bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Infrastructure to Create Value
Authors: Mimram Marc , Ionica Razvan
Published: September 2017

We intend to interrogate in this article the role played by infrastructure, and in particular by pedestrian bridges, in the development of the city.

How are these infrastructures changing our way of thinking about the public space? How do we create positive views on infrastructure projects? How do we combine usages to bring social coherence?

The footbridge is a spanning structure too often limited to the mono functionality of the crossing. But this structure can accommodate other urban functionalities, open to the landscape, in dialogue with the city.

We want to explore this quality of accommodating structure that the footbridge could have, by the multiplication of urban situations and the mixed functions that this could create, as well as by modularity, assembly, juxtaposition of elements that can be added to the structure and their evolution in time.
Footbridges with Prestressed Concrete Decks
Authors: Stráský Jiří , Nečas Radim
Published: September 2017

Light and transparent pedestrian bridges with slender prestressed concrete decks are described in terms of their architectural and structural solutions. The function and principles of prestressing design are also discussed. The advantages of prestressed concrete decks are demonstrated on examples of arch, cable-stayed, suspension and stress ribbon structures.
Kai Tak Landscaped Deck - Concept Design
Authors: Wojnarski Lukasz , Hussain Naeem , To Murphy
Published: September 2017

The Kai Tak Development (KTD) master was introduced by the Hong Kong Government to develop the site of the historical international airport and create a sustainable environment, which cultivates a comprehensive network of parks for everyone.

This publication discusses how the KTD master plan was expressed in the concept design of the Landscaped Deck (the Deck), which was proposed by the joint-venture team (the team) comprising of VINCI (Contractors), ARUP (Engineers) and VASCONI (Architects).

In the publication [1] explained are the overall philosophy for the proposed scheme for the Landscaped Deck, whereas this publication focuses on the expressive architecture and diversified structural forms, which were developed by the team.
Solid Timber Bridge Constructions
Authors: Miebach Frank , Niewerth Dominik
Published: September 2017

The paper shows inventive design by bloc-glued timber structures in combination with granite and concrete slabs, and also examples of timber-concrete and timber-granite-composite

Overview with older and new examples from central Europe

Focus: designing of protected bloc-laminated timber constructions without using chemical timber preservatives; case study of timber-concrete composite constructions in combination with massive timber blocs.
Mangere Arch Footbridge, Auckland, New Zealand
Authors: McNeil John , Reeves Andrew
Published: September 2017

The Mangere footbridge provides a 250m long replacement footbridge across Auckland's Manukau Harbour and incorporates a main arch span of 60m. It replaces a 100 year old road bridge which has been closed to traffic since the 1970's and is now used only for pedestrians.

Designed in collaboration with an architect, urban designer and two local artists, the solution provides a delicate balance of attributes to meet the varied stakeholder expectations.

The main span consists of a single steel tied arch which supports steel box girder deck. The arch leans outwards at a 22 degree angle on the outside of a curved deck and is supported on post tensioned concrete "V piers".

Detailed design was completed in 2016 with construction to commence in 2017.
The John V. Tunney Bridge: A New Courtyard Connection for the Hammer Museum
Authors: Walgenwitz Lucile , Nordenson Guy J. P. , Benuska Kal
Published: September 2017

The John V. Tunney Bridge was completed in 2015 inside the interior courtyard of the Hammer Museum in Los Angeles, California. It is the result of a successful collaboration between Michael Maltzan Architecture, Guy Nordenson and Associates, John A Martin & Associates Inc, the contractor and the museum. Although the span is modest (11m), the bridge is an elegant response to multiple design challenges including the difficult task of adding a footbridge to a twenty-five-year-old existing building on a constrained site, in a highly seismic area with minimal disruption to the museum operations.

The bridge design takes advantage of the geometry of the existing courtyard, and uses curved members both in plan and in elevation to hug the existing rectilinear building smoothly, creating a seamless connection between galleries. The primary steel structure, which is exposed, consists of steel wide flange beams supporting a slab on deck. Seen from below it appears to hover above the courtyard on invisible supports. The bridge's contemporary architectural expression provides a highly-refined pedestrian connection that compliments the original building's aesthetic and creates an exciting focal point for the museum.

The merits of the design given the different challenges encountered are discussed in detail in this paper. Ist success is attributed to a well-planned process and an effective collaboration between all parties involved.
Economic Approach to Damping Trail-Style Footbridges
Authors: Valdovinos Schaun , Rice Jennifer
Published: September 2017

Trail-style bridges located in remote locations are often not assessed for their dynamic performance. These bridges are characterized as Class IV in Setra, defined as a "seldom used footbridge, built to link sparsely populated areas." Organizations like Bridges to Prosperity (B2P) and Bridging the Gap Africa have been doing excellent work to link remote communities and bridge major obstacles in the developing world.

Trail-style bridges, due to their construction methods and lightweight nature, can exhibit a lively response under footfall. The vertical and lateral motion can potentially be disturbing to certain users, particularly where the bridge crosses a high ravine or spans over a rushing river.

