bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dimensions of the Conflict Environment: Implications for Peace Operation Success
Authors: Druckman Daniel , Diehl Paul
Published: July 2010

The conflict environment is among the most important aspects, if not the most important, in determining peace operation success. Most notably, the conflict environment sets the parameters for the peace operation and determines many of the tasks that need to be performed. In this article, we identify and discuss the key features of the conflict environment from the perspective of policymakers and planners, with special attention paid to those elements that will most dramatically impact peace operations. We divide the set of environmental factors into three broad categories: characteristics of the conflict, local governance, and the local population. Within each of the categories, we discuss the key variables, general indicators, malleability of the conditions to actions by the peacekeepers, and the likely impact of the factors – separately and as interactive influences – on operational outcomes. Some challenges posed by assessment issues are entertained before concluding with a discussion of modeling considerations.
A Credibility Gap: The Behrami and Saramati Decision of the European Court of Human Rights
Authors: Krieger Heike
Published: July 2010

With the Behrami and Saramati decision the European Court of Human Rights misses an important opportunity to close the credibility gap in human rights protection during the international administration of territories such as Kosovo. The article criticises the attribution of KFOR acts to the United Nations. It holds that the equation of delegation and attribution as well as the ultimate authority and control test as a criterion for attribution are not in line with UN practice. Instead the article argues in favour of a responsibility of the Troop Contributing Nations. Their responsibility is either based on dual attribution or on the jurisprudence of the Court on the transfer of powers to international organisations. The Court's intention is understandable to protect the universal UN security system by not declaring acts of the Security Council incompatible with European standards. However, it will harm the credibility of UN administration of territories in the long run if collective security concerns prevail over human rights protection. In view of the exercise of quasi-governmental acts by the UN Security Council the article stresses the obligations of ECHR Member States to work towards the establishment of a human rights tribunal on the level of the United Nations.
Peacekeeping and the Sexual Exploitation of Women and Girls in Post-Conflict Societies: A Serious Enigma to Establishing the Rule of Law
Authors: Morris Claire
Published: July 2010

The article discusses the exploitation of women and girls by peacekeepers and its effect on efforts to establish the rule of law in a post-conflict situation. It provides a situational analysis of the problem, examining the issue from rights-based, stabilization, and organized crime perspectives. It considers the rule of law mandate of modern peace-building operations, including the ability of peacekeepers to help combat trafficking and the sexual exploitation of women and girls. It proposes a solution to tackling gender-based violence, trafficking and exploitation in the establishment of the rule of law through accountability and domestic capacity-building. The work of committed peace-builders is critical to achieving this goal.
Humanitarian Intervention, American Public Opinion, and the Future of R2P
Authors: Western Jon
Published: July 2010

This article examines the evolution of humanitarian interventions in the 1990s and examines whether or not R2P can be a catalyst for shifting the norm of humanitarian intervention from a permissive condition – whereby it is generally considered allowable in the international system – to an obligation on states to protect against mass violence against civilians. I conclude that shifting to a norm of obligation is likely to be a tough sell in the United States. While Americans express general support for responding to genocide, there are strong indications that both the public and elites are not likely to endorse a new norm that obligates the deployment of American troops into regional and civil conflicts around the globe. This article examines the prospects of American support for this pillar of R2P. It begins with an examination of the literature on how norms are created and then provides an overview of the process by which the norm of humanitarian intervention emerged in the 1990s and the degree to which it is embedded in American public opinion and decision-making circles. It then examines the challenges of gaining American public and political support for transforming the permissive norm of humanitarian intervention into a more formal obligation under R2P.
Humanitarian Intervention, the Responsibility to Protect and jus in bello
Authors: Pattison James
Published: July 2010

This article assesses the moral importance of a humanitarian intervener's fidelity to the principles of international humanitarian law or jus in bello (principles of just conduct in war). I begin by outlining the particular principles of jus in bello that an intervener should follow when discharging the responsibility to protect, drawing on Jeff McMahan's recent work. The second section considers more broadly the moral underpinnings of these principles. I claim that consequentialist justifications of these principles cannot fully grasp their moral significance and, in particular, the difference between doing and allowing. Overall, I argue that these principles are (i) more important and (ii) more stringent in the context of humanitarian intervention.
The "Responsibility to Protect", Norm Localisation, and African International Society
Authors: Williams Paul
Published: July 2010

