bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Contributions of natural and anthropogenic radiative forcing to mass loss of Northern Hemisphere mountain glaciers and quantifying their uncertainties
Authors: Hirabayashi Yukiko , Nakano Kazunari , Zhang Yong , Watanabe Satoshi , Tanoue Masahiro , Kanae Shinjiro
Published: July 2016

Observational evidence indicates that a number of glaciers have lost mass in the past. Given that glaciers are highly impacted by the surrounding climate, human-influenced global warming may be partly responsible for mass loss. However, previous research studies have been limited to analyzing the past several decades and it remains unclear whether past glacier mass losses are within the range of natural internal climate variability. Here, we apply an optimal fingerprinting technique to observed and reconstructed mass losses as well as multi-model general circulation model (GCM) simulations of mountain glacier mass to detect and attribute past glacier mass changes. An 8,800-year control simulation of glaciers enabled us to evaluate detectability. The results indicate that human-induced increases in greenhouse gases have contributed to the decreased area-weighted average masses of 85 analyzed glaciers. The effect was larger than the mass increase caused by natural forcing, although the contributions of natural and anthropogenic forcing to decreases in mass varied at the local scale. We also showed that the detection of anthropogenic or natural influences could not be fully attributed when natural internal climate variability was taken into account.
Multiple G-quartet structures in pre-edited mRNAs suggest evolutionary driving force for RNA editing in trypanosomes
Authors: Leeder W.-Matthias , Hummel Niklas F. C. , Göringer H. Ulrich
Published: July 2016

Mitochondrial transcript maturation in African trypanosomes requires a U-nucleotide specific RNA editing reaction. In its most extreme form hundreds of U’s are inserted into and deleted from primary transcripts to generate functional mRNAs. Unfortunately, both origin and biological role of the process have remained enigmatic. Here we report a so far unrecognized structural feature of pre-edited mRNAs. We demonstrate that the cryptic pre-mRNAs contain numerous clustered G-nt, which fold into G-quadruplex (GQ) structures. We identified 27 GQ’s in the different pre-mRNAs and demonstrate a positive correlation between the steady state abundance of guide (g)RNAs and the sequence position of GQ-elements. We postulate that the driving force for selecting G-rich sequences lies in the formation of DNA/RNA hybrid G-quadruplex (HQ) structures between the pre-edited transcripts and the non-template strands of mitochondrial DNA. HQ’s are transcription termination/replication initiation sites and thus guarantee an unperturbed replication of the mt-genome. This is of special importance in the insect-stage of the parasite. In the transcription-on state, the identified GQ’s require editing as a GQ-resolving activity indicating a link between replication, transcription and RNA editing. We propose that the different processes have coevolved and suggest the parasite life-cycle and the single mitochondrion as evolutionary driving forces.
Efficient second-harmonic imaging of collagen in histological slides using Bessel beam excitation
Authors: Vuillemin Nelly , Mahou Pierre , Débarre Delphine , Gacoin Thierry , Tharaux Pierre-Louis , Schanne-Klein Marie-Claire , Supatto Willy , Beaurepaire Emmanuel
Published: July 2016

Second-harmonic generation (SHG) is the most specific label-free indicator of collagen accumulation in widespread pathologies such as fibrosis, and SHG-based measurements hold important potential for biomedical analyses. However, efficient collagen SHG scoring in histological slides is hampered by the limited depth-of-field of usual nonlinear microscopes relying on focused Gaussian beam excitation. In this work we analyze theoretically and experimentally the use of Bessel beam excitation to address this issue. Focused Bessel beams can provide an axially extended excitation volume for nonlinear microscopy while preserving lateral resolution. We show that shaping the focal volume has consequences on signal level and scattering directionality in the case of coherent signals (such as SHG) which significantly differ from the case of incoherent signals (two-photon excited fluorescence, 2PEF). We demonstrate extended-depth SHG-2PEF imaging of fibrotic mouse kidney histological slides. Finally, we show that Bessel beam excitation combined with spatial filtering of the harmonic light in wave vector space can be used to probe collagen accumulation more efficiently than the usual Gaussian excitation scheme. These results open the way to SHG-based histological diagnoses.
A metabolic profile in Ruditapes philippinarum associated with growth-promoting effects of alginate hydrolysates
Authors: Yamasaki Yasuhiro , Taga Shigeru , Kishioka Masanobu , Kawano Shuichi
Published: July 2016

The aim of this study is to demonstrate the growth-promoting effect of alginate hydrolysates (AHs) on the Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum, and to verify the physiological change occurring within a living R. philippinarum stimulated by AHs. We show that growth of clams was dramatically promoted by supplementing a diet of the diatom Chaetoceros neogracile with AHs at 4 mg/L. Furthermore, metabolomics indicates that each state of starvation, food satiation, and sexual maturation have a characteristic pattern. In the groups given AHs in addition to C. neogracile in particular, excess carbohydrate was actively utilized for the development of reproductive tissue. In contrast, it appeared that clams in the groups given C. neogracile only were actively growing, utilizing their adequate carbohydrate resources. Meanwhile, the unfed groups have slowed growth because of the lack of an energy source. Hence, supplementation of AHs in addition to the algal diet may be an inexpensive way to shorten the rearing period of R. philippinarum. Moreover, metabolomics can evaluate the growth condition of R. philippinarum in a comprehensive way, and this approach is crucially important for not only the development of a mass culture method but also for the conservation of the clam resource in the field.
3D Imaging of Nanoparticle Distribution in Biological Tissue by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy
Authors: Gimenez Y. , Busser B. , Trichard F. , Kulesza A. , Laurent J. M. , Zaun V. , Lux F. , Benoit J. M. , Panczer G. , Dugourd P. , Tillement O. , Pelascini F. , Sancey L. , Motto-Ros V.
Published: July 2016

