bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Behaviour of Potassium in Rat Liver Cells at Physiological Variations of the Glycogen Content
Authors: EDLUND Y. , ISAKSSON B. , SUNZEL H.
Published: December 2008

The amounts of glucose, water and potassium entering rat liver cells in vivo were calculated in 34 animals. The estimations of these components and of fat, nitrogen and chloride were made on the homogenized liver, and the results related to the glycogen content. The calculations were based on the assumption that the absolute amount of nitrogen per cell remained unchanged during the experimental conditions. If 115–175 meq potassium are required per litre water for maintaining osmosis, “extra” potassium ranging from 50 to 25 per cent of the total was found to enter the cell. The possible explanations for the entrance of the “extra” potassium are briefly discussed.
Liver Mitochondria Lipids in Hypercholesterolaemic Rats Given Polyenoic Fatty Acids
Authors: HAUGE JENS G.
Published: December 2008

The reductions in serum cholesterol observed in this laboratory in experimental hypercholesterolaemic rats given small doses of polyun‐saturated fatty acids over a period of 14 days may be due to an increase in the cholesterol degrading activity of the liver mitochondria. The effect of the treatment on the polyenoic fatty acid composition of the mitochondrial lipids was therefore investigated and correlated to the changes in total serum lipids and the serum cholesterol esters. Parallel changes in mitochondria and serum were found, linoleate affecting the dien and tetraen content, linolenate and pentaen‐ and hexaen‐rich fractions of cod liver oil affecting the pentaenoic and hexaenoic acid concentrations. An important exception to this rule, however, was found in the high and almost constant content of trienoic acids in the mitochondria, an acid group abundantly present also in the liver mitochondria of rats on the linoleic acid containing stock diet. The probable nature of the trienoic acids involved is discussed.
Untersuchungen über Eigenschaften und Verwendungsmöglichkeiten eines flexiblen Extremitätenplethysmografen.
Authors: GRAF KLAUS , WESTERSTEN ALLAN
Published: December 2008

The flexible extremity plethysmographs described by Dohn were investigated on a dummy and in situ and found especially suitable for blood flow measurements by means of occlusion plethysmography. The models for forearm and calf could be used also on moving subjects, e. g. performing physical work. The plethysmographs consist of thin air‐filled rubber cuffs. Volume changes of the extremity caused proportional changes of the filling pressure of the plethysmographs, which at rest was 40 mm H2O and during venous occlusion increased by less than 10 mm H2O. The pressure changes were continuously recorded on a capacitance manometer. Some properties and applications of the plethysmographs are described.
On the Physiology of the Cutaneous Sensory Modalities.
Authors: BING H. I.
Published: December 2008

Some effects of direct cutaneous application of adrenaline, noradrenaline, acetylcholine, atropine and histamine on the sensory modalities, especially cold spots and pain are reported. After application of adrenaline or noradrenaline the number of cold spots increases. A crossed reflex occurs on the opposite side of the body with exactly the same reactions. Trilafon nullifies the effect on cold spots both at the original site and at the symmetrical contralateral site. The increase disappears slowly in the course of 3–4 days. It is noticeably longest on the reflexly affected side. Also acetylcholine increases the number of cold spots both at the original site and at the symmetrical contralateral site. This increase disappears extremely rapidly. Application of atropine reduces considerably the number of cold spots. Here is also a symmetrical reflex. By applying histamine to the skin the cold spots are reduced or vanish on both sides. At the same time there arises a characteristic change in the sensitivity of the skin with superficial hypaesthesia, deeper hyperaesthesia and hyperalgesia. It is shown that histamine is released in the area in question and that the reflex itself can be explained in this way.
Distribution of C14 in Rats after Intravenous Injection of Non‐Esterified Palmitic Acid‐1‐C14.
Authors: LAURELL SIGFRID
Published: December 2008

The metabolism of non‐esterified fatty acids in the plasma was studied by investigating the distribution of intravenously injected non‐esterified palmitic acid‐1‐C14 in rats. Lipids from different organs were studied for activity directly or after separation by means of chromatography on silicic acid columns. The bulk of the activity was found to be taken up by the liver and muscle tissue. A minor fraction was recovered in the fat depots. The results suggested that the fat depots might take up non‐esterified fatty acids from plasma without simultaneous esterification. A fair proportion of the palmitic acid was retransported in the plasma glyceride fraction after esterification, probably in the liver.
The Response Pattern of Taste Fibres in the Chorda Tympani of the Monkey.
Authors: GORDON GEORGE , KITCHELL RALPH , STRÖM LENNART , ZOTTERMAN YNGVE
Published: December 2008

The electrical responses of taste fibres in the chorda tympani of Macacus rhesus were recorded during the application of various sapid substances to the tongue. Integrated responses from the whole nerve indicate that this monkey possesses taste fibres responding both to the four conventional classes of taste substances NaCl, acid, quinine and sugar, and also positively to pure water. Records from few‐fibre and single‐fibre preparations showed that each fibre has a specific pattern of sensitivity to the various sapid substances. Certain gustatory fibres responded very specifically to one class of substances only e. g. to salt, acid or to quinine. Fibres responding to sucrose almost always responded to saccharine as well, sometimes also to water, and occasionally to other sapid substances which do not taste sweet to humans, such as quinine or acid. The monkey seems to be the first animal investigated possessing taste fibres responding to sucrose which also respond to saccharine. The least specific taste fibres in this animal seem to be those responding to water.
Electrophysiological Studies of Thermal and Taste Reception in Chickens and Pigeons.
Authors: KITCHELL R. L. , STRÖM LENNART , ZOTTERMAN YNGVE
Published: December 2008

