bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Finding Signs of Life on Transiting Earthlike Planets: High-resolution Transmission Spectra of Earth through Time around FGKM Host Stars
Authors: Kaltenegger Lisa , Lin Zifan , Rugheimer Sarah
Published: November 2020

The search for life in the universe mainly uses modern Earth as a template. However, we know that Earth’s atmospheric composition changed significantly through its geological evolution. Recent discoveries show that transiting, potentially Earthlike, exoplanets orbit a wide range of host stars, which strongly influence their atmospheric composition and remotely detectable spectra. Thus, a database for transiting terrestrial exoplanets around different host stars at different geological times is a crucial missing ingredient to support observational searches for signs of life in exoplanet atmospheres. Here, we present the first high-resolution transmission spectra database for Earthlike planets, orbiting a wide range of host stars, throughout four representative stages of Earth’s history. These correspond to a prebiotic high-CO2 world—about 3.9 billion years ago in Earth’s history—and three epochs through the increase in oxygen from 0.2% to modern atmospheric levels of 21%. We demonstrate that the spectral biosignature pairs O2+CH4 and O3+CH4 in the atmosphere of a transiting Earthlike planet would show a remote observer that a biosphere exists for oxygen concentrations of about 1% of modern Earth’s—corresponding to about 1–2 billion years ago in Earth’s history—for all host stars. The full model and high-resolution transmission spectra database, covering 0.4–20 μm, for transiting exoplanets—from young prebiotic worlds to modern Earth analogs orbiting a wide range of host stars—is available online. It is a tool to plan and optimize our observation strategy, train retrieval methods, and interpret upcoming observations with ground- and space-based telescopes.
The Impact of Outflows Driven by Active Galactic Nuclei on Metals in and around Galaxies
Authors: Choi Ena , Brennan Ryan , Somerville Rachel S. , Ostriker Jeremiah P. , Hirschmann Michaela , Naab Thorsten
Published: November 2020

Metals in the hot gaseous halos of galaxies encode the history of star formation as well as the feedback processes that eject metals from the galaxies. X-ray observations suggest that massive galaxies have extended distributions of metals in their gas halos. We present predictions for the metal properties of massive galaxies and their gaseous halos from recent high-resolution zoom-in simulations that include mechanical and radiation-driven feedback from active galactic nuclei (AGN). In these simulations, AGN launch high-velocity outflows, mimicking observed broad absorption line winds. By comparing two sets of simulations with and without AGN feedback, we show that our prescription for AGN feedback is capable of driving winds and enriching halo gas “inside-out” by spreading centrally enriched metals to the outskirts of galaxies, into the halo and beyond. The metal (iron) profiles of halos simulated with AGN feedback have a flatter slope than those without AGN feedback, consistent with recent X-ray observations. The predicted gas iron abundance of group scale galaxies simulated with AGN feedback is Z
Fe = 0.23 Z
Fe,⊙ at 0.5r
500, which is 2.5 times higher than that in simulations without AGN feedback. In these simulations, AGN winds are also important for the metal enrichment of the intergalactic medium, as the vast majority of metals ejected from the galaxy by AGN-driven winds end up beyond the halo virial radius.
Why Is Productivity Correlated With Competition?
Authors: Backus Matthew
Published: November 2020

The correlation between productivity and competition is an oft observed but incompletely understood result. Some suggest that there is a treatment effect of competition on measured productivity, for example, through a reduction of managerial slack. Others argue that greater competition makes unproductive establishments exit by reallocating demand to their productive rivals, raising observed average productivity via selection. I study the ready‐mix concrete industry and offer three perspectives on this ambivalence. First, using a standard decomposition approach, I look for evidence of greater reallocation of demand to productive plants in more competitive markets. Second, I model the establishment exit decision and construct a semiparametric selection correction to quantify the empirical significance of treatment and selection. Finally, I use a grouped instrumental variable quantile regression to test the distributional predictions of the selection hypothesis. I find no evidence for greater selection or reallocation in more competitive markets; instead, all three results suggest that measured productivity responds directly to competition. Potential channels include specialization and managerial inputs.
Micro to Macro: Optimal Trade Policy With Firm Heterogeneity
Authors: Costinot Arnaud , Rodríguez-Clare Andrés , Werning Iván
Published: November 2020

The empirical observation that “large firms tend to export, whereas small firms do not” has transformed the way economists think about the determinants of international trade. Yet, it has had surprisingly little impact on how economists think about trade policy. Under very general conditions, we show that from the point of view of a country that unilaterally imposes trade taxes to maximize domestic welfare, the self‐selection of heterogeneous firms into exports calls for import subsidies on the least profitable foreign firms. In contrast, our analysis does not provide any rationale for export subsidies or taxes on the least profitable domestic firms.
Mechanism Design With Aftermarkets: Cutoff Mechanisms
Authors: Dworczak Piotr
Published: November 2020

I study a mechanism design problem in which a designer allocates a single good to one of several agents, and the mechanism is followed by an
aftermarket—a post‐mechanism game played between the agent who acquired the good and third‐party market participants. The designer has preferences over final outcomes, but she cannot design the aftermarket. However, she can influence its information structure by publicly disclosing information elicited from the agents by the mechanism.

