bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Maternal Influence on Child Behavior in the Dental Setting
Authors: Johnson Ronald
Published: May 2005

A significant relationship was observed between the behavior of 127 children (3 to 7 years old), 60 whose treatment involved a dental extraction and 67 a dental examination, and the anxiety level of their mothers as measured by scores on the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale. A significant relationship was also found between the mothers' answers to the first three questions on a short preoperative questionnaire and their children's behavior. These results indicated that, in this sample, maternal anxiety appears to be a major factor affecting the behavior of young children during early dental experiences. There is also some indication that a preoperative questionnaire could be substituted for a psychological anxiety test in a variety of clinical settings, thus aiding the clinician in predicting and managing the child's behavior.
Bridging the Gender Gap in Computing: An Integrative Approach to Content Design for Girls
Authors: Lynn Kathleen-M. , Raphael Chad , Olefsky Karin , Bachen Christine M.
Published: May 2005

Although some observed differences in males' and females' attitudes toward and uses of computers appear to be narrowing, the gender gap remains widest in relation to programming and software design, which are still male preserves. In response, software and Web site designers have applied feminist theories to develop three distinct approaches to creating content for girls that might increase their interest in computers. These approaches involve appealing to girls' traditional “feminine” interests, nontraditional “masculine” interests, and gender-neutral interests. This study proposes that to bridge today's gender gap, prior approaches need to integrate appeals to girls' traditional and nontraditional interests, and focus content more clearly on learning about computer design itself. An experimental test of this integrative strategy, used to develop a prototype World Wide Web site tested on girls in their homes ( n = 125), obtained significant increases in the treatment group's interest in, sense of relevancy of, and motivation to use computers, compared to a control group.
Autobiographical Memory from a Life Span Perspective
Authors: Schroots Johannes J. F. , Van Dijkum Cor , Assink Marian H. J.
Published: May 2005

This comparative study (i.e., three age groups, three measures) explores the distribution of retrospective and prospective autobiographical memory data across the lifespan, in particular the bump pattern of disproportionally higher recall of memories from the ages 10 to 30, as generally observed in older age groups, in conjunction with the well-known recency effect. The memory data patterns of the Life-line Interview Method (LIM, the measure of this study, were compared to the published data patterns of two other memory measures (i.e., the Time Line and Life event sorting task). The results of this comparative study confirm the universality of the bump for older adults, as well as the recency effect. From the LIM data patterns it is hypothesized that both bump and recency effects play a part not only in middle-aged and older adults but also in younger people. In search for an explanation of these patterns, a theoretical outline is presented for the study of autobiographical memory as a dynamic system of both retrospective and prospective memory, subject to continuous changes across the lifespan.
Crossing the Secular Divide: Government and Faith-Based Organizations as Partners in Health
Authors: Brooks Robert G. , Koenig Harold G.
Published: May 2005

Recent debate over the relationship between government and faith-based organizations has renewed interest in the opportunities and challenges that are associated with change in this area of health care policy. Experience exists already that faith-based organizations can provide effective health education and services in the community. Limited infrastructure and liability are among the important barriers to their expansion. Spurred by the demographics of an aging population and increasing health care costs, we argue the necessity of further partnering, within well-defined limits, to maximize the availability of health care education and services throughout this nation.
Scientific Articles in Internet Homepages: Assumptions upon Lay Audiences
Authors: Gonzalez-Pueyo Isabel , Redrado Alicia
Published: May 2005

This article studies a set of scientific/technical articles published in Internet homepages. Focusing upon current trends on genre theory and the functional approach deployed by Halliday and Martin [1], linguistic features and schematic structure are analyzed in relation to more standard genres. The structural analysis suggests that these kind of texts imaginatively realize and assume the standpoint and main tenets of a lay audience that just consumes specific genres, most being analogous to the persuasive, manipulative, amusement-oriented genres of TV news stories, tabloids, and commercials. It is pondered that much of the “technological utopianism” (term used by Kling [2] surrounding the ever increasingly standardized Internet discourse turns the Internet into a productive vehicle to sustain technoscience as modern myth by spreading and forging that utopian imagery into the audience's consciousness, and that scientists are taking fruitful advantage of the utopian, futurist, and often sensationalist accounts of the Internet as a formidable frame to advertise themselves and the deeds achieved in their laboratories.
The Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome: A Case Report
Authors: Ingraham Merle R. , Joo Christopher J. , Tovin Karen
Published: May 2005

