bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
¿Qué quería? Tiempos segundos y legitimación en los textos de los ataudes del Egipto antiguo (c. 2000-1500 a.C.) .
Authors: Gracia Zamacona Carlos
Published: October 2022

Reinterpretación de los llamados tiempos segundos en egipcio bajo la óptica de la oposición entre las proposiciones de finalidad iniciales (no-neutrales) frente a las no-iniciales (neutrales) propuesta por Sandra A. Thompson (1985) para el inglés. El estudio utiliza los Textos de los Ataúdes del Egipto antiguo, que abundan en casos de legitimación del difunto ante los dioses por medio de la expresión del movimiento (el verbo ii ‛venir’ en un tiempo segundo) del difunto hacia los dioses, lo que permite vincular la relación entre tiempos segundos (forma), énfasis del rema (función) y legitimación (situación comunicativa).
La visita de Adriano a Hispania y la reparación de la Vía de la Plata.
Authors: González-Conde Puente M.ª Pilar
Published: October 2022

En el invierno de 122-123 d. C., Adriano visitó la península ibérica durante uno de sus prolongados viajes por las provincias del Imperio. Permaneció un tiempo en Tarraco, la capital de la prouincia Hispania citerior. Sin embargo, el resto del recorrido que pudo realizar por las provincias de Hispania ha sido objeto de debate y lo sigue siendo en la actualidad. Este trabajo trata de introducir un nuevo elemento en la discusión sobre este tema. Se trata de la reparación en la llamada “Vía de la Plata”, que discurría de norte a sur por Lusitania y que constituía una vía de comunicación necesaria para los desplazamientos que se han venido defendiendo desde una parte de la investigación.
Sagunto y Numancia en las fuentes antiguas y medievales ¿continuismo o ruptura? .
Authors: Blanco Robles Fernando
Published: October 2022

Se trata el proceso de evolución de la visión y transmisión de ambos asedios de forma paralela, primeramente, empezando por las fuentes más cercanas cronológicamente a esos acontecimientos para continuar con las fuentes tardoantiguas, especialmente las Historiae aduersus paganos de Paulo Orosio, que fue el texto clave y base de conocimiento para los cronistas medievales. Estas últimas recibirán nuestra atención al final, para observar de qué forma quedó relegada Sagunto frente a Numancia y qué valores encarna este episodio, así como las razones de su pertinente adopción por los cronistas medievales.
Strategia kosmiczna dla Europy w pracach rządu i sejmowej Komisji do spraw Unii
Europejskiej. Analiza instytucjonalno-prawna
Authors: Czachór Zbigniew
Published: October 2022

The article is devoted to the European Commission’s communication on the Space
Strategy for Europe. The analysis focuses on EU institutions (the European Commission,
the EU Council and the European Parliament) as well as national institutions (the Polish
government and the European Union Affairs Committee of the Sejm). The theoretical and
methodological framework is provided by rational choice institutionalism, which is based
on several factors determining the institutional situation of the European Union. The
first of these concerns the understanding of the institution not only as an entity, but
also from a normative and regulatory point of view. The second factor is the utilitarian
concept of perceiving the preferences, needs and interests of the integration actors.
The third is the impact of institutional structures on the worldview and preferences of
politicians (decision makers, elites) and technocrats. And the fourth is the conviction
that the behaviour of each of the actors of European integration depends on a strategic
calculation based on the behaviour of others. The text analyses the competency and
formal justifications, as well as the institutional and substantive activity of the
European Commission and the EU Council and the Council of Ministers and the Sejm’s
European Union Affairs Committee on the Space Strategy for Europe.
Europejska polityka kosmiczna w obliczu gnozy politycznej transhumanizmu
Authors: Grabowiec Piotr
Published: October 2022

The chapter aims to show the dangers of transhumanist ideology in the context of
the European politics of space. It is argued that the ideology of transhumanism not only
threatens human subjectivity, fundamental liberty and equality as guaranteed to the
citizens by the European Union, but also serves large financial entities to practice the
politics of control and managing the societies without actual influence on their
existence. The EU politics of space is one of those spheres where the ideology of
transhumanism can be implemented, as it seems, in the most sensitive sphere, i.e. the
self-evolution of man. Self-evolution in transhumanism aims to realise the morphological
idea of freedom, in which interference in the human genome and biotechnical improvements
to the human body are to serve the realisation of the idea of the superhuman
(Übermensch). Diffusion of the subject’s essence and nature must lead to a social and
political dystopia and, consequently, to the Hobbesian state of nature based on power
understood here as excess of technology marginalizing most of the human
population.
Unijna polityka kosmiczna. Perspektywy rozwoju w bliższej i dalszej
przyszłości
Authors: Smolik Bartosz , Turczyński Paweł
Published: October 2022

The authors of the chapter argue that the EU space policy may become an
opportunity for faster economic and technological development in Europe. Member states
can take advantage of visible growth trends. In addition, there is a chance to
strengthen the position of the European Union in the international arena. Another
attempt to push through the European Code of Conduct for Outer Space Activities, a
project drafted in a favourable international situation, may become a test of the EU’s
effectiveness in this field in an area that evokes less emotions than, for example, the
Ukrainian-Russian conflict. On the other hand, the new space race, which is increasingly
visible and involves a much larger number of entities than the one during the Cold War,
may paradoxically improve the economic situation but also limit the opportunities for
soft law agreements. The EU’s broader presence in space and exploitation of alien
celestial bodies will also require changes to EU treaty legislation.
Archivos: ¡un acierto!
Authors: Serra Pujadas Consol , Ronda Elena , Purtí Elisabeth
Published: October 2022

