bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the interpolation of normal vectors for triangle meshes
Authors: Ubach P.‐A. , Estruch C. , Garcia‐Espinosa J.
Published: September 2013

This paper analyzes the problem arising from the need to assign information about the normal vectors to the surface at the nodes of a mesh of triangles. Meshes of triangles do not have normals uniquely defined at the nodes. A widely used technique to compute the normal direction at any given node is to compute the weighted average of the normals of each surrounding triangle.

The present study proposes new weighting factors to compute the normal directions at the nodes of the mesh of triangles of a general surface. Previous weights found in the literature used the geometric dimensions of the triangles themselves to design the weighting factors. The new factors are proposed using the triangles’ circumscribed circles dimensions. The new weights provide superior results than the ones obtained by previous best practices for a wide range of surfaces.

An advanced framework based on the approachability of smooth surfaces by quadrics is presented and used. This framework helps to understand the improved performance of the presented factors with respect to other factors found in the literature. A comprehensive numerical comparison analysis is performed, and the most precise of all factors is clearly identified. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the convergence of difference schemes for generalized Benjamin–Bona–Mahony equation
Authors: Berikelashvili Givi , Mirianashvili Manana
Published: September 2013

We consider an initial boundary‐value problem for the generalized Benjamin–Bona–Mahony equation. A three‐level conservative difference schemes are studied. The obtained algebraic equations are linear with respect to the values of unknown function for each new level. It is proved that the scheme is convergent with the convergence rate of order k – 1, when the exact solution belongs to the Sobolev space of order . © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 30: 301–320, 2014
Breast stromal fibroblasts from histologically normal surgical margins are pro‐carcinogenic
Authors: Al‐Rakan Maha A , Colak Dilek , Hendrayani Siti‐Faujiah , Al‐Bakheet Albandary , Al‐Mohanna Falah H , Kaya Namik , Al‐Malik Osama , Aboussekhra Abdelilah
Published: September 2013

There is evidence that normal breast stromal fibroblasts (NBFs) suppress tumour growth, while cancer‐associated fibroblasts (CAFs) promote tumourigenesis through functional interactions with tumour cells. Little is known about the biology and the carcinogenic potential of stromal fibroblasts present in histologically normal surgical margins (TCFs). Therefore, we first undertook gene expression analysis on five CAF/TCF pairs from breast cancer patients and three NBF samples (derived from mammoplasties). This comparative analysis revealed variation in gene expression between these three categories of cells, with a TCF‐specific gene expression profile. This variability was higher in TCFs than in their paired CAFs and also NBFs. Cytokine arrays show that TCFs have a specific secretory cytokine profile. In addition, stromal fibroblasts from surgical margins expressed high levels of α‐SMA and SDF‐1 and exhibited higher migratory/invasiveness abilities. Indirect co‐culture showed that TCF cells enhance the proliferation of non‐cancerous mammary epithelial cells and the epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition of breast cancer cells. Moreover, TCF and CAF cells increased the level of PCNA, MMP‐2 and the phosphorylated/activated form of Akt in normal breast luminal fibroblasts in a paracrine manner. Furthermore, TCFs were able to promote the formation and growth of humanized orthotopic breast tumours in nude mice. Interestingly, these TCF phenotypes and the extent of their effects were intermediate between those of NBFs and CAFs. Together, these results indicate that stromal fibroblasts located in non‐cancerous tissues exhibit a tumour‐promoting phenotype, indicating that their presence post‐surgery may play important roles in cancer recurrence. © 2013 The Authors. Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
Mechanical and thermal properties of wood‐plastic composites reinforced with hexagonal boron nitride
Authors: Ayrilmis Nadir , Dundar Turker , Kaymakci Alperen , Ozdemir Ferhat , Kwon Jin Heon
Published: September 2013

Mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties of injection molded wood‐plastic composites (WPCs) prepared from poplar wood flour (50 wt%), thermoplastics (high density polyethlyne or polypropylene) with coupling agent (3 wt%), and hexagonal boron nitride (h‐BN) (2, 4, or 6 wt%) nanopowder were investigated. The flexural and tensile properties of WPCs significantly improved with increasing content of the h‐BN. Unlike the tensile and flexural properties, the notched izod impact strength of WPCs decreased with increasing content of h‐BN but it was higher than that of WPCs without the h‐BN. The WPCs containing h‐BN were stiffer than those without h‐BN. The tensile elongation at break values of WPCs increased with the addition of h‐BN. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis showed that the crystallinity, melting enthalpy, and crystallization enthalpy of the WPCs increased with increasing content of the h‐BN. The increase in the crystallization peak temperature of WPCs indicated that h‐BN was the efficient nucleating agent for the thermoplastic composites to increase the crystallization rate. POLYM. COMPOS., 35:194–200, 2014. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
Comparative theoretical studies of high energetic cyclic nitramines
Authors: Zhao Guozheng , Lu Ming
Published: September 2013

