bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SOME ESTIMATES OF SUPPLY ELASTICITIES FOR NIGERIA'S CROPS*
Authors: Olayide S. Olajuwon
Published: November 2008

The production of export crops or cash crops as they are called in developing countries is subject to various characteristics which affect supply and producer response relationships. For perennials such as cocoa, oil palms, rubber, and coffee which are produced in Nigeria, cultivation involves planting, gestation, removal, yield, replacement, rehabilitation, etc. For annuals such as cotton, groundnuts and soya beans exported from Nigeria, similar situations, excluding gestation and replacement problems, are involved. Models for estimating supply schedules and response must be complex and highly demanding in data in order to encompass these dimensions. The models developed in this study rest on the classical assumption of rational producers who respond positively to producer prices. Because of data limitations ordinary least squares (O.L.S.) regression is employed to develop three types of price elasticities of supply for six commodities ‐ cocoa, palm oil kernel, groundnut, rubber and cotton. The results confirm the response to depressing pricing policies of the Marketing Boards in Nigeria and suggest policy implications of price and production incentives as positive means of enhancing improved production response designed to rejuvenate Nigeria's export crop industry under economic development.
THE CASE OF URULI KANCHAN ‐ A STUDY IN DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Beresford Tristram
Published: November 2008

Of good revolutionists there are two kinds, distinguished by the end from which they start. There are those who are impatient with human stupidity: these begin by wanting some kind of monetary reform; their imagination is haunted by the spectre Of coffee burnt, wheat dumped into the sea, herrings ploughed into the soil. And there are those who begin from the other end, who talk of change of heart…. The danger, for those who start at the temporal end, is Utopianism: settle the problem of distribution — of wheat, coffee, aspirin or wireless sets — and all the problems of evil will disappear. The danger, for those who start at the other end, is Indifferentism: neglect the affairs of the world, and save as many souls from the wreckage as possible. Wisdom mediates between these two extremes…. Wisdom tells us that we have to begin from both ends at once.

LE CAS URULI KANCHAN ‐ UNE ÉTUDE DU DÉVELOPPEMENT

Les bons partisans des révolutions sont de deux sortes; on les distingue selon le bout d'où ils portent. Il y a ceux qui s'impatientent devant les sottises humaines: ils commencent par vouloir une réforme monétaire d'une espèce ou d'une autre; le spectre du café brûlé, du blé jetéà la mer ou des harengs mis sous terre hante leur imagination. Et ily a ceux qui commencent par l'autre bout, qui parlent de changer les esprits… Le danger, pour ceux qui commencent par les fins temporelles, c'est l'utopisme: résoudre le problème de la répartition ‐ du blé, du café, de l'aspirine ou des postes radio ‐ et tous les problèmes du mal disparaîtront. Pour ceux qui partent de l'autre bout, le danger s'appelle l'indifférentisme: négliger les affaires du monde et sauver du naufrage le plus grand nombre d'âmes possible. La sagesse s'équilibre entre ces deux extrêmes…. La sagesse nous enseigne que nous devons commencer par les deux bouts à la fois.

DER FALL VON URULI KANCHAN ‐ EINE UNTERSUCHUNG ZUM THEMA ENTWICKLUNG

Es gibt zwei Arten von guten Revolutionären, die sich durch ihren Ausgangspunkt voneinander unterscheiden. Die einen sind unzufrieden mit der menschlichen Dummheit: sie gehen davon aus, dass sie irgendeine Art von Wäkrungsreform anstreben; sie haben Zwangsvorstellungen von dem Schauspiel von verbranntem Kaffee, von ins Meer geschütteten Weizen, von in den Boden gepflügten Heringen. Die anderen beginnen von dem entgegengesetzten Ende und sprechen von einer Gesinnungsänderung…. Für diejenigen, die von dem irdischen Ansatzpunkt ausgehen, besteht die Gefahr des Utopismus: sie meinen, man brauche nur das Problem der Verteilung ‐ von Weizen, Kaffee, Aspirin oder Rundfunkgeräten ‐ zu lösen, und alle Probleme des Bösen werden verschwinden. Für diejenigen, die vom entgegengesetzten Ende ausgehen, liegt die Gefahr in der Gleichgültigkeit: sie meinen, man solle die Angelegenheiten der Welt vernachlässigen und soviele Seelen wie möglich aus dem Zusammenbruch retten. Die Weisheit liegt darin, zwischen den beiden Extremen zu vermitteln…. Die Weisheit rät uns, an beiden Enden zugleich anzusetzen.
INTERNATIONAL ASPECTS OF AGRICULTURE
Authors: Peart Rt. Hon. T. F.
Published: November 2008

Recent negotiations for British entry into the E.E.C. and the consequential effects in agriculture are critically examined. Acceptance of the Common Agricultural Policy of the E.E.C. will be a major change, and Britain will have to end a successful post‐war policy enshrined in the 1947 and 1957 Agriculture Acts. Its effects on the British farmer and consumer are examined; also the implications it has on Britain's traditional food suppliers, especially the Commonwealth.

ASPECTS INTERNATIONAUX DE L'AGRICULTURE

L'auteur examine en critique les récentes négociations en vue de l'entrée de la Grande‐Bretagne dans la C.E.E. et les conséquences qui en découleront dans le domaine de l'agriculture. L'acceptation de la politique agricole commune de la C.E.E. va constituer un changement capital et la Grande‐Bretagne devra mettre fin à une politique d'après‐guerre définie aux termes des lois de 1947 et 1957 sur l'Agriculture et qui a réussi. Les effets de ce changement sur l'agriculteur et le consommateur britanniques sont examinés, de même que ses répercussions pour les fournisseurs traditionnels des importations britanniques de produits alimentaires, plus particulièrement le Commonwealth.

