bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Strongyloidiasis in Bornean Orangutan: A Case Report
Authors: Suandhika Putu , Susanti Agatha Ria , Sriningsih Agnes Pratamiutami , Hina Carlo Yunior Ray , Yanuartono Yanuartono , Indarjulianto Soedarmanto , Priyowidodo Dwi
Published: October 2023

This study reported the diagnosis and treatment of Strongyloidiasis in two Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus); adult male aged 23 years, weighing 100 kg and an infant female orangutan, 4 years old, weighing 13,6 kg. Samples were physically and laboratory examined for faeces using the Mini-FLOTAC method. Therapy was performed on the adult orangutan using albendazole at a dose of 400 mg individual twice a day for 4 days, orally. The infant orangutan was administered albendazole at a dose of 10 mg/kg BW once a day for 3 days orally. From several physical examinations, both orangutans looked active, body temperature and oral mucosa color were normal, green feces with solid consistency in the adult orangutan and brown with solid consistency in the infant orangutan. Microscopic faeces examination of the adult orangutan showed Strongyloides sp. as many as 1005 eggs per gram (EPG) of feces, and the infant orangutan as many as 2490 larvae per gram of feces. Both orangutans were diagnosed with severe Strongyloidiasis based on those examinations. Three days after starting treatment, the adult orangutan's EPG decreased to 890, and a week later, no Strongyloides sp. eggs or larvae were discovered. A week following treatment, no Strongyloides sp. was discovered in an infant orangutan. In conclusion, albendazole was an effective treatment for severe Strongyloidiasis in adult and infant orangutans. Strongyloidiasis can be a threat to both infant and adult orangutans without distinct clinical symptoms.
Development of a Marine Radioactivity Expert System based on the Extended Marine Food Web: Experiments with Initial Bottom Contamination
Authors: Kim Haejin , Kim Hanna , Kim Mee Kyung , Kim Kyeong Ok
Published: October 2023

An extended version of an expert system was developed as an effort to provide technical support to decision makers for the initial prompt assessment of environmental impacts of marine radioactivity, considering both pelagic and benthic marine food webs. The preliminary version of this system was firstly developed to determine the transfer of radionuclides through a pelagic marine food web (Kim et al, 2020). This system's approach was similar to the Cornell Mixing Zone Expert System (CORMIX) developed by Jirka (1995), as it used idealized settings for the physical/hydrodynamic coastal conditions. Existing or extended systems were executed by taking into account different kinds of radioactivity sources. The initial contamination of bottom sediment is considered in the present study, while the direct discharge to the coastal ocean from the nuclear power plant was considered in the early study. Assuming initial contamination, sensitivity experiments of temporal 137Cs variations without/with horizontal advection and diffusion (EXP-WOHAD and EXP-WHAD, respectively) were conducted. In EXP-WOHAD, a total of six test cases were constructed, considering a range of vertical diffusion coefficients and sediment fluxes at the water-sea bed interface. The EXP-WHAD experiments were classified into two categories with six cases each, considering the horizontal diffusion and advection processes. The EXP-WOHAD results show that the vertical diffusion processes in the bottom sediment result in the exponential decay of the 137Cs concentrations in the top sediment layer through upward and downward diffusive fluxes, producing pulse-like time variations in 137Cs in the water column and the middle sediment layer. These sediment fluxes affect the peak height and its occurrence time in the water column and the middle sediment layer. From EXP-WHAD, it has been confirmed that part of 137Cs diffused into the water column experiences horizontal dispersion and thereafter deposition to the bottom sediment. It is noted that due to the limited diffusion to the water column, the 137Cs concentrations in benthic organisms are larger than those in pelagic organisms.
Morphing matter: from mechanical principles to robotic applications
Authors: Yang Xudong , Zhou Yuan , Zhao Huichan , Huang Weicheng , Wang Yifan , Hsia K. Jimmy , Liu Mingchao
Published: October 2023

The adaptability of natural organisms in altering body shapes in response to the environment has inspired the development of artificial morphing matter. These materials encode the ability to transform their geometrical configurations in response to specific stimuli and have diverse applications in soft robotics, wearable electronics, and biomedical devices. However, achieving the morphing of intricate three-dimensional shapes from a two-dimensional flat state is challenging, as it requires manipulations of surface curvature in a controlled manner. In this review, we first summarize the mechanical principles extensively explored for realizing morphing matter, both at the material and structural levels. We then highlight its applications in the soft robotics field. Moreover, we offer insights into the open challenges and opportunities that this rapidly growing field faces. This review aims to inspire researchers to uncover innovative working principles and create multifunctional morphing matter for various engineering fields.
KEANEKARAGAMAN JENIS DAN PERSEBARAN FAUNA TANAH DIBAWAH TEGAKAN SENGON (Paraserianthes falcataria) DAN EKALIPTUS (Eucalyptus pellita) DI AREAL IUPHHK-HTI PT. BELANTARA SUBUR
Authors: Billy Ladira Novia , Yamani Ahmad , Hatta Gusti Muhammad
Published: October 2023

