bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Crashed! Why Drone Delivery Is Another Tech Idea not Ready to Take Off
Authors: Tom Ngui Min Fui
Published: June 2020

The objective of this study was to examine why drone delivery is another tech idea not ready to take off. Qualitative methods, which involved inductive, exploratory and interpretivism approaches, were used in this conceptual study. The inductive approach was used to generate propositions based on secondary data obtained from journal articles, authorized website contents, and books. On the other hand, exploratory and interpretivism approaches were used to undertake in-depth analysis and to have a complete description and understanding of the factors that shape consumers’ behavioural intentions to use drone food delivery services, respectively. Based on research findings and news related to consumers’ behavioural intentions to use drone delivery services, conceptual frameworks have been proposed to show the four main independent variables, which are functions, hedonic motivation, cognition, and social factors, that affect the dependent variable, which is behavioural intentions of consumers to use drone for food delivery services. Overall, factors that were hindering consumers’ behavioural intentions to use drone food delivery services were consumers’ unfamiliarity and negative perceptions toward drone delivery in that it is unregulated, dangerous, risky, lack of quantified risk assessments, intimidating, related to military and defence, and lengthy in the process to obtain authority’s permission to operate food delivery services by drones. Nevertheless, they may be influenced to use drone delivery if their friends and family were using it.
Theory and Evidence on the Relationship between Leadership Style and Organizational Performance: A Case in Small Medium Enterprises in East Malaysia
Authors: Bin Hamdan Dato‘ Dr. Jelani
Published: June 2020

This research intends to provide the theoretical evidence on the relationship between leadership style and organizational performance of small medium enterprises (SMEs) in East Malaysia.  The growth organizational performances among SMEs in East Malaysia have been at stagnant stage, as they are not able to respond to unforeseen issues due to weak leadership. The SMEs in East Malaysia are losing their competitive advantages as compared to West Malaysia. There is lack of motivation among the followers working in SMEs in East Malaysia as employees do not put extra effort in their tasks. There is absence of creativity in workplace as employees have not been giving any productive output from a long time. Previous research have documented that there are relationships between leadership style and organizational performance in SMEs in East Malaysia. The current study steps forward to contribute to gaps in body of knowledge by looking at the effects that occur due to different leadership style and its influence on the organizational performance in SMEs in East Malaysia. The nature of this study add to the existing literature by integrating the theory and evidence that could enhance organizational performance.
Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Trade Balance: Evidence from Cote d’Ivoire
Authors: Keho Yaya
Published: June 2020

Foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows have been increasing in developing countries over the past decades. However, there is only a few evidence about their impact on the trade balance on the recipient countries. This study empirically examines the issue for Cote d’Ivoire from 1980 to 2017. To that end, we extend the traditional trade balance function to include FDI and employ alternative cointegration testing and estimation methods. The results show that domestic income, real effective exchange rate and foreign direct investment are important drivers of trade balance. A real depreciation of domestic currency improves the trade balance both in the long and short run, thus consistent with Marshall-Lerner condition. Furthermore, FDI adversely affects trade balance in the long run.
Impact of Engineering Insurances on the Growth of Turkish Construction Sector
Authors: Ozyuksel Suna , Bacak Yavuz
Published: June 2020

Engineering insurances are significant risk transfer instruments in terms of construction risk management. The construction sector comprises approximately 8% - 9% of the GDP of Turkey and employs 2 million people according to 2019 data. It plays a vital role in the economic development of Turkey. When the direct and indirect effects of the construction sector are taken into account, its share in the economy of Turkey reaches around 30%. Construction projects are investments that bear various risks and need meticulous execution. For this reason, it is thought that proper management of the associated risks in the construction sector by means of the risk transfer to insurance sector via engineering insurances will contribute the sustainable growth of the construction sector. In this context, the effect of engineering insurances on the growth of the construction sector is examined empirically, and positive results have been reached. The increase in the use of engineering insurance constitutes a reason for growth of the construction sector. Results of the Granger Causality test, conducted for analysis of causality, indicate that there is causality. Additionally, a mathematical model is investigated in order to observe the effect of the engineering insurances growth, on the growth of the construction sector by utilizing the simple linear regression method. In the study, the model is found to be statistically significant. As a result of the model, it is shown that the growth of engineering insurance has an impact on the growth of the construction industry.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for International Journal of Statistics and Probability, Vol. 9, No. 4
Authors: Smith Wendy
Published: June 2020

Reviewer Acknowledgements for International Journal of Statistics and Probability, Vol. 9, No. 4, 2020
Modern Applied Science, Vol. 14, No. 7, July 2020
Authors: Lee Sunny
Published: June 2020

Modern Applied Science, Vol. 14, No. 7, July 2020
The Bandung conference and the MPR opens new window towards Afro-Asian countries (1955-1961)
Authors: Tsedendamba Batbayar
Published: June 2020

Afro-Asian countries liberated from colonialism by the end of the WWII became a new factor in international relations. Most of them sought to establish a peaceful co-existence with other countries. Pancha-Shila five principles have been first proclaimed by India and China in 1954. These five principles proclaimed respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity, mutual non-aggression, equal and mutual usefulness, peaceful coexistence. The Bandung Conference of 29 Asian and African countries held in Indonesia in April 1955 was a significant event in international relations. It proclaimed famous 10 Bandung principles which were embraced by the Mongolian People’s Republic enthusiastically.

