bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
College Men’s and Women’s Respective Perceptions of Risk to Perpetrate or Experience Sexual Assault
Authors: Untied Amy S. , Orchowski Lindsay M. , Lazar Vanessa
Published: August 2013

The present study examines alcohol use, expectancies (i.e., beliefs about the outcomes of alcohol consumption), and college men’s ( n = 127) and women’s ( n = 191) respective perceptions of risk to perpetrate/experience sexual violence. Interactions between alcohol consumption and expectancies were examined. Alcohol expectancies regarding assertiveness increased women’s perceived risk for sexual intercourse via alcohol/drugs. Among women reporting high alcohol use, global expectancies were positively associated with perceived risk for sexual intercourse via alcohol/drugs. Furthermore, among women reporting low alcohol use, expectancies regarding assertiveness were positively associated with perceived risk for coerced sexual contact. Implications are discussed.
Global Efforts to Engage Men in Preventing Violence Against Women
Authors: Kimball Ericka , Edleson Jeffrey L. , Tolman Richard M. , Neugut Tova B. , Carlson Juliana
Published: August 2013

This research note expands on the limited body of knowledge about men’s engagement in preventing violence against women. One hundred and sixty-five individuals representing organizations from around the world participated in a brief online survey about their efforts to engage men in violence prevention. This study reveals a large and diverse global community working to engage men in preventing violence against women. The level of involvement is broad, from locally contained organizations to global collaborations. This study is a first step toward building a comparative knowledge base to inform program design and implementation.
Increasing New Teachers’ Specific Praise Using a Within-School Consultation Intervention
Authors: Briere Donald E. , Simonsen Brandi , Sugai George , Myers Diane
Published: August 2013

Specific praise is an empirically supported classroom management strategy associated with desired academic and behavioral student outcomes when implemented appropriately in classrooms. Unfortunately, new teachers often begin their careers without the background knowledge or support to implement this strategy effectively and consistently. We investigated the effects of a within-school consultation intervention provided by mentors (i.e., veteran teachers), which involved self-management, regular structured meetings, and focused performance feedback, on new teachers’ specific praise rates across three new teachers using a concurrent multiple-baseline across participants design. Specific praise rates increased for each new teacher when within-school consultation was implemented, indicating a functional relation. Study limitations and implications for practitioners and researchers are discussed.
F2-Isoprostanes
Authors: Hockenberry Marilyn J. , Taylor Olga A. , Gundy Patricia M. , Ross Adam K. , Pasvogel Alice , Montgomery David , Ribbeck Phillip , McCarthy Kathy , Moore Ida
Published: August 2013

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most prevalent and curable cancer among children and adolescents less than 15 years of age in the United States. Essential for cure of childhood ALL is prophylactic treatment of the central nervous system (CNS), with methotrexate (MTX) being the most widely used drug in this treatment. While CNS treatment has contributed to long-term disease-free survival, resulting declines in academic abilities have been reported. There is growing evidence that CNS treatment with MTX increases oxidative stress, a potential mechanism of CNS injury. This article reports changes in oxidative stress, measured by the biomarker F2-isoprostane (F2-IsoP), in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in 47 children with ALL during the first 18 months of treatment. The number of CSF samples ranged from 5 to 14 during postinduction and from 1 to 9 during continuation. Total doses of intrathecal MTX during postinduction were significantly correlated with the mean and highest concentrations of F2-IsoP during postinduction and the mean concentration of F2-IsoP during continuation. F2-IsoP concentrations during postinduction and continuation were higher in children who received more than six doses of intrathecal MTX. New therapies for a highly curable disease such as childhood leukemia have the potential to be individualized in the future, requiring reliable molecular and biochemical markers, such as oxidative stress indicators. Innovative use of biomarkers has the potential to increase our understanding of treatment-related toxicities and associated symptoms and to inform future therapeutic approaches for optimizing cure and quality of life among children with leukemia.
HI-TENS Reduces Moderate-to-Severe Pain Associated With Most Wound Care Procedures
Authors: Gardner Sue E. , Blodgett Nicole P. , Hillis Stephen L. , Borhart Ellen , Malloy Lynna , Abbott Linda , Pezzella Pat , Jensen Marge , Sommer Teresa , Sluka Kathleen A. , Rakel Barbara A.
Published: August 2013

This study systematically examined pain associated with wound care procedures (WCPs) and evaluated the effectiveness of high-intensity transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (HI-TENS) for reducing this pain in a two-phase design. Phase 1 ( N = 57 ) examined patient, wound, and procedural factors, as well as analgesic intake, associated with WCPs. Pain during the WCPs was rated on a 0–10 numerical scale. Subjects reported a mean pain of 6.0 (standard deviation 3.04) during Phase 1, with 43 (75.4%) subjects experiencing moderate or severe pain (i.e., ≥4). Subjects who received opioid and/or nonopioid analgesia 1 hr before or during the WCPs (36.8%) reported significantly higher pain levels than those who had not received analgesia ( p = .013). In Phase 2, 23 subjects with ≥4 pain during Phase 1 had HI-TENS applied to the area surrounding the wound during the WCPs. HI-TENS significantly reduced WCP pain by a mean of 2.0 (±2.31; effect size = 0.67; p = .001). This effect was significant for subjects with severe Phase 1 pain (i.e., ≥8; effect size = 1.00; p = .007) but not for subjects with moderate Phase 1 pain (i.e., 4–7; effect size = 0.40; p = .053). These findings demonstrate that pain during WCPs is a significant problem, that nurses appropriately administer analgesics but these are not sufficient, and that using HI-TENS may further reduce pain, particularly in patients experiencing severe WCP pain.
Suppression of Natural Killer Cell Cytotoxicity in Postpartum Women
Authors: Groer Maureen W. , El-Badri Nagwa , Djeu Julie , Williams S. Nicole , Kane Bradley , Szekeres Karoly
Published: August 2013