I introduce a class of allocation and disclosure rules, called
cutoff rules, that disclose information about the buyer's type only by revealing information about the realization of a random threshold (cutoff) that she had to outbid to win the object. When there is a single agent in the mechanism, I show that the
optimal cutoff mechanism offers full privacy to the agent. In contrast, when there are multiple agents, the optimal cutoff mechanism may disclose information about the winner's type; I provide sufficient conditions for optimality of simple designs. I also characterize aftermarkets for which restricting attention to cutoff mechanisms is without loss of generality in a subclass of all feasible mechanisms satisfying additional conditions.
Financial Heterogeneity and the Investment Channel of Monetary Policy
Authors: Ottonello Pablo , Winberry Thomas
Published: November 2020

We study the role of financial frictions and firm heterogeneity in determining the investment channel of monetary policy. Empirically, we find that firms with low default risk—those with low debt burdens and high “distance to default”— are the most responsive to monetary shocks. We interpret these findings using a heterogeneous firm New Keynesian model with default risk. In our model, low‐risk firms are more responsive to monetary shocks because they face a flatter marginal cost curve for financing investment. The aggregate effect of monetary policy may therefore depend on the distribution of default risk, which varies over time.
On the Effect of Parallel Trade on Manufacturers' and Retailers' Profits in the Pharmaceutical Sector
Authors: Dubois Pierre , Sæthre Morten
Published: November 2020

Differences in regulated pharmaceutical prices within the European Economic Area create arbitrage opportunities that pharmacy retailers can access through parallel imports. For prescription drugs under patent, parallel trade affects the sharing of profits among an innovating pharmaceutical company, retailers, and parallel traders. We develop a structural model of demand and supply in which retailers can choose the set of goods to sell, thus foreclosing consumers' access to less profitable drugs. This allows retailers to bargain and obtain lower wholesale prices from the manufacturer and parallel trader. With detailed transaction data from Norway, we identify a demand model with unobserved choice sets using retail‐side conditions for optimal assortment decisions of pharmacies. We find that retailer incentives play a significant role in fostering parallel trade penetration and that banning parallel imports would benefit manufacturers as well as prevent pharmacies from foreclosing the manufacturer's product. Finally, in the case of the statin market in Norway, we show that it would be possible to decrease spendingandincrease profits of the original manufacturer through lump sum transfers associated with a lower reimbursement price, thus decreasing price differentiation across countries.
Misinterpreting Others and the Fragility of Social Learning
Authors: Frick Mira , Iijima Ryota , Ishii Yuhta
Published: November 2020

We exhibit a natural environment, social learning among heterogeneous agents, where even slight misperceptions can have a large negative impact on long‐run learning outcomes. We consider a population of agents who obtain information about the state of the world both from initial private signals and by observing a random sample of other agents' actions over time, where agents' actions depend not only on their beliefs about the state but also on their idiosyncratic types (e.g., tastes or risk attitudes). When agents are correct about the type distribution in the population, they learn the true state in the long run. By contrast, we show, first, that even arbitrarily small amounts of misperception about the type distribution can generate extreme breakdowns of information aggregation, where in the long run all agents incorrectly assign probability 1 to some fixed state of the world,regardlessof the true underlying state. Second, any misperception of the type distribution leads long‐run beliefs and behavior to vary only coarsely with the state, and we provide systematic predictions for how the nature of misperception shapes these coarse long‐run outcomes. Third, we show that how fragile information aggregation is against misperception depends on the richness of agents' payoff‐relevant uncertainty; a design implication is that information aggregation can be improved by simplifying agents' learning environment. The key feature behind our findings is that agents' belief‐updating becomes “decoupled” from the true state over time. We point to other environments where this feature is present and leads to similar fragility results.
Bond risk premia in consumption‐based models
Authors: Creal Drew D. , Wu Jing Cynthia
Published: November 2020

Gaussian affine term structure models attribute time‐varying bond risk premia to changing risk prices driven by the conditional means of the risk factors, while structural models with recursive preferences credit it to stochastic volatility. We reconcile these competing channels by introducing a novel form of stochastic rate of time preference into an otherwise standard model with recursive preferences. Our model is affine and has analytical bond prices making it empirically tractable. We use particle Markov chain Monte Carlo to estimate the model, and find that time variation in bond term premia is predominantly driven by the risk price channel.
Private and public liquidity provision in over‐the‐counter markets
Authors: Arseneau David M. , Rappoport W. David E. , Vardoulakis Alexandros P.
Published: November 2020

We show that trade frictions in over‐the‐counter (OTC) markets result in inefficient private liquidity provision. We develop a dynamic model of market‐based financial intermediation with a two‐way interaction between primary credit markets and secondary OTC markets. Private allocations are generically inefficient due to a congestion externality operating through market liquidity in the OTC market. This inefficiency can lead to liquidity that is suboptimally low or high compared to the second best, providing a rationale for the regulation and public provision of liquidity. Moreover, our model characterizes a transmission channel of quantitative easing or tightening that operates through liquidity premia.
On the optimal design of biased contests
Authors: Fu Qiang , Wu Zenan
Published: November 2020

This paper explores the optimal design of biased contests. A designer imposes an identity‐dependent treatment on contestants that varies the balance of the playing field. A generalized lottery contest typically yields no closed‐form equilibrium solutions, which nullifies the usual implicit programming approach to optimal contest design and limits analysis to restricted settings. We propose an alternative approach that allows us to circumvent this difficulty and characterize the optimum in a general setting under a wide array of objective functions without solving for the equilibrium explicitly. Our technique applies to a broad array of contest design problems, and the analysis it enables generates novel insights into incentive provisions in contests and their optimal design. For instance, we demonstrate that the conventional wisdom of leveling the playing field, which is obtained in limited settings in previous studies, does not generally hold.
“Un periódico de considerable interés” en Essex y “Sotto-Pancia” en Florencia. Dos publicaciones, pioneras y olvidadas, editadas en establecimientos psiquiátricos
Authors: Martínez Azumendi Óscar
Published: November 2020

