bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Training and power in franchise systems: the example of the UK automotive industry
Authors: Davey‐Rafer Marie‐Raphaële
Published: July 2002

Discusses the issue of power in franchise systems and the consequences it has on the relationships between manufacturers/franchisers and dealers/franchisees. Attention is paid to the training issue, as it is a significant variable in the “franchise package” which is provided by the franchiser to the franchisees, and through the literature proves to be a determining source of power possessed and employed by the manufacturer/franchiser over the dealer/franchisee. The literature review shows that there has been relatively little academic research on this issue. Training has been researched as part of the “assistance” or “general support” provided by the manufacturer, but not as a factor in its own right. An analysis of the current trends characterising the training provisions within the UK car industry and their implications on power relationships between manufacturers and dealers is presented. Training appears to be a source of power possessed and employed by the car manufacturers and, thus, it confirms that the car manufacturers highly control and influence the training area.
The challenges of telementoring
Authors: Woodd Maureen
Published: July 2002

This paper explores the concept of mentoring from a distance and uses a case study of a mentoring relationship to examine some of the issues. Using a new definition of mentoring by Wighton (1993) to explore the meaning of mentoring using telematics, the issues of how we communicate are discussed. The need to develop new ways of communicating is advocated, with reference made to the needs of small businesses. The differences, benefits and weaknesses are discussed, together with a realisation that in‐depth communication of feelings, personal and difficult problems are unlikely to be discussed without well tested face to face dialogue.
Training in small business retailing: testing human capital theory
Authors: Fernández Barcala Marta , José Sanzo Pérez María , Trespalacios Gutiérrez Juan Antonio
Published: July 2002

Analyses the training demand in the retail sector based on the study of a representative sample of small‐sized retailers. By means of probit models a set of hypotheses developed from the basic assumptions of the human capital theory are tested. Four models of training demand are considered: probability of attending a training course in the near future, probability of having attended in the past, probability of being willing to follow multimedia and correspondence courses, and probability of repeating the experience of attending another training course in the near future. In particular, we determined how the retailer’s age, sex, educational level and the business sector, location and size, the quality of training previously received, the suitability of the costs and scheduling of the training courses, among other variables, significantly influence the probability of small‐sized retailers attending training courses.
Hybrid deterministic/stochastic fuzzy methods for the optimization of electromagnetic devices
Authors: Alotto P. , Girdinio P. , Molinari G. , Nervi M.
Published: July 2002

Discusses the combined use of a modified version of the global optimization technique simulated annealing and a deterministic optimizer based on Shor’s method. Describes the features of the proposed technique and reports on some results regarding a standard benchmark problem.
New directions in computational modelling
Authors: Trowbridge Bill
Published: July 2002

Introduction to three panel presentations on possible future trends in computational electromagnetics held during the Compumag Conference at Sapporo, Japan in November 1999. The status of the subject is outlined followed by a survey of contemporary developments in fundamentals which may influence future developments.
Combined finite element and Laplace transform method for transient solution of flow‐induced fields
Authors: Tahani A. , Salon S.J. , Chari M.V.K.
Published: July 2002

Proposes a coupled finite element and Laplace transform algorithm for the numerical modelling of the electrification phenomena and the transient analysis of the flow‐induced electric fields in insulating tubes carrying charged dielectric liquid. Checks the validity and accuracy of the method by applying it to certain models, for which the experimental results have been documented and other models for which analytical solutions can be found.
Arclength continuation methods and applications to 2D drift‐diffusion semiconductor equations
Authors: El Boukili A.
Published: July 2002

Shows how a strongly non‐linear semiconductor equation can be solved via homotopy deformation methods combined with the arclength continuation procedures. The fundamental goal of these methods is to overcome the instabilities or the failure of the classical Newton‐Raphson’s schemes which appear when the non‐linearity is strong or near limit or bifurcation points. The system, in its artificial transient form, is discretized by the non‐linear implicit scheme with local time steps. Uses the mixed finite element (MFE) approach. Presents numerical results, in two dimension, for a realistic device: an Abrupt Heterojunction Bipolar Transistor working as an amplifier.
A fast algorithm to compute the moments of the exponential function for application to semiconductor modelling
Authors: Sartoris Guido E.
Published: July 2002

Presents a fast numerical method for computing the lowest degree moments of the exponential function for a segment, square or cubic domain. An exponential function with the argument a multivariate polynomial with a maximum degree of one in each single variable is considered. These kinds of integral are encountered in exponential‐fitting finite element methods. For the 1D and 2D cases, a fast method based on the direct evaluation of the moments is used, whereas for the 3D case, a quadrature of 2D moments is considered together with some schemes based on the knowledge of the integrand function in order to improve the computational efficiency.
Current and voltage wave‐form optimization with non‐linear deformations for real voltage sources
Authors: Siwczynski Maciej , K§losinski Rados§law
Published: July 2002

