bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hospital Acquired Pneumonia
Authors: Lupton Joshua
Published: November 2017

Pneumonia consists of inflammation of the pulmonary parenchyma, typically resulting from a microbial infection. Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) occurs in (typically elderly) patients in long-term care facilities, with regular IV therapy, with immunosuppression, or with a history of recent treatment at a hospital. It is associated with high mortality. The majority HAP patients present with some constellation of cough, fever, sputum production, and pleuritic chest pain. Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and cystic fibrosis are at increased risk for pneumonia. The Infectious Disease Society of America requires infiltrates on chest x-ray or other imaging for the diagnosis of pneumonia. For hospitalized patients, empiric antimicrobial therapy for HAP should be given as soon as pneumonia is highly suspected. There is currently a vaccine available against Streptococcus pneumonia that all patients should be offered before discharge from the hospital. The elderly are already more susceptible to HAP due to decreased mobility and increased comorbidities.
Pleural Effusions (Parapneumonic Process and Empyema)
Authors: Niessen Timothy
Published: November 2017

Pleural effusions occur when an influx of fluid into the pleural space exceeds its removal. An exudative effusion, which results from leaky barriers, is often associated with infections. Parapneumonic effusions are exudative pleural effusions adjacent to pulmonary infections. Most parapneumonic effusions are sterile and resolve with treatment of the underlying pneumonia. They may, however, evolve through the exudative, fibrinopurulent, and organizing phases of empyema formation. Empyema occurs when frank pus occupies the pleural space and requires drainage. For parapneumonic process, antibiotic selection is similar to that for pneumonia and should target the underlying infectious organism according to culture and susceptibility results. Initial empiric therapy should take into account local antibiotic policies, resistance patterns, and should include anaerobic coverage. In some cases, after antibiotics and thoracentesis are initiated, surgical intervention may be necessary. Timely drainage of complicated parapneumonic effusions or empyema is critical.
Lung Abscess
Authors: Gibbs Kevin
Published: November 2017

Lung abscesses are intraparenchymal collections of purulent and necrotic tissue caused by infectious organisms that present with subacute pulmonary symptoms. Primary lung abscess is classically a disease of middle-aged men. Infection and subsequent abscess formation result from large-volume aspiration of oral secretions. Therefore, conditions that predispose to aspiration also predispose to lung abscess. Such conditions include all causes of depressed sensorium as well as both mechanical and neurologic causes of dysphagia. The burden of oral anaerobes also plays an important role in disease pathogenesis. It can be difficult to differentiate a lung abscess from pneumonia. Patients with lung abscess generally appear less acutely ill, and have fewer rigors or shaking chills. These infections are typically polymicrobial and difficult to accurately culture, requiring empiric therapy with antibiotics with broad anaerobic coverage. Most patients respond well to antimicrobials, but mortality remains high in the subset who fails medical therapy.
Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Authors: Hansoti Bhakti
Published: November 2017

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) is most commonly known for its manifestations in the lungs; symptoms include fever and chest pain (retrosternal pain and/or dull intracapsular pain). In the reactivation stage of TB, typical symptoms may include cough, weight loss, fatigue, fever, night sweats, chest pain, dyspnea, and/or hemoptysis. Symptoms may remain undiagnosed for several years. Poverty, HIV, and drug resistance are major contributors to the resurging global TB epidemic. Two kinds of tests are used to detect TB: the tuberculin skin test or a TB blood test. These tests only tell you if a person has been infected with the bacteria. The do not differentiate between latent TB infection and active TB. This distinction clinically suspected when the clinical picture of active TB matches with initial investigations (such as acid-fast bacilli stains, chest x-ray, or CT) and is definitively confirmed by the growth of M. tuberculosis in a clinical specimen.
Acute Uncomplicated Bronchitis
Authors: Sahetya Sarina
Published: November 2017

Acute bronchitis is a respiratory illness characterized predominantly by cough with or without sputum production that lasts for up to 3 weeks in the presence of normal chest radiography. Additional presenting symptoms include rhinorrhea, congestion, sneeze, sore throat, wheezing, low-grade fever, myalgia, and fatigue. Causative organisms include viral and bacterial pathogens. The disease course is characterized by self-limited inflammation of the airways. Chest radiographs should be utilized to distinguish acute bronchitis from pneumonia or interstitial disease. Therapeutic recommendations are typically supportive; however, studies reveal that between 60% and 80% of patients receive unwarranted antibiotic therapy. Only those patients at high risk for serious complications (including patients over 65 with a history of hospitalization, diabetes mellitus, congestive heart failure, or current use of oral glucocorticoids) usually require routine antibiotic therapy directed toward both typical and atypical bacterial pathogens.
Soft Tissue Infections
Authors: Ehmann Michael
Published: November 2017

