bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mengelola peran sebagai ibu sekaligus mahasiswa yang melanjutkan studi ke luar negeri
Authors: Triasari Army , Ninin Retno Hanggarani
Published: January 2021

Objektif: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengalaman ibu yang melanjutkan studi di luar negeri dalam mengelola peran gandanya sebagai ibu dan mahasiswa. Metode: Partisipan adalah dua orang ibu berusia 20-30 tahun. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. Pengambilan data dilakukan dengan teknik semi-structured interview dimana panduannya menggunakan model in-depth, phenomenological interviewing. Analisis data dilakukan menggunakan analisis tematis dalam Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. Temuan: Berdasarkan hasil analisis terdapat tiga tema utama yang ditemukan dari penelitan ini yakni (1) tantangan menjadi ibu yang melanjutkan studi ke luar negeri, (2) perencanaan dalam pengelolaan peran ganda, dan (3) dukungan dari lingkungan. Kesimpulan: Terdapat tantangan secara eksternal maupun internal pada wanita yang mengelola peran ganda menjadi seorang ibu sekaligus mahasiswa di institusi pendidikan di luar negeri. Dalam menjawab tantangan tersebut secara konstruktif, diperlukan utamanya adalah sistem dukungan dari lingkungan terdekat.
Quantification of carbon capture in different soil uses
Authors: Solarte-Guerrero Geovanny , Males Dayana Marcela , Ortiz Angela Natalia
Published: January 2021

Carbon sequestration by soils in different production systems contributes greatly to the reduction of greenhouse gases. The objective of this study was to quantify the carbon stored in four land uses at different soil depths. To this end, a 22 factorial experiment in complete randomized block design (CRBD) was carried out. The factor A: land uses (natural pastures, shelterbelts, fodder banks, and potato crop) and the factor B: two soil depths (30 and 60cm), with three replications.  . As a result, statistical differences were found among soil uses (p>0.0573) and between depths of 30 and 60cm (p<0.0061). However, no statistically significant differences were found in the interaction land-use and depth (P > 0.0659). The fodder bank presented a higher organic carbon content (139.85tC.ha-1) at 60cm depth and the potato monoculture (63.32tC.ha-1) at 30cm depth while, at both depths, natural pasture reported lower values (54.45 and 60.02tC.ha-1). Hence, the importance of productive systems to accumulate more carbon at greater depths of soil (60cm) compared to lower depths (30cm), which may be linked to agricultural opperations made on the soi surface, generating carbon leakage.
Catholic Liturgical Practices in Soviet Russia in the 1920s and 1930s: Canonical Norms and Anomalies
Authors:   Institute of World History, Russian Academy of Sciences (Moscow, Russia), Beglov Alexey , Fadeyev Ivan ,   Institute of World History, Russian Academy of Sciences (Moscow, Russia), Tokareva Evgeniia ,   Institute of World History, Russian Academy of Sciences (Moscow, Russia)
Published: January 2021

This paper examines changes in the liturgical and paraliturgical practices of Roman Catholics in Soviet Russia in the 1920s and 1930s. Nine documents from different archives outside Russia were first used to show changes made at the request of Russian Catholics. These documents deal with a number of disciplinary issues, such as the time for the celebration of Mass, observation of a natural fast before Mass, permission for lay people to bring Holy communion to the sick or imprisoned people. The Holy See readily relaxed canonical requirements. Consequently, at the turn of the 1920s and 1930s, the time for the celebration of Mass became variable, moving more often to the evening hours; the rules of a natural fast before Mass for clergy and laity were relaxed, which paved the way for regular communion at evening Masses; laity were given permission to bring Holy communion to those who could not personally hear the Mass; the practice of stipends for Mass became an instrument of financial support given by the Holy See to impoverished Catholic clergymen in critical situations. The main reason for these dramatic changes was the anti-religious policy of the Soviet government and the disruption of the traditional calendar. The fact of continuing contacts with the Vatican sheds light on those aspects of religious life in Soviet Russia that are not reflected in the official Soviet documentation.
Candomblé rituals and food practices in Italy and Brazil: an ethnographic comparison
Authors: Capponi Giovanna
Published: January 2021

This paper focuses on the relationship between food practices, preparation of Candomblé ritual offerings and performance of rituals in a transnational case study. My interest here is to consider two ethnographic accounts of Candomblé rituals in Italy and Brazil. I will analyze how Italian practitioners perceive different aspects of the preparation of ritual offerings and what values are at stake in the cooking and consumption of food and food offerings. I will show how memory and the senses are essential to build a new idea of familiarity and to learn new skills within the ritual practice.
A hospitalidade em Paris e Buenos Aires: seguindo consumidores de vinho para além do Rio de Janeiro
Authors: Murgel Luciana Freire
Published: January 2021

