bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Moisture and Temperature Induced Degradation in Tensile Properties of Kevlar-Graphite/Epoxy Hybrid Composites
Authors: Haque A. , Mahmood S. , Walker L. , Jeelani S.
Published: March 2007

This paper presents results of a comparative study of the effects of mois ture and temperature on tensile properties of Kevlar 49/epoxy, graphite/epoxy, single fiber and Kevlar 49-graphite/epoxy hybrid composites. The work reported here shows varia tions in tensile strength, elastic modulus and Poisson's ratio with changes in the hygrother mal conditions. A temperature range of 23°C to 150°C was considered for both dry and wet specimens exposed to moisture for 200 days. Moisture was introduced into the speci men by immersion in distilled water. Effects of the kind of outer fiber of the same hybrid system was also studied for better understanding of the behavior of hybrid composites. Variation in the tensile modulus determined by various test methods is also reported.

The results indicate that moisture and temperature degrade the tensile strength of hybrid and single fiber composites. The tensile modulus of Kevlar 49-graphite/epoxy is compara tively higher than that of Kevlar 49/epoxy. The degradation of the tensile modulus is mostly temperature dependent. The presence of moisture either increases or decreases the tensile modulus depending upon the laminate and exposure conditions. Poisson's ratio in general appears to increase with temperature. In the presence of moisture the Poisson's ratio further increases between the temperatures of 45°C to 150°C.
Stress Wave Propagation in Hybrid Composite Materials
Authors: Li Y.L. , Ruiz C. , Harding J.
Published: March 2007

In this report, the dynamic-response, in particular, the interlaminar shear stress, in three-layer symmetrical hybrid composites is studied using the shear lag model. Theoretical solutions for four different types of loading are obtained. Numerical examples are given for the step loading case and the results obtained show good agreement with those determined using the finite element method. The interlaminar shear stress is com posed of static and dynamic parts and the peak interlaminar shear stress, which occurs at the loading end under the step uniform pressure loading, is dominated by the static stress and is dependent on the stiffness ratio between the centre and the outer plies. This agrees with the solution for the infinite length case, see Reference [1].
Viscoelastic Analysis of Filament-Wound Composite Material Systems
Authors: Macek Richard W. , Hackett Robert M.
Published: March 2007

A methodology for the viscoelastic analysis of filament-wound polymer matrix composites is developed and demonstrated. The procedure uses the elastic- viscoelastic correspondence principle with standard micromechanics models to obtain the viscoelastic properties of the composite. For global analysis, an efficient time-stepping algorithm is developed and implemented in a general purpose finite element code via a user-supplied material subroutine. The algorithm is verified by comparison to the exact analysis of a rigid inclusion in an infinite viscoelastic plate and the utility of the entire methodology is shown by analysis and testing of a composite spring.
Simplified Methodology for Prediction of Critical Buckling Pressure for Smooth-Bore Composite Cylindrical Shells
Authors: Koudela K.L. , Strait L.H.
Published: March 2007

The critical buckling pressure of composite cylindrical shells can be pre dicted using linear eigensolutions or geometrically nonlinear instability calculations. Classical linear eigensolutions generally overpredict the critical collapse pressure by a sig nificant margin. Nonlinear instability calculations tend to provide more accurate results but at a greater cost. A simple accurate method for predicting critical buckling pressures is needed to reduce the time and cost associated with generating preliminary structural designs for composite pressure hulls. In this article, simple closed form equations for the critical buckling pressure of smooth-bore composite cylinders were developed and vali dated. The equations are valid for both solid and sandwich shell configurations. These equations are a modification of the classical Von Mises eigensolution for isotropic cylin drical shells with length to diameter ratio's varying between 0.5 and 8. The modified equa tions take into account reductions in the buckling pressure due to material anisotropy, shear deformation, nonuniform stress distribution through the thickness, and effective shell thickness (sandwich shells only). The buckling equations were validated using hydrostatic pressure test data for two solid shell configurations and three sandwich shell configurations. The predicted values of critical buckling pressure were within 15 % of the experimental values for the solid shells and within 5 % of the experimental values for the sandwich shells. These results demonstrate the viability of using these simple equations for preliminary design of composite pressure hulls.
Unit Cell Geometry of 3-D Braided Structures
Authors: Du Guang-Wu , Ko Frank K.
Published: March 2007

The traditional approach used in modeling of composites reinforced by three-dimensional (3-D) braids is to assume a simple unit cell geometry of a 3-D braided structure with known fiber volume fraction and orientation. In this article, we first ex amine 3-D braiding methods in the light of braid structures, followed by the development of geometric models for 3-D braids using a unit cell approach. The unit cell geometry of 3-D braids is identified and the relationship of structural parameters such as yarn orienta tion angle and fiber volume fraction with the key processing parameters established. The limiting geometry has been computed by establishing the point at which yarns jam against each other. Using this factor makes it possible to identify the complete range of allowable geometric arrangements for 3-D braided preforms. This identified unit cell geometry can be translated to mechanical models which relate the geometrical properties of fabric pre forms to the mechanical responses of composite systems.
Analysis of Composite Materials: A Micromechanical Approach
Authors: Chen D. , Cheng S.
Published: March 2007

