bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Attitude of Couples and Marrigeable Singles in Establishing Joint Fashion Business
Authors: Amubode Adetoun Adedotun , Rauf-Lawal Hassanat Motunrayo , Owodiong-Idemeko Boiso Maria
Published: February 2016

Entrepreneurship has been observed to work among couples who have mutual understanding and trust. It has also been observed to have more advantages in terms of the synergy that can bring about achieving more, one’s business been in safe hands and building marital fidelity. Nevertheless, it has also been conceived by some individuals that joint business among couples can lead to instability and arguments that arise from financial matters of the business. There are several studies in marriage and family business, effect of family on entrepreneurship, fashion marketing environment, fashion marketing strategies, fashion communication etc and none focuses on family fashion business in Nigerian socio-cultural and fashion marketing environment. Therefore, this study focuses on the attitudes of married couples and marriageable singles in establishing joint clothing and textile business. A total of 30 graduate students of Clothing and Textiles were purposefully selected for the study because they are trained to acquire vocational and entrepreneurial skills to be job creators (not job seekers), employers of labour and maintaining balance family life. Result shows that the respondents have favorable attitude to entrepreneurial skills, business management, home management, financial issues, risk management, cultural values and personality with mean scores of 3.48, 3.21, 3.13, 3.09, 3.53, 3.75 and 2.60 respectively. The overall attitudinal score is 3.26 indicating a favorable response that couples and marriageable singles can establish joint fashion business.

Therefore this study recommends that couples who intend to own joint businesses should have mutual understanding, trust and communicate more about financial matters before they own a joint business. They should discover an appropriate way of handling the business with maturity and proper organization so as to avoid conflicts.
Cointegration between Equity- and Agricultural Markets: Implications for Portfolio Diversification
Authors: Costa Marcio Genovevo da , Donner Nils
Published: February 2016

Commodities are well known to act anti-cyclical to stocks and are therefore used for portfolio diversification. However, various banks, asset managers and hedge funds were inculpated to speculate with agricultural commodities, especially after the food price bubble in 2007/08. This paper aims to investigate whether there is a diversification effect between equity- and commodity markets in the period from 1990 until 2014. We found evidence for a significant relationship between these two asset classes after the financial crisis using a cointegration framework.
The Role of Political Divestiture for Sustainable Development
Authors: Puaschunder Julia M.
Published: February 2016

In the wake of historical and political events, stakeholder pressure can trigger shareholders to divest from politically incorrect markets with the goal of accomplishing socio-political change. While mainstream development research advocates for more private investor involvement in sustainable development to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG)s in funding infrastructure, health, education and climate change mitigation; the following paper introduces political divestiture as an alternative means to implement sustainable development. While foreign investment can create positive conditions for improving societal development, also politically incorrect usage of funds or regulatory lacunae can do harm in the developing world. Political divestiture is portrayed as an innovative investment allocation to maximize positive development impacts of investment whilst minimizing associated risks of politically insecure markets. In an attempt to balance risk and access to capital, political divestiture is proposed as a means to implement sustainable development by removing funds from politically incorrect regimes in order to be channeled towards socially responsible and sustainable finance solutions. Future research outlooks on political divestiture as sustainable development driver comprise the antecedents and success factors as well as institutional and international frameworks to foster Financial Social Responsibility in the long-term international development domain.
Urban Flood Resilience in New York City, London, Randstad, Tokyo, Shanghai, and Taipei
Authors: Su Yu-Shou
Published: February 2016

Making cities resilient to natural disasters has become a priority for many policy makers. However, few studies of global cities analyze environmental vulnerability, disaster resilience, or urban flood resilience. This article analyzes global cities’ disaster resilience to flooding: New York City, London, Randstad, Tokyo, Shanghai, and Taipei. Case studies of those global cities will assist cities world-wide to prepare for the future. Results indicate that a hurricane could leave approximately 25% of New York City with severe economic losses by 2050. In London, 15% of the land is located in flood-prone areas. The Thames Barrier began to operate to protect London from flooding in 1982. However, this also encouraged housing development closer to the river, and resulted in higher exposure and vulnerability of flooding. Randstad has approximately 40% of its land areas in flood-prone areas, but Randstad is well prepared for flood risk reduction by land-use and environmental planning. In Tokyo, extensive urbanization suffers from severe damages once flooding occurs. In Shanghai, approximately 50% of its land is in flood-prone areas. Shanghai is the most vulnerable to floods of the coastal cities. Shanghai is still not well prepared in land-use and environment planning for urban flood resilience. In Taipei, flood-prone areas account for approximately 41% of its total land area in an extreme weather scenario. Among these six global cities, Asian cities should focus more on urban flood resilience since most of flooding hotspots by 2025 will be located in Asian nations with having weak policies and actions, inadequate risk information, insufficient budgets and poor implementation capacities (UNISDR 2013). This research suggests that global cities, particularly Asian cities, should promote policies of urban flood resilience, focusing on land-use and environmental planning for resilience as well as strengthening their organizations and funding to reduce disaster risk, maintain up-to-date risk and vulnerability assessment. Urban policies should include environmentally responsible development in the face of continued population and economic growth, and being resilient regarding natural disasters. Cities can also adopt a growth management policy to direct development away from flooding hotspots. Urban regeneration policy should require developers to improve storm sewers, water retention ponds, and permeable surfaces. Planning more space for rivers, more constructed wetlands, and more ecological ponds to accommodate water is important. Cities can promote an actuarially fair flood insurance program which can reflect actual flood risks. A bottom-up community resilience plan would assist achieving urban resilience.
Mentor-Guided Lesson Study as a Tool to Support Learning in Field Experiences
Authors: Bieda Kristen N. , Cavanna Jillian , Ji Xueying
Published: February 2016

