bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diabetes mellitus and schizophrenia: Historical perspective
Authors: Kohen Dora
Published: March 2004

Background

Although recent research has focused on the possible role of antipsychotic medications in the development of diabetes mellitus, studies conducted in the pre-neurolepticera suggest that schizophrenia itself might predispose individuals to diabetes.

Aims

To test the hypothesis that diabetes mellitus is an integral part of schizophrenia.

Method

Historical literature review.

Results

Many people with severe mental illnesses, including dementia praecox, showed abnormal responses to insulin and diabetes-like glucose tolerance curves long before the advent of phenothiazines. Early studies with chlorpromazine suggested that a latent tendency towards diabetes in patients with schizophrenia could be unmasked by this treatment.

Conclusions

Diabetes and disturbed carbohydrate metabolism maybe an integral part of schizophrenia. Further research is required to explain how metabolic factors, medications and lifestyle factors might precipitate diabetes in patients with this mental disorder.
Thomas Prichard and the non-restraint movement at the Northampton Asylum
Authors: Haw Camilla , Yorston Graeme
Published: March 2004

Robert Gardiner Hill, house surgeon, and Edward Charlesworth, physician and governor, at the Lincoln County Asylum are generally regarded as being the pioneers of the non-restraint movement in the UK, having totally abolished the use of mechanical restraints at that institution by 1838 (Lincolnshire Archives, 1838; Smith, 1999). John Connolly introduced non-restraint to the Hanwell Asylum in the summer of 1839, closely following Lincoln (Hunter & Macalpine, 1968). However, Gardiner Hill suggested the credit for introducing non-restraint in its full extent should go to Dr Thomas Prichard of the Northampton Asylum (Hill, 1857).
Training psychiatrists to be expert witnesses
Authors: Lewis Alexandra
Published: March 2004

There is an increasing tendency in criminal, civil and family proceedings to rely on expert medical evidence. Within psychiatry, this role is traditionally regarded as falling within the remit of those specialising in forensic psychiatry. However, there is an increasing demand for psychiatrists working in other specialities to undertake this work.
SWOPT – the South-West Organisation for Psychiatric Training
Authors: Macpherson R. , Harrison G. , James A. , Curtice M. , McPhee P.
Published: March 2004

There are major challenges in providing training for psychiatrists in the modern National Health Service (NHS). Senior house officer and specialist registrar training has been reorganised to focus on core skills and competencies, and is monitored through educational supervision and the Record of In-Training Assessment (RITA) process. For consultants, the development of appraisal and revalidation are linked to formalised approaches to continuing professional development and personal development (Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2001). Increasingly, training is self-directed and psychiatrists have to effectively evaluate and plan for their individual educational needs. They must be able to access good quality, structured training, to develop and maintain a range of specific and generic skills.
Preparing for Chemical Terrorism: Stability of Injectable Atropine Sulfate
Authors: Schier Joshua G. , Ravikumar Padinjarekuttu R. , Nelson Lewis S. , Heller Michael B. , Howland Mary Ann , Hoffman Robert S.
Published: April 2004

Objective: A massive nerve agent attack may rapidly deplete in‐date supplies of atropine. The authors considered using atropine beyond its labeled shelf life. The objective was to determine the stability of premixed injectable atropine sulfate samples with different expiration dates. Methods: This was an in‐vitro study using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Four atropine solutions (labeled concentration of 400 μg/mL) ranging from in date to 12 years beyond expiration (exp) and an additional sample of atropine sulfate (labeled concentration of 2,000 μg/mL) obtained from a World War II era autoinjector were assayed for atropine stability. Standards of atropine sulfate and tropine were prepared and quantified by GC/MS. Study samples were prepared by adding a buffer solution to free the base, extracting with an isopropanol/methylene chloride mixture and followed by evaporating the organic layer to dryness. Pentafluoropropionic anhydride and pentafluoropropanol were then added as derivatization reagents. Study samples were heated, the derivitization reagents were evaporated, and the remaining compound was reconstituted in ethyl acetate for injection into the GC/MS. Results: All solutions were clear and colorless. Atropine concentrations were as follows: in date, 252 μg/mL; 2001 exp, 290 μg/mL; 1999 exp, 314 μg/mL; 1990 exp, 398 μg/mL; and WW II specimen, 1,475 μg/mL. Tropine was found in concentrations of <10 μg/mL in all study samples. Conclusions: Significant amounts of atropine were found in all study samples. All samples remained clear and colorless, and no substantial amount of tropine was found in any study sample. Further testing is needed to determine clinical effect.
Emergency Department Pelvic Examination and Pap Testing: Addressing Patient Misperceptions
Authors: Lyons Michael S. , Lindsell Christopher J. , Trott Alexander T.
Published: April 2004

