bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Import/Export of Police Models: Danish 19th Century Police Reform Between Elites of Revolution and Reaction
Authors: Christensen Mikkel Jarle
Published: August 2016

The article investigates the diffusion of police models in the 19th century taking the Danish import of the Metropolitan Police implemented in London in 1829 as its main object of analysis. Building on the sociological framework of Pierre Bourdieu, the focal point of the analysis is how an international police model was crafted by national elites who profited from the import of a specific form of policing. In the Danish context, the import and mutation of the English role model was closely related to a transformation of the national field of power as absolutism was formally disbanded but practically folded into a new constitutional monarchy in which conservative and liberal elites coexisted.
Family Formation and Returning to Institutional Religion in Young Adulthood
Authors: Uecker Jeremy E. , Mayrl Damon , Stroope Samuel
Published: August 2016

Institutional religious involvement wanes during young adulthood, but evidence suggests life‐course factors such as family formation bring people back to religion. Using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Waves 1, 3, and 4), we examine how often young adults who were involved in institutional religion as adolescents return—measured by religious service attendance and religious affiliation—after leaving in emerging adulthood, and how this return is patterned by family formation. The majority of young adults who leave do not return to regular religious service attendance, regardless of their family formation. But single parents, married parents, and childless married individuals are more likely, and childless cohabiting couples less likely, to return to religious communities than those who are both single and childless. Only married parents are more likely than childless singles to reaffiliate, though there is marginal evidence that childless married adults may also be more likely. Thus, the institutions of religion and family are still linked, even though overall levels of religious return are not as high as expected.
Expanding the donor pool: regional variation in pediatric organ donation rates
Authors: Godown Justin , McKane Meghann , Wujcik Kari , Mettler Bret A. , Dodd Debra A.
Published: August 2016

There are limited published data on pediatric organ donation rates. The aim of this study was to describe the trends in pediatric organ donation over time and to assess the regional variation in pediatric deceased organ donation. OPTN data were utilized to assess the trends in pediatric organ donation over time. The number of deceased pediatric organ donors was indexed using regional mortality data obtained from the National Center for Health Statistics and compared across UNOS regions and two different eras. The number of pediatric deceased organ donors has declined in the recent era, largely driven by fewer adolescent donors. For all age groups, there is significant regional variation in organ donation rates, with identifiable high‐ and low‐performing regions. Expansion of the donor pool may be possible by optimizing organ donation in regions demonstrating lower recruitment of pediatric donors. Using the region with the highest donation rate for each age group as the gold standard, we estimate a potential 24% increase in the number of donors if all regions performed comparably, equating to 215 new pediatric donors annually.
The Correlation of Increased CRP Levels with NFKB1 and TLR2 Polymorphisms in the Case of Morbid Obesity
Authors: Soydas T. , Karaman O. , Arkan H. , Yenmis G. , Ilhan M. M. , Tombulturk K. , Tasan E. , Kanigur Sultuybek G.
Published: August 2016

Morbid obesity (MO) is associated with an increase in circulating levels of systemic acute phase proteins such as C‐reactive protein (CRP). Toll‐like receptor is possible candidate for inflammatory responses which is mainly mediated by NFKB1. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between NFKB1 and Toll‐like receptor (TLR) 2 polymorphisms and the risk of MO in a Turkish population in the context of CRP serum levels which may contribute to susceptibility to the disease. We analysed the distribution of NFKB1‐94 ins/del ATTG rs28362491 and TLR2 Arg753Gln rs5743708 polymorphisms using PCR‐RFLP method and CRP serum levels using ELISA method in 213 MO and 200 healthy controls. The frequency of the ins/ins genotype and ins allele of rs28362491 was significantly higher in the patients compared to control group (P: 0.0309; P: 0.0421, respectively). Additionally, the frequency of GG genotype and G allele of rs5743708 was found to be statistically higher in the patient group (P: 0.0421; P < 0.0001, respectively). In addition, serum CRP levels (>20 mg/l) in MO patients with ins/ins genotype were significantly higher than in patients with del/ins genotype (P: 0.0309). Serum CRP levels were also higher in MO patients with GG genotype and G allele (P: 0.0001). According to combined analysis, the wild type of rs28362491 and rs5743708 polymorphisms (ins/ins/GG genotype) was also significantly higher in the patient group versus the control group when compared with the combined ins/ins/GA and del/ins/GA genotype (P < 0.0001). Therefore, our findings suggest that rs28362491 and rs5743708 polymorphisms were significantly associated with MO disease through acting by modulating serum CRP levels.
Tales from a Small Island: Applying the ‘Path‐Dependency’ Thesis to Explore Migration to a Remote Rural Community
Authors: Philip Lorna J. , MacLeod Marsaili
Published: August 2016

