bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Providing Patient Care in Community Pharmacies in Australia
Authors: Benrimoj Shalom I , Roberts Alison S
Published: October 2005

OBJECTIVE

To describe Australia's community pharmacy network in the context of the health system and outline the provision of services.

DATA SYNTHESIS

The 5000 community pharmacies form a key component of the healthcare system for Australians, for whom health expenditures represent 9% of the Gross Domestic Product. A typical community pharmacy dispenses 880 prescriptions per week. Pharmacists are key partners in the Government's National Medicines Policy and contribute to its objectives through the provision of cognitive pharmaceutical services (CPS). The Third Community Pharmacy Agreement included funding for CPS including medication review and the provision of written drug information. Funding is also provided for a quality assurance platform with which the majority of pharmacies are accredited. Fifteen million dollars (Australian) have been allocated to research in community pharmacy, which has focused on achieving quality use of medicines (QUM), as well as developing new CPS and facilitating change. Elements of the Agreements have taken into account QUM principles and are now significant drivers of practice change. Although accounting for 10% of remuneration for community pharmacy, the provision of CPS represents a significant shift in focus to view pharmacy as a service provider. Delivery of CPS through the community pharmacy network provides sustainability for primary health care due to improvement in quality presumably associated with a reduction in healthcare costs.

CONCLUSIONS

Australian pharmacy practice is moving strongly in the direction of CPS provision; however, change does not occur easily. The development of a change management strategy is underway to improve the uptake of professional and business opportunities in community pharmacy.
Thalidomide-Associated Thrombocytopenia
Authors: Duyvendak Michiel , Naunton Mark , Kingma Bert J , Brouwers Jacobus RBJ
Published: October 2005

OBJECTIVE

To report thrombocytopenia in a patient prescribed thalidomide for multiple myeloma (MM).

CASE SUMMARY

A 70-year-old woman was diagnosed in 2003 with MM. At diagnosis, melphalan 0.25 mg/kg/day and prednisolone 2 mg/kg/day were started; however, the patient became refractory to therapy. Melphalan and prednisolone were discontinued, and monotherapy with dexamethasone 40 mg for 12 days per month was started. The patient's hematologic condition deteriorated again after about one year; dexamethasone was discontinued, and treatment with oral thalidomide 200 mg/day was initiated. About 2 weeks after thalidomide administration, the woman developed disabling adverse effects (flu-like symptoms, swollen fingers, rash and hematoma on her legs, shortness of breath, dry mouth, multiple petechiae). Laboratory testing showed neutropenia (neutrophils 0.4 × 109/L) and thrombocytopenia (platelets 58 × 109/L). Thalidomide was promptly discontinued; within 3 weeks, the laboratory values returned to pretreatment levels (1.3 × 109/L and 267 × 109/L, respectively) and her symptoms disappeared.

DISCUSSION

Thrombocytopenia is a rarely reported hematologic adverse consequence of thalidomide therapy. A recent report identified 5 patients who developed thrombocytopenia while undergoing monotherapy with thalidomide for MM. According to the Naranjo probability scale, thalidomide was classified as the probable cause of thrombocytopenia in our patient.

CONCLUSIONS

Unlike other antineoplastic drugs, thalidomide is rarely reported to cause severe hematologic toxicity. We present this case to increase clinicians’ awareness for the potential of thalidomide to adversely affect platelet counts, particularly because its effectiveness in MM will likely result in expansion of its clinical use.
Pharmacist Impact on Clinical Outcomes in a Diabetes Disease Management Program via Collaborative Practice
Authors: Kiel Patrick J , McCord Amie D
Published: October 2005

BACKGROUND

Clinical outcomes resulting from pharmaceutical care have been incompletely addressed in the diabetes population. We conducted a retrospective study evaluating clinical outcomes in a diabetes disease management program in which clinical pharmacists possessed collaborative practice agreements.

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate changes in clinical outcomes for patients enrolled in a pharmacist-coordinated diabetes management program.

METHODS

Medical records of 157 patients enrolled in the diabetes management program between June 2003 and April 2004 were retrospectively reviewed. Data collection included baseline and follow-up values for hemoglobin A1C (A1C) and lipids as well as frequency of adherence to preventive care, including annual foot and eye examinations and daily aspirin therapy.

RESULTS

For patients with both baseline and follow-up data, the mean A1C reduction was 1.6% (n = 109; p < 0.001). For patients with an initial A1C of ≥8.5%, the mean reduction was 2.7% (n = 57; p < 0.001). The percentage of patients with A1C ≤7% increased from 19% at baseline to 50% at follow-up (p < 0.001). The mean low-density lipoprotein (LDL) reduction observed was 16 mg/dL (n = 73; NS) and the percentage of patients with LDL values ≤100 mg/dL increased from 30% at baseline to 56% at follow-up (p < 0.001). The frequency of microalbumin screening increased by 27% (p < 0.001), and the number of patients with annual eye and foot examinations increased by 27% (p < 0.05) and 15% (p < 0.05), respectively. The percentage of patients who had a positive microalbumin test and were taking a renal protective agent rose 19% from baseline to follow-up (NS). The percentage of patients taking daily aspirin increased from 42% at baseline to 80% at follow-up (p < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS

