bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Method for Continuous Measurement of the Carbon Dioxide Tension on the Cerebral Cortex
Authors: Siesjö Bo K.
Published: December 2008

Siesjö B. K. A method for continuous measurement of the carbon dioxide tension on the cerebral cortex.

A method has been developed for direct, continuous measurement of the pCO2 on the surface of the cerebral cortex, using a modification of the tissue pCO2 electrode earlier described (Hertz Siesjö 1959). The modification was made for the purpose of increasing the stability and accuracy of the measurements. The drift of the electrode was thereby reduced to less than 1 mV in five hours and the accuracy was increased to about ± 1.5 per cent. A reduction of the concavity of the pH glass membrane limited the response time of the pCO2 electrode to 25–30 sec following a twofold increase in pCO2. A description is given of the procedures for calibrating, suspending and thermostatting the electrode.

The validity and reproducibility of the pCO2 values obtained when the electrode was applied to the cortical surface were investigated in cat experiments during respiratory and circulatory steady states. It was found that within a relatively wide range the pCO2 was independent of the pressure exerted by the electrode on the cortical surface. Provided that the tissue did not present any swelling and that the tissue surface was not damaged or allowed to dry, the pC2 varied very little (coefficient of variation 1.5 per cent) when the electrode was repeatedly applied to the same or to different cortical areas. The influence of superficial cortical vessels was confined to the larger veins (diameter 0.5–1 mm), across which slightly higher (1–5 mm Hg) values were recorded. The findings are discussed in relation to the applicability of the method in studies of the acid‐base metabolism of the tissue.
Oxygen Consumption and Sodium Reabsorption in the Kidney
Authors: Lassen Niels A. , Munck Ole , Thaysen Jørn Hess
Published: December 2008

Lassen N. A., O. Munck J. H. Thaysen. Oxygen consumption and sodium reabsorption in the kidney.

Renal oxygen consumption can be divided into a small but constant basal oxygen uptake and a variable suprabasal or functional oxygen uptake. The basal oxygen consumption is defined as the oxygen uptake of the non‐filtering and hence non‐reabsorbing kidney. It was measured during marked hypotension and was found to amount to 1 μmole of O2 per gram kidney per minute. The suprabasal or functional oxygen consumption is defined as the total oxygen uptake minus the basal. It was measured on normally functioning kidneys and was found to correlate very closely with the quantity of sodium reabsorbed. For each mol of oxygen consumed in excess of basal requirements 28 sodium equivalents were reabsorbed. The hypothesis, that sodium reabsorption represents the main renal work is forwarded. It provides a simple explanation for the various classical observations on renal oxygen uptake and is in agreement with data on other electrolyte transporting tissues.
Histamine Release Elicited by Extracts from Ascaris Suis – Influence of Oxygen Lack and Glucose
Authors: Diamant Bertil
Published: December 2008

In guinea pigs intraperitoneal injection of Ascaris extract in doses effective in rats neither released histamine into the peritoneal fluid, nor“disrupted” mast cells in the mesentery. In vitro studies on Ascaris‐induced histamine release from rat lung tissue showed the release to be dependant on pH, incubation time and concentration of extract. Under oxygen lack, the histamine release by Ascaris extract diminished to about 9% of that in oxygen, but increased in the presence of glucose to about 80 % of the values found in the presence of both oxygen and glucose (5.6 mmole/1). With oxygen alone 60 % of this value was released. The enhancement of histamine release caused by glucose in nitrogen as well as oxygen suggests that it is dependant on enzymatic processes yielding high energy compounds.
Note on the Effect of Increased NaCl‐Concentration on the Neuromuscular Transmission Does Desensitization to Acetylcholine Take Place during Tetanus?
Authors: Lilleheil Gunnar , Naess Knut
Published: December 2008

The possibility of desensitization of the motor end‐plate to ACh during tetanus — as proposed by Thesleff — and the possible role of this desensitization for production of Wedensky inhibition of the neuromuscular transmission, have been tested and are discussed.

As in Thesleff's experiments increased concentration of NaCl has been used to obtain block of contraction and pure end‐plate potentials. Mechanical registration of the contractions and extracellular recording of end‐plate potentials were employed.

No signs of Wedensky‐inhibition could be obtained by increasing the NaCl‐concentration in the bath. Previous results indicate that the state of the motor end‐plate after long sustained strong increase in the NaCl‐concentrations must be rather unphysiological. The present results and also previous ones quoted in the discussion do not indicate any certain desensitization of the motor end‐plate to ACh under physiological conditions. A mechanism of this type can probably not be of particular significance for the production of the very rapidly occurring Wedensky inhibition seen, for example, during curarization.
The Functional State of Vasomotor Nerves to Skeletal Muscle Vessels in Reserpinized Cats
Authors: Rosell Sune , Rosén Anders
Published: December 2008

The functional state of vasomotor nerves to skeletal muscle vessels was studied in anesthetized cats treated with reserpine. The effects of the vasoconstrictor nerves could be completely blocked by reserpine while the responses of the vasodilator nerves seemed to be unaffected. The results are consonant with the view that there are two types of vasomotor nerves to the skeletal muscle vessels; namely, adrenergic vasoconstrictor nerves and cholinergic vasodilator nerves. The cardiovascular changes evoked by reserpine are discussed.
A Criticism of the Carcass Analysis Procedure for the Determination of Amino Acid Requirements
Authors: Ericson L.‐E.
Published: December 2008

