bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chemical composition, antibacterial and antioxidant activities of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oil and its fractions obtained by vacuum distillation
Authors: Do D N , Nguyen H T T , Huynh T H , Nguyen N P , Luu X C
Published: July 2021

Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oil (raw oil) is a natural product with many biological activities and is commonly used in the food and cosmetic industries. In this study, fractions of lemongrass essential oil were segregated from raw oil by vacuum fractionation. These fractions were then examined for their constitution, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry results indicated a difference in constitution and content of compounds among the fractions and raw oil. β -myrcene was the main ingredient in two fractions, F1and F2, with content 2-4 times higher than the original content in raw oil. At the same time, F4 was the primary fraction for citral recovery, with the highest citral content of 83.53%. Fractions F3, F4, and undistilled oil (Unoil) showed better antioxidation than raw essential oil. On the other hand, the antimicrobial experiments indicated that F1, F2, and F4 had the highest activity in both cases against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria. These outcomes could increase the applicability of lemongrass essential oil in many fields, especially in medical and food applications.
Influence of Ni addition on Abrasive wear behaviour of plasma-sprayed Duplex stainless steel coatings
Authors: Edward Anand E , Balasubramanian K
Published: July 2021

Many austenitic and ferritic stainless steels have a higher yield and ultimate tensile strength than duplex steels. The extent to which this is true is determined not only by the alloy’s composition but also by how it is treated. This increased strength is usually accomplished without sacrificing the alloy’s hardness, as long as the alloy does not contain any of the harmful phasing elements. Thus an attempt is made to study the duplex stainless steel being plasma sprayed on a substrate and study its microstructure, hardness, and abrasive wear resistance. The primary objective is to study the abrasive wear resistance of duplex stainless steel coatings on 316 stainless steel. Ni percentage in coatings is varied at the coating stage in weight percentages of 7.0, 7.5, and 8 % and to study its effect on the wear rate of the coatings. The composition of the coatings is confirmed using XRD. A two-body abrasive wear test is carried out to determine the wear rate of the coatings with varying percentages of Ni and varying loads. Besides, the coatings are characterized by optical microscopy. Weight loss measurements of the tested samples are carried out and the data obtained is analyzed through weight loss plots. Also, weight loss data is used to further calculate the wear rate which is analyzed using wear rate plots. Finally, the microhardness of the coatings is determined.
RETRACTED: Identifying non-contact defects in fault bearing
Authors: Akila Dr. M. , Mouleswaran T.S , Pradeep P , Prasanna R
Published: July 2021

Early diagnosis of bearing failures can save time, effort, and money on rotating machine maintenance. On this test, a non-touch type vibration pickup was designed and refined to capture vibration data for bearing fitness tracking under tight load and pace variations, avoiding the bodily connection of vibration pickup to the system tool. The signal was denoised and fault analysis was performed using a Hilbert rework. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to reduce the dimensionality of the extracted capabilities, and then the chosen capabilities for lowering the amount of enter capabilities and discovering the maximum premier function set, the Sequential Floating Forward Selection (SFFS) method was used to rank them in order of significance. Finally, Support Vector Machines (SVM) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) were used to determine and classify the numerous faults in bearings. A comparison of SVM and ANN efficacy was carried out. The results reveal that vibration signatures from advanced non-touch sensors (NCS) correspond well with accelerometer data collected under the same conditions. The classification accuracy obtained by combining the advanced NCS with various sensors mentioned in the literature is comparable to that obtained by using the advanced NCS alone. The proposed method could be utilised to detect automated popularity system faults and issue early warnings, preventing unwelcome and unplanned device shutdowns due to bearing failure.
Effect of covalent functionalization of multi-walled carbon nanotubes with HDI trimer on mechanical properties of polyaspartate polyurea
Authors: Li Xiaotun , Wang Haitao , Zhang Zhongwei , Xu Ting , Tian Jin , Tan Yefa
Published: July 2021

To improve the mechanical properties of polyaspartate polyurea (PAEP), functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes reinforced polyurea composites (HDIT-MWCNTs/PAEP) were prepared by covalently functionalizing multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) trimer. The dispersibility, wettability and interfacial properties of HDI trimer functionalized MWCNTs (HDIT-MWCNTs) in PAEP were analyzed. The tensile properties of HDIT-MWCNTs/PAEP composites were tested and the reinforcement mechanism revealed. The results showed that compared with the pure multi-walled carbon nanotubes (P-MWCNTs), HDIT-MWCNTs were uniformly dispersed in the matrix and the wettability and interfacial properties were greatly improved. The contact angle of PAEP with HDIT-MWCNTs was 32.92°, a reduction of 46.3% compared with the P-MWCNTs. The interfacial energy and adhesion work between PAEP and HDIT-MWCNTs (25.14 mJ m−2, 95.47 mJ m−2) were 46.7% and 24.2% higher than those of P-MWCNTs. When the content of HDIT-MWCNTs was 0.5 phr, the tensile strength and Young’s modulus of the composites reached a maximum of 17.78 MPa and 170.31 MPa; an increase of 28.4% and 90.8% respectively, compared with pure PAEP. According to the cross-section of HDIT-MWCNTs/PAEP, its strengthening mechanism was mainly manifested by the deflection and bifurcation of cracks and the plastic deformation of PAEP matrix due to HDIT-MWCNTs pulling out from the matrix.
Three-dimensional kinematics of euchelicerate limbs uncover functional specialization in eurypterid appendages
Authors: Bicknell Russell D C , Melzer Roland R , Schmidt Michel
Published: July 2021