The pharmacist-coordinated diabetes management program was effective in improving clinical markers for enrolled patients. Significant improvements were observed in A1C and LDL values as well as the frequency of adherence to preventive care.
The Influence of Operating Parameters on the Profile of the Calcium 422.67 nm Resonance Line Emitted by a Demountable Hollow Cathode Lamp
Authors: Bevan D. G. , Kirkbright G. F.
Published: October 2005

The profile and integrated intensity of the calcium 422.67 nm resonance line from a commercially available demountable hollow cathode lamp have been examined using several filler gases at pressures between 1 and 7 Torr and operating currents in the range of 6 to 30 mA. The results are interpreted in terms of the reduced Doppler and self-absorption broadening obtained in this source compared to these effects in a commercially available, sealed, neon-filled hollow cathode lamp source.
The IDES System—An Image Dissector Echelle Spectrometer System for Spectrochemical Analysis
Authors: Danielsson A. , Lindblom P.
Published: October 2005

The image dissector echelle spectrometer system consists of a stigmatic, coma-compensated echelle spectrograph with high resolution and high dispersion, an image dissector tube with specially designed focusing and deflection coils and a minicomputer with 16K memory. The whole spectral range, i.e., from 200 to 800 nm, is focused on the photocathode of the image tube in 91 spectral segments (spectral orders). The measurement of the spectrum, involving wavelength selection and intensity measuring through single-photon counting, is performed by the computer. The standard software contains programs for focusing, wavelength calibration, scanning, and spectrochemical analysis. IDES is a multipurpose and multielement spectrometer which can be adapted for any application in analytical spectroscopy by utilizing the appropriate software program. The fields of application of the IDES system are: emission from combustion and electrical flames; dc arcs; hollow cathodes and glow discharges; atomic absorption; and fluorescence with line and continuous light sources.
Rotational Temperature Measurement in Multicomponent Gases Using Raman Scattering Spectroscopy
Authors: Hickman R. S. , Kassem A. E. , Liang L. H.
Published: October 2005

The rotational temperature at pressures near 1 atm and at room temperature has been successfully measured using spectra obtained in an intracavity Raman scattering experiment. The accuracy of the method is sufficient to allow local temperature measurement of multicomponent gases with no disturbance in the temperature field. The advantage of the method lies in the fact that it does not require knowledge of the relative scattering cross-section area of the component gases.
Pattern Recognition Methods for the Classification of Binary Infrared Spectral Data
Authors: Woodruff H. B. , Ritter G. L. , Lowry S. R. , Isenhour T. L.
Published: October 2005

Five pattern recognition methods are compared for their ability to classify binary infrared spectra. Included is a discussion of the time vs success balance for each of the techniques. Predictive ability decreases in the order maximum likelihood > distance > Tanimoto similarity ∼ Hamming distance > dot product. The time required for each prediction after the classifier has been developed increases in order maximum likelihood ∼ distance ∼ dot product < Tanimoto similarity ∼ Hamming distance.
Relative Intensity Calibration of Rotational Raman Spectra
Authors: Hill R. A. , Mulac A. J. , Smith D. R.
Published: October 2005

Ratios of the intensities of rotational Raman lines having the same initial state have been used to obtain a spectral sensitivity calibration of the optical system used to record those rotational lines. The advantages are that no “standard source” is required for the sensitivity calibration, and the “calibration source” by definition contains the correct polarization properties for the experimental situation.
Study of the Infrared Absorption Spectra of Some Pyridine Derivatives-Iodine Complexes
Authors: Kerim F. M. Abdel , Fotouh F. Abou El
Published: October 2005

The ir absorption spectra of some pyridine derivatives-iodine complexes were measured in the region 400 to 1400 cm−1 and the results are discussed. The effect of complex formation on the intensities of some of the bands was investigated. The thermodynamic constants of these complexes were calculated. It was found that the stability of the complex depends to a large extent on the electronegativity as well as the position of the substituent on the pyridine nucleus. The structures of formed complexes are discussed.
Characteristics of Photodiode Arrays for Spectrochemical Measurements
Authors: Horlick Gary
Published: October 2005

A rather large number of spectrochemical studies and analyses can be greatly facilitated by the simultaneous measurement of spectral information over a range of wavelengths. Of particular importance and interest to analytical spectroscopists is the development of simultaneous multielement analysis systems. The development and implementation of such analyses have been hampered by a lack of convenient and versatile multichannel spectrochemical measurement systems. New detector subsystems based on modern electronic image sensors are helping to overcome this obstacle. One type of electronic image sensor is the self-scanning linear array of silicon photodiodes. These arrays are available with densities of 1024 photodiodes per in and in lengths of up to 1 in. They are packaged in conventional dual-in-line integrated circuit packages complete with the necessary scanning circuitry. These sensors have simple and inexpensive control and measurement circuitry, and superior blooming and lag performance when compared to most other electronic image sensors. In addition, the signal integrating capability of the arrays is a flexible and powerful asset for many spectrochemical measurements. These and other operational characteristics of photodiode arrays are emphasized in this study. In addition, the measurement capability of a computer coupled photodiode array spectrometer based on a 1024 element array which is capable of simultaneously measuring over 50 nm (500 Å) of continuous spectral information anywhere from 200 to 1000 nm is illustrated.
Spectrographic Calculations with Computerized Emulsion Calibration and Programmable Calculator Computations
Authors: Blevins D. R. , O'Neill W. R.
Published: October 2005

