bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pharmacokinetics of Intraperitoneal Cefalothin and Cefazolin in Patients Being Treated for Peritoneal Dialysis-Associated Peritonitis
Authors: Roberts Darren M. , Ranganathan Dwarakanathan , Wallis Steven C. , Varghese Julie M. , Kark Adrian , Lipman Jeffrey , Roberts Jason A.
Published: January 2016

Background

The standard treatment of peritoneal dialysis (PD)-associated peritonitis (PD-peritonitis) is intraperitoneal (IP) administration of antibiotics. Only limited data on the pharmacokinetics and appropriateness of contemporary dose recommendations of IP cefalothin and cefazolin exist. The aim of this study was to describe the pharmacokinetics of IP cefalothin and cefazolin in patients treated for PD-peritonitis.

Methods

As per international guidelines, IP cefalothin or cefazolin 15 mg/kg once daily was dosed with gentamicin in a 6-hour dwell to patients with PD-peritonitis during routine care. Serial plasma and PD effluent samples were collected over the first 24 hours of therapy. Antibiotic concentrations were quantified using a validated chromatographic method with pharmacokinetic analysis performed using a non-compartmental approach.

Results

Nineteen patients were included (cefalothin n = 8, cefazolin n = 11). The median bioavailability for both antibiotics exceeded 92%, but other pharmacokinetic parameters varied markedly between antibiotics. Both antibiotics achieved high PD effluent concentrations throughout the antibiotic dwell. Cefazolin had a smaller volume of distribution compared with cefalothin (14 vs 40 L, p = 0.003). The median trough total plasma antibiotic concentration for cefazolin and cefalothin during the dwell differed (plasma 56 vs 13 mg/L, p < 0.0001) despite a similar concentration in PD effluent (37 vs 38 mg/L, p = 0.58). Lower antibiotic concentrations were noted during PD dwells not containing antibiotic, particularly cefalothin, which was frequently undetectable in plasma and PD effluent. The median duration that the unbound antibiotic concentration was above the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was approximately 13% (plasma) and 25% (IP) for cefalothin, and 100% (plasma and IP) for cefazolin, of the dosing interval.

Conclusions

When IP cefalothin or cefazolin is allowed to dwell for 6 hours, sufficient PD effluent concentrations are present for common pathogens during this time. However, with once-daily IP dosing, in contrast to cefazolin, there is a risk of subtherapeutic plasma and PD effluent cefalothin concentrations, so more frequent dosing may be required.
Center-Specific Factors Associated with Peritonitis Risk—A Multi-Center Registry Analysis
Authors: Nadeau-Fredette Annie-Claire , Johnson David W. , Hawley Carmel M. , Pascoe Elaine M. , Cho Yeoungjee , Clayton Philip A. , Borlace Monique , Badve Sunil V. , Sud Kamal , Boudville Neil , McDonald Stephen P.
Published: January 2016

Background

Previous studies have reported significant variation in peritonitis rates across dialysis centers. Limited evidence is available to explain this variability. The aim of this study was to assess center-level predictors of peritonitis and their relationship with peritonitis rate variations.

Methods

All incident peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients treated in Australia between October 2003 and December 2013 were included. Data were accessed through the Australia and New Zealand Dialysis and Transplant Registry. The primary outcome was peritonitis rate, evaluated in a mixed effects negative binomial regression model. Peritonitis-free survival was assessed as a secondary outcome in a Cox proportional hazards model.

Results

Overall, 8,711 incident PD patients from 51 dialysis centers were included in the study. Center-level predictors of lower peritonitis rates included smaller center size, high proportion of PD, low peritoneal equilibration test use at PD start, and low proportion of hospitalization for peritonitis. In contrast, a low proportion of automated PD exposure, high icodextrin exposure and low or high use of antifungal prophylaxis at the time of peritonitis were associated with a higher peritonitis rate. Similar results were obtained for peritonitis-free survival. Overall, accounting for center-level characteristics appreciably decreased peritonitis variability among dialysis centers ( p = 0.02).

Conclusion

This study identified specific center-level characteristics associated with the variation in peritonitis risk. Whether these factors are directly related to peritonitis risk or surrogate markers for other center characteristics is uncertain and should be validated in further studies.
STANDARD AND FUTURE-POTENTIAL METHODS FOR SAFETY AND RELIABILITY ASSESSMENT ILLUSTRATED BY AN AIRBORNE ELECTRIC SYSTEM EXAMPLE
Authors: Janhuba Luboš
Published: January 2016

This paper is focused on the description of complex airborne safety and reliability assessment methods mostly used in general aviation. It is a short presentation of standard approaches, principles and methods for the evaluation of aircraft critical systems. There are many techniques that may be used during safety and reliability assessment of an airborne system.

The complexity of airborne system components and their interconnection is rapidly growing. System safety assessment is an essential part of an airplane certification process. Therefore, the means of safety and reliability have to evolve. This paper presents one of future potential concepts of safety and reliability analysis.

