bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Distribution of Cancer Patients at National Institute of Cancer Research and Hospital in 2006
Authors: Talukder Md Habibullah , Jabeen Suraiya , Islam Md Johirul , Hussain Syed Md Akram
Published: October 2009

A study on 6492 new cancer patients was done at National Institute of Cancer Research & Hospital (NICRH), Mohakhali, Dhaka from January 2006 to December 2006. Histopathologically confirmed cancer patients; patients having radiological or clinical evidence of malignancy were included in the study. Majority of the patients were from Dhaka division (47.8%) and next from Chittagong division (22.5%). There were 3824 male and 2668 female patients in the study. The male female ratio was 1.4:1.The majority of cancer occurred in middle and old age. In adult male Lung cancer ranked the top (909, 24.1%) followed by cancer of lymph node and lymphatic (264, 7.0%), Laryngeal carcinoma (247, 6.5%) and Oesophageal Carcinoma (199, 5.3%). Breast cancer (24.48) was the major malignancy amongst adult female (633, 23.3%) followed by that of the cervix (583, 21.4%), Lung (153, 5.6%) and Oral cavity (116, 4.3%). In pediatric patients malignancy of lymphatics and lymphoid tissue led the tally while in geriatric group Lung cancer found to be more prevalent. DOI: 10.3329/bmj.v37i1.3599 Bangladesh Medical Journal 37(1) 2008 2-5
Changes in the Practice of Contraceptive Prevalence - An Observational Study
Authors: Akther Rabeya , Afroj Hasina , Sultana Sayeeda
Published: October 2009

Family planning is an essential tool for reducing fertility rate. An increase in contraceptive prevalence rate results in reduction of population growth, which in turn contributes significantly to the improvement of people's health. It is a cross-sectional, descriptive type, observational study done during April-July 2007 in a large Medical Centre. Reproductive history was used as research instrument for data collection. The present study aimed at exploring Contraceptive prevalence and related issue among service holder and regulation of fertility among them. Two thirty one (231) women (childbearing age ) were selected randomly to find out their contraceptive prevalence. Eighty four (n=197) percent women need family planning service.Among them 87.82 percent (N-173) of the respondents use any method of contraception. 79.76 %( N-138) women use modern method and 20.23 percent( N-35) women use natural method .Thirty three (33.53 %) percent couple practice barrier method, twenty two(22.54%) percent use oral pill, female sterilization is 9.25 percent, injectable (DMPA) 5.78 percent, 7.97 percent mixed method .There is progressive decline in oral pill use from 55% to 26%. Fertility rate, menstruation regulation is lower among servicing women. Education, empowerment and social position of women help to reduce fertility.   DOI: 10.3329/bmj.v37i1.3601 Bangladesh Medical Journal 37(1) 2008 10-14
Accuracy of Electronic Apex Locator for Determining the Root Canal Length in Presence of Blood - An In Vitro Study
Authors: Bashar AKM , Joshi Reema , Alam MS
Published: October 2009

Present study was conducted to evaluate the accuracy of Electronic Apex Locator to measure the root canal length in presence of blood, an unavoidable event during extirpation of vital pulp. A number of sixty (60) previously untreated extracted human maxillary and mandibular permanent mature anterior teeth having more or less straight roots with single root canal were included in the study. Root canal lengths were measured using a no. 15 k-file (Mani Inc, Tokyo Japan) in all the teeth until it was just visible through apical foramen that was confirmed by viewing them in Stereomicroscope. The measurements obtained by the Stereomicroscope of all teeth were consider as the ‘Gold standard' and was also consider as the actual length of those teeth. Using an Electronic Apex locator (Foramatron D 10, Percell, USA) was used to measure the canal length of the same sixty teeth introducing human blood into the canal. Now the measurements taken by Electronic Apex locator (EAL) in presence of blood were compared with the actual length taken by the stereomicroscope and difference in the error length compared with stereomicroscopic length were calculated in a range from -0.5mm to >1 mm. It was observed that working length measurements by EAL in presence of blood within canal mostly remain within clinically acceptable range (± 0.5 mm).   DOI: 10.3329/bmj.v37i1.3602 Bangladesh Medical Journal 37(1) 2008 15-18
Mass Disaster in Bangladesh: Forensic View
Authors: Rahim Mostaque , Das TC
Published: October 2009

Achievements in all spheres of humans endeavour to create a better world and the progress they made over generations all can be wiped out in a twinkle of an eye. All can take in a violent disaster natural or unnatural. Bangladesh, one of the least developed country of the world, burdened with large population had been affecting by some form of natural disaster like flood, cyclone, tidal surges etc every year. These disasters were due to its geographical location and geophysical climate. On the other hand, unnatural disaster like plane crushes, fires, shipwrecks, railway and other transport accidents, bomb blast etc. are some times avoidable under some precautionary measures. The process of identification of the victim of disaster is one of the challenging problem for a forensic pathologist. Forensic investigator can contribute their role expertise and recommendations in collaboration with other agencies.   DOI: 10.3329/bmj.v37i1.3603 Bangladesh Medical Journal 37(1) 2008 19-20
Geriatric Oncology
Authors: Hussain Syed Md Akram , Ali Shah Md Keramat , Kader Kazi Manzur
Published: October 2009