Sea scorpions (Euchelicerata: Eurypterida) explored extreme limits of the aquatic euchelicerate body plan, such that the group contains the largest known marine euarthropods. Inferences on eurypterid life modes, in particular walking and eating, are commonly made by comparing the group with horseshoe crabs (Euchelicerata: Xiphosura). However, no models have been presented to test these hypotheses. Here, we reconstruct prosomal appendages of two exceptionally well-preserved eurypterids, Eurypterus tetragonophthalmus and Pentecopterus decorahensis, and model the flexure and extension of these appendages kinematically in three dimensions (3D). We compare these models with 3D kinematic models of Limulus polyphemus prosomal appendages. This comparison highlights that the examined eurypterid prosomal appendages could not have moved prey items effectively to the gnathal edges and would therefore not have emulated the motion of an L. polyphemus walking leg. It seems that these eurypterid appendages were used primarily to walk or grab prey, and other appendages would have moved prey for mastication. Such 3D kinematic modelling highlights how eurypterid appendage morphologies placed substantial limits on their function, suggesting a high degree of specialization, especially when compared with horseshoe crabs. Such three-dimensional kinematic modelling of these extinct groups therefore presents an innovative approach to understanding the position of these animals within their respective palaeoecosystems.
Efficient One-Step Separation of Five Flavonoids from the Crude Extract of the Waste Pomace of Sea Buckthorn Berries through Counter-Current Chromatography
Authors: Chen Tao , Wang Shuo , Li Hongmei , Shen Cheng , Yan Shuping , Wei Yangfei , Song Zhibo , Li Peipei , Li Yulin
Published: July 2021

The pomace of sea buckthorn berries is usually discarded when transforming into nonalcoholic or alcoholic beverages, jellies, jams, juices, candies and dairy products. Here, we established a promising approach for one step separation of five flavonoids from the waste pomace of sea buckthorn berries through counter-current chromatography. The crude extract of waste pomace of sea buckthorn berries after juicing was injected into counter-current chromatography with hexane/ethyl acetate/ethanol/water (v/v/v/v, 5:7:5:7) as the solvent system. As a result, five flavonoids, including quercetin, laricitrin, isorhamnetin-7-O-rhamnoside, kaempferol and isorhamnetin, were obtained in a single step separation. Our finding showed that ethanol is a good substitute for methanol to regulate the partition coefficient in hexane/ethyl acetate/ methanol/water system. This study provided a significant measure to utilize the waste pomace of Sea buckthorn berries.
“What’s Real?”: Digital Technology and Negative Affect in Jennifer Egan’sLook at MeandThe Keep
Authors: Horton Emily
Published: July 2021

This article investigates the relationship between affect, digital technology, and neoliberalism in Jennifer Egan’s second and third novels: Look at Me (2001) and The Keep (2006). I argue that this relationship is central to Egan’s politicized (post-postmodern) understanding of the contemporary subject, whose feeling is overtly conditioned by the new media culture and technology as well as by the aspirational and elitist orientation of neoliberal discourse. Emphasizing these texts’ engagement with negative affects, including “cruel optimism” and shame, which dominate their narrative focalizations, I nevertheless consider how these feelings remain open to transformation in these novels, particularly in moments of critique, creativity, and interpersonal care.
Reconstructing landscapes of ungulate parturition and predation using vegetation phenology
Authors: Van de Vuurst Paige , Moore Seth A , Isaac Edmund J , Chenaux-Ibrahim Yvette , Wolf Tiffany M , Escobar Luis E
Published: July 2021

Enhanced vegetation index (EVI) data can be used to identify and define the space in which ungulates practice parturition and encounter predation. This study explores the use of EVI data to identify landscapes linked to ungulate parturition and predation events across space, time, and environmental conditions. As a case study, we used the moose population (Alces alces) of northern Minnesota in the USA. Using remotely sensed EVI data rasters and global positioning system collar data, we quantified how vegetation phenology and moose movement shaped the births and predation of 52 moose calves from 2013 to 2020 on or adjacent to the Grand Portage Indian Reservation. The known sources of predation were American black bears (Ursus americanus, n = 22) and gray wolves (Canis lupus, n = 28). Satellite-derived data summarizing seasonal landscape features at the local level revealed that landscape heterogeneity use by moose can help to quantitatively identify landscapes of parturition and predation in space and time across large areas. Vegetation phenology proved to be differentiable between adult moose ranges, sites of cow parturition, and sites of calf predation. Landscape characteristics of each moose group were consistent and tractable based on environment, suggesting that sites of parturition and predation of moose are predictable in space and time. It is possible that moose selected specific landscapes for parturition despite risk of increased predation of their calves, which could be an example of an "ecological trap." This analytical framework can be employed to identify areas for future ungulate research on the impacts of landscape on parturition and predation dynamics.
Hematological parameters of a Neotropical wild frog population, with a phylogenetic perspective on blood cell composition in Anura
Authors: Franco-Belussi Lilian , Provete Diogo B , Leão Taynara R F , Siqueira Mayara S , Valverde Bruno S L , Martins Brenda O , De Oliveira Classius , Fernandes Carlos Eurico
Published: July 2021

