bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identification of the Factors Influencing the Baseflow in the Permafrost Region of the Northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
Authors: Qin Jia , Ding Yongjian , Han Tianding , Liu Yuexia
Published: September 2017

Baseflow is an essential component of river runoff. Accurate measurements and analyses of baseflow change are challenging in permafrost-covered regions. In this paper, the upper reaches of the Shule River were selected as the study area, in which to study the baseflow change regulation and causes. The variable infiltration capacity (VIC) model, based on the ARNO baseflow formulation, was used to simulate the baseflow. Simulated baseflow was validated by the isotopic baseflow separation results and measured runoff in the recession periods throughout an entire year. It was found that approximately 63.1% of the river runoff was sourced by baseflow in the study region; the baseflow change was relatively smooth throughout the year, and it lagged a few days behind the river runoff. Approximately 80% of the total baseflow was generated in the 3500–4500 m alpine regions, with mainly low-temperature and mid-temperature permafrost. Based on the climate, runoff, land use, soil temperature and moisture data of the permafrost active layer, the mechanism of baseflow change in the permafrost zone was analysed. Precipitation and temperature positively enhanced the baseflow in the permafrost region throughout a year, but the baseflow was more influenced by the temperature than precipitation. In the study area, the cold desert and alpine grassland had the largest regulation capacity for baseflow. Affected by the permafrost freeze-thaw process, a baseflow peak occurred in the spring and the baseflow recession slowed in the autumn. This lead to a more uniform distribution of baseflow and runoff throughout the year.
Optical techniques for cervical neoplasia detection
Authors: Novikova Tatiana
Published: September 2017

This paper provides an overview of the current research in the field of optical techniques for cervical neoplasia detection and covers a wide range of the existing and emerging technologies. Using colposcopy, a visual inspection of the uterine cervix with a colposcope (a binocular microscope with 3- to 15-fold magnification), has proven to be an efficient approach for the detection of invasive cancer. Nevertheless, the development of a reliable and cost-effective technique for the identification of precancerous lesions, confined to the epithelium (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia) still remains a challenging problem. It is known that even at early stages the neoplastic transformations of cervical tissue induce complex changes and modify both structural and biochemical properties of tissues. The different methods, including spectroscopic (diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, induced fluorescence and autofluorescence spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy) and imaging techniques (confocal microscopy, optical coherence tomography, Mueller matrix imaging polarimetry, photoacoustic imaging), probe different tissue properties that may serve as optical biomarkers for diagnosis. Both the advantages and drawbacks of these techniques for the diagnosis of cervical precancerous lesions are discussed and compared.
Heavy Metals Uptake by Trees near a Waste Incinerator
Authors: Morichetti Mauro , Passerini Giorgio , Baltrėnas Pranas , Baltrėnaitė Edita , Corvatta Gianni
Published: September 2017

Incinerators produce energy burning virtually everything including waste, but emit pollutants such as heavy
metals and carbon monoxide (CO). These substances can be uptaken by trees through their roots, leaves or stems. To
evaluate the quantity of heavy metals uptaken, and to validate the methodology, we studied an incinerator and its area
of influence. In order to catalogue the impact of the incinerator on the environment, sampling sites were grouped into
seven categories according to the prevailing wind direction. The selected tree species was Populus Alba and heavy
metals considered were antimony (Sb), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb),
copper (Cu), vanadium (V), and zinc (Zn). In a first stage, the metals concentrations were compared with literature data.
Metals with higher concentrations were chromium (Cr) and lead (Pb). Metal concentrations of polluted zones were then
compared, with control site. Sample points near the incinerator showed lower metals concentrations whereas, all samples
taken in an urban area had higher concentrations, especially chromium (Cr) and lead (Pb). A final analysis revealed that
the tree species chosen are not a good choice to evaluate bioaccumulation since its dynamic factors of biophilicity are
low. However such trees proved suitable for phytoremediation.
The Impact of Road Familiarity on the Perception of Traffic Signs – Eye Tracking Case Study
Authors: Babić Dario , Babić Darko , Šcukanec Andelko
Published: September 2017

Traffic sign visual information provides road users with the basic instructions regarding route selection, safety at intersections, warnings on physical obstacles on the road and safe route marking. The use of sophisticated eye tracking systems is an efficient way to analyse the influence of traffic signs on drivers’ behaviour. In this paper, the drivers’ perception of traffics signs has been analysed using such a system. The aim of this paper is to determine how the perception of traffic signs changes according to the frequency of driving on a specific route or according to the route familiarity. The results show that the drivers’ perception of traffic signs declines as they get familiar with the route and road conditions. In addition, older drivers having more driving experience perceive fewer signs and elements from the environment because they are often led by their own experience and knowledge, so they do not need the same amount of information as compared to younger drivers.
Experimental Study for Asphalt Laying Using Control of Pavement Compaction Technology on Roads
Authors: Bertulienė Lina , Augutis Aurimas
Published: September 2017

