bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The importance of risk evaluation in the business operations of the company from the aspect of top management decision-making
Authors: Vitomir Goran
Published: November 2021

The economy of a country, regardless of the dominant ownership structure that prevails in it, should have developed market institutions through which economic development can be built in accordance with the basic objective function of the company, i.e. the target category of "profit maximization". The economy observed in this way is connected to the observation of the financial position of a large number of heterogeneous companies, because in that way the most important indicators can be presented, such as those that reflect the financial health of a large number of companies at the time of observation. A realistic view of the created value of a company implies the simultaneous creation of a competitive advantage and the evaluation of economic effects in the real observation of the economy of a country, such as, for example, the observation of the economy of the Republic of Serbia. Top management in the process of overall assessment of the investment of necessary resources for the organization of business in the company tries to see as many factors that affect the projection of cash flows, and then assess the possible chances of making possible modifications to maximize profits. In this study, the authors analyzed the impact of stochastic risk in creating the real value of a company. In this regard, there is a key issue related to the management of the company, i.e. there is the issue of managing possible risks, especially when it comes to risk comparisons and new investments that arise in the real business of the company.
Establishment of the women's charity society 'Srpkinja' in Prizren 1909
Authors: Milošević Miroslav
Published: November 2021

The Women's charity society "Srpkinja" was founded in 1909. by local Serbian women from Prizren. At the beginning of the 19th century, Serbian population in Kosovo and Metohija was under-pressure from the Turkish authorities and local Albanians. Only way to save their homes from fanatic Muslims was to work on opening schools, creation of cultural associations, in order to preserve their identity in that way. A group of brave women's decide to establish one society, who will take care for education of young girls in Prizren. The goals of this society were to learn young women's, girls and housekeepers true values through the conversations, reading books and etc. The members of this society "Srpkinja" was engaged in charity work, they helped poor people, also they collected donations from rich people. The women's charity society had its own rulebook according to which it worked. The "Srpkinja" also had their management, president, vice-president, an accountant and paymaster. One year after the establishment, the management of this society was opened a women's worker's school in 1910. This school was very important for the education of young girls. At school the girls learned how to sews, cuts and knit. In the World war one, these girls and women's helped the red cross. After war, the school continues to work. This society and their school was very important for young and poor Serbian girls. Many of them have become teachers, educators and most important - good people.
Updates in the Management of Newly Diagnosed Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Authors: Mims Alice S.
Published: November 2021

For patients with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia (AML) who are candidates for intensive induction regimens, all therapies include anthracycline- and cytarabine-based backbones. Core-binding factor AML is typically treated with gemtuzumab ozogamicin and 7 + 3 chemotherapy. Patients with FLT3-mutated (ITD or TKD) disease should have midostaurin + 7 + 3 and consolidation, and those with secondary or therapy-related AML should be considered for CPX-351. For patients ineligible for intensive induction regimens, venetoclax has changed the game and should be used in combination with hypomethylating agents or cytarabine. Glasdegib is also approved in combination with low-dose cytarabine. Patients with IDH1/2-mutated disease can be treated with ivosidenib and enasidenib, respectively. Although enasidenib has yet to secure its spot in the up-front setting, data support its use in newly diagnosed AML. An ongoing question in the field concerns how to treat patients with TP53-mutated AML, because most patients do not respond well to currently available therapies and continue to have poor overall outcomes.
Mutational Landscape in Myeloproliferative Neoplasms: Implications on Prognosis and Clinical Management
Authors: Gerds Aaron T.
Published: November 2021

Mutations are a critical piece in understanding how myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) occur, specifically the pathobiology of JAK/STAT activation. Mutations play such an important role, in fact, that they are a key part of the diagnostic classification for these diseases. Furthermore, the mutational landscape of MPNs affects both the prognosis and the biology of disease progression. Current research in the field is focused on understanding how and why these mutations occur, as well as how to attack them to address disease at the time of progression or even before disease progression has occurred.
Optimizing Treatment Approaches for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia/Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma
Authors: Brown Jennifer R.
Published: November 2021

The choice of therapy for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (newly diagnosed as well as relapsed/refractory disease) depends on the disease (presence or absence of del(17p) or TP53 mutation) and patient characteristics (age, comorbidities, functional status and patient preference). Many patients can choose between continuous treatment with a Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor or time-limited therapy with venetoclax/obinutuzumab. For patients with 17p deletions, the data support the use of continuous treatment with a BTK inhibitor, although these patients should also be referred to clinical trials evaluating novel combination therapy options with minimal residual disease monitoring. The choice of therapy for relapsed disease also depends on prior therapy and duration of response to prior therapy in addition to the disease and patient characteristics (as mentioned earlier). BTK inhibitor– or venetoclax-based regimens are recommended for patients experiencing relapse following chemoimmunotherapy. In the case of disease relapse following BTK inhibitor therapy, prospective data are available only for venetoclax-based regimens, whereas disease relapse (after a period of durable remission) following time-limited therapy with venetoclax-based regimens can be managed through re-treatment with venetoclax or a BTK inhibitor.
Mean Differential Continuous Pulse Method for Accurate Optical
Measurements of Light-Emitting Diodes and Laser Diodes
Authors: Zong Yuqin , Hulett Jeff , Koide Naomasa , Yamaji Yoshiki , Miller C. Cameron
Published: November 2021

