bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sentimental Literature and Anglo-Scottish Identity, 1745–1820
Authors: Shields Juliet
Published: August 2010

What did it mean to be British, and more specifically to feel British, in the century following the parliamentary union of Scotland and England? Juliet Shields departs from recent accounts of the Romantic emergence of nationalism by recovering the terms in which eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century writers understood nationhood. She argues that in the wake of the turmoil surrounding the Union, Scottish writers appealed to sentiment, or refined feeling, to imagine the nation as a community. They sought to transform a Great Britain united by political and economic interests into one united by shared sympathies, even while they used the gendered and racial connotations of sentiment to differentiate sharply between Scottish, English, and British identities. By moving Scotland from the margins to the center of literary history, the book explores how sentiment shaped both the development of British identity and the literature within which writers responded creatively to the idea of nationhood.
Shakespeare Films in the Making
Authors: Jackson Russell
Published: August 2010

Shakespeare Films in the Making examines the production and reception of five feature-length Shakespeare films from the twentieth century, focusing on the ways in which they articulate visions of their Shakespearean originals, of the fictional worlds in which the films are set, and of the movie-makers' own society. Warner Brothers' 1935 A Midsummer Night's Dream and MGM's 1936 Romeo and Juliet were products of the Hollywood system and reflect the studios' desire to enhance their status with 'prestige pictures'. Olivier's 1944 Henry V was part of Britain's cultural war effort and embodies visions of the medieval past and ideal leadership. The Romeo and Juliet films of Renato Castellani (1954) and Franco Zeffirelli (1968) embodied visions of Renaissance Italy that contrast - in differing ways - with MGM's film. This book offers readings of these significant and influential films, supported by extensive archival research, including studio documents, script revisions, publicity materials and reviews.
3-Transposition Groups
Authors: Aschbacher Michael
Published: August 2010

In 1970 Bernd Fischer proved his beautiful theorem classifying the almost simple groups generated by 3-transpositions, and in the process discovered three new sporadic groups, now known as the Fischer groups. Since then, the theory of 3-transposition groups has become an important part of finite simple group theory, but Fischer's work has remained unpublished. 3-Transposition Groups contains the first published proof of Fischer's Theorem, written out completely in one place. Fischer's result, while important and deep (covering a number of complex examples), can be understood by any student with some knowledge of elementary group theory and finite geometry. Thus Part I has minimal prerequisites and could be used as a text for an intermediate level graduate course. Parts II and III are aimed at specialists in finite groups and are a step in the author's program to supply a strong foundation for the theory of sporadic groups.
CHARACTER AMENABILITY AND CONTRACTIBILITY OF ABSTRACT SEGAL ALGEBRAS
Authors: ALAGHMANDAN MAHMOOD , NASR-ISFAHANI RASOUL , NEMATI MEHDI
Published: August 2010

Let ℬ be an abstract Segal algebra with respect to 𝒜. For a nonzero character ϕ on 𝒜, we study ϕ-amenability, and ϕ-contractibility of 𝒜 and ℬ. We then apply these results to abstract Segal algebras related to locally compact groups.
Optimizing protease production from an isolate of the nematophagous fungusDuddingtonia flagransusing response surface methodology and its larvicidal activity on horse cyathostomins
Authors: Braga F.R. , Araújo J.V. , Soares F.E.F. , Araujo J.M. , Genier H.L.A. , Silva A.R. , Carvalho R.O. , Queiroz J.H. , Ferreira S.R.
Published: August 2010

Protease production fromDuddingtonia flagrans(isolate AC001) was optimized and the larvicidal activity of the enzymatic extract was evaluated on infective horse cyathostomin larvae (L3).Duddingtonia flagranswas grown in liquid medium with eight different variables: glucose, casein, bibasic potassium phosphate (K2HPO4), magnesium sulphate (MgSO4), zinc sulphate (ZnSO4), ferrous sulphate (FeSO4), copper sulphate (CuSO4) and temperature. The Plackett–Burman analysis showed a significant influence of MgSO4, CuSO4and casein (P < 0.05) on protease production byD. flagransin liquid medium. Central composite design indicated that the highest proteolytic activity was 39.56 U/ml as a function of the concentrations of casein (18.409 g/l), MgSO4(0.10 g/l) and CuSO4(0.50 mg/l). A significant difference (P < 0.01) was found for the larval number between the treated and control groups at the end of the experiment. A reduction of 95.46% in the number of free-living larvae was found in the treated group compared with the control. The results of this study suggest that protease production byD. flagrans(AC001) in liquid medium was optimized by MgSO4, CuSO4and casein, showing that the optimized enzymatic extract exerted larvicidal activity on cyathostomins and therefore may contribute to large-scale industrial production.
Unimodal wavetrains and solitons in convex Fermi–Pasta–Ulam chains
Authors: Herrmann Michael
Published: August 2010

We consider atomic chains with nearest neighbour interactions and study periodic travelling waves and homoclinic travelling waves, which are called wavetrains and solitons, respectively. Our main result is a new existence proof which relies on the constrained maximization of the potential energy and exploits the invariance properties of an improvement operator. The approach is restricted to convex interaction potentials but refines the standard results, as it provides the existence of travelling waves with unimodal and even profile functions. Moreover, we discuss both the numerical approximation and the complete localization of wavetrains, and show that wavetrains converge to solitons when the periodicity length tends to infinity.
On backward self-similar blow-up solutions to a supercritical semilinear heat equation
Authors: Mizoguchi Noriko
Published: August 2010

