bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Turkey
Authors: Hale William
Published: November 2023

In a study of the impact of the Cold War on the politics of the Middle East, one has to start by making the obvious point that, between 1945 and 1990, Turkey’s international position was fundamentally different from those of the other Middle Eastern countries, bar Iran, in that it was a front-line participant in the Cold War. Accordingly, the global conflict normally took precedence over regional conflicts in its foreign policy, and it could not afford the luxury of non-alignment.
Chemical weapon agent and historic chemical munitions disposal: the British experience
Authors: Manley Ron G
Published: November 2023

The destruction of chemical weapon stocks, CW-filled weapons and the plant associated with the production, bulk storage and weapon filling of CW materials is a difficult and hazardous task. This chapter outlines the approach of the United Kingdom to this problem. It describes the method used during the 1970s for the disposal of the nerve agent GB (sarin), the associated pilot plant and storage facilities, residual stocks of mustard gas (20 tonnes), ethyliodo¬ acetate-KSK (10 tonnes) and a-bromobenzyl cyanide-BBC (10 tonnes) and techniques currently used for the safe disposal of recovered, ‘historic’ chemical munitions. However, as it was one of the factors which influenced the disposal methods selected, it is first worth briefly reviewing the World War II and post¬ war history of CW agent production within the United Kingdom.
Strategic Coercion
Authors: Freedman Lawrence
Published: November 2023

The objective of this chapter is to develop the concept of strategic coercion, defined as the deliberate and purposive use of overt threats to influence another’s strategic choices. The term ‘strategic coercion’ has been adopted to distinguish this approach from the earlier and familiar concepts of compellence and coercive diplomacy, developed respectively by Tom Schelling and Alexander George, which have their own specific meanings. 1 None the less, while this chapter attempts to set out a distinctive approach, rather than attempt to start from scratch, it builds on many of the large themes raised by Schelling and George in their pioneering work.
A Non-State Actor as Coercer and Coerced: The PLO in Lebanon, 1969-1976
Authors: Yigh Yezid Sa
Published: November 2023

This chapter has several purposes. The first is to demonstrate generally the relevance of the concept of strategic coercion in analysis of the crisis behaviour of actors in the Third World other than the superpowers. Second, and most important, is to test its applicability to non-state actors. Third is to establish the need to ‘historicize’ the analysis of strategic coercion, that is, to understand it as part of a series of repeated, or iterated, interactions between the same core group of actors, in which coercive precedents and political or diplomatic conventions are set.
Introduction
Authors: Manza Jeff , Brooks Clem
Published: November 2023

The impact of social divisions on political life has long been a central concern of political sociology. For much of the formative decades of the field, research on social movements, party systems, public opinion, and voting behavior examined the social bases of political life. The reasons for this interest are not hard to discern. In capitalist democracies, politics, like other arenas of social life, is shaped by inequalities in the amount of power and status enjoyed by different groups. How such factors affect political contests and outcomes tells us much about the nature of democratic polities in specific national contexts.
The Sociological Tradition in Political Behavior Research
Authors: Manza Jeff , Brooks Clem
Published: November 2023

Scholarly interest in the relationship between social cleavages and political alignments can be traced to recurring political predictions (especially in the European context) that the interests of a growing working class might provide the foundation for an ‘electoral road to socialism’. These predictions were based on the assumption that class interests inevitably lead voters to favor the political party most likely to advance those interests. The ‘class politics’ thesis became the object of social science inquiry when political change did not unfold in the ways predicted by the theories put forward by Marxists and other social democratic intellectuals.
Social Cleavages 1n the 1996 Election
Authors: Manza Jeff , Brooks Clem
Published: November 2023

In 1996, Democratic incumbent Bill Clinton won a second term in office, becoming the first two-term Democratic president since Franklin Roosevelt and also the first two-term president since Woodrow Wilson never to win a majority of the popular vote. Clinton’s first term in office was marked by a remarkable series of policy and political twists and turns. Elected in 1992 with an increased Democratic majority in both houses of Congress, Clinton initially pursued a reform-oriented agenda. In the spring of 1993 he proposed a variety of expansionary fiscal measures aimed at increasing employment and easing the country out of recession. In the fall of 1993, Clinton dramatically unveiled a sweeping proposal for national health insurance.
Third Party Candidates
Authors: Manza Jeff , Brooks Clem
Published: November 2023

The institutional characteristics of the U.S. party system place enormous obstacles to the emergence of successful third party or in dependent candidates. As a result, our primary focus in this study has been on support for major party presidential candidates. However, and in spite of their extremely low probability of success, third party candidacies are a periodic feature of U.S. presidential elections. The two most recent presidential elections (1992 and 1996) have seen H. Ross Perot receive a significant share (19% and 9%, respectively) of the popular vote. It is thus likely that significant third party candidates will appear in some future elections.
Historical Perspective
Authors: Dalal-Clayton Barry , Dent David
Published: November 2023

