bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Web Site Matches U.S. Scientists With Teachers Looking for Help
Authors: Mervis Jeffrey
Published: December 2009

A new, interactive Web site designed to match scientists and classroom teachers from across the United States in projects aimed at improving learning, nationallabday.org, is one element in a White House initiative to encourage private-private partnerships in STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) education.
Stem Cell Center to Rise in Biology Hub
Authors: Sachitanand N. N.
Published: December 2009

Construction began in Bangalore last month on the Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, a $50 million center to be built alongside an existing biology powerhouse and a planned $12 million technology center that will seek to commercialize the biocluster's findings.
On the Origin of Tomorrow
Authors: Zimmer Carl
Published: December 2009

What is the future of evolution? In the final essay in
Science
's series in honor of the Year of Darwin, Carl Zimmer explores the subject of human-driven evolution.
Could They All Be Prion Diseases?
Authors: Miller Greg
Published: December 2009

Recent studies have renewed interest in the idea that many neurodegenerative diseases may involve prionlike mechanisms.
Can Science Keep Alaska's Bering Sea Pollock Fishery Healthy?
Authors: Morell Virginia
Published: December 2009

The pollock fishery in the chill waters of the eastern Bering Sea is said to be the best managed in the world. But a surprising decline in numbers has scientists worried.
Seeking a Shortcut to the High-Energy Frontier
Authors: Cho Adrian
Published: December 2009

An accelerator that smashes exotic particles called muons promises more bang from a smaller accelerator—if physicists can actually build it.
THE ACTION OF BENZIMIDAZOLE ON ENZYMATIC ADAPTATION
Authors: Kushner Donn J. , Pascoe Enid
Published: December 2009

The adaptive formation of formic hydrogenlyase in E. coli and of the enzymes oxidizing benzoate, malonate, and L-tyrosine in P. fluorescens is inhibited by benzimidazole. In one strain of E. coli tryptophan and alanine in combination completely reverse the benzimidazole inhibition. In another strain tryptophan partly reverses the inhibition but alanine is without effect. These amino acids are without effect on the benzimidazole inhibition of adaptation in P. fluorescens. Adenine and guanine have no action on the benzimidazole inhibition in both bacterial species.Tryptophan disappears anaerobically in the presence of E. coli. Ammonia production accompanies tryptophan disappearance. This disappearance, which probably involves a destruction of the tryptophan molecule, is inhibited by benzimidazole.
AN EFFECT OF ESTROGENS ON WATER INTAKE
Authors: Thompson J. S.
Published: December 2009

Pellets of estradiol and cholesterol, when implanted subcutaneously, caused the expected urinary bladder dilatation and also an increase in water intake in male mice of the C57BL and A strains. Males of the C3H strain showed neither the bladder dilatation nor the increased water intake. The dilatation observed in the C57BL and A strains was at least partly dependent upon the increase in water intake, since limiting the water given to the estrogen-treated animals retarded the appearance and reduced the severity of the dilatation, and increased the survival rate.
PHYSIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS ON THE EXCRETION OF KYNURENINE IN HUMANS
Authors: Špaček M.
Published: December 2009

Concentration of kynurenine in human urine shows variations of about 16% during the day and approximately as much (13%) from day to day. The variations are not clearly related to daily urine output, specific gravity, urinary creatinine, and the presence of indican or diazo-reaction.Elimination of tryptophan from the diet leads to gradual decrease of kynurenine excretion in persons who have excreted large amounts on mixed diet, but not in persons excreting only traces. Concentration of kynurenine in urine rises after administration of tryptophan. The response to tryptophan varies widely from subject to subject. Nicotinamide seems to decrease excretion of kynurenine. No consistent effect of pyridoxine has been observed.Older persons tend to excrete higher concentrations of kynurenine. Normal adults of 20 years average age present an average level of 0.1 mgm. kynurenine per 100 ml. of urine, much of which is not true kynurenine. The average level in older persons (47 years average age) without physical disease has been found to be 0.21 mgm. per 100 ml.
THE ACTIONS OF α-TOCOPHEROL ON MAMMALIAN HEARTS
Authors: Lu F. C. , Allmark M. G. , Graham W. D.
Published: December 2009

The effects of α-tocopherol were studied in a large number of experiments using isolated perfused mammalian hearts as well as the dog heart in situ. Under these conditions no significant pharmacodynamic actions of this agent, either on the coronary flow or the heart contraction, were demonstrable.
LIPIDS OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS IN ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES
Authors: Fairbairn Donald
Published: December 2009

The female reproductive organs of Ascaris lumbricoides represented one fifth of the total fresh weight and contained two thirds of the total body lipids. These lipids consisted of saponifiables (79%) and unsaponifiables (21%). Phospholipids of the lecithin–cephalin type were present, as well as an abundance of triglycerides. The latter contained unusually large amounts of C2—C0 saturated volatile acids among which acetic and hexanoic acids predominated. Ascaryl alcohol was the major constituent of the large unsaponifiable fraction, and on the basis of previous chemical analyses and of infrared spectra a hypothetical structure is proposed. A sterol mixture containing significant proportions of both saturated and unsaturated components was also isolated, but not identified further.
PHOSPHORUS METABOLISM OF THE LIVER: EFFECT OF HYPOPHYSECTOMY, ADRENALECTOMY, AND ADMINISTRATIONOF ACTH ON THE INCORPORATION OF RADIOACTIVE PHOSPHATE INTO RNA NUCLEOTIDES
Authors: Logan J. E. , Heagy F. C. , Rossiter R. J.
Published: December 2009