En tres meses Archivos de Prevención de Riesgos Laborales cumple un cuarto de siglo. En 1998, la entonces Societat Catalana de Seguretat i Medicina del Treball, hoy Associació Catalana de Salut Laboral, presidida por Jaume de Montserrat, anunciaba una nueva revista, que nacía con 35 años de historia y 120 números publicados en la extinguida Medicina de Empresa. Fernando G. Benavides asumía la tarea (1998-2005). Archivos nació con una clara voluntad de hacer realidad un instrumento “de difusión de información relevante, rigurosa y actual que necesita todo campo de conocimiento para su desarrollo y evolución” parafraseando a su segunda directora, Ana M García (2005-2015) y además de acuerdo con los criterios internacionales de calidad científica.…
One-stage versus two-stage Roux-Y gastric bypass as redo surgery of failed adjustable gastric banding
Authors: Thaher O , Driouch J , Hukauf M , Stroh C
Published: October 2022

Introduction

The study focussed on whether a one-stage Roux-Y gastric bypass (OS-RYGB) or a two-stage RYGB (TS-RYGB) has a significant advantage in terms of perioperative risk in patients after failed adjustable gastric banding (AGB).

Methods

Data collection included patients who underwent OS-RYGB or TS-RYGB after AGB between 2005 and 2019 and whose outcomes were compared with those after primary RYGB (P-RYGB). Outcome criteria were perioperative complications, comorbidities, 30-day mortality and operating time.

Results

The study analysed data from patients who underwent OS-RYGB (N = 525), TS-RYGB (N = 382) and P-RYGB (N = 26,445). Intraoperative and postoperative complication rates were significantly lower for P-RYGB (p < 0.001). Total intraoperative and specific postoperative complication rates were significantly lower in TS-RYGB than in OS-RYGB (p = 0.048 and p < 0.001, respectively). In contrast, the total general postoperative complication rate was lower in OS-RYGB than in TS-RYGB (p < 0.001). The mean operating time differed significantly among the three groups (P-RYGB 96.5min, OS-RYGB 141.2min and TS-RYGB 190.9min; p < 0.001). The mortality rate was not significantly different between the three groups.

Conclusions

Based on the significant difference between the two groups in revision surgery and the slight difference with the results of primary RYGB, this study concludes that removal of a failed AGB is safe and feasible with either the OS- or TS-RYGB procedure. However, we cannot directly recommend either procedure in our study. Proper patient selection and surgeon experience are critical to avoid potential adverse effects.
Upraising wavelength exactitude in laser array with spatial hole burning suppression based on the reconstruction-equivalent-chirp technique
Authors: Guo Renjia , Mei Dikui , Bian Yuegen , Zhao Yongbing , Yang Liangliang , Wang Xiaohua , Wang Ping , Liu Lili , Dong Jichu
Published: October 2022

An equivalent corrugation pitch modulated distributed-feedback semiconductor multiwavelength laser array (MLA) with two equivalently assisted phase shifts (EAPSs) based on the reconstruction-equivalent-chirp technique is theoretically studied and experimentally demonstrated. The simulated results show that the longitudinal photon density distribution of the studied MLA is much more uniform than that of the MLA without EAPSs. Accordingly, the longitudinal spatial hole burning of the proposed MLA is therefore suppressed more effectively. The experimental results show that the studied MLA has good single-longitudinal-mode performance. The highest side mode suppression ratio (SMSR) is even up to 52.63 dB. Meanwhile, the tunable wavelength range of the investigated MLA is 25.94 nm under the thermal tuning scheme from 15.12°C to 46.93°C. All channels are within a wavelength deviation of 

±

0.001

n
m

. The SMSRs are all above 38 dB.
Efficiency enhancement of ultrathin CIGS solar cells by optimal bandgap grading. Part II: finite-difference algorithm and double-layer antireflection coatings
Authors: Ahmad Faiz , Civiletti Benjamin J. , Monk Peter B. , Lakhtakia Akhlesh
Published: October 2022

In Part I [Appl.
Opt. 58, 6067
(2019)APOPAI003-693510.1364/AO.58.006067], we used a coupled
optoelectronic model to optimize a thin-film

