bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experiencia, Investigación e Innovación
Authors: Crespo Montero Rodolfo , Sánchez Tocino Mª Luz
Published: December 2014

Con este atractivo lema, nos recibirá Toledo del 15 al 17 de Octubre en el que será, el XXXIX Congreso Nacional de la SEDEN. Pocas las sociedades científicas de enfermería pueden presumir de cumplir 39 años y aglutinar a cerca de 1500 enfermeras/os, como socias/os. Durante varias décadas, nuestros antecesores, se han encargado de recordar un pasado sin el cual no habría presente, ni se podría proyectar el futuro. De manera breve, concisa y con el corazón, nos han ido recordando la gran dosis de ilusión y motivación que impulsó a un grupo de enfermeras/os a la creación, mantenimiento y crecimiento de nuestra sociedad, con un esfuerzo y dedicación casi artesanal, por la escasez de medios. Este grupo de enfermeras y enfermeros que hicieron posible la realidad que es hoy la SEDEN, nunca se circunscribió sólo a la junta directiva. Siempre ha habido un importante grupo de colaboradores que "ha sentido" a la SEDEN como algo muy suyo, que no sólo ha colaborado en los diferentes proyectos que se han ido desarrollando a lo largo de estos años, sino que su aportación ha sido más importante, ha conformado un grupo de opinión fundamental, con mucho peso específico. Su influencia ha permitido que las diferentes juntas directivas hayan cometido pocos errores importantes en el devenir de los acontecimientos de la Sociedad. Este grupo ha tenido otra misión clave, asumir cargos directivos desde la experiencia atesorada en la cercanía a sus antecesores. Obviamente, siendo este un análisis muy personal, creo que ha sido el mecanismo de mayor relevancia, en el relevo generacional de los cargos electos. Sin embargo este modelo está agotado: Desde hace 4-5 mandatos, la Junta Directiva en ejercicio tiene que prorrogar el mandato por no haber candidaturas a la finalización del mismo, teniendo que asumir un año de prórroga para el cual no se habían presentado; algo que puede resultar contradictorio, en una sociedad tan activa y que goza de tan buena "salud" a todos los niveles.
Comparative organic geochemistry of Indian margin (Arabian Sea) sediments: estuary to continental slope
Authors: Cowie G. , Mowbray S. , Kurian S. , Sarkar A. , White C. , Anderson A. , Vergnaud B. , Johnstone G. , Brear S. , Woulds C. , Naqvi S. W. A. , Kitazato H.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. Surface sediments from sites across the Indian margin of the Arabian Sea were analysed for their elemental and stable isotopic organic carbon (Corg) and total nitrogen compositions, grain size distributions and biochemical indices of organic matter (OM) source and/or degradation state. Site locations ranged from the estuaries of the Mandovi and Zuari rivers to depths of ~ 2000 m on the continental slope, thus spanning nearshore muds and sands on the shelf and both the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) on the upper slope (~ 200–1300 m) and the seasonal hypoxic zone that appears on the shelf. Source indices showed mixed marine and terrigenous OM within the estuaries, but consistent predominance (80–100%) of marine OM on the shelf and slope. Thus, riverine terrigenous OM is diluted or replaced by autochthonous marine OM and/or is efficiently re-mineralised, within or immediately offshore of the estuaries. Organic C contents of surface shelf sediments varied from < 0.5 wt% in relict shelf sands to up to ~ 4 wt% for nearshore muds, while upper slope sites within the OMZ showed a wide range (~ 2 to 7 + wt%), progressively decreasing below the OMZ to ≤ 1 wt% at 2000 m. Thus, major variability (~ 5 wt%) was found at slope sites within the OMZ of similar depth and near-identical bottom-water O2 concentrations. A strong relationship between %Corg and sediment grain size was seen for sediments within the OMZ, but lower relative Corg contents were found for sites on the shelf and below the OMZ. Further, Corg loadings, when related to estimated sediment surface area, indicated distinct enrichment of Corg in the OMZ sediments relative to sites above and below the OMZ and to sediments from normoxic margins. Diagenetic indices confirmed that lower Corg content below the OMZ is associated with more extensive OM degradation, but that shelf sediment OM is not consistently more degraded than that found within the OMZ. Together, the results indicate that OM distribution across the margin is controlled by interplay between hydrodynamic processes and varying preservation associated with O2 availability. This inference is supported by multiple regression analysis. Hydrodynamic processes (expressed as %Silt) followed by O2 availability, can explain the large majority of %Corg variability when the shelf and slope are considered as a whole. However, while O2 becomes the primary influence on %Corg for sediments below the OMZ, %Silt is the primary influence across the OMZ and, apparently, the shelf. Thus, reduced O2 exposure is responsible for OM enrichment within the OMZ, but hydrodynamic processes are the overriding control on sediment OM distributions across both the shelf and the OMZ.
Forms of organic phosphorus in wetland soils
Authors: Cheesman A. W. , Turner B. L. , Reddy K. R.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. Phosphorus (P) cycling in freshwater wetlands is dominated by biological mechanisms, yet there has been no comprehensive examination of the forms of biogenic P (i.e., forms derived from biological activity) in wetland soils. We used solution 31P NMR spectroscopy to identify and quantify P forms in surface soils of 28 palustrine wetlands spanning a range of climatic, hydrogeomorphic, and vegetation types. Total P concentrations ranged between 51 and 3516 μg P g-1, of which an average of 58% was extracted in a single-step NaOH–EDTA procedure. The extracts contained a broad range of P forms, including phosphomonoesters (averaging 24% of the total soil P), phosphodiesters (averaging 10% of total P), phosphonates (up to 4% of total P), and both pyrophosphate and long-chain polyphosphates (together averaging 6% of total P). Soil P composition was found to be dependant upon two key biogeochemical properties: organic matter content and pH. For example, stereoisomers of inositol hexakisphosphate were detected exclusively in acidic soils with high mineral content, while phosphonates were detected in soils from a broad range of vegetation and hydrogeomorphic types but only under acidic conditions. Conversely inorganic polyphosphates occurred in a broad range of wetland soils, and their abundance appears to reflect more broadly that of a "substantial" and presumably active microbial community with a significant relationship between total inorganic polyphosphates and microbial biomass P. We conclude that soil P composition varies markedly among freshwater wetlands but can be predicted by fundamental soil properties.
Impact of infiltration parameters and Manning roughness on the advance trajectory and irrigation performance for closed-end furrows
Authors: Nie Weibo , Fei Liangjun , Ma Xiaoyi
Published: December 2014

