bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identifying attributes of effective cigar warnings: a choice-based conjoint experiment in an online survey of US adults who smoke cigars
Authors: Jarman Kristen L , Kistler Christine E , Thrasher James F , Kowitt Sarah D , Ranney Leah M , Cornacchione Ross Jennifer , Chrzan Keith , Sheeran Paschal , Goldstein Adam O
Published: December 2024

Objective

Little evidence exists on which cigar warning statement attributes may impact cigar warning effectiveness; research is needed to identify the most effective cigar warning topics and text. This study was designed to inform the development of improved cigar warnings.

Design

We conducted a choice-based conjoint experiment. The experiment systematically manipulated cigar warning statement attributes, including cancer health effect (mention of colon cancer and/or oral cancer), non-cancer health effect (mention of heart disease and/or blood clots), causal language, warning marker word, verb use and tobacco type. Participants evaluated eight choice sets, each containing three cigar warnings with contrasting attributes, and chose the warnings that most and least encouraged them to quit smoking cigars. Using a Bayesian mixed logit model, we estimated the relative importance of each attribute and the attribute part-worth utility.

Setting

An online survey of adults in the USA.

Participants

We enrolled 959 US adults who used little cigars, cigarillos, or large cigars in the past 30 days using an online survey from October to December 2020.

Primary outcome measures

The primary outcomes for the experiment are relative attribute importance and attribute part-worth utility.

Results

The most important attributes to participant selection of warnings were the non-cancer and the cancer health effects (29.3%; 95%CI 28.6% to 30.0% and 29.0%; 95% CI 28.4% to 29.6%, respectively), followed by causal language (16.3%; 95% CI 15.7% to 16.8%), marker word (10.3%; 95% CI 9.9% to 10.7%), verb use (8.8%; 95% CI 8.5% to 9.2%) and tobacco type (6.3%, 95% CI 5.9% to 6.6%).

Conclusions

Our findings indicate that health effects are the most important attributes when designing cigar warning statements, but other attributes, like causal terminology, also influence perceived warning effectiveness. Based on our findings, ‘DANGER: Tobacco causes heart disease and blood clots’ is an example of a highly effective warning statement for cigars.
Serial Paediatrics Omics Tracking in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (SPOT-ME): protocol paper for a multidisciplinary, observational study of clinical and biological markers of paediatric myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome in Australian adolescents aged 12–19 years
Authors: Thomas Natalie , Chau Tracey , Tantanis Darcy , Huang Katherine , Scheinberg Adam , Gooley Paul R , Josev Elisha K , Knight Sarah J , Armstrong Christopher W
Published: December 2024

Introduction

Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a disabling condition that can affect adolescents during a vulnerable period of development. The underlying biological mechanisms for ME/CFS remain unclear and have rarely been investigated in the adolescent population, despite this period representing an age peak in the overall incidence. The primary objective of this is to provide a foundational set of biological data on adolescent ME/CFS patients. Data generated will be compared with controls and over several time points within each patient to potentially develop a biomarker signature of the disease, identify subsets or clusters of patients, and to unveil the pathomechanisms of the disease.

Methods and analysis

This protocol paper outlines a comprehensive, multilevel, longitudinal, observational study in paediatric ME/CFS. ME/CFS patients aged 12–19 years and controls will donate biosamples of urine, blood, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells for an in-depth omics profiling analysis (whole-genome sequencing, metabolomics and quantitative proteomics) while being assessed by gold-standard clinical and neuropsychological measures. ME/CFS patients will then be provided with a take-home kit that enables them to collect urine and blood microsamples during an average day and during days when they are experiencing postexertional malaise. The longitudinal repeated-measures study design is optimal for studying heterogeneous chronic diseases like ME/CFS as it can detect subtle changes, control for individual differences, enhance precision and boost statistical power. The outcomes of this research have the potential to identify biomarker signatures, aid in understanding the underlying mechanisms, and ultimately, improve the lives of children with ME/CFS.

Ethics and dissemination

This project was approved by the Royal Children’s Hospital’s Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC 74175). Findings from this study will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journal publications and presentations at relevant conferences. All participants will be provided with a summary of the study’s findings once the project is completed.
Lymph nodes as gatekeepers of autoimmune diseases
Authors: O'Byrne Aoife M , van Baarsen Lisa G M
Published: December 2024

Secondary lymphoid organs such as lymph nodes (LNs) are the home of peripheral tolerance mechanisms which control autoreactive T cells and prevent immune responses to self-antigen. In systemic autoimmunity, there is a clear failure of these peripheral tolerance mechanisms that leads to chronic inflammation and tissue destruction, highlighting the role for LNs as possible gatekeepers of autoimmunity. In recent years there has been a shift in research focus towards tissue sites in autoimmune diseases ranging from type 1 diabetes to rheumatoid arthritis in an effort to better characterise pathogenesis and guide diagnostic and therapeutic decisions. Although this has yielded great insight, it fails to tackle the initial break in tolerance that initiates disease progression which is most likely originating in peripheral LNs. In the majority of autoimmune diseases a preclinical phase is recognised. This is characterised by the presence of autoantibodies, which is indicative of a break in immune tolerance, and the absence of clinically apparent inflammation or tissue destruction. This review explores how our current knowledge of LNs in the preclinical and established phases of autoimmune diseases provides insight into possibly shared pathological mechanisms that drive disease progression and highlight the gaps in our knowledge that may help uncover new therapeutic avenues for intervention and prevention.
Estimated global and regional incidence and prevalence of herpes simplex virus infections and genital ulcer disease in 2020: mathematical modelling analyses
Authors: Harfouche Manale , AlMukdad Sawsan , Alareeki Asalah , Osman Aisha M M , Gottlieb Sami , Rowley Jane , Abu-Raddad Laith J , Looker Katharine J
Published: December 2024

