bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigating effects of FFP2 wearing during physical activity on gas exchange, metabolism and affective state using a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Engeroff Tobias , Heinsel Katrin , Niederer Daniel , Nienhaus Albert , Groneberg David A. , Vogt Lutz
Published: March 2024

Concerns are repeatedly raised about possible adverse respiratory effects of wearing filtering face pieces (FFP) during physical activity. This study compared the impact of FFP type 2 (NF95) on pulmonary function, blood gas values, metabolism and discomfort during light, moderate and vigorous physical activity. Healthy adults (n = 13; 6 females, 7 males; mean 31.3, SD 5.5 years) participated in this randomized two-armed (Ergometer cycling with a FFP type 2 vs. no mask) crossover trial. Baseline cardiopulmonary exercise testing and two interventions (masked and unmasked ergometer cycling 40%, 50% and 70% VO2max, 10 min each) were separated by 48 h washout periods. Spiroergometric data (End tidal carbon dioxide partial pressure PetCO2; breathing frequency; inspiration time), blood gas analysis outcomes (capillary carbon dioxide partial pressure, pCO2) and subjective response (Breathing effort and perceived exertion) were contrasted between conditions using ANOVAs. All participants completed the crossover trial, seven started with the FFP2 condition (No adverse events or side effects). FFP2 decreased breathing frequency, prolonged inspiration time, increased perceived breathing effort and PetCO2 (p < .05). Blood pCO2 in millimetres mercury increased during exercise with 50%VO2max (mean 36.67, SD 3.19 vs. mean 38.46, SD 2.57; p < .05) and 70%VO2max (35.04, 2.84 vs. 38.17, 3.43; p < .05) but not during exercise with 40%VO2max (36.55, 2.73 vs. 38.70). Perceived exertion was not affected (p > 0.05) by mask wearing. Conclusion: Mask-induced breathing resistance decreased respiratory performance and limited pulmonary gas exchange. While FFP2 affected subjective breathing effort per se, invasive diagnostics showed that statistically significant metabolic effects are induced from moderate intensity upwards.

Trial registration: DRKS-ID: DRKS00030181, Date of registration: 05/09/2022 (German Register for Clinical Trials).
A new method for deep learning detection of defects in X-ray images of pressure vessel welds
Authors: Wang Xue , He Feng , Huang Xu
Published: March 2024

Given that defect detection in weld X-ray images is a critical aspect of pressure vessel manufacturing and inspection, accurate differentiation of the type, distribution, number, and area of defects in the images serves as the foundation for judging weld quality, and the segmentation method of defects in digital X-ray images is the core technology for differentiating defects. Based on the publicly available weld seam dataset GDX-ray, this paper proposes a complete technique for fault segmentation in X-ray pictures of pressure vessel welds. The key works are as follows: (1) To address the problem of a lack of defect samples and imbalanced distribution inside GDX-ray, a DA-DCGAN based on a two-channel attention mechanism is devised to increase sample data. (2) A convolutional block attention mechanism is incorporated into the coding layer to boost the accuracy of small-scale defect identification. The proposed MAU-Net defect semantic segmentation network uses multi-scale even convolution to enhance large-scale features. The proposed method can mask electrostatic interference and non-defect-class parts in the actual weld X-ray images, achieve an average segmentation accuracy of 84.75% for the GDX-ray dataset, segment and accurately rate the valid defects with a correct rating rate of 95%, and thus realize practical value in engineering.
Synergistic preparation and application in PCU of α-calcium sulfate hemihydrate whiskers from phosphogypsum and electrolytic manganese residue
Authors: Wang Ting , Ke Xuan , Li Jia , Wang Ying , Guan Weiwei , Sha Xia , Yang Chenjing , Zhang Tian C.
Published: March 2024

The α-calcium sulfate hemihydrate whiskers (α-CSHWs) were first prepared using phosphogypsum (PG) and electrolytic manganese residue (EMR) as raw materials for coating urea, demonstrating excellent controlled-release properties. The effects of different reaction conditions on α-CSHWs, achieved by optimizing the reaction time, the concentrations of NH4+, Mn2+, and other factors, were discussed. Results showed that when the EMR content was 25 wt%, the reaction temperature was 100 °C, and the reaction time was 3 h, α-CSHWs with a length-to-diameter ratio of 39 were obtained. Through experiments and density functional theory (DFT), the mechanism of α-CSHWs preparation was elucidated. The results show that the addition of EMR reduces the content of impurity ions PO43− and F− in PG while introducing NH4+ and Mn2+. Interestingly, both NH4+ and Mn2+ can reduce the nucleation time of α-CSHWs, while PO43−, Mn2+, and F− are more likely to adsorb on the (0 0 6) crystal plane of α-CSHWs, NH4+ readily adsorbs on the (4 0 0) crystal plane. The controlled-release performance of modified α-CSHWs incorporated into polyurethane-coated urea (PCU) was investigated, and it was found that the addition of Mα significantly prolonged the nutrient release period, with the period extending up to 116 days for coatings of 5wt% and above. This work not only enhances the efficiency of PG and EMR utilization but also serves as a reference for the straightforward synthesis and application of α-CSHWs.
Comparative analysis of adding cotton straw and corn stover to improve the combustion performance of municipal sludge
Authors: Xu Feng , Li Jing , He Zihan
Published: March 2024