INTERNATIONALE ASPEKTE DER LANDWIRTSCHAFT

Kürzlich stattgefundene Verhandlungen über Grossbritanniens Eintritt in die Europäische Wirtschaftsgemeinschaft und die daraus entstehenden Auswirkungen auf die Landwirtschaft werden kritisch geprüft. Die Annahme einer gemeinsamen Agrarpolitik durch die E.W.G. wird eine wesentliche Änderung bedeuten, und Gross‐britannien wird seiner erfolgreichen Agrarpolitik der Nachkriegszeit, die in den Agrarerlassen von 1947 und 1957 eingeschlossen ist, ein Ende setzen müssen. Die Auswirkungen auf den britischen Landwirt und Verbraucher werden untersucht; ebenso die Folgen, die für die traditionellen Nahrungsmittellieferanten Grossbritanniens, insbesondere das Commonwealth, daraus enstehen.
THE RECREATION AND AMENITY VALUE OF THE COUNTRYSIDE
Authors: Phillips Adrian , Roberts Margaret
Published: November 2008

The value of land derives from the direct and indirect uses made of it by people. This paper explores the range of such uses of the countryside, with special emphasis upon its recreation and amenity value; it examines how effectively financial, administrative, and other policies allow these values to be expressed in the way in which farmed and forested land is managed; identifies the main areas of conflict between the different interests; and tentatively suggests ways to make good the deficiences revealed.

VALEUR DES RÉGIONS RURALES EN MATIÈRE RÉCRÉATIVE ET D'AGRÉMENT

La valeur de la terre découle des usages directs ou indirects qu'en font les gens. Ce texte part à la découverte de la gamme étendue des utilisations diverses des campagnes, en s'attachant en particulier à leur valeur du point de vue récréatif et agrément; il examine la mesure dans laquelle les lignes d'action financières, administratives et autres tiennent compte de l'expression effective de ces valeurs dans la façon dont sont organisées et gérées les terres d'exploitation agricole et sylvicole, il détermine les principaux domaines de conflit entre les différents intérêts et suggère avec prudence certaines manières de pallier les défaillances constatées.

DER FREIZEIT ‐ UND ERHOLUNGSWERT DER LANDSCHAFT

Der Wert von Land leitet sich aus dem direkten und indirekten Nutzen, den die Menschen daraus Ziehen, her. Diese Arbeit untersucht den Bereich solcher Nutzungsmöglichkeiten der Landschaft, mit besonderer Betonung von deren Freizeit ‐ und Erholungswert. Sie prüft, inwieweit Finanz‐, Verwaltungs‐ und andere Methoden es praktisch zulassen, dass sich diese Werte in der Art der Verwaltung von land‐ und forstwirtschaftlich genutztem Land ausdrücken lassen; sie umreisst die Hauptgebiete vort Konflikten zwischen den verschie‐denen Interessen; sie schlägt versuchsweise Wege zur Behebung der aufgedeckten Mängel vor.
THE ROLE OF THE ECONOMIST IN RESEARCH FOR THE MEAT AND LIVESTOCK INDUSTRY
Authors: Duckworth Dr. J. E.
Published: November 2008

The basic attribute of the economist, to exercise critical discrimination in cause and effect relationships, is acknowledged, and sophisticated techniques are available to aid analytical or predictive studies. The major problems therefore are in determining short‐term research priorities, organising effective co‐operation between disciplines and research centres and ensuring that the results of research are used in industry. Problem areas in the industry are reviewed to identify potential research projects involving the several specialised branches of economics.

LE RÔLE DE L'ÉCONOMISTE DANS LA RECHERCHE POUR L'INDUSTRIE DE LA VIANDE ET DU BÉTAIL

L'attribut fondamental de l'économiste, qui est d'exercer unjugement critique éclectique sur les relations de cause à effet, est chose admise, et des techniques de pointe ont été conçues pour servir aux études analytiques ou prévisionnelles. Les principaux problèmes consistent donc à déterminer l'ordre prioritaire des recherches à court terme, organiser une collaboration positive entre les disciplines et les établissements de recherche, et s'assurer que les résultats de la recherche soient effectivement utilisés dans l'industrie. L'auteur fait le tour des zones de problèmes dans l'industrie afin de définir des projets de recherche latents faisant intervenir les divers secteurs spécialisés de l'économie.

DIE ROLLE DES VOLKSWIRTS IN DER FORSCHUNG FÜR DIE FLEISCH‐ UND VIEHINDUSTRIE

Die grundlegende Eigenschaft eines Volkswirts, bei Ursache‐ und Wirkungszusammenhängen kritisch zu urteilen, wird allgemein anerkannt, und hochentwickelte Techniken stehen zur Verfügung, um bei analytischen oder Vorhersagestudien zu helfen. Die Haupt‐probleme liegen daher darin, kurzfristige Forschungsprioritäten festzusetzen, eine wirkungsvolle Zusammenarbeit zwischen den Disziplinen und den Forschungszentren zu organisieren und sicherzustellen, dass die Ergebnisse der Forschung in der Industrie genützt werden. Problemkreise in der Industrie werden aufgezeigt, um mögliche Forschungsprojekte zu bestimmen, die mehrere Spezial‐felder der Volkswirtschaft einschliessen.
BRITAIN'S SUGAR DILEMMA*
Authors: Smith Ian
Published: November 2008

Important changes are taking place in Britain's sugar policy as a result of the adoption of the European Community's common sugar regulation. Further changes are likely when these regulations come up for revision in 1975. A firm assurance has been given to developing Commonwealth countries of access for their sugar supplies when the Commonwealth Sugar Agreement comes to an end early in 1975, but the Australian quota is to be gradually phased out over the transitional period for British agriculture. Various proposals have been put forward for changing the balance in Britain's sugar supplies. This article examines these proposals in the light of Britain's accession to the European Community audits continuing commitment to Commonwealth sugar‐exporting countries.