The aim of study is to identify soil fauna species, its diversity index, and distributor under sengon (Paraserianthes Falcataria) and Ekaliptus (Eucalyptus Pellita) Stands. Soil fauna observatin was limited on meso and macrofauna observation on active soil fauna in sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria) And Ekaliptus (Eucalyptus pellita) Stands. The data used in this study consisted of primary data and secondary data. Observations of soil fauna in this study were limited to the mesofauna and macrofauna groups of soils. Observation of active soil fauna is carried out by the hand shorting method or by taking data or samples directly, by installing stakes with a distance of 1 x 1 meter at the sampling point and then observing the ground surface in order to know the existing of soil fauna, then continued by digging the soil at the location of the plot 15 cm deep slowly while observing the presence of soil fauna there. Research result showed that there were 22 species of soil fauna with uneven distribution and scattered throught out of the study area. The diversity of index soil fauna under sengon and ekaliptus stands are 0.8344 and 0.8636, respectively, and both relatif high. The distribution of soil fauna found at the observation site was more than the number of populations under the eucalyptus stand dominated by black ants with a population of 81 individuals and soil termites with a population of 105 individualsPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi jenis fauna tanah, indeks keanekaragamannya, dan penyebarannya di bawah tegakan sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria) dan Ekaliptus (Eucalyptus pellita). Pengamatan fauna tanah terbatas pada pengamatan meso dan makrofauna pada fauna tanah aktif di tegakan sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria) dan Ekaliptus (Eucalyptus pellita) Data untuk penelitian yang digunakan terdiri dari data primer dan data sekunder. Pengamatan fauna tanah dalam penelitian ini dibatasi pada kelompok mesofauna dan makrofauna tanah. Pengamatan fauna tanah aktif dilakukan dengan metode hand shorting atau pengambilan data atau sampel secara langsung, dengan memasang patok dengan jarak 1 x 1 meter pada titik pengambilan sampel kemudian mengamati permukaan tanah untuk mengetahui keberadaan fauna tanah, kemudian dilanjutkan dengan menggali tanah di lokasi plot sedalam 15 cm secara perlahan sambil mengamati keberadaan fauna tanah di sana. Hasil yang ditemukan pada penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat 22 jenis fauna tanah dengan persebaran yang tidak merata dan tersebar di seluruh wilayah penelitian. Keanekaragaman indeks fauna tanah di bawah tegakan sengon dan ekaliptus berturut-turut adalah 0,8344 dan 0,8636, dan keduanya relatif tinggi. Sebaran fauna tanah yang ditemukan di lokasi pengamatan lebih banyak dibandingkan jumlah populasi di bawah tegakan kayu putih yang didominasi oleh semut hitam dengan populasi 81 individu dan rayap tanah dengan populasi 105 individu.
PRODUKTIVITAS DAN KUALITAS MADU KELULUT DARI DESA BANGKILING RAYA KABUPATEN TABALONG
Authors: Malik Maulana , Hamidah Siti , Satriadi Trisnu
Published: October 2023

The stingless bee (kelulut / Trigona iitama) is a type of insect that is increasingly being cultivated in various regions, including in South Kalimantan.  The efficacy of kelulut honey is very good and easy in beekeepng techniques is the reason why kelulut beekeeping has the potential to be developed.  The purpose of this study was to determine the productivity and quality of kelulut honey at Bangkiling Raya Village, Tabalong Regency. Honey productivity was measured for 4 consecutive months, starting from June 2021 to September 2021. Honey quality was tested based on SNI 8664:2018, namely water content, diastase enzyme activity and reducing sugar. Honey production each month varies between 208 ml per colony to 344 ml per colony. Some parameters of the quality of the honey produced still do not meet SNI, namely water content, HMF and diastase enzyme activity. Parameters that have complied with SNI are reducing sugars. The results of this study indicate that there is a need for improvement in kelulut beekeeping techniques, harvesting techniques and post-harvest handling.Lebah tanpa sengat (Kelulut / Trigona iitama) merupakan jenis serangga yang mulai marak dikembangkan di berbagai daerah, termasuk di Kalimantan Selatan.  Manfaat madu yang baik serta kemudahan dalam teknik budidayanya menjadi alasan mengapa kelulut sangat potensial untuk dikembangkan.  Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengukur produktivitas dan kualitas madu kelulut yang berasal dari Desa Bangkiling Raya, Kabupaten Tabalong.  Produktivitas madu diukur selama 4 bulan berturut-turut, mulai dari Juni 2021 sampai dengan September 2021. Kualitas madu diuji berdasarkan SNI 8664-2018 berupa kadar air, enzim diastase, dan gula pereduksi.  Produktivitas madu bervariasi antara 208 ml hingga 344 ml per koloni per bulan.  Madu kelulut memiliki kadar air, HMF dan aktivitas enzim diastase yang belum memenuhi SNI, sedangkan untuk parameter gula pereduksi sesuai dengan SNI.  Pengembangan lebih lanjut perlu dilakukan seperti teknik budidaya, teknik pemanenan dan penanganan pasca panen.
KONTRIBUSI USAHA PERHUTANAN SOSIAL TERHADAP PENDAPATAN ANGGOTA KELOMPOK USAHA PERHUTANAN SOSIAL (KUPS) DI DESA SUNGAI BAKAR KABUPATEN TANAH LAUT
Authors: Batalipu Abdul Haliq Sudin M. , Asysyifa Asysyifa , Rezekiah Arfa Agustina
Published: October 2023

