bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Behavioral and Electrophysiological Study of Phonological Priming between Bisyllabic Spoken Words
Authors: Dumay Nicolas , Benraïss Abdelrhani , Barriol Brian , Colin Cécile , Radeau Monique , Besson Mireille
Published: July 2002

Phonological priming between bisyllabic (CV.CVC) spoken items was examined using both behavioral (reaction times, RTs) and electrophysiological (event-related potentials, ERPs) measures. Word and pseudoword targets were preceded by pseudoword primes. Different types of final phonological overlap between prime and target were compared. Critical pairs shared the last syllable, the rime or the coda, while unrelated pairs were used as controls. Participants performed a target shadowing task in Experiment 1 and a delayed lexical decision task in Experiment 2. RTs were measured in the first experiment and ERPs were recorded in the second experiment. The RT experiment was carried out under two presentation conditions. In Condition 1 both primes and targets were presented auditorily, while in Condition 2 the primes were presented visually and the targets auditorily. Priming effects were found in the unimodal condition only. RTs were fastest for syllable overlap, intermediate for rime overlap, and slowest for coda overlap and controls that did not differ from one another. ERPs were recorded under unimodal auditory presentation. ERP results showed that the amplitude of the auditory N400 component was smallest for syllable overlap, intermediate for rime overlap, and largest for coda overlap and controls that did not differ from one another. In both experiments, the priming effects were larger for word than for pseudoword targets. These results are best explained by the combined influences of nonlexical and lexical processes, and a comparison of the reported effects with those found in monosyllables suggests the involvement of rime and syllable representations.
An Image Analysis Algorithm for Dendritic Spines
Authors: Koh Ingrid Y. Y. , Lindquist W. Brent , Zito Karen , Nimchinsky Esther A. , Svoboda Karel
Published: July 2002

The structure of neuronal dendrites and their spines underlie the connectivity of neural networks. Dendrites, spines, and their dynamics are shaped by genetic programs as well as sensory experience. Dendritic structures and dynamics may therefore be important predictors of the function of neural networks.

Based on new imaging approaches and increases in the speed of computation, it has become possible to acquire large sets of high-resolution optical micrographs of neuron structure at length scales small enough to resolve spines. This advance in data acquisition has not been accompanied by comparable advances in data analysis techniques; the analysis of dendritic and spine morphology is still accomplished largely manually. In addition to being extremely time intensive, manual analysis also introduces systematic and hard-to-characterize biases. We present a geometric approach for automatically detecting and quantifying the three-dimensional structure of dendritic spines from stacks of image data acquired using laser scanning microscopy.

We present results on the measurement of dendritic spine length, volume, density, and shape classification for both static and timelapse images of dendrites of hippocampal pyramidal neurons. For spine length and density, the automated measurements in static images are compared with manual measurements. Comparisons are also made between automated and manual spine length measurements for a time-series data set. The algorithm performs well compared to a human analyzer, especially on time-series data.

Automated analysis of dendritic spine morphology will enable objective analysis of large morphological data sets. The approaches presented here are generalizable to other aspects of neuronal morphology.
A Fast and Robust Cluster Update Algorithm for Image Segmentation in Spin-Lattice Models Without Annealing—Visual Latencies Revisited
Authors: Opara Ralf , Wörgötter Florentin
Published: July 2002

Image segmentation in spin-lattice models relies on the fast and reliable assignment of correct labels to those groups of spins that represent the same object. Commonly used local spin-update algorithms are slow because in each iteration only a single spin is flipped and a careful annealing schedule has to be designed in order to avoid local minima and correctly label larger areas. Updating of complete spin clusters is more efficient, but often clusters that should represent different objects will be conjoined. In this study, we propose a cluster update algorithm that, similar to most local update algorithms, calculates an energy function and determines the probability for flipping a whole cluster of spins by the energy gain calculated for a neighborhood of the regarded cluster. The novel algorithm, called energy-based cluster update (ECU algorithm) is compared to its predecessors. A convergence proof is derived, and it is shown that the algorithm outperforms local update algorithms by far in speed and reliability. At the same time it is more robust and noise tolerant than other versions of cluster update algorithms, making annealing completely unnecessary. The reduction in computational effort achieved this way allows us to segment real images in about 1–5 sec on a regular workstation. The ECU-algorithm can recover fine details of the images, and it is to a large degree robust with respect to luminance-gradients across objects. In a final step, we introduce luminance dependent visual latencies (Opara & Wörgötter, 1996; Wörgötter, Opara, Funke, & Eysel, 1996) into the spin-lattice model. This step guarantees that only spins representing pixels with similar luminance become activated at the same time. The energy function is then computed only for the interaction of the regarded cluster with the currently active spins. This latency mechanism improves the quality of the image segmentation by another 40%. The results shown are based on the evaluation of gray-level differences. It is important to realize that all algorithmic components can be transferred easily to arbitrary image features, like disparity, texture, and motion.
Ordering of Self-Organizing Maps in Multidimensional Cases
Authors: Huang Guang-Bin , Babri Haroon A. , Li Hua-Tian
Published: July 2002

It has been proved that in one-dimensional cases, the weights of Kohonen's self-organizing maps (SOM) will become ordered with probability 1; once the weights are ordered, they cannot become disordered in future training. It is difficult to analyze Kohonen's SOMs in multidimensional cases; however, it has been conjectured that similar results seem to be obtainable in multidimensional cases. In this note, we show that in multidimensional cases, even though the weights are ordered at some time, it is possible that they become disordered in the future.
Race for Sale: Narratives of Possession in Two “Ethnic” Museums
Authors: Hilden Patricia Penn
Published: July 2002