LE PROBLÈME DU SUCRE ‐ LA GRANDE‐BRETAGNE FACE À UN DILEMME

La politique britannique du sucre traverse de profonds bouleversements à la suite de l'adoption de la réglementation commune de la Communauté européenne relative à ce produit. L'on s'attend encore à de nouveaux changements dans cette politique lors de la révision de cette réglementation en 1975. Des assurances fermes ont été données aux pays du Commonwealth en voie de développement concernant l'écoulement de lew sucre lorsque viendra à son terme, au début de 1975, l'Accord du Commonwealth sur le sucre, mais le contingent australien doit disparaître progressivement par étapes durant la période transitoire relative à l'agriculture britannique.

Diverges propositions ont été présentées en vue de modifier l'équilibre dans les approvisionnements de sucre de la Grande‐Bretagne. Le présent article examine ces propositions sous l'angle de l'entrée de la Grande‐Bretagne dans la Communauté européenne et de ses engagements maintenus vis‐à‐vis des pays du Commonwealth exportateurs de sucre.

DAS ZUCKERDILEMMA GROSSBRITANNIENS

Als Folge der Annahme der gemeinsamen Zuckerbestimmungen der Europäischen Gemeinschaft finden in der britischen Zuckerpolitik wichtige Veränderungen statt. Weitere Veränderungen sind wahrscheinlich, wenn diese Bestimmungen 1975 zur Überprüfung anstehen. Den Commonwealth Entwicklungsländern ist eine feste Zusage für den Absatz ihrer Zuckervorräte gegeben worden, wenn das Commonwealth Zuckerabkommen Anfang _ 1975 abläuft, aber die Quote Australiens soll während der Übergangszeit für die britische Landwirtschaft allmählich vollständig abgebaut werden. Verschiedene Vorschläge sind gemacht worden, um das Gleichgewicht des britischen Zuckervorrats zu verändern. Dieser Artikel untersucht diese Vorschläge vor dem Hintergrund des Beitritts Grossbritanniens zur Europaischen Gemeinschaft und auch der weiterhin bestehenden Verpflichtung den Zucker exportierenden Commonwealth Ländern gegenüber.
PRODUCTIVITIES OF FARM FAMILY LABOUR AND HIRED LABOUR
Authors: Kanbur M. G. , Mukerji V.
Published: November 2008

A variety of empirical problems arise in actual estimation of production functions in agriculture. One of these is the measurement of labour input where what is required is a measure of labour actually used in deriving the given production, not a measure of total labour utilised and unutilised, available during the production period. Unless detailed records have been kept by the farmers, the required information may not be available. These comments apply especially to situations where farm family labour and hired labour are employed. If hired labour is a substantial portion of total labour input, it might best be measured in a seprate category to make full use of the more reliable measurements.

PRODUCTIVITY DE LA MAIN‐D'OEUVRE AGRICOLE FAMILIALE ET DE LA MAIN‐D'OEUVRE AGRICOLE SALARIED

L'estimation rielle des fonctions productrices dans V agriculture soulive des problemes empiriques variis. Un de ces probltmes conceme revaluation des fact eurs de travail Id oil Von veut mesurer la main‐d'oeuvre qui a effectivement servi a rialiser un volume de production donni, et non mesurer la main‐d'oeuvre totale, utilisie et non utilisie, disponible durant la piriode de production. A moins que les producteurs agricoles n'aient tenu a ce sujet des registres ditaillis, reformation nicessaire risque d'etre absente. Ces commentaires s'appliquent particuliirement aux entreprises qui emploient aussi bien une main‐d'oeuvre familiale qu'une main‐d'oeuvre salariie. Si cette demiire reprisente une proportion sensible de la totaliti desfacteurs de travail diversis dans f exploitation, il sera souvent preferable de la mesurer sous une catigorie siparie, qfin defaire un usage optimal des mesures plus exactes.

PRODUKTIVITÄTEN VON FARMFAMILIENARBEIT UND LOHNARBEIT

Bei der Schdtzung von Produktionsfunktionen in der Landwirtschaft ergibt sich eine Anzahl empirischer Probleme. Eines davon ist die Messung des Arbeitsinputs, bei dem es ndtig ist, die Arbeit zu messen, die tatsdchlich gebraucht wird, urn die gegebene Produktion zu erhalten, und nicht eine Messung der genutzten und ungenQtzten Arbeit insgesamt, die wdhrend der Produktionsperiode zur VerfQgung steht. Wenn von den Farmem keine ausfuhrlichen Aufzeichnungen gemacht worden sind, ist die erforderliche Information vielleicht nicht verjUgbar. Diese Vberlegungen treffen vor allem aufSituationen zu, in denen Farmfamilienarbeit und Lohnarbeit beschaftigt sind. Falls die Lohnarbeit einen wesentlichen Teil des gesamten Arbeitsinputs ausmacht, sollte sie vielleicht am besten in einer gesonderten Kategorie gemessen werden, um die zuverlassigeren Messungen auszunutzen.
THE AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT AND ADVISORY SERVICE
Authors: Helme W. H.
Published: November 2008

This paper describes the Agricultural Development and Advisory Service and its role within the organisation provided by the State to give support to farmers in Engalnd and Wales.

Consideration is given to the factors leading up to the decisio to set up A.D.A.S. to replance the previous organisations and to the way in which the service is implementing its terms of reference.

LE SERVICE DE CONSULTATION ET DE DÉVELOPPEMENT AGRICOLES

Cet article dèrit le Service de consultation et de dèveloppement agricoles et son rǒle dans l'organisation mise en place par l'Etat pour aider les agriculteurs de l'Angleterre et du Pays de Galles.