We are concerned with a Cauchy problem for the semilinear heat equation

then u is called a backward self-similar solution blowing up at t = T. Let pS and pL be the Sobolev and the Lepin exponents, respectively. It was shown by Mizoguchi (J. Funct. Analysis257 (2009), 2911–2937) that k ≡ (p − 1)−1/(p−1) is a unique regular radial solution of (P) if p > pL. We prove that it remains valid for p = pL. We also show the uniqueness of singular radial solution of (P) for p > pS. These imply that the structure of radial backward self-similar blow-up solutions is quite simple for p ≥ pL.
MARFAN SYNDROME AND PREGNANCY: CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT
Authors: GRIGORIU ARIADNA C , COLMAN JACK , SILVERSIDES CANDICE K , WALD RACHEL , SIU SAMUEL C , SERMER MATHEW
Published: August 2010

Marfan syndrome (MFS) is an autosomal dominant connective tissue disorder that affects multiple organ systems, primarily the cardiovascular, ocular and skeletal. It is the most common inherited condition affecting the heart and the aorta, occurring in 1:5000–1:9800 people. There is no ethnic or gender predisposition; 20 to 35% of cases arise fromde novomutations.
EXPLAINING COMPENSATORY DUTIES
Authors: Bedke Matthew S.
Published: August 2010

In some cases, harming another gives rise to a duty to compensate for harm done. This paper argues that the influential explanations of such duties of compensation—that they are somehow derived from rights intrusions, or breaches of duties not to harm—fail. I offer and defend an alternative explanation for why certain harms and not others give rise to compensatory duties, an explanation that seeks to derive them from wide-scope duties not to harm or to compensate for harm done.
Early detection of Alzheimer’s disease with a total score of the German CERAD
Authors: EHRENSPERGER MICHAEL M. , BERRES MANFRED , TAYLOR KIRSTEN I. , MONSCH ANDREAS U.
Published: August 2010

The goal of the present study was to evaluate the diagnostic discriminability of three different global scores for the German version of the Consortium to Establish a Registry on Alzheimer’s Disease-Neuropsychological Assessment Battery (CERAD-NAB). The CERAD-NAB was administered to 1100 healthy control participants [NC; Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) mean = 28.9] and 352 patients with very mild Alzheimer’s disease (AD; MMSE mean = 26.1) at baseline and subsets of participants at follow-up an average of 2.4 (NC) and 1.2 (AD) years later. We calculated the following global scores: Chandler et al.’s (2005) score (summed raw scores), logistic regression on principal components analysis scores (PCA-LR), and logistic regression on demographically corrected CERAD-NAB variables (LR). Correct classification rates (CCR) were compared with areas under the receiver operating characteristics curves (AUC). The CCR of the LR score (AUC = .976) exceeded that of the PCA-LR, while the PCA-LR (AUC = .968) and Chandler (AUC = .968) scores performed comparably. Retest data improved the CCR of the PCA-LR and Chandler (trend) scores. Thus, for the German CERAD-NAB, Chandler et al.’s total score provided an effective global measure of cognitive functioning, whereby the inclusion of retest data tended to improve correct classification of individual cases. (JINS, 2010, 16, 910–920.)
Warum hören nicht alle Raucher auf zu rauchen?
Authors: Zellweger Jean-Pierre
Published: August 2010

Obwohl sie meistens die Gefahren des Rauchens kennen, hören nicht alle Raucher rechtzeitig mit dem Rauchen auf. Die Gründe für den Unterschied zwischen objektiven Kenntnissen und praktischer Handlung sind vielfältig. Die Erwartungen, Ängste und Begründungen der Raucher sollten dem Arzt bekannt sein, damit er mit seinen Patienten ein erfolgreiches Beratungsgespräch führen kann.
Die Rolle des Hausarztes in der Betreuung des Patienten mit Nikotinabhängigkeit
Authors: Ruff Paul
Published: August 2010

Das Diseasemanagement des Rauchers durch den Hausarzt umfasst einmalig die Erfragung der Raucherkarriere, der relevanten Komorbidität und der Diagnose der Nikotinabhängigkeit in einem Fragebogen. Die Diagnose ist im ICD-10 Code enthalten, die Stärke der Abhängigkeit untersucht der Fagerström-Nikotinabhängigkeitstest. Diese Angaben dienen später der Analyse der individuellen Situation zur Planung der optimalen Rauchstoppstrategie. Die Motivation zur Verhaltensänderung ist eine conditio sine qua non für einen permanenten Rauchstopperfolg. Die Stadien nach Prochaska und DiClemente umfassen die Vorabsicht, die Absicht, die Vorbereitung und Aktion. Die Methode der Beratung zur Motivationssteigerung heißt Minimal Intervention. Dabei erfolgt eine individualiserte Motivationsstadium-angepasste Beratung mit dem Ziel des Stadiumshifts Richtung Aktion. Zudem soll die „Self-Efficacy“, die eigene Überzeugung, den Entzug erfolgreich durchführen zu können, optimiert werden. Die Therapie der Nikotinabhängigkeit ist eine medizinische Intervention und verlangt die Synergie von Verhaltenstherapie und Medikamentation. Dabei verdoppeln Nikotinersatzstoffe, Bupropion oder Vareniclin den langfristigen Erfolg. Jede andere Therapiestrategie ist weniger effizient. Jeder gescheiterte Therapieversuch verkürzt die Lebenserwartung des Rauchers weiter. Der Hausarzt ist eine ideale Person zur Beratung und Therapie seines nikotinabhängigen Patienten. Der Patient wünscht seine Aktivität. Das Diseasemanagement ist in die normale Sprechstunde leicht zu integrieren. Die Minimal Intervention benötigt kaum fünf Minuten und führt zu 60 % zum positiven Shift der Motivation. Eine erfolgreiche Begleitung einer Therapie über sechs Monate benötigt ungefähr 7 Konsultationen und kann erfolgreicher sein als die in Studien belegten Erfolgszahlen.
Autonomie im Pflegeheim – Konzeptionelle Überlegungen zu Selbstbestimmung und Handlungsfähigkeit anhand eines Modells
Authors: Wulff Ines , Kalinowski Sonja , Dräger Dagmar
Published: August 2010