Limited sources exist for the application of germicidal ultraviolet (GUV)
radiation. Ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (UV-LEDs) have significantly improved in
efficiency and are becoming another viable source for GUV. We have developed a mean
differential continuous pulse method (M-DCP method) for optical measurements of
light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and laser diodes (LDs). The new M-DCP method provides an
improvement on measurement uncertainty by one order of magnitude compared to the
unpublished differential continuous pulse method (DCP method). The DCP method was
already a significant improvement of the continuous pulse method (CP method) commonly
used in the LED industry. The new M-DCP method also makes it possible to measure UV-LEDs
with high accuracy. Here, we present the DCP method, discuss the potential systematic
error sources in it, and present the M-DCP method along with its reduced systematic
errors. This paper also presents the results of validation measurement of LEDs using the
M-DCP method and common test instruments.
An Analysis of Subject Competencies Applied in the Activity Tasks of the ‘Home Life and Safety’ area in Middle School Technology-Home Economics Textbooks based on the 2015 Revised National Curriculum
Authors: Park Yu Bin , Yu Nan Sook
Published: November 2021

The purpose of this study was to analyze two subject competencies (practical problem-solving capability and independent life capability) reflected in the activity tasks included in the ‘home life and safety’ area of 12 middle school technology-home economics textbooks in accordance with the 2015 revised curriculum. The analysis criteria were sub-elements of two subject competencies. Seven sub-elements were derived from each competency. Frequency analysis was performed to determine how often the sub-elements were reflected in the activity tasks. The results were as follows. First, with regard to the sub-elements of ‘practical problem-solving capability’, ‘value judgment’ was reflected most frequently in the activity tasks followed by ‘exemplification of solution’, ‘logical thinking’, ‘critical thinking’, ‘decision-making’, ‘practical reasoning’, and ‘evaluation of solutions’. Secondly, the sub-elements of ‘independent life capability’ were unevenly distributed in the activity tasks. The ‘capability to perform conscious living’ was reflected most frequently followed by ‘development and self-identity’, ‘time, money, and leisure management’, and ‘reasonable consumption and resource utilization’. For teachers wanting to teach activity-oriented classes and student participatory classes, the results pinpoint the materials necessary to develop learners’ subject competencies by using textbooks from different publishing companies.
The Mediating Role of Self-esteem between Spousal Support and Infertility-related Stress among Infertile Couples: Actor Effects and Partner Effects
Authors: Lee Ka Yeon , Kim Seong Hee
Published: November 2021

The purpose of this study was to examine actor and partner effects among infertile couples in determining whether self-esteem affects the degree of infertility-related stress via perceived spousal support. The sample comprised 219 couples who experienced infertility, each of whom completed an online survey. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics, t-test, correlation analysis and APIM (Actor-Partner Interdependence Model) were performed using SPSS 25.0 and Mplus 7.3 program. The main results were as follows. First, the actor effect of spousal support on self-esteem was significant in both husbands and wives. Second, the actor effects of spousal support on infertility-related stress and self-esteem on infertility stress were significant only in husbands. Third, in the association between husbands’ and wives’ spousal support and infertility-related stress, three mediating pathways via husband’s self-esteem were found to be significant. Based on these results, the necessity for a couple-level analysis in infertility research, psycho-emotional interventions for infertile couples, and implications for follow-up studies were discussed.
The Effect of Pornography Use Among Adolescents on Violent Sexual Behavior and the Moderating Effect of Family Support
Authors: Kim Jae Yop , Choi Sunah , Su Lim Jeong
Published: November 2021

The purpose of this study was to identify the impact of pornography use among adolescents on their subsequent violent sexual behavior, and to ascertain the moderating effect of family support. The study was conducted with a sample of 2,087 Korean middle and high-school students. To analyze the data, a descriptive analysis, a correlation analysis, and a Poisson regression were conducted using SPSS 24.0. A Poisson regression was performed because the dependent variable, violent sexual behavior, was measured by the frequency of occurrence, and most responses were distributed at '0', indicating a non-normal distribution. The results indicated that 8.1% of adolescents admitted to having sexually violent experiences over the past year, with a relatively high rate of sexual harassment. Secondly, 53.3% of adolescents had used pornography over the past couple of years, with the highest percentage of use occurring via the Internet. Finally, pornography use among adolescents had a significant and direct impact on their sexually violent behavior, with family support playing a moderating role. This indicated that, for adolescents with a high level of family support, the impact of pornography usage on sexually violent behavior decreased. Based on these results, we discuss practical and policy interventions to prevent sexually violent behavior by adolescents.
ENUMERATION OF DIMER CONFIGURATIONS ON A FRACTAL LATTICE
Authors: Marčetić Dušanka , Elezović Hadžić Sunčica , Živić Ivan
Published: November 2021

