bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Study on Digital Documentation of Precise Monitoring for Microscale Displacements within the Tomb of King Muryeong and the Royal Tombs in Gongju, Korea
Authors: Choi Il Kyu , Yang Hye Ri , Lee Chan Hee
Published: December 2021

The tomb complex of the royal family from the period of the Ungjin Baekje Kingdom (475 to 538 AD) in Gongju, Korea, contains the tomb of King Muryeong and other royal tombs. After the excavation of the tomb of King Muryeong in 1971, these tombs were opened up to the public, without the establishment of systems for their safety, conservation and management. The tombs have consequently experienced rapid environmental changes and suffered various damages. In this study, specific vulnerable parts inside the tombs were selected for deviation analysis using 3D scanning, and 3D image models were constructed on this basis. Progressive displacement was identified in tomb No. 5, and basic data for future investigations was acquired from tomb No. 6 and the tomb of King Muryeong. In the deviation analysis for the southern plastered wall of tomb No. 5, the damage was not found to exceed the ranges of ±18 mm and ±2 mm. However, the lintel stone was found to be sagging by 0.32 mm on average, and the distance between the walls to have increased by 0.36 mm on average. Direct water seepage occurring in tomb No. 5 is considered to be increasing the damage within the tomb, such as the dropping and sagging of the lintel. The 3D image models constructed in this study will play an important role as baseline data for future research, and can be used to discuss a secure conservation scheme for the tombs through cross-validation with precise measurement monitoring.
Study on the Characteristics of Materials and Manufacturing Techniques for the Mural Paintings in Daeunjeon at Ssanggyesa Temple, Jindo
Authors: Lee Na Ra , Yu Yeong Gyeong , Lee Hwa Soo
Published: December 2021

This study identifies the structure and material characteristics of the mural paintings in Daeungjeon at Ssanggyesa temple in Jindo by conducting scientific research and analysis including microscope examination, SEM-EDS, XRD, particle size analysis, and others. According to the analyses, the murals were considered to be of a typical soil mural style for Korean Buddhist murals, given that the walls were made of sand and soil and the murals had layers consisting of wall layers and a finishing layer. However, some finishing layer used calcite, while some ground layer used zinc white beneath the thick paint. In addition, there were similar features to those found on the surfaces of oil paintings such as cracks along with the paint layer, high gloss on surfaces, and thick brush strokes in many areas. It was found that the walls on which the murals were painted were made of soil but that the paint layer was created based on the oil painting technique using drying oil. It determined that the murals were painted in a unique painting style that is rarely found in other typical Buddhist murals in Korea.
Scientific Analysis and Conservation Treatment on the Buddhist Scriptures of Paper Relics Excavated from Sum Tolgoi, Mongolia
Authors: Bae Su Bin , Yang Min Jeong , Kwon Yun Mi , Yoo Ji Hyun , Jeong Hee Won
Published: December 2021

This study analyzed the composition and structure of materials with Buddhist paper scriptures excavated from architectural sites in ‘Sum Tolgoi’ of the 17th century and carried out conservation treatment base on the result of the analysis. The scriptures were covered in dust and foreign sub stances, and were so crumpled that it was impossib le to identify the form. The damage, loss, and discoloration have been identified. Buddhist scriptures written in Tibetan used indigo and ink sticks on paper as a result of UV-Vis analysis, and ink sticks as black character materials from scriptures written ancient Mongolian. SEM-EDS and Micro-XRF analyses revealed that the outlines were drawn with red lines using a mix of Minium (Pb3O4) and Cinnabar (HgS), or Cinnabar (HgS) alone, and the contents of the scriptures were written with silver paint. Silver chloride (AgCl) and Calcium (Ca) were identified in the silver paint component of the characters, while Calcium and Orpiment (As2S3) were identified in the yellow lines. Concerning the paper ground, Buddhist scriptures written in ancient Mongolian were characterized by herbal plant fiber and bast fiber, and those written in Tibetan, by bast fiber. Radiocarbon dating indicates that the paper for the scriptures was produced b etween the 15th and 17th centuries. Conservation treatment of the scriptures was carried out based on the experiment on the production of pre-coated paper and how to coat that to prevent the second damage due to the deformation and fragility of the excavated paper. The scriptures were preserved and mounted, and a neutral box was made to identify the contents of the scriptures recorded on both sides after the treatment. This conservation treatment is the result of a study that applied new conservation treatment materials and methods according to the principle of conservation treatment reversibility.
Interpretation of Construction Procedure and Physicochemical Characteristics for Soil Layers from Sowangneung (Small Royal Tomb) of Ssangneung (Twin Tombs) in Iksan, Korea
Authors: Chae Joon , Park Seok Tae , Cho Ji Hyun , Lee Chan Hee
Published: December 2021