Autonomie ist ein äußerst komplexer, zentraler philosophischer Begriff, welcher unter anderem in ethischen Fragestellungen auch im pflegerischen Kontext seine praktische Anwendung findet. Es kann derzeit nicht von einer einheitlichen Definition von Autonomie ausgegangen werden. Aus Sicht der Autorinnen sind Selbstbestimmung und Handlungsfähigkeit zentrale Aspekte von Autonomie. Während einige Erkenntnisse zu Autonomie im Alter vorliegen, ist zu Autonomie von Pflegeheimbewohnern/-bewohnerinnen sowie wichtigen Einflussfaktoren im Setting Pflegeheim noch wenig bekannt. Ziel dieses Artikels ist es, zu einem besseren Verständnis von Autonomie von Pflegeheimbewohner/-innen beizutragen. Aufgrund des hohen Anteils von Menschen mit kognitiven Beeinträchtigungen in Pflegeheimen spielt insbesondere diese Population bei der Konzeptionalisierung von Autonomie eine wichtige Rolle. Unterschiedliche bestehende Ansätze und die im Rahmen des PAiN-Projekts (Pain and Autonomy in the Nursing Home) entwickelten Perspektiven haben zur Erarbeitung eines eigenen konzeptionellen Verständnisses von Autonomie geführt. Das im interdisziplinären Projektteam entwickelte Modell zu «Bestimmungsfaktoren von Autonomie» gründet sich auf theoretischen und diskursiven Auseinandersetzungen und fokussiert Selbstbestimmung und Handlungsfähigkeit der Bewohner/-innen im Kontext des Setting Pflegeheim. Dieser Konzeption wesentlich ist die unterschiedliche Ausprägungsmöglichkeit von Autonomie sowohl hinsichtlich Selbstwahrnehmung als auch hinsichtlich der Zuschreibung von Autonomie.
Atomic-scale boron redistribution during reactive diffusion in Ni–Si
Authors: Cojocaru-Mirédin O. , Mangelinck D. , Blavette D.
Published: August 2010

The redistribution of boron during the formation of the Ni silicides was investigated using atom probe tomography and transmission electron microscopy. A 7 nm amorphous intermixed region was found after deposition of a 30 nm thick Ni film at room temperature. The formation of this Ni–Si layer was found to have almost no influence on the boron implantation profile. After heating at 290 °C for 1 h, three types of silicides (Ni2Si, NiSi, and NiSi2) were identified below a thin remaining film of Ni (8 nm). The unexpected presence of the silicon-rich NiSi2 phase at this temperature may be caused by the presence of a thin silicon oxide (SiO2) observed at the Ni/Ni2Si interface that may act as a diffusion barrier. The average boron profile in NiSi2 and NiSi silicides is similar to the profile in the silicon substrate before reaction. A segregation of boron at several interfaces was detected. Small boron clusters (1.5 at. %) were found in NiSi, NiSi2, and Si phases but not in Ni2Si. After a 1 min heat treatment at 450 °C, the NiSi phase is the only silicide present. Boron clusters with a platelet shape and a concentration of 3 to 5 at. % of boron were found in both NiSi and Si. The presence of boron in the Ni silicide and its precipitation in the form of tiny clusters is likely to affect the electrical properties of the contacts.
Evaluation of energy harvesting performance of electrostrictive polymer and carbon-filled terpolymer composites
Authors: Lallart Mickaël , Cottinet Pierre-Jean , Lebrun Laurent , Guiffard Benoît , Guyomar Daniel
Published: August 2010

Recent trends in energy conversion mechanisms have demonstrated the abilities of electrostrictive polymers for converting mechanical vibrations into electricity. In particular, such materials present advantageous features such as high productivity, high flexibility, and processability. Hence, the application of these materials for energy harvesting purposes has been of significant interest over the last few years. The purpose of this paper consists in evaluating the energy scavenging abilities of electrostrictive terpolymer composite filled with 1 vol % carbon black poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene-chlorofluoroethylene). For fair comparison, a new figure of merit taking into account the intrinsic parameters of the material is introduced. This figure of merit equals the squared product of the electric field-related electrostrictive coefficient by the Young modulus, divided by the permittivity, relating the electric energy density per cycle per squared strain magnitude and squared bias electric field. Based on this criterion, it is demonstrated that the carbon-filled terpolymer outperforms other investigated compositions, exhibiting a figure of merit as high as 30 mJ cm−3 (m/m)−2 (V/μm)−2 cycle−1, which is 2000 times higher than pure polyurethane. In addition, the comparison of the figure of merit with experimental maximal harvested powers shows that such a criterion allows a very accurate prediction of the energy scavenging performance of electrostrictive composites.
Unified theory of exactly and quasiexactly solvable “discrete” quantum mechanics. I. Formalism
Authors: Odake Satoru , Sasaki Ryu
Published: August 2010

