bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Brief School‐Based Cognitive‐Behavioral Intervention for Japanese Adolescents With Severe Posttraumatic Stress
Authors: Ito Daisuke , Koseki Shunsuke , Ohtani Tetsuhiro
Published: November 2016

This pilot study investigated the efficacy of a brief school‐based cognitive–behavioral intervention program for Japanese adolescents exposed to the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011. The participants were 22 adolescents with severe posttraumatic stress symptoms at the time of the study in March 2014. They completed a single‐session 4‐step intervention program based on Ehlers and Clark's (2000) model at their school. Symptom status was assessed at 3 time points (preintervention, postintervention, and 4‐month follow‐up) using the Impact of Event Scale‐Revised (Weiss, 2004) and Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (Radloff, 1977). The results showed significant improvements in all posttraumatic stress symptoms at postintervention (d = 0.81), and the effects were maintained throughout the 4‐month follow‐up period (d = 1.10). However, no improvement in depressive symptoms was shown. Results from this pilot study suggest that school‐based cognitive–behavioral intervention programs are feasible and show promise for Japanese adolescents with posttraumatic stress symptoms regardless of cross‐cultural differences, but that additional research examining effectiveness is needed. Despite the preliminary nature of the findings of this pilot study, the strengths of our intervention were that it was driven by a well‐tested theoretical model and required only a single session to administer.
Small cell carcinoma of the head and neck: A comparative study by primary site based on population data
Authors: Kuan Edward C. , Alonso Jose E. , Tajudeen Bobby A. , Arshi Armin , Mallen‐St. Clair Jon , St. John Maie A.
Published: November 2016

Objectives/Hypothesis

Small cell carcinoma (SmCC) of the head and neck is an extremely rare neuroendocrine malignancy. In this study, we describe the incidence and determinants of survival of patients with SmCC of the head and neck between the years of 1973 and 2012 using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database as differed by primary site.

Study Design

Retrospective, population‐based cohort study.

Methods

A total of 237 cases of SmCC of the head and neck were identified, which was divided into sinonasal primaries (n = 82) and all other head and neck primaries (n = 155). Clinicopathologic and epidemiologic variables were analyzed as predictors of overall survival (OS) and disease‐specific survival (DSS) based on the Kaplan‐Meier method.

Results

More than half of sinonasal primaries presented with Kadish stage C or D. On multivariate analysis, surgery was the only independent predictor of improved DSS (P = .008) for sinonasal primaries; in contrast, radiation therapy was a favorable prognosticator for OS (P = .007) and DSS (P = .043) in extrasinonasal sites. Comparison of survival between sinonasal primaries and all other sites demonstrated that sinonasal SmCC had uniformly better OS (P = .002) and DSS (P = .006).

Conclusions

SmCC in the head and neck remains rare, and sinonasal primaries appear to have improved survival compared to other sites. Based on these results, optimal treatment for sinonasal SmCC appears to be surgical therapy, whereas radiation therapy is the preferred treatment for SmCC of other primary sites, particularly the larynx.

Level of Evidence

4. Laryngoscope, 127:1785–1790, 2017
Hydrogel with Orthogonal Reactive Units: 2D and 3D Cross‐Linking Modulation
Authors: Giustina Gioia Della , Giulitti Stefano , Brigo Laura , Zanatta Michele , Tromayer Maximilian , Liska Robert , Elvassore Nicola , Brusatin Giovanna
Published: November 2016

In this work, an engineered hydrogel system with a 2D and 3D tunable cross‐linking degree is presented. A precise chemical design by the introduction of cross‐linkable units, having reaction orthogonality, allows to control the network formation both in time and space and to selectively alter the hydrogel physical properties. Hydrogel chemistry has been tailored in order to produce spatially controlled stiffness changes and drive cell morphology through mechanical cues. Elastic modulus rises by more than double after photocross‐linking, as shown by atomic force microscopy measurements. Biological response is also analyzed and stiffness‐dependent cell spreading and proliferation are verified. Different pattern geometries are successfully realized by UV lithography, allowing 2D cross‐linking modulation. Furthermore, 3D mechanical tuning at micro‐ and submicrometer scale by two‐photon polymerization makes this system a biologically relevant matrix to study cell functions and tissue development.

image
Effects of hPTPβ inhibitor on microcirculation of rat cremaster muscle flap following ischemia‐reperfusion injury
Authors: Zor Fatih , Meric Cem , Siemionow Maria
Published: November 2016

Introduction

Inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTP) enhances endothelial receptor tyrosine kinases activation and may have beneficial effects on vessel growth and improve blood flow to ischemic tissue. The purpose of this study is to determine influence of hPTPß inhibitors on ischemia‐reperfusion injury in muscle flap.

Materials and Methods

Following cremaster muscle dissection, 60 rats divided into 10 experimental groups (placebo and treatment groups following 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 h of ischemia). Following group‐specific treatment (placebo/hPTPß inhibitor, 15 mg/kg), 2 h of reperfusion is initiated. Observations are performed at 4 h after completion of reperfusion and microcirculatory hemodynamics and leukocyte‐endothelial activation were recorded.

Results

Administration of hPTPß inhibitor showed preservation of capillary perfusion in group subjected to 2 h of ischemia when compared with placebo (P < .05). The effect of hPTPβ inhibitor on mean venule diameter was found to be altered by duration of ischemia and this effect was statistically significant (P < .05). Treated ischemic groups (1 h, 2 h, and 3 h) showed decreased activation of rolling, sticking, and transmigrating leukocytes compared to respective placebo groups at all time points. The differences were significant for transmigrating leukocytes after 2 h and 3 h of ischemia (P < .05). Endothelial edema index was also significantly reduced in 2 h ischemia group (P < .05).

