bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Implementasi Keringanan Uang Kuliah Tunggal bagi Mahasiswa di Era New Normal
Authors: Ikhwan Nur Rois
Published: October 2020

Pada era new normal ini pihak Kementerian Agama telah menerbitkan Keputusan Menteri Agama (KMA) No. 515 Tahun 2020 tentang keringanan uang kuliah tunggal (UKT) pada Perguruan Tinggi Keagamaan Islam Negeri (PTKIN) atas dampak bencana pandemi Covid-19 pada tanggal 12 Juni 2020. Keputusan tersebut pada implementasinya memberikan dampak yang signifikan bagi mahasiswa PTKIN, maka sebab itu penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dampak dari implementasi Keputusan Menteri Agama tersebut terhadap para mahasiswa PTKIN. Jenis penelitian ini berupa penelitian kualitatif dengan menggunakan metode kajian pustaka (libraty research) dan pendekatan historis dan kajian pustaka daring (e-library research) yang mengkaji terkait topik yang relevan. Teknik pengumpulan data berupa dokumentasi dan wawancara. Hasil penelitian ini mengungkapkan bahwa proses terjadinya era new normal, proses implementasi KMA No. 515 Tahun 2020, dan dampak positif dan dampak negatif bagi mahasiswa PTKIN.
Potret Keber-Agamaan Masyarakat Sumenep
Authors: Haris Moh.
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The chanting of the verses of al-quran is still popping up around the regions in the Sumenep Regency region every day even every time, by carrying out the process of reading and learning the quran. This is proof of the strong and strong portrait of the Sumenep community, even on the other hand shows the enthusiasm to ward off the existence of a regulation on al-qur'an illiteracy made by the Sumenep Regency government, which is actually something that is not important
Kata Kunci: Gemar membaca al-qurâ€™an, potret keber-agamaan masyarakat
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Authors: Anwar Moh.
Published: October 2020

AbstractUntil now, there are still many Arabic teachers who do not have an adequate understanding of thepsychological approach to learning and how to apply it in learning Arabic. This condition causesthe learning method applied is still traditional and conventional. As a result, many students feelbored and find it difficult to digest the subject matter so that learning outcomes are not optimal. Byunderstanding the psychological approach in learning Arabic, teachers are expected to be able tounderstand the nature of the subject matter and choose and determine the appropriate methodaccording to the psychological tendencies of students in relation to the subject matter given.Through this paper, the author tries to refresh the memory and understanding of Arabic teachersabout various psychological approaches and their application efforts in learning Arabic. There areat least four kinds of learning psychology approaches proposed, namely the behaviorism approach,the cognitivism approach, the humanism approach and the constructivism approach. The four kindsof approaches are comprehensively reviewed and their application in Arabic learning.Keywords: Approach, Psychology, Behaviorism, Cognitivism, Humanism, Constructivism
Clinical And Laboratory Results Of Intrauterine Device Cu T 380 A Intrauterine System Intraoperative Injection
Authors: Azizovna Nasirova Zebiniso , Boltaevich Negmadjanov Bahodur
Published: October 2020

Effective and safe contraceptive methods not only prevent unplanned pregnancies and their termination, but also make it possible to fully restore the mother's body after surgery to carry out the necessary pre-pregnancy preparation. The goal of the study was to evaluate the clinical outcome of postplacental administration of Cu T 380 A in women during a caesarean section. The study was conducted at Samarkand Maternity Hospital No. 2 to assess the clinical outcome of postplacental administration of Cu T 380 A in women during caesarean section. The present study showed that there were no serious complications and only minor side effects such as pain, fever, bleeding and irregular bleeding, which were observed only in some women during the hospital stay and the control visit in the first 6 months. The determination of vaginal BMW tendrils was made possible in 72.12% of women during the control visit after 6 weeks. The visibility of the tendrils increased over time and after 6 months they were seen in 90.81% of cases. Exposure frequency was 2 cases (4%) and another 2 women (4%) required removal of the PMTCT for various reasons, resulting in a 92.3% retention rate six months after contraception. No cases of pregnancy were registered. Post-placental introduction of BIC Cu T 380 A during a C-section is a practical, convenient, safe, effective and acceptable contraceptive method.
Modern Information Technologies - A Factor Of Increasing Youth Education, Potential And Spirituality
Authors: Solijonovna Zulfiyaxon Aripova
Published: October 2020

The article points out that the improvement of teaching technologies depends on the appropriate use of modern information and communication networks in the learning process.
Resettlement Policy Of The Russian Empire: A Historical Analysis (On The Example Of The Fergana Valley!)
Authors: N.N. Kurbonova
Published: October 2020

The article reveals the resettlement policy of the Russian Empire in Turkestan using the example Fergana Valley: in addition, it shows the social status of dehkans (farmers) and discontent against the colonial policy of the empire. The need for the growth of raw materials is consecrated on the basis of archival materials.
Consolidating The System Of Fostering Students’ Linguistic Skills At Philological Higher Education Institutions Of Specilized In Teaching English Based On The Approach Of Blended Learning
Authors: Uchmas o’g’li Azizov Solijon
Published: October 2020