The carcass analysis procedure is examined as a method for the determination of amino acid requirements. Using a simple reaction sequence to illustrate the fate of an amino acid in the body, enzyme kinetics are applied to demonstrate the impossibility of estimating the requirement of one compound in relation to another from knowledge of only the concentrations of the two compounds in the organism. The further complications arising from (a) the known individual variations in the concentrations of enzymes in the body, (b) the utilization by the organism of certain essential amino acids for purposes other than protein synthesis, (c) the partial ability of the organism to synthesize some essential amino acids, (d) the different rates of breakdown and excretion of the amino acids and (e) the fact that the body consists not of one but of a large number of different proteins with varying metabolic stability are briefly discussed. Some experimental data are cited which indicate that the carcass analysis procedure can give requirement values that are greatly erroneous. The criticism is presented with the hope that it will stimulate further theoretical and experimental studies in order to define the limitations and possibilities of the method.
The Persistence and Regularity of Electrical Activity in Whole Heart Explants
Authors: Cunningham A. W. B. , Lunell N. O. , Rylander B. J.
Published: December 2008

The electrical persistence and regularity of 143 chick embryo whole heart explants during nine days in culture is described. Details are given of culturing and surveillance of explants and handling of data. Over 90% of explants showed continuous electrical activity for nearly all of the first three days in culture. This percentage fell 6 % by the end of day three, 6 % during day four, 17 % on day five and more slowly thereafter. These changes possibly reflected inadequacies in the supernatant. The frequency and magnitude of change in the number of active cultures from one 15 second survey to the next slowly increased with a maximum of 1.2 cultures. It seemed that the failure of hearts to produce potentials was usually temporary and occurred in a rhythmic fashion. The difference between consecutive half‐hour averages of the number of cultures showing activity during 15 out of every 20 seconds was relatively high initially, dropped during the second day then rose again. It was always small compared to the total number of cultures involved. Comparisons between the persistence of electrical function in whole heart explants in various supernatants showed that the one used in this study was least inadequate.
The Effect of Choline 2,6‐Dichloro Phenyl Ether Bromide (TM‐25) on Organ Content and Urinary Excretion of Catecholamines
Authors: Schapiro S.
Published: December 2008

Daily injections of choline 2,6‐dichloro phenyl ether bromide (TM‐25) in the rat greatly reduces the urinary output of noradrenaline and to a lesser extent that of adrenaline. After 5–6 days of treatment with TM‐25 the catecholamine content of adrenals, heart and spleen is considerably reduced. It is inferred from the results that TM‐25 interferes with the production, release or storage of catechol amines in the adrenergic nerves and possibly in the adrenals.
The Fate of Uniformly Labelled 14C Fructose in Different Parts of the Brain and the Pituitary in Goats
Authors: Larsson Stig
Published: December 2008

The fate of uniformly labelled 14C fructose has been studied in different parts of the brain and in the anterior and posterior pituitary. Generally, the metabolism of fructose was less than that of glucose. Particularly in the anterior part of the pituitary the fructose utilisation was small. As the oxygen consumption was little affected by the fructose, the utilisation of endogenous substances must be increased compared to experiments where glucose was used as substrate. The rate of conversion of fructose into various amino acids was considerably lower in the periventricular parts of the hypothalamus and in the anterior part of the pituitary as compared to the glucose experiments. The observed differences are discussed in relation to the importance of the pentose shunt.
The Influence of Rapid Injection of Concentrated Potassium Chloride Solution on the Cardiovascular Functions of the Cat in Respiratory Disorders
Authors: Antila L. , Hartiala K.
Published: December 2008

The effect of concentrated potassium chloride solution on the cardiovascular functions of the cat has been studied under severe asphyctic, hypoxic, and hypercapnic conditions. The potassium concentrations varied between 330–670 meq/1 and the total amount injected between 0.33‐0.67 meqK+ or 0.15‐0.35 meqK‐/kg b. w. The blood oxygen saturation and pH as well as serum potassium content were analysed before the injection. The effect of the injection was followed by continuous electrocardiogram and aortic pressure recordings. The 30 min period of respiratory disturbance did not cause any uniform changes in the serum potassium content. The cardiovascular changes prior to the injection were also unremarkable. The results indicate that the tolerance of the cat towards high potassium concentrations is mainly depressed by lack of oxygen whereas an excess in carbon dioxide does not appear to be so dangerous.
Gastro‐intestinal Excretion of Dextran‐C14
Authors: ÅBerg B. , Bloom W. L. , Hansson E.
Published: December 2008

Cats were given dextran‐C14 intravenously and the gastric juice as well as intestinal juices from intestinal segments and bile was collected during the first 6 hours after administration. The juices were investigated for radioactivity. It was found that there is a small excretion of radioactivity via the stomach and the liver. The intestinal juices however and chiefly those from the cranial parts of the intestine contained larger amounts of radioactivity which was precipitable with ethanol and represented dextran. The earlier literature on dextran metabolism is reviewed. The parallelism between the dextran and the albumin elimination via the gastrointestinal tract is pointed out.
Photometric Estimation of the Relative Amount of DNA in Early Chick Embryos
Authors: Emanuelsson Hadar
Published: December 2008