This paper discusses the potential use of Stockbridge dampers as a measure to reduce the buildup of motion under pedestrian footfall for this class of footbridge. A proposed method is provided for 1) defining the damper frequency, 2) determining the mass of dampers, and 3) estimating the level of supplemental damping achieved.

Utilizing Stockbridge dampers may prove very useful for remote trail-style bridges, in additional to urban bridges by offering the designer an economic, non-mechanical solution for adding supplemental damping to control vibration levels.

Stockbridge dampers may also be used for retrofitting bridges that users find uncomfortable due to excessive motion.
Falmer High Level Walkway
Authors: Oliver Alistair
Published: September 2017

Structural properties such as stiffness and strength are generally considered desirable in bridge design. They can however have negative implications on a design. This paper explores a design where these had to be managed: a situation which triggered a train of events with unforeseen knock-on effects in construction.
Teaching Architects to Design Pedestrian Bridges
Authors: Herr Christiane M.
Published: September 2017

This paper outlines the development of bridge design education for undergraduate students of architecture at an international university in China. Key steps taken in this process over the course of five years are analysed and discussed in terms of results obtained as well as feedback given by students. The analysis focuses on key questions facing educators with similar aims, such as: How do architects approach bridge design? How can bridge design be taught as a subject in architecture? Which aspects of bridge design are of greatest interest and of greatest challenge to architectural designers? The paper contributes an educational perspective for cultivating debate in an area of structural design education that is rarely discussed explicitly, and in which precedent literature is scarce. The paper is particularly relevant in the context of China, where bridge design is still mostly seen as an exercise in material and cost efficiency, with few precedents integrating architectural and engineering concerns to a notable degree.
A Rippled Footbridge Accessible for All
Authors: Bouleau Etienne , Guscetti Gabriele
Published: September 2017

Most of movable bridges allow only one traffic mode: The traffic over the bridge is stopped when traffic underneath is active and vice versa. In Geneva, we imagined a bridge based on scissors-pairs mechanism to allow the passing of persons with reduced mobility in its flat position while boat-passing and nonwheelchair pedestrian traffic remain possible in its raised position.
The Refurbishment of Llangollen Chainbridge
Authors: Marginson Andrew P. , Matthews Laura F.
Published: September 2017

The historic Chainbridge in Llantysillio near Llangollen has undergone a painstaking £345,000 restoration allowing it to be re-opened to the public for the first time in over 30 years, since safety concerns forced the bridge to close. Originally built in 1817 to open up a cheap transport route across the River Dee, the Chainbridge is thought to contain the oldest wrought iron chain links in the world. It was later rebuilt during the 1870s and in 1928 following heavy flooding, who rebuilt the suspension bridge that stands there today, still incorporating the original links.

The restoration works designed by Ramboll and carried out by Shemec Ltd. required the structure to be dismantled and each piece of metalwork to be carefully labelled so it could be reinstated in its original location. The restored bridge will now help re-establish the strong link between the Llangollen railway and the Llangollen canal, part of the Pontcysyllte World Heritage site and enhance the local tourism economy.
Experimental Verification of the Dynamic Performance of a Footbridge Under High Pedestrian Densities
Authors: Van Nimmen Katrien , van den Broeck Peter
Published: September 2017

Although the dynamic performance of footbridges under high crowd densities is often imperative for the design, official standards and guidelines are currently forced to rely on load models that are oversimplified and based on numerous assumptions that remain to be validated. The present contribution presents a unique case where the dynamic performance of a footbridge under high pedestrian densities is verified experimentally. The dynamic characteristics of the empty structure and the structure occupied by a large number of persons standing still are identified. A clear decrease in effective frequency and an increase in effective damping ratio is observed for an increasing number of persons on the deck. In addition, the dynamic performance under high pedestrian densities is observed. It is shown that the maximum acceleration levels predicted by the design guides are two times larger than the experimental observations.
A Polyester-Rope Suspended Footbridge in Ait Bayoud, Morocco
Authors: Segal Edward M. , Woodward Ryan , Adriaenssens Sigrid , Zoli Theodore P.
Published: September 2017

This paper describes the analysis and structural details for a 64 m span polyester-rope suspended footbridge built in 2013 in rural Ait Bayoud, Morocco to provide members of the community with year-round access to a health clinic, school, and local markets. Polyester rope is an engineered, load rated product designed to endure rough handling and extreme weather. Although this product is frequently used in marine and arboreal applications, it has been rarely used in structural engineering applications. This is the first bridge at a significant scale that uses polyester rope in place of typical steel wire rope.

