bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preparation of Acetylated Grapefruit Peel Polysaccharide
Authors: Yu Bingbing , Lin Bobo , Huang Gangliang
Published: May 2023

Grapefruit peel polysaccharide has antioxidant, antitumor, hypoglycemic and other biological activities, and chemical modification can further improve the properties of the polysaccharide. Acetylation modification of polysaccharides has the advantages of simple operation, low cost and little pollution, and is widely used at present. Different degrees of acetylation modification have different effects on the properties of polysaccharides, so it is necessary to optimize the preparation technology of acetylated grapefruit peel polysaccharides. In this article, acetylated grapefruit peel polysaccharide was prepared by acetic anhydride method. With the degree of acetyl substitution as the evaluation index, combined with the analysis of sugar content and protein content in the polysaccharide before and after modification, the effects of three feeding ratios of 1:0.6, 1 : 1.2 and 1 : 1.8 (polysaccharide: acetic anhydride, mass/volume) on acetylation modification were explored through single factor experiments. The results showed that the optimum ratio of material to liquid for acetylation modification of grapefruit peel polysaccharide was 1:0.6. Under these conditions, the degree of substitution of acetylated grapefruit peel polysaccharide was 0.323, the sugar content was 59.50 % and the protein content was 1.038 %. The results provide some reference for the study of acetylated grapefruit peel polysaccharide.
Discovering a Single‐Atom Catalyst for CO2 Electroreduction to C1 Hydrocarbons: Thermodynamics and Kinetics on Aluminum‐Doped Copper
Authors: John Anwin , Verma Anand Mohan , Shaneeth M. , Govind Rajan Ananth
Published: May 2023

The electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) to hydrocarbons is a potential option to achieve carbon neutrality. Although copper (Cu) shows the highest activity for the CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) to hydrocarbons among metals, high reaction overpotentials and significant H2 production limit its use. We investigate single‐atom alloys (SAAs) of ten metals (Ag, Au, Fe, Ir, Ni, Pd, Pt, Rh, Ru, Al) on Cu(111), which is the most‐favored facet on Cu for methane production, using density functional theory. We examined the dopants’ ability to lower the free energy of the elementary reaction, *CO to *CHO, which is the potential‐determining step (PDS). Out of the SAAs studied, only Al‐doped Cu demonstrated a lowering of the PDS free energy. Additionally, weaker adsorption energies of *CO and *H on Al−Cu(111) suggest a preference for C1 hydrocarbons and inhibition of H2 evolution. Finally, activation barrier calculations for the PDS on Al−Cu(111) involving an explicitly hydrated proton indicated better intrinsic activity for C1 hydrocarbons compared to pure Cu(111). We also confirmed the stability of Al−Cu SAA compared to small Al clusters. Through a comprehensive study of both thermodynamics and kinetics, our study presents Al−Cu SAA as a promising catalyst for CO2 electroreduction to C1 hydrocarbons.
Enhancing CO2 Reduction Efficiency on Cobalt Phthalocyanine via Axial Ligation
Authors: Kang Hongxing , Staples‐West Aaliyah , Washington Audrey , Turchiano Chris , Cooksy Andrew , Huang Jier , Gu Jing
Published: May 2023

Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2RR) to value‐added products is a promising strategy to alleviate the greenhouse gas effect. Molecular catalysts, such as cobalt (II) phthalocyanine (CoPc), are known to be efficient electrocatalysts that are capable of converting CO2 into carbon monoxide (CO). Herein, we report an axial modification strategy to enhance CoPc's CO2RR performance. After coordinating with axial ligands, the electron density of Co was depleted via π‐backbonding. This π‐backbonding weakened the Co‐CO bond, resulting in rapid desorption of CO. Also, the presence axial ligands elevated the Co dz2 orbital energy, resulting in a significantly enhanced CO selectivity, evidenced by an increased faradaic efficiency (FE) from 82 % (CoPc) to 91 % and 94 % with the presence of pyridine (CoPc‐py) and imidizal ligands (CoPc‐im), respectively, at −0.82 V vs. RHE. Density functional theory calculations reveal that axial ligation of CoPc can reduce the energy barrier for CO2 activation and facilitate the formation of *COOH.
First Example of 1,2,5‐Oxadiazole‐Based Hypergolic Ionic Liquids: A New Class of Potential Energetic Fuels
Authors: Shaferov Alexander V. , Arakelov Sergey T. , Teslenko Fedor E. , Pivkina Alla N. , Muravyev Nikita V. , Fershtat Leonid L.
Published: May 2023

The development of liquid energetic fuels with improved properties is an important topic in space propulsion technologies. In this manuscript, a series of energetic ionic liquids incorporating a 1,2,5‐oxadiazole ring and nitrate, dicyanamide or dinitramide anion was synthesized and their physicochemical properties were evaluated. The synthesized compounds were fully characterized and were found to have good thermal stabilities (up to 219 °C) and experimental densities (1.21–1.47 g cm−3). Advantageously, 1,2,5‐oxadiazole‐based ionic liquids have high combined nitrogen‐oxygen contents (up to 64.4 %), while their detonation velocities are on the level of known explosive TNT, and combustion performance exceeds those of benchmark 2‐hydroxyethylhydrazinium nitrate. Considering the established hypergolicity with H2O2 in the presence of a catalyst, and insensitivity to impact, synthesized ionic liquids have strong application potential as energetic fuels for space technologies.
Synthesis, Structural Characterization, and Bonding of Molecular Heavier Beryllium Chalcogenides
Authors: Czernetzki Corinna , Tröster Tobias , Endres Lukas , Endres Franziska , Arrowsmith Merle , Gärtner Annalena , Fantuzzi Felipe , Braunschweig Holger
Published: May 2023