A micromechanical approach for predicting the overall elastic behavior, as well as thermal expansion coefficients, of composite materials is presented. The approach is based on modeling the composites with regular arrays of unit material cells, construct ing a possible stress pattern for a considered representative cell, and then minimizing the complementary energy of the representative cell under given average stresses. The proce dure is concise in concept, theoretically adaptable, and easy to conduct. Applications to unidirectionally fiber-reinforced composites and to some particulate composites are given. Good agreement with known theoretical/experimental results are shown.
An Introduction to Taguchi Techniques Applied to Pultrusion Resins and Processing
Authors: Smith Clint , Taylor Jane
Published: March 2007

One of the goals of the SPI Pultrusion Industry Council (PIC) is to define quality assurance procedures and systems for pultrusion. To accomplish this, the factors affecting standard test procedures and pultrusion processing must be understood. This paper presents an introduction to the Taguchi technique using the 180°F SPI Gel Test on pultrusion resins as an example. A suggestion on the use of this technique for pultrusion processing will also be made.
Jungian Analytical Psychology and Old Age
Authors: Bozarth Jerold D. , Barry John D. , Myers Jane E. , Heyn Jan E.
Published: March 2007

Jungian psychology has several special implications for helping older people and understanding their development in old age. The implications are discussed as tenets which apply to this time in life. These tenets are: 1) The meaning and purpose of life, 2) the turning inward and preoccupation with self, and 3) the reversal into the opposite.
New Directions: Challenges for Human-Animal Bond Research and the Elderly
Authors: Wilson Cindy C. , Netting F. Ellen
Published: March 2007

The potential health effect of the human-animal bond has been explored for over 15 years with limited success. Professionals from a variety of fields have examined the benefits a companion animal can provide for persons with special needs. We examined the research related to human-animal interactions and the community- based elderly. We reviewed recommendations from the 1984 Delta Society conference related to research endeavors in terms of the elderly population and proposed a theoretical approach for future research to evaluate the effect of the human-animal interaction in terms of life course development and perception of health and pet ownership.
Aging and Developmental Disabilities: Interagency Planning for an Emerging Population
Authors: Hawkins Barbara A. , Eklund Susan J.
Published: March 2007

In 1987 the Indiana Task Force on Aging and Aged Persons with Developmental Disabilities was formed to address interagency planning and public policy issues related to this newly emerging population. Data were collected from major state agencies now serving either the aged or individuals with developmental disabilities to assess the portion of the population currently receiving services. These data were compared to population projections for 1990. Service needs in health care, residential services, day programming, and other support areas were identified. We discuss direct planning outcomes and indirect process outcomes related to increased interaction among state-agency employees.
Hopelessness Among Later-Life Patients
Authors: Trenteseau Jeanne A. , Hyer Lee , Verenes Denise , Warsaw Janet
Published: March 2007

We address three issues: the relationship of hopelessness to depression and general behavior, the relative contribution of hopelessness to known hospital variables in treatment with respect to behavior and suicidal factors, and the influence of high-and low-level hopelessness on depression variables, behavior, and suicidal factors. Fifty psychiatric inpatients were individually administered the Beck Depression Inventory, the Geriatric Hopelessness Scale (GHS), and the Geriatric Depression Scale and were rated on key behavioral indexes by the MACC Behavior Adjustment Scale. Suicide ideation and past suicidal behavior were evaluated in an interview and by a record check. Results show that hopelessness is related to depression, especially the psychological components of depression and behavior. Hopelessness also adds to routine hospital information for total behavior, especially cooperation and social contact. Finally, high- and low-level hopelessness patients differ on psychological depression and behavior but not on suicidal indexes. The GHS is considered an instrument suitable for use with psychiatric patients.
Swing-Beds: The Arizona Experience
Authors: Williams Frank G. , Netting F. Ellen
Published: March 2007

Swing-beds are acute-care hospital beds temporarily used for long-term care. A demonstration program was developed to evaluate the effectiveness of using swing-beds as catalysts for the expansion of rural hospitals into community health centers to respond better to the needs of older persons in their respective communities. We examined the background and implementation issues of the swing-bed demonstration program in six rural Arizona hospitals.
Unmet Needs for Formal Home and Community Services Among African American and White Older Adults: The Forsyth County Aging Study
Authors: Jackson Sharon A. , Mittelmark Maurice B.
Published: March 2007