Бандунгийн бага хурал ба БНМАУ Ази, Африкийн орнуудтай харилцах цонх нээсэн нь (1955-1961)

Хураангуй: Дэлхийн II дайны дараа колончлолоос чөлөөлөгдөж биеэ даасан улс байгуулсан Ази, Африкийн орнууд олон улсын харилцааны шинэ хүчин зүйл болсон билээ. Тэдгээр улс орнуудын дийлэнх нь бусад улс оронтой энх тайвнаар зэрэгцэн орших үндсэн дээр харилцахыг эрмэлзэж байлаа. Энэ эрмэлзэл нь 1954 онд БНХАУ, БНЭУ-ын хоорондын харилцаанд тунхагласан Панча-Шила хэмээх таван зарчимд тусгалаа олов. Энэхүү таван зарчим нь нутаг дэвсгэрийн бүрэн бүтэн байдал ба суверенитетийг хүндэтгэх, харилцан үл довтлолцох, эрх тэгш харилцан ашигтай байх, энх тайвнаар зэрэгцэн орших зэрэг болно. 1955 оны 4 дүгээр сард Индонезийн Бандунг хотод хуралдсан Ази, Африкийн 29 орны Бага хурал олон улсын харилцааны түүхэнд онцгой байр суурийг эзэлдэг. Дэлхийн хүн амын талаас илүү нь оршин суудаг Ази, Африк хоёр тивийн Төр засгийн тэргүүн, Гадаад хэргийн сайд нар анх удаа хуран цугларч, дэлхийн улс төрд хоёр тивийн орнуудын гүйцэтгэх үүрэг, шинэ колоничлолын эсрэг, эдийн засаг, соёлын хамтын ажиллагааг бэхжүүлэх, хүний эрх ба өөрөө засан тохинох эрхийг хэрэгжүүлэх, улс хоорондын харилцаанд баримтлах Бандунгийн 10 зарчим зэргийг хэлэлцэн тохирч чадсан нь дэлхийн геополитикт тун содон сонин үйл явдал болсон билээ. Панча-Шила ба Бандунгийн 10 зарчмыг дэлхийн олон улс орон, түүн дотор БНМАУ ч талархалтай хүлээн авсан юм.

Түлхүүр үгс: Бандунгийн бага хурал, Ази, Африкийн орнууд, энх тайвнаар зэрэгцэн орших 5 зарчим, 10 зарчим, БНМАУ-ын энх тайванч бодлого.
The Defining the principles of nationalism of Chinese historians in relation to modern Mongolian history
Authors: Namjilchoijil Altantugs
Published: June 2020

In this article, we tried to discuss on the ideological background that “Mongolia was part of China (中国)”. This idea is repeated in the academic publications about contemporary Mongolian history in the Peoples’ Republic of China. According to the first principle “Nationalism” of the “Three Principles of the People” by Sun Yat-sen (Sun Zhongshan), mongolians are one of five nations in China (中国). But, this idea doesn’t correspond with the real conditions of Mongolian and Chinese （中国）history. Chinese historians’ conception of the term of China (中国) as Qing dinasty (清朝) was one of main causes of historical misunderstanding between Mongolian and Chinese historians.

Монголын орчин үеийн түүхийн талаар БНХАУ-ын түүхчдийн баримталж буй үндэстний зарчмыг шүүмжлэх нь

Хураангуй: Энэхүү өгүүлэлд БНХАУ дахь Монголын орчин үеийн түүхийн талаар нийтлэгдсэн бүтээлүүдэд олонтаа давтагддаг “Монгол бол Дундад улсын алдагдсан нутаг юм” хэмээх үзлийн онолын үндсийг хөндөхийг оролдов. Сунь Ятсений “Ардын гурван зарчимд” буй таван үндэстний бүгд найрамдах улсын тухай ойлголт нь Монгол улсыг Хятадын（中国）алдагдсан нутаг хэмээн үзэхэд хятадын түүхчдийг хүргэжээ. Орчин үеийн түүхийг судалж буй хятадын түүхчид ийнхүү Хятад（中国）хэмээх ойлголтыг манжийн Чин улсын хэмжээнд буцаан хэрэглэж буй явдал нь Монгол, Хятадын түүхийн салбар дахь үл ойлголцлын шалтгаан болж байна.

Түлхүүр үгc: Монгол улс, Хятад улс, Ардын гурван зарчим
Reseña. ‘A tomar por el culo’. Análisis interaccional de las identidades conversacionales y de la reorganización de roles en una charla sin monopolizadores del turno, por Alicia Sentí Janssen, 2018
Authors: Acosta-Ortega Laura
Published: June 2020

Reseña. ‘A tomar por el culo’. Análisis interaccional de las identidades conversacionales y de la reorganización de roles en una charla sin monopolizadores del turno, por Alicia Sentí Janssen, 2018LINCOM GmbH, 135 pp., 64,80 €, ISBN: 978-3862888894
The determination of mercury levels in the blood and hair of rabbits with amalgam fillings
Authors: Yerebasan Ülkü , Servi Kadir , Ataş Osman , Doğan Mehmet Sinan
Published: June 2020

Purpose: This study was conducted to investigate the level of blood and hair mercury transition in rabbits depending on the number of amalgam filled teeth in the mouth.

