bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unexpected Opening of Benzimidazole Derivatives During 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition.
Authors: El Azzaoui Brahim , Rachid Bouhfid , Doumbia Mohamadou Lamine , Essassi El Mokhtar , Gronitzka Heinz , Bellan Jacques
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Efficient New Approach for the Synthesis of N,N‐Dialkylamino‐1,2,4‐triazoles.
Authors: Zhang Qiang , Peng Youyi , Welsh William J.
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Microwave Promoted Efficient Synthesis of 2,5‐Disubstituted 1,3,4‐Thiadiazole.
Authors: Wei Tai‐Bao , Liu Hong , Hu Jing‐Han , Li Man‐Lin , Xu Wei‐Xia , Yang Li‐Zi , Zhang You‐Ming
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Highly Diastereoselective Synthesis of New Chromenylaminoanthraquinones Through a One‐Pot Three‐Component Hetero Diels—Alder Reaction.
Authors: Gaddam Vikram , Sreenivas Devanga K. , Nagarajan Rajagopal
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
An Expedient Route to 3‐Chlorothioxanthen‐9‐one‐10,10‐dioxide and Derivation by Palladium‐Catalyzed Coupling.
Authors: Lory Pedro M. J. , Agarkov Anton , Gilbertson Scott R.
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Convenient Microwave‐Assisted Arylstannane Generation‐Stille Coupling Protocol.
Authors: Dehlinger Veronique , Cordier Frederic , Dell Colin P. , Dreyfus Nicolas , Jenkins Nikki , Sanderson Adam J. , Smith Colin W.
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthetic Studies Connected with the Preparation of H+/K+‐ATPase Inhibitors Rabeprazole and Lansoprazole.
Authors: Radl Stanislav , Klecan Ondrej , Havlicek Jaroslav
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Some New 4‐Substituted‐3,5‐bis(2‐pyridyl)‐1H‐pyrazole.
Authors: Zhang Wei , Liu Jianhui , Jin Kun , Sun Licheng
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Microwave‐Assisted Friedlaender Synthesis of Quinolines Derivatives as Potential Antiparasitic Agents.
Authors: Muscia Gisela C. , Bollini Mariela , Carnevale Juan P. , Bruno Ana M. , Asis Silvia E.
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Azabicycloalkenes as Synthetic Intermediates — Synthesis of Azabicyclo[X.3.0]alkane Scaffolds.
Authors: Buechert Marina , Meinke Sebastian , Prenzel Alexander H. G. P. , Deppermann Nina , Maison Wolfgang
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Reactions of 2‐Amino‐4H‐1‐benzopyran‐4‐one with 4‐Oxo‐4H‐1‐benzopyran‐3‐carbaldehydes.
Authors: Ghosh Tarun , Bandyopadhyay Chandrakanta
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of 7‐Azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane Derivatives by Transformation of Tropinone.
Authors: Gomez‐Sanchez Elena , Marco‐Contelles Jose
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis, Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity of Some New Pyrido Quinazolones.
Authors: Singh V. K. , Pandey V. K.
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Some Pyrrolo[2,3‐d]pyrimidines.
Authors: Rashad Aymn E. , Mohamed Mosaad S. , Zaki Magdy E. A. , Fatahala Samar S.
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Novel Quinazoline Non‐Nucleosides Analogues of the HIV Drug Emivirine.
Authors: El‐Brollosy Nasser R.
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Scandium(III) Triflate—TMSCl Promoted Cyclization of Aziridin‐1‐yl Oximes to 5,6‐Dihydro‐4H‐[1,2,4]oxadiazines.
Authors: Cho Sung Yun , Kang Seung Kyu , Ahn Jin Hee , Ha Jae Du , Choi Joong‐Kwon
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The [3 + 2] Cycloaddition Route to 5‐Carbomethoxy‐4H‐1,2,3‐triazolo[1,5‐a][1]benzazepines from Baylis—Hillman Acetates of 2‐Azidobenzaldehydes.
Authors: Song Young Seok , Lee Kee‐Jung
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Stereochemical Reassignment of Mehta and Kundu′s Spiculoic Acid A Analogue.
Authors: Kirkham James E. D. , Lee Victor , Baldwin Jack E.
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Total Synthesis of (+)‐Cyanthiwigin AC.
Authors: Reddy T. Jagadeeswar , Bordeau Guillaume , Trimble Laird
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Verticilide: Elucidation of Absolute Configuration and Total Synthesis.
Authors: Monma Souichi , Sunazuka Toshiaki , Nagai Kenichiro , Arai Takahiro , Shiomi Kazuro , Matsui Ryosuke , Omura Satoshi
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Highly Diastereoselective Thioglycosylation of Functionalized Peracetylated Glycosides Catalyzed by MoO2Cl2.
Authors: Weng Shiue‐Shien , Lin Yow‐Dzer , Chen Chien‐Tien
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
An Efficient Glycosidation Method Using 2,3‐Unsaturated Glycosyl Donors.
Authors: Sasaki Kaname , Matsumura Shuichi , Toshima Kazunobu
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Total Synthesis of (.+‐.)‐Symbioimine.
Authors: Zou Yefen , Che Qinglin , Snider Barry B.
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Ring Closing Metathesis Approach to the Indole Alkaloid Mitralactonine.
Authors: Chavan Subhash P. , Sharma Pallavi , Sivappa R. , Kalkote Uttam R.
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Total Synthesis and Stereochemical Confirmation of Manassantin A (Ia), B (Ib), and B1 (Ic).
Authors: Hanessian Stephen , Reddy Gone Jayapal , Chahal Navjot
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The First Polyarsenic Organic Compound from Nature: Arsenicin A from the New Caledonian Marine Sponge Echinochalina bargibanti.
Authors: Mancini Ines , Guella Graziano , Frostin Maryvonne , Hnawia Edouard , Laurent Dominique , Debitus Cecile , Pietra Francesco
