bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Should we cluster patients or symptoms? The myth of symptom clusters based on ‘depression, insomnia, pain’ and ‘depression, fatigue, pain’
Authors: Aktas Aynur , Walsh Declan , Hauser Katherine , Rybicki Lisa
Published: January 2016

Context

‘Depression, fatigue, pain’ (DFP) and ‘depression, insomnia, pain’ (DIP) symptom clusters (SCs) have been proposed in cancer. These symptoms are common and co-occur, that is, they constitute clusters of patients rather than symptoms.

Objectives

The following research questions were addressed: (1) What is the frequency of co-occurrence of two symptom groups (DFP and DIP) in advanced cancer? (2) What is the degree of symptom item association within each symptom group? (3) Were either of these symptom trios associated with prognosis?

Methods

We reanalysed a symptom data set of 1000 patients with advanced cancer. We identified the frequency of co-occurrence of two symptom groups: DFP and DIP, using both prevalence and severity data. The symptom associations were tested by χ2and Spearman correlations. We also determined whether either of these symptom trios were associated with a major biological outcome, that is, survival by time-to-event analyses.

Results

(1) Although DFP and DIP co-occured in about a quarter of the population, they were not SCs, but rather patient clusters. (2) Many persons had only one symptom from any symptom pair, and correlation coefficients were low for all symptom pairs. (3) Neither DFP nor DIP were associated with survival.

Conclusions

Neither DFP nor DIP symptom item combinations constituted a specific cancer SC contrary to prior reports. DFP co-occurred in 27% and DIP in only 20%. Additionally, these symptom combinations were not associated with a biological outcome, that is, poor prognosis. Patient subgroups identified by shared symptom experiences alone do not identify SCs.
Systematic review of risk prediction models for falls after stroke
Authors: Walsh Mary E , Horgan N Frances , Walsh Cathal D , Galvin Rose
Published: January 2016

Background

Falls are a significant cause of morbidity after stroke. The aim of this review was to identify, critically appraise and summarise risk prediction models for the occurrence of falling after stroke.

Methods

A systematic literature search was conducted in December 2014 and repeated in June 2015. Studies that used multivariable analysis to build risk prediction models for falls early after stroke were included. 2 reviewers independently assessed methodological quality. Data relating to model calibration, discrimination (C-statistic) and clinical utility (sensitivity and specificity) were extracted. A narrative review of models was conducted. PROSPERO reference: CRD42014015612.

Results

The 12 included articles presented 18 risk prediction models. 7 studies predicted falls among inpatients only and 5 recorded falls in the community. Methodological quality was variable. A C-statistic was reported for 7 models and values ranged from 0.62 to 0.87. Models for use in the inpatient setting most frequently included measures of hemi-inattention, while those predicting community events included falls (or near-falls) history and balance measures most commonly. Only 2 studies reported any form of validation, and none presented a validated model with acceptable performance.

Conclusions

A number of falls-risk prediction models have been developed for use in the acute and subacute stages of stroke. Future research should focus on validating and improving existing models, with reference to the Transparent Reporting of a multivariable prediction model for Individual Prognosis Or Diagnosis (TRIPOD) guidelines to ensure quality reporting and expedite clinical implementation.
A multicentre, randomised, controlled, open-label pilot study on the feasibility of discontinuation of adalimumab in established patients with rheumatoid arthritis in stable clinical remission
Authors: Chatzidionysiou Katerina , Turesson Carl , Teleman Annika , Knight Ann , Lindqvist Elisabet , Larsson Per , Cöster Lars , Forslind Kristina , van Vollenhoven Ronald , Heimbürger Mikael
Published: January 2016

Objectives

Treatment with tumour necrosis factor (TNF) blockers, once started as therapy for rheumatoid arthritis (RA), is usually continued indefinitely. The aim of this trial was to assess the possibility of discontinuing treatment with adalimumab (ADA) while maintaining remission in patients with RA with established disease in stable remission on combination therapy with ADA and methotrexate (MTX).

Methods

In a randomised, controlled, open-label pilot study of patients with RA in stable remission treated with ADA+MTX, patients were randomised in a 1:1 ratio to continue with ADA plus MTX (arm AM) or MTX monotherapy (arm M) for 52 weeks. Flare was defined as Disease Activity Score (DAS28) ≥2.6 or a change in DAS28 (ΔDAS28) of >1.2 from baseline at any time. Patients in arm M with a flare restarted ADA. The primary end point was the proportion of patients in remission at week 28.

Results

31 patients were enrolled in the study and randomised to arm AM (n=16) or arm M (n=15). At 28 weeks, 15/16 patients (94%) and 5/15 patients (33%) in arms AM and M, respectively, were in remission (p=0.001). During the first 28 weeks, 50% (8/16) in the AM arm and 80% (12/15) in the M arm had a flare (p=0.08). The number of patients in the AM and M arms with ≥1 ΔDAS28 >1.2 during the first 28 weeks was 1/16 (6%) and 8/15 (53%), respectively (p=0.005).

Conclusions

In this study, remission was rarely maintained in patients with long-standing disease who discontinued ADA. Discontinuation may be feasible in only a minority of patients with established RA in stable clinical remission.