C
u
I
n

1
−
ξ

G
a

ξ

S
e

2

(CIGS) solar cell with a
graded-bandgap photon-absorbing layer and a periodically corrugated
backreflector. The increase in efficiency due to the periodic
corrugation was found to be tiny and that, too, only for very thin
CIGS layers. Also, it was predicted that linear bandgap-grading
enhances the efficiency of the CIGS solar cells. However, a
significant improvement in solar cell efficiency was found using a
nonlinearly (sinusoidally) graded-bandgap CIGS photon-absorbing layer.
The optoelectronic model comprised two submodels: optical and
electrical. The electrical submodel applied the hybridizable
discontinuous Galerkin (HDG) scheme directly to equations for the
drift and diffusion of charge carriers. As our HDG scheme sometimes
fails due to negative carrier densities arising during the solution
process, we devised a new, to the best of our knowledge, computational
scheme using the finite-difference method, which also reduces the
overall computational cost of optimization. An unfortunate
normalization error in the electrical submodel in Part I came to
light. This normalization error did not change the overall conclusions
reported in Part I; however, some specifics did change. The new
algorithm for the electrical submodel is reported here along with
updated numerical results. We re-optimized the solar cells containing
a CIGS photon-absorbing layer with either (i) a homogeneous
bandgap, (ii) a linearly graded bandgap, or (iii) a
nonlinearly graded bandgap. Considering the meager increase in
efficiency with the periodic corrugation and additional complexity in
the fabrication process, we opted for a flat backreflector. The new
algorithm is significantly faster than the previous algorithm. Our new
results confirm efficiency enhancement of 84% (resp. 63%) when the
thickness of the CIGS layer is 600 nm (resp. 2200 nm),
similarly to Part I. A hundredfold concentration of sunlight can
increase the efficiency by an additional 27%. Finally, the currently
used 110-nm-thick layer of

M
g
F

2

performs almost as well as optimal
single- and double-layer antireflection coatings.
Anticaustics in a Fabry–Perot interferometer
Authors: Sánchez-Soto Luis L. , Monzón Juan J. , Leuchs Gerd
Published: October 2022

We address the response of a Fabry–Perot interferometer to a monochromatic point source. We calculate the anticaustics (that is, the virtual wavefronts of null path difference) resulting from the successive internal reflections occurring in the system. They turn out to be a family of ellipsoids (or hyperboloids) of revolution, which allows us to reinterpret the operation of the Fabry–Perot interferometer from a geometrical point of view that facilitates comparison with other apparently disparate arrangements, such as Young’s double slit.
Secrecy performance analysis in the FSO communication system considering different eavesdropping scenarios
Authors: Wu Hongyu , Kang Dongpeng , Ding Junrong , Yang Jingkai , Wang Qiang , Wu Jiajie , Ma Jing
Published: October 2022

In this paper, we numerically study the secrecy performance of the free-space optical (FSO) system by considering different eavesdropping scenarios. More precisely, we considered three possible eavesdropping scenarios for Eve: 1) Eve is between Alice and Bob; 2) Eve and Bob are in the same receiving plane; 3) Eve is behind Bob. We adopt the Málaga (

M

)-distribution channel to model atmospheric turbulence due to the presence of link blockage while considering the non-zero boresight pointing error and path loss. To do so, we obtain a novel probability density function (PDF) and cumulative distribution function (CDF) under different eavesdropping scenarios, based on which we derived the secrecy outage probability (SOP) analytical expressions as well as their asymptotic expressions at a high SNR regime. We verified the results using Monte Carlo simulations, which showed that the parameters related to atmospheric turbulence and pointing errors, as well as the location of the eavesdropper, have different effects on different eavesdropping scenarios.
Micro-patterns of gold nanoparticles assembled by photovoltaic optoelectronic tweezers: application to plasmonic fluorescence enhancement
Authors: Elvira Iris , Puerto Andrés , Mínguez-Vega Gladys , Rodríguez-Palomo Adrián , Gómez-Tornero Alejandro , García-Cabañes Angel , Carrascosa Mercedes
Published: October 2022

Noble metal nanostructures are well-known for their ability to increase the efficiency of different optical or physical phenomena due to their plasmonic behavior. This work presents a simple strategy to obtain Au plasmonic patterns by optically induced nanoparticle assembly and its application as fluorescence enhancement platforms. This strategy is based on the so-called photovoltaic optoelectronic tweezers (PVOT) being the first time they are used for fabricating Au periodic micro-patterns. Fringe patterns with a sub-structure of aggregates, assembled from individual spherical nanoparticles of 3.5 or 170 nm diameters, are successfully obtained. The spatial distribution of the aggregates is controlled with micrometric accuracy and the patterns can be arranged over large-scale active areas (tens of mm2). The outcome for the ultra-small (3.5 nm) particles is particularly relevant because this diameter is the smallest one manipulated by PVOT so far. Testing experiments of plasmonic fluorescence enhancement show that the 170-nm patterns present a much better plasmonic behavior. For the 170-nm platform they reveal a 10-fold enhancement factor in the fluorescence of Rhodamine-B dye molecules and a 3-fold one for tagged DNA biomolecules. Hence, the results suggest that these latter plasmonic platforms are good candidates for efficient bio-imaging and biosensing techniques, among other applications.
Sub-ppm gas phase Raman spectroscopy in an anti-resonant hollow core fiber
Authors: Kelly Thomas W. , Davidson Ian A. , Warren Charles , Brooks William S. M. , Foster Michael J. , Poletti Francesco , Richardson David J. , Horak Peter , Wheeler Natalie V.
Published: October 2022

We demonstrate recent progress in the development of a Raman gas sensor using a single cladding ring anti-resonant hollow core micro-structured optical fiber (HC-ARF) and a low power pump source. The HC-ARF was designed specifically for low attenuation and wide bandwidth in the visible spectral region and provided low loss at both the pump wavelength (532 nm) and Stokes wavelengths up to a Raman shift of 5000 cm−1. A novel selective core pressurization scheme was also implemented to further reduce the confinement loss, improving the Raman signal enhancement by a factor of 1.9 compared to a standard fiber filling scheme. By exploiting longer lengths of fiber, direct detection of both methane and hydrogen at concentrations of 5 and 10 ppm respectively is demonstrated and a noise equivalent limit-of-detection of 0.15 ppm is calculated for methane.
Atomic Ramsey interferometry with S- and D-band in a triangular optical lattice
Authors: Dong Xiangyu , Wu Chengyang , Yu Zhongcheng , Tian Jinyuan , Wang Zhongkai , Chen Xuzong , Jin Shengjie , Zhou Xiaoji
Published: October 2022

