bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The activity of superoxide-dismutase in animal cell culture CHO-K1 after treatment with fullerenol and mytomicine C
Authors: Bogdanovic Visnja , Slavic Marija , Mrdjanovic Jasminka , Solajic Slavica , Djordjevic Aleksandar
Published: June 2009

Eukaryotic cell survives in predominantly reduced conditions. Homeostasis of cellular redox system is an imperative of cell surviving and its normal metabolism. ROS are well recognized for playing a dual role as both deleterious and beneficial species, since they can be either harmful or beneficial to living systems. These species are mutagenic compounds known to lead to DNA damage, favor cell transformation, and contribute to the development of a variety of malignant diseases. All the effects of oxidants are influenced by the cellular antioxidant defenses. This multilayer system consists of low molecular weight components and several antioxidant enzymes. Superoxide dismutases (SODs) are the only enzymes dismuting superoxide radicals. Mitomycin C, a cross-linking agent, demonstrated genotoxicity in all in vitro and in vivo test systems in mammalian cells and animals. Water-soluble fullerenes are well known as cytotoxic agents for many cell lines in vitro. At the other side, fullerenols are good free radical scavengers and antioxidants both in vitro and in vivo. This paper investigates the effects of fullerenol on survival and fullerenol/ /mytomicine (MMC) treatment on superoxide-dismutase (SOD) activity in CHO-K1 cells. Samples were treated 3 and 24 h with fullerenol (C60(OH)24) at concentration range 0.01-0.5 mg/mL and survival was monitored with dye exclusion test (DET). The activity of total SOD was estimated in samples treated with chosen concentrations of fullerenol and MMC (0.5 and 0.1 mg/mL) after 3 and 24 h of cell incubation. Increasing of C60(OH)24 concentration leads to decreasing of percent of surviving cells 3 and 24 h after incubation. The activity of total SOD enhanced with higher concentration of fullerenol, while decreased in the highest concentration at both experimental points. In samples treated with MMC, as well as in samples treated with fullerenol (0.0625 mg/mL) + MMC was noticed boost in total SOD activity in comparison with controls. Treatment with fullerenol decreased SOD activity in rest of samples treated with MMC. Decreased activity of superoxide-dismutase in almost all samples treated with fullerenol and MMC might be contributed to antioxidative properties of fullerenol. Increased enzyme level at concentration of 0.0625 mg/mL may be due to its prooxidative activity.
Life cycle assessment (LCA) of lead-free solders from the environmental protection aspect
Authors: Mitovski Aleksandra , Zivkovic Dragana , Balanovic Ljubisa , Strbac Nada , Zivkovic Zivan
Published: June 2009

Life-cycle assessment (LCA) presents a relatively new approach, which allows comprehensive environmental consequences analysis of a product system over its entire life. This analysis is increasingly being used in the industry, as a tool for investigation of the influence of the product system on the environment, and serves as a protection and prevention tool in ecological management. This method is used to predict possible influences of a certain material to the environment through different development stages of the material. In LCA, the product systems are evaluated on a functionally equivalent basis, which, in this case, was 1000 cubic centimeters of an alloy. Two of the LCA phases, life-cycle inventory (LCA) and life-cycle impact assessment (LCIA), are needed to calculate the environmental impacts. Methodology of LCIA applied in this analysis aligns every input and output influence into 16 different categories, divided in two subcategories. The life-cycle assessment reaserch review of the leadfree solders Sn-Cu, SAC (Sn-Ag-Cu), BSA (Bi-Sb-Ag) and SABC (Sn-Ag-Bi-Cu) respectively, is given in this paper, from the environmental protection aspect starting from production, through application process and finally, reclamation at the end-of-life, i.e. recycling. There are several opportunities for reducing the overall environmental and human health impacts of solder used in electronics manufacturing based on the results of the LCA, such as: using secondary metals reclaimed through post-industrial recycling; power consumption reducing by replacing older, less efficient reflow assembly equipment, or by optimizing the current equipment to perform at the elevated temperatures required for lead-free soldering, etc. The LCA analysis was done comparatively in relation to widely used Sn-Pb solder material. Additionally, the impact factors of material consumption, energy use, water and air reserves, human health and ecotoxicity have been ALSO considered including the potentials for dissolution and recycling processes.
Complex with fullerenol and copper (II)
Authors: Djordjevic Aleksandar , Icevic Ivana , Bogdanovic Visnja
Published: June 2009

Polyhydroxy fulleren derivates have significant potential in nanomedical application. Research of polyanion nanoparticle fullerenol C60(OH)24 is of high significance for interpretation of biological mechanisms. This paper investigated the properties of polyanion nanoparticle fullerenol C60(OH)24 as a potential polydentat ligand. Fullerenol C60(OH)24 water solutions were added in solution of [Cu(NH3)4]2+ in order to form a dark brown complex. Absorbance of [Cu(NH3)4]2+ solution was decreasing with increasing concentration of polyanion nanoparticle nanoligand fullerenol. This relation was determined in all investigated concentrations of [Cu(NH3)4]2+. The ratio of Cu2+ complex composer to polyanion polydentat nanoligand fullerenol had an increase from 1.5 to 9, proportional to the increase of the complex composer concentration and decrease of polyanion polydentat nanoligand fullerenol in the alkali medium. The thermogram TGA-DTA of fullerenol and fullerenol and CuSO4 complex, clearly show endothermic effects (which are the result of dehydratation and dehydroxylation) and exothermic effects (as the result of degradation of C60(OH)24 molecules and processes of oxidation in CO, CO2. At the beginning of TGA-DTA fullerenol thermogram, there is a very well defined endothermic peak of water loss at 100?C, followed by mass decrease as a consequence of lost hydroxyl groups, covalent bounded for C60. The influence of the complex composer is manifested in the moving of thermal stability towards lower temperatures. The complex composer is a catalyst of the process of polyanion polydentat nanoligand fullerenol oxidation to CO and CO2. The temperature peak of fullerenol oxidation is at 490?C and in the case of complex oxidation two peaks were detected at 380 and 410?C.
Charge carrier recombination in the ITO/PEDOT:PSS/MEH-PPV/Al photodetector
Authors: Petrovic Jovana , Matavulj Petar , Difei Qi , Selmic Sandra
Published: June 2009

