bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Big Push
Authors: Edmondson Brad
Published: September 2021

This chapter highlights Peter S. Paine's responsibilities and works at Cleary Gottlieb, an international law firm with offices on an upper floor of a skyscraper in downtown Manhattan. It discusses the eight Adirondack bills sent to the legislature in 1971 and the four remaining bills reintroduced to the legislature in January 1972. Paine acted as a liaison between the Adirondack Park Agency (APA), his fellow Temporary Study Commission (TSC) alumni, and state legislators to move those four bills along. The chapter outlines the importance of the bills to the TSC's vision of the Adirondacks, and emphasizes the APA's main job to draft two land use plans: the State Land Master Plan, and the Land Use and Development. It further discusses the remaining TSC bills as they moved through the legislature: the Environmental Quality Bond Act; the Wild, Scenic, and Recreational Rivers Act; a bill that would require a constitutional amendment to diminish the park's boundaries; and a bill that expanded the size of the park by about 250,000 acres. Ultimately, the chapter assesses the APA board's struggles with town governments trying to sneak by the agency, crossed signals from Albany, and the board's biggest problem: it was split, with five APA members solidly in favor of regional zoning, one whose support was conditional, and three who were skeptical of the idea.
“New York City Closed to all Traffic”
Authors: DuLong Jessica
Published: September 2021

This chapter examines the transportation shutdowns that quickly ricocheted out beyond the New York area following the attacks of 9/11. Each subsequent event amplified the crisis unfolding at the World Trade Center, intensifying the fear and panic and increasing the numbers of people directly caught up in the catastrophe. With the avalanche of toxic dust and debris came terror. Bridges and tunnels were closed, streets were clogged with stalled traffic, and no trains were moving. Suddenly, hundreds of thousands of visitors, residents, and commuters found themselves trapped in Lower Manhattan, struggling to grasp what was happening and trying to answer one question: How could they get off the island? Passengers then arrived in waves at the World Financial Center ferry terminal.
“We have to tell us what to do.”
Authors: DuLong Jessica
Published: September 2021

This chapter discusses how, instead of establishing a top-down command and control structure, the Coast Guard — from the top brass down to the on-scene rank and file — allowed for the organic, needs-driven, decentralized response that played an enormous role in the ultimate success of the waterborne evacuation. This approach, in turn, allowed mariners to take direct action, applying their workaday skills to singular circumstances, without being stifled by red tape. No one had foreseen the sudden need for evacuating a huge swath of Manhattan Island. Yet as terrorized people continued to flee to the waterfront, more and more boats turned up to rescue them. As greater numbers of vessels and evacuees amassed along the shoreline, streamlining operations became the biggest challenge. The only solution was to get organized, and that organization was implemented in large part by Lieutenant Michael Day and the pilots operating aboard the New York, which continued its barrier patrol. Their efforts were made easier by the relationships that both the Coast Guard and the Sandy Hook Pilots had with the New York harbor community.
“They’d do it again tomorrow.”
Authors: DuLong Jessica
Published: September 2021

This chapter details how New York Waterway Port Captain Michael McPhillips, who was in charge of waterborne transportation for the New York National Guard in the days following the evacuation, was among the many first responders who spent weeks breathing the toxic air. McPhillips wound up developing pulmonary issues and end-stage liver disease that he said resulted from dust exposure, and he was forced to retire from the industry. Still, he considers his ability to serve at Ground Zero an honor. It is impossible to know exactly how many of the mariners who participated in the evacuation wound up suffering from illnesses related to their service. Even counting the overall number of mariners involved in the boat lift itself poses challenges. The World Trade Center Health Program (WTCHP) counted at least 120 mariners currently registered with the program, 53 percent of whom are suffering from at least one illness or condition that doctors and researchers say is related to World Trade Center exposures. Meanwhile, in addition to the 414 first responders who lost their lives that day, some 2,000 were injured, some so badly they could no longer serve.
Epilogue
Authors: DuLong Jessica
Published: September 2021

This epilogue reflects on how the classic 9/11 hero narrative seemed rooted in some arbitrary separation between those who help and those who do not. It seemed to hinge on some diminishment of our collective human potential. Many of the people who showed up to work at Ground Zero — firefighters, ironworkers, engineers, journalists, chiropractors, medics, people from trades of all kinds — did so out of a sense of duty and professional honor. Yet, even those with no obviously applicable expertise possessed skills that could be useful, so they used them. These acts have always seemed less about heroism and more about pragmatism, resourcefulness, and simple human decency. Stepping up, with purpose, even in the absence of a plan, allows us to foster the connectedness that is the very manifestation of humanity.
Effect of vascular resection for perihilar cholangiocarcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Liu Yong , Li Guangbing , Lu Ziwen , Wang Tao , Yang Yang , Wang Xiaoyu , Liu Jun
Published: September 2021

Objective

To evaluate the effect of vascular resection (VR), including portal vein resection (PVR) and hepatic artery resection (HAR), on short- and long-term outcomes in patients with perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (PHC).

Background

Resection surgery and transplantation are the main treatment methods for PHC that provide a chance of long-term survival. However, the efficacy and safety of VR, including PVR and HAR, for treating PHC remain controversial.

Methods

This study was registered at the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (CRD42020223330). The EMBASE, PubMed, and Cochrane Library databases were used to search for eligible studies published through November 28, 2020. Studies comparing short- and long-term outcomes between patients who underwent hepatectomy with or without PVR and/or HAR were included. Random- and fixed-effects models were applied to assess the outcomes, including morbidity, mortality, and R0 resection rate, as well as the impact of PVR and HAR on long-term survival.