In this paper, we present a solution to the close-packed dimer problem on a fractal lattice. The dimer model is canonical model in statistical physics related with many physical phenomena. Originally, it was introduced as a model for adsorption of diatomic molecules on surfaces. Here we assume that the two dimensional substrate on which the adsorption occurs is nonhomogeneous and we represent it by the modified rectangular (MR) fractal lattice. Self-similarity of the fractal lattice enables exact recursive enumeration of all close-packed dimer configurations at every stage of fractal construction. Asymptotic form for the overall number of dimer coverings is determined and entropy per dimer in the thermodynamic limit is obtained.
New fossils of Australopithecus sediba reveal a nearly complete lower back
Authors: Williams Scott A , Prang Thomas Cody , Meyer Marc R , Nalley Thierra K , Van Der Merwe Renier , Yelverton Christopher , García-Martínez Daniel , Russo Gabrielle A , Ostrofsky Kelly R , Spear Jeffrey , Eyre Jennifer , Grabowski Mark , Nalla Shahed , Bastir Markus , Schmid Peter , Churchill Steven E , Berger Lee R
Published: November 2021

Adaptations of the lower back to bipedalism are frequently discussed but infrequently demonstrated in early fossil hominins. Newly discovered lumbar vertebrae contribute to a near-complete lower back of Malapa Hominin 2 (MH2), offering additional insights into posture and locomotion in Australopithecus sediba. We show that MH2 possessed a lower back consistent with lumbar lordosis and other adaptations to bipedalism, including an increase in the width of intervertebral articular facets from the upper to lower lumbar column (‘pyramidal configuration’). These results contrast with some recent work on lordosis in fossil hominins, where MH2 was argued to demonstrate no appreciable lordosis (‘hypolordosis’) similar to Neandertals. Our three-dimensional geometric morphometric (3D GM) analyses show that MH2’s nearly complete middle lumbar vertebra is human-like in overall shape but its vertebral body is somewhat intermediate in shape between modern humans and great apes. Additionally, it bears long, cranially and ventrally oriented costal (transverse) processes, implying powerful trunk musculature. We interpret this combination of features to indicate that A. sediba used its lower back in both bipedal and arboreal positional behaviors, as previously suggested based on multiple lines of evidence from other parts of the skeleton and reconstructed paleobiology of A. sediba.
Ten months of temporal variation in the clinical journey of hospitalised patients with COVID-19: An observational cohort
Authors:   ISARIC Clinical Characterisation Group, Hall Matthew D , Baruch Joaquín , Carson Gail , Citarella Barbara Wanjiru , Dagens Andrew , Dankwa Emmanuelle A , Donnelly Christl A , Dunning Jake , Escher Martina , Kartsonaki Christiana , Merson Laura , Pritchard Mark , Wei Jia , Horby Peter W , Rojek Amanda , Olliaro Piero L
Published: November 2021

Background:

There is potentially considerable variation in the nature and duration of the care provided to hospitalised patients during an infectious disease epidemic or pandemic. Improvements in care and clinician confidence may shorten the time spent as an inpatient, or the need for admission to an intensive care unit (ICU) or high dependency unit (HDU). On the other hand, limited resources at times of high demand may lead to rationing. Nevertheless, these variables may be used as static proxies for disease severity, as outcome measures for trials, and to inform planning and logistics.

Methods:

We investigate these time trends in an extremely large international cohort of 142,540 patients hospitalised with COVID-19. Investigated are: time from symptom onset to hospital admission, probability of ICU/HDU admission, time from hospital admission to ICU/HDU admission, hospital case fatality ratio (hCFR) and total length of hospital stay.

Results:

Time from onset to admission showed a rapid decline during the first months of the pandemic followed by peaks during August/September and December 2020. ICU/HDU admission was more frequent from June to August. The hCFR was lowest from June to August. Raw numbers for overall hospital stay showed little variation, but there is clear decline in time to discharge for ICU/HDU survivors.

Conclusions:

Our results establish that variables of these kinds have limitations when used as outcome measures in a rapidly evolving situation.

Funding:

This work was supported by the UK Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office and Wellcome [215091/Z/18/Z] and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation [OPP1209135]. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Effect of mesoporous bioactive glass on odontogenic differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells
Authors: Zhu Lin , Li Jingyi , Dong Yanmei
Published: November 2021