The specific activity of the liver RNA nucleotide phosphorus, relative to the specific activity of the liver inorganic phosphate, was determined in the rat, 16 hr. after an intraperitoneal injection of radioactive inorganic phosphate. The nucleotides were isolated by ionophoresis on paper strips.Hypophysectomy caused a decrease in the relative specific activity of each of the four RNA nucleotides. The administration of ACTH caused an increase in the incorporation of P32 into each of the RNA nucleotides of the liver of hypophysectomized animals, but it caused a small and statistically significant decrease in normal animals. Adrenalectomy, either in normal or in hypophysectomized rats, did not affect the P32 incorporation, nor did the administration of ACTH in the absence of the adrenal glands.It is concluded that ACTH can affect the incorporation of P32 into the RNA of the liver and that this effect is due to the action of the hormone on the adrenal cortex. However, other factors also must be operative, since removal of the adrenal glands does not cause the decrease in the P32 incorporation observed after removal of the pituitary.
A CHEMICAL PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINATION OF THE C14-DISTRIBUTION IN LABELED GLUCOSE
Authors: Boothroyd B. , Brown Stewart A. , Thorn J. A. , Neish A. C.
Published: December 2009

A procedure based on the work of Jackson and Hudson was developed for the degradation of methyl-α-D-glucopyranoside formed from 2 millimoles of glucose. Oxidation of the glucoside with periodic acid gave C-3 as formic acid and a dialdehyde which was converted to the strontium salt of D′-methoxy-D-hydroxymethyl diglycolic acid. The purified salt was hydrolyzed to glyoxylic and glyceric acids. The glyoxylic acid was isolated as the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone (C-1 + C-2); this was decarboxylated by heat to give carbon dioxide from C-2. The glyceric acid was oxidized by periodate to give C-4 as carbon dioxide, C-5 as formic acid, and C-6 as formaldehyde. This degradation permitted the determination of C14 in each position of the glucose molecule, the activity in C-1 being determined by difference. The method was applied to glucose-1-C14 and a sample of glucose labeled in all positions with satisfactory results.
THE ROLE OF ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE IN INTESTINAL ABSORPTION: III. THE EFFECTS OF VARIOUS FATTY ACIDS ON LEVELS OF THE ENZYME IN INTESTINAL MUCOSA
Authors: Dickie Nester , Robinson Margaret I. , Tuba Jules
Published: December 2009

Fasted rats were used in a study of the effect of fatty acids on intestinal and serum phosphatase. Each acid was mixed with a palatable carrier, and then offered to the animals. Enzyme estimations were made with intestinal homogenates, and occasionally with serum. The first carrier, casein, was found to affect intestinal phosphatase activity, and it was replaced by a non-active carrier, wheat gluten. The results with the two carriers showed essentially the same trend. The elevation of intestinal alkaline phosphatase by dietary fatty acids varied inversely with the chain length for: butyric acid, lauric acid, palmitic acid, and stearic acid. The possibility is considered that decreasing solubility may be associated with the response obtained with these fatty acids. Oleic acid was a more powerful stimulant for the synthesis of intestinal alkaline phosphatase than the saturated fatty acids. Choline, fed simultaneously with oleic acid, completely obliterated the highly significant effect of the acid on both the intestinal and the serum enzyme, These findings indicate that further consideration should be given to the role of phospholipids in absorption of fatty acids. Enzyme response in the serum, studied with a more limited number of fatty acids, lagged a few hours behind the response of the intestinal enzyme.
THE ROLE OF ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE IN INTESTINAL ABSORPTION: IV. THE EFFECTS OF VARIOUS PROTEINS ON LEVELS OF THE ENZYME IN INTESTINAL MUCOSA
Authors: Tuba Jules , Dickie Nester
Published: December 2009

Fasted adult male rats were used to study the effect of dietary proteins on intestinal alkaline phosphatase. Groups of animals were offered one of several proteins; lactalbumin, egg albumin, zein, gelatin, wheat gluten, casein, and vitellin. Control animals had cellulose fed to them. The rats were sacrificed six hours after they were given the different diets. Alkaline phosphatase determinations with intestinal homogenates indicated that the two phosphoproteins, casein and vitellin, elevated levels of the enzyme significantly above fasting levels. Possible interpretations of these findings are discussed.
THE STABILIZATION OF THE FLUORINE CONCENTRATION OF THE TOTAL ASH OF RATS
Authors: Jackson Sanford H.
Published: December 2009

Rations containing 0.5 and 1.0 mgm. % of added fluorine were fed to growing rats for six months. Representative groups of animals were killed at monthly intervals and analyzed for total fluorine and ash. The fluorine reached a constant concentration in the ash after the rats had been kept two to three months on the 0.5 mgm. % ration and five months on the 1.0 mgm. % ration. Young rats on a low calcium – high fluorine ration stored more fluorine than rats on a similar ration with added calcium. Two groups of young rats consumed the same total amount of fluorine over an eight week period. The first group received the fluorine mixed with the basal ration which was consumed ad libitum. The second group received the basal ration alone and in addition, on one day each week, the amount of fluorine ingested by the first group during the previous week. The fluorine retention was the same in both groups so that irregularity of ingestion had no effect.
THE INHIBITION OF SULPHANILAMIDE ACETYLATION BY AROMATIC AND HETEROCYCLIC CARBOXAMIDES AND CARBOXHYDRAZIDES
Authors: Johnson Willard J.
Published: December 2009

The acetylation of sulphanilamide by pigeon liver extracts was found to be markedly inhibited by amides of salicylic, 5-bromosalicylic, 5-methylsalicylic, and 6-aminonicotinic acids, and by hydrazides of benzoic, salicylic, 4-aminosalicylic, nicotinic, and isonicotinic acids, as well as by p-aminosalicylic acid. The inhibition by salicylamide and isonicotinylhydrazide (isoniazid) was shown to be competitive in nature.
THE LIPID COMPONENTS IN THE VITELLINE MEMBRANE OF ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES EGGS
Authors: Fairbairn Donald , Passey Beverley I.
Published: December 2009