We are growing old. In cancer care, there is no exception. Over one-half of all cancer patients in the United States are over age 60.Elderly represent 12% of the total world population. Over the next 25 years, more than 60% of all cancers diagnosed in people of 55 years old and older in Bangladesh As the number of elderly rise exponentially, we can expect growing numbers of elderly at risk for developing cancer. Without dramatic breakthroughs in cancer prevention and treatment, it will have a major impact on the magnitude of cancer problem. In the meantime, when we are growing old and facing cancer, several important realities need to address. What is most important to consider in treatment planning for cancer, is not what the patient's age is, but rather about the baseline level of function and fitness despite chronologic age. In the absence of co-morbid conditions, advanced age should not be a deterrent to cancer therapy with a curative intent. Without other chronic illness which states impair kidney, liver, lung and heart function, older patients can expect comparable results to therapeutic regimens as their younger counterparts.   Keywords: Geriatric Oncology DOI: 10.3329/bmj.v37i1.3604 Bangladesh Medical Journal 37(1) 2008 21-23
Case Report: A Case of Double Inferior Vena Cava
Authors: Sarker Rampada , Rahim Asif , Anisuzziman A , Mahbubur SM , Kamal Sarwar , Razzaque SKA , Hosain Suman Nazmul
Published: October 2009

DOI: 10.3329/bmj.v37i1.3605 Bangladesh Medical Journal 37(1) 2008 24-25
Conducting Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) using Digital Technology in Bangladesh
Authors: Zaman M Mostafa
Published: October 2009

DOI: 10.3329/bmj.v37i2.3587 Bangladesh Medical Journal 37(2) 2008 26-27
A Spirometric Study of Pulmonary Function in Carcinoma Breast Patients Treated with Tangential Beam Technique of EBRT
Authors: Kader Kazi Mansur , Rahman SM Anisur , Alam AMM Shariful , Hussain Syed Md Akram , Uddin AFM Kamal
Published: October 2009

A study was conducted at National Institute of Cancer Research and Hospital, Mohakhali, Dhaka among the cancer Breast patients receiving radiotherapy from July 2007 to June 2008. The objective of this study was to asses the short term pulmonary side effects following adjuvant radiotherapy by doing pulmonary function test. We included 50 patients with the mean age of 45 years. The base line pulmonary function was measured on the day of starting Radiotherapy and 6 weeks and 12 weeks of Post Radiotherapy. The measuring indicators were FEVI, FVC, VC, ERV, IRV, Chest X-rays of all patients were taken periodically all the patients under went chest wall irradiated by tangential fields and irradiation to axilla and supraclavicular region by single interior field. The usual dose was 5000 CGY in 25 fractions, 5 functions per week using co60 teletherapy.   DOI: 10.3329/bmj.v37i2.3588 Bangladesh Medical Journal 37(2) 2008 28-29
Who Seek Homeopathic Treatment?
Authors: Elahee Sheikh Faruque , Rahman Md Mizanur , Rahman Md Mahfuzar , Hossain Shaila , Zaki Mahbub
Published: October 2009

Homeopathy, or homeopathic medicine, is a holistic system of treatment and is based on the idea that substances that produce symptoms of sickness in healthy people will have a curative effect when given in very dilute quantities to sick people who exhibit those same symptoms. Homeopathic physicians seek to cure their patients on the physical, mental and emotional levels, and each treatment is tailored to a patient's individual needs. Considering these ideas a cross sectional study was conducted in Dhaka city from March to July, 2008 to determine the characteristics of patients seeking homeopathic treatment. A sample of 250 patients was selected for interview for the study. About one third (31%) of the patients prefer homeopathic treatment and the rest also take other treatments like Allopathic, Ayurbedic and Unani. Majority of the patients chose homeopathic treatment as it has long lasting cure (54%), low cost (27%) and no side effect (25%). The common diseases for which homeopathic treatment was sought were skin diseases (16%), gastrointestinal diseases (15%), genital diseases (14%), ENT diseases (13%) and musculo-skeletal diseases (12%). About 76% patients had previous experience of homeopathic treatment, while 24% received it for the first time. Bi-variate analysis revealed that young age, unmarried and higher income groups of patients were found to be more regular in receiving homeopathic treatment than the older, married and low income groups (p<0.05). Though the study finding did not generalize the medicare system of Bangladesh, but it need to be integrated into the conventional medicine to achieve health for all. Keywords: Homeopathic treatment, characteristics of patients, family income, common diseases, Bangladesh.   DOI: 10.3329/bmj.v37i2.3590 Bangladesh Medical Journal 37(2) 2008 37-40
Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (OPCABG) Surgery in Patients with Left Main Coronary Artery Stenosis: Analysis of Experience in 145 Patients
Authors: Maruf Mohammad Fasle , Hosain Suman Nazmul , Hassan Md Kamrul , Khan Zahangir Haider , Chowdhury Asif Ahsan , Akter Tahmina , Karim Rezaul , Ahsan NA Kamrul
Published: October 2009

The presence of significant left main arterial stenosis has been considered a relative contraindication to OPCAB surgery. The development of newer techniques and an increasing understanding of the hemodynamic changes make the surgeons confident to perform OPCAB in patients with significant left main artery stenosis. Between January 2004 to March 2008, 145 patients with left main artery stenosis underwent OPCAB surgery at NICVD. Gradual adoption and integration of maturing heart surgery in fast years led to a trend towards overall improvement in CABG outcomes. Off-pump coronary artery surgery appears to be a safe and effective technique in patients with significant Left Main coronary artery disease. The postoperative morbidity and length of ICU and hospital stay are shorter. OPCAB could be an effective alternative to the conventional method CABG with same or better early results and is cheap and cost effective. The long-term results are to be evaluated   DOI: 10.3329/bmj.v37i2.3592 Bangladesh Medical Journal 37(2) 2008 46-49
A Study of Late Postpartum Eclampsia - 178 Cases
Authors: Habib Sahin Akhter Jahan , Sultana Sayeeda
Published: October 2009