Material and Methods: A total of 18 male rabbits from New Zealand were used in the study.  The rabbits were separated into three groups in this study. The first group was named as control group, the second group was named as dichotomous filled group,   and the third group was named as quadruple amalgam filled group. Blood samples were collected from filler animals before the filling, at 24 hour, at the first week and month and also hair samples were taken before the filling and at the first month. The transfer of mercury, taken by the blood and feather samples of rabbits in the study, was made with the hydride system in the absorption spectrophometer.

Results: The data’s, obtained from the study, were evaluated by using the SPSS 21 package program. Compared by the control group at the 24th hour, any statically difference wasn’t seen between dichotomous and quadruple amalgam filling groups in terms of blood mercury level. (P>0.05). However, the level of blood mercury, one week and one month later was significantly higher than the control group.(P<0.05) In the all periods, the level of blood mercury was found similar between dichotomous and quadruple amalgam filling groups (P>0.05).

Conclusions: Mercury couldn’t be detected in hair samples. As a result, it was revealed that amalgam filling affects the blood mercury level.

 

How to cite this article: Yerebasan Ü, Servi K, Ataş O, Doğan MS. The determination of mercury levels in the blood and hair of rabbits with amalgam fillings. Int Dent Res 2020;10(1):12-16. https://doi.org/10.5577/intdentres.2020.vol10.no1.3

 

Linguistic Revision: The English in this manuscript has been checked by at least two professional editors, both native speakers of English.
I AM THEREFORE ASKING YOU TO STOP
WORKING ON THE MUSEUM. STANISŁAW
SANKOWSKI’S WAY TO ESTABLISHING
A MUSEUM IN RADOMSKO
Authors: Nowak Tomasz Andrzej
Published: June 2020

In 2020, we are celebrating 50 years of the
Stanisław Sankowski Museum in Radomsko, officially
established on 1 July 1970. However, it was already from
1946 that Stanisław Sankowski, a history teacher, had
been collecting documents and exhibits related to the
region among the students of the First Secondary School
in Radomsko. He appealed for them to be collected
in the school newsletter and in 1958 in the ‘Gazeta
Radomszczańska’ paper. The appeal was successful,
and the collections started to grow. At that point there
was no mention of a seat for the Museum, so initially,
as approved by the school Headmaster, the Museum
was housed in the school building. It seemed that it
would find a home there for longer, particularly as the
school was given a new building. When it turned out
there was no separate room available for the exhibition,
the school hall was adapted for the Museum exhibits.
This, however, was not to the liking of the school
authorities; the Deputy Headmaster, who, interestingly,
happened to be a historian himself, forbid the works to
be continued. For some time the Museum’s activity was
suspended, yet finally S. Sankowski decided to move the
collected exhibits to his own flat. Excursions, even from
around the country, were invited to visit it. Meanwhile,
S. Sankowski continuously tried to be allocated
some facility where the Museum could be housed.
The efforts were accelerated by the mention of the
Radomsko Museum in a private flat in a programme on Radio Free Europe. Soon afterwards, the home
for the Museum was found: initially, they were
3 rooms in the building of the town authorities, later
the whole ground floor, while in the mid-1970s it
was allocated almost the whole building of the
former 1859 Town Hall. The Museum had enjoyed
first successes even before the formal establishment;
these were undoubtedly the finds that brought
archaeologists to Radomsko and their subsequent
discoveries. What needs to be appreciated, though,
i s f i rst a n d fo rem o st t h e ed u cat i o n a l effo r t o f
S. Sankowski and his promoting activities. Many years
later, in 2008, the Radomsko Regional Museum was
named after its instigator and creator.
Cechy pracy a wypełnianie roli wychowawczej pracowników młodzieżowych ośrodków wychowawczych i socjoterapii
Authors: Sygit-Kowalkowska Ewa
Published: June 2020

Przeznaczeniem młodzieżowych ośrodków wychowawczych (MOW) i ośrodków socjoterapii (MOS) jest praca z dziećmi i młodzieżą doświadczającymi zaburzeń prawidłowego funkcjonowania o różnej etiologii. Szczególna rola tych instytucji powoduje, że praca z wychowankami ośrodków jest niezwykle wymagająca. Wobec tego przyjęto za cel zaprezentowanie charakterystyki psychospołecznych warunków pracy w ośrodkach wychowawczych i socjoterapii. Dokonano przeglądu badań w tym zakresie. Ukazano potencjalne zależności między cechami środowiska pracy a wykonywaną pracą terapeutyczną. Wskazano zarówno na potrzebę kontynuacji badań w tym zakresie, jak i działań profilaktycznych skierowanych do tej grupy zawodowej.
Die Bürgerschaftswahl in Bremen vom 26. Mai 2019: CDU gewinnt, aber Rot-Grün-Rot regiert
Authors: Probst Lothar
Published: June 2020

The state election in Bremen in 2019 was marked by a head-to-head race between SPD and CDU and ended up with a considerably increased turnout and a historical result . The Christian Democrats managed to beat the Social Democrats for the first time in Bremen’s postwar history . The Greens achieved their second-best outcome in a Bremen state election and had the choice between a so-called Jamaica coalition or a left coalition . Whereas the pragmatic oriented Left Party succeeded to accomplish a two-digit result of 11 .3 percent, the Liberals and the Alternative of Germany underperformed with an outcome of about six percent of the votes . After a round of exploratory negotiations between Christian Democrats, Greens, and Liberals on the one hand and between Social Democrats, Greens, and The Left on the other hand, the rank and file of the Green Party decided to hold coalition talks with Social Democrats and the Left Party . Once the red-green-red coalition was built, the Senate’s president and SPD front-runner, Carsten Sieling, resigned . Instead, Andreas Bovenschulte became the Senate’s new president . Bovenschulte is a former chairman of Bremen’s Social Democrats and had already been elected to lead the SPD parliamentary party .
Die brandenburgische Landtagswahl vom 1. September 2019: Die SPD schlägt die AfD auf den letzten Metern
Authors: Niedermayer Oskar
Published: June 2020