This paper makes three emphases. Clinicians are alerted to the dangerous, uncommon neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS). Mental health workers and administrators are encouraged to retain generous medical staffing for the inpatient setting. A case presentation is made to show how difficult the diagnosis of NMS is considering the multiple diagnoses that are possible.
History, Rhetoric, and Humanism: Toward a More Comprehensive Definition of Technical Communication
Authors: Rutter Russell
Published: May 2005

Recent research suggests that pragmatic emphasis on writing proficiency alone does not produce a good technical communicator. Attention must also be given to the technical communicator as liberally educated generalist who writes well and feels an affinity for science or technology. To this end, technical communication needs to be studied in the larger context of evolving science and technology, developing trends in technical education, and the oratorical tradition of broad learning applied to the active life. Recent studies of the collaborative culture of the workplace should be supplemented by increased attention to humanistic questions of what a person needs to be and know in order to cooperate effectively as a practicing technical communicator.
Cancer Prevention or Drug Promotion? Journalists Mishandle the Tamoxifen Story
Authors: Poe Amy
Published: May 2005

The results of a study on the use of tamoxifen as a preventive treatment for women at high risk for breast cancer have been uncritically hailed and widely mishandled by the U.S. media. Journalists need to take a closer look at the creative manipulation of data, the “scientific method,” and the potential drug-company profits associated with this study and the resulting recommendations on tamoxifen use.
Development of a Standardized Test of Computer Literacy and a Computer Anxiety Index
Authors: Simonson Michael R. , Maurer Matthew , Montag-Torardi Mary , Whitaker Mary
Published: May 2005

Definitions of the three components of computer literacy and of computer anxiety were used in a nationwide survey of instructional computing educators to develop a list of seventy competencies of the computer-literate person. This list was used to develop an eighty-question multiple-choice examination. This test was divided into three parts, one part for each of the three components of the definition of computer literacy. Normative data were collected from 341 college students from six different universities. The examination was found to have a reliability estimate of .86. A computer anxiety index (CAIN) was also developed. This instrument was designed to be used to determine a person's level of computer anxiety. Normative data from 1943 students were collected. The CAIN was found to have a reliability of approximately .90. Both the eighty-item achievement test and the twenty-six item CAIN were sent to a nationwide selection of instructional computing specialists who evaluated them. This evaluation was used to revise the two tests. In summary, this article describes the process used to develop two examinations, an achievement test of computer literacy, and a computer anxiety index.
Organizational Change and Health at Work
Authors: Westlander Gunnela
Published: May 2005

The focus of this article is the link between organizational change and individual working conditions. In some organizational development projects health aspects may be left to chance, in others they may be to some extent respected, and in still others they are the main theme of the process and direction of change. Along this line, the author presents and discusses a number of Swedish cases. The analysis aims at emphasizing a necessary characteristic of occupational health experts, namely, to be sensitive to the differences between the goals of various projects in organizational development. Preventive work must be based on a careful identification of the sort of health aspects that are overlooked in every effort at organizational change.
Understanding the Practice of Communication against the Background of an Analogical-Operational Model of Language
Authors: Zielinska Dorota
Published: May 2005

Recently, a new operatorial perspective on language has emerged [1]. As a result, a specific, analogical solution within such an approach is being developed [2]. This article describes that position briefly and sketches how such a perspective can lead to a theoretical justification of selected elements of established technical writing practice.
Direct Mail Sales Letters: Form and Substance
Authors: Baker Margaret Ann
Published: May 2005

Practitioners and consultants, who have developed much of the theory on the direct mail sales letter, emphasize one point: The reader must be enticed to read the letter. One way to entice the reader is to use an indirect arrangement of support: Invitation, Benefits and Proof, Acceptance, and Teaser. Other reader-directed principles are 1) create the look of a personalized letter and 2) employ strategies to promote readability.
Death Anxiety and Coping Mechanism of Chinese Cancer Patients
Authors: Ho Samuel M. Y. , Shiu Wesely C. T.
Published: May 2005

The present study investigated the relationship between death anxiety and defense mechanisms of Chinese cancer patients. The Chinese versions of the Bond's Defense Style Questionnaire and the Templer's Death Anxiety Questionnaire were administered to thirty cancer patients. Another thirty hand-injured patients were also chosen as control. The results showed that significantly more cancer patients had either very high or very low death anxiety levels as compared to the control group. Two immature defenses, viz. Autistic Fantasy and Passive Aggression, were more prominent among cancer patients with very high or very low death anxiety levels. These findings support the dual effect of death anxiety on patients with life-threatening illness.
Patterns of Resource Distribution and Archaeological Settlement Patterns in the Piedmont Uplands of the Middle Atlantic Region
Authors: Custer Jay F. , Wallace Edith B.
Published: May 2005