The Iksan Ssangneung (twin tombs), a pair of tombs comprising the Daewangneung (large royal tomb) and the Sowangneung (small royal tomb), were constructed in the typical style of stone tunnel and chamber tombs in the Baekje Kingdom during the Sabi period (538 to 660 AD) of ancient Korea. Soil layers exposed during excavation of Sowangneung in a trench east of the tomb are: the bottommost layer, the ground level layer, the Panchuk (rammed earth) layer of the Baekje, the layer created by a grave robbery, and soil recovered during the Japanese colonial period. Soil samples were obtained by segmenting an easy stratigraphic horizon into sub categorized soil layers, and their material properties were analyzed; they are composed mainly of sandy loam based on the particle size distributions. In the site foundation, loamy sand is packed in the bottommost layer, and sandy loam with high sand and silty sand fills most of the overlying layer. The central and topmost portion of the Baekje layer is composed of loam with high clay content. All soil layers show geochemical behaviors similar to those of the bottommost layer. X-ray diffraction analysis verified kaolinite in all layers, also observed in soil layers displaying high crystallinity. Kaolinite and halloysite were identified by scanning electron microscopy. Thus, we conclude that the Baekje layer of the Sowangneung is composed of sandy loam containing kaolin procured from near the site. An impermeable middle to upper layer was created using viscous loam. The top of the tomb was closed tightly.
A Study on Manufacturing Technique and Alloy Characteristics of Bronze Mirrors from Jeollanam-do Region in the Three Kingdoms Period
Authors: Lee Eun Ji
Published: December 2021

This study analyzed the microstructures and chemical composition of three samples of bronze mirrors excavated in the Jeollanam-do region, particularly Goheung and Damyang. Under x-ray irradiation, the analysis results confirmed the broken parts and pores caused by cracks, casting, and corrosion. Major and minor elemental analysis were performed on three mirrors by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with Energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry (EDS) and Inductively coupled plasma mass spe ctrome try (ICP-MS). The re sult shows that the bronze mirrors containe d Cu-Sn-Pb alloys. Alpha phase and eutectic phase were observed in the microstructure, confirming that the casting was performed without additional heat treatment. Notably, Three bronze mirrors were made early Three Kingdoms period in Korea.
Study on the Material and Deterioration Characteristics of the Stone Seated Buddha Triad and Stone Standing Buddha in Bijung-ri, Cheongju, Korea
Authors: Yoo Ji Hyun , Choie Myoungju , Lee Myeong Seong , Kim Yuri
Published: December 2021

The Stone Seated Buddha Triad and Stone Standing Buddha in Bijung-ri are state-designated heritage (treasure) statues having the Buddha style of the Goryeo dynasty from the 6th century. Conservation scientific investigations were conducted to understand the preservation status of these stone Buddha statues and to establish a conservation plan. The Stone Seated Buddha Triad and Stone Standing Buddha are composed of fine-medium grained biotite granite, which is considered to be of the same origin owing to their low magnetic susceptibility distribution of less than 0.2 (×10-3 SI unit) and similar mineral characteristics. The Stone Seated Buddha Triad has highly homogenous mineral composition and particle size, whole-rock magnetic susceptibility, and geochemical characteristics very similar to those of the nearby outcrop. It was confirmed that a combination of physical, chemical, and biological factors affects the Stone Buddha statues. In particular, both the Stone Seated Buddha Triad and Stone Standing Buddha tend to be chipped off from the front and cracked and scaled from the back. The Stone Standing Buddha located outdoors experiences granularity decomposition and black algae formation, which accelerate the weathering under unfavorable conservation environments. The result of non-destructive physical property diagnosis using ultrasonic velocity showed that both the Stone Seated Buddha Triad and Stone Standing Buddha have been completely weathered (CW), indicating very poor physical properties.
“ACCIÓN DE LA REAL COMPAÑÍA DE SAN FERNANDO DE SEVILLA” ESTAMPADA POR PEDRO TORTOLERO. ESTUDIO ICONOGRÁFICO.
Authors: Escalera Pérez Reyes
Published: December 2021

En 1747 el pintor y grabador sevillano Pedro Tortolero (ca. 1700-1767) estampó la “Acción de la Real Compañía de San Fernando de Sevilla” con un interesante programa visual en el que resume plásticamente los propósitos de esta, así como los beneficios que supone su establecimiento para la ciudad y la monarquía. El autor, con un lenguaje simbólico muy propio del Barroco, recurre para su composición a santos protectores –san José y un obispo mártir-, deidades mitológicas –Mercurio y Neptuno-, figuras alegóricas –España y América- y vistas de calles e hitos arquitectónicos sevillanos junto a lemas inspirados en las Sagradas Escrituras y en fuentes clásicas para transmitir un mensaje de prosperidad auspiciado por la nueva compañía. Esta estampa, de la que se conservan diversos ejemplares con leves diferencias debidas al retallado de la matriz deteriorada por el uso, pudo servir de inspiración a otras “Acciones”, como la de la Compañía Marítima de Málaga que grabó Francisco de la Torre en 1789.
Re-Presenting the Past in the Hindi Novel: The Darkness in Bhīṣma Sāhnī’s Tamas
Authors: Delacy Richard
Published: December 2021

