bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Muscle contraction induced arterial shear stress increases endothelial nitric oxide synthase phosphorylation in humans
Authors: Casey Darren P. , Ueda Kenichi , Wegman-Points Lauren , Pierce Gary L.
Published: August 2017

We determined if local increases in brachial artery shear during repetitive muscle contractions induce changes in protein expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and/or phosphorylated (p-)eNOS at Ser1177, the primary activation site on eNOS, in endothelial cells (ECs) of humans. Seven young male subjects (25 ± 1 yr) performed 20 separate bouts (3 min each) of rhythmic forearm exercise at 20% of maximum over a 2-h period. Each bout of exercise was separated by 3 min of rest. An additional six male subjects (24 ± 1 yr) served as time controls (no exercise). ECs were freshly isolated from the brachial artery using sterile J-wires through an arterial catheter at baseline and again after the 2-h exercise or time control period. Expression of eNOS or p-eNOS Ser1177 in ECs was determined via immunofluorescence. Brachial artery mean shear rate was elevated compared with baseline and the time control group throughout the 2-h exercise protocol ( P < 0.001). p-eNOS Ser1177 expression was increased 57% in ECs in the exercise group [0.06 ± 0.01 vs. 0.10 ± 0.02 arbitrary units (au), P = 0.02] but not in the time control group (0.08 ± 0.01 vs. 0.07 ± 0.01 au, P = 0.72). In contrast, total eNOS expression did not change in either the exercise (0.13 ± 0.04 vs. 0.12 ± 0.03 au) or time control (0.12 ± 0.03 vs. 0.11 ± 0.03 au) group ( P > 0.05 for both). Our novel results suggest that elevations in brachial artery shear increase eNOS Ser1177 phosphorylation in the absence of changes in total eNOS in ECs of young healthy male subjects, suggesting that this model is sufficient to alter posttranslational modification of eNOS activity in vivo in humans.

NEW & NOTEWORTHY Elevations in brachial artery shear in response to forearm exercise increased endothelial nitric oxide synthase Ser1177 phosphorylation in brachial artery endothelial cells of healthy humans. Our present study provides the first evidence in humans that muscle contraction-induced increases in conduit arterial shear lead to in vivo posttranslational modification of endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity in endothelial cells.
Wearable ballistocardiogram and seismocardiogram systems for health and performance
Authors: Etemadi Mozziyar , Inan Omer T.
Published: August 2017

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are prevalent in the US, and many forms of CVD primarily affect the mechanical aspects of heart function. Wearable technologies for monitoring the mechanical health of the heart and vasculature could enable proactive management of CVDs through titration of care based on physiological status as well as preventative wellness monitoring to help promote lifestyle choices that reduce the overall risk of developing CVDs. Additionally, such wearable technologies could be used to optimize human performance in austere environments. This review describes our progress in developing wearable ballistocardiogram (BCG)- and seismocardiogram-based systems for monitoring relative changes in cardiac output, contractility, and blood pressure. Our systems use miniature, low-noise accelerometers to measure the movements of the body in response to the heartbeat and novel machine learning algorithms to provide robustness against motion artifacts and sensor misplacement. Moreover, we have mathematically related wearable BCG signals—representing local, cardiogenic movements of a point on the body—to better understood whole body BCG signals, and thereby improved estimation of key health parameters. We validated these systems with experiments in healthy subjects, studies in patients with heart failure, and measurements in austere environments such as water immersion. The systems can be used in future work as a tool for clinicians and physiologists to measure the mechanical aspects of cardiovascular function outside of clinical settings, and to thereby titrate care for patients with CVDs, provide preventative screening, and optimize performance in austere environments by providing real-time in-depth information regarding performance and risk.
A Functional Assay for Sick Sinus Syndrome Genetic Variants
Authors: Jou Chuanchau J. , Arrington Cammon B. , Barnett Spencer , Shen Jiaxiang , Cho Scott , Sheng Xiaoming , McCullagh Patrick C. , Bowles Neil E. , Pribble Chase M. , Saarel Elizabeth V. , Pilcher Thomas A. , Etheridge Susan P. , Tristani-Firouzi Martin
Published: August 2017

Background/Aims: Congenital Sick Sinus Syndrome (SSS) is a disorder associated with sudden cardiac death due to severe bradycardia and prolonged pauses. Mutations in HCN4, the gene encoding inward Na+/K+ current (If), have been described as a cause of congenital SSS. The objective of this study is to develop an SSS model in embryonic zebrafish, and use zebrafish as a moderate-throughput assay to functionally characterize HCN4 variants. Methods: To determine the function of hcn4 in zebrafish, embryos were either bathed in the If -specific blocker (ZD-7288), or endogenous hcn4 expression was knocked down using splice-blocking morpholinos. To assess whether the zebrafish model discriminates benign from pathogenic variants, we tested four HCN4 mutations known to cause human SSS and four variants of unknown significance (VUS). Results: Pharmacological blockade and knockdown of hcn4 in zebrafish phenocopied human SSS, displaying bradycardia and cardiac pauses in intact embryos and explanted hearts. The zebrafish assay correctly identified all disease-causing variants. Of the VUS, the assay predicted 2 as benign and 2 as hypomorphic variants. Conclusions: We conclude that our embryonic zebrafish assay is a novel and effective tool to functionally characterize human HCN4 variants, which can be translated into important clinical prognostic information.
Knowing Things in Themselves
Authors: Oreste Fiocco M.
Published: August 2017

