bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The ebb and flow of learning motivation: The differentiated impact of the implicit theory of intelligence on learning behaviors
Authors: Rigolizzo Michele , Zhu Zhu
Published: March 2021

Motivating employees to initiate, and continue to engage in, both formal and informal learning is a key challenge within human resources development (HRD). Research on the implicit theory of intelligence lends insight into this challenge by showing almost exclusively positive effects of having an incremental theory, wherein individuals associate ability with effort, on the motivation to learn. However, we propose that the motivation to learn may ebb and flow throughout the process of learning, and that the impact of the implicit theory of intelligence may be different for different learning behaviors. This study experimentally examines the differentiated effect of the implicit theory intelligence on five key learning behaviors that are required to develop new skills. They are taking on a challenge, paying attention to new information, elaborating on that information, practice with feedback, and reflection. Using data from an experimental study of 511 managers in the United States and direct measures of each of the five learning behaviors, this study provides evidence that priming participants to associate effort with ability increases the likelihood that they will set challenging goals and practice with feedback, but makes them less likely to reflect. These findings provide insight for how HRD professionals can more purposefully construct learning interventions to account for multiple behaviors and changes in motivation.
Unusual metastasis from renal cell cancer after partial nephrectomy and sequential targeted therapy
Authors: Yasuoka Shotaro , Yuasa Takeshi , Fujiwara Motohiro , Fujisaki Junko , Inamura Kentaro , Komai Yoshinobu , Numao Noboru , Yamamoto Shinya , Yonese Junji
Published: March 2021

Introduction

Metastatic renal cell carcinoma is treated with various regimens. As their outcomes are improving and follow‐up periods are growing longer, the rate of unusual visceral metastases may increase.

Case presentation

A 68‐year‐old man diagnosed with lung, pancreatic, and renal metastases 9 years after left partial nephrectomy and a diagnosis of pT1a clear cell renal cell carcinoma started molecular targeted therapy using sunitinib. Nine years after the initiation of targeted therapy, a mass lesion in the esophagus was revealed by follow‐up computed tomography, and endoscopic mucosal resection of the esophageal metastatic lesion was performed. One year later, a bladder tumor was detected by follow‐up computed tomography. The patient underwent transurethral resection of the bladder tumor. Histological evaluation of both resected specimens disclosed clear cell renal cell carcinoma.

Conclusion

We present a valuable case of metachronous esophagus and bladder metastases from renal cell carcinoma in a long‐term follow‐up.
Photon emission and changes in fluorescent properties of bone after laser irradiation
Authors: Sandri Angela , Basso Petra R. , Corridori Ilaria , Protasoni Marina , Segalla Gabriel , Raspanti Mario , Spinelli Antonello E. , Boschi Federico
Published: March 2021

Laser scalpels used in medical surgery concentrate light energy, heating the tissues. Recently, we reported thermoluminescence emission from laser‐treated soft tissues. Here we investigated the thermo‐optical effects caused by a laser operating at 808 nm on animal bones (beef ribs) through luminescence and fluorescence imaging, thermal imaging and scanning electron microscopy. Laser‐induced artificial lesions emitted luminescence peaking around 650 nm, with a half‐life of almost 1 hour. As concerns fluorescence, 24 hours after laser treatment we observed an increase of the emission and a shift from 500 (untreated) to 580 nm (treated). Recrystallization observed by SEM indicates that the temperature in the artificial lesions is over 600°C. We can conclude that laser treatment induces specific luminescent and fluorescent emissions due to heating of the bone and modification of its components. Monitoring these emissions could help prevent tissue overheating and its potential damages during laser‐assisted medical procedures.
Th17, rather than Th1 cell proportion, is closely correlated with elevated disease severity, higher inflammation level, and worse prognosis in sepsis patients
Authors: Liu Yu , Wang Xiaopin , Yu Li
Published: March 2021

Objective

The current study aimed to investigate the prognostic value of T helper (Th) 1 and Th17 proportions in sepsis patients.

Methods

Th1 and Th17 cells in blood CD4+ T cells were detected by flow cytometry in 210 sepsis patients and 100 healthy controls (HCs). Besides, serum interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ), tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), and interleukin‐17 (IL‐17) levels in the enrolled sepsis patients were determined with enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.

Results

Compared with HCs, Th1 and Th17 proportions were elevated in sepsis patients (both p < .001). Meanwhile, Th1 proportion was strongly correlated with IFN‐γ (p < .001, r = .484) but weakly correlated with TNF‐α (p = .024, r = .156) and IL‐17 (p = .002, r = .212), while Th17 proportion showed faint correlation with IFN‐γ (p = .015, r = .168), but strong correlations with TNF‐α (p < .001, r = .602) and IL‐17 (p < .001, r = .498) in sepsis patients. Besides, Th1 proportion was weakly associated with APACHE II score (p = .030, r = .150), but Th17 proportion was closely associated with APACHE II score (p < .001, r = .322) and SOFA score (p < .001, r = .337) in sepsis patients. Regarding their prognostic value, Th1 proportion (p = .042) was slightly, while Th17 proportion (p < .001) was dramatically, increased in septic deaths compared with survivors, and Th17 possessed good predictive value for 28‐day mortality risk (AUC: 0.748, 95% CI: 0.659–0.836).

