bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of structural design on the pullout strength of suture anchors for rotator cuff repair
Authors: Chae Soo‐Won , Kang Ju‐Yong , Lee Juneyoung , Han Seung‐Ho , Kim Soung‐Yon
Published: September 2018

Various types of suture anchor designs are currently available for rotator cuff repair. The purpose of our study was to investigate the pullout strength of such anchors based on their structural design and the predominant geometric design factors affecting the pullout strength using finite element analysis. Finite element models were constructed using five cadaveric humeri and ten suture anchors with different designs. The pullout strength and distribution of bone stress around the anchor at three different directions of the applied force (0°, 45°, and 75°) were analyzed. The following geometric factors of suture anchor design were computed and their correlations with pullout strength assessed: Overall length, minor, and major diameters; number of threads; height of thread; distance between threads; helix angle; contact surface area between the anchor threads and surrounding bone; contact surface area between the cylindrical portion of the anchor; and surrounding bone and total contact surface area between the anchor and surrounding bone. The pullout strength and distribution of bone stress around the anchor varied according to the suture anchor designs and the direction of the applied force, respectively. The pullout strength had a strong positive correlation with the contact surface area between the anchor threads and surrounding bone, overall length, and the number and height of threads. This study demonstrated that suture anchor designs with increased contact surface area between the anchor threads and surrounding bone, overall length, and the number and height of threads can enhance the pullout strength during rotator cuff repair. © 2018 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:3318–3327, 2018.
Interactions and Solubilization of Poorly Soluble Drugs in Aerosol‐OT Micelles
Authors: Gokturk Sinem , Tamer Zeynep Berna
Published: September 2018

Absorption spectroscopy, conductivity, and surface tension measurements were carried out at 298 K to study the solubilization of poorly soluble drugs sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and trimethoprim (TMP) in Aerosol‐OT (AOT) micellar media. The binding constants of SMX and TMP to AOT micelles were determined by applying the Benesi–Hildebrand equation. A comparison of the binding constants indicates that the binding tendency of TMP with AOT micelles is higher than that of SMX. To better analyze the incorporation of drugs into anionic AOT micellar media, surface tension measurements were performed in the presence of SMX and TMP in aqueous media. The influence of TMP and SMX on the surface properties of AOT was determined using the Gibbs Adsorption Isotherm. Changes in the surface properties of AOT determined by surface tension measurements in the presence of drugs are in good agreement with the binding constants determined spectrophotometrically. Calculated surface parameters indicate higher incorporation of TMP with AOT than that of SMX. Comparison of the aqueous solubility of TMP and SMX with micellar media indicated solubility enhancements for both poorly soluble drugs. A special attempt was made to highlight simultaneous interactions of TMP and SMX with AOT using both surface tension and conductometric measurements that can be used to determine counterion‐binding parameters.
Critical success factors for tourism‐led growth
Authors: Chingarande Anna , Saayman Andrea
Published: September 2018

This research uses evidence of 116 articles to identify the critical success factors (CSFs) for tourism‐led growth (TLG). A dichotomous dependent variable was regressed against CSFs for various cross sections of 47 countries, spanning from 1995 to 2013. The results show that the safety and security of tourists, human resources, trade openness, protection of the environment, financial sector development, and technological development are CSFs for TLG. It follows from the results that the industrial development path decreases the odds of achieving success through TLG. Countries with more developed human capital and financial systems have better chances of achieving growth through tourism development.
Internationalization of China's English‐language academic journals: An overview and three approaches
Authors: Xu Jie , Wang Jia Yun , Zhou Lihong , Liu Fen
Published: September 2018

This paper presents data regarding the publication of Chinese English‐language journals (CELAJs), building on previously published information to investigate the status, growth, and international penetration of these journals. The article also presents three case studies of CELJs to demonstrate different strategies for achieving internationalization. We find that there has been rapid growth in CELJs between 2006 and 2011 but mostly in the science, technology and medicine disciplines. There are now 435 CELJs, of which 62.3% are published in association with a western publisher. Partnership has been shown to provide immediate benefits to an established successful journal (Cell Research), has helped to relaunch an established title in English (Bamboo and Silk), and has enabled the successful launch of a new journal (Global Health Research and Policy). The authors conclude that there are three criteria for successful international CELJs: increased visibility, good editorial boards, and international publishing partnerships.
Investigation of the passivation process of plastically deformed 316L stainless steel using the high frequency capacitance obtained by EIS
Authors: Boudinar Yamina , Belmokre Kamel , Touzet Marie , Devos Olivier , Puiggali Monique
Published: September 2018

This paper was devoted to the study of changes of electrochemical processes (dissolution, passivation) induced by the plastic strain of a 316L austenitic stainless steel in a chloride acid solution (H2SO4 2 M + NaCl 0.5 M). For this purpose, potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) methods have been used for various plastic strain values. In order to only assess the effect of internal stresses created by various dislocation configurations on the dissolution and passivation processes without considering the surface roughness impact, electrochemical experiments have been carried out after polishing the specimen surface. The obtained results show that the electrochemical parameters (corrosion current, activation current peak, high frequency capacitance) change with the increase of plastic strain with the same behavior as the work hardening phases of the material in relation to dislocation pattern.
p‐Doping Poly(3‐hexylthiophene) in Solvent Mixtures
Authors: Freeman Lucas , Miller Paul , Sapolsky Marni , Boucher David
Published: September 2018

