bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Organizational Citizenship Behaviors In Relation To Job Embeddedness, Organizational Identification, Job Performance, Voluntary Turnover Intention In Korea.
Authors: Cho Young-bohk , Ryu Jeong-ran
Published: March 2016

The purpose of this article is to do determine whether the positive or the negative association between Organizational Citizenship Behaviors and Job Embeddedness, Organizational Identification, Job Performance, Voluntary Turnover Intention in Korea. At Present, the organizational costs of leaving a job are often very high. It is not surprising, then, that employee retention has the attention of top-level managers in today's organizations. Recently, Mitchell, Holtom, Lee, Sablyski, and Erez(2001) focused on why people stay rather than on how they leave. In particular, they drew attention to the reasons people stay through their job embeddedness construct. They aggregated job embeddedness correlated with intention to leave and predicted subsequent voluntary turnover. More recently, According to Lee, Mitchell, Sablynski, Burton & Holtom(2004), job embeddedness was disaggregated into its two major subdimensions, on-the-job (that is, organizational fit, links, and sacrifice) and off-the-job embeddedness (that is, community fit, links, and sacrifice). They revealed that off-the-job embeddedness was significantly predictive of subsequent "voluntary turnover". Also, they revealed that on-the-job embeddedness was significantly predictive of organizational citizenship. They predicted that employee withdrawal occurs over time, with a decision about performing preceding a decision about participating. On the basis of situational and theoretical backgrounds as above, the purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between on-the-job embeddedness and job performance, voluntary turnover intention, organizational identification in Korean employees and the mediating effect of organizational citizenship behavior in that relationship. To empirical study for test a model as above, 300 structured questionnaires were distributed to Korean employees in Seoul, Busan, and Gyeongnam, Korea. 255 were finally analyzed. The results revealed that individuals' fit, links to the organization and organization-related sacrifice significantly had negative effects on voluntary turnover intention and positive effects on job performance, organizational identification and that Organizational citizenship behavior mediated the relationship between on-the-job embeddedness and job performance, voluntary turnover intention, organizational identification. Implications for managers in organizations are suggested.
The Pattern Of Collaboration For Encouraged Sustainability And Management Of Ethnic Community In Forest Land And Rural Development In Thailand
Authors: Kunurat Prasit , Piampongsarn Preecha , Prathepa Preecha , Ketkong Boonyong
Published: March 2016

This research focuses on factors that influence conflict over land-use patterns in ethnic communities in Phu Phan National Park in the northeast area of Thailand. The purposes of this study were: 1) to examine land use in local communities, 2) to explore the pattern of collaboration for encouraging the sustainability of community management in a forested area, and 3) to set up public policy for the management of land use in forested areas. For this research, we collected and analyzed qualitative and quantitative data. We administered 571 questionnaires to study typical land use, and a mixed methods approach was used to gather data. We found that two categories affect communities land use management: 1) social and cultural factors, or ecoculture, and 2) state policy and market accessibility. There are three patterns for management: 1) thinking system, 2) production pattern, and 3) land use. In addition, we also stated the public policies regarding management of the forest, which include 1) a policy of ecology management, 2) a knowledge sharing policy, 3) a policy for the management of the river basin, and 4) a decentralization policy.
The Franchising Decision: The Perspective Of The Franchisee In The Hospitality Industry
Authors: Diaz-Bernardo Ramon
Published: March 2016

Franchising is a major trend in the hotel industry. Despite the fact that almost two-thirds of branded hotels in the U.S. are franchised, there is a lack of empirical research on franchising in the hospitality industry. In this article, I reviewed one of the most relevant lines of research in franchising literature, usually referred as creating franchising systems, and we have concentrated on analyzing the reasons and motivations to use franchising from franchisee perspective within the hospitality industry. The paper identifies the main reasons for choosing franchising for franchisees, explores what are the most valued characteristics of franchising, and gives some guidelines on how to make the franchising offer more appealing to potential franchisees in the hotel industry.
An Analysis Of The Day-Of-The-Week Effect In The Russian Stock Market
Authors: McGowan, Jr. Carl B. , Ibrihim Izani
Published: March 2016

In this paper, we evaluate the weak form efficiency of the Russian Stock market using the Russian trading System Index for the period when the market opened in 1995 to August 2003 by testing for a day-of-the-week effect using ARCH/GARCH analysis. There does appear to have been a speculative bubble in the run-up to the market peak in late 1997 to early 1998 that burst when the government defaulted on debt. However, based on the empirical results of this paper, it appears that the RTSI does have a day-of-the-week effect. However, returns are lowest on Wednesday and highest on Friday and returns are positive on every day except Wednesday. Thus, we posit a three day weekend effect from Thursday to Monday.
An Analysis Of Rise And Fall Of SCM - ICT Integration By The FMCG Sector In Pakistan
Authors: Shaikh Roshan , Shamim Muhammad Fahim , Riaz Sanam
Published: March 2016