Conclusion

Th1 and Th17 proportions are elevated in sepsis patients compared with HCs, and Th17 proportion is correlated with increased disease severity, higher inflammation level, and worse prognosis in sepsis patients.
Pseudo‐Enhancement in Intracranial Aneurysms on Black‐Blood MRI: Effects of Flow Rate, Spatial Resolution, and Additional Flow Suppression
Authors: Pravdivtseva Mariya S. , Gaidzik Franziska , Berg Philipp , Hoffman Carson , Rivera‐Rivera Leonardo A. , Medero Rafael , Bodart Lindsay , Roldan‐Alzate Alejandro , Speidel Michael A. , Johnson Kevin M. , Wieben Oliver , Jansen Olav , Hövener Jan‐Bernd , Larsen Naomi
Published: March 2021

Background

Vessel‐wall enhancement (VWE) on black‐blood MRI (BB MRI) has been proposed as an imaging marker for a higher risk of rupture and associated with wall inflammation. Whether VWE is causally linked to inflammation or rather induced by flow phenomena has been a subject of debate.

Purpose

To study the effects of slow flow, spatial resolution, and motion‐sensitized driven equilibrium (MSDE) preparation on signal intensities in BB MRI of patient‐specific aneurysm flow models.

Study Type

Prospective.

Subjects/Flow Aneurysm Model/Virtual Vessels

Aneurysm flow models based on 3D rotational angiography datasets of three patients with intracranial aneurysms were 3D printed and perfused at two different flow rates, with and without Gd‐containing contrast agent.

Field Strength/Sequence

Variable refocusing flip angle 3D fast‐spin echo sequence at 3 T with and without MSDE with three voxel sizes ((0.5 mm)3, (0.7 mm)3, and (0.9 mm)3); time‐resolved with phase‐contrast velocity‐encoding 3D spoiled gradient echo sequence (4D flow MRI).

Assessment

Three independent observers performed a qualitative visual assessment of flow patterns and signal enhancement. Quantitative analysis included voxel‐wise evaluation of signal intensities and magnitude velocity distributions in the aneurysm.

Statistical Tests

Kruskal–Wallis test, potential regressions.

Results

A hyperintense signal in the lumen and adjacent to the aneurysm walls on BB MRI was colocalized with slow flow. Signal intensities increased by a factor of 2.56 ± 0.68 (P < 0.01) after administering Gd contrast. After Gd contrast administration, the signal was suppressed most in conjunction with high flows and with MSDE (2.41 ± 2.07 for slow flow without MSDE, and 0.87 ± 0.99 for high flow with MSDE). A clear result was not achieved by modifying the spatial resolution .

Data Conclusions

Slow‐flow phenomena contribute substantially to aneurysm enhancement and vary with MRI parameters. This should be considered in the clinical setting when assessing VWE in patients with an unruptured aneurysm.

Evidence Level

2

Technical Efficacy

Stage 2
Deep Learning for Automatic Differential Diagnosis of Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma and Glioblastoma: Multi‐Parametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging Based Convolutional Neural Network Model
Authors: Xia Wei , Hu Bin , Li Haiqing , Shi Wei , Tang Ying , Yu Yang , Geng Chen , Wu Qiuwen , Yang Liqin , Yu Zekuan , Geng Daoying , Li Yuxin
Published: March 2021

Background

Differential diagnosis of primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) and glioblastoma (GBM) is useful to guide treatment strategies.

Purpose

To investigate the use of a convolutional neural network (CNN) model for differentiation of PCNSL and GBM without tumor delineation.

Study Type

Retrospective.

Population

A total of 289 patients with PCNSL (136) or GBM (153) were included, the average age of the cohort was 54 years, and there were 173 men and 116 women.

Field Strength/Sequence

3.0 T Axial contrast‐enhanced T1‐weighted spin‐echo inversion recovery sequence (CE‐T1WI), T2‐weighted fluid‐attenuation inversion recovery sequence (FLAIR), and diffusion weighted imaging (DWI, b = 0 second/mm2, 1000 seconds/mm2).

Assessment

A single‐parametric CNN model was built using CE‐T1WI, FLAIR, and the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) map derived from DWI, respectively. A decision‐level fusion based multi‐parametric CNN model (DF‐CNN) was built by combining the predictions of single‐parametric CNN models through logistic regression. An image‐level fusion based multi‐parametric CNN model (IF‐CNN) was built using the integrated multi‐parametric MR images. The radiomics models were developed. The diagnoses by three radiologists with 6 years (junior radiologist Y.Y.), 11 years (intermediate‐level radiologist Y.T.), and 21 years (senior radiologist Y.L.) of experience were obtained.

Statistical Analysis

The 5‐fold cross validation was used for model evaluation. The Pearson's chi‐squared test was used to compare the accuracies. U‐test and Fisher's exact test were used to compare clinical characteristics.

Results

The CE‐T1WI, FLAIR, and ADC based single‐parametric CNN model had accuracy of 0.884, 0.782, and 0.700, respectively. The DF‐CNN model had an accuracy of 0.899 which was higher than the IF‐CNN model (0.830, P = 0.021), but had no significant difference in accuracy compared to the radiomics model (0.865, P = 0.255), and the senior radiologist (0.906, P = 0.886).