Objectives

Genital herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 and 2 infections are lifelong and can cause symptomatic genital ulcer disease (GUD). HSV-2 almost always causes sexually transmitted genital infection, while HSV-1 mainly causes oral infection but can be sexually transmitted to cause genital infection. This study estimated genital infection with both HSV types and associated GUD globally in 2020, breaking down the data by WHO region and sex for females and males.

Methods

A calibrated mathematical model was employed to generate estimates for the incidence and prevalence of HSV-2 infection, genital HSV-1 infection, and GUD caused by both HSV types. Estimates for non-genital infections caused by HSV-1 were also generated. Model input was derived from a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analyses of HSV prevalence data for all WHO regions.

Results

Globally in 2020 there were 25.6 million (95% uncertainty interval (UI) 23.1–29.4 million) people aged 15–49 years with new HSV-2 infections, and 519.5 million (95% UI 464.3–611.3 million), or 13.3% (95% UI 11.9–15.6%), with existing (prevalent) HSV-2 infections. In addition, there were 16.8 million (95% UI 10.6–22.4 million) people aged 15–49 years with new genital HSV-1 infections and 376.2 million (95% UI 235.6–483.5 million), or 10.2% (95% UI 6.4–13.1%), with prevalent genital HSV-1 infections. The estimated number of people aged 15–49 years with at least one episode of HSV-attributable GUD in 2020 was 187.9 million (95% UI 116.0–291.8 million) for HSV-2, and 16.7 million (95% UI 9.3–25.2 million) for HSV-1, totalling 204.6 million (95% UI 132.3–306.5 million).

Conclusion

Genital HSV infections have a high incidence and prevalence worldwide, contributing to a significant GUD disease burden. New prevention and treatment measures, such as prophylactic and therapeutic HSV vaccines, are needed critically to control HSV infections and reduce the associated disease burden.
Rotation effect for chiral magnetic cosmic string in the Kaluza–Klein theory
Authors: Vitória R. L. L. , Pereira C. F. S. , Leite E. V. B. , Soares A. R. , Belich H.
Published: December 2024

In this paper, we have investigated bound state solutions for a scalar particle described in the space–time of a chiral cosmic string subjected to rotational effects in a Kaluza–Klein theory. We saw that combinations between the parameters that describe the generalized space–time impose upper and lower limits for the radial coordinate leading to well-established boundary conditions.
STUDY ON PULSE ANODIZING OF 6061 ALUMINUM ALLOY AND ITS CORROSION RESISTANCE AND MECHANICAL PROPERTY
Authors: LIDONG ZHU , HAIJI CHEN
Published: December 2024

The 6061-aluminum alloy is anodized by pulse anodizing method in the solution with sulfuric acid and oxalic acid to improve its corrosion resistance and mechanical properties greatly. Different duty cycles ranging from 0.2 to 0.8 are applied during the pulse anodizing process to study the influence of duty cycles on the thickness, roughness, composition, surface morphology, corrosion, and wear resistance performance of the oxide films obtained on the surface of 6061 aluminum alloy. The anodizing process of aluminum alloy in an acid solution is accompanied by the formation and dissolution of oxide film. The duty cycle impacts the thickness and roughness of the oxide film. With the increase of the duty cycle from 0.2 to 0.6, the thickness of the oxide film is increased from 21.2 to 38.7[Formula: see text] [Formula: see text]m while the roughness of the oxide film gradually increases from 0.237 to 0.674[Formula: see text] [Formula: see text]m. However, the thickness of the oxide film is decreased obviously to 31.1[Formula: see text] [Formula: see text]m when the duty cycle applied is 0.8 due to thermal effects and stress-induced cracking. The surface of oxide films presents many pores and agglomerated alumina composed of the elements of aluminum (Al), oxygen (O), sulfur (S), and carbon (C). A higher duty cycle is beneficial to increase the growth rate and size of agglomerated alumina on the surface of the oxide film. Some micro-cracks can be observed on the surface of the oxide film anodized using a 0.8-duty cycle. After the pulse anodizing treatment, the hardness of anodized aluminum alloys improves significantly. With the increase of the duty cycle from 0.2 to 0.8, the hardness of the oxide film ranged from approximately 300–550[Formula: see text]HV. The oxide film anodized using a 0.6 duty cycle presents the best wear resistance and optimal corrosion resistance with the smallest wear rate of 1.043 × 10[Formula: see text] [Formula: see text]mm3/Nm and the smallest corrosion current density of 9.73[Formula: see text] [Formula: see text]A/cm2.
Modelling and Analysis of Multilayer Porous FG-GPRC Plates Using Zigzag Function and Cell-Based Smoothed-Discrete Shear Gap Method
Authors: Ho Nam Vu , Nguyen Sy-Ngoc , Ly Duy-Khuong , Nguyen-Thoi Trung
Published: December 2024