Using the two‐wavelength method the author has determined photometrically the amount of DNA in interphase nuclei of cells from chick blastoderms, 0—40 hours of incubation. The investigation was performed on sectioned material, stained according to the Feulgen method. Comparison of results for the different developmental stages shows that essentially only minor variations exist between the stages. Exceptions are the yolk endoderm cells at the 40‐hour stage which apparently are polyploid and cells from 5‐hour‐blastoderms which have an average of 40 per cent more DNA, than that found in other stages. In combination with a previous observation of a high level of DNA in early chick blastoderms the present result indicates a temporary occurrence of cytoplasmatic DNA in the chick embryo. The high DNA‐value at the 5‐hour‐stage is interpreted as indicating a partial synchronism in cell‐division during the early development of the embryo.
Mitotic Activity in Chick Embryos at the Primitive Streak Stage
Authors: Emanuelsson Hadar
Published: December 2008

In the present work it has been investigated whether previously recorded regional differences in the average RNA‐concentration of the primitive streak embryo are also connected with differences in mitotic activity. Mitotic indices calculated for the embryo area reveal no decided regional dissimilarities. However, owing to the uncertainty inherent in the interpretation of the index, it was decided to extend the mitotic counts to embryos in which a successive accumulation of mitoses had been produced by means of heat shock and the mitotic poisons, colchicine and oestradiol. From the obvious differences in mitotic activity which appear in such embryos it is clear that cell multiplication is greatest in a region of the embryo comprising the node and adjacent areas on both sides thereof. As differences in cell multiplication are moderate, however, it is presumed that the existing variation in RNA‐concentration must be partly ascribed to differences in protein synthesis within the embryo, associated with the beginning differentiation of the embryo cells. Cytologic and morphologic changes caused by the heat shocks and the mitotic poisons are described.
Effect of Intravenous Infusion of Glucose on Gastric Secretory Responses to Feeding in Pavlov‐ and Heidenhain‐pouch Dogs
Authors: Dotevall G. , Muren A.
Published: December 2008

Glucose solution was infused intravenously (30%, 80–100 ml, 30 min) in conscious dogs with Pavlov‐ or Heidenhain‐pouches during secretion elicited by different procedures. In Pavlov‐pouch dogs a pronounced inhibition of the secretory response was observed during sham‐feeding or teasing with food; the response to feeding was also temporarily depressed, at least during the first two hours after feeding. In Heidenhain‐dogs the response to feeding compared with the Pavlov‐dogs was not significantly affected except during special conditions. It is suggested that the induced hyperglycemia mainly depresses the nervous phase of secretion, possibly both at the central and the peripheral level.
Effects of Ethanol on the Membrane Potential and Membrane Resistance of Frog Muscle Fibres
Authors: Knutsson Evert
Published: December 2008

The effects of ethanol on the membrane potential and membrane resistance of frog muscle fibres in vitro were studied by means of intracellular microelectrode technique. By continuous recording of the membrane potential level from one fibre, as well as by consecutive recordings from different fibres, the time course of the potential changes induced by different concentrations of ethanol was followed for periods of up to one hour. At the lowest concentrations used, 0.05 and 0.1 M, a depolarization, although slow and sometimes irregular, could usually be demonstrated. At a concentration equal to or higher than 0.2 M, a marked lowering of the membrane potential value was regularly observed. The depolarization rate increased with higher ethanol content, a typical result being a 15 per cent reduction of the initial membrane potential value after 15 min of exposure to 1.0 M ethanol. Reversal of the membrane potential changes after the ethanol had been washed out from the muscle bath was also demonstrated. Determinations of the voltage‐current relation of the muscle fibre, either by square pulse analysis or by direct recording of voltage‐current curves, revealed a gradual lowering of the membrane resistance, the effect increasing with the ethanol concentration from 0.2 to 1.0 M; at lower concentrations the changes in membrane resistance were within the normal variations found in untreated muscle.
Stratification of Absorbed Solutions in Mesenterial Veins1
Authors: ÖStling Gustaf
Published: December 2008

Stratification in the mesenterial venous blood of solutions which have been absorbed from the small intestine was demonstrated. Isotonic and hypotonic sodium phosphate solution and water were transported in the upper, and hypertonic glucose and saline solutions in the lower streamlines in the mesenterial veins. These observations show that the blood stream is laminar and that the streamline flow demonstrated previously in the portal vein after injection of dyes etc. also occurs in the mesenterial part of the venous portal circulation after intestinal absorption. No stratification could be demonstrated in the mesenterial veins after absorption of isotonic glucose and sodium chloride solution. The reasons for the presence and absence of stratification are discussed and different absorption mechanisms are considered. It is suggested that stratification depends on“intestinal short‐cut absorption”. According to this hypothesis, under certain conditions translocation from the intestinal lumen of intraintestinally instilled solutions to the capillaries takes place via gaps between the mucosal epithelial cells. These gaps are produced by expulsion of cells from the epithelial border during the absorption.
Human Serum Cholinesterase as a Sialo‐Protein
Authors: Svensmark Ole
Published: December 2008

Incubation of human serum with sialidase (neuraminidase, receptor destroying enzyme) results in a marked decrease of the mobility of cholinesterase without affecting the enzymatic activity as indicated by the splitting of acetylcholine and butyrylcholine. The results suggest that human serum cholinesterase is an acid glycoprotein containing several sialic acid residues per molecule. In normal serum sialidase could not be detected whereas spinal fluid showed weak sialidase activity. In a single pool of serum from patients a marked sialidase activity was observed.
Augmented Cardiac Contraction, Heart Acceleration and Skeletal Muscle Vasodilatation Produced by Hypothalamic Stimulation in Cats
Authors: Rosén Anders
Published: December 2008