Field experience can be a rich site for intern teachers to develop the knowledge and skills they need for effective teaching. Lesson study has been shown to be a powerful form of professional development that enhances practicing teachers' mathematical knowledge for teaching through collaborative inquiry with their peers. In this article, we discuss the use of mentor-guided lesson study to support mentor and intern collaboration in the field and share what we have learned about its potential to support interns' attention to student thinking. We will also share insights from the field for those interested in implementing this activity in teacher preparation coursework.
Transforming Perceptions of Proof: A Four-Part Instructional Sequence
Authors: Boyle Justin D. , Bleiler Sarah K. , Yee Sean P. , Ko Yi-Yin (Winnie)
Published: February 2016

Mathematics teachers are expected to engage their students in critiquing and constructing viable arguments. These classroom expectations are necessary, given that proof is a central mathematical activity. However, mathematics teachers have been provided limited opportunities as learners to construct arguments and critique the reasoning of others, and hence have developed perceptions of proof as an object that must follow a strict format. In this article, we describe a four-part instructional sequence designed to broaden and deepen teachers' perception of the nature of proof. We analyzed participants' reflections on the instructional sequence in order to gain insight into (a) the differences between this instructional sequence and participants' previous proof learning opportunities and (b) the ways this activity was influential in transforming participants' perceptions of proof. Participants' previous learning experiences were focused on memorizing and reproducing textbook or instructor proofs, and our sequence was different because it actively and collaboratively engaged participants in constructing their own arguments, critiquing others' reasoning, and creating criteria for what counts as proof. Participants found these activities transformative as they became more clear about what counts as proof, began to view proof as socially negotiated, and expanded their conception of proof beyond a rigid structure or format.
Alice - A Language Improving Computer Education
Authors: Dybkjær Frede
Published: February 2016

ALICE is a very simple system consisting of an operating system and a programming language - both designed to be used in the education in computer science at a very low level. The publication describes how one might use ALICE in such an education. ALICE is implemented on GIER, but has not yet been used in a situation like the one described in the publication, which therefore only reflects the author's opinion on how one ought to educate in elementary computer science.
Virtual Programming
Authors: Mayoh Brian H.
Published: February 2016

What is the most natural way of composing an algorithm to solve a problem: A number of recent articles advocate: dividing the original problem into subproblems, supposing that we have algorithms for solving the subproblems, describing how these algorithms can be combined into an algorithm for solving the original problem, and repeating this process for the subproblems. For this approach to be feasible we must have powerful ways of describing an algorithm as a combination of other algorithms. We need a powerful algorithmic language. In the first part of this paper we gradually develop such a language SAGA, not intended as a realistic alternative to other algorithmic languages, but rather as a specification of the kind of mechanism a virtual machine should be able to handle efficiently. In the second part we sketch the design of a virtual machine ODIN, in which the mechanisms of SAGA can be implemented efficiently.
BOBS-system. Brugervejledning
Authors: Jensen Bent Bæk , Madsen Ole Lehrmann , Kristensen Bent Bruun , Eriksen Søren Henrik
Published: February 2016

The publication is a manual for using the BOBS-system, which is an SLR(1)-parsergenerator and parser. In short the BOBS-System produces a syntax-checker for a grammar in a class of contextfree grammars called SLR(1)-grammers. The syntax-checker is delivered as a Pascal program, which further contains a lexical analysis and an error-recovery. The manual describes the input format of the grammar, the grammar-checks performed and what output one might have from the parser-generator. Further a description of the most important elements of the parser is included.
On Decomposition of Stochastic Finite-State Systems
Authors: Nielsen Mogens
Published: February 2016

Various decomposition models for stochastic finite-state systems (stochastic automata with or without output) are discussed. A new type of information flow - the next state from an interconnection-component instead of the present state - is introduced in well known loop-free and feed-back decomposition models. Results on these modified decomposition models are stated (like necessary and sufficient conditions for a system to be decomposed) are stated, and the difference between these and the corresponding results on the classical models are discussed with respect to f. ex. don't care transitions and synthesis.
Oliebyen midt i en jazztid. Nostalgi, magi og det moderne i Abadan
Authors: Elling Rasmus Christian
Published: February 2016

