bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fatal falls overboard on commercial fishing vessels in Alaska
Authors: Lucas Devin L. , Lincoln Jennifer M.
Published: October 2007

Background

Falls overboard are a major contributor to commercial fishing fatalities in Alaska. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health has repeatedly identified falls overboard as a critical issue in commercial fishing safety. This article describes the problem of falls overboard and discusses possible ways to reduce the risk factors.

Methods

Data from the Alaska Occupational Injury Surveillance System on fatal falls overboard in Alaska between 1990 and 2005 were used. An in‐depth descriptive analysis of these fatalities was performed to identify areas for intervention.

Results

There were 71 fatal falls overboard on commercial fishing vessels in Alaska during the 16‐year time period. Falls overboard did not decline significantly during those years. The most common circumstances associated with falling overboard were working with fishing gear, being alone on deck, losing balance or slipping, heavy weather, gear entanglement, and alcohol. The level of involvement of those circumstances varied by region and gear type.

Many fatal falls overboard may be prevented by understanding the circumstances involved and targeting interventions at those specific risk factors. Interventions include creating more enclosed work spaces, managing lines, avoiding fishing alone, wearing personal flotation devices and man overboard alarms, and reducing alcohol use. Subsequent research should identify further interventions for each circumstance and evaluate the effectiveness of these interventions with the fishing industry. Am. J. Ind. Med. 50:962–968, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Diagnostic utility of array‐based comparative genomic hybridization in a clinical setting
Authors: Baris Hagit N. , Tan Wen‐Hann , Kimonis Virginia E. , Irons Mira B.
Published: October 2007

Array‐based comparative genomic hybridization is a recently introduced technique for the detection of submicroscopic genomic imbalances (deletions or duplications) across the entire genome. To assess the potential utility of a widely available array‐based comparative genomic hybridization platform that targets specific, clinically relevant, loci across the genome for cytogenetic diagnosis in a clinical setting, we reviewed the medical records of all 373 patients at Children's Hospital Boston who had normal chromosomal analysis and were tested with this targeted array‐based comparative genomic hybridization over a 1‐year period from November 1, 2004 to October 31, 2005. These patients were tested because of a suspicion of chromosomal abnormalities based on their clinical presentation. Thirty‐six patients (9.7%) had abnormal array‐based comparative genomic hybridization results. Twenty patients (5.4%) had potentially pathogenetic genomic imbalances and 16 patients (4.3%) had copy number variations that are not believed to be pathogenetic. Thirteen of 234 patients (5.6%) with mental retardation/global developmental delay, 10/114 patients (8.8%) with facial dysmorphism, 5/58 patients (8.6%) with multiple congenital anomalies, and 4/35 patients (11.4%) with both facial dysmorphism and multiple congenital anomalies had potentially pathogenetic genomic imbalances. Targeted array‐based comparative genomic hybridization is a clinically available test that is useful in the evaluation of patients suspected of having chromosomal disorders. However, it is best used as an adjunct to chromosomal analysis when a clear genetic diagnosis is unavailable. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chromosome 2q37 deletion: Clinical and molecular aspects
Authors: Falk Rena E. , Casas Kari A.
Published: October 2007

Terminal deletions of chromosome 2 with breakpoints at or within band 2q37, ranging from visible abnormalities to cryptic, subtelomeric deletions, have been recognized with increasing frequency among children with mild‐moderate mental retardation, characteristic facial appearance, and behavioral manifestations which often place them on the autism spectrum. The stereotypic facial characteristics include prominent forehead, thin, highly arched eyebrows, depressed nasal bridge, full cheeks, deficient nasal alae and prominent columella, thin upper lip, and various minor anomalies of the pinnae. Abnormal nipples, including inverted nipples, have been reported in a number of cases. CNS, ocular, cardiac, gastrointestinal, renal, and other GU anomalies have been noted in nearly one‐third of patients. Of note, coarctation or hypoplasia of the aorta has been described in several affected children. Wilms tumor, renal dysplasia, and tracheomalacia have been reported only with the most proximal breakpoint at band 2q37.1 while a range of GI anomalies, pyloric stenosis, and diaphragmatic defects have been reported with breakpoints throughout the region. A subset of patients with the most distal deletion present phenotypic features which mimic Albright hereditary osteodystrophy (AHO). In addition to the AHO‐like phenotype, later onset findings include seizures and cystic kidneys. Timely diagnosis of this recognizable syndrome provides a basis for genetic counseling, appropriate surveillance, and intervention, and avoids unnecessary and expensive diagnostic testing. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Simultaneously improved toughness and dielectric properties of epoxy/core‐shell particle blends
Authors: Wan Weitao , Yu Demei , He Jian , Xie Yunchuan , Huang Longbiao , Guo Xiusheng
Published: October 2007

Epoxy/core‐shell particle blends were prepared using a diglycidylether of bisphenol A epoxy and acrylics‐type core‐shell particles. The impact strength of the blends was tested, and the result showed that the epoxy was greatly toughened with optimum core‐shell particle content. Meanwhile, the dielectric properties of both epoxy and its blends were investigated using a broadband dielectric analyzer. It was found that the dielectric constant of the epoxy blends with lower core‐shell particle content were less than that of the epoxy in the investigated frequency range, while the dielectric loss was less than that of the neat epoxy over a low frequency range, even for the epoxy blends with the optimum core‐shell particle content. The dielectric breakdown strength of the epoxy blends at room and cryogenic temperature were also investigated. To identify the primary relationship of the above properties and structure of the epoxy blends, the microstructure of the core‐shell particle and the morphology of the samples were observed by transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. It was considered that these epoxy/core‐shell particle blends with improved toughness and desirable dielectric properties could have a potential application in the insulation of electronic packaging system. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2008
Influence of diazo pigment on polycarbonate photodegradation
Authors: Saron Clodoaldo , Felisberti Maria Isabel , Zulli Fabio , Giordano Marco
Published: October 2007