The quality and content are constantly increasing their relevance in the conditions of modern education. If quality can be understood as means and educational materials which are used in the process, the content is a sign of the diversity of these materials and a factor which takes into account the age, abilities and chances of learners. Taking into account these two important factors, the theoretical and practical bases of combining modern information technologies in improving the quality and content of the system of blended learning at philological higher education institutions of specialized in teaching English are described in detail. In addition, the paths and stages of creating a specific system that runs continuously, combining the effective and reasonable functions of social networking services (SNS) and messengers in consolidating the quality and content indicators of blended learning, are gradually illustrated. Besides that, by combining online educational materials with traditional place-based classroom methods at philological higher education institutions which are specialized in teaching English based on the approach of blended learning, the system of fostering students’ linguistic skills, such as reading, writing, listening, and speaking can be optimized and modernized according to the results of this research in the article.
Un curioso hallazgo extracardíaco en un paciente con pericarditis aguda
Authors: Codina Prat Mireia , Manzanal Rey Arantza , García Ibarrondo Nora , Ramírez-Escudero Ugalde Garazi , Ruiz Gómez Lara
Published: October 2020

Es relativamente frecuente encontrar hallazgos extracardíacos en la ecocardiografía transtorácica. Se presenta un caso clínico en el que la ecocardiografía “rutinaria” por pericarditis permitió hacer el diagnóstico de un absceso hepático y resolver el problema del paciente. Este caso demuestra la importancia de prestar atención a todo lo que se pueda ver en la imagen de la ecocardiografía
Cómo hacer un estudio enfocado en pacientes con COVID-19, una experiencia con sonografistas cardíacos
Authors: Cuartas González Paula Andrea
Published: October 2020

En el contexto de la pandemia por el nuevo coronavirus COVID-19, la ecocardiografía, por sus características, versatilidad y costo-efectividad es una herramienta básica para la monitorización cardiovascular de pacientes críticamente enfermos. Sin embargo, el contacto estrecho con el paciente que implica la realización de la ecocardiografía puede asociarse con riesgo de contagio. Por esta razón las sociedades científicas han publicado estrategias de prevención para evitar la infección por coronavirus del personal sanitario durante la realización de pruebas de imagen cardíaca. En estas recomendaciones, destaca el uso del “estudio enfocado” como estrategia para limitar el tiempo de exposición del personal de salud y el uso de equipos de protección personal específicos que brinden una adecuada protección durante la realización de los estudios.
A heuristic method for bi-decomposition of partial Boolean functions
Authors: Pottosin Yu. V.
Published: October 2020

The problem of decomposition of a Boolean function is to represent a given Boolean function in the form of a superposition of some Boolean functions whose number of arguments are less than the number of given function. The bi-decomposition represents a given function as a logic algebra operation, which is also given, over two Boolean functions. The task is reduced to specification of those two functions. A method for bi-decomposition of incompletely specified (partial) Boolean function is suggested. The given Boolean function is specified by two sets, one of which is the part of the Boolean space of the arguments of the function where its value is 1, and the other set is the part of the space where the function has the value 0. The complete graph of orthogonality of Boolean vectors that constitute the definitional domain of the given function is considered. In the graph, the edges are picked out, any of which has its ends corresponding the elements of Boolean space where the given function has different values. The problem of bi-decomposition is reduced to the problem of a weighted two-block covering the set of picked out edges of considered graph by its complete bipartite subgraphs (bicliques). Every biclique is assigned with a disjunctive normal form (DNF) in definite way. The weight of a biclique is a pair of certain parameters of   assigned DNF. According to each biclique of obtained cover, a Boolean function is constructed whose arguments are the variables from the term of minimal rank on the DNF. A technique for constructing the mentioned cover for two kinds of output function is described.
OPTIMIZATION OF SURGICAL TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH ACUTE PANCREATITIS USING MINIINVASIVE TECHNIQUES
Authors: Drozdova A. G.
Published: October 2020

Summary. The aim of the study. To improve the results of surgical treatment of patients with acute pancreatitis using minimal invasive techniques.

Matherials and Methods of the study. The results of surgical treatment of 75 patients with different forms of acute pancreatitis were analyzed. All patients were examined and operated on.

Results of the study. Minimally invasive interventions were performed in 92 % of the analyzed patients. Intraoperatively acute pancreatic edema was observed in 43 % of patients, hemorrhagic pancreatic necrosis – in 24 %, infected pancreatic necrosis – in 33 %. The postoperative period was complicated by 13.3 %, the mortality rate was 9.3 %.

Conclusions. The use of minimally invasive techniques for treating acute pancreatitis can significantly improve the results of surgical treatment of patients with this pathology. The frequency of complications and lethality decreases. Also, it is possible to significantly reduce operational trauma, and hence the number of bed-days of stay in hospital treatment. This contributes to reducing the financial cost of treatment in patients with acute pancreatitis, as well as improving the quality of life of this category of patients.
COMPARISON OF SELF-EVALUATED AND STUDENTS-REPORTED TEACHER’S EFFECTIVENESS OF MEDICAL TEACHERS: A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY
Authors: Gul Shaikh  , Seema Gul  , Manya Tahir
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: Opinions regarding student’s evaluation of faculty performance and use of formal feedback from students and/or lack of self-evaluation to improve their performance ranges widely. Keeping this under consideration, the present study was conducted to compare self-evaluated and students-reported teaching effectiveness of medical teachers.

