bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Vernonia amygdalina Del. Leaf Ethanolic Extract on Intoxicated Male Wistar Rats Liver
Authors: Iwo Maria Immaculata , Sjahlim Sergia Louisa , Rahmawati Siti Farah
Published: March 2017

Vernonia amygdalina has been shown to have antioxidant activity, and is also expected to have hepatoprotective activity. This study was conducted to study the effect of V. amygdalina ethanol extracts on intoxicated rat livers. Fresh leaves were extracted in ethanol, and the hepatoprotective activity was tested on male Wistar rats induced with a combination of isoniazid (INH) and rifampicin. Parameters observed were the activity of the enzyme alanine transferase (ALT), serum albumin levels, liver index, and histopathological of the rat liver. The results showed that 50 and 100 mg/kg rat body weight of V. amygdalina ethanol extracts could prevent liver intoxication, starting on day 14. Based on serum albumin concentrations and ALT activity, the high dose extract (100 mg/kg) was more potent as a hepatoprotective agent compared to the extract at a low dose (50 mg/kg). The group of rats treated with a high dose extract showed normal liver index compared to the positive control. Through histology examination, the liver of rats treated with a high dose extract (100 mg/kg) showed minimal liver cell structure damage, and showed similar patterns to the normal rat. Based on these results, it can be concluded that V. amygdalina ethanol extracts can be used to protect the liver in a combination of INH and rifampicin as antituberculosis treatment.
Le genre Epipactis Zinn (Orchidales, Orchidaceae) en France et sa présence en région lyonnaise
Authors: Scappaticci Gil , Démares M.
Published: March 2017

Résumé. -Les caractères morphologiques généraux du genre Epipactis sont rappelés brièvement, ainsi que son écologie, sa reproduction et sa répartition. Les 35 taxons appartenant au genre en France, incluant les dernières découvertes (16 espèces, 3 sous-espèces, 2 variétés et 14 hybrides) sont décrits sommairement, plus largement pour la morphologie du gynostème. Une clé simplifiée est proposée sous forme de tableau synoptique. Une répartition dans la région lyonnaise, établie sur la base des prospections récentes destinées à renseigner une cartographie des orchidées de France, est illustrée de 20 cartes. Enfin, les auteurs déplorent la rareté des protections en vigueur pour certaines espèces, dont les populations semblent relictuelles.
Lorsque le bois vient au secours de l'identification : exemple sur deux Menispermaceae
Authors: Jacques Frédéric M.B.
Published: March 2017

Au cours d'une étude phytochimique sur les Menispermaceae, les échantillons de bois de Coscinium fenestratum (Gaertn.) Colebr. et Arcangelisia flava (L.) Merr. ont été mélangés. J'ai entrepris une étude anatomique pour pouvoir les identifier. Arcangelisia flava présente des cambiums successifs, ce qui est le type classique décrit pour les Menispermaceae. Coscinium fenestratum n'a pas de cambiums successifs. La taille de l'échantillon (plus de 3,5 cm de diamètre) permet de certifier que cette absence de cambiums successifs n'est pas due à une taille trop petite de l'échantillon. L'idée, proposée par certains auteurs, que toutes les Menispermaceae auraient des cambiums successifs est donc rejetée. Grâce à la connaissance de l'anatomie du bois, les échantillons ont pu être correctement identifiés et analysés.
Posibilidades de reutilización de la chatarra de acero para la obtención de cuchillas para cortar
Authors: Štrbac Nada , Marković Ivana , Mitovski Aleksandra , Balanović Ljubiša , Živković Dragana , Grekulović Vesna
Published: March 2017

El trabajo presenta los resultados de la caracterización de diversos tipos de aceros que han llegado al final de su ciclo de vida útil, y de los que se desconocía su composición química, propiedades mecánicas y tratamiento termomecánico aplicado previamente. El estudio se realizó con el objetivo de analizar las posibilidades de reutilización de algunos de estos materiales en aplicaciones agrícolas e industriales, obteniendo hojas de corte. Las formas exigidas a las hojas de corte se consiguieron aplicando diversos tipos de tratamientos termomecánicos. El análisis químico de la chatarra de acero de acero se realizó utilizando Energías Dispersivas de Rayos X. La microestructura se estudió utilizando Microscopía Óptica y Microscopía Electrónica de Barrido. La dureza de la chatarra de acero y de las cuchillas obtenidas se midió utilizando la escala Rockwell C. Los valores de dureza de las cuchillas obtenidas indican una buena selección de los productos finales de acero.
Effect of Plasticizers and Water on Properties of HCFA Geopolymers
Authors: Malkawi Ahmad B. , Nuruddin Mohd Fadhil , Fauzi Amir , Al-Mattarneh Hashem , Mohammed Bashar S.
Published: March 2017

In this study, different types of plasticizers were used to investigate their effects on the fresh and hardened properties of high calcium fly ash geopolymers (HCFA). Modified polycarboxylate polymers (G3) and lignin-based polymers (G1) were used as plasticizing admixtures and the results were compared to the effect of tap water addition. The results showed that all the admixtures used are effective in increasing the workability of the HCFA geopolymers mixtures and the workability increased by 25-48% compared to the control mixtures. However, the use of G3 has adversely affected the strength by a reduction of 20%. While the use of G1 reduced the final setting time by 7% which is critical in the case of HCFA geopolymers where the final setting time occurs within 70 minutes. Water can be considered as the best admixture in terms of cost, setting time, and effect on compressive strength and it can be used where medium workability enhancement is required.
Contextually-relevant resources in Speech-language Therapy and Audiology in South Africa: Are there any?
Authors: Pascoe Michelle , Norman Vivienne
Published: March 2017