In this paper we investigate charge carrier recombination processes in polymer based photodetector ITO/PEDOT:PSS/MEH-PPV/Al. The major carriers are the hole polarons created by the photoexcitation in the active MEH-PPV film. The model used in this paper is based on the continuity equation and drift-diffusion equation for hole polarons. We assume the Poole-Frenkel expression for field dependence of the hole polaron mobility. The internal quantum efficiency dependence on incident photon flux density, incident light wavelength and applied electric field is included in the model. The simulated photocurrent density spectra for two different, assumed, recombination mechanisms, linear (monomolecular) and square (bimolecular) is compared with our experimental results. The bimolecular recombination mechanism applied in our model is assumed to be of Langevin type. The agreement between the measured and the calculated data unambiguously indicate that the hole polaron recombination mechanism in the MEH-PPV film is bimolecular with bimolecular rate constant depending on the external electric field. For the established recombination mechanism the theoretical prediction of the photocurrent density spectra shows excellent agreement with the measured spectra in wide range of inverse bias voltages (from 0 to -8 V).
Electrochemical synthesis and characterization of copper (I) oxide
Authors: Bugarinovic Sanja , Grekulovic Vesna , Rajcic-Vujasinovic Mirjana , Stevic Zoran , Stankovic Zvonimir
Published: June 2009

The quest and need for clean and economical energy sources have increased interest in the development of thin film cells technologies. Electrochemical deposition is an attractive method for synthesis of thin films. It offers the advantages of low synthesis temperature, low cost and high purity. Copper (I) oxide or cuprous oxide is an oxide semiconductor which is used as the anodic material in the form of thin film in lithium batteries and solar cells. The cathodic process of synthesis of cuprous oxide thin film is carried out in a potentiostatic mode from the organic electrolyte. The process parameters are chosen in that way to accomplish maximum difference between the potentials at which Cu2O and CuO are obtained. The electrochemical characterization was carried out by cyclic voltammetry. The electrodeposition techniques are particularly well suited for the deposition of single elements but it is also possible to carry out simultaneous depositions of several elements and syntheses of well-defined alternating layers of metals and oxides with thicknesses down to a few nm. Nanomaterials exhibit novel physical properties and play an important role in fundamental research. In addition, cuprous oxide is commonly used as a pigment, a fungicide, and an antifouling agent for marine paints. It is insoluble in water and organic solvents. This work presents the examinations of the influence of bath, temperature, pH and current density on the characteristics of electrochemically synthesized cuprous oxide. In the 'classic' process of synthesis, which is carried out under galvanostatic conditions on the anode, the grain size of the powder decreases with the increase in current density while the grain colour becomes lighter. The best commercial quality of the Cu2O (grain size, colour, content of choride) was obtained at the temperature of 80?C, concentration of NaCl of 3 mol/dm3 and current density of 400 A/m2.
In the frequency range between 1 kHz and 1 MHz
Authors: Radonic Vasa , Radosavljevic Goran , Blaz Nelu , Zivanov Ljiljana , Smetana Walter
Published: June 2009

In this paper, a capacitive method for characterization of LTCC tapes in the frequency range between 1kHz and 1MHz using HP 4277A LCZ meter is presented. The principle of operation using a parallel plate capacitor and equivalent circuit as a parallel connection of capacitance and a resistor is explained and characterization of test samples is measured. The fabrication process in LTCC technology and the causes that can produce the changing of characteristic parameters of substrates in fabrication are explained in detail. We indicated the importance of knowing permittivity in the function of frequency during projecting and simulating electronic components and circuits in LTCC technology. Measurements of complex permittivity, loss tangent, Q-factor based on the proposed formulas are made for LTCC tapes samples. Small variation of measured capacitance and loss tangent is obtained, approximately about 2% in whole frequency range. The value of loss tangent is approximately the same as the value specified by manufacturers. The calculated parameters for complex permittivity have bigger values then those recommended by manufacturers before firing. In the process of sintering, sheet density and microstructure of commercial tapes are changed for all used materials, causing changes of electric characteristics, especially permittivity. In the low frequency range, below 50 kHz, there is a higher variation of characteristic parameters. In this range, the parallel resistance of the equivalent circuit is on the top level of the instruments limit and these results are not reliable. A specific user-friendly program is developed which enables automatic control of measurement, recalculation of important values and processing of results.
Defect states in Ce0.85Nd(Gd)0.15O2-δ nano-crystals investigated by Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Lazarevic Nenad , Dohcevic-Mitrovic Zorana , Grujic-Brojcin Mirjana , Scepanovic Maja , Radovic Marko , Popovic Zoran
Published: June 2009