Healthy pulp tissue plays an important role in normal function and long-term retention of teeth. Mesoporous bioactive glass (MBG) as a kind of regenerative biomaterials shows the potential in preserving the vital pulp. In this study, MBG prepared by organic template method combined with sol-gel method were used in human dental pulp cell culture and ectopic mineralization experiment. Real-Time PCR was used to explore its ability to induce odontogenic differentiation of dental pulp cells. MBG and rat crowns were implanted under the skin of nude mice for 4 weeks to observe the formation of pulp dentin complex. We found that MBG can release Si and Ca ions and has a strong mineralization activity in vitro. The co-culture of MBG with human dental pulp cells promoted the expression of DMP-1 (dentin matrix protein-1) and ALP (alkalinephosphatase) without affecting cell proliferation. After 4 weeks of subcutaneous implantation in nude mice, the formation of hard tissue with regular structure under the material could be seen, and the structure was similar to dentin tubules. These results indicate that MBG can induce the differentiation of dental pulp cells and the formation of dental pulp-dentin complex and has the potential to promote the repair and regeneration of dental pulp injuries.
Modelling of Electric Grid to Enhance Generated Power Evacuation
Authors: Eloebhose Donald , Ogbogu Nelson
Published: November 2021

The study of evacuation of power from the power plants in Rivers State Nigeria, connecting to the 330kV transmission network of the Transmission Company of Nigeria (TCN). The Power World Simulator Educational version was used in the modelling and simulation of the electric power grid. The study of load flow analysis, short circuit, transient and N-1 contingency analysis and their effect on the 330 kV/132kV transmission bus connected to the existing power plants in Rivers State Nigeria namely; Rivers IPP (180MW), Afam III (265.6MW), Afam IV & V (351.00 MW) and Afam VI G. S (650.00 MW) was carried out. From the short circuit study, it is observed that when a bus is faulted with a 3-phase fault, the three-phase voltages of the system drastically become zero in all the phases. The other buses of the network experience an increase in voltage and all the buses fed have the same effect as the bus under fault, though the effect is felt more on the buses. However, with the introduction of substation splitting at Afam III and ongoing Afam IV substations, the short circuit level will be reduced by 15%; leading to improvement in the overall system stability.
Calidad de las Interacciones entre Educadoras y Niños/as en Jardines Infantiles Públicos en Santiago
Authors:   Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Gebauer Greve Maria Alejandra , Narea Marigen ,   Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
Published: November 2021

Las interacciones al interior de las salas de clase preescolares definen la calidad de la educación temprana. Este estudio describe la calidad de la interacción entre agentes educativas y sus 230 párvulos en 16 salas de clase de nivel medio menor de jardines infantiles públicos de 14 comunas de la Región Metropolitana de Chile. La calidad de interacciones de aula fue medida con el instrumento Classroom Assessment Scoring System para el nivel Toddler (CLASS-T). El análisis descriptivo de promedios indica que tanto el dominio Apoyo Emocional y Conductual como el Compromiso con el Apoyo al Aprendizaje obtuvieron un nivel de calidad moderado (4,08 y 3,33 puntos, respectivamente, de un total posible de 7), siendo mayor el del primer dominio. El área más débil del segundo dominio observado fue el desarrollo del lenguaje. Usando correlación ordinal de Spearman, no se encontró correlación entre calidad de las interacciones y características de las agentes educativas, como edad, experiencia laboral, nivel educacional o estudios complementarios a su preparación inicial, y características de las aulas, como cantidad de niños/as en la sala. Este resultado entrega información sobre la calidad de las interacciones en un nivel educativo poco investigado y tiene implicancias importantes para la mejora en calidad de la educación inicial a través de un desarrollo profesional docente en primera infancia más focalizado y que diferencie entre los distintos niveles de la educación preescolar en Chile.
Mecanismos de Desconexión Moral, Diferencias de Sexo y Predictores Clínicos en Adolescentes: Un Estudio Exploratorio
Authors:   Universidad Católica Luis Amigó (Colombia), Gómez-Tabares Anyerson Stiths , Núñez César ,   Universidad de Medellin (Colombia), Caballo Vicente E. ,   Universidad de Granada (España)
Published: November 2021

La desconexión moral es un constructo útil para explicar el comportamiento disruptivo en la adolescencia, evidenciando diferencias entre hombres y mujeres. Sin embargo, no existen estudios respecto de la asociación de factores clínicos y psicológicos y el uso de mecanismos de desconexión moral. Por tal motivo, este estudio analizó las diferencias de sexo y predictores clínicos de los mecanismos de desconexión moral en adolescentes. Se utilizó una metodología cuantitativa, no experimental, transversal y explicativa, con la participación de 354 adolescentes entre 14 y 18 años (M = 15,58, DE = 1,22) de dos instituciones educativas de Manizales, Colombia. Se utilizó el cuestionario de desconexión moral (MMDS) y las escalas de autoestima (RSES), impulsividad (BIS-11), desesperanza (BHS), ansiedad (BAI) y depresión (BDI). Una prueba t de Student mostró que los hombres presentan puntuaciones más altas que las mujeres en todos los mecanismos de desconexión moral. Un análisis de regresión lineal múltiple por sexo también reveló que la impulsividad tuvo un efecto sobre la desconexión moral en hombres, mientras que las variables impulsividad, desesperanza y ansiedad evidenciaron los efectos más altos que explican la desconexión moral en mujeres. El modelo de regresión lineal múltiple evidenció que la impulsividad y el sexo presentaron los efectos más altos en la predicción de la desconexión moral y sus mecanismos. Se considera que los resultados aportan explicaciones teóricas novedosas en una línea de investigación que pretende relacionar las perspectivas psicológicas, clínicas y cognitivo-sociales con implicaciones importantes para la intervención psicosocial en adolescentes.
Random Forest
Authors: Calhoun Peter , Su Xiaogang , Spoon Kelly M. , Levine Richard A. , Fan Juanjuan
Published: November 2021