Vi hører ofte, at olieforekomst er en velsignelse pakket ind i en forbandelse, der medfører rigdom for nogle og elendighed for mange: Det sorte guld for eliterne er ’djævlens ekskrement’ for masserne. Olien skaber forurening, avler vold og korruption, den nærer diktaturer og kvæler demokratiske kræfter. For at nuancere denne gængse historie, tager nærværende artikel udgangspunkt i det helt særlige, moderne bysamfund, som olien formede, da den i det 20. århundrede tilvejebragte Abadan midt i ørkenen i Iran. Hvordan mindes abadanierne i dag med nostalgi byens florissante periode, og hvordan hænger denne nostalgi sammen med oliens „magiske kraft“?
L’autisme dans la presse spécialisée destinée aux travailleurs sociaux : évolution des discours, enjeux de pratique, de recherche et de formation
Authors: Ponnou Sébastien , Fricard Blandine
Published: February 2016

L’autisme fait l’objet de nombreux débats dans les médias, et l’analyse des discours montre des distorsions récurrentes au regard des avancées scientifiques mises en exergue dans la littérature biomédicale internationale. Nous avons procédé à l’analyse systématique des approches de l’autisme dans la presse spécialisée destinée aux travailleurs sociaux français entre 1989 et 2014, et comparé les résultats obtenus à une étude récente sur les conceptions du Trouble Déficitaire de l’Attention avec Hyperactivité dans ce même champ. L’analyse des discours sur l’autisme, et plus généralement sur les troubles mentaux et psychosociaux dans la presse spécialisée destinée aux travailleurs sociaux, montre que les facteurs sociaux pourtant fortement impliqués dans ces pathologies ne sont jamais présentés, tandis qu’ils sont largement argumentés dans la littérature internationale, et peuvent faire l’objet de politiques et de pratiques socioéducatives spécifiques. La plupart des conceptions de l’autisme présentées aux travailleurs sociaux français relèvent de la sphère thérapeutique, et laissent apparaître une médicalisation croissante du travail social, nous permettant d’en interroger les enjeux de pratique et de formation.
Low-temperature solution processable n–i–p perovskite solar cell
Authors: Chu Cheng-Ya , Chang Chun-Yu , Su Wei-Fang
Published: February 2016

Recently, the perovskite solar cells draw lots of attentions because of low cost, solution-processable and promising high efficiency. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) is rapidly reached to a certified value of 20.1%. However, the conventional electron transport layer (ETL) of the device needs to be sintered over 500 °C which is high energy-consumption process and cannot use on flexible substrate. Therefore, many research groups endeavor to develop low-temperature solution processable electron transport material in perovskite solar cells. In this review, we present systematic and critical discussions on the evolution of perovskite solar cells from meso-superstructure solar cells (MSSCs) to low-temperature solution processed planar heterojunction (PHJ) perovskite solar cells. This review will provide a guideline for the fabrication of high PCE perovskite solar cell using solution process at temperature of 150 °C or under, which has potential to achieve large scale fabrication by roll-to-roll technique for commercial products in near future.
Characterization of process-induced defects in SiC MOSFETs by cross-sectional cathodoluminescence
Authors: Sugie Ryuichi , Uchida Tomoyuki , Kosaka Kenichi , Matsumura Koji
Published: February 2016

Cross-sectional cathodoluminescence (CL) and scanning capacitance microscopy (SCM) measurements were carried out for silicon carbide (SiC) metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) to investigate process-induced defects. The DI defect-related line at 426 nm and a broad luminescence at approximately around 430–470 nm, which were produced by ion implantation, were observed in addition to the near-band-edge emission. CL images showed that the densities of nonradiative recombination and DI centers were high near the source region. Moreover, DI centers existed even in the n-drift region located 10 µm from the surface. These results indicate that many types of defects diffuse and interact with each other during annealing even in the area where dopant atoms are not implanted. The annealing process not only activates dopant atoms but also induces the diffusion of unstable native defects and transforms their structure into more thermally stable defects such as DI centers.
Optical pumped lasing in solution processed perovskite semiconducting materials: Self-assembled microdisk lasing
Authors: Sasaki Fumio , Mochizuki Hiroyuki , Zhou Ying , Sonoda Yoriko , Azumi Reiko
Published: February 2016

Optical pumped lasing has been observed in solution-processed perovskite semiconducting materials, such as CH3NH3PbBr3. Square or disk-shaped self-assembled microcavities have been easily obtained and their sizes distribute from 4–30 µm. The square and disk microcavities show clear multimode lasing under pulsed optical pumping. The mode intervals are spread in the case of disk cavities. The observed multimode patterns are compared with the spectra obtained by finite differential time domain calculations. The results can be explained by the whispering gallery mode (WGM) or quasi-WGM in microdisk cavities.
Theoretical approach to surface reconstruction of InN(0001) during raised-pressure metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxy
Authors: Kusaba Akira , Kangawa Yoshihiro , Honda Yoshio , Amano Hiroshi , Kakimoto Koichi
Published: February 2016

We investigated the surface reconstruction of InN(0001) during raised-pressure metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxy using an ab initio-based approach. We observed that the reconstructed structure changes from In-rich surfaces such as In bilayer and monolayer surfaces to an ideal surface with increasing growth temperature. In addition, we investigated the effects of surface reconstruction on the growth process using a newly improved thermodynamic analysis method. Although no barrier is present in the growth reaction when the In-rich surfaces appear, the results suggest that the surface phase acts as a barrier in the growth reaction when the ideal surface appears. Furthermore, we discuss the growth conditions that enable high-temperature growth with a smooth reaction path.
Evaluation of Fetal First and Second Cervical Vertebrae
Authors: Henderson Patrick , Desai Ishita P. , Pettit Kate , Benke Sarah , Brouha Sharon S. , Romine Lorene E. , Beeker Krissa , Chuang Nathaniel A. , Yaszay Burt , Van Houten Laurie , Pretorius Dolores H.
Published: February 2016

Objectives

To use 3‐dimensional sonographic volumes to evaluate the variable appearance of the normal fetal cervical spine and craniocervical junction, which if unrecognized may lead to misdiagnosis of malalignment at the first and second cervical vertebrae (C1 and C2).

