bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A CTI System to Support the Seamless Workplace and Its Implementation
Authors: Watanabe Toru , Koizumi Hisao
Published: April 2014

This paper proposes a CTI client/server coordination system exclusively for use with a smart phone. The system makes use of a CTI client, performing combined functions of a SIP phone and a Web browser. The proposed CTI client/server coordination system comprises SIP servers and Web servers, both of which are installed in enterprises, and CTI clients that run on smart phones in a mobile environment. Furthermore, the CTI clients perform the function of SIP phone by communicating with SIP servers. In addition, CTI clients can display telephone directories and logging of phone calls stored in Web servers. They can display screens of ordinary Web browsers. Here, one might switch between a SIP phone function and a Web communication screen with merely a single touch of the tab key. Consequently, smart phones in the mobile environment make it possible to conduct telephone meetings while browsing with a Web screen.
An advanced numerical model of elastomeric seismic isolation bearings
Authors: Kumar Manish , Whittaker Andrew S. , Constantinou Michael C.
Published: April 2014

The nuclear accident at Fukushima Daiichi in March 2011 has led the nuclear community to consider seismic isolation for new large light water and small modular reactors to withstand the effects of beyond design basis loadings, including extreme earthquakes. The United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission is sponsoring a research project that will quantify the response of low damping rubber (LDR) and lead rubber (LR) bearings under loadings associated with extreme earthquakes. Under design basis loadings, the response of an elastomeric bearing is not expected to deviate from well‐established numerical models, and bearings are not expected to experience net tension. However, under extended or beyond design basis shaking, elastomer shear strains may exceed 300% in regions of high seismic hazard, bearings may experience net tension, the compression and tension stiffness will be affected by isolator lateral displacement, and the properties of the lead core in LR bearings will degrade in the short‐term because of substantial energy dissipation.

New mathematical models of LDR and LR bearings are presented for the analysis of base isolated structures under design and beyond design basis shaking, explicitly considering both the effects of lateral displacement and cyclic vertical and horizontal loading. These mathematical models extend the available formulations in shear and compression. Phenomenological models are presented to describe the behavior of elastomeric isolation bearings in tension, including the cavitation and post‐cavitation behavior. The elastic mechanical properties make use of the two‐spring model. Strength degradation of LR bearing under cyclic shear loading due to heating of lead core is incorporated. The bilinear area reduction method is used to include variation of critical buckling load capacity with lateral displacement. The numerical models are coded in OpenSees, and the results of numerical analysis are compared with test data. The effect of different parameters on the response is investigated through a series of analyses. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reduced bed material stability and increased bedload transport caused by foraging fish: a flume study with juvenile Barbel (Barbus barbus)
Authors: Pledger Andrew G. , Rice Stephen P. , Millett Jon
Published: April 2014

The plants and animals that inhabit river channels may act as zoogeomorphic agents affecting the nature and rates of sediment recruitment, transport and deposition. The impact of benthic‐feeding fish, which disturb bed material sediments during their search for food, has received very little attention, even though benthic feeding species are widespread in rivers and may collectively expend significant amounts of energy foraging across the bed. An ex situ experiment was conducted to investigate the impact of a benthic feeding fish (Barbel Barbus barbus) on particle displacements, bed sediment structures, gravel entrainment and transport fluxes. In a laboratory flume changes in bed surface topography were measured and grain displacements examined when an imbricated, water‐worked bed of 5.6 to 16 mm gravels was exposed to feeding juvenile Barbel (on average, 0.195 m in length). Grain entrainment rates and bedload fluxes were measured under a moderate transport regime for substrates that had been exposed to feeding fish and control substrates which had not. On average, approximately 37% of the substrate, by area, was modified by foraging fish during a four‐hour treatment period, resulting in increased microtopographic roughness and reduced particle imbrication. Structural changes by fish corresponded with an average increase in bedload flux of 60% under entrainment flows, whilst on average the total number of grains transported during the entrainment phase was 82% higher from substrates that had been disturbed by Barbel. Together, these results indicate that by increasing surface microtopography and undoing the naturally stable structures produced by water working, foraging can increase the mobility of gravel‐bed materials. An interesting implication of this result is that by increasing the quantity of available, transportable sediment and lowering entrainment thresholds, benthic feeding might affect bedload fluxes in gravel‐bed rivers. The evidence presented here is sufficient to suggest that further investigation of this possibility is warranted. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of “the aquatic” in human evolution: Constraining the aquatic ape hypothesis
Authors: Foley Robert , Lahr Marta Mirazón
Published: April 2014

Few things show the distinctiveness of human evolution research better than the Aquatic Ape Hypothesis (AAH). On one hand, we have “orthodox” research into human evolution, firmly based on land; on the other, we have the aquatic ape community, convinced not only that our ancestors went through an aquatic phase, but that the professional scientific community ignores their work and keeps it out of the mainstream. How many fields of science have two entirely parallel communities that essentially are hermetically sealed from each other?
Modeling and simulation of the combined removal of SO2 and CO2 by aqueous ammonia
Authors: Asif Muhammad , Kim Woo‐Seung
Published: April 2014