For its advocates, the 'responsibility to protect' (R2P) principle is clearly intended to be a universal concept, applicable equally to all parts of the globe. Yet recent literature examining the processes of norm diffusion in international relations has suggested that so-called universal norms do not automatically become embedded in different regions of the world and hence commitment to them varies depending on the local context. This article explores this issue with reference to how members of African international society have thought about the R2P idea. To do so it proceeds in two parts. The first summarises what I mean by African international society and the process of norm localization. In the second, I explore the current status of the R2P idea within the African society of states with reference to six illustrative episodes. These concern: 1) the building of Africa's new peace and security architecture; 2) the debate surrounding the adoption of the 2005 World Summit Outcome Document; 3) UN Security Council debates about the protection of civilians in armed conflict; 4) the African Union's response to the conflict in Darfur, Sudan; 5) the UN Secretary-General's appointment of a special adviser on R2P; and 6) African international society's response to the crisis in Zimbabwe. I conclude by reflecting upon what these episodes reveal about the current status of the R2P within African international society and the extent to which different camps are emerging that articulate different local positions on, and express varying degrees of skepticism about, the protection principle.
EU Migration Policy: Evolving Ideas of Responsibility and Protection
Authors: Haddad Emma
Published: July 2010

While humanitarian intervention in cases of state instability remains a disputed concept in international law, there is consensus in the international community over the need to provide protection to refugees, one of the corollaries of such instability. Using the European Union (EU) as a case study, this article takes a policy perspective to examine competing conceptions of both 'responsibility' and 'protection' among EU Member States. Responsibility can be seen either as the duty to move refugees around the EU such that each Member State takes its fair share, or the duty to assist those Member States who receive the highest numbers of migrants due to geography by way of practical and financial help. Similarly, protection can imply that which the EU offers within its boundaries, encompassed within the Common European Asylum System, or something broader that looks at where people are coming from and seeks to work with countries of origin and transit to provide protection outside the Union and tackle the causes of forced migration. Whether one or both of these concepts comes to dominate policy discourse over the long-term, the challenge will be to ensure an uncompromised understanding of protection among policy-makers.
Regime-Induced Displacement and Decision-Making Within the United Nations Security Council: The Cases of Northern Iraq, Kosovo, and Darfur
Authors: Orchard Phil
Published: July 2010

Regime-Induced Displacement – when governments deliberately use coercive tactics to cause mass displacement – is an increasing phenomenon. It is a problem for the international community because these situations challenge the ability of international and non-governmental organisations to provide the displaced with basic levels of protection and assistance. Yet even while these crises frequently cross the threshold envisioned in the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) doctrine, the Security Council has generally avoided direct interventions, as the ongoing crisis in Darfur demonstrates. This paper argues that this is not new behaviour. Rather, even the two most notable interventions to protect the displaced in these situations – the US-led military deployment in Northern Iraq in 1991 and the NATO-led intervention in Kosovo – were driven by circumstances and politics outside of the Council. This suggests that even as regime-induced displacement is increasing, the likelihood of seeing the Security Council use the R2P doctrine to protect the displaced without reform is negligible.
Stopping the Killing: The International Criminal Court and Juridical Determination of the Responsibility to Protect
Authors: Contarino Michael , Lucent Selena
Published: July 2010

This paper argues that an enhanced role for the International Criminal Court in determining when a government has failed in its Responsibility to Protect (R2P) could help develop a faster, more effective, more predictable, and more impartial R2P enforcement mechanism. We outline how a juridical R2P determination process by the ICC could be actualised, and we argue that such juridical R2P determination could facilitate timely and legal multilateral actions to stop violence. We also argue that juridical R2P determination by the ICC could dissuade opportunistic and unilateral violations of national sovereignty made in the name of R2P enforcement, and reduce the concerns of R2P critics that the principle may be misused. Finally, we maintain that an enhanced R2P role for the ICC could strengthen the credibility of the United Nations Security Council, and could be politically appealing to its five permanent member states.
The European Parliament and the Implementation of EU Environmental Policies: the Case of the Spanish Water Plan
Authors: Ceyssens Jan
Published: July 2010

This article examines the European Parliament's ability to scrutinize and control the implementation of EU Environmental law by national authorities, taking as an example the Spanish Water Plan - a major infrastructure plan which allegedly infringed several EU Directives and was ultimately abandoned last year. The article gives an overview of the European Parliament's main powers to scrutinize and control policy implementation, and analyses how Members of the European Parliament used them to control the implementation of EU Environmental law in the case of the Spanish Water Plan. It concludes that the Parliament's activities contributed to ensuring the effective implementation of EU law and thus to a sensible enhancement of democratic accountability in this area.
The New Law on Plant Engineering: European framework, National Implementation and Scientific Issues
Authors: Schlee Matthias , Schumacher Jochen , Palme Christoph
Published: July 2010

The new Deliberate Release Directive on plant engineering was to be implemented into national law on 17 October 2002. As the EC Commission recently gave notice to Germany, that some provisions of the new German implementation law may not comply with EC law, the following article emphasises the painstaking scrutiny of the legal leeway the EU has granted to its Member States in the law of plant engineering. To facilitate the ongoing discussions on implementation in the Member States the possible provisions are divided between (from the European perspective) the mandatory and the optional. In particular, the liability rules for farmers using GMOs, the rules safeguarding biodiversity in protected zones and the good professional practice rules are both politically and legally fiercely controversial and these topics are not only covered from the legal perspective but also the scientific, as assessed by a molecular biologist.
Are Incentives for Brownfield Regeneration Sustainable? A Comparative Survey
Authors: Thornton Gareth , Nathanail Paul , Vanheusden Bernard
Published: July 2010