An efficient computational approach is presented to analyze the structural responses of multilayer porous plates, incorporating the reinforcement of functionally graded graphene platelets (GPLs). The approach seamlessly integrates the Murakami function zigzag (MZZ) theory with a formulation based on the discrete shear gap technique and the cell-based smoothed finite element method (CS-DSG3). This study investigates the characteristics of porous nanocomposite plates, scrutinizing their responses under diverse conditions. It comprehensively analyzes static bending, free vibration, and dynamic responses of nanocomposite plates, taking into account variations in porosity distributions and GPL dispersion patterns across the thickness. The mechanical properties of the nanocomposites are scrutinized through micromechanical models. The prediction of Young’s modulus employs a modified Halpin–Tsai model, while Poisson’s ratio and density are calculated utilizing the rule of mixtures. Due to the precise nature and the demand for [Formula: see text]-continuity shape function, the Murakami zigzag theory is employed to enhance the computational efficiency of CS-DSG3 for the extensive evaluation of both conventional and functionally graded reinforced nanocomposite structures. Within the results section, the efficacy of the approach is demonstrated through comparisons with alternative numerical approaches. The analysis reveals accuracy and efficiency in predicting the responses of PFG-GPRC multilayer quadrilateral plates. These results offer valuable insights for optimizing practical engineering applications involving PFG-GPRC.
L(2,1)-coloring and its related problems for Mycielskians of certain classes of graphs
Authors: Kola Srinivasa Rao , Gudla Balakrishna , Niranjan P. K.
Published: December 2024

In an [Formula: see text]-coloring [Formula: see text] of [Formula: see text] with span [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] is a hole if there is no vertex [Formula: see text] in [Formula: see text] such that [Formula: see text]. An [Formula: see text]-coloring with span [Formula: see text] is said to be a no-hole coloring if it uses all the colors from [Formula: see text]. An [Formula: see text]-coloring of a graph [Formula: see text] is irreducible if color of no vertex can be decreased and yield another [Formula: see text]-coloring of [Formula: see text]. A graph [Formula: see text] is inh-colorable if there exists an irreducible no-hole coloring of [Formula: see text]. The inh-span of a graph [Formula: see text], denoted by [Formula: see text] is the smallest number [Formula: see text] such that there is an irreducible no-hole [Formula: see text]-coloring of [Formula: see text] with span [Formula: see text]. The maximum number of holes in [Formula: see text] is the maximum number of holes over all irreducible span colorings of [Formula: see text]. In this paper, we give an algorithm to define an [Formula: see text]-coloring for the Mycielskian [Formula: see text] of an arbitrary graph [Formula: see text]. We prove that the algorithm gives span colorings for Mycielskians of path [Formula: see text] ([Formula: see text]), cycle [Formula: see text] ([Formula: see text]), some classes of trees and concatenation of an arbitrary graph with trees. Also, we show that the Mycielskians for the above classes of graphs are inh-colorable and their inh-span is same as the [Formula: see text]-number. Further, we determine the maximum number of holes over all irreducible span colorings for Mycielskians of path [Formula: see text] ([Formula: see text]), cycle [Formula: see text] ([Formula: see text]), some classes of trees and concatenation of an arbitrary graph with trees.
Effects of Asymmetric Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya Interaction on Noncollinear Antiferromagnetic Spin Chiral Switching
Authors: Liu Feng , Huang Tao , Hai Lun , Shi Zhong , Qiu Xuepeng , Zhou S. M. , Fan Weijia
Published: December 2024

Current-induced spin–orbit torque (SOT) switching is an efficient manipulation of noncollinear antiferromagnet states with exotic topological transport properties. However, stable switching of the spin chirality is still challenging, and the role of symmetry in SOT-driven switching is unclear. Here, we introduce asymmetric interfacial Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction (DMI) by varying the value of one of the DMI vectors ([Formula: see text]. By using an atomistic model, it is shown that in Mn3Ir monolayer, stable spin chiral switching driven by SOT can be realized. In particular, it can effectively reduce the critical switching current density and the switching time by increasing the value of [Formula: see text]. We also provide switching phase diagrams with different [Formula: see text] and SOT coefficients. Our results help further understand the switching mechanism of antiferromagnets and develop promising applications of antiferromagnetic (AFM) spintronic devices.
Optimizing vertical transmission control: A hybrid neural network approach with Wolbachia for Zika virus
Authors: Azhar Ehtsham , Batool Sadia , Jamal Muhammad , Ahmed Iftikhar , Ali Hashmat , Hafeez Yaser
Published: December 2024

