bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Progress in the Synthesis of Zwitterionic Gemini Surfactants
Authors: Zhou Ming , Li Sisi , Zhang Ze , Wang Chengwen , Luo Gang , Zhao Jinzhou
Published: September 2017

Zwitterionic gemini surfactants have hydrophilic head groups consisting of two polar groups with different charges. Species synthesized to date can be classed as anionic–cationic, anionic–nonionic, and cationic‐nonionic. These surfactants not only have a small repulsion between the hydrophilic head groups, but also have a more compact arrangement at the interface, which greatly reduces the surface and interfacial tensions. In addition, owing to the existence of zwitterions, they are endowed with a unique aggregation morphology and unique rheology in solution, so they has the potential for a number of applications. The present research situation and potential research directions of the synthesis methods of the three types of zwitterionic gemini surfactants are discussed in this paper.
Adverse Effects of Smoking on Outcomes of Orthopaedic Surgery
Authors: Sheung-tung Ho
Published: September 2017

Smoking has many adverse effects on the musculoskeletal system, particularly on the outcomes after orthopaedic surgery. Smoking is associated with surgical site infection and postoperative wound complications after spine surgery, total joint arthroplasty, and fracture fixation; nonunion after spinal fusion, ankle fusion, osteotomy, and internal fixation and bone grafting for scaphoid nonunion; worse outcomes after lumbar disc prolapse, spinal stenosis, and cervical myelopathy surgery; periprosthetic joint infection and lower survival after total hip, knee, and shoulder arthroplasty; worse outcome after shoulder rotator cuff repair and anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction; and wound complications after microsurgery. Orthopaedic surgeons should inform smokers and motivate them to quit smoking before orthopaedic operations.
Primary Ewing's Sarcoma of the Spine with Conus Medullaris Syndrome
Authors: Kumar Laik Jayant , Kumar Ritesh
Published: September 2017

Ewing's sarcoma (ES) is a primary neoplasm of the bone affecting age groups in the second decade of life. It commonly affects the metaphyseal ends of growing bones. Primary ES of the spine is rare and is commonly seen in the sacrum. The incidence of sacral ES in the spine is <5% whereas that of nonsacral ES is <0.9%. A high index of suspicion is needed to diagnose the condition and prompt surgical intervention combined with chemotherapy and radiotherapy treatment is needed to contain the progression of neurological deficit. We report a case of primary ES with sudden onset conus medullaris compression in a 17-year-old female.
Experiments on, and discrete and continuum simulations of, the discharge of granular media from silos with a lateral orifice
Authors: Zhou Y. , Lagrée P.-Y. , Popinet S. , Ruyer P. , Aussillous P.
Published: September 2017

We compare laboratory experiments, contact dynamics simulations and continuum Navier–Stokes simulations with a $\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}(I)$ visco-plastic rheology, of the discharge of granular media from a silo with a lateral orifice. We consider a rectangular silo with an orifice of height $D$ which spans the silo width $W$, and we observe two regimes. For small enough aperture aspect ratio ${\mathcal{A}}=D/W$, the Hagen–Beverloo relation is obtained. For thin enough silos, ${\mathcal{A}}\gg {\mathcal{A}}_{c}$, we observe a second regime where the outlet velocity varies with $\sqrt{W}$. This new regime is also obtained in the continuum simulations when the friction on side walls is taken into account in a thickness-averaged version of $\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}(I)$ $+$ Navier–Stokes (in the spirit of Hele-Shaw flows). Moreover most of the internal details of the flow field observed experimentally are reproduced when considering this lateral friction. These two regimes are recovered experimentally for a cylindrical silo with a lateral rectangular orifice of height $D$ and arc length $W$. The dependency of the flow rate on the particle diameter is found to be reasonably described experimentally using two geometrical functions that depend respectively on the number of beads through the two aperture dimensions. This is consistent with two-dimensional discrete simulation results: at the outlet, the volume fraction and the velocities depend on the particle diameter and this behaviour is correctly described by those geometrical functions. A similar dependency is observed in the two-dimensional continuum simulations.
The Buzzword ‘New Culture Movement’: Intellectual marketing strategies in China in the 1910s and 1920s
Authors: FORSTER ELISABETH
Published: September 2017

This article argues that China's New Culture Movement was not a movement, but a buzzword. It was coined by little-known intellectuals in the summer of 1919 and then used by them to sell their own, long-standing agendas. Even though they declared famous intellectuals such as Hu Shi and Chen Duxiu to be the movement's ‘centre’ and inspiration, some of them were as, if not more, important in shaping the discourses surrounding the expression ‘New Culture Movement’. Drawing upon newspapers, journals, and conference reports, this article shows this using the example of two case studies, both of which marketed their agendas as ‘New Culture Movement’: the Jiangsu Educational Association, which was a political-educational group in Jiangsu; and Chinese Christian intellectuals around the Apologetic Group in Beijing.