Trial registration number

NCT00808509.
Influence of structure on the behavior of a saturated clayey loess
Authors: Xu L. , Coop M.R.
Published: January 2016

An intensive experimental investigation by means of triaxial and oedometer tests was performed on a clayey loess that was retrieved from two depths at a location on the southern Chinese Loess Plateau. Intact and reconstituted samples were used to identify the effects of the natural structure on soil behavior in saturated conditions. The behavior in compression was clearly affected by structure with the intact samples reaching well-defined gross yield points outside the intrinsic compression line of the reconstituted soil, after which the compression paths converged towards the intrinsic compression lines, behavior which is consistent with destructuration. However, very high stresses were required to give complete convergence. Similarly the triaxial tests that were carried out at lower stress levels also did not give convergence of the critical states so that different critical state lines could be defined for the intact and reconstituted soils. This was consistent with qualitative observations from scanning electron micrographs that natural elements of fabric and possibly bonding persisted even after triaxial shearing. The effects of structure at the two depths on the compression and shearing behavior were slightly larger for the shallower samples. Despite the very different genesis of the soils, it was found that similar frameworks could be applied to those used for sedimentary clays and that the degree of structure was equivalent to a clay of medium sensitivity.
Laboratory test study on the effect of freeze–thaw cycles on strength and hydraulic conductivity of high water content stabilized dredged sediments
Authors: Makusa Gregory , Mácsik Josef , Holm Göran , Knutsson Sven
Published: January 2016

Dredged sediments with initial water contents between 200% and 400% were treated with single and composite binders. Samples were subjected to open and semi-closed freeze–thaw (f–t) cycles to investigate the impact of f–t cycling on hydraulic conductivity (HC) and unconfined compressive strength (UCS). A grace period (GP) for thaw consolidation is included to assess healing potential of the affected stabilized mass. Findings of this study show that the impact of f–t cycles depends on initially achieved UCS and HC values prior to the f–t cycling and time of testing after f–t cycles. The HC of specimens with an initial UCS value of 87 kPa increased with number of f–t cycles. The UCS values decreased in the range of 50%–80% when specimens were tested directly after the thaw period and values decreased in the range of 14%–60% when specimens were tested at the end of the GP. The HC of specimens with an initial UCS value of 299 kPa remained almost the same. These samples experienced permanent loss in the UCS values, irrespective of time of testing. Detrimental effects of the freezing action on the UCS were greater under semi-closed than open freezing conditions.
Experimental and large-scale field tests of grid-anchor system performance in increasing the ultimate bearing capacity of granular soils
Authors: Mosallanezhad M. , Hataf N. , Sadat Taghavi S.H.
Published: January 2016

Soil reinforcement by means of geogrid is an effective method of increasing the ultimate bearing capacity (UBC) of granular soils. In this study a new system, created by adding cubic anchors to ordinary geogrids, is introduced to increase the UBC of granular soils. This system is called “grid-anchor” (G-A). To analyse the performance of the G-A system in increasing the UBC of granular soils, 45 experimental tests and 9 field tests were performed, the results of which show that the G-A system is 1.8 times more capable than ordinary geogrids in increasing the UBC in square foundations. Furthermore, the failure of soil reinforced by the ordinary geogrid takes place at a settlement of 9% of the foundation width, while the same value for the G-A system is almost 13%.
New use of an old drug: chloroquine reduces viral and ALT levels in HCV non-responders (a randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled pilot trial)
Authors: Peymani Payam , Yeganeh Behzad , Sabour Siamak , Geramizadeh Bita , Fattahi Mohammad Reza , Keyvani Hossein , Azarpira Negar , Coombs Kevin M. , Ghavami Saied , Lankarani Kamran B.
Published: January 2016

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection induces autophagy, but the virus assimilates the autophagic response into its own life cycle. Chloroquine (CQ) is an autophagy inhibitor that is clinically used to treat malaria. The aims of this pilot clinical trial were to evaluate the therapeutic potential and short-term safety of CQ in patients with chronic HCV genotype 1, who were unresponsive to a combination of pegylated interferon alpha and ribavirin. Ten non-responders to previous antiviral treatment(s) were randomized to receive either CQ (150 mg daily for 8 weeks) or placebo, and were followed for 4 weeks after CQ therapy. HCV RNA load and plasma alanine transaminase (ALT) levels were measured at baseline, week 4 (initial response), week 8 (end-of-treatment response), and at the end of 12 weeks. A significant decrease in HCV RNA after the treatments (week 8) was observed in all patients in the CQ group (P = 0.04). However, HCV RNA levels increased within 4 weeks after discontinuation of CQ treatment although they were still lower than baseline. In addition, the ALT normalized during treatment in the CQ group. However, this response was also lost after treatment cessation. This study provides preliminary evidence that CQ is possibly a safe treatment option for HCV non-responders.
Exact solutions to solitonic profile mass Schrödinger problem with a modified Pöschl–Teller potential
Authors: Dong Shishan , Fang Qin , Falaye B. J. , Sun Guo-Hua , Yáñez-Márquez C. , Dong Shi-Hai
Published: January 2016