Density functional theory studies on cyclic nitramines were performed at B3LYP/6‐311G(d,p) level. The crystal structures were obtained by molecular packing calculations. Heats of formation (HOFs) were predicted through designed isodesmic reactions. Results indicate that the value of HOF relates to the number of =N–NO2 group and aza nitrogen atom and increases with the augment of the number of =N–NO2 group and aza nitrogen atom for cyclic nitramines. Detonation performance was evaluated by using the Kamlet–Jacobs equations based on the calculated densities and HOFs. All the cyclic nitramines exhibit better detonation performance than 1,3,5‐trinitro‐1,3,5‐triazacyclohexane and 1,3,5,7‐tetranitro‐1,3,5,7‐tetraazacyclooctane. The stability of cyclic nitramines was investigated by the bond dissociation energies. The result shows that the increase of =N−NO2 group or aza nitrogen atom reduces the stability of the title compounds. These results provide basic information for molecular design of novel high energetic density materials. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantitatively accurate calculations of conductance and thermopower of molecular junctions
Authors: Markussen Troels , Jin Chengjun , Thygesen Kristian S.
Published: September 2013

Thermopower measurements of molecular junctions have recently gained interest as a characterization technique that supplements the more traditional conductance measurements. Here we investigate the electronic conductance and thermopower of benzenediamine (BDA) and benzenedicarbonitrile (BDCN) connected to gold electrodes using first‐principles calculations. We find excellent agreement with experiments for both molecules when exchange–correlation effects are described by the many‐body GW approximation. In contrast, results from standard density functional theory (DFT) deviate from experiments by up to two orders of magnitude. The failure of DFT is particularly pronounced for the n‐type BDCN junction due to the severe underestimation of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO). The quality of the DFT results can be improved by correcting the molecular energy levels for self‐interaction errors and image charge effects. Finally, we show that the conductance and thermopower of the considered junctions are relatively insensitive to the metal–molecule bonding geometry. Our results demonstrate that electronic and thermoelectric properties of molecular junctions can be predicted from first‐principles calculations when exchange–correlation effects are taken properly into account.
Prior Experience and Social Class as Moderators of the Planning‐Performance Relationship inChina's Emerging Economy
Authors: Zhang Yuli , Yang Jun , Tang Jintong , Au Kevin , Xue Hongzhi
Published: September 2013

This study advances research on business planning by integrating and reconciling the institutional and strategic planning perspectives to explore the performance implications of both formal and informal business planning. We also examine how an entrepreneur's prior experience and social class shape the planning‐performance relationship. Using a dataset of two waves of interviews with 313 founders inChina, we found that both formal and informal business planning can benefit new ventures. Interestingly, as a unique contingency factor in theChinese context, social class moderates only the link between formal planning and performance, whereas prior work experience moderates the effects of both formal and informal planning on performance. Copyright © 2013 Strategic Management Society.
Signaling Organizational Virtue: an Examination of Virtue Rhetoric, Country‐Level Corruption, and Performance of Foreign IPOs from Emerging and Developed Economies
Authors: Payne G. Tyge , Moore Curt B. , Bell R. Greg , Zachary Miles A.
Published: September 2013

Extending signaling theory by discussing rhetoric in terms of cost and observability, we examine the relationship between organizational virtue rhetoric in prospectuses and the performance of foreign IPOs from 35 different countries. We also explore how the nature of this relationship is contingent upon the level of perceived corruption for each IPO firm's home country, a pervasive and costly problem for emerging economy countries due to its impact on economic growth and national governance. Our results indicate that signaling organizational virtue in prospectuses leads to higher levels of foreign IPO performance, which is positively moderated by perceived home country corruption. Copyright © 2013 Strategic Management Society.
A Contextualized Transactive Memory System View on How Founding Teams Respond to Surprises: Evidence from China
Authors: Zheng Yanfeng , Mai Yiyuan
Published: September 2013

Entrepreneurs in emerging economies face not only more opportunities but also heightened levels of uncertainties than their peers in developed economies. They, therefore, frequently encounter surprising events arising from rapid and chaotic environmental changes. Extant research, however, provides only sketchy accounts regarding how founding teams respond to surprises. In this study, we propose that founding teams' transactive memory systems (TMS) situated in the unique contextual conditions prevalent in most emerging economies will affect their perceptions regarding how to bridge the knowledge gaps arising from surprises. We test our hypotheses with survey data collected from 137 start‐ups in China. Our results suggest that in emerging economies where market supporting institutions are deficient, founding teams with strong TMSs are less inclined to acquire external knowledge but are more prone to improvise in response to surprises than founding teams with weak TMSs. Negative surprises seem to strengthen the above relationships. We conclude by discussing the theoretical and practical implications of this study. Copyright © 2013 Strategic Management Society.
Autonomic resource contention‐aware scheduling
Authors: Sheikhalishahi Mehdi , Grandinetti Lucio , Wallace Richard M. , Vazquez‐Poletti Jose Luis
Published: September 2013