Nanomaterials represent a rapidly expanding area of research with huge potential for future medical applications. Nanotechnology indeed promises to revolutionize diagnostics, drug delivery, gene therapy and many other areas of research. For any biological investigation involving nanomaterials, it is crucial to study the behavior of such nano-objects within tissues to evaluate both their efficacy and their toxicity. Here, we provide the first account of 3D label-free nanoparticle imaging at the entire-organ scale. The technology used is known as laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and possesses several advantages such as speed of operation, ease of use and full compatibility with optical microscopy. We then used two different but complementary approaches to achieve 3D elemental imaging with LIBS: a volume reconstruction of a sliced organ and in-depth analysis. This proof-of-concept study demonstrates the quantitative imaging of both endogenous and exogenous elements within entire organs and paves the way for innumerable applications.
Chronic administration of aripiprazole activates GSK3β-dependent signalling pathways and up-regulates GABAA receptor expression and CREB1 activity in rats
Authors: Pan Bo , Huang Xu-Feng , Deng Chao
Published: July 2016

Aripiprazole is a D2-like receptor (D2R) partial agonist with a favourable clinical profile. Previous investigations indicated that acute and short-term administration of aripiprazole had effects on PKA activity, GSK3β-dependent pathways, GABAA receptors, NMDA receptor and CREB1 in the brain. Since antipsychotics are used chronically in clinics, the present study investigated the long-term effects of chronic oral aripiprazole treatment on these cellular signalling pathways, in comparison with haloperidol (a D2R antagonist) and bifeprunox (a potent D2R partial agonist). We found that the Akt-GSK3β pathway was activated by aripiprazole and bifeprunox in the prefrontal cortex; NMDA NR2A levels were reduced by aripiprazole and haloperidol. In the nucleus accumbens, all three drugs increased Akt-GSK3β signalling; in addition, both aripiprazole and haloperidol, but not bifeprunox, increased the expression of Dvl-3, β-catenin and GABAA receptors, NMDA receptor subunits, as well as CREB1 phosphorylation levels. The results suggest that chronic oral administration of aripiprazole affects schizophrenia-related cellular signalling pathways and markers (including Akt-GSK3β signalling, Dvl-GSK3β-β-catenin signalling, GABAA receptor, NMDA receptor and CREB1) in a brain-region-dependent manner; the selective effects of aripiprazole on these signalling pathways might be associated with its unique clinical effects.
Aluminium-induced reduction of plant growth in alfalfa (Medicago sativa) is mediated by interrupting auxin transport and accumulation in roots
Authors: Wang Shengyin , Ren Xiaoyan , Huang Bingru , Wang Ge , Zhou Peng , An Yuan
Published: July 2016

The objective of this study was to investigate Al3+-induced IAA transport, distribution, and the relation of these two processes to Al3+-inhibition of root growth in alfalfa. Alfalfa seedlings with or without apical buds were exposed to 0 or 100 μM AlCl3 and were foliar sprayed with water or 6 mg L−1 IAA. Aluminium stress resulted in disordered arrangement of cells, deformed cell shapes, altered cell structure, and a shorter length of the meristematic zone in root tips. Aluminium stress significantly decreased the IAA concentration in apical buds and root tips. The distribution of IAA fluorescence signals in root tips was disturbed, and the IAA transportation from shoot base to root tip was inhibited. The highest intensity of fluorescence signals was detected in the apical meristematic zone. Exogenous application of IAA markedly alleviated the Al3+-induced inhibition of root growth by increasing IAA accumulation and recovering the damaged cell structure in root tips. In addition, Al3+ stress up-regulated expression of AUX1 and PIN2 genes. These results indicate that Al3+-induced reduction of root growth could be associated with the inhibitions of IAA synthesis in apical buds and IAA transportation in roots, as well as the imbalance of IAA distribution in root tips.
Highly luminescent InP/GaP/ZnS QDs emitting in the entire color range via a heating up process
Authors: Park Joong Pill , Lee Jae-Joon , Kim Sang-Wook
Published: July 2016

InP-based quantum dots (QDs) have attracted much attention for use in optical applications, and several types of QDs such as InP/ZnS, InP/ZnSeS, and InP/GaP/ZnS have been developed. However, early synthetic methods that involved rapid injection at high temperatures have not been able to reproducibly produce the required optical properties. They were also not able to support commercialization efforts successfully. Herein, we introduce a simple synthetic method for InP/GaP/ZnS core/shell/shell QDs via a heating process. The reaction was completed within 0.5 h and a full color range from blue to red was achieved. For emitting blue color, t-DDT was applied to prevent particle growth. From green to orange, color variation was achieved by adjusting the quantity of myristic acid. Utilizing large quantities of gallium chloride led to red color. With this method, we produced high-quality InP/GaP/ZnS QDs (blue QY: ~40%, FWHM: 50 nm; green QY: ~85%, FWHM: 41 nm; red QY: ~60%, FWHM: 65 nm). We utilized t-DDT as a new sulfur source. Compared with n-DDT, t-DDT was more reactive, which allowed for the formation of a thicker shell.
Deformation twinning induced decomposition of lamellar LPSO structure and its re-precipitation in an Mg-Zn-Y alloy
Authors: Shao X. H. , Zheng S. J. , Chen D. , Jin Q. Q. , Peng Z. Z. , Ma X. L.
Published: July 2016