In this article, we present the random forest algorithm by Breiman in 2001, discuss a few of the most popular random forest extensions, and present random forest of interaction trees for both randomized trials and observational data. In particular, extremely randomized trees, acceptance‐rejection trees, and conditional random forest are detailed and compared in terms of algorithm differences, prediction accuracy for classification and regression problems, computation time, and variable selection bias. We also briefly highlight additional random forest‐related methods and algorithms, while providing references of relevant articles in the literature and, if available, R packages. Random forest of interaction trees (RFIT) is described within the context of precision medicine for randomized clinical trials as well as RFIT incorporating propensity score appropriate for data from observational studies. A simulation study demonstrates that this RFIT approach can improve prediction accuracy of the individualized treatment effect (ITE) for observational study data. The RFIT method is applied to a study of headache treatments, providing individualized treatment effect for all patients, variable importance rankings, and the effects of the most important variables on the ITE via partial dependence plots.
Bayesian Aggregation
Authors: Yao Yuling
Published: November 2021

A general challenge in statistics is prediction in the presence of multiple candidate models or learning algorithms. Model aggregation tries to combine all predictive distributions from individual models, which is more stable and flexible than single model selection. In this article, we describe when and how to aggregate models under the lens of Bayesian decision theory. Among the two widely used methods, Bayesian model averaging (BMA) and Bayesian stacking, we compare their predictive performance and review their theoretical optimality, probabilistic interpretation, practical implementation, and extensions in complex models.
Design of a joint adaptive observer for a class of affine nonlinear sampled‐output system with unknown states and parameters
Authors: Zhuang Xincheng , Wang Haoping , Ahmed‐Ali Sofiane , Tian Yang
Published: November 2021

In this article, a joint adaptive observer design method is proposed for a class of affine nonlinear systems subject to sampled output data measurements. The considered class of system contains nonlinear terms which depend on unknown parameters. The considered unknown parameters enter the system in both the output and the system states equations which render the design of the sampled data observer for the affine nonlinear system more difficult to conceive. To solve this problem, and based on a new method of decoupling parameter estimation and state observation, a new online output sampling joint adaptive observer is proposed in this article, which can simultaneously guarantees the exponential convergence of the estimation of unknown state and parameter. The structure of the proposed observer has been extended to the case of sampled and delayed data measurements. To illustrate the performance of the proposed observer, a comparison is made with another observer with an output predictor on a satellite navigation system. And the observer proposed in this article is applied to the model‐free control of ultra‐local models.
Engineering Gelation Kinetics in Living Silk Hydrogels by Differential Dynamic Microscopy Microrheology and Machine Learning
Authors: Martineau Rhett L. , Bayles Alexandra V. , Hung Chia‐Suei , Reyes Kristofer G. , Helgeson Matthew E. , Gupta Maneesh K.
Published: November 2021

Microbes embedded in hydrogels comprise one form of living material. Discovering formulations that balance potentially competing for mechanical and biological properties in living hydrogels—for example, gel time of the hydrogel formulation and viability of the embedded organisms—can be challenging. In this study, a pipeline is developed to automate the characterization of the gel time of hydrogel formulations. Using this pipeline, living materials comprised of enzymatically crosslinked silk and embedded E. coli—formulated from within a 4D parameter space—are engineered to gel within a pre‐selected timeframe. Gelation time is estimated using a novel adaptation of microrheology analysis using differential dynamic microscopy (DDM). In order to expedite the discovery of gelation regime boundaries, Bayesian machine learning models are deployed with optimal decision‐making under uncertainty. The rate of learning is observed to vary between artificial intelligence (AI)‐assisted planning and human planning, with the fastest rate occurring during AI‐assisted planning following a round of human planning. For a subset of formulations gelling within a targeted timeframe of 5–15 min, fluorophore production within the embedded cells is substantially similar across treatments, evidencing that gel time can be tuned independent of other material properties—at least over a finite range—while maintaining biological activity.
Bioprinted Constructs that Mimic the Ossification Center Microenvironment for Targeted Innervation in Bone Regeneration
Authors: Li Wentao , Miao Weiqiang , Liu Yihao , Wang Tianchang , Zhang Yuxin , Wang Wenhao , Lu Dezhi , Zhou Xianhao , Jiao Xin , Jia Xinlin , Lin Yixuan , Li Yuchen , He Hongtao , Mao Yuanqing , Ma Zhenjiang , Li Tao , Wang Jinwu
Published: November 2021