METHODOLOGY: A cross sectional study was conducted in Islamic international Medical college Rawalpindi, of three months duration (10th September to 10th December, 2018), on a sample of one hundred medical students and twenty medical teachers. Teaching effectiveness was assessed using “Self-assessment Instrument for Teacher Evaluation (SITE)” and students rated “Evaluation of teaching performance (CEID)” questionnaires.

RESULTS: Teachers rated their teaching more effective with a mean score (M=111) than students (M= 109). The result was significant statistically.

CONCLUSION: Self-evaluated teaching effectiveness was rated higher than students reported teaching effectiveness.
ASSOCIATION OF GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX SYMPTOMS (FREQUENCY AND SEVERITY) WITH BODY MASS INDEX IN FEMALES WITH GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE
Authors: Arshad Rabbani  , Benish Adil  , Ramsha Ghazal Arshad
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: Overweight individuals have a greater tendency to develop gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). This study aims at comparing gastroesophageal reflux symptoms (frequency and severity) in females with different body mass index (BMI) categories.

METHODOLOGY: This cross-sectional comparative research study was conducted over duration of 8 months. Both indoor and outdoor patients of medical unit – II Benazir Bhutto Hospital, Rawalpindi, fulfilling the inclusion criteria i.e. females 30-55 years of age with confirmed diagnosis of GERD and informed consent were included. Subjects with history of cigarette smoking, diabetes, use of postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy (HRT), anti-hypertensive or asthma medication were all excluded. Data were collected via proforma and analyzed on SPSS version 17.

RESULTS: Among 360 enrolled women, 08 (2.2%) subjects were underweight, 109 (30.3%) had normal BMI, 151 (41.9%) were overweight, 88 (24.4%) subjects were obese and 04 (1.1%) belonged to morbidly obese group. Among 109 subjects with normal BMI, 53 (48.6%) had mild, 40 (36.69%) moderate, 13 (11.9%) severe and 03 (2.75%) very severe GERD. Among 151 overweight subjects, 37 (24.50%) were with mild severity, 64 (42.38%) with moderate, 35 (23.17%) severe and 15 (9.93%) had very severe GERD. Among 04 morbidly obese subjects, 02 (50%) had severe while remaining 02 (50%) had very severe GERD (p=0.000).

CONCLUSION: Association of GERD symptoms and BMI were found in both normal and overweight women. Reflux symptoms may be exacerbated or even caused by moderate weight gain in people with normal weight.
CORONAVIRUS DISEASE 2019 (COVID-19)
Authors: Aysha Azhar
Published: October 2020

The epidemic of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) has been emerged from a major city named Wuhan in the Hubei Province of China. It appears to have the potential to cause a major health problem globally. Earlier it is called 2019-nCoV but now this virus is taxonomically termed SARS-CoV-2. World Health Organization has named it as “coronavirus disease 2019” and abbreviated “COVID-19” [1].
Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis following spider bite
Authors: Bago Rožanković Petra , Stojić Maristela , Badžak Jasna
Published: October 2020

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is an inflammatory, demyelinating disease of the central nervous system that occurs as an immunological response to a viral or bacterial infection or an immunization. We describe a patient with clinical presentation and radiological features of ADEM that appeared after a spider bite. Corticosteroid therapy did not produce satisfied treatment response. The patient recovered after five days of immunoglobulin therapy. The cross-reactivity between spider toxin and myelin could explain pathophysiological mechanism of demyelination. ADEM should be considered as a possible complication of a spider bite.
Amendment of the measurement of the equivalent series resistance at high frequencies
Authors: Liu Huimin , Ai Baoquan , Li Fengguo
Published: October 2020

A new method is proposed in (Ivković, Marković, Ivković, & Cvetanović, 2017) to measure the equivalent series resistance (ESR) and the inductance of a coil at low frequencies. However, a special phenomenon has appeared at high frequencies. It is found that the intercept has appeared and the measured inductance value had a large deviation from its nominal value. According to the analysis of result, an amended method is proposed in this paper. The inductance value should be amended according to the linear relation between the measured value and the nominal value.
Türkiye’de küsküt taksonları ve etkileri
Authors: YAZLIK Ayse , ALBAYRAK Berat
Published: October 2020

Bu çalışmada, bir holoparazitik cins olan Cuscuta cinsinin Türkiye’deki mevcut taksonlarının ve dağılımlarının belirlenmesi ve bu taksonların çevresel ve sosyoekonomik etkilerinin tespiti amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla Türkiye'de Cuscuta taksonlarını içeren çalışmalardan ve Türkiye’deki herbaryum kayıtlarından kanıtlar elde edilmiştir. Ayrıca taksonların etki türleri incelenmiş ve bu taksonların bölgesel dağılımı Türkiye kareleme sistemine göre tespit edilmiştir. Tüm kayıtlar, özellikle sinonim kullanımı, Uluslararası Bitki Adı Endeksi (IPNI), Global Biyoçeşitlilik Bilgi Servisi (GBIF) ve Bitki Listesi (PL) dikkate alınarak düzenlenmiştir. Mevcut yeni tespitler ve kayıtlarda yapılan düzenlemeler dikkate alındığında; Türkiye’de Cuscuta cinsine bağlı 23 taksonunun varlığı tespit edilmiştir. Etki değerlendirmelerinde, tüm taksonların sahip olduğu “parazitizm” dışında, taksonlara göre değişen, toplam altı farklı etki tipi belirlenmiştir. Bu etki tipleri sırasıyla; toksik (6 takson), ürün kalitesi (5), vektör (3) ve birer taksonla yapısal, allelopatik ve etnobotanik etki olarak sıralanmıştır. Türkiye’de mevcut Cuscuta taksonlarına ait bilgilerin güncellenmesi ve etkilerin tespiti ile elde edilen sonuçlar; özellikle parazit bitkilerin istila potansiyelleri de dikkate alındığında, taksonların olumsuz etkilerini azaltmak ve biyolojik çeşitliliği korumak amacıyla gerekli önlem ve kontrol programlarını geliştirmek için kullanılabilir. Ayrıca Türkiye’de ilk kez tüm etki yönleriyle incelenen Cuscuta taksonlarından elde edilen bu veriler, farkındalık çalışmaları da dâhil, yapılabilecek yeni çalışmalara yön verilebilir ve kaynak sağlayabilir.
DETERMINATION OF THE IMPACT OF BISOPROLOL AND СARVEDILOL ON REGULATORY-ADAPTIVE STATUS OF PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HEART FAILURE AND PRESERVED LEFT VENTRICULAR FRACTION
Authors: Tregubov V. G. , Khilkevich P. V. , Shubitidze I. Z. , Pokrovsky V. M.
Published: October 2020