The focus of resource assessment and land use planning has changed significantly over the last century, especially in the last twenty years. In developing countries, this evolution can be traced through several phases which may be dubbed: early colonial times; the late colonial period following the end of the Second World War (1945-60); the immediate post independence period (the 1960s); the international aid era when aid agency activity grew in the 1970s and 1980s; and, most recently, the post Brundtland period following the publication of the influential report of the World Commission on Environment and Development (the Brundtland Commission) in 1987. These are not sharply defined chronological periods, and activities characteristic of one phase have sometimes overlapped or continued through later ones.
Strategies for Sustainable Development
Authors: Dalal-Clayton Barry , Dent David
Published: November 2023

The report of the Brundtland Commission (WCED 1987) focused political attention on deep-seated concerns about environmental degradation linked with the rush for development. During the 1980s, there was a proliferation of environmental and development strategies: international, national, and local. Most concentrated on one particular theme such as population, housing, forests, or biodiversity, but some were more wide-ranging (Carew Reid et al. 1994). Out of all these has grown a consensus that the goal of sustainable development is a quality of human life that can be maintained from generation to generation because it is socially acceptable, economically viable, and environmentally sound.
Participatory Planning
Authors: Dalal-Clayton Barry , Dent David
Published: November 2023

Almost always, the decisions about land use that really matter are still those taken by the actual users of the land. In spite of the efforts of the planners, some degree of local management for local ends continues and people revert to the old ways once control or incentives are withdrawn. There are innumerable instances of external initiatives in soil conservation, grazing control, and the conservation of forests and wildlife that have been undermined during implementation or discontinued once external funding ceased. For example, an evaluation of twenty-five projects sponsored by the World Bank recorded that thirteen had been abandoned a few years after financial assistance ended, and concluded that the main causes of failure were lack of participation by the local communities and lack of attention to building local organizations (Zazueta 1995). On the other hand, there are many examples of successful development based on participation of the local community (see Boxes 8.2, 8.9, and 8.12) and instances of enthusiastic and widespread adoption of new practices that yield immediate benefits to the land users and, at the same time, fit easily into the existing system of
The United Kingdom: From Hypercentralization to Devolution
Authors: Loughlin John
Published: November 2023

The United Kingdom (UK) is a liberal democratic state where democracy is exercised in the context of the doctrine of the sovereignty of parliament. Neither the democratic features of the UK nor even the doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty are codified in a written constitution, but are rather the accumulation of unwritten ‘conventions’ as well as written rules—laws passed by parliament and case-laws made by judges— that have developed over long periods of time. The concept of democracy in the UK has similarly developed over time and in a piecemeal manner during a period of about two hundred years. It is based on the liberal concept of the primacy of the individual, conceived as someone in possession of a bundle of’rights’, in particular the right to conduct commerce, that could be exercised provided that they did not interfere with the rights of others. At first, it was restricted to gentlemen of means and property, thus excluding the lower classes and women. This ‘economic’ right was also the basis of other rights: the right to freedom of speech, the right to a free press; the right to vote and stand in elections, the right to representation in parliament.
Luxembourg: Change and Continuities in the Local State
Authors: Hendriks Prank
Published: November 2023

Luxembourg is a unitary state with a single legislative chamber and a single tier of subnational, that is municipal, government (consisting of 118 municipalities). Below, subnational/municipal democracy in Luxembourg is described in the context of the central-state structure. In 1815, at the Congress of Vienna, the territories of present-day Belgium and Luxembourg were united with the Kingdom of the Netherlands in order to create a buffer state against France. Belgium gained independence in 1830. Luxembourg became independent nine years later, even though the personal union between Luxembourg and the Dutch crown ended only in 1890. ln that year, the Dutch King William III died without leaving a male heir in Luxembourg and succession passed to the present Luxembourg dynasty. This furthered the eastward orientation of Luxembourg, which had been boosted earlier by the inclusion of Luxembourg in the German Zollverein (Customs Union) in 1842, which lasted until 1918.
France: Between Centralization and Fragmentation
Authors: Loughlin John , Seiler Daniel-I
Published: November 2023

France has been a model of state organization that has been copied time and again. Many of the countries mentioned in this book were inspired by the French system and imported the French departmental model. At the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth century France was regarded as being at the forefront of institutional design particularly for states such as Greece, Italy, Finland, and Ireland emerging after a period of nationalist struggle. The French model embodies a republican vision of the nation-state, which promotes the equal treatment of citizens as well as of territority. Until recently, the French state was among the most centralized in Europe and was built on the famous Jacobin notion of ‘the one and indivisible Republic’ (Hayward 1983). This was interpreted in the past and to some extent is interpreted to this day as meaning uniformity enforced through the system of prefects set up by Napoleon I as a way of consolidating the centralizing processes of the French Revolution. This picture of a highly centralized and uniform state needs to be modified, however, by the sociological and cultural diversity that characterizes France right up to the present day (Braudel 1986).
Portugal: The Difficulties of Regionalization
Authors: Loughlin John
Published: November 2023

