bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Olive oil and cancer
Authors: López Sergio , Pacheco Yolanda M. , Bermúdez Beatriz , Abia Rocío , Muriana Francisco J.G.
Published: October 2008

In the last years, numerous studies have examined the association of dietary fat and cancer. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) from n -6 family display a strong promoting effect, this may be partially due to the especially prone to lipid peroxidation of PUFA that leads to formation of aldehydes, which react with DNA bases, forming genotoxic exocyclic etheno(epsilon)-adducts. On the contrary, there are growing evidences that monounsaturated oils, like olive oil, may be associated with a decreased risk of some cancers. However, the epidemiological data do not fully agree with the experimental ones previously published. Minor compounds from (extra virgin) olive oil, mainly phenolics like hydroxytyrosol and tocopherol, are antioxidants and radical scavenging. They can minimize the amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by fatty acid peroxidation and in the case of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) the DNA damage can be reduced by a lower lipid peroxidation.
Olive oil and immune system functions: potential involvement in immunonutrition
Authors: De Pablo Manuel A. , Puertollano María A. , Álvarez de Cienfuegos Gerardo
Published: October 2008

Olive oil plays a crucial role as a main component of the Mediterranean diet, which has shown important benefits for the human health. According to the current knowledge, the administration of diets containing olive oil exerts some beneficial effects on the immune system functions due likely to the action of oleic acid rather than other substances contained in this fat. In the last few years, epidemiological, clinical and experimental studies have evidenced the potential of certain dietary lipids (containing polyunsaturated or monounsaturated fatty acids) as modulators of immune system functions due to their ability to suppress several functions of immune system in both humans and animals. As a result, these fats have been applied in the reduction of symptoms from diseases characterized by an overactivation of the immune system (autoimmune diseases) or in the reduction of cancer risk. Here, we review several relevant experimental and clinical data associated with the beneficial effects of olive oil upon the health, the mechanisms of action and the immune function susceptible of being be altered by the administration of dietary lipids and particularly of olive oil. In addition, we will also discuss the detrimental effects on the immune system functions caused by the administration of certain dietary lipids attributed mainly to a reduction of host natural resistance against infectious microorganisms as well as the involvement of olive oil diets in the regulation of immune resistance.
Olive oil and haemostasis
Authors: Kelly Colette N.M. , Miller George J. , Williams Christine M.
Published: October 2008

Olive oil is a key component of the traditional Mediterranean diet; a diet that may explain the low rate of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in Southern European. (Extra virgin) Olive oil is a good source of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and phenolic compounds, both of which have been investigated for their effects on plasma lipids and lipoproteins, measures of oxidation and factors related to thrombosis. This issue aims to summarise the current understanding of the effects of such dietary components on the haemostatic system and subsequent risk of CVD. To date, evidence suggests that diets rich in MUFA and thus in olive oil attenuate the thrombotic response via a reduction in platelet aggregation and in postprandial FVII levels. Thrombosis is a key event in causing heart attacks and strokes, which if modulated by diet could pose a cost-effective way of reducing CVD incidence in populations that adhere to MUFA/olive oil-rich diets long-term.
Olive oil in clinical nutrition
Authors: Mangas-Cruz M. A. , Martínez-Brocca M. , Ortiz-Leyba C. , Garnacho-Montero J. , Pereira Cunill J. L. , García-Luna Pedro Pablo
Published: October 2008

The different beneficial effects of olive oil have a rational and scientific basis due to advances in the knowledge of lipid metabolism. The evidence that for a similar plasma cholesterol concentration, the rate of cardiovascular deaths is lower in the Mediterranean countries than in other ones, suggests that the beneficial effects of olive oil may not be only related to the known quantitative changes in plasma lipoproteins, but also to other, as yet unknown or little known, anti-atherogenic factors. The peculiarities of olive oil in terms of certain biochemical, biological and nutritional characteristics, open up a field of application in normal clinical practice. The benefits of olive oil in clinical nutrition correlate with its action on lipid metabolism and the cardiovascular system. Even a moderate increase in the ingestion of monounsaturated fats and a reduction in the ingestion of carbohydrates could be more advantageous in those patients with diabetes and hypertriglyceridemia and/or in those where loss of weight is not a priority. Different studies have also demonstrated the benefits of olive oil in different inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis. The chemical composition of extra virgin olive oil contributes to daily requirements of essential fatty acids and active antioxidant nutrients in vitamin E deficiency. This particular and well-balanced situation [oleic acid (18:1 n -9) and minor components in an ideal ratio] undoubtedly has a significant relevance in human clinical nutrition.
Olive oil, dietary fat and ageing, a mitochondrial approach
Authors: Mataix José , Ochoa Julio J. , Quiles José L.
Published: October 2008