The conclusion of this paper gives a brief summary of a standard and a future-potential technique.
APPROXIMATE ASSESSMENT OF THE OPERATIONAL PERFORMANCES OF AN UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICHLE ACCORDING TO ITS FLIGHT DATA
Authors: Silkov Valeriy , Delas Mykola
Published: January 2016

The article is dedicated to the substantiation of the complex parameter that characterizes the technical level of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). This parameter includes the maximum lift-to-drag ratio, propeller efficiency, specific fuel consumption, and other components, on which the main flight characteristics, such as flight range and flight duration, depend. To make a comparative assessment of UAVs of different types, a special scale is developed.
H I AND CO VELOCITY DISPERSIONS IN NEARBY GALAXIES
Authors: Mogotsi K. M. , Blok W. J. G. de , Caldú-Primo A. , Walter F. , Ianjamasimanana R. , Leroy A. K.
Published: January 2016

We analyze the velocity dispersions of individual H i and CO profiles in a number of nearby galaxies from the high-resolution HERACLES CO and THINGS H i surveys. Focusing on regions with bright CO emission, we find a CO dispersion value

 = 7.3 ± 1.7 km s−1. The corresponding H i dispersion

 = 11.7 ± 2.3 km s−1, yielding a mean dispersion ratio

 = 1.4 ± 0.2, independent of radius. We find that the CO velocity dispersion increases toward lower peak fluxes. This is consistent with previous work where we showed that when using spectra averaged (“stacked”) over large areas, larger values for the CO dispersion are found, and a lower ratio

 = 1.0 ± 0.2. The stacking method is more sensitive to low-level diffuse emission, whereas individual profiles trace narrow-line, GMC-dominated, bright emission. These results provide further evidence that disk galaxies contain not only a thin, low velocity dispersion, high density CO disk that is dominated by GMCs, but also a fainter, higher dispersion, diffuse disk component.
La policromía del templo de la calle Morería en el forum novum de Colonia Patricia
Authors: Portillo Gómez Ana
Published: January 2016

Dada la importancia del color como herramienta básica en la plástica de la Antigüedad, hemos creído oportuno realizar indagaciones sobre la aplicación del mismo en la arquitectura romana de la primera etapa imperial en el marco de la ciudad de Córdoba. Es, por tanto, objetivo fundamental de este estudio presentar los resultados obtenidos en el análisis de restos de policromía efectuado a un conjunto de piezas pertenecientes al complejo arquitectónico romano de la calle Morería de Córdoba, a través de la técnica de luminiscencia inducida VIL (Visible Induced Luminiscence Digital Imaging)
La fabricación de lucernas en Tritium Magallum: un molde inédito de M. Oppi Zosi
Authors: Sáenz Preciado J. Carlos , Sáenz Preciado M.ª Pilar
Published: January 2016

Este artículo presenta una investigación centrada en la parte inferior de un sobremolde de lucerna, descubierto durante las excavaciones de El Quemao (Tricio). El molde fue obtenido de una lucerna original del alfarero itálico OPPI ZOSI, comercializado en África del Norte en época antonina. Probablemente, la lámpara original usada para la elaboración del molde fue traída desde África por un legionario o un veterano del Legio VII, asentada en Tritium.
La ermita del Santo Cristo de San Sebastián (Coruña del Conde, Burgos) y sus monumentos de época romana
Authors: Abascal Palazón Juan Manuel
Published: January 2016

La ermita del Santo Cristo de Coruña del Conde es un pequeño templo del siglo XII, en cuya construcción se reutilizaron numerosas inscripciones y elementos arquitectónicos romanos recuperados en alguna de las necrópolis de la cercana ciudad de Clunia. Los elementos descritos no pertenecen a un mismo monumento funerario y quizá ni siquiera son contemporáneos, aunque se observan algunas similitudes entre ellos. En estas páginas se describen los objetos y se realizan algunas correcciones de lectura a las inscripciones romanas. En el Addendum se trata de dos epígrafes romanos existentes hoy en la localidad de Coruña del Conde.
Análisis de la visita pública a la Necrópolis Romana de Carmona entre 1885 y 1985
Authors: Rodríguez Temiño Ignacio , Ruiz Cecilia José Ildefonso , Mínguez García Carmen
Published: January 2016

Inaugurada en 1885, la Necrópolis Romana de Carmona es el primer yacimiento en abrirse a la visita pública en España. Este museo ha prestado durante ciento treinta años un continuo servicio a la investigación arqueológica, la educación, el ocio cultural y el turismo, si bien solo el primero de estos aspectos es conocido. A través del estudio del archivo que posee la institución este trabajo profundiza en esos aspectos en el periodo entre 1885 y 1985, permitiendo una aproximación no solo al número de visitantes, sino también a sus características demográficas, al impacto de esta institución en el currículo escolar y en el turismo procedente de España y el extranjero, así como a la imagen que el yacimiento dejaba en los visitantes, normalmente muy alejada de las visiones oficiales sobre el patrimonio arqueológico.
Entretien avec Terry Shinn
Authors: Shinn Terry
Published: January 2016

L’effervescence intellectuelle du domaine Science-technique- société marque une génération de chercheurs dans les années soixante-dix. Terry Shinn, ancien élève de Fritz Ringer, rappelle la dynamique internationale du domaine et certaines des controverses qui continuent parfois à l’agiter.
Une approche socio-historique pour l’étude spatiale des sciences
Authors: Grossetti Michel , Milard Béatrice , Maisonobe Marion
Published: January 2016