Hot mix asphalt (HMA) is produced and laid at high temperature and therefore it is subjected to segregation due to differential cooling, which usually occurs during asphalt material transportation and road pavement construction. If mixing temperature is inconstant the degree of compaction may vary, and this will inevitably result in poor performance of the newly laid road pavement. This study describes factors influencing the quality of asphalt pavement construction and analyses results of repair of the selected road section using the solutions of the asphalt mix compaction control technology with the aim to increase the service life of road pavement and to reduce construction costs. Data were obtained by the asphalt pavement compaction control system TOPCON C-63A built in the HAMM company rollers HD- 75 and HD-120 used at the paving site, and by the TROXLER 3451 device used for the self-control density measuring tests. The data obtained enabled to determine the number of rolling passes, temperature differentials of asphalt pavement and pavement compaction.
Analysis, Research and Assessment of the Measures of Railway Protection from Snow
Authors: Gailienė Inesa
Published: September 2017

The research object of this paper are the railway switches. The paper studies the efficiency of the usage system of a stationary switch protection in the Lithuanian railways. The study consisted of observations and condition assessment , as well as a survey of the people whose work is directly related to the switch exploitation, in order to establish the specifics, advantages, disadvantages, and experience in the Lithuanian railway system. It was found that the system is an efficient technical solution to obtain maximum results with minimal costs because the system is efficient, necessary in Lithuania in consideration of climate conditions, does not require high maintenance, system installation is fast and simple, the system does not affect train traffic, but rather helps in protecting the most sensitive parts of a switch from snow, especially during a snow storm. During the use of the system, switch blades are not blown out or blown out to a lesser extent. As the electric switch heating is used, the use of electric heating system becomes more efficient because the stock rail maintains heat for a longer period. Furthermore, in consideration of the research carried out, this paper provides the recommendations of the system use.
Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of children admitted with fever in emergency department with or without sepsis
Authors: Costa de Santana Mariana , Duarte Mello Amoedo Caroline , Nascimento-Carvalho Cristiana Maria
Published: September 2017

Introduction: Sepsis is a major cause of childhood death worldwide. In developing countries, epidemiological data about sepsis is scarce. This study describes and compares the frequency of etiological agents and initial sites of infection in children with or without sepsis, identifying risk factors and assessing outcomes.

Methodology: Clinical and demographic data from patients < 13 years of age with reported fever in a pediatric emergency department were collected and registered in forms. Patients were classified as with or without sepsis according to Goldstein et al.’s criteria [6].

Results: Of 254 patients, 120 (47%) did and 134 (53%) did not meet the sepsis definition. Overall, the median age (IQR) was 1.7 (0.8–3.9) years, and 153 (60%) were boys. Patients with sepsis were older (2.8 [1.1–5.3] versus 1.3 [0.6–2.9] years; p < 0.001) and had sickle-cell disease more frequently (7.6% versus 0.8%; p = 0.007). By multiple logistic regression, age and sickle-cell disease were independently associated with sepsis. The most frequent initial infections were pneumonia (43.7%), diarrhea (17.3%) and cellulitis/adenitis (13.0%). The frequency of these did not differ when patients with or without sepsis were compared. Etiology was established in 57 (22.4%) patients, 32 (26.7%), and 25 (18.7%) with or without sepsis, respectively. Four (3.3%) patients died in the sepsis subgroup, whereas none died in the other subgroup.

Conclusions: Children who met the 2005 international consensus definition of sepsis showed differences in age and comorbidities (sickle-cell disease) upon admission and were more likely to die.
Le travail réflexif de la pulsion : un aller-retour ?
Authors: Fierens Christian
Published: September 2017

La pulsion ne peut pas être conceptualisée dans le cadre de la dichotomie classique du corps et de l’esprit. Elle implique au contraire une série de parcours ou de dérives (imaginaire, symbolique, réel) qui sont en même temps l’armature de la méthode psychanalytique. La pulsion ne peut donc être interprétée comme symbolique ou du côté d’un super grand Autre. Elle trouve sa place spécifique dans la suite logique du manque radical de ce grand Autre – S(A barré). Et c’est par là qu’elle ouvre un espace de liberté qui dépasse de loin le champ du fantasme.
Instruments à la disposition des pouvoirs publics pour encourager une meilleure mobilité des Belges : focus sur le péage urbain et recherche de l’optimum
Authors: Duchateau Hugues , Duvigneaud Louis , Speth Christophe
Published: September 2017

Sur base de modèles de choix discrets couplés à des outils de modélisation du trafic, il est proposé de définir un scénario de tarification routière optimale pour la Région de Bruxelles-Capitale, ainsi que de quantifier les impacts de différents scénarios alternatifs de tarification sur la congestion, les émissions de polluants et l’utilisation des autres modes de transport. Avec une tarification optimale (au coût marginal de congestion) partout et à toute heure, la réduction de trafic au sein de la RBC serait de l’ordre de 13 % pendant la pointe matinale. Un tel scénario de tarification demeure purement théorique, et ne peut pas être reproduit avec les technologies de tarification actuelles (ou alors à un coût prohibitif), car le tarif devrait varier pour chaque voirie en fonction de son niveau de congestion, et ce à toute heure. Néanmoins, ce résultat permet de localiser l’optimum et de calculer le tarif moyen correspondant. Un péage de zone de 3 €/jour constitue un scénario alternatif de tarification. Pour ce dernier, le modèle prévoit une réduction de trafic de l’ordre de 11 %. Classification JEL : R480, R410, D620
Procedural Sedation With Ketamine Versus Propofol for Closed Reduction of Pediatric Both Bone Forearm Fractures
Authors: Morrison Todd , Carender Chris , Kilbane Brendan , Liu Raymond W.
Published: September 2017