The photostability of polymeric systems can be extensively affected by the presence of dyes and pigments. Achromatic pigments such as carbon black are known as effective stabilizers for polymers, while pigments such as those based on metals oxides may accelerate photodegradation in polymers. Despite innumerous studies addressed to achromatic pigments, the effects and action mechanisms of chromatic pigments on polymer stability are not well established. In this work, an effective photostabilizer action on polycarbonate was verified by the incorporation of a red diazo type condensation pigment. This pigment was incorporated into polycarbonate in an extruder at a concentration of 1 wt %. Injection molded specimens of this material were submitted to photochemical aging following the recommendations of ASTM G‐53. The nonaged and aged specimens were characterized by mechanical testing, infrared spectroscopy, UV/visible absorption and fluorescence spectroscopies, and electron spin resonance. The absorption of the UV radiation by the pigment and subsequent quenching by the internal conversion energy process is the probable stabilization mechanism involved in this polymeric system. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2008
The need for clear and comparable terminology in benthic ecology. Part I. Ecological concepts
Authors: Dauvin Jean‐Claude , Bellan Gerard , Bellan‐Santini Denise
Published: September 2007

This note highlights problems with the definition and use of terminology in the field of benthic ecology, and compares the French classification with the UK and EUNIS classifications. These problems stem partly from language‐related difficulties, particularly the translation from English to French and vice versa, but also from the incoherence of certain typologies used in EU classifications and Directives.

The boundaries used by legislators and developers take neither ecological constraints nor environmental parameters into account. Most often, these boundaries are set using distances or depths that have no basis in the distribution of benthic species.

Retaining the definition of ‘étage’ that was proposed by Pérès (1961) is recommended, and the following classification hierarchy is proposed: supralittoral, mediolittoral, infralittoral with an upper littoral fringe, circalittoral with distinct coastal circalittoral and open circalittoral zones, bathyal, abyssal and hadal.

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rapid invasion of a subtropical lake fishery in central Mozambique by Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Pisces: Cichlidae)
Authors: Weyl Olaf L.F.
Published: September 2007

Lake Chicamba, Mozambique (19°08′S; 33°08′E) is a large (116 km2) impoundment in the headwaters of the Buzi River system, which was invaded by Oreochromis niloticus in 1996 from a small (<0.3 km2) upstream reservoir.

Experimental and artisanal catch data showed no O. niloticus until January 1996; after this O. niloticus was recorded in up to 83% of experimental seine net catches, 33% of experimental gill net catches, 43% of boat angling and 23% of shore angling catches, and in 48% of artisanal gill net catches.

During the period January to March 1997, O. niloticus mean (upper, lower 95% confidence interval) yields in the artisanal fishery were 5.2 (3.6, 7.0) t month−1.

The rapid invasion of this lake illustrates the significant invasion threat that small point‐sources of this species pose to southern African freshwater systems.

The study recommends: (1) that this species should not be used for aquaculture or fisheries enhancement in catchments that have not been invaded, and (2) that the eradication of potential point sources of O. niloticus in non‐invaded catchment systems should be considered.

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Need for a systemic theory of classification in information science
Authors: Karamuftuoglu Murat
Published: September 2007

In the article, the author aims to clarify some of the issues surrounding the discussion regarding the usefulness of a substantive classification theory in information science (IS) by means of a broad perspective. By utilizing a concrete example from the High Accuracy Retrieval from Documents (HARD) track of a Text REtrieval Conference (TREC), the author suggests that the “bag of words” approach to information retrieval (IR) and techniques such as relevance feedback have significant limitations in expressing and resolving complex user information needs. He argues that a comprehensive analysis of information needs involves explicating often‐implicit assumptions made by the authors of scholarly documents, as well as everyday texts such as news articles. He also argues that progress in IS can be furthered by developing general theories that are applicable to multiple domains. The concrete example of application of the domain‐analytic approach to subject analysis in IS to the aesthetic evaluation of works of information arts is used to support this argument.
Applying successive H indices in the institutional evaluation: A case study
Authors: Arencibia‐Jorge Ricardo , Barrios‐Almaguer Ismaray , Fernández‐Hernández Sandra , Carvajal‐Espino Rachel
Published: September 2007

The present work shows the applying of successive H indices in the evaluation of a scientific institution, using the researcher–department–institution hierarchy as level of aggregation. The scientific production covered by the Web of Science of the researcher's staff from the Cuban National Scientific Research Center, during the period 2001–2005, was studied. The Hirsch index (h‐index; J.E. Hirsch, 2005) was employed to calculate the individual performance of the staff, using the g‐index created by Leo Egghe (2006) and the A‐index developed by Jin Bi‐Hui (2006) as complementary indicators. The successive H indices proposed by András Schubert (2007) were used to determine the scientific performance of each department as well as the general performance of the institution. The possible advantages of the method for the institutional evaluation processes were exposed.
FE‐Methoden zur Bestimmung der Lage des Schubmittelpunktes dünnwandiger Querschnitte
Authors: Kindmann Rolf , Kraus Matthias
Published: October 2007