Little is known about the recovery of the immune system from normal pregnancy and whether the postpartum period is a uniquely adapted immune state. This report extends previous observations from our group of decreased natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity in the postpartum period. NK cytotoxicity was measured from 1 week through 9 months postpartum. In addition, NK cytotoxicity was assayed in the presence or absence of pooled plasmas collected from either postpartum or nonpostpartum women. Samples of cells were stained for inhibitory receptors and analyzed by flow cytometry. NK cytotoxicity remained decreased in postpartum women compared to controls through the first 6 postpartum months, returned to normal levels by 9 months, and remained normal at 12 months. NK cytotoxicity during the first 6 months was further inhibited by the addition of pooled plasma to NK cultures from postpartum women, but the addition of pooled plasma from the control group did not affect that group’s NK cultures. There were differences in inhibitory receptor staining between the two groups, with decreased CD158a and CD158b and increased NKG2A expression on postpartum NK cells during the first 3 postpartum months. These data suggest that NK cytotoxicity postpartum inhibition lasts 6 months and is influenced by unidentified postpartum plasma components. The effect may also involve receptors on NK cells.
Investigating children’s Why-questions: A study comparing argumentative and explanatory function
Authors: Bova Antonio , Arcidiacono Francesco
Published: August 2013

Questions represent a crucial tool of interaction between parents and children from a very early age. This study aims to investigate which function – argumentative or explanatory – most characterizes Why-questions asked by children to their parents in a natural setting such as mealtimes at home. Why-questions asked by 13 children – eight girls and five boys aged between three and seven years – coming from 10 middle- to upper-middle-class Swiss and Italian families with a high socio-cultural level were analyzed. In the corpus, the explanatory function largely characterizes children’s Why-questions. Questions we observed play fundamentally an educational role, since they favor the acquisition of new information and the transmission from parents to children of parental behavioral models (social behavior). The argumentative Why-questions, less frequently asked by children in our sample, are also important from an educational point of view. By these questions children challenge their parents to make clear the reasons behind their opinions, suggestions, rules and prescriptions, which are often largely implicit. Altogether, the results of this study indicate that both the explanatory and argumentative types of children’s Why-questions have a knowledge-seeking function, that is, children asking such questions are seeking knowledge of something.
Politics of multiculturalism in East Asia: Reinterpreting multiculturalism
Authors: Nagy Stephen Robert
Published: August 2013

Multiculturalism in the Northeastern Asian states of Japan, South Korea, China and Taiwan as well as the members of ASEAN are interesting case studies in how states manage migration policy and create migrant policy. Examining their migration practices, we can understand East Asian perspectives on multiculturalism employing traditional migration frameworks revolving around control and management of entry of migrants, state-building and ethnocentric rationale for/or against pro-migrant policies. This review article will delineate how different states in the region construct migrant policies in line with their state’s interests, which include domestic, regional and international interests by employing the below nine articles.
Sensing the city
Authors: Johnston Caleb , Lorimer Hayden
Published: August 2013

We reflect upon our involvement in Do You See What I Mean?, a sitespecific work of contemporary ‘street theatre’ presented as part of Vancouver’s 2013 PuSh International Performing Arts Festival. A collaboration between a geographer and professional artists, the project involved engaging audience members in a 2.5-hour blindfolded guided tour of the public and private spaces of Vancouver, Canada. The work is considered as a site staging sensual urban journeys, giving cause for wider reflection on recent experiments in geographic thought and practice.
Ontologies of Indigeneity: the politics of embodying a concept
Authors: Hunt Sarah
Published: August 2013

This paper asks how Indigenous ways of being and knowing can become legitimized within western theorizations of ontology, given the ongoing (neo)colonial relations that shape geographic knowledge production. My analysis emerges within my narrative accounts of being a Kwakwaka’wakw scholar in two spaces of knowledge production: a geography conference and a potlatch. Through these stories, I engage with the individual embodied scales at which we reproduce geography as a discipline and reproduce ourselves as geographers. I argue that making ontological shifts in the types of geographic knowledge that is legible within the discipline requires destabilizing how we come to know Indigeneity and what representational strategies are used in engaging with Indigenous ontologies, as differentiated from western ontologies of Indigeneity.
Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells attenuate cisplatin-induced acute and chronic renal injury
Authors: Peng Xiujuan , Xu Huitao , Zhou Ying , Wang Bingying , Yan Yongmin , Zhang Xu , Wang Mei , Gao Shuo , Zhu Wei , Xu Wenrong , Qian Hui
Published: August 2013

