bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Experimental Study of the Effect of Student Teams Achievement Divisions (STAD) on Vocabulary Learning of EFL Adult Learners
Authors: Journal Arab World English , Ishtiaq Muhammad , Ali Zuraina , Salem Muhammad
Published: July 2018

Student Teams Achievement Divisions (STAD) has been considered as an important cooperative learning strategy in progressive pedagogy. A number of studies have supported the use of STAD in different subject areas and in different socio-cultural contexts. However, it is still an under-researched area in countries like Saudi Arabia where English is taught as a Foreign Language. This quasi-experimental study was conducted in Unaizah Community College, Saudi Arabia. Both the experimental group and the control group were tested on 2000-word vocabulary test. A vocabulary test was prepared and administered by the researchers at the beginning of the experiment as a pre-test. The experimental group was taught with Student Teams Achievement Divisions (STAD) strategy whereas the control group was taught with traditional whole-class instruction method. The treatment was carried out for two weeks. At the end of the experiment, the same vocabulary test was re-administered as a post-test. Independent samples t-test was used to analyze the data using SPSS 21. Results showed that there was a significant difference between the experimental group and the control group in favor of the experimental group (p= 0.002 < 0.05).
Socioeconomic Variation in the Association of Marriage with Depression
Authors: Carlson Daniel L. , Kail Ben Lennox
Published: July 2018

Although the personal, social, and economic health resources that marriage is argued to provide vary by socioeconomic status (SES), little research has examined whether the association of marriage with psychological well-being varies by SES. Focusing on depressive symptoms as an outcome and using multilevel modeling, results from analysis of four waves of data (n = 4,340 person-waves) from the American Changing Lives Survey (ACL) shows that differences in depressive symptoms between never married and married adults varies by household income. Depressive symptoms are highest among the never married, and differences from the married greatest, at the lowest levels of income. As income increases these differences are eliminated. The interaction between income and marriage is partially mediated by financial strain, self-efficacy, and social support from friends and relatives. The implications of these findings for U.S. marriage promotion policies are discussed.
Causal Relationship amongst Epistemic Beliefs, Motivations, and Strategies Use in Reading for EFL Students
Authors: Journal Arab World English , Emaliana Ive , Widiati Utami , Latief Mohammad Adnan , Suharmanto
Published: July 2018

Motivated by the need for more empirical evidence on factors affecting English as a Foreign Language (EFL) reading enhancement, this paper aims at elucidating causal relationship between reading epistemic beliefs, reading motivations, and strategies use in reading. The present study provides an evaluative perspective with regard to the directions of influences among them. A model that reflects the hypothesis that epistemic beliefs affect strategies use in reading to read which are strengthened by reading motivation is constructed and tested. The structural equation modeling (SEM) confirms this hypothesis, which implies interdependences across the factors as promising resources that can be utilized in EFL reading context for comprehension development. A few important implications for EFL reading instruction and research can be drawn from the results
Launching Innovation in Schools in Review
Authors: Huttner-Loan Elizabeth , Grubb Rachel , Beazley Garrett , Napier Alyssa , Reich Justin
Published: July 2018

All around the world, school systems are working towards more ambitious teaching and learning in classrooms—moving away from passive lecture, worksheets, and recitation and towards innovations in active, student-centered, technology-mediated learning. Better student learning depends on better teacher learning; school systems need to dramatically increase the quantity and quality of learning opportunities for educators within the system. Online and blended courses and experiences will play a crucial role in making this dramatic increase possible. The Microsoft in Education MOOCs represent an important experiment in using online resources to create new learning opportunities for school leaders looking to take the helm of transformational change in schools.
The Beck Depression Inventory 2nd Edition (BDI-II): A cross sample structural analysis
Authors: Strunk Kamden K
Published: July 2018

A common concern about the BDI-II among researchers in the area of depression has long been the single-factor scoring scheme. Methods exist for making cross sample comparisons of latent structure but tend to rely on estimation methods that can be imprecise and unnecessarily complex. This study presents a computationally more efficient method for reproducing a population matrix and uses this method to evaluate competing factor solutions of the BDI-II published in the literature. The results of this study suggest our alternative method can reproduce a population matrix and when used to test various factor solutions of the BDI-II, there is a lack of evidence to suggest any one superior structure. However, the source of measurement error within some models may help to inform the diagnostic utility of the BDI-II.
GEOGRAPHY OF WASTE AS A NEW APPROACH IN WASTE MANAGEMENT STUDY
Authors: MIHAI Florin Constantin
Published: July 2018