Have the Museum for African Art and the National Museum of the American Indian, both in New York City, been able to “move the center” from Euro-America to Africa, the African diaspora, or Native America?
Denise Stoklos: The Politics of Decipherability
Authors: Taylor Diana
Published: July 2002

One of Brazil's few solo performance artists, Stoklos combines political clowning/commentary, mime, androgyny, magic, and Brechtian gestus as she explores “the ways in which gender, sexuality, power, and familial bonds pull and push in a woman's flesh.”
Digital Life Behavior in the Amoeba World
Authors: Pargellis A. N.
Published: July 2002

Amoeba is a computer model designed to facilitate the study of the origin and evolution of digital life. Specifically, an initially disordered system, consisting of random sequences of machine instructions, self-organizes into an ordered system containing self-replicating programs. The current version of Amoeba broadens the original system's capability by using a basis set of 32 machine instructions that is computationally universal. In addition, Amoeba uses a set of 64 address labels, each of which is randomly assigned to a machine instruction each time a sequence is randomly created. This eliminates the constraint that occurs when the complements of predefined codons are used for addressing. A more open-ended system results because programs can now form subroutines that are arranged in an arbitrary manner.
Reconstructing De Gaulle
Authors: Vanke Jeffrey
Published: July 2002

The responses to Andrew Moravcsik's article discuss the main substantive and methodological points raised in it. Although most of the respondents agree that Moravcsik has properly highlighted the importance of commercial concerns for de Gaulle's policy on European integration, they question the validity of his sharp separation between de Gaulle's political and economic goals for France. Several commentators argue that political and commercial concerns (including agricultural concerns) were closely intertwined in de Gaulle's vision of French grandeur. John Keeler brings up another crucial question: Was French agriculture really an obstacle to France's position in Europe? He argues that de Gaulle successfully supported and modernized French agriculture because he was convinced that this would contribute to France's geopolitical position in Europe and the Western world. In two longer commentaries, Jeffrey Vanke and Marc Trachtenberg raise questions about Moravcsik's methodology and use of sources. Both agree that Moravcsik draws on an impressive array of available materials concerning de Gaulle. But they both wonder whether a definitive account of de Gaulle's policies can be written when the documentary record is still incomplete, a point raised by the
COMPARATIVE RELIGION, TAXONOMIES AND 19TH CENTURY PHILOSOPHIES OF SCIENCE: CHANTEPIE DE LA SAUSSAYE AND TIELE
Authors: Ryba Thomas
Published: July 2002

It has been generally recognized that an important influence on the development of early phenomenologies of religion was Hegel. It is the purpose of this paper to provide a deep reading of the phenomenologies of C.P. Tiele and P.D. Chantepie de la Saussaye in order to demonstrate the extent of Hegel's influence on their thought. This demonstration proceeds deconstructively (in the Heideggerian, not the Derridean, sense) to establish (a) the questionability of each thinker's claim to represent a unitary science of religion and to show (b) the oppositions between the respective notions of taxonomy and the notions of science of religion. The paper concludes by suggesting that although both thinkers may have appropriated some Hegelian evolutionary elements, their respective conceptions of science were also influenced by the "received" view that lay behind the writings of scientific phenomenologists such as Robison, Hamilton and Whewell.
DIE REVISION DES EDOMBILDES IN NUMERI XX 14-21
Authors: Oswald Wolfgang
Published: July 2002

Num. xx 14-21 berichtet in komprimierter Weise von der Begegnung Israels mit Edom. Israel bittet Edom um die Erlaubnis zum Durchzug. Um der Bitte Nachdruck zu verleihen, spricht Israel Edom als Bruder an, stellt sich als hilfsbedürftig dar und betont mehrfach die eigene Friedfertigkeit. Trotzdem weist Edom das Ansinnen zurück und rückt gegen Israel vor. In Dtn. xxiii 2-9 werden Moab und Ammon von der Möglichkeit ausgeschlossen, in die Versammlung Yhwhs aufgenommen zu werden. Als Begründung wird genannt, sie seien den Israeliten nicht mit Brot und Wasser entgegengekommen, als sie aus Ägypten gezogen kamen. Von Edom wird dies nicht gesagt, weshalb Edomiter in der dritten Generation aufgenommen werden dürfen. Liest man Num. xx 14-21 in dieser Perspektive, ergibt sich eine massive Revision des Edombildes. Edom hat sich ebenso wie Moab und Ammon unsolidarisch verhalten und verdient daher ebenso wenig wie diese eine Aufnahme in die Versammlung Yhwhs.
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION IN BLUE TIT SONG, THE RESULT OF AN ADJUSTMENT TO VEGETATION TYPE?
Authors: Doutrelant Claire , Leitao Albertine , Giorgi Maud , Lambrechts Marcel
Published: July 2002