In this study, we investigate cutting-edge control strategies designed to address the global health threat posed by the Zika virus. Our exploration utilizes an advanced numerical approach, the artificial neural network (ANN), complemented by the hybrid efficiency of global and local search schemes. The research delves into the distinctive properties of Wolbachia, a bacterium, assessing its potential to hinder virus transmission and regulate the population of Ades aegypti mosquitoes, the primary carriers of the Zika virus. The study employs a rigorous mathematical framework, categorizing individuals into distinct compartments such as newborns, adults, Wolbachia-uninfected mosquitoes, and Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes. We pinpoint the disease-free equilibrium (DFE) and compute the basic reproductive number [Formula: see text]. Through extensive simulations, we scrutinize the model’s stability by manipulating critical parameters, including biting rates [Formula: see text], mosquito death rates [Formula: see text], and pregnancy delays [Formula: see text]. Importantly, our model incorporates the dynamics of Zika transmission and its correlation with microcephaly, both with and without the presence of Wolbachia. To numerically handle the dynamic model, we introduce a computational procedure, visually illustrating how the presence of Wolbachia significantly impacts infected classes, leading to a reduction in new cases and an improvement in overall model stability. We propose the utilization of the global optimization genetic algorithm (GA) and local search interior point algorithm (IPA) to solve the model. We devised an error-based objective function for the differential model, which was then optimized using the hybrid computational efficiency of GA-IPA. The validation of our proposed computational method, ANNPs-GA-IPA, involved a comprehensive comparison of the results obtained against reference solutions, affirming the accuracy and reliability of our approach.
A Computational Exploration on the Antioxidant Activity of Vanillic Acid and Its Derivatives
Authors: Athira E. , Davis Shinta , Sunil Sofia Rachel , Gopika Krishnan G. S. , Akhila Darsan S. , Rajan Vijisha K.
Published: December 2024

Vanillic acid’s ability to effectively quench-free radicals has sparked widespread interest in its antioxidant potential. The title molecule’s structure was optimized using the Gaussian 16 program with the B3LYP/6-31+G([Formula: see text],[Formula: see text] basis set. Natural bond orbital (NBO) calculations reveal that the O[Formula: see text]-H[Formula: see text] bond in vanillic acid is labile, facilitating the generation of a free radical. The high-bond dissociation energy (BDE) of vanillic acid raises concerns about its efficacy as an antioxidant, particularly when compared to gallic acid (GA) and butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT). Introduction of electron-donating groups (EDGs) at the 10th position significantly enhanced the antioxidant activity of vanillic acid. Vanillic acid and its derivatives show enhanced safety profiles, outperforming BHT in toxicological studies. This paper presents a systematic investigation of vanillic acid and its derivatives, focusing on structural analysis, solvent effects, antioxidant mechanism and toxicological evaluation.
Palynology, micropalaeontology and geochemistry of the Eocene Rusayl Formation of Northern Oman
Authors: Racey Andy , Goodall Jeffery G. S. , Keen Michael C. , Stead Darrin T. , Starkie Steven
Published: December 2024

New palaeontological and geochemical data are presented for the Rusayl Formation of Northern Oman. Eocene palynomorphs (97 taxa) including many new to the Arabian Peninsula and a distinctive new ostracod assemblage (21 species including 11 new taxa) are described and key taxa illustrated. This represents the most diverse palynomorph assemblage yet recorded from the Eocene within the Arabian Peninsula area. Ostracods of this age are poorly known from the Middle East, with only one species from this area found in the Oman material, and a further three from western Pakistan.

The palynology indicates a dominantly restricted shallow marine palaeoenvironment with distinct periods of strong marine influence during which dinocyst abundances increase markedly. The palynofloras are dominated by
Nypa
palm pollen typical of mangroves (
Spinizonocolpites
and
Proxapertites
). The palynofacies are dominated by cuticle and membrane material (leaf debris) and brown pseudoamorphous wood, indicating a marginal marine palaeoenvironment. The associated ostracod and foraminiferal assemblages broadly support these interpretations indicating a lagoonal to infralittoral environment of deposition. Nannofossils are recorded for the first time from the formation and support a Middle Eocene age for the upper part of the Rusayl Formation.

Inorganic geochemistry indicates that the fine-grained siliciclastic intervals were largely derived from ophiolitic material and pre-Permian basement. Shales and coals contain common oil-prone lipid-rich cuticle and locally abundant gas-prone woody kerogen with pyrolysis S2 yields of up to 15.13 mg/g. Although thermally immature, the sequence is sufficiently buried by a sediment overburden exceeding 5 km in the offshore to generate hydrocarbons.
From Starfish to Gibberellins: Biosynthesis and Regulation of Plant Hormones
Authors: Kamiya Yuji
Published: December 2024

I grew up with laboratory glassware and microscopes as treasures from a young age. I was a member of the Chemistry Club in junior high school, and when I visited RIKEN with club members, I wished to become an organic chemist in the future. I received my doctoral degree through the study of the spawning inhibitor of starfish. I became a researcher at RIKEN and identified the chemical structure of a mating pheromone of a yeast. As a plant biochemist, I studied a cell-free system of gibberellins at the University of Göttingen and tried to identify the gibberellin biosynthetic pathways in plants and clone gibberellin biosynthetic enzyme genes to understand the light regulation of plant growth. I also worked on biosynthetic enzymes of abscisic acid, indole acetic acid, and brassinosteroids. I developed a special interest in the oxygenases of plant hormone biosynthesis, cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, 2-oxoglutartae-dependent dioxygenase, molybdenum cofactor–containing oxidase, and flavin-containing monooxygenase.
Insights into Leukemia from Single-Cell Genomics
Authors: Sariipek Nurefsan , van Galen Peter
Published: December 2024

