bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
13.4: The Realism of Reflection Holographic Stereograms
Authors: Kosnik William , Previc Fred , Polhamus Garrett
Published: January 2005

The realism of reflection holographic stereograms was evaluated to determine how acceptable they are to a non‐technical audience. The stereograms were rated for realism by comparing them to photographic images and real objects. Although the ratings were favorable, they did not quite achieve the realism of photographic images, but 3D cues of depth and parallax were important contributors to realism.
15.1: Invited Paper: PhotonLink™: An Optical Interface for Remote Digital Displays
Authors: Son Y. S. , Jin Y. S. , Lee H. J. , Park H. J. , Shin S. S.
Published: January 2005

PhotonAge is developing gigabit speed optical links that can support high‐resolution digital displays with a micro‐optical solution that has a small form factor and low cost. The building blocks of PhotonLink™ are fully integrated transmitter/receiver ICs, micro‐optic headers and a fiber jumper. We have demonstrated 400 meter video transmission to an XGA resolution LCD display using our micro‐optical solution. Our optical link can transmit 2.5 Gbps per channel with PCB mountable simple packaging for a variety of applications.
16.3: Considerations of the d/p Ratio in the Design of a Bistable Twist Nematic Display
Authors: Wang B. , Bos P. J.
Published: January 2005

The difference between equilibrium and switching d/p ratio of Bistable Twist Nematic (BTN) liquid crystal display was first showed by computer simulation. It clearly indicates that the optimized d/p ratio has to be determined by the switching rather than equilibrium d/p ratio. The considerations of optimized BTN design is discussed.
18.1: Invited Paper: Ultra‐Low Power AMLCDs
Authors: Stewart Roger G.
Published: January 2005

A new display technology based on Fluidic Self Assembly and microscopically‐small IC chips called NanoBlock™ ICs has reduced the cost and power dissipation of portable AMLCDs.
21.2: Experimental Comparison of Contrast Ratio Vs. F/# For Various Reflective LCoS Modes
Authors: Gandhi Jignesh , Anderson James E. , Stefanov Michael E.
Published: January 2005

Reflective liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS) microdisplays are widely used in various projection and near‐eye applications. There is a significant variation in the optical performance (mainly in the contrast ratio) as the F‐number of the system is reduced (i.e. the light collection angle increases). This paper provides experimental measurements of contrast ratio as a function of F‐number of the system. Both on‐axis and off‐axis designs are investigated. Various LCoS modes are compared for their contrast ratio performance.
22.2: RGB‐Stacked Holographic Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystal Device for Color Reflective Display
Authors: Saitoh Goroh , Murai Hideya , Uehara Shin‐ichi , Gotoh Tomohisa , Mimura Koji , Nakata Taisaku , Sumiyoshi Ken , Hayama Hiroshi
Published: January 2005

In stacking holographic PDLC devices, the parallax in the stack and the viewing angle should be considered. Based on a thin glass substrate (thickness = 0.1mm) assembly technique and an optical setup with a lenticular‐lens array, RGB‐stacked HPDLC devices with a low parallax and a large viewing angle (>15 degrees) have been developed.
24.3: Active‐Matrix Organic Light‐Emitting Diode Display Implemented Using Metal‐Induced Unilaterally Crystallized Polycrystalline Silicon Thin‐Film Transistors
Authors: Meng Zhiguo , Chen Haiying , Qiu Chengfeng , Kwok Hoi S. , Wong Man
Published: January 2005

Video displays based on active‐matrix organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) have been designed and fabricated. The pixel switches are implemented using low‐temperature metal‐induced unilaterally crystallized polycrystalline silicon thin‐film transistors (TFTs). Issues relating to transistor optimization and OLED/TFT integration are addressed. Display defects are analyzed and remedies suggested.
L‐1: Late‐News Paper: Mercury‐Free 18′ Class Flat Fluorescent Lamp with Good Uniformity
Authors: Kwak M. G. , Han J. I. , Kim W. K. , Park S. K. , Hong S. J. , Kim Y. H. , Choi J. Y. , Jeong K. S. , Sohn S. H.
Published: January 2005

We have developed 18′ class 287 × 359mm flat fluorescent lamp with new structure that dielectric barrier discharge contained xenon gas and its electric optical characteristic has been analyzed. The surface luminance of the lamp with the diffuser sheet was 5,600cd/m2 and the luminance uniformity was 92% at the applied voltage of 950Vrms and the applied frequency of 20kHz in the form of sine wave.
L‐2: Late‐News Paper: A Novel Low Cost Binder for Flexible AC Powder Electroluminescent Panels
Authors: Davies D. A. , Vecht A. , Silver J. , Titler P. , Morton D. C.
Published: January 2005

A novel binder for AC powder EL displays has been developed. This was used to form very pliable low cost EL displays which require no additional dielectric reflector layer. The emissive layer can be peeled from the substrate giving a very flexible film which is still EL active when placed between two electrodes. This EL film could be shaped as desired.
L‐4: Late‐News Paper: A Novel Display Method for Field Sequential Color LCD without Color Break‐up
Authors: Koma Norio , Uchida Tatsuo
Published: January 2005

We have developed a novel display method for field sequential color LCD without color break up, which we call Adjustment of Color Element on the Eyes (ACE). In this method, the RGB color sub‐images of motional image dispose on the eyes.
25.3: Optimized Phosphors for Field Emission Displays
Authors: Cummings B. , Pearson R. , Kajiwara K. , Kato Y. , Hatano Y. , Ito Y.
Published: January 2005

