bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A low-jitter self-break repetitive multi-stage gas switch
Authors: Gao Peng-cheng , Su Jian-cang , Zeng Bo , Li Rui , Zhao Liang , Cheng Jie , Qiu Xu-dong , Wu Xiao-long
Published: February 2017

A megavolt low-jitter self-break repetitive gas switch is developed by the use of the corona stabilization and the multi-stage structure in this paper. This switch is multi-stage, consisting of one corona stabilization stage and subsequent rimfire stages. The corona stabilization stage breakdowns first, then the subsequent rimfire stages are self-fired by the over-voltage from the closure of the corona stabilization stage. SF6 is used in the switch. It has been proven by experiment that the multi-stage gas switch, which consists of one 1.3-cm gap corona stabilization stage and five 0.5-cm gap rimfire stages, can operate at repetition rate frequency (PRF) of 50 Hz with a voltage jitter less than 2% in 2000 discharges. The breakdown voltage of this multi-stage switch reaches 770 kV and the single discharge current is 8.50 kA at 4 bars.
Direct, functional relationship between structural and optical properties in titanium-incorporated gallium oxide nanocrystalline thin films
Authors: Manandhar S. , Ramana C. V.
Published: February 2017

We present an approach to design Ga2O3-based materials with tunable optical properties. In the Ti-doped Ga2O3 model system, where the Ti content (x) was varied up to ∼5 at. %, Ti induced significant effects on the structural and optical properties. Single-phase β-Ga2O3 formation occurs for a lower Ti content (≤1.5 at. %); however, composite-oxide (Ga2O3-TiO2) formation occurs for a higher Ti content. While band gap reduction (Eg ∼ 0.9 eV) coupled with refractive index (n) enhancement occurs, indicating the electronic-structure modification, with Ti incorporation, the changes are dominant only in the Ga2O3-TiO2-composite. A direct, functional Ti(x)-Eg-n relationship was found, which suggests that tailoring the optical quality and performance of Ga-Ti-O is possible by tuning the Ti content and structure.
Spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking in liquid crystals
Authors: Kats E. I.
Published: February 2017

Motivated by new experimental observations we generalize the Landau-like approach to include the direct phase transition between isotropic liquid (I) and heliconical nematic liquid crystal (NTB) structure. We show that depending on the Landau expansion coefficients, our model allows either direct I–NTB transition, or the sequence of the phases I–N–NTB with the classical nematic liquid crystal (N) sandwiched between the isotropic liquid and heliconical nematic liquid crystal. Which of these two situations is realized depends on how strong is the first order phase transition from the isotropic liquid. If it is strong enough the system undergoes I–N–NTB sequence, and for the very weak first order phase transition I–NTB transformation occurs. Furthermore in the latter case the NTB structure can be biaxial heliconical nematic liquid crystal.
On the origin of transversal current in double-layer heterostructures
Authors: Iordanski S. V.
Published: February 2017

It is shown that usually used theoretical model for double-layer heterostructures as a pseudospin ferromagnet does not explain the observed two-dimensional spectrum. Its existence is possible when neglecting Coulomb interaction destroying two-dimensional structures and can be realized only in a strong magnetic field. That is connected also with the plain vortex lattices forming in strong magnetic fields due to thermodynamic instability. This model gives reasonable explanations of various observed effects depending on the filling of the corresponding bands. In particular in this work we show that in double-layer heterostructures a large interlayer conductance really observed can exist.
Ginzburg–Landau expansion in BCS–BEC crossover region of disordered attractive Hubbard model
Authors: Kuchinskii E. Z. , Kuleeva N. A. , Sadovskii M. V.
Published: February 2017

We have studied disorder effects on the coefficients of Ginzburg-Landau expansion for attractive Hubbard model within the generalized DMFT+Σ approximation for the wide region of the values of attractive potential U—from the weak-coupling limit, where superconductivity is described by BCS model, towards the strong coupling, where superconducting transition is related to Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) of compact Cooper pairs. For the case of semi-elliptic initial density of states disorder influence on the coefficients A and B before the square and the fourth power of the order parameter is universal for at all values of electronic correlations and is related only to the widening of the initial conduction band (density of states) by disorder. Similar universal behavior is valid for superconducting critical temperature Tc (the generalized Anderson theorem) and specific heat discontinuity at the transition. This universality is absent for the coefficient C before the gradient term, which in accordance with the standard theory of “dirty” superconductors is strongly suppressed by disorder in the weak-coupling region, but can slightly grow in BCS–BEC crossover region, becoming almost independent of disorder in the strong coupling region. This leads to rather weak disorder dependence of the penetration depth and coherence length, as well as the slope of the upper critical magnetic field at Tc, in BCS–BEC crossover and strong coupling regions.
Electronic and magnetic properties of the ferromagnetic superconductor UCoGe
Authors: Antonov V. N.
Published: February 2017

