bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Precipiton-Based Approach for Multi Grain-Size Transport Models
Authors: Le Minor Marine , Davy Philippe , Howarth Jamie , Lague Dimitri
Published: February 2023

Multi grain-size transport models that simulate transport of various grain sizes along with the bed stratigraphy consider that only the sediment present in an active layer at the top of the substratum participates in sediment transport. The thickness of this well-mixed layer may be fixed but also calculated according to the coarsest grain size it contains or to the shear stress applied at the surface of the substratum. However, this approach puts the emphasis on the conservation of the active layer thickness and on the availability of the various sizes within this layer. This means there is little consideration i) for heterogeneity in grain size distribution when mixing together adjacent stratigraphic layers that differ significantly in composition and ii) for grain sizes that could prevent or slow down removal of the others. To cope with these limitations, we developed an algorithm with the ability to capture the transport of heterogeneous sediments and the related stratigraphic record of erosional and depositional events based on the behavior of the various sizes within the bed layers. We built a multi grain-size module based on the precipiton method: the time spent by a precipiton (volume of water that carries sediment) on a pixel determines the grain-size specific magnitude of deposition and erosion. The newness of our work is that the magnitudes of erosion may be corrected according to the sizes that slow down the erosion of the others (zero or slow erosion rate) and stratigraphic layers with similar composition only may be merged. A few tests were conducted to study the morphological evolution of a 1D-river reach under various conditions (water discharge, sediment source, etc.). A lake was added at the end of the reach to record the various sizes existing the reach over time. At low water discharge when only the threshold of fine grains is exceeded, an armoring layer made of coarse grains develop at the surface of the substrate. At a water discharge when all the grains are in motion, the finer the grains are, the further downstream they are transported. This downstream fining pattern may be associated with changes in the concavity of the river profile. This multi grain-size algorithm not restricted to the precipiton approach has the potential to unravel the role of heterogeneous sediments in the formation of sorting patterns and, therefore, it is to be implemented in the landscape evolution model RiverLab (former Eros). 
Backstresses in polycrystalline olivine and implications for transient deformation of the mantle
Authors: Hein Diede , Hansen Lars , Dillman Amanda
Published: February 2023

Transient creep controls the behavior of Earth’s mantle at human timescales. Transient creep occurs during postseismic creep, glacial isostatic adjustment, and tidal deformation of planetary interiors experiencing large tidal stresses, such as Jupiter’s moon Io or various identified exoplanets. Unfortunately, laboratory data of transient creep of olivine, the most abundant mineral in Earth’s upper mantle, remain limited, and at present we lack the microphysical understanding of transient creep required to extrapolate experimental data to geological grain sizes and time scales. Several mechanisms for transient creep have been proposed, both intergranular mechanisms such as plastic anisotropy and elastically or diffusionally-assisted grain boundary sliding, and intragranular mechanisms including long-range dislocation interactions and various other dislocation damping mechanisms. Each mechanism produces distinct rheological behavior, presenting a hurdle for modeling geodynamic processes occurring on timescales of hours to years.To distinguish among the various proposed microphysical mechanisms for transient creep, we performed compressional load-reduction experiments on cylindrical, isostatically hot-pressed aggregates of San Carlos olivine in a gas-medium Paterson apparatus at confining pressures of 300 MPa and temperatures of 1200°C. Samples were subjected to a constant differential stress of 200 MPa, which resulted in a steady-state strain rate of ~10-5 s-1. After steady state was achieved, the samples were subjected to a near-instantaneous load reduction of 10–70% of the original load. For load reductions exceeding ~50%, the samples exhibited a period of transient anelastic relaxation with zero or negative strain rate before continuing to strain at a positive strain rate lower than the previous steady state. The duration of relaxation increased with the magnitude of the load reduction. Multiple load reductions from the same steady-state strain rate were performed during a single experiment to test for reproducibility. We interpret our results to indicate that, at these conditions, the backstress stored in polycrystalline olivine is approximately half of the differential stress applied to the material. The magnitude of backstress is compatible with long-range dislocation interactions on the [100](010) and [100](001) or [001](100) slip systems previously observed for single crystals of olivine. If transient creep is controlled by such dislocation interactions then it may be inappropriate to apply the traditional Burgers rheology based exclusively on intergranular dissipation processes or power-law flow laws calibrated for steady-state creep to model transient creep and transient viscosity evolution in the upper mantle.
Impacts of recent atmospheric dust deposition on ocean biogeochemical cycles
Authors: Bernardello Raffaele , Bergas Massó Elisa , Gonçalves Ageitos Maria , Llort Joan , Perez García-Pando Carlos , Myriokefalitakis Stelios
Published: February 2023