Abstract. Municipal waste management in the last two decades has become aglobal environmental priority in the context of increasing amounts of wastegenerated due to the development of a mass consumer society. Various issuesof waste management , territorial and temporal variability, spatialanalysis of treatment or disposal facilities, systemic implications on theenvironment, the harmonization of international policy at national,regional and local level are solid arguments forstudying this field by geography. Mostly technical or economic studies,lacking a vision of territory are supplemented in the conceptual andmethodological level by geographers. This paper performed on the one hand,an overview of various approaches in current literature on waste managementissue and onanother hand analyses the geographical contributions in this field. Ourconclusions lead to the idea that waste management must be performedaccording to the geographical features of the territory concerned.
A Contested Crisis: Policy Narratives and Empirical Evidence on Border Deaths in the Mediterranean
Authors: Steinhilper Elias , Gruijters Rob J.
Published: July 2018

Death and suffering of migrants at Europe's Mediterranean Sea border has become one of the defining moral and political issues of our time. While humanitarian organisations argue that deaths result from Europe's policy of exclusion and closure, those employing a deterrence oriented narrative have argued for even stricter border controls. Perhaps because of its contentious nature, the debate is often devoid of systematic information on the drivers and dynamics of border deaths. This study contributes to our understanding of border deaths in the Mediterranean region in three ways: it describes and evaluates recent data sources on migration and mortality; it provides a descriptive statistical analysis of absolute and relative mortality risks between 2010 and 2016; and it assesses the relationship between European border policy and border deaths. Our findings challenge the dominant deterrence-oriented policy narrative and highlight the failure of European authorities to address the ongoing humanitarian crisis.
American Federalism and Racial Formation in Contemporary Immigration Policy
Authors: Jones Jennifer , Brown Hana
Published: July 2018

Preprint, final version in Ethnic and Racial Studies available at: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01419870.2017.1403033
Text Structure and Its Teaching Implications: An Analytical Study
Authors: Journal Arab World English , Abu Hamameh Ala’a Mohammad , Al-Jamal Dina , Baniabdelrahman Abdallah
Published: July 2018

The way information is organized in a text enables students to read effectively. As such, the current study content analyzed the first and the second stage secondary English as a foreign language (EFL) textbooks taught at public schools in Jordan. This descriptive analytical research design was carried out to explore the means and frequencies of text structure types included in both textbooks and the extent of fairness in presenting these structures within the reading texts of both textbooks. The main aim of the study is to provide insights for both EFL teachers and book designers to expose students to varied types of text structure. A content analysis sheet for coding the material based on the criterion of inclusion was used. The reading passage was the unit of analysis. The analysis of the study revealed that the Jordanian secondary stage textbooks include a variety of text structure types that are not fairly distributed; nevertheless, the descriptive structure was the most frequent structure in both textbooks. Starting from this premise, the current study discussed the pedagogical implications of text structure teaching. Accordingly, the study recommends that book designers should integrate reading texts of varied text structure types without ignoring some structures in favor of others, also it recommends that EFL teachers should be trained to use text structure strategy in EFL reading classes.
The Global Traffic in Looted Cultural Objects
Authors: Yates Donna
Published: July 2018

The looting, trafficking, and illicit sale of cultural objects is a form of transnational crime with significant social and legal dimensions that call into question competing ideas of ownership and value, as well as how we define organized crime, white collar crime, and crimes of the powerful. The looting of cultural objects from archaeological and heritage sites is inherently destructive and is almost always illegal. However, through a complex smuggling chain which depends on lack of import/export regulation standardization in transit and opaque business practices at market, stolen cultural objects are able to be passed onto the international market in large quantities and at little risk to market actors.
Journal of History of Economic Thought Preprints- Ricardo and Ricardians on the Order of Culivation
Authors: BIDARD
Published: July 2018

The Ricardian dynamics are based on the study of the order of cultivation when demand increases. Sraffa criticized Ricardo for having assumed that the incoming method is defined by a natural order and stressed that the law of succession of methods is based on a profitability criterion. Then, in the case of intensive cultivation, the question is whether the incoming method is indeed more productive than the one it replaces. Sraffa’s argument relies on the positivity of rent. However, there is a flaw in his reasoning and a failure of the Ricardian dynamics is possible. Post-Sraffian scholars have misunderstood that construction and have substituted a static approach for it. The critiques they address to Sraffa are better understood by returning to Ricardo and Sraffa's own methodology. Fifty years ago, mathematicians rediscovered Ricardo's approach independently and worked out a powerful algorithm inspired by it.
Cooperative Principle and Inferential Chains of Interpretation: Socio-Pragmatic Approach to Language and Literature Teaching
Authors: Studies AWEJ-tls for Translation & Literary , Thakur Vijay Singh
Published: July 2018

