bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“The Jew” in the Haitian Imagination: Pre-Modern Anti-Judaism in the Postmodern Caribbean
Authors: McAlister Elizabeth A
Published: November 2023

Each year in Haiti the Holy Week of Easter sets the stage for spiritual dramas of remembrance, performed in carnivalesque street theater throughout the country. While Catholics reenact the Passion of Jesus and enter with him into his tribulation and resurrection, some practitioners of the Afro-Haitian religion called Vodou organize enormous musical parades called Raras and take to the streets for the spiritual warfare that becomes possible when the angels and saints remove to the underworld, along with Jesus, on Good Friday. The cast of characters who have a hand in the week’s events include the deities of Vodou-especially Baron Simitye, the Vodou “Lord of the Dead”-the zonbi (recently dead) who are his wards, and also Jesus, the two thieves crucified with him, a couple of Haitian army officers who secretly witnessed the resurrection, Pontius Pilate and the Romans, Judas, and “the Jews:’ The week’s ritual events combine the plots and personae of the Christian narrative with the cosmology of various African religions and rehash them in local ritual dramas whose elements draw from the entire history of the Atlantic world, from the European Middle Ages to the contemporary condition of global capitalism in the Americas.
The Sexual Madonna in Harold Frederic’s
Authors: Gatta John
Published: November 2023

By the close of the nineteenth century, the demographic profile of the United States showed drastic change from what it had been only a century earlier. As urban factory workers began to outnumber farmers, so also new swells of Atlantic immigration-first from Ireland in the 1830s, then from southern and eastern Europe with peak influx ending around 19rn-qualified more and more the predominance of Anglo-Saxon Protestants within America’s white population. Particularly between 1880 and 1890, a pronounced ethnic shift toward poorer Roman Catholic, Jewish, and Eastern Orthodox immigrants drew nativist reactions and threatened illusions that the United States might ever remain or become a solidly Protestant nation.1 Meanwhile, the post-Civil War atmosphere of expansionism, political corruption, financial panic, and revisionist trends in science, religion, history, and philosophy encouraged literary Realism while nearly extinguishing Romanticism. The antebellum versions of Romantic religion that had stimulated engagement with divine womanhood in writers like Poe, Fuller, Hawthorne, Longfellow, Isaac Hecker, and James Russell Lowell no longer obtained.
The Transformation of Justice in Light of Centralization
Authors: Levinson Bernard M
Published: November 2023

In systematically working out the implications of cultic centralization, the authors of Deuteronomy would also have had to take up issues that seem entirely unrelated to the cultus. Foremost among these would have been the impact of their innovation upon justice. Centralization required a revision both of conventional forms of judicial procedure and of conventional sources of judicial authority. In the local sphere, the important judicial function conventionally played by the local altar or sanctuary could no longer be tolerated; moreover, if the innovations of the Deuteronomic authors were to succeed, the judicial authority of the elders, the bearers of precedent, would in some way have to be circumscribed or curtailed.
The Centrality of Women in the Revitalization of Nestorian Christianity and Its Conflict with Islam
Authors: Porterfield Amanda
Published: November 2023

Concern for self-sacrifice played a significant role in the new culture that emerged among Nestorians in northwest Persia as a result of American missionary intervention. As members of the Old Church of the East, the Nestorians were already familiar with the Christian concept of self-sacrifice, but missionaries encouraged a heroic interpretation that raised the profile of the Nestorian community and roused the animosity of the surrounding Muslim population.
Secularist and Islamist Discourses on Modernity in Egypt and the Evolution of the Postcolonial Nation-State
Authors: Hatem Mervat F
Published: November 2023

Both the opponents and the supporters of Islamism in Egypt recognize that its political triumph will have important implications for the operation of the postcolonial nationstate. In an important debate entitled “Egypt Between the Religious and the Civil State” that was held as part of Cairo ‘s (1992) annual book exhibit, the representatives of the secularist and the Islamist discourses presented their different views of a key feature of the postcolonial states that have ruled Egypt since 1952. The lslamists were very critical of the state ‘s circumscribed articulation of cultural difference (represented by both Islam and gender) and its acceptance of the universal character of the economic and the political arenas. The lslamists suggested that the choice that Egypt is asked to make is not between a civil and a religious state, but between an Islamic and an un-Islamic state. The goal of an Islamic state will be to give expanded cultural representation of the Islamic nation (umma) in the operation of the political (legislative and bureaucratic) and legal systems. ‘ This does not signal the Islamic state ‘s wholesale abandonment of the modern measures of societal strength, that is, the rule of reason, science, and economic development. These will be part and parcel of the concerns of the new state. Women have an important role to play in this cultural-political project. They will simultaneously represent cultural difference (through the Islamic mode of dress and an Islamist definition of femininity) and the exercise of full and universal political rights to vote and run for office.
The Return
Authors: Carabine Deirdre
Published: November 2023

