bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Domestic Violence in the African American Community
Authors: Hampton Robert , Oliver William , Magarian Lucia
Published: May 2004

This article discusses intimate partner violence (IPV) as a major public health issue for women, in particular, African American women. The intersection of IPV and institutional racism doubly victimizes African American women as they try to break out of the cycle of violence. The research shows that IPV in the African American community is more common and violent than in the Caucasian community due to structural, cultural community, and situational contexts, overshadowed by institutional racism, that effect the romantic relationships of African American men and women. Research shows that the anger, hatred, and frustrations of African American men, caused by institutional racism, are being displaced onto their wives and lovers. Suggestions for intervention are presented.
Substance Abuse and Domestic Violence
Authors: Rogers Barbara , McGee Gloria , Vann Antonia , Thompson Naceema , Williams Oliver J.
Published: May 2004

In the literature on domestic violence, it is indicated that substance abuse has been present around the domestic violence episode. We know that substance abuse does not cause violence, although it is closely associated with the incident. Much of what has been written focuses on the batterer and substance abuse. Little information is available about battered women. Of the literatures that exists, there is some discussion about how battered women may medicate themselves due to the violence they experience. Other literature describes that neither domestic violence nor substance abuse programs are prepared to address the needs of women who experience the co-occurrence of violence and substance abuse. This article will describe how two different service programs were developed to address the needs of battered women who use. The article will describe a philosophy for this work, how assessments are conducted, how women were identified for the program, and how services were designed.
Patriarchal Beliefs and Perceptions of Abuse among South Asian Immigrant Women
Authors: Ahmad Farah , Riaz Sarah , Barata Paula , Stewart Donna E.
Published: May 2004

This study investigates the relationship between South Asian immigrantwomen’s patriarchal beliefs and their perceptions of spousal abuse. Twenty-minute telephone surveys were conducted with 47 women. The survey collected information about demographic characteristics, patriarchal beliefs, ethnic identity, and abuse status. Participants were read a vignette that depicted an abusive situation and were asked whether they felt that the woman in the vignette was a victim of spousal abuse. As hypothesized, higher agreement with patriarchal social norms predicted a decreased likelihood of identifying the woman in the vignette as a victim of spousal abuse. This finding is discussed in terms of its application to violence against women educational programs in the South Asian immigrant community.
Violence in Indoor and Outdoor Prostitution Venues
Authors: Raphael Jody , Shapiro Deborah L.
Published: May 2004

This study measured the prevalence of violence that customers, managers, pimps, and intimate partners perpetrated against 222 women in indoor and outdoor prostitution venues in Chicago, Illinois. Violence occurred in all of the prostitution activities but differed in frequency and severity. Women outdoors generally reported higher levels of physical violence, but women in indoor venues were frequently victims of sexual violence and being threatened with weapons. These findings indicate that women across prostitution venues are often victims of violence, arguing against the depiction of indoor sex trade activities as harmless, consensual entertainment.
Do Sexual Health Care Needs Differ for Women with and without Histories of Abuse?
Authors: Nusbaum Margaret R.H. , Frasier Pamela York , Zimmerman Sarah P. , Pyles Amanda A.
Published: May 2004

Information is limited regarding sexual concerns and sexual health care needs of women who have experienced abuse. This study compares sexual concerns as well as interest and experience in discussing these concerns with physicians for women with and without a history of abuse. Nearly all women reporting abuse had sexual concerns and, specifically, a significantly higher intensity of decreased sexual interest than women not experiencing abuse. Women reporting abuse see physicians as a resource for their sexual health needs. Although they were more likely to raise the topic than women not reporting abuse, they clearly prefer that physicians initiate the topic.
Prevalence of Violence Against Dating Partners by Male and Female University Students Worldwide
Authors: Straus Murray A.
Published: May 2004

This article presents rates of violence against dating partners by students at 31 universities in 16 countries (5 in Asia and the Middle East, 2 in Australia-New Zealand, 6 in Europe, 2 in Latin America, 16 in North America). Assault and injury rates are presented for males and females at each of the 31 universities. At the median university, 29% of the students physically assaulted a dating partner in the previous 12 months (range = 17% to 45%) and 7% had physically injured a partner (range = 2% to 20%). The results reveal both important differences and similarities between universities. Perhaps the most important similarity is the high rate of assault perpetrated by both male and female students in all the countries.
Associations of Rape-Supportive Attitudes with Fraternal and Athletic Participation
Authors: BOERINGER SCOT B.
Published: May 2004

