bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Slip distribution of the 19 September 1985 Michoacan, Mexico, earthquake: Near-source and teleseismic constraints
Authors: Mendoza Carlos , Hartzell Stephen H.
Published: July 2021

We simultaneously invert the strong-motion velocity records and the long- and intermediate-period teleseismic P waveforms of the 19 September 1985 Michoacan, Mexico, earthquake to recover the distribution of slip on the fault using a point-by-point constrained and stabilized, least-squares inversion method. A fault plane with strike fixed at 300° and dip fixed at 14° is placed in the region of the earthquake hypocenter and divided into 120 subfaults. Rupture is assumed to propagate at a velocity of 2.6 km/sec away from the hypocenter. Synthetic near-source ground motions and teleseismic P waveforms for pure strike-slip and dipslip dislocations are calculated for each subfault. The observed data are then inverted to obtain the amount of strike-slip and dip-slip displacement required of each subfault. We also invert the data sets using a time-window procedure where the subfaults are allowed to slip up to three times. This approach relaxes the constraint of fixed subfault rupture time imposed by a constant rupture velocity.

Inversion of the strong-motion data alone yields a slip model similar to the solution previously obtained using only teleseismic waveforms. This result supports the use of teleseismic waveform data for the derivation of fault dislocation models in the absence of strong-motion recordings. Our simultaneous inversion of both data sets suggests that rupture during the Michoacan earthquake was controlled largely by the failure of three major asperities located along the length and down the dip of a 150-km segment of the Cocos-North America plate boundary. The solution contains three major source regions including an 80 km by 55 km source near the hypocenter with a peak slip of 6.5 meters. Two additional sources are present on the southeast portion of the fault about 70 km away from the hypocenter. One of these sources, with a peak slip of 5 meters, covers a 45 km by 60 km area and extends downdip from a depth of about 10 km to 24 km. The third source region is somewhat smaller (30 km by 60 km area, 3.1-meters peak slip) and extends further downdip at depths between 27 km and 39 km. Aftershock activity following the earthquake was associated mainly with the two shallow sources. These two sources are separated by the aftershock zone of the 1981 Playa Azul earthquake.
The case for a shallow-crustal anomalous zone (magma body?) near the south end of Hilton Creek fault, California, including new evidence from an interpretation of pre-Sarrivals
Authors: Peppin William A. , Honjas William , Delaplain Thomas W. , Vetter Ute R.
Published: July 2021

Seven independent lines of evidence can be cited for the existence of a shallow-crustal anomalous zone at a site near the south end of Hilton Creek fault, near Mammoth Lakes, California. They are: (1) the presence of a persistent seismic gap since detailed observations began in 1979; (2) S-wave shadowing for travel paths crossing the site; (3) a low-velocity anomaly associated with the south end of Hilton Creek fault discovered by seismic tomography; (4) the observation of two non-double-couple mechanisms for large earthquakes a few km east and west of the site; (5) a concentration of pre-S-arrivals indicative of a possible reflection in the vicinity of this site; (6) a geometric symmetry of source-receiver paths showing pre-S arrivals about this site; and (7) [new evidence presented herein] travel-time fits of strong pre-S arrivals recorded at epicenter of the 1978 Wheeler Crest event (ML 5.7).
Teleseismic and strong-motion source spectra from two earthquakes in eastern Taiwan
Authors: Hwang Lorraine J. , Kanamori Hiroo
Published: July 2021

The 20 May and 14 November 1986 Hualien earthquakes occurred in a seismically active region of Taiwan. Locally determined focal mechanisms and aftershock patterns from the Taiwan Telemetered Seismographic Network indicate that both earthquakes occurred on steeply dipping reverse faults that trend NNE. This agrees with teleseismic first-motion data for the May event but not for the November event. This discrepancy is due to a moderate foreshock before the November event. Surface-wave analysis gives a solution for the November event of: dip 57°, rake 100°, and strike 43°, which is similar to the locally reported focal mechanism. The seismic moment of the November event is M0 = 1.7 × 1027 dynecm and the magnitudes determined from WWSSN data are m^b = 6.4, Ms = 7.3. Teleseismic source spectra show that the two events also have similar spectral signatures above 0.15 Hz. Reference acceleration spectra are computed from the average teleseismic source spectra and compared to the averaged acceleration spectra computed from strong-motion stations for both events. Correlations between the spectral amplitudes of the strong-motion spectra obtained from the main portion of the SMART 1 array and the teleseismically estimated reference spectra are poor above 0.2 Hz. Data from the hard-rock site situated outside of the basin indicates that amplification of the ground motion between 0.17-1.7 Hz is due to the alluvial valley where the SMART 1 array is located. The amplitude of the observed spectrum is five times the reference spectrum at the hard-rock site. This is consistent with similar observations from the 1985 Michoacan and 1983 Akita-Oki earthquakes. The analysis of these and more teleseismic and strong-motion records will lead to a better understanding of the relationship between their spectra.
High-frequency seismic observations and models of chemical explosions: Implications for the discrimination of ripple-fired mining blasts
Authors: Smith Albert T.
Published: July 2021

Discrimination of large chemical explosions (e.g., mining blasts) from possible clandestine nuclear tests (e.g., decoupled explosions) is a significant issue for seismic verification. Unless discrimination is possible, the numerous mining blasts within the USSR would give ample opportunity for concealing a clandestine test. Evernden et al. (1986) advocate high frequencies as a means to detect these clandestine tests; however, mining blasts must still give a unique signature for their discrimination. Specific conditions are also necessary for high-frequency verification: low attenuation and quiet seismic stations are among the most important. In this study we address these problems under conditions representing a best case scenerio.

