bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A bioeconomic model for Hooker’s sea lion bycatch in New Zealand*
Authors: Kahui Viktoria
Published: August 2011

The New Zealand Ministry of Fisheries constrains the incidental capture of Hooker’s sea lions in trawl nets of the southern squid fishery by closing the season once an upper limit on sea lion deaths is reached. The regulatory measure is in fact a limit on effort because the number of sea lion deaths is calculated from an estimated mortality rate per standard unit of effort measured in tows. During recent years, vessels have been observed to increase the median time per tow, suggesting that the industry is expanding the capacity of an unregulated input in response. This paper formalises the current situation analytically by constructing a bioeconomic model that captures the idiosyncrasies of the squid fishery and the imposed regulation. Reducing the regulatory constraint to an isoperimetric problem can show how the current management regime may skew incentives leading to the observed increase in tow time. An extension to the current regulatory framework by introducing a spatial dimension to the estimated sea lion mortality rate may lead to more efficient behaviour. Despite retaining an upper limit on sea lion deaths, the profit‐maximising squid industry is given the incentive to increase effort in areas of high squid density relative to sea lion density.
The clinician‐scientist: professional dynamics in clinical stem cell research
Authors: Wilson‐Kovacs Dana M. , Hauskeller Christine
Published: August 2011

Clinical applications of biomedical research rely on specialist knowledge provided by professionals who straddle research and therapy, and possess both medical and scientific expertise. To date, this professional group remains under‐explored in sociology. Our article presents a case study of clinician‐scientists working in stem cell research for heart repair in the UK and Germany who are engaged in double‐blind randomised clinical trials using patients’ own stem cells. The analysis draws on sociological and medical literature, interviews and ethnographic fieldwork to analyse the experiences and self‐rationalisations of a small number of clinician‐scientists and the ways in which these professionals portray, explain and justify their role in the wider clinical research environment. We examine our participants’ views on the clinical trials they conduct, the challenges they encounter and the ways through which they negotiate a complex disciplinary terrain, and argue that the recent clinical implementation of stem cell research brings clinician‐scientists to the fore and provides a renewed platform for their professional legitimisation. The article helps increase our understanding of how randomised clinical trials are involved in consolidating the individual status of actors and the collective standing of clinician‐scientists as leaders of change in translational medicine.
Adults with Intellectual Disabilities and their Carers as Researchers and Participants in a RCT
Authors: Turk Vicky , Leer Geoffrey , Burchell Sarah , Khattram Sukhjinder , Corney Roslyn , Rowlands Gill
Published: August 2011

Background  This article describes the process of including people with intellectual disabilities (ID) and carers of people with ID as researchers and participants in randomised controlled trial (RCT) research. People with ID are rarely involved in research about their health, either as researchers or participants. Carers are often included as research informants, but family carers are rarely involved as researchers.

Method  Four teams of researchers each comprising a researcher with ID, a supporting professional and a carer researcher, were recruited to complete a health intervention RCT. Accessible measures were selected and/or devised. Baseline interviews were completed by researchers with ID and/or carers of people with ID by asking participants with ID and/or carers of the participant about the health of the person with ID. Follow‐up health interviews were administered after the intervention had been in place for a year.

Results  The researchers completed 331 interviews with carers and 196 with participants with ID. Over 50% of participants with ID completed baseline assessments. Positive feedback on the process and outcomes was given by the researchers involved.

Conclusion  The inclusion of people with ID both as researchers and as participants was achieved through an appropriate design, strong research partnerships, adequate and flexible resources, promotion of teamwork and a strong task focus.
Un‐thought out metaphysics in analytical psychology: a critique of Jung's epistemological basis for psychic reality
Authors: Brooks Robin McCoy
Published: August 2011

Abstract:  The author investigates the relation of Kant, Schopenhauer and Heidegger to Jung's attempts to formulate theory regarding the epistemological conundrum of what can and what cannot be known and what must remain uncertain. Jung's ambivalent use and misuse of Kant's division of the world into phenomenal and noumenal realms is highlighted in discussion of concepts such as the psychoid archetype which he called ‘esse in anima’ and his use of Schopenhauer's concept of ‘will’ to justify a transcendence of the psyche/soma divide in a postulation of a ‘psychoid’ realm. Finally, the author describes Jung's reaction to Heidegger's theories via his assertion that Heidegger's ‘pre‐given world design’ was an alternate formulation of his concept of the archetypes. An underlying theme of the paper is a critique of Jung's foundationalism which perpetuates the myth of an isolated mind. This model of understanding subjectivity is briefly contrasted with Heidegger's ‘fundamental ontology’ which focuses on a non‐Cartesian ‘understanding’ of the ‘presencing of being’ in everyday social and historical contexts.
Jung's equation of the ground of being with the ground of psyche
Authors: Dourley John
Published: August 2011

Abstract:  The paper amplifies Jung's psychology of ground associated with the culmination of the alchemical process in the unus mundus. It argues that Jung and Dorn identify the experience of the ground with the experience of divinity as the common originary source of individual and totality. It notes the monistic and pantheistic implications of the experience and goes on to amplify the experience through Eckhart's mediaeval mysticism of ground and Paul Tillich's modern philosophical/theological understanding of ground. It concludes that the Jung/Dorn psychological understanding of ground supersedes monotheistic consciousness. Their vision supports the emergence of a societal myth based on the identification of the ground as the source of all divinities and faith in them. This source currently urges a mythic consciousness that would surpass its past and current concretions and so alleviate the threat that monotheistic consciousness in any domain now poses to human survival.
Optical whitening of cationised cotton: effect on whiteness and whiteness tint
Authors: Tutak Mustafa
Published: August 2011