The complexity of computing systems introduces a few issues and challenges such as poor performance and high energy consumption. In this paper, we first define and model resource contention metric for high performance computing workloads as a performance metric in scheduling algorithms and systems at the highest level of resource management stack to address the main issues in computing systems. Second, we propose a novel autonomic resource contention‐aware scheduling approach architected on various layers of the resource management stack. We establish the relationship between distributed resource management layers in order to optimize resource contention metric. The simulation results confirm the novelty of our approach.Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aspect‐oriented programming and pluggable software units: a comparison based on design patterns
Authors: Barros Fernando J.
Published: September 2013

The support for software reuse has been a major goal in the design of programming languages. This goal, however, has proven difficult to reach, being only partially enabled by current software tools. In particular, reuse is not fully supported by object‐oriented programming (OOP). Aspect‐oriented programming (AOP) has introduced new operators that extend OOP, enabling a superior support for reusability. However, AOP operators exhibit limitations in supporting software reuse and more powerful constructs are still required. We consider the ability to define software in an independent manner as the key construct to enable systematic software reuse. To bridge the gap between independence and practical software tools, we have developed the concept of Independent and Pluggable Software Unit (PU), a construct that supports the definition of software topologies. In this paper, we compare PUs with AOP in their support for reusable software. To enable comparison, we employ some well described problems addressed by Software Design Patterns (SDPs). We provide PU and AOP versions of several SDPs, including, Observer, Composite, Command, Chain of Responsibility, and Proxy. In particular, we show that, whereas PUs provide a unified representation of design patterns, AOP representations do not achieve this unification. We also show that AOP solutions do not promote independent and reusable software.Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Einfluss fiktiver elastischer Konstanten von textilen Gewebemembranen in der Tragwerksanalyse von Membranstrukturen
Authors: Uhlemann Jörg , Stranghöner Natalie
Published: September 2013

Architektonisch anspruchsvolle Leichtbaustrukturen aus räumlich gekrümmten textilen Gewebemembranen werden zunehmend eingesetzt, vor allem wenn große Flächen stützenfrei zu überdachen sind, wie z. B. in Stadien oder großen Hallen. Die räumliche Krümmung gibt der Membrane geometrische Steifigkeit. Trotzdem zeigt sich ein Trend zu immer weniger gekrümmten Membranen. Dadurch nimmt die Bedeutung der geometrischen Steifigkeit für die Spannungen und Verformungen von Membrantragwerken ab, während gleichzeitig die Bedeutung der Materialsteifigkeit zunehmend ins Blickfeld gerät. Das hochgradig nichtlineare anisotrope Materialverhalten beschichteter Gewebemembranen wird bei der Berechnung komplexer Membranstrukturen grob vereinfacht linear‐elastisch angenommen. Da einheitliche Regelungen zur Bestimmung fiktiver elastischer Konstanten fehlen, ergibt sich ein großes Spektrum an Werten, das einen erheblichen quantitativen Einfluss auf die rechnerische Beanspruchung der Membrane und der stählernen Primärstruktur haben kann. Ziel dieses Beitrags ist es, diese Problematik beispielhaft an einer typischen Membranstruktur zu verdeutlichen und die Tragwerksplaner dafür zu sensibilisieren.

Importance of fictitious elastic constants of textile fabrics on the structural analysis of membrane structures. Architecturally ambitious lightweight structures made from spatially curved textile membranes are increasingly used, e. g. for roofing of stadia or big halls. The curvature gives geometric stiffness. However, a trend to structures with small curvature can currently be recognised. This trend decreases the importance of the geometric stiffness and highlights the importance of the material stiffness at the same time. Today, the highly nonlinear material behavior of coated fabrics is roughly been modeled linear‐elastic. As a consequence of a lack of consistent rules for the determination of fictitious elastic constants, a great variety of stiffness values can be obtained. In the structural analysis this leads to a spectrum of resulting stresses for the membrane and the primary steel structure. The aim of the presented paper is to illustrate this problem exemplary for a typical membrane structure and to sensitize the structural engineers for that issue.
ArgMax and ArgMin: transitional probabilistic models in cognitive radio mesh networks
Authors: Soltani Soroor , Mutka Matt W.
Published: September 2013

The erratic nature of spectrum availability and diversity imposes the use of a probabilistic framework for channel selection in cognitive radio networks protocol design. In this work, two probability distributions called ArgMax and ArgMin are proposed, which have broad applications in channel selection mechanisms, routing, and media access control protocols. The ArgMax probability distribution locates the maximum random variable among a set of random variables, while the ArgMin locates the minimum random variable. We show that the ArgMax probability distribution is a better candidate than the frequently used odds‐on‐mean probability distribution through theoretical analysis and simulation. The ArgMin probability distribution has a variety of applications and is shown to be useful in achieving a lower bound on the network's minimum spectral capacity. In simulation, we develop a probabilistic selection routing procedure (PSRP) that adopts the ArgMax probability distribution to guide packets throughout the network. The stochastic framework of probabilistic selection routing procedure is also an appropriate skeleton for building stochastic‐based routing protocols for dynamic networks such as cognitive radio networks. The simulation results suggest that ArgMax enables the routing scheme to adapt to the network dynamic more quickly and to more accurately locate the best candidate to route to than the odds‐on‐mean probability distribution. The ArgMax enhances the network throughput and end‐to‐end delay by over 30% when network load increases. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dietary CLA‐induced Lipolysis Is Delayed in Soy Oil‐Fed Mice Compared to Coconut Oil‐Fed Mice
Authors: Ippagunta S. , Angius Z. , Sanda M. , Barnes K. M.
Published: September 2013