While the modern literary novel in Hindi has traditionally grappled with contemporary issues impacting society in north India, Bhīṣma Sāhnī’s famous novel Tamas (“Darkness”) may be considered a unique endavour to revisit the horrific events that marked the transfer of power and partition of British India in 1947. This article represents a preliminary attempt to consider the emergence of a work of literary fiction in Hindi approximately 25 years after the events on which it is based.
The Worship of the Goddess of Language: Ram Mani Acharya Dixit’s Efforts in Standardization of the Nepali Language in Benares
Authors: Chudal Alaka Atreya
Published: December 2021

This paper will focus on a 20th century Nepali intellectual, Ram Mani Acharya Dixit (1883–1972), and his trans-border activities for the promotion of the vernacular by investigating his integration of the progress of a language with his nation, his apotheosis of the vernacular and his devotion in strengthening prose writing for the sake of the development of the divine mother tongue. Foregrounding his linguistic activities such as writing, publishing and printing in Nepal and India, with Benares in particular, it will try to answer questions such as: What was the motivating factor that inspired him to write and publish in the Nepali language? Was he in any way influenced by the Hindi language movement that was at its peak in North India of the time? How influential was Dixit’s role in standardizing Nepali? Besides this Nepali language standardization concern, the paper will also examine Dixit’s idea of serving mother, motherland, mother tongue and [Hindu] religion through service to a language.
Some Remarks on Computer Terminology in Persian and Hindi on the Basis of the Localizations of the Kdelibs4 Package
Authors: Gacek Tomasz
Published: December 2021

Scientific and technological vocabulary, especially computer terminology, is a particularly interesting field in which to analyze/study the most recent trends in the development of vocabulary. The present article focuses on the Persian and Hindi translations of the Kdelibs4 software package. The author attempts to address a number of questions on the basis of the analyzed material, i.e., what are the origin and the proportion of loanwords within the analyzed vocabulary? Are the languages historically important as vocabulary donors (Arabic in the case of Persian and Persian in the case of Hindi) still prominent in this new sphere of vocabulary? What are the widespread syntactic and word-formational patterns among the discussed forms? The vocabulary in question is also juxtaposed with the official language policy in India and Iran, thus exhibiting various levels of deviations in both cases. The lexical items selected on the basis of objective criteria have been compared with the official vocabulary lists issued by the responsible/authoritative/ relevant governmental bodies. Additionally, in the case of Persian, an extensive Internet search has been performed to check their popularity among the users.
Tax and Legal Issues Related to the Implementation of Research and Development Projects in the Area of "Security and Defense"
Authors: Wyszomirska Monika
Published: December 2021

Purpose: The aim of the article is to discuss tax issues related to the settlement of subsidies for the implementation of projects in the area of"Security and Defense". The grant beneficiaries face numerous problems with the interpretation of the provisions of the VAT Act, which may result in serious financial consequences in the event of incorrect application of the VAT Act. This publication analyses and indicates solutions to these problems, which are most often raised by consortia, both in applications for tax interpretations and in complaints to administrative courts of both instances. Introduction: Among the important forms of activity for the security and defence of the state, a special role is played by scientific and research and development projects, which not only increase the potential of scientific and industrial entities, but also create Polish know-how in the field of critical technologies in the area of "Security and defence". The implementation of projects financed from the state budget places on the beneficiaries the obligation of a "regime" method of settling public funds, both by applying the provisions on public procurement, constructing civil contracts, taking into account the fact that funds from subsidies are available, as well as performing special diligence in tax settlements with the tax authorities. Methodology: The theoretical research methods were used in the work, including the analysis of literature, judgments of common courts and the Pro - vincial and Supreme Administrative Court, as well as tax interpretations issued by the Director of the National Revenue Administration. The publication also provides an interpretation of national regulations as well as directives and case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union. Conclusions: Tax law is the branch of law that arouses the greatest emotions and controversy. It affects all of us, and in the event of incorrect application of the rules – it has serious financial consequences. Members of consortia implementing projects financed by the The National Centre for Research and Development (NCBR) also remain taxpayers, to whom the author of the article proposed the interpretation of the provisions of the VAT Act and discussed national and EU jurisprudence in order to facilitate the correct implementation of tax obligations by the consortia. Keywords: VAT taxation of subsidies, eligibility of expenses, right to deduct input tax, transfer of proprietary copyrights to the State Treasury, commer - cialization of results of scientific research and development works Type of article: review article
Unsupervised Learning for Human Mobility Behaviors
Authors: Liu Siyuan , Tang Shaojie , Zheng Jiangchuan , Ni Lionel M.
Published: December 2021

Learning human mobility behaviors from location-sensing data are crucial to mobility data mining because of its potential to address a range of analytical purposes in mobile context reasoning, including exploration, inference, and prediction. However, existing approaches suffer from two practical problems: temporal and spatial sparsity. To address these shortcomings, we present two unsupervised learning methods to model the mobility behaviors of multiple users (i.e., a population), considering efficiency and accuracy. These methods intelligently overcome the sparsity in individual data by seeking temporal commonality among users’ heterogeneous location behaviors. The advantages of our models are highlighted through experiments on several real-world mobility data sets, which also show how our methods can realize the three analytical purposes in a unified manner.
Information Control for Creator Brand Management in Subscription-Based Crowdfunding
Authors: Lin Yu-Kai , Rai Arun , Yang Yukun
Published: December 2021