The combined removal of SO2 and CO2 using aqueous ammonia has many advantages over the conventional processes, such as the ability to capture multiple pollutants, the low cost of absorbent, high CO2 loading capacity, and the capacity to regenerate solvent at low temperature. In this paper, a closed‐loop CO2 absorption‐desorption process integrated with packed column flue gas desulfurization system was investigated. The CO2 absorption was modeled using the rigorous rate‐based RateFrac model in Aspen Plus, whereas the SO2 column and CO2 stripper were modeled based on the RadFrac equilibrium model. The thermodynamic properties of the components were estimated with the Electrolyte NRTL model. The model was coupled with chemical equilibrium and kinetic reactions of the NH3‐CO2‐H2O and NH3‐SO2‐H2O system. The predicted results of temperature profile, variation in CO2 concentration along the column, SO2 removal efficiency, and CO2 separation rates agreed with published experimental results. To optimize the operating conditions, the impacts of performance parameters are investigated including flue gas temperature, concentration of CO2 and SO2 in flue gases, and the temperatures of the lean solution and ammoniated water. Furthermore, the performance efficiency of the stripper column is analyzed in terms of reboiler heat duty and CO2 regeneration rate, for the stripper operating pressure range of 2–20 bar and the stripper inlet temperature range of 60–105 °C. The results show that the suggested model is an adequate approach for the combined removal of CO2 and SO2 from the stack gases.
Inter‐annual variability in the effects of riparian woodland on micro‐climate, energy exchanges and water temperature of an upland Scottish stream
Authors: Garner Grace , Malcolm Iain A. , Sadler Jonathan P. , Millar Colin P. , Hannah David M.
Published: April 2014

The influence of riparian woodland on stream temperature, micro‐climate and energy exchange was investigated over seven calendar years. Continuous data were collected from two reaches of the Girnock Burn (a tributary of the Aberdeenshire Dee, Scotland) with contrasting land use characteristics: (1) semi‐natural riparian forest and (2) open moorland. In the moorland reach, wind speed and energy fluxes (especially net radiation, latent heat and sensible heat) varied considerably between years because of variable riparian micro‐climate coupled strongly to prevailing meteorological conditions. In the forested reach, riparian vegetation sheltered the stream from meteorological conditions that produced a moderated micro‐climate and thus energy exchange conditions, which were relatively stable between years. Net energy gains (losses) in spring and summer (autumn and winter) were typically greater in the moorland than the forest. However, when particularly high latent heat loss or low net radiation gain occurred in the moorland, net energy gain (loss) was less than that in the forest during the spring and summer (autumn and winter) months. Spring and summer water temperature was typically cooler in the forest and characterised by less inter‐annual variability due to reduced, more inter‐annually stable energy gain in the forested reach. The effect of riparian vegetation on autumn and winter water temperature dynamics was less clear because of the confounding effects of reach‐scale inflows of thermally stable groundwater in the moorland reach, which strongly influenced the local heat budget. These findings provide new insights as to the hydrometeorological conditions under which semi‐natural riparian forest may be effective in mitigating river thermal variability, notably peaks, under present and future climates. © 2014 The Authors. Hydrological Processes published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Treatment of olive oil mill wastewater by a pulsed high‐voltage discharge process; process optimization and combination with Fe+2 and H2O2
Authors: Selçuk Kuşçu Özlem , Eke Ekin
Published: April 2014

BACKGROUND

Olive oil mill wastewaters (OOMW) have caused major environmental problems because of the high organic load, high total suspended solids, high inert chemical oxygen demand (COD), low pH, a characteristic odour, its dark colour and toxicity to plants. A pulsed high‐voltage discharge (PHVD) process was developed as a novel alternative to advanced oxidation processes for effective treatment of OOMW.

RESULTS

The ability of a PHVD process, after acid cracking, to treat OOMW, was investigated. For a PHVD treatment time of 60 min the chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon (TOC), phenol, and colour removal efficiencies were 21, 31, 23, and 32%, respectively. Following the addition of 63 mmol L−1 H2O2, the COD, TOC, phenol, and colour removal efficiencies reached 72, 55, 74, and 82%, respectively, for the same treatment time. When 0.37 mmol L−1 Fe2+ (but no H2O2) was added, the COD, TOC, phenol, and colour removal efficiencies were 74, 54, 79, and 72%, respectively.

CONCLUSION

PHVD can be used to effectively treat OOMW, using a combination of physical and chemical effects initiated by the electrical discharge into the water. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis and Pharmacological Evaluation of a Novel Series of 2‐((2‐Aryl thiazol‐4‐yl)methyl)‐5‐(alkyl/alkylnitrile thio)‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole Derivatives as Possible Antifungal Agents
Authors: Shelke Shivaji H. , Mhaske Pravin C. , Kasam Sridhar Kumar , Bobade Vivek D.
Published: April 2014