L'autew examine notamment les facteurs qui ont conduit á la dècision de crèer ce Service en remplacement des organismes prècèdents ainsi que la façon dont le nouvel organisme remplit les attributions qui lui ont ètè confièes.

DER LANDWIRTSCHAFTLICHE ENTWICKLUNGS ‐ UND BERATUNGSDIENST

Dieser Artikel beschreibt den landwirtschaftlichen Entwicklungs und Beratungsdienst und seine Rolle innerhalb der Organisation, die vom Staat geschaffen wurde, urn Farmern in England und Wales zu helfen.

Die Gründe, die zu der Entscheidung fünrten, A.D.A.S. zu gründen und die früheren Organisationen zu ersetzen, werden aufgezeigt, und die Art, me der Dienst seine Leitsätze verwirklicht, wird beschrieben.
PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH IN AGRICULTURE: A MEASUREMENT FRAMEWORK
Authors: Lingard J. , Rayner A. J.
Published: November 2008

This paper is concerned with the theoretical principles underlying the difinition and meadurenent of productiovity growth in agriculture. In particular, a measurement framework is put forward which identifies productivity growth as increased efficiency in the transformation of inputs into output via the production function. The framework is also utilised in an examination of the meaning to be attached to two conventional arthmetic ‘productivity indices: the arithmetic labour productivity index and the arithmetic, price‐weighted, totol factor productivity index.

The measurement of productivity change and the interptetation of its behaviour at the microeconomic and macroeconomic levels require the untangling of many complex factors: it is a task that has been a major challenge to economists and of extreme interest to entrepreneurs and Government policy‐makers.’ Nadiri (1970).

CROISSANCE DE PRODUCTIVITÈ DANS L'AGRICULTURE: UN CADRE DE MESURAGE

Cet article est consacrè aux principes thèoriques sur lesqueb reposent la dèfinition et le mesurage de la croissance de la productivitè agricole et traite plus particuliérement de la prèsentation d'un cadre d'èvahta‐tion qui dèfinit la croissance de productivitè comme l'efficaciti accrue dans la transformation desfacteurs en rèsultats au moyen de la fonction de production. Ce cadre est aussi utilisè pour examiner la signification á attacher á deux indices de ‘productivitè’ aritkmètiques classiques, á savoir, l'indice arithmètique de productivitè de la main‐d'oeuvre et l'indice arithmètique, pondèrè sur les prix, desfacteurs de productivitè totaux.

PRODUKTIVITÄSWACHSTUM IN DER LANDWIRTSCHAFT: EIN RAHMENWERK ZUR MESSUNG

Dieser Artikel beschäftigt sich mit den theoretischen Grundsätzen, die der Definition una der Messung des Produktivitätswachstums in der Landwirtschaft zugrunde liegen. Insbesondere wird ein Rahmen‐werk zur Messung beschrieben, das das Produktivitätswachstum als zunehmende Effizienz bei der Transformation von Input in Output gemäss der Produktionsfunktion bestimmt. Das Rahmenwerk wird aucft zur Untersuchung der Bedeutung benützt, die zwei konventio‐nellen arithmetischen ‘Produktivitäts’‐Indices beigemessen wird: dem arithmetischen Arbeitsproduktivitätsindex und dem arithmetischen preisgewichteten totalen Faktorproduktivitätsindex.
A THEORETICAL AND EMPIRICAL APPROACH TO FISHERIES ECONOMICS
Authors: Tomkins Judith M. , Butlin J. A.
Published: November 2008

The paper presents a simple model to represent the commercial exploitation of the fishery as a common‐property resource. It is shown that under normal competitive conditions long‐run equilibrium in the fishery will be inefficient and may result in serious depletion of the fish stock itself. The policy implicaitons of the theory are that the fishery must be appropriated, preferably by the government, so that entry to the fishery can be restricted and exploitation maintained at the ‘optimal’ level. In the final section of the paper, estimates are made of the relationships derived from the theoretical model in order to investigate the economic efficiency and biological viability of the Manx Herring fishery.

UNE APPROCHE THÉORIQUE ET EMPIRIQUE DE L'ÈCONOMIE DES PĚCHES

Ce texte est consacri á la prèsentation d'un modéle simple destinèá reprèsenter l'exploitation commerciale de la pěche comme une ressource sous propriètè commune. Il nous montre que, dans une conjoncture concurrentieile normale, l'èquilibre á long terme dans le secteur des pěches sera inefficace et risque d'aboutir á une sèrieuse dèprèciation du stock de poisson lui‐měme. L'implication politique de la thèorie prèsentèe est qu'il faut placer les pěches sous propriètè, de prèfèrence sous celle de l'Etat, de maniére á pouvoir restreindre lew accés et maintenir lew exploitation au niveau optimal. Dans la derniére section de ce texte, nousfaisons l'estimation des rapports dècoulant du modèle thèorique afin d'ètudier l'efficaciti èconomique et la viabilitè biologique des pěcheries Manx Herring.