Reusing brownfields for new purposes is frequently not enabled by the economic, environmental and social barriers present at the site. Therefore, the European Commission and its Member States try to intervene by using different financial and legal incentives. This contribution presents the existing incentives on European Union level, in Germany, the UK, and Belgium, discusses the effects and gaps, and makes suggestions for more effective instruments for the promotion of sustainable brownfield regeneration. The European incentives are compared to the existing financial and legal incentives in the US.
Revising the Waste Framework Directive Basic Deficiencies of European Waste Law and Proposals for Reform
Authors: Reese Moritz , Koch Hans-Joachim
Published: July 2010

For years, there has been criticism that there are substantial ambiguities in European waste law and that, in particular, crucial legal terms, such as waste, disposal and recovery, have not yet been defined sufficiently clearly. Such ambiguities hamper transposition into national law, complicate implementation by the national authorities and thus give rise to considerable economic and environmental problems in the waste management sector. Prompted by the Sixth Environmental Action Programme, the European Commission has finally initiated a revision of the general legal framework for European waste management. Amendments to the Waste Shipment Regulation have already been approved at a political level and are likely to be adopted this year. Revision of the basic terms, principles and provisions of the Waste Framework Directive (WFD), however, is still at a rather early stage. Against this background, we hope to show by the following that the ambiguities in EC waste law are not just a consequence of a lack of definitions but also the result of uncertainty surrounding basic regulatory and strategic issues which must be addressed first (Part I). We will therefore submit recommendations as to how these strategic questions should be answered in the light of both the environmental risks currently faced by the waste sector and the specific potential of waste-law approaches to reduce these risks (Part II). Finally, we will show how these strategic solutions could be converted into specific provisions and amendments to the WFD (Parts III and IV). The recommendations and suggestions presented below have been generated by a study conducted by the authors at the request of the German Ministry of the Environment1.
Directive 2001 /18/EC on the Deliberate Release into the Environment of GMOs: an Overview and the Main Provisions for Placing on the Market
Authors: Rey Garcia Paula
Published: July 2010

Public and political views on the regulation of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and on the role of biotechnology continue to be extremely polarised in Europe. The EU started legislating on the authorisation and use of GMOs in the early 1990s. Despite the early regulation of this complex field, agricultural applications of biotechnology continue to be very controversial. In order to address public concerns and strengthen its regulatory framework, the EU reviewed its legislation on GMOs between 1997 and 2003. The cornerstone of the regulatory framework is Directive 2001/18/EC on the deliberate release into the environment of GMOS, whose provisions for placing on the market are the main focus of this article. The implementation of the Directive to date and the difficulties encountered will be briefly analysed.
A Strong Case for Transparency: Public Interest in Disclosure of Risk Data P revails over Business Secrets
Authors: Gebauer Jochen , Wollenteit Ulrich , John Michéle
Published: July 2010

In a dispute between Greenpeace Germany and Monsanto Europe concerning the confidentiality of its controversial rat feeding study the Higher Administrative Court of the federal State North Rhine-Westphalia (OVG Münster) refused to grant Monsanto an injunction to stop the German authorities from releasing the requested data to Greenpeace.' The decision has acknowledged the public's right to know and strengthened the principles of transparency and participation. On the grounds of a modern approach to risk policy and to genetically modified organisms (GMO), which the Court held to be enshrined in Article 25(4) of Directive 2001/18/EC, the Court has attributed the right to information priority over conflicting commercial interests. As far as risk data is concerned the Court stressed that European Law requires a maximum degree of transparency as an indispensable condition for the introduction of GM plants within Community territory. Furthermore, the decision recognised that in the field of genetic engineering law the right of companies to invoke operating or business secrets to justify exceptions to the right of access is narrowly circumscribed. Risk data, in general, will only be protected as 'confidential' on an exceptional basis. The party submitting the risk data has to prove that there is an imminent risk of specific and relevant harm to its commercial interests.
Convergence or Divergence of National I Legal I and Administrative Structures? Europeanisation Effects of the Environmental Impact Assessment in Germany and England (Part 1)
Authors: Winkler Daniela , Knill Christoph
Published: July 2010

In the past few years the effects of European integration on national legal and administrative structures have increasingly attracted the attention of legal and administrative analysts. One of the main topics of this branch of research based on the catchword 'European isation' is the question whether and to what extent these processes have led to the approximation of national legal and administrative structures in the course of time. However, we still lack comprehensive findings as to whether and under what conditions the effects of European integration lead to domestic administrative and legal changes. It this paper, we try to address this research gap. We analyse whether and to what extent the implementation of European policies leads to an approximation of legal and administrative structures in the Member States. This question will be thoroughly elaborated by using the example of the implementation of directives related to the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and the Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) in Germany and England.
Road Planning in Europe - a Case Study (Part I)
Authors: Silbermann Eva L , Rubel Riidiger
Published: July 2010