An extensive amount of research has been done in the important domain of Supply Chain Management (SCM) and its Integration with Information and Communication Technology (ICT). However, pragmatic insight to address the SCM-ICT integration challenges, based upon real world contemporary case studies, are scant . This work targets Fast Moving Consumer Good (FMCG) companies located in Pakistan. This paper examines data from the FMCG sector in Pakistan and proposes a model for Key Realization Concepts for Supply Chain Success (KRC-SCS). During the course of this study, it was discovered that those FMCG companies, which integrated ICT with SCM in a sequentially structured approach, took shorter learning curves, had realistic Return on Investment (ROI) expectations, and where the top management demonstrated greater appreciation and commitment towards technology as a solution facilitator, proved to be more successful than those who did not have these characteristics. It is concluded that successful integration of ICT and SCM requires strategic commitment by the stakeholders and the top management, well thought and methodical plans of integration, rational ROI potential, and up to date technical knowhow.
The Demand For Tourism: Japanese Visitors In The United States
Authors: Tomohara Akinori , Sherlock Molly
Published: March 2016

This paper uses the supply-and-demand framework to explore Japanese citizens demand for U.S. exported tourism services. The time period chosen analyzes Japanese demand for tourism following Japans banking crisis and the subsequent changes in the nature of Japans labor market. Traditionally, the literature has found that real GDP is a significant factor in the demand for tourism services. We find that changes in Japans real GDP does not appear to explain changes in the Japanese citizens demand for U.S. tourism services following Japans 1997 banking crisis. However, the structural changes to Japans labor market following the banking crisis caused real wages to fall, despite a continued increase in aggregate GDP. We argue that using aggregate measures of income, such as real GDP, is only appropriate when those aggregate measures of income exhibit trends similar to disaggregated measures of income. Other factors of demand, such as the price, the availability of substitutes, and tastes and preferences are shown to operate as economic theory would predict.
Market Orientation In Nigerian Manufacturing Companies
Authors: Osuagwu Linus , Obaji Rita
Published: March 2016

This study examined the Market orientation practices of selected Nigerian manufacturing companies. A total of 1,200 copies of questionnaire were distributed to the sales and marketing directors of the sampled manufacturing companies, out of which a total of 1,035 questionnaires were found useable. The collected data were analyzed using relevant statistical tools in the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 10. The findings revealed strong market orientation practices in the selected manufacturing companies.
Can State & Local Government Consolidation Really Save Money?
Authors: Heiney Joseph N.
Published: March 2016

The recent economic crisis was especially damaging to state and local governments financial situations. One suggested solution to these difficulties is to consolidate smaller political jurisdictions into larger ones to reduce costs. This paper presents a theoretical model for the determination of wages and salaries in the public sector with implications for the variation of public sector salaries across jurisdictions of different sizes. Data is presented for public school teachers salaries in Illinois by district size which shows that salaries are higher in larger districts. This would seem to suggest that consolidating smaller school districts into larger ones will result in higher salaries, leading to the question: Will political consolidation really save money?
A Better Way To Measure The Cost Of Equity Capital For Small Closely Held Firms
Authors: Boudreaux Denis O. , Das Praveen , Rumore Nancy , Rao SPUma
Published: March 2016

A companys cost of capital is the average rate it pays for the use of its capital funds. Estimating the cost of equity capital for a publicly traded firm is much simpler than estimating the same for a small privately held firm. For privately owned firms there is the lack of market based financial information. In business damage cases, valuation of the firm is often a prime interest. A necessary variable in the valuation process is the estimate of the firms cost of capital. Part of the cost of capital is the equity holders or owners required rate of return. The purpose of this paper is to explore the theoretical structure that underlies the valuation process for business damage cases that involve privately owned businesses. Specifically, cost of equity capital estimate methods which appear in the current literature are examined, and a theoretically correct and simple method to measure cost of equity capital for closely held companies is offered.
Giving In A Time Of Terrorism
Authors: Simmons Walter O. , Emanuele Rosemarie
Published: March 2016

