bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Young people’s views on drug education in schools: implications for health promotion and health education
Authors: Orme Judy , Starkey Fenella
Published: July 2002

Government policy places strong emphasis on the value of school‐based drug education, and offers guidelines around the development of appropriate drug education. This paper is based on research conducted with 575 young people via a questionnaire survey which sought to obtain their views on what constitutes effective drug education. Findings included strong support from young people for school‐based drug education; suggested roles for parents, ex‐drug users, friends and youth workers in drug education; a desire for clear facts about drugs and drug use in order to enable young people to make informed decisions; support for the use of interactive teaching methods; and the need for drug education to start in primary school. These findings highlight the potential value of involving young people in the development of drug education in order to ensure maximum engagement in and learning from school‐based drug education programmes.
Issues for the New Zealand health curriculum
Authors: Scratchley Margaret J.
Published: July 2002

In 1993 the Ministry of Education in New Zealand identified health education, jointly with physical education, as one of the seven essential learning areas of the country’s national curriculum. This article takes a critical look at some of the emerging issues during the construction and implementation of the new curriculum. Consultation is one of the vital ingredients for successful curriculum construction. It might reasonably be assumed that the views and opinions of children and young people would be sought, and that their issues and concerns might be taken into account during the process. Indications are that this does not happen; this article addresses the question of whose knowledge and what knowledge counts. The new curriculum identifies health with physical education as a single learning area. The author considers that it would be more suitable to position health with social studies, as the two subject areas have more complementary similarities between goals, processes and content.
A multi‐level approach to community‐focused training in drug education: part I working with parents, governors and school staff
Authors: Boddington Nick , Perry David , Clements Ian , Wetton Noreen , McWhirter Jenny
Published: July 2002

Recent advice suggests that single‐level, single‐strand interventions are less effective in preventing or reducing harm from drug misuse than multi‐level multi‐agency approaches. This paper describes one aspect of a community‐focused initiative in drug education. The overall aim of the initiative was to support and train key adults within the community to implement locally relevant schemes of work and drug‐related policies. In this paper we describe the training offered to parents, school staff and governors in communities in Essex. A second paper will describe the intensive in‐service training for health education co‐ordinators and the action research carried out by teachers which led to the development of a minimum entitlement curriculum for three different communities within the same county. We offer this combination of research, training and development as a new approach to drug prevention in local communities.
The use of derivatives by insurance companies
Authors: Mariathasan Joseph
Published: July 2002

Explains that derivatives sellers see insurance companies, because of their representation of some of the biggest financial groups, as a prime target worldwide. Goes on to show the part played by insurance companies using derivates. States that there are only 3 areas where options, generally, can be used in the context of investment management for the insurance companies: use by individual fund managers of stock options; transformation of wholesale products into retail products; and the use of options at balance sheet level. Summarizes that large insurance companies need to fit use of equity and bond derivatives within understandable policies.
Liquidity and the markets
Authors: Jones Ross
Published: July 2002

Discusses a talk given by Ross Jones at the UK Asset and Liability Management Association about the effect globalization is having on the increased lack of financial controls. Looks at the history of liquidation and how it was achieved. Further investigates IT and the markets and how they have changed under technology’s influence – but that it should be used properly to add value. Wonders whether in the future there will be only one settlement and clearing system for the whole world!
Planning your total career and life portfolio – part II: a group process experience for developing personal and career focus – a case study
Authors: Zajas Jay J.
Published: July 2002

Provides a case study of a group process experience for personal
growth and career development. A small group of adults meets under the
supervision of their leader and co‐leader for the purpose of improving
their interpersonal communication, personal growth, and career
development perspective. This personal growth adult group completes
several structured readiness, interviewing, and learning activities to
assist its members to achieve their individual contract goals. Members
prepare a detailed autobiography to target their original life scripts
and themes. Scripts are then revised using a number of self‐assessment
and group psychotherapy interventions. In a non‐threatening, open
atmosphere, each member is encouraged to reach for greater personal
growth or career development. Presents evaluative comments and format
suggestions from an outside observer′s perspective.
The Library Association′s new Training Guides Series: an
introduction by the series editor
Authors: Baker David
Published: July 2002

Written by the series editor, gives an historical overview of the
Library Training Guides Series, of which the eighth series has just been
published. There is a subject‐based description of the evolvement of the
series followed by Dr Baker′s own comment on the series.
Library science curriculum
Authors: Morales Estela
Published: July 2002

