bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Heath, Powell, and Migration Policy, 1968–1974
Authors: Hansen Randall
Published: November 2023

To the displeasure of the British government, the Kenyan Asians’ experience repeated itself four years after the passage of the Commonwealth Immigrants Act of 1968. In August 1972, Idi Amin announced the expulsion of all Asian CUKCs from Uganda. The legal position of the Ugandan Asians was identical to their Kenyan counterparts: they were originally controlled by the 1962 Commonwealth Act, were released from the restrictions through the independence process and were placed under a new set of controls through Callaghan’s 1968 Act. Their social and political experience in Uganda was broadly similar: they were a largely skilled, professional class whose presence was resented by Africans and who found themselves facing a series of discriminatory measures culminating in an expulsion order.
Monosodium glutamate
Authors: Emsley John , Fell Peter
Published: November 2023

If you ate the above meal you might well suffer some discomfort after- wards, because you would almost certainly have consumed more than 3 grams of monosodium glutamate (MSG), which is commonly used as a flavour enhancer, particularly in oriental cooking. For some people this would be enough to trigger an intolerance reaction of dry mouth, hot cheeks, itchy neck, and a headache-in other words the infamous Chinese Restaurant Syndrome (CRS). But if you are particularly sensitive to MSG you don’t need to eat in such a place to suffer from CRS, as the case study in the box shows.
Alcohol: intoxication and detoxification
Authors: Emsley John , Fell Peter
Published: November 2023

On New Year’s Day millions of people suffer the symptoms of their body’s intolerance of what it regards as too much of a toxin: alcohol. The collection of symptoms they experience-the throbbing headache, the feeling of nausea, even vomiting and diarrhoea—are all typical responses to an excess of a material that the body wishes to be rid of. Our attitude to alcohol is ambivalent: we are prepared to accept the punishment of a hangover because we enjoy the effects that alcohol has on us.
Science, Chauvinism and Bigotry
Authors: Gratzer Walter
Published: November 2023

There is no national science, Anton Chekhov said, any more than there are national multiplication tables, for national science is no longer science. Today the baleful incursions of chauvinism that Chekhov had in mind seem to have abated, or to have yielded to ideologies of a different stripe, racial, religious or feminist. Fringe movements (which have done more damage in the humanities than in science) have sought to diminish the achievements of the past and the science of today by denying it any validity outside the confines of a white, Caucasian and predominantly male hierarchy. The proponents of these views have not gone so far as to suggest explicitly that the speed of light would be slower, or the number of bases per turn of a DNA helix greater, had the measurements been made by Africans, say, or by women, but their dialectic merges into the ‘cognitive relativism’, promulgated by a fashionable school of (mainly French) philosophers. It takes as an axiom that, so far from progressing by successive approximations towards a better understanding of the world, the results of scientific inquiry are nothing more than artificial constructs, wholly dependent on the social milieu. This doctrine emerges from a seemingly wilful ignorance of science, verging on obscurantism, and it is strongly reminiscent, as will be seen, of the style of discourse favoured by leaders of totalitarian societies, in their insistence that science must reflect the tenets of the prevailing political system.
Nature Nurtured: the Rise and Fall of Eugenics
Authors: Gratzer Walter
Published: November 2023

Eugenics, literally good birth, entered the language in the nineteenth century, with the dawn of genetics as a quantitative science. August Weismann in Germany had developed the germ plasm theory: the hereditary material of the offspring was carried in the parents’ germ cells (p. 64), which were shielded from external influences, so that no environmental pressures could impose themselves on the genetic material. The idea that all human attributes, physical, intellectual and moral, were entirely, or at least primarily, heritable exerted a powerful appeal to many intelligent people, despite the weakness of the argument. As in other instances of pathological science, the flaws in the evidence on which the theory was based were overwhelmed by the wish that it should be true. Those who upheld the universal dominance of nature over nurture were, or felt themselves to be, intelligent, moral and free of the biologically deleterious traits that they eagerly sought out in others. In many cases eugenic doctrine was allied to a belief in the superiority of one race over all others and the conviction that its genetic purity must be maintained and protected. Certainly not all the early adherents of eugenics were malign, and many were dismayed by the consequences when eugenic measures were put into practice. Enthusiasts for eugenics ranged in their political allegiance from the extreme left (Prince Kropotkin was one) to the fascist right.
Maintenance of egg temperature
Authors: Turner J S
Published: November 2023