One method to improve the conductivity of conjugated polymers, like poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT), is to “chemically dope” them analogous to inorganic materials. One electron acceptor that has been used in tandem to p‐doped P3HT is 2,3,5,6‐tetrafluoro‐7,7,8,8‐tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4TCNQ), and recently there has been much interest in the nature of the interactions between F4TCNQ and P3HT in the solution phase. To date, however, there are few reports that investigate the behavior of F4TCNQ‐doped P3HT in binary solvent mixtures. The study reported herein is an investigation of F4TCNQ‐doped P3HT in mixtures of chloroform (CF) with dichloromethane (DCM) or acetonitrile (AcN), wherein variations in the doping efficiency in these mixtures are observed using UV–vis absorption, Raman, and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopic techniques. The contrasting solubility and charge transfer behavior of F4TCNQ‐doped P3HT in CF:DCM and CF:AcN show that judicious selection of solvent mixtures may be exploited to improve the doping efficiency and solution processability of p‐doped P3HT dispersions.
Synthesis of Light‐Responsive Pyrene‐Based Polymer Nanoparticles via Polymerization‐Induced Self‐Assembly
Authors: Bagheri Ali , Boyer Cyrille , Lim May
Published: September 2018

The use of an in situ, one‐pot polymerization‐induced self‐assembly method to synthesize light‐responsive pyrene‐containing nanoparticles is reported. The strategy is based on the chain extension of a hydrophilic macromolecular chain transfer agent, poly(oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate), using a light‐responsive monomer, 1‐pyrenemethyl methacrylate (PyMA), via a reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer dispersion polymerization; yielding nanoparticles of various morphologies (spherical micelles and worm‐like micelles). In this process, addition of comonomers, such as butyl methacrylate (BuMA) or methyl methacrylate (MMA), are required to obtain high PyMA monomer conversion (>80% in 24 h). The addition of comonomers reduces the π–π stacking of the pyrene moieties, which facilitates the diffusion of monomers in the nanoparticle core. The addition of BuMA (as a comonomer) offers P(PyMA‐co‐BuMA) core‐forming chains with high mobility that enables the reorganization of chains and then the evolution of morphology to form vesicles. In contrast, when MMA comonomer is used, kinetically trapped spheres are obtained; this is due to the low mobility of the core‐forming chains inhibiting in situ morphological evolution. Finally, the UV‐light‐induced dissociation of these light‐responsive nanoparticles due to the gradual cleavage of the pyrene moieties and the subsequent hydrophobic‐to‐hydrophilic transitions of the core‐forming blocks is demonstrated.
Guest Occupation Effects on the Transition of Crystalline Syndiotactic Polystyrene: Selection Criteria for Fundamental Structures γ ‐I and γ ‐II
Authors: Tamai Yoshinori
Published: September 2018

Molecular dynamics simulations are performed on clathrate forms of crystalline syndiotactic polystyrene containing toluene, chloroform, and carbon dioxide, to investigate the effects of guests on thermally induced structural transitions. Two crystalline forms, γ ‐I and γ ‐II, are produced. γ ‐I is obtained from crystals with lower guest occupation ratios, while γ ‐II is obtained from crystals with higher ratios. The b‐length of the crystal unit cell of the γ ‐II form is twice of that of the γ ‐I form; the other lattice parameters are almost identical. Based on a hypothesis that the experimentally observed γ  form is a mixture of the γ ‐I and γ ‐II forms, X‐ray diffraction patterns for film samples with uniplanar orientations are reasonably interpreted. The thermodynamically stable form is γ ‐I, although the γ ‐II form is preferentially produced in the presence of guest molecules.
A new approach to improving the macrosegregation in zirconium‐containing magnesium‐lithium alloy
Authors: Wang L. , Guan H. , Wu G. , Pan Y. , Sun S.
Published: September 2018

In the preparation process of zirconium‐containing magnesium alloy, although zirconium is introduced into alloy by magnesium‐zirconium master alloy, the settling of zirconium particles has always been a key problem. In this study, the magnesium‐30wt.%zirconium master alloy was added into magnesium‐14wt.%lithium‐zinc alloy melt in the form of the block (about 20 mm) and the particles (about 20 μm), respectively, and then magnesium‐14wt.%lithium‐zinc with 0.5 wt.% zirconium alloy were prepared using stir‐casting process. Macrosegregation of major element (zirconium), microstructure and microhardness at different casting positions were examined to investigate the effect of zirconium addition methods on macrosegregation of magnesium‐14wt.%lithium‐zinc alloy. The results show that, for the block magnesium‐zirconium master alloy addition, there is obvious macrosegregation in alloy ingots, the zirconium contents at the top position of ingot are higher than that at the bottom by nearly 200 %. The method of particles master alloy addition can effectively improve macrosegregation, the difference in zirconium contents between the top and bottom is less than 16 %.
CT radiomics to predict high‐risk intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms of the pancreas
Authors: Chakraborty Jayasree , Midya Abhishek , Gazit Lior , Attiyeh Marc , Langdon‐Embry Liana , Allen Peter J. , Do Richard K. G. , Simpson Amber L.
Published: September 2018

Purpose

Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) are radiographically visible precursor lesions of pancreatic cancer. Despite standard criteria for assessing risk, only 18% of cysts are malignant at resection. Thus, a large number of patients undergo unnecessary invasive surgery for benign disease. The ability to identify IPMNs with low or high risk of transforming into invasive cancer would optimize patient selection and improve surgical decision‐making. The purpose of this study was to investigate quantitative CT imaging features as markers for objective assessment of IPMN risk.