Conclusion

Administration of hPTP inhibitors after submission of tissue to subcritical ischemia (1–2 h) improved functional capillary perfusion and decreased leukocyte‐endothelial activation after 4 h after reperfusion. These results indicate that hPTP inhibitor has a potential postischemic therapeutic effect applied after tissue ischemia just before the reperfusion injury.
In vivo measurement of a new source of contrast, the dipolar relaxation time, T1D, using a modified inhomogeneous magnetization transfer (ihMT) sequence
Authors: Varma Gopal , Girard Olivier M. , Prevost Valentin H. , Grant Aaron K. , Duhamel Guillaume , Alsop David C.
Published: November 2016

Purpose

This paper describes a technique that can be used in vivo to measure the dipolar relaxation time, T1D, of macromolecular protons contributing to magnetization transfer (MT) in tissues and to produce quantitative T1D maps.

Theory and Methods

The technique builds upon the inhomogeneous MT (ihMT) technique that is particularly sensitive to tissue components with long T1D. A standard ihMT experiment was altered to introduce a variable time for switching between positive and negative offset frequencies for RF saturation. A model for the dependence of ihMT was developed and used to fit data acquired in vivo.

Results

Application of the method to images from brains of healthy volunteers produced values of T1D = (5.9 ± 1.2) ms in gray matter and T1D = (6.2 ± 0.4) ms in white matter regions and provided maps of the T1D parameter.

Conclusion

The model and experiments described provide access to a new relaxation characteristic of tissue with potentially unique diagnostic information. Magn Reson Med 78:1362–1372, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
A comparison of navigators, snap‐shot field monitoring, and probe‐based field model training for correcting B0‐induced artifacts in ‐weighted images at 7 T
Authors: Wezel Joep , Boer Vincent O. , van der Velden Tijl A. , Webb Andrew G. , Klomp Dennis W.J. , Versluis Maarten J. , van Osch Matthias J.P. , Garpebring Anders
Published: November 2016

Purpose

To compare methods for estimating B0 maps used in retrospective correction of high‐resolution anatomical images at ultra‐high field strength. The B0 maps were obtained using three methods: (1) 1D navigators and coil sensitivities, (2) field probe (FP) data and a low‐order spherical harmonics model, and (3) FP data and a training‐based model.

Methods

Data from nine subjects were acquired while they performed activities inducing B0 field fluctuations. Estimated B0 fields were compared with reference data, and the reductions of artifacts were compared in corrected
images.

Results

Reduction of sum‐of‐squares difference relative to a reference image was evaluated, and Method 1 yielded the largest artifact reduction: 27 ± 15%, 20 ± 18% (mean ± 1 standard deviation) for deep breathing and combined deep breathing and hand motion activities. Method 3 performed almost as well (24 ± 18%, 15 ± 17%), provided that adequate training data were used, and Method 2 gave a similar result (21 ± 16%, 19 ± 17%).

Conclusion

This study confirms that all of the investigated methods can be used in retrospective image correction. In terms of image quality, Method 1 had a small advantage, whereas the FP‐based methods measured the B0 field slightly more accurately. The specific strengths and weaknesses of FPs and navigators should therefore be considered when determining which B0‐estimation method to use. Magn Reson Med 78:1373–1382, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
On the accurate analysis of vibroacoustics in head insert gradient coils
Authors: Winkler Simone A. , Alejski Andrew , Wade Trevor , McKenzie Charles A. , Rutt Brian K.
Published: November 2016

Purpose

To accurately analyze vibroacoustics in MR head gradient coils.

Theory and Methods

A detailed theoretical model for gradient coil vibroacoustics, including the first description and modeling of Lorentz damping, is introduced and implemented in a multiphysics software package. Numerical finite‐element method simulations were used to establish a highly accurate vibroacoustic model in head gradient coils in detail, including the newly introduced Lorentz damping effect. Vibroacoustic coupling was examined through an additional modal analysis. Thorough experimental studies were used to validate simulations.

Results

Average experimental sound pressure levels (SPLs) and accelerations over the 0‐3000 Hz frequency range were 97.6 dB, 98.7 dB, and 95.4 dB, as well as 20.6 g, 8.7 g, and 15.6 g for the X‐, Y‐, and Z‐gradients, respectively. A reasonable agreement between simulations and measurements was achieved. Vibroacoustic coupling showed a coupled resonance at 2300 Hz for the Z‐gradient that is responsible for a sharp peak and the highest SPL value in the acoustic spectrum.

Conclusion

We have developed and used more realistic multiphysics simulation methods to gain novel insights into the underlying concepts for vibroacoustics in head gradient coils, which will permit improved analyses of existing gradient coils and novel SPL reduction strategies for future gradient coil designs. Magn Reson Med 78:1635–1645, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Ordering patterns following the implementation of a healthier children's restaurant menu: A latent class analysis
Authors: Mueller Megan P. , Anzman‐Frasca Stephanie , Blakeley Caitlin E. , Folta Sara C. , Wilde Parke , Economos Christina D.
Published: November 2016

Objective

Identify ordering patterns following implementation of a healthier children's menu.

Methods

A healthier children's menu was introduced in 2012 at a regional restaurant chain, featuring more meals meeting Kids LiveWell (KLW) nutrition standards, KLW side dishes bundled with meals, and the removal of French fries and soda. Latent class analysis was conducted on child meal orders placed after menu implementation (n = 8,611). The average calorie content and proportion of orders meeting calorie recommendations (≤600 kcal) in each class were evaluated.

