bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Arousal Levels and Attribution Effects in Diazepam-Assisted Flooding
Authors: Johnston Derek , Gath Dennis
Published: August 2008

The therapeutic effect of flooding was thought originally to depend on the induction of high levels of anxiety by the presentation of intensely frightening situations in imagination or practice (Stampfl and Levis, 1967; Marks et al., 1971). More recent evidence indicates that high arousal may not be essential in flooding and may even be disadvantageous. Hussain (1971) reported that patients with agoraphobia and social phobias responded better to imaginai flooding when it was accompanied by the intravenous infusion of thiopental. Marks et al. (1972), treating patients with specific phobias, found that flooding carried out by exposure to the phobic situations was more effective if combined with an anxiolytic drug, oral diazepam. There was some evidence that flooding was most effective if it took place several hours after administration of the drug.
Controlled Trial of Dipotassium Clorazepate (‘Tranxene’) in Anxiety
Authors: Cooper Alan J. , Magnus Ralph V. , Rose Michael , Phanjoo André , Lancaster Neville P. , Pollard Patricia , Knowlson Patrick A.
Published: August 2008

Dipotassium clorazepate is a new benzodiazepine derivative with pharmacological and clinical properties resembling diazepam. This report concerns a double-blind placebo-controlled crossover comparison of clorazepate and diazepam which was carried out simultaneously at four centres in the United Kingdom.
Is Response to Antidepressants an Aid to the Differentiation of Response-specific Types of Depression?
Authors: El-Islam M. Fakhr
Published: August 2008

The problem of classification of depressive illness has in recent years been reviewed by Kiloh and Garside (1963), Sandifer et al. (1966), McConaghy et al. (1967), Kendell (1968 and 1968a), Roth (1969) and Roth and Kerr (1970). Among the parameters differentiating types of depression, response to antidepressants has been employed by Pare et al. (1962), Lopez Ibor (1962) and Kiloh et al. (1962); their results suggest that one type of depression responds to the tricyclic group of antidepressants and the other to the monoamineoxidase inhibitors.
Oral Contraceptives and Psychiatric Disturbance: Evidence from Research
Authors: Weissman Myrna M. , Slaby Andrew E.
Published: August 2008

There is a commonly held conviction among physicians and the lay public that oral contraceptive agents are associated with a high incidence of adverse psychological effects, particularly depressive symptoms. This belief is enhanced by a body of literature which includes case reports, studies of small samples, and overall side effect incidence rates (1–22). Careful, adequately controlled, objective studies of emotional reactions are, however, lacking, and this can be ascribed to the serious problems inherent in the design of such studies. For example, adequate control groups are difficult to establish, and contraceptives cannot easily be randomly assigned. Studies using a placebo must also introduce other contraceptives; nonrandom processes operate in the selection of women for study. Suggestibility secondary to use of medication requires placebo double-blind studies in order to differentiate the psychological from the pharmacological effects.
Neurotic and Psychotic Forms of Depressive Illness: Evidence from Age-Incidence in a National Sample
Authors: Spicer C. C. , Hare E. H. , Slater Eliot
Published: August 2008

The ability to distinguish separate types of disorder among patients who seem at first sight to have similar symptoms has been a powerful factor in the progress of medicine. It is for this reason that the attempt to distinguish different varieties of depressive illness is important. In Britain recent studies have been concerned with the presence (as rated by the examining physician) of various symptoms and signs which from clinical experience have been thought likely to distinguish a neurotic from a psychotic type of depression. The investigators agree on the presence of these two types but disagree on the nature of the distinction, one school holding that there are two largely distinct types of illness and the other that the types merely represent the opposite ends of a continuum. The holders of the latter view accept that there may well be distinct types of depressive illness, but maintain that, if so, they cannot be distinguished by present methods of clinical examination. The divergence of view has been attributed by Kendell (1968) to sampling differences and to the subjective bias of raters, and by Eysenck (1970) to disagreement on whether the two types of depressive illness are of a categorical nature (i.e. specific disease entities) or of a dimensional nature (i.e. each has a graded distribution in a population of depressed patients).
Responses to Erotic Stimuli of Transsexual and Homosexual Males
Authors: Barr R. F.
Published: August 2008

The aim of the study was to determine whether transsexual and homosexual males differ in their autonomic responses to erotic film sequences.
The Responsibilities and Role of the Doctor Concerned with the Care of the Mentally Handicapped
Authors: Godber George
Published: August 2008

I am no expert in the field of mental handicap and what I have to say derives from a general rather than a special acquaintance with the subject you are to discuss. That may be no bad thing, because much of the extensive change which has come over the psychiatric field in the past twenty years has been due to a change of outlook by those outside psychiatry, giving better opportunities for those within.
Coexistence of the Capgras and de Clérambault Syndromes A Case History
Authors: Sims Andrew C. P. , White Alfred C.
Published: August 2008

Capgras syndrome and de Clérambault's syndrome are ‘uncommon psychiatric disorders' (Enoch, Trethowan and Barker, 1967). The literature contains accounts of one or very few cases of each. With both conditions, nosologists have been in dispute as to whether the syndrome is a description of specific bizarre symptoms occurring in the context of another psychosis or is a distinct entity.
Capgras Symptoms with an Organic Basis
Authors: MacCallum W. A. G.
Published: August 2008

