bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Choosing the right tools for your relationship banking strategy
Authors: Ferguson Rick , Hlavinka Kelly
Published: March 2007

Purpose

This paper aims to examine the banking industry's expanding use of loyalty marketing programs to build profitable relationships with customers. Banks' relationship‐building strategies fall into two categories: full‐blown multi‐product loyalty programs and narrower programs that expand customer rewards in one or two key product areas.

Design/methodology/approach

Innovative loyalty programs launched by various banks are used as examples to show how individual banks are customizing their relationship‐building strategies within the two broad categories. Those categories are broad multi‐product loyalty programs and narrower initiatives focused on key products.

Findings

The authors believe their deeper look into relationship banking reveals that, far from a magic bullet approach, banks are customizing their relationship‐building strategies to create value propositions as unique as the institutions and customers they serve. When banks use loyalty programs to engender trust and build confidence in the brand, the customer relationship will develop organically, and so will profits.

Practical implications

There is no core list of best practices for relationship banking. By examining innovative programs and being willing to customize their strategies, banks can build enduring customer relationships that lead to growth.

Originality/value

This paper takes a look at relationship banking trends, with suggestions on how banks can incorporate these trends into successful, customized programs.
The effects of obtaining one's preferred service brand on consumer satisfaction and brand loyalty
Authors: Paswan Audhesh K. , Spears Nancy , Ganesh Gopala
Published: March 2007

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to focus on the feeling associated with being rejected by the preferred service brand, and its effect on consumer assessment of the alternate brand.

Design/methodology/approach

The data were collected using a self‐administered questionnaire in the context of higher education services targeted at the international market.

Findings

Consumers who do manage to get their preferred service brand tend to be more satisfied with the features of the obtained brand and exhibit higher levels of brand loyalty towards that brand. In comparison, consumers who end up with a service brand that is not their first choice seem to have lower levels of satisfaction with and loyalty towards the obtained brand.

Research limitations/implications

A key limitation of this study is the sampling frame. Future studies should replicate this study in different service and product contexts and with different target population. In addition, the disconfirmation of expectations or desires within the framework of preferred brand attainment should be explored.

Practical implications

Managers should ensure that one's service brand is high in the consideration set. This has implications for service branding and brand positioning as well as fulfilling service brand promise through services elements. It also has implications pertaining to winning over new customers and retaining through superior service delivery – particularly the service augmentation elements, and the selection and training of service delivery personnel.

Originality/value

This study provides answers to a crucial question – “Can the number two brand ever achieve a prominent position or is it doomed to remain in the second place waiting to be picked only when consumers do not get their first choice?”
Zone‐of‐tolerance moderates the service quality‐outcome relationship
Authors: Yap Kenneth B. , Sweeney Jillian C.
Published: March 2007

Purpose

The zone‐of‐tolerance (ZOT) is an innovative concept that has attracted recent attention in the services marketing domain. The ZOT represents a range of service performance that a customer considers satisfactory, which recognizes multiple expectation standards, specifically adequate and desired expectations. This study aims to extend Zeithaml, Berry and Parasuraman's examination in 1996 of the relationship between service quality and behavioral intentions across the ZOT by heeding Teas and DeCarlo's call in 2004 to examine the relationship for specific dimensions. The study also seeks to extend outcomes to include satisfaction and value.

Design/methodology/approach

Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used to assess measurement properties and regression analysis was used to test the hypotheses regarding the ZOT.

Findings

Consistent with several previous studies, two dimensions of service quality were identified: tangibles and process, the latter having a greater influence on satisfaction and loyalty. Contrary to expectations, the relationship between service quality and outcomes did not strengthen above or below the ZOT for any of these outcomes and was significantly weaker below the ZOT for satisfaction, loyalty and propensity to switch.

Originality/value

This study suggests a moderating role for the ZOT in the quality‐key outcomes relationship and implies that to maximize investments in service improvements, there should be a focus on increasing service quality beyond the adequate level, rather than seeking to develop a customer franchise by creating “delight.”
Measuring the economic value of special libraries
Authors: Chung Hye‐Kyung
Published: March 2007

Purpose

This study aims to present a new approach to measuring the economic value of special libraries, including certain time‐saving effects that the contingent valuation method application cannot exclusively prove.

Design/methodology/approach

A cost‐benefit analysis is used as a tool to determine whether the benefits of special libraries outweigh the cost incurred in providing the services. The benefits of such libraries are based on estimates of how much the user is willing to pay for the service, as well as the cost of time saved as a result of his contact with library services. A case study was conducted to show how special libraries could apply the proposed model to their library setting to measure the value of the library's services.