The reactions of a cyclic alkyl(amino)carbene (CAAC)‐stabilized beryllium radical with E2Ph2 (E=S, Se, Te) and of a beryllole with HEPh (E=S, Se) yield the corresponding beryllium phenylchalcogenides, including the first structurally authenticated beryllium selenide and telluride complexes. Calculations show that their Be−E bonds are best described by the interaction between the Be+ and E− fragments, with Coulombic forces accounting for ca. 55 % of the attraction and orbital interactions dominated by the σ component.
Polyrotaxane‐Based Functional Materials Enabled by Molecular Mobility and Conformational Transition†
Authors: Cui Qinke , Zhang Xinxing
Published: May 2023

Comprehensive Summary

Slide‐ring structured polyrotaxanes with high molecular mobility and reversible conformational transition ability can achieve high performance and multifunctionality of the material in various applications. There have been many reviews describing advances in the research of rotaxanes and polyrotaxanes. However, most of them typically focus on the precise synthesis of mechanically interlocked molecules and the control of microscopic molecular shuttles. In this review, we examine the effects of motion activity and conformational transition due to molecular slide on the performance of polyrotaxanes and the latest functional applications. Different designs of polyrotaxane‐based functional materials are presented to improve the potential for applications including self‐healing stretchable elastomers/gels, stimuli‐responsive smart devices, battery electrode binders, and biomedical drug delivery. It is anticipated that this review will provide insights and guidance for future developments in the design, synthesis and application of polyrotaxane‐based functional materials.
Photophysics of Glycosylated Ring‐Fused Chlorin Complexes and Their Photosensitizing Effects on Cancer Cells
Authors: Hageberg Ingvild U. , Arja Katrianne , Vindstad Benedikte E. , Bergvoll Johannes K. , Gederaas Odrun A. , Melø Thor‐Bernt , Nilsson K. Peter R. , Lindgren Mikael
Published: May 2023

The future of photodynamic therapy (PDT) as a promising cancer treatment relies on the development of new selective and effective photosensitizers (PS) with improved photophysical and biochemical qualities. Herein, we present the synthetic procedure, photophysical properties and photosensitizing effects of novel glycosylated 4,5,6,7‐tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyridine] fused chlorin agents featuring either glucose, galactose, or N‐acetyl glucosamine. It is shown that both the proto‐ and Zn2+‐ion forms of the ring‐stabilized glycochlorins exhibit the required photophysical properties in terms of triplet excited states and singlet oxygen generation, the latter more than 50 % in organic solvents such as CHCl3. Employing the rat AY‐27 and human T24 cancer cell models, it was found that these are superior to the corresponding unglycosylated chlorin in biological activity, and moreover, the proto form is 2–3 times superior to the Zn‐stabilized variant. Provisional flow cytometry and cell localization studies of the proto‐form indicate both necrotic and apoptotic biological activity, and that the photosensitizer localizes in the mitochondria, cell membrane and lysosomes. However, the localization into the lysosomes is dominating and increases substantially with time. We anticipate the findings will aid in the development of photosensitizers for targeted cancer PDT.
Portfolio performance implications of investment in renewable energy equities: Green versus gray
Authors: Lean Hooi Hooi , Pizzutilo Fabio , Gleason Kimberly
Published: May 2023

The Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nation and interest by investors in Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) investment strategies have caused a rapid shift to the green or renewable energy sector, from traditional or gray (oil, gas, and coal) energy companies. In this study, we examine whether and to what extent, financially speaking, there is a price to pay for investing in renewable energy sector equity. Moreover, we seek to determine whether green investments can be considered a hedge during times of financial stress. We find that alphas from investments in a portfolio of gray (overall energy sector) stocks and versus a portfolio of renewable energy equities during an exogenous, non‐financial shock—the COVID‐19 pandemic—and during non‐crisis periods did not differ statistically. However, the renewable energy index showed higher idiosyncratic volatility than the energy index, as expected. The results are robust to alternative model specifications. From a practical perspective, our results are informative in that they provide insights into the tradeoffs associated with renewable energy investments. In particular, risk‐adjusted returns to a renewable energy portfolio may be affected by greater idiosyncratic risk.
Circulating CXCR5+ natural killer cells are expanded in patients with myasthenia gravis
Authors: Ge Meng‐Ru , Yang Chun‐Lin , Li Tao , Du Tong , Zhang Peng , Li Xiao‐Li , Dou Ying‐Chun , Duan Rui‐Sheng
Published: May 2023

Objectives

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a classic autoantibody‐mediated disease in which pathogenic antibodies target postsynaptic membrane components, causing fluctuating skeletal muscle weakness and fatigue. Natural killer (NK) cells are heterogeneous lymphocytes that have gained increasing attention owing to their potential roles in autoimmune disorders. This study will investigate the relationship between the distinct NK cell subsets and MG pathogenesis.

Methods

A total of 33 MG patients and 19 healthy controls were enrolled in the present study. Circulating NK cells, their subtypes and follicular helper T cells were analysed by flow cytometry. Serum acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibody levels were determined by ELISA. The role of NK cells in the regulation of B cells was verified using a co‐culture assay.