Hematological parameters can provide key information to an animal health status. However, this information is usually hard to obtain. Here, we described the hematological parameters of Leptodactylus podicipinus in the Brazilian Pantanal. We measured red blood cell morphometrics, erythrogram, and leukogram. We also tested for phylogenetic signal in the erythrogram and leukogram of 48 frog species from 15 families, testing if body size explains their variation. Lymphocytes were the most abundant leukocytes (>60%) in L. podicipinus, followed by neutrophils (∼10%). Given that L. podicipinus is an abundant and widely distributed species in central Brazil, knowing its hematological pattern can help establish a baseline and improve its use as a bioindicator of environmental degradation. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin and value contributed more to the phylomorphospace of erythrogram, in which Leptodactylus spp. and Hypsiboas raniceps had lower values of these variables, whereas Bufotes viridis and Hyla arborea had high values. The phylogenetic signal was spread throughout the dimensions of the leukogram phylomorphospace. The variables that most contributed to it were total leukocytes counts, lymphocytes, and neutrophils. We also found a moderate phylogenetic signal for both the erythrogram and leukogram. Accordingly, body size accounted for a low proportion of variation in both the leukogram (4.7%) and erythrogram (0.57%). By applying phylogenetic comparative methods to hematological parameters, our results add a new perspective on the evolution of blood cell physiology in frogs.
Successful interdisciplinary treatment of a rare cause of acute myocardial ischaemia from intermittent tumour-associated obstruction of the left main coronary artery: a case report
Authors: Huenges Katharina , Hartmann Franz , Panholzer Bernd , Puehler Thomas
Published: July 2021

Background

A papillary fibroelastoma of the aortic valve has been reported as a rare cause of myocardial ischaemia. An advanced combined interventional and surgical approach leading to sufficient therapy for the patient is presented in this case report.

Case summary

A 56-year-old female patient presented in an emergency room of a hospital with an acute coronary syndrome. Over 1.5 years, recurrent stable angina had been known in the patient and significant coronary artery disease has already been ruled out in a previous coronary angiogram. The patient was immediately transferred to the catheter laboratory due to cardiogenic shock where a drug-eluting stent was implanted to, firstly, recanalize the left main coronary artery (LMCA) and, secondly, to protect the left main ostium from obstruction by an echocardiographic-proven mass. During subsequent deterioration of haemodynamics caused by decreasing left ventricular function and acute severe mitral insufficiency, firstly an intra-aortic balloon pump and secondly a veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation was established through the femoral vessels. The patient was transferred to our cardiac surgery unit and was successfully operated utilizing a valve-sparing technique by extracting the tumour mass from the left coronary cusp and extracting the stent carefully from the LMCA. Histology revealed a papillary fibroelastoma.

Conclusion

A papillary fibroelastoma of the aortic valve with intermittent obstruction of the coronary arteries requires surgical therapy. Interventional recanalization and extracorporeal support might be useful strategies to ensure the patient’s safety as a bridge to surgery.
The first complete genome sequence of species Shewanella decolorationis, from a bioremediation competent strain Ni1-3
Authors: Wang Yicheng , Cai Xunchao , Mao Yanping
Published: July 2021

Shewanella decolorationis are Gram-negative γ-Proteobacteria with environmental bioremediation potential because they can perform anaerobic respiration using various types of pollutants as terminal electron acceptors. So far, three isolated and cultured strains of S. decolorationis have been reported. However, no complete S. decolorationis genome has been published yet, which limited exploring their metabolism and feasibility in application. Here, S. decolorationis Ni1-3 isolated from an electroplating wastewater treatment plant showed strong reduction capabilities on azo dyes and oxidized metals. In order to construct the complete genome, high-quality whole-genome sequencing of strain Ni1-3 were performed by using both Nanopore MinION and Illumina NovaSeq platforms, from which the first complete genome of S. decolorationis was obtained by hybrid assembly. The genome of strain Ni1-3 contains a megaplasmid and a circular chromosome which encodes more proteins than that of the strains LDS1 and S12 belonging to the same species. In addition, more Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPRs) are identified in strain Ni1-3 genome. Importantly, 32 cytochrome-c and AzoR azoreductase coding genes are identified in the genome, which make strain Ni1-3 competent to degrade the azo dyes and versatile to bioremediate some other environmental pollution. The complete genome sequence of strain Ni1-3 can expand our knowledge toward its metabolic capabilities and potential, meanwhile, provide a reference to reassemble genomes of other S. decolorationis strains.
Higher Auslander’s Formula
Authors: Ebrahimi Ramin , Nasr-Isfahani Alireza
Published: July 2021