Since the French psychiatrists Capgras and Reboul-Lachaux published their paper first describing the ‘illusion of doubles' in 1923, other cases of the syndrome have been published giving the impression that it really occurs only in affective disorder and in schizophrenia. This viewpoint was definitely expressed in the excellent review of the Capgras syndrome in Some Uncommon Psychiatric Syndromes by Enoch, Trethowan and Barker (1967)— ‘Since it occurs in a clear sensorium, it is obvious that there is no organic basis to the condition, but it is rather a functional illness and, as such, is explained on a psychodynamic basis.’
A Comparative Review of Patients with Obsessional Neurosis and with Depression Treated by Psychosurgery
Authors: Bridges P. K. , Goktepe E. O. , Maratos J. , Browne Anne , Young Lucy
Published: August 2008

Obsessional neurosis can be more resistant to treatment, and sometimes even to amelioration, than almost any other form of psychiatric illness. Pollitt (1969) has pointed out that, ‘true obsessional states are among the few illnesses that can still torture patients almost for a lifetime’, and other reports have shown that a generally bad prognosis is to be expected among such patients (Kringlen, 1965; Templer, 1972). As a means of helping patients with obsessional illnesses, various types of psychosurgical operation have been attempted (Lewin, 1961; Knight, 1964; Post, Rees and Schurr, 1968; Knight, 1969). In this paper we present a detailed review of a series of patients who had undergone stereotactic psychosurgical operations for these conditions, in order to assess the value of this method of treatment and also to attempt to identify factors which might have prognostic significance. Some of the patients reviewed had also had second operations of other types.
Explanation in Obsessional Neurosis
Authors: Walker Valerie J.
Published: August 2008

Over the past hundred years, a great deal has been written about obsessional neurosis. Much of the literature is theoretical, concerned with putting forward explanations for obsessional behaviour. Little attention has been given, however, to the question of what it is that requires to be explained, what it is about the obsessional symptom that is pathological. It is the aim of this paper to examine this question more closely.
Contract Therapy in Obsessive-Compulsive Neurosis with Marital Discord
Authors: Stern R. S. , Marks I. M.
Published: August 2008

This case report describes an apparently effective treatment of severe obsessional rituals which was carried out along with therapy of marital discord. Previous treatments directed towards the obsessional symptoms had little effect, but conjoint marital therapy produced marked improvement. The treatment consisted of asking each spouse to list the desired behaviour in the other; each then agreed to carry out a previously specified activity which the other desired.
Follow-up of 53 Bipolar Manic-Depressive Patients
Authors: Carlson Gabrielle A. , Kotin Joel , Davenport Yolande B. , Adland Marvin
Published: August 2008

Despite the monumental follow-up studies of patients with manic-depressive illness by Lundquist (1945), Rennie (1942), Hastings (1958), and more recently, Shobe (1971), the development of the concept of unipolar and bipolar forms of affective disorders with clinical (Brodie and Leff, 1971), genetic (Dunner et al., 1970; Winokur et al., 1969), and biologic differences (Buchsbaum et al., 1971; Cohn et al., 1970), has necessitated a revaluation of the question of outcome in this psychiatric illness. The availability of lithium carbonate for both acute and prophylactic treatment of mania (Schou, 1968; Coppen et al., 1971), and possibly depression (Goodwin et al., 1972), has also increased the clinical importance of the unipolar-bipolar distinction. The purpose of this study is to provide further information regarding the course of bipolar manic-depressive illness by reporting the level of functioning, recurrence of episodes, and quality of life at follow-up assessed in a group of patients formerly hospitalized for mania at the National Institutes of Health.
Manic Psychosis in Connection with Q-Fever
Authors: Schwartz R. B.
Published: August 2008

Steinberg et al. (11) have recently described, in a case report in this Journal, a combination of manic psychosis in the course of and following an influenza infection with high levels of complement fixing (CF) antibody titre, with a view to encouraging further research-work in this direction. Following their suggestions, we should like to describe a similar observation. At the same time, we will take the opportunity to make some critical remarks on the comments made by Steinberg et al. as to the correlation between the specificity of an exogenic noxious agent and a mental reaction, since, in our opinion, it might lead to a certain misunderstanding to talk about a direct or even specific relationship between influenza infection and manic psychosis.
Psychosis, Neurosis and Epilepsy
Authors: Flor-Henry P.
Published: August 2008

It is generally accepted that in mammalian evolution from rodents to primates, including man, aggressiveness, and more particularly intra-species aggression related to the assertion of dominance in the social hierarchy of the group, is a characteristic of the male (Gray, 1971). There is also an increasing body of evidence which shows that mammalian behaviour patterns are basically female and that male patterns are determined by the action of the sex hormone testosterone on neural structures during critical phases of intra-uterine development (Seymour Levine, 1966). Ounsted and Taylor (1972) have proposed that the X chromosome is sexually neutral, essentially equivalent to an autosome, and that its role in sexual differentiation lies in that it maintains ovarian function in the female. The Y chromosome is sex-determining by causing potential autosomal and X-coded information to become manifest in the phenotype. This is achieved in part by determining the development of foetal testosterone during a critical phase of foetal life. In the absence of testosterone the fundamental female morphology would be established in either sex.
Operant Conditioning in the Treatment of Anorexia Nervosa: A Review and Retrospective Study of 11 Cases
Authors: Bhanji Sadrudin , Thompson James
Published: August 2008