Results

Twenty-two studies including 4,091 patients were deemed eligible and included in this study. The meta-analysis showed that PVR did not increase the postoperative morbidity rate (odds ratio (OR): 1.03, 95% confidenceinterval (CI): [0.74–1.42], P = 0.88) and slightly increased the postoperative mortality rate (OR: 1.61, 95% CI [1.02–2.54], P = 0.04). HAR did not increase the postoperative morbidity rate (OR: 1.32, 95% CI [0.83–2.11], P = 0.24) and significantly increased the postoperative mortality rate (OR: 4.20, 95% CI [1.88–9.39], P = 0.0005). Neither PVR nor HAR improved the R0 resection rate (OR: 0.70, 95% CI [0.47–1.03], P = 0.07; OR: 0.77, 95% CI [0.37–1.61], P = 0.49, respectively) or long-term survival (OR: 0.52, 95% CI [0.35–0.76], P = 0.0008; OR: 0.43, 95% CI [0.32–0.57], P < 0.00001, respectively).

Conclusions

PVR is relatively safe and might benefit certain patients with advanced PHC in terms of long-term survival, but it is not routinely recommended. HAR results in a higher mortality rate and lower overall survival rate, with no proven benefit.
Ontogenetic moulting behavior of the Cambrian oryctocephalid trilobiteArthricocephalites xinzhaiheensis
Authors: Wang Yifan , Peng Jin , Wang Dezhi , Zhang Hui , Luo Xiuchun , Shao Yunbin , Sun Quanyi , Ling Chenchen , Wang Qiujun
Published: September 2021

Moulting behaviors in trilobites are a crucial strategy during development. Previous studies have demonstrated inter-and intraspecific variability of moulting behavior in trilobites. Currently, ecdysial motifs for trilobites are considered not stable even within species and fewer detailed studies dealt with moulting behaviors in a single species of trilobite during development. Here a large sample of meraspid to holaspid exuviae ofArthricocephalites xinzhaiheensis(131 specimens) from the Cambrian Balang Formation of South China has allowed description of the reasonably complete ontogenic moulting sequence. Both ontogenetic stage and body size reveal gradual transition of configuration from Somersault configuration to Henningsmoen’s configuration during development. Somersault configuration is exclusive till meraspid degree five and exists in subsequent growth stages. This suggests that opening of the facial and rostral sutures allowing the emergence forward of the post-ecdysial trilobite was prevalent in early growth stages. In later development, Henningsmoen’s configuration (showing disarticulation of the cranidium) became more dominant. This study indicates that gradual transition of ontogenetic moulting behavior occurred in oryctocephalid trilobites in the early Cambrian.
Growth and Yield of Sugarcane Seed Crop as Influenced by Fertilizer Rates and Timing in Anakapalle, Andhra Pradesh, India
Authors: Vinayalakshmi P. , Luther M. Martin , Bharathalakshmi M. , Rao Ch. Sujani , Rao V. Srinivasa
Published: September 2021

A field experiment was conducted in sugarcane over 2019-20 and 2020-21 cropping seasons at the Regional Agricultural Research Station of Anakapalle (Andhra Pradesh) on sandy clay soils. The objective was to determine the effect of organic and mineral fertilizer rates and timing on growth and yield of a sugarcane seed crop. The experiment was laid out following split plot design with three main organic fertilizer treatments and six N-K fertilizer sub treatments, in three replications. Results showed a significant increase in stalk height, numbers of tillers ha-1 and cane yield due to organic fertilizer, namely biofertilizer and trash mulching, in combination with 125% STBNK applied at 30 days interval + additional dose of 25% recommended K fertilizer applied one month prior to harvest.
Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Mothers towards Fever and Its Home Management among Under Five Children in Kom Hamada City, Behira Governorate, Egypt
Authors: Hassona Manal Mohamed Alnaser , Atlam Salwa Abd El-Mageed , Shalaby Safinaz El-Said
Published: September 2021

Background: Fever is one of the most common presenting complaint in pediatric age and is the cause of nearly 70% of all pediatric clinic visits. Fever isn’t a disease but a symptom of disease, so we need to do more to communicate the message to parents.

Aim: To assess knowledge, attitude and practices of mothers towards fever and its management at home among under five children and to find-out some factors influencing maternal knowledge, attitude and practices.

Subjects and Methods: A cross sectional study was carried out in Maternity and Child Health Care Center in Kom Hamada city, Behira Governorate. A sample of 384 mothers was included in the study. The study was done via a pre-designed questionnaire sheet filled through direct interview with target mothers to assess their knowledge, attitude and practice regarding fever management of their under five children.

Results: Most of the studied mothers had good knowledge (62%) and positive attitude (59.9%). But (39.3% and 38.8%) of them had bad and fair practice respectively. Bad practice was common in the age group 25-30, those having three or four children, urban residence and with decreased family income.