In this study, the effect of cationisation on optical whitening was examined. For this purpose, the whiteness index and whiteness tint of optically whitened pre‐cationised knitted cotton fabrics were analysed. The cationisation and optical whitening processes were carried out under different concentration levels, using the exhaustion method. The whiteness index and whiteness tint were calculated after colour measurements were taken. The experimental results were also analysed statistically using ANOVA. The whiteness index obtained from cationised fabric was lower than that of non‐cationised fabrics. While the whiteness tint of cationised cotton fabric had a blue to greenish nuance, the non‐cationised fabric had a reddish nuance.
Age Differences in Primary Prevention Implantable Cardioverter‐Defibrillator Use in U.S. Individuals
Authors: Tsai Vivian , Goldstein Mary K. , Hsia Henry H. , Wang Yongfei , Curtis Jeptha , Heidenreich Paul A. ,   on behalf of the National Cardiovascular Data Registry
Published: August 2011

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the potentially inappropriate use of implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator ICDs in older U.S. adults.

DESIGN: Retrospective study.

SETTING: The National Cardiovascular Data ICD Registry.

PARTICIPANTS: Forty‐four thousand eight hundred five individuals in the National Cardiovascular Data's ICD Registry™ who had received ICDs for primary prevention from January 2006 to December 2008. Individuals with a prior myocardial infarction and ejection fraction less than 30% were included.

MEASUREMENTS: Mortality risk was categorized using the Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation (MADIT) II risk‐stratification system. Low‐risk and very‐high‐risk individuals were considered potentially inappropriate recipients.

RESULTS: Of 44,805 individuals, 67% (n=29,893) were aged 65 and older, of whom 51% were aged 75 and older. A significant proportion of ICD recipients had a low risk of death (16%, n=6,969) or very high risk of nonarrhythmic death (8%, n=3,693). Potentially inappropriate ICD use was 10% in those aged 75 and older, much less than in younger groups (40%, <65; 21%, 65–74, P<.001). Although age was associated with a high risk of nonarrhythmic death, its influence was markedly attenuated after adjusting for comorbidities and timing of ICD implantation (odds ratio=1.02, 95% confidence interval=1.02–1.03, P<.001).

CONCLUSION: Potentially inappropriate ICD use appears significantly less—and at modest rates—in older Americans than in younger age groups. Overall, almost one‐quarter of individuals may have received ICDs inappropriately based on their risk of death. Physicians appear to be conservatively referring older adults and wisely deferring those with high comorbid burden.
Cyclosporine‐induced gingival overgrowth correlates with NFAT‐regulated gene expression: a pilot study
Authors: Dannewitz Bettina , Kruck Eva‐Maria , Staehle Hans Jörg , Eickholz Peter , Giese Thomas , Meuer Stefan , Kaever Volkhard , Zeier Martin , Sommerer Claudia
Published: August 2011

Dannewitz B, Kruck E‐M, Staehle HJ, Eickholz P, Giese T, Meuer S, Kaever V, Zeier M, Sommerer C. Cyclosporine‐induced gingival overgrowth correlates with NFAT‐regulated gene expression: a pilot study. J Clin Periodontol 2011; 38: 984–991. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐051X.2011.01773.x.

Objective: To determine whether incidence and severity of cyclosporine A (CsA)‐induced gingival overgrowth (GO) is related to expression nuclear factor of activated T cells‐regulated genes (NFAT‐regulated genes).

Material and Methods: Expression of NFAT‐regulated genes was determined in 36 transplant patients medicated with CsA by real‐time PCR before and 2 h after drug intake and residual NFAT activity was estimated as ratio of both measurements. Demographic, periodontal and pharmacologic parameters were recorded and GO assessed from models. Subjects were divided into two groups according to the degree of GO (responders: GO score⩾10%). Groups were compared using parametric and non‐parametric tests. The association of various CsA‐specific and periodontal parameters on incidence and extent of GO were determined using regression analysis.

Results: Responders had a more than twofold lower residual NFAT activity than non‐responders (7.9% and 18.1%, respectively; p<0.001). Multiple regression analysis revealed gingival inflammation, salivary CsA concentration, and residual NFAT activity to be significant factors influencing the expression of GO. Seventy‐seven percent of the variability of GO could be explained by these parameters.

Conclusions: This study showed that pharmacodynamic parameters such as residual NFAT activity may be promising prognostic indicators to identify patients with increased risk for GO.
Melatonin suppresses acrolein‐induced IL‐8 production in human pulmonary fibroblasts
Authors: Kim Gun‐Dong , Lee Seung Eun , Kim Tae‐Ho , Jin Young‐Ho , Park Yong Seek , Park Cheung‐Seog
Published: August 2011