Evaluation of furrow irrigation systems requires accurate estimation of soil infiltration parameters and Manning roughness, and the impact of variations of those parameters should be considered. The objectives of this paper were to verify the reliability of the infiltration parameters and Manning roughness estimated with SIPAR_ID software, and to analyze the impacts of different combinations between soil infiltration parameters and Manning roughness on the water trajectory and irrigation performance for closed-end furrows. The study consisted of field experiments and numerical simulation. Field experiments using Fuji apple trees were conducted in three villages of the Yangling district in October 2007. Infiltration parameters and Manning roughness were estimated with SIPAR_ID software. The estimated values were input into the WinSRFR software, and the advance trajectory and flow depths in the upstream were simulated on each furrow. The results show that the simulated values with WinSRFR software were in good agreement with measured data. Thus, the infiltration parameters and Manning roughness estimated with SIPAR_ID software were reliable. It was found that the water advance trajectory and the irrigation performance were not sensitive to variations of Manning roughness, but they were very sensitive to the variation of soil infiltration parameters laterally across the field between the furrows. Therefore, the average of Manning roughness on the whole field can be used as a representative value to simulate the advance trajectory and irrigation performance for every furrow. However, during the simulations, the variations of the soil infiltration parameters for different furrows across the field must be taken into account. Otherwise, significant errors can be produced in the simulated water advance trajectory and irrigation performance.
Evaluation of different mechanical fruit harvesting systems and oil quality in very large size olive trees
Authors: Famiani Franco , Farinelli Daniela , Rollo Sara , Camposeo Salvatore , Di Vaio Claudio , Inglese Paolo
Published: December 2014

In 2006 and 2009, trials were carried out in the Apulia region in Southern Italy to evalu-ate the possibility of mechanizing olive harvesting in groves of old and very large trees. The trees belonged to the cultivars ‘Cellina di Nardò’ and ‘Ogliarola Salentina’. They were 60-100 years old and 7-9 m tall with a canopy volume of 140-360 m3. In the first half of November 2006, with a mechanical beater mounted on a tractor plus hand-held pneumatic combs, the harvesting yield was close to 90% of the total olives present in the canopy, and the harvesting working productivity was around 60 kg of harvested olives h-1 worker-1. With a self-propelled shaker attached to the main branches the harvesting yield was about 73% in ‘Cellina di Nardò’, and 40% in ‘Ogliarola Salentina’, while the harvesting working productivities were around 103 and 85 kg of harvested olives h-1 worker-1, respectively. In the second half of No-vember 2009, in ‘Cellina di Nardò’, with a mechanical beater mounted on a tractor plus nets on the ground or a catching frame (reversed umbrella) mounted on another tractor, the harvesting yield was about 97%. The working productivity was about 98 kg of harvested olives h-1 worker-1 with the mechanical beater plus nets and around 133 kg of harvested olives h-1 worker-1 when the mechanical beater was combined with a reversed umbrella. The oil obtained from the mechanically harvested olives was always of high quality. A basic economic evaluation of the harvesting costs is also reported.
Effect of mechanical pruning on the yield and quality of ‘Fortune’ mandarins
Authors: Martin-Gorriz Bernardo , Porras Castillo Ignacio , Torregrosa Antonio
Published: December 2014

This work compares mechanical pruning followed up by hand pruning versus manual pruning in the case of ‘Fortune’ mandarins. Yield and fruit quality were measured over a three-year period. Two mechanical pruning intensities were tested, these intensities being measured as the width of the row middles left free after mechanical pruning. Although there were differences in biomass and diameter of the branches that were cut, no differences were observed between the two mechanical pruning intensities in terms of yield or fruit quality. In all pruning treatments, fruit size reached the highest category. The pruning treatments consisted in: (i) hand pruning every year, (ii) mechanical pruning followed up by hand pruning every year, and (iii) alternating the two previous methods over the years studied. On analysing the accumulated fruit production of the three years, it can be observed that there were no significant differences in yield when mechanical pruning was alternated with hand pruning over the years. When only mechanical pruning was used for the three years, however, a 22% reduction in yield was observed with respect to the treatment involving hand pruning alone. From the economic point of view, mechanical pruning shortened the time needed to complete the follow-up hand pruning by 13% with respect to just hand pruning, but this reduction in labour does not offset the cost of the mechanical equipment.
Short communication. Growth and nodulation of cowpea after 5 years of consecutive composted tannery sludge amendment
Authors: Miranda Ana R. L. , Nunes Luis A. P. L. , Oliveira Mara L. J. , Melo Wanderley J. , Araujo Ademir S. F.
Published: December 2014