We present exact solutions of solitonic profile mass Schrödinger equation with a modified Pöschl–Teller potential. We find that the solutions can be expressed analytically in terms of confluent Heun functions. However, the energy levels are not analytically obtainable except via numerical calculations. The properties of the wave functions, which depend on the values of potential parameter [Formula: see text] are illustrated graphically. We find that the potential changes from single well to a double well when parameter [Formula: see text] changes from minus to positive. Initially, the crest of wave function for the ground state diminishes gradually with increasing [Formula: see text] and then becomes negative. We notice that the parities of the wave functions for [Formula: see text] also change.
Self-diffusion of lignite/water under different temperatures and pressure: A molecular dynamics study
Authors: Liu Xinjian , Jin Yu , Huang Congliang , He Jingfeng , Rao Zhonghao , Zhao Yuemin
Published: January 2016

Temperature and pressure have direct and remarkable implications for drying and dewatering effect of low rank coals such as lignite. To understand the microenergy change mechanism of lignite, the molecular dynamics simulation method was performed to study the self-diffusion of lignite/water under different temperatures and pressure. The results showed that high temperature and high pressure can promote the diffusion of lignite/water system, which facilitates the drying and dewatering of lignite. The volume and density of lignite/water system will increase and decrease with temperature increasing, respectively. Though the pressure within simulation range can make lignite density increase, the increasing pressure showed a weak impact on variation of density.
Quantum secret sharing protocol based on four-dimensional three-particle entangled states
Authors: Xiang Yi , Mo Zhi Wen
Published: January 2016

In this paper, we proposed a three-party quantum secret sharing (QSS) scheme using four-dimensional three-particle entangled states. In this QSS scheme, each agent can obtain a shadow of the secret key by performing single-particle measurements. Compared with the existing QSS protocol, this scheme has high efficiency and can resist the eavesdropping attack and entangle-measuring attack, which using three-particle entangled states are based on four-dimensional Hilbert space.
Transitivity, weakly mixing property and chaos
Authors: Wang Lidong , Liang Jianhua , Wang Yiyi , Sun Xuelian
Published: January 2016

Let [Formula: see text] be a compact metric space without isolated points and let [Formula: see text] be a continuous map. In this paper, if [Formula: see text] is a transitive dynamical system with a repelling periodic point, then [Formula: see text] is chaotic in the sense of Kato. In addition, if [Formula: see text] is weakly topologically mixing, then [Formula: see text] is chaotic in the strong sense of Kato.
Vortex structure analysis of unsteady cloud cavitating flows around a hydrofoil
Authors: Zhao Yu , Wang Guoyu , Huang Biao
Published: January 2016

In this paper, time dependent vortex structures are numerically analyzed for both noncavitating and cloud cavitating flows around a Clark-Y hydrofoil with angle of attack [Formula: see text] at a moderate Reynolds number, [Formula: see text]. The numerical simulations are performed using a transport equation-based cavitation model and the large eddy simulation (LES) approach with a classical eddy viscosity subgrid scale (SGS) model. Compared with experimental results, present numerical predictions are capable of capturing the initiation of cavity, growth toward the trailing edge and subsequent shedding process. Results indicate that in noncavitating conditions, the trailing edge vortex and induced positive vortex shed periodically into the wake region to form the vortex street. In cloud cavitating conditions, interrelations between cavity and vortex induce different vortex dynamics at different cavity developing stages. (i) As attached cavity grows, vorticity production is greatly enhanced by the favorable pressure gradient at the leading edge. The trailing edge flow does not have a direct impact on the attached cavity expansion process. Furthermore, the liquid–vapor interface that moves toward the trailing edge enhances the vorticity in the attached cavity closure region. (ii) When the stable attached sheet cavity grows to its maximum length, the accumulation process of vorticity is eventually interrupted by the formation of the re-entrant jet. Re-entrant jet’s moving upstream leads to a higher spreading rate of the attached cavity and the formation of a large coherent structure inside the attached cavity. Moreover, the wavy/bubbly cavity interface enhances the vorticity near the trailing edge. (iii) As the attached sheet cavity breaks up, this large vortex structure converts toward the trailing edge region, which will eventually couple with a trailing edge vortex shedding from the lower surface to form the cloud cavity. The breakup of the stable attached cavity is the main reason for the vorticity enhancement near the suction surface.
The quantum pinch effect in semiconducting quantum wires: A bird’s-eye view
Authors: Kushwaha Manvir S.
Published: January 2016

Those who measure success with culmination do not seem to be aware that life is a journey not a destination. This spirit is best reflected in the unceasing failures in efforts for solving the problem of controlled thermonuclear fusion for even the simplest pinches for over decades; and the nature keeps us challenging with examples. However, these efforts have permitted researchers the obtention of a dense plasma with a lifetime that, albeit short, is sufficient to study the physics of the pinch effect, to create methods of plasma diagnostics, and to develop a modern theory of plasma processes. Most importantly, they have impregnated the solid state plasmas, particularly the electron–hole plasmas in semiconductors, which do not suffer from the issues related with the confinement and which have demonstrated their potential not only for the fundamental physics but also for the device physics. Here, we report on a two-component, cylindrical, quasi-one-dimensional quantum plasma subjected to a radial confining harmonic potential and an applied magnetic field in the symmetric gauge. It is demonstrated that such a system, as can be realized in semiconducting quantum wires, offers an excellent medium for observing the quantum pinch effect at low temperatures. An exact analytical solution of the problem allows us to make significant observations: Surprisingly, in contrast to the classical pinch effect, the particle density as well as the current density display a determinable maximum before attaining a minimum at the surface of the quantum wire. The effect will persist as long as the equilibrium pair density is sustained. Therefore, the technological promise that emerges is the route to the precise electronic devices that will control the particle beams at the nanoscale.
Direct band gap nature and optical response of BexMgyZn1−(x+y)Se
Authors: Naeemullah  , Murtaza G. , Khenata R. , Bin Omran S.
Published: January 2016

