bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Josianic Reporms: A New Place For The Promise
Authors: Schniedewind William M
Published: November 2023

The rising tide of the Assyrian empire transformed the Near East as a whole and along with it, the tiny Judaean state. A series of cultural revolutions followed in Assyria’s wake. These began with urbanization. The social structure of Judah shifted away from the countryside toward cities. The Assyrian empire would integrate Judah for the first time into a world economy, with all the attendant exposure to foreign cultures. It is hardly surprising within this social upheaval and cultural invasion that the seventh century in Judah was marked by a proliferation of religious movements that culminated in a conservative backlash-namely, the Josianic religious reforms. The task of the present chapter, then, is to describe the social fabric of the late seventh century, as revealed by archaeological and literary sources to properly assess the Josianic Reformation in general and then the reception and transmission of the Promise to David in particular.
In Peksia’s Shadow: Restoring the Promise
Authors: Schniedewind William M
Published: November 2023

The edict of Cyrus ushered in a new era in the religion, literature, and history of the Jewish people. The Jewish exiles were allowed to return to their ancestral homeland. They were allowed to rebuild their temple. On the extreme periphery of the Persian empire, the returnees joined those who had remained in the land and attempted to restore the Jewish people and their heritage. In the early period of Persian rule, Yehud was an obscure province in a remote part of the empire, but the rise of the Greeks, along with revolts in Egypt, cast a spotlight on Yehud. A second wave of Jewish returnees, which included Ezra and Nehemiah, coincided with this closer Persian oversight of Yehud. These events form the backdrop for rewriting the story of the Jewish people, with the Promise to David as a central theme.
Second Temple Judaisms Read the Promise
Authors: Schniedewind William M
Published: November 2023

The exile scattered the Jewish people throughout the ancient world, and although a significant number returned and resettled in Palestine, the Diasporas remained the majority.’ One constant of Jewish identity both inside and outside Palestine was the Jerusalem temple. In this last chapter, we examine Jewish reception and transmission of the Promise to David within the Hellenistic and Roman world.
The Public Unconscious
Authors: North Michael
Published: November 2023

AT The Beginning Of Psychoanalysis and the Unconscious, the first of two psychological tracts he published in 1921 and 1922, D. H. Lawrence sarcastically declared Freudian psychoanalysis to be “a public danger.”1 Lawrence meant in part that widespread acceptance of Freudian tenets seemed to threaten a certain kind of conventional morality, and in that belief he was hardly alone. At about the same time, Dr. Leon Gorodiche denounced Freudianism as “a pretext for licentious mental intercourse;’ and several metropolitan dailies in the United States blamed Freud for an increase in suicides, supposedly due to excessive introspection.2 Certain bizarre scandals, including the one surrounding a so-called “psychic tea” held in New York in April, guaranteed that whatever danger psychoanalysis might pose would quickly be made public.3 But Lawrence, hardly a proponent of conventional morality himself, was more concerned that apparent license was simply concealing a different kind of conformity: “The mob was on the alert. The Oedipus complex was a household word, the incest motive became a commonplace of tea-table chat. Amateur analysis became the vogue.”4 Psychoanalysis had become, in the words of the New York Evening World, “our most popular science;’5 a development that was, to Lawrence at least, offensively paradoxical. The science that seemed to put so much emphasis on the inner workings of the individual had become the focus of intense public attention, and the unconscious had become, mainly by virtue of its supposed inaccessibility, almost ubiquitous.
Introduction
Authors: Wong Hertha D Sweet
Published: November 2023

Since N. Scott Momaday’s novel House Made of Dawn was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Literature in 1969, fiction by Native North American writers has become increasingly popular with both general readers and academics. The first wave of writers linked with what literary critic Kenneth Lincoln has labeled the Native American Renaissance includes Momaday, Leslie Marmon Silko, Gerald Vizenor, and James Welch. Foremost among writers in what might be considered a second wave is Louise Erdrich. She is a gifted poet and essayist, but she is best known for her fiction and the collaboration with her late husband, Michael Dorris (see bibliography).
From the Time Immemorial Native American Traditions in Contemporary Short Fiction
Authors: Jaskoski Helen
Published: November 2023

Contemporary Native Americ: AN fiction concerns itself with a kind of cultural borderland, where lines between ethnic groups are drawn, denied, defied, and proudly distinguished. Sometimes the lines are territorial, involving geographic boundaries. More often they are psychological, economic, and linguistic-distinguished by separateness and often misunderstanding of custom and worldview.
Louise Erdrich’s Love Medicine Narrative Communities and the Short Story Cycle
Authors: Wong Hertha D Sweet
Published: November 2023