Effective treatment of pediatric both bone forearm fractures consists of timely restoration of anatomic alignment with manipulation and immobilization, often accomplished with the aid of procedural sedation in the emergency department setting. The current lack of consensus regarding a safe and optimal regimen may result in inadequate sedation, compromised quality of reduction, or patient harm. The current study was conducted to answer the following questions for pediatric both bone forearm fractures treated with closed reduction with either ketamine or propofol procedural sedation: (1) Is there a difference in the rate of unacceptable alignment 4 weeks after reduction? (2) Is there a difference in the rates of major sedation-related complications? Medical records, data on procedural sedation, and radiographs of 74 skeletally immature patients with diaphyseal or distal metaphyseal both bone forearm fractures treated with manipulation were reviewed (ketamine sedation, 26; propofol sedation, 48). Rates of unacceptable alignment for the 2 cohorts were similar both immediately after reduction and at 4 weeks. Rates of complications of procedural sedation did not differ between cohorts. The duration of procedural sedation was longer and the padding index was greater with ketamine. Malalignment after reduction was more likely in older patients and those with a higher padding index. Although no difference was found in the rates of malalignment or sedation-related complications between fractures reduced with ketamine or propofol sedation, the sedation regimens differ in both procedural duration and padding index. Careful consideration of the risks and benefits of procedural sedation for closed reduction of pediatric forearm fractures is warranted. [
Orthopedics.
2017; 40(5):288–294.]
Comparison of Knee Stability and Synovial Fluid Alterations in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction With a Hamstring Autograft or an Allograft
Authors: Yang Rui , Deng Haiquan , Hou Jingyi , Ouyang Yi , Chen Zhong , Song Bin , Zhou Yunfeng , Tan Weiquan , Li Weiping , Shen Huiyong
Published: September 2017

This study compared knee stability and alterations in the composition of synovial fluid among patients who underwent arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction with either a hamstring autograft or a hamstring allograft. This prospective cohort study enrolled 175 patients. Of these patients, 90 underwent hamstring tendon autograft ACL reconstruction. The remaining patients (n=85) underwent hamstring tendon allograft ACL reconstruction. All of the patients had a minimum of 1 year of follow-up (mean, 2.5 years). Side-to-side differences and the proportion of mononuclear cells in knee joint synovial fluid were measured at 5 time points (preoperatively and at postoperative weeks 1, 3, 6, and 12). During the early postoperative phase, side-to-side knee laxity was greater among the allograft group compared with the autograft group (
P
<.001). Additionally, among the allograft group, the proportion of mononuclear cells remained high at weeks 6 and 12 (mean, 90.0% and 88.9%, respectively) compared with a normal level in the autograft group (mean, 45.1% and 65.7%, separately). However, no significant difference was found between the 2 groups at final follow-up for range of motion, results of the Lachman test, results of the anterior drawer test, results of the pivot shift test, Lysholm score, bone tunnel enlargement, and graft failure rate (
P
>.05). These findings showed that, in the early postoperative phase, ACL reconstruction with a hamstring allograft resulted in greater knee laxity and immunologic response compared with the hamstring autograft group. However, at relatively long-term follow-up, both grafts achieved similar objective and subjective outcomes. [
Orthopedics.
2017; 40(5):e892–e897.]
Advances in Computer-Aided Technology for Total Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Siddiqi Ahmed , Hardaker W. Mack , Eachempati Krishna Kiran , Sheth Neil P.
Published: September 2017

Technology such as computer-assisted navigation systems, robotic-assisted systems, and patient-specific instrumentation has been increasingly explored during the past decade in an effort to optimize component alignment and improve clinical outcomes. Computer-assisted navigation accurately restores mechanical-axis alignment, but clinical outcome data are inconsistent. Computer-assisted navigation gap balancing has shown early promise in establishing mechanical-axis alignment with improved functional outcomes. Robotic-assisted systems more accurately restore component alignment when compared with computer-assisted navigation, but clinical outcomes have yet to be determined. Patient-specific instrumentation does not consistently improve alignment, accuracy, or patient outcomes. Studies demonstrating implant survivorship, cost-efficiency, and improved clinical outcomes and patient satisfaction are needed. [
Orthopedics
. 2017; 40(6):338–352.]
Innovative Use of Service-Learning to Enhance Baccalaureate Nursing Education
Authors: Taylor Wanda , Pruitt Rosanne , Fasolino Tracy
Published: September 2017

Background:

Service-learning is an established pedagogical approach to nursing education found primarily in community nursing. With changing health care landscapes, the expansion of service-learning projects throughout the nursing program provides opportunities to enrich assessment and critical thinking and amplify exposure to determinants of health.

Method:

Implementing service-learning in foundational nursing courses allows students to be challenged with the application of complex care management within a context of caring, cultural competence, social responsibility, and self-care initiatives.