Objectives: Failure to obtain cervical cancer screening can be precipitated by limited knowledge. This study describes understanding of Papanicolaou (Pap) smear testing among women undergoing emergency department (ED) pelvic examination and tests the feasibility of educating patients in the ED. Methods: Patients undergoing pelvic examination in an urban, tertiary care ED were surveyed about Pap smear screening. Among the initial cohort, no education was provided prior to survey administration. Subsequently, a pilot study of scripted information provided by physicians alone or both physicians and counselors was conducted. Results: There were 81 patients in the non‐intervention cohort and 32 patients in the intervention cohort. Of the 32 intervention patients, 16 received physician‐administered intervention, and 16 received reinforced counseling (physician + counselor). Of 113 total patients, 90 (82%) were African American; mean age was 26 years (SD ± 7.7 years). Of the 81 non‐intervention patients, six (7%; 95% CI = 3% to 15%) said they were told that a Pap test was not done, and 60 (74%; 95% CI = 64% to 82%) mistakenly believed they had a Pap test. Sixty‐six (81.5%; 95% CI = 72% to 88%) patients stated they knew the purpose of a Pap test; only 17 (26%; 95% CI = 17% to 37%) of these correctly identified the Pap test as a test for cervical cancer. All 32 intervention patients were surveyed after physician counseling. Compared with the non‐intervention group, fewer (56%; 95% CI = 39% to 72%) thought they had a Pap test, and more (31%; 95% CI = 18% to 49%) said they were told they did not receive a Pap test. All 16 reinforced intervention patients correctly denied receiving a Pap test after counselor education. Conclusions: Knowledge of Pap testing among women undergoing ED pelvic examination is poor; most mistakenly believe they receive a Pap test during ED evaluation. Educating patients may be feasible and effective in the ED setting.
A Randomized Controlled Trial of Silver Sulfadiazine, Biafine, and Saline‐soaked Gauze in the Treatment of Superficial Partial‐thickness Burn Wounds in Pigs
Authors: Glesinger Ronen , Cohen Arnon D. , Bogdanov‐Berezovsky Alex , Krieger Yuval , Rosenberg Lior
Published: April 2004

Silver sulfadiazine 1% cream (SSD) and biafine (an oil‐in‐water emulsion containing alginate) are used for the treatment of superficial partial‐thickness burns, but comparative effectiveness studies are lacking. Objectives: To compare the uses of SSD, Biafine (Labortoires Medix, Houdan, France), and saline‐soaked gauze in the treatment of superficial partial‐thickness burns in pigs. Methods: This was a randomized controlled trial in four anesthetized young pigs. Four equal sets of partial‐thickness contact burns were inflicted on the pigs. Each burn was randomly assigned to treatment with biafine, SSD, or saline‐soaked gauze with dressing changes every other day. Assessment of wound re‐epithelialization was performed every other day, for a total of two weeks. The treatment groups were compared by univariable and multivariable analyses of variance (ANOVAs), controlling for the pig and the location of the burns on each pig. Results: Thirty‐two burns were inflicted on the pigs. Time to re‐epithelialization of the burns was 13.5 days (SD ± 0.9 days) in pigs treated with biafine, 13.3 days (±1.3 days) in pigs treated with SSD, and 13.5 days (±1.0 days) in pigs treated with saline‐soaked gauze (p = not significant [NS]). The decreases in burn area from day 2 to day 12 were 21.4 cm2 (±6.0 cm2) in pigs treated with biafine, 20.0 cm2 (±6.3 cm2) in pigs treated with SSD, and 19.8 cm2 (±5.9 cm2) in pigs treated with saline‐soaked gauze (p = NS). A multivariable ANOVA showed a similar decrease in burn area between the treatment arms (p = NS) and a significant difference between the pigs (p = 0.015). Conclusion: Partial‐thickness porcine burns treated with SSD, biafine, and soaked saline gauze re‐epithelialize at similar rates.
Jimson Weed Extract as a Protective Agent in Severe Organophosphate Toxicity
Authors: Bania Theodore C. , Chu Jason , Bailes Dallas , O'Neill Melanie
Published: April 2004

Treatment of patients following an organophosphate (OP) exposure can deplete a hospital's entire supply of atropine. Given the possibility of multiple severe exposures after a terrorist attack using OP nerve agents, there exists a need for either greater atropine stores or the development of alternative antidotes. Jimson weed (Datura stramonium) contains atropine and other anticholinergic compounds and is common and readily available. It is used recreationally for its central anticholinergic effects and is made easily into an extract by boiling the crushed seeds. The extract has rapid onset of effects and may be useful for treatment of OP poisoning. Objectives: To determine whether pretreatment with an easily stored and prepared Datura seed extract (DSE) will increase survival following a severe OP poisoning. Methods:Datura stramonium seeds were collected, crushed, and then heated in water to make a 2‐mg/mL atropine solution (100 seeds contain approximately 6 mg of atropine or 0.007 mg/seed). Male rats were randomized to pretreatment with either saline (n= 10) or 7.5 mg/kg DSE (n= 10) given as a single intraperitoneal injection 5 minutes prior to a subcutaneous injection of 25 mg/kg of dichlorvos. The endpoint was time to death recorded by a blinded observer. Results: The Kaplan‐Meier estimates of the 24‐hour survival rate was 90% (95% CI = 56% to 100%) for the DSE‐pretreated group and 10% (95% CI = 0% to 45%) for the control group. The log‐rank test revealed a statistically significant longer survival for the Datura‐treated animals (p = 0.0002). Median survival time was 22 minutes 30 seconds for the control group and greater than 24 hours for the DSE‐pretreated group. Conclusions: Pretreatment with DSE significantly increases survival following severe dichlorvos exposure.
Therapeutic Yield and Outcomes of a Community Teaching Hospital Code Stroke Protocol
Authors: Asimos Andrew W. , Norton H. James , Price Marlow F. , Cheek Wilkie M.
Published: April 2004