In the present investigation, a novel series of 2‐[(2‐arylthiazol‐4‐yl)methyl]‐5‐(alkyl/alkylnitrile thio)‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole derivatives were synthesized by cyclo‐condensation of 2‐(2‐substituted thiazol‐4‐yl)aceto hydrazide with carbon disulfide followed by S‐alkylation with alkyl halide in dry acetone. All the newly synthesized compounds were characterized by spectral (IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, mass, and elemental analysis) methods. The title compounds were screened for in vitro antifungal activity and most of the synthesized compounds show moderate to good antifungal activity.
Matrix pre‐coated targets for high throughput MALDI imaging of proteins
Authors: Yang Junhai , Caprioli Richard M.
Published: April 2014

We have developed matrix pre‐coated targets for imaging proteins in thin tissue sections by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. Gold covered microscope slides were coated with sinapinic acid (SA) in batches in advance and were shown to be stable for over 6 months when kept in the dark. The sample preparation protocol using these SA pre‐coated targets involves treatment with diisopropylethylamine (DIEA)‐H2O vapor, transforming the matrix layer to a viscous ionic liquid. This SA‐DIEA ionic liquid layer extracts proteins and other analytes from tissue sections that are thaw mounted to this target. DIEA is removed by the immersion of the target into diluted acetic acid, allowing SA to co‐crystallize with extracted analytes directly on the target. Ion images (3–70 kDa) of sections of mouse brain and rat kidney at spatial resolution down to 10 µm were obtained. Use of pre‐coated slides greatly reduces sample preparation time for matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging while providing high throughput, low cost and high spatial resolution images. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrostatic interactions enable rapid penetration, enhanced uptake and retention of intra‐articular injected avidin in rat knee joints
Authors: Bajpayee Ambika G. , Scheu Maximiliano , Grodzinsky Alan J. , Porter Ryan M.
Published: April 2014

Intra‐articular (i.a.) drug delivery for local treatment of osteoarthritis remains inadequate due to rapid clearance by the vasculature or lymphatics. Local therapy targeting articular cartilage is further complicated by its dense meshwork of collagen and negatively charged proteoglycans, which can prevent even nano‐sized solutes from entering. In a previous in vitro study, we showed that Avidin, due to its size (7 nm diameter) and high positive charge (pI 10.5), penetrated the full thickness of bovine cartilage and was retained for 15 days. With the goal of using Avidin as a nano‐carrier for cartilage drug delivery, we investigated its transport properties within rat knee joints. Avidin penetrated the full thickness of articular cartilage within 6 h, with a half‐life of 29 h, and stayed inside the joint for 7 days after i.a. injection. The highest concentration of Avidin was found in cartilage, the least in patellar tendon and none in the femoral bone; in contrast, negligible Neutravidin (neutral counterpart of Avidin) was present in cartilage after 24 h. A positive correlation between tissue sGAG content and Avidin uptake (R2 = 0.83) confirmed the effects of electrostatic interactions. Avidin doses up to at least 1 µM did not affect bovine cartilage explant cell viability, matrix catabolism or biosynthesis. © 2014 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 32:1044–1051, 2014.
Monitoring abundance of golden eagles in the western United States
Authors: Nielson Ryan M. , Mcmanus Lindsay , Rintz Troy , Mcdonald Lyman L. , Murphy Robert K. , Howe William H. , Good Rhett E.
Published: April 2014

Under the Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (Service) can authorize take of golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos), such as nest removal, disturbance, and lethal take, if the take is compatible with the preservation of the golden eagle. The Service needs baseline information on the current abundance and trend of subpopulations of the golden eagle to properly manage take of the species. Annually during late summer of 2006–2012, we used distance sampling on approximately 17,500 km of aerial line transects to estimate golden eagle abundance in 4 Bird Conservation Regions (BCRs; North American Bird Conservation Initiative Monitoring Subcommitte 2007) that collectively cover about 80% of the species' range in the coterminous western United States. We estimated study area abundances of 24,509 (90% CI: 19,406–31,947) in 2006 and 21,715 (90% CI: 18,165–27,624) in 2012, including all breeding and non‐breeding individuals. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in individual BCRs and the entire study area based on numbers of golden eagles counted along surveyed transects. We detected declines (90% credible intervals [CRIs] for trend coefficients <0.0) in numbers of golden eagles classified as juveniles in BCR 10 (Northern Rockies) and BCR 16 (Southern Rockies and Colorado Plateau) during 2006–2012. However, our results indicate the total abundance of golden eagles has not declined 2006–2012 in much of the western United States. Published 2014. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Prospective study of obesity, hypertension, high cholesterol, and risk of restless legs syndrome
Authors: De Vito Katerina , Li Yanping , Batool‐Anwar Salma , Ning Yi , Han Jiali , Gao Xiang
Published: April 2014

