bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Et europæisk sikkerhedspolitisk samarbejde? En analyse af holdningsskift blandt de politiske eliter i Vesteuropa
Authors: Lehmann Sørensen Carsten
Published: March 2020

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DEN MODERNE POLITISKE VIDENSKABS ANDEN FASE
Authors: KELSTRUP MORTEN
Published: March 2020

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OM POLITICA
Authors: Redaktionen -
Published: March 2020

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HVOR STORT ER DET POLITISKE SYSTEM?
Authors: Redaktionen -
Published: March 2020

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Budapestmødet, 1994, København: Dansk Udenrigspolitisk Institut, 1996, 90 s., kr. 45,00.
Authors: Nørgaard Ole
Published: March 2020

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DANSK PARLAMENTARISME I SPILTEORETISK BELYSNING: William H. Riker's størrelsesprincip
Authors: DAMGAARD ERIK
Published: March 2020

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Studiestatistik
Authors: Borre Ole
Published: March 2020

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Om Politica
Authors: Redaktionen -
Published: March 2020

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Værdier og videnskab
Authors: Jørgen Munk Knud
Published: March 2020

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Indlæg i debatten om samfundsvidenskabernes metodiske, begrebsmæssige og politiske basis
Authors: Jørgen Munk Knud
Published: March 2020

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Imperialismen i Århus
Authors: Bjøl Erling
Published: March 2020

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En kildekritisk analyse af den danske valgstatistik
Authors: Henrik Bentzon Karl
Published: March 2020

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THE CHINESE ROAD TO SOCIALISM
Authors: Lemaitre Pierre
Published: March 2020

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ANMELDERORDNING
Authors: Redaktionen -
Published: March 2020

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Metodeovervejelser vedrørende studiet af magtstrukturer i lokalsamfund
Authors: Tersbøl Hans
Published: March 2020

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Matematik og politologi
Authors: P. Kristensen Ole
Published: March 2020

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En teoretisk ramme for policy impact analyser
Authors: Pedersen Henning
Published: March 2020

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Nogle forskningspolitiske fodnoter til beretningen om behavioralismens gennembrud i statskundskaben
Authors: N. Pedersen Mogens
Published: March 2020

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Forord II
Authors: Redaktionen -
Published: March 2020

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Økonomi og politik
Authors: Harsaae Erik
Published: March 2020

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Anmeldelse af: Noam Chomsky: De nye mandariner. Makt og motstand i USA, Pax, 1970. Amerikas krig mod Asien, Gyldendals Logbøger, 1971.
Authors: Teglskov Niels
Published: March 2020

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Tanker omkring en fagforeningsundersøgelse
Authors: Christensen Erik
Published: March 2020

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Redaktion - redaktionskomité
Authors: Redaktionen -
Published: March 2020

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DEN KOMMUNISTISKE OPFATTELSE AF DEN TEKNISK-VIDENSKABELIGE REVOLUTION
Authors: Jensen Jens-Jørgen
Published: March 2020

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Forord om staten i periferien
Authors: Bislev Sven
Published: March 2020

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DEN NYE AMERIKANSKE KVINDEBEVÆGELSE
Authors: Jarlov Lisbeth , Lindholst Nina
Published: March 2020

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FORORD
Authors: Redaktionen -
Published: March 2020

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INTRODUKTION TIL POLITISK SOCIALISERING
Authors: Munk Asger , Reske-Nielsen Finn
Published: March 2020

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BEMÆRKNINGER TIL JOHANNES ANDERSENS ANMELDELSE
Authors: Martinussen John
Published: March 2020

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Dansk egnsudviklingspolitik, med særlig vægt på styrings- og planlægning så spektet
Authors: Refslund Poulsen Niels
Published: March 2020

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Statsteori og det danske uddannelsessystem
Authors: Houman Sørensen: John
Published: March 2020

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Krise og faglig bevægelse i Danmark 1975-76
Authors: Mortensen: Nils
Published: March 2020

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SVAR TIL HENNING JØRGENSEN:
Authors: Wechselmann: Ilja
Published: March 2020

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Forfatterdata
Authors: Redaktionen -
Published: March 2020

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La inteligencia artificial del sector público: desarrollo y regulación de la actuación administrativa inteligente en la cuarta revolución industrial
Authors: Capdeferro Oscar
Published: March 2020

El desarrollo de la inteligencia artificial es prometedor y cada vez son más las aplicaciones y programas que, basándose en ella, ofrecen soluciones eficientes para llevar a cabo todo tipo de tareas. La Administración pública, con el objetivo último de contribuir a la adecuada consolidación de una administración inteligente, que sea eficiente, personalizada, electrónica y garante de los derechos de la ciudadanía, está incorporando, progresivamente, esta tecnología en el servicio público. Estas herramientas inteligentes cuentan con gran capacidad para mejorar la prestación de los servicios públicos, en la medida en que pueden procesar el lenguaje natural o analizar grandes cantidades de datos para ayudar a la toma de decisiones públicas, entre otras funciones. Esta nueva administración, junto con esa promesa de grandes mejoras en la actividad administrativa, va acompañada al mismo tiempo de una serie de riesgos con una clara dimensión jurídica y ética. El necesario avance tecnológico para la mejora del servicio público puede entrar, pues, en tensión con la seguridad jurídica, derechos fundamentales como la igualdad, la intimidad o la protección de datos personales; o con principios u obligaciones de actuación administrativa como la obligación de motivación, la transparencia o la eficacia del derecho de defensa o recurso, pues no siempre será posible conocer el porqué de los resultados proporcionados por algunas inteligencias artificiales. Entre otros retos que deberán abordarse regulatoriamente desde el derecho administrativo, se puede destacar entre sus desafíos principales el alcance de la transparencia (algorítmica), la motivación adecuada de decisiones asistidas por inteligencias artificiales y la responsabilidad en caso de daños producidos por seguir, o por ignorar, los resultados ofrecidos por el algoritmo. El presente trabajo forma parte de las actividades desarrolladas en el marco del proyecto «Retos jurídicos del uso de datos masivos para el fomento de la innovación y la buena administración a través de la inteligencia artificial» (IPs: Drs. Agustí Cerrillo y Juli Ponce). Programa Estatal de I+D+i Orientada a los Retos de la Sociedad (DER2017-85595-R).
IA, algoritmos y Administración pública en Italia
Authors: Carloni Enrico
Published: March 2020