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Discovery of Lucensimycins A (Ia) and B (Ib) from Streptomyces lucensis MA7349 Using an Antisense Strategy.
Authors: Singh Sheo B. , Zink Deborah L. , Huber Joanne , Genilloud Olga , Salazar Oscar , Diez M. Teresa , Basilio Angela , Vicente Francisca , Byrne Kevin M.
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Asymmetric Total Synthesis of (+)‐K01‐0509 B: Determination of Absolute Configuration.
Authors: Tsuchiya Satoshi , Sunazuka Toshiaki , Hirose Tomoyasu , Mori Ryuma , Tanaka Toshiaki , Iwatsuki Masato , Omura Satoshi
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Enantioselective Synthesis of N1999A2.
Authors: Ji Nan , O'Dowd Hardwin , Rosen Brad M. , Myers Andrew G.
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Bioactive Constituents of the Root Bark of Artocarpus rigidus subsp. rigidus.
Authors: Namdaung Umalee , Aroonrerk Nuntana , Suksamrarn Sunit , Danwisetkanjana Kannawat , Saenboonrueng Janya , Arjchomphu Wisit , Suksamrarn Apichart
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Modeling Gold/Iron Oxide Interface System
Authors: Guczi L. , Paszti Z. , Frey K. , Beck A. , Peto G. , Daroczy Cs. S.
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Oxidatively Induced Abstraction Reactions. A Synthetic Approach to Low‐Coordinate and Reactive Early Transition Metal Complexes Containing Metal—Ligand Multiple Bonds
Authors: Mindiola Daniel J.
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Chemistry of Dianion‐Type Zinc Ate Complexes
Authors: Uchiyama Masanobu , Kondo Yoshinori
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Evolution of the Stereoselective Pinacol Coupling Reaction
Authors: Chatterjee A. , Joshi N. N.
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Carbene Rearrangements. Part 64. Constrained Carbenes
Authors: Rosenberg Murray G. , Brinker Udo H.
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Shape‐Persistent Aromatic Amide Oligomers: New Tools for Supramolecular Chemistry
Authors: Li Zhan‐Ting , Hou Jun‐Li , Li Chuang , Yi Hui‐Ping
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Regioselective Functionalization of Unreactive Carbon—Hydrogen Bonds.
Authors: Daugulis Olafs , Zaitsev Vladimir G. , Shabashov Dmitry , Pham Quynh‐Nhu , Lazareva Anna
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Perspective on Dirhodium Carboxamidates as Catalysts
Authors: Doyle Michael P.
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Butenolides by One‐Pot Cyclization Reactions of Silyl Enol Ethers with Oxalyl Chloride.
Authors: Langer Peter
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Organometallic Generation and Capture of ortho‐Arynes.
Authors: Dyke Alan M. , Hester Alison J. , Lloyd‐Jones Guy C.
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Halide and Pseudohalide Effects in Pd‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reactions
Authors: Fairlamb Ian J. S. , Taylor Richard J. K. , Serrano Jose Luis , Sanchez Gregorio
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Asymmetric Epoxidation of Olefins by Chiral Ketones
Authors: Shi Yian
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Asymmetric Oxidations
Authors: Ager David J. , Allen David R.
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Recent Advances in Polymeric Chiral Ligands for Asymmetric Synthesis
Authors: Itsuno Shinichi , Haraguchi Naoki , Arakawa Yukihiro
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Properties of Oligonucleotides with Acylamido Substituents
Authors: Richert Clemens , Gruenefeld Peter
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Chiral Thiophosphoramide and Thioamide Ligands in Catalytic Asymmetric Carbon—Carbon Bond‐Formation Reactions
Authors: Zhang Wen , Shi Min
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
From Persistent Triplet Carbenes to Persistent High‐Spin Polycarbenes.
Authors: Itoh Tetsuji , Hirai Katsuyuki , Tomioka Hideo
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Resourceful New Strategy in Organic Synthesis: Tandem and Stepwise Metathesis/Non‐Metathesis Catalytic Processes.
Authors: Dragutan Valerian , Dragutan Ileana
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Olefin Metathesis on Nanostructures.
Authors: Liu Xiang , Basu Amit
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Regulatory Mechanism of Food Factors in Bone Metabolism and Prevention of Osteoporosis
Authors: Yamaguchi Masayoshi
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Photomechanics of Liquid‐Crystalline Elastomers and Other Polymers
Authors: Ikeda Tomiki , Mamiya Jun‐ichi , Yu Yanlei
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Molecular Mechanisms of Transition‐State Stabilization in Catalytic Antibodies
Authors: Tsumuraya Takeshi , Fujii Ikuo
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Dissecting Non‐Ribosomal and Polyketide Biosynthetic Machineries Using Electrospray Ionization Fourier‐Transform Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Dorrestein Pieter C. , Kelleher Neil L.
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Near Edge X‐Ray Absorption Fine Structure Spectroscopy as a Tool to Probe Electronic and Structural Properties of Thin Organic Films and Liquids
Authors: Haehner Georg
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Studies on the Uptake of Glucose Derivatives by Red Blood Cells
Authors: García‐Álvarez Isabel , Garrido Leoncio , Fernández‐Mayoralas Alfonso
Published: March 2007