The high hardness or yield strength of an alloy is known to benefit from the presence of small-scale precipitation, whose hardening effect is extensively applied in various engineering materials. Stability of the precipitates is of critical importance in maintaining the high performance of a material under mechanical loading. The long period stacking ordered (LPSO) structures play an important role in tuning the mechanical properties of an Mg-alloy. Here, we report deformation twinning induces decomposition of lamellar LPSO structures and their re-precipitation in an Mg-Zn-Y alloy. Using atomic resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), we directly illustrate that the misfit dislocations at the interface between the lamellar LPSO structure and the deformation twin is corresponding to the decomposition and re-precipitation of LPSO structure, owing to dislocation effects on redistribution of Zn/Y atoms. This finding demonstrates that deformation twinning could destabilize complex precipitates. An occurrence of decomposition and re-precipitation, leading to a variant spatial distribution of the precipitates under plastic loading, may significantly affect the precipitation strengthening.
Electrochemical speciation analysis for simultaneous determination of Cr(iii) and Cr(vi) using an activated glassy carbon electrode
Authors: Richtera Lukas , Nguyen Hoai Viet , Hynek David , Kudr Jiri , Adam Vojtech
Published: July 2016

In this study, the enhancement of electrochemical signals of Cr(iii) and Cr(vi) by using an activated glassy carbon electrode (GCE) measured by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) is demonstrated.
Correction: Decarboxylative Csp3–Csp3 coupling for benzylation of unstable ketone enolates: synthesis of p-(acylethyl)phenols
Authors: Wang Sasa , Chen Xinzheng , Ao Qiaoqiao , Wang Huifei , Zhai Hongbin
Published: July 2016

Correction for ‘Decarboxylative Csp3–Csp3 coupling for benzylation of unstable ketone enolates: synthesis of p-(acylethyl)phenols’ by Sasa Wang et al., Chem. Commun., 2016, 52, 9454–9457.
Successful bi-enzyme stabilization for the biomimetic cascade transformation of carbon dioxide
Authors: Hwang Ee Taek , Seo Bo-Kuk , Gu Man Bock , Zeng An-Ping
Published: July 2016

In nature, carbon dioxide (CO2) conversion to valuable chemicals occurs via several metabolic pathways through multi-enzymatic reactions.
Accessing spin-crossover behaviour in iron(ii) complexes of N-confused scorpionate ligands
Authors: Gardinier James R. , Treleven Alex R. , Meise Kristin J. , Lindeman Sergey. V.
Published: July 2016

Scorpionates with a dislocated pyrazolyl have been prepared on a large scale to allow new variations in iron(ii) spin-crossover materials.
Studying nanoparticles’ 3D shape by aspect maps: Determination of the morphology of bacterial magnetic nanoparticles
Authors: Peddis D. , Muscas G. , Mathieu R. , Kumar P. Anil , Varvaro G. , Singh G. , Orue I. , Gil-Carton D. , Marcano L. , Muela A. , Fdez-Gubieda M. L.
Published: July 2016

Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are widely investigated due to their potential use in various applications, ranging from electronics to biomedical devices. The magnetic properties of MNPs are strongly dependent on their size and shape (i.e., morphology), thus appropriate tools to investigate their morphology are fundamental to understand the physics of these systems. Recently a new approach to study nanoparticle morphology by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) analysis has been proposed, introducing the so-called Aspect Maps (AMs). In this paper, a further evolution of the AM method is presented, allowing determination of the nanoparticles’ 3D shape by TEM image. As a case study, this paper will focus on magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4), with a mean size of ∼45 nm extracted from Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense magnetostatic bacteria (MTB). The proposed approach gives a complete description of the nanoparticles’ morphology, allowing estimation of an average geometrical size and shape. In addition, preliminary investigation of the magnetic properties of MTB nanoparticles was performed, giving some insight into interparticle interactions and on the reversal mechanism of the magnetization.
Convergent synthesis of oligosaccharides on the gram-scale using cetyl thioglycoside based on a hydrophobically assisted switching phase method
Authors: Meng Shuai , Tian Tian , Wang Yun-He , Meng Xiang-Bao , Li Zhong-Jun
Published: July 2016

A hydrophobically assisted switching phase (HASP) method is an efficient strategy for the synthesis of carrier-loaded oligosaccharides.
Well-defined 4-arm stars with hydroxy-terminated polyethylene, polyethylene-b-polycaprolactone and polyethylene-b-(polymethyl methacrylate)2 arms
Authors: Zhang Zhen , Gnanou Yves , Hadjichristidis Nikos
Published: July 2016

Bis-boron-thexyl-silaboracycle was used to initiate the polyhomologation of dimethylsulfoxonium methylide to afford well-defined hydroxy-terminated 4-arm polyethylene (PE) stars, which served as precursors for the synthesis of PE-based starblock copolymers.
Dendrons as active clicking tool for generating non-leaching antibacterial materials
Authors: Bakhshi Hadi , Agarwal Seema
Published: July 2016

Dendrons with a focal point and quaternary ammonium peripheral groups are tools for making non-active polymers and surfaces antibacterial.
Computational approaches for the prediction of the selective uptake of magnetofluorescent nanoparticles into human cells
Authors: Papa E. , Doucet J. P. , Doucet-Panaye A.
Published: July 2016

