bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Memoir of James Prescott Joule
Authors: Reynolds Osborne
Published: March 2012

In this first biography of the physicist Sir James Prescott Joule (1818–1889), his friend and collaborator Osborne Reynolds (1842–1912), Professor of Engineering at Owens College, Manchester, is keen to show how Joule, the son of a prosperous Salford brewer, was an 'ordinary' boy, enjoying regular walking trips to Snowdon, the Peaks and the Lakes; at the same time, he was greatly influenced by two years of tuition by John Dalton. His later experiments, observations and published papers are discussed and quoted at length. Reynolds stresses the influence Joule's work on heat and thermodynamics had on his contemporaries, but also that this 'amateur' scientist was often so far ahead of his time that his work was misunderstood or dismissed. Since publication of this book in 1892, only one other biography of Joule has appeared, and so it remains a vital source of first-hand information on his life and work.
The Scientific Papers of James Prescott Joule
Authors: Joule James Prescott
Published: March 2012

Sir James Prescott Joule (1818–1889) became one of the most significant physicists of the nineteenth century, although his original interest in science was as a hobby and for practical business purposes. The son of a brewer, he began studying heat while investigating how to increase the efficiency of electric motors. His discovery of the relationship between heat and energy contributed to the discovery of the conservation of energy and the first law of thermodynamics. Volume 1 of Joule's scientific papers was published in 1884. It is organised chronologically and reveals the range of Joule's interests and the development of his thought. The topics of the papers include the measurement of heat, voltaic batteries, electromagnets, specific heat, meteorology and thermodynamics. Joule's careful experiments in these areas were fundamental to the development of significant areas of twentieth-century physics, although he was slow to gain recognition from his contemporaries.
Mathematical and Physical Papers
Authors: Thomson William
Published: March 2012

William Thomson, first Baron Kelvin (1824–1907), is best known for devising the Kelvin scale of absolute temperature and for his work on the first and second laws of thermodynamics, though throughout his 53-year career as a mathematical physicist and engineer at the University of Glasgow he investigated a wide range of scientific questions in areas ranging from geology to transatlantic telegraph cables. The extent of his work is revealed in the six volumes of his Mathematical and Physical Papers, published from 1882 until 1911, consisting of articles that appeared in scientific periodicals from 1841 onwards. Volume 4, published in 1910, includes articles from the period 1867–1906. Themes covered in this book examine issues relating to water, such as hydrodynamics, tidal theory and deep sea ship waves.
Spiritualism
Authors: Edmonds John W.
Published: March 2012

John W. Edmonds (1799–1874), a prominent New York judge, and George T. Dexter, a New York physician, met though their shared interest in the spirit world. They were both dabbling in the spiritualist movement – first with scepticism – and decided to join forces in their investigations of such phenomena as 'spirit-rappings'. Dexter eventually found himself 'fully developed as a writing medium', with his pen controlled by unseen forces. Their conclusions, published in 1853 in Spiritualism, which went into numerous editions and was followed in 1855 by a second volume, caused much controversy. Drawing from their observations, the work gives examples of the authors' purported interaction with the spirit world and their journey from doubt to belief. Volume 2 sees Dexter develop as a 'speaking medium' and includes transcriptions taken by Edmonds of what the spirits relayed through his co-author during the meetings of their circle of spiritualists.
Travels and Discoveries in North and Central Africa
Authors: Barth Heinrich
Published: March 2012

Born in Hamburg, Henry (Heinrich) Barth (1821–1865) studied history, archaeology, geography and Arabic. He joined James Richardson's 1849 expedition to Africa, which aimed to open the interior to trade and to study slavery. Following the deaths of Richardson (1851) and his colleague Overweg (1852), Barth led the expedition alone. His travels extended to Lake Chad in the east, Cameroon in the south and Timbuktu in the west. He was the first European to use the oral traditions of the local tribes for historical research, learning several African languages, and studying the history, resources and civilisations of the people he encountered. Barth's five-volume account includes plates, engravings and detailed annotated maps. Published in both English and German in 1857–1858, it is still regarded as a major source on African culture. Volume 4 follows Barth's challenging journey along the Niger to Timbuktu, and describes the city and its inhabitants.
My Life
Authors: Wallace Alfred Russel
Published: March 2012

Alfred Russel Wallace (1823–1913) was a British naturalist, explorer, geographer and biologist, best remembered as the co-discoverer, with Darwin, of natural selection. His extensive fieldwork and advocacy of the theory of evolution led to him being considered one of the nineteenth century's foremost biologists. He was later moved by a variety of personal experiences to examine the concept of spirituality, but his exploration into the potential for compatibility between spiritualism and natural selection alienated him from the scientific community. He was also a social activist, highly critical of unjust social and economic systems in nineteenth-century Britain, and one of the first prominent scientists to express concern over the environmental impact of human activity. This autobiography was first published in 1905. Volume 2 deals with his many eminent acquaintances, including Darwin and Huxley, his lecture tour in America, and his involvement with spiritualism and with social activism.
Traité de Géognosie
Authors: Aubuisson de Voisins Jean Francois
Published: March 2012

