bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Block Architectures in 2D Polymer Networks Fabricated via Sequential Copolymerization in a Metal–Organic Framework
Authors: Nishijima Ami , Ximenis Marta , Qiao Shihui , Hosono Nobuhiko , Uemura Takashi
Published: December 2024

Two‐dimensional (2D) polymer network monolayers with novel block architectures were fabricated via sequential copolymerization within a pillared‐layer metal‐organic framework (MOF) that served as the reaction template. The MOF provides a confined 2D nanospace, restricting the crosslinking copolymerization of vinyl monomers to two dimensions. Sequential crosslinking copolymerization of methyl methacrylate and styrene, regulated by the reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) process, resulted in the formation of 2D block architectures with ‘patchy’ domains consisting of crosslinked poly(methyl methacrylate) and polystyrene segments. Atomic force microscopy revealed that the resulting block monolayers exhibited varied morphologies on substrates, attributed to their intrinsic flexibility in 2D conformation, which facilitated microphase separation of the 2D segments within monolayers, leading to the unique aggregation morphologies. The unprecedented block topology in 2D polymeric monolayers presented in this study introduces a novel strategy for designing 2D polymeric nanomaterials with flexible yet anisotropic properties.
New Inhibitors of β‐1,4‐Galactosyltransferase I Discovered by Virtual Screening
Authors: Kranjc Jaka , Tomašič Tihomir , Pajk Stane , Brinc Matjaž , Pišlar Anja , Anderluh Marko
Published: December 2024

Seven different enzymes comprise the galactosyltransferases family, of which β‐1,4‐galactosyltransferase I (β‐1,4‐GALT1) is the major contributor to galactosylation activity in cells. Since abnormalities in galactosylation are associated with many pathophysiological conditions, β‐1,4‐GALT1 is an interesting new target for drug discovery and molecular probe design. There are several known β‐1,4‐GALT1 inhibitors, but most of them suffer from low cell permeability and thus low in vivo activity. In the present work, we describe an in silico screening performed using commercially available virtual compound libraries that led us to the discovery of novel β‐1,4‐GALT1 inhibitors. A virtual screening campaign was performed by docking compound libraries to the binding site of β‐1,4‐GALT1, followed by biological evaluation of selected hits for their β‐1,4‐GALT1 inhibitory activity. The IC50 values were determined for the best performing inhibitors to obtain new chemotypes of β‐1,4‐GALT1 inhibitors.
Coffee and tea consumption and the risk of head and neck cancer: An updated pooled analysis in the International Head and Neck Cancer Epidemiology Consortium
Authors: Nguyen Timothy , Koric Alzina , Chang Chun‐Pin Esther , Barul Christine , Radoi Loredana , Serraino Diego , Purdue Mark P. , Kelsey Karl T. , McClean Michael D. , Negri Eva , Edefonti Valeria , Moysich Kirsten , Zhang Zuo‐Feng , Morgenstern Hal , Levi Fabio , Vaughan Thomas L. , La Vecchia Carlo , Garavello Werner , Hayes Richard B. , Benhamou Simone , Schantz Stimson P. , Yu Guo‐Pei , Brenner Hermann , Chuang Shu‐Chun , Boffetta Paolo , Hashibe Mia , Lee Yuan‐Chin Amy
Published: December 2024

Introduction

The relations between coffee and tea consumption and head and neck cancer (HNC) incidence are unclear. With increasing global HNC burden, this study aims to examine the association between coffee, tea, and HNC.

Methods

A pooled analysis of 9548 HNC cases and 15,783 controls from 14 individual‐level case‐control studies was conducted from the International Head and Neck Cancer Epidemiology consortium. Random‐effects logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for HNC and its subsites, adjusting for sociodemographic and lifestyle factors.

Results

Compared to non–coffee drinkers, drinking >4 cups of caffeinated coffee daily was inversely associated with HNC (OR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.69–1.00), oral cavity (OR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.55–0.89), and oropharyngeal cancers (OR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.61‐0.99). Drinking 3–4 cups of caffeinated coffee was inversely associated with hypopharyngeal cancer (OR, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.39–0.91). Drinking decaffeinated coffee and drinking between >0 to <1 cup daily were inversely associated with oral cavity cancer (OR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.64–0.87 and OR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.54–0.81). Drinking tea was inversely associated with hypopharyngeal cancer (OR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.59–0.87). Daily tea consumption of >0 to ≤1 cup was inversely associated with HNC (OR, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.84–0.98) and hypopharyngeal cancer (OR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.59–0.91), but drinking >1 cup was associated with laryngeal cancer (OR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.09–1.74).

Conclusion

These findings support reduced HNC risk among coffee and tea drinkers. Future studies are needed to address geographical differences in types of coffee and tea to improve our understanding of the association of coffee and tea and global HNC risk.
Bifunctional Zr‐MgAl Layered Double Hydroxide Catalyst for Sustainable Transfer Hydrogenation of Ethyl Levulinate to γ‐Valerolactone
Authors: Kumar Sahil , Choudhary Priyanka , Sharma Devendra , Krishnan Venkata
Published: December 2024