Varied patterns of subsistence resource distributions are found in the Piedmont Uplands throughout the Late Pleistocene and Holocene. Settlement patterns correlate with these resource distribution patterns through time. Paleo-Indian through Middle Archaic patterns are small scattered procurement sites that are part of a supra-local logistical system. Late Archaic through Middle Woodland patterns include large base camps in low relief settings forming the focal points for foraging systems, or a tethered nomadism. Late Woodland patterns are dependent upon intensive collecting and agriculture rather than specific subsistence resource distribution patterns.
Evaluation as Key to Analysis of Multi-Imagery
Authors: Burke Ken , Ziegler Reinhard , Book Terrell J.
Published: May 2005

Although in use for a considerable time, the hybrid medium of multi-imagery has not been studied in a consistent way. Existing studies are limited in design and application, especially concerning the wide use of multi-image programs in commercial and corporate settings. One approach to understanding the most effective elements in multi-image design and practice might be through examining award-winning presentations, if the evaluation of these programs is consistent and thorough. An evaluation instrument designed to meet the standards of validity and reliability has been developed and field tested at international festivals; it has been shown to be consistently reliable and has been accepted throughout the industry. Studying the design factors of the winning programs, as indicated by the evaluation form, may prove to be a successful method of analyzing what previous research has failed to discover.
Fear of Personal Death among Physicians
Authors: Hamama-Raz Yaira , Solomon Zahava , Ohry Avrahm
Published: May 2005

Many studies have tried to explain why professionals experience difficulty when dealing with, and in treating efficiently, situations connected with death. We studied levels of fear of personal death among physicians and addressed two questions: Does exposure to death on professional and personal levels affect the level of fear of personal death which physicians experience? Is there a relationship between personality variables, represented by the repression-sensitization dimension, and level of fear of personal death? A sample of 233 physicians who specialized in oncology, internal medicine, surgery, psychiatry, and pediatrics was studied. Results revealed no differences in level of fear of personal death of physicians according to specialization, but those who had been exposed to death on the personal level feared less in relation to their own death. With respect to the personality variable, tendency to sensitization, it was found that those who were sensitized exhibited a higher level of fear of their own death compared to those who were repressive. Of the various demographic variables examined, it was found that those with many years of professional experience, who were relatively older, who were nonobservant religiously, and who were in good health had lower levels of personal fear of death.
Organization Communication Audit: A Case Study
Authors: Baxter James E. , Peters Linda T.
Published: May 2005

Communication systems serving the needs of modern organizations are complex. In a bureaucratic, hierarchically structured organization, the typical communication system will be a closed one. In a democratic, egalitarian organization, the communication system will tend to be an open one.
C.A.S.T. — A Level IV Sonar Trainer
Authors: Jones Tom
Published: May 2005

The use of a level IV microcomputer videodisc configuration as an effective trainer or simulator is no longer novel. However, given a potentially unsophisticated user group an innovative approach to the design and production of a videodisc component can result in a safer, “turnkey-like” system. Honeywell Canada Ltd. recently developed such a trainer for the Canadian military. The goal was to put together an individualized, self-contained, “black-box” part-task (classification of sonar echoes) trainer which contained both tutorial and evaluative components.
The Stream of Consciousness: XXIV. James Contra the Intellectualists (Second Part)
Authors: Natsoulas Thomas
Published: May 2005

James presented a number of compelling arguments against those theorists whom he called the “Intellectualists”: a) for holding that mental states of the mundane Jamesian qualitative kind cannot provide us with our awareness of relations; and b) for introducing purely conceptualizing mental acts to do the job from on high. In his classic account of mental life, James found no use for purely conceptualizing mental states, whether in relation to our awareness of objective relations or in relation to our awareness of anything else. All of the mental states that constitute the stream of consciousness—and therefore, in James's view, all mental states that occur in us—are of the qualitative/cognitive kind, whether they are minimal conceivings of the sensation kind or they have the most abstract objects. I continue in the present article to discuss James's responses to the Intellectualists. I discuss in particular how James addressed their claim that an account of the apprehension of universals requires the theoretical introduction of mental states purportedly resembling universals, namely, purely conceptualizing mental acts.
From Consumerism to Partnership? Britain's National Health Service at the Turn of the Century
Authors: Calnan Michael , Gabe Jonathan
Published: May 2005

It has been argued that “consumerism” has been one of the main influences on health policy in many countries over the last decade or so. This article focuses on the role of consumerism in U.K. health policy during this period through the introduction of changes in National Health Service provision such as introduction of the quasi-market, creation of the new managerialism, and new organizational structures set up under the recent Labour government. It considers the consequences of these changes for the users of health care and for citizenship rights, in particular the extent to which the changes have empowered these users and citizens.
Medical Technology and Developing Countries: The Case of Brazil
Authors: Banta H. David
Published: May 2005