To address issues of high water content and low calorific value during combustion of municipal sludge, we added water-absorbent, easy-to-burn agricultural waste to improve the overall combustion performance. Cotton straw or corn stover were added to the sludge and mixed at high-speed to compare their capacities for improving combustion performance. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) revealed that cotton straw or corn stover attached to the surface of the municipal sludge particles after blending, while analysis of thermogravimetric curves and activation energies of the blends showed that combustion and exhaustion rates increased significantly when 40% cotton straw or corn stover were blended into the sludge. Using the quadrilateral cut-ring boiler as a prototype, the mix of sludge with cotton straw or corn stover was simulated, and FLUENT software was used to obtain the temperature and pollutant emissions of the boiler. Sludge blended with cotton straw or corn stover increased furnace temperature and reduced SO2 and NO emissions, while that with cotton straw burned at higher temperatures with lower SO2 and NO emissions. Overall, the CO content of sludge combustion was lower when blended with proportions of cotton straw or corn stover under 50%. The findings of this study lay a theoretical foundation for treatment of municipal sludge according to local conditions.
Lactiplantibacillus plantarum K8 lysates regulate hypoxia-induced gene expression
Authors: Jeong Jaehyeon , Kang Byeong-Hee , Ju Sangmin , Park Na Yeon , Kim Deukyeong , Dinh Ngoc Thi Bao , Lee Jeongho , Rhee Chang Yun , Cho Dong-Hyung , Kim Hangeun , Chung Dae Kyun , Bunch Heeyoun
Published: March 2024

Hypoxic responses have been implicated in critical pathologies, including inflammation, immunity, and tumorigenesis. Recently, efforts to identify effective natural remedies and health supplements are increasing. Previous studies have reported that the cell lysates and the cell wall-bound lipoteichoic acids of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum K8 (K8) exert anti-inflammatory and immunomodulative effects. However, the effect of K8 on cellular hypoxic responses remains unknown. In this study, we found that K8 lysates had a potent suppressive effect on gene expression under hypoxia. K8 lysates markedly downregulated hypoxia-induced HIF1α accumulation in the human bone marrow and lung cancer cell lines, SH-SY5Y and H460. Consequently, the transcription of known HIF1α target genes, such as p21, GLUT1, and ALDOC, was notably suppressed in the K8 lysate supplement and purified lipoteichoic acids of K8, upon hypoxic induction. Intriguingly, K8 lysates decreased the expression of PHD2 and VHL proteins, which are responsible for HIF1α destabilization under normoxic conditions, suggesting that K8 may regulate HIF1α stability in a non-canonical pathway. Overall, our results suggest that K8 lysates desensitize the cells to hypoxic stresses and suppress HIF1α-mediated hypoxic gene activation.
Effect of sodium hypochlorite, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, and dual-rinse irrigation on dentin adhesion using an etch-and-rinse or self-etch approach
Authors: Par Matej , Steffen Tobias , Dogan Selinay , Walser Noah , Tauböck Tobias T.
Published: March 2024

The aim was to investigate the influence of endodontic irrigation solutions and protocols on the micro-tensile bond strength (μTBS) to dentin using an etch-and-rinse (ER) or self-etch (SE) adhesive approach. Eighty extracted human molars were ground to dentin. After pretreating for 27 min (21 min–3 min–3 min) with five different endodontic irrigation protocols (Group 1: NaOCl–EDTA–NaOCl; Group 2: NaOCl–NaOCl–EDTA; Group 3: NaOCl–NaCl–NaOCl; Group 4: Dual Rinse–Dual Rinse–Dual Rinse; Group 5: NaCl–NaCl–NaCl), an ER (Optibond FL, Kerr) or a SE (Clearfil SE Bond, Kuraray) adhesive system was applied. After light-curing, composite build-ups were made and cut into dentin-composite sticks. μTBS and failure modes were analyzed. Nonparametric statistical analyses (α = 0.05) were performed for comparison of the five groups within each type of adhesive as well as between the two adhesive systems used. The use of an ER instead of a SE adhesive system resulted in significantly higher μTBS for all irrigation protocols except for group 1 (NaOCl–EDTA–NaOCl) and 2 (NaOCl–NaOCl–EDTA). A statistical difference between the five different endodontic irrigation protocols was only found within the SE adhesive group, where group 1 (NaOCl–EDTA–NaOCl) achieved highest values. The use of an ER adhesive system cancels out the effect of the endodontic irrigation solution. The highest μTBS was achieved when using a NaOCl–EDTA–NaOCl-irrigation protocol in combination with Clearfil SE Bond, which shows that the selection of the endodontic irrigation should match the corresponding SE adhesive system.
The impact of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) on pulmonary function in US adults: a cross-sectional study based on NHANES (2007–2012)
Authors: Mao Haiyan , Lin Tong , Huang Shanshan , Xie Zhenye , Jin Shaofeng , Shen Xingkai , Jin Yuhong , Ding Yi
Published: March 2024

Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are a group of chemicals widely used in various applications to prevent or slow down the spread of fire. However, they have adverse effects on human health. There is a relative scarcity of population-based studies regarding BFRs, particularly their impact on the respiratory system. This study aimed to investigate the influence of BFRs on pulmonary function using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The study found that elevated serum concentrations of certain BFRs were associated with pulmonary ventilatory dysfunction. Adjusted analyses revealed positive correlations between PBDE47, PBDE183, and PBDE209 concentrations and ventilatory dysfunction. The analysis of mixed BFRs showed a positive relationship with pulmonary ventilation dysfunction, with PBDE47 making the most significant contribution. Our study demonstrates that both individual and combined BFRs exposure can lead to impaired pulmonary ventilation function. These findings provide evidence of the adverse effects of BFRs on lung function, emphasizing the importance of further investigating the potential health consequences of these compounds. Further large-scale longitudinal studies are needed to investigate this relationship in the future.
SorLA restricts TNFα release from microglia to shape a glioma-supportive brain microenvironment
Authors: Kaminska Paulina , Ovesen Peter L , Jakiel Mateusz , Obrebski Tomasz , Schmidt Vanessa , Draminski Michal , Bilska Aleksandra G , Bieniek Magdalena , Anink Jasper , Paterczyk Bohdan , Jensen Anne Mette Gissel , Piatek Sylwia , Andersen Olav M , Aronica Eleonora , Willnow Thomas E , Kaminska Bozena , Dabrowski Michal J , Malik Anna R
Published: March 2024

SorLA, encoded by the gene SORL1, is an intracellular sorting receptor of the VPS10P domain receptor gene family. Although SorLA is best recognized for its ability to shuttle target proteins between intracellular compartments in neurons, recent data suggest that also its microglial expression can be of high relevance for the pathogenesis of brain diseases, including glioblastoma (GBM). Here, we interrogated the impact of SorLA on the functional properties of glioma-associated microglia and macrophages (GAMs). In the GBM microenvironment, GAMs are re-programmed and lose the ability to elicit anti-tumor responses. Instead, they acquire a glioma-supporting phenotype, which is a key mechanism promoting glioma progression. Our re-analysis of published scRNA-seq data from GBM patients revealed that functional phenotypes of GAMs are linked to the level of SORL1 expression, which was further confirmed using in vitro models. Moreover, we demonstrate that SorLA restrains secretion of TNFα from microglia to restrict the inflammatory potential of these cells. Finally, we show that loss of SorLA exacerbates the pro-inflammatory response of microglia in the murine model of glioma and suppresses tumor growth.
The thermal decomposition mechanism of RDX/AP composites: ab initio neural network MD simulations
Authors: Pang Kehui , Wen Mingjie , Chang Xiaoya , Xu Yabei , Chu Qingzhao , Chen Dongping
Published: March 2024

A neural network potential (NNP) is developed to investigate the decomposition mechanism of RDX, AP, and their composites.
The strength of the OH-bend/OH-stretch Fermi resonance in small water clusters
Authors: Lüttschwager Nils O. B.
Published: March 2024

A novel Raman jet-spectrometer is used to study the Fermi resonance between the OH bending overtone and OH stretching fundamental in small cyclic water clusters.
Nanoparticle-enhanced laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for serum element analysis using an Ag NP-coated filter paper substrate
Authors: Zhang Xinxin , Li Xiaohui , Chen Xue , Shi Mengshan , Ren Tao
Published: March 2024

NELIBS using an Ag NP paper substrate achieves effective spectral enhancement, enabling serum analysis with limited sample preparation.
Electrodeposited CoNi-LDH nanosheets supported on halloysite nanotubes as a robust and highly efficient electrocatalyst for water oxidation
Authors: Hajilo M. , Taherinia D.
Published: March 2024

This work demonstrates electrodeposited CoNi-LDH nanosheets with variable Co/Ni molar ratios supported on halloysite nanotubes as efficient electrocatalysts toward the alkaline OER.
Identification of reaction sites and chlorinated products of purine bases and nucleosides during chlorination: a computational study
Authors: Zhang Fuhao , Mo Yonghang , Cao Xiaomin , Zhou Yingying , Liu Yong Dong , Zhong Rugang
Published: March 2024

Reaction sites and chlorinated products of purine bases (guanine and adenine) and purine nucleosides (guanosine and adenosine) during chlorination were investigated using quantum chemical calculations.
Air oxidation of carbon supports boosts the low-humidity fuel cell performance
Authors: Li Ang , Zhang Le-Le , Shao Ru-Yang , Li Jun-Jie , Xu Cong , Li Shuai , Tong Lei , Liang Hai-Wei
Published: March 2024

Air oxidation of carbon supports was demonstrated to be capable of enhancing the proton and oxygen transport efficiency in the cathode catalyst layer to improve low-humidity fuel cell performance.
A radical 1,4-aryl migration enables nickel-catalysed remote cross-electrophile coupling of β-bromo amino acid esters with vinyl triflates
Authors: Liu Yin-Ling , Liu Jian , Li Xin-Yu , He Peng , Liu Yu-Xuan , Xiang Mei , Tang Shi
Published: March 2024

A radical cascade reaction merging remote aryl migration with cross-electrophile coupling was reported. This reaction features mild conditions (35 °C) and broad substrate scope, offering an entry to amino acid esters tethering vinyl motifs.
Using the nature of the achiral solvent to orient chiral resolution
Authors: de Meester Joséphine , Shemchuk Oleksii , Collard Laurent , Wouters Johan , Baillieux Simon , Robeyns Koen , Leyssens Tom
Published: March 2024

Both (R)- and (S)-Binol can be resolved from a racemic mixture using the same (R,R)-diamine resolving agent, merely adapting the nature of the solvent. This peculiarity is explained by the existence of both a diastereomeric as well as enantiospecific solvate cocrystal system.
{Mo4}-directed structural evolution of highly reduced molybdenum red clusters for efficient proton conduction
Authors: Li Bingbing , Lan Yuxin , Su Heyang , Xu Jiaxin , Zhao Qixin , Ma Yubin , Zheng Qi , Xuan Weimin
Published: March 2024

