bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE APPLICABILITY OF THE TRADITIONAL THEORY OF ECONOMIC POLICY
Authors: van Velthoven Ben C. J.
Published: October 2006

Abstract. The traditional theory of economic policy requires targets, instruments, an empirical economic model, and a social welfare or criterion function to be specified in order to derive the optimal economic policy. Empirical studies of reaction functions suggest that economic policy is carried out in some systematic manner, subject to interference from political factors. This survey addresses the problems of specifying, estimating and applying an economic model when economic policy is following a path specified by a reaction function. Attention is paid to rational expectations, the Lucas’critique, and the policy neutrality proposition. Lack of knowledge of the policy maker's objective function poses the most serious difficulty when applying the theory of economic policy. Various methods of determining this function are reviewed, and the possibility that policy makers might be satisficing is discussed. The role played by political factors is considered in the light of the public choice literature.
THE ECONOMICS OF EXPLORATION FOR NON‐RENEWABLE RESOURCES
Authors: Cairns Robert D.
Published: October 2006

Abstract. The literature on exploration for non‐renewable resources is surveyed. Following a brief synopsis in section 2, section 3 focuses on issues related to the world market for resources. Section 4 considers more microeconomic supply‐related issues linked to the exploration of the small region or play. Section 5 turns to the small but growing literature on exploration as a learning process related to R&D. The latter sections pay particular attention to empirical and policy aspects.
ECONOMETRIC APPROACHES TO EMPIRICAL MODELS OF EXCHANGE RATE DETERMINATION
Authors: Pentecost Eric J.
Published: October 2006

Abstract. This paper identifies four principal econometric approaches to the estimation and testing of asset market models of exchange rate determination: the traditional, static reduced‐form approach; the error correction and co‐integration, dynamic reduced‐form approaches; the simultaneous equations approach; and large scale, multi‐equation macroeconometric simulation models. Each of these econometric approaches is evaluated with respect to its theoretical validity and the comparative properties of the empirical results obtained. This leads to the conclusion that although there may be little to choose between the different theoretical exchange rate models, there may be grounds for favouring a multi‐equation, simultaneous estimation procedure for this class of models.
EQUILIBRIUM BUSINESS CYCLES: THEORY AND EVIDENCE
Authors: Mullineux Andy W. , Dickinson David G.
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACT. This paper surveys equilibrium business cycles (EBC) theory, which has dominated the business cycle literature since the mid 1970s. It focuses primarily on the real business cycle (RBC) literature the origin of which is traced to the monetary equilibrium business cycle (MBC) model developed by Lucas (1975). RBC and MBC models are themselves related to a wider class of linear stochastic business cycle models which, following Frisch (1933), view the cycle as the result of the propagation, by the economic system, of a series of random shocks. The MBC approach highlighted the importance of monetary shocks but its failure to adequately explain observed fluctuations provided the impetus to the development of the RBC approach, which emphasises the importance of real shocks. This paper also appraises the empirical support for the RBC approach and finds it less than compelling. Given the failure of Keynesian, and equilibrium linear stochastic business cycle models to fully explain economic fluctuations, the Frischian approach to business cycle modelling is called into question. Developments to existing models, which may help to clarify our understanding of business cycle behaviour, are discussed with a view to setting out a research agenda for the 1990s and beyond.
INSIDERS AND OUTSIDERS IN UNION MODELS
Authors: Sanfey Peter J.
Published: October 2006

Abstract. This paper examines the importance of distinguishing between ‘insiders’and ‘outsiders’in models of union‐firm bargaining. In general, insiders are those workers already established in the firm, while outsiders are either unemployed or working in temporary, low‐security jobs. Modifying traditional union models to take account of this distinction is straightforward in one‐period models, where the union is assumed to be indifferent to the welfare of outsiders, but is much more complicated in dynamic models. Some of the predictions of insider‐outsider models concerning wage rigidity and unemployment are not robust. However, the prediction that wages will depend on both insider and outsider forces is robust and appears to be supported by the empirical evidence. Furthermore, evidence from the U.S. suggests that insider power should not be viewed as a purely union phenomenon.
Property and ‘Patriarchy’ in English History
Authors: MURRAY MARY
Published: October 2006

Abstract
This article seeks to demonstrate that the gendered structuring of property relations in England can be understood in terms of the historical development of modes of production and reproduction. Society at the barbarian chiefdom, feudal, and capitalist stages of development is analysed. It is argued that gender relations within barbarian chiefdoms were contradictory, and that these contradictions had detrimental implications for women under feudalism. Given this historical legacy, it is then argued that the specificity of capitalist property rights laid the basis for the division of classes along the lines of gender.
A Delicate People and Their Dogs
Authors: SIDER GERALD M.
Published: October 2006