Defect structures related to the intrinsic and extrinsic oxygen vacancies in Ce0.85Nd(Gd)0.15O2-? nanocrystals were studied by Raman scattering spectroscopy during the temperature treatment. It was observed that the agglomeration effect has major contribution to the stoichiometry of Ce0.85Nd(Gd)0.15O2-?, namely the change of surface to volume ratio in nanocrystals has significant influence on the concentration and type of defect formed structures. Investigation of these structures is very important from the aspect of application of doped cerium dioxide as an electrolyte in solid oxide fuel cells.
Modeling of discharges in a capacitively coupled dual frequency plasma reactor
Authors: Bojarov Aleksandar , Radmilovic-Radjenovic Marija , Petrovic Zoran
Published: June 2009

In this paper we have modeled a dual frequency coupled plasma reactor (DF-CCP) by using a 1d3v PIC/MCC code. The obtained results apart from their theoretical relevance have practical applications especially for development of plasma reactors and for nanoelectronics. Dual frequency plasmas are used for etching of dielectric interconnect layers with high aspect ratios (contact holes). In the DF-CCP, the density of the plasma is controlled by the high frequency, while the ion energy depends mainly on the potential drop in the sheath, which is controlled by the low frequency. The results of our simulations show the dependence of the energy of the ions arriving at the inner electrode on the voltage of the low frequency generator and how the voltage of the high frequency generator affects the ion flux on the electrode.
Fractal analysis for biosurface comparison and behaviour prediction
Authors: Bojovic Bozica , Miljkovic Zoran , Babic Bojan , Koruga Djuro
Published: June 2009

Fractal analysis was used in previous authors' researches for characterizations of grinded ceramics surface textures by surface profile fractal dimension. In this paper the 'skyscrapers' method was chosen for calculating fractal dimension of surface, using the image processing toolbox, as well as a custom-developed algorithm of Matlab environment. This method entails recording the surface as an image, by using a scanning probe microscope. In the given contact lens case, fractal dimension values confirm changes of the surface roughness during the cleaning and wearing processes. Examination of real surface roughness could provide comparison and functional behavior prediction.
Mechanochemistry of titanium oxides
Authors: Veljkovic Ivana , Poleti Dejan , Zdujic Miodrag , Karanovic Ljiljana
Published: June 2009

Mechanochemistry represents an alternative route in synthesis of nanomaterials. Mechanochemical routes are attractive because of their simplicity, flexibility, and ability to prepare materials by solid state reactions at room temperature. The aim of this work is the mechanochemical synthesis of nanostructured titanium oxides of different composition starting from mixtures of Ti and TiO2, TiO and TiO2 or Ti2O3 and TiO2. Emphasis is on the Magneli phases Ti4O7 and Ti5O9 because their mixture is commercially known as EBONEX material. The materials prepared were characterized by XRPD, TG/DTA analysis, SEM and optical microscopy. Titanium monoxide and several Magneli oxides, Ti4O7, Ti5O9 and Ti6O11, are successfully prepared. The results are very interesting because the EBONEX materials were prepared at lower than usual temperature, which would decrease the effective cost of production.
The possibility of the boronizing process on the pressed samples of iron powder
Authors: Pozega Emina , Ivanov Svetlana , Conic Vesna , Cadjenovic Branislav
Published: June 2009

The paper presents results of the experimental investigation of the boronizing process on nonsintering iron powder samples (NC100.24, H?gan?s, Sweden). Experiments are planned within the limits of applicability of simultaneous sintering at chemical-thermal treatment process (boronizing). The simlex plan of 15 experimental points was used for the experiment, while a polynomial function of fourth degree was employed in the modeling of a mixture composition based on the volume changes, porosity and the depth layer changes. Boronizing was carried out in mixture with born carbide by addition of ammonium bifluoride, ammonium chloride and boron potassium fluoride as activators, by proportion definited plan.
Software tools for manipulating fe mesh, virtual surgery and post-processing
Authors: Milasinovic Danko , Cvjetkovic Vladimir , Böckler Dittmar , von Tengg-Kobligk , Filipovic Nenad
Published: June 2009

This paper describes a set of software tools which we developed for the calculation of fluid flow through cardiovascular organs. Our tools work with medical data from a CT scanner, but could be used with any other 3D input data. For meshing we used a Tetgen tetrahedral mesh generator, as well as a mesh re-generator that we have developed for conversion of tetrahedral elements into bricks. After adequate meshing we used our PAKF solver for calculation of fluid flow. For human-friendly presentation of results we developed a set of post-processing software tools. With modification of 2D mesh (boundary of cardiovascular organ) it is possible to do virtual surgery, so in a case of an aorta with aneurism, which we had received from University Clinical center in Heidelberg from a multi-slice 64-CT scanner, we removed the aneurism and ran calculations on both geometrical models afterwards. The main idea of this methodology is creating a system that could be used in clinics.
Successful production of recombinant buckwheat cysteine-rich aspartic protease in Escherichia coli
Authors: Milisavljevic Mira , Papic Drazen , Timotijevic Gordana , Maksimovic Vesna
Published: June 2009