Recent research in psychology suggest that altruism and altruistic decisions may, in fact, be endogenous and depend on the social situation in which people find themselves. People are more likely to be altruistic, to give to charities and others in need, when they feel secure and safe. This paper looks at the implications of a persons perceived state of security on giving now that there are terrorist threats in the U.S. We use data from the Center on Philanthropy Panel Study (COPPS), and the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (the PSID) to test for endogenous changes in giving and volunteering from before and after the 2001 terrorist attacks. We find evidence indicating that increasing uncertainty resulted in a decline in the giving of both money and time, holding other variables constant, but the relationship is not significant.
The Genger Case And The Delaware Supreme Court
Authors: Luoma Vicki , Luoma Milton , Herickhoff Penny
Published: March 2016

The Genger case, a recently decided case by the Delaware Supreme Court, involves the imposition of severe sanctions upon one party who erased unallocated free space on his computer after having made his computer available to a court-appointed digital forensics expert who had the opportunity to obtain a forensic image of any data on the computer thought to be relevant to the case. The expert did not image unallocated space, which was later erased by Gengers expert. If the results of this case are adopted as binding precedent in jurisdictions outside of Delaware, important implications arise regarding business practices related to electronic discovery. This paper concludes by offering recommendations on how businesses can best deal with the requirements set forth by the Delaware court and best practices for electronic discovery.
Optimizing Social Security Benefits: Strategies For Married Couples With Above Average Age Differences And With Ratios Of Primary Insurance Amounts Of 0.5 Or Better
Authors: Hebein Fred
Published: March 2016

The complex rules and inter-related choices regarding spousal and survivor benefits imbedded in the social security system make the optimization of lifetime benefits for married couples a complex decision which can reduce or increase lifetime benefits significantlyeven hundreds of thousand dollars. This paper focuses on strategies for couples with above average age differences and with ratios of Primary Insurance Amount (PIA) of 0.5 or better. In regards to age differences, about 40% of marriages have 4 or more years in age difference between spouses. The difference of four or more years is important because it means that one spouse is at or past full retirement age (FRA) when the other spouse becomes 62. Since both spouses must be eligible for regular social security benefits (past 62 years of age) to jointly execute an optimization strategy, the time period to execute strategies for couples is reduced by above average age differences. This paper evaluates the financial benefits of three major strategies for couples with above average age differences and with PIA ratios of 0.5 or more: (1) Use Restricted application for spousal benefits; (2) Delay start of benefits until one spouse has reached 70 years of age; and; (3) Early start for benefits as soon as the youngest spouse reaches 62 years of age. Each strategy is affected by the differences of age between the individual spouses, their individual work records (PIA ratio), and their individual life expectancies. The analytical framework presented in this paper illustrates that couples can increase life time benefits by hundreds of thousands of dollars by choosing the appropriate strategy.
Tax Changes Enacted By The Patient Protection And Affordable Care Act Of 2010 And The American Taxpayer Relief Act Of 2012
Authors: Bottiglieri William A.
Published: March 2016

Close to three years ago, Congress enacted legislation that overhauls the U.S. health care system and at the same times affects nearly all taxpayers, many employers, and many elements of the health care industry. The sweeping new health reform law embodied in this legislation pays for its cost through tax increases in a number of ways The American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 similarly affects many taxpayers with numerous changes in the tax law which either increase or decrease a taxpayers burden depending on income levels.
Lower Of Cost Or Market Inventory Valuation: IFRS Versus US GAAP
Authors: Gray Dahli , Ehoff Jr. Clemense
Published: March 2016

The lower of cost versus market (LCM) controversy regarding inventory cost measurement is presented. The differences between International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and United States (US) Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) are analytically compared. The link between US federal tax law and US GAAP is emphasized relative to a discussion of deferred taxes and potential US federal income tax revenue.
Marketing Small Towns: A Preliminary Investigation
Authors: Fraccastoro Katherine A. , Karani Komal
Published: March 2016

This study is a preliminary investigation into the marketing processes used by small towns/cities to attract business revenue and tourism dollars. Because small town governments do not have the resources of large cities to spend on marketing, it is unclear if they utilize the marketing process in a manner similar to large cities or businesses. Personal interviews were used to determine the process by which small towns attract businesses to their area as well as develop tourism. Small towns must develop business opportunities to encourage economic development in their cities as well as create tourism opportunities to increase the economic impact in the area. The findings indicate that, while some similarities exist due to common goals, different processes are used by different size cities. While the process for economic development through the attraction of businesses is similar in most cities, the process to create tourism differs for small towns. The smaller towns do not utilize the full marketing process which could create a better brand identity that could make them more successful. Instead, they take a more entrepreneurial approach by sharing resources and developing partnerships with other small towns to utilize their resources more effectively.
Virtual Management: A Cross-Section Of The Management Process Illustrating Its Fundamental Functions Of Planning, Orga-nizing, Leading And Controlling In A New Era Organization
Authors: Dimovski Vlado , Penger Sandra
Published: March 2016