In this editorial introduction we aim to explore the notion of contextually-relevant resources. We argue that it is the responsibility of Speech Language Therapists (SLTs) and Audiologists (As) working in South Africa to develop contextually relevant resources, and not to rely on the countries or cultures where the professions originated to do so. Language is often cited as the main barrier to contextually relevant resources: most SLTs and As are aware of the need for more resources in the indigenous local languages. However, the issue is not as straightforward as translating resources from English into other languages. The challenges related to culture, e.g. formal education, familiarity with the test situation, have to be considered; as well as the population on which norms were obtained; the nature of vocabulary or picture items. This paper introduces four original research papers that follow in this edition of the journal, and showcases them as examples of innovative development in our field. At the same time we call for the further development of assessment materials, intervention resources, and contributions to the evidence base in our context. We emphasise the importance of local knowledge to drive the development of these resources in innovative and perhaps unexpected ways, and suggest that all clinicians have an important role to play in this process.
The translation of the Vertigo Symptom Scale into Afrikaans: A pilot study
Authors: Rogers Christine , De Wet Jacques , Gina Ayanda , Louw Ladine , Makhoba Musa , Tacon Lee
Published: March 2017

Vertigo is a common clinical problem that is challenging to diagnose and treat. While it has a broad range of aetiologies, the association between vestibular disturbance and anxiety is well established. The Vertigo Symptom Scale (VSS) is a questionnaire that assesses both dizziness and dizziness-related anxiety. The aim of this study was twofold. First, a translation of the VSS into Afrikaans was evaluated using the Delphi technique. Consensus was achieved within the Delphi rounds and a final tool was agreed upon. Second, the Afrikaans Vertigo Symptom Scales (AVSS) was piloted on a sample of vertiginous and control participants. The results of the pilot study yielded significant statistical differences between the groups on both subscales of the tool (vertigo symptom scale and anxiety and autonomic symptom scale). Results suggest that the AVSS is able to identify patients with vertiginous disturbance and anxiety. The AVSS presents with good sensitivity and specificity as measured by the ROC curve. Clinical implications are discussed.
Teacher support - an exploration of how foundation-phase teachers facilitate language skills
Authors: Wium Anna-Maria , Louw Brenda
Published: March 2017

The role of speech-language therapists (SLTs) has been redefined by White Paper 6, which emphasises the role of support to both teachers and learners. SLTs have expert knowledge and skills pertaining to communication and language, and therefore have much to contribute to the process of learning in teaching. This article builds on a previous article published in the 2010 edition of the journal, which reported on the process of supporting teachers to facilitate listening, language and numeracy skills in semi-rural and urban (township) contexts. In this follow-up article the focus is on the qualitative findings obtained from a specific section of the larger study. Where the overall study made use of a mixed methods approach to evaluate the process of providing support, and reported on the entire continued professional development (CPD) programme, this article focuses specifically on the qualitative data collected when the CPD programme addressed the facilitation of language. This article explores how the strategies were used in the classrooms, and the benefits of the support provided. The data discussed in this article were obtained from questionnaires, focus groups, and critical self-evaluation by teachers, as well as a research diary used by the programme facilitator. The results show that both the participants and their learners benefited from the support provided. The participants reportedly for the first time were able to meet curriculum outcomes which previously had been omitted, and showed an increased ability to plan their lessons. Several teachers experienced changes in their teaching practices and could reflect on their practices, which contributed to their professional development. These teachers became more empowered. Learning in the classroom was enhanced through increased participation of all learners, and enjoyment of the strategies.
Hearing-screening record-keeping practices at primary healthcare clinics in Gauteng
Authors: Joubert Karin , Casoojee Aisha
Published: March 2017

Objectives: As little is known about hearing screening practices at primary healthcare (PHC) clinics in South Africa, the study aimed to describe hearing-screening and record-keeping practices of nurses during typical immunisation sessions at PHC clinics in Gauteng, South Africa.Methods: Data were obtained through observations (N2=80) and questionnaires (N1=20) which were then cross-checked with retrospective information collected from the Road-to-Health Charts and City of Johannesburg Child Health Services Blue Cards of children observed during typical immunisation sessions.Results: A key finding of this study was that PHC nurses who participated in this study do not adhere to the hearing-screening record-keeping practices as outlined by the national Department of Health.Conclusions: Poor record-keeping practices hinder the efficacy of hearing-screening programmes. Accurate record keeping is important in order to document outcomes which can be used to evaluate service delivery and the efficacy of hearing-screening programmes.
Rare cause of lower gastrointestinal bleed
Authors: Nasa Mukesh , Gupta Mahesh , Sud Randhir , Lipi Lipika
Published: March 2017

Gastrointestinal (GI) mucormycosis commonly affects adults with neutropenia or other immunocompromising conditions. GI mucormycosis is uncommon but has high mortality rate. We report a case of colonic mucormycosis in a patient of chronic obstructive airway disease who presented with massive lower GI bleed.
SO$(N)_2$ braid group representations are Gaussian
Authors: Rowell Eric C. , Wenzl Hans
Published: March 2017

We give a description of the centralizer algebras for tensor powers of spin objects in the pre-modular categories SO

