bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Withdrawal Notice: Anticancer Activity-Structure Relationship of Quinolinone- Based Compounds: An Overview
Authors: Beker Hüseyin K. , Yıldırım Işıl
Published: January 2021

The article has been withdrawn on the recommendation of the Editor-in-Chief of the journal Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry because of the lack of clarity and obscurity in the content regarding language.

Bentham Science apologizes to the readers of the journal for any inconvenience this may have caused.

The Bentham Editorial Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found https://benthamscience.com/editorial-policies-main.php

Bentham Science Disclaimer:

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The Synergistic Cytotoxic and Apoptotic Effect of Resveratrol and Naringenin on Y79 Retinoblastoma Cell Line
Authors: Rakhshan Rasul , Atashi Hesam A. , Hoseinian Mohammad , Jafari Aryan , Haghighi Amirparsa , Ziyadloo Fatemeh , Razizadeh Nasim , Ghasemian Haniyeh , Nia Mohammad M.K. , Sefidi Anita B. , Arani Hamid Z.
Published: January 2021

Background:

Resveratrol is a phenolic natural product, which is found in red grapes and in Japanese
knotweed root (Polygonum cuspidatum). Naringenin is one of the flavonoid compounds found in landing grape
and other citrus fruits. Both agents exert antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

Objective:

In this study, the effect of Resveratrol and Naringenin in an in vitro model of retinoblastoma of the
eye has been investigated.

Methods:

XTT and trypan blue assays were used to evaluate the anti-proliferative/cytotixic effect of resveratrol
and naringenin in Y79 cells. With the aid of AnnexinV/PI flow cytometry, the kind of cell death was investigated.
To assess important gene expression levels at mRNA level involved in apoptosis, Real-time PCR was utilized.

Results:

Naringenin and resveratrol significantly decreased proliferation and stimulated cell death (mostly apoptosis)
in Y79 cells at 50 and 100 (μg/ml) after 24 and 48 hours. Additional cytotoxic effect was observed after
48 hours. Furthermore expression level of Bax and Bcl2 mRNAs altered significantly in all samples treated
with 50 (μg/ml) of naringenin, resveratrol, or simultaneously with both. P21 mRNAs expression altered in all
mentioned samples except those treated with 50 (μg/ml) of resveratrol.

Conclusion:

Based on the results, it can be concluded that resveratrol and naringenin can decrease cell viability
in retinoblastoma cells in an in vitro dose/time-dependent manner. Albeit more studies are needed to shed the
light on the mechanism of action, our data reveal a potential synergistic cytotoxic effect of naringenin and
resveratrol on Y79 cells in 48 hours.
Antihyperglycemic and Antidyslipidemic Activities of the Aqueous Salvia
hispanica Extract in Diabetic Rat
Authors: Fadwa El-ouady , Amssayef Ayoub , Eddouks Mohamed
Published: January 2021

Aims: The study targeted to evaluate the antihyperglycemic activity of Salvia hispanica.

Background: Salvia hispanica L. (Lamiaceae) is a medicinal plant with many beneficial properties
on human health.

Objective: This objective of the study was to investigate the antihyperglycemic effect of the aqueous
extract of Salvia hispanica (S. hispanica) seeds and its capacity to improve lipid profile in normal
and STZ-induced diabetic rats.

Material and Methods: The seed aqueous extract of S. hispanica (SHSAE) at a dose of 100 mg/kg
was administered orally in normal and diabetic rats. The effect of oral SHSAE treatment on blood
glucose and lipid levels during 15 days was assessed in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic
rats. The oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was carried out. The antioxidant activity of SHSAE
was also examined.

Results: The decrease of glycemia in rats following the administration of the plant extract suggested
that the studied extract possesses antidiabetic effect. The extract of S. hispanica produced hypolipidemic
effect with a significant lowering effect on plasma total cholesterol levels and
increased on HDL-cholesterol levels. SHSAE was also able to enhance glucose tolerance using
OGTT. Moreover, SHSAE possesses a potential antioxidant effect in vitro.

Conclusion: In conclusion, this study demonstrates the antihyperglycemic and antilipidemic effects
of SHSAE in rats.
Patients’ Perspectives About Factors Affecting Their Use of Electronic Personal Health Records in England: Qualitative Analysis
Authors: Abd-Alrazaq Alaa , Safi Zeineb , Bewick Bridgette M , Househ Mowafa , Gardner Peter H
Published: January 2021

Background

General practices (GPs) in England have recently introduced a nationwide electronic personal health record (ePHR) system called Patient Online or GP online services, which allows patients to view parts of their medical records, book appointments, and request prescription refills. Although this system is free of charge, its adoption rates are low. To improve patients’ adoption and implementation success of the system, it is important to understand the factors affecting their use of the system.

Objective

The aim of this study is to explore patients’ perspectives of factors affecting their use of ePHRs in England.

Methods

A cross-sectional survey was carried out between August 21 and September 26, 2017. A questionnaire was used in this survey to collect mainly quantitative data through closed-ended questions in addition to qualitative data through an open-ended question. A convenience sample was recruited in 4 GPs in West Yorkshire, England. Given that the quantitative data were analyzed in a previous study, we analyzed the qualitative data using thematic analysis.