Anorexia nervosa is a disorder characterized by loss of appetite, amenorrhoea, and weight loss in the absence of any primary psychiatric or physical illness (Dally and Sargant, 1966). Features which have recently been stated to be of value in distinguishing it from anorexia due to other causes are: denial of illness, bradycardia and lanugo hair (Wright et al., 1969). The weight losses in this condition are usually at least 20 per cent of ideal body weight, depending on the quality and promptness of treatment.
The Prevalence of Transsexualism in England and Wales
Authors: Hoenig John , Kenna John C.
Published: August 2008

The incidence and prevalence of transsexualism are difficult to establish, as the syndrome is not sufficiently common to lend itself to the usual methods of epidemiological research.
Young People in Mental Hospitals
Authors: Lear T. E. , Lewington Jeanne
Published: August 2008

The increasing awareness of the social needs of young patients in a mental hospital where the care of elderly people is the major task started with comments from visiting medical students, and eventually met with a response from hospital personnel and community volunteers.
Mental Health and Urban Life: A Study of 850 Families
Authors: Sethi B. B. , Gupta S. C. , Mahendru R. K. , Kumari P.
Published: August 2008

Whereas there are many reports from Western societies on the prevalence of psychiatric disorders few systematic studies are available for a culture such as the Indian. Certain efforts in this direction have been made recently, and a few reports have emerged. Dube (1970), in a psychiatric survey conducted in Agra City and its suburban areas found a period prevalence of 18 per 1,000. In a study of 184 families of a rural community in India, Elnaggar et al. (1971) observed a prevalence rate of 27 per 1,000. In a study of 300 urban families, Sethi et al. (1967) found a psychiatric morbidity rate of 72 per 1,000 whereas this rate was only 39 per 1,000 in a surveyed population of 500 rural families (Sethi et al., 1972a). We also observed (Sethi et al., 1972b) that psychiatric disorders were commoner in the migrant families. The present study was undertaken to estimate the extent of mental illness in an urban society in India and to find out the relevant variables associated with various psychiatric disorders.
Application Group: Broadening the Patient Experience in a Psychiatric Organization
Authors: Cooper Lowell
Published: August 2008

The Tavistock conference model of Group Relations Training, described in some depth by Rioch (1970) and O'Conner (1971), provides participants with a focus on the problems of leadership and authority as they develop and emerge in a variety of relatively unstructured group contexts within a time-limited laboratory setting. The major conference experience involves participation in ‘here and now’ groups with the use of staff in a consultative role, i.e. the staff function being to focus exclusively on the covert or unconscious processes in the group. So the usual consultant role involves no comments to individuals but a rigorous focus on the dynamics of the group as a whole; a role which has been described in more clinical settings by Bion (1968), Coffey (1966) and Ezriel (1950). ‘One of the major aims of the conferences is to contribute to people's ability to form serious work groups committed to the performance of clearly defined tasks …. A second major aim … is the development of more responsible leadership and fellowship in group life’ (Rioch, 1970, p. 347).
Cerebrospinal Fluid pH and Monoamine and Glucolytic Metabolites in Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Gottfries C. G. , Kjällquist Åke , Pontén Urban , Roos B. E. , Sundbärg G.
Published: August 2008

Determinations of acid monoamine metabolites, such as homovanillic acid (HVA) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) give valid information on the metabolism of the corresponding amines in the brain tissue (Moiret al., 1970; Roos, 1970). The monoamine metabolites in the CSF are related to age. The concentrations of HVA and 5-HIAA increase with age (Gottfrieset al., 1971). Probenecid blocks the elimination of HVA and 5-HIAA from brain tissue to blood (Neffet al., 1964, 1967; Werdinius, 1966) and from CSF to blood (Guldberget al., 1966; Olsson and Roos, 1968). Probenecid thus normally induces an increase in the concentrations of the acid monoamine metabolites in the CSF, which is related to the turnover of monoamines in the brain tissue.
Sex Chromosome Abnormalities, Homosexuality and Psychological Treatment
Authors: Orwin A. , James Sheelah R. N. , Turner R. Keith
Published: August 2008

The theory that some male homosexuals might have female chromosomal constitution (Lang, 1940) became untenable when techniques for studying sex chromosomes were developed. Amongst others the work of Pare (1956) and Raboch and Nedoma (1958) showed that male homosexuals had normal male chromosomes. The latter authors in the same study also reported on 36 male patients with a female type of sex chromatin (i.e. chromatin positive) and could not detect any homosexual orientation: 32 were definitely heterosexual and the remaining 4 were considered ‘infantile’, They assumed that the finding of a chromatin-positive homosexual would be coincidental and that there was no causal relationship between this sex chromosome abnormality and homosexuality. Money and Pollitt (1964) searched for a genotypical abnormality in a related psychosexual disorder, namely transsexualism, but although they collected six cases in the literature where Klinefelter's syndrome and transsexualism occurred together, the correlation was not statistically significant. In fact, it would now appear to be established that there is no specific correlation between sex chromosome abnormality and psychosexual disorders (Slater and Cowie, 1971).
Sex Chromatin Anomaly in Chinese Females: Psychiatric Characteristics of XXX
Authors: Tsuang Ming T.
Published: August 2008