The first objective is to present the nonlinear static structural analysis of the bridge. Due to polyester rope's viscoelastic behavior lower-bound and upper-bound material stiffness models are considered. No deflection criterion is required in this remote area, so the bridge is theoretically allowed to deflect significantly under full service loads. Practically, these deflections result in onerous walking slopes that are intended to limit the live loads that are ever applied to the bridge at a single time. The second objective is to present the key details at the backstay anchorages and tower saddles. These details take into account large rope elongations that arise during bridge construction and use. Constructability, adjustability, and longevity of these details are discussed.
The KuBAaI Footbridges In Bocholt / Germany – The Client's Wish to Use Low Maintenance Materials
Authors: Baumann Katrin , Gabler Markus , Thie Edwin
Published: September 2017

The small city of Bocholt owns a former industrial area of 25 ha which will be restructured to an urban and cultural district for people to work, live and explore. As part of the new urban development four footbridges with a span of up to 47 m have been designed to connect the two parts of this area which are separated by the river Aa. The bridges form the starting point for the future development and spaces for public events.

The connecting bridges are not only an architectural statement, but also show the transition from the former industrial origin to the new cultural urban district. The design of the bridges was chosen because it combines the future and the past. Three of the four bridges are newly designed whereas one former railroad bridge will be refurbished for the use as a pedestrian bridge.

This paper will focus on the client's requirements to build architectural icons which will drive the development of the new quarter but to also design structures with low maintenance effort and long durability. Especially smaller cities often lack a dedicated bridge department; they require therefore good guidance by the engineer and would typically prefer low-maintenance materials. This has been achieved by utilizing weathering steel as well as GFRP decks. Even though the initial costs as well as the public approval process for this innovative construction are higher compared to conventional materials, it will be cost-beneficial for the client through reduced maintenance costs in the long run.
Design of Movable Bridges - Selected Examples
Authors: Kok Adriaan , Degenkamp Niels
Published: September 2017

To develop successful cycling and walking networks in the Netherlands often navigable waterways need to crossed. In theory this can be done with a fixed bridge if it has a large enough vertical clearance. However, to access high bridges like these often long winding ramps are required. In practice such ramps prove to be difficult to integrate in an urban context.

Therefore a movable bridge can be the preferred solution despite the higher lifecycle costs. In a study for a possible new footbridge crossing a canal in Rijswijk this was the case.

In this paper important aspects of the design of a movable bridge are described, from the why of a movable bridge to aspects like possible mechanisms, types of machinery and the required safety measures and how to integrate all these aspects successfully.

This is done by first describing the design process of the movable bridge in Rijswijk in detail and then striking elements of others designs for movable bridges.
Dutch Design Guide for Bicycle and Pedestrian Bridge Design
Authors: Kok Adriaan , Degenkamp Niels
Published: September 2017

As more and more people worldwide are living in densely populated urban areas the added value of cycling and walking as means to create more liveable cities is being increasingly recognized internationally.

The Netherlands has decades of experience building cycling and pedestrian bridges but there was no National Design Guide for this type of bridges. Therefore the Dutch technology platform for transport, infrastructure and public space asked ipv Delft to write the Dutch Design Guide for cycling and pedestrian bridges, which was published in 2014. An English Summary of the Guide (Fig. 2) was written in 2015.

To develop successful cycling and walking networks (today) we need to cross all kinds of natural and manmade barriers. Bridge design therefor often is more than only an engineering task. Bridge projects have many stakeholders whose interests need to be taken into account to develop an optimal solution for all.

To be able to take all interests into account designers and engineers need to thoroughly analyse the requirements of all involved parties and stakeholders. For this ipv Delft developed a method which forms the backbone of the Dutch Design Guide. The method subsequently analyses the requirements from the network, context and users which then form the starting point for the spatial integration and bridge design.

In this paper this method is explained.
Passerelle de la Paix, Lyon
Authors: Keil Andreas , Linden Sebastian , Zimmermann Michael
Published: September 2017

Passerelle de la Paix blends in harmoniously with the bridge building tradition of arch bridges in Lyon. The footbridge provides a direct link between the conference centre Cité Internationale and the neighbouring quarter St. Claire and forms a landmark that is first seen from the high-speed rail track entering Lyon. Together with DFA Dietmar Feichtinger Architectes, Paris, and the support of the client GRAND LYON, a technically challenging bridge design could be realized and adapted to local conditions.

The 220 m long Passerelle de la Paix spans in a very smooth way over the 160 m wide river Rhône. Two arch-like cantilevers are built of a three-dimensional asymmetric tube structure. The steel structure is covered with light wooden planks. The bridge is extremely slender and offers maximum transparency.

Passerelle de la Paix features outstanding aesthetic and functional aspects, such as the extreme slenderness of the main arch with a rise of only 1/20, integration into the path network of the riverbanks while connecting the lower to the upper bank, and the formation of a national landmark that offers visitors fabulous views.

This paper is about a beautiful bridge - and the huge effort that had to be taken to realize it!
Bridges at Night
Authors: Keil Andreas , Sander Christiane
Published: September 2017

Bridge design aims to capture the spirit of its site, and to create an appropriate structure that matches its surroundings.

But what happens as darkness falls?