During the summer of 1985, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) deployed a regional array and high frequency seismic station near RSON (Red Lake, Ontario, Canada) to study regional seismic signals at a low-noise site with excellent propagation characteristics, the continental shield. One objective was to evaluate the performance of regional seismic arrays and high-frequency stations in this geological environment. Using high-frequency data from mining blasts within the Mesabi Iron Range in northern Minnesota (distance of 380 km), we also observed the high-frequency Pn phase of ripple-fired blasts, modeled their source properties, and evaluated a possible discriminant for chemical explosions.

This study suggests the existence of a distinctive signature for large chemical explosions: strong, high-frequency spectral peaks in the P spectra introduced by delay shooting or ripple firing. Its application depends, however, on a frequency band extending to at least 35 Hz at regional distances, reasonably uniform delay times in the blast pattern, predictably quiet seismic sites, and minimal path attenuation for high frequencies. At 380 km, we observe good propagation to 30 Hz; at 50 Hz the evidence suggests severe attenuation or scattering which is consistent with a total Q between 1500 and 2500. Attenuation estimates assuming a simple source behavior (e.g., f−2 or f−3) at high frequencies for mining explosions would give incorrect values of Q unless corrected for the blast pattern. These attenuations will limit the value of high frequencies for the detection of small decoupled explosions at regional distances.
Strain and frequency-dependent attenuation estimates in salt based on SALMON and STERLING near-field recordings
Authors: Gupta I. N. , McLaughlin K. L.
Published: July 2021

The amplitude and spectra of teleseismic and regional seismic P waves depend on the material properties in the source region. The effects of strain and frequency-dependent attenuation are therefore important for understanding the source characteristics of coupled versus decoupled explosions. Near-field velocity and acceleration data from the SALMON and STERLING explosions in salt were analyzed for strain and frequency-dependent attenuation. Attenuation, parameterized as 1/Q, was estimated for various source-receiver distance ranges and frequency bandwidths using two methods: mean spectral ratio slope and average amplitude spectral ratio. Results from SALMON indicate that (1) in the frequency range of 1 to 25 Hz, Q is about 5 to 10; (2) Q increases with source-receiver distance, suggesting lower Q for larger strain levels; and (3) Q in the frequency range of 25 to 50 Hz is substantially higher than in the frequency range of 1 to 25 Hz, or Q increases with frequency. Analysis of data from STERLING indicates that Q is frequency independent and about one order of magnitude larger than for SALMON. It appears therefore that the near-source attenuation was strain and frequency dependent and hence nonlinear for SALMON out to a range of at least 600 m.
Transient-wave solution for Lamb's problem at the free surface
Authors: Schiel Klaus , Protázio João S.
Published: July 2021

An exact analytic solution of Lamb's problem is presented with no approximation or restriction for material parameters or source observer geometries. The transient-wave field for a directional point force normal to the surface of an elastic half-space is given in terms of its constituent components: the body waves, the surface wave, and the near field. In contrast to other known solutions, ours enables us to characterize these wave phenomena separately.

Some outstanding features should be mentioned: the singularities appearing in the Green's function solution of the problem are integrable. The transient-wave solution presented is well-suited for numerical computation.
Where are the Unbanked in Belize?: Using Machine Learning Small Area Estimation to Improve Financial Inclusion Geographic Targeting
Authors: Hersh Jonathan , Martin Rivero Lucia , Leslie Janelle
Published: July 2021

This study aims to contribute to the efficient and effective implementation of Belize's National Financial Inclusion Strategy (NFIS) that was launched by the Central Bank of Belize in 2019. It employs Machine Learning Based Small Area Estimation to develop granular estimates of Financial Inclusion at the smallest geographical level know as Enumeration Districts (ED) that were previously unavailable for Belize. To gain deeper understanding of the populations financial characteristics at the ED level, we build five measures of access to banking and financial services. Significant clustering of financial inclusion metrics that are not apparent in the district level averages are identified. This study also analyzes the factors that influence the use of financial services and instruments in order to propose appropriate adjustments in the strategies implemented by authorities in each geographical area. Both the spatial distribution of Financial Inclusion indicators and the factors influencing the adoption of financial services shed light on specific recommendations relevant to each of the four Thematic Financial Inclusion Task Forces included in the NFIS.
Experimental Investigation on Tensile Properties of Carbon Fabric-Glass Fabric-Kevlar Fabric-Epoxy Hybrid Composite Laminates
Authors: Al Khaddour Samer , Ibrahim Mohamad Barkat
Published: July 2021