We present a simple recipe to construct exactly and quasiexactly solvable Hamiltonians in one-dimensional “discrete” quantum mechanics, in which the Schrödinger equation is a difference equation. It reproduces all the known ones whose eigenfunctions consist of the Askey scheme of hypergeometric orthogonal polynomials of a continuous or a discrete variable. The recipe also predicts several new ones. An essential role is played by the sinusoidal coordinate, which generates the closure relation and the Askey–Wilson algebra together with the Hamiltonian. The relationship between the closure relation and the Askey–Wilson algebra is clarified.
An accurate dual-expansion-point full-Brillouin-zone k⋅p model for wurtzite semiconductors
Authors: Marnetto Alberto , Penna Michele , Goano Michele
Published: August 2010

We present a k⋅p model for wurtzite semiconductors that allows the accurate approximation of the electronic structure over the entire Brillouin zone. The inclusion of an additional expansion point besides Γ allows significant improvements over standard full-Brillouin-zone approaches while keeping a manageable number of model parameters. We provide complete information about the Hamiltonian matrices of both expansion points and discuss the details of the optimization process used to determine the matrix parameters. As a demonstration of our scheme, we propose an approximation of the electronic structure of wurtzite ZnO, optimized for application to full-band Monte Carlo electron transport simulation. (A MATLAB implementation of the k⋅p model for ZnO is available from the authors.)
Multiplexed polarization spectroscopy: Measuring surface hyperpolarizability orientation
Authors: Shultz Mary Jane , Bisson Patrick , Groenzin Henning , Li Irene
Published: August 2010

Infrared-visible sum frequency generation (SFG) has seen increasing usage as a surface probe, particularly for liquid interfaces since they are amenable to few alternate probes. Interpreting the SFG data to arrive at a molecular-level configuration on the surface, however, remains a challenge. This paper reports a technique for analyzing and interpreting SFG data—called polarization-angle null or PAN-SFG. PAN-SFG enables ready identification of the ratio of the surface tangential and longitudinal hyperpolarizabilities—the hyperpolarizability direction—as well as the phase relationship between these components separated from the optical factors due to the substrate and experimental geometry. Separation of the surface optical factors results in an immediate connection between the null angle and the surface species polarization. If the Raman polarizability is also known, then PAN-SFG analysis, like the previously reported null techniques, provides a very accurate orientation. In addition, the reported polarization-angle, phase-shift analysis enables facile separation of the nonresonant background polarization from that of the resonant signal. Beyond orientation, PAN-SFG can be used to deconvolute overlapping resonances and identify components beyond a dipole response. This paper reports PAN-SFG for two systems providing deeper insight into both. An acetonitrile-water mixture was previously reported to undergo a phase transition at 7 mol %, attributed to a sudden change in orientation. PAN-SFG demonstrates that acetonitrile generates a classic dipole response and provides compelling evidence that the acetonitrile configuration remains constant as a function of concentration. An alternate model for the phase transition is presented. Like many aqueous systems, the SFG spectrum of the hydrogen-bonded region of ice consists of broad and overlapping features; features previously identified with PAN-SFG. Here PAN-SFG analysis is used to show that the reddest of these, the feature at 3098 cm−1, contains a significant quadrupole contribution that grows as the temperature is lowered. The quadrupole and its temperature dependence are used to assign the 3098 cm−1 feature to bilayer-stitching-hydrogen bonds. This is the first definitive assignment in the hydrogen-bonded region of water.
Two-photon resonances in femtosecond time-resolved four-wave mixing spectroscopy: β-carotene
Authors: Namboodiri V. , Namboodiri M. , Flachenecker G. , Materny A.
Published: August 2010

Femtosecond time-resolved pump-degenerate four-wave mixing (pump-DFWM) spectroscopy has been used to study the ultrafast dynamics of β-carotene involving several electronic and vibrational states. An initial pump pulse, resonant with the S0-to-S2 transition, excites the molecular system and a DFWM process, resonant with the S1-to-Sn transition, is used to probe the relaxation pathways. The transient shows a peculiar decay behavior, which is due to the contributions of resonant DFWM signal of the excited S1 state, nonresonant DFWM signal of the ground S0 state and vibrational hot S0∗ state, and the two-photon resonant DFWM signal of the ground S0 state. We have used a kinetic model including all the signal contributions to successfully fit the transient. The time constants extracted are in very good agreement with the known values for β-carotene. For comparison, a two-pulse pump-probe experiment was performed measuring the transient absorption at the wavelength of the DFWM experiment.
Inverted hysteresis and giant exchange bias in La0.7Sr0.3MnO3/SrRuO3 superlattices
Authors: Ziese M. , Vrejoiu I. , Hesse D.
Published: August 2010

The magnetization reversal mechanisms in a La0.7Sr0.3MnO3/SrRuO3 superlattice with ultrathin individual layers were studied. Due to the strong exchange bias between La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 and SrRuO3 layers inverted hysteresis loops were observed at temperatures below 62 K; at higher temperatures the superlattice showed an unconventional reversal mechanism with the magnetically hard SrRuO3 layers switching first on reducing the magnetic field from saturation. These observations were corroborated by micromagnetic simulations and were interpreted as arising from interfacial Bloch walls.
Shame, scientist! Degradation rituals in science
Authors: Thérèse Sandrine , Martin Brian
Published: August 2010