Despite its relatively recent emergence, single-cell sequencing has cemented its place in scientific research. It has grown exponentially in less than two decades since its start, with broad impact in the biological sciences. The blood represents an attractive system for early development and application of single-cell technologies. As a result, single-cell analyses in blood and leukemia have led the way in describing how cellular heterogeneity affects cancer progression. In this review, we discuss the technological and conceptual advances brought by single-cell genomics, ranging from genetic evolution and differentiation states that mediate drug resistance to the complex interactions required for immunotherapy responses. These high-resolution insights are starting to enter clinical assessment.
Studies on cortisol, corticosterone, and 17β-estradiol indicate these steroids have no role in stress or reproduction in the common octopus (Octopus vulgaris)
Authors: Maskrey Benjamin H. , Costas Carolina , Méndez-Martínez Luís , Guerrero-Peña Laura , Tur Ricardo , García Pablo , Touriñan Pablo , Chavarrias David , Canario Adelino V. , Scott Alex P. , Rotllant Josep
Published: December 2024

This study demonstrates that common octopuses ( Octopus vulgaris Cuvier 1797) do not produce cortisol, cortisone, or corticosterone in response to stress. Using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, it was also shown that octopuses have a low absorption rate of cortisol from water but a high absorption rate of 17β-estradiol (E2). The findings support the evolutionary argument that octopuses are unlikely to exhibit a stress response mediated by vertebrate-like corticosteroids.
Impaired maternal central hemodynamics precede the onset of vascular disorders of pregnancy at high altitude
Authors: Wiegel Rosalieke E. , Baker Kori , Calderon-Toledo Carla , Gomez Richard , Gutiérrez-Cortez Sergio , Houck Julie A. , Larrea Alison , Lazo-Vega Litzi , Moore Lorna G. , Pisc Julia , Toledo-Jaldin Lilian , Julian Colleen G.
Published: December 2024

In this prospective study of maternal central hemodynamics at high altitude, pregnancies later affected by preeclampsia (PE) and/or fetal growth restriction (FGR) show elevated systemic and uterine vascular resistance and reduced stroke volume as early as 10–16 wk gestation. Maternal hemodynamic assessments could facilitate early detection of high-risk pregnancies, improving resource allocation and reducing adverse outcomes. We propose an integrated model linking maternal cardiovascular performance to placental insufficiency, enhancing the understanding of PE-FGR in high-altitude settings.
Post-transcriptional regulation of IFI16 promotes inflammatory endothelial pathophenotypes observed in pulmonary arterial hypertension
Authors: Rao Rashmi J. , Yang Jimin , Jiang Siyi , El-Khoury Wadih , Hafeez Neha , Okawa Satoshi , Tai Yi Yin , Tang Ying , Aaraj Yassmin Al , Sembrat John C. , Chan Stephen Y.
Published: December 2024

Our work establishes a paradigm of the regulatory role of the Wilms’ tumor 1-associated protein (WTAP)-interferon inducible protein 16 (IFI16) axis that uses m6A RNA methylation to drive endothelial inflammatory activation in pulmonary hypertension. Consequently, because m6A epigenetic modifications are both reversible and dynamic, this axis is an attractive diagnostic and therapeutic target in pulmonary hypertension and more broadly in endothelial immune activation.
Peripheral chemoreceptor, a new player in metabolic sensing during physical exertion: a hypothetical scenario
Authors: Andrade David C.
Published: December 2024

The authors describe and summarize the evidence regarding cardiorespiratory response to physical exercise, concentrating on autonomic control. Moreover, they propose a hypothetical scenario in which the carotid body chemoreceptor could be involved in cardiorespiratory and metabolic response to physical exertion, functioning as a metabolic sensor during high-intensity exercise.
Removal of Lead, Cadmium, and Mercury in Monometallic and Trimetallic Aqueous Systems Using Chenopodium album L.
Authors: Flores-Calla Susan S. , Villanueva-Salas José A. , Diaz-Rodriguez Karla , Gonzales-Condori Elvis G.
Published: December 2024

The presence of heavy metals in water represents a risk to the life of all species on the planet. Phytoremediation is an effective alternative to remove heavy metals from contaminated aqueous environments. In the present research, Chenopodium album L. was examined for the remediation of waters contaminated with Cd, Pb, and Hg. Studies were carried out in waters containing each metal separately (monometallic aqueous systems) and in mixtures (trimetallic aqueous systems). First, the adaptation of Chenopodium album to different concentrations of Hoagland’s nutrient solution (HNS) was evaluated, then, a phytotoxicity study was carried out to determine the appropriate concentrations of each metal to test the tolerance of the plant during the accumulation study, and finally, the bioaccumulation capacity of Chenopodium album for Cd, Pb, and Hg was evaluated. Chenopodium album showed tolerance to levels of 5 mg/L Hg and 10 mg/L Cd and Pb in 25% HNS. The bioaccumulation tests showed that Chenopodium album can remediate Cd, Pb, and Hg contaminated waters in both monometallic and trimetallic aqueous systems. These findings suggest important future applications in the food industry for the production of Chenopodium album as we demonstrate that this species adapts and grows in hydroponic media. In particular, the ability of Chenopodium album to adapt to extreme conditions could be exploited for further studies on phytoremediation of heavy metals in river water, irrigation water, wastewater, effluents, and mine tailings.
Supplemental Figure 8 from Kinetics of Nirogacestat-Mediated Increases in B-cell Maturation Antigen on Plasma Cells Inform Therapeutic Combinations in Multiple Myeloma
Authors: Shearer Todd , Comstock Melissa , Williams Rex L. , Johnson Mark C. , Cendrowicz Ewa , Leonowens Cathrine , Smith Margaret , Baughman Todd M. , Breitbach Caroline J. , Cheng Shinta , Green Damian J.
Published: December 2024