The development of techniques for studying sex chromatin from oral mucosa (Moore and Barr, 1955; Marberger at al., 1955), and chromosomes from peripheral blood (Moorhead et al., 1960), has made it possible to undertake population surveys to identify individuals with abnormal sex chromosomes. The present knowledge of psychiatric effects of the sex chromosome abnormalities has been derived mainly from comparing their frequency in the psychiatric population with that in the general population.
What shall we do with the Drunkenness Offender?
Authors: Hershon Howard I. , Cook Tim , Foldes Peter A.
Published: August 2008

In England, public intoxication has been a criminal offence ever since an Act of Parliament was passed in the reign of James I, somewhat over three and a half centuries ago. Edwards (1970) compiled some figures on these offences for the last two hundred years, showing that the rate of arrest was much higher in the nineteenth century than at present. For example, in 1878 there were 70 arrests per 10,000 of the population, compared with a comparable figure for 1968 of 16. Nevertheless, the latest available figures from the Home Office (1971) show that 82,961 persons were found guilty of simple or aggravated public drunkenness in 1971. In the U.S.A., with its apparently much larger alcoholism problem, there were nearly one and a half million arrests for this group of offences in 1966 (Pittman, 1969); this accounts for one third of all arrests in that country (Chafetz, 1971).
A Clinical and Family Comparison of Paranoid and Non-Paranoid Schizophrenics
Authors: Fowler Richard C. , Tsuang Ming T. , Cadoret Remi J. , Monnelly Edward , McCabe Michael
Published: August 2008

Family studies of schizophrenia have indicated familial differences between paranoid schizophrenia and other Kraepelinian subtypes of schizophrenia. Kallmann (1938) noted the lower morbid risk for schizophrenia in the families of paranoid probands as compared to the families of hebephrenic and catatonic probands. This finding was confirmed for siblings by Hallgren and Sjögren (1959).
The Stability of Psychiatric Diagnoses
Authors: Kendell R. E.
Published: August 2008

Numerous studies of the reliability of psychiatric diagnosis have been published in the last twenty years, but most have been based either on a comparison of the diagnoses made by two or more raters at a single joint interview, or separate interviews a few days apart (the observer agreement model), or on a comparison of the overall spectrum of diagnoses assigned to two comparable series of patients (the frequency agreement model). Comparisons between the diagnoses assigned to patients on successive admissions, or at other widely separated points in time (the consistency or stability model), have been carried out less often, in spite of the fact that the usefulness of our diagnostic categories is just as dependent on temporal stability as on reliability in an observer agreement situation.
Personality Disorder: Part II. Follow-up
Authors: Welner Amos , Liss Jay L. , Robins Eli
Published: August 2008

In a previous study (Liss, Welner and Robins, 1973), the hospital records of 212 patients who received a diagnosis of personality disorder other than antisocial personality were studied. The clinical information about these patients was used to arrive at an established psychiatric diagnosis based upon the rigorous diagnostic criteria designed for research (Feighner, Robins, Guze, Woodruff, Winokur, and Munoz, 1972). In 118 cases (56 per cent) the clinical symptoms and the course of the disorder met the required diagnostic criteria for one or more of the established psychiatric diagnoses. The remaining 94 patients (44 per cent) had too few symptoms to meet these criteria.
The Effects of Phenothiazines on Endocrine Function: II
Authors: Beumont P. J. V. , Corker C. S. , Friesen H. G. , Kolakowska T. , Mandelbrote B. M. , Marshall J. , Murray M. A. F. , Wiles D. H.
Published: August 2008

There is ample evidence that high doses of phenothiazines and other neuroleptics depress the pituitary-gonadal axis in experimental animals (De Wied, 1967), but the effects of these drugs on sex hormones in human subjects are still controversial (Shader and Di Mascio, 1970). Literature concerning growth hormone (GH) is even more controversial, since phenothiazines have been found to inhibit GH release in rodents (Mulleret al.,1967) but to increase it in the rhesus monkey (Meyer and Knobil, 1967). In human subjects phenothiazines have been reported to depress both basal levels of GH and the response to hypoglycaemia (Shermanet al.,1971), while others have found that this response is enhanced (Schimmelbusch, Mueller and Scheps, 1971). Studies of prolactin levels are more consistent, showing raised prolactin both in experimental animals and in human subjects following administration of phenothiazines (Apostolakiset al.,1972; Hwanget al.,1971; Kleinberget al.,1971; Sulman, 1970).
Intelligence and Neurosis in Old Age
Authors: Nunn C. M. H. , Bergmann K. , Britton P. G. , Foster E. M. , Hall E. H. , Kay D. W. K.
Published: August 2008

In a previous study of old people living in the community, those with functional psychiatric disorders (usually neuroses) were found to have relatively low IQs on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) (Britton et al., 1967). This observation required confirmation and was open to a number of interpretations.
A Method of Psychotherapy Based on Relaxation Techniques
Authors: Snaith R. P.
Published: August 2008

