bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cultivars and Fruit Part as Differentiating Factors of Physicochemical Characteristics of Mango Starches
Authors: Lossolli Nathalia Aparecida Barbosa , Leonel Magali , Leonel Sarita , Izidoro Maiqui , de Paula Gustavo Veiga , dos Santos Thais Paes Rodrigues , de Oliveira Luciana Alves
Published: January 2023

Fruit production has increased, which has led to an increase in fruit wastage, opening up new opportunities for the use of non-standard fruits as starch sources. Herein, the physicochemical properties of mango starches isolated from the pulp and kernel of four cultivars were investigated. The pulp starches showed higher purity with total starch ranging from 97.84 to 98.09% (dry basis). The kernel starches had a higher percentage of other components (ash, fiber, lipids, protein, sugars). The main mineral in the starches was potassium (0.37 to 1.32 g/kg). Pulp starches were circular and smaller (15–79 to 16.70 µm) and kernel starches were oval and larger (19.75 to 25.33 µm). Differential scanning calorimetry and rapid viscosity studies showed that the kernel starches had higher gelatinization properties. The mango starches were A-type with varying crystallinity levels (28.37–32.35%). PCA analysis showed the greater impact of gelatinization properties on the grouping of cultivars. These findings would be useful for adding commercial value to mango agricultural and industrial waste and for industries in terms of using the starch as an ingredient in food products and other industrial applications.
Effects of Altering Carbohydrate Supply to Fruit during Development on the Carpometric and Qualitative Characteristics of “Feminello Zagara Bianca” Lemon
Authors: Mafrica Rocco , De Bruno Alessandra , Lanza Domenico , Poiana Marco
Published: January 2023

In this study, the effects of altering carbohydrate supply, carried out through branch girdling, on the carpometric and qualitative characteristics of the Feminello Zagara Bianca variety lemon fruits were evaluated. Four girdling times (70, 100, 130, 160 days) were compared with a control. The results showed important effects of alteration times of the supply of carbohydrates to fruit sinks on many carpometric and qualitative characteristics of lemons. Fruits from trees with early girdled branches (70 and 100 DAFB) showed higher weights and juice contents than those with later girdled branches (130 and 160 DAFB) and from ungirdled trees. The increased availability of carbohydrates for fruit in the initial period of the cell enlargement phase allowed the lemons of the trees girdled at 70 and 100 DAFB to anticipate the degreening process of the peel and pulp and ripening process. The advancement of the ripening process determined that the fruits of trees with early girdled branches had a lower acidity content compared with those harvested after the catabolism of citric acid. The knowledge acquired with this study provides new information on factors affecting the growth and ripening of lemons, the improvement of fruit quality, and the anticipation of harvest time.
Modification of Light Characteristics Affect the Phytochemical Profile of Peppers
Authors: Jiménez-Viveros Yamir , Núñez-Palenius Héctor Gordon , Fierros-Romero Grisel , Valiente-Banuet Juan Ignacio
Published: January 2023

Capsicum is one of the most economically important genera in the Solanaceae family. Capsicum fruits (peppers) are rich in phytochemicals with high nutritional value and significant health-promoting characteristics. The phytochemical profile of peppers consists of capsaicinoids, carotenoids, and phenolics, primarily. Currently, most of the pepper production is carried out under protected horticulture conditions. The objective of this article was to provide a comprehensive review on how light characteristics and manipulation by different horticultural technologies can affect the biosynthesis and accumulation of phytochemicals in Capsicum fruits. The use of shade nets or plastic covers to reduce light intensity does not seem to yield consistent responses on the phytochemical profile, as the final profile results from the interaction of several factors. Other factors involved in the accumulation of phytochemicals include temperature, water availability and plant nutrition. Exposure of plants to supplemental light with specific wavelengths (using LEDs) seems to result in a more precise stimulation of specific metabolites. In this article, we examine the effects of light irradiance and spectrum on the specific phytochemicals of Capsicum fruits.
The Effect of High Nicotine Dose on Maximum Anaerobic Performance and Perceived Pain in Healthy Non-Smoking Athletes: Crossover Pilot Study
Authors: Bartík Peter , Šagát Peter , Pyšná Jana , Pyšný Ladislav , Suchý Jiří , Trubák Zdeněk , Petrů Dominika
Published: January 2023

