bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PHYSICOCHEMICAL VERIFICATION OF NONEXISTENCE OF αs1‐CASEIN‐κ‐CARRAGEENAN INTERACTION IN CALCIUM‐FREE SYSTEMS
Authors: SKURA B. J. , NAKAI S.
Published: December 2006

The interaction between αs1, ‐casein and K‐carrageenan was investigated by sedimentation velocity and sedimentation equilibrium ultra‐centrifugation, frontal chromatography, fluorescence polarization, viscosity, and turbidity experiments. Schlieren patterns of αs1‐casein‐K‐carrageenan mixtures during sedimentation velocity ultracentrifugation experiments (pH 6.6, μ= 0.08) revealed a large αs1 ‐casein containing peak followed by a slower sedimenting peak which was thought to be residual, uncomplexed k‐carrageenan. The S2 0, w of the interaction peak was greater than the S2 0, w of αs1 ‐casein alone under identical conditions. The effects of pH, ionic strength, temperature and 6.OM urea suggested that the interaction observed during sedimentation velocity ultracentrifugation and viscometry of αs1 ‐casein and K‐carrageenan was mediated by hydrogen bonding. Fluorescence polarization, frontal chromatography, and molecular weight distributions calculated from sedimentation equilibrium data, however, showed that αs1 ‐casein and K‐carrageenan did not interact in calcium‐free systems (pH 6.6, μ= 0.08). DNS‐αs1 ‐casein and DNS‐K‐carrageenan were employed as the labelled components during the fluorescence polarization experiments. αs1 ‐Casein‐K‐car‐rageenan mixtures eluted from a controlled pore glass column (170 Å pore diameter) as the individual components with elution volumes identical to those obtained when αs1 ‐casein and K‐carrageenan were chromatographed separately. The molecular weight distributions of αs1 ‐casein‐K‐carrageenan mixtures (pH 6.6, μ= 0.08), subjected to sedimentation equilibrium ultracentrifugation, contained a major peak in the molecular weight range corresponding to unreacted αs1, ‐casein. Thus the “interaction” revealed by sedimentation velocity and viscosity data was not a chemical interaction but, rather a physical entrapment of αs1 ‐casein by K‐carrageenan. Fluid flow through the capillary during viscosity measurements and the intense gravitational fields generated during sedimentation velocity ultracentrifugation probably induced physical entanglement of the K‐carrageenan. Under these conditions, αs1 ‐casein‐K‐carrageenan mixtures flowed as a “porous‐plug” where αs1 ‐casein, larger than the pores of the K‐carrageenan network, was trapped giving rise to the observed “interaction” peak. Physical entanglement of αs1 ‐casein within the K‐carrageenan system which causes a pseudo‐interaction was not detected during frontal chromatography, sedimentation equilibrium, and fluorescence polarization measurements. Thus, αs1 ‐casein and K‐carrageenan do not chemically interact in calcium‐free systems.
EFFECTS OF EMULSIFYING SALTS AND CARRAGEENAN ON RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF CHEESE‐LIKE PRODUCTS PREPARED BY DIRECT ACIDIFICATION
Authors: LAZARIDIS H. N. , ROSENAU J. R.
Published: December 2006

The effects of five emulsifying salts and a blend of carrageenan on the rheological properties of cheese‐like products produced by direct acidification were evaluated. The tested salts included: trisodiurn phosphate, disodium phosphate, sodium citrate, sodium aluminum phosphate (kasal) and a blend of sodium metaphosphate and trisodium phosphate (kasomet). Among the evaluated rheological properties, emphasis was given to “meltability” as measured by the standard L.D. Schreiber test. Trisodium and disodium phosphate were found to produce the most pronounced melting effects, while kasal and kasomet produced no melting effect at all. Carrageenan (mainly of kappa‐type) at levels up to 1.0% improved the “body,”“texture,” and mouth‐feel of the products but countered the improved melting characteristics produced by the salts. Through proper selection of the kind and level of emulsifying salt and concentration of carrageenan, relative control of the rheological properties was shown to be feasible.
FACTORS AFFECTING LIPASE PRODUCTION IN Aspergillus wentii
Authors: CHANDER HARISH , BATISH V. K. , SANNABHADTI S. S. , SRINIVASAN R. A.
Published: December 2006

Aspergillus wentii showed maximum growth and lipase production at 30°C in 3 days at pH 6.0, when cultivated on a shaker. The medium supplemented with glucose showed maximum production of lipase followed by mannitol, fructose, galactose, sucrose, lactose, and maltose. Amongst the nitrogen sources tested, lipase yield was maximum with peptone at the 2% level. Calcium and sodium citrates (0l.%) increased the yield of lipase. Synthetic and natural lipids when added to the growth medium reduced the growth and lipase production.
EFFECT OF PORK QUALITY ON SOME CHEMICAL, PHYSICAL, AND PROCESSING PROPERTIES OF FERMENTED DRY SAUSAGE
Authors: TOWNSEND W. E. , DAVIS C. E. , LYON C. E. , MESCHER S. E.
Published: December 2006