Although great progress has been made in engineered bone tissues, delayed or ineffective bone regeneration remains an issue due to the lack of neural network reconstruction in their design. Therefore, an engineered bone tissue construct that mimics the ossification center microenvironment to promote innervation is proposed. Based on this, the NGF@Lap constructs are constructed through bioprinting technology, which can release nerve growth factor (NGF) for a long time and simulate the ossification center's microenvironment with high expression NGF. In vitro, NGF@Lap‐GA can promote axonal extension. Meanwhile, the NGF and Laponite from the constructs can respectively promote the expression and secretion of calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) in sensory neurons. Further, the constructs show a CGRP‐dependent osteogenic and inhibition of adipogenesis, which is mainly regulated by AMP‐activated protein kinase‐peroxisome proliferator activated receptor pathway. In vivo, the constructs increased neurovascular network density in the tissue surrounding the implant, promoted bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells osteogenic differentiation, and effectively improved bone regeneration in the cranial defect model. In conclusion, the novel tissue‐engineered bone simulates the ossification center microenvironment, promotes innervation, and has promising potential for future application in bone regeneration.
A Multilevel Analytical Theory for Prediction of Ferroelectric Perovskite Oxide Properties from Composition
Authors: Yadav Suhas , Samanta Atanu , Shafir Or , Grinberg Ilya
Published: November 2021

Prediction of properties from composition is a fundamental goal of materials science that is particularly relevant for ferroelectric perovskite oxide solid solutions where compositional variation is a primary tool for material design. Design of ferroelectric oxide solid solutions has been guided by heuristics and first‐principles and Landau–Ginzburg–Devonshire theoretical methods that become increasingly difficult to apply in ternary, quaternary, and quintary solid solutions. To address this problem, a multilevel model is developed for the prediction of the ferroelectric‐to‐paraelectric transition temperature (Tc), coercive field (Ec), and polarization (P) of PbTiO3‐derived ferroelectric solid solutions from composition. The characteristics of the materials at different length scales, starting at the level of the electronic structure and chemical bonding of the constituent ions and ending at the level of collective behavior, are analytically related by using ferroelectric domain walls and cationic off‐center displacements as the key links between the different levels of the model. The obtained composition–structure–property relationships provide a unified quantitatively predictive theory for understanding PbTiO3‐derived solid solutions. Such a multilevel analytical modeling approach is likely to be generally applicable to different classes of ferroelectric perovskite oxides and to other functional properties, and to materials and properties beyond the field of ferroelectrics.
Deep‐Blue Delayed Fluorescence Supramolecular Assembly with Ultrahigh Quantum Yields of 81% from an Extraordinary Source of π–π* Transition
Authors: Deng Yuchen , Li Peng , Zhang Peng , Li Huanrong
Published: November 2021

Blue/deep‐blue emission is an essential core element for application in organic optoelectronics, but it remains an enormous challenge in organic afterglow owing to the difficulties in the stabilization of the high‐lying triplet excited state. Here, an effective approach to develop a deep‐blue delayed fluorescence (DF) supramolecular assembly with long lifetime and record‐high quantum efficiency up to 0.62 s and 81%, respectively, is proposed via the increase in the delocalization degree of guest molecules induced by the co‐assembly of guest molecules with Laponite (Lap) achieved via simple solvent‐free grinding approach. Thereby the excitation energy of singlet excited states of π–π* transition (S1 (1(π, π*))) decreases, making the π–π* transition of CC bonds as the main intersystem crossing (ISC) pathway from S1 to triplet excited states (T1) dominate the blue DF spectrum. Surprisingly, (TPA)n@Lap still exhibits excellent afterglow characteristics with long lifetime of 0.567–0.481 s and high quantum efficiency of 72%–41% even in aqueous environments with water content from 20% to 98%. Benefiting from the excellent property, the visual detection of Fe3+ in water environment and high‐level information encryption application are exhibited. These results provide an important foundation for the development of blue/deep‐blue afterglow materials with high efficiency and may inspire extensive applications in the future.
Temperature Dependent Exciton Funnel Dynamics in Uniform Strain Gradient Field Observed by Time‐Resolved Photoluminescence
Authors: Fu Xuewen , Chen Xiang , Jacopin Gwenole , Shahmohammadi Mehran , Zhang Chuwei , Liu Fang , Liu Ren , Ganière Jean‐Daniel , Liao Zhi‐Min , Deveaud Benoit , Yu Dapeng
Published: November 2021