Highly reduced polyoxometalate clusters {Mo28}, {Mo30} and {Mo40} are constructed from the rational assembly of {MoV4} building blocks and they show efficient proton conductivity up to 7.56 × 10−3 S cm−1.
Custom-tailored solvent engineering for efficient wide-bandgap perovskite solar cells with a wide processing window and low VOC losses
Authors: Wang Ruohao , Zhu Jingwei , You Jiayu , Huang Hao , Yang Yang , Chen Ruihao , Wang Juncheng , Xu Yuliang , Gao Zhiyu , Chen Jiayue , Xu Bangxin , Wang Bing , Chen Cong , Zhao Dewei , Zhang Wen-Hua
Published: March 2024

A DMPU custom-tailored solvent system effectively improved the film quality of perovskites, achieving one of the highest VOC of 1.256 V for 1.65 eV wide-bandgap PSCs.
Deep eutectic solvents on a tightrope: balancing the entropy and enthalpy of mixing
Authors: van den Bruinhorst Adriaan , Corsini Chiara , Depraetère Guillaume , Cam Nithavong , Pádua Agílio , Costa Gomes Margarida
Published: March 2024

We quantified the balance between excess enthalpy (interactions) and excess entropy (structure/disorder) of mixing that determines large melting point depressions in deep eutectic solvents (DESs), reformulating the role of hydrogen bonding in DESs.
Keratin-derived sorbents for efficient removal of copper ions from aqueous solutions
Authors: Feng Li , Wu Jin Chuan , Li Qingxin
Published: March 2024

A composite derived from hydrolyzed keratin and functional monomer dialkylamine demonstrated an exceptional efficiency in removing copper ions, with an adsorption capacity of 337.9 mg g−1.
Gram-scale synthesis of aggregation-caused quenching-resistant red-emissive carbon dots for potential applications
Authors: Kumar Ashok , Negi Kanchan , Sahu Sumanta Kumar
Published: March 2024

This work describes the gram-scale synthesis of N/S-doped carbon dots for red emissive properties. The developed carbon dots can be used in WLEDs, fingerprinting, bioimaging, fluorescent ink, and room-temperature phosphorescence.
Overview of alkyl quercetin lipophenol synthesis and its protective effect against carbonyl stress involved in neurodegeneration
Authors: Otaegui Léa , Lehoux Jordan , Martin Leo , Givalois Laurent , Durand Thierry , Desrumaux Catherine , Crauste Céline
Published: March 2024

Chemical and chemo-enzymatic pathways were developed for the synthesis of alkyl quercetin lipophenol, aiming to produce a potent lipidic antioxidant effective against carbonyl stress toxicity.
Hydrosilylation of nitriles and tertiary amides using a zinc precursor
Authors: Kumar Ravi , Meher Rohan Kumar , Karmakar Himadri , Panda Tarun K.
Published: March 2024

A competent and selective hydrosilylation of nitriles and tertiary amides catalyzed by zinc bis(hexamethyldisilazide) [Zn(HMDS)2] under solvent-free and mild conditions are reported, as a sustainable and desirable alternative to existing methods.
Deep Learning‐Based Active Jamming Suppression for Radar Main Lobe
Authors: Jiang Yilin , Yang Yaozu , Zhang Wei , Guo Limin
Published: March 2024

Due to the development of digital radio frequency memory (DRFM), active jamming against the main lobe of the radar has become mainstream in electronic warfare. The jamming infiltrates the radar receiver via the main lobe, covering up the target echo information. This greatly affects the detection, tracking, and localization of targets by radar. In this study, we consider jamming suppression based on the independence of RF features. First, two stacked sparse auto‐encoders (SSAEs) are built to extract the RF characteristics and signal features carried out by the actual radar signal for subsequent jamming suppression. This method can effectively separate RF features from signal features, making the extracted RF features more efficient and accurate. Then, an SSAE‐based jamming suppression auto‐encoder (JSAE) is proposed; the mixed signal, including the radar signal, jamming signal, and noise, is input to JSAE for dimensionality reduction. Therefore, the radar signal and RF features, extracted by the two SSAEs in the previous step, are used to constrain the features of the reduced mixed signal. Moreover, we integrate the feature level and signal level to jointly achieve jamming suppression. The original radar signal is used to assist the radar signal reconstructed by the decoder. By first filtering out interference‐related features and then reconstructing the signal, we can achieve better jamming suppression performance. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by simulating the actual collected data.
Impact of the transport of magnetospheric electrons on the composition of the Triton atmosphere
Authors: Benne B. , Benmahi B. , Dobrijevic M. , Cavalié T. , Loison J.-C. , Hickson K. M. , Barthélémy M. , Lilensten J.
Published: March 2024

Context. Due to its inclined orbit and the complex geometry of the magnetic field of Neptune, Triton experiences a highly variable magnetic environment. As precipitation of magnetospheric electrons is thought to have a large impact on the Triton atmosphere, a better understanding of the interaction between its atmosphere and the magnetosphere of Neptune is important.

Aims. We aim to couple a model of the Triton atmosphere with an electron transport model to compute the impact of a varying electron precipitation on the atmospheric composition.