Sungai Bakar village has obtained village forest management rights since 2017. The community formed an institution with several social forestry business groups (KUPS). KUPS formed include environmental services, agroforestry, silvopastura, clean water, and kelulut honey. The results of KUPS become one of the contributions in increasing the income of each member. The purpose of this study was to analyze the contribution of KUPS members income from social forestry efforts in Sungai Bakar Village. The research method was conducted through field observation and purposive sampling interviews. The contribution of income to the community obtained from KUPS is known by dividing the KUPS income by the total household income. The observation results obtained KUPS active program is KUPS agroforestry with crops porang 1 ha, Silvopastura with 6 cows and 13 goats, clean water which is still in the phase of clinical trials BPOM, honey kelulut with 17 stup, and environmental services are still in the stage of Coordination Department of Tourism land. The Silvopasturan KUPS contributed 6.43%, clean water management 6.46%, and kelulut honey 11.39%, while the agroforestry and environmental services KUPS in 2021 still did not contribute.Desa Sungai Bakar mendapatkan hak pengelolaan hutan desa sejak tahun 2017. Masarakat membentuk lembaga dengan beberapa kelompok usaha perhutanan sosial (KUPS). KUPS yang dibentuk diantaranya jasa lingkungan, agroforestry, silvopastura, air bersih, dan madu kelulut. Hasil dari KUPS menjadi salah satu kontribusi dalam meningkatkan pendapatan setiap anggotanya. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis kontribusi pendapatan anggota KUPS dari Usaha Perhutanan Sosial di Desa Sungai Bakar. Metode penelitian dilakukan dengan melaluai observasi lapangan dan wawancara secara sensus Kontribusi pendapatan untuk masyarakat yang didapat dari KUPS diketahui dengan membagi pendapatan KUPS dengan total pendapatan rumah tangga. Hasil observasi didapatkan program KUPS yang aktif yaitu KUPS agroforestri dengan tanaman porang 1 ha, Silvopastura dengan 6 ekor sapi dan 13 ekor kambing, air bersih yang masih dalam tahap uji klinis BPOM, madu kelulut dengan dengan 17 stup, dan jasa lingkungan yang masih tahap koordinasi Dinas Pariwisata Tanah Laut. KUPS silvopasturan memberikan kontribusi 6,43%, pengelolaan air bersih 6,46%, dan madu kelulut 11,39%, sedangkan KUPS agroforestry dan jasa lingkungan pada tahun 2021 masih belum memberikan kontribusi.
POTENSI BAHAN BAKAR SERASAH SEBAGAI INDIKATOR KERAWANAN KEBAKARAN DI KAWASAN HUTAN LINDUNG LIANG ANGGANG, KALIMANTAN SELATAN
Authors: Triana Mayang , Arifin Yudi Firmanul , Rianawati Fonny
Published: October 2023

This study aims to analyze the types of vegetation that dominate in the Liang Anggang Protected Forest area, South Kalimantan and study the potential of litter fuel that causes fire insecurity from the tree species that dominate in the Liang Anggang Protection Forest area, South Kalimantan. Data collection is carried out by making plots and then in each plot a litter trap is installed to determine the potential or load of the fuel, temperature and humidity measurements and calculation of the length of combustion time. Based on the results of the study, there are 4 types found that dominate in the Liang Anggang Protected Forest Area, namely Acacia, Galam, Alang-Alang and. The stand structure for the pole level shows Acacia with the highest INP value of 244.45% then Galam with INP of 55.55% and for the Acacia tree tier has an INP of 228.20% and Galam of 71.80%. Acacia has a litter that is prone to fire due to several limiting factors, namely the Load or Quantity of Fuel, the Shape and Arrangement of Fuel, and the Length of Combustion Time, the type of Galam, namely the Charge or Quantity of Fuel and the Form and Arrangement of Fuel, the type of Reeds and Ferns the limiting factor is the Water Content and Duration of Combustion Time.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis jenis vegetasi yang mendominasi di kawasan Hutan Lindung Liang Anggang, Kalimantan Selatan serta mempelajari potensi bahan bakar serasah yang menyebabkan kerawanan kebakaran dari  jenis-jenis pohon yang mendominasi di kawasan Hutan Lindung Liang Anggang, Kalimantan Selatan. Pengambilan data dilakukan dengan pembuatan plot lalu disetiap plot dipasang litter trap untuk mengetahui potensi atau muatan dari bahan bakar, pengukuran suhu dan kelembaban serta penghitungan lama waktu pembakaran. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian terdapat 4 jenis ditemukan yang mendominasi di Kawasan Hutan Lindung Liang Anggang yaitu Akasia, Galam, Alang-Alang dan Pakis. Struktur tegakan untuk tingkatan tiang menunjukkan Akasia dengan nilai INP tertinggi yaitu 244,45% lalu Galam dengan INP 55,55% dan untuk tingkatan pohon Akasia memiliki INP 228,20% dan Galam 71,80%.Akasia memiliki serasah yang rawan terhadap kebakaran dikarenakan beberapa faktor pembatas yaitu Muatan atau Kuantitas Bahan Bakar, Bentuk dan Susunan Bahan Bakar, dan Lamanya Waktu Pembakaran, jenis Galam yaitu Muatan atau Kuantitas Bahan Bakar dan Bentuk dan Susunan Bahan Bakar, jenis Alang-alang dan Pakis faktor pembatasnya Kadar Air dan Lamanya Waktu Pembakaran
CATALYTIC CRACKING OF CRUDE PALM OIL USING Cr/PALM SHELL CHARCOAL IMPREGNATION CATALYST
Authors: Nazarudin Nazarudin , Sundari Hadistya , Putra Adrima
Published: October 2023

The study of synthesizing Cr/activated palm shell charcoal catalyst by impregnation method has been done. Cr/Activated Charcoal was made using variation of chromium concentration (1%, 2% and 3%). Change in diffraction pattern in XRD analysis for charcoal before modification and after modification showed chromium has been successfully impregnated to the catalyst. The higher the chromium compound concentration used, the greater %-weight of chromium in the catalyst. It was found that the use of Cr-2%/Charcoal catalyst was able to increase the percentage of cracking liquid yield at the temperature of 550oC  as much as 62,44% compared to the percentage of liquid yield from thermal cracking was 60,1% at the same temperature. It was also observed, using the Cr/Charcoal catalyst from impregnation method is more effective than catalyst from ion exchange method. However, the density of the cracking liquid yield is not yet close to the standard density range for fuel.
VALIDASI METODE ANALISIS LOGAM Pb DALAM LIMBAH LABORATORIUM PADA FITOREMEDIASI ECENG GONDOK (EICHORNIA CRASSIPES) DENGAN SPEKTROFOTOMETRI UV-VIS
Authors: Malina Lina , Kamelia Yayan
Published: October 2023