O objetivo desse artigo é apresentar como a experiência de trabalho de campo internacional contribuiu para o fazer etnográfico da minha tese de doutorado, que propôs compreender o processo de consumo de vinho de um grupo de pessoas das camadas médias e altas do Rio de Janeiro. Diante das especificidades desse consumo e do meu envolvimento anterior com o objeto de estudo, realizar parte da pesquisa no exterior se tornou tanto estratégia de estranhamento ao familiar como também uma consequência do objetivo de seguir o vinho e seus consumidores de acordo com representações que iam além das fronteiras nacionais. A partir de oportunidades trazidas pelo departamento de antropologia do meu doutorado, pude realizar uma imersão em Paris de nove meses e uma pesquisa exploratória em Buenos Aires de três meses, totalizando um ano fora do país. Tais experiências se tornaram centrais na interpretação dos dados etnográficos, principalmente porque, uma vez vivenciada a hospitalidade enquanto estrangeira nesses países, pude entender como a teoria da hospitalidade era “chave” para a compreensão do meu trabalho de campo no Rio de Janeiro. Isto é, os consumidores de vinho cariocas, ao perceberem o vinho como algo “estrangeiro”, criam relações de hospitalidade com especialistas que trabalham no comércio e que os socializam naquilo que chamam de “cultura do vinho”.
A gestão dos conflitos e seus efeitos políticos: apontamentos de pesquisa sobre a mineração no Espinhaço, Minas Gerais
Authors: Teixeira Raquel Oliveira Santos , Zucarelli Marcos Cristiano
Published: January 2021

A partir do acompanhamento de reuniões deliberativas do COPAM (Conselho de Política Ambiental de Minas Gerais), o artigo examina as estratégias corporativas de gestão da crítica em um cenário de expansão da atividade minerária e multiplicação dos conflitos. O intuito é problematizar as estratégias corporativas de tratamento às críticas e seus efeitos sobre a ação política opositiva aos projetos minerários.
As dimensões culturais da desregulamentação ambiental: o que a etnografia do ambientalismo corporativo revela sobre o ‘estado de morte’ que marca os territórios da instalação e operação dos megaempreendimentos?
Authors: Da Costa Rafael Gomes de Sousa , Oliveira Maria Cecília da Silva
Published: January 2021

Este artigo é o resultado da autoetnografia da experiência de um dos autores (Autor 1) como “analisa ambiental” no departamento de meio ambiente de uma corporação transnacional produtora de energia elétrica, entre os anos 2010-2016. Neste período, o referido autor integrava a equipe técnica responsável pela condução de programas de mitigação e compensação ambiental de dois grandes empreendimentos hídricos, a saber: a barragem Belo Monte, na Volta Grande do rio Xingu, Amazônia; e a barragem do rio Jequitaí, afluente do rio São Francisco, na região Norte de Minas. Numa abordagem antropológica, o artigo busca problematizar a ideologia externa de legitimação da política do licenciamento ambiental a partir do registro dos jogos linguísticos cotidianos cultivados pelos experts ambientais corporativos frente ao seu envolvimento com um mundo muito mais vasto que aquele alcançado pelos jargões ou pelos dogmas de sua atividade profissional. Em diálogo com a literatura antropológica e sociológica responsável por inaugurar um debate crítico em torno das consequências e dos usos de determinadas formas de produção de conhecimento associadas à regulação ambiental de atividades e projetos potencialmente poluidores, este texto busca indicar como a intimidade cultural dos experts ambientais corporativos é um fator produtivo das dimensões de vida e morte que marcam a instalação e operação dos megaempreendimentos.
DESREGULAMENTAÇÃO AMBIENTAL E TERRITORIAL EM UM CONTEXTO DE ANTIAMBIENTALISMO RACIALIZADO: O CASO DAS TERRAS DA UNIÃO NO MÉDIO RIO SÃO FRANCISCO
Authors: ANAYA FELISA CANÇADO , OLIVEIRA CLÁUDIA LUZ DE , Ribeiro Luciana Maria Monteiro , Araújo Elisa Cotta de , Thé Ana Paula Glinfskoi
Published: January 2021

O artigo apresenta dados etnográficos e contextuais sobre o processo de caracterização e identificação de terras tradicionalmente ocupadas por comunidades vazanteiras, pescadoras e quilombolas do Médio São Francisco, estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Tem como foco analisar os desafios do fazer antropológico na atual conjuntura política e econômica brasileira, marcada pela emergência de um novo tipo de antiambientalismo de caráter autoritário e racializado (ACSELRAD, 2018), baseado em uma retórica explicitamente estigmatizadora em relação aos povos e comunidades tradicionais, movimentos sociais, pesquisadores e órgãos públicos. Tal retórica, tem sido utilizada como estratégia de convencimento social e como forma de legitimar práticas de desregulamentação ambiental e fundiária. Para tanto, foi realizada pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, trabalho de campo etnográfico e análise situacional para leitura dos processos em andamento durante trabalho de pesquisa. Os dados revelam que, o que está em jogo é a apropriação privada pelo segmento ruralista das águas e das áreas inundáveis nas margens do rio São Francisco, que compõem parte dos territórios de diversas comunidades tradicionais,  sendo definidas pela legislação como terras da União e áreas de preservação permanente.
Apresentação: Passando a boiada: violação de direitos, desregulação e desmanche ambiental no Brasil
Authors: Bronz Deborah , Zhouri Andréa , Castro Edna
Published: January 2021

Em dezembro de 2019 foi aberta a chamada para o dossiê “Estado, desregulação ambiental e luta por direitos no Brasil”, com o objetivo de reunir artigos que pudessem colaborar com o debate sobre os processos de construção da democracia no Brasil diante da emergência de novas fragilidades no campo do direito e da justiça socioambiental. Jamais poderíamos imaginar o que viria tão logo à frente, a pandemia de Covid-19, muito menos que, diante de um contexto tão dramático, envolvendo a morte e o adoecimento de milhares de brasileiros, se agravaria o desmonte das políticas de Estado voltadas à proteção ambiental e aos direitos socioambientais de povos e comunidades tradicionais.
Control estatal de vendedores callejeros en Río de Janeiro y en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires: una aproximación comparativa a la relación entre vendedores y agentes de control
Authors: Belcic Sofía
Published: January 2021