Reputations are crucially important to scientists, so it is valuable to examine processes by which reputations come under attack. One potent method is a degradation ritual, an event or process that stigmatises the target and often results in feelings of shame and humiliation. Anthropologists and other scholars from a range of disciplines have examined degradation rituals and ceremonies, but their use in science has received little attention, perhaps because of the focus on the rational features of the issues involved. Degradation rituals can be described in terms of various features, including degrading agents, contexts, means and severity. Attacks on scientists in a variety of fields can be usefully interpreted through the lens of degradation rituals.
Can behavioural biases in choice under novelty explain innovation failures?
Authors: Potts Jason
Published: August 2010

This paper proposes a new framework of ‘behavioural innovation economics’ as a synthesis of behavioural economics and innovation economics in the context of choice under novelty. The standard heuristics and biases framework of behavioural economics is applied to map and analyze systematic choice failures in the innovation process by distinguishing between choice under uncertainty and choice under novelty. Behavioural biases that affect choice under novelty are then elaborated. The paper then suggests 10 ways in which choice under novelty is behaviourally hard, rendering innovation subject to characteristic failure along these behavioural dimensions.
Media Exposure and Tobacco, Illicit Drugs, and Alcohol Use among Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review
Authors: Nunez-Smith Marcella , Wolf Elizabeth , Huang Helen Mikiko , Chen Peggy G. , Lee Lana , Emanuel Ezekiel J. , Gross Cary P.
Published: August 2010

The authors systematically reviewed 42 quantitative studies on the relationship between media exposure and tobacco, illicit drug, and alcohol use among children and adolescents. Overall, 83% of studies reported that media was associated with increased risk of smoking initiation, use of illicit drugs, and alcohol consumption. Of 30 studies examining media content, 95% found a statistically significant association between increased media exposure and negative outcomes. Similarly, of the 12 studies evaluating the quantity of media exposure, 67% reported an association with a negative outcome. Overall, all 17 of the identified longitudinal studies supported a causal association between media exposure and negative outcomes over time. The evidence was strongest for links between media exposure and tobacco use; it was moderate for illicit drug use and alcohol use. Substantial variability in methodological rigor across studies and expanding definitions of media exposure contribute to persistent gaps in the knowledge base.
Modified Therapeutic Community for Co-Occurring Disorders: Single Investigator Meta Analysis
Authors: Sacks Stanley , McKendrick Karen , Sacks JoAnn Y. , Cleland Charles M.
Published: August 2010

This paper presents the results of a meta-analysis for a single investigator examining the effectiveness of the modified therapeutic community (MTC) for clients with co-occurring substance use and mental disorders (COD). The flexibility and utility of meta-analytic tools are described, although their application in this context is atypical. The analysis includes 4 comparisons from 3 studies (retrieved N = 569) for various groups of clients with COD (homeless persons, offenders, and outpatients) in substance abuse treatment, comparing clients assigned either to an MTC or a control condition of standard services. An additional study is included in a series of sensitivity tests. The overall findings increase the research base of support for the MTC program for clients with COD, as results of the meta-analysis indicate significant MTC treatment effects for 5 of the 6 outcome domains across the 4 comparisons. Limitations of the approach are discussed. Independent replications, clinical trials, multiple outcome domains, and additional meta-analyses should be emphasized in future research. Given the need for research-based approaches, program and policy planners should consider the MTC when designing programs for co-occurring disorders.
Women Admitted to Medium Secure Care: Their Admission Characteristics and Outcome as Compared with Men
Authors: Sahota Satinder , Davies Steffan , Duggan Conor , Clarke Martin , Huband Nick , Owen Victoria
Published: August 2010

Background: Whilst women admitted to secure care are believed to require gender-specific services, there is limited research to inform their provision. Method: Clinical and forensic characteristics and outcomes on 93 women were obtained from multiple data sources and compared with 502 men admitted to the same medium secure unit over a 20-year period. Results: Compared to the men, the women were more likely to have more mental health needs and less criminality. At discharge, women were more likely to be transferred to secure care and less likely to be transferred to prison. Following discharge, the women had a higher rate of mortality. While reconviction rates were similar for the two groups for serious offenses, violent or arson incidents not leading to conviction were more likely for women. The women were more likely to be readmitted, and to be readmitted to high secure care. Conclusion: Despite more favorable criminological characteristics at baseline, our data suggest a poorer outcome for women overall following discharge.
Controlled propagation of locally excited vortex dynamics in linear nanomagnet arrays
Authors: Barman Saswati , Barman Anjan , Otani Y
Published: August 2010

The ability to propagate local electromagnetic excitation in a medium with spatially modulated physical properties is important for fundamental science and also for applications in photonic, phononic and magnonic crystals. Here, we present a controlled propagation of locally excited magnetic vortex dynamics through a linear array of nanomagnetic discs by controlling the polarization, chirality and shape of the discs. The control is based upon the magnetostatic interaction between the nanodiscs, mediated by the magnetic side charges generated by the gyrating vortices. The magnitude and sign of the side charges and their separation depend strongly on the magnetic ground states of the vortices, including the core polarization and the chirality. We find that the transmission of peak amplitude and velocity of propagation of the excitation along the array is optimized for identical core polarization and chirality of the nanodiscs with geometric asymmetry. More than seven times increase in the transmitted amplitude is observed in the optimized structure as opposed to the non-optimized structure, which is also found to be robust to defects.
Fundamental aspects of substrate biasing: ion velocity distributions and nonlinear effects
Authors: Baloniak Tim , Reuter Rüdiger , von Keudell Achim
Published: August 2010