Lo u Is E E Ro RI c H ‘ s Love Medicine (1984)1 is most often classified as a novel. In fact, if we have any doubts about its genre, the title page informs us: “Love Medicine: A Novel by Louise Erdrich.” When asked what they thought about the fact that some reviewers of the “novel” insisted on labeling it a “collection of short stories,” Erdrich and her husband-collaborator Michael Dorris were not particularly interested in the topic. “It’s a novel in that it all moves toward some sort of resolution,” explained Erdrich. “It has a large vision that no one of the stories approaches,” added Dorris.2 In addition, even though half of the fourteen chapters of the first edition had been published previously as short stories in literary journals or popular magazines, Erdrich and Dorris insisted that they had adapted these individual stories significantly in order to create, extend, or enhance thematic, structural, and other literary connections.3 Erdrich, who describes herself as “a person who thought in terms of stories and poems and short-things,” credits Dorris’s influence for how the “book became a novel.”4 “By the time readers get half-way through the book,” noted Dorris, “it should be clear to them that this is not an unrelated, or even a related, set of short stories, but parts of a larger scheme” (Wong, 212). Length, an expansive vision, and some sense of unity seem to inform their notion of what constitutes a novel.
Reading “North” and “South”: Issues of Comparative Reading and the Classical Poetry of South Asia
Authors: Selby Martha Ann
Published: November 2023

I have already alluded to some major differences in the ways in which Tamil, Sanskrit, and Prā krit love poems have been read and understood by “competent” readers, that is, by readers of poetry who have “internalized the grammar of literature,” permitting them to “convert linguistic sequences into literary structures and meanings.”1 In the next few pages, I will delineate in far greater detail some of the more fundamental differences in various reading processes in these three literary traditions. Specifically, I will compare what I identified above as the three most important critical notions of these genres, namely, tin ai, rasa, and dhvani. The comparisons will be based on what readers have to know when they read classical poems and on how they should ideally process information in poetry. I will begin with brief summaries and comparisons of some of the most basic principles of Sanskrit and Tamil poetics. These comparisons will cast into high relief some fundamental differences in the elements crucial to the composition and interpretation of classical poems.
Young Women Speak to Their Female Friends "Like an image on a Mirror,My Pain Will Not Enter Him"
Authors: Selby Martha Ann
Published: November 2023

In the forty poems in this chapter, the speaker is, in every case, an unmarried girl who speaks to her girlfriend or friends about her romantic relationship. Poems 7.1-7.7 depict an array of lovesick heroines-the speakers have fallen madly in love with men whom they have seen or made love to in secret. In the case of poem 7.5, the lovers have missed a previously arranged assignation. The Sanskrit poems and the single Prakrit gatha in this group are classified as poems evoking vipralambha·srngara-rasa, or the mood of love in separation, whereas all the Tamil poems are set in the kurinci context, that of clandestine love in union, highlighting the different ways in which readers have traditionally understood and categorized the pains and pleasures of falling in love in these traditions (see chapter 2 above). Poems 7.8-7.18 are spoken by women who have more mature relationships with their men. They speak with great confidence, enthusiastically praise love itself, and even boast of the deepness of their passion. According to commentator Gaiigadharabhaga, poem 7.8 is spoken by a woman “in order to make known the extraordinary nature of her own passion,” so we are to understand it as a boast rather than as a sad complaint. Like poem 7.8, poem 7.15 is also a Prakrit gatha, Gangadharabhatta understands this highly unusual poem about sati in the following way. His headnote reads:
Friends Carry Messages to the Lovers "Now Aren't You Afraid of the Spear in Her Father's Hand?"
Authors: Selby Martha Ann
Published: November 2023

The twenty poems in this chapter build on the various contexts depicted in chapters 7 and 8-the lovers have asked their friends to act as go-betweens to carry messages for them. The poems grouped here represent a tangled constellation of communication: 9.1-9.16 depict a variety of situations in which the confidantes of young, unmarried women carry messages to their lovers (or would-be lovers). This section opens with a highly unusual poem from the Tamil anthology Narrinai in which the confidante tries to discourage a persistent man from courting a girl who is from a lower social class. The anonymous author has drawn richly from elements found commonly in the neytal landscape, that of the seashore,the context of emotional discord and lament. Poems 9.2-9.6, all Prakritgatha, are superb examples of a witty confidante who artfully praises her young friend's extraordinary beauty in the man's presence (9.4-9.6;see my exegesis of poem 9.5 in chapter 1).
Young Men Speak to Their Male Friends "Suddenly She Showed Me Favor with a Tear"
Authors: Selby Martha Ann
Published: November 2023

This small cluster of eleven poems shows men conversing with their peers in various modes and for various reasons. This chapter opens with an exquisite and moving example from the Tamil anthology Kuruntokdi, set in the kurinci context, that of love in union. The man has fallen in love with a young girl, and they have met and have made love in secret in the forest. According to U.Ve. Caminataiyar, the man's companion has ridiculed his lovesick friend, and he speaks this lovely poem in response (see chapter 1 for a fuller exegesis).
Young Men Speak to Their Lovers "Anger Has Become Your Lover, Not l"
Authors: Selby Martha Ann
Published: November 2023