Jean François Aubuisson de Voisins (1769–1841) was a French geologist and engineer who studied under Abraham Gottlob Werner at Freiberg together with Humboldt, von Buch and Jameson. Werner had coined the term geognosy to define a science based on the recognition of the order, position and relation of the layers forming the earth. His theory of the marine origins of the Earth's crust (Neptunism) was widely accepted at the time. Aubuisson however showed that igneous rocks such as basalt were similar to surface lava flows, and were not chemical precipitates of the ocean. His two-volume Traité de Géognosie, published in 1819, was one of the earliest geology books in French. It was highly successful, and gained him wide professional recognition. Volume 1 examines the earth, its size, atmosphere and oceans. Aubuisson describes the various processes that affect the surface of the earth, and how mineral deposits are laid down.
Plato and the Traditions of Ancient Literature
Authors: Hunter Richard
Published: March 2012

Exploring both how Plato engaged with existing literary forms and how later literature then created 'classics' out of some of Plato's richest works, this book includes chapters on such subjects as rewritings of the Apology and re-imaginings of Socrates' defence, Plato's high style and the criticisms it attracted, and how Petronius and Apuleius threaded Plato into their wonderfully comic texts. The scene for these case studies is set through a thorough examination of how the tradition constructed the relationship between Plato and Homer, of how Plato adapted poetic forms of imagery to his philosophical project in the Republic, of shared techniques of representation between poet and philosopher and of foreshadowings of later modes of criticism in his Ion. This is a major contribution to Platonic studies, to the history of Platonic reception from the fourth century BC to the third century AD and to the literature of the Second Sophistic.
From Logos to Trinity
Authors: Hillar Marian
Published: March 2012

This book presents a critical evaluation of the doctrine of the Trinity, tracing its development and investigating the intellectual, philosophical and theological background that shaped this influential doctrine of Christianity. Despite the centrality of Trinitarian thought to Christianity and its importance as one of the fundamental tenets that differentiates Christianity from Judaism and Islam, the doctrine is not fully formulated in the canon of Christian scriptural texts. Instead, it evolved through the conflation of selective pieces of scripture with the philosophical and religious ideas of ancient Hellenistic milieu. Marian Hillar analyzes the development of Trinitarian thought during the formative years of Christianity from its roots in ancient Greek philosophical concepts and religious thinking in the Mediterranean region. He identifies several important sources of Trinitarian thought heretofore largely ignored by scholars, including the Greek middle-Platonic philosophical writings of Numenius and Egyptian metaphysical writings and monuments representing divinity as a triune entity.
The Resurgence of the Radical Right in France
Authors: Goodliffe Gabriel
Published: March 2012

This book attempts to account for the resurgence of significant political movements of the Radical Right in France since the establishment of democracy in the country at the end of the nineteenth century. Taking to task historical treatments of the Radical Right for their failure to specify the conditions and dynamics attending its emergence, and faulting the historical myopia of contemporary electoral and party-centric accounts of the Front National, it tries to explain the Radical Right's continuing appeal by relating the socio-structural outcomes of the processes of industrialization and democratization in France to the persistence of economically and politically illiberal groups within French society. Specifically, the book argues that, as a result of the country's protracted and uneven experience of industrialization and urbanization, significant pre- or anti-modern social classes, which remained functionally ill-adapted and culturally ill-disposed to industrial capitalism and liberal democracy, subsisted late into its development.
Global Legal Pluralism
Authors: Berman Paul Schiff
Published: March 2012

We live in a world of legal pluralism, where a single act or actor is potentially regulated by multiple legal or quasi-legal regimes imposed by state, substate, transnational, supranational and nonstate communities. Navigating these spheres of complex overlapping legal authority is confusing and we cannot expect territorial borders to solve all these problems. At the same time, those hoping to create one universal set of legal rules are also likely to be disappointed by the sheer variety of human communities and interests. Instead, we need an alternative jurisprudence, one that seeks to create or preserve spaces for productive interaction among multiple, overlapping legal systems by developing procedural mechanisms, institutions and practices that aim to manage, without eliminating, the legal pluralism we see around us. Global Legal Pluralism provides a broad synthesis across a variety of legal doctrines and academic disciplines and offers a novel conceptualization of law and globalization.
Density Ratio Estimation in Machine Learning
Authors: Sugiyama Masashi , Suzuki Taiji , Kanamori Takafumi
Published: March 2012

Machine learning is an interdisciplinary field of science and engineering that studies mathematical theories and practical applications of systems that learn. This book introduces theories, methods and applications of density ratio estimation, which is a newly emerging paradigm in the machine learning community. Various machine learning problems such as non-stationarity adaptation, outlier detection, dimensionality reduction, independent component analysis, clustering, classification and conditional density estimation can be systematically solved via the estimation of probability density ratios. The authors offer a comprehensive introduction of various density ratio estimators including methods via density estimation, moment matching, probabilistic classification, density fitting and density ratio fitting as well as describing how these can be applied to machine learning. The book provides mathematical theories for density ratio estimation including parametric and non-parametric convergence analysis and numerical stability analysis to complete the first and definitive treatment of the entire framework of density ratio estimation in machine learning.
The Ashanti Campaign of 1900
Authors: Armitage Cecil Hamilton , Montanaro Arthur Forbes
Published: March 2012