Objective. To determine the effect of bisoprolol or carvedilol therapy on the regulatory-adaptive status (RAS) of patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) and preserved ejection fraction (pEF) of the left ventricle (LV) the background of hypertensive disease (HD).

Material and methods. The study involved 68 patients with CHF and pEF of the LV, who were randomized into two groups for treatment with bisoprolol (7,3±2,4 mg/day, n=34) and carvedilol (28,4±12,3 mg/day, n=34). As part of the combination therapy, quinapril was prescribed (13,5±2,5 mg/ day, n=34 and 12,6±2,9 mg/day, n=34), and if indicated – atorvastatin (16,3±5,0 mg/day, n=11 and 15,5±5,2 mg/day, n=11) and acetylsalicylic acid in the intestinal soluble shell (93,8±17,7 mg/day, n=8 and 94,4±15,8 mg/day, n=8), respectively. Initially and after 6 months of therapy were carried out: quantitative assessment of RAS (by means of a sample of cardiac-respiratory synchronism), treadmill test, six-minute walking test, subjective assessment of quality of life, determination of the level of N-terminal fragment of brain natriuretic peptide, echocardioscopy, daily monitoring of blood pressure.

Results. Both regimens of combined drug therapy had comparable cardioprotective, hypotensive and neuromodulating effects, equally increased exercise tolerance. In comparison with bisoprolol, carvedilol differed positive impact on RAS, improved quality of life more.

Conclusion. In patients with CHF and pEF LV in combination therapy, the use of carvedilol, in comparison with bisoprolol, may be preferable due to the positive effect on the RAS.
Academic and Administrative Attitude of Prospective Teachers Towards Teaching Profession
Authors: Tirkey Dr. Albert S.
Published: October 2020

Education seeks to develop the innate inner capacities of man. The ultimate goal of education is to prepare the students to be responsible and mentally healthy person to live on this earth. In order to achieve this, students are to be molded only by making them experience the significance of values in the school itself. In most of the cases education takes place under the guidance of teachers. Teachers are the biggest influencers in a student’s life. Their personality and attitudes contribute to a great extend in students learning. In this respect, determining the attitude of prospective teachers towards teaching profession is of great importance. The main objectives of this paper are to test: academic attitude of prospective teachers towards teaching profession; and administrative attitude of prospective teachers towards teaching profession. Tool used for the study was ‘attitude scale towards teaching’, developed by Dr. (Mrs.) Ummen Kulsum. In order to analyze the data, Z-score in terms of standard deviations from the mean was used. The study was delimited to West Garo Hills District of Meghalaya.
Effect of Holy Basil in Mouthrinses on De Novo Plaque Formation in a Four Day Plaque Regrowth Model with Experimental Gingivitis
Authors: Meena Dr. Vinita , Mathur Dr. Aditi , Manohar Dr. Balaji , Makhijani Dr. Barkha , Shetty Dr. Neema , Devani Dr. Vivek R
Published: October 2020

To compare the antiplaque and antigingivitis efficacy of 1.25% holy basil mouthwash to 0.2% chlorhexidine. 30 systemically healthy subjects where divided in three groups by randomization and were asked to refrain from maintaining mechanical measures for oral oral hygiene for 5 days and used one of the randomly assigned mouthwash (Group I - 0.2% chlorhexidine, Group II - 1.25% holy basil, Group III - sterile water.) Plaque index (PI) and Gingival index (GI) was assessed at day 0 and 5. Inter group comparison of all the parameters at baseline and 5 day using ANOVA revealed statistically significant result outcome. The results indicated that the 1.25% holy basil mouthwash has an anti-plaque effect. Hence, the prophylactic benefits of this anti-plaque and anti-gingivitis mouthwash could be beneficial in clinical settings.
Effect of Foliar Nutrients on Wheat Seed (Triticum aestivum l.) Productivity Under Lower Gangetic Alluvial Soil of West Bengal
Authors: Bagchi Saptarshi , Biswas Ria
Published: October 2020