In birds, trill syntax (a trill is a long series of rapidly repeated identical notes) degrades more rapidly by dense vegetation than do syntax with wider spaced notes. Thus, selection might lead to avoidance of trill in dense vegetation. Blue tits (Parus caeruleus) show much geographical variation in the proportion of songs with and without trill and occupy two main types of vegetation while singing, i.e. open broad-leaved deciduous woodland before leaf development and closed evergreen woodland. Blue tit songs with trill are more common in open habitats. We hypothesised that blue tit songs with trill are sung less frequently in dense vegetation because they reduce the efficiency of communication in these types of vegetation. We degraded blue tit songs with and without trill in dense vegetation. To test if degraded songs with trill are less efficient in communication than degraded songs without trill, we presented territorial blue tits to these degraded and undegraded songs and quantified blue tits' territorial responses. Tests were carried out in two blue tit study populations situated in deciduous woodlands where individuals produce both songs with trill and without trill. Undegraded songs provoked stronger responses than degraded songs. Degraded songs with and without trill induced similar responses. These results suggest that, in dense vegetation, songs with trill are as efficient in communication in adults than songs without trill, perhaps because songs without trill degrade in a different way than do songs with trill.
Nematodes of the order Dorylaimida from Andalucía Oriental, Spain. The genus Mesodorylaimus Andrássy, 1959. III. On the identity of M. bastiani (Bütschli, 1873) Andrássy, 1959
Authors: Abolafia Joaquín , Loof Pieter A.A. , Santiago Reyes Peña
Published: July 2002

The morphology and intraspecific variability of the nematode species Mesodorylaimus bastiani (Bütschli, 1873) Andrássy, 1959 are described. In addition to type specimens, material has been examined from ten localities in south-eastern Spain and three localities in Belgium and The Netherlands. Detailed descriptions, tables of measurements and ratios, and illustrations are included. A revised diagnosis of the species is presented, being characterised by its medium sized body (L = 1.30-1.80 mm), lip region diam. 11-14 μ m and continuous or offset by a weak depression, odontostyle 13.5-16.5 μ m, V = 48-56, pars refringens vaginae with two quite close sclerotisations, female tail elongated and consisting of a conical part followed by a slender portion which tapers to an acute or finely rounded tip (75-100 μ m, c = 14-23, c′ = 3.0-4.0), spicules 39-52 μ m and eight to 11 spaced ventromedian supplements. Previous records of the species are critically discussed. Nématodes de l'ordre des Dorylaimida provenant d'Andalousie orientale, Espagne. Le genre Mesodorylaimus Andrássy, 1959. III. Sur l'identité de M. bastiani (Bütschli, 1873) Andrássy, 1959 – La morphologie et la variabilité intraspécifique chez le nématode Mesodorylaimus bastiani (Bütschli, 1873) Andrássy, 1959 sont décrites. En plus des spécimens types, a été étudié du matériel provenant de dix localités d'Espagne du sud-est et de trois localités de Belgique et des Pays Bas. Sont inclus des descriptions détaillées, des tableaux de mensurations et rapports et des illustrations. Est présentée une diagnose révisée de l'espèce qui se caractérise par: longueur moyenne du corps (L = 1.30-1.80 mm), diamètre de la région labiale de 11-14 μ m, continue ou légèrement séparée du reste du corps par une légère dépression, odontostyle long de 13,5-16,5 μ m, V = 48-56, pars refringens vaginae avec deux sclérotisations assez rapprochées, queue (femelle) allongée, la portion antérieure conique suivie par une portion plus étroite et se terminant en une extrémité pointue ou finement arrondie (75-100 μ m, c = 14-23, c′ = 3,0-4,0), des spicules long de 39-52 μ m et huit à 11 suppléments ventromédians espacés. Les signalisations antérieures de l'espèce sont discutées de manière critique.
Analysis of genes expressed in second stage juveniles of the potato cyst nematodes Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida using the expressed sequence tag approach
Authors: Popeijus Herman , Blok Vivian , Cardle Linda , Bakker Erin , Phillips Mark , Helder Johannes , Smant Geert , Jones John
Published: July 2002

Expressed sequence tag (EST) projects offer a rapid route to the discovery of
novel genes. Genes expressed in a wide range of parasitic nematodes of
medical or veterinary importance have been investigated using EST analysis
but these techniques have not yet been applied to plant parasitic nematodes.
We describe a small scale EST project using cDNA libraries made from the two
species of potato cyst nematode, Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida, and
assess the utility of this approach to identify mRNAs encoding abundantly
expressed secreted proteins and other proteins present in the nematode at
the onset of parasitism. Approximately 1000 sequences were obtained from G.
rostochiensis and 100 from G. pallida. A variety of genes was characterised
and approximately 11% of the cDNAs sequenced were apparently PCN specific.
Secreted proteins identified included a novel PCN homologue of chorismate
mutase, a cDNA recently cloned from the gland cells of Meloidogyne javanica.
The results obtained justify a much larger scale application of this
technology to these parasites. Utilisation de L'Expressed Sequence Tag pour
l'analyse de gènes s'exprimant chez les juvéniles de deuxième stade des
nématodes à kyste de la pomme de terre Globodera rostochiensis et G. pallida
- l'Expressed Sequence Tag (EST) ouvre une voie rapide vers la découverte de
nouveaux gènes. Des gènes s'exprimant chez un large éventail de nématodes
parasites d'importance médicale ou vétérinaire ont été étudiés par analyse
EST alors que cette technique n'a pas encore été appliquée aux nématodes
phytoparasites. Nous décrivons ici un projet EST à petite échelle utilisant
les banques d'ADNc constituées à partir de deux espèces de nématodes à kyste
de la pomme de terre (PCN), Globodera rostochiensis et G. pallida et nous
évaluons l'utilité de cette approche pour identifier les ARNs codant les
protéines abondamment sécrétées - et les autres protéines - présentes chez
les nématodes lors de l'attaque parasitaire. Mille séquences environ ont été
obtenues chez G. rostochiensis et 100 chez G. pallida. Des gènes variés ont
été caractérisés et environ 11% des ADNc séquencés sont apparemment
spécifiques des PCN. Parmi les protéines sécrétées identifiées figurent un
nouvel homologue PCN de la chorismate mutase ainsi qu'un ADNc récemment
cloné à partir de cellules glandulaires de Meloidogyne javanica. Les
résultats ainsi obtenus justifient une utilisation à plus grande échelle de
l'EST pour l'étude de ces parasites.
Hot-spring and supergene lanthanide mineralization at the Buru carbonatite centre, Western Kenya
Authors: Onuonga I. O. , Bowden P.
Published: July 2002