Digital content creators, such as podcasters, musicians, writers, and YouTubers, are increasingly using subscription-based crowdfunding (SBC) platforms to attract backers and obtain recurring funding from them. Unlike conventional crowdfunding, a hallmark of SBC is the recurring funding scheme structured as a creator-centered freemium model. Empowering creators to build their person brands, SBC platforms are providing creators with novel features to control the information that they share with their backers or fans or conceal from them. Based on a large-scale study on Patreon, an SBC platform, we show how creators can effectively leverage two types of information controls—earnings concealment and private postings—to build their person brands and thereby develop their backer base and fan engagement. Interestingly, we also find a reinforcing relationship in which the increases in backer base and fan engagement further stimulate creators to leverage information controls in their SBC campaigns to grow their person brands. In sum, although information controls are effective in aggregate to build person brands on SBCs, creators need to dynamically adjust the extent of use of information controls based on changes in their backer base and fan engagement.
Nonconcave Utility Maximization with Portfolio Bounds
Authors: Dai Min , Kou Steven , Qian Shuaijie , Wan Xiangwei
Published: December 2021

The problems of nonconcave utility maximization appear in many areas of finance and economics, such as in behavioral economics, incentive schemes, aspiration utility, and goal-reaching problems. Existing literature solves these problems using the concavification principle. We provide a framework for solving nonconcave utility maximization problems, where the concavification principle may not hold, and the utility functions can be discontinuous. We find that adding portfolio bounds can offer distinct economic insights and implications consistent with existing empirical findings. Theoretically, by introducing a new definition of viscosity solution, we show that a monotone, stable, and consistent finite difference scheme converges to the value functions of the nonconcave utility maximization problems.

This paper was accepted by Agostino Capponi, finance.

Funding: M. Dai acknowledges financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China [Grants 12071333 and 11671292] and the SingaporeMinistry of Education [Grants R-146-000-243-114, R-146-000-306-114, R-146-000-311-114, and R-703-000-032-112]. X. Wan is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China [Grants 71850010, 72171109, 71972131, and 72271157].

Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2021.4228 .
When Shared Autonomous Electric Vehicles Meet Microgrids: Citywide Energy-Mobility Orchestration
Authors: Qi Wei , Sha Mengyi , Li Shanling
Published: December 2021

Problem definition: We develop a crossdisciplinary analytics framework to understand citywide mobility-energy synergy. In particular, we investigate the potential of shared autonomous electric vehicles (SAEVs) for improving the self-sufficiency and resilience of solar-powered urban microgrids. Academic/practical relevance: Our work is motivated by the ever-increasing interconnection of energy and mobility service systems at the urban scale. We propose models and analytics to characterize the dynamics of the SAEV-microgrid service systems, which were largely overlooked by the literature on service operations and vehicle-grid integration (VGI) analysis. Methodology: We develop a space-time-energy network representation of SAEVs. Then, we formulate linear program models to incorporate an array of major operational decisions interconnecting the mobility and energy systems. To preventatively ensure microgrid resilience, we also propose an “N − 1” resilience-constrained fleet dispatch problem to cope with microgrid outages. Results: Combining eight data sources of New York City, our results show that 80,000 SAEVs in place of the current ride-sharing mobility assets can improve the microgrid self-sufficiency by 1.45% (benchmarked against the case without grid support) mainly via the spatial transfer of electricity, which complements conventional VGI. Scaling up the SAEV fleet size to 500,000 increases the microgrid self-sufficiency by 8.85% mainly through temporal energy transfer, which substitutes conventional VGI. We also quantify the potential and trade-offs of SAEVs for peak electricity import reduction and ramping mitigation. In addition, microgrid resilience can be enhanced by SAEVs, but the actual resilience level varies by microgrids and by the hour when grid contingency occurs. The SAEV fleet operator can further maintain the resilience of pivotal microgrid areas at their maximum achievable level with no more than a 1% increase in the fleet repositioning trip length. Managerial implications: Our models and findings demonstrate the potential in deepening the integration of urban mobility and energy service systems toward a smart-city future.
School Choice in Chile
Authors: Correa José , Epstein Natalie , Epstein Rafael , Escobar Juan , Rios Ignacio , Aramayo Nicolás , Bahamondes Bastián , Bonet Carlos , Castillo Martin , Cristi Andres , Epstein Boris , Subiabre Felipe
Published: December 2021

In “School Choice in Chile,” Correa et al. describe the design and implementation of the new school admissions system in Chile. The design, based on the celebrated work of Gale, Shapley, and Roth, involves several challenges to comply with the Chilean legislation. For instance, the system includes different priorities and quotas for different groups of students. Moreover, the system operates nationwide and in all grade levels. As a result of the latter, one of the primary goals was to favor the joint assignment of siblings to the same schools. To accomplish this, the authors propose a heuristic approach that dynamically updates preferences, and breaks ties at the family level to increase the probability that siblings are assigned to the same school. The system, introduced in 2016 and still in use today, serves more than half a million students each year.
Design and Experimental Study of a Spiral Auxiliary Feeding Device for Lodged Corn on a Combine Harvester
Authors: Fu Qiankun , Fu Jun , Chen Zhi , Zhao Rongqiang , Ren Luquan
Published: December 2021

Highlights

This study designed an auxiliary feeding device for lodged corn on a combine harvester.