El problema de la legitimidad de las decisiones administrativas adoptadas a través de algoritmos ha sido objeto de una atención considerable por parte de la doctrina jurídica y la jurisprudencia administrativa en Italia. Si bien la legislación no ofrece respuestas adecuadas a los nuevos desafíos, el juez administrativo está definiendo las condiciones de admisibilidad de las decisiones algorítmicas, aplicando los principios del procedimiento administrativo a los nuevos problemas. Después de una primera fase en la que la jurisprudencia parecía llevar a excluir la admisibilidad de las decisiones automatizadas, la jurisprudencia más reciente parece estar orientada a admitir este tipo de decisiones, aunque requiere garantías adecuadas, sobre todo de transparencia. Con una última sentencia, dictada en diciembre de 2019, el Consejo de Estado define estas condiciones de una manera más general, comenzando así a delinear un primer "decálogo" de legalidad algorítmica que se inspira significativamente en los principios sobre el tratamiento automatizado de datos personales contenidos en el Reglamento europeo sobre protección de datos personales.
TODA-YAMAMOTO CAUSALITY BETWEEN E7 COUNTRIES STOCK MARKETS
Authors: Bilgehan Tekin
Published: March 2020

In this study, the causal relationship between the fastest growing emerging countries (Emerging 7) stock markets is discussed. In the study, Turkey, India, Indonesia, China, Mexico, Brazil and the Russian stock market indexes is taken into causal relationship with each other. As analysis method Toda Yamamoto approach to Granger causality test was used. As a result of the study, it was concluded that the regional interaction between stock markets is more than intercontinental interaction.
DIMENSIONS OF SERVICE OFFER, AS AN ASSUMPTION OF BUILDING LONG TERM RELATIONS WITH THE CUSTOMERS OF TELECOMMUNICATION SERVICES / DIMENZIJE USLUŽNE PONUDE KAO PRETPOSTAVKA GRAĐENJA DUGOROČNIH ODNOSA SA KUPCIMA TELEKOMUNIKACIJSKIH USLUGA
Authors: Huseinspahić Nezir , Kulašin Džemal , Bahtić Sadik
Published: March 2020

he purpose of this paper is expressed in the need to research the significance of individual dimensions of service offers for customers and their influence to readiness to build long-term relations with the company BH Telecom Sarajevo. The subject of the research are dimensions of service offers and their influence to the possibility of building long-term relations and cooperation between service provider and customers, namely inclinations of customers to “get attached” to their telecom provider. The goal of the research is defined in the need to ascertain which sub-dimensions of service offer is the most significant assumption of building long-term relations with customers, starting with the belief that mutual cooperation will be created and that it will ensure values for participants in the service process. The research deepens the comprehension of the influence of dimensions of service offer to the willingness of buyers for building of relations, which is considered to be a key assumption for customer loyalty to the company. Based on the results of research it is possible to conclude that three sub-dimensions of service offer have a direct and positive influence to the dimension of willingness of customers for building relations with the company BH Telecom, which include materialization of offer, followed by the brand and company image, whereas it least depends on the service quality and process of service providing, which refers to the conclusion that the customer perceives in advance satisfactory level of quality and level of provided service.
Mannose receptor is an HIV restriction factor counteracted by Vpr in macrophages
Authors: Lubow Jay , Virgilio Maria C , Merlino Madeline , Collins David R , Mashiba Michael , Peterson Brian G , Lukic Zana , Painter Mark M , Gomez-Rivera Francisco , Terry Valeri , Zimmerman Gretchen , Collins Kathleen L
Published: March 2020

HIV-1 Vpr is necessary for maximal HIV infection and spread in macrophages. Evolutionary conservation of Vpr suggests an important yet poorly understood role for macrophages in HIV pathogenesis. Vpr counteracts a previously unknown macrophage-specific restriction factor that targets and reduces the expression of HIV Env. Here, we report that the macrophage mannose receptor (MR), is a restriction factor targeting Env in primary human monocyte-derived macrophages. Vpr acts synergistically with HIV Nef to target distinct stages of the MR biosynthetic pathway and dramatically reduce MR expression. Silencing MR or deleting mannose residues on Env rescues Env expression in HIV-1-infected macrophages lacking Vpr. However, we also show that disrupting interactions between Env and MR reduces initial infection of macrophages by cell-free virus. Together these results reveal a Vpr-Nef-Env axis that hijacks a host mannose-MR response system to facilitate infection while evading MR’s normal role, which is to trap and destroy mannose-expressing pathogens.
Structure-based discovery of potent and selective melatonin receptor agonists
Authors: Patel Nilkanth , Huang Xi Ping , Grandner Jessica M , Johansson Linda C , Stauch Benjamin , McCorvy John D , Liu Yongfeng , Roth Bryan , Katritch Vsevolod
Published: March 2020

