bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
10 Cups, Caddies, and Castors: Groceries and Domestic Material Culture
Authors: Stobart Jon
Published: January 2013

This final chapter explores the relationship between the consumption of (new) groceries and changing domestic material culture. The chapter builds on earlier studies of the ownership of goods linked to hot drinks to assess the spread of a much wider set of items linked to the consumption of groceries within the home, arguing that consumption bundles must be broadly conceived and set within the spatiality of the home. Whilst notions of front and back stage are too simplistic to capture the complexities and practicalities of everyday life, they offer a useful shorthand for spatial differentiation in the home. Furthermore, The chapter argues that the bundling of goods around the consumption of imported groceries involved a mixing of new and old goods and practices within the home, and was inspired by a range of motivations rather than a single socially — inclusive cultural shift such as respectability.
Inverse Instrumentality: How Technologies Objectify Patients and Players
Authors: Bonnie A. Nardi Hamid Ekbia
Published: January 2013

A growing trend in the development of large-scale technological systems seeks to strategically insert human beings into these systems in order to allow them to function in intended ways. These “technologies of objectification” enable situations where individuals are turned into either fragmented or totalized subjects. The chapter identifies certain types of health technologies and multiplayer online games as systems that objectify patients and players, turning them into docile or actively engaged subjects, respectively. Through the analysis of specific examples of each technology, the chapter demonstrates how software systems regulate human behavior in an expectant manner, drawing them in or pushing them away from certain kinds of activities. The chapter discusses the implications of this analysis for the question of materiality, and argue for a view that understands (de)materialization as a process rather than a settled dichotomy.
Pencils, Legos, and Guns: A Study of Artifacts Used in Architecture
Authors: Groleau Carole , Demers Christiane
Published: January 2013

Drawing on activity theory, this chapter conducts a comparative analysis involving the use of artifacts in concept development, among architects, based on data presented by Elke Krasny (2008). Artifacts carry with them historically grounded means and methods (Engeström, 1987) that provide organizational members with various potential avenues to act upon their context. The analysis reveals that, beyond their particular characteristics, material artifacts are associated with various social configurations involving different types of negotiation among participants taking part in the design process. The results allow us to frame sociomateriality, beyond the actual context in which activity unfolds, and to see how contextualized practices actualize or challenge different socio-historical traditions coexisting within a particular professional group.
The Occupation and Israeli Democracy
Authors: Ezrahi Yaron
Published: January 2013

The chapter presents the political effects of the occupation, in describing its imprinting on the structure and political culture of the Israel regime, which endanger the State’s future democratic character. The chapter provides observations on the destructive impact of the occupation on Israeli politics, legal structure, the military, social perceptions of the boundaries of the legitimate internal and external uses of force, norms and practices of the bureaucracy, the educational system, the formal and informal status of Israeli Arabs, the relations between religion and politics and the international legitimacy of Israel as a democracy.
The Occupation and Its Effect on the Israel Defense Forces
Authors: Pedatzur Reuven
Published: January 2013

The chapter focuses on the effects that the occupation has had on the Israeli army. It argues that the army has naturally played a major role in the management of the occupied territories. In fulfilling this role the army has been responsible for encouraging, initiating, realizing and supporting the Jewish settlement in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. This role has led to illegal acts, to the legitimization of illegal acts, to political involvement of the army and to the disregard of violations of the Palestinians’ human rights. It has also led to neglect in preparing the military to fight a conventional war as it was preoccupied with containing the resistance of the Palestinians to occupation and fighting the emerging terror.
Vocabulary and the Discourse on the 1967 Territories
Authors: Tsur Nadir
Published: January 2013

The chapter examines the link between prolonged occupation and the language that has evolved in the State of Israel as used in the public discourse. It demonstrates the close relations between the two and how the use of language has undergone various stages from that of the religious belief discourse to a discourse of national rights, from which arose the security discourse whose origin lies in the language of conciliation and peace, and from there to the language of separation and disengagement.
Preventing Violence Against Young Children
Authors: Cassie Landers Clarice Da Silva e Paula, , Kilbane Theresa
Published: January 2013

For too many children, home is far from a safe haven. Violation of children often comes from the very social structures and institutions designed to care and protect them. Sadly, these acts of violence, exploitation, and abuse are rarely reported and investigated; few perpetrators are held accountable. Violence toward children is not limited by geography, ethnicity, or status; it is a global phenomenon and one of the most pervasive human rights challenges of our time. Emerging, however, are nascent efforts to improve reporting and protection of young children. Using examples from UNICEF-supported programs, this chapter addresses the magnitude of the problem and provides examples of efforts to counteract it including promoting multiple entry points and linkages with existing services; enhancing program quality and professional capacity; increasing data reliability and the design of effective tracking, monitoring, and evaluation systems; and developing supportive legal and policy frameworks.
Worlds, Literature, Systems
Authors: Hayot Eric
Published: January 2013

This chapter examines various conceptions of world in world literature and world-systems. It argues for a better theory of the world, and of the relationship between the world and literature. Not to produce a mediating relay between world literature and world-systems, but to see whether focusing on the ontology of composed works can bring “world” differently into the scene. And to see, then, if such a theory makes any difference to our understanding of world literature or the history of worldedness as an aesthetic and cultural phenomenon—as a symptom and as a compass for the history, in other words, of totality as a function of the human imagination.
First Propositions
Authors: Hayot Eric
Published: January 2013