In present day quality crop cultivation is the prime objective for achieving the desire seed yield. The current problem of wheat cultivation is contributing in low yield due to use of old technology like unawareness about the efficient method and time of application of fertilizer etc. The present price hike of fertilizers is one of the main constraints to increase the economic yield of crops. Thus efforts are needed to minimize its losses and to enhance its economic use. Foliar nutrients play a vital role in cultivation of cereal crops for increasing seed yield & productivity in a sustainable manner. The present experiment has been designed to critically observe into matter by scanning out the combination of foliar nutrients in grain filling and seed yield of wheat. There were altogether nine treatments of supplementary foliar nutrients along with water spray at 50% flowering and grain filling stages. The investigation clearly shows that significantly highest seed yield (2840 kg ha-1 ) with foliar application of NaCl @ 0.5%. Lowest seed yield (2220 kg ha-1 ) was observed in water sprayed control treatment. The seed yield was increased up to 27.92% with the application of NaCl @ 0.5% over control.
Overview of Pharmaceutical Disposal Methods: Addressed to the General Assembly of Illinois
Authors: Chintam Kavitha , Barber Olivia Williams , Padgaonkar Suyog
Published: October 2020

Drug donation programs increase medication availability and encourage proper pharmaceutical disposal. Proper disposal decreases the potential human and environmental risk posed by the presence of pharmaceutical compounds in water bodies. Furthermore, the public health hazard of drug abuse is mitigated due to the decreased availability of drugs. The preferred pharmaceutical disposal method is through drug take-back programs, in which medications are returned to local pharmacies, law enforcement, or other responsible agencies. Take-back programs can also involve medication donation, and states such as Oklahoma and Iowa have programs to fill prescriptions for people who would otherwise have financial difficulty. Because the state of Illinois currently does not have an enacted law for the donation and reuse of medication, we propose that Illinois enact clearer laws regarding pharmaceutical disposal and take-back programs.
Navigating Workplace Wellness Programs in the Age of Technology and Big Data
Authors: Fleming Hannah-Kaye
Published: October 2020

Workplace wellness programs come in a myriad of forms, each with the goal of improving employee health and productivity while reducing healthcare costs. In the age of big data, wearable devices are ubiquitously incorporated into workplace wellness programs. Wearable devices in wellness programs can be beneficial for employers, employees, and health insurers alike. Nevertheless, there is an increasingly complex risk landscape associated with wearable devices in wellness programs, raising profound legal and ethical concerns related to privacy, security, information abuse, and employee autonomy. This paper will discuss the benefits and challenges of wearable devices in workplace wellness programs. Part I will introduce the benefits of workplace wellness programs. Part II will discuss the incorporation of wearable technologies in workplace wellness programs. Part III will analyze the legal and ethical challenges associated with the use of wearable technologies in wellness programs. Finally, Part IV will propose soft law, or best practices, as the most efficacious governance mechanism for employers and employees to secure benefits and balance concerns associated with the use of wearable devices in workplace wellness programs.
Sustainable Trail Design, Not Hiker Permits, is Necessary for Environmental Preservation in New York State’s Adirondack Park High Peaks
Authors: Huynh Khang T. , Koudelka Christopher M.
Published: October 2020

The High Peaks of the Adirondack Park in New York is home to many of the state’s precious natural resources and is a favorite destination for hikers. Severe erosion on trails threatens the region’s environmental health. Most conservation groups advocate for reducing the number of hikers as the primary solution to combatting erosion; however, the scientific literature indicates that reduction of foot traffic is ineffective at combatting already deteriorating trails. Instead, we recommend the state legislature and Department of Environmental Conservation pursue a plan to rebuild these trails using sustainable design principles, which more effectively ensures their longevity. We outline the research and expertise required to successfully rebuild these trails as well as a mechanism to fund this expensive endeavor.
Environmental DNA Monitoring: Better Tracking of Endangered, Rare, Cryptic, and Invasive Species
Authors: Ota William M. , Hall Caitlyn , Malloy John , Clark Morgan A.
Published: October 2020

As the global number of endangered, rare, and invasive species continues to increase, legally mandated efforts to monitor species’ ranges and abundances have grown exponentially. Human population growth is affecting an increasing number of species that need to be monitored, resulting in difficulties providing necessary data on the abundances, ranges, and movement of these species (Kelly 2014). We currently lack practical monitoring techniques for remote, hard-to-access habitats and species with low population counts, which makes it difficult to make informed management decisions (Kelly et al. 2014). Biologists use a variety of comprehensive field- and labor-based monitoring techniques including mark-recapture studies, depletion surveys, and tracking surveys. Environmental DNA (eDNA) is the genetic material shed by every organism into its surrounding environment, which can then be collected from air, soil, or water and analyzed to assess the composition of species present at a site (Thomsen and Willerslev 2015). eDNA monitoring is a tool that does not require the same man-hours that other techniques require. This allows eDNA to be deployed for biomonitoring, natural resource management, and decision making in ways traditional techniques cannot (Biggs et al. 2015; Kelly et al. 2014). Past use of eDNA in programs, including CaleDNA and the Aquatic eDNA atlas project, demonstrated that eDNA is currently a viable monitoring tool for endangered, rare, cryptic, and invasive species. In 2020, the United States Department of the Interior’s National Invasive Species Council Work Plan recognized the potential of eDNA and prioritized its exploration for the first time (United States Department of the Interior, 2020). We believe developing permanent funding sources or amending AB 2470 to include funds for natural resource managers to implement eDNA monitoring programs and information databases is necessary to continue to support societal growth and biodiversity in California. An eDNA monitoring program will allow natural resource managers to better inform land development, conservation, and environmental management decision-making in California.
Illegality and Healthcare: A Federalist Perspective
Authors: Wieboldt Dennis J. , Perrault Laura E.
Published: October 2020