Let $\mathcal{M}$ be a small $n$-abelian category. We show that the category of finitely presented functors ${\operatorname{mod}}$-$\mathcal{M}$ modulo the subcategory of effaceable functors ${\operatorname{mod}}_0$-$\mathcal{M}$ has an $n$-cluster tilting subcategory, which is equivalent to $\mathcal{M}$. This gives a higher-dimensional version of Auslander’s formula.
Poetry and the Possibility of Paraphrase
Authors: Currie Gregory , Frascaroli Jacopo
Published: July 2021

Why is there a long-standing debate about paraphrase in poetry? Everyone agrees that paraphrase can be useful; everyone agrees that paraphrase is no substitute for the poem itself. What is there to disagree about? Perhaps this: whether paraphrase can specify everything that counts as a contribution to the meaning of a poem. There are, we say, two ways to take the question; on one way of taking it, the answer is that paraphrase cannot. Does this entail that there is meaning mysteriously locked in a poem, meaning that cannot be represented in any way other than via the poem itself? If that were so it would have profound implications for poetry’s capacity to convey insight. We suggest reasons for thinking that the entailment does not hold. Throughout, we connect the traditional debate over paraphrase, which has largely been conducted within the fields of philosophy and literary theory, with recent empirically oriented thinking about the communicability of meaning, represented by work in pragmatics. We end with a suggestion about what is to count as belonging to meaning, and what as merely among the things that determine meaning.
Army Urban Augmentation Medical Task Forces for COVID-19: Part 2—Initial Utilization
Authors: Dire Daniel J , Suter Robert E , Robinson Joe D , Lynn W Scott
Published: July 2021

This article describes the utilization of a new ad hoc medical formation, named Urban Augmentation Medical Task Force for the Department of Defense response to the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic in the Continental United States during the spring of 2020. Military medical personnel from these units were used to staff a variety of different mission assignments. We review the benefits and limitation of this type of formation and recommend future force allocation models.
What drives financial development? A Meta-regression analysis
Authors: Doucouliagos Chris , de Haan Jakob , Sturm Jan-Egbert
Published: July 2021

This article offers a meta-regression analysis of the literature on the drivers of financial development (FD). Our results based on 1,900 estimates suggest that institutional quality is positively correlated to both private sector credit and stock market capitalization (both as share of Gross Domestic Product). Domestic financial openness has a positive effect on both proxies for FD, while trade openness seems only important for stock market capitalization. Inflation has an adverse effect on FD, which is larger for stock market capitalization. Finally, we conclude that the literature has not yet robustly established that remittances matter for FD.
Jet collision with accreting tori around SMBHs GRHD and light surface constraints in aggregates of misaligned tori
Authors: Pugliese Daniela , Stuchlík Zdenek
Published: July 2021

We explore the possibility of jet collisions with accreting tori orbiting around super-massive black holes. The analysis provides constraints on the formation and the observational evidence of the host configurations. We use a General Relativistic Hydrodynamic model, investigating the light surface contraints in aggregates of misaligned tori orbiting a central static Schwarzschild black hole. Each (toroidal) configuration of the agglomeration is a geometrically thick, pressure-supported, perfect fluid torus. Aggregates include proto-jets, the open cusped solutions associated with the geometrically thick tori. Collision emergence and the stability properties of the aggregates are considered at different inclination angles relative to a fixed distant observer. We relate the constraints to the relevant frequencies of the configurations and fluid specific angular momentum, separating the constraints related to the fluid hydrodynamics and those related to the geometric backgrounds. We analyze the existence of accreting tori supporting jet-emission. We discuss the existence of orbit-replicas that could host shadowing effects in replicas of the emissions in two regions; close to and far from the BH (horizon replicas in jet shells). Our investigation clarifies the role of the pressure gradients of the orbiting matter and the essential role of the radial gradient of the pressure in the determination of the disk verticality. Finally, we analyze the possibility that a toroidal magnetic field could be related to the collimation of proto-jets.
Epigenetics and Postsurgical Pain: A Scoping Review
Authors: López-Muñoz Eunice , Mejía-Terrazas Gabriel Enrique
Published: July 2021

Objective

Multiple factors are involved in the physiology and variability of postsurgical pain, a great part of which can be explained by genetic and environmental factors and their interaction. Epigenetics refers to the mechanism by which the environment alters the stability and expression of genes. We conducted a scoping review to examine the available evidence in both animal models and clinical studies on epigenetic mechanisms involved in the regulation of postsurgical and chronic postsurgical pain.

Methods

The Arksey and O’Malley framework and the PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, scoping reviews extension) guidelines were used. The PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases were searched, and the original articles cited in reviews located through the search were also reviewed. English-language articles without time limits were retrieved. Articles were selected if the abstract addressed information on the epigenetic or epigenomic mechanisms, histone, or DNA methylation and microribonucleic acids involved in postsurgical and chronic postsurgical pain in animal models and clinical studies.

Results

The initial search provided 174 articles, and 95 were used. The available studies to date, mostly in animal models, have shown that epigenetics contributes to the regulation of gene expression in the pathways involved in postsurgical pain and in maintaining long-term pain.