Results

Of the 800 eligible patients invited to participate in the survey, 624 (78.0%) returned a fully completed questionnaire. Of those returned questionnaires, the open-ended question was answered by 136/624 (21.8%) participants. A total of 2 meta-themes emerged from participants’ responses. The first meta-theme comprises 5 themes about why patients do not use Patient Online: concerns about using Patient Online, lack of awareness of Patient Online, challenges regarding internet and computers, perceived characteristics of nonusers, and preference for personal contact. The second meta-theme contains 1 theme about why patients use Patient Online: encouraging features of Patient Online.

Conclusions

The challenges and concerns that impede the use of Patient Online seem to be of greater importance than the facilitators that encourage its use. There are practical considerations that, if incorporated into the system, are likely to improve its adoption rate: Patient Online should be useful, easy to use, secure, and easy to access. Different channels should be used to increase the awareness of the system, and GPs should ease registration with the system and provide manuals, training sessions, and technical support. More research is needed to assess the effect of the new factors found in this study (eg, lack of trust, difficulty registering with Patient Online) and factors affecting the continuing use of the system.
Step and Distance Measurement From a Low-Cost Consumer-Based Hip and Wrist Activity Monitor: Protocol for a Validity and Reliability Assessment
Authors: Carlin Thomas , Vuillerme Nicolas
Published: January 2021

Background

Self-tracking via wearable and mobile technologies is becoming an essential part of personal health management. At this point, however, little information is available to substantiate the validity and reliability of low-cost consumer-based hip and wrist activity monitors, with regard more specifically to the measurements of step counts and distance traveled while walking.

Objective

The aim of our study is to assess the validity and reliability of step and distance measurement from a low-cost consumer-based hip and wrist activity monitor specific in various walking conditions that are commonly encountered in daily life. Specifically, this study is designed to evaluate whether and to what extent validity and reliability could depend on the sensor placement on the human body and the walking task being performed.

Methods

Thirty healthy participants will be instructed to wear four PBN 2433 (Nakosite) activity monitors simultaneously, with one placed on each hip and each wrist. Participants will attend two experimental sessions separated by 1 week. During each experimental session, two separate studies will be performed. In study 1, participants will be instructed to complete a 2-minute walk test along a 30-meter indoor corridor under 3 walking speeds: very slow, slow, and usual speed. In study 2, participants will be required to complete the following 3 conditions performed at usual walking speed: walking on flat ground, upstairs, and downstairs. Activity monitor measured step count and distance values will be computed along with the actual step count (determined from video recordings) and distance (measured using a measuring tape) to determine validity and reliability for each activity monitor placement and each walking condition.

Results

Participant recruitment and data collection began in January 2020. As of June 2020, we enrolled 8 participants. Dissemination of study results in peer-reviewed journals is expected in spring 2021.

Conclusions

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that examines the validity and reliability of step and distance measurement during walking using the PBN 2433 (Nakosite) activity monitor. Results of this study will provide beneficial information on the effects of activity monitor placement, walking speed, and walking tasks on the validity and reliability of step and distance measurement. We believe such information is of utmost importance to general consumers, clinicians, and researchers.

International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)

DERR1-10.2196/21262
The Human Factor in Automated Image-Based Nutrition Apps: Analysis of Common Mistakes Using the goFOOD Lite App (Preprint)
Authors: Vasiloglou Maria F , van der Horst Klazine , Stathopoulou Thomai , Jaeggi Michael P , Tedde Giulia S , Lu Ya , Mougiakakou Stavroula
Published: January 2021

BACKGROUND

Technological advancements have enabled nutrient estimation by smartphone apps such as goFOOD. This is an artificial intelligence–based smartphone system, which uses food images or video captured by the user as input and then translates these into estimates of nutrient content. The quality of the data is highly dependent on the images the user records. This can lead to a major loss of data and impaired quality. Instead of removing these data from the study, in-depth analysis is needed to explore common mistakes and to use them for further improvement of automated apps for nutrition assessment.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study is to analyze common mistakes made by participants using the goFOOD Lite app, a version of goFOOD, which was designed for food-logging, but without providing results to the users, to improve both the instructions provided and the automated functionalities of the app.

METHODS

The 48 study participants were given face-to-face instructions for goFOOD Lite and were asked to record 2 pictures (1 recording) before and 2 pictures (1 recording) after the daily consumption of each food or beverage, using a reference card as a fiducial marker. All pictures that were discarded for processing due to mistakes were analyzed to record the main mistakes made by users.

RESULTS

Of the 468 recordings of nonpackaged food items captured by the app, 60 (12.8%) had to be discarded due to errors in the capturing procedure. The principal problems were as follows: wrong fiducial marker or improper marker use (19 recordings), plate issues such as a noncompatible or nonvisible plate (8 recordings), a combination of various issues (17 recordings), and other reasons such as obstacles (hand) in front of the camera or matching recording pairs (16 recordings).