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine whether there is a shift in the timing of eclampsia in relation to delivery and whether traditional symptoms precede impending postpartum eclampsia. Study Design: A cross - sectional hospital - based study conducted at Gynae Unit, Dhaka Medical College Hospital from January 2006 - December 2007. Data was collected regarding the relationship of the patient's first seizure to delivery prodromal symptoms, neuroimaging studies, use of magnesium sulfate, antihypertensive therapy and follow up medical care. The analysis focused on women who had late postpartum eclampsia. Result: During the study period 178 patients were diagnosed with eclampsia. Fifty eight women (33%) had postpartum eclampsia, of which 46 women (79%) had late onset (> 48 hrs.). Interestingly only 10 of these 46 women (22%) had been previously diagnosed with preeclampsia. Forty two pt.(91%) with late postpartum eclampsia had at least 1 prodromal symptom, and 24 pt. (52%) had> 1 symptom that heralded the seizure : 40 women (87%) had headache , 20 women (44%) had visual changes, 10 (22%) had nausea or vomiting and 4 (9% ) experienced epigastric pain. Only 14 of this 42 women (33%) sought care for their symptoms , of whom 12 women (86%)had clinical evidence of preeclampsia that was not considered by the treating physician. Among all patients with eclampsia there were 14 cases of aspiration pneumonia,6 cases of pulmonary edema, 6 cases of pleural effusion 4 cases of DIC and no cases of maternal death. Conclusion: Current obstetric treatment has a resulted in a shift of eclampsia toward the postpartum period with most cases being seen as late postpartum. To reduce the rate of the postpartum eclampsia, efforts should be directed to the education of the health care providers and patients regarding the importance of prompt reporting and evaluation of symptoms of preeclampsia during the postpartum period.   DOI: 10.3329/bmj.v37i2.3594 Bangladesh Medical Journal 37(2) 2008 52-55
Poor Oral Health and Pre-Term Low Birth Infants
Authors: Bashar AKM , Alam MS
Published: October 2009

Oral health though often considered as a distinct specialty that is separate from the body as a whole, but the health of the oral cavity can have wide-reaching effects on overall health. Poor oral health may occur concomitantly with a more serious underlying disease process or may predispose an individual to other health conditions. This article examines the relationship between poor oral health and increased risk for Pre-term low birth weight infants, underscoring that the oral cavity and its tissues are an integral part of the human body.   DOI: 10.3329/bmj.v37i2.3595 Bangladesh Medical Journal 37(2) 2008 56-65
Haemorrhagic Corpus Lutem Mimic Appendicitis
Authors: Afroz Hasina , Akhter Rabeya , Jesmin Shahela
Published: October 2009

Haemoperitoneum secondary to ruptured corpus luteum is a rare complication for women of reproductive life. The differential diagnosis of hemoperitoneum includes various types of acute abdomen that usually associated with acute lower abdominal pain and swelling lower abdomen. The differential diagnosis includes ruptured ectopic pregnancy, ruptured chocolate cyst, twisted ovarian tumor, pelvic inflammatory disease and pelvic peritonitis. Ruptured hemorrhagic corpus luteum is an uncommon cause of acute abdomem. Its occurrence is unknown but is likely quite frequent and without symptoms. Most cases are self limiting; enquire only observation with abdominal pain relieved with analgesics. Some need laparoscopy or laparotomy to achieve homeostasis if the patient is haemodynamically unstable. Key word: Haemoperitoneum, Appendicitis, Ruptured Corpus luteum.   DOI: 10.3329/bmj.v37i2.3596 Bangladesh Medical Journal 37(2) 2008 66-67
Factors Affecting Use of Preventive Tests for Cardiovascular Risk among Greeks
Authors: Pappa Evelina , Kontodimopoulos Nick , Papadopoulos Angelos A. , Pallikarona Georgia , Niakas Dimitris , Tountas Yannis
Published: October 2009

Data from a Greek national representative sample was used to investigate socio-demographic, self-perceived health, and health risk factors that determine the use of cardiovascular preventive tests (blood pressure, cholesterol and blood glucose). Chi-square and logistic regression analyses were used (p < 0.05). Older age, marriage, regular family doctor and chronic diseases increased the likelihood of receiving preventive tests, whereas low education and alcohol consumption reduced the likelihood of having these tests. The effect of obesity varied. Interventions which improve the knowledge of the poorly educated and empower the preventive role of the physicians may redress the inequalities and improve the effectiveness of preventive services utilization.
Development of Highly Soluble Anthraquinone Dichroic Dyes and Their Application to Three-Layer Guest-Host Liquid Crystal Displays
Authors: Iwanaga Hiroki
Published: October 2009