Because previous cross‐sectional studies suggest an association between metabolic disorders and restless legs syndrome (RLS), we prospectively evaluated whether obesity, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertension were associated with increased risk of RLS. Our study consisted of 42,728 female participants from the Nurses' Health Study II and 12,812 male participants from the Health Professionals Follow‐up Study, free of RLS at baseline (2002 for men and 2005 for women), and free of diabetes and arthritis through follow‐up (2002‐2008 for men and 2005‐2009 for women). RLS symptoms were assessed using the International RLS Study Group's standardized questionnaire. We considered RLS symptoms a “case” if the symptoms occurred ≥5 times/month and met International RLS Study Group criteria. We found that obesity was associated with an increased risk RLS among both men and women (P difference for sex >0.5). The pooled multivariate‐adjusted odds ratio (OR) for RLS was 1.57 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.33‐1.85; P trend <0.0001) for body mass index >30 versus ≤23 kg/m2 and 1.56 (95% CI: 1.29‐1.89; P trend = 0.0001) comparing two extreme waist circumference quintiles, adjusting for age, ethnicity, smoking, physical activity, use of antidepressant, and other covariates. A similar significant association was found for high cholesterol; the pooled adjusted OR for total serum cholesterol >240 versus <159 mg/dL was 1.33 (95% CI: 1.11‐1.60; P trend = 0.002). There was no significant association between hypertension and RLS risk (adjusted OR: 0.90; 95% CI: 0.79‐1.02). In this large, prospective study, we found that obesity and high cholesterol, but not high blood pressure, were significantly associated with an increased risk of developing RLS. © 2014 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Combined intravoxel incoherent motion and diffusion tensor imaging of renal diffusion and flow anisotropy
Authors: Notohamiprodjo Mike , Chandarana Hersh , Mikheev Artem , Rusinek Henry , Grinstead John , Feiweier Thorsten , Raya José G. , Lee Vivian S. , Sigmund Eric E.
Published: April 2014

Purpose

We used a combined intravoxel incoherent motion–diffusion tensor imaging (IVIM‐DTI) methodology to distinguish structural from flow effects on renal diffusion anisotropy.

Methods

Eight volunteers were examined with IVIM‐DTI at 3T with 20 diffusion directions and 10 b‐values. Mean diffusivity (MD) and fractional anisotropy (FA) from DTI analysis were calculated for low (b ≤ 200 s/mm2), high (b > 200 s/mm2), and full b‐value ranges. IVIM‐parameters perfusion‐fraction fP, pseudo‐diffusivity Dp, and tissue‐diffusivity Dt were first calculated independently on a voxelwise basis for all directions. After estimating a fixed isotropic fp from these data, global anisotropies of Dt and Dp in the cortex and medulla were determined in a constrained cylindrical description and visualized using polar plots and cosine scatterplots.

Results

For all b‐value ranges, medullary FA was significantly higher than that of the cortex. The corticomedullary difference was smaller for the high b‐value range. Significantly higher fp and Dt were determined for the cortex and showed a significantly higher directional variance in the medulla. Polar plot analysis displayed nearly isotropic Dp and Dt in the cortex and anisotropy in the medulla.

Conclusion

Both flow and microstructure apparently contribute to the medullary diffusion anisotropy. The described novel method may be useful in separating decreased tubular flow from irreversible structural tubular damage, for example, in diabetic nephropathy or during allograft rejection. Magn Reson Med 73:1526–1532, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Determination of an appropriate cut‐off value for ferritin in the diagnosis of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis
Authors: Lehmberg Kai , McClain Kenneth L. , Janka Gritta E. , Allen Carl E.
Published: April 2014

Hyperferritinemia is a hallmark of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). In the HLH‐2004 criteria, a ferritin value >500 µg/L is considered positive. However, this level was not determined based on evidence. We compared 123 patients with HLH and 320 patients with other hyperferritinemic conditions, calculated a receiver‐operating characteristic, and determined sensitivity and specificity for different values. At 2,000 µg/L a trade‐off is reached with sensitivity at 70% and specificity at 68%. If familial HLH and virus‐associated acquired HLH are analyzed separately, sensitivity and specificity are similar for this level. The results may guide a potential modification of the current HLH criteria. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014;61:2101–2103. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Role of maternal plasma levels of placental growth factor for the prediction of maternal complications in preeclampsia according to the gestational age at onset
Authors: Meler Eva , Scazzocchio Elena , Peguero Anna , Triunfo Stefania , Gratacos Eduard , Figueras Francesc
Published: April 2014

Objective

This study aimed to describe the distribution of placental growth factor (PlGF) plasma levels in pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia (PE) according to the gestational age at clinical onset and to assess PlGF's predictive role for maternal complications.

Methods

A total of 84 women whose pregnancies were complicated by PE before 37 weeks' gestation were enrolled. According to gestational age at onset, three groups were defined: group I, <28 weeks; group II, 28 to 31+6 weeks; and group III, 32 to 36+6 weeks. PlGF plasma levels were measured at diagnosis, and their association with maternal complications was investigated. Plasma PlGF levels below 12 pg/mL were designated as very low.

Results

PlGF levels were very low in seven (87.5%) of eight women diagnosed before 28 weeks' gestation, 29 (78.4%) of 37 patients diagnosed between 28 and 32 weeks' gestation, and 16 (41%) of 39 cases diagnosed after 32 weeks' gestation. The sensitivity of very low PlGF values for predicting maternal complications was 76.9%, but the false positive rate was 65.5%. Positive and negative predictive values were 34.5% and 76.9%, respectively.