This group of seven poems opens with four fine verses from the Sanskrit Amarufataka in which the man begs his beloved for forgiveness (it is unclear in some of these verses whether the pair are married or unmarried lovers). This particular theme is a favorite among Sanskrit poets, and it is one greatly favored by the poets anthologized in the Amaru collection especially. Compare poem 11.2 with poem 11.4, a Prakritgatha, keeping in mind their contexts and the suggestion that we can understand such verses to be “studied arguments.” s Poem 11.5 is a lovely example of Prakrit pillow talk, and 11.6 an artful piece of flattery addressed simultaneously to the men's beloved and the moon. This poem is a simple but beautiful sample of innovation within the bounds of sometimes rather tired convention,this verse being an inversion of the common simile, "Your face is like the moon." This section ends with a Tamil poem from Kuruntokdai, in which the man offers tender premarital reassurance to his lover.
The Voices of Mothers and Foster Mothers "Her Hair Not Even Long Enough to Tie in a Knot"
Authors: Selby Martha Ann
Published: November 2023

The following eleven poems are all spoken by mothers and foster mothers who are pining for their young daughters after they have eloped with their lovers. All of these poems are from the Tamil anthologies-the convention of mothers’ lamentations is utterly unique to Tamil poetics. The poets of this tradition had a finely tuned sense of how parents fit in with the erotic lives of their children. The first two poems are spoken by the young girl's foster mother (cevilit-tay). In poem 14.1, the foster mother sets out in search of the eloping couple and gives voice to her despair, and in poem 14.2, the foster mother comforts the bereft and grieving biological mother (narray) and says prayers for the eloping couple's comfort as they make their way across the desert wastelands appropriate to the palai landscape, that of abject and sometimes permanent separation. Poems 14.3-14.8 are culled from a decad of verses found in Ainkurunuru, makat-pokkiya vali-t-tay iranku pattu, "that decad of the mother's lamentations at the elopement of her daughter."She complains about the gossip her daughter's rash actions have caused, curses the young man's mother for ever having given birth to him, describes the utter foolishness of her daughter, who has gone traipsing off to forests so tangled that even the monkeys stay out of them, and remarks bitterly on the name that her daughter's friends have given her.
Wives Speak to Their Husbands’ Messengers and to Their Friends "Going Like an Arrow Spat by a Bow"
Authors: Selby Martha Ann
Published: November 2023

The seventeen poems in this series are set in two slightly different contexts. The first four poems are addressed to the husbands’ (or lovers’) messengers. Poems 16.1 and 16.2, from the Tamil anthology Ainkur.unur.u, are from a decad devoted to reeds. Set in the marutam landscape, reeds represent rival women. The reed stalks chafe and tear at delicate mango threads and lotus petals, which symbolize the wife as well as happy, fertile domesticity in general. The speaker of poem 16.4, a Prakrit gatha, betrays her passion to an elderly woman. Commentator Mathuranath Sastri” ‘s headnote reads, “Having seen the extreme depression of her nephew, an aunt took it upon herself to act as a go-between, and as she listed the man’s qualities, his beauty, and so on, the heroine, her passion for him aroused, said this to her.”
Wives’ Friends Speak to Husbands’ Messengers (and to the Husbands Themselves) "Just Where Does Your Chariot Think It's Going?"
Authors: Selby Martha Ann
Published: November 2023

The first four poems of this chapter are spoken by the confidantes of abandoned wives to their husbands’ messengers. In every case, these words are said and then carried to the husbands to impel them to hurry home. Poems 17.5-17.19 are all addressed directly to the husband. Verses 17.5-17.7 are oblique instructions to husbands who are clumsy or overeager, or who don’t quite understand the importance of conjugal happiness. The tropes of the man-as-bee/woman-as-jasmine-bud are popular, almost overexploited metaphors in Prakrit and Sanskrit convention. In poem 17.8, the confidante tells the husband how much his newly pregnant wife loves him. Poems 17.9-17.13 are all from the Tamil tradition. The confidante quotes the wife verbatim to the husband, and it is unclear whether this is a time-honored convention or a latter-day commentarial “intervention”-it is possible that U. Ve Caminataiyar and other modern Tamil Commentators were uncomfortable with the idea of such direct confrontations between quarreling husbands and wives.
The Embodiment of Bhakti
Authors: Prentiss Karen Pechilis
Published: November 2023

This book offers an interpretive history of bhakti, an influential religious perspective in Hinduism. Prentiss argues that although bhakti is mentioned in every contemporary sourcebook on Indian religions, it still lacks an agreed-upon definition. “Devotion” is found to be the most commonly used synonym. Prentiss seeks a new perspective on this elusive concept. Her analysis of Tamil (south Indian) materials leads her to suggest that bhakti be understood as a doctrine of embodiment. Bhakti, she says, urges people towards active engagement in the worship of God. She proposes that the term “devotion” be replaced by “participation,” emphasizing bhakti’s call for engagement in worship and the necessity of embodiment to fulfill that obligation.
Introduction
Authors: Prentiss Karen Pechilis
Published: November 2023

On the face of it, to students of Indian culture, bhakti needs no introduction. Celebrated as an Indian version of Protestant Christianity by nineteenth-century missionaries and scholars, immortalized in the Bhagavad Gītā, promoted as “India’s Bible” by orientalists and now reclaimed as such by Hindu immigrants in Western countries, and praised by poet-saints in all the major languages of India, bhakti became firmly established in the canon of scholarship on Indian religions.