Este trabajo es resultado de una experiencia de trabajo de campo realizada entre vendedores callejeros (camelôs) en una zona del centro de la ciudad de Río de Janeiro (Brasil), producto de una instancia de intercambio de doctorado llevada adelante por la autora en dicha ciudad. El artículo indaga en los efectos que las prácticas de los agentes de la Guardia Municipal tienen sobre los camelôs de aquella zona, particularmente en las percepciones y las valoraciones que éstos tienen sobre las mismas, así como también en las reacciones y acciones de respuesta que despliegan. Asimismo, se establecen comparaciones con lo indagado respecto a las relaciones entre distintas agencias estatales y vendedores callejeros de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires (Argentina). Partiendo de las formas en las que los sujetos reaccionan y responden frente a las prácticas de control y represión de las agencias estatales que recaen sobre ellos, puntualmente, este trabajo se pregunta acerca de la legitimidad/ilegitimidad de las prácticas de los agentes estatales desde la perspectiva de los vendedores, enfocándose -aunque no exclusivamente- en lo que hace al uso de la fuerza por parte de los agentes. A partir de allí, el artículo busca, a su vez, aproximarse al modo en que los vendedores otorgan sentido a las actividades que realizan e indaga en laspercepciones sobre derechos que circulan entre los vendedores en cada uno de los espacios sociales analizados.
As narrativas do movimento negro no campo político brasileiro: do protesto à política institucionalizada
Authors: Moura Joana Tereza Vaz de , Ramos Paulo Cesar
Published: January 2021

A aprovação do Estatuto da Igualdade Racial, em 2010, representou um avanço no debate das questões raciais no Brasil. As narrativas usadas pelo movimento negro tiveram um papel estratégico nesse processo. Nesse artigo, examinamos as narrativas através das quais o movimento negro se legitimou como um ator político legítimo. Buscamos contribuir para a literatura dos movimentos sociais trazendo as narrativas como estratégias essenciais para pautar demandas e atingir resultados na sua relação com o Poder Público. Utilizamos como fontes de informação entrevistas com representantes do movimento negro e documentos disponíveis. O estudo mostra que os ativistas operaram dentro dos limites discursivos do campo político e aproveitaram as oportunidades políticas sinalizadas pelo Estado, reconhecendo-os e legitimando-os como agentes políticos. Enfatizamos também, as circunstâncias que possibilitaram a unificação de um discurso e a concertação para uma narrativa para que os negros se tornassem protagonistas nesse debate.
Makers no Complexo do Alemão: a tecnologia da sobrevivência.
Authors: Neves do Nascimento Natã
Published: January 2021

A favela é um território criativo e, apesar dos estigmas que traz consigo em relação a violência e escassez, busco refletir através desse artigo que esse território periférico é  extremamente potente quando se fala na arte de sobreviver. Trabalhando com o conceito de “tática” trazido por Michel de Certeau, estabelecendo relações entre as gambiarras  desenvolvidas por fazedores do Complexo do Alemão. A favela é rica quando se trata deprofissionais que desenvolvem táticas de sobrevivência. Pretendo questionar os múltiplos conceitos da palavra gambiarra e mostrar como ela se apresenta na vida de cada um que a produz. Para composição deste trabalho serão analisados alguns conceitos de gambiarra, criação e estigma.
Indumentária, pertencimento e diferenciação: o papel das roupas na construção de uma identidade coletiva gótica.
Authors: Caetano Stella Mendonça
Published: January 2021

A subcultura gótica é remanescente de uma safra de culturas juvenis oriundas do final da década de 70 e do início da década de 80. Assumindo, na modernidade, papel fundamental na identidade de grupo, a moda e a indumentária passam a ser um meio de expressão da auto-identidade dos indivíduos e, também, um indicador de pertencimento ao grupo e diferenciação na sociedade. A partir dos estudos de identidade de Stuart Hall e Anthony Giddens, combinados com o conceito de moda trabalhado por Gilles Lipovetsky e o hibridismo homem-objeto proposto por Daniel Miller, busca-se uma reflexão acerca do papelda indumentária enquanto extensão da auto-identidade formada pelos integrantes da subcultura gótica, bem como na construção de uma identidade coletiva.
Categorias teóricas âncoras do pensamento de Antonio Gramsci em artigos do mapa bibliográfico de Gramsci no Brasil
Authors: Silva Silmara Carneiro e , Souza Cristinae Gonçalves de , Junior Nilson De Paula
Published: January 2021

O estudo da influência de Antonio Gramsci nas produções científicas brasileiras tem sido uma pauta da International Gramsci Society – Brasil – IGS-BR, que culminou com o lançamento do Mapa da Bibliografia de Gramsci no Brasil. Este trabalho partiu do referido mapa para contribuir com esse esforço, a fim de identificar os fundamentos teóricos gramscianos presentes nas respectivas produções, a partir da incidência de suas categorias teóricas nos artigos publicados no Brasil. Para este trabalho foi feito um recorte dos 11 artigos que versaram sobre as seguintes categorias: Filosofia da Praxis (5), Cultura (3), Vontade Coletiva (2) e Ideologia (1). Trata-se de uma pesquisa bibliográfica sistemática, de caráter exploratório. A técnica de análise utilizada foi a análise de conteúdo. Os resultados indicam que Hegemonia foi a categoria teórica âncora com maior incidência nos textos, comportando-se como articuladora da unidade do pensamento gramsciano nas produções do Mapa da IGS/BR.
Ethos atribuído por enunciadores (Ethos assigned by enunciators)
Authors: Possenti Sírio
Published: January 2021