The impulse traffic in thermal and taste nerve fibres from the tongue of chickens and pigeons were analyzed while applying adequate stimuli to the tongue. Receptors were found in the tongue and pharynx which respond, in general, like those found in mammals. The thermal and taste receptors discharge through two peripheral branches of the 9th nerve only. In the chicken positive responses from the nerves followed the application of distilled water, salt, glycerine, ethylene glycol, quinine and acetic acid to the tongue but not of sucrose and saccharine. The taste responses in the pigeon's nerves were similar with the exception that no responses were observed to quinine and that 50 per cent of the pigeons responded positively to saccharine although sucrose was ineffective. In both species large number of “cold fibres” were observed while warming the tongue gave no response until the temperature was raised to above 45° C. This indicated the absence of “warm fibres” and suggested that the activity observed was due to stimulation of “pain fibres”. These direct studies of taste nerve activity were compared with recent behavioural studies in chickens and pigeons.
Prolonged Changes in the Discharge of Mammalian Muscle Spindles Following Tendon Taps or Muscle Twitches.
Authors: GRANIT RAGNAR , HOMMA SABURO , MATTHEWS PETER B. C.
Published: December 2008

The muscle spindle is a very sensitive recording instrument and is here found to change its level of excitability, despite de‐efferentation, after tendon taps or submaximal contraction, as shown by prolonged changes in its frequency of discharge. It is suggested that this effect often is due to mechanical displacement, but since it is influenced by injection of Flaxedil, the intrafusal end plates may well be spontaneously active in the normal state. Flaxedil causes full paralysis of extrafusal motor end plates at a time when intrafusal gamma end plates are far less influenced.
Depression of Metabolism in the Duck during Experimental Diving.
Authors: ANDERSEN HARALD T.
Published: December 2008

Diving metabolism has been studied in the domestic duck. The oxygen consumption from the lung air decreased very markedly, and the total consumption of oxygen as calculated from all stores was only some 20% of the pre‐dive level. The body temperature also dropped steadily in spite of an increased thermal insulation, due to peripheral vasoconstriction. It is concluded that the energy metabolism is greatly depressed during a quiet dive.
Oxygen Consumption of Blood and Plasma and the Percentage of Reticulocytes.
Authors: JALAVISTO EEVA
Published: December 2008

Determinations of plasma and blood oxygen consumption during and after reticulocytosis due to repeated bleedings were performed on arterial blood samples taken from 9 rabbits. Plasma oxygen consumption showed no consistent relation to the degree of reticulocytosis. The oxygen consumption of whole blood followed promptly variations in the percentage of reticulocytes except for a decline in oxygen consumption often before the highest reticulocyte count was attained. This may be due to the fact that red cells, containing small remnants of the basophilic material, are counted as reticulocytes whereas the decline in oxygen consumption is probably related to the enzymatic deterioration of the citric acid cycle and the cytochrome system, which proceeds with considerable speed irrespective of the morphologic ripening of reticulocytes.
Methemoglobin Reduction Rate of Nitrite Treated Red Cells as a Function of Cell Age.
Authors: JALAVISTO EEVA , SOLANTERÄ L.
Published: December 2008

The influence of cell age on the rate of reduction of methemoglobin (MRR) in nitrite treated red cells has been investigated. Starting from the assumption that the decrease of MRR with cell age proceeds logarithmically from 100 per cent at the second, day to zero on the 160th or 180th day, the mean MRR was calculated for different cell ages. The agreement of the predicted and found values was good. The same logarithmically decreasing age decay curve could be used for calculation of the MRR both in rabbits and in dog and human erythrocytes if the maximum reduction rate is assumed to be 100 per cent/1 hour in rabbit and 35 per cent/1 hour in dog and human erythrocytes.
Apparatus for Determination of the Mean Blood Flow in the Ascending Aorta of the Cat.
Authors: WRETLIND ARVID
Published: December 2008

A description is given of an apparatus for determination of the blood flow in the ascending aorta of the cat. The principle is a combination of measurement of the flow with differential pressure and Stephenson's flowmeter.
A Method for the Assay of ‘Slow Reacting Substance’.
Authors: CHAKRAVARTY NIRMAL
Published: December 2008

A method is described for the biological assay of ‘slow reacting substance’ (‘SRS’) which appears in anaphylactic reaction. The log‐dose response of ‘SRS’ on the guinea pig ileum has a linear regression. Using a four‐point design of experiment, it is therefore possible to assay ‘SRS’ against a standard. It is shown by an analysis of variance that the method gives a reliable estimate of ‘SRS’ within relatively small limits of error.
The Effect of Acetylcholine and Prostigmine on Catechol Amine Excretion in Rats.
Authors: GRANITSAS A. N.
Published: December 2008

Acetylcholine in doses of 0.05–1 mg s. c. per rat increased the noradrenaline (NA) output in urine without causing a significant change in the adrenaline (A) output. Prostigmine also increased the NA excretion.
Studies on Slow Potentials in the Rabbit's Olfactory Bulb and Nasal Mucosa
Authors: Ottoson D.
Published: December 2008