There had been a consensus on what bhakti means, which contributed to its inclusion in the canon of scholarship. Revealing orientalist scholars’ approval of this religious path, by the turn of this century bhakti had come to be defined as “devotion to a personal deity” in English-language scholarship, a definition still influential today. For orientalist scholars such as H. H. Wilson, M. Monier-Williams, and G. A. Grierson, bhakti was a monotheistic reform movement, the first real instance of monotheism in India. By this assertion, they challenged the views of F. Max Muller, regarded as a founder of the discipline called Religionswissenschaft, or the history of religions; he and his followers deemed the Sanskrit Vedas as India’s true and original religion. In Max Muller’s view, the scholars of bhakti were studying the compromise of history; in their own view, they were identifying the jewel in the crown of India’s living religious traditions.
Bhakti as a Movement
Authors: Prentiss Karen Pechilis
Published: November 2023

Not all scholars who were interpreting bhakti at the turn of the century accepted the idea that religious reformers, much less those influenced by Christianity, were the primary representatives of bhakti. Some, amplifying the idea that a k atriya had founded bhakti, imagined that the medieval streams of bhakti in north India were initiated by nonbrahman religious figures as well as “the masses.” An example of this perspective is found in the work of Mahadeo Govind Ranade, a brahman, judge, founding member of the Prarthana Samaj reformist religious group, and leading nationalist, who understood bhakti to have been a populist movement:

Like the Protestant Reformation in Europe in the sixteenth century, there was a religious, social and literary revival and reformation in India, but notably in the Deccan in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. This religious revival was not brahmanical in its orthodoxy; it was heterodox in its spirit of protest against forms and ceremonies and class distinctions based on birth, and ethical in its preference of a pure heart, and of the law of love, to all other acquired merits and good works. This religious revival was the work also of the people, of the masses, and not of the classes. At its head were saints and prophets, poets and philosophers, who sprang chiefly from the lower orders of society—tailors, carpenters, potters, gardeners, shop-keepers, barbers, and even mahars—more often than Brahmans.
The Just Shall Live by Faith
Authors: Pitkin Barbara
Published: November 2023

How did Calvin’s interpretation of the Bible not only reflect and reinforce but also transform his understanding of faith? The first stage in the investigation of this question focuses on his exegesis of the Pauline epistles, especially Romans, in order to sketch the outlines of his reading of Paul and begin to establish the fundamentally Pauline shape of his understanding of faith. I will show how and where Calvin finds in Paul support for his views on the certainty of faith, the perceptual nature of faith, and faith as knowledge. In addition, I will show that Calvin’s interpretation of the Pauline view of justification, the law, and the fundamental human problem provides the primary contours for his definition of faith. Determining the important exegetical underpinnings of the view of faith expressed in the Institutes provides insight into the scriptural background for Calvin’s definition of faith as knowledge, his distinction between fides and fiducia, and his restriction of the proper object of faith to God’s word of mercy.
From Faith to Faith
Authors: Pitkin Barbara
Published: November 2023

To explore how Calvin’s commentaries on New Testament texts not from the hand of Paul reflect both his Pauline assumptions and his reinterpretation of Pauline themes, I will consider his treatment of selected biblical passages in his commentaries on Hebrews {1549), James {1551), 1 John {1551), and the Gospel of John (1553). Not only does each of these biblical writings have faith as one of its prominent themes, but also Calvin treats passages from each of them in his discussion of faith in the Institutes. Most important, however, these commentaries provide instructive examples of how the view of faith that Calvin brings to expression in his Pauline commentaries functions as a guide and norm for reading other biblical texts about this topic. Calvin’s Pauline assumptions underlie his interpretation and contribute to the resolution of exegetical or polemical difficulties these texts present. Often his Pauline understanding functions as a lens for reading and correcting other statements about faith. Sometimes, however, a particular text leads him to expand his view of faith and thus to reinterpret Paul in this new light. The discussion will trace some of these developments and show which texts Calvin finds problematic and which texts allow him to explore the theme of faith from different perspectives.
Calvin’s Twofold Notion of Faith
Authors: Pitkin Barbara
Published: November 2023