Photographic spectrographic calculations of intensity ratios and the corresponding element concentrations are performed faster and more accurately with programmable desk calculators than by graphical methods. These calculations are facilitated by applying a transform to microphotometer transmittance readings to make them linear with respect to intensity. This transform has the form log [{(100 – T)/ T} {(a + T)/ T}] where a is the transform constant and T is percent transmittance. A FORTRAN computer program strategy is given for calculating the transform constant from emulsion calibration data and obtaining a linear equation for the emulsion calibration curve. This equation is used to program a desk calculator to convert transmittance readings to intensity ratios corrected for background. A second calculator program computes element concentrations from the intensity ratios.
Infrared Spectra of Gases Produced by Pyrolysis of Carpet Fibers
Authors: Perenich Theresa A. , Tuazon E. C.
Published: October 2005

An important aspect of the flammability question which needs investigation is that of the lethal gases which are emitted when synthetic carpets are burned. Several studies have found that toxic gases and smoke are a major cause of fatalities to individuals involved in fire situations. This study examined gases which were produced when carpets of nylon, acrylic, or acrylic/modacrylic fibers were burned. Infrared spectra of the carpet fibers were obtained upon pyrolysis of the samples. The results showed that hydrogen cyanide, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, acrylonitrile, acetylene, ethylene, methane, and ammonia were emitted. Each of the specific toxicants produced upon burning can be lethal if present in sufficient quantities. In addition, research has shown that cumulative and synergestic effects of these gases may cause debilitation and death. This study indicates the possible need for biological smoke tolerance standards for interior furnishings.
A Quantitative Photochemical-Fluorimetric Method for Measurement of Nonfluorescent Vitamin K1
Authors: Aaron J. J. , Villafranca J. E. , White V. R. , Fitzgerald J. M.
Published: October 2005

Vitamin K1 (2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone) is not naturally fluorescent, but yields a fluorescent photochemical product upon ultraviolet irradiation. Among several solvents, dioxane was found to be the most suitable for the determination of vitamin K1. A photochemical-fluorimetric method is proposed for measurement of original vitamin K1 concentration using two different readout methods: (1) digital integration of the fluorescence increase due to the photoproduct at 431 nm; and (2) analog recording of photoproduct fluorescence as a function of irradiation time. The two methods gave limits of detection of 5 ppb, with a better precision for the digital procedure. Limits of detection and speed of analysis are shown to be more satisfactory for the determination of vitamin K1 than in previously reported analytical methods. The specific data obtained depends greatly on the quality of the solvent and excitation-photolysis source used.
Determination of Trace Elements in Human Tissues. II. Chromium in the Pancreas and in Raw and Commercial Sugar
Authors: Chao Sherman S. , Kanabrocki Eugene L. , Moore Carl E. , Oester Yvo T. , Greco Joseph , von Smolinski Alfred
Published: October 2005

Human pancreases obtained at autopsy have been analyzed for chromium using flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Both the original sample and the lipid-free sample of 21 pancreases have been digested by means of low temperature plasma ashing. Chromium levels are reported for the following categories of subjects: arteriosclerotic heart disease (5); carcinoma (5); diabetes mellitus (4); cirrhosis of the liver (3); other diseases (4).
Microcomputer-Based Control and Data Collection for a Mass Spectrometer
Authors: Byrd J. S.
Published: October 2005

A microcomputer-based data acquisition and control system for a mass spectrometer was designed and built. This system incorporates commercially available microcomputer logic modules interfaced to various input and output devices; these devices include an IBM-compatible magnetic tape transport. The system operates from programs stored in firmware (permanent software) and can be programmed via a Teletype for several days of unattended operation. This report describes only the electronics for the system.
AlKLL Auger Profile Artifact at the Oxide-Metal Interface
Authors: Solomon J. S.
Published: October 2005

The chemical combination effects on the AIKLL Auger N′(E) peak from the oxide vs the metal results in an artifact in the profile contour region representative of the oxide-metal interface. The cause of the artifact is related to the nature of derivative recording of Auger spectra and the influence of peak shape changes because of a changing chemical environment. The artifact results in the misleading interpretation of a depletion of Al at the interface. To avoid this problem the N′(E) spectrum is integrated and N(E) peak heights are used to construct the profile.
Inelastic Electron Tunneling Spectroscopy: A Review of an Emerging Analytical Technique
Authors: Keil Robert G. , Graham Thomas P. , Roenker Kenneth P.
Published: October 2005

The technique of inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy (IETS) is reviewed. The physical principles involved, the theoretical status, and the experimental techniques necessary to obtain tunneling spectra are presented. The details of sample preparation and the necessary measuring circuits are discussed thoroughly. The application of IETS to analytical chemistry and surface interactions is illustrated through a review of the spectra that have been obtained from 1966 to the present.
Trace Element Determinations in a Low-Alloy Steel Standard Reference Material by Isotope Dilution, Spark Source Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Paulsen Paul J. , Alvarez Robert , Mueller Charles W.
Published: October 2005