Fermented sausages were prepared from: (1) PSE pork, (2) normal pork, and (3) a 50/50 mixture of PSE and normal pork. Although pH values differed initially they were essentially the same after 35 days drying. Only 50–60% as long was required for drying of sausage made from PSE as compared to normal pork. Sausages prepared with only PSE pork had the highest moisture diffusion rate, TBA values, and lactic acid content. Cured color of the PSE group was paler red and more yellowish than those prepared with only normal pork. Water‐holding capacity, water activity values and force to shear were lowest and highest for sausages made, respectively, from PSE pork only and from normal pork.
EFFECT OF PROCESSING VARIABLES ON THE METHIONINE CONTENT OF FRANKFURTERS
Authors: STRANGE E. D. , BENEDICT R. C. , MILLER A. J.
Published: December 2006

The effects of processing and use of pro‐ and antioxidant additives on the methionine content of frankfurters were examined. Emulsification and cooking‐smoking had no significant effect on the methionine content, but high peroxide fat or sodium ascorbate lowered the methionine content of the raw emulsions, presumably by oxidation. Cooking‐smoking acted to restore the methionine level. Interaction of spice and nitrite on methionine levels was significant. Cooking and/or spices reduced the peroxide numbers of the frankfurters.
EFFECT OF OVEN HOLDING ON QUALITIES OF FRIED CHICKEN PARTS
Authors: YANG C. S. , CHEN T. C.
Published: December 2006

Eight‐piece‐cut broiler parts from 907‐1134g carcasses were obtained from a processing plant. Parts were flour predusted, battered, and floured again before being fried in a deep‐fat fryer. Fried chicken parts were immediately held in an electric oven at 65.6°C. Warner‐Bratzler shear values, ultrastructural changes, coating‐skin moisture contents, and organoleptic evaluations of the fried parts were measured after 0.25, 1, 2, and 3 hr of holding. Both breast and thigh meat had a change in ultrastructure at different times; however, dark meat became tougher sooner than white meat. Oven holding had a drying effect on the coating‐skin portions. Organoleptic scores of coating‐skin parts of fried chicken were not affected by holding time within 3 hr, while those for meat parts were affected.
EFFECTS OF CARBON DIOXIDE AND NITROGEN ATMOSPHERES ON THE QUALITY OF MECHANICALLY DEBONED CHICKEN MEAT DURING FROZEN AND NON‐FROZEN STORAGE
Authors: JURDI D. , MAST M. G. , MacNEIL J. H.
Published: December 2006

The effects of different storage atmospheres (100% CO2, 30% CO2, N2, or air) on several characteristics of high‐fat and low‐fat mechanically deboned chicken meat (MDCM) were investigated. Samples were stored at 5°C for up to 10 days or at −20°C for 2 months. The use of 100% CO2 repressed the total aerobic bacterial numbers of MDCM when held at 5°C. Numbers of anaerobic organisms were reduced for only the high‐fat MDCM stored at 5°C. TBA values of high‐fat MDCM stored under N, at 5°C and −20°C were lower than those of all other treatments. Storage under CO2 ‐enriched atmospheres caused significant (P > 0.05) decreases in pH. However, this effect was not apparent after prolonged storage. Gardner L values of samples exposed to 100% CO1 were higher and a+ values were lower than other treatment samples. Percent metmyoglobin in high‐fat MDCM increased with storage time at −20°C. None of the samples showed any detectable metmyoglobin reducing activity. Oxygen uptake rate after addition of high‐fat MDCM homogenates decreased with time; no effect was observed with low‐fat MDCM. Samples frozen immediately after treatment with the various gases had better keeping quality than those held for 3 days at 5°C prior to freezing.
USE OF PRERIGOR BEEF FOR FROZEN GROUND BEEF PATTIES
Authors: JACOBS D. K. , SEBRANEK J. G.
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT‐

Differences in palatability, cooking characteristics, and storage effects were determined between conventionally processed ground beef patties and patties formulated immediately after slaughter (pre‐rigor). Carcasses were split, the left sides processed immediately and the right sides processed after 48 hr aging. Freezer tunnel shrink, storage shrink, cooking loss, proximate analysis, pH, color, rancidity, and taste panel evaluations were made at 30‐day intervals. Major differences include an elevated pH and decreased cooking loss for prerigor patties. Taste panels of > 100 consumers gave higher scores for prerigor patties on evaluations of tenderness, juiciness, and overall acceptability.
EFFECTS ON QUALITY ATTRIBUTES OF HOLDING ROCK LOBSTERS IN SLUSH ICE BEFORE TAILING
Authors: BREMNER H. ALLAN , VEITH GAYLENE
Published: December 2006