Erythrocytes express the same glucose transporter (GLUT‐1) as is present in the blood‐brain barrier. With the aim of testing the viability of using this transport system to deliver glucosyl drug derivatives to the brain, the uptake of several dopamine–glucose conjugates and a few structurally related analogues by erythrocytes was studied with HPLC and 1H MAS NMR spectroscopy. The results showed that slight structural changes determine the uptake of glycoconjugates by red blood cells. However, experiments in the presence of glucose transport inhibitors showed that none of the conjugates that efficiently crossed the cell membrane were transported by GLUT‐1.
Topology and graph products; eigenproblems in optimal structural analysis
Authors: Kaveh A. , Rahami H.
Published: March 2007

In this paper, a topological method is presented to obtain the eigensolution of a cylindrical‐shaped grid from those of a plane grid. Similarly, the eigenproperty of a torus‐shaped grid is calculated from those of a cylindrical‐shaped grid. These transformations are performed using an identification approach employed in topology for the formation of different surfaces. The proven theorems simplify the evaluation of the eigenvectors to be employed in the ordering and graph partitioning of regular structures for optimal analysis. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Minimal history, a theory of plausible explanation
Authors: Mayfield John E.
Published: March 2007

In computational theory, time is defined in terms of steps, and steps are defined by the computational process. Because steps can be described, a computation can be recorded as a binary string. This allows time to be measured in bits, which in turn, allows the definition of various computable complexity measures that account for the minimal amount of computation required to create an object from primitive beginnings. Three such measures are introduced in this article. They are “transcript depth,” which is closely relate to logical and computational depth, and “Kd complexity,” which is similar to Levin's Kt complexity, and “minimal history.” The later two measures are comprehensive in the sense that they characterize all information required for the creation of an object and also all computable internal relationships and redundancies that are present in the object. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 12:48–53, 2007
Thin Films of ZrO2 for High‐k Applications Employing Engineered Alkoxide‐ and Amide‐Based MOCVD Precursors
Authors: Thomas R. , Bhakta R. , Milanov A. , Devi A. , Ehrhart P.
Published: March 2007