Abstract:  Cigarette smoke (CS) causes harmful alterations in the lungs and airway structures and functions that characterize chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In addition to COPD, active cigarette smoking causes other respiratory diseases and diminishes health status. Furthermore, recent studies show that, α, β‐unsaturated aldehyde acrolein in CS induces the production of interleukin (IL)‐8, which is known to be related to bronchitis, rhinitis, pulmonary fibrosis, and asthma. In addition, lung and pulmonary fibroblasts secrete IL‐8, which has a chemotactic effect on leukocytes, and which in turn, play a critical role in lung inflammation. On the other hand, melatonin regulates circadian rhythm homeostasis in humans and has many other effects, which include antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory effects, as demonstrated by the reduced expressions of iNOS, IL‐1β, and IL‐6 and increased glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase activities. In this study, we investigated whether melatonin suppresses acrolein‐induced IL‐8 secretion in human pulmonary fibroblasts (HPFs). It was found that acrolein‐induced IL‐8 production was accompanied by increased levels of phosphorylation of Akt and extracellular signal‐regulated kinases (ERK1/2) in HPFs, and that melatonin suppressed IL‐8 production in HPFs. These results suggest that melatonin suppresses acrolein‐induced IL‐8 production via ERK1/2 and phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K)/Akt signal inhibition in HPFs.
Association between oral health, cognitive impairment and oral health–related quality of life
Authors: Zuluaga Dairo Javier Marín , Montoya José Antonio Gil , Contreras Clementina Infante , Herrera Ramona Rubio
Published: August 2011

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2011.00542.x
 
Association between oral health, cognitive impairment and oral health–related quality of life

Objective:  Investigating oral health–related quality of life’s (OH‐QoL) relationship with cognitive state.

Background:  Oral health affects OH‐QoL and is poor in institutionalised and cognitively impaired people.

Material and Methods:  This was a cross‐sectional study involving 215 institutionalised elderly (82.9 mean age), who were interviewed, examined and cognitively screened using the Pfeiffer test.

Results:  Mean GOHAI score was 53.1; only 43.7% of the participants reported having a good OH‐QoL. Needing help with dressing or washing (OR 2.14; p = 0.004), having one to nine teeth (OR 4.65; p ≥ 0.001), eight or less occluding pairs (OR 2.74; p = 0.002), one to three caries (OR 1.85; p = 0.005) and being cognitive impaired (OR 0.54; p = 0.034) were significantly associated with altered OH‐QoL in bi‐variate analysis. Being edentulous (OR 3.18; p = 0.0046), having 1–9 teeth (OR 2.62; p = 0.056) and presenting mild cognitive impairment (MCI) (OR 0.32; p = 0.016) appeared as predictive variables in logistic regression for having an altered OH‐QoL.

Conclusions:  Participants having MCI had significantly better GOHAI score than cognitively normal residents. Performing cognitive screening parallel to applying any OH‐QoL instrument would make the results more reliable and would benefit cognitively impaired people.
Treatment of recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma after liver transplantation
Authors: KIM Hye Ryun , CHEON Seong Ha , RHA Sun Young , LEE Soohyeon , HAN Kwang‐Hyub , CHON Chae Yoon , LEE Jong Doo , SUNG Jin Sil , CHUNG Hyun Cheol
Published: August 2011

Aim:  Liver transplantation (LT) is a curative treatment for localized hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but the recurrence rate after LT is about 10–20%, with a dismal prognosis. Little data exist as to the natural history, treatment outcome and optimal treatment of recurrent HCC after LT. We reviewed various treatment modalities given to patients with recurrent HCC after LT.

Methods:  Among 132 patients who underwent LT for localized HCC, we retrospectively reviewed medical records of 39 of the 132 patients who developed recurrent HCC after LT. We analyzed the clinical outcome of various treatment modalities and treatment‐related adverse events.

Results:  A total of 39 (29%) of the original 132 patients had recurrent HCC, most recurrences (82%) having occurred within 1 year after LT and involved extrahepatic lesions. Only seven patients had recurrent disease limited to the liver. The median overall survival from the initial treatment of all relapsed patients was 6.9 months. There were various initial treatment modalities, namely palliative systemic chemotherapy, trans‐catheter arterial chemo‐embolization/infusion (TACE/I), radiation therapy (RT), surgical resection and no treatment. The median overall survival was 9.5 months for first‐line chemotherapy, including those who had prior local therapy, 6.3 months TACE/I and 6.9 months for RT.

Conclusion:  Various clinical approaches have been used to treat patients with recurrent HCC after LT in a clinical setting. More effective strategies and clinical guidelines for recurrent HCC following LT must be established.
STABILITY AND RHEOLOGY OF DISPERSIONS CONTAINING POLYSACCHARIDE, OLEIC ACID AND WHEY PROTEIN ISOLATE
Authors: SAMAVATI VAHID , EMAM‐DJOMEH ZAHRA , MOHAMMADIFAR MOHAMMAD AMIN , OMID MAHMOUD , MEHDINIA A.L.I.
Published: August 2011

The effects of whey protein isolate (WPI; 2, 4% [w/w]), xanthan gum (XG; 0.5, 1% [w/w]) and oleic acid phase volume fraction (5, 10% [v/v]) on the stability and rheological properties were investigated. The droplet size distribution, creaming index and rheological properties of dispersions were measured. Results showed that both G′ and G″ increased with xanthan and oil phase volume fraction. However, the viscoelastic behavior was mainly governed by the XG content. The shear‐thinning behavior of both aqueous dispersions (continuous phases) and emulsions was successfully modeled with power law and Cross models; the power law model was found to better describe the flow behavior of dispersions. Droplet size distribution was measured by light scattering; microscopic observations revealed a flocculated system. An increase in XG, WPI concentration and oil volume fraction resulted in a decrease in creaming index of emulsions, with XG concentration having the dominant effect.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Emulsions and dispersions are of great interest in many fields, including most food and cosmetic industries. This study shows the effect of XG and WPI concentrations and oil phase volume fraction on the stability and rheological properties of dispersions. The results are useful in developing a relationship between emulsion properties and emulsion stability. WPI has the potential to be used for the manufacturing of stable dispersions without any significant effect on rheological properties.
Biting off more than you can chew; is it possible to precisely count carbohydrate?
Authors: SMART Carmel E. , HOPLEY Lori K. , BURGESS Deirdre , COLLINS Clare E.
Published: August 2011