When the nasal mucosa in the rabbit is stimulated with odorized air the olfactory bulb develops a slow potential with superimposed regular waves. The slow potential may be obtained in isolation after the intrinsic activity of the bulb and the induced waves have been blocked. If the bulb is removed and recording made from the cut end of an olfactory nerve bundle a slow positive potential is recorded that has the same time course and shape as the bulb response. The potential recorded from the nerve arises in the olfactory epithelium and is electrotonically conducted along the nerve fibres. The response of the receptor layer can also be obtained in direct recordings with the electrode pushed into the mucosa through one of the canals in the ethmoid bone. The receptor potential in the rabbit exhibits the same characteristics as the corresponding response in the frog.
Recycling of Intravenously Injected Palmitic Acid‐l‐C14 as Esterified Fatty Acid in the Plasma of Rats and Turnover Rate of Plasma Triglycerides
Authors: Laurell Sigfrid
Published: December 2008

The disappearance of injected palmitic acid‐l‐C14 from plasma in the rat was followed. It was found that part of the complexity of the disappearance curves in experiments with starving rats resulted from exchange of non‐esterified fatty acids (NEFA) between plasma and adipose tissue. The content of NEFA in adipose tissue was considerably higher in starving than in glucose fed rats. After a time lag part of the injected palmitic acid returned to plasma incorporated in triglycerides (TG) in starving as well as in glucose fed rats. The specific activity relationships between plasma TG and NEFA suggested that most of the NEFA in plasma was derived from plasma TG in the glucose fed rats and part of it in the starving rats. The ratio between the specific activity of plasma TG and of liver TG suggested that all plasma TG might be derived from liver TG in glucose fed rats. This was more uncertain in starving rats. The half life of endogenous plasma TG was found to vary between 3.0 and 8.5 minutes.
Quantitative Aspects of the Vasomotor Action of Adrenaline and Noradrenaline in the Gat. Relationship to Catechol Discharge on Intracerebral Stimulation of the Sympathetic Vasodilator Outflow
Authors: Lindgren Percy , Rosén Anders , Uvnäs Börje
Published: December 2008

In order to study to what extent the catechol output from the adrenals during central activation of the sympathetic vasodilator pathway might contribute to the vascular reactions, the vasomotor effects of adrenaline and noradrenaline infusions were investigated. Intravenous infusion of adrenaline in doses above 0.25–2 μg/kg/min produced vasodilatation in the skeletal muscles in cats under Dial or urethane anaesthesia. Noradrenaline caused vasoconstriction in doses of 1 μ/kg/min and more. Hypothalamic or medullary activation of the sympathetic vasodilator outflow might produce a discharge of the two catechols sufficient to reach these threshold levels if care is not taken to avoid stimulation with high intensity.
Dopamine and Chromaffin Cells
Authors: Bertler Å. , Falck B. , Hillarp N. Å. , Rosengren E. , Torp A.
Published: December 2008

The dopamine content of tissues in ruminants (cow, sheep, goat) varies with the numbers of a special type of chromaffin cells and there is a close correlation between the distribution of dopamine and these cells within certain organs. Dopamine–but no other catechol amines or 5–hydroxytryptamine–occurs in concentrations sufficient to produce the observed chromaffin reaction. The findings support the view that dopamine is stored in the special chromaffin cells.
The Activity of Muscle Receptors in the Kitten
Authors: Skoglund Sten
Published: December 2008

In the present paper which is a continuation of earlier publications on the postnatal development of postural reflexes, the activity of muscle receptors is studied in kittens from birth to 45 days of age. It is found that the discharge of receptors in the gastrocnemius muscle in response to stretch is phasic in character in the newborn and young kitten, while tonic responses are obtained from more proximal muscles around the hip and spine. Even the selective strongly tonic effect of succinylcholine iodide on muscle spindles is missing. Similarly, at that time the response of the Golgi tendon organs is phasic. With increasing age of the kitten more sustained discharges appear though in the beginning the rate of firing is low in the gastrocnemius muscle. Evidence is presented to show that the appearance of tonic discharges is in some way related to parallel changes in the electrical properties of the nerve fibres and the mechanical properties of the muscle, but further work is needed to elucidate the full significance of this finding. It is also shown that gamma control of muscle spindles in the gastrocnemius can be demonstrated 17–20 days after birth. Evidence is further presented to the effect that gamma control of muscle spindles in proximal muscles appears earlier, and that the gamma control of spindles in distal muscles is preceded by development of an alpha mechanism of spindle control. The obvious significance of these findings for the postnatal appearance of tonic stretch reflexes and decerebrate rigidity is discussed.
The Reactions to Tetanic Stimulation of the Two‐Neuron Arc in the Kitten
Authors: Skoglund Sten
Published: December 2008

The postnatal development of the post‐tetanic potentiation of the two‐neuron arc is studied in kittens ranging in age from 1 to 45 days. It is shown that post‐tetanic potentiation is lacking in the newborn animal and develops with increasing age of the kittens. Evidence is presented that the postnatal development of this mechanism is running a parallel course with the maturation of the afferents and the formation of new functional connections to the motoneurones. It is concluded that post‐tetanic potentiation plays an essential role for the appearance of the tonic stretch reflex and that it together with simultaneously developing neural mechanisms, earlier studied, contributes to the maintenance of posture and locomotion.
Passage of Solid Spherical Particles across the Blood‐lymph Barrier
Authors: Grotte Gunnar , Juhlin Lennart , Sandberg Nils
Published: December 2008