À rebours de l’idée d’une activité scientifique détachée du sol, du milieu dans lequel elle se déploie, l’approche socio-historique des sciences examine la configuration spatiale des activités scientifiques à différentes échelles géographiques : villes, régions, pays et monde. Le développement de cette ligne de recherche accompagne l’émergence de la géographie des sciences, un domaine qui n’est pas encore vraiment établi en tant que spécialité, comme peuvent l’être la sociologie ou l’histoire des sciences, mais qui acquiert une certaine consistance depuis quelques années. Dans ce nouveau paysage, plusieurs orientations se dessinent dont nous donnons un aperçu d’ensemble avant de revenir sur le développement de l’approche socio-historique que nous portons. Cette dernière se fonde sur des données issues d’analyses bibliométriques et d’enquêtes empiriques.
Les transformations de la contribution scientifique
Authors: Pontille David
Published: January 2016

Cet article examine les transformations récentes de la contribution en science. Il se concentre sur des technologies qui assurent l’existence et l’accessibilité des productions scientifiques, qui permettent l’évaluation de leur qualité, et qui garantissent les bonnes attributions à chaque participant. En explorant les petits déplacements à l’œuvre dans les infrastructures informationnelles qui façonnent ce qu’est une contribution scientifique digne de ce nom, il montre comment s’y joue simultanément une redéfinition des qualités mêmes des contributeurs.
Les activités spatiales, objet sociologique
Authors: Jouvenet Morgan , Lamy Jérôme , Saint-Martin Arnaud
Published: January 2016

Cet article propose une synthèse de la sociologie des activités spatiales, en cours de formation. Présentant les études les plus significatives déjà publiées sur le sujet, les auteurs identifient les lignes de force d’une analyse des interactions (compétitives et coopératives) associant acteurs, politiques, et organisations. Ils montrent également comment le territoire de l’enquête est marqué par des démarcations importantes et des distinctions motrices, entre secteurs public et privé, identités nationales et projets internationaux, culture spatiale et spécialités professionnelles.
Histoire de la Société d’histoire et d’épistémologie des sciences du langage (SHESL)
Authors: Léon Jacqueline , Colombat Bernard , Lazcano Élisabeth
Published: January 2016

Créée en 1978, la Société d’histoire et d’épistémologie des sciences du langage (SHESL) est la première société savante du domaine et a joué un rôle central dans son institutionnalisation par la création d’une revue, l’organisation de colloques, notamment d’un colloque international régulier en association avec les autres sociétés savantes. Elle a été à l’origine de la création d’une unité de recherche CNRS (implantée à l’université Paris 7). Elle a contribué à donner une orientation résolument épistémologique à l’histoire des sciences du langage. L’article retrace les conditions de son émergence et les étapes de son développement.
Streaming Remote Sensing Data Processing for the Future Smart Cities
Authors: Sun Xihuang , Liu Peng , Ma Yan , Liu Dingsheng , Sun Yechao
Published: January 2016

The explosion of data and the increase in processing complexity, together with the increasing needs of real-time processing and concurrent data access, make remote sensing data streaming processing a wide research area to study. This paper introduces current situation of remote sensing data processing and how timely remote sensing data processing can help build future smart cities. Current research on remote sensing data streaming is also introduced where the three typical and open-source stream processing frameworks are introduced. This paper also discusses some design concerns for remote sensing data streaming processing systems, such as data model and transmission, system model, programming interfaces, storage management, availability, etc. Finally, this research specifically addresses some of the challenges of remote sensing data streaming processing, such as scalability, fault tolerance, consistency, load balancing and throughput.
User Interaction with Linked Data
Authors: Thakker Dhavalkumar , Yang-Turner Fan , Despotakis Dimoklis
Published: January 2016

It is becoming increasingly popular to expose government and citywide sensor data as linked data. Linked data appears to offer a great potential for exploratory search in supporting smart city goals of helping users to learn and make sense of complex and heterogeneous data. However, there are no systematic user studies to provide an insight of how browsing through linked data can support exploratory search. This paper presents a user study that draws on methodological and empirical underpinning from relevant exploratory search studies. The authors have developed a linked data browser that provides an interface for user browsing through several datasets linked via domain ontologies. In a systematic study that is qualitative and exploratory in nature, they have been able to get an insight on central issues related to exploratory search and browsing through linked data. The study identifies obstacles and challenges related to exploratory search using linked data and draws heuristics for future improvements. The authors also report main problems experienced by users while conducting exploratory search tasks, based on which requirements for algorithmic support to address the observed issues are elicited. The approach and lessons learnt can facilitate future work in browsing of linked data, and points at further issues that have to be addressed.
Incentivizing Patients to Live Healthy Lives
Authors: Lüngen Markus , Passon Anna Marie , Stock Stephanie
Published: January 2016

Most people know what comprises a healthy lifestyle, but few actually exercise, follow a healthy diet with low salt, fat, sugar, and avoid smoking and alcohol intake. It could be argued that society should incentivize prevention programs which lead to a healthy lifestyle instead of paying afterwards for the costly treatment of diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and other preventable chronic diseases. The German experience shows that these programs might even work – however, they might work best for already healthy people. It’s still not clear, how prevention programs should be designed to initiate lasting behavior change in groups, which are deprived. It should be questioned whether it’s more cost-effective to simply raise taxes on unhealthy diet or pleasures.
Analysis of Aluminum Extrusion in a 90o Die by Finite Volume Method
Authors: Matos Martins Marcelo , Button Sérgio Tonini , Bressan José Divo
Published: January 2016