For the first time, the electronic and optical properties of the quaternary Be[Formula: see text]Mg[Formula: see text]Zn[Formula: see text]Se alloy have been investigated using first-principles calculations within the framework of density functional theory (DFT). Variations in the direct band gap with the change in [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] compositions show agreement with the experimental measurements. Evaluation of the dielectric function and refractive index reveals the optical activity in the visible and ultraviolet energy regions.
CASE REPORT: OSTEOPOROSIS AND OSTEOMALACIA WITH MULTIPLE BONE FRACTURES IN AMUNTIACUS REEVESI
Authors: Yin Ji-Hang , Tsai Yu-Lun , Chang Wen-Fa , Hsiao Shun-Ting , Chan Fang-Tse , Liao Jiunn-Wang
Published: January 2016

A young female Reeves’s muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi) was presented with signs of weakness and inability to stand. Radiographic examination revealed a healed bone fracture in the right radius and ulna. The animal failed to respond to therapy and died two days later. At necropsy, serous atrophy was mainly present in the subcutis of the skull and ventral cervical skin. Muscular atrophy was also evident, especially around the right femur. Multiple bone calluses with newly developed bone fractures were distributed on both sides of the ribs. Microscopically, decreased and irregularly thin bony trabeculae and widened trabeculae with excess unmineralized osteoid were observed in both femurs. Multiple sarcocysts were incidentally noted in the right femoral and longissimus dorsi muscles. It was concluded that M. reevesi in the present case appeared to have suffered from osteoporosis and osteomalacia with multiple bone fractures.
Structural transitions in Pb(In1∕2Nb1∕2)O3 under pressure
Authors: Ahart Muhtar , Somayazulu Maddury , Kojima Seiji , Yasuda Naohiko , Prosandeev Sergey , Hemley Russell J.
Published: January 2016

Room-temperature Raman scattering and x-ray diffraction measurements together with first-principles calculations were employed to investigate the behavior of disordered Pb(In[Formula: see text]Nb[Formula: see text]O3 (PIN) under pressure up to 50[Formula: see text]GPa. Raman spectra show broad bands but a peak near the 380[Formula: see text]cm[Formula: see text] increases its intensity with pressure. The linewidth of the band at 550[Formula: see text]cm[Formula: see text] also increases with pressure, while two of the Raman peaks merge above 6[Formula: see text]GPa. Above 16[Formula: see text]GPa, we observe additional splitting of the band at 50[Formula: see text]cm[Formula: see text]. The pressure evolution of the diffraction patterns for PIN shows obvious Bragg peaks splitting above 16[Formula: see text]GPa; consistent with a symmetry lowering transition. The transition at 0.5[Formula: see text]GPa is identified as a pseudo-cubic to orthorhombic (Pbam) structural change whereas the transition at 16[Formula: see text]GPa is isostructure and associated with changes in linear compressibility and octahedral titling, and the transition at 30[Formula: see text]GPa is associated to an orthorhombic to monoclinic change. First-principles calculations indicate that the Pbam structure is ground state with antiferrodisdortion consistent with experiment.
Phonological Effects on Syntactic Variation
Authors: Anttila Arto
Published: January 2016

It is well known that syntax matters to phonology, but does phonology matter to syntax? This question is controversial, partly because judging whether a phenomenon is syntactic or phonological is not always straightforward, and partly because the relevant data (e.g., well-formedness judgments) are often noncategorical, yet grammatically structured in ways that elude performance explanations. This review discusses examples of phonologically constrained syntactic variation and shows how they can be understood in terms of the variation + filtering theory of syntax–phonology interaction. This theory has the following key properties: (a) Phonology refers to syntax, but syntax does not refer to phonology; (b) syntax predicts variation by admitting alternative linearizations as well as alternative choices among constituents; and (c) phonology acts as a filter by evaluating the phonological well-formedness of the variants. I conclude that phonological effects on syntactic variation are limited, but real.
Phonological Neighborhood Effects in Spoken Word Perception and Production
Authors: Vitevitch Michael S. , Luce Paul A.
Published: January 2016

Research on spoken word perception and production has identified two hallmarks of spoken word processing: multiple activation of representations of the sound patterns of words in memory and subsequent competition among these patterns. Evidence for this activation-competition process has come, in part, from experimental studies examining the effects of phonological neighborhoods, which are collections of similar-sounding words that are activated in memory during both perception and production. In this article, we review more than 20 years of research on phonological neighborhood effects in spoken word processing that has demonstrated that the speed and accuracy of spoken word perception and production are, in large part, a function of the density and frequency of neighborhoods of spoken words. We conclude our review with a discussion of new avenues of research—based on recent advances in network science—that hold the promise of deepening our understanding of the mental operations involved in our uniquely human capacity for communicating with the spoken word.
Influence of decompression sickness on vasocontraction of isolated rat vessels
Authors: Mazur Aleksandra , Lambrechts Kate , Wang Qiong , Belhomme Marc , Theron Michael , Buzzacott Peter , Guerrero François
Published: January 2016