The mechanical characteristics of lodged corn stalks were studied as the basis of the design.

The working parameters were optimized in an orthogonal experiment.

Abstract. Lodging causes kernel and ear loss in mechanical harvesting of corn and threatens grain security. To address this issue, the mechanical bending properties and lifting forces of lodged corn stalks were explored in this study. The ears of lodged corn could be lifted to the normal harvesting height by applying an upward force to the stalks. Based on this conclusion, an auxiliary feeding device for lodged corn in a combine harvester was designed. An orthogonal optimization experiment was conducted to explore the effects of working parameters on the device performance. The results demonstrated that the sequence of the factors affecting kernel loss with the auxiliary feeding device was: harvesting direction, forward speed of the harvester, and rotating speed of the spiral stalk lifter. The optimal combination of harvester forward speed and rotating speed of the spiral stalk lifter was 0.5 m s-1 and 300 rpm, and the ratio of the peripheral speed to the speed of motion was 9.42. The optimal harvesting direction was opposite to the lodging direction of the stalks. This study provides a theoretical basis and design reference for low-loss harvesting of lodged corn. Keywords: Auxiliary feeding, Combine harvester, Corn, Harvest loss, Lodging, Orthogonal experiment.
Evaluation of Design Characteristics for Animal Mortality Composting Systems
Authors: Costa Tiago , Akdeniz Neslihan
Published: December 2021

Highlights

Design characteristics for animal mortality compost cover materials were tested.

Compressive stress was applied to simulate the effects of the mortalities on cover materials.

The highest permeability was measured for sawdust at 25% moisture content.

A linear relationship was found between the volumetric flow rate and the power required to aerate the piles.

Abstract. Composting is an aerobic process that relies on natural aeration to maintain proper oxygen levels. Air-filled porosity, mechanical strength, and permeability are among the essential parameters used to optimize the process. This study’s objective was to measure the physical parameters and airflow characteristics of three commonly used cover materials at four moisture levels, which could be used in designing actively aerated swine mortality composting systems. A laboratory-scale experiment was conducted to measure pressure drops across the cover materials as a function of the airflow rate and the material’s moisture content. Compressive stress was applied for 48 h to simulate the impact of swine mortalities on the cover materials. The power required to aerate each material was determined as a function of volumetric flow rate and moisture content. As expected, air-filled porosity and permeability decreased with increasing bulk density and moisture content. The highest average permeability values were measured at 25% moisture content and ranged from 66 × 10-4 to 70 × 10-4 mm2, from 161 × 10-4 to 209 × 10-4 mm2, and from 481 × 10-4 to 586 × 10-4 mm2 for woodchips, ground cornstalks, and sawdust, respectively. For the range of airflow rates tested in this study (0.0025 to 0.0050 m3 s-1 m-2), a linear relationship (R2 = 0.975) was found between the volumetric flow rate (m3 s-1) and the power required to aerate the compost pile (W per 100 kg of swine mortality). Keywords: Airflow, Darcy’s law, Livestock, Modeling, Permeability, Pressure drop.
Pulsatile tissue deformation dynamics of the murine retina and choroid mapped by 4D optical coherence tomography
Authors: Baumann Bernhard , Merkle Conrad W. , Augustin Marco , Glösmann Martin , Garhöfer Gerhard
Published: December 2021

Irregular ocular pulsatility and altered mechanical tissue properties
are associated with some of the most sight-threatening eye diseases.
Here we present 4D optical coherence tomography (OCT) for the
quantitative assessment and depth-resolved mapping of pulsatile
dynamics in the murine retina and choroid. Through a pixel-wise
analysis of phase changes of the complex OCT signal, we reveal
spatiotemporal displacement characteristics across repeated frame
acquisitions. We demonstrate in vivo fundus elastography (FUEL)
imaging in wildtype mouse retinas and in a mouse model of retinal
neovascularization and uncover subtle structural deformations related
to ocular pulsation. Our data in mouse eyes hold promise for a
powerful retinal elastography technique that may enable a new paradigm
of OCT-based measurements and image contrast.
Optimized management of ultra-wideband photonics switching systems assisted by machine learning
Authors: Khan Ihtesham , Tunesi Lorenzo , Umar Masood Muhammad , Ghillino Enrico , Bardella Paolo , Carena Andrea , Curri Vittorio
Published: December 2021

