bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Spatial Representation of Musical Form
Authors: Bonds Mark Evan
Published: August 2010

Musical form can be conceptualized in two basic ways, temporally or spatially. The temporal approach conceives of form diachronically, as a series of events that unfold through time, whereas the spatial approach conceives of form synchronically, as a synoptic design in which the relationship of the individual parts to the whole is apparent at once. These two modes are interdependent and by no means mutually exclusively. Indeed, virtually every account of musical form—either in the abstract or as applied to a specific work—draws on both concepts to varying degrees. Narrative accounts that relate a series of events often rely on spatial imagery, and the formal diagrams that are a standard feature of analytical discourse nowadays almost invariably reflect the progression of music through time.

Not until 1825, however, did any critic or theorist attempt to represent musical form in an essentially spatial, synoptic manner. Antoine Reicha's diagrams of binary, ternary, and rondo forms in his Traité de haute composition musicale, moreover, found little resonance among his contemporaries. Even the simplest formal diagrams would remain a rarity for another seventy-five years and would not become a standard element of theoretical accounts of form until the early twentieth century. Spatial representations of form were slow to emerge and gain acceptance, at least in part because of a broader reluctance to accept the premise of depicting linear time in two-dimensional space.
Debussy's Legacy: The Controversy over the Ode à la France
Authors: Wheeldon Marianne
Published: August 2010

In 1928 Debussy's Ode à la France was premiered at a gala commemorating the tenth anniversary of the composer's death. Unfinished in 1918, this patriotic cantata for soprano, chorus, and orchestra was intended to dramatize the execution of Joan of Arc using a libretto written by Debussy's friend, the music scholar Louis Laloy. Initially thought to be lost, the manuscript was later rediscovered by the composer's widow, Emma, who joined Laloy in contracting the pianist-composer Marius-François Gaillard to complete the work.

Prior to the concert, a committee of Debussy's friends published a letter of protest, dissociating itself from the premiere, and Emma Debussy immediately responded with a protest of her own, defending her involvement in the concert. With additional contributions from Léon Vallas, Emile Vuillermoz, and Louis Laloy, the conflict that thus emerged had the result of permanently affecting our understanding of the concert's featured work, the Ode à la France. By comparing the manuscript with the score published by Choudens (1928), it is possible to gain a better understanding of how Debussy's original conception of the Ode and its place in his oeuvre differed from that of Laloy, Gaillard, and others involved in the controversies surrounding the work's premiere.
Playing with Art: Musical Arrangements as Educational Tools in van Swieten's Vienna
Authors: Thormählen Wiebke
Published: August 2010

Art played a significant part in the educational ideal promoted by German intellectuals in the late eighteenth century. Gottfried van Swieten, President of the Court Commission for Education in Vienna and librettist for The Creation, was instrumental in developing and promoting the role of art in the moral education of the individual. His encouragement of active engagement with art sheds new light on the common practice of arranging musical "classics"—in particular large-scale vocal works—for smaller instrumental forces around 1800. Van Swieten's writings suggest that such arrangements may be understood not merely as entertaining trifles but as the product of the sociopolitical mores of the Enlightenment.

Inviting the direct, interactive experience of art, the arrangement of Joseph Haydn's Creation for string quintet was particularly suited to the moral and social education of the individual. Grounded at least in part in archaic compositional practices, it demonstrated an artwork's adaptability to different circumstances of performance and to the different levels of education of its performers. Moreover, the act of playing the arrangement, one to a part, allowed for the honing of an individual's inner sociable sentiment through collaboration with fellow performers.
Thyroid hormone receptors are down-regulated in skeletal muscle of patients with non-thyroidal illness syndrome secondary to non-septic shock
Authors: Lado-Abeal J , Romero A , Castro-Piedras I , Rodriguez-Perez A , Alvarez-Escudero J
Published: August 2010

Aim

Non-thyroidal illness syndrome (NTIS) is related to changes in thyroid hormone (TH) physiology. Skeletal muscle (SM) plays a major role in metabolism, and TH regulates SM phenotype and metabolism. We aimed to characterize the SM of non-septic shock NTIS patients in terms of: i) expression of genes and proteins involved in TH metabolism and actions; and ii) NFKB's pathway activation, a responsible factor for some of the phenotypic changes in NTIS. We also investigated whether the patient's serum can induce in vitro the effects observed in vivo.

Methods

Serum samples and SM biopsies from 14 patients with non-septic shock NTIS and 11 controls. Gene and protein expression and NFKB1 activation were analyzed by quantitative PCR and immunoblotting. Human SM cell (HSkMC) cultures to investigate the effects of patient's serum on TH action mediators.

Results

Patients with non-septic shock NTIS showed higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines than controls. Expression of TRβ (THRB), TRα1 (THRA), and retinoid X receptor γ (RXRG) was decreased in NTIS patients. RXRA gene expression was higher, but its protein was lower in NTIS than controls, suggesting the existence of a post-transcriptional mechanism that down-regulates protein levels. NFKB1 pathway activation was not different between NTIS and control patients. HSkMC incubated with patient's serum increased TH receptor and RXRG gene expression after 48 h.