Ageing represents a great concern in developed countries because the high number of people included in this group (indeed, a further increase in the rate of old people it is expected in the near future). Another important aspect concerning ageing is the number of pathologies related with this phenomenon like Alzheimer, Parkinson, diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancer. According to the free radical theory of ageing and its further mitochondrial extension, ageing is the result of the oxidative insult to the organism throughout the life. Some of the damages are not entirely repaired and are accumulated, leading to organism malfunction. Such oxidative-stress related events are particularly important in mitochondria and specially at the mitochondrial DNA level (less protected and more prone to oxidation than nuclear DNA and with a not well established repairing system). Such mitochondrial damage directly affects to the cell energy delivery system, being that, at least in part, the explanation for the structural and functional impairments related to age. Oxidative stress is related with the fatty acid composition of membranes. The intake of a type of fat affects in a direct way the fatty acids and antioxidants composition of subcellular membranes (including mitochondrial membranes) and in an indirect way the susceptibility of the membrane to oxidation. Thus, if we build specific biological membranes according to particular types of fats, we would be able to positively affect the way and intensity in which different organs would age. This work hypothesis represents a new point of view in the investigation of ageing and might have important consequences. According to the above-mentioned premises, this work reviews the convenience to use virgin olive oil as dietary fat from the point of view of mitochondrial ageing.
Olive oil in food spreads
Authors: Blanco Muñoz Miguel A.
Published: October 2008

Chemical hydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids is a commonly applied reaction to food industries. The process may imply the movement of double bonds in their positions on the fatty acid carbon chain, producing positional and geometrical isomers ( trans fatty acids). Through hydrogenation, unsaturated oils are converted to margarines and vegetable shortenings. The presence of trans fatty acids in foods is undesirable, as trans fatty acids raise the plasma levels of total and low-density lipoproteins (LDL), while decrease the plasma level of high-density lipoproteins (HDL), among other effects. The use of olive oil to prepare fat spread opens new insights into the commercial development of healthy novel foods with a positive image in terms of consumer appeal.
Effect of the reduction of the ewe's milk fat on the cholesterol content in cheese
Authors: Castiella M. , Larráyoz P. , Ibáñez F. C. , Torre P. , Ordóñez A. I.
Published: October 2008

Cardiovascular problems among the population have caused the presence of numerous low fat products in the dairy market, however no low fat ewe's milk cheeses have been commercialized. The effect of the reduction in the fat content of ewe's milk destined for cheese making on the fat, dry matter and cholesterol contents of cheeses ripened for 60, 90 and 120 days has been studied. Cheeses elaborated from low fat milks retained less water at the final stage of ripening. The cholesterol content expressed as a percentage of dry matter significatively increased during the maturation of low fat cheeses. A reduction of 50 % in the fat content of ewe's milk produced a decrease in fat and cholesterol of 33 % and 25 % respectively in the cheese. A reduction of 75 % in the fat content of ewe's milk produced a reduction in fat and cholesterol of 50% in the cheese. One portion of ripened ewe's milk cheese ( 60 g ) elaborated from 2, 4, and 8 % of fat content contributes to 22, 30 and 41 % of the recommended daily allowances (RDAs) for the Spanish population (300 mg of cholesterol per day).
Solvent extraction of jojoba oil from pre-pressed jojoba meal
Authors: Zaher Ferial A. , El Kinawy Omayma S. , El Haron Dalia E.
Published: October 2008

The solvent extraction process of jojoba oil from the meal cake obtained after the mechanical pressing of jojoba seeds was studied. Commercial hexane and petroleum ether were used as solvents and the extraction was carried out at temperatures ranging from 30 to 55 °C using solvent-to-solid ratios, R between 2 and 15 L/kg. The equilibrium compositions of the solvent and solid phases were determined. Based on the equilibrium data, the partition coefficient or distribution ratio, D of the oil between both phases was estimated. Also, the number of extraction stages necessary to achieve a certain degree of oil recovery has been determined using different hexane-to-meal ratios. Jojoba oil was also tested for its physical and chemical properties including chemical composition, percentage fatty acid, peroxide value, flash point, fire point, pour point, refractive index, saponification and iodine values. The stability of jojoba oil during storage at room temperature and during heat treatment was also studied.
Physicochemical characteristics of oil from Piritu (Bactris piritu (H. Karst) H. Wendl) seed
Authors: Belén C. Douglas R. , López Isaac , Barranco Josmar , García David , Moreno-Alvarez Mario José , Linares Oscar
Published: October 2008

In this research several physicochemical properties of Píritu (Bactris piritu (H. Karst) H. Wendl) seed and its crude oil were evaluated. Seeds were transformed into flour by crushing and drying ( 60 ºC for 12 h) and its approximate composition was: moisture content 5.20 %; fat 39.40 %; protein 9.60 %; crude fiber 44.35 %; ash 1.45 %. The flour lipidic fraction was extracted with n-hexane. The following physicochemical characteristics of crude oil were determined: free acidity (0.13 % as oleic acid), iodine index (11.09 cg of I/g), peroxide value (0.30 meq O 2 /kg), refraction index (1.4445 at 60 ºC ), Wiley melting point ( 33.5 ºC ), saponification value (227.47 mg KOH/g), insaponifiable matter (1.00 %), AOM stability (37.88 h), solid fat content (81 % at 10 ºC or 68 % at 20 ºC ). Lauric acid is the main the fatty acid (56.84 %). Píritu seed is an alternative raw material to obtain oil with characteristics similar to coconut oil.
Composition of biologically active lipids of lamiaceae seed oils
Authors: Zlatanov M. D. , Antova G. A.
Published: October 2008