Objectives: To describe the experience of a community teaching hospital emergency department (ED) Code Stroke Protocol (CSP) for identifying acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients and treating them with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and to compare outcome measures with those achieved in the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) trial. Methods: This study was a retrospective review from a hospital CSP registry. Results: Over a 56‐month period, CSP activation occurred 255 times, with 24% (n= 60) of patients treated with intravenous (IV) tPA. The most common reasons for thrombolytic therapy exclusion were mild or rapidly improving symptoms in 37% (n= 64), intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in 23% (n= 39), and unconfirmed symptom onset time for 14% (n= 24) of patients. Within 36 hours of IV tPA treatment, 10% (NINDS = 6%) of patients (n= 6) sustained a symptomatic ICH (SICH). Three months after IV tPA treatment, 60% of patients had achieved an excellent neurologic outcome, based on a Barthel Index of ≥95 (NINDS = 52%), while mortality measured 12% (NINDS = 17%). Among IV tPA‐treated patients, those developing SICH were significantly older and had a significantly higher mean initial glucose value. Treatment protocol violations occurred in 32% of IV tPA‐treated patients but were not significantly associated with SICH (Fisher's exact test). Conclusions: Over the study period, the CSP yielded approximately one IV tPA‐treated patient for every four screened and, despite prevalent protocol violations, attained three‐month functional outcomes equal to those achieved in the NINDS trial. For community teaching hospitals, ED‐directed CSPs are a feasible and effective means to screen AIS patients for treatment with thrombolysis.
Insurance Status and the Treatment of Myocardial Infarction at Academic Centers
Authors: Hiestand Brian C. , Prall Dawn M. , Lindsell Christopher J. , Hoekstra James W. , Pollack Charles V. , Hollander Judd E. , Tiffany Brian R. , Peacock W. Frank , Diercks Deborah B. , Gibler W. Brian
Published: April 2004

Numerous studies have documented treatment disparities in patients with acute coronary syndromes based on race and gender. Other causes for treatment disparities may exist. Objectives: To determine if insurance status affects quality of care in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) presenting to academic health centers. Methods:The Internet Tracking Registry for Acute Coronary Syndromes (i*trACS), a prospective multicenter registry of patients with chest pain presenting to the emergency department who receive an electrocardiogram, was used as the database (N= 17,737). A subset of patients who were diagnosed as having AMI were selected from the database (n= 936). Patients were classified as having either ST‐segment elevation MI (n= 178) or non–ST‐segment elevation MI (n= 758). Insurance status, age, race, and gender were extracted as predictor variables. The influence of predictor variables on treatment modality was investigated using logistic regression, adjusted for clustering within sites. Results: The odds of a self‐pay patient with ST‐segment elevation MI receiving fibrinolytics were 3.23 (95% CI = 1.56 to 6.69) times higher than for other patients. Patients with Medicare coverage were less likely to receive fibrinolytics (odds ratio [OR] 0.35, 95% CI = 0.19 to 0.65) and tended to undergo percutaneous coronary intervention less often (OR 0.60, 95% CI = 0.36 to 1.01). The odds of a privately insured patient's receiving coronary artery bypass grafting (OR 2.76, 95% CI = 1.62 to 4.72) or percutaneous coronary intervention (OR 1.47, 95% CI = 1.03 to 2.11) were higher than for other patients. Conclusions: Insurance coverage appears to affect treatment in patients with AMI, with self‐pay patients more likely to receive less‐expensive therapies and insured patients more likely to receive invasive treatments.
Development of Single-Site New Olefin Polymerization Catalyst Systems Using MgCl2-Based Activators: MAO-Free MgCl2-Supported FI Catalyst Systems
Authors: Nakayama Yasushi , Bando Hideki , Sonobe Yoshiho , Fujita Terunori
Published: April 2004

MAO-free new single-site catalyst systems have been developed for olefin polymerization, which are comprised of bis(phenoxy-imine) Ti, Zr, or V complexes (Ti–, Zr–, or V–FI Catalysts) and MgCl2-based compounds. These new catalyst combinations are highly active single-site (Ti–FI Catalysts), exceptionally active (Zr–FI Catalysts), or highly active, thermally robust, single-site (V–FI Catalyst) catalysts for ethylene polymerization. The catalysts can display higher catalytic performance (i.e., catalytic activity, stereoselectivity, thermal stability) than those activated by the well-established MAO activators. In addition, these catalysts are supported, and thus possess a technological advantage vis-à-vis control over polymer morphology, which is essential for commercial application. Therefore, the application of MgCl2-based compounds capable of working both as an activator and a support for non-metallocene complexes provides a conceptually new strategy for the development of high-performance supported single-site catalysts.
Morphology-Control in Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Silver Particles in Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Yamamoto Tetsushi , Yin Hengbo , Wada Yuji , Kitamura Takayuki , Sakata Takao , Mori Hirotaro , Yanagida Shozo
Published: April 2004