Using the Andersen-Newman model of health services utilization, factors associated with unmet needs for formal home and community services were evaluated cross-sectionally in a sample of community-dwelling African American and White older adults. Unmet needs for services were associated with inadequate transportation, use of mobility aids (e.g., canes, walkers, wheel chairs), and activities of daily living (ADL) limitations among both African Americans and Whites. Older Whites with unmet needs also reported low instrumental support (i.e., availability of daily help with bathing, dressing, etc.) and were less likely to have a daily caregiver. The predictive ability of the Andersen-Newman model vaned slightly by race. Although comparable in terms of specificity (i.e., identifying those without unmet needs), the model was more sensitive to older African Americans than Whites with unmet needs. Findings provide evidence and a rationale for a more extensive assessment of unmet needs for services than is provided by consideration of functional linutations alone.
Self-Report of Functional Abilities in Older Adults With Mental Retardation: ADLs and IADLs
Authors: Villeponteaux Laura , DeCoux Valerie , Beardshall Ann
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine the validity and reliability of self-report in determining functional abilities in older adults with mental retardation. Thirty participants were interviewed twice using the index of Activities of Daily Living (ADL) and the Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) scale, which were modified to include structured probes. The participants' self-reports were compared to informant reports from their care providers. Significant test-retest reliability and a significant correlation between participants' self-reports and informant reports were found. Reliability and validity of the index of ADL were increased by eliminating the item on incontinence. Analysis of the data confirmed the hypothesis that the modified ADL and IADL instruments could be used to obtain reliable and valid self-report data regarding functional ability in older adults with mental retardation. This information is useful to professionals in the generic aging service system who are now serving persons with mental retardation.
Demographic Characteristics of Supplement Users in an Elderly Population
Authors: Houston Denise K. , Daniel Tena D. , Johnson Mary Ann , Poon Leonard W.
Published: March 2007

This study investigated the association of demographic characteristics with supplement use in 257 elderly participants of the Georgia Centenarian Study in their 60s (n = 89), 80s (n = 92), and 100s (n = 76). Of these elders, 44% used a specific vitamin or mineral supplement. Multivitamins/minerals (28%), vitamin C (13%), and vitamin E (7%) were the most common vitamins reported; whereas calcium (8%) and potassium (5%) were the most common minerals reported. Centenarians were as likely as those in their 60s and 80s to use a supplement. Females were more likely than males to report consuming any supplement and multivitamins/minerals; Whites were more likely than Blacks to report consuming any supplement, vitamin E, and vitamin C. Health care providers must be aware that even the oldest old are frequent users of supplements, but being male and of minority status may be a barrier to the use of nutritional supplements.
Coping with Crime
Authors: Wilson James Q.
Published: March 2007

The problem of crime in America has become a preoccupation of urban residents. James Q. Wilson discusses some objective and subjective reasons for the rise in the crime rate in the late 1960's and early 1970's and presents a symptomatic approach to dealing with this crime rate.
The Efficacy of Factors Considered to be Indicators of the Probability of Obtaining Results in Internal Investigations
Authors: Primavera Louis H. , Reiser Charles M.
Published: March 2007

One hundred ten investigations of police corruption which had been conducted by the New York City Police Department were selected for a correlational study to identify factors likely to be predictive of obtaining results. The factors included: a quantitative measure of information available prior to investigation, judgments of investigative adequacy, the use of surveillances and the amount of time spent on surveillances. The results of the study suggest that information available prior to investigation is predictive of the likelihood of obtaining results and that investigations requiring surveillances are less likely to be closed with results than those in which surveillances are not required. It is suggested that thesefindings can be useful in determining which complaints should be investigated and which should not.
Variations in Self—Reported Arrests: An Epidemiological Perspective
Authors: Singh B. Krishna , Adams Larry D.
Published: March 2007

This study examines prevalences of self-reported arrests within the context of extra-legal factors using three independent national samples. Considerable differences are found on the basis of geographic regions, place of residence, age and sex. Other variables of significance are race and educational attainment. It is also found that extra-legal factors in biasing self-reported arrests do not operate uniformly across geographic regions and, thus, need careful consideration in deviance research. The study generally supports the proposition that the higher the degree of urbanization, the higher the prevalence of arrests. However, the proposition that the higher the social class, the lower the prevalence of arrest is not supported. Additional research directions are suggested which can examine the nature, frequency and the extent of deviant acts which result in arrest within an epidemiological framework.
The Crisis in Criminal Justice Education: Constructive Reappraisal or Intellectual Masochism
Authors: Loewenthal Milton A.
Published: March 2007

This is an in-depth study of the two decades of growth and controversy in criminal justice education. While hundreds of programs have proliferated at colleges through-out the country, problems of goals, content, and standards have intensified. In this regard, the problems of criminal justice education developed here mirror the growing problems in higher education in general. The article develops the major considerations by analyzing the landmark Police Foundation Report and the history of John Jay College of Criminal Justice, a pioneer institution.
Integrating the Chief of Police into the Municipal Administrative Process
Authors: Potts Lee W.
Published: March 2007