After a slow beginning, Brandenburg’s election campaign became dominated by the SPD’s and AfD’s struggle to come in first . This contributed considerably to an increase in turnout to 61 .3 percent . Although the SPD won the election with 26 .2 percent, it sustained substantial losses because its front runner Dietmar Woidke was less popular than in 2014, and the voters attributed less competences to the party in all relevant policy areas . The CDU could not benefit from this weakness, lost considerably and dropped back to the third place with 15 .6 percent . The AfD, which attracted ideologically convicted voters as well as economically, culturally, or socio-politically deprived protest-voters, moved forward to the second place with 23 .5 percent . The Greens won 10 .8 percent, the Left Party 10 .7 percent . The BVB/Freie Wähler remained at exactly 5 .0 percent, whereas the FDP failed to overcome the five percent threshold . The exploratory talks to form a new three-party coalition at first were overshadowed by an internal rebellion in the CDU but ended with a coalition of SPD, CDU, and the Greens .
Gemeindeversammlungen in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland: Auslaufmodell oder Wiederbelebung?
Authors: Schmidt Christopher
Published: June 2020

The article briefly presents the history of the municipal assemblies in Germany and, among other things, deals with the change in the Lower Saxony municipal code 1962/63 . At present, there are still municipal assemblies in Schleswig-Holstein . To assess their practice a survey of the mayors of 44 small municipalities with up to 100 inhabitants was conducted . In 27 of these municipalities there was a municipal assembly; in 17 a municipal council was elected . The questions asked included the preferences of the mayors (municipal assembly or representation), the participation of the citizens and the municipal finances . A clear majority of the mayors were satisfied with the existing organizational form . The participation in the municipal assembly was on average 47 percent of those entitled to vote, the proportion of women among the participants was 41 percent . Of the 27 municipalities with a municipal assembly, 24 were debt-free . Finally, the question is raised as to whether forms of assembly democracy can be introduced in view of the increased demand for participation in the localities .
Drive For Muscularity in Male Adolescents: The Role of Psychological Factors (Self-Esteem, Maladaptive Perfectionism, and Interpersonal Sensitivity)
Authors: Zarei Salman
Published: June 2020

Background: Concerns about body image among male adolescents has become increasingly prevalent, leading to a need for muscularity. It is well known that psychological factors play a role in the development of these concerns. Objectives: The aim of the current study was to predict the drive for muscularity based on psychological factors, including self-esteem, maladaptive perfectionism, and interpersonal sensitivity. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2019. Using a convenience sampling method, 150 adolescent male students from district 14 of Tehran, Iran, were selected to participate in the study. Data was collected by utilizing the following measures: drive for Muscularity scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem scale, Almost Perfect scale-revised, and Interpersonal Sensitivity measure. Data were analyzed using the Pearson correlation coefficient and the Enter Regression method. Results: High scores in the Drive for Muscularity scale were significantly associated with higher levels of maladaptive perfectionism, interpersonal sensitivity, and lower levels of self-esteem. Moreover, the results of the multiple regression analysis revealed that predivariables could explain 52% in the variance of the drive for muscularity. Conclusions: Findings indicated that the psychological factors investigated in this study were risk factors for masculinity among adolescents. We suggest that clinicians take these factors into account in order to make preventive and therapeutic programs more effective.
Differentiation Syndrome Mimicking COVID-19 Pneumonia
Authors: Abdolkarimi Babak , Hatami Mazinani Nazafarin , Amanati Ali
Published: June 2020

Introduction: SARS-CoV-2 infection is spreading worldwide, and due to multi-organ involvement, it could mimic other well-known diseases. Case Presentation: Herein, we describe the case of a pediatric patient with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), who developed severe respiratory illness with diffuse pulmonary involvement after consuming all-transretinoic acid during the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusions: All-transretinoic acid syndrome is a very similar condition to COVID-19 both in clinical presentations and radiologic findings; thus, the treatment of such patients may be challenging.
Cyber Extortion and Threats: Analysis of the United States Case Law
Authors: Vasiu Ioana , Vasiu Lucian
Published: June 2020

This article presents an analysis of the cyber extortion and threats cases brought to the United States courts. The inquiry employed content analysis to identify important elements and attributes and answers research questions concerning essential attributes, legal elements, and how do the courts interprets these offenses. The article extends the understanding of this phenomenon by providing a thorough discussion of the conceptual issues and characteristics and an analysis of the most important litigation aspects, such as intent, true threats, sentencing, and the insanity defense. The article concludes with recommendations for stakeholders, to more effectively address the phenomenon.
Cyrtandra argentii, a new species of Cyrtandra (Gesneriaceae) from the Philippines, and a review of the C. villosissima group
Authors: Olivar Jay Edneil C. , Atkins Hannah , Hauenschild Frank , Muellner-Riehl Alexandra N.
Published: June 2020