Rape-supportive attitudes are examined among a sample of university athletes, fraternity members, and controls. A sample of 477 males were recruited on a large southeastern university campus. Comparison of mean scores indicates that fraternity men reported significantly greater agreement with five statements supportive of rape and adversarial gender beliefs than did controls. Athletes reported significantly greater agreement with 14 rape-supportive statements than did controls. The control group reported significantly greater agreement with two rape-supportive statements than did athletes. Results are examined in light of research connecting sexual violence and rape-supportive attitudes.
The Effects of Male Violence on Female Employment
Authors: LLOYD SUSAN , TALUC NINA
Published: May 2004

This article examines the effects of male violence on the labor force participation of 824 women in a randomly selected household survey in a low-income area of Chicago. In the year prior to interview, 18.0% had been physically assaulted and 11.9% had experienced more severe violence; 40.3% had experienced coercive and threatening behaviors ever in their adult lives, and 28.4% had experienced abuse at the criminal assault level. Analysis indicates that although women who experienced male violence were as likely to be currently employed as those who did not, they were more likely to have been unemployed in the past, to suffer from health problems, and to have higher rates of welfare receipt.
Child Support and Domestic Violence: The Victims Speak Out
Authors: PEARSON JESSICA , THOENNES NANCY , GRISWOLD ESTHER ANN
Published: May 2004

Brief interviews with 1,082 applicants for public assistance in four Colorado welfare offices show that 40% disclose current or past abuse. When apprised of the option of obtaining an exemption to the child support requirements of the new welfare reform law, only 6.7% of victims (2.7% of applicants) expressed an interest in applying. Most women said they wanted child support and that its pursuit would pose no danger. Only one third of the victims who expressed an interest in applying for an exemption were granted one. Two thirds were denied because they lacked sufficient documentation to corroborate their claims of potential harm.
Tactics of the Antifeminist Backlash Against Canadian National Woman Abuse Surveys
Authors: DeKESEREDY WALTER S.
Published: May 2004

Canada is experiencing a major antifeminist backlash against the results of two Canadian national surveys on woman abuse. The main objectives of this article are to provide examples of the key tactics used in this backlash, such as misleading interpretations of Conflict Tactics Scales data, and to briefly suggest several ways of challenging and resisting them.
Uxoricide in Fiji
Authors: ADINKRAH MENSAH
Published: May 2004

Prior research has demonstrated a close relationship between patriarchy and female homicide victimization. This study examines this uxoricide-patriarchy connection in a non-Western society, Fiji. It is demonstrated that most cases of uxoricide among Fiji Indians emanate from husbands' attempts to enforce traditional sexual mores enshrined in a rigidly patriarchal society. The data suggest that rancorous confrontations between husbands and wives over allegations of marital infidelity were among the leading causes of spousal homicides committed by men.
Cultural-Products Industries and Urban Economic Development
Authors: Scott Allen J.
Published: May 2004

The article begins with a brief definition of the cultural economy. A first generation of local economic development policy approaches based on place marketing and associated initiatives is described. The possibilities of a more powerful second-generation approach are then sketched out with special emphasis on localized complexes of cultural-products industries. An extensive review and classification of these complexes is laid out, and their inward and outward relations to global markets are considered. On this basis, a critical discussion of local economic policy options focused on cultural-products industries is offered. Contrasting examples of development initiatives in major global cities, in selected old manufacturing towns, and in the Multimedia Super Corridor of Malaysia are briefly presented. It is suggested that the growth and spread of localized production agglomerations based on cultural-products industries are leading not to cultural uniformity but to greatly increased diversity at the global level.
Explaining the Race Gap in Satisfaction with Urban Services
Authors: Van Ryzin Gregg G. , Muzzio Douglas , Immerwahr Stephen
Published: May 2004

Although racial differences in satisfaction with urban services have been observed for decades, perhaps the most consistent finding in the literature on citizen satisfaction and urban service delivery, little systematic effort has been directed at explaining this gap. Using two years of survey data from New York City, the authors find that socioeconomic status (SES) and neighborhood of residence explain only a small part of the gap in satisfaction across a range of urban services. Residents’ trust of government appears to account for a fairly large proportion of the race gap. Still, significant differences in satisfaction remain between Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics for a number of services even after controlling for SES, neighborhood, and trust.
Public Diplomacy, Television News, and Muslim Opinion
Authors: Nisbet Erik C. , Nisbet Matthew C. , Scheufele Dietram A. , Shanahan James E.
Published: May 2004