Methods. We coupled a recent photochemical model of the Triton atmosphere with the electron transport model TRANSPlanets. The inputs of this code were determined from Voyager 2 observations and previous studies. The main inputs were the electron precipitation flux, the orbital scaling factor, and the magnetic field strength. The electron-impact ionization and electron-impact dissociation rates computed by TRANSPlanets were then used in the photochemical model. We also analyzed the model uncertainties.

Results. The coupling of the two models enabled us to find an electron density profile, as well as N2 and N number densities, that are consistent with the Voyager 2 observations. We found that photoionization and electron-impact ionization are of the same order, in contrast to the results of previous photochemical models. However, we emphasize that this result depends on the hypotheses we used to determine the input variables of TRANSPlanets. Our model would greatly benefit from new measurements of the magnetic environment of Triton, as well as of the electron fluxes in the Neptune magnetosphere.
Planetesimal and planet formation in transient dust traps
Authors: Sándor Zs. , Guilera O. M. , Regály Zs. , Lyra W.
Published: March 2024

Context. The ring-like structures in protoplanetary discs that are observed in the cold dust emission by ALMA might be explained by dust aggregates trapped aerodynamically in pressure maxima.

Aims. We investigate the effect of a transient pressure maximum that develops between two regimes with different turbulent levels. We study how such a pressure maximum collects dust aggregates and transforms them into large planetesimals and Moon-mass cores that can further grow into a few Earth-mass planets by pebble accretion, and eventually into giant planets by accreting a gaseous envelope.

Methods. We developed a numerical model, incorporating the evolution of a gaseous disc, the growth and transport of pebbles, N-body interactions of growing planetary cores, and their backreaction to a gas disc by opening a partial gap. Planetesimal formation by streaming instability is parametrised in our model.

Results. A transient pressure maximum efficiently accumulates dust particles that can grow larger than millimetre-sized. If this happens, dust aggregates can be transformed by the streaming instability process into large planetesimals, which can grow further by pebble accretion according to our assumptions. As the gas evolves towards a steady state, the pressure maximum vanishes, and the concentrated pebbles not transformed into planetesimals and accreted by the growing planet drift inward. During this inward drift, if the conditions of the streaming instability are met, planetesimals are formed in the disc within a wide radial range.

Conclusions. A transient pressure maximum is a favourable place for planetesimal and planet formation during its lifetime and the concentration of pebbles induces continuous formation of planetesimals even after its disappearance. In addition, the formation of a planet can trigger the formation of planetesimals over a wide area of the protoplanetary disc.
SAGE: A tool for constraining the impacts of stellar activity on transmission spectroscopy
Authors: Chakraborty H. , Lendl M. , Akinsanmi B. , Petit dit de la Roche D. J. M. , Deline A.
Published: March 2024

Transmission spectroscopy is a proven technique for studying a transiting exoplanet’s atmosphere. However, stellar surface inhomogeneities – spots and faculae – alter the observed transmission spectra: the stellar contamination effect. The variable nature of the stellar activity also makes it difficult to stitch together multi-epoch observations and evaluate any potential variability in the exoplanet’s atmosphere. This paper introduces SAGE, a tool that corrects for the time-dependent impact of stellar activity on transmission spectra. It uses a pixelation approach to model the stellar surface with spots and faculae, while fully accounting for limb-darkening and rotational line-broadening. The current version is designed for low- to medium-resolution spectra. We used SAGE to evaluate stellar contamination for F- to M-type hosts, testing various spot sizes and locations, and quantify the impact of limb-darkening. We find that limb-darkening enhances the importance of the spot location on the stellar disc, with spots close to the disc centre impacting the transmission spectra more strongly than spots near the limb. Moreover, due to the chromaticity of limb-darkening, the shape of the contamination spectrum is also altered. Additionally, SAGE can be used to retrieve the properties and distribution of active regions on the stellar surface from photometric monitoring. We demonstrate this for WASP-69 using TESS data, finding that two spots at midlatitudes and a combined coverage fraction of ~1% are favoured. SAGE allows us to connect the photometric variability to the stellar contamination of transmission spectra, enhancing our ability to jointly interpret transmission spectra obtained at different epochs.
Sesame: A power spectrum emulator pipeline for beyond-ΛCDM models
Authors: Mauland Renate , Winther Hans A. , Ruan Cheng-Zong
Published: March 2024

The mysterious nature of the dark sector of the Λ-cold-dark-matter (ΛCDM) model is one of the main motivators behind the study of alternative cosmological models. A central quantity of interest for these models is the matter power spectrum, which quantifies structure formation on various scales and can be cross-validated through theory, simulations, and observations. Here, we present a tool that can be used to create emulators for the non-linear matter power spectrum, and similar global clustering statistics, for models beyond ΛCDM with very little computation effort and without the need for supercomputers. We use fast approximateN-body simulations to emulate the boost,B(k, z) =Pbeyond − ΛCDM(k, z)/PΛCDM(k, z), and then rely on existing high-quality emulators made for ΛCDM to isolatePbeyond − ΛCDM(k, z). Since both the ΛCDM and beyond-ΛCDM models are simulated in our approach, some of the lack of power on small scales due to the low force-resolution in the simulations is factored out, allowing us to extend the emulator tok ∼ 3 − 5 h Mpc−1and still maintain good accuracy. In addition, errors from the simulation and emulation process can easily be estimated and factored into the covariance when using the emulator on data. As an example of using the pipeline, we create an emulator for the well-studiedf(R) model with massive neutrinos, using approximately 3000 CPU hours of computation time. Provided with the paper is a fully functioning pipeline that generates parameter samples, runs a Boltzmann solver to produce initial conditions, runs the simulations, and then gathers all the data and runs it through a machine learning module to develop the emulator. This tool, named Sesame, can be used by anyone to generate a power spectrum emulator for the cosmological model of their choice.
High-z gamma-ray burst detection by SVOM/ECLAIRs: Impact of instrumental biases on the bursts’ measured properties
Authors: Llamas Lanza M. , Godet O. , Arcier B. , Yassine M. , Atteia J.-L. , Bouchet L.
Published: March 2024