The free movement of goods, persons and services — at once the base line and the guiding principle of our united Europe — would be unthinkable without an effective network of transport routes. The planning of a road is much more than simply a technical exercise. It incorporates political, economic, legal and ecological aspects and is increasingly influenced by European environmental legislation. As a result planning law is a highly complex subject in all the Member States of the European Union. For these reasons the Association of the Councils of State and Supreme Administrative Jurisdictions of the European Union has recently compiled a general report on national planning procedures in the EU. Particular emphasis was placed on the administrative and judicial process, the forms and evaluation of public involvement and the implementation of European environmental legislation such as the Habitats- and Birds-Directives' as well as the Directives on Ambient Air'. The report shows that the influence of Community law has led to a certain harmonisation in the decision-making process and increased the environmental awareness of the parties involved. Furthermore it provides an interesting insight in the different methods of acceleration and facilitation which have been tested by the Member States since the time-consuming nature of planning procedures is a major problem in all legal orders.
Milestones of Soil I Protection in EU Environmental Law
Authors: Heuser Irene L.
Published: July 2010

The current legal situation in the European Union does not provide a sufficiently effective framework to protect our soils against damages. The existing legislation covers some aspects of chemical and biological soil protection, e.g. in the sewage sludge directive, the Water Framework Directive, the IPPC Directive, the Habitats Directive as well as in waste management law, but it remains fragmented and focuses on safeguarding the soils as side effects. Furthermore, the requirements for the prevention of soil compaction, erosion, sealing and other physical threats of the soil are hardly considered by EU law. A turning point was marked by the 6th Environmental Action Programme with the intention to develop a specific EU strategy for soil protection (which is due to be published soon). According to reflections de lege ferenda (which could have a stimulating effect in this process), principles and instruments of EU soil protection law could be developed as elements of a targeted policy. The combination of regulative and non-regulative instruments, particularly consisting of those of planning, of direct and indirect behaviour control, of company organisation and of private law, could lead to a more effective protection of the soils. A closer look at these possible EU instruments might be interesting for the development of legal regimes of soil protection at the national and international level as well. These general considerations should be evaluated with regard to the EU competences and the principle of subsidiarity.
Protected Species in Conflict with Fisheries: The Interplay between European and National Regulation
Authors: Ring Irene , Variopuro Riku , Thum Randi , Simila Jukka
Published: July 2010

Successful public conservation policies at various governmental levels have increased some populations of protected species to the extent that they are causing damage to human activities, like fisheries. As a reaction public authorities are developing biodiversity reconciliation policies. Finland and Germany have both created reconciliation policies for the conflicts between nature conservation and fisheries including a package of measures like management of population, support of technical measures and various types of compensation payments. All these measures are affected by European policy and law, though no special reconciliation policy has been adopted at European level. This article explores the options European regulation offers and the restrictions it imposes on Member States. Based on experiences with German and Finnish biodiversity reconciliation policies, the interrelationship between European and national regulation is elaborated, leading to suggestions for better coordination of reconciliation policies between different governmental levels.
Adaptation of Industrial Plants to Best Available Technology
Authors: Gerzsenyi Gabriella
Published: July 2010

Council Directive 96/61/EC concerning integrated pollution prevention and control (IPPC) is an important EU framework regime for the control of polluting emissions from major industrial sources. The concept of BestAvailable Techniques (commonly known as BAT) is the core element of the Directive and permits issued for industrial installations need to take account thereof. Therefore, the proper implementation of the IPPC Directive vis-a-vis individual installations can be assessed, among others, on the basis of whether or not BAT applies. Whilst the concept of Best Available Technology (used by the predecessor of the IPPC Directive) is less stringent, the European Court of Justice has taken a strict approach regarding its application by Member States and the adaptation of existing installations to this concept.
The Sustainability Strategy of the European Union
Authors: Prall Ursula
Published: July 2010

The article focuses on the EU Sustainability Strategy of 2001, which was reviewed in 2005; and its elements and implementation concerning energy policy and climate protection. The examination of the general part of the EU Sustainability Strategy shows that it lacks both a mission statement and a clear conceptual approach, thus making it difficult to achieve a steering effect. Those parts of the strategy that deal with climate protection show a strong sense of urgency and a great commitment to the EU objective of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. But the - manifold! - measures taken are still too weak. More determination and more effort is necessary to change patterns of thought and behaviour, and it seems that this is a direct consequence of neglecting the necessity of defining a mission statement and a conceptual approach.
REACH: Substances in Articles- a Step in the right Di rection
Authors: de Avila Cristina , Blainey Mark , van der Zandt Peter
Published: July 2010

Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) introduces a specific regime for the registration of Substances in Articles. This paper demonstrates how REACH fills a gap in the current legislation, without double regulation, reviews how the relevant elements of REACH were developed, concludes there is no trade issue with REACH, and looks in detail at the relevant elements of REACH's regulatory framework for substances in articles. It is clear that the REACH provisions are proportionate and non-discriminatory and concludes that REACH is a step in the right direction but does not cover all substances in articles and so ensure a very high standard of health and environment protection.
EC Law and Biodiversity
Authors: de Sadeleer Nicolas
Published: July 2010

The term biodiversity itself was not coined until the 198os, when it was popularised by the eminent Harvard biologist Wilson. Biodiversity entails at the macro level ecosystemic diversity (ecosystems and landscapes), specific diversity (the species of plants, animals and micro-organisms that surround us) and at the micro level it includes genetic diversity. Although less marked than on other continents, Europe's systemic diversity displays a number of particular characteristics. However, Europeans should seriously fear for the future of their wildlife. Indeed, many wild fauna and flora species today are passing through a period of major crisis. As most natural or semi-natural, continental and coastal ecosystems are now undergoing significant modifications as a result of human activity (fiagmentation, isolation, intensification, ... ), animal and plant species are suffering an unprecedented rate of extinction. To make matters worse, this negative trend is compounded by an array of additional threats (poaching, excessive hunting, disturbance inflicted by tourism, collision of birds with power-lines). Last, on a more global scale, global warming and the depletion of the ozone layer risk precipitating much more profound changes to the distribution, structure and functions of European ecosystems. Given that this issue has been identified as a pressing concern by the EC institutions, the aim of the present article is to highlight the different strategies, plans and programs as well as the main directives and regulations that were enacted with the aim of conserving biodiversity.
Transboundary chains for CCS : Allocation of rights and obl igations between the state parties within the climate regime
Authors: Haver Gustav , Bugge Hans Christian
Published: July 2010

This article will discuss how transboundary chains for carbon capture and storage (CCS) relates to the rights and obligations of states pursuant to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Kyoto Protocol (Kyoto). We will discuss questions related to chains of CCS where CO2 is captured at an installation in one country, transported, and injected and stored in geological formations on the continental shelf of another country.1 How does the climate regime apply to such a CO2 chain"?
What can be done to help the development of a U K CCS i ndustry?
Authors: Peters Emily
Published: July 2010

This article considers the regulatory regime for carbon capture and storage projects ("CCS projects") in the United Kingdom (UK). At present the lack of a stable, long-term regulatory and incentive policy framework for CCS projects acts as a barrier to investment. This is compounded by the cumbersome and fragmented approval process. This article explores the current regime and approval process, which requires developers to seek approval for seabed access, electricity generation, marine works and pipelines, coast protection works and onshore works. The article also explores the UK Government's proposed changes to the regulatory regime. The article considers the key elements of the proposed CCS regime contained in the Marine Bill White Paper, released in March 2007. The UK Department of Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform ("DBERR") has indicated that a new tailored CCS legislative regime will complement the existing regime. The White Paper includes options for modification of the existing legislation to make it better suited to CCS regulation, or alternatively CCS regulation via secondary legislation. The article concludes that UK Government's proposals for a new regime do complement the existing approval regime: however, there is still significant scope to amend existing legislation to further reduce the regulatory burden on CCS developers.
Activating Spatial I Planning Law: Options for the Reduction of Land Consumption
Authors: Gawron Thomas , Bovet Jana , Hofmann Ekkehard , Köck Wolfgang
Published: July 2010

The German Federal Environment Agency (Umweltbundesamt) commissioned the Department of Environmental and Planning Law of the Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ to analyse the capacity of spatial planning law to reduce land consumption, particularly inquiring into the specific shortcomings of the applicable provisions and making recommendations as to how the legal frame could be made more effective. This article summarises the results of the analysis and the recommendations for a more effective spatial planning law according to the reduction of land consumption.
The Revised EC Regulation on Shipments of Waste: an Overview
Authors: Dieckmann Martin
Published: July 2010

After three years of negotiation between the institutions of the Community on 29 May 2006 the new Regulation (EC) No 1013/2006 on Shipments of Waste has been passed by the Council. The Regulation becomes valid and directly applicable in the Member States on 12 July 2007, thus substituting the first EC regulation on transfrontier shipment of waste (Regulation (EEC) No 259/93). This article attempts a first analysis of the re-enactment and briefly outlines the major amendments in relation to the current legal situation.
"Schutznormtheorie" and Aarhus Convention- Consequences for the German Law
Authors: Schwerdtfeger Angela
Published: July 2010

The Aarhus Convention raises new questions about the future of the German "Schutznormtheorie" limiting access to justice before the administrative courts. The text and history of Article 9 (2) Aarhus Convention and of Directive 2003/35/EC on public participation seem to recognise this German concept. However, a closer examination of the objective of wide access to justice and of the case law of the European Court of Justice reveals a clear need for changes with regard to the application of this concept by the German courts. In this context, the interrelation of limited rights of action with the depth of judicial control has to be regarded, as well. New German legislation does not satisfy the need for a reform.
A Nutrient Quota Trading Scheme to Reduce the Eutrophication of the Baltic Sea
Authors: Mehling Michael A. , Upston-Hooper Karl
Published: July 2010