Comparison of BCMA density (MESF) between CD19- and CD19+ plasma cells in bone marrow (baseline and post-dose samples combined)
Supplemental Figure 5 from Kinetics of Nirogacestat-Mediated Increases in B-cell Maturation Antigen on Plasma Cells Inform Therapeutic Combinations in Multiple Myeloma
Authors: Shearer Todd , Comstock Melissa , Williams Rex L. , Johnson Mark C. , Cendrowicz Ewa , Leonowens Cathrine , Smith Margaret , Baughman Todd M. , Breitbach Caroline J. , Cheng Shinta , Green Damian J.
Published: December 2024

Nirogacestat treatment decreases sBCMA concentration
3. Hardy’s deep sigh
Authors: Skovsmose Ole
Published: December 2024

In his book A Mathematician’s Apology, Godfrey H. Hardy presents a conception of mathematics according to which real mathematics can be considered harmless and innocent. By ‘real’ mathematics, Hardy has in mind, for instance, advanced number theory. He contrasts real mathematics with different examples of applied mathematics and cases of elementary mathematics. Hardy argues for the thesis of innocence by asserting that the utilitarian value of real mathematics is nil. Real mathematics does not have any useful applications. By assuming a utilitarian perspective on ethics, Hardy can claim that real mathematics operates at a comfortable distance from any ethnical and political controversies. However, number theory, that Hardy considered the epitome of real mathematics, has tremendous applications itself within war technology. Hardy’s explicit justification of the thesis of innocence is simply fallacious. Most ironically, the doctrine of neutrality continues to operate. According to this doctrine, mathematics can be researched and developed while ignoring any kind of ethical and socio-political considerations. The doctrine of neutrality becomes acted out through mathematical research paradigms, dominating the vast majority of university departments in mathematics the world over.
5. Dehumanisation through mathematics
Authors: Kollosche David
Published: December 2024

Mathematics can be seen as a project of dehumanisation in the sense that it allows us to work with a disregard for personal uniqueness. While the word ‘dehumanisation’ has a negative connotation and invites us to study this property of mathematics carefully, dehumanisation is also one of the great strengths of mathematics and has proved invaluable for modern society. We will trace this f ield of tension along two indisputable ingredients of mathematics activity: calculation and logic. As there is enough literature praising mathematics, we allow ourselves to take a more critical stance towards dehumanisation through mathematics. We end with a sceptical discussion on whether mathematics can be rehumanised.
21. Beginning again
Authors: Greer Brian , Kollosche David , Skovsmose Ole
Published: December 2024

In this book, we started from the position that the doing of mathematics and mathematics education are human activities, with all that that implies. As the book was developed, the notion of ‘images’ of mathematics and mathematics education, both influencing, and being propagated by, human actors became salient. We suggest that an analysis of such images may shed important light on the many acknowledged discontents of mathematics education. For too many people, their actual and remembered engagement with mathematics in schools is unnecessarily alienating rather than the enlightening and empowering experience that it could be.
7. A “True” Industrial Policy for Europe Is a Technology and Innovation Policy
Authors: Cherif Reda , Hasanov Fuad , Li Xun
Published: December 2024

Since the Global Financial Crisis of 2008, the “core” European countries have been losing their competitive edge in global markets for sophisticated products such as electronics and green transportation and power technologies, while also missing out on the earlier revolution in information and communication technology (ICT). Meanwhile, the “periphery” European countries have been slowing down and, in pre-crisis years, have mostly channelled their investment into non-tradable industries, concentrating their resources in relatively lower productivity and lower skill activities. The slowdown in growth and convergence highlights the need to reignite productivity and economic dynamism. Lessons from the Asian economic miracles and Europe’s own growth experience suggest the importance of developing sophisticated sectors. The development of these sectors is riddled with both government and market failures, requiring adequate policies to tackle them. We argue that a “true” industrial policy for Europe is a technology and innovation policy (TIP) that focuses on correcting market failures to spur innovation, scale up, and support production networks in sophisticated industries across Europe while reorienting the engines of growth of “periphery” economies toward sophisticated sectors and their complex value chains. TIP’s guiding principles are a focus on global markets, competition, and a strict accountability framework, where the “hard” tools such as tariffs and subsidies may not be necessary and may be potentially counterproductive.
9. Trends in Defence Spending in the European Union
Authors: Cepparulo Alessandra , Pasimeni Paolo
Published: December 2024