CONCLUSIONS

No other study has focused on the principal problems in the use of automatic apps for assessing nutritional intake. This study shows that it is important to provide study participants with detailed instructions if high-quality data are to be obtained. Future developments could focus on making it easier to recognize food on various plates from its color or shape and on exploring alternatives to using fiducial markers. It is also essential for future studies to understand the training needed by the participants as well as to enhance the app’s user-friendliness and to develop automatic image checks based on participant feedback.
REPRESENTASI KESENJANGAN SOSIAL-EKONOMI MASYARAKAT PESISIR DENGAN PERKOTAAN DALAM NOVEL GADIS PANTAI KARYA PRAMODYA ANANTA TOER
Authors: Farida Nur , Andalas Eggy Fajar
Published: January 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui representasi kesenjangan sosial-ekonomi antara masyarakat pesisir dengan perkotaan dalam novel Gadis Pantai karya Pramoedya Ananta Toer. Representasi yang dimaksud merupakan cerminan atau gambaran dari kehidupan nyata masyarakat dalam karya sastra. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif-kualitatif dengan pendekatan sosiologi sastra. Sumber penelitian ini dari novel Gadis Pantai karya Pramoedya Ananta Toer. Data penelitian ini berupa kutipan, kalimat, dan paragraf yang menunjukkan kesenjangan sosial ekonomi antara masyarakat pesisir dengan perkotaan. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan metode membaca dekat, mengidentifikasi data, dan memberi tanda. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah dengan rancangan analisis data yang di dipaparkan oleh Miles dan Huberman melalui langkah-langkah (1) penyeleksian data, (2) pemaparan data, dan (3) penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian ini memperlihatkan bentuk representasi kesenjangan sosial-ekonomi antara masyarakat pesisir dengan perkotaan dalam lima aspek seperti, aspek ekonomi, aspek pendidikan, aspek lingkungan, aspek sosial, dan aspek budaya. Berdasarkan dari lima aspek tersebut, ditemukan dikotomi bahwa masyarakat pesisir direpresentasikan sebagai masyarakat yang miskin, bodoh, kotor, terhina dan orang bawahan, sedangkan masyarakat perkotaan direpresentasikan sebagai bangsawan, pintar, kaya, terhormat, bersih, dan orang atasan. Hal tersebut terjadi karena pembangunan hanya berorientasi pada perkotaan sebagai pusat peradaban manusia di era kolonial.
El derecho a la vida y los accidentes mortales laborales en empresas de sectores productivos
Authors:   Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Armas Morales Carlos E. , Armas Pardavé Adela A. ,   Pontifica Universidad Católica del Perú
Published: January 2021

Este artículo se ocupa de evaluar los accidentes mortales en ámbitos laborales en grupos de empresas de diversos sectores de la economía con el objetivo de describir y comprender si la normativa del Estado es asimilada por la gestión empresarial en el sentido de cumplirlos para evitar accidentes fatales que involucra perdidas de la vida humana. Se realiza este estudio bajo un enfoque cualitativo para lo cual se utilizan estadísticas del Ministerio de Trabajo y Promoción del empleo, documentos o reportes de accidentes en publicaciones oficiales y no oficiales, observaciones, entrevistas de expertos. Los resultados concluyen que la normativa del Estado en materia de seguridad en el trabajo no ha calado en el comportamiento empresarial de las empresas evaluadas que incumplen el mandato legal facilitando accidentes laborales con la perdida de la vida de los trabajadores.
O escravo e o asno: o herói não idealizado no romance grego antigo
Authors: Duarte Adriane Da Silva
Published: January 2021

Esse artigo pretende delimitar um componente popular nas narrativas romanescas da Antiguidade grega a partir da constituição de um herói não idealizado e que tem origens ou frequenta os estratos mais baixos da sociedade. A aproximação a esse universo se dará através do exame do lugar que esses personagens ocupam na escala social, em vista, sobretudo, da exploração da força de trabalho, estendendo-se a análise a semelhanças estruturais entre as Romance de Esopo e Lúcio ou o asno, do Pseudo-Luciano.
Eram os poetas gregos arcaicos profissionais? Uma reavaliação da discussão sobre a profissionalização da atividade dos poetas gregos do período arcaico
Authors: Rocha Roosevelt
Published: January 2021

Neste texto faço uma série de críticas às propostas de Edmund Stewart sobre a profissionalização dos poetas gregos arcaicos. Ele defende que os poetas gregos sempre foram profissionais e sempre apresentaram sua atividade, em suas obras, como uma mercadoria que poderia ser vendida. Eu discordo dessa concepção, já que os poetas gregos não precisavam vender suas obras para sobreviver e eles não estavam em busca de ganhos materiais como compensação por suas atividades. Vários deles eram nobres e estavam interessados, na verdade, na perpetuação dos seus nomes, ou seja, no kleos, assim como os guerreiros e os atletas daquela época. Desse modo, pretendo demonstrar que o que levava o poeta a cantar, entre outras coisas, era o desejo de imortalizar-se através da poesia.
A polissemia do termo ἰδέα (idéa) em Isócrates
Authors: Estrela de Lacerda Ticiano Curvelo
Published: January 2021

