bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fine-Needle Aspiration in the Diagnosis of Thyroid Diseases: An Appraisal in Our Institution
Authors: Esmaili Heydar Ali , Taghipour Hassan
Published: September 2012

Objective and Aims. In the last two decades, fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of thyroid has been introduced as the most reliable and cost-effective method for diagnosing of clinically important thyroid disorders. The aim of our study was to determine the accuracy and reliability of FNAC in our center. Materials and Methods. Thyroid fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of 1639 patients from October 2007 to September 2011 was evaluated in our center. Only patients which had a solitary or multiple thyroid nodules were selected for FNA. The FNAC results are classified as benign, malignant, suspicious, and unsatisfactory. From above patients, 192 (11.7%) cases underwent surgery, and histopathologic examination was performed. By comparing the FNAC reports with the corresponding histopathologic results, the accuracy of thyroid FNAC was determined. Results. According to FNAC diagnostic criteria, there were 1054 (64.3%) benign cases, 128 (7.8%) malignant, 306 (18.66%) suspicious and 151 (9.2%) inadequate for diagnosis. In 192 cases, which underwent surgery, FNAC reports were compared with histopathologic results and statistical indices were calculated. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 91.6%, 100%, and 97%, respectively. These findings strongly support that FNAC as a useful technic for preoperative diagnosis of thyroid lesions. Conclusion. This technique is easy to perform, cost effective, minimally invasive with few complications. FNAC has high sensitivity in diagnosis of thyroid malignancy and also has high diagnostic accuracy in the evaluation of thyroid disorders.
Desmopressin testing in haemo-philia A patients and carriers
Authors: Koscielny J. , Tauer J. T. , Huhn B. , Gneuss A. , Kuhlisch E. , Hofmann A. , Petros S. , Aumann V. , Franke D. , Kentouche K. , Syrbe G. , Seeger K. , Haberland H. , Klamroth R. , Knöfler R.
Published: September 2012

Introduction: Desmopressin (DDAVP) testing (DT) in patients (pts) with haemophilia A (HA) and carriers (CHA) is up to now not standardized. This prompted us to evaluate results of DT carried out between 1996 and 2011 in centres of the Competence Network Haemor-rhagic Diatheses East. Patients and method: An increase of the factor VIII activity (FVIII) above 50% or at least the two fold of initial values within 120 min after DDAVP was defined as complete response (CR). Data from 80 patients (31 children, 49 adults) of whom 64 suffered from HA (sub-HA: n = 48; mild: n = 14; moderate: n = 2) and 16 patients CHA were evaluated. Results: In 34 patients DDAVP was given i. v. (dose range: 0.26–0.6 μg/kg body weight, mean: 0.33), in 31 intranasally (i.n. 300–600 μg) and in 15 s. c. (15–40 μg). The maximal FVIII increase was reached 60 min after DDAVP. For i. v. application the mean FVIII increase was 3.1-fold, for i. n. 2.1-fold and for s. c. 2.4-fold. A CR was de tected in 71 patients, a non-response in 9. Mild side effects such as flush, headaches or nausea were observed in 11 patients (14%). Conclusion: For desmopressin testing in patients with haemophilia A and carriers i. v. application at 0.3 μg/kg body weight and the determination of FVIII before and 60 min after desmopressin infusion is recommended.
The current-voltage relation of a pore and its asymptotic behavior in a Nernst-Planck model
Authors: Marius Bîrlea Nicolae , Bîrlea Sînziana Iulia
Published: September 2012

A model for current-voltage nonlinearity and asymmetry is a good starting point for explaining the electrical behavior of nanopores in synthetic or biological membranes. Using a Nernst-Planck model, we found three behaviors for the calculated current density in a membrane's pore as a function of voltage: a quasi-ohmic, slow rising linear current at low voltages; a nonlinear current at intermediate voltages; and a non-ohmic, fast rising linear current at large voltages. The slope of the quasi-ohmic current depends mainly on the height of the energy barrier inside the pore, w, through an exponential term, e
w
. The magnitude of the non-ohmic linear current is controlled by the potential energy gradient at the pore entrance, w/r. The current-voltage relationship is asymmetric if the ion's potential energy inside the pore has an asymmetric triangular profile. The model has only two assumed parameters, the energy barrier height, w, and the relative size of the entrance region of the pore, r, which is a useful feature for fitting and interpreting experimental data.
Heavy Weight Protein Affected by Lead Acetate in Bactrocera dorsalis
Authors: Rizwanul Haq  , M. Farhanullah Khan  , Ehteshamul Haq
Published: September 2012

The studies were carried out on toxic effects of lead acetate, which could contaminate the environment, such as food, water, air and soil, therefore insects could be influenced easily by the lead., Bactrocera dorsalis was studied at 48 hours post treatment, under the effects of lead acetate, in different concentrations. It was observed that, under the effects of lead abnormalities, and deformity were developed in the larvae of flies. Thus these flies could present a useful module for the quick transmission of the environmental hazards of lead, which exerts a specific physiological and morphological effect on their bodies.
Exploration of Multiple Intelligence by Using Latent Class Model
Authors: Shaista Ismat  , Junaid Sagir Sidiqui
Published: September 2012

In this article we have tried to explore, "multiple intelligence" in the educated youth through questionnaire items by applying latent class models. A questionnaire consists of 50 questions. These questions have constructed in the light of Howard Gardner theory of multiple intelligence to explore "multiple intelligence". A survey was conducted on 399 adult students from different regions of Karachi. For statistical analysis we have selected three sets with seven variables, and one set with 4 variables each with binary response. On these four sets up to three classes latent class models were applied. The Probability of positive response (?iy) in each class were estimated by using E.M algorithm and interpreted the class as on the basis of ?iy values. By assessed goodness of fit latent classes/ groups were identified. Two class (two groups of people) model was found in all four data sets. A group (class) consists of the people who think that they have strong verbal expressions abilities, effectively use language to express himself/herself theoretically and poetically, they have good ability to recognize musical pitches, tones and rhythms, we may call this class as "self competence and self esteem" as "musically talented" as "socialize" (having high interpersonal ability).
Transtorno de Apego Reativo em crianças institucionalizadas
Authors: Fiamenghi Junior Geraldo Antonio , Hottum Melani Renata , Galego de Carvalho Sueli
Published: September 2012