In March 1900, Frederick Hodgson, the British Governor of the Gold Coast, demanded to sit on the Golden Stool of the Ashanti people in Ghana. The Golden Stool had great historical and symbolic significance for the Ashanti people and the Governor's demand was perceived as nothing short of a declaration of war: they responded by besieging the garrison in the city of Kumasi. British troops were sent in and recaptured the city in September 1900. C. H. Armitage (1869–1933), private secretary to Hodgson (and later himself to serve as Governor of Gambia) and A. F. Montanaro (1862–1914) were in the British retaliatory force, and as such perfectly positioned to give a first-hand account of the episode. The book was originally published in 1901 and is divided into two parts. The first part, by Armitage, describes the Ashanti siege of Kumasi, and in the second part Montanaro relates the British response.
The Basic Minimum
Authors: Dorsey Dale
Published: March 2012

A common presupposition in contemporary moral and political philosophy is that individuals should be provided with some basic threshold of goods, capabilities, or well-being. But if there is such a basic minimum, how should this be understood? Dale Dorsey offers an underexplored answer: that the basic minimum should be characterized not as the achievement of a set of capabilities, or as access to some specified bundle of resources, but as the maintenance of a minimal threshold of human welfare. In addition, Dorsey argues that though political institutions should be committed to the promotion of this minimal threshold, we should reject approaches that seek to cast the basic minimum as a human right. His book will be important for all who are interested in theories of political morality.
Études et leçons sur la Révolution Française
Authors: Aulard Alphonse
Published: March 2012

Alphonse Aulard (1849–1928) was the first French historian to use nineteenth-century historicist methods in the study of the French Revolution. Pioneered by German historians such as Leopold van Ranke, this approach emphasised empiricism, objectivity and the scientific pursuit of facts, rather than the philosophical and literary concerns that had guided earlier scholars. Aulard's commitment to archival investigation is evidenced by the many edited collections of primary sources that appear in his extensive publication record. In these eight volumes of papers analysing the French Revolution (published 1893–1921), Aulard sought to apply the principles of historicism to reveal the truth and dispel myths. The work draws on earlier journal articles and lectures which Aulard delivered as Professor of the History of the French Revolution at the Sorbonne, a post he had held since 1885. Volume 2 (1898) covers the September Massacres of 1792 and the establishment of the Consulate in 1799.
Human Frontiers, Environments and Disease
Authors: McMichael Tony
Published: March 2012

This compelling account charts the relentless trajectory of humankind, and its changing survival and disease patterns, across place and time from when our ancient ancestors roamed the African Savannah to today's populous, industrialised, globalising world. This expansion of human frontiers - geographic, climatic, cultural and technological - has encountered frequent setbacks from disease, famine and dwindling resources. The social and environmental transformations wrought by agrarianism, industrialisation, fertility control, social modernisation, urbanisation and mass consumption have profoundly affected patterns of health and disease. Today, as life expectancies rise, the planet's ecosystems are being damaged by the combined weight of population size and intensive economic activity. Global warming, stratospheric ozone depletion and loss of biodiversity pose large-scale hazards to human health and survival. Recognising this, can we achieve a transition to sustainability? This and other profound questions underlie this chronicle of expansive human activity, social change, environmental impact and their health consequences.
EMBOSS Administrator's Guide
Authors: Bleasby Alan J. , Ison Jon C. , Rice Peter M.
Published: March 2012

The European Molecular Biology Open Software Suite (EMBOSS) is a high quality package of open source software tools for molecular biology. It includes over 200 applications integrated with a range of popular third party software packages under a consistent and powerful command line interface. The tools are available from a wide range of graphical interfaces, including easy to use web interfaces and powerful workflow software.
The EMBOSS Administrator's Guide is the official, definitive and comprehensive guide to EMBOSS installation and maintenance:
• Find all the information needed to configure, install and maintain EMBOSS, including recent additions for version 6.2
• Step-by-step instructions with real-world examples - saves readers time and helps them avoid the pitfalls on all the common platforms
• In-depth reference to database configuration - learn how to set up and use databases under EMBOSS
• Includes EMBOSS Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) with answers - quickly find solutions to common problems
François Truffaut
Authors: Insdorf Annette
Published: March 2012

Long considered the definitive study of this director's genius, François Truffaut returns to print in a revised and updated edition. With fresh insights and an extensive section on the director's last five films Love on the Run, The Green Room, The Last Metro, The Woman Next Door, and Confidentially Yours, Annette Insdorf captures the essence and totality of his work. She discusses his contributions to the French New Wave, his relationship with his mentors Hitchcock and Renoir, and the dominant themes of his cinema - women, love, children and language - while exploring his own life in relation to his films, from The Four Hundred Blows to The Man Who Loved Women. As warmly and piercingly human as its subject, François Truffaut immortalises one of the cinema's most popular, prolific and profound artists.
The Distinctive Characteristics of Environmental Education Research in Australia: An Historical and Comparative Analysis
Authors: Stevenson Robert B. , Evans Neus (Snowy)
Published: March 2012