The relationships between molecular structures and properties of anthraquinone dichroic dyes were studied and dyes with large solubilities and dichroic ratios were developed. The yellow anthraquinone dye behaves as a quencher of the coumarin dye, and the mixture has a large absorption coefficient without fluorescence. These technologies can enlarge the color reproduction area of three-layer guest-host liquid crystal displays (GHLCDs) 1.6-fold. The performances of the prototype reflective three-layer GH-LCDs are as follows: the white state luminous reflectance is 43% and the contrast is 5.3, indicating that they are promising candidates for portable information systems with full-color images.
Sonoelectrochemical Synthesis of Nanoparticles
Authors: Sáez Veronica , Mason Timothy J.
Published: October 2009

This article reviews the nanomaterials that have been prepared to date by pulsed sonoelectrochemistry. The majority of nanomaterials produced by this method are pure metals such as silver, palladium, platinum, zinc, nickel and gold, but more recently the syntheses have been extended to include the preparation of nanosized metallic alloys and metal oxide semiconductors. A major advantage of this methodology is that the shape andsize of the nanoparticles can be adjusted by varying the operating parameters which include ultrasonic power, current density, deposition potential and the ultrasonic vs electrochemical pulse times. Together with these, it is also possible to adjust the pH, temperature and composition of the electrolyte in the sonoelectrochemistry cell.
"Christianisation" en Nouvelle Castille: catéchisme, communion, messe et confirmation dans l'archevêché de Tolède, 1540-1650
Authors: Dedieu Jean-Pierre
Published: October 2009

Abstract

This article studies first, through the synodal decrees of Toledo, the growing interest of the ecclesiastical hierarchy in the religious education of the people during the XVIth and XVIIth centuries, interest which begun long before the Council of Trent. In a second section, based upon a serial study of some 700 inquisitoiial interrogatories, we investigate how, during the same period, the male population of New Castile learned the basic Catholic catechism and began to use more and more frequently the sacraments of the Church. We conclude that at the beginning of the XVIIth century they had reached in those matters a fairly satisfactory level, certainly superior to what the French had been able to achieve at the same time.
Tribut textile et caciques dans le nord de l'Audiencia de Quito
Authors: Caillavet Chantal
Published: October 2009

Chantal Caillavet

Tributo textil y caciques en el Norte de la Audiencia de Quito.

El estudio del tributo textil indigena (mantas de algodón), en el Norte de la Audiencia de Quito (zona de Otavalo), al iniciarse la colonización, revela rasgos prehispánicos de funcionamiento económico, asi como su paulatina transformación bajo la presión colonial.

La producción y distribución del algodón, la fabricación de la ropa indigena se mantienen según tradiciones autóctonas mientras que la comercialización por los españoles de la «ropa de la tierra» introduce cambios profundos; especialmente en el papel del cacique: los españoles le colocan como eje de las transacciones del tributo colonial pero explotándole a la vez; por lo tanto, va a ejercer su poder a expensas de los indigenas.
And some fell upon stoney places. Some thoughts on why Missions on the Australian continent have been less successful than Missions to the Melanesians
Authors: Rowley C. D.
Published: October 2009

En Mélanésie, les communautés missionnaires se transforment d'elles-mêmes en églises ou congrégations indigènes. Pourquoi les aborigènes d'Australie eurent-ils un rôle plus passif ?

Les colons, en Australie, chassèrent de leurs terres et autres possessions la plupart des communautés aborigènes. Le droit du premier occupant n'était pas reconnu par la loi. La rapide dépopulation, la privation de toute autonomie, la perte de la terre et du contrôle des sites sacrés signifiaient la prompte désintégration du système social et politique des aborigènes. La colonisation se faisait par le biais du travail. La plupart des aborigènes des régions du sud ne trouvèrent aucune place dans l'économie nouvelle. Quant aux autres, on eut tendance à les tenir à l'écart des échanges avec les Blancs et de la vie politique, et à les considérer comme des hôtes. Pour ces diverses raisons les missions devinrent, en général, des institutions pour gens indésirables.

Ceci contraste avec le rôle qu'elles ont tenu en Mélanésie où elles formèrent les foyers de développement des communautés chrétiennes. En Mélanésie, le village fut préservé par le Gouvernement qui y voyait la source d'une future main-d'œuvre. Relativement peu de terres furent soustraites à son autorité. La mission fut à même de rendre service à une communauté qui se transformait et s'adaptait selon ses propres lois, et qui maintenait une continuité de tradition et de décision.

La croyance religieuse indigène opposa une résistance plus profonde et subtile en Australie qu'en Mélanésie, résistance renforcée par un ressentiment incessant. En Mélanésie, le contraste entre l'enseignement et la manière d'agir des chrétiens fut moins tranché, et les religions indigènes furent rapidement discréditées ou s'amalgamèrent avec le christianisme. Dans les communautés missionnaires, une adaptation syncrétique et un commandement considéré comme légitime formèrent la base des églises indigènes.

En comparaison, le continent australien s'avéra offrir une « terre rocailleuse » à la semence de l'évangile.
Les Polynésiens et la navigation astronomique
Authors: Boulinier Georges , Boulinier Geneviève
Published: October 2009

Les Polynésiens ont-ils pu, sans instruments, réaliser, à travers l'Océan Pacifique, de grandes traversées, autres qu' « accidentelles » ? En particulier, possédaient-ils un système de navigation astronomique, leur permettant de retrouver volontairement une île sur l'océan ? Faisant une synthèse des données disponibles, les auteurs mettent, tout d'abord, l'accent sur l'étendue des connaissances aussi bien géographiques qu'astronomiques des Polynésiens. Puis, ils indiquent, à la lumière des travaux récents, les arguments qui semblent en faveur de l'utilisation du seul procédé envisageable pour de très longs trajets : 1' « atterrissage en latitude », en se repérant par rapport aux étoiles qui passent au zénith du lieu.
The health implications of urbanisation in the South Pacific
Authors: Loison G. , Bourre A. L. , Malo C. , Tamson R.
Published: October 2009

THE HEALTH IMPLICATIONS OF URBANISATION IN THE SOUTH PACIFIC.