The content of glyceride oil, phospholipid, sterol and tocopherol composition of 7 species of fam. Lamiaceae seeds were investigated. 8.7-28.6 % of glyceride oil in the seeds were determined. The content of phospholipids in the oils was found to be 1.0-1.6 %. Phosphatidylcholine (35.5-63.1 %), phosphatidylinositol (19.1-30.2 %) and phosphatidyl ethanolamine (5.8-21.6 %) were the main components in the phospholipid fraction. In the sterol fraction (0.1-0.3 % total sterols in the oils) 64.8-86.3 % are in free form and 13.7-35.2 % as sterol esters. β -Sitosterol predominates in all glyceride oils (48.8-87.9 %), followed by campesterol (1.5-22.5 %) and stigmasterol (1.1-12.8 %). 6.3-649.7 mg/kg tocopherols were found, mainly α -tocopherol (48.5-99.9%).
Optimisation of the acidulation process of soapstock from the neutralisation of rice bran oil
Authors: Scavariello Eliete M. S. , Barrera-Arellano Daniela
Published: October 2008

Soapstock from the neutralisation of rice bran oil was characterised through the most important parameters with direct influence on the acidulation process. A central composite rotational experimental design of two levels was used. The responses of the trials were γ -oryzanol concentration in the acid oil and process time necessary for total hydrolysis of the soaps present. The optimal process conditions were determined using the response surface methodology. Adjustments were made to second order mathematical models and validity was verified by analysis of variance using the STATISTICA program. The process variables studied were: molar ratio - sulphuric acid/soaps (0.55-0.95) and process temperature (70- 100 °C ). The results indicated that the process temperature does not significantly interfere in the concentration of γ -oryzanol of the acid oil, but it does affect process time. In the different concentrations of sulphuric acid added, represented by the molar ratio of sulphuric acid/soaps, the concentration of γ -oryzanol varied between 3.13 and 3.74 %. Through the superposition of the areas of the response surface contour curves the optimal process parameters were determined: process temperature of 95 °C and molar ratio of sulphuric acid/soaps of 0.74, resulting in a γ -oryzanol concentration of 3.64 % and a process time of 90 minutes.
Fractal nature in fat crystal networks
Authors: Gómez Herrera C.
Published: October 2008

The determination of the mechanical and rheological characteris­tics of several plastic fats requires a detailed understanding of the microstructure of the fat crystal network aggregates. The (or A) fractal approach is useful for the characterization of this micros­tructure. This review begins with information on fractality and statistical self-similar structure. Estimations for fractal dimension by means of equations relating the volume fraction of solid fat to shear elastic modulus G' in linear region are described. The influence of interesterification on fractal dimension decrease (from 2, 46 to 2 ,15) for butterfat-canola oil blends is notable . This influence is not significant for fat blends without butterfat. The need for an increase in research concerning the relationship between fractality and rheology in plastic fats is emphasized.
Olive mill wastewater characteristics: modelling and statistical analysis
Authors: Davies Luísa C. , Vilhena André M. , Novais Júlio M. , Martins-Dias Susete
Published: October 2008

A synthesis of the work carried out on Olive Mill Wastewater (OMW) characterisation is given, covering articles published over the last 50 years. Data on OMW characterisation found in the literature are summarised and correlations between them and with phenolic compounds content are sought. This permits the characteristics of an OMW to be estimated from one simple measurement: the phenolic compounds concentration. A model based on OMW characterisations accounting 6 countries was developed along with a model for Portuguese OMW. The statistical analysis of the correlations obtained indicates that Chemical Oxygen Demand of a given OMW is a second-degree polynomial function of its phenolic compounds concentration. Tests to evaluate the regressions significance were carried out, based on multivariable ANOVA analysis, on visual standardised residuals distribution and their means for confidence levels of 95 and 99 %, validating clearly these models. This modelling work will help in the future planning, operation and monitoring of an OMW treatment plant.
Ternary diagram of extract proteins / solvent systems: Sesame, soybean and lupine proteins
Authors: Khedr M. A. , Mohamed S. S.
Published: October 2008

Solvent extraction as a method of extracting protein from oilseed meals offers the advantage of higher efficiency. Unfortunately, the published literature points to the gap in the work concerned with the necessary equilibrium diagram to design due process equipment for such extracts. Initiated by this lack of basic knowledge, the present study has been undertaken to provide the equilibrium data for three different ternary systems, namely: sesame protein / sodium hydroxide solution system, soybean protein / sodium hydroxide solution system and lupine protein / sodium hydroxide solution system. These oilseed meals were selected because of their high protein content (53.4 %, 46.2 % and 42.3 % protein, respectively). The study also concentrated on the evaluation of the major parameters affecting the extraction process, i.e. the normality of the sodium hydroxide solution used as extracting solvent and the initial oilseed solvent to meal feeding ratio. The results obtained indicate that the best normality of sodium hydroxide solution used for extracting soybean and lupine protein is 0.02N, while 0.04N solution is required for extracting sesame protein. Also, operating at a liquid to solid feed ratio of 30:1 and 50:1 for soybean, sesame and lupine, respectively, is enough to reach a high protein extract. Correlations were presented for each locus of under flow compositions, graphically acquired, and the data are compared with those calculated by analytical solutions.
The utilization of discarded oil from potato chip factories in toilet soap making
Authors: Girgis Adel Y.
Published: October 2008