Compared with the other member states of the European Union, Portugal is a country of contrasts. On the one hand, it is one of the most centralized of the unitary states, but, on the other, it has one of the most participatory and most modern local democracies. Linguistically, it is one of the most homogeneous nations. Sociologically, it is divided along north-south or north-centre-south dimensions. Portugal’s territorial development was among the earliest in Europe and its present borders were already fixed by the Middle Ages. It could be argued that a sense of national identity developed as early as the break away from the Kingdom of Spain. Portugal was a small country, but became an important imperial nation and, historically, it belongs to the group of great powers such as England, France, and Spain. It too is at the centre of a large linguistic community—the lusophone. Portuguese comes fourth among the European languages spoken in the world—after English, French, and Spanish, but before German. Portugal is thus one of the four European states that are at the centre of a global network of solidarity and cultural exchange. After decolonization in the 1970s, only the archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira remain from this imperialist and maritime past.
Subtle Silence and its Consequences
Authors: Stern Fritz
Published: November 2023

I am delighted to join colleagues in celebrating Peter Pulzer’s achievements in age and work. What follows is a translation of a lecture I gave at the University of Munich in November 1998 under the title ‘The Subtle Silence: Steps toward Criminality’. I hope this will go some way toward expressing my admiration for Peter’s work, so deep and so wonderfully varied. I have always seen him as one of those rare colleagues of outstanding quiet courage, a model from which we can all learn and a happy antithetical example to those I discuss below The phrase ‘subtle silence’ comes not from me, but from Friedrich Nietzsche. In Beyond Good and Evil, Nietzsche, that apprehensive analyst of modern Germany, wrote about the ‘profundity’ attributed to the Germans, and asked himself what Goethe had actually thought about them. ‘But’, Nietzsche went on, ‘he never pronounced clearly on many things around him, and all his life he was good at maintaining a subtle silence; he probably had good reasons.’
State Capacity in an Asian Democracy: The Example of Taiwan
Authors: Domes Jürgen
Published: November 2023

Among students of Chinese politics, there is now almost unanimous consent that the Republic of China on Taiwan (Roe) has undergone, mainly after the mid 1980s, a process of systemic change from a developmental authoritarian dictatorship to a representative democracy.

The political history of the RoC since the flight of the Nationalist Party or Kuomintang (KMT) government from the Chinese mainland to Taiwan should, in my view, be divided into three stages:

authoritarian rule, and its stable existence, which can be dated from 1949 to 1975 or 1976;

pluralization and incipient liberalization, which the present author dates from 1975 or 1976 to 1986; and

a fully fledged transition to competitive politics (which I date from 1986 to the popular election of the RoC president on 23 March 1996).
Informalization and Growth: the Political Economy of Local Enterprises
Authors: Brødsgaard Kjeld Erik , Sheel Kamal
Published: November 2023

Local enterprises have played a pivotal role in the economic growth of rural China. Often referred to as township and village enterprises (TVEs), they numbered 20 million by 1997. They employ more than 130 million peasants or surplus rural labour force and they account for close to 45 per cent of China’s total industrial output value and close to 40 per cent of total exports.1 In the developed eastern region of China, more than 60 per cent of peasants’ income derives from these enterprises. The prospect of better incomes from participation in enterprises has in fact led millions of unemployed or underemployed members of peasant households to relinquish agricultural activities. The emerging pattern thus indicates diminishing labour in agriculture and the shift of household labour either to private or collective enterprises.
The State of the Art in Numerical Analysis
Authors: Duff I S , Watson G A
Published: November 2023

The 1996 conference on the State of the Art in Numerical Analysis was organized to provide the numerical analysis community, and users of numerical methods, with a forum where an account of the important recent developments in the subject could be presented in a coherent and concentrated way in a manner accessible to the non-specialist in the sub-area. This volume extends to a much wider audience the opportunity given to those who attended the meeting. It contains full versions of all the papers presented, with one exception on Neural Nets. In addition to recent developments in mainstream topics, linear algebra, ordinary differential equations, approximation and optimization, it contains papers devoted to two important application areas, numerical tomography and image processing. Compare with the corresponding 1986 volume, some topics show a continuous and natural development, while others show significant departure from conventional trends. A recurring theme is the solution of large problems and exploitation of structure. Underlying many of the developments is the fact that increasingly complicated and sophisticated problems are now amenable to an increasingly powerful range of numerical techniques. This is greatly helped by the advent of excellent computer languages, like MATLAB, and state of the art Fortran software such as LAPACK, so that the fundamental building blocks for much of the armoury of a numerical analysis are now readily accessible.
Interior Point Methods for Linear and Nonlinear Programming
Authors: Shanno David F , Simantiraki Evangelia M
Published: November 2023