Police administration has been among the weakest aspects of municipal government. Frequently, the blame for the deficiencies in police administration has been placed on chiefs of police. The real problem, however, is not the people who serve as chiefs but the state of the administrative environment in which they serve. As a result of political and cultural factors, police administration has been cut off from the mainstream of general public administration. This paper examines thefactors which have produced the isolation of police administration. It then presents an approach to reforming the relationship between the municipal chief executive and the chief of police which can counteract the forces of isolation.
Police Responses to Surveys by "Outsiders"
Authors: Sheley Joseph F. , Ring James A.
Published: March 2007

This study represents a test of whether or not the identity of a survel or influences responses to an anon ymous, self-administered questionnaire. Identical questionnaires were distributed to 105 police officers. One group of officers received a cover letter identifying the researcher as a graduate student. A second group was given a cover letterfrom afellow law enforcement officer. Examination of the officers' replies to 25 questionnaire items suggests that the identity of the researcher does not influence responses. A number of possible explanations of the findings are explored, and directions for further research are considered.
The Discretion of Prosecutors, Judges, and Juries in Capital Cases
Authors: Foley Linda A. , Powell Richard S.
Published: March 2007

This study examines the impact of legal and extralegal factors on the decisions of prosecutors, juries, and judges in first degree murder cases. The cases analyzed included all the first degree murder indictments in 21 of the 67 counties in Florida from 1972 through 1978. The data indicate that each of the three decision makers studied is influenced differently by legal and extralegal factors. The prosecutors' decisions to try cases were influenced by the sex of the defendants, types of attorneys, and the existence of accomplices. The juries and judges were influenced by the sex of the offenders. Judges were influenced also by the race of the victims despite the recommendation of juries which were not influenced by this factor. These results obtained even when a variety of legal and extralegal factors were controlled statistically.
The Effect of Prior Experience on Expert Witnesses' Opinions
Authors: Homant Robert J. , Kennedy Daniel B.
Published: March 2007

This research is based on further analysis of questionnaire data obtained from a randomly selected national sample of 262 psychiatrists and clinical psychologists. Subjects read a synopsis of a hypothetical case and then responded to an attitude scale concerning the appropriateness of the insanity defense for that case, as well to a question about their support for the existence of the insanity defense itself. It was found that the more expert witness experiences that respondents had, for either the prosecution or the defense, the more likely they were to be in favor of the insanity defense in general. With respect to the particular case, however, the more extensive a subject's defense experience relative to prosecution experience, the more likely the respondent was to support the insanity defense for the particular case. It was concluded that a large part of the variance in expert witnesses' opinions could be explained by factors having to do with the experts themselves.
Net-Widening of the Juvenile Justice System in Japan
Authors: Yokoyama Minoru
Published: March 2007

The phenomenon of net-widening was identified by American scholars carrying out research for the evaluation of diversion programs in the American juvenile justice system. The phenomenon, however, can occur independent of diversion programs. This paper emphasizes that, when assessing the net-widening or the net-narrowing of the juvenile justice system, researchers should compare the boundaries of the juvenile justice system with those of other components of the justice system. By identifying the boundaries, one can attempt to explain how the net-widening of the juvenile justice system has occurred in Japan.
Creative Writers and Criminal Justice: Confronting the System (1890-1920)
Authors: Bloomfield Maxwell
Published: March 2007

By the early twentieth century the modernization of American criminal law had become an issue of widespread public concern, both in professional circles and in the popular press. Bar leaders, such as Roscoe Pound and William Howard Taft, proposed to improve the machinery of criminal justice by tightening procedural rules and enhancing the authority of trial judges. Their efforts at "scientific" law reform led to the creation of the American Institute of Criminal Law and Criminology in 1909.

Creative writers, on the other hand, influenced by the rise of literary realism, tended to produce popular novels and plays that sympathized with the powerless defendant caught up in a dehumanizing bureaucratic process. This essay explores the interplay of legal norms and imaginative literature as it affected two subjects of great public interest in the Progressive Era: (a) changes in the substantive law of crimes and (b) the problem of the criminal corporation.
A Victim-Based Assessment of Court-Mandated Counseling for Batterers
Authors: Gondolf Edward W.
Published: March 2007

The advent of court-mandated counseling for batterers has raised several difficult issues for victims. This paper reviews the research in three areas in an effort to define these issues and to develop appropriate policy; issues related to program implementation, dropout, and outcome are discussed. Court-mandated counseling is shown to be diverse in practice, beset with substantial dropout, and offering an uncertain outcome. The conclusion presents fundamental program standards and regulations necessary to bring direction to an otherwise diversifying and uncertain field.
Degradability of chlorinated aliphatic compounds in methanogenic leachates sampled at eight landfills
Authors: Kromann Annette , Ludvigsen Liselotte , Albrechtsen Hans-Jørgen , Christensen Thomas H. , Ejlertsson Jörgen , Svensson Bo H.
Published: March 2007