Palm oil that was discarded as waste from chip factories after the frying of potatoes was used for the production of toilet soap. The discarded oil was purified with a brine solution and bleached with H2O2 . Purified bleached discarded palm oil (P.B.D.P.O.) was mixed with two materials commonly used in toilet soap manufacturing, i.e., inedible tallow (I.T.) and palm kernel oil (P.K.O.) at different ratios for the preparation of toilet soap. The data revealed that using P.B.D.P.O. up to 30 % as a substitute for I.T. produced fine toilet soaps from the view point of; hard consistency, soft surface, good hand lather preference and medium erosion from hand washing. The soap samples containing more than 30 % P.B.D.P.O. as a substitute for I. T. gave bad quality. After the storage of soap samples for 6 months at room temperature, significant improvements in the physical properties of the soap samples at different ratios were found. It could be recommended that discarded palm oil from chip frying factories can be used after purification and bleaching in place of inedible tallow up to 30 % to produce a fine toilet soap.
Fatty acids evolution and composition of olive oils extracted from different olive cultivars grown in Calabrian area
Authors: Poiana Marco , Mincione Antonio
Published: October 2008

This work showed some peculiarities of fatty acids profile of nine olive cultivars cultivated in a typical olive growing Calabrian area. The cultivars studied were: Cassanese, Coratina, Itrana, Leccino, Nociara, Ottobratica, Pendolino, Picholine and Sinopolese. Oils were extracted by pressure from olives collected for a period of time comprised from October to January. The samplings were repeated for three years. The evolution of the oleic acid content showed an increasing trend in Cassanese, Itrana, Coratina, Sinopolese, Pendolino, and Leccino. Palmitic and linolenic acid showed a decrease in all the observed cultivar. Some cultivars in early ripe stage showed a higher linolenic acid content than the limit established legally. From a hierarchical cluster analyses two main groups were distinguished based on all fatty acid. The same statistical results were obtained considering the oleic/linoleic ratio only, that is a constant parameter throughout the olive ripening.
Comparative study of oil deterioration during the storage of hake liver and its oil
Authors: Grompone M. A. , Pagano M. T. , Pinchak Y. , Harispe R.
Published: October 2008

Hake liver (Merluccis hubbsi) is a by-product of the fillet industry and is used as a source of oil . In the present paper the oil content of livers stored at 4ºC and -20ºC is studied compared to that of the oil extracted from livers and stored under the same conditions. Oil contained in livers stored at -20ºC was oxidized in two weeks; the oil extracted from livers and stored under the same conditions was preserved for several months. The problem is that once the oil becomes deteriorated in livers it is not possible to stabilize it by adding antioxidants. Thus it is necessary to store livers at temperatures lower than -20ºC, to extract the oil as soon as possible, to add the correct antioxidants and to store it under refrigeration, in order to obtain a high quality oil.
Influence of fat content and other variables on the Cremoso Argentino cheese meltability
Authors: Mercanti Diego J. , Wolf Irma V. , Meinardi Carlos A. , Candioti Mario C. , Zalazar Carlos A.
Published: October 2008

The influence of the fat content, pH, the ripening degree and the incorporation of whey proteins, by two different methods, on the meltability of Cremoso Argentino cheese was examined. Different experimental cheeses were made at pilot plant scale and their meltabilities were determined by a modified Schreiber test. Ripening degree and fat content showed a good correlation with the meltability. Though, cheeses with incorporation of whey proteins showed poor meltability, despite their yields increased. No correlation was found between pH and meltability inside the pH working range studied.
Integral olive kernel elaboration with electricity generation, compared with actual system of obtaining olive virgin oil
Authors: Ortega Jurado A. , Palomar Carnicero J. M. , Cruz Peragón F.
Published: October 2008

A future solution for treatment of the olive and obtaining olive virgin oil is presented. The energy demands for which are supplied by a generation system, that also feeds other phases of manufacture of by-products, such as "orujos" drying or extraction of the residual oil contained in them. For this purpose gasifier equipment is needed, whose major fuel is plain olive stone, although "orujos" with 20% humidity could also be used. This system produces a gas which is introduced in a combustion engine connected to a generator, harnessing the electricity created to supply the plant itself. The thermal energy surplus serves to generate and sell electrical energy to distribution grid.
Cholesterol oxidized products in foods: potential health hazards and the role of antioxidants in prevention
Authors: Valenzuela Alfonso , Sanhueza Julio , Nieto Susana
Published: October 2008

Cholesterol is a molecule with a double bond in its structure, and therefore it is susceptible to oxidation leading to the formation of oxysterols. These oxidation products are found in many commonly consumed foods and are formed during their manufacture and/or processing. Concern about the consumption of oxysterols arises from the potentially cytotoxic, mutagenic, atherogenic, and possibly carcinogenic effects of some of them. Eggs and egg-derived products are the main dietary sources of oxysterols. Thermally processed milk and milk-derived products are also another source of oxysterols in our diet. Fried meats, and other miscellaneous foods, such as French fried potatoes, when prepared using vegetable/animal frying oil, are another important source of oxysterols in the western diet. Efforts to prevent or to reduce cholesterol oxidation are directed to the application of antioxidants of either synthetic or natural origin. Antioxidants cannot only inhibit triglyceride oxidation, but some of them can also inhibit cholesterol oxidation. Among synthetic antioxidants, 2,6-di-ter tiarybutyl-4-methylphenol (BHT) and ter tiary butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) , can eff icient ly inhibit the thermal-induced oxidation of cholesterol. Among natural antioxidants, alpha- and gamma-tocopherol, rosemary extracts, and flavonoid quercetin, show the strongest inhibitory action against cholesterol oxidation.
Phytosterols, a double-edged weapon?
Authors: Sánchez-Muniz Francisco J. , Canales Amaia , Librelotto Josana , Nus Meritxell
Published: October 2008