With the contemporary rise of mass media, the historically disadvantaged status of the United States’ immigrant and undocumented populations has become increasingly well-known. Perhaps as a result thereof, both major political parties have utilized the United States’ dynamic immigration system as a scepter of justice in the nation’s ethical and political discourse. Despite the polarization that inter-party immigration controversies frequently beget, discussion of the mutually-reinforcing relationship between statutory immigration and healthcare subsidy exclusions is far more meager and thus the subject of our inquiry. Remaining cognizant of the imbricated relationship between the federal government and its state counterparts within the United States’ federalist system, we explore the economic and public health consequences of immigration and healthcare laws which deny many immigrants access to vital social services. As a product of these restrictive state and federal laws, we conclude that many immigrants not only lack meaningful access to primary care, vaccinations, and labor/environmental quality safeguards, but also that the inaccessibility of such social services has detrimental effects on the nation’s aggregate economic health and public health. In response to the deficiencies of the United States’ legal regime vís-a-vís immigration and healthcare, we offer three distinct categories of recommendations, each of which intends to support the economic success and public health security of the greater American populace.
Horizontal Shear Instabilities at Low Prandtl Number
Authors: Garaud P.
Published: October 2020

Turbulent mixing in the radiative regions of stars is usually either ignored or crudely accounted for in most stellar evolution models. However, there is growing evidence that such mixing is present and can affect various aspects of a star’s life. Here, we present a first attempt at quantifying mixing by horizontal shear instabilities in stars using direct numerical simulations. The shear is driven by a body force, and rapidly becomes unstable. At saturation, we find that several distinct dynamical regimes exist, depending on the relative importance of stratification and thermal diffusion. In each of the regimes identified, we propose a certain number of theoretically motivated scaling laws for the turbulent vertical eddy scale, the turbulent diffusion coefficient, and the amplitude of temperature fluctuations (among other quantities). Based on our findings, we predict that the majority of stars should fall into one of two categories: high Péclet number stratified turbulence, and low Péclet number stratified turbulence. The latter is presented in a related paper by Cope et al., while the former is discussed here. Applying our results to the solar tachocline, we find that it should lie in the high Péclet number stratified turbulence regime, and predict a substantial amount of vertical mixing for temperature, momentum, and composition. Taken as is, the new turbulence model predictions are incompatible with the Spiegel & Zahn model of the solar tachocline. However, rotation and magnetic fields are likely to affect the turbulence, and need to be taken into account in future studies.
Asteroid Thermal Inertia Estimates from Remote Infrared Observations: The Effects of Surface Roughness and Rotation Rate
Authors: Harris Alan W. , Drube Line
Published: October 2020

The thermal inertia of an asteroid’s surface can provide insight into regolith properties, such as the presence of a layer of fine dust, the density and thermal conductivity of a rocky surface, and, together with other observational data, mineralogy. Knowledge of the surface characteristics of asteroids is important for planetary defense initiatives and the extraction of resources (“asteroid mining”). A simple means of estimating asteroid thermal inertia has been proposed by Harris & Drube, which is suitable for application to large sets of thermal-infrared observational data, such as those obtained by infrared space telescopes. We compare results from the Harris–Drube estimator with recently published values of asteroid thermal inertia from detailed thermophysical modeling, and provide an explanation in terms of reduced surface roughness for some discrepant results. Smooth surfaces covered in fine dust may provide an explanation for the unexpectedly low values of thermal inertia derived from thermophysical modeling for some slowly rotating main-belt asteroids. In the case of near-Earth objects (NEOs) we show that results from the estimator are in good agreement with those from thermophysical modeling, with just a few exceptions. We discuss the special cases of the NEOs (101955) Bennu, (162173) Ryugu, and (29075) 1950 DA in the context of results from our estimator. Given the data requirements and complexity of thermophysical modeling, data-analysis tools based on relatively simple concepts can play an important role in allowing “quick-look” assessment of thermal-infrared data of asteroids, especially NEOs.
Deviations from the Infrared-radio Correlation in Massive, Ultracompact Starburst Galaxies
Authors: Petter Grayson C. , Kepley Amanda A. , Hickox Ryan C. , Rudnick Gregory H. , Tremonti Christy A. , Diamond-Stanic Aleksandar M. , Geach James E. , Coil Alison L. , Sell Paul H. , Moustakas John , Rupke David S. N. , Perrotta Serena , Whalen Kelly E. , Davis Julie D.
Published: October 2020