Methods

This retrospective study analyzed pancreatic cyst and parenchyma regions extracted from CT scans in 103 patients to predict IPMN risk. Patients who underwent resection between 2005 and 2015 with pathologically proven branch duct (BD)‐IPMN and a preoperative CT scan were included in the study. Expert pathologists categorized IPMNs as low or high risk following resection as part of routine clinical care. We extracted new radiographically inspired features as well as standard texture features and designed prediction models for the categorization of high‐ and low‐risk IPMNs. Five clinical variables were also combined with imaging features to design prediction models.

Results

Using images from 103 patients and tenfold cross‐validation technique, the novel radiographically inspired imaging features achieved an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.77, demonstrating their predictive power. The combination of these features with clinical variables obtained the best performance (AUC = 0.81).

Conclusion

The present study demonstrates that features extracted from pretreatment CT images can predict the risk of IPMN. Development of a preoperative model to discriminate between low‐risk and high‐risk IPMN will improve surgical decision‐making.
It Weigh(t)s on You: Everyday Discrimination and Adiposity Among Latinos
Authors: Molina Kristine M. , Estrella Mayra L. , Rivera‐Olmedo Noemi , Frisard Christine , Lemon Stephenie , Rosal Milagros C.
Published: September 2018

Objective

Evidence suggests discrimination increases the risk of obesity. The biopsychosocial model of racism posits that psychological factors such as depressive symptoms may link experiences of perceived interpersonal discrimination to obesity. This study tested whether self‐reported experiences of everyday discrimination were associated with adiposity indicators and whether depressive symptoms explained these associations.

Methods

Cross‐sectional survey data of 602 Latino adults living in Lawrence, Massachusetts, from the Latino Health and Well‐being Project (2011‐2013) were used. Participants completed questionnaires assessing perceived everyday discrimination and depressive symptoms. Anthropometric measures (i.e., BMI and waist circumference [WC]) were obtained by trained staff. Structural equation modeling was employed to test for direct and indirect effects of perceived everyday discrimination on adiposity.

Results

Perceived everyday discrimination was directly and positively associated with higher BMI and WC, independent of sociodemographic factors, physical activity, and stressful life events. Perceived everyday discrimination was not indirectly associated with BMI and WC through depressive symptoms. However, perceived everyday discrimination was associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms.

Conclusions

Self‐reported everyday discrimination among Latino adults is associated with adiposity. Day‐to‐day interpersonal discrimination may be implicated in obesity disparities for Latino adults.
Numerical modeling, simulation, and experimental validation of predicting fiber diameter in wide‐slot positive‐pressure spunbonding process
Authors: Zhao Bo
Published: September 2018

An air‐drawing model of polypropylene (PP) polymer and an air jet flow field model in wide‐slot positive‐pressure spunbonding process are established. The influences of the density and the specific heat capacity of polymer melt at constant pressure changing with polymer temperature on the fiber diameter have been studied. The predicted fiber diameter agrees with the experimental data as well. The effects of the processing parameters on the fiber diameter have been investigated. The air jet flow field model is solved by means of the finite difference method. The numerical simulation computation results of distribution of the fiber diameter match quite well with the experimental data. The air‐drawing model of polymers is solved with the help of the distributions of the air velocity. It can be concluded that the higher air velocity and air temperature can yield the finer fibers diameter. The higher inlet pressure, longer drawing segment length, smaller air knife edge, longer exit length, smaller slot width, and smaller jet angle can all cause higher air velocity and air pressure along z‐axis position, which are beneficial to the air drawing of the polymer melt and thus to reduce the fiber diameter. The experimental results show that the agreement between the predicted results and the experimental measured data is very better, which verifies the reliability of these models. Also, they reveal great prospects for this work in the field of computer‐assisted design (CAD) of spunbonding process. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 58:1371–1380, 2018. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers
Microstructural characterization of short glass fiber and PAN based carbon fiber reinforced nylon 6 polymer composites
Authors: Lakkur Munirajappa Munirathnamma , Harijan Basavaraju Ravikumar
Published: September 2018

Microstructural characterization of nylon 6/short glass fiber (SGF) and nylon 6/polyacrolonitrile based carbon fibers (PAN‐CFs) of 10 to 40 wt% has been performed by positron lifetime technique (PLT). The positron lifetime parameters viz., o‐Ps lifetime (τ3), o‐Ps intensity (I3), and fractional free volume (Fv) of nylon 6/SGF and nylon 6/PAN‐CF composites are correlated with the mechanical properties viz., tensile strength and Young's modulus. The Fv shows negative deviation with the reinforcement of 10 to 40 wt% of PAN‐CF and show positive deviation in nylon 6/SGF from the linear additivity relation. The negative deviation in nylon 6/PAN‐CF composite suggests the induced molecular packing due to the chemical interaction between the polymeric chains of nylon 6 and PAN‐CF. The positive deviation in nylon 6/SGF composite indicates the formation of interface between the polymeric chains of nylon 6 and SGF. The increased crystallinity of nylon 6/SGF and nylon 6/PAN‐CF composites shows the improved mechanical properties of the composites. The hydrodynamic interaction parameter (h), which shows more negative values in nylon 6/SGF than nylon 6/PAN‐CF composites. However, the extent of chemical interaction in nylon 6/SGF is less compare to nylon 6/PAN‐CF composites. This is evident from Fourier transform infrared spectrometry studies. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 58:1428–1437, 2018. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers
Approaching protein design with multisite λ dynamics: Accurate and scalable mutational folding free energies in T4 lysozyme
Authors: Hayes Ryan L. , Vilseck Jonah Z. , Brooks Charles L.
Published: September 2018