Abstract
In the midst of the great depression, with a large number of people hovering on the edge of starvation, the government of Newfoundland decided to insist that all dogs be licensed ‐ for a fee. Unfolding the enforcement process permits us to see how suffering and domination become dynamically intertwined, and in the mesh of this moving net the concept of ‘subsistence production’ can be caught and brought more clearly into history.
In Search of the True West: Western Economic Models and Russian Rural Development
Authors: KINGSTON‐MANN ESTHER
Published: October 2006

Abstract
In the period between the Emancipation of 1861 and the Stolypin Reforms of 1906, educated Russians sought to make use of Western models as a basis for Russian strategies for rural development. Marxists and reforming officials of the tsarist regime looked particularly to England, and to the universal economic benefits which private property systems and ‘men of property’ contributed to England's agricultural and industrial revolutions. In contrast, Russia's leading economists and statisticians looked as well to the economic example of Denmark and Germany, and proposed more pluralistic approaches to the dilemmas of development.
Discipline Without Frontiers? Representations of the Mettray Reformatory Colony in Britain, 1840–1880
Authors: DRIVER FELIX
Published: October 2006

Abstract
The agricultural colony founded at Mettray, France, in 1839 rapidly acquired an international reputation as an exemplar of the ‘family system’ of moral training, in which inmates were dispersed into separate ‘houses’ rather than being concentrated in large buildings. Many foreign visitors portrayed Mettray as a place where the fruits of the new reformatory science had been realised in practice. The paper aims to show how the Mettray model came to play a critical role within debates over the treatment of criminal children and juvenile paupers in Britain between 1840 and 1880.
The ‘Sociology’ and ‘Anthropology’ of Berthold von Regensburg*
Authors: GUREVICH AARON
Published: October 2006

Abstract
This article deciphers the views of the German thirteenth century preacher Berthold von Regensburg about ‘social nature’ as they are demonstrated in his sermon ‘Of the five talents’. Berthold von Regensburg interprets the Gospel parable (Matthew, 25: 14–30) quite freely, in accordance with the social realities of his own time. The ‘talents’ given by God to the human being are their personalities, social vocations, or offices, life‐time, wealth, and love to their neighbours. Such an interpretation of the sacral text in the sermon read in a big South German town seems to be a kind of reflection of the burghers’ mentality. The hypothesis finds its further confirmation in other sermons in which he enumerates the professional groups of that society; this analysis is clearly town‐oriented. A fuller context for this text is provided in the author's own work especially ‘Questions of Philosophy’Voprosi Philosophii (Moskva, 1990)
Chalk and Cheese?‘Fielden’ and ‘Forest’ Communities in Early Modern England
Authors: DAVIE NEIL
Published: October 2006

Abstract
This article argues that the conventional division of early modern rural England into ‘fielden’ and ‘forest’ regions serves well neither agrarian nor social historians. It is suggested that the ‘fielden‐forest’ model is too blunt an instrument to analyse the diversity of regional farming systems, social structures and landholding patterns. Drawing upon an alternative seven‐way classification of agricultural regions, a more open‐ended and flexible ‘continuum’ model is proposed. It is further argued that the new schema offers a more satisfactory way of examining local differences in social and cultural structures than a division into two opposing regional blocks.
The Great Collapse, Democratic Paralysis and the Reception of the Bomb
Authors: UNGAR SHELDON
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Expanding the traditional question of how and why the bomb was built when it was, this paper asks how socio‐historical factors influenced the reception of the bomb in the West. It suggests that the bomb was received as the ‘winning weapon’ and that this view of it was linked to two historical factors: the Great Collapse, which undermined belief in historical progress and threatened the survival of the democracies; and the failure of balancing, the inability of the democracies, for a number of sociopolitical reasons, to act in their own collective security. As the winning weapon, the bomb was expected to overcome these problems. More broadly, the analysis suggests that when collective actions do not appear capable of redressing persistent threats, then leaders tend to invest their faith in technological panaceas.
Alternative Allegiances in Early Modern Irelandl*
Authors: CLARKE AIDAN
Published: October 2006

Abstract
The nature of allegiance in early modern Ireland was complicated by conquest and religious difference and fragmented by the diversity of a colonial community which was made up of settlers from different periods and different places, professing different religions, and competing for influence. Notoriously, it was the more recent English protestant settlers who prevailed. The argument of this essay is that the evolving character of catholic allegiance was shaped by the growing need to contain English influence through the protection afforded by a common crown whose authority in Ireland was independent of its authority in England. The sense of being joined with England, but separate from its political processes, was transmitted to the protestant colonists and provided the ingredients of the colonial patriotism of the eighteenth‐century ascendancy.
Ritual, Resistance and Social Reproduction: A Cultural Economy of Iron‐Smelting in Colonial Tanzania 1890–1975
Authors: LEMELLE SIDNEY J.
Published: October 2006