A stable isotope dilution procedure using the spark source mass spectrograph was developed for the simultaneous determination of cerium, copper, neodymium, selenium, silver, tellurium, and zirconium in a low-alloy steel material. Except for copper, the elements were present at trace concentrations that are difficult to determine by most analytical methods. In the procedure, known amounts of the isotopically enriched elements were added to 100-mg samples, which were dissolved in perchloric and hydrofluoric acids. After evaporation of the solutions almost to dryness, dissolution of the residues, and addition of hydrofluoric acid to complex the iron, the resulting solutions were electrolyzed in polytetrafluoroethylene cells. The electrodeposit on high purity, gold cathode wires was sparked in the mass spectrograph and the isotope ratios of the isotopically equilibrated elements were measured. The concentrations, ranging from 0.041% for copper to 3.1 µ/g (ppm) for neodymium, were calculated from the general isotope dilution equation. The low-alloy steel is available from NBS as Standard Reference Material 1261.
An Automated Technique for the Sub-Microgram Determination of Selenium and Arsenic in Surface Waters by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
Authors: Pierce F. D. , Lamoreaux T. C. , Brown H. R. , Fraser R. S.
Published: October 2005

fully automated method for the analysis of selenium and rsenic in surface water specimens by atomic absorption spectroscopy is described. The technique employs sodium borohydride for conversion of selenium and arsenic compounds in specimens to hydrogen selenide and arsine. To increase the efficiency of hydride recovery for analysis, the reacted specimen is stripped using a heated column. The hydride gas and hydrogen evolved from the chemical reaction is then combusted in a tube furnace placed in the optical path of an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Seventy specimens can be analyzed per hour with a detection limit of 0.019 µg/liter for selenium and 0.011 µg/liter for arsenic.
Analysis for the Platinum Group Metals and Gold by Fire-Assay Emission Spectrography
Authors: Cooley Elmo F. , Curry Kenneth J. , Carlson Robert R.
Published: October 2005

Platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, iridium, and gold are determined by direct spectrographic analysis of a fire-assay silver bead. Fire-assay methods and standards preparation are described. The fire-assay bead is placed into a graphite electrode containing 3 mg of (NH4)2OsCL6 and arced at 15 A dc in an argon-oxygen atmosphere. With the methods outlined, detection limits for a 15-g sample are 1 ppb for Au and Pd, 2 ppb for Pt and Rh, and 100 ppb for Ru and Ir.
A Single-Channel Printing Scaler for Photon Counting
Authors: Perreault G. J. , Cookingham R. E. , Spoonhower J. P. , Lewis A.
Published: October 2005

A device is described which counts pulses and generates serial code to punch a paper tape and produce formatted count listings on a Teletype. The digital counting mode employed by the printing scaler makes it ideal for photon counting or other event recording applications in spectroscopy. The count capacity is 5 digits (99 999 if decimal; 1 048 575 if hexadecimal). Provision is made to record initialization and overflow flags and two optional external flags. A data latch is included to allow simultaneous counting and printing for minimum dead time; the maximum print rate is 1 data point per sec on a 110 baud terminal. “Initialize” and “enable” signals must be supplied by external circuitry, such as a spectrometer timing and stepping control system. A “done” pulse is supplied by the printing scaler for use in external circuitry if desired. The circuit can also be used with other serial recording devices including an on-line computer; the baud rate is easily adjustable. This device contains 32 TTL SSI and MSI integrated circuits and a few associated discrete components. Our version was constructed on a single 36-position wire wrap breadboard with edge connector and housed in an inverted 8 by 12 by 3 in. chassis box with perforated cover. The required power can be obtained from an inexpensive 5 V, 1 A power supply.
Quantitative Discrimination between Spectral Background and Ionization Interference Caused by the Sample Matrix in Flame Emission Analyses
Authors: Visser K. , Hamm F. M. , Zeeman P. B.
Published: October 2005

A method is described whereby the relative radiative fluxes of analytical lines of lead, silver, and copper and a background monitoring wavelength were measured simultaneously. These and the background 0.1 nm from the analytical lines on both sides thereof were measured sequentially. A digital photoelectrical detection system was employed. The same detector channels were used for the line intensity and the adjacent background measurements. The technique for background correction with measurements near the analytical lines was compared with the method of using the common monitor wavelength region some distance away from the analytical lines. A nitrous oxide-acetylene flame was used. The interference of calcium and potassium in the sample matrix on lead determinations in flame emission was shown to be caused by indirect spectral background interference and ionization interference affecting the line intensity. Ionization interference in the case of silver and copper was also detected.
A Method for the Determination of Cadmium in Plant Material by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
Authors: Boline Duane R. , Schrenk W. G.
Published: October 2005