The preparation of embryonated ascaris eggs enclosed only by the vitelline membrane is described. No impairment of membrane structure or function was observed. Membrane and larval fractions were separated, and their lipids analyzed. The membrane lipids were nearly all unsaponifiable, and consisted mainly of ascaryl alcohol. Larval lipids were primarily saponifiable, but also contained significant amounts of ascaryl alcohol, and nearly all of the sterols. Because the vitelline membrane dissolved in chloroform and similar solvents, ascaryl alcohol was judged to be a major component. The results are compared with previous observations and hypotheses concerning the vitelline membrane of nematode eggs.
INHIBITION OF CHOLESTEROL FORMATION BY RAT LIVER HOMOGENATES
Authors: Migicovsky B. B.
Published: December 2009

The inability of liver homogenates, from starved and vitamin A deficient rats, to synthesize cholesterol is illustrated. A possible reason for this phenomenon is that these preparations inhibit cholesterol synthesis when added to a liver homogenate from a normal rat. The inhibitory factor or factors are present in both the supernate and residue portions of the homogenate, although the residue matter is more inhibitory.
EFFECT OF LIGATION OF THE COMMON DUCT ON THE RADIOIODINE UPTAKE BY THE THYROID OF RATS
Authors: Kowalewski K. , Mooney A. W. , Hyde H. A.
Published: December 2009

The enterohepatic circulation of radioiodine in rats was interrupted by the ligation of the common bile duct. Significant reduction in the radioactivity of the thyroids was noted in rats following ligation of the common duct and administration of radioiodine per os. In all animals on which operations were performed radioactivity of the liver was increased. The rate of excretion of radioactive bile in rats with cannulated bile ducts was also investigated. The importance of hepatobiliary factors in the process of utilization of tracer dose of radioiodine is briefly discussed. The possibility of alterations in radioiodine uptake in man with disturbed liver function is emphasized.
FURTHER STUDIES ON CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM IN THE VITAMIN-B6-DEPRIVED RAT
Authors: Beaton John R.
Published: December 2009

Earlier studies in this laboratory demonstrated abnormalities in carbohydrate metabolism in the vitamin-B6-deprived rat. The results of further studies are reported in this communication. Following three weeks of vitamin B6 restriction, rats have significantly elevated levels of inorganic phosphorus and glutathione in blood and liver. These elevations in blood inorganic phosphorus and glutathione levels have been similarly demonstrated after only one week of vitamin B6 deprivation. Contrary to changes in liver glycogen levels, muscle glycogen levels are not altered by vitamin B6 deprivation in the rat. Insulin administration had a slightly more pronounced effect on blood sugar levels in vitamin-B6-deprived than in pair-fed control rats. Alloxan administration elevated blood sugar levels of deprived rats to a slightly greater extent than the levels of controls. In accord with the earlier studies, disturbances of carbohydrate metabolism can be readily demonstrated in vitamin-B6-deprived rats.
LIFE SPAN OF MICE FED A HIGH FAT DIET AT VARIOUS AGES
Authors: Silberberg Ruth , Silberberg Martin
Published: December 2009

The effect of a high fat diet on life span depends on strain and sex of the animal tested and is specifically due to the fat content, and not to the high caloric value, of the diet. In male mice of strain C57BL, feeding of a high fat diet from the ages of 1, 6, or 12 months on through life shortened the life span. If the high fat diet was given for a limited period of time, the effect on life span depended on the age at which these mice were placed on the high fat ration.
ZINC, CARBONIC ANHYDRASE, AND PHOSPHATASE IN THE PROSTATIC GLANDS OF THE RAT
Authors: Fischer M. I. , Tikkala A. O. , Mawson C. A.
Published: December 2009

The concentration of zinc in the dorsolateral prostate of the rat increases rapidly during infancy, reaching a maximum of 250-300 μgm./gm. at an age of about 160 days. This figure is 10 times as high as that found for most other soft tissues. Carbonic anhydrase activity behaves similarly, with a maximum at about 200 days, when it is 100 times the amount found in most other organs. Zinc which occurs as part of the carbonic anhydrase molecule forms only a small proportion of the total zinc content of the tissue at all ages. Zinc and carbonic anhydrase occur only in small amounts in the ventral prostate. The activities of acid and alkaline phosphatases in ventral and dorsolateral prostates are not correlated with age, and zinc and enzyme concentrations bear no consistent relationship to one another. Differences between the phosphatases of liver and prostatic complex in the rat are briefly discussed.
AN ASSAY METHOD FOR LIPOXIDASE IN ANIMAL TISSUE
Authors: Boyd D. H. J. , Adams G. A.
Published: December 2009

An assay for lipoxidase in animal tissues has been developed which eliminates the interference of heme compounds. Catalytic oxidation of linoleate emulsions at pH 9.0 by heme pigments was inhibited by potassium cyanide while lipoxidase activity was relatively unaffected. The assay method was capable of detecting extremely low levels of lipoxidase activity in animal tissue. Application of the method to beef and pork adipose tissue, uncured bacon, cured unsmoked bacon, and rabbit liver, kidney, spleen, heart, brain, and lung strongly suggested that lipoxidase was not present in these tissues and that the linoleate oxidation was catalyzed by the heme pigments in the extracts.
AN IN VITRO ASSAY OF CORTICOTROPHIN
Authors: McKerns K. W. , Nordstrand E.
Published: December 2009