Ultrathin ZrO2 films were deposited on SiOx/Si in a multiwafer planetary metal‐organic (MO)CVD reactor combined with a liquid delivery system. Two different alkoxide‐based precursors, [Zr(OiPr)2(tbaoac)2] and [Zr(OtBu)2(tbaoac)2] are compared with two amide‐based precursors, [Zr(NEt2)2(dbml)2] and [Zr(NEtMe)2(guanid)2]. Growth rate, surface roughness, density, and crystallization behavior are compared over a wide range of deposition temperatures (400–700 °C). In addition, the influence of the solvents, n‐butylacetate, toluene, and hexane, is discussed. The best growth results in terms of low temperature deposition rate, surface roughness, film density, and carbon content were obtained for the new [Zr(NEtMe)2(guanid)2] precursor. The electrical properties were investigated with metal–insulator–semiconductor (MIS) capacitors. The relative dielectric permittivity was in the range 17–24, depending on the precursor. Compared to standard SiO2 capacitors of similar equivalent oxide thickness, low leakage currents were obtained.
MOCVD of TaN Using the All‐Nitrogen‐Coordinated Precursors [Ta(NEtMe)3(N‐tBu)], [Ta(NEtMe)(N‐tBu){C(N‐iPr)2(NEtMe)}2], and [Ta(NMeEt)2(N‐tBu){Me2N‐N(SiMe3)}]
Authors: Baunemann A. , Lemberger M. , Bauer A. J. , Parala H. , Fischer R. A.
Published: March 2007

Three different all nitrogen‐coordinated heteroleptic precursors, [Ta(NEtMe)3(N‐tBu)] (1), [Ta(NEtMe)(N‐tBu){C(N‐iPr)2‐(NEtMe)}2] (2), and [Ta(NMeEt)2(N‐tBu)(tdmh)] (3) (Et = ethyl, Me = methyl, tBu = tert‐butyl, iPr = isopropyl, tdmh = N‐trimethylsilyl‐N′,N′‐dimethylhydrazine) are tested in thermally activated metal–organic (MO)CVD of TaN thin films. Using 1 and 2, conducting cubic‐TaN films can be deposited (1: 4000 μΩ·cm; 2: 10000–20000 μΩ·cm), while 3 results in the formation of insulating silicon‐containing films with high levels of oxygen impurities. Raising the chemical complexity of precursors 2 and 3 with respect to 1 does not necessarily lead to high carbon incorporation, even in the absence of additional ammonia. Metal–insulator–semiconductor structures with TaN as the metal gate material are fabricated and characterized by capacitance–voltage (C–V) and current density–voltage (J–V) measurements. Precursor 3 is used to deposit insulating TaSiN(O) films in a large‐scale reactor on 150 mm prestructured metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) wafers.
A General Correction to Surface Reaction Models Based on Reactive Sticking Coefficients
Authors: Dorsmann R. , Kleijn C. R.
Published: March 2007

Following the work of Coltrin et al. (Surface Chemkin III, Reaction Design, San Diego1996), many CVD models express the rate of surface reactions as the molecular flux into the surface multiplied by a reactive sticking coefficient and a correction factor that was derived by Motz and Wise (J. Chem. Phys.1960,32, 1893). According to Motz and Wise, this factor is only valid for small reactive species concentrations, a condition that is not generally fulfilled in CVD processes. Nevertheless, it is widely used in CVD modeling.

In the present study, the direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method was used to determine the deviation from this theory for more general CVD process conditions. The results show that the deviation increases with increasing reactive sticking coefficient and reactant mass fraction, and a significant deviation from the theory of up to 45 % was found. A fitted correlation is presented to predict this deviation using the sticking coefficient and the reactant mass fraction for cases with a reactant mass fraction near the surface up to (approximately) 99 %.
Preparation of Doped Spinel Cobalt Oxide Thin Films and Evaluation of their Thermal Stability
Authors: Bahlawane* N. , Premkumar P. A. , Feldmann J. , Kohse‐Höinghaus K.
Published: March 2007

Spinel cobalt oxide doped with nickel and zinc are deposited using a CVD reactor equipped with a pulsed spray evaporation system. This process allows easy control of the film composition through the adjustment of the composition of the liquid feedstock; a linear dependence is observed in both cases. Doped spinels with atomic ratios of doping‐metal to Co ranging from 0 to 0.5 are deposited and subjected to various surface characterization methods. Zinc as a doping metal, which nonselectively occupies the octahedral and the tetrahedral sites, preserves the cubic spinel structure; in contrast, nickel, which preferably occupies the octahedral sites, preserves the cubic structure only up to Ni/Co = 0.14 and then induces a tetragonal distortion. This disordered structure allows more polarons, and therefore presents a conductivity which increases substantially with the concentration of nickel in the deposited films. The thermal stability of cobalt oxide is maintained in the case of nickel doping as long as the cubic structure is preserved, and then decreases continuously with the concentration of nickel doping once the tetragonal deformation is induced. An upper thermal stability limit as low as 350 °C is observed for films with Ni/Co = 0.33. In contrast, zinc steadily improved the thermal stability with increased doping concentration, and reaches ∼850 °C, which is 200 °C higher than that of pure cobalt oxide.
A study of a routing attack in OLSR‐based mobilead hocnetworks
Authors: Kannhavong Bounpadith , Nakayama Hidehisa , Kato Nei , Jamalipour Abbas , Nemoto Yoshiaki
Published: March 2007