Results

The best‐fitting model contained six latent classes representing different ordering patterns: “healthy meals” (27.0%), “healthy meals, add‐ons” (9.6%), “unhealthy sides” (9.2%), “healthy substitutions” (30.9%), “healthy substitutions, add‐ons” (1.0%), and “unhealthy substitutions” (22.4%). Classes denoted as “healthy” were likely to contain meals with KLW items. Orders in the healthy meals class contained fewer calories than orders in all other classes (P < 0.0001). The majority of orders meeting calorie recommendations were in the healthy meals (59.4%) and healthy substitutions (27.1%) classes.

Conclusions

Ordering patterns consistent with the healthier menu were common and more likely to meet calorie recommendations. Ordering patterns inconsistent with menu changes also emerged and can inform intervention efforts to reach patrons who may reject or compensate for healthier items.
Understanding Microwave Surface‐Wave Sustained Plasmas at Intermediate Pressure by 2D Modeling and Experiments
Authors: Georgieva Violeta , Berthelot Antonin , Silva Tiago , Kolev Stanimir , Graef Wouter , Britun Nikolay , Chen Guoxing , van der Mullen Joost , Godfroid Thomas , Mihailova Diana , van Dijk Jan , Snyders Rony , Bogaerts Annemie , Delplancke‐Ogletree Marie‐Paule
Published: November 2016

An Ar plasma sustained by a surfaguide wave launcher is investigated at intermediate pressure (200–2667 Pa). Two 2D self‐consistent models (quasi‐neutral and plasma bulk‐sheath) are developed and benchmarked. The complete set of electromagnetic and fluid equations and the boundary conditions are presented. The transformation of fluid equations from a local reference frame, that is, moving with plasma or when the gas flow is zero, to a laboratory reference frame, that is, accounting for the gas flow, is discussed. The pressure range is extended down to 80 Pa by experimental measurements. The electron temperature decreases with pressure. The electron density depends linearly on power, and changes its behavior with pressure depending on the product of pressure and radial plasma size.
Oligomerization domains in the glycan‐binding receptors DC‐SIGN and DC‐SIGNR: Sequence variation and stability differences
Authors: dos Santos Ália , Hadjivasiliou Andreas , Ossa Felipe , Lim Novandy K. , Turgut Aylin , Taylor Maureen E. , Drickamer Kurt
Published: November 2016

Human dendritic cell‐specific intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 grabbing nonintegrin, DC‐SIGN, and the sinusoidal endothelial cell receptor DC‐SIGNR or L‐SIGN, are closely related sugar‐binding receptors. DC‐SIGN acts both as a pathogen‐binding endocytic receptor and as a cell adhesion molecule, while DC‐SIGNR has only the pathogen‐binding function. In addition to differences in the sugar‐binding properties of the carbohydrate‐recognition domains in the two receptors, there are sequence differences in the adjacent neck domains, which are coiled‐coil tetramerization domains comprised largely of 23‐amino acid repeat units. A series of model polypeptides consisting of uniform repeat units have been characterized by gel filtration, differential scanning calorimetry and circular dichroism. The results demonstrate that two features characterize repeat units which form more stable tetramers: a leucine reside in the first position of the heptad pattern of hydrophobic residues that pack on the inside of the coiled coil and an arginine residue on the surface of the coiled coil that forms a salt bridge with a glutamic acid residue in the same polypeptide chain. In DC‐SIGNR from all primates, very stable repeat units predominate, so the carbohydrate‐recognition domains must be held relatively closely together. In contrast, stable repeat units are found only near the membrane in DC‐SIGN. The presence of residues that disrupt tetramer formation in repeat units near the carbohydrate‐recognition domains of DC‐SIGN would allow these domains to splay further apart. Thus, the neck domains of DC‐SIGN and DC‐SIGNR can contribute to the different functions of these receptors by presenting the sugar‐binding sites in different contexts.
Withanolides against TLR4‐Activated Innate Inflammatory Signalling Pathways: A Comparative Computational and Experimental Study
Authors: Purushotham Preethi M. , Kim Jin‐Man , Jo Eun‐Kyeong , Senthil Kalaiselvi
Published: November 2016

Innate inflammations are dominant causes of poor health and high mortality. The pathogen‐associated molecular pattern and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) are sensed by immune cells through activation of toll‐like receptor 4 leading to mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and NF‐κB activations. Controlled MAPK and Nf‐κB inhibitors have been proposed as potential antiinflammatory drugs. Withania somnifera is an important medicinal herb with known antiinflammatory activity. In this study, the selected Withania somnifera extracts and withanolides were analysed on LPS‐induced macrophages comparatively. Molecular docking analysis revealed withaferin A, withanone and withanolide A as effective withanolides against inflammatory target molecules. In experiments, withaferin A and withanone treatment had prominent suppressions on LPS‐induced expression of pro‐inflammatory cytokines in bone marrow‐derived macrophages. Withaferin A regulated all the major four pathways (MAPKs and NF‐κB) involved in innate inflammations. Similarly among the Withania extracts analysed, the in vitro propagated leaf and field grown root extracts containing high withaferin A content suppressed the inflammatory molecules through NF‐κB and MAPK pathways. Withaferin A was found to be best in suppressing the activated inflammatory pathways among all the analysed withanolides. Therefore, withaferin A and extracts with high withaferin A content can be used as promising drug candidates against innate inflammations. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In Silico Quantum Chemical and Crystallographic Treatment of α‐Formylketene Dithioacetal towards the Elucidation of Its Structural and Optical Nature
Authors: Joy Monu , Alex Neethu , Malayan Jalaja J , Sudarsanakumar C. , Mathews Annie
Published: November 2016