A perennial epistemological question is whether things can be known just as they are in the absence of any awareness of them. This epistemological question is posterior to ontological considerations and more specific ones pertaining to mind. In light of such considerations, the author propounds a naïve realist, foundationalist account of knowledge of things in themselves, one that makes crucial use of the work of Brentano. After introducing the resources provided by Brentano’s study of mind, the author reveals the ontological framework in which it takes place. Doing so is instrumental to illuminating acquaintance, the state that enables the direct engagement of a mind and some other thing. The author discusses this state and shows how it has the epistemic heft, with a Brentanian account of judgment, to provide the foundations of one’s knowledge of the world. A naïve realist, foundationalist account of knowledge is open to a compelling objection; the author presents this objection with the means of undermining it. In conclusion, the author recurs to the opening theme of the primacy of ontology and suggests that familiar misgivings about knowing things in themselves are all based on questionable—and ultimately untenable—ontological presuppositions.
What Kind of Awareness is Awareness of Awareness?
Authors: Montague Michelle
Published: August 2017

In this paper the author discusses and defends a theory of consciousness inspired by Franz Brentano, according to which every conscious experience involves a certain kind of immediate awareness of itself. All conscious experience is in a certain fundamental sense ‘self-intimating’—it constitutively involves awareness of that very awareness. The author calls this ‘the awareness of awareness thesis’, and she calls the phenomenon that it concerns ‘awareness of awareness’ (aoafor short). The author attempts to give a substantive description of whataoaconsists in in two ways, first, by listing some of its positive features, and second, by comparing it and contrasting it with introspection. The idea is that there are many different ways we can be aware of our experiences, introspection being one way,aoabeing another, distinct way. By clarifying the distinction betweenaoaand introspection, we can get a better grasp of both phenomena.
Husserl on Essences
Authors: Thomasson Amie L.
Published: August 2017

The common thought that Husserl was committed to a Platonist ontology of essences, and to a mysterious epistemology that holds that we can ‘intuit’ these essences, has contributed substantially to his work being dismissed and marginalized in analytic philosophy. This paper aims to show that it is misguided to dismiss Husserl on these grounds. First, the author aims to explicate Husserl’s views about essences and how we can know them, in ways that make clear that he is not committed to a traditional Platonism, or a mystical epistemology. Second, the author argues that Husserl’s approach was an important source for Carnap in “Empiricism, Semantics, and Ontology”, where Carnap tried to overcome the empiricists’ qualms about referring to abstracta. Finally, the author will argue that Husserl’s approach can be reconstructed in contemporary analytic terms by appeal to the idea of pleonastic transformations. By seeing both Husserl’s views and their influences on later analytic work more clearly, the hope is to build bridges and make clear that the approach is of lasting value and interest.
Taxonomic review of the genus Orybina Snellen, 1895 (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae, Pyralinae), with description of two new species
Authors: QI MUJIE , SUN YONGLING , LI HOUHUN
Published: August 2017

The taxonomy of the eight species and one subspecies of Orybina in the world are reviewed. Among them, O. puerensis Qi & Li, sp. nov. and O. bellatulla Qi & Li, sp. nov. are described as new to science. Photographs of adults, both male and female genitalia and the distribution map of all the species are provided, along with the keys to the described species.
Seasonal Overturning of the Labrador Sea as Observed by Argo Floats
Authors: Holte James , Straneo Fiamma
Published: August 2017

Argo floats are used to investigate Labrador Sea overturning and its variability on seasonal time scales. This is the first application of Argo floats to estimate overturning in a deep-water formation region in the North Atlantic. Unlike hydrographic measurements, which are typically confined to the summer season, floats offer the advantage of collecting data in all seasons. Seasonal composite potential density and absolute geostrophic velocity sections across the mouth of the Labrador Sea assembled from float profiles and trajectories at 1000 m are used to calculate the horizontal and overturning circulations. The overturning exhibits a pronounced seasonal cycle; in depth space the overturning doubles throughout the course of the year, and in density space it triples. The largest overturning [1.2 Sv (1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1) in depth space and 3.9 Sv in density space] occurs in spring and corresponds to the outflow of recently formed Labrador Sea Water. The overturning decreases through summer and reaches a minimum in winter (0.6 Sv in depth space and 1.2 Sv in density space). The robustness of the Argo seasonal overturning is supported by a comparison to an overturning estimate based on hydrographic data from the AR7W line.
Comparison of Rip Current Hazard Likelihood Forecasts with Observed Rip Current Speeds
Authors: Moulton Melissa , Dusek Gregory , Elgar Steve , Raubenheimer Britt
Published: August 2017