O Transtorno de Apego Reativo é caracterizado pelo desenvolvimento de formas perturbadas e inadequadas de estabelecer relacionamentos, geralmente por causa de uma história de maus tratos. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo investigar sinais de Transtorno de Apego Reativo em crianças institucionalizadas. Portanto, 25 crianças (15 meninos e 10 meninas), com 4 a 12 anos de idade, vivendo em um abrigo na cidade de São Paulo, foram avaliadas utilizando o Desenho da Figura Humana (DFH), baseado nos 30 indicadores emocionais propostos por Koppitz. Os resultados mostraram que as crianças demonstraram timidez, afastamento, assim, como baixo interesse social, sentimentos de imobilidade, desesperança e agressão aberta em relação ao ambiente, inadequação e culpa. Algumas das crianças apresentaram sinais significativos do Transtorno de Apego Reativo, principalmente do tipo inibido. Os critérios diagnósticos para o transtorno ainda necessitam precisão e mais pesquisas utilizando o DFH. Contudo, sugere-se que melhoras no ambiente das crianças, especialmente com as pessoas responsáveis por seu cuidado direto possam remediar os sintomas, assim como prevenir futuros problemas.
ADOLESCENTE EM CONFLITO COM A LEI: REPRESENTAÇÕES, MOTIVAÇÕES E PUNIÇÕES
Authors: Bart do Nascimento Danielly , Carnielli Howat-Rodrigues Anna Carnielli Howat-Rodrigues Beatriz , Rosa Edinete Maria , Pompeu Júlio César
Published: September 2012

Neste estudo, objetivou-se analisar a representação social de adolescente em conflito com a lei entre universitários, bem como a motivação que estes atribuíam para a criminalidade e a punição que julgavam necessária para o autor do ato infracional. Participaram 53 estudantes universitários dos cursos de Psicologia e Direito que responderam a um questionário com perguntas fechadas sobre os próprios dados sociodemográficos e questionário estruturado a partir de uma história dilema contendo ativação contextual com manipulação de variável econômica bairro (rico X pobre) a respeito de um adolescente em questão. A análise de correspondência sugeriu aproximação positiva entre condição financeira e escolaridade. Como motivação para o crime foi apontada, principalmente, a dificuldade financeira dos dois adolescentes e dentre as punições, a prisão foi a forma mais citada pelos dois grupos. As representações sociais se mostraram perpassadas pela baixa condição socioeconômica como sinônimo de criminalidade pautadas, ainda, numa visão punitiva e vingativa.
CRIMES SEXUAIS: A OUTRA FACE DA INFÂNCIA E DA ADOLESCÊNCIA
Authors: Trevisan Monteiro Daniela , Pires Jaeger Fernanda , Quintana Alberto Manuel , Arpini Dorian Mônica
Published: September 2012

Por muito tempo, a infância foi retratada em um lugar periférico. Não existia proteção à criança,o que resultava no aumento das probabilidades de abandono, atos comuns de infanticídio e abusos físicos e sexuais. Esta pesquisa traz como tema crianças e adolescentes vítimas de crimes sexuais. O objetivo geral desta pesquisa é caracterizar os crimes sexuais sofridos na infância e adolescência a partir dos processos registrados na Delegacia de Proteção a Criança e Adolescente de Santa Maria. Essa caracterização dar-se-á por meio de uma pesquisa quantitativa, social Exploratória de Análise Documental. Foram registradas 73 denúncias no ano de 2007. Atentado violento ao pudor foi o crime mais cometido, com 56,16%, seguido de estupro com 19,18%. Também foi possível perceber que os crimes sexuais ocorrem com prevalência em situações intrafamiliares, sendo o adulto de confiança da criança um dos maiores abusadores.Dessa forma, os abusos acontecem em sua maior parte nos locais de convívio da vítima. A violência de gênero também é apontada, apresentando uma diferença significativa entre crimes contra o sexo feminino, com 77,03%. Observa-se, igualmente, que as mães aparecem como as mais presentes no ato de realizar a denúncia. Assim, é preciso considerar que toda situação de abuso é uma experiência traumática e que a criança revive essa situação quando realiza sua denúncia.
A ESCALA DE PERSONALIDADE MAQUIAVÉLICA (MPS): TRADUÇÃO E VALIDAÇÃO NO CONTEXTO BRASILEIRO
Authors: Zampieri Grohmann Márcia , Flores Battistella Luciana
Published: September 2012

Este estudo trabalha com o maquiavelismo, mostrando suas relações com diversos temas organizacionais e buscando validar a Escala de Personalidade Maquiavélica – MPS (Dahling,Whitaker, Levy, 2009) para o contexto brasileiro. Dessa forma, foi realizada uma pesquisa descritiva,quantitativa, com 264 funcionários de uma mesma instituição divididos, de forma randômica,em duas partes: a primeira utilizada na análise fatorial exploratória (AFE), para purificar os dados; e a segunda na análise fatorial confirmatória (AFC), para a validação do modelo. A AFE gerou uma estrutura multifatorial (amoralidade, descrença, desejo de controle e desejo de status) com 19 variáveis e valor do KMO de 0,760, valor mínimo de alpha de Cronbach de 0,606 (fator status) e cargas fatoriais acima de 0,60. Na AFC os índices de ajustes encontrados foram: χ² de 237,262; χ²/gL de 1,77, estando dentro do intervalo aceitável; RMSEA de 0,057,estando abaixo dos 0,08 recomendados como limite máximo; GFI de 0,902, CFI de 0,860; NFI de 0,734 e NNFI de 0,840, sendo que todos estes índices devem apresentar valores superiores a 0,90. Dessa forma, considera-se que o ajuste do modelo foi satisfatório, porém os resultados reforçaram a necessidade de novos estudos para validação da MPS, pois, além da redução de 45 para 19 itens, o modelo encontrado foi bem diferente do modelo original, validado por Dahling, Whitaker, Levy (2009).
Assessment of Substance Abuse Liability in Rodents: Self‐Administration, Drug Discrimination, and Locomotor Sensitization
Authors: Paterson Neil E.
Published: September 2012