Ramsey interferometers have wide applications in science and engineering. Compared with the traditional interferometer based on internal states, the interferometer with external quantum states has advantages in some applications for quantum simulation and precision measurement. Here, we develop a Ramsey interferometry with Bloch states in S- and D-band of a triangular optical lattice for the first time. The key to realizing this interferometer in two-dimensionally coupled lattice is that we use the shortcut method to construct π/2 pulse. We observe clear Ramsey fringes and analyze the decoherence mechanism of fringes. Further, we design an echo π pulse between S- and D-band, which significantly improves the coherence time. This Ramsey interferometer in the dimensionally coupled lattice has potential applications in the quantum simulations of topological physics, frustrated effects, and motional qubits manipulation.
Steep freeform measurement method based on a normal transverse differential confocal
Authors: Wang Wenbin , Zheng Xin , Liu Yuhan , Li Menghan , Zhang Xiaocheng , Qiu Lirong , Zhao Weiqian
Published: October 2022

A normal transverse laser differential confocal freeform measurement (NTDCFM) method was proposed to address the high-precision measurement difficulty of steep freeform surfaces with large variations in inclination, scattering, and reflectance. Using D-shaped diaphragm technology, the freeform surface under test (FSUT) axial variation transformed into a spot transverse movement on the detection focal plane. Meanwhile, a 2D position sensitive detector (PSD) was used to obtain the normal vector of the sampling points so that the measuring sensor’s optical axis could track the FSUT normal direction. The focus tracking method extended the sensor measurement range. Theoretical analysis and experimental results showed that the axial resolution of the NTDCFM was better than 0.5 nm, the direction resolution of the normal vector was 0.1°, the maximum surface inclination could be measured up to 90°, the sensor range was 5 mm, and the measurement repeatability of the FSUT was better than 9 nm. It provides an effective new anti-inclination, anti-scattering, and anti-reflectivity method for accurately measuring steep freeform surfaces.
Mid-infrared silicon photonic phase shifter based on microelectromechanical system
Authors: Sun Haoyang , Qiao Qifeng , Xia Ji , Lee Chengkuo , Zhou Guangya
Published: October 2022

Mid-infrared (MIR) photonic integrated circuits have generated considerable interest, owing to their potential applications, such as thermal imaging and biochemical sensing. A challenging area in the field is the development of reconfigurable approaches for the enhancement of on-chip functions, where a phase shifter plays an important role. Here, we demonstrate a MIR microelectromechanical system (MEMS) phase shifter by utilizing an asymmetric slot waveguide with subwavelength grating (SWG) claddings. The MEMS-enabled device can be easily integrated into a fully suspended waveguide with SWG cladding, built on a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) platform. Through engineering of the SWG design, the device achieves a maximum phase shift of 6π, with an insertion loss of 4 dB and a half-wave-voltage-length product (VπLπ) of 2.6 V·cm. Moreover, the time response of the device is measured as 13 µs (rise time) and 5 µs (fall time).
Hybrid resonance metasurface for a lithium niobate electro-optical modulator
Authors: Ju Yao , Zhou Hao , Zhao Ying , Wang Fangjie , Yang Zuogang , Deng Xin , Wu Zhujing , Guoliang Deng , Zuo Haoyi
Published: October 2022

Electrically tunable metasurfaces can realize two-dimensional pixelated spatial light modulation and have a wide range of applications in optical switching, free-space communication, high-speed imaging, and so on, arousing the interest of researchers. Here, a gold nanodisk metasurface on a lithium-niobate-on-insulator (LNOI) substrate is fabricated and experimentally demonstrated as an electrically tunable optical metasurface for transmissive free-space light modulation. Using the hybrid resonance formed by the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of gold nanodisks and the Fabry–Perot (FP) resonance, the incident light is trapped in the gold nanodisk edges and a thin lithium niobate layer to realize field enhancement. In this way, an extinction ratio of 40% is achieved at the resonance wavelength. In addition, the proportion of hybrid resonance components can be adjusted by the size of the gold nanodisks. By applying a driving voltage of ± 2.8 V, a dynamic modulation of 135 MHz is achieved at resonant wavelength. The highest signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is up to 48 dB at 75 MHz. This work paves the way for the realization of spatial light modulators based on CMOS-compatible LiNbO3 planar optics, which can be used in lidar, tunable displays, and so on.
Layer-dependent excitonic valley polarization properties in MoS2–WS2 heterostructures
Authors: Li Shaofei , Zheng Haihong , Wu Biao , Ding Junnan , He Jun , Liu Zongwen , Liu Yanping
Published: October 2022

In this work, we investigate the polarization of the excitonics valley in MoS2–WS2 heterostructures using circular polarization-resolved photoluminescence. The valley polarization is the largest (≈28.45%) in the 1L–1L MoS2–WS2 heterostructure and the polarizability of

A

W

S

2

decreases as the number of WS2 layers increases. We further observed a redshift of exciton