Findings

According to the case study involving the KDI School Library, the economic value of its library services measured in terms of a B/C ratio was 1.97, serving as strong justification for the library's existence.

Originality/value

This study is more specific and accurate than previous studies in that it enables an individual analysis for each service special libraries offer and focuses on the types of benefit derived. It is hoped that the model will help analyze the strength of each library service as well as the total economic value of the library.
Remember the annual fund!
Authors: Ercolano Adriana
Published: March 2007

Purpose

The purpose of this article is to share ideas for increasing alumni library donors through a university's annual giving efforts.

Design/methodology/approach

A case study is used to explain how alumni library donors are acquired and sustained.

Findings

Agreeing to any and all means to bring new alumni donors to the libraries, consistent and increased alumni giving is achieved.

Originality/value

Practical suggestions and reminders regarding an academic library annual giving program.
A conceptual overview of a holistic model for quality in higher education
Authors: Srikanthan Gitachari , Dalrymple John F.
Published: March 2007

Purpose

This paper aims to develop an overarching basis to consider issues of quality in higher education.

Design/methodology/approach

An attempt is made to synthesise different approaches to management in higher education.

Findings

The article concludes that it is possible to synthesise a model, based on existing literature, to uniquely address higher education.

Research limitations/implications

The model developed is a conceptual one as emphasised by the title.

Originality/value

Provides a thought framework for addressing the quality issues in higher education.
Enterprise‐wide technological transformation in higher education: the LASO model
Authors: Uys Philip
Published: March 2007

Purpose

This paper seeks to discuss the Leadership, Academic and Student Ownership and Readiness (LASO) model for enterprise‐wide technological transformation in higher education developed by the writer as part of his PhD research.

Design/methodology/approach

The article uses a comparative analysis of three case studies of the implementation of the LASO model over nine years. These case studies are the eLearning implementation on the Wellington campus of Massey University, New Zealand from September 1995 to December 2000, a five‐month consultancy in 2000 at the Cape Technikon, South Africa to lead the enterprise‐wide implementation of eLearning, and four years of implementing eLearning at the University of Botswana to January 2005.

Findings

The LASO model is an approach to ensure enterprise‐wide technological transformation in higher education through a strategically developed framework based on a clear and unified vision and a central educational rationale.

Originality/value

The paper questions the strong bottom‐up approach of Rogers' innovation of diffusion theory and the smooth contours of the innovation curve when applied to the enterprise‐wide infusion of eLearning in higher education.
Comparing elected mayors
Authors: Elcock Howard , Fenwick John
Published: March 2007

Purpose

The paper aims to compare the office of directly elected mayor in England, Germany and the USA. Proposing and applying a conceptual model of government, governance and allegiance, it assesses the leadership role of the elected mayor in the three countries.

Design/methodology/approach

Qualitative interviews were conducted with a sample of mayors in each country over a period of 11 years. These formed part of the authors' continuing research into local leadership and political management, which has also included interviews with ex‐mayors, elected representatives and senior officials.

Findings

The operation and success of the elected mayor in specific countries is influenced by formal variables (e.g. state constitutions, formal requirements) and informal relationships (e.g. with officials), represented in the distinction between structure and agency. The role of the individual mayor also varied in the light of local party affiliations. The paper considers the impact of these variables on the government, governance and allegiance functions of the elected mayor.

Research limitations/implications

In providing an analytical framework and in the discussion of original research, a basis is provided for the further study of the office of elected mayor in different national contexts. This is likely to prove valuable as the future of sub‐national government is subject to continuity scrutiny.

Practical implications

The adoption and growth of the elected mayoral system may be considered as an example of lesson drawing. This has both positive and negative implications. Positively, much can be learned from comparative experience. Mayoral systems have resulted in quicker decision making. The mayor provides a very visible form of local leadership and accountability. However, dangers lie in the over‐concentration of powers in the office of mayor and, in England especially, the failure of the mayoral system to enhance public engagement in local government.

Originality/value

The discussion will be of value to practitioners, policy‐makers and academic researchers who are concerned with the future of the elected local state and its office holders.
Course management software adoption: a diffusion of innovations perspective
Authors: Kilmon Carol , Helen Fagan Mary
Published: March 2007

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to explore the adoption of course management software (CMS) among faculty in a nursing program in order to better understand the consequences that result from adoption decisions.