Regarding the New Culture Movement as a buzzword addresses some puzzles about it. It explains why it has proven difficult to agree on a starting and endpoint for the New Culture Movement. It also illustrates why such a huge variety of ideas, whose complexity has become ever more evident in recent scholarship, was subsumed under the one headline of ‘New Culture Movement’.
Challenging Linguistic Purism in Dual Language Bilingual Education: A Case Study of Hebrew in a New York City Public Middle School
Authors: Menken Kate , Avni Sharon
Published: September 2017

Dual language bilingual education (DLBE) programs, in which students are taught language and academic content in English and a partner language, have dramatically grown in popularity in U.S. schools. Moving beyond the teaching of Spanish and Chinese, DLBE programs are now being offered in less commonly taught languages and attracting new student populations. Based on qualitative research conducted in a New York City public middle school that recently began a Hebrew DLBE program, we found that this program, in its inception and design, challenges traditional definitions of DLBE and offers new understandings about bilingual education for the 21st century. We argue that the policies and guidelines for the provision of DLBE and the scholarship upon which they are based are rooted in notions of linguistic purism that fail to consider or meet the needs of communities enrolling in bilingual education programs today.
Assessing and Exploring the Oral Proficiency of Young Mandarin Immersion Learners
Authors: Fortune Tara W. , Ju Zhongkui
Published: September 2017

This article presents original empirical research carried out in the early total Mandarin language immersion context. The study involves K–5 learners from three early total Mandarin immersion programs whose home language is English. We examined students’ second language (L2) oral proficiency in Mandarin in two ways: (a) a statistical comparative analysis of cross-sectional assessment data for kindergarten, Grade 2, and Grade 5 students and (b) a detailed linguistic complexity analysis comparing immersion students’ speech samples (one per grade level) produced during the assessment interview. Results indicate significant differences in median scores between kindergarten and Grade 2 in all domains; however, no median score differences were found between Grades 2 and 5. An exploratory complexity analysis of three speech samples revealed increasingly higher levels of grammatical complexity across grades. Measures of lexical complexity for the Grade 5 sample, while higher than those in kindergarten, were lower than those of Grade 2. Study findings question the efficacy of existing proficiency assessments at capturing the multidimensionality of oral proficiency in the intermediate and pre-advanced range. They also highlight the important role finely grained complexity measures can play in informing curriculum, instruction, and assessment practices.
Meat consumption and nutrition transition in Barcelona, 1709–1935
Authors: GUÀRDIA MANEL , OYÓN JOSÉ LUIS , GARRIGA SERGI , FAVA NADIA
Published: September 2017

Meat consumption increase since the nineteenth century is a good indicator of the key stage of the so-called nutrition transition. This article is based on primary sources, predominantly municipal slaughterhouse bookkeeping data, and examines the changing patterns of supply, distribution and consumption of different types of meat, in order to avoid the risk of an over-simplified historical view. Long-term analysis shows that between 1740 and 1840, a period of economic and demographic growth, meat consumption levels dropped dramatically. After that time, the liberalization of agriculture and the new rail network boosted the supply of meat. Other sources and spatial analysis help us examine the ways that the city was supplied with meat, the meat retail distribution within it and the changing diet of the different urban social strata.
Employment status and temporal patterns of energy intake: Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan, 2005–2008
Authors: Chau Chun-An , Pan Wen-Harn , Chen Hsin-Jen
Published: September 2017

Objective

To (i) identify the major temporal patterns of energy intake among adults; (ii) examine the association between employment status and the patterns; and (iii) examine the association between dietary quality and the patterns.

Design

Secondary analysis based on the cross-sectional population-based nutrition survey in Taiwan, 2005–2008. Based on energy intake levels at six time intervals of a day derived from 24 h recall data, we applied cluster analysis to identify major temporal patterns of energy intake. Self-reported employment status was categorized into six groups: full-time, part-time, no job, student, homemaker and retired. Multinomial logistic regression models were fitted to test the association between temporal patterns of energy intake and employment groups.

Setting

Non-institutionalized community dwellers.

Subjects

Non-pregnant adults (≥19 years old) with total energy intake between 2092 and 20920 kJ/d (500 and 5000 kcal/d; n 4508).

Results

Five major patterns were identified, which can be seen as the traditional meal pattern and its variants. About 20 % of adults had the traditional pattern. The most prevalent pattern was the delayed morning meal pattern (33 %), which had lower Ca and P intakes than the traditional pattern. About 14 % of adults had the delayed lunchtime pattern, which had lower protein, PUFA, fibre, Ca, P, vitamin D and vitamin E intakes than the traditional. Adjusted prevalence of the delayed lunchtime pattern was highest among full-time students (34 %), followed by part-time workers (24 %), and was lower in retired (8 %), homemakers (11 %) and full-time employed adults (12 %).

Conclusion

Adults’ temporal patterns of energy intake, which varied with their employment status, affected their dietary quality.
Understanding Mountain Lakes in a Changing World
Authors: Oleksy Isabella , Culpepper Joshua
Published: September 2017

Mountain Lakes and Global Change Workshop; Fort Collins, Colorado, 6–8 March 2017
Hypocognition: Making Sense of the Landscape beyond One's Conceptual Reach
Authors: Wu Kaidi , Dunning David
Published: September 2017