Mesenchymal stem cell is becoming a promising candidate in acute kidney injury (AKI). We first reported that human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hucMSCs) could ameliorate renal function in ischemic/reperfusion AKI rats, but the role of hucMSCs in cisplatin-induced acute and chronic injury has been demonstrated. More specifically, it is still unknown whether hucMSCs halt renal interstitial fibrosis. In this study, we investigated the effect of hucMSCs in cisplatin-induced kidney injury and explored the mechanism of action. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Cr) analyses showed amelioration of functional parameters in hucMSC-treated rats at early damage. Transplantation with hucMSCs promoted renal cell regeneration, inhibited cell apoptosis, abrogated inflammatory responses and protected mitochondria. Moreover, Masson’s trichrome staining demonstrated reduced levels of fibrosis in kidney tissues of hucMSC-treated rats at six and eight weeks after cisplatin injection. These results were corroborated by reduced collagen deposit, the ratio of Bax to Bcl-2 and transforming growth factor β mRNA expression. Furthermore, hucMSCs prevented the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in injury renal tissues, leading to the attenuation of chronic renal interstitial fibrosis. Taken together, our findings suggested that hucMSCs could decrease the kidney from development of later renal interstitial fibrosis by amelioration of early AKI.
The Rhetoric of Precedent and Fulfillment in the Sermon on the Mount and the Common Law
Authors: Neoh Joshua
Published: August 2013

The intertwined rhetoric of precedent and fulfillment underlies the biblical rhetoric of the Sermon on the Mount and the legal rhetoric of the common law. This article wants to draw a parallelism between how Jesus approaches the corpus of Mosaic law in the Sermon on the Mount and how judges approach the corpus of the common law in case after case. Both Jesus and common law judges are fulfillers, not followers, of precedents. The follower of precedent repeats the norms of the past in the present, while the fulfiller of precedent redeems the norms of the past in the present.
“Constitutional Technicity”: Displacing Politics through Expert Knowledge
Authors: Kendall Sara
Published: August 2013

In the decades following the end of the Cold War, the process of producing state constitutions has transformed into a veritable industry. This commentary considers contemporary practices of constitution-making as a site for critical reflection. It takes up the provision of “expert” advice in constitution-making processes in relation to three tropes of how these processes are conceived. As an attempt at diagnosing the constitution-making present, this commentary focuses on constitutional “technicity,” though aspects of what I term constitutional “romanticism” and “civility” continue to inform this technical turn.
The Paradox of Performative Immediacy: Law, Music, Improvisation
Authors: Ramshaw Sara
Published: August 2013

In a 1999 essay, J.M. Balkin and Sanford Levinson called for law to be considered as a performing art. Against or perhaps going further than Balkin and Levinson, this commentary claims that while engagement with performance practices in the arts, such as music, is of the utmost value to law and legal theory, we must not take for granted what it means to ‘‘perform’’. Uniting Jacques Derrida’s la Villette performance (with jazz legend, Ornette Coleman) with his writings on performativity in law, this commentary looks to the musical practice of improvisation to trouble the notion of performance as immediate and singular and to question taken for granted distinctions between text and performance, writing and music, composition and improvisation. The consequence of this refined understanding of the performative on legal theory and the actual practice of law is a reconceptualization of law as improvisation, that is, both singular and general, pre-existent and immediate, and a refocusing on the creativity that lies at the heart of law’s conservativism.
Zinc oxide influences intestinal integrity, the expressions of genes associated with inflammation and TLR4-myeloid differentiation factor 88 signaling pathways in weanling pigs
Authors: Hu Cai Hong , Song Ze He , Xiao Kan , Song Juan , Jiao Le Fei , Ke Ya Lu
Published: August 2013

This study explored whether zinc oxide (ZnO) supplementation could alleviate weanling-induced intestinal injury through TLR and NOD-like receptor signaling pathways. Twelve early-weanling piglets were allotted to two dietary treatments (control vs 2200 mg Zn/kg from ZnO) for 1 wk. The results showed that supplemental ZnO improved daily gain and feed intake, decreased post weaning scour scores, increased villus height and villus height:crypt depth ratio at the jejunal mucosa, and decreased diamine oxidase activity and endotoxin concentration in plasma. The intestinal mRNA levels of TLR4 and its downstream signals, including MyD88, IL-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 and TNF-α receptor-associated factor 6, were decreased, and the expressions of intestinal pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines were decreased simultaneously in the ZnO-supplemented piglets. Although NF-κB p65 mRNA abundance was not affected by ZnO supplementation, NF-κB p65 protein expression was down-regulated by ZnO. However, ZnO supplementation had no effect on intestinal expressions of NOD1 and NOD2, and their adaptor molecule receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 2, as well as protein expressions of caspase-3 and heat shock protein 70. The results indicated that the protective effects of ZnO on intestinal integrity were closely related to decreasing the expressions of genes associated with inflammation through inhibiting the TLR4-MyD88 signaling pathways.
Treatment of osteoporosis in men with bisphosphonates: rationale and latest evidence
Authors: Sim Ie-Wen , Ebeling Peter R.
Published: August 2013