As a result of urbanisation in the South Pacific area, increasing population shift to bigger cities gives more and more rise to health problems of housing, pollution, environmental sanitation, and traffic accidents. New epidemiological patterns are created.

Special attention is drawn to the results of urbanisation in the field of food and nutrition. Malnutrition, dental caries, metabolic and cardiovascular diseases are the inevitable consequences of the change in traditional food patterns.

Social consequences of urbanisation such as mental health problems due to acculturation, delinquency, alcoholism and prostitution also affect directly the health of the population.

To remedy the undesirable conditions created by increasing urbanisation, there is an immediate need for long-term planning in the fields of social welfare and public health.

This paper records existing figures on these various aspects of urbanisation and on available health facilities in some urban areas of the South Pacific territories, originating mostly from territorial health reports.

However, positive aspects of urbanisation do exist. Some of the reasons given by Pacific islanders for moving to an urban setting are briefly considered.
Espaces et paysages agraires dans le nord des Nouvelles-Hébrides. L'exemple des îles d'Aoba et de Maewo (étude de géographie agraire) (suite et fin)
Authors: Bonnemaison Joël
Published: October 2009

There are two main traditional methods of land use on Aoba and Maewo islands : that of the coastal peoples, whose main crop is yams, and that of the inland "man-bush", who are mainly taro planters.

This study attempts to define the internal cohesion of the traditional agrarian systems, and discusses their evolution.

Generally, the spread of cash-cropping causes a break-down in both social and agricultural systems: this is particularly marked in view of the high population density. It leads to a "disintensification" of traditional subsistence agriculture, and a decline in agrarian techniques. Furthermore, the transition from a peasant society to a cash-crop society, closely tied to an outside economy and to world copra prices, makes this society more and more vulnerable, and leads to a relative over-population of the most "evolved" regions. The renewal of migratory movements to the urban centers is often a direct effect of this situation.

The methods used during this research (classification of agrarian systems and their evolution) are based on the classificatory model established by H. C. Brookfield, which makes it possible to "measure" the efficiency of agrarian systems and their degree of intensity (Melanesia: A Geographical Interpretation of an Island World. London, Methuen, 1970).
Report on the preliminary excavation of an early habitation site on Huahine, Society Islands
Authors: Sinoto Yosihiko H. , Mc Coy P. C.
Published: October 2009

Le plus ancien site d'habitation connu pour les îles de la Société fut découvert en 1972 à Vaitootia, Huahine, au cours du dragage d'un étang de l'Hôtel Bali Hai Huahine. En 1973, des sondages furent entrepris près de l'étang afin de localiser les niveaux culturels encore intacts, de déterminer leur contenu et, par une datation, de situer ce site dans la préhistoire des îles de la Société. Une partie du site en bon état de conservation fut mis au jour et les résultats des sondages se révélèrent hautement significatifs. L'essentiel des objets recueillis comprend : 1) des fanons de baleines et des manches de massues en bois, semblables au patu néo-zélandais ; 2) des hameçons, des leurres à bonite, des herminettes en pierre et des outils en coquillage ou en os dont les types sont parmi les plus archaïques de la Polynésie- Orientale ; 3) des matériaux périssables — coques de noix de coco, fruits de pandanus, morceaux de bois, objets en bois et poteaux de cases provenant d'un niveau culturel imbibé d'eau. Une datation au collagène de 850 ± 70 A.D., fut obtenue pour un fragment d'os de baleine découvert pendant le dragage. Ce site d'habitation se situe parmi les plus anciens des îles de la Société actuellement connus. Une première étude comparative a été faite avec d'autres objets aussi anciens recueillis ailleurs en Polynésie-Orientale.
Agriculture and food preparation in Bunlap (New Hebrides)
Authors: Muller Kal
Published: October 2009

Se référant aux travaux de Jacques Barrau, en 1954, l'auteur indique la provenance des protéines d'origine animale et détaille avec soin les techniques agricoles ainsi que la préparation des aliments. Il donne un bref résumé de quelques-uns des rituels associés à la production des ignames et des taros à Bunlap, Nouvelles- Hébrides. Dix mois de l'année doivent en partie leur nom aux différentes phases du cycle de l'igname, les deux autres mois au cycle du taro. L'auteur donne le nom de ces mois ainsi que la phase du cycle des ignames ou des taros auxquels ils correspondent. Il explique aussi les changements des dernières années : les cochons et les clôtures, par exemple, sont devenus des objets de discorde entre les habitants de Bunlap et les natifs convertis au christianisme vivant dans les villages des alentours. En rejetant les traditions, ces derniers ont, pour la plupart, abandonné l'élevage du cochon pour celui du bétail.
Transe et langage en Nouvelle-Guinée. II. Du symptôme au rite
Authors: Juillerat Bernard
Published: October 2009