The author strongly believes in Black’s (2006) remark that Grician Maxims of conversational cooperation have a considerable degree of relevance for the processing of literary discourse on the innermost level of character-to-character interactions (p. 27). In the backdrop of this, this paper aims to demonstrate how analytical dimension of literary studies can be expanded by involving Grice’s (1975) pragmatic stylistic theory of Cooperative Priciple (CP) and explores how the fictional discourses could be better understood by reconstructing inferential chains of interpretation along with various issues of inferences in the dialogic discourses of the characters from Vikram Seth’s magnum opus A Suitable Boy (ASB). The CP contributes to contextualization of the text; provides interpretative possibilities that explain how we draw inferences from conversation; and hints to interpretations of how direct and indirect discourses are manipulated in literary works of fiction. The major findings of this paper suggest that the real value and richness of conversational maxims of Grice lie not in observing but in flouting them and that the major motivation for violating the requirements of these maxims are related to characters’ socio-cultural concerns such as politeness, tact, social power and taboos and also to the inter-personal factors like various cross-purposes, attitudes, personal tensions, conflicts, etc. Arriving at pragmatic meanings through the maxims of CP involves effort and increases engagement with the text; therefore, the author strongly recommends that pragmatic stylistic analysis be frequently included as an important pedagocial activity of studying fictional discourses in the teaching of language and literature.
Connecting Online Work and Online Education at Scale
Authors: Prpić John
Published: July 2018

Education is one of the eight Millennium Development Goals (MDG) of the United Nations. Considerable interest has been displayed in online education at scale, a new arising concept to realize this goal. Yet connecting online education to real jobs is still a challenge. This CHI workshop bridges this gap by bringing together groups and insights from related work at HCOMP, CSCW, and Learning at Scale. The workshop aims at providing opportunities for groups not yet in the focus of online education, exemplified by students who have not have equal access to higher education, compared to typical students in MOOCs.The focus is on theoretical and empirical connections between online education and job opportunities which can reduce the financial gap, by providing students with an income during their studies. The workshop explores the technological analogue of the concept of ‘apprenticeship’, long established in the European Union, and education research [2]. This allows students to do useful work as an apprentice during their studies. This workshop tackles such questions by bringing together participants from industry (e.g., platforms similar to Upwork, Amazon Mechanical Turk); education, psychology, and MOOCs (e.g., attendees of AERA, EDM, AIED, Learning at Scale); crowdsourcing and collaborative work (e.g., attendees of CHI, CSCW, NIPS, AAAI’s HCOMP).Krause, M., Hall, M., Williams, J. J., Paritosh, P., Prpić, J., & Caton, S. (2016, May). Connecting Online Work and Online Education at Scale. In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 3536-3541). ACM.
Latest legal and social developments in the euthanasia debate: Bad moral consciences and political unrest
Authors: Ferreira Nuno
Published: July 2018

Several events that took place during the last years, such as the French Act on the rights of patients and the end of life, the Terri Schiavo case and Lord Joffe’s proposal for an Assisted Dying Bill in the United Kingdom, have triggered the debate on euthanasia more than ever.It is therefore opportune to revisit basic notions related thereto and to make a comparative analysis of the legal regime of euthanasia in several countries in Europe and elsewhere, as well as to try to see how the public awareness of the problem has of late developed.There seems to be a clear trend in many legal systems towards an increasing respect for the patient’s right to self-determination. However, we are still looking at a complex social game, where legal and medical terminology are manipulated and euphemisms are invented in order to accommodate bad moral consciences and avoid political unrest.
Terrorism and Social Movements; Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Social Movements, 2nd Edition
Authors: Beck Colin J , Schoon Eric W.
Published: July 2018

In spite of a proliferation of empirical research, scholarship on terrorism remainstheoretically fragmented and often inconclusive on even basic issues. In this chapter,we detail how terrorism can be incorporated into the social movements andcollective action scholarships’ portfolio of research through a review of several of themost widely debated topics in current terrorism research: 1) how terrorism isdefined; 2) dynamics of radicalization for individuals and groups; 3) intensity andtargets of violence; 4) organizational diversification; and 5) the context of terroristaction. Taking a problem-centered approach, we detail how prior insights fromscholarship on social movements and collective action can theoretically andsubstantively advance terrorism research.
Medicare Coverage and Reporting: A Comparison of the Current Population Survey and Administrative Records
Authors: Bhaskar Renuka , Noon James , O'Hara Brett , Velkoff Victoria
Published: July 2018