Developing countries, faced with severe resource limitations, are trying to develop modern health care services that deliver sensible medical technologies. Because of their lack of development, these countries must import much technology, while often lacking the expertise to make wise choices. In this article, the case of Brazil is examined. Brazil has shared many of the problems of other developing countries, including inadequate access of the population to health services, maldistribution and excessive use of technology, a relatively weak national industry for production of drugs and medical devices, a weak policy structure for dealing with medical technology, and little tradition of using research or policy analysis as a guide to action. Since the election in 1985 that returned Brazil to democratic rule, the government has taken active steps to address many of these problems. The example of Brazil is important for all of the developing world to examine and follow, where applicable. In addition, North American and European aid programs could play a much more constructive role in helping less developed countries develop their health care services. International organizations such as the World Health Organization must also be active in assisting such countries to improve their decisions concerning medical technology.
Linked Pairs of Bereayed Persons: A Method for Increasing the Sample Size in a Study of Bereavement
Authors: Murphy Shirley A. , Stewart Barbara J.
Published: May 2005

Methods of obtaining representative and adequate sized samples from potentially high-risk bereaved persons have had limited discussion in the literature. This article describes a sampling strategy used to obtain bereaved respondents for a study designed to examine loss and coping responses following a recent natural disaster. Linked pairs of persons, that is, the selection of two bereaved participants for each deceased disaster victim lessened a potential sampling dilemma. However, it cannot be assumed that study questionnaire scores obtained from the linked pairs are indeed independent observations. The statistical analysis used to support the independence of scores between the pairs is delineated. Thus, the sampling procedure appeared not to produce an obvious bias and was very beneficial in meeting the research objectives.
A Comparative Analysis of Computer Skills of Business Students in Singapore and Southern California
Authors: Khan M. B. , Goren Gabriel
Published: May 2005

This research performs a comparative analysis of basic computer skills of students in business schools of two universities—one in Southern California and the other in Singapore. A significantly higher number of students in Singapore are found to be knowledgeable in all areas of computer skills except data base. Computer accessibility in both universities varies according to the racial background of students, giving one or two groups distinct advantage over the others. While more students of Southern California have heard about the Internet, the use of this service is more widespread in Singapore. The study implies a need in the very near future for change in the basic information systems course presently taught at universities.
The Internet as an Information Resource for Older Adults
Authors: DeOllos Ione Y. , Morris David C.
Published: May 2005

Three developments or trends that exemplify modern, post-industrial societies are: the invention and proliferation of the Personal Computer, the emergence of the Internet as a technological and social force, and the inexorable aging of our and other populations. The principle focus of this article is an examination, analysis, and critique of current Web sites that are directed primarily at the interest and concerns of older adults. The article offers practical suggestions for improvement in Web sites that will promote their use by older adults, thus linking and integrating older users into an increasingly technological and communication-oriented society.
Thanatological Theory and My Dying Father
Authors: Leviton Dan
Published: May 2005

This introspective, first-person account describes those thanatologically-oriented theories or conceptions which were useful to the son/thanatologist in helping his father toward an appropriate death. Those theories that were particularly useful were a variation of stress theory developed by the author, symbolic interaction theory, psychological and social ambivalence theory, the concept of awareness of finitude, and the regressive intervention concept. The concept of “appropriate death” provided a path and goal that were quite utilitarian. Discussion centered around the need to understand individual differences allowing the dying individual to choose that which is appropriate for him or her throughout the dying process. Second, although it is fashionable to suggest the need for research which would allow greater specificity of prediction and deeper understanding, it is suggested that one learns and grows in dealing with the unpredicted. Evaluative data indicated that a large death education class taught by the instructor found that the day-by-day account of the dying process was valuable in terms of “forever remembering the death education course and the lessons learned in the autobiographical account” and that “the experience made the professor more human in the eyes of the students.” Finally, differences in working with the dying parent as compared to other clients were briefly discussed in terms of the quality and quantity of the human bond.
Rational Suicide and the Terminally Ill Cancer Patient
Authors: Siegel Karolynn , Tuckel Peter
Published: May 2005

In recent years societal attitudes toward suicide among the terminally ill have become increasingly tolerant. These sentiments have become embodied in “Rational Suicide” movements. The central underlying premise of the rational suicide position is that terminally ill patients (of which the cancer patient has served as the prototypal case) have a greater propensity for suicide growing out of their desire to escape overwhelming pain and despair. This assumption is found to be unsubstantiated when examined in light of existing statistical and clinical data. In addition, the implications of providing legal sanctions to safeguard the right of the terminally ill to end their own lives are explored.
The Psychosomatic Approach in the Practice of Medicine
Authors: Spaulding William B.
Published: May 2005