Die Lage des Schubmittelpunktes kann mit verschiedenen Bedingungen bzw. Methoden bestimmt werden. Da die Berechnung bei komplexen Querschnitten, die aus vielen Teil en oder Hohlzellen bestehen, sehr aufwendig ist, bietet sich die Finite‐Elemente‐Methode (FEM) als Lösungsmethode an. Es wird gezeigt, dass die Berechnungen in analoger Weise wie bei der Untersuchung von Stabtragwerken mit der FEM erfolgen können.
Short‐term involuntary examination of older adults in Florida
Authors: Christy Annette , Bond Jennifer , Young M. Scott
Published: September 2007

The elder population continues to grow rapidly in many countries. Florida's elder population is growing faster than most states', with over one‐quarter of the Florida population projected to be aged 65 and over by 2025. Involuntary examination (i.e. emergency commitment) under a state's civil commitment law is one means by which older adults experience assessment for acute mental health care. In Florida, the civil commitment law permits the involuntary examination of an individual for up to 72 hours to determine whether the person meets standards for involuntary treatment. From calendar year 2001 through 2005, there were 531,091 involuntary examinations in Florida for 301,886 people of all ages. Thirteen percent were 60 years and older at the time of their examination. The purpose of this paper is to describe the characteristics of older adults subject to involuntary examination and the nature of their examinations. While these data permit a number of inferences, there is an expansive area of research and policy analysis that remains untapped and would permit better understanding of how older adults experience such examinations. These research and policy issues will also be discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Buffering Dissociation/Formation Reaction of Biogenic Calcium Carbonate
Authors: Ichikawa Kazuhiko
Published: October 2007

The oscillating stability of coral reef seawater pH has been maintained at around physiological pH values over the past 300 years (Pelejero et al., 2005). The stability mechanism of its pH has been interpreted in terms of the buffering dissolution/formation reaction of CaCO3 as well as the proton consumption/generation reaction in CaCO3‐saturated water. Here the pH‐dependent solubility product [HCO3−][Ca2+] has been derived on the basis of the actual pH‐dependent reactions for the atmospheric CO2/CO2 (aq.)/HCO3−/CO32−/Ca2+/CaCO3 system. Overbasic pH peaks appeared between pH≈8 and ≈9.5 during sodium hydroxide titration, as a result of simultaneous CaCO3 formation and proton generation. The spontaneous and prompt water pH recovery from the acidic to the physiological range has been confirmed by the observation of acid/base time evolution, because of simultaneous CaCO3 dissolution and proton consumption. The dissolution/formation of CaCO3 in water at pH 7.5–9 does not take place without a proton consumption/generation reaction, or a buffering chemical reaction of HCO3−+Ca2+⇄CaCO3+H+. SEM images of the CaCO3 fragments showed that the acid water ate away at the CaCO3 formed at physiological pH values. Natural coral reefs can thus recover the physiological pH levels of seawater from the acidic range through partial dissolution of their own skeletons.
Synthesis of Eight‐ and Star‐Shaped Poly(ε‐caprolactone)s and Their Amphiphilic Derivatives
Authors: Li Haiying , Riva Raphaël , Kricheldorf Hans R. , Jérôme Robert , Lecomte Philippe
Published: September 2007

Spirocyclic tin dialkoxides are unique initiators for the ring‐expansion polymerization of lactones leading to complex, but well‐defined macromolecular architectures. In a first example, ε‐caprolactone (εCL) was polymerized, followed by the resumption of polymerization of a mixture of εCL and εCL α‐substituted by a chloride (αClεCL), so leading to “living” eight‐shaped chains. Upon hydrolysis of the alkoxides, a four‐arm star‐shaped copolyester was formed, whose each arm was grafted by conversion of the chloride units into azides, followed by the Huisgen's [3+2] cycloaddition of alkyne end‐capped poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) onto the azide substituents. The complexity of this novel amphiphilic architecture was increased further by substituting the four‐arm interconnecting PCL by an eight‐shaped PCL. In a preliminary step, εCL was polymerized followed by a few units of εCL α‐substituted by an acrylate. The intramolecular photo‐crosslinking of the acrylates adjacent to the tin dialkoxides was effective in stabilizing the eight‐shaped polyester while preserving the chain growth sites. This quite unusual tetrafunctional macroinitiator was used to copolymerize εCL and αClεCL, followed by hydrolysis of the alkoxides, conversion of the chloride units into azides and grafting of the four arms by PEO (see above). This architecture reported for the very first time is nothing but a symmetrical four‐tail eight‐shaped copolyester macromolecule.
Self‐Assemblies Based on [Cp2Mo2(CO)4(μ,η2‐P2)]—Solid‐State Structure and Dynamic Behaviour in Solution
Authors: Scheer Manfred , Gregoriades Laurence J. , Zabel Manfred , Bai Junfeng , Krossing Ingo , Brunklaus Gunther , Eckert Hellmut
Published: September 2007