Results

Myasthenia gravis patients with acute exacerbations had a reduced number of total NK cells, CD56dim NK cells and IFN‐γ‐secreting NK cells in the peripheral blood, while CXCR5+ NK cells were significantly elevated. CXCR5+ NK cells expressed a higher level of ICOS and PD‐1 and a lower level of IFN‐γ than those in CXCR5− NK cells and were positively correlated with Tfh cell and AChR antibody levels. In vitro experiments demonstrated that NK cells suppressed plasmablast differentiation while promoting CD80 and PD‐L1 expression on B cells in an IFN‐γ‐dependent manner. Furthermore, CXCR5− NK cells inhibited plasmablast differentiation, while CXCR5+ NK cells could more efficiently promote B cell proliferation.

Conclusion

These results reveal that CXCR5+ NK cells exhibit distinct phenotypes and functions compared with CXCR5− NK cells and might participate in the pathogenesis of MG.
High resolution lidar data shed light on inter‐island translocation of endangered bird species in the Hawaiian Islands
Authors: Gallerani Erica M. , Burgett Jeff , Vaughn Nicholas , Berio Fortini Lucas , Fricker Geoffrey Andrew , Mounce Hanna , Gillespie Thomas W. , Crampton Lisa , Knapp David , Hite Justin M. , Gilb Roy
Published: May 2023

Translocation, often a management solution reserved for at‐risk species, is a highly time‐sensitive intervention in the face of a rapidly changing climate. The definition of abiotic and biotic habitat requirements is essential to the selection of appropriate release sites in novel environments. However, field‐based approaches to gathering this information are often too time intensive, especially in areas of complex topography where common, coarse‐scale climate models lack essential details. We apply a fine‐scale remote sensing‐based approach to study the 'akikiki (Oreomystis bairdi) and 'akeke'e (Loxops caeruleirostris), Hawaiian honeycreepers endemic to Kaua'i that are experiencing large‐scale population declines due to warming‐induced spread of invasive disease. We use habitat suitability modeling based on fine‐scale light detection and ranging (lidar)‐derived habitat structure metrics to refine coarse climate ranges for these species in candidate translocation areas on Maui. We found that canopy density was consistently the most important variable in defining habitat suitability for the two Kaua'i species. Our models also corroborated known habitat preferences and behavioral information for these species that are essential for informing translocation. We estimated a nesting habitat that will persist under future climate conditions on east Maui of 23.43 km2 for 'akikiki, compared to the current Kaua'i range of 13.09 km2. In contrast, the novel nesting range for 'akeke'e in east Maui was smaller than its current range on Kaua'i (26.29 vs. 38.48 km2, respectively). We were also able to assess detailed novel competitive interactions at a fine scale using models of three endemic Maui species of conservation concern: 'ākohekohe (Palmeria dolei), Maui 'alauahio (Paroreomyza montana), and kiwikiu (Pseudonestor xanthophrys). Weighted overlap areas between the species from both islands were moderate (<12 km2), and correlations between Maui and Kaua'i bird habitat were generally low, indicating limited potential for competition. Results indicate that translocation to east Maui could be a viable option for 'akikiki but would be more uncertain for 'akeke'e. Our novel multifaceted approach allows for the timely analysis of both climate and vegetation structure at informative scales for the effective selection of appropriate translocation sites for at‐risk species.
Time‐of‐day and day‐of‐week patterns of binge eating and relevant psychological vulnerabilities in binge‐eating disorder
Authors: Forester Glen , Schaefer Lauren M. , Dodd Dorian R. , Burr Emily K. , Bartholomay Julia , Berner Laura A. , Crosby Ross D. , Peterson Carol B. , Crow Scott J. , Engel Scott G. , Wonderlich Stephen A.
Published: May 2023

Objective

The present study sought to characterize the temporal patterns of binge eating and theorized maintenance factors among individuals with binge‐eating disorder (BED).

Method

Ecological momentary assessment of 112 individuals and mixed‐effects models were used to characterize the within‐ and between‐day temporal patterns of eating behaviors (binge eating, loss of control only eating, and overeating only), positive and negative affect, emotion regulation difficulty, and food craving.

Results

Risk for binge eating and overeating only was highest around 5:30 p.m., with additional binge‐eating peaks around 12:30 and 11:00 p.m. In contrast, loss of control eating without overeating was more likely to occur before 2:00 p.m. Risk for binge eating, loss of control only eating, and overeating only did not vary across days in the week. There was no consistent pattern of change in negative affect throughout the day, but it decreased slightly on the weekend. Positive affect showed a decrease in the evenings and a smaller decrease on the weekend. The within‐day patterns of food craving, and to some extent emotion regulation difficulty, resembled the pattern of binge eating, with peaks around meal times and at the end of the night.

Discussion

Individuals with BED appear most susceptible to binge‐eating around dinner time, with heightened risk also observed around lunch time and late evening, though the effects were generally small. These patterns appear to most strongly mimic fluctuations in craving and emotion dysregulation, although future research is needed to test the temporal relationships between these experiences directly.