Contact incubation of eggs is one of the most conspicuous features of avian biology. Its purpose is the maintenance of a warm and steady egg temperature, and during incubation, the parent bird undergoes remarkable changes in its behaviour and physiology, all seemingly directed to meeting this need. For example, the pectoral skin of incubating birds, commonly the female, but in some instances the male as well, develops into a fleshy and well-vascularised brood patch, naked of feathers (White and Kinney 1974; Grant 1982; T0ienet al. 1986; Chapter 8). While incubating, the brood patch is pressed against one surface of the egg, warming it, a process known as contact incubation. The transfer of heat into the egg is regulated through adjustments to both blood flow through the brood patch and heat production by the parent, mediated through temperature sensors in the skin of the brood patch (Collias 1964; White and Kinney 1974; Midtgardet al. 1985; Chapter 8). Likewise, many birds construct nests to insulate the eggs against losses of heat from their exposed surfaces. In some instances, the nest completely encloses the egg in its protective environment, although many nests are cup--shaped, open at the top to accommodate the parent whilst it sits on the eggs (Collias 1964; Grant 1982; Skowron and Kern 1984; Chapter 2). Many birds are steady incubators, sitting on the eggs without interruption from the completion of the clutch to hatching. However, many are intermittent incubators, leaving the nest periodically during the day to feed or defend the territory around the nest. These absences seem timed to limit the extent to which the eggs cool during the absence: in colder conditions, the absences are shorter, while warmer conditions are correlated with longer absences (Turner 1994a; Chapters 6 and 15).
Mathematics
Authors: Magee Patrick , Tooley Mark
Published: November 2023

Graphs are used to represent pictorially or clarify a relationship between two variables, say x and y, or t and function (t). If x and y are related by the linear equation y = mx + c, then the graphical relationship is a straight line as in Fig. 1.1, where m is the slope, a constant value for a straight line and c is the value of y when x = 0. Figure 1.2 shows the relationship when m and c take negative values. Note that if c = 0, the line passes through the origin, 0, of the x and y axes.
Pulse oximetry
Authors: Magee Patrick , Tooley Mark
Published: November 2023

The pulse oximeter is a device for non-invasive, continuous measurement of oxygen saturation. As such it is arguably one of the most important intra-operative monitors at the disposal of anaesthetists. Although the device measures oxygen saturation of arterial blood, which is the physiological end point of interest, it is not a replacement for monitoring all the events that may lead to hypoxaemia; in other words it does not replace an oxygen analyser at the common gas outlet of the anaesthetic machine.
Headgear
Authors: Ireland A J , McDonald Fraser
Published: November 2023

Headgear is a mechanism whereby structures outside the oral cavity are used to apply forces to the teeth.
Cast Surveying
Authors: Tyson K W , Yemm R , Scott B J J
Published: November 2023

Surveying is an essential step in the design and construction of partial dentures. The surveying instrument draws lines on a cast so that the dentist can be sure that no rigid part of a partial denture lies in an undercut in relation to the path of insertion and removal of the appliance. An undercut is the area below the greatest diameter of a tooth, similar to the area below an overhanging cliff edge (arrowed). We must also find where to put clasps to hold the denture in place and how to make the prosthesis blend naturally with the tissues by avoiding unsightly gaps where the denture and tissues meet.
Refining The Design
Authors: Tyson K W , Yemm R , Scott B J J
Published: November 2023

When a denture design is complete, it is time to step back and look at it anew. Every step might have been followed to the best advantage but is the final denture really satisfactory from the view of aesthetics, interplay of the elements of indirect retention and indirect support, and freedom from interferences with the tongue and other tissues? Review the complete design and make any necessary adjustments.
Patient Histories And Assessment
Authors: Tyson K W , Yemm R , Scott B J J
Published: November 2023

The state of the residual dentition is a good initial indicator of the past oral care. There may have been tooth loss which then initiated an improvement in self care. There may be records of past professional care, to add to the assessment of existing periodontal and restorative conditions. Present and previous denture experience is also important, and may provide useful evidence for the design of replacement(s). A design may be repeated if it has proved successful, and if no damage can be observed.
Which teeth to replace? Design sequence
Authors: Tyson K W , Yemm R , Scott B J J
Published: November 2023

It is not always an advantage to replace all missing teeth. The question of whether to replace missing teeth is considered. It is not always necessary or appropriate to replace all missing teeth. The importance of replacement could be said to diminish posteriorly, and on occasions it may be preferable to avoid denture provision altogether, but here are some guidelines:
Designing for Kennedy class IV dentures
Authors: Tyson K W , Yemm R , Scott B J J
Published: November 2023

As originally defined, this classification of missing teeth constitutes the need for a single anterior saddle, technically crossing the mid-line. The classification includes, however, a range of possibilities. At one extreme, missing central incisors would require a short saddle, while at the other extreme a large saddle would be needed if, for instance, only molars were retained (bilaterally).
New partial dentures for residual dentition in poor condition
Authors: Tyson K W , Yemm R , Scott B J J
Published: November 2023

You will be confronted, from time to time, by the patient whose remaining natural dentition is in poor condition, often as a consequence of neglect of self care and professional help. Existing partial dentures may have contributed to the deterioration. The first step is to instigate such remedial care as the patient will accept. On occasions, you will be surprised by the patient ‘s response, for instance the prospect of being rendered edentulous may lead to a remarkable transformation in the patient ‘s attitude towards dental care. Oral hygiene instruction, periodontal treatment and tooth restoration may rectify the situation, and you may then be able to follow in full the principles presented in the chapters of Section 2.
Partial dentures in conjunction with crowns
Authors: Tyson K W , Yemm R , Scott B J J
Published: November 2023