The estimation of changes in free energy upon mutation is central to the problem of protein design. Modern protein design methods have had remarkable success over a wide range of design targets, but are reaching their limits in ligand binding and enzyme design due to insufficient accuracy in mutational free energies. Alchemical free energy calculations have the potential to supplement modern design methods through more accurate molecular dynamics based prediction of free energy changes, but suffer from high computational cost. Multisite λ dynamics (MSλD) is a particularly efficient and scalable free energy method with potential to explore combinatorially large sequence spaces inaccessible with other free energy methods. This work aims to quantify the accuracy of MSλD and demonstrate its scalability. We apply MSλD to the classic problem of calculating folding free energies in T4 lysozyme, a system with a wealth of experimental measurements. Single site mutants considering 32 mutations show remarkable agreement with experiment with a Pearson correlation of 0.914 and mean unsigned error of 1.19 kcal/mol. Multisite mutants in systems with up to five concurrent mutations spanning 240 different sequences show comparable agreement with experiment. These results demonstrate the promise of MSλD in exploring large sequence spaces for protein design.
On scale interactions between the MJO and synoptic scale
Authors: Dubey Sarvesh , Krishnamurti Tiruvalam Natarajan , Kumar Vinay
Published: September 2018

DYNAMO was a field experiment conducted over the near‐equatorial Indian Ocean during 2011 and 2012 for a better understanding of the mechanisms of the Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO). This study uses DYNAMO observations to study the organization of convection and maintenance of the MJO within the framework of synoptic‐scale weather systems. Lorenz box energetics is used over the limited DYNAMO domain to study the in‐scale energetics (i.e. the exchange of energy within a single scale). Formal scale energetics in the frequency domain is used to study the in‐scale as well as out‐of‐scale interactions (i.e. the exchange of energy among diverse scales) of the kinetic energy (KE) and available potential energy (APE) over limited DYNAMO domain and a zonal belt around the Earth extending 20° north and south of the Equator. The synoptic‐scale precipitation distributions, generation of eddy APE (from the covariance of convective heating and temperature) and its disposition to eddy KE (from the covariance of vertical velocity and temperature) confirm the importance of in‐scale energetics for the maintenance of the synoptic scale. The in‐scale energetics in the frequency domain suggest that conversion of APE to KE on the MJO scale is crucial for its maintenance. Out‐of‐scale energetics suggest that over both domains, MJO loses KE to the synoptic time‐scale (2–7 days), but a reverse situation is encountered in the vicinity of the summer subtropical jet. Overall, MJO is found weakly modulating synoptic scales via transferring eddy KE. These results also imply that out‐of‐scale KE interactions between MJO and synoptic scales are not crucial in understanding the maintenance of the MJO over the DYNAMO domain.
Waste‐Fish‐Derived Nitrogen Self‐Doped Microporous Carbon as Effective Sorbent for CO2 Capture
Authors: Wilson Praveen , Vijayan Sujith , Prabhakaran Kuttan
Published: September 2018

Protein‐rich waste fish was used to produce nitrogen self‐doped microporous carbon by KOH activation and studied for CO2 adsorption application. The effect of a pre‐carbonization process of dried fish powder on the textural properties and yield of fish protein derived carbon (FPDC) was also investigated. The textural properties of FPDC‐x–y were further optimized by varying KOH to Fish powder weight ratios (x) and activation temperatures (y). Activated carbons with high specific surface area and pore volume were obtained using mild activation conditions (x= 0.5 to 1.5, y= 550 to 650 °C). The nitrogen content (3.79 to 12.43 wt%) and carbon yield (2.3 to15 wt%) depended strongly on the KOH to Fish powder weight ratio and activation temperature. Highest surface area (2565 m2 g−1) and total pore volume (1.32 cm3 g−1) were exhibited by FPDC‐1‐650 whereas FPDC‐1‐550 exhibited the highest micropore volume (0.33 cm3 g−1). The synergistic effect of microporosity and nitrogen functionality had a positive influence on CO2 uptake in the FPDC. The FPDC‐0.5‐600 shows a maximum CO2 adsorption capacity of 4.03 and 6.07 mmol g−1 at 25 and 0 oC, respectively, at 1 bar. CO2 adsorption on FPDC‐x–y shows excellent recyclability and CO2/N2 selectivity in the range of 23 to 47 at 0 oC.
Graphene Carbon Dot Assisted Sustainable Synthesis of Gold Quantum Cluster for Bio‐Friendly White Light Emitting Material and Ratiometric Sensing of Mercury (Hg2+)
Authors: Mathew Meegle S , Sukumaran Kiran , Joseph Kuruvilla
Published: September 2018