Osteoporosis in men contributes to significant morbidity and mortality. Hip fractures in men are associated with greater mortality compared with women, with a mortality rate of up to 37.5% within a year following the fracture. Its timely diagnosis and treatment are therefore essential. However, despite one-third of all hip fractures worldwide occurring in men, osteoporosis in men remains an immensely under-recognized and undertreated public health problem. Bisphosphonates are well studied first-line treatments for postmenopausal women with osteoporosis and have been shown to reduce fragility fractures at all clinically important sites (vertebral, nonvertebral, hip and wrist). However, the majority of studies of oral or intravenous bisphosphonate therapy in men with osteoporosis report effects on surrogate markers, including bone mineral density (BMD) and biochemical bone turnover markers, rather than on fragility fractures. Oral or intravenous bisphosphonate therapy increases spinal, total hip and femoral neck BMD compared with placebo in men with osteoporosis. Both bone resorption and bone formation markers are decreased following bisphosphonate therapy, with the onset of the decrease in bone formation markers being delayed. In a study of intravenous zoledronic acid given to older men and women following a hip fracture, any clinical vertebral and nonvertebral fractures were all reduced compared with placebo infusions. In addition, mortality was reduced in patients who received zoledronic acid.

Recent studies in men with osteoporosis have increasingly reported reductions in incident vertebral fractures with oral or intravenous bisphosphonate therapy, although all studies have been underpowered to detect effects on nonvertebral and hip fracture outcomes. Bisphosphonates have a role as monotherapy, as consolidative therapy after a course of teriparatide therapy, or in combination with testosterone replacement in men with hypogonadism and osteoporosis. Bisphosphonate therapy is validated and important in the treatment of osteoporosis in men.
Is It Personal? Gendered Mediation in Newspaper Coverage of Canadian National Party Leadership Contests, 1975–2012
Authors: Trimble Linda , Wagner Angelia , Sampert Shannon , Raphael Daisy , Gerrits Bailey
Published: August 2013

Our study examines the phenomenon of personalization in news coverage of candidates for the leadership of Canadian national political parties. Because the politicization of the personal through newspaper coverage of bodies and intimate lives has different meanings for women and men politicians, we argue that it is important to account for gender differences in levels of personalization. Our analysis of the Globe and Mail newspaper reporting of thirteen party leadership races held between 1975 and 2012 includes eleven competitive women candidates, four of whom won the leadership contest. Conducting a content analysis of 2,463 newspaper articles published over the course of this thirty-seven-year period facilitates comparison of the levels of personalized coverage over time, by leadership contest, and by candidate gender and success. Findings reveal that the amount of personal coverage did not increase over time, as the personalization literature hypothesizes. However, reporting was significantly more likely to “make it personal” for women candidates, as suggested by the literature on media coverage of women politicians. We argue that gendered mediation is largely driving the personalization of political reporting in the Canadian national context
The Importance of Detailed Assessment in Tube Weaning
Authors: Dovey Terence M. , Bond Wooldridge Marianne , Martin Clarissa I. , Southall Angela
Published: August 2013

The current article considers an intervention for an 8-year-old individual with an autistic spectrum disorder who had lost the ability to eat and drink following a stroke. The event led to a period of tube dependency. The emergence of stereotypic behavior occurred immediately after the stroke following a dysfunctional swallow. The aim of the current study was to wean the child from tube dependency through eliminating the stereotypy. The intervention detailed within the current paper is a simple A-B differential reinforcement changing criterion design with 2 phases. The first phase was the behavioral intervention in isolation and the second phase was the addition of a thickening agent to the fluid. Both were removed on a thinned schedule. The results indicated that an additional stimulus fading in combination with differential reinforcement was necessary to alter the individual’s behavior. The intervention employed existing behavioral analytic technologies and concurred with many of the conclusions of previous findings. The findings provide insight into the emergence of stereotypy, its impact, and how it can be successfully eliminated.
Childhood Obesity Risk in Overweight Mothers
Authors: James Kathy S. , Matsangas Panagiotis , Connelly Cynthia D.
Published: August 2013

Purpose. Family dietary and nutritional behaviors predispose children to obesity. The purpose of this study was to examine the childhood obesity risk among overweight women and to assess feasibility of using a screening tool in a busy clinic setting. Design. A cross-sectional study using the Family Nutrition Physical Activity (FNPA) tool was self-administered by 98 overweight mothers identifying risk factors for childhood obesity. Measures. Mothers completed demographic and a 20-item screening survey with subscales on family meal patterns, family eating habits, food choices, beverage choices, restriction/reward, screen time behavior and monitoring, healthy environment, family activity involvement, child activity involvement, and family routine. After completing the survey, a summary of recommended practices from the American Academy of Pediatrics was provided. Results. Ninety-eight mothers participated (of 172 children between 2 and 18 years old). Lower FNPA scores (obesogenic) were associated were higher body mass index, family income, race/ethnicity, education, and mother’s body mass index. Parents’ and children’s obesity was comparable to what is found in larger populations, whereas obesity in the age-group between 2 and 5 years was doubled. Conclusion. Findings support maternal obesity is significant predictor for the development of child obesity. FNPA identified risk and feasibility of use was demonstrated.
It’s Simple and I Know It!
Authors: Namkoong Jae-Eun , Henderson Marlone D.
Published: August 2013