People think, feel, and behave within the confines of what they can conceive. Outside that conceptual landscape, people exhibit hypocognition (i.e., lacking cognitive or linguistic representations of concepts to describe ideas or explicate experiences). We review research on the implications of hypocognition for cognition and behavior. Drawing on the expertise and cross-cultural literatures, we describe how hypocognition impoverishes one's mental world, leaving cognitive deficits in recognition, explanation, and memory while fueling social chauvinism and conflict in political and cultural spheres. Despite its pervasive consequences, people cannot be expected to identify when they are in a hypocognitive state, mistaking what they conceive for the totality of all that there is. To the extent that their channel of knowledge becomes too narrow, people risk submitting to hypocognition's counterpart, hypercognition (i.e., the mistaken overapplication of other available conceptual notions to issues outside their actual relevance).
Human hepatic gene expression signature of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease progression, a meta-analysis
Authors: Ryaboshapkina Maria , Hammar Mårten
Published: September 2017

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a wide-spread chronic liver condition that places patients at risk of developing cardiovascular diseases and may progress to cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma if untreated. Challenges in clinical and basic research are caused by poor understanding of NAFLD mechanisms. The purpose of current study is to describe molecular changes occurring in human liver during NAFLD progression by defining a reproducible gene expression signature. We conduct a systematic meta-analysis of published human gene expression studies on liver biopsies and bariatric surgery samples of NAFLD patients. We relate gene expression levels with histology scores using regression models and identify a set of genes showing consistent-sign associations with NAFLD progression that are replicated in at least three independent studies. The analysis reveals genes that have not been previously characterized in the context of NAFLD such as HORMAD2 and LINC01554. In addition, we highlight biomarker opportunities for risk stratification and known drugs that could be used as tool compounds to study NAFLD in model systems. We identify gaps in current knowledge of molecular mechanisms of NAFLD progression and discuss ways to address them. Finally, we provide an extensive data supplement containing meta-analysis results in a computer-readable format.
Similarity-Based Segmentation of Multi-Dimensional Signals
Authors: Machné Rainer , Murray Douglas B. , Stadler Peter F.
Published: September 2017

The segmentation of time series and genomic data is a common problem in computational biology. With increasingly complex measurement procedures individual data points are often not just numbers or simple vectors in which all components are of the same kind. Analysis methods that capitalize on slopes in a single real-valued data track or that make explicit use of the vectorial nature of the data are not applicable in such scenaria. We develop here a framework for segmentation in arbitrary data domains that only requires a minimal notion of similarity. Using unsupervised clustering of (a sample of) the input yields an approximate segmentation algorithm that is efficient enough for genome-wide applications. As a showcase application we segment a time-series of transcriptome sequencing data from budding yeast, in high temporal resolution over ca. 2.5 cycles of the short-period respiratory oscillation. The algorithm is used with a similarity measure focussing on periodic expression profiles across the metabolic cycle rather than coverage per time point.
Two-dimensional nanomaterial-based field-effect transistors for chemical and biological sensing
Authors: Mao Shun , Chang Jingbo , Pu Haihui , Lu Ganhua , He Qiyuan , Zhang Hua , Chen Junhong
Published: September 2017

This review highlights the recent progress in graphene-, 2D transition metal dichalcogenide-, and 2D black phosphorus-based FET sensors for detecting gases, biomolecules, and water contaminants.
Targeting ligand-functionalized photothermal scaffolds for cancer cell capture and in situ ablation
Authors: Zhang Jing , Li Jingchao , Wang Xiuhui , Kawazoe Naoki , Chen Guoping
Published: September 2017

Targeting ligands with different grafting densities were introduced into photothermal scaffolds for cancer cell specific capture and ablation.
The mitochondrion: a central architect of copper homeostasis
Authors: Baker Zakery N. , Cobine Paul A. , Leary Scot C.
Published: September 2017

All known eukaryotes require copper for their development and survival.
A reevaluation of the origin of the rate acceleration for enzyme-catalyzed hydride transfer
Authors: Reyes Archie C. , Amyes Tina L. , Richard John P.
Published: September 2017

There is no consensus of opinion on the origin of the large rate accelerations observed for enzyme-catalyzed hydride transfer.
Correction: Recent advances in the synthesis of analogues of phytohormones strigolactones with ring-closing metathesis as a key step
Authors: Lombardi Chiara , Artuso Emma , Grandi Eleonora , Lolli Marco , Spyrakis Francesca , Priola Emanuele , Prandi Cristina
Published: September 2017

Correction for ‘Recent advances in the synthesis of analogues of phytohormones strigolactones with ring-closing metathesis as a key step’ by Chiara Lombardi, et al., Org. Biomol. Chem., 2017, DOI: 10.1039/c7ob01917c.
Functionalized allylamine polyphosphate as a novel multifunctional highly efficient fire retardant for polypropylene
Authors: Xiao Dan , Li Zhi , Gohs Uwe , Wagenknecht Udo , Voit Brigitte , Wang De-Yi
Published: September 2017

In this study, an efficient novel allylamine polyphosphate (AAPP) as a flame retardant (FR) crosslinker is used to improve the thermal stability of flame retarded polypropylene (PP) composites under electron beam treatment.
Electrochemical monitoring of ROS generation by anticancer agents: the case of chartreusin
Authors: Doménech-Carbó Antonio , Cebrián-Torrejón Gerardo , Montoya Noemí , Ueberschaar Nico , Scotti Marcus Tullius , Benfodda Zohra , Hertweck Christian
Published: September 2017