O objetivo principal do artigo é chamar atenção para um tipo de dado: atribuições de ethos. Conta a história de uma pequena pesquisa, expõe alguns desdobramentos da noção de ethos e esboça uma análise bastante sumária de um conjunto de dados, que tem mais a pretensão de abrir um campo do que propriamente de propor uma compreensão que soe como acabada.
Precisamos falar sobre simulacro (We need to talk about simulacrum)
Authors: Motta Ana Raquel
Published: January 2021

O presente artigo tem como objetivo contribuir, a partir da análise do discurso, para a educação para a paz e para a educação para os Direitos Humanos. Parte-se da exposição do conceito de simulacro, proposto por Dominique Maingueneau, e analisa-se um dado de polêmica política que circulou no Facebook em 2018, seguindo a metodologia proposta por este autor para compreensão do simulacro. Em seguida, é proposta uma atividade a ser desenvolvida em sala de aula, a partir do 8º ano do Ensino Fundamental, para que se trabalhem competências sócio emocionais ligadas ao diálogo e à gestão de polêmicas, a partir da análise dos simulacros.
Editorial: Corporate governance and COVID-19 in the context of coming drastic changes
Authors: Malkawi Bashar H.
Published: January 2021

Corporate governance faces a new set of challenges in light of COVID-19. Corporations would have to reduce their finance by assuming more debt and providing dividends for shareholders. This will lead to a stable financial environment. Corporations might choose among diverse interests that would include a mix of government interests and concentrated ownership. Also, as a result of increase in the use of technology, there will a shift in the bargaining power between capital and labor as corporations will have a wide spectrum in hiring employees worldwide. As we have seen over the past few years, there is increasing pressure to limit foreign investment in strategic sectors and focus on national security screening for foreign corporation accruing domestic firms. This trend is expected to continue as a result of COVID-19 as countries are trying to shore up their economics against external shocks. Moreover, there would be an increase in government ownership in corporations and other types of controls. The presence of the COVID-19 health crisis is likely to push the debate toward stakeholder perception of the corporation, shifting away – over the next few years – from shareholders’ interests. There could be even more focus on employees and the role they play in the corporation. Employees are expected to act as active players in running the affairs of the corporation. Overall, these topics are addressed in the current issue of Corporate Board: Role, Duties and Composition.
Mosaic desert pavement influences water infiltration and vegetation distribution on fluvial fan surfaces
Authors: Wang Dejin , Zhao Wenzhi , hong zhou , Luo Weicheng
Published: January 2021

Desert pavements are critical for maintaining ecological stability and
promoting near-surface hydrological cycle in arid regions. However, few
studies have reported the desert pavements on ecological on fluvial
fans. Although desert pavement surfaces appear to be barren and flat, we
found that the surfaces were featured by mosaic pattern of desert
pavement (DP) and bare ground (BG). In this study, we investigated the
effects of mosaic DP on water infiltration and vegetation distribution
at six sites (i.e. one on the hillside and five in the sectors of
fluvial fans) along a southwest belt transect on the fluvial fans in the
Northern Linze County, in the middle of Hexi Corridor. The results
showed that significant differences of Mosaic DP between hillside and
sectors of fans were found in pavement thickness, thickness of vesicular
horizon (Av thickness), particle composition and bulk density, rather
than soil moisture content (SMC), gravel coverage and surface gravel
size. The mosaic DP can inhibit water infiltration by pavement layer,
where the sorptivity (S), initial infiltration rate
(i) and steady- state infiltration rate
(i) and infiltration time (T) averaged
1.30 cm/min-0.5, 5.03 cm/min, 0.23 cm/min, and 12.76 min respectively.
If pavement layer was scalped, the S, i
and i increased by 0.75 cm/min-0.5, 2.90
cm/min and 0.13 cm/min, respectively, and the T was shortened by
5.34 min. Water infiltration was mainly controlled by the pavement layer
thickness (+), Av thickness (-), surface gravel coverage (-), and fine
earth (+) and fine gravel (-) of pavement layer. Mosaic DP grew less
shrubs than mosaic BG where distributed plenty of herbs. It can be
concluded that desert pavements can keep vegetation stability by
self-regulating rainfall. This study would deepen our understanding of
the eco-hydrological cycle of pavement landscape in arid regions.
A SARS-CoV-2 overview for people in a hurry
Authors: Lim Sylvester Jian Ming , Wei Aaron Yong Tse
Published: January 2021

SARS-CoV-2 is the etiologic agent of the current COVID-19 pandemic which has wreaked unprecedented economic and healthcare calamity. It is a deadly virus belonging to the Coronaviridae family, with high sequence similarity to the 2003 SARS epidemic coronavirus 1. The global race to produce vaccines to stem the disease-as well as the public health urgency-has spurred tremendous growth in the litany of literature which attempts to uncover the enigma of this deadly virus. Amidst this evergrowing list of literature , this paper seeks to concisely elaborate on key progresses made in the understanding of SARS-CoV-2 in the realms of its life cycle, epidemiology, methods for detection, and vaccine research into an easily assimilable paper for readers.
PRESSURE AND STRESS ANALYSIS OF LIQUID-FILLED CYLINDRICAL TANK
Authors: Kotrasova Kamila , Kormanikova Eva , Harabinova Slavka
Published: January 2021