Melatonin receptors MT1 and MT2 are involved in synchronizing circadian rhythms and are important targets for treating sleep and mood disorders, type-2 diabetes and cancer. Here, we performed large scale structure-based virtual screening for new ligand chemotypes using recently solved high-resolution 3D crystal structures of agonist-bound MT receptors. Experimental testing of 62 screening candidates yielded the discovery of 10 new agonist chemotypes with sub-micromolar potency at MT receptors, with compound 21 reaching EC50 of 0.36 nM. Six of these molecules displayed selectivity for MT2 over MT1. Moreover, two most potent agonists, including 21 and a close derivative of melatonin, 28, had dramatically reduced arrestin recruitment at MT2, while compound 37 was devoid of Gi signaling at MT1, implying biased signaling. This study validates the suitability of the agonist-bound orthosteric pocket in the MT receptor structures for the structure-based discovery of selective agonists.
Different CFTR modulator combinations downregulate inflammation differently in cystic fibrosis
Authors: Jarosz-Griffiths Heledd H , Scambler Thomas , Wong Chi H , Lara-Reyna Samuel , Holbrook Jonathan , Martinon Fabio , Savic Sinisa , Whitaker Paul , Etherington Christine , Spoletini Giulia , Clifton Ian , Mehta Anil , McDermott Michael F , Peckham Daniel
Published: March 2020

Previously, we showed that serum and monocytes from patients with CF exhibit an enhanced NLRP3-inflammasome signature with increased IL-18, IL-1β, caspase-1 activity and ASC speck release (Scambler et al. eLife 2019). Here we show that CFTR modulators down regulate this exaggerated proinflammatory response following LPS/ATP stimulation. In vitro application of ivacaftor/lumacaftor or ivacaftor/tezacaftor to CF monocytes showed a significant reduction in IL-18, whereas IL-1β was only reduced with ivacaftor/tezacaftor. Thirteen adults starting ivacaftor/lumacaftor and eight starting ivacaftor/tezacaftor were assessed over three months. Serum IL-18 and TNF decreased significantly with treatments, but IL-1β only declined following ivacaftor/tezacaftor. In (LPS/ATP-stimulated) PBMCs, IL-18/TNF/caspase-1 were all significantly decreased and IL-10 was increased with both combinations. Ivacaftor/tezacaftor alone showed a significant reduction in IL-1β and pro-IL-1β mRNA. This study demonstrates that these CFTR modulator combinations have potent anti-inflammatory properties, in addition to their ability to stimulate CFTR function, which could contribute to improved clinical outcomes.
Enhanced ER-associated degradation of HMG CoA reductase causes embryonic lethality associated with Ubiad1 deficiency
Authors: Jo Youngah , Kim Steven S , Garland Kristina , Fuentes Iris , DiCarlo Lisa M , Ellis Jessie L , Fu Xueyan , Booth Sarah L , Evers Bret M , DeBose-Boyd Russell A
Published: March 2020

UbiA prenyltransferase domain-containing protein-1 (UBIAD1) synthesizes the vitamin K subtype menaquinone-4 (MK-4). Previous studies in cultured cells (Schumacher et al., 2015) revealed that UBIAD1 also inhibits endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated degradation (ERAD) of ubiquitinated HMG CoA reductase (HMGCR), the rate-limiting enzyme of the mevalonate pathway that produces cholesterol and essential nonsterol isoprenoids. Gene knockout studies were previously attempted to explore the function of UBIAD1 in mice; however, homozygous germ-line elimination of the Ubiad1 gene caused embryonic lethality. We now report that homozygous deletion of Ubiad1 is produced in knockin mice expressing ubiquitination/ERAD-resistant HMGCR. Thus, embryonic lethality of Ubiad1 deficiency results from depletion of mevalonate-derived products owing to enhanced ERAD of HMGCR rather than from reduced synthesis of MK-4. These findings provide genetic evidence for the significance of UBIAD1 in regulation of cholesterol synthesis and offer the opportunity in future studies for the discovery of new physiological roles of MK-4.
A Viterbi decoder and its hardware Trojan models: an FPGA-based implementation study
Authors: Kakkara Varsha , Balasubramanian Karthi , Yamuna B. , Mishra Deepak , Lingasubramanian Karthikeyan , Murugan Senthil
Published: March 2020

Integrated circuits may be vulnerable to hardware Trojan attacks during its design or fabrication phases. This article is a case study of the design of a Viterbi decoder and the effect of hardware Trojans on a coded communication system employing the Viterbi decoder. Design of a Viterbi decoder and possible hardware Trojan models for the same are proposed. An FPGA-based implementation of the decoder and the associated Trojan circuits have been discussed. The noise-added encoded input data stream is stored in the block RAM of the FPGA and the decoded data stream is monitored on the PC through an universal asynchronous receiver transmitter interface. The implementation results show that there is barely any change in the LUTs used (0.5%) and power dissipation (3%) due to the insertion of the proposed Trojan circuits, thus establishing the surreptitious nature of the Trojan. In spite of the fact that the Trojans cause negligible changes in the circuit parameters, there are significant changes in the bit error rate (BER) due to the presence of Trojans. In the absence of Trojans, BER drops down to zero for signal to noise rations (SNRs) higher than 6 dB, but with the presence of Trojans, BER doesn’t reduce to zero even at a very high SNRs. This is true even with the Trojan being activated only once during the entire duration of the transmission.
Forma mentis networks map how nursing and engineering students enhance their mindsets about innovation and health during professional growth
Authors: Stella Massimo , Zaytseva Anna
Published: March 2020