This paper addresses the question of how Australian environmental education (EE) research was conceptualised and contextualised in the decade of the 1990s. Sixty seven articles published by Australian authors in this journal from 1990–2000 were analysed to examine the conceptualisation of this research using an inductive emergent categorisation approach and a five frames model (Reid, in press) of key arguments and debates in the field. Contextualisation was explored in relation to specialist areas, scale and environmental dimensions of focus. A search for a coherent and distinct meaning of of this research was explored by making comparisons with international environmental education research during a similar time period that was the subject of two reviews. These analyses revealed that Australian environmental education research can be characterised as questioning and challenging prevailing (at the time) environmental education orthodoxies by critiquing and theorising the conceptual and curriculum framing of environmental education, most commonly from a socially critical and global perspective. Specialist areas and educational sectors that received little attention are also discussed.
Environmental Education as the Mountain – Exploring Chinese-ness of Environmental Education
Authors: Ji Xia
Published: March 2012

What experiences have infuenced Chinese educators' environmental consciousness and their involvement in environmental education work? Using the autobiographical inquiry approach the author explored this question with fourteen master environmental educators from various regions of China and examined in depth their signifcant life experiences (SLE). Participants described several paths to become involved in environmental education work. Multiple factors impacted their environmental consciousness. Out of ten main categories of SLE three themes emerged: serendipity, , and a strong sense of responsibility toward the environment and toward environmental education work. This study illuminates the Chinese-ness of environmental education from the angle of life experiences and reflections of environmental educators in mainland China, which also has relevance to and implications for the wider international environmental education community.
An Australian Story: School Sustainability Education in the Lucky Country
Authors: Salter Zarin , Venville Grady , Longnecker Nancy
Published: March 2012

This paper documents a case study involving a Perth primary school accompanied on its sustainability journey by Millennium Kids Inc, a local not-for-proft community organisation. Tension between the school's sustainability focus, its prestige as an elite private school and a “lucky country” mentality frames the Australian-ness of this environmental education story. Data draws from interviews conducted with teachers, the deputy principal, principal, and CEO of Millennium Kids. School staff reported that Millennium Kids' collaborative approach connected the school with community groups and families in meaningful ways, provided support to staff, and infuenced curriculum integration by engaging the student voice. Challenges in the school related to managing expectations from families, leadership that fosters shared responsibility, and teachers' efforts to integrate sustainability across learning areas. A pattern of sustainability education was established in the school but these challenges could encumber the longevity, integration and support for these initiatives in the future.
HES PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS: WHAT’S WRONG WITH ECONOMICS?
Authors: EVENSKY JERRY
Published: March 2012

The piece begins with the proposition that the economic
perspective on human activity must reflect the fact that human beings
transact in a world defined for the actors by social norms. An analysis of
the crisis of 2008 is offered as a demonstration of the value of adopting
such a broader perspective. Part II offers an historical model based on Adam
Smith’s Moral Philosophy of such a broader analysis. The piece
closes with the case that the history of ideas offers alternative
perspectives on the questions we explore in economics today, and thus can
serve as a valuable resource for constructive skepticism of the current
discourse.
Paying Attention to Foreign Affairs: How Public Opinion Affects Presidential Decision Making by Thomas Knecht
Authors: Chapman Terrence L.
Published: March 2012

Despite increased attention to the linkages between domestic politics and international relations in political science literature over the last 20 years, considerable debate remains about how well equipped citizens are to act as informed constraints on governments or how attentive and responsive government actors are to public opinion. Debates about citizens' ability to act as a check on government behavior are not new, of course, and have a long tradition in political philosophy and in public discourse. Yet the proliferation of theories of domestic–international linkages in contemporary IR scholarship has unfortunately been accompanied by incomplete dialogue between public opinion and IR scholars and often by claims of unidirectional or unconditional causality regarding domestic constraints, elite framing and opinion leadership, citizens' informational capacities, and the role of the media. The relationship among these factors in shaping foreign policy is quite complex, however, and fortunately Thomas Knecht acknowledges this complexity and advances a conditional argument about the relationship between public attitudes and presidential decision making.
Conventions, Constituent Assemblies, and Round Tables: Models, principles and elements of democratic constitution-making
Authors: ARATO ANDREW
Published: March 2012

The article presents the Round Table form, elsewhere post-sovereign multi-stage constitution making as an independent democratic type superior to the alternatives. It locates the form along with Convention and Constituent Assembly both in a comprehensive typology based on models of regime transformation, as well as historically. After making a set of normative arguments comparing the three forms, focusing on the issue legitimation, I make a case for the synthetic nature of the Round Table in relation to the two important democratic predecessors. Finally, I reluctantly admit the path-determined nature of the Round Table that strictly speaking seems relevant only 1) in the transitions from dictatorships, if 2) new forces do not have the power to accomplish revolutionary change. Nevertheless, I argue that the principles of the Round Table (inclusion, consensus, publicity, legality and veil of ignorance) are relevant to other paths, from the point of view of their legitimation. I further claim with reference to Iraq, Turkey and the European Union that elements of the Round Table can be adopted even under conditions of revolutionary change, as well as constitutional reform.
Globally averaged exospheric temperatures derived from CHAMP and GRACE accelerometer measurements
Authors: Wise J. O. , Burke W. J. , Sutton E. K.
Published: March 2012