Candescent Technologies and SONY have developed the first commercially viable, full color, high performance field emission display (FED) which combines the premium visual performance of a color CRT in a thin flat panel package. Because of the similarity between the FED and CRT electron excitation, the FED can use the conventional P22 color CRT phosphor triad. However in this paper we will show improved performance for screens based on phosphors optimized for the lower accelerating voltage of the FED (7–10 kV). Data will be presented showing screen performance in full color FED's including color gamut, white screen brightness and luminous efficacy. This data will compare optimized phosphors with the P22 color CRT phosphors. The most striking improvement has been seen for the ZnS:Ag blue phosphor where the optimized phosphor shows higher efficacy, superior color saturation, and improved maintenance of efficacy with coulombic aging when compared to the P22 blue phosphor. Factors which influence the phosphor performance will be discussed including activator and co‐activator concentration as well as phosphor crystal structure as measured by cross sectional TEM.
26.3: Investigation of the Bow of Silicon Backplanes for Microdisplay Applications
Authors: Bodammer Georg , Calton David W. , Underwood Ian
Published: January 2005

The optical performance of ferroelectric liquid crystal over silicon (FLCOS) microdisplay devices can be greatly improved by ensuring that the silicon backplane that forms the core of the display engine is both smooth and flat. In this paper we investigate the effect of the circuit design and manufacturing process on the bow of the silicon CMOS drive circuitry.
27.4: Super High Brightness Reflective Cholesteric Display
Authors: Khan Asad , Huang Xiao‐Yang , Armbruster Ross , Nicholson Forrest , Miller Nick , Wall Bentley , Doane J. William
Published: January 2005

A unique way to dramatically enhance the brightness of single layer and stacked reflective cholesteric LCDs is shown. The LC aligning surfaces are treated to provide varying degrees of homogeneity while maintaining the bistability. The result is reflective displays with exceptionally high brightness approaching that of printed paper.
29.1: Invited Paper: High‐Resolution Monitors: What Does it Take?
Authors: Hayashiguchi Fumiei
Published: January 2005

The high resolution and high image content computer monitors become more realistic with TFT‐LCD technology. IBM made a big step forward recently with 22 inch diagonal 9.2 million pixel (204 ppi) Amorphous Silicon TFT‐LCD. This document covers direct view high resolution monitor requirements, manufacturing technologies and its applications, today and in the near future, based on the prototype.
29.2: 18.1″ Ultra‐FFS TFT‐LCD with Super Image Quality and Fast Response Time
Authors: Lee S. H. , Lee S. M. , Kim H. Y. , Kim J. M. , Hong S. H. , Jeong Y. H. , Park C. H. , Choi Y. J. , Lee J. Y. , Koh J. W. , Park H. S.
Published: January 2005

Fringe‐field switching device with negative liquid crystal (LC) was known to exhibit high transmittance and wide viewing angle simultaneously. Recently we have developed “Ultra‐FFS” device with positive LC, exhibiting high transmittance, color shift free, high contrast ratio in wide range, no crosstalk and fast response time of 25ms. In this paper, the concept of new device will be presented.
P‐1: A New TFT‐LCD Panel Structure with High Aperture Ratio and Small Signal Delay by fabrication TFT in Line‐Crossover
Authors: Park J. W. , Lee M. C. , Kim J. S. , Kim C. H. , Han M. K.
Published: January 2005

We have proposed and fabricated a poly‐Si TFT integrated gate‐data line‐crossover structure in order to increase the aperture ratio and to reduce the signal delay. The poly‐Si TFT is integrated in the gate‐data line‐crossover without sacrificing the electrical characteristics so that the aperture ratio of the panel was improved by about 3% because the TFT is located under a metal line. We employ a low dielectric air‐gap between the gate‐data line crossover, which reduces the capacitance between the gate and the data lines, so that the signal delay of the data line is decreased significantly. The fabricated TFT was successfully operated, and the proposed structure reduces the delay time by about 9 times compared with the conventional panel that does not employ any air‐bridges.
P‐3: Reflective MIM‐LCD Using a Plastic Substrate
Authors: Aomori S. , Maruyama T. , Nakatani Y. , Yoshida M.
Published: January 2005

A reflective liquid crystal display driven by MIM elements on a plastic substrate was successfully developed. A new MIM element structure was designed to accommodate shrinkage or expansion of the substrate. It was found very important to manage the environmental conditions of the plastic substrate during the fabrication processes. The monochromatic display performance was measured to be 17 % for the reflectance of the white state and to be 8.5: 1 for the contrast ratio. The response time was also found to be 20 ms.
P‐5: Characteristics and Applications of New Wide‐Band Retardation Films
Authors: Uchiyama A. , Yatabe T.
Published: January 2005

We have developed new Wide‐band Retardation Films (WRF) by using molecular design technologies, and started to manufacture them. The single retardation film has reverse wavelength dispersion, which means a smaller retardation value with shorter measuring wavelengths. The characteristics and applications of WRFs are described.
P‐11: Effect of Optical Phase Shift on MTF‐Based Metrics of Image Quality
Authors: Lloyd Charles J.
Published: January 2005

Within CRT projection systems optical phase shifts are introduced at the field edges as an unavoidable consequence of using low f‐number large format lenses. An evaluation of image quality showed phase need not be accounted for in addition to modulation transfer function (MTF) for lenses typical of those found in commercial flight simulators.
P‐12: Display Image Quality Evaluation with Multi‐Scale Human Visual Model
Authors: Yu Jen‐Hung , Lin Yen‐Chung , Shieh Han‐Ping D. , Liaw Ming‐Jiun
Published: January 2005

A multi‐scale human visual model is utilized to evaluate image quality and to reproduce image on display devices close to original scene. The major advantage of this evaluative method is that the results are well correlated with subjective human perception. Human perceived image quality does not improve with much higher luminance and contrast ratio for both CRTs and LCDs. The requirements to achieve high human perceived image quality are discussed. Moreover, the evaluative results can also be used to define the characteristics of display devices.
P‐16: Augmented View for Tunnel Vision: Device Testing by Patients in Real Environments
Authors: Vargas‐Martín Fernando , Peli Eli
Published: January 2005