Design/methodology/approach

A case study approach was taken using a component of diffusion of innovations theory as a framework for exploring the research questions.

Findings

Diffusion of innovations theory suggests there are three dimensions of consequences that should be analyzed: desirable versus undesirable consequences; direct versus indirect consequences; and anticipated versus unanticipated consequences. Consistent with Roger's theory, direct and anticipated consequences of adoption of a CMS by faculty went together. In addition, the research findings were consistent with Roger's theory in that it was difficult to separate desirable from undesirable consequences resulting from the innovation of course management system adoption.

Originality/value

The results of this research support Roger's theory while raising a number of new questions. A problem was identified with the classification of desirable versus undesirable consequences. Further research is recommended to clarify these consequences categories, while taking into account the perspectives of people who have different roles during the change process. This study only included faculty using the course management system. Additional research should focus upon the consequences of CMS use for students.
Applications of functional magnetic resonance imaging for market research
Authors: Kenning Peter , Plassmann Hilke , Ahlert Dieter
Published: March 2007

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to provide a brief overview of the methodology of several brain imaging techniques and in particular, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and its potential implications for market research. The aim is to enable the reader both to understand this emerging methodology and to conduct independent research in the area.

Design/methodology/approach

A short introduction on current neuroimaging methods used in behavioral neuroscience is provided by means of a literature review. The ensuing discussion focuses on fMRI as the currently most popular neuroimaging technique. Having described the fMRI methodology, an outline of the analysis of functional neuroimaging data follows, after which there is a discussion of some key research issues.

Findings

Although in its infancy, fMRI seems to be a useful and promising tool for market researchers. Initial studies in the field reveal that fMRI is able to shed light on subconscious processes such as affective aspects of consumer behavior.

Practical implications

Because brand positioning, advertising strategies and even pricing strategies are often based on constructs such as emotions, neuropsychological findings and methods should have important implications for practitioners in the field of brand management and advertising. Nonetheless, far more basic research is needed before fMRI can be adopted for marketing practice.

Originality/value

This paper is one of the first in the marketing literature to provide a methodological overview of fMRI and discuss the potential implications for marketing research.
Implementation of total productive maintenance in food industry: a case study
Authors: Tsarouhas Panagiotis
Published: March 2007

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to adopt the total productive maintenance (TPM) in the food industry and especially in bakery products. The paper aims to develop a methodology for increasing production rate, improving the quality of the products and providing a healthier and safer work environment.

Design/methodology/approach

The methodology is based on analysing the reliability data of an automatic production line. It is divided into four steps, whose aims are to bring forth improved maintenance policies of the mechanical equipment. Also, the continuous and thorough inspection of the production process is achieved through measurements of the overall equipment effectiveness (OEE).

Findings

The goal of development methodology is to bring competitive advantages, such as: increasing the productivity; improving the quality of the products; and reducing the cost production of the line.

Practical implications

The development methodology in the food industry increases the production rate, improving the quality of the products and providing a healthier and safer work environment. It can be useful to guide food product machinery manufacturers and bread and bakery products manufacturers to improve the design and operation of the production lines that they manufacture and operate.

Originality/value

This paper presents the implementation of TPM in a pizza production line and, using certain assumptions, the generalization of the results in bakery production lines.
A process view of maintenance and its stakeholders
Authors: Söderholm Peter , Holmgren Mattias , Klefsjö Bengt
Published: March 2007

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to describe maintenance in a generic process model, in order to support an alignment of maintenance with other company internal processes aimed at fulfilling external stakeholder requirements.

Design/methodology/approach

The proposed maintenance process model is based on existing theories and is illustrated by examples from a paper‐mill case study related to the maintenance of DC‐motors.

Findings

The proposed model supports a holistic view of maintenance and the alignment of the maintenance process with other company internal processes, in order to fulfil external stakeholder requirements.

Research limitations/implications

Further research could include an application of the proposed maintenance model to test its usefulness to identify stakeholders and also hazard diagnosis.

Practical implications

The importance of vertical and horizontal alignment between the maintenance process and other processes in order to achieve effectiveness and efficiency is illustrated. The model can be used to increase the understanding of the role of maintenance within a company. Thereby, the proposed process model provides valuable support for effective, efficient, and continuous risk reduction.

Originality/value

The proposed process view highlights that maintenance can contribute to the fulfilment of external stakeholders' requirements, which strengthens the proposition that maintenance should be seen as a business‐process that creates value and not as something that is a “necessary evil”.
Quality assurance staffing impacts in military aircraft maintenance units
Authors: Moore Terry D. , Johnson Alan W. , Rehg Michael T. , Hicks Michael J.
Published: March 2007

Purpose

This paper summarizes our research into the impact that current Air Force quality assurance staffing practices have on key unit performance metrics.