Assessing abuse liability is a crucial step in the development of a novel chemical entity (NCE) with central nervous system (CNS) activity or with chemical or pharmacological properties in common with known abused substances. Rodent assessment of abuse liability is highly attractive due to its relatively low cost and high predictive validity. Described in this unit are three rodent assays commonly used to provide data on the potential for abuse liability based on the acute effects of NCEs: specifically, self‐administration, drug discrimination, and locomotor sensitization. As these assays provide insight into the potential abuse liability of NCEs as well as in vivo pharmacological mechanism(s) of action, they should form a key part of the development process for novel therapeutics aimed at treating CNS disorders. Curr. Protoc. Pharmacol. 58:5.62.1‐5.62.22. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Some Phenotype Association Tools in Galaxy: Looking for Disease SNPs in a Full Genome
Authors: Giardine Belinda M. , Riemer Cathy , Burhans Richard , Ratan Aakrosh , Miller Webb
Published: September 2012

This unit focuses on some of the tools available on the public Galaxy server that are useful for exploring possible associations between human genetic variants and phenotypes. We trace step‐by‐step through an example illustrating several methods for examining a single full‐coverage genome to look for single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are either known to be associated with disease or suspected to have impact for other reasons. It makes use of public genomic data, tools designed specifically for working with variants, and also some general tools for text manipulation and operations on genomic coordinates. Curr. Protoc. Bioinform. 39:15.2.1‐15.2.27. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Stability of aggression among adolescents over time: A south African study
Authors: Botha Martin P. , Mels Gerhard
Published: September 2012

In a study spanning 5 years, data were collected on the aggressiveness of over 1,700 male and female subjects. Subjects who were the more aggressive grade 8 (standard 6) pupils at the beginning of the study were discovered to be the more aggressive grade 12 (standard 10) pupils. It is concluded that, whatever its causes, aggression can be viewed as a persistent trait that may be influenced by situational variables but reveals substantial consistency over time. The findings of studies by Huesmann and Eron in the United States as well as Olweus in Scandinavia were thus supported in this South African investigation.
Analog Applications of Photochemical Switches
Authors: Copley Graeme , Moore Thomas A. , Moore Ana L. , Gust Devens
Published: September 2012

Molecules that change their structure in response to a stimulus such as light or an added chemical can act as molecular switches. Such switches can be chemically linked to other active moieties to create molecular “devices” for various purposes. There has been much activity of late in the use of molecular switches such as photochromes in the construction of molecular logic gates that carry out binary or digital functions. However, ensembles of such molecules can also act as analog devices. Here, examples of a molecular photonic signal transducer and two mimics of photosynthetic photoregulatory processes are discussed.
Organocatalytic Michael Addition of Nitro Esters to α,β‐Unsaturated Aldehydes: Towards the Enantioselective Synthesis of trans‐3‐Substituted Proline Derivatives
Authors: Han Man‐Yi , Zhang Yong , Wang Huai‐Zhen , An Wan‐Kai , Ma Bao‐Chun , Zhang Yuan , Wang Wei
Published: September 2012

A facile five‐step strategy has been developed for the enantioselective synthesis of trans‐3‐substituted proline derivatives with high diasteroselectivity (dr>20:1) and enantioselectivity (up to 97% ee). The key step is the asymmetric organocatalytic Michael addition of nitro esters to α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes, which affords the chiral Michael adducts in high yields (up to 96%) and excellent enantioselectivity (up to 99% ee) by using diarylprolinol silyl ether as the organocatalyst.
YM‐175 induces apoptosis of human native monocyte‐lineage cells via inhibition of prenylation
Authors: Miwa Akiyoshi , Takezako Naoki , Hayakawa Hiroko , Hayakawa Morisada , Tominaga Shin‐ichi , Yanagisawa Ken
Published: September 2012

Nitrogen‐containing bisphosphonates (NCBPs) have been widely used as standard supportive therapy to reduce skeletal‐related events (SREs) in myeloma patients through suppression of osteoclast activity. In various prospective randomized trials that were performed following preliminary reports concerning efficacy, NCBPs have shown a significant beneficial effect on myeloma bone disease through both suppression of bone resorption and direct antimyeloma activity. Thus, NCBPs have an influence on many types of human cells. In this study, we examined the effect of an NCBP (YM‐175) on an apoptosis of a monocytic cell line and of human native monocytes/macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs). We confirmed that monocytes, monocyte‐derived macrophages, DCs, and a monoblastic cell line (THP‐1) showed dose‐dependent and time‐dependent apoptosis related to the activation of caspases after exposure to YM‐175 at concentrations below that at which the apoptosis of myeloma cell lines was induced. Such apoptosis of monocytic cells was suppressed by the addition of farnesol or geranylgeraniol. These findings suggest that the inhibition of monocyte‐lineage cells or DCs by NCBPs might interfere with phagocytic activity or pathogen‐presenting activity. Am. J. Hematol. 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Stereoselective Synthesis of Piperidine Alkaloid (+)‐α‐Conhydrine and Its Pyrrolidine Analogue
Authors: Jin Tian , Mu Yu , Kim Gun‐Woo , Kim Sung‐Soo , Kim Jin‐Seok , Huh Sung‐Il , Lee Kee‐Young , Joo Jae‐Eun , Ham Won‐Hun
Published: September 2012