Abstract
The paper examines the historical relationships between ironworkers and peasants of Geita and other districts in colonial Tanzania. It explores their material. cultural and symbolic practices, as well as their interaction with merchants, native authorities and the colonial state. It is argued that these ironworkers and peasants. in providing for their social reproduction, confronted the daily challenges of existence through both material (economic) and ideological (cultural) means ‐ at once resisting and accommodating the terms of domination and incorporation.
Peeing on the Palace: Bodily Resistance to Bourbon Reforms in Mexico City
Authors: VOEKEL PAMELA
Published: October 2006

Abstract
In late eighteenth‐century Mexico City, the state instituted unprecedented efforts to transform the mores of the poor. Enlightened elites and state bureaucrats energetically limned the vices of the lower classes as both a means of social self‐definition and as a form of cultural proselytizing. This new antagomism between elite and popular culture cut not only across the social formation, but the topography of the city and the body of the individual, as the poor became bracketed with the now shameful functions of the lower body. The Bourbon reforms extended not only into daily life and Mexico City's increasingly monitored public places, but provided a focus for elite identity formation.
History,‘Los Pastores’, and the Shifting Poetics of Dislocation
Authors: FLORES RICHARD R.
Published: October 2006

Abstract
The history of ‘Los Pastores’ in Texas, a nativity play from medieval Spain used by the early missionaries to teach Christian doctrine, is embedded in the larger social arena of political change and social subordination of mexicanos in this region. Any effort to understand the historical practice and contemporary meaning of Los Pastores cannot be separated from the way both performers and event have been narratively inscribed through various selective discourses, or cultural poetics, that form one aspect of the social marginalization of the mexicano population in Texas.

In every era the attempt must be made anew to wrest tradition away from a conformism that is about to overpower it.—Walter Benjamin, Illuminations.
The Solidarity of Skilled Workers: Creating a Logic of Particularism
Authors: JOSEPH ANTOINE
Published: October 2006

Abstract
The organization of workers into craft unions in the United States during the Gilded Age (1865–1900) can be interpreted as a search for viable strategy. The American Federation of Labor (AFL) successfully built a durable movement ‐ based on the emergence, development, and consolidation of a distinctive ‘logic of particularism’. Workers’ strategic behavior was based on building and sustaining organizations able to survive periods of economic difficulty and political repression. The analysis shows that organized labor increasingly relied on exclusionary principles in which inclusion within the organized segment of the working class involved a repeated scaling down to a defensible core. This process also reflected the impact of macro‐historical structural forces. The combination of strategic behavior and structural influences causally explains the establishment of a narrowly‐based and emphatically particularistic working class movement.
State Management, Trade Unions and Politics in Brazil
Authors: RAMALHO JOSÉ RICARDO
Published: October 2006

Abstract
The state in Brazil not only built industrial plants in the mid twentieth century, but also established patterns of control and domination over the workers of these companies. State‐management purposes were to ‘mould’ a ‘Brazilian worker’‘for the nation’ and to extend control beyond the point of production. Evidence is presented to explain these strategies of domination and to show how the workers built their resistance, both at work or through trade union participation. This is developed into a discussion of the process of politicisation through trade union action in the state companies and the disagreements that arose between militant workers and workers with ‘factory consciousness’.
Sidestepping Capitalism: on the Ottoman Road to Elsewhere*
Authors: ARICANLI TOSUN , THOMAS MARA
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Mapping productivist logic derived from the history of capitalism onto the rest of the world blocks the view of alternative systems, and their internal logic. Theories of the capitalist state can capture neither the nature of the non‐capitalist states nor those states’ social and economic relations. Our alternative formulation of the Ottoman state disassociates class, property, and distribution from the sphere of production and associates them with the state. Thereby, Ottoman history sheds its petrified cloak and the Ottoman state comes to life; motion, change and class conflict are things Ottoman once again.
The Art of the State: Difference and other Abstractions
Authors: CARTER DONALD
Published: October 2006