Reditus in Eriugena ‘s thought is the means whereby the whole of creation, by an ineffable miracle, will be transformed into God. It signals the end of all division and opposition, constituting the very final scene in the great cosmic drama of the unfolding of division in the universe. The process of restoring to unity all complexity and diversity is the final great adventure of nature by which all things will be transposed from finitude to infinity so that God shall be “all in all.” I have already shown that division operates on both an episte¬mological and on an ontological level in the Periphyseon. Every act of division can be resolved to unity; every outpouring is reciprocated by a converse movement.
Slavery, Racism, and the Master-Slave Relationship
Authors: Lyerly Cynthia Lynn
Published: November 2023

In His Biography Of Philip Gatch, John M’Lean wrote these words describing early Methodism. Gatch, a man M’Lean came to know in church, in politics, and in the courts, was one of the Virginia Methodists who freed his slaves and who so abhorred slavery that he emigrated to Ohio with his wife and children.2 With them also went four slaves whose manumission dates had not yet arrived because by Virginia law, any freed persons under the age of twenty-one were their former owner’s responsibility; to leave them in Virginia might have put their freedom in jeopardy. Gatch continued to work against slavery and for blacks in Ohio. As a delegate to the constitutional convention, he voted to keep Ohio a free state and supported black suffrage, although this latter measure did not pass. In his will he left part of his land to his four former slaves, by this time residents of Ohio.
Students
Authors: Carroll Jackson W , Wheeler Barbara G , Aleshire Daniel O , Marler Penny Long
Published: November 2023

The telephone rings in Ron Biddle’s apartment. After several rings, an answering machine picks up. The caller hears the opening bars of “Pennsylvania 6-5000” played by the Glenn Miller Orchestra before the taped message announces that the Biddles are not at home. Ron Biddle, a lively, outgoing, articulate young man in his late twenties, is completing his third and final year of the Master of Divinity program at Evangelical Theological Seminary. A member of the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.), Ron and his wife Charlotte live in married student housing on campus.
Covenant House
Authors: Carroll Jackson W , Wheeler Barbara G , Aleshire Daniel O , Marler Penny Long
Published: November 2023

The alcove on the second floor of Covenant House has been transformed. The mansion, whose stately ground-level rooms are used for meetings and receptions, is a women’s dormitory and guest house on its upper floors. In the alcove, the worn couch, large chairs, and battered television have been neatly arranged. Lois Boucher has donated her coffeepot, which sits on a low table under the window that looks out over Covenant House’s circular front drive. Lois, her roommate Laura, and several other women who arrived as new students two months earlier have dubbed the area “the Community-Building Room,” a phrase that they all laugh when they use. Within a few weeks, the name has been shortened to “CBR.”
Year Two: Working Things Out
Authors: Carroll Jackson W , Wheeler Barbara G , Aleshire Daniel O , Marler Penny Long
Published: November 2023

Classes are just beginning, but on this September Tuesday the major activity at Mainline Theological Seminary is the installation of Marvin and Mary Miles as tenured professors. The ceremony in the chapel, filled to capacity, begins with an organ fanfare—“Trumpet Tune in D,” by David Johnson—and a full-regalia academic procession. Marshal Tory Campbell holds the mace before him as he somberly leads the faculty down the center aisle. He wears a cassock under his black academic gown; two white collar tabs peek out at his neck. Reaching the front, Campbell turns to direct his colleagues into the pews-senior, tenured professors to one side, and all junior people to the other. The faculty in place, the assembly stands to declare:
Culture and Formation: Theoretical Perspectives
Authors: Carroll Jackson W , Wheeler Barbara G , Aleshire Daniel O , Marler Penny Long
Published: November 2023

In the preceding chapters, we have presented our data and interpretation of the ways in which the two seminaries’ cultures function in the formation of students. We turn now to the relationship of our interpretations to a larger body of theory that has informed our work and to which, we believe, our work contributes.
The Promise of Education Women Students in the Public Eye
Authors: Morrissey Susank
Published: November 2023

Sometimes the unconventional and atypical can illuminate social stereotypes. Such is the case with a 1901 article entitled “Romines novi” by Vasilii Rozanov, a philosopher and publicist, best characterized as brilliant, iconoclastic, and controversial. Claiming to recount how he came to support higher education for women, he instead reveled in the contradictory persona of the woman student. I once had to consult with two old maid scholar-kursistki of the “sixties” and “seventies” on some literary matter. What could be more dull than this meeting. We all know what femininity is, and we all know that 1.) bluestockings, 2.) the sixties, and 3.) old maids, form the essence, the three particularities of [the fairy-tale witch] Baba Yaga, in whom the tenderness, beauty, and interior depth of the woman has been eaten away.
A Sign for an Unbelieving Age
Authors: Eskridge Larry
Published: November 2023

During the summer of 1972, John D. Morris, a 26-year-old engineer and son of creationist Henry Morris, headed a five-man party representing the newly formed Institute for Creation Research in an attempt to find Noah ‘s Ark on Mount Ararat in northeastern Turkey. Drawn by more than a century of alleged sightings of the ark, Morris’s group was one of several on the mountain that summer. On the night of August 2, as Morris and two of his fellow climbers camped at about 11,000 feet, he became “overwhelmed by the feeling that at the top of the finger glacier we would see Noah’s Ark. I just knew tomorrow would be a special day and related this to the others.”
Evangelicals, Biblical Scholarship, and the Politics of the Modem American Academy
Authors: Hart D G
Published: November 2023