Concise stereoselective syntheses of (+)‐α‐conhydrine and its pyrrolidine analogue are described. The key features are a highly diastereoselective chelation‐controlled hydride reduction of the amino ketone, to give the anti amino alcohol directly, and an intramolecular ring‐closing metathesis.
Diverse Models for the Prediction of HIV Integrase Inhibitory Activity of Substituted Quinolone Carboxylic Acids
Authors: Gupta Monika , Madan Anil Kumar
Published: September 2012

In the present study both classification and correlation techniques of diverse nature were successfully employed for the development of models for the prediction of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) integrase inhibitory activity using a dataset comprising 50 analogs of quinolone carboxylic acid. The values of various molecular descriptors (MDs) for each analog in the dataset were computed using the MDS V‐life science QSAR plus module. The values of other MDs which are not part of MDS V‐life science were computed using an in‐house computer program. A decision tree (DT) was constructed for the HIV integrase inhibitory activity to determine the importance of MDs. The DT learned the information from the input data with an accuracy of 98% and correctly predicted the cross‐validated (10 fold) data with an accuracy of 96%. Three MDs, E‐state contribution descriptor (SssOHE), molecular connectivity topochemical index ($\chi {}^{{\rm A}} $), and eccentric connectivity topochemical index ($\xi _{{\rm C}}^{{\rm C}} $), were used to develop the models using moving average analysis (MAA). The accuracy of classification of single descriptor based models using MAA was found to vary from a minimum of 96% to a maximum of 98%. The statistical significance of the models was assessed through specificity, sensitivity, overall accuracy, Mathew's correlation coefficient, and intercorrelation analysis. The widely used methods like multiple linear regression, partial least squares, and principal component regression were employed for development of correlation models. The models were generated on a training set of 36 molecules. The models had a correlation coefficient (r2) of 0.86 to 0.92, significant cross validated correlation coefficient (q2) of 0.79 to 0.85, F‐test from 63.2 to 93.06, r2 for external test set (pred_r2) from 0.69, coefficient of correlation of predicted dataset (pred_ r2Se) of 0.77, and degree of freedom from 27 to 30. Alignment independent descriptors, SsOHE‐index, SaaCHE index, SssCH2, and x log P were found to be the most important descriptors for the development of correlation models for the prediction of HIV integrase inhibitory activity.
Verwendung eines neuen Verankerungssystems für Fingerfahrbahnübergänge
Authors: Braun Joachim , Müller Alfred , Tusche Jens
Published: September 2012

Die Finger‐Fahrbahnübergangskonstruktion ist eine seit Jahrzehnten eingesetzte Übergangskonstruktion. Durch die Form der Finger erzeugt dieser Fahrbahnübergang besonders wenig Schallemission und zeichnet sich durch einen hervorragenden Überfahrkomfort aus. Eine neuartige Verankerungslösung, welche die Kraft direkt aus dem Finger in die Brückenkonstruktion weiterleitet, wurde bei diesen Brücken angewendet und wird in diesem Beitrag vorgestellt. Diese Anwendung erfolgte in den Niederlanden erstmals im westlichen Europa.

Use of an innovative joint system for finger joint systems. Examples: Bridges Jan Blankenbrug and Martinus Nijhoffbrug (NL)

Finger joints have been used as expansion joints on bridges for decades. The finger shape reduces sound emissions and provides excellent rider comfort as vehicles cross of these kinds of expansion joints. A new anchorage method which transfers the force from the finger directly into the bridge structure was applied on these bridges in the Netherlands and is presented in this paper. This is the first application of this type of joint in Western Europe.
Energieeffizienz von Gebäuden – Bautechnik versus Anlagentechnik?
Authors: Schäfers Martin
Published: September 2012

Die energetische Effizienz eines Gebäudes wird durch das Zusammenspiel zwischen der Qualität der Gebäudehülle und der anlagentechnischen Systeme bestimmt. Dabei bestehen grundsätzlich Wechselbeziehungen zwischen diesen beiden Seiten – sie können nicht losgelöst voneinander betrachtet werden. Diese Wechselwirkungen werden innerhalb dieses Beitrages aufgezeigt und analysiert. Neben einer hohen energetischen Qualität der Gebäudehülle kann auch eine hohe thermische Trägheit der Bauteile, die in direktem Kontakt zur Raumluft stehen, zu einer geringeren Heizlast beitragen. Deshalb bilden funktionsgetrennte Außenbauteile mit einer schweren raumseitigen Schicht und einer außenliegenden Dämmebene die beste Grundlage für den Einsatz hocheffizienter Anlagentechnik. Weiterhin wird eine Gegenüberstellung verschiedener anlagentechnischer Systeme anhand der aktuell vorliegenden Literatur durchgeführt. Abschließend werden auf der Grundlage der angestellten Betrachtungen Schlussfolgerungen für die bevorstehende Fortschreibung der EnEV und des EEWärmeG gezogen.

Energy performance of buildings – construction versus systems installation?

The energy efficiency of a building is dependent on the interaction between the quality of the exterior constructions and the heating resp. ventilation installation. Basically there are interdependencies between these two components – they cannot be considered detached from each other. These interdependencies are appointed and analysed within the current article. A closer view on the procedure of the heating load estimation leads to the conclusion, that exterior constructions with heavy inside layers and insulating outside layers are the best basis for the application of highly efficient heating resp. ventilation systems. By means of a survey of current literature, a comparison of different systems is carried out. Finally, conclusions for the forthcoming update of EnEV and EEWärmeG are drawn on the basis of the accomplished considerations.
Zuverlässigkeit und Sicherheit bei der Bemessung in der Geotechnik
Authors: Schuppener Bernd , Weißenbach Anton
Published: September 2012

Am 1. Juli 2012 wurden die Eurocodes bauaufsichtlich eingeführt. In sämtlichen Fachbereichen des konstruktiven Bauingenieurwesens muss spätestens seit diesem Zeitpunkt das Teilsicherheitskonzept angewandt werden. Über das Sicherheitskonzept bestehen bei den praktisch arbeitenden Ingenieuren vielfach noch erhebliche Informationslücken und Verständnisprobleme. Aufbauend auf einer kurzen Vorstellung des probabilistischen Sicherheitskonzepts, welches ursprünglich das Globalsicherheitskonzept mit der Einführung der Eurocodes ersetzen sollte, und der Beschreibung der Entwicklung des Sicherheitskonzepts wird gezeigt, wie die wichtigsten Festlegungen im Eurocode 7‐1 und in der DIN 1054:2010 entstanden sind.