Resulta sorprendente que algunas publicaciones periódicas, editadas por personas con enfermedad mental en diversos entornos psiquiátricos, se remontan a hace casi dos siglos. Primero en las grandes instituciones psiquiátricas como parte integrante del tratamiento moral, para más recientemente dar el salto a otros entornos asistenciales y comunitarios, como son hospitales de día y comunidades terapéuticas. Sin embargo, a pesar de su dilatada historia y haber sobrevivido a las diferentes corrientes teóricas y asistenciales, siendo un fiel reflejo de sus postulados y métodos, llama la atención el poco caso e interés despertado en los ámbitos académicos en relación con su estudio y conservación, habiéndose perdido irremediablemente muchas de ellas para el futuro. El trabajo pretende rescatar del olvido dos de aquellos pioneros periódicos. Uno, “un periódico de considerable interés” en Essex (Inglaterra), que reclamaría para sí el honor de ser el primero de esas características en la historia, desplazando de esa posición a la Retreat Gazette de Connecticut (Estados Unidos). El segundo, el Sotto-Pancia, en Florencia, que precedió en el tiempo al Diario dell’ ospizio di San Benedetto promovido por Lombroso en Pesaro y considerado hasta ahora el primero en Italia.
Con los nervios de punta: de la medicalización a la psicologización de los quebrantos mentales en el trabajo. Bogotá y Medellín, 1898-1961
Authors: Castaño González Eugenio
Published: November 2020

En este artículo se analizará el modo en que la neurastenia y la fatiga fueron objetivadas por la medicina dentro del ámbito laboral en las ciudades de Bogotá y Medellín, durante la primera mitad del siglo XX. De ahí la necesidad de tomar como referencia la identificación de los presuntos padecimientos ligados a la esfera del trabajo intelectual y físico. A la reivindicación de los comportamientos frugales para aminorar los efectos de aquellos padecimientos, se le vino a adicionar la creciente psicologización del mundo del trabajo promediando dicha centuria. Aquella psicologización se volvió una herramienta que amplió el espectro de la anormalidad, en medio de la metamorfosis experimentada por el aparato productivo y la diversificación de la estructura laboral a nivel nacional.
Historia del vanadio, 1801-1831. Disputa por la autoria del descubrimiento
Authors: Uribe Salas José Alfredo
Published: November 2020

Existen temas y problemas de investigación cuya naturaleza, estructura y dinámica provee la ruta analítica y la perspectiva metodológica para desentrañar su dimensión global. Este es el caso del eritronio, un elemento químico que fue descubierto en 1801 por el mineralogista español Andrés Manuel del Río Fernández (1764-1849) en el laboratorio del Real Seminario de Minería de la Ciudad de México, Nueva España. El descubrimiento dio la vuelta al mundo occidental inmerso en una polémica sobre su autenticidad, hasta que la comunidad científica europea determinó cerrar el caso otorgando la paternidad al químico sueco Nils Gabriel Sefström (1787-1845), quien 30 años después la había redescubierto, oficializando su nombre como vanadio en 1831. Los 30 años que pasaron dejaron ver también la disputa entre Francia, Alemania y Estados Unidos por la apropiación de la naturaleza y el desplazamiento paulatino que experimentaron en su hegemonía sobre la ciencia química, como una herramienta científica de poder y control global.
El “darwinismo puro” de Alfred Russel Wallace: aportaciones a la teoría evolutiva moderna
Authors: Rodríguez Caso Juan Manuel
Published: November 2020

La historia suele ser insistente en recordar el caso de Alfred Russel Wallace como quien, de manera secundaria, apoyó la propuesta de Darwin. Para efectos de este trabajo se presenta lo que Wallace denominó en su obra Darwinism (1889) los elementos básicos del darwinismo puro, que servirían de base para lo que George John Romanes llamaría neodarwinismo, a partir tanto del trabajo de Wallace como del de August Weismann. Esos elementos abarcan ideas que comúnmente se asocian de manera exclusiva con el trabajo de Charles Darwin, como el concepto biológico de especie, los diferentes tipos de variación y su origen, la importancia de la selección natural como el mecanismo preponderante para entender la evolución, el rechazo a los mecanismos lamarckianos, entre otros puntos. A partir de lo anterior, los objetivos de este trabajo son dos: por un lado, rescatar esos conceptos básicos del darwinismo puro de Wallace; y por el otro, establecer algunas posibles explicaciones sobre por qué persiste la idea de que el trabajo de Wallace no parece haber sido de importancia para el desarrollo de la Síntesis Moderna.
Enhancement and Segmentation of Medical Images Using AGCWD and ORACM
Authors: Chinegeram Kalyani , Kama Ramudu , Raghotham Reddy Ganta
Published: November 2020

Images that are obtained in the real world in low contrast are inappropriate for human eyes to read the medical images. Enhancement and segmentation have an important role to play in digital image processing, pattern recognition, and the computer vision. Here, this paper presents an effective way of changing histograms and improving contrast in digital images. Segmentation is done on AGCWD enhanced images. Histogram equalization is an important technique for contrast enhancement. Nevertheless, modern Histogram Equalization commonly results in unnecessary contrast enhancement, which in turn offers an un-natural presence to the processed image and produces visual artifacts. We present an automated transformation technique that helps boost dimmed image brightness by gamma correction and weighted distribution, commonly known as Adaptive Gamma Correction Weighted Distribution (AGCWD). The contrast enhancement level can be modified using this technique; noise robustness, white or black stretching, and the protection of medium brightness can be easily integrated into the optimization process. Finally, a contrast enhancement algorithm with low complexity is introduced. All the process of enhancement will be done during the process of pre-processing the image. Later, in post-processing, we introduce a specific level set method known as ORACM for better segmentation of an enhanced AGCWD image, and it is compared with the traditional level set method.
Customized Smart Glasses for Needy Blind People
Authors: R Abirami , S Haarini , P Hari Prasanth
Published: November 2020