Feedback through energetic outflows has emerged as a key physical process responsible for transforming star-forming galaxies into the quiescent systems observed in the local universe. To explore this process, this paper focuses on a sample of massive and compact merger remnant galaxies hosting high-velocity gaseous outflows (

km s−1), found at intermediate redshift (z ∼ 0.6). From their mid-infrared emission and compact morphologies, these galaxies are estimated to have exceptionally large star formation rate (SFR) surface densities (ΣSFR ∼ 103
M
⊙ yr−1 kpc−2), approaching the Eddington limit for radiation pressure on dust grains. This suggests that star formation feedback may be driving the observed outflows. However, these SFR estimates suffer from significant uncertainties. We therefore sought an independent tracer of star formation to probe the compact starburst activity in these systems. In this paper, we present SFR estimates calculated using 1.5 GHz continuum Jansky Very Large Array observations for 19 of these galaxies. We also present updated infrared (IR) SFRs calculated from WISE survey data. We estimate SFRs from the IR to be larger than those from the radio for 16 out of 19 galaxies by a median factor of 2.5. We find that this deviation is maximized for the most compact galaxies hosting the youngest stellar populations, suggesting that compact starbursts deviate from the IR-radio correlation. We suggest that this deviation stems either from free–free absorption of synchrotron emission, a difference in the timescale over which each indicator traces star formation, or exceptionally hot IR-emitting dust in these ultra-dense galaxies.
Constraining the Delay Time Distribution of Compact Binary Objects from the Stochastic Gravitational-wave Background Searches
Authors: Safarzadeh Mohammadtaher , Biscoveanu Sylvia , Loeb Abraham
Published: October 2020

The initial separation of massive star binaries sets the timescale over which their compact remnants merge through the emission of gravitational waves. We show that the delay time distribution (DTD) of binary neutron stars or black holes can be inferred from the stochastic gravitational wave background (SGWB). If the DTD of a population is long, most of the mergers take place at low redshifts and the background would be rather quiet compared to a scenario in which the DTD is short leading to few individual detections at low redshift but a rather loud background. We show that different DTDs predict a factor of 5 difference in the magnitude of the gravitational wave background energy density (

) and have the dominant effect on

over other factors such as the mass function of the primary BH mass,

, the maximum considered BH mass (

), and the effective spin of the black hole (

). A nondetection of such a background can rule out the short DTD scenario. We show that SGWB searches can rule out the short DTD scenario for the BBHs within about four years of observing time at advanced LIGO design sensitivity for a local merger rate of 30

assuming

, and

.
On Neural Architectures for Astronomical Time-series Classification with Application to Variable Stars
Authors: Jamal Sara , Bloom Joshua S.
Published: October 2020

Despite the utility of neural networks (NNs) for astronomical time-series classification, the proliferation of learning architectures applied to diverse data sets has thus far hampered a direct intercomparison of different approaches. Here we perform the first comprehensive study of variants of NN-based learning and inference for astronomical time series, aiming to provide the community with an overview on relative performance and, hopefully, a set of best-in-class choices for practical implementations. In both supervised and self-supervised contexts, we study the effects of different time-series-compatible layer choices, namely the dilated temporal convolutional neural network (dTCNs), long-short term memory NNs, gated recurrent units and temporal convolutional NNs (tCNNs). We also study the efficacy and performance of encoder-decoder (i.e., autoencoder) networks compared to direct classification networks, different pathways to include auxiliary (non-time-series) metadata, and different approaches to incorporate multi-passband data (i.e., multiple time series per source). Performance—applied to a sample of 17,604 variable stars (VSs) from the MAssive Compact Halo Objects (MACHO) survey across 10 imbalanced classes—is measured in training convergence time, classification accuracy, reconstruction error, and generated latent variables. We find that networks with recurrent NNs generally outperform dTCNs and, in many scenarios, yield to similar accuracy as tCNNs. In learning time and memory requirements, convolution-based layers perform better. We conclude by discussing the advantages and limitations of deep architectures for VS classification, with a particular eye toward next-generation surveys such as the Legacy Survey of Space and Time, the Roman Space Telescope, and Zwicky Transient Facility.
The Coronal Global Evolutionary Model: Using HMI Vector Magnetogram and Doppler Data to Determine Coronal Magnetic Field Evolution
Authors: Hoeksema J. Todd , Abbett William P. , Bercik David J. , Cheung Mark C. M. , DeRosa Marc L. , Fisher George H. , Hayashi Keiji , Kazachenko Maria D. , Liu Yang , Lumme Erkka , Lynch Benjamin J. , Sun 孙旭 Xudong 东 , Welsch Brian T.
Published: October 2020

The Coronal Global Evolutionary Model (CGEM) provides data-driven simulations of the magnetic field in the solar corona to better understand the build-up of magnetic energy that leads to eruptive events. The CGEM project has developed six capabilities. CGEM modules (1) prepare time series of full-disk vector magnetic field observations to (2) derive the changing electric field in the solar photosphere over active-region scales. This local electric field is (3) incorporated into a surface flux transport model that reconstructs a global electric field that evolves magnetic flux in a consistent way. These electric fields drive a (4) 3D spherical magnetofrictional (SMF) model, either at high resolution over a restricted range of solid angles or at lower resolution over a global domain to determine the magnetic field and current density in the low corona. An SMF-generated initial field above an active region and the evolving electric field at the photosphere are used to drive (5) detailed magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations of active regions in the low corona. SMF or MHD solutions are then used to compute emissivity proxies that can be compared with coronal observations. Finally, a lower-resolution SMF magnetic field is used to initialize (6) a global MHD model that is driven by an SMF electric field time series to simulate the outer corona and heliosphere, ultimately connecting Sun to Earth. As a demonstration, this report features results of CGEM applied to observations of the evolution of NOAA Active Region 11158 in 2011 February.
The Phase-curve Signature of Condensible Water-rich Atmospheres on Slowly Rotating Tidally Locked Exoplanets
Authors: Ding Feng , Pierrehumbert Raymond T.
Published: October 2020