The morphologies of Ag particles can be controlled between distorted sphere and prism by employing microwave-promoted reductions of highly concentrated 0.1 M silver nitrate in aqueous solutions. We can selectively synthesize either sphere-Ag or prism-Ag particles by changing only an additive, i.e., either trisodium citrate/formaldehyde or poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) (PVP). The particle sizes and size distributions of sphere-Ag particles are strongly dependent on the concentration of trisodium citrate.
Synthesis of 1-Azaazulenes from Cycloheptatrienylmethyl Ketone O-Pentafluorobenzoyloximes by Palladium-Catalyzed Cyclization and Oxidation
Authors: Chiba Shunsuke , Kitamura Mitsuru , Saku Osamu , Narasaka Koichi
Published: April 2004

Various 1-azaazulenes are synthesized from cycloheptatrienylmethyl ketone O-pentafluorobenzoyloximes by treatment with a catalytic amount of Pd(dba)2–t-Bu3P (dba = dibenzylideneacetone) and triethylamine in the presence of MS 4A via alkylideneaminopalladium(II) intermediates generated by oxidative addition of the oximes to a Pd(0) complex.
Preparation and Physical Properties of EuO Nanocrystals Using Eu(II)-Exchanged Zeolite X as a Precursor
Authors: Thongchant Supitcha , Katagiri Shinya , Hasegawa Yasuchika , Wada Yuji , Watase Seiji , Nakamoto Masami , Sakata Takao , Mori Hirotaro , Yanagida Shozo
Published: April 2004

The cation-exchange of zeolite X with divalent europium has been achieved using a methanol solution containing Eu(II) prepared by photochemical reduction of Eu(III). Emission spectra have confirmed that the valence of europium ion in the ion-exchanged zeolite X was divalent. A blue shift of emission spectra was observed after exposing Eu(II)X to air at room temperature. TEM have revealed the formation of EuO nanocrystals with average size of 4.2 nm on the outer surface of Eu(II)X. EuO nanocrystals show ferromagnetism accompanied by photo-response magnetism under UV irradiation.
Ab Initio Calculation on the Reaction Mechanism of “Radical-Controlled” Oxidative Polymerization of Phenols
Authors: Kubota Masaaki , Shiga Akinobu , Higashimura Hideyuki , Fujisawa Kiyoshi , Moro-oka Yoshihiko , Uyama Hiroshi , Kobayashi Shiro
Published: April 2004

Ab initio calculation on the reaction mechanism of “radical-controlled” oxidative polymerization (RCOP) of phenol catalyzed by μ-η2:η2-peroxo dicopper(II) complex (1) was performed. The key step is the reaction of 1 with phenol, for which two reaction routes have been postulated. One is through phenoxo copper(II) intermediate (route X), and the other is via the abstraction of hydrogen atoms from phenol (route Y). All structures of the possible intermediates in both routes were optimized, and the energy profiles of these routes were compared with each other. For the reaction of 1 with phenol, route X would be favored more than route Y based on the present calculation results and previous experimental data. In comparison, the reaction of 1 with 2,4-di-t-butylphenol, which has a bulky substituent at the o-position, was evaluated in a similar manner. Route X may also be possible in this reaction.
Public Housing, Housing Vouchers, and Student Achievement: Evidence from Public Housing Demolitions in Chicago
Authors: Jacob Brian A
Published: March 2004

This paper utilizes a plausibly exogenous source of variation in housing assistance generated by public housing demolitions in Chicago to examine the impact of high-rise public housing on student outcomes. I find that children in households affected by the demolitions do no better or worse than their peers on a wide variety of achievement measures. Because the majority of households that leave high-rise public housing in response to the demolitions move to neighborhoods and schools that closely resemble those they left, the zero effect of the demolitions may be interpreted as the independent impact of public housing.
Airline Schedule Planning: Accomplishments and Opportunities
Authors: Barnhart Cynthia , Cohn Amy
Published: April 2004

Plagued by high labor costs, low profitability margins, airspace and airport congestion, high capital and operating costs, security and safety concerns, and complex and large-scale management and operations decisions, the airline industry has armed its planners with sophisticated optimization tools to improve decision making and increase airline profits. In this paper, we describe optimization approaches for airline schedule planning, demonstrating how optimization can facilitate the management of a diverse and finite set of expensive, highly constrained resources. We focus on the art and science of modeling and solving these problems, providing illustrative examples of the associated impacts and challenges, and highlighting effective techniques that might be applicable to problems arising in other industries.
Fill Rates of Single-Stage and Multistage Supply Systems
Authors: Sobel Matthew J.
Published: April 2004

A supply system's fill rate is the fraction of demand that is met from on-hand inventory. This paper presents formulas for the fill rate of periodic review supply systems that use base-stock-level policies. The first part of the paper contains fill-rate formulas for a single-stage system and general distributions of demand. When demand is normally distributed, an exact expression uses only the standard normal distribution and density functions, and a good approximation uses only the standard normal distribution function. The second part of the paper derives the probability distribution of the finished goods inventory level for serial systems with buffer inventories between stages. This distribution leads to fill-rate formulas and the conclusion that shorter supply chains have higher fill rates.
Cocaine-Induced Intracellular Signaling and Gene Expression Are Oppositely Regulated by the Dopamine D1 and D3 Receptors
Authors: Zhang Lu , Lou Danwen , Jiao Hongyuan , Zhang Dongsheng , Wang Xinkang , Xia Ying , Zhang Jianhua , Xu Ming
Published: March 2004