Context. Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) can be detected at cosmological distances, and therefore can be used to study the contents and phases of the early Universe. The 4−150 keV wide-field trigger camera ECLAIRs on board the Space-based multi-band Variable Object Monitor (SVOM) mission, dedicated to studying the high-energy transient sky in synergy with multi-messenger follow-up instruments, has been adapted to detect high-z GRBs.

Aims. Investigating the detection capabilities of ECLAIRs for high-redshift GRBs and estimating the impacts of instrumental biases in reconstructing some of the source measured properties, focusing on GRB duration biases as a function of redshift.

Methods. We simulated realistic detection scenarios for a sample of 162 already observed GRBs with known redshift values as they would have been seen by ECLAIRs. We simulated them at redshift values equal to and higher than their measured value. Then we assessed whether they would be detected with a trigger algorithm resembling that on board ECLAIRs, and derived quantities, such as T90, for those that would have been detected.

Results. We find that ECLAIRs would be capable of detecting GRBs up to very high redshift values (e.g. 20 GRBs in our sample are detectable within more than 0.4 of the ECLAIRs field of view for zsim > 12). The ECLAIRs low-energy threshold of 4 keV, contributes to this great detection capability, as it may enhance it at high redshift (z > 10) by over 10% compared with a 15 keV low-energy threshold. We also show that the detection of GRBs at high-z values may imprint tip-of-the-iceberg biases on the GRB duration measurements, which can affect the reconstruction of other source properties.
Total and dark mass from observations of galaxy centers with machine learning
Authors: Wu Sirui , Napolitano Nicola R. , Tortora Crescenzo , von Marttens Rodrigo , Casarini Luciano , Li Rui , Lin Weipeng
Published: March 2024

Context.The galaxy total mass inside the effective radius is a proxy of the galaxy dark matter content and the star formation efficiency. As such, it encodes important information on the dark matter and baryonic physics.

Aims.Total central masses can be inferred via galaxy dynamics or gravitational lensing, but these methods have limitations. We propose a novel approach based on machine learning to make predictions on total and dark matter content using simple observables from imaging and spectroscopic surveys.

Methods.We used catalogs of multiband photometry, sizes, stellar mass, kinematic measurements (features), and dark matter (targets) of simulated galaxies from the Illustris-TNG100 hydrodynamical simulation to train a Mass Estimate machine Learning Algorithm (MELA) based on random forests.

Results.We separated the simulated sample into passive early-type galaxies (ETGs), both normal and dwarf, and active late-type galaxies (LTGs) and showed that the mass estimator can accurately predict the galaxy dark masses inside the effective radius in all samples. We finally tested the mass estimator against the central mass estimates of a series of low-redshift (z ≲ 0.1) datasets, including SPIDER, MaNGA/DynPop, and SAMI dwarf galaxies, derived with standard dynamical methods based on the Jeans equations. We find that MELApredictions are fully consistent with the total dynamical mass of the real samples of ETGs, LTGs, and dwarf galaxies.

Conclusions.MELAlearns from hydro-simulations how to predict the dark and total mass content of galaxies, provided that the real galaxy samples overlap with the training sample or show similar scaling relations in the feature and target parameter space. In this case, dynamical masses are reproduced within 0.30 dex (∼2σ), with a limited fraction of outliers and almost no bias. This is independent of the sophistication of the kinematical data collected (fiber vs. 3D spectroscopy) and the dynamical analysis adopted (radial vs. axisymmetric Jeans equations, virial theorem). This makes MELAa powerful alternative to predict the mass of galaxies of massive stage IV survey datasets using basic data, such as aperture photometry, stellar masses, fiber spectroscopy, and sizes. We finally discuss how to generalize these results to account for the variance of cosmological parameters and baryon physics using a more extensive variety of simulations and the further option of reverse engineering this approach and using model-free dark matter measurements (e.g., via strong lensing), plus visual observables, to predict the cosmology and the galaxy formation model.
Rotation curves in protoplanetary disks with thermal stratification
Authors: Martire P. , Longarini C. , Lodato G. , Rosotti G. P. , Winter A. , Facchini S. , Hardiman C. , Benisty M. , Stadler J. , Izquierdo A. F. , Testi Leonardo
Published: March 2024

Context. In recent years, the gas kinematics probed by molecular lines detected with ALMA has opened a new window into the of study protoplanetary disks. High spatial and spectral resolution observations have revealed the complexity of protoplanetary disk structure. Drawing accurate interpretations of these data allows us to better comprehend planet formation.

Aims. We investigate the impact of thermal stratification on the azimuthal velocity of protoplanetary disks. High-resolution gas observations reveal velocity differences between CO isotopologues, which cannot be adequately explained with vertically isothermal models. The aim of this work is to determine whether a stratified model can explain this discrepancy.