Conclusion

The predictive role of a low PlGF level in predicting maternal complications in very early PE is limited because of both its low specificity and low positive predictive value. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Generation of gas‐phase zirconium fluoroanions by electrospray of an ionic liquid
Authors: Groenewold Gary S. , Delmore James E. , Benson Michael T. , Tsuda Tetsuya , Hagiwara Rika
Published: April 2014

RATIONALE

New approaches for forming anions are sought that have strong abundance and no isobaric overlap, attributes that are compatible with the measurement of isotope ratios. Fluoroanions are particularly attractive because fluorine is monoisotopic, and thus will not have overlapping isobars with the isotope of interest. Since many elements do not have positive electron affinity values, they do not form stable negative atomic ions, and hence are not compatible with isotope ratio measurement using high sensitivity isotope ratio mass spectrometers such as accelerator mass spectrometers.

METHODS

Zirconium fluoroanions were prepared using the fluorinating ionic liquid (IL) 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium fluorohydrogenate, which was used to generate abundant [ZrF5]− ions using electrospray ionization. The IL was dissolved in acetonitrile, combined with a dilute solution of either Zr4+ or ZrO2+, and then electrosprayed. Mass analysis and collision‐induced dissociation experiments were conducted using a time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer. Cluster structures were predicted using density functional theory calculations.

RESULTS

The fluorohydrogenate IL solutions generated abundant [ZrF5]− ions starting from solutions of both Zr4+ and ZrO2+. The mass spectra also contained IL‐bearing cluster ions, whose compositions indicated the presence of [ZrF6]2− in solution, a conclusion supported by the structural calculations. Rinsing out the zirconium‐IL solution with acetonitrile decreased the IL clusters, but enhanced [ZrF5]−, which was sorbed by the polymeric electrospray supply capillary, and then released upon rinsing. This reduced the ion background in the mass spectrum.

CONCLUSIONS

The fluorohydrogenate‐IL solutions are a facile way to form zirconium fluoroanions in the gas phase using electrospray. The approach has potential as a source of fluoroanions for isotope ratio measurements, which would enable high‐sensitivity measurement of minor zirconium isotopes without overlapping isobars caused by the charge carrier (i.e., the monoisotopic fluorine atoms). Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The mobility of nitrogen across tree‐rings of Norway spruce (Picea abies L.) and the effect of extraction method on tree‐ring δ15N and δ13C values
Authors: Tomlinson G. , Siegwolf R. T. W. , Buchmann N. , Schleppi P. , Waldner P. , Weber P.
Published: April 2014

RATIONALE

The use of stable nitrogen (N) isotope ratios (δ15N values) in dendroecological studies is often preceded by an extraction procedure using organic solvents to remove mobile N compounds from tree‐rings. Although these mobile N compounds may be capable of distorting potential environmental signals in the tree‐ring δ15N values, recent investigations question the necessity of such an extraction.

METHODS

We used an on‐going experiment with simulated elevated N deposition previously labelled with 15N, in conjunction with control trees, to investigate the necessity of extracting mobile N compounds (using a rapid extraction procedure) for tree‐ring δ15N and δ13C studies, as well as N and C concentration analyses. In addition, we examined the magnitude of radial redistribution of N across tree‐rings of Norway spruce (Picea abies).

RESULTS

The 15N label, applied in 1995/96, was found in tree‐rings as far back as 1951, although the increased N availability did not cause any significant relative increase in tree growth. The rapid extraction procedure had no significant effect on tree‐ring δ15N or δ13C values in either labelled or control trees, or on N concentration. The C concentrations, however, were significantly higher after extraction in control samples, with the opposite effect observed in labelled samples.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results indicate that the extraction of mobile N compounds through the rapid extraction procedure is not necessary prior to the determination of Norway spruce δ15N or δ13C values in dendrochemical studies. δ15N values, however, must be interpreted with great care, particularly when used as a proxy for the N status of trees, due to the very high mobility of N within the tree stem sapwood of Norway spruce over several decades. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oxygen isotopic fractionation of O2 during adsorption and desorption processes using molecular sieve at low temperatures
Authors: Ahn Insu , Kusakabe Minoru , Lee Jong Ik
Published: April 2014

RATIONALE

Cryogenic trapping using molecular sieves is commonly used to collect O2 extracted from silicates for 17O/16O and 18O/16O analyses. However, gases which interfere with 17O/16O analysis, notably NF3, are also trapped and their removal is essential for accurate direct measurement of the 17O/16O ratio. It is also necessary to identify and quantify any isotopic fractionation associated with the use of cryogenic trapping using molecular sieves.

METHODS

The oxygen isotopic compositions of O2 before and after desorption from, and adsorption onto, 13X and 5A molecular sieves (MS13X and MS5A) at 0°C, −78°C, −114°C, and −130°C were measured in order to determine the oxygen isotopic fractionation at these temperatures. We also investigated whether isotopic fractionation occurred when O2 gas was transferred sequentially into a second cold finger, also containing molecular sieve.

RESULTS

It was confirmed that significant oxygen isotopic fractionation occurs between the gaseous O2 and that adsorbed onto molecular sieve, if desorption and adsorption are incomplete. As the fraction of released or untrapped O2 becomes smaller with decreasing trapping temperature (from 0 to –130°C), the isotopic fractionation becomes larger. Approximately half of the total adsorbed O2 is released from the molecular sieve during desorption at –114°C, which is the temperature recommended for separation from NF3 (retained on the molecular sieve), and this will interfere with 17O/16O measurements.