A method for determining cadmium in plant material by direct aspiration of a solution of the ashed sample in an alcohol-water solvent mixture was investigated. The method was applied to samples containing 0.35 to 3.10 µg of Cd per g. Operating conditions for using an acetylene-air flame were established and flame interference effects minimized; no significant interference was noted from other elements present in plants. Wet and dry ashing procedures provided comparable results. The recovery of added cadmium ranged from 87 to 104%, most values being near 100%. Comparing the AOAC and atomic absorption methods indicated that the atomic absorption method is as reliable and accurate as the official AOAC colorimetric method. Furthermore, it is simpler and faster. A preliminary investigation of the feasibility of using an electrically heated tantalum boat for this type of analysis indicated significant interference by other substances in the sample. Further study of the heated vaporization technique is needed.
Diffuse Reflectance of Highly Anisotropic Nonconservative Media
Authors: Hecht Harry G.
Published: October 2005

With the use of methods described by Chandrasekhar, integrals have been tabulated which allow the diffuse reflectance of highly anisotropic nonconservative scattering media to be calculated. Solutions obtained in this way are compared for normally incident radiation with those given by an approximate formula due to Pitts. It is found that the Pitts formula is in excellent agreement with the exact solution and can be used to interpret reflectance data throughout the entire range of positive x values for which exact solutions exist for the phase function ω0 (1 + x cos θ).
The Calculation of Some CH Wag Group Frequencies in Substituted Benzenes, Naphthalenes, and Acetylenes
Authors: Colthup Norman B.
Published: October 2005

Nineteen quantitative relationships are presented which enable the calculation of certain CH wag group frequencies in some substituted benzenes, naphthalenes, and acetylenes. Four involve computer calculation of molecular orbital electron densities and one involves Hammett values. The remaining 14 relationships involve simple functions between different CH wag group frequencies based on electron density relationships. This verifies a general tendency for unsaturated CH wag force constants to be weakened when the total electron density on the carbon of the CH is increased.
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopic Evidence for Soil Linuron Interaction
Authors: Mantz A. W. , Morita H. K.
Published: October 2005

Spectroscopic evidence is presented which provides experimental support to mechanisms which have been proposed to explain the behavior of herbicides in different soil systems.
Sulfur Isotope Ratios in Ultramarine Blue: Application to Art Forgery Detection
Authors: Keisch B. , Callahan R. C.
Published: October 2005

The variation of sulfur isotope ratios in ultramarine blue may have some use in the identification of type and source of this important artists' pigment. The distinction between synthetic and natural material, and the distinction of different sources of the latter, can be helpful in identifying forged paintings. The conversion of a 20-year-old mass spectrometer into a precision isotope ratio instrument and its use for the analysis of relatively small samples is described.
The HeI Photoelectron Spectrum of Hexafluoroacetoneimine
Authors: Young V. Y. , Cheng K. L.
Published: October 2005

The Hel photoelectron spectrum of hexafluoroacetoneimine has been determined and compared with that of hexafluoroacetone. CNDO/2 calculations have been used to assign the bands. Calculated π ionization energies were done for isobutene, hexafluoriso-butene, acetone, hexafluoroacetone, acetoneimine, and hexafluoroacetoneimine and compared with experimental values.
Low Resolution Infrared Detection of Nickel Carbonyl at Less Than One Part per Billion Levels
Authors: Mantz A. W.
Published: October 2005

Less than 1 ppb of Ni(CO)4 has been detected, under STP conditions, in the presence of a 106-fold excess of CO at 2 cm−1 resolution. Absorbance subtraction software was employed to minimize the interfering effects of the CO spectra. These results indicate that, using 20 m absorption length gas cells, Ni(CO)4 concentrations on the order of 0.01 ppb are detectable using this technique.
A Laboratory Study for a Resonance Raman Lidar System
Authors: Hochenbleicher J. G. , Kiefer W. , Brandmüller J.
Published: October 2005

Results of a laboratory study for the applicability of the resonance Raman effect for remote analysis of air pollutant molecules are presented. It was found that the influence of the absorption of the exciting laser light as well as of the scattered resonance Raman light by the scattering gas can reduce the observed resonance signal to normal Raman scattering levels. The laboratory detection limit for continuum resonance Raman scattering of iodine was found to be of the order of 30 ppb.
Dependence of Bandshape and Depolarization Ratio on Slitwidth
Authors: Dijkman F. G. , van der Maas J. H.
Published: October 2005

A simple correction formula is presented for obtaining true Lorentzian half-band widths from convolutions with triangular slits. The correction is shown to be applicable to a number of other convolutions. Also, the dependence of the depolarization ratio in terms of peak heights on slitwidth is investigated.
Spectroscopic Study of Radiofrequency Oxygen Plasma Stripping of Negative Photoresists. I. Ultraviolet Spectrum
Authors: Degenkolb E. O. , Mogab C. J. , Goldrick M. R. , Griffiths J. E.
Published: October 2005

The stripping of photoresists from a silicon wafer using an rf oxygen plasma has been monitored using the optical emission from electronically excited OH and CO species in the ultraviolet region of the spectrum. The band systems at 283.0 nm (CO*, OH*), 297.7 nm (CO*), and 308.9 nm (OH*) are intense and spectrally isolated from other systems and arise from plasma-induced oxidation of the polymeric photoresist material. The endpoint of plasma stripping and the amount of stripped material is easily determined quantitatively. In addition, variations in stripping rate of photoresist as a function of wafer position in the reaction chamber can be detected.
Evaluation of the Microwave-Induced Plasma for Multielement Emission Spectrometric Analyses
Authors: Skogerboe R. K. , Coleman G. N.
Published: October 2005