Modelling and screening the selective uptake of magnetofluorescent nanoparticles into human cells by combining QSAR and multivariate analysis.
In situ fabrication of a thermally stable and highly porous conductive solar light-driven ZnO–CNT fiber photocatalyst
Authors: Hossain Muhammad M. , Shima Hossain , Son Seungbae , Hahn Jae R.
Published: July 2016

A method to produce composite fiber photocatalysts consisting of ZnO nanoparticles and carbon nanotube fibers with high thermal stability and porosity was developed by catalyst-free recrystallization followed by thermal decomposition.
Novel enzymatic glucose biosensor based on distributed electrodes covered with a solvothermal synthesized graphene material and platinum nanoparticles
Authors: Hossain M. F. , Park J. Y.
Published: July 2016

Series connected distributed sensing electrode patterned with TRGO decorated platinum nanoparticles is a good platform for enzymatic glucose sensor.
Synthesis and enhanced gas sensing properties of Au-nanoparticle decorated CdS nanowires
Authors: Ma Xiaohui , guo Sijia , Shen Jingli , Chen Yu , Chen Chuan , Sun Liang , Zhang Xindong , Ruan Shengping
Published: July 2016

CdS nanowires (NWs) with an average diameter of 30 nm were synthesized by a solvothermal method and then Au nanoparticles with a size of 10–25 nm were decorated on the surface of the as-synthesized CdS NWs through a simple deposition process.
Fluorescent tracer of dopamine enables selective labelling and interrogation of dopaminergic amacrine cells in the retina of living zebrafish
Authors: Lin Hui-Jen , Hong Zhen-Yi , Li Yaw-Kuen , Liau Ian
Published: July 2016

A ‘fluorescent dopamine’ that enables selective labeling and interrogation of retinal dopaminergic amacrine cells in living zebrafish was demonstrated.
Selective uptake of organic dyes in a silver-based coordination polymer
Authors: Zhang Jia , Wang Chong-Chen , Wang Peng , Cao Ya-Li
Published: July 2016

Coordination polymer [Ag4(dpe)4]·(butca)·13H2O was used to efficiently conduct selective uptake of organic dyes and achieve the rapid separation of a MO and MB mixture.
Study of a polyaniline/polypropylene collecting electrode and its particle removal efficiency
Authors: Kang Gengen , Li Li , Wang Wei , Yu Dan
Published: July 2016

In this study, we successfully prepared conductive polyaniline (PANI) on a polypropylene (PP) plate to produce novel collecting electrodes for the removal of fine particles.
Effect of TiO2 morphology on the benzyl alcohol oxidation activity of Fe2O3–TiO2 nanomaterials
Authors: Alqurashi Ghada K. , Al-Shehri Abdulmohsen , Narasimharao Katabathini
Published: July 2016

Three series of Fe loaded (1, 3, 5 and 7 mol% Fe) TiO2 anatase nanomaterials with different morphologies; nanoparticles, nanotubes and nanofibers were synthesized and used as catalysts for oxidation of benzyl alcohol.
The use of isocyanide-based multicomponent reaction for covalent immobilization of Rhizomucor miehei lipase on multiwall carbon nanotubes and graphene nanosheets
Authors: Mohammadi Mehdi , Ashjari Maryam , Garmroodi Maryam , Yousefi Maryam , Karkhane Ali Asghar
Published: July 2016

One-pot immobilization of RML on carbon-based nanomaterials was performed by using the Ugi four component reaction under extremely mild conditions.
Riboflavin conjugated temperature variant ZnO nanoparticles with potential medicinal application in jaundice
Authors: Bala N. , Saha S. , Maiti M. , Sarkar M. , Das S. , Nandi P. , Basu R.
Published: July 2016

Significant ameliorative efficiency of riboflavin conjugated ZnO nanoparticles against jaundice stress at molecular and cellular levels.
Number-controlled spatial arrangement of gold nanoparticles with DNA dendrimers
Authors: Chen Ping , Zhang Tao , Zhou Tao , Liu Dongsheng
Published: July 2016

An efficient approach was developed to yield a number-controlled spatial arrangement of gold nanoparticles mediated by DNA dendrimers.
A gold nanostar based multi-functional tumor-targeting nanoplatform for tumor theranostic applications
Authors: Wang Lei , Meng Dehui , Hao Yongwei , Hu Yujie , Niu Mengya , Zheng Cuixia , Yanyan Yin , Li Dong , Zhang Panpan , Chang Junbiao , Zhang Zhenzhong , Zhang Yun
Published: July 2016

A gold nanostar based multi-functional tumor-targeting nanoplatform (DOX/GNSTs–PEG/PEI–FA) for tumor theranostic applications.
Identification of adducin-binding residues on the cytoplasmic domain of erythrocyte membrane protein, band 3
Authors: Franco Taina , Chu Haiyan , Low Philip S.
Published: July 2016