The ability of corticotrophin to increase the corticoid output of rat adrenals in an isolated gland system has been developed as a useful assay method for the measurement of corticotrophin potency. The extra corticoids produced by stimulation are measured in terms of cortisone. Log dose response curves are presented for corticotrophin levels from 0.002 to 0.135 I.U./100 mgm. adrenals. A four point assay design, the precision of corticoid measurements, and the characteristics of the log dose response curves for a number of types of corticotrophin are given. With four measurements of each dose level the average lambda s/b for 20 assays was 0.209 ± 0.085 (S.D.).
THE EFFECT OF HEPARIN ON THE ENDOGENOUS LIPEMIA PRODUCED BY PROTRACTED CORTISONE TREATMENT IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Constantinides P. , Szasz G. , Darrach M.
Published: December 2009

The clearing effect of heparin on lipemias of alimentary or renal origin is well established. This study was undertaken in order to find out whether heparin will also clear a lipemia of hormonal origin. Lipemia was produced in rabbits by prolonged cortisone treatment. Heparin failed to clear the cortisone-induced lipemia and it did not influence the concomitant hypercholesterolemia, although it exhibited an anticoagulant effect. Despite the long standing lipemia, no atherosclerosis developed in the cortisone treated animals. Some of the possible interpretations of these findings are discussed.
THE EFFECT OF ATROPINE SULPHATE ON BLOOD AND URINE ELECTROLYTES IN MAN
Authors: Walker E. H. , Parker J. M. , Hunter John
Published: December 2009

Atropine sulphate (1 or 2 mgm.) was injected intramuscularly into human volunteers. Concentrations of sodium and potassium in the blood and urine were followed for three hours after the drug had been administered. A decreased packed cell volume was found, suggesting a transfer of interstitial fluid into the blood. No important change in the blood or urine sodium and potassium was shown in these subjects under the conditions of the experiment (74° F., 25% relative humidity). No harmful effects were noted in the volunteers after they received the atropine sulphate.
DISTRIBUTION OF ADRENALINE AND NORADRENALINE IN THE NORMAL AND HYPERTHYROID RAT FOLLOWING ADRENALINE ADMINISTRATION
Authors: Leduc Jean , Dubreuil Robert , D'Iorio Antoine
Published: December 2009

Feeding of iodinated casein to rats produces marked variations in the adrenaline and noradrenaline content of heart, spleen, liver, adrenals, and blood. An impairment in the destruction of the injected adrenaline is noticed in similarly treated animals. The significance of these results with reference to the thyrotoxic process is discussed.
BIOCHEMISTRY OF THE USTILAGINALES: X. THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF USTILAGIC ACID
Authors: Boothroyd B. , Thorn J. A. , Haskins R. H.
Published: December 2009

The β-cellobiolipid, ustilagic acid, deposited when Ustilago zeae (PRL 119) is grown in a medium containing glucose, was prepared from 1-C14-glucose. The labelled acid was degraded to carbohydrate and fatty acid fractions. The carbohydrate was shown to be synthesized from 3-C fragments and the fatty acid from 2-C fragments. These results show that the hexose metabolism of the organism is probably the same as that suggested in the Embden–Meyerhof scheme.
THE METABOLISM OFASCARIS LUMBRICOIDESOVARIES: I. NITROGEN DISTRIBUTION
Authors: Pollak John K. , Fairbairn Donald
Published: December 2009

The protein fraction obtained from Ascaris lumbricoides ovaries was analyzed for total, α-amino, and amide nitrogen, as well as amino acids and nucleic acids. In the corresponding non-protein fraction total, α-amino, amide, and ammonia nitrogen, and free amino acids and urea, were determined. Free and protein amino acids were qualitatively similar, but quantitatively dissimilar. Unusually large amounts of proline and alanine were found in the proteins, whereas arginine and methionine could not be identified in protein or free acids. Glutamic acid and alanine comprised one-half of the free acids. Ammonia was present in relatively high concentration, but urea was absent. Much of the non-protein nitrogen was not identified. Ribo- and desoxyribonucleic acids were found in approximately the relative proportions occurring in rat liver, but in much lower concentration. The existence of phosphoproteins was not clearly established. Glycogen and total reducing substances, however, were present initially in high concentrations which decreased markedly when the parasites were maintained in a non-nutrient medium.
THE METABOLISM OFASCARIS LUMBRICOIDESOVARIES: II. AMINO ACID METABOLISM
Authors: Pollak John K. , Fairbairn Donald
Published: December 2009

Homogenates of ascaris ovaries contained transamination, deamination, and reductive amination systems. Alanine–glutamic and aspartic–glutamic transaminases were active, whereas weaker transaminations occurred between glycine or serine and α-ketoglutaric or pyruvic acids. Sixteen other amino acids did not participate in transamination with these keto acids. A minor reaction, however, occurred between alanine or glutamic acid and α-ketovaleric acid. No amino acid oxidase activity was detected, and deamination appeared to be limited to a weakly positive glutamic dehydrogenase, which could be coupled to the alanine–glutamic and aspartic–glutamic transaminases to form a transdeaminase system. In the presence of pyruvate and ammonium chloride reductive amination occurred and alanine and aspartic acid were synthesized. This reaction was accelerated by bicarbonate, although oxalacetate could not be substituted successfully for pyruvate in the amination system. The results of the investigation are in accord with the probability that an active protein synthesis occurs in ascaris ovaries.
ANTIPHLOGISTIC EFFECT OF TRYPSIN IN NORMAL AND IN ADRENALECTOMIZED RATS
Authors: Adamkiewicz V. W. , Rice W. B. , McColl J. D.
Published: December 2009

Acute and chronic inflammation were produced in the paws of normal and of adrenalectomized rats by the injection of yeast, egg white, or kaolin. Swelling was measured linearly and volumetrically. Trypsin exerted an antiphlogistic effect on the acute stage of inflammation in both normal and adrenalectomized rats.
CARDIOVASCULAR RESPONSES IN DOGS TO INTRAVENOUS INFUSIONS OF WHOLE BLOOD, PLASMA, AND PLASMA FOLLOWED BY PACKED ERYTHROCYTES
Authors: Sunahara F. A. , Hatcher J. D. , Beck L. , Gowdey C. W.
Published: December 2009