Design/methodology/approach

Interviews and Delphi surveys culminated in the development of a quality assurance staffing effectiveness matrix. The matrix was used to calculate historical quality assurance staffing effectiveness at 16 Air Force combat aircraft units. Effectiveness scores were then regressed with unit historical data for 25 metrics.

Findings

Nine metrics were deemed statistically significant, including break rates, cannibalization rates, flying schedule effectiveness rates, key task list pass rates, maintenance scheduling effectiveness rates, quality verification inspection pass rates, repeat rates, dropped objects counts and safety/technical violations counts. An example benefit‐cost analysis for changes in quality assurance staffing effectiveness presents compelling evidence for maintenance managers to carefully weigh decisions to leave quality assurance personnel slots empty, or to assign personnel possessing other than authorized credentials.

Originality/value

Maintenance managers can use this method to help determine personnel assignment strategies for improving quality assurance unit performance with respect to similar metrics, and other managers could adopt this general approach to more effectively link personnel resources to their organization's key performance indicators.
Knowledge management strategy diagnosis from KM instruments use
Authors: Meroño‐Cerdan Angel L. , Lopez‐Nicolas Carolina , Sabater‐Sánchez Ramón
Published: March 2007

Purpose

The purpose of this article is to measure knowledge management (KM) implementation and determine KM strategy by assigning KM instruments into KM orientations.

Design/methodology/approach

Information is collected from ten SMEs in Spain and ten in Austria taking part in a KM audit project.

Findings

Results show that instruments can be used to diagnose KM strategy. Besides, some firm's characteristics as industry, national culture, size and age act as contingent factors. Personalisation strategy is predominant probably due to be more feasible in first KM stages.

Research limitations/implications

Besides the increase of cases, business strategy could be introduced to explore relationships with KM instruments and strategy.

Practical implications

This study helps management to auto‐diagnosis its KM implementation and strategy

Originality/value

Instead of sophisticated measures, KM strategy is revealed considering knowledge instruments use.
The psychological contract of knowledge workers
Authors: O'Donohue Wayne , Sheehan Cathy , Hecker Robert , Holland Peter
Published: March 2007

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore whether the concept of psychological contracts underpinned by relational/transactional exchanges provides an adequate description of knowledge workers' contracts.

Design/methodology/approach

The research approach uses interviews with ten scientists from within a pre‐eminent Australian scientific research and development organization, the Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO).

Findings

The research strong evidence of an ideological currency within the psychological contract for this set of knowledge workers.

Practical implications

The research raises questions over the role of normative occupation‐specific beliefs about work, and the sharing of common currency elements by individuals in the same organization within the same occupation. The analysis lends support to calls in the literature for a reconsideration of the transactional/relational interpretative framework that underpins the psychological contract.

Originality/value

This exploratory study lends support to calls in the psychological contract for the reconsideration of the cognitive‐perceptual definition of the concept and its transactional/relational interpretative framework.
The impact of knowledge sharing on organizational learning and effectiveness
Authors: Yang Jen‐te
Published: March 2007

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to empirically investigate the extent to which knowledge sharing and organizational learning affect organizational effectiveness.

Design/methodology/approach

The research samples have been drawn from all levels of employees in the organizational hierarchy of international tourist hotels in Taiwan. The questionnaires were distributed to 1,200 participants across nine international tourist hotels in Taiwan. These hotels are globally managed or franchised by international groups of hotels and resorts.

Findings

Of 499 usable questionnaires, the results suggest that knowledge sharing would facilitate the transformation of collective individual knowledge to organizational knowledge without the existence of orphaned knowledge and knowledge depreciation. Furthermore, this would result in the advancement of organizational learning and eventually, the enrichment of organizational effectiveness.

Practical implications

The more individual intellectual capital is transferred to organizational assets, the greater the degree of strength of organizational capabilities will become. If organizations do not implant mechanisms for storing that all employees collectively learn, effects are not enduring. There would furthermore be a limited contribution to organizational learning.

Originality/value

This study contributes to KM literature that suffers from a paucity of research on the empirical examination of this subject.
Broadband videoconferencing as a knowledge management tool
Authors: Wolfe Mark
Published: March 2007

Purpose

The purpose of this article is to augment evaluation of the effectiveness of broadband videoconferencing among distributed research teams.