In 1976, the famed year of the evangelical, Harold Lindsell dropped a bomb on a religious community relishing its notoriety. His book The Battle for the Bible addressed the increasingly disputed and disreputable doctrine of biblical inerrancy. While Lindsell, as well as Harold John Ockenga, who wrote the preface, thought the book was irenic, the second word of the title indicated that there were limits to how congenial discussions about the authority and meaning of Scripture would be. Indeed, the author wrote with a clear sense of alarm. “Those who call themselves evangelicals, “ Lindsell lamented, had departed markedly from a “viewpoint held by them for so long.”
Pentheus
Authors: Dobrov Gregory W
Published: November 2023

Scholarship on Dionysos and tragedy tends to follow rather different routes as it emphasizes either cultic manifestation, on the one hand, or Dionysiac myth and symbolism as featured in art and poetry, on the other. It is important to distinguish between the two, and equally important to specify one’s focus in the interpretation of a given text. This chapter aims to contribute to our understanding of how myth was translated into dramatic fiction, with emphasis on a specific Euripidean expression of the poetics involved. In the case of Bakkhai, the myth reflects the ancient violence and savagery that was mitigated and suppressed in contemporary cult.
Introduction
Authors: Sachedina Abdulaziz A
Published: November 2023

SYNOPSIS Analytical discussion of Qur’anic sciences and of the importance of the Qur’an; its universal and legal explanations; methods and principles of its exegesis; aspects of its miraculous nature and its distinctiveness; its various readings and its protection from omission and alteration.
Erroneous Impressions concerning the Miraculous lnimitability of the Qur’an
Authors: Sachedina Abdulaziz A
Published: November 2023

SYNOPSIS The Qur’an and Arabic grammar; the manner by which a miracle is established for all humanity; al-Naiiam’s doctrine of morphology; contrariety in the Qur’anic narratives from the two Testaments; the inconsistencies of the Gospel; negation of free will and delegation of authority [to humankind]; the establishment of the middle position between the two extremes in the Qur’an; the compilation of the Qur’an at the time of the Prophet; the method of the Qur’an in connecting separate subjects [in different parts of the Qur’an]; an absurd and futile attempt to counter two suras of the Qur’an.

The Qur’an has challenged all humanity to produce a chapter like one of its chapters, and, so far, no one has been able to take up the challenge. Since for its obstinate enemies it was intolerable that the Qur’an should defeat its adversaries, they attempted to lower its prestige by casting doubts that their imaginations fabricated about the great ness of the Qur’an, and [expressing] support of their corrupt beliefs. It would be appropriate to turn here to those unfounded doubts, for which they exerted themselves, and to demonstrate the extent of their knowledge and the way their whims swayed them willy-nilly and cast them into a deep abyss. They maintained the following.
Modification in the Creation
Authors: Sachedina Abdulaziz A
Published: November 2023

SYNOPSIS Eternal divine knowledge does not contradict divine omnipotence; the Jewish position about God’s omnipotence; the place of modification (bada ‘) in the Shi’ite doctrine; the determination of God’s decree (qa{j.a); the benefit in the belief in modification; the real meaning of bada’ in the ShI’ite doctrine; Sunni traditions that corroborate bada ‘; disclosures by the infallible Imams of future events.

In chapter 10 we discussed the question of abrogation (naskh) of ordinances, and this was in the realm of matters related to the Shari’a. We should now tum our atten tion to the question of bada ‘, which is a sort of naskh, but in the realm of the matters connected with creation (takwfn). This subject is important because the actual meaning of bada’ is unknown to many Muslim scholars, and hence, they have attributed to the ShI’ites that of which they are innocent. Moreover, they have not been able to comprehend the subject well and have not been fair in their critique. If only they had proceeded with caution or had suspended judgment when they did not know the sub ject.1 To preserve complete integrity in citations and to apply caution in passing a judgment on a subject under investigation is a normal expectation in a work of scholarship. Moreover, in the matter of religion, one needs to observe the requirements of piety. In view of all this, it is necessary to make a few remarks to clarify the meaning of bada ‘, even though it is not directly relevant to an introduction to the exegesis of the Qur’an.
Other Angles
Authors: Stackhouse John G
Published: November 2023

Are this life and this world all there is? If there is no afterlife, then any response to the problem of evil must “work” within this world and this life. Religions of Indian origin generally teach that the life we currently live is only a single episode in a long-running series of lives past and future. So questions of good and evil in Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism are resolved over a very long timeline. From this point of view, then, it would be absurd to try to understand the workings of good and evil by looking only at the present life of an individual or the present state of the cosmos.
God
Authors: Nelson Stephanie A
Published: November 2023