Aim:  Carbohydrate counting is used to adjust premeal insulin to carbohydrate intake in intensive insulin regimens. The aim of the present study was to determine the potential variability in the carbohydrate content of a slice of bread (one ‘exchange’) from that reported on the label and hence, the potential variability in carbohydrate intake when consuming a serve.

Methods:  A cross‐sectional survey of 11 different loaves of bread commonly consumed by children with type 1 diabetes was undertaken. All slices in each loaf were weighed to an accuracy of ±1 g; and the reported carbohydrate content per 100 g of each loaf was used to determine the carbohydrate content of the mean, minimum and maximum slice in each loaf of bread.

Results:  There was no difference between the reported and the mean estimated carbohydrate content of a slice. The minimum slice of bread across all loaves was estimated to contain only 10.0 g of carbohydrate, whereas the maximum slice contained an estimated 20.7 g of carbohydrate. The greatest variation in carbohydrate amount within a loaf was 12.3 g.

Conclusions:  In commercially available loaves of bread in Australia, the carbohydrate content of a slice can vary by up to 45% of that reported on the label, in accordance with Food Standards Australia New Zealand. This highlights a practical limitation inherent with the commonly held view that food labels can facilitate accuracy in carbohydrate counting in 1‐g increments.
Use of an arginine‐enriched oral nutrition supplement in the healing of pressure ulcers in patients with spinal cord injuries: An observational study
Authors: CHAPMAN Brooke R. , MILLS Kelly J. , PEARCE Leonie M. , CROWE Timothy C.
Published: August 2011

Aim:  Pressure ulcers are a serious secondary consequence of spinal cord injuries. The objective of the present study was to determine whether an arginine‐containing nutritional supplement can reduce the healing time of pressure ulcers in people with spinal cord injuries compared with those not consuming the supplement until full wound healing.

Methods:  Thirty‐four spinal cord injured patients with a grade 2, 3 or 4 pressure ulcer were prescribed two 237 mL tetrapaks/day of a supplement containing additional protein, arginine, zinc and vitamin C. Pressure ulcer healing was assessed with the Pressure Ulcer Scale for Healing tool.

Results:  Twenty patients consumed the nutritional supplement until full pressure ulcer healing had occurred, while 14 patients ceased consuming the supplement before full healing occurred because of intolerance, compliance or taste issues. A 2.5‐fold greater rate of healing was observed in patients consuming the supplement until full healing compared with those who ceased taking the supplement (8.5 ± 1.1 weeks vs 20.9 ± 7.0 weeks respectively; P= 0.04). There were no significant differences in age, nutritional status, gender or reason for admission between groups. Comparison of healing rates in the group consuming the supplement to full wound healing against expected rates derived from the medical literature showed a significantly shorter time‐to‐healing (grade 3 pressure ulcer: 6.5 ± 0.8 weeks vs 18.2 weeks; grade 4: 11.4 ± 2.0 weeks vs 22.1 weeks; P < 0.001).

Conclusion:  The present small‐scale study demonstrated the potential for specialised wound healing nutritional supplements to shorten the time to pressure ulcer healing in spinal cord injured patients.
Synthesis and Comparison of Antioxidant Properties of Indole‐Based Melatonin Analogue Indole Amino Acid Derivatives
Authors: Suzen Sibel , Cihaner Seyhan Sezen , Coban Tulay
Published: August 2011

Increased levels of reactive oxygen species attributed to oxidative stress have been found to be responsible for the development of some vital diseases such as cardiovascular, neurodegenerative and autoimmune diseases. Recently, it was observed that melatonin is a highly important antioxidant, and melatonin analogues are under investigation to find out improved antioxidant activity. In this study, 14 melatonin ‐based analogue indole amino acid and N‐protected amino acid derivatives were synthesized and elucidated spectrometrically. To investigate the antioxidant activity of the synthesized compounds and to compare with melatonin, butylhydroxytoluene and vitamin E, lipid peroxidation inhibition and 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl radical‐scavenging activities were tested. The results indicated that the synthesized new indole amino acid derivatives have similar activities to melatonin in 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl radical‐scavenging activity assay but more potent activities in lipid peroxidation inhibition assay.
Florid cemento‐osseous dysplasia mimicking apical periodontitis: A case report
Authors: Rekabi Ali Reza , Ashouri Rezvan , Torabi Molok , Parirokh Masoud , Abbott Paul V.
Published: August 2011