The psychosomatic approach requires of the practitioner broad knowledge and skills relevant to the psychosocial, metabolic and physical responses of patients. The approach, being holistic, becomes appropriate in many different clinical situations (and should not be restricted to a few so-called psychosomatic diseases). Wise physicians and perceptive laymen have recognized the validity of an holosomatic approach for over 4000 years. Although the prevalence and incidence of psychosomatic disturbances are difficult to estimate (and probably underestimated in many surveys), data support the statement that family physicians should employ a psychosomatic approach in at least 15 per cent of cases. The general internist will probably encounter primarily psychosomatic disturbances in about 30 per cent of his patients; for example, many common presenting symptoms such as fatigue and chest pain arise in a setting of psychological stress. Apart from a sound knowledge of the genesis and manifestations of metabolic and structural changes, the physician must be familiar with the causes and symptoms of psychological disorders. Skillful interviewing and history-taking provide the data necessary to analyze and unravel psychosomatic interplay. Psychotherapeutic interviews often enable both the patient and the physician to understand the clinical problem: this understanding appears to aid recovery.
The Effect of a Graphic Interface on Participation, Interaction and Student Achievement in a Computer-Mediated Small-Group Discussion
Authors: Ahern Terence C.
Published: May 2005

The goal of this research was to investigate the effects of interface design on the participation, interaction, and achievement of students in a computer-mediated small-group discussion. Previous research indicated that computer-mediated communication systems encouraged a breakdown in the normative constraints of social interaction. Because of the unrestricted ability to participate within a computer-mediated system, any member may interject a comment or response that is out of sync with the rest of the group. This creates havoc with the flow of an interaction because the member was not properly cognizant of the current state of the discussion, through reading the preceding comments by other group members. This study investigated whether this breakdown in normative structure could be repaired by redesigning the user interface. Consequently, specific software was designed and developed to investigate this question. One version of the software used a graphic-based interface while the second version utilized the more traditional text-based interface. A sample of sixty-five students participated in the study. Subjects in the graphic-based version sent more messages and addressed them more often to an individual than subjects using the text-based interface. There was, however, no difference in the amount of participation or achievement between the two conditions. The results of this study suggest that it is possible to design an interface that encourages the use of constraints normative to group interaction. This has important implications for small-group instruction.
Do Family Physicians and Internists Differ in Knowledge, Attitudes, and Self-Reported Approaches for Depression?
Authors: Gallo Joseph J. , Meredith Lisa S. , Gonzales Junius , Cooper Lisa A. , Nutting Paul , Ford Daniel E. , Rubenstein Lisa , Rost Kathryn , Wells Kenneth B. ,   Quality Improvement for Depression Consortium
Published: May 2005

Objectives:

The purpose of this investigation was to assess the relationship of primary care specialty training with self-assessed skill, knowledge, attitudes, and behavior toward depression recognition and management.

Method:

A baseline self-report questionnaire was administered to 184 internists and 138 family physicians participating in a multisite depression intervention study.

Results:

There were no marked differences in knowledge of internists and family physicians regarding depression, in attitudes about the effectiveness of specific therapies, or in barriers to providing optimum treatment for depression. However, compared to internists, family physicians rated themselves as more skilled in the management of depression. When considering management of patients with moderate to severe depression, family physicians were more likely to report that they prescribed a selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (relative odds (RO) = 3.51, 95 percent Confidence interval (CI) [2.19, 5.60] and to personally counsel patients (RO = 1.97, 95 percent CI [1.16, 3.38]) more than half the patients, but were less likely to refer to a specialist in mental health (RO = 0.52, 95 percent CI [0.33, 0.82]) than were internists. Additional potentially influential characteristics did not wholly account for the reported differences in practice according to specialty. Physicians of both specialties expressed considerable uncertainty in their knowledge of psychotherapy and in their evaluation of the effectiveness of other strategies for the prevention of recurrence of depression.