Methods

Three‐dimensional sonographic volumes of the fetal cervical spine were obtained from 24 fetuses at gestational ages between 12 weeks 6 days and 35 weeks 1 day. The volumes were reviewed on 4‐dimensional software, and the vertebral level was determined by labeling the first rib‐bearing vertebra as the first thoracic vertebra. The ossification centers of the cervical spine and occipital condyles were then labeled accordingly and evaluated for alignment and structure by rotating the volumes in oblique planes. The appearance on multiplanar images was assessed for possible perceived anomalies, including malalignment, particularly at the C1 and C2 levels. Evidence of head rotation was correlated with the presence of possible malalignment at C1–C2. Head rotation was identified in the axial plane by measuring the angle of the anteroposterior axis of C1 to the anteroposterior axis of C2.

Results

Of the 24 fetuses, 16 had adequate quality to assess the entire cervical spine and craniocervical junction. All 16 cases showed an osseous component of C1 that did not align directly with C2 on some of the multiplanar images when the volumes were rotated, which could lead to suspected diagnosis of spinal malalignment or a segmental abnormality, as occurred in 2 clinical cases in our practice. All 16 cases showed at least some degree of head rotation, ranging from 2° to 36°, which may possibly explain the apparent malalignment. The lateral offset from C1 to C2 ranged from 0.0 to 3.3 mm.

Conclusions

The normal C1 and C2 ossification centers may appear to be malaligned due to normal offsetting (lateral displacement) of C1 on C2. An understanding of the normal development of the cervical spine is important in assessing spinal anatomy.
Off‐Label Use of Ultrasound Contrast Agents for Intravenous Applications in Children
Authors: Rosado Elsa , Riccabona Michael
Published: February 2016

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to collect and analyze the published data related to intravenous (IV) use of ultrasound (US) contrast agents in children.

Methods

We searched the literature to collect all of the published studies reporting the IV administration of a second‐generation US contrast agent in children.

Results

We analyzed 9 case series and 5 case reports, as well as 5 individual cases, of pediatric contrast‐enhanced US use reported in a study group that also included adults. We found that 502 children underwent contrast‐enhanced US examinations (mean age, 9.7 years; range, 1 day–18 years). Most patients (89%) were injected with the sulfur hexafluoride contrast agent SonoVue (Bracco SpA, Milan, Italy). The mean dose used was 1.5 mL (range, 0.1–9.6 mL). Only 10 patients (2%) had adverse reactions related to the contrast agent administration: 1 life‐threatening anaphylactic shock and 9 mild transitory adverse effects. We additionally found 38 papers in which the study groups included at least 1 child; thus, we obtained a total of 540 reported cases of off‐label use of IV US contrast agents in children. The most frequent target organ was the liver, and most indications were related to space‐occupying lesion characterization and abdominal evaluations after blunt trauma. Some studies also evaluated the diagnostic performance of contrast‐enhanced US in different clinical scenarios and found very good accuracy. Concordance between contrast‐enhanced US imaging and the respective reference‐standard imaging methods ranged between 83% and 100% in different studies.

Conclusions

Our results support the idea that the IV use of US contrast agents in children is safe, feasible, diagnostically robust, and effective.
A Comparative Study of Surgical Splenectomy, Partial Splenic Embolization, and High‐Intensity Focused Ultrasound for Hypersplenism
Authors: Zhu Jing , Chen Xijun , Hu Xiaotong , Zhu Hui , He Chao
Published: February 2016

Objectives

This study compared splenectomy, partial splenic embolization, and high‐intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) therapy, which represent the traditional, mature, and newest methods for improving thrombocytopenia in hypersplenism, respectively.

Methods

A total of 69 patients with hypersplenism were treated with surgical splenectomy (n = 31), HIFU (n = 26), or partial splenic embolization (n = 12). They were followed closely for at least 6 months, and the effectiveness of the treatments was compared.

Results

Among the 3 groups, splenectomy was the most effective treatment for increasing peripheral blood cells. Embolization reduced the operating time and hospital stay, but HIFU was relatively safer and less invasive than the other treatments.