Neutral densities (ρ) inferred from accelerometer measurements on the polar‐orbiting Challenging Minisatellite Payload (CHAMP) and Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellites are used to compile exospheric temperatures (T∞) during extended periods in 2003 and 2004 when their orbital planes were nearly parallel and at quadrature, respectively. Exospheric temperatures were first estimated using ρ‐h‐T∞ relationships implicit within the Jacchia models, then averaged over individual orbits. We found good agreement between the orbital‐averaged T∞ obtained from CHAMP and GRACE accelerometer data as well as with globally averaged exospheric temperatures derived from drag measurements from the constellation of satellites used in the High‐Accuracy Satellite Drag Model. Our analysis corrects a critical conjecture by Burke (2008) that globally averaged T∞ is essentially the same as orbit‐averaged values obtained by polar‐orbiting satellites, independent of the local time of their orbital planes. Unlike the symmetric 0200–1400 LT distribution of T∞ minima and maxima found in early Jacchia models, presented data indicate that the minima are located closer to the dawn meridian. We also demonstrate that the averaging technique used to estimate T∞ affects the outcomes. Statistical analyses provide an empirical basis for improving estimates of the thermosphere's total energy budget.
Global‐scale observations of ionospheric convection variation in response to sudden increases in the solar wind dynamic pressure
Authors: Gillies D. M. , St.‐Maurice J.‐P. , McWilliams K. A. , Milan S.
Published: March 2012

We have used a superposed epoch analysis to study 205 sudden commencement (SC) events detected with ground‐based magnetometers between the years 2000 and 2007. The strength of the SC events was clearly correlated to the magnitude of the jump in the solar wind dynamic pressure, regardless of whether or not the SC events were followed by a magnetic storm. Data from the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) demonstrated that both the ionospheric plasma drift speed and the number of echoes increased in the noon sector in response to the increase in solar wind dynamic pressure. In contrast, the number of SuperDARN echoes in the midnight sector decreased as the solar wind dynamic pressure increased, even though the average drift speed in the midnight sector also increased. We also uncovered that the ionosphere and ring current evolve differently in response to the pressure pulses. The SYM‐H index, which represents changes in both the magnetopause and ring currents, responded immediately and either rapidly returned to pre‐SC values or progressed into the main phase of a geomagnetic storm. In contrast, the ionospheric convection data were affected for a much longer time. The implication is that the ring current reacts to a sudden compression of the magnetosphere on a time scale of 10 min, while the convection pattern itself is affected for as long as the increase in solar wind dynamic pressure is sustained, or until a geomagnetic storm was triggered, as is the case in the sudden storm commencement (SSC) subset of events.
A three‐dimensional microgeodynamic model of melt geometry in the Earth's deep interior
Authors: Wimert Jesse , Hier‐Majumder Saswata
Published: March 2012

This article presents a three‐dimensional microgeodynamic model of grain‐melt geometry in partially molten rocks. The isotropic unit cell of the partially molten rock is characterized by a face‐centered‐cubic symmetry, consisting of rhombic dodecahedral grains. The variation of surface tension between grain‐grain and grain‐melt contacts excites a coupled viscous flow within grains and the interstitial melt, leading to a steady state grain‐melt geometry. We obtain the fractional area of intergranular contact, contiguity, from these models as a function of melt volume fraction, between melt fractions of 0.05 and 0.25. Comparison with previous results indicates that the contiguity in three‐dimensional models is lower than in two‐dimensional models. The contrast between two‐ and three‐dimensional values of contiguity increases at high melt volume fractions. We apply our model to the ultralow‐velocity zones (ULVZs) and the very low velocity province (VLVP) in the Earth's core‐mantle boundary. The observed seismic signature of the ULVZ and VLVP can be explained by peridotite melt volume fractions between 0.08 and 0.12 and between 0.01 and 0.05, respectively, in a matrix of elastic properties similar to the Preliminary Earth Reference Model.
Common interests bind AGU and geophysical groups around the globe
Authors: McEntee Christine
Published: March 2012

In continuation of our work to strengthen alliances with key organizations in the Earth and space science community, AGU president Michael McPhaden, president‐elect Carol Finn, and I held a series of meetings with leaders from other science societies during the 2011 Fall Meeting. Over the course of 2 days we met with leaders from the Geophysical Society of America, European Geosciences Union, Japan Geosciences Union, Ethiopian Geophysical Union, Asia Oceania Geosciences Society, Chinese Geophysical Society, and Asociación Latinoamericana de Geofísica Espacial. This gave us a valued opportunity to discuss the common interests and challenges we all face and to learn from each other's experience. The meetings allowed AGU to strengthen existing cooperative agreements and reach new levels of understanding between us and other societies. Additionally, we met with representatives from the Korean Ocean Research and Development Institute to discuss their intention to establish a geophysical union modeled after AGU.
Fall Meeting science covered widely in news and social media
Authors: Weiss Peter
Published: March 2012