Recent years have seen an unprecedented growth of data traffic driven by a continuous increase of connected devices and new applications. This trend will tend to saturate transparent optical networks that are the backbone of the whole telecommunication infrastructure. To improve the capacity of already deployed network infrastructures and maximize operators CAPEX returns, band-division multiplexing (BDM) has emerged as a promising solution to expand the fiber bandwidth beyond the existing C-band. Along with this, the demand for flexible and dynamically reconfigurable functionalities in each network layer is increasing. In this regard, optical networking is fast evolving towards the applications of the software-defined networking (SDN) paradigm down to the physical layer. The implementation of optical SDN requires the full abstraction and virtualization of each network element in order to enable complete control by a centralized network controller. To pursue this objective, photonics transmission components and their transmission functionalities must be abstracted to allow the definition of the control states and a real-time quality-of-transmission (QoT) evaluation of transparent lightpaths (LP). In this work, we propose an SDN based model of a photonic switching fabric that allows determining the control state and evaluating QoT degradation. Our investigations present a wideband optical switch design based on photonic integrated circuits (PICs), where QoT degradation is abstracted using a structure-agnostic approach based on machine learning (ML). The ML engine training and testing datasets are generated synthetically by software simulation of the photonic switch architecture. Results show the potential of the proposed technique to predict QoT impairments with high accuracy, and we envision its application in a real-time control plane.
Broadband point-spread function engineering via a freeform diffractive microlens array
Authors: Majumder Apratim , Meem Monjurul , Stewart Robert , Menon Rajesh
Published: December 2021

We utilized inverse design to engineer the point-spread function (PSF) of a low-f-number, freeform diffractive microlens in an array, so as to enable extended depth of focus (DOF). Each square microlens of side 69 µm and focal length 40 µm (in a polymer film, n∼1.47) generated a square PSF of side ∼10 µm that was achromatic over the visible band (450 to 750 nm), and also exhibited an extended DOF of ∼ ± 2 µm. The microlens has a geometric f/# (focal length divided by aperture size) of 0.58 in the polymer material (0.39 in air). Since each microlens is a square, the microlens array (MLA) can achieve 100% fill factor. By placing this microlens array (MLA) directly on a high-resolution print, we demonstrated integral imaging with applications in physical security. The extended DOF preserves the optical effects even with expected film-thickness variations, thereby increasing robustness in practical applications. Since these multi-level diffractive MLAs are fabricated using UV-nanoimprint lithography, they have the potential for low-cost large volume manufacturing.
W-type and Graded-index bismuth-doped fibers for efficient lasers and amplifiers operating in E-band
Authors: Vakhrushev A. S. , Umnikov A. A. , Lobanov A. S. , Firstova E. G. , Evlampieva E. B. , Riumkin K. E. , Alyshev A. V. , Khegai A. M. , Guryanov A. N. , Iskhakova L. D. , Melkumov M. A. , Firstov S. V.
Published: December 2021

In this paper, we focus on the fabrication and investigation of optical properties of W-type and Graded-index single-mode Bi-doped germanosilicate fibers. The laser and gain characteristics of Bi-doped fibers of new designs were studied. It was shown that by variation of doping profile, it is possible to change characteristic parameters (active absorption, unsaturable loss level) of the active medium and, as a consequence, achieve an improvement of the performance of the optical devices based on these types of fibers. As a progress one can consider the creation of a Bi-doped fiber laser operating at 1460 nm with a record efficiency of 72% using a relatively short active fiber (L = 75 m); and a 20-dB Bi-doped fiber amplifier (L = 120 m) with a pump power of 45 mW (for the input signal powers lower than 30 µW) having a high gain efficiency of 0.52 dB/mW. We suggest that the obtained results could be a driver for further investigation in this direction.
Perspective transformation based-initial value estimation for the speckle control points matching in an out-of-focus camera calibration using a synthetic speckle pattern
Authors: Yang Xiao , Chen Xiaobo , Xi Juntong
Published: December 2021

Despite camera calibration methods using regular planar chessboard or circular marker array calibration targets having been widely used, the control point extraction accuracy is low if the image is defocused or if the noise level is high. Due to the noise robustness of digital image correlation (DIC) in speckle image matching, random speckle pattern is a better choice for camera calibration than chessboard or circular markers, if the imaging quality is low. The foremost process of this method is to conduct speckle control points matching DIC, where the initial value must be estimated close to the true value. It is challenging to provide accurate initial values for DIC if the difference of physical pixel scale is large between the reference image and the target image or if the target image is out-of-focus. To solve this problem, this work presents an efficient initial value estimation method for speckle control points matching using DIC, based on perspective transformation. Firstly, the four pairs of corners of the speckle regions in the reference image and target image are detected. Secondly, the target image is transformed to a new image that has the considerable size of pixel scale with the reference image, then four neighborhood points of the control point in the reference image and the corresponding points in the transformed new image are matched coarsely by fixed subset searching. Lastly, the matched points in the transformed target image are transformed back to the origin target image by the inverse perspective transformation matrix, then the initial value for DIC can be estimated by the matched four pairs of neighborhood points. Experiment results confirm the higher calibration accuracy delivered by the proposed method, rather than that of the chessboard or the circular marker array. Measurement precision is higher than the speckle pattern calibration method that uses SIFT-based initial value estimation.
Fabrication of a three-dimensional (3D) SERS fiber probe and application of in situ detection
Authors: Meng Luping , Shang Liang , Feng Sujuan , Tang Zhibing , Bi Cuixia , Zhao Hongyan , Liu Guangqiang
Published: December 2021