The article deals with the search for the signals of the real source current or the real source voltage with the help of the ||i ‐ i0|| or ||u0 ‐ u||→ min criteria. At the same time there, one must know the power flux between the source and the receiver. The problem is solved by means of a certain Hilbert space where a special square functional is minimized. Both the inner impedance operator of the source and the receiver operator are non‐linear. The article presents a simple computational algorithm for a two‐terminal circuit, in particular for the circuit consisting of a saturated choking coil and a diode element. This algorithm can be applied to a special class of two‐terminal circuits, i.e. the circuits recognized as linear in case of small signal increase. The optimal current is calculated until it is fixed. This way, one gets a periodic steady state. The algorithm in question is always locally convergent, but the global convergence is difficult to prove. However, many numerical experiments indicate the global convergence. Presents the results in the form of computer plots.
Recent experiences on mixed finite elements for 2D simulations of magnetic fields
Authors: Di Barba P. , Perugia I. , Savini A.
Published: July 2002

A mixed formulation of two‐dimensional magnetostatic problems, where both B and H are unknowns, is considered. The solution is obtained by minimizing the residual of the constitutive law, imposing Maxwell’s equations as constraints by means of Lagrange multipliers. When a finite element discretization involving face and edge elements is applied, we have to solve a linear system whose algebraic treatment presents some difficulties. In the paper, the attention is focused on the computational aspects of the proposed methodology with special emphasis on the choice of algebraic solvers and of possible preconditioning techniques. A case study, concerning the field analysis of a magnetic screen, is presented and discussed.
Numerical investigation of a gas dynamic model for charge transport in semiconductors
Authors: Blokhin A.M. , Iohrdanidy A.A.
Published: July 2002

A mathematical gas dynamic model for semiconductor devices is numerically analysed. The well‐known ballistic diode problem is taken as an example.
Numerical calibration of fluxset probe for quantitative eddy current testing
Authors: Pávó József , Gasparics Antal
Published: July 2002

Fluxset type eddy current probes are used for detecting discontinuities in conducting materials. The measurements obtained by such probes can be used for the reconstruction of the parameters of the detected discontinuity if the output signal of the measurement is uniquely related to the measured field. In this paper a calibration method is presented for the establishment of the relation between the measured magnetic field and the output signal of the probe. The relation is obtained by the optimisation of the parameters of the mapping between the calculated magnetic field distribution and the measured output signal. The magnetic field distribution due to the interaction of the probe and an infinitesimally thin crack located in a conducting plate is calculated numerically by the solution of a boundary integral equation.
Human Emotion Estimation through Facial Expressions
Authors: Lee Edward T.
Published: July 2002

Facial primitives such as eyebrows, eyes and mouth are used for the computer estimation of emotion. Describes how a pictorial knowledge‐base and pictorial knowledge‐tree are constructed from facial primitives in order to identify emotions in humans. Shows how the pictorial knowledge is compiled using a rule‐based knowledge representation. Discusses the future research implications and suggests areas where such computer estimation may be applied.
Recollections of Norbert Wiener, Warren McCulloch and Stafford Beer
Authors: Musès Charles
Published: July 2002

Presents recollections of the scientists who were the pioneers of cybernetics, together with an insight into their personalities and lives. Discusses their individual contributions as the basis for such currently important fields as Artificial Intelligence, Neural Nets, Computer Technology and Robotics. Show these distinguished men as being deeply and vitally involved with larger human and ethical issues.
Experimental Studies of Heuristic Algorithms for Two Level Object Clustering
Authors: Bell David , McErlean Francis
Published: July 2002

The clustering of objects in a layered object storage system is by common consent an exceedingly difficult problem. Studies the performance of three heuristic placement algorithms. A series of eight reasonably realistic case studies were used as a benchmark battery, and several hundred experiments were carried out to evaluate results of using the algorithms. Presents the results and the insights gained from the study.
What Is There to Know?
Authors: Andrew Alex M.
Published: July 2002

The attempt to understand the working of the brain suffers from difficulties of definition, since it is not clear that brains can understand brains, and the nature of “understanding” is essentially subjective. If it is accepted that our thought processes are products of evolution, the principles of rational discourse and science are reflections of the environment rather than inherent in us. Nevertheless they are strongly ingrained and well‐founded, but since their implications are essentially subjective they cannot be distinguished from other assertions that would be classed as “mystical”.
Generalized Jensen difference divergence measures and Fisher measure of information
Authors: Pardo L. , Morales D. , Taneja I.J.
Published: July 2002