The day and the night images of a bridge are closely related to one another - in both a positive and a negative sense.

In the positive scenario, the built structure maintains its identity, atmosphere, and potential, integrating into its surroundings by day and night, when light accentuates or even enhances its characteristics in a distinctive way.

In negative scenarios the quality of the place is no longer recognizable at night. A lack of light allows the structure to disappear, while too much illumination causes the place to stand out awkwardly; in either case randomly arranged lighting produces unstructured areas that make orientation difficult and do not feel safe.

Selectively and purposefully employed lighting creates understandable hierarchies.

How can designers create a successful mise-en-scène? What is high quality bridge lighting? What are the essential requirements? The objective of this paper/presentation is to address these questions. The presentation is not strictly scientific or too theoretical; it covers practical considerations and the most significant “hard” and “soft” factors of lighting.
Six Languages and Cultures for the Design & Construction of a new Cable-Stayed Pedestrian Bridge at Algiers Bay
Authors: Mohr Steffen , Cobo del Arco Diego , Raventós Dudous Ingrid
Published: September 2017

Working abroad, with contractors and subcontractors, designers and supervisions of different cultures and nationalities requires constant interaction between all participants. Decisions that are obvious based on current practice in their countries by some engineers may be strongly discussed by other. Current construction practices may importantly differ from country to country. In a global world, it becomes very important to emphasize the dialog at both design and construction phases and to make a very important didactic effort from the point of view of the project.

The Bay of Algiers was renowned to be one of the most beautiful in the world. However, industrial development and bad planning were responsible in recent decades of progressive deterioration of the shores, precluding the access of the citizens to the sea. The new promenade at “Les Sablettes” represents an enormous opportunity for the city to recover this degraded area. This promenade is separated from the city by the coastal highway. In order to give access to this new public space, a pedestrian bridge was required to connect the city with the sea shore. In addition, this bridge should be a new landmark in the Bay of Algiers, which leads to design an iconic structure that could emphasize the modernity of the city. The accepted solution consists on a steel bridge stayed from a single inclined pylon.
Difficulties Encountered During the Construction of Qingchun Irregular-Shaped Footbridge
Authors: Wang Minquan , Wang Jinfeng , Xiang Huawei
Published: September 2017

Irregular-shaped footbridge scheme was determined due to urban landscape requirements, the subway constraints under the bridge and crossroad traffic condition. But the deformation and vibration of Irregularshaped structure will be complicated. To study the static behavior and vibration serviceability of Qingchun irregular-shaped footbridge in Hangzhou, the support reaction under the temperature influence and dynamic performance in pedestrian was calculated by using finite element method. The results of analysis show that the uneven deformation of irregular-shaped structure caused by temperature load will lead to support separation, and this issue can be solved by adding additional weight near the top of the pier; First-order vertical frequency needs to be increased by adjusting the beam height to meet the comfort requirements of Chinese code.
The Golden Bridge - A Footbridge Over the Sarawak River
Authors: Chew Khai Seng , Choong Kok Keong , Lichok Lainus
Published: September 2017

This paper highlights the design and construction challenges faced during the planning and execution phase of the Golden Bridge with a focus on the primary steelwork and cable installation. With a total length of 300m and a maximum clear span of 120m, this unique cable-stayed pedestrian footbridge features two inclined towers and a S-shaped walkway which are made using steel. The Golden Bridge highlights the collaborative effort among the state government, architect, engineers and builders to create an iconic landmark in the city of Kuching. The design of this iconic bridge incorporates various key aesthetic features that are local and unique to the city of Kuching. These features add to the complexity of the bridge in terms of design and construction which brings about various challenges that had to be overcome. Some of the challenges faced are mitigation of the dynamic response of the bridge under pedestrian induced vibrations, site constraints, working over a river, access for workers, cable tensioning and the required precision of steel fabrication. The construction of the Golden Bridge made use of an efficient project execution plan that minimizes construction risks of working on the Sarawak River. The entire construction sequence was analysed to ensure the integrity of the execution plan and to identify potential critical members that require temporary reinforcements during installation. From the initial conceptual design, the Golden Bridge has evolved to what it is today which is evidence of a successful collaborative work among various disciplines.
Dubai Canal Footbridges: An Engineering Reply to a Stunning Architectural Challenge
Authors: Geyer Silvia , Lombardini Daniela , Ferrante Paolo
Published: September 2017

As part of a worldwide team of companies involved in the development of the Dubai Water Canal, Redaelli has supplied and installed cable systems for two of the five pedestrian bridges included in the project. This paper summarizes main characteristics and challenges of the supply and installation of cables for this outstanding international cooperation. First the suspended footbridge FB01 and then the arch footbridge FB02 are analysed separately, to provide a clear overview of both structures.