X

Mo

S

2

−

in MoS2–WS2 heterostructures with the increase of WS2 layers, which is attributed to the displacement of the MoS2 band edge, indicating the layer-sensitive optical properties of the MoS2–WS2 heterostructure. Our findings shed light on the understanding of exciton behavior in multilayer MoS2–WS2 heterostructures that may promote their potential applications in optoelectronic devices.
Reversible photochromic effect in natural gemstone sapphires
Authors: Tsai Tsung-Han , Wang Zhen , Takahashi Hiroshi
Published: October 2022

Photochromic sapphires show an optically controllable orange coloration under ambient temperatures, which strongly affects the color appearance and market value of gemstone sapphires. An in situ absorption spectroscopy technique using a tunable excitation light source has been developed to investigate the wavelength- and time-dependence of sapphire’s photochromism. Excitations of ≤370 nm and ≥410 nm introduce and remove orange coloration, respectively, whereas there is a stable absorption band at 470 nm. Both the color enhancement and diminishing rates are proportional to the excitation intensity; hence, strong illumination can significantly accelerate the photochromic effect. Finally, the origin of the color center can be explained by a combination of the differential absorption and the opposite trends between the orange coloration and Cr3+ emission, indicating that the origin of this photochromic effect is related to a magnesium-induced trapped hole and chromium. The results can be used to minimize the photochromic effect and improve the reliability of color evaluation for valuable gemstones.
Consecutive 1015–1105-nm wavelength tunable “figure-of-9” mode-locked Yb:fiber oscillator
Authors: Gao Guanguang , Wang Shang , Zhao Qikai , Cong Zhenhua , Liu Zhaojun , Zhao Zhigang
Published: October 2022

A widely wavelength tunable mode-locked Yb-doped fiber oscillator based on nonlinear amplifier loop mirror (NALM) is reported, in which only a piece of short (∼0.5 m) single-mode polarization-maintaining (PM) Yb-doped fiber is employed, instead of the frequently used long (a few meters) double cladding (DC) fiber in previous papers. Experimentally, the center wavelength can be consecutively tuned from 1015 to 1105 nm by tilting the silver mirror, corresponding to a tuning range of 90 nm. To the best of our knowledge, this is the broadest consecutive tuning range in Yb:fiber mode-locked fiber oscillator. In addition, the mechanism of wavelength tuning is tentatively analyzed and attributed to the combined action of the spatial dispersion induced by a tilting silver mirror and the limited aperture in the system. Specific to the wavelength of 1045 nm, the output pulses with 13-nm spectral bandwidth can be compressed to 154 fs.
Synchronization of the internal dynamics of optical soliton molecules
Authors: Zou Defeng , Song Youjian , Gat Omri , Hu Minglie , Grelu Philippe
Published: October 2022

Compact bound states of light pulses in ultrafast lasers are known as optical soliton molecules. They constitute nonlinear superstructures of choice to investigate complex dynamical phenomena that manifest similarly in a wide range of nonlinear systems. Akin to matter molecules, optical soliton molecules can feature vibrational motions between their internal constituents. However, these vibrations are intrinsically nonlinear, with oscillation frequencies sensitive to system parameters. Therefore, vibrating soliton molecules present an opportunity for control. We here investigate the precise control of their oscillation frequencies through the universal mechanism of synchronization between master and slave oscillators. Self-oscillating soliton molecules are prepared within a passively mode-locked fiber laser. We experimentally demonstrate the synchronization of the internal vibrations of soliton molecules through the optical injection of a master oscillator signal. Direct observation of the synchronization process is enabled by balanced optical cross-correlation detection, a technique allowing real-time detection of intramolecular separation with femtosecond temporal resolution. We show efficient sub-harmonic, fundamental, and super-harmonic synchronization, forming a pattern of Arnold tongues with respect to the injection strength. Numerical simulations support experimental observations. By retrieving these universal synchronization features, the role of the soliton molecule as a nonlinear dynamical system of chief importance is further highlighted.
Advancing the protection of marine life through genomics
Authors: van Oppen Madeleine J. H. , Coleman Melinda A.
Published: October 2022

The rapid growth in genomic techniques provides the potential to transform how we protect, manage, and conserve marine life. Further, solutions to boost the resilience of marine species to climate change and other disturbances that characterize the Anthropocene require transformative approaches, made more effective if guided by genomic data. Although genetic techniques have been employed in marine conservation for decades and the availability of genomic data is rapidly expanding, widespread application still lags behind other data types. This Essay reviews how genetics and genomics have been utilized in management initiatives for ocean conservation and restoration, highlights success stories, and presents a pathway forward to enhance the uptake of genomic data for protecting our oceans.
Finding logic models for sustainable marine development that deliver on social equity
Authors: Ota Yoshitaka , Singh Gerald G. , Clark Timothy , Schutter Marleen S. , Swartz Wilf , Cisneros-Montemayor Andrés M.
Published: October 2022

Sustainable development is often represented as contributing to desirable outcomes across economic, environmental, and social goals, yet policies and interventions attempting to deliver sustainable development often disagree on the order in which these categories of goals should be addressed. In this Essay, we identify and review 5 approaches (called logic models) for sustainable development in ocean systems based on existing policies and interventions and consider the evidence for their contributions to equity—the ultimate goal of sustainable development according to the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Two of the 5 logic models prioritize economic growth and lead to social and environmental benefits, 2 prioritize environmental health as a prerequisite for sustainable economic and social benefits, and the final logic model is community driven and prioritizes social dimensions. Looking towards the 2030 maturation of the SDGs, we will need to understand what models are best suited to deliver on equity gains and prevent future inequities in development and how best to operationalize them.
A new computational model illuminates the extraordinary eyes of Phronima
Authors: Bagheri Zahra M. , Jessop Anna-Lee , Partridge Julian C. , Osborn Karen J. , Hemmi Jan M.
Published: October 2022