Cellulitis is an acute, spreading infection of the deep dermis and subcutaneous fat characterized by erythema, warmth, swelling, and pain. Erysipelas is an infection of the more superficial cutaneous lymphatics and skin, including the epidermis as well as the upper reticular and papillary dermal layers. It is commonly located on the lower extremities, face, and ears. Cutaneous abscesses are purulent collections that occupy the dermis and deeper soft tissues. Effective treatment of cellulitis and erysipelas includes antibiotics and elevation of the affected area to assist in lymphatic drainage. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection should be considered in all cellulitis or erysipelas patients who have failed initial therapy, have a history of or risk factors for MRSA, or have severe infection or systemic toxicity. The first-line treatment for a cutaneous abscess is incision and drainage (I&D); no data demonstrates the utility of antibiotic therapy in conjunction with I&D.
Diabetic Foot Infections
Authors: Kelleher Clare
Published: November 2017

Diabetic foot infections (DFI) are diagnosed by two or more classic findings of inflammation (redness, swelling, warmth, and tenderness) or purulent drainage within an existing diabetic foot wound. Wounds without clinical evidence of soft tissue or bone infection often do not require antibiotic therapy. When infection is present, empiric antibiotic regimens must be based on the available clinical and local epidemiologic data, but definitive therapy should be based on cultures of infected tissues or clinical response. Consideration of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) coverage should be given when local prevalence is high, in patients with a prior history of MRSA infection, or when the systemic manifestations are severe. Surgical intervention and vascular assessment play key roles in the management of many DFI; deep DFI require incision, drainage, and debridement. Redistribution of pressure off of the wound is a tenet in the management of DFI.
Osteomyelitis
Authors: Steiner Lisa A.
Published: November 2017

Osteomyelitis is an infectious process that affects any part of the bone, including the periosteum, the cortex, or the marrow. It most often occurs in the lower extremities and can be an acute, subacute, or chronic process. Osteomyelitis is often characterized as a consequence of a contiguous spread or hematogenous spread of bacterial infection or as a consequence of vascular insufficiency. Chronic osteomyelitis can be associated with significant bone necrosis, sometimes requiring months to years of treatment with antibiotics or even surgical debridement. Consultation with the orthopedic service (or spine service for vertebral osteomyelitis) should be considered. Vascular service consultation should also occur if there is a concern for osteomyelitis in the foot of a patient with diabetes mellitus. These patients often require admission to the hospital for follow-up.
Malaria and Dengue Fever
Authors: Mueller Dana
Published: November 2017

Malaria is a vector-borne parasitic illness characterized by acute fever, headache, chills, and vomiting. Medications must target both the parasite’s active and inactive forms. During pregnancy, treatment regimens should consist of quinine and clindamycin. Person-to-person transmission can occur via sharing of blood products or during pregnancy. It is possible to contract malaria even while on prophylactic medications because resistance is widespread. Country-specific recommendations for prophylaxis can be found in the CDC’s annual Health Information for International Travel Protection against mosquito bites. Dengue Fever is a vector-borne viral infection that causes a flu-like illness with occasional lethal complications. It occurs primarily in tropical and subtropical regions. All treatment is supportive, ranging from oral rehydration to intravenous fluid administration and vasopressor support. Aspirin and NSAIDs are contraindicated in this population. Person-to-person transmission can occur via sharing of blood products or during pregnancy, although vertical transmission is rare.
Infections in the Transplant Patient
Authors: Billioux Alexander
Published: November 2017

Recipients of donor-derived tissues and organs are at particularly high risk of infection because of their unique combination of risk factors. Chronic illness results in more exposure to health care contexts in which pathogens—especially drug-resistant species—might be acquired. The transplant surgery itself compromises anatomical barriers to infection via indwelling venous and urinary catheters, endotracheal tubes, and surgical wounds. Donor-derived tissues and organs may harbor infectious pathogens undetected during rapid pre-transplant evaluations. The immunosuppression necessary to prevent rejection of donor tissues increases the risk of infection. In addition, each type of transplanted organ bears unique infectious risks. Many pathogens seen in post-transplant patients have unique clinical presentations. Infections in the transplant patient can vary depending on time from transplantation, the type of organ transplanted, and the primary manifestation of the infection.
Infection in the Intravenous Drug User
Authors: Euster Caren
Published: November 2017

Injection drug abuse has spread worldwide and is increasing among young adults and adolescents. This chapter focuses on the management of acute infectious consequences of injection drug use (IDU), including skin and soft tissue infections, endocarditis, and systemic infections. The approach to infection is determined based upon etiology: local (injection site) infections, infections distant to the injection site, systemic infections, complications of primary infections, modifying factors, and infections associated with the patient with IDU’s lifestyle. Infections in patients with a history of injection drug use can affect multiple systems. The most commonly affected systems include the skin (eg, abscess), heart (eg, endocarditis), lung (eg, pneumonia), kidney, and brain (eg, septic emboli secondary to endocarditis).
Infection in the Pregnant Patient
Authors: Vasquez Vanessa
Published: November 2017