This article explores the perspicacity of the ‘path‐dependency’ thesis for explaining pre‐ and post‐retirement migration, extending existing debates in the literature on path‐dependency retirement regions. The article presents a case‐study of pre‐ and post‐retirement migration to the Isle of Bute, Scotland. Drawing on findings from a household survey and biographical interviews with in‐migrants to the island, we ground our understanding of path‐dependency processes in individual behaviours and experiences, to demonstrate how specific attributes of particular places lay the foundations of path‐dependent migration flows. Our findings support the path‐dependency thesis, as applied to migration into rural areas, demonstrating how the Isle of Bute has followed a systematic trajectory from being a long‐standing popular holiday destination with attractive natural amenities, to a popular retirement destination with a developed recreational infrastructure and, latterly, a popular pre‐retirement destination in which personal networks influence migration decision‐making.
A novel canine B‐cell leukaemia cell line. Establishment, characterisation and sensitivity to chemotherapeutics
Authors: Pawlak A. , Ziolo E. , Kutkowska J. , Blazejczyk A. , Wietrzyk J. , Krupa A. , Hildebrand W. , Dziegiel P. , Dzimira S. , Obminska‐Mrukowicz B. , Strzadala L. , Rapak A.
Published: August 2016

We established a new B‐cell leukaemia cell line CLB70 from a dog with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. This cell line is positive for CD20, CD45, CD79a, MHC class II, IgG, IgM; weakly positive for CD21; and negative for CD3, CD4, CD5, CD8, CD14, CD34, CD117. PCR for antigen receptor gene rearrangement (PARR) analysis revealed a biclonal immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) gene rearrangement and negative result for TCRγ. Western blot analysis of anti‐ and pro‐apoptotic proteins showed increased expression of Bcl‐2, Mcl‐1, NF‐kB, and Ras, and decreased expression of p53. CLB70 cells grow rapidly in vitro and are tumourigenic in nude mice. The CLB70 line is highly sensitive to doxorubicin, less sensitive to etoposide and imatinib, and resistant to piroxicam, celecoxib and dexamethasone. Our results indicate that CLB70 cells are derived from mature B‐cells and they may be a useful tool for the development of new therapeutic strategies for both dogs and humans.
Washing of platelets can be fully automated using a closed‐system cell processor and BRS‐A platelet additive solution
Authors: Oikawa S. , Minegishi M. , Endo K. , Kawashima W. , Suzuki K. , Shimizu H.
Published: August 2016

This study evaluated the in vitro properties of platelets (PLTs) washed with BRS‐A additive solution in the Haemonetics ACP215 automated processing system. Two washing modes, ‘manually/automatically adding ACD‐A to BRS before/during the washing process’, represented the control and test groups, respectively. Outcomes were compared over 7 days of storage (n = 7, for both). PLT recovery following washing processing (26–27 min) was 86·2 ± 1·7% and 86·0 ± 2·2% and plasma protein removal was 98·8 ± 0·3% and 99·0 ± 0·2% in the control and test groups, respectively (not significant). Both groups exhibited comparable in vitro properties.
Sequence determinants of subtype‐specific actions of KCNQ channel openers
Authors: Wang Alice W. , Yang Runying , Kurata Harley T.
Published: August 2016

Key points

Retigabine is a KCNQ voltage‐gated potassium channel opener that was recently approved as an add‐on therapeutic for patients with drug‐resistant epilepsy.

Retigabine exhibits very little specificity between most KCNQ channel subtypes, and there is interest in generating more potent and specific KCNQ channel openers.

The present study describes the marked specificity of ICA069673 for KCNQ2 vs. KCNQ3, and exploits this property to investigate determinants of KCNQ subtype specificity.

ICA069673 acts on a binding site in the voltage‐sensing domain that is distinct from the putative retigabine site in the channel pore.

ICA069673 has two separable effects on KCNQ channel activity. We identify two channel residues required for subtype specificity of KCNQ channel openers and show that these are sufficient to generate ICA069673 sensitivity in KCNQ3.

Retigabine (RTG) is the first approved anti‐epileptic drug that acts via activation of voltage‐gated potassium channels, targeting KCNQ channels that underlie the neuronal M‐current. RTG exhibits little specificity between KCNQ2–5 as a result of conservation of a Trp residue in the pore domain that binds to the drug. The RTG analogue ICA‐069673 (‘ICA73’) exhibits much stronger effects on KCNQ2 channels, including a large hyperpolarizing shift of the voltage‐dependence of activation, an ∼2‐fold enhancement of peak current and pronounced subtype specificity for KCNQ2 over KCNQ3. Based on ICA73 sensitivity of chimeric constructs of the transmembrane segments of KCNQ2 and KCNQ3, this drug appears to interact with the KCNQ2 voltage sensor (S1–S4) rather than the pore region targeted by RTG. KCNQ2 point mutants in the voltage sensor were generated based on KCNQ2/KCNQ3 sequence differences, and screened for ICA73 sensitivity. These experiments reveal that KCNQ2 residues F168 and A181 in the S3 segment are essential determinants of ICA73 subtype specificity. Mutations at either position in KCNQ2 abolish the ICA73‐mediated gating shift, but preserve RTG sensitivity. Interestingly, A181P mutant channels show little ICA73‐mediated gating shift but retain current potentiation by the drug. Mutations (L198F and P211A), which introduce these critical KCNQ2 residues at corresponding positions in KCNQ3, transplant partial ICA73 sensitivity. These findings demonstrate that RTG and ICA73 act via distinct mechanisms, and also reveal specific residues that underlie subtype specificity of KCNQ channel openers.
Least Restrictive Environment: A Response to Decker
Authors: Butterfield Stephen A.
Published: August 2016