Visually challenged individuals are one of the most concerned people in the society in terms of independence and confidence. There is a class of needy blind people who are not able to afford the technical devices designed for them.  A personalized smart device designed using deep learning technologies will be of greater help to them. A brief discussion was made with them to make the design of this device more user specific. Requirements gathered from this meeting are processed using deep learning methods and are composed into a smart glass using Raspberry pi. This glass is customized for every user such that it detects presence of known people around them and also does priority specific object detection. The compact, stand alone and economically efficient design of this product is welcomed by the needy blind people with great enthusiasm. This product will thus effectively increase their morale and ability to roam outdoors notably.
Big Data Analytics in Healthcare using Machine Learning Algorithms: A Comparative Study
Authors: Akundi Sai Hanuman , R Soujanya , PM Madhuri
Published: November 2020

In recent years vast quantities of data have been managed in various ways of medical applications and multiple organizations worldwide have developed this type of data and, together, these heterogeneous data are called big data. Data with other characteristics, quantity, speed and variety are the word big data. The healthcare sector has faced the need to handle the large data from different sources, renowned for generating large amounts of heterogeneous data. We can use the Big Data analysis to make proper decision in the health system by tweaking some of the current machine learning algorithms. If we have a large amount of knowledge that we want to predict or identify patterns, master learning would be the way forward. In this article, a brief overview of the Big Data, functionality and ways of Big data analytics are presented, which play an important role and affect healthcare information technology significantly. Within this paper we have presented a comparative study of algorithms for machine learning. We need to make effective use of all the current machine learning algorithms to anticipate accurate outcomes in the world of nursing.
Effects of Combined Exercise Program on Body Composition, Lipid and Cortisol Levels in Blood among Middle School Students with Intellectual Disability
Authors: Park Kun-Woo , Kim Seung-Yong
Published: November 2020

The purpose of this study was to identify physiological responses through combined exercddise for intellectually disabled people who view obesity as one of their physical characteristics. To achieve the purpose of this study, an eight-week compound exercise was conducted on 28 intellectually disabled middle school students residing in K city and the average and standard deviation for groups (normal BMI groups, obese BMI groups) were calculated. In addition, data processing was performed using two way repeated measured ANOVA using SPSS 18.0, and post-verification was performed if there were significant differences. The results are as follows: First, there was no change in weight for middle school students with intellectual disabilities through eight weeks of combined exercise. However, the lean body mass increased in the standard population, body fat mass and BMI decreased in the standard population, and the bone density factor increased in both the standard population and the obese population. Second, neutral fat decreased in the standard group, and the low-density cholesterol factor decreased in the obesity group. Third, cortisol factors have been shown to decrease in standard groups. In conclusion, the eight-week compound exercise has been shown to have an effect of improvement in the physical composition and blood lipid variables of middle school students with intellectual disabilities.
Fiebres, salubridad e inestabilidad ambiental en el contexto de la Megadrought: el caso de Barcelona (1815-1818)
Authors: Pometti Benítez Kevin
Published: November 2020

Dans le contexte du Petit Âge Glaciaire (PAG), l'Oscillation Maldà (1760-1800), une période caractérisée par la succession et la simultanéité d'événements météorologiques extrêmes dans le bassin méditerranéen, a duré des décennies avec de grandes inondations ou des phases de sécheresse de longue durée, les Megadroughts. En utilisant le cas de Barcelone, nous analyserons l'impact de l'instabilité environnementale sur la production agricole et la santé publique, en particulier lors des épidémies de fièvre qui se sont produites en 1818, pendant la grande phase sèche entre 1812 et 1824. Plus précisément, nous nous concentrerons sur l'analyse des réactions dans la gestion des ressources en eau, sur l'impact des activités humaines sur la détérioration des conditions sanitaires dans l'environnement de Barcelone et sur les réponses produites par les mécanismes de santé.
La santé environnementale : un autre regard sur le risque ou comment le savoir profane s’invite dans l’évaluation du risque
Authors: Erné-Heintz Valentine
Published: November 2020

Concernant les expositions chroniques, le temps brouille durablement le lien de causalité et joue en défaveur des victimes car il existe souvent une période de latence entre l’exposition et l’apparition des premiers symptômes. Des victimes s’appuient sur la découverte d’un cluster puis s’emparent de l’évaluation du risque en créant une communauté d’intérêts. L’apparition de ce savoir profane issu de connaissances locales en parallèle d’expertises officielles bouleverse les processus d’analyse des risques. Mais plus qu’une opposition, il s’agit davantage d’une circulation entre plusieurs méthodologies car l’objectif n’est pas de se substituer à une expertise scientifique mais de soulever un risque non pris en compte ou négligé par les pouvoirs publics.
Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Damji Ruksar Salim , Chowdhury Shamiha , Hussain Zaib-Un-Nisa Munawar
Published: November 2020