α‐Formylketene dithioacetal is a vital precursor for the synthesis of a number of heterocyclic compounds including isoxazoles, pyrimidines, naphthyridines, pyridones, nicotinonitriles and its functionalized materials. Apart from the synthetic applications, the crystalline and non linear optical nature is also considerable, hence the present study deals with the structural and hyperpolarizability aspects of a representative compound from the family of α‐formylketene dithioacetal, 2‐(4‐methoxybenzoyl)‐3,3‐bis(methylsulfanyl)prop‐2‐enal (FKDTA), was synthesized with a reported protocol and characterized. The complete three dimensional solid state structural studies were carried out utilizing single crystal X‐ray crystallographic technique along with Hirshfeld surfaces followed by various quantum chemical parameters were performed including non‐linear optical effects and it is discussed to reveals the complete structural peculiarities towards the optical behaviours of the designated compound.
DFT Analyses of Reaction Pathways and Temperature Effects on various Guaiacol Conversion Reactions in Gas Phase Environment
Authors: Verma Anand Mohan , Kishore Nanda
Published: November 2016

Guaiacol component represents the phenolic fraction of bio‐oil. In this numerical study, six reaction pathways originating from guaiacol and yielding anisole, phenol, cyclopentanone and cyclohexanone as the major end products with various intermediates, are carried out. The transition state optimizations, normal mode vibrational frequencies, and intrinsic reaction coordinate calculations are performed under the density functional theory (DFT) framework at B3LYP/6‐311+g(d,p) level of theory. The thermochemistry calculations are carried out at 1 atm pressure and at a wide range of temperature between 298–898 K with an interval temperature of 100 K. Results indicate that all six reactions are both exothermic and spontaneous at each temperature point, however, pathways 1, 2, and 3 show increase in exothermicity and spontaneity with increase in temperature but pathways 4, 5, and 6 show the increase in exothermicity only with increase in temperature while decrement in reaction free energies with increasing temperature.
Efficient Approaches for the Synthesis of Substituted Thiazolo[3,2‐a]‐benzimidazole‐Phosphonates and ‐Phosphinic Diamide Derivatives
Authors: Abdou Wafaa M. , Shaddy Abeer A. , Khidre Maha D.
Published: November 2016

Phosphrylation of E‐3‐(dimethylamino)‐1‐(3‐methylbenzo[d]‐thiazolo[3,2‐a]imidazol‐2‐yl)‐prop‐2‐en‐1‐one (1) and 1‐(3‐methylbenzo[d]thiazolo[3,2‐a]imidazol‐2‐yl)ethanone (12) was studied in detail. The enaminone (1) reacted with trialkyl phosphites, dialkylphosphonates, and tris(dialkylamino)‐phosphines to afford the corresponding (E/Z) thiazolobenzimidazol‐3‐oxoprop‐1‐enyl‐phosphonate and phosphonic diamides. The reactions proceeded via phospha‐Michael (P‐Michael) addition reaction, followed by extrusion of HNMe2 moiety and intramolecular migration of the phosphono‐alkyl group. Only the major E‐isomer of the respective oxopropenyl phosphonates was isolated by fractional crystallization (∼ 65% yield) in a pure form whereas the two isomers were chromatography separated and identified in the second case of the respective phosphonic diamide mixtures. The trans‐configuration is also confirmed by nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) experiments. On the other hand, substituted thiazolobenzimidazole‐α‐hydroxyphosphonate‐ and α‐hydroxyphosphinic diamide derivatives were produced from the reaction of the 2‐acetyl thiazolo[3,2‐a]benzimidazole (12) with the same P(III) reagents via Abramov 1, 2‐addition reaction.
Morphology Control and Electro catalytic Activity towards Oxygen Reduction of Peptide‐Templated Metal Nanomaterials: A Comparison between Au and Pt
Authors: Wang Qiannan , Tang Zhenghua , Wang Likai , Yang Hongyu , Yan Wei , Chen Shaowei
Published: November 2016

Peptide templated noble metal nanomaterials have been considered as an emerging type of nanomaterials, which can find widespread catalytic applications in a variety of organic reactions. However, their electrocatalytic properties remained largely unexplored. Herein, peptide R5 templated Au and Pt nanomaterials were fabricated and employed as catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). By tuning the metal‐to‐peptide ratio, different shaped Au and Pt nanomaterials were obtained and observed by TEM measurements. With lower metal‐to‐peptide ratios, spherical nanoparticles were obtained for both Au and Pt, while higher metal‐to‐peptide ratios led to the formation of nanoribbons and/or networked nanochains. All the Au and Pt nanomaterials demonstrated good ORR activity, while R5‐Au‐90 and R5‐Pt‐90 exhibited the best performance in their own series. Morphological effects of Au and Pt nanomaterials upon ORR were established. R5‐Pt‐90 exhibited comparable activity with Pt/C, as manifested by the onset potential, specific activity as well as the long‐term durability. The findings can shed light on rational design of peptide templated noble metal nanomaterials with desired morphology and optimized electrochemical properties as catalyst for electrochemical reactions.
Aromaticity in Pericyclic Transition State Structures? A Critical Rationalisation Based on the Topological Analysis of Electron Density
Authors: Domingo Luis R. , Ríos‐Gutiérrez Mar , Chamorro Eduardo , Pérez Patricia
Published: November 2016