A microwave-induced argon plasma has been evaluated as a spectrochemical excitation source for multielement analyses of solutions. Results for 12 elements indicate that detection capabilities are typically better than 0.01 µg/ml. Analyses of food composite samples indicate that matrix effects occur but these are cancelled by the use of the internal standard method.
A Dynamic Background Correction System for Direct Reading Spectrometry
Authors: Skogerboe R. K. , Lamothe P. J. , Bastiaans G. J. , Freeland S. J. , Coleman G. N.
Published: October 2005

A direct reading emission spectrometer system is described which permits dynamic background correction measurements at each analytical wavelength. The system utilizes a refractor plate mounted on a tuning fork as a rapid means for square-wave shifting the spectral band pass from each analytical wavelength to the adjacent background wavelength position. A laboratory computer controls the system, receives the data, and performs the background subtraction. Evaluation of the system has shown that photon counting statistics are applicable and that reliable background corrections are obtained. Comparisons of this correction approach with others that have been used have further demonstrated its advantages for multielement analysis by emission spectrometry.
Computer Controlled System for Study of Pulsed Hollow Cathode Lamps
Authors: Johnson E. R. , Mann C. K. , Vickers T. J.
Published: October 2005

A system for complete computer control of the important current waveform variables in the operation of pulsed hollow cathode lamps is described and characterized. The system is shown to provide a highly flexible approach for the rapid accumulation of data on lamp operating characteristics. By implementing a simplex optimization technique with the system, it is shown that a selected lamp response (average peak intensity or integrated peak intensity) can be observed as a function of one variable, while all other variables are at values which result in an optimized response. This procedure, which probably could not be carried out without a closed loop system such as that described, avoids the potential difficulties of the one-factor-at-a-time approach. Results are reported for optimization studies of two iron hollow cathode lamps, for a response surface mapping experiment, and for examination of the pulse shapes of iron, calcium, vanadium, and aluminum hollow cathode lamps.
Use of a SIT Image Detector for Atomic Emission/Fluorescence Spectrometry
Authors: Chester T. L. , Haraguchi H. , Knapp D. O. , Messman J. D. , Winefordner J. D.
Published: October 2005

A silicon-intensified target vidicon tube (SIT) is evaluated for analytical use in the determination of 17 elements in an Ar-separated C2H2/air flame and 5 elements in an Ar-separated C2H2/N2O flame using combined atomic emission and atomic fluorescence as excited by a 150 W CW EIMAC xenon arc lamp. Benefits of combining emission and fluorescence signals in multielement analysis are experimentally shown. Limits of detection are approximately 100 times worse than previously reported by atomic fluorescence alone using a conventional spectrophotometer with the same 150 W EIMAC lamp. Linear dynamic ranges are between ∼10 and ∼100 for elements analyzed in the C2H2/air flame and are as high as 1000 for elements in the C2H2/N2O flame. Little or no use of the SIT and many similar image detectors for multielement analysis via atomic emission and/or atomic fluorescence is predicted at the present “state of the art.”
Vibrational Spectrometry of Pesticides and Related Materials on Thin Layer Chromatography Adsorbents
Authors: Gomez-Taylor Maria M. , Kuehl Donald , Griffiths Peter R.
Published: October 2005

Methods of measuring the vibrational spectra of species adsorbed on thin layer chromatography (TLC) plates have been studied by Fourier transform infrared (FT-ir) and Raman spectrometry. Previous measurements of the transmittance spectra of species separated by TLC (with the adsorbent deposited on I plates) showed poor signal/noise ratio at high frequency due to scattering by the adsorbent. Scattering has been minimized in these experiments by treating the TLC plate with Fluorolube, an infrared mulling oil whose refractive index closely matches that of the adsorbent. Spectra of chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides on silica gel and alumina adsorbents measured in this way show differences which can be correlated with the mechanism of adsorption. FT-ir spectra of compounds on TLC plates can be obtained from microgram quantities of sample but Raman spectrometry is not as sensitive, requiring at least 200 µg of sample. The Raman bands of adsorbed pesticides are weak and considerably broadened with respect to the corresponding bands in the spectra of the pure samples.
A Computer-Spectrometer Interactive System for Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Edgell Walter F. , Schmidlin Edward , Kuriakose T. J. , Lurix Paul
Published: October 2005

A system for Raman spectroscopy involving synergistic interaction between a computer and spectrometer is described which permits complete point by point flexibility in scanning the spectrum. The interface between the computer and the spectrometer and its operation is described together with the basic characteristics of the computer software to operate it. It is shown that significant improvement can be made in spectrum quality and/or run time when statistical considerations are used to program the operation of the system.
The Thickness Effect in X-ray Absorption Edges of Metals and Alloys
Authors: Pease Douglas M.
Published: October 2005