Das Teilsicherheitskonzept erweckt den Eindruck, dass die Einwirkungen bzw. Beanspruchungen und die Widerstände entsprechend ihrer Unsicherheit mit wahrscheinlichkeitstheoretisch begründeten Teilsicherheitsbeiwerten beaufschlagt werden. Dies ist in der Geotechnik nicht möglich. Aus Gründen der Einheitlichkeit im Bauwesen haben sich die Geotechniker Europas vielmehr entschlossen, für die ständigen und veränderlichen Einwirkungen aus dem Baugrund die gleichen Teilsicherheitsbeiwerte zu verwenden wie der übrige konstruktive Ingenieurbau. Die Teilsicherheitsbeiwerte für die Widerstände aus dem Baugrund wurden so gewählt, dass das Sicherheitsniveau des bewährten Globalsicherheitsniveaus weitgehend erhalten blieb, sich also bei Anwendung des Teilsicherheitskonzepts etwa die gleichen Abmessungen für Gründungen und geotechnische Bauwerke ergeben wie zuvor beim Globalsicherheitskonzept. Das Teilsicherheitskonzept in seiner heutigen Form ist daher zumindest in der Geotechnik bei Licht besehen ein modifiziertes Globalsicherheitskonzept. Dem Anwender wird damit ein teilweise neues und komplizierteres Konzept zugemutet. Dies ist allerdings eine vertretbare Zumutung, wenn man sich vergegenwärtigt, dass wir damit zur dringend erforderlichen Vereinheitlichung der europäischen Baunormen und damit auch zur Einigung Europas beitragen.
Problemfälle
Authors: Steiner Josef
Published: September 2012

Planungs‐ und Ausführungsmängel sind bei der Herstellung von Gebäudeunterfangungen nach DIN 4123 und von Baugrubensicherungen weit verbreitet, da solchen Baumaßnahmen oft nur der Charakter von Geld verschlingenden und nur vorübergehend erforderlichen Baubehelfen zugemessen wird.

Falls sich im Zuge eines Bauvorhabens die Unterfangung eines Gebäudes auf dem benachbarten Grundstück als notwendig erweist, sind neben den technischen zunächst auch nachbarrechtliche Erfordernisse zu beachten. Am Beispiel eines auf viele Mängel und Fehler bei der Baugrunderkundung, der Planung und der Herstellung einer Unterfangung zurückzuführenden Gebäudeschadens werden die Erfordernisse einer normgerechten Herstellung aufgezeigt. Die für Unterfangungen geltende aktualisierte DIN 4123 ist eingebunden in ein komplexes Werk von harmonisierten Europäischen Grundbau‐Normen. Dabei ist ein dichtes Gestrüpp aus der Europäischen Grundnorm EC 7, einem Nationalen Anwendungsdokument und den mit viel Akribie und Aufwand von evtl. konkurrierenden Regelungen entkleideten Resten einer großen Zahl nationaler Normen entstanden. Die schwierige und äußerst aufwändige praktische Arbeit mit allen neuen Euro‐Normen, die seit Juli 2012 in der Liste der Technischen Baubestimmungen bekanntgemacht und damit bauaufsichtlich eingeführt sind, hat in Deutschland bereits vor einigen Jahren Initiativen ausgelöst, die zur Vereinfachung der Normen und zu verbesserter Gebrauchstauglichkeit der nächsten Normengeneration führen sollen. Die ersten Ergebnisse geben Anlass zur Hoffnung, dass dieses Ziel erreicht werden kann.

Problem cases – Underpinnings according to DIN4123 and the scrub of new geotechnical norms

Deficits in the construction of underpinnings according to DIN 4123 and supporting excavation walls in planning and implementing are common, because the bracing is often seen as costly and only temporary necessary. In fact underpinning of a building on a neighboured property is often necessary during the construction. Additionally to the technical regards, the demands of the neighbours must be taken into account. The requirements of constructions conforming to standards are presented by the example of a structural damage that resulted from various shortcomings and mistakes in foundation ground reconnaissance, planning and construction of an underpinning. The updated DIN 4123, regulating the construction of underpinnings, is embedded within a complex work of harmonised European codes of foundation engineering. Therefrom has developed, a dense scrub of the European norm EC7, a national implementation document and the leftovers of a huge number of national codes that had been unburdened from potentially competing regulations. The challenging and extremely elaborate practical work with all new EU codes, which were published in July 2012 in the list of technical building instructions and, therefore, are implemented by the authorities, has resulted in many initiatives in Germany that look for a simplification and better usability of future codes. First results indicate that this target is achieveable.
Zum Weiterbau der U‐Bahnlinie U5 in Berlin‐Mitte
Authors: Breitsprecher Georg , Seegers Jörg , Haß Helmut
Published: September 2012

Im März 2012 begann mit Herstellung der ersten Schlitzwände die Rohbauphase zum Weiterbau der U‐Bahnlinie U5 in Berlin‐Mitte. Mit diesem U‐Bahnbau erfolgt ein wichtiger Lückenschluss im Berliner Nahverkehrsnetz zwischen den derzeitigen Endhaltepunkten der U‐Bahnlinien U5 am U‐Bhf. Alexanderplatz und U55 am U‐Bhf. Brandenburger Tor. Der neue Streckenabschnitt wird die Erreichbarkeit der für Touristen und Bürger gleichermaßen bedeutsamen Ziele rund um die Museumsinsel, entlang der Straße Unter den Linden und im Regierungsviertel maßgeblich verbessern und erstmalig eine direkte U‐Bahn‐Anbindung dieser Ziele an den Berliner Hauptbahnhof schaffen.