Ion bombardment of the substrate is a significant parameter in plasma processing such as dry etching or thin film deposition. The ion bombardment is described by ion velocity distribution functions (IVDFs), which were here measured quantitatively at a sinusoidally and non-sinusoidally biased electrode. The electrode voltage was monitored and controlled in the frequency domain using fast Fourier transformation. IVDF measurements were performed by a floating retarding field analyzer. A full modulation of the IVDF by arbitrary bias waveforms is only achieved if sufficiently high sheath voltages are used. If the applied sheath voltages become too low, the IVDFs are only partly determined by the RF bias waveforms and the system response becomes nonlinear. An analytical sheath model is derived from the experimental data, which accounts for arbitrary bias waveforms as well as for collisional and nonlinear effects in the sheath. It is shown that a combined DC and RF biasing of the electrode is required to gain full control over the ion bombardment of the substrate.
Loading path effect on the mechanical behaviour and fivefold twinning of copper nanowires
Authors: Jiang Shan , Zhang Hongwu , Zheng Yonggang , Chen Zhen
Published: August 2010

The effect of loading path on the mechanical behaviour of single crystalline copper nanowires is investigated with molecular dynamics simulations. Different loading conditions including pre-tensile torsion and pre-torsional tension at different temperatures are taken into consideration. It is found that elastic pre-loading conditions can induce a distinct weakening on the resistance against plastic deformation under later applied loads. Meanwhile, coupled thermal and pre-loading effect can also facilitate the transformation from elasticity to plasticity. Formations of fivefold twins are observed in copper nanowires subjected to the loading path with tension after pre-torsion. These fivefold twins all form at the necking stage before fracture, and are found to be pre-torsion- and size-dependent but insensitive to the change in temperature and cross-sectional shape. The results reported here indicate that the loading path effect on the mechanical behaviour plays an important role in the formation of some special microstructures such as multiple twins in metallic nanowires.
The mechanical response of a PBX and binder: combining results across the strain-rate and frequency domains
Authors: Drodge D R , Williamson D M , Palmer S J P , Proud W G , Govier R K
Published: August 2010

The mechanical response of a polymer bonded explosive (PBX) has been measured using a Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar at a strain-rate of 2000 s−1, across a range of temperatures from 173 to 333 K, with the aim of observing its behaviour in the glassy regime. The yield stresses increased monotonically with decreasing temperature and no plateau was found. The failure mechanism was found to transition from shear-banding with crystal debonding fracture to brittle failure with some evidence of crystal fracture. Similar experiments were performed on samples of its nitrocellulose-based binder material, at a strain-rate of 3000 s−1 across a temperature range 173–273 K. The failure stresses of the binder approach that of the composite at temperatures near −70 °C. The elastic moduli were estimated from post-equilibrium regions of the stress–strain curves, and compared with those obtained for the composite using 5 MHz ultrasonic sound-speed measurement, and powder dynamic mechanical analysis measurements and quasi-static behaviour reported in a previous paper. The moduli were plotted on a common frequency axis: a temperature shift was applied to collapse the curves, which agreed with the Cox–Merz rule.
Attaching quantum dots to HER2 specific phage antibodies
Authors: Chu Viet Ha , Nghiem Thi Ha Lien , La Thi Huyen , Ung Thi Dieu Thuy , Le Quang Huan , Tong Kim Thuan , Nguyen Quang Liem , Tran Hong Nhung
Published: August 2010

This work presents the results of the attachment of Qdot 655 ITK

TM
amino (PEG) quantum dots (QDs) (Invitrogen) and CdTe QDs (provided by Institute of Materials Science, VAST) to HER2 (Human Epidermal growth factor Receptor 2) specific phage antibodies (Abs) (provided by Institute of Biotechnology, VAST) in solution. The QDs were attached to the phage display specific HER2 Abs to form a complex QD–Ab. The QDs and complex QD–Ab were characterized by UV-VIS spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and fluorescence microscopy. The fluorescence images show the QDs conjugated to the phage. Due to the QDs attaching to the surface, the phage dimensions were amplified, so its shape could be observed by optical microscopy. The complex QD–Ab was stable and lasted for a month. The results illustrate the value of the HER2 phage–QD complex as a cancer detection platform.
Copper thin film for RFID UHF antenna on flexible
substrate
Authors: Tran Nhan Ai , Tran Huy Nam , Dang Mau Chien , Fribourg-Blanc Eric
Published: August 2010

A process flow using photolithography and sputtering was studied for copper antenna
fabrication on thin poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) substrate. The lift-off route
was chosen for its flexibility at laboratory scale. It was clarified that the
cleaning of PET is an important step that necessitates mild oxygen plasma etching.
Then copper is sputter deposited after photolithographic definition of the antenna.
Care is necessary since PET, as a very flexible substrate, is temperature sensitive.
The temperature increase generated by the impact of deposited copper should be
maintained below the glass transition temperature of the polymer to avoid detrimental
deformation. dc power of 40 to 50 W was found to be the maximum possible sputtering
power for commercial PET. It was found that the resistivity of the thin film is below
two times the bulk resistivity of copper for a deposition pressure below
4×10−3 
mbar and thickness above 450 nm. These results
enable the reliable fabrication of copper RFID UHF antennae on a PET substrate for
further testing of new tag designs. The present paper summarizes the effort to test
new designs of antennae for RadioFrequency IDentification (RFID) Ultra High Frequency
(UHF) tags, for use in various applications (e.g. object tracking and environment
monitoring) in Vietnam.
Ang2/Fat-Free Is a Conserved Subunit of the Golgi-associated Retrograde Protein Complex
Authors: Pérez-Victoria F. Javier , Schindler Christina , Magadán Javier G. , Mardones Gonzalo A. , Delevoye Cédric , Romao Maryse , Raposo Graça , Bonifacino Juan S.
Published: August 2010

