bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Global, Regional, and National Burden of Male Breast Cancer, 1990–2021: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
Authors: Wang Long , Wen Ping , Shao Qing , Jiang Dongping , Zhao Yulan , Zeng Xiaohua
Published: January 2025

Background

Male breast cancer (MBC) is rare and often treated using evidence from female breast cancer (BC) trials due to limited male participation. Previous estimates lacked global coverage and completeness. We aimed to quantify the global MBC burden from 1990 to 2021 and evaluate its current status and trends.

Methods

Based on the global burden of disease (GBD) database, we gathered and analyzed data on the incidence, death, and disability‐adjusted life years (DALYs) of MBC while utilizing age‐standardized rates (ASRs) as indicators for these measurements. Our study calculated the estimated annual percentage change (EAPC), aiming at measuring the average change in ASRs. Additionally, we evaluated the attributable risk factors (RFs) and trends of MBC across different regions and age groups worldwide.

Results

In 2021, the global MBC age‐standardized incidence rates (ASIR), age‐standardized death rates (ASDR), and age‐standardized DALY rates (ASDALY) per 100,000 persons were 0.941 (95% UI, 0.605–1.155), 0.335 (95% UI, 0.232–0.409), and 9.157 (95% UI, 6.116–11.423), respectively. In comparison to 1990, these rates have increased by 2.212 (95% UI, 2.047–2.378), 0.664 (95% UI, 0.562–0.767), and 0.853 (95% UI, 0.750–0.956) respectively. In Uganda 2021, the ASIR and ASDR of MBC were the highest at 4.541 (95% UI, 3.028–6.808) and 3.510 (95% UI, 2.301–5.195) per 100,000 persons, respectively. Moreover, the burden of MBC exhibited an increase with age. Globally, dietary risk was the most important attributable RF for MBC deaths, with a death percentage of 11.690% (95% UI, −0.003%–24.838%), followed by alcohol use and tobacco.

Conclusion

From 1990 to 2021, the ASIR, ASDR, and ASDALY of MBC have shown significant disparities and an increasing trend. Committing to healthy lifestyle choices, such as decreasing tobacco and alcohol consumption and making positive changes to dietary habits, can assist in reducing MBC risk. The development and execution of robust and effective public health policies are crucial for alleviating the global disease burden.
Exploring the Synthesis and Properties of Fluorinated Cationic Triangulenes and Their Precursors
Authors: Kaur Ramandeep , Moutet Jules , Mills David D. , Gianetti Thomas L.
Published: January 2025

Fluorination of tris(2,6‐dimethoxyphenyl)‐methylium ((DMP)3C+) was achieved through the partial defluorination of the methyl 2,3,5,6‐tetrafluorobenzoate via nucleophilic aromatic substitution. Using the fluorinated 2F((DMP)3C+) as a precursor, fluorinated tetramethoxy‐ and dimethoxyquin‐ acridinium salts (2F4 and 2F5 respectively) and trioxo‐, azadioxo‐, and diazaoxo‐ triangulenium salts (2F6, 2F7 and 2F8 respectively) were synthesized successfully in good to moderate yields. Fluorination induced significant red shifts in absorption (16 to 29 nm) and emission (13 to 41 nm) maxima, and increased electrophilicity as evidenced by lower reduction potentials. X‐ray structural analysis showed distinct packing patterns compared to the non‐fluorinated analogues, indicating the presence of molecular dipoles.
Neural Sensitivity to Ambiguous Social Exclusion Reflects Information Processing Bias in Midadolescents With Higher Levels of Aggression
Authors: Riggle Elise , Schmidt Louis A. , Lahat Ayelet , Crowley Michael J. , Tang Alva
Published: January 2025

Aggression is commonly associated with increased experiences of peer rejection and maladaptive social information processing biases throughout development. Little is known about the neural correlates of peer rejection that might underlie social information processing biases, and whether these neural correlates are common or different across early‐ and mid‐adolescents on a continuum of aggression. Using the Cyberball task, we examined mediofrontal theta (4–7 Hz) event‐related EEG spectral power during conditions of explicit and ambiguous social exclusion in 117 participants (57 early adolescents, ages 10–12 years, and 60 mid‐adolescents, ages 14–16 years). Participants with at least 10 artifact‐free trials per condition were included in further EEG analysis. In total, 95 participants (42 early adolescents, 53 mid‐adolescents) were included for further analyses of EEG spectral theta power. Results examining moderation effects between aggression level and age groups showed that mid‐adolescents, but not early adolescents, with higher levels of aggression displayed enhanced theta power during the early processing (200–400 ms) of ambiguous (“not my turn”) exclusion events. The pattern of heightened neural sensitivity to ambiguous exclusion events reflects early detection and inclusion monitoring which might facilitate processing biases that are more prominent among mid‐adolescents with higher levels of aggression.
Design and Validation of an Open–Close Device for Integrated Environmental DNA Sampling Detects A Depth Gradient in Indian Ocean Deep‐Sea Fish Assemblages
Authors: Bessey Cindy , Martini Andrew , Currie Alasdair , Ponsonby Will , Tyndall Aaron , Crossing Ryan , Salazar Vinícius Werneck , Dawkins Kathryn L. , Pogonoski John J. , Moore Glenn , Mortimer Nick , Keesing John K.
Published: January 2025