Although rip currents are a major hazard for beachgoers, the relationship between the danger to swimmers and the physical properties of rip current circulation is not well understood. Here, the relationship between statistical model estimates of hazardous rip current likelihood and in situ velocity observations is assessed. The statistical model is part of a forecasting system that is being made operational by the National Weather Service to predict rip current hazard likelihood as a function of wave conditions and water level. The temporal variability of rip current speeds (offshore-directed currents) observed on an energetic sandy beach is correlated with the hindcasted hazard likelihood for a wide range of conditions. High likelihoods and rip current speeds occurred for low water levels, nearly shore-normal wave angles, and moderate or larger wave heights. The relationship between modeled hazard likelihood and the frequency with which rip current speeds exceeded a threshold was assessed for a range of threshold speeds. The frequency of occurrence of high (threshold exceeding) rip current speeds is consistent with the modeled probability of hazard, with a maximum Brier skill score of 0.65 for a threshold speed of 0.23 m s−1, and skill scores greater than 0.60 for threshold speeds between 0.15 and 0.30 m s−1. The results suggest that rip current speed may be an effective proxy for hazard level and that speeds greater than ~0.2 m s−1 may be hazardous to swimmers.
Multivariate Curve Resolution–Alternating Least Squares (MCR-ALS) with Raman Imaging Applied to Lunar Meteorites
Authors: Smith Joseph P. , Smith Frank C. , Booksh Karl S.
Published: August 2017

Lunar meteorites provide a more random sampling of the surface of the Moon than do the returned lunar samples, and they provide valuable information to help estimate the chemical composition of the lunar crust, the lunar mantle, and the bulk Moon. As of July 2014, ∼96 lunar meteorites had been documented and ten of these are unbrecciated mare basalts. Using Raman imaging with multivariate curve resolution–alternating least squares (MCR-ALS), we investigated portions of polished thin sections of paired, unbrecciated, mare-basalt lunar meteorites that had been collected from the LaPaz Icefield (LAP) of Antarctica—LAP 02205 and LAP 04841. Polarized light microscopy displays that both meteorites are heterogeneous and consist of polydispersed sized and shaped particles of varying chemical composition. For two distinct probed areas within each meteorite, the individual chemical species and associated chemical maps were elucidated using MCR-ALS applied to Raman hyperspectral images. For LAP 02205, spatially and spectrally resolved clinopyroxene, ilmenite, substrate-adhesive epoxy, and diamond polish were observed within the probed areas. Similarly, for LAP 04841, spatially resolved chemical images with corresponding resolved Raman spectra of clinopyroxene, troilite, a high-temperature polymorph of anorthite, substrate-adhesive epoxy, and diamond polish were generated. In both LAP 02205 and LAP 04841, substrate-adhesive epoxy and diamond polish were more readily observed within fractures/veinlet features. Spectrally diverse clinopyroxenes were resolved in LAP 04841. Factors that allow these resolved clinopyroxenes to be differentiated include crystal orientation, spatially distinct chemical zoning of pyroxene crystals, and/or chemical and molecular composition. The minerals identified using this analytical methodology—clinopyroxene, anorthite, ilmenite, and troilite—are consistent with the results of previous studies of the two meteorites using electron microprobe analysis. To our knowledge, this is the first report of MCR-ALS with Raman imaging used for the investigation of both lunar and other types of meteorites. We have demonstrated the use of multivariate analysis methods, namely MCR-ALS, with Raman imaging to investigate heterogeneous lunar meteorites. Our analytical methodology can be used to elucidate the chemical, molecular, and structural characteristics of phases in a host of complex, heterogeneous geological, geochemical, and extraterrestrial materials.
The Aga Khan’s Discourse of Applied Pluralism
Authors: Dewji Sahir
Published: August 2017

His Highness Aga Khan IV has emerged as a public intellectual advocating for pluralism as a sign of courage and humility. He has spoken repeatedly on the dire need for a pluralist ethic against the “clash of civilizations” and has committed himself to ideals of inclusion, belonging, and helping the world understand pluralism better. In this endeavour he has created partnerships with countries like Canada, to foster more spaces for dialogue and (re)thinking the application of pluralism. It comes as no surprise that Canada serves as a fitting partner, whose own history with diversity leading to the pivotal decision to implement a multicultural policy is indicative of the pluralistic ethos that has emerged as an integral component of Canadian identity.
Proprioception and Flexibility Profiles of Elite Synchronized Swimmers
Authors: Cho Nora M. Y. , Giorgi Hedda P. , Liu Karen P. Y. , Bae Young-Hyeon , Chung Louisa M. Y. , Kaewkaen Kitchana , Fong Shirley S. M.
Published: August 2017