Cyrtandra argentii Olivar, H.J.Atkins & Muellner sp. nov., endemic to the Philippines and named after George Argent, is herein described and illustrated. Collections associated with this new species are often confused with three other species, namely C. ferruginea Merr., C. villosissima Merr., and C. hirtigera H.J.Atkins & Cronk. Distinguishing characters including keys, updated descriptions, distribution maps, and photos of live specimens are provided to aid identification of the four species. Following the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) criteria, C. argentii sp. nov. is considered to be Near Threatened (NT) due to its distribution in a zone susceptible to anthropogenic pressure and the lack of any formal protection.
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Inhaled Tobramycin in a Post–Hematopoietic Cell Transplant Patient With Bronchiolitis Obliterans and End-Stage Renal Disease
Authors: Trone Deni J. , Hall Elizabeth A.
Published: June 2020

There are no widely accepted dose alterations for inhaled tobramycin in the setting of renal dysfunction, and serum concentrations are not typically monitored. Herein we describe a case report of a 16-year-old female with a history of 2 hematopoietic cell transplants and a kidney transplant who received inhaled tobramycin for chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa management. The patient developed chronic kidney disease, and tobramycin concentrations were monitored. Initially she received a reduced dose of inhaled tobramycin, with repeated doses based on serum concentrations. The dose was increased, but serum concentrations obtained the following day remained higher than desired, leading to a suspicion of delayed systemic absorption. Tobramycin administration was changed from immediately prior to dialysis to the evening prior to the next day's dialysis session, and serum concentrations were consistently <1 mg/L postdialysis. In conclusion, systemic absorption of inhaled tobramycin in non–cystic fibrosis (CF) patients may differ compared to that observed in CF patients. Renal dysfunction may lead to systemic accumulation of inhaled tobramycin, and the timing of inhaled tobramycin administration with respect to dialysis has a potentially significant influence on drug clearance. Thus, monitoring may be required. Further cases are required to verify these observations.
LA REPARACIÓN DIGNA CON PERSPECTIVA VICTIMOLÓGICA Y DE GÉNERO EN LOS DELITOS DE VIOLACIÓN SEXUAL COMETIDOS CONTRA LAS MUJERES, EN EL MARCO DEL DERECHO PENAL GUATEMALTECO
Authors: Peláez Xiomara Argentina Baril
Published: June 2020

O objetivo geral para essa investigação é determinar as diferentes formas de reparação digna à luz do direito internacional e nacional, pensadas em benefício das mulheres vítimas de sentenças condenatórias de delitos de violação cometidos na Guatemala, estabelecendo a numerosa normativa e jurisprudência internacional relativa aos direitos humanos e os critérios e standards de reparação digna aplicáveis a vítimas de crimes de violações sexuais contra mulheres. Isso leva a identificar os tipos de reparação digna ditadas nas resoluções judiciais e estabelecer as ações da vitimologia a favor das mulheres vítimas de violência sexual previstas nas sentenças condenatórias na questão da reparação digna, a qual constitui um mecanismo de ressarcimento social, econômico e moral, às mulheres vítimas de violência sexual como as vítimas colaterais que afrontam um processo penal na Guatemala.
The Idea of Mass Culture in the Technologized Context of Lifelong Learning from the Philosophical Perspective of Ortega y Gasset
Authors: Valantinaitė Ilona , Sederevičiūtė-Pačiauskienė Živilė , Asakavičiūtė Vaida , Navickienė Vida
Published: June 2020

The article discusses consequences of increasing accessibility of education employing virtual learning environments. The main focus is laid on two consequences, i.e. on flourishing of mass-man and elimination of individual attitude. Seeking to ensure accessibility of education to everybody, equal conditions are introduced: technologization of the learning process through virtual learning environments leads to assurance of the level of convenient use, which diverts the attention from the essence, i.e. from the creation of elite culture in personality education. According to Ortega y Gasset, mass culture, information for the masses and environment overwhelm consciousness of an individual, who has lost his/her individuality, and irreversibly take an individual away from his/her interest in the meaning of existence. The article focuses on the technologization of lifelong learning development, its progressive and destructive aspects. Technologization seems to be an integral component of the system of education in the 21st century. It also facilitates teaching/learning, makes it more attractive, accessible, convenient, individualised and efficient, although its efficiency and effectiveness are still questioned (Price, Kirkwood 2014; Englund, Olofsson, Price 2017). What factors encourage development and technologization of lifelong learning? What advantages and disadvantages of using virtual learning environments are distinguished by students and what does this presuppose? Does not this lead to flourishing of mass culture and mass-man education?
Evaluación de una secuencia de enseñanza de termoquímica para la formación de profesores
Authors: Furió Mas Carles , Furió Gómez Cristina , Guisasola Aranzabal Jenaro
Published: June 2020

El objetivo de este trabajo consiste en diseñar una secuencia de aprendizaje sobre termoquímica como investigación guiada para el bachillerato, implementarla en dos cursillos de Didáctica de las Ciencias para futuros profesores de Física y Química y evaluar su impacto en la mejora del conocimiento termoquímico de estos. Participaron 35 estudiantes de último curso de Física, Química e Ingeniería Química, que discutieron en pequeños grupos sobre la secuencia de enseñanza propuesta en forma de programa de actividades durante 12 sesiones de 2 horas. Para ver la eficacia de la secuencia se aplicó un diseño pre-test/post-test basado en un cuestionario de 5 preguntas abiertas donde había que predecir y explicar los efectos térmicos en 3 fenómenos físicos y 2 químicos. Los resultados muestran que el conocimiento termoquímico de los futuros profesores mejora, si bien el tamaño del efecto logrado no ha sido el mismo en cada uno de los fenómenos.
Alcids ‘fly’ at efficient Strouhal numbers in both air and water but vary stroke velocity and angle
Authors: Lapsansky Anthony B , Zatz Daniel , Tobalske Bret W
Published: June 2020