Scholars agree that extreme anti-American sentiment is pervasive across the predominantly Muslim countries of the world, but disagree about the sources of these negative perceptions. Some researchers point to cultural, religious, and value divisions as primary factors shaping negative perceptions of the United States, while others emphasize internal Muslim state politics, comparatively low levels of economic and social development, and failure to establish civil society and democracy as the key contributors to anti-American opinion. Since the U.S. invasion of Afghanistan and the second Gulf War, a number of U.S. policymakers and commentators have zeroed in on television news, specifically the new pan-Arab television network Al Jazeera, as an additional major contributor. In this study, the authors test competing claims regarding the sources of anti-American sentiment with a special focus on the impact of television news. Using survey data gathered from nine predominantly Muslim countries by the Gallup Organization in spring 2002, the authors examine the relative contributions of macro-level socioeconomic and political influences, individual-level demographic factors, and TV news use to anti-American attitudes. They find that attention to TV news coverage contributes significantly to anti-American perceptions after all controls and that the type of TV network to which individuals turn for their news has either amplifying or buffering effects on the main effects of attention to news coverage.
Capital Management Practices in U. S. Counties
Authors: Ebdon Carol
Published: May 2004

Management of capital assets is crucial to maximizing government resources. This study analyzes capital management systems in 40 large U. S. counties, based on results from the Government Performance Project. Quantitative scores are developed to compare the counties with each other and with recommended practices in three areas: capital planning, project management, and asset (or preventive) maintenance. Counties score highest in project management, and lowest in asset maintenance. Long-term planning is common. Innovative practices in specific counties are also discussed.
Regional Variations in Lethal and Nonlethal Assaults
Authors: Chilton Roland
Published: May 2004

Data from the National Incident-Based Reporting System are used to evaluate aspects of recent “culture of violence” theories. The results call into question the existence of a pervasive White code of honor in Southern cities. The situation is less clear for some Southern counties. Black homicide offender rates for cities with populations of more than 50,000, North and South, are much higher when compared with White homicide offender rates for the same cities. Although these high Black offender rates do not, in themselves, provide support for the existence of a widespread “Black code of the streets,” they do suggest that the factors and situations that produce these rates are not uniquely Southern. At a minimum, this examination of race-specific violent offender rates for cities and the areas outside those cities indicates the limitations of a focus on regional differences in overall state-level rates of victimization.
Civic Participation, Regional Subcultures, and Violence
Authors: Lee Matthew R. , Bartkowski John P.
Published: May 2004

This analysis extends prior macro-level homicide research by examining the links between civic participation, regional subcultures of violence, and age-specific homicide rates. To this end, an integrated community resource perspective was developed and this approach was contrasted with community deficit perspectives. To lend greater specificity, the distinctive effects of religious and secular participation on community levels of juvenile and adult homicide were also considered. Analyses of county-level adult and juvenile homicide offending patterns suggest that regional subcultures as well as religious and secular forms of civic participation play important—yet age-graded—roles in reducing interpersonal violence.
Tax Evasion and Relative Tax Contribution
Authors: Panadés Judith
Published: May 2004

This article analyzes the relationship between tax rate levels and tax evasion in a context where the utility of a taxpayer depends on both his or her own consumption and relative position with respect to the average declared income of the economy. In this framework, if the taxpayer declares an amount of his or her income greater (smaller) than the average of the economy, that person’s utility will decrease (increase). The author shows that, if the externality from the others’ declared income is taken into account, several equilibria arise in the economy. Then, an increase in the tax rate leads to a larger amount of unreported income at the equilibrium displaying the lowest income reports. This comparative statics result agrees with most of the existing empirical evidence.
A Web Service Model for Climate Data Access on the Grid
Authors: Woolf Andrew , Haines Keith , Liu Chunlei
Published: May 2004

The problem of sharing environmental and climate data (from measurements or models) across networks does not yet have a standard solution. Ad hoc approaches are common, with complications arising through a number of different file formats and conventions. The state of the art in the climate research community is the Distributed Oceanographic Data System (DODS, also “OPeNDAP”), which maps a file or aggregation of files onto a URL. Data subsets may be retrieved, and limited (and non-standard) metadata queries made. Data are abstracted from storage only to a limited degree. We present an alternate data access mechanism, the Grid Access Data Service (GADS), better suited to Grid applications. Requirements of data abstracted from storage, rich metadata models, flexible delivery, security, and orchestrated workflows all suggest a Web Service solution. The GADS Web Service has two operations: a querying mechanism, and a request mechanism. Three metadata models are required: one for the abstract representation of climate data, one for characterizing data usage, and one for describing data storage artifacts. A compatibility interface has been layered on the Web Service to provide DODS/OPeNDAP functionality. A visualization Web portal has also been built to interface with GADS to demonstrate extendable functionality.
A Parallel Adaptive Mesh Refinement Algorithm for Solving Nonlinear Dynamical Systems
Authors: Huang Weicheng , Tafti Danesh K.
Published: May 2004