Medicare coverage of the older population in the United States is widely recognized as being nearly universal. Recent statistics from the Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement (CPS ASEC) indicate that 93 percent of individuals aged 65 and older were covered by Medicare in 2013. Those without Medicare include those who are not eligible for the public health program, though the CPS ASEC estimate may also be impacted by misreporting. Using linked data from the CPS ASEC and Medicare Enrollment Database (i.e., the Medicare administrative data), we estimate the extent to which individuals misreport their Medicare coverage. We focus on those who report having Medicare but are not enrolled (false positives) and those who do not report having Medicare but are enrolled (false negatives). We use regression analyses to evaluate factors associated with both types of misreporting including socioeconomic, demographic, and household characteristics. We then provide estimates of the implied Medicare-covered, insured, and uninsured older population, taking into account misreporting in the CPS ASEC. We find an undercount in the CPS ASEC estimates of the Medicare covered population of 4.5 percent. This misreporting is not random - characteristics associated with misreporting include citizenship status, year of entry, labor force participation, Medicare coverage of others in the household, disability status, and imputation of Medicare responses. When we adjust the CPS ASEC estimates to account for misreporting, Medicare coverage of the population aged 65 and older increases from 93.4 percent to 95.6 percent while the uninsured rate decreases from 1.4 percent to 1.3 percent.
Association of technical education with earnings and employment: Minas Gerais (2009 and 2011)
Authors: Gontijo Bárbara Avelar , Amaral Ernesto F. L.
Published: July 2018

Title in Portuguese: Associação do ensino profissionalizante com rendimento e emprego: Minas Gerais (2009 e 2011)Abstract: This paper analyzes the relationship between technical education and the first demographic dividend in Minas Gerais. The hypothesis is that those who received technical training are more likely to get employed and have higher earnings. Then, the technical training would be a good investment to promote a higher economic and social development, taking advantage of the favorable demographic situation. We used data from the 2009 and the 2011 Minas Gerais Household Survey (PAD-MG), developed by the João Pinheiro Foundation (FJP). For the evaluation of earnings, ordinary least squared models were estimated. For the analysis of employability, logistic models were estimated. From the results, it is possible to note that those who get technical training get higher average earnings, and greater chances of entering the labor market, keeping everything else constant.Resumo: Este trabalho analisa a relação entre o ensino profissionalizante e o aproveitamento do primeiro dividendo demográfico em Minas Gerais. A hipótese é que aqueles que cursaram o ensino profissionalizante têm mais chances de empregar-se e maiores rendimentos salariais. Desta forma, a capacitação profissional seria um bom investimento para um maior desenvolvimento econômico e social do estado, promovendo o aproveitamento da favorável situação demográfica vivenciada. Foram utilizados os dados da Pesquisa por Amostragem de Domicílios de Minas Gerais (PAD-MG) de 2009 e 2011, desenvolvida pela Fundação João Pinheiro (FJP). Na análise da empregabilidade foram estimados modelos logísticos, e para a avaliação da renda foram estimados modelos de mínimos quadrados ordinários (MQO). Diante dos resultados, é possível notar que aqueles que cursam o ensino profissionalizante têm mais chances de entrada no mercado de trabalho e um rendimento salarial mais alto, mantendo se tudo mais constante.
Moaning and Eye Contact: Men's Use of Ambiguous Signals in Attributions of Consent to their Sexual Partners
Authors: Bedera Nicole
Published: July 2018

In recent years, there has been increasing pressure on men to take a proactive role in preventing sexual violence. On college campuses, this pressure has been formalized into affirmative consent policies that require all students to actively seek consent from their sexual partners through unambiguous verbal or physical signals. This study uses data from 25 semi-structured interviews to explore how undergraduate men make sense of sexual consent after cultural and organizational pressure to be more proactive in preventing sexual assault. Participants answered questions about their recent sexual experiences and their attitudes toward campus sexual consent policies. Findings indicate that while participants understand and condone key elements of sexual consent, they do not consistently apply reliable strategies to ensure that their sexual interactions are consensual. Instead, they use ambiguous social cues that are common in both consensual and nonconsensual sexual interactions, which reinforce the cultural notion that consent is unclear.
Transnational Professional Competition in Fields and Ecologies
Authors: Christensen Rasmus Corlin
Published: July 2018

Transnationalisation of economies, organisations and societies have fundamentally reconfigured professional life. Dispersal of authority and activity away from national confines has spawned new transnational modes of organisation and competition amongst professionals. Studies of transnational professional competition explore how professionals broker normative, institutional and political change through these struggles in spaces ‘beyond the state’. This paper reviews existing work on transnational professional competition, focusing on two dominant streams: studies associated with Pierre Bourdieu’s field theory and studies associated with Andrew Abbott’s ecological theory. It discusses the key theoretical dynamics and empirical focus of each stream. Furthermore, the paper reviews the ongoing debate between the two streams, drawing out proposals for mutual learning at the intersection of field and ecology studies. It is argued that such a closer exchange has potential to address points of contention and exploit points of convergence, enhancing understanding of specifically transnational professional relations, institutional change, social contexts and social structures.
All Talk and No Action? Racial Differences in College Behaviors and Attendance
Authors: Blake Mary Kate
Published: July 2018