Fisher’s amount of information is the most parametric measure in the literature of statistics. However, not for every family of probability density functions do the well‐known regularity assumptions hold. To avoid this problem, several parametric measures have been proposed on the basis of divergence measures. In this work, parametric measures of information are obtained on the basis of the generalized Jensen difference divergence measures. When the regularity assumptions hold, their relations with Fisher’s amount of information are also studied.
Cybernetics of the development process: SPECT system approach
Authors: Madan Sudhir
Published: July 2002

Presents a view of the combinations of the levels of social, political, economical, cultural and technological (SPECT) factors at different points in time pertaining to a human society (or a country) to gain a perspective of the development process. In this direction, a system called SPECT has been recognized in the form of a cybernetic system which is defined by the elements of which it is composed, and by the mutual relations among them. In the broad sense, a set defines the levels of input elements of SPECT factors at a particular point in time; and another set includes the rules of operation, inter‐relationships and its relationship with the external environment. Further, considers a coupling between two SPECT systems in respect of the two societies (or countries) and the vector space properties used for their analysis.
Principal peculiarities of cybernetic systems: a negentropic and evolutionary approach
Authors: Jdanko Alexis V.
Published: July 2002

Describes a functional‐structural scheme of cybernetic or control systems. Analyses, from the evolutionary point of view, some fundamental problems of evolutionary cybernetics (EC) or Evolutionary Cybernetic Systems Theory (ECST). Discusses Norbert Wiener’s cardinal idea that information is a measure of order in contrast with entropy (of thermodynamics) as a measure of disorder, and that, therefore, control, communication and other phenomena of informational nature are means, ways, forms, methods and manifestations of cybernetic systems’ struggle against their (internal) physical entropy, this peculiar character of such systems being expressed in their principal structures and functions.
Facilities management systems and automated mapping systems
Authors: Zheng Peigong , Plenert Gerhard
Published: July 2002

Facilities management (FM) systems and the expanded automated mapping (AM) systems help with the location and maintenance of specific infrastructure systems. Discusses some of the problems encountered in setting up the interface program between FM systems and AM systems, and describes some of the results.
High performance UV‐cured coatings containing fluorinated monomers
Authors: Bongiovanni R. , Malucelli G. , Priola A.
Published: July 2002

UV‐curable systems based on the copolymerisation of a typical acrylic resin with low amount of fluorinated monomers (less than 1 per cent w/w) were prepared. The bulk properties of the films were unchanged, while a strong modification of the surface was obtained, depending on the monomer structure, on its concentration and on the type of substrate.
Passing on the Baton
Authors: Tin Low Guat , Choy Chong Keng , Walker Allan
Published: July 2002

Examines the benefits of the mentoring component in the one‐year Diploma
of Educational Administration programme offered by the National
Institute of Education, to the education system in Singapore. Thirty‐six
mentors involved in the programme since its inception in 1984 were
invited to give their views on the benefits of the mentor/ protege
programme. Thematic analysis of their responses showed that the most
common theme which emerged was that of reciprocal learning. Mentors
learn through helping others to learn. Through the mentoring programme,
the educational system benefits as there is a pool of potential
principals ready to take the helm of leadership in the schools. The
programme also helps to ensure there is a possibility of systemic
renewal and that of systemic repeat, i.e. practices which are passed on
to the next generation of leaders.
National Educational Priorities:
Authors: Crowther Frank , Gaffney Michael
Published: July 2002

Describes Australian teachers′ perceptions of their professional
development needs if they are to be successful in implementing emerging
national priorities. Also describes some of the outcomes of a nationwide
research project that was conducted with representatives of professional
teacher associations in May 1993. Discusses key questions such as: what
are Australian teachers′ immediate needs in relation to effective
implementation of emerging national priorities in school education? What
are teachers′ perceptions of “best practices” in professional development?
Concludes that Australia′s teachers will support the further development
and implementation of national priorities provided that a range of
professional needs can be met. Announcement of the $60 million National
Professional Development Program (NPDP) suggests cause for optimism in
this respect.
The Deming Approach to Education
Authors: Yoshida Kosaku
Published: July 2002

Compares the values and practices in primary to secondary state schools
in the USA and Japan in the light of Dr W. Edwards Deming′s philosophy.
Deming teaches that the first step towards improving quality is reducing
the variation in products. If our students are considered the products
of our educational system, student performance must be uniform for
quality education to be achieved. However, this concept is currently
missing from the tradition of American education because emphasis of
competitiveness, a contributing factor to widening the variation, is a
prominent and deeply ingrained characteristic of American culture. On
the other hand, the Japanese school system traditionally encourages
co‐operation at all levels, from the national and prefectural levels
down to school districts and individual schools, from administrators to
teachers and students, to reduce the variation in students′ performance.
These Japanese educational practices and current issues in American
education, such as choice of school programme and national standards in
education, are evaluated from the perspective of Deming philosophy.
Application of soft systems methodology to the real world process
of teaching and learning
Authors: Patel Nandish V.
Published: July 2002