When negative events occur (e.g., a mass shooting, product failure, breakup), individuals naturally ask themselves why such things happen. Indeed, the search for explanations appears to be a fundamental aspect of humanity. The present research explores the role that more abstract, higher level construals play in individuals’ feelings of causal uncertainty. Specifically, we demonstrate that participants who were led to construe a negative event in a more abstract manner felt less uncertain about why that event happened (Experiments 1 and 2). Further, we demonstrate that participants who were led to construe a negative event more abstractly exhibited a more simplified understanding of the event (Experiment 3a) and that adopting a more simplified understanding of an event decreased participants’ causal uncertainty about the event (Experiment 3b). Finally, we discuss the theoretical and practical implications of these findings.
High-dose prazosin for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder
Authors: Koola Maju Mathew , Varghese Sajoy P. , Fawcett Jan A.
Published: August 2013

Patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are frequently symptomatic despite being on medications currently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for PTSD. There is evidence to support the notion that prazosin is effective for PTSD nightmares. However, PTSD-related nightmares often do not resolve completely on a low dose of prazosin. The capacity of prazosin to treat daytime symptoms of PTSD which are distressing to patients has not been well studied. Clinicians are reluctant to increase the dose of prazosin due to side effect concerns. To date, the highest reported dose of prazosin used for PTSD is 16 mg daily. We illustrate two case reports using high-dose (up to 30 and 45 mg) prazosin for PTSD with comorbid treatment-resistant mood disorders. We report that high-dose prazosin was safe, tolerable and effective for PTSD in adults. To our knowledge, this is the first case series to highlight the importance of using high-dose prazosin for the treatment of PTSD. In patients with partial response to currently available medications for PTSD, greater utilization of high-dose prazosin for the management of PTSD may lead to better outcomes.
Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma in the USA, 2000–2010: A detailed report on frequency, treatment and outcome based on the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database
Authors: Eggert Tobias , McGlynn Katherine A , Duffy Austin , Manns Michael P , Greten Tim F , Altekruse Sean F
Published: August 2013

Objective

Epidemiological and clinical information on fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma (fHCC) is scarce. We performed a Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database analysis with the aim of collecting information to better understand the biology and clinical aspects of this rare disease.

Design

Incidence trends, race‐ and age‐specific rates, tumor size, first course surgery and five‐year relative survival of 191 US cases (SEER) diagnosed with fHCC during 2000–2010 were compared to cases with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), HCC‐not otherwise specified (HCC‐NOS) and other HCC‐types.

Results

While HCC‐NOS incidence rates increased by 5.2% annually from 2000–2008 (p  < 0.05) before leveling, the 1.3% change in fHCC incidence was not statistically significant. The rates of fHCC were similar across ethnic groups while HCC‐NOS incidence rates were higher among non‐whites. Although 16% of fHCC patients had primary tumors ≤5 cm compared to 37% of HCC‐NOS cases five‐year survival was better among fHCC (34%) than HCC‐NOS cases (16%). Fibrolamellar HCC cases of 0–39 years of age were more likely to receive radiofrequency ablation, transplant or resection than HCC‐NOS cases of that age. Survival was similar among fibrolamellar and HCC‐NOS cases receiving surgery.

Conclusion

In this largest case series, fibrolamellar and HCC‐NOS age‐ and race‐specific incidence rates and time trends differed. Despite larger tumor size than HCC‐NOS cases fibrolamellar cases received surgery more often and had better survival rates. Differences in co‐morbidity may influence treatment. Studies of fHCC biology, including by age, are recommended.
Symptom pattern following a meal challenge test in patients with irritable bowel syndrome and healthy controls
Authors: Posserud Iris , Strid Hans , Störsrud Stine , Törnblom Hans , Svensson Ulla , Tack Jan , Van Oudenhove Lukas , Simrén Magnus
Published: August 2013

Background:

Patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) often complain of worsening of symptoms after meal intake. Meal challenge tests have previously been used to study symptoms and pathophysiology in functional dyspepsia.

Objective:

The objective of this article is to evaluate differences in gastrointestinal (GI) symptom response to a standardized meal test in IBS compared to healthy controls.

Methods:

We included 67 patients with IBS and 16 healthy controls. After an overnight fast the subjects were served breakfast (540 kcal; 36% fat, 15% proteins, 49% carbohydrates; 8.9 g fiber). They completed visual analog scales assessing severity of six GI symptoms (abdominal pain, bloating, discomfort, nausea, gas, fullness) before breakfast and every 30 minutes up to 240 minutes after breakfast. The patients also completed a questionnaire (IBS‐SSS) to assess IBS symptom severity during the preceding week. The course of symptom scores over time was analyzed using mixed models.