Tannery industry releases high amounts of tannery sludge which are currently composted and used in agricultural soils. The consecutive amendment of such composted tannery sludge (CTS) may affect soil microrganisms, such as rhizobia. In this study, we evaluated the effects of 5-year repeated CTS amendment on growth, nodulation, and yield of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) CTS was applied in different amounts (0, 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 Mg/ha) to a sandy soil. Amendment of CTS increased soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), sodium and chromium content. Plant growth, nodulation, N accumulation, and cowpea yield increased up to 10 Mg/ha; however, above this rate, these variables decreased. After 5 years of CTS amendment, the increase in soil chemical properties, particularly EC and Na content, exerted negative effects on the growth, nodulation, and yield of cowpea.
Soil seed-bank germination patterns in natural pastures under different mineral fertilizer treatments
Authors: Iannucci Anna
Published: December 2014

Degraded native grasslands in Mediterranean areas can be improved by encouraging seedling regeneration from soil seed banks using chemical fertilization. The effect of mineral fertilizers on soil seed banks was studied in natural pastures at two locations in southern Italy: Carpino and Rignano Garganico. The aim was to determine if nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and combined nitrogen and phosphorus (NP) fertilization can promote increased soil seed density. The seed-bank size and composition were analysed over two growth cycles (2004-2006) at two periods of the year: at the early summer and at the early autumn. The plant species were classified into three functional groups: grasses, legumes and other species (all other dicots). A two-pool model (ephemeral and base pools) derived from the germination patterns was developed to quantify the dynamics of the germinated seed populations. The mean total seed number in the seed bank ranged from 2,915 to 4,782 seed m-2 with higher values in early summer than in early autumn. Mineral fertilizer applications increased the seed-bank size (by 27%, 23% and 46%, for N, P and NP, respectively) and modified the composition in both localities. The three plant functional groups showed different potentials for ephemeral and persistent seed-bank production; however, within each plant group, the proportion between the ephemeral and base pool fractions did not change with fertilizer application. These data show that mineral fertilization can have positive effects on the seed-bank size of ungrazed natural pastures, and can be used to improve degraded Mediterranean pastures.
Physician Burnout and Occupational Stress: An inconvenient truth with unintended consequences
Authors: Privitera Michael R. , H. Rosenstein Alan , Plessow Franziska , M. LoCastro Tara
Published: December 2014

Healthcare providers and staff are the proximal source of quality of care provided to patients. Today’s world of health carereform and other value-based initiatives have added new levels of significant complexity to health care delivery. This cumulativechronic high-level stress is imposed by multiple regulatory, insurance, federal, and state forces that do not coordinate well withone another resulting in disparate, conflictual, or confusing mandates. Each have authoritative capital. Together they havepotential to affect healthcare workers on a personal, physical, emotional and cognitive level which in turn adversely affects carerelationships and quality of patient care. We need to be concerned about the effect that this enormous occupational stress hason them as individuals and how it impacts the care provided. Physician shortages exist and are projected to get worse. There isa high burnout rate in current physicians. Some are retiring early, leaving medicine, or worse dying of suicide from job relatedstress. Mechanisms of this negative effect of stress and Burnout on providers, institutions and healthcare quality are discussed.The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of current state of knowledge merging information from various fields on thisissue. Areas that require action are identified and possible solutions are offered.
Het ultieme kwaad: de daders
Authors: Smeulers Alette
Published: December 2014

Extreme evil: the perpetrators

Genocide is so cruel and extreme that a first natural reflex is to distance ourselves from the perpetrators and qualify them as deranged criminals, psychopaths and sadists – very different from us ordinary people. Although some of the perpetrators fit this description, most perpetrators are ordinary people in extraordinary circumstances who commit so-called crimes of obedience. A genocidal regime is usually led by a criminal mastermind, who is supported by a number of fanatics and opportunistic careerists who take advantage of the situation to make themselves a career. Many of these perpetrators are special cases who deliberately participated in the genocide. Perpetrators in the middle cadre as well as the rank and file members are however often very ordinary people who just go along and follow the flow out of ideological conviction, fear or material gain.
Het kwaad in het daglicht
Authors: van der Wilt Harmen
Published: December 2014

Evil in daylight. History in the courtroom

The author points out that tribunals against war criminals are characterized by investigations of the broader military and social developments. By outlining the historical context of the violence the public is in a better position to make informed and balanced judgments. Criminal tribunals have a communicative character and great educational potential; they make clear why the Great Evil cannot be accepted and has to be punished.
Ocho documentos barceloneses sobre ventas y cesiones de esclavos (1395)
Authors: Llobet Portella Josep María
Published: December 2014