Infections in pregnancy can result in significant complications for both the mother and fetus and can increase the risk of preterm labor. Fever in a pregnant woman also raises concern for its associated risk of preterm birth due to the release of prostaglandins and cytokines that stimulate uterine contractility. Infection can be passed to the neonate hematogenously or ascend from the genital tract. Treatment during pregnancy creates problems, as many antimicrobials cross the placenta and may have a teratogenic risk. Prophylaxis, vaccination, a high degree of suspicion, and early intervention can help improve morbidity and mortality. The pregnant patient should be asked important questions that include history of uterine tenderness and leakage of vaginal fluid, exposure to or symptoms of sexually transmitted infection, previous preterm labor, history of pregnancy complications, and a thorough social history.
Botulism
Authors: Mix Monica
Published: November 2017

Botulism, caused by exposure to the botulinum toxin, is characterized by a symmetric, flaccid, and descending paralysis. There are four naturally occurring forms of botulism—foodborne botulism, infant botulism, adult intestinal botulism, and wound botulism—and two forms that require intentional manipulation of the toxin by humans: inhalational and iatrogenic botulism. All six forms are rare. The treatment for botulism is botulinum antitoxin: an equine-derived formulation for adults and a human-source formulation for infants. Even more important than early antitoxin delivery is early diagnosis and excellent supportive care, typically in an intensive-care setting. Whereas botulism is the first biologic toxin licensed as a drug for the treatment of human diseases, botulism has also received a great deal of attention as a possible biological weapon and a tool of bioterrorism. Every case should be considered a public health emergency and should be reported to the state health department.
The Mayos’ Invention of Multispecialty Group Practice
Authors: Fye W. Bruce
Published: November 2017

Doctors Will and Charlie Mayo invented multispecialty group practice during the first decade of the twentieth century, when they began hiring physicians who focused on diagnosis and surgeons who operated on specific organ systems. Their high-volume surgical practice in Rochester, Minnesota, attracted patients seeking care and doctors eager to see how they performed so many major operations with excellent outcomes. When Will Mayo became president of the American Medical Association in 1906, he was considered one of the nation’s top surgeons. Doctors who visited St. Mary’s Hospital to watch the Mayo brothers operate were also impressed by the highly organized system of preoperative diagnosis that internist Henry Plummer coordinated. Some visiting physicians published articles praising the structure and philosophy of the Mayo practice, which was portrayed as a unique combination of specialization and cooperation. The “Mayo Clinic” building, opened in 1914, exemplified the efficiency movement in America.
Challenges and Changes During the Depression
Authors: Fye W. Bruce
Published: November 2017

The Great Depression led to a dramatic decline in new patients at the Mayo Clinic (from 79,000 in 1929 to fewer than 50,000 in 1932). Mayo was in better financial condition than many large enterprises, but the economic crisis forced it to cut salaries and reduce other expenses. The clinic’s cardiologists were especially interested in electrocardiography, heart valve disease, and myocardial infarction. In 1930 the institution created a vascular section, staffed by specialists interested in peripheral vascular diseases and hypertension. Mayo vascular specialists George Brown and Edgar Allen played central roles in convincing the leaders of the American Heart Association to expand their organization’s agenda to include blood vessel diseases. Mayo pathologist Louis Wilson, who had been a vocal proponent of formalizing specialty training since 1912, was largely responsible for the creation of the influential Advisory Board for Medical Specialties in 1934. Will and Charlie Mayo died in 1939.
The Reinvention of the American Heart Association and the Invention of Cardiac Catheterization
Authors: Fye W. Bruce
Published: November 2017

President Harry Truman signed the National Heart Act in 1948, which resulted in the creation of the National Heart Institute and started federal funds flowing to academic centers to support cardiovascular research. Mayo cardiologist Arlie Barnes’s term as president of the American Heart Association coincided with its transformation from a low-budget professional society into a large voluntary health organization that raised funds from the public to support its programs. World War II research into shock contributed to the development of cardiac catheterization as a clinical diagnostic tool. Mayo’s wartime research program that focused on ways to protect fighter pilots from blackouts due to high gravitational forces led to the invention of technologies to measure blood pressure and blood oxygen content. Physiologist Earl Wood used these tools in Mayo’s cardiac catheterization laboratory, which was established at the institution in 1947. The clinic helped pioneer the emerging field of cardiac catheterization.
The Expansion of Open-Heart Surgery and Cardiac Catheterization
Authors: Fye W. Bruce
Published: November 2017