Consideration is given to the situation where teeth may require crowning and the advantages that this can give when designing a partial denture are discussed. As discussed in Section 2, provision of a partial denture should not be embarked upon in isolation from other aspects of dental care, as teeth may need to be restored as an integral part of treatment. The dental history and examination will give the dentist the necessary information as to which teeth require attention. A treatment plan would usually be formulated which would involve the restoration of any carious teeth or failing restorations before the partial denture is constructed.
The effectiveness of retrieval from memory
Authors: Shiffrin Richard M , Steyvers Mark
Published: November 2023

The term ‘rational models’ has connotations almost too numerous to list, including internal consistency of a model’s assumptions, consistency of data with a model’s predictions, matching of the model’s predictions to the demands imposed by the environment and its probabilistic structure and pay-offs, and logical consistency of a model’s decision structure. In this chapter we focus on ‘optimality’, in particular, optimality of retrieval from memory. In an absolute sense, we ask whether retrieval is as optimal, efficient, and effective as possible, given the way in which information has been stored in memory. This question may not be well defined or easy to answer. In a relative sense, we ask whether retrieval in different tasks and of different types of information operates with different levels of optimality, effectiveness, and efficiency. Such questions are of course highly model dependent, but by keeping the assumptions as simple as possible, it may be possible to obtain answers that generalize to quite a wide range of potential models.
Optimal performance and exemplar models of classification
Authors: Nosofsky Robert M
Published: November 2023

For nearly 20 years, exemplar models have stood among the leading formal models of perceptual categorization (e.g. Medin and Schaffer, 1978; Nosofsky, 1984; Hintzman, 1986; Krushcke, 1992; Estes, 1994). According to these models, people represent categories by storing individual exemplars of categories in memory, and classify objects according to how similar they are to the exemplars of the alternative categories. Exemplar models have provided excellent accounts of a wide variety of categorization phenomena, including effects of prototypes, category size, within- and between-category similarity, individual item frequency, and rule complexity.
The role of hypervigilance in the experience of pain
Authors: Damme Stefaan Van , Crombez Geert , Eccleston, Christopher , Roelofs Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

The role of fear of pain in the experience of pain is well-documented in research with clinical and healthy samples. An increased level of pain-related fear is associated with more intense pain (McCracken et al. 1996), more avoidance of activity (Crombez et al. 1998c ; Waddell 1998), and greater functional impairments (McCracken et al. 1993; Crombez et al. 1999b). Several authors have also argued that fear of pain induces a hypervigilance for pain or other somatic sensations (Eccleston and Crombez 1999; Aldrich et al. 2000; Vlaeyen and Linton 2000). Hypervigilance for pain, or overalertness for pain, has been understood in different ways. In this chapter we examine the concept of hypervigilance to pain in normal and clinical pain samples.
Pain-Related Fear
Authors: Hadjistavropoulos Heather D , Kowalyk Kristine M
Published: November 2023

As evidenced by this volume, pain-related fear has become an important and widely researched topic within the field of psychology and pain. The importance of helping patients overcome pain-related fear cannot be overemphasized. Successful treatment for chronic pain consistently shows that resolution of fear is key to success and reductions in pain-related fear predict improved treatment outcomes (McCracken and Gross 1998). Despite the increasing amount of research on the topic of pain-related fear, relatively little attention has been given to the patient–therapist relationship among patients faced with significant pain-related fear.
The blood–brain barrier: its structure and function
Authors: Banks William A
Published: November 2023

The concept of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) originated with experiments conducted at the end of the nineteenth century (Bradbury 1979). These experiments showed that some dyes would only stain the brain after direct administration into the central nervous system (CNS) but not after systemic administration. Controversy surrounded the interpretation of these and related findings. Paul Ehrlich concluded that dyes that did not stain the brain after systemic administration simply lacked an affinity for brain tissue. He bolstered his argument with the observation that light microscopy showed no differences between the capillary beds of the CNS and peripheral tissues. Lewandowsky took an opposing view, arguing that the cerebral capillaries had the ability to exclude blood-borne substances from the brain.
The blood–brain barrier: monocyte and viral entry into the brain
Authors: Nottet Hans S L M
Published: November 2023

The neuropathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection can be divided into three stages with regard to the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The first phase is characterized by an early invasion of the brain by HIV-1 followed by a clinically relatively long stable period of time in which the BBB is unaffected. The second phase is clinically manifested by the occurrence of HIV-associated dementia (HAD) whereby the BBB is immune-activated allowing facilitated infiltration of monocyte/macrophages (M/M) into the central nervous system (CNS). This phase can last from a few months to years. The third phase is the end-stage of HAD and is characterized by a massive infiltration of M/M into the CNS through a damaged BBB.
The feline immunodeflciency virus model of HIV-1-associated neurological disease
Authors: Meeker Rick B , Bragg D Christopher
Published: November 2023