We use an idealized three-dimensional general circulation model to study condensible-rich atmospheres with an ineffective cold trap on slowly rotating tidally locked terrestrial planets. In particular, we show the climate dynamics in a thin and temperate atmosphere with condensible water vapor. The similarities between our thin and temperate atmosphere and the warm and thick atmosphere approaching the water vapor runaway greenhouse in previous works are discussed, including the reversal of the thermal emission between the day and night hemispheres. Different from the transit spectroscopy of water vapor that depends on the absolute amount of atmospheric water vapor, the contrast between the dayside and nightside thermal emission provides information regarding the relative ratio of water vapor to the background atmosphere as well as the atmospheric pressure near the substellar tropopause and the emission level on the nightside on potentially habitable worlds.
An Upper Limit on the Spin of SgrA* Based on Stellar Orbits in Its Vicinity
Authors: Fragione Giacomo , Loeb Abraham
Published: October 2020

The spin of the massive black hole (BH) at the center of the Milky Way, SgrA*, has been poorly constrained so far. We place an upper limit on the spin of SgrA* based on the spatial distribution of the S-stars, which are arranged in two almost edge-on disks that are located at a position angle of approximately ±45° with respect to the Galactic plane, on a milliparsec scale around the Galactic center. Requiring that the frame-dragging precession has not had enough time to make the S-star orbital angular momentum precess, the spin of the massive BH at the center of the Milky Way can be constrained to χ ≲ 0.1.
Marine algal flora of Formigas Islets, Azores
Authors: Neto Ana I. , Prestes Afonso C. L. , Azevedo José M. N. , Resendes Roberto , Álvaro Nuno , Neto Raul M. A. , Moreu Ignacio
Published: October 2020

The oldest reference to marine life in Formigas Islets (oriental group of the Azores archipelago) goes back to the 16th century. Nevertheless, their macroalgal flora is poorly known, the published information mainly resulting from occasional collections of sporadic visitors. To overcome this and contribute to the knowledge of Azorean macroalgal flora at both local and regional scales, a thorough investigation was conducted in 1990 and 1991 under two expeditions promoted by the Marine Biology Research Group of the Department of Biology, University of the Azores. Collections and presence data recordings were undertaken at the littoral and sublittoral levels down to approximately 40 m, in an area of approximately 0.04 km2. This paper lists the taxonomic records and provides information regarding each species’ ecology and occurrence on the Islets’ littoral.

A total of 320 specimens are registered (including taxa identified only at generic level) belonging to 90 taxa of macroalgae, from which 70 were diagnosed at species level. The confirmed species comprise 39 Rhodophyta, 12 Chlorophyta and 19 Ochrophyta (Phaeophyceae), distributed in 22 orders (13 Rhodophyta, 3 Chlorophyta and 6 Ochrophyta) and 37 families (24 Rhodophyta, 6 Chlorophyta and 7 Ochrophyta). Sixty-one species represent new records for the Islets, from which Botryocladia macaronesica Afonso-Carrillo, Sobrino, Tittley & Neto and Laurencia viridis Gil-Rodriguez & Haroun are Macaronesian endemisms. Most species are native to the Azores, but six have an uncertain origin and four are introduced (the Rhodophyta Asparagopsis armata Harvey; Laurencia dendroidea J.Agardh; Neoizziella divaricata (C.K.Tseng) S.-M.Lin, S.-Y.Yang & Huisman and the Ochrophyta Hydroclathrus tilesii (Endlicher) Santiañez & M.J.Wynne).
Specimens in a Broader Context: The National Ecological Observatory Network and the extended specimen
Authors: LeVan Katherine
Published: October 2020

Community innovations in both specimen digitization (e.g., Morphbank; SlideAtlas; Inselect, Hudson et al. 2015) and data standards (e.g., the National Science Foundation initative "Advancing Digitization of Biodiversity Collections", Page et al. 2015, Nelson and Shari 2019; Darwin Core (Darwin Core Task Group 2009)), have resulted in digitized specimens with rich contextual metadata and the capacity to share such specimen information widely. These extended specimens have allowed for the exploration of cross-scale research questions that traverse multiple taxonomic, spatial and temporal scales. As a relatively new collection organization, the National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON; Keller et al. 2008) has curated and archived >200,000 specimens to date and is projected to archive between 80,000 and 120,000 specimens annually through its 30-year, continental-scale environmental monitoring program. NEON has embraced the Extended Specimen paradigm (introduced by Webster 2017; NEON's implementation described in Lendemer et al. 2020), and each sample is physically and digitally curated from the point of collection enabling sample discoverability that maximizes specimen Findability, Accessibility, Interoperability, and Reusability (the FAIR standard; Wilkinson et al. 2016). All archived specimens are associated with precise spatial and temporal information and (where available/applicable) NEON also integrates specimen images, morphometrics, genetic sequences and taxonomic data with the specimen records within a Symbiota platform. Any additional analyses or derived specimens created by the research community are also linked in the specimen record. NEON has benefited substantially from community development of tools and standards, but the process of data integration has not been without problems. Here, we will discuss challenges NEON has faced in the implementation of the extended specimen as well as solutions.