Reconstructing a “forma mentis”, a mindset, and its changes, means capturing how individuals perceive topics, trends and experiences over time. To this aim we use forma mentis networks (FMNs), which enable direct, microscopic access to how individuals conceptually perceive knowledge and sentiment around a topic, providing richer contextual information than machine learning. FMNs build cognitive representations of stances through psycholinguistic tools like conceptual associations from semantic memory (free associations, i.e., one concept eliciting another) and affect norms (valence, i.e., how attractive a concept is). We test FMNs by investigating how Norwegian nursing and engineering students perceived innovation and health before and after a 2-month research project in e-health. We built and analysed FMNs by six individuals, based on 75 cues about innovation and health, and leading to 1,000 associations between 730 concepts. We repeated this procedure before and after the project. When investigating changes over time, individual FMNs highlighted drastic improvements in all students’ stances towards “teamwork”, “collaboration”, “engineering” and “future”, indicating the acquisition and strengthening of a positive belief about innovation. Nursing students improved their perception of ‘robots” and “technology” and related them to the future of nursing. A group-level analysis related these changes to the emergence, during the project, of conceptual associations about openness towards multidisciplinary collaboration, and a positive, leadership-oriented group dynamics. The whole group identified “mathematics” and “coding” as highly relevant concepts after the project. When investigating persistent associations, characterising the core of students’ mindsets, network distance entropy and closeness identified as pivotal in the students’ mindsets concepts related to “personal well-being”, “professional growth” and “teamwork”. This result aligns with and extends previous studies reporting the relevance of teamwork and personal well-being for Norwegian healthcare professionals, also within the novel e-health sector. Our analysis indicates that forma mentis networks are powerful proxies for detecting individual- and group-level mindset changes due to professional growth. FMNs open new scenarios for data-informed, multidisciplinary interventions aimed at professional training in innovation.
Expression patterns and the prognostic value of the EMILIN/Multimerin family members in low-grade glioma
Authors: Zhao Yonghui , Zhang Xiang , Yao Junchao , Jin Zhibin , Liu Chen
Published: March 2020

Managing low-grade gliomas (LGG) remains a major medical challenge due to the infiltrating nature of the tumor and failure of surgical resection to eliminate the disease. EMILIN/Multimerins contain the gC1q signature, which is involved in many tumor processes. However, the expression and prognostic value of EMILIN/Multimerins in LGG remains unclear. This study used integrated bioinformatics analysis to investigate the expression pattern, prognostic value and function of EMILIN/Multimerins in patients with LGG. We analyzed the transcription levels and prognostic value EMILIN/Multimerins in LGG using the ONCOMINE, Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) and UALCAN databases. The mutation and co-expression rates of neighboring genes in EMILIN/Multimerins were studied using cBioPortal. TIMER and Metascape were used to reveal the potential function of EMILIN/Multimerins in LGG. According to our analysis, most EMILIN/Multimerins were overexpressed in LGG and shared a clear association with immune cells. GEPIA analysis confirmed that high levels of EMILIN/Multimerins, not including MMRN2, were associated with a poor prognosis in disease-free survival of patients with LGG. Additionally, we discovered that EMILIN/Multimerins may regulate LGG and we found a correlation between their expression patterns and distinct pathological grades. We found that EMILIN/Multimerins serve as possible prognostic biomarkers and high-priority therapeutic targets patients with LGG.
Norepinephrine‐CREB1‐miR‐373 axis promotes progression of colon cancer
Authors: Han Jia , Jiang Qiuyu , Ma Ruili , Zhang Huahua , Tong Dongdong , Tang Kaijie , Wang Xiaofei , Ni Lei , Miao Jiyu , Duan Baojun , Yang Yang , Chen Yanke , Wu Fei , Han Jiming , Wang Mengchang , Hou Ni , Huang Chen
Published: March 2020

The adrenergic system contributes to the stress‐induced onset and progression of cancer. Adrenergic fibers are the primary source of norepinephrine (NE). The underlying mechanisms involved in NE‐induced colon cancer remain to be understood. In this study, we describe the function and regulatory network of NE in the progression of colon cancer. We demonstrate that NE‐induced phosphorylation of cAMP response element‐binding protein 1 (CREB1) promotes proliferation, migration, and invasion of human colon cancer cells. The downstream effector of NE, CREB1, bound to the promoter of miR‐373 and transcriptionally activated its expression. miR‐373 expression was shown to be necessary for NE‐induced cell proliferation, invasion, and tumor growth. We confirmed that proliferation and invasion of colon cancer cells are regulated in vitro and in vivo by miR‐373 through targeting of the tumor suppressors TIMP2 and APC. Our data suggest that NE promotes colon cancer cell proliferation and metastasis by activating the CREB1–miR‐373 axis. The study of this novel signaling axis may provide mechanistic insights into the neural regulation of colon cancer and help in the design of future clinical studies on stress biology in colorectal cancer.
Is Bigger Better? The Rise of Specialisation in Professional Practice
Authors: Cramer James P , Simpson Scott
Published: March 2020

Does the risk‐averse environment of the construction industry bring with it possible advantages of specialisation? James P Cramer and Scott Simpson, respectively a founder and senior fellow of the Design Futures Council international organisation, guide us through specific examples where firms have prospered through concentration on the delivery of certain types of buildings and have expanded the expertise of their staff outside the traditional architectural sphere to provide their clients with a more seamless service.
Mind the Gap: Architecture and the Absurdity of Self‐Imposed Limitation
Authors: Samuels Brad
Published: March 2020

Based in New York, Brad Samuels is a founding partner and Director of Research at SITU, an unorthodox architectural practice that is embracing the massive change that technology and work patterns are forcing on the making of architecture. SITU's multidisciplinary staff actively try to engage with and provide insight into ‘the problem of living’.
Collaborative Networks of Robotic Construction
Authors: Yuan Philip F , Yan Chao
Published: March 2020

