bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rapid screening and identification of anticoagulation component from carthami flos by two‐dimensional thrombin affinity chromatography combined with HPLC‐MS/MS
Authors: Qiao Yanru , Shi Yingdi , Wu Chen , Hou Xiaofang , Pan Xiaoyan , Deng Zijie , Wang Sicen
Published: June 2021

Carthami flos, commonly known as Honghua in China, is the dried floret of safflower and widely acknowledged as a blood stasis promoting herb. The study aimed at investigating the relationship between thrombin and carthami flos through a high‐performance thrombin affinity chromatography combined with a high‐performance liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry system. First, thrombin was immobilized on the glutaraldehyde‐modified amino silica gel to prepare the thrombin affinity stationary phase, which was packed into a small column (1.0 × 2.0 mm, id) for recognizing the anticoagulant active components of carthami flos. The target component was enriched and analyzed by the high‐performance liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry system. Finally, hydroxysafflor yellow A was screened out and identified as the active component. The anticoagulant effects of hydroxysafflor yellow A were analyzed by anticoagulant experiments in vitro, and the interaction of hydroxysafflor yellow A with thrombin was investigated by the molecular docking method. The results proved that hydroxysafflor yellow A (30 μg/mL, 0.05 mM) and carthami flos extract (30 μg/mL) could prolong activated partial thrombin time and thrombin time by 50 and 11%, respectively. Moreover, hydroxysafflor yellow A exhibits a good hydrogen bond field and stereo field matching with thrombin. Overall, it was concluded that hydroxysafflor yellow A might exert an anticoagulation effect by interacting with thrombin and thus could be potential anticoagulant drugs for the prevention and treatment of venous thrombosis.
Effects of corticosteroids vs halofuginone on vocal fold wound healing in an ovine model
Authors: Allen Jacqueline
Published: June 2021

Objectives

To evaluate antifibrotic effects of corticosteroids and halofuginone, a small molecule inhibitor of Smad3, in an ovine model of vocal fold (VF) injury.

Methods

Thirty sheep, using a paired study design, underwent controlled right VF injury by biopsy and then were treated with either no treatment, oral dexamethasone, intralesional triamcinolone, or oral halofuginone. Larynges were evaluated for histological evidence of fibrosis, immunohistochemical presence of Smad3, and vibratory parameters. Outcomes were compared across treatment groups.

Results

Following injury, VF collagen density decreased in both halofuginone‐treated and dexamethasone‐treated sheep but not in triamcinolone treated sheep. A significant difference was noted between halofuginone and triamcinolone treated sheep (27.8% vs 37%, P = .017). Elastin was preserved postinjury by halofuginone treatment in contrast with all steroid treated animals where significant loss of elastin was noted (P <.05). Smad3 staining was up‐regulated at all injury sites compared to normal left VFs however halofuginone and dexamethasone treatment reduced Smad3 activity significantly whereas triamcinolone treatment did not (P <.05). Ex‐vivo stroboscopic evaluation demonstrated mucosal wave in all excised larynges with a normalized glottal gap less than 3, suggesting adequate glottal closure.

Conclusions

VF injury in an ovine model results in a wound response able to be modified by Smad3 inhibitor, halofuginone, with benefit to vibratory function. Halofuginone treated sheep demonstrated reduced collagenization of lamina propria with greater elastin density after injury, than sheep treated with either steroid medication. These data support this pathway as a suitable target for manipulation to prevent or reverse fibrosis in the glottis and restore voice quality.

Level of Evidence: NA.
Functional Connectivity of Vermis Correlates with Future Gait Impairments in Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Maiti Baijayanta , Rawson Kerri S. , Tanenbaum Aaron B. , Koller Jonathan M. , Snyder Abraham Z. , Campbell Meghan C. , Earhart Gammon M. , Perlmutter Joel S.
Published: June 2021

Background

Dysfunction of cerebellar vermis contributes to gait abnormalities in multiple conditions and may play a key role in gait impairment in Parkinson's disease (PD).

Objective

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether altered resting‐state functional connectivity of the vermis relates to subsequent impairment of specific domains of gait in PD.

Methods

We conducted morphometric and resting‐state functional connectivity MRI analyses contrasting 45 PD and 32 age‐matched healthy participants. Quantitative gait measures were acquired with a GAITRite walkway at varying intervals after functional connectivity data acquisition.

Results

At baseline, PD participants had significantly altered functional connectivity between vermis and sensorimotor cortex compared with controls. Altered vermal functional connectivity with bilateral paracentral lobules correlated with subsequent measures of variability in stride length, step time, and single support time after controlling for confounding variables including the interval between imaging and gait measures. Similarly, altered functional connectivity between vermis and left sensorimotor cortex correlated with mean stride length and its variability. Vermis volume did not relate to any gait measure. PD participants did not differ from controls in vermis volume or cortical thickness at the site of significant regional clusters. Only altered lobule V:sensorimotor cortex functional connectivity correlated with subsequent gait measures in exploratory analyses involving all the other cerebellar lobules.