Background: In recent years, there has been intensive discussion about the positive effect of nicotine usage on enhancing sports performance. It is frequently applied through a non-burned tobacco form before physical activity. Nicotine is under the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) 2021 monitoring program. Therefore, study results that reveal either positive or negative effects are expected. This is the pilot study that reports the effect of 8 mg dose of nicotine on performance and perceived pain. Material and Methods: This research aimed to explore the oral intake effect of a high-nicotine dose (8 mg) on the maximum anaerobic performance and other selected physical performance parameters in healthy, well-trained adult athletes (n = 15, age 30.7 ± 3.6, BMI 25.3 ± 1.7). The cross-sectional study protocol included the oral administration of either sublingual nicotine or placebo tablets before the anaerobic load assessed by a standardized 30 s Wingate test of the lower limbs. Afterward, the Borg subjective perception of pain (CR 10) and Borg rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were evaluated. Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used for the analysis of data with a 0.05 level of significance. Results: The results revealed that oral administration of an 8 mg nicotine dose does not significantly improve any of the physical performance parameters monitored. We only reported the statistically significant positive effect in RPE (p = 0.03). Conclusion: Lower perception of pain intensity that we reported after nicotine application might be an important factor that affects performance. However, we did not report any improvement in physical performance parameters.
Effects of COVID-19 Financial and Social Hardships on Infants’ and Toddlers’ Development in the ECHO Program
Authors: Nozadi Sara S. , Li Ximin , Kong Xiangrong , Rennie Brandon , Kanda Deborah , MacKenzie Debra , Luo Li , Posner Jonathan , Blackwell Courtney K. , Croen Lisa A. , Ferrara Assiamira , O’Connor Thomas G. , Zimmerman Emily , Ghassabian Akhgar , Leve Leslie D. , Elliott Amy J. , Schmidt Rebecca J. , Sprowles Jenna L. N. , Lewis Johnnye L.
Published: January 2023

Background: The financial hardships and social isolation experienced during the COVID-19 pandemic have been found to adversely affect children’s developmental outcomes. While many studies thus far have focused on school-aged children and the pandemic-related impacts on their academic skills and behavior problems, relatively less is known about pandemic hardships and associations with children’s development during their early years. Using a racially and economically diverse sample, we examined whether hardships experienced during the pandemic were associated with children’s development with a particular focus on communication and socioemotional development. Methods: Participants from eight cohorts of the Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes program provided data on pandemic-related financial and social hardships as well as child developmental outcomes. Financial hardship was defined as at least one parent experiencing job loss or change, and social hardship was defined as families’ quarantining from household members or extended family and friends. The development of children under 4 was assessed longitudinally, before and during the pandemic (N = 684), using the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ). The Generalized Estimating Equations, which accounted for within-child correlation, were used for analysis. Results: Families from minority backgrounds and low socioeconomic status disproportionately experienced pandemic-related hardships. Male children had higher odds of experiencing negative changes in communication and personal social skills from pre- to during-pandemic visits (ORs ranged between 2.24 and 3.03 in analysis with binary ASQ outcomes and ranged from −0.34–0.36 in analyses with ASQ z-scores, ps = 0.000). Pandemic-related hardships in the social and financial areas did not explain within-individual changes in children’s developmental outcomes. Conclusion: Negative developmental changes from pre- to during-pandemic were found in boys, yet we did not find any associations between increased experience of pandemic-related hardships and children’s development. E how pandemic hardships affect development using a larger sample size and with longer follow-up is warranted.
Agricultural Eco-Efficiency Response and Its Influencing Factors from the Perspective of Rural Population Outflowing: A Case Study in Qinan County, China
Authors: Zong Yanling , Ma Libang , Shi Zhihao , Gong Min
Published: January 2023

Agriculture is the source of human clothing and food, but it also brings negative externalities to the environment. The outflow of the rural population is one of the factors for changes in the characteristics of the rural population. Farmers’ decisions on agricultural production can affect agricultural ecological efficiency. Therefore, it is necessary to study the relationship between the two in rural development. Taking Qin’an County in the Loess Hilly Region of central Gansu, China, as an example, this paper analyzed the demographic characteristics and the evolution characteristics of agricultural eco-efficiency under the background of rural population outflowing, and the impact of the former on the latter, based on the panel statistical data of 17 villages and towns from 2001 to 2020. The results show that (1) From 2001 to 2020, the non-agricultural level of Qin’an County’s labor force showed an upward fluctuation trend. The level of aging was relatively stable, and the per capita disposable income was significantly increased. (2) From 2001 to 2020, the agricultural eco-efficiency of Qin’an County showed a wavy change, but there were some towns and villages that have not been effectively developed. The regional differences are significantly different. (3) The non-agriculturalization level of the labor force promotes agricultural eco-efficiency through the direct effect rather than the space spillover effect. The positive effect of aging on agricultural eco-efficiency was mainly reflected through direct effect rather than spatial spillover effect. Per capita, disposable income has a significant positive spatial spillover effect on agricultural eco-efficiency. Finally, this paper provides a scientific reference for promoting the improvement of agricultural eco-efficiency and sustainable development. This is of great theoretical and practical significance for the realization of rural revitalization.
The Effects of a Mindfulness-Based Family Psychoeducation Intervention for the Caregivers of Young Adults with First-Episode Psychosis: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Zhang Zoe Jiwen , Lo Herman Hay Ming , Ng Siu Man , Mak Winnie W. S. , Wong Samuel Yeung Shan , Hung Karen S. Y. , Lo Cola Siu Lin , Wong Jessica Oi Yin , Lui Simon S. Y. , Lin Edmund , Siu Clara Man Wah , Yan Eric Wai Ching , Chan Sunny Ho Wan , Yip Annie , Poon Man Fai , Wong Gloria Oi Chi , Mak Jonathan Wai Hung , Tam Hillman Shiu Wah , Tse Iris Huen Hung , Leung Bobby Fook Hin
Published: January 2023