Conclusion: The results found that awareness was relatively good. The study highlights the numerous misconceptions regarding fever management. So health education of mothers is needed to improve mother’s practice.
SEXUALIDADES E GÊNEROS DISSIDENTES NO ESPAÇO ESCOLAR: DIMENSÕES POSSÍVEIS DA EDUCAÇÃO PARA E PELOS DIREITOS HUMANOS.
Authors: Rezende-Campos Pollyanna , Cavalcanti Vanessa Ribeiro Simon
Published: September 2021

Dentro das dimensões de acesso à justiça e à cidadania, a educação formal pode ser um contexto positivo e promotor de Direitos Humanos. Este artigo visa propiciar maior aproximação entre conceitos, atitudes e reflexões acerca da representação de corpos e sexualidades dissidentes em ambiente escolar. Com o intuito de abrir diálogos e proporcionar integração na cultura da paz e de vivências mais respeitosas, assim como distanciar-se de práticas preconceituosas e violentas para compreender e saber conviver com as diversas formas de identidades de gêneros e sexualidades dentro do ambiente escolar. Foi desenvolvido a partir de uma metodologia qualitativa baseada em observações empíricas participativas do cotidiano escolar, acrescenta-se revisão sistemática de literatura envolvendo categorias relativas ao estudo com ênfase nas Ciências Sociais e Humanas, além de entrevistas semiestruturadas realizadas com dez jovens de 18 a 24 anos. Os resultados demonstram que a maioria dos jovens tem vivências e experiências altamente intolerantes com agravos em situação de violências sobrepostas e cotidianas que comprometem o aprendizado e as relações interpessoais nos diversos convívios sociais, fazendo-se emergente a prática de pedagogias transgressoras a fim de (re)construir “saberes de desaprendizagens” para a promoção emancipatória de uma Educação para e pelos Direitos Humanos.
CXCR4 promotes gefitinib resistance of Huh7 cells by activating the c‐Met signaling pathway
Authors: Zhao Dali , Yang Zhiqiang , Chen Chen , Zhang Zhipeng , Yu Yangsheng , Li Zhituo
Published: September 2021

C‐X‐C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) expression is associated with poor prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The aim of this study was to explore the biological role of CXCR4 in gefitinib resistance of HCC. Compared with a normal, non‐gefitinib‐resistant, human HCC cell line (Huh7), CXCR4 mRNA and protein were highly expressed in gefitinib‐resistant Huh7 cells (Huh7‐R). Cell proliferation was decreased, and apoptosis was enhanced in Huh7 cells in the presence of gefitinib. These influences conferred by gefitinib treatment on proliferation and apoptosis of Huh7 cells were abolished by CXCR4 overexpression. CXCR4 knockdown reduced the proliferation ability of HuH‐7R cells after gefitinib treatment. Importantly, CXCR4 overexpression had no influence on caveolin 1 (Cav‐1) expression; similarly, Cav‐1 silencing did not cause a substantive change in CXCR4 expression. However, CXCR4 activated Cav‐1, c‐Met, and Raf‐1 in Huh7 cells, whereas Cav‐1 silencing repressed the expression of Raf‐1 and phosphorylated c‐Met in Huh7 cells. CXCR4 overexpression promoted proliferation and repressed apoptosis in gefitinib‐treated Huh7 cells, which was partly rescued by PHA‐665752 (a c‐Met inhibitor) treatment or c‐Met deficiency. Finally, we constructed a tumor xenograft model to determine the influence of CXCR4 overexpression on tumor growth of HCC. CXCR4 overexpression accelerated tumor growth of HCC, which was abrogated by c‐Met deficiency. These findings demonstrate that CXCR4 overexpression activates c‐Met via the Cav‐1 signaling pathway, thereby promoting gefitinib resistance of Huh7 cells. Thus, this study highlights novel insights into the mechanism of gefitinib resistance of HCC and CXCR4 may become a potential target for HCC treatment.
Robust Spin‐Momentum Coupling Induced by Parity‐Time Symmetric Spatiotemporal Metasurface
Authors: Wu Haotian , Gao Xinxin , Liu Shuo , Ma Qian , Zhang Hao Chi , Wan Xiang , Cui Tie Jun
Published: September 2021

Topological effects have endowed brand new properties to electronic and photonic systems, including the unidirectional propagating edge states and the associated intrinsic robustness. Recent progress in topological photonics has explored novel optical effects and motivated the related photonic devices. Here, a new mechanism for controlling the electromagnetic wave flow based on spatiotemporal metasurface assisted with parity‐time (PT) symmetric modulations is proposed, and a proof‐in‐principle experiment is conducted in the microwave regime for verification. It is shown that the spatiotemporal metasurface can provide a powerful platform for realizing robust spin‐momentum coupled surface states, in which the induced effects are similar to those discovered in the topological insulators and quantum spin‐Hall systems. With the aid of programmable control unit, the generated spin‐momentum coupling can be flexibly switched in real time. The proposed scheme is expected to construct a novel system for controlling the evanescent light flows and facilitate the investigation of physical effects that are hard to realize in the traditional photonic topological systems.
Self‐Patterned CsPbBr3 Nanocrystal Based Plasmonic Hot‐Carrier Photodetector at Telecommunications Wavelengths
Authors: Wang Zhiyu , Lin Cheng‐Chieh , Ho Ya‐Lun , Xiang Rong , Maruyama Shigeo , Chen Chun‐Wei , Delaunay Jean‐Jacques
Published: September 2021