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has been shown to cause a reduction in obesity in several species. CLA‐induced body fat loss is enhanced when mice are fed coconut oil (CO) and involves increased lipolysis. The objective of this paper was to determine if the CLA‐induced lipolysis in mice fed with different oil sources was time‐dependent. Mice were fed 7 % soybean oil (SO) or CO diets for 6 week and then supplemented with 0 or 0.5 % CLA for 3, 7, 10 or 14 days. Body fat and ex‐vivo lipolysis was determined. Body fat was reduced by CO on day 7 (P < 0.01) and in both CO and SO‐fed mice (P < 0.05) in response to CLA on d14. Lipolysis was increased by CLA in CO‐fed mice (P < 0.01) but not in SO‐fed mice on day 7 and 10, but on day 14 CLA increased lipolysis in both CO‐ and SO‐fed mice (P < 0.001). Expression and activation level of proteins involved in lipolysis and lipogenesis was determined by western blotting and real‐time PCR, respectively. No significant differences were detected in protein expression. CO‐fed mice had greater fatty acid synthase and stearyl CoA desaturase 1 mRNA expression and less acetyl CoA carboxylase mRNA expression (P < 0.01). Sterol regulatory binding protein 1c was decreased by CLA in CO‐fed mice and increased in SO‐fed mice (P < 0.05). Malic enzyme expression was increased by CLA (P < 0.001) and CO (P < 0.01). Therefore, CLA‐induced lipolysis occurs more rapidly in CO vs SO‐fed mice and lipogenesis is decreased in CO‐fed mice with CLA supplementation.
Synthesis, Molecular Characterization and Preliminary Antioxidant Activity Evaluation of Quercetin Fatty Esters
Authors: Mainini Francesca , Contini Alessandro , Nava Donatella , Corsetto Paola Antonia , Rizzo Angela Maria , Agradi Elisabetta , Pini Elena
Published: September 2013

Quercetin shows interesting pharmacological effects, but its use in topical applications is limited by its low skin permeability and solubility. In this work, the synthesis of highly lipophilic quercetin esters with oleic, linoleic and linolenic acid useful as topical quercetin prodrugs is reported. Partial OH esterification is advisable to maintain the antioxidant activity of these compounds; tetraesters and triesters can be achieved by modulating the reaction conditions utilized for the total esterification of quercetin. The chemical structures of the esters were proven by spectroscopic techniques; quantum chemical NMR calculation were mandatory to unequivocally assign the free position in triesters. Finally, the antioxidant activity of all the synthesized compounds was determined by the 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picryl‐hydrazyl method and by 2,2‐azinobis(3‐ethyl‐benzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) assay.
A Spectroscopic Method for Hydroxyl Value Determination of Polyols
Authors: Chalasani Siva Rama Krishna , Dewasthale Sudhanwa , Hablot Elodie , Shi Xiangke , Graiver Daniel , Narayan Ramani
Published: September 2013

A relatively simple method is described for routine determination of hydroxyl values for a wide range of hydroxyl containing compounds including soybean oil polyols, polyols derived from soy meal, polyether polyols and ethylene glycol as well as their blends. This method is based on reacting the hydroxyl compound with hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) and determining the FTIR peak area of the silylated product at 1,251 cm−1. The method is simple, accurate and reproducible. It is not limited to a specific family of polyol compounds. It does not require any special equipment, hazardous chemicals and can be carried out by non‐technical staff as a rapid and convenient method for quantitative determination of hydroxyl values. An excellent linear correlation was obtained between this spectroscopic method and conventional titration methods for different polyols over a wide range of hydroxyl values. Furthermore, unlike the titration methods the current method is not affected by the presence of acid, base or small amounts of water in the test sample.
Mechanism of friction reduction of unsaturated fatty acids as additives in diesel fuels
Authors: Martin Jean Michel , Matta Christine , Bouchet Maria-Isabel De Barros , Forest Cyrielle , Le Mogne Thierry , Dubois Thomas , Mazarin Michael
Published: September 2013

This paper investigates the effect of unsaturated fatty acid additives on the lubricating properties of a biodiesel, composed of a blend of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) and a conventional diesel fuel. The presence of fatty acids as additives for biodiesel improves their lubricating properties at elevated temperature conditions. The formation of a protective lubricating tribochemical film on the steel contact surfaces has been evidenced. Elevated temperature conditions and possibly oxygen are needed to form this film that reduces friction and limits wear. Several analytical tools have revealed the insulating nature of the formed tribofilm and its chemical properties. Friction-induced reticulation is thought to play a major role in the growth of this insulating film.
The friction of diamond-like carbon coatings in a water environment
Authors: Sutton D. C. , Limbert G. , Stewart D. , Wood R. J. K.
Published: September 2013

Diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings are known to provide beneficial mechanical and tribological properties in harsh environments. Their combination of high wear resistance and low friction has led to their extensive use in any number of industries. The tribological performance of a DLC coating is varied however, and the frictional response is known to be strongly dependent on the surrounding environment, as well as the material composition and bonding structure of the DLC coating. This paper presents an up-to-date review on the friction of DLC coatings in a water environment, with a special focus on transfer layer formation and tribochemistry.
Effect of dicarboxylic acid esters on the lubricity of aviation kerosene for use in CI engines
Authors: Anastopoulos G. , Kalligeros S. , Schinas P. , Zannikos F.
Published: September 2013

To reduce their fuel related logistic burden, North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Armed Forces are advancing the use of a single fuel for both aircraft and ground equipment. To this end, F-34 (the commercial equivalent is Jet A-1) is replacing distillate diesel fuel in many applications. However, tests conducted with this kerosene type on high frequency reciprocating rig showed that this type of fuel causes unacceptable wear. This excessive wear is caused by the poor lubricity of aviation fuel. In order to make this type of fuel compatible with direct injection compression engines, seven di-carboxylic acid esters have tested to improve the lubricity of kerosene. Tribological results showed that all esters tested in this series of experiments seem to be suitable for increasing the kerosene lubricity to a satisfactory level.
Partially hyperbolic geodesic flows
Authors: Carneiro Fernando , Pujals Enrique
Published: September 2013

We construct a category of examples of partially hyperbolic geodesic flows which are not Anosov, deforming the metric of a compact locally symmetric space of nonconstant negative curvature. Candidates for such an example as the product metric and locally symmetric spaces of nonpositive curvature with rank bigger than one are not partially hyperbolic. We prove that if a metric of nonpositive curvature has a partially hyperbolic geodesic flow, then its rank is one. Other obstructions to partial hyperbolicity of a geodesic flow are also analyzed.
Antibody mediated CDCP1 degradation as mode of action for cancer targeted therapy
Authors: Kollmorgen Gwendlyn , Niederfellner Gerhard , Lifke Alexander , Spohn Gloria J. , Rieder Natascha , Vega Harring Suzana , Bauss Frieder , Burtscher Helmut , Lammers Reiner , Bossenmaier Birgit
Published: September 2013

CUB‐domain‐containing‐protein‐1 (CDCP1) is an integral membrane protein whose expression is up‐regulated in various cancer types. Although high CDCP1 expression has been correlated with poor prognosis in lung, breast, pancreas, and renal cancer, its functional role in tumor formation or progression is incompletely understood. So far it has remained unclear, whether CDCP1 is a useful target for antibody therapy of cancer and what could be a desired mode of action for a therapeutically useful antibody. To shed light on these questions, we have investigated the cellular effects of a therapeutic antibody candidate (RG7287). In focus formation assays, prolonged RG7287 treatment prevented the loss of contact inhibition caused by co‐transformation of NIH3T3 cells with CDCP1 and Src. In a xenograft study, MCF7 cells stably overexpressing CDCP1 reached the predefined tumor volume faster than the parental MCF7 cells lacking endogenous CDCP1. This tumor growth advantage was abolished by RG7287 treatment. In vitro, RG7287 induced rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of CDCP1 by Src, which was accompanied by translocation of CDCP1 to a Triton X‐100 insoluble fraction of the plasma membrane. Triggering these effects required bivalency of the antibody suggesting that it involves CDCP1 dimerization or clustering. However, this initial activation of CDCP1 was only transient and prolonged RG7287 treatment induced internalization and down‐regulation of CDCP1 in different cancer cell lines. Antibody stimulated CDCP1 degradation required Src activity and was proteasome dependent. Also in three different xenograft models with endogenous CDCP1 expression RG7287 treatment resulted in significant tumor growth inhibition concomitant with substantially reduced CDCP1 levels as judged by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. Thus, despite transiently activating CDCP1 signaling, the RG7287 antibody has a therapeutically useful mode of action.
Intraoperative Neurophysiologic Monitoring
Authors: Galloway Gloria M. , Nuwer Marc R. , Lopez Jaime R. , Zamel Khaled M.
Published: September 2013

Intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring has shown a steady increase in use for surgeries in which neural structures may be at risk of injury. Some of the surgical techniques used carry inherent risks, and these risks have changed the way in which neurophysiologic monitoring has impacted patient safety and quality of care during surgical procedures. It is therefore crucial that those performing and interpreting intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring are adequately trained. This book is a comprehensive guide to the current practice of intraoperative neurophysiology with chapters on various modalities and clinical uses. Separate chapters devoted to anesthesia, operating room environment, special considerations in pediatrics and the interpretation and reporting of neurophysiologic data are useful and complementary. Questions and detailed answers on the topics covered can be found on the accompanying website for study review. This book will be useful to the trainee as well as the neurophysiologist already in practice.
Sunshine and Storm in the East
Authors: Brassey Annie
Published: September 2013