Repeated exposure to cocaine can induce neuroadaptations in the brain. One mechanism by which persistent changes occur involves alterations in gene expression mediated by the dopamine receptors. Both the dopamine D1 and D3 receptors have been shown to mediate gene expression changes. Moreover, the D1 and D3 receptors are also coexpressed in the same neurons, particularly in the nucleus accumbens and also caudoputamen (CPu). Little is known however, whether these two receptors coordinately regulate gene expression after cocaine administration and the underlying mechanisms. We have used various gene mutant mice to address this issue. We show that extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation and c-fosinduction in the CPu in response to acute cocaine administration is mediated by the D1 receptor and inhibited by the D3 receptor. Moreover, ERK activation mediates acute cocaine-induced expression of Fos family genes, including c-fos,fosBandfra2. Interestingly, dynorphin, neogenin, and synaptotagmin VII, genes that possess cAMP-response element binding protein and AP-1 transcription complex-binding consensus sequences in their promoters, are also oppositely regulated by the D1 and D3 receptors after repeated exposure to cocaine. Furthermore, such regulation depends on proper ERK activation and c-fosfunction. These results suggest that the D1 and D3 receptors elicit opposite regulation of target gene expression by regulating ERK activation and c-fosinduction after acute and chronic cocaine treatment.
Dual Control of Neurogenesis byPC3through Cell Cycle Inhibition and Induction ofMath1
Authors: Canzoniere Daniela , Farioli-Vecchioli Stefano , Conti Filippo , Ciotti Maria Teresa , Tata Ada Maria , Augusti-Tocco Gabriella , Mattei Elisabetta , Lakshmana Madepalli K. , Krizhanovsky Valery , Reeves Steven A. , Giovannoni Roberto , Castano Francesca , Servadio Antonio , Ben-Arie Nissim , Tirone Felice
Published: March 2004

Growing evidence indicates that cell cycle arrest and neurogenesis are highly coordinated and interactive processes, governed by cell cycle genes and neural transcription factors. The genePC3(Tis21/BTG2) is expressed in the neuroblast throughout the neural tube and inhibits cell cycle progression at the G1checkpoint by repressingcyclin D1transcription. We generated inducible mouse models in which the expression ofPC3was upregulated in neuronal precursors of the neural tube and of the cerebellum. These mice exhibited a marked increase in the production of postmitotic neurons and impairment of cerebellar development. Cerebellar granule precursors ofPC3transgenic mice displayed inhibition ofcyclin D1expression and a strong increase in the expression ofMath1, a transcription factor required for their differentiation. Furthermore,PC3, encoded by a recombinant adenovirus, also inducedMath1in postmitotic granule cellsin vitroand stimulated theMath1promoter activity. In contrast,PC3expression was unaffected in the cerebellar primordium ofMath1null mice, suggesting that PC3 acts upstream toMath1. As a whole, our data suggest that cell cycle exit of cerebellar granule cell precursors and the onset of cerebellar neurogenesis are coordinated byPC3through transcriptional control ofcyclin D1andMath1, respectively.
Climbing Neuronal Activity as an Event-Based Cortical Representation of Time
Authors: Reutimann Jan , Yakovlev Volodya , Fusi Stefano , Senn Walter
Published: March 2004

The brain has the ability to represent the passage of time between two behaviorally relevant events. Recordings from different areas in the cortex of monkeys suggest the existence of neurons representing time by increasing (climbing) activity, which is triggered by a first event and peaks at the expected time of a second event, e.g., a visual stimulus or a reward. When the typical interval between the two events is changed, the slope of the climbing activity adapts to the new timing. We present a model in which the climbing activity results from slow firing rate adaptation in inhibitory neurons. Hebbian synaptic modifications allow for learning the new time interval by changing the degree of firing rate adaptation. This event-based representation of time is consistent with Weber's law in interval timing, according to which the error in estimating a time interval is proportional to the interval length.
Connexin32-Containing Gap Junctions in Schwann Cells at the Internodal Zone of Partial Myelin Compaction and in Schmidt–Lanterman Incisures
Authors: Meier Carola , Dermietzel Rolf , Davidson Kimberly G. V. , Yasumura Thomas , Rash John E.
Published: March 2004

In vertebrate peripheral nerves, the insulating myelin sheath is formed by Schwann cells, which generate flattened membrane processes that spiral around axons and form compact myelin by extrusion of cytoplasm and adhesion of apposed intracellular and extracellular membrane surfaces. Cytoplasm remains within the innermost and outermost tongues, in the paranodal loops bordering nodes of Ranvier and in Schmidt–Lanterman incisures. By immunocytochemistry, connexin32 (Cx32) protein has been demonstrated at paranodal loops and Schmidt–Lanterman incisures, and it is widely assumed that gap junctions are present in these locations, thereby providing a direct radial route for transport of ions and metabolites between cytoplasmic myelin layers. This study used freeze-fracture replica immunogold labeling to detect Cx32 in ultrastructurally defined gap junctions in Schmidt–Lanterman incisures, as well as in a novel location, between the outer two layers of internodal myelin, approximately every micrometer along the entire length of myelin, at the zone between compact myelin and noncompact myelin. Thus, these gap junctions link the partially compacted second layer of myelin to the noncompact outer tongue. Although these gap junctions are unusually small (average, 11 connexon channels), their relative abundance and regular distribution along the zone that is structurally intermediate between compact and noncompact myelin demonstrates the existence of multiple sites for unidirectional or bidirectional transport of water, ions, and small molecules between these two distinct cytoplasmic compartments, possibly to regulate or facilitate myelin compaction or to maintain the transition zone between noncompact and compact myelin.
Growth of Silicon Oxide in Thin Film Block Copolymer Scaffolds
Authors: Kim D. H. , Jia X. , Lin Z. , Guarini K. W. , Russell T. P.
Published: April 2004