In his review of psychotherapeutic practice today, Marks (1971) has pointed out that there is a decreasing tendency to make dogmatic assertions of universal applicability of one or other form of psychotherapy to all neurotic states. There is an increasing readiness among psychotherapists of different schools to recognize that genuine therapeutic potential may be found in a variety of techniques with widely differing underlying assumptions about the nature of neurosis. It seems increasingly probable that psychotherapists of the future will need to be conversant with many techniques and the clinical indications for each, for it is becoming unrealistic to expect all neurotic problems to be solved by one technique alone.
Cash in Hand
Authors: Morgan R. , Cheadle A. J. , Staples P. W. J.
Published: August 2008

Despite the Department of Health and Social Security's disclaimer in paragraph 10 of H.M. 71/90, the earnings of psychiatric patients for work done in hospital were effectively limited to a maximum of £2 between the years 1958 and 1972. The progressive decline in the value of money during this period led to mounting agitation for the limit to be raised (e.g. Wansbrough, 1971, p. 29). Hospitals were notified of the decision to raise the limit in a letter (reference no. DS. 214/72) from D.H.S.S. dated August 1972, the first paragraph of which reads: ‘The National Insurance Act 1972 raises the maximum amount a person may earn whilst in receipt of National Insurance benefit from £2.00 to £4.50 a week for work carried out under medical supervision as part of his treatment as a patient of a hospital or similar institution. This takes effect from 5th October 1972.’
A Welsh Forensic Psychiatric Service for Doctors
Authors: Craft Michael J.
Published: August 2008

The results of treating psychopaths and other mentally abnormal offenders at Balderton Hospital, Nottinghamshire, and in North Wales (Tables I, II and III), have shown that there is a small intractable group who react explosively when in the company of less disturbed patients, and who are best treated in a long-term unit specially designed for their needs. The small group surveyed here are mentally abnormal offenders of dull-normal or average ability whose aggression or inadequacy, sometimes combined with schizophrenia or resulting from brain damage, makes them prone to repeated convictions for violent acts, arson, sexual offences or drunkenness.
Social Factors and Epileptics in Prison
Authors: Gunn John
Published: August 2008

In 1966 a census was carried out of the epileptic population in prisons and borstals in England and Wales (1). This indicated that there are at least 7.1 epileptics/1,000 men in these institutions, a figure higher than that expected from general population estimates. The present paper reports an attempt to explain this higher prevalence using an interview study of a representative sample of epileptic prisoners together with a similar study of non-epileptic prisoners matched for institution and date of reception into prison.
‘Steroid Psychosis’: A Case Report
Authors: Baloch N.
Published: August 2008

The occurrence of psychiatric complications following the administration of ACTH and corticosteroids is well recognized. Psychiatric disturbances usually take the form of euphoria or elation in mood. Depression is less likely, and irritability or aggressiveness may occur. In about 5 per cent of cases the alteration in mood may be accompanied by clouding of consciousness, delusions, hallucinations and disorientation. This picture of an organic confusional state is said to result from high doses and prolonged therapy with corticosteroids and ACTH. The latter is recognized to cause psychiatric sequelae more often than the corticosteroids (Truelove and Witts, 1959). Disturbances may appear within six to seven hours of initial therapy (Goolker and Schein, 1953), after prolonged administration, or even after complete withdrawal of the hormone therapy.
Sleeping Pills and Dream Content
Authors: Firth Hugh
Published: August 2008

Almost all sleep-promoting drugs distort the natural pattern of sleep by suppressing rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and cause a rebound to above-normal values on withdrawal which typically lasts about six weeks (Oswald, 1968, 1969). Furthermore, barbiturates reduce the number of eye movementsper unit timein REM sleep (Oswaldet al., 1963; Baekeland, 1967; Lesteret al., 1968; Feinberget al., 1969), with a rebound in eye movement (EM) profusion on withdrawal (Oswald, 1970). Non-barbiturate hypnotics do likewise, also with a rebound in EM profusion on withdrawal (Allenet al., 1968; Lewis, 1968).
Assessment of Neurotic Symptoms in Irish Female Patients
Authors: Kelleher M. J. , Copeland J. R. M.
Published: August 2008

The purpose of this short paper is to draw attention to the higher scores on neurotic scales found by the authors in Irish female subjects in three separate comparative studies of different categories of Irish and British hospital patients, using three different instruments for enquiry.
School Performance of Adult Schizophrenics, Their Siblings and Age Mates
Authors: Offord D. R.
Published: August 2008

In a previous paper, a preliminary report (Offord and Cross, 1971) found that adult schizophrenics differed in their school performance from both their siblings and their age mates. For instance, the pre-schizophrenics were significantly more likely than their siblings to have repeated at least one grade in elementary school and to have scored significantly lower on childhood IQ, tests than their siblings and age mates.
A Follow-up Study of Female Narcotic Addicts: Variables Related to Outcome
Authors: d'Orbán P. T.
Published: August 2008