Journalists found a lot to report about at the 2011 Fall Meeting, which has so far generated about 1800 stories in news outlets worldwide. More than 135 reporters covered the meeting, representing a broad range of print, online, and broadcast news sources in the United States, Europe, and Japan. To assist those reporters, AGU staff conducted and Web‐streamed an unprecedented 25 press events at the meeting—mostly press conferences bringing together scientists presenting newsworthy fndings and journalists eager for stories.
Holocene subsurface temperature variability in the eastern Antarctic continental margin
Authors: Kim Jung‐Hyun , Crosta Xavier , Willmott Veronica , Renssen Hans , Bonnin Jérôme , Helmke Peer , Schouten Stefan , Sinninghe Damsté Jaap S.
Published: March 2012

We reconstructed subsurface (∼45–200 m water depth) temperature variability in the eastern Antarctic continental margin during the late Holocene, using an archaeal lipid‐based temperature proxy (TEX86L). Our results reveal that subsurface temperature changes were probably positively coupled to the variability of warmer, nutrient‐rich Modified Circumpolar Deep Water (MCDW, deep water of the Antarctic circumpolar current) intrusion onto the continental shelf. The TEX86Lrecord, in combination with previously published climatic records, indicates that this coupling was probably related to the thermohaline circulation, seasonal variability in sea ice extent, sea temperature, and wind associated with high frequency climate dynamics at low‐latitudes such as internal El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). This in turn suggests a linkage between centennial ENSO‐like variability at low‐latitudes and intrusion variability of MCDW into the eastern Antarctic continental shelf, which might have further impact on ice sheet evolution.
On the temporal variability of the virtual water network
Authors: Carr Joel A. , D'Odorico Paolo , Laio Francesco , Ridolfi Luca
Published: March 2012

Food security strongly depends on how water resources available in a certain region contribute to determine the maximum amount of food that it can produce. Human societies often cope with water scarcity by importing food products from other regions. Thus, the international trade of food commodities is associated with a virtual transfer of water resources from production to consumption regions through a network of trade. Even though global food security increasingly relies on this trade, the spatiotemporal patterns of the virtual water network remain poorly investigated. It is unclear how these patterns are changing over time, whether there is an increase in the interconnectedness of the network, and at what rate the globalization of water resources is occurring. Here we use a rich database of international trade and reconstruct the virtual water network from 1986 through 2008. We find that the total flow has more than doubled, and the number of links has increased by 92% over this time period. The network has become more homogeneous but most of the flow concentrates in few links and hubs, while several countries exhibit only few (and weak) connections. 50% of the global fluxes are carried by 1.1% of the links, and on average 6–8% of the global population controls more than 50% of the net virtual water exports. The network is extremely dynamic and intermittent with only few permanent links, while each year many links are created and dismissed.
No credible consciousness without critical thinking
Authors: Olsson I Anna S , Forkman Björn
Published: March 2012

Consciousness is more than just a collection of adaptive responses. Rather than a broader definition of the phenomenon, we need agreement on what constitutes real evidence of consciousness in non‐human beings.
In-silico identification of potential antagonists for human Casein kinase II subunit alpha' (CK2α2)
Authors: Hema Kanipakam , Meduru Harika , Pallapotu Navya , Umamaheswari Amineni
Published: March 2012

Human CK2α2 is an enzyme that belongs to the Serine/Threonine protein kinase family which is involved in signal transduction. Over expression of CK2α2 causes kidney cancer therefore, human CK2α2 has been identified as a drug target for the development of potential antagonists against cancer therapy. The existing human CK2α2 inhibitors in clinical practice are having side effects like fatigue, diarrhea, nausea, anorexia and vomiting. High-throughput virtual screening is one of the most common method used to identify lead compounds was implemented in the present study to identify potential inhibitors of human CK2α2. The co-crystal structure of human CK2α2 was retrieved from the protein data bank. A 2D similarity search was performed for available five human CK2α2 inhibitors (Apigenin, VX680, Sunitinib, SUI4813 and CCK) taken from PDB and PubMed to acquire 1942 structural analogs. The 3D structural conversion and multiple confirmations for 1942 compounds were generated using LigPrep. The docking and scoring calculations were performed using Glide v5.7 which includes high throughput virtual screening (HTVS), Standard precision (SP) docking and extra precision (XP) docking. Obtained 39 leads were compared with docking scores of the existing inhibitors and proposed six leads having good binding affinity. The binding orientation of CK2α2-lead 1complex was correlating with native co-crystal structure. Hence, lead ‘1’ can be suggested as potent inhibitor against human CK2α2 involved in kidney cancer.
Effect of carbon on magnetocaloric effect of LaFe11.6Si1.4 compounds and on the thermal stability of its hydrides
Authors: Teixeira Cristiano S. , Krautz Maria , Moore James D. , Skokov Konstantin , Liu Jian , Wendhausen Paulo A. P. , Gutfleisch Oliver
Published: March 2012