Results:

Integrating service-learning throughout the nursing curriculum has the potential to make positive, sustainable changes within a community, while simultaneously preparing students to view clients holistically, think critically, and develop cultural competence.

Conclusion:

Enhancing nursing curriculum by integrating service-learning opportunities can strengthen the learning experience and foster concepts of caring, social responsibility, cultural competence, and self-care. Working with community leaders from diverse groups can lead to sustainable projects that simultaneously benefit the community and nursing education. [J Nurs Educ.2017;56(9):560–563.]
Meronymic Relationships
Authors: Storey Veda C.
Published: September 2017

Different types of meronymic, or part-whole, relationships have long been recognized as being important, but difficult to distinguish amongst, by researchers in areas outside of the database field. The purpose of the research reported here is to analyze these relationships and show how they apply to database design problems. This includes both providing a clear set of rules for distinguishing amongst different types of meronymic relationships and determining how a design can be affected based upon the analysis.
Neurocomputing Approach to Residential Property Valuation
Authors: Lu Ming-Te , Lu Debra H.
Published: September 2017

This article introduces neurocomputing—the application of neural networks to problems in business. It describes important characteristics of problems appropriate for neurocomputing. An application to market valuation of residential properties is presented to elucidate neurocomputing project development. The back propagation network paradigm in a PC package is used with training and testing sets selected from data of properties sold in a Midwestern city. A description of the training and testing of the network is presented together with an assessment of the network’s performance. Advantages and disadvantages of the neurocomputing approach are discussed.
Body composition and socioeconomic factors in patients with hepatic steatosis
Authors: Cruz Josilda Ferreira , Oliveira Ariel Figueiredo , Santana Demetrius Silva de , Lima Sonia Oliveira , Cruz Mário Augusto Ferreira , Cruz Marcelo Augusto Ferreira
Published: September 2017

The study aimed to evaluate the association of the components of body composition (body mass index – BMI, waist circumference, basal metabolism, body fat percentage, fat weight, fat free percentage and lean weight) with gender, age, income and schooling in patients with hepatic steatosis. Descriptive and survey study, with quantitative analytical approach. Data were collected through ultrasound and bioimpedance tests. The significance was p < 0.05 and software used was SPSS 22.0. A sample of 114 patients with hepatic steatosis, 70.1% were women. The mean age was 46.2, only 11.4% had normal BMI. The mean BMI was 30.4, waist circumference 100.2 cm, fat percentage 37.97%, basal metabolism 1451.9 kcal, fat weight 31.0 kg. Statistical differences in several variables in relation to gender and age were found. However, no statistically significant differences were found regarding schooling and income. Changes in body composition were obvious in patients with hepatic steatosis.
Bone morphogenetic protein-4 and bone morphogenetic protein receptors expressions in the adult rat eye
Authors: Maruyama-Koide Yuka , Mikawa Sumiko , Sasaki Takeshi , Sato Kohji
Published: September 2017

We investigated the expressions of bone morphogenetic protein-4 (BMP4) and its receptors, bone morphogenetic protein receptor IA (BMPRIA), bone morphogenetic protein receptor IB (BMPRIB) and bone morphogenetic protein receptor II (BMPRII) in the adult rat eye. Interesting differences in expression profile were observed between BMPRIA and BMPRIB in the retina. BMPRIA-like immunoreactivity (IR) was very intensely seen in the photoreceptor layer, while BMPRIB-IR was mainly observed in the other layers. In the cornea, BMP4, BMPRIA, BMPRIB and BMPRII-IRs were abundantly seen in the cell body of basal cells in the corneal epithelium, and endothelium. In the lens, BMP4, BMPRIA, BMPRIB and BMPRII-IRs were observed in epithelial cells, lens cortical fiber cells, however they were not seen in the capsule and the central region of the lens. In the iris and ciliary body, strong BMP4 and BMPRIB-IRs were observed in nonpigmented epithelium. These results suggest that different kinds of BMP signaling should be needed in different areas in the adult eye to keep the shapes, differentiation levels, and functions of various cells.
Wheelchair service provision education in academia
Authors: Fung Karen H. , Rushton Paula W. , Gartz Rachel , Goldberg Mary , Toro Maria L. , Seymour Nicky , Pearlman Jonathan
Published: September 2017

Background: An estimated 70 million people with disabilities need wheelchairs. To address this global crisis, the World Health Organization (WHO) proposed an eight-step wheelchair service provision model to ensure service quality regardless of resource setting. The International Society of Wheelchair Professionals (ISWP) aims to facilitate the integration of the WHO eight-step model into professional rehabilitation programmes.Objective: To develop an enhanced understanding of the current wheelchair service provision education provided in professional rehabilitation programmes worldwide.Methods: In a cross-sectional design, an online survey was distributed to ISWP contacts of educational institutions. Quantitative responses were analysed through summary statistics and qualitative answers were analysed by content analyses. When relevant, educational institutions were stratified into resource settings.Results: Seventy-two representatives of educational institutions in 21 countries completed the survey. Wheelchair content was taught in 79% of represented institutions, of which 75% of respondents reported using original course material, 10% of respondents used WHO Wheelchair Service Training Packages and 15% of respondents used other available resources. The majority of educational institutions teaching with their own wheelchair-related course material taught ≤ 20 hours. Fourteen of the 15 respondents without wheelchair education, expressed an interest in integrating wheelchair education into their academic curricula.Conclusion: The majority of the educational institutions teach wheelchair education; however, there is great variability in what and how it is taught and evaluated. The results demonstrate the need for more in-depth investigation regarding the integration process of wheelchair education in educational institutions, with the ultimate goal of improving wheelchair service provision worldwide.
The long-term impact of wheelchair delivery on the lives of people with disabilities in three countries of the world
Authors: Shore Susan
Published: September 2017