Conclusions

These results demonstrate that abnormal vermal functional connectivity with sensorimotor cortex, in the absence of relevant vermal or cortical atrophy, correlates with subsequent gait impairment in PD. Our data reflect the potential of vermal functional connectivity as a novel imaging biomarker of gait impairment in PD. © 2021 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
A new GNPAT variant of foetal rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata
Authors: Cordisco Adalgisa , Pelo Elisabetta , Di Tommaso Mariarosaria , Biagiotti Roberto
Published: June 2021

Background

Rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata (RCDP) is a clinical entity resulting from defects of peroxisomal metabolism whose clinical phenotype is characterized by rhizomelia, calcified foci in periarticular cartilage, coronal lesions of vertebral bodies, cataracts and severe cognitive delay. Usually, survival does not exceed the first decade of life. Transmission is autosomal recessive and is related to mutations in the PEX7, GNPAT or AGPS.

Methods

A detailed description of the prenatal ultrasound signs of RCDP found in two successive pregnancies in a consanguineous couple is reported. Molecular genetic investigations included the study of the coding regions and the exon–intron junctions of the GNPAT (high‐throughput amplification and sequencing performed with Roche NimbleGen SeqCap Target kit on Illumina platform); the confirmation test was carried out by amplification and Sanger sequencing with automatic capillary sequencer.

Results

In addition to the typical prenatal ultrasound signs described in the literature in association with RCDP, the presence of prefrontal oedema, never previously described, has been detected in both pregnancies. Moreover, genetic investigations have found a new splicing variant c.924+1G>A of the homozygous GNPAT.

Conclusion

The role of mutation in the GNPAT suggests a likely association with the clinical phenotype.
Location of temporary buildings at LNG site based on quantitative studies
Authors: Vithal Sushen , Y. Guo Susan , Ganjam Sanjay
Published: June 2021

Temporary buildings, installed on site during the construction phase, may not be removed until the commissioning, completion, or beginning of normal operation. Once the hydrocarbons are introduced, these buildings have the potential to be exposed to process hazards (fire, explosion, toxicity, etc.) resulting in injury or fatality of the personnel inside the building. Providing safe location to these portable building is imperative and should be determined based on detailed hazard analysis, building siting study as per API 753. Facility siting study is done to calculate the potential impact of blast overpressure, thermal radiation from jet fires, pool fires, and toxicity hazards and evaluate the safe distance to the temporary buildings. Simultaneous operations is also evaluated in order to optimize temporary building location and further risk management strategies are implemented such as mitigation measures based on the hazard impacts, like, adding gas detectors at the air intake of HVAC to shut down the power supply to the temporary buildings, public announcement system, evacuation drills, and so on. This paper will address the temporary building siting study and associated mitigation measures with the highlight of its application into the risk management, using a large LNG facility as an example.
No place like home: Sociocultural drivers of return migration among Israeli academic families
Authors: Remennick Larissa
Published: June 2021

Research on return migration of the highly skilled is dominated by economic reasoning, whereas nonmaterial drivers of their repatriation are poorly understood. This study explored the journeys of 22 Israeli academic families who returned home after 3–7 years of (post)doctoral training in the United States/Canada. The migration narratives of these families, belonging to Israeli Ashkenazi elites, were interpreted using Bourdieu's concepts of cultural and social capital. Feeing alienated as immigrants in the American academia and society, most returnees reckoned that their professional potential could be maximised only at home. They manifested strong national identities, cultural and filial attachments and wanted their children to grow up Israeli. However, facing precarious Israeli realities, the informants described their return as second migration. Within 2 years, most scientists landed academic or research positions at home and were satisfied with their work lives. Their ‘trailing wives’ have typically paid a higher career tax for their American sojourn, yet no couples in the sample regretted their return decision. Thus, purely economic explanations of mobility among academics and other professionals may overlook salient sociocultural forces shaping family‐based return decisions.
Population pharmacokinetic and exposure–response analyses of intravenous and subcutaneous rituximab in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Gibiansky Ekaterina , Gibiansky Leonid , Chavanne Clarisse , Frey Nicolas , Jamois Candice
Published: June 2021

A subcutaneous formulation of the anti‐CD20 antibody rituximab has been developed. Fixed‐dose subcutaneous rituximab delivers noninferior serum trough concentrations (Ctrough), ensuring similar target saturation and comparable efficacy/safety, to intravenous rituximab, but with simplified and shortened preparation and administration. We aimed to characterize the pharmacokinetic (PK) and exposure–response properties of subcutaneous rituximab. Data from two clinical trials were analyzed to describe PKs and pharmacodynamics in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia following intravenous and subcutaneous rituximab administration. Intravenous and subcutaneous rituximab were described by a linear two‐compartment population PK model with time‐dependent and time‐independent clearances, and first‐order subcutaneous absorption. Main covariates influencing exposure were body size and baseline white blood cell count. Occurrence of adverse events was not correlated with rituximab exposure. Although greater and more sustainable B‐cell depletion was observed with higher exposure, inherent limitations to the data (use of one dose level, and time‐dependent and target‐impacted PKs) prevented reliable assessment of exposure–response relationships.
Uncertain process–based reliability and maintenance modeling for systems under mutually dependent degradation and shock processes
Authors: Zhang Lei , Zhang Jianguo
Published: June 2021