A highly versatile and efficient Zr‐MgAl layered double hydroxide (LDH) catalyst has been developed via coprecipitation technique for the transfer hydrogenation of levulinic acid/ester to high‐value γ‐valerolactone (GVL). Detailed state of the art characterizations of the as‐synthesized catalysts involving the structural, compositional, morphological, and surface area analysis were carried out to determine the relation between the physicochemical features and the catalytic activity. The proposed reaction protocol has been optimized by altering various reaction parameters, such as catalyst amount, temperature, time, and different hydrogen sources to obtain the maximum yield of GVL. In addition, kinetic studies were performed to gain deep insights into the role of Zr in catalytic activity, reaction kinetics, and the activation energy of the thermocatalytic process. The synthesis of GVL from renewable biomass resources promotes circular economy and carbon neutrality, paving the way for future research towards the sustainable production of green solvents.
Phase 1 Studies to Assess Inhaled Seralutinib as a Perpetrator or a Victim of Drug‐Drug Interactions in Healthy Participants
Authors: Li Jianke , Parsley Ed , Cravets Matt , DeNoia Emanuel , Key Cassandra , Mathias Anita
Published: December 2024

Seralutinib, an inhaled, small‐molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor in clinical development for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), was evaluated for its potential as a perpetrator or victim of a metabolic and transporter‐based drug‐drug interactions in 2 phase 1 studies. In study 1, 24 participants received a cocktail of probe substrates: caffeine (CYP1A2), montelukast (CYP2C8), flurbiprofen (CYP2C9), midazolam (CYP3A), and pravastatin (OATP1B1/1B3), plus digoxin (P‐gp) with or without seralutinib. In study 2, 19 participants received seralutinib with/without itraconazole, a strong CYP3A inhibitor, or fosaprepitant, a weak CYP3A inhibitor. Geometric least‐squares mean ratios and 90% confidence intervals for maximum observed concentration (Cmax) and area under the plasma concentration‐time curve (AUC) were obtained. Safety was monitored throughout the studies. All adverse events were mild or moderate in severity. Seralutinib coadministration increased AUC for midazolam 3.03‐fold and caffeine 1.32‐fold. The coadministration increased digoxin Cmax 1.28‐fold. Seralutinib did not meaningfully alter Cmax and AUC for montelukast, flurbiprofen, or pravastatin. Fosaprepitant and itraconazole increased seralutinib AUC 1.08‐ and 1.84‐fold, respectively. Seralutinib is a moderate CYP3A inhibitor and a weak CYP1A2 inhibitor; it slightly inhibits P‐gp. Seralutinib exposure is minimally affected by a weak CYP3A inhibitor but is substantially increased by a strong CYP3A inhibitor.
Anisotropy Factor Spectra for Weakly Allowed Electronic Transitions in Chiral Ketones
Authors: Kerber Leon A. , Kreuz Oliver , Ring Tom , Braun Hendrike , Berger Robert , Reich Daniel M.
Published: December 2024

Quantum chemical calculations of one‐photon absorption, electronic circular dichroism and anisotropy factor spectra for the A‐band transition of fenchone, camphor and 3‐methylcyclopentanone (3MCP) are reported. While the only weakly allowed nature of the transition leads to comparatively large anisotropies, a proper theoretical description of the absorption for such a transition requires to account for non‐Condon effects. We present experimental data for the anisotropy of 3MCP in the liquid phase and show that corresponding Herzberg–Teller corrections are critical to reproduce the main experimental features. The results obtained with our comprehensive theoretical model highlight the importance of the vibrational degree of freedom, paving the way for a deeper understanding of the dynamics in electronic circular dichroism.
Alkyl 4‐Alkoxyvalerates: Characterization and Application in Pd‐Catalyzed Aminocarbonylation of Iodo(hetero)arene Compounds
Authors: Uzunlu Ince Nuray , Pongrácz Péter , Kollár László , Szilágyi András , Takács Attila , Mika László T.
Published: December 2024

The palladium‐catalyzed aminocarbonylation is one of the most effective methods for the synthesis of carboxamides having great importance. Replacing fossil‐based organic solvents in this routinely used catalytic protocol with biomass‐derived media is crucial for developing environmentally safe alternatives and towards sustainability considerations. In this study, the open‐chain derivatives of bio‐originated substance γ‐valerolactone i. e. alkyl 4‐alkoxyvalerates (alkyl: methyl, ethyl, and propyl) were characterized and tested as potential polar aprotic alternatives of fossil‐based common N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) in aminocarbonylation protocols. First, the temperature‐dependent physicochemical properties of alkyl 4‐alkoxyvalerates were determined. Based on their characteristics, methyl 4‐methoxyvalerate (Me‐4MeOV) was selected and introduced in the Pd‐catalyzed aminocarbonylation of iodobenzene and morpholine as a model reaction, and an optimization study was carried out. Using the optimized conditions, several substituted iodobenzenes, as well as heteroaryl iodides, were successfully applied resulting in the target carboxamides selectively in short reaction time. Furthermore, the aminocarbonylation of iodobenzene in the presence of various amines was also accomplished extending the scope of the carboxamides produced in this alternative medium. Considering our observations, such as high conversions (up to 95 %) in short reaction time and selective amide formation, it has been justified that Me‐4MeOV could be an appropriate alternative medium in aminocarbonylation protocols.
Caregiver Involvement in Psychotherapy for Young People With Borderline Personality Disorder and Borderline Personality Disorder Features: A Systematic Review
Authors: Bosworth C. , Watsford C. , Buckmaster D. , Rickwood D.
Published: December 2024