Conclusion

Research on possible epigenetic mechanisms involved in postsurgical pain and chronic postsurgical pain in humans is scarce. In view of the evidence available in animal models, there is a need to evaluate epigenetic pain mechanisms in the context of human and clinical studies.
Impact of feeding cover crop forage containing brassicas to steers during backgrounding on live animal performance, carcass characteristics, and meat color1
Authors: Bakker Christina E , Hite Lydia M , Wright Cody L , Brake Derek W , Smart Alexander J , Blair Amanda D , Grubbs Judson K , Underwood Keith R
Published: July 2021

Brassica cover crops are an option for producers to incorporate into their cropping system to improve soil health and also provide a feed resource for cattle. While brassica cover crops have been widely used for grazing cows, their use as a backgrounding feedstuff is relatively unknown. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of feeding a brassica cover crop mixture during backgrounding on live animal performance and carcass characteristics. A total of 30 Angus-based steers were assigned to one of two dietary treatments during backgrounding 1) ad libitum access to a diet containing freshly cut brassica cover crop forage (CC) containing radish, turnip, rapeseed, rye grass, and a liquid supplement or 2) common Midwestern dry lot growing diet containing silage, soybean meal, grass hay, and a liquid supplement (CON). Steers were assigned to electronic feed bunks (Insentec RIC, Hokofarm Group; Marknesse, the Netherlands) for collection of individual feed intake. Diets were formulated to be nutritionally similar on a dry matter basis. Steers were paired by weight across treatments and pair fed. Dry matter intake (DMI) was calculated daily for steers in the CC treatment and the following day, CON steers were allowed access to an equal amount of dry matter using the Insentec RIC system. Steers were weighed weekly and backgrounded for 44 days before transitioning to a common finishing diet and weighed every 28 days. Steers were harvested at an estimated average backfat thickness of 1 cm. Standard carcass data were measured and strip loins and shoulder clods were collected. Instrumental and subjective color were measured on ground beef for 8 days and instrumental color was measured on strip steaks for 11 days. Treatment did not influence carcass characteristics, average daily gain, and DMI (P > 0.17). However, CON steers exhibited increased gain to feed ratio (P = 0.02). Additionally, a treatment by day interaction was observed for ground beef discoloration as the CC treatment displayed increased discoloration on days 4, 6, and 7 of case life (P < 0.01). These data indicate that brassicas may be utilized in a backgrounding diet without negatively impacting carcass characteristics but may decrease case life of ground beef.
The meristem-associated endosymbiontMethylorubrum extorquensDSM13060 reprograms development and stress responses of pine seedlings
Authors: Koskimäki Janne J , Pohjanen Johanna , Kvist Jouni , Fester Thomas , Härtig Claus , Podolich Olga , Fluch Silvia , Edesi Jaanika , Häggman Hely , Pirttilä Anna Maria
Published: July 2021

Microbes living in plant tissues—endophytes—are mainly studied in crop plants where they typically colonize the root apoplast. Trees—a large carbon source with a high capacity for photosynthesis—provide a variety of niches for endophytic colonization. We have earlier identified a new type of plant–endophyte interaction in buds of adult Scots pine, where Methylorubrum species live inside the meristematic cells. The endosymbiont Methylorubrum extorquens DSM13060 significantly increases needle and root growth of pine seedlings without producing plant hormones, but by aggregating around host nuclei. Here, we studied gene expression and metabolites of the pine host induced by M. extorquens DSM13060 infection. Malic acid was produced by pine to potentially boost M. extorquens colonization and interaction. Based on gene expression, the endosymbiont activated the auxin- and ethylene (ET)-associated hormonal pathways through induction of CUL1 and HYL1, and suppressed salicylic and abscisic acid signaling of pine. Infection by the endosymbiont had an effect on pine meristem and leaf development through activation of GLP1-7 and ALE2, and suppressed flowering, root hair and lateral root formation by downregulation of AGL8, plantacyanin, GASA7, COW1 and RALFL34. Despite of systemic infection of pine seedlings by the endosymbiont, the pine genes CUL1, ETR2, ERF3, HYL, GLP1-7 and CYP71 were highly expressed in the shoot apical meristem, rarely in needles and not in stem or root tissues. Low expression of MERI5, CLH2, EULS3 and high quantities of ononitol suggest that endosymbiont promotes viability and protects pine seedlings against abiotic stress. Our results indicate that the endosymbiont positively affects host development and stress tolerance through mechanisms previously unknown for endophytic bacteria, manipulation of plant hormone signaling pathways, downregulation of senescence and cell death-associated genes and induction of ononitol biosynthesis.
The killer’s toolkit: remarkable adaptations in the canine teeth of mammalian carnivores
Authors: Pollock Tahlia I , Hocking David P , Evans Alistair R
Published: July 2021