Studies conducted in divers indicate that endothelium function is impaired following a dive even without decompression sickness (DCS). Our previous experiment conducted on rat isolated vessels showed no differences in endothelium-dependent vasodilation after a simulated dive even in the presence of DCS, while contractile response to phenylephrine was progressively impaired with increased decompression stress. This study aimed to further investigate the effect of DCS on vascular smooth muscle. Thirty-two male Sprague-Dawley rats were submitted to the same hyperbaric protocol and classified according to the severity of DCS: no-DCS (without clinical symptoms), mild-DCS, or severe-DCS (dead within 1 h). A control group remained at atmospheric pressure. Isometric tension was measured in rings of abdominal aorta and mesenteric arteries. Single dose contraction was assessed with KCl solution. Dose-response curves were obtained with phenylephrine and endothelin-1. Phenylephrine-induced contraction was observed in the presence of antioxidant tempol. Additionally, plasma concentrations of angiotensin II, angiotensin-converting enzyme, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were assessed. Response to phenylephrine was impaired only among mild-DCS in both vessels. Dose-response curves to endothelin-1 were impaired after mild-DCS in mesenteric and severe-DCS in aorta. KCl-induced contraction was affected after hyperbaric exposure regardless of DCS status in aorta only. These results confirm postdive vascular dysfunction is dependent on the type of vessel. It further evidenced that vascular dysfunction is triggered by DCS rather than by diving itself and suggest the influence of circulating factor/s. Diving-induced impairment of the L-type voltage-dependent Ca2+channels and/or influence of renin-angiotensin system is proposed.
Local trauma in human patellar tendon leads to widespread changes in the tendon gene expression
Authors: Heinemeier Katja M. , Lorentzen Marc P. , Jensen Jacob K. , Schjerling Peter , Seynnes Olivier R. , Narici Marco V. , Kjaer Michael
Published: January 2016

Low cellular activity and slow tissue turnover in human tendon may prolong resolution of tendinopathy. This may be stimulated by moderate localized traumas such as needle penetrations, but whether this results in a widespread cellular response in tendons is unknown. In an initial hypothesis-generating study, a trauma-induced tendon cell activity (increased total RNA and collagen I mRNA) was observed after repeated patellar tendon biopsies in young men. In a subsequent controlled study, 25 young men were treated with two 0.8-mm-diameter needle penetrations [ n = 13, needle-group (NG)] or one 2.1-mm-diameter needle biopsy [ n = 12, biopsy-group (BG)] in one patellar tendon. Four weeks later biopsies were taken from treated (5 mm lateral from trauma site) and contralateral tendons for analyses of RNA content (ribogreen assay), DNA content (PCR based), and gene expression for relevant target genes (Real-time RT-PCR) (NG, n = 11 and BG, n = 8). Intervention increased RNA content, and mRNA expression of collagen I and III and TGF-β1 ( P < 0.05), with biopsy treatment having greatest effect (tendency for RNA and collagen I). Results for DNA content were inconclusive, and no changes were detected in expression of insulin-like growth factor-I, connective tissue growth factor, scleraxis, decorin, fibromodulin, tenascin-C, tenomodulin, VEGFa, CD68, IL-6, MMP12, and MMP13. In conclusion, a moderate trauma to a healthy human tendon (e.g., biopsy sampling) results in a widespread upregulation of tendon cell activity and their matrix protein expression. The findings have implications for design of studies on human tendon and may provide perspectives in future treatment strategies in tendinopathy.
Integrating TRPV1 Receptor Function with Capsaicin Psychophysics
Authors: Smutzer Gregory , Devassy Roni K.
Published: January 2016

Capsaicin is a naturally occurring vanilloid that causes a hot, pungent sensation in the human oral cavity. This trigeminal stimulus activates TRPV1 receptors and stimulates an influx of cations into sensory cells. TRPV1 receptors function as homotetramers that also respond to heat, proinflammatory substances, lipoxygenase products, resiniferatoxin, endocannabinoids, protons, and peptide toxins. Kinase-mediated phosphorylation of TRPV1 leads to increased sensitivity to both chemical and thermal stimuli. In contrast, desensitization occurs via a calcium-dependent mechanism that results in receptor dephosphorylation. Human psychophysical studies have shown that capsaicin is detected at nanomole amounts and causes desensitization in the oral cavity. Psychophysical studies further indicate that desensitization can be temporarily reversed in the oral cavity if stimulation with capsaicin is resumed at short interstimulus intervals. Pretreatment of lingual epithelium with capsaicin modulates the perception of several primary taste qualities. Also, sweet taste stimuli may decrease the intensity of capsaicin perception in the oral cavity. In addition, capsaicin perception and hedonic responses may be modified by diet. Psychophysical studies with capsaicin are consistent with recent findings that have identified TRPV1 channel modulation by phosphorylation and interactions with membrane inositol phospholipids. Future studies will further clarify the importance of capsaicin and its receptor in human health and nutrition.
Baird-Pattinson Aetiological Classification and Phases of Delay Contributing to Stillbirths in a Nigerian Tertiary Hospital
Authors: Awoleke Jacob Olumuyiwa , Adanikin Abiodun Idowu
Published: January 2016