The paper first discusses recent advances in interior point methods for linear programming, including infeasibility detecting codes, target following, and better handling of dense columns. Computational results on the Netlib test suite using CPLEX 4.0 will be given. The paper then discusses two alternative methods for solving nonlinear programming problems using interior point methods, both designed to overcome the well-known difficulties with the classical barrier method. The first is a penalty-barrier method based on Polyak’s modified barrier method, the second a method closely allied with sequential quadratic programming which handles nonlinear constraints via the classical barrier method applied to slack variables. Comparative numerical results will be given.
Helix structure and molecular recognition by B-DNA
Authors: Dickerson Richard E
Published: November 2023

One day in 1980, Francis Crick arrived in Pasadena from the Salk Institute to visit James Olds of the Biology Division at Caltech. While on campus, he came by my laboratory to see graduate student Horace Drew’s new DNA dodecamer structure, CGC-GAATTCGCG, the first single-crystal X-ray structure analysis of B-DNA. By chance the only people in the laboratory that afternoon were Horace, my long-time scientific colleague Mary Kopka, and myself. The four of us huddled around contoured plexiglas sheets stacked atop a light box in a darkened room, in that pre-computer graphics age.
RNA structure in solution
Authors: Nowakowski Jacek , Tinoco Ignacio
Published: November 2023

Knowledge of the structures of the molecules involved in a biological reaction is necessary for deducing a mechanism for the reaction. Structures and mechanisms can lead to rational design of drugs, and effective methods for controlling biological reactions. This chapter summarizes what has been learned about the structures of RNA molecules by solution methods, mainly nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Specific structures will be described with emphasis on the generalizations that can be deduced from the structures. Coordinates for most of the structures described are available in the Protein Data Bank and the Nucleic Acid Data Base (see Chapter 3). For a thorough discussion of nucleic acid structure with an exhaustive bibliography of structural information on nucleic acids see Principles of Nucleic Acid Structure (1984) by Wolfram Saenger.
Hypercomplex Manifolds and the Space of Framings
Authors: Hitchin Nigel
Published: November 2023

In general relativity, one commonly formulates Einstein’s equations as evolution equations for a metric and second fundamental form on a hypersurface. A rather different approach was adopted in the paper of Ashtekar, Jacobson and Smolin (1988), which in particular reduced the equations for a ‘positive definite self-dual spacetime (a 4-dimensional hyperkahler manifold in other language) to Nahm’s equations for a triple of volume-preserving vector fields on a 3-manifold M. The initial aim of this paper is to relax the volume-preserving condition and to place this result in a general framework. Here we regard the triple of vector fields as a trivialization of the tangent bundle of M—a framing.
Penrose Tilings and Quasicrystals Revisited
Authors: Steinhardt Paul J
Published: November 2023

Roger Penrose’s ingenious invention of five-fold symmetric, non-periodic tilings has inspired the proposal of a new form of solid, known as a quasicrystal. Quasicrystals are solids with quasiperiodic atomic structures and symmetries forbidden to ordinary, periodic crystals, e.g., three-dimensional icosahedral symmetry. Here we discuss some new properties of Penrose tilings uncovered in recent months which suggest a new, simple picture of the structure of quasicrystals and shed new light on why they form.
The Twistor Diagram Programme
Authors: Hodges Andrew P
Published: November 2023

Recent advances in twistor diagram theory vindicate the ideas embodied in Roger Penrose’s original proposals. The novel treatment of gauge fields is given particular attention. Twistor diagrams were first written down by Roger Penrose, as an early part of the twistor programme for reformulating fundamental physics. Twistor diagrams define integrals which yield scattering amplitudes for elementary particles in flat space, and thus are roughly analogous to Feynman diagrams in standard quantum field theory (QFT). It was an essential ingredient in Penrose’s programme that the divergence problems which plague QFT should be resolved in the new setting offered by twistor geometry, that twistor diagrams should be manifestly finite; and that they should supersede, rather than merely reformulate, the predictive calculus supplied by Feynman diagrams.
Spin Networks and Topology
Authors: Kauffman Louis H
Published: November 2023

This paper discusses Penrose spin networks in relation to physics and low dimensional topology. This paper is an introduction to the relationship between Penrose spin networks and structures in physics and low dimensional topology. The paper is organised as follows. Section 2 discusses the theme of networks and discretization. Section 3 introduces the bracket model for the Jones polynomial invariant of knots and links. In Section 4 we show how the bracket state model is a natural generalization of the original Penrose spin networks, and how this model is related to the quantum group corresponding to SL(2,C).
An Unorthodox View of GR via Characteristic Surfaces
Authors: Frittelli Simonetta , Newman, E T , Kozameh Carlos
Published: November 2023