The prayer reflects the advice Hesiod gave earlier to Perses: “work, you stupid Perses, / work at the tasks that the gods have set for men to do” Farming, for Hesiod, is indissolubly linked to God. Why this must be the case is clear from Hesiod’s overall point of view. Hesiod does not feel a need to distinguish the natural from the divine. In fact, Hesiod never uses a word for “nature” at all. This does not mean, of course, that he had no sense of what we call “natural.” Hesiod was, as anyone interested in farming must be, vividly aware of the most important implication of our word “nature,” that it works regularly. Spring follows winter; summer follows spring. The crane flies by at the time for plowing; at the time for harvesting the Pleiades, after forty days of being hidden, reemerge from the ocean (WD383-6). Nature is an order. For Hesiod it is the order of Zeus. This is the order Hesiod lives within in the Works and Days, and the order whose development he describes in the Theogony.
The Surface Chemistry of Natural Particles
Authors: Sposito Garrison
Published: November 2023

This book covers the development of both experiment and theory in natural surface particle chemistry. It emphasizes insights gained over the past few years, and concentrates on molecular spectroscopy, kinetics, and equilibrium as they apply to natural particle surface reactions in aqueous media. The discussion, divided among five chapters, is complemented by lengthy annotations, reading suggestions, and end-of-chapter problem sets that require a critical reading of important technical journal articles.
Colloidal Phenomena
Authors: Sposito Garrison
Published: November 2023

The natural particles whose surface reactions figure most importantly in the geochemistry of soils and sediments range in size from approximately 10 nm to 10 µ,m—from fine clay to fine silt—while comprising a heterogeneous mixture of crystalline minerals, amorphous weathering residues, humus, and microbial biomass. The size range just given, which can be broadened in certain circumstances by as much as an order of magnitude from either endpoint, encompasses typical groundwater colloids and viruses in its lower portion, with riverine suspended solids and phytoplankton included in its upper portion. The processes forming these particles involve the life cycles of organisms, the geochemical weathering of terrestrial materials, and mass transport.1 Once they are formed, the particles themselves may be consumed by the biota; react with dissolved solutes and, there-fore, undergo further transformation; or be moved by advective transport through the atmosphere, surface water, or subsurface water. This last mode of natural particle evolution can be an effiective mechanism for the movement of adsorbed nutrients or contaminants, a phenomenon termed colloid-facilitated transport of adsorbed species.2 Reaction with dissolved solutes, on the other hand, which mediates surface charge, can facilitate the settling of natural particles out of the aqueous phase in which they are suspended, thus reducing the mobility of adsorbed species.
Hitchcock’s Revised American Vision: The Wrong Man and Vertigo
Authors: Cohen Paula Marantz
Published: November 2023

The Wrong Man and Vertigo, released in 1956 and 1958 respectively, are important transitional works in Hitchcock’s repertory. Both show the filmmaker cutting loose from novelistic and familial influences that had informed his earlier films and that were the legacy of Victorian culture. Hitchcock’s move to Hollywood in 1939 and the influence of David 0. Selznick, a specialist in the character-centered “woman’s picture,” had initially given new form and vigor to this legacy. But Hitchcock was also an observer of the American scene, and he found in the images and social conventions of mid-twentieth-century America a new direction for representation that could give expression to changes in himself. By the early 1960s, the conditions of Hitchcock’s life in America had led him to abandon a Victorian notion of character. The Wrong Man and Vertigo can be read as two stages in a process of letting go. They represent a bridge between the character-centered films of the 1940s and 1950s and the character-effacing films of the 1960s and 1970s. They launch him in the direction of a postmodern American esthetic.
Statistical Mechanics of Solids
Authors: Girifalco Louis A
Published: November 2023

This monograph, suitable for use as an advanced text, presents the statistical mechanics of solids from the perspective of the material properties of the solid state. Statistical mechanics is developed as a tool for understanding properties, rather than for its own sake. The book is therefore accessible to a wide audience of students and professionals in materials science and solid state physics and chemistry. In addition to the fundamentals of statistical mechanics and particle statistics, topics covered include the theory of the harmonic crystal, the theory of free electrons in metals and semiconductors, electron transport, alloy ordering, magnetism, phase transformations, surfaces and polymers, among others. Each chapter includes useful exercises to illustrate topics covered in that chapter.
Statistical-Kinetic Theory of Electron Transport
Authors: Girifalco Louis A
Published: November 2023

The free electrons in metals and semiconductors carry charge and are responsible for their electrical conductivity and for some important magnetic effects. They also carry energy and therefore contribute to thermal conductivity. In metals, their concentration is so high that electrons are the major contributors to thermal conductivity. It is therefore important to study the response of free electrons to external electric and magnetic fields and to temperature gradients.
Order-Disorder Alloys
Authors: Girifalco Louis A
Published: November 2023