Anna, Lady Brassey (1839–1887) was an English travel writer and philanthropist best known for her vivid accounts of ocean journeys undertaken with her family. Her husband was a Civil Lord of the Admiralty who made many ocean voyages by steam yacht to test this new technology. Anna Brassey's description of these travels led to her becoming a best-selling author. In 1874 and 1878 the Brasseys sailed around the Mediterranean and as far as Constantinople in the Sunbeam. Her account of the voyages, with many delightful illustrations, is vividly written in considerable detail. It mixes exotic descriptions of people and places with lively accounts of domestic life on board. Inconveniences are made light of, and she relishes new experiences and acquaintances, showing none of the condescension towards foreigners often exhibited by Victorian travellers. For more information on this author, see http://orlando.cambridge.org/public/svPeople?person_id=brasan
The Handbook of Personal Area Networking Technologies and Protocols
Authors: Gratton Dean Anthony
Published: September 2013

This Handbook offers an unparalleled view of wireless personal area networking technologies and their associated protocols. It lifts the lid on their growing adoption within the consumer electronics, home automation, sports, health and well-being markets. Bluetooth low energy, ZigBee, EnOcean and ANT+ are comprehensively covered, along with other WPAN technologies including NFC, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth classic and high speed, and WHDI. It also features 802.11ac, the Internet of Things, Wireless USB, WiGig and WirelessHD. The Handbook shows how white space radio, cellular and Femtocells have inadvertently blurred the boundaries between personal and wide area communications, creating disruptive topologies through technology convergence. It explores how pervasive WAN technologies have spawned a new generation of consumers through the Lawnmower Man Effect and explains how our personal space has become integral to social media streams, including Twitter, Facebook and Pinterest. An essential read for students, software engineers and developers, product planners, technical marketers and analysts.
Gender in South Asia
Authors: Mitra Channa Subhadra
Published: September 2013

This book is an examination of gender in South Asia and its intersection with other social variables like caste and class. It spans a wide canvas in terms of different social classes, ranging from elite to Dalit women of India, and takes material from ancient texts and modern media, literature and ethnographic materials forming a historical discourse. There is an appraisal of what feminism means in the Indian context and the cross-cultural construction of patriarchy that varies in its manifestations across time and space. The readers are taken on a journey that shows how gender can only be understood in its social and historical context and as a dynamic and performative concept that emerges out of both collective imaginations and social realities. The use of descriptive and narrative style makes the book readable and enjoyable to both academic and non-academic readers.
Musical Creativity in Restoration England
Authors: Herissone Rebecca
Published: September 2013

Musical Creativity in Restoration England is the first comprehensive investigation of approaches to creating music in late seventeenth-century England. Understanding creativity during this period is particularly challenging because many of our basic assumptions about composition – such as concepts of originality, inspiration and genius – were not yet fully developed. In adopting a new methodology that takes into account the historical contexts in which sources were produced, Rebecca Herissone challenges current assumptions about compositional processes and offers new interpretations of the relationships between notation, performance, improvisation and musical memory. She uncovers a creative culture that was predominantly communal, and reveals several distinct approaches to composition, determined not by individuals, but by the practical function of the music. Herissone's new and original interpretations pose a fundamental challenge to our preconceptions about what it meant to be a composer in the seventeenth century and raise broader questions about the interpretation of early modern notation.
Law’s History
Authors: Rabban David M.
Published: September 2013

This is a study of the central role of history in late nineteenth-century American legal thought. In the decades following the Civil War, the founding generation of professional legal scholars in the United States drew from the evolutionary social thought that pervaded Western intellectual life on both sides of the Atlantic. Their historical analysis of law as an inductive science rejected deductive theories and supported moderate legal reform, conclusions that challenge conventional accounts of legal formalism. Unprecedented in its coverage and its innovative conclusions about major American legal thinkers from the Civil War to the present, the book combines transatlantic intellectual history, legal history, the history of legal thought, historiography, jurisprudence, constitutional theory and the history of higher education.
Luigi Dallapiccola and Musical Modernism in Fascist Italy
Authors: Earle Ben
Published: September 2013

Luigi Dallapiccola is widely considered a defining figure in twentieth-century Italian musical modernism, whose compositions bear passionate witness to the historical period through which he lived. In this book, Ben Earle focuses on three major works by the composer: the one-act operas Volo di notte ('Night Flight') and Il prigioniero ('The Prisoner'), and the choral Canti di prigionia ('Songs of Imprisonment'), setting them in the context of contemporary politics to trace their complex path from fascism to resistance. Earle also considers the wider relationship between musical modernism and Italian fascism, exploring the origins of musical modernism and investigating its place in the institutional structures created by Mussolini's regime. In doing so, he sheds new light on Dallapiccola's work and on the cultural politics of the early twentieth century to provide a history of musical modernism in Italy from the fin de siècle to the early Cold War.
Turbulence in Rotating, Stratified and Electrically Conducting Fluids
Authors: Davidson P. A.
Published: September 2013