The ocean plays a key role in climate change mitigation by absorbing heat and CO2 accumulating in the atmosphere due to anthropogenic greenhouse gases emissions. While it is commonly accepted that anthropogenic CO2 is absorbed by the ocean primarily through physical and chemical mechanisms, biological cycling of carbon is mainly responsible for maintaining the vertical gradient of dissolved inorganic carbon in the ocean. Thanks to a series of processes known as the biological carbon pump, oceanic phytoplankton uptakes carbon and promotes sinking of particulate organic matter to the deeper ocean. Uncertainty about the strength of these processes and about their response to ongoing and projected climate change is large enough to confound predictions of future ocean carbon uptake. One of the most important limiting factors for phytoplankton growth over large oceanic areas is the availability of iron. While there is no doubt regarding the importance of dust transport and deposition over open oceans as the most important iron source, questions remain still open regarding closing the relationship between dust sources, long-range transport, iron solubilisation during transport and deposition processes. Overall, better understanding the mechanisms behind the spatial and temporal variability of atmospheric dust-ocean interactions is key to interpret the response of ocean biogeochemistry and to increase confidence in future climate projections.

In this work, we present a reconstruction of global ocean biogeochemistry for the last 30 years, where we evaluate the impact on ocean biogeochemical cycles of newly produced iron deposition fields. These were derived with EC-Earth3-Iron, a version of the Earth System Model EC-Earth3 with a state-of-the-art description of the atmospheric iron cycle. EC-Earth3-Iron estimates iron emissions considering explicitly the mineralogy of dust sources, and accounts for the contribution of anthropogenic combustion and biomass burning sources. The model includes an advanced representation of the iron solubilization in the atmosphere, which occurs through acidic attack, organic-ligand mediated dissolution and photo-reductive processes. Furthermore, it allows distinguishing the contribution to the soluble (and total) iron deposition in the ocean of the natural and anthropogenic dust sources, fossil fuels combustion and biomass burning, and characterizing thus separately their impact on ocean biogeochemistry. We compare the ocean biogeochemistry reconstruction against a control where commonly used climatologies for iron deposition fields are prescribed.
Attribution and communication of climate indices in Hungary and Greece
Authors: Szabó Péter , Pongrácz Rita , Galanaki Elisavet , Kotroni Vassiliki
Published: February 2023

Although anthropogenic global warming is well-known within the scientific community, the public is still not certain how to associate specific local climate events to this global issue. Therefore, it is essential to raise public awareness by providing sound, graphical, interesting and easily understandable scientific information. Our attribution projects aim for this task both in Hungary and Greece – the former started in September 2021, while the latter a year later. Within the projects, we have slightly different approaches for analysis and dissemination as well. In Hungary, seasonally relevant indices are calculated and published in each season near the time of an event occurrence, and the dissemination is done mainly via a national platform aiming for climate awareness (www.masfelfok.hu), but to reach the public even more, a broad media platform and a large social media network is used as well. In Greece, NOA has also developed a dissemination strategy that mainly focuses on weather and climate extremes and produces layman and explanatory articles that are published on www.meteo.gr, which is visited more than 350.000 times daily.We found common and relevant indices both for Hungary and Greece that can be shown, thus we selected agriculturally-relevant, spring climate indices for both countries: vegetation start for cold-resistant plants, vegetation start for warm-demanding plants, late frost, and possible frost period. The analyses are performed within the two projects based on several data sources with daily temporal resolution: (1) an ensemble of CMIP6 global climate model simulations of both natural-only forcings and historical runs, (2) an ensemble of regional climate model simulations from Euro-CORDEX, including the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios, (3) a fine-resolution, homogenized observation-based gridded data for Hungary.
The 3rd version of the Climate Vulnerability Monitor: a free online tool providing globally comparable biophysical, macroeconomic and health climate impact information at the national level
Authors: Rott René , Lissner Tabea , Martyr-Koller Rosanne , Saeed Fahad , Hezel Bernd
Published: February 2023

The 3rd version of the Climate Vulnerability Monitor (CVM3) is an independent global assessment of the impacts of climate change in the 21st century developed by a scientific consortium for the Climate Vulnerability Forum. It presents specific estimated climate change–attributable impact data that is internationally comparable in 32 biophysical, human health and economic indicators for most countries and all world regions. Based on the latest scenarios developed for the IPCC’s Sixth Assessment Report, the CVM3 assesses impacts for three scenarios (1.5°C scenario, a below 2°C scenario and a “no climate action” scenario) and three time slices (near-term (2030– mid-point year for 2021–2040), medium (2050) and end of the century (2090)).The free online tool “CVM Data Explorer” draws on information, data and results of the different work packages made available by the partners through three respective application programming interfaces (APIs). While the health data explorer shows potential changes in climate-related health risks, the economics data explorer illustrates the extent to which climate change is projected to alter macroeconomic indicators. The biophysical explorer presents estimate changes in indicators like near-surface air temperature and precipitation, offers an overview of present attributable impacts as well as covering current and future vulnerability of over 180 countries. based on the given emission scenarios. The tool displays these results of current and projected impacts with maps for the different pathways and timeframes and the underlying data is freely available for download.A multimedia part (“scrolly-telling”) of the tool takes a narrative-explorative approach to the results using different types of media such as video interviews, animations and interactive elements with local experts. These impact stories for five chosen countries (Bangladesh, Ghana, Kenya, Philippines, St. Lucia) aim to bring global databases together with regional to local impact and vulnerability information and showcase the CVM3 results in a narrative, concrete and exemplary manner.
Study on Comparative Assessment of Water Environment around Volcanoes Focusing on Surface Water Quality -Case studies in volcanic areas around Japan-
Authors: Igari Yoshihiro , Kodera Koji , Horiuchi Masaki
Published: February 2023