Animal models continue to be valuable tools in the ongoing efforts to understand the mechanisms of HIV-1-associated dementia (HAD). The increasing importance of examining the central nervous system (CNS) in lentivirus-infected hosts at all stages of disease has been highlighted by multiple observations including: (1) the recognition that neuroinvasion most probably occurs soon after the initial systemic infection; (2) the possibility that neuropathogenesis may begin early during asymptomatic stages of disease; and (3) the potential for virus to be compartmentalized within the CNS, thereby giving rise to protected reservoirs and novel isolates. In addition, it remains equally critical that in vivo studies be complemented with appropriate neural cell culture systems in which the signal transduction events underlying viral replication and neurotoxicity can be identified.
Myopathies associated with HIV-1: clinical and pathological manifestations
Authors: Fox Kenneth A , Morgello, Susan , Simpson David M
Published: November 2023

The skeletal muscle disorders associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection are myriad (Snider et al. 1983; Dalakas et al. 1986a, 1990; Lange et al. 1988; Simpson and Bender 1988; Illa et al. 1991; Simpson et al. 1993a; Gherardi 1994). Myopathy may be the presenting symptom of HIV disease (Dalakas et al. 1986a). Since multiple pathologies may coexist in the same patient, muscle disease may be masked by concomitant central nervous system (CNS) disorders such as dementia, focal brain lesions, myelopathy, or peripheral neuropathy. Furthermore, the insidious progression of most neuromuscular complications may be overlooked in advanced stages of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), when wasting and other complications dominate the clinical picture. Prompt recognition of neuromuscular disease is important in HIV-infected patients, as therapy may dramatically improve the patient’s quality of life.
Evoked potentials
Authors: Iragui Vicente J , Olichney John
Published: November 2023

Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) often affects both the central and peripheral nervous systems via a variety of mechanisms. Although HIV infection predisposes to opportunistic infections, the neurological impairments are due in many patients to the direct effects of HIV in the central and peripheral nervous systems. However, the early stages of involvement of the nervous system are often not associated with overt neurological manifestations, and the patient may remain asymptomatic or present only subtle neurological dysfunction.
The effects of antiretroviral therapy on viral and nonviral markers in cerebrospinal fluid
Authors: Letendre Scott
Published: November 2023

Potent antiretroviral therapy has improved the survival of people infected with HIV by reducing HIV replication and improving cell-mediated immunity. These direct benefits have led to reductions in the incidence of many HIV-related complications, including HIV-associated dementia (HAD; Sacktor et al. 2001). Other chapters in this text have reviewed the associations between HAD and markers of disease progression. The objective of this chapter is to expand on these chapters by reviewing research findings on the effects of antiretroviral drugs on viral and non-viral markers in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). This chapter will not address the effects of antiretrovirals on neuropsychological, neuroimaging, or autopsy findings.
The Confluence of Ideas in 1936
Authors: Gandy Robin
Published: November 2023

Abstract

This paper seeks to explain the almost simultaneous appearance in 1936 of several independent characterizations of the notion of effective calculability. It traces the history of that notion from Babbage’s work in the l 830’s to the planning of electronic digital computers in the l 940’s. Particular attention is paid to the history of decision problems and to the significance of Turing’s work.
Structure
Authors: Koppel Moshe
Published: November 2023

Although the universal Turing machine’s contribution to technology has been immeasurable, its contribution to the formalization and understanding of the most fundamental philosophical ideas may ultimately be regarded as the more profound and significant. According to Church’s thesis, the universal Turing machine (UTM) represents the limit of computational power and thus can serve as a formal foundation for theories of computability and complexity.
The Semantics of Entailment 0
Authors: Meyer Robert K , Mares Edwin D
Published: November 2023

The system NR of relevant implication with modality was proposed in Meyer (1968) to combine the system R of relevant implication with the modal logic S4. This motivated a definition of entailment, in something like the sense of Anderson and Belnap (1975), as strict relevant implication. While NR exactly captures the entailment of certain fragments of the system E of entailment _ in particular, the pure calculus E  → of entailment _ it was shown in Maksimova (1973) that there is a non-theorem of E which is provable on NR translation.
Tutorial on Linear Logic
Authors: Troelstra A S
Published: November 2023

In this tutorial we present a very elementary introduction to linear logic, consisting of a description of the system, a sketch of cut-elimination, a discussion of the relationship with intuitionistic logic (embedding theorems), a sketch of completeness for algebraic semantics, and some remarks on the computational interpretation. From a technical point of view linear logic appears as a refinement of ordinary logic; in a sequential formulation in Gentzen-style this is obtained by omitting the rules of contraction and weakening (thinning); afterwards weakening and contraction are reintroduced for specific formulas with help of special operators storage (!) and costorag (?).
Preliminary Remarks
Authors: Ranta Aarne
Published: November 2023