An unstructured adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) method is used in conjunction with the cell-to-cell mapping method for solving nonlinear dynamical systems. The global analysis is initiated with a coarse mesh without any a priori knowledge of the cell state space of the system. The process of investigation of nonlinear systems is improved through an iterative cell refinement and cell lumping process. In this paper, a parallel algorithm for the AMR procedure is developed using a shared memory programming paradigm. In addition, the concept of dynamic computing for better resource management is introduced. The approach compensates for changes in the computing workload by dynamically allocating/deallocating shared memory threads for more efficient computations. Results on the SGI Origin series are presented to exhibit the scalability of the algorithm and the feasibility of dynamic computing for resource management.
Performance Models on QCDOC for Molecular Dynamics with Coulomb Potentials
Authors: Deng Y. , Glimm J. , Davenport J. W. , Cai X. , Santos E.
Published: May 2004

We estimate that a novel architecture massively parallel computer, the QCDOC, can integrate molecular dynamics equations for 105 particles interacting via long-range forces (including Coulomb) for 1–10 s of simulated time using several weeks of computing time using 8000 or 10,000 processors. This number of atoms is typical for biological molecules. The two main conclusions we reach are as follows. (1) This is an increase of more than one order of magnitude in simulated time over current simulations. (2) The novel architecture, with 24 parallel channels of low latency communication per processor, allows improved long-range communication and an unusual degree of fine-scale parallelism, compared to conventional switch-based architectures. The technical heart of the paper is a detailed analysis of the computing time used in the Ewald method as a function of the required accuracy, the size of the molecular dynamics cell, and the hardware design parameters.
Customer Satisfaction Across Organizational Units
Authors: Malthouse Edward C. , Oakley James L. , Calder Bobby J. , Iacobucci Dawn
Published: May 2004

This article examines customer satisfaction models for assessing the relationship of overall satisfaction with a product or service and satisfaction with specific aspects of the product or service for organizations having multiple units or subunits. These units could be stores, markets, dealers, divisions, and so on. The authors suggest a method for studying whether the drivers of overall satisfaction vary across such units. For cases where the drivers do vary across subunits, they show how additional variables can be included in a model to account for the variation. The authors illustrate this approach by studying customer satisfaction in the newspaper and health care industries. They use generalizability theory to evaluate the reliability of scales from multistage cluster sample designs. It is argued that the approach has important implications for both theory and practice.
An Examination and Extension of the Zone-of-Tolerance Model
Authors: Teas R. Kenneth , DeCarlo Thomas E.
Published: May 2004

The purpose of this study was to extend the examination of alternative conceptual models of perceived quality. The specific models examined were performance-based models and the Zone-of-Tolerance model. First, the authors specify the alternative models along with broadening the theoretical conceptualization of the Zone-of-Tolerance model and its diagnostic value under several theoretically possible scenarios. Second, empirical models comparison tests are conducted. The empirical tests indicate considerable support for the parsimonious performance-based models of perceived quality in predicting perceived value and purchase intentions. However, evidence was found that the performance standards components of the Zone-of-Tolerance model may increase the explanatory power of performance-based models in the prediction of consumer satisfaction.
Picasso and Éluard
Authors: Feeser Andrea
Published: May 2004

In collaborative projects that Picasso and Éluard produced in the 1940s and 1950s—particularly the 1948 book Picasso à Antibes and the 1951 book Le Visage de la Paix— they constructed images of one another and especially of Picasso that incorporate the stereotypically masculine quality of commanding leadership and appropriate the stereotypically feminine quality of supportive nurturing. This article argues that these representations usurp aspects of the feminine to figure Picasso and Éluard as peace heroes for a community of men in which women appear largely as vehicles for men's endeavors.
Going Blood-Simple in Poisonville
Authors: Breu Christopher
Published: May 2004

This article examines the representation and critique of what it terms hard-boiled masculinity as an exemplary form of modern masculinity in Dashiell Hammett’s Red Harvest. The novel presents hard-boiled masculinity as violent, rationalized, and largely purged of interiority and affect. Its representation of masculinity is organized around a form of split narration in which the affective detachment and seeming rationality of the firstperson narration produces a textual unconscious in which the affect purged fromthe surface of the narrative is projected on to and returns in the shape of various gendered, racialized, and nationalized others. After explicating this split narration, and suggesting its links to the advent of Taylorism and incipient Fordism in the 1920s, the article charts the political costs of this displacement of affect and the form of masculinity it constructs.
Police and Culture: A Comparison between China and the United States
Authors: Jiao Allan Y.
Published: May 2004