Abstract
This article explores the role of othering and the social sciences in Italian State formation through a historical sociology of the state. The mapping of particular forms of others in popular imagination including ‘vagrants’,‘beggars’, and ‘gypsies’, in the nineteenth century resonates with contemporary state projects which seek to document and identify new “alien” newcomer groups. The official document, an integral part of a technology of state power constitutes a kind of “cosmology”, with whole social orders, classes and others codified in each line entry. The state designates absolute definitions of places, bodies and things. In 1885 the first medical survey of Italy sought to map out the “medical geography” of the nation, such practices laid the ground work for conceptions of normalcy and difference. The definition of the ‘average citizen’ is an integral part of the construction of State as Cosmos. Difference and its mapping in its interplay with “normalcy” defines in many ways, the State. yet there can be no taken‐for‐granted submission of the subaltern classes to this state cosmos, nor to the practices of the social sciences complicit in its construction.
Germany's Anti‐Foreigner Crisis: State Disunity and Collective ‘Forgetting’
Authors: SMITH ANDREA L.
Published: October 2006

Abstract: Employment of foreign labor in Germany is generally perceived as a recent phenomenon; Germany's pre‐war experiences with foreign labor do not figure prominently in public discussion. This article analyzes the active omission of this aspect of the past as an important feature of German social memory. Drawing largely on Ulrich Herbert's research, the forgotten’ history of pre‐ and post‐war experiences with foreign labor is summarized. This provides a perspective on the significant parallels between conflicts today and those of prior periods and exposes a fundamental conflict within the state regarding the use of foreign labor. Anti‐foreigner violence is reinterpreted as representing a failure of the state to maintain ideological unity without periodically responding to powerful and enduring anti‐foreigner pressure.
Order[s] and Progress in Developmental Discourse: A Case of Nineteenth Century Peru
Authors: GOOTENBERG PAUL
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Postcolonial Latin America is generally read as incapable of spawning genuine developmental or national projects ‐ in part, owing to controlling élites’ obsessions with social order. By way of contrast, in discussing Peru's mid‐19th century age of guano this article reveals a genealogy of mounting élite concerns with diversifying, inclusive development. It was shifting social and national anxieties of liberal thinkers that produced this paradoxical imagined development in Peru.
To Educate or Not to Educate? Canadian Discourses Concerning Inuit Schooling From the 1930s to the 1950s
Authors: McLEAN SCOTT
Published: October 2006

Abstract
In the middle of this century, Canadian state representatives transformed their conceptualization of the relationship between Inuit, education, and modernity. In the 1930s, Inuit were seen as destined to remain collectively insulated from the modem world, and education was considered either insignificant or dangerous. By 1955, Inuit were seen as destined to become fully modern citizens of Canada, and education was considered a moral and practical necessity. This discursive reversal was a response to the process of state formation in Northern Canada, and not an outcome of the changing functional requirements of global capitalism.
Childbirth on the Canadian Prairies 1880–1930
Authors: LANGFORD NANCI
Published: October 2006

Abstract
One of the issues faced by families who migrated to the Canadian prairies during the settlement years was the lack of affordable and accessible health care practitioners to assist women during pregnancy and childbirth. Maternal and infant mortality rates on the prairies during the first decades of the twentieth century bear witness to the risks which homestead women were forced to take to deliver their children and the primitive conditions in which many childbirths took place. In this article, homestead women's personal accounts of their childbirth experiences are blended with analysis of the social and political environment in which proposed solutions to this serious social problem were addressed.
Lives and Labours in the Emergence of Organised Social Research, 1886–1907
Authors: BALES KEVIN
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Charles Booth's seventeen volume Life and Labour of the People of London has been called the first social survey. It demonstrated the techniques of organised social research, and proved an impetus to the Social Survey Movement. In spite of its key position in the emergence of empirical sociology, little attention has been paid to the organisation of Booth's research team which was to provide a template for the subsequent development of organised social research, nor to the identities of the twenty people who made up the research team. Remarkably for the time, one‐quarter of the researchers were women, including the young Beatrice Webb and Clara Collet. This paper looks closely at the personalities and the organisation.
‘More Myth than Reality’: the Independent Artisan in Nineteenth Century Sheffield
Authors: GRAYSON RUTH , WHITE ALAN
Published: October 2006

Abstract
In the context of an industrial revolution dominated by technological change and factory‐based production, nineteenth century Sheffield has been perceived as differing from the norm. Small workshops, numerous outworkers and the retention of handicraft skills have charcterised the cutlery trades until the present century and these economic structures are said to have produced a backward looking but independent and robust artisan class. In this paper we argue that the robust artisan was more a creature of myth than reality. We point to the critical role of the factor in the nineteenth century cutlery trade for an understanding of the slide of the little master into dependence.
A Self‐Instructional Course in Audio‐Visual Techniques
Authors: Hearnshaw T. , Roach D. K.
Published: October 2006