Elastic strain engineering is an important way to reversibly tune the properties of micro/nanoscale semiconductors for promising applications in the emerging advanced nanotechnologies, such as the strain enhanced high‐mobility transistors, nanogenerators, etc. However, direct observation and control of energetic carrier dynamics with precise strain gradient fields remains a challenge. Here, observation of temperature‐dependent exciton funnel dynamics is reported in a precisely controlled strain gradient field by time‐resolved photoluminescence. An efficient exciton hopping process is revealed at picosecond time scale as the donor‐bound excitons in ZnO microwires funnel along the strain gradient, which strongly depends on the temperature. Combined experiments and simulations unravel that, in addition to the exciton funnel by the strain gradient, both the excitation efficiency and emission lifetime of the excitons increase gradually from the compressive side to the tensile side due to the role of local strain regulation. The results give a clear physical picture of the energetic carrier dynamics in the strain gradient field in semiconductors, which provides a promising paradigm for the design of high‐performance optoelectronic devices.
Genetic structure analysis of the cyprinid Oxygymnocypris stewartii
Authors: Dong Le , Tong Guangxiang , Yang Xiaoxing , Li Lei , Yan Ting , Ma Kai , Yin Jiasheng , Ma Bo , Kuang Youyi
Published: November 2021

Oxygymnocypris stewartii is a cold‐water cyprinid indigenous to China, where it inhabits the Yarlung Zangbo river and its tributaries at high elevations on the Qinghai–Tibet plateau. Owing to its restricted distribution and a gradual reduction in population size, this fish is listed as near threatened on the IUCN Red List, and it is classified as endangered at the national level. To investigate the species’ genetic diversity, this study used 26 pairs of microsatellite markers to analyse the genetic structure of six geographic populations of O. stewartii in the Yarlung Zangbo river basin (YZRB). The results showed moderate genetic diversity in O. stewartii, with an average effective number of alleles of 2.4052, expected heterozygosity of 0.4759, and polymorphism information content of 0.4210. Genetic structure analysis detected significant differentiation among the six populations (p < 0.05). Bayesian inference of ancestral lineage indicated the populations comprise two genetically distinct groups. Small effective population sizes are possibly an outcome of a reduction in the whole population and obstacles to gene exchange among geographic populations. Analysis of gene flow found evidence of asymmetrical migration, with migration from larger to smaller populations. This research provides a genetic basis for protection of this threatened species, with O. stewartii in the YZRB deserving urgent protection.
Multiple Wavelength Photopolymerization of Stable Poly(Catecholamines)‐DNA Origami Nanostructures**
Authors: Winterwerber Pia , Whitfield Colette J. , Ng David Y. W. , Weil Tanja
Published: November 2021

The synthesis of multicomponent polymer hybrids with nanometer precision is chemically challenging in the bottom‐up synthesis of complex nanostructures. Here, we leverage the fidelity of the DNA origami technique to install a multiple wavelength responsive photopolymerization system with nanometer resolution. By precisely immobilizing various photosensitizers on the origami template, which are only activated at their respective maximum wavelength, we can control sequential polymerization processes. In particular, the triggered photosensitizers generate reactive oxygen species that in turn initiate the polymerization of the catecholamines dopamine and norepinephrine. We imprint polymeric layers at designated positions on DNA origami, which modifies the polyanionic nature of the DNA objects, thus promoting their uptake into living cells while preserving their integrity. Our herein proposed method provides a rapid platform to access complex 3D nanostructures by customizing material and biological interfaces.
Self‐healable and recyclable nitrile rubber based on thermoreversible ionic crosslink network
Authors: Zainol Mohd Hafiz , Ariff Zulkifli Mohamad , Omar Mohd Firdaus , Ping Tan Mei , Shuib Raa Khimi
Published: November 2021

In this work, commercial carboxylated nitrile butadiene rubber (XNBR) was ionically crosslinked with zinc thiolate forming reversible ionic salt bonding between carboxy groups (COOH) in XNBR chains and Zn2+ ions from zinc thiolate. The reversible nature of the ionic crosslinks allows rearrangement of rubber molecular chains under an external heat and provides self‐healing capability to the materials. The amount of zinc thiolate was varied at five levels (10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 per hundred rubber (phr) to assess the maximum reaction between COOH and Zn2+ ion for the formation of ionic crosslink networks. Evidence that ionic crosslinks formed within the materials was determined by the increased of curing torque and the chemical interaction was identified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. An equilibrium swelling testing quantitatively measured the ionic crosslink density within the material and XNBR with 30‐phr zinc thiolate showed the highest ionic crosslink density. The results revealed that, damaged XNBR with 30 phr zinc thiolate able to recover 98% of its initial properties under thermal healing at 150°C for 10 min. Furthermore, the material can be reprocessed and recycled for three times without compromising its initial properties. Perhaps, the tensile strength increased 360% at approximately 23 MPa, after third recycling process. In addition, the self‐healing XNBR also have excellent weldability on the damage sample, which shows high potential for repairing of existing rubber products installed in heavy engineering applications.
Manufacturing and photocrosslinking of a new bio‐based dimethacrylate resulting in hydrophobic crosslinked films
Authors: Sanay Berran , Strehmel Bernd , Strehmel Veronika
Published: November 2021