Cross-cultural police studies allow an understanding of the range of variation and common elements in the field of policing. This article was written on the basis of information gathered on policing and its cultural environment in China and the United States. The relationship between police and culture was examined by comparing the Chinese and American police, taking into account the broader social processes and larger societal patterns. This article specifically illustrates how cultures as larger social contexts and as internalized values influence the organization, operations, and behaviors of police in these two countries. Some theoretical and policy implications for policing are discussed.
A National Evaluation of the Effect of Cops Grants on Police Productivity (Arrests) 1995-1999
Authors: Zhao Jihong “Solomon” , Scheider Matthew C. , Thurman Quint
Published: May 2004

This research empirically examines the contribution that funding provided by the U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS) has had on police productivity in the United States from 1995 to 1999. Six years of panel data was assembled to assess the effect of COPS funding on police productivity (arrest) while controlling for other factors that could influence the relationship. COPS funding data was combined with Uniform Crime Report (UCR) data, 1990 U.S. Census data, and Labor Statistics data. A total of 4,482 cities are included in the study sample, accounting for more than 110 million Americans living in the United States. Primary findings suggest that after controlling for other factors, COPS hiring initiatives have resulted in a significant increase in police arrests for violent, drug, and social disorder offenses for the entire population of COPS grantees.
Measuring Police-Community Coproduction: The Utility of Community Policing Case Studies
Authors: Scott Jason D. , Duffee David E. , Renauer Brian C.
Published: May 2004

Case studies may represent a valuable source of data for testing the theoretical propositions related to community policing. The utility of this approach depends on the extent to which case studies assess coproduction interactions between police and residents. This study utilizes a measurement protocol to systematically extract these interactions from case studies. After assessing the reliability and the validity of these measures, the authors conclude that there is some utility in using case studies for this purpose. Case studies are a better source of information about the presence or absence of certain coproduction interactions and about the dispersion of these interactions over people, places, and organizations. Case studies are a weaker source of information about the temporal fluctuations in coproduction. The strengths and limitations of this approach are discussed.
Looking for the Driving While Black Phenomena: Conceptualizing Racial Bias Processes and their Associated Distributions
Authors: Tomaskovic-Devey Donald , Mason Marcinda , Zingraff Matthew
Published: May 2004

This article describes four bias mechanisms that might produce the “driving while Black” phenomena. First, some officers may be racially prejudiced and so consciously target minority drivers. Second, most officers have access to cultural stereotypes and their associated cognitive biases. This mechanism will produce a diffuse tendency to stop minority drivers at higher rates than majority drivers. This bias mechanism should be present among both minority and majority officers but operate more strongly on average for majority officers. Racial profiling, the organizational practice of stopping individuals because they “fit” a profile that includes race/ethnic characteristics, will produce racial bias in stops at very high rates among both majority and minority officers. Finally, if the police are deployed more heavily in minority communities, this will also produce high rates of minority stops. Neither organizational mechanism requires any bias in officer or organizational intent, although they will produce biased policing.
Emerging Genetic Technologies in Clinical and Research Settings
Authors: Cashion Ann K. , Driscoll Carolyn J. , Sabek Omaima
Published: May 2004

With the rapid expansion of genomic health care, nurses are exposed to emerging genetic technologies in a wide variety of clinical and research settings; however, nurses have limited knowledge about these technologies. The polymerase chain reaction procedure, which is the foundation of current molecular genetic technologies, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and microarray analysis are described in this article. The applications, strengths, and limitations of each technology are discussed.
Cognitive Executive Dysfunction in Children with Mild Sleep-Disordered Breathing
Authors: Archbold Kristen Hedger , Giordani Bruno , Ruzicka Deborah L. , Chervin Ronald D.
Published: May 2004

In children, moderate or severe sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) may impair cognitive executive functions (EFs), including working memory, attention, and mental flexibility. The main objective of this study was to assess EFs in children with mild levels of SDB. Subjects for this descriptive study were 12 children (5 girls, 7 boys) aged 8.0 to 11.9 years (M = 9.0 ± 0.85) participating in an ongoing study of the effects of adenotonsillectomy on behavior. Each subject had a nocturnal polysomnogram (PSG) and multiple sleep latency test (MSLT). Mild SDB was considered present if the child’s apnea/hypopnea index (AHI) was ≥ 1 and < 10. Between MSLT nap attempts, each child completed standardized tests of EFs. The sample showed significant impairment of sustained attention and vigilance on a computerized continuous performance test. Children with low mental flexibility scores on the Children’s Category Test (CCT) spent more time in stage 1 sleep (12.2% v. 9.5%, P = 0.028 on PSG) and showed a marginally higher arousal index (9.7 v. 6.5, P = 0.06 on PSG) than children with average or above-average CCT scores. AHI accounted for significant proportion of the variance in CCT scores when 1 outlier was removed (N = 11, Rsq = 0.67, P = 0.002). Mild levels of SDB and associated sleep architecture disruptions may be associated with impairment of EFs in children.
Linear and Nonlinear Approaches to the Analysis of R-R Interval Variability
Authors: Schumacher Autumn
Published: May 2004