The design, organization, application and implications of a practical, self‐instructional course to teach audio‐visual media and methods to teachers and student‐teachers are described. Extracts of the printed course texts illustrate the format and content of the course.
Computers in the Teaching of Undergraduate Science
Authors: McKenzie John
Published: October 2006

Three institutions are collaborating on the use of CAL in biology, chemistry and physics teaching in the Computer in the Undergraduate Science Curriculum project. The use of interactive graphics is explored with a variety of examples and the methods of package development are described.
Computer Assisted Learning in Upper School Geography
Authors: Robinson Roger
Published: October 2006

CALUSG provides a computerized resource bank for modern geography teachers with little or no computing expertise. An example of the information and structured exercise material available is set out and a variety of ways in which a teacher or student might use it is described.
Computer Managed Learning in Hertfordshire
Authors: Tagg Bill
Published: October 2006

The Advisory Unit for Computer Based Education was set up by Hertfordshire to coordinate the development of computer education throughout its maintained schools and colleges. In 1973 a major project was established at the Unit to develop a computer managed mathematics scheme for eleven‐ and twelve‐year‐olds in twelve local schools.
Reviews
Authors: Collier K G , Hallworth Frederick
Published: October 2006

Mr Coler was formerly Pricipal of Bede College, Durham, and was Consultant to the Council for Educational Techbology's Colleges of Education Learning Programmers Project 1971–76 Making the Best of It: the final report of the Nuffield Foundation Group for Research and Innovation in Higher Education.

Mr Hallqorth is Director of Wiltshire County Council Library and Museum Service New Media in Public Libraries: a survey of current practices by James W Brown
A Technique for Composing Effective Instructional Materials in Science
Authors: Davies E R
Published: October 2006

This article describes an instructional technique in which students study worked examples and think out for themselves the principles that are involved. A preliminary evaluation indicates that the technique is highly effective for promoting thought and learning. Since it is also adaptable and simple to implement, it should be useful for teaching in many areas of science.
The Development of Computer‐Assisted Testing as an Adjunct to Traditional Instructional Processes in Educational Psychology
Authors: Cartwright G F , Derevensky J L
Published: October 2006

The role of interactive computer‐assisted testing (ICAT) as an effective adjunct to traditional methods of instruction in an introductory educational psychology course for students enrolled in a teacher education program is discussed. Previous studies suggest ICAT is an effective instructional strategy and evaluation method for large numbers of students in introductory courses where existing computing facilities are available. Results of the study indicate that high criterion levels for mastery produce improved subsequent performance.
Towards an Alternative Educational Technology
Authors: Mansfield R , Nunan E E
Published: October 2006

This article attempts to outline an alternative form of educational technology based on an analysis of criticism levelled at the subject, both from within and without. It is the contention of this article that the future of educational technology rests on a genuine expansion of its concern rather than a refinement or modification of its existing content.
An Induction Strategy for New Faculty Members
Authors: Duchastel P C , Harrison R
Published: October 2006

This paper describes an induction programme arranged for new members of staff of the Open University Technology Faculty, which took the form of a series of linked workshops designed to introduce participants to the task of producing distance‐teaching material and to develop an awareness of the underlying educational issues. The emphasis is on the design assumptions on which we planned the programme.
Uses of and Students' Reactions to Video cartridges as Self‐Instructional Materials in the Library
Authors: Harris N D C , Kirkhope S
Published: October 2006

The use of videocartridges as self‐instructional material in libraries has increased considerably during recent years. In this investigation information was collected to answer the following questions. (1) Who uses the material and when? (2) How are the materials used? (3) How do the materials relate to the student's course and assessment? (4) What is the main purpose of the materials? The methods used included observation, questionnaires, free response, individual and group interviews. The responses are reported along with suggestions for improving the system in use. Over 90 students contributed to the investigation.
Persuading the Dons?
Authors: Hawkridge David
Published: October 2006

This paper stresses the importance of diffusing the results of educational research and development, particularly among dons, the academics of higher education.

Diffusion can be examined within a framework of three classes of strategies for bringing about change: rational‐empirical, normative‐re‐educative, and power‐coercive. The Open University provides examples of strategies from each class, because staff of the Institute of Educational Technology, responsible for a large share of the University's educational research and development, are actively pursuing them. Their interactions with other parts of the University can be represented in a model.

Like many models, this model is over‐simplified and over‐idealized. It is possible to provide examples of it working, but there are serious problems that hinder full development of the strategies on which the model is based. The problems hinge in particular upon resource shortages,‘translation’ difficulties between professionals, and the lack of products backed by valid evidence.