The effects of intravenous infusions of large volumes of blood or of plasma followed by packed erythrocytes were studied in anesthetized normal dogs. During plasma infusion the right auricular pressure (RAP) and cardiac output increased as the hematocrit decreased. Blood infusion caused a rise in RAP but was, in most cases, not accompanied by an increased output. It is concluded that, although the blood volume and RAP may be important in the regulation of cardiac output, they are not under all conditions the controlling factors. The relative oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood appears to be more important in the cardiovascular adjustments to hypervolemia.
NEUTRAL FAT ABSORPTION IN THE RAT:THE ALLEGED EFFECT OF CHOLINE AND THE CHANGES IN THE INTESTINAL LYMPH
Authors: Tasker Ronald R.
Published: December 2009

The intestinal absorption of olive oil was studied in the rat by cannulating the intestinal lymph trunk. After a 1 ml. test meal, the rate of flow of lymph as well as the concentration of lymph phospholipids and total lipids rose sharply, returning to fasting levels in about 20 hr. The total lipids rose and fell more sharply than the phospholipids; the concentration of lymphatic proteins remained unchanged. Roughly two-thirds of the fat meal was recovered from the lymph. The addition of 10 mgm. choline chloride to the test meal had no appreciable effect on any of the factors studied and in particular did not alter the rate of lymphatic absorption of olive oil from the intestine significantly.
A CHEMICAL PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINATION OF THE C14-DISTRIBUTION IN LABELLED XYLOSE
Authors: Brown Stewart A.
Published: December 2009

A series of reactions reported previously for the degradation of glucose has been modified and extended to permit the determination of carbon-14 in each of the five carbons of a single 2 mM. xylose sample. Methyl xylopyranoside was oxidized with periodic acid giving C-3 as formic acid, and a dialdehyde which was converted to strontium methoxy-diglycolate. The purified salt was hydrolyzed to glyoxylic and glycolic acids. The glyoxylic acid was isolated as the 2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazone (C-1 + C-2) which was decarboxylated to give carbon dioxide from C-2. The glycolic acid was oxidized by lead tetraacetate to give C-4 as carbon dioxide and C-5 as formaldehyde. The activity in C-1 was determined by difference. The method was applied to xylose-1-C14, xylose-5-C14, and a biologically synthesized xylose sample with satisfactory results. This degradation procedure is theoretically applicable to other aldopentoses and aldotetroses.
THE EFFECT OF CORTICOTROPIN AND CORTICOSTERONE ON THE PRODUCTION OF HEMOLYTIC ANTIBODIES IN THE MOUSE
Authors: Newsom Shirley E. , Darrach Marvin
Published: December 2009

It has been demonstrated by quantitative immunochemical methods that corticotropin, when administered at sufficiently high levels, will suppress the formation of circulating hemolytic antibodies in the mouse; this apparent block on the antibody producing mechanism can be overcome by increasing the dose of antigen. Furthermore, it has been shown that corticosterone, which appears in greater amounts in the blood of mice after treatment with corticotropin, will also suppress the normal rise of circulating immune hemolysins in the mouse.
THE PYRUVIC PHOSPHOFERASE OF ERYTHROCYTES: II. ACTIVITY IN ANEMIC AND TUMOR-BEARING ANIMALS AND IN HUMAN BLOOD DISORDERS
Authors: Solvonuk P. F. , Collier H. B.
Published: December 2009

Pyruvic phosphoferase (PPFase) activity of the erythrocytes (RBC) was determined in rabbits and rats made anemic by acetylphenylhydrazine injection or by bleeding, in rats bearing the Walker 256 carcinoma, and in human patients suffering from anemia, including several cases of pernicious anemia. An elevation of the PPFase activity was found to accompany the appearance of new RBC in the circulation, but the enzyme level was not always related to the proportion of reticulocytes or the mean RBC volume. Administration of vitamin B12 to a previously untreated case of pernicious anemia resulted in a marked increase in the PPFase activity during regeneration of RBC. The highest PPFase activity was found in a patient with nutritional microcytic anemia. It is concluded that a high PPFase activity is associated with immature RBC; but as there are several types of immature RBC a separation would be necessary before enzyme activity could be correlated with the stage of cell development. Sodium and potassium concentrations in the RBC of the various animals and patients exhibited no consistent relationship with the PPFase activity; hence it seemed unlikely that the cation concentration influenced the level of enzyme activity.
THE METABOLISM OF NORMAL BRAIN AND HUMAN GLIOMAS IN RELATION TO CELL TYPE AND DENSITY
Authors: Heller Irving H. , Elliott K. A. C.
Published: December 2009

Per unit weight, cerebral and cerebellar cortex respire much more actively than corpus callosum. The rate per cell nucleus is highest in cerebral cortex, lower in corpus callosum, and still lower in cerebellar cortex. The oxygen uptake rates of the brain tumors studied, with the exception of an oligodendroglioma, were about the same as that of white matter on the weight basis but lower than that of cerebral cortex or white matter on the cell basis. In agreement with previous work, an oligodendroglioma respired much more actively than the other tumors. The rates of glycolysis of the brain tumors per unit weight were low but, relative to their respiration rate, glycolysis was higher than in normal gray or white matter. Consideration of the figures obtained leads to the following tentative conclusions: Glial cells of corpus callosum respire more actively than the neurons of the cerebellar cortex. Neurons of the cerebral cortex respire on the average much more actively than neurons of the cerebellar cortex or glial cells. Considerably more than 70% of the oxygen uptake by cerebral cortex is due to neurons. The oxygen uptake rates of normal oligodendroglia and astrocytes are probably about the same as the rates found per nucleus in an oligodendroglioma and in astrocytomas; oligodendroglia respire much more actively than astrocytes.
THE AMPEROMETRIC DETERMINATION OF GLUTATHIONE REDUCTASE ACTIVITY IN HUMAN ERYTHROCYTES
Authors: Collier H. Bruce , McRae Sheila C.
Published: December 2009