Generation of ROS by anticancer agents is monitored using solid state electrochemical techniques.
A bifunctional luminescent europium–organic framework for highly selective sensing of nitrobenzene and 4-aminophenol
Authors: Gao Ming-Liang , Cao Xiao-Man , Zhang Yu-Yang , Qi Mei-Hong , Wang Shi-Ming , Liu Lin , Han Zheng-Bo
Published: September 2017

A bifunctional luminescent Eu-MOF can be applied as a highly selective and sensitive bifunctional luminescence sensor to detect NB and 4-AP through an energy competition mechanism with low detection limits of 5–70 ppm and 5–110 ppm, respectively.
Displacement and hybridization reactions in aptamer-functionalized hydrogels for biomimetic protein release and signal transduction
Authors: Lai Jinping , Li Shihui , Shi Xuechen , Coyne James , Zhao Nan , Dong Fengping , Mao Yingwei , Wang Yong
Published: September 2017

Combinatorial external and internal triggering events enable hydrogel to control protein release by mimicking signal transduction of the cell in response to metabolism.
High strain actuation liquid crystal elastomers via modulation of mesophase structure
Authors: Saed Mohand O. , Volpe Ross H. , Traugutt Nicholas A. , Visvanathan Rayshan , Clark Noel A. , Yakacki Christopher M.
Published: September 2017

Control of the mesophase in liquid crystalline elastomers (LCEs) is a critical aspect in harnessing their unique stimuli-responsive properties.
Spherical nematic shells with a prolate ellipsoidal core
Authors: Sadati Monirosadat , Zhou Ye , Melchert Drew , Guo Ashley , Martinez-Gonzalez Jose A. , Roberts Tyler F. , Zhang Rui , de Pablo Juan J.
Published: September 2017

By replacing the inner spherical core of a radial liquid crystal shell with a planar prolate ellipsoidal particle, it is possible to form hybrid or twisted configurations, with topological defects positioned at the two ends of the ellipsoid.
VPS18 recruits VPS41 to the human HOPS complex via a RING–RING interaction
Authors: Hunter Morag R. , Scourfield Edward J. , Emmott Edward , Graham Stephen C.
Published: September 2017

Eukaryotic cells use conserved multisubunit membrane tethering complexes, including CORVET (class C core vacuole/endosome tethering) and HOPS (homotypic fusion and vacuole protein sorting), to control the fusion of endomembranes. These complexes have been extensively studied in yeast, but to date there have been far fewer studies of metazoan CORVET and HOPS. Both of these complexes comprise six subunits: a common four-subunit core and two unique subunits. Once assembled, these complexes function to recognise specific endosomal membrane markers and facilitate SNARE-mediated membrane fusion. CORVET promotes the homotypic fusion of early endosomes, while HOPS promotes the fusion of lysosomes to late endosomes and autophagosomes. Many of the subunits of both CORVET and HOPS contain putative C-terminal zinc-finger domains. Here, the contribution of these domains to the assembly of the human CORVET and HOPS complexes has been examined. Using biochemical techniques, we demonstrate that the zinc-containing RING (really interesting new gene) domains of human VPS18 and VPS41 interact directly to form a stable heterodimer. In cells, these RING domains are able to integrate into endogenous HOPS, showing that the VPS18 RING domain is required to recruit VPS41 to the core complex subunits. Importantly, this mechanism is not conserved throughout eukaryotes, as yeast Vps41 does not contain a C-terminal zinc-finger motif. The subunit analogous to VPS41 in human CORVET is VPS8, in which the RING domain has an additional C-terminal segment that is predicted to be disordered. Both the RING and disordered C-terminal domains are required for integration of VPS8 into endogenous CORVET complexes, suggesting that HOPS and CORVET recruit VPS41 and VPS8 via distinct molecular interactions.
A Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo Triage Clinic
Authors: Riska Kristal M. , Akin Faith W. , Williams Laura , Rouse Stephanie B. , Murnane Owen D.
Published: September 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of triaging patients with motion-provoked dizziness into a benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) clinic.

Method

A retrospective chart review was performed of veterans who were tested and treated for BPPV in a triaged BPPV clinic and veterans who were tested and treated for BPPV in a traditional vestibular clinic.

Results

The BPPV triage clinic had a hit rate of 39%. On average, the triaged BPPV clinic reduced patient wait times by 23 days relative to the wait times for the traditional vestibular clinic while also reducing patient costs.

Conclusion

Triaging patients with BPPV is one method to improve access to evaluation and treatment and a mechanism for the effective use of clinic time and resources.
Molecular gas in theHerschel-selected strongly lensed submillimeter galaxies atz ~ 2–4 as probed by multi-JCO lines
Authors: Yang C. , Omont A. , Beelen A. , Gao Y. , van der Werf P. , Gavazzi R. , Zhang Z.-Y. , Ivison R. , Lehnert M. , Liu D. , Oteo I. , González-Alfonso E. , Dannerbauer H. , Cox P. , Krips M. , Neri R. , Riechers D. , Baker A. J. , Michałowski M. J. , Cooray A. , Smail I.
Published: September 2017