Results:

The meal was well tolerated and all subjects completed the test period. In patients, significant effects of time (initial increase to a maximum, followed by a return to baseline) were found for fullness, bloating, nausea and discomfort (all p values < 0.01 for linear, quadratic and third‐order effect of time). In IBS patients, an independent significant association between IBS‐SSS scores and all postprandial symptoms, except for nausea, was found (all p  < 0.01). In controls, a significant linear, quadratic and third‐order effect of time (all p  < 0.0001) was found for fullness only. The difference in time course for bloating and discomfort between IBS patients and controls was confirmed when comparing the groups directly (significant time‐by‐group interaction effects, all p  < 0.05), but not for nausea. On average, IBS patients scored significantly higher than controls on all symptoms, except for nausea (significant main effects of group, all p  < 0.05).

Conclusions:

A standardized meal test seems to be a promising tool to study the symptom pattern in IBS and potentially to follow the effect of interventions.
The societal gain of medical development and innovation in gastroenterology
Authors: den Hoed Caroline M , Isendoorn Kees , Klinkhamer Wouter , Gupta Anshu , Kuipers Ernst J
Published: August 2013

Background

Gastroenterology has over the past 30 years evolved very rapidly. The societal benefits to which this has led are incompletely determined, yet form a mandate to determine the need for future innovations and further development of the field. A more thorough understanding of societal benefits may help to determine future goals and improve decision making.

Aims

The objective of this article is to determine the societal gains of medical innovations in the field of gastroenterology in the past and future, using peptic ulcer disease as an example of past innovation and the implementation of colorectal cancer screening as an illustration of future gains.

Methods

Literature searches were performed for data on peptic ulcer and colorectal cancer epidemiology, treatment outcomes, and costs. National and governmental databases in the Netherlands were searched to obtain the input for calculations of quality‐adjusted life years (QALYs), health‐adjusted life expectancy (HALE), and the corresponding societal benefit.

Results

Since 1980 the improvements in peptic ulcer treatment have had a limited impact on life expectancy, rising from 83.6 years to 83.7 years, but have led to a yearly gain of 46,000 QALYs, caused by improved quality of life. These developments in the field of peptic ulcer translated into a yearly gain of 1.8 billion to 7.8 billion euros in 2008 compared with the 1980s.

Mortality due to colorectal cancer is high, with 21.6 deaths per 100,000 per year in the Netherlands (European Standardized Rate (ESR)). The future implementation of a nationwide call‐recall colorectal cancer screening by means of biennial fecal immunochemical testing (FIT) is expected to result in a 50%–80% mortality reduction and thus a gain of an estimated 35,000 life years per year, corresponding to 26,000 QALYs per year. The effects of the implementation of FIT screening can be translated to a future societal gain of 1.0 billion to 4.4 billion euro.

Conclusions

The innovations and developments in the field of gastroenterology have led to significant societal gains in the past three decades. This process will continue in the near future as a result of further developments. These calculations provide a template for calculations on the need for specialist training as well as research and implementation of new developments in our field.
Advanced oxide dispersion strengthened and nanostructured ferritic alloys
Authors: Miller M. K. , Parish C. M. , Li Q.
Published: August 2013

Nanostructured ferritic alloy is a subcategory of oxide dispersion strengthened steels intended for advanced reactor applications. The complex ultrafine grained microstructure of an advanced nanostructured ferritic alloy, as determined by electron microscopy and atom probe tomography, is summarised. Three distinct populations of precipitates were observed: 20–50 nm Ti(N,O,C), 5–10 nm diameter Y2Ti2O7/Y2TiO5 and 1–4 nm diameter Ti,Y,O enriched nanoclusters. The first two populations were predominantly located along grain boundaries together with Cr, W and C segregation. A dense population of nanoclusters was observed both in the grain interior as well as on the grain boundaries. These nanoclusters are highly tolerant to high dose irradiation at elevated temperatures.
Nanoscale characterisation of rolling contact wear surface of pearlitic steel
Authors: Takahashi J. , Kobayashi Y. , Ueda M. , Miyazaki T. , Kawakami K.
Published: August 2013

Nanoscale characterisation of a rolling–sliding wear surface layer of pearlitic steel was performed with transmission electron microscopy and atom probe tomography to reveal microstructural changes in the pearlite structure. Plastically deformed fine pearlitic lamellae with interlamellar spacing of ∼10 nm were observed just beneath the contact surface after the rolling–sliding wear test, where the hardness of the surface reached >800 HV, twice the initial bulk hardness of 400 HV. Lamellar cementite was slightly decomposed, but most lamellar cementite was retained as thinned lamellae in the deformed pearlitic structure. The large increment in hardness was mostly explained by the reduction in interlamellar spacing. The formation mechanism of the microstructure of the worn surface was compared with that of the white etching layer on the pearlitic rail surface.
Influence of B and Ti on hot ductility of high Al and high Al, Nb containing TWIP steels
Authors: Kang S. E. , Banerjee J. R. , Maina E. M. , Mintz B.
Published: August 2013