The poor prognosis of narcotic dependence is generally recognized, but this is a field in which it is specially difficult to make predictions about the outcome of treatment in the individual patient. Vaillant (1966a) noted that abstinence appears to depend more on the addict's ability to discover satisfying alternatives to his addiction than on methods of treatment. In an attempt to identify prognostic indicators in narcotic dependence a number of follow-up studies have examined the relationship between outcome and various social and psychological characteristics of the patients studied. While most follow-up studies are of male addicts or of samples containing only a small proportion of women, the present study is concerned with the outcome in a sample of 66 female narcotic addicts.
Male Admissions to Broadmoor Hospital
Authors: Tennent Gavin , Loucas Kypros , Fenton George , Fenwick Peter
Published: August 2008

Broadmoor Hospital is one of three Special Hospitals provided for the treatment of patients of ‘dangerous or violent propensities', under conditions of security. By definition, it caters for a unique and highly selected group of patients; patients who it is thought are too dangerous to be cared for in more conventional psychiatric facilities. Studies of such selected groups of patients may help us towards a better understanding of the relationship between dangerous behaviour and mental illness. Special groups of patients have been studied (Blackburn, 1970; Le Couteur, 1966; McGrath, 1958), but apart from a general paper by Gould (1957), and a recent research report by Black (1973) remarkably little is known either about the characteristics of those patients who go into hospitals, or about what happens to them after they leave the hospitals.
The Effectiveness of Lithium in Affective and Schizo-Affective Psychoses
Authors: Smulevitch A. B. , Zavidovskaya G. I. , Igonin A. L. , Mikhailova N. M.
Published: August 2008

Recently, though the value of lithium salts has been supported by a number of careful studies (1–6), it has become increasingly evident that as a preventive of affective and schizoaffective psychoses the use of lithium is far from being universally effective and that it does not always lead to a complete disappearance of phases and attacks (7–8). The most generally held view (9–13) of lithium as a prophylactic drug is that it is of most value in preventing the recurrent affective attacks of patients with manic-depressive psychosis and cyclothymia.
The Effects of Pulse ECT in Neurotic and Endogenous Depression
Authors: Carney M. W. P. , Sheffield B. F.
Published: August 2008

Convulsions induced by mild pulse current (Cronholm and Ottosson, 1963; Ottosson, 1960) have been reported to be as beneficial as unilateral or bilateral sinusoidal ECT in depression while not associated with as many undesirable effects (Valentine et al., 1968). However, confirmatory work is needed, and the authors did not distinguish between response rates in neurotic and endogenous depression.
Study Problems in Ugandan Secondary School Students: A Controlled Evaluation
Authors: Minde Klaus K.
Published: August 2008

Recent reviews dealing with psychiatry in sub-Saharan Africa have stressed the overall similarity in the incidence of psychiatric conditions and their diagnostic distribution to those seen in other parts of the world (German, 1972; Giel and Van Luijk, 1969; German and Arya, 1969). All authors emphasize, however, that some clinical pictures seen in Africa, such as those of depression and anxiety states, vary from the manifestations one encounters in European and North American patients.
Heterosexual Aversion in Homosexual Males A Second Experiment
Authors: Freund Kurt , Langevin Ron , Zajac Yaroslaw
Published: August 2008

A substantial part of Freud's (1925, orig. 1905; 1926, orig. 1922) theorizing on the causes of male homosexuality was the assumption of a fear of the female genitals, and according to Radó (1969) “fear of the genitals of the opposite sex is the basic dynamic of the individual who wants a sexual relationship with a member of the same sex”. Radó's stress on the phobic component in the causation of male homosexuality is shared by many theorists and practising clinicians.
A Study of the Use of Antidepressant Medication in General Practice
Authors: Johnson D. A. W.
Published: August 2008

Several surveys (Carstairs and Bruhn, 1962; Shepherd et al., 1966; and Johnson, 1973a) have demonstrated that the treatment of psychiatric disorders in general practice consists principally of prescribing drugs, with relatively little use of social agencies and psychotherapy. Although Shepherd et al. (1966) comment that the treatment is often haphazard and inadequate, the published surveys of general practice give little specific information about the prescribing habits of doctors. The present author surveyed the prescribing habits of general practitioners in the treatment of depression in the belief that it is necessary to have this information in order to evaluate the need for education in this clinical expertise, and also to act as a comparison for other surveys which will undoubtedly be carried out in the future to test the effectiveness of the current expansion of undergraduate teaching in psychiatry.
The Economics of Rehabilitation
Authors: Cheadle A. J. , Morgan R.
Published: August 2008

The Tunbridge Report on Rehabilitation (1972, para 71) comments on ‘the paucity of research on the requirements of rehabilitation and the evaluation of rehabilitative treatment and techniques.’ An unusual way of evaluating the effectiveness of rehabilitation is to study its cost.
The Personality in Psychomotor Epilepsy Compared with the Explosive and Aggressive Personality
Authors: Kristianson Per
Published: August 2008