Decker contends that deaf children should be educated in regular public school classrooms. In response, it is argued that due to their unique social/emotional/cultural needs, some deaf children benefit from residential school placement–particularly in physical education. Use of the term deaf is also discussed.
A Study of the Relationship between Physical Awkwardness and Children’s Perceptions of Physical Competence
Authors: Dunn Janice L. Causgrove , Watkinson E Jane.
Published: August 2016

This study explored the relationship between perceived physical competence and physical awkwardness in an effort to gain further understanding of the effects of motor incompetence on behavior. Subjects included 195 children in Grades 3 through 6. Multiple regression analysis found that gender, the importance attached to physical competence, and the interaction between severity of awkwardness and grade were significant predictors of perceptions of physical competence. As expected, males reported higher perceptions of physical competence than females. In addition, the higher the rating that subjects attached to the importance of physical competence, the higher their perceptions of physical competence. Investigation of the interaction between severity of awkwardness and grade revealed that the expected decrease in perceptions of competence associated with increasing severity of awkwardness was present only in third-grade children. It is suggested that older awkward children may utilize strategies to maintain positive perceptions of competence and motivation.
Obesity and Movement Competency in Children
Authors: Marshall J. Dru , Bouffard Marcel
Published: August 2016

The primary purpose of this study was to document the actual gross movement competencies, as measured by the Test of Gross Motor Development, in obese versus nonobese children. A 2 Gender (male, female) × 2 Groups (obese, nonobese) × 2 Age Categories (Grade 1, Grade 4) × 2 Programs (quality daily physical education [QDPE], non-QDPE) completely randomized factorial design was used. A significant three-way interaction effect (Group × Age × Program) was found for the Locomotor Skills subscale, such that the difference in movement competency in locomotor skills between obese and nonobese children increased as children got older if they did not receive QPDE. A significant main program effect was also found for the Object Control Skills subscale, with the QDPE children scoring higher than the non-QDPE children. It appears, then, that QDPE programs offer a “protective” effect for the development of locomotor skills in obese children. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Use of Imagery Practice for Improving a Motor Skill
Authors: Surburg Paul R. , Porretta David L. , Sutlive Vins
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to examine the role of imagery practice as supplementary practice in the performance of a throwing task. A secondary purpose was to ascertain if different cognitive demands of a motor task affected the use of this supplementary practice. Forty adolescents with mild mental retardation were randomly assigned to the following groups: low cognitive loading-physical practice, low cognitive loading-imagery and physical practice, high cognitive loading-physical practice, high cognitive loading-imagery and physical practice. Subjects engaged in seven practice sessions during which performance scores of a throwing task were recorded. Groups supplemented with imagery practice were superior in performance to nonimagery groups. A higher cognitive loading of the task did not enhance the use of this type of supplementary practice more than a lower loading. The results of this study reflect the efficacy of imagery practice as a means to improve motor performance of students with mild mental retardation.
A Statewide Survey of Adapted Physical Education Service Delivery and Teacher In-Service Training
Authors: Chandler Judy Potter , Greene J. Leon
Published: August 2016

The purpose of the study was to examine student placements, use of least restrictive environment (LRE) options, teachers’ perceived needs, curriculum content, and activity options in regular physical education (RPE) and adapted physical education (APE) during a period of restructuring from segregated to LRE placements. The Integration Status Questionnaire (ISQ) was used to obtain data with a return rate of 37% among RPE teachers and 78% among APE teachers. Of the 1,627 students receiving APE, 714 were being served in self-contained settings, with no reliable data available as to disability categories of children served or other LRE options being used. The majority of teachers in both groups had received general in-service training for inclusion, but only 4% had received in-service training specific to physical education content. The examination of curriculum content indicated that RPE teachers spent the majority of teaching time on sport skills and traditional games while APE teachers concentrated on sensory motor development and health-related fitness.
Dwarfism: New Interest Area for Adapted Physical Activity
Authors: Low Leslie J. , Knudsen Mary J. , Sherrill Claudine
Published: August 2016