In this paper, composite and hybrid composite materials were prepared using the hand lay-up method, with carbon, glass, and Kevlar fabrics as the reinforcing materials and epoxy as a matrix. The tensile test was performed to determine the optimal ratio of epoxy resin in carbon fabric/epoxy, glass fabric/epoxy, and Kevlar fabric/epoxy composites in terms of tensile properties. It was found that the optimal ratio of epoxy in terms of tensile properties to impregnate the used Kevlar fabric, glass fabric, and carbon fabric was around 45%wt, 3%wt, and 30 %wt, respectively. The effect of fabric content and stacking sequences, with a fixed epoxy content, on the hybrid composites’ tensile properties were also investigated. The tensile properties of the prepared composites were compared to determine the most favorable preparation conditions for obtaining a hybrid laminate that has high tensile properties and is suitable for a wide range of applications at a low cost.
Mechanical Properties and Durability of Recycled Aggregate Permeable Concrete
Authors: Liu Lifang , Dong Bo
Published: July 2021

The recycled aggregate permeable concrete made of reused construction wastes is very important for realizing the sustainable development of the construction industry, it can alleviate the adverse impact of surface runoff during storm and the urban heat island effect. Therefore, this paper studied the mechanical properties and durability of recycled aggregate permeable concrete. At first, a few properties of the target material, including bulk density, moisture content, water absorption, compressive strength, and water permeability coefficient, were tested respectively. Then, based on the orthogonal test, the performance of the target material was analyzed, and the analysis steps of the range analysis method and the variance analysis method in the orthogonal test were given. At last, the mechanical properties and durability of the target material were tested via experiments, and the relevant test results and analysis were elaborated.
A Study on Primigravida Mothers of Rural Karad Taluka, Maharashtra in Acknowledging the Child Developmental Milestones
Authors: Soni Devanshi Jagdish , Srinivasan Dr. Anandh
Published: July 2021

Background: The best moment for any women in this world is to give birth to her child after months of wait and anticipation. She is accompanied with overwhelming feelings of bliss and divinity. The process of growth and development continues throughout the entire life of a human being; however, the duration in which the integral changes take place is from inception to the end of youth. The health workers need to understand this early period as well as the total life cycle of an individual and understand the behavior of parents and other adults who pond care for the child. Thus, it is necessary to educate mothers in the antenatal period about the developmental milestones so that they can impart this knowledge during the care of their children and also this will help them to rule out any developmental delay in their children at the earliest. Objective: To acknowledge child developmental milestones in primigravida mothers of rural Karad taluka, Maharashtra. Method: A study was conducted with 98 subjects from in and around Karad. They were selected on the basis of the criteria of inclusion and exclusion and a prior written consent was also taken. Primigravida mothers were included in the study. Then they were assessed with the help of a structured questionnaire on child development milestones. The data was then collected and analysed accordingly. Result: After analyzing the data, it was found that primigravida mothers had 53% knowledge about biological development, 34% knowledge about sensory development, 42% knowledge about social development, 28% knowledge about cognitive development, and 36% knowledge about moral development. Conclusion: The knowledge about child developmental milestones in primigravida mothers is inadequate. Out of all the developmental domains, they have considerable knowledge about biological development (53%) and the least knowledge about cognitive development (28%).
Qualitative and Quantitative Ethnobotanical Analysis of Ricinus communis L. and Azadirachta indica A. Juss. in Sonipat District of Haryana, India
Authors: Rani Preeti , Sood Neelu
Published: July 2021

This manuscript contains vital ethnobotanical information and facts about Ricinus communis and Azadirachta indica, generated through extensive interviews and statistical analysis of data from studied site. Collection and documentation of the information was accomplished by surveying of selected area. The data was analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively, using statistical indices. Number of informants for Ricinus communis and Azadirachta indica were found to be 85 and 111 respectively. Number of ailments being treated by these plants have been recorded carefully. Quantitative analysis has revealed that seeds of Ricinus communis are frequently used to treat arthritis while leaves of Azadirachta indica are used for skin disease treatment. Documentation of such ethnobotanical data will help in conservation of studied plants and sustainability of indigenous knowledge which can be instrumental for strengthening health care system.
Taxonomical, Phytochemical, Traditional Explanation, Nutritional Values, and Biological Activities of Certain Edible Medicinal Plants of Tripura, India
Authors: Debnath Bikash , Somraj Singh Waikhom , Goswami Sanchari , Manna Kuntal
Published: July 2021

Edible plants are used as valuable sources of food and medicine to prevent nutritional imbalance, illness, and maintenance of human health. This review covers botanical descriptions, phytochemicals studies, traditional comprehensions, dietary values, and biological activities of ten vegetable plants and eight fruit plants of Tripura, India. The book “The Flora of Tripura State” helps to choose the plant species of Tripura, India and PubMed, NCBI, Google scholar databases have been used to describe the plant species briefly. Literature reveals that all the selected edible plants contain bio-active constituents (alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, glycosides, etc.) and give dynamic biological activities. All the plants have a high nutritional value. This review believes it will provide significant advances in the prevention of malnutrition and chronic diseases.
Benefits of Cow Dung - A Human Ignored Gift
Authors: Mohan Maruga Raja M. K. , Manne Ravi , Devarajan Agilandeswari
Published: July 2021