During earthquakes, the liquid-filled storage tank generates
hydrodynamic pressures, in addition to hydrostatic pressure, on the
solid domain of the tank. The theoretical background of hydrodynamic
pressure analysis, as well as the numerical simulation of the
liquid-filled cylindrical concrete tank, is the focus of this paper. The
Finite Element Method (FEM) modeling, along with Arbitrary
Lagrangian-Eulerian and Fluid-Structure Interactions formulation, are
used for simulating the seismic response of cylindrical concrete
liquid-filled tank, fixed to the rigid foundation. The Loma Prieta
accelerogram is utilized for recording the seismic ground motion. In the
numerical study, two states are observed: 1) static condition where only
hydrostatic pressure acts, and 2) seismic excitation where hydrodynamic
pressure occurs. When exposed to an earthquake situation, the tank
liquid gives the total pressure of the liquid domain. The dynamic
analysis considers the pressure response of the liquid domain, as well
as the stress response of the solid domain of the coupled system, i.e.,
liquid-filled cylindrical concrete tank.
Current Perspectives on Phytomedicines targeting Cancer Stem Cells
Authors: Saraff Mrunmayee , Gahtori Rekha , Tripathi Surya , Dhanasekaran Sugapriya , Kumar Sanjay , Pandit Soumya , Bishi Dillip , Gupta Piyush
Published: January 2021

Studies have established the presence of a small subpopulation of cells
within tumor cells, known as cancer stem cells (CSCs). These cells have
evidently been the reason for metastasis, chemotherapy or radiotherapy
resistance and tumor relapses in several types of cancers. CSCs are
prone to epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), resulting in
aggressive tumors. They modulate various pathways of molecular
signaling, including Wnt, Hedgehog and Notch, thus increasing the
stem-like characteristics. Elevated expression of ATP binding cassette
(ABC) transporter efflux pump as well as suppression of apoptosis has
also increased anti-cancer drug resistance. Plants are known to possess
bioactive compounds that can modulate these key regulators and hence
eliminate CSCs. This review aims to report and summarize preclinical
studies about the effects of phytocompounds on CSCs of various tumors.
Furthermore, clinical trials carried out for some of these
phytoconstituents are reported. Thus, selectively targeting CSCs with
plant extracts and herbal preparations may be a promising remedial
strategy for cancer.
A Comparison of Self-Control Measures and Drug and Alcohol Use among College Students
Authors: Mathna Brooke , Roberts Jennifer , Koen Marthinus
Published: January 2021

Research has shown a link between drug and alcohol behaviors and self-control; however, much of the research focuses on only the general theory of crime (Gottfredson and Hirschi 1990), without regard to Hirschi’s (2004) self-control theory. The purpose of the current study is to examine three measures of Hirschi’s self-control theory and to understand the link between Hirschi’s self-control theory and drug and alcohol behaviors. This study draws from a sample of undergraduate college students (N = 640) to examine the role of Hirschi’s self-control in the explanation of drug and alcohol behaviors. The current study uses a previous measure of Hirschi’s self-control [i.e., decisional self-control (alcohol)] and two measures (i.e., decisional self-control (cheat) and bond-based self-control) created by the researchers to analyze drug and alcohol behaviors. Results indicated that self-control based in social bonds (i.e., bond-based self-control) was significantly related to all drug and alcohol behaviors. The cost/salience scale measuring cheating behaviors [i.e., decisional self-control (cheat)] was significantly related to marijuana/hashish use, and the cost/salience scale measuring drinking and driving [i.e., decisional self-control (alcohol)] was significantly related to zero drug and alcohol behaviors. Results indicate that developing strong social bonds as a form of self-control can reduce the likelihood of drug and alcohol behaviors.
Colonizationism versus Abolitionism in the Antebellum North: The Anti-Slavery Society of Hanover College and Indiana Theological Seminary (1836) versus the Hanover College Officers, Board of Trustees, and Faculty
Authors: Raley J
Published: January 2021

In March 1836, nine Hanover College and Indiana Theological Seminary students, almost certainly including Benjamin Franklin Templeton, a former slave enrolled in the seminary, formed an antislavery society. The society’s Preamble and Constitution set forth abolitionist ideals demanding an immediate emancipation of Southern slaves with rights of citizenship and “without expatriation.” Thus they encountered the ire of Hanover’s Presbyterian trustees—colonizationists who believed instead that free blacks and educated slaves, gradually and voluntarily emancipated by their owners, should leave the United States and relocate to Liberia, where they would experience greater opportunity, equality, and justice than was possible here in the United States and simultaneously exercise a civilizing and Christianizing influence on indigenous West Africans. By separating the races on two different continents with an ocean between them, America’s race problem would be solved. The efforts of the colonizationists failed, in part because of a lack of sufficient resources to transport and resettle three million African Americans. Then, too, few Southern slaveholders were willing to emancipate their slaves and finance those former slaves’ voyages, and most free blacks refused to leave the country of their birth. In Liberia, left largely to their own resources, colonists encountered disease, the enmity of local tribes, the threat of slavers, and difficulties in farming that left these former slaves struggling for existence, even if free blacks who engaged in mercantile trade there fared well. In the United States, the trustees’ conviction that American society was racist beyond reform, together with their refusal to confront the system of slavery in the South in hope of preserving the Union and their refusal to allow even discussion of the subject of slavery on the Hanover campus, left their central question unanswered: Would it ever be possible for people of color and whites to reside together in the United States peaceably and equitably? The trustees’ decision exerted another long-term impact as well. Although today the campus is integrated, Hanover College would not admit an African American student until 1948.
Duodenal Malignancies
Authors: Newton Emily R , Schmidt Benjamin H , Meyers Michael O
Published: January 2021