Centres attention on the curriculum and through this reflects on
several aspects related to librarianship as a discipline, and the
different approaches which have been part of it in the past, present and
perhaps even in the future. Challenges of librarianship as a discipline
are put forth in the context of universal knowledge as well as its role
in university studies. Devotes attention to the relationships between
research and teaching and emphasizes postgraduate learning, research and
theory, also touching on its interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary
aspects. Places the discipline of librarianship where it rightly
belongs, as part of university curricula and continuing education
programmes. Finally analyses the influence of the US school on the
Mexican curriculum as well as its relationship with the Mexican
education system.
Total Quality Management – The Solution to More Training in
Britain?
Authors: Patel Anoop , Randell Gerry
Published: July 2002

Total quality management has become an important issue in many public
and private sector organizations. This may provide hope that training
may be taken seriously in Britain, Many organizations’ competitiveness
is seriously damaged by the lack of training, even though many experts
advocate comprehensive training to be the foundation on which essential
improvement programmes should be built. A survey of small/medium‐sized
manufacturing firms in the North of England showed that attitude to
training has been short‐sighted and only a small percentage of firms
have adopted a total quality management strategy within their
organizations. Fully explores the survey results.
TQM, Customer/Supplier Relations and Human Resource Management
Authors: Beaumont P.B. , Hunter L.C. , Sinclair D.M.
Published: July 2002

Examines a Japanese‐owned customer organization in Britain which has
adopted Kaizen (continuous improvement) programmes in order to discover
what effect this has had on the internal organization of its suppliers.
With a particular interest in HRM and workforce training, uses a
questionnaire and case studies to illuminate the changes made in
supplier organizations and the mechanisms which support these
developments. The evidence suggests that 63 per cent of supplier
organizations studied have made changes, with the leading changes being
made in the areas of quality management and workforce training as they
have become more open to examination by the customer organization and
with the increased emphasis on quality. Concludes that increasing
adoption of Kaizen or TQM by customer organizations has implications for
personnel and HRM functions in supplier organizations, and that the
traditionally self‐contained boundaries of companies will become less
rigid.
The need for quality cultures
Authors: Bowen Phillip W.
Published: July 2002

Discusses training, development and quality cultures in organizations. Contends that deskilling the workforce in order to improve efficiency and productivity is at odds with creating a quality culture. Explains why a quality culture is important and how one may be achieved.
Making mentoring work
Authors: Tabbron Alison , Macaulay Steve , Cook Sarah
Published: July 2002

Suggests that formal mentoring schemes are on the increase in response to the rapid pace of change and the need for people to network in lean delayered organizations. Defines mentoring as a one‐to‐one process of helping individuals to learn and develop and takes a longer‐term perspective which focuses on the person’s career and their development. Reviews the experience of best practice organizations using mentoring and draws on a feasibility survey of managers in a 10,000 strong global engineering company. Typical problem areas are that expectations and objectives may be misunderstood, the formal framework may not fit the culture and it can be hard to find suitable mentors. Discusses the strengths of mentoring, some of the pitfalls, and factors which help to make mentoring work effectively. Asserts that you should be clear what you want out of mentoring, communicate thoroughly, carefully tailor the programme to the needs of participants and the culture, train the mentor and set up evaluation and review methods.
Tackling programme specification at Leeds Metropolitan University
Authors: Shaw Malcolm
Published: July 2002

This article shows how an external policy imperative can be assimilated into the process of managing change within a university. It describes a project‐based approach to develop an understanding of the practical implications and use of programme specifications. It identifies a number of generic issues that will need to be addressed if the opportunities provided by programme specifications are to be fully exploited but concludes that there are benefits for institutions, academics and the users of programme specification information.
Creating programme specifications for different audiences
Authors: Harrison Margaret
Published: July 2002

This article takes as its starting point the notion that information has to be customised for different user groups and shows how different types of programme specification might be created for different audiences. It describes three types of programme specification: a template version written for an academic audience; free format version written for a student audience; and a summary statement written for an employer audience. It also examines the potential for linking programme specification details to online course admission profiles. It concludes that programme specification has the potential to be a valuable aid to communication between academics, students and employers.
Making the benchmarks explicit through programme specification
Authors: Jackson Norman , Parks Geoff , Harrison Margaret , Stebbings Chantal
Published: July 2002

The article introduces the concept of benchmarking as a referencing process to support self‐regulation of quality and outcome standards in higher education programmes. It examines the potential for exploiting the product of programme specification to explain which institutional and external reference points or benchmarks have been used to inform the design of programmes. It provides practitioner commentary on the process of benchmarking based on the worked examples provided in the Quality Assurance Agency guidelines for preparing programme specifications and offers an emergent practice model. It concludes by identifying key development issues that will need to be addressed.
Programme specifications for multidisciplinary programmes: the BA Arts and Social Sciences Pass Degree, University of Strathclyde
Authors: Ellis Mark
Published: July 2002