The addition of ∼0·002B and ∼0·04Ti as microalloying additions to improve the poor hot ductility and high risk of cracking on continuous casting of high Al containing twinning induced plasticity (TWIP) steels has been examined. Tensile specimens were either cast in situ or heated to 1250°C before cooling at 60 K min−1 to test temperatures in the range 700–1100°C and strained to failure at 3×10−3 s−1. For tensile specimens reheated to 1250°C, the presence of B with sufficient Ti to combine with all the N improved ductility over the temperature range of 700–950°C, the reduction in area (RA) values being >40. For the higher strength more complex high Al, TWIP steels having Nb present, there was no improvement in ductility with a similar B and Ti addition, when the average cooling rate after melting to the test temperature was 60 K min−1. Reducing the cooling rate to 12 K min−1 resulted in the RA values being close to the minimum required to avoid transverse cracking throughout the temperature range 800–1000°C. Using these additions of B and Ti, transverse cracking was found not to be a problem when continuously casting these high Al containing TWIP steels.
Heterogeneous austenite grain growth in martensitic 9cr steel: Coupled influence of initial metallurgical state and heating rate
Authors: Zavaleta Gutiérrez N. , Luppo M. I. , Danon C. A. , Toda-Caraballo I. , Capdevila C. , García de Andrés C.
Published: August 2013

The coupled influence of the initial metallurgical state and the heating rate to austenite on the occurrence of heterogeneous grain growth during austenitisation of an ASTM A213–T91 steel has been studied. To that aim, two-step thermal cycles were designed. In the first step, different starting metallurgical conditions were obtained by treating the as received material at 780°C for increasing times up to 6 h. In the second step, in situ austenitisation was performed by heating to austenite at rates of 1, 30 and 50°C s−1 and then holding at 1050°C for 30’. Two types of austenite grain structures were obtained after austenitisation, namely, homogeneous and heterogeneous. The homogeneous structure was characterised by a smooth size distribution of approximately equiaxed, normally grown grains. The heterogeneous structure, instead, exhibited the exaggerated growth of a few austenite grains embedded in a small to medium sized matrix. For the 1°C s−1 heating rate and all of the initial metallurgical states, only homogeneous grain growth was observed, whereas for the 50°C s−1 heating rate only heterogeneous grain growth was observed regardless the starting metallurgical condition. Instead, the occurrence of homogeneous or heterogeneous grain growth after heating at 30°C s−1 was observed to be a function of the time of previous tempering. Some explanations of the phenomenon are advanced taking into account the precipitation state of second phases.
Influence of sulphur on the microstructure and properties of Ag–Cu–Zn brazing filler metal
Authors: Chen Y. , Yun D. , Sui F. , Long W. , Zhang G. , Liu S.
Published: August 2013

The effect of sulphur on the microstructure and properties of Ag45–Cu30–Zn25 brazing filler metal was investigated. Under the given experimental conditions, the sulphuration products mainly consisted of CuS, ZnS, Ag2S, Cu2S and Ag3CuS2. These sulphides not only distributed on the surface but also diffused into the interior of the filler metal and cut apart the matrix thereby significantly damaging the tensile strength of the filler metal from 658 to 283 MPa. The corresponding fracture characterisation turned from ductile fracture to brittle fracture. The sulphides existed as solid particles, which hinder the spreading of the liquid filler metal and the spreading area dramatically decreased from 317⋅09 to 18⋅55 mm2, which indicates that the filler metal rarely wets the base metal.
Multiscale microstructure engineering of steels
Authors: Hodgson P. D. , Timokhina I. B. , Beladi H.
Published: August 2013

The development of modern steels is based on the tailoring of the microstructure to achieve the required properties. While historically this was performed at the micrometre scale length, there is now the scope to undertake this at the nanoscale or atom scale. The present paper reviews recent work related to the development of ultrafine and nanoscale microstructures in steel as well as changes at shorter scale lengths, such as cluster formation and solute effects. This includes the development of ultrafine ferrite through phase transformation, nanoscale and ultrafine bainite, precipitation and cluster strengthening and bake hardening of steels. A key element of the present work has been the use of atom probe tomography to unlock the nature of these structures.
Identification in CLL of circulating intraclonal subgroups with varying B-cell receptor expression and function
Authors: Coelho Vânia , Krysov Sergey , Steele Andrew , Sanchez Hidalgo Marina , Johnson Peter W. , Chana Prabhjoat S. , Packham Graham , Stevenson Freda K. , Forconi Francesco
Published: August 2013

Key Points

The study reveals that circulating CLL cells contain intraclonal subgroups that differ in the level of signal-responsive surface IgM. Subgroups with higher surface IgM express more CXCR4, potentially predicting a dangerous ability to migrate to tissue and engage antigen.
Ovariectomy expands murine short-term hemopoietic stem cell function through T cell expressed CD40L and Wnt10B
Authors: Li Jau-Yi , Adams Jonathan , Calvi Laura M. , Lane Timothy F. , Weitzmann M. Neale , Pacifici Roberto
Published: August 2013