Nowadays, the finite element method is still the first choice of researchers in metal extrusion analysis. However, recent published papers have also supported that metal plastic flow can be modelled by the flow formulation, employing the finite volume method. In this work, the numerical scheme presented by Martins et al. [16] based on finite volume method together with the explicit MacCormack numerical method, was used to analyse aluminum axisymmetric direct extrusion in a 90° die. A structured, fixed and collocated mesh and numerical convergence based on the SIMPLE method were employed to attain pressure-velocity coupling. The main goal of present numerical scheme was to obtain the axial and radial velocities and pressure distributions. From these results, it was possible to obtain and identify the dead zone inside the billet deformation region in direct extrusion of aluminum in a 90° die. The field variables results shown in present work had good agreement when compared with those from literature.
An Investigation of Hole Machining Process on a Carbon-Fiber Reinforced Plastic Sheet by Abrasive Waterjet
Authors: Thongkaew Kunlapat , Wang Jun , Yeoh Guan Heng
Published: January 2016

An experimental investigation of the hole machining performance for woven carbon-fiber reinforced PEEK (polyetheretherketone) sheets by an abrasive waterjet (AWJ) is presented. It is shown that AWJ machining can produce good quality holes if the cutting parameters are properly selected. Plausible trends of the hole quality with respect to the process parameters are discussed. Nozzle traverse speed and intended or programmed hole size are found to have a significant effect on the diameter error of the machined holes, hole roundness, and hole wall inclination angle, while water pressure and abrasive mass flow rate exhibit an insignificant effect. An increase in the traverse speed decreases the overall hole quality, while an increase in the programmed hole diameter decreases the hole diameter error and roundness error, but increases the hole wall inclination. There is not any clear trend of the hole wall surface roughness with respect to the process parameters. Moreover, high water pressures may result in hole defects, such as entrance surface chipping, delamination, internal cracking and fiber pull-out. It is found that the optimum process parameters are about 200 MPa water pressure, 2 mm/s nozzle traverse speed and 7.0 g/s abrasive mass flow rate. Recommendations are made for compensating for the hole size deviation and empirical models are fianlly developed for these hole characteristics.
Control of Machining Profiles Based on Material Removal Capabilities in Cylindrical Blasting
Authors: Harada Masashi , Ohashi Kazuhito , Fukushima Taketo , Tsukamoto Shinya
Published: January 2016

Fluid dynamic bearings, which have an advantage in high-accuracy revolutions, are employed for spindle motors of hard disk drive, cooling fans for central processing unit, spindles of machine tool, etc. Micro herring-bone grooves are manufactured on cylindrical surface of the shafts in the bearing units, and they generate dynamic pressure during spins. Although the depth of the herring-bone grooves is generally constant, the shafts of which groove depth decreases from the ends of the groove array to its center improve the performance of bearing. The micro grooves are mainly manufactured by chemical etching, electrochemical machining, cutting and form rolling. However, the chemical etching and the electrochemical machining are difficult to control 3D machining profiles with high accuracy. The cutting and the form rolling have problems in tool lives and manufacturing costs. On the other hand, blasting is expected as one of micro fabrication methods. Therefore, we focused on blasting, and have investigated its material removal capabilities by fundamental tests. The purpose of this study is to control machining profiles in cylindrical blasting. The machining profiles of cylindrical workpieces in blasting were simulated based on the material removal capabilities obtained by the fundamental blasting tests. Then, the simulated profiles agreed well with the experimental ones by blasting under the same experimental condition.
Influence of Fiber Orientation on Machined Surface Quality in Milling of Unidirectional CFRP Laminates
Authors: Wang Chang Ying , Wen Liang , Wang Cheng Dong , Zhang Hong Zhou , An Qing Long , Chen Ming
Published: January 2016

Machined surface quality is the deciding factor when evaluating the machinability of CFRP. This present work concerns the influence of fiber orientation on the machined surface quality of the machined surface in terms of surface morphology and surface roughness during milling of unidirectional T800/X850 CFRP laminates. Four group milling tests are conducted under the fiber orientation angle of 0°, 45°, 90° and 135°, respectively. For the fiber orientation angle of 0°, the machined defects are mainly fiber pull-out and fiber brittle fracture owing to interfacial debonding between the fibers and matrix resin. For the fiber orientation angle of 45°, the machined defects are mainly resin cavities and the surface morphology is rough and presents wavy fractures. For the fiber orientation angle of 90°, smooth or neat surface is observed except for the surface as the cutting tool cutting in the workpiece on which severe cracks are observed. For the fiber orientation angle of 135°, the surface is smooth with less fibers pull-out. Evaluation profile and surface roughness of the machined surfaces were measured as well. Dramatically fluctuate of the evaluation profile is observed for the fiber orientation angle of 45° with a high surface roughness Ra. Verification tests were also conducted on the multidirectional CFRP (cross-ply) laminates. It is indicated that the presence of the fiber orientation angle of 45° is the main factor leading to the decline of the machined surface quality.
Machining Accuracy and Cutting Temperature Property in Deep Hole Drilling of Stainless Steel
Authors: Yamaguchi Toshiya , Okuda Koichi , Kodama Hiroyuki , Yamamoto Taizo , Takeda Tsubasa
Published: January 2016