This article considers the issue of programme specification in the context of a faculty‐based multidisciplinary programme. It argues for the creation and articulation of a multidisciplinary programme specification for the BA Arts and Social Sciences Pass Degree (Levels 1‐3) and subject‐based programme specification for each subject within the degree programme covering all four Levels in the Scottish Credit and Qualifications Framework. It describes the structure of a multidisciplinary programme specification and considers the issues it will raise.
Releasing trapped thinking in colleges. Part 2: managing innovation and building innovation into ordinary work
Authors: Carroll Donal
Published: July 2002

Suggests that, in order to meet the challenges of the Learning and Skills Council, post‐compulsory education and training organisations need to develop a new organisational culture which is more open, informing and entrusting. Following on from the first part of the paper, dealing mainly with creative problem‐solving techniques at a more structural level, this second, and final, part deals with more systematic organisational ways of using creative ideas and approaches to manage innovation. Some examples of the benefits and outcomes of this approach are given along with an organisational “primer” for managing innovation.
Quality assurance issues for a PhD by published work: a case study
Authors: Wilson Keith
Published: July 2002

Describes a number of quality assurance issues relating to the award of the degree of PhD on the basis of published work by the University of Hertfordshire which arose over a nine‐year period between 1992 and 2001. Emphasises the importance of ensuring that the academic standards associated with the award of a PhD on the basis of published work are identical with those established for the traditional route to a PhD based on an approved programme of supervised research, and that the quality assurance procedures for the two routes are as similar as possible. Concludes with the view that there are quality assurance arguments for the two routes to a PhD to be merged into a single set of regulations which allow doctoral theses to be an integral mix of published and unpublished research outcomes.
McGraw‐Hill/London House studies the human side of TQM
Authors: Logan Linda R.
Published: July 2002

Based on the interview with Dr Jeff Jolton, discussing study
results at the 1995 Annual Quality Congress. Categorizes characteristics
of quality, and details which organizations find which characteristics
important. Concludes that the customer is the key to a company′s
success.
Teacher empowerment and the implementation of school‐based reform
Authors: Heck Ronald H. , Brandon Paul R.
Published: July 2002

As increasing concern has been given to reshaping teaching and learning processes in schools, empowering teachers has become an important means of implementing school reform. The focus of this research was to investigate how the purposeful reform of school decision‐making responsibilities affects teacher participation and leadership in selecting critical needs to address during the school improvement process. Results indicate that involvement in the process of setting up decision making and selecting the content of school needs affect teachers′ agreement with selected needs. Teacher expertise and leadership opportunities were found to affect their participation in school decision making. Discusses results in terms of their implications for school reform.
K‐12 education for empowerment: beyond the mental/manual divide to
a US technician class?
Authors: Hanson Lee
Published: July 2002

Empowering the American economy requires creating a world‐class
K‐12 (primary and secondary) education system, because K‐12 is where
youth learn the skills essential to empowered work. However, the USA
must not just equal the K‐12 standards set by Germany and Japan. Because
70 percent of future jobs will not require a four‐year college degree,
the USA must remake its economic‐occupational structure to create a
“technician class” offering high‐skill, high‐wage, socially
esteemed jobs that operate in close conjunction with college‐educated
professional‐managerial workers. A technician class will provide a focus
for K‐12 reform that does not presently exist in the USA.
Fostering an environment of employee contribution to increase commitment and motivation
Authors: Lloyd Geoffrey C.
Published: July 2002

Describes the success of the British Gas employee suggestion scheme, championed by the chief executive as the vehicle which has enabled the company’s change process to take place. Relates how the organizational change in British Gas will allow it to concentrate its activities on any one of a number of distinct business units. Each business unit will also have its own suggestion scheme, appropriate to its needs, values, beliefs, and business objectives. The delayering of the management hierarchy will give fewer levels of reporting within the new structure, with greater responsibility pushed down to field operatives who will report to a first‐line manager. The empowerment of lower‐echelon managers will enable the company to speed up the communication process between the management levels, which is good news for the future design and operation of the company suggestion scheme. Provides advice for companies thinking of implementing similar schemes.
“Water buffaloes get bewitched”: observations of a participatory rural appraisal training workshop
Authors: Hogan Christine
Published: July 2002