Data Conclusion

A CNN model can differentiate PCNSL from GBM without tumor delineation, and comparable to the radiomics models and radiologists.

Level of Evidence

4

Technical Efficacy

Stage 2
Use of ion mobility‐high resolution mass spectrometry in metabolomics studies to provide near MS/MS quality data in a single injection
Authors: Gil‐Solsona Rubén , Sancho Juan V. , Gassner Anne‐Laure , Weyermann Céline , Hernández Félix , Delémont Olivier , Bijlsma Lubertus
Published: March 2021

The use of ion mobility separations (IMSs) in metabolomics approaches has started to be deeply explored in the last years. In this work, the use of liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to IMS‐quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (QTOF MS) has been evaluated in a metabolomics experiments using single injection of the samples. IMS has allowed obtaining cleaner fragmentation spectra, of nearly tandem MS quality, in data‐independent acquisition mode. This is much useful in this research area as a second injection, generally applied in LC‐QTOF MS workflows to obtain tandem mass spectra, is not necessary, saving time and evading possible compound degradation. As a case study, the smoke produced after combustion of herbal blends used to spray synthetic cannabinoids has been selected as study matrix. The smoke components were trapped in carbon cartridges, desorbed and analyzed by LC‐IMS‐QTOF MS using different separation mechanisms (reversed phase and HILIC) and acquiring in both positive and negative mode to widen the chemical domain. Partial Least Squares–Discriminant Analysis highlighted several compounds, and ratio between N‐Isopropyl‐3‐(isoquinolinyl)‐2‐propen‐1‐amine and quinoline allowed differentiating between tobacco and herbal products. These two compounds were tentatively identified using the cleaner fragmentation spectra from a single injection in the IMS‐QTOF MS, with additional confidence obtained by retention time (Rt) and collisional cross section (CCS) prediction using artificial neural networks. Data from this work show that LC‐IMS‐QTOF is an efficient technique in untargeted metabolomics, avoiding re‐injection of the samples for elucidation purposes. In addition, the prediction models for Rt and CCS resulted of help in the elucidation process of potential biomarkers.
Characterization of subsurface cracks in eddy current testing using machine learning methods
Authors: Barrarat Fatima , Rayane Karim , Helifa Bachir , Lefkaier Ibn Khaldoun
Published: March 2021

The exploitation of nondestructive eddy current testing (NDT‐EC) has become a capital necessity. Therefore, the development of a fast tool for the eddy‐current signal inversion is necessary. This paper proposes an inversion of signals coming from the NDT‐EC sensor response using machine learning methods, to reconstruct the length and depth of the defect and obtain its geometric characterization by solving the inverse problem. In this context, a database comprising the impedance of the sensor‐cracked part system (constituting the crack signature) was constructed from a 3D finite element simulation and validated by an experimental companion. The machine learning algorithms were trained using this database. The results show that the defect can be quantified using these developed approaches. The numerical approach can replace the expensive experimental investigation or the optimization algorithm that has a prohibitive computing time. The results show that the approaches developed estimated the desired parameters of the crack with good precision. These different machine learning methods for solving the inverse problem were implemented using the MATLAB software.
Energy expenditure and oxygen uptake kinetics in critically ill elderly patients
Authors: Ebihara Takeshi , Shimizu Kentaro , Ojima Masahiro , Nakamura Yohei , Mitsuyama Yumi , Ohnishi Mitsuo , Ogura Hiroshi , Shimazu Takeshi
Published: March 2021

Background

Resting energy expenditure (REE) measurement of critically ill patients is essential for better nutrition management. Younger people increase their oxygen delivery () to meet energy demands, but few reports have investigated oxygen uptake kinetics in elderly patients, which are the main target population in today's intensive care units (ICUs). In this study, we evaluated REE, , and oxygen extraction ratio (O2 Ext: oxygen consumption []/) to clarify appropriate energy needs and consumption in elderly ICU patients.

Methods

This retrospective observational study included ventilated ICU patients who were divided into elderly participants (age ≥ 65 years) and nonelderly participants (age ≤64 years). , CO2 production, and cardiac output were measured by indirect calorimetry and noninvasive hemodynamic monitoring for up to 5 days. The initial values of REE, , and O2 Ext were compared between elderly and nonelderly patients.

Results

This study included 102 patients, of whom 52% (n = 53) were elderly. The absolute deviation of measured REE per ideal body weight (IBW) was significantly higher in elderly than in nonelderly patients (9.3 ± 6.9 vs 6.3 ± 6.6 kcal/kg; P < .01). had a strong negative correlation with age (P < .01). The O2 Ext value was significantly higher in elderly than in nonelderly patients (37 ± 19% vs 29 ± 13%; P = .03).