This chapter presents the following propositions: first, that worldedness, the world-oriented force of any given work of art, is an aesthetic effect that emerges only at certain scales of the work itself (and hence of the analysis of works). And second, that we can move toward a more systematic (if nonetheless still impressionistic and incomplete) sense of what worldedness means if we remark some particular modes or variables of its production. It then discusses how worldedness occurs largely at the scale of the work or the collection of works that itself establishes a higher-order “totality of meaning”; and why the concept of aesthetic worldedness is worth pursuing.
Aspects of Worldedness
Authors: Hayot Eric
Published: January 2013

This chapter discusses six variables or mechanisms of world-production in literature. These are amplitude, completeness, metadiegetic structure, connectedness, character-system, and dynamism. These six variables apply differently to different types of work. They resonate most clearly when it comes to narrative (in poetry, film, drama, or prose), where the necessary arrangement of relations in space and time strongly generates a sense of worldedness. The variables also interact with features of the artwork that do not speak directly to worldedness.
Against Periodization
Authors: Hayot Eric
Published: January 2013

This chapter discusses how the entire system of literary education, from the first-year undergraduate survey to the forms of judgment governing publication, promotion, and tenure, reifies the period as its central historical concept. It then considers the impact of periodization's dominance of scholarship in the humanities. This failure of self-consciousness, the lack of debate over the value of the period as concept, is what makes periodization ideological. The response to the ideologization of periods ought to be to develop and to seek to institutionalize a variety of competing concepts, including trans-periodizing ones, for the study of literary history. This would ensure that the concepts themselves could become explicit (and contestable) subjects of scholarly work. The contests among them would then generate at a higher “level” trans-conceptual approaches, which would in turn prevent new concepts from easily producing new ideological calcification. The limitations and blind spots of periods are examined in detail.
On the History of Reality
Authors: Hayot Eric
Published: January 2013

This chapter considers the problem involving the theorization of reality, and in particular reality's relation to history. It suggests that the theorization of reality as historical (or not) appears to be an effect of the historical period under discussion. When it comes to thinking inside the modern period, any number of scholarly works seem to believe that reality changes, and that such changes are routinely reflected (and anticipated) in fiction. Outside the modern, however, it is far more common to assume that the reality we know today was simply beyond the creative or social capacities, or interests, of societies that did not, or could not, represent it.
Difficult Dialogues: The Technologies and Limits of Reconciliation
Authors: Moon Dawne
Published: January 2013

Projects known as dialogue or reconciliation build on the common ground between members of historically adversarial groups to help overcome vicious cycles of retaliation. This chapter compares observations from two studies of religious and religio-ethnic communities. The more recent is a qualitative study of American Jews' understandings and experiences of anti-Semitism and how it relates to politics, particularly around the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. It compares some of the findings from this study with findings that emerged in earlier ethnographic research on debates about homosexuality within the United Methodist Church. The chapter explores the intersection of politics with the self, which sociological theories of the self have generally ignored.
Eosinophil‐derived cytokines in health and disease: unraveling novel mechanisms of selective secretion
Authors: Melo R. C. N. , Liu L. , Xenakis J. J. , Spencer L. A.
Published: January 2013

Over the past two decades, our understanding of eosinophils has evolved from that of categorically destructive effector cells to include active participation in immune modulation, tissue repair processes, and normal organ development, in both health and disease. At the core of their newly appreciated functions is the capacity of eosinophils to synthesize, store within intracellular granules, and very rapidly secrete a highly diverse repertoire of cytokines. Mechanisms governing the selective secretion of preformed cytokines from eosinophils are attractive therapeutic targets and may well be more broadly applicable to other immune cells. Here, we discuss recent advances in deciphering pathways of cytokine secretion, both from intact eosinophils and from tissue‐deposited cell‐free eosinophil granules, extruded from eosinophils undergoing a lytic cell death.
Two apparently unrelated groups of symbiotic annelids, Nautiliniellidae and Calamyzidae (Phyllodocida, Annelida), are a clade of derived chrysopetalid polychaetes
Authors: Aguado M.T. , Nygren A. , Rouse G.W.
Published: January 2013