Enquanto legado de uma educação filosófica baseada no aprendizado da prática oratória, as obras de Isócrates (séc. IV a.C.) sempre resguardaram uma clara ambivalência política e epidítica, ainda que sob a forma dos mais diversos temas e gêneros (discursos encomiásticos, judiciários e deliberativos, sobretudo). Como não era efetivamente um orador, pois jamais proferiu seus discursos em público, mas um educador do lógos cívico, Isócrates tece, por conseguinte, diversas reflexões metadiscursivas, a fim de explicar a discípulos e leitores as razões para essas misturas de temas e gêneros dentro de uma mesma obra, numa espécie de “literatura experimental”. Nessas reflexões, detectamos diversas ocorrências do termo ἰδέα (idéa), em diferentes contextos, e, principalmente, com pelo menos quatro sentidos diversos: gênero discursivo, figura discursiva, elementos discursivos e tema de um discurso. Neste artigo, pretendo fazer a análise dessa polissemia do termo nas obras do autor, a fim de verificar como termos mais genéricos da prosa ática podem apontar para futuras terminologias técnicas que se tornaram canônicas na Retórica Clássica.
Corporate governance and corporate social responsibility: A study of emerging market listed firms
Authors: Lahjie Annisa A. , Natoli Riccardo , Zuhair Segu
Published: January 2021

The main purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of corporate governance (CG) on corporate social responsibility (CSR) of Indonesian listed firms. Estimations via simultaneous equation models with ordinary least squares (OLS) and two-stage least squares (2SLS) were employed for 84 firms with a total of 924 observations over the period of 2007-2017. The results showed that a lack of CG in monitoring and supervisory mechanisms, as well as a high concentration of managerial ownership, can significantly contribute to low levels of CSR. There are data limitations as a number of firms were omitted due to the application of the CSR criteria utilised in this study. The research has implications for Indonesian listed firms with respect to aligning CSR initiatives to firm objectives. The paper provides recommendations for future research in this area. The paper provides one of the few studies to analyse CG on CSR via a comprehensive measurement of CSR. Further, it adds to the empirical academic literature from a developing country context
Harnessing Pivotal Advances for Production and Structural Derivation of the Promising Molecule Ursolic Acid
Authors: Liu Hao-ran , Ahmad Nadeem , Lv Bo , Li Chun
Published: January 2021

Ursolic acid (UA) is a ursane-type pentacyclic triterpenoid compound,
naturally produced in plants via specialized metabolism and exhibits
vast range of remarkable physiological activities and pharmacological
manifestations. Owing to significant safety and efficacy in different
medical conditions, UA may serve as a backbone to produce its
derivatives with novel therapeutic functions. This review systematically
provides an overview of the pharmacological activities, acquisition
methods and structural modification methods of UA. In addition, we
focused on the synthetic modifications of UA to yield its valuable
derivatives with enhanced therapeutic potential. Furthermore, harnessing
the essential advances for green synthesis of UA and its derivatives by
advent of metabolic engineering and synthetic biology are highlighted.
In combination with the advantages of UA biosynthesis and transformation
strategy, large-scale production and applications of UA is a promising
platform for further exploration.
Deep learning based evaluation of the nightly behaviour of African ungulates in zoos
Authors: Hahn-Klimroth Max , Kapetanopoulos Tobias , Gübert Jennifer , Dierkes Paul W.
Published: January 2021

1. The description and analysis of animal behaviour over long periods of
time is one of the most important challenges in ecology. However, most
of these studies are limited due to the time and cost required by human
observers. The collection of data via video recordings allows
observation periods to be extended. However, their evaluation by human
observers is very time-consuming. Progress in automated evaluation,
using suitable deep learning methods, seems to be a forwardlooking
approach to analyse even large amounts of video data in an adequate time
frame. 2. In this study we present amulti-step convolutional neural
network system for detecting animal behaviour states, which works with
high accuracy. An important aspect of our approach is the introduction
of model averaging and post-processing rules to make the system robust
to outliers. 3. Our trained system achieves an in-domain classification
accuracy of >0.92, which is improved to >0.96
by a postprocessing step. In addition, the whole system performs even
well in an out-of-domain classification task with two unknown types,
achieving an average accuracy of 0.93. We provide our system at
https://github.com/Klimroth/Video-Action-Classifier-for-African-Ungulates-in-Zoos/tree/main/mrcnn_based
so that interested users can train their own models to classify images
and conduct behavioural studies of wildlife. 4. The use of a multi-step
convolutional neural network for fast and accurate classification of
wildlife behaviour facilitates the evaluation of large amounts of image
data in ecological studies and reduces the effort of manual analysis of
images to a high degree. Our system also shows that post-processing
rules are a suitable way to make species-specific adjustments and
substantially increase the accuracy of the description of single
behavioural phases (number, duration). The results in the out-of-domain
classification strongly suggest that our system is robust and achieves a
high degree of accuracy even for new species, so that other settings
(e.g. field studies) can be considered.
Dynamics adsorption of the enhanced CH4 recovery by CO2 injection
Authors: Gu Min , Duan Shuo , Wu Qirong
Published: January 2021