In the age of the E-Economy, the process of management is undergoing radical changes in all dimensions of basic management functions. New solutions in information and communication technologies are constantly emerging in the forefront, changing and re-defining the current content of management. The traditional management process has built-in competitive advantages on the classic factors of production (land, labor, capital). In the New Economy, the production and distribution of information and knowledge is the main source of a company's assets. The aim of the paper is to present the impact of the New Economy on the management process through its fundamental functions in a new era organization. At the turn of the 21st century, organizations are facing the Internet revolution, which imposes on top management new and different conceptual requirements. Therefore, the paper focuses on the new paradigm of virtual management, and enlightens different theoretical views of the 21st century organization. The results, presented in the paper, can be applied to all companies, competing in todays extremely competitive environment.
An Investigation of Earnings Management Through Investments In Associated Companies: An Australian Perspective
Authors: Lambert Cecilia , Lambert Christopher
Published: March 2016

Until recently, Australian companies have been precluded from adopting equity accounting for investments in associated companies in the consolidated accounts. As reported profits were based on the cost method (albeit with note disclosures utilizing equity accounting procedures), this paper investigates the incentives of Australian firms to manage earnings in a reporting environment which facilitated opportunism. It is argued that the higher the ex ante probability of managing accounting earnings from investments in associates, parties will contract to remove those incentives by restricting the accepted set of accounting procedures to equity accounting. Opportunism is more likely to be observed for firms for which it is inefficient to specify ex ante the method of accounting for associates. The ability to act opportunistically is defined as the degree of influence which an investor exercises over the financial and/or operating policies of its investees. The results are confirmatory. For firms which have a lower ex ante probability of managing earnings, use of the cost method significantly improves consolidated return on investment compared with returns calculated using the equity method. Firms which are more likely to choose the equity method for efficiency reasons have an insignificant difference between cost and equity returns.
Agglomeration Economies: Population, Density, and Network Effects
Authors: White Thomas J.
Published: March 2016

This paper builds on the optimal city size literature by examining factors that influence location benefits and costs.  Total population, population density, employment type, and networking are evaluated using ordinary least squares.  Results indicate that population density may play a more significant role in predicting average location benefits and average location costs than population.
Successful Fusion Of Information Systems Concepts With Complementary Technical Skill
Authors: Fitzgerald Shannon M. , Robak Nicholas John
Published: March 2016

This paper addresses the integration of technical skills with information systems concepts required in an introductory MIS course, specifically focusing on the laptop inclusion initiative at our university.  We will show the working relationship between the concepts and application segment of MIS, and how a laptop inclusion program combined with the use of e-Learning methodologies successfully combine the two.
Risk Factors On Returns Of Closed-End Funds
Authors: Yi Junesuh , Kim Moon K.
Published: March 2016

Risk factors of closed-end funds may not be identical to those of common stocks due to the unique characteristics of closed-end funds whose share price is different from net asset value determined by underlying investment portfolios.  This study investigates the relationship between closed-end fund returns and the risk factors measured from two types of assets, fund itself and its underlying portfolios.  We also examine the size and the book-to-market effect of both two types of assets.  This paper finds that size and book-to-market related factors measured from both fund itself and its investment portfolio play a significant role as risk factors, accounting for closed-end fund returns. These risk factors measured from fund itself are observed as equally important as those from investment portfolio characteristics. In addition, the book-to-market effect of fund itself assets is clearly showed.
Per Mile Emissions Taxes And Lump Sum Emissions Taxes: A Comparative Study Using A Mathematical Approach To Demand Estimation
Authors: Culp Robert P.
Published: March 2016

The primary purpose of this study was to utilize the mathematical approach to demand estimation developed in Culp (2004) to compare two common emissions based taxes. The model assumes Cournot-Nash behavior and divides the automobile market into five homogenous segments. A global optimization program is utilized to mathematically determine the range of values the coefficients of demand must take in each segment to satisfy market equilibrium. Simulations were performed to examine the comparative impact on social welfare of both the per mile emission tax (PMET) and the lump sum emission tax (LSET) in the automotive and travel markets. In the simulations, a global optimization program allows market conditions to change while holding constant the level of pollution reduction, satisfying the other constraints of the model, and satisfying each firm’s first order profit-maximizing conditions. The simulation found that in five of the thirty-two quarters examined, and regardless of market conditions, that the LSET produced more gains from trade. In simulations of the remaining quarters, the outcomes varied depending upon the cross price elasticity of vehicle demand and upon the sensitivity of consumers to vehicle operating cost. The simulations also show that an approximately 20 percent reduction in emissions from new vehicles is achieved by the LSET with a median tax rate of $155.74 per gram of average CO emissions per mile. Consequently, a vehicle that emits an average of two grams of CO per mile would pay a one-time fee of $311.48. The median tax rate required by the PMET is $0.00666 per gram per mile. Accordingly, a vehicle that emits two grams of CO per mile on average would pay $0.0103 per mile or $1332.46 for every 100,000 miles traveled. The difference between the two tax rates, required to achieve the same pollution reduction goal, is likely the result of consumer’s insensitivity to the rise in vehicle operating costs caused by the PMET. This result is consistent with the view that consumers highly discount future payments.
Fun As Serious Business: Creating A Fun Work Environment As An Effective Business Strategy
Authors: Jeffcoat Kellmeny , Gibson Jane Whitney
Published: March 2016