Reaction of complex [Cp2Mo2(CO)4(μ,η2‐P2)] (Cp=C5H5 (1)) with CuPF6, AgX (X=BF4, ClO4, PF6, SbF6, Al{OC(CF3)3}4) and [(Ph3P)Au(THF)][PF6] (THF=tetrahydrofuran), respectively, results in the facile formation of the dimers 3 b–h of the general formula [M2({Cp2Mo2 (CO)4(μ,η2:η2‐P2)}2)({Cp2Mo2(CO)4 (μ,η2:η1:η1‐P2)}2)][X]2 (M=Cu, Ag, Au; X=BF4, ClO4, PF6, SbF6, Al{OC(CF3)3}4). As revealed by X‐ray crystallography, all these dimers comprise dicationic moieties that are well‐separated from the weakly coordinating anions in the solid state. If 1 is allowed to react with AgNO2 and LAuCl (L=CO or tetrahydrothiophene), respectively, the dimer [Ag2{Cp2Mo2 (CO)4(μ,η2:η1:η1‐P2)}2(η2‐NO2)2] (5) and the complex [AuCl{Cp2Mo2(CO)4(μ,η2:η1‐P2)}] (6) are formed, which have also been characterised by X‐ray crystallography. In compounds 5 and 6, the anions remain coordinated to the Group 11 metal centres. Spectroscopic data suggest that the dimers 3 b–h display dynamic behaviour in solution and this is discussed by using the comprehensive results obtained for 3 g (M=Ag; X=Al{OC(CF3)3}4) as a basis. The interpretation of the experimental results is facilitated by density functional theory (DFT) calculations on 3 g (structures, energetics, NMR shielding tensors). The 31P magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR spectra recorded for the dimers 3 b (M=Cu; X=PF6) and 3c (M=Ag; X=BF4) as well as that of the previously reported one‐dimensional (1 D) polymer [Ag2{Cp2Mo2(CO)4(μ,η2:η1:η1‐P2)}3(μ,η1:η1‐NO3)]n[NO3]n (4) are also discussed herein and the strong dependence of the chemical shift of the phosphorus atoms within each compound on subtle structural differences in the solid state is demonstrated. Furthermore, the X‐ray crystallographic and 31P MAS NMR spectroscopic characterisation of a new polymorph of 1 is reported.
Pathobiology of small invasive breast cancers without metastases (T1a/b, N0, M0)
Authors: Fisher Edwin R. , Costantino Joseph P. , Leon Marino E. , Bandos Hanna , Palekar Alka S. , Fisher Bernard , Wolmark Norman
Published: September 2007

BACKGROUND.

Uncertainties continue to exist concerning the outcomes and management of small (T1a/b N0 M0) invasive breast cancers.

METHODS.

A central pathology review was performed of 638 such lesions from National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP) clinical trial B‐21.

RESULTS.

Univariate analysis revealed a high risk for ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence with tumors exhibiting a ductal carcinoma in situ component or poor nuclear grade. The converse (protective effect) was found with tumors arising in radial scars, those of tubular histologic type, and those with moderate/marked tumor stroma. The correlations were generally similar for disease‐free survival. However, only nuclear grade was found to be independently significant for both of these outcomes. Only lymphatic tumor extension was univariately and multivariately significant for overall survival.

CONCLUSIONS.

The long‐term results of follow‐up (median, 11.2 years) from the current trial continue to support the need for local breast irradiation and adjuvant therapy in the management of patients with these small cancers. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Methodology for modelling SPMD hybrid parallel computation
Authors: Liebrock L. M. , Goudy S. P.
Published: October 2007

This research defines and analyzes a methodology for deriving a performance model for SPMD hybrid parallel applications. Hybrid parallelism combines shared memory and message passing computing models.

This work extends the current practice of application performance modelling by development of a methodology for hybrid applications with these procedures.

Creation of a model based on complexity analysis of an application code and its data structures.

Enhancement of a static complexity model by dynamic factors to capture execution time phenomena, such as memory hierarchy effects.

Quantitative analysis of model characteristics and the effects of perturbations in measured parameters.

These research results are presented in the context of a hybrid parallel implementation of a sparse linear algebra kernel. A model for this kernel is derived and analyzed using the methodology. Application of the model on two large parallel computing platforms provides case studies for the methodology. Operating system issues, machine balance factor, and memory hierarchy effects on model accuracy are examined. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Strategies for Measurements of Pseudocontact Shifts in Protein NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: John Michael , Otting Gottfried
Published: October 2007

Paramagnetic metal ions bound to proteins generate a dipolar field that can be accurately probed by pseudocontact shifts (PCS) displayed by the protein’s nuclear spins. PCS are highly useful for determining the coordinates of individual spins in the molecule and for rapid structure determinations of entire protein–protein and protein–ligand complexes. However, PCS measurements require reliable resonance assignments for the molecule in its paramagnetic state and in a diamagnetic reference state. This article discusses different approaches for pairwise resonance assignments, with emphasis on a strategy which exploits chemical exchange between the two states.
Ras/PI3Kinase/cofilin‐independent activation of human CD45RA+ and CD45RO+ T cells by superagonistic CD28 stimulation
Authors: Sester Urban , Wabnitz Guido H. , Kirchgessner Henning , Samstag Yvonne
Published: September 2007