La(Fe,Si)13 alloys display a giant magnetocaloric effect when a magnetic field is applied near the Curie temperature TC. However, to use these alloys for domestic refrigeration based on magnetic cooling, it is vital to increase TC near to the room-temperature range while simultaneously maintaining a large magnetocaloric effect. With this aim, we studied the effect of interstitial carbon on the microstructure and magnetocaloric effect in LaFe11.6Si1.4Cx (x = 0–0.4). The investigation was carried out in cast samples annealed for seven days at 1323 K. The study of microstructure shows that annealing led to about 90 wt. % of 1:13 magnetocaloric phase. Magnetization data revealed that the addition of carbon leads to an increase in TC and a decrease of the thermal hysteresis width. For x > 0.2, the magnetic transition changes from first-order to second-order, with a corresponding reduction in magnetocaloric effect. A small amount of C (x up to 0.2) improves the magnetocaloric properties of the parent alloy La(Fe,Si)13, and, furthermore, the carbon addition leads to an increase in the thermal stability of hydrided LaFe11.6Si1.4Cx. The onset of hydrogen desorption increases from 460 K for the x = 0 (carbon-free alloy) to 500 K and 540 K, respectively, for x = 0.1 and x = 0.2.
Self-consistent magnetization dynamics of a ferromagnetic quantum dot driven by a spin bias
Authors: Siu Z. B. , Jalil M. B. A. , Tan S. G.
Published: March 2012

We present an iterative scheme which combines the non-equilibrium Green’s function (NEGF) for evaluating the quantum spin transport in a ferromagnetic quantum dot device and the Landau-Lifshitz (LL) equation for modeling the magnetization dynamics of the dot. For a given initial magnetization, the spin polarization of current and the resulting spin torque in the dot are calculated using the NEGF formalism. The torque acts on the magnetic moment of the dot, and the resultant magnetization dynamics is obtained from the LL equation. The new value of the dot’s magnetization is then used as an input for the next round of NEGF calculation, and the whole process is repeated iteratively. The spin torque is thus calculated self-consistently with the dynamics of the magnetic moment of the dot. We apply this self-consistent iterative scheme to study the magnetization dynamics in an exemplary quantum dot system with an induced spin bias in the leads under varying damping conditions.
Effect of enhanced damping caused by spin-motive force on vortex dynamics
Authors: Moon Jung-Hwan , Lee Kyung-Jin
Published: March 2012

Using micromagnetic simulation, we investigate the effect of enhanced damping induced by spin-motive force on the vortex dynamics. It is found that the enhanced damping does not affect the resonance frequency of gyrotropic motion. However, it changes the gyration radius, the velocity of a vortex core, and the dynamics of core reversal. During the gyrotropic motion, the additional damping goes up to three times larger than a typical value of the intrinsic damping. Moreover, in the case of core reversal, the additional damping becomes 10 times larger than the intrinsic damping. For vortex dynamics, the enhanced damping due to spin-motive is non-negligible and thus should be considered to understand experimental results.
Demonstration of microwave assisted magnetic reversal in perpendicular media
Authors: Boone C. T. , Katine J. A. , Marinero E. E. , Pisana S. , Terris B. D.
Published: March 2012

Microwave assisted magnetic reversal (MAMR) has not yet been experimentally demonstrated in hard perpendicular media. We study MAMR in perpendicular bilayer magnetic thin films and characterize the behavior as a function of frequency, power, and temperature. We find a broad frequency response with little dependence on temperature from 4 to 300 K.
Study of single layer and multilayer nano-magnetic logic architectures
Authors: Karunaratne D. K. , Bhanja Sanjukta
Published: March 2012

Nano-magnetic logic (NML) has been a promising technology for logic computation. Contribution of this paper is two-fold. First, we have fabricated and captured MFM images of a NML architecture that has computed the majority of seven variables. This logic block can potentially implement eight different logic functions that could be configured in real-time. Next, we have performed a set of experiments with a multilayer stack of Cot = 0.4 nm/Cut = 4 nm/Ni20Fe80t = 5 nm with a perpendicular magnetic anisotropy bottom layer to realize neighbor interaction between adjacent free layers of devices. Based on the MFM images, we conclude that dipolar coupling between the free layers of the neighboring spin-valve based NML (SVBN) devices can be exploited to construct local elements such as majority gates, inverters and interconnects. Since magnetic multilayer stacks have already been implemented in memory devices to read/write data, SVBN devices would not only solve the input/output problems in NML but also would have potential in logic-in-memory applications.
Preparation of Co2FeSn Heusler alloy films and magnetoresistance of Fe/MgO/Co2FeSn magnetic tunnel junctions
Authors: Tanaka M. A. , Ishikawa Y. , Wada Y. , Hori S. , Murata A. , Horii S. , Yamanishi Y. , Mibu K. , Kondou K. , Ono T. , Kasai S.
Published: March 2012