The electronic structure and x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) spectra of the ferromagnetic superconductor UCoGe at the U N4,5, Ge and Co K and Co L2,3 edges were investigated theoretically from first principles, using the fully relativistic Dirac linear muffin-tin orbital band structure method. The electronic structure is obtained with the local spin-density approximation (LSDA), as well as with a generalization of the LSDA+U method which takes into account the non-diagonal occupation matrix (in spin indexes) of localized electrons. A stable ferromagnetic ground state was found. The uranium total magnetic moment is quite small (about −0.171μB) in the LSDA approximation as a result of almost complete cancellation between the spin magnetic moment of 0.657 μB and the opposite orbital magnetic moment of −0.828 μB, resulting from strong spin-orbit coupling at the uranium site. Valency of U ion in UCoGe is close to 3+. The ratio orbital and spin magnetic moments Ml/Ms ranged from 1.163 in the GGA approach up to 2.456 for the LSDA+U calculations is smaller than the corresponding ratio for the free ion U3+ value (2.60), it can indicate a significant delocalization of the 5f-electron states due to the hybridization of the U 5f electrons with the conduction band and Co 3d electrons. The line shape of the dichroic spectra at the U M5 and M4 edges predicted by considering the magneto-optical selection rules as well as the occupation and the energy sequence of the mj-projected partial densities of states. The theoretically calculated XMCD spectra at the U M4,5, Ge and Co K and Co L2,3 edges are in good agreement with the experimentally measured spectra.
Magnetic properties and spin kinetics of a heavy-fermion Kondo lattice
Authors: Kochelaev B. I.
Published: February 2017

A review of peculiarities of magnetic properties and spin kinetics of a heavy-fermion Kondo lattice revealed by electron spin resonance (ESR) experiments and their theoretical analysis is given. Among the issues discussed in some detail are the renormalization of spin kinetics coefficients due to the Kondo effect, formation of the collective spin modes of the Kondo ions and wide-band conduction electrons, unexpected behavior of ESR parameters as functions of temperature and magnetic fields. Special attention is focused on the possible role of the Kondo effect for the ESR signal existence at low temperatures.
Enhancement of Raman scattering from molecules placed near metal nanoparticles
Authors: Barbiellini B.
Published: February 2017

Large Raman scattering cross sections from molecules on surfaces of metallic nanoparticles are described within a renormalization-group theory. In this approach the valence electrons of the molecules are embedded in an effective medium described by a dielectric function, which integrates out the effect of the plasmonic excitations of the metallic nanoparticles. The source of the enhanced photon inelastic scattering is produced by the resonant excitation of surface plasmons at the metallic nanoparticles. A similar theory has been successfully used to explain the resonant x-ray inelastic scattering and the behavior of nonlinear susceptibilities at the x-ray edges.
The excitation and detection of a leaky surface electromagnetic wave on a high-index dielectric grating in a prism-coupler geometry
Authors: Simonsen I. , Maradudin A. A.
Published: February 2017

A periodically corrugated interface between vacuum and a high-index dielectric medium supports a p-polarized leaky surface electromagnetic wave whose sagittal plane is perpendicular to the generators of the interface. This wave is bound to the surface in the vacuum region, but radiates into the high-index dielectric medium. We study the excitation of this wave by p-polarized light incident from a prism on whose planar base the highindex dielectric medium in the form of a film is bonded. The unilluminated surface of the film is periodically corrugated, and is in contact with vacuum. Peaks and dips in the dependence of several low-order diffraction efficiencies on the angle of incidence (Wood anomalies) are the signatures of the excitation of the surface wave.
A systematic approach for the accurate and rapid measurement of water vapor transmission through ultra-high barrier films
Authors: Kiese Sandra , Kücükpinar Esra , Reinelt Matthias , Miesbauer Oliver , Ewender Johann , Langowski Horst-Christian
Published: February 2017

Flexible organic electronic devices are often protected from degradation by encapsulation in multilayered films with very high barrier properties against moisture and oxygen. However, metrology must be improved to detect such low quantities of permeants. We therefore developed a modified ultra-low permeation measurement device based on a constant-flow carrier-gas system to measure both the transient and stationary water vapor permeation through high-performance barrier films. The accumulation of permeated water vapor before its transport to the detector allows the measurement of very low water vapor transmission rates (WVTRs) down to 2 × 10−5 g m−2 d−1. The measurement cells are stored in a temperature-controlled chamber, allowing WVTR measurements within the temperature range 23–80 °C. Differences in relative humidity can be controlled within the range 15%–90%. The WVTR values determined using the novel measurement device agree with those measured using a commercially available carrier-gas device from MOCON®. Depending on the structure and quality of the barrier film, it may take a long time for the WVTR to reach a steady-state value. However, by using a combination of the time-dependent measurement and the finite element method, we were able to estimate the steady-state WVTR accurately with significantly shorter measurement times.
Kinetic processes in solid helium involving impurities and vacancies (Review)
Authors: Maidanov V. A. , Rudavskii E. Ya. , Sokolov S. S.
Published: February 2017