Hypothalamic stimulation in cats was found to produce an increase of the contractile force of the right ventricle as measured by a strain gauge arch. Concomitant tachycardia was generally observed. The responses were mediated both by cardiac sympathetic innervation and by catechols released from the adrenals. In some experiments the nervous mechanism dominated, in others the humoral factor. The hypothalamic area, the stimulation of which produced cardiac augmentation, appeared to correspond with“the sympathetic vasodilator area”. Muscle vasodilator as well as cardiac augmentative responses appeared concurrently.
Quantitative Differences Between Guinea‐Pig Ileum and Uterus in the Schultz‐Dale Reaction
Authors: Boréus Lars Olof
Published: December 2008

Although the anaphylactic contraction of smooth muscle in vitro (the Schultz‐Dale reaction) is of the same type, intensity and duration in guinea‐pig ileum and uterus, some quantitative differences between these two organs are demonstrable. To produce equivalent contractions by addition of histamine to the bath, a ten times higher dose was required for uterus than for ileum. In the case of uterus, this amount was more than three times the total histamine content. Uterus released much greater amounts of smooth‐muscle stimulating substance during anaphylactic contraction than did ileum. In terms of histamine, 9 and less than 0.4 %, respectively, of the total content was released. Moreover, the mast‐cell disappearance, demonstrable only with the highest antigen doses used, was more pronounced in uterus.
Influence of Various Factors on Urine Oxygen Tension in the Dog
Authors: Aukland Knut , Krog John
Published: December 2008

Urine pO2 (U‐pO2) was recorded polarographically for 2–4 hours in 17 experiments on anesthetized dogs. During air breathing values between 8 and 50 mm Hg were observed. Histamine, papaverine and Regitin invariably increased U‐pO2, with slight and inconsistant changes in total renal blood flow (RBF), renal venous pO.2 (V‐pO2) and urine flow. Single doses of adrenaline and nor‐adrenaline i. v. produced a rapid, transient reduction of RBF, V‐pO2, and urine flow, whilst U‐pO2, increased. Rapid i. v. infusion of hypertonic solutions of urea, mannitol or sodium chloride gave a rapid, transient increase of RBF, whilst U‐pO2, was lowered for several minutes. Oxygen breathing produced a marked rise in U‐pO2, whilst U‐pO2 increased slightly or remained unchanged. It is suggested that U‐pO2 is determined by pO2 in the renal papilla through equilibration across the walls of the collecting ducts. The main determinants are suggested to be 1. the rate of medullary blood flow, 2. medullary oxygen consumption, possibly dependent on the load of sodium to the medulla. Plasma skimming and counter current diffusion of O2 in the medulla is discussed. The findings are consistent with an independent regulation of cortical and medullary blood flow.
Cholinesterases in Human Spinal Fluid and Brain1
Authors: Svensmark Ole
Published: December 2008

By electrophoresis and chromatography on DEAE‐cellulose it was shown that human spinal fluid and brain tissue extracts contained three cholinesterases: Two butyrylcholinesterases and one acetylcholinesterase. One of the butyrylcholinesterases had the same electrophoretic mobility as serum cholinesterases. The other butyrylcholinesterase moved together with the γ‐globulin and the acetylcholinesterase together with the %‐globulin fraction of spinal fluid. These findings indicate that the acetylcholinesterase in spinal fluid derives from brain whereas it can not be decided whether the butyrylcholinesterases originate from plasma or from brain. The low mobility fraction of butyrylcholinesterase may arise from the action of sialidase.
Ribonucleic Acid and Acid‐Soluble Nucleotides of the Early Chick Blastoderm
Authors: Emanuelsson Hadar
Published: December 2008

Previousanalyses of the nucleic acid content of the embryo area in early chick blastoderms have been extended to comprise also the area opaca. The RNA‐variations in the latter are reminiscent of those in the embryo area, but from the 10‐hour‐stage on their RNA/DNA‐ratios are characteristically different. The RNA of the early blastoderm has been analyzed for its nucleotide‐composition and also a limited analysis of the acid‐soluble nucleotides has been undertaken. The last‐mentioned fraction is especially distinguished by a high proportion of uracilnucleotides. To the account is added an analysis of the content of nucleic acids and acid‐soluble nucleotides in the unincubated hen's egg.
The Loss of Added Lysine and Threonine During the Baking of Wheat Bread
Authors: Ericson L.‐E. , Larsson S. , Lid G.
Published: December 2008

Rat growth experiments and microbiological assay methods were used to estimate the loss of added free L‐lysine·HCl and DL‐threonine during the baking of wheat bread. Introductory rat experiments showed that the optimum concentration for growth of L‐lysine. HCl added before baking was approximately 0.40‐0.45% of the fresh weight of the flour. The optimum concentrations of L‐lysine·HCl and DL‐threonine when added together were approximately 0.55% for the former amino acid and 0.30% for the latter. The loss of added L‐lysine·HCl during baking was found to be 10–15% as estimated by animal experiments and 5–10% as estimated by microbiological assays. The loss of L‐threonine (added as DL‐threonine) was significantly greater, amounting to approximately 40% as judged by the feeding trials and 20–25% according to the microbiological estimations.