Extending the photodetection range of lead halide perovskites into the near‐infrared telecommunications bands can not only enable a wide‐spectrum solar energy harvesting, but pave ways for important applications in biodetection, infrared imaging, and telecommunication. However, there is a lack of an effective means to apply lead halide perovskites for efficient photodetection covering a wide wavelength range in the telecommunications bands. Here, CsPbBr3 nanocrystal‐ (NC‐) based photodetector operating at wavelengths in the telecommunications bands via surface plasmon‐induced hot holes is demonstrated. The internal photoemission of the plasmon‐induced hot holes from plasmonic antennas into CsPbBr3 NCs enables a photocurrent at wavelengths around 1550 nm. Moreover, a solvent treatment is also performed on drop‐casted CsPbBr3 NC thin film leading to a nanoscale self‐patterning with a compact and uniform morphology. This treatment benefits the carrier transportation contributing to a detectable photoresponse and minimizes the optical scattering so that the CsPbBr3 NCs can be integrated into the plasmonic structure without damping its resonant feature. Consequently, the CsPbBr3 NC‐based plasmonic hot‐carrier device achieves polarization discrimination and wavelength‐selective photodetection without additional optical components.
Data management schema design for effective nanoparticle formulation for neurotherapeutics
Authors: Helmbrecht Hawley , Xu Nuo , Liao Rick , Nance Elizabeth
Published: September 2021

Translation of nanotherapeutics from preclinical research to clinical application is difficult due to the complex and dynamic interaction space between the nanotherapeutic and the brain environment. To improve translation, increased insight into nanoformulation‐brain interactions in preclinical research is necessary. We developed a nanoformulation‐brain database and wrote queries to connect the complex physical, chemical, and biological features of neurotherapeutics based on experimental data. We queried the database to select nanoformulations based on specific physical characteristics that enable effective penetration within the brain, including size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential. Additionally, we demonstrate the ability to query the database to return select nanoformulation characteristics, including nanoformulation methodology or methodological variables such as surfactant, polymer, drug loading, and sonication times. Finally, we show the capacity of our database to produce correlations relating nanoparticle formulation parameters to biological outcomes, including nanotherapeutic impact on cell viability in cultured brain slices.
Selective aqueous ammonia sensors using electrochemical stripping and capacitive detection
Authors: Lalwani Anand V. , Dong Hang , Mu Linchao , Woo Kelly , Johnson Hunter A. , Holliday Max A. , Guo Jinyu , Senesky Debbie G. , Tarpeh William A.
Published: September 2021

Managing waterborne ammonia–nitrogen pollution requires monitoring distributed wastewater nitrogen discharges. In this study, we demonstrated and investigated a proof‐of‐concept sensor that combines selective electrochemical separation and sensitive capacitive detection for sensing total ammonia nitrogen (TAN). By varying TAN concentration in synthetic ammonia‐polluted water (up to 50 mg/L), we selectively separated ammonia nitrogen from feedwater into a sulfuric acid solution, in which capacitance decreased linearly with increasing TAN (R2 > 0.99). Experimental observations were supported by theoretical explanations for the decrease in capacitance as ammonia absorbs into the sulfuric acid solution and abstracts protons. Capacitive detection facilitated TAN sensing at higher acid concentrations (up to 0.5 M H2SO4) than conductivity detection (up to 0.01 M H2SO4), which enables sensitive sensors with larger TAN detection ranges, longer deployment, and less complexity. Results from this study provide evidence of the use of selective separations and their transport mechanisms for environmental sensing applications.
In vivo and in vitro metabolism study of traditional Chinese medicine formula Dingkun Dan in rats by using ultra‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Dou Xiu‐xiu , Cai Ying‐li , Xu Xi‐ke , Zhang Yu‐hao , Guo Xin , Gao Zi‐qing , Lin Shan , Liang Yan‐lin , Ye Ji , Zhang Wei‐dong
Published: September 2021

Dingkun Dan (DKD), a reputable traditional Chinese medicine formula, has been used to treat gynecological diseases and showed significant clinical effects since ancient times. However, the application and development of DKD are seriously hampered by the unclear active substances. Structural characterization of compounds absorbed in vivo and their corresponding metabolites is significant for clarifying the pharmacodynamic material basis. In this study, an integrated strategy using ultra‐performance liquid chromatography, coupled with quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry and UNIFI™ software, was used to identify prototypes and metabolites after oral administration of DKD in rats. As a result, a total of 261 compounds, including 140 prototypes and 121 metabolites, were tentatively characterized in rat plasma, urine, and feces. The metabolic pathways of prototypes have been studied to clarify their possible transformation process in vivo. Moreover, an in vitro metabolism study was applied for verifying the metabolites under simulating the metabolic environment in vivo. This first systematic metabolic study of DKD is important for elucidating the metabolites and metabolic pathways and could provide a scientific basis for explaining the integrative mechanism in further pharmacology study.
Expression levels of caspase‐3 and gasdermin E and their involvement in the occurrence and prognosis of lung cancer
Authors: Huang Yuan‐Li , Zhang Guang‐Hui , Zhu Qing , Wu Xia , Wu Li‐Gao
Published: September 2021

Background

Pyroptosis plays a dual role in the development of cancer and malignancy; as such, it may potentially be a new target for cancer treatment. However, the inflammatory response to pyroptosis may have adverse effects on the body. The roles of gasdermin E (GSDME), caspases, and related proteins associated with pyroptosis in cancer remain controversial.

Aim

The goal of this study was to determine whether the expression levels of caspase‐3 and GSDME affect the clinical stage, pathological grade, or survival prognosis of patients with lung cancer.

Methods

We examined the protein levels of GSDME, caspase‐3, caspase‐8, and caspase‐9 in lung tissue samples from 100 patients with lung cancer by using immunohistochemistry.