Design/methodology/approach

Textual output from informal interaction in videoconferencing and chat room sessions was recorded and analyzed using qualitative and content analysis methods to test for knowledge processes thought to be embedded in informal collaborative interaction. An exit survey used nominal and ordinal data categories to measure participant perceptions of using videoconferencing technologies to enhance knowledge‐based collaboration. Indicators of informal interaction and knowledge processes were drawn from the knowledge management (KM) and videoconferencing literatures.

Findings

Analysis confirms communication and informal interaction dynamics supportive of knowledge creation and transfer. A summary assessment of the research addresses barriers identified in the study and suggests approaches for future KM research in video‐mediated research domain.

Research limitations/implications

Project time and resource constraints imposed research limits in terms of inter‐coder reliability and attention to several human factors and behavioral considerations highlighted in the study. The latter, however, are suggestive of further research opportunities, specifically in terms of user expectations and cultures of use of videoconferencing in the organizational setting.

Practical implications

The research provides a template for communications‐based evaluation of advanced applications using broadband technology and collaborative workwares.

Originality/value

The paper is a first‐of‐its‐kind evaluation of true broadband videoconferencing that advanced a knowledge management perspective based on human communication dynamics over a normative information technology framework.
The hidden history of US public service telecommunications, 1919‐1956
Authors: Schiller Dan
Published: March 2007

Purpose

The aim of this article is to show that US public‐service telecommunications, developing through a complex historical process, both engendered and depended on policies that compelled major changes in system development.

Design/methodology/approach

The article contributes to the historiography of US telecommunications, and draws on archival sources and secondary scholarship.

Findings

The article shows that public service policies for telecommunications gradually became dominant, as widespread opposition to AT&T's corporate power gained political traction beginning in the 1930s. Although substantially limited, public service policies came to encompass expansion of service, labor relations, and corporate patents.

Originality/value

The article demonstrates that political conflict and crisis, not consensus, drove policy formation. It also shows that public service principles went far beyond the preferences of AT&T executives.
Democracy of, in and through communication: struggles around public service in Canada in the first half of the twentieth century
Authors: Mazepa Patricia
Published: March 2007

Purpose

In reviewing the application of public service principles in the press, telecommunication and radio historically, the paper aims to identify struggles to develop alternatives that address limitations in state and commercially provided public services across a wide range of communication and cultural practices.

Design/methodology/approach

Taking a political economy of communication approach, a different view of public service is adopted as one that understands service as facilitating the making of communication and culture. The paper uses published and archival sources to identify such examples in Canadian history.

Findings

The paper suggests that the concept of public service has been restricted to thinking in a sender‐receiver model based on consumption and applied accordingly to different media which has limited potentials for democratic communication.

Originality/value

The paper provides a historical and reflexive view on public service in Canada across media and suggests that public service principles need to be grounded in democracy of, in and through communication as a potential guide to current policy decision‐making.
Performance and usability testing of multidimensional taxonomy in web site search and navigation
Authors: Nasir Uddin Mohammad , Janecek Paul
Published: March 2007

Purpose

Development of an effective search system and interface largely depends on usability studies. The aim of this paper is to present the results of an empirical evaluation of a prototype web site search and browsing tool based on multidimensional taxonomies derived from the use of faceted classification.

Design/methodology/approach

A prototype Faceted Classification System (FCS), which classifies and organizes web documents under different facets (orthogonal sets of categories), was implemented on the domain of an academic institute. Facet are created from content oriented metadata, and then assembled into multiple taxonomies that describe alternative classifications of the web site content, such as by subject and location. The search and browsing interfaces use these taxonomies to enable users to access information in multiple ways. The paper compares the FCS interfaces to the existing single‐classification system to evaluate the usability of the facets in typical navigation and searching tasks.

Findings

The findings suggest that performance and usability are significantly better with the FCS in the areas of efficient access, search success, flexibility, understanding of content, relevant search result, and satisfaction. These results are especially promising since unfamiliarity often leads users to reject new search interfaces.

Originality/value

The results of the study in this paper can significantly contribute to interface research in the IR community, emphasizing the advantages of multidimensional taxonomies in online information collections.
The end of mass marketing: or, why all successful marketing is now direct marketing
Authors: Thomas Andrew R.
Published: March 2007

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to make the case that the traditional mass marketing approach practiced for decades is no longer a viable one. By looking historically at how mass marketing corrupted much of American business and alienated prospects and customers, the argument is made that it is time for a change.