Cow is considered as mother and even as god. It is one of the largest domesticated mammals. The meaning of the word panchagavya in Sanskrit is "five cow-derivatives" consisting of three direct constituents like cow urine, dung, milk and the two derived products are curd and ghee. Cow dung and urine are the excretory products. Cow dung is an undigested residue of consumed food material of cow combined with faeces and urine, lignin, cellulose and hemicelluloses being the major composition. Cow dung is an indigestible plant material from the intestine of cow released on to the ground. Generally, faeces, either from an animal or human is not a desired topic of conversation. Cow dung is worth discussing. It's a useful material and helps us in a variety of ways. Cow urine has been used as an antimicrobial not only for rituals but also therapeutically. But cow dung has been mostly used as a firework and/or biofertilizer in the form of cow patties. Researchers have ignored the therapeutical benefits of cow dung which is evident from the smaller number of pharmaceutical products in market amidst of its miraculous benefits. This review discusses about the existing traditional therapeutics and the respective medicinal property of cow dung and tries to change the mindset of the scientific community to carry out the further research in the future.
BEATING BROKE BY GETTING OUT? EXAMINING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PERSONAL DEBT AND COMMUNITY-OUTMIGRATION
Authors: Gerhardt Alyssa , Foster Karen
Published: July 2021

Scholarship on young people’s geographical mobilities tells us that young adults move away from their childhood communities for a complex mix of economic “push-pull” reasons, including relationships, aspirations, attachments to place, identity, and belonging. In this abundant research, particularly that which focuses on youth outmigration from rural and peripheral communities, there is surprisingly little attention paid to an issue that is top-of-mind for many young adults today: personal debt. In this paper, we draw insights from extant literature on youth mobilities to make the case for a greater examination of the role of personal debt in young people’s migration decisions. We hypothesize that youth and debt increase a person’s likelihood of moving away from peripheral regions. We test this hypothesis using data from a 2019 survey of Atlantic Canadians and find some support for it, and some interesting nuance, suggesting that there is good reason to examine debt’s role in youth mobilities in greater detail.
Structural Challenges & Inequities in Operating Urban Indigenous Early Learning and Child Care Programs in British Columbia
Authors: Gerlach Alison , Gulamhusein Shemine , Varley Leslie , Perron Magnolia
Published: July 2021

Funding for urban, not-for-profit Indigenous early learning and childcare (ELCC) programs has not kept pace with a rapidly growing urban Indigenous population, increasing operational costs, and the rights of Indigenous children. In British Columbia (BC), closure of a prominent Indigenous ELCC program prompted a study of some of the key factors influencing the operation of Indigenous ELCC programs in BC. This qualitative research highlights the priorities, concerns, and recommendations for supporting the operational success of urban, not-for-profit Indigenous ELCC programs and upholding the rights of Indigenous children. These findings have relevance for Indigenous ELCC programs that are facing operational challenges in BC and other jurisdictions in Canada.
Визначення ефективності перевезень різними транспортними засобами
Authors: Крашенінін О.С. , Шапатіна О.О.
Published: July 2021

У статті розглянуто питання визначення ефективності перевезень різними транспортними засобами, які розглядаються як системи довготривалої дії. Відповідно до цього зазначено необхідність у рамках взаємодії різних транспортних засобів у процесі надання транспортних послуг комплексно враховувати спосіб виконання завдання та етапи його виконання.

Запропоновано як критерій ефективності перевезень використовувати критерій суми значень множини ймовірностей на показник ефективності.

Формалізовано процес визначення ефективності перевезень шляхом комбінування способів перевезень на кожному етапі виконання транспортних задач.
Моделювання оптимальної дислокації сервісних підприємств залізничного транспорту
Authors: Крашенінін О.С. , Одєгов М.М. , Лагєрєва О.В. , Задесенец В.І.
Published: July 2021

Традиційна планово-попереджувальна система ТО, ПР тягового рухомого складу (ТРС) у сучасних умовах потребує значних змін. Це пов’язано з необхідністю перебудови системи управління ТО, ПР ТРС в умовах поступового переходу на утримання ТРС за технічним станом і можливості виконання ТО та ПР не тільки в депо приписки ТРС.

Відповідно до цього в статті розглянуто питання щодо моделювання і пошуку оптимальної дислокації центрів з організації аудиту і надання сервісних послуг на утримання ТРС.

Показано, що пошук оптимальної дислокації сервісних центрів доцільно проводити за допомогою положень динамічного програмування.

На основі прогнозної потужності сервісних центрів і необхідних витрат на їх організацію наведено процедуру реалізації моделювання оптимальної дислокації сервісних центрів з обслуговування і ремонту ТРС локомотивних депо.
Оцінка ризиків відмов обладнання локомотивів в експлуатації
Authors: Крашенінін О.С. , Одєгов М.М. , Сербай А.В. , Радцев О.М.
Published: July 2021

На системи і обладнання локомотивів в експлуатації впливає значна кількість чинників, які, в комплексі діючи на роботу системи і обладнання, можуть призвести до ризикованих ситуацій, включаючи відмову. У статті розглядаються питання оцінки ризиків відмов обладнання локомотивів. Так, показано, що надійна робота тягових електричних двигунів (ТЕД) залежить від ризиків роботи локомотива в складних умовах, зменшення швидкості нижче розрахункової та перевищення маси поїзда більше за критичну. Для розрахунку ризиків відмови ТЕД розроблено алгоритм для прийняття рішень щодо їх подальшої експлуатації
La huella ecológica en las Universidades
Authors: Tornero Gómez Tomás
Published: July 2021

En la actualidad, uno de los indicadores -relativamente reciente- más utilizados para catalogar el desarrollo sostenible es la huella ecológica; debido a las ventajas que presenta: integra otros indicadores ambientales, sus resultados son sencillos e intuitivos de interpretar, se puede aplicar a distintos niveles (planetario, nacional, regional, institucional, empresarial o personal). Si bien presenta ciertas limitaciones para precisar la totalidad del impacto ambiental generado, tales como no hacer referencia a la pérdida de la biodiversidad o no disponer de los datos necesarios para su cálculo.