Taste panel evaluation, yield measurements and analytical tests were carried out on the frozen stored (−18°C) tail flesh from southern rock lobsters (Jasus novaehollandiae Holthius) which had been tailed while live (no holding period in slush ice) or after being held in slush ice (O°C) for periods of 1, 18 or 48 hr before being tailed. The taste panel results did not reveal any differences in the organoleptic quality of frozen lobster flesh subjected to various holding periods in slush ice or with subsequent frozen storage at −18°C for up to 40 wk. Holding lobsters in slush ice for 48 hr resulted in a lower yield of cooked tail flesh, whereas holding for 18 hr did not affect the yield of cooked tail flesh or its edible quality.
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS IN FRESH AND IN CANNED SWEET POTATOES
Authors: LOPEZ A. , WILLIAMS H. L. , COOLER F. W.
Published: December 2006

The content of 16 essential elements was determined in fresh and canned sweet potatoes by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The elemental content of fresh sweet potatoes was compared with that of canned sweet potatoes. All data were analyzed statistically. There were significantly lower amounts of copper, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, silicon, and zinc in canned sweet potatoes than in fresh sweet potatoes and no significant differences in calcium, chloride, iron, manganese, and sodium between the fresh and canned samples. Percentages of the established and estimated RDA's show that fresh and canned sweet potatoes are relatively good sources of potassium and relatively fair sources of copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, and phosphorus. Retention of elements in the canned sweet potatoes ranged from 53% to 92%. When the content of elements in the canned syrup is considered, element retention was virtually 100%.
METHODOLOGY FOR ENERGY RECOVERY FROM LOWER TEMPERATURE EXHAUST AIRSTREAMS OF FOOD PLANTS
Authors: LAZAR M. E. , FARKAS D. F.
Published: December 2006

A cross flow plate air to air heat exchanger module of simplified design was constructed to obtain cost and operating data. The fabrication of corrugated metal spacers was found to be a major cost. Therefore design criteria were developed for a simple “do‐it‐you” self” corrugation system. Extrapolation of prototype costs to full size installations shows that a payback of 6 months or less is possible for typical food plant installations.
EFFECT OF COMPOSITION UPON BOSTWICK CONSISTENCY OF TOMATO CONCENTRATE
Authors: MARSH GEORGE L. , BUHLERT JAMES E. , LEONARD SHERMAN J.
Published: December 2006

The change in Bostwick consistency of tomato juice with change in solids during concentration was found to be related to the water‐insoluble solids (WIS): total solids (TS) ratio and to the viscosity of the serum of clarified juice. These characteristics were found to be widely variable among new tomato cultivars. The slope of the concentration curve was found to be primarily dependent upon the WIS/TS ratio. The locus of the concentration curve, on the other hand, was found to be dependent on both WIS/TS ratio and serum viscosity, and could be located by Bostwick consistency of the juice and initial solids content. The influence of these characteristics on processing and Bostwick consistency of tomato paste is discussed.
SORGHUMS WITH IMPROVED TORTILLA MAKING CHARACTERISTICS
Authors: KHAN M. N. , ROONEY L. W. , ROSENOW D. T. , MILLER F. R.
Published: December 2006

Color of tortillas prepared from grain of 38 sorghum cultivars by a laboratory procedure varied, from a light yellowish to dark‐greenish brown. The cooking time and grinding properties of sorghum were affected by kernel size, texture, and structure. Corneous sorghum kernels required longer cooking time than soft, floury kernels. Native sorghums of Honduras and Guatemala with white or colorless pericarp without a testa gave the lightest color tortillas, and had the best overall potential for use in tortilla production. Considerable variation exists among white sorghums. Brown sorghums as expected, produced unacceptable brown‐green tortillas with poor taste. Red sorghums, produced tortillas with a dark, unacceptable color. A simple alkali test using five kernels was used to screen white seeded sorghums from the world collection for alkali color formation. Good correlation between the alkali test and tortilla color was obtained. The test is useful in breeding programs to select sorghum with improved potential for use in tortillas and other high pH products.
ENERGY USE QUANTIFICATION IN THE CANNING OF CLINGSTONE PEACHES
Authors: CARROAD P. A. , SINGH R. P. , CHHINNAN M. S. , JACOB N. L. , ROSE W. W.
Published: December 2006

Thermal and electrical energy usages in a California clingstone peach cannery were monitored to establish energy consumption levels and to identify energy intensive unit operations. Representative processing lines were instrumented with orifice plates for steam flow measurements and with electric watt transducers for electrical power monitoring to yield actual consumption values. Steam use in the lye peelers and retorts accounted for 98% of all energy consumed, indicating that further examination of these operations for modification or equipment redesign should be a first priority for energy conservation. Pumping of liquids and dry conveying of fruit and waste material accounted for 61% of all electrical energy use. Electrical energy use amounted to only 2% of the total energy used, however, on an equivalent fossil fuel use basis.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE pH OF HOME‐CANNED PEPPERS
Authors: SAPERS G. M. , CARRÉ J. , DiVITO A. M. , PANASIUK O.
Published: December 2006