Vision in the midwater of the open ocean requires animals to perform visual tasks quite unlike those of any other environment. These tasks consist of detecting small, low contrast objects and point sources against a relatively dim and uniform background. Deep-sea animals have evolved many extraordinary visual adaptations to perform these tasks. Linking eye anatomy to specific selective pressures, however, is challenging, not least because of the many difficulties of studying deep-sea animals. Computational modelling of vision, based on detailed morphological reconstructions of animal eyes, along with underwater optics, offers a chance to understand the specific visual capabilities of individual visual systems. Prior to the work presented here, comprehensive models for apposition compound eyes in the mesopelagic, the dominant eye form of crustaceans, were lacking. We adapted a model developed for single-lens eyes and used it to examine how different parameters affect the model’s ability to detect point sources and extended objects. This new model also allowed us to examine spatial summation as a means to improve visual performance. Our results identify a trade-off between increased depth range over which eyes function effectively and increased distance at which extended objects can be detected. This trade-off is driven by the size of the ommatidial acceptance angle. We also show that if neighbouring ommatidia have overlapping receptive fields, spatial summation helps with all detection tasks, including the detection of bioluminescent point sources. By applying our model to the apposition compound eyes ofPhronima, a mesopelagic hyperiid amphipod, we show that the specialisations of the large medial eyes ofPhronimaimprove both the detection of point sources and of extended objects. The medial eyes outperformed the lateral eyes at every modelled detection task. We suggest that the small visual field size ofPhronima’s medial eyes and the strong asymmetry between the medial and lateral eyes reflectPhronima’s need for effective vision across a large depth range and its habit of living inside a barrel. The barrel’s narrow aperture limits the usefulness of a large visual field and has allowed a strong asymmetry between the medial and lateral eyes. The model provides a useful tool for future investigations into the visual abilities of apposition compound eyes in the deep sea.
A potential EARLY FLOWERING 3 homolog in Chlamydomonas is involved in the red/violet and blue light signaling pathways for the degradation of RHYTHM OF CHLOROPLAST 15
Authors: Gururaj Malavika , Ohmura Ayumi , Ozawa Mariko , Yamano Takashi , Fukuzawa Hideya , Matsuo Takuya
Published: October 2022

Light plays a major role in resetting the circadian clock, allowing the organism to synchronize with the environmental day and night cycle. In Chlamydomonas the light-induced degradation of the circadian clock protein, RHYTHM OF CHLOROPLAST 15 (ROC15), is considered one of the key events in resetting the circadian clock. Red/violet and blue light signals have been shown to reach the clock via different molecular pathways; however, many of the participating components of these pathways are yet to be elucidated. Here, we used a forward genetics approach using a reporter strain that expresses a ROC15-luciferase fusion protein. We isolated a mutant that showed impaired ROC15 degradation in response to a wide range of visible wavelengths and impaired light-induced phosphorylation of ROC15. These results suggest that the effects of different wavelengths converge before acting on ROC15 or at ROC15 phosphorylation. Furthermore, the mutant showed a weakened phase resetting in response to light, but its circadian rhythmicity remained largely unaffected under constant light and constant dark conditions. Surprisingly, the gene disrupted in this mutant was found to encode a protein that possessed a very weak similarity to the Arabidopsis thaliana EARLY FLOWERING 3 (ELF3). Our results suggest that this protein is involved in the many different light signaling pathways to the Chlamydomonas circadian clock. However, it may not influence the transcriptional oscillator of Chlamydomonas to a great extent. This study provides an opportunity to further understand the mechanisms underlying light-induced clock resetting and explore the evolution of the circadian clock architecture in Viridiplantae.
Evaluating novel engagement mechanisms, yields and acceptability of tuberculosis screening at retail pharmacies in Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
Authors: Tran Phuong M. T. , Dam Thu A. , Huynh Huy B. , Codlin Andrew J. , Forse Rachel J. , Dang Ha M. T. , Truong Vinh V. , Nguyen Lan H. , Nguyen Hoa B. , Nguyen Nhung V. , Creswell Jacob , Meralli Farouk , Morishita Fukushi , Dong Thuy T. T. , Nguyen Giang H. , Vo Luan N. Q.
Published: October 2022