Conclusions

Elderly critically ill patients were characterized by higher deviations in REE, lower , and higher O2 Ext. In elderly patients, O2 Ext rather than could be increased to meet energy consumption demands.
Environmental perceptions and willingness to pay for preservation: Evidence from beach destinations in China
Authors: Liu Jia , Zhao Yichen , Jang Soo Cheong(Shawn)
Published: March 2021

Beaches are regarded as a core resource in coastal tourism. However, they are being eroded by environmental pollution, which has negative impacts on visitors' tourism experiences. This study proposed a framework to elaborate the effects of visitors' environmental perceptions on satisfaction and willingness to pay for environmental protection. The findings revealed that visitors' perceptions of a beach's quality had significant positive effects on their satisfaction. Furthermore, satisfaction significantly increased visitors' willingness to pay for environmental protection. In addition, visitors' perceptions of the beach environment had a direct and positive impact on their willingness to pay for environmental protection.
Cardiopulmonary Testing before Pediatric Adenotonsillectomy for Severe and Very Severe Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome
Authors: Clements Anna Christina , Walsh Jonathan M. , Dai Xi , Skinner Margaret L. , Sterni Laura M. , Tunkel David E. , Boss Emily F. , Ryan Marisa A.
Published: March 2021

Objectives/Hypothesis

Adenotonsillectomy is first‐line treatment for pediatric obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) when not otherwise contraindicated. There is concern severe OSAS increases risk of comorbid cardiopulmonary abnormalities, such as ventricular hypertrophy or pulmonary hypertension, which preoperative testing could detect. Our objective is to determine if there is a severity of pediatric OSAS where previously undetected cardiopulmonary comorbidities are likely.

Study Design

Retrospective chart review.

Methods

We performed a retrospective review of 358 patients ≤21 years with severe OSAS who underwent adenotonsillectomy at a tertiary hospital June 1, 2016 to June 1, 2018. We extracted demographics, comorbidities, polysomnography, and preoperative tests. Wilcoxon rank‐sum and logistic regression estimated associations of OSAS severity (based on obstructive apnea‐hypopnea index [OAHI], hypoxia, hypercarbia) with preoperative echocardiograms and chest X‐rays (CXRs).

Results

Mean age was 5.9 (±3.6) years and 52% were male. Mean OAHI and oxygen saturation nadir were 30.3 (±23.8) and 80.7% (±9.2), respectively. OAHI ≥60 was associated with having a preoperative echocardiogram (OR, 3.8; 95% CI, 1.7–8.5) or CXR (OR, 3.0; 95% CI, 1.4–6.8) compared to OAHI 10–59. There were no significant associations between OSAS severity and test abnormalities. The presence of previously diagnosed cardiopulmonary comorbidities was associated with abnormalities on echocardiogram (OR, 36; 95% CI, 4.1–320.1) and CXR (OR, 4.1; 95% CI, 1.2–14.4).

Conclusions

Although pediatric patients with very severe OSAS (OAHI ≥60) underwent more pre‐adenotonsillectomy cardiopulmonary tests, OSAS severity did not predict abnormal findings. Known cardiopulmonary comorbidities may be a better indication for cardiopulmonary testing than polysomnographic parameters, which could streamline pre‐adenotonsillectomy evaluation and reduce cost.

Level of Evidence

4Laryngoscope, 131:2361–2368, 2021
Digital anthropometric volumes: Toward the development and validation of a universal software
Authors: Sobhiyeh Sima , Dunkel Alexander , Dechenaud Marcelline , Mehrnezhad Ali , Kennedy Samantha , Shepherd John , Wolenski Peter , Heymsfield Steven B.
Published: March 2021

Purpose

Anthropometry is a method for quantifying body size and shape often used to derive body composition and health risk prediction models. Recent technology advancements led to development of three‐dimensional (3D) optical scanners that can overcome most of the limitations associated with manual anthropometric data collection. However, each of the currently available devices offers proprietary measurements that do not match conventional anthropometric definitions. The aim of the current study was to develop and then evaluate the precision and accuracy of new “universal” 3D optical analysis software that calculates digital anthropometric volumes using identical standard landmarks across scanners.

Methods

Dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) and air displacement plethysmography (ADP) total body and regional volume and fat mass reference measurements and 3D optical scans from two proprietary devices were collected from 356 participants to evaluate the robustness of total body and regional volume and fat mass measurements calculated by the developed software. Linear regression modeling with threefold cross validation was used to evaluate total body and regional fat masses from 3D scans.

Results

Total body and regional volumes measured by DXA and ADP had strong associations with corresponding estimates from the commercial 3D optical scanners coupled with the universal software (e.g., R2 = 0.98 for Styku and R2 = 1.00 for SS20, for both DXA and ADP comparisons). Regional body volumes also had strong correlation between DXA and the 3DO scanners (e.g., for arm, leg and trunk, respective R2s of 0.75, 0.86, and 0.97 for Styku and 0.79, 0.89, and 0.98 for SS20). Similarly, there were strong associations between DXA‐ measured total body and regional fat mass and 3D optical estimates calculated by the universal software (e.g., for total body, arm, leg and trunk, respective R2s of 0.86, 0.72, 0.77, and 0.88 for Styku and 0.84, 0.76, 0.78, and 0.85 for SS20). Absolute differences in volumes and fat mass between the reference methods and the universal software values revealed underlying proprietary scanner differences that can be improved when designing future devices.

Conclusions

The current study suggests that, when compared against values calculated using DXA and ADP, the universal software was able to measure total and regional body volumes reliably from scans obtained by two different scanners. The universal software, with future refinements, combined with potential optical scanner design improvements, creates new opportunities for developing large multicenter anthropometric databases with uniformly defined body dimensions that can be used for modeling health risks.