According to the influential “oppositional culture” account, we should expect black students as a group to be less likely to engage in school than their white counterparts because they are more likely to believe and act in opposition to academics. In contrast to this prediction, qualitative and quantitative researchers have almost uniformly deduced that black students hold similar or higher educational values, attitudes, and expectations as compared to whites. I pull from the rich literature on racial differences in educational attitudes and expectations to posit that instead of black students shirking education, black students are actually more likely to act in favor of education, and that this might help explain their higher net rates of college attendance as indicated in prior research. Using the Education Longitudinal Study of 2002 (ELS), I find that black students’ higher rates of engagement in college-going behaviors mediate the relationship between race and college attendance so that race is no longer a significant predictor of attendance. Implications for how these results can address racial disparities in college entry and completion will be discussed.
LGBT bias and discrimination: Occurrence, outcomes, and the impact of policy change
Authors: Strunk Kamden K , Takewell William
Published: July 2018

Bias and discrimination are an ongoing, persistent problem for LGBT Mississippians. They report experiencing discrimination, harassment, assault, and negative experiences with public official, among others. These experiences with bias and discrimination begin early on, with pervasive issues in the K-12 schooling system, and continue through college and university settings. In adult life, LGBT Mississippians experience workplace bias and discrimination, medical stigma, difficulty accessing medical care, and public bias and harassment. All of these experiences take a toll, resulting in a number of negative outcomes. These include depression, suicidal thoughts, lowered academic outcomes, lowered ability to perform at the job, and lower overall physical health. However, these experiences can be lessened and negative effects mitigated.Diversity resolutions, nondiscrimination policies, and nondiscrimination ordinances make a real and positive difference in the lives of LGBT people. They provide affirming messages, decrease the perception that anti-LGBT discrimination and bias is officially sanctioned, and provide a sense of social support. All of these factors combine to result in better outcomes for LGBT people, and for the communities in which they live.
Foreign Language Anxiety of EFL Students: Examining the Effect of Self-Efficacy, Self-Perceived Proficiency and Sociobiographical Variables
Authors: Journal Arab World English , Bensalem Elias
Published: July 2018

The present study aims to explore the link between foreign language anxiety (FLA) and self-efficacy, English self-perceived proficiency, and three sociobiographical variables (gender, knowledge of a third language, and experience abroad) among 261 Arabic university students learning English. Data were collected using the Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale (Horwitz, Horwitz, & Cope, 1986) and an Arabic version of the Foreign Language Self-Efficacy Scale (Torres & Turner, 2016). The findings revealed that this sample of Arab English as a foreign language (EFL) students experienced an average level of anxiety with female learners suffering more from anxiety than their male counterparts. Regression analyses revealed that self-efficacy, self-perceived proficiency in English, and gender were predictors of FLA. The results suggest that participants who were self-efficacious and felt more proficient in English were significantly less likely to suffer from FLA. However, even though knowledge of a third language and experience abroad were correlated with FLA, they had no effect on participants’ anxiety.
The Development Benefits of Maternity Leave
Authors: Fallon Kathleen M. , Mazar Alissa , Swiss Liam
Published: July 2018

Within developing countries, studies addressing the effects of maternity benefits on fertility, infant/child health, and women’s labor force participation are limited and provide contradictory findings. Yet, knowledge regarding the implementation of maternity provisions is essential, as such policies could significantly improve women and children’s well-‐being. We add to this literature by using fixed effects panel regression from 1999 through 2012 across 121 developing countries to explore whether different types of maternity leave policies affect infant/child mortality rates, fertility, and women’s labor force participation, and whether those effects are shaped by disparities in GDP per Capita and Secondary School Enrollment. Our findings demonstrate: 1) both infant and child mortality rates are expected to decline in countries that institute any leave policy, policies that last 12 weeks or longer, and policies that increase in duration and payment as a percentage of total annual salary, 2) fertility is expected to decline in countries that have higher weekly paid compensation, 3) maternity leave provisions decrease fertility and infant/child mortality rates most in countries with lower GDP per capita and countries with middle range secondary enrollment rates, and 4) labor force participation does not increase. Our results suggest that policy makers must consider the duration, compensation, and goals (addressing fertility versus mortality rates) of a policy alongside a country’s economic development and secondary school enrollment when determining which maternity leave provisions to apply within developing-‐country contexts.
A Study on the Impact of Arabic Diglossia on L2 learners of Arabic: Examining Motivation and Perception.
Authors: Journal Arab World English , Zahrani Maha Abdelrahman Al Hariri Al
Published: July 2018