The amino acid compositions of the flour and the bread baked from the flour were also determined.
Myocardial Lactate Concentration in Guinea‐pigs, Normothermic and Hypothermic, and Hedgehogs, in a Hibernating and a Non‐Hibernating State
Authors: Hanson Arne , Johansson Bengt W.
Published: December 2008

No significant differences were observed in the lactate content of hearts from hibernating and non‐hibernating hedgehogs in February‐March and June‐August, respectively. The lactate content of hearts from guinea‐pigs at 38°C was somewhat lower than corresponding values obtained from hearts removed at 30°C but the significance was borderline. When the guinea‐pigs were cooled to still lower temperatures there was no further increase of the lactate content, the result was rather the opposite; nor was any increase observed when the animals were kept at 30° C for 2 hours. Artificial respiration before the animals reached a temperature of 30° C had no effect on the lactate content. It is therefore concluded that these results do not speak in favor of the view that the electrocardiographic ST‐T changes occurring in hypothermic non‐hibernators are caused by a state of anoxia in the hypothermic organisms studied.
Attempt to Demonstrate Large Arteriovenous Shunts in Skeletal Muscle during Stimulation of Sympathetic Vasodilator Nerves
Authors: Piiper Johannes , Rosell Sune
Published: December 2008

The venous recovery of intra‐arterially injected wax spheres of different diameters (average sizes 20p, 30p and 40p respectively) was determined in skinned hind leg preparations from cats. Passage of spheres into the venous outflow would indicate perfusion of large arteriovenous shunts. The results provide no support for the assumption that vasodilator nerve activity opens large arteriovenous shunts of any importance from the quantitative point of view.
Caudate Nucleus and Electrocortical Activation in Cats
Authors: Laursen Arne Mosfeldt
Published: December 2008

A 14‐lead electrode was used to search for areas in and around the caudate nucleus from which electrocortical arousal could be elicited. Electrocortical arousal was induced from the reticular nucleus of the thalamus and the internal capsule and, probably by current spread, from the fringe of caudate tissue adjacent to the thalamus, but not from other portions of the caudate. The contrary results of other authors were ascribed to spread of current from the commonly used stimulating electrodes. It is concluded that there is no evidence to support the view that the caudate is a part of, or closely related to, the ascending reticular activating system.
Heparin and Thrombocytopenia in Experimental Burn Injuries
Authors: Johansson Stig‐Arne
Published: December 2008

In experimental burns a decrease in the number of circulating platelets with an ensuing decrease of 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) in whole blood was found. In lung tissues an increase of 5‐HT was detected. Pre‐treatment of the animals with heparin prevented these effects. Coagulation time measurements showed a prolongation of the coagulation time. An increase of the anti‐thrombic substances in blood was found. It is suggested that heparin, being a strongly acid polyelectrolyte, acts on the platelets and their ability to absorb and release 5‐HT and prevents the onset of a transient intravascular coagulation during burn injuries.
Augmentation of Cardiac Contractile Force and Heart Rate by Medulla Oblongata Stimulation in the Cat
Authors: Rosén Anders
Published: December 2008

Electrical stimulation in two relatively well circumscribed regions of the medulla oblongata elicited tachycardia and augmentation of the right ventricular contractile force recorded by a strain gauge arch technique. One of the two regions was found to be situated within the more central part of the pressor area. Stimulation in this region generally produced vasoconstriction in skeletal muscle parallel with the increased cardiac activity. The second region was found to be located in the“sympathetic vasodilator area” in the ventrolateral part of the medulla. Muscle vasodilatation elicited by stimulation in that region was accompanied by an increase in the cardiac functions. The augmentation of cardiac activity with stimulation of the two regions was mediated by the sympathetic innervation of the heart and, to a minor extent, by an elevated secretion from the adrenal medulla.
The Effect of Acetylcholine and Related Substances on the Isolated Muscle Spindle
Authors: Ottoson D.
Published: December 2008

In studies on the action of various drugs on the isolated frog's muscle spindle it was found that ACh in concentrations below 1 times 10‐4 had no significant effect on the sensory endings of the spindle while higher concentrations (5 times 10‐4‐1 times 10‐3) caused a slight reduction of their activity. Other cholinesters like butyrylcholine, propionylcholine and succinylcholine had a similar action as ACh. Nor‐acetylcholine in concentrations of 5 X 10‐5‐1 times 10‐4 caused a suppression of the spontaneous activity and a reduction of the discharge during stretch. Of the anticholinesterases that were studied eserine, DFP and mintacol had an excitatory action that was followed by a cessation of the spontaneous discharge and a block of the response to stretch. Eserine was active in concentrations of 2 times 10‐4‐1 times 10‐3, DFP in concentrations of 3 times 10‐6‐1 times 10‐3 and mintacol in concentrations of 5 times 10‐6‐1 10‐5. Prostigmine had no significant action on the spindle. Histochemical determination of the cholinesterase activity in the spindle showed the presence of slight concentrations of cholinesterases in the polar regions of the spindle.
Aspects of the Glucose and Amino Acid Metabolism in the Liver and the Diaphragm of Normal and Obese‐Hyperglycemic Mice
Authors: Hellman Bo , Larsson Stig , Westman Sighild
Published: December 2008