En este trabajo, se aporta un análisis del uso de la huella ecológica como indicador de la sostenibilidad desde la perspectiva universitaria. Se describe como en el ámbito de las universidades, la determinación de la huella ecológica persigue incorporar la sostenibilidad a su organización, a la que podría proporcionar una serie de ventajas: análisis de los recursos consumidos, como herramienta educativa, sensibilización ambiental, participación de toda la comunidad universitaria, sinergias en diversas áreas del conocimiento, estimulación de políticas y medidas a favor de un desarrollo sostenible real que puede influir al entorno cercano o inspirar a otras instituciones (hospitales, colegios, administraciones públicas, etc.) y a la sociedad en general. Asimismo, se contrasta que actualmente, se carece de una metodología consensuada para el cálculo de la huella ecológica en las universidades, que considere además las desigualdades lógicas que supone comparar contextos universitarios diferentes (clima, nivel de vida, disposición geográfica, tipo de transporte…), lo que dificulta las comparaciones de los resultados obtenidos.
Las Matemáticas de la mano de la Educación Física en Educación Primaria
Authors: Agirre Basurko Elena , Zuazagoitia Rey-Baltar Ana , Cardeña Castaños Sonia
Published: July 2021

En este artículo se presenta una propuesta didáctica que ha sido elaborada para trabajar contenidos matemáticos de Educación Primaria desde la asignatura de Educación Física. La propuesta didáctica elaborada contiene diversos juegos y actividades que han sido diseñados con un tratamiento interdisciplinar, entre las Matemáticas y la Educación Física, teniendo en cuenta diferentes criterios, como son la edad del alumnado, el tipo de actividad o el tema a tratar. La información sobre el diseño de las actividades propuestas se presenta de manera funcional y práctica, con la intención de facilitar la labor al profesorado que decida utilizar este recurso, con especial énfasis en actividades cooperativas y actividades que abordan el tema de la salud.
Inglés para fines sociales y de cooperación. Guía para la elaboración de materiales.
Authors: Tinedo Rodríguez Antonio Jesús
Published: July 2021

Este texto es una Recensión (Reseña crítica) sobre la obra Inglés con Fines Sociales y de Cooperación. Guía para la elaboración de materiales. Se reflexiona sobre el aporte que las doctoras Gómez y Huertas hacen al campo de la lingüística mediante este propuesta que pone el foco en el uso de la lengua y su papel como elemento de cambio social.
Online language use and identity of Ukrainian diaspora in Germany
Authors: Kuznietsova Anastasiia
Published: July 2021

This article studies the language use and identity of Ukrainian communities in Germany on the websites and in online social media. Since 2014, the conflict in the East of Ukraine has led to a remarkably large and intense flow of Ukrainian migrants to Western Europe and Germany in particular giving rise to longstanding issues of identity formation and language use both within Ukraine and inside Ukrainian diaspora communities around the globe. This article will examine Ukrainian diaspora in Germany on the subject of language ideologies, practices and identity shaping by analyzing its linguistic online activity. To do so, our analysis will draw on a range of interdisciplinary methodologies, including studies of descriptive reporting of diaspora’s online discussions, its language practices and attitudes, and studies of discursive constructions of nationhood, which explore language indexing in relation to national identity negotiation.
Secondary wastewater treatment processes optimization
Authors: Sanginova Olga , Tolstopalova Nataliia , Bondarenko Sergii , Yankauskaite Valentyna
Published: July 2021

Introduction. The level of water pollution in Ukraine continues to grow, despite the strengthening of requirements for the treated water, so the existing approaches to the water treatment processes control need to be revised and improved.

Materials and methods. Mathematical Programming methods for formalization and solving the optimization problem are used. Computer simulation research using the program developed by the authors are applied to verify the compliance of the obtained results with the normative values and data of normal operation.

Results and discussion. The optimization of processes control was performed on the example of a typical process of secondary wastewater treatment, which is used for wastewater treatment in Kyiv and nearby settlements. The secondary treatment unit consists of an aeration tank, into which air is forcibly supplied and evenly distributed, and a secondary settling tank with recycling. The problem of optimization of biological wastewater treatment control process is formalized: minimization of pollutant concentration in treated water is chosen as the main aim of optimization, air flow to aeration tank is chosen as control parameter, quadratic deviation of current concentration values from normative ones is chosen for target function. To solve the optimization task, a software module in JavaScript was developed using a client-server architecture that works in real time and allows to obtain such values of oxygen consumption in the aeration tank, which provide a minimum deviation of the concentration of pollutants from the normative values. The simulations showed that the calculated control values provide a reduction in the concentration of pollutants to the normative values within 6-10 hours, which corresponds to the data of normal operation, and the difference between the calculated and actual data does not exceed 5%.