For the systems that experience competing failure processes, an uncertain process–based degradation model is developed to describe the systems. The competing degradation process is composed of internal continuous degradation and external shocks, and the mutual dependence between them is considered. When the magnitude of the internal degradation exceeds the threshold, the soft failure occurs. While for the shock processes involving the randomness and the subjective information, we adopt the uncertain random renewal reward process to characterize it. Hard failure occurs when the damage of the shock process exceeds the strength threshold of the system. By using the belief reliability metric, the reliability of the degraded system is defined as the chance measure that neither soft failure nor hard failure occurs. And the effect of the degradation‐shock dependence on the system reliability is performed by the parametric studies. Then the proposed degradation model is introduced into the preventive maintenance strategy to minimize the average maintenance cost. Using the microelectromechanical systems as an example, the effectiveness of the constructed degradation model and maintenance strategy is illustrated, and the proposed model can characterize the system degradation process in a superior way to the stochastic process model. These methods can be applied to other similar degraded systems and provide support for maintenance decisions.
Penalized composite likelihood for colored graphical Gaussian models
Authors: Li Qiong , Sun Xiaoying , Wang Nanwei , Gao Xin
Published: June 2021

This article proposes a penalized composite likelihood method for model selection in colored graphical Gaussian models. The method provides a sparse and symmetry‐constrained estimator of the precision matrix and thus conducts model selection and precision matrix estimation simultaneously. In particular, the method uses penalty terms to constrain the elements of the precision matrix, which enables us to transform the model selection problem into a constrained optimization problem. Further, computer experiments are conducted to illustrate the performance of the proposed new methodology. It is shown that the proposed method performs well in both the selection of nonzero elements in the precision matrix and the identification of symmetry structures in graphical models. The feasibility and potential clinical application of the proposed method are demonstrated on a microarray gene expression dataset.
The mechanistic analysis of founder virus data in challenge models
Authors: Ortega‐Villa Ana M. , Nason Martha C. , Follmann Dean
Published: June 2021

Repeated low‐dose challenge studies provide valuable information when evaluating candidate vaccines since they resemble the typical exposure of natural transmission and inform on the number of exposures prior to infection. Traditionally, the number of challenges to infection has been used as the outcome. This work uses the number of infecting viruses, or founder viruses at the time of infection, to more efficiently characterize a vaccine's mechanism of action. The vaccine mechanisms of action we consider are a Null mechanism (the vaccine offers no protection), a Leaky mechanism in which the number of founder viruses is reduced by some factor in vaccinated subjects, the All‐or‐None mechanism in which the vaccine randomly provides either complete protection or no protection in vaccinated subjects, and a Combination mechanism with both Leaky and All‐or‐None components. We consider two discrete marked survival models where the number of founder viruses follows a Poisson distribution with either a fixed mean parameter (Poisson model), or a random mean parameter that follows a Gamma distribution (negative binomial model). We estimate the models using maximum likelihood and derive likelihood ratio testing procedures that are accurate for small samples with boundary parameters. We illustrate the performance of these methodologies with a data example of simian immunodeficiency virus on nonhuman primates and a simulation study.
Ultrafast Fabrication of Graphene‐Reinforced Nanocomposites via Synergy of Steam Explosion and Alternating Convergent‐Divergent Flow
Authors: Xu Wen‐hua , He Yue , Xie Heng , Qin Sen , Tan Ling‐cao , Wu Ting , Qu Jin‐ping
Published: June 2021

Producing high‐quality graphene and polymer/graphene nanocomposite is facing the problems of complex procedure, low efficiency, and serious resource waste. To explore a new fabrication approach with high efficiency and low cost is crucial for solving these technical issues, which becomes a current research hotspot and also a great challenge. Herein, a one‐step melt mixing strategy based on the synergy of steam explosion and alternating convergent‐divergent flow, is innovatively developed to fabricate high‐density polyethylene (HDPE)/graphene nanocomposites using industrial‐grade expanded graphite (EG) without chemical agents and complex procedures. The co‐action of the external force derived from elongational melts and the internal force generated by steam explosion make EG ultrafastly exfoliate into few‐layer graphene nanosheets (GNS) and simultaneously disperse in melts within 4 min. The as‐produced GNS have a lateral size of over 5 µm and a minimum thickness of 1.4 nm, can introduce super heterogeneous nucleation to HDPE macromolecules and greatly increases nanocomposite crystallinity up to 86.5%. Moreover, plentiful HDPE crystallites and well‐dispersed GNS jointly form an improved thermally‐conductive network, making nanocomposites with a rapid‐respond ability in solar‐to‐thermal conversion and heat dissipation. This facile strategy will facilitate the development of scalable production and wide application of high‐performance graphene and highly‐filled nanocomposites.
Heterogeneous polydentate mobile chelating node to detect breach in surveillance sensor network
Authors: Misra Sudip , Goswami Sumit , Taneja Chaynika , Kar Pushpendu
Published: June 2021