Herein, for the first time, we introduce a new synthetic strategy for the synthesis of stable dual light emitting gold quantum cluster‐graphene quantum dot (AuQC@GQD) nanocomposite using a single protein, gluten as the raw material. Hydrothermal treatment of wheat gluten protein resulted in the development of a stable blue‐green emitting graphene quantum dot (GQD), which was further conjugated with gluten and used for the synthesis of gold quantum clusters (AuQC). Moreover, the gluten conjugated GQD acted as a reducing agent for the fast formation of red emitting AuQC. The resulted AuQC@GQD were characterized by various spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. We further explore the use of AuQC@GQD as a probe for ratiometric detection of mercury (Hg2+). The sensor exhibited a good linear relationship in the Hg2+ concentration range from 0.1 to 35.8 ppm with a detection limit of about 0.1 ppm. Moreover, AuQC@GQD were effectively incorporated into electrospun polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) nanofibers for visual colorimetric sensing. We have monitored the visual fluorescent response of AuQC@GQD‐PVA mat to Hg2+, and the observed change of color under UV irradiation indicates the utility of the AuQC@GQD‐PVA nanofibers for on‐site detection of Hg2+. In addition, the formed AuQC@GQD can able to produces white light emission at a particular composition of HAuCl4 and GQD under UV irradiation, which can further extend its applicability in the field of optoelectronics.
Dimeric, Two‐Dimensional and Metal‐Centered Rectangular Heterometallic CuII–AgI/CdII/BaII Systems Derived from a Single Compartmental Ligand
Authors: Mandal Shuvankar , Hari Nairita , Mondal Suraj , Mohanta Sasankasekhar
Published: September 2018

The present study deals with one dimer‐of‐dinuclear type compound, [{CuIILAgI(NO3)}2] (1), one pentametallic and metal‐centered rectangle type compound, [BaII(CuIIL)4](ClO4)2 (2), and one dinuclear based two‐dimensional coordination polymer, [CuIILCdII(μ1,5‐dicyanamide)2]n (3), where H2L=N,N′‐bis(salicylidene)‐1,4‐butanediamine. The syntheses and crystal structures of 1–3, electrospray ionization mass spectra in positive mode of 1 and 2 and variable‐temperature magnetic properties of 2, are described. Two symmetry related diphenoxo‐bridged dinuclear CuIIAgI moieties are interlinked in 1 by Ag–π (η2‐) bonds to form dimer‐of‐dinuclear type structure. One diphenoxo‐bridged dinuclear CuIICdII moiety is interlinked with four symmetry related dinuclear moieties by four μ1,5‐dicyanamide ligands, which link CdII centers, to generate two‐dimensional polymeric structure in 3. In the [BaII(CuIIL)4]2+ cation in 2, the BaII ion is coordinated to two μ‐phenoxo oxygen atoms of each of the four [CuIIL] fragments; the four copper(II) ions are positioned to form an approximate rectangle, i. e., the pentametallic [BaII(CuIIL)4]2+ cation in 2 is a metal‐centered rectangle. ESI‐MS positive of 1 and 2 have been recorded and the ions in the spectra have been reasonably assigned. Variable‐temperature magnetic studies of 2 reveal very weak antiferromagnetic interaction (J=–0.14 cm–1) between the copper(II) ions. The structure of 2 represents a new type among compounds from related ligands.
Selective Synthesis of Botryococcene Pentaepoxide ‐ The Chemical Modifications of the Algal Biomass Oil
Authors: Kawashima Hidehisa , Kijima Masashi
Published: September 2018

A biomass oil, botryococcene ((E)‐2,3,7,10,13,16,20,21‐octamethyl‐6,17‐dimethylene‐10‐vinyldocosa‐1,11,21‐triene), produced from microalga “Botryococcus braunii” was epoxidized by Prilezaev reaction using excess amount of m‐chloroperoxybenzoic acid under mild conditions for the purpose of applicative derivatizations of the oil. The oil underwent epoxidations at the C2,6,17,21‐positioned four vinylidenes and C11‐12 vinylene site‐selectively except the electronically inactive C10‐vinyl, giving the botryococcene pentaepoxide in high yield.
Microwave‐Assisted, One‐Pot Three‐Component Synthesis of 6‐(Pyrrolyl) Coumarin/Quinolone Derivatives Catalyzed by In(III) Chloride
Authors: Das Arijit , Roy Hiren , Ansary Inul
Published: September 2018

A series of 6‐(pyrrolyl) coumarin/quinolone derivatives have been synthesized in moderate to good yields (53‐79%) via one‐pot three‐component reactions of 6‐amino coumarin/quinolones, β‐nitrostyrenes and dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylates catalyzed by indium(III) chloride under microwave heating conditions.
The Kinetics of β‐Hematin Crystallization Measured by Depolarized Light Scattering
Authors: Rifaie‐Graham Omar , Hua Xiao , Bruns Nico , Balog Sandor
Published: September 2018