Several groups began performing open-heart surgery during the late 1950s as simpler and less expensive heart-lung machines were marketed. Some surgeons attempted to develop operations to treat obstructed or leaking heart valves. Doctors who hoped to invent operations to treat diseased aortic and mitral valves (on the left side of the heart) stimulated the invention of new cardiac catheterization techniques. Until the mid-1950s, catheterization was limited to the right side of the heart. Catheterizing the left side of the heart presented several problems that were eventually solved. This procedure improved the accuracy of preoperative diagnosis, which contributed to better surgical outcomes. Cardiac catheters that were used to withdraw blood samples or measure intracardiac pressures could also be used to inject radiopaque contrast into the heart. This technique, angiocardiography, produced shadow pictures of the heart’s chambers that complemented data derived from catheterization and traditional clinical methods.
Creating Coronary Care Units and Empowering Nurses
Authors: Fye W. Bruce
Published: November 2017

The coronary care unit (CCU) concept was proposed in 1961 as a strategy to save the lives of patients hospitalized after an acute myocardial infarction (heart attack). The notion was to place vulnerable patients in an area where their heartbeats were monitored continuously and where specially trained nurses could initiate cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) if a patient had a cardiac arrest. Cardiac defibrillators and temporary pacemakers, technologies developed in the 1950s to treat life-threatening heart rhythms, were combined with CPR in 1960 in an attempt save patients’ lives. Nurses played a vital role in CCUs, and the new care model transformed the traditional nurse-doctor relationship. Nurses were trained to initiate life-saving treatments without a physician being present. The resulting empowerment of nurses had significant implications for their status as health care providers. The CCU movement also contributed to the development of cardiac arrest teams and paramedic-staffed, defibrillator-equipped ambulances.
Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery Stimulates the Growth of Angiography
Authors: Fye W. Bruce
Published: November 2017

Coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG), reported by Cleveland Clinic surgeon René Favaloro in 1969, represented a new approach to treating angina pectoris that involved operating directly on a diseased coronary artery. The strategy involved inserting a vein segment between the aorta and a coronary artery. This bypass graft carried blood to heart muscle that would normally have been supplied by a blocked coronary artery. CABG caught on quickly because it seemed to improve angina in a significant percentage of patients and produced income for surgeons and hospitals. But controversy surrounded the value of the operation, and Mayo heart specialists joined others in calling for controlled clinical trials to evaluate it. The Cleveland Clinic group initially resisted trials, claiming that their institutional experience proved that the operation was beneficial. In less than a decade, coronary bypass surgery was associated with a total annual cost of about $1 billion in America.
Dynamical equivalence, the origin of the Galactic field stellar and binary population, and the initial radius–mass relation of embedded clusters
Authors: Belloni Diogo , Kroupa Pavel , Rocha-Pinto Helio J , Giersz Mirek
Published: November 2017

In order to allow a better understanding of the origin of Galactic field populations, dynamical equivalence of stellar-dynamical systems has been postulated by Kroupa and Belloni et al. to allow mapping of solutions of the initial conditions of embedded clusters such that they yield, after a period of dynamical processing, the Galactic field population. Dynamically equivalent systems are defined to initially and finally have the same distribution functions of periods, mass ratios and eccentricities of binary stars. Here, we search for dynamically equivalent clusters using the mocca code. The simulations confirm that dynamically equivalent solutions indeed exist. The result is that the solution space is next to identical to the radius–mass relation of Marks & Kroupa, $\left( r_{\rm h}/{\rm pc} \right)= 0.1^{+0.07}_{-0.04}{\, } \left( M_{\rm ecl}/{\rm M}_{\odot } \right)^{0.13\pm 0.04}$. This relation is in good agreement with the observed density of molecular cloud clumps. According to the solutions, the time-scale to reach dynamical equivalence is about 0.5 Myr which is, interestingly, consistent with the lifetime of ultra-compact H ii regions and the time-scale needed for gas expulsion to be active in observed very young clusters as based on their dynamical modelling.
Occupational and Environmental Health Equity and Social Justice
Authors: Roelofs Cora , Baron Sherry L. , Wilson Sacoby , Aber Aaron
Published: November 2017

This chapter describes occupational and environmental health equity and social justice in its various dimensions. Case studies are utilized to demonstrate specific issues and how to address them. Topics covered include workplace injustice, racial and ethnic discrimination, inadequate government protection, environmental exposures and health equity, environmental injustice and health disparities, and residential segregation, environmental hazards, and health. In addition, the chapter covers environmental justice, community planning and development, and the roles of labor unions as well as nongovernmental organizations. One section deals with environmental justice and the built environment. A final section addresses approaches to decreasing occupational and environmental health inequities.
The Promise and Challenges of Dissemination and Implementation Research
Authors: Colditz Graham A. , Emmons Karen M.
Published: November 2017