Villages and communities are complex learning organizations. Since 1988, villagers in the south (third world) have been encouraged through participatory rural appraisal (PRA) techniques to take responsibility for analyzing their own issues and develop action plans. PRA represents an empowering approach whereby the villagers become the teachers, their ideas and data are collected visually by facilitators. Villagers analyze their own problems and chose the changes and change strategies they want. The developments in this field have taken place in Africa, Asia and Latin America and now consultants from these areas are visiting the so‐called “developed world” to teach us these participatory techniques, many of which are transferable to urban and organizational settings. Aims to describe observations of a “train the facilitator” course rub by Nepalese for Nepalese Government workers who will work with villagers.
Empowerment and rewards: a case study
Authors: Born Leontine , Molleman Eric
Published: July 2002

Focusses on the implications of empowerment for rewards and the way in which reward systems can support empowerment. Finds some support for this idea and works out the relation between empowerment and rewards somewhat further, while also observing some limitations. Describes two additional pay systems which proved useful in supporting empowerment ‐ one which focussed on the potential of the individual worker and could reward his/her multifunctionality; and another which could be directed to the performance of the team.
Dynamics of the relationship between product features, quality evaluation, and pricing
Authors: Yoon Eunsang , Kijewski Valerie
Published: July 2002

Examines the relationship between a product’s features, the consumer’s quality evaluation, and the marketer’s pricing in the context of a dynamic product/market environment. Estimates a simultaneous system model using two‐stage‐least‐squares regression on Consumer Reports data of three high‐technology consumer durables which have shared common product/market characteristics but reached different levels of household ownership in the late 1980s. The results of pairwise correlation and 2SLS regression analyses revealed that the associations between prices and quality evaluations were insignificant, but the associations between product features and prices or between product features and quality evaluations, varied across the three product categories at their different levels of market penetration. As a product’s customer base widens or the consumer’s knowledge and experience with the product accumulates, the significant association of marketer’s prices changes from “with the product’s feature availability” to “with the consumers’ experience‐in‐use advantages,” while the significant association of consumers’ quality evaluations changes from “with the consumers’ experience‐in‐use advantages” to “with the consumers’ experience‐in‐use disadvantages.” The empirical results, however, suggest no relationship between the marketer’s pricing of a product and the Consumer Reports’ overall quality evaluations on the product.
Gaining sustainable competitive advantage through strategic pricing: selecting a perceived value price
Authors: Thompson Kenneth N. , Coe Barbara J.
Published: July 2002

Sustainable competitive advantage is recognized as a critical factor for survival in the turbulent environments of the 1990s. The limited use of pricing as a strategic tool to gain and hold competitive advantage has created an opportunity for companies willing to redesign their competitive portfolios and go with unorthodox strategy mixes. Proposes an approach to value pricing that can be used to seize and drive competitive advantage, and which yields a price that minimizes the risk that buyers will not perceive value at least equivalent to that provided by a reference product. At the same time, the risk to sellers of not achieving minimum margins is controlled. Suggests that this approach enhances the ability of management to develop dynamic and proactive strategies for pricing.
A cointegration analysis of demand: implications for pricing
Authors: Misra Sanjog R. , Trivedi Minakshi
Published: July 2002

The use of modeling and statistics for the design and development of pricing strategy is prevalent in academia as well as the industry. One of the more commonly used tools by researchers and managers alike for the estimation of linear demand models is the ordinary least squares (OLS) regression. Unfortunately, a majority of data sets to which such models are applied suffer from nonstationarity ‐ that is, the dependence of a variable on its prior values ‐ thereby violating the assumptions of a basic (naïve) regression model. Estimates of variables under these conditions are known commonly to be inflated and inaccurate. While this problem is well‐known and can be corrected for among statisticians and econometricians, a simple and effective tool has not yet been designed for managers ‐ the actual users of such models. Studies some of the problems encountered when using a naïve model and proposes a simple method to check for nonstationarity and redesign the model to account for the same. Using scanner data on soup, shows that the redesigned model predicts better, fits better and offers more meaningful results. Finally, looks at the implications of estimating such models for pricing strategies and issues. Surface response analysis shows how a manager can use such models for conducting insightful studies on price sensitivity.
Security‐related concerns with geographic information systems and geographic mapping
Authors: Forcht Karen A.
Published: July 2002