The dynamic adsorption isotherms of CO2-EGR were measured by using a
Intelligent Gravimetric Analysis system.In the beginning stage of CO2
injection, all the injected CO2 enters into the adsorbent and the mole
fraction of CH4 (yCH4) keeps 1.0. The CH4 recovery factor (RCH4)
increases. The during of this stage (tcd) depends on the selectivity of
CO2 over CH4 ( SCO2/CH4). A adsorbent with large SCO2/CH4 has long tCD.
When SCO2/CH4 is greater than 1.0, CO2 reduces the fraction of CH4 in
the adsorbed phase (xCH4) and more CH4 is driven out. In the second
stage,the injected CO2 competes with CH4 for adsorption. The cumulative
RCH4 of this stage is much larger than that of the initial stage.
However, yCH4 decrease sharply. pCH4 in the whole CO2 injection is
always larger than that before CO2 injection, suggesting CH4 desorption
results from the displacement by CO2 rather than from pressure
depletion.
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Dagogo-Jack Samuel
Published: January 2021

The long-term complications of diabetes mellitus include those attributable to hyperglycemia-mediated small vessel (microvascular)and neuropathic complications and syndromes resulting from multifactorial large vessel disease (macrovascular complications). Diabetic patients with evidence of chronic complications are best managed in consultation with appropriate specialists. The microvascular and neuropathic complications, which are specifically related to hyperglycemia, include retinopathy, nephropathy, and diabetic neuropathy.

This review contains 8 figures, 9 tables, and 83 references.
Key Words: Hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia, macrovascular, microvascular, neuropathic
Lung Cancer - Part I
Authors: Crawford Jeffrey , Strickler John
Published: January 2021

In the United States, lung cancer is the second most common cancer, surpassed only by prostate cancer in men and breast cancer in women. But lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths, accounting for 29% and 26% of all cancer-related deaths in men and women, respectively. The four major pathologic cell types of lung cancer are small cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and large cell carcinoma. Because they have overlapping clinical behaviors and responses to treatment, adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and large cell carcinoma are generally grouped together in the category of non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This review discusses both NSCLC and small cell lung cancer (SCLC), including lung cancer in those who have never smoked, prevention of lung cancer, with sections on diagnosis, biomarkers, treatment, and supportive care. 
This review contains 7 figures, 10 tables, and 81 references.
Keywords: lung cancer, mediastinoscopy, chemoradiotherapy, TNM staging system, pulmonary parenchyma, segmentectomy
Crystal-Induced Joint Disease
Authors: Edwards N Lawrence
Published: January 2021

The destructive potential of intracellular crystals has been recognized for over a century. The mechanisms by which crystals induce inflammation and bone and cartilage destruction have been elucidated over the past decade. The three most common crystal-induced arthropathies are caused by precipitation of monosodium urate monohydrate, calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPP) and basic calcium phosphate. The definition, epidemiology, pathogenesis and etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of gout and CPP crystal deposition are reviewed, as well as the clinical stages of gout (i.e., acute gouty arthritis, intercritical gout, advanced gout, nonclassic presentations of gout, and other conditions associated with gout). Also reviewed are the clinical manifestations of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate deposition disease (CPPD), such as asymptomatic CPPD, osteoarthritis with CPPD, acute CPP crystal arthritis, and chronic CPP crystal inflammatory arthritis. Figures illustrate renal transport of urate, monosodium urate crystals, acute gouty flare, advanced gouty arthritis, gouty synovial fluid, radiographic changes of advanced gout, ultrasound appearance of the femoral intercondylar cartilage, pharmacologic management of gout, the effect of gender and age on knee chondrocalcinosis, radiographs of chondrocalcinosis, and compensated polarized microscopy of CPPD. Tables present the major factors responsible for hyperuricemia, characteristics of classic gouty flares, antiinflammatory therapy for gout, and urate-lowering therapy. This chapter contains 90 references.
This review contains 11 figures, 12 tables, and 88 references.
Keywords: acute gouty arthritis, intercritical gout, advanced gout, asymptomatic CPPD, osteoarthritis with CPPD, acute CPP crystal arthritis, chronic CPP crystal inflammatory arthritis
Head and Neck Cancer
Authors: Vokes Everett E , Wood Kevin C.
Published: January 2021

The most common histology of non-thyroid head and neck cancer is squamous cell carcinoma.  Common risk factors for head and neck malignancies include tobacco and alcohol abuse and viruses, including Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) and Human Papillomavirus (HPV). Early stage disease is often treated with surgery or radiation therapy alone, while more advanced disease often requires a multi-modality approach including systemic chemotherapy, radiation, and surgical resection.  In the curative setting, current clinical trials are evaluating the de-escalation of therapy in HPV-releated head and neck cancer.  In the metastatic setting, clinical trials have focused on using immunotherapy agents to improve outcomes. This review chapter will discuss the etiology and common presentations of head and neck cancer, and also analyze recent advancements in the treatment of the disease.       
 