Glutathione reductase activity of hemolyzates of human erythrocytes was measured by an amperometric titration of the reduced glutathione that is formed from oxidized glutathione. The electron donor in the system was reduced triphosphopyridine nucleotide, produced by the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase of the cells. Removal of the red-cell stromata from hemolyzates slightly increased the reductase activity. Addition of Na+, K+, or Ca++ had no effect on the enzyme. No marked inhibition was observed in the presence of phenothiazine, phenothiazone, phenylhydrazine, or p-chloromercuribenzoate.
A STANDARDIZED METHOD FOR THE PRODUCTION OF HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK IN THE RAT
Authors: Downie H. G. , Stevenson J. A. F.
Published: December 2009

Although the blood pressure is one of the important criteria in the standardization of hemorrhagic shock in the dog, it has rarely been used for this purpose in the rat. A method resembling the reservoir technique developed by Wiggers and Werle (1942) for the dog using blood pressure as the criterion has been modified for use with the rat. Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing approximately 400 gm. were used. In the standardization of this technique the blood pressure was reduced to 30 mm. Hg in a 10-min. period of hemorrhage and then maintained at this level by subsequent small hemorrhages into the reservoir until reinfusion indicated the beginning of vascular collapse, at which time all the blood in the reservoir was returned. Considering that those animals which lived longer than 48 hr. were survivors, in a series of 27 animals, 21 died and 6 survived—a mortality rate of 78%.During the hypotensive period there was a consistent and steady drop in the respiratory rate and rectal temperature. The heart rate declined initially and tended to recover as the hypotensive period progressed. After reinfusion the blood pressure rose but. did not reach prehemorrhage levels. Hemorrhage into the bowel and convulsions were significant postreinfusion findings.
DEPOLYMERIZATION OF DEXTRAN BY HYDROGEN PEROXIDE
Authors: Levi Irving , Lozinski Ezra
Published: December 2009

It was observed that when very dilute solutions of hydrogen peroxide were employed for the purpose of destroying pyrogens in aqueous dextran solutions, a marked depolymerization of the polysaccharide molecule occurred. Further study demonstrated this effect to occur over a wide range of temperature, pressure, time, and concentration of hydrogen peroxide. It was therefore possible to use hydrogen peroxide in place of the usual hydrolytic agents, such as acids, for the depolymerization of native dextran to smaller molecular weight fragments suitable for use as a blood plasma extender.
SOME EFFECTS OF TESTOSTERONE PROPIONATE ON THE IMMATURE PULLET
Authors: Layne D. S. , Common R. H.
Published: December 2009

Sexually immature pullets were treated for 10 days with testosterone propionate (TST) in doses of hormone ranging from 0.25 to 5.0 mgm. per day. TST increased live weight gains, the effect being significant for the highest dosage; TST also increased oviduct weight. Both these results are in agreement with those of previous workers. TST did not affect significantly the net liver weight or the liver weight per kgm. live weight. Liver deoxyribonucleic acid phosphorus (DNAP) per kgm. live weight was not affected by lower dosage levels, but was slightly and significantly increased by higher dosage levels. Liver pentose nucleic acid phosphorus (RNAP) was affected in the same way as liver DNAP; and hence TST had no effect on the ratio RNAP/DNAP in the liver. TST depressed kidney weight, thus confirming previous observations. TST also depressed kidney DNAP and increased kidney RNAP, thereby increasing the ratio RNAP/DNAP in kidney to a marked extent. Spleen weight was depressed by TST, though the effect did not attain statistical significance.
EFFECTS OF INHIBITORS OF SULFANILAMIDE ACETYLATION ON SULPHONAMIDE BLOOD CONCENTRATIONS
Authors: Johnson Willard
Published: December 2009

The effect of inhibitors of sulphanilamide acetylation on free and total sulphonamide blood levels has been investigated. p-Aminosalicylic acid hydrazide, administered to rabbits in combination with sulphanilamide, produced a twofold increase in the blood level of free sulphanilamide six hours after a single oral dose. Similarly, p-aminosalicylate and p-(dipropylsulphamyl)-benzoic acid together were responsible for a twofold increase in free-sulphonamide blood level six hours after a single oral dose of a triple sulphonamide mixture. Salicylamide and 5-bromosalicylamide were ineffective. The significance of these results is discussed.
THE ANTICOAGULANT ACTION IN BLOOD OF SULPHATED DERIVATIVES OF LAMINARIN
Authors: Hawkins W. W. , O'Neill A. N.
Published: December 2009

Laminarin, a polysaccharide from brown seaweeds, has been sulphated to produce compounds which show anticoagulant activity in blood in vivo. Derivatives of sulphamic acid were more active than simple sulphate esters, although the amount of sulphate also affected the activity. When tested in rats one sulphated β-aminoethyl ether derivative was 40–50% as potent as heparin, and one ester about 30%. Tests with rats and dogs indicated no harmful effects in the doses used.
A COMPARISON OF OPTICAL AND MANOMETRIC METHODS FOR THE ASSAY OF HUMAN SERUM CHOLINESTERASE
Authors: Kalow W. , Lindsay H. A.
Published: December 2009