Purpose. This study aims to identify triggers of stillbirth in the study setting and to make suggestions to reduce the prevalence.Method. A three-year retrospective case-control study of stillbirths at Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital.Results. The stillbirth rate was 33 per 1000 births. Based on Baird-Pattinson classification of the primary obstetric causes of stillbirth, adverse intrapartum events, hypertensive diseases, and unexplained intrapartum fetal deaths were topmost causes of stillbirths. In comparison with the controls, other identified predictors of SB were grand multiparity (p=0.016), delays in seeking medical care and/or in receiving treatment (p=0.001), wrong initial diagnosis (p=0.001), inadequate intrapartum monitoring (p=0.001), and inappropriate clinical management (p=0.001).Conclusion. Stillbirth rate remains high in our setting. Elimination of obstacles to accessing care, effective management of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy, updated health facilities, improved dedication to duty, and retraining of health workers will reduce the prevalence.
Oxidative Stress Markers in Sputum
Authors: Antus Balazs
Published: January 2016

Although oxidative stress is thought to play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory airway diseases, its assessment in clinical practice remains elusive. In recent years, it has been conceptualized that oxidative stress markers in sputum should be employed to monitor oxidative processes in patients with asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), or cystic fibrosis (CF). In this review, the use of sputum‐based oxidative markers was explored and potential clinical applications were considered. Among lipid peroxidation‐derived products, 8‐isoprostane and malondialdehyde have been the most frequently investigated, while nitrosothiols and nitrotyrosine may serve as markers of nitrosative stress. Several studies have showed higher levels of these products in patients with asthma, COPD, or CF compared to healthy subjects. Marker concentrations could be further increased during exacerbations and decreased along with recovery of these diseases. Measurement of oxidized guanine species and antioxidant enzymes in the sputum could be other approaches for assessing oxidative stress in pulmonary patients. Collectively, even though there are promising findings in this field, further clinical studies using more established detection techniques are needed to clearly show the benefit of these measurements in the follow‐up of patients with inflammatory airway diseases.
The Chemorepulsive Protein Semaphorin 3A and Perineuronal Net-Mediated Plasticity
Authors: de Winter F. , Kwok J. C. F. , Fawcett J. W. , Vo T. T. , Carulli D. , Verhaagen J.
Published: January 2016

During postnatal development, closure of critical periods coincides with the appearance of extracellular matrix structures, called perineuronal nets (PNN), around various neuronal populations throughout the brain. The absence or presence of PNN strongly correlates with neuronal plasticity. It is not clear how PNN regulate plasticity. The repulsive axon guidance proteins Semaphorin (Sema) 3A and Sema3B are also prominently expressed in the postnatal and adult brain. In the neocortex, Sema3A accumulates in the PNN that form around parvalbumin positive inhibitory interneurons during the closure of critical periods. Sema3A interacts with high-affinity with chondroitin sulfate E, a component of PNN. The localization of Sema3A in PNN and its inhibitory effects on developing neurites are intriguing features and may clarify how PNN mediate structural neural plasticity. In the cerebellum, enhanced neuronal plasticity as a result of an enriched environment correlates with reduced Sema3A expression in PNN. Here, we first review the distribution of Sema3A and Sema3B expression in the rat brain and the biochemical interaction of Sema3A with PNN. Subsequently, we review what is known so far about functional correlates of changes in Sema3A expression in PNN. Finally, we propose a model of how Semaphorins in the PNN may influence local connectivity.
Miglustat Reverts the Impairment of Synaptic Plasticity in a Mouse Model of NPC Disease
Authors: D’Arcangelo G. , Grossi D. , Racaniello M. , Cardinale A. , Zaratti A. , Rufini S. , Cutarelli A. , Tancredi V. , Merlo D. , Frank C.
Published: January 2016

Niemann-Pick type C disease is an autosomal recessive storage disorder, characterized by abnormal sequestration of unesterified cholesterol within the late endolysosomal compartment of cells and accumulation of gangliosides and other sphingolipids. Progressive neurological deterioration and insurgence of symptoms like ataxia, seizure, and cognitive decline until severe dementia are pathognomonic features of the disease. Here, we studied synaptic plasticity phenomena and evaluated ERKs activation in the hippocampus of BALB/c NPC1−/− mice, a well described animal model of the disease. Our results demonstrated an impairment of both induction and maintenance of long term synaptic potentiation in NPC1−/− mouse slices, associated with the lack of ERKs phosphorylation. We then investigated the effects of Miglustat, a recent approved drug for the treatment of NPCD. We found thatin vivoMiglustat administration in NPC1−/− mice was able to rescue synaptic plasticity deficits, to restore ERKs activation and to counteract hyperexcitability. Overall, these data indicate that Miglustat may be effective for treating the neurological deficits associated with NPCD, such as seizures and dementia.
Linking Mitochondria to Synapses: New Insights for Stress-Related Neuropsychiatric Disorders
Authors: Jeanneteau Freddy , Arango-Lievano Margarita
Published: January 2016