A brief review is given of the kinetic behavior of impurities and vacancies in solid helium, which Andreev and Lifshitz predicted should be delocalized and converted into unique quasiparticles. Primary attention is devoted to the unusual diffusion processes in solid 3He-4He solutions as they undergo phase separation. Because mechanical stresses develop in the crystal during separation, the diffusive flow is substantially reduced and the effective diffusion coefficient becomes smaller than the coherent quantum diffusion coefficient. During the inverse transition from a separated mixture into the homogeneous state, anomalously rapid mass transfer is observed which can be explained qualitatively in terms of a model in which 3He inclusions are dissolved in three stages. Experimental data on the kinetics of phase separation are compared with a diffusive description of the process that takes into account the difference between diffusion processes outside and inside a nucleus of the new phase. Good agreement is obtained between a theoretical calculation and the experimental data. A homogeneous nucleation model is used to estimate the concentration of nuclei. For the first time, the coefficient of mass diffusion is estimated over the entire range of the concentration of the solutions. The behavior of delocalized vacancies in 4He and 3He solid solutions is studied near the separation temperature. The observed features of the pressure in this kind of system during repeated temperature cycling are explained by the formation of pure 4He vacancy clusters. Although the crystal itself has no strict periodicity owing to the random separation of 3He and 4He atoms at the lattice sites, a periodic structure is realized within a cluster and vacancies become delocalized.
Acoustic edge magnetoplasmons and the quantum Hall effect
Authors: Shikin V. , Nazin S.
Published: February 2017

The nonequilibrium properties of integer channels that affect the magnetoplasma dynamics of degenerate, regularly inhomogeneous 2D electron systems under integral quantum Hall conditions are discussed. It is shown that the presence of an integer strip near the perimeter of a 2D electron system with a “soft” electron density profile should quench some of the acoustic modes in the edge magnetoplasmon spectrum of the electron disk in a magnetic field normal to its surface. This effect is observed experimentally and could be used for diagnostics of the properties of integer channels in variable electric fields.
Operation regimes and electrical transport of steep slope Schottky Si-FinFETs
Authors: Jeon Dae-Young , Zhang Jian , Trommer Jens , Park So Jeong , Gaillardon Pierre-Emmanuel , De Micheli Giovanni , Mikolajick Thomas , Weber Walter M.
Published: February 2017

In the quest for energy efficient circuits, considerable focus has been given to steep slope and polarity-controllable devices, targeting low supply voltages and reduction of transistor count. The recently proposed concept of the three-independent gated Si-FinFETs with Schottky-barriers (SBs) has proven to bring both functionalities even in a single device. However, the complex combination of transport properties including Schottky emission and weak impact ionization as well as the body effect makes the design of such devices challenging. In this work, we perform a deep electrical characterization analysis to visualize and decouple the different operation regimes and electrical properties of the SB Si-FinFETs using a graphical transport map. From these, we give important guidelines for the design of future devices.
Controlling the optical spin Hall effect with light
Authors: Lafont O. , Luk S. M. H. , Lewandowski P. , Kwong N. H. , Leung P. T. , Galopin E. , Lemaitre A. , Tignon J. , Schumacher S. , Baudin E. , Binder R.
Published: February 2017

The optical spin Hall effect is a transport phenomenon of exciton polaritons in semiconductor microcavities, caused by the polaritonic spin-orbit interaction, which leads to the formation of spin textures. The control of the optical spin Hall effect via light injection in a double microcavity is demonstrated. Angular rotations of the polarization pattern up to 22° are observed and compared to a simple theoretical model. The device geometry is responsible for the existence of two polariton branches which allows a robust independent control of the polariton spin and hence the polarization state of the emitted light field, a solution technologically relevant for future spin-optronic devices.
Detection of internal fields in double-metal terahertz resonators
Authors: Mitrofanov Oleg , Han Zhanghua , Ding Fei , Bozhevolnyi Sergey I. , Brener Igal , Reno John L.
Published: February 2017

Terahertz (THz) double-metal plasmonic resonators enable enhanced light-matter coupling by exploiting strong field confinement. The double-metal design however restricts access to the internal fields. We propose and demonstrate a method for spatial mapping and spectroscopic analysis of the internal electromagnetic fields in double-metal plasmonic resonators. We use the concept of image charges and aperture-type scanning near-field THz time-domain microscopy to probe the fields confined within the closed resonator. The experimental method opens doors to studies of light-matter coupling in deeply sub-wavelength volumes at THz frequencies.
Unidirectional transmission in 1D nonlinear photonic crystal based on topological phase reversal by optical nonlinearity
Authors: Li Chong , Hu Xiaoyong , Yang Hong , Gong Qihuang
Published: February 2017

We propose a scheme of unidirectional transmission in a 1D nonlinear topological photonic crystal based on the topological edge state and three order optical nonlinearity. The 1D photonic crystals consists of a nonlinear photonic crystal L and a linear photonic crystal R. In the backward direction, light is totally reflected for the photons transmission prohibited by the bandgap. While in the forward direction, light interacts with the nonlinear photonic crystal L by optical Kerr effect, bringing a topological phase reversal and results the topological edge mode arising at the interface which could transmit photons through the bandgaps both of the photonic crystal L and R. When the signal power intensity larger than a moderate low threshold value of 10.0 MW/cm2, the transmission contrast ratio could remain at 30 steadily.
Farming and public goods production in
Caenorhabditis elegans
populations
Authors: Thutupalli Shashi , Uppaluri Sravanti , Constable George W. A. , Levin Simon A. , Stone Howard A. , Tarnita Corina E. , Brangwynne Clifford P.
Published: February 2017