Two examples of order-disorder structures are shown in figure 8.1, in which A represents the structure of brass (CuZn). If we ignore the identity of the atoms, the structure is body-centered cubic (BCC). The BBC lattice contains two interpenetrating simple cubic (SC) sublattices, one sublattice consisting of the cube corners, and the other sublattice consisting of the cube centers, as shown in figure 8.1A. In the completely ordered state, the body centers of the unit cubes are all occupied by atoms of one type (say, Cu) while the cube corners are all occupied by atoms of the other type (say, Zn). The two sublattices are completely equivalent, and it is immaterial which type of atom is assigned to a given sublattice. In the completely disordered state, any site can be occupied by an atom of either type, the probability that a given site contains an atom of a given type being one half.
Phase Equilibria
Authors: Girifalco Louis A
Published: November 2023

Consider a one-component system in equilibrium in field-free space so that the only external force acting on it is pressure and its only thermodynamic variables are temperature, pressure, and volume. Over the temperature and pressure ranges of interest, the system can exist in gas, liquid, and solid phases, but assume that there is only one solid phase. For each phase, the pressure, temperature, and volume are connected by an equation of state. The first step in understanding the possible equilibria among these phases is to determine the conditions of temperature and pressure under which the phases can coexist. Quite a lot can be learned by simple applications of thermodynamics.
Point Defects in Dilute Alloys
Authors: Girifalco Louis A
Published: November 2023

This chapter is devoted to an analysis of point defect equilibria in binary alloys for which the concentration of one of the constituents is much smaller than of the other. In such alloys, the minority constituent can itself be regarded as a defect or an impurity.
The New Cosmology
Authors: Brockelman Paul
Published: November 2023

Cosmology” means a theory of the universe as a whole. Since that universe is an emerging reality-one in process-I use the word to mean an understanding of both its origins and its evolution to the present day. In the past fifty years, a new scientific understanding of the entire universe has emerged, an understanding that is fundamentally a story of the whole twelve-to fifteen-billion-year emergence of nature as a whole, including most recently ourselves. That story is both a scientific cosmology and a religious cosmogony, both scientifically true and religiously revelatory and meaningful. Because it is scientific and religious, it may help us (as cultural historian and theologian Thomas Berry and others claim) to reorient ourselves within the whole and thereby provide a comprehensive guide for living in our time.
The Transcendence of God
Authors: Brockelman Paul
Published: November 2023

As we have seen, God is experienced in astonishment and wonder precisely as the sheer actuality or existence of things, a mysterious, creative force throughout the universe that is apprehended in and through the manifold of everything that is. In more traditional religious terminology, he is transcendent. New Testament scholar Walter Brueggemann argues that this sense of wonder at the inexplicable given-ness of life, which he calls “the mystery of God,” is exactly the Biblical sense of creation.
Idea and Object
Authors: Chai Leon
Published: November 2023

In 1674 The First Volume of a new philosophical work appeared anonymously in Paris. Its title was De la Recherche de la Verite (Of the Search after Truth). A subtitle furnished more detailed information: Ou /’on traitte de la Nature de /’Esprit de l’homme, & de /’usage qu’il en doit faire pour eviter l’erreur  dans es Sciences (Where one treats of the nature of the mind of man, and of the use he should make of it to avoid error in the sciences). The author was a young priest from the Congregation of the Oratory: Nicolas Malebranche. For decades after, his work would exert a remarkable influence on Enlightenment philosophy.
Adult Achievement
Authors: Nock Steven L
Published: November 2023

Some of the most important influences in adult achievement are those over which individuals have little or no control. Each person is born with certain ascribed characteristics (e.g., race, sex, or family background) that influence opportunities and actual achievements. Other forces, however, are under an individual’s control. People have some command over the amount of schooling they complete, for example. Or childbearing may be postponed until children are less likely to interfere with educational or occupational pursuits.
From Eschatology to Apocalypse: Dramatic and Argumentative Form in the Discourse of Prophetic Interpretation
Authors: O’leary Stephen D
Published: November 2023

The preceding chapter examined the role of eschatological narratives in human speculation on the problems of evil, time, and authority, and showed that such narratives result from human attempts to explain and justify the phenomenal realities of evil, to locate humanity within a cycle or progression of cosmic time, and to legitimate or subvert the structures of existing power through the resources of sacred myth. The task of this chapter is to show how the narrative theodicies produced in this effort to understand evil and authority in a context of cosmic time are interpreted and applied by audiences to fit their historical situations.
Hal Lindsey and the Apocalypse of the Twentieth Century
Authors: O’leary Stephen D
Published: November 2023

From the 1840s to the 1990s is a very long leap. The period of time marked on one side by the disconfirmation of William Miller’s predictions, and on the other by the long-awaited close of the second millennium of Christian history, spans only four “biblical generations” of forty years; yet this period took the American public through three cataclysmic wars and a series of scientific discoveries that created the conditions for unprecedented technological and social change.
Waco and Beyond
Authors: O’leary Stephen D
Published: November 2023

This book has focused on apocalyptic doctrines as they move, or attempt to move, into the mainstream of public discourse. In keeping with this emphasis, I have deliberately avoided discussion of violence in apocalyptic sects and movements. While violence is hardly an unprecedented feature in the history of apocalypticism, the remarkable religious freedom accorded such groups in the United States has made bloody clashes with the state relatively rare. However, the fiery end of the Branch Davidian sect members near Waco, Texas, seems to require some comment, in view of the historical link of this group to others examined in this study, and in view of the impact of events of March-April 1993 on public awareness of apocalypticism.
Super-Job
Authors: Zuckerman Bruce
Published: November 2023