Conclusion:

Strategies to improve mental health care should account for the orientation of primary care physicians to mental health issues.
Empowerment in a Supplementary Food Program in a Rural Community in Ghana
Authors: Barimah Kofi Bobi , Nelson Geoffrey
Published: May 2005

This article examines the concept of empowerment in the context of a supplementary food program in a rural community in Ghana. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were used to understand key empowerment processes and outcomes for women and their children. While the women felt positively about the outcomes of the program, they were less satisfied with program processes. Self-determination of the mothers and service-provider conduct were predictive of positive outcomes. The qualitative data served to temper the positive quantitative outcome data in showing that mothers are dependent on the food program. The findings were discussed in terms of the concept of empowerment and its implications for social change and program improvement.
Defensive Aesthetics for the Technical Writer
Authors: Marder Daniel , Guinn Dorothy Margaret
Published: May 2005

Requirements of accuracy in technical writing overwhelm considerations of stylistic grace. Analysis of the resulting technical style, however, often reveals a discrepancy between technical and verbal accuracy. The object of verbal form is an accommodation between grace and accuracy. Several avenues to achieve this accommodation are presented from Martin Buber's I and Thou to psycholinguist theorists such as George Miller and Walter Kintsch. Linguistic theory and literacy analysis can also provide means of reestablishing grace, not as replacement, but in contention with technical accuracy. The aims of technical discourse, like that of all other discourse, should include the gracefulness of one human being speaking to another.
State-Level Infant, Neonatal, and Postneonatal Mortality: The Contribution of Selected Structural Socioeconomic Variables
Authors: Bird Sheryl Thorburn , Bauman Karl E.
Published: May 2005

Reducing infant mortality in the United States is a national priority. States' infant mortality rates vary substantially. Public health researchers, practitioners, and leaders have long argued that social and other structural factors must be addressed if health outcomes are to be improved. A knowledge of which structural variables are most strongly related to state-level infant mortality is needed to guide the development of policies and programs to reduce this mortality. The authors examine the importance of several structural (social, economic, and political) variables for state-level infant, neonatal, and postneonatal mortality. With the state as the unit of analysis, data for all 50 states were analyzed using multiple regression. Together, the structural variables accounted for two-thirds of the variance in infant and neonatal mortality rates and over half of the variance in postneonatal mortality rates. States with proportionately larger black populations had higher infant, neonatal, and postneonatal mortality rates. States with greater percentages of high school graduates had lower neonatal mortality rates but higher postneonatal mortality rates. The findings suggest that a better understanding of the relationship between states' social structure and infant health outcomes is needed if state-level infant mortality is to be reduced.
Latin American Health Policy and Additive Reform: The Case of Guatemala
Authors: Fiedler John L.
Published: May 2005

Until the mid-1960s, the market-based, dependent-development-conditioned structure of Latin American health systems reflected the skewed distribution of wealth in the region: most (including government) health resources were found in curative care medicine and were concentrated in the capital cities, where they primarily served the needs of the elite. But for many countries of the area, the 1964 PAHO-led efforts to introduce health planning, intended as a first step in rationalizing the health sector, marked a fundamental turning point in the structural development of their delivery systems. Since then, this commitment has been reaffirmed in the Latin American Ministers of Health's 1973 adoption of the primary care approach as the cornerstone of their national health plans, and their ongoing endorsement and pursuit of “Health For All by 2000.” Guatemala, however, was and remains an exception. Guatemalan technocrats have proven unable to plan effectively. But, far more fundamentally, the Guatemalan oligarchy has proven unwilling to appropriate the resources necessary to effect change. The reforms that have been made have been the products of bilateral and multilateral agencies, which have conceptualized, promoted, designed, built, and underwritten them. Those changes have not altered the fundamental structure of the system, but instead have been tacked onto it, and exemplify what may be termed “additive reform.” Evidence suggests that without the continued sponsorship, support, and guidance of the bilateral and multilateral agencies, even these “reforms” will prove evanescent.
Introductory Statement: Methodologic Issues in Population Planning
Authors: Mosley W. Henry
Published: May 2005

The three papers in this section explore the current status of methodologies in population planning as they are being developed and applied at three operational levels: policy formation, program planning, and program implementation. A common theme which emerges from these papers concerns the substantial limitation in the methodologies for providing a rational basis for guiding policy formation, program planning, and implementation. The deficiencies in current methodologies are best reflected in the debates and wide variations of opinions expressed throughout this volume on fundamental issues of population policy and programming, issues that could be examined critically and analytically if the methodologies were adequately developed.
Tools for the Study of Verse
Authors: Grimaud Michel
Published: May 2005

Closing remarks on the discussion of “Foundations of Verse” in this issue. A recurring topic, the use of instrumentation, is approached within a historical and methodological framework, with emphasis on the need for more methodological variety and sophistication in experimental work and an emphasis on the need for collaboration of psycholinguists with literary scholars. Gaps in the field of verse studies are emphasized, especially the lack of give-and-take between local studies (the versification of single poems) and global studies of a historical or comparative nature. The nature of basic reference tools needed by verse specialists is discussed as is the new feasibility of such a project in the age of computers.
Perspectives on Technology and Education Research: Lessons from the Past and Present
Authors: Honey Margaret , Culp Katherine McMillan , Carrigg Fred
Published: May 2005