Clinical Trial Registration ID

Shape Up! Adults Study, NCT0363785.
Randomized Controlled Trial of Treatments for Loss‐of‐Control Eating Following Bariatric Surgery
Authors: Grilo Carlos M. , Ivezaj Valentina , Duffy Andrew J. , Gueorguieva Ralitza
Published: March 2021

Objective

Loss‐of‐control (LOC) eating postoperatively is a consistent predictor of suboptimal longer‐term bariatric surgery outcomes. This randomized controlled trial examined the effectiveness of two guided self‐help treatments (cognitive behavioral therapy [gshCBT] and behavioral weight loss [gshBWL]) compared with a control (CON) for reducing LOC eating and weight.

Methods

A total of 140 patients with recurrent LOC eating approximately 6 months after bariatric surgery were randomly assigned (5:5:2 ratio) to one of three conditions: gshCBT (n  =  56), gshBWL (n  =  60), or CON (n  =  24). Three‐month treatments were delivered by trained allied health clinicians to increase generalizability to bariatric surgery settings. Independent assessments were performed by doctoral research‐clinicians using established interviews/measures; posttreatment outcomes were obtained for 89% of patients.

Results

Mixed models revealed significant improvements for LOC eating frequency and weight loss but no significant differences between treatments; race neither predicted (main effect) nor moderated (interaction effect) treatment outcomes. Intent‐to‐treat categorical analyses of abstinence from LOC eating (30% for gshCBT, 27% for gshBWL, 38% for CON) and proportion attaining 5% weight loss (20%, 22%, 17%) revealed no significant differences between treatments; non‐White participants had a higher proportion achieving LOC eating abstinence but a lower proportion attaining 5% weight loss compared with White participants.

Conclusions

In this 12‐week randomized controlled trial following bariatric surgery, significant LOC eating reductions and weight loss did not differ significantly between treatments. Race was associated with posttreatment categorical outcomes.
Quantifying the impact of COVID‐19 on the individuals in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A cross‐sectional descriptive study of the posttraumatic growth
Authors: Arnout Boshra A. , Al‐Sufyani Hanan H.
Published: March 2021

This study seeks to explore the effect of the COVID‐19 outbreak pandemic on the posttraumatic growth among Saudi individuals and also to assess the effect of demographic variables on the PTG. A descriptive design was applied to detect the level of PTG and to determine the differences in PTG due to demographic variables. A randomized sample consisting of 365 participants was chosen; the participants’ ages ranged between 20 and 60. The study sample was divided into subgroups according to demographic variables. The posttraumatic growth scale (PTG‐21) applied online to the study sample. The results indicated that there were high levels of improved personal relationships, increased emotional strength and resilience, greater spiritual connection, and a heightened sense of gratitude toward life among Saudis, while there were low levels of the new opportunities and the total score of posttraumatic growth. The results also found that there are significant statistical differences in the PTG due to demographic variables except academic degree has not no effect in PTG. The findings highlighting the importance of the psychological service centers, to help who suffer from the negative effects of COVID‐19 pandemic outbreak symptoms such as anxiety, depression, and obsessive compulsive.
Consumers' perceived value of luxury goods through the lens of Hofstede cultural dimensions: A cross‐cultural study
Authors: Rehman Anis ur
Published: March 2021

Consumer Perceived Value (CPV) is the complete evaluation of the product's usefulness by a consumer according to his perceptions of total obtained benefits compared with the cost that he had to pay for that. Customers purchase similar luxury goods globally, but for different motives and the value held by each customer for these products also changes across different nationalities. The variation in CPV arises mainly because of dissimilarities in culture of different countries. This study uses a framework of Hofstede's cultural dimensions to examine variations in CPV of luxury goods between two rising luxury markets of Saudi Arabia and India. The basic components of CPV of luxury goods were used as the basis for developing the questionnaire. The questionnaires were given through e‐mail to respondents in Saudi Arabia (Arabic version) and India (English version). The data results indicate significant variances in CPV of luxury goods between the two countries. Saudi Arabian consumers turn out to be the greatest patrons of luxury goods whereas Indians display a culture of restraint and controlled gratification of desires. Unlike Saudi consumers, the Indian consumers do not display any significant “bandwagon” or “snob effect”.
Synthesis of aramid nanoscale fiber‐based nanocomposite with transparency, flexibility, and selective adsorption capability
Authors: Wu Yadong , Ju Dandan , Wang Fang , Huang Yudong
Published: March 2021