Significance

The population dynamics of species arise from individual-level inter- and intraspecies interactions, driven by genetic and neurobehavioral factors. However, linking ecological and evolutionary dynamics to underlying mechanisms represents a major challenge, largely due to experimental intractability. Here, we study the population dynamics of a predator–prey system comprising the nematode worm
Caenorhabditis elegans
and bacteria
Escherichia coli
. We find that the worms engage in a form of primitive agriculture, driven by their foraging behavior, by redistributing their bacterial food source, which subsequently grows. Our findings have ecoevolutionary consequences that are broadly applicable not only to worm–bacterial dynamics but also for diverse situations such as the spread of epidemics, foraging behavior, seed dispersal, and the organisms’ engineering of their habitat.
Vietnamese cultural conceptualizations ofbụng(belly) andlòng(abdomen)
Authors: Dinh Thuy N. , Thi Le Van Kieu
Published: February 2017

This paper employs the analytical tools of Cultural Linguistics to investigate the Vietnamese cultural conceptualizations of bụng (belly) and lòng (abdomen), both of which are considered to be the location of thoughts and feelings. Based on our corpus of Vietnamese idioms and proverbs,The Tale of Kieu, and several selected modern poems, we found that, while they share many cultural conceptualizations in common,lòngis used more in figurative contexts thanbụng. bụng and lòng are the seat and container of thoughts and emotions. lòng is viewed as a vast sea, vast cloth, piece of land/soil, stone, and a changeable living entity. lòng, besides having size and quality, is believed to metaphorically have weight and color. An ethnographic survey reveals the Vietnamese sociocultural historical context, ethnomedicine, and philosophical beliefs that motivate the centralization on the abdominal area to metaphorically host people’s thoughts and emotions. Our investigation again reveals that language is a “memory bank” (Sharifian 2011, p. 5), this time for cultural conceptualizations that have prevailed at different stages in Vietnamese history.
Fixed expressions and culture
Authors: Fiedler Astrid
Published: February 2017

This case study examines variation in idiomatic fixed expressions (FEs) in British and West African varieties of English. Using a corpus of newspapers containing FEs with the source domain monkey, I contrast those expressions shared by both varieties — the Common Core — with those found only in the African sources. In so doing, I seek to illuminate to what extent uniquely African cultural influences have affected idiomatic language use in these ‘New Englishes’ beyond the mere adoption of British expressions. The corpus contains 24 FEs, of which 8 belong to the Common Core and 16 classify as potentially new African ones. The analysis of the FEs reveals that West African speakers make use of a much broader spectrum of main meaning foci (Kövecses 2010) when instantiating the human behavior is monkey behavior metaphor than do their British counterparts. This widersystem of associated commonplaces(Black 1954) can be linked to the African natural environment on the one hand and to broader cultural influences on the other, including power and corruption issues as well as African models of community and kinship (Wolf & Polzenhagen 2009). On a more global level, this paper lends evidence to the importance ofcultural conceptualizations(Sharifian 2011) as a further dimension of variation in the study of World Englishes.
ANGER metaphors in American English and Kabyle
Authors: Belkhir Sadia
Published: February 2017

The position standardly held in cognitive linguistics is that anger is an emotion concept that communicates about human thinking and which is instantiated in language in ways that are often metaphorically, systematically, and conceptually structured. The container metaphor is claimed to be near-universal (Kövecses 2000), but also subject to variation (Kövecses 2005). Variation in metaphor frequencies across languages has also been investigated (Boers & Demecheleer 1997; Boers 1999; Deignan 2003; Kövecses et al. 2015). This article reports a corpus-based contrastive investigation of anger metaphors in American English and Kabyle — a Tamazight language variety spoken in the northern part of Algeria. Its main objective is to contrast these metaphors and try to find out the most used ones in these languages through a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the token frequency of linguistic expressions belonging to each of the conceptual metaphors, the type frequency of their linguistic realizations, and the number of their mappings. Aspects of the anger scenario are also studied and contrasted. The findings indicate similarities and differences in the use of anger metaphors in the two languages. The three most frequently used metaphors in American English involve the container, possessed object and opponent source domains while the most frequently used ones in Kabyle involve the fire, container and possessed object source domains. These results confirm the near-universality of the container metaphor. However, the most frequently used metaphorical source domain concept is different in the two languages due to sociocultural influences. In addition, the findings relating to aspects of the anger scenario (intensity and control) support Lakoff and Kövecses’ (1987) prototype model of anger, although it is found to be influenced by sociocultural specificities in American English and Kabyle.
On quantity and quality in syntactic variation studies
Authors: Thráinsson Höskuldur
Published: February 2017