Pharmacies represent a key health system entry point for people with TB in Viet Nam, but high fragmentation hinders their broader engagement. Professional networking apps may be able to facilitate pharmacy engagement for systematic TB screening and referral. Between September and December 2019, we piloted the use of a social networking app, SwipeRx, to recruit pharmacists for a TB referral scheme across four districts of Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam. We measured chest X-ray (CXR) referrals and TB detection yields at participating pharmacies and fielded 100 acceptability surveys, divided into pharmacists who did and did not make a CXR referral. We then fitted mixed-effect odds proportional models to explore acceptability factors that were associated with making a CXR referral. 1,816 push notifications were sent to pharmacists via the SwipeRx app and 78 indicated their interest in participating; however, only one was within the pilot’s intervention area. Additional in-person outreach resulted in the recruitment of 146 pharmacists, with 54 (37.0%) making at least one CXR referral. A total of 182 pharmacy customers were referred, resulting in a total of 64 (35.2%) CXR screens and seven people being diagnosed with TB. Compared to pharmacists who did not make any CXR referrals, pharmacists making at least one CXR referral understood the pilot’s objectives more clearly (aOR = 2.6, 95% CI: 1.2–5.8) and they believed that TB screening increased customer trust (aOR = 2.7, 95% CI: 1.2–5.8), benefited their business (aOR = 2.8, 95% CI: 1.3–6.2) and constituted a competitive advantage (aOR = 4.4, 95% CI: 1.9–9.9). They were also more confident in using mHealth apps (aOR = 3.1, 95 CI%: 1.4–6.8). Pharmacies can play an important role in early and increased TB case finding. It is critical to highlight the value proposition of TB referral schemes to their business during recruitment. Digital networking platforms, such as SwipeRx, can facilitate referrals for TB screening by pharmacists, but their ability to identify and recruit pharmacists requires optimization, particularly when targeting specific segments of a nation-wide digital network.
Implementation approaches for leprosy prevention with single-dose rifampicin: A support tool for decision making
Authors: ter Ellen Fleur , Tielens Kaat , Fenenga Christine , Mieras Liesbeth , Schoenmakers Anne , Arif Mohammad A. , Veldhuijzen Nienke , Peters Ruth , Ignotti Eliane , Kasang Christa , Quao Benedict , Steinmann Peter , Banstola Nand Lal , Oraga Joshua , Budiawan Teky
Published: October 2022

Background

In the past 15 years, the decline in annually detected leprosy patients has stagnated. To reduce the transmission of Mycobacterium leprae, the World Health Organization recommends single-dose rifampicin (SDR) as post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) for contacts of leprosy patients. Various approaches to administer SDR-PEP have been piloted. However, requirements and criteria to select the most suitable approach were missing. The aims of this study were to develop an evidence-informed decision tool to support leprosy programme managers in selecting an SDR-PEP implementation approach, and to assess its user-friendliness among stakeholders without SDR-PEP experience.

Methodology

The development process comprised two phases. First, a draft tool was developed based on a literature review and semi-structured interviews with experts from various countries, organisations and institutes. This led to: an overview of existing SDR-PEP approaches and their characteristics; understanding the requirements and best circumstances for these approaches; and, identification of relevant criteria to select an approach. In the second phase the tool’s usability and applicability was assessed, through interviews and a focus group discussion with intended, inexperienced users; leprosy programme managers and non-governmental organization (NGO) staff.

Principal findings

Five SDR-PEP implementation approaches were identified. The levels of endemicity and stigma, and the accessibility of an area were identified as most relevant criteria to select an approach. There was an information gap on cost-effectiveness, while successful implementation depends on availability of resources. Five basic requirements, irrespective of the approach, were identified: stakeholder support; availability of medication; compliant health system; trained health staff; and health education. Two added benefits of the tool were identified: its potential value for advocacy and for training.

Conclusion

An evidence-informed SDR-PEP decision tool to support the selection of implementation approaches for leprosy prevention was developed. While the tool was evaluated by potential users, more research is needed to further improve the tool, especially health-economic studies, to ensure efficient and cost-effective implementation of SDR-PEP.
“Candidatus Campylobacter infans” detection is not associated with diarrhea in children under the age of 2 in Peru
Authors: Garcia Bardales Paul F. , Schiaffino Francesca , Huynh Steven , Paredes Olortegui Maribel , Peñataro Yori Pablo , Pinedo Vasquez Tackeshy , Manzanares Villanueva Katia , Curico Huansi Greisi E. , Shapiama Lopez Wagner V. , Cooper Kerry K. , Parker Craig T. , Kosek Margaret N.
Published: October 2022

A working hypothesis is that less common species of Campylobacter (other than C. jejuni and C. coli) play a role in enteric disease among children in low resource settings and explain the gap between the detection of Campylobacter using culture and culture independent methods. “Candidatus Campylobacter infans” (C. infans), was recently detected in stool samples from children and hypothesized to play a role in Campylobacter epidemiology in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). This study determined the prevalence of C. infans in symptomatic and asymptomatic stool samples from children living in Iquitos, Peru. Stool samples from 215 children with diarrhea and 50 stool samples from children without diarrhea under the age of two were evaluated using a multiplex qPCR assay to detect Campylobacter spp. (16S rRNA), Campylobacter jejuni / Campylobacter coli (cadF gene), C. infans (lpxA), and Shigella spp. (ipaH). C. infans was detected in 7.9% (17/215) symptomatic samples and 4.0% (2/50) asymptomatic samples. The association between diarrhea and the presence of these targets was evaluated using univariate logistic regressions. C. infans was not associated with diarrhea. Fifty-one percent (75/146) of Campylobacter positive fecal samples were negative for C. jejuni, C. coli, and C. infans via qPCR. Shotgun metagenomics confirmed the presence of C. infans among 13 out of 14 positive C. infans positive stool samples. C infans explained only 20.7% of the diagnostic gap in stools from children with diarrhea and 16.7% of the gap in children without diarrhea. We posit that poor cadF primer performance better explains the observed gap than the prevalence of atypical non-C. jejuni/coli species.
Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of a third dose of BNT162b2 vaccine for COVID-19 after a primary regimen with BBIBP-CorV or BNT162b2 vaccines in Lima, Peru
Authors: Vargas-Herrera Natalia , Fernández-Navarro Manuel , Cabezudo Nestor E. , Soto-Becerra Percy , Solís-Sánchez Gilmer , Escobar-Agreda Stefan , Silva-Valencia Javier , Pampa-Espinoza Luis , Bado-Pérez Ricardo , Solari Lely , Araujo-Castillo Roger V.
Published: October 2022