Aramid nanofiber (ANF) has been regarded as an emerging excellent building block for preparing multifunctional high‐performance composites, which are suitable for many applications in various fields. Based on this, for the first time, nanoscale bacterial cellulose (NBC) is used to modify ANF membrane via a direct blending followed with vacuum filtration. The chemical and physical structures of the NBC/ANF composite hybrid membranes (BAFM) are characterized by using Fourier transform infrared, X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscope, and scanning electron microscope, demonstrating that NBC is well‐dispersed into the ANF matrix. The two kinds of nanofibers twine together and interact with each other through hydrogen bonds, so that the tensile strength is enhanced from approximately 202–260 MPa by the incorporation of NBC. Besides, it is notable that the transparency retains due to the nanoscale diameter (much smaller than light wavelength) of the nanofibers, and the flexibility of the membranes is improved. Furthermore, the measurement of wettability shows that the hydrophilicity of the composite membranes could be improved by the addition of NBC, and the static water contact angle decreases from 85.6° to 63.5°. The adsorption process toward cationic (methylene blue, MB) and anionic (methyl orange, MO) dyes are preliminarily investigated, respectively. Due to the negatively charged ANF and the hydrophilic NBC, the BAFM exhibits selective adsorption ability toward MB, and the capacity could be improved by increasing the amount of NBC. Therefore, NBC is a desirable modifier for ANF to fabricate the composite, which is a promising candidate for transparent, flexible membranes with selective adsorption capacity.
Results of a phase 2, multicenter, single‐arm, open‐label study of lenalidomide in pediatric patients with relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: O'Brien Maureen M. , Alonzo Todd A. , Cooper Todd M. , Levine John E. , Brown Patrick A. , Slone Tamra , August Keith J. , Benettaib Bouchra , Biserna Noha , Poon Jennifer , Patturajan Meera , Chen Nianhang , Simcock Mathew , Zimmerman Linda , Kolb E. Anders
Published: March 2021

Background

Outcomes after relapse remain poor in pediatric patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and new therapeutic approaches are needed. Lenalidomide has demonstrated activity in adults with lower risk myelodysplastic syndromes and older adults with relapsed or refractory (R/R) AML.

Methods

In this phase 2 study (NCT02538965), pediatric patients with R/R AML who received two or more prior therapies were treated with lenalidomide (starting dose 2 mg/kg/day on days 1–21 of each 28‐day cycle) for a maximum of 12 cycles. The primary endpoint was rate of complete response (CR) and CR with incomplete blood count recovery (CRi) within the first four cycles.

Results

Seventeen patients enrolled and received one or more dose of lenalidomide. Median age was 12 years (range 5–18 years), median white blood cell count was 3.7 × 109/L, and median peripheral blood blast count was 1.0 × 109/L. One patient (5.9%) with a complex karyotype including del(5q) achieved CRi after two cycles of lenalidomide. This responder proceeded to a second hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and has remained without evidence of disease for 3 years. All patients experienced one or more of grades 3–4 treatment‐emergent adverse event (TEAE). The most common grades 3–4 TEAEs were thrombocytopenia (58.8%), febrile neutropenia (47.1%), anemia (41.2%), and hypokalemia (41.2%).

Conclusions

In this population of pediatric patients with R/R AML, safety data were consistent with the known safety profile of lenalidomide. As only one patient responded, further evaluation of lenalidomide at the dose and schedule studied is not warranted in pediatric AML, with the possible exception of patients with del(5q).
Explaining the economic, social, and political structure of rural poverty using a mixed exploratory approach: A case study of Shamshir village, Kermanshah province, Iran
Authors: Saadollahi Pouria , Roosta Kuroush , Farani Ahmad Yaghoubi , Baradaran Reza
Published: March 2021

The present study aimed at description of the economic, social, and political structure of the poverty in Shamshir village using an exploratory mixed methods' approach. To do so, qualitative methodologies were conducted among 30 residents of Shamshir village using purposive theoretical sampling. Also, an additional quantitative investigation was carried out among 327 villagers based on random sampling method. The qualitative phase was performed applying observation, unstructured interview, note‐taking, and focus groups while quantitative data were collected by the questionnaire. The findings of the research indicated the importance of economic, social, and political structures in respondents' poverty status of the Shamshir Village; where, the social structure played a greater role. In more detail, the governmental support, private companies, cooperatives, and governmental economic policies were assumed as the factors which could reduce the poverty in Shamshir village.
Biological drug therapy for ocular angiogenesis: Anti‐VEGF agents and novel strategies based on nanotechnology
Authors: Formica María L. , Awde Alfonso Hamoudi G. , Palma Santiago D.
Published: March 2021

Currently, biological drug therapy for ocular angiogenesis treatment is based on the administration of anti‐VEGF agents via intravitreal route. The molecules approved with this purpose for ocular use include pegaptanib, ranibizumab, and aflibercept, whereas bevacizumab is commonly off‐label used in the clinical practice. The schedule dosage involves repeated intravitreal injections of anti‐VEGF agents to achieve and maintain effective concentrations in retina and choroids, which are administrated as solutions form. In this review article, we describe the features of different anti‐VEGF agents, major challenges for their ocular delivery and the nanoparticles in development as delivery system of them. In this way, several polymeric and lipid nanoparticles are explored to load anti‐VEGF agents with the aim of achieving sustained drug release and thus, minimize the number of intravitreal injections required. The main challenges were focused in the loading the molecules that maintain their bioactivity after their release from nanoparticulate system, followed the evaluation of them through studies of formulation stability, pharmacokinetic, and efficacy in in vitro and in vivo models. The analysis was based on the information published in peer‐reviewed published papers relevant to anti‐VEGF treatments and nanoparticles developed as ocular anti‐VEGF delivery system.
Population pharmacokinetic modeling and simulation to support qualification of pyridoxic acid as endogenous biomarker of OAT1/3 renal transporters
Authors: Ahmad Amais , Ogungbenro Kayode , Kunze Annett , Jacobs Frank , Snoeys Jan , Rostami‐Hodjegan Amin , Galetin Aleksandra
Published: March 2021