Caregivers of young people with borderline personality disorder (BPD) or BPD features experience significant burden and distress and often lack effective coping strategies. A family environment of pervasive invalidation can contribute to the disorder and work against effective coping. Consequently, some psychotherapy interventions for young people with BPD or BPD features aim to incorporate caregivers in treatment to varying degrees. This review synthesised results of existing studies that included caregivers in psychotherapy alongside their young person and that examined caregiver outcomes using quantitative measures. The review and literature search were conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Searches of five databases returned a total of 2988 articles, of which 10 met inclusion criteria and only two of which were RCTs. Seven used a dialectical behaviour therapy approach, two used brief psychoeducation, and one was an online social group. Articles examined changes in caregivers regarding treatment feasibility and satisfaction, emotion communication, perceived knowledge of BPD and caregiver mental health, burden and stress. Although there are few studies and results are limited by considerable methodological limitations, results suggest that including caregivers in treatment alongside young people, even in a brief capacity, may improve caregiver outcomes on several measures. Inclusion of caregivers is conceptually particularly pertinent for BPD for young people, and this review reveals important clinical implications and clear future research directions.
Earth‐Abundant 3d‐Transition Metal Metasilicates As Effective Electrocatalysts For Alkaline HER: CuZnSiO3 Outperforms CuSiO3 and ZnSiO3
Authors: Ghogare Trupti , Patil Indrajit , Hossain Mujaffar , Bobade Richa , Mondal Sukanta , Varma Su , Das Bidisa , Ogale Satishchandra
Published: December 2024

Hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is a key reaction in electrochemical water splitting for hydrogen production leading to the development of potentially sustainable energy technology. Importantly, the catalysts required for HER must be earth‐abundant for their large‐scale deployment; silicates representing one such class. Herein, we have synthesized a series of transition mono‐ and bi‐ metal metasilicates (with SiO32− group) using facile wet‐chemical method followed by calcination at a higher temperature. The structural and morphological studies show their unique crystal structure and distinctive morphology, as well as the surface texture, with the band gap ranges of 1.49–2.24 eV. Interestingly, CuZnSiO3, with all earth‐abundant elements, exhibits a band gap of 1.67 eV, shows impressive electrocatalytic properties. We show that CuZnSiO3 exhibits HER activity with much lower overpotential (η=151 mV) at 10 mA cm−2 under alkaline conditions. The CuZnSiO3 electrode also shows good electrocatalytic stability (ΔE=24 mV) even after 25 hours of chronoamperometric stability test and the performance is comparable to the commercial Pt/C catalyst under similar conditions. Finally, detailed electronic structure studies employing density functional theory (DFT) as well as electronic transport studies were performed to understand and elucidate the superior performance of CuZnSiO3 over the CuSiO3 and ZnSiO3 electrocatalysts.
Perovskite CsCuClxBr3‐x Microcrystals: Band Structure, Photochemical Stability, and Photocatalytic Properties
Authors: Tang Shuang Chao , Li Yan Jie , Yang Jing , Zhao Ting , Tian Jie , Wang Yan Jie , Ji Zhuo Yu , Li Yu , Dai Yi Tao , He Tao , Zhang Yong‐Wei , Emeline Alexei V. , Pang Qi , Bahnemann Detlef W. , Pan Jia Hong
Published: December 2024

Although Pb‐based metal halide perovskites (MHPs) have excellent photoelectric characteristics, its toxicity remains a limiting factor for its widespread application. In the paper, a series of CsCuClxBr3‐x (x=1, 2, 3) MHPs microcrystals were developed and their hydrogen evolution performance in ethanol and HX (X=Cl, Br) were also studied. Among them, CsCuCl3 microcrystals exhibit high hydrogen evolution performance in both HX and ethanol, attributed to its longest average lifetime and suitable band structure. Additionally, the effect of different sacrificial agents on photocatalytic hydrogen production indicates that the photogenerated hole (h+) plays a critical role. MHPs can maintain a dynamic equilibrium of dissolution and precipitation in HX saturated aqueous solutions, thereby overcoming the stability issues associated with perovskite. The phase transition of CsCuClxBr3‐x during photocatalysis is monitored by XRD technique. CsCuCl3 shows high stability in saturated HCl aqueous solution, and excellent photocatalytic performance with a hydrogen production rate of CsCuCl3 microcrystals reached 103.98 μmol g−1 at 210 min. Our study expands the development prospects of CsCuCl3 in the field of photocatalytic solar fuel generation.
A q‐Z Source‐Based Modified Bidirectional Three‐Port Converter for Battery‐Assisted Solar PV Applications
Authors: Chakraborty Indrojeet , S Sreejith , Kumar Pradhan Sovit
Published: December 2024

In this paper, two separate q‐Z source‐based three‐port converters (TPC) with modified bidirectional networks (BDNs) that offer significant voltage gain for photovoltaic (PV)‐battery applications are proposed. Both designs allow the converter operation to be carried out in four different modes where the power from primary source can flow to the battery as well as the load and the battery alone can also feed power to the load, at lower duty cycle. The designs are based on a q‐Z source converter and use a modified bidirectional path to accommodate the battery port. The main advantage of using one of the two proposed topology is that it provides a common ground for the primary source input (PV), the bidirectional energy storage port, and the output port. In addition to the above mentioned four modes of operation, in the proposed topology, an external switch can be used to charge the battery from the PV source in the absence of the load as well. On the basis of these two distinct advantages, one of the two designs is analyzed in detail. A noncomplex control algorithm is designed to facilitate the battery operation depending upon load power requirement. There are two different duty ratios to control the operation of five MOSFETs to regulate the output voltage. In addition, the converter offers suitable features such as low voltage stress (V) across devices, continuous input current, and common ground (comm.g.) for all three ports, to be used for renewable energy source (RES) applications. The validation of the analytical analysis of the converter is done in a Matlab simulink environment, and the results are presented. For validating the performance of the proposed converter, a 250‐V, 450‐W prototype is implemented and tested at 10 kHz. The converter in stand‐alone mode can attain an efficiency of around 94.5%.
Overexpression of Growth Differentiation Factor 15 Reduces Neuronal Cell Damage Induced by Oxygen‐Glucose Deprivation/Reoxygenation via Inhibiting Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress‐Mediated Ferroptosis
Authors: Li Haiming , Chen Bin , Chen Zhelin , Luo Jianming , Yang Binyuan
Published: December 2024

Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) can be induced under various stress conditions. This study aimed to explore the role of GDF15 in oxygen‐glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R)‐induced HT22 cells. OGD/R was employed to induce the HT22 cell model, and GDF15 expression was upregulated via transfection. Subsequently, the effects on inflammatory factors, oxidative stress markers, apoptosis‐related proteins, and ferroptosis markers were detected. Relevant indicators were evaluated using techniques such as ELISA, probes, flow cytometry, and western blotting. Furthermore, changes in these phenotypes under the influence of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress agonist tunicamycin (TM) were evaluated.

The result showed that GDF15 was significantly up‐regulated in OGD/R‐treated HT22 cells. Overexpression of GDF15 significantly reduced the levels of inflammatory factors tumor necrosis factor‐α, IL (interleukin)‐1β, and IL‐6, inhibited the production of reactive oxygen species and MDA, and improved activity of superoxide dismutase and GSH‐Px. Flow cytometry and western blotting results showed that GDF15 overexpression significantly reduced cell apoptosis, reduced caspase3 activity, and regulated the expression of Bcl2 and Bax. In addition, overexpression of GDF15 reduces the levels of ferroptosis markers by inhibiting ER stress. ER stress inducer TM can reverse the protective effects of GDF15 overexpression and promote inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. This study shows that overexpression of GDF15 reduces OGD/R‐induced HT22 cell damage, and ER stress‐mediated ferroptosis is included in the regulatory mechanisms. This provides a theoretical basis for GDF15 as a new target for the treatment of cerebral ischemia‐reperfusion injury.
Sex and Age Differences in Habitat Selection of the Mountain Dragon Lizard (Diploderma splendidum) From Western China
Authors: Zheng Dongqing , Li Ling , Gao Wei , Chen Meiqi , Guo Peng , Wu Yayong
Published: December 2024

Habitat selection in animals results from a careful balance of individual requirements, environmental conditions, and ecological disturbances. Preferences can vary across sexes and ages due to differences in survival and reproductive priorities. Despite this variability, most studies have traditionally focused on isolated aspects of either sex or age‐related differences in habitat selection, rather than considering a comprehensive range of influencing factors. The mountain dragon lizard (Diploderma splendidum) exemplifies a species adapted to shrub habitats in the dry‐hot river valleys of the lower Jinsha River, Western China, playing a crucial role in regional ecosystem stability. In this study, we examined the influence of 11 ecological factors on habitat selection by male and female D. splendidum across two distinct age classes (adult and juvenile) to explore sex and age‐related disparities. The lizards showed considerable similarity in habitat preferences, but notable differences in their selection of specific ecological factors. Compared to adult females, adult males displayed a preference for higher tree positions, lower light intensity, and moderate vegetation density. Compared to juvenile females, juvenile males favored higher tree positions, low rock formations, and shrubby grassland and forest. Compared to juvenile females, adult females preferred higher tree positions and habitats further from water. Compared to juvenile males, adult males preferred higher tree habitats. Overall, habitat selection complexity in D. splendidum was significantly influenced by sex and age factors. This study contributes to our understanding of how these lizards respond to different physiological structures and resource requirements. These findings enhance current knowledge on reptile habitat selection and provide theoretical insights crucial for ecological restoration and species protection in the hot and dry valley areas of Hengduan Mountain.
Linking Foraging Behaviour and Habitat Preferences During Moult Across Multiple Populations of Red‐Throated Diver
Authors: Duckworth James , O'Brien Susan , Dunn Ruth E. , Petersen Ib K. , Petersen Aevar , Benediktsson Guðmundur , Johnson Logan , Lehikoinen Petteri , Okill David J. , Väisänen Roni , Williams Jim , Williams Stuart , Daunt Francis , Green Jonathan A.
Published: December 2024

Understanding the habitat use of individuals can facilitate methods to measure the degree to which populations will be affected by potential stressors. Such insights can be hard to garner for marine species that are inaccessible during phases of their annual cycles. Here, we quantify the link between foraging habitat and behaviour in an aquatic bird of high conservation concern, the red‐throated diver (Gavia stellata) across three breeding populations (Finland, Iceland and Scotland) during their understudied moult period. Specifically, we quantify the relationship between feather isotope values (δ13C and δ15N) and diving behaviour, within and between populations, examining the use of intra‐depth zone (IDZ) dives as a proxy for benthic foraging. We found a strong positive relationship between both higher δ15N values and, to a lesser extent, δ13C values and the proportion of IDZ dives. This relationship was consistent across all three populations, but the baseline δ13C values varied between them, indicative of the populations' different moulting areas. Our results demonstrate that red‐throated divers continue to be generalist foragers after their breeding seasons, and that behavioural flexibility varies within and between populations. Furthermore, due to the existence of these relationships, we reveal the potential of stable isotope analysis as a standalone tool for monitoring changes in habitat use in this ecologically significant species. The approach may also apply to other generalist foragers that are known to use multiple foraging strategies (e.g., foraging benthically and pelagically), with implications for future conservation efforts.
Rare Taxa Are Key Links in Regional Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles in Dusts Across Diverse North American Regions
Authors: George Paul B. L. , Rossi Florent , Veillette Marc , Cayouette Amélia Bélanger , Leclerc Samantha , Dumais Cindy , Turgeon Nathalie , Duchain Caroline
Published: December 2024