After analysing the psychosomatic behaviours and the cultural rôles in the Amanab possession (J.S.O. 47, June 1975), the author compares hysterical types of behaviour (dissociation, depersonalisation) in several New Guinea societies, basing himself on anthropological and psychiatric literature. The comparison mainly concerns the degree of socialisation or ritualisation of the syndromes and shows by which methods, and according to which needs, the culture recovers (or sometimes neglects) each of the particular symptoms, thus giving them a sense, and the status of a sign. Sometimes the syndrome is completely integrated and assimilated by the society and becomes institutional, sometimes (New Guinea Highlands) it is simply "put into orbit", that is, put aside without being totally rejected.
De quelques genres littéraires dans la tradition orale paicî (Nouvelle-Calédonie)
Authors: Bensa Alban , Rivierre Jean-Claude
Published: October 2009

An account of linguistic studies. Collection of oral tradition and literary forms. A linguistic outline (syntax, tonology) and illustration by two texts translated word for word : an annotated poem, and a story.
Le "Salon de l'Agriculture" aux îles Tonga et sa relation avec le passé
Authors: Bataille Marie Claire
Published: October 2009

Taking advantage of an official ten day cruise (August 1974) in the archipelago of the Tonga Islands (eastern Polynesia), the rules of behaviour of the present-day Tongan society are observed. These are then compared to certain traditional ceremonies dating from the period of the discovery. The author suggests that the presence of the sovereign and his entourage during the annual ceremony (Agriculture Show) is, as regards etiquette, the focal point of the whole event, and shows the importance of the attitudes formalised in the etiquettes, as in the offering of gifts, and how they have persisted in the only Oceanian kingdom which still exists.
Chronologie de la pirogue à balancier : le témoignage de l'océan Indien occidental
Authors: Boulinier Georges , Boulinier-Giraud Geneviève
Published: October 2009

The aim of this paper is to bring objections to the recent thesis held by E. Doran, according to which the single outrigger antedated the double outrigger.

The historical change from the double outrigger to the single one, already testified by A. and G. Grandidier and by J. Hornell on the West coast of Madagascar, is ascertained by new documents, not only in this island but also in the Comoro Islands.

As regards the Pacific, the same process probably took place at the time of the first Polynesian migrations, as suggested by Hornell.
Chants funèbres de l'île Wallis
Authors: Mayer Raymond , Nau Maline
Published: October 2009

This paper is dealing with Uvean dirges composed between 1956 and 1973. In this contemporary production many literary themes such as floral symbolism, respect formulas, death conception, take their origin in the older rules of composition. The musical study has not been effected here : three musical transcriptions give nevertheless the minimal outlook to the musical type of production. For each text, topographical, ethnographical and literary notations are gathered in reference to the circumstances of the event " described " by each dirge. By comparing twelve Uvean dirges with the most ancient Futunan songs collected by Father Servant (1807-1860), it is possible to introduce a study to textual invariants in Uvean-Futunan songs, and more consequently the meaning of them.
The Spatiotemporal Transformations of Gawa Canoes
Authors: Munn Nancy D.
Published: October 2009

Examinant le cycle de la construction et de l'échange des pirogues à Gawa, île du nord-est de Massim, l'auteur l'analyse comme le déroulement d'un processus symbolique. Elle suggère qu'au cours de ce cycle qui va de la production à l'échange des pirogues, certaines transformations dans l'espace et dans le temps se produisent qui sont une recodification symbolique à chaque niveau des transformations de l'espace-temps « fermé » à l'intérieur de l'île à l'espace-temps « ouvert » entre les îles. Au plus haut niveau, quand les pirogues sont enfin converties en une catégorie d'objets de valeur « kula », un espace- temps idéal qui se perpétue de lui-même est créé. La deuxième partie de cette étude concerne le rôle de la décoration de la proue de la pirogue dans le cycle de la conversion. Il est suggéré que la décoration symbolise la construction de la pirogue dont le processus a créé une valeur, et que la nature de cette valeur est caractérisée par les transformations de l'espace-temps décrites dans la première partie.
On a Raratongan idol from the New Hebrides
Authors: Brachear Robert
Published: October 2009

Les arts plastiques que l'on associe généralement avec les Nouvelles-Hébrides ne sont pas communs à toutes les îles du groupe. Dans le Sud la sculpture est pratiquement inconnue. Ne sont bien documentés que les objets d'art rituel provenant de la nature — branches et pierres magiques. Seule exception importante, une figure anthropomorphe découverte au XIXe siècle sur l'île d'Aneityum par le Révérend John Inglis qui l'attribua a Raratonga.

Cet article traite de la façon dont la petite sculpture polynésienne paraît avoir été assimilée aux usages rituels d'Aneityum, et examine son rôle particulier dans un contexte formel et fonctionnel qui n'avait auparavant compris que des objets naturels.