Renal clearance of many drugs is mediated by renal organic anion transporters OAT1/3 and inhibition of these transporters may lead to drug‐drug interactions (DDIs). Pyridoxic acid (PDA) and homovanillic acid (HVA) were indicated as potential biomarkers of OAT1/3. The objective of this study was to develop a population pharmacokinetic model for PDA and HVA to support biomarker qualification. Simultaneous fitting of biomarker plasma and urine data in the presence and absence of potent OAT1/3 inhibitor (probenecid, 500 mg every 6 h) was performed. The impact of study design (multiple vs. single dose of OAT1/3 inhibitor) and ability to detect interactions in the presence of weak/moderate OAT1/3 inhibitors was investigated, together with corresponding power calculations. The population models developed successfully described biomarker baseline and PDA/HVA OAT1/3‐mediated interaction data. No prominent effect of circadian rhythm on PDA and HVA individual baseline levels was evident. Renal elimination contributed greater than 80% to total clearance of both endogenous biomarkers investigated. Estimated probenecid unbound in vivo OAT inhibitory constant was up to 6.4‐fold lower than in vitro values obtained with PDA as a probe. The PDA model was successfully verified against independent literature reported datasets. No significant difference in power of DDI detection was found between multiple and single dose study design when using the same total daily dose of 2000 mg probenecid. Model‐based simulations and power calculations confirmed sensitivity and robustness of plasma PDA data to identify weak, moderate, and strong OAT1/3 inhibitors in an adequately powered clinical study to support optimal design of prospective clinical OAT1/3 interaction studies.
Enhanced Stability of All‐Inorganic Perovskite Light‐Emitting Diodes by a Facile Liquid Annealing Strategy
Authors: Shi Jindou , Ge Wanyin , Tian Ye , Xu Meimei , Gao Wenxing , Wu Yuanting
Published: March 2021

Ensuring the stability of all‐inorganic halide perovskite light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) has become an obstacle that needs to be broken for commercial applications. Currently, lead halide perovskite CsPbX3 (X = Br, I, Cl) nanocrystals (NCs) are considered as alternative materials for future fluorescent lighting devices due to their combination of superior optical and electronic properties. However, the temperature of the surface of the LEDs will increase after long‐term power‐on work, which greatly affects the optical stability of CsPbX3 NCs. In order to overcome this bottleneck issue, a strategy of annealing perovskite materials in liquid is proposed, and the changes in photoluminescence and electroluminescence (EL) behaviors before and after annealing are studied. The results show that the luminescence stability of the annealed perovskite materials is significantly improved. Moreover, the EL stability of different perovskite LED devices under long‐term operation is monitored, and the performance of the annealed materials is particularly outstanding. The results have proved that this convenient and low‐cost liquid annealing strategy is suitable for large‐scale postprocessing of perovskite materials, granting them stable fluorescence emission, which will bring a new dawn to the commercialization of next‐generation optoelectronic devices.
High‐Yield Exfoliation of Ultrathin 2D Ni3Cr2P2S9 and Ni3Cr2P2Se9 Nanosheets
Authors: Lai Zhuangchai , Chaturvedi Apoorva , Shi Zhenyu , Zhao Jiangqi , Tran Thu Ha , Chen Bo , Huang Ying , Cao Xiehong , He Qiyuan , Zeng Zhiyuan , Tan Chaoliang , Zhang Hua
Published: March 2021

Multinary layered 2D nanomaterials can exhibit distinct physicochemical properties and innovative applications as compared to binary 2D nanomaterials due to their unique crystal structures. However, it still remains a challenge for the high‐yield preparation of high‐quality multinary 2D nanosheets. Here, the high‐yield and large‐scale production of two quaternary metal thiophosphate nanosheets are reported, i.e., Ni3Cr2P2S9 and Ni3Cr2P2Se9, via the liquid exfoliation of their layered bulk crystals. The exfoliated single‐crystalline Ni3Cr2P2S9 nanosheets, with a lateral size ranging from a few hundred nanometers to a few micrometers and thickness of 1.4 ± 0.2 nm, can be easily used to prepare flexible thin films via a simple vacuum filtration process. As a proof‐of‐concept application, the fabricated thin film is used as a supercapacitor electrode with good specific capacitance. These high‐yield, large‐scale, solution‐processable quaternary metal thiophosphate nanosheets could also be promising in other applications like biosensors, cancer therapies, and flexible electronics.
Keyed shear connections with looped U‐bars subjected to normal and shear forces Part I: Experimental investigation
Authors: Sørensen Jesper Harrild , Hoang Linh Cao , Poulsen Peter Noe
Published: March 2021