Objective: In this study, we investigated the effects of a mindfulness-based family psychoeducation (MBFPE) program on the mental-health outcomes of both caregivers and young adults with first-episode psychosis with an onset in the past three years through a multi-site randomized controlled trial. We also studied the outcomes of three potential mediating effects of interpersonal mindfulness, expressed emotions, and non-attachment on the program. Method: We randomly assigned 65 caregivers of young adults with psychosis to MBFPE (n = 33) or an ordinary family psychoeducation (FPE) program (n = 32); among them, 18 young adults in recovery also participated in the evaluation of outcomes. Results: Intent-to-treat analyses were conducted. No significant time × group interaction effects of MBFPE and FPE programs were found in any of the caregivers’ outcomes. However, the young adults with psychosis reported higher levels of recovery after the MBFPE program than after the ordinary FPE program (F = 8.268, p = 0.012, d = 1.484). They also reported a larger reduction in over-involvement of their caregivers (F = 4.846, p = 0.044, d = 1.136), showing that MBFPE had a superior effect to FPE in promoting recovery and reducing over-involvement. Conclusions: A brief psychoeducation program may not reduce the burden on or improve the mental-health outcome of caregivers of individuals with recent-onset psychosis. However, integrating mindfulness into a conventional family psychoeducation program may reduce the expressed emotions of caregivers, especially over-involvement. Further studies should explore how psychoeducation programs can reduce the impact of psychosis on family through sustainable effects in terms of reducing their burden and expressed emotions, using a rigorous study and adequate sample size.
Applying the Balanced Scorecard to Build Service Performance Measurements of Medical Institutions: An AHP-DEMATEL Approach
Authors: Lin Chieh-Yu , Shih Fu-Chiang , Ho Yi-Hui
Published: January 2023

The main purpose of this study is to explore the application of the balanced scorecard (BSC) to service performance measurements of medical institutions using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and decision making and trial evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL). According to the concept of BSC, a total of four evaluation dimensions and twenty-two indicators of medical service performance measurements were developed. To collect data, this study delivered expert questionnaires to medical-related professional supervisors, deans, and heads of medical institutions in Taiwan. By combining the AHP and DEMATEL, the priority and causality of service performance standards in medical institutions were obtained. The results of this study show that the customer dimension is the most important service performance measurement dimension for medical institutions. The seven key service performance measurement indicators that are most important for medical institutions, in order, are “complete and comfortable equipment”, “competitiveness of the medical profession”, “continuity of patient-to-hospital treatment”, “classification of medical profession according to customers (VIP system)”, “complete medical service”, “complete salary, remuneration, and policy”, and “medical incomes of institutions”. In terms of causality, provided the complete services of medical institutions are improved, the continuity of patient-to-hospital treatment, the competitiveness of the medical profession, and the medical incomes of institutions would be influenced.
How Do Health Care Professionals Perceive a Holistic Care Approach for Geriatric Patients? A Focus Group Study
Authors: Wilfling Denise , Budke Jona , Warkentin Nicole , Goetz Katja
Published: January 2023

Background: Geriatric patients require holistic care in order to meet their complex care needs. The project RubiN (Continuous Care in a Regional Network) provides case and care management (CCM) for older people to address these needs in a primary care setting in Germany. This study aimed to explore the experiences of health care professionals who provided CCM for geriatric patients. Methods: Focus group interviews with general practitioners (GPs), health care assistants (HCAs), and case managers (CMs) were conducted. Transcribed data were analyzed by using qualitative content analysis. Results: Ten focus group discussions (n = 15 GPs, n = 14 HCAs, n = 17 CMs) were conducted. The different health care professionals emphasized the importance of a holistic care approach to geriatric care. Moreover, the GPs stated that the CMs supported the patients in organizing their care. A CCM could help encourage patients to remain at their own homes, which would have an effect on patients’ quality of life and satisfaction. Conclusion: A well-functioning and effective cooperation between those health professionals involved is a prerequisite for a trustful relationship in the holistic care of older people. This creates a feeling of security for all people involved in the care process.
The Rasch Analysis Shows Poor Construct Validity and Low Reliability of the Quebec User Evaluation of Satisfaction with Assistive Technology 2.0 (QUEST 2.0) Questionnaire
Authors: Caronni Antonio , Ramella Marina , Arcuri Pietro , Salatino Claudia , Pigini Lucia , Saruggia Maurizio , Folini Chiara , Scarano Stefano , Converti Rosa Maria
Published: January 2023

This study aims to test the construct validity and reliability of the Quebec User Evaluation of Satisfaction with assistive Technology 2.0 (QUEST)–device, an eight-item questionnaire for measuring satisfaction with assistive devices. We collected 250 questionnaires from 79 patients and 32 caregivers. One QUEST was completed for each assistive device. Five assistive device types were included. QUEST was tested with the Rasch analysis (Many-Facet Rating Scale Model: persons, items, and device type). Most patients were affected by neurological disabilities, and most questionnaires were about mobility devices. All items fitted the Rasch model (InfitMS range: 0.88–1.1; OutfitMS: 0.84–1.28). However, the ceiling effect of the questionnaire was large (15/111 participants totalled the maximum score), its targeting poor (respondents mean measure: 1.90 logits), and its reliability was 0.71. The device classes had different calibrations (range: −1.18 to 1.26 logits), and item 3 functioned differently in patients and caregivers. QUEST satisfaction measures have low reliability and weak construct validity. Lacking invariance, the QUEST total score is unsuitable for comparing the satisfaction levels of users of different device types. The differential item functioning suggests that the QUEST could also be problematic for comparing satisfaction in patients and caregivers.
Reliability and Validity Estimate of the Pro-Inflammatory/Anti-Inflammatory Food Intake Score in South American Pediatric Population: SAYCARE Study
Authors: Azevedo-Garcia Lívia Gabriele , Torres-Leal Francisco Leonardo , Aristizabal Juan Carlos , Berg Gabriela , Carvalho Heráclito B. , De Moraes Augusto César Ferreira
Published: January 2023