An augmented‐vision device for patients with severely restricted peripheral visual field (tunnel vision) was proposed, combining a see‐through HMD and minified contour detection. Implemented commercial off‐the‐shelf (COTS) configurations were tested in real environments by Retinitis Pigmentosa patients and normally sighted subjects.
P‐27: Polyarylate Films for Optical Applications with Improved UV‐Resistance
Authors: Angiolini Simone , Avidano Mauro
Published: January 2005

Optical films can be made by novel polyarylates with improved UV stability, light transparency and heat‐resistance. The present work relates to novel polyarylates made of bis(hydroxyphenyl)fluorene ortho disubstituted bisphenols. These materials feature a broad range of properties useful for optical applications, particularly for plastic and flexible FPD substrates.
P‐30: Determination of Impurities in Organic Light Emitting Diode Displays using a Dedicated Mass Spectrometric Technique
Authors: Tominetti S. , Renzo A.
Published: January 2005

The exploitation of OLED displays is strongly dependent on an efficient system of encapsulation and moisture removal from the device. The effectiveness of the device design and materials selection can be properly addressed by the quantitative analysis of moisture and impurities levels by means of a dedicated mass spectrometric technique.
P‐ 41: A Novel Patterning Technology of Fine‐pitched CNT Pixels for Field Emitter Arrays
Authors: Cho Young‐Rae , Lee Jin Ho , Hwang Chi‐Sun , Song Yoon‐Ho , Uhm Hyun‐Seok , Kim Do‐Hyung , Kang Seung‐Youl , Jung Moon‐Youn , Cho Kyoung Ik
Published: January 2005

A novel patterning technology of fine‐pitched carbon nanotube (CNT) pixels on a thin metal has been developed by lift‐off process for field emitter arrays (FEAs). The lift‐off method provides even smaller CNT pixels compared with those made by conventional screen‐printing and photolithography processes. SEM images demonstrated that the smallest pitch and the size of patterned pixels were 15 μm × 15 μm and 7 μm × 7 μm, respectively. After patterning and heat treatment process at 300°C, most of CNT bundles on the cathodes were aligned perpendicular to the substrate. The density of CNT bundles in the patterned pixels was 10–20/μm2. The turn‐on field of patterned CNTs was less than 2.5 V/μm and the current density was 3.2 mA/cm2 at 3.5 V/μm.
P‐49: Dependence of Dark Spot Growth on Electrical Stressing Voltage in OLED Devices
Authors: Lin Karen Ke , Chua Soo Jin , Lim Shuang Fang , Wei‐Wang
Published: January 2005

The formation of dark spot in OLED devices has long been identified as pinholes on the protective layer that creates pathways for water or oxygen permeation and causes the cathode delamination and chemical change. In this work, we demonstrate that using micro‐sized silica particles to create uniform sized defects on protective layer is an efficient way of controlling the location and the number of dark spots. The dark spot growth was then studied at different driving voltage in the range from turn on voltage to about 11V, dark field microscopy was used to observe dark spot growth behaviour when device is driven lower than turn on voltage. Our observations indicate that the growth was strongly affected by the electrical stressing voltage. In other words, the chemical and physical changes reflected by the growth are speeded up with the increasing driving voltage. We discuss possible mechanisms for these degradation processes also.
P‐50: Morphology and Luminescence Property of Gd2−xYxO3:Li, Eu (0.0 × 0.8), Red‐Phosphor with High Efficiency at Low Voltages
Authors: Byeon Song‐Ho , Ko Mi‐Gyeong , Park Jung‐Chul , Kim Dong‐Kuk , Suh Kyung‐Soo
Published: January 2005

The single phased Gd2−xYxO3:Li, Eu solid‐solution was successfully prepared by a citrate method at 650. Such a temperature is much lower than the typical solid‐state reaction or spray pyrolysis temperature (> 1300). However, additional heat treatment up to 850 ∼ 900 was required to obtain the optimum optical properties. Photoluminescence (PL), cathodoluminescence (CL), and morphology of Gd2−xYxO3:Li, Eu system were compared as a function of x values. The PL and particularly CL emission intensities at low‐voltages (< 1 kV) of this solid‐solution were 50 ∼ 80 % higher than those of commercial red phosphor Y2O3:Eu in the range of 0.0 × 0.8. This phosphor material appears to be very promising for field emission display (FED) because the particle size and shape are easily controlled at low temperature (900) by the change of Y or Li contents without any significant loss of brightness.
7.4: Machine Vision Passive Touch Technology for Interactive Displays
Authors: Morrison Gerald , Singh Manvinder , Holmgren David
Published: January 2005

A novel machine vision touch screen overlay for flat panel, curved, or projected displays has been developed. The touch screen uses CMOS cameras in the corners of the overlay to recognize the presence of a pointer object. The CMOS cameras are configured to produce an image that is 640 columns by 20 rows. With this configuration, the overlay can determine when and where a hover or touch contact has been initiated.
P‐56: Blue‐Emitting dc CaS:Pb Electroluminescent Device
Authors: Kim Yong Shin , Park Sang‐Hee Ko , Cho Kyoung‐Ik , Yun Sun Jin
Published: January 2005

A new dc TFEL device having a blue‐emitting CaS:Pb active layer and a ZnS barrier layer was fabricated using atomic layer deposition technique. This device shows the threshold voltage of 17 V, the maximum luminescence of 85 cd/m2 at 46 V, and the luminous efficiency ranging from 0.36 to 0.12 lm/W.
P‐57: Striation Phenomenon of Plasma Display Panel (PDP) Cell and Its Application to Efficiency Improvement
Authors: Shon C. H. , Lee J. K. , Kim H. C. , Dastgeer S. , Yang S. S. , Shin S. W.
Published: January 2005