One of the most distinctive features of the Arabic language is the occurrence of diglossia (Al-Batal, 1995). Diglossia involves the use of two varieties of the same language by the same society for different functions. The principle objective of this independent inquiry is to study the impact of Arabic diglossia on L2 learners of Arabic studying this language in the native Arab environment i.e. Saudi Arabia, which is the centre of MSA variety of Arabic. This study also aimed at understanding the effect of awareness about Arabic diglossia on the motivation of L2 learners. Qualitative methodology has been used to gain an in-depth view of the perceptions and the motivation level of L2 learners in two language institutes in Saudi Arabia. The primary data has been collected through self-administered questionnaires from 15 participants studying Arabic at various stages of language learning in the selected language institutes. The secondary data has been taken from various past researchers and literary works related to the topic of this dissertation. It has been found that the L2 learners of Arabic are generally aware of the Arabic diglossia and understand the functional differences between CA and MSA, but this situation doesn’t significantly affect their learning progress as assessed by their academic learning progress before and after attending the language centre and their willingness to continue learning the Arabic language. Indeed, learners studying at advanced stages of Arabic find the diglossic situation motivating and challenging, unlike the starters who were negatively affected (demotivated) by the presence of multiple varieties of Arabic as they find it an intimidating task to learn multiple varieties of Arabic under the umbrella of learning one language.Additionally, social circle and the number native Arabic speaking people around the L2 learners of Arabic have a huge impact on the motivation level of the learners who not only get a higher exposure to CA but also learn the spoken variety from their peers which in return positively motivate them to learn Arabic in the native Arab setting
Who Chooses Open Source Software?
Authors: Lemley Mark
Published: July 2018

Economists and legal scholars have debated the reasons people adopt opensource software, and accordingly whether and to what extent the open sourcemodel can scale, replacing proprietary rights as a primary means ofproduction. In this study, we use the release by a biotechnology company ofsimilar software under both proprietary and open source licenses toinvestigate who uses open source software and why. We find that academicusers are somewhat more likely to adopt open source software than privatefirms. We find only modest differences in the willingness of open sourceusers to modify or improve existing programs. And we find that users ofopen source software often make business decisions that seem indifferent tothe norms of open source distribution. Our findings cast some doubt on thepenetration of the open source ethos beyond traditional software markets.
Social Changes and the Generational Differences in the Formation of Collective Memories (Dissertation, 2012)
Authors: Vuckovic Juros Tanja
Published: July 2018

The present study examined how collective memories on a recent difficult past were formed among young people coming of age in a society transitioning from a totalitarian regime through an authoritarian state to a nascent democratic society. I used textual analysis to examine the presentations of the communist Yugoslavia institutionalized in the Croatian history textbooks and newspapers in 1991-2007, and I compared them to the accounts of the Yugoslav past among the Croatian transitional (born 1978-81) and post-communist generation (born 1989-91). These two generations were distinct in their childhood and formative years’ experiences of Yugoslavia and post-Yugoslav Croatia, but both depended on secondary sources such as parents, school and the media for their evaluations of the Yugoslav period. The present study found that the textbook and newspaper presentations, primarily shaped by the 1990s nation-building elites, mainly portrayed Yugoslavia in negative political, economic and ethnic terms. However, findings from 72 in-depth interviews with the two young Croatian generations suggested that the influence of the dominant negative re-evaluations was limited, particularly among the vocationally educated individuals who were least exposed to the institutionalized presentations of the Yugoslav past. In contrast, the young Croats, independently of their differences, generally dominantly evaluated Yugoslavia in positive social terms, which was a perspective obtained from their parents and older people recounting their good lives in Yugoslavia. This perspective was appropriated not only because its sources were emotionally available and credible, but also because the social lens on Yugoslavia helped the young Croats make sense of their lives in the social insecurities of the contemporary Croatian society. Therefore, the present study showed how different beliefs on the Yugoslav past, available from different sources, were appropriated and used by the young Croats. I also proposed Interactional Model of Collective Memories Formation, which elaborated how the influences on the beliefs of the past were formed at the macro, micro and the level of social interaction. Finally, this study also illuminated how active actors reinterpreted the presentations of the past, thus demonstrating how individuals can use culture in diverse and adept ways.
The (in)security of smart cities: vulnerabilities, risks, mitigation and prevention
Authors: Kitchin Rob , Dodge Martin
Published: July 2018

In this paper we examine the current state of play with regards to the security of smart city initiatives. Smart city technologies are promoted as an effective way to counter and manage uncertainty and urban risks through the effective and efficient delivery of services, yet paradoxically they create new vulnerabilities and threats, including making city infrastructure and services insecure, brittle, and open to extended forms of criminal activity. This paradox has largely been ignored or underestimated by commercial and governmental interests or tackled through a technically-mediated mitigation approach. We identify five forms of vulnerabilities with respect to smart city technologies, detail the present extent of cyberattacks on networked infrastructure and services, and present a number of illustrative examples. We then adopt a normative approach to explore existing mitigation strategies, suggesting a wider set of systemic interventions (including security-by-design, remedial security patching and replacement, formation of core security and computer emergency response teams, a change in procurement procedures, and continuing professional development). We discuss how this approach might be enacted and enforced through market-led and regulation/management measures, and examine a more radical preventative approach to security.
Come Together Right Now: An Introduction to the Open Access Network
Authors: Kennison Rebecca
Published: July 2018