In vitro utilization of uniformly 14C‐labelled glucose was studied in the liver and diaphragm in the American variety of the hereditary obese‐hyperglycemic syndrome of mice. Only those obese animals were studied, where the livers were without obvious fatty degeneration. There was a higher glucose uptake per liver in the obese‐hyperglycemic syndrome. Expressed per unit weight, however, no significant diffences were found either in the liver or in the diaphragm. The same was true for the formation of CO2 and the incorporation of glucose in the lipid fraction and the insoluble residue after extraction with TCA and alcohol‐ether. An incorporation of measurable amounts of carbon atoms from glucose was observed in the following amino acids: in liver, alanine and glutamine, and in the diaphragm, alanine, glutamine and glutamic acid. On a weight to weight basis there were no differences between normal and obese‐hyperglycemic mice, except that in the latter the formation of glutamine was 4–5 times higher. The raised conversion of glucose to glutamine in the liver of obese‐hyperglycemic mice was the motivation for a separate analysis of the activity of glutamic‐oxalacetic trans‐aminase (GOT) and glutamic‐pyruvic transaminase (GPT), where, however, no statistical differences were observed between the two types of mice.
A Comparison of the Efficiencies of Free Lysine and of Roller‐Dried Skim Milk, Fish Protein and Soya Bean Protein for the Supplementation of Wheat Bread
Authors: Ericson L.‐E. , Larsson S. , Lid G.
Published: December 2008

Free L‐lysine. HCl, roller‐dried skim milk, fish protein and soya bean protein were added to the dough of wheat bread and their supplementary values for the improvement of the protein value of the bread were compared. The growth rates and nitrogen efficiency ratios of young albino rats were used as indices of the improvements obtained.

Within the concentration range studied, the supplementary values of the added substances were directly proportional to the amount of available lysine which they provided. No beneficial effect from the other essential amino acids supplied by the proteins tested as supplements was detected. The data also indicate that roller‐dried skim milk suffered a considerably greater loss of lysine during the baking of wheat bread than did the other supplements.
Tactile Pathways from the Hindlimb to the Cerebral Cortex in Cat
Authors: Norrsell U. , Voorhoeve P.
Published: December 2008

Tactile messages from the hindlimb to the cerebral cortex can ascend in the spinal cord outside the dorsal columns in a tract located in the dorso‐medial part of the lateral funicle. After crossing in the upper cervical region this path is located in the ventral funicle. Impulses transmitted via this system reach the cerebral cortex 2–4 msec earlier than those mediated via the dorsal columns.
The Nature of the Neuromuscular Block Produced by Neomycine
Authors: Elmqvist D. , Josefsson J.‐O.
Published: December 2008

Elmqjvist, D. and J.‐O. Josefsson.The nature of the neuromuscular block produced by neomycine.Acta physiol. scand. 1962.54.105–110. – The neuromuscular block produced by neomycine has been studied in the rat diaphragm and the frog sartorius by means of intra‐ and extracellular recording techniques. The block is due to a reduction in the amplitude of the end‐plate potential. This reduction is partly caused by a neomycine induced decrease in the sensitivity of the postjunctional end‐plate membrane to the depolarizing action of acetylcholine. Neomycine reduces the amount of transmitter released from the motor nerve in response to a nerve volley or to a high external potassium concentration. This prejunctional effect of neomycine is antagonized by an excess of Ca ions.
Changes in Kidney Leucine Aminopeptidase of Rats after Birth
Authors: Hopsu Väinö K. , Ruponen S.
Published: December 2008

Hopsu, V. K. and S. Ruponen. Changes in kidney leucine amino‐peptidase of rats after birth. Acta physiol. scand. 1962. 54. 111–115. – Activity of leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) was determined his‐tochemically and quantitatively in altogether 70 kidneys from fetal, young and adult rats. During the fetal time LAP concentration was low, being about one tenth of the adult values. After birth the LAP concentration increased rapidly. The 80 % level was reached during the first week, whereafter the increase was small. During the fetal time LAP was histochemically located only in some groups of tubules but after birth over the whole cortex, especially in the juxtamedullary proximal tubules. The activity of LAP seemed to be correlated with kidney function and not with the rate of kidney growth.
The Effect of Respiratory Acidosis upon the Peripheral Vascular Reactivity to Noradrenaline in the Cat
Authors: Bygdeman S. , Euler U. S. von
Published: December 2008

Bygdeman, S. and L. S. von Euler. The effect of respiratory acidosis upon the peripheral vascular reactivity to noradrenaline in the cat. Acta phvsiol. scand. 1962. 54. 138–146. ‐“The effect of inhalation of different. concentrations of carbon dioxide upon the vascular response to i.a. infusions of noradrenaline in the hind leg of the cat perfused in situ with a constant, outflow pump, using the cat's own blood, has been studied. In addition, the systemic blood pressure responses to i. v. injections of noradrenaline were recorded. The effect of noradrenaline upon the peripheral resistance was reduced by about 70 per cent in the intact animal during inhalation of 20 per cent carbon dioxide while the reduction was about 60 per cent after acute transection of the sympathetic vasomotor nerves to the vascular bed. Similar results were obtained on the systemic blood pressure responses. Thus changes in the peripheral vascular reactivity can play an important role in explaining the decreased effectiveness of i.v. noradrenaline injections on the blood pressure during respiratory acidosis.
Die Darstellung von Hämin aus kleinen Blutmengen (0.1–0.2 ml)
Authors: Forssberg Arne , Tribukait Bernhard
Published: December 2008