Phytosterols are plant sterols structurally similar to cholesterol. The most common phytosterols are ß-sitosterol, campesterol and stigmasterol. They are present in many foods but mainly in nuts and vegetable oils. They compete with cholesterol absorption decreasing the cardiovascular risk. Recent studies have associated the intake of 0.63-3g/day of phytosterols with lowering serum cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels. The same decrease has been observed in apolipoprotein B. These results suggest that dietary phytosterols are useful for protection against cardiovascular disease. Because of this they have been incorporated in relatively high quantities into spreads and margarines. However, negative effects have also been reported. Among them, a significant decrease in the absorption of several lypophilic antioxidant compounds such as carotenoids and tocopherols, which may counterbalance the protective cardiovascular effect of phytosterols. In this paper the results of several selected studies relating phytosterol consumption and plasma levels of lipids, lipoproteins and antioxidants are reviewed. More studies are needed to establish if it is necessary to supplement with such antioxidant compounds the diet of people consuming phytosterols for therapeutical purposes.
Antioxidant activity of alcohol extracts of chamomile flowers, anise seeds and dill seeds in two vegetable oils and two animal fats
Authors: Qasem Ahmed , Al-Ismail Khalid
Published: October 2008

The antioxidant activity of alcohol extracts of chamomile flowers (CFE), anise seeds (ASE) and dill seeds (DSE) in corn oil, soybean oil, beef tallow and anhydrous butter fat (ABF) was investigated during storage at 65ºC. The extent of oxidation was followed by peroxide value (PV). In addition, reducing power of these extracts was determined. Alcohol extracts of these plants at 3 g kg-1 were more effective as antioxidant than BHA (0.2 g kg-1) in corn and soybean oils, while they were less effective in beef tallow and ABF. CFE was more effective in retarding fat oxidation in corn and soybean oil than ASE and DSE, which both showed similar activity. However, in beef tallow and ABF all extracts showed similar activities. On the other hand, the reducing power of these extracts showed different behavior. CFE, which was the most active as antioxidant among the extracts showed the lowest reducing power. Furthermore, ASE and DSE, which exhibited similar antioxidant activity, the former has lower reducing activity than the latter, indicating that the antioxidant activity didn’t correlate linearly with the reducing power of these extracts.
Purification and partial characterization of storage proteins in Lupinus angustifolius seeds
Authors: Lqari Hassane , Pedroche Justo , Girón-Calle Julio , Vioque Javier , Millán Francisco
Published: October 2008

Lupinus angustifolius seed proteins have been purified by sequential dialysis and ion exchange chromatography, and their amino acid composition has been studied in order to determine their nutritional value as sources of essential amino acids. Albumins include a great variety of proteins. Globulins were resolved in α, β and δ conglutins. Conglutin α is the main protein in the seeds of L. angustifolius, representing 76.6% of the total. While lysine was found to be the limiting amino acid in L. Angustifolius seed proteins as a whole, tyrosine was the limiting amino acid in albumins, and methione and lysine were limiting in globulins. Lysine, methionine and histidine were limiting amino acids in  α conglutin.
New heterocycles having double characters; as antimicrobial and surface active agents.
Authors: Amine M. S. , F.Eissa A. M. , El-Sawy A. A. , Shaaban A. F. , El-Sayed R.
Published: October 2008

Fatty acids isothiocyanate (1) was used as a starting material to synthesize some important heterocycles such as triazoles, oxazoles, thiazoles, benzoxazoles and quinazolines by treating with different types of nucleophiles such as nitrogen nucleophiles, oxygen nucleophiles, and sulfur nucleophiles. The produced compounds were subjected to propylene oxide in different moles (n = 3, 5 and 7) to produce novel groups of nonionic compounds having the double function as antimicrobial and surface active agents which can be used in the manufacturing of drugs, cosmetics, pesticides or can be used as antibacterial and/or antifungal. The physical properties as surface and interfacial tension, cloud point, foaming height, wetting time, emulsification power and the critical micelle concentration (CMC) were determined, antimicrobial and biodegradability were also determined.
A study of the fatty acid and tocochromanol patterns of some Fabaceae (Leguminosae) plants from Turkey I
Authors: Bagci Eyup , Bruehl Ludger , Özçelik Hasan , Aitzetmuller Kurt , Vural Mecit , Sahim Ahmet
Published: October 2008