. IntroductionThere are many volcanoes in the Japanese archipelago, and their formation factors and magma composition vary from volcano to volcano. Due to these differences in characteristics, it is expected that the water quality of rivers and springs around volcanoes will also differ. Based on the results of the measurement and analysis of river water quality in volcanic areas such as Mt.Tokachi, Mt.Asama, Mt.Kusatsu-Shirane, Mt.Ontake, Mt.Hakone, and Shinmo-dake where surveys and water sampling were conducted, we compared water quality in the water environment around each volcano and tried to understand the relationship between the characteristics of volcanoes and water quality.2. Overview of the target area and survey/analysis methodsThe target volcanoes were Mt.Tokachi, Mt.Kusatsu-Shirane, Mt.Asama, Mt.Ontake, Mt.Hakone, and Mt.Shinmoe. Each of these sites was surveyed several times to several dozen times, with frequency ranging from monthly to half a year, for several years. Water temperature, pH (RpH), electrical conductivity (EC), flow rate, COD, etc., as well as TOC (total organic carbon) and major dissolved constituents were measured in the field.3. ResultsThe electrical conductivity (EC) values were generally low in the rivers around Ontake, and some rivers in Mt.Kusatsu-Shirane showed EC similar to that of the surrounding hot spring water due to the influence of the underground hydrothermal system. Mt.Tokachi, Mt.Kusatsu-Shirane, Mt.Hakone, and Mt.Shinmoe, and especially Mt.Kusatsu-Shirane and Mt.Hakone have rivers with values exceeding 3,000μS/cm. Since EC is affected by the recent eruption history, surrounding land use, wind-transported salt, and other factors, we will examine the effects of each of these factors to determine the influence of geological formation age and underground eruptive activity on the surface water quality of the volcanoes. The results suggest the possibility that the geological formation age and subterranean eruptive activity may have an impact on the surface water quality.4. ConclusionBased on the results of surface water quality analysis at volcanoes, we compared the characteristics of the water environment between volcanoes and attempted to understand the relationship between volcanic activity and surface water quality. The relationship between final volcanic activity (magmatic eruptions) at volcanoes and EC values around volcanic bodies shows a certain correlation, but it is suggested that the quality of surface water is affected by volcanic activity depending on the development of hydrothermal systems at each volcano and the most recent volcanic activity. In the future, we would like to explore methods for comparative research between volcanoes, paying attention to the effects of land use and wind-blown salt around volcanoes, and focusing more deeply on the relationship between dissolved constituents and volcanic activity.
Future Projections of Wind Energy Potential in East Asia Using the CORDEX-East Asia High-Resolution Multiple Regional Climate Models
Authors: Park Changyong , Shin Seok-Woo , Cha Dong-Hyun
Published: February 2023

East Asia is a highly industrialized region with elevated GHGs emissions from extensive fossil fuel use. To achieve the Paris Agreement’s primary goal, an increase in the production of renewable energy is required in this region. Renewable energy generation, such as photovoltaic or wind power, is directly affected by weather and climate. Therefore, a detailed investigation of present and future changes in future renewable energy production potential using high-resolution and reliable climate data should be conducted to develop renewable energy policies. This study investigated recent changes in Wind Energy Potential (Wpot) over East Asia and projected them for the future period using the CORDEX-East Asia phase Ⅱ high-resolution multiple regional climate models. The averaged Wpot over the past 40 years (1979-2018) was highest in western and eastern Inner Mongolia across all seasons, and the recent Wpot in East Asia generally increased in spring, autumn, and winter, and decreased in summer, but had large inter-regional variability. In particular, the recent increase in Korea and Inner Mongolia was the largest in spring. Moreover, in inner Mongolia, wind speeds from 12 m s-1 or higher to less than 25 m s-1, which are the highest efficiency sections, were the most frequent and had the highest rate of increase. In the case of the RCP2.6 scenario, Wpot will increase considerably in central and southern China in the near future from 2021 to 2050 and decrease in summer in Korea, and will increase throughout East Asia in the mid-future (2051-2080) than in the near future, and in the far future (2081-2099) is projected to decrease. In the RCP8.5 scenario, the difference between regions is larger than that of the RCP2.6 scenario, and the increase is projected to be larger in central and southern China. Acknowledgments: This work was funded by the Korea Meteorological Administration Research and Development Program under Grant KMI(KMI2021-00913).
Access to EXCITE: A European infrastructure to promote electron and X-ray microscopy of earth materials
Authors: ter Maat Geertje , Walter Sylvia , Cnudde Veerle , Wessels Richard , Plümper Oliver
Published: February 2023