Herein, the expression of recombinant cysteine-rich atypical buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) aspartic protease (FeAPL1) in five Escherichia coli strains differing in their expression capabilities is presented. It was shown that the expression success depended highly on the choice of FeAPL1 fusion partner. His6-FeAPL1 was produced in large quantities as an insoluble protein localized in inclusion bodies. On the other hand, MBP-FeAPL1 was localized in both the cytoplasm and inclusion bodies in BL21 and Rosetta-gami strains. Only purified soluble MBP-FeAPL1 from Rosetta-gami cells showed proteolytic activity at pH 3.0 with BSA as the substrate. The results also indicated that FeAPL1 contained a PRO segment that had to be removed for the enzyme activity to appear. The activity of FeAPL1 produced in the Rosetta-gami strain, which enables disulfide bond formation, indicated the importance of the twelve cysteine residues for correct folding and functionality.
A study of novel cobalt(II) octaazamacrocyclic complexes with aminocarboxylates or their derivatives
Authors: Vuckovic Gordana , Tanaskovic Sladjana , Antonijevic-Nikolic Mirjana , Zivkovic-Radovanovic Vukosava , Gojgic-Cvijovic Gordana
Published: June 2009

Four new air-stable mixed-ligand Co(II) complexes having the general formula [Co2(Y)tpmc]Z3?q(H2O/CH3CN) (HY = N-methylglycine/N,N-dimethylglycine, Z = - 4BF , qH2O=4 or 3; HY=S-norvaline/S-valine Z=-ClO4 , qCH3CN = 0.5; qH2O = 0.5; tpmc = N,N',N'',N'''-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)- -1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane) were prepared. The composition, some physical and chemical properties and their tentative geometries were evaluated based on elemental analysis (C, H, N), conductometric and magnetic measurements, spectroscopic data (UV/Vis, IR) and cyclic voltammetry. The data were compared with earlier described analogous complexes containing the macrocyclic ligand and aliphatic aminocarboxylates. It is assumed that all complexes are binuclear with an exo coordination mode of the octaazamacrocyclic pendant ligand in the boat conformation. In addition, two -N-(CH2)2-N- portions of the cyclam ring within the tpmc ligand and Co(II) ions in the high-spin state are most probably bridged via oxygen atoms from the anion of the aminocarboxylate/derivatives, whereas nitrogen atoms rest uncoordinated. In all cases, a combined chelate-bridged coordination is proposed as the most probable. The complexes were electrochemically stable in the potential range -1.0 to 1.0 V. They were also preliminary assayed toward some microorganisms together with the ligands, starting simple salts and solvents as test substances. In some cases, certain antimicrobial activity of the complexes was detected.
EPR study of the production of oh radicals in aqueous solutions of uranium irradiated by ultraviolet light
Authors: Dakovic Marko , Mojovic Milos , Bacic Goran
Published: June 2009

The aim of the study was to establish whether hydroxyl radicals (?OH) were produced in UV-irradiated aqueous solutions of uranyl salts. The production of ?OH was studied in uranyl acetate and nitrate solutions by an EPR spin trap method over a wide pH range, with variation of the uranium concentrations. The production of ?OH in uranyl solutions irradiated with UV was unequivocally demonstrated for the first time using the EPR spin-trapping method. The production of ?OH can be connected to speciation of uranium species in aqueous solutions, showing a complex dependence on the solution pH. When compared with the results of radiative de-excitation of excited uranyl (+22*UO ) by the quenching of its fluorescence, the present results indicate that the generation of hydroxyl radicals plays a major role in the fluorescence decay of + 22 *UO . The role of the presence of carbonates and counter ions pertinent to environmental conditions in biological systems on the production of hydroxyl radicals was also assessed in an attempt to reveal the mechanism of +22*UO de-excitation. Various mechanisms, including ?OH production, are inferred but the main point is that the generation of ?OH in uranium containing solutions must be considered when assessing uranium toxicity.
Desorption of 137cs from Cetraria islandica (L.) Ach. using solutions of acids and their salts mixtures
Authors: Cuculovic Ana , Veselinovic Dragan , Miljanic Scepan
Published: June 2009

The desorption of 137Cs from Cetraria islandica (L.) Ach. lichen was investigated using the solutions: A) H2SO4-HNO3-K2SO4, B) H2SO4-HNO3- -Na2SO4 and C) H2SO4-HNO3-(NH4)2SO4-(NH)4NO3 at pH 2.00, 2.58, 2.87, 3.28 and 3.75, similar to acid rain. After five consecutive desorptions using solutions A, B and C, from 44.0 % (solution B, pH 3.75) to 68.8 % (solution C, pH 3.28) of 137Cs had been desorbed from the lichen. In all cases, the most successful 137Cs desorption was the first one. In the presence of K+ (solution A) the total amount of desorbed 137Cs did not depend on the pH of the solution and this was confirmed by the analogous reactions of Cs+ and K+, due to their similar ionic radii. The dependencies of the non-desorbed content of 137Cs on the number of desorptions gave curves indicating that at least two types of sorption occur. One of them can be dominant if suitable desorbants are used. The results indicate lichens as secondary sources of environment pollution with 137Cs.
Cross-section analysis of the morphology of electrodeposited copper obtained in the hydrogen co-deposition range
Authors: Nikolic Nebojsa , Maksimovic Vesna , Pavlovic Miomir , Popov Konstantin
Published: June 2009