This study compared the full-body flexibility and joint proprioception (on land and underwater) of (a) 20 elite female synchronized swimmers (mean age ± standard deviation = 18.5 ± 1.9 years) and (b) 20 college female swim team members with no training in synchronized swimming (control participants; mean age ± standard deviation = 20.6 ± 1.3 years). Flexibility of the trunk and upper and lower limbs was measured using plastic tape and a goniometer, respectively. Joint proprioception (joint position sense) of the upper and lower limbs on land and underwater was measured by an active joint angle repositioning test. Principle outcome measures were passive joint range of motion (flexibility) and active joint repositioning error (proprioception). Multivariate analysis of covariance revealed that, compared with control swimmers, synchronized swimmers had greater passive joint ranges of motion in the spinal and upper and lower limb joints ( p < .05) and fewer active joint repositioning errors in the shoulder, wrist, and ankle on land ( p < .05) and in the hip and ankle underwater ( p < .05). These results help characterize peak synchronized swimmer capabilities, provide valuable reference details for coaches, and may be useful for talent identification and skill development in this sport.
State Resident Neuroticism Accounts for Life Satisfaction Differences Between Conservative and Liberal States of the USA
Authors: McCann Stewart J. H.
Published: August 2017

Past research indicates associations between higher conservatism and higher life satisfaction, lower neuroticism and higher life satisfaction, and higher conservatism and lower neuroticism. Qualified deduction led to the following hypothesis: Neuroticism can account for the association between higher conservatism and higher life satisfaction. The 50 American states served as the units of analysis. Responses of 619,397 residents to the 44-item Big Five Inventory in an internet survey conducted from 1999 to 2005 provided mean neuroticism scores for each state. Conservative-liberal leaning of over 84,000 respondents to CBS News/New York Times polls from 1999 to 2003 and the percent voting Republican in each state in the 2000 to 2008 presidential elections combined to form a conservatism score for each state. The Gallup-Healthways Well-Being Index provided life satisfaction scores for over 1,000,000 respondents, transforming to a 2008 to 2010 composite score for each state. In a sequential multiple regression equation with life satisfaction as the criterion, state socioeconomic status and white population percent entered first as a block, conservatism entered second, and neuroticism entered third, the demographic controls accounted for 45.7% of the variance, conservatism accounted for another 10.4%, and neuroticism accounted for an additional 10.6%. However, with the entry order of conservatism and neuroticism reversed, neuroticism accounted for another 19.6% but conservatism accounted for only an additional nonsignificant 1.4%. Therefore, the hypothesis was supported. Three alternative explanations suggested by other researchers were not supported in the state-level analysis.
Alcohol Service Practices
Authors: Nederhoff Dawn M. , Lenk Kathleen M. , Horvath Keith J. , Nelson Toben F. , Ecklund Alexandra M. , Erickson Darin J. , Toomey Traci L.
Published: August 2017

Excessive alcohol consumption can result from illegal sales to intoxicated patrons at bars and restaurants. We surveyed bar/restaurant managers about their practices in reducing illegal sales to intoxicated patrons. We found that managers were confident that they could refuse service to intoxicated customers but were less likely to have communicated necessary information to their staff on how to refuse such sales. Managers who agreed that a business in their community would be cited for overservice were more likely to be confident that they could handle customers who had been cut off from alcohol service. Our study suggests that bar/restaurant managers may need training to improve their communication with staff and that increased enforcement may lead to an increase in manager confidence in handling intoxicated patrons.
Exploring Credit Mobility and Major-Specific Pathways: A Policy Analysis and Student Perspective on Community College to University Transfer
Authors: Hodara Michelle , Martinez-Wenzl Mary , Stevens David , Mazzeo Christopher
Published: August 2017

Objective: Problems with credit mobility, or the transfer of credits from a sending to a receiving institution, may be one reason why community college transfer students have low rates of bachelor’s degree completion. This study investigates different policy approaches to credit mobility and how college staff and students experience transfer at the campus level. Method: The study utilizes data from policy documents and legislative statutes, phone interviews with higher education system officials, and college staff across 10 states, and interview data with students and staff collected during site visits to 2- and 4-year colleges in Tennessee, Texas, and Washington. Results: We categorized credit mobility policies across a continuum, from system-wide transfer initiatives to local-level institution-to-institution approaches. We refer to these different policy systems as 2 + 2, credit equivalency, and institution-driven. Across the systems, policies may not be working as intended because many transfer students do not select a major and destination institution early enough in their community college career to avoid credit loss. Moreover, institutions may lack capacity to provide personalized support to students interested in transfer early in their career. Contributions: We provide a new framework to understand different policy approaches to ensuring transfer students’ credits transfer and apply to their major, and offer research, policy, and practice considerations to improve credit mobility across different policy systems.
In Harm’s Way: On Preferential Response to Threatening Stimuli
Authors: March David S. , Gaertner Lowell , Olson Michael A.
Published: August 2017

Given the evolutionary significance of survival, the mind might be particularly sensitive (in terms of strength and speed of reaction) to stimuli that pose an immediate threat to physical harm. To rectify limitations in past research, we pilot-tested stimuli to obtain images that are threatening, nonthreatening-negative, positive, or neutral. Three studies revealed that participants (a) were faster to detect a threatening than nonthreatening-negative image when each was embedded among positive or neutral images, (b) oriented their initial gaze more frequently toward threatening than nonthreatening-negative, positive, or neutral images, and (c) evidenced larger startle-eyeblinks to threatening than to nonthreatening-negative, positive, or neutral images. Social-psychological implications for the mind’s sensitivity to threat are discussed.
Altered Perception of Facially Expressed Tiredness in Insomnia
Authors: Akram Umair , Sharman Rachel , Newman Amy
Published: August 2017