Understanding earth materials is essential for the creation of a sustainable, carbon-neutral society. Earth materials control the feasibility of subsurface energy storage, geothermal energy extraction, and are a source of critical elements for future-proof battery technologies. To tackle the current, pressing scientific questions related to sustainable development for a circular economy, there is an urgent need to make multi-scale, multi-dimensional characterisations of earth materials available to a broad spectrum of earth-science disciplines. Besides society-relevant topics, the properties of earth materials determine how the Earth works on the most fundamental level.To overcome this challenge, 15 European institutes joined forces to establish EXCITE, providing free-of-charge access to 24 state-of-the art microscopy and x-ray tomography facilities in Europe. EXCITE can help you gain insight into the processes governing the behavior of the Earth crust through microchemical analyses and 2D- to 4D imaging, and down to nanometer resolution. In particular, the EXCITE strategy integrates joint research programs with networking, training, and trans-national access activities, thereby enabling both academia and industry to answer critical questions in earth-materials science and technology. EXCITE is building a community of highly qualified earth scientists, develops correlative imaging technologies providing access to world-class facilities to particularly new and non-expert users that are often hindered from engaging in problem-solving microscopy of earth-materials.
EXCITE is building a community of highly qualified earth scientists, develops correlative imaging technologies providing access to world-class facilities to particularly new and non-expert users that are often hindered from engaging in problem-solving microscopy of earth-materials.
Access to EXCITE can be requested by applying to our bi-annual call. Interested? Have a look on the EXCITE website (https://excite-network.eu) – and apply!
Global glacier response to temperature goals overshoot
Authors: Maussion Fabien , Schmitt Patrick , Schuster Lilian
Published: February 2023

Glaciers have a delayed response to climate change. As a result, glacier mass loss is expected to continue long after greenhouse gas emissions have stopped as they seek to reach a new equilibrium, with consequences for sea level rise, infrastructure and freshwater resources. However, most glacier projections stop in 2100 and use a small number of greenhouse gas emission scenarios that do not allow linking global temperature targets to glacier change beyond 2100. Here, we compute mountain glacier volume and runoff changes until 2300 under a large suite of synthetic greenhouse gas emission scenarios leading to various levels of overshoots and temperature decline after peak. We show that early temperature stabilization leads to less glacier loss than the overshoot “peak-and-decline” scenarios. We also discuss the potential relevance of global temperature overshoots on water availability from glaciers, before and after peak global temperature.
Water limits to curb climate change through large scale afforestation in the tropics and impacts on water availability for food production
Authors: Ricciardi Livia , D'Odorico Paolo , Galli Nikolas , Chiarelli Davide Danilo , Rulli Maria Cristina
Published: February 2023

Tree restoration plays a key role in curbing climate change by storing carbon. However, the impacts these strategies have on water resources is still unclear. While more and more areas are afforested every year, the extent to which these trees can grab rainwater and displace it from other uses while inducing water scarcity should be further investigated. Here, we examine the hydrological limits to tree restoration in tropics and the impacts of these strategies on water availability locally and downstream. We consider tropical biomes as case study since water is the main limiting factor to plant growth there. First, we use the spatially distributed agro-hydrological model WATNEEDS to evaluate the tree water requirement in suitable and available areas for tree restoration at pixel scale. Available areas for tree restoration are shrub areas not yet occupied by agricultural purposes or urbanization. Then, we compute the hydrological balance for different land use scenarios starting from present conditions (i.e., current land use) to tree restoration with and without yield gap closure (i.e., expansion of irrigation on currently rainfed areas).We find that more than one third of suitable and available areas for tree restoration are in zones at high water stress for the plant, where rain alone can meet just up to the 40% of plant water requirement. Here, tree restoration causes substantial increase in water scarcity conditions, especially in the Horn of Africa and in Oceania. When accounting for both tree restoration and agricultural yield gap closure, water scarcity on these areas is exacerbated. Here, more than half of suitable and available areas for tree restoration will experience water scarcity conditions for at least six months per year.It appears clear how competition for water resources reduces the benefits of tree restoration practices as plant growth is overall constrained by the lack of water.
In-situ Rb-Sr dating of detrital mica and its application for provenance studies
Authors: Rösel Delia , Köhler Martin , Petts Anna , Zack Thomas
Published: February 2023