CONCLUSIONS

The use of a single cold finger should be avoided, because partial desorption is accompanied by oxygen isotopic fractionation, thereby resulting in inaccurate isotopic data. The use of a dual cold finger arrangement is recommended because, as we have confirmed, the transfer of O2 from the first trap to the second is almost 100%. However, even under these conditions, a small isotopic fractionation (0.18 ± 0.05‰ in δ17O values and 0.26 ± 0.06‰ in δ18O values) occurred, with O2 in the second trap being isotopically enriched in the heavier isotopes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The application of a new microfluidic device for the simultaneous identification and quantitation of midazolam metabolites obtained from a single micro‐litre of chimeric mice blood
Authors: Gallagher Richard , Dillon Leonard , Grimsley Aidan , Murphy Jim , Samuelsson Kristin , Douce David
Published: April 2014

RATIONALE

Improvements in the design of low‐flow highly sensitive chromatographic ion source interfaces allow the detection and characterisation of drugs and metabolites from smaller sample volumes. This in turn improves the ethical treatment of animals by reducing both the number of animals needed and the blood sampling volumes required.

METHODS

A new microfluidic device combining an ultra‐high pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC) analytical column with a nano‐flow electrospray source is described. All microfluidic, gas and electrical connections are automatically engaged when the ceramic microfluidic device is inserted into the source enclosure. The system was used in conjunction with a hybrid quadrupole‐time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer.

RESULTS

The improved sensitivity of the system is highlighted in its application in the quantification and qualification of midazolam and its metabolites detected in whole blood from chimeric and wild‐type mice. Metabolite identification and full pharmacokinetic profiles were obtained from a single micro‐litre of whole blood at each sampling time and significant pharmacokinetic differences were observed between the two types of mice.

CONCLUSIONS

Improvements in the enhanced ionisation efficiency from the microfluidic device in conjunction with nanoUHPLC/MS was sufficiently sensitive for the identification and quantification of midazolam metabolites from a single micro‐litre of whole blood. Detection of metabolites not previously recorded from the chimeric mouse in vivo model was made. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fully automated laser ablation liquid capture surface analysis using nanoelectrospray ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Lorenz Matthias , Ovchinnikova Olga S. , Van Berkel Gary J.
Published: April 2014

RATIONALE

Laser ablation provides for the possibility of sampling a large variety of surfaces with high spatial resolution. This type of sampling when employed in conjunction with liquid capture followed by nanoelectrospray ionization provides the opportunity for sensitive and prolonged interrogation of samples by mass spectrometry as well as the ability to analyze surfaces not amenable to direct liquid extraction.

METHODS

A fully automated, reflection geometry, laser ablation liquid capture spot sampling system was achieved by incorporating appropriate laser fiber optics and a focusing lens into a commercially available, liquid extraction surface analysis (LESA®)‐ready Advion TriVersa NanoMate system.

RESULTS

Under optimized conditions about 10% of laser‐ablated material could be captured in a droplet positioned vertically over the ablation region using the NanoMate robot‐controlled pipette. The sampling spot size area with this laser ablation liquid capture surface analysis (LA/LCSA) mode of operation (typically about 120 µm × 160 µm) was approximately 50 times smaller than that achievable by direct liquid extraction using LESA® (ca 1 mm diameter liquid extraction spot). The setup was successfully applied for the analysis of ink on glass and paper as well as the endogenous components in Alstroemeria Yellow King flower petals. In a second mode of operation with a comparable sampling spot size, termed laser ablation/LESA®, the laser system was used to drill through, penetrate, or otherwise expose material beneath a solvent resistant surface. Once drilled, LESA® was effective in sampling soluble material exposed at that location on the surface.

CONCLUSIONS

Incorporating the capability for different laser ablation liquid capture spot sampling modes of operation into a LESA®‐ready Advion TriVersa NanoMate enhanced the spot sampling spatial resolution of this device and broadened the surface types amenable to analysis to include absorbent and solvent‐resistant materials. Published in 2014. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Using the Polarization of Millimeter‐wave Radar as a Navigation Aid
Authors: Brooker Graham , Johnson David , Underwood James , Martinez Javier , Xuan Lu
Published: April 2014

This paper examines various ways in which changes in ground reflectivity enhanced by using polarization diversity in millimeter‐wave imaging radar can be used as an aid to guidance and navigation. The paper introduces the concept of a polarization scattering matrix and shows how the returns from a linearly polarized mirror scanned radar and an autonomous ground vehicle together can be exploited to provide novel ground images made at all polarizations. The paper introduces a number of polarization‐sensitive calibration reflectors, including a novel modified Bruderhedral, which are used to quantify the polarization vector. It is shown that changes in the ground reflectivity of the radar images, as a function of polarization, can be used to classify the terrain in ways beyond that which can be achieved using static reflectivity contrast alone.
Testing for publication bias in diagnostic meta‐analysis: a simulation study
Authors: Bürkner Paul‐Christian , Doebler Philipp
Published: April 2014