Design/methodology/approach

Mass marketing has lead to downright hostility in the marketplace. With more than 3,000 messages thrown at them everyday, Americans spend far too much of their day waging war with the marketing department.

Findings

The outsourcing of high‐paying jobs from the US to low‐wage markets often has more to do with mass marketing in the domestic market than global forces. The abrogation of control of their sales and distribution functions by manufacturers in the name of bigger markets has lead to the creation of mega distributors like Wal‐Mart, Home Depot, and the US auto‐dealer network. This loss of control and the inability to influence what ultimately happens to their products – including the price they can command in the marketplace – has lead many manufacturers to chase the cheapest labor around the world as the only way to grow the bottom line.

Practical implications

For companies of all sizes, there exists the opportunity to cut through the noise and build relationships with their targeted micro‐market. The solution is direct marketing.

Originality/value

The conventional wisdom that more customers and more sales driven by mass marketing leads to profitability is simply not the case. This paper discusses how a direct marketing strategy provides the most effective way for companies build relationships with their best and most profitable customers.
eHealth information quality and ethics issues: an exploratory study of consumer perceptions
Authors: Bodkin Charles , Miaoulis George
Published: March 2007

Purpose

Marketers and health care providers alike have been actively using the internet to provide information and market a wide variety of health care services and products. This study aims to address consumer's perceptions regarding the quality and ethics of eHealth care web sites.

Design/methodology/approach

Using a national random sample of 1,227 respondents, this study identifies online health care information seekers and explores the type of information they seek, their perceptions of eHealth web site quality and ethics, and eHealth care purchases.

Findings

The results indicate that while WebMD currently dominates the eHealth care market, the future for niche eHealth care web sites appears promising as consumers' perceptions of eHealth care web site quality and ethical behaviors improve.

Practical implications

Using quality dimensions identified by trade associations, it appears consumers believe useful and accurate healthcare information can be found online, which suggests the potential for developing a trusting relationship. In addition, it appears the development of ethical codes for eHealth web sites is having an affect on consumers' perceptions.

Originality/value

Healthcare information is now available online 24 hours a day and, approximately, 63 percent of physicians use the internet in their practice. But, how do consumers seek health information online? And do consumers perceive these online web sites to be ethical? The current study is unique in its focus on examining eHealth code of ethics using guidelines from several prominent online eHealth ethics organizations.
Controller involvement in management: an empirical study in large Italian corporations
Authors: Zoni Laura , Merchant Kenneth A.
Published: March 2007

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to report the findings of a study designed to understand how involved controllers are in management decision processes, what causes more or less involvement in those processes, and whether involvement is significantly associate with performance.

Design/methodology/approach

To test the research propositions developed from a review of prior literature, data were collected from large Italian corporations using a questionnaire survey.

Findings

The results show that most of the controllers are at least somewhat involved in management decision processes, and some are highly involved. A complex set of factors determine the extent and breadth of controller involvement. Controller involvement in either strategic decisions, operating decisions, or both types of decisions is positively related to some situational variables, including capital intensity, operating interdependency, line managers' financial competence, formalization of strategic planning and budgeting processes. It is negatively related to the use of controller positions as training for line roles. Overall, controller involvement was found to be positively associated with performance.

Research limitations/implications

This study provides support for some prior research findings and some extension of prior theory. Some findings were not consistent with expectations. This study was based on a small sample – 17 organizations; it used some crude measures and scales; and the findings can be generalized reliably only to the population studied here – large Italian industrial firms. More research is needed for further tests and explorations of these findings.

Practical implications

This research supports modern advice given to involve controllers highly in management decision‐making processes, but it also refines that advice by showing where high involvement is more (or less) desirable.

Originality/value

These results provide some useful support of prior findings and some modifications and extensions that further our understanding in this area of importance both to researchers and practitioners.
SHORT COMMUNICATION: Definition of the USDA103 strain of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)
Authors: Waldbieser G. C. , Wolters W. R.
Published: March 2007