Constructing architecture today is a matter of many parallel dialogues between humanity and machines. Professor Philip F Yuan and postdoctoral researcher Chao Yan, of Tongji University, discuss the products and aspirations of Shanghai‐based Archi‐Union Architects and Fab‐Union Technology, founded by Yuan, and their search for ever more dynamic communication between them and their digitally enabled, robotic co‐workers.
Better Development: Alternative Value Creation
Authors: Valle Jared Della
Published: March 2020

How can urban development help address the social inequities within our cities? Alloy, a socially responsible architecture and real‐estate firm based in Brooklyn, New York, invests in its locality, has developed a ‘Swiss‐army‐knife’ multivalent, flat staffing structure and is its own client. Jared Della Valle, CEO and founder, describes its strategies.
Automation and Machine Learning in Architecture: A New Agenda for Performance‐Driven Design
Authors: Ahuja Sandeep , Chopson Patrick
Published: March 2020

In the modern context it is important to be able to analyse building performance data at the initial stages of the design. This allows spaces to be optimised environmentally with fewer cost implications. Sandeep Ahuja and Patrick Chopson, founders of the Atlanta, Georgia firm Pattern r+d, have developed cove.tool software for the purpose.
Wood‐Derived Lightweight and Elastic Carbon Aerogel for Pressure Sensing and Energy Storage
Authors: Chen Zehong , Zhuo Hao , Hu Yijie , Lai Haihong , Liu Linxiang , Zhong Linxin , Peng Xinwen
Published: March 2020

Lightweight and elastic carbon materials have attracted great interest in pressure sensing and energy storage for wearable devices and electronic skins. Wood is the most abundant renewable resource and offers green and sustainable raw materials for fabricating lightweight carbon materials. Herein, a facile and sustainable strategy is proposed to fabricate a wood‐derived elastic carbon aerogel with tracheid‐like texture from cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) and lignin. The flexible CNFs entangle and assemble into an interconnected framework, while lignin with high thermal stability and favorable stiffness prevents the framework from severe structural shrinkage during annealing. This strategy leads to an ordered tracheid‐like structure and significantly reduces the thermal deformation of the CNFs network, producing a lightweight and elastic carbon aerogel. The wood‐derived carbon aerogel exhibits excellent mechanical performance, including high compressibility (up to 95% strain) and fatigue resistance. It also reveals high sensitivity at a wide working pressure range of 0–16.89 kPa and can detect human biosignals accurately. Moreover, the carbon aerogel can be assembled into a flexible and free‐standing all‐solid‐state symmetric supercapacitor that reveals satisfactory electrochemical performance and mechanical flexibility. These features make the wood‐derived carbon aerogel highly attractive for pressure sensor and flexible electrode applications.
3D‐Printed Soft Magnetoelectric Microswimmers for Delivery and Differentiation of Neuron‐Like Cells
Authors: Dong Mei , Wang Xiaopu , Chen Xiang‐Zhong , Mushtaq Fajer , Deng Siyu , Zhu Caihong , Torlakcik Harun , Terzopoulou Anastasia , Qin Xiao‐Hua , Xiao Xuanzhong , Puigmartí‐Luis Josep , Choi Hongsoo , Pêgo Ana Paula , Shen Qun‐Dong , Nelson Bradley J. , Pané Salvador
Published: March 2020

Neurodegenerative diseases generally result in irreversible neuronal damage and neuronal death. Cell therapy shows promise as a potential treatment for these diseases. However, the therapeutic targeted delivery of these cells and the in situ provision of a suitable microenvironment for their differentiation into functional neuronal networks remain challenging. A highly integrated multifunctional soft helical microswimmer featuring targeted neuronal cell delivery, on‐demand localized wireless neuronal electrostimulation, and post‐delivery enzymatic degradation is introduced. The helical soft body of the microswimmer is fabricated by two‐photon lithography of the photocurable gelatin–methacryloyl (GelMA)‐based hydrogel. The helical body is then impregnated with composite multiferroic nanoparticles displaying magnetoelectric features (MENPs). While the soft GelMA hydrogel chassis supports the cell growth, and is degraded by enzymes secreted by cells, the MENPs allow for the magnetic transportation of the bioactive chassis, and act as magnetically mediated electrostimulators of neuron‐like cells. The unique combination of the materials makes these microswimmers highly integrated devices that fulfill several requirements for their future translation to clinical applications, such as cargo delivery, cell stimulation, and biodegradability. The authors envision that these devices will inspire new avenues for targeted cell therapies for traumatic injuries and diseases in the central nervous system.
Electric‐Field‐Induced Ionic Sieving at Planar Graphene Oxide Heterojunctions for Miniaturized Water Desalination
Authors: Wen Qi , Jia Pan , Cao Liuxuan , Li Jipeng , Quan Di , Wang Lili , Zhang Yanbing , Lu Diannan , Jiang Lei , Guo Wei
Published: March 2020

Layered graphene oxide membranes (GOMs) offer a unique platform for precise sieving of small ions and molecules due to controlled sub‐nanometer‐wide interlayer distance and versatile surface chemistry. Pristine and chemically modified GOMs effectively block organic dyes and nanoparticles, but fail to exclude smaller ions with hydrated diameters less than 9 Å. Toward sieving of small inorganic salt ions, a number of strategies are proposed by reducing the interlayer spacing down to merely several angstroms. However, one critical challenge for such compressed GOMs is the extremely low water flux (<0.1 Lm−2 h−1 bar−1) that prevents these innovative nanomaterials from being used in real‐world applications. Here, a planar heterogeneous graphene oxide membrane (PHGOM) with both nearly perfect salt rejection and high water flux is reported. Horizontal ion transport through oppositely charged GO multilayer lateral heterojunction exhibits bi‐unipolar transport behavior, blocking the conduction of both cations and anions. Assisted by a forward electric field, salt concentration is depleted in the near‐neutral transition area of the PHGOM. In this situation, deionized water can be extracted from the depletion zone. Following this mechanism, a high rejection rate of 97.0% for NaCl and water flux of 1529 Lm−2 h−1 bar−1 at the outlet via an inverted T‐shaped water extraction mode are achieved.
Recycled Red Mud–Decorated Porous 3D Graphene for High‐Energy Flexible Micro‐Supercapacitor
Authors: Bhattacharya Gourav , Fishlock Sam J. , Pritam Anurag , Sinha Roy Susanta , McLaughlin James A.
Published: March 2020