(N)_2

(for

N

odd) and O

(N)_2

(for

N

even) in terms of quantum

(n-1)

-tori, via non-standard deformations of

U\mathfrak {so}_N

. As a consequence we show that the corresponding braid group representations are Gaussian representations, the images of which are finite groups. This verifies special cases of a conjecture that braid group representations coming from weakly integral braided fusion categories have finite image.
Mudanças na vida cotidiana de pacientes em terapia renal
Authors: Majevski De Assis Bruno , Da Silva Monteiro Camila , Faria Tonini Chelley , Costa Dos Santos Nídia , De Melo Viviane , Pereira Rogerio Wesley
Published: March 2017

This is a study descriptive and qualitative aimed to know the changes in the life of 5 patients bearer of chronic renal failure (CRF) under renal replacement therapies. Data were collected from June 2016 through unstructured interview. The results show that despite the change in daily routine and systematization of treatment the patients perceive an improvement in quality of life following presented treatment, besides the improvement in living with the family and also improve understanding about the disease. It is concluded that treatment although result in general improvement in quality of life, brings important limitations. Therefore the need for professional nurses detached in this study, as backer and facilitator throughout the treatment process to which passes chronic renal failure.
Environmental Assessment Tools: Toward an Interlinked Sustainable Design of Cities and Buildings. The Cases of Vado Ligure and Altare Municipalities (Italy)
Authors: Magliocco Adriano , Perini Katia , Piccardo Chiara
Published: March 2017

The present paper aims at highlighting the connections between the environmental assessment of urban planning and building design activities at different scales. Environmental assessment is a multi-scale and inter/trans disciplinary process, which considers the city through an ecological approach. Environmental assessment includes different tools depending on the planning and design phase, with links and overlaps but also with contradictions. Four different evaluation fields are discussed - land use, water management, local resources, energy - also concerning the case of two Environmental Reports for Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) processes of municipal urban plans for two Italian municipalities, Vado Ligure and Altare. The analysis of case studies shows that SEA is not always an effective tool for strategic urban planning, as it includes similar assessment criteria to building scale ones, causing overlaps and contradictions.
Fostering Entrepreneurship, Creativity and Innovation in Cities
Authors: Aranha Elzo Alves , Garcia Neuza Abbud Prado , Dos Santos Paulo Henrique
Published: March 2017

The aim of this study is to develop a new tool to foster entrepreneurship, creativity and innovation in cities. The tool consists of transformative dimensions, able to synthesize, assemble and embrace the notions of entrepreneurial city, creative and innovative. Then it seeks to illustrate the operation of the city model proposed taking into account 51 Cities Master Plans in Brazil. The study is exploratory and adopts a reflexive methodology. The main innovative result is the entrepreneurial city model tool which meets five essential transformative dimensions: value proposition, customers, value configurations, strategic partnerships and revenue model. The entrepreneurial city model tool proposed aims to increase the dynamics understanding of the procedural flow in the city context, from the entrepreneurial activity perspective. This process flows dynamics can be expressed in the city, for example, in the planning, implementation and actions monitoring, programs, projects and public policies directed to notions of entrepreneurial city, creative and innovative. The innovative results of this research have several practical implications, among which are: (1) public management in the city; (2) public policy makers; (3) researchers and scholars; (4) human resource professionals.
Role populismu ve volebním marketingu hnutí ANO před parlamentními volbami v roce 2013
Authors: Kubánek Martin
Published: March 2017

The text provides an analysis of the practical use of populism in electoral marketing by the movement ANO before the last election to the Czech Parliament in 2013. Its main goal is to link two heretofore unconnected concepts in political science and develop new insights and approaches in political research in the area of political marketing and populism.The first part describes theoretical approaches found in populism and electoral marketing, which are later applied to a case study reflecting the role of populism in the electoral marketing of ANO. In the following empirical part, we analyze how the election campaign staff of ANO implemented and formulated their electoral strategy, used internal market research, classified the electorate, and identified key segments of voters. In the next part, we focus on an analysis of the critical rhetoric of ANO leaders against the whole political establishment, including populist features in various arguments. The research of populism in ANO’s campaign is based on content analysis of the main party documents as well as an analysis of semi-structured interviews with ANO’s election strategists. We confirm that populism was a part of the identity of the movement, which helped it successfully mobilize the segment of disgruntled voters. The author’s perception of populism is based on the proto-political marketing concept, formulated by Henneberg and Eghbalian in 2002. This form of populism’s catch-all strategy of undifferentiated targeting, as well as a lack of clear or dominant ideological roots in ANO’s party profile (identity), would characterize the position of ANO as “The Tactical Populist” party in Henneberg’s typology. However, we question the significance Henneberg assigned to the Tactical Populist category.
Geografická reprezentativa poslanců zvolených do Poslanecké sněmovny českého parlamentu za první republiky (1918-1938) a po roce 1989
Authors: Mikešová Renáta , Kostelecký Tomáš
Published: March 2017

Election laws regulate the number of deputies who are elected in individual electoral districts, and set them in relation to the population, respectively to the number of voters participating in elections in individual regions. Elected deputies could thus be regarded as political representatives of citizens living in electoral districts. However, under systems of proportional representation, current deputies represent the ideology of the party to which they belong rather than the region. Nevertheless, it makes sense to study the spatial distribution of the places of origin and residence of members of parliament and their changes over time, because it suggests much about the political system and the system of representative democracy in the country. The spatial distribution of places of residence of candidates and elected members indicates not only the territorial proportionality and geographic representativeness, but also the shifting centers of political power. The analysis clearly confirms the gradual decentralization and regionalization of political power in the country, which stands in contrast to the centralization of power in the economy, this latter trend apparent from the concentration of economic management and decision-making in the largest cities, especially in Prague.
VARISKÝ VRÁSOVÝ SYSTÉM ODKRYTÝ V LOMU PODHŮRA (SV. OKRAJ ČESKÉHO MASIVU, KRA MALENÍKU)
Authors: Havíř Josef
Published: March 2017