Shear connections in prefabricated concrete buildings are important for the structural performance in both the serviceability and the ultimate limit state. A normal force has a large impact on the shear strength and deformation capacity, however, no experimental record includes compression–shear and tension–shear interaction. This article presents an experimental investigation of keyed shear connections with looped U‐bars subjected to combinations of shear and normal forces. The tests were performed in a custom‐built double frame, where forces could be applied in two perpendicular directions, which was utilized to introduce normal and shear forces. The load combinations ranged from pure tension, over shear–tension and pure shear to shear–compression. The results include load–displacement relationships supplemented by digital image correlation (DIC) results to exemplify the experimental findings and underline the influence of a normal force on the behavior. It was found that a compressive normal force has a positive influence on the shear capacity in the entire displacement domain tested. A tensile normal force reduces not only the shear capacity but also the deformation capacity of the connection. The ultimate shear load was associated with failure in the joint mortar, which in all cases took place as a local key corner shearing. This article constitutes Part I of the investigation, while Part II introduces rigid‐plastic modeling of the ultimate load carrying capacity.
Impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on statistical design and analysis plans for multidomain intervention clinical trials: Experience from World‐Wide FINGERS
Authors: Röhr Susanne , Arai Hidenori , Mangialasche Francesca , Matsumoto Nanae , Peltonen Markku , Raman Rema , Riedel‐Heller Steffi G. , Sakurai Takashi , Snyder Heather M. , Sugimoto Taiki , Carrillo Maria , Kivipelto Miia , Espeland Mark A. ,   for the World‐Wide FINGERS Study Group
Published: March 2021

Introduction

The coronavirus disease‐19 (COVID‐19) pandemic presents challenges to the conduct of randomized clinical trials of lifestyle interventions.

Methods

World‐Wide FINGERS is an international network of clinical trials to assess the impact of multidomain lifestyle intervention on cognitive decline in at‐risk adults. Individual trials are tailoring successful approaches from the Finnish Geriatric Intervention Study to Prevent Cognitive Impairment and Disability (FINGER) to local cultures and environments. The network convened a forum for researchers to discuss statistical design and analysis issues they faced during the pandemic. We report on experiences of three trials that, at various stages of conduct, altered designs and analysis plans to navigate these issues. We provide recommendations for future trials to consider as they develop and launch behavioral intervention trials.

Results

The pandemic led researchers to change recruitment plans, interrupt timelines for assessments and intervention delivery, and move to remote intervention and assessment protocols. The necessity of these changes add emphasis to the importance, in study design and analysis, of intention to treat approaches, flexibility, within‐site stratification, interim power projections, and sensitivity analyses.

Discussion

Robust approaches to study design and analysis are critical to negotiate issues related to the intervention. The world‐wide network of similarly oriented clinical trials will allow us to evaluate the effectiveness of responses to the pandemic across cultures, local environments, and phases of the pandemic.
Enrichment of Melanoma Stem-Like Cells via Sphere Assays
Authors: Mukherjee Nabanita , Lambert Karoline A. , Norris David A. , Shellman Yiqun G.
Published: March 2021

Sphere assays are widely used in vitro techniques to enrich and evaluate the stem-like cell behavior of both normal and cancer cells. Utilizing three-dimensional in vitro sphere culture conditions provide a better representation of tumor growth in vivo than the more common monolayer cultures. We describe how to perform primary and secondary sphere assays, used for the enrichment and self-renewability studies of melanoma/melanocyte stem-like cells. Spheres are generated by growing melanoma cells at low density in nonadherent conditions with stem cell media. We provide protocols for preparing inexpensive and versatile polyHEMA-coated plates, setting up primary and secondary sphere assays in almost any tissue culture format and quantification methods using standard inverted microscopy. Our protocol is easily adaptable to laboratories with basic cell culture capabilities, without the need for expensive fluidic instruments.
Correction to: The IDD and Its Impact on the Life Insurance Industry
Authors: Noussia Kyriaki
Published: March 2021

The author unintentionally referred to parts of the chapter “Enaction of Chapter VII of the Insurance Distribution Directive: What Can Member States Learn from the Enforcement Failures of the United States?” by Kathleen M. Defever in this book without proper citation. These inaccurate identifications have been corrected in the chapter.
An Introduction to the Health Promotion Perspective in the Health Care Services
Authors: Haugan Gørill , Eriksson Monica
Published: March 2021

Currently, the world faces a shift to an older population. For the first time in the history, now most people can expect to live into their 60s and beyond. Within this trend of people living longer, many grow very old; 80, 90 and 100 years. Today, 125 million people are 80 years or older; the proportion of ≥80 years increases the most. Age is not an illness, still most chronically ill are older people. Consequently, all countries in the world face major challenges to ensure that their health and social systems are ready to make the most of this demographic shift. Globally, finding new and effective ways to improve people’s health is crucial. Thus, in the years to come, health promotive initiatives will become ever more important. Accordingly, learning how to reorient the health care sector in a health promotion direction is highly needed. The salutogenic approach seems useful for such a reorientation.

Salutogenesis is a resource-oriented theoretical approach which focuses on the origin of health along with people’s abilities and capacities for well-functioning and well-being. Salutogenesis is an area of knowledge and learning, a way of relating to others, and a way of working in a health-promoting manner. From the salutogenic point of view, health is a movement on a continuum between ease and dis-ease. In this approach, no one is categorized as healthy or diseased; we are all somewhere between the imaginary poles of total wellness and total illness.

This chapter, as well as this book, comprehend the salutogenic health theory as a model of health and a life orientation, representing a vital theoretical basis for the health promotion field. Accordingly, this chapter presents some important points in the development of the health promotion field, followed by the core principles and strategies of health promotion and the promising potential of the salutogenic health theory.