Although malignancies involving the small bowel are rare, one-third of these are located in the duodenum. The majority of duodenal tumors are adenocarcinoma but also may include gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST), carcinoid or neuroendocrine tumors, sarcomas, and lymphoma. These commonly present with nonspecific symptoms, but obstructive patterns predominate when symptoms are present. Preoperative diagnosis is made via endoscopy and/or cross-sectional imaging. This section focuses on treatment and surgical management for adenocarcinoma, carcinoid tumors, and GISTs of the duodenum. Surgical resection is the primary treatment of for all three of these, but all have significant nuances in surgical planning and decision-making as well as variability in the role of adjunctive treatment in their management. Functional carcinoid tumors can have hormone-driven symptoms and are associated with an increase in risk of carcinoid crisis, which may be prophylactically treated with intravenous octreotide. Resection of these tumors relies heavily on tumor relationship to the ampulla. Key anatomic distinctions and clinical tips to identify the ampulla to ensure an appropriate duodenal resection are discussed in this review.

This review contains 12 figures, 5 tables, and 54 references.
Key Words: carcinoid, duodenal carcinoma, duodenal adenocarcinoma, duodenal resection, duodenal tumors, neuroendocrine tumor, gastrointestinal stromal tumor, small bowel tumors
HER-2-Amplified Breast Cancer
Authors: Al-Hilli Zahraa , Boughey Judy C
Published: January 2021

Amplification of the human epidermal growth factor receptor–2 (HER-2) gene is found in approximately 15 to 30% of breast cancers. Historically, HER-2 overexpression has been associated with aggressive disease and a poor prognosis. However, the use of targeted anti-HER2 therapy has revolutionized the treatment of HER-2-positive disease, and the use of the monoclonal antibody trastuzumab in combination with chemotherapy is now standard of care for tumors greater than 1 cm in size and in node-positive disease. More recently, the value of dual-agent anti-HER-2 therapy has been demonstrated in large clinical trials. This review provides an overview of HER-2-positive breast cancer, its molecular basis, methods of identification, and treatment options and strategies.
This review contains 2 figures and 70 references

Key words: anti-HER-2 therapy, breast cancer, HER-2-positive breast cancer, HER-2 resistance, lapatinib, neoadjuvant chemotherapy, pertuzumab, small HER-2-positive breast cancer, trastuzumab
Solitary Fibrous Tumors
Authors: Tseng William W , Chopra Shefali , Patel Dakshesh , In Gino K , Ragab Omar , Hu James S , Menendez Lawrence R , Sener Stephen F
Published: January 2021

Solitary fibrous tumors (SFTs) are a subtype of soft tissue sarcoma with fibroblastic differentiation. SFTs typically occur in patients between ages 50 and 70 and most commonly develop in the pleural space or abdomen, although they have been described in virtually every body site. Cross-sectional imaging (CT or MRI) is useful to help characterize the tumor, and core-needle biopsy is critical to obtain tissue for diagnosis. Definitive diagnosis is now made by immunohistochemical expression of STAT6, which results from a key genetic aberration (NAB2-STAT6 fusion) recently identified in SFTs. For patients with SFT, surgical resection is the mainstay of treatment. Current data suggest some benefit with adjuvant radiation therapy and systemic therapy; however, further studies are needed. After treatment, surveillance in SFT patients is important, and late recurrences have been reported. Although these tumors are generally indolent, with low metastatic potential, a subset of cases will demonstrate aggressive behavior. Simple risk assessment models have been developed to help predict clinical behavior. Novel predictive biomarkers and disease biology–driven targeted therapy options are needed.
 
This review contains 4 figures, 2 tables and 37 references
Key words: cellular angiofibroma, characteristic chromosomal translocation, dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, Doege-Potter syndrome, hemangiopericytoma, perineuroma, preoperative angioembolization, schwannoma, solitary fibrous tumors
Principles of Neurologic Ethics
Authors: Siket Matthew S. , Baruch Jay M.
Published: January 2021

Neuroethics refers to the branch of applied bioethics pertaining to the neurosciences and emerging technologies that impact our ability to understand or enhance a human mind. In the setting of emergency medicine, the clinician will encounter neuroethical dilemmas pertaining to the acutely brain injured or impaired; similar to other ethical decisions encountered in emergency medicine, such neuroethical dilemmas are often complicated by insufficient information regarding the patient’s wishes and preferences and a short time frame in which to obtain this information. This review examines the basis of neuroethics in emergency medicine; neuroethical inquiry; the neuroscience of ethics and intuition; issues regarding autonomy, informed consent, paternalism, and persuasion; shared decision making; situations in which decision-making capacity is in question; beneficence/nonmaleficence; incidental findings and their implications; risk predictions; and issues of justice. The figure shows the use of tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) for cerebral ischemia within 3 hours of onset and changes in outcome due to treatment. Tables list common ethical theories, virtues/values of an acute care provider, components of informed consent discussion unique to t-PA in acute ischemic stroke, models of the physician-patient relationship, eight ways to promote effective shared decision making, components of capacity assessment, and emergency department assessment of futility.
This review contains 1 figure, 9 tables, and 90 references.
Keywords: Ethics, autonomy, shared decision-making, moral dilemmas, framing, decision-making capacity, beneficence and nonmaleficence
Postresuscitation Management And Outcomes
Authors: Hughes Patrick , Mechanic Oren , Grossman Shamai A.
Published: January 2021