In an essay written thirty years after his groundbreaking study of 1952 (and subsequently incorporated into the expanded 1994 edition), Dowey explores anew the “foundational place” of knowledge and, in particular, the twofold knowledge of God, in Calvin’s theological thought. He stresses again the importance of faith, arguing that faith is “the threshold of all Calvin’s thought, because of the revelatory or cognitive priority of the soteriological.” Faith rather than scripture pro vides the entrance to knowledge of God; faith and not objective biblical authority resolves the problem of knowledge. Calvin’s thought is therefore dominated by a soteriological center, but within his soteriology itself is “an inherent dialectic by which it is related to and is set within non-soteriological elements upon which it depends for its meaning. As in his earlier book, Dowey speaks of faith with respect to the soteriological center and links scripture to the nonsoteriological material, arguing that, for Calvin, “scripture is always used in support of knowledge of the Creator, and faith in support of knowledge of the Redeemer.”3 Dowey does not deny that scripture also provides knowledge of God’s redemptive work or that faith in Jesus Christ is the prerequisite for grasping the knowledge of God’s creative activity expressed in scripture.4 Nonetheless, Dowey’s discussion, especially in its location as the new chapter 6 in the third edition of his book, suggests scripture and faith as two “supports” for knowledge of God that are separated on the basis of the duplex cognitio Domini.5 Consistent with his intent to demonstrate that the problem of knowledge is not exhausted with the treatment of the authority of scripture in book 1, Dowey argues for a connection between the authority of scripture and faith that originates in the 1539 Institutes and represents Calvin’s consistent view from that point on.
Speaking of Church What Does It Mean When We Use the Word “Church”?
Authors: Jinkins Michael
Published: November 2023

Recently I taught a workshop on the subject: “What is the Church?” I began the ses­sion by asking that question. Hands shot up immediately. “A fellowship;’ one person quickly responded. “A community;’ said another. ‘‘A believing community!” offered yet someone else. ‘‘A spiritual community. Or, maybe, a community of the Spirit?” “The people of God:’ “How about a people of God?” Before long, attempts to speak of the church changed from simple descriptive phrases and statements to something more evocative; metaphors and images and analogies expanded.
Searching for a Distant God
Authors: Seeskin Kenneth
Published: November 2023

Monotheism is usually considered Judaism's greatest contribution to world culture, but it is far from clear what monotheism is. This work examines the notion that monotheism is not so much a claim about the number of God as a claim about the nature of God. Seeskin argues that the idea of a God who is separate from his creation and unique is not just an abstraction but a suitable basis for worship. He examines this conclusion in the contexts of prayer, creation, sabbath observance, repentance, religious freedom, and love of God. Maimonides plays a central role in the argument both because of his importance to Jewish self-understanding and because he deals with the question of how philosophic ideas are embodied in religious ritual.
Speaking of and to God
Authors: Seeskin Kenneth
Published: November 2023

In the previous chapter we saw that from a philosophic perspective, many of the things people say about God are suspect and that ultimately all talk about God “turns into weariness and incapacity” On a practical level, one does not show respect by treating God as a spoiled child whose anger can be assuaged by flattery. Along these lines, Maimonides (GP 1.59, p. 140) relates the story of the person who addressed God as the Great, Valiant, Terrible, Mighty, Strong, Tremendous, and Powerful but was rebuked by Rabbi Haninah for doing so. According to the moral of the story, to praise God in this way is like praising a king who possesses millions of pieces of gold for possessing silver.
The Problem of Creation
Authors: Seeskin Kenneth
Published: November 2023

Thus far I have argued that monotheism is based on a separation between God and the created order. If the separation is as severe as Maimonides thinks, if God and creatures have nothing in common in any respect, another puzzle emerges: How can we maintain that the created order owes its existence to God? How can God create the world without having anything in common with it? Following Aristotle, the scholastics held that causality is a relation in which the cause passes an attribute to the effect, as fire passes heat to an iron bar.
Interracial Marriage and the Law *
Authors: Zabel William D
Published: November 2023

When a reporter asked former President Harry S. Truman if interracial marriage miscegenation-would become widespread in the United States, Mr. Truman said, “I hope not; I don’t believe in it.” Then Mr. Truman asked the reporter that hackneyed question often spouted at anyone advocating racial integration, “Would you want your daughter to marry a Negro?” The reporter responded that he wanted his daughter to marry the man she loved whoever he might be. “Well, she won’t love someone who isn’t her color,” the former President continued, and, as if he had not said enough, added that racial intermarriage ran counter to the teachings of the Bible. The question of miscegenation can make a man like Truman, whose past sup port of integration in other respects is not open to question, appear unthinking if not bigoted. The fact of interracial marriage can cause a young Radcliffe educated “liberal” to refuse to attend the wedding of her only brother, or a civilized, intelligent judge to disown and never again speak to his daughter. How many persons are repelled or at least disconcerted at the mere sight of a Negro white couple? Perhaps their number tells us how far we are from achieving an integrated society.
From “Negro Character as Seen by White Authors” *
Authors: Brown Sterling A
Published: November 2023

This kind of writing should be discredited by its patent absurdity. It is generalizing of the wildest sort, without support from scientific authorities. And yet it has set these idees fixes in the mob mind: The Negro of unmixed blood is no theme for tragedy; rebellion and vindictiveness are to be expected only from the mulatto; the mulatto is victim of a divided inheritance and therefore miserable; he is a “man without a race” worshipping the whites and despised by them, despising and despised by Negroes, perplexed by his struggle to unite a white intellect with black sensuousness. The fate of the octoroon girl is intensified the whole desire of her life is to find a white lover, and then go down, accompanied by slow music, to a tragic end. Her fate is so severe that in some works disclosure of “the single drop of midnight” in her veins makes her commit suicide. The stereotype is very flattering to a race which, for all its self-assurance, seems to stand in great need of flattery. But merely looking at one of its particulars that white blood means asceticism and Negro blood means unbridled lust-will reveal how flimsy the whole structure is. It is ingenious that mathematical computation of the amount of white blood in a mulatto’s veins will explain his character. And it is a widely held belief. But it is nonsense, all the same.
Mark Twain’s Pudd’nhead Wilson *
Authors: Hughes Langston
Published: November 2023