In recent years, the number of individuals with dwarfism participating in sports and physical activities has increased. The Dwarf Athletic Association of America (DAAA) has grown from 30 athletes in 1985 to over 600 in 1994. This paper details the structural, intellectual, motor, orthopedic, and medical characteristics of six types of dwarfism (achondroplasia, hypochon-droplasia, cartilage-hair hypoplasia, diastrophic dysplasia, spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia tarda, and spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenita) seen in individuals currently participating in eight DAAA-sanctioned sports. Implications and modifications for participation in physical activity, physical education, and sport are included.
Including Students with Disabilities in Regular Physical Education: Effects on Nondisabled Children
Authors: Block Martin E. , Zeman Ron
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to measure the impact of including three 6th-grade students with severe disabilities who were given support services into a regular physical education class. Basketball skill improvement in passing, shooting, and dribbling during a 3-1/2-week basketball unit and attitudes toward students with disabilities were compared between a 6th-grade class that included 3 students with severe disabilities (CI) and a 6th-grade class in the same school that did not have any students with disabilities (C2). Results from the nonparametric Mann-Whitney U test indicated no differences in skill improvement between the two groups except in dribbling, which favored C2. C1 showed significantly greater pretest scores in general and sport-specific attitudes compared to C2, but there were no differences in gain scores for either general or sport-specific attitude. It was argued that, with proper support services, students with severe disabilities can be included in regular physical education without negatively affecting the program for students without disabilities.
Athletes with Disabilities Injury Registry
Authors: Ferrara Michael S. , Buckley William E.
Published: August 2016

The Athletes With Disabilities Injury Registry (ADIR) was designed to collect and analyze injury data from 1990 to 1992. Three hundred nineteen athletes from different disability organizations participated, and 128 reportable injuries were recorded. The injury rate during the study period was 9.45/1,000 athlete-exposures. Overall, 52% of the reported injuries were minor (0–7 days missed), 29% were moderate (8–21 days missed), and 19% were major (22 or more days missed). The shoulder and forearm/wrist accounted for the most days lost, followed by the hand/fingers and the upper arm/elbow. Musculoskeletal injuries accounted for 81 % of the reported injuries, and illness or disability-related problems accounted for 19%. Fifteen percent of the moderate and major injuries were not medically evaluated. This raises questions about access to medical care and the appropriate recognition of an injury. Injury prevention programs should focus on reducing the number of major injuries and educating athletes and coaches about appropriate medical referrals.
Motor Performance of Children with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Preliminary Investigation
Authors: Harvey William J. , Reid Greg
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to describe the fundamental gross motor skills and fitness conditions of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Nineteen children, ages 7 to 12, participated. Gross motor performance was measured by the Test of Gross Motor Development (Ulrich, 1985). Fitness variables were measured by selected items from the Canada Fitness Survey (Fitness Canada, 1985), the CAHPER Fitness-Performance II Test (CAHPER, 1980), and the 20 m Shuttle Run Test (Leger, Lambert, Goulet, Rowan, & Dinelle, 1984). Percentile scores provided individual and group profiles of performance. It was concluded that fundamental gross motor performance and physical fitness of children with ADHD are substantially below average.
Coordination and Gender Influences on the Perceived Competence of Children
Authors: Rose Betty , Larkin Dawne , Berger Bonnie G.
Published: August 2016

Perceived competence and global self-worth of children who were poorly coordinated (n = 68) and children who were well-coordinated (n = 62) were examined. Measures of perceived athletic and scholastic competence, social acceptance, physical appearance, behavioral conduct, and global self-worth were obtained using Harter’s (1985) Self-Perception Profile for Children (SPPC). Girls and boys, ages 8 to 12, were categorized as poorly coordinated or well-coordinated using their scores on the McCarron (1982) Neuromuscular Development battery. Univariate analyses, using a 2 × 2 design (Coordination × Gender), showed a main effect of coordination in all domains, with the poorly coordinated group having the lower mean scores. In the scholastic, behavioral, and global sphere, coordination by gender interactions were influenced by the high perceptions of the well-coordinated girls. The interactions demonstrated for scholastic and global domains also were influenced by the low perceptions of the girls with poor coordination. Self-perceptions were modified by gender and coordination.
A Survey of Spectators at the International Stoke Mandeville Wheelchair Games
Authors: Evaggelinou Christina , Grekinis Dimitris
Published: August 2016

Disability sport provides a setting in which attributes, practices, and beliefs of spectators can be examined. The Spectator Questionnaire (SQ) was used to collect data on 114 of the spectators attending the 1993 International Stoke Mandeville Wheelchair Games (ISMWG). Most spectators (96%) were not athletes in the games, and only 24% were relatives of athletes with disabilities. Spectators were attending the games primarily to encourage athletes in their efforts and to learn more about wheelchair sports. Spectators indicated they would prioritize their time to view wheelchair sports on television. Studying spectators at carefully organized wheelchair sport events may provide useful information that can be used in other settings, such as in the development and implementation of programs to facilitate the inclusion of people with disabilities in mainstreamed environments.
Validating the Beck Battery of Quad Rugby Skill Tests
Authors: Yilla Abu B. , Sherrill Claudine
Published: August 2016

The purpose was to develop a valid and reliable battery of quad rugby skill tests. Participants were 65 adult, male, quad rugby athletes. Content validity was established in two modified Delphi rounds by a panel of international experts. For concurrent validity, Spearman rho correlations between coaches’ rankings of players’ skills and scores ranged from .63 to .98 for the total battery. For construct validity, principal factor analysis with oblique rotation revealed two factors. Intraclass reliability coefficients ranged from .94 to .99. The battery includes five tests: maneuverability with the ball, pass for accuracy, picking, sprinting, and pass for distance.
Predictors of Social Physique Anxiety in Adolescent Swimmers with Physical Disabilities
Authors: Martin Jeffrey J.
Published: August 2016