Se comentan ocho documentos notariales del año 1395 que ofrecen información sobre la venta de tres esclavas y la cesión de un esclavo por un período de nueve años a una mujer llamada Violante que era la esposa de Berenguer de Cortilles, consejero y tesorero de la reina Violante, consorte esta última del monarca catalanoaragonés Juan I. El precio de las esclavas fue establecido entre los 800 y los 1.050 sueldos, mientras que la cesión del esclavo se valoró en 720 sueldos. Los tres vendedores y el cedente eran de las ciudades de Barcelona y Tarragona.Eight notarial documents of the year 1395 are commented; these offer Information on the sale of three female slaves and the cession of a male slave for a nine year peñod to a woman called Violante that was the wife of Berenguer de Cortilles, consultant and treasurer of the queen Violante, consort this last of the catalanoaragonese king Juan I. The pnce of the slaves was established between 800 and 1.050 sueldos, while the slave's cession was valued at 720 sueldos. The three salespersons and the grantor were from the cities of Barcelona and Tarragona.
Historiografía de las Cruzadas
Authors: Rodríguez García José Manuel
Published: December 2014

El presente trabajo hlstoriográfico nació en el análisis de las obras interesantes para el estudio de las cruzadas en el siglo xiu (centrándonos en el ámbito del reino Castellano- Leonés), y abarcando desde la concepción de lo que llamamos «cruzadas» hasta su posterior evolución a lo largo del tiempo. Teniendo en cuenta que existió una historiografía de las cruzadas ya planteada por ios mismos contemporáneos a los hechos, este estudio constituye un estado de la cuestión, viendo su origen y evolución, así como la aportación de las diferentes escuelas históricas. Dedicamos un importante capítulo a la temática reconquista/cruzada en las obras escritas en España y sobre el escenario peninsular, sin descuidar la aportación de la historiografía musulmana.This article is an update of nine hundred years of crusading historiography. However, we will focus in the relationship between Europe and Castlle and the works produced in the second haif of the twentieth century. This essay was born during the study of the situatlon of the crusade in the 13'" century Castlle. The relationship between Spain and Europe both from a historical point of view (importance of the ibehan front in the origin of the crusades), and from a historiographlcai one (work written in and about Spain) is an important subject all along the papen We study how the crusade has been understood in different ways and in different times... and how the study of the crusades is still a very aiive and kicking topic.
Castillos, poder feudal y reorganización espacial en la Transierra madrileña (siglos XII-XIII)
Authors: Martín Viso Iñaki
Published: December 2014

Algunos castillos de la Transierra madrileña en los siglos xii y xiii son herederos de los husün musulmanes, pero se convierten en esa época en centros de poder señorial sobre unas débiles comunidades. No obstante, sólo su transformación en concejos permitirá la supervivencia de algunos de ellos, aunque se observa también un desplazamiento del habitat hacia el llano, resultado de la formación de un nuevo sistema productivo basado en la agricultura cerealfstica y la propiedad feudal, por lo que el papel de los castillos es limitado. En las zonas serranas su relevancia es aún menor y nunca estructuraron el paisaje, labor que ejercieran los sexmos de la Tierra de Segovia.Some castles of the Madrid's Transierra in the xii"" and xiif" centuries are inheritors of the muslim husün, but they viere converted during this age in centres of a lordship power which was imposed to the weak communities. However, only some of them could survive through their conversión In town counciis (concejos), although there is also an habitat's displacement to the plain, that is the result of the new producing system based on the grain agrículture and the feudal property, so the role of the castles was reduced. In the mountain áreas the landscape was never structured by castles, but by the rural distrícts (sexmos) ofthe Segovia's Land.
De la difusión cultural de la virtud caballeresca a la defensa del honor
Authors: Morán Martín Remedios
Published: December 2014

A medida que la nobleza va perdiendo su carácter guerrero (bellatores), empieza a elaborar un concepto de virtud y de honor cercano a las nuevas corrientes humanistas que se difunden en la Península, lo que conlleva unas nuevas formas de defensa del honor como práctica social, que desembocarán en la tipificación del duelo como delito.As the same time as Nobility is on the way to lose its warlike attitude (bellatores), it begins to elabórate a new concept of virtue and honour cióse to the new humanistic tendencies spread in the Iberian Península, what implles new ways to defend the honour as a social practico, which wlll lead to the typification of the duel as an offense.
Mundos mediterráneos : el reino de Mallorca y el sultanato mameluco (siglos XIII-XV)
Authors: Cateura Bennasser Pau
Published: December 2014

En el artículo se analizan las especiales características de las relaciones del reino de Mallorca medieval con los paisas musulmanes, especialmente con Egipto. El desarrollo de las Cruzadas convierte a Egipto en pieza estratégica de primer orden, con un programa deliberado de aislamiento comercial, cuya intensidad fue deudora de la coyuntura política. Pese a las importantes limitaciones establecidas, existieron contactos comerciales frecuentes con Egipto, desde 1247, y con las plazas conectadas, como Cfíipre y Rodas. Aunque el Magreb fue el área prioritaria de los intereses comerciales de los mercaderes isleños, Egipto ejerció un significativo atractivo por su oferta de productos como las especies y el algodón de alto valor.The article analyses the special cfiaracteristics of the relationships of de Medieval Kingdom of Majorca with the Mosiem countries, in particular with Egypt. The developement of the crusades made Egypt a leading strategic point, with a delibérate programme of commercial isolation, the intensity of which was due to the political situation. In spite of the important limitations established, there existed frequent commercial contad with Egypt, from 1247, and with connected places, such as Cyprus and Rhodes. Although the Maghreb was the main área of commercial interest of the island merchante, Egypt held a significant attraction because of its offer of highvalue producís such as spices and cotton.
Libros
Authors: Cantera Montenegro Enrique , Casado Quintanilla Blas
Published: December 2014