Cross-section analysis of copper deposits electrodeposited in the hydrogen co-deposition range at a constant overpotential and in a pulsating overpotential (PO) regime was performed. It was shown that a complete structural analysis of these technologically very important electrodes is impossible without an analysis of their internal structure. An insight into the compactness (or porosity) of the deposits, as well as into the depth of the holes, can only be obtained by this type of analysis.
Heavy metals concentration in soils from parks and green areas in Belgrade
Authors: Marjanovic Mirjana , Vukcevic Marija , Antonovic Dusan , Dimitrijevic Suzana , Jovanovic Djordje , Matavulj Milan , Ristic Mirjana
Published: June 2009

The current study included the investigation of several metals and their distribution in urban soils from parks and green areas in the city of Belgrade. The soils were sampled in January and February 2008. The concentrations of Cd, Co, Cu, Pb, Mn and Zn were measured, as well as the pH values and organic matter contents. The obtained results showed that there was a significant level of contamination in some samples, especially with lead, and that it was most probably caused by anthropogenic activities, mostly from traffic. The results were compared with the National legislation and Netherlands standards. Also, the recent results were compared with the data from previous work and it was concluded that there has been a certain increase of the Pb concentration in the past three years. The level of pollution in playground soil was very high and each analyzed sample exceeded the Dutch target value for Cd, Co and Pb.
Revisiting the Rosenbrock numerical solutions of the reactor point kinetics equation with numerous examples
Authors: Yang Xue , Jevremovic Tatjana
Published: June 2009

The fourth order Rosenbrock method with an automatic step size control feature was described and applied to solve the reactor point kinetics equations. A FORTRAN 90 program was developed to test the computational speed and algorithm accuracy. From the results of various benchmark tests with different types of reactivity insertions, the Rosenbrock method shows high accuracy, high efficiency and stable character of the solution.
Development of computer software for neutron energy spectrum adjustment in research reactors
Authors: Iqbal Masood , Mirza Sikander , Khokhar Bilal
Published: June 2009

A computer program has been developed for neutron energy spectrum adjustment using the deconvolution method. The BUNKI-based algorithm has been implemented to converge quickly yielding calculated neutron energy spectrum which is in good agreement with theoretical predictions. The foil activation data have been used as an input for each unfolding technique and various activation foils including Au-197, Al-27, Ni-58, Co-59, and Mg-24 covering thermal to fast energy range have been utilized. The group cross-section values were derived from the data given in the pre-processed cross-section libraries in ENDF-6 format of IRDF-90/NMF-G. Firstly, virtual approach was used for neutron energy spectrum adjustment. In this case, the activity of foils before and after the adjustment was almost the same but the flux had the maximum error of 14%. Secondly, the experimental measured activity of the threshold foils was then used for a real system. The activity of the threshold foils before and after the neutron energy adjustment had the maximum error of 33%.
JRC activities in nuclear safety
Authors: Manna Giustino , Debarberis Luigi , Bucalossi Andrea , May Roberto , Bieth Michel , de Santi
Published: June 2009

Nuclear energy is today the largest single source of carbon free and base-load electricity in Europe. While highlighting its important role in the overall energy mix, it is necessary to address sustainability, safety, and security concerns, in particular nuclear safety and nuclear waste management issues, which influence the public acceptance of nuclear energy. The present paper describes the Joint Research Centre activities in support to the EU nuclear safety policy. It describes the Joint Research Centre role in the EU institutional context, identifies the various customers to which the Joint Research Centre delivers its services, and provides some results of the Joint Research Centre scientific work inherent to nuclear safety.
A multisignal detection of hazardous materials for homeland security
Authors: Alamaniotis Miltiadis , Terrill Sean , Perry John , Gao Rong , Tsoukalas Lefteri , Jevremovic Tatjana
Published: June 2009

The detection of hazardous materials has been identified as one of the most urgent needs of homeland security, especially in scanning cargo containers at United States ports. To date, special nuclear materials have been detected using neutron or gamma interrogation, and recently the nuclear resonance fluorescence has been suggested. We show a new paradigm in detecting the materials of interest by a method that combines four signals (radiography/computer tomography, acoustic, muon scattering, and nuclear resonance fluorescence) in cargos. The intelligent decision making software system is developed to support the following scenario: initially, radiography or the computer tomography scan is constructed to possibly mark the region(s) of interest. The acoustic interrogation is utilized in synergy to obtain information regarding the ultrasonic velocity of the cargo interior. The superposition of the computer tomography and acoustic images narrows down the region(s) of interest, and the intelligent system guides the detection to the next stage: no threat and finish, or proceed to the next interrogation. If the choice is the latter, knowing that high Z materials yield large scattering angle for muons, the muon scattering spectrum is used to detect the existence of such materials in the cargo. Additionally, the nuclear resonance fluorescence scan yields a spectrum that can be likened to the fingerprint of a material. The proposed algorithm is tested for detection of special nuclear materials in a comprehensive scenario.
Assessment of environmental gamma dose in northern Rechna Doab in Pakistan
Authors: Jabbar Abdul , Bhatti Arshad , Ahmad Syed , Arshed Waheed , Akhter Perveen
Published: June 2009

Environmental gamma radiation levels in northern Rechna Doab, Pakistan, were measured as a part of systematic study aimed at the establishment of the background data base of radiation and radioactivity levels. The measurements reported in this paper were made with portable radiation monitor which employed GM tube and was calibrated against secondary standard dosimetry system. The average absorbed dose rate in air was determined to vary from 86.0 nGy/h to 139.1 nGy/h with the mean value of 109.1 nGy/h. The annual effective dose remained within the range of 105.47 mSv to 170.54 mSv with its average value of 133.73 mSv. These environmental radiation doses in the area were comparable with those reported for other countries. It was concluded that the prevalent radiation levels did not pose any significant radiological health hazard to the population.
Comparison of gamma ray effects on EPROMs and E2PROMs
Authors: Vujisic Milos , Stankovic Koviljka , Vasic Aleksandra
Published: June 2009