Mica, especially white mica, is a common detrital mineral in siliciclastic sediments and sedimentary rocks. It is used in provenance studies to constrain the thermal history and exhumation processes in the source region. It thus records valuable complementary provenance information to e.g. U-Pb geochronology of detrital zircon that date magmatic and high-grade metamorphic events in the provenance area.However, in contrast to U-Pb geochronology of detrital zircon, there was a major disadvantage of using mica geochronology in provenance investigations until now: the conventional Argon-Argon (Ar-Ar) or Rubidium-Strontium (Rb-Sr) dating techniques are rather time-consuming due to complex sample preparation. Thus, of major interest for mica-based provenance studies is a recent improvement in in-situ Rb-Sr dating by laser ablation (LA) – inductively coupled plasma (ICP) - mass spectrometer (MS/MS) analyses. This analytical setup uses a reaction cell between two mass spectrometers. Induced gases allow the reaction of targeted masses and thus to chemically separating 87Rb and its daughter isotope 87Sr. This avoids the isobaric overlap during mass-spectrometric analysis. In combination with the novel approach of Rösel and Zack (2022) (GGR 46, 143-168), single-spot Rb-Sr ages can be calculated from individual detrital mica grains. Trace and major elements can be determined contamporaneously from the same laser spots. Consequently, LA-ICP-MS/MS analyses of detrital mica enables collecting of time and cost efficient multi-proxy datasets – a prerequisite for provenance studies.In this contribution, we focus on (1) the analytical routine, (2) data reduction and age calculation strategy and (3) interpretation of in-situ Rb-Sr age and geochemical data from detral mica for provenance investigations. In-situ Rb-Sr LA-ICP-MS/MS dating was tested on detrital white mica from the Late Miocene Loxton Sand Formation, Murray Bain, South Australia. U-Pb dating from detrital zircon extracted from the same formation was performed for comparison.
The effect of canal blocking on aquatic carbon dynamics in a retired Acacia plantation on tropical peatland
Authors: Taillardat Pierre , Moore Jared , Sasmito Sigit , Lok Sophie , Alfina Tiara , Cahya Muhardianto , Ren Jonathan W. F. , Tarigan Suria , Taufik Muh , Mulyadi Dedi , Lupascu Massimo , Taylor David
Published: February 2023

Tropical peatlands are among the greatest terrestrial carbon stores on Earth, able to influence the contemporary global carbon budget. Despite the necessity to protect those large carbon stocks, tropical peatlands are increasingly being exposed to degradation as a result of climate and land use change. Canal blocking is a prerequisite to restoring degraded peatlands. This physical action has the potential to increase water table level in the upstream catchment and minimize carbon loss along the aquatic continuum and toward the atmosphere. However, the impact of canal blocking on aquatic carbon exchange has yet to be quantified – and particularly so in tropical settings. Here, we compare the hydrodynamics, fluvial carbon concentrations and fluxes between a flowing and a stagnant (blocked) canal in a retired Acacia plantation in South Sumatra, Indonesia. The two canals were hydrologically and biogeochemically monitored using a combination of automated long-term sensors and manual discrete samples over the year 2022. Our results show that one direct consequence of canal blocking is the decrease in water flow and dissolved oxygen which enhanced dissolved CH4 concentrations and CH4 evasion, including from ebullition. No significant difference in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations between the two canals was observed, which suggests that canal blocking does not alter the quantity of carbon available for mineralization. The evasion of CO2 was higher from the flowing canal, particularly from the spillways that were narrower and generated higher water flow. The main benefit of canal blocking was related to the absence of surface downstream carbon export. However, undocumented subsurface flow may still be occurring. Considering the ambivalence of these findings, we argue that a mass balance model that integrates the exchange of water and carbon at the catchment scale is the only way to accurately determine by how much canal blocking minimizes aquatic carbon losses. We conclude that the benefit of canal blocking on aquatic carbon losses from peatlands may be more complex than conventionally assumed, and recommend management responses aimed at minimising aquatic carbon losses from degraded and restored tropical peatlands.
GIS—based application of Benfratello's method to estimate the irrigation deficit and its uncertainty under different climate change scenarios
Authors: Peli Marco , Barontini Stefano , Romano Emanuele , Ranzi Roberto
Published: February 2023

Benfratello's Contribution to the study of the water balance of an agricultural soil (Contributo allo studio del bilancio idrologico del terreno agrario) was firstly published in 1961. The paper provides a practical conceptual and lumped method to determine the irrigation deficit in agricultural districts, and it generalizes previous Thornthwaite (1948) and Thornthwaite and Mather (1955) water balances thanks to the application of the dimensionless approach introduced by De Varennes e Mendonça (1958). Since then, it has been used in many areas in Southern Italy. It is our opinion that, due to its simplicity and to the small number of required parameters, Benfratello's method could be regarded to as an effective tool to assess the effects of climatic, landuse and anthropogenic changes on the soil water balance and on the irrigation deficit.In previous contributions we presented (i) a GIS—based application of Benfratello's method to the case study of the semiarid Capitanata plane (4550 km2), one of the most important agricultural districts in Italy, and (ii) a theoretical development of the method that allows to simply estimate in closed form the uncertainity of the calculated irrigation deficit, once known the interannual variability of the required climatic variables (air temperature and precipitation). In this contribution we present the results obtained by applying the GIS—based Benfratello framework to estimate the irrigation deficit and its uncertainty of the Capitanata plane case study under different climate change scenarios.The scenarios were generated with the following procedure: (i) combination of different GCMs (CNRM-CM5, CMCC-CM and IPSL-CM5A-MR) with the IPCC RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios as well as with historical data, (ii) statistical downscaling of the obtained models to estimate future time series of air temperature and precipitation for the meteorological stations of interest in the considered case study and (iii) spatial interpolation with ordinary kriging. The obtained maps were then used as input data for the already developed GIS—based application of Benfratello's method.
Uranus from JWST: First Results
Authors: Roman Michael , Fletcher Leigh , Hammel Heidi , Melin Henrik , Rowe-Gurney Naomi , Harkett Jake , King Oliver , Milam Stefanie , Orton Glenn , Irwin Patrick , Moses Julianne , De Pater Imke , Lamy Laurent
Published: February 2023