T cell activation requires costimulation of TCR/CD3 plus accessory receptors (e.g. CD28). A hallmark of costimulation is the dynamic reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton, important for receptor polarization in the immunological synapse. The classical model of T cell costimulation was challenged by the detection of superagonistic anti‐CD28 antibodies. These induce T cell proliferation and – as demonstrated here – production of IFN‐γ, CD25 and CD69 even in the absence of TCR/CD3 coligation. Here, we analyzed whether superagonistic CD28 stimulation induces costimulatory signaling events. Costimulation leads to phosphorylation of the actin‐bundling protein L‐plastin and dephosphorylation of the actin‐reorganizing protein cofilin. Cofilin binds to F‐actin only in its dephosphorylated form. Binding of cofilin to F‐actin leads to depolymerization or severing of F‐actin. The latter ends up in smaller F‐actin fragments, which can be elongated at the free barbed ends. This results in enhanced actin polymerization. Dephosphorylation of cofilin requires activation of Ras and PI3Kinase. Interestingly, superagonistic CD28 stimulation activates human peripheral blood T cells independently of Ras and PI3Kinase. Accordingly, it does not lead to cofilin dephosphorylation and receptor polarization. Likewise, L‐plastin is not phosphorylated. Thus, superagonistic CD28 stimulation does not mimic costimulation. Instead, it leads to a Ras/PI3Kinase/cofilin‐independent state of “unpolarized T cell activation”.
Four primordial immunoglobulin light chain isotypes, including λ and κ, identified in the most primitive living jawed vertebrates
Authors: Criscitiello Michael F. , Flajnik Martin F.
Published: September 2007

The discovery of a fourth immunoglobulin (Ig) light (L) chain isotype in sharks has revealed the origins and natural history of all vertebrate L chains. Phylogenetic comparisons have established orthology between this new shark L chain and the unique Xenopus L chain isotype σ. More importantly, inclusion of this new L chain family in phylogenetic analyses showed that all vertebrate L chains can be categorized into four ancestral clans originating prior to the emergence of cartilaginous fish: one restricted to elasmobranchs (σ‐cart/type I), one found in all cold‐blooded vertebrates (σ/teleost type 2/elasmobranch type IV), one in all groups except bony fish (λ/elasmobranch type II), and one in all groups except birds (κ/elasmobranch type III/teleost type 1 and 3). All four of these primordial L chain isotypes (σ, σ‐cart, λ and κ) have maintained separate V region identities since their emergence at least 450 million years ago, suggestive of an ancient physiological distinction of the L chains. We suggest that, based upon unique, discrete sizes of complementarity determining regions 1 and 2 and other features of the V region sequences, the different L chain isotypes arose to provide different functional conformations in the Ig binding site when they pair with heavy chains.
Olefin Complexes of Low‐Valent Rhenium
Authors: Choualeb Aldjia , Blacque Olivier , Schmalle Helmut W. , Fox Thomas , Hiltebrand Thomas , Berke Heinz
Published: October 2007

Replacement of the MeCN group in the acetonitrile‐cis‐dibromo(nitrosyl)‐trans‐bis(phosphane)rhenium compounds 1a,b (R = iPr a, R = Cy b) with ethylene afforded the olefin derivatives [Re(η2‐H2C=CH2)(NO)(PR3)2Br2] (2a,b) (R = iPr a, R = Cy b). Compound 1a could be converted into the dimethyl species [Re(MeCN)(NO)(PiPr3)2Me2] (3a) applying MeLi in toluene; the related methylation of 1b, however, failed. Abstraction of a Br– ion from 1a,b with [Na][BAr′4] in acetontrile yields the air‐stable salts [Re(MeCN)2(NO)(PR3)2Br]+[BAr′4]– (4a,b) (R = iPr a, R = Cy b) and under 1 bar of H2 complexes 1a,b were converted into the known dihydrogen species [Re(η2‐H2)(NO)(PR3)2(Br)2] (5a,b) (R = iPr a, R = Cy b). Reduction of [Re(MeCN)(NO)(PR3)2Br2] (1a,b) with Na/Hg under 1 bar of C2H4 afforded the butadiene complex [Re(η4‐C4H6)(η2‐H2C=CH2)(NO)(PR3)2] (6a,b) (R = iPr a, R = Cy b) via oxidative coupling of two coordinated ethylene groups followed by double β‐H shift and subsequent reductive H2 elimination from the formed dihydride complex. Reduction of the complexes [Re(CO)(NO)(PR3)2Cl2] (7a,b) (R = iPr a, R = Cy b) with Na/Hg yields the pentacoordinate species [Re(CO)(NO)(PR3)2(η2‐H2C=CH2)] (8a,b) (R = iPr a, R = Cy b) under the same conditions as for 6a,b. Reaction of 8a with 1 equiv. of B(C6F5)3 leads to the [Re(CO)2{NOB(C6F5)3}(PiPr3)2] compound (9a) and to the carbonyl nitrosyl complexes [Re(CO)2(NO)(PiPr3)2] (10a) with evolution of ethylene. The same reaction of 8a and 8b, but applying 1 bar of CO, leads to exclusive formation of 9a,b. Complexes 4a, 4b, 6b, 8a, 9a, and 9b were characterized by X‐ray diffraction studies.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Decomposition Cascades of Dicoordinate Copper(I) Chalcogenides
Authors: Jacobsen Heiko , Fink Mark J.
Published: October 2007