Bauwerksreste und Gründungselemente vergangener Bauepochen, eng gestufte Sande, Zonen mit Geschiebemergel und Steinen sowie ein hoher Grundwasserstand von rund 3 m unter Gelände prägen den Untergrund im Bereich des Bauvorhabens. Diese eiszeitlich geprägten und für das Berliner Urstromtal typischen Baugrundverhältnisse stellen eine große Herausforderung für die Planung und Ausführung der Baugruben und der Tunnelvortriebe dar.

Spree und Spreekanal beidseits der Museumsinsel sowie Bauwerke, historische Gründungen und das in Bau befindliche Humboldtforum müssen im Rahmen der Tunnelvortriebe unterfahren werden. Ferner sind die zuvor hergestellten, jedoch dann noch nicht gelenzten und noch nicht ausgehobenen Baugruben ebenso zu durchfahren wie auch Störungszonen im Bereich von zuvor zu bergenden Spundwänden und Ankern.

About the building works on the metroline U5 in Berlin‐Mitte

In March 2012 preliminary building works on the metroline U5 in Berlin‐Mitte started with the construction of the first diaphragm walls. This metroline intends to close the gap between the existing metro stations Brandenburger Tor and Alexanderplatz. The new rout section will improve the accessibility of main destinations around Museumsinsel, Straße Unter den Linden and of the government quarter for tourists as well as for citizens of Berlin. Furthermore it offers a direct connection from the aforementioned places of interests to the central railway station.

Structural remains and foundations of past epochs, poorly graded sands, zones of marly till, stones as well as a high groundwater level of around 3 m u gsf form the underground conditions of the project area. The glacial subsoil, which is typical for the galcial valley of Berlin, poses a great challenge for planning and execution of construction pits and tunnel excavation.

Spree and Spreekanal at both sides of the Museumsinsel as well as buildings, historical foundations and the Humboldtforum, which is already under construction, have to be crossed underground by the metroline. Furthermore construction pits, accomplished before, but not deballasted and excavated at the moment of undercutting have to be crossed as well as fault lines around retrieved anchors and sheet piles
Projekt Kö‐Bogen in Düsseldorf – Beeinflussung der Hochstraße “Tausendfüßler” durch eine tiefe Baugrube sowie durch die Unterfahrung mittels TVM
Authors: Gutjahr Stephan , Könemann Frank , Pähler Ingo
Published: September 2012

Die Herstellung von tiefen Baugruben im innerstädtischen Raum beinhaltet in der Regel besondere Herausforderungen, die sich aus den jeweiligen Randbedingungen ergeben. Besonders die räumliche Nähe zu vorhandener Bebauung fordert oftmals eine konkrete und eingehendere Betrachtung der Interaktion zwischen der Baugrubenherstellung und dem Bauwerksbestand.

In zentraler Lage im Innenstadtkern der Landeshauptstadt Düsseldorf wird ein Areal im Rahmen des Projekts Kö‐Bogen I städtebaulich entwickelt. Herausragend ist dabei die Herstellung einer etwa 20 m tiefen Baugrube unmittelbar neben der denkmalgeschützten Hochstraße, die der “Tausendfüßler” genannt wird. Weiterhin liegen die Gründungen der Einzelstützen des Tausendfüßlers im direkten Einflussbereich einer Unterfahrung durch eine Tunnelvortriebsmaschine (TVM) zur Herstellung eines Stadtbahn‐Tunnels. Es werden die Randbedingungen, die sich hier unter anderem aus der besonderen Lage ergeben, dargestellt und die Interaktionen zwischen Neubau und Bestand herausgestellt.

Im kritischen Vergleich von Ergebnissen der Verformungsprognosen und Messungen werden besondere Aspekte der Planung und Überwachung beschrieben.

Project Kö‐Bogen in Düsseldorf – Influence on the flyover “Tausendfüßler” due to a deep excavation and due to underpass by TBM

Deep excavations in urban areas usually involve special challenges arising from the relevant boundary conditions. In particular, the proximity to existing buildings often demands a specific and detailed consideration of the interaction between the pit excavation and building inventory.

Centrally located in the downtown core of the state capital Düsseldorf, an area will be developed within the project Kö‐Bogen I. Outstanding is an about 20 m deep excavation located immediately next to the flyover, that is called “Tausendfüßler”. Furthermore are the foundations of the single columns of the Tausendfüßler in the area of direct influence of an underpass by a tunnel boring machine (TBM) for a light rail tunnel. The boundary conditions that arise here are and the interactions between new and existing constructions are highlighted.

In a critical comparison of the results of deformation measurements and predictions are specific aspects of the planning and monitoring described.
Photochemical Redox Decomposition of μ‐Cyano‐pentacyanoruthenium (II)pentaamminecobalt(III) Ion
Authors: Vogler Arnd , Kunkely Horst
Published: September 2012

In the complex ion [(NH3)5Co(III)NCRu(II)(CN)5]− both metals are linked by a cyanide bridge. The electronic spectrum of this compound exhibits a new absorption band which does not occur in the spectra of the two isolated Co(III) and Ru(II) complexes which constitute the binuclear complex. This new band is assigned to an intervalence transfer (IT) transition from Ru(II) to Co(III). Upon irradiation into this band the aqueous binuclear complex underwent a redox reaction under formation of Ru(CN) and Co2+ with a quantum yield Φ = 0.46. The mechanism of this photochemical reaction and its relationship to similar thermal redox reactions is discussed.
Studien zum Vorgang der Wasserstoffübertragung 36 [1] Einfluß von Art und Struktur einiger Leitsalze auf die elektrochemische Spaltung von Diarylsulfonen
Authors: Horner Leopold , Meyer Erich
Published: September 2012

Tensammetrische Messungen bestätigen, daß Tetraalkylammoniumsalze in Methanol mit steigender Kettenlänge der Alkylreste und wachsender Konzentration zunehmend stärker an der Quecksilberoberfläche adsorbiert werden. Polarographie und Zyklovoltammetrie der Diarylsulfone 1–8 in Methanol lassen folgende Schlüsse zu:

Unabhängig von der Alkylkettenlänge der Tetraalkylammoniumsalze werden die Diarylsulfone 1–6 nach einem ECE‐Mechanismus gespalten. Bei Verwendung von Alkalileitsalzen sind die genannten Sulfone polarographisch inaktiv.