Amark (1951, p. 154) discovered a high frequency of ixoid and ixothymic personality traits resembling those encountered among epileptics in a clinical material (49.5 per cent), and institutional material (38.0 per cent) and a material from the Temperance Board (37.1 per cent). Amark's description of these ‘epileptoid’ personality traits (1951, p. 151)) which also covers normal character variations, is fairly wide and includes a tendency to perseveration, adhesiveness, explosions or dysphoric states of dejection, querulousness and paranoid reactions. In a previous study (Kristianson, 1970, p. 173) it was suggested that Amark probably overestimated the frequencies of ixoid and ixothymic personalities, because alcoholics are so often explosive. But this quite unspecific pattern of behaviour is not sufficient for the diagnosis of ‘epileptoid’ traits, if this concept is to have a reasonable definition. Explosive aggressiveness is scarcely a primary personality trait, but is one of the symptoms of a deterioration in the chronic alcoholic's mental condition. However, it is important to differentiate these explosive aggressive reactions caused by chronic alcoholism from the adequately defined personality traits of epileptics. This problem of differentiation will be analysed in greater detail in this study.
Socio-Clinical Substrates of Folie à Deux
Authors: Soni Som Datta , Rockley Gerald Joseph
Published: August 2008

Folie à deux, the psychosis of association, has been defined as ‘the transference of delusional ideas and/or abnormal behaviour from one person to one or more individuals who have been in close association with the primary affected person’ (8). At least three conditions have been regarded as pre-requisite for its diagnosis: (a) definite evidence that the partners have been intimately associated, (b) identical content of the delusional ideas in both the patients, and (c) unequivocal evidence that the partners share, support and accept each other's delusions (7).
Chromosome Aberrations and LSD
Authors: Robinson J. T. , Chitham R. G. , Greenwood R. M. , Taylor J. W.
Published: August 2008

While the beneficial effect of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in the treatment of carefully selected patients as an adjunct to psychotherapy has been amply reported (Robinson et al., 1963), concern has been expressed regarding the damage to chromosomes in those taking the drug.
Inter-rater Reliability of Ward Rating Scales
Authors: Hall John N.
Published: August 2008

Psychiatrists, psychologists, and nursing staff are increasingly making direct observations and ratings of ward behaviour. Characteristically, a nurse may be asked to complete a multi-item rating scale on a group of patients during the course of a drug trial. Several factors are involved in the choice of an appropriate scale for a particular purpose. Among these factors are the number of points per item, which defines the sensitivity to change of the item, and the total number of items in the scale, which affects the time taken to complete the scale and hence the frequency of rating that can be permitted in an assessment schedule.
EEG Evaluation of a Sleep Recorder
Authors: Johnson J. , Lockwood P.
Published: August 2008

Sleep disorders are important diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of many common psychiatric syndromes. Clinicians have to be content with the patients' own assessment of their sleep patterns, or at the best, those of a night nurse; both methods are known to be unreliable, particularly where insomnia is present (Kuper et al., 1970). In a previous paper, Johnson and Kitching (1972) described a simple device for assessing the duration of sleep in ward situations. It depended upon the patient's ability to signal wakefulness by pressing a mechanical switch in response to an intermittent light stimulus throughout the night. This was considered to indicate a level of cerebral arousal compatible with wakefulness: failure to respond to the light stimulus indicated that the patient's level of cerebral arousal was lowered to the level of ‘sleep‘. A number of objections were anticipated, however, which might invalidate these assumptions. Most important of these were:

(i)

The intermittent occurrence of the light stimulus, every 15–20 minutes, limits the device to an approximation of the duration of sleep. The system of scoring was to assume a period of 10 minutes of sleep on either side of a missed stimulus.

(ii)

The possibility that the patient could press the mechanical switch in response to the light stimulus whilst in Stage I or even Stage II of sleep (Rechtschaffen et al., 1968) without returning to wakefulness.

(iii)

The intermittent light stimulus might itself act as a disruptive stimulus to sleep, producing arousal and thus altering the sleep level.
The Relation of Blood Adenosine Triphosphate to Changes of Mood in Affective Disorders
Authors: Hansen Otto , Dimitrakoudi Maria
Published: August 2008

Peripheral whole blood uridine diphosphate glucose (UDPG) has been found to be significantly elevated in psychotic depression (Hansen, 1969; 1972a, b), and this was related to an equally significant lowering of whole blood adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Addition to healthy human blood of UDPG accelerated the hydrolysis of ATPin vitro(Hansen, 1972a), and UDPG concentration dependently enhanced the activity of a vegetable ATP di-phosphohydrolase (EC 3.6.1.5), which was also inhibited by adenosine 3’, 5′-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic AMP) in a concentration-dependent manner (Hansen, 1972b). Other workers have recently published a similar inhibition of a rat heart ATPase by cyclic AMP (Dietze and Hepp, 1972), and another research group have found that sodium-potassium exchange pump changes and changes in erythrocyte membrane ATPase activity correlate significantly with mood alterations in psychotic depressive patients (Dick, Dick, Le Poidevin and Naylor, 1972; Naylor, Dick, Dick, Le Poidevin and Whyte, 1973). This paper reports a study of the relationship between blood ATP levels and mood in patients suffering from manic-depressive predictable (Jenner, 1971) short term cycle psychotic states, and in depressive patients receiving electroconvulsive treatment.
Socio-Cultural Aspects of Attempted Suicide among Women in Trinidad and Tobago
Authors: Burke Aggrey W.
Published: August 2008