Two major complexes form structural bridges that connect the erythrocyte membrane to its underlying spectrin-based cytoskeleton. Although the band 3–ankyrin bridge may account for most of the membrane-to-cytoskeleton interactions, the linkage between the cytoplasmic domain of band 3 (cdb3) and adducin has also been shown to be critical to membrane integrity. In the present paper, we demonstrate that adducin, a major component of the spectrin–actin junctional complex, binds primarily to residues 246–264 of cdb3, and mutation of two exposed glutamic acid residues within this sequence completely abrogates both α- and β-adducin binding. Because these residues are located next to the ankyrin-binding site on cdb3, it seems unlikely that band 3 can bind ankyrin and adducin concurrently, reducing the chances of an association between the ankyrin and junctional complexes that would significantly compromise erythrocyte membrane integrity. We also demonstrate that adducin binds the kidney isoform of cdb3, a spliceoform that lacks the first 65 amino acids of erythrocyte cdb3, including the central strand of a large β-pleated sheet. Because kidney cdb3 is not known to bind any of the common peripheral protein partners of erythrocyte cdb3, including ankyrin, protein 4.1, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, aldolase, and phosphofructokinase, retention of this affinity for adducin was unexpected.
Membrane protein insertion and assembly by the bacterial holo-translocon SecYEG–SecDF–YajC–YidC
Authors: Komar Joanna , Alvira Sara , Schulze Ryan J. , Martin Remy , Lycklama a Nijeholt Jelger A. , Lee Sarah C. , Dafforn Tim R. , Deckers-Hebestreit Gabriele , Berger Imre , Schaffitzel Christiane , Collinson Ian
Published: July 2016

Protein secretion and membrane insertion occur through the ubiquitous Sec machinery. In this system, insertion involves the targeting of translating ribosomes via the signal recognition particle and its cognate receptor to the SecY (bacteria and archaea)/Sec61 (eukaryotes) translocon. A common mechanism then guides nascent transmembrane helices (TMHs) through the Sec complex, mediated by associated membrane insertion factors. In bacteria, the membrane protein ‘insertase’ YidC ushers TMHs through a lateral gate of SecY to the bilayer. YidC is also thought to incorporate proteins into the membrane independently of SecYEG. Here, we show the bacterial holo-translocon (HTL) — a supercomplex of SecYEG–SecDF–YajC–YidC — is a bona fide resident of the Escherichia coli inner membrane. Moreover, when compared with SecYEG and YidC alone, the HTL is more effective at the insertion and assembly of a wide range of membrane protein substrates, including those hitherto thought to require only YidC.
A classification scheme for edge-localized modes based on their probability distributions
Authors: Shabbir A. , Hornung G. , Verdoolaege G. ,   JET Contributors
Published: July 2016

We present here an automated classification scheme which is particularly well suited to scenarios where the parameters have significant uncertainties or are stochastic quantities. To this end, the parameters are modeled with probability distributions in a metric space and classification is conducted using the notion of nearest neighbors. The presented framework is then applied to the classification of type I and type III edge-localized modes (ELMs) from a set of carbon-wall plasmas at JET. This provides a fast, standardized classification of ELM types which is expected to significantly reduce the effort of ELM experts in identifying ELM types. Further, the classification scheme is general and can be applied to various other plasma phenomena as well.
Interfacial magnetic anisotropy from a 3-dimensional Rashba substrate
Authors: Li Junwen , Haney Paul M.
Published: July 2016

We study the magnetic anisotropy which arises at the interface between a thin film ferromagnet and a 3-d Rashba material. We use a tight-binding model to describe the bilayer, and the 3-d Rashba material characterized by the spin-orbit strength α and the direction of broken bulk inversion symmetry n̂. We find an in-plane uniaxial anisotropy in the ẑ×n̂ direction, where ẑ is the interface normal. For realistic values of α, the uniaxial anisotropy is of a similar order of magnitude as the bulk magnetocrystalline anisotropy. Evaluating the uniaxial anisotropy for a simplified model in 1-d shows that for small band filling, the in-plane easy axis anisotropy scales as α4 and results from a twisted exchange interaction between the spins in the 3-d Rashba material and the ferromagnet. For a ferroelectric 3-d Rashba material, n̂ can be controlled with an electric field, and we propose that the interfacial magnetic anisotropy could provide a mechanism for electrical control of the magnetic orientation.
Synergistic catalytic removal NOX and the mechanism of plasma and hydrocarbon gas
Authors: Zhang Lei , Sha Xiang-ling , Zhang Lei , He Hui-bin , Ma Zhen-hua , Wang Long-wei , Wang Yu-xin , She Li-xia
Published: July 2016

This paper using a method of catalytic adsorption combined with dielectric barrier discharge plasma which added to hydrocarbon gases. The different background gases, different dielectric properties and different pore sizes of the hydrolysis coke on the denitrification performance was studied. The effect of the coaction of plasma and the different properties of the removal of NO in flue gas was investigated, and the catalytic mechanism of the synergistic effect of plasma and hydrocarbon gas was discussed. The results shown that: The denitrification rate was significantly affected by plasma power and the initial concentration of NO; the reaction was restrained by the presence of oxygen and greatly promoted by the hydrocarbon gases. The permittivity of the catalyst has a great influence on the activity and the porous structure of the catalyst can obviously promote the reaction when the low temperature plasma combined with hydrocarbon gases.
Effect of long-term rumen-protected methionine supplementation on performance of Shami goats and growth performance of their kids
Authors: Titi H. H.
Published: July 2016