EINE THEORETISCHE UND EMPIRISCHE BETRACHTUNG DER FISCHEREI‐WIRTSCHAFT

In dem Artikel beschreiben wir ein einfaches Modell, das die kom‐merzielle Nutzung der Fischerei als eine Gemeineigentumressowce darstellt. Es wird gezeigt, dass das langfristige Gleichgewicht in der Fischerei unter normalen Wettbewerbsbedingutigen unzulänglich ist und möglicherweise eine ernste Erschöpfung des Fischvorkommens selbst bewirken kann. Die Implikationen fur das theoretische Vorgehen besagen, dass die Fischerei übernommen werden muss, vorzugsweise von der Regierung, so dass der Zugang zw Fischerei beschränkt und die Nutzung aufeinem ‘optimalen’ Niveau gehalten werden kann. lm Schlussteil des Artikels schdtzen wir Veräaltnisse, die aus dem theoretischen Modell abgeleitet werden, urn die wirt‐schaftliche Effizienz und die hiologische Lebensfähigkeit der Manx Heringsfischerei zu untersuchen.
BRITAIN'S SUGAR DILEMMA: A REPLY
Authors: Smith Ian
Published: November 2008

University of Newcastle upon Tyne
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS PROFESSION IN ENGLAND
Authors: Coats A. W.
Published: November 2008

An historical sketch of the professionalisation of agricultural economics since the mid‐1920s placing special emphasis on the close links between government and universities, the pioneering role of the Ministry of Agriculture's economists during the inter‐war years, and their changing post‐war status and functions as compared with other economists in Whitehall. Other topics considered include the composition and functions of the Agricultural Economics Society, recent academic trends in agricultural economics, and the implications of the current crisis in economics for the future of the discipline.
THE A.E.S.: A COMMENTARY ON ITS PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE
Authors: Giles A. K.
Published: November 2008

This commentary, written during the Society's fiftieth anniversary year, describes its origins and early activities and traces the evolution of its Conferences and the Journal of Agricultural Economics. It comments on the professional and non‐professional achievements of the Society to date, and briefly, considers the future. Emphasis is given to the Society itself rather than to individual members although a series of appendices list many of the individuals who have been especially involved in the conduct of the Society's affairs.
The early Development of Cost‐Benefit Analysis
Authors: Pingle Gautam
Published: November 2008

This paper seeks to establish the antecedents of cost‐benefit analysis. It is shown that the earliest applied work was attempted in the late eighteenth century in Scotland, and that methodological sophistication was reached by studies carried out by British officials in India by the mid‐nineteenth century. Then, as now, the main raison d'etre of cost‐benefit analysis, as practised, has been aimed at justifying projects rather than as a tool of investment planning.

LES PREMIÈRES APPARITIONS DE L'ANALYSE DES COǓTS ET RENDEMENTS

Cet article cherche à établir les étapes précises de la genèse de l' analyse des coǔts et rendements. II constate que c'est vers la fin du I8e siècle, en Ecosse, qu'est tentée pour la première fois une application de cette analyse et c'est vers le milieu du dix‐neuvième siècle que cette analyse atteint un véritable niveau de raffinement méthodo‐logique, dans des études faites par des fonctionnaires de L'Administration britannique en Inde. A cette époque, comme aujourd'hui, la principale raison d'ětre de L'Analyse des coǔts et rendements, telle qu'on la pratique, visait à établir le bien‐fondé de projets plutǒt qu' à servir d'instrument dans les plans d'investissement.

DIE FRÜHE ENTWICKLUNG DER KOSTEN‐BENEFIT‐ANALYSE

Dieser Artikel versucht das frühe Bestehen von Kosten‐Benefit‐Analysen nachzuweisen. Es wird gezeigt, dass die erste Anwendung im späten 18. Jahrhundert in Schottland versucht wird und dass methodologische Feinheiten in Studien, die von britischen Beamten in Indien Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts aufgestellt wurden, erreicht waren. Damals und jetzt zielt der Hauptzweck der Kosten‐Benefit‐Analyse in ihrer Handhabung darauf, Projekte zu rechtfertigen und nicht ein Werkzeug der Investitionsplanung zu sein.
The First export Monopoly Control Board
Authors: Capie Forrest
Published: November 2008

The New Zealand Meat Producers' Board was established in 1922 as the first export monopoly board and this article traces its origins and examines its activities in the early years of trading. An assessment is made of the Board's contribution to producers' returns within a general framework laid down for marketing boards. It aimed at rationalising collection and distribution, lowering transport costs both internally and to overseas markets, at reduced killing, selling, and insurance charges and at raising demand for the product. The evidence, though often difficult to evaluate, suggests that it was moderately successful in certain of these areas.

LE PREMIER OFFICE DE CONTRǑLE MONOPOLISTE DES EXPORTATION S

L' Office des producteurs de viande de Nouvelle‐Zélande fut créé en 1922 en tant que premier office de monopole des exportatiom.

Cet article retrace ses origines et examine ses activités dans les premières années de commerce extérieur et évalue le poids de son rǒle les résultats commerciaux des producteurs dans un cadre général défini, applicable aux offices de commercialisation.

Le but de l' Office monopoliste étudié était de rationaliser la collecte et la distribution, abaisser les frais de transport tant a l'intérieur que vers les marches d'exportation, réduire les frais d'abattage, de vente et d'assurances et susciter une augmentation de la demande.

Les constatations, bien qu'elles soient souvent difficiles à évaluer, permettent de conclure à un succès modéré de cet Office dans certains de ces domaines.

DIE ERSTE BEHÖRDE ZUR KONTROLLE VON EXPORTMONOPOLEN

Die Neuseeländer Behörde für Fleischproduzenten wurde 1922 als erste Exportmonopolbehörde gegründet, und dieser Artikel be‐schreibt ihren Ursprung und untersucht ihre Tätigkeiten in den frühen Handelsjahren. Eine Beurteilung des Beitrags der Behörde für die Erträge der Produzenten wird innerhalb eines Rahmenwerkes, das für die Marketingbehörden aufgestellt wurde, gemacht. Es zielte auf die Rationalisierung der Abholung und Verteilung, auf die Senkung der Transportkosten sowohl auf den internen als auch auf den überseeischen Märkten, auf die Minderung der Schlacht‐, Verkaufs‐und Versicherungsgebühren und auf die Erhöhung der Nachfrage nach diesen Produkten. Obwohl das Beweismaterial oft schwierig zu evaluieren ist, scheint es doch zu zeigen, dass in einigen dieser Gebiete ein mässiger Erfolg zu verzeichnen war.
DIRECT ESTIMATION OF GAIN ISOQUANTS: AN APPLICATION TO BEEF PRODUCTION*
Authors: Bhide Shanshanka , Epplin Francis , Heady Earl O. , Melton Bryan E.
Published: November 2008

The instrumental variables procedure was used to directly estimate beef gain corn silage‐concentrate commodity isoquants. Time on feed equations were also estimated and used along with the isoquants in three economic decision models.