Results

We found that GSDME, caspase‐3, and caspase‐8 were more highly expressed in tumor tissues than in adjacent normal tissues. Moreover, we found that GSDME could serve as a prognostic factor as there was a positive correlation between its expression level and the postoperative survival rate of patients with lung cancer.

Conclusions

GSDME may be an independent factor affecting the prognosis of patients with lung cancer. However, the role of GSDME and its related proteins in cancer requires further research.
Amphilic Water‐Lean Carbon Capture Solvent Wetting Behavior through Decomposition by Stainless‐Steel Interfaces
Authors: Nguyen Manh‐Thuong , Grubel Katarzyna , Zhang Difan , Koech Phillip K. , Malhotra Deepika , Allec Sarah , Rousseau Roger , Glezakou Vassiliki‐Alexandra , Heldebrant David J.
Published: September 2021

A combined experimental and theoretical study has been carried out on the wetting and reactivity of water‐lean carbon capture solvents on the surface of common column packing materials. Paradoxically, these solvents are found to be equally able to wet hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces. The solvents are amphiphilic and can adapt to any interfacial environment, owing to their inherent heterogeneous (nonionic/ionic) molecular structure. Ab initio molecular dynamics indicates that these structures enable the formation of a strong adlayer on the surface of hydrophilic surfaces like oxidized steel which promotes solvent decomposition akin to hydrolysis from surface oxides and hydroxides. This decomposition passivates the surface, making it effectively hydrophobic, and the decomposed solvent promotes leaching of the iron into the bulk fluid. This study links the wetting behavior to the observed corrosion of the steels by decomposition of solvent at steel interfaces. The overall affect is strongly dependent on the chemical composition of the solvent in that amines are stable, whereas imines and alcohols are not. Moreover, plastic packing shows little to no solvent degradation, but an equal degree of wetting.
Towards an optimal controllers' response time in a software‐defined network‐enabled data center
Authors: Janati Idrissi Mohamed , Raiss El‐Fenni Mohammed
Published: September 2021

In a digital world changing at high speed, data centers still play a major role in new network architectures. Software‐defined network (SDN) technology is considered as a suitable solution to solve and overcome several limitations of standard data centers including flexibility, scalability, and ease of management. However, in an SDN with a distributed control plane, the assignment of switches could be a cause of generating significant latency that could degrade the Quality of Experience (QoE) of certain services and applications hosted on the data center. In this paper, we propose a matching game algorithm ensuring a dynamic assignment of switches. Its main characteristic is to achieve a fair assignment while balancing the load generated by the data plane among all controllers resulting in a balanced response time. The numerical results show that our algorithm outperforms other existing state‐of‐the‐art algorithms in terms of minimizing controllers' response time.
Insights into the genetic regulatory network underlying neurogenesis in the parthenogenetic marbled crayfish Procambarus virginalis
Authors: Brenneis Georg , Schwentner Martin , Giribet Gonzalo , Beltz Barbara S.
Published: September 2021

Nervous system development has been intensely studied in insects (especially Drosophila melanogaster), providing detailed insights into the genetic regulatory network governing the formation and maintenance of the neural stem cells (neuroblasts) and the differentiation of their progeny. Despite notable advances over the last two decades, neurogenesis in other arthropod groups remains by comparison less well understood, hampering finer resolution of evolutionary cell type transformations and changes in the genetic regulatory network in some branches of the arthropod tree of life. Although the neurogenic cellular machinery in malacostracan crustaceans is well described morphologically, its genetic molecular characterization is pending. To address this, we established an in situ hybridization protocol for the crayfish Procambarus virginalis and studied embryonic expression patterns of a suite of key genes, encompassing three SoxB group transcription factors, two achaete–scute homologs, a Snail family member, the differentiation determinants Prospero and Brain tumor, and the neuron marker Elav. We document cell type expression patterns with notable similarities to insects and branchiopod crustaceans, lending further support to the homology of hexapod–crustacean neuroblasts and their cell lineages. Remarkably, in the crayfish head region, cell emigration from the neuroectoderm coupled with gene expression data points to a neuroblast‐independent initial phase of brain neurogenesis. Further, SoxB group expression patterns suggest an involvement of Dichaete in segmentation, in concordance with insects. Our target gene set is a promising starting point for further embryonic studies, as well as for the molecular genetic characterization of subregions and cell types in the neurogenic systems in the adult crayfish brain.
Midden site selection in Dorcas gazelle: Larger is not always better
Authors: Soultan Alaaeldin , Nagy Abdullah , Attum Omar
Published: September 2021

Dorcas gazelles are believed to use middens to mark their territories and transmit information. Given the commitment to maintaining a midden, it is believed that middens are not placed randomly. We examined how the habitat (tree height and maximum canopy) and anthropogenic disturbance (camel and human presence) influenced the selection of midden sites by Dorcas gazelles in South Sinai, Egypt. Our results showed that Dorcas gazelles did not place middens at larger trees, while favoring relatively smaller trees and shrubs where the anthropogenic disturbance and perceived hunting risk are less. Our results, in light of the previous findings, suggest that selection of midden sites is species context‐dependent behavior. In areas with less anthropogenic disturbance and hunting, Dorcas gazelles have been shown to select the largest trees of the same species as midden sites. In contract, in our study site with high anthropogenic disturbance and no protection from hunting, gazelles did not utilize the presumably optimum landmarks for midden sites. Our study showed that Dorcas gazelles instead utilized smaller trees and some shrubs that are less conspicuous and presumably less effective as advertisement sites, but safer.
Tracking the dynamic changes of a flavor, phenolic profile, and antioxidant properties of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum‐ and Saccharomyces cerevisiae‐fermented mulberry wine
Authors: Hu Jie , Vinothkanna Annadurai , Wu Meng , Ekumah John‐Nelson , Akpabli‐Tsigbe Nelson Dzidzorgbe Kwaku , Ma Yongkun
Published: September 2021