This paper discusses some methodological issues in variation studies, drawing mainly on experience gathered in work on syntactic variation in Insular Scandinavian. First, it demonstrates the importance of having a large number of informants if you want to get a reliable picture of the distribution of certain variants or the ongoing development behind syntactic variation. Second, it is shown that different elicitation methods, e.g. absolute vs. relative judgments, can complement each other since they do not always yield the same kind of information. Third, the paper gives a partial answer to the question whether Faroese is moving towards Mainland Scandinavian.
Variation in oblique subject constructions in Insular Scandinavian
Authors: Eythórsson Thórhallur , Thráinsson Höskuldur
Published: February 2017

This chapter reviews the division of morphological case into structural case and lexical case and the latter in turn into regular (thematic) and idiosyncratic case (Yip, Maling and Jackendoff 1987). The Case Directionality Hypothesis (Eythórsson 2002, 2015b) states that historical development of case is predictable if one assumes this division: structural case replaces lexical case and idiosyncratic lexical case will yield to regular (thematic) lexical case. This hypothesis is tested on data which were collected in projects on variation in subject case in Icelandic and Faroese. It is concluded that the development of subject case in Icelandic and Faroese is to a significant degree in accordance with the predictions of the CDH, but interesting exceptions are also described and discussed.
Determining the nature of intra-speaker subject case variation
Authors: Nowenstein Iris Edda
Published: February 2017

Extensive syntactic surveys show that variation in subject case appears in both Insular Scandinavian languages. The results furthermore indicate that intra-speaker variation is widespread and that Person-Specific Retention (PSR) is one of the characteristics of the variation in both Icelandic and Faroese. Many questions on the nature of the variation remain unanswered and no formal account of the PSR has been provided. In this paper I shed light on the subject by presenting new data from Icelandic, Faroese and heritage North-American Icelandic. Experimental language acquisition data can be particularly decisive regarding the nature of the intra-speaker variation and the variation and PSR can be accounted for formally within Yang’s (2002, 2016) variational model of acquisition.
Variation in dative in Faroese
Authors: Petersen Hjalmar P.
Published: February 2017

The aim of this article is to investigate variation in object case marking in Faroese and the ongoing change from dative objects to accusative objects in Modern Faroese. In this investigation I try to determine what influences this change: Is it influenced by the morphological form of the noun phrase, the semantics of the verb, language contact with Danish or an interaction between these three factors? Furthermore it is necessary to see if synonymous Nom/Acc native verbs influence Nom/Dat verbs. To seek answers to these questions I conducted three different grammaticality judgment tests among young people, 17–20 years of age, in the Faroe Islands, and I have compared these data with the results of a search in a text database (teldni.fo/tekstasavn).
Avoiding Genitive in Icelandic
Authors: Jónsson Jóhannes Gísli
Published: February 2017

The genitive is a highly idiosyncratic case for arguments in Icelandic. Hence it is sometimes substituted for by other cases, i.e. by structural case of subjects (nominative) and direct objects (accusative) or by the productive lexical dative case in other instances. Genitive objects of adjectives can only be replaced by dative, since dative is the only regular case for objects of adjectives. Genitive can also be replaced by dative in certain contexts of agreement or concord. Dative is a better alternative in such instances than nominative and accusative because dative and genitive share the property of being KPs (Kase Phrases) in the sense of Bayer, Bader and Meng (2001). This analysis is independently supported by facts about noun inflection in Icelandic.
Dimensions of Variation
Authors: Ussery Cherlon
Published: February 2017

This chapter provides an in-depth investigation of both inter-speaker and intra-speaker variation in agreement with nominative objects and ECM nominative subjects. We both build on previous observations and report the findings of recent fieldwork. We show that in addition to a general dative intervention effect, clause boundaries, expletives, and singular datives are interveners for some speakers. We propose that Icelandic ECM clauses are either TP or vP and that the number feature on datives is visible for some speakers, contra previous research.
Inverse attraction in Icelandic relative clauses
Authors: Wood Jim , Sigurðsson Einar Freyr , Nowenstein Iris Edda
Published: February 2017

We introduce “inverse attraction” (IA) (Bianchi 1999: 93) in non-standard Icelandic, a nearly unstudied phenomenon that provides special insight into relative clause formation, specificially regarding the copy deletion that occurs in the “matching analysis” derivation of relatives. Descriptively, IA seems to involve deletion of the higher, rather than the lower copy of the relative head. In order to study this phenomenon in more detail, we conducted a judgment study with 130 Icelandic-speaking participants. The results of our study indicate that the acceptability of IA depends on the matrix and embedded cases involved, on the position of the gap inside the relative clause, and on the position of the whole relativized DP.
Variation in copular agreement in Insular Scandinavian
Authors: Hartmann Jutta , Heycock Caroline
Published: February 2017