The analysis was based on data from a three‐year feeding experiment which included 278 yearling steers composed primarily of Angus and Hereford breeding. The estimates suggest that the isoquant is concave to the origin over a range of corn silage‐concentrate combinations. In general, the decision models select either the full corn silage ration or one which contains a minimal amount of roughage.

ESTIMATION DIRECTE DES ISOQUANTS DE GAIN APPLIQUéE à LA PRODUCTION BOVINE.

Le processus des variables instrumentales a été utilisé pour l'estimation directe des isoquants de gain avec l'emploi de fourrages ensilés et produits concentrés dans la production bovine. Dans trois modèles de décisions économiques on s'est servi aussi, avec les isoquants, des résultats d'équations tempsrations.

L'analyse reposait sur les données résultant d'une expérience de trois ans portant sur I'alimentation de 278 jeunes bovins d'un an, pour la plupart des races Angus et Hereford. Les estimations indiquent que l'isoquant est concave par rapport à l'origine sur plusieurs combinaisons de fourrages ensilés et produits concentrés. En géneral, les modèles de décision sélectionnent soi une ration entière de céréales ensilées, soit une ration contenant un montant minimal de fourrages grossiers.

EINE DIREKTE SCHüTZUNG VON ZUNAHMEISOQUANTEN: EINE ANWENDUNG AUF DIE RINDFLEISCHPRODUKTION.

Das instrumentale Variablenverfahren wurde zur direkten Schützung der Zunahmeisoquanten von Rindern durch Kornsilokonzentratsmittel benützt. Gleichungen für die Fütterzeiten wurden auch geschützt und zusammen mit den Isoquanten in drei volkswirtschaftlichen Entscheidungsmodellen benützt.

Die Analyse stützte sich auf Datenmaterial von einem dreijührigen Fütterexperiment von 278 Jührlingsstieren, hauptsüchlich Angus‐ und Herefordstiere. Die Schützungen deuten darauf hin, daß die Isoquante konkav zum Ursprung über einen Bereich von Kombinationen von Kornsilokonzentraten ist. Im allgemeinen wühlen die Entscheidungsmodelle entweder die voile Kornsiloration oder eine, die eine Minimalmenge an grober Nahrung enthült.
AGRICULTURAL PROCESSING INDUSTRIES IN THE INTERNATIONAL DIVISION OF LABOUR*
Authors: Cornelisse P. A. , Bishay F. , Cohen S. I. , Terhai P.
Published: November 2008

Agricultural processing industries are sometimes recommended as being particularly suitable for industrialisation programmes in developing countries. In this article, however, it is argued that such a general statement does not appear to be warranted. In a short survey some of the criteria are first discussed by which suitability of agro‐processing industries can be judged. It is concluded that the contribution to development objectives of some feasible sub‐sectors can easily be overestimated. It also appears that the wide disparity of characteristics of sub‐sectors that belong to the category of agricultural processing industries necessitate careful examination of individual sub‐sectors before judgement as to their attractiveness for developing countries is pronounced. In order to illustrate this point evaluations of the cocoa and leather industries are briefly discussed.
TAXES, INVESTMENT INCENTIVES AND THE COST OF AGRICULTURAL INPUTS
Authors: Traill Bruce
Published: November 2008

This paper examines the effects of taxes and investment incentives on relative capital/labour costs on farms of different sizes. Income tax relief reduces the cost of purchased non‐capital inputs to farmers, while investment incentives reduce the cost of capital items. A framework is developed for calculating the relative magnitudes of these effects and it is shown that capital costs have been reduced relative to labour costs throughout the post‐war period in the U.K. and on large farms (paying a higher tax rate) more than on small farms.
PERVERSE SUBSTITUTION RELATIONSHIPS IN DEMAND STUDIES: THE EXAMPLE OF BUTTER AND MARGARINE
Authors: Pitts Eamonn , Herlihy Patrick
Published: November 2008

Econometric analyses of demand for butter in a number of countries have produced results which appeared to conflict with expectations. Specifically the sign of the co‐efficient for margarine price was negative rather than the positive sign expected with a presumed substitute product.

Gollnick (1954), who was the first econometrician to meet this problem, advanced the hypothesis of a constant fat budget to explain the paradox. Among other works which reported similar paradoxical results were Hesse (1967), Wierenga (1968 and 1974), Oskam and Wierenga (1974), Upton and Wittenberg (1974) and Vertessen (1979). The markets studied were Germany, Netherlands and Belgium.

In this paper we discuss the Gollnick hypothesis (it appears to have been ignored in English language economic journals), explore its mathematical implications, present some recent results which appear to support it and discuss whether the hypothesis might be valid for other products.
THE BENEFITS TO THE ACP COUNTRIES OF THE EEC‐ACP EXPORT EARNINGS STABILISATION SCHEME
Authors: Jenkins T. N.
Published: November 2008

This paper examines the potential impact of the ‘Stabex’ scheme of the Lomé Convention on the economies of the individual African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) countries which it is intended to benefit. Data on these countries' export dependence, on the nature of their exports, and on the markets for their exports are used to derive an index of potential benefit from a ‘Stabex’‐type scheme to the export sector and to the economy of each beneficiary.