Geographic information systems (GIS) makes use of geographic data, such as streets, store points, and block or neighborhood areas, and attribute data, such as population, income levels, competition, and store sales, by integrating the two into a powerful spatial query. The techniques utilized include geographic mapping, digital mapping, aerial photographs, etc. Along with the convenience of using GIS, there are some concerns about privacy and security of the data and information. This paper addresses the security concerns related to this emerging technology.
Application service providers (ASP): moving downstream to enhance competitive advantage
Authors: Smith Alan D. , Rupp William T.
Published: July 2002

The application service provider (ASP) industry is a fairly young entry into the IT and automatic identification and data capture industries. There are various types of ASPs: EASP (Enterprise ASP) provides enterprise‐class software and applications such as CRM (customer relationship management) and e‐procurement and B2B (business‐to‐business) exchanges; FSP (full‐service provider) provides full service systems integration and IT management services in addition to ASP service; and VASP (vertical ASP) which targets a vertical industry such as a financial services industry. Strategy experts predict that those ASP companies that will not only survive, but will thrive, are those companies that become “business solutions partners” with their customers. ASPs become such partners through enhancing a company’s value. Using Porter’s generic value chain and cost analysis concepts in the development of competitive advantage, this paper examines and models the nature of how ASPs add their own value to a company’s overall competitive strategy by reducing costs within the company’s value chain.
Quality of service – technology and implementation
Authors: Kesh Someswar , Nerur Sridhar , Ramanujan Sam
Published: July 2002

This paper discusses various facets of quality of service (QOS), a technology that allows network managers to prioritize data to optimize bandwidth use and maintain data quality. Given the wide variety and high volume of data as well as bandwidth limitations on networks today, QOS has gained great importance in recent years. Successful implementation of QOS requires selecting from the wide array of models and algorithms available and careful consideration of other technical and organizational issues. Different QOS models and algorithms have been discussed to provide the network manager with an insight into these technologies that can aid in the selection of QOS models and algorithms. Various technical and organizational implementation issues, including how QOS is implemented in routers, have been discussed to assist the network manager to be aware of these issues and properly implement QOS.
A firm’s assets as a foundation for strategy. Learning and the grounds to success
Authors: Nieto Mariano , Pérez Waldo
Published: July 2002

Firm assets are the most important element in strategy formulation and implementation. A company’s grounds to success can be found here. However, not all are equally important. Some will be considered strategic and others ordinary, depending on how influential they are when it comes to obtaining and appropriating rents, as well as how they hold up during a span of time. This will depend upon their relevance and scarcity, suitability and continuance, as well as on the difficulty encountered when they are to be imitated or substituted. The above features will depend on the characteristics that are intrinsic to the asset itself. These are heterogeneity and transparency, duration and mobility. The connections between the external factors and these internal characteristics will allow the presentation of a written explanatory model of the firm assets in the organisation’s success.
Inquiring into organizational “energy”: a consultancy example
Authors: Tosey Paul , Llewellyn Catherine
Published: July 2002

This article presents an application in organizational consulting of a model that utilises the concept of “energy”. This model has its roots in an ancient framework, the chakra system. The approach is emergent, and to date has proved insightful for managers and others in settings such as higher education, coaching, and consultancy. The article describes a specific application of the framework in an organizational consultancy project. The consultant used the framework to guide a collaborative inquiry by organizational participants into their experience of the organization, leading to formulation of intended changes. Issues for practice and for critical reflection are raised.
Leveraging Complexity: The Middle Manager′s Dilemma
Authors: McKenna Stephen D.
Published: July 2002

Aims to expose the limitations of traditional management training and
development in a rapidly changing global business environment. Three
blue‐chip companies decided to develop a new approach to middle
management development which sought to create more meaningful managerial
and organizational learning. In developing a new forum and putting
managers through the event, the companies were able to deal with
personal development and business improvement together through the use
of the “complexity map” – the participants′ own representation of their
complexity. While the forum has had successes, its challenging approach
provokes opposition as well as change. However, for organizational
learning to occur, such risks must be taken.
Organizational Learning in the Implementation of Maternal and Infant
Health Policy
Authors: Esperat Chris , Godkin Lynn
Published: July 2002

Health care policy and practice are frequently driven by government
mandate. What role does organizational learning have in
government‐directed organizational change and what kind of
organizational learning might we expect from legislated procedure? In
1983, a task force on indigent health care recommended that maternal and
child health become a top service priority in the USA in Texas. The
Maternal and Infant Health Improvement Act in Texas eventually grew out
of the realization of such need. The Texas Department of Health was
assigned responsibility for implementation. Focuses this investigation
on the implementation of the state′s resulting maternal and infant
health policy from an organizational learning perspective.
Down in the trenches: learning in a learning organization
Authors: Wright Phillip C. , Belcourt Monica
Published: July 2002