The brain evolved cellular mechanisms for adapting synaptic function to energy supply. This is particularly evident when homeostasis is challenged by stress. Signaling loops between the mitochondria and synapses scale neuronal connectivity with bioenergetics capacity. A biphasic “inverted U shape” response to the stress hormone glucocorticoids is demonstrated in mitochondria and at synapses, modulating neural plasticity and physiological responses. Low dose enhances neurotransmission, synaptic growth, mitochondrial functions, learning, and memory whereas chronic, higher doses produce inhibition of these functions. The range of physiological effects by stress and glucocorticoid depends on the dose, duration, and context at exposure. These criteria are met by neuronal activity and the circadian, stress-sensitive and ultradian, stress-insensitive modes of glucocorticoid secretion. A major hallmark of stress-related neuropsychiatric disorders is the disrupted glucocorticoid rhythms and tissue resistance to signaling with the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). GR resistance could result from the loss of context-dependent glucocorticoid signaling mediated by the downregulation of the activity-dependent neurotrophin BDNF. The coincidence of BDNF and GR signaling changes glucocorticoid signaling output with consequences on mitochondrial respiration efficiency, synaptic plasticity, and adaptive trajectories.
Allometric Models for Estimating Tree Volume and Aboveground Biomass in Lowland Forests of Tanzania
Authors: Mugasha Wilson Ancelm , Mwakalukwa Ezekiel Edward , Luoga Emannuel , Malimbwi Rogers Ernest , Zahabu Eliakimu , Silayo Dos Santos , Sola Gael , Crete Philippe , Henry Matieu , Kashindye Almas
Published: January 2016

Models to assist management of lowland forests in Tanzania are in most cases lacking. Using a sample of 60 trees which were destructively harvested from both dry and wet lowland forests of Dindili in Morogoro Region (30 trees) and Rondo in Lindi Region (30 trees), respectively, this study developed site specific and general models for estimating total tree volume and aboveground biomass. Specifically the study developed (i) height-diameter (ht-dbh) models for trees found in the two sites, (ii) total, merchantable, and branches volume models, and (iii) total and sectional aboveground biomass models of trees found in the two study sites. The findings show that site specific ht-dbh model appears to be suitable in estimating treeheightsince the tree allometry was found to differ significantly between studied forests. The developed general volume models yielded unbiased mean prediction error and hence can adequately be applied to estimate tree volume in dry and wet lowland forests in Tanzania. General aboveground biomass model appears to yield biased estimates; hence, it is not suitable when accurate results are required. In this case, site specific biomass allometric models are recommended. Biomass allometric models which include basic wood density are highly recommended for improved estimates accuracy when such information is available.
Aquaporin-3 Inhibition Reduces the Growth of NSCLC Cells Induced by Hypoxia
Authors: Hou Shu-Ying , Li Yan-Ping , Wang Jin-Hua , Yang Song-Ling , Wang Ying , Wang Yang , Kuang Ye
Published: January 2016

Background/Aims: Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the leading cause of death worldwide. Although aquaporin-3 (AQP3) is widely distributed in mammalian tissues and over-expressed in NSCLC cells, there are limited studies on the effects of AQP3 knockdown on NSCLC cells under hypoxic conditions. Methods: The CCK-8 assay was used to calculate cell viability. Scratch-wound healing and transwell assays were used to detect cell migration and invasion. Apoptotic cells were measured by the TUNEL assay. mRNA expression levels were calculated via quantitative RT-PCR. Relative protein levels were determined by immunoblot assays. Results: AQP3 knockdown substantially reduced proliferation, migration, and invasion of A549 and NCI-H460 cells under hypoxic conditions. Moreover, AQP3 knockdown clearly induced cell apoptosis. Further analysis identified levels of HIF-1α, VEGF, Raf, phosphor-MEK, and phosphor-ERK, whose activities were significantly attenuated in the AQP3 knockdown group. Conclusions: These findings indicate that AQP3 knockdown retards the growth of NSCLC cells partially through inhibiting HIF-1α/VEGF and Raf/MEK/ERK signalling pathways.
A Review of Pediatric Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Kaspar C.D.W. , Bholah R. , Bunchman T.E.
Published: January 2016

Chronic kidney disease is complex in both adults and children, but the disease is far from the same between these populations. Here we review the marked differences in etiology, comorbidities, impact of disease on growth and quality of life, issues unique to adolescents and transitions to adult care, and special considerations of congenital kidney and urinary tract anomalies for transplantation.
Outcome of Surgical or Endovascular Treatment of Giant Intracranial Aneurysms, with Emphasis on Age, Aneurysm Location, and Unruptured Aneuryms - A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Dengler Julius , Maldaner Nicolai , Gläsker Sven , Endres Matthias , Wagner Martin , Malzahn Uwe , Heuschmann Peter U. , Vajkoczy Peter ,   on behalf of the Giant Intracranial Aneurysm Study Group
Published: January 2016