In this study, the fatty acid, tocopherol, tocotrienol and plastochromanol-8 contents of some selected Fabaceae (Leguminosae) species belonging to different genera (Colutea, Vicia, Lathyrus, Gonocytisus, Lupinus, Hedysarum, Onobrychis, Trigonella) from Turkey were determined by using GLC and HPLC techniques. Some of the studied species are endemic to Turkey. The seed oils of different Leguminous taxa contained linoleic, oleic and linolenic acids as their major components. The ratios of these fatty acids in the Leguminous genera were found to be highly variable. Palmitic and stearic acids are the major saturated fatty acids in the seed oils. Vicia and Onobrychis patterns showed high similarity in means of qualitative fatty acid concentration. The tocopherol and tocochromanol patterns of the seed oils were also found to be highly variable among the genera investigated here. The total tocopherols was higher than the total tocotrienols. Alpha and gamma tocopherols were also the highest tocopherols present in the whole species. Beta, gamma and delta-tocotrienols were not found in most of the studied leguminous patterns. The results are discussed in view of renewable sources and chemotaxonomy.
Isolation of lactic acid bacteria for its possible use in the fermentation of green algerian olives
Authors: Mourad Kacem , Halima Zadi-Karam , Nour-Eddine Karam
Published: October 2008

This study was undertaken with the aim of obtaining lactic acid bacteria with the ability to ferment olives for possible use as starter cultures. For this reason, 32 isolates of lactic acid bacteria isolated from the spontaneous fermentation of green olives were characterized and identified on the basis of morphological and biochemical criteria. 14 of them were identified as Lactococcus lactis, 11 isolates as Lactobacillus plantarum and 7 isolates as Enterococcus sp. Of the 18 isolates examined for antagonistic activity, 3 isolates of Lactobacillus plantarum and one isolate of Enterococcus sp. were able to give distinct zones of inhibition against 5 indicator strains of lactic acid bacteria isolated in this study. Cell free supernatant of Lactobacillus plantarum OL9 was active against Gram-positive bacteria (Lactobacillus, Enterococcus and Propionibacterium) and also against one Gram-negative bacteria strain of spoilage significance (Erwinia).
Influence of sodium chloride and its combination with Fe (II) or Cu (II) on the oxidative alteration of butter model systems
Authors: Al-Ismail Khalid M , Humeid Mohammad A
Published: October 2008

The effect of the incorporation of different levels of NaCl at 10.7, 21.4, 46 and 66 g kg-1, and the combinations of NaCl (10 or 20 g kg-1) and Fe(II) or Cu(II) (25 or 50gg-1) in model systems of water dispersion in butter fat (WDIBFS) during storage was investigated by measuring peroxide value, p-anisidine index and TOTOX. The results indicated that NaCl at 10.7, 21.4 and 46 g kg-1 levels had a significant retarding effect against fat oxidation during 6 months of storage, while the higher concentration of 66 g kg-1 salt showed a significant prooxidant effect. NaCl significantly (p 0.05) increased the prooxidant effect of Cu(II) in all combinations, whereby the increase was directly proportional to the salt concentration. On the other hand, the addition of NaCl significantly increased the prooxidant effect of Fe(II) ions with no significant differences between the two salt levels (10 and 20 gkg-1). Ferrous ions were more effective as prooxidant than Cu(II) ions in the salt free WDIBFS. However, the addition of salt almost canceled the observed differences of the prooxidant influence of Fe(II) and Cu(II) ions.
Honey roasted peanuts and roasted peanuts from Argentina. Sensorial and chemical analyses
Authors: Mestrallet Marta G. , Carnacini Laura , Días María J. , Nepote Valeria , Ryan Liliana , Conci Silvia , Grosso Nelson R.
Published: October 2008

The objective of this work was to characterize the chemical and sensory aspects of Honey Roasted (HRP) and Roasted Peanuts (RP). These products were evaluated for sensory analysis: overall acceptance using a consumer test and a descriptive analysis using a trained panel. Percentages of protein, oil, carbohydrate and ash was analyzed in HRP and RP. The contents of carbohydrate, oil and protein in HRP were 28.22%, 45.56% and 21.06%, respectively. RP showed higher percentages of lipids and protein and lower percentages of carbohydrate content than HRP. The total energetic value was lower in HRP. Values of 8 (like very much) were chosen by a higher number of consumer panelist for HRP while values of 6 (like slightly) were found in a higher proportion for RP. The trained panel described 11 attributes: brown color, roughness, roasted peanutty, oxidized, cardboard, sweet, salty, bitter, sour, hardness and crunchiness. The roasted peanutty intensity in RP was higher than in HRP. The intensities of roughness, sweet and salty in HRP were higher than in RP.
Diffusion of sodium during the alkali treatment of olives aloreña variety
Authors: Maldonado Mariela B. , Zuritz Carlos A.
Published: October 2008

A sodium diffusion model in a hollow sphere was adjusted with a high degree of correlation (0.97
Characterization of Sicilian virgin olive oils. Note X. A comparison between Cerasuola and Nocellara del BeliceUn noventa por ciento de los olivos de la cuenca mediterránea son destinados a la producción de aceite. Dentro de un amplio es varieties
Authors: Dugo G.mo , Alfa M. , La Pera L. , Mavrogeni E. , Pollicino D. , Maisano R. , Pizzimenti G.
Published: October 2008

Ninety percent of the olive trees are destined to oil production in the Mediterranean basin. Within a wide study of Southern Italian olive oils, with a particular reference to Sicily, several varieties of olive have been studied. The result of an analytical study carried out with two cultivars "Nocellara del Belice" and "Cerasuola" for six consecutive years is described in this paper. Parameters related to olive oil purity and shelf-life together with the composition (%) of sterols and fatty acids of the single oils are shown. Data were analyzed by the univariate non-parametric Mann-Whitney test and the multivariate procedure of Factor Analysis.
Physicochemical characteristics of coroba (Jessenia polycarpa Karst) oil seed.
Authors: Salazar de Marcano Edith , Belén Douglas , Jiménez Napoleón , Pino Karina
Published: October 2008