Cu–E, Si–E, and Cu–P bond energies of R3PCuESiR3 and CuESiR3 complexes (E = O, S, Se) have been investigated using PBE density‐functional calculations, and including empirical corrections for dispersive interactions (DFT‐D). The bond energies have been used to investigate likely pathways of molecular decomposition. The energy profile for thermal decomposition is to a large degree independent of the nature of the phosphane ligands and silyl groups. Oxides, sulfides, and selenides have qualitatively the same thermal decomposition profile. Thermal decomposition is not likely to produce copper chalcogenide units CuE, but elemental copper Cu instead. Consideration of intermolecular van der Waals attraction suggests that the linear geometry of system tBu3PCuOSiPh3 as found in the crystal is most likely due to crystal packing and intermolecular forces.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Specific Recognition of Disaccharides in Water by an Artificial Bicyclic Carbohydrate Receptor (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 30/2007)
Authors: Reenberg Theis , Nyberg Nils , Duus Jens Ø. , van Dongen Joost L. J. , Meldal Morten
Published: October 2007

The cover picture shows the artificial molecular recognition of cellobiose in an aqueous environment. The complex depicted forms from an organo‐peptidic receptor composed of a bicyclic peptide containing a naphthalene bridge and the disaccharide cellobiose. The complex was analyzed by 2D NMR spectroscopy, and the changes in the chemical shift observed upon receptor titration (shown for 1‐H of the naphthalene ring) with cellobiose is in agreement with the structure of the complex. The largest shifts were observed for those receptor protons in immediate contact with the saccharide. The formation of the complex measured by ESI‐MS at increasing collision energies is shown in the stacked plot inset and can be performed as a high throughput screening (HTS) of carbohydrate–receptor interaction. Details are discussed in the article by M. Meldal et al. on p. 5003 ff.
Electromigration of a heteroconjugated imidazole–acetate complex in ACN
Authors: Porras Simo P. , Jussila Matti
Published: September 2007

ACN is an extremely poor hydrogen bond donor and therefore the anions dissolved in it are solvated mainly by other hydrogen bond donors (e.g. uncharged acids) possibly present in the solution. Under properly selected experimental conditions stabilization via hydrogen bonding can be used for separation in CE as has been demonstrated for uncharged acids by several authors. Electromigration based on heteroconjugation can be of importance, e.g. when aqueous separation medium cannot be used due to stability reasons. It also allows CE to be used as a tool for solution chemistry measurements, if the required physicochemical properties of the studied system are known or they can be predicted with sufficient accuracy by existing theories. In the present work we showed that also an uncharged base can stabilize an anion via hydrogen bonding in ACN. In the setup imidazole was chosen as a model base and acetate ion as complexing anion in equimolar acetic acid‐acetate buffer. The resulted hydrogen‐bonded imidazole–acetate complex (i.e. heteroconjugate) possesses a charge and can thus migrate in CE. It was shown that the studied complexation in ACN is sensitive to competition by other hydrogen bond donors such as water and methanol. On the other hand, acetone, which is a poor hydrogen bond donor, did not have much effect on the complexation. To take the effect of ionic strength on mobility into account, mobilities of the imidazole–acetate complex measured at various ionic strengths were corrected to zero ionic strength by the aid of conductivity equation. A fit of the 1:1 binding isotherm to the ionic strength corrected mobility versus acetate concentration data led to rather good correlation. However, x‐reciprocal linear transformation of the binding isotherm showed nonlinearity, which could be partly explained by homoconjugation of acetic acid and acetate ion. Since the homoconjugation constant for acetic acid under present experimental conditions was not available, theoretical simulations were used to demonstrate the effects of homoconjugation. The possibility of multiple complexation of imidazole was discussed as well.
Seismic analysis of two‐way asymmetric building systems under bi‐directional seismic ground motions
Authors: Lin Jui‐Liang , Tsai Keh‐Chyuan
Published: September 2007

An approximation approach of seismic analysis of two‐way asymmetric building systems under bi‐directional seismic ground motions is proposed. The procedures of uncoupled modal response history analysis (UMRHA) are extended to two‐way asymmetric buildings simultaneously excited by two horizontal components of ground motion. Constructing the relationships of two‐way base shears versus two‐way roof translations and base torque versus roof rotation in ADRS format for a two‐way asymmetric building, each modal pushover curve bifurcates into three curves in an inelastic state. A three‐degree‐of‐freedom (3DOF) modal stick is developed to simulate the modal pushover curve with the stated bifurcating characteristic. It requires the calculation of the synthetic earthquake and angle β. It is confirmed that the 3DOF modal stick is consistent with single‐degree‐of‐freedom modal stick in an elastic state. A two‐way asymmetric three‐story building was analyzed by UMRHA procedure incorporating the proposed 3DOF modal sticks. The analytical results are compared with those obtained from nonlinear response history analysis. It is shown that the 3DOF modal sticks are more rational and effective in dealing with the assessment of two‐way asymmetric building systems under two‐directional seismic ground motions. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spectral filtering as a method of visualising and removing striped artefacts in digital elevation data
Authors: Arrell Katherine , Wise Steve , Wood Jo , Donoghue Danny
Published: September 2007