The influence of recipe and raw material on the pH of home‐canned peppers was investigated. Acidification levels specified in typical recipes were compared with those found in similar commercial products having acceptable pH values. Green and red peppers representing 12 varieties were analyzed for pH, acidity, and response to acidulation in the raw state and after canning with and without added vinegar. Hungarian Wax and Sweet Cherry peppers were more highly buffered than the other cultivars analyzed, requiring the addition of 1 tbsp vinegar (5% acidity) per pint jar of canned product to reduce the pH to or below 4.6. No less than that quantity of vinegar should be added.
PILOT SCALE ULTRAFILTRATION OF CLARIFIED ALFALFA JUICE
Authors: KNUCKLES BENNY E. , EDWARDS RICHARD H. , MILLER RAYMOND E. , KOHLER GEORGE O.
Published: December 2006

Pilot scale ultrafilter units were tested for use in concentrating and Purifying soluble alfalfa leaf protein solutions. Tubular and hollow fiber type units with noncellulosic membranes were employed. Operating temperature was generally maintained at 10° C because of microbial growth and precipitation of the heat labile protein at higher temperatures. Higher permeation rates and lower protein losses were obtained with the tubular unit. Concentrating the clarified alfalfa juice to 1/10 of the original volume produced protein concentrates containing about 50% crude protein and 10% ash. Diafiltration of the clarified alfalfa juice until the permeate volume was 10 times the original sample volume resulted in products containing 70–76% protein. Although diafiltration removed more than 86% of the orthodihydroxy phenolic compounds, the dried protein products were tan colored.
CALCIUM BINDING TO SNAP BEAN WATER‐INSOLUBLE SOLIDS. CALCIUM AND SODIUM CONCENTRATIONS
Authors: VAN BUREN J. P.
Published: December 2006

A limit of calcium binding on insoluble solids of canned beans is approximately 10,000 mg/kg. This amount is increased in snap beans that undergo a low temperature blanch. Sodium chloride de creases the binding of calcium and the firmness of the canned beans.
FATTY ACID ESTERS AND CARBONATES IN GRAPE DRYING
Authors: BOLIN H. R. , STAFFORD A. E.
Published: December 2006

Tests were conducted to determine the effect of different treatment variables on grape drying rate: changes in fatty acid ester and carbonate levels, and the effectiveness of potassium carbonate as compared to sodium carbonate. Methyl oleate‐potassium carbonate (1:l) increased drying rates during the first 8 days; an excess of carbonate further accelerated drying. A 10%:2% potassium carbonate: methyl oleate dip doubled the drying rate compared to a 2%:2% dip. Sodium carbonate was less effective than potassium. Treatment with increasing carbonate levels increases drying rates.
Breast feeding: success or failure
Authors: Houston Mary J.
Published: December 2006

Awareness of the important role of breast feeding in child health and the reproductive cycle, which is well documented elsewhere, necessitates an examination of the changing practice of breast feeding. This paper reviews these changing practices both in Western and developing societies, examines the problems which lead to lactation failure, and looks at factors related to success in breast feeding.

In the light of the need for practical help for successful breast feeding, the present system of support both in hospital and at home is then discussed. An alternative system of structured home support for post‐natal women, which has been shown to increase the success rate of breast feeding, is outlined. The way in which this system acts is discussed and the implications for both mothers and health staff are considered.
Bereavement and the elderly: a critical review with implications for nursing practice and research
Authors: Dimond Margaret
Published: December 2006

Loss is a common occurrence in the lives of the elderly. One of the most profound losses is the death of a spouse. Yet, frequent and predictable as this event is for older adults, we know very little about the grieving process or the resolution of grief among this age group. For nurses who care for older clients an understanding of loss and bereavement is important in order to provide appropriate and timely support.

In this paper the nature of grief and bereavement behaviour is discussed beginning with the earliest empirical work done in 1930 and including a synopsis of six major variations of grief. A comprehensive review and critique of current investigations provides the basis for suggesting that, because of flaws in conceptualization and design, there are substantial limits on the relevance of existing knowledge of grief for an understanding of this phenomenon among the aged bereaved.

A beginning theoretical integration and discussion of key concepts related to bereavement and the elderly is provided. This discussion is summarized in a proposed model. The paper concludes with suggestions for nursing research and practice.
An investigation into the validity of specifying 5‘O’ levels in the General Certificate of Education as an entry requirement for the education and training of district nurses
Authors: Jarvis Peter , Gibson Sheila J.
Published: December 2006

District nursing, like many other professionalizing occupations, has stipulated that possession of five ordinary level GCE passes might constitute one criterion of entry. This paper reports a longitudinal study over four intakes of district nurse students in one teaching centre and examines the relationship between selection criteria, in particular educational achievement prior to entry to the course, and the students’ achievement during this.