Nautiliniellidae Miura and Laubier, 1989 is a small family of marine polychaetes with 20 currently described species in 11 genera, most of which are known to live symbiotically in the mantle cavity of bivalves, mainly from cold seeps and hydrothermal vents, while Calamyzidae (Hartmann‐Schröder, 1971) including only one described species,Calamyzas amphictenicolaArwidsson 1932 lives as an ectoparasite on ampharetid polychaetes in Swedish waters. Nautiliniellidae and Calamyzidae have both been considered to belong to Phyllodocida, but the few phylogenetic studies including these taxa have found their positions unstable. The internal relationships within Nautiliniellidae are also poorly understood. Using molecular information from both nuclear and mitochondrial genes and morphological data we assessed the systematic placement of Nautiliniellidae (seven species; collected from Pacific hydrothermal vents and cold seeps and one from Atlantic waters) andCalamyzas amphictenicola. Our results show thatC.amphictenicolaand Nautiliniellidae formed a well‐supported clade that is nested within Chrysopetalidae, a free‐living group of polychaetes. The chrysopetalid genusVigtorniellaKiseleva 1992; a bacterial mat grazer found at methane seeps, anoxic basins and whalefalls, formed a paraphyletic grade with respect to the Nautiliniellidae–Calamyzasclade. The internal relationships within the Nautiliniellidae–Calamyzasclade as well as the relationships with their hosts are also examined. As a result we synonymize Calamyzidae and Nautiliniellidae with Chrysopetalidae, with the last as the oldest available family‐group name. Within Chrysopetalidae we refer to the subfamilies Chrysopetalinae Ehlers 1864; Dysponetinae Aguado, Nygren & Rouse, herein; and Calamyzinae Hartmann‐Schröder, 1971. Calamyzinae containsC.amphictenicola, all taxa formerly in Nautiliniellidae, and the chrysopetalid genusVigtorniella.
Rapid ecosystem change and polar bear conservation
Authors: Derocher Andrew E. , Aars Jon , Amstrup Steven C. , Cutting Amy , Lunn Nick J. , Molnár Péter K. , Obbard Martyn E. , Stirling Ian , Thiemann Gregory W. , Vongraven Dag , Wiig Øystein , York Geoffrey
Published: January 2013

Anthropogenic global warming is occurring more rapidly in the Arctic than elsewhere, and has already caused significant negative effects on sea ice‐dependent species such as polar bears. Although observed effects have thus far been gradual, the large amount of annual variation in the climate system may cause habitat changes in individual years that exceed the long‐term trend. Such years may be below critical thresholds necessary for feeding and result in unprecedented reductions in survival, reproduction, and abundance in some populations. Here, in anticipation of sudden negative population‐level effects, we provide an overview of proactive conservation and management options. Preplanning, consultation, and coordination of management responses will be necessary to reduce the risks to human safety and other effects of catastrophic declines in habitat. Advance consideration of the costs, legality, logistical difficulties, likelihood of success, and invasiveness of potential responses will be critical to minimizing short‐term negative effects while laying the groundwork for longer‐term conservation objectives.
Functional melanocortin 1 receptor Mc1r is not necessary for an inflammatory response to UV radiation in adult mouse skin
Authors: Wolnicka‐Glubisz Agnieszka , De Fabo Edward , Noonan Frances
Published: January 2013

The G‐protein‐coupled receptor, Mc1r, plays a major role in pigment production and has been reported to be important in the inflammatory response. We have investigated the effect of deficiency in Mc1r on UV‐induced inflammation. Mice on the same genetic background were used – C57BL/6‐c (albino), C57BL/6 (black), C57BL/6‐Mc1re/e deficient (yellow). FACS analysis of disaggregated skin showed a similar dose‐dependent increase in Ly6G+ and CD11b+ cells in response to UV radiation in all groups. No differences in UV‐induced edema or in DNA damage were detected between groups. The contact hypersensitivity response, neonatal immune tolerance and UV immunosuppression were all similar in C57BL/6 and C57BL/6‐Mc1re/e mice. We conclude that the absence of Mc1r does not impair the inflammatory response to UV radiation or the generation of immunosuppression.
International online survey: female ejaculation has a positive impact on women's and their partners' sexual lives
Authors: Wimpissinger Florian , Springer Christopher , Stackl Walter
Published: January 2013

What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?

Genital secretions during female orgasm (female ejaculation) have been a matter of controversy for centuries. Scientific work on this essential part of female sexual function has been able to differentiate between female ejaculation, urinary incontinence and vaginal transudate. According to earlier studies, less than 50% of women actually do ejaculate during sexual stimulation. Few affected women discuss female ejaculation with their physician – partly because of its physiological nature, partly through embarrassment.

To gain knowledge on the characteristics of female ejaculation and its impact on women's sexual lives, an online questionnaire has been designed and published internationally. In this way, data from 320 women who perceive ejaculation could be acquired. Most women and their partners perceive female ejaculation as an enrichment of their sexual lives.

Objective

To study characteristics of female ejaculation as perceived by healthy women.

To evaluate whether fluid emission during sexual activity has an impact on women's or their partners' sexual lives.

Materials and Methods

An online questionnaire consisting of 23 questions addressing the participants' characteristics, aspects of perceived female ejaculation, and its impact on women's and their partners' lives was published internationally on various online platforms.

Results

Over a period of 18 months, 320 women from all over the world were included in the study (excluding women below the age of 18 years and double entries).

The women's mean age was 34.1 years (±11.1) and their mean age at first ejaculation was 25.4 years.

Most women ejaculate a few times a week. The volume of ejaculation is approximately 2 oz (29.1%), and the fluid is usually clear as water (83.1%).

For most women (78.8%) and their partners (90.0%), female ejaculation is an enrichment of their sexual lives, whereas 14 women (4.4%) stated that their partners were unaware of their potential ejaculation.

Conclusions

Perceived female ejaculation – and its onset – occurs in women of all ages.

Most women who ejaculate do so on a regular basis.