This paper discusses the use of fun in the workplace as an effective business strategy for recruiting and retaining talented employees as well as developing their creativity and productivity.  The benefits of fun in the workplace are discussed and a few cautions are offered.  Suggestions are made on creating a fun working environment using the “Be a Pal” model: Pay for fun, Allocate time for fun, and Lead the way.
Communication Style And The Mangerial Effectiveness Of Male And Female Supervisors
Authors: Allen Jerry L. , Rybczyk Edward J. , Judd Bed
Published: March 2016

This study examined whether a male-oriented management model is changing to a more flexible "feminine" style. Males had more relaxed, friendly, impression leaving communication styles and were perceived as more effective managers.
The Effect Of Gender And Knowledge On Students Impressions Of Accountants In The Post-Enron Era
Authors: Hunt Steven C. , Intrieri Robert C. , Falgiani A. Anthony , Papini Marie T.
Published: March 2016

This study examines college students’ impressions of accountants from various sources. It extends previous research on students’ impressions of accountants by analyzing impressions after Enron, gender differences in impressions, and the effect of knowledge on impressions and adding news reports as an impression source. Students rated their impressions of accountants when they selected a major on each of 30 characteristics (such as ethical, versatile, and exciting) from each of four sources, plus a general rating. When qualities were combined into two factors, Professionalism and Personability, accountants were seen as professional, but not particularly personable. In many areas, finance majors had impressions of accountants equal to or higher than those of accounting students, while other majors had significantly lower impressions of accountants. News reports did not significantly influence students’ views of accountants. Knowledge was strongly correlated with impressions. Accounting students had the lowest knowledge of accountants from news reports and movies/TV of any major. Females held more positive impressions of accountants than did males. Implications for various groups, including college and high school accounting education and the accounting profession, are discussed.
Dynamic Theory Of The Money Market, Disposable Money And Interest
Authors: Villacís González José
Published: March 2016

To understand the money market one has to understand the different ways in which income circulates, specifically the amounts of money that are disposable, together with the dynamic supply of money and circulating capital. These three items all depend on the basic equation of macroeconomics, which is that savings equal investment, affecting it and completing it. This is the underlying principle of the theory of money and the rate of interest. The money market comprises those that want money, whether to engage in business or to speculate, and the money that is there to be had, i.e. money for sale, institutional money and bank money. Part of the theory of money was developed in the period between 1916 and 1925 by Germán Bernácer (Alicante, Spain 1883-1965) and differs from Keynesian ideas and modern macroeconomics.
Does The "Spiders" Market Attract Uninformed Trading Volume?
Authors: Chu Quentin C. , Zhou Dan
Published: March 2016

The trading volume of Standard and Poor’s Depository Receipts (SPDRs) - or Spiders - has grown consistently since the inception of trading in 1993.  Theoretical models have predicted that the Spiders market would attract trading volume from uninformed traders because their losses due to adverse trades with informed traders would usually be lower in this market than in individual security markets.  As an extension of the modified mixture distribution hypothesis model proposed by Andersen (1996), this study applies the estimated parameters from the generalized method of moments to derive the percentage trading volume of SPDRs attributable to uninformed trades.  Using ninety securities selected from the S&P 500 index as benchmark stocks for comparison, we find that the Spiders market indeed attracts a relatively higher percentage of trading volume from uninformed traders.
Continuing Education: A Vital Ingredient Of The Success Plan For Small Business
Authors: Atamian Rubik , VanZante Neal R.
Published: March 2016