Such analysis provides no evidence that ‘Stabex’ is likely to be of most benefit to the relatively more advanced ACP economies, and lends little support to the view that it especially benefits the least prosperous, but guidelines are provided as to the direction the scheme might take in the future to improve the potential benefit to the ACP States.
NORTH AND SOUTH: PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS
Authors: Allen G. R.
Published: November 2008

The limited progress made by the developing countries in securing a New International Economic Order is reviewed, noting “excuses” made by developed countries for lukewarm support or even opposition. Official development aid is defended as a necessary, second best, policy, given trade restrictions by developed countries. It should be greatly enlarged, especially if developing countries would be willing to accept tighter conditions to ensure its economic effectiveness. The remainder of the paper argues the case for a reassessment of the damage done by developed to developing countries by protectionist policies and reviews two controversial areas in the economic analysis of developing economies—rural income distribution and impact of multinational corporations.
MANAGEMENT AGREEMENTS: A TOOL FOR CONSERVATION
Authors: Leonard Patrick
Published: November 2008

Multiple land use management for agriculture, conservation and other objectives is a generally accepted goal. Where land use change is economically beneficial to the landowner and damages conservation values, conflicts arise. Management agreements are one means of resolving such conflicts but they must be set within a better development, policy, information and management framework. Land acquisition by conservation bodies and tax exemptions are alternative means of achieving the same objectives. Few management agreements have yet been negotiated but the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 gives them a central place in resolving such conflicts in the future. Devising equitable methods of financial compensation will be the key to the success of management agreements in resolving land use conflicts.
THE INCREASING IMPORTANCE OF ECONOMICS IN FISHERIES REGULATION
Authors: Cunningham Stephen
Published: November 2008

In the past, management of marine fisheries has concentrated largely on biological matters, but a cursory glance at any major fishery reveals that such an approach has not been successful. This article considers the fundamentally economic control techniques which might be used to improve the economic (and biological) condition of the world's fisheries. The principal alternatives are regulation by taxation, licensing or some kind of property rights system, and the merits and demerits of each measure are analysed. It is concluded that a property rights system appears to hold the most promise for improved fisheries management in the future.
THE FUTURE SIZE OF FARMS: MODELLING THE EFFECT OF CHANGE IN LABOUR AND MACHINERY
Authors: Walford Nigel
Published: November 2008

The response to the increase in average farm size in England in recent decades, particularly by those with a concern for the rural landscape, has been to pose the question: how much bigger can farms become?

This paper contributes to the discussion of this question by examining how different combinations of land, labour and capital and/or improvements in these resources can lead to the formation of large farms. Two models are constructed representing different cropping systems and Linear Programming is employed to test for the effect of variation in the quantity and characteristics of labour and machinery. The data used in the models were derived from random sampling among the large, arable farms of the South and East of England.

‘Big scale farming in England still remains to be tried’. (Orwin, 1930).
GLOBAL MEDITERRANEAN POLICY IMPLICATIONS IN VIEW OF THE NEW EEC ENLARGEMENT
Authors: Koliris Panos D.
Published: November 2008

The long expected new enlargement of the Community to include Spain and Portugal will undoubtedly affect existing trade arrangements of the EEC with the south and south‐eastern countries of the Mediterranean basin. After examining the economic, political and strategic importance of the Mediterranean area to the Community, the paper suggests two approaches to reforming and strengthening the external Mediterranean policy of EEC‐12: first, a short‐term piecemeal approach to protect the sensitive areas of Mediterranean export trade, and second, a longer‐term policy concept that will gradually lead to a new division of labour between the EEC and its Mediterranean trade partners.
HERD STRUCTURE AND MILK SUPPLY RESPONSE
Authors: Buckwell Allan
Published: November 2008

Research on milk supply response has previously concentrated on changes in the national herd and changes in yield. It is argued that this does not provide a sound foundation for understanding the secular increase in milk output given generally declining real milk prices. A recent theory of farm size is outlined and adapted to explain changes in dairy herd size. The herd size determinants are the relative costs of labour and capital. The theory is used to specify equations which are estimated to explain changes in the number of herds, the average size of herds, and yields in England and Wales 1964–1982.
EVALUATION OF HAITIAN AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT WITH THE USE OF PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS
Authors: Ward Ronald W. , Zahalka Ahmad
Published: November 2008

Considerable experimental agricultural development efforts have been undertaken in Haiti (Zurekas, 1978, pp. 80–120). Many of the Haitian programmes have been directed toward development through intensive extension efforts with the primary purpose of providing local producers with improved production and management techniques. Frequently such experiments are localised and designed to emphasise the development methods while giving less consideration to evaluating the overall project performance. The Haitian Bas Boen region development project is a case in point (Prires, 1978, p. 76). In this paper the Bas Boen project is considered with the primary objective to show the relationship between production responses to intensive agricultural development programmes. A statistical technique using principal components is used to link production responses to those inputs changed through the extension efforts.
ECONOMICS, POLITICS AND POTATOES‐THE CHANGING ROLE OF THE POTATO MARKETING BOARD IN GREAT BRITAIN
Authors: Marsh Professor J. S.
Published: November 2008

This paper describes briefly arrangements for marketing potatoes in Great Britain. It discusses the ways in which the Potato Marketing Board has sought to influence the market and argues that in current circumstances it cannot insulate British growers from the effects of trade within the European Community. It may now be appropriate to look towards modified forms of operation in order to help the industry to compete.
ADOPTION OF MODERN VARIETIES AND FERTILIZER USE ON RICE IN THE EASTERN TARAI OF NEPAL
Authors: Shakya Padma B. , Flinn J. C.
Published: November 2008