The degradability of chlorinated aliphatic compounds (tetra chloromethane (TeCM); 1,1,1-trichloroethane (1,1,1-TCA); 1,1,2-trichloroethane (1,1,2-TCA); tetrachloroethene/per chloroethylene (PCE); and trichloroethene/trichloroethylene (TCE)) was studied under methanogenic conditions in batch reactors with leachate from eight landfills in Denmark. All landfill leachates showed fast abiotic degradation of TeCM and 1,1,1-TCA, while 1,1,2-TCA seemed unaffected during the methanogenic incubation. PCE and TCE were degraded biologically by reductive dehalogenation, but only in three of the eight leachates. The conversion rates of the chlorinated ethenes (PCE, TCE, dichloroethene (DCE)) and monochlo roethene/vinyl chloride (VC) varied significantly between the three landfill leachates transforming chlorinated ethenes. In one leachate, complete conversion of all ethenes, including conversion of VC, was observed within 40 days, while another leachate during the same period showed only about 50% con version of PCE. This indicates that transformation of these common solvents in the landfill environment may vary sub stantially between landfills.
Combustion of an artifical municipal solid waste in a laboratory fluidised bed reactor
Authors: Wikstrom E. , Marklund S.
Published: March 2007

The aim of this project was to prepare an artificial municipal solid waste (MSW) fuel for combustion experiments m a lab oratory-scale fluidised bed reactor. The major advantages with an artificial MSW are that: (i) the composition is very homogeneous; (11) the content of elements is very well- known; and (111) the mixture can easily be changed as the MSW content is changed. A well-controlled combustion pro cess together with an artificial fuel enables detailed studies of the formation mechanisms of organic micropollutants (OMP), such as polychlormated dibenzo-p-dioxms (PCDDs) and polychlormated dibenzofurans (PCDFs). The design and preparation of an artificial MSW fuel are described in this paper. The similarity in emission levels and homologue pro file of the PCDD/Fs in the artificial MSW fuel combustion and in full-scale MSW combustors indicates that the artificial fuel mixture gave the same precursor formation and catalytic reactions that full-scale MSW combustion, i.e. the most important reaction pathways are the same in the two systems.
Effect of recirculated leachate volume on MSW degradation
Authors: Chugh S. , Clarke W. , Pullammanappallil P. , Rudolph V.
Published: March 2007

Landfilling represents the most economical method for the disposal of municipal solid waste (MSW). After depletion of the limited volume of air available in void spaces of a waste bed, decomposition in a landfill takes place under anaerobic conditions. Anaerobic digestion requires moisture and a lack of water is generally responsible for retarding degradation of MSW in conventional landfills. Furthermore, the moisture that may be present is seldom uniformly distributed. Bioreac tor landfills are being researched as a means to provide a rapid and predictable stabilisation of waste and landfill gas produc tion. This is achieved primarily by control and management of the liquid flow within the landfill.
Performance-Based Pay in the Australian Public Service
Authors: O'Donnel Michael , O'Brien John
Published: March 2007

This article explores employee responses to the performance-based pay schemes introduced into the Australian Public service in 1998 and 1999. Many federal public sector employees were aware ofthe subjectivity and enhanced mana gerial discretion inherent in these schemes. In response, employees took the initiative away from supervisors to ensure that performance criteria and indicators were specific and job-related. Employees were also aware of the importance of regular feedback during the appraisal cycle. The prime challenge for Australian public sector employees and their unions is seen to be the development of an approach to performance management that would serve to ameliorate the individualistic and competitive cast of individualized merit pay compensation processes, principally through the pur suit of procedural justice in the formulation and implementation ofsuch schemes
The Complexities of Human Behavior
Authors: Lee Robert D. , Greenlaw Paul S.
Published: March 2007

QUID PRO QUO SEXUAL HARASSMENT, ONE OF THREE TYPES OF SEXUAL DISCRIMINATION IN EMPLOYMENT, ENTAILS SUPERVISORS MAKING SEXUAL ADVANCES OR DEMANDS FOR SEXUAL FAVORS ON THEIR SUBORDINATES. A FIVE- ELEMENT TEST USUALLY IS APPLIED TO DETERMINE WHETHER QUID PRO QUO HARASSMENT AS PROHIBITED BY TITLE VII OF THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964 HAS OCCURRED. THREE OF THOSE FIVE ELEMENTS PRESENT MAJOR HURDLES FOR LITIGANTS. BURDEN-OF-PROOF REQUIREMENTS PRESENT ADDITIONAL MAJOR CHALLENGES. DESPITE THESE PROBLEMS, PLAINTIFFS CAN BE SUCCESSFUL AND CAN WIN SUBSTANTIAL REMEDIES. SEVERAL DIFFERENCES, HOWEVER, EXIST AMONG THE FEDERAL CIRCUITS, AND THESE PROBLEMS NEED TO BE RESOLVED BY THE SUPREME COURT AND/ OR CONGRESS. GOVERNMENT AGENCIES, BY BECOMING AWARE OF THE LEGAL PROVISIONS ASSOCIATION WITH QPQ SEXUAL HARASSMENT, CAN TAKE STEPS TO AVOID THE OCCURRENCE OF SUCH HARASSMENT AND THEREBY AVOID BEING SUED BY THEIR WORKERS.
Poor Countries' Students in Rich Countries' Universities: Possibilities of Planning Education for the Twenty-first Century
Authors: Sanyal Bishwapriya
Published: March 2007