Conclusions

Patients with non-septic shock NTIS showed decreased expression of TH receptors and RXRs, which were not related to increased activation of the NFKB1 pathway. These findings could not be replicated in cultures of HSkMCs incubated in the patient's serum.
Giving women a voice
Authors: Gillespie Kirsty
Published: August 2010

At Lake Kopiago, in the Highlands of Papua New Guinea, women’s public music-making is often restricted and men are the most visible performers. However, the introduction of Christianity has seen women become more visible in the musical landscape through their participation in church musical activities. Christian songs learnt by women in church are now spilling over into the secular realm, forming the basis for much community composition. Women are able to directly express their desires, and their anxieties, in music, using these newly introduced musical tools. This paper investigates the processes of women’s composition in these terms, focusing on songs composed and performed by the Duna women of Lake Kopiago, Southern Highlands Province.
Using Observed Interactions between Sea Turtles and Commercial Bottom-Trawling Vessels to Evaluate the Conservation Value of Trawl Gear Modifications
Authors: Haas Heather L.
Published: August 2010

The bycatch of sea turtles (order Testudines) in bottom-trawl fisheries is an important conservation issue currently being addressed by the U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service and its stakeholders. The agency is considering the implementation of new sea turtle conservation regulations in several mid-Atlantic trawl fisheries, including the expanded use of turtle excluder devices (TEDs). The characteristics of observed sea turtle bycatch are used to calculate four conservation metrics. The lowest-level metric is simple to calculate but not informative of population impacts because it does not adequately incorporate the magnitude and demographics of the affected population. The highest-level metric incorporates both magnitude and demographics and is therefore more difficult to calculate but also more informative. Five size categories of turtles were evaluated with respect to the protection afforded by various TED configurations, and the conservation value of 12 bycatch mitigation alternatives was estimated using each of the four conservation metrics. The most informative metric was adult-equivalent bycatch mortality. A TED with a large escape opening had the highest estimated conservation value for loggerheads Caretta caretta. Up to 66 more adult-equivalent loggerheads were estimated to be protected by the large opening than by the standard opening. A similar number could be protected by extending TED use north of 37°N. The number of adult-equivalent loggerheads estimated to be protected by standard and wide-bar spacing is nearly the same. The percentage of encountered turtles caught in trawls is not an adequate proxy for the number of adult-equivalent mortalities caused by the fishery. Evaluating sea turtle bycatch using adult-equivalent mortalities facilitates comparisons across disparate bycatch mitigation alternatives and provides a meaningful way to assess the efficacy of bycatch mitigation alternatives for the recovery of sea turtle populations.
Effects of Catch-and-Release Angling on Salmonids at Elevated Water Temperatures
Authors: Boyd James W. , Guy Christopher S. , Horton Travis B. , Leathe Stephen A.
Published: August 2010

Few studies have assessed catch-and-release mortality of salmonids at water temperatures of 23°C or above, despite predictions of warming stream temperatures due to climate change. The primary objective of this study was to measure the catch-and-release mortality of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, brown trout Salmo trutta, and mountain whitefish Prosopium williamsoni in three water temperature treatments, namely, when daily maximum water temperatures were cool (<20°C), warm (20–22.9°C), and hot (≥23°C). A secondary objective was to assess the catch-and-release mortality of salmonids angled in morning and evening within the water temperature treatments. These objectives were related to Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks' drought fishing closure policy. Angling (fly-fishing only) occurred in the Gallatin and Smith rivers. All angled fish were confined to in-stream holding cages and monitored for mortality for 72 h. Mortality of rainbow trout peaked at 16% in the Gallatin River and 9% in the Smith River during the hot treatment. Mortality of brown trout was less than 5% in all water temperature treatments in both rivers. Mountain whitefish mortality peaked at 28% in the hot treatment in the Smith River. No mortality for any species occurred in either river when daily maximum water temperatures were less than 20°C. Mortality of rainbow trout peaked at 16% in the evening hot treatment in the Smith River. Mortality rates of brown trout and mountain whitefish were not related to time of day. The catch-and-release mortality rates presented here probably represent fishing mortality given that most anglers in southwestern Montana practice catch-and-release angling. The mortality values we observed were lower than predicted (<30%) given reports in the literature. The difference is probably related to the in situ nature of the study and periods of cooler water temperatures between peaks, which facilitated recovery from thermal stress.
Comparisons of Haul Seine and Otter Trawl Catches of Black Crappie and the Evaluation of Haul Seines for Future Research
Authors: Tuten Travis , Strong Will A. , Nagid Eric J. , Hale Marty M.
Published: August 2010

We compared the size structure, estimated mean total length (TL) at age, and estimated mortality of black crappie Pomoxis nigromaculatus caught by otter trawl and haul seine at two Florida water bodies (Lakes Parker and Griffin) and used the capture data, estimates of gear-induced mortality, and fishing variables (i.e., fishing effort and volume sampled) to evaluate the efficacy of using haul seines in future projects. Haul seines captured a smaller size range of black crappie than did trawls, and black crappie did not appear to be recruited to the haul seines until they attained 209 mm TL. Haul seines tended to capture proportionally more large fish than did trawls, when considering individuals 210 mm or longer. Mean TL-at-age estimates tended to be larger for haul seines due to differences in gear selectivity. At Lake Parker, trawl captures produced a greater annual mortality estimate (A), and the differences between catch curve slopes were significant. At Lake Griffin, however, haul seines produced a larger value of A, but the differences between the two catch curve slopes were not significant. Gear-induced mortality estimates of sport fish (bluegill Lepomis macrochirus, redear sunfish L. microlophus, and black crappie) captured with the haul seines ranged from 3.2% to 24.2% but varied with species, with black crappie mortality rates being the highest. Haul seines required a relatively high level of effort but provided a larger sample size of black crappie 210 mm or longer than did trawls because of extreme differences in the volume of water sampled and trawls' selectivity for smaller fish. A smaller-mesh haul seine would allow us to sample larger size ranges of fish and increase the number of age-classes captured by the gear, which may allow for more accurate estimates of the population size and age structures. However, the size selectivity patterns of black crappie captured by the haul seine are not known, and further research is recommended to evaluate haul seines with smaller mesh sizes.
Factors Affecting Recruitment of Age-0 Muskellunge in Escanaba Lake, Wisconsin, 1987–2006
Authors: Eslinger Lawrence D. , Dolan David M. , Newman Steven P.
Published: August 2010