The aim of this book is to show how constructive type theory, in the form developed by Per Martin-Löf, helps us to understand the structure of natural language. The study of similar questions within simple (=classical) type theory was inaugurated by Frege and given a standard of technical detail by Montague. The point of shifting to constructive type theory is not in the constructivist criticism against classical reasoning, but in the positive observation that constructive type theory has new things to say. Some of the problems to which grammars based on classical type theory have not found satisfactory solutions will be shown to require precisely these new things. These problems appear in a simple form in what is known, since Geach, as donkey sentences. But they are repeated in other guises, for example, in the functioning of tenses, and in a larger scale, such as in the progressive structure of texts, and in the significance of context in communication.
An Outline of Phanerozoic Biogeography
Authors: Hallam Anthony
Published: November 2023

The general acceptance of plate tectonics and continental drift by the early 1970s galvanized the study of biogeography from the evolution of multicellular life to the present day. However, until now the accumulated information has been widely scattered in the literature; this book is the first to synthesize the results of over two decades of prolific research into a clear concise format accessible to students of geology, geography, and biology and their teachers.
Early Mesozoic
Authors: Hallam Anthony
Published: November 2023

In this book a distinction has been made between Early Mesozoic (Triassic and Jurassic) and Late Mesozoic (Cretaceous) because of the very different global geographies of these times. As already indicated, Pangaea had become established as a coherent supercontinent at the beginning of the era and did not disintegrate significantly until the Cretaceous. Although uncertainties remain, especially in Asia, knowledge of the relative positions of continental areas in the Mesozoic is considerably better than for the Palaeozoic. A prime reason for this is the existence for the first time, from the Mid Jurassic onwards, of a deep sea record, with magnetic anomalies, preserved on the present ocean floor. Reconstructions have been made starting from the present and removing successively older areas of oceanic crust. This is done by matching sets of magnetic anomalies and following traces of fracture zones on the ocean floor. As for the Palaeozoic, palaeomagnetic data from the continents provide latitudinal control. The early set of reconstructions of Smith and Briden (1977) are still valuable as first-order approximations of reasonable accuracy (Figs 7.1 and 7.2) except for Asia and parts of the Pacific margins, where a series of terranes was accreted. Furthermore, the continental fits are unduly tight, having failed to allow for the fact that there can be significant continental extension before breakup.
Cellular Variation and Adaptation in Cancer
Authors: Woodruff Michael
Published: November 2023

In recent years our understanding of cancer biology has increased dramatically. There have also been major advances in the treatment of some forms of cancer but not of others. Many of the failures are due to the early dissemination of cancer and the limited success of adjuvant chemotherapy is probably due to the heterogeneity of cancer cells and their capacity to diversify. Clinicians often are unaware of the revolution that is taking place in cancer biology, and biologists sometimes fail to appreciate how cancer is perceived by clinicians. Each group needs a user-friendly interface with the other's field, and this book, addressed to both clinicians and biologists, attempts to meet these needs.
The formation and diagenesis of chalk
Authors: Hancock J M
Published: November 2023

In old English usage of the word ‘chalk’, one of its distinctive features was its softness. Some authors have tried to maintain an indication of the degree of hardness in the definition. Geologists working for the Deep Sea Drilling Project regard chalks as ‘partly indurated oozes; they are friable limestones that are readily deformed under the fingernail or the edge of a spatula blade’ (Winterer et al. 1973, pp. 9–10; Garrison 1981). If the sediment is harder than this, these geologists call it ‘limestone’. This nomenclature allows for no distinction between lithified chalks and. other limestones, which actually have very different textures, and hence markedly different porosities and permeabilities. The distinction between a hard chalk and ordinary hard limestone was already recognized by Whitehurst (1786).
The United Kingdom
Authors: Lloyd J W
Published: November 2023

The Chalk in the UK has been extensively used as an aquifer since the nineteenth century. Prior to that abstraction was generally from springs and hand dug wells in the outcrop areas, developments that in most cases were on a small scale. In the early seventeenth century the City of London was partly supplied by an aqueduct in the Lee Valley, in east London, referred to as the New River. In 1613, this began to carry some 30 000 m3 of water per day from chalk springs in Hertfordshire (the Chadwell and Amwell springs) to New River Head in Clerkenwell.
Behaviour and Social Evolution of Wasps
Authors: Itö Yosiaki
Published: November 2023