Conclusions

High‐intensity focused ultrasound has wide clinical indications for hypersplenism and may be safer than other treatment methods. Therefore, it is a good alternative procedure for patients with a high surgical risk.
Intraductal Sonography in Patients With Portal Cavernoma Cholangiopathy
Authors: Bhatia Vikram , Shasthry Saggere Muralikrishna , Mukund Amar
Published: February 2016

Intraductal sonography generates high‐resolution images of the entire length of the biliary tree and peribiliary tissues, including 3‐dimensional dual‐ and muti‐plane reconstructions to depict complex anatomy. Portal cavernoma cholangiopathy (previously called portal biliopathy) can have multiple etiologies of obstructive cholestasis in the same patient, which can be difficult to define even with advanced imaging techniques.We describe 2 difficult cases of portal cavernoma cholangiopathy in which intraductal sonography helped in clinical management decisions. We think that intraductal sonography should be part of the standard management algorithm for patients with portal cavernoma cholangiopathy and describe the intraductal sonographic correlates of the cholangiographic changes in this condition.
Matching ecohydrological processes and scales of banded vegetation patterns in semiarid catchments
Authors: Paschalis Athanasios , Katul Gabriel G. , Fatichi Simone , Manoli Gabriele , Molnar Peter
Published: February 2016

While the claim that water‐carbon interactions result in spatially coherent vegetation patterning is rarely disputed in many arid and semiarid regions, the significance of the detailed water pathways and other high frequency variability remain an open question. How the short temporal scale meteorological fluctuations form the long‐term spatial variability of available soil water in complex terrains due to the various hydrological, land surface, and vegetation dynamic feedbacks frames the scope of the work here. Knowledge of the detailed mechanistic feedbacks among soil, plants, and the atmosphere will lead to advances in our understanding of plant water availability in arid and semiarid ecosystems and will provide insights for future model development concerning vegetation pattern formation. In this study, quantitative estimates of water fluxes and vegetation productivity are provided for a semiarid ecosystem with established vegetation bands on hillslopes using numerical simulations. A state‐of‐the‐science process based ecohydrological model is used, which resolves hydrological and plant physiological processes at the relevant space and time scales, for relatively small periods (e.g., decades) of mature ecosystems (i.e., spatially static vegetation distribution). To unfold the mechanisms that shape the spatial distribution of soil moisture, plant productivity and the relevant surface/subsurface and atmospheric water fluxes, idealized hillslope numerical experiments are constructed, where the effects of soil type, slope steepness, and overland flow accumulation area are quantified. Those mechanisms are also simulated in the presence of complex topography features on landscapes. The main results are (a) short temporal scale meteorological variability and accurate representation of the scales at which each ecohydrological process operates are crucial for the estimation of the spatial variability of soil water availability to the plant root zone; (b) water fluxes such as evapotranspiration, infiltration, runoff‐run‐on, and subsurface soil water movement have a dynamic short temporal scale behavior that determines the long‐term spatial organization of plant soil water availability in ecosystems with established vegetation patterns; and (c) hypotheses concerning the hydrological responses that can lead to vegetation pattern formation have to accommodate realistic and physically based representations of the fast dynamics of key ecohydrological fluxes.
Additive Manufacturing of γ‐TiAl: Processing, Microstructure, and Properties
Authors: Balla Vamsi Krishna , Das Mitun , Mohammad Ashfaq , Al‐Ahmari Abdulrahman M.
Published: February 2016

Additive manufacturing of γ‐TiAl intermetallic alloy using laser‐engineered net shaping (LENS) is reported. The influence of laser power and scan speed on processability, microstructure, tribological, and electrochemical properties is studied. The results demonstrate that near net shape γ‐TiAl parts can be fabricated using LENS and defect‐free parts are obtained with narrow laser energy input range (40–50 J mm−2). The high cooling rates result in massive‐like γ matrix with small amount of γ + α2 lamellar. Process parameters strongly influence tribological and electrochemical properties of LENS‐processed γ‐TiAl parts in 3.5% NaCl solution. Wear is of abrasive type with no evidence of corrosion on wear tracks.
Fretting Corrosion Behavior of Additive Manufactured and Cryogenic‐Machined Ti6Al4V for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Bertolini Rachele , Bruschi Stefania , Bordin Alberto , Ghiotti Andrea , Pezzato Luca , Dabalà Manuele
Published: February 2016

Metal ion release, caused by synergistic effect of wear and corrosion, is one of the major concerns related to the prostheses lifetime. In this work, samples of additive manufactured Ti6Al4V are machined under dry cutting and cryogenic cooling conditions and their performances in terms of corrosion and fretting corrosion response are investigated. A wet and temperature‐controlled apparatus equipped with an electro‐chemical cell is designed and set‐up in order to evaluate the fretting corrosion effect acting at the interfaces. The obtained results show that the cryogenic machining improves the corrosion and fretting corrosion behavior of the investigated additive manufactured Ti6Al4V.
A Novel Optical Thermometry Strategy Based on Diverse Thermal Response from Two Intervalence Charge Transfer States
Authors: Gao Yan , Huang Feng , Lin Hang , Zhou Jiangcong , Xu Ju , Wang Yuansheng
Published: February 2016