The process of fermentation renders the superior quality of mulberry wine based on the microorganisms utilized. The present study aimed at investigating the changes and correlation between phenols and product quality of mulberry wine fermented with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Saccharomyces cerevisiae combinatorially. Total anthocyanins concentration (TAC), polyphenols concentration (TPC), flavonoids concentration (TFC), and antioxidant capacity decreased significantly with high correlation in the fermentation process. TAC gradually reduced with a loss rate of 47.98% from 0 to third day of fermentation. Fermented mulberry wine obtained indicated a dynamic balance due to the presence of p‐hydroxybenzoic acids as compared to the primary phenolic constituent. Chlorogenic acid usually presents in mulberry juice. The relative intensity of sourness was the most prominent and reached the maximum (10.93) on day 2 of fermentation. A total of 21 volatile esters were quantified (6621.59 μg/L), which contributed significantly to the aroma of mulberry wine. The enhanced quality of fermented mulberry wine showed contraindications with decreased constituents and escalated wine quality. Rather than usual single inoculum, fermentation combination of LAB and yeast holistically influenced the color, taste, fragrance, phenolic profiles, and antioxidant properties in mulberry wine, ensuring palatability and fit for commercialization prospects.
Considering context in information systems research: Understanding the conditions of developing country scholarship
Authors: Ramadani Luthfi , Almaarif Ahmad
Published: September 2021

Research on information systems (IS) in developing countries focuses on understudied contexts that recent scholars believe have the potential to provide new knowledge. However, the extant discussion on this endeavor rarely considers IS scholars inside the developing countries who could be the ideal discoverers of such context‐specific knowledge. In this study, we review the facilitating conditions of the discovery of new theories to examine IS research in the case of Indonesia. We then interview experienced Indonesian IS scholars to develop a richer understanding of the IS scholarship's conditions. We found that while considering and theorizing context have been interests by a small group, the extant efforts are intertwined by the lack of exposure to myriad research epistemology/methodology, the infancy state of IS as a discipline, and the tendency to address convenient rather than crucial research questions, all of which are manifested in a complex institutional environment. We then provide important pathways and future agendas to strengthen and advance IS scholarship in developing countries.
CuI/L‐proline‐catalyzed synthesis of bis(2‐(4,5‐diaryl‐1H‐imidazol‐2‐yl)phenyl)sulfane derivatives using potassium ethylxanthate as a sulfur source
Authors: Zhang Yan , Li Tuan‐Jie , Lv Lanlan , Liu Jian‐Quan , Wang Xiang‐Shan
Published: September 2021

A CuI/L‐proline‐catalyzed reaction of 2‐(2‐bromophenyl)‐4,5‐diaryl‐1H‐imidazole and potassium ethylxanthate unexpectedly gave bis(2‐(4,5‐diaryl‐1H‐imidazol‐2‐yl)phenyl)sulfane derivatives in high yields, rather than 2,3‐diphenyl‐5H‐benzo[e]imidazo[1,2‐c]thiazine‐5‐thione. This cascade procedure provided an efficient method to synthesize diphenylsulfanes using potassium ethylxanthate as a new type of sulfur source via the Csp2S bond Ullmann reaction twice.
Reproducibility of Longitudinal Changes in Cortical Thickness Determined by Surface‐Based Morphometry Between Non‐Accelerated and Accelerated MR Imaging
Authors: Takao Hidemasa , Amemiya Shiori , Abe Osamu ,   for the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: September 2021

Background

Scan acceleration such as parallel imaging reduces scan time, but shorter scan time may reduce the signal‐to‐noise ratio and affect image quality. The reproducibility of longitudinal changes in the brain structure between non‐accelerated and accelerated imaging by surface‐based analysis is unclear.

Purpose

To determine the reproducibility of longitudinal changes in cortical thickness, measured by surface‐based morphometry, between non‐accelerated and accelerated structural T1‐weighted imaging in the healthy elderly and those with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD).

Study Type

Retrospective.

Subjects

Fifty healthy elderly subjects (age = 73 ± 5 years, 29 females, 21 males), 54 MCI patients (age = 71 ± 7 years, 23 females, 31 males), and 8 AD patients (age = 78 ± 6 years, 6 females, 2 males).

Field Strength/Sequence

3 T, magnetization‐prepared rapid gradient‐echo.

Assessment

Longitudinal changes in cortical thickness estimated by the longitudinal stream in FreeSurfer from 2‐year interval data, and visual assessment of image quality by three radiologists.

Statistical Tests

Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Kruskal–Wallis test. A P value <0.05 was considered significant.

Results

Healthy elderly subjects, MCI patients, and AD patients showed different patterns in the ICC maps. For the smoothing of 20 mm full width at half maximum, the mean ICC was 0.45 overall (healthy elderly, 0.33; MCI patients, 0.49; AD patients, 0.31). The within‐subject SDs of the symmetrized percent changes were similar between healthy elderly subjects (mean, 1.3%/year) and MCI patients (mean, 1.3%/year) but larger in AD patients (mean, 1.7%/year). Image quality did not significantly differ per group (P = 0.18).