Often the first point of contact between predator and prey, mammalian canine teeth are essential for killing, dismembering and consuming prey. Yet despite their importance, few associations among shape, function and phylogeny are established. We undertook the first comprehensive analysis of canine tooth shape across predatory mammals (Carnivora, Didelphimorphia and Dasyuromorphia), integrating shape analysis with function of this fundamental feature. Shape was quantified using three-dimensional geometric morphometrics and cross-sectional sharpness. Canines vary in three main ways (sharpness, robustness and curvature) which vary with diet, killing behaviour and phylogeny. Slender, sharp canines are associated with carnivores such as felids that target the neck of their prey and primarily consume the ‘softer’ parts of a carcass. Robust, blunt canines are found in mustelids and dasyurids that typically consume ‘harder’ materials, such as bone, or bite into skulls. Differences in the killing behaviours of felids and canids probably result in more curved canines in the latter, which act as hooks to hold prey. We find functional specialization in the upper and lower canines of individuals and across the major mammalian clades. These patterns demonstrate how canine teeth are adapted to suit diverse diets and hunting styles, enabling mammals to become some of nature's most successful predators.
Identification of Metalaxyl- and Ethaboxam-Insensitive Pythium sylvaticum Pathogenic to Pulse Crops in Montana, U.S.A.
Authors: Parikh Lipi P. , Moparthi Swarnalatha , Crutcher Frankie K. , Burrows Mary E.
Published: July 2021

Pythium root rot and damping-off caused by Pythium spp. are important diseases of pulse crops. In a 2016 pathogen survey from dry pea growing fields in Montana, along with commonly known causal agents P. ultimum and P. irregulare, an isolate identified as P. sylvaticum (LPPY17) was isolated from the rhizosphere of a diseased pea plant collected from Valley County, MT. Root rots and damping-off caused by P. sylvaticum have not previously been reported for chickpea, pea, and lentil crops. The isolate LPPY17 was tested for fungicide resistance in vitro, and results indicated a reduced sensitivity to metalaxyl- and ethaboxam-containing fungicides. LPPY17 was also tested for pathogenicity on chickpea, pea, and lentil seedlings in the greenhouse, and the results from the study revealed LPPY17 is capable of causing both root rots and damping-off. Due to the potential pathogenicity and reduced fungicide sensitivity of this species, in the future it will be important to monitor for P. sylvaticum in pulse root rot surveys and diagnostics, because management options may be different from other common Pythium spp.
A Diagnostic Guide for Pythium Damping-Off and Root and Stem Rot of Cucurbits
Authors: Toporek Sean M. , Keinath Anthony P.
Published: July 2021

All major commercially cultivated species of Cucurbitaceae are susceptible to Pythium damping-off and root and stem rot. Twenty-four species of Pythium and Phytopythium helicoides have been reported to cause disease across 10 genera. The goal of this diagnostic guide is to describe symptoms and to summarize and provide insight on techniques for isolation, storage, morphological and genetic identification, and conducting pathogenicity tests of Pythium isolates.
Extended L-shaped Spreader Graft for Correction of Combined Dorsal and Caudal Nasal Septal Deviations
Authors: Aboulwafa Ahmed Mabrouk
Published: July 2021

Although a wide range of surgical techniques have been proposed to straighten the deviated cartilaginous nasal dorsum and maximize nasal function, recurrence is common because of cartilage memory and scar contractures. An extended L-shaped spreader graft, a permanent support, was developed to correct functional and aesthetic problems, to prevent recurrence, and to maintain the correction of the septum stable and strong. This technique was utilized in 16 cases of deviated cartilaginous dorsum. All patients were subjected to a detailed history, physical examination, CT scan of the nose, and photographic documentation preoperatively. The patients were followed up during a period of 3 months to 4 years. According to physical examination, postoperative photography, and patients’ satisfaction, the final results were categorized as excellent, good, or poor. The results were as follows: 14 patients (87.5%) were classified as excellent, as their noses were completely straight, and this was consistent with physical examination and postoperative photographs. Two patients (12.5%) were classified as good because there was a minimal residual deviation according to either photographs or clinical examinations. This minimal deformity was not experienced by the patients. In conclusion, consistent, reproducible results were achieved with using the autologous extended L-shaped spreader graft for controlling and maintenance of the dorsal and caudal septal deviation after correction. It is one piece of L-shaped graft of autogenous cartilage fixed to the original septal L-strut. It is regarded as an anatomical graft that provides sustained cephalocaudal support, preserves pliability of the lobule, and maintains stability as an independent stabilizer for the native strut.
Feasibility and Effect of Reiki on the Physiology and Self-perceived Stress of Nurses in a Large US Hospital
Authors: Hailey Kellie , Fortin Jennifer , Pratt Patricia , Forbes Peter W. , McCabe Margaret
Published: July 2021

Nurses experience stress in the workplace. We evaluated the feasibility and effect of Reiki to relieve stress of staff nurses during a work shift. All Reiki treatments were completed without interruption and lasted 30 minutes. Stress scores, respiratory rate, and heart rate were significantly decreased immediately following the Reiki treatment.
Development of a Knowledge Translation Intervention in a Student-Run Pro Bono Clinic: A Case Report
Authors: Yorke Amy M. , Smith Amy K. , Hein Emily , Woodruff Amanda , Trojanowski Suzanne
Published: July 2021

Background and Purpose.

Although evidence-based practice (EBP) is essential to physical therapy practice, students struggle incorporating new research into patient care. Knowledge translation (KT) bridges the gap between current research and practice to ensure high-quality patient care. Student-run pro bono clinics (SRPBCs) provide students the opportunity to use KT in a practice-based environment. The purpose of this case report was to describe the development of a KT intervention to support the implementation of a clinical practice guideline (CPG) in a SRPBC.