We modeled variation in recruitment (R) of age-0 muskellunge Esox masquinongy to identify factors influencing their abundance in Escanaba Lake, Wisconsin. Muskellunge R declined over the study period and ranged from 0.00 to 1.85 age-0 fish/km of shoreline (mean = 0.42 age-0 fish/km of shoreline). A Ricker stock–recruitment model determined that the following factors explained 88% of the variation in annual R of age-0 muskellunge between 1987 and 2006: abundance and age structure of the adult muskellunge population, abundance of bluntnose minnow Pimephales notatus, abundance of age-3 and older (age-3+) walleyes Sander vitreus, abundance of age-0 white suckers Catostomus commersonii, and coefficient of variation (CV) of May water temperatures. Abundance of adult muskellunge (≥76.2 cm total length) accounted for only 1% of the variation in R and showed no significant relationship with R. Abundance of bluntnose minnow improved the model fit to 40% of the variation in R and indicated that higher R was achieved with greater numbers of bluntnose minnow. The average age of adult muskellunge further improved the model fit to 59% of the variation in R, suggesting that R increased when more young adults were present in the population. The abundance of age-3+ walleyes enhanced the model fit to 69% of the variation in R and indicated that greater R occurred with high numbers of walleyes. The abundance of age-0 white suckers improved the model to explain 77% of the variation in R and indicated that more recruits occurred when numbers of age-0 white suckers were low. Finally, the CV of May water temperatures further improved the model to explain 88% of the variation in R and signified that lower variability in May water temperatures was beneficial to recruitment success. We interpret the model results to mean that muskellunge R in Escanaba Lake is regulated by the reproductive potential of the adult muskellunge population, forage availability, variation in May water temperatures, and other community dynamics.
Comparison of Gears for Sampling Littoral-Zone Fishes in Floodplain Lakes of the Lower White River, Arkansas
Authors: Eggleton Michael A. , Jackson John R. , Lubinski Benjamin J.
Published: August 2010

Gear comparison studies are useful to fisheries managers because many aquatic systems require multiple gears to assess fish assemblages. Many previous studies have emphasized comparisons of catch per unit effort or basic community measures such as richness and diversity. Our objectives were to (1) compare fish assemblage richness, diversity, and evenness across sampling gears, (2) assess the similarity of fish assemblage structure as depicted by the different gears, and (3) compare fish assemblage–environment relationships depicted by the different gears. Assessments were conducted in littoral-zone areas of 16 floodplain lakes in the lower White River, Arkansas. Four sampling gears were used: 500-V, 60-Hz (high-pulse) and 1,000-V, 15-Hz (low-pulse) boat-mounted nighttime electrofishing, mini-fyke nets, and experimental gill nets. Species richness and diversity were significantly greater using boat-mounted electrofishing (both pulses) than the other gears. Experimental gill nets exhibited the lowest richness of all gears (<50% of the other gears), and mini-fyke nets exhibited significantly lower evenness owing to the tendency for 1–2 species to dominate catches. Procrustean analyses indicated that the lake-specific fish assemblages depicted by the different gears were significantly different during all paired-gear comparisons except between the two electrofishing configurations. Regardless of gear, multivariate direct gradient analyses indicated that lake depth, water clarity, and morphoedaphic index were consistently important variables associated with the structuring of littoral-zone fish assemblages. The results support the idea that multiple-gear approaches are useful in assessing floodplain lake fish assemblages and that, in the case of lower White River floodplain lakes, the assemblage information collected from the different gears was not redundant. Additionally, if a large-river sampling program is using only one or two gears, major fish–environment relationships that are depicted may not be gear dependent.
A Comparison of Techniques Using Dorsal Spines to Estimate Sauger Age
Authors: Williamson Craig W. , Dirnberger Ryan R.
Published: August 2010

Fish age is useful to fishery managers when evaluating growth rates, mortality rates, and reproduction. Our objective was to determine whether two methods for estimating the age of saugers Sander canadensis using dorsal spines—side illumination and spine sectioning—resulted in similar age estimates at the same efficiency and cost. To do this, we determined whether the coefficients of variation (CV = 100 · SD/mean) differed between age estimates of fish using the two techniques in the Missouri River and a portion of the Kansas River. We found that the CVs did not differ significantly between techniques. While reader agreement did not differ significantly, side illumination took one-half as much time as sectioning. In addition, side illumination displayed outer annuli on older fish better than sectioning and did not require an expensive low-speed saw, microscope slides, or a mounting medium for processing. We conclude that side illumination is the most time- and cost-efficient method for estimating sauger ages from spines.
Spatial Distribution of Drifting Pallid Sturgeon Larvae in the Missouri River Inferred from Two Net Designs and Multiple Sampling Locations
Authors: Braaten Patrick J. , Fuller David B. , Lott Ryan D. , Ruggles Michael P. , Holm Robert J.
Published: August 2010