Advances in methods for collecting environmental DNA (eDNA) are revolutionizing biomonitoring capabilities. The goal of this study was to leverage existing survey technology to design and test an eDNA sampler that captures an integrated eDNA sample over the length of a deep‐water transect. We manufactured a 300 × 100 × 100 mm mountable, open‐ended box made of high‐density polyethylene that could be attached to the frame of a preexisting deep tow camera system. The box (OCD; open–close device) was equipped with an actuator that attached to hinged doors at both ends, enabling it to be opened and closed remotely at depths up to 6000 m through preexisting communications, thereby exposing the internal chamber to the surrounding water upon activation. A sterile active carbon sponge was inserted into the internal chamber for eDNA capture during each deployment. The OCD sampler was field tested during a voyage to the Gascoyne Marine Park region off northwest Australia. We compared three different methods for processing the captured eDNA from the sampler: filtering OCD water, extracting eDNA from sponge pieces, and filtering sponge rinse water. Using fish as our example organism, we also compared the identities of fishes from eDNA detections with bottom trawl survey data collected during the same survey, and the known regional species pool, to confirm the eDNA identifications were plausible. A large number of fishes (193 taxa, from 87 families) were detected, and the majority were found within their expected depth ranges (> 75%), and in the trawl catches (60%). We discuss design and manufacturing lessons, ideas for increased eDNA capture efficiency for improved methodologies in sample processing, and how to establish appropriate field controls. We also discuss how this technology could advance our scientific understanding in ocean studies in terms of ecological metrics provided and the trade‐offs compared to other sampling tools.
Fish eDNA Composition Along a Gradient of Freshwater eDNA in an Estuarine Bay
Authors: Homma Shota , Hosokawa Shinya , Komuro Takashi
Published: January 2025

Metabarcoding of environmental DNA (eDNA) is becoming practically applied to fish monitoring and conservation surveys in estuaries. However, estuarine bays may be an unsuitable zone to use eDNA metabarcoding because they are affected by eDNA originating from upstream rivers. In this study, the transition of eDNA composition from river to bay was examined to investigate the influence of freshwater sources on the eDNA composition of the downstream bay. Samples were collected in a bay spanning around 1 km and an upstream river under high and low tide within 1 day in November and in January. The samples were analyzed by using eDNA metabarcoding for fish species and species‐specific quantitative analysis for the freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio. Our findings reveal that the eDNA of freshwater fishes was drastically diluted in the model estuarine bay. As a result, the relative‐read‐based composition clearly changed from riverine to marine environments, and the freshwater inflow had little effect on the relative‐read‐based composition at those sites. However, eDNA from freshwater fishes was widely detected in the bay by species‐specific and metabarcoding analysis, suggesting that fresh water may have a more significant impact when focusing on presence/absence‐based composition. Our study also found that the transition zone for the concentration of freshwater eDNA fluctuated spatiotemporally with tides, indicating that the degree of influence from the river varies with tide. Therefore, prior measurement of the distribution of freshwater fish eDNA at low tide would help to conservatively determine better sampling sites and design more reliable sampling in estuaries.
A sustainable mixed diet for children without compromising nutritional needs: The vitamin B12 issue
Authors: Kalhoff Hermann , Kersting Mathilde , Sinningen Kathrin , Lücke Thomas
Published: January 2025

Global climate change requires a paradigm change in diets, especially in affluent countries, with a reduction of animal‐based food, including children. This will have direct consequences for Vitamin B12 supply as animal‐based foods are the only food source. We examined these potential consequences using the German food based dietary guidelines for infants, children, and adults in Germany as the basis for the model calculation. The guidelines for 4 representative age groups were examined, representing exclusive milk feeding (2 months), complementary feeding (8 months), and mixed family diet (children: 4–6 years, adolescents: 11–14 years). For each age group (except 2 months), the contribution of animal‐based food groups (milk/dairy, meat, fish, eggs) to the total daily intake of vitamin B12 was calculated based on 7‐day menus with recipes for all meals. This allowed us to assess the potential Vitamin B12 deficits due to food group exclusion. Even in the guidelines diets, including exclusive breastfeeding, the vitamin B12 intakes just reached the reference values in all age groups. In infants on complementary feeding and also later in children and adolescents, cow's milk was by far the most important source of vitamin B12. Among the other animal‐based foods, meat (16.9%–23.0%) ranked first, followed by fish (11.0%–16.5%), and eggs (8.1%). In our analysis of the German food‐based guidelines for infant, child, and adolescent diets, the increased planetary health due to reduction of milk intake turned out severely to compromise vitamin B12 intake. In children, a reduction in the consumption of animal foods to improve the health of the planet must be weighed against the risk of inadequate intake of individual nutrients.
The Effects of Blue Light on Locomotion and Cognition in Early Adult Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Han Rui , Zhang Jun , Huang Guan‐Xiong , Yuan Ruo‐Xi , Lian Yun‐Shan , Zhao Meng‐Ying , Lu Yu‐Yuan , Huang Hao , Wang Yu‐Chen , Chen Yi‐Jie , Lo Chung‐Chuan , Tan Yi‐Heng
Published: January 2025

Artificial light sources, particularly blue light, have raised concerns about their impact on biological health and behavior. In this study, we explored the effects of blue light on the locomotion and cognitive functions of early adult Drosophila melanogaster. Our experiments were conducted in a custom‐designed behavioral arena to assess how blue light influences these parameters. We found that after ~2 weeks of blue light exposure, the locomotion of fruit flies, including movement speed and activity levels, significantly increased, but these effects disappeared by the third week. However, this exposure also led to a notable reduction in lifespan and had adverse effects on cognitive functions, including attention and short‐term spatial memory. These findings may reveal the profound impacts of blue light on neural behavioral functions and lifespan, highlighting the importance of further research into the biological effects of blue light.
The Roles of Cognitive and Affective Factors on Employees’ Current and Future Pro‐Environmental Behaviors
Authors: Kanojia Honey , Dhiman Neeraj
Published: January 2025