This paper compares the reliability of standard commercial Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EPROM) and Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (E2PROM) components exposed to gamma rays. The results obtained for CMOS-based EPROM (NM27C010) and E2PROM (NM93CS46) components provide the evidence that EPROMs have greater radiation hardness than E2PROMs. Moreover, the changes in EPROMs are reversible, and after erasure and reprogramming all EPROM components restore their functionality. On the other hand, changes in E2PROMs are irreversible. The obtained results are analyzed and interpreted on the basis of gamma ray interaction with the CMOS structure.
Technetium-99m in production and use
Authors: Vucina Jurij , Nikolic Nadezda , Petrovic Djokica
Published: June 2009

Several types of generators have been developed for the production of 99mTc. Due to its excellent performances, the chromatographic type, based on the fission-produced 99Mo sorbed in alumina, is predominant. Technetium-99m is obtained in the form of sodium pertechnetate-99mTc. However, due to the known disadvantages of the production of (n, f)99Mo, attempts are made to avoid uranium fission. The technologies based on (n, g)99Mo (sublimation, extraction, gel) are, with the exception of the gel generator, of limited importance. Certain nuclear reactions in cyclotrons can produce 99Mo (or directly 99mTc) but the obtained results are still not satisfying. Technetium-99m is used in the form of radiopharmaceuticals which are prepared by addition of 99mTc-eluate to the inactive components comprised in the 'cold' kits. The chromatographic (n, f)99Mo/99mTc generator and several 99mTc-radiopharmaceuticals have been developed and are regularly produced in the Vinca Institute of Nuclear Sciences (Laboratory for Radioisotopes).
Endothelial Markers May Link Kidney Function to Cardiovascular Events in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Maier Christina , Clodi Martin , Neuhold Stephanie , Resl Michael , Elhenicky Marie , Prager Rudolf , Moertl Deddo , Strunk Guido , Luger Anton , Struck Joachim , Pacher Richard , Hülsmann Martin
Published: June 2009

OBJECTIVE

The increased cardiovascular risk in diabetes has been linked to endothelial and renal dysfunction. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of stable fragments of the precursors of adrenomedullin, endothelin-1, vasopressin, and atrial natriuretic peptide in progression of cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

This was a prospective, observational study design with a composite end point (death or unexpected admission to hospital due to a cardiovascular event) on 781 patients with type 2 diabetes (54 events, median duration of observation 15 months). The four stable precursor peptides midregional adrenomedullin (MR-proADM), midregional proatrial natriuretic peptide (MR-proANP), COOH-terminal proendothelin-1 (CT-proET-1), and COOH-terminal provasopressin or copeptin (CT-proAVP) were determined at baseline, and their association to renal function and cardiovascular events was studied using stepwise linear and Cox logistic regression analysis and receiver operating characteristic analysis, respectively.

RESULTS

MR-proADM, CT-proET-1, CT-proAVP, and MR-proANP were all elevated in patients with future cardiovascular events and independently correlated to serum creatinine. MR-proADM and MR-proANP were significant predictors of a future cardiovascular event, with MR-proANP being the stronger (area under the curve 0.802 ± 0.034, sensitivity 0.833, specificity 0.576, positive predictive value 0.132, and negative predictive value 0.978 with a cutoff value of 75 pmol/l).

CONCLUSIONS

The four serum markers of vasoactive and natriuretic peptides are related to both kidney function and cardiovascular events, thus linking two major complications of diabetes, diabetic nephropathy and cardiovascular disease.
New Users of Metformin Are at Low Risk of Incident Cancer
Authors: Libby Gillian , Donnelly Louise A. , Donnan Peter T. , Alessi Dario R. , Morris Andrew D. , Evans Josie M.M.
Published: June 2009

OBJECTIVE

The antidiabetic properties of metformin are mediated through its ability to activate the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Activation of AMPK can suppress tumor formation and inhibit cell growth in addition to lowering blood glucose levels. We tested the hypothesis that metformin reduces the risk of cancer in people with type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

In an observational cohort study using record-linkage databases and based in Tayside, Scotland, U.K., we identified people with type 2 diabetes who were new users of metformin in 1994–2003. We also identified a set of diabetic comparators, individually matched to the metformin users by year of diabetes diagnosis, who had never used metformin. In a survival analysis we calculated hazard ratios for diagnosis of cancer, adjusted for baseline characteristics of the two groups using Cox regression.

RESULTS

Cancer was diagnosed among 7.3% of 4,085 metformin users compared with 11.6% of 4,085 comparators, with median times to cancer of 3.5 and 2.6 years, respectively (P < 0.001). The unadjusted hazard ratio (95% CI) for cancer was 0.46 (0.40–0.53). After adjusting for sex, age, BMI, A1C, deprivation, smoking, and other drug use, there was still a significantly reduced risk of cancer associated with metformin: 0.63 (0.53–0.75).