Cemento‐osseous dysplasia may present as a focal, periapical or florid lesion in the mandible or maxilla. The lesion may sometimes appear similar to peri‐radicular lesions on a periapical radiograph. This report presents a case with irreversible pulpitis and root resorption as well as a mixed radiolucent/radiopaque lesion around a mandibular molar tooth root. Root canal treatment was performed and because of the radiographic signs of root resorption and the patient's fear of having a malignant disease, periapical surgery was also performed. The histopathology report confirmed the presence of florid cement‐osseous dysplasia which was mimicking apical periodontitis. Follow‐up radiography 12 months after the surgery illustrated complete healing of the radiolucent area.
Levels of Glutathione and Related Enzymes in Yellowtail Fish Muscle Subjected to Ice Storage in a Modified Atmosphere
Authors: Tanimoto Shota , Song Xing An , Sakaguchi Morihiko , Sugawara Tatsuya , Hirata Takashi
Published: August 2011

Abstract:  We investigated the effects of ice storage in a modified atmosphere on levels of glutathione (GSH) and its related enzyme activities, the metmyoglobin to total myoglobin ratio (metMb%), and the K value (a freshness index) of yellowtail fish muscle. GSH in ordinary muscle (fast skeletal muscle) as well as in dark muscle (slow skeletal muscle) stored in air decreased. GSH in those muscles was almost unchanged during storage when packaged with an oxygen absorber or with an oxygen absorber‐CO2 generator. Glutathione disulfide in each type of packaging remained at low concentrations during storage. The GSH peroxidase activities of ordinary muscle and of dark muscle after 7 d of storage in air were lower than when packaged with the oxygen absorber or with the oxygen absorber‐CO2 generator. The GSH reductase (GR) activities of ordinary muscle at the 4th and 7th day of storage when packaged with the oxygen absorber showed a tendency to be lower than when stored in air. The GR activity of dark muscle in each type of packaging method was unchanged during storage. The packaging method did not influence the K values of either the ordinary muscle or the dark muscle during storage. The metMb% of dark muscle when packaged with the oxygen absorber was lower than in the other types of packaging during storage. Therefore, packaging with the oxygen absorber is an effective method to prevent the loss of GSH in fish meat as well as to reduce the discoloration during storage.

Practical Application:  This study examined whether modified atmosphere packaging preserves the level of GSH, which is unstable to oxidative stress, in fish muscle. The use of an oxygen absorber for packaging can allow us to take in a sufficient amount of the bioactive compound from fish meat after storage as well as fresh fish.
Physiological, Volatile, and SEM Surface Effects Resulting from Cutting and Dipping Treatments in Cantaloupe
Authors: Beaulieu John C. , Ingber Bruce F. , Lea Jeanne M.
Published: August 2011

Abstract:  Previous research examined sanitation treatments on cut cantaloupe tissue to deliver germicidal and food safety effects. However, an apparent compromise between volatile loss and treatment/sampling efficacy appeared. Subsequently, a physiological and volatile reassessment of thinly sliced tissue against cubes was performed in cantaloupe tissue. Thin sliced cantaloupe L* decreased 27.5%, 40.5%, and 52.9% in 3, 2, and 1 mm thickness, respectively, compared with cut cubes after 3 d. Overall color (C) decreased in freshly prepared cubes (2.4%) and slices (14.4%) that were washed in cold water. Surface area per unit volume (SA: vol) in slices was 4.1 times greater than typical cubes, as reflected by substantial water loss (20.4%, 9.5%, and 6.7% in 1, 2 and 3‐mm slices, respectively) after 1 d at 5 °C. Rinsing cubes and thin‐slices with 5 °C deionized water resulted in roughly 15% soluble solids loss. SEM indicated 65.4% reduced cell size in 1‐d old thin slices, evidenced by excessive cell damage and desiccation compared with stored fresh‐cut cubes. In thin‐sliced tissue exposed 15 min to an open atmosphere (mimic sanitation treatments), total esters decreased 92.8% and 95.8%, respectively, after 1 and 3 d storage at 5 °C. Washing tissue provided a boundary layer that reduced short‐term ester losses in slices and cubes. Excessive cutting, sanitation treatment regimes, and storage can radically alter the desirable volatile profile of cut cantaloupe. Reduction of tissue size to maximize food‐safety sanitation efficacy or delivering items to a niche market will need substantial work to engineer equipment and develop protocols to insure that product quality and volatiles are not compromised.

Practical Application:  We have demonstrated that cutting method and sampling protocol are critically important when using volatiles as a means by which to assess or interpret stress response and ascribe fresh‐cut quality. Reduction of tissue size to maximize food‐safety sanitation efficacy (for example, thin slices) will need substantial work to engineer equipment and design protocols to insure product quality and volatile profiles are not compromised.
Interactions between Hemoglobin and Cod Muscle Constituents following Treatment at Extreme pH Values
Authors: Vareltzis Patroklos , Adamopoulos Konstantinos G. , Hultin Herbert O.
Published: August 2011

Abstract:  Acid and/or alkaline solubilization is a recent method developed to separate proteins from muscle foods with good functional properties. However, exposure of the muscle and its components to low pH values has been shown to promote lipid oxidation, limiting therefore the applications of this novel method. This research aimed primarily to study the physicochemical changes of the fish membranes brought about during acid or alkali solubilization processes. The effect on lipid oxidation and the possible role of the water soluble fraction of the muscle (press juice) as a potent antioxidant were also investigated. Model systems comprising minced cod muscle or cod microsomal suspensions were used. Results showed that acid or alkaline treatment (pH < 3.5 or pH > 10.5) of cod membranes significantly delayed lipid oxidation. Added triacylglycerols to washed cod system treated at low pH did not enhance hemoglobin‐mediated lipid oxidation. Decreased precipitation of hemoglobin was observed with the alkali‐treated membranes at all protein concentrations compared to the acid‐treated and the untreated membranes. Finally, the addition of press juice to washed cod muscle tissue or to the membrane model system, significantly delayed hemoglobin lipid oxidation.