Pb merupakan salah satu logam yang sangat berbahaya, Pb dalam limbah laboratorium temasuk kategori  limbah B3 bahan berbahaya dan beracun. Oleh karena itu Limbah laboratorium perlu dilakukan proses pengolahan terlebih dahulu. Salah satu proses pengolahan dengan cara fitoremediasi menggunakan media eceng gondok  yang dianggap sebagai gulma dengan metode analisis yang tepat. Menurut Standar Nasional Indonesia SNI 8910-2021, cara uji analisis logam pada limbah dengan menggunakan Spektrofotometer Serapan Atom atau Inductively Coupled Plasma Optional Emission Spectrometric. Meskipun kedua metode ini sudah tervalidasi, namun ketersediaannya sangat terbatas. Dengan demikian diperlukan metode alternatif lain yang dapat digunakan untuk analisis logam Pb. Metode  alternatif lain yang dapat digunakan untuk analisis Pb adalah Spektrofotometri UV-Vis. Tujuan peneltian ini untuk  memvalidasi metode analisis logam Pb dalam limbah laboratorium pada fitoremediasi eceng gondok dengan menggunakan metode  Spektrofometri UV-Vis.  Validasi metode analisis Pb dengan Spektrofotometri UV-Vis mempunyai linearitas yang baik dengan koefisien korelasi sebesar 0,9919, akurasi sebesar 103,17%, presisi sebesar 0.8129%, limit deteksi  sebesar 0,5667 ppm  sedangkan limit kuantifikasi sebesar 1,889  ppm. Berdasarkan hasil uji parameter validasi tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa metode analisis logam Pb dalam limbah laboratorium pada fitoremediasi eceng gondok dengan spektrofotometri UV-Vis memenuhi kriteria yang ditetapkan. Hasil Penelitian ini menjadi alternatif penanganan limbah yang ramah lingkungan dengan metode analisis yang efektif dan efisien.
Making Methane Gas from CO2 using Ni/Al2O3 Catalyst in a fixed bed reactor
Authors: Yuliani Tasya Dwi , Junaidi Robert , Meidinariasty Anerasari
Published: October 2023

CO2 emissions are a component of greenhouse gases, it is estimated that around 18.35 billion tons of CO2 are released each year (Sulistyono, 2012). This is the result of the global economic recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic. IEA data shows that industrial processes and energy combustion account for nearly 89% of the energy sector's greenhouse gas emissions by 2021, with greenhouse gas emissions from gas combustion of just 0.7%. Converting CO2 to chemicals, or hydrogenating CO2 to methane, is one way of reducing CO2 in the atmosphere. Many studies have been conducted on how CO2 turns into CH4 using various methods, catalysts and other variables. The aim of this research is to make a fixed reactor bed for CO2 methanation. In addition, this research will use a nickel catalyst with alumina support (Al2O3).The method used is in situ. In this study, CO₂ was used as a raw material with a Ni/Al2O3 catalyst. The NaOH concentration was adjusted with variations of 1M, 1.5M, 2M, 2.5M, 3M. The CO2 flow rate was adjusted with 0.1 L/Minute, 0.2 L /Minute, 3 L/Minute Operating Time 60 minutes at 55°C. For the analysis of the Methane (CH) gas produced, it will be analyzed using a Multi Gas Detector Analyzer.
POLA KOMUNIKASI ORANGTUA DAN ANAK DALAM PENGGUNAAN APLIKASI YOUTUBE
Authors: Yudaninggar Kartika Sari
Published: October 2023

Parents in the concept of being the parties who play a role and have control in the use of devices on their children. This study seeks to analyze how communication patterns between parents and the technology using the YouTube application. Specifically, this research uses the YouTube application because YouTube is the most active social media in Indonesia and most accessed in 2019. Furthermore, the method used is descriptive qualitative, involving informants who have children aged 2-6 years and use YouTube as their children's viewing. Then structured interviews to determine the communication patterns carried out by the informants. Referring to the three patterns of family communication in the relationship between parents and children proposed by Baumrind, the results of this study are that there are several patterns of communication made by informants regarding the use of YouTube in children, including determining the duration and viewing schedule, selecting content, and regarding involvement and mentoring. There are no specific guidelines found regarding the communication patterns of parents and children in using YouTube. This uniqueness occurs due to various factors, including the different needs and values of each family.
The Effect of Different Doses of Citronella Oil (Cymbopogon citratus) as Anesthetic for Prospective Tilapia Broodstock (Oreochromis niloticus) in Closed Transportation System
Authors: Aryanti Astarini Shabrina , Harwanto Dicky , Yuniarti Tristiana
Published: October 2023

Anesthesia of fish with citronella oil in a closed transportation system has never been tested on prospective tilapia broodstock. The broodstocks transportation activities are to ensure survival and keep the reproductive stages undisturbed and safe to the destination. This study aims to determine the effect and the best dose on anesthesia with citronella oil for prospective tilapia broodstock in closed transportation systems. The research was conducted on 27 April – 4 May 2021 at Fish Seed Hall Potrobangsan, Magelang. The test material used citronella oil with a fish density of 10 fish/6 liters per bag. The experimental design used was a completely randomized design with five treatments and three replications with doses of citronella oil, namely A (0 mL/L as control); B (0,05 mL/L), C (0,10 mL/L); D (0,15 mL/L); and E (0,20 mL/L). Fish were transported for 13 hours with artificial simulation. Parameters observed were fish behavior during anesthesia, time to faint and recover, survival, water quality, blood glucose, blood profile (erythrocytes, leukocytes and hemoglobin), Hepatosomatic Index and Gonadosomatic Index. Behavior during anesthesia showed that the operculum slowed down, response weakened and swimming balance was lost. Different dose of citronella oil had a significant effect on survival, blood glucose, erythrocytes, and leukocytes, but had no significant effect on hemoglobin, Hepatosomatic Index (HSI) and Gonadosomatic Index (GSI). The best dose of citronella oil was 0.10 mL/L with an average survival of 93.33%.Keywords: anesthesia, citronella, tilapia, broodstock, transportation
A Proof of the Riemann Hypothesis Based on a New Expression of the Completed Zeta Function
Authors: Zhang Weicun
Published: October 2023