In this study, it is discussed how the cutting conditions for drilling deep holes in austenite stainless steel affect the machining accuracy of the hole straightness and the cutting temperature rise. As a result, it is possible to reduce the thrust force and make the machining time short by the combination of the step-feed amount and the feed rate. By changing the drill in incremental step from short drill length to long drill length, the straightness was improved. It was also found that the temperature rise of the drill was around 10 K regardless of the cutting speed when the small step-feed amount of 10 μm was given.
Tool Wear Characteristics of Cylindrical Cutting of Nickel-Based Super Alloy
Authors: Yamada Shinji , Maeda Yukio , Motoyoshi Tatsuo , Tanaka Hideaki , Kato Kazuya , Yazawa Takanori
Published: January 2016

Recently, high-combustion-efficiency jet engines have become essential in the aircraft industry. High burning temperatures are necessary to maximize the combustion efficiency of jet engines. Inconel 718, which has excellent mechanical and chemical properties, has been selected for use in many jet engine parts. However, it is difficult to cut because of its low thermal conductivity. Consequently, wet cutting is typically used to reduce the heat generated in cutting Inconel 718. In this study, we conducted experiments to examine the relationships between the cutting characteristics and tool fracture in wet cutting.
Experimental Study on Surface Quality in Micro-Milling of Single Crystal Superalloy
Authors: Gao Qi , Gong Ya Dong , Zhou Yun Guang
Published: January 2016

Single crystal Ni3Al-based superalloy has excellent comprehensive performance.To study the micro-milling surface quality of Ni3Al-based superalloy, this article used two-edged carbide alloy micro-milling tool with 0.8mm diameter, then orthogonal experiment of three factors and five levels was implemented to the micro-milling of typical single crystal Ni3Al-based superalloy IC10. The primary and secondary factors of the impact on the micro-milling surface quality were found from spindle speed, feed rate, milling depth by range analysis, and the ideal cutting process parameters combination was optimized and obtained, then its cutting mechanism and the reason of affecting the surface quality were analyzed. The experiment result has certain guiding significance to the micro-milling mechanism of single crystal superalloy.
End-Milling of CFRP/Ti-6Al-4V with Electroplated cBN Tool
Authors: Furuki Tatsuya , Hirogaki Toshiki , Aoyama Eiichi , Ogawa Keiji , Inaba Kiyofumi , Fujiwara Kazuna
Published: January 2016

In recent years, the demand for carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP), which have excellent mechanical properties, is increasing in various fields. In particular, the amount of CFRP used accounts for more than 50% of the body structure weight of the state-of-the-art airplanes. Moreover, in such airplanes, stack material, which is a combination of CFRP and titanium alloy (Ti-alloy), is frequently used. Therefore, a novel high-efficiency end-milling technology for cutting CFRP and Ti-alloy simultaneously is required. It is known that for restraining the occurrence of tool wear, diamond coating, which has high hardness, is useful. On the other hand, in the case of machining of Ti-alloy, several problems arise due to the machining heat. Consequently, in this study, we focus on cBN (cubic boron nitride). In order to compare diamond coating and cBN, end-mills, which were electroplated diamond grains, were also fabricated. In this study, as a cutting experiment, side milling of stack material, which is a combination of CFRP and Ti-6Al-4V, was carried out using the fabricated tools. Then, we discuss their cutting performance by measuring the CFRP temperature and chip temperature, tool wear, surface roughness, and surface integrity. As a result, it could be expected to precisely cut the stack material with the fabricated electroplated cBN end-mill. However, it is seen that improvement of the tool shape or the electrodeposition process is required.
Proposal of Constant Load Feeding Method as a High Precision Cutting Tool for CFRP
Authors: Kondo Yasuo , Doi Yuki , Adachi Takafumi , Sakamoto Satoshi , Yamaguchi Kenji , Fujita Tsuyoshi , Yamaguchi Mitsugu
Published: January 2016

An innovative cutting method, constant load feeding method, is proposed as a high precision secondary working tool in CFRP cutting. The constant load feeding can restrain the occurrence of cutting defects such as burr and scuffing in a diamond saw cutting. The combining of constant load feeding with point contact eliminated most of the cutting defects even in the CFRP cutting with a low rigidity cutting tool like the diamond saw blade. In addition, there was no apparent cutting damage on the cutting surface obtained from the drilling with constant load feeding. These facts indicate that the self-generated feed rate in the constant load feeding would be the optimal feed rate to realize a defect-free drilling of CFRP composites.
Influencing Factors of Surface Generation in Ultra-Precision Fly Cutting
Authors: Zhan Lan , Zhang Fei Hu , An Chen Hui , Li Zhi Peng
Published: January 2016