Chronic low-grade inflammation may be associated with the development of chronic non-communicable diseases in young populations, often lasting to adulthood. Studies show that the diet is related to chronic inflammation. The Pro-inflammatory/Anti-inflammatory Food Intake Score (PAIFIS) is an indicator that measures the inflammatory potential of the diet, with the help of validated tools that assess food consumption. The validation of tools that assess inflammatory dietary patterns in young populations to produce valid and reliable results is essential to guide disease prevention strategies for adulthood. Methods: This study aimed to estimate the Pro-inflammatory/Anti-inflammatory Food Intake Score (PAIFIS) in children and adolescents in South America and to test its reliability and validity using a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and an inflammatory biomarker. This work consists of a validation study in a sample of children and adolescents conducted in South America (SAYCARE Study). The habitual consumption of food contributing to calculating the PAIFIS was obtained through an FFQ and 24 h Dietary Recall (24HDR). Reliability was tested using the FFQ (FFQ1 × FFQ2), using Spearman’s correlation coefficient to estimate the agreement between measurements. The validity of the PAIFIS was tested using 24HDR and the inflammatory biomarker C-reactive protein (CRP) using Spearman’s correlation and multilevel linear regression. Results: For children and adolescents, pro- and anti-inflammatory food groups showed Spearman’s correlation coefficients ranging from 0.31 to 0.66, convergent validity ranging from 0.09 to 0.40, and criterion validity for a reliability range from −0.03 to 0.18. The PAIFIS showed Spearman’s correlation coefficients for reliability ranging from 0.61 to 0.69, convergent validity from 0.16 to 0.23, and criterion validity from −0.03 to 0.24. Conclusion: The PAIFIS showed acceptable reliability, weak convergent validity, and weak criterion validity in children and adolescents.
Mathematical Modelling of Rotary Drum Dryers for Alfalfa Drying Process Control
Authors: Friso Dario
Published: January 2023

Rotary drum dryers operating in co-current mode are commonly used for drying food and feed in leaf form, reducing the damage caused by the high air temperatures typical of these dryers, as well as providing advantages including reduced drying times and increased energy efficiency. However, drying control to ensure a desirable product exit moisture content is strongly based on empirical practices, which are usually jealously guarded by producers and users, grounded in simplified mathematical modelling. To overcome these uncertainties, in this work, a more complete mathematical modelling approach, based on the solution of ordinary differential equations (ODEs), is developed. The ODEs describe the drying process in the drum dryer, where the air is continuously cooled and humidified as the product dries. The mathematical model developed was experimentally verified in a drum dryer by drying alfalfa, and the maximum relative error was found to be only 2.4%. Finally, a comparison between the complete model proposed here and a simplified model was conducted, using both for drying control to keep the product exit moisture content constant (i.e., at 0.111). The results indicated that the simplified model provided values of air inlet temperatures erroneously higher, up to +8.2%, with a consequent higher energy consumption, lower dried alfalfa quality, and a greater risk of fire, given that the product exit temperature was dangerously increased.
Equivalent Exchange Method for Decision-Making in Case of Alternatives with Incomparable Attributes
Authors: Kravchenko Tatiana , Shevgunov Timofey
Published: January 2023

The paper is focused on searching for novel methods aimed at improving the performance and usability of a common decision-making process where a panel of experts are assisted by specialized software systems. An equivalent exchange method (EEM) is considered in the paper as a potential candidate for a versatile method applicable in expert decision-making process for solving problems in various subject domains. The method is formally described in the paper in the form of an iterative algorithm where each iteration leads to the reduce in the number of alternatives under consideration until it converges to the preferable one. The key feature of EEM consists in the fact that the original comparison between multiple alternatives described by many attributes measured in different units is replaced by the sequence of simple exchanges between pairs of alternatives where only two attributes are engaged at once. The numerical example illustrating the full run of the algorithm is thoroughly described, so the actions performed in the steps of the algorithm are explained. The case of the successful implementation of EEM as the module of Expert Decision Support System is also presented.
Association between Malnutrition Risk Factors and Physical Function in Community-Dwelling Adults ≥80 Years
Authors: Buhl Sussi F. , Olsen Pia Ø. , Thilsing Trine , Caserotti Paolo
Published: January 2023