Public Significance

It is unknown which times of the day and days of the week individuals with binge‐eating disorder are most at risk for binge eating. By assessing binge‐eating behaviors in the natural environment across the week, we found that individuals are most likely to binge in the evening, which corresponds to the times when they experience the strongest food craving and difficulty with regulating emotions.
Coronary revascularization for heart failure with coronary artery disease: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized trials
Authors: Iaconelli Antonio , Pellicori Pierpaolo , Dolce Pasquale , Busti Matteo , Ruggio Aureliano , Aspromonte Nadia , D'Amario Domenico , Galli Mattia , Princi Giuseppe , Caiazzo Elisabetta , Rezig Asma O.M. , Maffia Pasquale , Pecorini Giovanni , Crea Filippo , Cleland John G.F.
Published: May 2023

Aims

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a common cause of heart failure (HF). Whether coronary revascularization improves outcomes in patients with HF receiving guideline‐recommended pharmacological therapy (GRPT) remains uncertain; therefore, we conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis of relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs).

Methods and results

We searched in public databases for RCTs published between 1 January 2001 and 22 November 2022, investigating the effects of coronary revascularization on morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic HF due to CAD. All‐cause mortality was the primary outcome. We included five RCTs that enrolled, altogether, 2842 patients (most aged <65 years; 85% men; 67% with left ventricular ejection fraction ≤35%). Overall, compared to medical therapy alone, coronary revascularization was associated with a lower risk of all‐cause mortality (hazard ratio [HR] 0.88, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.79–0.99; p = 0.0278) and cardiovascular mortality (HR 0.80, 95% CI 0.70–0.93; p = 0.0024) but not the composite of hospitalization for HF or all‐cause mortality (HR 0.87, 95% CI 0.74–1.01; p = 0.0728). There were insufficient data to show whether the effects of coronary artery bypass graft surgery or percutaneous coronary intervention were similar or differed.

Conclusions

For patients with chronic HF and CAD enrolled in RCTs, the effect of coronary revascularization on all‐cause mortality was statistically significant but neither substantial (HR 0.88) nor robust (upper 95% CI close to 1.0). RCTs were not blinded, which may bias reporting of the cause‐specific reasons for hospitalization and mortality. Further trials are required to determine which patients with HF and CAD obtain a substantial benefit from coronary revascularization by either coronary artery bypass graft surgery or percutaneous coronary intervention.
Magnetic Anisotropy Transfer from Mono‐ to Polymetallic Complexes
Authors: Poncet Marion , Li Ang , Gontard Geoffrey , Chamoreau Lise‐Marie , Li Yanling , Lisnard Laurent , Von Bardeleben Jurgen , Dey Sourav , Rajaraman Gopalan , Journaux Yves
Published: May 2023

The reaction of multi‐bidentate oxamate‐based copper(II) complexes with the [Ni(iPrtacn)Cl2] complex (iPrtacn:1,4,7‐triisopropyl‐1,4,7‐triazacyclononane) has been investigated. X‐ray diffraction studies reveal that for all compounds the oxamato κO,κΟ’ bidentate coordination site replaces the two chloride ions in [Ni(iPrtacn)Cl2] to form trimetallic {CuNi2} (1–3), hexametallic {Cu2Ni4} (4) and enneametallic {Cu3Ni6} (5) complexes. The investigation of the magnetic properties shows that Cu−Ni interactions through the oxamato bridge are in the expected range (−111 cm−1, −68 cm−1). For 1–3, both the sign and strength of the magnetic couplings are computed independently from DFT calculations, and these estimates broadly agree with the experiments. The magnetization measurements and EPR studies reveal that 1–3 are anisotropic: a significant portion of the large anisotropy of the [Ni(iPrtacn)Cl2] complex is retained, resulting in a D value for the S=3/2 ground state of 5 cm−1 on average. This is no longer the case for 4 and 5 where the anisotropy of the Ni(II) complexes is diluted due to the high nuclearity of the final edifices. These results show that it is possible to obtain trimetallic complexes with a high anisotropy and a high spin value for the ground state by a judicious choice of the interacting metal ions.
Asymmetric Synthesis of Monofluorinated Carbocyclic Alcohols and Vicinal Difluorinated Heterocycles and Carbocycles
Authors: Bacheley Lucas , Molina Betancourt Ricardo , Ravindra Rathies , Guillamot Gérard , Phansavath Phannarath , Ratovelomanana‐Vidal Virginie
Published: May 2023

A straightforward method to access novel families of enantioenriched cis‐monofluorinated carbocyclic alcohols has been developed through ATH/DKR in up to 97 % yield, up to 99 : 1 dr and enantioinductions up to 97 % ee. Trans‐difluorinated indans, tetrahydronaphthalenes, tetrahydroquinolines and chromans have been synthesized as well by deoxofluorination of the corresponding cis‐fluoro alcohols. The reaction was performed on a series of variously substituted 3‐fluorochromanols, 3‐fluorotetrahydroquinolinols, 2‐fluoro inden‐1‐ols and 2‐fluoro 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydronaphthalen‐1‐ols in up to 86 % yields, with diastereoselectivities up to 97 : 3 and enantioselectivities up to >99 % ee.
Early executive control buffers risk for adolescent psychopathology during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Laifer Lauren M. , Tomaso Cara C. , Chang Olivia D. , Phillips Eric M. , James Tiffany D. , Nelson Jennifer Mize , Espy Kimberly Andrews , Alex Mason W. , Nelson Timothy D.
Published: May 2023

Background

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic has had a global impact on youth mental health, and there is a critical need for research examining individual factors that contribute to increased psychopathology during the pandemic. The current study explored whether executive control (EC) abilities in early childhood interact with COVID‐related stress to attenuate risk for adolescent psychopathology during the first 6 months of the pandemic.