There are two recurring themes in astrophysical and geophysical fluid mechanics: waves and turbulence. This book investigates how turbulence responds to rotation, stratification or magnetic fields, identifying common themes, where they exist, as well as the essential differences which inevitably arise between different classes of flow. The discussion is developed from first principles, making the book suitable for graduate students as well as professional researchers. The author focuses first on the fundamentals and then progresses to such topics as the atmospheric boundary layer, turbulence in the upper atmosphere, turbulence in the core of the earth, zonal winds in the giant planets, turbulence within the interior of the sun, the solar wind, and turbulent flows in accretion discs. The book will appeal to engineers, geophysicists, astrophysicists and applied mathematicians who are interested in naturally occurring turbulent flows.
The War Inside
Authors: Shapira Michal
Published: September 2013

The War Inside is a groundbreaking history of the contribution of British psychoanalysis to the making of social democracy, childhood, and the family during World War II and the postwar reconstruction. Psychoanalysts informed understandings not only of individuals, but also of broader political questions. By asserting a link between a real 'war outside' and an emotional 'war inside', psychoanalysts contributed to an increased state responsibility for citizens' mental health. They made understanding children and the mother-child relationship key to the successful creation of a democratic citizenry. Using rich archival sources, the book revises the common view of psychoanalysis as an elite discipline by taking it out of the clinic and into the war nursery, the juvenile court, the state welfare committee, and the children's hospital. It traces the work of the second generation of psychoanalysts after Freud in response to total war and explores its broad postwar effects on British society.
Mouvements sociaux et opportunités politiques : les lesbiennes et les gais et l'ajout de l'orientation sexuelle à la Charte québécoise des droits et libertés
Authors: Tremblay Manon
Published: September 2013

Résumé.En décembre 1977, le gouvernement du Québec, formé par le parti québécois (PQ), modifiait la Charte des droits et libertés de la personne pour y ajouter l'orientation sexuelle comme motif illicite de discrimination, devenant ainsi le premièr gouvernement en Amérique du Nord à interdire la discrimination pour cause d'orientation sexuelle. Le présent texte analyse les raisons pour lesquelles le gouvernement du PQ a agi avec autant d'avant-gardisme en cette matière. Il repose sur l'argument suivant lequel le mouvement des lesbiennes et des gais au Québec a bénéficié d'une conjoncture favorable, tissée d'opportunités de nature politique et culturelle, afin de décrocher une protection de l'État contre la discrimination.

Abstract.In December 1977, the Quebec government, formed by the Parti Québécois (PQ), amended the Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms to include sexual orientation as a prohibited ground for discrimination. Quebec thus became the first jurisdiction in North America to prohibit discrimination on the basis of one's sexual orientation. This paper examines the reasons why the PQ government was ahead of everybody else in this matter. It argues that the Quebec lesbian and gay movement benefited from a coincidence of political and cultural opportunities that played in its favor in order to secure legal protection against discrimination.
Estimated verbal IQ and the odds of problem gambling: a population-based study
Authors: Rai D. , Hall W. , Bebbington P. , Skapinakis P. , Hassiotis A. , Weich S. , Meltzer H. , Moran P. , Brugha T. , Strydom A. , Farrell M.
Published: September 2013

Background

The neurocognitive deficits and other correlates of problem gambling are also observable in individuals with lower cognitive abilities, suggesting that a low IQ may be a determinant of problem gambling. There has been very little research into this possibility. This study aimed to investigate the characteristics associated with problem gambling in a large population-based study in England, with a particular focus on IQ.

Method

The Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey (APMS) 2007 comprised detailed interviews with 7403 individuals living in private households in England. Problem gambling was ascertained using a questionnaire based on DSM-IV criteria. Verbal IQ was estimated using the National Adult Reading Test (NART). Confounders included socio-economic and demographic factors, common mental disorders, impulsivity, smoking, and hazardous drug and alcohol use.

Results

More than two-thirds of the population reported engaging in some form of gambling in the previous year, but problem gambling was rare [prevalence 0.7%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.5–1.0]. The odds of problem gambling doubled with each standard deviation drop in estimated verbal IQ [adjusted odds ratio (OR) 2.1, 95% CI 1.3–3.4, p = 0.003], after adjusting for other characteristics associated with problem gambling including age, sex, socio-economic factors, drug and alcohol dependence, smoking, impulsivity and common mental disorders. There was no strong relationship observed between IQ and non-problem gambling.