The first observation of striation in plasma display panel (PDP) cell by kinetic and fluid simulations is presented. The striation phenomenon in the kinetic simulation is clearer than that in fluid simulation. The striation is due to the self‐consistent interaction of plasma, dielectric wall, and applied voltages. Simulation results indicate that the phenomenon occurs due to the non‐uniform accumulation of surface charges on the sustain electrodes, which consequently deform the local potential profile. The surface and space charges locally create multiple‐tier potential distribution near anode region that makes plasma bunches. The discharge in this region is governed by ionization process, but the cathode discharge depends on the secondary‐electron emission process on the dielectric surface. Based on these discharge characteristics, 80 % efficiency increase of PDP cell is obtained due to triggered striation by the modification of front dielectric material and MgO protective‐layer.
P‐59: Microcavity Plasma Discharge Arrays For Display Applications
Authors: Park Sung‐Jin , Eden J. Gary , Chen Jack , Liu Chang
Published: January 2005

Microdischarge devices and arrays having inverted pyramidal Si cathodes 30–50 μm square have been fabricated into arrays as large as 30×30. Single devices operate at voltages as low as 90V in the rare gases. Microdischarges in flexible arrays fabricated in metal/polymer thin film structures have been demonstrated and characterized.
P‐67: Applications of New Photoalignment Materials Containing Cinnamoyl Group
Authors: Kim Jinyool , Kim Sanghee , Park Kyusoon , Kim Taemin
Published: January 2005

Liquid crystal alignment performance of a series of polymethacylate based photopolymers containing cinnamoyl group and their applications have been investigated. By illuminating linearly polarized UV light on the film of the photopolymers, strong azimuthal anchoring energy was induced and liquid crystal alignment on the photopolymer film was thermally stable up to 150 °C. Photochemical stability appeared to be dependent on the mode of alignment. Pretilt angle was controllable from 0 to 90 degree by changing the amount of UV dose, incident angle, parameters of liquid crystal, along with slight structural modifications of the photopolymer. Applications to current LCD modes such as TN, VA, IPS, STN and the film application for phase compensation and retardation have also been studied.
LP‐3: Late‐News Poster: Optical Simulations and Measurements of In‐Plane Switching Structures with Rapid Refractive‐Index Variations
Authors: de Boer D. K. G. , Cortie R. , Pearson A. D. , Becker M. E. , Wöhler H. , Olivero D. , Peverini O. A. , Neyts K. , Kriezis E. E. , Elston S. J.
Published: January 2005

Measurements and simulations of liquid‐crystal devices with In‐Plane Switching structures are compared. It is shown that the Jones calculus breaks down in case of rapid lateral variations in the director profile. Advanced simulation methods like the reduced‐order grating method and the beam propagation method, which take into account diffraction effects, show good agreement with experiment.
P‐70: Aligning Properties and Anchoring Strength of Antiferroelectric Liquid Crystals
Authors: Park Won Sang , Kang Jin‐Woo , Lee Seo Hern , Choi Duck Woon , Kim Sung‐Chul , Kim Jae Chang , Yoon Tae‐Hoon
Published: January 2005

Experimentally, the aligned direction of AFLCs in electro‐optic cells having both the substrates rubbed along the same direction, is skewed by a few degrees from their rubbing direction. We propose ‘Torsional Rigid Body Model’ to explain the reason, and interpret their skewing angle as the action of short pitch of AFLCs with an antipolar order where the direction of local polarization alternates between adjacent layers. Several cells have been fabricated for test purposes. Our experimental results indicate that when the azimuthal anchoring strength in the electro‐optic cell is smaller than the maximum shear stress due to short pitch of AFLCs then their layer normal axes are skewed, and the skewing angles become smaller according to a decrease of the surface anchoring strength
P‐74: Defect‐Free FLCD with C‐2 Uniform State: Analysis and Fabrication
Authors: Xu J. , Kurihara R. , Murakami Y. , Yamashita T. , Kobayashi S.
Published: January 2005

How to obtain defect‐free ferroelectric liquid crystal displays(FLCDs) is the most important problem in developing liquid crystal displays(LCDs). In this report, a phenomenological theory of transition between C‐1 state and C‐2 state in FLC cell has been firstly suggested. Theory the free energy that includes bulk elastic and surface parts has been simulated depending on the parameters such as surface topography, anchoring energies, thickness of LC medium and so forth. The critical conditions of the state transition from C‐1 to C‐2 have been determined. Based on this theory, we succeeded in fabricating defect‐free FLCDs with uniform C‐2 state by rubbing and that with uniform C‐1 by photoalignment technique.
P‐81: In‐Situ Spectroscopy of Holographically formed Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystal Materials for High Performance Reflective Display Applications
Authors: Warren Garfield T. , DeSarkar Mousumi , Qi Jun , Crawford Gregory P.
Published: January 2005

We investigate the in‐situ formation dynamics of holographically formed polymer dispersed liquid crystal (H‐PDLC) reflective display pre‐polymer mixtures in an effort to quantify polymer shrinkage during fabrication. Understanding how to control shrinkage will allow for better optimization of the performance of reflective displays.
P‐84: Optimization of Reflective Liquid Crystal Display with a Holographic Slanted Reflector Using the Berreman 4×4 Method
Authors: Bramley Erica N. , Bos Philip J.
Published: January 2005

A RLCD using a holographic slanted reflector is proposed which is optimized for the off axis angle of the holographic slanted reflector using a Berreman 4×4 simulation. It is shown, for a display containing a holographic slanted reflector the contrast ratio is good and the optimum twist angle is eighty degrees.
P‐96: Analyses and Suppression of Moire Patterns of LCD Rear Projection Screens
Authors: Jain Ke‐Wei , Tsai Ching‐Yu , Chang Chong‐Min , Shieh Han‐Ping David
Published: January 2005