The nature of the electron delocalisation pattern within a cyclic structure, i. e. the aromatic character, is examined for six‐memberedpseudocyclictransition state structures (TSs) involved in five representative examples of so‐calledpericyclicreactions. Results of the electron localisation function (ELF) and the quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) analyses of the electron density evidence that in four of the cases, at least one pair of atoms are not bound at the TS configuration, thus precluding a possible cyclic conjugation. These findings make it possible to rule out the aromatic character of these TSs. High values of the synchronicity Sy index at the TSs contrast with the bonding changes evidenced by ELF topological analysis. The magnitude of the nucleus independent chemical shift (NICS) computed for the five TSs becomes much more negative than that of the reference system, benzene, with no obvious relation to the strong evidence of the pattern of delocalisation revealed by the topological analysis of ELF and QTAIM for each TS. The topology of the anisotropy of current induced density (ACID) at each TS reveals the actual existence of strong non‐symmetrical patterns of electron delocalisation of the five TSs.
Facile Synthesis of Crystalline Nanoporous GaN Templated by Nitrogen Enriched Mesoporous Carbon Nitride for Friedel‐Crafts Reaction
Authors: Talapaneni Siddulu Naidu , Park Dae‐Hwan , Choy Jin‐Ho , Ramadass Kavitha , Elzatahry Ahmed , Al Balawi Ahmed S. , Al‐Enizi Abdullah M. , Mori Toshiyuki , Vinu Ajayan
Published: November 2016

Highly crystalline nanoporous GaN (NP‐GaN) materials have been synthesized for the first time by the transformation of novel diamino tetrazine based mesoporous carbon nitride (MCN‐4) having very high nitrogen content (N/C ratio of 1.8) and GaCl3 through the unique reactive hard templating approach. Powder XRD and HRTEM analysis show that the prepared NP‐GaN is highly pure and possesses excellent crystallinity. N2 adsorption analysis confirm that the samples exhibit mesoporosity with excellent textural parameters including high specific surface areas. It is also demonstrated that NP‐GaN materials show excellent catalytic activity in the Friedel‐Crafts hexanoylation of benzene by using hexanoyl chloride (HC) with excellent conversion of HC. The activity of the NP‐GaN is also compared with MCN‐4, bulk Ga2O3 and GaN. Among the materials studied, NP‐GaN shows the highest catalytic performance in the above mentioned reaction with excellent conversion of HC and product selectivity to hexanophenone.
Preparation of Azine Complexes of Ruthenium(II)
Authors: Albertin Gabriele , Antoniutti Stefano , Castro Jesús , Sibilla Francesca
Published: November 2016

Aldazine complexes [RuCl(η6‐p‐cymene){κ1‐[N=C(H)R1]‐N=C(H)R1}L]BPh4 (1‐4) [L=P(OMe)3, P(OEt)3, PPh(OEt)2, PiPr3; R1=Ph, 4‐CH3C6H4, 4‐CH3OC6H4, Et] were prepared by allowing chloro compounds RuCl2(η6‐p‐cymene)L to react with the azine R1(H)C=N‐N=C(H)R1 in ethanol. Depending on the nature of the phosphine ligand, the reaction of ketazine (CH3)2C=N‐N=C(CH3)2 with chloro compounds RuCl2(η6‐p‐cymene)L yielded either hydrazone derivatives [RuCl(η6‐p‐cymene){NH2N=C(CH3)2}L]BPh4 (5,6) [L=P(OMe)3, P(OEt)3] or κ1‐azine complex [RuCl(η6‐p‐cymene){κ1‐[N=C(CH3)2]N=C(CH3)2}(PiPr3)]BPh4 (7). Cyclopentadienyl derivatives [Ru(η5‐C5H5){κ1‐[N=C(H)R1]‐N=C(H)R1}(PPh3){P(OMe)3}]+ (10) [R1=Ph, 4‐CH3C6H4, C2H5] were prepared by reacting the chloro compound RuCl(η5‐C5H5)(PPh3)[P(OMe)3] first with AgOTf and then with an excess of azine. Instead, treatment of RuCl(η5‐C5H5)(PPh3)[P(OMe)3] first with AgOTf and then with ketazine (CH3)2C=N‐N=C(CH3)2 in ethanol, yielded hydrazone derivative [Ru(η5‐C5H5){NH2N=C(CH3)2}(PPh3){P(OMe)3}]BPh4 (11). Oxidation of hydrazone derivative 11 with HgO gave dimethyldiazoalkane complex [Ru(η5‐C5H5){N2C(CH3)2}(PPh3){P(OMe)3}]BPh4 (13). The complexes were characterised by spectroscopy and X‐ray crystal structure determination of [RuCl(η6‐p‐cymene){κ1‐[N=C(H)Ph]‐N=C(H)Ph}{P(OMe)3}]BPh4 (1 a), [RuCl(η6‐p‐cymene){κ1‐[N=C(H)Ph]‐N=C(H)Ph}{P(OEt)3}]BPh4 (2 a) and [Ru(η5‐C5H5){NH2N=C(CH3)2}(PPh3){P(OMe)3}]BPh4 (11).
Pushing and pulling Sara: A case study of the contrasting influences of high school and university experiences on engineering agency, identity, and participation
Authors: Godwin Allison , Potvin Geoff
Published: November 2016