Environmental policy is currently experiencing a general transition towards greater inclusion of flexible, market-based instruments. While one of the most salient manifestations of this trend, the creation of markets for tradable emissions quota, has been widely applied in the areas of air pollution and greenhouse gas regulation, it has yet to be introduced as a policy instrument for the management of watercourses. A great diversity of abatement costs for pollution of the Baltic Sea through nutrients that result in eutrophication suggests the introduction of a system of tradable quota as an attractive management tool. The following article provides a brief introduction to the challenge of nutrient accumulation in the Baltic Sea, and shows that the legislative framework currently governing its pollution does not categorically preclude the introduction of a nutrient trading scheme. A number of design issues would require clarification prior to the introduction of such a scheme, including the definition of the tradable commodity, the scope of participation, the initial allocation of quota, and monitoring and enforcement provisions. While the article concludes by affirming the fundamental viability of a nutrient trading scheme in the Baltic Sea Area, it identifies challenges in accommodating the trading scheme alongside existing emission limit values, state aid concerns, and the inclusion of states that are not Members of the European Union.
Revision of the New Zealand Helicopsyche (Trichoptera: Helicopsychidae)
Authors: Johanson Kjell Arne
Published: July 2010

The New Zealand Helicopsyche are revised. The female of Helicopsyche zealandica Hudson, 1904, H. poutini McFarlane, 1964, H. albescens Tillyard, 1924 and H. howesi Tillyard, 1924 are described. Three new species, Helicopsyche cuvieri sp. n., H. haurapango sp. n. and H. torino sp. n. are described. Keys to the males and known females are given.
Oldest known pteroplistine cricket and other Gryllidae (Orthoptera) from the Paleogene Fur and Ølst Formations of Denmark
Authors: Rust Jes
Published: July 2010

The present paper reports on a study of 16 fossil specimens of Gryllidae from the Paleogene marine sediments of the Fur and Ølst Formations (Paleocene/Eocene) of Denmark. The oldest known Pteroplistinae, Pteroplistus danicus sp. n., is described on the basis of 2 isolated male forewings. Additional material consists of isolated male and female forewings, several almost complete female specimens, and large body fragments. The systematic position of these specimens, however, is unclear, because diagnostic characters are not preserved. Possible synapomorphic characters of the wing venation shared by P danicus sp. n., the second known fossil species of Pteroplistinae Eneopterotrypus chopardi Zeuner from the Eocene, and extant Pteroplistinae are proposed. Most of the fossil crickets derive from the Paleocene Ølst Formation. Pteroplistinae are poor flyers, thus their presence suggests near shore conditions of the former marine environment, which is confirmed by analysis of the fish fauna and other insect groups. The present geographical restriction of the Pteroplistinae to India, Vietnam, and Malaysia is presumably a consequence of climatic changes during the Cenozoic.
Thirteen new Panorpidae (Mecoptera) from northern Burma
Authors: Byers George W.
Published: July 2010

Thirteen new species of Panorpidae are described from the collection by Dr René Malaise in the Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm. These are Neopanorpa malaisei, N. clavata, N. echinodes, N. fimbriata, N. pennyi, N. obscura and N. abdita (all in the malaisei species group), N. vittata, N. terminata, N. liguifascia, N. breviramus, N. similis, and Panorpa malaisei. Taxonomically useful details are illustrated, and a key is provided.
Cladistics of the tribe Ectatommini (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): A reappraisal
Authors: Keller Roberto A.
Published: July 2010

The cladistic analysis of ectatommine ants by Lattke ( 1994) is reanalyzed and discussed. It is argued that Lattke's sample of taxa (in particular his choice of outgroups) is problematic because of the acceptance of unreliable previous analyses of ant subfamilial relationships. Additionally, Lattke's proposed reclassification is inconsistent cladistically. A revised matrix is presented with the addition of three outgroups and twelve characters ( 19 taxa and 41 characters in total). This matrix yields a single most parsimonious cladogram (L=116; CI=46; RI=61) with Ponerinae paraphyletic with respect to the other poneroid exemplars included (Apomyrma, Cerapachys and Cheliomyrmex). This result illustrates the need for a full taxonomic revision of the poneroid group.
Cratomyia macrorrhyncha, a Lower Cretaceous brachyceran fossil from the Santana Formation, Brazil, representing a new species, genus and family of the Stratiomyomorpha (Diptera)
Authors: Amorim Dalton S. , Mazzarolo Luiz Augusto
Published: July 2010