The purpose was to examine predictors of social physique anxiety (SPA) in adolescent swimmers with physical disabilities. Participants were 57 swimmers (27 females, 30 males, ages 16-19, M = 16.2) with various physical disabilities. A three-way ANOVA revealed significant differences in SPA between countries and among disabilities but not gender. Stepwise multiple regression results indicated that self-esteem and the self-identity subscale of the Athletic Identity Measurement Scale (AIMS) were the best predictors of SPA but that gender, country, and type of disability were not significant.
Reliability of Eurofit Physical Fitness Items for Adolescent Males with and without Mental Retardation
Authors: Donncha Ciaran Mac , Watson Anthony W.S. , McSweeney Terence , O’Donovan Daniel J.
Published: August 2016

The purpose was to examine the reliability of physical fitness items from the Eurofit Test Battery for adolescent males with mild mental retardation (MMR; n = 63, mean IQ = 63.0 ±11.5, mean age = 15.5 ± 1.2) and those without (n = 22, mean age = 15.6 ± 0.6). Males with MMR scored significantly lower (p ≤ .005) than those without on all items except sum of skinfolds, height, and weight. Intraclass correlations (ICCs) ranged from .94 to .99 for males with MMR and .85 to .99 for those without. Percentage error of the mean for all items ranged from 0.5 to 47.5% for participants with MMR and 0.4 to 32.2% for those without. ICCs indicated that Eurofit physical fitness test items are reliable measures for males with and without MMR. However, the percentage error of the mean is quite large for sit-and-reach and 20-m shuttle test (20-MST) items.
Physical Measures, Perceived Physical Ability, and Body Acceptance of Adult Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Van de Vliet Peter , Van Coppenolle Herman , Knapen Jan
Published: August 2016

The purpose was to examine relationships among physical measures, perceived physical ability, and body acceptance of adult psychiatric patients. The Sonstroem and Morgan Exercise and Self-Esteem Model provided impetus for the research. Participants were 80 women and 86 men (M age = 37, SD = 9.8, range 18–61) hospitalized in Belgium for severe depression or substance abuse. The relationship between perceived physical ability and body acceptance was .40 and .47 for males and females, respectively. Relationships between physical measures and perceived physical ability ranged from -.06 to .54 for women and .10 to .48 for men. Relationships between physical measures and body acceptance ranged from .03 to .37 for females and .07 to .39 for males. Relationships were significant between all components of the Leuven model, which supports the use of psychomotor therapy with psychiatric patients. However, continued research is needed.
Effects of Academic Major, Gender, and Hands-On Experience on Attitudes of Preservice Professionals
Authors: Folsom-Meek Sherry L. , Nearing Ruth J. , Groteluschen Walt , Krampf Harry
Published: August 2016

Effects of academic major, gender, and hands-on experience on attitudes toward teaching individuals with disabilities were examined. Students (N = 2,943; 60% male) enrolled in the introductory adapted physical education course at 192 institutions of higher education in 44 states completed the Physical Educators’ Attitude Toward Individuals with Disabilities-Ill Preservice Version (PEATID–III PS) (Rizzo, 1993b) during the last 2 weeks of the academic term. Average attitude score from the PEATID–III PS was the dependent variable. A 3 × 2 × 2 (Major × Gender × Experience) factorial analysis of variance and post hoc analysis revealed that (a) students with majors other than physical education displayed more positive attitudes than physical education majors, (b) women displayed more positive attitudes than men, and (c) students with hands-on experience displayed more positive attitudes than those without experience.
Parent-Assisted Instruction in a Motor Skill Program for At-Risk Preschool Children
Authors: Hamilton Michelle , Goodway Jacqueline , Haubenstricker John
Published: August 2016

The purpose was to investigate the effectiveness of parental involvement on the acquisition of object-control skills of preschool children who are at risk for developmental delay or academic failure. The experimental group (n = 15) participated in an 8-week motor skill intervention program consisting of two 45-min lessons per week delivered by the children’s parents. The control group (n = 12) participated in the regular motor skill program, which consisted of movement songs delivered by the parents. All children were pretested and posttested on the object-control subscale of the Test of Gross Motor Development (Ulrich, 1985). Both groups performed in the lower 20th percentile on the pretest. A 2 X 2 (Group X Test) ANOVA revealed that the experimental group improved significantly in the object-control subscale score from pretest to posttest, whereas the control group did not change. The results provide support for including parents in the instructional process of children who are at risk for developmental delay or academic failure.
Graduate Adapted Physical Education Personnel Preparation Programs Receiving Federal Funding
Authors: Ellery Peter J. , Stewart Michael J.
Published: August 2016