Based on the argument that employees cannot be empowered until they
are competent performers, illustrates how on‐the‐job training (OJT) is
essential to operationalizing learning organization concepts. While not
a lost art, OJT needs to be revisited as a cornerstone of training
theory and practice. Outlines the steps in OJT, therefore, within the
learning organization context.
Creative and reflective journal processes
Authors: Hogan Christine
Published: July 2002

Aims to describe a variety of journal‐writing processes and how
they have been used with students in a graduate course in human resource
development; describes possible causes of learning and writing blocks
and how they can be overcome; evaluates the creative journal process by
describing advantages, disadvantages and issues from both the students′
and the lecturers′ perspectives; and offers suggestions for people who
use the journal process.
Rogue learning on the company reservation
Authors: Reeves Tom
Published: July 2002

Compares two companies’ use of action learning, one primarily for individual staff development, the other for staff development and business objectives. In the second, action learning’s questioning, problem‐solving ethos had pervaded corporate life. This innovative culture was substantially driven by top management, but this was not a free licence for staff to innovate, and learners’ initiatives were restrained within implicit boundaries. The research, covering all levels, was conducted by interviews and group discussions. Recommendations to amplify individual learning for corporate impact include: develop staff to bring about change; cultivate a receptive culture; allow time; tolerate some subversiveness; and prevent bounds to autonomy from inhibiting initiative.
Healthcare and the learning service
Authors: Grieves Jim , Mathews Brian P.
Published: July 2002

Argues that because service organizations are faced with greater uncertainty and ambiguity than manufacturing organizations they require a focus on learning in order to control the vagaries of the marketplace, on the one hand, and the uncertainty of the service encounter, on the other. Posits that, consequently, we use the concept of learning service to suggest that when learning is planned at two levels ‐ the service encounter and market research ‐ skills are assimilated and knowledge is generated by an increased awareness of tacit and formal knowledge. States that when this is performed by self‐managed multi‐disciplinary work teams then effective normative standards can be constructed. Demonstrates the concept of a learning service to show how such a service can provide opportunities for organizational development. Begins by examining the distinctive characteristics of service organizations and identifies how these might affect and facilitate organizational learning. Attempts to demonstrate this with an in‐depth case study in a healthcare setting. Discusses how healthcare in the UK is often presented in the context of a learning organization because the introduction of an internal market (The 1990 NHS and Community Care Act) created the separation of responsibility for healthcare provision from its purchase. Implies that “organizational learning” has come to show that organizations, like organisms, adapt to a changing environment. By going beyond the limitations of this biological metaphor attempts to provide a model of a learning service which is characterized by human agency.
Organisational learning and inter‐firm “partnering” in the UK construction industry
Authors: Barlow James , Jashapara Ashok
Published: July 2002

The paper explores the role of construction industry “partnering” ‐ the development of closer collaborative links between firms ‐ in stimulating organisational learning. Drawing on case studies of partnering relationships involving large clients (British Petroleum, NatWest Bank, McDonald’s, Selfridges, Safeway) and over 40 of their contractors and suppliers, discusses the factors which influence the transfer of knowledge between organisations, the different levels at which learning takes place (e.g. individual, team, organisational) and the extent to which double‐loop learning can be observed.
Managing the empowerment of employees to address issues of inter‐employee co‐operation, communication and work redesign
Authors: Fraser Kym , Novak Joseph
Published: July 2002

This paper reports on the outcomes of a study in a service industry in which concept maps were used to facilitate the process of employees at all levels of an organisation discussing and negotiating work issues. The use of the maps in the discussions facilitated inter‐employee co‐operation and communication. Specifically the use of the maps assisted employees to understand the perspective of others, organise their own thoughts, keep on track during meetings, reduce confrontation in meetings, share information, and involve all participants. The authors include, as an example, a description of one of the nine cases in the study in which two employees redesign a component of their work, and in the process improve their working relationship, thus addressing issues of significance to both employees. The authors conclude that concept mapping is an innovative tool which can be used by employees at all levels of an organisation for co‐operative work redesign.
Increasing the organization’s IQ: public sector leadership in Southeast Asia
Authors: Hallinger Philip
Published: July 2002

We live during an era in which the pace and scope of change are unprecedented. This is particularly true in the Asia‐Pacific region where rapid growth has challenged the capacity of people and organizations to adapt. It has become increasingly clear that learning is now the keystone to bringing about change at both the personal and organizational levels. This article examines the role which system‐level leaders in public sector organizations play in creating learning organizations. It discusses tools which system leaders may use to establish conditions that support development of a learning organization.
Implications of gestalt theory and practice for the learning organisation
Authors: Ikehara Hideo T.
Published: July 2002