Given the growing emphasis on dissemination and implementation as a means to increase the efficiency of the research enterprise, public policy, and the services with which we work, refining methods that facilitate translation and implementation are imperative. Bringing the dissemination and implementation research community to common understanding of answers to our overarching questions is a necessary step. Then we can more consistently answer the questions: How will we gather this information on effective interventions to form the evidence base? Will interventions be applicable to our setting? What methods should we use to decide what to disseminate or implement? Which strategies will give us the greatest impact on population health? What outcomes should be tracked to know if we are making progress? How long will it take to show progress, or when will it be observed? The methods outlined in this book will help in answering these and other important questions.
Participatory Approaches for Study Design and Analysis in Dissemination and Implementation Research
Authors: Minkler Meredith , Salvatore Alicia L. , Chang Charlotte
Published: November 2017

An inherently action-focused research orientation, community-based participatory research is particularly well suited to dissemination and implementation research. Prominent among the latter are enhanced dissemination and implementation of findings through the authentic engagement of community partners and other stakeholders throughout. In this discussion of community-based participatory research, and the use of the Chinatown Restaurant Worker Study to illustrate its principles in action, the authors have highlighted many of the benefits community-based participatory research can offer to research and its dissemination and implementation. Drawing on this and other community-based participatory research case studies and literature, the chapter also suggests a number of implications that community-based participatory research holds for dissemination and implementation research, and bridging the gap between research and practice.
Copyright User Rights
Authors: Chapdelaine Pascale
Published: November 2017

This book explores the scope of copyright user rights through the lens of property, copyright, and contract law. It proposes a taxonomy and hierarchy of copyright user rights that makes a distinction between user property, user rights, and user privileges. The book looks at user rights from an international law and multijurisdictional perspective (including the European Union, United States, Canada, United Kingdom, France, and Australia) with a particular focus on Canada, given the significant amount of jurisprudence of the Supreme Court of Canada on copyright user rights. Unlike other works that look at copyright user rights through concepts of public law and policy, this book explores user rights through concepts of private law (personal property, goods, services, sales, licences) and copyright law (exceptions to copyright infringement such as fair dealing and fair use, the first sale or exhaustion doctrine, and the impact of technological protection measures on how users experience copyright works). The book develops a pluralistic theory of copyright user rights that recognizes their diversity and myriad ways users experience copyright works, while emphasizing the importance and role of copyright users within copyright law. The book calls for the re-evaluation of the dichotomy between tangibility and intangibility and for greater cohesion between copyright law and traditional concepts of private law.
Maximal God and Arguments Against Perfect Being Theism II
Authors: Nagasawa Yujin
Published: November 2017

This chapter defends the maximal God approach to arguments against perfect being theism by addressing existing and potential objections. It categorizes the objections into four types and provides a response to each of them. The four types that are addressed here are (i) objections that suggest that the maximal God approach entails unwelcome consequences for God’s great-making properties, (ii) objections that suggest that the approach undermines the monotheistic aspect of perfect being theism, (iii) objections that suggest that the approach fails to refute certain versions of the argument from evil, and (iv) objections that suggest that the approach faces methodological difficulties.
Post-Conflict Mine Action
Authors: Hofmann Ursign , Rapillard Pascal
Published: November 2017

Contamination from remnants of conflict is a legacy of many armed conflicts, threatening the environment and human security. Addressing these hazards, reopening access to resources and livelihoods and re-establishing basic security, mine action is a critical activity in the transition from conflict to peace. Yet, clearance of remnants on land may also lead to environmental damage. Furthermore, residual risks remain after clearance and states and mine action organizations may face liability in case of accidents. This chapter examines the negative environmental impact of remnants of conflict and discusses the normative framework and good practice aimed to ensure that clearance does not further harm the environment. It is also demonstrated how mine action illustrates and is relevant to a holistic jus post bellum framework. This chapter finally scrutinizes the different challenges related to addressing liability for environmental degradation and damage to individuals from remnants of conflict and from their removal.
From Plural to Institutional Agency
Authors: Ludwig Kirk
Published: November 2017

Can institutional agency be understood in terms of informal (plural) group agency? This book argues that the answer is ‘yes’, and more specifically that both can be understood ultimately in terms of the agency of individuals who are members of such groups and in terms of the concepts already at play in our understanding of individual agency. Thus, the book argues for a strong form of methodological individualism. It is the second part of a two-part project that extends the multiple agents account of plural agency in From Individual to Plural Agency (OUP 2016) to institutional agency. It argues that the key to understanding institutional agency is recognizing that the time-indexed institutional membership relation is socially constructed in the sense that it is a special type of status function, a status role, which is accepted by the agent who fills the role. The book analyzes constitutive rules in terms of essentially intentional patterns of collective action and status functions in terms of constitutive rules and conventions. It analyzes institutions as structures of interrelated status roles that can be successively occupied by different agents, and provides a reductive account of institutional action in terms of these roles and the notion of proxy agency, in which one agent or group acts through another who is authorized to act for them. The account is applied to both corporations and nation states.
TV Debates in Media Contexts: How and When Do TV Debates Have an Effect on Learning Processes?
Authors: Wagner Aiko , Werner Elena
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the effect of TV debates on political knowledge conditioned by the media context. We argue that TV debates take place in a wider media context and the extent of citizens’ learning processes about issue positions depends also on the informational context in general. We test four hypotheses: while the first three hypotheses concern the conditional impact of media issue coverage and debate content, the last hypothesis addresses the differences between incumbent and challenger. Using media content analyses and panel survey data, our results confirm the hypotheses that (1) when an issue is addressed in a TV debate, viewers tend to develop a perception of the parties’ positions on this issue, but (2) only if this issue has not been addressed extensively in the media beforehand. This learning effect about parties’ positions is bigger for the opposition party.
Ideological Voting in Context
Authors: Mader Matthias , Schoen Harald
Published: November 2017