The thickness effect is treated using a simplified form for the window function and the absorption edge. It is shown that for the low absorbing portion of the K edge the relative error caused by the tail of the window function becomes larger, rather than vanishing, in the limit of zero thickness foils. A means is described and experimentally demonstrated for separating changes in K absorption edge fine structure due to alloying from those due to the thickness effect.
Some Reflections on Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Tompkins H. G.
Published: October 2005

Reflections are used with infrared spectroscopy in both internal reflection spectroscopy and reflection-absorption spectroscopy. These two techniques are compared and contrasted to transmission infrared spectroscopy. Several typical applications of each arc given along with some elementary theory of the reflection process itself. The applicability of each technique and past and probable future developments are discussed.
CW Laser Wavelength Modulation in Raman and Site Selection Fluorescence Spectroscopy
Authors: Funfschilling J. , Williams D. F.
Published: October 2005

Raman and site selection fluorescence spectra are compared when these spectra have been measured with conventional fixed wavelength excitation and with modulated wavelength excitation. The samples were solutions of benzene and of chlorophyll. The modulated wavelength method records the differential spectra. Simple analysis of signal/noise ratios from these different experimental techniques show modulation methods can give improvements under particular conditions. These conditions are discussed.
Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy of Liquid Crystals
Authors: Bulkin Bernard J.
Published: October 2005

Liquid crystals are complex organic systems exhibiting a variety of interesting phase transitions. In this paper, work is reviewed in two areas: (1) lattice dynamics of nematogenic crystals as the crystal-nematic liquid crystal phase transition is approached, and (2) vibrational spectroscopic changes at the gel-liquid crystal phase transition of phospholipid-water mixtures. In each area, a case is made that interpretable spectroscopic information can be obtained from a system of this complexity. For the lattice vibrations, a model potential is used to calculate vibrational frequencies. These in turn are discussed in terms of motions which might be uncoupled as the crystal-nematic transition is approached. For the lipid vibrations, infrared and Raman data show how chain melting manifests itself in the spectrum. An application of this to phase diagram construction is presented.
A New Method for Preparing Metallic Samples for Atomic Absorption
Authors: Ghiglione M. , Eljuri E. , Cuevas C.
Published: October 2005

A method for preparing metallic dispersions by means of a water immersed spark, using a new type of disperser, is described. With this dispersion, a very concentrated colloidol-like suspension of material may be obtained, giving a simple method for the analysis of minor components of alloys. These colloidal-like dispersions, used instead of real solutions, show the same behavior when analyzed by the atomic absorption technique. The composition is representative of the alloy dispersed, and after several hours of preparation, no signs of precipitation are observed. An example is included. Minor elements of an aluminum alloy, Cu, Mg, and Mn, were determined at concentrations of about 1% with relative accuracy of ± 5% or better.
Interlaboratory and Interinstrumental Spectrochemical Precision: Comparison of dc Carbon Arc Optical Emission Spectrographic, Atomic Absorption, and X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometric Procedures
Authors: Brenner Isaac B. , Gleit L. , Harel A.
Published: October 2005

A cooperative investigation has been performed to test long-term interlaboratory and interinstrumental accuracy and precision of a dc carbon arc optical emission spectrographic method for determining the common trace and minor elements in silicate rocks and minerals. Comparisons are made with determinations by atomic absorption and X-ray fluorescence spectrometric procedures to indicate agreement or bias of the analytical results, and the presence of systematic errors.
Off-Line Computer Applications to High Resolution uv-Visible Spectroscopy
Authors: Ochs Frederick W. , Kopelman Raoul
Published: October 2005

A method for using a computer in conjunction with photon counting is described. The computer system (University of Michigan Amdahl 470V/6) is not dedicated but the programming gives a fast, efficient, versatile, and accurate calibration of high resolution visible-uv spectra. In addition, the system greatly enhances and facilitates the production of plots of the spectrum, integration of spectral intensities, and signal averaging of weak spectra.
Establishing Proper System Parameters for Digitally Sampling a Continuous Scanning Spectrometer
Authors: Blass W. E.
Published: October 2005

A gaussian spectral line is represented as a true function of time and its power spectrum determined. With the use of this information and application of the sampling theorem, a relationship between system parameters such as spectral resolution, scan rate, amplifier band width, and sampling rate is established. Use of this relationship in establishing run parameters ensures acquisition of valid data by a digital sampling system.
Hydrogen-Bonding Studies of Pyridine and o-Phenylphenol with Coal Asphaltenes by Multi-nuclei Magnetic Resonance
Authors: Schweighardt F. K. , Friedel R. A. , Retcofsky H. L.
Published: October 2005

Proton, carbon, and nitrogen-14 nuclear magnetic resonance studies are reported of hydrogen bonding between the OH proton of o-phenylphenol (OPP) and the nitrogen electron donor of pyridine (Py). Data are also reported on the hydrogen bonding of the acid and base components of coal-derived asphaltenes with the model system. Determination was made of the equilibrium constant of the 1:1 complex between OPP and Py from the proton NMR studies. Qualitative results are reported from the 13C and 14N studies of the model system (OPP-Py) with the individual asphaltene fractions. Because of the recent renewed interest in coal liquefaction this investigation may provide a starting point for future research.
Improved Technics for the near Infrared Study of Water Binding by Globular Proteins and Intact Tissues
Authors: Ziauddin N. Ressler , Vygantas C. , Janzen W. , Karachorlu K.
Published: October 2005