Solid spherical particles (radius 300–700 Å) of methyl‐methacrylate marked with a fluorescent dye were administered to dogs by continuous intravenous injection in order to obtain a steady plasma concentration. Lymphatics were cannulated and lymph collected from four regions of the body: leg, liver, heart and bronchial lymphatics. The passage of particles across the blood‐lymph barrier was measured by means of simultaneous concentration measurements in blood and lymph, Particles up to 700 Å radius readily passed into liver lymph with a lymph‐plasma ratio of approximately 0.20 in the “steady state”. No measurable amounts of these particles were found in the lymph from leg, heart or bronchial lymphatics. In these regions protein molecules of “effective diffusion radii” up to 120 Å pass into lymph. If the large proteins pass by “bulk flow” through water filled pathways the size of these pathways or “capillary leaks” would lie between 120–300 Å radius.
Excretion of Bromide Ions by Human Urine
Authors: Söremark Rune
Published: December 2008

The excretion of radio‐bromide by the urine after a single dose of Br82 was studied in thirteen healthy students of about 22 years of age. The radioactive isotope, Br82, was given orally in form of ammonium bromide in water solution. Urine specimens were collected about every second hour for five days. The concentration of Br82 in the urine specimens was measured and the excretion of Br82 per day has been tabulated. Also the cumulative excretion of radio‐bromide was calculated and has been graphically demonstrated. The concentration of Br82 in blood and saliva was also measured. Venous blood samples were drawn from six of the subjects twice a day. Saliva samples were collected from these six students at about every fourth hour. The mixed saliva was paraffin stimulated. The biological half‐life of bromide was equal in blood, urine, and saliva, about 12 days. Nearly all of the radio‐bromide administered was found to be excreted by the urine. The mean concentration of Br82 in urine and saliva was about equal and 150% of the blood level. It was found to exist a diurnal variation in the excretion of bromide by the urine. During sleep it was thus found that hardly any bromide was excreted.
Vasomotor Reflexes from Muscle
Authors: Skoclund C. R.
Published: December 2008

Casual observations of blood pressure changes during muscle stretch drew attention to the possible role of muscle proprioceptors in vasomotor control. An attempt has been made to throw some light on this problem by studying the effects of mechanical muscle stimulation, as also of electrical excitation of muscle afferents, on systemic arterial pressure and on regional hindlimb circulation, in anesthetized or decerebrated cats.

Typical changes in systemic arterial pressure — viz. an initial depressor effect, followed or not by a more or less pronounced pressor effect — could be elicited by moderate stretch of different fore‐ and hindlimb muscles. The effects, which were dependent on intact nerve connections, appeared at tendon loadings of 100–300g and could also be produced by slight pressure on the muscle belly or tendon. The conclusion that these effects were reflex responses mediated from mechano‐receptors in muscle was further substantiated by comparative experiments which, i. a., showed the divergent responses to various types of painful stimulation applied to the muscle. For eliciting systemic depressor effects by electrical stimulation of muscle afferents, stimulus strengths of more than 10 times the threshold of group I fibers were required; this implies that no depressor response was observed until, after maximal activation of group I and II fibers, group III fibers were being excited.

By simultaneous recording of the local arterial pressure in the lower hindleg, perfused at constant rate, the occurrence of regional vasomotor effects — predominant vasodilatation or constriction — could be demonstrated during electrical or adequate activation of muscle afferents. Studies of blood flow in muscles by inserted thermocouples were also performed.
Reflex Control of Respiration in the Anesthetized Dog during Prolonged Exposure to Positive Radial Acceleration
Authors: Barr P.‐O. , Bjurstedt H. , Coleridge J. C. G.
Published: December 2008

Barr, P.‐O., H. Bjurstedt and J. C. G. Coleridge. —‐ Reflex control of respiration in the anesthetized dog during prolonged exposure to positive radial acceleration. Acta physiol. scand. 1959. 47. 1—‐15. —‐ The ventilatory response of anesthetized dogs to accelerative forces in the head‐to‐tail direction was investigated using a large centrifuge. An initial apnea was observed, which could be prevented by abdominal counterpressure or bilateral vagotomy. Hyperventilation sometimes followed the apnea and predominated when the vagi had been cut prior to the exposure. Evidence was obtained for a pulmonary stretch reflex origin of the apnea, and for a predominantly chemoreflex drive, resulting from reduced flow through the carotid bodies, when hyperventilation occurred. Thus, reflexogenic control of respiration was prepotent during gravitational stress, whether manifested by inhibition or stimulation of respiration.
Blood Gas Changes in the Anesthetized Dog during Prolonged Exposure to Positive Radial Acceleration
Authors: Barr P.‐O. , Bjurstedt H. , Coleridge J. C. G.
Published: December 2008

Barr, P.‐O., H. Bjurstedt and J. C. G. Coleridge. Blood gas changes in the anesthetized dog during prolonged exposure to positive radial acceleration. Acta physiol. scand. 1959. 47. 16—27. — Anesthetized dogs were exposed to increased gravitational stress in the head‐to‐tail direction and arterial O2 saturation and acid‐base balance changes studied. Simultaneous, direct and continuous recordings were made of arterial O2 saturation and pH as well as respiratory minute volume in centrifuge runs. Application of moderate g forces over several minutes produced severe hypoxemia although 100 % O2 was breathed and hyperventilation was present, indicating a great alveolar‐arterial O2 difference, and accordingly, a large intrapulmonary shunt.
Effects of Raised Barometric Pressures on Respiration in Man1
Authors: Hesser C. M. , Holmgren B.
Published: December 2008