Analysis techniques derived from linear and non-linear dynamics systems theory qualify and quantify physiological signal variability. Both clinicians and researchers use physiological signals in their scopes of practice. The clinician monitors patients with signal-analysis technology, and the researcher analyzes physiological data with signal-analysis techniques. Understanding the theoretical basis for analyzing physiological signals within one’s scope of practice ensures proper interpretation of the relationship between physiological function and signal variability. This article explains the concepts of linear and nonlinear signal analysis and illustrates these concepts with descriptions of power spectrum analysis and recurrence quantification analysis. This article also briefly describes the relevance of these 2 techniques to R-to-R wave interval (i.e., heart rate variability) signal analysis and demonstrates their application to R-to-R wave interval data obtained from an isolated rat heart model.
The Association Between Moderate Drinking and Heart Rate Variability in Healthy Community-Dwelling Older Women
Authors: Masters Joan A. , Stevenson Joanne Sabol , Schaal Stephen F.
Published: May 2004

The relationships among moderate alcohol use, autonomic tone, and arrhythmogenesis in older adults have not been adequately studied. Knowledge about these relationships is of increasing importance in light of population aging and recent epidemiological findings that associate moderate alcohol use with decreased rates of coronary artery disease. The purpose of this study was to assess the association between moderate drinking and autonomic tone in older women. Fifty-two Caucasian female participants (age 69 ± 5.2) were enrolled in the study. Autonomic tone was estimated by time-domain and frequency-domain measures of heart rate variability. Multivariate analysis revealed that alcohol consumption rate in the sample accounted for approximately one third of the 24-h variability in the SDNN and the SDANN, measures of variability cycle lengths of 24-h and more than 5-min, respectively. Significant contributions of alcohol consumption rate to the shorter-term time-domain measures rMSSD and ASDNN, all frequency-domain measures, and HR were not confirmed. However, repeated measures ANOVA revealed that, between the hours of 0000 and 0600, women who drank approximately 0.5 to 3 standard drinks per day had significantly lower [log] HF and [log] LF power compared to abstainers and a tendency toward sympathetic predominance during the evening and nighttime hours. The authors discuss the implications of these findings.
Sex, Race and ‘Unnatural’ Difference
Authors: Roberts Celia
Published: May 2004

Theorizing interconnections of sexual and racial differences remains a core problematic within feminist theory. In this article the author argues that these connections might in some cases usefully be understood as constituting a chiasmas. The term ‘chiasmas’ is taken from MichËle Le Doeuff’s analysis of the writings of 18th-century physiologist Pierre Roussel. Le Doeuff argues that Roussel’s understanding of sexual difference is chiastic. An examination of contemporary medical and scientific discourses around the menopause and its treatment through hormone replacement therapy (HRT) takes the argument onto new ground. The author argues here that menopause-related discourses rely on a chiastic logic that connects sexual difference with racial differences. Identification of such logics may prove useful to feminist analyses of specific entanglements of the logics of sexual and racial differences, in contemporary and historical instances.
Critical Management Education
Authors: Perriton Linda , Reynolds Michael
Published: May 2004

In this article we use the frame of the debate between Ellsworth and the Freirean education movement over a decade ago to examine the current state of critical management education (CME). We question why an equivalent debate has not taken place within the field of critical management education, which also positions itself as a critical pedagogy. Our argument is that CME theory and practice need repositioning, much in the same way that Ellsworth’s challenge to critical pedagogy attempted to do for that field. We conclude that to define CME using ‘traditional’ emancipatory aims is to misread its possibilities and position as pedagogy. Instead we use the concept of ‘colonizers that refuse’, borrowed from Memmi to illuminate some of the dilemmas critical management educators face and to think through the implications of our ‘Pedagogy of Refusal’.
Technologizing Discourse to Standardize Projects in Multi-Project Organizations: Hegemony by Consensus?
Authors: Räisänen Christine , Linde Anneli
Published: May 2004

A project-management model is a powerful, but little researched, discursive tool in the ‘new’ bureaucratization process of multi-project organizations. It is a means of creating hegemony by consensus and can be seen as an example of the process of technologization of discourse. Through this process, discourse technologists redesign organizational discourses and work processes, turning them into representations of consensual praxis. This article traces this redesign process in a major telecom organization and shows how the ‘new’ practices are disseminated within the organization.
Scaling up and Bearing Down in Discourse Analysis: Questions Regarding Textual Agencies and Their Context
Authors: Hardy Cynthia
Published: May 2004