A mobilead hocnetwork (MANET) is a collection of mobile nodes which are able to communicate with each other without relying on predefined infrastructures or central administration. Due to their flexibilities and easy deployment, MANET can be applied in situation where network infrastructures are not available. However, due to their unique characteristics such as open medium and the lack of central administration, they are much more vulnerable to malicious attacks than a conventional infrastructured wireless network. MANET employs routing to provide connectivity for mobile nodes that are not within direct wireless transmission range. Existing routing protocols in MANET assume a trusted and cooperative environment. However, in hostile environment, mobile nodes are susceptible to various kinds of routing attacks. In this paper, we show that an OLSR MANET node is prone to be isolated by malicious attack called Node Isolation attack. After analysing the attack in detail, we present a technique to mitigate the impact of the attack and improve the performance of the network when the attack is launched. The results of our implementations illustrate that the proposed solution can mitigate the attack efficiently. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Boron Complexes with Chelating Anilido‐Imine Ligands: Synthesis, Structures and Luminescent Properties
Authors: Ren Yi , Liu Xiaoming , Gao Wei , Xia Hong , Ye Ling , Mu Ying
Published: March 2007

Three new boron complexes with anilido‐imine ligands, ortho‐C6H4(NAr1)(CH=NAr2)BF2 [Ar1 = 2,6‐Et2C6H3, Ar2 = p‐MeC6H4 (3a); Ar1 = 2,6‐iPr2C6H3, Ar2 = p‐MeC6H4 (3b); Ar1 = 2,6‐iPr2C6H3, Ar2 = 2,6‐Me2C6H3 (3c)] were synthesized by the reaction of BF3(OEt2) with the lithium salt of the corresponding ligands. All complexes were characterized by 1H, 11B, 13C and 19F NMR spectroscopy, elemental analyses and mass spectrometry. The molecular structures of complexes 3a–3c were determined by X‐ray crystallography. DSC analysis of 3a–3c demonstrates their good thermal stability. Luminescent properties of the ligands and the complexes 3a–3c in solution and the solid state were studied. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Synthesis, Characterization, and DFT Investigation of IrIII Tolylterpyridine Complexes
Authors: Yoshikawa Naokazu , Yamabe Shinichi , Kanehisa Nobuko , Kai Yasushi , Takashima Hiroshi , Tsukahara Keiichi
Published: March 2007

Three new polypyridine iridium(III) complexes [IrIIICl(L)(tterpy)](PF6)2 {L = phen (1), dpphen (2), and dmbpy (3)} were prepared. Reference complexes [IrIIICl(bpy)(tterpy)](PF6)2 (4) and [IrIII(L)2](PF6)3 {L = tterpy (5) and terpy (6)} were also prepared. Abbreviations of the ligands used here are phen = 1,10‐phenanthroline, dpphen = 4,7‐diphenyl‐1,10‐phenanthroline, bpy = 2,2′‐bipyridine, dmbpy = 4,4′‐dimethyl‐2,2′‐bipyridine, tterpy = 4′‐(4‐tolyl)‐2,2′:6′,2″‐terpyridine, and terpy = 2,2′:6′,2″‐terpyridine. The syntheses, which were accomplished in typical reaction times of fifteen minutes by using a microwave oven, were easier than a previous method. The complexes were characterized by electrospray mass spectrometry, UV/Vis spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The X‐ray structures of the two complexes 5 and 6 were also obtained. Cyclic voltammograms of all the[IrIIICl(L)(tterpy)]2+ complexes showed that the first reduction occurred at around –0.67 V, which is attributed to the reduction of the tterpy ligand in [IrIIICl(L)(tterpy)]2+. The electronic properties of complexes 5 and 6 were studied by using B3LYP functional calculations, and their optimized geometries were compared to those of the experimentally observed ones. Excited triplet and singlet states are also examined by using time‐dependent density functional theory (TDDFT). The calculated energies of the lowest singlet and triplet states in the two complexes are in good agreement with the experimental absorption and phosphorescence spectra. In this study, it was found that [IrIIICl(L)(tterpy)]2+ emits an intense phosphorescence at room temperature. Since the lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (LUMOs) of all [IrIIICl(L)(tterpy)]2+ complexes are composed of the π*‐system contribution of the tterpy ligand, the spectroscopic and electrochemical results are discussed comparatively. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
An Improved Ring‐Closing Metathesis Approach to Fluorinated and Trifluoromethylated Nitrogen Heterocycles
Authors: De Matteis Valeria , Dufay Olivier , Waalboer Dennis C. J. , van Delft Floris L. , Tiebes Jörg , Rutjes Floris P. J. T.
Published: March 2007