CONCLUSIONS

These results suggest that metformin use may be associated with a reduced risk of cancer. A randomized trial is needed to assess whether metformin is protective in a population at high risk for cancer.
Peripheral blood CD4+CRTH2+ cells in advanced stage non small cell lung cancer
Authors: Karagöz Bülent , Bilgi Oğuz , Kandemir Emin , Erikçi Alev , Sayan Özkan , Özgün Alpaslan , Yılmaz Bahattin , Türken Orhan , Alacacıoğlu Ahmet , Öztürk Ahmet
Published: June 2009

To investigate CD4+CRTH2+ cells in peripheral blood in advanced stage non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Forty-six patients with advanced stage NSCLC, who are chemotherapy or radiotherapy naïve, and 17 healthy volunteers, were enrolled in this study. The study was performed using flow cytometry and a complete blood cell counter analyser. CD4+ T cell percentage, CD4/CD8 ratio, CRTH2+CD4+ cell percentages, counts, and mean fluorescein intensity (MFI) and hematological parameters were evaluated in both groups. A survival analysis was performed to compare the patients with high CD4+CRTH2+ cell percentage and those with low CD4+CRTH2+ percentage. CD4+ T cell percentage in total lymphocytes and the CD4/CD8 ratio were lower in the patient group than in the control group. The absolute CD8 T cell count was higher in the patient group than in the control group, whereas the total T cells was not different. The CRTH2+ cell percentage in CD4+ T cells (7.96% ± 6.21% vs 3.37% ± 3.55%; respectively; p: 0,001) and the absolute count of CRTH2+CD4+ cells ( 97 mm-3 ± 109 mm-3 vs 37 mm-3 ± 38 mm-3, respectively; p: 0,033) in the patient group were higher than in the control group, but CRTH2-PE MFI values were not different between groups. Cox regression analysis did not show that CRTH2+CD4+ cell count or percentage is an independent prognostic factor. The study found that CRTH2 expression of CD4+ T cells and CRTH2+CD4+ cell number are higher in the peripheral blood of NSCLC patients than in that of healthy subjects. Further studies that explore the biological significance of high CD4+CRTH2+ cells in lung cancer patients, should be pursued.
In hospital costs of acute heart failure patients in the Czech Republic
Authors: Ondrackova Barbora , Miklik Roman , Parenica Jiri , Spinar Jindrich , Sticha Michal , Sulcova Alexandra
Published: June 2009

The retrospective cost analysis estimates direct in-patient costs and length of stay (LOS) in hospital for acute heart failure (AHF). Patients were hospitalized with acute decompensation (ADHF) or de novo AHF in the Faculty Hospital Brno in 2005 and 2006. Burden incurred is divided to standard cardiology unit (SCU) and intensive care unit (ICU). In-patient care costs include flat rate of admission, stay and medicinal procedures. The pharmaceuticals are included in daily in-patient rate; angiography, revascularizations and antiarrhythmic interventions are calculated separately. In total, 734 patients (57% male, mean age 71.7 years) with AHF were analyzed. De novo AHF (58.6%) was more common than ADHF; according to the clinical classification AHF with mild signs and symptoms prevailed (46%). The overall direct hospital cost of all patients was €2.4 million, mean LOS was 8.3 days and mean in-patient cost was €3295 (including all interventions). Almost a half passed through both SCU and ICU with LOS 10.8 days; mean LOS in the SCU was 8.3 days with one-day cost of €55; mean LOS in the ICU was 3.4 days with one-day cost of €618. Total cost of cardiac catheterizations and revascularizations (50% patients) was almost a million; cost of antiarrhythmic interventions was €529216 (implantation of pacemaker, implantable cardioverter-defibrillator or cardiac resynchronization therapy with biventricular device; 6.9% patients). Mortality during hospitalization was 14.6%. AHF is associated with poor prognosis and high costs during hospital admission; the predominant contributors of high costs are revascularization procedures (39%), stay in the ICU (31%) and antiarrhythmic interventions (22%).
Quality of life in Lithuanian population: the impact of country residence and socio-economic status
Authors: Rėklaitienė Regina , Bacevičienė Miglė , Andrijauskas K.
Published: June 2009

Quality of life (QoL) and individual perception of health has become a subject of great interest in Lithuania. The relationships between country residence, socio-economic status (SES), and QoL have not been well characterized among the Lithuanian urban and rural populations. The aim of the study was to assess the influence of country residence and SES on QoL in Lithuanian urban and rural population adjusting for the influence of other known determinants of QoL. The study population was randomly selected from 1193 urban and 264 rural men and women aged 45–72 years and have been filled in the self-administered the WHOQOL-100 questionnaire. The survey participation rate was 62.8%. Psychometric evaluation of the WHOQOL-100 showed good internal reliability of Cronbach’s α from 0.78 to 0.94. Multiple linear regression models were used to study the influence of country residence and SES on the WHOQOL-100 scores while adjusting for the influence of other determinants of QoL. After adjusting for the influence of these factors, country residence and SES independently influenced QoL. Rural residence negatively affected the overall QoL, psychological domain, level of independence and spirituality. Higher education level and income directly and positively influenced the WHOQOL-100 scores, while retired, unemployed and residents with chronic medical conditions had negative influence WHOQOL-100 scores. The study results conclude that country residence and SES are associated with differences in QoL among urban and rural Lithuanian population.
Petrology of Gabbroides and Isotope Signature of Sulfide Mineralization from Fedorov-Pansky Layered Mafic Intrusion, Kola Peninsula, Russia
Authors: Huber Milosz , Halas Stanislaw , Piestrzyński Adam
Published: June 2009