In this book, Itô presents data on tropical wasps which suggest that kin-selection has been overemphasized as an evolutionary explanation of sociality. He concentrates on the Vespidae (paper wasps and hornets), a group much discussed by evolutionary biologists because it exhibits all stages of social evolution:; subsociality, primitive eusociality, and advanced eusociality. The author reports field observations by himself and others in Central America, Asia, and Australia, showing that multiple egg-layers in a nest are not uncommon. Because coexistence of many `queens' leads to lower relatedness among colony members than in single-queen colonies, he suggests that kin-selection may not be the most powerful force determining observed social patterns. Instead, subsocial wasps may first have aggregated for defence purposes in habitats with a high risk of predation, with mutualistic associations among many queens. Through parental manipulation and then kin selection, differentiation into within-generation castes may have followed. Of interest to all students of ecology, evolution, and behaviour, this book beautifully illustrates the ability to combine wide-ranging data with thoughtful questions - the author's trademark.
The purchase
Authors: Evans Julian , Stephen White , Evans John , Titchmarsh Alan
Published: November 2023

This is the story of a small Hampshire wood. It is not the whole story, even if that could be told, but of the last ten years since we became its owners. It’s a story, too, which touches on that of the owners themselves. Mostly, though, it is a more leisurely reply to the oft-asked questions: What do you do with the wood? Do you need to look after it? How did you come to buy it? Indeed, why ever did you buy one? We haven’t got all the answers, and certainly not for every new experience our purchase has brought, but we’ve enjoyed finding that out since the wood became our own.
The timber sale
Authors: Evans Julian , Stephen White , Evans John , Titchmarsh Alan
Published: November 2023

The two great storms revealed how vulnerable the pines were. Their tops rose above all but the tallest of the beech and we couldn’t afford further attrition to this most valuable part of the wood. In the spring of 1990 we decided to sell them all. Two other considerations helped make up our minds. Several of the pine trees were becoming chlorotic with pale needles and poor prospects for many more years of growth. Measurements of the distance between branch whorls at the tops of the windblown pines revealed that even on healthy trees each year’s growth had slowed from over two feet per year in the early 1980s to only a foot or so in 1988 and 1989. The chalkiness of the soil was taking its toll on even the tolerant Corsican pine. Secondly, the three rows of beech between the double rows of pine urgently needed thinning yet individually the beech were small and, on its own, the job would be unprofitable. If all the pines were felled, the beech trees next to where they had stood would immediately be released and enjoy extra growing space.
Harvesting the pine
Authors: Evans Julian , Stephen White , Evans John , Titchmarsh Alan
Published: November 2023

More than a year passed before Mendip Forestry came to cut their pine trees. I had not expected such a long wait, though it was entirely within their right. Indeed, I probably pestered them a bit, wanting to know when they would start. It is not always easy for a forestry contractor to plan his work precisely owing to our fickle weather, unforeseen machinery problems, clogged log yards at sawmills, and the like; of course, there was also a lot to clear up after the great storm. In the event Roger Austin, Mendip’s Director, phoned in early April 1992 to say that they would be shortly starting to cut. By the time I next visited the wood, work was well under way. Access had been gained by using the keeper’s key and his lock. Subsequently ours was hung for them on the back of the entrance sign. In anticipation two extra keys had been cut to hand over when work started. This is particularly helpful for lorry drivers arriving at all sorts of hours to pick up cut timber. This can continue for months after the main job in the wood of felling and extracting the trees is finished, and the driver needs his own means of access.
Over the fence
Authors: Evans Julian , Stephen White , Evans John , Titchmarsh Alan
Published: November 2023

In the 1950s Vance Packard’s ‘Wastemakers’ laid bare our throwaway society. The mountains of refuse produced day after day are the less than discreet hand maiden of our materialism. Interestingly, what seems to concern us most is where rubbish is disposed of rather than the enormous quantity itself. The dislike of litter, and the about-turn from litter bins at lay-bys to ‘Take your litter home’ signs, reveals the better strategy of emphasising responsibility for waste as well as saving the cost of collection. But rubbish is still thrown away in our countryside in huge amounts, despite municipal dumps, bottle banks, and regular refuse collection. And it seems that waterways and woodlands are prime sites. Even the unthinking reckless disposer who avoids taking rubbish to the dump or is simply too lazy to do so displays an ambivalence. He is anxious to see the very rubbish thrown away in the countryside at least hidden from view as it sinks to the river bottom or is tossed into the thickest undergrowth. Of course, sometimes this is deliberate to cover the traces of a theft or act of vandalism. The entrance to the wood has not escaped this late twentieth-century pestilence.
Nain’s copse
Authors: Evans Julian , Stephen White , Evans John , Titchmarsh Alan
Published: November 2023

Adjoining the whole length of the wood’s northern boundary is another, smaller woodland of about ten acres. It fills a triangle of land with two completely straight sides, the ones with our boundary and with British Rail’s, which converge almost at right angles at the point of BR’s grey transformer. The third side traces a distorted ‘W’ like the stars of Cassiopiea. The wood belonged to the Steventon Estate and was never leased to the Forestry Commission. In the ten years we have been neighbours no work has been done in this wood apart from coppicing a tiny panel of hazel, perhaps amounting to a dozen clumps. It has been used for sporting and occasionally a temporary deer seat would appear a few yards inside their boundary to overlook the young trees of Taid’s wood, where deer would browse and sight lines were easy while the trees were small. In the 1987 storm a huge birch blew down across the track that is a continuation of ours and which runs along the bottom of this adjoining wood beside the railway. The tree still lies where it fell, as does an oak at the far end near Waltham lane. The track between the fallen trees has become much overgrown.
DNA Topology
Authors: Bates Andrew D , Maxwell Anthony
Published: November 2023