The synthesis of fluoro‐ and trifluoromethyl‐containing N‐sulfonylated nitrogen heterocycles is described. A first crucial step is a Mitsunobu functionalization of intermediate sulfonamides using commercially available unsaturated alcohols, which gives efficient access to fluorinated ring‐closing metathesis (RCM) precursors. Key step is an RCM reaction of these precursors leading to the corresponding fluoro‐ and trifluoromethyl‐containing heterocyclic building blocks. Furthermore, aminopalladation of the same sulfonamide intermediates provides access to trifuoromethyl‐containing pyrrole derivatives.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Aziridinyl Vinyl Ketones from the Asymmetric Catalytic Aziridination Reaction
Authors: Deng Yonghong , Lee Young Rok , Newman Cory A. , Wulff William D.
Published: March 2007

Under the aegis of boron Lewis acids, prepared from either the vanol or vapol ligand, vinyl aziridinyl ketones can be obtained with a high degree of asymmetric induction from the catalytic asymmetric aziridination reaction (AZ) of imines and vinyl diazomethyl ketones. The products have potential as synthons for five‐carbon chiral amines. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Carbon Nanotubes Paste Electrodes. A New Alternative for the Development of Electrochemical Sensors
Authors: Rivas G. A. , Rubianes M. D. , Pedano M. L. , Ferreyra N. F. , Luque G. L. , Rodríguez M. C. , Miscoria S. A.
Published: March 2007

In this work we summarize the recent activities of our group regarding the analytical performance of a new composite material, the so‐called carbon nanotubes paste electrode (CNTPE) obtained by dispersion of multiwall carbon nanotubes in mineral oil. The electrocatalytic properties towards different redox systems, especially those involved in important enzymatic reactions are discussed. Significant shifting in the overpotentials for the oxidation and/or reduction of hydrogen peroxide, NADH, phenol, catechol, dopamine, ascorbic acid, uric acid and hydroquinone are obtained at CNTPE in comparison with the analogous graphite paste electrode (CPE). The usefulness of the electrode as a matrix for immobilizing enzymes is also demonstrated. Highly sensitive and selective glucose quantification is accomplished even without using permselective films or redox mediators. Enzymatic biosensors obtained by incorporation of lactate oxidase, polyphenol oxidase and alcohol dehydrogenase/NAD+ within the composite material have allowed the successful quantification of lactate, phenol, dopamine, catechin and ethanol. The sensitive quantification of traces of oligonucleotides and double stranded calf thymus DNA by adsorptive stripping is reported. The confined DNA layer demonstrated to be stable either in air, acetate or phosphate buffer. The advantages of incorporating copper particles for the quantification of amino acids and albumin is also discussed.
Electrooxidation of DNA at Glassy Carbon Electrodes Modified with Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes Dispersed in Chitosan
Authors: Bollo Soledad , Ferreyra Nancy F. , Rivas Gustavo A.
Published: March 2007

We report on the analytical performance of glassy carbon (GCE) electrodes modified with a dispersion of multiwall carbon nanotubes (CNT) in chitosan (CHIT) for the quantification of DNA. The electroanalytical response of the resulting electrodes was evaluated using differential pulse voltammetry, while the electrochemical reactivity of the film surface was characterized using scanning electrochemical microscopy. Different treatments of the modified GCE were evaluated to improve the stability of the film and the accumulation of DNA. The guanine oxidation signal of double stranded calf‐thymus DNA after 3‐min accumulation was 20 times higher at GCE/CHIT‐CNT cross‐linked with glutaraldehyde (GTA) than at bare GCE, while the peak potential was around 45 mV less positive. The guanine oxidation signal demonstrated to be highly reproducible, with 3.4% RSD for 5 different electrodes. The treatment with sodium hydroxide demonstrated to be not effective since the resulting films were less stable and the guanine oxidation signal was ten times smaller compared to electrodes prepared with the GTA treated films. The effect of chitosan molecular weight used to prepare the dispersion and the amount of carbon nanotubes dispersed were evaluated. The response of single stranded DNA and oligo(dG)15 is also discussed.
Tailoring Zinc Oxide Nanowires for High Performance Amperometric Glucose Sensor
Authors: Zang Jianfeng , Li Chang Ming , Cui Xiaoqiang , Wang Jianxiong , Sun Xiaowei , Dong Hua , Sun Chang Q.
Published: March 2007