V lomu Podhůra, který se nachází v jz. části kry Maleníku, jižně od Lipníka nad Bečvou, jsou dobře odkryty kulmské sedimenty tektonicky ovlivněné variským vrásovo-násunovým systémem. Geometrie variských tektonických vrás byla ve větším detailu studována na pěti místech (A až E), na nichž bylo možné dobře sledovat charakter zámkových oblastí. Dominantním tektonickým prvkem je v lomu Podhůra systém asymetrických řádově kilometrových sevřených vrás s vergencí k VJV. Synforma takové řádově kilometrové vrásy byla studována na místě A, antiformní vrásové ohyby náležející řádově kilometrové sevřené vráse byly sledovány na místech B a C. Na místech D a E pak byly studovány zámkové oblasti (synforma a antiforma) menších, řádově stametrových rozevřených vrás. Vrásové osy většiny studovaných vrásových ohybů měly orientaci SSV-JJZ až SV-JZ, pouze v případě řádově stametrové vrásy na místě E byla určena orientace vrásové osy ve směru S-J. Tato orientace vrásových os je shodná s přednostní orientací vrásových os na východním okraji Nízkého Jeseníku. Oproti tomu byly pozorovány zásadní rozdíly v úklonu osních rovin a ramen vrás. Osní roviny vrásových struktur pozorovaných v lomu Podhůra jsou subvertikální nebo strmě ukloněné k ZSZ až SZ. V případě řádově kilometrových vrás je jedno vrásové rameno strmé (subvertikální) a druhé se vyznačuje středními úklony. V porovnání s geometrií systému řádově kilometrových vrás na východním okraji Nízkého Jeseníku je tedy vrásový systém pozorovaný v lomu Podhůra ukloněný k západu až k severozápadu, a to nejméně o 40°.
NOVÉ POZNATKY O FACII „PEBBLY MUDSTONES“ PESTRÝCH VRSTEV KROMĚŘÍŽSKÉHO SOUVRSTVÍ (KARPAT, STŘEDNÍ ČÁST KARPATSKÉ PŘEDHLUBNĚ)
Authors: Francírek Michal , Hanáček Martin , Nehyba Slavomír
Published: March 2017

Pebbly mudstones jsou jednou z facií pestrých vrstev kroměřížského souvrství. Kroměřížské souvrství tvoří jíly, jílovce, písky, pískovce, štěrky a slepence stáří pozdního karpatu. Souvrství se rozděluje na pestré vrstvy a holešovské slepence. Uložilo se na okraji karpatské předhlubně, před čelem flyšových příkrovů ždánické jednotky. Pestré vrstvy jsou známé jen z vrtů. V tomto příspěvku jsou popsány vzorky pebbly mudstones z vrtů Rataje-1, 2 a Kroměříž-1, 2. Na vzorcích byla provedena granulometrická analýza, petrografická a provenienční analýza štěrkových klastů a analýza chemismu a provenience detritických granátů. Pebbly mudstone z vrtu Rataje-1 obsahuje ~24 % štěrku, ~18 % písku a ~58 % jílu+siltu. Podle klasifikace Nicholse (2009) se jedná o štěrkovitý kalovec (gravelly mudrock). Pebbly mudstone z vrtu Kroměříž-1 obsahuje ~2,5 % štěrku, ~19 % písku a ~78,5 % jílu+siltu. Jde o písčitý kalovec (sandy mudrock). Valouny jsou nejčastěji tvořeny křemenem (30–35%), pískovci (20–27%), metamorfity (10–20%) a magmatity (10–19%). Rohovce představují 3–12 % a vápence 1–9 % materiálu. Podíly klastů břidlic, jílovců a menilitu se u každé z hornin pohybují kolem 1 %. Jílovce představují intraklasty. Ostatní materiál má extrabazinální původ. Valouny jsou subangulární až suboválné. Převládají granáty Alm-Prp s obsahem pyropu do 20 %. Představují ~65 % detritických granátů. Samotné pebbly mudstones byly uloženy kohezními úlomkotoky (představující subakvatický kužel nebo deltu?). Hlavními zdroji materiálu valounů a detritických granátů pebbly mudstone byly flyšové příkrovy Západních Karpat, které progradovaly ze zdvižených příkrovů ždánické a slezské jednotky do karpatské předhlubně.
Analysis of Pediatric Tendon Injuries in the Hand in Comparison with Adults
Authors: Kim Jin Sung , Sung Seung Je , Kim Young Joon , Choi Young Woong
Published: March 2017

Background The purpose of this study was to identify the epidemiologic characteristics of hand tendon injuries in children and to compare these with those of adults.

Methods This retrospective study was conducted on acute traumatic tendon injuries of the hand treated at our institution from 2005 to 2013, based on medical records and X-ray findings. Age, sex, hand injured, mechanism of injury, tendons and zones injured, number of affected digits, and comorbidities and complications were analyzed. Patients were divided into 2 groups: a pediatric group (≤15 years) and an adult group (>15 years).