DNA as the genetic material is a topic of intense interest in the 21st century, with the genomes of many organisms having been sequenced. The double helix structure discovered by Watson and Crick 50 years ago is now very familiar and its importance for DNA function is widely appreciated. However, it has become clear that there are many deviations from this basic structure that have important biological consequences. Prominent among these are the ‘topological’ configurations: supercoiling, knotting, and catenation (linking). Unfortunately, a full understanding of these features of DNA structure requires the grasp of concepts that can prove difficult for both students and more advanced researchers. This book aims to explain these ideas simply, but rigorously, to allow a wider appreciation of DNA topology. DNA Topology starts with a basic account of DNA structure before going on to cover DNA supercoiling, the definitions and physical meanings of linking number, twist, and writhe, and the free energy associated with supercoiling. It then considers the rather more complex description of DNA lying on a curved surface and its application to the nucleosome, followed by the phenomena of DNA knotting and catenation. The final chapters deal with the topoisomerases, the enzymes that control DNA topology, and, most importantly, with the biological significance of the topological aspects of DNA structure. Although some of these concepts are quite complex, they are presented in an accessible way, drawing on interesting and relevant examples.
A Theory of Human and Primate Evolution
Authors: Colin P. Groves
Published: November 2023

The current ferment in evolutionary thought has passed almost unnoticed in anthropology. This book examines the evidence of primate and human evolution in the light of new evolutionary models and of advances in taxonomic theory. In the process, the author has found it necessary to resurrect, in modified form, a theory proposed as long ago as 1924, the ‘Nomogenesis’ of Lev Berg. Dr Groves criticizes the cladistic school of taxonomy, and he adapts it in the light of theories of speciation theory in which internal processes play a major role in human evolution; the formation of new species is the main boost to evolutionary change; evolutionary novelties tend to arise in the centre of a species' distribution; and taxonomy, often looked on as mere stamp-collecting, becomes of major importance in evolutionary interpretation. The resulting picture of human (and primate) evolution is one that fits much better with the facts than the orthodox ‘onward and upward through adaptation’ model. For this new paperback edition, the text has been brought up to date. Several new illustrations and eight short appendices have been added.
EEC support of agricultural markets
Authors: Barker John
Published: November 2023

On 25 March 1957, the governments of France, West Germany, Italy, The Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg signed the Treaty of Rome. In so doing, they created what is now known as the European Economic Community (EEC), or, more popularly, the Common Market. Upon its foundation, the aim of the Community was to bring into being a single market for all goods, which would constitute a powerful productive unit and generate steady expansion, greater stability, and a more rapid rise in living standards.
Politics and the state system after the Habsburg-Valois Wars
Authors: Dandelet Thomas J
Published: November 2023

In 1556, Pope Paul IV Carafa (1555-9), eager to drive the Spanish out of his native Naples, initiated an ill-fated war against the new king of Spain and Naples, Philip II (1556-98). Entering into an alliance with the French monarch, Henry II, the pope set the stage for a familiar conflict that proved to be the last sixteenth-century chapter in a long series of battles between the Spanish and French for supremacy in the Italian peninsula.
Religion, renewal, and reform in the sixteenth century
Authors: Martin John Jeffries
Published: November 2023

In 1573 Domengo di Lorenzo, an elderly shoemaker, was summoned before the Roman Inquisition in Venice to testify about his belief, shared by a few of his fellow craftsmen, that a great religious renewal was about to take place. The members of this small group of artisans (so the Holy Office learned) were convinced that the European and the Mediterranean peoples were on the verge of a New Dispensation.
Family and gender
Authors: Pomata Gianna
Published: November 2023

In 1739, at the age of 50, Lady Mary Wortley Montagu left England, husband, and children to settle in Italy. ‘Je franche le pas hardiment pour un autre monde’(‘I am boldly taking the step to another world’), she wrote to the man she hoped would share her new Italian life, Francesco Algarotti, the ambitious author of a book on Newtonian physics for the female reading public, Newtonianesimo per le dame(1737).
The social world: cohesion, conflict, and the city
Authors: Litchfield R Burr
Published: November 2023