Case Description.

Using the Knowledge to Action (KTA) framework, student leaders, with faculty guidance, developed a KT intervention to facilitate uptake of the neurological outcome measure CPG (NOM-CPG) into a SRPBC that serves patients with neurological conditions.

Outcomes.

Chart audits, surveys, and focus group interviews revealed underutilization of, yet a willingness to implement, the NOM-CPG, as well as the barriers and facilitators to EBP at the SRPBC. A multifaceted KT intervention, including education, environmental changes, and obtaining equipment, was developed to implement the NOM-CPG at the SRPBC.

Discussion and Conclusion.

Application and assessment of the KT intervention to implement the NOM-CPG is ongoing. The KTA cycle may be used to develop a KT intervention at a SRPBC to improve uptake of a CPG. Providing students the opportunity to systematically and intentionally incorporate evidence into a SRPBC promotes the development of KT strategies required to implement evidence in a clinical setting.
Effects of Add-On Left Ventricular Assist Device to Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation During Refractory Cardiac Arrest in a Porcine Model
Authors: Packer Erik J. S. , Solholm Atle , Omdal Tom Roar , Stangeland Lodve , Zhang Liqun , Mongstad Arve , Urban Malte , Wentzel-Larsen Tore , Haaverstad Rune , Slettom Grete , Nordrehaug Jan Erik , Grong Ketil , Tuseth Vegard
Published: July 2021

This study evaluated the effects of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in combination with a percutaneous adjunctive left ventricular assist device (LVAD) in a porcine model during 60 minutes of refractory cardiac arrest (CA). Twenty-four anesthetized swine were randomly allocated into three groups given different modes of circulatory assist: group 1: ECMO 72 ml/kg/min and LVAD; group 2: ECMO 36 ml/kg/min and LVAD; and group 3: ECMO 72 ml/kg/min. During CA and extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR), mean left ventricular pressure (mLVP) was lower in group 1 (p = 0.013) and in group 2 (p = 0.003) versus group 3. Mean aortic pressure (mAP) and coronary perfusion pressure (CPP) were higher in group 1 compared with the other groups. In group 3, mean pulmonary artery flow (mPAf) was lower versus group 1 (p = 0.003) and group 2 (p = 0.039). If the return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) was achieved after defibrillation, up to 180 minutes of unsupported observation followed. All subjects in groups 1 and 3, and 5 subjects in group 2 had ROSC. All subjects in group 1, five in group 2 and four in group 3 had sustained cardiac function after 3 hours of spontaneous circulation. Subjects that did not achieve ROSC or maintained cardiac function post-ROSC had lower mAP (p < 0.001), CPP (p = 0.002), and mPAf (p = 0.004) during CA and ECPR. Add-on LVAD may improve hemodynamics compared with ECMO alone during refractory CA but could not substitute reduced ECMO flow. Increased mAP and CPP could be related to ROSC rate and sustained cardiac function. Increased mLVP was related to poor post-ROSC cardiac function.
Identifying Patients at Risk for Fibrosis in a Primary Care NAFLD Cohort
Authors: Schreiner Andrew D. , Livingston Sherry , Zhang Jingwen , Gebregziabher Mulugeta , Marsden Justin , Koch David G. , Petz Chelsey A. , Durkalski-Mauldin Valerie L. , Mauldin Patrick D. , Moran William P.
Published: July 2021

Goals and Background:

Using natural language processing to create a nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) cohort in primary care, we assessed advanced fibrosis risk with the Fibrosis-4 Index (FIB-4) and NAFLD Fibrosis Score (NFS) and evaluated risk score agreement.

Materials and Methods:

In this retrospective study of adults with radiographic evidence of hepatic steatosis, we calculated patient-level FIB-4 and NFS scores and categorized them by fibrosis risk. Risk category and risk score agreement was analyzed using weighted κ, Pearson correlation, and Bland-Altman analysis. A multinomial logistic regression model evaluated associations between clinical variables and discrepant FIB-4 and NFS results.

Results:

Of the 767 patient cohorts, 71% had a FIB-4 or NFS score in the indeterminate-risk or high-risk category for fibrosis. Risk categories disagreed in 43%, and scores would have resulted in different clinical decisions in 30% of the sample. The weighted κ statistic for risk category agreement was 0.41 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.36-0.46] and the Pearson correlation coefficient for log FIB-4 and NFS was 0.66 (95% CI: 0.62-0.70). The multinomial logistic regression analysis identified black race (odds ratio=2.64, 95% CI: 1.84-3.78) and hemoglobin A1c (odds ratio=1.37, 95% CI: 1.23-1.52) with higher odds of having an NFS risk category exceeding FIB-4.

Conclusions:

In a primary care NAFLD cohort, many patients had elevated FIB-4 and NFS risk scores and these risk categories were often in disagreement. The choice between FIB-4 and NFS for fibrosis risk assessment can impact clinical decision-making and may contribute to disparities of care.
The Experiences of Illness in Korean Bladder Cancer Patients With Radical Cystectomy
Authors: Yi Eunhye , Yoo Yang-sook , Lee Sunhee , Park Hanjong
Published: July 2021

Background

After radical cystectomy, many bladder cancer patients experience physical and psychological difficulties. For nurses, understanding the illness experiences should be the utmost priority.