Data Conclusion

The results of this study indicate the reproducibility of longitudinal changes in cortical thickness measured by surface‐based morphometry between non‐accelerated and accelerated imaging, and that the reproducibility varies by disease and region.

Level of Evidence

3

Technical Efficacy

Stage 1
Safely performing percutaneous dilatational tracheostomies on COVID‐19 patients in the intensive care unit: A standardized approach
Authors: Tenório Lucas Ribeiro , Nakai Marianne Yumi , Artese Araújo Giancarlo , Menezes Marcelo Benedito , Bertelli Antônio Augusto Tupinambá , Romeo Dominic , Rajasekaran Karthik , Gonçalves Antonio José
Published: September 2021

Background

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection and the resulting coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) have afflicted hundreds of millions of people in a worldwide pandemic. During this pandemic, otolaryngologists have sought to better understand risk factors associated with COVID‐19 contamination during surgical procedures involving the airways such as tracheostomies.

Objective

This study provides a standardized technique of performing an ultrasound (US)‐guided percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy (PDT) on COVID‐19 patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). It also outlines safety strategies for health care providers that includes proper use of personal protective equipment (PPE) and regular testing of otolaryngologists for COVID‐19 contamination.

Methods

This study analyzed data from 44 PDT procedures performed on COVID‐19 patients in the ICU of hospitals in Sao Paulo and Santos, Brazil. The PDT procedures were conducted between April 2020 and August 2020, which coincided with a peak of the COVID‐19 pandemic in São Paulo, Brazil. Surgeons were tested for COVID‐19 using a two‐stage serological enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay specific for SARS‐CoV‐2 antigens.

Conclusion

This study describes a safe standardized technique of US‐guided PDT for COVID‐19 patients in the ICU using a method that also decreases the risk of surgeon contamination.
Local and global robustness at steady state
Authors: Pascual‐Escudero Beatriz , Feliu Elisenda
Published: September 2021

We study the robustness of the steady states of a class of systems of autonomous ordinary differential equations (ODEs), having as a central example those arising from (bio)chemical reaction networks. More precisely, we study under what conditions the steady states of the system are contained in a parallel translate of a coordinate hyperplane. To this end, we focus mainly on ODEs consisting of generalized polynomials and make use of algebraic and geometric tools to relate the local and global structure of the set of steady states. Specifically, we consider the local property termed zero sensitivity at a coordinate xi, which means that the tangent space is contained in a hyperplane of the form xi = c, and provide a criterion to identify it. We consider the global property termed absolute concentration robustness (ACR), meaning that all steady states are contained in a hyperplane of the form xi = c. We clarify and formalize the relation between the two approaches. In particular, we show that ACR implies zero sensitivity and identify when the two properties do not agree, via an intermediate property we term local ACR. For families of systems arising from modeling biochemical reaction networks, we obtain the first practical and automated criterion to decide upon (local) ACR.
Healthcare needs of people living with human immunodeficiency virus: A qualitative descriptive study
Authors: Ibrahim Kusman , Herliani Yusshy Kurnia , Rahayuwati Laili , Khadijah Siti , Sutini Titin
Published: September 2021

Aim

A better understanding about the health care and support needs is beneficial to maintain the linkage between People Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (PLWH) and healthcare services. This study aims to explore the healthcare needs of PLWH from their perspectives.

Design

A qualitative descriptive study design was undertaken in July 2017 to June 2018.

Methods

Fourteen participants were recruited by purposive sampling technique. Face‐to‐face in‐depth interview and focus‐group discussion (FGD) were conducted and analysed using content analysis.

Results

Data revealed five themes, namely the needs to be free from stigma and discrimination, strengthen life spirit, have safe sexual practices, social support, and have accessible and affordable healthcare services.

Conclusion

People Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus have their own perspectives on their healthcare needs. Therefore, nurses and other healthcare providers need to explore, understand, and respond to the needs, and incorporate them into comprehensive and holistic care.
Practical application of in vivo MRI‐based brown adipose tissue measurements in infants
Authors: Flanagan Emily W. , Altazan Abby D. , Carmichael Owen T. , Hu Houchun H. , Redman Leanne M.
Published: September 2021

Objective

The role of brown adipose tissue (BAT) in infant metabolism remains poorly understood, primarily because of the inherent limitation of positron emission tomography/computed tomography imaging to measure BAT, which is not suitable for infants. The aims of this method development study were to assess the feasibility, intra‐rater reliability, interscan repeatability, and physiological relevance of measuring BAT in infants using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Methods

A total of 10 nonsedated infants (mean age, 22.6 [1.3] days old) completed two 3‐T MRI exams using chemical‐shift‐encoded water‐fat scans 6.2 (2.8) days apart. Candidate BAT voxels in the supraclavicular region were identified based on fat signal fraction (FSF). The volumes of BAT depots were manually traced, and FSF was calculated. Whole‐body fat mass was determined using dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry.

Results

Images were successfully obtained from 19 of 20 (95%) attempted scans. The mean BAT volume was 5.41 (SD 1.1) cm3, and the mean FSF was 16.41% (SD 3.3%). Intra‐rater analysis showed good reliability with no systemic bias (proportional bias for volume: p = 0.19; FSF: p = 0.30). Test‐retest for interscan repeatability was good (intraclass correlation coefficients for volume: 0.92, p = 0.001 and intraclass correlation coefficients for FSF: 0.93, p < 0.001). FSF was inversely related to fat‐free mass (r = −0.69, p = 0.03).