Much educational practice taught at teaching colleges regarding the
process of teaching and learning is derived from a theoretical base.
Less is based on lessons learned from the observation of the actual
process of teaching and learning. Undergraduate teachers and mature
practitioners are left with unstructured and unsystematic personal
reflections of the process of teaching and learning for meeting any
deficiencies they may have perceived. Soft systems methodology is an
approach that can fill this lacuna. It provides a structured and
systematic as well as systemic, approach for analysing actual practices
in organized human activities, or human activity systems, such as the
institution of education. The methodology is of particular benefit for
analysing the process of teaching and learning because it does not
require starting the process as an identified and precisely defined
problem requiring a commensurate solution, yet it is still capable of
generating recommendations for improving the process. The methodology is
applied to this process to discover whether it can reveal hitherto
unrecognized teaching and learning activities which can be used to
improve the process in question.
School‐based planning:
Authors: Giles Corrie
Published: July 2002

With the introduction in 1988 of a system of site‐based management
in England and Wales, schools are now operating in a radically altered
planning context in which responsibility for strategic planning has been
delegated from local education authorities (LEAs) to individual schools.
Although school development planning has been widely adopted by LEAs in
the UK as a rational approach to site‐based planning, indicative
research suggests that strategic planning in a sample of schools
operating in the newly decentralized environment has been slower to
develop in practice than originally anticipated. Evidence of a lack of a
coherent planning process in schools casts doubt on their ability to
operate successfully in the strategic vacuum likely to be created if the
gradual demise of LEAs continues. Suggests that if schools are to take
full advantage of the opportunities offered by site‐based management to
plan and sustain their own long‐term improvement and development, a
thorough review may be needed by central government of their existing
laissez faireattitudes towards site‐based planning, if there is
not to be considerable long‐term damage to the national education
service as a whole.
Assessment‐led curriculum development in action
Authors: Clarke Paul , Christie Tom
Published: July 2002

The introduction of the national curriculum into primary schools in
England and Wales requires schools to respond to a range of centrally
determined initiatives. The national curriculum structure is based on a
ten‐level assessment scale, which offers a definition of progression
through the statutory programmes of study. The requirement to monitor
progress of individual children against this ten‐level scale has
triggered a range of school responses. Explores the effectiveness of
such responses and asks whether there is evidence that the ten‐level
scale is assisting schools to improve performance. Describes
observations of assessment‐related change in seven schools over a period
of nine school terms. Types of changes are identified, and evaluated
against five attributes of school effectiveness.
Developing strategic planning in a special education service
Authors: Saker Jim , Speed Richard
Published: July 2002

Contends that, although strategic management and marketing techniques have been widely recognized as useful outside the profit‐making sector, strategic planning is one technique which does not appear to have been widely adopted. Reports the development of strategic plans in an educational service for the hearing‐impaired. Discusses the poor applicability of conventional (formalized, comprehensive, linear) planning techniques to the situation of the service and outlines the development of an alternative model, based on a more informal, holistic approach.
The contracting resource base: a catalyst for educational administration reform
Authors: Bond Richard , Giles Corrie
Published: July 2002

Explains that the Canadian federal government has recently cut $800 million in transfer payments for education to the provinces, with further cuts planned for the next two years. Consequently, there is growing concern among administrators and professional educators as to the likely impact of these developments in Ontario. Examines the impact of incremental resource reductions on an Ontario board of education. Puts forward proposals aimed at improving the management of educational resources in Ontario, in particular means of supporting teachers and service quality in schools, and yet retaining equity of educational provision.
Moving towards a quality climate at the University of Cyprus
Authors: Pashiardis Petros
Published: July 2002

Provides an overview of some of the findings of a recently completed study of school choice in 33 local schools which may be indicative of the effect of an increase in the marketisation of schools. Since it is unlikely that debate over parental choice can be settled by theoretical argument alone and it may also be too early to understand the full implications of the relevant recent government reforms in the UK, results from research in other sectors of education can be used in the interim. Presents research which is partly based on a limited market model of cheap fee‐paying schools. This market has been established for a long time, and so some of the benefits or damage caused by markets in education may already be observable in operation.
Auditing staff‐management communication in schools: a framework for evaluating performance
Authors: Tourish Dennis , Hargie Owen
Published: July 2002