The coroba (Jessenia polycarpa Karst) is an autochthonous plant from the Cedeño Municipality, Bolívar State, in Venezuela, whose fruit forms part of the culinary tradition of the region. The objective of this investigation was to determine the physical-chemical characteristics of the oil from the seed of the coroba, in order to establish its possible uses. The proximate analysis of the seeds separated from mature fruits was as follows: humidity (10.16 0.04 %), fat (58.21 0.04%), raw fiber (21.64 0.07%), ash (2.21 0.09%). Oil extracted from the seeds with organic solvent (n-hexane) showed the following values: iodine value ( 5.78 0.04 cg I2/g), peroxide index (1.22 0.04 meq O2/kg), free acidity (0.255% as lauric acid), refraction index at 20 °C (1.4515), phosphorus content (115.5 4.9 ppm). The fatty acid profile of the oil showed lauric acid (41.75%) as the major component. These results suggest that coroba oilseed can be considered as a potential substitute for coconut and palmiste oils.
Fortification of fried potato chips with antioxidant vitamins to enhance their nutritional value and storage ability
Authors: Mahmoud Allam Samah Said , Edress El-Sayed Fyka
Published: October 2008

The frying shelf life of commercial frying oil was increased by the addition of synthetic and natural antioxidants, e.g. TBHQ, retinyl palmitate and ascorbyl palmitate (antioxidant vitamins).The results revealed that TBHQ had the best effect in retarding the deteriorative effect of frying conditions throughout 24h of frying potato chips at 180±10 ºC followed by the effect of retinyl palmitate and the effect of ascorbyl palmitate compared to the control without any additives. Fried potato chips in oils either with or without antioxidant were collected during the first 8h of frying, divided into 3 main portions each portion had different treatment; 1) without any additives (control samples for fried potatoes resulting from the control oil or from oil containing TBHQ or containing retinyl or ascorbyl palmitate. 2) fortification of the above 4 samples with vitamin E (tocopherol) by dipping each of the resulting samples from the four frying trials separately in oil containing 0.1 % tocopherol. 3) fortification of each of the above mentioned samples with vitamin C by dispersing the mixture of fine salt and ascorbyl palmitate on the fried chips' surface and vigorous shaking in bags. The control samples and fortified samples were packed in aluminum bags and stored in an electric oven at 63±1 ºC . The storage ability of fried potatoes at 63±1 ºC was increased by the fortification with antioxidant vitamins either with vitamin E (tocopherol) or with vitamin C (ascorbyl palmitate) before packaging and storing at 63±1 ºC. The results indicated that potatoes fried in oil without any additives (control) had the lowest storage stability and that it was increased by the fortification with antioxidant vitamins, C or E. Potato chips fortified with vitamins A or C by frying in oil containing retinyl palmitate or ascorbyl palmitate and also in oil containing TBHQ had better storage ability at 63 ºC and this was also prolonged by the addition of vitamin E or C after the frying processes and before storing at 63 ºC in aluminium bags. This demonstrated the synergistic effect of the antioxidant vitamins which work either alone or complementary to each other along with the protective effect of the phenolic antioxidant (TBHQ) which protected these vitamins by supporting their antioxidant function.
Effect of lipophilization on functional properties of palm kernel flour (Elaeis guineensis)
Authors: Lamus Uvarova Maria , Barrera-Arellano Daniel
Published: October 2008

Functional properties of proteins presented in palm kernel flour were studied, started with almonds with and without testa. Removal of testa with HCl permitted a decrease of the polyphenol concentration, besides conferring the flour a light cream color. Lipophilization of the proteins of palm kernel was studied in order to evaluate the changes on functional properties and compare them to the properties of non-modified flour. Properties measured were solubility, water retention capacity (WRC) and oil retention capacity (ORC), emulsion capacity (EC), emulsion activity (EA), emulsion stability (ES), foam expansion (FE) and foam stability (FS). Lipophilization of the cake without testa was tested in two protein:palmitoyl chloride ratios: 1:0.5 and 1:1, w/v. Solubility and EC decreased, however, the other properties either kept constant (WRC) or increased markedly. Lipophilization with a lower concentration of fatty acids (1:0.5 protein:palmitoyl chloride ratio) showed higher values for functional properties.
Growth in brine, at low temperature and different organic acids, of yeasts from table olives
Authors: Durán Quintana M. C. , Noé Arroyo F. , García García P. , Garrido Fernández A.
Published: October 2008