Female ejaculation is an enrichment of the sexual lives of women as well as their partners.
Genetic and Environmental Predictors of Latent Trajectories of Alcohol Use from Adolescence to Adulthood: A Male Twin Study
Authors: Wichers Marieke , Gillespie Nathan A. , Kendler Kenneth S.
Published: January 2013

Background

Adolescence is characterized by higher levels of novelty‐seeking and risk‐taking behavior, including initiation of alcohol use. Also, there is considerable heterogeneity in the change and continuity of alcohol use over time, which emphasizes the need to examine factors predicting alcohol use and the patterns of use over time.

Methods

Retrospective data on average monthly alcohol use and risk and protective factors were obtained through interviews and questionnaires in 1,560 adult male twins. Latent class growth analysis in Mplus was performed on data of alcohol use over ages 15 to 36. Second, logistic regression analyses were used to associate risk and protective characteristics with membership in distinct latent trajectories of alcohol use.

Results

Six trajectories of alcohol use were identified, varying in the level of alcohol use, the rate of change in use in early adolescence and the persistence of use into adulthood. Genetic risk of externalizing disorder and peer deviance showed the greatest risks for unfavorable alcohol trajectories with higher levels of use and higher rates of early increase in use. Parental monitoring and involvement in social activities showed protective effects. Involvement in religious activities was strongly associated with reduced persistence of high‐level drinking in univariate but not multivariate regression analyses.

Conclusions

Risk and protective factors impacted differentially on level of alcohol use, rate of increase in use during adolescence, and persistence of heavy alcohol use over time. Insight into the different ways in which predictors impact on alcohol use is relevant for the development of new intervention strategies. For this purpose, causality of the associations should be further examined.
Chondroitin sulfate, a major component of the perineuronal net, elicits inward currents, cell depolarization, and calcium transients by acting on AMPA and kainate receptors of hippocampal neurons
Authors: Maroto Marcos , Fernández‐Morales José‐Carlos , Padín Juan Fernando , González José C. , Hernández‐Guijo Jesús M. , Montell Eulalia , Vergés Josep , de Diego Antonio M. G. , García Antonio G.
Published: January 2013

Chondroitin sulfate (CS) proteoglycans (CSPGs) are the most abundant PGs of the brain extracellular matrix (ECM). Free CS could be released during ECM degradation and exert physiological functions; thus, we aimed to investigate the effects of CS on voltage‐ and current‐clamped rat embryo hippocampal neurons in primary cultures. We found that CS elicited a whole‐cell Na+‐dependent inward current (ICS) that produced drastic cell depolarization, and a cytosolic calcium transient ([Ca2+]c). Those effects were similar to those elicited by α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methylisoxazole‐4‐propionate (AMPA) and kainate, were completely blocked by NBQX and CNQX, were partially blocked by GYKI, and were unaffected by MK801 and D‐APV. Furthermore, ICS and AMPA currents were similarly potentiated by cyclothiazide, a positive allosteric modulator of AMPA receptors. Because CSPGs have been attributed Ca2+ ‐dependent roles, such as neural network development, axon pathfinding, plasticity and regeneration after CNS injury, CS action after ECM degradation could be contributing to the mediation of these effects through its interaction with AMPA and kainate receptors.
Adjunctive Treatment with Lodenafil Carbonate for Erectile Dysfunction in Outpatients with Schizophrenia and Spectrum: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Crossover, Placebo-Controlled Trial
Authors: Nunes Luciana Vargas Alves , Lacaz Fernando Sargo , Bressan Rodrigo Affonseca , Nunes Sandra Odebrecht Vargas Alves , Mari Jair de Jesus
Published: January 2013

Introduction

Evidence is accumulating to support the presence of erectile dysfunction in patients with schizophrenia. This dysregulation may be amenable to therapeutic intervention to improve adherence and quality of life of patients who suffer from schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorders.

Aim

We aimed to evaluate the use of adjunctive medication lodenafil for the treatment of erectile dysfunction in outpatients with schizophrenia and spectrum.

Methods

The design was a randomized, double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled trial with lodenafil and it was carried at the Schizophrenia Outpatients Program.

Main Outcome Measures

The measures used to assess sexual dysfunction were Arizona Sexual Experiences Scale (ASEX) and International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF). The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and the Quality of Life Scale (QLS) were also used. The measures included the levels of prolactin, estradiol, luteinizing hormone, sex hormone-binding globulin, free testosterone, and total testosterone at baseline and end point. Lodenafil and placebo pills were used by the patients for 16 weeks.

Results

Fifty male outpatients fulfilled the criteria and 94% of the participants completed the study. Lodenafil and placebo produced improvement in ASEX, IIEF scale, PANSS, and QLS, and there was no statistical difference between lodenafil and placebo groups in all sexual domains in the results of PANSS and QLS and in the results of hormone levels.

Conclusion

These results indicate that both lodenafil and placebo were effective in the treatment of erectile dysfunction for schizophrenia. Placebo effect is very important in patients with schizophrenia and this study showed the importance of discussing sexuality and trying to treat these patients. Further studies designed to test treatments of erectile dysfunction in patients who suffer from schizophrenia are necessary.
MuRF‐1 and p‐GSK3β expression in muscle atrophy of cirrhosis
Authors: Merli Manuela , Giusto Michela , Molfino Alessio , Bonetto Andrea , Rossi Massimo , Ginanni Corradini Stefano , Baccino Francesco M. , Rossi Fanelli Filippo , Costelli Paola , Muscaritoli Maurizio
Published: January 2013

Background

Chronic diseases, including cirrhosis, are often accompanied by protein‐energy malnutrition and muscle loss, which in turn negatively affect quality of life, morbidity and mortality. Unlike other chronic conditions, few data are available on the molecular mechanisms underlying muscle wasting in this clinical setting.