Results Over the 9-year study period, 533 patients were surgically treated for acute traumatic tendon injuries of the hand. In the pediatric group (n=76), being male, the right hand, the extensor tendon, complete rupture, the middle finger, and glass injury predominated in hand tendon injuries. In the adult group (n=457), results were similar, but injury to the index finger and knife injury were the most common. An accompanying fracture was more common in the adult group and complication rates were non-significantly different.

Conclusions This comparative analysis revealed no significant epidemiologic intergroup differences. The belief that pediatric tendon injuries tend to be less severe is misplaced, and careful physical examination and exploration should be conducted in pediatric cases of hand injury.
A New Technique for Conchal Cartilage Harvest
Authors: Kim Joon Young , Yang Ho Jik , Jeong Ji Won
Published: March 2017

The goal of auricular cartilage harvest is to obtain a sufficient amount for reconstruction and to minimize the change in ear shape. The cartilage can be harvested by a posterior or anterior approach, and each method has advantages and disadvantages. The posterior approach presents the advantage of scar concealment, but there are limits to the amount of cymba cartilage that may be harvested. In contrast, the anterior approach may cause a noticeable scar. However, as cartilage is collected, the anterior approach provides a view that facilitates the preservation ear structure. In addition, it is possible to obtain a greater amount of cartilage. From January 2014 to December 2015, we harvested auricular cartilage graft material in 17 patients. To prevent the development of trapdoor scars or linear scar contracture, short incisions were made on the superior border of the cymba and cavum. Two small and narrow incisions were made, resulting in suboptimal exposure of the surgical site, which heightens the potential for damaging the cartilage when using existing tools. To minimize this, the authors used a newly invented ball-type elevator. All patients recovered without complications after surgery and reported satisfaction with the shape of the ear.
ПОВРАТНИ ЕФЕКАТ АНГАЖОВАЊА РАДИКАЛНИХ ИСЛАМИСТА СА ПРОСТОРА БАЛКАНА У СКОБИМА У СИРИЈИ
Authors: Стевчић Стеван
Published: March 2017

Евидентна је тенденција пораста активизма међу балкан-ским муслиманима (првенствено сунитске деноминације у оквиру ислама) ињихова тежња да учествују у решавању проблема муслимана на глобалном ни-воу. Као последица оваквих тежњи, не изненађује учешће појединаца из редоварадикалних исламистичких групација у оружаном сукобу у Сирији. Оно штоове појединце карактерише јесте пролазак кроз комплексан процес радикали-зације на индивидуалном нивоу у току кога се код њих формира довољно снаж-на мотивација за узимање учешћа у тако екстремном облику друштвеногконфликта као што је грађански рат. Услед јаке индоктринације они учешћеу овом сукобу доживљавају као своју дужност према целокупној заједници вер-ника, прихватајући чак и могућност сопствене погибије, коју доживљавајукао мучеништво. Повезаност ових лица са глобалном исламистичком терори-стичком мрежом може утицати на стање безбедности у балканским држа-вама. Након завршетка сукоба у Сирији или раније, одређен број ових лица ћесе упутити у друга кризна подручја, док ће се неки од њих вратити у матичнедржаве. Додатно индоктринирани, са стеченим борбеним искуством и вој-но-стручним знањима, ова лица могу имати кључну улогу у планирању, припре-мању и вршењу терористичких аката на простору Балкана, али и Европе у це-лини. Предузимање адекватних и правовремених мера представља неопходануслов за ефикасно супротстављање овој врсти верски фундираног тероризма.
Relationship between thunderstorm electrification and storm kinetics revealed by phased array weather radar
Authors: Yoshida S. , Adachi T. , Kusunoki K. , Hayashi S. , Wu T. , Ushio T. , Yoshikawa E.
Published: March 2017

We examine 3‐D lightning location data and radar data obtained through multiple radar observation stations, including two X‐band phased array weather radars (PAWRs), in order to understand the relationship between thunderstorm electrification and storm kinetics. In an investigated convective cell, both intracloud (IC) and cloud‐to‐ground (CG) flash rates drastically change within 25 min. First, the IC flash rate shows a steep increase with a peak at 10 min−1, and then, the CG flash rate peaks 7 min afterward. During the increase phase of the IC flash rate, the radar observation indicates that the echo top height and updraft echo volume in the upper level increase. The upper positive charge regions removed by IC flashes are located in or near the updraft region at high altitudes. On the contrary, the IC flash rate decreases when the updraft at high altitudes weakens. The IC flash rate is well correlated with a proxy for updraft volume in 1 min interval comparison. These results indicate that the IC flash rate has a strong connection with updraft at high altitudes. The CG flash rate peaks when precipitation particles, probably involving graupel, from high altitudes arrive at approximately the −10°C isotherm level. We speculate that graupel from high altitudes might contribute to the initiations of CG flashes. We show an abrupt ascent of the upper positive charge region involved in IC flashes. PAWR observation results indicate that the updraft might have contributed to the ascent of the upper positive lightning charge region.
A review of spatial downscaling of satellite remotely sensed soil moisture
Authors: Peng Jian , Loew Alexander , Merlin Olivier , Verhoest Niko E. C.
Published: March 2017