Although there are differences in performance between genetic groups of channel catfish, identification and management of these groups is difficult because catfish strains look alike and individuals cannot be tagged efficiently. Thus, US catfish producers have not been able to objectively identify fish from different strains or populations, and it has been difficult for them to maintain the genetic purity of populations on the farm. We have developed a multiplexed microsatellite genotyping system to define catfish populations based on allelic frequency and exclusion. A commercial catfish genotype database was developed using catfish samples collected from 24 processing plants in the four main US catfish‐producing states. The utility of the system was tested by the molecular characterization of the USDA103 research strain. Using eight microsatellite loci, the probability of falsely classifying an individual non‐USDA103 catfish as a USDA103 was 0.0065. From a sample of 50 fish from a putative USDA103 pond, the probability of falsely including two non‐USDA103 fish was 1 × 10−105, and the conservative probability of falsely excluding two USDA103 fish was 1 × 10−6. This genotyping system provides channel catfish producers with an objective mechanism for identification and management of genetically selected fish.
Modelling the local dynamics of the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha)
Authors: CASAGRANDI RENATO , MARI LORENZO , GATTO MARINO
Published: March 2007

1. The bivalveDreissena polymorphahas invaded many freshwater ecosystems worldwide in recent decades. Because of their high fecundity and ability to settle on almost any solid substratum, zebra mussels usually outcompete the resident species and cause severe damage to waterworks. Time series ofD. polymorphadensities display a variety of dynamical patterns, including very irregular behaviours. Unfortunately, there is a lack of mathematical modelling that could explain these patterns.

2. Here, we propose a very simple discrete‐time population model with age structure and density dependence that can generate realistic dynamics. Most of the model parameters can be derived from existing data onD. polymorpha. Some of them are quite variable: with respect to these we perform a sensitivity analysis of the model behaviour and verify that non‐equilibrial regimes (either periodic or chaotic) are the rule rather than the exception.

3. Even in circumstances where the model dynamics are aperiodic it is possible to predict total density peaks from previous peaks. This turns out to be true also in the presence of environmental stochasticity.

4. Using the stochastic model we explore the effects of age‐selective predation. Quite surprisingly, larger removal rates of adults do not always result in smaller population densities and mussel biomasses. Moreover, non‐selective predation can result in skewed size‐frequency distributions which, therefore, are not necessarily the footprint of predators’ preference for larger or smaller zebra mussels.
Vertical mixing within the epilimnion modulates UVR‐induced photoinhibition in tropical freshwater phytoplankton from southern China
Authors: VILLAFAÑE VIRGINIA E. , GAO KUNSHAN , LI PING , LI GANG , WALTER HELBLING E.
Published: March 2007

1. The importance of vertical mixing in modulating the impact of UVR on phytoplankton photosynthesis was assessed in a tropical, shallow lake in southern China from late winter to mid‐spring of 2005.

2. Daily cycles of fluorescence measurements (i.e. photosynthetic quantum yield, Y) were performed on both ‘static’ and in situ samples. Static samples were of surface water incubated at the surface of the lake under three radiation treatments – PAB (PAR + UVR, 280–700 nm), PA (PAR + UV‐A, 320–700 nm) and P (PAR, 400–700 nm). In situ samples were collected every hour at three different depths – 0, 0.5 and 1 m.

3. The general daily pattern was of a significant decrease in Y from early morning towards noon, with partial recovery in the afternoon. Samples incubated under static conditions always had lower Y than those under in situ conditions at the same time of the day.

4. Under stratified conditions, no overall impact of UVR impact could be detected in situ when compared with the static samples. Further rapid vertical mixing not only counteracted the impact of UVR but also stimulated photosynthetic efficiency.

5. Based on these measurements of fluorescence, the mixing speed of cells moving within the epilimnion was estimated to range between 0.53 and 6.5 cm min−1.

6. These data show that mixing is very important in modulating the photosynthetic response of phytoplankton exposed to natural radiation and, hence, strongly conditions the overall impact of UVR on aquatic ecosystems.
Leaf litter breakdown budgets in streams of various trophic status: effects of dissolved inorganic nutrients on microorganisms and invertebrates
Authors: BALDY V. , GOBERT V. , GUEROLD F. , CHAUVET E. , LAMBRIGOT D. , CHARCOSSET J.‐Y.
Published: March 2007

1. We investigated the effect of trophic status on the organic matter budget in freshwater ecosystems. During leaf litter breakdown, the relative contribution of the functional groups and the quantity/quality of organic matter available to higher trophic levels are expected to be modified by the anthropogenic release of nutrients.

2. Carbon budgets were established during the breakdown of alder leaves enclosed in coarse mesh bags and submerged in six streams: two oligotrophic, one mesotrophic, two eutrophic and one hypertrophic streams. Nitrate concentrations were 4.5–6.7 mg L−1 and the trophic status of each stream was defined by the soluble reactive phosphorus concentration ranging from 3.4 (oligotrophic) to 89 μg L−1 (hypertrophic). An ammonium gradient paralleled the phosphate gradient with mean concentrations ranging from 1.4 to 560 μg L−1 NH4‐N. The corresponding unionised ammonia concentrations ranged from 0.08 to 19 μg L−1 NH3‐N over the six streams.