The role of bioaerosols in the dispersal of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) and resistant microorganisms is poorly understood. In addition, bioaerosols are powerful composite samples representative of the surrounding environment and can be used as sentinels of many local habitats. Evidence suggests that using environmental DNA from dust collected on vehicle cabin air filters can define regional resistance profiles. Here, this method was used to investigate differences in resistance gene profiles, their underlying bacterial communities, and their links to anthropogenic and environmental variables across Canada. In total, 477 car filter samples were collected, with every province and territory being represented. DNA was extracted from filter dust. High‐throughput qPCR was used to detect and quantify a panel of 36 ARGs and 3 mobile genetic elements. Bacterial biomass was assessed using standard qPCR methods of the 16S rRNA gene, which was also used to assess bacterial biodiversity via metabarcoding. Results indicated that qepA dominates antimicrobial resistance profiles across Canada. However, after they were removed from the dataset, regional profiles were evident based on gene type and richness. Factors positively linked to total numbers of ARGs included human and livestock populations; whereas mean annual precipitation was negatively linked to resistance gene quantities. Measures of α‐diversity were generally greater in the western regions of Canada than in the east and the north. Community composition analyses showed similarities between the prairies and territories, which were separated from other regions. Finally, network analyses revealed a relatively stable group of core ARGs across regions, which were largely correlated with low‐abundance genera. Such findings suggest that rare taxa are key links in the diffusion of antimicrobial resistance in environmental contexts. Furthermore, this study highlights the potential application of vehicle air filters in building long‐term monitoring capacity of outdoor bioaerosols.
Researcher Reflections—Inspiring Paths in Academia
Authors: Hausmann Annika , Sandu Ioana , Bechara Rami , Eidsmo Liv , Liston Adrian , Naik Shruti , Scott Charlotte L. , Villa Matteo , Villablanca Eduardo , Muñoz‐Wolf Natalia
Published: December 2024

The journey of early‐career researchers (ECRs) in immunology is marked by many challenges but also exciting prospects. Here we bring a snapshot of the recent ECR workshop organized by the Young European Federation of Immunology Societies (yEFIS) during the 7th European Congress of Immunology (ECI), which took place in Dublin Ireland from September 1 to 4, 2024. This article brings forward the unique experiences and perspectives of eight Principal Investigators (PIs) and the events that shaped their careers in immunology. Navigating challenges, from mastering intricate laboratory techniques, securing tenure, or moving countries, to finding the right balance between family and research life; their stories reveal the diverse paths to independence within academia. This series celebrates scientific accomplishments acknowledging the non‐linearity of career paths and the value of passion for discovery, self‐confidence, resilience, and perseverance in their academic journeys.
Catalytic Transfer Hydrogenation of Dimethyl 1, 4‐cyclohexane Dicarboxylate into 1, 4‐cyclohexanedimethanol over Cu/ZnO/Al2O3/ZrO2 Catalysts
Authors: Meng Huiwen , Lei Qian , Deng Conger , Liang Linlin , Wang Zijian , Lei Weixin , Chen Honglin
Published: December 2024

A novel and efficient protocol for the conversion of dimethyl 1, 4‐cyclohexane dicarboxylate (DMCD) into 1, 4‐cyclohexanedimethanol (CHDM) was proposed via catalytic transfer hydrogenation (CTH). In this approach, methanol functioned as both the hydrogen donor and the solvent, and a cost‐effective Cu/ZnO/Al₂O₃/ZrO₂ catalyst was utilized for facilitating the reaction. Under the specified conditions at 235 °C, a conversion of 96.61 % with a selectivity of 60.71 % was achieved. To elucidate the reaction mechanism, comprehensive characterizations were conducted to examine the catalysts with varying ZrO2 contents. The investigation revealed that the reaction begins with the adsorption of DMCD and methanol onto the acidic sites of the catalyst, followed by their activation on the reduced‐state Cu.
Electrochemical Alkoxylation of Benzylic C(sp3)−H Bonds
Authors: Zhao Naixuan , Xie Geyao , Zheng Miao , Chang Shunzhen , Zhang Zhenwei , He Guoxue , Zhou Yu
Published: December 2024

We report an electrochemical process for the direct alkoxylation of benzylic C(sp3)−H bonds without the need for external oxidants or metal catalysts. This environmentally friendly and sustainable synthetic strategy facilitates the alkoxylation of C(sp3)−H in benzylic groups. The approach enables the late‐stage incorporation of complex alkoxy groups into bioactive molecules, providing potential applications in the synthesis of celestolide derivatives.
Optimizing water‐nitrogen regulation for enhanced carbon absorption and reduced greenhouse gas emissions in greenhouse tomato cultivation
Authors: Zhao Wenju , Yu Haiying , Ding Lei , Wu Keqian , Yang Xiai
Published: December 2024