Officially launched just over a year ago, the Open Access Network (OAN)offers a transformative, sustainable, and scalable model of open access(OA) publishing and preservation that encourages partnerships amongscholarly societies, research libraries, and other partners (e.g., academicpublishers, university presses, collaborative e-archives) who share acommon mission to support the creation and distribution of open researchand scholarship and to encourage more affordable education, which can be adirect outcome of OA publishing. Our ultimate goal is to develop acollective funding approach that is fair and open and that fully sustainsthe infrastructure needed to support the full life-cycle for communicationof the scholarly record, including new and evolving forms of researchoutput. Simply put, we intend to *Make Knowledge Public*.
Trafficking Cultural Objects and Human Rights
Authors: Yates Donna
Published: July 2018

Since the end of the second world war, international cultural heritage protection law and its domestic legal components have proceeded in their development in tandem with the development of international human rights laws and norms. A core tension in human rights thinking is evident also in debates about the right to cultural property: the potential for conflict between the right to cultural self–determination by one group and attempts to develop and promulgate human rights standards with universalising ambitions. This is reflected in cultural property ownership debates, where cultural heritage may be considered by some people as the common heritage of humankind and thus to some extent owned by us all, while others would see it as more properly owned by members of a more restricted group, or perhaps communally as tangible items of a certain culture.So there is a universalism vs particularism debate about the right to own, possess or otherwise enjoy, worship or value cultural objects just as there is the same debate on a much wider scale about universalism vs particularism in human rights in general. As with that wider debate, where universalism has been criticised for being a veil for the global transfer of western liberal capitalist values (e.g. Woodiwiss 2005), so too in the cultural property debate the construction of the idea of ‘the world’s cultural heritage’ has tended to represent in practice a view that favours the idea of the ‘encyclopaedic’ Western model of the museum, thus suggesting an ideal where material cultural heritage is stored in cultural repositories around the world rather than leaving (or reinstating) it to its country of origin or to a community thought to have the closest historical, cultural or religious connection to it.This view is fiercely opposed by those who consider this to be, in effect, an attempted justification of the forcible extraction of this particular resource from the developing world. They prefer to define and delineate cultural property rights in terms of ‘the property of a culture’ rather than as ‘property which is cultural’ insofar as the latter might represent a contemporary reflection of the values and views of the global art market rather than the communities and cultures whose heritage is at stake. In international legislation aimed at cultural property protection there is some ambivalence around these views, with the preambles of the governing conventions tending to strike a diplomatic balance between recognising important cultural artefacts as the particular interests of cultural groups, states or ‘all peoples’, while also approving of some of the effects of the worldwide diffusion of cultural heritage, most of which is due to the mechanics of the art market.
Heritagization and Festive Culture: Christmas, Foodways and Women’s Magazines
Authors: Geyzen Anneke
Published: July 2018

This paper investigates the discursive construction of typical foodways in relation to Christmas in Flanders after World War II. I explore if Christmas celebrations translated into typical foodways and if so, by whom, when and why the translation took place. Building on the notion of heritagization, the analysis shows that Christmas was interpreted in light of convivial family life and although food played a role in bringing together the family around the Christmas table, the menu did not speak of typical dishes. The analysis deals with mentality history, and its cultural expression through food and foodways, providing an understanding of how people used food to forge a sense of community.
Likely Transgender Individuals in U.S. Federal Administrative Records and the 2010 Census
Authors: Cerf Benjamin
Published: July 2018

This paper utilizes changes to individuals’ first names and sex-coding in files from the Social Security Administration (SSA) to identify people likely to be transgender. I first document trends in these transgender-consistent changes and compare them to trends in other types of changes to personal information. I find that transgender-consistent changes are present as early as 1936 and have grown with non-transgender consistent changes. Of the likely transgender individuals alive during 2010, the majority change their names but not their sex-coding. Of those who changed both their names and their sex-coding, most change both pieces of information concurrently, although over a quarter change their name first and their sex-coding 5-6 years later. Linking individuals to their 2010 Census responses shows my approach identifies more transgender members of racial and ethnic minority groups than other studies using, for example, anonymous online surveys. Finally, states with the highest proportion of likely transgender residents have state-wide laws prohibiting discrimination on the basis of gender identity or expression. States with the lowest proportion do not.t
A Structured Approach to Calculating Reasonable Royalties
Authors: Lemley Mark
Published: July 2018