Thin films of asymmetric diblock copolymers have been used as scaffolds to define an ordered array of nanometer‐scale reaction vessels in which high density arrays of silicon oxide nanostructures (see Figure) are produced by exposure to silicon tetrachloride. Such site‐specific silicon oxide nanostructures could have widespread uses for sensory and optoelectronic applications.
Crystallographic report: Bis[tris(2‐methyl‐2‐phenylpropyl)tin] piperazinyldithiocarbamate
Authors: Tian Laijin , Shang Zhicai , Yu Qingsen , Li Daixi , Yang Guoming
Published: April 2004

The centrosymmetric structure of bis[tris(2‐methyl‐2‐phenylpropyl)tin]piperazinyldithiocarbamate contains four‐coordinated tin and monodentate dithiocarbamate ligands. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Toxicological effects, biological aspects and spectral characterization of organoboron(III) complexes of sulfonamide‐imines
Authors: Nagpal Pooja , Singh R. V.
Published: April 2004

The toxicological effects, biological aspects and spectral characterization of organoboron(III) complexes of sulfonamide‐imines derived by the condensation of salicylaldehyde with different sulfa‐drugs are described. The benzene‐soluble, high‐molecular‐weight complexes have been characterized using a wide range of analytical and spectroscopic techniques, viz. UV, IR, 1H and 11B NMR. On the basis of these studies, it is inferred that the imines derived from sulfa drugs and salicylaldehyde behave as dibasic tridentate ligands and thus provide a tetrahedral environment around the boron atom. Finally, all these complexes have been screened for their antimicrobial activity against a variety of fungal and bacterial strains and their toxicological effects on male albino rats examined at the dosages employed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Risk for congenital anomalies associated with different sporadic and daily doses of alcohol consumption during pregnancy: A case–control study
Authors: Martínez‐Frías Maria Luisa , Bermejo Eva , Rodríguez‐Pinilla Elvira , Frías Jaime Luis
Published: April 2004

BACKGROUND

The classic clinical criteria for the diagnosis of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) include a “characteristic” facial appearance, pre‐ and postnatal growth deficiency, microcephaly, mental retardation, and occasional major malformations. However, diagnostic constraints, especially in the newborn period, lead to an underestimate of their prevalence. We report an epidemiological study of the potential risk of congenital defects in the offspring of mothers who ingested different sporadic and daily amounts of alcohol during pregnancy.

METHODS

The study was based on the data from the ECEMC hospital‐based case–control study and surveillance system, with a methodology aimed not only at the surveillance of congenital anomalies, but also at investigating their characteristics, clustering, and causes. For the purposes of this study, we considered as exposed those infants whose mothers reported the ingestion of any amount of alcohol during gestation (4705 mothers of cases and 4329 mothers of controls), and classified them into five groups according to their levels of alcohol consumption. Two groups consisted of mothers who consumed increasing sporadic levels and the other three consisted of mothers who consumed increasing daily levels of alcohol.

RESULTS

Our study showed that even low sporadic doses of alcohol consumption during pregnancy may increase the risk of congenital anomalies in the offspring and that this risk increases with increasing levels of alcohol exposure.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of our study suggest that it is necessary to generalize the preventive norm and recommend complete abstinence from alcohol during gestation. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The biological potency of a series of analogues of human calcitonin correlates with their interactions with phospholipids
Authors: Epand Raquel F. , Orlowski Ronald C. , Epand Richard M.
Published: April 2004

The conformational and lipid binding properties of several calcitonin analogs were compared. These analogs were designed to have the central amphipathic helical region of salmon calcitonin and N‐ and C‐terminal segments similar to human calcitonin. The various analogs differed from one another either by removal of Leu19 from this hybrid analog, replacement of Leu19 with Gly19 or having a carboxyl terminus more closely related to salmon calcitonin. It had been found that replacement of Leu19 with Gly19 caused a marked reduction in the hypocalemic activity of the analog. The ability of the analogs to form helical structures in the presence of dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol as well as their ability to lower the enthalpy of the calorimetric phase transition of this phospholipid correlates well with the hypocalcemic potency of the peptide. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci), 2004
Accommodating students with disabilities
Authors: Hawke Constance S.
Published: April 2004

Community colleges serve a higher percentage of students with disabilities than any other sector of higher education. An understanding of the requirements imposed by disability laws in accommodating those students is important for all community college leaders.
Employment issues in the community college
Authors: DeMitchell Todd A.
Published: April 2004

Discrimination, affirmative action, and evaluation are legal issues that involve community college leadership. Prudent leaders must cultivate the required legal knowledge of these and other employment issues if they are to lead effectively.
Current governing board legal issues
Authors: Garfield Timothy K.
Published: April 2004