Conclusions

This method development study supports the use of MRI to obtain reliable and quantitative measurements of BAT volume in infants.
Determinants of endothelial dysfunction in noncritically ill hospitalized COVID‐19 patients: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Heubel Alessandro Domingues , Viana Ariane Aparecida , Linares Stephanie Nogueira , do Amaral Vanessa Teixeira , Schafauser Nathany Souza , de Oliveira Gustavo Yudi Orikassa , Ramírez Paula Camila , Martinelli Bruno , da Silva Alexandre Tiago , Borghi‐Silva Audrey , Ciolac Emmanuel Gomes , Mendes Renata Gonçalves
Published: September 2021

Objective

The aim of this study was to identify determinants of endothelial dysfunction in patients hospitalized with acute COVID‐19.

Methods

A total of 109 hospitalized COVID‐19 patients in noncritical status were cross‐sectionally studied. Clinical data (age, sex, comorbidities, and medications) and BMI were assessed. Laboratory tests included serum hemoglobin, leukocytes, lymphocytes, platelets, C‐reactive protein, ferritin, D‐dimer, and creatinine. Physical status was evaluated using a handgrip dynamometer. Endothelial function was assessed noninvasively using the flow‐mediated dilation (FMD) method.

Results

The sample average age was 51 years, 51% of patients were male, and the most frequent comorbidity was obesity (62%). Univariate analysis showed association of lower FMD with higher BMI, hypertension, use of oral antihypertensive, higher blood levels of creatinine, and larger baseline artery diameter. After adjusting for confounders, the multivariate analysis showed BMI (95% CI: −0.26 to −0.11; p < 0.001) as the major factor associated with FMD. Other factors associated with FMD were baseline artery diameter (95% CI: −1.77 to −0.29; p = 0.007) and blood levels of creatinine (95% CI: −1.99 to −0.16; p = 0.022).

Conclusions

Increased BMI was the major factor associated with endothelial dysfunction in noncritically hospitalized COVID‐19 patients. This may explain one of the pathways in which obesity may increase the risk for severe COVID‐19.
FAM89A and IFI44L for distinguishing between viral and bacterial infections in children with febrile illness
Authors: Tian Shufeng , Deng Jikui , Huang Wenhua , Liu Linlin , Chen Yunsheng , Jiang Yongqiang , Liu Gang
Published: September 2021

Importance

The current lack of reliable rapid tests for distinguishing between bacterial and viral infections has contributed to antibiotic misuse.

Objective

This study aimed to develop a novel biomarker assay that integrates FAM89A and IFI44L measurements to assist in differentiating between bacterial and viral infections.

Methods

This prospective study recruited children with febrile illness from two hospitals between July 1, 2018, and June 30, 2019. A panel of three experienced pediatricians performed reference standard diagnoses of all patients (i.e., bacterial or viral infection) using available clinical and laboratory data, including a 28‐day follow‐up assessment. Assay operators were blinded to the reference standard diagnoses. The expression levels of FAM89A and IFI44L were determined by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction assessment.

Results

Of 133 potentially eligible patients with suspected bacterial or viral infection, 35 were excluded after the application of exclusion criteria. The resulting cohort included 98 patients: 59 with viral diagnoses and 39 with bacterial diagnoses. The areas under the curve (AUCs) of diagnoses using FAM89A and IFI44L were 0.694 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.583–0.804] and 0.751 (95% CI: 0.651–0.851), respectively. The disease risk score (DRS) [log2(FAM89A expression) − log2(IFI44L expression)] signature achieved an improved area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC, 0.825; 95% CI: 0.735–0.915), compared with the AUC generated from individual host RNA. A combination of the DRS and the C‐reactive protein (CRP) level achieved an AUC of 0.896 (95% CI: 0.825–0.966). Optimal cutoffs for the DRS and CRP level were –3.18 and 19.80 mg/L, respectively.

Interpretation

The DRS was significantly more accurate than the CRP level in distinguishing between bacterial and viral infections; the combination of these two parameters exhibited greater sensitivity and specificity. This study provides information that could be useful for the clinical application of FAM89A and IFI44L in terms of distinguishing between viral and bacterial infections.
Miracles in my time: Reflections of a pediatric respiratory physician
Authors: Massie John
Published: September 2021

Miracles, like London buses, just seem to come along. The truth is, there are no miracles, just lots of hard work behind the scenes, minds open to opportunity, serendipity, and possibly a little luck. In my time as a pediatric respiratory physician, I have borne witness to remarkable advances in treatment that have changed patients' fortunes overnight. Examples of these include artificial surfactant replacement for premature newborns, conjugate Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccination, propranolol for infants with subglottic haemangiomas, mandibular distraction for babies with micrognathia, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator modulators therapy for patients with cystic fibrosis, and antisense oligonucleotide therapy for infants with spinal muscular atrophy. There are lessons to be learned from reflection upon these life‐transforming treatments, and perhaps it is a good time just to pause and wonder.
Reimagine your onboarding experience to better serve incoming students
Authors: Pavlik Amelia
Published: September 2021

A disconnect. That's what was occurring for adult and transfer students from the time they were admitted to Carlow University until classes started.