Key words: chemoradiation, head and neck cancer, human papillomavirus, immunotherapy, oropharynx, squamous cell carcinoma, treatment deescalation
The Clinical Use of Nonimaging Exercise Stress Testing
Authors: Kumar Aswini , Muthuswamy Brinda , Duvall W Lane , Thompson Paul D
Published: January 2021

Exercise stress testing is an exceptionally useful cardiovascular test providing a wealth of information that can be used in patient management. It can be used in the diagnosis and/or management of chest pain, hypertension, arrhythmia, and heart failure.  Non-imaging exercise stress testing not only helps evaluate the etiology of clinical symptoms but also provides an opportunity to evaluate ECG changes with exercise, total exercise capacity, heart rate response or chronotropic index, blood pressure response, heart rate recovery, and to make estimates of the risk of coronary artery disease using tools such as the Duke Treadmill Score.  These parameters, individually and collectively, provide valuable information on the likelihood of disease and an individual’s prognosis. In addition, exercise testing is inexpensive, quick and widely available compared to imaging studies. 
This review contains 6 figures, 5 tables, and 68 references. 
Keywords: blood pressure response, chronotropic incompetence, coronary artery disease, Duke Treadmill Score, exercise physiology metabolic equivalents (METs), exercise stress test, exercise treadmill test, exercise-induced hypertension, heart rate recovery, maximal exercise capacity, ST-segment deviation
Molecular Genetics of Cancer
Authors: Ellisen Leif W.
Published: January 2021

The uncontrolled clonal expansion of a cell, which often leads to invasion of surrounding tissues and metastatic spread, produces cancer. A clear histologic and molecular genetic evolution from precancerous lesions to frankly malignant and invasive cancer has been defined for some tumors (e.g., colon and bladder cancers). In rare cases, mutations may occur and be passed on in the germline, resulting in genetic predisposition to cancer (i.e., familial cancer syndromes). Environmental factors are also thought to contribute to the development of cancer. Interactions between environmental factors and subtle germline genetic variations that distinguish individuals may in some cases constitute an important determinant of cancer risk within the general population. Finally, viral infection has been linked to the development of specific cancers. Oncogenes and proto-oncogenes, and germline genetic analysis and cancer risk assessment are covered. Also discussed are genetic alterations and abnormalities, tumor suppressor genes, tumor progression, genetic mechanisms of treatment sensitivity and resistance, and emerging trends in cancer genomics and risk assessment. Figures illustrate activation of proto-oncogenes, the Knudsen two-hit model of tumor initiation, allelic losses in tumors, the retinoblastoma gene (RB1) cell cycle pathway, the p53 cellular stress and DNA damage response pathway, microsatellite instability and DNA mismatch repair, multiple oncogenes and tumor suppressors, tumor progression, cellular senescence and telomerase activation, tumor angiogenesis, chemotherapy drug resistance, targeting of oncogenic proteins by imatinib mesylate, analysis of expression profiles using high-density microarrays, and the spectrum of risk alleles for breast cancer predisposition. Tables outline oncogene and tumor suppressor gene mutations. This chapter contains 119 references.
Seronegative Spondyloarthritis
Authors: Maksymowych Walter P
Published: January 2021

The term spondyloarthritis encompasses a family of clinically, epidemiologically, and genetically related inflammatory diseases that primarily affect spinal and peripheral joints. The prototypic disease known as ankylosing spondylitis is characterized by progressive ankylosis in the joints of the axial skeleton that is readily evident on radiography and culminates in a permanently stooped spinal posture. Disease may not progress to ankylosis and may initially affect the peripheral joints and entheses, so the term spondyloarthritis is now considered the more appropriate term for this group of arthritides. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the classification, epidemiology, pathogenesis (including genetic factors, effector cytokines, bacteria and intestinal inflammation, and the link between inflammation and spinal ankylosis), pathology, diagnosis, management (including patient education, physical modalities, symptom-modifying antirheumatic drugs, second-line agents, biologic therapies, antibiotics, and surgery), and prognosis of spondyloarthritis. Graphs, algorithms, illustrations, and radiographic images are provided. Tables outline the modified New York criteria for ankylosing spondylitis, disease associations with genes outside the HLA locus in ankylosing spondylitis and overlap with Crohn disease and psoriasis, Assessments in SpondyloArthritis international Society (ASAS)/European League against Rheumatism (EULAR) recommendations for the management of ankylosing spondylitis, 2010 recommendations for the use of anti–tumor necrosis factor agents in patients with axial spondyloarthritis, and the ASAS core set for clinical record keeping. 
This review contains 15 highly rendered figures, 5 tables, and 176 references.
Diseases of the Pericardium, Cardiac Tumors, and Cardiac Trauma
Authors: Welch Terrence D. , Shafi Salima , Oh Jae K.
Published: January 2021

The pericardium consists of an outer fibrous layer and an inner serous layer. The serous layer covers the surface of the heart and the proximal portion of the large vessels (visceral pericardium), folds back on itself, and lines the fibrous layer (parietal pericardium). Normal pericardial thickness is less than or equal to 2 mm. The space between the visceral and the parietal layer forms the pericardial cavity, which normally contains 10 to 50 mL of fluid. The pericardium lubricates and reduces friction, serves as a barrier against infection, maintains the heart in a relatively stable position within the thoracic cavity, and prevents acute distention of the cardiac chambers. None of these functions, however, is essential for life, and the pericardium may, in fact, be absent at birth.