We present the IRAM-30 m observations of multiple-JCO (Jupmostly from 3 up to 8) and [C I](3P2 → 3P1) ([C I](2–1) hereafter) line emission in a sample of redshift ~2–4 submillimeter galaxies (SMGs). These SMGs are selected among the brightest-lensed galaxies discovered in theHerschel-Astrophysical Terahertz Large Area Survey (H-ATLAS). Forty-seven CO lines and 7 [C I](2–1) lines have been detected in 15 lensed SMGs. A non-negligible effect of differential lensing is found for the CO emission lines, which could have caused significant underestimations of the linewidths, and hence of the dynamical masses. The CO spectral line energy distributions (SLEDs), peaking aroundJup~ 5–7, are found to be similar to those of the local starburst-dominated ultra-luminous infrared galaxies and of the previously studied SMGs. After correcting for lensing amplification, we derived the global properties of the bulk of molecular gas in the SMGs using non-LTE radiative transfer modelling, such as the molecular gas densitynH2 ~ 102.5–104.1 cm-3and the kinetic temperatureTk ~ 20–750 K. The gas thermal pressurePthranging from~105 K cm-3to 106 K cm-3is found to be correlated with star formation efficiency. Further decomposing the CO SLEDs into two excitation components, we find a low-excitation component withnH2 ~ 102.8–104.6 cm-3andTk ~ 20–30 K, which is less correlated with star formation, and a high-excitation one (nH2 ~ 102.7–104.2 cm-3,Tk ~ 60–400 K) which is tightly related to the on-going star-forming activity. Additionally, tight linear correlations between the far-infrared and CO line luminosities have been confirmed for theJup≥ 5 CO lines of these SMGs, implying that these CO lines are good tracers of star formation. The [C I](2–1) lines follow the tight linear correlation between the luminosities of the [C I](2–1) and the CO(1–0) line found in local starbursts, indicating that [C I] lines could serve as good total molecular gas mass tracers for high-redshift SMGs as well. The total mass of the molecular gas reservoir, (1–30) × 1010M⊙, derived based on the CO(3–2) fluxes andαCO(1–0)= 0.8M⊙( K km s-1pc2)-1, suggests a typical molecular gas depletion timetdep ~ 20–100 Myr and a gas to dust mass ratioδGDR ~ 30–100 with ~20%–60% uncertainty for the SMGs. The ratio between CO line luminosity and the dust massL′CO/Mdustappears to be slowly increasing with redshift for high-redshift SMGs, which need to be further confirmed by a more complete SMG sample at various redshifts. Finally, through comparing the linewidth of CO and H2O lines, we find that they agree well in almost all our SMGs, confirming that the emitting regions of the CO and H2O lines are co-spatially located.
Preparation of Propargyl Amines in a ZnCl2–Dimethylurea Deep-Eutectic Solvent
Authors: Obst Martin , Srivastava Akriti , Baskaran Sundarababu , König Burkhard
Published: September 2017

The coupling of an aldehyde, an amine, and an alkyne to yield propargyl amines was performed in a deep-eutectic solvent composed of zinc chloride and dimethylurea. The deep-eutectic solvent acts simultaneously as catalyst and solvent giving access to a variety of propargyl amines, which were isolated in moderate to very good yields.
The Effects of External Jugular Compression Applied during High Intensity Power, Strength and Postural Control Tasks
Authors: DiCesare Christopher , Barber Foss Kim , Thomas Staci , Schneider Daniel , Edwards Nicholas , Myer Gregory
Published: September 2017

Introduction Current strategies focused on mitigating concussion in sport have demonstrated limited effectiveness. There is a paucity of research on the optimization of intracranial brain dynamics to mitigate concussion; in the present study, we investigate a novel device that provides mild jugular vein compression and may provide adjunctive protection to protect the brain internally from concussive and sub-concussive impacts. The purpose of this study was to assess the tolerance and acceptance of this device in a population of normal, healthy adults undergoing exertion similar to that is experienced while participating in sports-related competition, while monitoring changes in their biomechanical, strength, power, and postural stability capabilities.

Material and Methods A total 18 participants (8 females, 10 males) were tested and included in the final analysis. Laboratory data collection consisted of two separate testing sessions for all participants. During the first testing session, participants were tested while wearing either the mild jugular vein compression neck device or a sham arm device (Sham) that was worn on the upper arm and did not alter venous return; participants exchanged devices for the second session. Participants underwent a battery of physical and neurological tests that included three-dimensional (3-D) biomechanical analysis, dynamic postural control testing using a stabilometer, isokinetic strength testing using a dynamometer, and a maximum vertical jump test.

Results Evaluation of vital biomechanics, postural control and dynamic stabilization, isokinetic strength, and power in this population showed no statistically significant effect of wearing a mild jugular vein compression neck device compared with a Sham armband.