Nature inspired algorithms are common in routing and security in mobile wireless sensor networks (WSN). While most of the existing algorithms are bio‐inspired, chemistry inspired security algorithms are rare. Chelation is a chemical process where a molecule forms two or more bonds with an atom or a molecule to hold it strongly. Analogous to this chemical process, a chelating node in a mobile WSN is defined as a mobile node that forms more than one logical association with another node. The paper uses mobile polydentate chelating node, which uses multiple heterogeneous logical linkages with a rogue node, to ascertain non‐friendly behavior of a node to ensure detection and removal. The multiple linkage processes are based on challenge‐response using public key infrastructure, integrity of routing algorithm, routing table fidelity and data path tracking. This n‐dentation ensures detection of captured nodes as well as nodes planted by adversaries. The paper demonstrates the applicability of this process for a mobile WSN‐based border surveillance where the number of attacks is high and varied in its pattern. The proposed approach reduces false negative as well as false positive detection by its n‐modular redundancy. Simulation results are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of this scheme.
Treatment and outcome of spontaneous pneumothorax secondary to suspected migrating vegetal foreign body in 37 dogs
Authors: Sériot Paul , Dunié‐Mérigot Antoine , Tréhiou Clément Baudin , Blond Laurent , Bernardin Fanny , Poujol Laure , Gibert Sophie
Published: June 2021

Background: The aim of this study is to describe surgical findings, treatment and outcome of spontaneous pneumothorax (SP) secondary to suspected migrating vegetal foreign body (MVFB).

Methods: This retrospective study included dogs with computed tomography (CT) consistent with SP suspected to be secondary to MVFB that underwent thoracic surgery. They were divided into two groups according to whether CT identified (group 1) or only suspected (group 2) an MVFB.

Results: Thirty‐seven dogs were included (twenty‐one in group 1 and 16 in group 2). An MVFB was identified during surgery in 18 of 21 of cases of group 1 and in 10 of 16 of group 2. An agreement between lobes affected on CT and surgical findings was observed in 34 of 40 lobes. In nine of 37 of cases, a lung perforation was identified without evidence of MVFB. Thirty‐nine lobectomies were performed: 15 complete and 24 partial. No recurrence of pneumothorax was observed. In four dogs, a second surgery was necessary to remove an MVFB 1.5 to 3 months after the initial surgery due to secondary draining tracts.

Conclusion: Surgical approach planed with CT resolved SP in all cases before discharge with excellent short‐term outcome and no major complication. CT was reliable to assess perforated lung lobes in 85% of cases. Clinical signs of delayed draining tract developed in 33% of cases where surgery failed to find an MVFB identified on CT.
Criticizing green stimulus forCOVIDrecovery
Authors: Brahmbhatt Milan
Published: June 2021

Recent calls by world leaders recommend that policy responses to the COVID crisis incorporate “green stimulus” or “green recovery” as a vital element. In a 2014 article in this journal, we argued that green stimulus would be an inefficient way to either boost demand and restore full employment in the context of the global financial crisis or pursue long‐run environmental goals. In this paper, we argue that the attempt to marry green and COVID recovery programs may prove an even less fitting response to the near‐term crisis, while still threatening to put environmental policy on paths that prove inefficient in the long run. We argue that green stimulus/recovery, while yielding more long‐term climate benefits, would likely generate a slower and smaller recovery in jobs and activity than a traditional macroeconomic stimulus. This creates a trade‐off for policymakers. The global financial crisis provides our primary real‐world experience of green stimulus/recovery policies. A small but growing number of ex post empirical studies suggest that these measures' near‐term growth impact was less than expected or obtained at a relatively high cost. There is also a danger that orienting green programs toward near‐term shocks like the global financial crisis and COVID could compromise public understanding of, political support for, and the quality of environmental and climate policies in the long run.

This article is categorized under:

Climate Economics > Economics of Mitigation
Thermoregulation: A journey from physiology to computational models and the intensive care unit
Authors: Skok Kristijan , Duh Maja , Stožer Andraž , Markota Andrej , Gosak Marko
Published: June 2021

Thermoregulation plays a vital role in homeostasis. Many species of animals as well as humans have evolved various physiological mechanisms for body temperature control, which are characteristically flexible and enable a fine‐tuned spatial and temporal regulation of body temperature in different environmental conditions and circumstances. Human beings normally maintain a core body temperature at around 37°C, and maintenance of this relatively high temperature is critical for survival. Therefore, principles of thermoregulatory control have also important clinical implications. Infections can cause the body temperature to rise internally and several diseases can cause a dysfunction of thermoregulatory mechanisms. Moreover, the utilization of thermotherapies in treating various diseases has been known for thousands of years with a recent resurgence of interest. An increasing amount of research suggests that targeted temperature management is of paramount importance to patient outcomes in certain clinical scenarios. We provide a concise summary of the basic concepts of thermoregulation. Emphasis is given to the principles of thermoregulation in humans in basic pathological states and to targeted temperature management strategies in the clinical environment, with special attention on therapeutic hypothermia in postcardiac arrest patients. Finally, the discussion is focused on the potential offered by computational thermophysiological models for predicting thermal responses of patients in various clinical circumstances, for proposing new perspectives in the design of novel thermal therapies, and to optimize targeted temperature management strategies.