The celebrated Riemann Hypothesis (RH) is proved based on a new absolute convergent expression of $\xi(s)$, which was obtained from the Hadamard product, through paring $\rho_i$ and $\bar{\rho}_i$, and putting all the multiple zeros together in one factor, i.e. $$\xi(s)=\xi(0)\prod_{\rho}(1-\frac{s}{\rho})=\xi(0)\prod_{i=1}^{\infty}\Big{(}\frac{\beta_i^2}{\alpha_i^2+\beta_i^2}+\frac{(s-\alpha_i)^2}{\alpha_i^2+\beta_i^2}\Big{)}^{d_{i}}$$ where $\xi(0)=\frac{1}{2}$, $\rho_i=\alpha_i+j\beta_i$ and $\bar{\rho}_i=\alpha_i-j\beta_i$ are the complex conjugate zeros of $\xi(s)$, $0<\alpha_i<1$ and $\beta_i\neq 0$ are real numbers, $d_i\geq 1$ is the real (unique and unchangeable) multiplicity of $\rho_i$, $\beta_i$ are arranged in order of increasing $|\beta_i|$, i.e., $|\beta_1|\leq|\beta_2|\leq|\beta_3|\leq \cdots$, $i =1,2,3, \cdots, \infty$. Then, according to the functional equation $\xi(s)=\xi(1-s)$, we have $$\prod_{i=1}^{\infty}\Big{(}1+\frac{(s-\alpha_i)^2}{\beta_i^2}\Big{)}^{d_{i}}=\prod_{i=1}^{\infty}\Big{(}1+\frac{(1-s-\alpha_i)^2}{\beta_i^2}\Big{)}^{d_{i}}$$ which, owing to the uniqueness and unchangeableness of $d_i$ (see Lemma 3 for the proof details), is finally equivalent to $$\begin{cases}&\alpha_i=\frac{1}{2}\\ & |\beta_1|<|\beta_2|<|\beta_3|<\cdots\\&i =1,2,3, \cdots, \infty \end{cases}$$ Thus, we conclude that the RH is true.
The Collatz Conjecture: A New Perspective from Algebraic Inverse Trees
Authors: Diedrich Eduardo
Published: October 2023

This paper addresses the Collatz Conjecture, an open question in mathematics that postulates all positive integers will eventually reach one when a pair of specific operations are repeatedly applied. Despite its apparent simplicity, the conjecture lacks a formal proof. To tackle this enigma, we introduce Algebraic Inverse Trees (AITs), data structures that trace inverse operations of the Collatz sequence. This new approach not only elaborates our unique methodology but also sheds light on the underlying complexities of the Collatz Conjecture.
Surfactants as Performance-Enhancing Additives in Supercapacitor Electrolyte Solutions – An Overview
Authors: Chen Xuecheng , Holze Rudolf
Published: October 2023

Wetting of the surface area of an electrode materials as complete as possible is desirable to achieve optimum specific capacity of an electrode material. Keeping this surface area utilized even at high current densities and even when inside of pores is required for high capacitance reten¬tion. The addition of surfactants at very small concentration to aqueous supercapacitor electro¬lyte solutions has been suggested as a way to improved performance in terms of capacitance, ca¬pacitance retention at increased current density and higher stability. Effects are pronounced with car¬bon materials used in electro-chemical double layer capacitors, they are also observed with re¬dox materials. Causes of the observed improvements and mode of operation of the added surfac¬tants seem to need further investigations; they are inconclusive beyond the obvious statement of in¬creased wetting. Reported examples and the current state of understanding are reviewed.
MicroAnnot: A Dedicated Workflow for Accurate Microsporidian Genome Annotation
Authors: Tournayre Jérémy , Polonais Valérie , Wawrzyniak Ivan , Akossi Reginald Florian , Parisot Nicolas , Lerat Emmanuelle , Delbac Fréréric , Souvignet Pierre , Reichstadt Matthieu , Peyretaillade Eric
Published: October 2023

With nearly 1,700 species, Microsporidia represent a group of obligate intracellular eukaryotes with veterinary, economic and medical impacts. To help in understanding the biological functions of these microorganisms, complete genome sequencing is used routinely. Nevertheless, the proper prediction of their gene catalogue is challenging due to taxon-specific evolutionary features. As innovative genome annotation strategies are needed to obtain a representative snapshot of the overall lifestyle of these parasites, the MicroAnnot tool, a dedicated workflow for microsporidian sequence annotation using data from curated databases of accurately annotated microsporidian genes, has been developed. Furthermore, specific modules have been implemented to perform small genes (< 300bp) and transposable element identification. Finally, functional annotation was performed using the signature-based InterProScan software. MicroAnnot’s accuracy has been verified by the re-annotation of four microsporidian genomes for which structural annotation had previously been validated. With its comparative approach and transcriptional signal identification method, MicroAnnot provides accurate prediction of translation initiation sites, efficient identification of transposable elements, as well as high specificity and sensitivity for microsporidian genes including those under 300 bp. Thanks to its web interface (https://microannot.org), MicroAnnot is available to the community to ensure high quality annotation of microsporidian genomes.
Application of an Rbd-Based Simple Immunoassay for Assessing Humoral Immunity against Emerging SARS-CoV-2 Virus Variants
Authors: Mózner Orsolya , Moldvay Judit , Szabó Kata Sára , Vaskó Dorottya , Domján Júlia , Ács Dorottya , Ligeti Zoltán , Fehér Csaba , Hirsch Edit , Puskás László , Stahl Cordula , Frey Manfred , Sarkadi Balázs
Published: October 2023