This review contains 16 figures, 1 table, and 50 references.
Key Words: Pericardium, parietal pericardium, visceral pericardium
Musculoskeletal Problems in the Female Athlete
Authors: Asif Irfan M , Edwards Emily , Harmon Kimberly
Published: January 2021

Musculoskeletal injuries in the female athlete are, for the most part, similar to those in the male athlete. However, there are differences in the incidence of these injuries and in the sports in which they tend to occur. Stress fractures are more common in the female athlete because of the higher prevalence of disordered eating and subsequent energy imbalance that leads to detrimental effects on bone. In addition, female athletes have a higher rate of noncontact anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries than male athletes. Other musculoskeletal problems are also more common in females, such as multidirectional instability of the shoulder, adhesive capsulitis, and patellofemoral pain. Finally, as a function of greater participation by females in certain sports, such as dance and gymnastics, injuries specific to those sports are more common in females. This chapter addresses injuries that are seen commonly in the female athlete and reviews unique issues related to exercise and the female reproductive system. Figures depict the management of stress fractures, a stress fracture of the inferior pubic ramus, the tension aspect of the femoral neck, stress fractures of the rib, multidirectional shoulder instability, adhesive capsulitis, spondylolysis, proper squat landing technique, and the female athlete triad. A table outlines the recommended intake of both calcium and vitamin D for bone health at various ages.This chapter contains 9 figures, 1 table, 59 references, and 5 Board-styled MCQs.
Deficiencies of Innate and Adaptive Immunity
Authors: Sullivan Kathleen E , Jyonouchi Soma
Published: January 2021

Defects in B cell function, T cell function, and innate immunity comprise the majority of primary immune deficiencies. Each compartment has a characteristic set of archetypical features. Defects in B cell function are characterized by poor immunoglobulin production, which, in turn, leads to recurrent sinopulmonary infections. Defects in T cell function are characterized by delayed clearance of viruses, susceptibility to opportunistic infections, and a high rate of autoimmune disease. Defects of innate immunity are typically associated with early-onset, severe infections. This chapter describes defects in immunoglobulin production or function, T cell disorders, defects in Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling, defects in the interleukin-12 (IL-12)/interferon-gamma signaling pathway, and defects of T helper type 17 (Th17) immunity. Tables outline specific pathogens that should alert the clinician to potential immune deficiency, provide a comparison of immunoglobulin production defects, and describe severe combined immune deficiency types. Figures include schematic representations of the TLR signaling pathway, the IL-12/interferon-gamma signaling pathway, and the Th17 immune response.
This chapter contains 3 highly rendered figures, 3 tables, 72 references, and 5 MCQs.
Infections due to Gram-Positive Cocci
Authors: Stevens Dennis L.
Published: January 2021

The gram-positive cocci that produce infection include pneumococci, group A streptococci, non?group A streptococci (including groups B, C, D, G, and nongroupable streptococci), anaerobic streptococci, enterococci, and staphylococci. This chapter discusses the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of infections associated with each of these gram-positive cocci, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The clinical infections caused by each of these organisms are reviewed. Tables describe the incidence of pneumococcal disease according to age and underlying disease, factors associated with adverse outcomes in pneumococcal pneumonia; medically important streptococci and enterococci; antibiotic treatment for penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, enterococcal infections, and staphylococcal infections; laboratory tests for streptococcal pharyngitis; clinical manifestations and antibiotic treatment for staphylococcal toxic-shock syndrome (TSS); revised Jones criteria for the diagnosis of acute rheumatic fever, and drug treatment of acute rheumatic fever.
This review contains 105 references.
Infections due to Rickettsia and Related Organisms
Authors: Blanton Lucas S
Published: January 2021

Infections caused by organisms of the genus Rickettsia, Orientia, Ehrlichia, Anaplasma, and Coxiella occur throughout the world and are important, yet often overlooked, causes of febrile illness. They are transmitted by ticks, lice, mites, fleas, and, in the case of Coxiella, infected aerosols. Some are considered emerging and reemerging infectious diseases, as exemplified by the emergence of Rocky Mountain spotted fever in the American Southwest and Mexico; the reemergence of murine typhus in parts of Texas; and the discovery of new pathogens, such as Ehrlichia muris–like agent. Manifestations are usually of an acute undifferentiated febrile illness, with associated headache, malaise, myalgias, and varying frequency of rash. Since confirmation of diagnosis is often retrospective, requiring the dynamic change in antibody titers from acute and convalescent phase sera, clinical recognition for empirical treatment is imperative. Indeed, timely treatment is effective at abating symptoms and preventing complications. This review discusses important aspects of the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods, and treatment of infections caused by Rickettsia and related organisms. 
This review contains 5 figures, 9 tables, and 50 references.
Key words: anaplasmosis, ehrlichiosis, Q fever, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, scrub typhus, spotted fever group rickettsioses, typhus group rickettsioses
Prostate Cancer
Authors: Rosenberg Jonathan E. , Kantoff Philip W
Published: January 2021

Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed noncutaneous malignancy in men in the United States. This chapter discusses the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and diagnosis of prostate cancer, as well as risk factors, the use of digital rectal examination and prostate-specific antigen measurement for screening, and staging for the disease. Also reviewed are the natural history of untreated prostate cancer; the treatment of localized and advanced prostate cancer, including prostatectomy, radiation therapy, and androgen deprivation therapy; and the prevention of prostate cancer. Figures illustrate the incidence rates of prostate cancer by race, age-adjusted and/or age-specific cancer of the prostate, the risk of a diagnosis in 20 years (based on being cancer free at certain ages), the 5-year survival rate, and the overall survival in patients with early prostate cancer treated with observation or radical prostatectomy. Tables in this chapter review the clinical staging definitions and the combined-modality staging approach to prostate cancer. This chapter contains 116 references.
Acute Bacterial Meningitis
Authors: Roos Karen L.
Published: January 2021