Malaria is caused by Plasmodium sp. parasites transmitted by infected female Anopheles sp. mosquitoes. The survival of the parasites in the host relies on detoxifying free heme by biocrystallization into insoluble crystals called hemozoin. This mechanism of self‐preservation is targeted by a certain class of antimalarial drugs, which are screened and selected based on their capacity to inhibit the formation of hemozoin crystals. Therefore, experimental techniques capable of accurately characterizing the kinetics of crystal formation are valuable. Relying on the optical anisotropy of hemozoin, the kinetics of β‐hematin crystal formation through the statistical analysis of photon counts of dynamic depolarized light scattering (DDLS), in the absence and presence of an antimalarial drug (chloroquine, CQ), is described. It is found that CQ has an impact on both the nucleation and growth of the crystals.
Ultrathin MXene Nanosheets Decorated with TiO2 Quantum Dots as an Efficient Sulfur Host toward Fast and Stable Li–S Batteries
Authors: Gao Xiao‐Tian , Xie Ying , Zhu Xiao‐Dong , Sun Ke‐Ning , Xie Xu‐Ming , Liu Yi‐Tao , Yu Jian‐Yong , Ding Bin
Published: September 2018

Being conductive and flexible, 2D transition metal nitrides and carbides (MXenes) can serve in Li–S batteries as sulfur hosts to increase the conductivity and alleviate the volume expansion. However, the surface functional groups, such as OH and F, weaken the ability of bare MXenes in the chemisorption of polysulfides. Besides, they create numerous hydrogen bonds which make MXenes liable to restack, resulting in substantial loss of active area and, thus, inaccessibility of ions and electrolyte. Herein, a facile, one‐step strategy is developed for the growth of TiO2 quantum dots (QDs) on ultrathin MXene (Ti3C2Tx) nanosheets by cetyltrimethylammonium bromide‐assisted solvothermal synthesis. These QDs act as spacers to isolate the MXene nanosheets from restacking, and preserve their 2D geometry which guarantees larger electrode–electrolyte contact area and higher sulfur loading. The stronger adsorption energy of polysulfides with TiO2 (than with Ti3C2Tx), as proven by density functional theory calculations, is essential for better on‐site polysulfide retention. The ultrathin nature and protected conductivity ensure rapid ion and electron diffusion, and the excellent flexibility maintains high mechanical integrity. In result, the TiO2 QDs@MXene/S cathode exhibits significantly improved long‐term cyclability and rate capability, disclosing a new opportunity toward fast and stable Li–S batteries.
Exploring Sodium‐Ion Storage Mechanism in Hard Carbons with Different Microstructure Prepared by Ball‐Milling Method
Authors: Lu Haiyan , Ai Fangxing , Jia Yanlong , Tang Chunyan , Zhang Xinhe , Huang Yunhui , Yang Hanxi , Cao Yuliang
Published: September 2018

Hard carbon is considered as one of the most promising anodes in sodium‐ion batteries due to its high capacity, low cost, and abundant resources. However, the available capacity and low initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE) limits the practical application of hard carbon anode. This issue results from the unclear understanding of the Na+ storage mechanism in hard carbon. In this work, a series of hard carbons with different microstructures are synthesized through an “up to down” approach by using a simple ball‐milling method to illustrate the sodium‐ion storage mechanism. The results demonstrate that ball‐milled hard carbon with more defects and smaller microcrystalline size shows less low‐potential‐plateau capacity and lower ICE, which provides further evidence to the “adsorption–insertion” mechanism. This work might give a new perspective to design hard carbon material with a proper structure for efficient sodium‐ion storage to develop high‐performance sodium‐ion batteries.
Chronic Pain, Quality of Life and Functional Impairment After Emergency Laparotomy
Authors: Tolstrup Mai‐Britt , Thorup Tine , Gögenur Ismail
Published: September 2018

Background

Emergency laparotomy is a high‐risk procedure with increased morbidity and mortality rates. The long‐term outcomes are poorly investigated.The aim was to describe the frequency of chronic postsurgical pain (CPSP), pain‐related functional impairment, to evaluate the gastrointestinal quality of life (QoL) and identify risk factors for CPSP after emergency laparotomy.

Method

A questionnaire study was conducted from Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev. Population area: 435.000. Patients undergoing emergency midline laparotomy from May 2009–May 2013 and June 2014–November 2015 were included. The survey consisted of five parts exploring the extent of acute and chronic postsurgical pain. Pain‐related functional impairment and quality of life were measured using the activity assessment scale and the gastrointestinal quality of life questionnaire, respectively. Primary outcomes were rates of CPSP and pain‐related functional impairment. Gastrointestinal QoL was compared between patients with or without CPSP. Multivariate regression analysis was performed to estimate risk factors for CPSP.

Results

The primary emergency laparotomy population consisted of 1573 patients. A total of 605 patients were eligible for inclusion, and 440 patients completed the survey. Response rate: 73%. Median age was 69 years (range 18–95), 56.4% female. Median follow‐up was 60 months (IQR 47). 19% (85/440) experienced CPSP and had low gastrointestinal QoL. We identified APSP OR 5.0 95%CI (2.4–10.5), p < 0.01 and age < 60 OR 2.1 95%CI (1.2–3.8), p = 0.01 as independent risk factors for CPSP. 45% (199/440) of all patients experienced moderate–severe functional impairment.