Conclusions

People with lower IQs may be at a higher risk of problem gambling. Further work is required to replicate and study the mechanisms behind these findings, and may aid the understanding of problem gambling and inform preventative measures and interventions.
Chemerin15 inhibits neutrophil‐mediated vascular inflammation and myocardial ischemia‐reperfusion injury through ChemR23
Authors: Cash Jenna L , Bena Stefania , Headland Sarah E , McArthur Simon , Brancaleone Vincenzo , Perretti Mauro
Published: September 2013

Neutrophil activation and adhesion must be tightly controlled to prevent complications associated with excessive inflammatory responses. The role of the anti‐inflammatory peptide chemerin15 (C15) and the receptor ChemR23 in neutrophil physiology is unknown. Here, we report that ChemR23 is expressed in neutrophil granules and rapidly upregulated upon neutrophil activation. C15 inhibits integrin activation and clustering, reducing neutrophil adhesion and chemotaxis in vitro. In the inflamed microvasculature, C15 rapidly modulates neutrophil physiology inducing adherent cell detachment from the inflamed endothelium, while reducing neutrophil recruitment and heart damage in a murine myocardial infarction model. These effects are mediated through ChemR23. We identify the C15/ChemR23 pathway as a new regulator and thus therapeutic target in neutrophil‐driven pathologies.
Rotation-independent representations for haptic movements
Authors: Shioiri Satoshi , Yamazaki Takanori , Matsumiya Kazumichi , Kuriki Ichiro
Published: September 2013

The existence of a common mechanism for visual and haptic representations has been reported in object perception. In contrast, representations of movements might be more specific to modalities. Referring to the vertical axis is natural for visual representations whereas a fixed reference axis might be inappropriate for haptic movements and thus also inappropriate for its representations in the brain. The present study found that visual and haptic movement representations are processed independently. A psychophysical experiment examining mental rotation revealed the well-known effect of rotation angle for visual representations whereas no such effect was found for haptic representations. We also found no interference between processes for visual and haptic movements in an experiment where different stimuli were presented simultaneously through visual and haptic modalities. These results strongly suggest that (1) there are separate representations of visual and haptic movements and (2) the haptic process has a rotation-independent representation.
Robust image watermarking using dihedral angle based on maximum‐likelihood detector
Authors: Hamghalam Mohammad , Mirzakuchaki Sattar , Ali Akhaee Mohammad
Published: September 2013

This study presents a robust image watermarking method based on geometric modelling. In this method, nine samples of the approximation coefficient of the image blocks are utilised to construct a plane in the three‐dimensional (3D) space. The authors change the dihedral angle formed between the created plane and the x–y plane for data embedding. To preserve the imperceptibility of the watermark, geometrical computations are used to minimise the embedding distortion. Maximum‐likelihood detector is implemented to extract the watermark in the noisy channel at the receiver side. The authors experimentally determine the probability density function of the embedding dihedral angle for Gaussian samples. Owing to embedding in the dihedral angle between two planes, the proposed scheme has high robustness to gain attacks. In addition, by using the low‐frequency components of the image blocks for data embedding, high robustness against noise and compression attacks has been achieved. Experimental results confirm the validity of the theoretical analysis given in this study and show the superiority of the method over similar techniques in this field. The proposed method is also robust to a wide range of attacks, namely Gaussian filtering, median filtering, JPEG compression, Gaussian noise and scaling.
Image fusion scheme based on modified dual pulse coupled neural network
Authors: El‐taweel Ghada Sami , Helmy Ashraf Khaled
Published: September 2013

Image fusion combines information from multiple images of the same scene to obtain a composite image which is more suitable for further image processing tasks. This study presented an image fusion scheme based on the modified dual pulse coupled neural network (PCNN) in non‐subsampled contourlet transform (NSCT) domain. NSCT can overcome the lack of shift invariance in contourlet transform. Original images were decomposed to obtain the coefficients of low‐frequency subbands and high‐frequency subbands. In this fusion scheme, a new sum‐modified Laplacian of the low‐frequency subband image, which represents the edge‐feature of the low‐frequency subband image in NSCT domain, is presented and input to motivate modified dual PCNN. For fusion of high‐frequency subband coefficients, spatial frequency will be used as the gradient features of images to motivate dual channel PCNN and to overcome Gibbs phenomena. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme can significantly improve image fusion performance, performs very well in fusion and outperforms conventional methods such as traditional discrete wavelet transform, dual tree complex wavelet and PCNN in terms of objective criteria and visual appearance.
Automatic classification of medical X‐ray images: hybrid generative‐discriminative approach
Authors: Reza Zare Mohammad , Mueen Ahmed , Awedh Mohammad , Chaw Seng Woo
Published: September 2013

A new approach is presented to improve the classification performance of medical X‐ray images based on the combination of generative and discriminative classification approach. A set of labelled X‐ray images were given from 116 categories of different parts of body and the aim is to construct a classification model. This model was then used to classify any new X‐ray images into one of the predefined categories. The classification task started with extracting local invariant features from all images. A generative model such as probabilistic latent semantic analysis (PLSA) was applied on extracted features in order to provide more stable representation of the images. Subsequently, this representation was used as input to a discriminative support vector machine classifier to construct a classification model. The experimental results were based on ImageCLEF 2007 medical database. The classification performance was evaluated on the entire dataset as well as the class specific level. It was also compared with other classification techniques with various image representations on the same database. The comparison results showed that superior performance has been achieved especially for classes with less number of training images. Thus, only 7 out of 116 classes were left with accuracy rate below 60% as it differs from the results obtained using other classification approaches. This was attained by exploiting the ability of PLSA to generate a better image representation, discriminative for accurate classification and more robust when less training data are available. The total classification rate obtained on the entire dataset is 92.5%.