Methods. We analytically solved the hydrostatic equilibrium for a stratified disk and we derived the azimuthal velocity. We tested the model with SPH numerical simulations and then we used it to fit for the star mass, disk mass, and scale radius of the sources in the MAPS sample. In particular, we used 12CO and 13CO datacubes.

Results. When thermal stratification is taken into account, it is possible to reconcile most of the inconsistencies between rotation curves of different isotopologues. A more accurate description of the CO rotation curves offers a deeper understanding of the disk structure. The best-fit values of star mass, disk mass, and scale radius become more realistic and more in line with previous studies. In particular, the quality of the scale radius estimate significantly increases when adopting a stratified model. In light of our results, we computed the gas-to-dust ratio and the Toomre Q parameter. Within our hypothesis, for all the sources, the gas-to-dust ratio appears higher but still close to the standard value of 100 (within a factor of 2). The Toomre Q parameter suggests that the disks are gravitationally stable (Q > 1). However, the systems that show spirals presence are closer to the conditions of gravitational instability (Q ~ 5).
Clumpy star formation and an obscured nuclear starburst in the luminous dusty z = 4 galaxy GN20 seen by MIRI/JWST
Authors: Bik A. , Álvarez-Márquez J. , Colina L. , Crespo Gómez A. , Peissker F. , Walter F. , Boogaard L. A. , Östlin G. , Greve T. R. , Wright G. , Alonso-Herrero A. , Caputi K. I. , Costantin L. , Eckart A. , Gillman S. , Hjorth J. , Iani E. , Jermann I. , Labiano A. , Langeroodi D. , Melinder J. , Pérez-González P. G. , Pye J. P. , Rinaldi P. , Tikkanen T. , van der Werf P. , Güdel M. , Henning Th. , Lagage P. O. , Ray T. , van Dishoeck E. F.
Published: March 2024

Dusty star-forming galaxies emit most of their light at far-infrared to millimeter wavelengths as their star formation is highly obscured. Far-infrared and millimeter observations have revealed their dust, neutral and molecular gas properties. The sensitivity of JWST at rest-frame optical and near-infrared wavelengths now allows the study of the stellar and ionized gas content. We investigate the spatially resolved distribution and kinematics of the ionized gas in GN20, a dusty star-forming galaxy at z = 4.0548. We present deep MIRI/MRS integral field spectroscopy of the near-infrared rest-frame emission of GN20. We detect spatially resolved Paα, out to a radius of 6 kpc, distributed in a clumpy morphology. The star formation rate derived from Paα (144 ± 9 M⊙ yr−1) is only 7.7 ± 0.5% of the infrared star formation rate (1860 ± 90 M⊙ yr−1). We attribute this to very high extinction (AV = 17.2 ± 0.4 mag, or AV, mixed = 44 ± 3 mag), especially in the nucleus of GN20, where only faint Paα is detected, suggesting a deeply buried starburst. We identify four, spatially unresolved, clumps in the Paα emission. Based on the double peaked Paα profile, we find that each clump consists of at least two sub-clumps. We find mass upper limits consistent with them being formed in a gravitationally unstable gaseous disk. The ultraviolet bright region of GN20 does not have any detected Paα emission, suggesting an age of more than 10 Myr for this region of the galaxy. From the rotation profile of Paα, we conclude that the gas kinematics are rotationally dominated and the vrot/σm = 3.8 ± 1.4 is similar to low-redshift luminous infrared galaxies. From the Paα kinematics, we cannot distinguish between a rotational profile of a large disk and a late stage merger mimicking a disk. We speculate that GN20 is in the late stage of a major merger, where the clumps in a large gas-rich disk are created by the major merger, while the central starburst is driven by the merger event.
Transport of the magnetic flux away from a decaying sunspot via convective motions
Authors: Zheng Chenxi , Roudier Thierry , Schmieder Brigitte , Ruan Guiping , Malherbe Jean-Marie , Liu Yang , Chen Yao , Cao Wenda
Published: March 2024

Context. The interaction between magnetic fields and convection in sunspots during their decay process remains poorly understood, whereas the formation of sunspots is relatively well studied and fully modeled. Works on the velocity scales at the solar surface have pointed to the existence of the family of granules, whose interaction with the magnetic field leads to the formation of supergranules and their networks, which are visible at the solar surface.

Aims. The aim of this paper is to consider relationship between the decay of sunspots and convection via the motion of the family of granules and how the diffusion mechanism of magnetic field operates in a decaying sunspot.

Methods. We report the decay of a sunspot observed by the 1.6 m Goode Solar Telescope (GST) with the TiO Broadband Filter Imager (BFI) and the Near-InfraRed Imaging Spectropolarimeter (NIRIS). The analysis was aided by the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) on board the Solar Dynamic Observatory (SDO). In the first step, we followed the decay of the sunspot with HMI data over three days by constructing its evolving area and total magnetic flux. In the second step, the high spatial and temporal resolution of the GST instruments allowed us to analyze the causes of the decay of the sunspot. Afterward, we followed the emergence of granules in the moat region around the sunspot over six hours. The evolution of the trees of fragmenting granules (TFGs) was derived based on their relationship with the horizontal surface flows.

Results. We find that the area and total magnetic flux display an exponential decrease over the course of the sunspot decay. We identified 22 moving magnetic features (MMFs) in the moats of pores, which is a signature of sunspot decay through diffusion. We note that the MMFs were constrained to follow the borders of TFGs during their journey away from the sunspot.