Moire pattern caused by the cascade of periodic structures of LCD, Fresnel lens, and Lenticular lens, etc. is a key concern in designing a high‐quality LCD rear projection screen. In order to suppress Moire patterns, the periodic structures of the related optical components were analyzed based on the spectral analyses. By modifying the screen configuration, the periodical fringes on images were minimized, thus, achieving a Moire‐free screen.
34.2: Invited Paper: System Performance Optimization for LCOS Devices in Projection Displays
Authors: Flack Russell , Waterman Jack
Published: January 2005

In this paper, we describe an electronics drive system for a high resolution reflective liquid crystal on silicon active matrix (LCOS) display. Performance objectives and system level features are reviewed and discussed and the partitioning of a practical system described. The design approach to this complex mixed signal circuitry and the resulting two ASICs are reviewed.
34.3: D‐ILA™ Device for Top‐End Projection Display (QXGA)
Authors: Katayama Taku , Natsuhori Hiroyuki , Moroboshi Takashi , Yoshimura Makoto , Hayakawa Mitsuru
Published: January 2005

We have developed reflective type active matrix LCD (D‐ILA™) for Top‐End projection display which provide image of high brightness, extra high resolution (QXGA), and high contrast ratio. This new D‐ILA™ technology enable it to display the entire spectrum of high definition television as well as high‐resolution computer images, and also meet the requirements of digital cinema.
7.3: Holographic Antiglare and Antireflection Films for Flat Panel Displays
Authors: Boerner V. , Abbott S. , Bläsi B. , Gombert A. , Hoßfeld W.
Published: January 2005

Antiglare AG and low‐ or anti‐reflection LR, AR are important optical features of the front surfaces of flat panel displays and other information displays. New types of holographic surface relief microstructures have been developed on large areas showing very good optical properties. Holographic exposure techniques give the freedom to carefully design AG properties. They also allow the superposition of different types of structures, e.g. a Motheye AR and an AG microstructure MARAG ™ 1, which can be produced very cost‐effectively by mass UV precision nano‐replication UV‐PNR. As a bonus, the UV‐PNR structures are hardcoat materials suitable for the real world.
7.4: Replication of Microstructured Display Films
Authors: Pelka David G. , Rich Chris C. , Petersen Joel M. , Patel Kavita H.
Published: January 2005

This paper reports upon the characteristics and performance of microstructured display films manufactured using a cast/cure ultraviolet photopolymer replication CCR process. Applications of this roll‐to‐ roll low‐cost replication method are discussed as it relates to diffuser films and moth‐ eye antireflection film for display systems.
9.2: A 5.0‐in WVGA AMOLED Display for PDAs
Authors: Kwak W. K. , Lee K. H. , Oh C. Y. , Lee H. J. , Yang S. A. , Shin H. E. , Chung H. K.
Published: January 2005

Samsung SDI has developed a full color 5.0″ WVGA AMOLED display using top emission structure with a super fine pitch of 0.1365 mm 186 ppi, the world's highest density OLED display ever reported to date. Scan driver circuits and demux circuits were integrated within the display panel, using low temperature poly‐Si TFT CMOS technologies, and data driver circuits were mounted using COG IC. Peak luminescence was greater than 300 cd/ with power consumption of 500 mW with 30% of the pixels on.
9.4: A Novel Current Programmed Pixel for Active Matrix OLED Displays
Authors: Ohta Masuyuki , Tsutsu Hiroshi , Takahara Hiroshi , Kobayashi Ikunori , Uemura Tsuyoshi , Takubo Yoneharu
Published: January 2005

A novel current programmed pixel and driving method for AMOLED displays have been developed. The newly developed pixel, which is called ‘Current‐Copy Pixel’, shows the highest potential to suppress luminance non‐uniformity. This pixel design was implemented into our developed full color AMOLED display, and its high luminance uniformity was confirmed.
11.1: Highly Luminous‐Efficient AC‐PDP with DelTA Cell Structure Using New Sustain Waveforms
Authors: Seo Y. , Kosaka T. , Inoue H. , Itokawa N. , Hashimoto Y.
Published: January 2005

Use of new sustain waveforms raised luminous efficacy by 2.5 times in a 9.8‐inch AC‐PDP with the Delta Tri‐color Arrangement DelTA cell structure. A luminous efficacy of 3.5 lm/W at a luminance of 230 cd/m2 and at a sustain frequency of 5 kHz was achieved with a sufficient static margin.
13.2: Development of Active Matrix Electronic Ink Displays for Handheld Devices
Authors: Henzen Alex , van de Kamer Jan , Nakamura Tadao , Tsuji Tomohiro , Yasui Masaru , Pitt Michael , Duthaler Gregg , Amundson Karl , Gates Holly , Zehner Rob
Published: January 2005

Interest in the use of electrophoretic displays for smart handheld applications has grown tremendously over the past few years. Since the launch of the Philips and E Ink joint development effort in February 2001, material parameters, TFT backplane, electronic hard‐ and software and modulisation skills have been developed to make this promising display concept into a real product and to build working commercial prototypes.
P‐4: Fabrication of Extremely Low Roughness Polycrystalline Silicon and Its Correlation to Device Performance
Authors: Chen Yu‐Cheng , Liu Yu‐Rung , Lin Jia‐Xing , Chen Chi‐Lin , Chang Jung‐Fang , Wu Yung‐Fu , Yeh Yung‐Hui , Sheu Chai‐Yuan , Chang Shang‐Wen
Published: January 2005