Aims

To assess mechanisms of muscle atrophy in patients with cirrhosis.

Methods

Nutritional [subjective global assessment (SGA) and anthropometry] and metabolic assessment was performed in 30 cirrhotic patients awaiting liver transplantation.

Rectus abdominis biopsies were obtained intraoperatively in 22 cirrhotic patients and in 10 well‐nourished subjects undergoing elective surgery for non‐neoplastic disease, as a control group. Total RNA was extracted and mRNA for atrogenes (MuRF‐1, Atrogin‐1/MAFbx), myostatin (MSTN), GSK3β and IGF‐1 was assayed.

Results

A total of 50% of cirrhotic patients were malnourished based on SGA, while 53% were muscle‐depleted according to mid‐arm muscle area (MAMA<5th percentile). MuRF‐1 RNA expression was significantly increased in malnourished cirrhotic patients (SGA‐B/C) vs. well‐nourished patients (SGA‐A) (P = 0.01). The phosphorylation of GSK3β was up‐regulated in cirrhotic patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) vs. patients without tumour (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Muscle loss is frequently found in end‐stage liver disease patients. Molecular factors pertaining to signalling pathways known to be involved in the regulation of muscle mass are altered during cirrhosis and HCC.
Complete Genome Sequence of a Newcastle Disease Virus Strain Belonging to a Recently Identified Genotype
Authors: Briand François-Xavier , Henry Aurélie , Brown Paul , Massin Pascale , Jestin Véronique
Published: January 2013

We report the first complete genome sequence of a strain that presents some pathogenicity and that belongs to a recently characterized genotype of avian paramyxovirus type 1 (APMV-1). This virus, isolated from the common teal, presents the most divergent genome within class I of APMV-1.
Intussusception in the elderly
Authors: Subramaniam Daryl , Culshaw Nicholas , Langlands Fiona , Apthorp Lesley
Published: January 2013

We present the case of an 82-year-old Caucasian lady with a 16-day history of colicky lower abdominal pain and reduced appetite. When presenting to hospital she was haemodynamically stable with no fever. Examination revealed a soft but tender abdomen with normal bowel sounds. No masses or hernias were present. Per-rectal examination revealed an empty rectum. Investigations showed raised inflammatory markers, white cell count 11.9 and C reactive protein 24, in addition to which she had dilated loops of small and large bowel on the abdominal radiograph. The patient underwent an emergency laparotomy where a mass in the descending colon was found to be intussuscepting into the proximal sigmoid colon for which a Hartmanns procedure was performed. Histopathology confirmed a Dukes B T3 N0 Mx adenocarcinoma.
Castration Therapy Results in Decreased Ku70 Levels in Prostate Cancer
Authors: Al-Ubaidi Firas L. T. , Schultz Niklas , Loseva Olga , Egevad Lars , Granfors Torvald , Helleday Thomas
Published: January 2013

Purpose: Neoadjuvant castration improves response to radiotherapy of prostate cancer. Here, we determine whether castration therapy impairs nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) by downregulating Ku70 protein expression.

Experimental Design: Twenty patients with locally advanced prostate cancer were enrolled, and 6 to 12 needle core biopsy specimens were taken from the prostate of each patient before treatment. Bilateral orchidectomy was conducted in eight patients and 12 patients were treated with a GnRH agonist. After castration, two to four similar biopsies were obtained, and the levels of Ku70 and γ-H2AX foci were determined by immunofluorescence in verified cancer tissues.

Results: We observed that the androgen receptor binds directly to Ku70 in prostate tissue. We also found a reduction of the Ku70 protein levels in the cell nuclei in 12 of 14 patients (P < 0.001) after castration. The reduction in Ku70 expression correlated significantly with decreased serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels after castration, suggesting that androgen receptor activity regulates Ku70 protein levels in prostate cancer tissue. Furthermore, a significant correlation between the reductions of Ku70 after castration versus changes induced of castration of γ-H2AX foci could be seen implicating a functional linkage of decreased Ku70 levels and impaired DNA repair.

Conclusions: Castration therapy results in decreased levels of the Ku70 protein in prostate cancer cells. Because the Ku70 protein is essential for the NHEJ repair of DSBs and its downregulation impairs DNA repair, this offers a possible explanation for the increased radiosensitivity of prostate cancer cells following castration. Clin Cancer Res; 19(6); 1547–56. ©2013 AACR.
Intramuscular Fat and Associations With Metabolic Risk Factors in the Framingham Heart Study
Authors: Therkelsen Kate E. , Pedley Alison , Speliotes Elizabeth K. , Massaro Joseph M. , Murabito Joanne , Hoffmann Udo , Fox Caroline S.
Published: January 2013

Objective—

Intramuscular fat accumulates between muscle fibers or within muscle cells. We investigated the association of intramuscular fat with other ectopic fat deposits and metabolic risk factors.