Background: Lack of access to mobility for people with disabilities, particularly in less- resourced settings, continues to be widespread. Despite challenges to wheelchair delivery, the benefits to health, employment, social integration and life satisfaction are apparent.Objectives: Previous studies have explored the impact of receiving a wheelchair on the lives of the users through cross-sectional or short-term longitudinal analysis. The current study was undertaken to evaluate whether previously reported changes were sustained after 30 months of use, and whether results varied between two differing models of a wheelchair.Method: One hundred and ninety-one subjects from Peru, Uganda and Vietnam received one of two models of wheelchair provided by the Free Wheelchair Mission. Using interviews to record survey results, data were collected at the time the wheelchair was received and following 12 and 30 months of use. Variables of overall health, employment, income and travel were explored through non-parametric analysis.Results: There was a significant improvement in overall health and distance travelled after 12 months, but these changes were no longer significant by 30 months (Friedman test for overall change, p = 0.000). Employment status showed a small but significant increase at 12 and 30 months (Cochran’s Q, p = 0.000). Reported income increased slowly, becoming significantly different at 30 months (Friedman test, p = 0.033). There was no association between the model of wheelchair received and the incidence of pressure ulcers, pain or maintenance required. There was higher satisfaction with the GEN_2 wheelchair at 12 months (p = 0.004), but this difference was not apparent by 30 months. Overall wheelchair satisfaction and maintenance levels were favourable.Conclusion: While overall health status, and distance travelled into the community fluctuated over time, receipt of one of two models of a wheelchair in less-resourced settings of the world appears to have a positive sustained impact on employment and income. Further investigations should be carried out to confirm these results and explore the factors responsible for fluctuating variables. This study affirms the importance of long-term follow-up of outcomes associated with wheelchair distribution in less-resourced environments.
On the Invariant Factors of Class Groups in Towers of Number Fields
Authors: Hajir Farshid , Maire Christian
Published: September 2017

For a finite abelian p-group A of rank d = dim A/pA, let A := be its (logarithmic) mean exponent. We study the behavior of themean exponent of p-class groups in pro-p towers L/K of number fields. Via a combination of results from analytic and algebraic number theory, we construct infinite tamely ramified pro-p towers in which the mean exponent of p-class groups remains bounded. Several explicit examples are given with p = 2. Turning to group theory, we introduce an invariant attached to a finitely generated pro-p group G; when G = Gal(L/K), where L is the Hilbert p-class field tower of a number field K, measures the asymptotic behavior of the mean exponent of p-class groups inside L/K. We compare and contrast the behavior of this invariant in analytic versus non-analytic groups. We exploit the interplay of group-theoretical and number-theoretical perspectives on this invariant and explore some open questions that arise as a result, which may be of independent interest in group theory.
Remarks on Inner Functions and Optimal Approximants
Authors: Bénéteau Catherine , Fleeman Matthew C. , Khavinson Dmitry S. , Seco Daniel , Sola Alan A.
Published: September 2017

We discuss the concept of inner function in reproducing kernelHilbert spaces with an orthogonal basis of monomials and examine connections between inner functions and optimal polynomial approximants to 1/f, wherefis a function in the space. We revisit some classical examples from this perspective, and show how a construction of Shapiro and Shields can be modiûed to produce inner functions.
Efficacy and Safety of Liposomal Amphotericin B for Visceral Leishmaniasis in Children and Adolescents at a Tertiary Care Center in Bihar, India
Authors: Pandey Krishna , Pal Biplab , Siddiqui Niyamat Ali , Rabi Das Vidya Nand , Murti Krishna , Lal Chandra Shekhar , Verma Neena , Babu Rajendra , Ali Vahab , Kumar Rakesh , Das Pradeep
Published: September 2017