This paper assesses the contributions that discourse analysis and organizational discourse theory can make to our understanding of organization and organizing. By clarifying the theoretical assumptions that underpin this work, especially its social constructivist credentials, it is possible to show the potential of this methodology. A discursive approach can help answer a series of questions that interest organizational theorists: the constitution question of how local interactions develop organizing properties; the scaling-up question concerning the identification of characteristics that imbue certain texts and their authors with agency; as well as how grand discourses bear down on organizational life and how practices of consumption relate to acts of resistance.
Organizational Discourse Analysis: Avoiding the Determinism– Voluntarism Trap
Authors: Conrad Charles
Published: May 2004

Drawing on Alvesson and Karreman’s (2000) analysis of the methodological problems facing organizational discourse analysis, this commentary examines the four primary essays in this special issue in terms of their ability to deal adequately with micro-discourse, mesodiscourse, grand discourse, and mega-discourse.
The Contractual Role of Boundaries: Law and Economics Meets International Organization
Authors: Yarbrough Beth V. , Yarbrough Robert M.
Published: May 2004

Without universally efficacious contract enforcement, contracting boundaries divide the world into ‘insiders’, with whom we contract freely, and ‘outsiders’, with whom contracting is circumscribed. Boundary types vary and vacillate between territorially defined ones and ones defined on nonterritorial margins (religion, ethnicity or functional specialization). Sovereignty, or sole legal constitutional authority, has always existed alongside other, less formal systems of contractual enforcement. Both early law and economics and early International Relations theory largely ignored this interacting, overlapping web of enforcement institutions; and recent world events highlight the limitations of theories in which the nature of boundaries — and hence the nature of entities themselves — has little impact on the nature of predicted interactions. The contracting branch of law and economics contains useful insights into the material functions of boundaries, the strengths and weaknesses of different types of boundary-maintenance devices, the characteristics necessary for ‘successful’ boundaries and why different types of boundaries might emerge or persist under different conditions. These insights suggest that the coexistence of and historical vacillation between territorially defined boundaries and ones defined on nonterritorial margins should not come as a surprise.
Reversing Globalization: Trade Policy Consequences of World War I
Authors: Horowitz Shale
Published: May 2004

How did World War I reverse decades of apparently irresistible economic globalization? Why, in particular, did World War I produce a worldwide surge in international trade protection? Three mechanisms are investigated: (1) The War diverted production and international trade in a way that strengthened protectionist coalitions of industries relative to free-trading coalitions. (2) The War reduced financial interdependence and altered exchange rates in a manner that advantaged protectionist coalitions. (3) The War altered military alliances and rivalries such that stronger national interests in trade protection developed. These mechanisms are examined for the five largest trading economies — Britain, France, Germany, Japan, and the United States. There is evidence of all three mechanisms operating. The first — involving war-induced diversion of production and international trade — appears to have had the largest and most consistent impact.
Völkerpsychologie: The Synthesis that Never was
Authors: Diriwächter Rainer
Published: May 2004

One of the aims of Culture & Psychology has always been to synthesize past ideas in order to enhance the tools we use to look at the phenomena we want to understand. In order to do so, we also need to understand the approaches our intellectual forefathers applied. The present article brings to light a ‘forgotten’ approach to studying people bound by common language, myth and customs. Völkerpsychologie is the historical predecessor to cultural psychology; however, readers not familiar with the history of psychology may not know what this ‘forgotten’ discipline attempted to achieve. The article focuses on Völkerpsychologie as its founders, Lazarus and Steinthal, conceived of it (including the often overlooked continuation of their journal after 1890), as well as Wilhelm Wundt’s considerable contributions to the discipline. Possible new directions for this approach are suggested in order to make it more suitable for 21st-century cultural psychology.
Parties as Franchise Systems
Authors: Carty R. Kenneth
Published: May 2004

The article begins by identifying a number of apparently dissonant characteristics of modern party organization, suggesting that they define patterns of internal organizational relationships that are more stratarchical than hierarchical. To provide a framework for analysing the structure and activities of stratarchical parties, the article develops a franchise model of party organization. After identifying the essential elements of the franchise party, and particularly the contract that defines it, the article points to how the model elucidates the distinctive character of factionalism, membership and leadership in modern political parties.
Cabinet Stability in Post-Communist Central Europe
Authors: Nikolenyi Csaba
Published: May 2004