Nearly 430,000 larval pallid sturgeon Scaphirhynchus albus (5–13 d posthatch) were released in the Missouri River and allowed to free-drift for 5.7 km and then were sampled at a river bend by boats positioned on the inside-bend, inside-bend channel border, mid-channel, and outside-bend locations of the channel. Boats were rigged with conical nets and rectangle nets designed to sample for drifting pallid sturgeon larvae along the bottom and at the surface of the river to address three objectives: (1) examine the vertical drift behavior of larvae; (2) compare numbers, concentrations, and lengths of larvae between conical and rectangle nets; and (3) examine the lateral distribution of free-drifting larvae. The vertical distribution of larvae was not uniform as nearly all larvae (≥98%) were sampled in nets fished on the bottom, and larval concentrations (expressed as larvae/m3) were greater in bottom-fished nets. Large-opening rectangle nets (0.375 m2) fished on the bottom sampled greater numbers of larvae than small-opening conical nets (0.196 m2) fished on the bottom; however, larval concentrations were similar between the two net designs. Numbers and concentrations of larvae differed among lateral sampling locations and increased from the inside-bend location to the outside-bend location. Lengths of sampled larvae were similar between net designs and vertical locations in the water column, but larvae sampled at the mid-channel location were slightly smaller than larvae sampled at other lateral locations. These results serve as a guide for sampling larval pallid sturgeon in large rivers. Specifically, sampling adjacent to the bottom in the high-velocity thalweg of the channel maximizes the likelihood of collecting larvae and quantifying numbers of drifting larvae of this federally endangered species.
Correcting Bias Introduced by Aerial Counts in Angler Effort Estimation
Authors: Smucker Byran J. , Lorantas Robert M. , Rosenberger James L.
Published: August 2010

A critical part of most any roving angler survey is angler effort estimation. Various methods have been proposed and implemented to calculate this important parameter, and one of the most effective methods for estimation over large areas utilizes aerial counts of anglers. In this paper, we describe effort estimation methodology used for a creel survey conducted by the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission in the lower Juniata River and lower and middle Susquehanna River during 2007. Daytime angler effort estimates were calculated using an augmented aerial survey, which includes both aerial counts and data collected by creel agents on the ground. Interview angler effort data obtained via a modified roving ground survey were used to produce estimates of daily effort distributions, which were then used to expand instantaneous aerial counts to daily effort estimates. We present two ratios that ameliorate biases introduced by the aerial survey. An angler-to-people ratio calculated from the ground data accounts for shore persons who are not anglers, and a ground-truthing ratio corrects for people and boats that are inadvertently excluded from the aerial counts. Variance estimation and effort results are then discussed.
Effects of Simulated Commercial Harvest on Mummichogs in Tidal Creeks in South Carolina, USA
Authors: Goldman Sarah F. , Rourk Angela R. , Collins Mark R. , Reichert Marcel J. M.
Published: August 2010

The mummichog Fundulus heteroclitus is an economically important species in South Carolina. Mummichogs are harvested commercially to be sold as baitfish and are an important prey item to many economically valuable finfishes. However, little is known about the commercial fishery and how harvesting affects local populations. This study examined the effects of simulating intensive commercial harvest of mummichogs in tidal creeks in South Carolina. Between April 2008 and January 2009, commercial minnow traps were set in five tidal creeks along the lower portion of the Ashepoo River. In three of the creeks, mummichogs were harvested as they would be in a commercial fishery. In the other two creeks, mummichogs were collected but not harvested; these creeks served as controls. In the harvest creeks, 67,487 mummichogs were collected and transported a distance of at least 760 m to finger creeks located across the Ashepoo River, where they were released. In the nonharvest creeks, 73,927 mummichogs were collected and released back at each trap location. The simulated commercial harvest had an effect on the length distribution and abundance of the mummichogs in the test creeks. Results from this study suggest that there would be effects of fishing, but populations would likely not be fished to commercial extinction as long as traps have a mesh size no smaller than that used in this study. We recommend that the regulations for the commercial fishery consist of trap design specifications as well as licensing and landings reporting so that the magnitude of the fishery can be monitored.
Anchoring Submersible Ultrasonic Receivers in River Channels with Stable Substrate
Authors: Bettoli Phillip W. , Scholten George D. , Hubbs Don W.
Published: August 2010

We developed an anchoring system for submersible ultrasonic receivers (SURs) that we placed on the bottom of the riverine reaches of three main-stem reservoirs in the upper Tennessee River. Each anchor consisted of a steel tube (8.9 × 35.6 cm) welded vertically to a round plate of steel (5.1 × 40.6 cm). All seven SURs and their 57-kg anchors were successfully deployed and retrieved three times over 547 d by a dive team employing surface air-breathing equipment and a davit-equipped boat. All of the anchors and their SURs remained stationary over two consecutive winters on the hard-bottom, thalweg sites where they were deployed. The SUR and its anchor at the most downriver site experienced flows that exceeded 2,100 m3/s and mean water column velocities of about 0.9 m/s.
Dispersal of Smallmouth Bass from a Simulated Tournament Weigh-In Site
Authors: Kaintz Melissa A. , Bettoli Phillip W.
Published: August 2010

Simulated smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu fishing tournaments were staged in Dale Hollow Lake, a 12,400-ha reservoir in Tennessee, between March 2004 and February 2005 to investigate posttournament dispersal. Smallmouth bass (n = 54) were captured with conventional hook-and-line tackle and artificial lures, placed in live wells, and subjected to a weigh-in procedure before being externally tagged with an ultrasonic transmitter and released. Water temperatures ranged from 7.4°C to 29.3°C (mean [SE] = 17.6°C [2.5]), fish ranged in total length from 330 to 572 mm (mean = 452 [8.3]), and no fish were dead at the weigh-ins. Smallmouth bass dispersed rapidly away from the release site, which was located at the head of a 68-ha embayment. After 3–5 d, survivors (n = 44) traversed an average distance of 1,475 m [213]. Most (72%) fish swam uplake and out of the 385-ha study area after 6 d. The rapid dispersal of smallmouth bass may be relevant in systems that experience heavy tournament activity. The smallmouth bass caught and subjected to simulated tournament conditions on Dale Hollow Lake did not stockpile near the release site.
Proposed Standard Weight (Ws) Equation and Standard Length Categories for Suwannee Bass
Authors: Bonvechio Timothy F. , Bonvechio Kimberly I. , Cailteux Richard L.
Published: August 2010