Yet we cannot tie things up quite so easily-there still remains a loose end of rather major proportions: the Poem itself and its impatient Job. The author of the Poem also heard the ancient theme of Job, but he chose to score quite a different melody over it than the one that the author of James seems to hear: his hero is Job the Impatient, not Job the Patient. So where does the Poem fit within the contrapuntal, Joban harmony? In order to understand this better, we need a different sort of guide; for the Poem, by and large, is a work of imagination that draws from the Joban tradition but is itself individual, for the most part the work of a single creative intellect.
Barriers to Interpretation and the “Bontsye-Model”
Authors: Zuckerman Bruce
Published: November 2023

But it is precisely here where we must face our most daunting task; for no longer do we have the luxury of being able to rely confidently on clear-cut historical evidence, as has largely been the case in our discussions above of Y. L. Perets and the nineteenth and twentieth century context in which his “Bontsye Shvayg” was writ ten and subsequently interpreted.
The Art of Parody: The Legal Metaphor
Authors: Zuckerman Bruce
Published: November 2023

It is interesting that nowhere in conventional Dialogue/ Appeal texts known from antiquity does any legal metaphor play even the slightest role.297 To be sure, as we have already discussed, the issue of the righteousness of the Sufferer is definitely a major consideration in this genre. However, this is never really couched in terms of legal “guilt” or “innocence,” nor is there ever any talk of hauling one party or another into court to decide the issues in contention. The legalisms that abound in the Poem of Job reflect the poet’s own innovation and must be seen as part of his general modus operandi.
Conclusion: The Joban Fugue
Authors: Zuckerman Bruce
Published: November 2023

The case I have made above regarding the development of the contrapuntal layers of the book of Job should now be clear. I have argued that it is possible to see a pattern in the development of the tradition of Job strikingly similar to the pattern that shaped the writing of “Bontsye Shvayg” and then continued to shape this Yiddish story’s interpretation. This pattern involves the development of a conservative folk tradition embodied in a famous legend. This legend and the pietistic ideals it portrayed provoked the anger of a great literary artist who determined to counterattack its message, utilizing the literary weapon of parody.
Introduction
Authors: Benard Elisabeth , Moon Beverly
Published: November 2023

This volume presents a collection of essays about goddesses and sovereignty, focusing in particular on sacred or divine queens and those goddesses who exhibit a special relationship with an earthly ruler. Sovereign goddesses have been worshipped in numerous cultures, in the past as well as in the present. They are found primarily in complex societies with specialized social roles, where governing is a full-time position and where the ruler serves as a religious focal point binding the community together.
How the Fearsome Fish Eyed Queen Minatci Became a Perfectly Ordinary Goddess
Authors: Harman William
Published: November 2023

Distinctions between humans and deities tend to be ambiguous in South Asia: Humans regularly achieve promotion to divine status for being gifted gurus, great poets, spiritually adept seekers, martyrs who die for a righteous cause, or able power brokers, such as royalty. People need not necessarily die to achieve divine status, but it often helps. In some cases, jealous or unkind deities do their best to thwart mortals whose virtue, penance, or sacrifices are about to transform their human status into that of a competing divinity.
Celtic goddesses of Sovereignty
Authors: Cana Proinsias Mac
Published: November 2023

As with virtually all other aspects and constituents of Celtic religion and mythology, it is advisable to preface any discussion of Celtic goddesses with a significant caveat. The literary evidence of the insular Celtic vernaculars, particularly Irish and Welsh, is quite extensive, but it poses serious problems of evaluation and interpretation. Early Irish, for example, has a wide range of varied material bearing on myth and religion, but it is important to remember that the use of writing in the Irish language—in any substantive sense—dates only from the sixth century and is a Christian, monastic innovation.
Becoming the Express of Heaven
Authors: Nyitray Vivian-Lee
Published: November 2023

Throughout cultural China, the goddess Tianhou (Empress of Heaven) ranks second only to the Buddhist bodhisattva Guanyin as a female object of popular devotion. Her cult originated in the southeastern coastal province of Fujian and it gradually spread outward, first to other Chinese coastal communities and then via migration and trade routes to Korea, Japan, Taiwan, Southeast Asia, Europe, and the Americas.1 Owing to the vagaries of history and hagiography, the goddess is known in South China by her final enshrinement title of Tianhou (often romanized from Cantonese as Tin Hau), whereas Fujianese and Taiwanese devotees, believing themselves particularly close to the goddess, refer to her formally as Tianshang shengmu (Holy Mother in Heaven) but commonly call her Mazu or Mazupo, an affectionate kinship term meaning something like “Granny.”
The Goddess, the Emperor, and the Adept
Authors: Cahill Suzanne E
Published: November 2023