The evolution of the main yeast species related to table olives ( Pichia anomala, Pichia membranaefaciens, Pichia minuta, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida diddensii, Candida famata , and Debaryomyces hansenii ) at low temperature ( 7 ºC ) and different physico-chemical brine conditions was studied, using the log of the relative growth as response. In general, the NaCl concentration had a reduced effect, which was slightly greater at pH 3.5, although it was never significant. The effects of pH and type of acid were significant: the presence of acetic acid always diminished the yeast population with time; however the population was maintained, or even slightly increased, in the presence of lactic acid. Such effects were higher at pH 3.5 than at pH 4.0. The behaviour of the yeast species was diverse. Sacch. cerevisiae , P. nmembranaefaciens , C. famata y Deb. hansenii diminished with time in 8 % NaCl. The yeast population markedly decreased at pH 3.5, mainly in the case of Sacch. cerevisiae and C. famata. The presence of acetic acid decreased the yeast population in most species and always lead to a progressive diminution of it with time. No differences between species due to lactic acid was observed. These results can be of interest for the development of commercial presentations of table olives to be preserved at low temperature and with a reduced level of sodium.
Effect of Maclura pomifera total acetonic extract, pomiferin and osajin on the autooxidation of purified sunflower triacylglycerols
Authors: Hamed Said F. , Hussein Ahmed A.
Published: October 2008

omiferin and osajin have been isolated from the acetonic extract of M. pomifera fruits. Effects of total acetonic extract, pomiferin and osajin on the autooxidation of purified sunflower triacylglycerol were studied. Pomiferin showed a high antioxidant activity whereas total acetonic extract showed moderate and osajin revealed a low activity.
Effects of soil salinity on the quality of ‘Arbequina' olive oil
Authors: Royo A. , Gracia Mª S. , Aragüés R.
Published: October 2008

This work analyzes the effect of soil salinity on olive oil quality. The chemical composition of oils extracted from young ‘Arbequina' olives subject in the field to three soil salinity levels (low-L, medium-M and high-H) was determined throughout a period of three years. A total of 30 parameters were analyzed (moisture, oil content, acidity, peroxides, ultraviolet absorbances, poliphenols, aliphatic alcohols, sterols, waxes, and fatty acid composition). Soil salinity was measured on fourteen different dates with an electromagnetic sensor. Overall, salinity increased oil content (+15 % in H with respect to L) and decreased aliphatic alcohols (-29 %) and palmitoleic acid (-32 %) (values significant at P0,05). In summary, olive oil quality was practically independent of soil salinity and, according to the prevailing legislation, all the oils were classified as “extra virgin”.
Reuse of discarded deactivated bleaching earth in the bleaching of oils
Authors: Girgis Adel Y.
Published: October 2008

Discarded bleaching earth was used after its reactivation for the bleaching of sunflower, soybean and corn oils. The efficiency of reactivated bleaching earth was compared to the efficiency of virgin activated bleaching earth. Acid reactivated earth (pH 2.5-3) had a slightly higher content in silicone than virgin activated or neutralized reactivated earths. The best results in the color of sunflower and corn oils were obtained when neutralized earth (pH 6–7) was used at 1 and 2 % levels. Acid reactivated earth used at 2 % achieved a higher reduction in soybean oil color than virgin earth (pH 3) at the same dosage. Both reactivated earths reduced peroxide value, iron, conjugated dienes and soap, while they increased acidity and conjugated trienes. Furthermore, these reactivated earths determined higher decrements in the oil induction period than virgin earth. Reactivated earth could be used for 5 cycles for the bleaching of soybean or corn oils and for more than 6 cycles for sunflower oil.
Deterioration of partially hydrogenated soybean oil used in deep fat frying of a meat food
Authors: Daniela Juárez María , Masson Lilia , Sammán Norma
Published: October 2008

The deterioration of partially hydrogenated soybean oil used in deep fat frying of a meat food called milanesa for evaluating its behavior according to the Argentinian Food Codex (CAA) at laboratory scale was studied. Two differebnt lots of the oil, in batch process, with fresh oil turnover were heated at 180ºC ± 2 ºC for 42 and 56 h, respectively. Deterioration was followed through the evolution of free fatty acid percentage, polar compounds, distribution of these deterioration species and fatty acid composition. In the first lot, at 42 h of heating, polar compounds increased from 4.6 % at t' 0 to 16 % (120 milanesas fried). In the second lot, at 56 h of heating, polar compounds increased from 2.5 to 27.6 % (160 milanesas fried). The main deterioration was thermal, considering the presence of triglycerides polymers and dimers in polar compounds, followed by hydrolytic deterioration. The free fatty acid percentage was higher than the maximum level of 1.25 % established in the CAA at an early stage of the frying process. According to the results of this study, it is recommended to include polar compound percentage as a measure of frying control processing and to check the free fatty acid value, which is considered too low.
Cream-like emulsions prepared with soy milk 1: Stability studies and formulation
Authors: Márquez Andrés L. , Wagner Jorge R. , Palazolo Gonzalo G.
Published: October 2008

The objective of the present work was to obtain stable emulsions prepared with soy milk, refined sunflower oil and milk fat. By Quick Scan measures, emulsions formulated with soy milk (5 and 10 %), variable proportion and composition of lipid phase and absence or presence of xhantan gum, more stable formulations were determined. Creaming was the main mechanism of destabilization of the emulsions. Those formulated with more concentrated soy milk, greater content of lipid phase and presence of xhantan gum were more stable. The stability increase of emulsions with a higher content of oil was attributed to the increase of viscosity instead of the droplet size. The content of milk fat in lipid phase had a low influence on droplet size but didn't show changes in droplet distribution and emulsion stability. Consistency increase due to stirring was favoured in emulsions of 40-50 % of lipid phase (30-50 % of milk fat).