Hesser, C. M. and B. Holmgren. Effects of raised barometric pressures on respiration in man. Acta physiol. scand. 1959. 47. 28—43. – The effects of raised barometric pressures (up to 4.0 atm) on various respiratory functions, hitherto largely neglected, were studied on 8 healthy subjects at rest in a recompression chamber. The independent effects of changes in inspired oxygen and nitrogen pressures were studied by comparing data obtained on air, 100 % oxygen, and 5 % oxygen in nitrogen at various ambient pressures. Breathing air with increasing ambient pressure, respiration became progressively slower and deeper, whereas at 4.0 atm the effective alveolar ventilation was slightly increased. Other observations at 4.0 atm were: Average increase of 33 % in tidal volume; average decreases in respiratory rate of 27 %, respiratory minute volume of 10 %, and functional dead space/tidal volume ratio of 9 %; no demonstrable changes in expiratory reserve volume, functional dead space and respiratory exchange ratio. Evidence is presented that the respiratory changes were caused by the combined effects of increased oxygen tension and of increased breathing resistance due to increased gas density. Thus, nitrogen at high pressures (up to 3.8 atm) exerted little, if any, depressant action on respiration.
Transaminase Activity in Normal and Denervated Skeletal Muscle in Rabbits
Authors: Flodmark S. , Jungner G. , Petersén I.
Published: December 2008

Flodmark, S., G. Jungner and I. Petersén. Transaminase activity in normal and denervated skeletal muscle in rabbits. Acta physiol. scand. 1959. 47. 52—55. – A study has been made of the transaminase activity in normal and inactivated muscles of rabbits. Specimens were taken from differently functioning muscles of 30 adult animals, and from muscle that had been denervated for different lengths of time, and the transaminase activity (GOT) per mg of dry tissue was determined according to Ordell's method. It was found that the activity was significantly higher in the rapidly functioning tibialis anterior muscle than in the biceps femoralis muscle. It was also significantly greater in normal than in denervated muscle.
Implantation of Electrodes into the Hypothalamus of the Dog by the Diasphenoid Route
Authors: Andersson B.
Published: December 2008

Andersson, B. Implantation of electrodes into the hypothalamus of the dog by the diasphenoid route. Acta physiol. scand. 1959. 47. 56—62. — A method is described for implantation of electrodes into the hypothalamus of the dog through the sphenoid bone. The leads of the electrodes are brought out on the back of the animal. Electrodes implanted in this way may be used for several months to study effects of hypothalamic stimulation in the conscious dog.
Reduction of CO2 Stores of Man due to Muscular Exercise
Authors: Andersen K. Lange , Bugge‐Asperheim B.
Published: December 2008

Andersen, K. L. and B. Bugge‐Asperheim. Reduction of CO2 stores of man due to muscular exercise. Acta physiol. 1959. 47. 91—96. — The respiratory recovery from exercise has been studied using a spirometer system of the closed circuit type which gives a continuous recording of the gas exchange.

It is demonstrated that bicycling 1,500 kgm. in 1 minute leads to an increased lactic acid content of circulating blood which is followed by an excess blowing‐off of CO2 in the first minutes of recovery, amounting to 2—3 % of the estimated total CO2 stores of the body.

None or only a slight tendency to CO2‐retention was observed during a two hours post‐experiod, in which the gas exchange was recorded continuously.
Cortical Responses to Modulated Light in the Human Subject
Authors: Kamp A. , Sem‐Jacobsen C. W. , Leeuwen W. Storm van , T‐Weel L. H. van der
Published: December 2008

Kamp, A., C. W. Sem‐Jacobsen, W. Storm van Leeuwen and L. H. Van der Tweel. Cortical responses to modulated light in the human subject.

Electrical responses to modulated light have been recorded from a patient with depth electrodes implanted in the visual cortex. Low modulation percentages still gave a response even in the second harmonic of the stimulating frequency. The high frequency part of the frequency response curve showed a decrease corresponding to perception. Towards low frequencies also a steep decrease in sensitivity has been found. The responses in different places near to each other were not highly correlated. A discussion about the theoretical aspects is given.
Venous Blood Flow Recorded with an Isothermal Flowmeter
Authors: Mellander Stefan , Rushmer Robert F.
Published: December 2008

Mellander, S. and R. F. Rushmer. Venous blood flow recorded with an isothermal flowmeter.

An isothermal flowmeter has been developed for recording of steady blood flow such as occurs in veins. The flow recording element consists of a fine heating coil enclosing a thermistor mounted on the tip of a catheter. The sensing element is held in the center of a vessel by five fine spring wires which also hold the dimensions of the vessel at a known constant size during recording. Heat is dissipated from the coil by blood flowing past the heating element. If the temperature of the thermistor is maintained at a constant level slightly above the blood temperature, the heat production in the heating coil has been found to be linear with blood flow over the range of flow met with in large blood vessels. The maximum error was found to be & 5 per cent of full scale deflection. Changes in venous flow can be measured at a single site or the catheter can be advanced along venous channels, sampling blood flow at various positions. The distribution of the blood flow into the inferior caval vein from various vascular beds has been investigated in dogs. Refinements in the design are being performed to make the isothermal flowmeter suitable to clinical studies, if possible.
Quantitative Measurements of Sweat Gland Activity Using the Ninhydrin Method
Authors: Pontén Bengt
Published: December 2008

Pontén, B. Quantitative measurements of sweat gland activity using the ninhydrin method.