Malnutrition is associated with accelerated loss of physical function in old adults, but the assessment of malnutrition in primary prevention is challenging. This study aimed to investigate if malnutrition risk factors; poor appetite, dysphagia, and poor dental state, were associated with reduced physical function in community-dwelling adults ≥80 years. The study is based on data from two cross-sectional studies. Physical function was assessed by the Short Physical Performance Battery (score ≤ 9 indicate reduced physical function) and poor appetite, dysphagia and poor dental status was assessed by single questions. A total of 900 participants were included (age 85.1 ± 3.7 years; 60.9% females; 62.8% had reduced physical function). Participants with reduced physical function were older, had a higher BMI, more polypharmacy, more falls, and lower quality of life. Poor appetite was reported by 10.8% and associated with reduced physical function (adjusted-OR 1.93, 95%CI 1.18–3.15). No association was identified between dysphagia, poor dental state and reduced physical function (adjusted-OR 0.96, 95%CI 0.53–1.75 and adjusted-OR 0.99, 95%CI 0.41–2.35, respectively). The assessment of appetite during primary preventive strategies was feasible and may offer an opportunity for identification of very old community-dwelling adults at risk of reduced physical function.
Sex Differences in Falls: The Mediating Role of Gait Stability Ratio and Body Balance in Vulnerable Older Adults
Authors: Nascimento Marcelo de Maio , Gouveia Élvio Rúbio , Gouveia Bruna R. , Marques Adilson , França Cíntia , Marconcin Priscila , Freitas Duarte L. , Ihle Andreas
Published: January 2023

This study, conducted on a large sample of older adults at elevated fall risk (1), aimed to verify statistical differences in gait stability ratio (GSR) and body balance (BB) according to sex, (2) to examine and compare GSR and BB performance between older adult fallers and non-fallers, (3) to determine an association between GSR and BB according to the history of falls, and (4) to explore whether GSR and BB mediate the association between sex and falls. We included 619 individuals (69.8 ± 5.6 years) living in the Autonomous Region of Madeira, Portugal. The frequency of falls was obtained by self-report. BB was determined by the Fullerton Advanced Balance scale, while GSR was established by dividing cadence by gait speed and data collected during the 50-foot walk test. Males indicated a lower prevalence of falls in the last 12 months (23.6%), while females had a higher score (48.7%), as well as a lower balance performance (p < 0.001) and higher GSR scores (p < 0.001). Lower BB control (p < 0.001), as well as higher GSR, were more expressive for fallers (p < 0.001). We found a large, negative and significant correlation between GSR and BB for historical falls (r = −0.560; p < 0.001), and between male and female cohorts (r = −0.507; p < 0.001). The total effect of sex on falls mediated by GSR and BB was 16.4%. Consequently, GSR and BB mediated this association by approximately 74.0% and 22.5%, respectively.
An Immunomodulatory Polysaccharide–Protein Complex Isolated from the Polypore Fungus Royoporus badius
Authors: Lim Bryan C. C. , Zeb Mehreen , Li Wai-Ming , Tang John Z. , Heiss Christian , Tackaberry Linda E. , Massicotte Hugues B. , Egger Keith N. , Reimer Kerry , Azadi Parastoo , Lee Chow H.
Published: January 2023

Many wild edible polypore mushrooms have medicinal value. In this study, we investigate the potential medicinal properties of the wild polypore mushroom Royoporus badius collected from north-central British Columbia, Canada. Water extract from R. badius was found to exhibit potent immunomodulatory activity. The extract was purified using DEAE-Sephadex anion-exchange chromatography as well as Sephacryl S-500 and HPLC BioSEC5 size-exclusion chromatography, to yield a novel polysaccharide-protein complex (IMPP-Rb).IMPP-Rb has a peak maxima molecular weight (Mp) of 950 kDa. GC-MS analyses showed that IMPP-Rb is composed predominantly of glucose (49.2%), galactose (11.3%), mannose (10.8%), rhamnose (9.6%), and galacturonic acid (8.2%), with smaller amounts of xylose (5.2%), fucose (2.8%), N-acetyl glucosamine (1.8%), and arabinose (1.2%). IMPP-Rb has multiple linkages, with 4-Glcp, 4-Manp, 6-Manp, 3,4-Manp, 4-Xylp, and 2-Rhap being the most prominent. IMPP-Rb is capable of inducing many cytokines in vitro and the protein component is indispensable for its immunomodulatory activity. IMPP-Rb has potential application as an immuno-stimulatory agent with pharmaceutical value.
Effect of Weld Length on Strength, Fatigue Behaviour and Microstructure of Intersecting Stitch-Friction Stir Welded AA 6016-T4 Sheets
Authors: Walz Dominik , Göbel Robin , Werz Martin , Weihe Stefan
Published: January 2023

Friction stir welding is a promising joining process for boosting lightweight construction in the industrial and automotive sector by enabling the weldability of high-strength aluminum alloys. However, the high process forces usually result in large and heavy equipment for this joining method, which conflicts with flexible application. In order to circumvent this issue, a friction stir welding gun has been developed which is capable of producing short stitch welds—either stand-alone as an alternative to spot welds or merging into each other appearing like a conventional friction stir weld. In this study, the influence of the stitch seam length on the strength properties of intersecting friction stir welds is investigated, and the weld is characterized. For this purpose, EN AW-6016 T4 sheets were welded in butt joint configuration with varying stitch lengths between 2 and 15 mm. Both the static and dynamic strength properties were investigated, and hardness and temperature measurements were carried out. The results show a scalability of the tensile strength as well as the fatigue strength over the stitch seam length, while the substitute proof strength is not affected. Hereby, the tensile strength reached up 80% of the base materials tensile strength with the chosen parameter setup. Likewise, the stitch weld length influences the hardness characteristics of the welds in the transition area.
The Use of Chitin from the Molts of Mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) for the Removal of Anionic and Cationic Dyes from Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Jóźwiak Tomasz , Filipkowska Urszula , Bakuła Tadeusz , Bralewska-Piotrowicz Beata , Karczmarczyk Konrad , Gierszewska Magdalena , Olewnik-Kruszkowska Ewa , Szyryńska Natalia , Lewczuk Bogdan
Published: January 2023