The current study investigated the cognitive and affective factors driving employees’ pro‐environmental behaviors (PEBs) in organizations to address a critical gap in sustainability research. Specifically, the roles of anticipated guilt, subjective norms (SNs), and the warm glow effect in shaping current and future green behaviors were examined through partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS‐SEM). The findings demonstrated that anticipated guilt was the strongest predictor of PEBs, followed by SNs. The warm glow effect was also revealed to partially mediate the relationship between current and future PEBs, which offered alternative insights into the long‐term sustainability of green practices. Resultantly, the findings contributed to the theory of planned behavior and provided practical implications for organizations seeking to foster employees’ continuous environmental commitment while advancing the understanding of the psychological mechanisms underlying sustained workplace PEBs.
Oyster shells as archives of present and past environmental variability and life history traits: A multi‐disciplinary review of sclerochronology methods and applications
Authors: Mouchi Vincent , Andrus C. Fred T. , Checa Antonio G. , Elliot Mary , Griesshaber Erika , Hausmann Niklas , Huyghe Damien , Lartaud Franck , Peharda Melita , de Winter Niels J.
Published: January 2025

Oysters inhabit a variety of coastal and deep‐sea settings over a wide latitudinal range and have a role as ecosystem engineers. They also represent an important food source for humans since hunter‐gatherer times, which motivates interest in using oyster shells as environmental and life history archives. Still, oysters have often been disregarded in sclerochronology studies, although several methods based on both microtextural and geochemical approaches have successfully been investigated. We review how these methods have been used to improve interpretations of shell records, and we identify knowledge gaps in a variety of disciplines. Those include ecology to study larval dispersal and growth rates; archaeology to determine shell midden constructions and site occupations; and palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimate reconstructions from tidal to annual timescales. We also suggest standardizing sclerochronology procedures to improve palaeoenvironmental reconstructions and biophysical models on oyster larval dispersal.
Interfacing Nanophotonics with Deep Neural Networks: AI for Photonic Design and Photonic Implementation of AI
Authors: Park Taehyuk , Mondal Sujoy , Cai Wenshan
Published: January 2025

Recent remarkable progress in artificial intelligence (AI) has garnered tremendous attention from researchers, industry leaders, and the general public, who are increasingly aware of AI's growing impact on everyday life. The advancements of AI and deep learning have also significantly influenced the field of nanophotonics. On the one hand, deep learning facilitates data‐driven strategies for optimizing and solving forward and inverse problems of nanophotonic devices. On the other hand, photonic devices offer promising optical platforms for implementing deep neural networks. This review explores both AI for photonic design and photonic implementation of AI. Various deep learning models and their roles in the design of photonic devices are introduced, analyzing the strengths and challenges of these data‐driven methodologies from the perspective of computational cost. Additionally, the potential of optical hardware accelerators for neural networks is discussed by presenting a variety of photonic devices capable of performing linear and nonlinear operations, essential building blocks of neural networks. It is believed that the bidirectional interactions between nanophotonics and AI will drive the coevolution of these two research fields.
Altered Intra‐ and Inter‐Network Resting‐State Functional Connectivity is Associated with Neuropsychological Functioning and Clinical Symptoms in Patients with Isolated Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder
Authors: Roura Ignacio , Pardo Jèssica , Martín‐Barceló Cristina , Oltra Javier , Campabadal Anna , Sala‐Llonch Roser , Bargalló Núria , Serradell Mònica , Pont‐Sunyer Claustre , Gaig Carles , Mayà Gerard , Montini Angelica , Junqué Carme , Iranzo Alex , Segura Bàrbara
Published: January 2025

Background

Isolated rapid‐eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (iRBD) is characterized by abnormal behaviors in REM sleep and is considered as a prodromal symptom of alpha‐synucleinopathies. Resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI) studies have unveiled altered functional connectivity (rsFC) in patients with iRBD. However, the associations between intra‐ and inter‐network rsFC with clinical symptoms and neuropsychological functioning in iRBD remain unclear.

Objective

To characterize intra‐ and inter‐network rsFC in iRBD patients using a data‐driven approach and to assess its associations with clinical features and cognitive functioning.

Methods

Forty‐two patients with iRBD and 45 healthy controls (HC) underwent rsfMRI and comprehensive neuropsychological testing. Resting‐state networks were characterized using independent component analyses. Group differences in intra‐ and inter‐network rsFC and their associations with clinical and neuropsychological data were studied. A threshold of corrected P < 0.05 was used in all the analyses.

Results

iRBD patients displayed lower intra‐network rsFC within basal ganglia, visual, sensorimotor, and cerebellar networks, relative to HC. Mean rsFC strength within the basal ganglia network positively correlated with processing speed and negatively with the non‐motor symptoms in iRBD patients. Reduced inter‐network rsFC between sensorimotor and visual medial networks was observed in iRBD patients, which was associated with global cognitive status.