After more than sixty years of peace, in 2022 Europe has faced a watershed moment in its security, which is leading to higher and more integrated defence spending in the European Union (EU). This article uses new sources of data to illustrate the evolution of defence spending in the EU and its composition. It also looks at the articulation of responsibilities for defence spending in a multi-level governance system, such as the EU. The institutional evolution of defence policy in the EU tries to build on a progressive convergence of foreign policy objectives and points towards some concentration of defence spending at the supra-national level. The key question for the future is to what extent this convergence will hold and to what extent it will be reflected in new provisions for defence in the common budget.
EXPRESS: The Conditional-Promotion Paradox: When and Why Conditional Promotions Decrease Total Sales of the Promoted Product
Authors: Cheng Andong , Blank Ashley Stadler
Published: December 2024

Conditional promotions are price promotions that require consumers to meet a precondition to qualify for a discount. While research shows that conditional promotions can increase sales of the promoted product compared to no promotion (i.e., sales at the regular price), this paper identifies the conditions under which conditional promotions can decrease sales of the promoted product compared to no promotion. Across five studies, we find that conditional promotions with a high precondition cost and high discount are the most likely to decrease total sales of the promoted product. We theorize that this decrease occurs because the high precondition cost deters consumers from purchasing the promoted product under the promotion, while the high discount and corresponding decrease in transaction utility deter consumers from purchasing the promoted product at the regular price. These findings contribute to the promotions literature by identifying when and why conditional promotions help or hurt total sales of the promoted product.
Childhood Abuse and the Mental Health of Seminary Students: The Mediating Role of R/S Struggles
Authors: Upenieks Laura , Eagle David E. , Holleman Anna
Published: December 2024

Seminary students have been found to be at a higher risk of experiencing abuse in childhood compared with the general U.S. population, as well as demonstrate mental health struggles. This study aims to understand how R/S struggles might explain the relationship between childhood abuse (emotional, physical, and sexual) among a sample of seminary students, a group that is at a higher risk of experiencing emotional and physical abuse in childhood compared to the general U.S. population. Drawing on a unique sample of seminary students at a Mainline Protestant seminary, ( N = 535), regression results suggest that among seminary students, all forms of childhood abuse studied (emotional, physical, and sexual) were associated with greater depressive and anxiety symptoms. We also found consistent evidence that R/S struggles were a mediator of this pathway, explaining anywhere between 20 percent and 35 percent of the overall association between each form of childhood abuse and depressive and anxiety symptoms. This study adds to the growing body of literature describing the associations between childhood trauma and mental health, as well as the role of R/S struggles. We also discuss how seminaries and divinity schools should implement targeted programs for students with a history of childhood abuse.
The ‘Two’ Universities: Cross-Class Encounters and the Segregated Inclusion of Non-Elite Women at an Elite University
Authors: Rodríguez Paulina
Published: December 2024

Widening participation policies often depict access to elite universities as an inherently inclusive force, particularly for disadvantaged women who have been underrepresented in prestigious degrees. These agendas promise not only access but also social inclusion, with a key aspect being interactions with affluent peers. Drawing on interviews with undergraduates at an elite Chilean university and using Michèle Lamont’s approach to symbolic boundaries, this article explores the two facets of boundary-drawing dynamics between economically elite and widening participation-admitted female students. The results identify the criteria and perceived properties of these boundaries, highlighting the intersectional role of gender. While strong and durable class boundaries exist, the analysis shows the seemingly contradictory dynamics of ‘segregated inclusion’ for widening participation-admitted female students. These insights challenge binary views of inclusion and exclusion, highlighting the dual character of these institutions: elites reinforce existing ties through resegregation, while disadvantaged students are socially included but in a segregated manner.
Graduated compression stocking performance: Insights from wearers and development of a cost-effective 3D-printed leg mannequin
Authors: Li Nga Wun , Kwan Mei-ying , Yick Kit-lun
Published: December 2024

Compression textiles are prevalent in sports, healthcare and medical products. However, challenges have appeared in designing graduated compression stockings, including the need for systematic studies on leg geometry and the complex pressure-measuring process. This study investigated the pressure performance of suggested and undersized stockings, particularly when the wearer's leg size exceeds the supplier's recommendations. The relationship between pressure and the wearer’s body fat, muscle mass, bone percentage and body mass index (BMI) was also analyzed. A 3D-printed leg mannequin was developed to predict the pressure exerted on human legs. Fifteen healthy female adults were recruited to evaluate two commercially available travel-oriented graduated compression stockings in a seated position with 90° knee flexion. This study found that both stockings failed to provide the theoretical pressure gradient in which the highest pressure was found at below calf (b1). The stocking wearer should ensure that both their legs and the selected stocking sizes align with the supplier’s recommendations to avoid unexpectedly high pressure applied to their legs. Among body fat, muscle mass, bone percentage and BMI, only pressure measured at below calf (b1) can be predicted by bone percentage. Furthermore, the developed 3D-printed leg mannequin can be cost-effective for pressure evaluation in the initial compression stocking development stages. It helps reduce the need for repeated human trials while enabling customization to replicate different leg shapes and sizes, thereby conserving time and resources in the research process. Future studies should be conducted with an improved design of the leg mannequin and more extensive participant groups.
Factors Associated with Achieving the Desired Level of Education in a Longitudinal and Nationally Representative Sample
Authors: Smanova Akmaral B. , Otynshiyeva Aidana A. , Saktaganova Indira S. , Assanova Saida , Lazim Aigerim M. , Beaver Kevin M.
Published: December 2024