The process of smoothing polycrystalline silicon surface has been investigated. By etching the precursor and controlling the laser annealing, The roughness of poly‐Si can be planarized to a very low level RMS<2nm. In addition, TFTs based on poly‐Si planarization process have been fabricated. We found the proposed device performs much better than the conventional one.
P‐33: Single‐chip Driver for 65k Color STN‐LCD with Half Column Voltages in a MLA Drive System
Authors: Sako Norimitsu , Sasama Hiroshi , Kitayama Hideyuki , Fukasawa Hideaki
Published: January 2005

In a MLAMulti Line Addressing drive system to select N lines simultaneously, it has been common sense that N+1 levels of the column voltage are necessary. The MLA drive system settled with half number of column voltages is developed. Concretely, it introduces single‐chip driver for 65k color STN‐LCD that the number of column voltages is four levels though seven lines are driven at the same time.
P‐96: Cell Gap‐Dependent Electro‐optic Characteristics of the Fringe‐Field Switching (FFS) Mode
Authors: Kim H. Y. , Kim J. M. , Hong S. H. , Song S. H. , Lee S. K. , Lim Y. J. , Jung S. H. , Kim M. S. , Rhee J. M. , Lee S. H.
Published: January 2005

Cell gap‐dependent electro‐optic characteristics in the FFS mode have been studied. The operating voltage decreases with decreasing cell gap for the positive LC and response time becomes very fast with decreasing cell gap owing to increase of field intensity.
P‐97: A Novel Transflective Display Associated with Fringe‐Field Switching
Authors: Jung T. B. , Lee S. H. , Park C. H. , Kim H. Y. , Jeong Y. H. , Lee S. K. , Lim Y. J.
Published: January 2005

We have designed a novel transflective nematic liquid crystal (LC) cell driven by a fringe field. A homogeneously aligned LC director rotates almost in plane by applying voltage and, thus, the LC cell becomes an excellent dynamic phase retarder. The transflective display associated with this LC cell exhibits a wideviewing‐angle in both reflective and transmissive displays.
17.3: Improvement of the Speed of Address Discharges in Ne‐Xe‐He Discharge Gases for ACPDPs
Authors: Uemura Norihiro , Yajima Yusuke , Shibata Masayuki , Kawanami Yoshimi , Namiki Fumihiro
Published: January 2005

The time lag of address discharges is discussed in terms of its relation with discharge gas composition. We measured the discharge time lag in ACPDPs with Ne‐Xe‐He mixed gases. As the concentration of helium increases, the address discharge time lag becomes shortened because helium atoms reduce mostly the formative time lag of the discharge. The formative time lag depends on the ion drift velocity at the initial stage of discharge formation. This ion drift velocity becomes lager with higher helium atom concentration.
19.5L: Late‐News Paper: Effect of Diffuse Reflectance of Monitor Bezel Color on Human Performance, Preference, and Comfort
Authors: Soderston Candace , Stewart Aaron , Clarke David , Swanson Amy , Barnes Janey
Published: January 2005

The effect of monitor bezel color (diffuse reflectance) on task performance, visual abilities, subjective comfort level, and preference in using software with graphical user interfaces was measured. Frame color had no effect on task performance or visual metrics (acuity, contrast sensitivity). Subjective ratings of discomfort were similarly higher at the end of 4 hours of work across all monitor bezel colors. The darkest bezel color was preferred by 2/3 of the participants at the end of 3 days, after using a different monitor bezel color on each day.
20.3: Novel Type of Bistable Reflective Display using Quick Response Liquid Powder
Authors: Hattori Reiji , Yamada Shuhei , Masuda Yoshitomo , Nihei Norio
Published: January 2005

We have developed new liquid‐behavior‐powder materials that realize a novel type of bistable reflective display showing paper‐white appearance, high contrast and quick response. The demonstrated display has a 160×160 array of pixels and a 3.1‐ inch diagonal viewable image size with a pixel response less than 0.2 msec and is driven by passive‐matrix addressing.
20.4: Photon‐Mode Full‐Color Rewritable Image Using Photochromic Compounds
Authors: Kawashima I. , Takahashi H. , Hirano S. , Matsushima R.
Published: January 2005

Photon‐mode full‐color rewritable image has been demonstrated. Three kinds of photochromic fulgides were used as rewritable dyes. Photochromic fulgides and polystyrene were mixed and coated on a white polyethylene terephthalate film. On irradiation with three (red, green, and blue) visible light beams, wide hue extent, high white reflectance over 80 %, and high contrast ratio over 45 were attained. A full‐color image keeps their colors over an hour under the standard office brightness (700 lx) without substantial fatigues. The photochemical coloration‐decoloration cycles could be repeated over 100 times.
22.2: Application and Optimized Design of Wire‐Grid Polarizers
Authors: Yu X. J. , Kwok H. S.
Published: January 2005

The properties of wire‐grid polarizers (WGP) are studied and optimized. Experimentally, the efficiency and the contrast ratio of the projection system using WGP are investigated as a function of the incident angle. It is confirmed that WGP can afford large extinction ratios and large numerical apertures (NA). However, WGP suffers from the drawback of large absorption by the metal grid. We calculated the properties of the WGP as a function of its physical parameters using rigorous diffraction theory. Optimal designs are obtained based on the criteria of best optical performances (high efficiency, large NA, large extinction ratio). With these optimal physical parameters the WGP can show very good performance with efficiency >85%, large NA, and high extinction ratio >1000.
22.3: High‐Definition Projection Screen: Enhancing Technique of Contrast and Fineness
Authors: Okumura Takamitsu , Suzuki Hiromasa , Tagaya Ahikiro , Koike Yasuhiro , Higuchi Eizaburo
Published: January 2005