Conclusions

iRBD is characterized by both reductions in intra‐network rsFC in cortical and subcortical networks and inter‐network dysconnectivity between sensorimotor and visual networks. Abnormalities in intra‐ and inter‐network rsFC are associated with cognitive performance and non‐motor symptoms, suggesting the utility of both rsFC measures as imaging markers in prodromal alpha‐synucleinopathies. © 2025 The Author(s). Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Analysis of Heavy Metal Accumulation in Ulva rigida and its Effects on Seed Germination of Pennisetum glaucum
Authors: Selvaraj Vijai Selvaraj Karungan , Periakaruppan Rajiv , Palanimuthu Vanathi , Romanovski Valentin , Bharathi Ayyarappan , Mohan Manu
Published: January 2025

The alga contains salt and heavy metals that are accumulated in algae poses a significant challenge to the safe use of algae in soil fertilization and other applications. This study examines the relevance of algal biomass as an environmentally friendly fertilizer, thereby contributing to sustainable coastal management practices. In this study, the hot and cold extraction method were done to obtain the Ulva rigida extract. Heavy metals such as vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, nickel, cobalt, copper, zinc and cadmium etc. were analyzed using ICP‐MS. Heavy metal analysis showed that the major metals such as manganese, iron, vanadium and zinc in Ulva rigida extract. The algae extract was used in different concentration (20, 40, 60 and 80 μL) to analyze the seed germination study in Pennisetum glaucum and it was found that theseed germination were 100 % at 5th day after sowing and the root and shoot length increased with increasing concentration of Ulva rigida extract and at 80 μL the shoot length of Pennisetum glaucum were decreased. The aqueous extracts of Ulva rigida are eco‐friendly, safe method for recycling the algal biomass as a novel biofertilizer.
Enhancing degradability with polyanhydrides: synthesis and impact on morphology, molecular interactions, hydrophilicity and hydrolytic degradation of PLLA/PCL/CAB blend films
Authors: Kongprayoon Arisa , Ross Gareth , Mahasaranon Sararat , Wilson James A , Topham Paul D , Tighe Brian J , Ross Sukunya
Published: January 2025

The degradation of polymer‐based materials is crucial for their end‐of‐life management, particularly in biomedical applications where controlled degradation rates are essential. Addressing this need, this study explores the incorporation of newly designed polyanhydrides (PAs) into multicomponent blends to enhance hydrolytic biodegradation. Two distinct PAs – poly[(propionic anhydride)‐co‐(succinic anhydride)] (PASA) and poly[(propionic anhydride)‐co‐(sebacic anhydride)] (PASEA) – were synthesized through melt‐condensation polymerization. These PAs were then incorporated into solution blend films composed of poly(l‐lactide) (PLLA), poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) and cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB), aiming to serve as an accelerator for the hydrolytic degradation of films. The incorporation of PASA and PASEA into the PLLA/PCL/CAB blend films resulted in the formation of phase‐separated domains and a notable shift of the carbonyl frequency band in the Fourier transform infrared spectra, indicating phase separation and intermolecular packing between homopolymers in the blend system. Significant changes in the molecular weight and surface morphology of the blend films with PAs were observed after 0, 3 and 6 months of storage. These observations confirmed the role of PASA and PASEA in accelerating through surface erosion, as evidenced by the presence of craze lines at both macrophase‐ and microphase‐separated domains. This study highlights the potential of newly designed PA additives to enhance the degradation and stability of PLLA/PCL/CAB polymer‐based film. Such enhancements are valuable for designing materials with controlled degradation rates, which is particularly important in biomedical applications where precise timing of degradation within the body is essential. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.
Pulmonary Morbidity in Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Survivors Treated at a Non‐ECMO Center From 1998 to 2015: A Cross‐Sectional Study
Authors: Larsen Ulla Lei , Agertoft Lone , Herskind Anne Maria , Strøm Thomas , Toft Palle , Halken Susanne
Published: January 2025

Introduction

A main feature of CDH is lung hypoplasia and the related presentation of pulmonary hypertension and cardiac dysfunction. Multiple factors influence pulmonary status after CDH: degree of hypoplasia, ventilator‐induced injury, altered growth and development of pulmonary structures, reduced diaphragm function and chest wall abnormalities. The evolution of pulmonary sequela in this population is still unclear. We aimed to describe the pulmonary status of our population of CDH‐survivors and evaluated on risk factors.

Methods

CDH‐survivors (1998−2015) were included and performed lung function tests and chest X‐rays.

Results

Fifty‐one (51/71, 71.8%) participated. Median age was 12.2 (5.5–21.4) years, 28 (54.9%) male, 42 (82.4%) had left‐sided hernias, 10 (19.6%) needed patch‐repair and median length of stay in hospital was 28.0 (IQR 18.5–61.6) days in Table 1. Spirometry including bronchodilator response (BDR)‐test, body plethysmography, and diffusion capacity, were available for 48, 42, and 40 participants. The mean (SD) z‐score for FEV1 and FVC was −0.26 (1.70) and −0.28 (1.70). Twenty‐one (43.8%) had obstructive patterns and six had positive BDR. TLC mean (SD) z‐score was −0.18 (1.10). Four showed restricted/mixed patterns and 13 showed signs of hyperinflation. Increased RV/TLC‐ratio and reduced FEV1 was associated with longer time on mechanical ventilation. Diffusion capacity was decreased in three cases. Chest X‐ray revealed hernia recurrence (13.9%) and scoliosis (38.9%).