In a recent Journal of Business & Economics Research article, Atamian, et. al. (2009) provided practical advice for individuals considering forming a small business.  In that article, the authors observed that a major factor in avoiding failure is to “plan for success.”  The authors further noted that operating even the smallest of businesses calls for a multiplicity of skills seldom found in one individual.  This article discusses the knowledge and skills that the small business owner must have in order to combat risk of failure.  Furthermore, it encourages small business owners to recognize the necessity of including a viable continuing education element in their plans for success.  It concludes with an expanded discussion of how small business owners can continually acquire knowledge and skills to sustain the vitality of their businesses.
What The CPA's Think About The Proposed Changes To Lease Accounting
Authors: Shough Stuart
Published: March 2016

The Financial Accounting Standards Board and the International Accounting Standards Board jointly issued a Discussion Paper soliciting comments on a proposed standard on leases. This paper presents the results from 417 CPA’s responses to selected questions asked in the Discussion Paper.
Alternatives For Incorporating Opportunity Cost Of Time In Recreation Demand Models
Authors: Azevedo Chris
Published: March 2016

The importance of accounting for a respondents travel time in recreation demand models is well established. In practice, most analysts use a fixed fraction of the respondents wage rate to value travel time. However, other approaches have been suggested in the literature. In this paper revealed and stated preference data on Iowa wetland usage is used to explore various specifications of travel time. It is shown that the choice of a particular specification has a direct impact on welfare estimates as well as the consistency between revealed and stated preference data.
Vampires, Slashers, Or Zombies: Opening Weekends Favorite Box Office Monster
Authors: Terry Neil , King Robert , Patterson Robin
Published: March 2016

This paper examines the determinants of opening weekend box office revenue of movies from the horror genre.  The sample consists of 225 films released during 1978-2010.  Regression results indicate the primary determinants of opening weekend box office revenue for horror movies are number of theatres showing the movie during the opening weekend of release, holiday release, critical rating, sequels, restricted rating, production budget, and theme.  Specific results include the observation that within the horror movie genre, the vampire and slasher themes add approximately four to eleven million dollars to opening weekend box office revenue, while the comedic theme stalls at the box office with earnings totaling as much as four million dollars less than other movies in the genre.  Nudity and the zombie theme are not statistically significant determinants.
Comparing The Affects Of Management Practices On Organizational Performance Between For-Profit And Not-For-Profit Corporations In Southeast Wisconsin
Authors: Keller Gary F.
Published: March 2016

The need to demonstrate the effectiveness of any business or organization worthy of attracting resources and transforming them into valued products/services is an entitys primary mission. A variety of methods have evolved over time to measure a for-profit enterprises performance. Economists have typically studied how well a firm manages the factors of production under its control while accountants and financial analysts scrutinize a variety of analytical tests to determine current and future performance. Not-for-profit organizations have adopted many of the commercial sectors economic and accounting/financial techniques to gauge their performance. However, an issue that plagues the analysis of for-profit and not-for-profit businesses is the effect that management has on an enterprises performance. While economists and accountants can account for nearly all of the factors of production, the discipline cannot calculate the effect of management on agency performance. Considering the roles and economic impact that both for-profit and increasingly not-for-profit organizations/non-governmental organizations (NPO or NGO) it is vital to assess how these organizations are managed and what if any effect management practices have on their organizational performance. The purpose of this quantitative research investigation was to study the affect of 18 management practices defined as operations (three practices), monitoring (five practices), targets (five practices), and incentives (five practices) (Bloom & Van Reenen, 2007, pp. 1393 - 1397) had on the performance of for-profit firms and NPOs in southeast, Wisconsin. The basis of this research project was derived from two studies. One study (Keller, 2009) was conducted on for-profit corporations in late 2008 and the second that Keller conducted on NPOs in 2010. The examination revealed that management practices did not have a statistically significant impact on the economic performance of for-profit firms (with the exception of one ownership type) and a strongly significant influence on not-for-profit organizations.
Information Asymmetries And Closed-End Funds
Authors: Higgins Eric , Howton Shawn , Howton Shelly , Kong Sophie Xiaofei
Published: March 2016

We examine the degree to which information asymmetries play a role in the closed-end fund seasoned offerings and introduce a new explanation for why funds with low information asymmetry also choose to issue. Interpreting turnover ratio as a proxy for information asymmetry, we test for differences in turnover across fund types and find that equity and international fund issuers generate significantly higher turnover than debt and domestic fund issuers respectively. We then investigate the motives for issuing funds with low information asymmetry and discover that they are good asset market timers, i.e. issue when underlying asset markets are relatively underpriced. By timing asset markets, such funds generate better long-run returns and maximize the interests of long-term investors.
Underlying Factors Contributing To Presenteeism And Absenteeism
Authors: Prater Tammy , Smith Kim
Published: March 2016