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of supplementing the diets of Shami goats with rumen-protected methionine (RPM) in late pregnancy (last 60 days) and early lactation on milk production, composition, fatty acid profile in the first 60 days of lactation, and on growth performance of their kids. Three groups were used (25 goats/group) in a completely randomised design. Groups were a control with no supplements (0RPM) or supplemented with either 2.5 (2.5RPM), or 5.0 g/head.day RPM (5RPM). Birth and weaning weights for kids were recorded and analysed. Milk production was measured and sampled biweekly from each dam and analysed for milk composition. Results showed that RPM had no effect on birth and weaning weights, or average daily gain of Shami kids. However, milk to gain ratio of kids was significantly (P < 0.05) improved. Milk production increased significantly (P < 0.05) in 5RPM group compared with 0RPM and 2.5RPM groups. Milk protein content was the highest (P < 0.05) in the 2.5RPM group, followed by the 5RPM and 0RPM groups, whereas milk fat content was not different among the groups. Meanwhile, yields of both components were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in milk of treated groups. Casein and energy-corrected milk were increased (P < 0.05) with treatment. No effect on dry-matter intake was recorded, while feed to milk ratio was better (P < 0.05) for RPM groups than for 0RPM group. Milk fatty acids composition did not show significant changes after RPM treatment. In conclusion, results showed that supplementing RPM to Shami goats in late pregnancy did not affect birthweight or growth of suckling kids but improved milk production and milk protein, although no clear dose response to RPM was detected.
Emerging trends in psychotherapy process research / Tendencias emergentes en la investigación del proceso psicoterapéutico
Authors: Horvath Adam O.
Published: July 2016

The sequences of historical shifts in research foci in psychotherapy are reviewed. Two emerging trends are examined: focus on micro-analysis of small units that exemplify client change; and fine-grained analyses of client-therapists interactions that encapsulate significant therapy events in clinical contexts. Several examples of each of these types of research programmes are described. Based on the apparent evolution of questions that are considered relevant and useful for the better understanding of best clinical practices, some tentative conclusions are offered as to the types of research that will gain prominence in the next generation of inquiries.
Coastal Cutthroat Trout Redd Counts Impacted by Natural Water Supply Variations
Authors: Vadas Robert L. , Beecher Hal A. , Boessow Steven N. , Kohr Jonathan H.
Published: July 2016

During 2001–2003, we counted redds of Coastal Cutthroat Trout Oncorhynchus clarkii clarkii and measured microhabitat variables at fresh redds in Irely Creek upstream of Irely Lake in a largely undisturbed watershed within Olympic National Park, Washington. Redd numbers declined abruptly in 2003, the year after a dry summer caused the dewatering of Irely Lake; therefore, we continued the redd counts during 2004–2012 to determine whether pond dewatering was a factor in the decline and whether redd counts would track Irely Lake surface area. The estimated number of redds varied from a high of 51 (in 2002) to a low of 2 (in 2006, 2007, and 2010); increases in estimated redd number occurred after wetter summers, and decreases were observed after drier summers. This pattern was significant in chi-square tests for redd number and the change in redd number with Irely Lake condition in the preceding year (dry, semi-dry, or wet). Rather than indicating juvenile mortality, the lack of a lag in response suggests the mortality of adults that would otherwise have spawned during the subsequent spring. The clear impact of dry summers in one of the wettest regions of North America underscores the important influence of hydrology on fish, even in the absence of other disturbances.

Received September 16, 2015; accepted March 15, 2016 Published online July 20, 2016
A Regional Evaluation of Suwannee Bass and Largemouth Bass Exploitation in North Florida Rivers
Authors: Middaugh Christopher R. , Alfermann Ted , Strickland P. Andrew , Nguyen Phong
Published: July 2016

Suwannee Bass Micropterus notius are a riverine species inhabiting a restricted range within the states of Florida and Georgia. However, little is known about exploitation of Suwannee Bass, which are currently managed in Florida under a single harvest regulation with black basses (genus Micropterus). Regional exploitation of Suwannee Bass in Florida has never been examined in comparison with Largemouth Bass Micropterus salmoides, though such a comparison would allow fisheries managers to assess the efficacy of the current regulation. We estimated regionwide exploitation of both Suwannee Bass and Largemouth Bass in rivers, as facilitated via high-reward ($100), plastic-tipped dart tags. In fall 2013, we tagged 108 legal-sized Suwannee Bass (≥305 mm) across 7 rivers and 160 legal-sized Largemouth Bass across 10 rivers in northern Florida. At the end of 1 year, we found that exploitation rates of Suwannee Bass (0.15) and Largemouth Bass (0.10) in rivers were similar. These estimates were also similar to estimates of Largemouth Bass exploitation in lakes across northern and central Florida.

Received October 30, 2015; accepted March 31, 2016 Published online July 20, 2016
An Assessment of Calcified Structures for Estimating Northern Pike Ages
Authors: Blackwell Brian G. , Kaufman Todd M. , Moos Tyrel S.
Published: July 2016

An important component of effective fisheries management is estimating fish ages. Age estimates can be used to estimate recruitment, relative abundance of age-groups, total mortality, and growth. Because of difficulty in estimating Northern Pike Esox lucius ages using scales and whole cleithra, we compared precision and bias of age estimates from whole cleithra, sectioned cleithra, metapterygoid bones, otoliths, and scales. Metapterygoid bones and sectioned cleithra represent two novel structures for estimating ages in North America, and the assessment of otoliths is limited. Complete agreement and consensus agreement rates were greatest for otoliths, sectioned cleithra, and metapterygoid bones. Otoliths provided the most precise age estimates and whole cleithra were the least precise. Consensus age estimates for sectioned cleithra were lower than whole cleithrum estimates. Consensus age estimates from sectioned otoliths were lower than mean age estimates from scales, sectioned cleithra, and whole cleithra, and y-intercepts from the age-bias plots were significantly different than zero. We suggest that otoliths, sectioned cleithra, and metapterygoid bones can be used to estimate Northern Pike ages, but recommend the use of sectioned otoliths because they had the highest precision and otoliths have become a common means of estimating ages for many species.