Conclusion

Mild obstructive impairment and hyperinflation was frequent in our CDH cohort and only a small subset of restrictive disorders were identified. We advocate follow‐up by a specialized multidisciplinary team through childhood and into adulthood.
Predicting Remaining Useful Life and Optimizing Preventive Maintenance for Multistage Manufacturing Processes
Authors: Choo Young‐Suk , Lee Dong‐Hee , Shin Seung‐Jun
Published: January 2025

A multistage manufacturing process (MMP) is a sequential manufacturing process where products enter a machine in each stage and go through multiple stages for their production. In MMP, the machines even with possessing remaining useful life (RUL) at the current stage have to stop production when all the machines in their previous stage fail to operate. A majority of the relevant studies focus on predicting RUL without considering the characteristics of MMP; thus, hardly provide predictive RUL and optimum replacement time for stage‐level maintenance. The proposed method aims to predict RUL and optimize replacement time for stage‐level maintenance under the MMP structure. It consists of three steps: (1) detection and prediction models for caution and breakdown alarms are generated from historical data, (2) RUL of currently running machines and the probability distribution of RUL at stage level is estimated by analyzing current data with the detection and prediction models, and (3) an optimal replacement time at the stage level is derived based on the probability function of RUL. The proposed method is demonstrated in a hypothetical case study to derive the optimal machine replacement time and validated in a real case study.
Slot‐Die Coating Deposition Method in High‐Performance Perovskite Solar Modules
Authors: Liu Ziyuan , He Dongmei , Yu Yue , Liu Xinxing , Shai Xuxia , Chen Jiangzhao
Published: January 2025

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have gained significant attention due to their high efficiency and potential for low‐cost production. The upscaling of PSCs is key to its final large‐scale commercial deployment. In recent several years, considerable advancements have been obtained on large‐area perovskite solar modules (PSMs). Several large‐area deposition methods have been employed to fabricate PSMs, mainly including spin‐coating, doctor‐blading, slot‐die coating, meniscus printing, screen printing, and vacuum deposition. Among them, slot‐die coating technique plays a critical role in preparing high‐efficiency PSMs, which is most widely adopted until now. In this review, the fundamentals and important parameters of slot‐die coating and its application in PSMs are first introduced. Then, the critical challenges and corresponding solutions are discussed. Finally, some potential development directions and issues are presented to advance the development of large‐area perovskite photovoltaic devices toward practical application.
Enhanced activation of retinal progenitor cells by zinc silicate bioceramics for effective functional restoration in retinal degenerative diseases
Authors: Sun Na , Zhang Zhaowenbin , Wang Jiajing , Yang Yuan , Wang Jianhui , Chen Tianxing , Wang Yiqi , Xiao Haodong , Gu Ping , Wang Zhaoyang , Chang Jiang , Ji Jing
Published: January 2025

Retinal degenerative diseases, primarily owing to the gradual loss of neuronal cells, could lead to blindness. Transplantation of retinal progenitor cells (RPCs), which had the unique ability to differentiate into neuronal cells, offered promising therapeutic potential for these diseases. However, a critical challenge in stem cell therapy was the efficient promotion of the directed proliferation and differentiation of progenitor cells. To overcome this limitation, we formulated a zinc silicate bioceramic (ZS) composite hydrogel. The experimental outcomes demonstrated that this novel material possessed substantial advantages and immense possibilities for mimicking the extracellular matrix environment, thereby effectively modulating stem cell proliferation and differentiation. Notably, it enhanced the differentiation of RPCs into neurons while suppressing glial cell differentiation. In particular, ZS had an exceptional capacity to induce the differentiation of RPCs into photoreceptor cells, a specialized type of neuronal cell. It was important to highlight that the ZS composite hydrogel predominantly facilitated the differentiation of RPCs through activation of the Tiam2‐Rac signaling pathway. Concurrently, it stimulated proliferation via activation of the AKT and ERK signaling pathways. The Zn ions in the ZS composite hydrogel primarily promoted the proliferation of RPCs, while the synergistic effect of Zn ions and Si ions contributed to reducing inflammatory factor expression and promoting the neuronal differentiation of RPCs. In conclusion, the meticulous modulation of RPC proliferation and differentiation mediated by ZS bioceramics held promise for novel therapeutic strategies of retinal degenerative diseases and neurodegenerative disorders.
Evaluation of the Accuracy and Performance of Two Commercial Pregnancy‐Associated Glycoprotein Tests for Early Pregnancy Detection in Cows
Authors: Safak Tarik , Tümer Kenan Çağrı , Alp Yağmur İpek , Özen Taha Yasin , Yilmaz‐Koc Oznur
Published: January 2025

The aim of this study was to determine and compare the diagnostic accuracies of two commercial pregnancy‐associated glycoprotein tests, Alertys OnFarm Pregnancy Test (AOPT) and Alertys Milk Pregnancy Test (AMPT), for early pregnancy diagnosis in dairy cattle. Holstein cows (n = 124) were used in the study. Whole blood samples were collected from the jugular vein 28 days after fixed‐time artificial insemination (FTAI). In addition, teats of these cows were swabbed and milk samples were collected into sterile Falcon tubes. AOPT was performed on the farm within 2 h after whole blood collection. Milk samples for AMPT analysis were taken to the laboratory and analysed within 2 h. Transrectal ultrasonography was performed on the 32nd day after FTAI as a reference test. Comparative evaluation was made according to the AOPT and AMPT results, 28 days after FTAI. The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) for the AOPT were 92.4%, 80.0%, 87.9%, 89.0% and 85.7% and for AMPT were 97.5%, 82.2%, 91.9%, 90.6% and 94.9% respectively. Cohen's kappa statistic showed a 91.9% agreement (kappa = 0.820, p < 0.001) between the reference test and AMPT, and an 87.9% agreement (kappa = 0.735, p < 0.001) between the reference test and AOPT. AOPT and AMPT offers a reliable, non‐invasive (in milk) and practical approach to pregnancy diagnosis in cows. These methods enable early pregnancy detection and can be easily integrated into farm routines, enhancing reproductive management and overall herd productivity.
Small changes of femoral torsion in varus or valgus distal femoral osteotomy using patient-specific instruments
Authors: Jud Lukas , Neopoulos Georgios , Hodel Sandro , Vlachopoulos Lazaros , Fucentese Sandro F.
Published: January 2025