The paper ends by summarizing what the Institute is attempting to do to mitigate these problems and by asking what is happening to persuade the dons in conventional British universities.
The Design and Implementation of a Computer Assisted Learning Package for Modern Language Teaching: a research progress report
Authors: Last R W , King P K
Published: October 2006

This paper falls into two parts: (1) a condensed description of the design of the EXERCISE package, programmed and developed in the University of Hull by Dr R W Last; and (2) an account by Professor P K King, of the Institute of Modern Dutch Studies in Hull, of its application in the teaching of beginners’ and intermediate Dutch. Although work was initiated on the package only a year ago, sufficient progress has been made both for the presentation of a viable interim report, and for a number of predictions to be made about the further development of the concept.
Factors Affecting the Development and Use of Educational Technology in Nigerian Universities
Authors: Soremekun Elizabeth A
Published: October 2006

A number of factors can be cited as being instrumental in the present state of development of educational technology in university education and the application made of it. This article examines those factors which militate against its integration into the total instructional process and discusses other influences facilitating change and thereby suggesting a new role for the future development of the field.
Sharing Responsibility: staff—student cooperation in learning
Authors: Boud D J , Prosser M T
Published: October 2006

No matter how participative a course might be in its conduct, it is normal for the aims to be specified by staff for students, the programme to be planned by staff for students and particularly for the assessment to be one way—of students by staff. It is possible for courses to be established on a different basis, and it is especially necessary when one is dealing with professional education.

This paper focuses on an example of a course which is designed jointly by staff and students: the science education component of a post‐experience Graduate Diploma in Science Education at the Western Australian Institute of Technology. In keeping with the philosophy of the course this paper has been prepared by the staff member concerned (D J Boud) and one of the students (M T Prosser).

A collaboratively designed course cannot be undertaken lightly for not only does it violate some of the norms of teaching in higher education as we know it, but it also places peculiar demands on both staff and students. These are both of an interpersonal, group interaction kind and of a strucutural, organizational type. The aim of this paper is to describe the main features of the course, to examine some of the demands that it makes, and to explore the applicability of its concepts to other areas of higher education.
How Good is Your Microteaching Programme?
Authors: Gregory I D
Published: October 2006

Objective evaluation of microteaching programmes is rarely practicable. As an alternative a series of questions is posed as the basis for subjective appraisal of such programmes.
Problems Associated with Multi‐Media Data Bases
Authors: Barker Philip G , Yeates Harry
Published: October 2006

Education is intimately associated with communication, and so may utilize any technology that is able to support a process that enables information to be transferred from one location to another. This paper describes the meaning of the term multi‐media data base and presents a model of its potential role in aiding message creation for the purposes of communicating educational material using many parallel channels. Some of the problems associated with the implementation of such systems are outlined.
A New Look at Instructional Design. Part II. Instruction: Integrating One's Approach
Authors: Romiszowski A J
Published: October 2006

This paper is a continuation of an earlier paper published in the British Journal of Educational Technology (Romiszowski, 1981a) which dealt with the basic concepts concerning the learning process that should be used as a starting point for the instructional design process. The present paper deals with the instructional decisions that should be taken at the overall, or ?acro', design state. This is approximately equivalent to curriculum development. It shows how the person making these decisions should keep in mind the basic concepts presented in the earlier part of the paper and presents a series of schemata or ‘job aids’ to the decision‐making process. These schemata are not rigid procedures to be followed, but are rather a visual representation of the factors to be considered in taking instructional decisions, and the interrelationships that exist between these factors. Selection schemata are built up for the selection of overall instructional strategies, for the selection of specific methods, for the organization of group size and structure and for the selection of presentation media. Finally, all these separate decisions are brought together into an overall ‘instructional plan’—a visual representation of the proposed system's structure, which can act as a planning and control tool for subsequent stages of development and implementation.

Both the papers are an adaptation of certain sections of the book Designing Instructional Systems, written by the author and published by Kogan Page Ltd (Romiszowski, 1981b). This book deals in much greater detail with all the decisions that are taken during curriculum development, or instructional systems design. The book adopts a systems approach in five basic stages—problem definition, analysis, selection and development of an appropriate solution, implementation and evaluation—and deals exhaustively with the first three of these stages. A companion volume, currently in press (Producing and Implementing Instruction) completes the treatment of the last two stages. Both the books are planned on a multi‐level system, enabling the reader to select only the chapters that present a theoretical basis for instructional design, or alternatively, to select only those chapters that act as a manual or handbook to the practical tasks performed by the instructional designer. They are amply illustrated with practical examples drawn from the educational and the training, sectors, including case studies from both the developed and the developing nations.
Some Experiments in Man—Machine Interaction Relevant to Computer Assisted Instruction
Authors: Barker P G
Published: October 2006