The research explored the relationship between educational achievement prior to commencing their course of study and the level of academic and practical performance during it. Additionally, other factors, including the results of aptitude and personality tests, were examined to see if they would provide indication of the level of the students’ grades during training. No factors were discovered that might provide an adequate basis for selection, which raises questions about trying to specify any pre‐requisite for selection other than state registration and appropriate professional experience until further research has been undertaken.
Research and the standards of nursing care: What is the relationship?*
Authors: Crow Rosemary A.
Published: December 2006

Research and standards of nursing care are looked at to see in what way they are inter‐related. The label ‘standards of care’ is said to embrace several meanings: the quality of care and the measures against which the care can be judged. For research, it is argued, concepts must be clearly defined before they can be the subject of serious study. It is thus essential that the different meanings implied by standards are separated out.

After discussion on this point, whereby the different components are analysed, quality of care, standards of care and effectiveness of care are illustrated through their inter‐relationship. It is then suggested that the contribution of research to standards used as measures against which care can be judged may be either to indicate which criteria could comprise useful measures, or to indicate the limitations and constraints of the measures chosen for use.
Towards professional autonomy: a commentary on ‘Expectations and Disappointments’ in development of the Royal College of Nursing
Authors: Towell David
Published: December 2006

The Royal College of Nursing of the United Kingdom has been engaged over recent years in a unique process of organizational change. Since 1973 sustained efforts have been made to mobilise widespread membership participation in shaping a new college structure which enables the Rcn to function effectively in representing the profession and in developing expertise on all aspects of nursing. A critical element has been creation of a network of ‘Rcn Centres’ to provide a professional forum in each locality.

A recent study by Bridget Ramsay has followed up this process. Its title. Expectations and Disappointments, reflects the mixed views of those involved on the progress which has been made. This article provides a commentary on Ramsay's analysis against the background of the complex situation of the Rcn in the early 1970s and the considerations which led the College to adopt an innovative approach to change. Particular attention is given to the influences which have made the growth of an active and integrated ‘Rcn at local level’ quite problematic.

It is suggested that the course Rcn development has taken in part reflects important elements in the nursing culture which members learn from their work in hospitals. Accordingly the Rcn experience has wider implications for the profession, not least for contemporary efforts, to achieve the greater professional autonomy necessary for nurses to implement more individualized patient care.
Health: a basic concept in nursing theory
Authors: Payne Louise
Published: December 2006

The concept of health is evolving over time. Traditional paradigms of health, with disease being the central focus, have emerged into complex, multidimensional models centering on a positive, holistic approach towards the phenomenon of health. The subsequent emphasis on health promotion has concomitantly affected the concept of nursing. The concept of health is a basic building block for nursing theory. How health is defined dictates how nurses should be educated and how they should practice. Incorporating the self‐care model of nursing practice, health is conceived of as the effective functioning of self‐care resources which ensure the operation and adequacy of self‐care actions.
A time for reflection*
Authors: Hall Dame Catherine
Published: December 2006

The nursing profession in the United Kingdom is faced with great opportunities for significant developments. To make best use of these it is necessary to reflect on the past, to meditate on key issues which are current, to plan wisely and well for the future and then to press ahead with determination. Key issues highlighted are in the spheres of education, management and practice; the need for research is emphasized. The pay structure can either support or impede developments, as can the attitude of the medical profession; the nursing and medical professions are complementary and interdependent, understanding between them is essential and effective communications are core to its realization. A general goal identified is the achievement of a more cohesive profession, a modification of the divisions between education, management and practice which, it is contended, have intensified as developments have taken place in each of these spheres. Objectives for development are put forward in the context of current circumstances which, it is argued facilitate their promotion. Signs that the nursing profession now recognizes the need for unified action to achieve its objectives are seen as encouraging, and confidence is expressed that the profession will exploit the opportunities now within its grasp.
Some issues in the clinical, social and economic evaluation of new nursing services
Authors: Badger F. J. , Drummond M. F. , Isaacs B.
Published: December 2006

This paper describes a study of a new nursing post, that of the adviser on incontinence. Some of the difficulties encountered in the study were the composition of a study and control group and evaluation of change in urinary incontinence. Retrospective checks on the two groups showed that the items in which they differed did not have any relationship with changes in incontinence or its management. The findings were unable to support the Regional Health Authority's hope that hospital admissions would be reduced or the more general belief that overall resource use would decline. In addition to improvements in incontinence half the subjects identified other benefits such as increased understanding of the problem and the opportunity to discuss it with someone with a knowledge of incontinence. Issues were also raised of the organization and nature of the advisers work load.
Research with the mentally retarded and mentally ill: rights and duties versus compelling state interest
Authors: Davis Anne J. , Mahon Kathleen A.
Published: December 2006