The Tertiary (22 Ma) carbonatite centre at Buru hill is located towards the eastern end of the Nyanza rift, western Kenya. As revealed by geochemistry and petrology of drill core samples, the Buru centre ranges in composition from surficial lateritized pyroclastic ferrocarbonatite to recrystallized ferruginous calciocarbonatite at depth.

Mineralogically the lateritic cover of the Buru carbonatite centre is characterized by goethite, hematite, psilomelane, baryte, fluorite with minor calcite, bastnäsite and significant amounts of monazite. A transitional middle zone consists of ferrocarbonatite grading into ferruginous calciocarbonatite containing siderite, baryte and fluorite, a greater proportion of bastnäsite replacing calcite, but lesser proportions of monazite. The lowermost zone consists of ferruginous calciocarbonatite containing intimate mixtures of siderite and calcite, with parisite and synchysite existing as major replacive components of calcite down to depths of 200 m. Synchysite appears to be the more stable form of lanthanide fluorcarbonate at depths below 150 m.

Oxygen isotope measurements on separated calcite concentrates from three of the Buru drill cores reveal significant deviations from primary igneous carbonatite values suggesting isotopic re-equilibration with meteoric water. Accepting that the African plate may have been stationery during the past 30 Ma, it is possible to use a modern sample of water from the Kenya rift to estimate the equilibration temperature at which Buru carbonatite in western Kenya has recrystallized. Temperatures of ∼60 to 90°C suggest that the hot-spring activity encouraged the formation of replacive lanthanide fluorcarbonate in ferruginous calciocarbonatite. Lanthanide enrichment also occurred closer to the surface within the pyroclastic ferrocarbonatite at temperatures of ∼40 to 60°C corresponding to waning stages of hot-spring activity. Further lanthanide enrichment redistribution and oxide formation occurred at surface supergene temperatures of ∼20 to 30°C forming the lateritized top of the carbonatite.

The wider implications from these carbonatite studies are the recognition that lanthanide enrichment can be preserved in volcanic-subvolcanic centres, and that lanthanide fluorcarbonates can replace calcite in response to circulating hot-spring waters. From a classification point of view, ferrocarbonatites should be seen as products of meteoric hydrothermal systems unrelated to carbonatite magmatic processes
The formation-dissolution-precipitation cycle of melanterite at the abandoned pyrite mine of Genna Luas in Sardinia, Italy: environmental implications
Authors: Frau F.
Published: July 2002

At the abandoned pyrite mine at Genna Luas (Sardinia, Italy), melanterite is the most environmentally important secondary phase associated with pyrite oxidation. A complete cycle, including formation on pyrite surface, dissolution in water, precipitation from water and subsequent alteration, can be observed. The oxidation of pyrite to melanterite is related mainly to the ‘intrinsic’ features of the Genna Luas pyrite, such as its cryptocrystalline pseudo-colloidal texture. During melanterite formation on pyrite there is transient storage of Fe2+, SO42- and acidity. This is controlled mainly by wetting-drying seasonal cycles. Laboratory experiments have shown that the simple dissolution of melanterite is an acidity-generating process which affects the geochemistry of water and, indirectly, contributes to the supply of the Fe3+ required for the aqueous oxidation of pyrite. According to this geochemical model, the interaction between rainwaters and ground pyritic materials accumulated in heaps generates hyperacidic saline waters (pH = 0.6; TDS = 300 g/l) with very high SO42+ contents (203 g/l), Fe2+ contents (73 g/l), Zn contents (11 g/l), and numerous potentially toxic elements. Melanterite precipitates from these waters (SIMelanterite = 0.15, calculated using PHRQPITZ software), giving rise to attractive emerald green crystal aggregates which, when exposed to air, alter to a fine white powder composed mainly of melanterite, and minor amounts of rozenite and szomolnokite.
Evidence for cross-talk between glycoprotein VI and Gi-coupled receptors during collagen-induced platelet aggregation
Authors: Nieswandt Bernhard , Bergmeier Wolfgang , Eckly Anita , Schulte Valerie , Ohlmann Philippe , Cazenave Jean-Pierre , Zirngibl Hubert , Offermanns Stefan , Gachet Christian
Published: July 2002