A survey of the 13 master’s level and five doctoral level adapted physical education programs that received federal funding in the United States in 1998 was conducted to develop a profile describing their attributes. The response rate was 100% (N = 18). Results indicated that these programs, in general, had received funding for more than 15 years, offered coursework from an average of three different academic disciplines, had a high graduate employment rate within 12 months of graduation, and had about one third of the graduates representing a recognized minority group. Master’s level teacher preparation programs were concentrated in the eastern region of the U.S., had graduates with predominantly in-state home addresses, and had graduated predominantly females. Doctoral level leadership programs were geographically distributed across the U.S., had graduates with predominantly out-of-state home addresses, and had equal graduate representation from both genders.
Obstacles Adapted Physical Education Specialists Encounter When Developing Transition Plans
Authors: Krueger Deborah L. , DiRocco Patrick , Felix Manny
Published: August 2016

The purpose was to ascertain what obstacles adapted physical education (APE) specialists in Wisconsin had encountered while developing physical activity leisure transition plans (LTP) in accordance with the PL 105-17 mandate on transition services. Also addressed were the reasons why some APE specialists had not written LTPs or been involved in transition planning. Participants included 155 APE specialists representing 91 school districts in Wisconsin who returned a mailed questionnaire (i.e., a 75% return rate). Results indicated that only 21% (n = 33) of the APE specialists had written a LTP. Sixty-four percent (n = 78) of the specialists who reported not having written a LTP said that they had never been asked to be part of transition planning. APE specialists who had written LTPs indicated that transportation, social isolation, and budget restrictions were the greatest barriers.
Motor Skill Acquisition, Retention, and Transfer in Adults with Profound Mental Retardation
Authors: Choi Seung-oh , Meeuwsen Harry J. , French Ron , Sherrill Claudine , McCabe Rozie
Published: August 2016

The purpose was to examine whether adults with profound mental retardation (PMR) have the ability to learn and transfer a motor skill to a novel situation. In Experiment 1, novel task transfer performance was examined. Six male adults with PMR threw beanbags three different distances during acquisition, followed by four novel transfer distances and a novel implement (a horse shoe). In Experiment 2, a 48-hr and a 1-week delayed retention test was used with 6 different males with PMR who practiced three beanbag-throwing distances and then performed two familiar and two novel distances for each retention test. Analyses indicated that, with concurrent visual information of the target, adults with PMR can throw accurately on retention and transfer tests and can generalize beanbag throwing skill to horseshoe-throwing. The prototype model of memory representation seems to explain the findings better than the exemplar model. In addition, random practice of skill variations appears to be an effective teaching strategy.
Sport Orientations and Goal Perspectives of Wheelchair Athletes
Authors: Skordilis Emmanouil K. , Koutsouki Dimitra , Asonitou Katerina , Evans Elizabeth , Jensen Barbara , Wall Kenneth
Published: August 2016

The purpose was to examine the sport orientations and goal perspectives of wheelchair adult athletes who differed on gender and type of sport. Participants were 34 male and 14 female marathoners and 166 male and 29 female basketball players. Instruments were the Sport Orientation Questionnaire (SOQ) and the Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire (TEOSQ). Separate 2 × 2 (Gender × Sport) multivariate analysis of variance revealed that on the SOQ, males scored higher on competitive orientation, females scored higher on goal orientation, and no gender differences occurred on win orientation. Basketball players scored higher on win orientation, marathoners scored higher on goal orientation, and no differences occurred between sport groups on competitiveness orientation. On the TEOSQ, there were no gender differences; marathoners scored higher on ego orientation, and no differences occurred between sport groups on task orientation.
The Contribution of Starting, Turning, and Finishing to Total Race Performance in Male Paralympic Swimmers
Authors: Daly Daniel J. , Malone Laurie A. , Smith David J. , Vanlandewijck Yves , Steadward Robert D.
Published: August 2016

A video race analysis was conducted at the Atlanta Paralympic Games swimming competition. The purpose was to describe the contribution of clean swimming speed, as well as start, turn, and finish speed, to the total race performance in the four strokes for the men’s 100 m events. Start, turn, and finish times, as well as clean swimming speed during four race sections, were measured on videotapes during the preliminary heats (329 swims). Information on 1996 Olympic Games finalists (N = 16) was also available. In Paralympic swimmers, next to clean swimming speed, both turning and finishing were highly correlated with the end race result. Paralympic swimmers do start, turn, and finish slower than Olympic swimmers but in direct relation to their slower clean swimming speed. The race pattern of these components is not different between Paralympic and Olympic swimmers.
Perception-Action Coupling in Grasping of Children with Down Syndrome
Authors: Savelsbergh Geert J.P. , van der Kamp John , Davis Walter E.
Published: August 2016

Twenty-one children with Down syndrome (DS) and 20 without disability, ages 3 to 11 years, completed the experiment in which they were asked to grasp and lift cardboard cubes of different sizes (2.2 to 16.2 cm in width). Three conditions were used: (a) increasing the size from the smallest to the largest cube, (b) decreasing the size from the largest to the smallest, and (c) a random order of sizes. Children with DS were found to have smaller hand sizes in comparison to age-matched children without DS. In addition, the shift from one-handed to two-handed grasping appeared at a smaller cube size for children with DS than for children without DS. However, when the dimensionless ratio between object size and hand size was considered, the differences between groups disappeared, indicating that the differences in grasping patterns between children with and without DS can be attributed to differences in body size.
Assessing Student Intention to Participate in Inclusive Physical Education
Authors: Verderber Joan M.S. , Rizzo Terry L. , Sherrill Claudine
Published: August 2016