Concepts about the learning organisation have become popular ideas for companies and organisations alike to promote the learning process within them. The practice has, however, received a mixed reception somewhere between enthusiasm and scepticism. This is because the ideas themselves have been developed from different interpretations of the concept. There is, however, strong commitment from various individuals in organisations who make an attempt to explore and use the concepts of the learning organisation. This paper introduces and explores the concept and practice of gestalt therapy. The article explores the similarity between the concepts and practice of the learning organisation, and gestalt therapy, such as concepts of learning, holism, existential phenomenology, mental models, and team learning, with examples from his practice. The author concludes with his integrative model and believes that this contribution may further improve the understanding of the concepts of the learning organisation.
A critical review of knowledge management models
Authors: McAdam Rodney , McCreedy Sandra
Published: July 2002

There is an increasing interest in the area of knowledge management (KM) within organisations and academia. Because of the emergent nature of the field there is a lack of classification of suitable knowledge management models to use in conducting further research, literature evaluation and organisational applications. This paper discusses the definitions and classifications of knowledge management, representing a wide spectrum of views from mechanistic to more socially orientated. An evaluative framework is established from which three knowledge management models can be critically discussed. Three KM model classifications are critiqued, namely knowledge category models, intellectual capital models and socially constructed models. Finally a modified KM model is tentatively suggested to act as a useful guide for further research and organisational application. This model takes a holistic approach to scientific and socially constructed knowledge, assuming the need for both emancipatory and business benefits from KM. The model represents KM as a highly recursive process, rather than sequential.
Empowerment, coercive persuasion and organizational learning: do they connect?
Authors: Schein Edgar H.
Published: July 2002

Although organizational learning is often defined as the result of many individuals learning generatively in an organizational context, the argument is made that such learning is de facto coercive persuasion. Generative learning by the individual requires free choice of exit if and when cognitive redefinition becomes painful. When organizations demand such redefinition as part of culture change programs they are de facto creating a situation of coercive persuasion. We must then examine our moral position with respect to both the methods of learning and the ultimate goals of the change effort.
The Learning Organisation 15 years on: some personal reflections
Authors: Garratt Bob
Published: July 2002

Reflects on the development of the concept of a learning organisation as a tool for business success. Argues that, unlike many management ideas, organisational learning is not a “fad” but is increasingly accepted as a vital strategy for organisational survival and development in a continually changing environment. The learning organisation is seen as an aspiration for a continuous process with the potential to energise people for very long periods of time, rather than providing a quick‐fix solution. Whilst creating sustainable knowledge which can be valued as an asset on the balance sheet it also makes organisations more productive, profitable and more humane places to work.
The changing face of knowledge
Authors: Dixon Nancy M.
Published: July 2002

A change is occurring in how people think about who in the organization has credible and valuable knowledge that the organization can use to solve its difficult problems. This shift is a movement away from the idea that knowledge is found only in a select group of experts or “best” practitioners and toward the idea that useful knowledge is distributed throughout the whole of an organization. Knowledge‐sharing systems at Ford, British Petroleum and Lockheed‐Martin reflect this change.
The learning organization ten years on: a case study
Authors: Smith Peter A.C.
Published: July 2002

Asserts that in dealing with change the mindsets of an enterprise’s managers are key to its viability. States that by developing a learning organization an enterprise attempts to avoid the mindset problem by fostering a climate of learning; however, claims that over the last decade such development has not in general been successful and contends that this has been largely because of impractical implementation approaches. Based on the author’s practice, maintains that the learning organization is indeed a useful metaphor for successfully dealing with change. Describes the author’s implementation approach which is based on two simple notions: first, that the best way to deal with mindsets is to keep them from hardening; second, that by changing activities and tools one can change habits of thinking and learning. Illustrates the approach by detailing a long‐term case study involving a large and very successful financial services enterprise which has successfully adopted learning organization principles.
Brand and retailer loyalty: past behavior and future intentions
Authors: Ewing Michael T.
Published: July 2002

Brand loyalty is investigated by examining actual past behavior and its impact on future behavioral intentions: in terms of expectation to purchase the same/another brand from the same/another retailer, as well as willingness to recommend the purchased brand and retailer from which it was purchased. Findings indicate that while not without its flaws, purchase expectations/intentions data remain a valid research metric. Furthermore, it would appear as if the brand/consumer interface offers greater predictive ability than the retail/consumer interface. Lastly, willingness to recommend does not seem to be influenced by past behavior, but the higher the respondent’s expectation to purchase a brand, the higher will be their willingness to recommend that brand. The same applies to retailer recommendation. Limitations are discussed, and directions for future research suggested.
Consumer experience tourism and brand bonding
Authors: Mitchell Mark A. , Orwig Robert A.
Published: July 2002