The chapter addresses whether the extent of ideological voting undertaken by German citizens varied in different media contexts in the period 2009 and 2015. Ideological voting is understood here as the choice of a political party on the basis of one’s ideological identity. We argue that in times of low ideological conflict, these identities may or may not become psychologically salient—and thus enter the calculus of voting—depending on the presence of relevant cues in the public discourse. This hypothesis is tested using thirty GLES Online Tracking surveys and the complementary GLES Long-Term Media Agenda Analysis. Our analysis shows considerable variation in the extent of ideological voting, both among the politically involved and among the politically uninvolved. In contrast to theoretical expectations, however, ideological voting did not increase with the salience of retirement and health issues among the issue public of the elderly.
Statistical mechanics
Authors: Allen Michael P. , Tildesley Dominic J.
Published: November 2017

This chapter contains the essential statistical mechanics required to understand the inner workings of, and interpretation of results from, computer simulations. The microcanonical, canonical, isothermal–isobaric, semigrand and grand canonical ensembles are defined. Thermodynamic, structural, and dynamical properties of simple and complex liquids are related to appropriate functions of molecular positions and velocities. A number of important thermodynamic properties are defined in terms of fluctuations in these ensembles. The effect of the inclusion of hard constraints in the underlying potential model on the calculated properties is considered, and the addition of long-range and quantum corrections to classical simulations is presented. The extension of statistical mechanics to describe inhomogeneous systems such as the planar gas–liquid interface, fluid membranes, and liquid crystals, and its application in the simulation of these systems, are discussed.
The Biblical Hermeneutics of Philip van Limborch (1633–1712) and its Intellectual Challenges
Authors: Daugirdas Kęstutis
Published: November 2017

Two features characterize van Limborch’s biblical hermeneutics: insistence on the reliability of New Testament testimonies about the life of Jesus, and a reliance on human reason as a key to the biblical message. Stressing the historicity of the Bible, van Limborch continued the tradition of Remonstrant predecessors like Episcopius, Grotius, and de Courcelles. He developed these features in debates with Orobio, Lodewijk Meyer, Spinoza, and Cocceius. Maintaining divine inspiration, he allowed for minor anomalies in the text. Van Limborch adduced the extraordinary character of miracles, the predictions of what would come to pass through Christ, and the convincing promise of eternal life. The Christological meaning was nothing but a mystical layer added by the New Testament authors. Thus he undermined the traditional ahistorical exegesis that explains the Old Testament by applying a New Testament perspective. This chapter ends with the reception of Van Limborch’s exegetical works in Germany and England.
Introduction
Authors: Golan Amos
Published: November 2017

In this chapter I lay out the motivation for the info-metrics framework, dealing the science of modeling, inference, and reasoning under conditions of noisy and insufficient information, and the overall objectives of the book. I then provide the plan of the book, a guide to potential readers and a brief historical perspective.
Child Rights in India
Authors: Bajpai Asha
Published: November 2017

Legislation is one of the most important tools for empowering children. Recent years have seen several key developments in the law, policy, and practice related to child rights. Significantly, with the adoption of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1989, a rights-based approach has acquired prominence in the child rights discourse across the world. The book analyses the laws in the light of court judgments and policy initiatives taken in India. It also examines the interventions and strategies employed by non-governmental organizations in recommending legislative reforms in support of children. This fully revised third edition focuses on the new legal developments in India—such as the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015; the new Central Adoption Resource Agency guidelines; the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009; and the National Food Security Act, 2013—thus attempting to integrate the law in theory and field practice. It is clear that realization of the rights of the child calls for a well defined, child friendly, national movement involving individuals, ad masses, peoples and societies, families and communities, states, and nations. Awareness of child rights by stakeholders is crucial.
Self-Esteem in Time and Place
Authors: Miller Peggy J. , Cho Grace E.
Published: November 2017