D'autres traces de l'influence possible de Raratonga et la présence polynésienne en général dans les Nouvelles-Hébrides sont également abordées.
Souvenirs de « folie » chez les Wiru (Southern Highlands)
Authors: Strathern Andrew
Published: October 2009

This article examines accounts of a collective outbreak of madness similar to the so-called "wild-man" behaviour described in other areas of the Highlands of Papua New Guinea, and tries to explain these stories through different approaches, dealing seriously with both their historical character and apparent fictional elaboration. The analytical problems discussed are: why did the outbreak occur exactly at the time the Europeans started to administer the Wiru area, and why have these stories since evolved into a recognized oral tradition? Also, how can it be explained that such madness, although analogous to behaviour which is associated with possession and mediumship, did not lead to any form of "ritualisation" other than the preservation of the accounts themselves, as funny stories? The answers are to be found both in historic events and in the logic of the Wiru culture itself.
Speaking for others : Power and Identity as Factors in Daribi Mediumistic Hysteria
Authors: Wagner Roy
Published: October 2009

comme la responsabilité de « parler pour autrui » et mis en rapport avec la conception du « moi ». Au contraire des personnes ordinaires qui perçoivent leur « moi » indirectement, par la médiation des autres, les médiums et les chamanes prennent une responsabilité directe pour l'« autre » par lequel leur moi est médiatisé. Le médium acquiert ainsi la faculté de construire sa propre persona, mais seulement à la condition de maintenir la persona de 1'« autre » par qui la sienne est médiatisée. Cet « autre » est alors perçu comme une force active et possédante, ou comme un esprit. Les médiums daribi peuvent être décrits comme les victimes de cette « maladie », les chamanes étant ceux qui se sont « guéris » eux-mêmes et ont atteint un équilibre dans la projection de leur moi et d'autrui.
Réciprocité, redistribution et prestige chez les Polynésiens des îles de la Société
Authors: Robineau Claude
Published: October 2009

Changes introduced over the last ten years or so in the Society Islands' economy through development of tourism and the installation of a French experimental atomic base in eastern Polynesia have not yet eradicated the traditional economic methods showing solicitude for cooperation and prestige of individuals and groups, as well as the rivalities that they incur. The forms of reciprocity and redistribution which characterized the Tahitians' economy before the arrival of Europeans continue to exist in the sectors of economic life and the zones of eastern Polynesia unaffected by recent upheavals. Moreover, by an adaptation to modern economic conditions which prevail today, these forms of reciprocity and redistribution continue to testify to the strength of ancient Tahitian values — the spirit of mutual aid, competitive spirit, prestige, taste for spending — and seem in many respects to remain, if not the motive, at least the framework of present village economies. Attached to his village by land and marriage, if not by ties of blood, the effective chief, recognized as such by his people, acts on both the economic and political plan for the benefit of the people: the politician strengthens the prestige of the contractor who in turn provides economic support. Hence the network of reciprocity and redistribution bound up with chieftancy for the benefit of the community continues to be the means for some economic development.
Géomorphologie de l'atoll de Takapoto
Authors: Chevalier Jean-Pierre , Denizot Michel , Ricard Michel , Salvat Bernard , Sournia Alain , Vasseur Pierre
Published: October 2009

This study covers the different parts of the atoll: atoll rim (outer reef flat, elevated reef, inner reef flat) and lagoon. The rim is an almost continuous island, made of an old reef conglomerate which emerges of 50 cm above the sea level (low tide) and on which recent and gravel formations are deposited; Beachrocks appear in some areas. The outer reef is constituted by a reef flat, an algal ridge which is crossed by many grooves, and an outer slope. The appearance of the edge of the reef differs according to the reef position with regard to the winds.

There are very few functional channels (hoa) between the ocean and the lagoon, all situated near Teavatika, or Takaï. The inner reef flat often shows gravel or sandy accumulations more or less covering the old reef conglomerate. In the center of the lagoon, there are many patch reefs, surface-rising patches or knolls, which were built when the sea-level was higher than it is now. To day, building fauna is scarce.
In-law relations on a New Guinea island
Authors: Berde Stuart
Published: October 2009

This paper examines affinal relations among the Panaeati — a canoe building people who live in southeast Papua New Guinea. The Panaeati exchange system is envisioned as a total economy: men verbally request goods from in-laws (and friends) to feed canoe builders; men trade the canoes and use the acquired goods to sponsor mortuary ceremonies; the ceremonies, in turn, lead to the acquisition of land rights for the builder/sponsor. Through an analysis of a tape recorded verbal request, the rules for social interaction between in-laws are delineated. This micro-level analysis complements the broader analysis of mortuary/land right exchanges, allowing the economy to be understood through some of the principles for face-to-face interaction outlined by Erving Goffman and sociolinguists.
Condition et statut des femmes dans l'ancienne société maohi (îles de la Société)
Authors: Langevin-Duval Christine
Published: October 2009

Le statut de la femme dans les Iles de la Société dépendait essentiellement de la classe sociale à laquelle elle appartenait. Tandis que dans l'ordre ari'i qui détenait le pouvoir, hommes et femmes étaient égaux, la Reine étant aussi « sacrée » que le Roi, dans toutes les classes inférieures, les femmes étaient considérées comme noa, c'est-à-dire profanes ou communes, voire impures, en partie à cause de leur exclusion des marae, alors que les hommes, et en particulier ceux qui fréquentaient davantage les lieux de culte, étaient rà ou sacrés. Cette discrimination se traduisait par un certain nombre de restrictions dans la vie des femmes, portant notamment sur la nourriture classifiée en espèces consommables et en espèces interdites aux femmes (lorsqu'elles faisaient l'objet d'offrandes aux Dieux). Hormis cette séparation fondamentale entre les sexes, hommes et femmes demeuraient égaux dans de nombreux domaines ; ainsi la transmission des titres et des biens s'effectuait-elle non pas selon un principe de filiation unilinéaire, mais suivant la règle du matahiapo, c'est-à-dire en vertu du droit d'aînesse. Les femmes pouvaient ainsi accéder aux plus hautes positions de la hiérarchie de leur classe sociale, et, chez les ari'i, au pouvoir suprême qu'elles transmettaient à leur premier enfant, garçon ou fille.
L'emploi en Polynésie française à partir des recensements de la population (1956-1977)
Authors: Rossat Bernard G.
Published: October 2009