The possibility of using chitin from the molts of an insect–ealworm (Tenebrio molitor) to remove anionic (RB5, RY84) and cationic dyes (BV10, BR46) from aqueous solutions was investigated. The scope of the research included, among others: Characteristics of chitin from mealworms (FTIR, SEM, pHPZC), the effect of pH on sorption efficiency, sorption kinetics (pseudo-first, pseudo-second order, intramolecular diffusion models) and the determination of the maximum sorption capacity (Langmuir and Freundlich models). The sorption efficiency of anionic dyes on chitin from mealworm was the highest at pH 2–3, and for cationic dyes at pH 6. The equilibrium time of sorption of anionic dyes was 240–300 min and for cationic dyes it was 180–240 min. The experimental data on dye sorption kinetics was best described by the pseudo-second order model. The maximum sorption capacity of chitin from the mealworm for the anionic dyes RB5 and RY84 was 121.15 mg/g and 138.55 mg/g, respectively, and was higher than with some carbon-based materials (literature data). In the case of cationic dyes, the sorption capacity of the tested chitin was lower and reached 3.22 mg/g and 59.56 mg/g for BV10 and BR46, respectively.
Phase Equilibria in Ternary System CsBr-AgBr-InBr3
Authors: Kamilov Rustam K. , Yuldoshev Jahongir Z. , Knotko Alexander V. , Grigorieva Anastasia V.
Published: January 2023

The double perovskite halides A2BIBIIIX6 provide flexibility for various formulation adjustments and are of less toxicity in comparison with well-discussed complex lead halide derivatives. Such type of structure can be formed by replacing two Pb2+ ions in the cubic lattice with a pair of non-toxic heterovalent (monovalent and trivalent) metal cations, such as silver and indium. The aim of this work is to briefly characterize the phase equilibria in the ternary system CsBr-AgBr-InBr3 and investigate the thermodynamic availability of synthesis of Cs2AgInBr6 double perovskite phase by solid-state sintering or melt crystallization. The results demonstrate the unfeasibility of the Cs2AgInBr6 phase but high stability of the corresponding binary bromides perspective for optoelectronics.
Conceptual Model, Experiment and Numerical Simulation of Diaphragm Wall Leakage Detection Using Distributed Optical Fiber
Authors: Wang Jianxiu , Liu Pengfei , Xue Rui , Pan Weiqiang , Cao Ansheng , Long Yanxia , Li Huboqiang , Sun Yuanwei
Published: January 2023

Leakage in the diaphragm wall is difficult to detect in deep foundation pits. In this study, the conceptual model of active and passive thermal leak detection methods was proposed according to the occurrence of temperature field anomalies caused by seepage. Experiments were performed using a heating system and an optical fiber temperature measurement system to verify the thermal leakage detection systems. Numerical simulations were performed to understand the mechanism of the detecting method. Results indicated that the optical cable could detect the low-temperature anomaly in the active temperature field leak detection. The arrangement method of the leakage detection system was also presented in actual engineering.
Stress and Corrosion Defect Identification in Weak Magnetic Leakage Signals Using Multi-Graph Splitting and Fusion Graph Convolution Networks
Authors: Zhang Shaoxuan , Lu Senxiang , Dong Xu
Published: January 2023

Weak magnetic flux leak detection is one of the most important non-destructive testing and measurement methods for pipelines. Since different defects cause different damage, it is necessary to classify the different types of defects. Traditional machine learning methods of defect type identification mainly use feature analysis methods and rely on expert a priori knowledge and the ability of designers. These methods have the following weaknesses: a priori knowledge needs to be designed iteratively, and a priori knowledge design relies on expert experience. In recent years, the rapid development of deep learning methods in the field of machine vision has led to the development of defect analysis in the industry. However, most deep learning methods lack the ability to analyze both detailed information and the overall structure. In this paper, we propose graph convolution networks for splitting and fusing multiple graphs of detail graphs and a root graph. Detail information (detail graphs) provides detailed information for the detection of WMFLs. The structure information (root graph) provides structural information for the detection of WMFLs. This paper uses simulation data and experimental data to verify that the proposed method can identify stress defects and corrosion defects well. The paper explains the experimental results in detail to demonstrate the superiority of the method in industrial methods.
Observations of Time-Domain Structures in the Plasmaspheric Plume by Van Allen Probes
Authors: Teng Shangchun , Chen Huayue , Zhang Qiang , Han Desheng
Published: January 2023