This paper explores the syntax of agreement in Insular Scandinavian in copular clauses with two potential goals for agreement. Data from three production experiments – one in Faroese and two in Icelandic – establish several new facts. First, in both languages agreement with the second nominal (DP2) is possible/preferred. Second, there is considerable variation (both within and between languages, and indeed speakers) in the patterns observed. Third, Icelandic shows a surprising pattern of "partial" agreement with DP2 – agreement in number but not person. We discuss the implications for current theorising about agreement, proposing that in these languages, at least, agreement is downwards, and that the available agreement options depend in part on the syntactic position of DP1 when agreement is established.
Distributional analysis applied to terminology extraction
Authors: Nazar Rogelio
Published: February 2017

This paper presents the first results of a new method for terminology extraction based on distributional analysis. The intuition behind the algorithm is that single or multi-word lexical units that refer to specialised concepts will show a characteristic co-occurrence pattern, described as a tendency to appear in the same contexts with other conceptually related terms. E.g. the term fluoxetine will systematically appear in the same sentences with other related terms such as depression, serotonin reuptake inhibitor, obsessive–compulsive disorder and others. Of course, terms will co-occur with general vocabulary units as well, but not with a characteristic pattern as when a conceptual relation holds. Experimental evaluation of this method was conducted in a corpus of psychiatry journals from Spain and Latin America, and concluded that the results are significantly better than other methods.
The PCT Termbase of the World Intellectual Property Organization
Authors: Valentini Cristina , Westgate Geoffrey , Rouquet Philippe
Published: February 2017

Many key terminology databases are managed by national and international organizations. However, the methodology behind the development of such databases has rarely been discussed. This paper presents the terminology database of the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), the scientific and technical patent terminology database in ten languages available for browse online in WIPO Pearl. The article discusses in detail the design and structure of the PCT Termbase with reference to ISO standards. Divergences are explained in light of specific aspects of the workflow and the text type under consideration — patents. Thus, traditional problematic areas of terminography are addressed from a practical perspective, e.g. identifying concepts and terms; attributing a concept to a specific subject field in a multidisciplinary database; multilingual equivalence; quality control in terminology management; building domain ontologies from/in terminology databases. A comprehensive understanding of the PCT Termbase is thereby provided.
CLUH regulates mitochondrial metabolism by controlling translation and decay of target mRNAs
Authors: Schatton Désirée , Pla-Martin David , Marx Marie-Charlotte , Hansen Henriette , Mourier Arnaud , Nemazanyy Ivan , Pessia Alberto , Zentis Peter , Corona Teresa , Kondylis Vangelis , Barth Esther , Schauss Astrid C. , Velagapudi Vidya , Rugarli Elena I.
Published: February 2017

Mitochondria are essential organelles that host crucial metabolic pathways and produce adenosine triphosphate. The mitochondrial proteome is heterogeneous among tissues and can dynamically change in response to different metabolic conditions. Although the transcriptional programs that govern mitochondrial biogenesis and respiratory function are well known, posttranscriptional regulatory mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we show that the cytosolic RNA-binding protein clustered mitochondria homologue (CLUH) regulates the expression of a mitochondrial protein network supporting key metabolic programs required under nutrient deprivation. CLUH exerts its function by controlling the stability and translation of target messenger RNAs. In the absence of Cluh, mitochondria are severely depleted of crucial enzymes involved in catabolic energy-converting pathways. CLUH preserves oxidative mitochondrial function and glucose homeostasis, thus preventing death at the fetal–neonatal transition. In the adult liver, CLUH ensures maximal respiration capacity and the metabolic response to starvation. Our results shed new light on the posttranscriptional mechanisms controlling the expression of mitochondrial proteins and suggest novel strategies to tailor mitochondrial function to physiological and pathological conditions.
God particles in the perspective of The AlQuran Surah Yunus: 61 and modern science
Authors: Jumini Sri
Published: February 2017

The Qur'an is the book of Allah revealed to guide human beings, settting the rules of life to enable them to achieve happiness in this world and hereafter. The Qur'an has mentioned various scientific nature detailly and accurately so we are able to find new knowledge which is previously unknown by human being. One was about the God particle (Higgs Boson). This article aims to provide a deeper understanding of the concept of the Higgs Boson, the Higgs Boson explained this concept in detail relatated to 1) Perspective of science 2) Perspective of Al-Qur'an 3) Development of technology or science and technology. This study is a qualitative research using library research (library research) that examines and analyzes the books relating directly or indirectly. The results of the analysis states that 1) The concept of the Higgs Boson particle in terms of basic science is also the reason why almost all elementary particles have a greater mass, 2) The concept of the Higgs Boson in the Qur'an is implied from the results of the comparison interpretation of the commentators in Surah Yunus paragraph 61 related to Atom concepts and smaller particles theory of (Higgs Boson), interpretation of Al-Maraghi, and Al-Misbah. 3) The concept of the Higgs Boson in science and technology provide the most advance technology and it is the greatest achievement in the world of science and technology.
MBV: a method to solve sample mislabeling and detect technical bias in large combined genotype and sequencing assay datasets
Authors: Fort Alexandre , Panousis Nikolaos I , Garieri Marco , Antonarakis Stylianos E , Lappalainen Tuuli , Dermitzakis Emmanouil T , Delaneau Olivier
Published: February 2017

Motivation

Large genomic datasets combining genotype and sequence data, such as for expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) detection, require perfect matching between both data types.