We have developed a simple, rapid, high-throughput RBD-based ELISA to assess the humoral immunity against emerging SARS-CoV-2 virus variants. The cDNAs of the his-tagged RBD proteins of the virus variants were stably engineered into HEK cells secreting the protein into the supernatant, and RBD purification was performed by Ni-chromatography and buffer exchange by membrane filtration. The simplified assay uses single dilutions of sera from finger-pricked native blood samples, purified RBD in 96-well plates, and a chromogenic dye for development. The results of this RBD-ELISA were confirmed to correlate with those of a commercial immunoassay measuring antibodies against the Wuhan strain, as well as direct virus neutralization assays assessing the cellular effects of the Wuhan and the Omicron (BA.5) variants. Here we document the applicability of this ELISA to assess the variant-specific humoral immunity in vaccinated and convalescent patients, as well as to follow the time course of selective vaccination response. This simple and rapid assay, easily modified to detect humoral immunity against emerging SARS-CoV-2 virus variants, may help to assess the level of antiviral protection after vaccination or infection.
Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of Gs and Gogat Gene Family in Pecan (Carya illinoinensis) under Different Nitrogen Forms
Authors: Qiao Zhenbing , Chen Mengyun , Ma Wenjuan , Zhu Kaikai , Zhao Juan , Tan Pengpeng , Peng Fangren
Published: October 2023

Nitrogen (N) is an important mineral nutrient for plant growth, as well as a limiting factor for crop yield, and how to improve the utilization efficiency of N fertilizer by plants is currently a research hotspot. This article uses bioinformatics methods to identify and analyze members of the glutamine synthetase (GS) and glutamate synthase (GOGAT) gene families in pecan. A total of 6 GS genes and 4 GOGAT genes were identified, and their physicochemical properties, gene structures, and homologous evolutionary relationships were analyzed. Analysis of tissue-specific expression of GS and GOGAT genes based on transcriptome data from pecan. The enzyme activities of GS and GOGAT and the gene expression were quantitatively analyzed under different N form ratios in pecan. According to the results, the promoter cis-acting elements of GS and GOGAT genes can be roughly divided into three types: light-responsive elements, hormone-responsive elements, and stress-responsive elements. The results of homologous evolution showed that there was no tandem duplication event for the two gene families, and GS and GOGAT have undergone purification during the evolutionary process. CiGS2s and CiFd-GOGATs were expressed mainly in leaves, and CiNADH-GOGATs were expressed mainly in fruits. The qPCR analysis results showed that T4 treatment significantly increased the expression levels of CiGS and CiGOGAT genes in the leaves. The enzyme activities of GS and GOGAT in pecan were significantly increased under T3, T4, and T5 treatments. In summary, a higher proportion of ammonium nitrogen (NH4+) in the nutrient solution was profit to pecan NH4+ assimilation. This study determined the appropriate nitrogen ratio for pecan, promoting a theoretical basis for reducing environmental pollution caused by nitrogen fertilizer and improving the nitrogen utilization efficiency of pecan. In summary, both CiGSs and CiGOGATs exhibit tissue specificity, and an ammonium-nitrate mixture with a higher proportion of NH4+ is more favorable for NH4+ assimilation in pecan. This study provides a reference basis for further understanding the functions of CiGSs and CiGOGATs in pecan, and offers a theoretical foundation for improving N use efficiency in pecan.
Study on Mechanism of Lactobacillus rhamnosus Mitigating PFOA/PFOS Toxicity in Adult Zebrafish (Danio rerio)
Authors: Li Guanyi , Chen Sibao , Li Ruixuan , Wang Mengyan , Li Jinjin , Yi Mengmeng , Sun Yingxue , Wang Chun
Published: October 2023

The EPA has banned PFOA and PFOS as persistent organic pollutants, but their residues in environment should not be underestimated. Based on the demand for healthy aquaculture and safe aquatic products, it is necessary to explore alleviative methods for the toxicity of PFOA and PFOS to fish. This study is the first to investigate the protective effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus against oxidative damage, neurotoxicity, and gut microbial dysbiosis induced by PFOA and PFOS in adult zebrafish. The results showed that L. rhamnosus effectively alleviated PFOA- and PFOS-induced oxidative stress by restoring superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels. Both PFOA and PFOS caused intestinal tissue damage, and the degree of damage is PFOA+PFOS>PFOS>PFOA. L. rhamnosus can restore damaged intestinal villi and lymphocyte numbers and also have a restorative effect on intestinal tissue damage. The up-regulated proportion of beneficial Firmicutes and Actinobacteria was also found after L. rhamnosus feeding. These findings provide new insights for L. rhamnosus to alleviate the toxicity of PFOA and PFOS to zebrafish and promote the progress of research on the successful use of probiotics in freshwater aquaculture.
The Effect of Structural Phase Changes on Fermi Level Shifts and Optoelectronic Properties of Lead-Free CsSnI3 Perovskites
Authors: Nematov Dilshod , Burhonzoda Amondulloi , Kurboniyon Mekhrdod , Umar Zafari , Kholmurodov Kholmirzo , Yamamoto Tomoyuki , Shokir Farhod
Published: October 2023