A novel high‐definition rear projection screen (Blue Ocean™ screen, Nitto Jushi Kogyo, Co., Ltd.) has been developed. Uniformity of brightness and color can be achieved with no lens elements by controlling the multiple light scattering. The enhancing technique of contrast and fineness in ambient light has been demonstrated in this paper.
23.2: Effects of Evaporation Conditions on the Properties of MgO Thin Film as Protecting Material
Authors: Hirakawa Takayoshi , Goto Sadahiro , Zhang Shuxiu , Uchiike Heiju
Published: January 2005

Magnesium oxide (MgO) thin films are analyzed by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) from the structural point of view and measured cathodoluminescence spectra from the electron‐state characteristic point of view. The evaporation phenomena of MgO heated by electron beam are studied by the results of quadrupole mass spectrometer (QMS). We had very interesting information about the phases of MgO being evaporated from its surface.
26.1: Invited Paper: Bistable Liquid Crystal Technologies
Authors: Dozov Ivan
Published: January 2005

Since the early 1980's nematic, cholesteric or smectic liquid crystals bistable devices have been proposed. Recently, new nematic bistable technologies have been demonstrated using bistable surface anchoring or anchoring breaking. The long term memory and infinite multiplexability of the bistable devices make them attractive for high‐resolution handheld applications.
26.3: Low Voltage Zenithal Bistable Devices with Wide Operating Windows
Authors: Jones J. Cliff , Beldon Steve , Brett Peter , Francis Matt , Goulding Mark
Published: January 2005

Key parameters for any bistable device are operating voltage and temperature range. The development of liquid crystal mixtures for use with grating aligned Zenithal Bistable Displays (ZBD™) is described for the first time. Latching at voltages less than 5V, with 20V addressing faster than 80μs per line and operation over a temperature range from −20°C to 80°C are all demonstrated in the same 4μm device.
26.4: Bistable Polymer Dispersed Cholesteric Reflective Display
Authors: Yang D.‐K. , Lu Z. J. , Chien L. C. , Doane J. W.
Published: January 2005

We have developed a polymer dispersed cholesteric liquid crystal which exhibits two stable states at zero field: reflecting planar texture and non‐reflective focal conic texture. Both states have thresholds under driving voltage pulses. The material can be used to make multiplexed displays on passive matrix. Because the liquid crystal is encapsulated, the dispersion can be coated on plastic substrates to make large size displays. Furthermore, it can be used to make single layer full color displays by using a photo‐tuning method.
28.2: A Plastic 3.8‐in. Low‐Temperature Polycrystalline Silicon TFT Color LCD Panel
Authors: Asano Akihiko , Kinoshita Tomoatsu , Otani Natsuki
Published: January 2005

An all‐plastic, reflective color LTPS TFT LCD has been developed with a typical PDA‐size of 3.8‐inch in diagonal. This panel has 0.4mm in thickness and weighs only three grams. The TFT layer on a plastic substrate was prepared in our original transfer process, which does not leave any significant damage to the device layer. Owing to the flexibility of the substrates, the panel can be bent with an image displayed in operation. The changes in LTPS TFT characteristics with a substrate bending are also investigated for the first time, which reveals a mobility change of 16% under 0.75% compression. This technology will allow us to make a lightweight, shock‐resistant LCD panel practically, which is well suited to mobile applications.
34.4: Invited Paper: Microcrystalline Silicon: An emerging Material for Stable Thin Film Transistors
Authors: i Cabarrocas P. Roca , Kasouit S. , Kalache B. , Vanderhaghen R. , Bonnassieux Y. , Elyaakoubi M. , French I.
Published: January 2005

Top gate and bottom gate microcrystalline silicon thin film transistors (TFTs) have been produced by the radio frequency glow discharge technique using three preparation methods: the standard hydrogen dilution of silane in hydrogen, the use of the layer‐by‐layer technique, and the use of SiF4‐Ar‐H2 feedstock. In all cases, stable top gate TFT with mobility values around 1 cm2/V.s have been achieved, making them suitable for basic circuit on glass applications. Moreover, the use of SiF4 gas combined with specific treatments of the a‐SiN:H dielectric in bottom gate TFTs, fully compatible with today's a‐Si:H production facilities, lead to an enhancement of the mobility which reaches stable values around 3 cm2/V.s.
40.3: 15‐in. XGA TFT‐LCD with High‐Aperture TFT Array Structure for Dual‐Domain IPS Mode
Authors: Masutani Y. , Nagano S. , Araki T. , Morii Y. , Ohashi T. , Teragaki T. , Nishimura M. , Yamaguchi T. , Kobayashi K.
Published: January 2005

The new high aperture structure for IPS mode has been realized by covering the data bus line with common electrode. We succeeded in increasing the aperture ratio of 15‐inch XGA TFT‐LCD as high as 1.4 times. In addition, by applying FFD technology to IPS mode, we realized short response time of less than 16msec.
40.4: Invited Paper: Advance of PVA Technology for Multi‐media Applications
Authors: Kim Kyeong Hyeon , Kim Sang Soo
Published: January 2005

As a wide viewing angle technology required for the widespread use of TFT‐LCD, the practicality of PVA technology has been reviewed. Current ongoing research that has been explored includes response time less than one frame rate, color performance enhancement, light efficiency enhancement, and cost reduction approach to exploit multi‐media applications in TFT‐LCDs.
43.2: Light Output Feedback Solution for RGB LED Backlight Applications
Authors: Perduijn Armand , de Krijger Sjef , Claessens John , Kaito Noboru , Yagi Takaaki , Hsu S. T. , Sakakibara Masayuki , Ito Tsutomu , Okada Shinsuke
Published: January 2005