Results

We described here MBV (Match BAM to VCF); a method to quickly solve sample mislabeling and detect cross-sample contamination and PCR amplification bias.

Availability and Implementation

MBV is implemented in C ++ as an independent component of the QTLtools software package, the binary and source codes are freely available at https://qtltools.github.io/qtltools/.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
sfinx: an R package for the elimination of false positives from affinity purification–mass spectrometry datasets
Authors: Titeca Kevin , Meysman Pieter , Laukens Kris , Martens Lennart , Tavernier Jan , Eyckerman Sven
Published: February 2017

We describe sfinx, an R package providing access to the straightforward filtering index (SFINX) for the separation of true positive from false positive protein interactions in affinity purification – mass spectrometry datasets. This package maintains the reliability and user-friendliness of the SFINX web site interface but is faster, unlimited in input size, and can be run locally within R.

Availability and Implementation

The sfinx R package is available for download at the comprehensive R archive network (CRAN) https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/sfinx/ under the Apache License 2.0.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
STELLS2: fast and accurate coalescent-based maximum likelihood inference of species trees from gene tree topologies
Authors: Pei Jingwen , Wu Yufeng
Published: February 2017

Motivation

It is well known that gene trees and species trees may have different topologies. One explanation is incomplete lineage sorting, which is commonly modeled by the coalescent process. In multispecies coalescent, a gene tree topology is observed with some probability (called the gene tree probability) for a given species tree. Gene tree probability is the main tool for the program STELLS, which finds the maximum likelihood estimate of the species tree from the given gene tree topologies. However, STELLS becomes slow when data size increases. Recently, several fast species tree inference methods have been developed, which can handle large data. However, these methods often do not fully utilize the information in the gene trees.

Results

In this paper, we present an algorithm (called STELLS2) for computing the gene tree probability more efficiently than the original STELLS. The key idea of STELLS2 is taking some ‘shortcuts’ during the computation and computing the gene tree probability approximately. We apply the STELLS2 algorithm in the species tree inference approach in the original STELLS, which leads to a new maximum likelihood species tree inference method (also called STELLS2). Through simulation we demonstrate that the gene tree probabilities computed by STELLS2 and STELLS have strong correlation. We show that STELLS2 is almost as accurate in species tree inference as STELLS. Also STELLS2 is usually more accurate than several existing methods when there is one allele per species, although STELLS2 is slower than these methods. STELLS2 outperforms these methods significantly when there are multiple alleles per species.

Availability and Implementation

The program STELLS2 is available for download at: https://github.com/yufengwudcs/STELLS2

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Simulome: a genome sequence and variant simulator
Authors: Price Adam , Gibas Cynthia
Published: February 2017

Simulome provides a powerful and easy to use tool for creating prokaryotic pseudo-genomes. It provides options that can be used in combination to create mutated variants of the simulated genome, which allows for controlled testing of specific genomic conditions. Simulome can be used in combination with real reads generated from next-generation sequencing platforms, or with simulated reads.

Availability and Implementation

Simulome is available for download at https://github.com/price0416/Simulome and is free for use under the MIT license.
Impact of Timing of Intervention Among 397 Consecutively Treated Brainstem Cavernous Malformations
Authors: Zaidi Hasan A. , Mooney Michael A. , Levitt Michael R. , Dru Alexander B. , Abla Adib A. , Spetzler Robert F.
Published: February 2017

BACKGROUND

Surgical resection of brainstem cavernous malformations (BSCMs) is challenging, and patient selection and timing of intervention remain controversial.

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the impact of surgical timing and predictors of neurological outcome after surgical resection of BSCMs.

METHODS

Consecutive adult patients (≥18 years) with BSCMs undergoing surgical resection between 1985 and 2014 by the senior author (RFS) were retrospectively reviewed. Patient demographics, lesion characteristics, imaging results, surgical approach, and perioperative and long-term neurological morbidity were analyzed.

RESULTS

Data were analyzed for a total of 397 adult patients (160, 40% male). On univariate analysis, a greater proportion of patients treated within 6 weeks of hemorrhage had an improved Glasgow Outcome Scale score (P = .06). On logistic regression analysis, patients treated within 6 weeks of hemorrhage experienced improved clinical outcomes (odds ratio = 1.73; 95% confidence interval = 1.06-2.83; P = .03).