Spectral filtering was compared with traditional mean spatial filters to assess their ability to identify and remove striped artefacts in digital elevation data. The techniques were applied to two datasets: a 100 m contour derived digital elevation model (DEM) of southern Norway and a 2 m LiDAR DSM of the Lake District, UK. Both datasets contained diagonal data artefacts that were found to propagate into subsequent terrain analysis. Spectral filtering used fast Fourier transformation (FFT) frequency data to identify these data artefacts in both datasets. These were removed from the data by applying a cut filter, prior to the inverse transform. Spectral filtering showed considerable advantages over mean spatial filters, when both the absolute and spatial distribution of elevation changes made were examined. Elevation changes from the spectral filtering were restricted to frequencies removed by the cut filter, were small in magnitude and consequently avoided any global smoothing. Spectral filtering was found to avoid the smoothing of kernel based data editing, and provided a more informative measure of data artefacts present in the FFT frequency domain. Artefacts were found to be heterogeneous through the surfaces, a result of their strong correlations with spatially autocorrelated variables: landcover and landsurface geometry. Spectral filtering performed better on the 100 m DEM, where signal and artefact were clearly distinguishable in the frequency data. Spectrally filtered digital elevation datasets were found to provide a superior and more precise representation of the landsurface and be a more appropriate dataset for any subsequent geomorphological applications. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sub‐micromolar increase in [Ca2+]i triggers delayed exocytosis of ATP in cultured astrocytes
Authors: Pryazhnikov Evgeny , Khiroug Leonard
Published: October 2007

Astrocytes release a variety of transmitter molecules, which mediate communication between glial cells in the brain and modulate synaptic transmission. ATP is a major glia‐derived transmitter, but the mechanisms and kinetics of ATP release from astrocytes remain largely unknown. Here, we combined epifluorescence and total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy to monitor individual quinacrine‐loaded ATP‐containing vesicles undergoing exocytosis in cultured astrocytes. In resting cells, vesicles exhibited three‐dimensional motility, spontaneous docking and release at low rate. Extracellular ATP application induced a Ca2+‐dependent increase in the rate of exocytosis, which persisted for several minutes. Using UV flash photolysis of caged Ca2+, the threshold [Ca2+]i for ATP exocytosis was found to be ∼350 nM. Subthreshold [Ca2+]i transients predominantly induced vesicle docking at plasma membrane without subsequent release. ATP exocytosis triggered either by purinergic stimulation or by Ca2+ uncaging occurred after a substantial delay ranging from tens to hundreds of seconds, with only ∼4% of release occurring during the first 30 s. The time course of the cargo release from vesicles had two peaks centered on ≤10 s and 60 s. These results demonstrate that: (1) [Ca2+]i elevations in cultured astrocytes trigger docking and release of ATP‐containing vesicles; (2) vesicle docking and release have different Ca2+ thresholds; (3) ATP exocytosis is delayed by several minutes and highly asynchronous; (4) two populations of ATP‐containing vesicles with distinct (fast and slow) time course of cargo release exist in cultured astrocytes. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Factors associated with antidepressant use in depressed and non‐depressed community‐dwelling elderly: the three‐city study
Authors: Soudry Agnès , Dufouil Carole , Ritchie Karen , Dartigues Jean‐François , Tzourio Christophe , Alpérovitch Annick
Published: October 2007

Objectives

The aim of this study was to identify factors associated with antidepressant use in non‐depressed and depressed elderly persons, assuming that they varied according to clinical status.

Methods

We studied 7,868 French community‐dwelling subjects aged 65 years and over. The Center for Epidemiological Studies‐Depression scale and the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview were used to define three groups: non‐depressed, high depressive symptoms and current major depressive disorder. Separate analyses were performed to identify the factors which were associated with antidepressant use in each group.

Results

Antidepressant use (55% selective serotonin re‐uptake inhibitors, 25% tricyclic antidepressants, 20% other types) increased from 4.9% in non‐depressed subjects to 17.3% in subjects with high depressive symptoms (HDS) and 33.6% of in those with current major depressive disorder (MDD). The factors associated with antidepressant use varied according to depression status. In particular, men with current MDD were more often treated with antidepressants than women whereas, in both the HDS and the non‐depressed groups, antidepressant use was, as has been observed elsewhere, more frequent in women. Gender also had a strong modifying effect on the relationship between antidepressant use and history of major depression. Finally, the direction of the association between antidepressant use and cognitive performance varied according to depression status.

Conclusions

This study showed that the direction and strength of the association between antidepressant use and demographic and health‐related factors varied according to the severity of depression symptoms. Further studies are needed to clarify the relationship between gender and cognition and antidepressant use. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Patterns and predictors of medication compliance, diversion, and misuse in adult prescribed methylphenidate users
Authors: Darredeau Christine , Barrett Sean P. , Jardin Bianca , Pihl Robert O.
Published: October 2007

Objectives

To examine patterns and predictors of medication compliance, diversion, and misuse in a sample of adults with prescriptions for the stimulant medication methylphenidate (MPH).

Methods

Sixty‐six adults currently prescribed MPH (53% male) completed structured interviews and provided details regarding their medication and other substance use histories.

Results

On average, participants reported using their medication as prescribed on 14.5 (SD 11.7) of the past 30 days; 44% admitted to diverting it and 29% admitted to inappropriate use. While analyses revealed that medication misuse, diversion, and level of compliance were interrelated and all associated with concurrent illicit substance use, each also had other distinct associations. Specifically, MPH misuse was associated with the use of illicit stimulants such as amphetamine and cocaine, diversion with age and age of MPH prescription, and compliance with participation in an attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) support group. Regression analyses revealed that misuse and poor compliance were both best predicted by concurrent illicit substance use, while the model that best predicted diversion included age of first MPH prescription (younger) and MPH misuse.