This paper examines the assumptions underlying the ethical reasoning involved when the natural right to informed consent has been violated. Ramifications of the compelling need of the state to protect society by overriding the rights of individual freedom receive special attention. Specifically these issues are addressed: natural rights versus state‘s rights to preserve rights, state's rights versus parental autonomy, rights and duties versus paternalism, self interest and self survival versus the common good, coercion versus progress in research, and benefit versus cost. Building on these ethical considerations, the authors present a theoretical framework for ethical decision making with research involving the mentally retarded and the mentally ill.
A study of Yoga as a nursing intervention in the care of patients with pleural effusion
Authors: Prakasamma M. , Bhaduri A.
Published: December 2006

‘Pranayama” or yogic breathing as a method of re‐expansion of lungs in patients with pleural effusion was studied. Ten patients with pleural effusion practised alternate nostril breathing for 20 days after aspiration of fluid. An equal number matched for age and smoking habits underwent routine physiotherapy of the hospital for the same period. Lung function was measured: before aspiration; immediately after aspiration; and, 5,10,15 and 20 days after aspiration. The FVC, FEV, MVV, PEFR, CE and RS, were used to measure lung function. The difference between the two groups in the gain in lung expansion as assessed by the above measures was tested for significance with appropriate nonparametric statistical tests at 0‐1 level of significance. The results revealed that the patients practising Pranayama demonstrated a quicker re‐expansion of the lungs in most of the measures of lung function. The findings are discussed in relation to implications for nursing care.
The relationship of clinical practice and research
Authors: White Jane H.
Published: December 2006

This paper demonstrates, through a specific case study, the relationship of nursing practice and research. The author discusses how a clinical problem stimulated research and how the research findings, then, were utilized in practice. Client attrition in an obesity programme for high‐risk clients was defined as the clinical problem. The researcher worked with the staff to futher delineate the problem for research. The research findings concluded that body image was a more important motivating factor for entering treatment than were physiological health concerns. The author/researcher and clinicians then utilized the findings in the programme, altering their approach to clients to include the client's goal for treatment; improved body image. The attrition rate in the clinic improved. The roles of the practitioner and those of the researcher in this relationship are discussed as well as specific factors which facilitated this important relationship.
Nursing at night
Authors: Kemp Joan
Published: December 2006

This paper presents a review of the literature on nightwork as it pertains to nursing in general hospitals. It is based upon some 250 articles, reports and books. Research into the effects of nightwork on females, who predominate in nursing, is very limited. Objective descriptions of nursing at night are also rare. The literature review develops three main themes: the problems faced by night and shiftworkers, the maintenance of a 24‐hour nursing service in hospitals and activity on the hospital ward at night.
Nursing and the chronically ill patient in the acute‐care hospital
Authors: Davis Marcella Z.
Published: December 2006

The purpose of this exploratory interview study was to delineate the experience of nurses in a large acute‐care/teaching hospital who provided nursing care to patients whose condition is characterized by: (a) chronicity, (b) severe functional debilitation, (c) whose care needs require maximum staff effort, and (d) whose potential for improvement was minimal. These patients are of significance for nurses because their predominant care needs are nursing, yet most nurses in the acute setting find the experience of providing care to these patients to be burdensome and discouraging. However, based on the data to be reported on here, there were nurses in the study who found the experience to be both challenging and rewarding. Discussion is on the experience of nurses who found a challenge and reward in the experience and focuses on (a) what they found in the nursing care of these patients to be a challenge and rewarding and why, (b) how their expectations for the patient and their perspective on the patient's progress enhanced provision of care to these patients, and (c) their impact on the ward vis‐á‐vis their peers. Implications for nursing practice are discussed.
Crisis intervention: a group‐therapy approach for hospitalized breast cancer patients
Authors: Youssef Fatma A.
Published: December 2006

The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of nursing intervention on the level of depression and the self‐esteem of hospitalized breast cancer patients. The theoretical framework was based on crisis theory (Caplan 1964). The population of this study consisted of 18 female hospitalized breast cancer patients. Ten were in the control group and eight in the experimental group. Two self‐administered instruments were selected for the pre‐ and post‐testing of all clients. Nursing intervention was employed for the experimental group, over a 2‐month period. The findings demonstrated that there was a change in the level of depression and improvement in self‐esteem among the subjects in the experimental group after nursing intervention.
Inducing a definition of ‘hope’ through the use of grounded theory methodology
Authors: Hinds Pamela S.
Published: December 2006

Nurse researchers have become increasingly concerned with the development, testing and continued refinement of reliable and valid instruments which can index phenomena of interest to nursing. A primary step in the measurement of such phenomena is the systematic initiation of conceptualization processes which yield adequate construct definitions. Adequate construct definitions facilitate efforts toward precise measurement. Presented in this article is a description of how grounded theory methodology guided conceptualization processes to induce a construct definition of hope'. The data‐based example is from a study of 25 adolescents (both well and hospitalized adolescents) who participated in defining ‘hope’. Results include a definition of hope consisting of four categories which seem to form a continuum of degree. The induced definition is used to demonstrate rules which have been put forth in the social science literature to guide the formulation of construct definitions. The relationship between processes of conceptualization and measurement is further demonstrated by examples of scale items to index hopefulness in adolescents. The scale items reflect the four categories of the induced definition of hope and comprise the inductively developed ‘Hopefulness Scale for Adolescents’.
Can the client with chronic schizophrenia consent to nursing research?
Authors: Davidhizar Ruth , Wehlage David
Published: December 2006