Approach and Results—

Participants (n=2945; 50.2% women; mean age 50.8 years) from the Framingham Heart Study underwent multidetector computed tomography scanning of the abdomen. Regions of interest were placed on the left and right paraspinous muscle, and the muscle attenuation (MA) in Hounsfield units was averaged. We examined the association between MA and metabolic risk factors in multivariable models, and additionally adjusted for body mass index (BMI) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) in separate models. MA was associated with dysglycemia, dyslipidemia, and hypertension in both sexes. In women, per standard deviation decrease in MA, there was a 1.34 (95% confidence interval, 1.10–1.64) increase in the odds of diabetes mellitus, a 1.40 (95% confidence interval, 1.22–1.61) increase in the odds of high triglycerides, and a 1.29 (95% confidence interval, 1.12–1.48) increase in the odds of hypertension. However, none of these associations persisted after adjustment for BMI or VAT. In men, we observed similar patterns for most risk factors. The exception was metabolic syndrome, which retained association in women even after adjustment for BMI and VAT, and low high density lipoprotein and high triglycerides in men, whose associations also persisted after adjustment for BMI and VAT.

Conclusions—

MA was associated with metabolic risk factors, but most of these associations were lost after adjustment for BMI or VAT. However, a unique association remained for metabolic syndrome in women and lipids in men.
Pheromones exert top-down effects on visual recognition in the jumping spiderLyssomanes viridis
Authors: Tedore Cynthia , Johnsen Sönke
Published: January 2013

In diverse and productive habitats, predaceous arthropods are expected to frequently encounter dangerous conspecifics and heterospecifics. This should make quick and accurate discriminations between species and sexes adaptive. By simultaneously sampling both visual cues and pheromones, and by utilizing stringent species- and sex-specific visual recognition templates, an individual should be able to increase both its speed and accuracy in making such discriminations. We tested for the use and stringency of visual recognition templates in the jumping spider Lyssomanes viridis by presenting males with animated images of conspecifics, heterospecifics, and composite images which combined the facial coloration and morphology of one sex or species with the leg coloration of another. Males’ courtship versus threat displays indicated whether a stimulus was perceived as a potential mate or threat. By comparing males’ visual inspection times and display types to the various images in the presence versus absence of female pheromones, we were able to deduce whether males tend to inspect a subset of the color pattern and morphological features that make up their conspecific recognition templates (i.e. those on just the face or just the legs), or all features, and whether this changes in the presence of pheromones. We found that the male recognition template for conspecific female was surprisingly coarse, whereas the recognition template for conspecific male, and especially the male face, was more specific. Pheromones hastened the recognition of images with coloration and morphology closely matching those of conspecifics, presumably by activating conspecific visual recognition templates. When males were presented with an image that was, overall, a poor match to a conspecific female, but that contained a subset of female or female-like features, female pheromones usually did not hasten recognition, but did increase the likelihood that the image would be identified as a female. Taken together, our data suggest that males examined features on both the face and legs in both the presence and absence of pheromones, and that female pheromones tipped the balance in favor of a female identification when a male was unsure how to categorize an incongruous set of visual features.
Elongation of Circulation Time of a Diatomic Molecule Receptor in Bloodstream by Attachment to Small Gold Nanoparticles
Authors: Karasugi Keiichi , Kitagishi Hiroaki , Kano Koji
Published: January 2013

An Fe(III) complex of N-[4-(10,15,20-trisulfonatophenylporphine-5-yl)phenyl]-1,2-dithiolane-3-pentanamide formed a 1:1 inclusion complex (TA-met-hemoCD) with a per-O-methylated β-cyclodextrin dimer having a pyridine linker (Py3CD). A mixture of TA-met-hemoCD and H[AuCl4] in aqueous solution was treated with NaBH4 to induce the formation of TA-met-hemoCD-bearing Au nanoparticles (NP1ox), with an average particle size of 5.2 nm. Iron(II) NP1red obtained by the reduction of NP1ox bound dioxygen as well as carbon monoxide in aqueous solution. The dioxygen adduct of NP1red was scarcely accumulated on the organs when injected into the femoral vein of a rat, and circulated in the bloodstream for a long duration (a residual percentage of 63% 6 h after injection). We also analyzed the effect of PEGylation on the nanoparticles. Contrary to our expectations, PEGylation did not have any remarkable influence on the circulation time of the nanoparticles.
A new approach to analysing static locative expressions
Authors: Tutton Mark
Published: January 2013

As speakers, we are frequently called upon to specify the locations of objects and landmarks in our environment. However, despite the considerable body of work on spatial cognition and semantics (i.e. Levinson 1992, 1996, 2003; Tyler and Evans 2003; Herskovits 1986; Vandeloise 1986), there has been almost no research on the expression of location from a multimodal viewpoint: that is, how do speakers use gesture, as well as speech, to express object location? This paper reports on a filmed study of 10 English speakers and 10 French speakers who were asked to express the locations of 28 objects in two spatial scenes. On the basis of our results we argue that a functional, as opposed to a grammatical, approach to the segmentation and analysis of these sorts of expressions is crucial. Such an approach reflects the fact that different Figures (i.e. objects to be located) can exist simultaneously across speech and gesture. Using filmed examples from our data set, we propose a new definition of static locative expressions and outline a multimodal approach for their analysis in oral discourse.
Crystal structure of nonaaqua[bis(μ2-pyridine-2,4,6-tricarboxylato- κ3O,N,O:(O')dilutetium(III)]trihydrate, Lu2(H2O)9(ptc)2·3H2O, C16H28Lu2N2O24
Authors: Zhu Hong-Lin , Qi Jin-Li
Published: January 2013