A method for the assay of human serum cholinesterase (pseudocholinesterase) is described in detail. The disappearance of benzoylcholine is measured by ultraviolet spectrophotometry. Minute amounts of serum and of the substrate are sufficient for a rapid and convenient test of good accuracy. The influence of temperature on the reaction rate is given particular attention, since temperature control is not as easily achieved in the spectrophotometer as for instance in a Warburg apparatus. Although the results of the spectrophotometric assay are fundamentally the same as those obtained by using a conventional gasometric method with acetylcholine as a substrate, small but significant differences between the two answers occur. These differences depend on the substrates and not on the methods as such. The ratio of hydrolysis rates of the two substrates, benzoylcholine and acetylcholine, varies slightly from person to person. If benzoylcholine is used in the Warburg apparatus, a concentration above the optimum must be employed in order to develop sufficient gas for measurement.
HYDROLYSIS OF LECITHIN BY PLANT PLASTID ENZYMES
Authors: Kates Morris
Published: December 2009

Enzymatic liberation of choline from egg lecithin by plastid fractions from sugar beet, spinach, and cabbage leaves and from carrot root was a rapid, first order reaction (up to 70% hydrolysis), and was not preceded by a lag phase. None of the choline-containing products of lecithin degradation (lysolecithin, glycerylphosphorylcholine, or phosphorylcholine) lost choline on incubation with spinach chloroplasts. Inorganic phosphate liberation from lecithin by the plastids was preceded by a lag phase and was much slower than choline liberation. Spinach chloroplasts catalyzed the liberation of inorganic phosphate from L-α-phosphatidic acid and from L-α-glycerophosphate. The water-soluble organic phosphate liberated from lecithin by spinach chloroplasts was identified chromatographically as phosphorylcholine. The ether-soluble organic phosphate produced during the hydrolysis of egg lecithin by carrot plastids was isolated and identified as L-α-phosphatidic acid. These observations suggest that the enzymatic hydrolysis of lecithin by plant plastids involves the following reactions: (1) lecithin → L-α-phosphatidic acid + choline; (2) L-α-phosphatidic acid → inorganic phosphate + diglyceride and/or (3) L-α-phosphatidic acid → glycerophosphate + fatty acids and (4) glycerophosphate → inorganic phosphate + glycerol; and (5) lecithin → phosphorylcholine + diglyceride. The L-α-structure for egg lecithin was confirmed.
THE CONVERSION OF UROCANIC ACID TO GLUTAMIC ACID IN THE INTACT RAT
Authors: Kraml M. , Bouthillier L. P.
Published: December 2009

Urocanic-α-C14acid and imidazolepropionic-α-C14acid have been synthesized and their metabolism has been studied in the intact rat. Urocanic acid has been found to be extensively catabolized and to give rise to glutamic acid. The fact that no radiocarbon could be found in tissue histidine indicates that the formation of urocanic acid from histidine is a non-reversible reaction. Imidazole-propionic acid has been found to undergo very little catabolism and thus should be excluded as a possible intermediate in the degradation of urocanic acid.
THE ANAEROBIC DISSIMILATION OF D-RIBOSE-1-C14, D-XYLOSE-1-C14, D-XYLOSE-2-C14, AND D-XYLOSE-5-C14 BY AEROBACTER AEROGENES
Authors: Altermatt H. A. , Simpson F. J. , Neish A. C.
Published: December 2009

The lactic acid produced from D-ribose-1-C14 or D-xylose-1-C14 had only a trace of isotopic carbon in the carbinol group, while the methyl carbon had 40% and carboxyl carbon 20% of the specific activity of carbon-1 of the pentose. The lactic acid from D-xylose-2-C14 was labelled to a slight extent in the methyl group, while the carbinol carbon and the carboxyl carbon had 40% and 20% respectively of the C14 concentration of carbon-2 of the sugar. D-Xylose-5-C14 gave lactic acid labelled mainly in the methyl carbon, which had about 60% of the specific activity of carbon-5 of the pentose. The other fermentation products (2,3-butanediol, ethanol, acetic acid, formic acid, and carbon dioxide) were labelled as if they had been formed from pyruvate with the same labelling as the lactic acid. These results offer additional support to the hypothesis whereby complete conversion of pentose to triose occurs via a heptulose.
STUDIES ON THE GLYCOPROTEINS OF THE DOMESTIC FOWL: II. THE HEXOSAMINE CONTENT OF CERTAIN TISSUES OF THE SEXUALLY IMMATURE PULLET AND SOME EFFECTS THEREON OF GONADAL HORMONES
Authors: Anastassiadis P. A. , Maw W. A. , Common R. H.
Published: December 2009

The concentration of total hexosamine (as free base) in the dry matter of tissues of the pullet was high in cartilage (8.0 mgm. per gm.) and in oviduct (6.4 mgm. per gm.); medium in comb and wattles, tendon, and lungs (3.0 to 5.5 mgm. per gm.); and low in voluntary muscle (1.5 mgm. per gm.). Dry defatted skin contained 8.3 mgm. per gm. Total serum hexosamine was 52 mgm. per 100 ml. and was increased significantly to about 67 mgm. per 100 ml. by treatment with estradiol benzoate (ODB) and to about 72 mgm. per 100 ml. by ODB plus testosterone propionate (TST). Serum protein was also increased significantly by the hormonal treatments, but to a relatively greater extent. The magnum of the hypertrophied oviducts of pullets treated with ODB was relatively high in dry matter (22.0%), and this dry matter was relatively rich in hexosamine (13.8 mgm. per gm.) and low in hydroxyproline (2.9 mgm. per gm.). The dry matter of the uterus and vagina was relatively low in hexosamine (6.0 mgm. per gm.) and rich in hydroxyproline (5.7 and 10.5 mgm. per gm. for uterus and vagina respectively). Concurrent administration of ODB and TST led to a greater degree of hypertrophy of the oviducts than did administration of ODB alone; both the weight and total hexosamine content of the magnum showed a greater relative increase than did the values for vagina and uterus. Some modifications of the method of determining the hexosamine content of tissues are described.
A NOTE ON THE STOIGHIOMETRY OF ADSORPTION OF ANIONS BY LYSOZYME
Authors: Colvin J. Ross
Published: December 2009