Conclusion

CPSP (19%) and low gastrointestinal QoL were common after emergency laparotomy and almost every second patient had moderate–severe functional impairment on long‐term follow‐up.
Large Industrial Firms and the Rise of Finance in Late Twentieth-Century America
Authors: KI YOUN
Published: September 2018

This article examines the financialization of the U.S. economy in the late twentieth century, with a focus on the role of industrial firms in the transition. This article explores how American industrial leaders’ reactions to the economic shocks of the 1970s influenced the rise of finance in the United States. Specifically, this article analyzes how the restrictive postwar financial regime gave way to a new liberal one, often represented by two vital shifts in the 1970s: the resurgence of global finance and the turn to austerity. It also demonstrates how leading industrialists’ preferences toward particular financial policies gave rise to different coalitions that affected policy orientation. It contributes to the financialization literature by clarifying the distinctive role of industrialists in American financialization. Furthermore, by situating financialization in the broader socioeconomic context, this article highlights the intersections of two important changes in the history of U.S. capitalism: financialization and the disintegration of the New Deal regime.
Ion microprobe–measured stable isotope evidence for ammonite habitat and life mode during early ontogeny
Authors: Linzmeier Benjamin J. , Landman Neil H. , Peters Shanan E. , Kozdon Reinhard , Kitajima Kouki , Valley John W.
Published: September 2018

Ammonites have disparate adult morphologies indicative of diverse ecological niches, but ammonite hatchlings are small (~1 mm diameter), which raises questions about the similarity of egg incubation and hatchling life mode in ammonites. ModernNautilusis sometimes used as a model organism for understanding ammonites, but despite their outward similarities, the groups are only distantly related. Trends in ammonite diversity and extinction vulnerability in the fossil record contrast starkly with those of nautilids, and embryonic shells from Late Cretaceous ammonites are two orders of magnitude smaller than nautilid embryonic shells. To investigate possible environmental changes experienced by ammonite hatchlings, we used secondary ion mass spectrometry to analyze the oxygen and carbon isotope composition of the embryonic shells and early postembryonic whorls of five juveniles ofHoploscaphites comprimusobtained from a single concretion in the Fox Hills Formation of South Dakota. Co-occurring bivalves and diagenetic calcite were also analyzed to provide a benthic baseline for comparison. The oxygen isotope ratios of embryonic shells are more like those of benthic bivalves, suggesting that ammonite eggs were laid on the bottom. Ammonite shell immediately after hatching has more negative δ18O, suggesting movement to more shallow water that is potentially warmer and/or fresher. After approximately one whorl of postembryonic growth, the values of δ18O become more positive in three of the five individuals, suggesting that these animals transitioned to a more demersal mode of life. Two other individuals transition to even lower δ18O values that could suggest movement to nearshore brackish water. These data suggest that ammonites, like many modern coleoids, may have spawned at different times of the year. Because scaphites were one of the short-term Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction survivors, it is possible that this characteristic allowed them to develop a broader geographic range and, consequently, a greater resistance to extinction.
Linking emotional reactivity “for better and for worse” to differential susceptibility to parenting among kindergartners
Authors: Slagt Meike , Dubas Judith Semon , Ellis Bruce J. , van Aken Marcel A. G. , Deković Maja
Published: September 2018

This study used a combination of microlevel observation data and longitudinal questionnaire data to study the relationship between differential reactivity and differential susceptibility, guided by three questions: (a) Does a subset of children exist that is both more likely to respond with increasingly negative emotions to increasingly negative emotions of mothers and with increasingly positive emotions to increasingly positive emotions of mothers (“emotional reactivity”)? (b) Is emotional reactivity associated with temperament markers and rearing environment? (c) Are children who show high emotional reactivity “for better and for worse” also more susceptible to parenting predicting child behavior across a year? A total of 144 Dutch children (45.3% girls) aged four to six participated. Latent profile analyses revealed a group of average reactive children (87%) and a group that was emotionally reactive “for better and for worse” (13%). Highly reactive children scored higher on surgency and received lower levels of negative parenting. Finally, associations of negative and positive parenting with externalizing and prosocial behavior were similar (and nonsignificant) for highly reactive children and average reactive children. The findings suggest that children who are emotionally reactive “for better and for worse” within parent-child interactions are not necessarily more susceptible to parenting on a developmental time scale.
Efficacy of catheter interventions in the early and very early postoperative period after CHD operation
Authors: Kojima Takuro , Imamura Tomohiko , Osada Yousuke , Muraji Shouta , Nakano Marie , Oyanagi Takayuki , Yoshiba Shigeki , Kobayashi Toshiki , Sumitomo Naokata
Published: September 2018

Background

Catheter interventions for residual lesions in the early postoperative period after CHD operations are still not established as a reliable treatment option.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed our institutional experience of cardiac catheterisations and catheter interventions performed in the early postoperative period. We classified our patients into two groups. The “hyper” acute phase group – operation to cardiac catheterisation of ⩽7 days – and acute phase group – operation to cardiac catheterisation from 7 to 30 days.

Results

Of the 47 patients, catheter interventions were performed in 38 patients (81%). The success rate of the intervention was 96% in the acute phase group and 90% in the “hyper” acute phase group. The overall success rate was 95%. There were two self-limited complications in the acute phase group, but not in the “hyper” acute phase group. There were four cases of catheter interventions performed for a newly reconstructed aortic arch, and those procedures were also safe and effective.