To study the impact of different water‐nitrogen regulation modes on the carbon cycle of greenhouse tomatoes and determine optimal irrigation and nitrogen application levels to enhance carbon absorption and minimize greenhouse gas emissions. This study employed three irrigation levels (100%, 80%, and 60% of ET0) and three nitrogen application levels (240, 192, and 144 kg·ha−1), along with a control group (W1N1, i.e., 100% ET0‐240 kg·ha−1). Gas‐chromatography methods were used to monitor CH4 and soil CO2 emissions, while assessing dry matter, carbon content, and carbon fixation capacity of tomato organs throughout the growth period. Additionally, a system for evaluating the net ecosystem carbon budget of facility tomatoes was developed based on net primary productivity. Results indicated reduced CH4 and soil CO2 emissions with decreased irrigation and nitrogen application. Dry matter, carbon content, and carbon fixation of tomato organs initially increased with reduced nitrogen and irrigation but then declined. The W2N2 (80% ET0‐192 kg·ha−1) treatment showed maximal values for dry matter, carbon content, carbon fixation, net primary productivity (NPP), and gross primary productivity (GPP). Findings suggest a positive net ecosystem carbon budget under reduced water and nitrogen conditions, indicating carbon absorption. Specifically, the W2N2 treatment outperformed others in net carbon absorption, highlighting its potential as an effective mode for enhancing carbon sequestration in the region.
Deep Reinforcement Learning Based Subcarrier Allocation With End‐To‐End Implicit CSI Acquisition in Multiuser OFDM Systems
Authors: Zhang Lingling , Zhang Yuan
Published: December 2024

In multiuser orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems, subcarrier allocation is a key means for improving the system capacity. During subcarrier allocation process, the channel state information (CSI) plays a key role. Recently, implicit CSI is considered as a possible alternative to replace explicit CSI. But under the condition of implicit CSI, the existing subcarrier allocation algorithms using explicit CSI need to be redesigned. In this article, subcarrier allocation with implicit CSI acquisition in frequency‐division duplex (FDD) OFDM systems is investigated. To adapt to the implicit CSI, a corresponding deep reinforcement learning (DRL) based proportional fairness (PF) subcarrier allocation algorithm is proposed to maximize the long term PF utility. Simulation results show that compared with the subcarrier allocation algorithms with explicit CSI acquisition such as LS/MMSE channel estimation and individual neural network (NN) based channel estimation and feedback, the proposed scheme achieves higher system sum rate and user fairness and gets close to the traditional PF algorithm with perfect CSI, which demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed subcarrier allocation scheme with implicit CSI acquisition.
Large Bilobed Flap for Head and Neck Reconstruction: Technique and Outcomes
Authors: Rapoport Nicholas A. , Peterson Andrew M. , Chiang Sarah N. , Kallogjeri Dorina , Rich Jason T.
Published: December 2024

Background

Head and neck reconstruction after resection of cutaneous malignancies spans the entire reconstructive ladder. Local flaps, such as the bilobed flap, offer excellent versatility, negligible morbidity, and minimal hospitalization. However, there is sparse data regarding the bilobed flap for large defects of the head and neck.

Methods

A retrospective case series identified patients undergoing head and neck reconstruction with a large bilobed flap for defect sizes ≥ 5 x 5 cm. Data collected included demographics, risk factors for impaired healing, operative variables, and complications.

Results

Nineteen patients were included; 15 (79%) were male, and median age was 80 years (47–88). Twelve patients had pertinent comorbidities and risk factors, including diabetes mellitus, current smoker, prior radiation to the operative area, and immunosuppressive state. Ten (53%) patients experienced complications, including infection, necrosis, or hematoma. Eleven (58%) patients received adjuvant radiation. Eleven (58%) patients were discharged within 1 day.

Conclusion

The large bilobed flap is an effective reconstructive technique for large head and neck cutaneous defects in properly selected patients. This flap can be a useful alternative to free tissue transfer in elderly patients.
Comprehensive Analysis Reveals No Significant Correlation Between p16/CDKN2A Expression and Treatment Outcomes in Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Nguyen Helen Hieu , Gupta Ishita , Cellini Ashley , Papadimitriou John C. , Mehra Ranee , Gaykalova Daria A. , Witek Matthew E.
Published: December 2024

Background

The p16/CDKN2A protein is being explored as an independent prognostic marker in laryngeal cancer, with studies suggesting that p16‐positive patients may have a better prognosis. While its role is well‐established in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) related to HPV, ongoing research indicates its potential prognostic value in laryngeal cancer, even in HPV‐negative cases.

Methods

In this study, we investigated the association between survival outcomes and p16 expression in a cohort of 310 laryngeal cancer patients from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) Program and the University of Maryland Medical Center (UMMC).

Results

In the TCGA cohort, patients with high p16 protein expression had a significantly higher probability of disease‐free survival (DFS) at 89%, compared to 51% in the low p16 protein group (p = 0.0266). Additionally, the mean relative p16 protein expression decreased significantly with advancing TNM stage, measured at 1.116 for stage II, 1.075 for stage III, and 0.6204 for stage IV (p = 0.7871 for stage II vs. stage III, p = 0.0065 for stage III vs. stage IV, p = 0.0031 for stage I vs. stage IV). Protein expression for p16 also correlated with CDKN2A retention/deletion status (p = 0.0077), where the DFS was higher in patients with retained CDKN2A than those with deleted CDKN2A (p = 0.0187). Multivariate analysis of the UMMC and TCGA cohorts revealed that both an increase in the patient's age and higher T stage significantly increased the risk of mortality (p = 0.05, p = 0.01, respectively).