Collagen-induced platelet aggregation is a complex process and involves synergistic action of integrins, immunoglobulin (Ig)-like receptors, G-protein–coupled receptors and their ligands, most importantly collagen itself, thromboxane A2(TXA2), and adenosine diphosphate (ADP). The precise role of each of these receptor systems in the overall processes of activation and aggregation, however, is still poorly defined. Among the collagen receptors expressed on platelets, glycoprotein (GP) VI has been identified to play a crucial role in collagen-induced activation. GPVI is associated with the FcRγ chain, which serves as the signal transducing unit of the receptor complex. It is well known that clustering of GPVI by highly specific agonists results in platelet activation and irreversible aggregation, but it is unclear whether collagen has the same effect on the receptor. This study shows that platelets from Gαq-deficient mice, despite their severely impaired response to collagen, normally aggregate on clustering of GPVI, suggesting this not to be the principal mechanism by which collagen activates platelets. On the other hand, dimerization of GPVI by a monoclonal antibody (JAQ1), which by itself did not induce aggregation, provided a sufficient stimulus to potentiate platelet responses to Gi-coupled, but not Gq-coupled, agonists. The combination of JAQ1 and adrenaline or ADP, but not serotonin, resulted in αIIbβ3-dependent aggregation that occurred without intracellular calcium mobilization and shape change in the absence of Gαq or the P2Y1 receptor. Together, these results provide evidence for a cross-talk between (dimerized) GPVI and Gi-coupled receptors during collagen-induced platelet aggregation.
Cessation of intensive treatment with recombinant human erythropoietin is followed by secondary anemia
Authors: Piron Maude , Loo Martine , Gothot André , Tassin Françoise , Fillet Georges , Beguin Yves
Published: July 2002

Little information is available on the evolution of erythropoiesis after interruption of recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEpo) therapy. Iron-overloaded rats received 20 daily injections of rHuEpo. During treatment, reticulocytes, soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR), and hematocrit increased progressively. This was accompanied by a substantial expansion of spleen erythropoiesis but a decrease in the bone marrow. Five weeks after treatment, rats developed a significant degree of aregenerative anemia. Erythropoietic activity, as assessed by reticulocytes, sTfR, erythroid cellularity, iron incorporation into heme, and the number of erythroid colonies, was severely depressed 3 weeks after cessation of rHuEpo. This was followed by regeneration of erythroblasts and reticulocytes at weeks 6 to 7 post-Epo, but erythroid progenitors recovered only partially by that time. The anemia was definitely corrected 2 months after cessation of rHuEpo treatment. Serum Epo levels remained elevated for several weeks, but the sensitivity of marrow erythroid precursors to Epo was preserved. No rat antibodies to rHuEpo were detected, and serum from post-Epo animals did not exert any inhibitory activity on erythropoiesis. In conclusion, after cessation of intensive rHuEpo therapy, there was a strong inhibition of erythropoietic activity with secondary anemia followed by late recovery. This was not due to antibodies or other soluble inhibitory factors, a defect in endogenous Epo production, or a loss of sensitivity to Epo. This may rather represent intrinsic erythroid marrow exhaustion, mostly at the level of erythroid progenitors but also at later stages of erythropoiesis.
In vitro migratory capacity of CD34+ cells is related to hematopoietic recovery after autologous stem cell transplantation
Authors: Voermans Carlijn , Kooi Marisha L. K. , Rodenhuis Sjoerd , van der Lelie Hans , van der Schoot C. Ellen , Gerritsen Winald R.
Published: July 2002

To investigate whether the migratory ability of peripheral blood-derived CD34+ cells of patients undergoing autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation is related to the homing efficiency of these cells, the migration in vitro of these cells was determined and correlated with in vivo hematopoietic recovery. Large inter-individual differences of the in vitro migratory ability of the CD34+ cells were observed, ranging from 1.1% to 16.4% for spontaneous migration and 6.2% to 40.8% for SDF-1–induced (100 ng/mL) migration. Significantly faster hematologic recovery was observed in those patients who received transplanted CD34+cells that showed high spontaneous and SDF-1–induced migration in vitro (P < .05). Moreover, CD34+ cells from healthy G-CSF–mobilized donors exhibited significantly higher spontaneous and SDF-1–induced (P < .01) migration than CD34+ cells from patients mobilized with chemotherapy and G-CSF. The lower migratory capacity in vitro of patient-derived CD34+ cells was not due to lower expression of CXCR-4 but probably reflected decreased motogenic behavior of the cells. These results indicate that the migratory capacity of the cells is important for hematopoietic recovery. The data suggest that the engraftment potential of autologous stem cells is more or less impaired by treatment before or during the mobilization procedure and might possibly be restored by in vitro manipulation of the cells. In addition, an exponential relation between CXCR-4 expression and number of CD34+ cells that mobilized to the peripheral blood was found (P < .001), suggesting that CXCR-4 expression plays a role in the mobilization of CD34+ cells.
Stomatin, flotillin-1, and flotillin-2 are major integral proteins of erythrocyte lipid rafts
Authors: Salzer Ulrich , Prohaska Rainer
Published: July 2002

Lipid rafts are sphingolipid- and cholesterol-rich membrane microdomains that are insoluble in nonionic detergents, have a low buoyant density, and preferentially contain lipid-modified proteins, like glycosyl phosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins. The lipid rafts were isolated from human erythrocytes and major protein components were identified. Apart from the GPI-anchored proteins, the most abundant integral proteins were found to be the distantly related membrane proteins stomatin (band 7.2b), flotillin-1, and flotillin-2. Flotillins, already described as lipid raft components in neurons and caveolae-associated proteins in A498 kidney cells, have not been recognized as red cell components yet. In addition, it was shown that the major cytoskeletal proteins, spectrin, actin, band 4.1, and band 4.2, are partly associated with the lipid rafts. Stomatin and the flotillins are present as independently organized high-order oligomers, suggesting that these complexes act as separate scaffolding components at the cytoplasmic face of erythrocyte lipid rafts.
Interleukin 3 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor are not required for induction of chronic myeloid leukemia-like myeloproliferative disease in mice by BCR/ABL
Authors: Li Shaoguang , Gillessen Silke , Tomasson Michael H. , Dranoff Glenn , Gilliland D. Gary , Van Etten Richard A.
Published: July 2002