Background: Designing treatment strategies for unruptured giant intracranial aneurysms (GIA) is difficult as evidence of large clinical trials is lacking. We examined the outcome following surgical or endovascular GIA treatment focusing on patient age, GIA location and unruptured GIA. Methods: Medline and Embase were searched for studies reporting on GIA treatment outcome published after January 2000. We calculated the proportion of good outcome (PGO) for all included GIA and for unruptured GIA by meta-analysis using a random effects model. Results: We included 54 studies containing 64 study populations with 1,269 GIA at a median follow-up time (FU-T) of 26.4 months (95% CI 10.8-42.0). PGO was 80.9% (77.4-84.4) in the analysis of all GIA compared to 81.2% (75.3-86.1) in the separate analysis of unruptured GIA. For each year added to patient age, PGO decreased by 0.8%, both for all GIA and unruptured GIA. For all GIA, surgical treatment resulted in a PGO of 80.3% (95% CI 76.0-84.6) compared to 84.2% (78.5-89.8, p = 0.27) after endovascular treatment. In unruptured GIA, PGO was 79.7% (95% CI 71.5-87.8) after surgical treatment and 84.9% (79.1-90.7, p = 0.54) after endovascular treatment. PGO was lower in high quality studies and in studies presenting aggregate instead of individual patient data. In unruptured GIA, the OR for good treatment outcome was 5.2 (95% CI 2.0-13.0) at the internal carotid artery compared to 0.1 (0.1-0.3, p < 0.1) in the posterior circulation. Patient sex, FU-T and prevalence of ruptured GIA were not associated with PGO. Conclusions: We found that the chances of good outcome after surgical or endovascular GIA treatment mainly depend on patient age and aneurysm location rather than on the type of treatment conducted. Our analysis may inform future research on GIA.
Successful Management of Crizotinib-Induced Neutropenia in a Patient with Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase-Positive Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Case Report
Authors: Osugi Jun , Owada Yuki , Yamaura Takumi , Muto Satoshi , Okabe Naoyuki , Matsumura Yuki , Higuchi Mitsunori , Suzuki Hiroyuki , Gotoh Mitsukazu
Published: January 2016

Crizotinib, the first clinically available inhibitor of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene rearrangement, is generally well tolerated. In contrast, neutropenia induced by crizotinib is a commonly reported grade 3 or 4 adverse event. In such cases, interruption and dose reduction of crizotinib might be necessary for some patients with severe neutropenia. However, information concerning clinical experience and management of severe neutropenia is currently limited. In this report, the successful management of crizotinib-induced neutropenia by dose reduction of crizotinib in a patient with ALK-positive non-small cell lung cancer is described.
Caminhos híbridos na criação midiática
Authors: Soares Rosana , Limberto Andrea
Published: January 2016

Editorial
Superfície da cidade: arte, cotidiano e política nas intervenções urbanas
Authors: Oliveira Ana Karina De Carvalho , Fonseca Cláudia Graça da , Marques Angela Cristina Salgueiro
Published: January 2016

O objetivo deste trabalho é refletir sobre intervenções artísticas que buscam legitimar a cidade como locus da construção e expressão de identidades individuais e coletivas, da manifestação de causas e desejos e do desenvolvimento de ações comunicativas que buscam transformar a aparência e a vida dos espaços urbanos. Analisa-se o trabalho do grupo Poro (Belo Horizonte) a partir de sua intenção de promover transformações na cidade e nas pessoas por meio de táticas criativas de enunciação e questionamento daquilo que é considerado partilhado por uma coletividade. Procura-se revelar se as intervenções urbanas do grupo, ao se inserirem e dialogarem com a vida pública,oferecem novas percepções da cidade articuladas a um fazer político que tem a estética e a poética como bases.
Bone Morphogenic Protein 4-Smad–Induced Upregulation of Platelet-Derived Growth Factor AA Impairs Endothelial Function
Authors: Hu Weining , Zhang Yang , Wang Li , Lau Chi Wai , Xu Jian , Luo Jiang-Yun , Gou Lingshan , Yao Xiaoqiang , Chen Zhen-Yu , Ma Ronald Ching Wan , Tian Xiao Yu , Huang Yu
Published: January 2016

Objective—

Bone morphogenic protein 4 (BMP4) is an important mediator of endothelial dysfunction in cardio-metabolic diseases, whereas platelet-derived growth factors (PDGFs) are major angiogenic and proinflammatory mediator, although the functional link between these 2 factors is unknown. The present study investigated whether PDGF mediates BMP4-induced endothelial dysfunction in diabetes mellitus.

Approach and Results—

We generated Ad-Bmp4 to overexpress Bmp4 and Ad-Pdgfa-shRNA to knockdown Pdgfa in mice through tail intravenous injection. SMAD4-shRNA lentivirus, SMAD1-shRNA, and SMAD5 shRNA adenovirus were used for knockdown in human and mouse endothelial cells. We found that PDGF-AA impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation in aortas and mesenteric resistance arteries. BMP4 upregulated PDGF-AA in human and mouse endothelial cells, which was abolished by BMP4 antagonist noggin or knockdown of SMAD1/5 or SMAD4. BMP4-impared relaxation in mouse aorta was also ameliorated by PDGF-AA neutralizing antibody. Tail injection of Ad-Pdgfa-shRNA ameliorates endothelial dysfunction induced by Bmp4 overexpression (Ad-Bmp4) in vivo. Serum PDGF-AA was elevated in both diabetic patients and diabetic
db/db
mice compared with nondiabetic controls. Pdgfa-shRNA or Bmp4-shRNA adenovirus reduced serum PDGF-AA concentration in
db/db
mice. PDGF-AA neutralizing antibody or tail injection with Pdgfa-shRNA adenovirus improved endothelial function in aortas and mesenteric resistance arteries from
db/db
mice. The effect of PDGF-AA on endothelial function in mouse aorta was also inhibited by Ad-Pdgfra-shRNA to inhibit PDGFRα.

Conclusions—

The present study provides novel evidences to show that PDGF-AA impairs endothelium-dependent vasodilation and PDGF-AA mediates BMP4-induced adverse effect on endothelial cell function through SMAD1/5- and SMAD4-dependent mechanisms. Inhibition of PGDF-AA ameliorates vascular dysfunction in diabetic mice.