RESEÑA 1 de : Palacios Martín, Bonifacio. Colección Diplomática Medieval de la Orden de Alcántara (11577-1494). Tomo I : de los orígenes a 1454. Madrid : Fundación San Benito de Alcántara-Editorial Complutense, 2000. RESEÑA 2 de : Benito Ruano, Eloy; del Valle R., Carlos; Formentín Ibáñez, Justo; Howel, Victoria; Llamedo González, Juan José; Martínez Casado, Ángel; Pérez Ferreiro, Elvira; Velasco Delgado, Argimiro. Tratado contra los madianitas e ismaelitas, de Juan de Torquemada. Madrid : Aben Ezra Ediciones, 2002.
La historiografía hispano-hebrea medieval
Authors: Cantera Montenegro Enrique
Published: December 2014

En este trabajo se analiza la producción historiográfica de los judíos hispanos a lo largo de la Edad Media y en los primeros tiempos de la Modernidad, concretada en el cultivo de dos géneros cronísticos: las crónicas que tienen por objeto mostrar la cadena de transmisión de la tradición judía, y las crónicas que se centran en el relato de las persecuciones sufridas por el pueblo judío a lo largo de la historia.In this report, the historiographic production of the Spanish Jews in the Middie Age and the Modern Era is analysed through the cultivation of two chronistic genders: the chronicles about the way the Jewish tradition was transmitted, and the stories about the persecutions suffered by the Jewish along the history.
Observaciones sobre la Hermandad castellana en tiempos de Enrique IV y los Reyes Católicos
Authors: Sánchez Benito José María
Published: December 2014

El objetivo de este artículo es el estudio de la formación y funcionamiento de la Hermandad General castellana desde 1464 hasta 1476, esto es, entre los reinados de Enrique IV y los Reyes Católicos. A tal fin, se ha procedido al análisis de las diferentes etapas de su evolución, poniendo en evidencia el impulso que dio la Corona a la institución, primeramente en respuesta a la violenta oposición de la nobleza y, después, como un instrumento de gobierno en manos de la monarquía.The objective in this article is to study about formation and functioning of the Hermandad General of Castilian since 1464 until 1476, that is, between Henry IV and Catholic Kings reigns. For that reason, we have analyzed the different periods of its evolution, demonstrating that the Crown impelled the institution, first in response to violent opposition that was suffering by the sovereign, and later, like and instrument of government at the hands of monarchy.
Crisis social, espiritualidad y herejía en la diócesis de Urgel (siglos XII-XIII) : los orígenes y la difusión de la herejía cátara en la antigua diócesis de Urgel
Authors: Gascón Chopo Carles
Published: December 2014

El fenómeno de la difusión de la herejía de los cataros sobre territorio catalán es un tema que fia estimulado numerosas imaginaciones a lo largo de los años, sin que fiaya sido objeto de un tratamiento fiistoriográfico riguroso. El presente trabajo pretende establecer unas pautas, basadas en el estudio de la evolución de la conflictividad social y de las mentalidades en la antigua diócesis de Urgel, para explicar las causas y la dinámica inicial de la introducción de estas doctrinas disidentes en la que sería su área de máximo desarrollo al sur de la cordillera pirenaica.The phenomenon of the spread of the Cathar Heresy on Catalán territory has fired many imaginations over the years, but it has never been object of a rigorous historiographical treatment. The aim of the present work is to establish some guidelines, based on the study of the evolution of social tensions and mentality in the ancient Diocese of Urgel, in order to explain the causes and the initial dynamics of the introduction of these dissident doctrines in the área of máximum developement of theirs on the South part of the Pyrenees.
Del "scriptor" al "publicus notarius" : los escribanos de Madrid en el siglo XIII
Authors: Carrasco Lazareno María Teresa
Published: December 2014

Estudio diplomático y jurídicoinstitucional de las escribanías de Madrid en el siglo XIII. Se analiza su evolución desde los primeros "Scriptores» prenotariales conocidos, clérigos y laicos de libre profesión, documentados hasta 1260, hasta la consolidación definitiva de la institución notarial y del instrumento público en el último cuarto del siglo XIII. Se estudian con detenimiento la compleja etapa de transición, en las décadas centrales de la centuria, la figura del «escrivano de congejo de Madrit», profesional estable y antecedente inmediato del escribano público, y la instauración del notariado, de acuerdo con la legislación alfonsina, así como de la escribanía municipal, por otorgamiento de Alfonso X, en 1264. A través de la documentación conservada, se analiza, asimismo, la transformación de la simple carta o «scriptura» testifical en «publicum instrumentum», mediante la valoración de la pervivencia de elementos tradicionales y la aparición de fórmulas diplomáticas que revelan la paulatina introducción.This is a diplomatic and a legal — institutional study about the actuarles offices in Madrid during the Xlllth century Its evolution is analyzed from the first known prenotarial "scriptores», priests and liberal professionals seculars, documented until 1260, until the final consolidation of the notary institution and the public instrument during the last quarter of the Xlllth century There is a detailed study about the complexity of the transitional period, during the central decades of that century, the figure of the «Notary of the Madrid Town Council», as a stable professional and immediate predecessor of the public actuary the establishment of the body of actuarles, according to the Alphonsine legislation, an the municipal actuary office, established by King Alphonse Xth., in 1264. Through the preserved documentation, it is analized, at the same time, the transformation of the simple letter, or witness «scriptura», into the «publicum instrumentum», by means of the assessment of the surviving traditional elements, and the apparition of diplomatic formulas, that reveal the gradual introduction of the new notarial doctrine.
Doce documentos cervarienses relacionados con el comercio de esclavos (1370-1400)
Authors: Llobet Portella Josep María
Published: December 2014