Communication is the lifeblood of any organisation. The need for effective internal communication systems is particularly crucial when organisations, such as schools, are operating in a turbulent environment of rapid and sustained change. Schools must be innovative to be able to respond and adapt to the challenges presented by such changes. It is now increasingly evident that those organisations which promote good internal communication reap positive dividends in meeting these challenges. However, there is a need for hard data on the nature, structure, flow and practice of communication to ensure that the most effective systems are put in place and are working to the optimal level. To achieve this a method of investigation, the communication audit, has been developed which allows for a thorough‐going analysis of internal organisational communication. Explores the principal tools utilised in the implementation of a communication audit, and discusses the benefits which this approach offers to school management teams.
Class, consumerism and education
Authors: Leo Doyle John
Published: July 2002

Contemporary views concerning the management of change in the literature on organizational theory deal with the issue of change on two levels. The first is descriptive and seeks to perceive and list manifestations of change. The second is analytical and attempts to categorize change in terms of abstract concepts. Aims to apply a dialectical analysis to the nature of change in organizations in order to highlight the fact that social class as an issue in management theory has become marginalized. Intends to argue that the application of laissez‐faire economics to welfare provision, especially in the sphere of education, is continuing to result in an unequitable system. As educationalists, if we seriously wish to provide an equitable system of education we need to develop a critique of how programmes of legislation, not just education, but also in areas such as housing and social services, are funded for specific purposes by central government. It is inadvisable to assume that these programmes will have the achievement of equality of provisions as a central objective.
Distance learning: short‐term gain, long‐term commitment ‐ a case study
Authors: Hunt Cheryl
Published: July 2002

Presents a case study illustrating practical management and quality issues which have underpinned the transition of a Master of Education course from a traditional to a distance learning format. The background and development of the course are described, including the rationale for, personal experience and some consequences of, “translating” traditional teaching into text‐based materials. A summary is given of criteria currently used to define quality within the course but concerns about maintaining quality whilst also reacting to changing external and internal constraints are highlighted. It is suggested that the short‐term gains of participating in the distance learning market are attractive, increasing participation in a course which might not otherwise be sustainable. However, participation in this market should not be regarded as a means of doing more with less. If quality is to be maintained, academic tutorial staff need to make a long‐term commitment to reflection on their own practice, and require support in this initiative from the managers of educational institutions.
The importance of department heads in the development of teacher support for school vision
Authors: Abolghasemi Mahmood , McCormick John , Conners Robert
Published: July 2002

Investigates how high school department heads may play a role in the alignment of teachers with a principal’s vision for the school. A survey study based on a theoretical position of the high school as a loosely‐coupled system consisting of departments with distinct subcultures and department heads who are influential leaders is reported. As expected, principal components and multiple regression analyses suggest that behaviours of the principal which emphasise and reinforce the school vision, predict the extent to which teachers support the principal’s vision. However, the congruence of department heads and the principal, in terms of school vision, is a much stronger predictor of teachers’ support for the vision. To a lesser extent, stronger structural coupling between departments also contributes to teachers’ support of the school vision.
Education under the municipal administration in Pakistan
Authors: Ahmed Choudhry Ishtiaq
Published: July 2002

The elementary education system in Pakistan is fragmented into state controlled, municipal, and private education. The first is over‐controlled under the hierarchical structure, without any system of accountability or democratic control and is subject to political intervention. In urban areas, elementary education is totally left to the municipalities. Owing to their multi‐purpose nature, lack of clarity in the local government laws, and absence of central discipline and administrative control, the real interest of education could never be guaranteed among the municipalities. The political and administrative élite are fulfilling their educational needs from private sector, which is expanding speedily under the auspices of the government. Practically, State and Municipal education is left only to the poor people, who have no say in society. In such circumstances the only option is the establishment of the “education authorities” at division, district or the local level. This step will ensure the involvement of the related interests in planning, administration and maintenance of the educational institutions. It will also enhance a sense of participation and accountability among the educational community and equip the system with local knowledge.
The impact of underfill properties on the thermomechanical reliability of FCOB assembly
Authors: Lu Jicun , Wu Jianhua , Pin Liew Yih , Beng Lim Thiam , Zong Xiangfu
Published: July 2002

The impact of underfill properties on the thermomechanical reliability of flip chip on board (FCOB) assembly is addressed in this paper. FCOB assemblies using three underfill encapsulants were subjected to a thermal cycling test. The performance of the underfill encapsulants was assessed by a statistical analysis of the failure distribution of the FCOB assemblies. The failure modes in the thermal cycling test were found to be solder joint cracks, delamination at underfill/chip passivation interface, and underfill internal cracks. An attempt was made to correlate these failures with underfill properties such as the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), modulus, glass transition temperature (Tg), and adhesive strength to the chip. Additionally, nonlinear finite element analysis (FEA) was conducted to verify the experimental results.
TBGA reliability in telecom environment
Authors: Pennanen Virpi , Tammenmaa Markku , Reinikainen Tommi , Zhu Jiansen , Lin Wei
Published: July 2002