3. The dominant shredder taxa were different in the oligo‐, meso‐ and eutrophic streams. No shredders were observed in the hypertrophic stream. These changes may be accounted for by the gradual increase in the concentration of ammonia over the six streams. The shredder biomass dramatically decreased in eu‐ and hypertrophic streams compared with oligo‐ and mesotrophic.

4. Fungal biomass increased threefold from the most oligotrophic to the less eutrophic stream and decreased in the most eutrophic and the hypertrophic. Bacterial biomass increased twofold from the most oligotrophic to the hypertrophic stream. Along the trophic gradient, the microbial CO2 production followed that of microbial biomass whereas the microbial fine particulate organic matter and net dissolved organic carbon (DOC) did not consistently vary. These results indicate that the microorganisms utilised the substrate and the DOC differently in streams of various trophic statuses.

5. In streams receiving various anthropogenic inputs, the relative contribution of the functional groups to leaf mass loss varied extensively as a result of stimulation and the deleterious effects of dissolved inorganic compounds. The quality/quantity of the organic matter produced by microorganisms slightly varied, as they use DOC from stream water instead of the substrate they decompose in streams of higher trophic status.
Watching, waiting and uncertainty in prostate cancer
Authors: Bailey Donald E , Wallace Meredith , Mishel Merle H
Published: March 2007

Aim.  This study explores the problems and uncertainties of older men, with prostate cancer, who have undergone watchful waiting and the strategies they use to manage their concerns.

Background.  With life expectancy rising, the number of older men with prostate cancer has increased. Nearly 50% of all new prostate cancers are diagnosed in men over 70 years old. For many of these older men, improvements in medical care have increased the likelihood of living for years with prostate cancer. Thus, watchful waiting has been proposed as a reasonable alternative to treatment for older men with localized prostate cancer.

Methods.  A qualitative, descriptive design was used for this study. The results from interviews with 10 men who were undergoing watchful waiting for prostate cancer were analysed using the Mishel's Reconceptualized Uncertainty in Illness model.

Results.  Domains of uncertainty, appraisal of danger and appraisal of opportunity were identified and each was supported by participant's experience.

Conclusions.  The results of the study may be used to expand the Uncertainty in Illness model and develop interventions for men undergoing watchful waiting for prostate cancer.

Relevance to clinical practice.  These findings may be used to enhance current nursing interventions for men electing for watchful waiting as an alternative to treatment for prostate cancer, including patient teaching and support services. Future study should examine the role of nurses in managing uncertainty, especially in patient teaching and in the development, implementation and evaluation of interventions to manage uncertainty.
Patient participation in decision making: views of health professionals caring for people with colorectal cancer
Authors: Beaver Kinta , Craven Olive , Witham Gary , Tomlinson Mary , Susnerwala Shabbir , Jones David , Luker Karen A
Published: March 2007

Aim.  The aim of this study was to explore views on patient participation in decision making, as described by health professionals caring for people with colorectal cancer.

Background.  Patient participation in health‐care decision making is on the policy agenda at an international level. However, many aspects of cancer care and treatment are complex and it is unclear how health professionals view their role as promoters of patient participation.

Design.  A qualitative exploratory study.

Methods.  In depth interviews with 35 health professionals in clinical practice. Data were analysed using thematic content analysis, assisted by a computer software package for analysis of qualitative data (N‐VIVO).

Results.  Choices in relation to surgical treatment were viewed as limited. Although it was perceived that patients could be more involved in decisions related to adjuvant treatment, providing information on various chemotherapy regimes was challenging. It was acknowledged that patients could be involved in treatment choices but there was far less clarity concerning aspects of physical and psychological care. Age was a factor when determining which patients should be offered treatment choices.

Conclusion.  The availability and presentation of choices to patients is context specific and tailored to the preferences of individuals. If health professionals focus only on aspects of decision making related to treatment, the potential for shared partnerships with patients in relation to choices about physical and psychological care may be lost. This may be particularly pertinent for nurses and allied professions who engage with patients throughout the illness trajectory.

Relevance to clinical practice.  Policy makers should arguably appreciate that health professionals have an awareness of current thinking on patient participation, but may find policy recommendations challenging to implement in clinical practice when faced with the individual needs and preferences of patients and the complexities and uncertainties of disease management.