Purpose

Hinge fractures show a relatively high incidence in varus and valgus distal femoral osteotomy (DFO) and can lead to delayed- or non-union. Another observed complication of a hinge fracture is an unintentional change of the postoperative femoral torsion of up to + 9.5° in conventionally performed DFO. We hypothesize that the change of femoral torsion in case of a hinge fracture is less pronounced when DFO is performed using patient-specific instruments (PSI) compared to the literature of conventionally performed DFO.

Methods

All patients who underwent varus or valgus DFO using PSI from January 2014 to September 2023 were included. Radiographs and computed tomography (CT) scans were used to screen for hinge fractures. Pre- and postoperative femoral torsion was measured in CT.

Results

Thirty-five medial closing-wedge DFO (MCW-DFO), 27 lateral closing-wedge DFO (LCW-DFO), and 27 lateral opening-wedge DFO (LOW-DFO) were included, resulting in a total of 89 included osteotomies. A total of 55 hinge fractures (61.8%) were observed. The femoral torsion changed significantly from 20.5° ± 7.7° to 15.5° ± 8.1° (p < 0.001) in LOW-DFO with a hinge fracture, whereas the other two techniques showed no significant change of femoral torsion.

Conclusion

The use of PSI in varus and valgus DFO showed only small changes of the postoperative femoral torsion, even in case of a hinge fracture. The change of femoral torsion was depending on the type of DFO and was only significant in LOW-DFO, however, not exceeding a mean change of 5°.
Impact of impaired renal function on kinetics of high-sensitive cardiac troponin following cardiac surgery
Authors: Rudolph Felix , Deutsch Marcus-André , Friedrichs Kai Peter , Renner André , Scholtz Werner , Gerçek Muhammed , Kirchner Johannes , Ayoub Mohamed , Rudolph Tanja Katharina , Schramm René , Gummert Jan , Rudolph Volker , Omran Hazem
Published: January 2025

Background

Impaired renal function can increase cardiac troponin levels due to reduced elimination, potentially affecting its diagnostic utility. Limited data exist on high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I (hs-cTnI) kinetics after cardiac surgery relative to renal function. This study evaluates how impaired renal function influences hs-cTnI kinetics following cardiac surgery, distinguishing between patients with and without postoperative myocardial infarction (PMI).

Methods

We conducted a retrospective analysis of adult patients who underwent elective cardiac surgery at our hospital from January 2013 to May 2019. Serial hs-cTnI measurements were taken from baseline up to 48 h post-surgery. Renal function was assessed using the MDRD formula, defining impaired renal function as a GFR < 60 ml/min. Acute kidney injury (AKI) was based on postoperative creatinine levels, and PMI was defined by ARC-2 criteria. Predictors of long-term all-cause mortality were analyzed using Cox regression.

Results

Out of 14,355 patients (51.4% CABG, 39.4% valvular procedures, 9.2% thoracic aortic procedures), 139 (1.0%) had PMI. Hs-cTnI levels were higher in patients with impaired renal function across the cohort and in those without PMI. However, in patients with PMI, hs-cTnI levels did not vary significantly with renal function. Elevated hs-cTnI ≥ 213 times the upper limit of normal was a significant predictor of long-term mortality regardless of renal function (hazard ratio: 1.28, 95% CI: 1.17–1.40, p < 0.001), but early postoperative hs-cTnI measures held poor discriminatory yield to predict PMI with an AUC of 0.55 (95% confidence intervals: 0.54–0.56).

Conclusion

Renal function and acute kidney injury affect hs-cTnI kinetics post-surgery only in patients without PMI. Elevated hs-cTnI remains a strong predictor of long-term mortality, independent of renal function, but early postoperative detection of PMI requires additional metrics, including ECG, transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), and signs of hemodynamic instability.

Graphical Abstract

Impact of impaired renal function on kinetics of high-sensitive cardiac troponin following cardiac surgery. Legend: Postopereparative myocardial infarction (PMI) was defined in accordance with the ARC-2 criteria, as: > 35x elevation of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I (hs-cTnI) above the upper limit of normal (ULN) of 26 pg/ml and either of 1) new pathological Q waves or equivalent, 2) flow-limiting angiographic complication, or 3) new “substantial” loss of myocardium on imaging. Normal or impaired renal function at baseline was discriminated by estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) with a cut-off of 60 ml/ml. ECG = electrocardiogram, TTE = transthoracic echocardiography.
Enhanced spatial modeling on linear networks using Gaussian Whittle-Matérn fields
Authors: Chaudhuri Somnath , Barceló Maria A. , Juan Pablo , Varga Diego , Bolin David , Rue Håvard , Saez Marc
Published: January 2025