The present study compared normal sleepers and individuals displaying insomnia symptoms in their ratings for the expression intensity of tiredness and alertness whilst observing tired and neutral faces. Fifty-six normal sleepers and 58 individuals with insomnia symptoms observed 98 facial photographs (49 neutral, 49 tired). Using a visual analogue scale, participants were required to rate the extent to which each face appeared as tired and alert. Tired faces were created by manipulating neutral photographs to include previously identified facial tiredness cues. All participants rated sleep-related faces as more tired and less alert relative to neutral photographs. A significant Group × Face × Rating interaction demonstrated that, compared with normal sleepers, the insomnia symptoms group showed lower ratings for the expression of tiredness, but not alertness, whilst observing the tired faces. The findings suggest that the presence of insomnia symptoms is associated with reduced ratings of expression intensity for sleep-related facial photographs displaying tiredness. These outcomes add to the body of literature on how facial cues of tiredness are perceived by those with insomnia symptoms. Further work is required to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the relationship between insomnia symptoms and reduced perceptions of facially expressed tiredness.
An intelligent protection scheme to mitigate the impact of integrating large share wind energy resources in a weak distribution network
Authors: Naily Naser El , Saad Saad M , Rajab Zakariya , Mohamed Faisal
Published: August 2017

Although integration of wind distributed generation directly into the distribution level has considerable advantages, increased penetration of wind distributed generation (renewable distributed generation) alters the network configuration and jeopardizes the protection system operation and system stability; for this reason, necessary changes in power system protection philosophy must be achieved. Modern numerical relays offer extraordinary features and fast and accurate methods for spotting and detecting different unbalanced operating conditions and can be used to mitigate the influence of integrating wind distributed generation into distribution network. In this study, an adaptive directional negative protective scheme was implemented in the medium-level distribution network to investigate and evaluate the performance of protection system and introduce new adaptive protective scheme based on negative overcurrent protection to increase the selectivity and sensitivity of the protection system in case of unbalanced faulty conditions. The medium-level distribution network of Libya Eastern electric network had been implemented in ETAP software to address and evaluate the efficiency of the proposed approach.
Wind velocity extrapolation in Ghana by Weibull probability density function
Authors: Acakpovi Amevi , Issah Majeed B , Fifatin Francois X , Michael Mathias B
Published: August 2017

This article proposes a database of reliable wind velocities across the whole Ghana divided into 24 locations, based on data collected for the year 2013, although the bigger plan is to cover the period 2013–2018. For the year 2013 specifically, the proposed data were obtained through extrapolation of RETScreen data on wind velocity in Ghana, originally taken at a height of 10 m to a height of 60 m, adequate for generation using Weibull distribution function. The model led to the determination of the shape factor k and the scale factor c for all the 24 locations which subsequently led to the extrapolated wind velocity. The lowest and highest wind speeds were recorded, respectively, as 3.77 and 8.24 m/s for Wenchi and Wa locations in Ghana. The utmost relevance of this article is of national dimension to Ghana as the resulting wind velocities may be useful to undertake feasibility studies or real implementation of wind power plant.
The Effects of an Intensive Postsecondary Transition Program on College Readiness for Adult Learners
Authors: Kallison James M.
Published: August 2017

Postsecondary transition programs have emerged to prepare adult learners to enter college with either limited or no remediation work needed in developmental education. This article examines the results of a pilot study, in which participants (ages 20 years and older who held GED® credentials or high school degrees) received accelerated instruction in reading, writing, mathematics, learning framework, and college knowledge. These transition programs, which took place at five sites in Texas, used a short-term (10 weeks or fewer) but intensive (at least 120 contact hours) cohort intervention model. Of the 20 pairs of pre- and postprogram assessments, which evaluated student achievement gains in reading, writing, and, mathematics, 18 resulted in statistically significant increases. However, many participants who realized achievement gains did not reach the college readiness benchmarks (as measured by the assessment instrument) in all three subject areas. However, evidence suggests that these students are better prepared academically than before the program.
Neonatal Weight Matters: An Examination of Weight Changes in Full-Term Breastfeeding Newborns During the First 2 Weeks of Life
Authors: DiTomasso Diane , Paiva Andrea L.
Published: August 2017

Background:

Weight changes in the early weeks of life are important indicators of newborn wellness. Yet, little is known about weight loss patterns for breastfeeding newborns.

Research aim:

This study aimed to compare weight changes and exclusive breastfeeding rates in newborns who lost ≤ 7% and > 7% of their body weight after birth.

Methods:

A prospective, observational cohort study was completed. Newborns who lost ≤ 7% made up Group 1 and newborns who lost > 7% of birth weight made up Group 2. Mothers used a digital scale to weigh their newborns daily until 14 days of life. Newborn intake and outputs were also recorded.