Key Points

Ovariectomy expands short-term hemopoietic stem and progenitor cells and improves engraftment and host survival after bone marrow transplantation. T cells are required for ovariectomy to expand hemopoietic stem and progenitor cells.
Pomalidomide, cyclophosphamide, and prednisone for relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma: a multicenter phase 1/2 open-label study
Authors: Larocca Alessandra , Montefusco Vittorio , Bringhen Sara , Rossi Davide , Crippa Claudia , Mina Roberto , Galli Monica , Marcatti Magda , La Verde Giacinto , Giuliani Nicola , Magarotto Valeria , Guglielmelli Tommasina , Rota-Scalabrini Delia , Omedé Paola , Santagostino Alberto , Baldi Ileana , Carella Angelo Michele , Boccadoro Mario , Corradini Paolo , Palumbo Antonio
Published: August 2013

Key Points

Pomalidomide-cyclophosphamide-prednisone is an active combination in multiple myeloma patients who are relapsed/refractory to lenalidomide.
Anti-β2GPI antibodies stimulate endothelial cell microparticle release via a nonmuscle myosin II motor protein-dependent pathway
Authors: Betapudi Venkaiah , Lominadze George , Hsi Linda , Willard Belinda , Wu Meifang , McCrae Keith R.
Published: August 2013

Key Points

Activation of endothelial cells by anti-β2GPI antibodies causes myosin RLC phosphorylation, leading to actin-myosin association. In response to anti-β2GPI antibodies, release of endothelial microparticles, but not E-selectin expression, requires actomyosin assembly.
Mutant IDH1 promotes leukemogenesis in vivo and can be specifically targeted in human AML
Authors: Chaturvedi Anuhar , Araujo Cruz Michelle Maria , Jyotsana Nidhi , Sharma Amit , Yun Haiyang , Görlich Kerstin , Wichmann Martin , Schwarzer Adrian , Preller Matthias , Thol Felicitas , Meyer Johann , Haemmerle Reinhard , Struys Eduard A. , Jansen Erwin E. , Modlich Ute , Li Zhixiong , Sly Laura M. , Geffers Robert , Lindner Robert , Manstein Dietmar J. , Lehmann Ulrich , Krauter Jürgen , Ganser Arnold , Heuser Michael
Published: August 2013

Key Points

IDH1 promotes leukemogenesis in vivo in cooperation with HoxA9. Pharmacologic inhibition of mutant IDH1 efficiently inhibits AML cells of IDH1-mutated patients but not of normal CD34+ bone marrow cells.
The biology and clinical impact of genetic lesions in myeloid malignancies
Authors: Lindsley R. Coleman , Ebert Benjamin L.
Published: August 2013

A longstanding endeavor to define the genetic lesions that drive myeloid malignances has stimulated a period of remarkable discovery. Enabled by technological advances that have sharply decreased the cost of DNA sequencing, the full compendium of common, recurrent somatic mutations in the coding genome of myeloid malignancies is nearly complete. As the focus of genetic discovery shifts to the noncoding genome, renewed attention is being applied to the clinical and biological implications of recent genomic advances. Although the potential for this newfound knowledge to influence the care of patients has not yet been realized, broad genetic surveys of patient samples are now being used to improve the accuracy of disease diagnosis, define a molecular taxonomy of myeloid malignancies, refine prognostic and predictive models, and identify novel therapeutic strategies. Here, we will review recent advances in the genetics of myeloid malignancies and discuss their potential impact on clinical practice.
Estimates for operators on weighted Morrey spaces and their applications to nondivergence elliptic equations
Authors: Shi Shaoguang , Fu Zunwei , Zhao Fayou
Published: August 2013

In this paper, we study the norm inequalities for sublinear operators and their commutators on weighted Morrey spaces. As application, the regularity in the weighted Morrey spaces of strong solutions to nondivergence elliptic equations with

V
M
O

coefficients is considered.

MSC:42B20, 35J25.
The sea lamprey has a primordial accessory olfactory system
Authors: Chang Steven , Chung-Davidson Yu-Wen , Libants Scot V , Nanlohy Kaben G , Kiupel Matti , Brown C Titus , Li Weiming
Published: August 2013

Background

A dual olfactory system, represented by two anatomically distinct but spatially proximate chemosensory epithelia that project to separate areas of the forebrain, is known in several classes of tetrapods. Lungfish are the earliest evolving vertebrates known to have this dual system, comprising a main olfactory and a vomeronasal system (VNO). Lampreys, a group of jawless vertebrates, have a single nasal capsule containing two anatomically distinct epithelia, the main (MOE) and the accessory olfactory epithelia (AOE). We speculated that lamprey AOE projects to specific telencephalic regions as a precursor to the tetrapod vomeronasal system.

Results

To test this hypothesis, we characterized the neural circuits and molecular profiles of the accessory olfactory epithelium in the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus). Neural tract-tracing revealed direct and reciprocal connections with the dorsomedial telencephalic neuropil (DTN) which in turn projects directly to the dorsal pallium and the rostral hypothalamus. High-throughput sequencing demonstrated that the main and the accessory olfactory epithelia have virtually identical profiles of expressed genes. Real time quantitative PCR confirmed expression of representatives of all 3 chemoreceptor gene families identified in the sea lamprey genome.

Conclusion

Anatomical and molecular evidence shows that the sea lamprey has a primordial accessory olfactory system that may serve a chemosensory function.