CONCLUSIONS

Although BSCM surgery is associated with significant perioperative morbidity and mortality, favorable long-term hemorrhage rates and symptom resolution can be achieved in a carefully selected group of patients. Overall, patients treated acutely, within 6 weeks, benefited the most from surgical intervention.
Does Adjunctive Tigecycline Improve Outcomes in Severe-Complicated, Nonoperative Clostridium difficile Infection?
Authors: LaSalvia Mary T. , Branch-Elliman Westyn , Snyder Graham M. , Mahoney Monica V. , Alonso Carolyn D. , Gold Howard S. , Wright Sharon B.
Published: February 2017

Severe Clostridium difficile infection is associated with a high rate of mortality; however, the optimal treatment for severe- complicated infection remains uncertain for patients who are not candidates for surgical intervention. Thus, we sought to evaluate the benefit of adjunctive tigecycline in this patient population using a retrospective cohort adjusted for propensity to receive tigecycline. We found that patients who received tigecycline had similar outcomes to those who did not, although the small sample size limited power to adjust for comorbidities and severity of illness.
Influence of Antibiotics on the Detection of Bacteria by Culture-Based and Culture-Independent Diagnostic Tests in Patients Hospitalized With Community-Acquired Pneumonia
Authors: Harris Aaron M. , Bramley Anna M. , Jain Seema , Arnold Sandra R. , Ampofo Krow , Self Wesley H. , Williams Derek J. , Anderson Evan J. , Grijalva Carlos G. , McCullers Jonathan A. , Pavia Andrew T. , Wunderink Richard G. , Edwards Kathryn M. , Winchell Jonas M. , Hicks Lauri A.
Published: February 2017

Background

Specimens collected after antibiotic exposure may reduce culture-based bacterial detections. The impact on culture-independent diagnostic tests is unclear. We assessed the effect of antibiotic exposure on both of these test results among patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP).

Methods

Culture-based bacterial testing included blood cultures and high-quality sputum or endotracheal tube (ET) aspirates; culture-independent testing included urinary antigen testing (adults) for Streptococcus pneumoniae and Legionella pneumophila and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal (NP/OP) swabs for Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae. The proportion of bacterial detections was compared between specimens collected before and after either any antibiotic exposure (prehospital and/or inpatient) or only prehospital antibiotics and increasing time after initiation of inpatient antibiotics.

Results

Of 4678 CAP patients, 4383 (94%) received antibiotics: 3712 (85%) only inpatient, 642 (15%) both inpatient and prehospital, and 29 (<1%) only prehospital. There were more bacterial detections in specimens collected before antibiotics for blood cultures (5.2% vs 2.6%; P < .01) and sputum/ET cultures (50.0% vs 26.8%; P < .01) but not urine antigen (7.0% vs 5.7%; P = .53) or NP/OP PCR (6.7% vs 5.4%; P = .31). For all diagnostic testing, bacterial detections declined with increasing time between inpatient antibiotic administration and specimen collection.

Conclusions

Bacteria were less frequently detected in culture-based tests collected after antibiotics and in culture-independent tests that had longer intervals between antibiotic exposure and specimen collection. Bacterial yield could improve if specimens were collected promptly, preferably before antibiotics, providing data for improved antibiotic selection.
On the Road to Professionalism
Authors: Chestnut David H.
Published: February 2017

Many observers have concluded that we have a crisis of professionalism in the practice of medicine. In this essay, the author identifies and discusses personal attributes and commitments important in the development and maintenance of physician professionalism: humility, servant leadership, self-awareness, kindness, altruism, attention to personal well-being, responsibility and concern for patient safety, lifelong learning, self-regulation, and honesty and integrity. Professionalism requires character, but character alone is not enough. We need others to help and encourage us. And in turn, as physician leaders, we help shape the culture of professionalism in our practice environment. Professionalism is not something we learn once, and no physician is perfectly professional at all times, in all circumstances. Professionalism is both a commitment and a skill—a competency—that we practice over a lifetime.
Validation and Calibration of the Risk Stratification Index
Authors: Chamoun George F. , Li Linyan , Chamoun Nassib G. , Saini Vikas , Sessler Daniel I.
Published: February 2017

Background

The Risk Stratification Index was developed from 35 million Medicare hospitalizations from 2001 to 2006 but has yet to be externally validated on an independent large national data set, nor has it been calibrated. Finally, the Medicare Analysis and Provider Review file now allows 25 rather than 9 diagnostic codes and 25 rather than 6 procedure codes and includes present-on-admission flags. The authors sought to validate the index on new data, test the impact of present-on-admission codes, test the impact of the expansion to 25 diagnostic and procedure codes, and calibrate the model.

Methods

The authors applied the original index coefficients to 39,753,036 records from the 2007–2012 Medicare Analysis data set and calibrated the model. The authors compared their results with 25 diagnostic and 25 procedure codes, with results after restricting the model to the first 9 diagnostic and 6 procedure codes and to codes present on admission.

Results

The original coefficients applied to the 2007–2012 data set yielded C statistics of 0.83 for 1-yr mortality, 0.84 for 30-day mortality, 0.94 for in-hospital mortality, and 0.86 for median length of stay—values nearly identical to those originally reported. Calibration equations performed well against observed outcomes. The 2007–2012 model discriminated similarly when codes were restricted to nine diagnostic and six procedure codes. Present-on-admission models were about 10% less predictive for in-hospital mortality and hospital length of stay but were comparably predictive for 30-day and 1-yr mortality.

Conclusions

Risk stratification performance was largely unchanged by additional diagnostic and procedure codes and only slightly worsened by restricting analysis to codes present on admission. The Risk Stratification Index, after calibration, thus provides excellent discrimination and calibration for important health services outcomes and thus appears to be a good basis for making hospital comparisons.