During this long period from the fifteenth century bce through medieval times, the goddess's transformations were many. Perhaps originally an imperial ancestress, she came to be considered the ultimate embodiment of yin: the dark, female force. The first certain textual reference to the Queen Mother appears in an early classic of natural mysticism and self-cultivation known as the Zhuangzi, after its purported author. This text, dating to the third century bce, was later incorporated into their canon by the Daoists, who regard it as a major source of their beliefs and practices. The author of the Zhuangzi lists the Queen Mother of the West, in a chapter entitled “Great Instructors,” as one who has attained the Dao, or the Way. (The list also includes the sun, the moon, and the Yellow Emperor.) The Dao he characterizes as invisible and imminent, preceding and outlasting heaven and earth, underlying yet extending beyond the cosmos.
Goddesses and Sovereignty in Ancient Egypt
Authors: Hollis Susan Tower
Published: November 2023

Egyptologists have concerned themselves for over a century about just what constitutes kingship or sovereignty in ancient Egypt. The task is not made the easier by either the long time span-just under 3,000 years--or the available evidence, which is severely constrained by a number of factors: the chanciness of finds, the locations of modern towns, climate and ground water changes, and so on. The most recent scholarship on the topic makes all these issues clear (Baines 1995; Leprohon 1995; Silverman 1995). These same materials also make abundantly evident that the ancient Egyptians’ own concepts surrounding kingship and sovereignty changed through the millennia and that the divinity of the ruler constitutes a significant feature from the earliest times.
Religious Liberty; Same-Sex Marriage, and the Case of Reconstructionist Judaism
Authors: Alpert Rebecca T
Published: November 2023

The performance of the marriage ceremony by clergy provides an interesting location for a discussion of the ways in which religious claims on sexual practices are played out in the public sphere in the United States. Clergy routinely perform the civil function of marriage, which is delegated to them by the state. “By the power vested in me by the state of____/and by my religious denomination, I now pronounce you husband and wife” are words included in wedding ceremonies performed by clergy. This speech act, accompanied by the signing of appropriate licenses, makes the clergy person an agent of the state. Civil and religious marriage in the United States are thus linked together.
Images And Relics
Authors: Dillenberger John
Published: November 2023

John Dillenberger has written the first comprehensive account of the relation between the visual arts and theological currents in Europe during the first half of the sixteenth century. With an astute knowledge of the theology of the period and a keen interest in the lives and work of prominent artists, Dillenberger makes incisive connections that illuminate the cultural movements of the time. Images and Relics considers both popular and professional art within distinct religious contexts. It examines the works of Matthias Grunewald, Albrecht Durer, Lucas Cranach the Elder, Michelangelo, Hans Holbein the Younger, Hans Baldung Grien, and Albrecht Altdorfer, and demonstrates how these artists expressed and transformed the reigning theological ideas of their day. The book also addresses the range of iconoclastic movements from the 1520s to the 1570s, particularly in northern Europe. Finally, Dillenberger reflects on the ambiguity of the history of this period and its continuing impact on modern-day life.
Three artists with Distinctive accents
Authors: Dillenberger John
Published: November 2023

While Grunewald, Durer, Cranach The Elder, and Michelangelo each reflect a lifetime of wrestling with the religious currents of reform in relation to their art, Holbein the Younger, Hans Baldung Grien, and Albrecht Altdorfer represent unique accents in their art, though each of them also executed works with traditional religious subject matter. Holbein turned an aversion to the religious conflicts of his time into a new arena of work, what we might call the cult of the portrait. Baldung stressed the fateful con sequences of human sin, which in his art is interpreted mainly in sexual, misogynous terms. Altdorfer manifested the problems of an artist who was also an important citizen in the politics of Regensburg, with the consequence that his art mirrors his own cultural/religious pilgrimage. Both Baldung and Altdorfer reflect the darker side of human nature, which might be termed the undertow of Renaissance humanism.
“Associations,” Solon’s Law, and the Democracy
Authors: Jones Nicholas F
Published: November 2023

The title of this work identifies as its subject the associations of classical Athens. It is of course incumbent upon us, as a preliminary to our investigation, to define the meaning of the term “association.” As it turns out, this is not as easy a task as it might at first seem. For one thing, any naive philological approach involving the isolation of a Greek synonym for the English “association” must be ruled out as a possibility. To be sure, several Greek terms are used on occasion with something like this meaning. Some, such as koinonia, homilia, and synousia, often possess an active, strongly verbal connotation of being together, social intercourse, or interpersonal dealings, but carry no necessary implication of the existence of an organization possessing a structure or unified purpose.
The Isolation of the Demes
Authors: Jones Nicholas F
Published: November 2023

From the previous chapter it will be clear that the Kleisthenic deme was bounded in two different ways: by the rule whereby membership was determined by descent (the constitutional deme) or by declared and possibly marked boundaries (the territorial deme). It is natural to ask, next, whether, and to what degree, these social and physical boundaries served to separate a given deme from other demes or from the outside world of Attica generally. Did the deme turn in upon itself? Or was it an extroverted organization, its members regularly venturing beyond its limits? While the problem is notoriously bedeviled by the portability and inheritability of the de motikon, study of the many tombstones bearing the names of Athenians has, as noted in the preceding chapter, begun to provide some answers.
Finds from the east Asian Experience
Authors: Dedrick Jason , Kraemer Kenneth L
Published: November 2023