Ultra-precision fly cutting machines have long been the hardest one to compliant and induce great focus of researchers. In this paper, a surface topography model is proposed to predict the surface generation in an ultra-precision fly cutting machine. The building of surface topography model is based on the trace of the tool tip. With the 3D surface profile simulations of workpieces, several influencing factors of surface topography, especially the factors related to micro waviness error, are studied.
Development of a New Burnishing Method Utilizing a Flank Face of a Turning Tool and its Burnishing Performance
Authors: Iwai Manabu , Hashimoto Hideaki , Suzuki Kiyoshi
Published: January 2016

As a measure to perform a burnishing process easily on an NC lathe, the authors propose a new method using a flank face positioned in a few millimeters lower part of the nose cutting edge of a tool. In the experiment, giving a fixed depth of burnishing (t=1, 2 and 4μm/pass), the carbon steel workpiece (S45C) of φ30mm which had been turned at V=200m/min and f=0.15mm/rev was burnished by predefined number of times. As a result, the surface roughness improved in nearly proportion to the total depth of burnishing and the roughness value of Rz≈10μm measured after turning could be improved to Rz≈2.5μm. Utilizing the feed control with an accuracy level of micron meters of the NC lathe, an attempt to control the dimensional accuracy of the workpiece diameter in the order of micron meters was also made. As a result, the workpiece radius came down constantly by 0.6~0.8 times in proportion to the tool depth of burnishing (t=1μm/pass), which reveals that the dimensional accuracy of the workpiece diameter could be controlled by the proposed burnishing process utilizing a fixed depth of burnishing system. Using the same burnishing process, circularity of the workpiece Δr could be improved to Δr≈2μm from Δr≈4μm measured after turning.
Study on the Ductile Removal Behavior of K9 Glass with Nano-Scratch
Authors: Li Zhi Peng , Zhao Hang , Zhang Fei Hu
Published: January 2016

Ductile removal behavior of hard and brittle material in the process of machining has always been a sticking topic. A series of nanoscratch tests of K9 glass were conducted with Berkovich probe on nanoindenter XP to investigate the ductile removal process, material deformation and crack damage. It was found that the scratches surface was free from crack damage in the range of the selected scratching parameters and excellent machinability of K9 glass was obtained. The observation also showed that the stable chips were distributed on the sides of the scratches and the deformation of chips was much larger than that obtained in the conventional machining. Meanwhile, a pile-up phenomenon was obvious and the residual depth of scratches was decreased with the increasing of scratch velocity under the same normal load condition.
Study on Sapphire Wafer Grinding by Chromium Oxide (Cr2O3) Wheel
Authors: Wu Ke , Yamazaki Naoki , Ebina Yutaro , Zhou Li Bo , Shimizu Jun , Onuki Teppei , Ojima Hirotaka , Fujiwara Takashi
Published: January 2016

Finishing process of sapphire wafer is meeting huge challenge to fulfill the strict requirement of high surface quality in semiconductor industry. Fixed abrasive process, although can guarantee the profile accuracy, leaves damaged layer on the surface or subsurface of sapphire wafer. Chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) is famous for providing great surface roughness, however, sacrifices surface geometrical accuracy. Therefore, a new chromium oxide (Cr2O3) sapphire grinding wheel based on chemical mechanical grinding (CMG) principle has been developed and its performance has also been put into examination. The experiment result has demonstrated that Cr2O3 possesses an outstanding potential in terms of a high material removal rate of sapphire wafer, meanwhile, largely reduces surface roughness from about 150nm to below 10nm in 1 hour. In addition, the design of experiment (DOE) has also been carried out to study the effect of influencing factors towards ultimate surface roughness of sapphire wafer. It reveals that the revolution speed of sapphire wafer bears twice greater influence towards surface roughness than the revolution speed of grinding wheel.
Polishing of Aluminum Alloy Using Photocatalyst and Cathilon Dye under Utraviolet Irradiation
Authors: Tanaka Takeshi
Published: January 2016

A fundamental study on finishing aided by an ultraviolet ray (generally mashining:referred to as U-RAMR) was conducted to evaluate its applicability to the polishing of aluminum alloy. Qualitative analysis with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to estimate the chemical reaction induced on Al surfaces that were immersed in some solutions. Inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy (ICPS) was employed to quantitatively analyze the amount of oxidized/dissolved Al, Mg and Fe. The following conclusions were obtained by investigation of the aluminum alloy polishing process. Aluminum does not dissolve in TiO2-solution, whereas a small amount of Al dissolves into cathilon dye solution. Although only a small amount of Al dissolves in TiO2-cathilon dye solution in the absence of UV irradiation, the amount of Al dissolved increases slightly under UV irradiation with the formation of oxide, nitrogen oxide and nitride on the Al surface. In addition, a small amount of an aluminum chloride dissolves into TiO2-cathilon dye solution. An Al alloy (A5052) surface was made flat by polishing with TiO2-cathilon dye slurry under UV irradiation.
Study on the Influence of pH on MRR Based on Acidic Slurry in CMP of 304 Stainless Steel
Authors: Su Jian Xiu , Yao Jian Guo , Wang Zhan Kui , Ma Li Jie , Fu Su Fang
Published: January 2016