Conclusion

While this study observes trends suggesting that low p16 protein expression is associated with longer DFS and advanced TNM stage in laryngeal cancer, the multivariate analysis did not establish p16 as an independent prognostic factor. These findings suggest that while p16 may have a biological role in tumor progression, its utility as a standalone prognostic marker in clinical outcomes requires further validation.
Search for meaning alleviated individual depressive symptoms during COVID‐19 pandemic: The mediating role of optimism
Authors: Yuan Muzi , Zhou Tong , Zhong Jiayi , Yin Yue , Liu Junsheng , Sang Biao
Published: December 2024

The COVID‐19 pandemic and subsequent quarantine measures have disrupted people's normal pace of life and created excessive pressure. The current study examined the mitigating effect of search for meaning in life on individual depressive symptoms and the mediating role of optimism during COVID‐19 lockdown period. A total of 462 participants (Mage = 37.42 years, SD = 13.15, 166 males) residing in Wuhan, China were recruited online at the beginning of April 2020 when the city was still under lockdown measures. Data were collected four times spanning from April to May 2020, with an interval of roughly 2 weeks in between. The results indicated that search for meaning and optimism was positively correlated with each other concurrently, and both of them were negatively correlated with depressive symptoms. Specifically, search for meaning at T1 could positively predict optimism at T2, which in turn negatively predicted depressive symptoms at T3, suggesting that optimism acted as the mediator for the buffering effects of search for meaning on one's depressive symptoms. Results highlighted the protective role of search for meaning for individual psychological adjustment under such adverse situation as COVID‐19 epidemic, and provided practical implications for people to deal with stressful period like quarantine.
Athletic field paint reduces carbohydrate content in bermudagrass
Authors: Segars Chrissie A. , Moss Justin Quetone , Martin Dennis L. , Wu Yanqi , Maness Niels O.
Published: December 2024

The application of athletic field paint is a common practice on athletic fields all over the world. However, field managers have reported damaging effects of athletic field paint on turfgrass health. The objectives of this study were: (1) compare three LI‐COR® photosynthesis measurement chambers for accuracy, stability, and ease of use. and (2) to investigate the impact of athletic field paint applications on turfgrass carbohydrate content. White and black athletic field paint was applied once a week for 4 weeks to “Latitude 36” bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. X C. transvaalensis Burtt‐Davy], and changes in turfgrass carbohydrate content were measured. To compare LI‐COR® chambers, a LI‐COR® 6400XT short and tall canopy chamber and an extended reach chamber was used. The short canopy LI‐COR® chamber was the most efficient measurement device when tested among a tall canopy chamber and an extended reach chamber. Water‐soluble carbohydrate content was quantified using a high‐performance liquid chromatography system. White and black paint reduced leaf water‐soluble carbohydrate content by 40.5% and 68.8%, respectively, compared to the untreated control over the 4‐week study.
Computing Accurate & Reliable Rovibrational Spectral Data for Aluminum‐Bearing Molecules
Authors: Palmer C. Zachary , Firth Rebecca A. , Fortenberry Ryan C.
Published: December 2024

The difficulty of quantum chemically computing vibrational, rotational, and rovibrational reference data via quartic force fields (QFFs) for molecules containing aluminum appears to be alleviated herein using a hybrid approach based upon CCSD(T)‐F12b/cc‐pCVTZ further corrected for conventional CCSD(T) scalar relativity within the harmonic terms and simple CCSD(T)‐F12b/cc‐pVTZ for the cubic and quartic terms: the F12‐TcCR+TZ QFF. Aluminum containing molecules are theorized to participate in significant chemical processes in both the Earth's upper atmosphere as well as within circumstellar and interstellar media. However, experimental data for the identification of these molecules are limited, showcasing the potential for quantum chemistry to contribute significant amounts of spectral reference data. Unfortunately, current methods for the computation of rovibrational spectral data have been shown previously to exhibit large errors for aluminum‐containing molecules. In this work, ten different methods are benchmarked to determine a method to produce experimentally‐accurate rovibrational data for theorized aluminum species. Of the benchmarked methods, the explicitly correlated, hybrid F12‐TcCR+TZ QFF consistently produces the most accurate results compared to both gas‐phase and Ar‐matrix experimental data. This method combines the accuracy of the composite F12‐TcCR energies along with the numerical stability of non‐composite anharmonic terms where the non‐rigid nature of aluminum bonding can be sufficiently treated.
ATP‐Binding Cassette Transporter Genes and microRNAs in Pediatric B‐Cell ALL: Expression Insights
Authors: Nekouian Reza , Faranoush Pooya , Khesali Fatemeh , Shams Parisa , Foroughi‐Gilvaee Mohammad Reza , Sadighnia Negin , Azad Dorsa Fallah , Ehsani MohammadAli , Faranoush Mohammad
Published: December 2024

Background

Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), characterized by uncontrolled growth of abnormal lymphocytes, predominantly affects children. Genetic analysis focusing on genes and microRNAs reveals important information about the biology of ALL, enabling accurate diagnosis and treatment. This study examines gene and microRNA expression in B cell ALL to improve early diagnosis and personalized treatment.