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder which is at present rapidly growing to an alarming epidemic level. Various pathogenic processes are involved in the development of diabetes mellitus. This spectrums from autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells with consequent deficiency of insulin to abnormalities that lead to resistance to the action of insulin. In the 21st century, the astounding rise in obesity, poor diet, and inactive lifestyles have increased the prevalence dramatically. Although several therapies are in use, Western medications are associated with adverse drug reactions and high cost of treatment. Therefore, there is currently a growing interest in herbal medicines to replace or supplement the Western medications. Extensive research is essential to enhance diagnoses, treatment, and to lessen healthcare expenditures. This chapter provides an overview of the classification, diagnosis, symptoms, complications, and economic burden of diabetes mellitus. Additionally, the authors discuss the current and upcoming therapies to treat this metabolic disorder.
Application of Some Medicinal Plants and Their Constituents in the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Satpathy Raghunath
Published: November 2020

The rapidly increasing incidence of diabetes mellitus as a chronic disease is becoming a serious threat to mankind health in all parts of the world. However, the currently available therapies are not of much use in prevention or reduction of disease. There are a large number of plants and natural biomolecules that have been discussed in the literature for their antidiabetic effects. Recently, the screening of many types of plant derived alpha-amylase, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors and other compounds that reduce the glucose level in the body and have fewer side effects has been successfully isolated. In this chapter, the mechanism of diabetes mellitus has been discussed. Also, the plants having anti-diabetic property along with its constituents has been presented summarized with the available literature resource. In addition to this, the common strategy that is followed for inhibition assay for an anti-diabetic compound has been discussed. Finally, future opportunities and challenges in this research area are proposed.
Medical Herbs and the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: McGrowder Donovan Anthony , Miller Fabian G. , Nwokocha Chukwuemeka , Wilson-Clarke Cameil F. , Anderson Melisa , Anderson-Jackson Lennox , Williams Lowen , Alexander-Lindo Ruby
Published: November 2020

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder that affects millions of persons worldwide, and if uncontrolled may cause cardiovascular disease, retinopathy, or chronic kidney disease. Effective therapeutic management of diabetes mellitus involves the use of mainly oral hypoglycemic drugs whose mechanism of action includes improved insulin secretion, reduced insulin resistance, or increased glucose uptake. There is growing exploration of medicinal herbs as potential therapeutic sources for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus and compared with conventional oral hypoglycemic drugs they have little or no side effects. The aim of this review is to provide up-to-date information on potential medicinal herbs that have demonstrated anti-hyperglycemic activity through either increased secretion of insulin from pancreatic β-cells, reduction of insulin resistance with subsequent increase in insulin sensitivity, or inhibition of intestinal glucose absorption via decreased α-glucosidase activity.
Herbal Medicines for Thyroid Diseases
Authors: Singh Bhawana , Sundar Shyam , Shukla Ashish
Published: November 2020

Thyroid dysfunctions represent the most common endocrine disorders and a major healthcare issue throughout the globe. The drawbacks associated with the conventional treatment approaches calls upon for the need to explore alternative treatment strategies. Herbal medicinal approach has been used since ages; however, it is not acceptable by the clinicians. Currently, there is no scientific evidence for the efficacy of herbal medicines in patient management. The necessity to fight against adverse drug events, high treatment costs, and compliance issues is forcing the scientists to look upon for traditional herbal medicinal approaches. This chapter provides an overview of the efficacy of different herbal medicines and scientific evidence that necessitates their usage for improving thyroid functions. There remains a need for a careful and routine follow-up as a mandatory parameter before establishing herbal medicine as a global treatment approach.
Dysbiosis, Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth, and Chronic Diseases
Authors: Silva Ana Rita , Bernardo Maria Alexandra , Mesquita Maria Fernanda , Vaz Patto José , Moreira Pedro , Padrão Patrícia , Silva Maria Leonor
Published: November 2020

Dysbiosis is characterized by an alteration in quantity and quality of intestinal microbiota composition. In the presence of dysbiosis, enterocytes will have difficulty in maintaining the integrity of the mucosal barrier, leading to increased intestinal permeability. These events are recognised to be linked to several chronic diseases. One of the consequences of dysbiosis is the manifestation of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), which is associated to a variety of chronic diseases. Single food nutrients and bioactive molecules, food additives, pre- and probiotics, and different dietary patterns may change the composition of the intestinal microbiota. Low FODMAPs diet has been a reference in SIBO treatment. This chapter intends to describe how the intestinal microbiota, dysbiosis, and SIBO can be related; to define dysbiosis food and nutrients influence; and to offer some nutritional therapy strategies for applying the low FODMAPs protocol, enabling better adherence by patients in order to increase their wellbeing.
Prática de atividade física e competência motora na infância
Authors: Silva Mellina Maria Lago Manso , Catuzzo Maria Teresa , Monteiro Carlos Bandeira Mello , Tudela Mariana , Ré Alessandro Hervaldo Nicolai
Published: November 2020

Os objetivos desta pesquisa foram verificar a quantidade e intensidade de atividade física praticada por crianças de baixo nível socioeconômico durante dias de semana e finais de semana, avaliar indicadores de competência motora e verificar as associações entre essas variáveis. Participaram do estudo 176 crianças entre 3 e 6 anos. As crianças usaram acelerômetro por sete dias consecutivos para mensurar a prática de atividade física e a competência motora foi mensurada com a utilização do Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD-2). Os meninos despenderam mais tempo em atividade física total do que meninas (222,5 min xs 204 min; p<0,01) nos dias de semana. Em ambos os sexos, o tempo médio diário de atividade física total ficou acima das diretrizes internacionais de prática de atividade física (≥ 3h de atividade física por dia), porém há indicadores de atraso no desenvolvimento da competência motora, principalmente nas habilidades de controle de objetos. Concluímos que meninos apresentam maiores índices de prática de atividade física do que meninas e possuem maior competência motora, porém, valores reduzidos de associação entre prática de atividade física e competência motora sugerem que a quantidade de atividade física não necessariamente implica no desenvolvimento da competência motora.
Surgery Results in Low Relapse and Progression Rates in Extramedullary Plasmacytoma of the Head and Neck: A Case Cohort and Review of the Literature
Authors: Skerget Matevz , Dovsak Tadej , Kos Gregor , Zver Samo
Published: November 2020