Flexible micro‐supercapacitors, with high energy and power density, and using materials with a low environmental impact are attractive for next‐generation energy storage devices. Carbon‐based materials are widely used for supercapacitors but can be increased in energy density via combination with metal oxides. Red mud is an iron‐oxide‐rich by‐product of aluminum production, which needs to be more widely utilized to reduce its environmental damage. To achieve a flexible micro‐supercapacitor device with increased energy density, a laser‐induced graphene (LIG) supercapacitor is realized from a polyimide substrate, decorated with red‐mud nanoparticles (LIG‐RM), employing a solid‐state ionic liquid electrolyte with a mixture of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF), 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([EMI][TFSI]), and 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([EMIM][BF4]). The fabricated two‐electrode flexible device, in an interdigitated planar design, with inkjet‐printed silver current collectors, has a high energy of 0.018 mWh cm−2 at a power of 0.66 mW cm−2, with 81% of capacitance retained after 4000 cycles and good resistance to bending and flexing. The high energy storage performance, brought about through the combination of graphene and red‐mud nanoparticles, which would—if not utilized—be an environmental liability, shows a promise as a material for future energy storage with low environmental impact.
Negative Linear Compressibility and Auxeticity in Boron Arsenate
Authors: Grima‐Cornish James N. , Vella‐Żarb Liana , Grima Joseph N.
Published: March 2020

A novel mechanism is identified leading to negative linear compressibility (NLC) in boron arsenate which is shown to arise from deformations in the framework tetrahedra rather than more conspicuous tetrahedral rotations. Instead, such rotations, which manifest as “rotating squares” when viewed down the c direction, are found to result in negative Poisson's ratio (NPR) in the (001) plane, which in turn augments the compressibility, a phenomenon that should be applicable to other auxetic materials. It is hypothesized that the generic NLC and NPR mechanisms identified here, as well as the augmented compressibility due to auxeticity should also feature in materials and metamaterials with similar characteristics.
Figure‐eight Octaphyrin Bis‐Ge(IV) Complexes: Synthesis, Structures, Aromaticity, and Chiroptical Properties
Authors: Izawa Mondo , Suito Taisuke , Ishida Shin‐ichiro , Shimizu Daiki , Tanaka Takayuki , Mori Tadashi , Osuka Atsuhiro
Published: March 2020

Highly twisted structures of expanded porphyrin provide a prominent basis to unravel the relationship between aromaticity and chirality. Here we report the synthesis of bis‐Ge(IV) complexes of [38]octaphyrin that display rigid figure‐eight structures. Two bis‐Ge(IV) [38]octaphyrin isomers with respect to the stereochemistry of the axial hydroxy groups on the germanium ions were obtained and found to be aromatic. Upon oxidation with MnO2, these [38]octaphyrin complexes were converted to a single syn‐type isomer of [36]octaphyrin with retained figure‐eight conformation. The enantiomers have been successfully separated by HPLC equipped with a chiral stationary phase. While aromatic [38]octaphyrin Ge(IV) complexes showed quite large molar circular dichroism of up to Δϵ=1500 M−1cm−1 with a dissymmetry factor gabs of 0.035, weakly antiaromatic [36]octaphyrin Ge(IV) complexes underscored moderate values; Δϵ=540 M−1cm−1 with gabs of 0.023. Thus, the figure‐eight octaphyrin scaffold has been proved to be an attractive platform for novel chiroptical materials with tunable aromaticity.
In Laubholz eingeklebte Stäbe – experimentelle und numerische Bewertung der Tragfähigkeit
Authors: Grunwald Cordula , Myslicki Sebastian , Diehl Friedemann , Bletz‐Mühldorfer Oliver
Published: March 2020

Eingeklebte Stäbe stellen eine im Holzbau weit verbreitete geklebte strukturelle Verbindung dar. Bisher konzentrierte sich die gängige Praxis weitgehend auf Nadelholz. Die meisten Strukturklebstoffe sind dementsprechend speziell für die Verarbeitung von Nadelholz, insbesondere Fichte, entwickelt. Der vermehrte Einsatz von Laubholz bzw. Holzwerkstoffen fordert tiefere Erkenntnisse über geklebte Verbindungen mit Laubholz. Dieser Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über eine umfangreiche Forschungsreihe mit neun Klebstoffen, drei Holzwerkstoffen und vier Arten von Stäben. Die Untersuchungen erfolgten zunächst auf Ebene der Komponenten als vollständige Charakterisierung der Werkstoffe Holz, Klebstoff und Stab. Es folgten großmaßstäbliche Bauteilversuche. Insgesamt wurden 180 Einzelproben getestet. Neben dem experimentellen Teil wurde für den geklebten Anschluss unter Verwendung des probabilistischen Ansatzes ein praxistaugliches Bemessungsmodell für in Laubholz eingeklebte Stäbe unter quasistatischer Belastung entwickelt und validiert. Das Modell lieferte bezogen auf die experimentell ermittelten Bruchlasten Ergebnisse mit einer Genauigkeit von –1 ± 9 % (über alle Materialkombinationen gemittelt). Die Ergebnisse zeigen deutlich, dass die Querzugfestigkeit des Holzes sogar mehr als die Schubfestigkeit auf die Tragfähigkeit des geklebten Anschlusses einwirkt, während die Längszugfestigkeit eine untergeordnete Rolle spielt.
Effects of low‐dose chlorpyrifos on neurobehavior and potential mechanisms: A review of studies in rodents, zebrafish, and Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Silva Marilyn H.
Published: March 2020

Objectives

Exposure to chlorpyrifos (CPF), a neurotoxic insecticide, is implicated with adverse neurodevelopmental effects in children through noncholinergic mechanisms.