Results:

Mean (with standard deviation in parentheses) weight loss for all newborns ( N = 151) was 7.68% (2.35%). Newborns in Group 1 ( n = 67) lost 5.7% (0.99%) and newborns in Group 2 lost 9.3% (1.87%). More than half of healthy, full-term newborns (56%) lost > 7%. On Day 14, the exclusive breastfeeding rate for newborns in Group 2 was significantly less than for those in Group 1 (60% vs. 82%; p = .033). Newborns gained a mean of 1.1% body weight daily; those in Group 1 gained 1.2% daily, and those in Group 2 gained 1.0% daily.

Conclusion:

Weight loss > 7% may be a normal phenomenon among breastfeeding newborns. Newborns who lost > 7% had a lower exclusive breastfeeding rate at 2 weeks of age. After the weight nadir was reached, most newborns gained weight at a similar pace, despite differences in early weight loss.
Human Rights and Capabilities: A Program for a Critical Sociology of Law
Authors: De Munck Jean
Published: August 2017

This article sets out the fecundity of the Capability Approach for a sociology of human rights. The author endeavors to show that four difficulties can be successfully overcome. (1) The first is epistemological in nature. Human rights are often presented as legal norms. By relying on the Putman/Habermas debate, the author maintains that Sen’s epistemology is Putnamian, allowing us to treat human rights a system of values (rather than as a system of norms), thereby enabling the construction of a system of evaluation (the “goal rights system”) that is neither consequentialist nor deontological. This system is open to public deliberation and can thus take into account the systems of evaluation of participants (in addition to that of the observer). This epistemological basis serves to remove the other obstacles. (2) By defining the individual in terms of “capabilities”, Sen avoids a methodological individualism that would produce an under-socialized version of the individual. (3) He includes social, economic, and cultural rights in the list of human rights, whereas liberal philosophies tend to exclude these. (4) He allows for the thematization of the specific conversion factors that condition the transformation of formal rights into real freedoms (internormative culture, civilian legal intermediaries, access to resources and the capabilities to use them). Avoiding formalism, the capability approach is a valuable instrument for a critical sociology of human rights.
Effect of leading edge shapes on 81°/45° double-delta wing at low speeds
Authors: Ashwin Kumar B , Kumar P , Das S , Prasad JK
Published: August 2017

Investigations were performed on an 81°/45° sweep double-delta wing at a freestream velocity of 20 m/s. Experiments consisted of the measurement of forces, static pressures, and surface flow visualizations. Effect of the leading edge shapes of the double-delta wing was studied. Results indicated a strong influence of the leading edge shape on the aerodynamic performance of the body. The increase in the bluntness of the leading edge augments the suction pressure and delays the vortex lift phenomena at higher angles of attack, which in turn enhances the lift over the wing. A reasonable agreement between the experiments and computations were observed.
The RESTful EMiL
Authors: Rechert Klaus , Liebetraut Thomas , Stobbe Oleg , Lubetzki Nathalie , Steinke Tobias
Published: August 2017

Emulation of Multimedia objects in Libraries (EMiL) is a web-based emulation service environment for library reading rooms that addresses the challenges of accessing large born-digital collections. In particular, we present an automated process to gather technical metadata necessary to initiate an emulation session that renders a user-chosen object as well as a technical design that allows a seamless integration into existing web-based catalogues. The primary focus is on providing access to multimedia CD-ROMs of the 1990s and 2000s, but the EMiL system is designed to be used with other digital collections as well.
Progress toward elimination of perinatal HIV transmission in Kenya: Analysis of early infant diagnosis data
Authors: Achwoka Dunstan , Mandala Justin , Muriithi Mutugi , Zeng Yanwu , Chen Mario , Dirks Rebecca , Sirengo Martin , Wafula Rose , Torpey Kwasi
Published: August 2017

Interrupting vertical transmission of HIV from mothers to infants provides opportunity to transform the HIV/AIDS epidemic by eliminating new infections among children. We estimate mother-to-child transmission rates of infants born to known HIV-positive mothers offered prevention of mother-to-child transmission interventions and provide an indication of Kenya’s progress toward elimination of perinatal transmission. We obtained from the Kenya National Early Infant Diagnosis (EID) database, all 131,451 DNA polymerase chain reaction test results of HIV-exposed infants aged 0–18 months who had dried blood spot samples taken between January 2008 and October 2013. The majority of samples were from infants aged 0–6 months (81.0%). Infants aged 6–12 months comprised 15.5%, while those aged 12–18 months were 3.5%. Overall, 11,439 (8.7%) were HIV-positive. Positivity rates were higher among older age groups: 6.8, 14.6, and 27.5% in age groups 0–6 months, 6–12 months, and 12–18 months old, respectively. In Kenya, scale-up and decentralization to primary health centers of EID services has been remarkable. Both increasing HIV-positivity trends in age groups 12–18 months and differences between provinces require further interrogation. Although significant, declining HIV-positivity trends in age groups 0–6 months and 6–12 months old observed between 2008 and 2013 is insufficient to achieve the elimination agenda.
Attentional Lapses in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Blank Rather Than Wandering Thoughts
Authors: Van den Driessche Charlotte , Bastian Mikaël , Peyre Hugo , Stordeur Coline , Acquaviva Éric , Bahadori Sara , Delorme Richard , Sackur Jérôme
Published: August 2017