Self-Esteem in Time and Place reveals how self-esteem became a touchstone of American childrearing in the early years of the twenty-first century. Until now, almost nothing has been known about self-esteem as understood by ordinary parents or practiced as part of everyday family life. In the study reported here, parents of young children, living in a small Midwestern city, embraced self-esteem as a childrearing goal at a time when images and discourses of self-esteem proliferated across the cultural landscape. European American, African American, middle-class, and working-class parents believed that fostering young children’s self-esteem was critical to their psychological health and future success. To achieve this goal, they enacted a high-maintenance style of childrearing comprising assiduous monitoring, copious praise, and gentle discipline. These practices differed dramatically from most cultural cases in the ethnographic record. Together, parents and children created an early moment in a child-affirming developmental trajectory. As active participants and inventive agents, they also engaged in a process of personalization, nuancing their views in light of their social positioning and infusing normative ideas and practices with personal significance. These insights emerged from an innovative interdisciplinary study that draws on diverse sociocultural theories and incorporates intellectual history, interviews with parents, media texts and images, and longitudinal ethnographic observations. It situates the social imaginary of childrearing and self-esteem in time and place, traces its roots to nineteenth-century visionaries, and identifies the complex, multilayered contexts from which this enduring cultural ideal derives its meanings.
Magnitude of Soft-Tissue Defect as a Predictor of Free Flap Failures: Does Size Matter?
Authors: Shasti Mark , Jauregui Julio J. , Malik Awais , Slobogean Gerard , Eglseder Walter Andrew , Pensy Raymond A.
Published: November 2017

Objectives:

To examine the relationship between the magnitude of soft-tissue defect and the risk of free-flap and limb-salvage complications/failures.

Design:

Retrospective cohort.

Setting:

Level I Trauma Center.

Patients:

One hundred twelve patients with free tissue transfers between January 2009 and June 2015.

Intervention:

A standardized approach using a consistent team of 2 orthopaedic microvascular surgeons was used for each free-flap reconstruction.

Main Outcome Measure:

Soft tissue defect size, total or partial flap failure, and unplanned reoperations.

Results:

Of 112 free-flap reconstructions, 57 complications occurred in 43-cases (38%) including 5 total flap failures (4.5%), 7 partial flap failures (6%), and 8 early (7%) and 38 delayed complications (33%). There was a significant correlation between the large defect size (≥200 cm2) and partial/total flap failure (n = 80, P = 0.023). There was also a significant correlation between large soft tissue defect size and any complication that is, total or partial failure and early or delayed unplanned return to the operating room (n = 80, P = 0.002). Of the flaps used, multivariate analysis revealed that latissimus flaps had higher odds for failure.

Conclusions:

Soft-tissue defect size ≥200 cm2 can be associated with a higher rate of total or partial flap failure and any complication in acute trauma setting, which may be due to a larger zone of injury, a higher level of difficulty in achieving complete debridement, and a more complex microvascular dissection. Current and future efforts will need to continue to focus on risk stratification for limb salvage efforts because an accurate assessment of risk is important to the patient, health care provider, and the health care system in general.

Level of Evidence:

Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Vascular Occlusion in a Porcine Flap Model: Effects on Blood Cell Concentration and Oxygenation
Authors: Bergkvist Max , Zötterman Johan , Henricson Joakim , Iredahl Fredrik , Tesselaar Erik , Farnebo Simon
Published: November 2017

Background:

Venous congestion in skin flaps is difficult to detect. This study evaluated the ability of tissue viability imaging (TiVi) to measure changes in the concentration of red blood cells (CRBC), oxygenation, and heterogeneity during vascular provocations in a porcine fasciocutaneous flap model.

Methods:

In 5 pigs, cranial gluteal artery perforator flaps were raised (8 flaps in 5 pigs). The arterial and venous blood flow was monitored with ultrasonic flow probes. CRBC, tissue oxygenation, and heterogeneity in the skin were monitored with TiVi during baseline, 50% and 100% venous occlusion, recovery, 100% arterial occlusion and final recovery, thereby simulating venous and arterial occlusion of a free fasciocutaneous flap. A laser Doppler probe was used as a reference for microvascular perfusion in the flap.

Results:

During partial and complete venous occlusion, increases in CRBC were seen in different regions of the flap. They were more pronounced in the distal part. During complete arterial occlusion, CRBC decreased in all but the most distal parts of the flap. There were also increases in tissue oxygenation and heterogeneity during venous occlusion.

Conclusions:

TiVi measures regional changes in CRBC in the skin of the flap during arterial and venous occlusion, as well as an increase in oxygenated hemoglobin during venous occlusion that may be the result of reduced metabolism and impaired delivery of oxygen to the tissue. TiVi may provide a promising method for measuring flap viability because it is hand-held, easy to-use, and provides spatial information on venous congestion.
Concurrent Community Transmission of Enterovirus D68 With Human Rhinoviruses and Respiratory Syncytial Virus Among Children in Sendai, Japan
Authors: Metoki Takaya , Okamoto Michiko , Suzuki Akira , Kitaoka Setsuko , Miyabayashi Hiroki , Rokugo Yuka , Onuma Ryoichi , Noguchi Rie , Sato Taiki , Watanabe Yohei , Ohmiya Suguru , Sato Ko , Nishimura Hidekazu , Oshitani Hitoshi , Kumaki Satoru
Published: November 2017

Background:

In the autumn of 2015, we experienced a surge in the number of pediatric cases of wheeze in our hospital, which was suspected to be caused by enterovirus (EV)-D68 transmission in the community. Thus, we implemented an ad hoc retrospective surveillance for EV-D68.