Practical Application:  The results of this study can be used to improve pH‐shifting technologies to avoid or decrease lipid oxidation problems. Also, the use of press‐juice from cod muscle as means of protecting the muscle against lipid oxidation is suggested.
Angelica Acutiloba Root Alleviates Advanced Glycation End‐Product‐Mediated Renal Injury in Streptozotocin‐Diabetic Rats
Authors: Liu I‐Min , Tzeng Thing‐Fong , Liou Shorong‐Shii , Chang Chia Ju
Published: August 2011

Abstract:  Angelica acutiloba root, a Japanese species of Dong quai being cultivated in Hualien County in eastern Taiwan, is used primarily for gynecological disorders in women. Increasing evidence indicates that advanced glycation end‐products (AGEs) contribute to the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. We investigated whether A. acutiloba root is beneficial in the amelioration of AGE‐mediated renal injury in a diabetic rat model. Streptozotocin (STZ)‐diabetic rats were treated orally with A. acutiloba root extract (AARE) [50, 100, 200 mg/(kg × day)] for 8 wk. Changes in renal function‐related parameters in plasma and urine were analyzed at the end of the study. Kidneys were isolated for enzyme immunoassay, pathology histology, immunohistochemistry, and Western blot analyses. Polyphenolic compounds and flavonoids were abundant in AARE. AARE [200 mg/(kg × day)] partially decreased the high plasma glucose level in diabetic rats. Diabetic‐dependent alterations in urinary albumin, 24‐h urinary albumin excretion rate, creatinine clearance, and glomerular mesangial matrix expansion were ameliorated by AARE treatment. The increased expression of nuclear factor‐κB, transforming growth factor‐β1, and the progressive accumulation of fibronectin in kidney of diabetic rats were attenuated by AARE treatment. AARE treatment ameliorated the elevated levels of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and mitochondrial thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substance, as well as the elevated levels of Nɛ‐(carboxymethyl)lysine and receptors for AGEs in kidneys of diabetic rats. The results show that A. acutiloba root has an anti‐diabetic property that involves antihyperglycemia accompanied by amelioration of glycation‐mediated renal damage.
Gelation, Oxygen Permeability, and Mechanical Properties of Mammalian and Fish Gelatin Films
Authors: Avena‐Bustillos R.J. , Chiou B. , Olsen C.W. , Bechtel P.J. , Olson D.A. , McHugh T.H.
Published: August 2011

Abstract:  The objective of this study was to evaluate the gelation, thermal, mechanical, and oxygen permeability properties of different mammalian, warm‐ and cold‐water fish gelatin solutions and films. Mammalian gelatin solutions had the highest gel set temperatures, followed by warm‐water fish and then cold‐water fish gelatin solutions. These differences were related to concentrations of imino acids present in each gelatin, with mammalian gelatin having the highest and cold‐water fish gelatin having the lowest concentrations. Mammalian and warm‐water fish gelatin films contained helical structures, whereas cold‐water fish gelatin films were amorphous. This was due to the films being dried at room temperature (23 °C), which was below or near the gelation temperatures of mammalian and warm‐water fish gelatin solutions and well above the gelation temperature of cold‐water fish gelatin solutions. Tensile strength, percent elongation, and puncture deformation were highest in mammalian gelatin films, followed by warm‐water fish gelatin film and then by cold‐water fish gelatin films. Oxygen permeability values of cold‐water fish gelatin films were significantly lower than those for mammalian gelatin films. These differences were most likely due to higher moisture sorption in mammalian gelatin films, leading to higher oxygen diffusivity.
Prevalence and incidence of ocular trauma in North China: the Beijing Eye Study
Authors: Wang Jin D. , Xu Liang , Wang Ya X. , You Qi S. , Zhang Jing S. , Jonas Jost B.
Published: August 2011

Purpose:  To determine the prevalence and incidence of ocular trauma and proportion of trauma‐related visual impairment in the population of Greater Beijing.

Methods:  The population‐based Beijing Eye Study included 4439 subjects in 2001, of whom 3251 subjects returned for follow‐up examination in 2006 (response rate: 73.3%). The subjects underwent a comprehensive ocular evaluation. Prospective information on ocular trauma and type of treatment was recorded with questionnaires in face‐to‐face interviews.

Results:  A history of ocular trauma was reported by 72 (1.6 ± 0.2%) subjects (age‐standardized prevalence: 1.7 ± 0.01%). Prevalence of ocular trauma history was associated with male gender (p = 0.02), rural residence (p = 0.04) and alcohol consumption (p = 0.01). Trauma as underlying cause for visual impairment (best‐corrected visual acuity <20/60 and ≥20/400) was found in 4 (6.6%) eyes and as underlying cause for blindness (best‐corrected visual acuity <20/400) in three eyes (4.2%). In the survey of 2006, 116 (3.6 ± 0.3%) participants had a self‐reported history of ocular trauma, which was associated with male gender (p = 0.002), low income (p = 0.01) and alcohol consumption (p = 0.016). The 5‐year incidence of ocular trauma was 2.6 ± 0.3%, which was associated with male gender (p = 0.02), younger age (p = 0.037) and lower income (p = 0.009).