Methods

Bone marrow samples were collected from patients both before and after the induction phase of chemotherapy. Comprehensive diagnostic techniques including flow cytometry, molecular assays, real‐time PCR for common translocations, karyotyping, and complete blood count (CBC) analysis were employed. These methods were utilized to determine the type and risk assessment of ALL, identify specific gene and microRNA expressions, and measure blood cell counts.

Results

The study comprised 12 patients, all under the age of 18. Post‐treatment RT‐PCR analysis revealed significant reductions in the expression of the ABCB1 gene, miR‐129‐5p, and miR‐9‐5p following the induction phase of chemotherapy. Karyotype analysis indicated that two patients were hypodiploid; unfortunately, both of these patients did not survive.

Conclusion

MicroRNAs and ABC genes serve as predictive and prognostic biomarkers in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) and should be carefully reconsidered. It is more accurate to state that while microRNAs and ABC genes may potentially influence treatment response in ALL, further research is crucial to fully understand their roles in determining treatment outcomes.
Association Between Thromboelastography and Coagulation for Disease Severity Evaluation in Patients With Lower Extremity Arteriosclerosis Obliterans
Authors: Huang Zhen , Feng Zibo , Bai Xiangli , Wang Xingxing , Wang Pengyun , Xiong Liang
Published: December 2024

Background

Thromboelastography (TEG) and coagulation tests can be used to detect hypercoagulability to assess thrombus formation. This study explored the association between TEG and coagulation in evaluating disease severity in elderly patients with lower extremity arteriosclerotic occlusive disease (LEASO), aimed to provide surgical treatment guideline.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed the clinical characteristics, laboratory biomarkers, TEG and coagulation parameters of 233 elderly LEASO patients treated between 2020 and 2023. Among them, 86 underwent surgical amputation, 51 received vascular intervention, and the remaining were treated conservatively. Differences in TEG and coagulation among the three groups were assessed using Spearman's correlation. Multivariate logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic curves analyzed the relationships among TEG, fibrinogen (FIB), and D‐dimer (D‐D) levels for surgical evaluation.

Results

Inflammatory factors, platelet counts, and Fontaine stages III‐IV differed significantly between the surgery and conservative groups (p < 0.05). The surgery group had higher α‐angle, maximum amplitude (MA), coagulation comprehensive index (CI), FIB, and D‐D, whereas lower clotting time (K) compared to the conservative group (p < 0.05), correlated with a lower ankle brachial index (ABI), indicating more severe clinical presentation. Spearman's analysis identified positive associations between α‐angle, MA with FIB and D‐D levels in surgical patients. Area under curve analysis indicated that combining MA, α‐angle, FIB, and D‐D could enhance accuracy in evaluating surgical necessity in LEASO.

Conclusion

In elderly LEASO patients, TEG and coagulation analysis revealed a positive association between thrombus intensity and disease severity. Increased MA, α‐angle, FIB, and D‐D levels serve as predictors for surgical treatment necessity in LEASO.
Comparative Prognostic Value of Glomerular Filtration Rate, Serum Cystatin C, Beta‐2‐Microglobulin and Albuminuria for Death and Chronic Kidney Disease Progression
Authors: Cerezo Isis , Cancho Barbara , Rodriguez Sabillon Jorge Alberto , Jorge Alberto , Alvarez Lopez Alvaro , Valladares Julian , Lopez Gomez Juan , Romero Jorge , Robles Nicolas Roberto
Published: December 2024

Aims

Serum creatinine and albuminuria are the core of most CKD prediction and progression risk models. Several biomarkers have been introduced to improve these results such as beta‐2‐microglobulin (B2M) and cystatin C (CysC). Nevertheless, few clinical comparisons of these biomarkers are available. We have compared serum B2M levels with albuminuria, CysC levels, and the CKD‐EPI GFR equations.

Designs and Methods

A sample of 434 patients were studied: 234 males and 200 females, the mean age was 58.3 ± 15.0 years, and 33.4% have diabetes mellitus. In all patients, plasma B2M, CysC, creatinine, and urinary albumin excretion were analyzed. EGFR was calculated using CKD‐EPI equations for creatinine, CysC, and creatinine‐CysC. The risk of death and CKD progression was evaluated using ROC curves and Cox proportional hazards survivorship models.

Results

For mortality, the highest area under the curve (AUC) was for CysC (0.775, 0.676–0.875). The lowest sensitivity was shown by eGFR (creatinine) (0.298, 0.195–0.401, p < 0.001), eGFR (CysC) (0.216, 0.118–0.314, p < 0.001), and eGFR (creatinine + CysS) (0.218, 0.124–0.312, p < 0.001). For progression to advanced CKD, the highest AUC was for CysC (0.908, 0.862–0.954). The lowest sensitivity was shown by eGFR (creatinine) (0.184, 0.106–0.261, p < 0.001), eGFR (CysC) (0.095, 0.048–0.14, p < 0.001), and eGFR (creatinine+ CysC) (0.087, 0.040–0.134, p < 0.001). CysC, after age, was the second‐best marker of life risk. Contrariwise, for CKD progression, CysC, and albuminuria were the best markers.

Conclusions

The best biomarker of mortality and risk of progression to CKD was CysC. Albuminuria and B2M were the next best options to be used. The lowest sensitivity was shown by estimated eGFR.