Most patients who achieve return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) do not survive to hospital discharge. Focus on postarrest care is critical to maximize outcomes. In the post-ROSC phase, patients are frequently hemodynamically unstable, electrophysiologically vulnerable, and in need of airway management and/or ventilatory support. While focusing on further stabilizing the patient, attention should also be placed on identifying the etiology of arrest and minimizing postischemic injury to the brain and other organs. Goal-directed therapy can provide optimal care and outcomes. Neurologic prognostication should wait until 72 hours after ROSC or return to normothermia. If a patient remains is recognized as brain dead, tissue and organ donation should be considered. Debriefing after cardiopulmonary resuscitation improves objective measures in future resuscitation and allows a chance for closure after a stressful event.
This review contains 4 figures, 4 tables and 42 references
Key words: cardiac arrest, postarrest care, post–cardiac arrest syndrome, postresuscitation management, target temperature management, therapeutic hypothermia
Evaluation Of Elevated Transaminases In Children
Authors: Valentino Pamela L , Ekong Udeme D
Published: January 2021

The approach to elevated liver transaminases presented here includes an understanding of the biochemical testing, as well as a sequential pathway of investigations. In the pediatric patient who is not in acute liver failure, we discuss the differential diagnoses that should be considered, categorized in a systems-based approach. Infectious, autoimmune, genetic/metabolic, and cholestatic disease; drug-induced liver injury; and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease are among the categories that should be considered. Following a thorough history and physical examination, the patient should be referred to a pediatric specialist with expertise in the diagnosis and treatment of liver disease. Appropriate investigations by a pediatric gastroenterologist/hepatologist initially include blood tests and abdominal Doppler ultrasonography.
 
This review contains 4 figures, 3 tables and 42 references
Key words: acute liver failure, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, cholestasis, chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, elevated liver enzymes, end-stage liver disease, γ-glutamyl transaminase, portal hypertension
Enteral Stenting: An Overview of Gastrointestinal Luminal Endoprostheses
Authors: Patel Vaishali , Willingham Field
Published: January 2021

Enteral stents are tubular devices that can reestablish the patency of the gastrointestinal (GI) lumen in the setting of high-grade obstruction. Although they have been more commonly used in the palliation of malignant obstruction, they now have expanding roles for benign luminal strictures and stenoses. Familiarity with the indications and contraindications for enteral stent placement can enable consideration of a less invasive and morbid therapeutic option for many patients with symptomatic obstructions. The development of self-expandable metal stents and the subsequent emergence of lumen-apposing coaxial metal stents have expanded the role of enteral stents in the management of various GI disorders.
This review contains 49 references, 5 figures, and 5 tables.
Key Words: coaxial, enteral, gastrointestinal malignancy, lumen-apposing, obstruction, palliation, stent
Posttransplant Complications: Renal, Cardiovascular, Diabetes, and Obesity
Authors: Barman Pranab , Levitsky Josh
Published: January 2021

With improving surgical technique and perioperative care, liver transplant recipients will continue to survive longer and longer. After the first year of transplantation, the risk of mortality is largely based on the development of renal disease and metabolic syndrome, including hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and obesity. Mechanistically, these complications can be a result of immunosuppressive medications as well as a return to poor dietary and exercise regimens posttransplant. Renal injury is almost exclusively a result of calcineurin toxicity over time, and new strategies are in place, utilizing mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors to minimize this risk. Cardiovascular complications can also be spurred on by immunosuppressive medications, and close monitoring and treatment with standard agents are required in the recipient. Diabetes is perhaps the most feared medical complication posttransplant, as it carries a higher risk of mortality. It is also impacted by many of the different immunosuppressive regimens. Finally, novel strategies are being researched to appropriately treat the obese patient pre- and post liver transplant.

This review contains 1 figure, 2 tables, and 52 references.
Key Words: complications, diabetes, everolimus, immunosuppression, liver transplant, medical, metabolic syndrome, obesity, posttransplant, renal disease, tacrolimus.
Viral Hepatitis C: Epidemiology, ­Pathogenesis, Transmission, And ­Natural History
Authors: Chung Raymond T. , Lidofsky Anna , Holmes Jacinta A
Published: January 2021

Chronic infection with the hepatitis C virus (HCV) remains a significant global health issue, with more than 71 million infected worldwide and accounting for over 720,000 deaths annually in the United States alone. It can be associated with significant liver-related morbidity and mortality owing to complications from cirrhosis and end-stage liver disease. The aging HCV population, together with changing patterns of drug use, has seen an increase in these complications of HCV and an increase in the number of acute HCV infections. Screening and managing complications of chronic hepatitis C are an important consideration. The changing epidemiology, risk factors, transmission, diagnosis, natural history (including complications) and patient evaluation and education are discussed.