We developed standard weight (Ws) equations for Suwannee bass Micropterus notius using the traditional regression-line-percentile (RLP) technique and the newer empirical-percentile (EmP) method. Length and weight data for 2,137 Suwannee bass at least 11 cm total length (TL) collected from all 10 populations within the species' narrow geographic range were used to develop the equations. The resulting Ws equations were log10  W = −5.548 + 3.303 × log10  L and log10  W = −1.014 − 0.583 × log10  L + 0.828 × (log10  L)2 (where W is weight in grams and L is TL in millimeters) for the RLP and quadratic EmP techniques, respectively. The RLP-derived Ws equation exhibited a small (<4%) bias that varied by length-group but that was insignificant for management purposes. To assess fish population size structure, we also propose minimum lengths for five standard length categories of 15, 25, 30, 35, and 40 cm TL for stock, quality, preferred, memorable, and trophy sizes, respectively. Urban development and the recent introduction of nonnative species into some of these systems pose threats to the conservation of this rare black bass. Thus, the development of a Ws equation and standard length categories will aid biologists in evaluating and monitoring Suwannee bass populations as part of continuing conservation efforts.
Effects of Four Hook Removal Techniques on Feeding, Growth, and Survival of Deeply Hooked Largemouth Bass
Authors: DeBoom Corey S. , VanLandeghem Matthew M. , Wahl David H. , Siepker Michael J.
Published: August 2010

Largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides were intentionally deeply hooked using a size 2 kahle style live-bait hook and then subjected to one of four hook removal methods: hook left in place, standard removal, standard removal with a barbless hook, and a recently popularized “gill” technique whereby the hook eye is pulled behind the last gill arch and rolled to pop the barb free. Fish hooked in the oral cavity (not deeply hooked) were used as controls. Initial survival and consumption were evaluated for 6 d posthooking in tanks, whereas ponds were utilized to evaluate longer-term (up to 11 months) survival and growth. Food consumption in tanks was significantly higher for orally hooked controls and fish subjected to the gill technique than for those in the other treatments. Initial, 24-h mortality was less than 11% across treatments and was not significantly different among removal methods or orally hooked controls. No differences in growth or survival among deeply hooked fish subjected to the various removal methods or between deeply hooked fish and orally hooked controls were observed for largemouth bass held in ponds for up to 11 months. Overall, our results suggest that deeply hooked largemouth bass caught on hooks comparable to those used in our study have a similar probability of survival regardless of method of hook removal and can have rates of catch-and-release survival similar to that of fish hooked in the oral cavity.
Using Sea Turtle Carcasses to Assess the Conservation Potential of a Turtle Excluder Dredge
Authors: Smolowitz Ronald , Haas Heather , Milliken Henry O. , Weeks Matthew , Matzen Eric
Published: August 2010

Fisheries observers have documented interactions between sea turtles in the family Cheloniidae and the Atlantic sea scallop Placopecten magellanicus fishery. Sea turtle injuries resulting from interactions with scallop dredges are being mitigated through shifts in fishing effort and modifications to fishing gear. The standard New Bedford dredge can trap objects and crush them as they pass between the dredge frame and sea floor, so a modified turtle excluder dredge has been designed to reduce the likelihood of a turtle's passing under the frame when the dredge fishes on the seafloor. The key elements of the modified design are a forward cutting bar (which results in a sloping rather than a vertical face), a reduced number of bale support bars (just the center and outer bales), extension of the outer bale bars before tapering to the gooseneck (hauling point), and a reduction in the sources of entrapment between the depressor plate and the cutting bar via reduced spacing of struts. We evaluated the ability of the modified dredge to cause live sea turtles to pass over it by using loggerhead sea turtle Caretta caretta carcasses as a proxy. The carcasses were placed on the seafloor in the path of a towed dredge equipped with video cameras. Nine interactions between carcasses and the modified dredge were documented on video recordings. In each of the interactions, the carcass hit the dredge and passed over the dredge frame with little or no physical damage to the recovered carcasses. These carcass studies suggest that the turtle excluder dredge reduces sea turtle injuries associated with interactions between sea turtles and scallop dredges fishing on the seafloor.
Autochthonous visceral leishmaniasis in Brasília, Federal District, Brazil
Authors: Carranza-Tamayo César Omar , Carvalho Maria do Socorro Laurentino de , Bredt Angelika , Bofil Maria Isabel Rao , Rodrigues Rodrigo Menna Barreto , Silva Ailton Domício da , Cortez Sandra Maria Felipe Coelho , Romero Gustavo Adolfo Sierra
Published: August 2010