Mark Twain’s ironic little novel, Pudd’nhead Wilson, is laid on the banks of the Mississippi in the first half of the 1800s. It concerns itself with, among other things, the use of fingerprinting to solve the mystery of a murder. But Pudd’nhead Wilson is not a mystery novel. The reader knows from the beginning who com mitted the murder and has more than an inkling of how it will be solved. The circumstances of the denouement, however, possessed in its time great novelty, for fingerprinting had not then come into official use in crime detection in the United States. Even a man who fooled around with it as a hobby was thought to be a simpleton, a puddenhead. Such was the reputation acquired by Wilson, the young would-be lawyer in the Missouri frontier town of Dawson’s Landing. But Wilson eventually made his detractors appear as puddenheads themselves. Although introduced early, it is not until near the end of the book that Wilson becomes a major figure in the tale. The novel is rather the story of another young man’s mistaken identity-a young man who thinks he is white but is in reality colored; who is heir to wealth without knowing his claim is false; who lives as a free man, but is legally a slave; and who, when he learns the true facts about himself, comes to ruin not through the temporarily shattering knowledge of his physical status, but because of weaknesses common to white or colored, slave or free.
Intermarriage and the Social Structure: Fact and Theory *
Authors: Merton Robert K
Published: November 2023

The paradox is now fully established that the utmost ab stractions are the true weapon with which to control our thought of concrete fact. Whitehead ntermarnage 1s a concrete act10n mvolving numerous facets, the more dramatic of which have been accorded considerable attention by students of interpersonal relations. The dramatic, however, is not always the theoretically significant; human interest and scientific relevance do not invariably coincide. Among the more prosy aspects of intermarriage is the role of the social structure. Rates and patterns of intermarriage are closely related to cultural orientations, standardized distributions of income and symbols of status. The conflicts and accommodations of mates from socially disparate groups are partly understandable in terms of this phenomenon of intermarriage; the collection of facts in terms of our conceptual framework may do so. Confirmed by whatever relevant facts are available, our interpretation enjoys a measure of plausibility; consistent with a wider body of theory which in turn is supported by systematic empirical inquiry, it may lay claim to a further degree of validity; stated in such terms as to be testable by freshly accumulated facts, it is, at the very least, open to further confirmation or disconfirmation.
Reflecting the Changing Face of America: Multiracials, Racial Classificationand American Intermarriage *
Authors: Perlmann Joel
Published: November 2023

If a child has a white mother and a black father, the child is racially ... what? Presently, on the census form individuals are allowed to declare origins in one race only, and so multiracials must choose one race from the available list or classify themselves as “other.” Deciding how the next census should handle the multiracial child is a hot topic now; the directions on how to count are being reconsidered. At issue is more than how just the Census Bureau counts racial origin; every government agency that counts races does so in roughly the same way. The current directions for counting races are found in Office of Management and Budget (0MB) Directive 15; decisions on if and how to change the directive can’t be put off for long because the census forms for the year 2000 are needed in the spring of 1998. Over the past several years the 0MB coordinated an interagency task force to study Directive 15, and a good deal of relevant research has emerged, especially from the Census Bureau, on the implications of alternative procedures. In early July of this year the task force issued its recommendations, and the 0MB will rule on the issues after considering responses to the report. Congress could intervene in the process; hearings were held in 1993 and this past May, more are scheduled, and there is a bill in committee. Finally, the president has declared a year of discussion on race, stressing the changing racial composition of the country. How to classify the mixed-race child is only one of several issues in the review of 0MB Directive 15. In many ways, however, it is the most important; all the others look different after one thinks through the multiracial issue.
Introduction: Understanding Money
Authors: Turner Frederick
Published: November 2023

“I love your majesty / According to my bond,” says Cordelia to her father, King Lear, at the beginning of Shakespeare’s great play (I.i.92). This sounds like a rather chilly thing to say to one’s father, especially if he has just asked you to declare how much you love him, as Lear has done a few minutes earlier. Yet as the play turns out, Cordelia proves to be an exemplary and loving daughter. What is going on? What, particularly, does she mean by “bond”? The word itself contains a fascinating amalgam of positive and negative con notations. Perhaps we should explore again the nature of the bond and all that comes with it.
The Mines of Chañarcillo
Authors: “Jotabeche” José Joaquí Vallejo
Published: November 2023

I have seen this settlement, not of houses but of caves. I’ve seen a hill covered with round holes, like a piece of wood drilled by moths.
Candlestick Mine
Authors: “Jotabeche” José Joaquí Vallejo
Published: November 2023