Se comentan y se transcriben doce documentos notariales, otorgados en la población catalana de Cervera durante la segunda mitad del siglo xiv, que contienen varias ventas de esclavos, la permuta de una esclava por un rocín, el nombramiento de procurador para la venta de una esclava, la manumisión de una esclava y la cesión de un esclavo durante unos tres años. Todos los esclavos documentados habían sido bautizados y la mayoría de ellos eran tártaros. El valor de cada uno de estos esclavos oscilaba entre dieciséis libras y media y setenta y cinco libras.They are commented and there are transcribed twelve notarial documents granted in the Catalán population of Cervera during the second half of the 14th century that several slaves' sales, the barter of a slave for a hack, the appointment of an attorney for the sale of a slave, the manumission of a slave and the transfer of a slave for some three years contain. All the documented slaves had been baptized and the majority they were Tartar. The value of each one of these slaves was ranging between sixteen pounds and a half and seventy-five pounds.
La estructuración del territorio en la Bizkaia medieval : ensayo de interpretación
Authors: Sesmero Cutanda Enriqueta , Enríquez Fernández Javier
Published: December 2014

Frente a la idea habitual de que el agro de Bizkaia estuvo tempranamente organizado, este artículo propone que la cuidadosamente dirigida conformación de la red urbana durante los siglos xiii y xiv determinó la reorganización de dicha área, cuya administración primitiva es asimismo analizada.Contrasting with the usual ideas about an early organisation of the biscaian countryside, this paper proposes that the carefully directed creation of an urban network during the xiiith-xivth centuries brought about the reorganizating of that area, whose original administration is also discussed.
El papel de Granada en las relaciones castellano-portuguesas (1369-1492)
Authors: López de Coca Castañer José Enrique
Published: December 2014

Temor de Castilla a una alianza entre Portugal y la Granada musulmana. La casa de Avis aspira a tomar parte en la conquista del emirato nazarí. Papel que desempeña el infante don Enrique en todo esto. Castellanos y portugueses colaboran en la defensa de Ceuta y otras plazas fuertes contra los ataques de granadinos y marroquíes.Fear of Castile to an alliance between Portugal and Moslem Granada. The House of Avis long for taking part in the conquest of the Nasri kingdom. The role of prince D. Enrique in this business. Castilians and Portuguese collaborate in the defence of Ceuta and other strongholds against the attacks of natives of Granada and Moroccans.
Mérida, clave en la fundación de la Orden de Santiago
Authors: Ballesteros Díez José Antonio
Published: December 2014

En este articulo se expone qué la razón por la cual la Orden de los Fratres de Caceras se transformó en la Orden Militar de Santiago, a instancias del obispo de Compostela, radicó en que, a cambio de unos beneficios que éste concedió a Pedro Fernández, el maestre de los cacereños, la nueva Orden, en su avance reconquistador hacia el Sur, no debería reclamar la restauración de la sede arzobispal de Mérida, trasladada interinamente a Santiago mientras su sede emeritense estuviera ocupada por los musulmanes.In this article we are golng to expose that the reason for which the Order of the Fratres of Cáceres was transformed into the Military Order of Santiago at the request of the bishop of Compostela was possible because in exchange for some benefits that he gave Pedro fernández, the Knight of the cecereños, the new Orden in its reconquest advance to the South, shouldn't reclaim the retornatlon of the archiepiscopal see of Mérida, moved temporally to Santiago while it was occupied by the Moslem.
Filología e historia en la Edad Media castellana
Authors: Abad Nebot Francisco
Published: December 2014

Este artículo trata de varios aspectos históricos y filológicos de la Edad Media castellana, como la distribución territorial, los nombres de lugar, la periodización de la historia de la lengua, etc.This article explores a number of historical and philological aspects concerned with Castillian Middie Ages: territorial distribution, place nemes, the división of the language in various periods, et celera.
Caballeros mediterráneos de la Edad Media
Authors: Cateura Bennasser Pau
Published: December 2014

Durante el siglo XIII, en las fronteras de Occidente se conquistan territorios y se organizan sociedades conforme a los principios y mentalidades feudales. La conquista de Mallorca y Ramón Llull resultan ejemiplos paradigmáticos de los modelos feudales, dos siglos después de la "revolución".During century XIII in the borders of the West territories are conquered and feudal societies according to the principies and mentalities organize themselves. The conquest of Majorca and Ramón Llull are paradigmatic example of the feudal models two centuries after the «revolution».
Judíos y mudéjares en la Catedral de Segovia (1458-1502)
Authors: López Díez María
Published: December 2014