The aim of the present study is to investigate probable socio-cultural determinants in the epidemiology of attempted suicide in Trinidad and Tobago. In an earlier paper the author described the clinical features which were noted among those patients who attempted suicide and were admitted to the only psychiatric unit in these islands (Burke, 1974). During the period before this unit was in full operation other workers had noted a tendency for suicide attempts to be made more frequently by women of East Indian origin, who most often reside in rural areas, than among the more urban African ones (Haynes, 1966; Roberts and Russell, 1969). Since those studies a suicide prevention service has been established which admits all patients who attempt suicide. The present study was intended to re-investigate the ethnic sub-cultural findings which occur in the new service. It was hypothesized that there was no difference in the distribution of attempted suicide, between the two sub-cultural groups.
XYY Individuals in a Special School
Authors: Clark D. F. , Johnston A. W.
Published: August 2008

The steady stream of publications on the XYY syndrome, including recent papers by Christensen and Nielsen (1973) and a comprehensive review by Hook (1973), demonstrates clearly that confirmation or refutation of the relationship in this syndrome between dull intelligence, even mental deficiency, and impulsive or delinquent behaviour requires further evidence. In an attempt to supply such evidence this report presents psychological and anthropometric information about five XYY subjects detected from amongst attenders at the Special School in the city of Aberdeen.
Bipolar Manic-Depressive Psychosis in Early Adolescence: A Case Report
Authors: Berg Ian S. , Hullin Roy P. , Allsopp Michael N. E. , O'Brien Patrick , MacDonald Robert
Published: August 2008

A girl is briefly described who had typical bipolar manic-depressive psychosis starting unusually early at 14 years of age. Symptoms at the time of onset included severe anorexia, school phobia and attempted suicide, about the time of onset. She required unusually high doses of lithium carbonate to obtain adequate plasma levels, and there was a tendency for the administration of antidepressant medication to cause her to switch rapidly from depression to hypomania. The last two findings were shared by her father who also had bipolar manic-depressive psychosis.
Psychiatric Illness in the Mothers of School-Phobic Adolescents
Authors: Berg Ian , Butler Alan , Pritchard Janice
Published: August 2008

This paper reports a study of maternal psychiatric illness in school-phobic adolescents admitted to a psychiatric in-patient unit. These cases have been previously described and studied in various ways (Berg, Nichols and Pritchard, 1969; Berg, 1970; Berg and McGuire, 1971; Berg, Butler and McGuire, 1972; Berg and McGuire, 1974).
Wilfulness in School-Phobic Adolescents
Authors: Berg Ian , Collins Tony
Published: August 2008

School-phobic youngsters have sometimes been described as wilful and stubborn in the family situation (Hersov, 1960), and this tendency has been invoked to explain the particular occurrence of school phobia in early adolescence (Leventhal and Sills, 1964). The emotional upset shown by these young people when faced with the prospect of going to school (Berg, Nichols and Pritchard, 1969), may occasionally appear to be more in the nature of anger, defiance and temper than either fearfulness or misery (Smith, 1970). The fact that in the general population dislike of school is reflected in actual absence only during the secondary school years (Mitchell and Shepherd, 1967) supports the view that assertiveness, which presumably becomes more effective as the child reaches the teens, plays some part in school refusal.
The Gestation Period of Identity Change
Authors: Mathers James
Published: August 2008

The object of this paper is to consider the proposition that some kinds of critical change in a person's life experience bring about a change in his sense of identity which is not subjectively recognized and acknowledged until between one and two years after the critical event or initiation of the critical change.
Penrose's Work and Views in Relation to Anthropology
Authors: Barnicot N. A.
Published: August 2008

Lionel Penrose's work was essentially concerned with medical genetics and, as this audience is well aware, especially with mental defect. He very seldom published in an anthropological journal, and on the few occasions when he mentioned anthropologists in his writings his remarks were not very complimentary. However, those of us who are in the business can take comfort from the fact that these remarks were generally aimed at an earlier generation of anthropologists who had failed to benefit from what human genetics already had to offer in the years before World War II.
Some Experiments of Nature with Sex
Authors: Polani Paul E.
Published: August 2008

Professor Penrose was a human geneticist but above all a human biologist interested in all aspects of man's adaptation and behaviours. However, I need not remind you of the fact that his interests were wider. They were, among others, with the field of biology itself. This interest was one reason why he was particularly delighted with some of the discoveries made on human chromosomes and their anomalies, and he shared very abundantly in the work and in the excitement of these discoveries.
Psychiatry amongst the Australian Aborigines
Authors: Kiloh L. G.
Published: August 2008

The notion of transcultural psychiatry is an attractive one. It creates visions of palm-lined beaches and tropical abundance in the midst of which energetic epidemiology leads to aetiological revelations. Nissl commented to his friend Kraepelin (1904), about to embark on his journey to Java, that his research was only a scientific cloak to hide his enthusiasm for travel—a jest that all subsequent transcultural workers have had to suffer. It is unfortunate that not only are the palms and beaches overrated but the differences in culture and morbidity found are often scarcely greater than those existing between sections of one's own society, where even communication may be as great a problem. Even if the contribution made to the understanding of our own illnesses is meagre, transcultural studies can still be justified because they allow us to evaluate the needs of the peoples studied and, we may hope, permit us to indicate how they may be helped. The view sometimes expressed, particularly by anthropologists, that one should endeavour to observe without changing is unacceptable to doctors. Help is indeed required—there are no noble savages nowadays.