Conclusions

Cardiac catheterisations and catheter interventions were safe and effective not only in the early postoperative period but also in the very early postoperative period. Catheter interventions for the left-sided heart in the early postoperative period were also safe and effective.
Distribution of Lignin, Hemicellulose, and Arabinogalactan Protein in Hemp Phloem Fibers
Authors: Kiyoto Shingo , Yoshinaga Arata , Fernandez-Tendero Eva , Day Arnaud , Chabbert Brigitte , Takabe Keiji
Published: September 2018

The distribution of lignin, 8-5′ and 8-8′ linked lignin substructure, and noncellulosic polysaccharides in hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) phloem fibers were explored based on histochemical and immunological methods. Ultraviolet absorption and potassium permanganate staining were observed mainly in the compound middle lamella (CML) and S1 layers, and rarely in the G-layer of phloem fibers, suggesting that lignin concentration is high at the CML and S1 layers, and very low at the G-layer of hemp fibers. Acriflavine staining, uniform KM1 labeling (8-5′ linked lignin substructure), and no KM2 labeling (8-8′ linked structure) were observed in the G-layer, suggesting that there is a small amount of lignin-like compound with 8-5′ linked structure in the G-layer. In addition, some fiber cells showed a multilayered structure. Uniform arabinogalactan protein (AGP) labeling was observed on the S1 layers and G-layers using JIM14, but little appeared in the CML of hemp fibers, indicating that these layers of the phloem fibers contain AGP. Immunogold labeling of xylan (LM11) and glucomannan (LM21) showed that xylan and glucomannan were mainly present in the S1 layers and the G-layers, respectively. In some phloem fibers, LM21 immunofluorescence labeling showed multilayered structure, suggesting the heterogeneous distribution of glucomannan.
Elective Abortion Predicts the Dehumanization of Women and Men	Through the Mediation of Moral Outrage
Authors: Pacilli Maria Giuseppina , Giovannelli Ilaria , Spaccatini Federica , Vaes Jeroen , Barbaranelli Claudio
Published: September 2018

Abstract. This research addresses the important issue of abortion, still controversial in Western countries. It provides a new perspective by examining attitudes not to abortion itself, but to women and their partners who decide to have an abortion. Through two experimental studies, we expected and found that the decision to abort increased moral outrage toward a woman (Study 1 and Study 2) and her male partner (Study 2). Moreover, we found that the decision to abort reduced a woman’s (Study 1 and Study 2) and man’s (Study 2) humanness through the mediation of elicited moral outrage. These findings clarify the continuing prevalence and perpetuation of disparaging attitudes toward those who seek an abortion, and suggest many directions for future research.
Advances in the Evaluation of Cloud Seeding: Statistical Evidence for the Enhancement of Precipitation
Authors: Wu Xianghua , Yan Ni , Yu Huaying , Niu Shengjie , Meng Fangxiu , Liu Weiqi , Sun Haiyan
Published: September 2018

Cloud seeding has been actively carried out across the globe in the past several decades due to the uneven spatial‐temporal distribution of precipitation. The catalytic effects of artificial precipitation enhancement experiments and operations caused widely academic debates in atmospheric physics. Both atmospheric physicists and statisticians have made much effort for exploratory and confirmatory studies on scientific evaluation of cloud seeding. Recent progresses and critical problems on how to evaluate cloud seeding and acquire statistical evidence for the enhancement of precipitation, including the design of statistical tests, the selection of target indicators and covariates, the evaluation of statistical methods, and the outlook of cloud seeding evaluation, are reviewed. We describe important issues, aiming to reduce systematic errors and uncertainties in statistical tests as well as increase the level of quantitative sounding and evaluation. First, a regularized set of design and operation in the steps should be established to optimize techniques of cloud seeding. Second, the latest achievements in atmospheric physics, physical sounding, and statistics need to be introduced to help improve the correctness and scientificity. Third, middle‐ and long‐term special research projects are expected to investigate the influence of ideal hypotheses of seeding schemes, statistical test plans, and statistical methods. These demands can update our knowledge and technology of weather modification and increase the cooperation of multidiscipline, such as logical integration of statistical tests, physical analysis, and numerical modeling.
A Thermomechanical Framework for Analysis of Microstructural Evolution: Application to Olivine Rocks at High Temperature
Authors: Holtzman B. K. , Chrysochoos A. , Daridon L.
Published: September 2018

Microstructural evolution governs transient creep processes in the Earth at high temperature, on time scales from seconds to millions of years. Many experimental constraints and empirical models have been developed for discrete pieces of this problem, including flow laws and kinetic models for grain growth and dislocation recovery. We incorporate these models into a thermodynamic framework to develop a constitutive model for transient creep. The framework employed here is a branch of nonlinear thermodynamics of irreversible processes called the generalized standard materials formalism developed in solid mechanics over the last 40 years but minimally applied to geophysical problems. The generalized standard materials formalism is designed to incorporate a broad range of nonlinearity and coupling in the constitutive equations. To describe dynamic recrystallization, the model is constructed such that information propagates upward in length scale: [dislocation density
subgrain size
grain size], with each property evolving more slowly than the one below. We demonstrate that (1) the grain size‐stress piezometer may contain temperature dependence below a threshold in stress, (2) the microstructural evolution is strongly temperature dependent and thus dependent on thermal boundary conditions, and (3) the fraction of mechanical work done to the system that is diverted to changing the microstructure is not a constant but is at least a function of stress, temperature, dislocation density, and grain size. This kind of thermodynamically constrained analysis can be applied to torsional deformation experiments to extract further constraints on the subprocesses of microstructural evolution and transient creep.