The previous three chapters have shown how Japan and the Asian NIEs have succeeded in building competitive computer industries. Each country’s history is unique and helps answer questions such as the following: What are the forces that have made so many U.S. PC makers turn to Taiwanese companies to design and build their computers? Why did all the major disk drive makers set up production in Singapore? How did Korea become a world leader in DRAMs yet fail to make a mark in PCs or peripherals? Why does Japan control so many key components technologies yet remain weak in systems and software? How has Hong Kong been able to maintain a critical managerial function for southern China’s computer manufacturing base even as its own production has shrunk? The focus of this chapter, however, is on more general questions that can be answered by comparing the experiences of companies and countries.
Usable Women the Tales of Amba and MadhavI
Authors: Dasgupta Madhusraba
Published: November 2023

The Mahābhāratian is well known for the moral dilemmas it explores. The most notable example is, of course, Arjuna’s anguish over his duty as a warrior and his affection for those he may have to kill in battle, but there are many others, such as Yudhi thira’s choice between heaven and his faithful dog. The frequency of these tales of moral choice suggests that these narratives function as exemplars of ethical problem solving, providing in each instance a rationale for the choice made and ultimately correlating the separate rationales to an uniform underlying moral code. Not surprisingly, Hindus have been exhorted through the ages to consider the Mahābhāratian’s stories both as historical precedents and as ethical methodology. Yet the validity of precedents and methodologies depends on certitude. Many if not most of the Mahābhāratian’s stories, however, are so deeply etched by moral incertitude that their problems are solved only by the forced imposition of arbitrary rules or assumptions and the suppression of countervailing principles. This ambiguity seems particularly located in the legends of women, good and bad.
Women Saints in Medieval Maharashtra
Authors: Zelliot Eleanor
Published: November 2023

The Bhakti movement, the spread of devotional religion in medieval India, seems to have been the most inclusive and open of all facets of Hinduism. Saint-poets of all classes and castes, women as well as men, were recorded in the song literature in Tamil, Kannada, Marathi, and Hindi especially; in Maharashtra, an extraordinary number of women sang their devotional songs in Marathi. Their householder and family situations were also extraordinary. Most women saint-poets in other areas left husbands or never married and found that their devotion could flower only if they had no household responsibilities. In contrast, the women saint singers of Maharashtra, with one exception, found ways to be close to the god of the Marathi Bhakti movement, Vighal or Vithoba, while remaining close to brothers, husbands, and sons.
The Construction of Gender in History and Religion
Authors: Jakobsh Doris R
Published: November 2023

The role and status of Sikh women in history have not been given a great deal of attention in Sikh studies. Although Sikh apologetics repeatedly insist that men and women are inherently equal in the Sikh worldview, in reality, historical writings say virtually nothing about women, apart from minimal asides about the occasional exceptional woman who has been deemed worthy enough to have made the pages of history. They then are typically held up as the standard by which to measure the egalitarian ethos of the Sikh tradition.
Contingency Analyses of Memory
Authors: Kahana Michael J
Published: November 2023

Human memory subsumes a multitude of processes that undoubtedly rely on many different types of information, operations, and systems. Recognition of the complexity of human memory has driven scholars to broaden the scope of memory tasks that are studied, and to consider not only how a given memory task is performed but also how different kinds of memory tasks are interrelated.
Control Processes in Remembering
Authors: Koriat Asher
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines some of the processes that take place in attempting to probe memory for a needed piece of information. In presentday conceptualization memory processes are divided into three phases: encoding, storage, and retrieval. Strangely enough, the distinction between storage and retrieval, so basic in current memory theorizing, is relatively new (see Baddeley, 1997; Roediger & Guynn, 1996). In classical, S-R learning theory, based primarily on animal research, storage, and retrieval were lumped together, and even the distinction between encoding and storage was not explicitly made. It was the extension of S-R principles to human verbal behavior that has brought to the fore the importance of distinguishing among encoding, storage, and retrieval.
Brain Imaging of Memory
Authors: Nyberg Lars , Cabeza Roberto
Published: November 2023

Functional brain imaging makes it possible to study the human brain at work. There has been an explosive growth in this field during the last few years, and the expansion seems to continue. Several different techniques can be used for brain imaging. The focus here is on positron emission tomography (PET) and to a somewhat lesser extent on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). An important characteristic of these and related techniques is that they can simultaneously measure activity in the whole brain.
The Domains of Divine Revelation and Rabbinic Activity and Their Relationship
Authors: Berger Michael S
Published: November 2023

Any analysis of the authority of the Sages must be preceded by a clarification of the domain of Rabbinic activity. Unless the precise contours of the subject are outlined first, any attempt at understanding the grounds of Rabbinic authority will prove futile, for we will not know what sorts of activity—legislative, interpretive, or otherwise—are being justified.