Conclusions

Poor medication compliance, diversion, and misuse are relatively common and interrelated among adult MPH users. MPH prescriptions should be monitored closely in individuals with histories of illicit substance use. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A spatial analysis of hydro‐climatic and vegetation condition trends in the Yellow River basin
Authors: Tang Qiuhong , Oki Taikan , Kanae Shinjiro , Hu Heping
Published: October 2007

Stream‐gauge data indicate that the flow of the Yellow River has declined during the past several decades. Zero flow in sections of the river channel, i.e. the Yellow River drying‐up phenomenon, has occurred since the 1970s. In this paper we present an analysis of changes in the spatial patterns of climatic and vegetation condition data in the Yellow River basin based on data from meteorological stations and satellites. The climatic data are from 1960 to 2000 and the vegetation condition data are from 1982 to 2000. The angular‐distance‐weighted interpolation method is used to get climatic data coverage from station observations. The spatial distribution of tendency is detected with Student's t‐test. The spatial patterns of climatic and vegetation condition change was analysed together with the statistical data on human activities. The analysis indicates that the precipitation decreases and temperature increases in most parts of the Yellow River basin, the evaporative demand of the atmosphere decreases in the upper reaches and increases in the lower reaches, and human activities have improved the vegetation condition in the irrigation districts. The Loess Plateau, the Tibetan Plateau, and the irrigation districts are respectively suggested as precipitation, temperature, and human activity hot spots of the Yellow River drying‐up phenomenon. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of multivariate analysis to suspended matter particle size distribution in a karst aquifer
Authors: Fournier M. , Massei N. , Mahler B. J. , Bakalowicz M. , Dupont J. P.
Published: October 2007

Numerous quantitative and qualitative variables control suspended sediment dynamics in karst systems. The objective of this study was to identify the hydrodynamic variables controlling the transport properties of particles in a karst aquifer (western Paris basin). The particle size distribution of suspended sediment infiltrating via a swallow hole was compared to that in discharge from a spring, allowing identification of the particle transport properties of the karst system. Hill and Smith analysis, a type of multivariate analysis that allows joint examination of quantitative and qualitative variables, was used to identify the hydrodynamic parameters controlling the transport properties of the suspended matter. The results demonstrate that the particle size distribution discharging at the karst spring is controlled by spring discharge and the hydraulic gradient of the system. The hydraulic gradient is defined by the piezometric level and the stage of the Seine River, which is in turn controlled by the tide. This study illustrates the use of Hill and Smith analysis to identify those variables which control suspended sediment transport. It also illustrates the application of this analysis to identify boundary conditions and evaluate variables which control the behaviour of the hydrologic system. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Control of silicon species released from poly(lactic acid)‐polysiloxane hybrid membranes
Authors: Maeda Hirotaka , Kasuga Toshihiro
Published: September 2007

Novel hybrid membranes consisting of poly(L‐lactic acid) (PLLA), aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES), and calcium carbonates were prepared for bioresorbable guided bone regeneration. A molecular chain of PLLA was bonded at the end of an organic chain in APTES through the amide bond formed between carboxy‐groups in PLLA and amino‐groups in ATPES. As a result, the hybrid membrane was formed. The PLLA in the membrane was an amorphous phase. By heating the membrane at 100°C for 1 h, the PLLA in the membrane crystallized and some organic chains in APTES and amide bonds decomposed. Moreover, numerous pores of 0.5–1 μm in diameter were newly formed at the surface. When the membranes before and after heat treatment were soaked in simulated body fluid, the amount of silicon species in SBF released from the membrane after heat treatment was higher than that before heat treatment. A test of osteoblast‐like cellular proliferation on the membrane showed that the membrane after heat treatment has much higher cell‐proliferation ability than that before heat treatment. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2008
Impact of pore size on the vascularization and osseointegration of ceramic bone substitutes in vivo
Authors: Klenke Frank M. , Liu Yuelian , Yuan Huipin , Hunziker Ernst B. , Siebenrock Klaus A. , Hofstetter Willy
Published: September 2007

The repair of bone defects with biomaterials depends on a sufficient vascularization of the implantation site. We analyzed the effect of pore size on the vascularization and osseointegration of biphasic calcium phosphate particles, which were implanted into critical‐sized cranial defects in Balb/c mice. Dense particles and particles with pore sizes in the ranges 40–70, 70–140, 140–210, and 210–280 μm were tested (n = 6 animals per group). Angiogenesis, vascularization, and leukocyte–endothelium interactions were monitored for 28 days by intravital microscopy. The formation of new bone and the bone–interface contact (BIC) were determined histomorphometrically. Twenty‐eight days after implantation, the functional capillary density was significantly higher with ceramic particles whose pore sizes exceeded 140 μm [140–210 μm: 6.6 (±0.8) mm/mm2; 210–280 μm: 7.3 (±0.6) mm/mm2] than with those whose pore sizes were lesser than 140 μm [40–70 μm: 5.3 (±0.4) mm/mm2; 70–140 μm: 5.6 (±0.3) mm/mm2] or with dense particles [5.7 (±0.8) mm/mm2]. The volume of newly‐formed bone deposited within the implants increased as the pore size increased [40–70 μm: 0.07 (±0.02) mm3; 70–140 μm: 0.10 (±0.06) mm3; 140–210 μm: 0.13 (±0.05) mm3; 210–280 μm: 0.15 (±0.06) mm3]. Similar results were observed for the BIC. The data demonstrates pore size to be a critical parameter governing the dynamic processes of vascularization and osseointegration of bone substitutes. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2008