Conclusions The data evaluated in the current project indicate that the device is safe during high intensity and dynamic postural stabilization exercise and does not alter normal physical or neuromuscular capabilities during physical activity.
Ratings of Perceived Exertion and Physiological Responses in Children During Exercise
Authors: Erichsen Jennifer , Dykstra Brandon , Hidde Mary , Mahon Anthony
Published: September 2017

OMNI ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and physiological responses in children (n=7 boys, 8 girls, 11.1±1.0 years) were examined during estimation (graded exercise test [GXT] and steady-state) and production (steady-state) trials on a cycle ergometer. Peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) was determined via a GXT with RPE estimated every 30 s. Later, two 6-min trials were completed: Participants 1) estimated RPE at ~75% of VO2peak, 2) produced a level of exertion corresponding to their RPE at ~75% of VO2peak during the GXT. Data analysis included a one-way MANOVA and a paired t-test. The target intensity during the GXT corresponded to 74.2±2.5% of VO2peak; the steady-state estimation and production trials were performed at 76.5±2.7% and 68.5±14.1% of VO2peak, respectively (p>0.05). Mean RPE at ~75% of VO2peak during the GXT and production trial was 6.7±1.5; during the steady-state estimation trial RPE was 5.8±2.0 (p>0.05). There were no differences (p>0.05) in the physiological responses. Participants estimated RPE similarly at ~75% of VO2peak during both graded and steady-state exercise, but when asked to produce a given RPE, marked variability was observed in physiological responses. These findings may have implications in optimizing exercise prescriptions for children.
Stent placement for benign esophageal leaks, perforations, and fistulae: a clinical prediction rule for successful leakage control
Authors: van Halsema Emo , Kappelle Wouter , Weusten Bas , Lindeboom Robert , van Berge Henegouwen Mark , Fockens Paul , Vleggaar Frank , Spaander Manon , van Hooft Jeanin
Published: September 2017

Background and study aims Sealing esophageal leaks by stent placement allows healing in 44 % – 94 % of patients. We aimed to develop a prediction rule to predict the chance of successful stent therapy.

Patients and methods In this multicenter retrospective cohort study, patients with benign upper gastrointestinal leakage treated with stent placement were included. We used logistic regression analysis including four known clinical predictors of stent therapy outcome. The model performance to predict successful stent therapy was evaluated in an independent validation sample.

Results We included etiology, location, C-reactive protein, and size of the leak as clinical predictors. The model was estimated from 145 patients (derivation sample), and 59 patients were included in the validation sample. Stent therapy was successful in 55.9 % and 67.8 % of cases, respectively. The predicted probability of successful stent therapy was significantly higher in success patients compared with failure patients in both the derivation (P < 0.001) and validation (P < 0.001) samples. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 74.1 % in the derivation sample and 84.7 % in the validation sample. When the model predicted ≥ 70 % chance of success, the positive predictive value was 79 % in the derivation sample and 87 % in the validation sample. When the model predicted ≤ 50 % chance of success, the negative predictive value was 64 % and 86 %, respectively.

Conclusions This prediction rule, consisting of four clinical predictors, could identify patients with esophageal leaks who were likely to benefit from or fail on stent therapy. The prediction rule can support clinical decision-making when the predicted probability of success is ≥ 70 % or ≤ 50 %.
High efficiency low threshold current 1.3 μm InAs quantum dot lasers on on-axis (001) GaP/Si
Authors: Jung Daehwan , Norman Justin , Kennedy M. J. , Shang Chen , Shin Bongki , Wan Yating , Gossard Arthur C. , Bowers John E.
Published: September 2017

We demonstrate highly efficient, low threshold InAs quantum dot lasers epitaxially grown on on-axis (001) GaP/Si substrates using molecular beam epitaxy. Electron channeling contrast imaging measurements show a threading dislocation density of 7.3 × 106 cm−2 from an optimized GaAs template grown on GaP/Si. The high-quality GaAs templates enable as-cleaved quantum dot lasers to achieve a room-temperature continuous-wave (CW) threshold current of 9.5 mA, a threshold current density as low as 132 A/cm2, a single-side output power of 175 mW, and a wall-plug-efficiency of 38.4% at room temperature. As-cleaved QD lasers show ground-state CW lasing up to 80 °C. The application of a 95% high-reflectivity coating on one laser facet results in a CW threshold current of 6.7 mA, which is a record-low value for any kind of Fabry-Perot laser grown on Si.
Ponderomotive scaling in the radiative damping regime
Authors: Pandit Rishi R. , Ackad Edward , d'Humieres Emmanuel , Sentoku Yasuhiko
Published: September 2017

The ponderomotive force for super intense laser matter interactions has been derived by taking into account the higher order terms of radiative damping. The ion acceleration via collisionless shock, generated by both the ponderomotive pressure of the intense laser pulse during the interaction and the electron acceleration, becomes less efficient due to the radiative damping. A new ponderomotive scaling has been derived by applying the force with the radiation reaction to the super intense laser regime, and it is benchmarked by a particle-in-cell simulation with the radiative damping terms included in equations of motion. We find good agreement between theoretical and simulation results in terms of shock velocity and accelerated ion energy.
Highly efficient solid state magnetoelectric gyrators
Authors: Leung Chung Ming , Zhuang Xin , Friedrichs Daniel , Li Jiefang , Erickson Robert W. , Laletin V. , Popov M. , Srinivasan G. , Viehland D.
Published: September 2017

An enhancement in the power-conversion-efficiency (η) of a magneto-electric (ME) gyrator has been found by the use of Mn-substituted nickel zinc ferrite. A trilayer gyrator of Mn-doped Ni0.8Zn0.2Fe2O3 and Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 has η = 85% at low power conditions (∼20 mW/in3) and η ≥ 80% at high power conditions (∼5 W/in3). It works close to fundamental electromechanical resonance in both direct and converse modes. The value of η is by far the highest reported so far, which is due to the high mechanical quality factor (Qm) of the magnetostrictive ferrite. Such highly efficient ME gyrators with a significant power density could become important elements in power electronics, potentially replacing electromagnetic and piezoelectric transformers.
Numerical modeling of high aspect ratio flexible fibers in inertial flows
Authors: Kunhappan D. , Harthong B. , Chareyre B. , Balarac G. , Dumont P. J. J.
Published: September 2017