We would like to describe a novel and unorthodox approach to GR that is based on the existence of special families of 3-surfaces in a four manifold. (The details, with proofs, have been given elsewhere (Frittelli et al. 1995a, 1995b, 1995c, 1995d).) However, before saying what this novel approach is, we discuss the background and some issues of motivation. We (with many others) feel that finding the relationship between GR and quantum theory, QT, is (one of) the most fundamental problems of theoretical physics and perhaps one of the most difficult.
Abstract /Virtual/Reality/Complexity
Authors: Sparling George
Published: November 2023

This work is dedicated to Roger Penrose, mentor and friend. I thank the Conference Committee for inviting me; I especially thank Hermann Bondi, who introduced me (then a schoolboy) to relativity and Christopher Isham who gave twistor theory crucial early support. The twistor diagram of the title pays tribute to the many workers who have advanced the theory. The diagram has only single lines emerging from it indicating that it is an interaction diagram, part of a larger whole, as yet undiscovered. The dashed lines represent essential poles using infinity twistors: this reflects the idea that twistor theory should be tied to an understanding of gravity.
Penrose Transform for Flag Domains
Authors: Gindikin Simon
Published: November 2023

It is a great pleasure for me to talk at this conference in Roger’s honor on the Penrose transform with which I have been friends for the last 18 years of my mathematical life. I chose to talk about a generalized Penrose transform. There are two sides of the Penrose transform which are at the focus of possible generalizations: cohomological representations of solutions of a class of differential equations and representations of higher 8-cohomology in a holomorphic language. We need to understand on which equations and complex manifolds it is possible to generalize Penrose’s constructions. It is not necessary to connect them with group actions, but it is reasonable to start experimental work with homogeneous manifolds, and flag domains (homogeneous domains on flag manifolds) are an appropriate class for such a consideration. Some results of W. Schmid on realizations of the discrete series of representations are already fragments of the theory. We will not review here known results on the Penrose transform on some flag domains. I prefer to describe what the final theory is supposed to look like and to formulate a chain of conjectures without technical details. In this theory the central role must be played by explicit formulas for some intertwining operators and that is why I will start off the introduction with a short review of formulas for the usual Penrose transform.
Preliminaries
Authors: Priestley H A
Published: November 2023

We present below the fundamental notions which we use in a number of contexts, establish notation, and draw attention to features of particular importance for us. The contents of this chapter may be treated as a list of prerequisites for the remainder of the book. The early chapters draw only on those parts of this list which might be expected to be known by a reader familiar with elementary differential calculus but who has only limited experience of ε-δ analysis.
Approximations
Authors: Priestley H A
Published: November 2023

Suppose you are given a particular continuous function f on a compact interval [a, b] and want to work out ∫b  af but can’t find an antiderivative for f. Your calculator will, in many cases, present you with an answer, to an impressive number of decimal places. Methods for estimating integrals are obviously programmed into calculators—how is this done and how accurate are the results? Numerical integration is a specialized topic, and we do no more here than indicate some rudimentary techniques and show how our theory gives error estimates.
Linc functions
Authors: Priestley H A
Published: November 2023

Guided by the results of Chapter 9, we look first at functions which can be approximated from below by increasing sequences of step functions, the monotonicity guaranteeing a natural candidate for the value of the integral. At the same time we incorporate null sets, to take account of the fact that the behaviour of a function on a null set should not affect its integral.
Recognizing integrable functions I
Authors: Priestley H A
Published: November 2023

We have deliberately avoided giving more than a few token examples of integrable functions outside the above classes until the convergence theorems allowed us to so elegantly and efficiently. This chapter deals with simple examples. More complicated examples are given in Chapter 18.
Fourier transforms
Authors: Priestley H A
Published: November 2023

This chapter introduces the theory of the Fourier transform, parallel to the treatment of Fourier series in Chapters 29 and 30. We deal very briefly with the ‘pointwise’ theory and its applications. This rests heavily on methods from complex analysis, and is discussed, along with the Laplace transform, in Chapter 9 of [13]. It is possible to regard the Fourier transform as a limiting case of a Fourier series, by scaling to smaller and smaller intervals. A discussion of this process can be found in [4] and [11]. We do not take this route but draw heavily on the parallels between Fourier series and transforms for motivation.
Fast Parallel Algorithms for Graph Matching Problems
Authors: Karpinski Marek , Rytter Wojciech
Published: November 2023