Conclusions. The obtained results allow to find a set of technological influences to ensure optimal control according to the selected criterion, and are also the basis for calculating the control system. The results of calculations can be used for short-term - up to 8 hours - forecasting of water quality indicators.
The influence of water filtration rate on the efficiency of its oxidization on iron-containing redoxite
Authors: Gomelya Mykola , Holiaka Andrii
Published: July 2021

Experimet to determine the effectiveness of iron-containing redoxites on the efficiency of water deoxidation. In the course of the study, the dependence of the efficiency of water deoxidation on the filtration rate was determined.

The filtration rate was varied in the range from 5 to 25 mph. The residual oxygen content and the dissolved iron content in the water were determined. It was shown that with increasing filtration rate within these limits, the residual oxygen concentration increases from 0.1-0.2 mg/dm3 to 0.9-1.0 mg/dm3. The residual oxygen content depends not only on the filtration rate but also on the reaction of the medium. An increase in the residual oxygen concentration with increasing pH of the medium from 6.7 to 10.0.

 Residual iron content depends little on both the filtration rate and the reaction medium and in all cases did not exceed 0.2 mg / dm3. In this work, the dissolution of iron in general was determined by preliminary preparation for the work of iron-containing redoxite.

When used in the installation scheme, in addition to the column with iron-containing redoxite, also columns with cation exchange resin KU-2-8 in Na-form, almost complete removal of iron ions from the water and natriation softening of tap water was noted. In the case of sodium-cationized water, the extraction of iron from water will be observed for a long time, given the low concentration of iron ions in the water and the high capacity of the cation exchange resin in iron ions. In addition, sorbed iron (II) ions on the cation exchange resin are oxidized by oxygen residues to iron (III). The latter, at elevated pH, are hydrolyzed, which is the reason for the restoration of capacity and cation exchange resin by divalent iron cations.

In the case when after the column with iron-containing redoxite used anion exchange resin AB-17-8 in sulfite form, complete extraction of oxygen from water was achieved.

Given that the oxygen concentration in water with the use of iron-containing composite decreased by 10-40 times, the load on the anion exchange redox will decrease proportionally, which means that the duration of the anion exchange redox filter cycle will increase in the same proportion.

The use of iron in the second stage of the anion exchange resin in the SO32- form remained unchanged, but complete oxygen extraction was achieved. The option is quite promising for implementation.
Parameters of the plain weave meshfor the nozzle of a regenerative heat exchanger
Authors: Dvoinos Yaroslav , Yevziutin Pavlo
Published: July 2021

Regenerative heat exchangers have disadvantages such as low heat transfer coefficient from the nozzle to the gas and high hydraulic resistance due to the design of the nozzles. Wire-mesh nozzles can eliminate these shortcomings of regenerators. Wire-mesh nozzles have low hydraulic resistance and large heat transfer surface.
The process of heat and mass transfer in a regenerative heat exchanger is considered. A series of numerical simulation experiments was performed.
Theoretically, the optimal configuration of the nozzle was calculated: a plain weave mesh with a wire diameter of 0.4 mm, a weaving step of 2 mm, and a step of placing nets of 1 mm. The operational modes for the regenerator are considered, taking into account the period for drying the nozzle from moisture and the maximum mass of water that can hold the nozzle without the formation of drops.
Given the condensation of moisture on the nozzle, the following assumptions are made:

There is no temperature and concentration inhomogeneity in the cross section of the regenerator channel;
The effect of thermal conductivity in the axial direction in contact between the nozzle elements on the temperature profile of the nozzle is insignificant;
The time over which the regenerator is operated between the nozzle drying periods is quite short, and the thickness of the condensate layer does not affect the hydrodynamic mode of the heat regeneration process and the value of the heat transfer coefficient.

The duration of the cooling and drying period depends on the humidity of the inlet air and the area of the nozzle. This is due to the need to prevent the accumulation of moisture in the device, which can lead to the reproduction of harmful bacteria and contamination of the nozzle.
In the SolidWorks Flow Simulation application, simulation experiments were performed for a regenerator model accounting for the influence of compressed air motion resulting from grouped location of the nozzle elements, and the results are shown in the figures.
Comparison of the results from analytical calculations and simulation experiments showed the efficiency of the mathematical model and the possibility of its use in the design calculation of regenerators.
Correlation dependences have been established to determine the heat transfer coefficient and hydraulic resistance depending on the hydrodynamic conditions. The mathematical and physical model taking into account the condensation of moisture on the nozzle has been specified. Calculations have been performed for the optimal nozzle made in the form of a plain weave mesh with a wire diameter of 0.4 mm, a weaving step of 2 mm, and a step of placing nets of 1 mm.
Solutions to the Puzzles of Quantum Gravity and General Theory of Quantum Gravity and Quantum Gravity of the Universe and General Black Hole
Authors: Huang C. , Huang Yong-Chang , Li Xinfei
Published: July 2021