Time-domain structures (TDS), manifested as ≥ 1 ms pulses with significant parallel electric fields, play an important role in accelerating electrons in the field-aligned direction. These precipitated electrons contribute to the formation of aurora. In this study, we present observations of time-domain structures that occurred in the plasmaspheric plumes at the post-midnight to dawn sector. The close correlation between TDS and plasmaspheric plumes implies that the generation of TDS might be modulated by plasma density. During the wave occurrence, protons with an energy level below 1 keV show the enhanced field-aligned pitch-angle distributions, and the electron fluxes with the energies ranging from tens to hundreds of eV are also significantly enhanced. The correlation between TDS and scattered particles indicates the importance of including time-domain structures in future studies of radiation belt dynamics.
Testing the Efficient Market Hypothesis and the Model-Data Paradox of Chaos on Top Currencies from the Foreign Exchange Market (FOREX)
Authors: Sandubete Julio E. , Beleña León , García-Villalobos Juan Carlos
Published: January 2023

In this paper, we analyse two interesting applications related to the dynamics of economic phenomena linked to the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH), informative surprises, and the Model-Data Paradox of Chaos in certain top currency pairs from the foreign exchange market (FOREX). On the one hand, we empirically show that the FOREX market reacts under the Efficient Market Hypothesis in some cases, creating a significant variation in a short period of time (15, 30, and 60 min) in the quotes of the main currencies from the most important economic regions in the West (the United States, Europe, and the United Kingdom). This variation would depend on the actual deviation of high-impact macroeconomic news reported by these markets in relation to trade balance, unemployment rate, Gross Domestic Product (GDP), retail sales, the Industrial Production Index (IPI), and the Consumer Price Index (CPI). On the other hand, by testing the Model-Data Paradox of Chaos, we empirically verify that if we consider all the information available in the financial markets of currencies (or at least, more desegregated data) instead of daily data, and we apply a robust chaotic behaviour detection method, we can find differences in relation to the detection of chaos on the same series but with different temporal frequencies. This allows us to confirm that behind these financial time series which show an apparently random irregular evolution, there would be a generating system which, although unknown in principle, would be deterministic (and nonlinear), and we could take advantage of that deterministic character to make predictions, even if only in the short term, understanding “short term” as the time it takes for the market to incorporate these informative surprises in the FOREX market analysed.
Two Families of Continuous Probability Distributions Generated by the Discrete Lindley Distribution
Authors: Kadić Srdjan , Popović Božidar V. , Genç Ali İ.
Published: January 2023

In this paper, we construct two new families of distributions generated by the discrete Lindley distribution. Some mathematical properties of the new families are derived. Some special distributions from these families can be constructed by choosing some baseline distributions, such as exponential, Pareto and standard logistic distributions. We study in detail the properties of the two models resulting from the exponential baseline, among others. These two models have different shape characteristics. The model parameters are estimated by maximum likelihood, and related algorithms are proposed for the computation of the estimates. The existence of the maximum-likelihood estimators is discussed. Two applications prove its usefulness in real data fitting.
Adaptive Nonparametric Density Estimation with B-Spline Bases
Authors: Zhao Yanchun , Zhang Mengzhu , Ni Qian , Wang Xuhui
Published: January 2023

Learning density estimation is important in probabilistic modeling and reasoning with uncertainty. Since B-spline basis functions are piecewise polynomials with local support, density estimation with B-splines shows its advantages when intensive numerical computations are involved in the subsequent applications. To obtain an optimal local density estimation with B-splines, we need to select the bandwidth (i.e., the distance of two adjacent knots) for uniform B-splines. However, the selection of bandwidth is challenging, and the computation is costly. On the other hand, nonuniform B-splines can improve on the approximation capability of uniform B-splines. Based on this observation, we perform density estimation with nonuniform B-splines. By introducing the error indicator attached to each interval, we propose an adaptive strategy to generate the nonuniform knot vector. The error indicator is an approximation of the information entropy locally, which is closely related to the number of kernels when we construct the nonuniform estimator. The numerical experiments show that, compared with the uniform B-spline, the local density estimation with nonuniform B-splines not only achieves better estimation results but also effectively alleviates the overfitting phenomenon caused by the uniform B-splines. The comparison with the existing estimation procedures, including the state-of-the-art kernel estimators, demonstrates the accuracy of our new method.
On the Use of Variability Measures to Analyze Source Coding Data Based on the Shannon Entropy
Authors: de Oliveira Helio M. , Ospina Raydonal , Martin-Barreiro Carlos , Leiva Víctor , Chesneau Christophe
Published: January 2023

Source coding maps elements from an information source to a sequence of alphabetic symbols. Then, the source symbols can be recovered exactly from the binary units. In this paper, we derive an approach that includes information variation in the source coding. The approach is more realistic than its standard version. We employ the Shannon entropy for coding the sequences of a source. Our approach is also helpful for short sequences when the central limit theorem does not apply. We rely on a quantifier of the information variation as a source. This quantifier corresponds to the second central moment of a random variable that measures the information content of a source symbol; that is, considering the standard deviation. An interpretation of typical sequences is also provided through this approach. We show how to use a binary memoryless source as an example. In addition, Monte Carlo simulation studies are conducted to evaluate the performance of our approach. We apply this approach to two real datasets related to purity and wheat prices in Brazil.
On the Existence and Stability of Solutions for a Class of Fractional Riemann–Liouville Initial Value Problems
Authors: Castro Luís P. , Silva Anabela S.
Published: January 2023