Samples from Fiodoro-Pansky massif were investigated by polarized light microscopy, EDS electron microscopy and isotope ratio mass spectrometry. We have observed four-stage ore mineralization: (1) magmatic Fe-Ti-oxides, (2) sulfide-ferrous oxide, (3) hydrothermal Cu-Ni-sulfide with haycokite, talnakhite and galena admixture, (4) tiosulfates formed from pyrrhotite. A few sulfide samples from generations (2) and (4) were investigated isotopically. The second generation is isotopically homogenous with δ34S close to zero, whilst the third generation shows significantly negative δ34S values.
Antioxidant activity of NSAID hydroxamic acids
Authors: Končič Marijana , Rajič Zrinka , Petrič Neva , Zorc Branka
Published: June 2009

Antioxidant activity of NSAID hydroxamic acids

In the present study, seven hydroxamic acid derivatives of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (ibuprofen, fenoprofen, ketoprofen, indomethacin and diclofenac) were found to possess significant antioxidant, radical scavenging and metal chelating activities. The most active antioxidant and radical scavenger wasN-methylhydroxamic acid of diclofenac (ANT= 88.0% andEC50= 60.1 μg mL-1). The activity of the standard substance, butylated hydroxyanisole, in the two assays wasANT= 86.9% andEC50= 18.8 μg mL-1, respectively. Ibuproxam was the strongest iron chelator among investigated hydroxamic acids (EC50= 255.6 μg mL-1), yet significantly weaker than the standard substance, EDTA (EC50= 29.1 μg mL-1). It seems that different mechanism is involved in metal chelating activity than in antioxidant and radical scavenging activity. Antioxidant and radical scavenging activities may be connected with conjugation of the nitrogen lone electron pair with the carbonyl group. On the other hand, more hydrophilic substances tend to be better iron chelators.
Development and evaluation of gastroretentive norfloxacin floating tablets
Authors: Bomma Ramesh , Swamy Naidu Rongala , Yamsani Madhusudan , Veerabrahma Kishan
Published: June 2009

Development and evaluation of gastroretentive norfloxacin floating tablets

Floating matrix tablets of norfloxacin were developed to prolong gastric residence time, leading to an increase in drug bioavailability. Tablets were prepared by the wet granulation technique, using polymers such as hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC K4M, HPMC K100M) and xanthan gum. Tablets were evaluated for their physical characteristics,viz., hardness, thickness, friability, and mass variation, drug content and floating properties. Further, tablets were studied forin vitrodrug release characteristics for 9 hours. The tablets exhibited controlled and prolonged drug release profiles while floating over the dissolution medium. Non-Fickian diffusion was confirmed as the drug release mechanism from these tablets, indicating that water diffusion and polymer rearrangement played an essential role in drug release. The best formulation (F4) was selected based onin vitrocharacteristics and was usedin vivoradiographic studies by incorporating BaSO4. These studies revealed that the tablets remained in the stomach for 180 ± 30 min in fasting human volunteers and indicated that gastric retention time was increased by the floating principle, which was considered desirable for the absorption window drugs.
Preparation of pegylated nano-liposomal formulation containing SN-38: In vitro characterization and in vivo biodistribution in mice
Authors: Atyabi Fatemeh , Farkhondehfai Anahita , Esmaeili Farnaz , Dinarvand Rassoul
Published: June 2009

Preparation of pegylated nano-liposomal formulation containing SN-38:In vitrocharacterization andin vivobiodistribution in mice

7-Ethyl-10-hydroxy-camptothecin (SN-38), a metabolite of irinotecan x HCl, is poorly soluble in aqueous solutions and practically insoluble in most physiologically compatible and pharmaceutically acceptable solvents. Formulation of SN-38 in concentrated pharmaceutical delivery systems for parenteral administration is thus very difficult. Due to their biocompatibility and low toxicity, liposomes were considered for the delivery of SN-38. In this study, pegylated liposomes with distearoylphosphatidylcholine, distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine containing SN-38 were prepared and their characteristics, such as particle size, encapsulation efficiency,in vitrodrug release and biodistribution, were investigated. The particle size of liposomes was in the range of 150--200 nm. The encapsulation efficiency andin vitrorelease rate of pegylated liposomes was higher than those of non-pegylated liposomes. As expected, the distribution of pegylated liposomes in body organs such as liver, kidney, spleen and lung was considerably lower than that of non-pegylated liposomes. Also, their blood concentration was at least 50 % higher than that of non-pegylated liposomes.
A taxonomic account on the phytoplankton of a pond receiving textile industrial effluents. II. Euglenophyceae and Bacillariophyceae
Authors: Begum Z.N. Tahmida
Published: June 2009

A total of 97 phytoplanktonic algal taxa belonging to 17 genera under two classes (Euglenophyceae and Bacillariophyceae) have been recorded from a pond receiving effluents from two textile industries at Demra, Dhaka district. Five diatom species, namely Navicula cryptocephala Kütz., N. decussis Oestrup, N. rhynchocephala Kütz., N. viridula Kütz. and Nitzschia intermedia Hantzsch are new records for Bangladesh.Keywords: Industrial effluents; Phytoplankton; Taxonomy; Euglenophyceae; Bacillariophyceae.DOI: 10.3329/bjpt.v16i1.2742Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 16(1): 9-19, 2009 (June)