Conclusions:  In the adult population of Greater Beijing with an age of 40+ years, the prevalence of ocular trauma was 1.6 ± 0.2% and was associated with male gender, rural residence and alcohol consumption. The age‐standardized ocular trauma prevalence of 1.7 ± 0.01% was comparable with figures from Caucasian populations. The 5‐year incidence of ocular trauma of 2.6 ± 0.3% was associated with male gender, younger age and lower income.
Caralluma bicolor sp. nov. (Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae) from India
Authors: Ramachandran V. S. , Joseph S. , John H. A. , Sofiya C.
Published: August 2011

Caralluma bicolor Ramach, S. Joseph, H. A. John & C. Sofiya sp. nov. (Apocynaceae) collected from Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu in India is described and illustrated. Morphological differences between the new species and the allied species C. adscendens (Roxb.) Haw. and C. sarkariae Lavranos & Frandsen are discussed.
Gastrodia suisp. nov. (Orchidaceae) from Taiwan
Authors: Yeh Ching‐Long , Leou Chong‐Sheng , Hsu Tian‐Chuan , Yeh Chuan‐Rong
Published: August 2011

A new orchid species,Gastrodia suiC. S. Leou, T. C. Hsu & C. L. Yeh is described and illustrated from Taiwan. The new species is closely related toG. callosaJ. J. Sm. but distinguishable by the number and position of calli inside the perianth tube, the fused ratio of perianth lobes, and the structure of the lip and column. It is so far only found in the area of Mt Lilung in southern Taiwan.
Association between oxytocin receptor gene polymorphisms and autistic traits as measured by the Autism‐Spectrum Quotient in a non‐clinical Japanese population
Authors: Kawamura Yoshiya , Liu Xiaoxi , Shimada Takafumi , Otowa Takeshi , Kakiuchi Chihiro , Akiyama Tsuyoshi , Umekage Tadashi , Sasaki Tsukasa
Published: August 2011

Introduction

Oxytocin is known to facilitate human behavior and social cognition related to autism. Subclinical autistic traits are continuously distributed in the general population. The aim of this study was to explore the association between oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) polymorphisms and autistic traits.

Methods

Participants consisted of 440 healthy Japanese (272 males and 168 females; mean age 40.9 ± 9.7 years). Participants completed the Japanese version of the Autism‐Spectrum Quotient (AQ) and donated a whole blood sample. Fifteen OXTR single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped using TaqMan or by direct sequencing. Single SNP linear regression analysis, permuted 10,000 times, and haplotype linear regression analysis, were conducted for the AQ and its subscale scores.

Results

Three SNPs – rs2268490, rs2301261, and rs1042778 – were excluded from analysis, as the genotype distributions of rs2268490 were not in Hardy‐Weinberg equilibrium, and there were less than 10 minor homozygous participants for rs2301261 and rs1042778. This resulted in 12 SNPs being tested. rs62243370, rs62243369, rs2254298, and rs2268491 were associated with attention switching subscale in females by the single SNP analysis. However, after performing Bonferroni corrections, statistical significances were eliminated. The attention switching subscale was associated with a specific haplotype, comprising rs62243370, rs62243369, rs13316193, rs2254298, rs2268493, and rs2268491 (GGTGTC, corrected P = 0.0016) in females.

Discussion

The present study demonstrated a significant association between a specific OXTR haplotype and the autistic trait of “strong focus of attention” as measured by the AQ in a non‐clinical female Japanese sample.
Recent advances in drug treatment for Alzheimer's dementia
Authors: Loi Samantha , Chiu Edmond
Published: August 2011

The increasing ageing population and subsequent increase in dementia means that the need for finding appropriate treatments has become more important. Current treatments are limited and only provide some symptomatic improvements in patients. This article reviews the recent drug advances in treatment for Alzheimer's disease which have been of varying success. It appears that a combination of these will be required.
Endobronchial ultrasound‐guided transbronchial needle aspiration in patients with superior vena cava obstruction
Authors: Medford Andrew R.L.
Published: August 2011

Lung cancer is commonly encountered by community and hospital services and patients may present with early signs of superior vena cava obstruction (SVCO). SVCO requires prompt but minimally invasive investigation to avoid bleeding and for prompt treatment. Endobronchial ultrasound‐guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS‐TBNA) provides respiratory physicians with a less invasive technique to sample mediastinal lymph nodes at bronchoscopy, avoiding the need for general anesthesia and mediastinoscopy, and allowing real‐time imaging and sampling of the nodes. It is therefore safer than conventional bronchoscopic techniques of sampling the nodes (transbronchial needle aspiration), reducing the risk of bleeding. If neck ultrasound biopsy is unhelpful in SVCO, then EBUS‐TBNA should be considered as the best initial option, reserving mediastinoscopy for a last resort. A clinical case is described here to demonstrate the use of EBUS‐TBNA in SVCO. EBUS‐TBNA is a safe and effective mediastinal sampling tool in patients with SVCO and should be considered before mediastinoscopy or conventional TBNA in this setting. This study adds shoes there should be more emphasis on the use of EBUS‐TBNA in the diagnosis of mediastinal disorders in settings where higher bleeding is anticipated, including SVCO.
Risk factors and symptoms associated with xerostomia: a cross‐sectional study
Authors: Villa A , Abati S
Published: August 2011

Background:  The aim of this study was to examine the symptoms and risk factors associated with self‐reported xerostomia.