ZnO nanowire was tailored both physically and chemically to immobilize the enzyme glucose oxidase (GOD) for construction of a glucose sensor with high performance, which was ascribed to its high specific surface area and high isoelectric point value for efficient immobilization of high concentration of acidic enzymes and the mediating effect by the redox reaction of ZnO nanowires. The apparent Michaelis constants Jmax, and KM were adjusted in a large scope by tailoring the thickness of the GOD/ZnO nanowire layer and the enzyme load in the nanowired network. Thus, a variety of linear region, sensitivities and reaction rates of the sensor could be easily achieved. Moreover, the glucose sensor showed long term stability with the incorporation of the inorganic zinc oxide nanowire.
Simultaneous Determination of Iron, Copper, and Cadmium by Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetry in the Presence of Thymolphthalexone
Authors: Babaei Ali , Babazadeh Mitra , Shams Esmaeil
Published: March 2007

A novel, sensitive and selective adsorptive stripping procedure for simultaneous determination of iron, copper and cadmium is presented. The method is based on the adsorptive accumulation of thymolphthalexone (TPN) complexes of these elements onto a hanging mercury drop electrode, followed by reduction of adsorbed species by voltammetric scan using differential pulse modulation. The influences of control variables on the sensitivity of the proposed method for the simultaneous determination of iron, copper and cadmium were studied using the Derringer desirability function. The optimum analytical conditions were found to be TPN concentration of 2.0 μM, pH of 9.5, and accumulation potential at −0.4 V vs. Ag/AgCl with an accumulation time of 60 s. The peak currents are proportional to the concentration of iron, copper and cadmium over the 1–80, 0.5–100 and 1–100 ng mL−1 ranges with detection limits of 0.5, 0.4 and 0.9 ng mL−1, respectively. The R.S.D. at a concentration level of 20 ng mL−1 of iron, copper and cadmium were 2.5%, 0.9% and 1.5% (n=6), respectively. The procedure was applied to the simultaneous determination of iron, copper and cadmium in the tap water and some synthetic samples with satisfactory results.
Fluvial thermal erosion: heat balance integral method
Authors: Randriamazaoro R. , Dupeyrat L. , Costard F. , Gailhardis E. Carey
Published: March 2007

In periglacial regions, frozen river banks are affected by thermal and mechanical erosion. In Siberia, bank retreats of up to 40 m per year are observed. This thermal erosion occurs during a few weeks, at springtime, for high enough water temperatures and river discharges. Until now, models of thermal erosion have been based on the assumption of a constant thermal erosion rate. We have developed a more general model at variable rate, whose solution is calculated using the integral method. Results of this model are compared with experiments, carried out in a cold room. A hydraulic channel allows measurements of the thermal erosion rate of a ground ice sample subjected to a turbulent water flow. Once validated, the model is applied to the periglacial river study case. The model has contributed to better understanding of the roles of each parameter during the thermal erosion process. High water temperature, discharge and ice temperature produce major thermal erosion, whereas the ice content in the soil tends to slow down the thermal erosion process. The effects of water temperature are predominant. An acceleration phase characterized by an increase of the thermal erosion rate occurs at the beginning of the thermal erosion process. The duration of such an acceleration phase is systematically studied. A relatively long acceleration phase is related to a low ablation rate. During the flood season, when the water temperature is increased to 18 °C, this acceleration phase lasts only a few minutes. However, for data typical of periglacial rivers, when the water temperature is close to the melting point, the acceleration phase can last a few days. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Role of basin‐wide landslides in the formation of extensive alluvial gemstone deposits in Sri Lanka
Authors: Gunatilaka Ana
Published: March 2007

The tectonically stable central highlands of Sri Lanka and its alluvial valleys are the source areas and sinks, respectively, for one of the most prolific Quaternary gemstone provinces in the world. However, the known 10Be/26Al cosmogenic‐nuclide‐determined low natural (preanthropogenic) denudation rates of 2–11 mm kyr−1, and resulting sediment fluxes, are grossly inadequate to deliver the vast throughputs of overburden required to concentrate the known gemstone deposits. Basin‐wide, unstable, slow‐moving channelized landslides and debris flows, aided by biotic factors, are the dominant mechanisms of mass‐wasting on hill‐slopes and bulk delivery of sediment to the alluvial valleys and fluvial networks. Channelization ensures modulated sediment transfer and run‐out during an erosional–depositional continuum. In a selected inventory of landslides, mobilized sediment volumes ranged from less than 1000 cubic metres to a maximum of ∼800 000 cubic metres per event. Monsoonal rainfall (both cumulative seasonal and total daily thresholds) is the primary external factor, which interacts with colluvium thickness and steep slopes in triggering landslides. There are three to five ‘threshold’ rainfall events per year in the highlands that can be expected to generate landslides. They can occur under conditions of decreasing daily rainfall as the seasonal total rainfall increases. GIS databases show a very significant spatial overlap and direct causal linkage between several hundred landslide occurrences and the innumerable gem pits and mines in the catchments of the best known mining region of Sri Lanka. Landslide‐associated mass movements, besides providing significant numbers of gemstones to the alluvial valleys over time, are also a fundamental factor in the geomorphic evolution of the rugged central highland landscape. Rainfall‐driven landslide activity may be a natural geological response affecting erosional equilibrium in high‐relief tectonically stable terrains. Climatically forced base level changes will, over time, control sediment storage, removal or reworking in the valleys. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reducing effect of multigrounded PEN conductor on the transfer of electric potentials in low‐voltage distribution networks
Authors: Konieczny Janusz , Wróblewski Zbigniew
Published: March 2007