Owing to the demands of increasing I/O counts and thermal performance BGA (ball grid array) type packaging concepts are rapidly gaining in popularity. Use of various modelling tools is an obvious way to save resources by discarding the most unreliable solutions before wasting testing capacity. A testing procedure was created and then evaluated. Two components were assembled on test boards and the assembled boards were temperature cycled from –40 to +125°C. Parametric 3D FE‐models (finite element) of the components were generated and models were verified. Environmental conditions were added to assess the lifetimes of the assemblies in the targeted environment. Some differences in the TBGAs board level reliability were found. With all contributions of parameters the first failures happened after 1,000 cycles. FE‐modelling combined with accelerated stress testing proved to be an effective tool for test result analysis and for rationalising the test sequences.
Influences of storage conditions on component cracking
Authors: Feldmann Klaus , Feuerstein Robert , Götz Knuth
Published: July 2002

At the Institute for Manufacturing Automation and Production Systems (FAPS), in Erlangen, Germany, the influence of different storage conditions on cracking behaviour of high‐pin‐count components is examined. The aim is to register all relevant influence parameters in an expanded‐damage model and to quantify its effects on the later processing of the components. Effective strategies can be developed, based on this new model of damage, for storage and transportation of components.
Verification of flip‐chip assembly on FR4 boards
Authors: Beelen‐Hendrikx Caroline , Verguld Martin
Published: July 2002

As a result of the trend towards portable communication products, low‐cost miniaturisation is becoming increasingly important. One of the methods to achieve low‐cost miniaturisation is flip‐chip assembly on FR4 boards. In this paper, two types of flip‐chip assembly process will be discussed: a process where flip‐chips with eutectic solder‐bumps are assembled by using a tacky flux, and a process where flip‐chips are assembled by using solder paste. Both processes have been verified on production boards, using production equipment. Demonstrated ppm defect levels are between 35 and 400 ppm (confidence level 95 per cent) at the solder joint level. Component yields for flip‐chips are between 99.2 and 100 per cent. The reliability of the assemblies fulfils consumer communication equipment requirements.
PBGA solder ball coplanarity impact evaluation
Authors: Huang Tony , Chu Joe
Published: July 2002

A study was conducted to examine the sensitivity of solder joint integrity for PBGA assembly and post rework process yields to the change of the solder ball coplanarity specification from 0.15mm to 0.20mm as well as to increase the level of confidence with respect to the specification change. The study considered the following experimental variables: solder ball coplanarity; stencil thickness and aperture design; whether the assembly also experiences a wave soldering process; the rework method, i.e. whether there is dispensing of solder paste or just a flux. Electrical continuity tests were performed after PBGA assembly and rework. Accelerated thermal cycling and thermal shock tests were then used to evaluate the solder joint reliability. Additionally, standoff heights of PBGA solder joints were measured through cross sectioning samples. Statistical comparisons of the mean standoff height between different PBGA coplanarity groups, where different experiment variables were applied, allowed for determination of the variation of BGA solder joint integrity.
Interfacial reactions of tin‐zinc‐bismuth alloys
Authors: Harris Paul
Published: July 2002

A variety of lead‐free solders are now commercially available. Of those suitable for mass soldering perhaps the ones closest to a direct, drop‐in, replacement for tin‐lead are the tin‐zinc‐bismuth alloys. For most tin‐based solders it is the tin which is the active element and dominates the all‐important interfacial reactions. As a result they have many properties in common. The addition of zinc, however, radically alters this picture. Zinc oxidation products are formed at the surfaces. Zinc intermetallic compounds are also formed in preference to tin‐compounds at the substrate interfaces. The nature and implications of these changes are outlined for the common basis materials.
Globalization leadership in European organizations
Authors: Harris Philip R.
Published: July 2002

Reviews how the GEO model can assist European managers to meet the challenges in the new work culture.
Globalisation’s assault on the labour market: a German perspective
Authors: Bloch Brian
Published: July 2002