Spatial statistics is traditionally based on stationary models on
$${\mathbb{R}}^{d}$$
like Matérn fields. The adaptation of traditional spatial statistical methods, originally designed for stationary models in Euclidean spaces, to effectively model phenomena on linear networks such as stream systems and urban road networks is challenging. The current study aims to analyze the incidence of traffic accidents on road networks using three different methodologies and compare the model performance for each methodology. Initially, we analyzed the application of spatial triangulation precisely on road networks instead of traditional continuous regions. However, this approach posed challenges in areas with complex boundaries, leading to the emergence of artificial spatial dependencies. To address this, we applied an alternative computational method to construct nonstationary barrier models. Finally, we explored a recently proposed class of Gaussian processes on compact metric graphs, the Whittle-Matérn fields, defined by a fractional SPDE on the metric graph. The latter fields are a natural extension of Gaussian fields with Matérn covariance functions on Euclidean domains to non-Euclidean metric graph settings. A ten-year period (2010–2019) of daily traffic-accident records from Barcelona, Spain have been used to evaluate the three models referred above. While comparing model performance we observed that the Whittle-Matérn fields defined directly on the network outperformed the network triangulation and barrier models. Due to their flexibility, the Whittle-Matérn fields can be applied to a wide range of environmental problems on linear networks and more general metric graphs such as modeling of water contamination in stream networks or modeling air quality or accidents on urban road networks.
Motivations for Self-Harm in Young People and Their Correlates: A Systematic Review
Authors: Tang S. , Hoye A. , Slade A. , Tang B. , Holmes G. , Fujimoto H. , Zheng W.-Y. , Ravindra S. , Christensen H. , Calear A. L.
Published: January 2025

Self-harm in young people is associated with increased risk of suicide and other negative long-term outcomes. Understanding the motivations driving self-harm behaviours among young people can help to inform the development of preventative and treatment interventions. Self-harm rates have been rising, but reviews of the recent quantitative literature have not been undertaken. PsycInfo, Embase and Medline were systematically searched in September 2024 for studies published in the past ten years. Quantitative studies that examined motivations for self-harm (including prevalence and/or correlates) among young people (aged 10 to 24 years) with a history of self-harm were included in the review. The review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines and registered with PROSPERO (CRD42023429568). One hundred and seventeen studies met inclusion criteria. Intrapersonal motivations for self-harm (particularly emotion regulation, anti-dissociation and self-punishment) were more common than interpersonal motivations (e.g. peer bonding, communication). Intrapersonal motivations correlated with female gender, higher self-harm severity, current, repetitive and persistent self-harm, suicidality, poorer mental health and poorer emotion regulation. There was evidence to suggest that interpersonal motives are associated with younger age and some mental health difficulties (e.g. anxiety). Young people predominantly self-harm for intrapersonal reasons. Given that self-harm for intrapersonal reasons is associated with greater self-harm severity, suicidality and poor mental health, steps should be taken to prevent and reduce self-harm. Interventions for self-harm require a multifaceted approach that not only provides young people with alternate ways of regulating their emotions, but also targets risk factors that contribute to self-harm.
A Novel Stochastic Interacting Particle-Field Algorithm for 3D Parabolic-Parabolic Keller-Segel Chemotaxis System
Authors: Wang Zhongjian , Xin Jack , Zhang Zhiwen
Published: January 2025

We introduce an efficient stochastic interacting particle-field (SIPF) algorithm with no history dependence for computing aggregation patterns and near singular solutions of parabolic-parabolic Keller-Segel (KS) chemotaxis system in three-dimensional (3D) space. In our algorithm, the KS solutions are approximated as empirical measures of particles coupled with a smoother field (concentration of chemo-attractant) variable computed by a spectral method. Instead of using heat kernels that cause history dependence and high memory cost, we leverage the implicit Euler discretization to derive a one-step recursion in time for stochastic particle positions and the field variable based on the explicit Green’s function of an elliptic operator of the form Laplacian minus a positive constant. In numerical experiments, we observe that the resulting SIPF algorithm is convergent and self-adaptive to the high-gradient part of solutions. Despite the lack of analytical knowledge (such as a self-similar ansatz) of a blowup, the SIPF algorithm provides a low-cost approach to studying the emergence of finite-time blowup in 3D space using only dozens of Fourier modes and by varying the amount of initial mass and tracking the evolution of the field variable. Notably, the algorithm can handle multi-modal initial data and the subsequent complex evolution involving the merging of particle clusters and the formation of a finite time singularity with ease.
Fairness in Algorithmic Profiling: The AMAS Case
Authors: Achterhold Eva , Mühlböck Monika , Steiber Nadia , Kern Christoph
Published: January 2025

We study a controversial application of algorithmic profiling in the public sector, the Austrian AMAS system. AMAS was supposed to help caseworkers at the Public Employment Service (PES) Austria to allocate support measures to job seekers based on their predicted chance of (re-)integration into the labor market. Shortly after its release, AMAS was criticized for its apparent unequal treatment of job seekers based on gender and citizenship. We systematically investigate the AMAS model using a novel real-world dataset of young job seekers from Vienna, which allows us to provide the first empirical evaluation of the AMAS model with a focus on fairness measures. We further apply bias mitigation strategies to study their effectiveness in our real-world setting. Our findings indicate that the prediction performance of the AMAS model is insufficient for use in practice, as more than 30% of job seekers would be misclassified in our use case. Further, our results confirm that the original model is biased with respect to gender as it tends to (incorrectly) assign women to the group with high chances of re-employment, which is not prioritized in the PES’ allocation of support measures. However, most bias mitigation strategies were able to improve fairness without compromising performance and thus may form an important building block in revising profiling schemes in the present context.
Partitions and elementary symmetric polynomials: an experimental approach
Authors: Ballantine Cristina , Beck George , Merca Mircea
Published: January 2025