Modern workplaces must learn how to respond effectively to two trends which can cost employers billions of dollars each year in lost productivity: presenteeism and absenteeism. In 2010, the annual cost of presenteeism, $180 billion, surpassed the cost of absenteeism, $118 billion (Weaver, 2010). According to the American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (2006), presenteeism is defined as the practice of coming to work despite illness, injury, anxiety, etc., often resulting in reduced productivity. According to Dictionary.com Unabridged (n.d.), absenteeism is defined as habitual failure to appear, especially for work or other regular duty. In the past, the main attributable factor for presenteeism and absenteeism was workers being sick; however, this research uncovered other underlying causes for this phenomenon. In addition, this research expanded the existing research and found other ways employees cost employers in lost productivity, one of which included conducting personal business during working hours. The research concluded, through the use of Chi-Square tests for independence, there was dependency between some of the variables.
Internal Controls For Hospitality Revenue In The Gaming Industry
Authors: Kizirian Tim , Heinze Tim , Lees John (Skip)
Published: March 2016

In todays difficult economic climate, business managers must carefully consider all aspects of business operations to minimize waste and increase efficiency. The revenue cycle continues to be the primary area of fraud and abuse requiring strong, comprehensive internal controls (AICPA 2002). Internal controls in the revenue arena are now more important than ever. The current paper provides a control review checklist for hospitality revenue in the gaming industry. Extant studies have often focused on internal controls for the gambling operations of the gaming industry to the neglect of the hospitality portion of the industry. For many firms in the industry, the hospitality revenue can account for half of total firm revenue. The checklist we provide can be used as a general benchmark to perform preliminary evaluations of a companys internal control system in the hospitality arena. Auditors can compare their clients control objectives with the objectives that are presented. During preliminary investigations of the companys internal control system, auditors should review whether important control objectives have been omitted and whether the omission incurs or heightens risk. The control review checklist can also be used by CFOs or controllers in the gaming industry in reviewing whether their companys internal control systems are adequate. The checklist provides CFOs or controllers internal controls that external, independent auditors consider to be important.
The Influence Of Socıo-Demographıc Factors On Organizational Alienation Of Accommodation Businesses Employees
Authors: Unguren Engin , Kacmaz Yasar Yigit , Yilmaz Yusuf
Published: March 2016

In this study, the concept of alienation is analyzed in terms of organizational behavior discipline frame. As part of organizational behavior discipline, alienation is expressed as the server’s losing control over the product he produces or the service or inability of self-expression in business life. Basically, the concept of alienation is used to express alienation from the institution, occupation his own being, his valves, and society; in one sense it means a breakdown in all relations. The science of statistics plays an important role to identify the variable or variables effect the event in scientific studies and to determine their grades. Analysis of CHAID firms sub-sets by grouping the factors affecting the dependent variable in view of their importance level. In this term, the purpose of the research is to form to identify the employees’ organizational alienation level; demographic variables combined categories and sub-sets, working in accommodation services by using CHAID analysis technique.
Strategic Directions of Strengthening Competition on Higher Education Market of Georgia
Authors: Lasha Tabatadze
Published: March 2016

In the present article the results of wide scale research for studying and analyzing the competition issues of Higher Education Market of Georgia, which is made by the author independently in 2015 under the framework of dissertation survey are reviewed. It contents detail description of activities needed for collecting and analyzing information to develop a research paper of Georgian Higher education market, which includes three level of higher educatioin institutions (University, Teaching University and College). The article presents the research report and its comparative and critical analyze taking under consideration the experience of Baltic and European countries.
L’adhésıon Au Contrôle Fıscal Du Contrıbuable Marocaın : Etude Crıtıque Des Procedures Fıscales
Authors: Abdelkader Khanfor , Malika Souaf
Published: March 2016

The tax control practiced by the services of the general direction of the taxes is the ultimate guarantor of tax compliance. It aims to understand all breaches of tax and accounting legislation. Instead, it creates a sort of mistrust and reluctance due, first by the legal uncertainty of the texts governing the tax audit. And second, to the exorbitant prerogatives of auditors. The general direction of the taxes has adopted a new vision that shows the taxpayer as a true partner that should benefit from a number of safeguards, given the substantial powers of the Tax Administration favor to the introduction of the charter of the taxpayer. This document is very criticized by experts due to not bringing much to our tax legislation, except that it summarizes the various guarantees of the General Tax Code (GTC ), became mandatory handed , together with the notice of audit , on pain of the uselessness of the entire verification process.
Budgetary Choices And Public Finance Sustainability İn Morocco: Empirical Evaluation
Authors: Toufik Said , El Baghdad Saad
Published: March 2016