In this work, a novel thermometry strategy based on the diversity in thermal quenching behavior of two intervalence charge transfer (IVCT) states in oxide crystals is proposed, which provides a promising route to design self‐referencing optical temperature sensing material with superior temperature sensitivity and signal discriminability. Following this strategy, uniform Tb3+/Pr3+:NaGd(MoO4)2 micro‐octahedrons are directionally synthesized. Originated from the diverse thermal responses between Tb3+‐Mo6+ and Pr3+‐Mo6+ IVCT states, fluorescence intensity ratio of Pr3+ to Tb3+ in this material displays excellent temperature sensing property in a temperature range from 303 to 483 K. The maximum absolute and relative sensitivity reaches as high as 0.097 K−1 and 2.05% K−1, respectively, being much higher than those of the previously reported optical thermometric materials. Excellent temperature sensing features are also demonstrated in the other Tb3+/Pr3+ codoped oxide crystals having d0 electron configured transition metal ions (Ti4+, V5+, Mo6+, or W6+), such as scheelite NaLu(MoO4)2 and NaLu(WO4)2, and monazite LaVO4 and perovskite La2Ti3O9, evidencing the universal validity of the proposed strategy. This work exploits an effective pathway for developing new optical temperature sensing materials with high performance.
Flexible Integrated Electrical Cables Based on Biocomposites for Synchronous Energy Transmission and Storage
Authors: Wang Hua , Li Fengshi , Zhu Bowen , Guo Lin , Yang Yun , Hao Rui , Wang Hong , Liu Yaqing , Wang Wei , Guo Xintong , Chen Xiaodong
Published: February 2016

It becomes increasingly important to develop integrated systems with the aim of achieving maximum functionality for the state‐of‐the‐art electronic devices. Here, a flexible integrated electrical cable is reported by incorporating biomaterials based fiber supercapacitors into a resistor–capacitor circuit. In this unique integrated configuration, the fiber electrodes are alternately winded along the twisted electric wires, which worked not only as scaffolding to support and strengthen the slight electrodes but also as separators to spatially confine them to avoid short circuit. It exhibits excellent electrochemical performance comparable to conventional transition metal compounds based cells, and can especially realize sophisticated applications in synchronous energy transmission and storage, presenting a new member for the integrated energy storage system family.
Flexible Ru/Graphene Aerogel with Switchable Surface Chemistry: Highly Efficient Catalyst for Room‐Temperature CO Oxidation
Authors: Li Wencheng , Zhang Huanhuan , Wang Jitong , Qiao Wenming , Ling Licheng , Long Donghui
Published: February 2016

Self‐assembly and functionalization of macroscopic graphene architectures are generally required to offset the drawbacks of pure graphene sheets for practical applications. Herein, a macroscopic 3D flexible well‐faceted Ru nanocrystalline‐decorated graphene aerogel is prepared by a unique polyol‐mediated solvothermal method. The key to the synthesis is relied on ethylene glycol as the solvent and reducing agent, which can simultaneously reduce graphene oxide (GO) and Ru3+ ions and further self‐assemble into the 3D aerogel network. The resultant Ru/graphene aerogels possess a low density of 17.3 mg cm−3, highly porous structures, good flexible ability, and excellent electrical conductivity (333 S m−1). The catalytic properties of these Ru/graphene aerogels for CO oxidation, especially addressing the pretreatment effects on the catalytic activity and the role of surface oxygen species, are investigated. It has been shown that mild air pretreatment can switch the surface chemistry of nanocrystalline Ru, inducing the formation of highly active oxygen‐vacancy RuO
x
. These pretreated aerogels thus can deliver 100% CO conversion with long durability at room temperature, and can work effectively at ultrahigh space velocity. These unique characteristics of Ru/graphene aerogels point to their promising application in in‐door air quality control.
Miyaura Borylation and One‐Pot Two‐Step Homocoupling of Aryl Chlorides and Bromides under Solvent‐Free Conditions
Authors: Dzhevakov Pavel B. , Topchiy Maxim A. , Zharkova Daria A. , Morozov Oleg S. , Asachenko Andrey F. , Nechaev Mikhail S.
Published: February 2016

Solvent‐free protocols for Miyaura borylation and the one‐pot, two‐step homocoupling of aryl halides are reported for the first time. Bis(dibenzylideneacetone)palladium(0) [Pd(dba)2] is an optimal source of palladium for Miyaura borylation, while for one‐pot two‐step homocoupling palladium(II) acetate [Pd(OAc)2] gives highest yields. Aryl bromides are coupled most efficiently using the DPEphos ligand. Chlorides are coupled using XPhos. The developed protocols are robust, versatile and easily reproducible on a large scale.

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Chiral Lewis Base‐Catalyzed, Enantioselective Reduction of Unprotected β‐Enamino Esters with Trichlorosilane
Authors: Ye Jianheng , Wang Chao , Chen Lin , Wu Xinjun , Zhou Li , Sun Jian
Published: February 2016

Catalytic asymmetric reduction of N‐unsubstituted β‐enamino esters represents a major challenge for asymmetric catalysis. In this paper, the first organocatalytic system that could be used for the asymmetric hydrosilylation of N‐unsubstituted β‐enamino esters has been developed. Using N‐tert‐butylsulfinyl‐L‐proline‐derived amides and L‐pipecolinic acid‐derived formamides as catalyst, a broad range of β‐aryl‐ and β‐alkyl‐substituted free β‐amino esters could be prepared with high yields and enantioselectivities. The practicality was illustrated by the gram‐scale asymmetric synthesis of ethyl (R)‐3‐amino‐3‐phenylpropanoate and isopropyl (S)‐3‐amino‐4‐(2,3,5‐trifluorophenyl)butanoate. The resulting product can be smoothly transformed to the FDA approved medicines dapoxetine and sitagliptin in a short synthetic route.