This article is categorized under:

Cardiovascular Diseases > Computational Models

Cardiovascular Diseases > Environmental Factors

Cardiovascular Diseases > Biomedical Engineering
Modelling and Forecasting Based on Recurrent Pseudoinverse Matrices
Authors: Filelis-Papadopoulos Christos K. , Kyziropoulos Panagiotis E. , Morrison John P. , O‘Reilly Philip
Published: June 2021

Time series modelling and forecasting techniques have a wide spectrum of applications in several fields including economics, finance, engineering and computer science. Most available modelling and forecasting techniques are applicable to a specific underlying phenomenon and its properties and lack generality of application, while more general forecasting techniques require substantial computational time for training and application. Herewith, we present a general modelling framework based on a recursive Schur - complement technique, that utilizes a set of basis functions, either linear or non-linear, to form a model for a general time series. The basis functions need not be orthogonal and their number is determined adaptively based on fitting accuracy. Moreover, no assumptions are required for the input data. The coefficients for the basis functions are computed using a recursive pseudoinverse matrix, thus they can be recomputed for different input data. The case of sinusoidal basis functions is presented. Discussions around stability of the resulting model and choice of basis functions is also provided. Numerical results depicting the applicability and effectiveness of the proposed technique are given.
Charmonium-like resonances with JPC = 0++, 2++ in coupled $$ \mathrm{D}\overline{\mathrm{D}} $$, $$ {\mathrm{D}}_{\mathrm{s}}{\overline{\mathrm{D}}}_{\mathrm{s}} $$ scattering on the lattice
Authors: Prelovsek Sasa , Collins Sara , Mohler Daniel , Padmanath M. , Piemonte Stefano
Published: June 2021

Abstract

We present the first lattice investigation of coupled-channel$$ D\overline{D} $$DD¯and$$ {D}_s{\overline{D}}_s $$DsD¯sscattering in theJPC= 0++and 2++channels. The scattering matrix for partial wavesl= 0,2 and isospin zero is determined using multiple volumes and inertial frames via Lüscher’s formalism. Lattice QCD ensembles from the CLS consortium withmπ≃ 280 MeV,a≃ 0.09 fm andL/a= 24,32 are utilized. The resulting scattering matrix suggests the existence of three charmonium-like states withJPC= 0++in the energy region ranging from slightly below 2mDup to 4.13 GeV. We find a so far unobserved$$ D\overline{D} $$DD¯bound state just below threshold and a$$ D\overline{D} $$DD¯resonance likely related toχc0(3860), which is believed to beχc0(2P). In addition, there is an indication for a narrow 0++resonance just below the$$ {D}_s{\overline{D}}_s $$DsD¯sthreshold with a large coupling to$$ {D}_s{\overline{D}}_s $$DsD¯sand a very small coupling to$$ D\overline{D} $$DD¯. This resonance is possibly related to the narrowX(3915)/χc0(3930) observed in experiment also just below$$ {D}_s{\overline{D}}_s $$DsD¯s. The partial wavel= 2 features a resonance likely related toχc2(3930). We work with several assumptions, such as the omission ofJ/ψω,ηcηand three-particle channels. Only statistical uncertainties are quantified, while the extrapolations to the physical quark-masses and the continuum limit are challenges for the future.
T cells, particularly activated CD4+ cells, maintain anti-CD20-mediated NK cell viability and antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity
Authors: Wang Zhaoming , Chimenti Michael S. , Strouse Christopher , Weiner George J.
Published: June 2021

Anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapy is a mainstay of therapy for B cell malignancies, however many patients fail to respond or eventually develop resistance. The current understanding of mechanisms responsible for this resistance is limited. When peripheral blood mononuclear cells of healthy donors were cultured with Raji cells for 7 days, rituximab (RTX) induced NK cell-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), enhanced NK cell viability and increased or maintained NK expression of CD56, CD16, CD57 and KIR. T cells, mainly CD4+, mediated these changes in a contact-dependent manner, with local T cell production of IL2 playing a central role. Similar findings were found when autologous B cells were used as target cells demonstrating the need for T cell help was not due to allogenic reaction. Results with other anti-CD20 and anti-EGFR antibodies were consistent. Small numbers of T cells activated by anti-CD3/CD28 beads or bispecific antibody enhanced RTX-mediated NK cell ADCC, viability and phenotypical changes. Pathway analysis of bulk NK cell mRNA sequencing after activation by RTX with and without T cells was consistent with T cells maintaining the viability of the activated NK cells. These findings suggest T cell help, mediated in large part by local production of IL2, contributes to NK cell ADCC and viability, and that activating T cells in the tumor microenvironment, such as through the use of anti-CD3 based bispecific antibodies, could enhance the efficacy of anti-CD20 and other mAb therapies where NK-mediated ADCC is a primary mechanism of action.
Comparison of transient absorption of laser ablation plasma with fundamental plasma absorption relations
Authors: Eliceiri Matthew , Grigoropoulos Costas P.
Published: June 2021

Nanosecond pulsed laser ablation plasmas were studied by time resolved shadowgraphy coupled with normal imaging, followed by laser probing and plasma spectroscopy in the 5-25 J/cm2 fluence regime. We describe methods for imaging and probing that allow us to determine variations in the distribution of ejecta in the plume and monitor the optical absorption using a probe laser to obtain a measure of the linear absorption coefficient of the plasma. Experimental determination of absorber distribution also corresponds well to the theoretical prediction of density increase near the emitted shockwave edge. We finally demonstrate that fundamental plasma correlations can accurately describe the absorption of light by the plasma near the ablation wavelength. We observed good agreement in peak attenuation, directly measuring 65% peak absorption and compared to a calculation of 57% using a simple model of the plasma, but a 10 ns shift in peak attenuation time. The shift in dip times is explained both by experimental error and a fundamental imprecision in the model proposed for the expansion.
Neurodevelopmental outcome of very preterm infants with gastrointestinal tract perforations does not differ compared to controls
Authors: Moser Michael F. , Müller Irina J. , Schalamon Johannes , Resch Bernhard
Published: June 2021

Purpose

To evaluate gastrointestinal tract (GIT) perforations in very low birth weight infants and the effects on neurodevelopmental outcome.