This article is designed to measure public finance sustainability in Morocco, to analyze the strength of the relationship between public revenue and expenditures by assessing the quality of budgetary choices. In the light of the results, output budgeting remains a pillar that allows the Moroccan Government to make significant macroeconomic performance.
Advantages Of Stock Exchange Lıstıng
Authors: Kadi Xhensila
Published: March 2016

The Stock Exchange is a regulated market of securities where contracts for the sale and purchase of the financial instruments are stipulated. The financial instruments such as stocks, bonds, derivatives with a definite price are traded and exchanged in the Stock Exchange. In this case the price is determined by the balance of supply and demand. If we would describe the Stock Exchange with an image, we would think a square in which some companies with public offer or companies with public participation operate. In particular, in it we may found industrial companies, financial companies, banks, services companies, etc. If we refer to history, the first and real trade of securities occurred around the year 1500 in Bruges. Nevertheless, Antwerp has been considered the first Stock Exchange, as the one of Bruges cannot be defined a genuine Stock Exchange. In Albania, till the end of 2014 we have had the Tirana Stock Exchange (TSE). The Tirana Stock Exchange was founded in 2002 in the form of a joint stock company, and has operated in accordance with the provisions of the Law No. 9901 dated 14.04.2008 “On the Entrepreneurs and trading companies” and the Law no. 9879, date 21.02.2008 “On Securities”. Initially, the listing of securities on the stock exchanges, for many entrepreneurs, meant an advertisement for the company, while now it is a widespread phenomenon in the world. If we refer to our country, we believe that the listing in the stock exchange has an important role towards the awareness of our companies regarding finding different manners from the traditional ones about their liquidity. Through this paper, it is aimed to answer to a fundamental question as the one related to the reasons why companies should be listed on the stock exchange. Each of the actions related to trading on the stock exchange is one of the steps in the process of investment, therefore we can say that this kind of financial transactions is not just about buying or selling a particular security.
The Impact of the Internal Audit in Reducing Credit Risk in Commercial Banks in Kosovo
Authors: Siqani Shqipdona Hashani , Sekiraca Edona
Published: March 2016

Credit risk represents the vast majority of the risk in the context of estimating the capacity of the transfer of risk from commercial banks. Any commercial bank operating, in Kosovo, must have a system for managing credit risk. An important and essential process, such as the management of the credit risk, cannot be carried out without the aid of internal audit. From the survey results, it was concluded that the process of auditing the banks recommended the implementation of policies for managing credit risk of the respective commercial bank’s policy. This also include the policy of credit risk management of the Central Bank of the Republic of Kosovo, implementation of procedures, regulations and rules for credit exposure, loan portfolio diversification, training of staff of the credit risk involved in completing the loan files, etc.
Les Facteurs De Developpement Des Actıvıtes Commercıales Sur Les Marches D’abıdjan
Authors: Ferdinand Ake Ohouo
Published: March 2016

The metropolis of Abidjan, economic capital of the Ivory Coast is a big west African metropolis. She is composed of ten townships that shelter each several markets. These markets play a primordial role in the development of the commercial activities. Indeed, every township shelters commercial infrastructures localized in the different districts. These markets are of variable size because one finds some of big and of small size. They knew an evolution since the years 1976 until our days. These markets are constructed either by the public powers, either by the promoters deprived according to the Build Operate and Transfer system. The system is a contract of constructional concession of public work a deprived entrepreneur's that exploits it during a certain time until the amortization of the working assets. These markets specialized in various domains of activities; offer the abidjanaise population, those of the inside of the country and even of the under-region panoply of articles that makes of this city biggest shopping mall of the country. The periods of exercise of these markets vary. The majority of the markets of Abidjan exercises in the day. On the other hand, some lead their activities in the evening, until late the night and are called of the night markets. The flourishing economic activities of the markets of Abidjan are bound to several factors of which the human factors and the economic factors more especially the economic activities that provide to the different worked the products necessary to the satisfaction of the needs of the consumers. These products provided by the economic activities are at the origin of the development of the commercial activities on the markets in the city of Abidjan.
The Bankıng Resolutıon Funds In The European Unıon
Authors: Toth Jozsef
Published: March 2016

The new directive of the European Parliament and the European Council issued in 2014 define unified expectations regarding banking resolution mechanism to be applied in territory of each EU member state. The non-euro zone member states must create national resolution funds while the euro zone member states have to upload the so called Single Resolution Fund. These funds are implemented in order to finance the banking resolution processes. This article introduces the main rules of the unified resolution system as well as deals with its financial background. The European Commission declared in its statement that the target level of the Single Resolution Fund is 55 billion euros. However, this paper provides evidence that this target level is underestimated.