People with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have difficulties sustaining their attention on external tasks. Such attentional lapses have often been characterized as the simple opposite of external sustained attention, but the different types of attentional lapses, and the subjective experiences to which they correspond, remain unspecified. In this study, we showed that unmedicated children (ages 6–12) with ADHD, when probed during a standard go/no-go task, reported more mind blanking (a mental state characterized by the absence of reportable content) than did control participants. This increase in mind blanking happened at the expense of both focused and wandering thoughts. We also found that methylphenidate reverted the level of mind blanking to baseline (i.e., the level of mind blanking reported by control children without ADHD). However, this restoration led to mind wandering more than to focused attention. In a second experiment, we extended these findings to adults who had subclinical ADHD. These results suggest that executive functions impaired in ADHD are required not only to sustain external attention but also to maintain an internal train of thought.
Transnational Higher Education Partnerships and the Role of Operational Faculty Members: Developing an Alternative Theoretical Approach for Empirical Research
Authors: Bordogna Claudia M.
Published: August 2017

For too long, transnational higher education (TNE) has been linked to discourse predominately focused upon strategic implementation, quality assurance, and pedagogy. While these aspects are important when designing and managing overseas provisions, there is a lack of research focusing on the social interactions that influence the pace and development of TNE partnerships. This gap is particularly evident at the operational phase of TNE partnerships. This conceptual article therefore offers an alternative way in which to research TNE partnerships, in relation to the interactions of faculty members delivering at the operational level. It provides an integrated theoretical framework, comprising of three different theoretical approaches to provide a conceptual tool in which to investigate and evaluate TNE partnership development. The article concludes that by understanding how relationships develop between faculty members tasked with delivering TNE, international partnerships can be significantly strengthened in terms of their progression and value.
Keeping the Lights On Across the Continent
Authors: Tran Fiona F. , Hilliard Antony , Jamieson Greg A.
Published: August 2017

Operators need new visualizations to help them monitor increasingly complex power grids at wider geographical scopes. We developed a work domain analysis of power grid operations from interviews, focus groups, and observations. The work domain analysis helped determine information requirements for a wide-area monitoring design concept that follows ecological interface design principles. We validated the design concept in a usability evaluation, achieving an above-benchmark System Usability Scale score of 77 out of 90. This work domain analysis and ecological interface design process will equally apply to the design of other power grid monitoring displays.
Thinking through death and employment: The automatic yet temporary use of schemata in everyday reasoning
Authors: Williams Lawrence H
Published: August 2017

Over the past two decades, the word schema has become increasingly used by scholars studying culture. Viewed largely as a kind of mental shortcut that individuals internalize by means of their various experiences, the concept enables researchers to study how societal-level factors such as norms and values impact individual action by way of shaping individuals’ cognitive structures. However, little attention is given to how and why particular schemata are used in particular situations. Through comparative analysis of two sets of in-depth interviews on the topics of dying and careers, I find that individuals alternate through various schemata as they attempt to answer questions posed to them. I argue that the presence of this alternation weakens assumptions regarding the automaticity of the deployment of schemata in the decision-making process by signaling that schemata may be triggered automatically but used temporarily. In extension, this argument supports the work of cultural scholars and discursive psychologists who both implicitly and explicitly see schemata as flexible, personalized heuristics rather than impersonal, statically shared determinants of thought and action.
Social Capital, Racial Context, and Incarcerations in the American States
Authors: Hawes Daniel P.
Published: August 2017

This article examines the differential effects of social capital on policy equity in state outcomes. Specifically, it explores the relationship between social capital and incarceration rates in the American states paying particular attention to racial disparities in incarceration rates. Building on work by Hero, I present a theoretical explanation and empirical support for how social capital operates differently under different racial contexts. I argue that social capital enhances social empathy in homogeneous contexts and social controls in diverse contexts. Using state-level longitudinal data on the contiguous states, I find that social capital is positively associated with incarcerations, but only for African Americans. Furthermore, the effects of social capital appear to be conditional on racial context where this relationship is stronger as minority group size increases.
Gathering preliminary data
Authors: Winchester Catherine L , Salji Mark J , Kasivisvanathan Veeru
Published: August 2017

Prior to any large-scale basic science or clinical research project being funded, it is important for researchers to gather preliminary data. This is essential for providing evidence for the feasibility of research projects and helping to design larger-scale studies. When gathering preliminary data one needs to consider how many data are required, how this work is to be funded and where and when the data will be generated. Most importantly researchers should ensure that the planned data collection will be meaningful, serve its intended purpose and follow the principles of good clinical practice.
Clinicians’ Personal Theories of Developmental Disorders Explain Their Judgments of Effectiveness of Interventions
Authors: de Kwaadsteniet Leontien , Hagmayer York
Published: August 2017