This paper looks back on the past three decades of educational technology research as a basis for discussing where this field of research is heading, and identifying some of the most promising directions for the future development of technology's role in education. The collaborative efforts of the Center for Children and Technology and the Union City, New Jersey, school district are discussed to illustrate many of the lessons learned about how educational technology research and systemic school improvement efforts can best be coordinated with one another.
Model-Building and the Use of Computer Simulation of Dynamic Systems
Authors: Mandinach Ellen B.
Published: May 2005

The Systems Thinking and Curriculum Innovation (STACI) Project is a multi-year research effort intended to examine the cognitive impact of learning from a systems thinking approach to instruction and from using simulation-modeling software. Systems thinking is an analytic problem solving tool that can be integrated into courses to supplement and enhance instruction in a variety of content areas. The purpose of the study is to test the potentials and effects of using the technology-based approach in secondary school curricula to teach content-specific knowledge as well as general problem solving skills. The research focuses on the effects of introducing a software environment that enables students to learn from and make concrete multiple representations of scientific, mathematical, and historical phenomena.
The Relationship of Cigarette Smoking and other Substance Use among College Students
Authors: Gray Nancy L.
Published: May 2005

A questionnaire relating to cigarette smoking behavior and use of other substances was administered to 863 college students in the state of Oregon. Results indicated that there was not a significant difference between cigarette smokers and non-smokers with regard to use of smokeless tobacco, alcohol consumption, or marijuana use. There was, however, a significant difference in the use of other illicit substances when comparing cigarette smokers and non-smokers. Cigarette smokers were much more likely to use illicit substances on an occasional or regular basis than were non-smokers. Smokeless tobacco users who indicated that they consumed alcohol and used marijuana and other illicit substances were more likely to consume more alcohol on a weekly basis than non-users. They were also more likely to use marijuana and other illicit substances on an occasional and regular basis.
Key Factors in the Use and Frequency of Use of Microcomputers by College Students
Authors: Malaney Gary D. , Thurman Quint
Published: May 2005

There has been a steady increase in the use of microcomputers on college campuses in recent years, and as a result, more interest in studying microcomputer use. The purpose of this research is to examine some of the factors that predict which undergraduates use microcomputers and how much they use them. To this end, the Student Affairs Research and Evaluation Office at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst conducted a telephone survey of a random sample of 308 undergraduates. The results show that three variables—computer access, expected future computer use, and prior computer use before entering college—explain almost one-half of the variance in identifying microcomputer users and nearly one-fifth of the variance in explaining frequency of use.
The Social Context of Occupational Disease: Asbestos and South Africa
Authors: Myers Jonny
Published: May 2005

General issues of industrial health are raised in relation to the production of asbestos and asbestos-related diseases in South Africa. A historical analysis of these diseases and their control in Britain demonstrates some general problems of occupational diseases with long incubation periods and their implications for capital and labor. In order to understand the role of the research establishment, an attempt is made to situate the state in the conflict between capital and labor. The terms and weapons of this ideological arena are investigated. The South African situation is then discussed. Its evident weaknesses—the lack of statutory limits on exposure, capital's responsibility for monitoring exposure and health, the inefficiency of the state inspection, and the meagerness and racial disparities in compensation—are related to the weakness of organized labor. These weaknesses are linked to the movement of certain industrial processes, finally acknowledged as unsafe by most academic research, away from the developed countries. In these countries, the strength of labor and environmental organizations has caused a decline in capitalist productivity.
Psychiatric Liaison on a Neoplastic Inpatient Service
Authors: Leigh Hoyle
Published: May 2005

Psychiatric liaison on an inpatient neoplastic service provides unique opportunities for medical and nursing staff to gain psychological understanding of patients in general and to improve communication for the welfare of the patient. The natural anxiety generated by facing dying patients can work as a catalyst in bridging the conceptual gap between medicine and psychiatry. The psychiatrist can point out in a group setting that such anxiety is shared by everyone, including the psychiatrist. The anxiety-provoking dilemma to tell or not to tell the “truth” to cancer patients should depend on an accurate understanding of the patients' communications. “Telling the truth” does not always relieve the physician's anxiety; many doctors feel more uncomfortable and more avoidant of the patient afterwards because they are unprepared to deal frankly with the topic of death once it has been exposed.
Gender, Race, Class, and Aging: Advances and Opportunities
Authors: Dressel Paula , Minkler Meredith , Yen Irene
Published: May 2005