The matching problem is one of the central problems in graph theory as well as in the theory of algorithms and their applications. This book will provide the reader with a comprehensive and straightforward introduction to the basic methods of designing efficient parallel algorithms for graph matching problems. The text is written for students at the beginning graduate level. The exposition is mostly self-contained and example-driven. Prerequisites have been kept to a minimum by including relevant background material. The book contains full details of several new techniques and should also be of interest to research workers in computer science, operations research, discrete mathematics, and electrical engineering. The main theoretical tools are combined into three independent chapters, devoted to combinatorial tools, probabilistic tools, and algebraic tools. One of the main goals of the book is to bring together these three approaches and highlight how their combination works in the development of efficient parallel algorithms. The reader will be provided with a simple and transparent presentation of a variety of interesting algorithms, including many examples and illustrations. The combination of different approaches makes the matching problem and its applications an attractive and fascinating subject. It is hoped that the book represents a meeting point of interesting algorithmic techniques and opens up new algebraic and geometric areas. Marek Karpinski is Chair Professor of Computer Science at the University of Bonn. Wojciech Rytter is Professor of Computer Science at the University of Warsaw and at the University of Liverpool.
Application of matrix methods
Authors: Boos Johann , Cass Peter
Published: November 2023

In Section 1.1 and also in the Introduction of the book we remarked that, in attempting to formulate a notion of convergence which is application oriented, summability methods have been (and will further be) developed. On the other hand, by the investigation of these summability methods and the concomitant development of summability, the application of summability methods has been made possible in various fields of mathematics.
X-ray analysis of precipitation-related crystals with dislocation substructure
Authors: Barabash R I
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, peculiarities of X-ray analysis of precipitation-related crystals having certain dislocation substructure will be considered. The described procedure is applied to the investigation of Ni-based superalloys hardened by particles of a Ni3Al-type phase. Their growth conditions and subsequent treatment result in the formation of dislocation ensembles in them.
Accounting for size and microstrain in whole-powder pattern fitting
Authors: Bail A Le
Published: November 2023

22.1 Introduction

The main two objectives for doing a whole-powder pattern fitting (WPPF) are: (i) obtaining an estimation of all the structure factor amplitudes for an ab initio structure determination and (ii) refining the mean tridimensional structure by the Rietveld method (1967, 1969). In the state of the art, any individual peak showing good statistics can be fitted perfectly (RP < 2%). As a consequence, the whole pattern could be fitted perfectly too, if no constraint is applied. However, such an unconstrained fit would be meaningless in the case of a large degree of overlap. Individually fitting hundreds or thousands of (more or less) overlapping reflections is excluded; therefore, WPPF is accomplished ‘automatically by algorithms using constraints supposed to apply to all reflections. For purpose (i), these constraints may force some parameters to respect a cell, a space group, a selected profile shape, a predefined width angular variation law, the h=f*g (experimental, sample and instrumental profiles, respectively) convolution with g fixed (...) or all simultaneously. For purpose (ii), the structure constraint is added, making the reflection intensities no longer free parameters; however, the structure need not be complete, but a partial model sufficient to start least-squares refinements is required (for an overview on powder pattern fitting methods, see Grzeta and Toraya, 1994; Toraya, 1994). Although WPPF without constraint is possible for simple cases, this chapter considers only WPPF with at least the cell constraint.
Basic Geometric Measure Theory
Authors: Ambrosio Luigi , Fusco Nicola , Pallara Diego
Published: November 2023

In the first chapter we developed a rather abstract theory based only on the structures of measure space and metric space: in fact no gain would be obtained by restricting to particular cases like euclidean spaces. In the present chapter, instead, we leave the general setting and deal with measures in euclidean spaces, heavily exploiting the interplay between the above-mentioned structures and the vector space structure of RN.
Introduction
Authors: Braides Andrea , Defranceschi Anneliese
Published: November 2023

The object of homogenization theory is the description of the macroscopic properties of media with fine microstructure, covering a wide range of applications that run from the study of the properties of composites to optimal design. The structures under consideration may model composites, fiber materials, stratified or porous media, finely damaged materials, compliance problems, materials with many holes or cracks. In mathematical terms, this study can be translated into the asymptotic analysis of f oscillating ordinary or partial differential equations and systems, or integral functionals, depending on a small-scale parameter e, as this parameter tends to 0.
Weak Convergence
Authors: Braides Andrea , Defranceschi Anneliese
Published: November 2023

We denote the weak partial derivatives of u and the weak gradient of u by respectively. We adopt the usual notation

The following properties hold for weak converging sequences.
The structure of quasiconvex functions
Authors: Braides Andrea , Defranceschi Anneliese
Published: November 2023

From Remark 5.17 we deduce that quasiconvexity is a sufficient condition for the lower semicontinuity of integral functionals with respect to the weak* convergence in W hence quasiconvex functions are rank-1-convex by Corollary 4.12.
The Indirect Methods Of ┌-Convergence
Authors: Braides Andrea , Defranceschi Anneliese
Published: November 2023

Proposition 1.7 admits a counterpart for ┌-limit.s, which sometimes permit.a their computation via the solution of Euler equations.
Direct methods. An integral representation result
Authors: Braides Andrea , Defranceschi Anneliese
Published: November 2023