Extramedullary plasmacytoma of the head and neck is a rare indolent neoplasm. Radiotherapy is often the preferred treatment option with excellent local control and survival. The risk of local recurrence or transformation to multiple myeloma is 10–30%. In our case-cohort, thorough, sensitive initial evaluation for disseminated clonal disease and the incorporation of surgery led to excellent results with no recurrences or systemic progression.
Six Cases of Autoimmune Acquired Coagulation Factor VIII Deficiency: Single Center Experience in Japan
Authors: Konishi Akiko , Nakaya Aya , Ishii Kazuyoshi , Nomura Shosaku
Published: November 2020

We report six cases of autoimmune acquired coagulation factor VIII deficiency, which is a rare bleeding disorder. It is an autoimmune disease, however, there are various causes. We experienced cases with malignancy, co-exist with another autoimmune disease, pregnancy, and unknown epidemiology with repeated bleeding episode. All patients were controlled the acute bleeding phase and they have been under treatment with immunosuppression.
Primo Editoriale
Authors: The authors
Published: November 2020

Non disponibile.
Aspetti clinici, bioetici e medico-legali della gestione delle ambiguità genitali
Authors: Di Pietro Maria Luisa
Published: November 2020

L’ambiguità dei genitali esterni può rendere difficile l’assegnazione di sesso alla nascita e porre l’equipe medica numerosi interrogativi circa la gestione del caso. Anche oggi che la diagnosi di sesso viene fatta in epoca prenatale per via ecografica, le decisioni sulla condotta da tenere vengono prese dopo la nascita.

In questo articolo, vengono analizzati gli aspetti clinici, bioetici e medico-legali dell’assegnazione di sesso. Dopo un richiamo sui fattori biologici e culturali responsabili della differenziazione sessuale, vengono illustrati alcuni casi clinici di intersessualità.

Nella seconda parte dell’articolo, l’Autrice passa in rassegna i criteri finora utilizzati nella gestione delle ambiguità genitali (criterio somatico; criterio della praticabilità medico-chirurgica; criterio della prevalenza), proponendo il criterio diagnostico.
Clinical characteristics and efficacy of endoscopic treatment of gastrointestinal ectopic varices
Authors: Yipeng Wan , Anjiang Wang , Bimin Li , Chenkai Huang , Size Wan , Xuan Zhu
Published: November 2020

Background:

Ectopic varices (EcVs) may cause massive bleeding, which can be difficult to control, with a high rate of mortality. The purpose of this study was to analyze the clinical characteristics of EcVs and the efficacy of endoscopic treatment.

Methods:

From January 2008 to July 2017, the clinical data of 150 patients with EcVs in our center were retrospectively collected and analyzed.

Results:

One hundred and fifty patients with EcVs (male 74.7%), with a mean age of: 54.1 ± 14.6 years were included. The prevalence of EcVs was 0.92% in gastrointestinal varices. Cirrhosis was the most common cause of EcVs (67.0%). The rates of bleeding were 57.14%, 4.34%, 30.0%, 33.3%, and 100% in the duodenal varices rectal varices, colonic varices, anastomotic varices, and small bowel varices, respectively. An age under 55 years, varices in the duodenum, and erythema were considered risk factors for EcV bleeding. Endoscopic treatments were performed in 15 patients with EcV bleeding. The follow-up period of the patients who underwent endoscopic treatment ranged from 0.5 to 24 months. The overall rate of treatment success was 73.33% for endoscopic treatment of EcV bleeding. The overall rates of rebleeding and mortality during 2 years were as high as 53.3% and 26.7%, respectively.

Conclusion:

Age, erythema, and the location of EcVs are considered risk factors for EcV bleeding, and the rate of bleeding is higher in patients with duodenal varices than in those with other EcVs. Endoscopic treatment is safe, effective, and feasible for controlling EcV bleeding.
İLKÇAĞ UYGARLIKLARINDA GELİRİN YENİDEN DAĞILIMI
Authors: OKUMUŞ Bülent
Published: November 2020

Dünyaya gelen her insan aynı ekonomik koşullara sahip olamayabilir. İyi sayılabilecek koşullar içerisinde yaşama başlayanlar için de zamanın farklı evrelerinde bu ekonomik koşullar değişiklik gösterebilir. Dezavantajlı doğmuş ya da sonradan bu hale gelmiş bireylerin refah düzeylerini iyileştirmek için tarih boyunca farklı farklı gelirin yeniden dağılımı yöntemleri ile birtakım sosyoekonomik önlemlerin alındığı bilinmektedir. Eşit haklara sahip olamayan dezavantajlı bireyler adına alınacak öncelikli önlemler arasında günümüz modern toplumlarının da temel bir problemi haline gelen yoksulluk sorunu yer almaktadır. Bir ülke de milli geliri oluşturan üretim faktörleri arasında milli gelirin orantısız bir şekilde dağılması aynı toplumda farklı refah düzeylerinde bulunan gelir sınıflarının oluşmasına neden olmakta bu durum ise birtakım toplumsal huzursuzluklara yol açabilmektedir. İlk çağlardan itibaren öncelikle aile komşu ve yakın akrabalar tarafından, dinlerin uygarlıklar üzerinde etkili olmaya başlaması ile birlikte ise dini motivasyonlar ile statü ve saygınlık kazanma isteği temelinde kurulan sivil oluşumlarca, uygarlıkların gelişmesi ile birlikte de devlet yönetimlerinin aldıkları kamusal önlemler doğrultusunda gelirler sosyal yardımlar, sosyal hizmetler ve sosyal güvenlik yöntemleri ile dezavantajlı toplumsal kesimlere yeniden dağıtılmış ve böylelikle aynı toplum içerisinde yaşayanlar arasında gelir eşitsizlikleri giderilmeye ve toplumsal huzursuzluklara yol açan sorunlar çözümlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu yazın ile gelirin yeniden dağılımının ilk çağ medeniyetlerindeki durumu ele alınmaktadır.
Seramik Takılarda Toplanmalı Sır Kullanımı
Authors: YILDIRIM Öznur
Published: November 2020