As nurses enter the field of research and design nursing studies, an awareness of the standards of informed consent becomes imperative. Informed consent is commonly considered to include providing the subject with adequate and understandable information regarding therapeutic and experimental procedures and ensuring subjects' competent understanding of this information. Providing information about a procedure is relatively easy but evaluating competency is often difficult. It is especially difficult with the subject who may suffer cognitive impairment, e.g. schizophrenia. Clients with schizophrenia have traditionally been a disenfranchised group. It is important they do not become neglected in nursing research because of concerns about competency to provide informed consent. This paper provides a discussion of the historical development of informed consent. Additionally, the legal standards of informed consent and the legally accepted standards of competency are elucidated. Four issues are considered: (a) evidencing a choice, (b) factual understanding of the issues, (c) rational manipulation of information, and (d) appreciation of the nature of the situation. These issues are related to a nursing research study designed by the senior author to test the beliefs of subjects with chronic schizophrenia.
Family health assessment — an integrated approach
Authors: Reutter Linda
Published: December 2006

The author discusses the development of a family assessment guide which combines family systems theory and Orem's self‐care nursing framework. The rationale for integrating these two approaches is presented, based on the argument that a family conceptual framework or nursing framework alone cannot provide adequate guidelines for family nursing in the community. The family is viewed as a system with structure and function. Orem's self‐care requirements are incorporated into the functions of the family. Five major assessment categories are discussed: environmental data; family structure; family function – meeting self‐care requisites of family members; family function – adapting to change; and family perception of health situation. Data to be collected within each category is outlined, as well as the rationale for its inclusion in terms of its relevance for nursing of families in community health nursing.
A proposed framework for evaluation of support courses in a nursing curriculum
Authors: Smillie Carol , Wong Julie , Arklie Margaret
Published: December 2006

Evaluation of nursing educational programmes has received increased attention since the early 1970s. Many evaluation models have been proposed; they are intended for evaluation of the total educational programme, but provide little evidence on the relevancy of the support courses to nursing practice. This paper describes one nursing school's experience in evaluation of a support course. The nature and sources of problems and difficulties encountered during the evaluation process are also discussed. The authors propose a framework for evaluation of support courses in a nursing curriculum. This framework is an application of the Glaser, Stufflebeam and Stake models of programme evaluation. It is designed to assist nurse educators to strive for sound curriculum decisions.
A study of short‐term absence from work among a group of third year student nurses
Authors: Price K. M.
Published: December 2006

The objective of the study was to investigate short‐term absence (STA) taken by a group of student nurses during the 3‐year training period. The amount of, reasons given for, and attitudes towards such absence were considered. The information was attained by means of a questionnaire, interviews with selected students and analysis of data from hospital records. A group of 30 student nurses, approaching the end of their training, co‐operated in the study. The methods used in the study are described and the findings which emerged are described and discussed.
Nursing care: professional progress*
Authors: Pembrey Susan
Published: December 2006

Nursing in the United Kingdom is currently taking decisions that will enable it to attain mature professional practice – or fail to. It is argued that professions are designed to serve vulnerable people competently and that competent nursing is not reliably achieved by the untrained or those in training. Competent nursing requires qualified nurses who can work in partnership with patients and help them manage their own health and an educational system which facilitates both the initial and continuing mastery of nursing knowledge and skills. Aspects of learning, including the clinical environment, are discussed. The contractual relationship between nurses and doctors is discussed and the need to develop competence in inter‐professional work. Developments in clinical nursing since 1970 are reviewed including beliefs about nursing, models for practice, the organization of nursing, the development of clinical research and the demand for new knowledge and skills from qualified nurses. It is concluded that much of the essential thinking about the nature of professional nursing has been successfully achieved and that nursing in the United Kingdom should now take the decisions and actions to achieve a professional education and professional nursing practice.
Towards inclusive notions of ‘patient’ and ‘nurse’
Authors: Bottorff Joan L. , D'Cruz J. V.
Published: December 2006

Nursing is commonly characterized by the process of caring in the context of nurse‐patient interactions in clinical and non‐clinical settings. This interactive context of nursing however should not be seen to only involve encounters of an interpersonal nature but also must be extended to include interactions set in a social‐relational context. (The growing realization that most health problems in our society cannot be fully understood as only an individual phenomena lends support to this notion.) Continuity and quality of time are described as being important aspects of nursing, which make possible a holistic and unified approach to care that is quite unique to nursing. A patient‐centred approach to nursing is contrasted with an illness/disease‐based approach. Growing recognition of the positive outcomes of an approach to nursing which is responsive to patients (rather than primarily focused on illness/disease) suggests that patterns of nursing care should be more closely aligned with this model. The authors believe this can be accomplished through a supportive emotional atmosphere of interpersonal and social‐relational involvement. The modes by which nurses will be accountable to the community will then necessarily need to reflect this broader, more inclusive context.
An analysis of the concept of trust
Authors: Meize‐Grochowski Robin
Published: December 2006