In the 1980s, globalisation was much vaunted as offering the Western world a dazzling new array of business opportunities. In the 1990s, however, the negative impact on the labour market has become all too evident. A look at Germany’s labour statistics shows a frightening picture of massive job destruction in the wake of globalisation. As firms contend with heightened international competition and incomparably low wages in the former Eastern bloc and Asia, they have turned almost ubiquitously to cost‐cutting through shedding labour inside Germany itself. Jobs either disappear altogether or are relocated. Karl Marx’s predictions about capitalism are eventuating in a process by which firms become ever more profitable, but at a cost of large‐scale unemployment. Through computerisation, strategic alliances, the manipulation of trade unions and so on, the process of rationalisation and wage reduction proceeds at an alarming pace. If grave social consequences are to be averted, the problem needs to be tackled on several fronts simultaneously. Attitudinal changes on the part of both management and workers, a modified taxation regime, better public relations about Germany as an industrial location and various other strategies offer some hope to a country that is clearly undergoing a globalisation crisis.
Romania: ready for US business investment
Authors: Tiriteu Lawrence P. Ettkin Daniel L. , Helms Marilyn M.
Published: July 2002

Romania is making a strong comeback in the international business arena after 45 years of communism and freedom since the revolution of 1989. This article takes a strategic perspective of the opportunities available to US investors. The article begins with a review of the post‐communist economy in Romania through current US investment status. Key reasons to invest in Romania today include the current government and its vision for Romania, the stable business environment and growing industrial,agricultural and technology sectors. The article concludes with investment strategies and the importance of pairing with local partners.
The role of retailing in a Russian consumer society
Authors: Robinson Terry
Published: July 2002

The paper examines the role that potentially could be played by the retailing sector in the economic and social transformation in Russia. The move towards a consumer goods society, by its very definition, necessitates the developments of channels whereby consumer goods can reach their end customer and consumer. In this context various models of relating evolution are considered as well as an examination of the possible methods by which retailing will develop over time. The potential for inward investments is examined but the paper concludes that inward investment by retailers from the western European states will take the form of skills investment rather than financial and operational investment. The most important element in the future evolution of retailing will be the development of the multiple format as well as the procurement from indigenous consumer goods suppliers “driven” by the multiple retailers.
Banking instability in South East Asia: causes and cures
Authors: Hickson Charles R. , Turner John D.
Published: July 2002

This article suggests that the currency crisis in South East Asia triggered off the present banking crisis. However, the banking crisis would not have happened if it had not been preceded by a deregulatory banking industry trend in the region during the previous decade. This trend allowed banks to invest in risky illiquid assets. Moreover, such investments were subsidised by deposit insurance funds. The IMF and BIS proposals to cure the banking instability in South East Asia are shown to be inadequate because they rely too much upon depositor and government monitoring rather than the need to constrain bank risk‐taking behaviour ex ante. This paper proposes a return to comprehensive banking regulation to prevent a reoccurrence of similar crises in the future.
The evolution of trade relationships between China and the EU since the 1980s
Authors: Hu Xiaoling , Watkins David
Published: July 2002

It is argued that the evolution of trade between the People’s Republic of China (PRC) and the European Union (EU) falls into three phases: limited contact; both sides seeking rapid growth and becoming mutually dependent; and high mutual trade levels with political considerations re‐emerging, China being kept at arm’s length by GATT/WTO and the EU restraining trade through increasing quotas, tariffs and anti‐dumping actions. Nevertheless, high levels of Intra Industry Trade (IIT) demonstrate mutual dependence. Cultural and political differences, as well as incompatible statistical records, prevent trade reaching its full potential at present.
European multiple currencies
Authors: Body Richard
Published: July 2002

Considers the aims of the “founding fathers” of the European Community in creating a free trade area based on the notion that “If the goods cross the frontiers, the armies won’t”. Looks at the likely impact of monetary union and argues that a single currency, with the consequent removal of floating exchange rates, will have the opposite effect, being seen as unfair and giving rise to friction and disunity within the EU. Digital money is seen as a medium of exchange allowing a more fair distribution throughout the economy but has yet to prove that it will successfully facilitate floating exchange rates. A more equitable solution, it is suggested, is that local government units have the power to issue and control their own local currencies to stimulate local trade. This would have the advantage of giving local people the power to buy and sell, stimulating economic growth particularly in disadvantaged areas.
Proton World and CEPS: the best of both worlds
Authors: Hautain Dominique
Published: July 2002

The international smart card market is discussed from the case study perspective of the smart card application Proton World. Outlines the foundation, alliance of shareholders and development of Proton World and summarises the initial success with five national roll‐out Proton‐based smart card schemes with technology that has the ability to deliver end‐to‐end security and full auditability. Several of the schemes use multi‐application cards and are able to operate in both the euros or the national currency. Identifies the requirement for fast transaction speeds as the critical factor in ensuring a high level of user satisfaction. Argues that thus far no single “killer” application has emerged and that slow deployment of payment terminals has limited e‐purse use preventing development as rapidly as anticipated. Recommendations for future development are outlined and the implementation of CEPS, as the common international standard for e‐purses is identified as the choice for Proton World.
Automatic faults detection and recognition for static plain fabrics: applying the theorem of texture “tuned” masks
Authors: Shin Shaw‐Jyh , Tsai I‐Shou , Lee Po‐Dong
Published: July 2002