Relevant planning education must take into account that we live in one world comprised of rich and poor nations who are now faced with a common crisis of economy and of ideas. The central purpose of con temporary planning education should be to sensitize students to the global dimension of this crisis and to build a consensus of ideas about ways of transcending it. This re quires that North American and in ternational students be brought to gether to learn to "think globally" and yet "act locally" in searching for solutions to the crisis. Such a joint search requires an intellectual envi ronment of mutual learning; and that, in turn, requires a change in the ethnocentric and tempocentric biases of North American planning academia.
Demographic Analysis in Planning: A Graduate Course and an Alternative Paradigm
Authors: Sawicki David S.
Published: March 2007

This paper describes in detail a course called "Demographic Analysis in Planning" taught within the com prehensive planning track of the city planning master's curriculum at the Georgia Institute of Technology The course has two integrated streams: projects and seminars. The two main exercises for practice are forecasting tasks: one extrapolation, the other cohort-component. Together with their associated exercises, the proj ects are employed as vehicles for learning the basics of population analysis more generally. The paper describes the projects and exercises in some detail and then follows with a description of the twenty major lessons that underlie the teaching/ learning approach.
Into Postmodern Weightlessness
Authors: Milroy Beth Moore
Published: March 2007

Shifts in academic planning thought which became evident by 1980 in cluded skepticism that causal reason ing could serve as the cornerstone of sound planning practice. Some theo rists turned to examine the social construction of reality via communi cation and culture, and to ask what the implications would be for plan ning of noncausal perspectives. This article sets out to describe a contin uum of positions on postmodernism, a term which encompasses some nonpositivist approaches to under standing social life. A description of postmodernist thinking as decon structive, antifoundationalist, non dualistic, and encouraging of plural ism is provided, and some of the analytic themes associated with these characteristics are shown to form the crux of the four articles that follow.
Rethinking Fiscal Impacts
Authors: Heikkila Eric J. , Davis Wlilliam
Published: March 2007

Conventional fiscal impact analysis, as applied by many planners, uses inputs as a proxy measure for outputs. We argue that it is the impacts of urban development on outputs, not on inputs, that are of fundamental concern. Moreover, we provide evidence that inputs are often a poor proxy for outputs, and so we call upon the planning profession to rethink its approach to fiscal impact analysis. To this end we outline a conceptual framework for fiscal impacts and articulate a strategy by which it can be applied across a range of diverse services provided by local governments.
Effects of Cultural Orientation on the Perception of Conflict between Relationship and Education Goals for Mexican American College Students
Authors: Niemann Yolanda Flores , Romero Andrea , Arbona Consuelo
Published: March 2007

Cultural factors internal to the ethnic group may exacerbate external and economic barriers to the pursuit of higher education for Mexican American students. In particular, cultural variables related to traditional, relationship-oriented behaviors and expectations may be perceived to conflict with educational pursuits. The present study examined the relationship between components of cultural orientation and attitudes and values that may create tension between relationship and educational goals for Mexican American men and women. Results of a survey that assessed cultural orientation and marriage and gender role attitudes of Mexican Americans (female, N = 356; male, N = 200) indicated that the ethnic-loyalty component of cultural orientation most consistently predicted adherence to beliefs that may lead to the perception of conflict between relationship and educational goals. Discussion centers on the role of ethnic loyalty as a risk factor for Mexican American men’s and women’s decisions to pursue and complete higher education.
Work Attitudes of Mexican Americans
Authors: Weaver Charles N.
Published: March 2007

Compared with Euro-Americans, Mexican Americans, as a group, are younger, less well-educated, less often represented in higher status occupations, and earn less. Because these characteristics are known to negatively correlate with many work attitudes, it was predicted that Mexican American and Euro-American work attitudes would be different. Data from 21 surveys representative of the United States work force were used to compare the work attitudes of Mexican Americans (n = 405) and Euro-Americans (n = 10,312). In contrast to the prediction, the results combine with those of earlier studies to portray Mexican American employees as productive, cooperative, and networking, with a strong sense of work ethic and job satisfaction.
The Effect of National Mood on Mexican American Political Opinion
Authors: Michelson Melissa R.
Published: March 2007

In 1996, there was a pervasive anti-immigrant, anti-Latino mood in the country, caused by passage of Proposition 187 in California and national welfare reform and immigration reform bills. But a few years later attitudes toward Latinos had shifted; laws were reversed and both major political parties were pursuing Latino votes. Substantial research on the general public has demonstrated that events influence public opinion; correspondingly, this shift in the public mood influenced the political concerns of Chicago Mexican Americans. In reaction to the anti-Latino atmosphere, Mexican Americans became more concerned about racism and discrimination. When the anti-Latino mood abated, Chicago Mexican Americans responded by shifting their agenda from an issue that focused on their ethnic identity to issues shared by people of all races and ethnicities: crime, gangs, and drugs. A similar shift is found among noncitizens of Mexican descent.
Positive Speech Accommodation in the Language of Mexican American Bilinguals: Are Women Really More Sensitive?
Authors: Valdes Guadalupe , Cardenas Manuel
Published: March 2007