C16H28Lu2N2O24, triclinic, P1̄ (no. 2), a = 7.602(2) Å, b = 10.417(2) Å, c = 17.374(4) Å, α = 92.32(3)°, β = 92.08(3)°, γ = 95.74(3)°, V = 1366.7 Å3, Z = 2, Rgt(F) = 0.0489, wRref(F2) = 0.1229, T = 293 K.
Synthesis of 5-(ethylsulfonyl)-2-methoxyaniline: An important pharmacological fragment of VEGFR2 and other inhibitors
Authors: Murár Miroslav , Addová Gabriela , Boháč Andrej
Published: January 2013

Background: 5-(Ethylsulfonyl)-2-methoxyaniline (5) is part of the structure in 131 compounds possessing different biological activities. In most cases, they have antitumor properties (112 compounds). Other compounds are described as cardiovascular agents, ion-channel blockers, nervous-system blockers, anti-inflammatory agents, or antidiabetic, antiosteoporotic and hypolipemic species. Compound 5 is a precursor of different protein-kinase inhibitors or enzyme modulators (EGFR, PDGFR, ckit, CDK 2 and 4, MMPs 2, 3, 9 and 13, etc.). The structure of 5 represents a fragment for several powerful inhibitors of VEGFR2, a key angiogenic receptor. Antiangiogenic inhibitors slow down or stop new blood-vessel formation from pre-existing vasculature. Some antiangiogenic drugs inhibiting the VEGFR2 receptor are successfully used in clinics for the treatment of several types of tumours in synergy with chemotherapy (e.g., Nexavar® from Bayer, Sutent® from Pfizer and Votrient® from GlaxoSmithKline, approved by the FDA in 2005, 2006 and 2009, respectively). The structure of 5 is an important pharmacophoric fragment of potent VEGFR2 inhibitors (e.g., AAZ from PDB complex 1Y6A, enzymatic IC50 = 22 nM). Up to now, 25 VEGFR2 inhibitors possessing a fragment of 5 can be found in the literature. Despite the high significance of 5-(ethylsulfonyl)-2-methoxyaniline (5) its preparation has not yet been described.

Results: Here we have developed a convenient synthesis of important polyheterosubstituted aniline 5 starting from commercially available 4-methoxybenzene-1-sulfonyl chloride (1) in four steps and 59% overall yield. The target 5-(ethylsulfonyl)-2-methoxyaniline (5) and its synthetic intermediates 2–4 together with a new compound 5-(ethylsulfonyl)-2-methoxy-1,3-dinitrobenzene (4a) have been precisely physicochemically characterised.
The importance of antennal mechanosensilla of Sepedon fuscipennis (Diptera: Sciomyzidae)
Authors: Stoffolano John G. , Rice Marian , Murphy William L.
Published: January 2013

The styli, often called the aristae, of the antennae of adult Sepedon fuscipennis Loew (Diptera: Sciomyzidae) are shown to possess mechanosensilla, the number and arrangement of which differ between the sexes. It is suggested that the mechanosensilla provide sensory input to the female regarding the touching, or appositioning, of her styli by the male with his forelegs during copulation. Among the Sciomyzidae, S.fuscipennis males are unique in appositioning the antennae of the female during mating. Large clusters of pollen found on the styli of both sexes suggest that mechanosensilla and chemosensilla also provide sensory information about potential sources of food such as nectar (i.e., carbohydrates).
A sampling unit for estimating gall densities of Paradiplosis tumifex (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in Christmas tree stands
Authors: Carleton R. Drew , Silk Peter J. , Eveleigh Eldon S. , Heard Stephen B. , Dickie Chris
Published: January 2013

We used field surveys in central New Brunswick, Canada to establish efficient sampling procedures for evaluating densities of balsam gall midge, Paradiplosis tumifex Gagné (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), and its associated damage in balsam fir, Abies balsamea (Linnaeus) Miller, Christmas trees. Infestation was greater in larger trees than smaller trees and in mid-crown and upper-crown branches than in the lower crown. However, the relationship between gallmaker infestation and site, height class, and crown level was highly complex and may involve covariation of shoot length with height class and crown level. As a result, patterns in infestation did not lend themselves to simple interpretation. This complexity highlights the need to find sampling units that provide simpler but reasonably accurate predictors of gallmaker impact at the whole-tree scale. We identified such a sampling unit: gallmaker density in first-order current-year shoots of a mid-crown branch explained 81% of the variance in total infestation among trees.
Popular Constitutionalism and the Constitutional Meaning of Charter 08
Authors: Dowdle Michael W.
Published: January 2013