INTRODUCTION: Visceral leishmaniasis is a public health threat in Brazil considering the high lethality rates and increasing geographical dispersion to large urban conglomerates over the past 25 years. This study aimed to confirm suspected autochthonous cases of visceral leishmaniasis reported from 2005 to 2009 among individuals living in Brasilia, Federal District. METHODS: A retrospective review of the surveillance data obtained on a regular basis and clinical records of the reported cases were performed in 2009. RESULTS: Data from entomological and canine surveys revealed the presence of both Lutzomyia longipalpis and positive serology for Leishmania in dogs within 19 of the 21 neighborhoods where human cases occurred since 2005. The review of surveillance data and medical records, together with the entomological and canine survey data, permitted confirmation of 21 autochthonous human cases in the Federal District. The disease predominantly affected children (12/21) and those from the Sobradinho region (16/21); the typical presentation of fever, hepatosplenomegaly and pancytopenia was observed in 67% of cases. Three deaths occurred during the study period. Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi was successfully isolated from one human case and twelve canine cases. CONCLUSIONS: Visceral leishmaniasis should be considered endemic in Brasilia based on the documented epidemiological behavior herein described and the confirmed autochthony of human cases.
Estudos preliminares da biologia floral de Chrysophyllum Auratum Miq.(sapotaceae) em Piracicaba, estado de São Paulo
Authors: Corrales Francisco Miguel , Mantovani Waldir , Catharino Eduardo Luis M.
Published: August 2010

Com a finalidade de contribuir para o conhecimento da biologia floral de Chrysophyllum auratum Miq. (SAPOTACEAE), foram estudados dois indivíduos cultivados no Setor de Horticultura da Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Piracicaba - SP. Observou-se a fenologia floral e propôs-se identificar o sistema de reprodução. As flores apresentaram ânteses vespertina e noturna, havendo protandria. Um dos indivíduos estudados mostrou-se precoce em relação ao outro, na maioria dos eventos fenológicos. A síndrome de polinização observada foi de miofilia, ainda que não se tenha detectada a ação efetiva de agentes bióticos. Embora existam indicações da ocorrência de alogamia, os testes efetuados não permitiram conclusões definitivas.
Nutrição mineral de seringueira IV. Toxicidade de Boro em Hevea brasiliensis
Authors: Haag H.P. , Bueno N. , Viegas I.J.M. , Pereira J.P.
Published: August 2010

Com freqüência observa-se no Brasil nas áreas de seringueira sintomas visuais de deficiência de boro, quer na fase de formação das mudas em crescimento em viveiro, quer no jardim clonal e mesmo nos primeiros anos de desenvolvimento das plantas definitivas. Foi também constatado que estas deficiências estão associadas com adubação de N, P, K, Mg. Este fato levou os autores a determinar a resposta a plantulas de seringueira a níveis crescentes de boro no substrato (0,5; 1,0; 1,5; 2,0 e 2,5 ppm de B). Plantulas do clone Tjir 1 foram cultivadas em vasos contendo como substrato silica moida, acrescida de solução completa com os níveis de boro acima indicadas. Nove dias após o ensaio dos tratamentos o efeito do boro se fez notar. As plantas cresceram com menor intensidade e apareceram sintomas nas folhas, lembrando a carência de potássio. Houve queda acentuada de folhas. As concentrações de boro eram muito altas nas folhas variando entre 316 e 1300 ppm. No caule e nas raizes as concentrações eram menores de 21 a 85 ppm. Os autores concluem que a seringueira é muito sensível a toxicidade de boro, devendo ser dada uma atenção especial com este micronutriente nas plantações.
Nutrição mineral de leguminosas: V sintomas de deficiências de macronutrientes e de boro em Clitoria ternatea L.
Authors: Amaral Wlamir do , Haag Henrique Paulo
Published: August 2010

Com o objetivo de estudar a sintomatologia e os níveis analíticos correspondentes dos macronutrientes e do boro, instalou-se um experimento em casa de vegetação, cultivando-se Clitoria ternatea em solução restritiva tendo como substratos silica finamente moida. A sintomatologia observada das deficiências nutricionais foi idêntica a observada para a maioria das leguminosas forrageiras tropicais. Os níveis analíticos em folhas de plantas não deficientes e deficientes foram: N% - 3,51 - 1,59; P% -0,96 - 0,18; K% - 3,42 - 1,58; Ca% -1,62 - 0,50; Mg% - 0,89 - 0,38; S% -0,13 - 0,09; Bppm 13 - 16.
Nutrição mineral de hortaliças LXXII: Diagnóstico das carências de macronutrientes e de boro em melão (Cucumis melo L.)
Authors: Belfort C.C. , Haag H.P. , Minami K.
Published: August 2010

Com o objetivo de se obter o quadro sintomatológico das carências de macronutrientes e de boro, um ensaio foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, utilizando--se como substrato silica finamente moida, em quantidade de 7 kg por tratamento. Os tratamentos correspondem a utilização de soluções nutritivas denominadas de: completa, com omissão de N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S e B. Os vasos eram irrigados por percoladas. As soluções eram renovadas quinzenalmente. A omissão dos nutrientes afetou o peso de matéria seca das plantas mormente na omissão de N e de B. Os sintomas de desnutrição manifestaram-se claramente. As folhas sem sintomas apresentaram as seguintes concentrações dos nutrientes, expressos em função da matéria seca: N% - 2,39-3,30; P% - 0,28-0,62; K% - 2,53-2,87; Ca% - 2,59-5,14; Mg% - 0,79-0,99; S% - 0,22-0,24; B ppm - 65-111. Folhas com sintomas de desnutrição apresentaram os seguintes valores, expressos em função da matéria seca: N% - 1,11-1,21; P% - 0,12-0,23; K% - 0,86-1,72; Ca% -0,85-2,22; Mg% - 0,60-0,71; S% 0,17-0,19; B ppm - 54-101.
Nutrição mineral de leguminosas tropicais VI: crescimento e recrutamento de macronutrientes pela clitoria ternatea L.
Authors: Amaral Wlamir do , Haag Henrique Paulo , Dechen Antonio Roque , Minami Keigo
Published: August 2010