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Critical Challenges in Rechargeable Aprotic Li–O2 Batteries
Authors: Feng Ningning , He Ping , Zhou Haoshen
Published: February 2016

Rechargeable aprotic Li–O2 batteries are one of the most promising next‐generation battery technologies that can deliver extremely high energy density. In the past decades, this technology has attracted worldwide attention, and considerable progress has been achieved. However, numerous critical scientific challenges remain to be solved for practical applications. A specific discussion of recent progress from the perspective of the stable aprotic Li–O2 system with high energy efficiency is presented. The discussion is highlighted on the reaction mechanisms on air cathode, stability of cell components in semi‐open surroundings, and improvement of battery performance by catalyst design. Challenges and perspectives are also presented. This study provides an intensive understanding of aprotic Li–O2 batteries and offers an important guideline for developing reversible and high‐efficiency Li–O2 batteries.
Discovery of biochemical biomarkers for aggression: A role for metabolomics in psychiatry
Authors: Hagenbeek Fiona A. , Kluft Cornelis , Hankemeier Thomas , Bartels Meike , Draisma Harmen H. M. , Middeldorp Christel M. , Berger Ruud , Noto Antonio , Lussu Milena , Pool René , Fanos Vassilios , Boomsma Dorret I.
Published: February 2016

Human aggression encompasses a wide range of behaviors and is related to many psychiatric disorders. We introduce the different classification systems of aggression and related disorders as a basis for discussing biochemical biomarkers and then present an overview of studies in humans (published between 1990 and 2015) that reported statistically significant associations of biochemical biomarkers with aggression, DSM‐IV disorders involving aggression, and their subtypes. The markers are of different types, including inflammation markers, neurotransmitters, lipoproteins, and hormones from various classes. Most studies focused on only a limited portfolio of biomarkers, frequently a specific class only. When integrating the data, it is clear that compounds from several biological pathways have been found to be associated with aggressive behavior, indicating complexity and the need for a broad approach. In the second part of the paper, using examples from the aggression literature and psychiatric metabolomics studies, we argue that a better understanding of aggression would benefit from a more holistic approach such as provided by metabolomics. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Der Chlorophyllabbau in höheren Pflanzen – Phyllobiline als weitverbreitete, aber kaum sichtbare Zeichen von Reifung, Seneszenz und Zelltod
Authors: Kräutler Bernhard
Published: February 2016

Die herbstlichen Farben sind von je her faszinierend und immer noch ein höchst rätselhaftes Phänomen. Vor einigen Jahren wurde entdeckt, dass beim Abbau von Chlorophyll (Chl) in Blättern und Früchten Bilin‐ähnliche Chl‐Kataboliten gebildet werden, die als Phyllobiline bezeichnet werden. Dank intensiver chemisch‐biologischer Zusammenarbeiten ist es inzwischen gelungen, die Schlüsselprozesse des Chl‐Abbaus in seneszenten Blättern und reifenden Früchten aufzuklären. Das Chl wird rasch zu farblosen und größtenteils photoinaktiven Phyllobilinen abgebaut, was offenbar primär ein Teil eines Entgiftungsprozesses ist. In manchen seneszenten Blättern und in den Schalen reifer Bananen reichern sich hingegen fluoreszierende Chl‐Kataboliten an und bewirken dort ein eindrucksvolles, blaues Leuchten. Die strukturellen Besonderheiten, die chemischen Eigenschaften und die Häufigkeit der Phyllobiline in der Biosphäre lassen damit biologische Funktionen vermuten, die immer noch darauf warten, entdeckt zu werden.
Breakdown of Chlorophyll in Higher Plants—Phyllobilins as Abundant, Yet Hardly Visible Signs of Ripening, Senescence, and Cell Death
Authors: Kräutler Bernhard
Published: February 2016

Fall colors have always been fascinating and are still a remarkably puzzling phenomenon associated with the breakdown of chlorophyll (Chl) in leaves. As discovered in recent years, nongreen bilin‐type Chl catabolites are generated, which are known as the phyllobilins. Collaborative chemical‐biological efforts have led to the elucidation of the key Chl‐breakdown processes in senescent leaves and in ripening fruit. Colorless and largely photoinactive phyllobilins are rapidly produced from Chl, apparently primarily as part of a detoxification program. However, fluorescent Chl catabolites accumulate in some senescent leaves and in peels of ripe bananas and induce a striking blue glow. The structural features, chemical properties, and abundance of the phyllobilins in the biosphere suggest biological roles, which still remain to be elucidated.
A magnetic mesoporous chitosan based core‐shells biopolymer for anionic dye adsorption: Kinetic and isothermal study and application of ANN
Authors: Tanhaei Bahareh , Ayati Ali , Lahtinen Manu , Mahmoodzadeh Vaziri Behrooz , Sillanpää Mika
Published: February 2016