The Golgi-associated retrograde protein (GARP) complex mediates tethering and fusion of endosome-derived transport carriers to the trans-Golgi network (TGN). In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, GARP comprises four subunits named Vps51p, Vps52p, Vps53p, and Vps54p. Orthologues of the GARP subunits, except for Vps51p, have been identified in all other eukaryotes. A yeast two-hybrid screen of a human cDNA library yielded a phylogenetically conserved protein, Ang2/Fat-free, which interacts with human Vps52, Vps53 and Vps54. Human Ang2 is larger than yeast Vps51p, but exhibits significant homology in an N-terminal coiled-coil region that mediates assembly with other GARP subunits. Biochemical analyses show that human Ang2, Vps52, Vps53 and Vps54 form an obligatory 1:1:1:1 complex that strongly interacts with the regulatory Habc domain of the TGN SNARE, Syntaxin 6. Depletion of Ang2 or the GARP subunits similarly impairs protein retrieval to the TGN, lysosomal enzyme sorting, endosomal cholesterol traffic¤ and autophagy. These findings indicate that Ang2 is the missing component of the GARP complex in most eukaryotes.
First Report of Myrothecium roridum Causing Leaf Spot on Garden Hydrangea in the United States
Authors: Mmbaga M. T. , Li Y. , Kim M.-S.
Published: August 2010

Garden hydrangea (Hydrangea macrophylla) is a popular flowering shrub that grows well in Tennessee but foliar diseases impact their appearance, health, and market value. Leaves of garden hydrangea showed necrotic lesions with concentric rings of brown and dark brown at the Tennessee State University Research Center in McMinnville. A fungus was recovered from June and July leaf samples with 20% frequency of isolation from approximately 40 leaf pieces that were surface sterilized and plated in potato dextrose agar (PDA). Isolates developed white colonies and dark gray-to-black, spore-bearing mycelial cushions (sporodochia) that formed on older colonies (30 to 45 days old) at 25 ± 2°C. Conidia were hyaline to slightly dark, one-celled, ovoid to elongate with rounded ends, and 2.0 to 2.5 × 5.5 to 6.5 μm. These morphological characteristics were consistent with those described for Myrothecium roridum Tode ex Fr. (1). DNA sequence for three isolates of this fungus showed identical internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region sequences (GenBank Accession No. HM215150) with 99% maximum sequence identity to M. roridum isolates (GenBank Accession Nos. AJ301994.1 and AJ608978). Another close match (97%) was with M. gramineum (GenBank Accession No. FJ235084) and M. tongaense (GenBank Accession No. AY254157). Pathogenicity of M. roridum was evaluated on detached leaves from three hydrangea cultivars, Nikko Blue, All Summer Beauty, and Blue bird. Four, medium-size, detached leaves were placed in moist chambers and inoculated with 5-mm mycelial plugs from 14-day-old cultures; sterile PDA was used as the control treatment. A randomized, complete-block experimental design was used with a replication of four leaves per cultivar. Incubation temperature was 26 ± 2°C. Necrotic lesions started 4 to 5 days after inoculation in all inoculated leaves; lesions expanded to cover 10 to 25% of the leaf surface and formed concentric rings; sterile PDA plugs did not produce leaf lesions. This experiment was repeated twice and similar symptoms were produced; M. roridum was reisolated from all inoculated leaves. Spray inoculation of detached leaves of hydrangea cv. Pretty Maiden with 5 × 104 spores/ml produced similar symptoms; leaves sprayed with water remained symptom free. M. roridum has a wide host range and similar symptoms have been reported on other ornamentals including salvia (2), begonia ( http://mrec.ifas.ufl.edu/foliage/folnotes/begonias.htm ), gardenia ( http://cfextension.ifas.ufl.edu/agriculture/ nursery_production/ documents/Gardenia.pdf ), and cotton (3). To our knowledge, this is the first report of M. roridum causing leaf spot on H. macrophylla in the United States.

References: (1) M. B. Ellis. Page 465 in: More Damatacous Hyphomycetes. CABI, Wallingford, UK. 1993. (2) J. A. Mangandi et al. Plant Dis. 91:772, 2007. (3) R. L. Munjal. Indian Phytopathol. New Delhi, 13:150, 1960.
Distinct Defenses Induced in Wheat Against Powdery Mildew by Acetylated and Nonacetylated Oligogalacturonides
Authors: Randoux Béatrice , Renard-Merlier Delphine , Mulard Ghislain , Rossard Stéphanie , Duyme Florent , Sanssené Jean , Courtois Josiane , Durand Roger , Reignault Philippe
Published: August 2010