Some experiments in man‐machine interaction are briefly described in the context of their relevance to multi‐media audio‐visual instruction. Two important points emerge: the need for the development of appropriate data‐base management systems and the necessity for a suitable author language capable of providing the instructor with a means of coordinating the use of instructional resources.
The Acceptability and Dissemination of Materials to Support Staff Development in Universities and Polytechnics in the United Kingdom
Authors: Cryer Pat
Published: October 2006

This article is based on work begun during the HERMES project, ‘Higher Education Resource Materials: Evaluation and Service’, January 1978–December 1979, a project to support the training and development of lecturers in universities and polytechnics through resource materials. Part A examines the discrepancy between availability of and demand for such materials, and comes to conclusions regarding the types and topics where the need is greatest. Part B examines factors which characterize productions used outside the authors’ own institutions. In conclusion, the article describes how the findings are being implemented by a working group of the Society for Research into Higher Education.
A Method of Teaching Problem‐Solving to Undergraduate Engineering Students
Authors: Lowe Brian
Published: October 2006

This paper reports the experiences of the staff involved in the design and operation of a method of teaching problem‐solving to engineering undergraduates. The method is based upon a loop‐type model consisting of a series of clearly identifiable component activities. Although no formal evaluation procedures have been carried out, a range of informal monitoring and evaluative activities have been associated with the development of the model. These have indicated that the model appears to promote the effectiveness of student learning both by it forming a basis for group communication and a focus for teaching methods. Even though the model was originally intended for specific use in the teaching of engineering design, experience has shown that it is suitable as it stands for use in a wider range of problem‐solving situations and is readily adaptable for use in other specific cases.
Learning from Evaluation at the Open University II. Helping students to learn from audio‐visual media
Authors: Brown Stephen , Nathenson Mike , Kirkup Gill
Published: October 2006

Much of previous media research suggests that there are no significant differences between the teaching effectiveness of different media. As a distance teaching institution, however, the Open University is highly dependent on media to perform functions which in a more conventional context would be handled by live, face‐to‐face, tuition. Consequently, the University has a keen interest in exploiting the special properties of different media to the full, and in developing students’ skills to handle different media. The new technology foundation course, T101 ‘Living with Technology’, attempts both of these aims with some success. The main conclusions drawn from a study of the way audio‐visual media are used in the course are that the characteristics of television, radio and audio‐cassettes do lend themselves to particular teaching functions but that, in a distance teaching context, a factor of overriding importance is the extent to which any educational medium is accessible and controllable by the learner. The findings also suggest that students can be helped to learn more effectively from audio‐visual media, providing a carefully structured approach is taken to the gradual development of learning skills, and the various media are well integrated with each other.
An Analysis of Four Institutional Strategies for Staff Development
Authors: Rutherford R J D
Published: October 2006

This paper describes four different approaches through which an institution can provide a programme for academic staff training and development. The advantages and disadvantages of each approach are analysed with the help of a recently developed theory which seeks to explain why some innovations are successful while others fail. This analysis may contribute towards the development of institutional strategies to ensure the survival—if not the revival—of staff development in universities in the United Kingdom.
Inside the Black Box: making design decisions for instruction
Authors: Kerr Stephen T
Published: October 2006

The literature on instructional design argues that curricula, educational materials, and instructional strategies are best created using a ‘systems approach’. Models for the systematic design of educational programmes have proliferated over the past decade. But these models are prescriptive and not based on research into how designers actually think when they approach a design task. Important theoretical and empirical studies from the fields of art, architecture, and artificial intelligence are summarized here as a prelude to presentation of findings from a study of design activities among a group of 26 novice instructional designers. Among other things, the study investigated: (1) the prevalence of initial generation of more than one possible design solution; (2) the basis on which candidate solutions were accepted or rejected; (3) the constraints encountered in proceeding with the design; and (4) the way in which designers knew that they were finished with the design. Results indicate that novice designers have difficulty entertaining multiple possible solutions, especially for more than a few steps into design work; that alternatives are eliminated very rapidly; that designers are not. proficient in representing design problems to themselves or to others; and that they have trouble saying what a reasonable stopping point is. Suggestions for further research, and for contributions that instructional design might make to the ongoing research effort on human problem‐solving, are presented.
Subliminal Perception and Cognitive Style in a Concept Learning Task Taught via Television
Authors: Moore John F , Moore David M
Published: October 2006

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of supplemental subliminal captions and field dependence on the recall of cognitive information. Groups of subjects (N = 199) viewed one of four television presentations: subliminal captions only, conventional (visible) captions only, subliminal and visible combined for reinforcement, and subliminal and visible mismatched for interference. Data was analysed using ANCOVA and Tukey multiple comparison tests with a 0.05 significance level. There was a significant difference in recall between field dependents and field independents in each treatment except combined subliminal and conventional captions.