The work carried out first-principles calculations within the framework of density functional theory to study the structural stability of the CsSnI3 compound and the influence of phase transitions on their electronic and optical properties. Using the GGA and SCAN functionals, the relaxed structures of the CsSnI3 phases were obtained and their geometric characteristics were assessed. Using the Phonopy code based on VASP, calculations of phonon and thermodynamic properties were performed, and the temperatures of phase transitions of CsSnI3 were determined. The temperature dependences of the thermodynamic parameters α-, β-, γ- and δ-phases of CsSnI3 were analyzed. The trends in free energy, entropy, enthalpy, heat of formation energy and heat capacity were justified in terms of the pattern of changes in the total energy of the four phases of CsSnI3 from VASP calculations. It is shown that at 0 K the non-perovskite structure of the CsSnI3 compound (δ-CsSnI3) is the most stable (followed by γ-CsSnI3), and the tetragonal phase (β) is quite unstable, having the highest energy among the perovskite phases. It was revealed that at temperatures above 450 K the tetragonal phase becomes stable, and when the temperature drops, it transforms into the cubic phase (α-CsSnI3). The phase transition between the β and γ phase of perovskite occurs in the range of 300-320 K, and at 320 K a black-yellow transformation of CsSnI3 occurs in which the cubic phase (black perovskite) undergoes a phase transition to a non-perovskite conformation (yellow phase). The presence of temperature phase transitions between two orthorhombic phases of CsSnI3 at 360 K was discovered, although direct transitions of the α⟷γ and γ⟷δ types have not yet been reported in any experiment, except for γ→δ transitions under the influence of moisture. Based on well-relaxed structures (from the SCAN calculations), the band gap widths for four CsSnI3 phases were calculated and compared with experimental measurements. Electronic properties and Fermi level shifts as a result of phase transformations of CsSnI3 were assessed using the HSE06 functional and machine learning prediction. The values of the complex dielectric constant and the refractive index of all phases of the CsSnI3 were determined.
Parental Pressure on Students' Academic Achievement in School: A Comprehensive Survey
Authors: SWARGIARY KHRITISH
Published: October 2023

This research aims to investigate the effects of parental pressure on students' academic achievement at the school level. The research objectives include examining the relationship between parental pressure and academic achievement and identifying potential moderating variables. A sample of middle and high school students will be utilized in this study.
Critical Periods and Vulnerability of Cerebellar Development in Human and Rodent
Authors: Westerhuis Judith , Dudink Jeroen , De Zeeuw Chris I. , Canto Cathrin B.
Published: October 2023

A significant percentage of children suffer from neurodevelopmental aberrations, which have long-term effects on both individuals and society. Since the developmental timelines of different brain regions vary, the type, severity and timing of harmful exposures are crucial for understanding the specific pathological processes and consequences involved. The cerebellum is one of the first brain structures to begin to differentiate, but one of the last to achieve maturity. This relatively long period of development underscores its vulnerability to detrimental environmental exposures throughout gestation. Moreover, as the postnatal functionality of the cerebellum is multifaceted, enveloping sensorimotor, cognitive, and emotional domains, prenatal disruptions in cerebellar development can result in a variety of neurological and mental health disorders. Here, we review major intra-uterine insults that affect cerebellar development in both rodents and humans, ranging from abuse of toxic chemical agents such as alcohol and nicotine to stress and sleep, malnutrition as well as infections. Understanding these pathological mechanisms in the context of the different stages of cerebellar development in humans and rodents may help us to identify critical and vulnerable periods and thereby to prevent the risk of associated prenatal and early postnatal damage that can lead to lifelong neurological and cognitive disabilities.
Impact of Peripheral Magnetic Stimulation on Sensory Ataxic Paresis of Upper Extremity Early after Stroke: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Obayashi Shigeru , Takahashi Rina , Saito Hirotaka , Taguchi Kazue
Published: October 2023

Proprioceptive deficits accompanied with motor paresis after stroke, namely sensory ataxic motor paresis has a poorer prognosis of recovery than pure motor deficit. We aimed to investigate the effects of repetitive peripheral magnetic stimulation (rPMS) on sensory ataxic upper extremity (UE) paresis at acute stroke. Eighteen stroke participants with sensory ataxic UE paresis were randomized. rPMS group received five sessions of intervention per week, where 20 minutes of rPMS prior to 20 minutes of physical therapy (PT) every other day, alternating with 40 minutes of PT. The control group received five sessions of 40 minutes of PT/week. Outcome measures were Wolf motor function test (WMFT), UE motor section of Fugl-Meyer Motor Assessment Scale (FMA-UE), and Thumb localizing test (TLT). All assessments were compared before and after intervention. rPMS group received mean 6.5 sessions and the control group received 12.8 sessions, showing significantly imbalanced intervention due to different timing of hospital discharge. The imbalance was corrected by calculating gains of motor scores divided by sessions as Progress Rate (PR). Corrected gains (PR) of rPMS group was more significantly enhanced in WMFT and FMA-UE than control groups. rPMS group tended to improve TLT more than control one. rPMS might improve sensory ataxic UE paresis after stroke and proprioceptive deficit.
Activation of Immune and Antiviral Effects by Euglena Extracts: A Review
Authors: Isegawa Yuji
Published: October 2023

Influenza is an acute respiratory illness caused by influenza virus infection, which is managed using vaccines and antiviral drugs. Recently, the antiviral effects of plants and foods have gained attention. This review summarizes the therapeutic properties of Euglena against influenza from a functional food viewpoint. While it has been reported that Euglena contributes to suppressing blood sugar levels and ameliorates symptoms caused by stress by acting on the autonomic nervous system, the immunostimulatory and antiviral activities of Euglena have also been reported. In this review, I focused on the immunostimulation of antiviral activity via the intestinal environment and the suppression of viral replication in infected cells. The functions of specific components of Euglena, which also serve as a source of a wide range of nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, amino acids, unsaturated fatty acids, and β-1,3-glucan (paramylon), are also reviewed. Euglena has animal and plant properties and natural compounds with a wide range of functions, providing crucial information for improved antiviral strategies.
The Effectiveness of Online Feldenkrais Lessons on Somatosensory Tinnitus - A Pilot Study
Authors: Skuk Verena Gabriele , Böer Elisabeth , Ivansic Daniela , Orawa Helmut , Herzog Susanne , Schröder Martin , Guntinas-Lichius Orlando , Dobel Christian
Published: October 2023