Received December 8, 2015; accepted March 31, 2016 Published online July 20, 2016
Fluctuations of the Euler-Poincaré characteristic for random spherical harmonics
Authors: Cammarota V. , Marinucci D. , Wigman I.
Published: July 2016

In this short note, we build upon recent results from our earlier paper to present a precise expression for the asymptotic variance of the Euler-Poincaré characteristic for the excursion sets of Gaussian eigenfunctions on

S

2

\mathcal {S}^2

; this result can be written as a second-order Gaussian kinematic formula for the excursion sets of random spherical harmonics. The covariance between the Euler-Poincaré characteristics for different level sets is shown to be fully degenerate; it is also proved that the variance for the zero level excursion sets is asymptotically of smaller order.
A note on the density theorem for projective unitary representations
Authors: Han Deguang
Published: July 2016

It is well known that a Gabor representation on

L

2

(

R

d

)

L^{2}(\mathbb {R}^{d})

admits a frame generator

h
∈

L

2

(

R

d

)

h\in L^{2}(\mathbb {R}^{d})

if and only if the associated lattice satisfies the Beurling density condition, which in turn can be characterized as the “trace condition” for the associated von Neumann algebra. It happens that this trace condition is also necessary for any projective unitary representation of a countable group to admit a frame vector. However, it is no longer sufficient for general representations, and in particular not sufficient for Gabor representations when they are restricted to proper time-frequency invariant subspaces. In this short note we show that the condition is also sufficient for a large class of projective unitary representations, which implies that the Gabor density theorem is valid for subspace representations in the case of irrational types of lattices.
A method for controlled target strength measurements of pelagic fish, with application to European anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus)
Authors: Doray Mathieu , Berger Laurent , Le Bouffant Naig , Coail Jean Yves , Vacherot Jean Philippe , de La Bernardie Xavier , Morinière Pierre , Lys Elisabeth , Schwab Romain , Petitgas Pierre
Published: July 2016

Measuring fish target strength (TS) in the wild is challenging because: (i) TS varies versus physical (orientation relative to the incident sound wave, size, and depth) and physiological fish attributes (maturity and condition), (ii) the target species and its aforementioned attributes are difficult to assess in near real time, and (iii) in the case of packed fish schools, accepted echoes may originate from multiple unresolved targets. We propose a method for controlled TS measurements of densely packed small pelagic fish during daytime, based on the joint use of a Remotely Operated Towed Vehicle, “EROC”, with a pelagic trawl fitted with a codend opening system, “ENROL”. EROC, equipped with a 70-kHz split-beam echosounder (Simrad EK60) and a low-light black and white camera, can be moved inside the fishing trawl. Pelagic fish are funnelled into the open trawl and their TS is measured in the middle of the net, where small groups actively swim towards the trawl mouth. The swimming behaviour allows for near-dorsal TS to be measured, minimizing the large effect of incidence angle on TS variability. The EROC camera, located near the open codend, provides optical identification of the species. This method was used to measure the TS of European Anchovy, Engraulis encrasicolus in the Bay of Biscay during 2014. The mean, near dorsal TS was −43.3 dB, for a mean fork length of 12.5 cm. This value is compared to published values of clupeiforms mean TS obtained for a range of natural incidence angles and discussed in the light of TS modelling results obtained for E. encrasicolus.
Emergence of Bacterial Soft Rot in Cucumber Caused by Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. brasiliense in China
Authors: Meng Xianglong , Chai Ali , Shi Yanxia , Xie Xuewen , Ma Zhanhong , Li Baoju
Published: July 2016

During 2014 to 2015, a devastating bacterial soft rot on cucumber stems and leaves occurred in Shandong, Shanxi, Hebei, Henan, and Liaoning provinces of China, resulting in serious economic losses for cucumber production. The gummosis emerged on the surface of leaves, stems, petioles, and fruit of cucumber. The basal stem color was dark brown and the stem base turned to wet rot. Yellow spots and wet rot emerged at the edge of the infected cucumber leaves and gradually infected the leaf centers. In total, 45 bacterial strains were isolated from the infected tissues. On the basis of phenotypic properties of morphology, physiology, biochemistry, and 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequence analysis, the pathogen was identified as Pectobacterium carotovorum. Multilocus sequence analysis confirmed that the isolates were P. carotovorum subsp. brasiliense, and the pathogens fell in clade II. The pathogenicity of isolated bacteria strains was confirmed. The strains reisolated were the same as the original. The host range test confirmed that strains had a wide range of hosts. As far as we know, this is the first report of cucumber stem soft rot caused by P. carotovorum subsp. brasiliense in China as well as in the world, which has a significant economic impact on cucumber production.
Single Versus Combined Procedures for Severely Involved Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease
Authors: Kamegaya Makoto , Morita Mitsuaki , Saisu Takashi , Kakizaki Jun , Oikawa Yasuhiro , Segawa Yuko
Published: July 2016

Background:

The concept of containment as an effective approach to reduce the risk of femoral head deformity has been questioned because modest results have been achieved after nonoperative and operative treatments for severely involved Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease. Several reports have shown the limited effectiveness of some conventional single procedures. However, there is limited data on the effectiveness of combined procedures.