Despite the strict project schedule (the entire development was completed in three years), cables supply and site operations were concluded within the demanded timetable, with all technical and quality requirements successfully achieved.
How to Make the Largest Footbridge Over a Motorway in Spain… (In Timber)
Authors: Vivas Julio , Santos Juan Carlos
Published: September 2017

In Spain, timber is a material rarely used in construction. Despite wood has been used in construction for thousands of years, today is considered a short life matirial, which is suitable only for provisional purposes. Therefore, when a few years ago, due to the width extension of the A8 motorway, an old conventional metallic footbridge had to be replaced, the “timber option” proposed by our company Media Madera, was not really what is said to be “a winning bet”.
NEXT Connects: Bridges as Socio-Cultural Practices
Authors: Schreinemachers Michel , Reuser Bart , Schenk Marijn
Published: September 2017

With global climate change and urbanization come new challenges. Water management and biodiversity are two notable examples of such challenges. This paper explores how bridge design can contribute to the way in which we experience and face these challenges. How can a bridge contribute to our understanding of the rapidly changing environment? How can a bridge add value to its environment? What is needed from architects, engineers, and constructors? How should they work together? To answer these questions, this paper takes a closer look at two pedestrian bridges designed by NEXT architects. NEXT is building an extensive portfolio of bridges that explicitly engage with their environments by ‘connecting' to the landscape and working in a cross-disciplinary manner. Both bridges focus on a specific climate and/or ecological challenge: the Zaligebrug in Nijmegen (NL), and the Vlotwatering Bridge in Monster (NL). Taken together, these two projects make a case for bridges to be firmly anchored in their environments so that they can add value to the site. It is argued that to achieve this, an integral approach to bridge design is necessary, whereby all the different elements and disciplines are conceived and designed together.
La Passerelle du Marché – Maisons-Laffitte
Authors: Chassagne Pierre , Pages Yves , Canat Olivier
Published: September 2017

The market footbridge is one of the four crossings of the railway network that passes through the town of Maisons-Laffitte in the north-west of Paris, France. It is a crucial inter-city link because it is the only crossing dedicated to pedestrians and cycles.

The footbridge is completely made of steel and consists of two staircases and a main span, which create a fluid and elegant outline by means of a “Z” in-plane shape. The lifts, prismatic objects with dark tinted glass panels, are designed as counterpoints in the composition, contrasting with the main structure.

The staircases and the deck form a continuous assembly realized in smooth “U” shape steel box shells. These very slender shells are supported on both sides of the railway tracks by pinned hollow round columns over a free span of 42m.

Special attention has been paid to the pedestrian comfort. Taking into account dynamic effects from the very first stages of design, and throughout the production process, ensured a good anticipation of the dynamic comfort issue. The architectural intention, which was to promote a slender construction with a reduced structural height, has logically led to a solution with tuned mass dampers (TMD). Calculations of the structure and damper devices with precise 3D finite element models, as well as an accurate design of the different details have made their subtle integration possible without any impact on the overall architecture.
Extremely Light and Slender Precast Pedestrian-Bridge Made out of Carbon-Concrete
Authors: Rempel Sergej , Kulas Christian , Hegger Josef
Published: September 2017

Textile-­reinforced concrete (TRC) is an innovative composite material which uses mesh-­like textile reinforcements and a fine-­grained concrete as basic materials. Unlike steel, textiles are not susceptible to corrosion, thus it is possible to minimize the concrete cover to only a few millimeters. As a result, slender concrete constructions can be built, meeting the needs of modern architecture with both economical and environmental advantages.

This paper presents a precast pedestrian bridge made of TRC, which has a total length of 15,5 m and a width of 2,94 m. Worldwide it is the first reinforced bridge, which uses no steel as reinforcement but rather carbon fibers. As a result the thickness of the construction could be minimized and let to reduction of carbon dioxide emissions in the production process, compared to ordinary steel-­reinforced bridges. Further advantages are lower maintenance costs and, thus, lower life-­time costs. The paper focuses on details of the design, construction and bearing behavior of the bridge.
Scissoring Origami Inspired Deployable Bridge for a Disaster
Authors: Adachi Kotaro , Ario Ichiro , Chikahiro Yuki , Matsumoto Shinya
Published: September 2017

In recent years, natural disasters such as earthquakes, floods and tsunamis have caused widespread social damages. For example, many bridges were damaged by a typhoon in 2016 in Hokkaido area in Figure 1(a). We need to develop a new rescue structure to survive these disasters. (I.Ario, M. Nakazawa et. al. 2013) We have to consider how to rebuild damaged infrastructures and how to build a new type of rescue system. Therefore, we suggest a new type of emergency bridge, Mobile Bridge(MB), with a scissors structure that enables it to be temporarily constructed quickly as shown in Figure 1(b) (I.Ario, Nakazawa, M.Tanaka, Y.Tanikura, and Ono, S. 2013). In this paper, we will explain dynamically the calculation method of MB.
Moody Pedestrian Bridge
Authors: Rosales Miguel
Published: September 2017