Methods

Participants were 337 youth (49% female) living in a small midwestern city in the United States. Participants completed EC tasks when they were approximately 4.5 years old as part of a longitudinal study investigating cognitive development. At annual laboratory visits during adolescence and before the pandemic, participants (Mage = 14.57) reported on mental health symptoms. In July and August of 2020, participants (Mage = 16.57) reported on COVID‐related stress and depression, anxiety, and trauma symptoms.

Results

COVID‐related stress was associated with increased internalizing problems after controlling for prepandemic symptom levels. Further, the impact of COVID‐related stress on adolescent internalizing problems was moderated by preschool EC, with higher levels of EC buffering the effects of COVID‐related stress on adolescent internalizing problems.

Conclusions

Findings highlight the importance of promoting EC early in development, as well as screening for EC deficits and implementing targeted intervention strategies across the lifespan to help reduce the impact of stress on adolescent internalizing problems.
Mechanism of thymosin β4 in ameliorating liver fibrosis via the MAPK/NF‐κB pathway
Authors: Wang Zilin , Zhang Ya , Wang Yinghui , Mou Qiuju , Ren Tingting , Zhu Lili
Published: May 2023

Liver fibrosis is a grievous global challenge, where hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) activation is a paramount step. This study analyzed the mechanism of Tβ4 in ameliorating liver fibrosis via the MAPK/NF‐κB pathway. The liver fibrosis mouse models were established via bile duct ligation (BDL) and verified by HE and Masson staining. TGF‐β1‐induced activated LX‐2 cells were employed in vitro experiments. Tβ4 expression was determined using RT‐qPCR, HSC activation markers were examined using Western blot analysis, and ROS levels were tested via DCFH‐DA kits. Cell proliferation, cycle, and migration were examined by CCK‐8, flow cytometry, and Transwell assays, respectively. Effects of Tβ4 on liver fibrosis, HSC activation, ROS production, and HSC growth were analyzed after transfection of constructed Tβ4‐overexpressing lentiviral vectors. MAPK/NF‐κB‐related protein levels were tested using Western blotting and p65 expression in the nucleus was detected through immunofluorescence. Regulation of MAPK/NF‐κB pathway in TGF‐β1‐induced LX‐2 cells was explored by adding MAPK activator U‐46619 or inhibitor SB203580. Furthermore, its regulating in liver fibrosis was verified by treating BDL mice overexpressing Tβ4 with MAPK inhibitor or activator. Tβ4 was downregulated in BDL mice. Tβ4 overexpression inhibited liver fibrosis. In TGF‐β1‐induced fibrotic LX‐2 cells, Tβ4 was reduced and cell migration and proliferation were enhanced with elevated ROS levels, while Tβ4 overexpression suppressed cell migration and proliferation. Tβ4 overexpression blocked the MAPK/NF‐κB pathway activation by reducing ROS production, thus inhibiting liver fibrosis in TGF‐β1 induced LX‐2 cells and BDL mice. Tβ4 ameliorates liver fibrosis by impeding the MAPK/NF‐κB pathway activation.
The influence of non‐physicality of goods on disparities in seller–buyer valuations: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Nguyen Peter , Wang Xin (Shane)
Published: May 2023

Technological innovation is shaping products and markets to appeal to consumer enduring needs. Given the rise in non‐physicality of products and consumers' increasing participation in peer‐to‐peer markets, this research examines the relationship between non‐physicality of goods and disparities in seller–buyer valuations, a critical component of market inefficiencies. In a meta‐analysis of 598 observations across 129 articles, the authors find that non‐physical (vs. physical) goods have significantly larger seller–buyer valuation disparities (i.e., larger endowment effects). This pattern is consistent across non‐physical categories, including market and non‐market goods. The authors argue the immateriality of non‐physical goods reduces evaluability and enhances perceived complexity, leading to greater asymmetries in information processing between sellers and buyers. Congruent with construal level theory, marketing tactics associated with low categorization levels (emphasizing product features) influence consumer valuations of physical goods, but not non‐physical goods. Instead, consumer valuations of non‐physical goods are asymmetrically influenced by tactics with high categorization levels (accentuating collective identity). This research foreshadows challenges in, and provides managerial implications for, the marketing and transactions of non‐physical products.
Siderophore production and utilization by marine bacteria in the North Pacific Ocean
Authors: Park Jiwoon , Durham Bryndan P. , Key Rebecca S. , Groussman Ryan D. , Bartolek Zinka , Pinedo‐Gonzalez Paulina , Hawco Nicholas J. , John Seth G. , Carlson Michael C. G. , Lindell Debbie , Juranek Lauren W. , Ferrón Sara , Ribalet Francois , Armbrust E. Virginia , Ingalls Anitra E. , Bundy Randelle M.
Published: May 2023