The comparative record of cabinet stability shows interesting variation across the three most consolidated post-communist democracies: the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland. Whereas each cabinet has been remarkably stable in post-communist Hungary, no cabinet has survived in its original composition in Poland. The cabinets that have been formed in the Czech Republic show a mixture of stability and instability: the conservative coalition government formed after the 1996 Czech elections collapsed after a little more than a year in office paving the way for early elections. In contrast, the single-party government formed by the Social Democratic Party (CSSD) after the 1998 polls has proved to be stable. In this article it is argued that cabinet stability both within and across the states can be consistently explained by the theory of dominant and central players.
Comparing and Contrasting the Uses of Two Graphical Tools for Displaying Patterns of Multiparty Competition
Authors: Grofman Bernard , Chiaramonte Alessandro , D’Alimonte Roberto , Feld Scott L.
Published: May 2004

We compare two tools for displaying, in graphical form, information about vote outcomes in multiparty elections at the constituency level. One was recently proposed by Nagayama and introduced to the English-speaking world by Reed, who applied this method to Japanese and Italian election data. Reed labels the method Nagayama diagrams. Recently, Taagepera has shown how the domain of potential uses of Nagayama diagrams can be expanded significantly. A second graphical device has been used by a number of authors for various types of election analyses, but is not that well known in the comparative parties literature. This method, which uses barycentric coordinates (i.e. triangular) rather than the more familiar rectangular coordinates, has gone under a variety of names (e.g. trilinear plot, toroidal diagram and simplex representation), but we have chosen to use the last of these labels. We make use of both methods to visually present election data (by constituency) for the Italian national elections of 1994, 1996 and 2001. We show how different types of information may be readily gleaned from the two types of graph, and, perhaps most importantly, illustrate how we may improve the ready intuitive interpretability of each type of graph by specifying boundary constraints to define particular regions of the graph – a technique we call ‘segmentation’.
Age and Gender Effects on Global Self-Esteem and Physical Self-Perception in Adolescents
Authors: MaÔano Christophe , Ninot GrÈgory , Bilard Jean
Published: May 2004

This study measured the effects of gender, age and their interaction on global selfesteem and physical self-perceptions (physical self-worth, PSW; physical condition, PC; physical strength, PS; attractive body, AB; sport competence, SC) of French adolescents. Global self-esteem (GSE) and physical self-perceptions were measured by the Physical Self Inventory. Participants were 605 adolescents assigned to groups on the basis of gender (males vs females) and age (from 11 to 16 years). Significant age, gender and interaction differences in the ratings were analysed using a two-way MANOVA design. An age effect was found on the GSE, PSW and AB scales and a gender effect was found on GSE and all physical self-perception scales. We found no interaction (age gender) effect. We discuss the separate effects of gender and age on GSE and physical self-perceptions in adolescents, as well as the lack of interaction effect.
Functional Outcome of Adolescents with ‘School Refusal’
Authors: Mcshane Gerard , Walter Garry , Rey Joseph M.
Published: May 2004

There is limited information about the outcome of young people with school refusal. We aimed to describe the functional outcomes of persons with school refusal presenting to a child and adolescent psychiatric unit. Young people assessed or treated for school refusal between 1994 and 1998 at the Rivendell Unit, Sydney, Australia, were identified. Information was gathered from the medical records, mailed questionnaires and follow-up telephone interviews. Of 192 patients eligible for inclusion in the study, outcome information was available for 118 (61%); 83 had improved functional outcomes (employment and/or education) at 6 months after treatment and 89 at 3 years after treatment. Dysthymia or comorbid diagnoses were associated with poorer functional outcomes 6 months after treatment/assessment, but not at 3 years. The longer term functional outcomes for those treated for school refusal, apart from those with social phobia or academic difficulties, were favourable. Diagnoses of social phobia and learning difficulties were predictive of poorer functional outcomes 3 years after treatment. Longer or more intensive treatment of those with social phobia may improve outcome.
How Can Young People’s Resilience be Enhanced? Experiences from a Clinical Intervention Project
Authors: Waaktaar Trine , Christie Helen J. , Borge Anne Inger Helmen , Torgersen Svenn
Published: May 2004

The aim of this project was to explore how resilience factors could be utilized in a clinical intervention for young people with stressful background experiences. Four resilience factors constituted the basis for the intervention: positive peer relations, self-efficacy, creativity, and coherence. Four main therapeutic principles were derived and elaborated with technical operationalizations: (i) focus on group work with same-age peers, and foster prosocial, supportive and accepting interactions; (ii) organize group work around activities the participants are motivated to learn more about, and assist them in reaching specified group and individual goals; (iii) facilitate playful exploration and individual symbolic expression within the chosen activity; and (iv) encourage and assist participants’ attempts to make meaningful and beneficial connections between different aspects of their past, present and future lives. Nine groups underwent the intervention. As the case illustration shows, this approach gave inspiration to thinking and practice that was perceived as clinically meaningful. However, more knowledge of the interplay between positive and negative chain reactions is needed to develop adequate interventions.