Background

The administration of a third (booster) dose of COVID-19 vaccines in Peru initially employed the BNT162b2 (Pfizer) mRNA vaccine. The national vaccination program started with healthcare workers (HCW) who received BBIBP-CorV (Sinopharm) vaccine as primary regimen and elderly people previously immunized with BNT162b2. This study evaluated the reactogenicity and immunogenicity of the “booster” dose in these two groups in Lima, Peru.

Methods

We conducted a prospective cohort study, recruiting participants from November to December of 2021 in Lima, Peru. We evaluated immunogenicity and reactogenicity in HCW and elderly patients previously vaccinated with either two doses of BBIBP-CorV (heterologous regimen) or BTN162b2 (homologous regimen). Immunogenicity was measured by anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody levels immediately before boosting dose and 14 days later. IgG geometric means (GM) and medians were obtained, and modeled using ANCOVA and quantile regressions.

Results

The GM of IgG levels increased significantly after boosting: from 28.5±5.0 AU/mL up to 486.6±1.2 AU/mL (p<0.001) which corresponds to a 17-fold increase. The heterologous vaccine regimen produced higher GM of post-booster anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG levels, eliciting a 13% increase in the geometric mean ratio (95%CI: 1.02–1.27) and a median difference of 92.3 AU/ml (95%CI: 24.9–159.7). Both vaccine regimens were safe and well tolerated. Previous COVID-19 infection was also associated with higher pre and post-booster IgG GM levels.

Conclusion

Although both boosting regimens were highly immunogenic, two doses of BBIBP-CorV boosted with BTN162b2 produced a stronger IgG antibody response than the homologous BNT162b2 regimen in the Peruvian population. Additionally, both regimens were mildly reactogenic and well-tolerated.
Educational inequalities in employment of Finns aged 60–68 in 2006–2018
Authors: Polvinen Anu , Riekhoff Aart-Jan , Nivalainen Satu , Kuivalainen Susan
Published: October 2022

The aim of this study was to explore the employment of 60–68-year-old men and women by educational level over the period 2006–2018 and the magnitude of educational inequalities in employment. We used individual-level register data from Statistics Finland including all Finns aged 60–68 over a period of 13 years. In addition to calculating employment rates for men and women by educational levels, we estimated the relative index of inequality (RII) and slope index of inequality (SII) to measure the magnitude of relative and absolute educational inequalities in employment. The results show that the employment rates increased in all educational levels over the period 2006–2018. Relative educational inequalities in employment remained stable mainly among the 63–65-year-olds but decreased among the 60–62-year-olds and the 66–68-year-olds. However, absolute educational inequalities in employment increased in all age groups for both men and women.
Post-mating parental behavior trajectories differ across four species of deer mice
Authors: Khadraoui Mehdi , Merritt Jennifer R. , Hoekstra Hopi E. , Bendesky Andres
Published: October 2022

Among species, parental behaviors vary in their magnitude, onset relative to reproduction, and sexual dimorphism. In deer mice (genusPeromyscus), while most species are promiscuous with low paternal care, monogamy and biparental care have evolved at least twice under different ecological conditions. Here, in a common laboratory setting, we monitored parental behaviors of males and females of two promiscuous (eastern deer mouseP.maniculatusand white-footed mouseP.leucopus) and two monogamous (oldfield mouseP.polionotusand California mouseP.californicus) species from before mating to after giving birth. In the promiscuous species, females showed parental behaviors largely after parturition, while males showed little parental care. In contrast, both sexes of monogamous species performed parental behaviors. However, while oldfield mice began to display parental behaviors before mating, California mice showed robust parental care behaviors only postpartum. These different parental-care trajectories in the two monogamous species align with their socioecology. Oldfield mice have overlapping home ranges with relatives, so infants they encounter, even if not their own, are likely to be closely related. By contrast, California mice disperse longer distances into exclusive territories with possibly unrelated neighbors, decreasing the inclusive fitness benefits of caring for unfamiliar pups before parenthood. Together, we find that patterns of parental behaviors inPeromyscusare consistent with predictions from inclusive fitness theory.
The impact of basic public health services on migrants’ settlement intentions
Authors: Jia Haowen
Published: October 2022

An important task in the urbanization process of developing countries is to promote and support migrants’ settlement in cities. Based on the China Migrants Dynamic Survey of 2018, this paper analyzes how basic public health services (BPHSs) impact migrants’ settlement intentions. This study shows that establishing health records and access to health-related knowledge significantly and positively impact migrants’ intentions to settle permanently in inflow areas by increasing their health status and degree of social integration. Yet, this paper discusses how the trends are heterogeneous, finding that BPHSs more significantly impact the settlement intentions of female, less-educated and rural migrants. The findings of this paper provide new factual evidence that may support government policymaking to further improve migrants’ utilization of medical and health resources and their intention to settle down.