This article deals with a class of nonlinear fractional differential equations, with initial conditions, involving the Riemann–Liouville fractional derivative of order α∈(1,2). The main objectives are to obtain conditions for the existence and uniqueness of solutions (within appropriate spaces), and to analyze the stabilities of Ulam–Hyers and Ulam–Hyers–Rassias types. In fact, different conditions for the existence and uniqueness of solutions are obtained based on the analysis of an associated class of fractional integral equations and distinct fixed-point arguments. Additionally, using a Bielecki-type metric and some additional contractive arguments, conditions are also obtained to guarantee Ulam–Hyers and Ulam–Hyers–Rassias stabilities for the problems under analysis. Examples are also included to illustrate the theory.
Modular Digital and 3D-Printed Dental Models with Applicability in Dental Education
Authors: Petre Alexandru Eugen , Pantea Mihaela , Drafta Sergiu , Imre Marina , Țâncu Ana Maria Cristina , Liciu Eduard M. , Didilescu Andreea Cristiana , Pițuru Silviu Mirel
Published: January 2023

Background and Objectives: The ever more complex modern dental education requires permanent adaptation to expanding medical knowledge and new advancements in digital technologies as well as intensification of interdisciplinary collaboration. Our study presents a newly developed computerized method allowing virtual case simulation on modular digital dental models and 3D-printing of the obtained digital models; additionally, undergraduate dental students’ opinion on the advanced method is investigated in this paper. Materials and Methods: Based on the digitalization of didactic dental models, the proposed method generates modular digital dental models that can be easily converted into different types of partial edentulism scenarios, thus allowing the development of a digital library. Three-dimensionally printed simulated dental models can subsequently be manufactured based on the previously obtained digital models. The opinion of a group of undergraduate dental students (n = 205) on the proposed method was assessed via a questionnaire, administered as a Google form, sent via email. Results: The modular digital models allow students to perform repeated virtual simulations of any possible partial edentulism cases, to project 3D virtual treatment plans and to observe the subtle differences between diverse teeth preparations; the resulting 3D-printed models could be used in students’ practical training. The proposed method received positive feedback from the undergraduate students. Conclusions: The advanced method is adequate for dental students’ training, enabling the gradual design of modular digital dental models with partial edentulism, from simple to complex cases, and the hands-on training on corresponding 3D-printed dental models.
Choroidal Melanoma: A Mini Review
Authors: Soliman Noha , Mamdouh Diaa , Elkordi Aisha
Published: January 2023

Choroidal melanoma is a rare malignant tumour, yet it is the most common primary intra-ocular neoplasm and second on the list of top ten most malignant melanoma sites in the body. Clinical presentation can be non-specific and includes photopsia, floaters, progressive visual field loss, and blurry vision. The tumour is quite often diagnosed clinically during fundus examination; however, the most valued diagnostic tests are A- and B-scan ultrasonography (US). Several factors affect prognosis, including the patient’s age, tumour size, histological features, and presence of metastases. Still, with primary treatment and tight surveillance, around 50% of choroidal melanoma patients metastasise.
Significant Changes in Cytoplasmic Amino Acid Composition Occur in the Transition between Mid-Exponential and Stationary Phases of Growth of Staphylococcus aureus: An Example of Adaptive Homeostasis in Response to Nutrient Limitations
Authors: Alreshidi Mousa , Dunstan Hugh , MacDonald Margaret , Saeed Mohd , Elkahoui Salem , Roberts Tim
Published: January 2023

The bacterial pathogen Staphylococcus aureus causes a wide range of infections that result in high morbidity and mortality rates worldwide. S. aureus is known for its capacity to survive harsh environments between hosts and certain strains are very efficient as opportunistic pathogens. It is important to understand their capacities for metabolic adaptation in response to changing environmental conditions. This investigation aimed to explore the alterations in the amino acid compositions of the cytoplasm as nutrients became limiting during the growth of S. aureus. Cells were grown under optimal growth conditions and harvested at the mid-exponential and stationary phases of growth and then extracted for the analyses of amino acids in the cytoplasm. The analyses revealed that the stationary phase cells had a significantly higher concentration of total cytoplasmic amino acids compared with cells at the mid-exponential phase and displayed substantial alterations in amino acid composition. Aspartic acid was the major amino acid in the stationary phase cells, whereas glutamic acid was the most abundant in the mid-exponential cells. The glutamic acid was reduced by 47% of its original value when the growth was extended to the stationary phase. Interestingly, certain amino acids were either absent or present depending on the phase of growth. These outcomes are in line with the premise that bacterial cells of S. aureus transition into a different form of metabolic homeostasis in the shift between the exponential and stationary phases of growth, as nutrients become depleted and waste products accumulate in the external medium. The ability of S. aureus to continually and promptly adapt to differences within growth phases may represent an essential strategy assisting its virulence as a successful opportunistic pathogen to establish infections. An understanding of the switch mechanisms controlling these obvious alterations in amino acids through the growth/life cycle of this virulent pathogen may provide novel clinical strategies to battle infection.