Methods

Between 2000 and 2017 all cases with GIT perforation were analyzed regarding causes, associated morbidities and neurodevelopmental outcome and compared with matched (gestational age, birth weight, gender, year of birth) by 1:2 controls.

Results

The incidence of GIT perforation was 2.0% (n = 38/1878). Diagnoses associated with GIT were meconium obstruction of prematurity (MOP,n = 19/50%), spontaneous intestinal perforation (SIP, n = 7/18%), necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC, n = 6/16%), iatrogenic perforation (n = 3/8%), volvulus (n = 2/5%) and meconium ileus (n = 1/3%). The NEC-associated perforations occurred later compared to those associated with MOP and SIP (median 8 days and 6 days vs. 17 days, p = 0.001 and 0.023, respectively) and main localization was the terminal ileum (84%). Cases had higher rates of late onset sepsis (55% vs. 24%, p = 0.003), longer duration of mechanical ventilation (median 30 days vs 18 days, p = 0.013) and longer stays at the hospital (median 122 days vs 83 days, p < 0.001); mortality rates did not differ. The 2‑year neurodevelopment follow-up revealed no differences between groups (normal development 49% vs. 40%).

Conclusion

Despite increased morbidities preterm infants with GIT perforation did not have a higher mortality rate and groups did not differ regarding neurodevelopmental outcome at the corrected for prematurity age of 2 years.
Anglo-Saxon bling — a warrior king’s Golden Helmet
Authors: Cooper Frank
Published: June 2021

In 2009, a metal detectorist discovered a hoard of Anglo-Saxon gold and silver in a field in Staffordshire. Hence, it quickly became known as ‘The Staffordshire Hoard’. It was, and remains, the biggest collection of Anglo-Saxon gold (4 kg) and silver (1.7 kg) ever discovered and comprised of more than 4000 fragments that equated to over 600 discrete objects and larger pieces. The Staffordshire Hoard is co-owned by Birmingham and Stoke-on-Trent City Councils and is cared for on behalf of the nation by Birmingham Museums Trust and The Potteries Museum & Art Gallery. Over the intervening years, most of the larger and recognisably important pieces have now been identified and catalogued. We now also know an exceptional amount about their probable methods of manufacture, artistic styles, date, and function. This paper focuses on what is now known to be one of the most fragmented yet magnificent of its objects, a Helmet that has been declared as being ‘fit for a king’, but which was found scattered into well over 1000 disparate fragments. Fragments that  are now considered to make up around one-third of the Hoard’s total of finds and compose this single high-status Golden Helmet. Too damaged and incomplete to be re-joined or displayed in a form that delivers to the casual observer a true sense of the majesty of the original. Thus, the museums responsible for the collection commissioned an experimental reconstruction project to create two of the helmets for display in their shared Hoard collections.
Independence and impartiality of sports disputes resolution in the UK
Authors: O’Leary Leanne
Published: June 2021

Private sports governing bodies in the United Kingdom have the contractual freedom to organise their own sports tribunals and disputes procedures. There is no legislation in the UK that governs the form of a sports governing body’s dispute resolution procedure. The common law and, to a certain extent, other industry measures influence the structure of a disputes procedure within a private sports governing body. When establishing dispute resolution systems in self-regulating industries, there is potential for structural conflicts of interest to arise. Reporting mechanisms and adjudicatory processes may be structurally bias through, for example, the way appointments are made to a dispute resolution panel. There may be the suggestion of implicit bias of panel members because of the interests that control the appointment process. Even if no actual bias arises, the perception of bias can damage the engagement of stakeholders in a dispute process and damage the reputation of the sport with sponsors or the general public. The key is to minimise structural conflicts of interest and ensure that the process is independent and impartial. This article examines the challenges faced with organising sports dispute resolution procedures, the requirements of Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights and highlights the important factors that a sports governing body should consider when designing an independent and impartial dispute resolution system. It concludes with a discussion of whether the legal basis for sports dispute resolution in the UK requires reconsideration to provide certainty, independence, impartiality and, above all, to guarantee a fair hearing.
Evaluation of procoagulant imbalance in Cushing’s syndrome after short- and long-term remission of disease
Authors: Ferrante E. , Serban A. L. , Clerici M. , Indirli R. , Scalambrino E. , Carosi G. , Padovan L. , Locatelli M. , Arosio M. , Peyvandi F. , Mantovani G. , Tripodi A.
Published: June 2021

Objective

Patients with Cushing’s syndrome (CS) are at high risk of venous thromboembolism related to a hypercoagulability due to procoagulant imbalance. However, whether these alterations are reversible after disease remission is still unclear. The endogenous thrombin potential (ETP) measured with and without the addition of thrombomodulin provides a global representation of coagulation and previous data confirmed hypercoagulable profile in patients with active hypercortisolism. Aim of this study was to assess the short- and long-term modification of ETP in patients with CS after disease remission.

