading practices that are integral to literature so understood, giving particular attention to the kinds of psychological states involved. It argues that it is useful to think of normative responses to literary works (when read ‘from a literary point of view’) as kinds of ‘experience’, understood as encompassing a certain focus of attention (on ‘literary qualities’) and a certain kind of appreciation (the pleasures attached to ‘literary values’ when identified). It is not an empirical enquiry, drawing on studies of actual readers reacting to texts, but a normative enquiry, examining, as it were, the ‘rules of the game’ that constitute a familiar and ancient practice.
Against Aesthetic Exceptionalism
Authors: Robson Jon
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses a position it terms ‘belief pessimism concerning aesthetic testimony’ (BP). According to BP (i) judgements of aesthetic value are beliefs and (ii) aesthetic judgements are subject to some additional norm not active with respect to judgements concerning more mundane matters which (inter alia) prevents such judgements from legitimately being formed on the basis of testimony. The chapter argues that BP should be rejected since it faces a number of pressing objections relating to the nature of belief. First, it proposes a fundamental difference between aesthetic beliefs and beliefs of other kinds without properly motivating this distinction. Secondly, BP is in tension with any plausible account of the nature of belief. The chapter concludes, then, that at least one of (i) or (ii) should be rejected.
Authority by Persuasion
Authors: Hernandez Rebecca Skreslet
Published: November 2017

This chapter gives the reader a snapshot of the socio-political context of late Mamluk Egyptian society in which al-Suyūṭī competed for authority. In an age of economic, political, and intellectual deterioration, al-Suyūṭī insists in a controversial legal opinion that the “true” scholar appointed to a position in an endowed institution is entitled to funding by virtue of his learning regardless of whether or not he fulfills the duties stipulated in the endowment deed. The dispute over how endowment funds should be distributed culminated in a crisis in which al-Suyūṭī was dismissed from his position and even feared for his life. Nevertheless, al-Suyūṭī manages to keep the moral high ground in the wake of this incident and to overcome the damage to his reputation.
The Johannine Comma from Erasmus to Westminster
Authors: McDonald Grantley
Published: November 2017

This chapter reconstructs the way early sixteenth-century humanists dealt with a textual corruption in the biblical text, the Comma Johanneum (1 John 5:7–8). The passage served as locus probandi for the doctrine of Holy Trinity, but before the fourteenth century it did not appear in versions of the New Testament other than the Latin Vulgate. In his Greek edition of the New Testament (1516) Erasmus noted the absence of the Comma and consequently omitted the passage. Critics accused him of promoting Arian heresy and promptly presented him with a Greek codex which did contain the contested lines. Besides the origin of this ‘Codex Montfortianus’, the debates caused by Erasmus’ edition are described in order to show how the passage remained a raw nerve for Roman Catholic and Reformed orthodoxy.
Spinoza’s Hermeneutics
Authors: Grafton Anthony
Published: November 2017

The biblical scholarship Spinoza deploys in his Tractatus Theologico-Politicus (1670) stands in a long tradition of humanist philology. The radical thrust of the book lay not so much in the techniques as in the conclusions which Spinoza, spurred by his philosophical agenda, allowed himself to draw from the results. His historical contextualization of the biblical Sitz im Leben resembled what humanist philologists like Joseph Scaliger had done long before: a reconstruction of the circumstances in which a text was produced, with an eye to time, space, and culture. The central chapters in the Tractatus also show that Spinoza was not the most outstanding representative of this scholarly tradition. Drawing, for example, on the commentary in his particular edition of the Hebrew Bible, Spinoza relied only indirectly on Rabbinic source materials, which led him to misrepresent them unduly.
Biblical Criticism, Knowledge, and the First Commandment in Gisbertus Voetius (1589–1676)
Authors: Goudriaan Aza
Published: November 2017

Voetius’ insistence on the integration of biblical criticism and science rests on a moral valuation of knowledge derived from the first commandment: ‘Thou shalt have no other gods before me’ (Ex. 20:3). Scripture is normative also in secular areas such as nature, history, and law. Voetius encouraged applying biblical texts to natural philosophy, medicine, and so on. This continuity between biblical interpretation and science also implied that theologians should have an extensive knowledge of history, philosophy, and languages. Though he opposed an approach in which human rational judgement saw itself as normative, Voetius did not renounce textual criticism as such. The first commandment encourages scholars to avail themselves of all secular knowledge relevant for a comprehensive study of Scripture. The correct attitude, then, is that of learned ignorance: acknowledging that there is neither sufficient evidence nor enough mental power to decide an interpretive problem in one way or the other.
The Bible as Secular Story
Authors: Mulsow Martin
Published: November 2017

Hermann von der Hardt’s exegetical work is extremely idiosyncratic and controversial. Yet it is important for at least two reasons. First, his reading of the Bible evinces a thorough philological approach that served to corroborate his view of the complicated, encoded structures of biblical history. Secondly, von der Hardt refused to present the Book of Jonah as a prediction of Christ’s coming, as was usually done before him. Instead, he adopted a strictly historical interpretation that avoided delving into the mysteries of divine providence and explained the book as series of practical, moral, and political recommendations. His exegesis shows a predilection for a historical-critical interpretation that fits in the tradition associated with La Peyrère, Spinoza, and Simon. For von der Hardt, the moral implications of the text were of overriding importance.
Introduction
Authors: Hammond Brett , Mitchell Olivia S. , Utkus Stephen P.
Published: November 2017

By the end of the next decade, the number of older Americans will have grown rapidly, but half if not more of the elderly will suffer from cognitive deficits after the age of 80. This volume explores how financial decision making changes at older ages, how and when financial advice can be useful for the older population, and what solutions and opportunities are needed to resolve the likely problems that will arise.
Advice in Defined Contribution Plans
Authors: Clark Gordon L. , Fiaschetti Maurizio , Tufano Peter
Published: November 2017

As Baby Boomers reach retirement age, they are reshaping the landscape of the retirement phase with a shift in their mindset; they are pursuing old dreams, exploring new opportunities, and thinking about retirement in an entirely new manner. In this chapter the authors examine how Americans are preparing for retirement and analyze the life priorities that are most important to today’s retirees: Health, Home, Family, Work, Giving, Finances, and Leisure. Although there is much optimism and opportunity that comes with this new wave of retirement, there is new concern as well. As the average lifespan increases, health issues are also becoming more prevalent. This chapter explores the many issues, both positive and negative, that both create and are a result of this new take on the retirement life stage.