Ten adsorbed anions of monovalent methyl orange, Orange II, or picric acid are necessary and sufficient to precipitate one lysozyme molecule at pH 5.5 in 0.05 M acetate buffer at 32°, whereas only five of divalent 2,4-dinitro-1-naphthol-7-sulphonic acid (flavianic acid) are required. These results are consistent with a hypothesis of interacting hydration effects.
RELATIONSHIP OF OXYGEN CONSUMPTION TO BODY TEMPERATURE IN THE RESTRAINED RAT
Authors: Bartlett Jr. Roscoe G. , Bohr Vernon C. , Inman William I.
Published: December 2009

Forty adult Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: 10 control and 10 restrained animals at room temperature [Formula: see text] and 10 control and 10 restrained animals at [Formula: see text]. Continuous recordings were made on oxygen consumption and body temperature. It was learned that the restrained animals had an initially higher oxygen consumption than the control animals. This gradient was maintained throughout a three-hour exposure in the case of the animals maintained at room temperature but in the case of the animals maintained in the cold it was reversed early in the tests, i.e., the oxygen consumption of the restrained animals fell below that of the control animals. The fall in oxygen consumption was accompanied by a fall in body temperature. From the data it was not possible to state which was the cause and which was the effect. It was suggested that both decreased oxygen consumption and temperature drop may be the effect of another cause, emotionality or emotional stress.
THE EFFECTS OF THIOURACIL AND OF THYROXINE ON CERTAIN BIOCHEMICAL RESPONSES OF THE IMMATURE PULLET TO COMBINED TREATMENT WITH ESTROGEN AND ANDROGEN
Authors: Common R. H. , Maw W. A. , Layne D. S.
Published: December 2009

Sexually immature pullets were given a combined estrogen–androgen treatment, consisting of estradiol benzoate (ODB) plus testosterone propionate (TST). The influences of thiouracil and of thyroxine on various responses to this treatment were studied in two experiments. Thiouracil depressed slightly the hypertrophy of the oviduct evoked by ODB + TST; thyroxine enhanced the hypertrophy in one experiment, but depressed it in the other. Thiouracil enhanced, and thyroxine depressed the hypertrophy of the liver evoked by ODB + TST. Thiouracil also enhanced the increase of liver crude protein per kgm. live weight evoked by ODB + TST. The slight increase of liver deoxyribonucleic acid phosphorus (DNAP) per kgm. live weight evoked by ODB + TST was also enhanced by thiouracil and depressed by thyroxine. The great increase of liver pentose nucleic acid phosphorus (RNAP) per kgm. live weight evoked by ODB + TST was enhanced by thiouracil, but was depressed by thyroxine. The great increase in the ratio RNAP: DNAP in liver evoked by ODB + TST was not modified by thiouracil, but it was depressed by thyroxine. In one experiment, ODB + TST increased kidney weight per kgm. live weight; and this effect was enhanced by thiouracil and by thyroxine. In the other experiment, ODB + TST did not affect kidney weight, but the kidney weight per kgm. live weight was greater in the groups receiving either thiouracil or thyroxine than in the control group. ODB + TST did not affect kidney DNAP or RNAP per kgm. live weight, and a slight increase in kidney RNAP: DNAP observed in both experiments fell short of significance at P = 0.05. Both kidney RNAP and DNAP were significantly greater in the groups receiving thiouracil or thyroxine than in the control groups. ODB +f TST evoked a slight increase in the ratio RNAP: DNAP in kidney, and this effect was greatly enhanced by either thiouracil or thyroxine. In confirmation of previous work, the hypercalcemia evoked by ODB + TST was depressed by either thiouracil or by thyroxine.
INFLUENCE OF EXPOSURE TO COLD AND ASCORBIC ACID ADMINISTRATION ON THE WEIGHT AND THE METABOLIC ACTIVITY OF THE ADRENAL GLAND OF HYPO- PHYSECTOMIZED RATS GIVEN ACTH
Authors: Dugal L.-P. , Desmarais A. , Gagnon P. M.
Published: December 2009

Modification of the response of the adrenal gland to ACTH was observed in hypophysectomized rats exposed to cold with or without ascorbic acid treatment. Changes in weight and metabolic activity of the gland were used to measure the adrenal response. All comparisons were made between the left and the right adrenal of each animal before and after treatment. The results obtained show that cold stress increases the response of the adrenal to a standard dose of two units of ACTH; they also indicate that ascorbic acid administration increases so much the responsiveness of the adrenal gland to ACTH at room temperature that such a response is not enhanced by exposure to cold.
THE IN VITRO ADRENAL RESPONSE TO CORTICOTROPIN SUBTYPES: AN IMPROVED ASSAY DESIGN
Authors: McKerns K. W. , Nordstrand E.
Published: December 2009

An eight point assay design for assessment of corticotrophin potency in terms of any standard corticotrophin is described. Each point can be repeated four times by using littermate rat adrenal tissue. The response of isolated adrenal tissue to corticotrophin stimulation is measured in terms of the corticoids produced. As many as three unknown samples may be measured in terms of one standard or compared with one another. Three subtypes of corticotrophin have been assessed in one assay design. They are acid extracted crude corticotrophin (represented by the original U.S.P. Provisional Reference Standard), glacial acetic acid extracted, and oxycel purified corticotrophin. All these corticotrophins showed the same dose–response characteristics and relative potencies in agreement with the Sayers ascorbic acid depletion assay by the intravenous route. When three different samples were assayed in one design of 32 rats the average lambda was 0.18, and the limits of error for each sample were approximately ± 45%.