Forssberg, A. und B. Tribukait. Die Darstellung von Hamin aus kleinen Blutmengen (0.1–0.2 ml). Acta physiol. scand. 1962. 54. 147– 151. – A Modification of the glacial acetic acid‐acetone procedure for isolation of hemin crystals is described, allowing routine analyses of C14‐hemin‐activity in blood samples of 0.1–0.2 ml. The purity and homogenity of the isolated hemin was in good accordance with highly purified hemin as visualized from spectrophotometric and chromatographic data. Between C14‐activity and hemin concentration a strong linear correlation (r = 0.994) was found. Likewise, a strong linear correlation (r= 0.996) was found between the absorbancy of pyridine haemochromogen at 540 mμ, and 557 mμ, and the hemin concentration. Hemin samples which have been decomposed or are occasionally contaminated deviate from the linear correlation and can be discarded.
Bestimmung der Lebenszeit der nach akuter Blutung gebildeten Rattenerythrozyten (C14‐Hämin)
Authors: Forssberg Von Arne , Tribukait Bernhard
Published: December 2008

Forssberg, A. und B. Tribukait. Bestimmung der Lebenszeit der nach akuter Blutung gebildeten Rattenerythrozyten (C14‐Hamin). Acta physiol. scand. 1962. 54. 152–158. – The average life time of rat erythrocytes following an acute bleeding was found to be about 55 days, similar to that of normal animals. The rats were bled 1/3 of their blood volume by heart puncture. On the third day they were given 10 μC C14‐2‐glycine each intraperitoneally. The hemin was isolated from volumes of 0.1–0.2 ml blood drawn from the tail vein and the specific activity was computed. Simultaneously the total amount of hemin was determined following the CO method, giving the total haemin activity. The hemin of the control animals was found to retain 0.2–0.3 % of the injected activity against 0.4–0.5 % in the anemic ones. The hemin activity in both groups of animals remained on a plateau level for 40 days, and fell thereafter exponentially up to the 85th day.
Central Control of Cold Defense Mechanisms and the Release of “Endopyrogen” in the Goat
Authors: Andersen Harald T. , Andersson Bengt , Gale Charles
Published: December 2008

Andersen, H. T. B. Andersson and C. Gale. Central control of cold defense mechanisms and the release of “endopyrogen” in the goat. Acta physiol. scand. 1962. 54. 159–174. – The thermoregulatory response to cooling of the preoptic area and the anterior hypothalamus was studied. In the calm animal, used to the experimental conditions, cooling of this part of the brain stem produced shivering in a cold environment only (below 18o C) or during local stimulation of peripheral cold receptors. Peripheral vasoconstriction was, however, obtained in all experiments even in a hot environment.

Mild stress or the intravenous infusion of adrenaline and noradrenaline facilitated the shivering response to central cooling. Shivering could then be obtained also in a hot environment.

After a delay of 25 to 45 minutes central cooling under certain circumstances induced a striking hypersensitivity of the cold defense mechanisms. The phenomenon was apparently due to a release of “endopyrogen”. It thus had all the known characteristics of the action of exogenous pyrogen. Adrenal medullary hormones seemed to be involved in the activation of the “endopyrogen”.

To explain the results obtained, it is not necessary to postulate the existence of central cold receptors within the preoptic area. All observed effects which could be attributed to such neurons might as well be explained as due to an inactivation of central warm receptors.
Movements Evoked from the Region of the Caudate Nucleus in Gats
Authors: Laursen Arne Mosfeldt
Published: December 2008

Mosfeldt Laursen, A. Movements evoked from the region of the caudate nucleus in cats. Acta physiol. scand. 1962. 54. 175–184. – The caudate nucleus and adjacent structures were stimulated in alert cats with implanted electrodes. With a 14 lead multielectrode assembly thresholds could be determined successively in points known distances apart without intervening displacement of brain tissue. Contraversive head turning and circling were the only motor responses of caudate origin: they were eliminated by lesions in the caudate whereas degeneration of the internal capsule left them unaffected. Flexion of contralateral extremities previously attributed to the caudate was elicited with the lowest threshold when stimuli were applied to the internal capsule. It remained unaffected by lesions in the caudate whereas it was eliminated by degeneration of the internal capsule. Thus when flexion of contralateral extremities was obtained from lead pairs of the multilead electrode situated in the caudate the response must be assumed to be due to stimulation of the internal capsule by current spread. It is consistent with this interpretation that contraversive head turning‐circling and contralateral flexion had their lowest thresholds at different frequencies of stimulation. Lip‐smacking, salivation and other responses with vegetative components were elicited from lead pairs of the multilead electrode in the septum or by current spread from electrodes in the caudate to the septum. The results were confirmed using bipolar electrodes of conventional design.
Phosphorylase Activity of Smooth Muscle
Authors: Mohme‐Lundholm Ella
Published: December 2008