When a piece of paper is pressed against a sweating surface of the skin, the sweat together with its content of dissolved amino acids is absorbed. The print on the paper forms a pattern which, after evaporation, is represented by the amino acids and other substances. By using the ninhydrin reaction these amino acids can be stained and the print on the paper visualized. The present paper reports on a modification for quantitative analysis. The results are discussed and compared with the findings of earlier authors as regards the onset of sweating, variations in its flow, and similarities and dissimilarities between different skin surfaces.
Carbon Dioxide Tension and pH of Lymph and Arterial Blood in Anaesthetized Dogs
Authors: Carlsten Arne , Söderholm Bror
Published: December 2008

Carlsten, A. and B. Söderholm. Carbon dioxide tension and pH of lymph and arterial blood in anaesthetized dogs.

Thoracic duct lymph in the dog has a lower pH and a higher Pco2 than arterial blood irrespective of the degree of ventilation, oxygenation and induced acidosis. The difference in Pco2 between lymph and arterial blood is about 18 mm Hg. Such a high Pco2 difference is taken as an indication that tissue CO2 tensions have been underestimated with previous techniques.
Some Types of Response of Single Cells in the Rabbit Lateral Geniculate Body to Stimulation of the Retina by Light and to Electrical Stimulation of the Optic Nerve
Authors: Arden Geoffrey , Liu Yu‐Ming
Published: December 2008

Arden, G. and Y.‐M. Liu. Some types of response of single cells in the rabbit lateral geniculate body to stimulation of the retina by light and to electrical stimulation of the optic have.

Recordings have been made from single cells in the rabbit's lateral geniculate body, using micropipette electrodes. Two extreme types of response to light can be distinguished. One has a low threshold and is more or less prolonged. The other has a higher threshold, and the discharge is shortened to one or two spikes followed, efter a pause by a delayed burst. Cells which respond with a short burst of spikes cannot follow repetitive stimuli, owing to inhibition. Most cells show evidences of inhibition, but the discharge characteristics can be altered by altering the stimulus. Electrical stimulation of the optic nerve at the chiasma results in post‐synaptic firing with latencies which range from 1.6–3.5 msec, or longer.
Studies on Ester Sulphates: 7. On the Excretion of Sulphate Conjugates of Primary Aliphatic Alcohols in the Urine of Rats
Authors: Boström Harry , Vestermark Anders
Published: December 2008

Boström, H. and A. Vestermark. On the excretion of sulphate conjugates of primary aliphatic alcohols in the urine of rats.

The urinary ester sulphate patterns of rats, as visualized by autoradiography on paper chromatograms and electro‐pherograms of urine samples obtained during the first 24 hours after an injection of S35‐labelled sulphate, were studied in normal animals and those given small amounts of normal aliphatic alcohols (from methyl to amyl). Evidence is presented indicating the partial excretion in rats of all five alcohols as mono‐alkyl sulphates. The possible physiologic and clinical implications of these results are briefly discussed.
Further Observations on the Disruption of Rat Mesentery Mast Cells Caused by Compound 48/80, Antigen‐Antibody Reaction, Lecithinase A and Decylamine
Authors: Högberg Bertil , Uvnás Borje
Published: December 2008

Högberg, B. and B. Uvnas. Further observations on the disruption of rat mesentery mast cells caused by compound 48/80, antigen‐antibody reaction, lecithinase A, and decylamine.

The influence of pH, ionic milieu, temperature and enzyme inhibitors, on the disrupting action on rat mesentery mast cells of compound 48/80, antigen and decylamine has been investigated. A pH optimum around 7.4, the essentiality of Ca++ ions, the influence of temperature and the inhibitory action of various enzyme inhibitors, especially those blocking protein NH2‐groups and SH‐groups, supported the view that compound 48/80 and antigen disrupt the mast cells by activating a lytic enzyme attached to the mast cell membrane. Decylamine, on the other hand, is a surface active agent that disrupts mast cells by a non‐enzymatic mechanism.
The Mechanism of Histamine Release in Anaphylactic Reaction in Guinea Pig and Rat
Authors: Chakravarty Nirmal
Published: December 2008

Chakravarty, N. The mchanism of histamine release in anaphylactic reaction in guinea pig and rat.

The mechanism of histamine release was studied in anaphylactic reaction in vitro in tissues from guinea pig and rat; it was compared, in rat, with histamine release induced by compound 48/80. The observations suggest that histamine release in both species is mediated by the activation of an enzyme system probably with essential sulphydryl and amino groups. Histamine release in anaphylaxis and that induced by compound 48/80 in rat appear to be mediated by the same mechanism. Some differences were observed in anaphylactic histamine release in the two species: anoxia inhibited histamine release in guinea‐pig tissue but not in rat tissue; the same was true of two triphenylmethane dyes. Despite these differences, anaphylactic histamine release in the two species seems to follow, on the whole, a common pathway.
The Blood Lactate During Recovery from Sprint Runs
Authors: Andersen K. Lange , Bolstad Atle , Sand S.
Published: December 2008

Andersen, K. Lange, A. Bolstad and S. Sand. The blood lactate during recovery from sprint runs.