The present study investigates the performance of several statistical tests to detect publication bias in diagnostic meta‐analysis by means of simulation. While bivariate models should be used to pool data from primary studies in diagnostic meta‐analysis, univariate measures of diagnostic accuracy are preferable for the purpose of detecting publication bias. In contrast to earlier research, which focused solely on the diagnostic odds ratio or its logarithm ( lnω), the tests are combined with four different univariate measures of diagnostic accuracy. For each combination of test and univariate measure, both type I error rate and statistical power are examined under diverse conditions. The results indicate that tests based on linear regression or rank correlation cannot be recommended in diagnostic meta‐analysis, because type I error rates are either inflated or power is too low, irrespective of the applied univariate measure. In contrast, the combination of trim and fill and lnωhas non‐inflated or only slightly inflated type I error rates and medium to high power, even under extreme circumstances (at least when the number of studies per meta‐analysis is large enough). Therefore, we recommend the application of trim and fill combined with lnωto detect funnel plot asymmetry in diagnostic meta‐analysis. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Employing second‐order mutation for isolating first‐order equivalent mutants
Authors: Kintis Marinos , Papadakis Mike , Malevris Nicos
Published: April 2014

The equivalent mutant problem is a major hindrance to mutation testing. Being undecidable in general, it is only susceptible to partial solutions. In this paper, mutant classification is utilised for isolating likely to be first‐order equivalent mutants. A new classification technique, Isolating Equivalent Mutants (I‐EQM), is introduced and empirically investigated. The proposed approach employs a dynamic execution scheme that integrates the impact on the program execution of first‐order mutants with the impact on the output of second‐order mutants. An experimental study, conducted using two independently created sets of manually classified mutants selected from real‐world programs revalidates previously published results and provides evidence for the effectiveness of the proposed technique. Overall, the study shows that I‐EQM substantially improves previous methods by retrieving a considerably higher number of killable mutants, thus, amplifying the quality of the testing process. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nasal bone length, prenasal thickness, prenasal thickness‐to‐nasal bone length ratio and prefrontal space ratio in second‐ and third‐trimester fetuses with Down syndrome
Authors: Vos F. I. , De Jong‐Pleij E. A. P. , Bakker M. , Tromp E. , Pajkrt E. , Kagan K. O. , Bilardo C. M.
Published: April 2014

Objectives

To evaluate nasal bone length (NBL), prenasal thickness (PT), prenasal thickness‐to‐nasal bone length (PT‐NBL) ratio and prefrontal space ratio (PFSR) as markers for Down syndrome in the second and third trimesters.

Methods

NBL, PT, PT‐NBL ratio and PFSR were measured retrospectively in stored two‐dimensional images or three‐dimensional volumes (corrected to the mid‐sagittal plane) of fetuses with Down syndrome, which were retrieved from the digital databases of participating units. Measurements were performed on the stored images and volumes by two experienced operators, and the values obtained were compared to our previously reported normal ranges for euploid fetuses in order to assess the detection rates for Down syndrome.

Results

A total of 159 fetuses with Down syndrome were included in the analysis, six of which were excluded because of inadequate available images. Median maternal age was 36.0 years and median gestational age was 23 + 1 weeks. NBL and PT were correlated with gestational age (P < 0.001), but the PT‐NBL ratio and PFSR were not. Mean NBL, PT, PT‐NBL ratio and PFSR were 4.42 mm, 5.56 mm, 1.26 and 0.34, respectively. The nasal bone was absent in 23 (15.4%) cases. As a marker for Down syndrome, the PT‐NBL ratio yielded the highest detection rate (86.2%), followed by PFSR (79.7%), PT (63.4%) and NBL (61.9%). All markers were abnormal in 33.6% of cases, whilst all were normal in 4.7%. At least one of the four markers was abnormal in 95.3%, and either the PT‐NBL ratio or PFSR was abnormal in 93.8%. Detection rates were not related to gestational age.

Conclusions

The PT‐NBL ratio and PFSR are robust second‐ and third‐trimester markers for Down syndrome. Both provide high detection rates and are easy to use, as the cut‐off for normality is constant throughout gestation. Copyright © 2014 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
A kernel plus method for quantifying wind turbine performance upgrades
Authors: Lee Giwhyun , Ding Yu , Xie Le , Genton Marc G.
Published: April 2014

Power curves are commonly estimated using the binning method recommended by the International Electrotechnical Commission, which primarily incorporates wind speed information. When such power curves are used to quantify a turbine's upgrade, the results may not be accurate because many other environmental factors in addition to wind speed, such as temperature, air pressure, turbulence intensity, wind shear and humidity, all potentially affect the turbine's power output. Wind industry practitioners are aware of the need to filter out effects from environmental conditions. Toward that objective, we developed a kernel plus method that allows incorporation of multivariate environmental factors in a power curve model, thereby controlling the effects from environmental factors while comparing power outputs. We demonstrate that the kernel plus method can serve as a useful tool for quantifying a turbine's upgrade because it is sensitive to small and moderate changes caused by certain turbine upgrades. Although we demonstrate the utility of the kernel plus method in this specific application, the resulting method is a general, multivariate model that can connect other physical factors, as long as their measurements are available, with a turbine's power output, which may allow us to explore new physical properties associated with wind turbine performance. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integrating omics into the cardiac differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells
Authors: Rojas‐Muñoz Agustin , Maurya Mano R. , Lo Frederick , Willems Erik
Published: April 2014