The direct methods of ┌-convergence for integral functionals consist in proving general abstract compactness results that assure the existence of ┌-converging sequences, and then in recovering enough information on the structure of the ┌-limits as to obtain a representation in a suitable form. For this purpose, it is useful to consider at the same time the dependence of the ┌-limits as set functions and as integrals.
Almost-periodic homogenization
Authors: Braides Andrea , Defranceschi Anneliese
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we generalize the Homogenization Theorem to uniformly almost¬ periodic functions, and to integrands of the form f(x,u,A). Note that in this case, even if f is I-periodic in the first two variables, the function x f(x, Ax,A) is in general non-periodic; this remark suggests that almost-periodic methods are particularly suited also for some apparently periodic situations.
A closure theorem for the homogenization
Authors: Braides Andrea , Defranceschi Anneliese
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we show that homogenization is stable under some kinds of convergence of the integrands, and that in particular it is not affected by perturbations with compact support. As an application we will prove a homogenization theorem under very mild assumptions of almost periodicity.
Cathepsin K (EC 3.4.22.38)
Authors: Kirschke Heidrun , Barrett Alan J , Rawlings Neil D
Published: November 2023

peptidase named OC-2. In the same year, human equivalents of the rabbit gene were mentioned independently in two abstracts by Drake et al. [1787] and Li et al. [1797] and the sequence was published in 1995 (in order of date of submission) by Li et al. [ 1798], lnaoka et al. [1792], Shi et al. [1811] and Br6mme and Okamoto [1780]. The cDNA of cathepsin K from mouse [1642, 1806] and chicken [1520] have also been cloned. Names such as cathepsin X [1798], cathepsin K [1792], cathepsin O [1811, 1760, 1643] and cathepsin 02 [1780] were given to the novel human osteoclast cysteine peptidase - but the name eventually recommended by the nomenclature committee of the I UBJ\IB was cathepsin K.

Unlike cathepsins B, Land H, cathepsin K shows a restricted tissue distribution, being found pre dominantly in osteoclasts [1201, 1288, 1645, 1780, 1792, 1798].
Structures and evolution
Authors: Kirschke Heidrun , Barrett Alan J , Rawlings Neil D
Published: November 2023

The lysosomal cysteine peptidases considered here belong to the papain family of peptidases, termed family Cl by Rawlings and Barrett [1187]. (At the time of writing, it is just emerging that legumain, an endopeptidase specific for the hydrolysis of asparaginyl bonds, is probably an additional lysosomal cysteine proteinase, of a separate family, C13 [1783]. It is too early to say much more about this, at this time.) Among the amino acid sequences known for the papain family, numbering more than 250, are those of enzymes from bacteria, fungi, protozoa and plants, as well as animals. Most of the proteins in the family are endopeptidases, but there are also some exopeptidases and proteins without known catalytic activity. The available amino acid sequences of vertebrate lysosomal cysteine peptidases (Table 19) provide a basis for dividing them into three groups, as is illustrated by a dendrogram for the human enzymes in Fig. 14 (below). One group contains enzymes that are closest in structure to papain: cathepsins H, K, L and S, whereas cathepsin B and dipeptidyl peptidase I represent separate groups, remote from the cathepsin L set and from each other.
Representation theory of symmetric algebras
Authors: Geck Meinolf , Pfeiffer Golz
Published: November 2023

In the previous chapters, we have studied the irreducible characters of finite Coxeter groups. For this purpose, we have only required some basic knowledge about the character theory of finite groups, as can be found, for example, in [Isaacs 1976]. In later chapters, we will want to study in a similar way the irreducible representations and characters of Iwahori-Hecke algebras. For example, we would like to have analogous versions of the usual orthogonality relations for the irreducible characters of a finite group. The purpose of this chapter is to lay the foundations for such a more general theory.
Computing character values and generic degrees
Authors: Geck Meinolf , Pfeiffer Golz
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, we describe methods for computing Schur elements and character tables of generic Iwahori-Hecke algebras of any type. These methods are partly presented in the form of algorithms which have been implemented in CHEVIE. As an application, we obtain the Schur elements and character tables for the exceptional types H3, H4, F4, E6, E7 and E8. Together with the results in Section 8.3 (type l2(m)) and Chapter 10 (classical types), this completes the determination of Schur elements and character tables for all types.
MMP sequences
Authors: Woessner J Frederick , Nagase Hideaki
Published: November 2023

There are 96 amino acid alignments presented at the end of the book. These arc linked to a more complete description of each sequence presented in Table 3. For each item in Table 3 there is a corresponding number giving the line number in the alignment table. The two tables are in the same order (with a few additional inserts in Table 3) so that matching the items is simplified. In this first section, the major features of the alignments domains, invariant amino acids, etc. will be pointed out. The roles of these various regions and domains will then be discussed in detail below in the section on domains and inserts.
The Finite Element Method
Authors: Babuška Ivo , Strouboulis Theofanis
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, we present the finite element method for our model problem. We first describe the Galerkin method which constructs approximate solutions uS(n) , by satisfying the variational problem on finite-dimensional spaces S(n) ⊆ 𝓊 namely:
Signalling pathways and PPlases
Authors: Galat Andrzej , Riviere Sylvie
Published: November 2023