The time required to restore the normal resting level of blood lactate after runs of distances up to 800 metres was determined. The recovery time increases as the distance becomes longer and up to a limit of about 400 m. Longer runs do not increase the recovery time for blood lactate. Running 400 m is also sufficient to produce the maximum blood lactate, which in this study was found to range from 120 to 150 mg %. Determination of pulmonary ventilation during recovery was undertaken, and it was found that pulmonary ventilation reached stable values of about resting level long before the excess lactic acid was removed from the blood. Measurement of O2, ‐debt after the runs revealed a larger debt for an athlete than for a non athlete, and evidence was found indicating a greater “alactic” O2, ‐debt in the athlete than in the non athlete.
Histamine and a Lipid‐Soluble Smooth‐Muscle Stimulating Principle (‘SRS’) in Anaphylactic Reaction
Authors: Chakravarty Nirmal , Uvnäs Börje
Published: December 2008

The relationship between the occurrence of histamine and ‘SRS’ in anaphylactic reaction was investigated in guinea‐pig tissue. The temperature and pH curves for histamine and ‘SRS’ were similar. Anoxia and lack of calcium inhibited equally the appearance of both. When histamine release was inhibited by polymeric enzyme inhibitors or by an organic dye, there was concomitant inhibition of ‘SRS’. Moreover, enzyme inhibitors which react with sulphydryl or amino groups — iodoacetate, allicin, 2:.l‐dinitrofluoro‐benzene, phenylisocyanate and acetic anhydride — blocked both histamine and ‘SRS’. Glutathione and cysteine partly reversed the inhibitory effect of iodoacetate on both histamine and ‘SRS’. While histamine is released from a loose binding in the tissue, ‘SRS’ seems to be formed during anaphylactic reaction. The observations may be explained by postulating that antigen‐antibody reaction in anaphylaxis activates an enzyme system, probably with essential sulphydryl and amino groups in the mast cells, and results in the appearance of both histamine and ‘SRS’.
Autoradiographic Observations on Injected S35‐Thiocyanate and C14‐Cyanide in Mice
Authors: Clemedson Carl‐Johan , Sörbo Bo , Ullberg Sven
Published: December 2008

The labelled compounds were injected into mice and sections of the whole animals were studied by an autoradiographic technique. The two compounds studied gave an almost identical autoradiographic distribution pattern. This was attributed to the fact that the activity after injection of KC14N was present mainly as thiocyanate. A very high activity was present in the stomach as early as 5 min after injection and it remained higher there than in any other organ during the 24‐hours observation period. High activities were also found in the submaxillary salivary gland, the thyroid gland, the walls of the large vessels and the blood.
The Removal of Artificial Fat Emulsions from the Blood Stream of Dogs
Authors: Edgren Bo
Published: December 2008

Cottonseed‐oil emulsions were given intravenously to dogs in different doses and the disappearance of the injected fat from the blood stream was followed turbidimetrically. It was found that the fat was removed from the circulating blood with a speed that followed a single exponential function and that the disappearance rate decreased with increasing doses, if the rate of disappearance was expressed by the slope of the exponential regression line (K‐value) or by the percentage of removal per hour. The average intravascular half‐life for I.O g of fat per kg is 20 min, and the maximal amount of emulsified fat that can be removed completely from the blood stream during a 24‐hour period seems to be 2 to 3 g of fat per kg in the dog. Following a single I‐g‐per‐kg dose of fat, the ability to remove an equal dose is depressed and remains depressed for more than eight hours but returns to normal within 24 hours. Protamine depresses the elimination rate for intravenous fat with about 50% during a limited period.
The Morphological Distribution in the Mouse Liver of Injected Paraffin Emulsion
Authors: Edgren Bo , Ivemark Biörn
Published: December 2008

Liquid paraffin was injected intravenously into mice in the form of an emulsion. The animals were killed 24 hours after injection and their livers investigated histologically. As controls were used one group of mice in which the emulsifiers had been injected and one group of untreated animals. It was found that in most of the paraffin‐treated mice lipid‐stainable droplets were present both in Kupffer's cells and the parenchymal cells of the liver far more abundantly than in the controls. The findings indicate that finely, emulsified liquid paraffin can be taken up by the parenchymal cells of the liver from the circulating blood.
Eine Methode zur wiederholten Bestimmung der Gesamthämoglobinmenge und des Blutvolumens von Ratten
Authors: Tribukait Von Bernhard
Published: December 2008

A modified method for the repeated determination of the total amount of hemoglobin and the blood‐volume of rats is described. The animal is kept in a sealed glass container connected to a closed system of circulating air, in which the oxygen‐concentration is kept at a constant level by means of absorption of carbon‐dioxide and addition of oxygen. The animal remains in the apparatus while a known quantity of CO is added, and a balance is reached between the CO‐concentration of the air and the COHb‐saturation after about 50 min. From the measured CO‐concentration and the volume of the system the CO‐quantity absorbed by the animal can be calculated which is dependent on the total amount of hemoglobin and the oxygen‐concentration.