To obtain magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) composed of non-equilibrium alloy, Co2FeSn films were prepared by atomically controlled alternate deposition at various substrate temperatures. X-ray diffraction patterns and Mössbauer spectra clarify that Co2FeSn films in the Heusler alloy phase can be realized by growing at a substrate temperature of 250 °C or below. Phase separation into cubic CoSn, hexagonal CoSn and cubic CoFe phases occurs in films grown at substrate temperatures 300 °C or greater. Fe/MgO/Co2FeSn MTJs were prepared with the Co2FeSn layer grown at various substrate temperatures. The MTJs with the ferromagnetic Co2FeSn layer grown at a substrate temperature of 250 °C showed tunnel magnetoresistance ratios of 72.2% and 43.5% at 2 K and 300 K, respectively.
Effect of columnar grain boundaries on flux pinning in MgB2 films
Authors: Jung Soon-Gil , Seong W. K. , Kang W. N.
Published: March 2012

Columnar grain boundaries are widely known to be a very effective source for flux pinning in MgB2 films. In this study, we have investigated the pinning effect of a columnar grain boundary at various temperatures of 5, 10, 20, 30, and 35 K in columnar structured MgB2 films with an average grain size of ∼300 nm. The average vortex-vortex spacing (a0) is estimated at a specific magnetic field, Bpeak, where the Bpeak is the magnetic field when the flux pinning force density (Fp) reaches a maximum. The values of a0/2, which largely affect the vortex-vortex interaction, are much closer to the coherence length of MgB2, than to the penetration depth, which indicates that the vortices can be strongly pinned to the columnar grain boundaries. Furthermore, we found that the columnar grain boundaries acted as strong pinning sources over a wide temperature region, although their effectiveness began to lessen slowly at temperatures above ∼20 K, which was determined on the basis of the flux-line lattice-shearing mechanism.
Investigating minority carrier trapping in n-type Cz silicon by transient photoconductance measurements
Authors: Hu Yu , Schøn Hendrik , Nielsen Øyvind , Johannes Øvrelid Eivind , Arnberg Lars
Published: March 2012

Minority carrier trapping was investigated in n-type Cz silicon by means of transient-photoconductance (PCD). A simplified Hornbeck and Haynes model was developed for fitting results from transient-PCD to calculate trap density, and it was found to be identical to the model developed for quasi-steady-state photoconductance technique. This indicates that the model can be applied to all photoconductance techniques for lifetime measurement. The results revealed that the trap density is dependent on the concentration of interstitial oxygen and thermal donors, indicating a good agreement with reported results and the results from annealing experiments in this work. Meanwhile, a deep trap energy level was revealed, probably implying that traps also act as recombination centers in n-type silicon. By studying detrapping processes, the concentration of the trapped holes was found to decrease exponentially with time, resulting in a detrapping constant of 167 s.
Experimental observation of helical microbunching of a relativistic electron beam
Authors: Hemsing E. , Knyazik A. , O’Shea F. , Marinelli A. , Musumeci P. , Williams O. , Tochitsky S. , Rosenzweig J. B.
Published: March 2012

Experimental observation of the microbunching of a relativistic electron beam at the second harmonic interaction frequency of a helical undulator is presented. The microbunching signal is observed from the coherent transition radiation of the electron beam and indicates experimental evidence of a dominantly helical electron beam density distribution. This result is in agreement with theoretical and numerical predictions and provides a proof-of-principle demonstration of proposed schemes designed to generate light with orbital angular momentum in high-gain free-electron lasers.
A 3-dimensional time-resolved photothermal deflection “Mirage” method
Authors: Astrath N. G. C. , Malacarne L. C. , Lukasievicz G. V. B. , Bernabe H. S. , Rohling J. H. , Baesso M. L. , Shen J. , Bialkowski S. E.
Published: March 2012

A three-dimensional time-resolved theory and experiment for photothermal deflection spectroscopy is developed. The heat conduction equations for two semi-infinite media consisting of an opaque sample and a fluid are solved considering temperature and energy flux balance conditions for a Gaussian heat source. The time dependent perpendicular deflection signal is calculated and compared to experimental measurements on glassy carbon and copper samples. Excellent agreement with literature values for thermal diffusivity of the samples is found. The transient behavior is analyzed for different coupling fluids.
Back-action-induced non-equilibrium effect in electron charge counting statistics
Authors: Li HaiOu , Xiao Ming , Cao Gang , Zhou Cheng , Shang RuNan , Tu Tao , Guo GuangCan , Jiang HongWen , Guo GuoPing
Published: March 2012

We study real-time charge-counting statistics measured by a quantum point contact (QPC) coupled to a single quantum dot (QD) subject to different back-action strengths. By tuning the QD-QPC coupling or the QPC bias, we control the QPC back-action, which drives the QD electrons out of thermal equilibrium. The random telegraph signal (RTS) statistics show strong and tunable non-thermal-equilibrium saturation effect, which can be quantitatively characterized as a back-action-induced tunneling-out rate. We find that the QD-QPC coupling and QPC bias voltage play different roles in determining the back-action strength and the cut-off energy.