Beim 4‐Cyano‐diphenylsulfon wird mit Tetramethylammoniumchlorid zyklovoltammetrisch keine Reversibilität des ersten Elektronen übergangs beobachtet, wohl aber mit Tetra‐n‐butylammoniumbromid bei hinreichend großem Spannungsvorschub (dE/dt)—besser mit Tetra‐n‐octylammoniumjodid. Die Protonenverfügbarkeit der elektrischen Doppelschicht nimmt mit steigender Alkylkettenlänge ab, so daß auch im protischen Medium die Spaltung nach einem EEC‐Mechanismus überwiegt.

Der Vergleich der Cyclovoltammogramme der elektrochemischen Spaltung von 4‐Cyano‐diphenylsulfon 8 in Methanol mit Lithium‐chlorid, Natriumperchlorat und mit Tetramethylammoniumchlorid als Leitsalze zeigt, daß das primär gebildete Radikalanion durch das kleine koordinationsfreudige Lithiumion—in geringem Ausmaß auch durch das Natriumion –, nicht aber durch TMA‐Ionen mittels Ionenpaarbildung stabilisiert wird.

Art und Zusammensetzung der elektrochemisch aus den Diarylsulfonen gebildeten Reaktionsprodukte sind von der Natur der Leitsalze unabhängig.
Adsorption of gases on ruthenium field emitters III. The interaction of hydrogen and carbon monoxide
Authors: Kraemer K. , Menzel D.
Published: September 2012

The mutual displacement and the interaction of hydrogen and carbon monoxide on ruthenium field emitters have been studied under ultra‐high vacuum conditions. While a surface saturated with CO does not take up hydrogen from the gas phase, strong interactional effects and displacement, as shown by work function changes different from those produced by the single gases and by an increase of binding energy, are found when a surface precovered with hydrogen is exposed to CO. The interaction is much smaller, when partly CO‐covered surfaces are exposed to hydrogen. It is believed that complexes consisting of both gases are formed, which change upon heating. The relevance of these findings to catalytic reactions on Ru is discussed.
Kinetics of conformational change during micelle formation in apolar media
Authors: Eicke H. F. , Hopmann R. F. W. , Christen H.
Published: September 2012

According to previously developed ideas on the nucleation process of micelle formation the kinetics of the micellization of an ionic surfactant (Aerosol OT) was studied in various apolar solvents. The applied kinetic method utilizes the dielectric field effect due to a considerable variation of the reaction moment produced by the extensive compensation of the effective dipole moment of the monomers in the micelle. Rotational relaxations of about 120, 23 and 20 MHz in dioxane, benzene and cyclohexane solutions, respectively, were assigned to the expected premicellar aggregates (nuclei) and the micelles; in the latter solutions, however, orientational and chemical relaxation processes are superimposed. The analysis of the corresponding data yields a concentration dependence of the reciprocal relaxation times of the chemical process which conforms very satisfactorily to the corresponding theoretical plot derived from a model which assumes a conformational change between two premicellar states during the formation of the micelle.
Schwingungsspektroskopie von Molekülkristallen: Die zwischenmolekularen Kräfte im kristallinen Melamin (1, 3, 5‐Triamino‐s‐triazin) und ihr Einfluß auf die Infrarot‐ und Raman‐aktiven Molekül‐ und Gitterschwingungen
Authors: Schneider J. R. , Schrader B. , Bleckmann P.
Published: September 2012

Für das kristalline Melamin (1, 3, 5‐Triamino‐s‐triazin, C3N6H6) wird mit Hilfe von zwischenmolekularen Potentialfunktionen V = ‐ A/ r6 + B exp( ‐C · r) die Lage der Wasserstoffatome und die Sublimationsenthalpie berechnet. Die zweiten Ableitungen dieser Potentialfunktionen werden als zwischenmolekulare Kraftkonstanten für eine Normalkoordinatenanalyse verwendet. Diese ermöglicht die Zuordnung aller in den Infrarot‐ und Ramanspektren beobachteten Banden. Trotz der weitreichenden Vernachlässigungen ergibt sich damit ein gutes Bild der statischen und dynamischen Wechselwirkungen der Moleküle im Gitter. Weiter zeigt es sich, daß der wechselseitige Einfluß der Moleküle bei den Gitterschwingungen so groß ist, daß entgegen der Voraussage nach der bisher akzeptierten Theorie eine reine Translationsschwingung sehr stark Raman‐aktiv ist.
Specific heat of binary liquid mixtures near the critical mixing point
Authors: Klein H. , Woermann D.
Published: September 2012

The temperature dependence of specific heat c at constant pressure P of mixtures of critical composition xc of the systems methanol/ n‐heptan and isobutyric acid/water is measured in an isothermal Calvet calorimeter. Near the critical mixing temperature Tc(T > Tc) the temperature dependence of c of both systems can be represented by a logarithmic singularity to a good approximation, i.e. c ∼ ϵ−α; ϵ = (T – Tc)/Tc; 0 ⩽ α ⩽ 0.1 The values of excess specific heat near Tc calculated from the Fixman theory are in satisfactory agreement with the experimental data.