Com o objetivo de se obter dados referentes ao crescimento e recrutamento de macronutrientes, a leguminosa foi cultivada em Latossolo Vermelho Escuro Orto série "Luiz de Queiroz", em Piracicaba, SP. A coleta das amostras constituídas por plantas rasteiras, foi efetuada de 15 em 15 dias a partir de 41 dias após a semeadura. Após cada amostragem as plantas foram separadas em folhas, caules, flores e vagens. Em cada época e nas diferentes partes da planta determinou-se a quantidade de matéria seca eas concentrações de N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S. Os autores concluiram que: -AC. ternatea apresenta um acúmulo de matéria seca segundo um modelo de crescimento determinado (Y = 0,1875 + + 0,2196 x) para o período estudado. - Aos 86 dias após a germinação a concentração de macronutrientes na folha é de: N% - 3,69; P% - 0,32; K% - 2,30; Ca % - 0,85; Mg% - 0,43 e S% - 0,15. - Aos 86 dias após a germinação o acúmuIo de macronutrientes por planta é de: N mg - 321; P mg - 31; K mg - 218; Ca mg - 71; Mg mg - 38 e S mg - 16.
Caracterização de solos do Vale do Ribeira de Iguape no Estado de São Paulo através de índices de relevo
Authors: Vettorazzi C.A. , Angulo Filho R.
Published: August 2010

Através de índices de relevo, obtidos a partir de amostras circulares sobre carta topográfica planialtimétrica na escala 1:50.000, fez-se a caracterização de cinco unidades de solo, ocorrentes no Vale do Ribeira de Iguape no Estado de São Paulo e também testou-se a eficiência dos índices na discriminação desses solos. Os índices de relevo empregados foram a declividade média, a amplitude altimétrica máxima e o comprimento médio das vertentes. Os cinco solos estudados foram: a) Latossolo Amarelo álico - LAa (unidade PariqUera); b) Podzôlico Vermelho-Amarelo Latossólico álico - PVLa-1 (unidade Taquaruçu); c)Podzólico Vermelho Amarelo Latossólico álico - PVLa-2 (unidade Arataca);d)Podzólico Vermelho-Amarelo álico - PVa (unidade Vapamirim); e) Cambissolo álico - Ca-2 (unidade Canfilito). Os índices de relevo possibilitaram a caracterização e discriminação dos solos estudados, sendo mais eficientes na distinção entre as cinco unidades os índices amplitude altimétrica máxima e declividade média.
Nutrição mineral de gramineas tropicais: II. carências de micronutrientes em capim tobiatã (Panicum maximum, Jacq.)
Authors: França A.F.S. , Haag H.P.
Published: August 2010

Durante oitenta e um dias, foi conduzido um experimento com omissão de micronutrientes, em casa de vegetação, visando estabelecer o quadro sintomatológico das deficiências nutricionais e verificar os efeitos da omissão dos micronutrientes na produção de matéria seca do capim tobiatã. Foram testados os tratamentos: completo, omissão de Fe, omissão de Cu, omissão de Mn e omissão de Zn. A produção de matéria seca obtida nos diferentes tratamentos foi: completo = 62,2 g; -Cu = 45,7 g; -Zn = 46,9 g; -B = 48,1 g; -Mn = 48,1 ge-Fe=48,8 g. A concentração média em ppm, determinada nas folhas novas em função dos tratamentos foi: +B = 19 ppm e -B = 23 ppm; +Cu = 2,0 ppm e -Cu = 0,8; +Fe = 79 ppm e -Fe = 81 ppm; + Mn = 42 ppm e -Mn 41 ppm; +Zn = 27 ppm e -Zn = 31 ppm. A soma total dos micronutrientes nas diversas partes em mg por tratamento foi: +B = 1221; -B = 1227; +Cu = 85; -Cu = 21; +Fe = 4734; -Fe = 2788; +Mn = 536; -Mn = 393; +Zn = 2273 e -Zn = 1444.
Toxidez de alumínio e manganês em sorgo sacarino (Sorghum bicolor (L.) moench): I. Efeitos do silicato e do carbonato de cálcio em solo podzólico vermelho amarelo var. laras
Authors: Primavesi Ana Candida P. Aguirre , Malavolta E. , Primavesi Odo
Published: August 2010

Foram determinados produção de matéria seca de raízes, colmos e folhas e teores de P, Ca, Mg, K, Al, Mn e Fe de três cultivares de sorgo sacarino (Br500, Br602 e Ample-H-OK) crescendo em solo Podzólico Vermelho Amarelo Var. Laras, em presença e ausência de corretivos da acidez do solo (calcário e silicato). Ocorreram diferenças genotípicas na resposta aos corretivos. O melhor tratamento para a produção de matéria seca das folhas não foi necessariamente o melhor para a produção de matéria seca dos colmos. O calcário propiciou efeitos relativos melhores que o silicato na promoção do crescimento dos cultivares. O cultivar Br500 apresentou a melhor resposta ao calcário e Br602 ao silicato. A melhor produção de matéria seca de colmos do sorgo sacarino, proporcionado pela aplicação de corretivos, deveu-se principalmente à redução da saturação em alumínio e ao aumento da CTC efetiva, do Ca trocável e do pH do solo. O calcário promoveu a redução nos teores foliares de todos os elementos analisados, inclusive Al e Mn. O silicato acarretou aumentos nos teores de Ca, Mg, K, P e Al. Não foram constatados sintomas visuais de toxicidade de Mn nos níveis presentes, embora a produção de matéria seca total tenha sido afetada. Os cultivares foram afetados pelo Al trocável do solo na seguinte ordem decrescente: Ample-H-OK >Br602 > Br500.
Estruturação e verbalização no conhecimento social
Authors: Bergamin M. Dulce B.
Published: August 2010