We present first results from the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) observations of Uranus, which provide the first spatially resolved, infrared spectra of the planet’s atmosphere spanning from 1.66 to 28.6 µm. We evaluate these unprecedented JWST NIRSpec (1.66–3.05 µm, 2.87–5.14 µm) and MIRI (4.9-28.6 μm) spectra in the context of existing observations and questions concerning Uranus’ stratospheric chemistry and thermal structure [1].Owing to its frigid atmospheric temperatures, Uranus’ infrared spectrum is extremely weak. Much of the spectrum has never been spatially resolved before, while some had never been clearly observed at all.From the ground, spatially resolved observations of Uranus’ mid-infrared emission are limited to imaging observations targeting the brighter regions of the infrared spectrum (i.e. ~13 µm emission from stratospheric acetylene, and 17-25 µm from the H2 continuum). Images from the Very Large Telescope VISIR instrument at 13 µm show a stratospheric structure distinct to Uranus, with elevated radiance at high latitudes. The physical nature of this structure–-whether produced by chemical or thermal gradients–-is unclear given previously available data [1]. From space, the Spitzer Space Telescope observed Uranus' mid-infrared spectrum between ~7 and 36 µm, but it lacked the spatial resolution necessary to resolve potential thermal and chemical structure across the disk [2].Now, with its exceptional sensitivity and outstanding spatial and spectral resolution, JWST reveals Uranus’ stratospheric temperature and chemistry with exquisite new detail, placing new constraints on hydrocarbon abundances and temperature structure across the disk.With a projected lifetime of over a decade, JWST promises to continue providing exciting new insights into the atmospheric structure, composition, and variability of the ice giants for years to come.[1] Roman, M.T, et al. "Uranus in northern..." AJ 159.2 (2020): 45.[2] Rowe-Gurney, N., et al. "Longitudinal variations..." Icarus 365 (2021): 114506.
Sharing climate data through ICA&D
Authors: van der Schee Marlies , van den Besselaar Else , van der Schrier Gerard , Verver Gé , Baddour Omar , Jepsen Lisa-Anne , Ransom Claire , Suwondo Aris , Songoto Henri , Allen Teddy
Published: February 2023

Historical climate data is fundamental for understanding local climate trends and extremes and evaluating the impact of climate change on agriculture, food security and water resources. In addition, the data is  used for implementing adaptation measures for protecting lives and adapting socio-economic sectors to the changing climate conditions. While global climate trends can already be assessed with available data, regional data disparities result in blind-spots for climate change assessments—particularly for areas which are the most vulnerable.

To contribute to filling this gap, the International Climate Assessment & Dataset (ICA&D) has been extended to the climate-vulnerable areas of the Caribbean, the Pacific and in 5 sub-regions in Africa. ICA&D provides an accessible, web-based system to collect, prepare, quality control, and analyze basic climatological data with daily resolution. The system was developed over 25 years ago by the Meteorological Service of the Netherlands (KNMI) as the backbone of the European WMO data-node of the Regional Climate Centre (https://www.ecad.eu/) and implemented in Southeast Asia by meteorological service of Indonesia (BMKG). Now, with support from the EU-funded ClimSA project, under which WMO is implementing a €5.5 million grant, ICA&D will be further extended and run by Regional Climate Centers assigned and supported by WMO.

WMO and KNMI collaborated in 2022 through CLIMSA project to expand ICA&D to two pilot regions, the Caribbean and West-Africa on https://caribbean.icad-wmo.org/ and http://west-africa.icad-wmo.org/. The collaboration has led to setting up new websites which are designed to be user friendly and highly cyber secure. The websites, one for each region, consist of information platforms, including a geographical map with the locations of the stations’ datasets, and a feature to quickly plot timeseries from derived data and an e-learning module on the website’s functions. The data sharing policy ensures that access to raw observational data from National Meteorological and Hydrological Services (NMHS) remain restricted while allowing derived indices to be accessed by the public. Indices alone can monitor critical areas and impacts of climate change, such as the temperature of the warmest night of the year, the subsequent impact on health and  induced excess of mortality.
Stratospheric dayside-to-nightside circulation responsible for nightside ozone hotspots on tidally-locked exoplanets
Authors: Braam Marrick , Palmer Paul , Decin Leen
Published: February 2023