Acute bacterial meningitis is a life-threatening infection. By definition, meningitis is an infection of the meninges and the subarachnoid space. Bacterial meningitis is associated with an inflammatory response that involves the meninges, the subarachnoid space, the brain parenchyma, and the cerebral arteries and veins. As such, bacterial meningoencephalitis is the more accurate descriptive term. This chapter discusses the epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology and pathogenesis, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment, complications, and prognosis of the disease. The discussion of diagnosis covers clinical manifestations, physical examination findings, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. The discussion of treatment covers empirical therapy, specific antimicrobial therapy, and dexamethasone therapy. Graphs compare causative organisms and clinical manifestations of community-acquired meningitis. Illustrations depict proper patient positioning for detecting nuchal rigidity, Kernig sign, Brudzinski sign, and lumbar puncture, as well as a sagittal view of a lumbar puncture needle as it is advanced into the subarachnoid space. An algorithm delineates the approach to the patient with symptoms and signs of bacterial meningitis. Tables outline bacterial pathogens based on predisposing and associated conditions, cerebrospinal fluid diagnostic studies for meningitis, the appearance of the organism on a Gram stain, empirical antimicrobial therapy based on predisposing and associated conditions, recommendations for specific antibiotic therapy in bacterial meningitis, and recommended doses for antibiotics commonly used in the treatment of bacterial meningitis.
 
This review contains 8 highly rendered figures, 6 tables, and 75 references.
Chest Wall and Neuromuscular Disease
Authors: Çoruh Başak , Benditt Joshua O
Published: January 2021

Chest wall and neuromuscular diseases encompass a broad spectrum of illnesses that affect the mechanics of breathing. This chapter reviews the physiology of the respiratory system and the impact of these diseases. A brief discussion of various chest wall and neuromuscular diseases is included. The approach to the evaluation of a patient with suspected chest wall or neuromuscular disease, including key aspects of the history, physical examination, and diagnostic testing, is discussed. Respiratory care, including ventilation, cough, swallowing, and sleep, is described. Tables outline neuromuscular diseases affecting the respiratory system, causes of diaphragm weakness and paralysis, and a comprehensive approach to respiratory care in chest wall and neuromuscular disease. Figures include illustrations of the anatomy of the respiratory system and contraction of the diaphragm, pressure measures above and below the diaphragm, radiographic images of chest wall diseases and measurement of the Cobb angle, a computed tomographic scan of a patient with pectus excavatum, a graph showing patterns of pulmonary function testing in chest wall and neuromuscular disease, and photos of mouthpiece ventilation and a mechanical insufflator-exsufflator device. Videos show a fluoroscopic sniff test demonstrating unilateral diaphragm paralysis and the use of a mechanical insufflator-exsufflator device.
This review contains 9 highly rendered figures, 2 videos, 3 tables, and 40 references.
Radiculopathies and Neuropathies
Authors: Chuang Kathy , David William S
Published: January 2021

“Radiculopathies” are disorders of nerve roots, whereas “neuropathies” are disorders of the peripheral nerve. These disorders may involve single roots or nerves, multiple roots or nerves, and even other aspects of the nervous system. This chapter reviews the anatomy and pathophysiology of the peripheral nervous system; the general approach to radiculopathies and neuropathies, including clinical manifestations and localization, diagnostic studies, and treatment; radiculopathies, including anatomy, cervical radiculopathy, lumbosacral radiculopathy, thoracic radiculopathy, and cauda equina syndrome; and neuropathies, including  mononeuropathies and polyneuropathies. Tables describe the innervation of select nerve roots and peripheral nerves, differences between root and nerve lesions, commonly used neuropathic pain medications, distinctive patterns of neuropathy with limited differential diagnoses, differential diagnosis of demyelinating polyneuropathy, drugs that may cause polyneuropathy, and neuropathies associated with diabetes mellitus. Figures show the anatomy of a spinal segment, nerve fascicles, ultrasound images of the median nerve, magnetic resonance imaging of the lumbosacral spine, the Spurling maneuver, and physical examination maneuvers for lumbosacral radiculopathies.
This chapter contains 6 highly rendered figures, 8 tables, 77 references, and 5 MCQs.
Ureteroscopic Stone Treatment
Authors: Ark Jacob T , Marien Tracy P , Miller Nicole L
Published: January 2021

Renal and ureteral stone treatment has evolved from an open operation to being entirely endoscopic. Since the inception of the natural orifice treatment of stones, there have been many more advancements in multiple aspects of the case, including smaller scopes, higher-resolution imaging, and more powerful lasers. This technological evolution in ureteroscopic stone treatment has broadened its indication as a first-line therapy by helping to attenuate the learning curve and expedite stone fragmentation and extraction. This overview includes the evolution of ureteroscopic stone treatment; however, the majority is dedicated to reviewing equipment and operative techniques pertaining to ureteroscopic stone treatment of upper tract stones.
This review contains 10 highly rendered figures, 5 tables, and 43 references
Key words: holmium laser, kidney, lithotripsy, nephrolithiasis, ureter, ureteral stent, ureteroscopy