This review contains 4 figures, 2 tables, and 70 references
Key words: epidemiology, hepatitis C virus, transmission, risk factors, natural history, patient education, evaluation
Viral Hepatitis C: Treatment
Authors: Luther Jay , Chung Raymond T. , Lidofsky Anna , Holmes Jacinta A , Rutledge Stephanie M
Published: January 2021

Infection with the hepatitis C virus (HCV) leads to chronic infection in the majority, and is associated with the development of complications including cirrhosis, end-stage liver failure, hepatocellular carcinoma and death. HCV is curable, and successful viral eradication is associated with a reduction in cirrhosis and liver-related mortality. However, previous HCV therapy, consisting of pegylated interferon plus ribavirin, was associated with poor cure rates and significant adverse events. The development of direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs) that specifically target HCV replication has revolutionized the treatment of HCV. Current regimens are now highly potent, all-oral, interferon-free combinations of these DAAs. The Food and Drug Administration has now approved many of these regimens. The changing management of HCV infection, including recent advances in HCV therapy, are discussed.

This review contains 1 figure, 5 tables and 59 references
Key words: direct-acting antiviral agents, hepatitis C virus, interferon-free therapy, management, treatment
Liver Transplant Immunology 2: Application to Liver Allograft Immunity
Authors: Kriss Michael , Rosen Hugo
Published: January 2021

The liver is a multifunctional organ responsible for complex metabolic and immune functions. Although not a classic lymphoid organ, the liver is enriched with traditional immune cells as well as parenchymal and nonparenchymal cells that play a key role in immune homeostasis. Due to its location and unique anatomic structure, the liver must finely balance immunity and tolerance to avoid undue inflammation in the setting of constant antigenic exposure from portal blood flow while maintaining appropriate immunity against pathogens. Since the first successful liver transplantation in humans in 1967 at the University of Colorado, our knowledge of hepatic immunity and tolerance, in the context of both liver disease and liver transplantation, has evolved dramatically. With these advancements, therapeutic modalities have been developed that have revolutionized the care of liver transplant recipients.  In Part 2: Application to Liver Allograft Immunity, we apply the basic principles of liver immunology and allorecognition to our current management of liver transplant recipients in the context of both immunosuppression and the holy grail of transplantation, operational tolerance.

This review contains 4 figures, 3 tables, and 32 references
Key Words: adaptive immunity; allograft rejection; allograft tolerance; allorecognition; antigen presenting cells; immunosuppression; innate immunity; liver transplantation; T lymphocytes
Management of Dyslipidemia
Authors: Brunzell John D. , Failor R Alan
Published: January 2021

Disorders of lipoprotein metabolism, in conjunction with the prevalence of high-fat diets, obesity, and physical inactivity, have resulted in an epidemic of atherosclerotic disease in the United States and other developed countries. The interaction of common genetic and acquired disorders of lipo­proteins with these adverse environmental factors leads to the premature development of atherosclerosis. In the United States, mortality from coronary artery disease (CAD), particularly in persons younger than 60 years, has been declining since 1970; however, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease remains the most common cause of death among both men and women.

This review contains 7 tables and 51 references.
Keywords: Lipoprotein, Hepatic Lipase, Dyslipoproteinemias, hyper­lipoproteinemia, hypoalphalipoproteinemia
Aortic Valve Stenosis
Authors: Little Stephen H , Parker Jeffrey R
Published: January 2021

Valvular heart disease is a common clinical syndrome that physicians face on a routine basis. Aortic stenosis (AS) accounts for a substantial amount of these cases with differing etiologies from rheumatic, congenital bicuspid to calcific AS. Clinical history and physical examination can assist in assessing the presence and severity of AS, but echocardiography has been the gold standard for the diagnosis of AS and to assess severity. Multimodality imaging including cardiac computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and 3D printing have evolved over the years, lending aid in the diagnosis and prognostication of AS. This review provides a succinct overview of the prevalence, pathophysiology, clinical assessment, and diagnosis of AS.

This review contains 10 figures, 3 tables and 49 references.
Key Words: aortic stenosis, cardiac computed tomography, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, 3D printing, low-flow low-gradient aortic stenosis
Urogenital Mycoplasma Infections
Authors: Atkinson T. Prescott , M. Geisler William , Waites Ken B.
Published: January 2021

Class Mollicutes includes organisms in the genera Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma. They are prokaryotes that lack a cell wall and are among the smallest known living organisms both in cellular dimension and genome size. At least 17 different species inhabit the mucosae of the respiratory and urogenital tracts of humans, several of which are pathogenic in a variety of clinical illnesses. Their fastidious nature and often slow growth in vitro has hampered understanding of their roles as agents of human disease. Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma spp. have been recognized as causes of various pelvic inflammatory syndromes in women and systemic illnesses in immunocompromised persons, and U. urealyticum has been identified as a potential cause of urethritis in men. The appreciation of Mycoplasma genitalium as an important cause of inflammatory urogenital syndromes in men and women has come about over the past decade as a result of the advancement of molecular methods for its detection. Development of resistance to macrolides and fluoroquinolones in M. genitalium has made management of these infections more challenging. This review provides an update on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, disease spectrum, diagnosis, and treatment of urogenital and/or systemic infections caused by these organisms.
This review contains 1 figure, 2 tables and 97 references
Key Words: Antimicrobial Resistance, Inflammation, Mycoplasma, Pelvic Inflammatory Disease, Sexually Transmitted Infections, Ureaplasma