Primitive hematopoietic progenitors from some patients with Philadelphia chromosome (Ph)–positive chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) express aberrant transcripts for interleukin 3 (IL-3) and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), and exhibit autonomous proliferation in serum-free cultures that is inhibited by anti–IL-3 and anti–IL-3 receptor antibodies. Expression of the product of the Ph chromosome, the BCR/ABL oncogene, in mice by retroviral bone marrow transduction and transplantation induces CML-like leukemia, and some leukemic mice have increased circulating IL-3, and perhaps granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). These observations raise the possibility of autocrine or paracrine cytokine production in the pathogenesis of human CML. Mice with homozygous inactivation of the Il-3 gene, the Gm-csf gene, or both, were used to test the requirement for these cytokines for induction of CML-like disease by BCR/ABL. Neither IL-3 nor GM-CSF was required in donor, recipient, or both for induction of CML-like leukemia by p210 BCR/ABL. Use of novel mice deficient in both IL-3 and GM-CSF demonstrated that the lack of effect on leukemogenesis was not due to redundancy between these hematopoietic growth factors. Analysis of cytokine levels in leukemic mice where either donor or recipient was Il-3−/−indicated that the increased IL-3 originated from the recipient, suggestive of a host reaction to the disease. These results demonstrate that IL-3 and GM-CSF are not required for BCR/ABL-induced CML-like leukemia in mice and suggest that autocrine production of IL-3 does not play a role in established chronic phase CML in humans.
Methylation profiling in acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Toyota Minoru , Kopecky Kenneth J. , Toyota Mutsumi-Ohe , Jair Kam-Wing , Willman Cheryl L. , Issa Jean-Pierre J.
Published: July 2002

Aberrant methylation of multiple CpG islands has been described in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), but it is not known whether these are independent events or whether they reflect specific methylation defects in a subset of cases. To study this issue, the methylation status of 14 promoter-associated CpG islands was analyzed in 36 cases of AML previously characterized for estrogen-receptor methylation (ERM). Cases with methylation density of 10% or greater were considered positive. Seventeen cases (47%) were ERM+ while 19 cases were ERM−. Hypermethylation of any of the following,p15, p16, CACNA1G,MINT1, MINT2, MDR1,THBS1, and PTC1 (2 promoters), was relatively infrequent (6% to 31% of patients). For each of these CpG islands, the methylation density was positively correlated with ERM density (rank order correlation coefficients, 0.32-0.59; 2-tailedP ≤ .058 for each gene). Hypermethylation ofMYOD1, PITX2, GPR37, andSDC4 was frequently found in AML (47% to 64% of patients). For each of these genes as well, methylation density was positively correlated with ERM density (correlation coefficients 0.43 to 0.69, P ≤ .0087 for each gene). MLH1 was unmethylated in all cases. Hypermethylation of p15,MDR1, and SDC4 correlated with reduced levels of expression. There was an inverse correlation between age and the number of genes methylated (P = .0030). It was concluded that CpG-island methylation in AML results from methylation defects in subsets of cases. These results have potential implications for the classification and prognosis of AML and for the identification of patients who may benefit from treatment with methylation inhibitors.
CD8 T cells specific for human immunodeficiency virus, Epstein-Barr virus, and cytomegalovirus lack molecules for homing to lymphoid sites of infection
Authors: Chen Gang , Shankar Premlata , Lange Christoph , Valdez Hernan , Skolnik Paul R. , Wu Lijun , Manjunath N. , Lieberman Judy
Published: July 2002

CD8 T cells are classified as naı̈ve, effector, or memory cells on the basis of CD45RA, CD62L, and CCR7 expression. Sequential engagement of cell-surface CD62L and CCR7 receptors is required for efficient trafficking to lymphoid tissue by means of high endothelial venules. Naı̈ve CD8 T cells are CCR7+CD62L+ CD45RA+, whereas long-term memory cells are CCR7+CD62L+CD45RA−. Effector cytotoxic T cells are thought to be CCR7−CD45RA+. The distribution of CD8 subsets and cytolytic protein expression in healthy donors and donors seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) were compared. In HIV-infected subjects, CCR7− CD8 T cells expanded at the expense of naı̈ve and long-term memory cells. In both healthy donors and HIV-infected donors, CCR7+ CD8 T cells were uniformly negative for perforin. In all subsets, perforin and granzyme A were not coordinately expressed, with perforin expression being more tightly regulated. The properties of CD8 T cells specific for cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and HIV were studied by staining with major histocompatibility complex peptide tetramers. Antigen-specific cells for chronic infections with these viruses were uniformly CCR7− and predominantly CD62L−. In 2 HIV-seropositive donors, 3- to 4-fold fewer EBV-tetramer–positive cells were present in lymph nodes compared with blood. Antigen-specific CD8 T cells are therefore preferentially excluded from lymphoid sites, even when infection is primarily in lymphoid tissue. This may protect lymphoid tissues from immunopathological changes but compromise immune defense against viruses, such as HIV and EBV, that target lymphocytes. HIV-specific CD8 T cells do not express CD45RA, whereas EBV- and CMV-specific CD8 T cells are heterogeneous in CD45RA+expression. Lack of CD45RA expression may indicate incomplete differentiation of HIV-specific CD8 T cells to cytotoxic T cells.
Antiapoptotic mechanism of HIV protease inhibitors: preventing mitochondrial transmembrane potential loss
Authors: Phenix Barbara N. , Lum Julian J. , Nie Zelin , Sanchez-Dardon Jaime , Badley Andrew D.
Published: July 2002