Design and methods

Nineteen patients with CS for whom surgical remission was achieved, were prospectively evaluated for clinical characteristics, cortisol secretion profile and ETP at different time points: (i) before surgical intervention; (ii) after 6 months and (iii) 5 years from the time of persistent remission. Nineteen healthy subjects matched for age and gender were also evaluated as control group.

Results

Before surgery, patients showed higher ETP-ratio (with/without thrombomodulin) than controls (0.62 ± 0.09-vs-0.56 ± 0.09, p = 0.034). No significant correlation between ETP-ratio and cortisol secretion was found. 6 months after remission, ETP-ratio was still significantly increased compared to controls (0.64 ± 0.09-vs-0.56 ± 0.09, p = 0.01), but was similar to baseline (0.64 ± 0.09-vs-0.62 ± 0.09, p = 0.87). At 5 years, ETP-ratio showed a significant decrease (0.55 ± 0.14-vs-0.62 ± 0.09, p = 0.02) and was comparable to controls (0.55 ± 0.14-vs-0.56 ± 0.09, p = 0.7).

Conclusions

Plasma hypercoagulability detected in patients with active hypercortisolism persists at short-term evaluation and seems to be completely reversible after long-term remission of disease. These data, as part of a whole evaluation of thrombotic risk, can contribute to make appropriate therapeutic choice in these patients.
Methods for image denoising using convolutional neural network: a review
Authors: Ilesanmi Ademola E. , Ilesanmi Taiwo O.
Published: June 2021

Image denoising faces significant challenges, arising from the sources of noise. Specifically, Gaussian, impulse, salt, pepper, and speckle noise are complicated sources of noise in imaging. Convolutional neural network (CNN) has increasingly received attention in image denoising task. Several CNN methods for denoising images have been studied. These methods used different datasets for evaluation. In this paper, we offer an elaborate study on different CNN techniques used in image denoising. Different CNN methods for image denoising were categorized and analyzed. Popular datasets used for evaluating CNN image denoising methods were investigated. Several CNN image denoising papers were selected for review and analysis. Motivations and principles of CNN methods were outlined. Some state-of-the-arts CNN image denoising methods were depicted in graphical forms, while other methods were elaborately explained. We proposed a review of image denoising with CNN. Previous and recent papers on image denoising with CNN were selected. Potential challenges and directions for future research were equally fully explicated.
Hydrogen Bond-Assisted Ultra-Stable and Fast Aqueous NH4+ Storage
Authors: Zhang Xikun , Xia Maoting , Yu Haoxiang , Zhang Junwei , Yang Zhengwei , Zhang Liyuan , Shu Jie
Published: June 2021

Aqueous ammonium ion batteries are regarded as eco-friendly and sustainable energy storage systems. And applicable host for NH4+ in aqueous solution is always in the process of development. On the basis of density functional theory calculations, the excellent performance of NH4+ insertion in Prussian blue analogues (PBAs) is proposed, especially for copper hexacyanoferrate (CuHCF). In this work, we prove the outstanding cycling and rate performance of CuHCF via electrochemical analyses, delivering no capacity fading during ultra-long cycles of 3000 times and high capacity retention of 93.6% at 50 C. One of main contributions to superior performance from highly reversible redox reaction and structural change is verified during the ammoniation/de-ammoniation progresses. More importantly, we propose the NH4+ diffusion mechanism in CuHCF based on continuous formation and fracture of hydrogen bonds from a joint theoretical and experimental study, which is another essential reason for rapid charge transfer and superior NH4+ storage. Lastly, a full cell by coupling CuHCF cathode and polyaniline anode is constructed to explore the practical application of CuHCF. In brief, the outstanding aqueous NH4+ storage in cubic PBAs creates a blueprint for fast and sustainable energy storage.
The Effects of Cooperative Compliance on Firms’ Tax Risk, Tax Risk Management and Compliance Costs
Authors: Eberhartinger Eva , Zieser Maximilian
Published: June 2021

In cooperative compliance programs, firms and tax administrations agree on cooperation instead of confrontation. Firms provide full transparency and advanced tax control frameworks. Tax administrations, in turn, offer certainty as to the tax treatment of complex transactions. In this study, we test how firms’ perceptions of tax risk, the quality of tax risk management, and compliance costs are related to cooperative compliance. To our knowledge, this is the first study that attempts to analyze both reasons for and consequences of participation in cooperative compliance programs. We examine the Austrian cooperative compliance pilot project known as horizontal monitoring that was aimed at large businesses and launched in 2011. We use survey data from representatives of firms participating in the pilot project and a sample of comparable firms under a traditional ex-post audit regime. We conduct group comparisons to test differences between these groups, as well as mediation analyses to shed light on more complex relationships between variables. Results show that horizontal monitoring firms perceive a significantly higher increase in tax certainty, which is associated with significant relative decreases in tax risk and compliance costs. Furthermore, while the quality of tax risk management upon entering the pilot project appears significantly higher for horizontal monitoring firms, they do not report greater improvement in tax risk management compared to the control group. These results are relevant for the development of cooperative compliance programs and the decision to participate in them.
A Call for a Socially Restorative Circular Economy: Waste Pickers in the Recycled Plastics Supply Chain
Authors: Barford Anna , Ahmad Saffy Rose
Published: June 2021