This Paper will cover the design and construction of the Moody Pedestrian Bridge in Austin, Texas, US. The recently completed bridge, in 2016, is a one of a kind inversed Fink Truss Pedestrian Bridge which connects two existing buildings as part of the Moody College of Communication at the University of Texas. The bridge is characterized by a series of slender steel towers that vary in height and scale creating an elegant statement along one of the major avenues surrounding the university campus. This type of bridge is the first of its kind built in the United States and the only worldwide with a single tower support as the main loading member.
Footbridges. Dynamic Design – Selected Problems
Authors: Zóltowski Krzysztof , Binczyk Mikolaj , Kalitowski Przemyslaw
Published: September 2017

Modern footbridges create challenge in esthetic and structural design. Breaking the proven canons is a recipe for architectural success. However esthetic form has to be also a functional pedestrian bridge. Therefore a good FEM modeling is a key element in engineering part of design. The paper presents selected problems related to the modeling of the dynamic construction of footbridges. Several basic dynamic problems concerning numerical methods in analysis and preliminary design of structure are discussed:

Numerical models of structure and discussion of their effectiveness.

Time-step Newmark method. Validation of parameters of method (time-step, damping).

Non linear geometric effects in dynamics.

Vertical and horizontal excitation - cause of vibrations.

Intelligent load.

Dynamic tuning of structure.

On the base of presented set of actions several lively footbridges were analyzed, designed and constructed. Dynamic side test was often a final confirmation of the assumptions and methods predicted in designing process.
Dafne Schippersbrug: Design and construction
Authors: Karagiannis Demis , Vernooij Roel , Tuinstra Dimitri
Published: September 2017

This paper describes the design and construction of the Dafne Schippersbrug over the Amsterdam-Rhine canal in the city of Utrecht, the Netherlands. This mixed use pedestrian/cyclist bridge provides a new link between the historic centre of Utrecht and the new development area of Leidsche Rijn. The discussion includes the selection of the bridge form, the design of the tuned mass dampers to control pedestrian induced vibrations, the aerodynamic investigations for potential wind induced vibrations as well as the construction sequence implemented for the erection of the bridge.
Structures on Pedestrian and Bicycle Paths in Historic Parts of Cities
Authors: Biliszczuk Jan , Onysyk Jerzy , Onysyk Hanna
Published: September 2017

The paper demonstrates, based on the example of the topography of the historic center of the city of Wrocław, possible solutions to the problem of discomfort and decreasing pedestrians and cyclists traffic flow due to the dense buildings, usually reaching river embankments or due to busy streets. The following solutions, among others, have been used to separate the recreational traffic along the rivers in Wrocław:

bringing the pedestrian traffic under bridges and placing them on cantilever structures fixed in abutments,

revitalization of old historic structures,

placing the pedestrian traffic on cantilever structures mounted over the historic embankment walls,

construction of new bridges for pedestrians in places with high pedestrian and bicycle traffic,

changing the function of old historic road bridges to footbridges.

Such projects enabled creation of recreational routes stretching over several kilometers in the historic center of Wrocław, running along the Odra river and other rivers, and separated from the city traffic. The concept of streamlining the pedestrian and bicycle routes applied in Wrocław may be applicable in other cities characterized by a similar topography and traffic problems.
Restoration of the Iconic Shaw Bridge
Authors: Nitschke Ian , Griggs Jr. Francis
Published: September 2017

The restoration of the iconic Shaw Bridge will be initiated in 2017 using a matching grant from New York State. Although built in 1870 for horses and carriages and later used by motorized vehicles, the restored bridge will be a footbridge. The long neglected Shaw Bridge is the best example of a Whipple Bowstring Truss bridge (patented in 1841) the first bridge design in the world that used scientific principles, by Squire Whipple, who published these principles (1846-47) in a book: A Work on Bridge Building. Designed for the Enlarged Erie Canal (1836-1862), hundreds were built for the canal and many others were built over waterways. The Shaw Bridge is one of only eight of the vintage Whipple Bowstring Truss bridges left, the lone one in its original location and the only double span. The bridge is clearly eligible for Historic Civil Engineering Landmark status and this paper will argue that it is a World Heritage Bridge candidate. Whipple's importance cannot be overstated. Besides being one of the first to clearly document theoretical and mathematical principles for bridge design, he was critically important for the development of the Enlarged Erie Canal and early railway industry, helping make New York State and New York City become world leaders in the 19th century. The accurate restoration of the Shaw Bridge will be a fitting tribute to the genius of Squire Whipple whose extraordinary intellect and achievements were masked by his humility.
Vibration Performance of Two FRP Footbridge Structures in the United Kingdom
Authors: Živanović Stana , Wei Xiaojun , Russell Justin , Mottram J. Toby
Published: September 2017