This paper reviews the growing use of manufacturing plant tours, company museums, and company visitor centers as strategic tools available to strengthen the bond between consumers and brands. Consumer experience tourism provides the user (i.e. the consumer) with an experience regarding a product, its operation, production process, history, and historical significance. Such brand bonding may contribute to higher levels of personal product involvement and brand loyalty. Ultimately, the bond between consumers and brands may be strengthened by the availability of such consumer experiences. The relative importance of these outreach efforts, in addition to their availability, will likely increase as the competition for consumer loyalty intensifies.
Status brands: examining the effects of non‐product‐related brand associations on status and conspicuous consumption
Authors: O’Cass Aron , Frost Hmily
Published: July 2002

In seeking to expand our understanding of brands and their impact on consumer behaviour, assesses the relationship between brand associations, which contribute to consumption behaviour. A self‐administered questionnaire was developed and administered to a non‐probabilistic convenience sample of 315 young consumers. The findings of this research indicate that the status‐conscious market is more likely to be affected by the symbolic characteristics of a brand; feelings aroused by the brand; and by the degree of congruency between the brand‐user’s self‐image and the brand’s image itself. Results also indicate that the higher the symbolic characteristics, the stronger the positive feelings, and the greater the congruency between the consumer and brand image, the greater the likelihood of the brand being perceived as possessing high status elements. The suspicion that status‐laden brands would be chosen for status consumption and conspicuous consumption was also confirmed. These findings broaden our understanding of status‐conscious consumers and their behaviour towards brands.
Value pricing in presence of network effects
Authors: Ge Dingkun
Published: July 2002

Value pricing requires a marketer to price his/her product according to the value the product brings to its user. A product with network effects makes it difficult to assess the value of the product to its customer, thus presenting a challenge to the value pricing principle. This paper reviews the relevant literatures in value pricing and network effects and provides an integrated model to price products with network effects. The value of a product with network effects is decomposed into two parts: autarky value and synchronization value. Linearly combining the two types of values, the model can price both stand‐alone products (with synchronization value equal to zero) and network products (with or without autarky value).
A re‐evaluation of the product innovation‐decision process: the
implications for product management
Authors: Parthasarathy Madhavan , Rittenburg Terri L. , Dwayne Ball A.
Published: July 2002

Most existing product innovation‐decision models view decision
making from a very cognitive perspective in that they presume that
decision to adopt a new product is preceded by steps that parallel
product information procurement and evaluation. Argues that such an
approach is unnecessarily limiting given that a substantial proportion
of individuals do not base their decisions on attribute processing, even
for relatively complex products. Critically evaluates two of the most
widely cited adoption models and based on this analysis proposes a more
holistic model that incorporates real world decision factors, and
presents its managerial implications.
Improving brand performance by altering consumers′ brand
uncertainty
Authors: Ghosh Amit K. , Chakraborty Goutam , Bunch Ghosh Debra
Published: July 2002

Points out that since consumers are seldom familiar with all the
competing brands or the attributes of these brands, brand uncertainty
exists in every market. Presents theoretical and empirical evidence from
several disciplines to demonstrate that brand uncertainty affects brand
attitudes and preferences, and consequently affects brand performance.
Demonstrates the importance of actively managing brand uncertainty.
Identifies and discusses marketing tools that can be used to reduce
brand uncertainty at different stages in the consumer decision process.
Discusses how managers can modify these tools to deal with
high‐involvement versus low‐involvement products, how these tools should
be scheduled for maximum impact, and the amount of control managers have
over each tool.
Brand‐specific heterogeneity and market‐level brand switching
Authors: Trivedi Minakshi , Morgan Michael S.
Published: July 2002

Provides a new way to look at competitive brand strategy through analysis of switching, where the only data required are market‐level brand‐switching matrices. The parameters indicate, for each brand, the degree to which it insulates itself from competition. Shows empirically that this insulation is characteristic of both market leaders and market nichers. Compares results across eight data sets which range from consumer packaged goods to services to durables. Suggests that, by applying this method to panel or survey data, managers can better map out long‐term marketing strategies such as product design, segment targeting and advertising campaigns, and gives some examples of how this can be carried out.