Methods

This review presents qualitative and quantitative evidence in three animal models (rodent, zebrafish, and Caenorhabditis elegans), for neurodevelopmental and behavioral effects occurring at CPF doses lower than those inhibiting acetylcholinesterase (AChE).

Results

CPF treatment in rodents at low noncholinergic doses during neurodevelopment showed behavioral effects, including locomotor activity, neuromotor function (NMF), cognition, anxiety, social behavior, and maternal care. Zebrafish and C. elegans, which are transparent during development, allow for detailed analysis of specific systems; further, they exhibit neurotoxic effects closely emulating those observed in mammalian pathways. Qualitative results showed concordance among rodents, zebrafish and C. elegans for adverse effects on locomotor activity, NMF, and AChE inhibition. Male rodents had greater sensitivity for effects on locomotor activity than females and exposure during the gestation day 10–14 window showed consistent increases in locomotor activity at low CPF doses (≤1.0 mg kg−1 day−1). Zebrafish had cognitive and anxiety deficits after CPF treatment at low doses and young adult C. elegans had reproductive dysfunction associated NMF and disruption of the serotonergic pathway. Quantitative data for all three species showed neurobehavioral effects after exposure to CPF doses approximately 2–10‐fold below the threshold for AChE inhibition.

Conclusions

Taken together, these findings provided a weight‐of‐evidence for low‐dose CPF neurotoxicity and noncholinergic mechanisms. Variability in laboratories, exposure methods, tests, sex, and animal species/strain might have contributed to the inconsistent results. The detrimental CPF effects during early development are relevant to human populations.
A Comparative Study on Polyphenolic Composition of Berries from the Tibetan Plateau by UPLC‐Q‐Orbitrap MS System
Authors: Jia Qiangqiang , Zhang Shoude , Zhang Hongyang , Yang Xijuan , Cui Xinli , Su Zhanhai , Hu Ping
Published: March 2020

Five traditional medicinal food from the Tibetan plateau including Nitraria tangutorum Bobrov (NT), Hippophae rhamnoides L. (HR), Lycium ruthenicum Murray (LR), Lycium barbarum L. (LB) and Rubus corchorifolius L.f. (RC) are rich in phenolic compounds. However, the detailed studies about the phenolic compounds remain scarce. Therefore, we established a rapid method for the simultaneous identification and quantification of the phenolic compounds from berries via Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography‐Quadruple‐Orbitrap MS system (UPLC‐Q‐Orbitrap MS). This method was verified from many aspects including detection limit, quantification limit, precision, repeatability, stability, average recovery rate and recovery range, and then was used to analyze the phenolic compounds in these five species of berries. Finally, a total of 21 phenolic compounds were directly identified by comparing the retention time and exact mass, of which 14 compounds were identified by us for the first time in berries from the Tibetan plateau, including one flavonoid aglycone (myricetin), 11 phenolic acids (gallic acid, protocatechuate, chlorogenic acid, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, syringic acid, p‐coumaric acid, ferulic acid, 2‐hydroxybenzeneacetic acid and ellagic acid), one flavanol (catechin) and one dihydrochalcone flavonoid (phloretin). Quantitative results showed that rutin, myricetin, quercetin and kaempferol were the main flavonoids. Moreover, a variety of phenolic acid compounds were also detected in most of the berries from the Tibetan plateau. Among these compounds, the contents of protocatechuate and chlorogenic acid were high, and high levels of catechin and phloretin were also detected in these plateau berries.
Alkali Promotion in the Formation of CH4 from CO2 and Renewably Produced H2 over Supported Ni Catalysts
Authors: Vogt Charlotte , Wijten Jochem , Madeira Chantal Leal , Kerkenaar Oscar , Xu Kangming , Holzinger Rupert , Monai Matteo , Weckhuysen Bert M.
Published: March 2020

In Power‐to‐Methane (PtM) plants, the renewable electricity supply can be stabilized by using green electrons to produce H2 via H2O electrolysis, which is subsequently used to hydrogenate CO2 into CH4. In this work PtM is studied in a cascade fashion, from simulated solar light to methane production in an all‐in‐one setup, which was newly developed for this work. This setup was used to assess the effects of H2 stream purity on the activity of Ni/SiO2 catalysts in CO2 methanation. An activity effect in downstream methanation is shown to be onset by aerosols that evolve from the electrochemical splitting of water. Small amounts of K are shown to affect CH4 production positively, but only if they are deposited in situ, via KOH aerosols. K‐doped Ni/SiO2 catalysts prepared in an ex situ manner, by impregnation with a KOH solution, showed a decrease in activity, while the same amount of KOH was deposited. Operando FT‐IR spectroscopy reveals that increased back‐donation to CO‐containing intermediates and carbonates formation likely causes catalyst deactivation in ex situ samples as often reported in literature for Ni/SiO2 catalysts. The mechanism for in situ promotion is either an increased rate in the hydrogenation of CHx (X=0–3) fragments, or a more facile water formation or desorption as CO‐containing reaction intermediates are unaffected by in situ promotion. These results are relevant to PtM from a fundamental standpoint explaining the effect of potassium on nickel methanation, but also from a practical standpoint as the presented effect of in situ promotion is difficult to achieve via standard synthesis methods.
Batch process monitoring using multiway Laplacian autoencoders
Authors: Gao Xuejin , Xu Zidong , Li Zheng , Wang Pu
Published: March 2020