Este trabajo pretende destacar y analizar la activa participación de mudejares y judíos en la arquitectura de los templos cristianos a fines de la Edad Media. El punto de partida de esta investigación son las fuentes documentales de la catedral de Segovia durante la segunda mitad del siglo XV. A través de este ejemplo, se trata de establecer una aproximación a los términos en los que se lleva a cabo la implicación de las minorías en estos procesos constructivos.The aim of this article is to analyse the participation of Jews and «mudejares» in the construction of Christian temples at the end of the Middie Ages in the Iberian Península. The documentary sources of Segovia's Cathedral during the second halfof the fifteen century have been the starting point of this investigation. Therefore, Segovia's archive can be understood as a case study that allows us to valué the participation of religious minorities in this process.
RESEÑA de : Borgemeister, Bettina. Die Stadt und ihr Wald. Eine Untersuchung zurWaidgeschichte der Stádte Góttingen und Hannover von 13. bis zum 18.Jahrhundert. Hannover : Verlag Hahnsche Buchhandiung, 2005
Authors: Martínez Shaw Carlos
Published: December 2014

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El pan y el vino en el judaísmo antiguo y medieval
Authors: Cantera Montenegro Enrique
Published: December 2014

En este trabajo se estudia la importancia que el pan y el vino tuvieron en la alimentación cotidiana de los judíos a lo largo de la Antigüedad y la Edad Media, así como el lugar que estos productos ocupan en el culto judío del Templo y en la liturgia de algunas de las más importantes celebraciones religiosas de carácter familiar. Los judíos, como todos los demás pueblos de civilización mediterránea, han basado tradicionalmente su agricultura en la llamada tríada mediterránea —cereal, vid y olivo—, lo que se refleja en su alimentación cotidiana, que se sustenta, en buena medida, en el consumo de pan y vino. Del mismo modo, desde la Antigüedad tardía y hasta tiempos actuales, el pan y el vino son elementos fundamentales en la celebración familiar de algunas de las principales festividades del calendario litúrgico judío, en particular el Sábado (Shabat) y la Pascua (Pésah).In this work is studied the importance that bread and wine had in the daily feeding of the Jews throughout the Antiquity and in the Middle Ages, as well as the role that these products played in the Jewish cult of the Temple and in the liturgy of some of the most important familiar religious celebrations. The Jews, like all the other peoples of Mediterranean civilization, have traditionally based their agriculture on the Mediterranean Triad —cereal, grapevine and olive tree—, that is reflected in their daily feeding, that sustains themselves, to a great extent, in bread and wine consumption. Thus, from the late Antiquity to now, bread and wine are fundamental elements in the family celebrations of some of the main festivities of the Jewish Liturgical Calendar, in particular, the Saturday (Shabat) and the Passover (Pésah).
"Gritos dan en el real"... figuras de mujer en la propaganda política y social de la Edad Media hispana
Authors: Fuente María Jesús
Published: December 2014

La propaganda política durante la Edad Media utilizó en ocasiones a las mujeres como arma arrojadiza entre facciones, dándose así la paradoja de que las figuras femeninas, excluidas del espacio político, eran claves en épocas de conflicto. Para demostrarlo se analizan tres momentos cruciales en la monarquía castellana, en los que se producen enfrentamientos entre hermanos por cuestiones sucesorias, y en los que se utiliza a las mujeres de la familia como medio para desprestigiar al contrario. En el último tercio del siglo XI, la rivalidad entre Sancho II y Alfonso VI, tuvo en medio a su hermana Urraca de Zamora; a mediados del siglo XIV, el enfrentamiento entre Pedro I y Enrique II, utilizó a varias mujeres de la familia como medio de propaganda; en la segunda mitad del siglo XV, la pugna entre Enrique IV e Isabel de Castilla, envolvió también a las mujeres de la familia.During the Middle Ages Spanish monarchs and nobles developed a form of political propaganda in which women were used as weapons against their political rivals. The result was that female figures, excluded from the political arena, took a great role in problematic periods. To illustrate this point, I analyze three cases from crucial times of the Kingdom of Castile, when in the fights for the throne between siblings, women of the immediate family were involved. One, which took place in the second half of the XIth century, involved the rivalry between Sancho the IInd and Alfonso the VIth. Another which centered on the rivalry between Pedro the Irst and Enrique the IInd, occurred in the middle of the XIVth century. And the third, which took place in the second half of the XVth century, pitted Enrique the IVth and Isabel of Castile.
De Las Cantigas alfonsinas al teatro de Lope de Vega : el caso de Tudía
Authors: López Fernández Manuel
Published: December 2014

El sustantivo Tudía abarca un amplio abanico de acepciones ligadas todas ellas a nuestro medievo. Tudía es una advocación mariana que figura en las cantigas de Alfonso el Sabio, donde el rey nos dice que ya existía una iglesia con el mismo nombre. Además, Tudía nos sirve para denominar una leyenda, una vicaría de la Orden de Santiago y, como no, un topónimo serrano de Extremadura. Hablaremos aquí de estos y otros aspectos apoyándonos en la historia y en la literatura hasta ver su impronta en el teatro de Lope de Vega.The name «Tudía» covers a wide range of meaning, all them related to the Middle Ages. «Tudía» is one of the names of the Virgin included in the medieval poems to St. Mary written by Alfonso X. The Castilian king also mentions that there was already a church named after her. Moreover, «Tudía» is also used to refer to a leged, to a vicarage of St. James’s Order and, it is of course, a mountain place name from Extremadura. Here we will develop these and some others aspects having into account both history and literature and their influence on Lope de Vega’s theatre.
A propósito de los orígenes de don Pedro, obispo de Osma (1101-1109)
Authors: Rubio Sadia Juan Pablo
Published: December 2014