Italian society of the early modern period was a society of orders transforming itself gradually, but unevenly, into a society of classes. The traditional orders of medieval society (nobles who fought, clergy who prayed, people who worked) had, to be sure, been undermined to a large extent, especially in the North, by the commercial and proto-industrial experience of the medieval and Renaissance communes with their merchants, artisan workers, vibrant urban culture, and control over the surrounding countryside. Italy remained the most urbanized region of early modern Europe, with seven cities in the sixteenth century (Genoa, Milan, Venice, Florence, Rome, Naples, Palermo) that had 50,000-150,000 inhabitants, and sixteen others with more than 20,000. But the persistence of corporative bodies feudal nobles, the urban magistracies that were restricted to patrician or noble ‘citizens’, the guilds, the clergy and religious orders, even the numerous confraternal religious associations-still associated individuals with separate institutional groups.
Introduction
Authors: Brown Judith M
Published: November 2023

India’s recent historical experience and development have been remark able. Events in the subcontinent have been significant not just for those whose home India now is, who number between 800 and 900 million. They concern us all because they mirror many of the critical issues facing the whole world of the later twentieth century-a world marked by increasing interaction of peoples and continents, wracked by political and social turbulence within nations and major international conflicts, yet a world concerned with the dignity of human life and the worth of the earth’s resources. India also reflects many of the forces which have created this world. For example, it was the first non-white nation to emerge from colonial control, and its independence from Britain in 1947 undermined the whole fabric of the British empire which had dominated world affairs in the preceding decades.
The Indian Subcontinent: Land, People, and Power
Authors: Brown Judith M
Published: November 2023

The Indian subcontinent has long exerted a fascination over people from other lands. Writers in the classical Mediterranean world as early as Horace and Herodotus commented on its supposed wealth and wonders-its gold, precious stones, and ivory, and its allegedly fabulous beasts such as eels 300 feet long, dogs capable of combat with lions, and one-homed horses. But then, as now, what people of different races and cultures knew or thought they knew of each other often took the form of a stereotype: a single image or stylized picture drawn from myth, fancy, and scanty knowledge, rather than true familiarity and accurate observation. This is not surprising, since India is 7,000 miles distant from western Europe and the journey had to be made by land or sea until the coming of commercial air travel in the mid twentieth century.
War and the Search for a New Order
Authors: Brown Judith M
Published: November 2023

Change began to bite deeply into many areas of India’s experience for the first time in the later nineteenth century. The subcontinent’s exposure to the First World War not only quickened the pace of change and deepened its inroads: it elicited new initiatives from many of those interested in the future shape of India’s society and polity. The raj began to re-think its relationship with its subjects and adapt its consultative and administrative framework accordingly; in the short term to win the war and mobilize India’s resources, in the longer, to stabilize India in the economic and political aftermath of the war. The Indian National Congress was still a fragmented body. Composed of allies who co-operated for limited purposes, its capacity to take initiatives was consequently much restricted by its need to maintain a semblance of continental unity. But Indians were emerging in the continental political arena, some of them within Congress, who were not just political pragmatists, but engaged in that arena with a vision of the future as well as an eye to their own personal or group interests.
Culture and religion
Authors: Bell David A
Published: November 2023

To many of the eighteenth-century intellectuals known as the philosophes, the story of their age was a story of epic conflict. On the one side stood the defenders of faith and tradition. These, in the story, were the forces of darkness: fanatical, superstitious, irrational, and arbitrary. On the other side stood the philosophes themselves, and like-minded allies. They were the forces of light, or, as they liked to say, of Enlightenment: advocates of science, reason, utility, and freedom. The defenders of faith had the full apparatus of the French state at their disposal, and legions of priests promising eternal damnation to the heterodox. The forces of Enlightenment, so the story continued, had on their side only the rightness of their cause, the support of a few high-placed friends, and that staunch servant of freedom of thought, the printing press. Nonetheless, they would inevitably prevail.
Britain and Ireland in the Later Eleventh Century
Authors: Britnell Richard
Published: November 2023

All parts of Britain in the later eleventh century had irresistible attractions for the Scandinavian peoples to the north and east, and to their colony further south, in Normandy. Raids from Norway now took the form of occasional royal expeditions to the western seaboard of Scotland, Wales, and Ireland. Snorri Sturluson’s Heimskringla describes at length a raid of Magnus Barelegs, king of Norway (1093–1103), on the Hebrides, the Isle of Man, and Anglesey in 1098. But the chief threat to these parts was from nearer at hand, since the Viking way of life survived in the Orkneys into the later twelfth century.
Arable Husbandry
Authors: Britnell Richard
Published: November 2023

The growth of population and trade in Britain between the eleventh and the thirteenth century predictably encouraged a considerable increase in the pro- duction of food. We cannot measure how great that increase was, nor analyse exactly how it was achieved, and there are unavoidable gaps in our understanding. Yet neither problem precludes agreement on many details, nor eliminates the need for debate about the interpretation of the information we have. Though more abundant in parts of Britain than in others, the evidence, both archaeological and documentary, is sufficiently voluminous and widespread to carry conviction that the twelfth and thirteenth centuries were an age of expanding crop acreages through the reduction of heath, moor, and woodland and the draining of marshes and fens. Beyond that raw evidence of quantitative change, two areas of discussion are particularly fruitful.