A numerical model for the behavior of flexible fibers under inertial flows was developed by coupling discrete element method and finite volume method. The fibers were discretized into several beam segments, and the equations of motion were integrated with a 2nd order accurate explicit scheme. The 3D Navier-Stokes equations were discretized by a 4th order accurate (space and time) unstructured finite volume scheme. Momentum exchange between the fluid and fibers was enforced by including a source term of the fiber hydrodynamic force in the Navier-Stokes equations. The choice of an appropriate model for the hydrodynamic force on a fiber in a fluid flow depending on the Reynolds number is discussed and covers a range of Reynolds number between 10−2 and 102. The current numerical model is validated against different experimental studies, including deflection of fiber in uniform flow, fibers in isotropic turbulent flow, and concentrated fiber suspension in channel flow. The numerical model was able to reproduce the damping/enhancement phenomena of turbulence in a channel flow as a consequence of the micro-structural evolution of the fibers.
Shockley-Read-Hall recombination affects electroluminescence efficiency in gallium nitride LEDs
Authors: Cockbill Louisa
Published: September 2017

Researchers developed approaches to determine type and concentration of deep traps in LED structures for different materials.
Low-cost device for retrieval of moorings deployed with underwater remote release systems
Authors: Crook D. A. , Adair B. J. , Hetherington L. J.
Published: September 2017

Underwater acoustic and timed-release systems are commonly deployed with sensors and other equipment for ecological and oceanographic research in aquatic environments. These systems allow equipment deployed at depth to be remotely released from their moorings for retrieval. However, a current limitation is that most systems do not incorporate mechanisms for retrieval of the mooring anchor and attachments (e.g. shackles, cable). Herein we provide a detailed description and evaluation of a ‘retrieval pod’ that can be attached directly to remotely released underwater devices to facilitate mooring retrieval. The system was tested using acoustic release telemetry receivers under field conditions in a large estuary in the Northern Territory, Australia. Six receivers fitted with pods were retrieved from the field after two consecutive 6-month deployments (12 retrievals in total) with no failed mooring retrievals. Although our tests were confined to shallow depths (<8m), it should be straightforward to modify the system for use in deeper water by increasing the spool capacity. The retrieval pods are reusable, require minimal construction skills and can be assembled from basic equipment available at most hardware or boating stores, making them a convenient and low-cost option for the retrieval of moorings deployed with remote release systems.
Lipid topology and electrostatic interactions underpin lytic activity of linear cationic antimicrobial peptides in membranes
Authors: Paterson David J. , Tassieri Manlio , Reboud Julien , Wilson Rab , Cooper Jonathan M.
Published: September 2017

Significance

We propose a mechanistic framework that explains the activity and selectivity of an important class of compounds known as linear cationic antimicrobial peptides. These molecules have the potential to be developed into highly potent and selective pharmaceuticals, as they are able to discriminate between mammalian and bacterial membranes, and so destroy pathogens. By comparing both selective and nonselective peptides, we show that their activity is governed by topological and electrostatic interactions between the membrane-bound peptide and the surrounding lipids. This framework could underpin strategies for the rational design of therapeutic agents that are potentially able to bypass the mechanisms of acquired bacterial drug resistance.
The Utility of an Admission Screening Procedure for Patients Committed to a State Hospital as Incompetent to Stand Trial
Authors: McDermott Barbara E. , Newman William J. , Meyer Jonathan , Scott Charles L. , Warburton Katherine
Published: September 2017

Competence to stand trial is the most requested forensic evaluation in the United States, with a minimum of 60,000 assessments conducted per year. In the U.S., once found incompetent, restoration typically is provided by the mental health system, generally via an inpatient admission. There has been a nationwide surge in referrals for competence to stand trial evaluations, with a corresponding increase in defendants court-ordered for restoration. When jurisdictions require inpatient treatment for this restoration process, defendants often wait in jail for a hospital bed. As more states face litigation because of these waiting times, strategies to improve the efficiency of systems charged with restoration is imperative. Our study examined the utility of an admission screening process to achieve this goal. Eight hundred and thirty seven patients were admitted as incompetent to stand trial during the study period, 486 of whom had adequate data for analysis. Our results indicated that this screening process was useful in identifying individuals who may need a comprehensive assessment of feigning. Our data confirm that the assessment of response style is a critical component of a forensic evaluation. If this assessment is not performed pretrial, there is benefit to conducting the assessment on admission for restoration.
Modified harmony search
Authors: Mohamed Najihah , Amri Ramli Ahmad Lutfi , Abd Majid Ahmad , Mt Piah Abd Rahni
Published: September 2017