Conclusions. The TFGs and their development contribute to the diffusion of the magnetic field outside the sunspot. The conclusion of our analysis shows the important role of the TFGs in sunspot decay. Finally, the family of granules evacuates the magnetic field.
Search for giant planets in M 67 V: A warm Jupiter orbiting the turn-off star S1429
Authors: Thomas Luis , Saglia Roberto , Pasquini Luca , Brucalassi Anna , Bonifacio Piercarlo , de Medeiros José Renan , de Castro Leão Izan , Canto Martins Bruno Leonardo , Lukas Ruh Henrik , Bedin Luigi Rolly , Libralato Mattia , Biazzo Katia
Published: March 2024

Context. Planets orbiting members of open or globular clusters offer a great opportunity to study exoplanet populations systematically, as stars within clusters provide a mostly homogeneous sample, at least in chemical composition and stellar age. However, even though there have been coordinated efforts to search for exoplanets in stellar clusters, only a small number of planets have been detected. One successful example is the seven-year radial velocity (RV) survey ‘Search for giant planets in M 67’ of 88 stars in the open cluster M 67, which led to the discovery of five giant planets, including three close-in (P < 10 days) hot-Jupiters.

Aims. In this work, we continue and extend the observation of stars in M 67, with the aim being to search for additional planets.

Methods. We conducted spectroscopic observations with the Habitable Planet Finder (HPF), HARPS, HARPS-North, and SOPHIE spectrographs of 11 stars in M 67. Six of our targets showed a variation or long-term trends in their RV during the original survey, while the other five were not observed in the original sample, bringing the total number of stars to 93.

Results. An analysis of the RVs reveals one additional planet around the turn-off point star S1429 and provides solutions for the orbits of stellar companions around S2207 and YBP2018. S1429 b is a warm-Jupiter on a likely circular orbit with a period of $\[\77.48_{-0.19}^{+0.18}\]$ days and a minimum mass of M sin i = 1.80 ± 0.2 MJ. We update the hot-Jupiter occurrence rate in M 67 to include the five new stars, deriving $\[\4.2_{-2.3}^{+4.1} \%\]$ when considering all stars, and $\[\5.4_{-3.0}^{+5.1} \%\]$ if binary star systems are removed.
Monadic Expressions and Their Derivatives
Authors: Attou Samira , Mignot Ludovic , Miklarz Clément , Nicart Florent
Published: March 2024

There are several well-known ways to compute derivatives of regular expressions due to Brzozowski, Antimirov or Lombardy and Sakarovitch. We propose another one which abstracts the underlying data structures (e.g. sets or linear combinations) using the notion of monad. As an example of this generalization advantage, we first introduce a new derivation technique based on the graded module monad and then show an application of this technique to generalize the parsing of expressions with capture groups and back references. We also extend operators defining expressions to any n-ary functions over value sets, such as classical operations (like negation or intersection for Boolean weights) or more exotic ones (like algebraic mean for rational weights). Moreover, we present how to compute a (non-necessarily finite) automaton from such an extended expression, using the Colcombet and Petrisan categorical definition of automata. These category theory concepts allow us to perform this construction in a unified way, whatever the underlying monad. Finally, to illustrate our work, we present a Haskell implementation of these notions using advanced techniques of functional programming, and we provide a web interface to manipulate concrete examples.
An analysis comparing the mechanical properties of ASS 316L at high and Sub-zero temperatures
Authors: Anil Kalluri , Aslesha Chilakamarri , Mahanti Vishnu Prasad , Baloji Dharavath , Pavani Pasupuleti , Vladimirovich Kotov
Published: March 2024

Austenitic Stainless Steel 316L is one among most frequent ASS scores utilized in modern industry. It is more resistant to corrosion in normal atmospheric conditions in severe settings such as seawater with salt and situations that require protection against chloride corrosion and pitting.While operating effectively at high temperatures, it can also retain because to its resilience and strength at low temperatures, it is a great option for use in the automotive, nuclear, water treatment, marine, and aerospace industries.The mechanical metrics yield quality (YS), percentage elongation, and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) were assessed and compared in this studyusing experimental data through uniaxial isothermal tensile testing.
Handwritten text recognition using deep learning techniques: A survey
Authors: Rakesh S. , Kushal Reddy P. , Prashanth V. , Srinath Reddy K.
Published: March 2024

HTR (Handwritten Text Recognition) is the automated process of converting handwritten text into digital text, holding immense value in digitizing historical records and facilitating data entry. Through a combination of image processing and HTR systems decode handwritten characters and words. Pre-processing techniques increases image quality by reducing noise and correcting orientation, while models, like “convolutional neural networks” and “recurrent neural networks”, extract features and capture sequence patterns. Effective HTR models demand diverse training datasets and involve supervised learning to align predicted text with actual transcriptions. Post processing tools, including language models and spell-checkers, refine recognition outcomes. HTR's significance spans historical archive digitization, automated form processing, and aiding individuals with disabilities. Challenges persist in deciphering complex handwriting and handling degraded documents. The integration of deep learning advances HTR, enhancing its accuracy and efficiency, thereby expanding access to handwritten texts and enabling their digital search ability and edit ability. The outcome of this endeavor is a robust and user-friendly tool capable of converting handwritten notes, letters, manuscripts, and other textual materials into editable digital text. This project contributes significantly to bridging the gap between analog and digital information, offering immense potential for archival preservation, data accessibility improved productivity across domains.