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) fiber probes are useful for remote and online detection of harmful molecules using the SERS effect. In this study, a 3-dimensional (3D) SERS optical fiber probe is proposed. The formation of the 3D optical fiber probe mainly included three steps: construction of monolayer polystyrene (PS) spheres as a mask on the end face of the fiber, reactive ion etching (RIE) for PS spheres and fibers, and metal sputtering deposition. Compared with flat surface fiber probes, these 3D SERS fiber probes are composed of ordered nanocolumn arrays, which have the advantages of a simple manufacturing process, low cost, high sensitivity, and good stability. The structures of the 3D SERS fiber probe can be well controlled by changing the size of the PS sphere and etching time. The formation of the nanocolumn was studied using time evolution experiments. The obtained fiber SERS probe has good stability and high sensitivity for the in situ detection of 4-aminothiophenol (4-ATP) in solution. Therefore, these 3D SERS fiber probes have potential applications in harmful molecules for real-time detection.
All-laser-microprocessed waveguide Cr:ZnS laser
Authors: Sorokin Evgeni , Bushunov Andrey A. , Tolstik Nikolai , Teslenko Andrei A. , Einmo Eskil , Tarabrin Mikhail K. , Lazarev Vladimir A. , Sorokina Irina T.
Published: December 2021

We report the proof-of-concept of an operational laser active medium with a depressed cladding waveguide manufactured in the volume of a Cr2+:ZnS single-crystalline sample and antireflection microstructures fabricated on its facets exclusively by femtosecond laser processing techniques. This allowed us to achieve transmittance in a broad range from 2 to 8 µm, approaching a maximum of over 90% near 2.5 µm, and lasing at 2275 nm at the average output power of 20 mW for the absorbed pump power of 500 mW with the slope efficiency of 5.5 %. This demonstration opens up a route towards the industrial fabrication of compact integrable laser sources and sensors based on II-VI materials.
Protocol of the Healthy Brain Study: An accessible resource for understanding the human brain and how it dynamically and individually operates in its bio-social context
Authors:   Healthy Brain Study consortium, Aarts Esther , Akkerman Agnes , Altgassen Mareike , Bartels Ronald , Beckers Debby , Bevelander Kirsten , Bijleveld Erik , Blaney Davidson Esmeralda , Boleij Annemarie , Bralten Janita , Cillessen Toon , Claassen Jurgen , Cools Roshan , Cornelissen Ineke , Dresler Martin , Eijsvogels Thijs , Faber Myrthe , Fernández Guillén , Figner Bernd , Fritsche Matthias , Füllbrunn Sascha , Gayet Surya , van Gelder Marleen M. H. J. , van Gerven Marcel , Geurts Sabine , Greven Corina U. , Groefsema Martine , Haak Koen , Hagoort Peter , Hartman Yvonne , van der Heijden Beatrice , Hermans Erno , Heuvelmans Vivian , Hintz Florian , den Hollander Janet , Hulsman Anneloes M. , Idesis Sebastian , Jaeger Martin , Janse Esther , Janzing Joost , Kessels Roy P. C. , Karremans Johan C. , de Kleijn Willemien , Klein Marieke , Klumpers Floris , Kohn Nils , Korzilius Hubert , Krahmer Bas , de Lange Floris , van Leeuwen Judith , Liu Huaiyu , Luijten Maartje , Manders Peggy , Manevska Katerina , Marques José P. , Matthews Jon , McQueen James M. , Medendorp Pieter , Melis René , Meyer Antje , Oosterman Joukje , Overbeek Lucy , Peelen Marius , Popma Jean , Postma Geert , Roelofs Karin , van Rossenberg Yvonne G. T. , Schaap Gabi , Scheepers Paul , Selen Luc , Starren Marianne , Swinkels Dorine W. , Tendolkar Indira , Thijssen Dick , Timmerman Hans , Tutunji Rayyan , Tuladhar Anil , Veling Harm , Verhagen Maaike , Verkroost Jasper , Vink Jacqueline , Vriezekolk Vivian , Vrijsen Janna , Vyrastekova Jana , van der Wal Selina , Willems Roel , Willemsen Arthur
Published: December 2021

The endeavor to understand the human brain has seen more progress in the last few decades than in the previous two millennia. Still, our understanding of how the human brain relates to behavior in the real world and how this link is modulated by biological, social, and environmental factors is limited. To address this, we designed the Healthy Brain Study (HBS), an interdisciplinary, longitudinal, cohort study based on multidimensional, dynamic assessments in both the laboratory and the real world. Here, we describe the rationale and design of the currently ongoing HBS. The HBS is examining a population-based sample of 1,000 healthy participants (age 30–39) who are thoroughly studied across an entire year. Data are collected through cognitive, affective, behavioral, and physiological testing, neuroimaging, bio-sampling, questionnaires, ecological momentary assessment, and real-world assessments using wearable devices. These data will become an accessible resource for the scientific community enabling the next step in understanding the human brain and how it dynamically and individually operates in its bio-social context. An access procedure to the collected data and bio-samples is in place and published onhttps://www.healthybrainstudy.nl/en/data-and-methods/access.