Birds that use their wings for ‘flight’ in both air and water are expected to fly poorly in each fluid relative to single-fluid specialists; that is, these jacks-of-all-trades should be the masters of none. Alcids exhibit exceptional dive performance while retaining aerial flight. We hypothesized that alcids maintain efficient Strouhal numbers and stroke velocities across air and water, allowing them to mitigate the costs of their ‘fluid generalism’. We show that alcids cruise at Strouhal numbers between 0.10 and 0.40 – on par with single-fluid specialists – in both air and water but flap their wings ~ 50% slower in water. Thus, these species either contract their muscles at inefficient velocities or maintain a two-geared muscle system, highlighting a clear cost to using the same morphology for locomotion in two fluids. Additionally, alcids varied stroke-plane angle between air and water and chord angle during aquatic flight, expanding their performance envelope.
Membrane characteristics tune activities of endosomal and autophagic human VPS34 complexes
Authors: Ohashi Yohei , Tremel Shirley , Masson Glenn Robert , McGinney Lauren , Boulanger Jerome , Rostislavleva Ksenia , Johnson Christopher M , Niewczas Izabella , Clark Jonathan , Williams Roger L
Published: June 2020

The lipid kinase VPS34 orchestrates diverse processes, including autophagy, endocytic sorting, phagocytosis, anabolic responses and cell division. VPS34 forms various complexes that help adapt it to specific pathways, with complexes I and II being the most prominent ones. We found that physicochemical properties of membranes strongly modulate VPS34 activity. Greater unsaturation of both substrate and non-substrate lipids, negative charge and curvature activate VPS34 complexes, adapting them to their cellular compartments. Hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) of complexes I and II on membranes elucidated structural determinants that enable them to bind membranes. Among these are the Barkor/ATG14L autophagosome targeting sequence (BATS), which makes autophagy-specific complex I more active than the endocytic complex II, and the Beclin1 BARA domain. Interestingly, even though Beclin1 BARA is common to both complexes, its membrane-interacting loops are critical for complex II, but have only a minor role for complex I.
Synthesis and Characterization of Schiff Base Complexes of Cu(II), Co(II) and Cd(II) Derived from Ethylenediamine and Benzaldehyde Derivatives
Authors: Islam Md. Shahinur , Ansary Md. Rezaul Haque , Farooque Md. Akhter , Asraf Md. Ali
Published: June 2020

Metal complexes of Cu(II), Co(II) and Cd(II) have been synthesized using two new Schiff base ligands, N,N'-bis(4-chlorobenzylidene)ethane-1,2-diamine (L1) and N,N'-bis(3-nitrobenzylidene) ethane-1,2-diamine (L2). The Schiff bases were prepared from the condensation reaction of ethylenediamine with benzaldehyde derivatives (4-chlorobenzaldehyde and 3-nitrobenzaldehyde). The complexes have been characterized by elemental analysis, conductivity measurements, UV-visible, FT-IR and magnetic susceptibility measurements. The magnetic susceptibility measurements and UV-visible spectral data revealed that the geometry of Cu(II) and Co(II) complexes are square planar, whereas the geometry of Cd(II) complex is tetrahedral. The molar conductance data showed that the complexes are non-electrolytic in nature. The complexes were screened for antibacterial activities against four human pathogenic bacteria viz. Escherichia coli, Shigella boydii, Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus. The results indicate that Cd(II) complex of ligand (L1) has higher antibacterial activity compared to the free ligands, but less than the standard drug, kanamycine. This suggests that the metal ion plays an important role in the antibacterial activities of complexes.
Characterization of Water Hyacinth Powder Using FTIR Spectroscopy and the Adsorption Behaviour of Pb2+, Cd2+, Zn2+, Ni2+ and Cr2+ in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Munene J. M. , Onyatta J. O. , Yusuf A. O.
Published: June 2020

The adsorption behavior of selected metal ions on water hyacinth powder was investigated by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Water hyacinth powder was used as an adsorbent due to its popularity, low cost and ease of availability. Water hyacinth stems were dried and ground to a powder. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted at room temperature by adding known concentrations of Pb2+, Cd2+, Cr3+, Zn2+ and Ni2+ to 5 g of water hyacinth powder in different test tubes and allowed to stand for the same time respectively. Adsorption is one of the methods used to remove heavy metals from aqueous solutions and wastewaters. FTIR analysis was performed to identify the functional groups in the water hyacinth powder using the KBr disc method. The study showed a strong broad absorption band in the region of 3300-3200cm-1 which is characteristic of O-H stretching vibrations of the adsorbed water molecules at the surface of raw water hyacinth powder particles. Other peaks appeared at 1732cm-1 which corresponded to C=O stretching vibrations while the band at 1396cm-1 could be attributed to C-H bonds. The functional groups identified were: C-H; O-H; C=O or C-O. After adsorption there was a disappearance, reduction or a shift in the adsorption bands depending on the type of metal ion. Lead for example showed a strong absorption band in the region of 1732cm-1 which is characteristic of C=O stretching bond structure which is found in esters and carboxylic acids. The disappearance of the peaks indicated that the H atom present in the functional groups of the raw water hyacinth powder could have been substituted with lead ion. The intensity of the adsorption bands reduced for all the metals confirming that functional groups were responsible for adsorption of the heavy metal ions on to the material.
Robertson – Walker Metric in (2 + 1) – Dimensions: The 2 – D Coordinate Subspaces and Their Curvature
Authors: Gyampoh Samuel Amoh , Nkrumah Frank Kwarteng
Published: June 2020