The ultra-thin 304 stainless steel sheet will be used in flexible displays for substrate material. In chemical mechanical polishing of ultra-thin stainless steel, the pH value of polishing slurry has an important influence on the material removal rate (MRR). In this paper, the influences of pH regulator in slurry on MRR had been studied in CMP of ultra-thin 304 stainless steel based on alumina (Al2O3) abrasive in acidic polishing slurry. The research results show that, in the same conditions, different pH value had a different chemical action mechanism and a different MRR. And also, different oxidant with pH regulator had a different chemical action mechanism and a different MRR. The research results can provide the reference for studying the slurry in CMP of ultra-thin stainless steel.
Development of Polishing Tool Capable of Self-Adaptive to Processing Site Using Steel Balls and Magnetic Force
Authors: Ma Lei , Furuki Tatsuya , Kure Takashi , Hirogaki Toshiki , Aoyama Eiichi
Published: January 2016

There has been the requirement in recent times for environmentally friendly methods for finishing free-form surfaces such as those of molding dies [1]. This has led to interest in the development of a new polishing technology that utilizes less abrasive slurry and magnetic abrasive finishing. However, it is well known that the traditional magnetic polishing method is unstable and produces insufficient surface smoothness. In the present paper, we discuss the causes of the instability of conventional magnetic polishing. We also propose a self-adaptive polishing tool comprising a brush with steel balls and a coating of thin slurry and present the results of its use to polish various incline surfaces on a three-axis machining center. The proposed self-adaptive polishing tool was found to be effective for polishing a free-form surface using less abrasive slurry.
Surface Roughness and Topography of Honed Nickel-Based Superalloy
Authors: Yang Chang Yong , Fu Yu Can , Huang Da Shun , Xu Jiu Hua , Yang Neng Ge , Yan Wen
Published: January 2016

Honing experiments were carried out for nickel-based superalloy Inconel718 bore. The significance analysis of the four honing parameters: spindle speed, stroke speed, wedge feed per stroke cycle and grain size on the surface roughness, was studied with the orthogonal design method. And the significant degree under the rated conditions was determined. The results showed that: wedge feed per stroke cycle and grain size have a significant influence on surface roughness while spindle speed and stroke speed had no significant effect. Also, there was a positive correlation between surface roughness and wedge feed per stroke cycle and grain size. Furthermore, the honed surface topography was analyzed by the meaning of microscope.
Wear Mechanisms in Grinding of PCBN
Authors: Denkena Berend , Grove Thilo , Behrens Leif
Published: January 2016

PCBN-inserts have a high potential in the cutting of hardened steel, cast iron and super alloys due to their high hardness and heat resistance. Nevertheless they have a high purchase price, which lowers the economic benefits for the end user compared to other cutting materials. This is caused by the high production costs of the inserts. The grinding of PCBN-inserts causes a major proportion of these costs as a result of the high grinding wheel wear. The primary wear mechanism is grain breakout followed by clogging of the grinding layer. This study shows that the efficiency of the grinding process can be increased significantly by applying low cutting speeds and high feed rates. In this case, splintering of the grinding grain is the main wear mechanism.
Experimental Study of the Causes for Shape Error of a Large Workpiece Machined by Surface Grinding
Authors: Onishi Takashi , Shimizu Yoshiyuki , Sakakura Moriaki , Harada Makoto , Nakano Yusuke , Baba Shinsuke , Ohashi Kazuhito , Tsukamoto Shinya
Published: January 2016

In surface grinding of a large workpiece used for a sliding surface of the machine tool, high shape accuracy is required for the ground surface. Therefore, it is important to investigate the causes of the shape error observed in a large workpiece machined by surface grinding. In this study, we focused on the thermal deformation and residual stress as the causes of shape error. The in-process measurement of the workpiece temperature distribution was carried out to estimate the effect of the thermal deformation to the shape error. The estimated value of the shape error calculated from the measured temperature distribution was much less than the actual measured shape error. Therefore, the residual stress on the ground surface was measured with a portable X-ray stress measurement device. The residual stress was changed from compressed state to tensile state as the grinding pass increased. The ground shape was also deformed to concave shape as the grinding pass increased. The value of the shape error was finally reached to the constant value in several grinding conditions. From these experimental results, it is suggested that the shape error of the large workpiece is caused by the residual stress applied to the ground surface.
The Use of Power Monitoring and Electron Microscopy in Evaluating the Performance and Fracture Characteristics of Abrasive Grains
Authors: Badger Jeffrey , Drazumeric Radovan , Krajnik Peter
Published: January 2016

The use of electron microscopy and power-monitoring during grinding was investigated in terms of evaluating the fracture and wear characteristics and chip-formation mechanisms of abrasive grains and bond formulations. Diamond abrasives and fused, sintered and sintered triangular-shaped aluminum-oxide abrasives were evaluated. Power was shown to be a useful tool in determining the chip-formation mechanisms and the extent of grit fracture, particularly in triangular-shaped abrasive. Conclusions were supported by electron-microscope analysis. Power was also used to evaluate low-cost vs. premium diamond. Practical recommendations are given for evaluating grit, wheel and bond performance both in the laboratory and in production.
New Development of Supersonic Surface Grinding Machine Tool with a Linear-Motor-Driven Table System
Authors: Yang Lu , Fu Yu Can , Xu Jiu Hua , Liu Yong Tao
Published: January 2016