Reports how the theorem of the texture “tuned” mask was modified to solve some problems encountered in the automatic faults (including filling bars, oil stains, weft‐lacking and holes) detection and recognition of the plain woven fabrics. These problems are the faults of variable shapes and sizes, those of variable structure and the grey‐level differences in the faults of oil stains. The index of the “tuned” mask in the texture “tuned” mask theorem was modified to converge the variability of the faults, and to elongate the distances between each fault’s average texture energy so that the texture energy in normal texture and in faults can be confined to different fixed ranges. The results show that the optimum texture “tuned” mask found from the modified theorem of the texture “tuned” mask can be used satisfactorily to identify different faults due to structure, shapes and size variation. However, in the case of undertoned oil stains and lower density filling bars, this method may sometimes cause misidentification.
Ergonomic equipment investments: benefits to apparel manufacturers
Authors: Dillard Betty G. , Frazier Schwager Tina
Published: July 2002

Reports on a study for which data were generated from responses to a survey by 132 US apparel manufacturers in 1993. States that the purpose of the study was to determine the extent to which companies were investing in ergonomic equipment as a prevention strategy, and whether there was a relationship between such investments and positive results in four areas: increased productivity, increased quality, decreased workers’ compensation costs and improved employee morale. Using chi‐square analysis, a significant difference was found for those who invested in automatic sewing equipment in both increased productivity and increased quality. Provides justification for companies to invest in ergonomic equipment because of additional benefits.
Effect of mechanical properties of fabrics on change of bloused line during cyclic wear
Authors: Kihara Michiko , Murakami Machiko , Fujimoto Takako
Published: July 2002

This study focuses on the objective evaluation of the silhouette of the front bloused line of women’s blouses, in which fusible interlinings are used in the construction of the open part. The wearing test was carried out over three seasons and the bloused lines before and after the fatigue were observed and examined in relation to the mechanical properties of fused composites and their constituent fabrics. Since bending properties and KOSHI were found to play an important role in the change of the silhouette formation of bloused lines, those of fused fabrics were studied by applying the simple model. Finally, in the sensory test, applying the blouses fatigued and not fatigued, their open parts made up of fused composite are evaluated by 71 consumers for their preference. The essential concepts involved in the consumer preference were clarified.
University Researchers′ Views of Private Industry
Authors: Bogler Ronit
Published: July 2002

Investigates the views of university researchers towards their
industrial sponsors. Faculty at five American universities completed a
mailed questionnaire in which they were asked about their perceptions of
the rewards and costs associated with collaboration with commercial
organizations. Suggests that researchers who are highly dependent on
private industry support tend to indicate, on the average, more rewards
and fewer costs associated with that source than do their colleagues who
do not receive such support. Discusses implications of the findings from
the points of view of the university administrators, the academic
researchers, and the funding sources.
Three Dogmas of Materialist Pragmatism
Authors: Maddock Trevor H.
Published: July 2002

Examines the claim that materialist pragmatism is more coherent than
alternative accounts of educational administration. Argues that the
criteria of coherence provided by materialist pragmatists lack overall
coherence and that there are no means for choosing between theories in
the way they suggest. Arguments against the separation of factual and
evaluative realms are unconvincing, and the materialist pragmatists′
claims that they have avoided foundationalism while providing a
non‐positivist theory of science are questionable. Suggests that the
administration of education requires a concrete rather than an abstract
approach such as materialist pragmatism provides. Concludes with the
thought that it is through the relentless criticism of all
conceptualization that philosophy provides its service to educational
administration.
Waves, beaches, breakwaters and rip currents – A three‐dimensional view of supply chain dynamics
Authors: Hines Peter , Holweg Matthias , Sullivan James
Published: July 2002

Describes a two‐ and, later, a three‐dimensional view of supply chain dynamics within a theoretical framework derived from research carried out in the UK automotive industry. However, the authors believe that the models developed have a far wider applicability than this narrow sectoral and geographic focus. The research has been developed within two research programmes. The first programme, called “LEAP” (lean processing programme), involves Corus (formerly British Steel Strip Products), two steel service centres and six major UK‐based automotive component manufacturers, all linked within a common supply chain. The second programme, called “3DayCar”, involves 20 European industrial sponsors including six automotive manufacturers. Both programmes are supported by the UK Government Innovative Manufacturing Initiative (IMI). Conclusions based on the waves analogy will be applied to a real‐life setting in order to suggest appropriate business strategies to achieving a lean value stream.