Liposomal amphotericin B is being used increasingly to reduce the burden of kala-azar from the Indian subcontinent. There are studies which have evaluated efficacy and safety of liposomal amphotericin B for visceral leishmaniasis in all age groups. However, the only study that specifically addressed treatment of childhood visceral leishmaniasis did not include all ages or document renal and liver function. We, therefore, felt it was important to reassess the efficacy and safety of single dose liposomal amphotericin B in children and adolescents. A total of 100 parasitologically confirmed visceral leishmaniasis patients aged < 15 years were included in this study. Participants consisted of 65 males and 35 females. All of them had come from the endemic region of Bihar. They were administered one dose intravenous infusion of liposomal amphptericin B at 10 mg/kg body weight. Efficacy was assessed as initial and final cure at 1 and 6 months, respectively, and safety of all participants who were recruited in the study. The initial and final cure rate by per protocol analysis was 100% and 97.9%, respectively. Chills and rigors were the most commonly occurring adverse events (AEs). All the AEs were mild in intensity, and none of the patients experienced any serious AEs. No patients developed nephrotoxicity. Our finding indicates that liposomal amphotericin B at 10 mg/kg body weight is safe and effective in children. Results of our study support the use of single dose liposomal amphotericin B in all age group populations for elimination of kala-azar from the Indian subcontinent.
Efficacy and Safety of a Single-Dose Mebendazole 500 mg Chewable, Rapidly-Disintegrating Tablet for Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura Infection Treatment in Pediatric Patients: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Phase 3 Study
Authors: Silber Steven A. , Diro Ermias , Workneh Netsanet , Mekonnen Zeleke , Levecke Bruno , Steinmann Peter , Umulisa Irenee , Alemu Hailemaryam , Baeten Benny , Engelen Marc , Hu Peter , Friedman Andrew , Baseman Alan , Mrus Joseph
Published: September 2017

This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluated the efficacy and safety of a new chewable, rapidly-disintegrating mebendazole (MBZ) 500 mg tablet for Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura infection treatment. Pediatric patients (1–15 years; N = 295; from Ethiopia and Rwanda) excreting A. lumbricoides and/or T. trichiura eggs were enrolled. The study had a screening phase (3 days), a double-blind treatment phase (DBP, 19 days), and an open-label phase (OLP, 7 days). Patients received MBZ or placebo on day 1 of DBP and open-label MBZ on day 19 ± 2 after stool sample collection. Cure rates (primary endpoint), defined as species-specific egg count of 0 at the end of DBP, were significantly higher in the MBZ group than placebo for A. lumbricoides (83.7% [72/86; 95% CI: 74.2%; 90.8%] versus 11.1% [9/81; 95% CI: 5.2%; 20.1%], P < 0.001) and for T. trichiura (33.9% [42/124; 95% CI: 25.6%; 42.9%] versus 7.6% [9/119; 95% CI: 3.5%; 13.9%], P < 0.001). Egg reduction rates (secondary endpoint) were significantly higher in the MBZ group than placebo for A. lumbricoides (97.9% [95% CI: 94.4; 99.9] versus 19.2% [95% CI: −5.9; 41.5]; P < 0.001) and T. trichiura (59.7% [95% CI: 33.9; 78.8] versus 10.5% [95% CI: −16.8; 32.9]; P = 0.003). Treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) in MBZ group occurred in 6.3% (9/144) of patients during DBP and 2.5% (7/278) during OLP. No deaths, serious TEAEs, or TEAEs leading to discontinuations were reported. A 500 mg chewable MBZ tablet was more efficacious than placebo for the treatment of A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura infections in pediatric patients, and no safety concerns were identified.
Case Series of Naegleria fowleri Primary Ameobic Meningoencephalitis from Karachi, Pakistan
Authors: Ghanchi Najia K. , Jamil Bushra , Khan Erum , Ansar Zeeshan , Samreen Azra , Zafar Afia , Hasan Zahra
Published: September 2017

Naegleria fowleri causes primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) which is almost always fatal. Naegleria fowleri is waterborne, and its infections are usually associated with aquatic activities but it can also be transmitted via the domestic water supply. An increasing number of N. fowleri cases have been reported from Pakistan. Improved methods for diagnosis are required. We report the utility of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the diagnosis of N. fowleri in patients suspected of PAM. One hundred and sixteen cases suspected of having PAM were examined. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens were tested at the Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi. Nineteen CSF specimens were positive for N. fowleri using PCR. Naegleria fowleri positive patients had a median age of 28 years and were 84% male and 16% female. Overall, CSF wet preparation microscopy was performed in 85 (73%) cases and identified that seven specimens were positive for motile trophozoites. The CSF wet preparation results were available for 15 of the 19 N. fowleri PCR positive CSF samples; seven (40%) wet preparations were positive. Our data highlight the threat of N. fowleri infection as a cause of PAM. It also emphasizes the utility of the PCR-based diagnosis of the amoeba for early diagnosis and management of the disease.
Characterization of Three New Insect-Specific Flaviviruses: Their Relationship to the Mosquito-Borne Flavivirus Pathogens
Authors: Guzman Hilda , Contreras-Gutierrez Maria Angelica , Travassos da Rosa Amelia P. A. , Nunes Marcio R. T. , Cardoso Jedson F. , Popov Vsevolod L. , Young Katherine I. , Savit Chelsea , Wood Thomas G. , Widen Steven G. , Watts Douglas M. , Hanley Kathryn A. , Perera David , Fish Durland , Vasilakis Nikos , Tesh Robert B.
Published: September 2017