In this study, Chitosan/Al2O3/Fe3O4 core‐shell composite microsphere (CAMF) was used as an effective sorbent with high adsorption capacity for the removal of anionic azo dye model from aqueous solution. The obtained composite was characterized by XRD, SEM, EDX, and BET analysis. The results showed the high methyl orange (MO) adsorption in a wide pH range of 4–10 and the optimum adsorbent dosage was obtained 0.6 g L−1. It is indicated that the equilibrium data followed the Langmuir isotherm model and the adsorption kinetic was well fitted with pseudo‐second‐order kinetic model. Also, the adsorption kinetic was controlled by the film diffusion and intra‐particle diffusion, simultaneously. It is revealed that by increasing the particle size from <0.1 μm to ∼0.4 μm, the adsorption capacity did not change, significantly. The adsorption capacity of MO on CAMF was predicted by multilayer perceptron (MLP) neural network at different initial MO concentration, in which the predictions of MLP model had very good agreement with experimental data. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43466.
Synthesis and characterization of PPY/K[Fe(CN)3(OH)(en)] nanocomposite: Study of photocatalytic, sorption, electrical, and thermal properties
Authors: Kazim Moosvi Syed , Majid Kowsar , Ara Tabassum
Published: February 2016

This work involves the synthesis of nanocomposite of Polypyrrole (PPY) with photoadduct {K[Fe(CN)3(OH)(en)]} via in‐situ oxidative chemical polymerisation. Photoadduct is synthesized by irradiating equimolar mixture of potassium hexacyanoferrate (III) and ethylenediamine (en) and is then reduced to nanosize by high energy ball mill. Successful synthesis of nanophotoadduct is confirmed by elemental analyser, UV–Vis, and FTIR. The nanocomposite of PPY and photoadduct has been characterised by SEM, TEM, FTIR, XRD, TGA, UV–Vis spectroscopy, I–V characteristics, and dielectric analysis for structural, thermal, optical, electrical, and dielectric properties. The average particle size of nanophotoadduct and nanocomposite has been found to be 80 and 84 nm, respectively. The thermal stability of nanocomposite is enhanced. The nanocomposite shows high value of dielectric constant (5 × 103 at103 Hz) and ac conductivity (7.0 × 108 Sm−1 at 106 Hz) as compared with pure PPY. The high value of dielectric constant can make the material suited for energy storage applications. The nanocomposite shows higher photocatalytic activity as compared with pure PPY and a high value of distribution coefficient (Kd) has been obtained for Pb2+, Zn2+, and Cd2+ ions, hence, can act as an efficient material for removal of dyes and heavy metal ions in waste water. Thus, photoadduct of K3[Fe(CN)6] and ethylenediamine(en), a new kind of filler, has succeeded in improving the properties of PPY with respect to thermal stability, high dielectric constant, high ac conductivity, efficient photocatalytic activity, and high Kd value for toxic metal ions. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43487.
Effects of antimicrobial agents on the thermal and mechanical properties of acrylate hydrogel matrices
Authors: Paillot Pierrick , Jegat Corinne , Becquart Frédéric , Taha Mohamed
Published: February 2016

Polymer materials with antimicrobial activity are prepared by UV polymerization of acrylate and methacrylate mixture at room temperature. The antimicrobials are silver acetate and copper (II) acetate, used without pretreatment. Their chemical stability in the acrylate matrix and their effect on the thermal and mechanical properties of the polymer matrix are investigated as a function of their concentration up to 15 wt %. Physico‐chemical, thermal, rheological, and morphological analyses as well as the surveillance of metal salts release in aqueous medium are conducted. A significant decrease in the thermal stability of the salts introduced into the acrylate matrix is observed after UV treatment. The metal salts also have significant effects on the properties of the matrix. A plasticization and densification of the material associated with an aggregation of salts up to the percolation at the highest concentration are highlighted. At equal concentrations, the effects are more pronounced in the presence of copper salts. The latter was released more slowly than silver salts from acrylate material. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43501.
Spontaneous formation of discrete arrangement of particles by dipping ultraviolet/ozone‐treated poly(dimethylsiloxane) substrate in solution
Authors: Watanabe Masashi , Nishino Toshihiro
Published: February 2016

The spontaneous formation of well‐ordered microstructures is an interesting research topic because such formation is useful for cost‐effective production of functional materials. In this article, we report a novel method for spontaneous formation of a discrete arrangement of particles using an ultraviolet/ozone‐treated poly(dimethylsiloxane) substrate. The substrate was first dipped in a solution (solvent: mixture of methanol and water, solute: sucrose or lithium perchlorate) in a sealed vessel filled with the vapor of the solvent, and was then dried in air to precipitate the solute as particles. In spite of the simplicity of the procedure, the particles were regularly and discretely arranged in a triangular lattice with a distance between the neighboring particles of about 48 µm. The mechanism of formation of the array was explained by considering the formation of regular dimples due to swelling of the substrate surface with the solution and the dewetting of the liquid film of the solution on the surface. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43506.