In this paper, a novel nonlinear method named multiway Laplacian autoencoder (MLAE) is proposed for batch process monitoring. Autoencoder (AE) is an effective unsupervised learning neural network for nonlinear feature extraction. Compared with traditional AEs, the proposed method has two main advantages. Firstly, traditional AEs usually ignore the local structure of the original dataset. The proposed MLAE method integrates graph Laplacian regularization to the loss function, and, thus, the local structure of the normal process data is fully considered. Secondly, the Laplacian matrix of the regularization term is constructed by an average local affinity matrix of all batch runs, which contains the information of the stochastic deviations among batches. Furthermore, two statistics, ie, H2 and SPE statistics, are developed based on the extracted hidden representation and the retained reconstruction error. The effectiveness and advantages of the MLAE‐based monitoring strategy are illustrated by a benchmark penicillin fermentation process and a real E. coli fermentation process.
PROTOCOL: Effectiveness of road safety interventions: An evidence and gap map
Authors: Mohan Dinesh , Tiwari Geetam , Varghese Mathew , Bhalla Kavi , John Denny , Saran Ashrita , White Howard
Published: March 2020

The Decade of Action for Road Safety 2011–2020, officially proclaimed by the UN General Assembly in March 2010, sought to reduce morbidity and mortality due to road traffic injuries (RTI) significantly. While there is reasonable agreement internationally on safer designs of motor vehicles (except locally produced vehicles like three‐wheeled scooter taxis, tuk‐tuks, jeepneys, etc.), there is a lack of evidence based interventions in road and infrastructure design, police enforcement and post‐crash care. Researchers in the field of traffic safety have been aware of the existence of counterintuitive results in their area of work for more than four decades. The fact that many interventions do not result in reductions in RTI is mainly because a large number of studies only measure intermediate outcomes like change in behaviour or knowledge and not the actual results in the field. The scope of this evidence and gap map (EGM) is to cover relevant studies in road safety sector from all countries and present the effectiveness of interventions in terms of mainly traffic crash injuries as its outcome. The interventions adopted in this EGM are classified into five broad categories: Human factors, vehicle factors and protective devices, road design, infrastructure and traffic control, post‐crash pre‐hospital care and legal and institutional framework. In order to come closer to accomplishing targets for road safety, it is important to allocate resources to promote interventions that are effective in achieving outcomes in the context of road safety. A mapping will provide a comprehensive overview of existing knowledge in the area of road safety and its effectiveness across the world. The map will guide programme managers to high quality evidence and inform targeted commissioning of future research.
The Systems Biology of Drug Metabolizing Enzymes and Transporters: Relevance to Quantitative Systems Pharmacology
Authors: Nigam Sanjay K. , Bush Kevin T. , Bhatnagar Vibha , Poloyac Samuel M. , Momper Jeremiah D.
Published: March 2020

Quantitative systems pharmacology (QSP) has emerged as a transformative science in drug discovery and development. It is now time to fully rethink the biological functions of drug metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) and transporters within the framework of QSP models. The large set of DME and transporter genes are generally considered from the perspective of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of drugs. However, there is a growing amount of data on the endogenous physiology of DMEs and transporters. Recent studies—including systems biology analyses of “omics” data as well as metabolomics studies—indicate that these enzymes and transporters, which are often among the most highly expressed genes in tissues like liver, kidney, and intestine, have coordinated roles in fundamental biological processes. Multispecific DMEs and transporters work together with oligospecific and monospecific ADME proteins in a large multiorgan remote sensing and signaling network. We use the Remote Sensing and Signaling Theory (RSST) to examine the roles of DMEs and transporters in intratissue, interorgan, and interorganismal communication via metabolites and signaling molecules. This RSST‐based view is applicable to bile acids, uric acid, eicosanoids, fatty acids, uremic toxins, and gut microbiome products, among other small organic molecules of physiological interest. Rooting this broader perspective of DMEs and transporters within QSP may facilitate an improved understanding of fundamental biology, physiologically based pharmacokinetics, and the prediction of drug toxicities based upon the interplay of these ADME proteins with key pathways in metabolism and signaling. The RSST‐based view should also enable more tailored pharmacotherapy in the setting of kidney disease, liver disease, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes. We further discuss the pharmaceutical and regulatory implications of this revised view through the lens of systems physiology.
Presence of mother prompts dissociation of sickness behavior, fever, and hypothalamic gene expression in lipopolysaccharide‐injected guinea pig pups
Authors: Hennessy Michael B. , Sensenbaugh Joshua D. , Molina Andrea L. , Schiml Patricia A. , Deak Terrence
Published: March 2020

During infection, sickness behaviors, such as a hunched stance with piloerection, can facilitate host resistance by supporting the generation and maintenance of fever. Fever, in turn, is mediated by hypothalamic neuroimmune signaling. Sickness behaviors, however, can also be influenced by social stimuli. In this study, guinea pig pups were injected with lipopolysaccharide to simulate a bacterial infection and then exposed to a novel, threatening environment while either with their mother or alone. We found that the presence of the mother suppressed sickness behavior, but enhanced fever, and had no measureable effect on gene expression of hypothalamic mediators of fever. This 3‐way dissociation induced by the mother's presence is interpreted in terms of the differential adaptive consequences of behavioral and febrile responses for pups in this situation. The results contribute to a growing literature linking immunological and social processes.