In our increasingly legalistic environment, the work of the governing board has become much more complex and challenging. Board members today need better training and support to meet these challenges.
Risk management in the community college setting
Authors: Sokolow Brett A.
Published: April 2004

This chapter provides an overview of the risk management process as applied to the community college.
Comparison of the chiral separation of amino‐acid derivatives by a teicoplanin and RN‐β‐CD CSPs using waterless mobile phases: Factors that enhance resolution
Authors: Chen Shushi , Ward Timothy
Published: April 2004

A variety of compounds containing amines (i.e., amino acids, amino alcohols, etc.) were chemically derivatized with a variety of electrophilic tagging reagents to elucidate the chiral recognition sites on a teicoplanin‐bonded chiral stationary phase (CSP) and on R‐naphthylethylcarbamate‐β‐cyclodextrin (RN‐β‐CD)‐bonded CSP. Solutes were separated under optimum chromatographic conditions on teicoplanin and RN‐β‐CD CSPs for comparison using an acetonitrile‐based mobile phase. It was noted that the size of the analyte or tagging reagent exerted a greater influence on compounds separated on teicoplanin than on RN‐β‐CD when using the polar organic mode. This suggests that chiral recognition on teicoplanin CSP is more sensitive to size and indicates that the hydrophobic pocket of teicoplanin plays a significant role in chiral recognition in this mode. However, the type of functional groups had a greater impact than the size of analyte on separations obtained from RN‐β‐CD phase in the polar‐organic mode. Specifically, the π–π interaction was enhanced by derivatizing the aromatic ring of the tagging reagent with electron‐withdrawing groups and thus altered the resolution substantially. For both phases, chiral recognition is most pronounced when the stereogenic center of the analyte is near the tagging moiety and surrounded by functional groups (e.g., carboxylic, etc.) which are favorable for hydrogen bonding. Chirality 16:318–330, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spacer length effect of a chiral stationary phase based on (+)‐(18‐crown‐6)‐2,3,11,12‐tetracarboxylic acid
Authors: Ho Hyun Myung , Hun Kim Do
Published: April 2004

A new chiral stationary phase (CSP) containing 11 methylene‐unit spacer was prepared by bonding (+)‐(18‐crown‐6)‐2,3,11,12‐carboxylic acid to aminoundecylsilica gel. The new CSP was superior to the one containing three methylene‐unit spacer in the resolution of α‐amino acids, β‐amino acids, amines, and amino alcohols in terms of both the separation (α) and the resolution factors (RS). In the resolution of α‐amino acids on the new CSP containing a long spacer, the retention factors (k1) were quite small compared to those on the CSP containing a short spacer. However, in the resolution of relatively more lipophilic β‐amino acids, amines, and amino alcohols, the retention factors (k1) were generally greater on the CSP containing a long spacer than on the CSP containing a short spacer. All of these resolution behaviors have been rationalized by the effective competition of the ammonium ions (R‐NH3+) generated by the residual undecylamino groups of the new CSP under acidic condition with the ammonium ions (R‐NH3+) of analytes for the complexation inside the cavity of the crown ether ring of the CSP and the effective lipophilic interaction between the CSP and the relatively more lipophilic analytes. Chirality 16:294–301, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reversed‐phase liquid chromatographic enantioseparation by cycloalkylcarboxylates of cellulose and amylose
Authors: Kubota Takateru , Yamamoto Chiyo , Okamoto Yoshio
Published: April 2004

Three novel cycloalkylcarboxylates, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, and 1‐adamantylcarboxylates of cellulose and amylose were prepared and their chiral recognition abilities as chiral stationary phases (CSPs) for high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were evaluated using a methanol–water mobile phase. Among these esters, cellulose tris(cyclohexylcarboxylate) showed a relatively high chiral recognition ability. The 1‐adamantylcarboxylates of cellulose and amylose showed dissimilar chiral recognition abilities from the other two, probably due to the low degree of substitution and the high hydrophobicity of this group. Chirality 16:309–313, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Electrochemically Induced Retro‐Cyclopropanation Reactions
Authors: Herranz M. Ángeles , Diederich François , Echegoyen Luis
Published: April 2004

The efficient removal of methano addends from fullerenes using reductive electrochemistry is a versatile and useful reaction, which was initially called the retro‐Bingel reaction since it was observed for the first time on bis(alkoxycarbonyl)methano adducts, commonly known as Bingel adducts. Since its initial discovery, this reaction has been successfully employed in the separation of enantiomers and constitutional isomers of fullerenes, which in some cases were otherwise not accessible. Even more interesting than the retro‐Bingel reaction was the electrochemically induced isomerization that bis‐methano adducts of C60 exhibit, and which was referred to as the “shuffle”. The combination of both reactions gave interesting results during the electrolysis of tetrakis‐, pentakis‐, and hexakis‐Bingel adducts of C60. The selective removal of Bingel‐type addends, while leaving other addends undisturbed, was also investigated. More recently, it was observed that in addition to bis(alkoxycarbonyl)methano adducts, electrochemical reduction of other methano adducts, such as spiromethanofullerenes, could also result in removal of the methano addends, thus the reaction was more generally denoted as retro‐cyclopropanation. In some of the spiromethanofullerenes investigated, and depending on the solvent used, an electrochemically induced intermolecular addend transfer was observed, which provided a regioisomeric distribution that differed significantly from that obtained by a synthetic route. We have recently shown that singly bonded dimers are formed as intermediates during retro‐cyclopropanation reactions. In this microreview, we describe the general observations that led to the initiation of these exciting electrochemical investigations, review the differences between the chemical and electrochemical methodologies in retro‐cyclopropanation reactions and explore the mechanisms involved during addend removal. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Simulation of two‐dimensional turbulent flows in a rotating annulus
Authors: Storey Brian D.
Published: April 2004