This manuscript reports a longitudinal case study of how one woman, Sara, who had previously considered dropping out of high school, authored strong mathematics and science identities and purposefully exhibited agency through her experiences in high school science. These experiences empowered her to choose an engineering major in college; however, her introductory university engineering experiences ultimately pushed her out of engineering. Drawing on critical agency theory, we argue that by paying careful attention to how and why women author their identities and build agency through their experiences in high school, we may gain insight into why women may choose an engineering path in college. Additionally, we examine how Sara's perceptions of engineering structures and practices chipped away at the critical engineering agency she developed and caused her to leave engineering after her first year in college. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 54: 439–462, 2017
Learning to Teach English Language Learners: A Study of Elementary School Teachers’ Sense‐Making in anELLEndorsement Program
Authors: Daniel Shannon M. , Pray Lisa
Published: November 2016

Using Jarvis's () framework of adult learning, this study examines how in‐service elementary school teachers make sense of instruction that is responsive to multilingual learners. Case studies of two teachers reveal their nuanced attempts to improve practice during a 1‐year, graduate‐level, add‐on certification program for teaching English language learners (ELLs). Findings show that different critical learning experiences afforded the two teachers opportunities to interrupt their assumptions and subsequently refine their instruction as they resolved to supportELLs. This study sheds light on teachers’ ongoing sense‐making throughout a yearlongELLendorsement program. Implications for teacher education and professional development research are discussed.
A novel constellation amplitude modification method for PAPR reduction in OFDM systems
Authors: Ni Chunxing , Ma Yahui , Jiang Tao
Published: November 2016

In this paper, we propose a constellation amplitude modification (CAM) method to reduce the peak‐to‐average power ratio (PAPR) in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing systems. The key idea of the proposed CAM method is to modify the original constellation amplitude and choose the constellation points with the minimum PAPR as the transmitted constellation points. The CAM method formulates the PAPR reduction as a convex optimization problem, and then, it applies the customized interior‐point method to solve the optimization problem. Compared with the traditional methods, the CAM method does not increase the transmit power, and the receiver has no additional operations. Simulation results show that the CAM method converges fast and offers significant PAPR reduction. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Association patterns and population dynamics of bottlenose dolphins in the Strait of Sicily (Central Mediterranean Sea): implication for management
Authors: Papale Elena , Ceraulo Maria , Giardino Gisela , Buffa Gaspare , Filiciotto Francesco , Grammauta Rosario , Maccarrone Vincenzo , Mazzola Salvatore , Buscaino Giuseppa
Published: November 2016

An understanding of the population dynamics and social organization of cetaceans is essential to manage the influence of anthropogenic activities. In this study, the population size, site fidelity and social interactions of bottlenose dolphins in the Strait of Sicily (Italy) were investigated to provide recommendations for their conservation. Mark‐recapture analysis was based on the encounter histories of 103 marked dolphins from 2004 to 2015. The POPAN formulation of the Jolly–Seber model in MARK software was used to estimate the size of the super‐population. Site fidelity and social organization were estimated for individuals re‐sighted ≥3 times. The estimated population size was 140 (SE = 15.75; 95% CI = 106–164). Dolphins had low site fidelity, and both adults and sub‐adults move outside the study area. Females with calves used the area longer than other individuals. Based on our results, dolphins’ home range likely extended beyond the study area. The mean value of the Half‐Weight Association Index was low and the preferred association was by casual acquaintance. However, we found a distinct aggregation of post‐parturition females during the final 2 years of the study. Therefore, the pattern of association was apparently a response to an ecological requirement, which was the possibility to breed in high productivity waters. Whether these individuals are part of a larger pelagic population is unknown; however, we can conclude that the management of only coastal waters is insufficient for the conservation of dolphins in the Strait of Sicily.
Antenatal manifestations of inborn errors of metabolism: prenatal imaging findings
Authors: Guibaud Laurent , Collardeau‐Frachon Sophie , Lacalm Audrey , Massoud Mona , Rossi Massimiliano , Cordier Marie Pierre , Vianey‐Saban Christine
Published: November 2016

Prenatal manifestations of inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) are related to severe disorders involving metabolic pathways active in the fetal period and not compensated by maternal or placental metabolism. Some prenatal imaging findings can be suggestive of such conditions—especially in cases of consanguinity and/or recurrence of symptoms—after exclusion of the most frequent nonmetabolic etiologies. Most of these prenatal imaging findings are nonspecific. They include mainly ascites and hydrops fetalis, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), central nervous system (CNS) anomalies, echogenic kidneys, epiphyseal stippling, craniosynostosis, and a wide spectrum of dysostoses. These anomalies can be isolated, but in most cases, an IEM is suggested by an association of features. It must be stressed that the diagnosis of an IEM in the prenatal period is based on a close collaboration between specialists in fetal imaging, medicine, genetics, biology, and pathology.
Sexy online self‐presentation on social network sites and the willingness to engage in sexting: A comparison of gender and age
Authors: van Oosten Johanna M.F. , Vandenbosch Laura
Published: November 2016

The present study investigated whether engaging in sexy self‐presentations on social network sites (SNSs) or exposure to sexy self‐presentations on SNSs predicts the willingness to engage in sexting. A second aim of the present study was to investigate whether adolescent girls demonstrate stronger relationships between (exposure to) sexy online self‐presentations on SNSs and willingness to sext than adolescent boys and young adult men and women. A two‐wave panel survey among 953 Dutch adolescents (13–17 years old, 50.7% male) and 899 Dutch young adults (18–25 years old, 43.9% male) showed that engaging in sexy self‐presentations on SNSs increased the willingness to engage in sexting, but only among adolescent girls. Exposure to sexy self‐presentations of others did not predict the willingness to engage in sexting. The findings call for more research on the role of gender and age in the link between sexy self‐presentation and sexting.
Brecha de género en los países miembros de la Alianza del Pacífico
Authors: Vázquez Parra José Carlos , Arredondo Trapero Florina , De la Garza Jorge
Published: November 2016