Seramik ve takı insanlık tarihiyle birlikte gelişim gösteren sanat alanlarındandır. Plastisitesi olan seramik kil bünyeler, insanoğlunun elinde farklı amaçlar doğrultusunda çeşitli şekillendirme yöntemleriyle hayat bulmaktadır. İlk çağlardan beri toprak ürünler, her şekle kolaylıkla girebilmekte ve bu kimi zaman bir kullanım eşyası, kimi zaman sanatsal bir eser vb. olarak farklı serüvenlerle var olmaktadır. İlk seramik örneklerin ‘Neolitik Çağ’ ile toprağın, önce güneşte kurutularak pişirilmeden kullanıldığı, M.Ö. 7000 yıllarında ise çanak çömleklerin pişirilerek yapıldığı bilinmektedir. İlk takı örneklerinin çeşitli kurutulmuş bitki, hayvan kemikleri ve doğal taşlardan yapıldığı düşünülmektedir. Seramik, ihtiyaçtan dolayı bir gereklilik olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Takı ise süslenme ve dini ritüel gereksinimiyle geçmiş çağlardan beri kullanılmaktadır. Antik Mısır medeniyetindeki ilk sırlı seramik takılardan önce, terakota takılar müzelerde o dönemin kültürünü yansıtan örnekler olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Yeni sanat akımlarının ortaya çıkması, endüstri devrimi gibi birçok etken ile takı alanında hem malzeme hem de teknik anlamda çeşitlilik artmıştır. Toplanmalı sır kullanılan seramik takılar bu çeşitlliğe bir örnektir. Bir sır hatası olarak bilinen sırlarda toplanma, yüzeyde oluşturduğu doku ve bünyede yarattığı renk kontrastlarıyla görsel açıdan etkili sonuçlar ortaya koymaktadır. Bu etkili sonuçlar takı tasarımcılarının ve sanatçılarının da ilgisini çekmektedir. Bu araştırma kapsamında takı tasarımında renk ve doku konusu araştırılarak, toplanmalı sır kullanan takı sanatçılarından örnekler incelenecektir.
Uma análise do conteúdo de transformações geométricas em livros didáticos do Ensino Médio
Authors: Nakamura Paulo Henrique Souza , Pazuch Vinícius
Published: November 2020

Este artigo apresenta uma análise do conteúdo de transformações geométricas em três coleções de livros didáticos de Matemática para o Ensino Médio selecionadas pelo último Programa Nacional do Livro Didático (PNLD). Nesta análise, buscou-se identificar de que maneira as transformações geométricas de translação, reflexão, rotação e homotetia são apresentadas, como são as tarefas propostas sobre o conteúdo e as atribuições destinadas aos professores que utilizam esses livros. As análises foram constituídas a partir das noções teóricas de tarefa, incluindo exercício e problema. Constatou-se a falta de aprofundamento em algumas unidades dos livros analisadas, a ausência de um número expressivo de problemas, em vez de exercícios, e a escassez de sugestões para uma atuação mais significativa do conteúdo pelos professores no Ensino Médio.
Internationalität an deutschen Hochschulen. HSI-Monitor Gesamtbericht 2019/2020.
Authors: Karpenstein Axel , Dachtera Diandra
Published: November 2020

Der jährliche Gesamtbericht des Online-Portals HSI-Monitor, einem Gemeinschaftsprojekt von DAAD, AvH, DFG und HRK, wertet eine Vielzahl von Kennzahlen zur Internationalität der deutschen Hochschulen aus, unter anderem Grunddaten (internationalen Studierende, Absolvent*innen, Promovierende und Personal), Daten zur internationalen Vernetzung (internationale Studiengänge, Hochschulkooperationen, internationale Publikationen) sowie Daten zu Förderprogrammen (Förderung der AvH, Förderung des DAAD, DFG-Projekte an Hochschulen sowie EU-Drittmittel). Alle Daten und Diagramme im Bericht sind mit Verlinkungen zur Online-Plattform versehen.
CONSIDERAÇÕES SOBRE A TEORIA DOS DOIS CIRCUITOS DA ECONOMIA URBANA EM CHAPECÓ-SC
Authors: Varnier Macleidi
Published: November 2020