Footbridges are increasingly made of fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites due to advantages they bring, such as high-strength and light-weight nature of the material, fast installation and low maintenance costs. It is often argued, however, that the low mass of these structures might lead to high sensitivity to vibration, especially when the low mass is coupled with a low natural frequency and/or low damping ratio for one or more modes of vibration. This paper investigates dynamic behavior of two FRP footbridges – each having a deck that is made of pultruded units that were interlocked and bonded together. The two structures have different spans (51.3m vs 16.9m) and structural systems (suspension vs simple beam) resulting in distinctly different natural frequencies. Six vibration modes were identified for the suspension bridge in the frequency range up to 5Hz, whilst there was one mode only for the simple beam bridge. Comparison of the vibration behavior under human-induced excitation, however, revealed that they exhibit similar responsiveness to walking excitation due to the suspension footbridge having higher mass per unit length and the beneficial role of nodal points in the vibration modes. A walker reported being more sensitive to vibrations of the suspension bridge, which is, given the vibration frequencies in question, opposite to the (well known) effect on a standing person. This paper demonstrates that even extremely light (e.g. the simplebeam) bridge can exhibit satisfactory vibration performance.
A Novel Concept for a Cable-Stayed Movable Footbridge
Authors: Zhang Tianhao , Kawaguchi Ken'ichi , Wu Minger
Published: September 2017

Movable footbridges can be interesting and feasible solutions to cross waterways when the traffic on the waterways to be crossed is not heavy. They can lower the height in elevation in use, which considerably reduce the effort of the passengers, and also can be spectacular landmarks. In this paper, a novel concept for a cable-­stayed movable footbridge is proposed. The concept of geometric design is firstly introduced. The moving mechanism is then shown by means of tracing the opening process. As an essential part of the footbridge concept, the flexible deck which makes use of torsional deformation is introduced. Both static and dynamic analysis of the flexible deck are conducted. The insufficiency in dynamic performance is then discussed. Pre-­twisted deck is considered as a possible solution by rising natural frequencies, and with which the performance is shown to be improved according to the result of numerical analysis. Investigation of this innovative concept of movable footbridge highlights new design possibilities for unique lightweight structures with curved configurations.
Structural System Identification of Pedestrian Bridges by Observability Method
Authors: Lei Jun , Lozano-Galant Jose A. , Nogal Maria , Xu Dong , Turmo José
Published: September 2017

The condition assessment of pedestrian bridges might be overlooked due to the small scale of these structures. A short list of accidents is provided to justify the necessity of condition assessment on pedestrian bridges. In this paper, the structural system identification by observability method is applied in two traditional arrangements of pedestrian bridges. In the simply supported beam example, the symbolical expressions of the estimation for bending stiffnesses are derived first. The validity of the method is justified by the accurate estimations using error-free measurements. However, as the real-life measurements are inevitably polluted by errors, the effect of measurement errors is thoroughly studied according to measurement errors in a particular measurement, loading cases and errors in all measurements. The simulation errors of the method is also demonstrated by a two-span continuous beam. The results show that the loading case is important regarding the accuracy of the estimations.
Schlosssteg 2.0
Authors: Brandstötter Rudolf
Published: September 2017

This paper tells the story about the reconstruction of the so called “Schlosssteg”, a footbridge with 60 m span, located in Waidhofen an der Ybbs, Austria. The main topic deals with the personal relation to the site and the design approach, including the special construction sequence, the so called “noninvasive construction method”. After a short historical and technical overview the architectural approach to the design task will be disscused. It will be shown that the arcitectural approach is inseperable linked to the engineering task. Especialy the used construction method brought major influences to the final design of the structure. By using the old, allready damaged, footbridge for installing the new one, the old bridge had to fulfill a final loadtest, which not only stressed the structure, but also the engineers nerves. The hollistic design strategy led to a design which harmoniosusly blends with its enviroment an therefore became awarded with the “European Steel Bridge Award 2016”.
One Pedestrian Suspension Bridge With Spatial Unilateral Hangers and Twin Curved Decks in Shanghai
Authors: Fang Yafei , Pang Xuelei , Hua Bingcan
Published: September 2017

One of two pedestrian suspension bridges with twin curved decks suspended by spatial unilateral hangers is described in detail. It was built in Shanghai international tourism resort, which is 120m long in total and composed of an outer main deck with 6m width and an inside auxiliary deck of 3m wide. Steel box girder of main deck was fixed by two tensile bears at the abutments to resist torsion, and inclined steel-­pipe piles were adopted for foundations of pylons and abutments to balance horizontal thrust for soft ground. The structure system and mechanical property was assured by analysis. To meet human-­walking comfortability, TMD damping devices were employed for the bridge.
Design of a Stress Ribbon Glulam Footbridge Across a Steep Forest Torrent
Authors: Hsieh Pei-Chen , Liu Yen-Han , Tung Yu-Hsuan , Chuang Cheng-Hsiang , Chen Peng-Yuan , Cheng Li-Chi , Chien Chen-Hsuan
Published: September 2017