The mechanism governing the formation of the electric potential of the PEN conductor (fault voltage) in TN‐system is discussed. The occurrence of this potential is a threat to the customers, especially in rural areas, where automatic disconnection of supply can not always be executed within the time required. Considered is the phenomenon of electric potential propagation from the fault point to the whole of the network.

For fault voltage calculations, a mathematical model and computer programme have been developed. Examples of calculated results are presented for various configurations of network. Multicriterion‐based simulation has enabled statistical analysis and assessments of the size of the area where fault voltage exceeds the admissible value. The computational method proposed is also applicable to the optimization of low‐voltage networks at the stage of design or modernization. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemical composition of the essential oil from Vernonia scorpioides (Asteraceae)
Authors: Albuquerque Maria Rose Jane R. , Lemos Telma Leda G. , Pessoa Otília Deusdênia L. , Nunes Edson P. , Nascimento Ronaldo F. , Silveira Edilberto R.
Published: March 2007

The essential oil from aerial parts of Vernonia scorpiodes was obtained by hydrodistillation in a Clevenger‐type apparatus. Qualitative and quantitative analysis were performed by GC–FID and GC–MS, respectively. A total of 18 compounds, representing 95.3% of the total volatile content, were identified. The major components found were β‐caryophyllene (30.6%), germacrene D (27.3%), and bicyclogermacrene (8.5%). Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of Otanthus maritimus (L.) Hoffmanns. & Link essential oils from Corsica
Authors: Muselli Alain , Rossi Paul‐Georges , Desjobert Jean‐Marie , Bernardini Antoine‐François , Berti Liliane , Costa Jean
Published: March 2007

The chemical composition of Otanthus maritimus L. essential oils obtained from aerial parts, roots and whole plants from Corsica was investigated by capillary GC and GC–MS analysis. A collective oil and some of its main components were tested for antibacterial activity against microorganisms involved in nosocomial infection and food‐borne illnesses. With the exception of camphor (7.0–20.4%), the main constituents were irregular monoterpenes: yomogi alcohol (24.4–34.7%), artemisia alcohol (11.5–19.2%) and artemisyl acetate (4.9–12.6%). The antibacterial activity of O. maritimus oil and the antibacterial potential of both artemisia and yomogi alcohols against Staphylococcus aureus and Campylobacter jejuni are reported for the first time. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of volatile compounds in selected citrus fruits from Asia. Part I: freshly‐squeezed juice
Authors: Dharmawan Jorry , Kasapis Stefan , Curran Philip , Johnson Jeffrey R.
Published: March 2007

The volatile compounds in three selected citrus fruits from Asia, Indonesian Pontianak orange (Citrus nobilis Lour. var. microcarpa Hassk.), Indian Mosambi (Citrus sinensis Osbeck) and Philippine Dalandan (Citrus reticulata Blanco), were characterized. The volatile compounds from the headspace of the citrus juices were isolated by solid‐phase microextraction (SPME) prior to separation with gas chromatograph (GC) and identification by mass spectrometry (MS). The volatile compounds of the juices were extracted by diethyl ether for quantitative analysis, using GC–flame ionization detector (GC–FID). A total of 51 compounds were detected in Pontianak orange, 50 in Mosambi and 41 in Dalandan juice. They comprise terpenes, carbonyls, alcohols, esters and hydrocarbons, with limonene as the main compound. Each citrus cultivar studied contained compounds not frequently reported in other citrus fruits, such as β‐chamigrene in Mosambi, as well as tentatively identified 2,6‐dimethyl‐1,3,5,7‐octatetraene and isopiperitenone in Pontianak orange and in Dalandan juices, respectively. The results also showed that Mosambi and Dalandan juices portray the typical profile of sweet orange and mandarin, respectively, while Pontianak orange demonstrates its own unique traits. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.