Based on this evidence the authors suggest repetitive subliminal television captions which supplement visible captions may be an effective device for reducing differences in achievement attributable to cognitive style in learning from television programmes.
MUMEDALA—An approach to multi‐media authoring
Authors: Barker Philip G
Published: October 2006

The MUMEDALA (MUlti‐MEDia Authoring LAnguage) system is an authoring facility that is designed to enable the creation and control of a sophisticated interactive learning environment. Such an environment might contain a variety of channels that enable (1) the presentation of instructional material, and (2) the capture of student response and monitoring data. The latter provides the means of achieving highly individualized instructional schema based upon the use of a range of teaching media. This paper presents an overview of the MUMEDALA system, its design features and the progress being made towards its realization.
Identification of Child Pedestrian Training Objectives: the role of task analysis and empirical research
Authors: van der Molen Hugo H
Published: October 2006

The aim of this study is to demonstrate that child pedestrian training objectives may be identified systematically and that this can be done through various task analysis methods, making use of different types of empirical information.

Some early approaches to the analysis of pedestrian tasks are reviewed in the framework of several theoretical approaches to task analysis. We present an outline of the Traffic Research Centre's pedestrian task analysis and of its use in the specification of the concrete objectives for an experimental child pedestrian training programme.

Selections of the objectives for pre‐school children were made on the basis of importance and feasibility. Importance was assessed on the basis of various ways of analysing actual task performance, including studies on exposure, behaviour and accidents. Feasibility of objectives was assessed by using a model for the analysis of psychological ability requirements. The objectives selected are presented in the form of concrete teaching routines. These are operationalized in terms of the conditions under which the behaviour trained should be displayed. Validation of the objectives arrived at is considered feasible through further empirical research.
A Window on the World
Authors: Hosie P J
Published: October 2006

The $4 million national Loan Video Programme is an ambitious project which has been operating in outback regions of Australia for two years. The Programme was originally intended to provide videocassette copies of ABC educational broadcasts to primary‐school students studying by‘correspondence’and living outside television reception areas. An examination of the effects of the Programme on teacher and parent attitudes, viewing patterns, integration with the curriculum, and educational concerns about televisual learning in Western Australian Schools of the Air and Distance Education Centre students, are given in this paper.
Educational Technology Utilization in Jamaica's Secondary School System: present problems and future prospects
Authors: Jennings‐Wray Zellynne , Wellington P I
Published: October 2006

The rhetoric of technology from the developed world tends to mesmerize educational planners in Third World countries into thinking that the introduction of technology (ie, television, radio, computers, etc) into their educational systems will act as a panacea for whatever ills are being experienced. A study of the actual use over the past two decades of educational television (ETV) and self‐instructional materials (SIM) in the Jamaican secondary school system reveals that ETV and SIM have had limited impact. Inadequate provision of infrastructural requirements, too heavy a reliance on foreign aid, and unrealistic assessment of the real costs of innovation have contributed to this.

Current trends in the use of computer‐assisted instruction (CAI) suggest that the mistakes made in the past with ETV may well be repeated. More significantly, use of CAI in the high school and the new secondary school system in Jamaica may well lead to greater disparity in educational opportunities offered to children from different social classes—a situation that successive governments have tried to correct. The paper points out the need for Third World countries to ‘demystify’ technology and assume greater responsiblity for initiating educational innovations that are better suited to the economic and social realities of developing nations.
The Impact of Cyclops Shared‐Screen Teleconferencing in Distance Tutoring
Authors: McConnell David
Published: October 2006

This paper presents the major outcomes of a two‐year trial of the Open University's Cyclops shared‐screen telewriting tutorial system. The impact of the system is considered in terms of the human factors of the technology; tutors’and students’experiences of Cyclops; and tutorial activities and their acceptability to the participants.
Educational Television and the Curriculum for Children up to the Age of Seven Years
Authors: Choat E , Griffin H , Hobart D
Published: October 2006

The results of a three‐year investigation in England and Wales into the way educational television was used by 259 teachers of children up to the age of seven years indicated that only a few teachers were using the medium effectively. Class viewing and mass viewing of programmes were the normal methods, even when a video‐recorder was available. In most instances the video‐recorder was used for timetable convenience, and‘view and follow‐up’the common practice. These factors, together with a lack of continuity between programmes and separation from other activities the children were pursuing, suggested that educational television was isolated from other aspects of the curriculum. The findings indicated the necessity for a course on educational television to be included in the initial training of teachers, the need for a vastly increased in‐service programme for serving teachers and the provision of adequate resources.