In wheat, little is known about disease resistance inducers and, more specifically, about the biological activities from those derived from endogenous elicitors, such as oligogalacturonides (OGAs). Therefore, we tested the ability of two fractions of OGAs, with polymerization degrees (DPs) of 2–25, to induce resistance to Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici and defense responses in wheat. One fraction was unacetylated (OGAs–Ac) whereas the second one was 30% chemically acetylated (OGAs+Ac). Infection level was reduced to 57 and 58% relative to controls when OGAs–Ac and OGAs+Ac, respectively, were sprayed 48 h before inoculation. Activities of various defense-related enzymes were then assayed in noninoculated wheat leaves infiltrated with OGAs. Oxalate oxidase, peroxidase, and lipoxygenase were responsive to both OGAs–Ac and OGAs+Ac, which suggests involvement of reactive oxygen species and oxilipins in OGAs-mediated responses in wheat. In inoculated leaves, both fractions induced a similar increase in H2O2accumulation at the site of fungal penetration. However, only OGAs+Ac led to an increase in papilla-associated fluorescence and to a reduction of formed fungal haustoria. Our work provides the first evidence for elicitation and protection effects of preventive treatments with OGAs in wheat and for new properties of acetylated OGAs.
A brief retraining regulates the persistence and lability of a long-term memory
Authors: Levitan David , Twitto Rachel , Levy Roi , Lyons Lisa C. , Susswein Abraham J.
Published: August 2010

An experience extending the persistence of a memory after training Aplysia californica with inedible food also allows a consolidated memory to become sensitive to consolidation blockers. Long-term (24 h) memory is initiated by 5 min of training and is dependent on protein synthesis during the first few hours after training. By contrast, a more persistent (48 h) memory is dependent on a longer training session and on a later round of protein synthesis. When presented 24 h after training, a 3-min training that produces no memory alone can cause a memory that would have persisted for only 24 h to persist for 48 h. After a 48 h memory has been consolidated, 3 min of training also makes the memory sensitive to a protein-synthesis inhibitor. These findings suggest that a function of allowing a consolidated memory to become sensitive to blockers of protein synthesis may be to allow the memory to become more persistent.
Chemical composition of salt‐marsh plants from Ynys Môn (Anglesey): the concept of physiotypes
Authors: GORHAM J. , HUGHES LL. , WYN JONES R. G.
Published: August 2010

Abstract The chemical compositions of a number of halophytes from salt marshes on Ynys Môn (Anglesey), Wales, and of some related mesophytes and sand dune plants have been determined. Analyses of the inorganic ions broadly confirmed the existence of a characteristic chemical composition of many monoco‐tyledonous salt‐marsh plants in that they contain high levels of potassium and relatively low levels of sodium. In contrast to most dicotyledonous halophytes, especially members of the Chenopodiacease, the monocots restrict the entry of inorganic ions and use high levels of soluble sugars to maintain an adequate solute potential. Low calcium levels were not found to be a feature of these plants, as was previously reported. The large amounts of sugars found in the monocotyle‐donous plants suggested that they must be located mainly in the vacuoles, in contrast to glycinebetaine which is thought to accumulate principally in the cytoplasm of the salt accumulating Chenopodiaceae. The monocotyledonous halophytes which accumulate proline differ from the normal monocotyledonous physiotype in the accumulation of larger quantities of sodium. Triglochin maritima is one species of this type, and Puccinellia maritima a less extreme example. Spartina spp. accumulating glycinebetaine and β‐dimethyl‐sulphoniopropionate also have unusually high inorganic ion contents for monocots. Several salt marsh plants contained large quantities of amino acids other than proline. As with ionic composition, the nature of the organic solutes broadly followed taxonomic lines. The usefulness of the physiotype concept is discussed.
Acid‐base regulation during ammonium assimilation in Hydrodictyon africanum
Authors: RAVEN J. A. , DE MICHELIS M. I.
Published: August 2010

Abstract The acid‐base balance during ammonium (used to mean NH 4+ and/or NH3) assimilation in Hydrodictyon africanum has been measured on cells growing with about 1 mol m−3 ammonium at an external pH of about 6.5. Measurements made included (1) ash alkalinity (corrected for intracellular ammonium) which yields net organic negative charge, (2) the accumulation of organic N in the cells and (3) the change in extracellular H+ (from the pH change and the buffer capacity). These measurements showed that some 0.25 excess organic negative charge (half in the cell wall, half inside the plasmalemma) accumulates per organic N synthesized, while some 1.25H+ accumulate in the medium per organic N synthesized. Granted a permeability (PNH3) of some 10−3 cm s−1, and a finite [NH3] in the cytoplasm of these N‐assimilating cells it is likely that most of the ammonium entering these growing cells is as NH 4+. This means that most of the H + appearing in the medium must have originated from inside the cell and have been subjected to active efflux at the plasmalemma: H+ accumulates in the medium equivalent to any NH3 entry by requilibration from exogenous NH 4+. The cell composition (net organic negative charge, organic N content) is very similar in these ammonium‐grown cells to that of NO3+grown cells, suggesting that there is no action of a ‘biochemical pH stat’ during longterm assimilation of NO3+in H. africanum.

Short‐term experiments were carried out at an external pH of 7.2 in which ammonium at various concentrations were supplied to NO3+‐grown cells. There was in all cases a rapid influx followed by a slower uptake; at least at the lower concentrations (less than 100 μmol dm−3) the net influx was all attributable to NH4+influx via a uniporter, probably partly short‐circuited by a passive NH3 efflux due to intrinsic membrane permeability to NH3. The net ammonium influx was in all cases associated with H+ accumulation in the medium. (1.3‐1.7 H + per ammonium taken up); as in the growth experiments, most of the ammonium taken up was assimilated.

Determinations of cytoplasmic pH showed either no effect on, or a slight decrease in, pH during ammonium assimilation; the changes that occurred were in the direction expected for actuating a ‘pH‐regulating’ change in H+ fluxes.