A new fossil Brachycera (Diptera), Cratomyia macrorrhyncha gen. n. & sp. n. is described from the Santana Formation, Lower Cretaceous, situated on the Araripe Basin (Northeastern Brazil). Its remarkable features are the large body size, very long proboscis, antenna with multi-articled flagellum, robust thorax and abdomen, and wing characters like the abbreviated costal vein, distally forked veins R4+5 and M1+2, strongly arched M1, and closed cells m3 and cup. The new genus and species does not reasonably fit in any of the existing families and a new family, Cratomyiidae is proposed. The systematic position of the family is discussed. Reasons are given for not including it in the following higher taxa of Brachycera: Xylophagomorpha, Tabanomorpha, Vermileonomorpha, Asilomorpha, and Eremoneura. The Cratomyiidae are included in Stratiomyomorpha as the sister-group of Xylomyidae + Stratiomyidae, above the origin of Pantophthalmidae.
Parapsectrocladius: a new genus of orthocladiine Chironomidae (Diptera) from Patagonia, the southern Andes
Authors: Cranston Peter S.
Published: July 2010

Parapsectrocladius is described in all life history stages as a new genus with type-species Cardiocladius acuminatus Edwards, for four species from Andean South America. The female, pupa and larva of P. acuminatus are described for the first time, from Chile; all stages of P. escondido Cranston & Añón Suárez, sp. n., are described from lentic patagonian Argentina, all stages of Parapsectrocladius reissi sp. n. from a pond in Valdivia, Chile, and P. longistylus sp. n. from males from several locations in south Chile and Argentina and the putatively associated female and pupa from southern Chile. The clade is Patagonian, with larvae occurring in Andean pools, ponds and lakes, including glacial-fed ones, and also in one lowland river in Chiloe. Previous suggested relationships to Cardiocladius Kieffer or Paratrissocladius Zavrel are rejected following phylogenetic analysis, with these placements suggested as due to adult male -based convergent character states. The immature stages, which show resemblance to Psectrocladius Kieffer and Rheocricotopus Thienemann & Harnisch, and the female contribute evidence that Parapsectrocladius forms the sister group to Psectrocladius, which appears monophyletic despite its subgeneric heterogeneity. Immediate next relations to Psectrocladius + Parapsectrocladius are postulated as (Rheocricotopus (both subgenera) + Paracricotopus) then (Nanocladius + Doncricotopus) at next remove.
Cladistic analysis of the tribes of Dytiscinae and the phylogenetic position of the genus Notaticus Zimmermann (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae)
Authors: Miller Kelly B.
Published: July 2010

A hypothesis of the phylogeny of the tribes of Dytiscinae is presented based on a cladistic analysis of adult morphological characters. All tribes of Dytiscinae were included with larger tribes represented by multiple genera. Outgroups included members of all major lineages (subfamilies) of Dytiscidae. The matrix consists of 22 taxa and 45 characters. A single most parsimonious cladogram was produced by the analysis. It is concluded from the analysis that Dytiscinae is paraphyletic with respect to the genus Notaticus Zimmermann which has been previously recognized as the only member of the subfamily Aubehydrinae. Its position within the subfamily requires that it be placed within its own tribe, Aubehydrini. Additionally, Dytiscini was found to be paraphyletic, and a new tribe, Hyderodini, is proposed to contain the genus Hyderodes Sharp. Dytiscini is restricted to include only the genus Dytiscus Linneaus. Dytiscinae and all other tribes within the subfamily were found to be monophyletic. The proposed relationships of the tribes of Dytiscinae are Cybistrini + (Dytiscini + (Hyderodini + (Aubehydrini + (Hydaticini + (Eretini + Aciliini))))). Characters discovered to be useful for phylogenetic analysis of the subfamily are illustrated and described. The tribes are diagnosed and a key is presented for distinguishing them.
Phylogenetic relationships in Lasiocampidae (Lepidoptera): Initial evidence from elongation factor-1α sequences
Authors: Mitter Charles , Friedlander Timothy P. , Regier Jerome C. , Peigler Richard S.
Published: July 2010

No explicit higher-level cladistic analysis exists for Lasiocampidae, the largest family of Bombycoidea (s. lat.). As a start toward such a phylogeny, we sequenced the protein-encoding, nuclear gene elongation factor-I α (EF-1α) from 13 lasiocampids representing all the subfamilies and tribes present in North America, plus three outgroups. Phylogenetic signal, mainly from synonymous change, was strong, with seven of 11 potential groups in Lasiocampidae showing > 90% bootstrap support under parsimony and likelihood analyses. Separation between the two American subfamilies, Lasiocampinae and Macromphaliinae, was strongly supported. Within the largest tribe, Lasiocampini, EF-1α strongly resolves a clade of unusually large lasiocampids, containing a New World element ((Eutachyptera, Gloveria), (Prorifrons, Quadrina)) with a Eurasian sister group of Macrothylacia + Dendrolimus. Resolution of deeper relationships within Lasiocampinae, however, including those among tribes, is presently weak and will probably require expanded taxon sampling. The 'large Lasiocampini' group shares a possibly synapomorphic life cycle (not expressed in its tropical members) that includes overwintering by larvae. Larval sociality is found in three of the 'large Lasiocampini' genera, each of which may represent an origin separate from the others and from Malacosoma.
The disc-like organ of the Lestoniidae (Heteroptera: Pentatomoidea), with remarks on lestoniid relationships
Authors: Fischer Christian
Published: July 2010