Improved technics have been developed for near infrared studies of water binding to globular proteins and in intact cells or tissues. These include the construction of a cylindrical absorption cell which is of variable path length and which can be re-opened for sample dehydration or re-closed for subsequent scans. A matrix composed of copolymers of methacrylic acid and diethylaminoethyl methacrylate, along with agarose, is utilized in order to hold globular or nongelling proteins in the form of uniform, transparent films when water is removed. Corrections have been made for the scattering of light by the samples by means of a particular opal material, in conjunction with a spectrophotometer with a high intensity source. Results which have been obtained with serum albumin and with intact tissues are presented. The spectra appear to provide sufficient resolution and accuracy for analytical studies, and for the detection of differences between bulk and protein bound forms of water. As far as we are aware, spectra with water difference curves through the near infrared, of intact tissues, with comparable resolution have not previously been published.
Wavelength Modulation for Background Correction in Graphite Furnace Atomic Emission Spectrometry
Authors: Epstein M. S. , Rains T. C. , O'Haver T. C.
Published: October 2005

The use of wavelength modulation for background correction in graphite furnace atomic emission spectrometry is shown to improve detection limits in some cases by several orders of magnitude and to increase its applicability to sample analysis. An HGA-2100 graphite furnace atomizer is used in conjunction with a 3/4-m monochromator equipped for wavelength modulation. A discussion of analytical growth curves, detection limits, scatter, and optimization of signal/noise ratio is presented. Copper is analyzed in botanical samples and the results are compared to analysis by atomic absorption and molecular absorption spectrophotometry.
Computer Simulation of Inductively Coupled Plasma Discharge for Spectrochemical Analysis. II. Comparison of Temperature and Velocity Profiles, and Particle Decomposition for Inductively Coupled Plasma Discharges in Argon and Nitrogen
Authors: Barnes Ramon M. , Nikdel Seifollah
Published: October 2005

Using a recently developed numerical procedure for the solution of energy and magnetic flux density equations for inductively coupled plasma (ICP) discharges with diatomic gases, we made a theoretical comparison of ICP discharges in argon and nitrogen with the objective of evaluating their relative spectrochemical usefulness. Nitrogen discharges operating at powers between 3 and 7 kW and argon discharges of powers between 0.6 and 6 kW are investigated for a three-concentric gas flow arrangement now popular in spectrochemical analysis. Although the argon discharge temperatures are higher and the linear velocity of the central gas stream lower, nitrogen provides a more effective discharge for decomposition of A12O3 particles. Two-dimensional temperature distributions, velocity profiles, and power loss relationships are described.
Evaluation of the Contribution of Organic Solvent Species toward Signal Enhancement in the Premixed Oxygen-Hydrogen Flame
Authors: Routh M. W. , Denton M. B.
Published: October 2005

Studies conducted in premixed oxygen-hydrogen, oxygen-acetylene, and nitrous oxide-acetylene flames utilizing a relatively small drop size aerosol generated with high frequency ultrasonic nebulization indicate that under the proper conditions emission signal enhancements observed with methanol can be attributed primarily to both increased rate of nebulization and the presence of additional reducing species. However, under the fuel-rich conditions commonly employed for analysis, solvent-supplied reducing species were found to be of primary significance only in the case of the premixed oxygen-hydrogen flame.
The Effect of Temperature on Carbon Furnace Atomic Emission Spectrometry
Authors: Ottaway J. M. , Shaw F.
Published: October 2005

The effect of atomization temperature on detection limits attained in carbon furnace atomic emission spectrometry is described and discussed. Standard carbon tubes have been modified, to give a maximum tube temperature 370°K higher, by removing 1 mm of the outside of the tube at its center. The dependence of the emission signal on temperature is shown to have an exponential form, and detection limits for 25 elements are reported in both standard and modified tubes. The potential analytical advantages of a purely electrothermal energy source in emission spectroscopy are outlined.
Azo Dye Tautomeric Structures Determined by Laser-Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Trotter P. J.
Published: October 2005

Raman spectra of a number of azo dye structures have been analyzed. In azonaphthol and azopyrazol dyes, hydroxyazo to keto-hydrazone tautomerizations,

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were observed in aqueous basic and acidic media. Observations of azo and ring vibrations, as well as hydrazone (C=N plus C=0) bands, were made. It was noted that the azo-anions (examined at pH 12) convert to the protonated neutral hydrazone (keto) form in aqueous acid (run at pH 2). Infrared spectra were used to confirm the presence of the C=0 group in keto-tautomeric forms.
Spectrophotometric Accuracy, Linearity and Adherence to Beer's Law
Authors: Sloane Howard J. , Gallaway William S.
Published: October 2005

The distinction between the terms photometric accuracy, photometric linearity, and adherence to Beer's Law is discussed. To describe the last, a new term “analytical linearity” is suggested. Some instrument response functions which exhibit acceptable analytical linearity are shown, nevertheless, to be photometrically inaccurate. Methods of measuring true photometric accuracy, the search for absolute photometric standards, and the ultimate limitations of such standards are reviewed.