Treatment of cells with the HIV drugs ritonavir, saquinavir, or nelfinavir (Nfv) inhibits apoptosis induced by a variety of stimuli. Because these drugs are protease inhibitors, they have been postulated to inhibit apoptosis by blocking caspase activity. This study shows that Nfv has no effect on caspase activity or on the transcription or synthesis of a variety of apoptosis regulatory molecules. Instead, Nfv inhibits mitochondrial transmembrane potential loss (Δψm) and the subsequent release of apoptotic mediators. Consequently, the antiapoptotic effects of Nfv are restricted to apoptotic pathways that involve Δψm.
Deregulation of the expression of the fractalkine/fractalkine receptor complex in HIV-1–infected patients
Authors: Foussat Arnaud , Bouchet-Delbos Laurence , Berrebi Dominique , Durand-Gasselin Ingrid , Coulomb-L'Hermine Aurore , Krzysiek Roman , Galanaud Pierre , Levy Yves , Emilie Dominique
Published: July 2002

Fractalkine is the only member of the CX3C chemokine family. Polymorphism of the fractalkine receptor gene may influence the prognosis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, but the nature of the cells expressing fractalkine or its receptor in HIV-infected patients remains unknown. We show that, in contrast to HIV-uninfected individuals, a large number of cells expressed fractalkine in T-cell zones of lymph nodes from HIV-infected patients. CD83+ mature and CD123+ plasmacytoid dendritic cells as well as plasma cells are involved in this increased expression of fractalkine. Increased numbers of plasmacytoid dendritic cells and plasma cells were present in T-cell zones of HIV-infected patients. CD83+ dendritic cells were present in similar number in HIV-infected patients and controls, but an increased fraction of these cells produced fractalkine in HIV-infected patients. Many plasma cells in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue from HIV-infected patients also produced fractalkine, whereas few cells produced fractalkine in the gut of controls. The fraction of CD45RO+ and CD45RO− T helper (Th) cells expressing the fractalkine receptor CX3CR1 was higher in HIV-infected patients than in healthy individuals, and these cells were abnormally sensitive to fractalkine stimulation. This increased response correlated with HIV viremia, and it returned to normal levels in patients successfully treated with antiretroviral drugs. The increased expression of the fractalkine/fractalkine receptor complex associated with HIV infection may affect adhesion and migration of Th lymphocytes and their interaction with dendritic cells. Thus, it may influence the equilibrium between depletion and renewal of the Th lymphocyte compartment.
Efficacy and safety of thalidomide in patients with acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Steins Martin B. , Padró Teresa , Bieker Ralf , Ruiz Sandra , Kropff Martin , Kienast Joachim , Kessler Torsten , Buechner Thomas , Berdel Wolfgang E. , Mesters Rolf M.
Published: July 2002

Emerging data suggest an involvement of angiogenesis in the pathophysiology of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Thus, antiangiogenic therapy could constitute a novel strategy for the treatment of AML. To test this hypothesis, a phase I/II dose-escalating trial was performed to study the safety and efficacy of thalidomide, a putative inhibitor of angiogenesis, in 20 patients with AML. Thirteen patients were assessable for both toxicity and response, tolerating a maximum dose of 200 to 400 mg daily for at least 1 month. Seven patients had to be prematurely withdrawn from drug administration owing to progressive disease and death (3 patients), personal decision (2 patients), or inability to tolerate thalidomide (2 patients). Overall, adverse events were fatigue, constipation, rash, and neuropathy (grade 1 to 2 in most patients). In 4 patients, a partial response, defined as reduction of at least 50% in the blast cell infiltration of the bone marrow accompanied by increases in platelet counts and hemoglobin values, was observed. One additional patient showed a hematologic improvement without fulfilling the criteria of a partial response. The responses lasted a median of 3 months (range, 1-8 months). In parallel, microvessel densities significantly decreased in these 5 patients during treatment with thalidomide (P < .05). This decrease was accompanied by declining plasma levels of basic fibroblast growth factor, one of the most potent angiogenic growth factors. In conclusion, single-agent thalidomide has antiangiogenic and antileukemic activity in AML, although a causal relationship between both effects has still to be proven.
A hierarchical physical model-based approach to predictive control of a thermal power plant for ef”cient plant-wide disturbance rejection
Authors: Prasad G. , Irwin G. W. , Swidenbank E. , Hogg B. W.
Published: July 2002