Methods:

The surgical group comprised 77 patients (mean age 8.3 y) and involved 79 hips. The average follow-up term was 9.5 years. Sixty-five patients were unilaterally involved and 12 patients were bilaterally involved (although 10 of the latter patients only received surgery on 1 hip). Among patients, 28 hips were classified as Herring class B/C border (>8 y old) and 51 hips were Herring class C. The 79 hips were divided into 2 treatment groups for further analysis: group 1, single procedures (femoral varus osteotomy) (n=47); group 2, combined procedures [femoral varus osteotomy+Dega (Pemberton) osteotomy] (n=32).

Results:

Using Stulberg classification I and II (acceptable outcome), the final outcome was statistically significant for group 2 (21 hips, 65.6%) compared with group 1 (18 hips, 38.3%) (P=0.031). The average remodeling efficacy, defined as the change in caput index between preoperation and postoperation, was better in group 2 (12.7%) than in group 1 (3.9%) (P=0.005). The acetabulum-head index and α-angle were also statistically significant in group 2 than in group 1 at the last follow-up. Clinical evaluations were statistically significant in group 2 compared with group 1.

Conclusions:

Both clinically and radiologically, the combined procedure group demonstrated significantly better outcomes with accelerated remodeling in both the severely affected femoral heads and the acetabula compared with the single procedure group. With this procedure, we anticipate the increased likelihood of preventing or delaying coxarthroses in adulthood.

Level of Evidence:

Level III—therapeutic study.
Use of Newly Covered Versus Established Preventive Care Screening: Comparison of Depression and Smoking Screening
Authors: Pfoh Elizabeth R. , Berger Zackary , Mojtabai Ramin , Bailey Jenny , Dy Sydney M.
Published: July 2016

Pay-for-value initiatives include both depression and smoking screening. Evaluating how patterns of care differ for an established screening (smoking) versus newer screening (depression) can help programs better implement these measures. Our objective is to evaluate (1) patterns of smoking and depression screening and (2) how patient factors affect screening patterns. We analyzed retrospectively collected electronic health record data from 4,763 Medicare-patients in 34 primary care practices between 2010 and 2012. The relationship between multimorbidity, history of stroke, and having depression on receipt of screening was evaluated. The outcome variables were no screening, smoking screening only, or concurrent smoking and depression screening. Fifty percent of patients were screened for smoking at every visit and never screened for depression (n = 2,378). Twelve percent of patients with ≥five visits received both depression and smoking-status screens on each of their first five visits. Screening patterns varied significantly across sites. For example, one site screened approximately 87% of patients for both depression and smoking-status at every visit. Another site screened 93% of patients for smoking during the first visit but did not conduct depression screening. Programs considering initiating new screenings should evaluate the clinic-specific workflow of successful screenings and integrate new screenings using the same strategy.
Applying the New Institute for Healthcare Improvement Inpatient Waste Tool to Identify “Waste” in the Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Almoosa Khalid F. , Luther Katharine , Resar Roger , Patel Bela
Published: July 2016

Healthcare waste—the inappropriate use of healthcare resources that provides no benefit to patients yet contributes to cost and even harm—is a potentially significant contributor to high healthcare costs. This project aimed to apply a new locally modified Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI)–developed waste identification tool to measure the prevalence of and reason for the inappropriate use of intensive care unit (ICU) beds, one type of potential waste. Unnecessary days (i.e., waste) and their causes in a 16-bed “closed” medical ICU (MICU) and a 10-bed “semi-closed” transplant surgical ICU (TSICU) were identified by physicians over a 3-month period. Data on 513 patients admitted to both ICUs for a total of 1,631 patient-days demonstrated that 15% of MICU days and 25.8% of TSICU days were unnecessary. Although causes of waste in each ICU differed, delays in transfer of patients out of the ICU, end-of-life decision-making, and delays in procedures were among the commonest. Determination of waste also varied among physicians, ranging from 4.5% to 27.7% in the MICU and 0%–37.5% in the TSICU. This study found that the IHI waste tool can be effectively used to identify waste in the ICU, which is common and varies based on the ICU type and physician perceptions.
A Multidisciplinary Self-Directed Learning Module Improves Knowledge of a Quality Improvement Instrument: The HEART Pathway
Authors: Hartman Nicholas D. , Harper Erin N. , Leppert Lauren M. , Browning Brittany M. , Askew Kim , Manthey David E. , Mahler Simon A.
Published: July 2016

We created and tested an educational intervention to support implementation of an institution wide QI project (the HEART Pathway) designed to improve care for patients with acute chest pain. Although online learning modules have been shown effective in imparting knowledge regarding QI projects, it is unknown whether these modules are effective across specialties and healthcare professions. Participants, including nurses, advanced practice clinicians, house staff and attending physicians (N = 486), were enrolled into an online, self-directed learning course exploring the key concepts of the HEART Pathway. The module was completed by 97% of enrollees (469/486) and 90% passed on the first attempt (422/469). Out of 469 learners, 323 completed the pretest, learning module and posttest in the correct order. Mean test scores across learners improved significantly from 74% to 89% from the pretest to the posttest. Following the intervention, the HEART Pathway was used for 88% of patients presenting to our institution with acute chest pain. Our data demonstrate that this online, self-directed learning module can improve knowledge of the HEART Pathway across specialties—paving the way for more efficient and informed care for acute chest pain patients.