Objective

The aim of this study was to comprehensively understand the experiences of illness among bladder cancer patients with radical cystectomy in Korea.

Methods

Purposive sampling was used in this qualitative study to recruit patients hospitalized with bladder cancer at the urology cancer center in South Korea. Data were collected through one-on-one in-depth interviews and analyzed using the thematic analysis of Braun and Clarke.

Results

Six themes were derived: “confusion with bodily changes,” “loss of daily life as it was before radical cystectomy,” “feeling daunted,” “body acceptance,” “adaptation,” and “feeling grateful for life.” These themes represent the emotional state and adaptation process after surgery.

Conclusions

This study contributes to the understanding of the experience of illness in Korean adults experiencing bladder cancer. Whereas most previous research focuses on physical aspects, including treatment methods, this study focused on understanding the life and suffering after discharge of individuals. This study can help nurses to better understand the postoperative life of the patients.

Implications for Practice

This study can be a foundation for developing informational materials or intervention programs needed to solve the difficulties encountered during urostomy or neobladder self-care. Specifically, a strategy has to be devised to alleviate the pain of loss and to help patients who feel daunted and experience a negative body image.
Decision-Making Experience Related to Mastectomy Among Women With Breast Cancer
Authors: Liu Jing , Hunter Sharyn , Zhu Jiemin , Lee Regina Lai Tong , Chan Sally Wai-Chi
Published: July 2021

Background

Deciding to have a mastectomy can be challenging for women. An understanding of the decision-making experience related to mastectomy would contribute to improving the support of women making this decision.

Objective

The aim of this study was to understand women's decision-making experience related to mastectomy.

Methods

Studies published from 2000 to 2020 were identified by searching databases (CINAHL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, PubMed, Web of Science, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure) and reference lists of previous reviews. Methodological quality of these studies was assessed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool version 2018. Data were analyzed using content comparison analysis.

Results

Twenty-three quantitative and 6 qualitative studies were included in this review. Four themes emerged from the included studies: participation in decision-making, seeking information about treatment choices, postoperative perceptions of mastectomy decision-making, and factors related to mastectomy choice. Several negative experiences related to decision-making were identified. A number of clinical, sociodemographic, and psychosocial factors that influenced women to choose a mastectomy were identified.

Conclusions

This review provides in-depth information about decision-making experiences and factors that influence the choice of mastectomy. Research is required about women who have had a mastectomy using standardized instruments to investigate their decision-making experiences. Studies are also necessary in non-Western countries.

Implications for Practice

The factors and experiences identified in this review may help nurses to assist in the treatment decision-making process. Further research is required regarding breast care and other nurses' involvement in the decision-making process related to mastectomy.
Pediatric Metastatic Crohn’s Disease of the Liver
Authors: Conover Katie R. , Cox Conrad B. , Wang Huiying , Bhatt Riha , Hafberg Einar T.
Published: July 2021

Metastatic Crohn’s disease (MCD) is the manifestation of Crohn’s disease outside of the gastrointestinal tract and most frequently involves mucocutaneous and pulmonary tissues. This is an uncommon phenomenon but is well characterized in the pediatric literature. In contrast, MCD affecting the liver has not previously been described in pediatrics. The pediatric gastroenterologist must be aware of the myriad of Crohn’s disease–associated hepatopathies. We herein present the first reported case of pediatric MCD involving the liver and describe our targeted diagnostic evaluation and the patient’s response to infliximab-dyyb.
Duration of Electroconvulsive Therapy Postictal Burst Suppression Is Associated With Time to Reorientation
Authors: Sartorius Alexander , Karl Sebastian , Zapp Angela , Putschögl Franziska , Bumb Jan Malte , Reinwald Jonathan , Kranaster Laura , Aksay Suna Su
Published: July 2021

Introduction

A burst suppression pattern in the electroencephalogram represents a down-regulated brain state, which also occurs in the postictal phase of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Suppressive actions of the brain to terminate the seizure are thought to be necessary for the efficacy of ECT. On the other hand, recent studies showed an association of burst suppression in general anesthesia or sedation with (postprocedural) cognitive complications.

Methods

We retrospectively examined the length of postictal burst suppression and reorientation time in 49 ECT sessions of 25 consecutive patients. Burst suppression duration was determined by bispectral index monitoring and defined as the time with a bispectral index value of less than 20%. The association between duration of burst suppression and reorientation time was analyzed with multivariate logistic and linear regression analysis controlling for several covariates.

Results

The reorientation time showed a statistically significant association with the duration of burst suppression, but with no other variable. Longer phase of postictal burst suppression predicted longer reorientation time in the recovery room (P = 0.046).

Conclusions

The association between the duration of postictal burst suppression and reorientation time after ECT in this sample suggests that (not only the efficacy but also the) cognitive adverse effects of ECT might be related to the extent of postictal central inhibition after the termination of the seizure.