The morphology of the 'disc-like organ' of Lestonia haustorifera is described on the basis of SEM-techniques. There is evidence for a gland function of this organ. The homology of the disc-like organ of Lestoniidae with Pendergrast's organ of Acanthosomatidae and the phylogenetic relationships of Lestoniidae within Pentatomoidea are discussed.
Phylogenetic revision of Acupalpa Kröber (Diptera: Therevidae)
Authors: Winterton Shaun L.
Published: July 2010

Acupalpa is revised to include five described species: A. albitarsa Mann, A. divisa (Walker), A. pollinosa Mann, A. rostrata Kröber and A. semirufa Mann, and one new species, A. irwini sp. n. All species are brightly coloured wasp mimics with morphological and behavioural characteristics associated with mimicry of pompilid wasps. A key to genera and species is presented with male and female genitalia described and figured for the first time. All species of Acupalpa were compared in a cladistic analysis with two species of Agapophytus using 34 states across 16 adult morphological characters, which resulted in three most parsimonious trees (length = 58 steps). The phylogenetic relationships of species of Acupalpa are discussed in light of the analysis.
Morphological, molecular and ecological evidence of a new Euro-Anatolian species of the Meligethes coracinus complex (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae)
Authors: Oliverio M. , Audisio P. , Belfiore C. , Antonini G. , De Biase A.
Published: July 2010

An analysis of morphometric, allozymic and ecological data gives clear cues of the presence in southern Europe and the Near East of a so far not recognised species of the pollen-beetle genus Meligethes Stephens, previously widely confused with the common and widespread M. coracinus Sturm. Re-examination of the type material allowed the authors to discover that this 'new' taxon was originally described by Ganglbauer (1899) as M. coracinus var. aenescens (nec M. aenescens Fairmaire, 1875), later considered a mere synonym of M. coracinus. This taxon is here resurrected at a specific rank, redescribed, and renamed Meligethes erysimicola Audisio & De Biase, nom. n. The two species are also compared with the closely related Meligethes motronalis Audisio & Spornraft, 1990, a monophagous species strictly associated with Hesperis motronolis L. (Brassicaceae). M. erysimicola is an oligophagous species, strictly associated at larval stage with several members of the plant genus Erysimum L. (Brassicaceae), while M. coracinus is a more polyphagous species, developing mostly on Brassica spp., Sinapis spp., Barbarea spp. and Sisynibrium spp. (Brassicaceae). Waiting for the final results of further molecular and ecological researches concerning the same subject, an updated taxonomical outline of the Meligethes coracinus species-complex is also reported, and a provisional key to identification of species and included sub-complexes, is finally given.
Fossil water striders in the Oligocene/Miocene Dominican amber (Hemiptera: Gerromorpha)
Authors: Andersen Nils Møller
Published: July 2010

Most water striders and other semiaquatic bugs (Hemiptera, Gerromorpha) live on the surface film of freshwater. Adults are often flightless and are therefore not prone to be caught in resin exuded by trees on land and subsequently preserved as amber inclusions. Nevertheless, a small number of gerromorphan bugs have so far been reported from amber. The present paper reports on six species of Gerromorpha in the Oligocene/Miocene Dominican amber, describing Brachymetroides atra gen. et sp. n. (Gerridae: Charmatometrinae), Microvelia grimaldii sp.n. and M. electra sp.n. (Veliidae: Microveliinae) and redescribing Electrobates spinipes Andersen & Poinar (Gerridae: Electrobatinae), Microvelia polhemi Andersen (Veliidae: Microveliinae), and Halovelia electrodominica Andersen & Poinar (Veliidae: Haloveliinae). Finally, the phylogenetic, palaeobiological, and biogeographic significance of these amber fossils are discussed.
Stridulobates anderseni, a new genus and species of ptilomerine Gerridae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) with 'stridulatory devices' from South India
Authors: Thirumalai G. , Zettel Herbert
Published: July 2010

Stridulobates anderseni gen. n. & sp. n. from South India (Karnataka, Kerala) is described. It is the first species of the subfamily Ptilomerinae known to bear possible stridulatory devices. These structures, which only occur in the male, are situated on the mesotrochanter ('plectrum') and abdominal stemites 2-6 ('strigil'). Stridulobates nostras (Thirumalai, 1986) is a new combination for Pleciobates nostras. Possible relationships of Stridulobates with other genera of Ptilomerinae and the possible use of stridulation in Stridulobates are discussed.