El presente artículo se enfoca en el tema de igualdad de género y tiene el objetivo de estudiar, mediante un análisis de varianza (ANOVA), las variables que influyen en la brecha entre hombres y mujeres en los países de la Alianza del Pacífico, para contrastarlo con el resto de América Latina. La fuente de la cual se extrajo la información es el Foro Económico Mundial. A partir de lo anterior, se encontró que solo la variable participación económica de la mujer marca una diferencia estadísticamente significativa en este gremio de países en comparación con el resto de Latinoamérica, aunque también se encontró que el factor de la participación política arroja resultados importantes para analizar. Se concluye que la Alianza del Pacífico debe implementar estrategias para reducir la marcada brecha de género en la dimensión económica y política como una vía para generar ventaja competitiva en el escenario internacional.
A morphing aerofoil with highly controllable aerodynamic performance
Authors: Wu R. , Soutis C. , Zhong S. , Filippone A.
Published: November 2016

In this paper, a morphing carbon fibre composite aerofoil concept with an active trailing edge is proposed. This aerofoil features of camber morphing with multiple degrees of freedom. The shape morphing is enabled by an innovative structure driven by an electrical actuation system that uses linear ultrasonic motors (LUSM) with compliant runners, enabling full control of multiple degrees of freedom. The compliant runners also serve as structural components that carry the aerodynamic load and maintain a smooth skin curvature. The morphing structure with compliant truss is shown to exhibit a satisfactory flexibility and loading capacity in both numerical simulations and static loading tests. This design is capable of providing a pitching moment control independent of lift and higher L/D ratios within a wider angle-of-attack range. Such multiple morphing configurations could expand the flight envelope of future unmanned aerial vehicles. A small prototype is built to illustrate the concept, but as no off-the-shelf LUSMs can be integrated into this benchtop model, two servos are employed as actuators, providing two controlled degrees of freedom.
Energy restriction combined with dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor exerts neuroprotection in obese male rats
Authors: Pintana Hiranya , Tanajak Pongpan , Pratchayasakul Wasana , Sa-nguanmoo Piangkwan , Chunchai Titikorn , Satjaritanun Pattarapong , Leelarphat Linlada , Chattipakorn Nipon , Chattipakorn Siriporn C.
Published: November 2016

Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DDP-4) inhibitors and energy restriction (ER) are widely used to treat insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, the effects of ER or the combination with vildagliptin on brain insulin sensitivity, brain mitochondrial function, hippocampal synaptic plasticity and cognitive function in obese insulin-resistant rats have never been investigated. We hypothesised that ER with DDP-4 inhibitor exerts better efficacy than ER alone in improving cognition in obese insulin-resistant male rats by restoring brain insulin sensitivity, brain mitochondrial function and hippocampal synaptic plasticity. A total of twenty-four male Wistar rats were divided into two groups and fed either a normal diet or a high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks. At week 13, the HFD rats were divided into three subgroups (n 6/subgroup) to receive one of the following treatments: vehicle, ER (60 % of energy received during the previous 12 weeks) or ER plus vildagliptin (3 mg/kg per d, p.o.) for 4 weeks. At the end of the treatment, cognitive function, metabolic parameters, brain insulin sensitivity, hippocampal synaptic plasticity and brain mitochondrial function were determined. We found that HFD-fed rats demonstrated weight gain with peripheral insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia, oxidative stress, brain insulin resistance, impaired brain mitochondrial function and cognitive dysfunction. Although HFD-fed rats treated with ER and ER plus vildagliptin showed restored peripheral insulin sensitivity and improved lipid profiles, only ER plus vildagliptin rats had restored brain insulin sensitivity, brain mitochondrial function, hippocampal synaptic plasticity and cognitive function. These findings suggest that only a combination of ER with DPP-4 inhibitor provides neuroprotective effects in obese insulin-resistant male rats.
Patronage Politics and the Development of the Welfare State: Confederate Pensions in the American South
Authors: Eli Shari , Salisbury Laura
Published: November 2016

Beginning in the 1880s, southern states introduced pensions for Confederate veterans and widows. They expanded these programs through the 1920s, while states outside the region were introducing cash transfer programs for workers, poor mothers, and the elderly. Using pension application records and county-level electoral data, we argue that political considerations guided the distribution of these pensions. We show that Confederate pension programs were funded during years in which Democratic gubernatorial candidates were threatened at the ballot box. Moreover, we show that pensions were disbursed to counties in which these candidates had lost ground to candidates from alternative parties.
How Fiscal Policy Affects Prices: Britain's First Experience with Paper Money
Authors: Antipa Pamfili M.
Published: November 2016

For almost 25 years between 1797 and 1821, the gold standard in Britain was suspended in order to finance the Napoleonic Wars, creating a paper pound or a fiat currency. Suspension was accompanied by substantial inflation and the accumulation of public debt. By identifying shifts in the spot exchange rate of paper pounds for gold, I document how contemporaries' expectations of how debt would be stabilized in the future shaped the pound's internal value. Thus, it is argued that during the “paper pound” period, fiscal prospects provided a third mechanism, beyond monetary and real factors, affecting the price level.
How Technologically Progressive Was Germany in the Interwar Period? Evidence on Total Factor Productivity in Coal Mining
Authors: Jopp Tobias A.
Published: November 2016