The labour-intensive task of waste collection for recycling is critical to contemporary forms of corporate circularity. In low- and middle-income countries, waste pickers underpin the recycling loop of the circular economy. Where informality and working poverty are the norm, waste pickers typically receive little social protection, work in dangerous conditions, and earn low wages. Nevertheless, waste pickers’ work addresses multiscalar environmental problems from localised flooding of plastic-clogged waterways, to preventing the release of greenhouse gases when plastic is burnt. Here, we review recent academic and grey literature on waste picking, the social circular economy, and corporate circularity to understand the role and position of waste pickers in the contemporary circular economy. We explain how given the recent outcry against plastic waste, and subsequent corporate commitments to plastic recycling, there has been greater action on material flows than in support of the people who move these flows. Overall, the corporate response remains limited, with a general preference for recycling over redesign and only a fifth of packaging accounted for. Based on this review, we present two models. The first is a hierarchy of plastic recycling showing the foundational role of waste pickers in the recycled plastics supply chain. As plastics move up the hierarchy, their value increases and working conditions improve. We also propose a new model for a socially restorative circular economy which provides fair pay, safe working conditions, social protection, legal rights, voice, respect, services, and education. Some governments, co-operatives, non-governmental organisations, and businesses are already working towards this—and their work offers pathways towards a new standard of fair trade recycled materials. We argue that for true sustainability and the best version of circularity to be achieved, deeply ingrained social challenges must be resolved.
Evaluation of Long-Term Clinical Outcomes and Patient Satisfaction Rate Following Low Intensity Shock Wave Therapy in Men With Erectile Dysfunction: A Minimum 5-Year Follow-Up on a Prospective Open-Label Single-Arm Clinical Study
Authors: Chung Eric , Cartmill Ross
Published: June 2021

Introduction

Low intensity extracorporeal shock wave therapy (LIESWT) improves erectile function (EF) in men with vascular erectile dysfunction (ED) but longer-term outcomes remain unknown.

Aim

To evaluate the clinical outcomes of LIESWT at a minimum 5-year follow-up.

Methods

This is an open-label single-arm prospective study involved men with vascular ED who received LIESWT.

Main Outcome Measure

Changes in patient demographics, IIEF-5 and Erectile Dysfunction Inventory of Treatment Satisfaction (EDITS) scores, as well as overall satisfaction score (on a 5-point scale) were reviewed at 12, 24, 48, and 60 months after completion of LIESWT. A chi-square contingency analysis was used to examine the relationship between erectile function score and treatment satisfaction, with statistical significance set at 5%.

Results

The mean follow-up period was 69.9 (63–82; median 76) months. The mean IIEF-5 scores for pretreatment and after treatment at 12, 24, 48, and 60 months were 14.8, 17.6, 16.8, 16.5, and 16.5 while the percentages of patients who reported an improvement in IIEF-5 score by 5 points were 60%, 45%, 40%, and 40%; and EDITS scores >50% were recorded in 70%, 55%, 50%, and 48% of patients at 12, 24, 48, and 60 months post-LIESWT. Ten patients required medical therapy and 2 patients opted for penile prosthesis implantation. The overall satisfaction rate appeared sustained subsequent follow-up (score 4 out of 5; 68% vs 50% vs 40% vs 40% at 12, 24, 48, and 60 months). There were minor time-limited, but no significant adverse event reported.

Conclusion

This long-term study showed the observed clinical improvement in EF continues to deteriorate but appears to plateau at 40% clinical efficacy at 48–60 months after completion of LIESWT. The absence of penile pain and deformity at 5-year follow-up supports the long-term safety data of LIESWT in men with ED.

Chung E, Cartmill R. Evaluation of Long-Term Clinical Outcomes and Patient Satisfaction Rate Following Low Intensity Shock Wave Therapy in Men With Erectile Dysfunction: A Minimum 5-Year Follow-Up on a Prospective Open-Label Single-Arm Clinical Study. Sex Med 2021;9:100384.
Rethinking Chinese Politics
Authors: Fewsmith Joseph
Published: June 2021

Understanding Chinese politics has become more important than ever. Some argue that China's political system is 'institutionalized' or that 'win all/lose all' struggles are a thing of the past, but, Joseph Fewsmith argues, as in all Leninist systems, political power is difficult to pass on from one leader to the next. Indeed, each new leader must deploy whatever resources he has to gain control over critical positions and thus consolidate power. Fewsmith traces four decades of elite politics from Deng to Xi, showing how each leader has built power (or not). He shows how the structure of politics in China has set the stage for intense and sometimes violent intra-elite struggles, shaping a hierarchy in which one person tends to dominate, and, ironically, providing for periods of stability between intervals of contention.
Welsh Soldiers in the Later Middle Ages, 1282–1422
Authors: Chapman Adam
Published: June 2021

Examines the role of Welsh soldiers in English armies, from the conquests under Edward I through to the Battle of Agincourt.