Cento e quarenta crianças de 6 a 12 anos, de ambos os sexos, foram solicitadas a cumprir duas tarefas, baseadas no método de colocação de bonecos. Na primeira deveriam dispor um conjunto de 15 bonecos sobre uma folha de papel, e na segunda deviam tomar dois bonecos quaisquer supondo que mantivessem certo tipo de relação social e inventando o diálogo que pudessem estar travando. A análise dos resultados revela um processo psicogenético de estruturação do conhecimento social, e uma crescente antecipação das implicações do comportamento, acompanhada do aumento da complexidade do pensamento.
Efeitos do tratamento fungicida e de três ambientes de armazenamento sobre a conservação de sementes de seringueira
Authors: Cicero Silvio Moure , Marcos Filho Julio , Toledo Francisco Ferraz de
Published: August 2010

No Estado de São Paulo, a coleta de sementes de seringueira se inicia em fevereiro e se prolonga até os meses de março/abril; os meses subsequentes se caracterizam por apresentarem um período relativamente seco e frio, inadequado para a instalação de viveiros. Desta forma, seria importante o armazenamento das sementes até os meses setembro/outubro. As sementes de seringueira perdem a viabilidade, em condições normais de ambiente, num período relativamente curto e exigem determinadas condições para o seu armazenamento; assim, estudaram--se no presente trabalho os efeitos do tratamento fungicida e de três ambientes de armazenamento sobre a qualidade das sementes acondicionadas em sacos plásticos. Foram conduzidos 2 experimentos com sementes provenientes de seringais de cultivo, nas safras de 1983 e 1984. Os testes de emergência em areia, altura média, peso fresco médio e peso seco médio de plantas foram conduzidos em épocas (1983) e 5 épocas (1984) espaçadas de 2 meses. Observou -se que os fungicidas Benlate e Captan não se mostraram adequados ao tratamento das sementes de seringueira; sementes de boa qualidade fisiológica e apresentando grau de umidade acima de 30% foram bem conservadas por um período de 6 meses, quando armazenadas em condições normais de ambiente (sem controle de umidade e de temperatura).
Propagação vegetativa do guaranazeiro (Paullinia cupana (Mart.) Ducke) através de estacas induzidas (capeadas) e com ácido indolilbutirico
Authors: Rodrigues João Elias L. F. , Lucchesi Antonio A.
Published: August 2010

Conduziu-se um experimento de propagação vegetativa em guaranazeiro (Paullinia cupana (Mart.) Ducke) na EMBRAPA, UEPAE de Porto Velho, Rondonia, localizada no Km 5,5 da BR-364, com latitude sul 8°46'5", longitude 63°5' de Greenwich e altitude de 96,3 metros acima do nível do mar. Utilizou-se de ramos lenhosos e herbáceos, os quais foram induzidos ao enraizamento, através do processo de capeamento parcial dos mesmos, e também de regulador vegetal, o ácido indolilbutirico na concentração de 50 ppm. Os resultados obtidos permitiram concluir que: O enraizamento das estacas herbáceas foi muito superior ao das lenhosas; as estacas herbáceas induzidas (capeadas) sem a utilização do ácido indolilbutirico, apresentaram maior percentual de enraizamento; a indução ao enraizamento nos ramos do guaranazeiro provocou a formação de primórdios de raízes da região induzida (capeada) da planta, antes mesmo do corte dos ramos; e, apesar de apresentar menor percentual de enraizamento as estacas induzidas (capeadas) quando tratadas com IBA, apresentaram um maior número de raízes.
Escolha manual, seleção eletrônica pela cor, tratamento fungicida e qualidade de sementes de amendoim
Authors: Prete Cássio E. C. , Cícero Silvio Moure
Published: August 2010

Este trabalho foi conduzido com o objetivo de estudar o efeito da escolha manual, da seleção eletrônica pela cor e do tratamento fungicida sobre a qualidade de sementes de amendoim (Arachis hypogaea L.). O lote, após o descascamento, limpeza, classificação em peneira 22/64 de polegada e separação da porção mais pesada obtida pelo processamento em mesa gravitacional foi submetido aos seguintes tratamentos: 1. material original (testemunha), 2. material submetido a uma seleção eletrônica, 3. material submetido a duas seleções eletrônicas, 4. material submetido a três seleções eletrônicas, 5. escolha manual por oito pessoas, 6. escolha manual por quatro pessoas seguida de uma seleção eletrônica, 7. material descartado pela selecionadora eletrônica. Todos os tratamentos foram divididos em duas partes e uma delas foi tratada com o fungicida thiran, (2 g.i.a por kg de sementes). Para avaliar a qualidade das sementes foram conduzidos os seguintes testes: análise de pureza física, exame de sementes com tegumento danificado, germinarão, envelhecimento acelerado, emergência em areia, emergência em campo e exame de sanidade das sementes. Conclui-se que as sementes descartadas pela sele cionadora eletrônica, composta predominantemente de sementes de amendoim de coloração mais clara e mais escura que a cor característica do cultivar e de sementes com tegumento danificado expondo o embrião foram de menor qualidade física, fisiológica e sanitária, entretanto, a remoção destes materiais através da escolha manual e/ou seleção eletrônica melhorou apenas a qualidade física, não alterou a qualidade fisiológica e sanitaria do lote de sementes. O tratamento fungicida proporcionou melhoria na qualidade fisiológica e sanitária das sementes e exerceu efeito protetivo no momento da semeadura.