Recent work on women's use of language has presented two conflicting views: (a) that women use speech patterns that are unique and exclusive to them, and (b) that women's use of language varies (as it does for males) according to the situation, context, and interlocutors involved. This paper explores positive speech accommodation (the attempt to adopt the speech patterns of an interlocutor) in code-switching styles by Mexican American males and females in response to the speech of three male speakers. According to the first view of language presented above, women would be more likely to accommodate to the speech of male speakers. The principal hypothesis of this paper is that, given a situation where no rewards are expected and no gain is to be found by exhibiting convergent behavior, there will be no difference in speech accommodation by male and female Mexican American bilinguals. Data presented support the second of the two positions presented above.
Confronting Barriers to the Participation of Mexican American Women in Higher Education
Authors: Vasquez Melba J. T.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this review was to identify and examine barriers purported to prevent the participation of Mexican American women in higher education as well as strategies to confront those barriers. Sex-role restrictions and the oppressive effects of low socioeconomic status, rather than culture or language, partially accounted for the relatively low participation of Chicanas in postsecondary education. The fact that Chicanas must generally seek and obtain financial sources of support because of parental inability to aid further deters chances of obtaining a degree. The alienation and isolation that Chicanas often experience because of the lack of "fit" and support in the college environment can also discourage participation of this underrepresented group. The traditional admissions criteria such as tests scores and high school achievement are often erroneously used to prevent the entrance of many Mexican American women who might indeed have potential to succeed. Motivation and positive self-expectations have been found to mediate the barriers that many Chicanas face. These variables result from support and encouragement, particularly from mother encouragement, teacher expectations, and positive identification with one's language and culture. Programs designed to provide financial and emotional support as well as provide an advocacy role are clearly desirable.
The "Assimilation" of Unauthorized Mexican Workers: Another Social Science Fiction?
Authors: Baca Reynaldo , Bryan Dexter
Published: March 2007

Our research in Los Angeles on the adaptation of unauthorized Mexican workers reveals a binational life-style. Rather than giving up ties to Mexico, these workers work in the United States and maintain residences in both countries. While an assimilationist perspective would lead us to believe that extended residence would result in the acceptance of the values and practices of the United States, our research leads us to posit an alternative hypothesis: Extended residence will result in an awareness of the limited opportunities for Mexicans in the United States and an awareness of the advantages of living in both countries. Rather than study the assimilation of these Mexican workers, it would be more fruitful to study the adaptation to living in two countries.
Effects of Stress, Social Support and Coping Style on Adjustment to Pregnancy among Hispanic Women
Authors: Perez Robert
Published: March 2007

The effects of stress, social support, and coping styles on both prepartum anxiety and intrapartum processes (labor and delivery complications, intrapartum analgesia requirements) were explored in a study of a sample of Hispanic women. Stress, whether indexed in terms of life changes or the women's prepartum estimate of labor and delivery pain, was significantly related to prepartum anxiety More interesting was the manner in which stress, especially in interaction with prepartum use of medical personnel for information and reassurance, affected both prepartum anxiety and intrapartum analgesia requirements. The significance of these findings was tempered by the fact that the social support and coping style variables failed to consistently predict the intrapartum criterion variables. Further, many stress by social support or coping style interactions were nonsignificant. These failures were attributed to the fact that predictor variables did not bear a direct relationship with the subject's actual intrapartum behavior and emotions.
Verbal Fluency of Hispanic, Black and White Children on TAT and TEMAS, a New Thematic Apperception Test
Authors: Costantino Giuseppe , Malgady Robert G.
Published: March 2007

Ethnic minority children evidence lack of verbal fluency on projective personality tests, which in turn impugns test validity for minority examinees. This study compared Hispanic, black, and white children's verbal fluency on the TAT and TEMAS, a new thematic apperception test depicting ethnic minority characters, cultural themes and urban backgrounds. An urban sample of 72 Hispanic, 41 black and 43 white children (grades K-6) was administered a minority TEMAS, a parallel TEMAS depicting nonminority characters, and the TAT. Results indicated that females were more verbally fluent than males; Hispanics and blacks were more verbally fluent on both TEMAS tests compared to the TAT; but only Hispanics were less fluent than whites on the TAT. Enhanced verbal fluency of Hispanics and blacks on the TEMAS appears to be due to familiarity of cultural symbols and environmental settings, rather than to racial characteristics in projective test stimuli.
Chicano-Anglo Intermarriage in Arizona, 1960-1980: An Exploratory Study of Eight Countries
Authors: Fernandez Celestino , Holscher Louis
Published: March 2007