A metaheuristic algorithm, called Harmony Search is quite highly applied in optimizing parameters in many areas. HS is a derivative-free real parameter optimization algorithm, and draws an inspiration from the musical improvisation process of searching for a perfect state of harmony. Propose in this paper Modified Harmony Search for solving optimization problems, which employs a concept from genetic algorithm method and particle swarm optimization for generating new solution vectors that enhances the performance of HS algorithm. The performances of MHS and HS are investigated on ten benchmark optimization problems in order to make a comparison to reflect the efficiency of the MHS in terms of final accuracy, convergence speed and robustness.
Active Ran regulates anillin function during cytokinesis
Authors: Beaudet Daniel , Akhshi Tara , Phillipp Julia , Law Christopher , Piekny Alisa
Published: September 2017

Cytokinesis cleaves a cell into two daughters at the end of mitosis, and must be spatially coordinated with chromosome segregation to prevent aneuploidy. The dogma is that the mitotic spindle governs the assembly and constriction of an actomyosin ring. Here, we reveal a function for active Ran in spatially restricting the ring. Our model is that during anaphase, “free” importins, whose gradient inversely correlates with active Ran and chromatin position, function as a molecular ruler for the recruitment and localization of anillin, a contractile protein and a crucial regulator of cytokinesis. We found that decreasing Ran-GTP levels or tethering active Ran to the equatorial membrane affects anillin’s localization and causes cytokinesis phenotypes. Anillin contains a conserved nuclear localization signal (NLS) at its C-terminus that binds to importin-β and is required for cortical polarity and cytokinesis. Mutating the NLS decreases anillin’s cortical affinity, causing it to be more dominantly regulated by microtubules. Anillin contains a RhoA-GTP binding domain, which autoinhibits the NLS and the neighboring microtubule-binding domain, and RhoA-GTP binding may relieve this inhibition during mitosis. Retention of the C-terminal NLS in anillin homologues suggests that this is a conserved mechanism for controlling anillin function.
Introduction
Authors: Weiss Shira
Published: September 2017

The introductory chapter describes Joseph Albo’s biography and historical context to provide background for an analysis of his work. The structure and content of his popular Sefer ha-‘Iqqarim is discussed, as well as his philosophical influences. Criticism of Albo as an unoriginal philosopher is described in an effort to refute the scholarly consensus and argue for the philosophical ingenuity embedded within Albo’s individual homilies. The explicit objective of Albo’s Sefer ha-‘Iqqarim was to provide an explication of dogma to defend the authenticity of Judaism and create a uniform set of Jewish doctrine for his persecuted coreligionists. Albo integrates individual biblical homilies that convey theological lessons within his discussions of principles of faith which provide a vivid and accessible understanding of complex philosophical ideas. Several of Albo’s exegetical analyses focus on free choice, which emerges as a conceptual scheme throughout his work, demonstrating its significance during a period of religious coercion.
Something
Authors: Chua Daniel K L
Published: September 2017

This ‘movement’ considers how Beethoven’s music provides a critique and a lament of heroic freedom by turning the logic of the blank sign from its transcendant fullness to a gaping abyss. Under such conditions, how can music radiate hope? To explore possible answers, this movement uses the myth of Orpheus to frame the discussion, analaysing works such as the piano sonatas Opp 81a, 110, and 111 and the opera Fidelio. It closes by exploring the possibility of alternative freedom.
LBJ, India, and the Short Tether
Authors: Riley Barry
Published: September 2017

In the ten years since enactment of PL 480, India had been the largest participant in the Title I local currency sales program. Johnson believed India regarded the program almost as an entitlement derived from India’s continuing poverty and America’s wealth and agricultural surpluses. This chapter recounts Johnson’s personal intervention in every food aid decision related to India where he sought to extract policy concessions, a stronger Indian commitment to agricultural reform, and greater public gratefulness for America’s largesse. Food aid to India during months of drought and shortages were provided only on a month-to-month basis and only upon the approval of the president in very grudging amounts. Relying on reporting from USDA that did not fully portray all the Indian government had already undertaken to improve its own food production, Johnson’s harsh food aid policy may have delayed rather than encouraged agricultural progress in India.
A Global Food Crisis
Authors: Riley Barry
Published: September 2017

The global food crisis of 1972–74 was the result of unusually poor harvests in many of the world’s major production areas. South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa were particularly hard hit and needed to import basic foodstuffs to avert famine. Unfortunately, because of unprecedented purchases by the Soviet Union and decisions by oil-exporting countries to raise prices on oil, poor countries faced higher prices for both food and energy, while the food aid donors found themselves unable to find food aid commodities at affordable prices to send to countries desperately in need. This chapter describes how these events came about, the depth of the problem in the hardest-hit countries, and the nature—and constraints on—the U.S. response to them.
The Ethiopia Conundrum
Authors: Riley Barry
Published: September 2017

This chapter is the second of two in-depth, country case studies. The first, Chapter 13, was a detailed account of Lyndon's Johnson's use of his “short tether” in India. The present chapter chronicles the rapid expansion of hunger and famine in Ethiopia during the 1980s and the nature of the official American government response to that disaster at a period in history when Ethiopia was governed by an anti-American, Marxist, military government and the United States was led by a conservative, profoundly anticommunist president and administration. This chapter explores, first the underlying, chronic causes of widespread food deprivation in Ethiopia and the overlay of political and economic causes combining to produce famine conditions for millions. Second, it looks at the American response to that unfolding disaster and attempts to determine the extent to which the U.S. response might have been influenced by political rather than humanitarian considerations.