Knowing about employment in French Polynesia is difficult. Only general population censuses yield a regular source of information and even then there are changes from one census to the next in the questions asked and the definitions used. Given the major changes the territory has experienced since the second world war, it seems appropriate to present a detailed analysis of data on employment for each of the censuses made in Polynesia since this date. So after having briefly recalled the characteristics of the population of reference, male employment, female employment, and their structural features, the study deals successively with: age, participation rate, education, profession, status and economic branch of activity of workers. At the same time certain essential points in economic and social transformations of the territory such as scholarisation, importance of the administration, absence of productive sector, and the emerging of female workers are stressed.
Les structures de combustion et leur interprétation archéologique : quelques exemples en Polynésie
Authors: Orliac Catherine , Orliac Michel
Published: October 2009

Importance of combustion structures in reconstituting everyday life from archaeological features is no more to be demonstrated, although these structures have to be interpreted (function, users). Some ethnohistoric literature and archaeological excavations examples allow us to consider in what degree and how an interpretation is possible (nature of remains, morphology, localization, size of cooking stones).
Missionary lamentations : early educational strategies in Tahiti 1800-1840
Authors: Tagupa William E. H.
Published: October 2009

In 1797, the London Missionary Society arrived in Tahiti. In order to evangelize the Tahitian population, the necessary skills in literacy were emphasized in the small mission schools. Initially, the Tahitians thought that Christianity and literacy were the means by which the wealth of the foreigners could be readily acquired. When such wealth failed to materialize, the fervor for literacy began to diminish with considerable alacrity, much to the dismay of the missionaries. Once the connection between material acquisitions and literacy was dispelled, renewed interest in learning became apparent as a means of coping with introduced institutions and means of transaction. The education of missionary children, however, was altogether a more complex situation. The missionaries themselves were constrained by insufficient finances to send their children away for secondary education. Consequently, a local institution was formed, the South Seas Academy, for the purpose of providing a segregated school for missionary children and a very select few of Tahitian nobility. The separated atmosphere of learning, however, was not totally successful since many of the missionary children began to associate freely with their Tahitian counterparts. Education as a means of Christianizing and civilizing was a qualified success over the long term, but filled with travail during its first two generations of existence.
Espace géographique et identité culturelle en Vanuatu (ex Nouvelles-Hébrides)
Authors: Bonnemaison Joël
Published: October 2009

As is well known, political events disturbed the archipelago of Vanuatu's accession to indepen- dence. Apart from immediate causes there are — as much in the archipelago's past and the nature of its physical aspect as in its culture — deep causes which made this crisis practically unavoidable. The "disjointed" history of the condominium, the rivalties opposing the various Christian missions which shared the archipelago and also the persistence of a traditional culture accepting with difficulty the centralised vision of space which is that of the modern states, have made, and still make, unity of the young state difficult.

Vanuatu is looking for its cultural identity : will the synthesis between traditional culture and modernity be possible? Will present tensions and conflicts give birth to a new fecundity?
Une île comme miroir d'un continent : la position unique de la Tasmanie dans la préhistoire de l'Australie
Authors: Jones Rhys
Published: October 2009

The case of Tasmania is fairly remarkable in the history of mankind. It interested the first geographers and philosophers who saw in Tasmanians one of the first states of human society. The peopling of the island goes back a long way, and material culture was not developed much before the arrival of Europeans. Its prehistory is related to that of Pleistocene Australia, to which it was geographically attached. Its isolation since the end of the ice age has created a situation of exceptional importance in that its culture — discovered by the Europeans — reflected that of the most ancient Australian Aborigenes, known only by material evidence brought to light by prehis- torians.
Hiérarchies sociales chez les Baruya de Nouvelle-Guinée
Authors: Godelier Maurice
Published: October 2009

In this text the author analyses the different forms of social hierarchies which existed among the Baruya, a tribe from the interior of Papua New Guinea, before their colonisation in 1960. He notes the existence of several inter-related systems, stemming from a fundamental trait: the domination of men over women. In the first part he describes visible signs of women's subordination, their inability to own land, the making of their tools, the making and use of arms and means of destruction, and sacred objects which make it possible to communicate with the supernatural and to produce life. He then quickly analyses social institutions which produce and justify men's domination and women's subordination, that is to say masculine and feminine initiations. He shows that as they reach adulthood, all the young men dominate all the young women they are going to marry. But this social hierarchy between the sexes does not exhaust Baruya hierarchies. Among the men who dominate women there are some who dominate all the other men. These are the "great men". The author analyses the mechanics of producing these great men. First he singles out the masters of masculine initiation rituals who possess sacred objects and magic formulas inherited from their ancestors. These men are great through their function. Other men are great because of their abilities, individually, without heritage: the great warriors, the shamans, and the cassowary hunters. He shows that here too there is male domination, as the cassowary is a woman, the symbol of all primitive women. Finally the author poses a general theoretical problem. He shows that the Baruya society has no big man, men who accumulate riches in order to have women, and women to have riches, and who establish their position through a calculated game of giving and receiving gifts. He underlines that Marshall Sahlins' analysis missed an essential point: when there is a direct exchange of women, there is no need to accumulate riches in order to obtain women and reproduce life. So it is in very special structural conditions that the big man emerges.