A significant part of the problem with patent damage awards comes from thenon-exclusive, fifteen-factor “Georgia-Pacific” test now taken as the goldstandard for calculating reasonable royalty damages. Simply handing thequestion of reasonable royalty to the jury, without more, is not a recipefor precision in damages analysis. But the fifteen-factor test may actuallybe worse, because it overloads the jury with factors to consider that maybe irrelevant, overlapping, or even contradictory. And because the jury’sfinding is the result of such a complex, multi-factor test, it is as apractical matter almost entirely immune from scrutiny by either district orappellate judges facing a deferential standard of review.We suggest a structured approach to calculating reasonable royalties. Mostof the factors in the Georgia-Pacific test in fact boil down to threefundamental questions: (1) what is the marginal contribution of thepatented invention over the prior art, (2) how many other inputs werenecessary to achieve that contribution, and what is their relative value,and (3) is there some concrete evidence suggesting that the market haschosen a number different than the product of (1) and (2). By structuringthe inquiry in this way, courts (or Congress) can not only simplify thequestion for the jury, but enable district courts and the Federal Circuitto easily review the factual basis for a jury award.
Intellectuals, Politicians, and the Public in Chinua Achebe’s A Man of the People: A Postcolonial Critique
Authors: Studies AWEJ-tls for Translation & Literary , Neimneh Shadi Saleh Ahmad , Abussamen Amneh Khaleel Hussein
Published: July 2018

This paper sheds light on the possible hope for the Nigerian situation in Chinua Achebe’s A Man of the People (1966), away from bankrupt intellectuals, corrupt politicians, and an ignorant public. This novel portrays two schools of ineffectual native educators who seem to be antagonists: the traditional old school and the new modern intellectuals. Postcolonial/race theories of Fanon, Appiah, Du Bois, and Woodson as well as Gramsci’s notion of the “organic intellectual” are employed to get a clearer image of the role of intellectuals and politicians in shaping the future of a country in the post-independence era. The article concludes that intellectuals with European education may contribute to the corruption of their country due to reasons like divided loyalties, miseducation, and lack of communication with the public. Additionally, Achebe is critical of the current politicians and the excluded public. So, our analysis employs Woodson’s concept of “the miseducation of the Negro” because such “miseducation” produces incompetent politicians like Chief Nanga, weak intellectuals like Odili Samalu, and ignorant people like the public in the novel. Real hope against governmental corruption in Achebe's satirical novel can be found in integrating the class of intellectual/political leaders and the public and in a different kind of indoctrination, neither colonial nor neo-colonial. The truly educated class and the “organic intellectuals” produced from the public are key solutions for a better "Nigeria." Hence, this article highlights the role of politicized education in post-independence nation building and tackles the mishaps of nascent nationalism.
Extreme Value or Trolls on Top? The Characteristics of the Most Litigated Patents
Authors: Lemley Mark
Published: July 2018

We identify the patents litigated most frequently between 2000 and 2007,and compare those patents to a control set of patents that have beenlitigated only once in that period. The results are startling. The mostlitigated patents are far more likely to be software and telecommunicationspatents, not mechanical or other types of patents. They are significantlydifferent from once-litigated patents in ways that signal their value upfront. And they are disproportionately owned by non-practicing entities(aka trolls). The results don’t answer all the policy questions; we offeronly one important piece of a larger mosaic. But they have significantimplications for debates over patent reform, since we show both that themost litigated patents are the most valuable ones and that they are mostcommonly in the hands of companies other than the ones building newproducts.
From Deficits to Possibilities: Mentoring Lessons from Plants on Cultivating Individual Growth through Environmental Assessment and Optimization
Authors: Montgomery Beronda
Published: July 2018

This essay discusses plant biology-inspired practices for supporting the development of a diverse range of students, academic staff, and faculty members as researchers, scholarly thinkers, and independent practitioners. Growth-perspective relationships with plants indicate vast potential for our capacity to progressively support diverse individuals in the academy. This essay investigates effective means for planting and cultivating growth-focused mentoring and faculty development initiatives.
How could a rational analysis model explain?
Authors: Reijula Samuli
Published: July 2018

Rational analysis is an influential but contested account of how probabilistic modeling can be used to construct non mechanistic but self-standing explanatory models of the mind. In this paper, I disentangle and assess several possible explanatory contributions which could be attributed to rational analysis. Although existing models suffer from evidential problems that question their explanatory power, I argue that rational analysis modeling can complement mechanistic theorizing by providing models of environmental affordances
A Dynamic, Multidimensional Approach to Knowledge Production
Authors: Light Ryan , adams jimi
Published: July 2018

Ryan Light & jimi adams. 2016. “A Dynamic, Multidimensional Approach to Knowledge Production.” Chapter 6 in Scott Frickel, Mathieu Albert & Barbara Prainsack (eds.) Investigating Interdisciplinary Collaboration: Theory and Practice across Disciplines, Rutgers University Press.http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1j68m9r.11