Satellite remote sensing technology has been widely used to estimate surface soil moisture. Numerous efforts have been devoted to develop global soil moisture products. However, these global soil moisture products, normally retrieved from microwave remote sensing data, are typically not suitable for regional hydrological and agricultural applications such as irrigation management and flood predictions, due to their coarse spatial resolution. Therefore, various downscaling methods have been proposed to improve the coarse resolution soil moisture products. The purpose of this paper is to review existing methods for downscaling satellite remotely sensed soil moisture. These methods are assessed and compared in terms of their advantages and limitations. This review also provides the accuracy level of these methods based on published validation studies. In the final part, problems and future trends associated with these methods are analyzed.
Seismic properties and anisotropy of the continental crust: Predictions based on mineral texture and rock microstructure
Authors: Almqvist Bjarne S. G. , Mainprice David
Published: March 2017

Progress in seismic methodology and ambitious large‐scale seismic projects are enabling high‐resolution imaging of the continental crust. The ability to constrain interpretations of crustal seismic data is based on laboratory measurements on rock samples and calculations of seismic properties. Seismic velocity calculations and their directional dependence are based on the rock microfabric, which consists of mineral aggregate properties including crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO), grain shape and distribution, grain boundary distribution, and misorientation within grains. Single‐mineral elastic constants and density are crucial for predicting seismic velocities, preferably at conditions that span the crust. However, high‐temperature and high‐pressure elastic constant data are not as common as those determined at standard temperature and pressure (STP; atmospheric conditions). Continental crust has a very diverse mineral composition; however, a select number of minerals appear to dominate seismic properties because of their high‐volume fraction contribution. Calculations of microfabric‐based seismic properties and anisotropy are performed with averaging methods that in their simplest form takes into account the CPO and modal mineral composition, and corresponding single crystal elastic constants. More complex methods can take into account other microstructural characteristics, including the grain shape and distribution of mineral grains and cracks and pores. Dynamic or active wave propagation schemes have recently been developed, which offer a complementary method to existing static averaging methods generally based on the use of the Christoffel equation. A challenge for the geophysics and rock physics communities is the separation of intrinsic factors affecting seismic anisotropy, due to properties of crystals within a rock and apparent sources due to extrinsic factors like cracks, fractures, and alteration. This is of particular importance when trying to deduce crustal composition and the state of deformation from seismic parameters.
Activation of Wnt/β‐catenin signaling by lithium chloride attenuates d‐galactose‐induced neurodegeneration in the auditory cortex of a rat model of aging
Authors: Xia Ming‐Yu , Zhao Xue‐Yan , Huang Qi‐Lin , Sun Hai‐Ying , Sun Chen , Yuan Jie , He Chang , Sun Yu , Huang Xiang , Kong Wen , Kong Wei‐Jia
Published: March 2017

Degeneration of the central auditory system, which is characterized by reduced understanding of speech and source localization of sounds, is an important cause of age‐related hearing loss (presbycusis). Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that Wnt/β‐catenin signaling plays an essential role in the development of the auditory system but its potential role in presbycusis remains unclear. In this study, we used a rat model of aging, created by chronic systemic exposure to d‐galactose (d‐gal), and explored changes in Wnt/β‐catenin signaling in the auditory cortex. A decrease in Wnt/β‐catenin signaling in the auditory cortex was found in both naturally aging and d‐gal‐mimetic aging rats, as indicated by increased GSK3β activity and decreased β‐catenin activity. Moreover, lithium chloride (Licl), an activator of Wnt signaling pathway, was administered long term to 15‐month‐old d‐gal‐treated rats. Activation of Wnt/β‐catenin signaling by Licl attenuated d‐gal‐induced auditory cortex apoptosis and neurodegeneration. Bmi1, a transcription factor implicated in antiaging and resistance to apoptosis, can be modulated by β‐catenin activity. Here, we showed that the expression of Bmi1 was reduced and the expression of its downstream genes, p16INK4a, p19Arf, and p53 were increased in the auditory cortex both of naturally aging and d‐gal‐mimetic aging rats. In addition, Licl significantly increased Bmi1 expression and reduced p16INK4a, p19Arf, and p53 expression. Our results indicated that decreased Wnt/β‐catenin signaling might participate in the pathogenesis of central presbycusis through modulating the expression of Bmi1. Wnt/β‐catenin signaling might be used as a potential therapeutic target against presbycusis.
Predictors of clinical recovery from vestibular neuritis: a prospective study
Authors: Cousins Sian , Kaski Diego , Cutfield Nicholas , Arshad Qadeer , Ahmad Hena , Gresty Michael A. , Seemungal Barry M. , Golding John , Bronstein Adolfo M.
Published: March 2017

We sought to identify predictors of symptomatic recovery in vestibular neuritis. Forty VN patients were prospectively studied in the acute phase (median = 2 days) and 32 in the recovery phase (median = 10 weeks) with vestibulo‐ocular reflex, vestibular‐perceptual, and visual dependence tests and psychological questionnaires. Clinical outcome was Dizziness Handicap Inventory score at recovery phase. Acute visual dependency and autonomic arousal predicted outcome. Worse recovery was associated with a combination of increased visual dependence, autonomic arousal, anxiety/depression, and fear of bodily sensations, but not with vestibular variables. Findings highlight the importance of early identification of abnormal visual dependency and concurrent anxiety.
A High Strength Ti–SiC Metal Matrix Composite
Authors: Rahman Khandaker Mezanur , Vorontsov Vassili A. , Flitcroft Stephen. M. , Dye David
Published: March 2017