A new bio‐based dimethacrylate (EMHO) consisting of three isomers, that is (ethane‐1,2‐diyl‐bis(9‐methacryloyloxy‐10‐hydroxy octadecanoate) [EMHO‐i1], ethane‐1,2‐diyl‐9‐hydroxy‐10‐methacryloyloxy‐9′‐methacryloyloxy‐10′‐hydroxy octadecanoate [EMHO‐i2], and ethane‐1,2‐diyl‐bis(9‐hydroxy‐10‐methacryloyloxy octadecanoate [EMHO‐i3]), was made by a three‐step reaction starting from esterification of oleic acid with ethylene glycol followed by epoxidation in a second step, and epoxy ring‐opening reaction with methacrylic acid in a third step. The new dimethacrylate obtained was photocured applying ultra‐violet technology to receive a neat polymer on the one hand and in the presence of a further methacrylate, such as 4‐(4‐methacryloyloxyphenyl)‐butan‐2‐one (MAPO) or methyl 9‐(1H‐imidazol‐1‐yl)‐10‐(methacryloyloxy)‐octadecanoate and methyl 9‐(methacryloyloxy)‐10‐(1H‐imidazol‐1‐yl)‐octadecenoate available as isomer mixture (MIMAO), on the other hand. The photopolymerization kinetic study applying photo‐differential scanning calorimetry technology showed that the addition of MAPO or MIMAO during photocuring resulted in an increase in both polymerization rate and final conversion on monomer in comparison with the homopolymerization of EMHO. As expected, the network density obtained by the study of the elastic modulus of the copolymers was reduced compared to the homopolymer caused by the presence of the methacrylate MAPO or MIMAO comprising only one polymerizable functional group. The crosslinked polymer films contain high gel content. Those films made by using an excess of MAPO showed a glass transition above room temperature caused by the aromatic ring comprising in MAPO. High contact angle values for water indicate the high hydrophobicity of the crosslinked polymer films that is attributed to the long alkyl chains contained in the bio‐based dimethacrylate. The copolymer made from the bio‐based dimethacrylate with MAPO excess may be interesting for application as a water‐repellent coating for surface protection and protection against corrosion.
Social, spatial and isotopic niche partitioning identify an estuarine community of bottlenose dolphins as a discrete management unit
Authors: Nicholson Krista , Loneragan Neil , Finn Hugh , Bejder Lars
Published: November 2021

Investigations of population structure across multiple niche dimensions can identify discrete management units within populations. This study examined social, spatial and isotopic niche partitioning in Indo‐Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) across ca. 600 km2 of coastal and estuarine waters in south‐western Australia, to evaluate whether estuarine dolphins should be treated as a discrete management unit.

Photo‐identification data and tissue samples were collected in 2016 and 2017 in a study area covering the Peel‐Harvey Estuary (PHE) and adjacent coastal waters. A total of 1,038 dolphin groups were encountered, and 481 individuals were identified. Tissue samples for stable isotope (δ13C and δ15N) analyses were collected from 96 individuals. Social structure and complexity analyses were conducted, full and core activity spaces were identified, and their size estimated for identified social communities. Differences in stable isotope composition among individuals and communities were examined.

A socially, spatially and isotopically distinct dolphin community occurred in the PHE. The coastal waters contained four socially and spatially, but not isotopically, distinct communities as well as a substantial number of dolphins (n = 185) that were sighted infrequently and therefore were not assigned to any community. Individuals formed three levels of relationships; the majority (78%) were weak association relationships (mean half‐weight index 0.006). The estuarine community had significantly higher mean δ13C and significantly lower mean δ15N values than any of the coastal communities.

There is a strong scientific basis for treating the PHE dolphin community as a discrete management unit. The estuarine and coastal communities occupied different social environments, with coastal individuals sharing space with more transient individuals. This study shows the value of integrating information from multiple niche dimensions when identifying management units, and the need to consider all encountered individuals in management planning.
Septal deviation in the nose of the longest faced crocodylian: A description of nasal anatomy and airflow in the Indian gharial (Gavialis gangeticus) with comments on acoustics
Authors: Bourke Jason M. , Fontenot Nicole , Holliday Casey
Published: November 2021

The remarkably thin rostrum in the Indian gharial (Gavialis gangeticus) imparts challenges to nasal physiology. Competition for space in the slim jaws necessitates a thin nasal septum, leaving this taxon susceptible to nasal passage abnormalities such as septal deviation. Here we describe the nasal anatomy of gharials based on multiple individuals including one that showcases an extreme instance of nasal septum deviation. We found that gharials have both confluent nostrils and choanae, which may be important for their unique nasal acoustics. The deviated nasal septum in the female showed distinct waviness that affected the nasal passages by alternately compressing them. We performed a computational fluid dynamic analysis on the nasal passages to visualize the effects of septal deviation on airflow. Our analysis found the deviated septum increased nasal resistance and wall shear stress during respiration, resulting in unequal distribution of the air field between both sides of the nasal passage. Our findings indicate that gharials—and potentially other longirostrine crocodylians—may be particularly susceptible to septal deviations. Lastly, we observed pterygoid bullae to be present in both sexes, though their morphology differed. Airflow in the male pterygoid bullae produced a Bernoulli effect which may be responsible for the unique “pop” sounds recorded in this species.