Interpreting atmospheric spectra of exoplanets requires understanding the underlying atmospheric physics and chemistry. Studies have previously shown that for tidally locked, Earth-like exoplanets that orbit M-dwarf stars, photochemistry supports a highly structured 3-D ozone distribution, including a stratospheric ozone layer. We use a 3-D coupled Climate-Chemistry model (CCM), the Met Office Unified Model with the UK Chemistry and Aerosol framework, to describe the atmosphere of Proxima Centauri b. The chemical network includes the Chapman ozone reactions and the hydrogen oxide and nitrogen oxide catalytic cycles. We find that ozone is mainly produced on the dayside of the planet, initiated by the incoming stellar radiation. The ozone is then advected to the nightside, where it descends at the locations of permanent Rossby gyres that result in localised ozone hotspots. We will show that a stratospheric dayside-to-nightside circulation drives this nightside ozone distribution. This finding illustrates the 3-D nature of exoplanetary atmospheres and the potential impact on spectroscopic observations.
Climate change has increased the intensity of documented Derecho storms in France
Authors: Fery Lucas , Dubrulle Bérengère , Faranda Davide
Published: February 2023

A thunderstorm system formed during the night of August 17 to 18 over the northern Balearic Islands and moved rapidly to the northeast, causing widespread damage over Corsica, Northern Italy and Austria due to the production of strong surface wind gusts (>200 km/h over Corsica) and severe hail. The intensity of this phenomenon can be classified in the category of derechos: this is a classification of very violent storms that takes into account the wind gusts (more than 94km/h with maxima of more than 120km/h) and the extent of the affected territory (major axis longer than 400 kilometers). Here we analyse recent derechos event in France in the satellite era and assess the role of climate change in modifying their characteristics. We identify eleven events in the past and provide their tracks retrieved using the ERA5 reanalysis dataset. To detect climate change signal, we compare  analog cyclonic atmospheric circulations that can lead to derechos in the distant past (1950-1979) and in the recent past (1992-2022). Two of the events, the derechos which affect the Northern regions are unprecedented, that is no good analogues can be found and attribution statements cannot be made on the basis of the present analysis. For the other events, instead, we find a significant signal of increased precipitation in the recent period which, without change in circulation, is explained by the higher temperatures of the Bay of Biscay and the Mediterranean Sea. For these events there is also not a clear change in depth of the pressure minimum which triggered the convective system. Finally, we can exclude the role of the climate variability of El Nino (ENSO) in most of the events, while we cannot rule out the influence of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) in favoring low pressure systems possibly leading to derechos.
The summer 2022 drought in the Po valley (Italy): a glimpse of the future climate?
Authors: Bonaldo Davide , Bellafiore Debora , Ferrarin Christian , Ferretti Rossella , Ricchi Antonio , Sangelantoni Lorenzo , Vitelletti Maria Letizia
Published: February 2023

The Po valley (northern Italy) hosts important economic activities and contributes to a significant fraction of the national agricultural production. On its coastal region (the Po Delta) reclaimed agricultural lands coexist, largely below the mean sea level, with natural areas of outstanding environmental relevance. Besides affecting the socio-economic and ecological dynamics within its basin, the modulation of the hydrological regime of the Po river also plays a major role in controlling the oceanographic processes occurring in the northern Adriatic Sea, from coastal circulation to deep ventilation and thermohaline circulation at the Mediterranean scale. In this framework, the severe drought that affected large areas of Europe in Spring and Summer 2022 hit the Po river system with particular intensity, with heavy impacts on productive activities and extensive saltwater intrusion in the coastal areas.By means of observed discharge records and precipitation data from reanalysis and climate models, this contribution presents an analysis of the 2022 drought event, investigating its exceptionality in the recent past climate and exploring its possible recurrence in future conditions. Ensemble projections of rainfall regimes on the Po River basin in two climate change scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) show that persistent negative rainfall anomalies like the one that characterised the 2022 event will unlikely become typical features of the future climate, but could remarkably increase their frequency. Furthermore, the impacts of these events will be magnified by rising temperatures, enhancing evapotranspiration rates in agriculture and water demand. Particularly in severe climate change scenarios, heavier and more frequent episodes of water shortage, combined with a rising sea level, are expected to intensify the pressure of saltwater intrusion in the coastal areas of the Po Delta, increasing the risk for environmental impoverishment and for loss of agricultural lands.Besides investigating in a climate change perspective a recent severe event that struck an important economic and ecological region, the present contribution aims at stimulating the development of advanced climate change adaptation strategies in riverine, deltaic and estuarine systems, emphasizing the importance of an integrated source-to-sea approach to this process. 
Multi-approach assessment of soil-based ecosystem services: the study case of Emilia Romagna Region (Italy)
Authors: Manna Piero , Aprea Alessandra , Bancheri Marialaura , Basile Angelo , Buttafuoco Gabriele , Calzolari Costanza , Medina Eduardo , Tarocco Paola , Ungaro Fabrizio
Published: February 2023