In this paper, we will first construct a Robertson – Walker like metric in (2 + 1) – dimensional space. The easiest way of doing this is to consider a 2-dimensional coordinate space as a space embedded in a 3-dimensional hypersurface. The curvature of each surface is determined using the spatial part of the Robertson – Walker like metric constructed. Our main goal is to find out if the Robertson – Walker like metric in (2 + 1) – dimensional space can be used as a prototype model to study Robertson – Walker in (3 + 1) dimensions since calculations involved in higher dimensions are tedious.
Epidemiology, Treatment and Microbiological Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Tripathi Manikant , Kumar Shailendra
Published: June 2020

Coronaviruses (CoV) belong to Coronaviridiae family that cause deadly diseases in humans or animals. These viruses are enveloped and have single stranded positive-sense large RNA genome. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes deadly pandemic coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) in humans. It is affecting every aspect of humans’ daily life. The symptoms of COVID-19 include fever, loss of smell, shortness of breath, cough, muscles pain, chest pain, and kidney failure that occurs in severe conditions. The virus has spread throughout the world.  In India, the estimated number of infected people is more than 1.5 lakh with less fatality rate 2.87% on May 27, 2020 as per the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare data. The studies suggest that virus has been considered descended from the previous viruses as severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome virus (MERS) human and bat corona viruses. Currently, vaccine developments are under clinical trials. The management of emerging infectious diseases is a challenging task. It requires much improved microbiological surveillance system to track and predict the virus infections. The proper study and predictions based on screening of various sources of infection may help us to manage the challenging infections in future. The present review summarizes the characteristics of virus, disease symptoms, epidemiology, transmission, treatment and microbiological surveillance of pandemic COVID-19.
Perspectives of the Health Extension Program Enhancing Contraceptive Provision in Southern Ethiopia: A Qualitative Exploration
Authors: Alano Abraham
Published: June 2020

Aim: To uncover information gap on the health extension program contribution in improving access, the study explored the lived experiences towards creating enabling environments for contraceptive service provision and use in light of the health extension program.

Methods: Interpretative phenomenological design was employed for the study. Data were collected using focus group discussions, individual in-depth interviews and key informant interviews. Analysis was done using an interpretive phenomenological analysis framework including phases of data immersion, transcribing, coding, theme development and phenomenological interpretation through the hermeneutic circle.

Results: The finding captures the contribution of the health extension program in accelerating/decelerating contraceptive use in the study area. Contraceptive services organization, access and extension in the era of the health extension program were presented. Since the beginning of the program, contraceptive use has alarmingly improved as witnessed by both the service users and providers. The linkage of primary health care with the community organization, a women development army and the one-to-five network are among the major contributed factors for the outcomes.

Conclusion and Recommendation: The study concludes that the health extension program has given a special momentum in shaping the principles of PHC. The study revealed that women witnessed encouraging involvements in contraceptive service access and use. Hence, the study recommends that the experiences of women development armies and other networks have to be strengthened. Moreover, the existing community networks should be strengthened through proper evaluation and feedback.
Evaluation of Functional Characteristics and Reconstitution Behavior of Formulated Ready to Reconstitute Enteral Formula for Nutrition Therapy
Authors: Bordoloi Premila L. , Bhattacharyya Ruma , Gogoi Moloya , Tiwari Mansi , Barooah Mridula Saikia
Published: June 2020

Aims: The present investigation was undertaken to evaluate the functional properties and reconstitution behavior of enteral formulae i.e. Balanced Enteral Formula, High Protein Enteral Formula and High Energy Enteral Formula formulated using locally available natural ingredients.

Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in the Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Community Science, Assam Agricultural University during the period of August 2017 to January 2018. 

Methodology: Three enteral formulae namely Balanced Enteral Formula, High Protein Enteral Formula and High Energy Enteral Formula were formulated using naturally available low cost ingredients. Standard protocols were followed to evaluate the quality of ingredients used and formulated enteral formulae. 

Results: Both ingredients and enteral formulae had good functional properties with bulk density, tapped density, particle density, porosity, cohesiveness, flowability, water absorption index and water solubility index ranging from 0.33 to 0.50 g/ml, 0.38 to 0.56 g/ml, 0.59 to 1.25 g/ml, 35.00 to 60.00per cent, 0.33 to 1.18, 0.00 to 17.77 per cent, 1.23 to 7.59 g/g and 23.66 to 87.62 per cent soluble solids respectively for the ingredients used and 0.44 to 0.47 g/ml; 0.50 to 0.53 g/ml; 0.89 to 0.90 g/ml; 41.00 to 44.44 per cent; 1.12 to 1.14; 11.30 to 12.00 per cent; 3.39 to 4.59 g/g and 42.66 to 51.00 per cent respectively for the formulated enteral formulae. Color analysis of the developed formulae using Hunter Lab showed desirable results with L*, a* and b* value in the range of 82.43 to 87.10; 1.35 to 2.38 and 13.75 to 13.95 respectively. The reconstitution of formulated enteral formulae with warm water revealed a reconstitution time varying from 5 to 6 minutes. Further the reconstituted formula feed on passage through Ryles tube showed superior flow rate in formulae prepared with 20 per cent solid concentration (W/V).