The mean error of estimate calculated from duplicate determinations was 4–5 % varying with the size of the animal. The experiment can be repeated on the same animal without any interference with the hematopoiesis. From the total amount of hemoglobin and the hemoglobin‐concentration the blood‐volume can be calculated. The amount of hemoglobin present in the bone‐marrow has been estimated by spectro‐photometrical analysis at 0.01 g Hb/g bone‐marrow which corresponds to give an average systematic error of less than 3 %. The error by other substances, such as myoglobin, appears not to be of significance.
The Influence of Rest Pauses on Mechanical Efficiency
Authors: Christensen Erik Hohwü , Hedman Rune , Holmdahl Inga
Published: December 2008

Two subjects performed a given quantity of work on a Krogh bicycle ergometer within one hour. With a relatively low load the work was continuous, with higher loads breaks of varied length and periodicity were introduced. Mechanical efficiency was the same or slightly less when continuous work was replaced by discontinuous work.
The Effects of Obesity, Pyometra and Diabetes Mellitus on the Fat and Cholesterol Contents of Liver and Spleen in the Dog
Authors: Finlayson J. S. , Krook L. , Larsson S.
Published: December 2008

The normal fat content of dog liver was found to be 10% of the dry weight; that of spleen, 5.3% Liver fat increased to 15% in obesity, 21% in pyometra and 58% in diabetes mellitus; spleen fat increased significantly only in obesity. The water content of liver decreased very slightly in obesity and considerably in diabetes mellitus; that of spleen was not affected by any of the conditions studied. The normal cholesterol content of dog liver was about 1,000 mg per 100 g of fat‐free dry tissue whereas that of spleen was about 1,700. Neither liver nor spleen cholesterol was significantly altered in obesity or pyometra, but in diabetes mellitus the cholesterol contents of both organs decreased by more than 30% These findings were interpreted as further evidence of the interrelationship of diabetes mellitus, obesity and pyometra in the dog.
Inhibitory Effects of Acid in Antrum‐Duodenum on Fasting Gastric Secretion in Pavlov and Heidenhain Pouch Dogs
Authors: Andersson Sven
Published: December 2008

Exclusion of the antrum and duodenum was performed on Pavlov and Heidenhain pouch dogs. The gastrointestinal passage was re‐established by gastrojejunostomy and a cannula inserted into the excluded parts. A fasting secretion1 appeared. If hydrochloric acid or gastric juice was introduced into the antrum and duodenum the secretion was markedly inhibited. The inhibitory effects were equally pronounced in Heidenhain and in Pavlov pouch dogs. The results suggest that the inhibition is humorally mediated. As the stimulatory mechanisms behind the fasting secretion are unknown it is not possible to draw any definite conclusions concerning the exact nature of the inhibition.
The Effect of Catechol on the Isolated Guinea‐pig Ileum
Authors: Sjöstrand N.
Published: December 2008

Catechol in doses of 0.5‐5 mg, added to the isolated guinea‐pig ileum in a 15 ml bath, was generally found to induce contraction of the strip. Atropine and paralysing doses of nicotine abolished this contraction. Catechol in doses of 5–10 mg added to the organ bath had a relaxing action on the ileum. The probable way of stimulation via the intestinal ganglia is discussed.
On the Binding of Zinc and Mersalyl to the Contractile Element in Muscle and the Relation to Its Relaxing Effect
Authors: Edman K. A. Paul
Published: December 2008

In order to elucidate the functionally relevant coupling of zinc and mersalyl with the contractile element in muscle, a comparative study of their relaxing (or contraction‐inhibiting) effects on glycerol‐extracted rabbit psoas fibres as concerns reversibility, pH‐dependence and synergism has been performed, as well as determinations of the uptake of zinc and mersalyl by the fibres after immersion in subtotal, functionally equivalent concentrations of the metals. Zinc and mersalyl have about the same affinity for the functional sites. There is additive synergism between the zinc and mersalyl effects, as tested at different pH‐levels, indicating that zinc and mersalyl act by blocking the same functional groups, probably SH‐groups, in the contractile element. However, while the zinc‐induced effect is strongly dependent on the pH between 6.0 and 8.0, no pH‐dependence at all is found for the mersalyl effect in this pH‐range. Evidently zinc and mersalyl combine with the functional groups in a different way, mersalyl conceivably by simple coupling, zinc, however, only after entering into a chelate formation, in which unprotonated groups with a pK‐value of about 6.7, probably imidazole groups, have to be included.
The Effect of Oxytocic Substances upon the Rabbit Uterus in Situ
Authors: Fuchs Anna‐Riitta , Fuchs Fritz
Published: December 2008

On oestrogen‐treated virginal rabbits the threshold dose of oxytocin varied between 0.005 and 0.05. No definite threshold could be established for methylergometrine. The difference between the lowest dose giving repeatable response and that giving maximal effect was very small. The higher dose had an adverse effect upon the whole animal. Dihydroergotamine did not show any oxytocic effect, nor did it influence oxytocin‐induced contractions. On puerperal rabbits the sensitivity to oxytocin was still much increased 22 hours after delivery, but diminished during the following days. For methylergometrine the lowest dose with repeatable effect was the same as in the non‐pregnant animal but the response was stronger. Dihydroergotamine had no effect upon the uterus. Isometric and isotonic recording gave the same results.
Verhalten von Gesamthämoglobin und Blutvolumen der Ratte bei akuter Blutungsanämie
Authors: Tribukait Bernhard
Published: December 2008

After withdrawal, by venesection, of about 30% of the blood volume of a rat the total amount of hemoglobin and blood volume was repeatedly estimated by a modified alveolar CO method. At about 3 days following the venesection the amount of hemoglobin started to increase. On the 20th day the initial amount of hemoglobin was regained. The daily production of hemoglobin reaches a maximum 3–4 days after venesection and returns to normal values within about 3 weeks. The blood volume, estimated from 24 hours to 15 days after the venesection was unchanged and as large as before the venesection.