The European vision for soil by 2050 is anchored in the EU biodiversity strategy for 2030 and in the Climate Adaption Strategy with the purpose of contributing significantly to several objectives of the European Green Deal and Sustainable Development Goal 15.3 of the United Nations. Consequently, Soil based Ecosystem Services (SESs) have now become a critical topic within the scientific community and policy where both definition and quantification of SESs are being actively discussed. Based on available inputs, different approaches can be chosen at the required spatial scale and outputs. Among the many available approaches, there are those based on a time-invariant soil property (e.g., clay content, AWC) or on a soil property varying on time (e.g., SOM), or yet process-based (e.g., soil functions). The study was carried out within the EJP Soil SERENA project and was aimed at comparing the outcomes of two different approaches for assessing SESs, in which soil physics is the key factor in regulating the functioning of agricultural ecosystems. In particular, i) a physically based modelling approach to map and quantify multiple potential SESs considering the non-linear processes and dynamic nature of the whole ecosystem ii) a spatially explicit indicators-based approach based on DSM and geostatistics. Both approaches are fed with soil data from the regional soil database. The study area (3703 km2) is the province of Bologna (Emilia Romagna Region, NE Italy) and was chosen because of its large variability in terms of pedoclimatic conditions with 7 climatic zones and about 200 soil mapping units. The comparison involved the following SESs: water regulation and storage, buffering capacity, climate regulation (via C stock sequestration), crop production, and was performed in terms of data availability, spatial scale, output provided, and users’ needs.
Applications of Multi-temporal DTMs in Mining Management and Environmental Analysis
Authors: Wu Yi-Ru , Chen Yi-Chung , Chen Rou-Fei , Chang Kuo-Jen
Published: February 2023

The mining industry, which encompasses national resource management, environmental and ecological impacts, is becoming increasingly important to sustainable development policies. Digital Terrain Model (DTM) provides a spatial distribution of numerical terrain features and the ways in which the model can be constructed and mapped have evolved through a variety of technologies, including aerial photography, airborne LiDAR and drone mapping, DTM can be subdivided into Digital Surface Model (DSM) and Digital Elevation Model (DEM). This study therefore proposes to integrate multi-technology DTMs with terrain metrology analysis to accurately define the land use profile of a mine site over time to provide transparent land use information and monitor environmental changes. In addition to estimating assessment of the mine site is investigated, and vertical accuracy analysis based on spatial grid sampling and the 2018 airborne LiDAR DEM is conducted to assess the error between data to calculate surface volume variation and demonstrate elevation profile changes. According to the results of the accuracy analysis, the 2003 aerial photography DTM showed a larger average error of -0.19 m with a standard deviation of ±1.71 m compared to the airborne radar and UAV; the 2015 airborne radar DEM showed an average error of 0.00 m with a standard deviation of ±0.11 m; and the 2022 UAV DSM showed an average error of 0.00 m with a standard deviation of ±0.10 m. Aerial photographic DTMs can demonstrate the early geomorphology of the study area; airborne LIDAR DEMs can present a wide range of high-precision and high-resolution topographic information features that can penetrate vegetation; and UAV DSMs can reflect regional surface changes, such as mining volume variation in open pit mines. 
Hot or not – How do we want to rate the climate effects of peatland rewetting?
Authors: Günther Anke , Koebsch Franziska , Vytas Huth , Jurasinski Gerald
Published: February 2023

The climate effect accomplished through peatland rewetting is primarily assessed via the global warming potential (GWP), as it evolves from the emissions of greenhouse gases CO2 and CH4. The GWP aggregates the various radiative efficiencies and atmospheric lifetimes of the involved greenhouse gases into a single metric and forms the base of existing accounting approaches to incorporate peatland-based land use measures in climate reporting under LULUCF.Building on the work of Neubauer and Megonigal (2015) on the relevance of the continuous emission behavior of peatlands, we propose additional metrics based on the radiative forcing (RF) dynamics that occur after rewetting. These metrics, unlike GWP, are not tied to fixed reference time horizons and can add further aspects to the climate assessment of rewetting:The switch over time: the time when the net RF trajectory approaches zero, which marks the turning point for the peatland to exert a net cooling effect
Total radiative forcing: the total heat energy released until switch over time is reached.
Pay-off time: the time when mitigation effects occur, i.e., a rewetting measure becomes climatically beneficial compared to ongoing drainage as business-as-usual land use scenario. The pay-off time requires emission data from the drainage state, but can also be estimated in reference to established inventory approaches such as Tiemeyer et al. (2020).
Our literature review revealed that most rewetted peatlands fall in one out of three main categories: (i) cases with instant mitigation effects that exert a net cooling effect within few decades (ii) cases where mitigation is reached within 10-20 years, but cause persistent warming, and (iii) cases in which mitigation is unlikely to be achieved.  We want to discuss, whether the metrics introduced can be a scientifically substantiated and intuitive complement to the established GWP. We think, that our approach can further structure and facilitate the communication on the climate prospects of peatland rewetting. A systematic analysis of available literature values within the assessment framework presented can help to prioritize implementation actions and tailor future research activities.ReferencesNeubauer, Scott C., and J. Patrick Megonigal. "Moving beyond global warming potentials to quantify the climatic role of ecosystems." Ecosystems 18.6 (2015): 1000-1013.Tiemeyer, Bärbel, et al. "A new methodology for organic soils in national greenhouse gas inventories: Data synthesis, derivation and application." Ecological Indicators 109 (2020): 105838.