The discussion of the rationalization wave in German industry (1924–1929) still lacks proper industry-level estimates of the rate of technological progress. To close part of this gap, this article investigates total factor productivity (TFP) growth in hard coal mining over the extended period 1913–1938. Stochastic Frontier Analysis is applied to a sample of firms from the Ruhr coal district. TFP grew positively overall and specifically from 1924–1929. Surprisingly, however, TFP growth was even faster from 1933–1938, suggesting that the Nazi economy heavily capitalized on the Weimar rationalization movement, the effects of which are usually not traced beyond 1932.
The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel: international retirement migration on film
Authors: BELL CLAUDIA
Published: November 2016

The two movies aboutThe Best Exotic Marigold Hotel(2012 and 2015) were directed by John Madden. Starring a cast of famous British older actors, the narratives are set in a faded hotel in India. These are individuals who have relocated because their retirement dreams cannot be realised in their home country. They reflect the growing phenomenon of international retirement migration (IRM): the quickly growing upsurge of financially independent individuals seeking an affordable old age. In India they can claim a position of relative comfort and privilege. For a generation that grew up in a consumerist culture, upward mobility in the senior life stage has become a purchasable commodity through exodus to a developing country. This generation of retirees is generally in better health compared with prior seniors, with a longer life expectancy. Many have a background of travel experience, and an ethos that places their own pleasures in life as pivotal. While global numbers are unavailable, it is estimated that there are millions of retirees relocating to less-developed countries for an affordable retirement. At retirement locations such as the Marigold Hotel, the discrepancies that continue between nations, and local poverty, enable this practice. The events in these movies might be read as a recapitulation of imperialism expressed through retirement migration.
Underlying manifestations of developmental phonological disorders in French-speaking pre-schoolers
Authors: BROSSEAU-LAPRÉ FRANÇOISE , RVACHEW SUSAN
Published: November 2016

This study examined the psycholinguistic profiles of Quebec French-speaking children with developmental phonological disorders (DPD). The purpose was to determine whether the endophenotypes that have been identified in English-speaking children with DPD are similarly associated with speech impairment in French-speaking children. Seventy-two children with DPD and ten children with normally developing speech, aged four to six years, received a comprehensive assessment battery that included measures at the phenotype level (i.e. measures of overt speech production skills) and endophenotype level (i.e. measures of potential underlying core deficits such as phonological processing or oral motor impairments). The majority of the children with DPD presented with a psycholinguistic profile indicative of difficulties with phonological processing. Phonological processing skills also explained unique variance in speech production accuracy, indicating that French-speaking children with DPD, who produce different surface speech errors than English-speaking children with DPD, are nonetheless very similar with regards to their underlying psycholinguistic profile.
Professors as Intellectuals in China: Political Identities and Roles in a Provincial University
Authors: Hao Zhidong , Guo Zhengyang
Published: November 2016

Under Xi Jinping's administration, ideological control in China has been tightened and political dissent has become increasingly difficult, especially in universities. What can professors do? Our research in one university in central China finds that professors have multifaceted identities and engage in synchronous political roles as establishment/organic, non-establishment/professional and contra-establishment/critical intellectuals, although most take on the first two roles. Our research is based on 36 interviews with professors, students and administrators from various departments of this provincial university and on an analysis of the faculty's teaching and research. This paper aims to contribute to the sociology of intellectuals and higher education by illuminating how professors, as intellectuals, engage in contemporary Chinese political discourse.
Evaluation of chest radiography,lytAreal-time PCR, and other routine tests for diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia and estimation of possible attributable fraction of pneumococcus in northern Togo
Authors: BLAKE A. , NJANPOP-LAFOURCADE B. M. , TELLES J. N. , RAJOHARISON A. , MAKAWA M. S. , AGBENOKO K. , TAMEKLOE S. , MUELLER J. E. , TALL H. , GESSNER B. D. , PARANHOS-BACCALÀ G. , MOÏSI J. C.
Published: November 2016

Streptococcus pneumoniae(Spn) is a leading cause of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), yet existing diagnostic tools remain inadequate. We aimed to evaluate laboratory and radiological methods for detecting pneumococcal aetiology in CAP patients and to estimate Spn prevalence in this group. All-aged patients hospitalized with clinically defined CAP in northern Togo were enrolled during 2010–2013. Latent class analysis pooled results of semi-automated blood culture (SABC), whole bloodlytAreal-time polymerase chain reaction (rt-PCR), serum C-reactive protein (CRP), and chest radiography (CXR) and categorized patients as likely pneumococcal or non-pneumococcal CAP. We enrolled 1684 patients; 1501 had results for all tests. CXR, SABC,lytArt-PCR and CRP >71·2 mg/l had sensitivities of 94% [95% confidence interval (CI) 87–100], 13% (95% CI 10–16), 17% (95% CI 14–21) and 78% (95% CI 75–80), and specificities of 88% (95% CI 84–93), 100% (95% CI 99–100), 97% (95% CI 96–99) and 77% (95% CI 75–79), respectively. Pneumococcal attributable proportion was 34% (95% CI 32–37), increasing with age and in men. We estimated that Spn caused one third of CAP. Whole bloodlytArt-PCR was more sensitive than SABC; both had low sensitivity and high specificity. Conversely CXR was highly sensitive and reasonably specific; it could be a useful tool for epidemiological studies aiming to define Spn pneumonia incidence across all ages.