Every treasure buried in the bowels of the earth has its owner; and this owner, usually, is a spirit who defends it, hides it, and watches over it, sometimes in the form of a guanaco, at other times that of an enormous fox, and not all that rarely in the form of a vulture, lord of the air. Infinite miners, no matter how little time they’ve spent nosing around in the solitary mountains of Chanchoquin, Punta del Diablo, Checo, etc., bear irrefutable witness to this truth. And I say truth because I do not wish to scorn such an ancient tradition, and because it would be discourteous to say that thousands of men are lying.
The Map to the Lode of the Three Mountain Passes
Authors: “Jotabeche” José Joaquí Vallejo
Published: November 2023

Man, before heading anywhere, by some accursed rule of prudence, marks out his path so as to give himself the illusion he’s not heading for uncharted territory. He traces his road, calculates anything that might befall him on it, his plucky and foresighted imagination smooths it out and negotiates all obstacles, then he takes his first step, then the second … and smash! … he’s rolling down some steep ravine or sunk up to his eyes in a quagmire.
The Cangalleros
Authors: “Jotabeche” José Joaquí Vallejo
Published: November 2023

Speaking frankly, there aren’t just cangalleros in the rich mines; the treasury has them too, and very talented ones: everyone takes pride in embezzling its funds, and the treasury itself takes pride in embezzling the income of every citizen. The biography of an ore smuggler will make you die laughing, and the only risk the smuggler runs, assuming he isn’t caught, is the risk of being taken, for the rest of his life, for a clever, talented fellow, a quality that, it should be mentioned in passing, isn’t always a recommendation in the considered opinion of many fools.
Outings
Authors: “Jotabeche” José Joaquí Vallejo
Published: November 2023

To tell the truth, this business of going out for walks still isn’t anything more than an imported activity in Copiapo, a way to over” come the general inertia of the people here. The siesta, that drowsiness brought on by overeating, still has its devotees and proselytes: it’s our way of keeping up the good fight against effective digestion by not going out for a little stroll right after eating.
An Illness
Authors: “Jotabeche” José Joaquí Vallejo
Published: November 2023

I don’t ask God to spare me from sickness as intently as I beg His mercifulness to spare me the horror of a cure. The afflictions of the body would be, more or less, about as tolerable as the rabid frailty of an anti-Pipiolo administration, except that it would garner us the compassion of our neighbor and make us the target of the cruel solicitude of infinite relatives and acquaintances who, insistent on restoring our health, would torture our sad corporality and try our patience far more than the debilitating effect of the humors, fevers, or attacks of nerves.
A Word about Fools
Authors: “Jotabeche” José Joaquí Vallejo
Published: November 2023

The faculty of reason that man is so vain about, on which he bases his superiority over the other creatures of Creation, and which constitutes the pride of our species, the glory and honor of the human family, is this not also the source of all our ills, the cause of that slow, continuous pain, that discontent gnawing at us for most of our lives? Isn’t it reason that takes from our lips the cup of delight, that watches over us like an impertinent pedagogue, that reins in the delightful propensities nature endowed us with, that diverts
The Renegade Provincial
Authors: “Jotabeche” José Joaquí Vallejo
Published: November 2023

Among the many things that must be explained to be understood, I should include the title of this article. If you go strictly by the dictionary, it means the provincial who gives up his faith in Jesus Christ, but this is not my topic, because, thank God, one of the most lovely efforts we all make in this world is to persuade each other that were keeping the faith. Whether anyone believes it is another matter.
Why Lawyers Can’t Just Be Hired Guns
Authors: Gordon Robert W
Published: November 2023

My theme in this essay is the public responsibilities of lawyers—their obligations to help maintain and improve the legal system: the framework of laws, procedures, and institutions that structures their roles and work.
Introduction
Authors: Rafter Nicole
Published: November 2023

Crime films reflect our ideas about fundamental social, economic, and political issues; at the same time, they tend to shape the ways we think about these issues. When we look at the relationship between crime films and society, we see a dynamic interplay of art and life. This book examines that interplay from the multiple perspectives of film history and technique, social history, criminal justice, and criminological theory.
The Heroes of Crime Films
Authors: Rafter Nicole
Published: November 2023

Of the many reasons for the popularity of crime films, the most potent lies with the nature of their heroes. Viewers delight in watching characters who can escape from tight spots and outsmart their enemies, all the while tossing down scotch and flipping jibes. Good-guy heroes please us by out-tricking the tricky, tracking down psychos, solving impossible mysteries. Bad-guy heroes appeal by being bolder, nastier, crueler, and tougher than we dare to be; by saying what they want, taking what they want, despising weaklings, and breaking the law with impunity. Both good and bad guys operate on the basis of austere, unambiguous moral codes that are as bracing as they are simplistic and brutal. When Lily, the elegant racetrack swindler of The Grifters (1990), summons a physician to treat her sick son, she advises him: “My son is going to be all right. If not, I’ll have you killed.” We may smile, but we may also envy, if only a little, the unadorned directness of Lily’s approach.
Introduction
Authors: Scheindlin Raymond P
Published: November 2023