For the Xitou area of National Taiwan University Experimental Forest, a nature conservation area in central Taiwan, our design team was tasked with developing a proposal for a wood footbridge, connecting pedestrian paths on either side of a steep torrent. Selected among various alternatives, our design consists of a stress ribbon glulam deck tensioned over two fan-shaped supports. These are themselves composed of curved glulam members and shaped like the leaves of a ginkgo tree. The pattern is prolonged in the wood lattice work of the guardrail. Combined foundations connect the bridge abutment and pier to each side, helping to balance out lateral forces. To permit the use of Japanese cedar sourced from the local forest, the glulam members are dimensioned to a relatively low allowable bending stress of 80 kgf/cm². Lessening their visual impact, most steel plate connectors are slotted into the glulam members. The bridge was finished in March and will be opened to the public in May. The resulting bridge is relatively high above the torrent, passing over the pedestrian path to one side. In addition to keeping the bridge clear of typhoon floods, this will let hikers experience crossing over and passing under the bridge, offering views from above and along the torrent. The paper will tell the story of how this design evolved, from early concept development to construction. The authors developed this design as part of their undergraduate course of study at the Department of Civil Engineering of National Taiwan University.
Education of Future Builders Through Footbridge Design to Construction Projects
Authors: Capart Hervé , Chou Chung-Che , Hsieh Shang-Hsien , Kuo Ping-Houng , Yu Wen-Lan , Lu Li H. , Hsu Tsung-Hsuan , Tomita Masatoshi
Published: September 2017

Blending structural, site, functional, and aesthetic challenges, footbridge projects can provide great training grounds to educate future builders. At the early design stage, the span requirement and program simplicity (letting pedestrians cross from A to B) encourage joint consideration of engineering, architectural and artistic issues, from structural form to integration with the landscape. While much can be explored via case studies, design drawings, scale models, and structural simulation exercises, we believe it is especially fruitful to let students materialize footbridge designs at 1:1 scale. This can help students gain early practical experience with structural materials, construction processes, project management, and user responses. In this paper, we describe three projects of this kind directed at undergraduate students of architecture and civil engineering. Although all three projects concern small footbridges of free spans between 5 and 20 m, the instructional approach was different and ranged from autonomous student exploration to sustained guidance by practicing designers and builders. The corresponding completed prototypes range from ephemeral bridges unsuitable for public access to a fully functional bridge intended for long term public use. When aiming for safe and serviceable student-authored designs, a balance must be found between expert guidance and student autonomy. Both ingredients seem needed to maximize student learning outcomes and the sense of achievement gained from such projects.
OO2804 A footbridge over the Watersportbaan in Ghent
Authors: D'Haeseleer Pieter , Boghaert Kristoffel
Published: September 2017

This ‘tell a story' text is based on the proposal we submitted in a competition for a pedestrian bridge over the Watersportbaan in Ghent, Belgium. The Watersportbaan is a 2,5 km rowing-course on the outskirts of the city. In our proposal we explained how we achieved an architectural design. We won the competition out of an 80+ candidates pool.

‘We' is a team made up of two architects, Pieter D'haeseleer and Kristoffel Boghaert, Ghent, Belgium, three consulting engineering offices, namely engineers Haskins, Robinson, and Waters, now incorporating Jane Wernick Associates, London, UK, LIME, Ghent, Belgium, and the Faculty of Engineering Technology, KUL, Ghent, Belgium, as well as the Dutch landscape architect OMNA, Eede, the Netherlands.
Vertical Accelerations due to Joggers of a Short Span Footbridge
Authors: Beers Frank
Published: September 2017

A prescribed approach according to the Eurocode to calculate the expected vertical accelerations of a footbridge due to joggers is to model a harmonic oscillating point load at midspan, representing the joggers, and calculate the outcome of the steady-­state solution. This is true for footbridges with a long span, but when looking at short span footbridges, the steady-­state solution overestimates the occurring vertical accelerations of the footbridge in reality by far. In case of short span footbridges the calculated vertical accelerations during the transient-­state, approaches reality better.

An analytical model is made of a moving harmonic oscillating point load in time, representing a jogger running across a footbridge. The vertical accelerations are calculated at midspan of the footbridge.

The results of the analytical model show good agreement with the results measured at midspan in reality, proving a steady-­state solution overestimates the expected vertical accelerations of a short span footbridge when a jogger runs across the footbridge.
More than a Footbridge - The new Baakenhafen Crossing
Authors: Müller Thomas , Helbig Thorsten , Oppe Matthias , Schieber Roman
Published: September 2017

In 2013 Knippers Helbig won together with the architects from Gerkan, Marg and Partners (gmp) the competition for the new footbridge across the Baakenhafen in Hamburg. Now four years later the bridge has been completed in the heart of Hafencity.

The process we are describing is an interdisciplinary design approach considering project specific goals which have been identified in the early design phase. These goals lead to the definition of project parameters which focus all members of the design team on the most important issues during the design process.

Based on our bridge project across the Baakenhafen we describe the identification of its project parameters and the resulting static and structural responses.