A SiC reinforced Ti‐5Al‐5Mo‐5V‐3Cr matrix metal matrix composite is developed. Monolithic blocks of alloy are hot rolled via pack rolling to produce foils for MMC panel fabrication. These are consolidated using hot isostatic pressing and solution treated and aged for optimum strength. The panels exhibited a strength of 2 GPa in tension and 3.5 GPa in compression, compared to the aerospace steel 300M, which has a tensile strength of 1.69 GPa. The fatigue performance of the material exceeded that of MMCs developed using Ti‐21S or Ti‐6Al‐4V matrices. Finally, the reaction zone between the SiC and matrix is examined, revealing the presence of TiC.
An Ultrahigh Responsivity (9.7 mA W−1) Self‐Powered Solar‐Blind Photodetector Based on Individual ZnO–Ga2O3 Heterostructures
Authors: Zhao Bin , Wang Fei , Chen Hongyu , Zheng Lingxia , Su Longxing , Zhao Dongxu , Fang Xiaosheng
Published: March 2017

Highly crystallized ZnO–Ga2O3 core–shell heterostructure microwire is synthesized by a simple one‐step chemical vapor deposition method, and constructed into a self‐powered solar‐blind (200–280 nm) photodetector with a sharp cutoff wavelength at 266 nm. The device shows an ultrahigh responsivity (9.7 mA W−1) at 251 nm with a high UV/visible rejection ratio (R251 nm/R400 nm) of 6.9 × 102 under zero bias. The self‐powered device has a fast response speed with rise time shorter than 100 µs and decay time of 900 µs, respectively. The ultrahigh responsivity, high UV/visible rejection ratio, and fast response speed make it highly suitable in practical self‐powered solar‐blind detection. Additinoally, this microstructure heterojunction design method would provide a new approach to realize the high‐performance self‐powered photodetectors.
A Tunable 3D Nanostructured Conductive Gel Framework Electrode for High‐Performance Lithium Ion Batteries
Authors: Shi Ye , Zhang Jun , Bruck Andrea M. , Zhang Yiman , Li Jing , Stach Eric A. , Takeuchi Kenneth J. , Marschilok Amy C. , Takeuchi Esther S. , Yu Guihua
Published: March 2017

This study develops a tunable 3D nanostructured conductive gel framework as both binder and conductive framework for lithium ion batteries. A 3D nanostructured gel framework with continuous electron pathways can provide hierarchical pores for ion transport and form uniform coatings on each active particle against aggregation. The hybrid gel electrodes based on a polypyrrole gel framework and Fe3O4 nanoparticles as a model system in this study demonstrate the best rate performance, the highest achieved mass ratio of active materials, and the highest achieved specific capacities when considering total electrode mass, compared to current literature. This 3D nanostructured gel‐based framework represents a powerful platform for various electrochemically active materials to enable the next‐generation high‐energy batteries.
Partial tetrasomy 11q resulting from an intrachromosomal triplication of a 22 Mb region of chromosome 11
Authors: Kekis Mariana , Deeg Carol , Hashimoto Sayaka , McKinney Aimee , Erdman Linda , Green‐Geer Cecelia , Shuss Christine , Hickey Scott , Astbury Caroline , Pyatt Robert E.
Published: March 2017

Intrachromosomal triplications are complex chromosomal rearrangements which arise during meiosis or mitosis and lead to a tetrasomic dose of the affected genomic regions. We describe a female patient harboring an intrachromosomal triplication who presented to the Genetics clinic with dysmorphic features, including telecanthus, flat facial profile, and prognathism, short stature, widely spaced nipples, multiple allergy complaints, loose bowel movements, and mild speech delay. Microarray analysis showed a copy number gain of a 22.37 Mb region of chromosome 11 between bands 11q14.1 and 11q22.1. This region contains 95 genes and seven microRNAs, none of which have been implicated in a disease resulting from increased gene dosage. FISH analysis using a probe targeted to the middle of the segment of the copy number gain yielded a pattern indicative of a tetrasomy via an intrachromosomal triplication, with three signals on the long arm of one homologue of chromosome 11 and the fourth on the other homologue. Subsequent FISH analysis showed that the middle triplicated fragment was positioned in an inverted orientation relative to the outer fragments. To investigate the mechanism by which the intrachromosomal triplication occurred, SNP microarray analysis was performed. These results were consistent with the presence of multiple haplotypes in the tetrasomic region and suggest that the intrachromosomal triplication in our patient arose in one parent during meiosis. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A qualitative study of adolescents’ understanding of biobanks and their attitudes toward participation, re‐contact, and data sharing
Authors: Murad Andrea M. , Myers Melanie F. , Thompson Susan D. , Fisher Rachel , Antommaria Armand H. Matheny
Published: March 2017

While biobanks have become more prevalent, little is known about adolescents’ views of key governance issues. We conducted semi‐structured interviews with adolescents between 15 and 17 years old to solicit their views. All interviews were audiotaped and transcribed. Two investigators coded the transcripts and resolved any discrepancies through consensus. We conducted 18 interviews before reaching data saturation. Four participants (22%) had previously heard of a biobank. Many participants had misunderstandings about biobanks, some of which persisted after education. Participants believed that enrolling in a biobank would benefit others through scientific research. Many study participants were unable to identify risks of biobank participation. Thirteen participants (72%) were willing to enroll in a biobank and only one (6%) initially was not. Participants believed that if they were unable to provide assent when enrolled, then they should be re‐contacted at the age of majority and their data should not be shared until that time. Participants emphasized the importance of being aware of their enrollment and the possibility of disagreeing with their parents. Participants’ misunderstanding of biobanks suggests that assent may not be adequately informed without additional education. While adolescents had positive attitudes toward biobanks, they emphasized the importance of awareness of and involvement in the decision to enroll.
Confirmation of CAGSSS syndrome as a distinct entity in a Danish patient with a novel homozygous mutation in IARS2
Authors: Moosa Shahida , Haagerup Annette , Gregersen Pernille Axel , Petersen Karin Kastberg , Altmüller Janine , Thiele Holger , Nürnberg Peter , Cho Tae‐Joon , Kim Ok‐Hwa , Nishimura Gen , Wollnik Bernd , Vogel Ida
Published: March 2017