Rabbi Moses Ibn Ezra was a sober and distinguished leader of the Jewish community of Granada at the height of the Golden Age of Spanish Jewry. A former student at the renowned rabbinical academy of Lucena, he was also a poet who specialized in composing penitential liturgy for the synagogue. Among his many compositions of this type we find the following lines, part of a poem included in the services of the penitential month preceding the Jewish New Year: The world here is said to resemble a beautiful woman singing in a garden; but the woman is a whore, her song a lie, and the garden abundant with poisoned fruit.
God and Fsrael
Authors: Scheindlin Raymond P
Published: November 2023

While the Golden Age of Spanish Jewry was at its height, the Holy Land, embroiled in the Crusades, was tom between Christians and Muslims. World Jewry looked on helplessly as strangers battled over the shrines they regarded as their own: These lines by Halevi evoke the Jews’ poignant feeling of being left out by history, passive spectators of the great events being orchestrated by Christian and Muslim empires and determining their fate. The lines also evoke the rivalry that was the consequence of the intimate connection within medieval monotheism between religion and politics. For all their disagreements on specific matters of doctrine, Christians, Muslims, and Jews all concurred that sovereignty is bestowed by God: to have it was evidence of divine approval and satisfaction, whereas to lose it was a sign of divine disfavor. Christians and Muslims saw the Jews’ loss of sovereignty as proof that God had passed over them and their version of the truth, and they saw the Crusades as an episode in their historic duel to determine which was the favored child. On the sidelines were the Jews-divested of independent sovereignty, not even contenders.
Persian, Greek, And Roman Traditions
Authors: Edward Wright J
Published: November 2023

A shift took place in Jewish views of the universe in the period from Cyrus the Great to Alexander the Great (ca. 540–333 bce). This transformation occurred because of the new ideas that were imported into Syria-Palestine by the Persians and Greeks in the wake of their conquests of the region. To be sure, the Jews were not alone as the entire Mediterranean, Egyptian, and Mesopotamian civilizations experienced similar transformations. The old ways of defining and describing the universe and how humans relate to it and to the gods gave way to new formulations. The cosmos became vastly larger and the gods seemingly more transcendent. Such transformations have been termed “Axial Age Breakthroughs.”1 For Jews, this meant creating new ways to imagine their God, to conceive of their place in the world, to understand the flow and direction of history, and to interact with neighboring peoples. Their reconceptualizations of the heavenly realm fit within this process of evolving self-understanding. In this new, increasingly cosmopolitan world, their image of heaven transformed to fit this new world order, and they—most likely only the literati at first—sought to bridge the chasm between this world and the totally other, transcendent realm of the divine.
Early Jewish And Christian Traditions II The Adoption of Hellenistic Models
Authors: Edward Wright J
Published: November 2023

Some early Jews and Christians reacted to new information about the size and shape of the cosmos by adopting contemporary Greco-Roman images of the cosmos. The seeming conflict between the model of the cosmos presupposed in their religiously authoritative texts and the newer models of their contemporary scientists did not inhibit them, so they chose to express their religious ideas about the heavenly realms according to these more modern notions. The “scientific” perception of the structure of the universe had changed, and these people found no ultimate conflict between their inherited religious traditions and the new ways of imagining the cosmos.
Early Jewish And Christian Traditions III Common Themes and Motifs
Authors: Edward Wright J
Published: November 2023

In the course of the Second Temple Period (most broadly defined as ca. 539 bce-135 ce), as their ancestral homeland came under successive waves of foreign domination or as they spread across Asia, Africa, and Europe, Jews encountered many different cultures. This interaction affected how they expressed their religion, history, and customs. A prime example of this is Philo of Alexandria whose works reflect his familiarity with other cultures and his efforts to commend Jews and Judaism to a Roman audience. Ezekiel the Tragedian is another well-known example. His Exagoge retold the story of the Exodus from Egypt in the form of a Greco-Roman tragedy.
Islam and the State: Dynamics of the Resurgence
Authors: Esposito John L
Published: November 2023

In the minds of most Westerners, for whom the history of Islam and the West are at best a vague notion, knowledge of and attitudes toward Islam and the Muslim world have been shaped by contemporary images and experiences encapsulated in terms such as l lamic fundamentalism and terrorism. The phrase ‘‘Muslim fundamentalist’’ has become a convenient, if misleading, way for the media and Western governments to identify a wide-ranging array of groups in the Muslim world, as well as a ready ‘‘bogey’’ for Muslim regimes wishing to discredit and disparage their opposition. For many, “fundamentalism” conjures up images of mobs shouting death to America, embassies in flames, assassins and hijackers threatening innocent lives, hands lopped off, and women oppressed. The contemporary revival of Islam in Muslim politics is far more multifaceted and significant than these images and slogans communicate. Its presence in and impact upon Muslim societies is more pervasive and nuanced as both a political and a social phenomenon.