Time‐dependent extracellular manipulations of human pluripotent stem cells can yield as much as 90% pure populations of cardiomyocytes. While the extracellular control of differentiation generally entails dynamic regulation of well‐known pathways such as Wnt, BMP, and Nodal signaling, the underlying genetic networks are far more complex and are poorly understood. Notably, the identification of these networks holds promise for understanding heart disease and regeneration. The availability of genome‐wide experimentation, such as RNA and DNA sequencing, as well as high throughput surveying with small molecule and small interfering RNA libraries, now enables us to map the genetic interactions underlying cardiac differentiation on a global scale. Initial studies demonstrate the complexity of the genetic regulation of cardiac differentiation, exposing unanticipated novel mechanisms. However, the large datasets generated tend to be overwhelming and systematic approaches are needed to process the vast amount of data to improve our mechanistic understanding of the complex biology. Systems biology methods spur high hopes for parsing vast amounts of data into genetic interaction models that can be verified experimentally and ultimately yield functional networks that expose the genetic connections underlying biological processes. WIREs Syst Biol Med 2014, 6:247–264. doi: 10.1002/wsbm.1268

This article is categorized under:

Biological Mechanisms > Cell Signaling

Laboratory Methods and Technologies > Genetic/Genomic Methods

Developmental Biology > Stem Cell Biology and Regeneration
Substance misuse prevention: Addressing anhedonia
Authors: Sussman Steve , Leventhal Adam
Published: April 2014

Anhedonia refers to the inability of experiencing pleasure in positive life events. It has been conceptualized as a stable yet malleable characteristic and is associated with hypoactivity in the mesolimbic and mesocortical dopaminergic systems. Very recently, it has been posited as an etiologic factor associated with drug addiction onset, escalation, and relapse. Prevention programming could be developed to counteract the harmful impact of anhedonia, so as to minimize its impact on drug misuse. Remedial efforts are those that either (1) permit the individual to tolerate low levels of pleasure without resorting to drug misuse or other maladaptive behaviors that may unhealthily besot pleasure (for example, through normalization, structuring time, or meditation) or (2) counteract anhedonia by enhancing ones capability to experience pleasure (for example, behavioral activation, positive psychology, pharmacotherapy, or pursuit of positive addictions). School‐based activities could be developed that can be completed by individuals, small workgroups, or the whole classroom. The concept of anhedonia is described in this chapter, and possible prevention strategies that might be utilized in schools as well as other contexts are discussed.
You've shown the program model is effective. Now what?
Authors: Ellickson Phyllis L.
Published: April 2014

Rigorous tests of theory‐based programs require faithful implementation. Otherwise, lack of results might be attributable to faulty program delivery, faulty theory, or both. However, once the evidence indicates the model works and merits broader dissemination, implementation issues do not fade away. How can developers enhance the likelihood that the program will be delivered as designed and thus get results close to what was possible under controlled conditions? How can they address program weaknesses without undermining conceptual integrity? What role can they play in making the program visible and attractive to institutional adopters? This chapter uses field experience from a theory‐based program, Project ALERT, to suggest possible strategies for enhancing program attractiveness to potential adopters and users, facilitating program fidelity while maintaining room for adaptation and taking a program to scale.
Sentinel Node Mapping in Adenocarcinoma of the Esophagogastric Junction
Authors: Matsuda Tatsuo , Takeuchi Hiroya , Tsuwano Shinichi , Nakahara Tadaki , Mukai Makio , Kitagawa Yuko
Published: April 2014

Background

The incidence of adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction (AEG) is increasing, but the surgical strategy for AEG remains controversial. We hypothesized that sentinel node (SN) mapping for AEG could be validated to avoid unnecessary lymphadenectomy and permit minimally invasive surgery. We examined the feasibility of SN mapping for AEG.

Methods

We enrolled 15 patients with preoperatively diagnosed cT1 N0 M0 primary AEG (Siewert type I, N = 3; Siewert type II, N = 12) lesions measuring <4 cm in diameter. The dual tracer method employing radioactive colloid and blue dye was used to detect SNs. The distribution of SNs was compared with that of metastatic lymph nodes in 52 patients who were surgically treated without SN mapping.

Results

SNs were successfully identified in all the patients. Two patients with lymph node metastasis had positive SNs identified via an intraoperative pathological examination, and the diagnostic sensitivity and accuracy based on the SN status were both 100 %. For Siewert type II AEG, the SNs were not detected in the lower mediastinum by intraoperative gamma probing. Thus, all surgical procedures were performed via a transhiatal approach. No patient without SN metastasis experienced cancer recurrence during a 38‐month median follow‐up. The distribution of SNs was similar to that of lymph node metastasis in the patients who were surgically treated without SN mapping.

Conclusions

We achieved 100 % SN detection. Our results suggested that SN mapping is feasible for AEG and highly sensitive and accurate in diagnosing lymph node metastasis. SN mapping may clarify the necessity of mediastinal lymph node dissection and individualize minimally invasive surgery.