In the nursing literature trust has been identified as a foundation for a therapeutic relationship between nurse and health care consumer. It is through such a relationship that nurses can help effect needed changes in an individual's patterns of health behaviour. Several authors have described when trust is occurring, but few have attempted to define trust. In this paper trust is analysed, its critical attributes identified, and a theoretical definition given. Model, borderline, related, contrary, and illegitimate cases of trust are constructed. Antecedents, consequences, and empirical referents are also presented. The writer also makes recommendations regarding further study.
A research‐based method of selecting curriculum content
Authors: Stephenson Patricia M.
Published: December 2006

This paper reports on a study concerning the opinions of sisters and nurse teachers regarding the relevance of learning objectives for a specific teaching and learning course for hospital and community sisters. The respondents were 29 sisters who had attended the course, 32 sisters who had not attended the course but who were potential future ‘consumers’ and 25 nurse teachers. The results showed that a majority of the respondents rated 29 of the objectives as essential and these were suggested as the nucleus of the core curriculum for future courses. Responses to nine of the objectives showed statistically significant differences between the groups.
Creative nursing: processive care and more?
Authors: Skeet Muriel , Thompson Rosalie
Published: December 2006

The authors describe a crisis point which led them from considering a reorientation of the present BSc (Nursing) curriculum at the University of Cape Town, South Africa to undertaking a radical revision of the degree programme. While examining final year students they realized that the nurses’ excellent personal qualities apparent in everyday relationships, were not being used in their professional practice on hospital wards. It is suggested that this is due partly to an educational programme which neglected what the students already had (common sense and logic) and what they already knew from life experience and from instinct and intuition. It is also supposed that when hospital wards are their first clinical learning areas, nurses divorce patients and disease from the ‘real’ world, from the essentials of daily living and from the components of an individualized lifestyle. A staged process of learning experience, to include looking after healthy, elderly and disabled individuals in homes and institutions — with minimal nurse supervision — before exposure to hospital life, is advocated. In its present form the nursing process is seen as limiting the creativity of nursing practice and the authors suggest that further development of this approach is necessary if nursing science is to be interpreted as an art. Finally, the authors outline an experimental curriculum which takes cognisance of their experiences and syllogistic reasoning, together with a brief description of the first few months of its implementation at the University of Cape Town.
Use of controlling language in the rehabilitation of the elderly
Authors: Lanceley Anne
Published: December 2006

Discussion rests on the notion that a paradox exists in the techniques used by nurses during the rehabilitation of elderly patients; and that this can be identified in the language nurses use during interactions with their patients. This language is seen as essentially controlling and as such contributing to a sense of helpless dependence rather than confident independence conducive to patients' successful rehabilitation. Social and physical antecedents to this are identified and the pertinence of issues of power and control in the lives of the elderly discussed. Supporting evidence is drawn from studies of nurse‐patient verbal interaction. An attempt is made to identify and emphasize the subtle nature of ‘controlling language’. Research questions are identified and the future contribution of research highlighted.
The funding market for nursing research
Authors: Salter Brian
Published: December 2006

The finance for nursing research is obtained from a funding market where the nursing profession competes with other groups for limited resources. In order to compete effectively in that market, nursing needs to understand the nature of the market and the importance of the professional and social networks which underpin it. This paper aims to enhance that understanding in two ways. Firstly it presents a descriptive profile of the main types of funding agencies relevant to nursing (government departments, the Medical Research Council, Economic and Social Research Council, Health Education Council, the locally organized research schemes of the regions, private charities and industry) and summarizes the position of nursing in each sector. Secondly, the paper analyses the way in which the social networks of the funding market monitor and control the competition for research resources and how the nursing profession can best approach those social networks.
Designing nursing research: the qualitative‐quantitative debate
Authors: Duffy Mary E.
Published: December 2006

Nursing research has not evolved with immunity from the qualitative–quantitative debate which has surrounded the behavioural and social sciences. The outcome of this debate should be better nursing science since researchers are forced to face and address the controversial issues. Attaining this goal requires researchers to debate the issues with a knowledge of epistemology and methodology and not blind devotion to the tradition of the hard sciences. This paper addresses the issues of epistemology, methodology, and ethics for two prototypes of the qualitative–quantitative continuum. Grounded theory explains the issues of qualitative research: the search for meaning, the inclusion of environmental factors, the depth of data, and the treatment of participants as subjects. The true experiment, the epitomy of the quantitative approach, seeks to identify existing truths by isolating the significant variables and controlling for contaminating factors. Based on these arguments, recommendations are made for nursing research which rely on both approaches.