In a pre-post-treatment design, this feasibility study examines the effects of twelve weekly online Feldenkrais Awareness Through Movement (ATM) lessons on somatosensory tinnitus (ST), which is often associated with physical issues like neck pain. Two professional Feldenkrais teachers led online ATM lessons in two groups for a total of seventeen participants. Before and after treatment, we assessed tinnitus distress (using the Tinnitus Questionnaire, TQ), interoceptive awareness, and the short WHO quality-of-life questionnaire. We collected weekly changes in tinnitus severity (using the Tinnitus Functional Index, TFI) and neck pain (using the Neck Bournemouth Questionnaire), and assessed state anxiety and perceived tinnitus intensity directly before and after each ATM. Importantly, we found a significant reduction in tinnitus distress along with significant individual differences. Linear mixed-model analyses further suggest an overall decrease in tinnitus severity and neck pain over time. Notably, individual reductions in TFI correlated with reduced neck pain, and reductions in TQ correlated with increased interoceptive awareness. Although this study is limited in patient number, it provides valuable information about the characteristics of patients with ST and suggests a new method to reduce neck pain and perceived tinnitus in the comfort of patients’ homes. However, further studies are necessary to verify these results and to compare the effectiveness with conventional therapy approaches.
Knowledge Point Entity and Relation Extraction based on Pre-training Model in Education Resources
Authors: Cao Liu , Huang Chengwei , Wang Qihao , Zhu Xiaoming
Published: October 2023

Based on the teaching material of "Robotics" course, this paper studied the automatic knowledge graph construction, including knowledge points extraction and knowledge point relation extraction. We proposed a new method of extracting the first-level, second-level, and third-level knowledge points as well as their prerequisite relations of knowledge points in the textbook. For the problem of insufficient knowledge of the pre-trained language model in the specific field, methods such as incremental pre-training and optimization of cost functions are employed to integrate subject knowledge into the pre-trained language model, thus improving its effectiveness. To overcome the problem that the traditional method of relationship extraction can not be applied directly to the extraction of teaching materials, a new scheme for knowledge point relationship extraction based on keyword relationship is proposed. The experimental data from textbooks shows that the F1 score of knowledge point extraction reaches 93%, considerably improved compared to the traditional model. Consequently, the knowledge point entity extraction and relationship extraction methods based on the pre-trained model can effectively extract structured information and facilitate the automatic construction of knowledge graphs.
Tween 80-Based Self-Assembled Mixed Micelles Boosted Valsartan Transdermal Delivery
Authors: Yassin Alaa Eldeen B. , Massadeh Salam , Alshwaimi Abdullah A. , Kittaneh Raslan H. , Omer Mustafa E. , Ahmad Dilshad , Aodah Alhassan H. , Shakeel Faiyaz , Halwani Majed A. , Alanazi Saleh A. , Alam Prawez
Published: October 2023

Valsartan (Val) is an important antihypertensive medication with side effects such as dizziness and angioedema. These constraints are due to the low oral bioavailability and relatively short half-life. The goal here is to incorporate Val into a mixed micelles system that can enhance transdermal delivery. Thin-film hydration and micro-phase separation were used to produce Val-loaded mixed micelle systems. A variety of factors, including surfactant type and drug-to-surfactant ratio, were optimized to produce micelles with low size and high Val entrapment efficiency (EE). The size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta-potential, and drug entrapment efficiency of the prepared micelles were all measured. The drug release profiles in vitro were assessed using dialysis bags, and the permeation through abdominal rat skin was assessed using a Franz diffusion cell. All formulations had high EE levels exceeding 90% and low particle charges. The micellar sizes ranged from 107.6 to 191.7nm, with average PDI values of 0.3. The in vitro release demonstrated a uniform slow rate that lasted one week with varying extents. F7 demonstrated a significant (P < 0.01) transdermal efflux of 68.84 ± 3.96 µg/cm2/h through rat skin when compared to the control. As a result, the enhancement factor was 16.57. Val-loaded mixed micelles were successfully prepared using two simple methods with high reproducibility, and extensive transdermal delivery was demonstrated in the absence of any aggressive skin modifying enhancers.
Factors Associated with Poor Quality of Life in Breast Cancer Survivors: A 3-Year Follow-Up Study
Authors: Kim Soo Hyun , Jo Ha Yeon
Published: October 2023

The purpose of this study was to identify subgroups of quality of life (QOL) changes in breast cancer survivors (BCS) and to determine factors associated with subgroups of consistently low or deteriorated QOL. We enrolled 101 women recently diagnosed with breast cancer in South Korea and asked them to complete a questionnaire at baseline (within 1 month of diagnosis), 1 year later (Year 1), 2 years later (Year 2), and 3 years later (Year 3). We assessed QOL using the global QOL subscale from the EORTC QLQ-C30. We defined low QOL as a global QOL score 10 points below the mean score of the general population. Based on low QOL as defined in this study, we identified subgroups of QOL changes over 3 years. We identified four subgroups of QOL changes: improved (47.4%), stable (30%), continuously low (8.8%), and deteriorated (13.8%) and considered the last two categories (22.6%) as poor QOL. Logistic regression analyses demonstrated that significant determinants of poor QOL were insomnia at Year 1, fatigue and anxiety at Year 2, and fatigue, depression, and comorbidity at Year 3. In conclusion, persistent symptoms of insomnia, fatigue, anxiety, depression, and comorbidity are potential risk factors for poor QOL in BCS.