There is much experimental evidence for the influence of CsA and FK506 on suppression of T-helper cells (bearing CD4+ epitopes tailored in the thymus) [463, 464, 489-496, 501, 513-519, 525, 553, 555, 564, 588, 590, 595, 618, 619, 625]. Both immunosuppressants interfere with signals emanating from the TCR after its association with an antigen-presenting cell (APC). The T-cell activation pathway begins at the intracellular C-terminal part of the T-cell receptor (TCR)/ CD3-CD4 complex [593]. These C-terminal domains are involved in a network of interactions with various kinases, phosphorylation/dephosphorylation by these enzymes initiates signals which are transmitted via multi-channel pathways to the nucleus.
At the World’s Crossroads
Authors: Hamilton W D
Published: November 2023

And did those feet in ancient time/Walk upon England’s mountains green ?And was the holy lamb of God/In England’s pleasant pastures seen?’ So wrote William Blake in the opening lines of a famous poem. A short and unmetaphorical answer to his question is: ‘No; but as a boy he did walk over very similar rocks.’ Jesus grew up in a chalk landscape, one born out of the soft white limestone built in the same milky Cenomanian Cretaceous Sea as reared eventually, at what was once its western extremity (just as the site of Nazareth was at its eastern), the small hills here in southern England. These make the South and particularly the North Downs, as we call them; the latter almost certainly were the ‘mountains’ Blake was thinking of when he wrote the poem, for it was among them, near Shoreham in Kent (or else among others similar that were of the same formation near the Sussex coast), that the artist was accustomed to take refuge at times from London and the ‘dark satanic mills’ that also enter the poem.
A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism
Authors: Maxwell James Clerk
Published: November 2023

Other bodies, particularly the loadstone, and pieces of iron and steel which have been subjected to certain processes, have also been long known to exhibit phenomena of action at a distance. These phenomena, with others related to them, were found to differ from the electric phenomena, and have been classed under the name of Magnetic phenomena, the loadstone, being found in the Thessalian Magnesia.

These two classes of phenomena have since been found to be related to each other, and the relations between the various phenomena of both classes, so far as they are known, constitute the science of Electromagnetism.
Description of phenomena
Authors: Maxwell James Clerk
Published: November 2023

27.] Experiment I* Let a piece of glass and a piece of resin, neither of which exhibits any electrical properties, be rubbed together and left with the rubbed surfaces in contact. They will still exhibit no electrical properties. Let them be separated. They will now attract each other.

If a second piece of glass be rubbed with a second piece of resin, and if the pieces be then separated and suspended in the neighbourhood of the former pieces of glass and resin, it may be observed—
General theorems
Authors: Maxwell James Clerk
Published: November 2023

95 a.] IN the second chapter we have calculated the potential function and investigated some of its properties on the hypothesis that there is a direct action at a distance between electrified bodies, which is the resultant of the direct actions between the various electrified parts of the bodies.
Electrolytic polarization
Authors: Maxwell James Clerk
Published: November 2023

264.] When an electric current is passed through an electrolyte bounded by metal electrodes, the accumulation of the ions at the electrodes produces the phenomenon called Polarization, which consists in an electromotive force acting in the opposite direction to the current, and producing an apparent increase of the resistance.
Conduction through heterogeneous media
Authors: Maxwell James Clerk
Published: November 2023

310.] There are two conditions which the distribution of currents must fulfil in general, the condition that the potential must be continuous, and the condition of ‘continuity’ of the electric currents.

At the surface of separation between two media the first of these conditions requires that the potentials at two points on opposite sides of the surface, but infinitely near each other, shall be equal. The potentials are here understood to be measured by an electrometer put in connection with the given point by means of an electrode of a given metal. If the potentials are measured by the method described in Arts. 222, 246, where the electrode terminates in a cavity of the conductor filled with air, then the potentials at contiguous points of different metals measured in this way will differ by a quantity depending on the temperature and on the nature of the two metals.
On the electric resistance of substances
Authors: Maxwell James Clerk
Published: November 2023

There are hree classes in which we may place different substances in relation to the passage of electricity through them.

Thehe first class contains all the metals and their alloys, some sulphurets, and other compounds containing metals, to which we must add carbon in the form of gas-coke, and selenium in the crystalline form.
Finale: Who Needs Lbe?
Authors: Succi Sauro
Published: November 2023

After so much ado about lattice Boltzmann it is worth taking a final step back and asking a very simple question: who needs LBE? The views can be quite disparate. Some authors, including one of the originators, seem to regard it as just ‘yet another finite difference scheme’.56 In a much more enthusiastic vein, some others claim that LBE and LGA might even represent a new paradigm in non-equilibrium statistical physics.