This paper gives both the solutions to the puzzles of quantum gravity and a general theory of quantum gravity, further shows quantum gravity of the Universe and general black hole, and discovers their relations reflecting symmetric propertis of the standard nonlinear gravitational Lagrangian, which are not relevant to any concrete metric models. This paper concretely shows the general commutation relations of the general gravitational field operators and their zeroth, first, second and third style, respectively, of high order canonical momentum operators for the general nonlinear system of the standard gravitational Lagrangian, and then has finished all the four styles of the quantization of the standard gravity. No needing, as usual, to solve the Euler-Lagrange equation to complete the whole process of the quantization of the standard gravitational fields, namely, this paper novelly simplifies all the current quantization theories of the standard gravitational fields. So lots of the complex calculations of quantum gravitational field theories up to now can be omitted to make the physical picture clearer, simpler and more easily understanding. Therefore, the solutions to puzzles of quantum gravity are given. Consequently, this paper opens a door to study and give a general theory of the quantum gravitational field don't depending on any concrete metric models.
Effects of Phenylpyruvate on the Growth Performance and Intestinal Microbiota in Broiler Chicken
Authors: Talpur Mir Zulqarnain , Wentong Peng , Zeng Yuxian , Xie Peipei , Li Jincheng , Zhang Haijun , Shu Gang , Jiang Qingyan
Published: July 2021

The purpose of this study was to see how dietary supplementation with phenylpyruvate affected broiler chicken growth, slaughter performance, gut health microbiota, and immunity. A total of 288 day old broiler chickens were randomly assigned to one of four groups (6 replicates each with 12 chicken). NC (basal diet), PC (basal diet plus antibiotic virginiamycin 15ppm), LCP and HCP (basal diet plus phenylpyruvate 1kg/t and 2kg/t, respectively). Results showed that PC had higher ADFI during the first 21 days, and better FCR than the NC, the LCP and HCP also improved broilers’ FCR 0.001 and 0.037% in relation to NC respectively. HCP has a higher all-eviscerated ratio than NC and less abdominal fat than LCP. HCP has increased villus length and crypt depth in the ileum compared to the NC. Bursa was lower in HCP and thymus was lower in LCP and PC. In contrast HCP have lower pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1, as well as lower TLR4. The phenylpyruvate improved family Selenomonadaceae, genus Megamonas Bacteroides species that are known for beneficial effects like for maintenance of the cell surface structure, regulating aromatic amino acids and C. jejuni-suppressive treatment respectively. Finally, phenylpyruvate feed supplement can be utilized to improve growth performance and positively modulate gut microbiota, however this is less efficient than antibiotics in improving growth performance, although more efficient in improving productive performance and gut morphology. Moreover, high dose of phenylpyruvate is more effective than low dose
Polymorphisms of Genes Related to Phase-II Metabolism and the Resistance of Clopidogrel
Authors: Alkattan Abdullah , alkhalifah Ahmed , Alsalameen Eman , Alghanim Fatimah , Radwan Nashwa
Published: July 2021

Clopidogrel is one of the thienopyridine antiplatelet drugs commonly used as a prophylactic medication to prevent coagulation in vessels and cardiovascular events. The molecule of clopidogrel is metabolized in the liver via phase-I and phase-II metabolism pathways. The sulfenic acid clopidogrel metabolite undergoes phase-II metabolism through conjugation with glutathione by the glutathione-s-transferase (GST) to form a glutathione conjugate of clopidogrel (inactive metabolite). A glutaredoxin enzyme removes the glutathione conjugated with clopidogrel to form cis-thiol-clopidogrel. This review focused on the polymorphisms of genes related to phase-II metabolism during the clopidogrel bioactivation process. Overall, no well-controlled studies were done about the relationship between the clopidogrel bioactivation process and genes related to phase-II metabolism’s enzymes. Nevertheless, some polymorphisms of G6PD, GCLC, GCLM, GSS, GST, GSR, HK, and GLRX genes could be responsible for clopidogrel resistance due to low glutathione conjugate or glutaredoxin plasma levels. Studies needed to be concerned with the relationship between clopidogrel resistance and phase-II metabolism issues in the near future.
Workforce and Task Sharing For Nurses in the Japanese Intensive Care Unit -Cross Sectional Postal Survey
Authors: Unoki Takeshi , Kawai Yusuke , Hamamoto Miya , Tamoto Mitsuhiro , Miyamoto Takeharu , Sakuramoto Hideaki , Ito Yumi , Moro Etsuko , Tatsuno Junko , Nishida Osamu
Published: July 2021

Aim: The aim of this study was to estimate the number of nurses who independently care for pa-tients with severe respiratory failure receiving mechanical ventilation (MV) or veno-venous ex-tracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV-ECMO). Additionally, the study analyzed the actual role of nurses in the treatment of patients with MV and VV-ECMO. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study using postal surveys. The study included 725 Japanese intensive care units (ICUs). Descriptive statistics were conducted. Results: Among the 725 ICUs, we obtained 302 re-sponses (41.7%) and analyzed 282 responses. The median number of nurses per bed was 3.25. The median proportion of nurses who independently cared for patients with MV was 60% [IQR: 42.3-77.3]. The median proportion of nurses who independently cared for patients with VV-ECMO was 46.9 (35.7-63.3%) in the ICU experiencing VV-ECMO use. Concerning task-sharing, 33.8% of ICUs and nurses did not facilitate weaning from MV. Nurses always ti-trated sedatives in 44.5% of ICUs. Conclusion: Nurse staffing might be inadequate in all ICUs, es-pecially for severe respiratory failure. The proportion of competent nurses for caring for severe respiratory failure in ICUs should be considered when determining the work force of nurses.
DETERMINATION OF CORROSION INFLUENCE ON FUEL METAL, OBTAINED FROM SECONDARY POLYMER RAW MATERIALS
Authors: Сhevchenko K. , Grigorov A. , Sinkevich I.
Published: July 2021