It is well known that backlights for Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs) based on Red, Green and Blue Light Emitting Diodes (RGB LEDs) render superior color quality but do require control of white point over temperature and lifetime [3], [4], [5]. We have developed a novel backlighting system utilizing RGB LED lightsources, a color sensor and a feedback controller. The main result of using optical feedback is a color stability Δ u'v' < 0.002 (CIE1976) over temperature. Optionally, brightness can be maintained constant. The system can control any color point or brightness required.
43.4: High Brightness Direct LED Backlight for LCD‐TV
Authors: West Robert Scott , Konijn Huub , Sillevis‐Smitt Willem , Kuppens Simon , Pfeffer Nicola , Martynov Yourii , Takaaki Yagi , Eberle Stefan , Harbers Gerard , Tan Tien Wei , Chan Choon Earn
Published: January 2005

A novel LED light source, “Luxeon Direct”, has been integrated into a highly efficient direct backlight. This concept incorporates one of the latest LEDs released by Lumileds™. This direct backlight approach integrates side emitting LEDs with a highly reflective cavity placed behind the LCD. Prior to this method it has been very difficult to use high power red, green and blue (RGB) LEDs in a direct backlight design due to the high color and brightness uniformity requirements. In this paper a method will be demonstrated that can achieve excellent backlight performance using an indirect illumination approach with high power LEDs.
44.1:Invited Paper:Fabrication and Electro‐Optic Characteristics of Polymer‐Stabilized V‐Mode FLCD and Intrinsic H‐V‐Mode FLCD: Their Application to Field Sequential Full Color Active Matrix LCDs
Authors: Kobayashi Shunsuke , Xu Jun , Furuta Hirokazu , Murakami Yuji , Mochizuki Akihiro , Hasebe Hiroshi , Takatsu Haruyoshi
Published: January 2005

Defect free polymer‐stabilized (PS‐)V‐mode FLCDs and intrinsic half (H‐)V‐mode FLCDs have been fabricated; they exhibit high contrast ratio over 700:1 and high reliability for a temperature cycling test by using especially developed polyimide alignment materials, RN‐1199 and RN‐1411 series, and also by adopting special alignment technique such as appropriate rubbing technique, photoalignment, and ion beam irradiation techniques and also particularly developed polymer‐stabilization technique. We have developed several prototype models of field sequential fullcolor (FS‐FC) LCDs having VGA and XGA specifications that exhibit good performance for displaying fast moving video‐rate images with wide viewing angle and wide color gamut taking advantage of the fast switching speed of FLCDs with the time constant of τ = 100μs ∼500μs.
48‐2: A new LCD‐Controller for Improvement of Response Time by Compression FFD
Authors: Someya Jun , Okuda Noritaka , Yoshii Hideki , Yamakawa Masaki , Oura Hisaharu , Minami Akihiro , Tachibana Hiroshi
Published: January 2005

We have developed a new LCD controller incorporating a Compression Feedforward Driving, which will be second generation Feedforward Driving. In spite of having only one SDRAM, this LCD controller can offer nearly ideal performance, improving the response time through utilizing image compression technology to reduce the frame memory requirement.
49.2: Reduction of LCTV Backlight Power and Enhancement of Gray Scale Capability by Using an Adaptive Dimming Technique
Authors: Shiga T. , Mikoshiba S.
Published: January 2005

An adaptive dimming technique is introduced for reducing the backlight power consumption in LCTVs. With the technique, the backlight luminance is adjusted according to the input TV signal. For example, when the original input signal is small, the backlight luminance is reduced and the signal is increased so that the perceived luminance is equal to that before the signal processing. From a simulation, backlight power reduction to 1/3 can be expected for APL 25% image. The gray scale capability at low luminance levels is also enhanced.
50.2: 2‐D Modeling of the Effect of Electrode Topography and Interpixel Gap on LCoS Devices
Authors: Zhang Y. L. , Bos P. J. , Chung D. B.
Published: January 2005

While there has been considerable modeling of the walls that can form in a LCOS device due to the fringing fields around the pixel electrodes, the procedures often have used simplifications. The importance of understanding these walls when very small pixels are considered has motivated us to look at some of the often‐made assumptions more carefully. In this paper we model the wall due to fringing fields taking into account the topography of the electrodes and pretilt angle, and the optical effect is modeled using the Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD). The interpixel gap on the non‐ideal light reflection is also studied.
42.1: A Novel Four‐Mask‐Count Process Architecture for TFT‐LCDs
Authors: Kim C. W. , Park Y. B. , Kong H. S. , Kim D. G. , Kang S. J. , Jang J. W. , Kim S. S.
Published: January 2005

High production cost of the TFT‐LCDs is closely related to the complication of the fabrication process. To simplify the fabrication process, it is critical to reduce the number of mask‐count. In this paper, 4‐mask‐count TFT‐array process using slit (or gray‐tone) photolithography technology is introduced. Various kinds of the geometrical slit designs and the exposure conditions have been simulated and experimentally optimized. By adopting this novel process, TFT channel is defined without using additional photolithography.
43.1: The Combination of a Transflective FLCD for Daytime Use With An OLED For Darkness
Authors: Lueder E. , Randler M. , Schenk H. , Kluge E.
Published: January 2005

The 600 μm thick transflective display for mobile systems presented consists of a reflective plastic substrate FLCD for daytime and an OLED with thin glass plates and controlled light‐emitting segments as backlight for darkness. A memory for addressing the OLED saves the second polarizer of transmissive displays. A thin film battery feeding the OLED lasts more than 2 years.
45.4: Asymmetrical Microlens Array Light Control Film for Reflective LCDs Application
Authors: Ko Fu‐Jen , Shieh Han‐Ping David
Published: January 2005

An off‐axis asymmetrical microlens array light control film (AMA‐LCF) for brightness and contrast enhancement in reflective liquid crystal displays (LCDs) is demonstrated. The AMA‐LCF is laminated to the top surface of the reflective LCDs, and directs incident light into a reflected cone near normal to the display surface, yielding a gain about 1X to 10X of MgO standard‐white at the typical viewing region from 0° to 20°. Moreover, glare can be greatly reduced.