Rotating water tank experiments have been used to study fundamental processes of atmospheric and geophysical turbulence in a controlled laboratory setting. When these tanks are undergoing strong rotation the forced turbulent flow becomes highly two dimensional along the axis of rotation. An efficient numerical method has been developed for simulating the forced quasi‐geostrophic equations in an annular geometry to model current laboratory experiments. The algorithm employs a spectral method with Fourier series and Chebyshev polynomials as basis functions. The algorithm has been implemented on a parallel architecture to allow modelling of a wide range of spatial scales over long integration times. This paper describes the derivation of the model equations, numerical method, testing and performance of the algorithm. Results provide reasonable agreement with the experimental data, indicating that such computations can be used as a predictive tool to design future experiments. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Static wetting on flexible substrates: a finite element formulation
Authors: Madasu Srinath , Cairncross Richard A.
Published: April 2004

In static wetting on an elastic substrate, force exerted by the liquid–vapour surface tension on a solid surface deforms the substrate, producing a capillary ridge along the contact line. This paper presents a finite element formulation for predicting elastic deformation, close to the static wetting line (with angle of contact=90o and σSV=σSL).The substrate deformation is modelled with the Mooney–Rivlin constitutive law for incompressible rubber‐like solids. At the contact line, a stress singularity is known to arise, due to the surface tension acting on a line of infinitesimal thickness. To relive the stress singularity, either (i) the surface tension is applied over a finite contact region (of macroscopic thickness), or (ii) the solid crease angle is fixed. These two options suggest that normal component of Neumann's triangle law of forces, for the three surface tensions, is not applicable for elastic substrates (as for rigid ones). The vertical displacement of the contact line is a strong function of liquid/vapour surface tension and shear modulus of the solid. Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Delayed effects of chronic variable stress during peripubertal‐juvenile period on hippocampal morphology and on cognitive and stress axis functions in rats
Authors: Isgor Ceylan , Kabbaj Mohamed , Akil Huda , Watson Stanley J.
Published: April 2004

Animal studies on the effects of chronic variable stress during the peripubertal‐juvenile period on hippocampal structure and function are lacking. Twenty‐eight‐day‐old Sprague‐Dawley rats were subjected to random, variable physical or social stress regimens for 4 weeks. Hippocampal volume was found to continue to grow in all lamina examined during the transition into young adulthood. Our variable physical stress paradigm led to inhibition of this growth in the CA1 pyramidal cell layer (PCL) and in the dentate gyrus‐granular cell layer (DG‐GCL), which reached full arrest in the CA3‐PCL. Volume deficits were first observed after chronic stress exposure when 3 weeks, but not 24 h, of recovery had elapsed. Moreover, these volume deficits were associated with impairments in the Morris water‐maze navigation, sustained downregulation in the basal hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor gene expression, and deficits in the shutdown of acute stress‐induced corticosterone secretion. Volume changes both due to normal maturation and after chronic stress exposure were independent of neuron number. Thus, a peripubertal‐juvenile chronic stress paradigm that leads to significant alterations in the limbic‐hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis can produce robust effects in hippocampal structure and cognitive ability, lasting into adulthood. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Recollective qualities modulate hippocampal activation during autobiographical memory retrieval
Authors: Addis Donna Rose , Moscovitch Morris , Crawley Adrian P. , McAndrews Mary Pat
Published: April 2004

Recent neuroimaging studies report preferential hippocampal engagement during autobiographical memory (AM) retrieval. Although the basis of this preferential activation remains unclear, it may be related to the temporal specificity, recency, or recollective qualities of AMs, such as detail, emotionality, and personal significance. Typically, however, these variables are confounded, and thus we sought to investigate the contributions of each to hippocampal activation during AM retrieval. We conducted an event‐related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study in which participants retrieved temporally specific AMs and general, repeated AMs, and rated each for level of detail, emotion, or personal significance. These ratings, as well as the recency of AMs, were used in parametric modulation analyses to identify brain regions that correlated positively with ratings, independent of recency, and vice versa. Retrieval of AMs activated a number of regions, including the hippocampus. No differences in hippocampal activation were evident between specific and general AM retrieval, suggesting that temporal specificity, on its own, is not a key modulator of hippocampal activation. Activation of the left hippocampus during specific AM retrieval did vary with the level of detail, personal significance, and at a subthreshold level, emotionality, when the effect of recency was covaried out. Further, during general AM retrieval, all three recollective qualities modulated activity in the right hippocampus. Although the recency of specific AMs modulated hippocampal activation bilaterally, this effect dissipated in the left hippocampus when detail or emotionality was included as a covariate, and was no longer present in either hippocampus when personal significance was taken into account. Our results suggest that recollective qualities are important predictors of hippocampal engagement during AM retrieval independent of factors such as recency. These findings are consistent with theories of hippocampal function that emphasize its role in the recollection of multifaceted autobiographical experiences. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.