Three novel insect-specific flaviviruses, isolated from mosquitoes collected in Peru, Malaysia (Sarawak), and the United States, are characterized. The new viruses, designated La Tina, Kampung Karu, and Long Pine Key, respectively, are antigenically and phylogenetically more similar to the mosquito-borne flavivirus pathogens, than to the classical insect-specific viruses like cell fusing agent and Culex flavivirus. The potential implications of this relationship and the possible uses of these and other arbovirus-related insect-specific flaviviruses are reviewed.
Numerical Simulation of Like and Unlike Impinging Jets
Authors: Kebriaee Azadeh , Dolatkhahi Hamed , Oliaee Ghader
Published: September 2017

In the present study, using the open source OpenFOAM code, a numerical simulation is performed taking the adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) technique during solution. Formation of liquid sheet after the impact of two identical cylindrical jets at various conditions is studied. Since the flow pattern depends upon the Reynolds and Weber numbers, numerical tests are conducted at a variety of flow velocities and Reynolds numbers to demonstrate the effect of these parameters on the sheet formation. It is then concluded that at various conditions, different instabilities occur in the flow; hence, different sheet formations a flow patterns happen.In this study, impact of two dissimilar cylindrical fluid jets is successfully simulated for the first time in literature. Actually, water and oil jets are taken into account and their impact behavior is studied. In the presence of the surrounding air, an unstable sheet will form after impact due to the high injection speed of the jets. As depicted in the results, since the inertia and other physical characteristics of the two fluids are dissimilar, different phases are more intensely diffused.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ILASS2017.2017.4865
The variability in the relationship between black carbon and carbon monoxide over the eastern coast of China: BC aging during transport
Authors: Guo Qingfeng , Hu Min , Guo Song , Wu Zhijun , Peng Jianfei , Wu Yusheng
Published: September 2017

Abstract. East Asia is a densely populated region with a myriad of primary emissions of pollutants such as black carbon (BC) and carbon monoxide (CO). To characterize primary emissions over the eastern coast of China, a series of field campaigns were conducted in 2011, including measurements from a ship cruise, island, and coastal receptor sites. The relationship between BC and CO is presented here for the first ship cruise (C1), the second ship cruise (C2), an island site (Changdao Island, CD), and a coastal site (Wenling, WL). The average BC mass concentrations were 2.43, 2.73, 1.09, 0.94, and 0.77 µg m−3 for CD, WL, C1-YS (Yellow Sea), C1-ES (East China Sea), and C2-ES, respectively. For those locations, the average CO mixing ratios were 0.55, 0.48, 0.31, 0.36, and 0.27 ppm. The high loadings of both BC and CO imply severe anthropogenic pollution over the eastern coast of China. Additionally, the linear correlation between BC and CO was regressed for each location. The slopes, i.e., the ratios of ΔBC to ΔCO derived from their relationship, correlated well with the ratios of diesel consumption to gasoline consumption in each province/city, which reveals vehicular emission to be the common source for BC and CO and that there are distinct fuel structures between North and South China. The ΔBC/ΔCO values at coastal sites (Changdao Island and Wenling) were much higher than those over the Yellow Sea and East China Sea, and the correlation coefficients also showed a decreasing trend from the coast to the sea. Therefore, the quantity of ΔBC/ΔCO and the correlation coefficients are possible indicators for the aging and removal of BC.
Updated atmospheric speciated mercury emissions from iron and steel production in China during 2000–2015
Authors: Wu Qingru , Gao Wei , Wang Shuxiao , Hao Jiming
Published: September 2017

Abstract. Iron and steel production (ISP) is one of the significant atmospheric Hg emission sources in China. Atmospheric mercury (Hg) emissions from ISP during 2000–2015 were estimated by using a technology-based emission factor method. To support the application of this method, databases of Hg concentrations in raw materials, technology development trends, and Hg removal efficiencies of air pollution control devices (APCDs) were constructed through national sampling and literature review. Hg input to ISP increased from 21.6 t in 2000 to 94.5 t in 2015. In the various types of raw materials, coking coal and iron concentrates contributed 35–46 and 25–32 % of the total Hg input. Atmospheric Hg emissions from ISP increased from 11.5 t in 2000 to 32.7 t in 2015 with a peak of 35.6 t in 2013. Pollution control promoted the increase in average Hg removal efficiency, from 47 % in 2000 to 65 % in 2015. During the study period, sinter/pellet plants and blast furnaces were the largest two emission processes. However, emissions from roasting plants and coke ovens cannot be ignored, which accounted for 22–34 % of ISP's emissions. Overall, Hg speciation shifted from 50/44/6 (gaseous elemental Hg (Hg0)/gaseous oxidized Hg (HgII)/particulate-bound Hg (Hgp)) in 2000 to 40/59/1 in 2015, which indicated a higher proportion of Hg deposition around the emission points. Future emissions of ISP were expected to decrease based on the comprehensive consideration crude-steel production, steel scrap utilization, energy saving, and pollution control measures.
Optical and microphysical properties of natural mineral dust and anthropogenic soil dust near dust source regions over Northwestern China
Authors: Wang Xin , Wen Hui , Shi Jinsen , Bi Jianrong , Huang Zhongwei , Zhang Beidou , zhou Tian , Fu Kaiqi , Chen Quanliang , Xin Jinyuan
Published: September 2017