Trail registration:https://www.trialregister.nl/trial/7955.
Hand-in-hand in the golden years: Cognitive interdependence, partner involvement in retirement planning, and the transition into retirement
Authors: Lamarche Veronica M. , Rolison Jonathan J.
Published: December 2021

This research examined the influence of cognitive interdependence—a mental state reflecting a collective representation of the self-in-relationship—on the anticipation for and experiences with the transition into retirement. Among soon-to-be retirees (Study 1), greater cognitive interdependence was associated with seeing partners as more instrumental to one’s goals both pre- and post-retirement, anticipating greater goal alignment post-retirement, and having directly involved partners in retirement planning to a greater extent than those relatively lower in cognitive interdependence. Among recent retirees (Study 2), retrospective cognitive interdependence was associated with post-retirement goal alignment and goal instrumentality, and the extent to which they believed they had directly involved their partners in retirement planning. However, it was post-retirement goal alignment that was associated with greater ease of retirement and subjective well-being. Finally, soon-to-be retirees relatively high in cognitive interdependence responded to concerns about their retirement (i.e., goal discordance and high retirement ambivalence) by wanting to involve their partners in their retirement plans to a greater extent (Study 3). These studies highlight the importance of romantic partners across the lifespan, and how partners might influence retirement planning, the transition to retirement, and well-being among recent retirees.
Maternal dietary diversity during lactation and associated factors in Palghar district, Maharashtra, India
Authors: Rajpal Sunil , Kumar Abhishek , Alambusha Ruby , Sharma Smriti , Joe William
Published: December 2021

Dietary adequacy and diversity during the lactation period are necessary to ensure good health and nutrition among women and children. Behavioral interventions pertaining to health and nutrition counselling during pregnancy and lactation are critical for awareness about dietary diversity. The issue assumes salience for marginalized communities because of the Covid-19 pandemic and associated economic and societal disruptions. This paper assesses the dietary patterns among 400 lactating mothers in the tribal-dominated district of Palghar in Maharashtra, India in 2020. The study is based on primary data regarding consumption of 10 food groups among women across 10 food groups based on 24-hour recall period. The primary outcome variable was binary information regarding Minimum Dietary Diversity defined as consumption from at least 5 food groups. Econometric analysis based on multilevel models and item-response theory is applied to identify food groups that were most difficult to be received by mothers during the early and late lactation period. We find that the daily diet of lactating mothers in Palghar primarily consists of grains, white roots, tubers, and pulses. In contrast, the intake of dairy, eggs, and non-vegetarian food items is much lower. Only Half of the lactating women (56.5 percent; 95% CI: 37.4; 73.8) have a minimum diversified diet (MDD). The prevalence of lactating women with MDD was higher among households with higher income (73.1 percent; 95% CI: 45.2; 89.9) than those in lower income group (50.7 percent; 95% CI: 42.3; 58.9). Lactating Women (in early phase) who received health and nutrition counseling services are more likely (OR: 2.37; 95% CI: 0.90; 6.26) to consume a diversified diet. Food groups such as fruits, meat, poultry, fish, nuts, and seeds were among the rare food items in daily diet. The dietary pattern lacking in fruits, nuts, and heme (iron) sources indicates more significant risks of micronutrient deficiencies. The findings call for improving dietary diversity among lactating mothers, particularly from the marginalized communities, and are driven by low consumption of dairy products or various fruits and vegetables. Among the different food items, the consumption of micronutrient-rich seeds and nuts is most difficult to be accessed by lactating mothers. Also, diet-centric counseling and informing lactating mothers of its benefits are necessary to increase dietary diversity for improving maternal and child nutrition.
Adaptation and psychometric evaluation of Hungarian version of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale
Authors: Stankovic Mona , Papp László , Nyúl Boglárka , Ivánkovits László , Pető Zoltán , Töreki Annamária
Published: December 2021

Background

COVID-19 pandemic has had a global major healthcare, social and economic impact. In present study we aim to adapt the Fear of COVID-19 Scale to Hungarian.

Materials and methods

Forward-backward translation method was used to translate the English version of the scale to Hungarian. Participants were a convenience sample of 2175 university students and employees. The study was conducted between January 18thand February 12th2021. The test battery included Hungarian versions of Fear of COVID-19 scale, short Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-H) and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI).

Results

The scale showed one-factor structure, the loadings on the factor were significant and strong (from .47 to .84). Internal consistency was very good (α = .84). Construct validity for the Fear of COVID-19 Scale was supported by significant and positive correlations with STAI (r = 0.402; p < 0.001) and BDI-H (r = 0.270; p < 0.001).

Conclusion

The Hungarian version of Fear of COVID-19 Scale is a reliable and valid tool in assessing fear of coronavirus.