This study developed a theoretically-driven survey, using the theory of reasoned action (TRA), to give validity evidence about intentions of middle school children to work and play with children with severe disabilities in general physical education. Participants were students in a Southern California middle school. Survey development included student interviews to identify beliefs that guided item construction, a pilot study, and the revised survey. Data were collected on TRA constructs and demographic variables. Path analysis, applying stepwise multiple regression and analyses, showed that attitude, subjective norm, educational placement (mild disability), and grade were significant predictors of a favorable intention and explained 72% of the variation in intention. Factor analysis revealed four factors representing 57.6% of the variance.
Influence of Glucose Ingestion Prior to Prolonged Exercise on Selected Responses of Wheelchair Athletes
Authors: Spendiff Owen , Campbell Ian G.
Published: August 2016

Eight men with spinal cord injury ingested glucose (CHO) or placebo (PLA) 20-min prior to exercise. Participants performed arm crank ergometry for one-hour at 65% V̇O2peak, followed by a 20-min performance test in which athletes were asked to achieve their greatest possible distance. Physiological responses during the one-hour tests were similar between CHO and PLA trials. At the onset of exercise, the CHO trial blood glucose concentrations were higher than PLA (p < .05) but returned to resting values after 20-min exercise. Respiratory exchange ratio responses during the CHO trial were indicative of a higher rate of CHO oxidation (p < .05). A greater distance (km) was covered in the 20-min performance tests after CHO ingestion (p < .05). Results show preingestion of glucose improves endurance performance of wheelchair athletes.
Accuracy of Pedometers and Walking Activity in Adults with Mental Retardation
Authors: Stanish Heidi I.
Published: August 2016

Walking is a common physical activity reported by individuals with mental retardation (MR). This study examined the accuracy and feasibility of pedometers for monitoring walking in 20 adults with MR. Also, step counts and distance walked were recorded for one week. Pedometer counts were highly consistent with actual step counts during normal and fast paced walking on two ground surfaces. Intraclass correlation coefficients were above .95. A t-test revealed no gender differences in walking activity. A 2 × 2 ANOVA indicated that participants with Down Syndrome (DS) accumulated significantly fewer step counts than those without DS and participants walked more on weekdays than weekends.
An Inclusive Mastery Climate Intervention and the Motor Skill Development of Children with and Without Disabilities
Authors: Valentini Nadia C. , Rudisill Mary E.
Published: August 2016

The intent of this study was to examine how students (ages 5.9 to 10.9 years) with and without disabilities benefit from an inclusive mastery climate intervention. Participants were randomly distributed into intervention (19 participants with disabilities and 31 participants without disabilities) and comparison (17 participants with disabilities and 37 without disabilities) groups. Participants performed the Test of Gross Motor Development before and after the intervention. The analyses revealed that children with and without disabilities who received the 12-week intervention demonstrated significant improvement in motor skill performance from pre- to post- intervention while the comparison group did not. These findings suggest that the mastery climate intervention provided similar learning opportunities for students with and without disabilities.
Ball Catching Performance in Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder
Authors: Van Waelvelde Hilde , De Weerdt Willy , De Cock Paul , Smits-Engelsman Bouwien C.M. , Peersman Wim
Published: August 2016

The aim of this study was to compare the quality of ball catching performance of children with DCD to the performance of younger typically developing children. The outcome measures used were a modified ball catching item of the Test of Gross Motor Development and the number of grasping errors in a ball catching test. In the study, children with DCD were matched with younger typically developing children according to gender and the number of caught balls in the ball catching test. Children with DCD made significantly more grasping errors and scored significantly lower on the modified TGMD-item. Children with DCD were not only delayed in ball catching but they also seemed to use different movement strategies compared to younger typically developing children.
Cross-Validation of Field-Based Assessments of Body Composition for Individuals with Down Syndrome
Authors: Usera Phillip C. , Foley John T. , Yun Joonkoo
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to cross-validate skinfold and anthropometric measurements for individuals with Down syndrome (DS). Estimated body fat of 14 individuals with DS and 13 individuals without DS was compared between criterion measurement (BOP POD®) and three prediction equations. Correlations between criterion and field-based tests for non-DS group and DS groups ranged from .81 – .94 and .11 – .54, respectively. Root-Mean-Squared-Error was employed to examine the amount of error on the field-based measurements. A MANOVA indicated significant differences in accuracy between groups for Jackson’s equation and Lohman’s equation. Based on the results, efforts should now be directed toward developing new equations that can assess the body composition of individuals with DS in a clinically feasible way.
The Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average Procedures: Implications for Adapted Physical Activity Research
Authors: Fortes Marina , Ninot Grégory , Delignières Didier
Published: August 2016