Siderophores are strong iron‐binding molecules produced and utilized by microbes to acquire the limiting nutrient iron (Fe) from their surroundings. Despite their importance as a component of the iron‐binding ligand pool in seawater, data on the distribution of siderophores and the microbes that use them are limited. Here, we measured the concentrations and types of dissolved siderophores during two cruises in April 2016 and June 2017 that transited from the iron‐replete, low‐macronutrient North Pacific Subtropical Gyre through the North Pacific Transition Zone (NPTZ) to the iron‐deplete, high‐macronutrient North Pacific Subarctic Frontal Zone (SAFZ). Surface siderophore concentrations in 2017 were higher in the NPTZ (4.0–13.9 pM) than the SAFZ (1.2–5.1 pM), which may be partly attributed to stimulated siderophore production by environmental factors such as dust‐derived iron concentrations (up to 0.51 nM). Multiple types of siderophores were identified on both cruises, including ferrioxamines, amphibactins, and iron‐free forms of photoreactive siderophores, which suggest active production and use of diverse siderophores across latitude and depth. Siderophore biosynthesis and uptake genes and transcripts were widespread across latitude, and higher abundances of these genes and transcripts at higher latitudes may reflect active siderophore‐mediated iron uptake by the local bacterial community across the North Pacific. The variability in the taxonomic composition of bacterial communities that transcribe putative ferrioxamine, amphibactin, and salmochelin transporter genes at different latitudes further suggests that the microbial groups involved in active siderophore production and usage change depending on local conditions.
Feature importance‐based interpretation of UMAP‐visualized polymer space
Authors: Ehiro Takuya
Published: May 2023

Dimensionality reduction (DR) techniques are used for various purposes such as exploratory data analysis. A commonly employed linear DR technique is principal component analysis (PCA), which is one of the most popular methods for DR. Owing to its linear nature, PCA enables the determination of axes in a low‐dimensional space and the calculation of corresponding loading vectors. However, PCA cannot necessarily extract important features of non‐linearly distributed data. This study presents a technique aimed at aiding the interpretation of data reduced through non‐linear DR methods. In the proposed method, non‐linear dimensionally reduced data was clustered via a density‐based clustering method. Thereafter, the obtained cluster labels were classified by random forest (RF) classifiers. Further, feature importance (FI) of RF classifiers and Spearman's rank correlation coefficients between predictive probabilities to obtained clusters and original feature values were utilized for characterizing the visualized dimensionally reduced data. The results revealed that the proposed method can provide the interpretable FI‐based images of the handwritten digits dataset. Moreover, the proposed method was also applied to the polymer dataset. The study found that incorporating signed FI was advantageous in achieving a meaningful interpretation. Furthermore, Gaussian process regression was utilized to produce intuitive FI‐based heatmaps on a 2‐dimensional space for greater ease of understanding. Additionally, to enhance the interpretability of the obtained clusters, a feature selection technique called Boruta was applied. The Boruta feature selection method worked effectively to interpret the obtained clusters with limited and commonly important features. Additionally, the study suggested that computing FI solely from substructure‐based descriptors could further enhance the interpretability of the results. Finally, the automation of the proposed method was investigated, and through maximizing the target score based on the quality of both the DR and clustering, indicative results were automatically obtained for both the handwritten digits and polymer datasets.
Impact on the trachea in children with prenatally diagnosed vascular ring formed by a right aortic arch
Authors: Oakley Christopher , Hurn Alice , Suckling Claire , Moriarty Grace , Simpson John M. , Turcu Simona , Heraghty Jane , Zidere Vita , Nyman Andrew , Vigneswaran Trisha V.
Published: May 2023

Objective

There has been a rise in the prenatal detection of right sided aortic arch (RAA). When associated with a left‐sided arterial duct (LD), this forms a vascular ring encircling the trachea. Infants may have symptoms or signs suggestive of tracheoesophageal compression but many are asymptomatic. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between symptoms and severity of tracheobronchial compression assessed by bronchoscopy.

Methods

Retrospective review of all cases of prenatally diagnosed RAA‐LD in the absence of associated congenital heart disease at Evelina London Children's Hospital and Kings College Hospital over a 4‐year period between April 2015−2019. Clinical records, fetal echocardiograms, and free‐breathing flexible bronchoscopy (FB) data were reviewed.

Results

One hundred and twelve cases of isolated RAA‐LD were identified of whom 82 cases (73%) underwent FB. FB was performed median age of 11 months (range 1−36 months), no complications occurred. Aberrant left subclavian artery (ALSA) was present in 86% (96/112) and mirror image branching (MIB) in 13% (15/112). 34/112 (30%) reported symptoms during follow‐up. 36/77 (47%) with ALSA who underwent FB showed moderate‐severe compression mostly at distal tracheal and carinal level of whom 38% had parent‐reported symptoms. Moderate‐severe compression was seen in 3/5 (60%) with MIB mostly at mid tracheal level; 3 were symptomatic but only 2 had tracheal compression. In total 36% (18/50) of investigated asymptomatic patients showed moderate‐severe compression. Respiratory symptoms were poorly predictive of moderate‐severe tracheal compression (positive predictive value 66%, negative predictive value 64%).

Conclusion

The absence of symptoms did not exclude significant tracheal compression. The anatomical effect of the vascular ring is under appreciated when symptoms alone are used as a marker of tracheal compression.
The application of machine learning to rural population migration research
Authors: Baggen Hunter S. , Shalley Fiona , Taylor Andrew , Zander Kerstin K.
Published: May 2023