Given a partition

$$\lambda $$

λ

, we write

$$e_j(\lambda )$$

e
j

(
λ
)

for the

$$j^{\text {th}}$$

j
th

elementary symmetric polynomial

$$e_j$$

e
j

evaluated at the parts of

$$\lambda $$

λ

and

$$e_jp_A(n)$$

e
j

p
A

(
n
)

for the sum of

$$e_j(\lambda )$$

e
j

(
λ
)

as

$$\lambda $$

λ

ranges over the set of partitions of n with parts in A. For

$$e_jp_A(n)$$

e
j

p
A

(
n
)

, we prove analogs of the classical formula for the partition function,

$$p(n)=1/n \sum _{k=0}^{n-1}\sigma _1(n-k)p(k)$$

p

(
n
)

=
1
/
n

∑

k
=
0

n
-
1

σ
1

(
n
-
k
)

p

(
k
)

, where

$$\sigma _1$$

σ
1

is the sum of divisors function. We prove several congruences for

$$e_2p_4(n)$$

e
2

p
4

(
n
)

, the sum of

$$e_2$$

e
2

over the set of partitions of n into four parts. Define the function

$$\text {pre}_j(\lambda )$$

pre
j

(
λ
)

to be the multiset of monomials in

$$e_j(\lambda )$$

e
j

(
λ
)

, which is itself a partition. If

$${\mathcal {A}}$$

A

is a set of partitions, we define

$$\text {pre}_j({\mathcal {A}})$$

pre
j

(
A
)

to be the set of partitions

$$\text {pre}_j(\lambda )$$

pre
j

(
λ
)

as

$$\lambda $$

λ

ranges over

$${\mathcal {A}}$$

A

. If

$${\mathcal {P}}(n)$$

P
(
n
)

is the set of all partitions of n, we conjecture that the number of odd partitions in

$$\text {pre}_2({\mathcal {P}}(n))$$

pre
2

(
P

(
n
)

)

is at least the number of distinct partitions. We prove some results about

$$\text {pre}_2({\mathcal {B}}(n))$$

pre
2

(
B

(
n
)

)

, where

$${\mathcal {B}}(n)$$

B
(
n
)

is the set of binary partitions of n. We conclude with conjectures on the log-concavity of functions related to

$$e_jp(n)$$

e
j

p

(
n
)

, the sum of

$$e_j(\lambda )$$

e
j

(
λ
)

for all

$$\lambda \in {\mathcal {P}}(n)$$

λ
∈
P
(
n
)

.
Exploring the relationship between glycemic variability and muscle dysfunction in adults with diabetes: A systematic review
Authors: Lin Shanshan , Andrikopoulos Sof , Shi Yan-Chuan , Sibbritt David , Peng Wenbo
Published: January 2025

This review is to systematically explore the relationship between muscle dysfunction and diabetes in adults, and to examine the impact of glycemic variability on muscle health and the development of diabetes-related complications. The review was conducted using three databases: MEDLINE, Scopus, and EMBASE, targeting peer-reviewed journal articles written in English and published from January 2014 to September 2024. The methodological quality assessment of the eligible studies was conducted using Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklists. A total of 17 studies were included. Most studies were undertaken in Asian countries (n = 11) and focused on adults with type 2 diabetes (n = 12). There were 8,392 adults with diabetes, and their mean age ranged from 52 to 75 years old. The measurements for muscle function and glycemic variability varied across studies. The research findings regarding the relationship between muscle dysfunction and glycemic variability metrics among adults with diabetes, both with and without complications were inconsistent. For adults with diabetes and sarcopenic obesity, poor glycemic control was identified as an independent risk factor for sarcopenic obesity. Additionally, all included studies were rated as moderate or high quality in relation to their methodology. In conclusion, this review underscores the complex and inconsistent relationship between glycemic variability and muscle dysfunction in older adults with diabetes. Poor glycemic management is a significant risk factor for sarcopenic obesity, highlighting the need for tailored interventions to improve glycemic control and muscle health in this population.
Examining Nurses’ Willingness to Facilitate Sexual Experiences in Dementia Nursing Care Using the Theory of Planned Behavior
Authors: Waterschoot Karien , Roelofs Tineke S. M. , van Dam Arno , Luijkx Katrien G.
Published: January 2025

Person-centered care emphasizes recognizing and affirming the whole person with dementia, including their need for sexual experiences. For nursing home residents, this often requires facilitation by nurses. Yet, it is unknown which factors contribute to or diminish nurses’ willingness to facilitate such experiences. A survey was completed by 253 (vocational) nurses from 25 Dutch nursing homes. The survey included a newly developed sexual facilitation questionnaire based on the theory of planned behavior. Only one-third of the nurses were motivated to pre- and post-facilitate sexual experiences. Key predictors of the intention to facilitate were their attitude, social norms, and perceived controllability. Nurses’ confidence to include personal boundaries during care bolstered their attitude and perceived controllability. Additionally, nurses expressed interest in training and support options. The hesitancy among nurses to facilitate residents’ sexual expression was substantial. Supportive interventions that enhance nurses’ attitudes and capabilities seem essential for achieving a culture shift towards sexually inclusive person-centered care that also feels comfortable for the nurses themselves.