This paper reports on an exploratory trend study of Chicano-Anglo intermarriage in Arizona. Data were gathered in eight of the fourteen counties and for three years-1960, 1970, and 1980. A search of the literature revealed only one prior study of Chicano intermarriage in Arizona. That study, however, was limited to a single border town. Using marriage records we found that both the individual and couple rates of intermarriage were generally high and thus more similar to those found in California than in Texas or New Mexico. Also, Mexican Ameri-can females were slightly more likely to marry Anglos than were Mexican American males. We argue that intermarriage should not always be studied from a simple assimilationist perspective. The evidence suggests that a different model may be operating. We encourage further research on Chicano intermarriage from different theoretical perspectives and using other methodologies.
Assessing the Client Satisfaction Questionnaire in English and Spanish
Authors: Roberts Robert E. , Atrkisson C. Clifford , Mendias Rene M.
Published: March 2007

Data from a study of family service center clients are analyzed to assess how a measure of client satisfaction operates when used with different ethnic populations. The eight-item version of the Client Satisfaction Questionnaire (CSQ-8) is a measure of general satisfaction with services that was developed to provide a brief, standard assessment procedure suitable for use in a wide variety of service settings. Based on the results of this survey, the CSQ-8 seems to operate about the same, whether administered to Anglos or to persons of Hispanic origin, or in English or Spanish. There were essentially no differences among the various ethnic and language groups across statistical criteria such as internal consistency reliability, central tendency, dispersion, item intercorrelation, or missing values. These results suggest that the CSQ-8 is a measure of general satisfaction with services suitable for use with a variety of client populations, including Hispanics.
Environmental Influences and Personal Choice: A Humanistic Perspective on Acculturation
Authors: Garza Raymond T. , Gallegos Placida I.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this paper is to provide a theoretical rationale for the application of the Garza and Lipton (1982) interactional model to the study of acculturation. The major contention is that past models have failed to adequately account for the highly complex interaction between environmental influences and personal choice. The interactional model is reviewed and discussed in order to show how certain aspects of the theories of Egon Brunswik (1952), George Kelly (1955), and Kurt Lewin (1935) have been incorporated into the proposed model. Following this discussion, the model is presented in detail, emphasizing its relevance for understanding the acculturation phenomenon. Finally, the notion of the multicultural person is proposed as guide to future work on acculturation from the perspective of humanistic interaction.
Acculturation, Beliefs about AIDS, and AIDS Education among New York City Hispanic Parents
Authors: Epstein Jennifer A. , Dusenbury Linda , Botvin Gilbert J. , Diaz Tracy
Published: March 2007

The authors interviewed 100 Hispanic parents in the language of their choice (Spanish or English) to explore their beliefs aboutAIDSandAIDS education. The authors assessed the relationship between acculturation (language preference) and beliefs about AIDS and sources of information aboutAIDS. In addition, they examined parents'beliefs about AIDS and their level of acculturation as predictors of what parents believed students should learn about AIDS transmission. Most parents appeared well informed about the major AIDS transmission routes (sex, sharing needles) and the role of condoms in reducing AIDS risk However, many seemed to have erroneous beliefs about casual contagion of AIDS (from being in the same room with a person with AIDS and from a public toilet) and about insect transmission of AIDS (from a mosquito bite). Less acculturated Hispanics seemed less certain about the process of how AIDS spreads and about the possibility of catching AIDS through casual contact. Parents' beliefs about AIDS predicted what parents believed students should learn about AIDS transmission. The authors discuss the implications for prevention in the Hispanic community.
Language Brokering among Latino Adolescents: Prevalence, Attitudes, and School Performance
Authors: Tse Lucy
Published: March 2007

Language brokering refers to interpretation and translation between linguistically and culturally different parties. Unlike formal interpreters and translators, however, language brokers influence the messages they convey and may act as a decision makerfor one orboth parties. This article examines the prevalence of brokering amongLatino high school students born abroad and in the United States, and its relationship to brokers' language development and school performance. Survey responses revealed that all subjects brokered regardless of length of residence in the U.S. and the availability of other brokers. Many subjects who reported relatively low school achievement also noted translating a variety of linguistically sophisticated documents. The implications for language acquisition, school assessment, and home-school communication are discussed.
Treatment Motivation among Mexican American Drug-Using Arrestees
Authors: Longshore Douglas
Published: March 2007

This study tested demographic factors, drug-problem severity indicators, social resources, and treatment perceptions as correlates of motivation for treatment among Mexican American drug users with no prior treatment experience. To move beyond the "ethnic gloss" of prior research, this study included ethnicity-related attitudes, perceptions, and experiences among thefactors tested. Findingsfrom a multivariate regression analysis suggested that recognition of drug-related interpersonal problems was a key determinant of treatment motivation in this sample. A test for interaction revealed that treatment motivation was strongest among cases who scored high on both drug problem recognition and ethnic identity. In addition, treatment motivation was weaker among cases who were married and those who were employed. Implications are cited regarding pathways to treatmentfor Mexican American drug users.