Many rural areas experience population stagnation or decline from out‐migration with corresponding economic downturns. This is the case for the Northern Territory in Australia, a vast and sparsely populated jurisdiction. Its government has long sought to encourage stronger population growth but its population is young and highly transient, leading to high staff turn‐overs and challenges for industries and government to attract families and skilled workers. Place‐based factors such as job opportunities, access to essential services or environmental amenities influence satisfaction and migration decisions. The aim of this study was to understand why people might stay or move away through analysing responses to two open‐text questions on the best and worst aspect of living in the Northern Territory. Over 3500 valid responses were analysed using machine learning‐based unsupervised topic modelling which uncovered latent clusters. Forty‐four percent of positive aspects were clustered into lifestyle factors, while negative aspects clustered around high living costs and crime. Some aspects, such as the weather and distance to other places were discussed as both positive and negative aspects. Topics discussed by respondents could be directly related to their intention to leave the Northern Territory, and also to specific individual's demographic characteristics providing insights for policies focused on attracting and retaining population. The use of unsupervised text mining in population research is rare and this study verifies its use to deliver objective and nuanced results generated from a large qualitative data set.
Ethylene modelling in package headspace of fresh produce: A review
Authors: Sonawane Akshay D. , Pathak Namrata , Weltzien Cornelia , Mahajan Pramod
Published: May 2023

Ethylene accumulation is one of the main causes of rapid deterioration of climacteric fruit and vegetables in a package as ethylene accelerates the ripening process. Modelling the ethylene gas in a package headspace is a promising way to control the ripening process as it provides and optimises the methods to remove ethylene. In this review, the transmission of ethylene through a package, ethylene removal by a scavenger and ethylene accumulation inside the package are discussed with their models. The permeability of packaging material allows ethylene to escape from the package to a little extent. The perforation in packaging material also helps ethylene to depart rapidly from the fruit package which is explained and modelled using Fick's first law of diffusion. The pseudo‐first‐ and second‐order kinetics based on the adsorption phenomena have been used to model the removal of ethylene by a scavenger. The mass balance between the ethylene transmission rate through the package, ethylene production rate by fruit and ethylene removal by scavenger provides the ethylene accumulation which can be helpful for predicting the quality of the fruit inside a package. This study could lead to the development of an active fruit packaging system with the inclusion of ethylene along with oxygen and carbon dioxide for extending the shelf life of fresh commodities in postharvest storage.
DFT study of electronic and structural properties of single‐walled gallium nitride nanotubes
Authors: Shabani Mostafa , Movlarooy Tayebeh , Hessami Pilehrood Saeid
Published: May 2023

The electronic and structural properties of the armchair and zigzag single‐walled GaN nanotubes (GaNNTs) are studied by using density functional theory. The effects of tube diameter on the GaN bond lengths, the axial lattice constant, the Fermi energy, the buckling separation, and the bandgap of the tube are investigated. It is revealed that there is a correlation between the bandgap and the buckling; the smaller the bandgap, the higher the buckling. The results show that by increasing diameter of tubes the buckling separation decreases. The 4p‐orbitals of Ga atoms and 2p‐orbitals of N have the main role to the valence band maximum and the conduction band minimum, respectively. All armchair and zigzag GaNNTs are semiconductors having indirect and direct bandgap, respectively. It is also found that by increasing the diameter of nanotubes the bandgap increases, for both armchair and zigzag GaNNTs. The consequences of this study can undoubtedly be useful in future experimental works on optoelectronic devices.
NDT‐6D for color registration in agri‐robotic applications
Authors: Gupta Himanshu , Lilienthal Achim J. , Andreasson Henrik , Kurtser Polina
Published: May 2023

Registration of point cloud data containing both depth and color information is critical for a variety of applications, including in‐field robotic plant manipulation, crop growth modeling, and autonomous navigation. However, current state‐of‐the‐art registration methods often fail in challenging agricultural field conditions due to factors such as occlusions, plant density, and variable illumination. To address these issues, we propose the NDT‐6D registration method, which is a color‐based variation of the Normal Distribution Transform (NDT) registration approach for point clouds. Our method computes correspondences between pointclouds using both geometric and color information and minimizes the distance between these correspondences using only the three‐dimensional (3D) geometric dimensions. We evaluate the method using the GRAPES3D data set collected with a commercial‐grade RGB‐D sensor mounted on a mobile platform in a vineyard. Results show that registration methods that only rely on depth information fail to provide quality registration for the tested data set. The proposed color‐based variation outperforms state‐of‐the‐art methods with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 1.1–1.6 cm for NDT‐6D compared with 1.1–2.3 cm for other color‐information‐based methods and 1.2–13.7 cm for noncolor‐information‐based methods. The proposed method is shown to be robust against noises using the TUM RGBD data set by artificially adding noise present in an outdoor scenario. The relative pose error (RPE) increased 14% for our method compared to an increase of 75% for the best‐performing registration method. The obtained average accuracy suggests that the NDT‐6D registration methods can be used for in‐field precision agriculture applications, for example, crop detection, size‐based maturity estimation, and growth modeling.
Achieving Long‐Enduring High‐Voltage Oxygen Redox in P2‐Structured Layered Oxide Cathodes by Eliminating Nonlattice Oxygen Redox
Authors: Wu Xiang , Chen Chen , Zhao Chong , Liu Hui , Hu Bei , Li Jingxin , Li Chao , Hu Bingwen
Published: May 2023