The activity of phosphorylase was studied in smooth muscle. The ratio of phosphorylaseatobwas higher in smooth than striated muscle. The total phosphorylase activity in bovine tracheal muscle was approximately 10 per cent of that in rabbit skeletal muscle. Adrenaline, which had a relaxing and glycogenolytic effect in tracheal muscle also stimulated the phosphorylase activity therein. The relaxing and the phosphorylase‐activating effects were not so closely linked, however, as to be suggestive of a causal relationship. In mesenteric arteries where adrenaline increased the tone and depressed glycogenolysis it had no demonstrable effect on the phosphorylase activity.
Vasomotor Nerve Activity and Oxygen Uptake in Skeletal Muscle of the Anesthetized Cat
Authors: Rosell Sune , Uvnäs Börje
Published: December 2008

Oxygen uptake in the skeletal muscles of cat hind legs was calculated from arterial and venous oxygen saturation and muscle blood flow. During increased blood flow due to vasodilator nerve activity the oxygen uptake declined after an initial increase. Augmented muscle blood flow due to inhibition of vasoconstrictor nerve activity led to an increased oxygen uptake. After experimental exclusion of other alternatives, it is suggested that activation of sympathetic vasodilator nerves produces an arteriolar dilatation with a shift in the pattern of flow within the postarteriolar vessels. Inhibition of vasoconstrictor nerve activity seems to dilate both arterioles and precapillary sphincters
Inhibition by Ganglionic Blocking Agents of the Motor Response of the Isolated Guinea‐Pig Vas Deferens to Hypogastric Nerve Stimulation
Authors: Sjöstrand Nils O.
Published: December 2008

The effect of nerve stimulation was studied on the isolated nerve‐vas deferens preparation from the guinea‐pig suspended in Tyrode solution to which various drugs were added. Azamethonium, hexamethonium, tetraethyl‐ammonium, lobeline and nicotine in ganglionic blocking concentrations inhibited the response to hypogastric nerve stimulation. The block caused by nicotine was generally preceded by a period of potentiation. The other substances produced inhibition without potentiation. The site of action of the ganglionic blocking agents is discussed and it is considered that they may act on 1) a synapse proper 2) chromaffin cells, or 3) “nonspecifically” on the nerve terminals
Separation of Chylomicron Lipids from Serum Lipoproteins on Hydroxyl Apatite Columns
Authors: Borgström By Bengt , Naito Chikayuki , Wlodawer Paulina
Published: December 2008

The separation of chyle lipoproteins on columns of hydroxyl apatite has been studied using phosphate buffer pH 6.9 of increasing molarity as eluent. Results obtained with lipoprotein fractions of different densities, isolated by centrifugation, indicate that 0.7 M buffer elutes lipoproteins with a density corresponding to Sf < 1,000. Lipoproteins with Sf < 1,000 cannot be eluted from the column, their lipids, however, can be recovered by eluting with chloroform/methanol. The lymph cholesterol of dietary origin is present to a larger extent in smaller size lipoprotein particles than the triglyceride fatty acids of the same origin
A Tonometer for the Recording of Tenseness Variations in the Kidney in Situ
Authors: ÅStrom A. , Samelius U. , Strandell T.
Published: December 2008

A tonometer for continuous recording of the tenseness of the kidney is described. The device has been used to measure tenseness of the kidney in situ in anaesthetized cats with intact renal arterial blood supply as well as with blood perfusion by a pump. Increase in tenseness has been produced by elevating renal venous pressure, and a decrease by partial occlusion of the arterial blood supply. In some instances intrarenal pressure measurements were made by the needle puncture technique. The factors determining kidney tenseness are discussed and it is concluded that the tonometer truly reflects intrarenal pressure which is taken as a sum of interstitial pressure and the pressure distending the veins and tubules during conditions of positive blood and urine flow. It is suggested that the tonometer may be a useful tool for further studies of the hemodynamics of the kidney.
The Effect of Estrogenic Hormones on Cell Division and Growth in Some Tissues of Mice
Authors: Pettersson Inga
Published: December 2008

— The effect of estrogens upon cell division in genital and non‐genital tissues of mice has been investigated, the non‐genital tissue in vivo as well as in vitro, the genital tissue in vivo. In the in vivo experiments an increased mitotic index depending upon an increased prophase number was observed, from what it may be concluded that there is a real mitotic activation. In the in vitro experiments it was observed that the effect of estradiol upon cell division depended upon the concentration in the medium: Low concentration caused increased mitotic activity, high concentrations, on the other hand, caused a metaphase block. A difference in response to estrogens of genital and non‐genital tissue as well as a different effect upon tissue in vivo and in vitro have been observed.
Observations on Anaphylactic and Compound 48/80‐Induced Histamine Release from Guinea‐Pig and Rat Lung Tissue in Vitro
Authors: Diamant Bertil
Published: December 2008

— The effect of oxygen lack on anaphylactic histamine release from sensitized guinea‐pig and rat lung tissue in vitro has been investigated, and found to consist of pronounced inhibition, provided that the incubation medium (phosphate buffer) was devoid of glucose. In the presence of glucose, this inhibition was overcome progressively with rising concentrations of glucose. Under oxygen, the anaphylactic histamine release from guinea‐pig lung tissue was also enhanced by the presence of glucose. By comparing anaphylactic histamine release from guinea‐pig lung tissue and Compound 48/80‐induced histamine release from rat lung tissue in glucose‐containing phosphate buffer and Tyrode solution, respectively, it has been demonstrated that pH changes produced by gassing the Tyrode solution with oxygen and nitrogen have obscured the true effect of nitrogenation in earlier investigations performed in glucose‐containing Tyrode solution.