Extending the work presented in Prasad et al. (IEEE Proceedings on Control Theory and Applications, 147, 523-37, 2000), this paper reports a hierarchical nonlinear physical model-based control strategy to account for the problems arising due to complex dynamics of drum level and governor valve, and demonstrates its effectiveness in plant-wide disturbance handling. The strategy incorporates a two-level control structure consisting of lower-level conventional PI regulators and a higher-level nonlinear physical model predictive controller (NPMPC) for mainly set-point manoeuvring. The lower-level PI loops help stabilise the unstable drum-boiler dynamics and allow faster governor valve action for power and grid-frequency regulation. The higher-level NPMPC provides an optimal load demand (or set-point) transition by effective handling of plant-wide interactions and system disturbances. The strategy has been tested in a simulation of a 200-MW oil-fired power plant at Ballylumford in Northern Ireland. A novel approach is devized to test the disturbance rejection capability in severe operating conditions. Low frequency disturbances were created by making random changes in radiation heat ‘ow on the boiler-side, while condenser vacuum was ‘uctuating in a random fashion on the turbine side. In order to simulate high-frequency disturbances, pulse-type load disturbances were made to strike at instants which are not an integral multiple of the NPMPC sampling period. Impressive results have been obtained during both types of system disturbances and extremely high rates of load changes, right across the operating range. These results compared favourably with those from a conventional state-space generalized predictive control (GPC) method designed under similar conditions.
Classroom instruction for children with Landau-Kleffner Syndrome
Authors: Van Slyke Patricia A
Published: July 2002

Children with Landau-Kleffner Syndrome (LKS), a rare form of acquired childhood aphasia characterized by abnormal epileptiform activity in the speech cortex, present specific challenges to maximize language recovery and learning in the classroom. Two post surgical and two pharmacologically treated children with LKS were followed. Successful instructional methods were documented, as well as changes in language functioning.
The oxygen debt during routine cardiac surgery: illusion or reality?
Authors: Ganushchak Y M , Maessen J G , de Jong D S
Published: July 2002

Background: Patients undergoing cardiac surgery with the use of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) are often thought to have tissue hypoxia and intraoperative oxygen debt accumulation despite the lack of sufficient data to support this assumption.

Methods and results: Oxygen uptake and related parameters, including the plasma lactate and pyruvate concentrations, were studied during the peri-operative period in a group of 15 consecutive patients who underwent coronary artery bypass graft surgery. The actual oxygen uptake (VO2) and delivery (DO2) were compared with the individual expected (computed) oxygen transport values. The mean values of DO2 and VO2were in the range of the expected values. Our results demonstrate a leading role for body temperature in perioperative changes of oxygen consumption rate ( r2 = 0.65, p< 0.001). Plasma lactate and pyruvate did not exceed the physiological range in any patient. However, with initiation of CPB, the lactate to pyruvate (LA/PVA) ratio increased (from 9.87± 2.43 at T1 to 12.08± 1.51 at T2, p< 0.05). The mean value of the LA/PVA ratio was elevated during surgery. Later, upon lowering of the plasma lactate concentration in the postoperative period, the LA/PVA ratio decreased to normal values. Without any other evidence of hypoxia, this increase in the LA/PVA ratio could be explained by washout of lactate from previously hypoperfused tissues and intraoperative decrease of lactate clearance.

Conclusion: Systemic oxygenation was not impaired during CPB, or during 18 h after surgery in the studied group of patients.
High risk of intraoperative awareness during cardiopulmonary bypass with isoflurane administration via diffusion membrane oxygenators
Authors: Philipp Alois , Wiesenack Christoph , Behr Renate , Schmid Franz X , Birnbaum Dietrich E
Published: July 2002

In cardiac surgery with the aid of extracorporeal circulation (ECC), inhalation anaesthetics can be administered via the oxygenator. Until the recent advent of a new type of diffusion membrane oxygenator, we routinely added the inhalation agent, isoflurane, to the gas flow of a micro-porous capillary membrane-type oxygenator. Applying this procedure to the diffusion-type oxygenators, the depth of anaesthesia appeared to be affected, which manifested itself through unusually high intraoperative perfusion pressures. This observation led to a prospective randomized study comprising 60 patients and two models of a microporous capillary membrane oxygenator, as well as two models of a diffusion membrane oxygenator. Simultaneous isoflurane concentration measurements at both the gas inlet and outlet ports of the oxygenators showed that, whereas in the microporous capillary-type oxygenators the isoflurane administered was reduced by about 50% during the passage of gas through the device, there was only a minimal transfer of isoflurane in the diffusion-type membrane oxygenators.
Renal effects of cardiopulmonary bypass in the elderly
Authors: Dehne Marius G , Sablotzki Armin , Mühling Jörg , Dehne Karl-Lorenz , Röhrig Rainer , Hempelmann Gunter
Published: July 2002

Cardiopulmonary bypass is widely believed to be injurious to renal function. The unknown consequences of renal dysfunction with modern techniques of bypass in the elderly caused us to examine creatinine clearance and the excretion of sensitive marker proteins in older adult patients undergoing CABG. Thirty male patients were divided into three groups: group I with an age up to 60 years, group II with an age between 61 and 70 years, inclusive and group III 71 years and over. Serum creatinine and urea, creatinine clearance, and α1-micro-globulin (α1-MG), N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), Tamm -Horsfall protein (TH) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) were all measured daily, pre- and postoperatively. Creatinine clearance remained lower in the older patients without significant differences. Raised excretion rates of α1-MG, and IgG were seen after CPB. The increase in α1- MG and NAG during the postoperative period revealed tubular damage in all elderly patients. Measurements of α1-MG, NAG and IgG represent useful supplements to standard clinical tests for recognizing early and differentiated changes in renal function.