Triggering reversible lattice oxygen redox (LOR) in oxide cathodes is a paradigmatic approach to overcome the capacity ceiling determined by orthodox transition‐metal (TM) redox. However, the LOR reactions in P2‐structured Na‐layered oxides are commonly accompanied by irreversible nonlattice oxygen redox (non‐LOR) and large local structural rearrangements, bringing about capacity/voltage fading and constantly evolving charge/discharge voltage curves. Herein, a novel Na0.615Mg0.154Ti0.154Mn0.615◻0.077O2 (◻ = TM vacancies) cathode with both NaOMg and NaO◻ local configurations is deliberately designed. Intriguingly, the activating of oxygen redox at middle‐voltage region (2.5–4.1 V) via NaO◻ configuration helps in maintaining the high‐voltage plateau from LOR (≈4.38 V) and stable charge/discharge voltage curves even after 100 cycles. Hard X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (hXAS), solid‐state NMR, and electron paramagnetic resonance studies demonstrate that both the involvement of non‐LOR at high‐voltage and the structural distortions originating from Jahn–Teller distorted Mn3+O6 at low‐voltage are effectively restrained in Na0.615Mg0.154Ti0.154Mn0.615◻0.077O2. Resultantly, the P2 phase is well retained in a wide electrochemical window of 1.5–4.5 V (vs Na+/Na), resulting in an extraordinary capacity retention of 95.2% after 100 cycles. This work defines an effective approach to upgrade the lifespan of Na‐ion battery with reversible high‐voltage capacity provided by LOR.
Engaging Students with Expository Books through Interactive Read‐Alouds
Authors: Young Terrell A. , Ricks Paul H. , MacKay Kathryn Lake
Published: May 2023

Many elementary teachers shy away from using expository literature for interactive read‐alouds in their classrooms, preferring and privileging narrative texts over this type of nonfiction. This article first shares the complementary benefits of moving beyond fiction and narrative nonfiction in educators’ read‐aloud practices. Affordances include increased student knowledge and vocabulary, greater understanding of expository text structures and features, and heightened engagement. The article then features lesson plans demonstrating unique ways to use expository books for interactive read‐alouds with elementary students. Additionally, readers are provided with high‐quality expository texts educators may include in their classrooms.
Enteral hydration in cows: Comparison between continuous flow and bolus administration
Authors: Campos Lisandra de Camargo , Cardoso dos Anjos Mayara , Gregório dos Santos Mateus , Cunha Vinicius Maciel , Pereira Priscilla Fajardo Valente , Flaiban Karina Keller Marques da Costa , Lisbôa Júlio Augusto Naylor
Published: May 2023

Background

Enteral hydration in cattle is most commonly performed as a bolus (B) via the ororuminal route, although continuous flow (CF) administration via the nasoesophageal route represents a viable alternative. Currently, no study has compared the effectiveness of these two methods. This study aimed to compare the efficiency of enteral hydration using CF and B to correct water, electrolyte and acid–base imbalances in cows.

Methods

Protocols for the induction of dehydration were applied twice to eight healthy cows, with an interval of 1 week. In a crossover design, two types of enteral hydration were performed using the same electrolyte solution and volume equal to 12% of bodyweight (BW): CF (10 mL/kg/h, between 0 and 12 hours) and B (6% BW, twice, at 0 and 6 hours). Clinical and blood variables were determined at −24, 0, 6, 12 and 24 hours and compared using repeated‐measures ANOVA.

Results

Induced moderate dehydration and hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis were corrected after 12 hours using the two hydration methods, with no differences observed between the methods.

Limitations

The study was conducted with induced rather than natural imbalances, so the findings should be interpreted cautiously.

Conclusion

Enteral CF hydration is as effective as B hydration in reversing dehydration and correcting electrolyte and acid–base imbalances.
Self-Harm as a Result of Domestic Distress
Authors: Millard Chris
Published: May 2023

Minister of Health Enoch Powell’s Hospital Plan for England and Wales (1962) is a familiar landmark in twentieth-century psychiatry.1 In 1961 Powell’s ‘water tower’ speech to the National Association of Mental Health eloquently launches the ideas contained within the plan.2 It is an evocative portrayal of asylums as grand, obsolete monuments to Victorian ideas of mental-health care. There is much historiographical focus upon how the plan augurs the scaling back of mental inpatient provision, but much less on how it signals the broader uptake of a new model of integration between psychiatry and general medicine. This model, based upon the establishment of psychiatric units in district general hospitals (DGHs), involves a more intimate connection between general hospitals and psychiatry than do observation wards. The DGH psychiatric units promoted by the plan undercut the progressive status and bridging function of the observation ward.
Conclusion: The Politics of Self-Harm: Social Setting and Self-Regulation
Authors: Millard Chris
Published: May 2023

Almost three decades ago, historian Howard Kushner writes of his unease at increasingly neurological understandings of behaviour such as suicide. He argues that ‘[o]ne feature of neuropathological approaches, however, seems unaffected by this increasing sophistication: the more scientifically complex these investigations become, the more they tend to ignore the social and historical context in which the behavior that they seek to explain takes place’.1 In these accounts, neurology displaces social context. In characteristically forthright terms, in 2014 Roger Cooter describes the turn to neurological explanations as ‘like becoming the victim of mind parasites’ because these explanations foreclose the ability to think critically about the social and cultural context of the explanations themselves: they are presented as universally true and outside of culture or history.2
Helping from Home: DFV Worker Wellbeing During the ‘Shadow Pandemic’
Authors: Pfitzner Naomi , Fitz-Gibbon Kate , Walklate Sandra , Meyer Silke , Segrave Marie
Published: May 2023

Historically, there has been limited attention paid to the support needs of the domestic and family violence workforce beyond a general emphasis on self-care in social work training. Drawing on an Australian case study, this chapter examines why the COVID-19 pandemic has sharply highlighted the need to pay attention to the wellbeing of those specialist practitioners working remotely to support women experiencing DFV during stay-at-home restrictions.