Conclusion: The developed enteral formulae had excellent functional characteristics and reconstitution behavior indicating quality product suitable for enteral feeding.
Standing at the Waharoa
Authors: O'Connor John
Published: June 2020

In this paper the author suggests that, when standing at the waharoa (gate) waiting for the karanga which calls us on to the marae, many of us, and particularly those whose ancestral histories originate in countries other than Aotearoa New Zealand, feel the apprehensive anticipation, if not disturbing terror, that comes with stepping into a cultural context so imbued with the painful colonial histories of this country. The paper explores how this history impacts upon us in cross-cultural encounters in Aotearoa New Zealand, and in particular in encounters between Māori and non-Māori, and the challenges and opportunities such encounters offer for the psychotherapeutic clinical encounter.
Niclosamide and its derivative DK‐520 inhibit RANKL‐induced osteoclastogenesis
Authors: Jiao Yurui , Chen Chenglong , Hu Xijian , Feng Xu , Shi Zhenqi , Cao Jie , Li Qing , Zhu Yikun
Published: June 2020

Niclosamide is a potent inhibitor of osteoclastogenesis and bone remodeling. DK‐520 is an acyl derivative of Niclosamide and significantly increased both the plasma concentration and the duration of exposure of Niclosamide when dosed orally. However, at present the effect of DK‐520 on osteoclastogenesis has not been reported. Here, we investigated whether DK‐520 can regulate receptor activator of nuclear factor‐κB ligand (RANKL)‐induced osteoclastogenesis of bone marrow macrophages (BMMs) in vitro. Following induction of BMMs with RANKL for three days, we detected differentiated osteoclasts with typical morphology and high levels of tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), RANKL, and cathepsin K (CTSK) expression. Treatment with either Niclosamide or DK‐520 did not affect the viability of osteoclast precursors (OCPs), but significantly inhibited RANKL‐induced transdifferentiation of macrophages into OCPs, particularly in the early stage of osteoclastogenesis. Both Niclosamide and DK‐520 significantly decreased the relative levels of transcription factor PU.1 mRNA transcripts and dendritic cell‐specific transmembrane protein (DC‐STAMP), but not v‐ATPasev0d2 protein expression in OCPs. In addition, the inhibitory effect of DK‐520 on osteoclastogenesis is realized through impairment of the NF‐kB (nuclear factor‐κB) and MAPK (mitogen‐activated protein kinase) signaling pathways. These results demonstrate that DK‐520, like Niclosamide, effectively inhibits the early stage of osteoclastogenesis. The findings presented here, together with its increased oral plasma concentrations and bioavailability, suggest that DK‐520 may be a promising drug candidate for treatment of osteoclast‐related diseases.
Archaeal Ribosomes
Authors: Londei Paola
Published: June 2020

Ribosomes, the essential cellular organelles carrying out protein synthesis, have a basic design that is fundamentally conserved in all three kingdoms of life (Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya). Nevertheless, there are ribosomal features specific of each kingdom. Archaeal ribosomes have a size and composition similar to those of their bacterial counterparts: they contain three ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules, 16S, 23S and 5S RNA and 50–70 proteins depending on the species. However, the primary structures of both archaeal ribosomal RNA and r‐proteins are closer to those of eukaryotes. As many Archaea have adapted to function under conditions of extreme salt or temperature, their ribosomal components are highly resistant to such adverse conditions, and the overall ribosome structure often has a higher rigidity than that of mesophilic microorganisms. This makes archaeal ribosomes optimally suited for crystallographic studies, and in fact, high‐resolution three‐dimensional structures have been obtained with ribosomal crystals from halophilic and thermophilic Archaea. These studies pioneered the resolution at the atomic level of ribosome architecture, a feat that won the 2009 Nobel Prize in Chemistry to Ada Yonath, Thomas Steitz and Venki Ramakrishnan.

Key Concepts

Ribosome structure is very well conserved in all cells. However, specific structural differences exist among the ribosomes in the three domains of life (Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya). Archaeal ribosomes are composed of 30S and 50S subunits that join to make a 70S particle. They contain three rRNA molecules (16S, 23S and 5S) and up to 68 ribosomal proteins.

The primary sequences of both archaeal rRNA and r‐proteins are closer to those of eukaryotes than to those of bacteria. All of the archaeal r‐proteins are represented in eukaryotes, whereas no r‐proteins are shared by Archaea and Bacteria only.

Archaeal ribosomes have a heterogeneous protein composition. Early branching Archaea (Crenarchaeota) tend to have protein‐richer ribosomes, whereas late‐branching species (halobacteriales, Thermoplasmatales) tend to have protein‐poorer ribosomes.

The ribosomes of the extremophilic Archaea show specific adaptations to harsh environmental conditions. In general, they have a more rigid structure than mesophilic ribosomes. Halophilic ribosomes increase their hydration capacity by having acidic instead of basic ribosomal proteins.