Measurements of the temperature dependence of coefficient of thermal expansion αc of the system isobutyric acid/water show that αc diverges weakly. The critical exponent of αc has the same value as that of specific heat within the accuracy of the experiments (0 ⩽ α ⩽ 0.1). This is in agreement with postulates of Griffiths and Wheeler. The singular part of αc of the system isobutyric acid/water is negative (αc ∼‐ϵ−α). From this observation and theoretical considerations of Griffiths and Wheeler it can be predicted that the critical temperature of the system isobutyric acid/water should decrease with increasing pressure. This is in agreement with experimental data reported in the literature.
Zur Thermodynamik quasiternärer Mischphasen. I. Mittlere Freie Enthalpie und Spinodale
Authors: Leute Volkmar , Stratmann Wilhelm
Published: September 2012

Unter der Annahme streng regulären Verhaltens wird für quasiternäre Legierungssysteme die mittlere Freie Enthalpie als Funktion der Molenbrüche der beiden Untergitter hergeleitet. Mit Hilfe einer geeigneten Koordinatentransformation wird das temperaturabhängige Verhalten der Spinodale eines quasiternären Systems untersucht.
Mechanisms of Non Resonance Vibronic Coupling in Polyatomic Molecules
Authors: Brickmann Jürgen
Published: September 2012

The influence of non resonance vibronic coupling of two excited molecular states on the electronic absorption and emission spectrum is discussed in terms of low order perturbation theory. Transition probabilities are calculated taking into account a non totally symmetric coupling mode and a totally symmetric vibration with a displacement of equilibrium position in different electronic states. While band progressions in the emission and absorption spectra can be analyzed in terms of the Herzberg Teller (HT)‐theory, the ratio of HT‐intensities of orbitally “forbidden” transitions in absorption and emission has to be corrected by a factor due to the violation of the Born‐Oppenheimer (BO) approximation. The HT transition probabilities and the non‐BO correction factor are obtained in terms of spectroscopic properties. As a consequence it is possible to decide which vibronic coupling mechanism plays the dominant role in a given case. The calculated values are in good agreement with available experimental results.
A New Photovoltaic Effect Observed for Metal‐coated Semiconductor Electrodes and Its Utilization for the Photolysis of Water
Authors: Nakato Yoshihiro , Abe Koichi , Tsubomura Hiroshi
Published: September 2012

The photoelectrochemical behaviors of semiconductor (n‐GaP) electrodes coated with thin, semi‐transparent metal films have been studied. It has been found that the behavior of the n‐GaP electrode coated with gold at a low evaporation speed is quite different from that coated at a high evaporation speed. The former shows oxidation‐reduction waves similar to that of a gold electrode. The photocurrent‐potential curve observed for the latter electrode has an onset potential similar to that of a bare GaP electrode, but its photocurrent is quite steady and the electrode causes no anodic dissolution. A tentative model has been presented to explain the behavior of this new electrode, assuming that the metal film in this case is so coarse that the electrolyte solution can soak into it and reach the surface of the n‐GaP semiconductor.

The usefulness of this new electrode is demonstrated by constructing an electrochemical photocell using this electrode, with which water can be photo‐decomposed into oxygen and hydrogen. This photo‐cell works under illumination in the visible region (λ < 550 nm), with the quantum yield of photocurrent of about 20–30% or more under illumination at 420 nm and 0.1 mW/cm2.
Electrochemical Reactions Involving Holes at the Illuminated TiO2 (Rutile) Single Crystal Electrode
Authors: Dutoit E. C. , Cardon F. , Gomes W. P.
Published: September 2012

The behaviour of several reactants at the illuminated TiO2 anode has been investigated. Current multiplication, indicating a two‐step electrochemical oxidation mechanism in which both the valence and the conduction band of rutile are involved, was found with several inorganic and organic reactants. From the study of competitive electrochemical processes, it was concluded that several other reactants are oxidized by holes solely. In certain cases, it has been possible to obtain quantitative data concerning relative hole reactivities. Possible reaction schemes, the origin of the ρH‐dependence of the multiplication factor, and the applicability of the direct electron transfer model to the reactions observed are discussed.
The Capacity of Passivated Iron Electrodes and the Band Structure of the Passive Layer
Authors: Stimming U. , Schultze J. W.
Published: September 2012

The capacity of passivated iron electrodes was measured by the potentiostatic pulse method in dependence on the oxide layer thickness d and the electrode potential ϵ at ρH = 8.4. At constant d, the C(ϵ) dependence shows three characteristic ranges. With increasing potential, C decreases in the first range by a factor 2, in the second range it becomes constant, and finally C increases at high potentials. The results are discussed with respect to the band structure model of the semiconducting passive layer. In the first range a Schottky‐Mott type behaviour is found indicating donor concentrations N up to 1020 cm−3. The flat band potential ϵFB = 0.1 V is obtained. In the second range, C is proportional to 1/d. The capacity increase in the third range at high potentials is explained as a contribution from valence band charging at the oxide surface. The band gap Eg = 1.6 eV follows. The electronic properties of oxide covered metal electrodes are discussed in relation to bulk semiconductor electrodes.
Emissionen von NH und ND (b1Σ+ → X3Σ−) aus der fensterlosen Einwirkung einer Ar‐Entladung in einem Strömungssystem
Authors: Zetzsch C. , Stuhl F.
Published: September 2012

Die Fluoreszenzspektren metastabiler Imino‐(b1Σ+)‐Radikale aus der Einwirkung einer Ar‐Entladung auf NH3 und ND3 wurden im Bereich von 447 bis 484 nm vermessen. Erstmals wurden schwingungsangeregte metastabile Iminoradikale (für NH* mit ν ≤ 3, für ND* mit ν ≤ 4) beobachtet. Rotations‐ und Schwingungskonstanten der Elektronenzustände wurden aus den Spektren bestimmt. Für die elektronische Energie des (b1Σ+)‐Zustandes ergeben sich die Werte ν00 = 21238,5 ± 2 cm−1 für NH und ν00 = 21224,7 ± 2 cm−1 für ND.