Factors influencing the adoption of MV (modern variety) rices and fertilizer in the Tarai of southeastern Nepal were examined through multivariate probit (varietal adoption) and tobit (fertilizer adoption and use rates) regression models. This study reaffirms the finding that the adoption of modern rice technology is highest where irrigation exists. Tenure status and access to credit were significantly related to varietal adoption but family and farm size and the operator's education were not. Similar variables, in addition to fertilizer price, influenced the probability of fertilizer adoption and use rates on rice.
A SYNTHETIC MODEL OF AGRICULTURAL SUPPLY
Authors: Robinson G. N.
Published: November 2008

Over the past twenty‐five years there have been important theoretical developments in the supply literature. Each has examined the likely impact on supply of introducing doses of realism into the standard neoclassical model. These have been administered for the most part independently, with the consequence that, though each has illuminated a single aspect of supply, no overall perspective has emerged. This essay seeks to provide a coherent and comprehensive framework of analysis and develops an estimatable model of supply within this framework.
THE MILK MARKETING BOARD'S AWARD SCHEME FOR STUDY IN AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS
Authors: Dexter Keith , Williams Roland
Published: November 2008

This article sets out the background and general record of operation of the Milk Marketing Board Awards Scheme in Agricultural Economics since its inception in 1955. Over 100 awards have been given and holders were selected from nearly 1,300 applications. The process of selection is analysed in some detail. It is suggested that the work of award holders is a reflection of the general directions of interest in postgraduate studies in the subject and that the analysis of subsequent careers provides an indicator of the demand for the services of those trained in Agricultural Economics.
PROJECT IMPACT MONITORING: A MISNOMER
Authors: Lai K. C.
Published: November 2008

The overall record of monitoring and evaluation activities relating to agricultural and rural development projects has been unimpressive. In taking stock of the situation, particular attention must focus on the relevance and place of impact assessment activities. It is suggested that disqualification of the notion, as well as future references to, terms such as impact monitoring, would be beneficial. Whilst certain analytical studies concurrent with project imple‐mentation would be necessary, these should not be tantamount to impact evaluation, which has its own time and place. Towards greater clarity on this aspect, a redefinition of the current evaluation terminology is called for. Finally, a number of neglected areas essential for improving monitoring's role in project management are reviewed.
FAMILY AND EMPLOYMENT IN AGRICULTURE: RECENT CHANGES IN FRANCE
Authors: Blanc Michel
Published: November 2008

This paper examines changes which have occurred in agricultural employment in France during the last two decades. It focuses on family employment since nowadays farm families provide more than half of the labour supply of the industry, as in nearly all the developed countries. The reasons behind the variation in the annual rate of decline in agricultural employment are split into two sets of factors: alterations in the age structure of the farm population, and modifications in the tendency to enter and leave farming in each age group. In respect of the later, the varied consequences of the occurrence of the economic crisis are discussed, together with the effects of deep sociological changes, especially in the relationships between members of the farm family.
FARMER AND FARM CONCEPTS IN MEASURING ADOPTION LAGS
Authors: Mueller R. A. E. , Jansen H. G. P.
Published: November 2008

Conventional definitions of the time to adoption of an innovation do not consider whether a potential adopter already had decision‐making responsibilities at the time the innovation became available. Data from a pest management survey conducted in India are used to evaluate empirically an alternative definition that takes into account when farmers assumed decision‐making responsibilities.
CHANGES IN CEREAL PRODUCTION AND YIELD VARIABILITY ON FARMS IN SOUTH EAST ENGLAND
Authors: Webster J. P. G. , Williams N. T.
Published: November 2008

Data from 16 wheat growers and 18 barley growers in South East England were investigated for changes in variability of production and yield between the periods 1964‐74 and 1975‐84. Sixteen per cent of the increase in variability of wheat production was due to changes in yield variances and covariances. The increase in variability of barley production was not statistically significant. Variability of yield increased for both wheat and barley. Wheat yields became more positively correlated between farms, but barley yields did not. The results for wheat were consistent with the hypothesis of an increase in the number of controlled factors in the production process. Particularly important was thought to be the use of fungicides in the control of many cereal diseases. Increased heterogeneity of the barley crop may have contributed to the decline in the number of between‐farm correlations for that crop.
A FRENCH PERSPECTIVE ON SUPPLY CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT
Authors: Boussard J. M.
Published: November 2008

The special nature of agricultural production implies many possibilities of market failure in equating supply and demand. Government interventions have aimed at correcting their most obvious effects, but do not take into account the absence of economies of scale, nor the major role of uncertainty in driving producer decisions in this sector. Over‐production, as well as shortages (of staple foods in many developing countries), have followed. So‐called ‘structural’ policies are not much help, because their cost is too high, being of the same order of magnitude as the value of the commodities they are supposed to regulate. A generalized system of quotas could possibly be considered, although there exist few grounds to fix the target quantity at national level.
A MULTI‐PRODUCT MULTI‐INPUT COST FUNCTION ANALYSIS OF NORTHERN IRELAND AGRICULTURE, 1955–85
Authors: Glass J. C. , McKillop D. G.
Published: November 2008

A multi‐product, multi‐input translog cost function is used to investigate the structure of Northern Ireland agriculture. The two‐output four‐input cost model utilizes duality theory to facilitate econometric measurement of partial elasticities of substitution between inputs for each year, the annual own‐ and cross‐price elasticities of input demand, the annual overall scale economy parameter, and the annual rate of Hicks‐neutral technical change. It also permits an assessment of cost complementarity between the two outputs. The results obtained are compared with a similar, earlier study (Ray, 1982) on United States agriculture, and with descriptive analyses of Northern Ireland agriculture.