La procedencia del obispo francés Pedro de Osma (1101-1109), el primero tras la restauración diocesana, ha sido objeto de muy diversas consideraciones. De hecho, aparece citado como oriundo de Bourges, pero también de Béziers, como monje cluniacense de Auch, pero al mismo tiempo de Aurillac y de Sahagún. En estas páginas vamos a valorar de forma crítica la base documental existente detrás de cada una de estas aserciones en vistas a esclarecer, en el mayor grado posible, cuál es el verdadero origen (la ciudad y el supuesto monasterio de profesión) del santo patrono de la Iglesia oxomense y dónde se hallan los límites entre la creencia tradicional y el dato documentado.The origin of the French bishop Pedro de Osma (1101-1109), the first one after the diocesan restoration, has been the object of very diverse considerations. In fact, he appears mentioned as native of Bourges, but also of Béziers, as a Cluniac monk of Auch, and at the same time of Aurillac and Sahagún. In these pages we are going to assess in a critical way, the existing documentary base behind each one of these assertions in order to clarify, as much as possible, which is the true origin (the city and the supposed monastery of profession) of the Oxonian Church Patron Saint, and where are the limits between the traditional belief and the documented data.
Judíos en Galicia : visión panorámica y nuevas aportaciones documentales
Authors: Antonio Rubio María Gloria de
Published: December 2014

En la escasez y dispersión de la documentación sobre los judíos que habitaron en Galicia durante la Edad Media puede encontrarse el motivo por el cual no han existido hasta los últimos años del siglo XX y primeros del XXI estudios de conjunto sobre su presencia y la razón por la cual sigue apareciendo documentación relativa al tema. La nueva documentación, recopilada en la parte final de este artículo, referida fundamentalmente al siglo XV, complementa los datos conocidos hasta el momento en lo relativo al número aproximado de miembros de las comunidades judías gallegas, su distribución geográfica, sus juderías, sinagogas, cementerios o la actividad profesional desarrollada por algunos de sus miembros, así como la decisión de convertirse al cristianismo, incluso antes del Edicto de Expulsión de 1492, o la decisión de mantenerse fieles a su fe y abandonar Galicia como consecuencia del mismo.Among the shortage and dispersion of the documentation about the Jews that lived in Galicia during the Middle Ages can be found the reason why there have not existed, until the last years of the XX century and the first years of the XXI century, overall studies about their presence and the reason why it continues appearing documentation about the subject. The new documentation, compiled at the end of this article, referred mainly to the XV century, complements the data known so far in relation to the approximated number of members of the Galician Jewish communities, their geographic distribution, their Jewries, synagogues, graveyards, or the professional activity developed by some of their members, as well as the decision about the conversion to Christianity, even before the Expulsion Decree of 1492, or the decision to remain faithful to their faith, and leave Galicia as a consequence of it.
La muerte individualizada en la vida cotidiana y en la literatura medieval castellana (siglo XI-XV)
Authors: Ferrer García Félix A.
Published: December 2014

Emprender un estudio parcial sobre el tema de la muerte obedece a un interés creciente por los problemas planteados por la historiografía de las mentalidades y a un intento de analizar una proposición tan interesante como la actitud de los hombres medievales ante un hecho que existe y se manifiesta por sí mismo, sin necesidad de formas conscientes o de reacciones instintivas, pero que, singularmente, comporta un tema lógico y utópico, un proceso de mitificación y otro de dogmatización. Las implicaciones teoréticas de una «ideología de la muerte» interesan más como instrumentos al servicio de un poder que como elementos incorporados a unos sentimientos en la Castilla medieval. Sorprende más la posibilidad de dominio sobre un pueblo a través de una estructura ideológica, teológica y, en parte, ilusoria que las probables muestras de solidaridad social alrededor de unos sentimientos de inseguridad en la vida y angustia ante la muerte. A lo largo de varios siglos, del XI al XV, las respuestas de los castellanos variaron sustancialmente ante una transición vida-muerte que a todos igualaba o conformaba no por la propia voluntad del individuo, sino por un mecanismo de defensa de la sociedad que, en ocasiones, contemplaba la vida como un lento camino hacia la muerte o como una «sub-muerte» misma, mostrándose su sentido como instrumento y signo de un orden jerárquico y una ortodoxia concreta frente a la rica y variada existencia de culturas en la sociedad medieval.To undertake a partial study on the subject of the death obeys to an increasing interest about the problems created by the historiography of the mentalities and to an attempt to analyze an interesting proposal as the attitude of the medieval men towards a fact that exists and it is expressed by itself, with no need of conscious forms or instinctive reactions, but that, singularly, deals with a logical and utopian subject, a mythical process and another of dogmatism. The theoretical implications of an «ideology of the death» are interesting more like instruments to serve the power than like elements joint to feelings in medieval Castile. It surprises more the possibility of dominating people through a theological ideological structure, and, partly, false than the probable proof of social solidarity around feelings of insecurity in life and distresses about death. Throughout history, from XI to XV century, the attitude of Castilians substantially varied facing a transition lifedeath that equalized or resign everyone, not by the own individual will, but by a defence mechanism of society that, sometimes, contemplated life like a slow way towards death or like a «sub-death» itself, showing their sense as an instrument and sign of a hierarchical order and an specific orthodoxy versus the rich and varied existence of different cultures in the medieval society.