This chapter places Charter 08 in the comparative and historical context of popular constitutionalism. Popular constitutionalism appeals to the understanding of generations of people who make use of, and give meaning to, the constitutional text. It also speaks to the tension and dialogue between the popular and official components in the constitutional development. Putting it in the Chinese context, this chapter traces the growth of popular constitutionalism from the trial of the Gang of Four, the creeping Parliamentarianism, and public litigation and petition. Significantly, popular constitutionalism continues to evolve and develop in the form of online and offline citizen activism even though it is facing the post-2005 crackdown. Charter 08 is part of the evolving popular constitutionalism in China and its significance lies in its ability to broaden and free the epistemological space.
Adaptive trajectory tracking control of wheeled mobile robots with disturbance observer
Authors: Taheri‐Kalani J. , Khosrowjerdi M.J.
Published: January 2013

In this paper, the trajectory tracking problem for a wheeled mobile robot in the presence of kinematic and dynamic uncertainties has been addressed. Uncertainties are modeled as lumped disturbances. A kinematic controller based on feedback linearization approach and a dynamic controller based on model reference adaptive control are designed in the presence of disturbances. In order to ensure both robustness and implementability of the controllers, the disturbances are estimated by a generalized linear matrix inequality‐based disturbance observer. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed method. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Alkinmetathese im Aufwind
Authors: Fürstner Alois
Published: January 2013

Die frühe Entwicklung der Alkinmetathese war nicht frei von einer gewissen Paradoxie: Zwar konnten der vorgeschlagene Mechanismus der Reaktion schnell verifiziert und mehrere effektive Katalysatoren bereitgestellt werden, doch blieben die Auswirkungen auf die Synthesechemie für viele Jahre äußerst bescheiden. In jüngster Zeit scheinen die Dinge jedoch in Bewegung zu geraten: Die außerordentliche Aktivität und Verlässlichkeit der letzten Generation an Alkinmetathese Katalysatoren, im Verein mit ihrer hervorragenden Toleranz gegenüber einer Vielzahl funktioneller Gruppen, machen neuartige und wesentlich anspruchsvollere Anwendungen möglich. Werden die so zugänglichen (cyclischen) Alkine anschließend geschickt modifiziert, lässt sich ein breites Spektrum an Strukturmotiven aufbauen. Da zugleich einige der hoch aktiven und selektiven Katalysatoren ohne Schlenk‐Technik an Luft gehandhabt und gelagert werden können, sollte nunmehr weitergehenden Anwendungen dieser vielseitigen Reaktion kaum etwas im Wege stehen.
Alkyne Metathesis on the Rise
Authors: Fürstner Alois
Published: January 2013

The early years of alkyne metathesis were marked by a somewhat ironic state of affairs: the proposed mechanism was swiftly validated and more than one effective catalyst became available shortly after the discovery of this transformation; surprisingly, however, the impact on synthesis remained very limited for a long period of time. Recent advances, however, suggest that this situation is about to change: the remarkable activity, functional‐group tolerance, and reliability of the latest generation of catalysts open the door for highly advanced applications. The resulting (cyclo)alkynes are amenable to numerous postmetathetic transformations, which diversify the product portfolio and bring many different structural motifs into reach. Since the catalysts have also evolved from the glovebox to the benchtop, there should be little barrier left for a wider use of this reaction in organic synthesis.
Nonlinear order preserving index for encrypted database query in service cloud environments
Authors: Liu Dongxi , Wang Shenlu
Published: January 2013

The database services on cloud are appearing as an attractive way of outsourcing databases. When a database is deployed on a cloud database service, the data security and privacy becomes a big concern for users. A straightforward way to address this concern is to encrypt the database. However, after encryption, the database cannot be easily queried. In this paper, we propose a nonlinear order preserving scheme for indexing encrypted data, which facilitates the range queries over encrypted databases. The scheme is secure even there are a large number of duplicates in plaintexts. Moreover, our scheme allows the programmability of basic indexing expressions and thus provides the capability of hiding the distribution of plaintexts from the distribution of indexes. This scheme is suitable for long‐standing databases because its use does not need any assumption on the characteristics of database data, such as their distribution, range and number, which may change dramatically over time.Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bioelectricity generation through microbial fuel cell using organic matters recovered from municipal wastewater
Authors: Ma Jinxing , Wang Zhiwei , Li Xinwei , Wang Yu , Wu Zhichao
Published: January 2013

An aerated‐cathode microbial fuel cell (MFC) was used in this study for bioelectricity generation using the recovered organic matters (ROMs) from real municipal wastewater. Although no preacclimation or inoculation was used before the cell startup, the voltage began to increase as the operation of MFC was started. The working voltage registered the maximum value of 256.3 mV after 120–130 h operation. Proton accumulation and pH deviation in the anode chamber resulted in the deterioration of cell performance during the experiment. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analysis showed that the polarization resistance was the dominant component of internal resistance compared to the ohm resistance. It was also found that total suspended solids (TSS) and volatile suspended solids (VSS) reduction rate could reach 56.9% and 62.1% in the working MFC, respectively, comparedwith 31.7% of TSS reduction and 31.9% of VSS reduction in the control test. It indicated that bioelectricity generation could enhance the ROMs degradation. Fourier transform infrared spectrometry spectra demonstrated that the aliphatic compounds and protein‐like substances related to Amide II could be preferentially hydrolyzed and biodegraded in the working MFC. The hydrolysis of the particulate organic matters was the rate limiting step for bioelectricity generation. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 33: 290–297, 2014