Abstract. From 3 April to 16 May 2014, a ground-based mobile laboratory was deployed to measure the optical and microphysical properties of tropospheric aerosols near dust source regions in Wuwei, Zhangye, and Dunhuang along the Hexi Corridor over Northwestern China. This study is novel in that we not only captured natural mineral dust near the Taklimakan and Badain Jaran desert regions but also characterized the properties of anthropogenic soil dust produced by agricultural cultivations (e.g., land planning, ploughing, and disking), especially during floating dust episodes. In this dust campaign, the aerosol scattering (absorption) coefficient (σsp and σap), single scattering albedo (ω), scattering Ångström exponent (Åsp), mass scattering efficiency (MSE), and aerosol size distribution were observed at 5-min intervals. The results indicate that large differences were found between the optical and microphysical properties of anthropogenic and natural dust because of floating dust episodes and dust storms. The values of σsp, σap and ω of PM2.5 measured at 550 nm range from ~ 37–532 Mm−1, ~ 2.2–55.3 Mm−1 and ~ 0.64–0.98, respectively, because of the presence of anthropogenic soil dust during floating dust episodes, and the corresponding values under background conditions are ~ 21–163 Mm−1, ~ 1.3–34.8 Mm−1, and ~ 0.70–0.98, respectively. We note that the higher values of σsp and ω and lower values of Åsp indicate that the aerosol particles observed during a strong dust storm in Zhangye were dominated by coarse mode particles originating from desert regions. However, the highest values of MSE reveal that the anthropogenic soil dust produced by agricultural cultivations can scatter more solar radiation than coarse mode particles.
Error sources in the retrieval of aerosol information over bright surfaces from satellite measurements in the oxygen A-band
Authors: Nanda Swadhin , de Graaf Martin , Sneep Maarten , de Haan Johan F. , Stammes Piet , Sanders Abram F. J. , Tuinder Olaf , Veefkind J. Pepijn , Levelt Pieternel F.
Published: September 2017

Abstract. Retrieving aerosol optical thickness and aerosol layer height over a bright surface from measured top of atmosphere reflectance spectrum in the oxygen A-band is known to be challenging, often resulting in large errors. In certain atmospheric conditions and viewing geometries, a loss of sensitivity to aerosol optical thickness has been reported in literature. This loss of sensitivity has been attributed to a phenomenon known as critical surface albedo regime, which is a range of surface albedos for which the top of atmosphere reflectance has minimal sensitivity to aerosol optical thickness. This paper extends the concept of critical surface albedo for aerosol layer height retrievals in the oxygen A-band, and discusses its implications. The underlying physics are introduced by analysing top of atmosphere reflectance spectra obtained using a radiative transfer model. Furthermore, error analysis of the aerosol layer height retrieval algorithm are conducted over dark and bright surfaces to show the dependency on surface reflectance. The analysis shows that the information on aerosol layer height from atmospheric path contribution and the surface contribution to the top of atmosphere are opposite in sign – an increase in surface brightness results in a decrease in information content. In the case of aerosol optical thickness, these contributions are anti-correlated, leading to large retrieval errors in high surface albedo regimes. The consequence of this anti-correlation is demonstrated with measured spectra in the oxygen A-band from GOME-2A instrument on board the Metop-A satellite over the 2010 Russian wildfires incident.
Global manure nitrogen production and application in cropland during 1860–2014: a 5 arcmin gridded global dataset for Earth system modeling
Authors: Zhang Bowen , Tian Hanqin , Lu Chaoqun , Dangal Shree R. S. , Yang Jia , Pan Shufen
Published: September 2017

Abstract. Given the important role of nitrogen input from livestock systems in terrestrial nutrient cycles and the atmospheric chemical composition, it is vital to have a robust estimation of the magnitude and spatiotemporal variation in manure nitrogen production and its application to cropland across the globe. In this study, we used the dataset from the Global Livestock Impact Mapping System (GLIMS) in conjunction with country-specific annual livestock populations to reconstruct the manure nitrogen production during 1860–2014. The estimated manure nitrogen production increased from 21.4 Tg N yr−1 in 1860 to 131.0 Tg N yr−1 in 2014 with a significant annual increasing trend (0.7 Tg N yr−1, p < 0.01). Changes in manure nitrogen production exhibited high spatial variability and concentrated in several hotspots (e.g., Western Europe, India, northeastern China, and southeastern Australia) across the globe over the study period. In the 1860s, the northern midlatitude region was the largest manure producer, accounting for ∼ 52 % of the global total, while low-latitude regions became the largest share (∼ 48 %) in the most recent 5 years (2010–2014). Among all the continents, Asia accounted for over one-fourth of the global manure production during 1860–2014. Cattle dominated the manure nitrogen production and contributed ∼ 44 % of the total manure nitrogen production in 2014, followed by goats, sheep, swine, and chickens. The manure nitrogen application to cropland accounts for less than one-fifth of the total manure nitrogen production over the study period. The 5 arcmin gridded global dataset of manure nitrogen production generated from this study could be used as an input for global or regional land surface and ecosystem models to evaluate the impacts of manure nitrogen on key biogeochemical processes and water quality. To ensure food security and environmental sustainability, it is necessary to implement proper manure management practices on cropland across the globe. Datasets are available at https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.871980 (Zhang et al., 2017).