The article proposes to determine the corrosion effect on fuel metals under dynamic conditions, when washing the prepared copper plate of a certain size, a significant amount of fuel at a certain speed and temperature of the study. This approach will significantly reduce the duration of the study (up to 100 minutes) and is closer to the real conditions of contact of the fuel with a metal surface, in comparison with the standardized method, which is widely used today.

Using the proposed laboratory setup, the study was subjected to fuel (200–360 °C), which was obtained by thermal destruction of secondary polymer raw materials, in particular polypropylene. The obtained results showed that the investigated fuel, despite the temperature, the amount of circulating fuel and its water content, does not have a corrosive effect on the copper plate, which can be explained by the absence of corrosive substances in the fuel: water-soluble mineral acids and alkalis, active sulfur compounds and organic acids. However, it should be kept in mind that in polyolefin raw materials, in the form of contamination, there may be products made of other materials, such as rubber and polyvinyl chloride. This can happen when the sorting technology is violated or during the preliminary preparation of raw materials and, in turn, will contribute to the increase in sulfur-containing and chlorine-containing compounds in the fuel, which are characterized by high corrosion activity and should be necessarily removed from the fuel.

Note that the fuel obtained from secondary polymer raw materials, in the absence of sulfur-containing and chlorine-containing compounds, is quite promising for the creation on its basis of modern synthetic fuels, analogues of classic petroleum products.
THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF LOW-TEMPERATURE DEHULLING PROCESS OF HIGH-OIL SUNFLOWER UNDER A CENTRIFUGAL FIELD
Authors: Perevalov L. , Golodnjak V. , Demidov I. , Timchenko V. , Piven E. , Molchenko S.
Published: July 2021

Appearance of high-oily sunflower seeds with oil content 52–54 % in the 60’s of the last century, led to revolutionary changes in raw material base of the fat-and-oil industry, but caused difficulties in the process of its storage and processing due to the morphological structure features and biochemical composition of fruit coat. Overcoming of the main technological disadvantages for high-oily sunflower seeds during dehulling was achieved due to development of an innovative dehulling technology for seeds in frozen state to sub-zero temperatures, which was developed at the technology of fats and fermentation products department of NTU “KhPI”. This paper presents results of experimental study of sunflower variety Ukrainian F1 high-oily seeds dehulling (dehulling coefficient and kernel content coefficient) depending on the temperature change (0–-196°C) and centrifugal dehullerꞌs rotor rotation speed. It has been shown that rational dehulling conditions for dry seeds, which allow to reach maximum dehulling depth (K0 = 0,99) under conditions of minimum outputs of chaff and oilseed dust, are cooling temperature in the range of -30–-50°C and dehullerꞌs rotation speed 26,7 s-1. Based on the literature data and research results, it has been shown that one of the main reasons of dry seeds dehulling coefficient increasing, during the transition from plus to minus temperatures, is a change in basic physicochemical properties of cellulose fibers (the basis of fruit coats biochemical composition) with a solid adsorption surface towards increasing of its strength. According to a special experiment data in relation to change in aggregate state of sunflower oil in temperature range from +20ºС to -196ºС, it was shown that cellulose fibers with adsorbed oil are practically the only component of fruit coat, which increases its plasticity with decreasing temperature. It is noted that fruit coat plasticity increases most significantly in temperature range -30 – -50°C, when oil obtain a plasticine-like consistency. This is exactly what temperature range where minimum yield of chaff and oilseed dust is observed, i.e. the highest dehulling quality is achieved. Obtained scientific results of this study make a significant contribution to the theory and practice of oil seeds dehulling, which have structural and compositional features of the fruit coat.
Peace Education Taught by the Female Muslim Nobel Peace Prize Laureates in 21st Century
Authors: Supaat Supaat , Suciati Suciati
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Women have a very important role in upholding world peace and security because they have the power that is not possessed by men, namely the maternal instinct which naturally can create peace with love, care and harmony. This study aims to find out Muslim women who received world peace awards in the 21st century and analyze the points of peace education that they teach and implement. This research was a qualitative descriptive study with the content analysis of the peace speech they deliver. Based on the analysis, it can be seen that there are three Muslim women who received world nobel peace prize in the 21st century, namely Shirin Ebadi, Tawakkul Karman and Malala Yousafzai. The messages of peace that become their focus are efforts for democracy and human rights, especially the struggle for human rights and children (Shirin Ebadi), nonviolent struggle against women's security and women's human rights for full participation in peace-building work (Tawakkul Karman), struggle against the oppression of children and young people and the right of all children to get education (Malala Yousafzai).