Methods:

Patients <15 years of age with acute respiratory infection were eligible for inclusion in this study. All enrolled patients underwent virus detection test. Additionally, neutralization tests (NTs) were performed using the stored serum samples of the enrolled patients to compare the antigenicity of the virus isolated in this study with that isolated in 2010 and evaluate the anti-EV-D68 antibody prevalence.

Results:

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) was the most commonly detected virus (35%), followed by EV-D68 (19%) and non-EV-D68 enteroviruses/human rhinoviruses (14%). Patients with EV-D68 infection had higher median age than those with RSV infection (P < 0.05). Moreover, patients with EV-D68 infection showed a higher expiratory wheeze prevalence than those with non-EV-D68 enterovirus/rhinovirus and RSV infections. The antigenicity of the isolate from the current study was similar to the virus that circulated in 2010. At the early study phase, children in our community did not have high NT titers, but the median log NT titer increased from 1.5 to 5 over time (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:

This study showed the concurrent circulation of EV-D68 with non-EV-D68 enteroviruses/rhinoviruses and RSV in infants and children in our community and captured the early stage of EV-D68 transmission.
Review of molecular classification and treatment implications of pediatric brain tumors
Authors: Guerreiro Stucklin Ana S. , Ramaswamy Vijay , Daniels Craig , Taylor Michael D.
Published: November 2017

Purpose of review

Brain tumors are the most common solid tumors and leading cause of cancer-related death in children. The advent of large-scale genomics has resulted in a plethora of profiling studies that have mapped the genetic and epigenetic landscapes of pediatric brain tumors, ringing in a new era of precision diagnostics and targeted therapies. In this review, we highlight the most recent findings, focusing on studies published after 2015, and discuss how new evidence is changing the care of children with brain tumors.

Recent findings

Genome-wide and epigenome-wide profiling data have revealed distinct tumor entities within, virtually, all pediatric brain tumor groups including medulloblastoma; ependymoma; high-grade and low-grade gliomas; atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors; and other embryonal tumors, previously called CNS primitive neuroectodermal tumors. Whenever integrated with clinical information, many molecular alterations emerge as powerful prognostic markers and should thus be used to stratify patients and tailor therapies.

Optimal integration of this newly emerging knowledge in a timely and meaningful way into clinical care is a remarkable task and a matter of active debate. The historical morphology-based classification of tumors is being replaced by a genetic-based classification, and the first generation of molecularly informed clinical trials is underway.
Omes of Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Picoraro Joseph A. , LeLeiko Neal S.
Published: November 2017

Recent advances in high‐throughput laboratory technologies and bioinformatics tools are redefining how we view inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Instead of 2 diseases, we now see a diverse set of molecular subtypes. Large‐scale investigation of the genome, exome, transcriptome, proteome, metabolome, microbiome, and epigenome are providing transformative insights into the pathophysiology of IBD, with the promise of accurately predicting prognosis and targeting therapy. Understanding these tools and their application is crucial to navigating the molecular era of IBD. This review aims to help the IBD clinician understand, appreciate, and eventually incorporate this coming paradigm shift to improve the care of children with IBD.
Previously Diagnosed HIV-Positive Persons: The Role of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention–Funded HIV Testing Programs in Addressing Their Needs
Authors: Seth Puja , Wang Guoshen , Belcher Lisa
Published: November 2017

Background

Increased HIV testing efforts have resulted in retesting previously diagnosed persons. This study examined Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)–funded HIV testing programs to evaluate how the needs of previously diagnosed persons are being addressed.

Methods

The following were examined by demographic and test setting among previously diagnosed HIV-positive persons in 2015: CDC-funded HIV testing, previously diagnosed HIV positivity, current care status, and linkage to care. In addition, trends of HIV positivity and previously diagnosed HIV-positivity were examined from 2011 to 2015.

Results

In 2015, CDC funded 3,026,074 HIV tests, and 27,729 were HIV-positive tests. Of those, 13,528 (48.8%) were previously diagnosed persons. Only 11.6% of previously diagnosed persons reported already being in HIV care; after excluding them, 62.1% of previously diagnosed persons were linked within 90 days. In addition, the percentage of previously diagnosed persons steadily increased from 2011 (25.9%) to 2015 (34.1%; P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Almost half of all HIV-positive tests were among previously diagnosed persons, but only 11.6% were already in HIV care. Linkage is necessary among persons who already know their HIV status because they either were never linked or need to be reengaged into care. Barriers in linkage and retention among this group also need to be addressed.