Evidence-based psychotherapy requires clinicians to consider theories of psychopathology and evidence about effectiveness, and their experience when choosing interventions. Research on clinical decision making indicates that clinicians’ theories of disorders might be personal and inform judgments and choices beyond current scientific theory and evidence. We asked 20 child therapists to draw models of how they believed that biological, psychological, environmental, and behavioral factors interact to cause and maintain four common developmental disorders. They were also asked to judge the effectiveness of interventions recommended in the literature. Therapists showed only fair agreement about the factors and a slight to fair agreement about the causal relations between these, and just fair agreement about interventions’ effectiveness. Despite these disagreements, we could predict effectiveness judgments from therapists’ personal theories, which indicates that clinicians use personal theories in decision making. We discuss the implications of these findings for evidence-based practice.
Engraftment and in vivo proliferation advantage of gene-corrected mobilized CD34+ cells from Fanconi anemia patients
Authors: Río Paula , Navarro Susana , Guenechea Guillermo , Sánchez-Domínguez Rebeca , Lamana Maria Luisa , Yañez Rosa , Casado Jose A. , Mehta Parinda A. , Pujol Maria Roser , Surrallés Jordi , Charrier Sabine , Galy Anne , Segovia José C. , Díaz de Heredia Cristina , Sevilla Julián , Bueren Juan A.
Published: August 2017

Key Points

First evidence of phenotypic correction in FA hematopoietic repopulating cells by optimized collection and short transduction of CD34+ cells. Optimized ex vivo gene therapy of FA CD34+ cells confers proliferation advantage to phenotypically corrected repopulating cells.
EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitorsversuschemotherapy inEGFRwild-type pre-treated advanced nonsmall cell lung cancer in daily practice
Authors: Tomasini Pascale , Brosseau Solenn , Mazières Julien , Merlio Jean-Philippe , Beau-Faller Michèle , Mosser Jean , Wislez Marie , Ouafik L'Houcine , Besse Benjamin , Rouquette Isabelle , Debieuvre Didier , Escande Fabienne , Westeel Virginie , Audigier-Valette Clarisse , Missy Pascale , Langlais Alexandra , Morin Frank , Moro-Sibilot Denis , Zalcman Gérard , Barlesi Fabrice
Published: August 2017

Epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) are approved for second-line treatment ofEGFRwild-type (EGFR-wt) nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, results from randomised trials performed to compare EGFR-TKIs with chemotherapy in this population did not show any survival benefit. In the era of immunotherapy, many drugs are approved for second-line treatment ofEGFR-wt NSCLC and there is a need to reassess the role of EGFR-TKIs in this setting.

The Biomarkers France study is a large nationwide cohort of NSCLC patients tested forEGFRmutations. We used this database to collect clinical, biological, treatment and outcome data onEGFR-wt patients who received second-line treatment with either EGFR-TKIs or chemotherapy.

Among 1278 patients, 868 received chemotherapy and 410 received an EGFR-TKI. Median overall survival and progression-free survival were longer with chemotherapy than with an EGFR-TKI. Overall survival was 8.38versus4.99 months, respectively (hazard ratio 0.70, 95% CI 0.59–0.83; p<0.0001) and progression-free survival was 4.30versus2.83 months, respectively (hazard ratio 0.66, 95% CI 0.57–0.77; p<0.0001).

This study is helpful to guide a multiline treatment strategy forEGFR-wt NSCLC patients. Immunotherapy is approved for second-line treatment. For third-line treatment, chemotherapy results in longer overall survival and progression-free survival, and should be preferred to EGFR-TKIs.
American Society of Clinical Oncology’s Global Oncology Leadership Task Force: Findings and Actions
Authors: Hortobagyi Gabriel N. , Pyle Doug , Cazap Eduardo L. , El Saghir Nagi S. , Shulman Lawrence N. , Lyman Gary H. , Schnipper Lowell E. , Adebamowo Clement Adebayo , Gandara David R. , Vose Julie , Wong Sandra L. , Yu Peter
Published: August 2017

In response to rising cancer incidence and mortality rates in low- and middle-income countries and the increasingly global profile of ASCO’s membership, the ASCO Board of Directors appointed the Global Oncology Leadership Task Force (Task Force) to provide recommendations on ASCO’s engagement in global oncology. To accomplish its work, the Task Force convened meetings of global oncology experts, conducted focus group discussions with member groups, did site visits to South America and India, and met regularly to analyze the findings and develop recommendations. Task Force findings included global concerns, such as access to care, and specific concerns of middle- and low-resource settings. The need to strengthen health systems and the importance of alliances with a range of international cancer stakeholders were emphasized. Task Force recommendations to the ASCO Board of Directors were based on a three-part global oncology strategy of professional development, improvement of access to quality care, and acceleration of global oncology research. Specific areas of focus within each of these strategic pillars are provided along with an update on areas of ASCO activity as these recommendations are implemented.
EU Energy Security and Turkey's Contribution to the Southern Energy Corridor
Authors: Koukoudakis George
Published: August 2017

The European Union should consider Turkey a core actor for implementing the Southern Energy Corridor that will serve Europe's main energy security strategy: diversification of routes and suppliers of energy. At the same time, the EU should pay attention not only to Ankara's sensitive bilateral relations with the countries along the corridor but also with others that can influence the operation of this corridor, mainly Russia. The quality of relations among Turkey, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Greece, Russia, and the EU should be considered of fundamental importance for the implementation of such a project. An analysis of these relations sheds light on policymakers' options.