Key debates in social science and health research have centered on how to increase the inclusiveness of such research and hence its relevance for understanding the intersections of race, class, gender, and aging. This article uses gerontology as a case in point, examining the challenges of inclusivity and interlocking oppressions/intersectionality for better apprehending how broad structural factors shape and determine the experience of aging and growing old. The authors discuss alternative hypotheses being used to explore inequalities in the aging experience and the limitations of current concepts and methods. Promising new developments in sociology, epidemiology, and other fields are described in terms of their relevance for better understanding the dynamic interplay of race, class, gender, and aging.
The Rhetoric of Emotion, with a Note on What Makes Great Literature Great
Authors: Averill James R.
Published: May 2005

Art and literature appeal to the emotions as well as to the intellect. The nature of that appeal, is not well understood; this is due, in part, to the fact that the emotions themselves are not well understood. Great literature, it is sometimes suggested, appeals to emotions that are basic to human nature. An alternative suggestion is that great literature refines, stretches, and ultimately transforms the emotions. These suggestions reflect two very different views of emotion: according to the first view, emotions…at least the so-called “basic” emotions…are innate responses that “in essence” remain invariant across time and culture; according to the second view, emotions are subject to creative change…fundamentally, not just in their outward expression. In this article, I present arguments in favor of the second view, and I propose that great literature challenges us to be creative in the emotional as in the intellectual domain…indeed, that these two domains of creativity are not distinct. Several sources of data attest to the ability of people to be emotionally creative; the present analysis focuses on the on-line construction (microgenesis) of emotional episodes, drawing on insights from the study of rhetoric.
Death Anxiety and Self-Esteem in Young Children with Aids: A Sense of Hope
Authors: Ireland Mary
Published: May 2005

This study used Roger's science of unitary human beings nursing model and the theory of accelerating change to examine young children who have AIDS. Differences in death anxiety and self-esteem were compared among thirty-five healthy and thirty-five AIDS-diagnosed African-American and Latino children. Each child was individually administered the screening tool, the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised, the Thematic Instrument for Measuring Death Anxiety in Children, and the Pictorial Scale of Perceived Competence and Social Acceptance. The AIDS-diagnosed children did not manifest more death anxiety nor lower self-esteem than healthy peers. These findings are in contrast to previous studies about fatally ill children which routinely reported them to have high levels of death concern and low levels of self-worth. They provide a different framework for understanding the emotional needs of children with AIDS.
Individuation-Attachment and Suicide Trajectory: A Developmental Guide FOR the Clinician
Authors: Kaplan Kalman J. , Worth Shirley A.
Published: May 2005

This article applies a two-axis model of human development to the problem of suicide trajectory. The two-axis approach represents a fundamental shift in the way Eriksonian stages are viewed. Typical interpretations of Erikson suggest healthy development is achieved by resolving each stage crisis horizontally in favor of the syntonic as opposed to the dystonic ego quality. A two-axis view proposes that an organism begins each stage at the negative or dystonic position in reaction to the stage-initiating life event and must move ahead vertically to achieve the positive syntonic quality and the attaining of a stage-specific syntonic equilibrium.

We are suggesting that successful development involves not the avoidance of the negative or dystonic ego qualities at each stage but the very plunging into each of them as the natural sequela of the preceding life event. Successful development involves working through a stage vertically to attain the respective stage-specific positive or syntonic ego position, followed by forward regression to the next advanced stage. The logic of this developmental axis is simply that the loosening of one's defenses (i.e., greater permeability of walls) should occur in conjunction with the strengthening of one's ego (i.e., greater definition of boundaries).

Incongruent resolution of the individuation-attachment dilemma results in “enmeshment” (attachment to the external world without individuation), or in “disengagement” (remaining detached even after becoming sufficiently individuated). Extreme distress can result from the attempt to simultaneously apply enmeshed and disengaged styles to cope with the overwhelming challenges of the new life stage, creating a potentially suicidal level of stress.
Communication and Perceived Performance in Organizations
Authors: Dixon Thomas C.
Published: May 2005

The paper assumes that communication is an elementary social act. It follows, therefore, that, in organizations, communication should be viewed as constituting other higher level processes. In order to test the truth of these assumptions, a general model of behavior in organizations is proposed, and communication data used as a measure of variation in the abstract variables of the model. Data analyses support the hypotheses that personal dispositions and social status influence work effort, and that work effort and satisfaction (with the organization generally, and with the department) determine worker performance. The analyses, therefore, also support the initial assumptions.