There has been a great deal of scholarly interest in trying to uncover the factors that account for variation in educational attainment. Equally important, but not yet fully answered, is why some people aspire for high levels of education and others do not and, moreover, why some people believe that they will reach their educational aspirations and others do not have much optimism. The current study sought to address this gap in the literature by examining whether socialization factors and individual differences account for why some people reach their desired level of education and why some people believe that they will reach their desired level of education while others do not hold such beliefs. To do so, data drawn from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health were analyzed. We examined four outcome measures related to whether the participant earned their desired level of education and whether the participant believed that they would achieve their desired level of education if they had not already. Each of these models was estimated for the full sample and separately for males and females. The results revealed that neighborhood disadvantage was associated with achieving the desired level of education in some of the models for the full sample as well as separately for males and females. In addition, intelligence, low self-control, and delinquency were consistently related to reaching the desired level of education in the full sample and for females, but not males.
Trending Topics in E-government, E-participation, and Social Media in the Crisis Era
Authors: Garrote-Quintana Alba , Urquía-Grande Elena , Delgado Jalón María Luisa
Published: December 2024

This study analyses three major research fields: citizens’ e-government, e-participation, and social media use. It compares the distribution of publications and citation network structure. We use three bibliometric software tools (SciMAT, Citnet, and CiteSpace). The results indicate that social media is a growing research topic attracting increasing attention in the academic community. They also show that authors from the USA and China lead in number of publications. We found some common references to pioneers in the field and specific topics where the authors cite a predecessor in the research area, such as public value and antecedents of trust.
Cerebral Visual Impairment Education: Training and Current Practice Patterns of Optometrists and Ophthalmologists
Authors: Rice Melissa L. , Harpster Karen , Bulman Jillian , Shah Veeral , Schwartz Terry L.
Published: December 2024

Introduction: Cerebral visual impairment (CVI) is the most common cause of visual impairment in developed nations. The purpose of this study was to understand the entry-level education and training received by optometrists and ophthalmologists, as well as current practice patterns. Methods: Online surveys were distributed to optometry and ophthalmology program directors and practicing optometrists and ophthalmologists. Data collection occurred between May 2020 and August 2020. Results: Surveys were completed by 48 program directors and 334 eye care professionals in North America, Europe, Oceania, and Asia, with most in North America. Less than half of the program directors reported (48%, 23/48) providing formal CVI didactic education. No program provided more than 2 hr of classroom instruction, 83% offered 1–2 hr, and 17% offered less than 1 hr. Although some clinical instruction was offered by 92% (44/48) of programs, exposure to patients with CVI occurred infrequently. Over one-half of the practitioners reported moderate familiarity with CVI. However, only 31% (102/334) of practitioners reported receiving formal classroom CVI instruction; of those, 56% (57/102) had 2 hr or less. Sixty-five percent (218/334) reported diagnosing children with CVI infrequently in their practices, with only 24% making CVI diagnoses on a daily or weekly basis. Discussion: Given the diverse and heterogenous characteristics of CVI, it is challenging to prepare future clinicians to evaluate and manage children with CVI with only 1–2 hr of lecture and minimal clinical exposure. This missed opportunity during formal education has significant implications for early diagnosis and timely intervention. To adequately prepare practitioners for comprehensive care of individuals with CVI, it is imperative to improve the quality and scope of didactic and clinical training. Implications for Practitioners: The results indicate the need for more comprehensive CVI education for optometrists and ophthalmologists during training as well as throughout practice with continuing education.
Simple but Not Easy: A Case Study of Caregivers and CVI Resources in Early Intervention
Authors: Hartmann Elizabeth S. , Edstrand Kitty G.
Published: December 2024

Introduction: This multiple case study research analyzed how caregivers find and use resources to understand how cerebral or cortical visual impairment (CVI) manifest in young children. Method: Data were analyzed from three caregivers who received services from a well-resourced early intervention program in the Southwest of the United States. The aim was to examine how each parent accessed, valued, and implemented CVI-specific resources to meet practical and meaningful outcomes for their child. Results: The findings from this study clarify the journey that caregivers take from first learning about CVI to engaging in collaborative conversations with service providers about how resources can improve outcomes for their child. The caregivers selected, valued, and implemented resources that were varied in format and content. The resources they found most useful changed over time, and the resources they used with early intervention providers were the most efficacious. Discussion: This study of caregivers and providers within early intervention services found that CVI-specific resources provided in a timely manner and within meaningful collaborative discussion were valued and enacted. The findings show the importance of socially mediated CVI resources within hopeful conversations that provide specificity in how CVI manifests and simple interventions embedded in family routines. Implications for Practitioners: Caregiver access to CVI-specific resources alone does not equate to an understanding of the condition that leads to relevant practices and care. Providers should pair resources with collaborative discussions and coaching with parents to help them develop interventions that are simple, effective, and meaningful to the family.