Dentro do espaço urbano de algumas cidades dos países subdesenvolvidos percebesse a existência de dois circuitos de produção, distribuição e comércio. O circuito superior: é formado pelos bancos, comércio e indústria de exportação, indústrias modernas, serviços modernos, atacadistas e transportadoras. E o circuito inferior: composto principalmente por formas de produção não-capital intensivo, pelos serviços não modernos, e pelo comércio não moderno e de pequena dimensão. Realizamos neste trabalho uma análise da distribuição dos estabelecimentos econômicos em Chapecó-SC, onde buscamos representar as características e os padrões da esfera econômica que podem ser observados no espaço urbano da cidade. Pelo mapeamento desta distribuição, torna-se possível distinguir dentro do espaço urbano chapecoense as áreas onde predominam cada um dos dois circuitos econômicos e suas estratégias.
Yöneticilerde İş Ahlâkı: Kavramsal Bir İnceleme
Authors: ERDEM Ramazan , İZGÜDEN Dilruba , GÖKKAYA Durmuş
Published: November 2020

Küreselleşmeyle birlikte gelen uluslararası anlaşmalarda yaşanan güven sorunları, kıt kaynaklar, artan rekabet koşulları, işsizlik, toplumsal baskılar, medyada sık sık gündeme gelen yolsuzluk skandalları vb. faktörler iş ahlâkı kavramının günümüz dünyasındaki önemini daha da ön plana çıkarmıştır. Bu bağlamda çalışma kapsamında yöneticiler açısından iş ahlâkı kavramı ele alınmış, Kant’ın ahlâk felsefesi ve literatürdeki diğer çalışmaların ışığında iş ahlâkının evrensel olup olmadığı konusuna değinilmiş ve iş ahlâkının işletmelerin ve toplumların geleceği açısından önemli bir konu olduğu üzerinde durulmuştur. Ayrıca yöneticilerin iş ahlâkı konusundaki yeri, önemi, sorumlulukları ve astlarla olan ilişkileri ortaya konularak incelenmeye çalışılmıştır. Çalışma literatür incelemesi kapsamında yürütülmüştür. Sonuç olarak, küresel ekonominin ilgilendiği konular arasında yer alan kıt kaynakların doğru bir şekilde kullanılarak sürdürülebilir bir dünya oluşturulması konusunda yöneticilere büyük görevler düşmektedir. Yöneticiler işletmelerin imajının sağlamlaştırılması, topluma karşı olan sosyal sorumluluklar, müşteri memnuniyetinin gözetilmesi, müşteriye ve çalışanlara dürüst davranılması, çalışanların hak ve özgürlüklerinin gözetilmesi ve çalışanlarının ahlâki değerlere uygun davranmasını sağlanmak noktasında birtakım sorumluluklara sahiptir. Geçmişten günümüze yönetim kuramcıları da bu konulara değinmiş ve çalışma kapsamında Frederick Taylor, Chester Barnard ve Peter Drucker’ın yönetim kuramlarına kısaca yer verilerek kuramcıların iş ahlâkına ilişkin uygulamalarına değinilmiştir.
Artırılmış Gerçeklik ile Pazarlamanın, Tüketici Deneyimi ve Çevrimiçi Satın Alma Niyeti ile İlişkisi Üzerine Nitel Bir Araştırma/A Qualitative Study on the Relationships of Marketing via Augmented Reality with Consumer Experience and Online Purchase Intention
Authors: DURAN TEKOĞLU Aycan , SIĞRI Ünsal
Published: November 2020

Artırılmış gerçeklik, çevrenin ve içindekilerin teknoloji ile buluşması yoluyla ortaya çıkan görüntülerin canlı, dinamik ve gerçek zamanlı olarak hissedilip yaşanmasını sağlamaktadır. Gerçek ortam üzerine grafik, ses ve diğer duyusal özellikler ekleyen artırılmış gerçeklik teknolojisi, tasarıları görselleştirmek ve çeşitli işlemler yapabilmek için endüstriyel tasarımda, tehditleri önceden saptayabilmek için savunma sektörü alanında, birçok oyun içeriklerinde, tüketicilere bir ürünün ambalajını daha açmadan içinde neyin olduğunu ön izleme fırsatı sunan pazarlama alanında, mekânsal etkileşimlerde, montaj bakım gibi görev desteğinde ve inovatif ürünlerde kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Bu araştırmanın amacı, artırılmış gerçeklik teknolojisinin tüketici deneyimi ve çevrimiçi satın alma niyetine etkisini inceleyerek pazarlama alanındaki potansiyelini belirlemeye çalışmaktır. Çalışmada, bir olgunun nasıl algılandığına ve deneyimlendiğine ilişkin bir araştırma yürütüldüğü için nitel araştırma desenlerinden fenomenoloji yaklaşımı kullanılmıştır. Araştırma, yüz yüze derinlemesine görüşmeler yoluyla elde edilecek verileri toplamak için birebir mülakatlar, odak grup görüşmesi ve gözlem tekniklerinin kullanıldığı nitel bir çalışma üzerine temellendirilmiştir. Araştırma kapsamında Ankara ilinde 6 tüketici ve bir firmadan 2 yetkiliyle birebir görüşmeler, 4 tüketici ile ise odak grup görüşmesi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Aynı zamanda uygulamanın daha ayrıntılı değerlendirilebilmesi için kullanıcı görüşlerinin yer aldığı internet forumları incelenmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular, nitel veri analizinde QDA Miner programı ile analiz edilmiştir. Yapılan araştırma ışığında, artırılmış gerçeklik ile pazarlamanın, tüketici deneyimi ve çevrimiçi satın alma niyeti üzerinde etkili olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Yapılan mülakatlardan elde edilen sonuçlar katılımcıların uygulamayı ilk defa tecrübe ettiklerini göstermekle birlikte uygulamanın olumlu ve gelişmeye açık yönlerini ortaya koymaları, artırılmış gerçeklik teknolojisinin pazarlama açısından önemli bir potansiyele sahip olduğunu göstermektedir.