Methods:  Data were collected from 601 self‐administered questionnaires among dental clinic attendees. Logistic regression models to estimate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were used to investigate the association for exposures of interest, such as socio‐demographic characteristics, self‐reported symptoms, oral hygiene habits and xerostomia.

Results:  Participants reported having dry mouth in 19.6% of cases. Xerostomia was associated with a significant increase in the odds of having dry lips, throat, eye, skin and nose. Patients with self‐reported xerostomia were three times more likely to drink water to swallow food than were patients without xerstomia. Older individuals were significantly more likely to report dry mouth, and the prevalence of xerostomia increased with advancing age. The prevalence of xerostomia in patients taking one or more drugs was significantly higher compared to medication‐free patients, and increased with increasing numbers of medications used. Finally, individuals with a nervous or mental disorder, or who wore removable dentures were five times more likely to develop xerostomia than patients without disorder or dentures.

Conclusions:  Dentists should be familiar with the symptoms of xerostomia and be prepared to take an active role in the diagnosis, management and treatment of the oral complications.
Temporomandibular joint surgery: what does it mean to the dental practitioner?
Authors: Dimitroulis G
Published: August 2011

A poor appreciation of the role of surgery in the management of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) may result in some patients being denied access to appropriate care. While surgery is often considered as an option of last resort, there are instances where surgery is the definitive and sometimes the only treatment option. The aim of this paper was to review the role of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) surgery and its place in the treatment armamentarium of temporomandibular disorders. Indications, rationale for surgery, risks vs. benefits are discussed and complemented with examples of clinical cases treated by the author. All dental practitioners should be aware of the benefits of TMJ surgery so that patients do not suffer unnecessarily from ongoing non‐surgical treatments that ultimately prove to be ineffective in the management of their condition.
National Discourses on Women's Empowerment in Bangladesh: Continuities and Change
Authors: Nazneen Sohela , Hossain Naomi , Sultan Maheen
Published: August 2011

As Bangladesh turns 40, improvements in women's wellbeing and increased agency are claimed to be some of the most significant gains in the post‐independence era. Various economic and social development indicators show that in the last 20 years, Bangladesh, a poor, Muslim‐majority country in the classic patriarchal belt, has made substantial progress in increasing women's access to education and healthcare (including increasing life‐expectancy), and in improving women's participation in the labour force. The actors implementing such programmes and policies and claiming to promote women's empowerment are numerous, and they occupy a significant position within national political traditions and development discourses. In the 1970s and 1980s development ideas around women's empowerment in Bangladesh were influenced by an overtly instrumentalist logic within the international donor sphere. This led to the women's empowerment agenda being perceived as a donor driven project, which overlooks how domestic actors such as political parties, women's organisations and national NGOs have influenced thinking and action around it.

This paper explores how these perceptions and narratives around women's empowerment have evolved in Bangladesh from 2000 to date. It studies the concepts of women's empowerment in public discourse and reviews the meanings and uses of the term by selected women's organisations, donor agencies, political parties and development NGOs. By reviewing the publicly available documents of these organisations, the paper analyses the multiple discourses on women's empowerment, showing the different concepts associated with it and how notions such as power, domains and processes of empowerment are understood by these actors. It also highlights how these different discourses have influenced each other and where they have diverged, with an emphasis on what these divergences mean in terms of advancing women's interests in Bangladesh.
Escaping the impulse to immediate gratification: The prospect concept promotes a future‐oriented mindset, prompting an inclination towards delayed gratification
Authors: Cheng Ying‐Yao , Shein Paichi Pat , Chiou Wen‐Bin
Published: August 2011

People's willingness to postpone receiving an immediate reward in order to gain additional benefits in the future, that is, a tendency to shallow delay discounting, is closely related to one's health, wealth, and happiness. We conducted two experiments investigating how the prospect concept can induce a future‐oriented mindset and induce people to behave accordingly. We found that engaging in prospective imagery led the participants to focus on delayed utility over immediate utility in financial decisions (Experiment 1). Participants who received the prospect prime via a scrambled‐sentence task decreased their desire to pursue hedonic activities for instant gratification (Experiment 2). Moreover, a state of future orientation mediated the effect of the prospect prime on measures of delayed gratification (Experiments 1 and 2). Thus, reminders of prospect may activate a mindset for future orientation by which delayed gratification is strengthened.
Kinetic changes in tetanic Ca2+ transients in enzymatically dissociated muscle fibres under repetitive stimulation
Authors: Calderón Juan C. , Bolaños Pura , Caputo Carlo
Published: August 2011

Non‐Technical Summary  The transient and progressive decrease in skeletal muscle performance during contraction is known as fatigue. One of the phenomena associated with fatigue is an alteration in the excitation–contraction coupling mechanism. Using isolated muscle fibres loaded with the fast Ca2+ dye Magfluo‐4, we have found that after a protocol of repetitive stimulation there are alterations in the ability of the fibres to release and reuptake Ca2+, which are more evident and rapidly established in fast fibres compared to slow ones. All alterations were reversed after several minutes of rest and were not related to a phenomenon of inactivation of Ca2+ release. These data increase our knowledge of the events present during muscle fatigue and will help understand the mechanisms responsible for them.