The aims of this tutorial are three-fold: (a) to clarify the meaning of variability measurement in personality and social psychology, (b) to demonstrate the relevance of and the need for time series analysis in investigations into the dynamics of psychological phenomena, and (c) to provide specific methods to analyze time series. This paper first presents a step-by-step description of univariate Auto-Regressive-Integrated-Moving-average (ARIMA) procedures, which are useful tools for building iterative models from empirical time series. We then develop two empirical examples in detail, based on the analysis of self-esteem and behavioral data. These examples allow us to present the two most often used models.
Test Items and Standards Related to Aerobic Functioning on the Brockport Physical Fitness Test
Authors: Short Francis X. , Winnick Joseph P.
Published: August 2016

This article describes the procedures and rationale for the selection of test items and criterion-referenced standards associated with the aerobic functioning component of the Brockport Physical Fitness Test. Validity and reliability information is provided for the 1-mile run/walk, the PACER (16-m and 20-m), and the Target Aerobic Movement Test. The relevance of these test items and standards for youngsters with mental retardation and mild limitations in fitness, visual impairments (blindness), cerebral palsy, and spinal cord injuries, and for those with congenital anomalies or amputations is highlighted. Information on the attainability of the selected standards also is provided. Possible topics for future research are suggested.
Developmental Coordination Disorder, Age and Play: A Test of the Divergence in Activity-Deficit with Age Hypothesis
Authors: Cairney John , Hay John , Faught Brent E. , Corna Laurie M. , Flouris Andreas D.
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study is to test whether the activity-deficit experienced by children with probable Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) increases with age by comparing activity levels of children with movement difficulties to those of peers without movement difficulties. Using a sample of children ages 9 to 14 (N = 581), we examined whether age influences the relationship between DCD and participation in vigorous play activities and whether the impact of age in this relationship is the same for free play versus organized activities. Consistent with previous work (Bouffard et al. 1996), we found no evidence to support the hypothesis that children with DCD become more inactive compared to their peers as they age; however, we do discuss the limitations in our sample and how some differences in the level of organized and free play are evident among cohorts of different ages. Directions for future research in this area are also discussed. $$ 152 words
Determinants of Physical Activity in an Inclusive Setting
Authors: Kodish Stephen , Kulinna Pamela Hodges , Martin Jeffrey , Pangrazi Robert , Darst Paul
Published: August 2016

The purposes of this study included (a) to determine if the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) predicted intentions of individuals with and without disabilities to be physically active, (b) to determine if the TPB predicted behaviors of individuals with and without disabilities to be physically active, and (c) to determine if significant differences were present in physical activity opportunities between inclusive and non-inclusive elementary physical education classes taught by the same teacher. Students (N = 114, ages 10-13) completed questionnaires assessing the TPB constructs and had four days of PA evaluated through pedometer measurements. Analyses revealed that subjective norm and perceived behavioral control predicted students’ intentions to be active, while behavioral intention was the only significant predictor of activity level by step count accrued in PE classes. Finally, the inclusion of students with autism did not significantly affect overall physical activity.
Physical Activity and Quality of Life Experienced by Highly Active Individuals with Physical Disabilities
Authors: Giacobbi Peter R. , Stancil Michael , Hardin Brent , Bryant Lance
Published: August 2016

The present study examined links between physical activity and quality of life experienced by individuals with physical disabilities recruited from a wheelchair user’s basketball tournament. The participants included 12 male and 14 female adults between the ages of 18–54 (M = 31.12, SD = 10.75) who all reported one or more condition(s) that impacted their daily living. They were administered the Physical Activity Scale for Individuals with Physical Disabilities (Washburn, Weimo, McAuley, Frogley, & Figoni, 2002) and in-depth interviews focused on their physical activity experiences and evaluations about their quality of life. Grounded theory analyses (Charmaz, 2000, 2002) revealed that individuals who use wheelchairs perceived a number of psychological, social, and health benefits associated with physical activity involvement. The participants’ evaluations and descriptions of their physical activity experiences appeared to support self-efficacy beliefs, feelings of empowerment, and motivation for continued involvement. Firstperson descriptions are presented to demonstrate how and why physical activity behaviors were perceived to enhance the quality of the participants’ lives.
Development of a Conceptual Model to Predict Physical Activity Participation in Adults with Brain Injuries
Authors: Driver Simon
Published: August 2016

The purpose was to examine psychosocial factors that influence the physical activity behaviors of adults with brain injuries. Two differing models, based on Harter’s model of self-worth, were proposed to examine the relationship between perceived competence, social support, physical self-worth, affect, and motivation. Adults numbering 384 with brain injuries completed a series of questionnaires measuring each psychosocial variable. The structural analysis indicated a nonsignificant chi squared value and good fit indices for model two which included affect as the mediating variable. Findings indicate that affect is critical in shaping the physical activity cognitions and behaviors of adults with brain injuries. Suggestions are made on practical ways to enhance affect and subsequently physical activity participation.