Since the original description of the IARS2‐related cataracts, growth hormone deficiency, sensory neuropathy, sensorineural hearing loss, skeletal dysplasia syndrome (CAGSSS; OMIM 616007) in an extended consanguineous family of French–Canadian descent, no further patients have been reported. IARS2 (OMIM 612801) encodes the mitochondrial isoleucine‐tRNA synthetase which belongs to the class‐I aminoacyl‐tRNA synthetase family, and has been implicated in CAGSSS and a form of Leigh syndrome. Here, we report on a female Danish patient with a novel homozygous IARS2 mutation, p.Gly874Arg, who presented at birth with bilateral hip dislocation and short stature. At 3 months, additional dysmorphic features were noted and at 18 months her radiographic skeletal abnormalities were suggestive of an underlying spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia (SEMD). Retrospective analysis of the neonatal radiographs confirmed that the skeletal changes were present at birth. It was only with time that several of the other manifestations of the CAGSSS emerged, namely, cataracts, peripheral neuropathy, and hearing loss. Growth hormone deficiency has not (yet) manifested. We present her clinical features and particularly highlight her skeletal findings, which confirm the presence of a primary SEMD skeletal dysplasia in a growing list of mitochondrial‐related disorders including CAGSSS, CODAS, EVEN‐PLUS, and X‐linked SEMD‐MR syndromes.
Exome sequencing identifies novel NTRK1 mutations in patients with HSAN‐IV phenotype
Authors: Altassan Ruqaiah , Saud Haya Al , Masoodi Tariq Ahmad , Dosssari Haya Al , Khalifa Ola , Al‐Zaidan Hamad , Sakati Nadia , Rhabeeni Zuhair , Al‐Hassnan Zuhair , Binamer Yousef , Alhashemi Nadia , Wade William , Al‐Zayed Zayed , Al‐Sayed Moeen , Al‐Muhaizea Mohamed A. , Meyer Brian , Al‐Owain Mohammad , Wakil Salma M.
Published: March 2017

Hereditary sensory autonomic neuropathy type IV (HSAN‐IV) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder that usually begins in infancy and is characterized by anhidrosis, insensitivity to noxious stimuli leading to self‐mutilating behavior, and intellectual disability. HSAN‐IV is caused by mutations in the neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor type 1 gene, NTRK1, encoding the high‐affinity receptor of nerve growth factor (NGF) which maps to chromosome 1q21‐q22. Patients with HSAN‐IV lack all NGF‐dependent neurons, the primary afferents and sympathetic postganglionic neurons leading to lack of pain sensation and the presence of anhidrosis, respectively. Herein, we report nine patients from nine unrelated families with HSAN‐IV due to various mutations in NTRK1, five of which are novel. These are three missense and two nonsense mutations distributed in various domains of NTRK1 involved in binding of NGF. The affected patients had variable intellectual deficits, and some had delayed diagnosis of HSAN‐IV. In addition to being the first report of HSAN‐IV from the Arabian Peninsula, this report expands the mutational spectrum of patients with NTRK1 mutations and provides further insights for molecular and clinical diagnosis.
Homozygous mutation in PTRH2 gene causes progressive sensorineural deafness and peripheral neuropathy
Authors: Sharkia Rajech , Shalev Stavit A. , Zalan Abdelnaser , Marom‐David Milit , Watemberg Nathan , Urquhart Jill E. , Daly Sarah B. , Bhaskar Sanjeev S. , Williams Simon G. , Newman William G. , Spiegel Ronen , Azem Abdussalam , Elpeleg Orly , Mahajnah Muhammad
Published: March 2017

PTRH2 is an evolutionarily highly conserved mitochondrial protein that belongs to a family of peptidyl‐tRNA hydrolases. Recently, patients from two consanguineous families with mutations in the PTRH2 gene were reported. Global developmental delay associated with microcephaly, growth retardation, progressive ataxia, distal muscle weakness with ankle contractures, demyelinating sensorimotor neuropathy, and sensorineural hearing loss were present in all patients, while facial dysmorphism with widely spaced eyes, exotropia, thin upper lip, proximally placed thumbs, and deformities of the fingers and toes were present in some individuals. Here, we report a new family with three siblings affected by sensorineural hearing loss and peripheral neuropathy. Autozygosity mapping followed by exome sequencing identified a previously reported homozygous missense mutation in PTRH2 (c.254A>C; p.(Gln85Pro)). Sanger sequencing confirmed that the variant segregated with the phenotype. In contrast to the previously reported patient, the affected siblings had normal intelligence, milder microcephaly, delayed puberty, myopia, and moderate insensitivity to pain. Our findings expand the clinical phenotype and further demonstrate the clinical heterogeneity related to PTRH2 variants.