Ultra-high speed grinding (UHSG) is a significant and promising machining technology in grinding hard-to-cut materials. To find out the aerodynamics of the grinding wheel body when the airflow field has subsonic, transonic, and supersonic speed characteristics and clarify the corresponding influence on the grinding mechanism, the study is conducted to develop a supersonic grinding machine tool that is capable of being operated at extreme wheel speed up to 450 m/s and meanwhile accompanying with high grinding capability. In accordance with the main design objectives, a high performance grinding motorized spindle with maximum rotational speed 36000r/min and maximum power 28kW is developed. The linear motor feed driven system is also exploited to satisfy the requirement of maximum reciprocating speed up to 2m/s. Following plenty of specific design and performance analysis works, a prototype of supersonic grinding machine tool is finally developed. In the end, this paper also puts forward a number of further studies and prospective for the research activities on basis of the developed grinder.
Effect of periampullary diverticulum on technical success and complications of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: Single center experience
Authors: Omar Mohammed A.
Published: January 2016

Context: The incidence of the periampullary duodenal diverticulum (PAD) varies widely from 1 to 32.8%. Although it is usually asymptomatic, its association with various pathological conditions such as choledocholithiasis increased the incidence of complications and cannulation failures after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) has been well recognized in various studies. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the success rate, difficult cannulation, and complications between patients with and without PAD. Settings and Design: A prospective observational study. Subjects and Methods: The study includes 1022 consecutive patients who underwent an ERCP during the period from June 2010 to June 2015. The patients were divided into 2 groups according to the presence (Group A, 114 patients) or absence (Group B, 908 patients) of PAD. Statistical Analysis Used: SPSS version 16. Results: Successful cannulation was achieved in up to 90.4% and 95.9% in Groups A and B, respectively (P = 0.12). The difficulty at attempting this goal was different between the groups (33.3% vs. 16%, P < 0.001). Duodenal perforation and recurrent biliary stones formation were the only significant post-ERCP complications between both groups. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed 3 significant variables (abnormal papilla, the presence of diverticula, and stricture) with odds ratios indicating a difficult cannulation attempt. Conclusion: The finding of a PAD should not be considered an obstacle to a successful biliary cannulation, but requires more skills. However, it is associated with difficult cannulation, prolonged cannulation and procedure time, decreased the rate of successful stone removal, and increased the incidence of primary and recurrent biliary stones formation.
Massive gastrointestinal bleed due to multiple gastric neuroendocrine tumors
Authors: Sharma Vishal , Rana Surinder Singh , Mangat Paramvir Singh , Kaman Lileswar , Bhasin Deepak Kumar
Published: January 2016

Gastric neuroendocrine tumors (G-NETs) are uncommon lesions which are usually diagnosed on histological evaluation of gastric polyps. These may occur sporadically or due to hypergastrinemia in the setting of atrophic gastritis or Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome. Large lesions may ulcerate and result in gastrointestinal bleeding. However, massive gastrointestinal bleeding is rare in patients with NETs. We report a 60-year-old lady who presented with massive gastrointestinal bleeding due to multiple G-NETs.
Un mot peut en cacher au autre. Cas du mot grammatical de
Authors: Oven Jacqueline
Published: January 2016

La présente contribution Un mot peut en cacher un autre traite du mot grammatical de et de ses différentes occurrences en français, reflétant les diverses réalités ou valeurs exprimées par le biais d'une même forme. Vu les emplois multiples et complexes de ce mot, nous avons mené une étude faite à partir d'un corpus de copies d'examen d'étudiants en FLE (à différents niveaux de leur parcours universitaire) pour déterminer le degré de maîtrise des différents cas de figure pouvant être exprimés par la forme de. Outre les résultats dégagés lors de l'analyse de cette étude, cette contribution présente également quelques cas complexes résultant surtout de la combinaison de la préposition de et de l'article des.
“There’s never any ending to Paris” Creating a Literary Myth: Geocritical Aspects of the Works of the Lost Generation
Authors: Sárdi Krisztina
Published: January 2016

This essay proposes to present and analyse the pictures or representations of Paris in Ernest Hemingway’s, Francis Scott Fitzgerald’s and Gertrude Stein’s different works. The theoretical framework of the piece is geocriticism by which the author attempts to discover how these works contributed to the literary construction of the French capital. The other objective of the essay is however to show the birth of a Parisian literary myth. After giving a brief overview of recent spatiality studies, the paper explains in-depth the geocritical method by the analysis of certain extracts of the different literary perceptions of Paris in the twenties, written by Francis Scott Fitzgerald (Babylon Revisited), Ernest Hemingway (A Moveable Feast) and Gertrude Stein (Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas, Paris, France). The latter approach can help to shed some light on the reasons why these expatriates (American and British writers, artists) came to Paris in the first place and what attracted them so much. Later on, the paper explains that the artists of the Lost Generation were disoriented and aimless after the war, so they headed to Paris to find some ‘old’ values and rebuild their lifes. These authors found there a new and very inspirational atmosphere, new friends, new goals, they started interesting publishing initiatives and searched for their proper literary voices. In the meantime, by representing the always exciting and crowded Parisian life, they created a literary myth of Paris which considers the city as safe haven for artists and writers – saying that Paris is a never resting “moveable feast”.