bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of caridean ecological distribution in the Ubatuba region, southeastern Brazilian coast using unsupervised machine learning technique
Authors: Marques Alexandre Oliveira , de Sousa Aline Nonato , Bernardes Veronica Pereira , Bernardo Camila Hipolito , Reis Danielle Monique , Godoy Amanda Thaís , Fransozo Adilson
Published: August 2021

We used the unsupervised machine learning technique to evaluate the environmental factors responsible for modulating the spatial and seasonal distribution of caridean shrimps from a southeastern region of the Brazilian coast. Samplings were collected from seven transects with an artisanal shrimp fishery boat with two double‐rig nets. Samplings occurred every month from October 2008 to September 2009. The most frequently captured species were Exhippolysmata oplophoroides, Leander paulensis, and Nematopalaemon schmitti. The highest abundance of shrimps occurred in autumn at the II, III, and V transects, which present a higher amount of coarse sediment and biodetritic fragments on the bottom. During autumn, the temperatures were the highest and salinity values were the lowest. Data evaluation indicated efficiency in the visualization of interactions of different shrimp species and environmental data. This kind of sediment may be allowing shrimps to burrow in shelters that prevent predation. The seasons with high temperatures and low salinities can offer better conditions for the establishment of the studied species, despite the fact that there is no hypothesis to prove it. Additionally, the higher abundance of such shrimps coincides with vegetal debris deposition, which could serve as food and provide protection for these shrimps. In this region, the vegetation matter deposited at the bottom of the bay comes from the Atlantic Forest. Overall, the preservation of the coastal forest strongly influences the abundance of this taxon, as it provides protection and food for these shrimps.
CRISPR interference identifies vulnerable cellular pathways with bactericidal phenotypes in Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: McNeil Matthew B. , Keighley Laura M. , Cook Josephine R. , Cheung Chen‐Yi , Cook Gregory M.
Published: August 2021

Mycobacterium tuberculosis remains a leading cause of death for which new drugs are needed. The identification of drug targets has been advanced by high‐throughput and targeted genetic deletion strategies. Each though has limitations including the inability to distinguish between levels of vulnerability, lethality, and scalability as a molecular tool. Using mycobacterial CRISPR interference in combination with phenotypic screening, we have overcome these individual issues to investigate essentiality, vulnerability and lethality for 94 target genes from a diverse array of cellular pathways, many of which are potential antibiotic targets. Essential genes involved in cell wall synthesis and central cellular functions were equally vulnerable and often had bactericidal consequences. Conversely, essential genes involved in metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, or amino acid synthesis were less vulnerable to inhibition and frequently bacteriostatic. In conclusion, this study provides novel insights into mycobacterial genetics and biology that will help to prioritize potential drug targets.
Changes in plant species abundance alter the multifunctionality and functional space of heathland ecosystems
Authors: Liu Daijun , Chang Pi‐Hui S. , Power Sally A. , Bell John N. B. , Manning Peter
Published: August 2021

Though it is well established that species composition affects ecosystem function, the way in which species combine to control overall ecosystem functioning is still debated.

In experimental mesocosms, we planted three functionally distinct dry‐heath species in varying proportions and measured multiple ecosystem properties related to nutrient cycling and carbon storage (hereafter functions). Overall ecosystem functioning was described as the main axes of variation in ecosystem functioning (functional space) and the proportion of ecosystem functions at high levels; for example, fast carbon and nutrient cycling (cluster‐based multifunctionality).

The first functional space axis, related to nitrogen availability, was driven by plant species abundance, particularly that of legumes, which strongly affected many individual functions. The second, related to total plant biomass and woodiness, was mostly driven by the abundance of dwarf shrubs. Similarly, cluster‐based multifunctionality was related to the initial abundance of all species, but particularly the legume. Interactions between species also affected ecosystem multifunctionality, but these effects were smaller in magnitude.

These results indicate that species interactions could play a secondary role to species abundance and identity in driving the overall ecosystem functioning of heathlands, but also that axes of variation in functional space are clearly linked to plant functional composition.
A methodological framework for the hydrological model selection process in water resource management projects
Authors: Ghonchepour Diba , Sadoddin Amir , Bahremand Abdolreza , Croke Barry , Jakeman Anthony , Salmanmahiny Abdolrassoul
Published: August 2021

This study aims to present a process for hydrological model exploration for selecting an appropriate model compatible with the modeling objectives. The process consists of three stages: (1) initial choice based on the modeling objectives; (2) model selection based on intercomparison among underlying conceptualizations of the models; and (3) final model selection based on influencing criteria such as availability of the model software and documentation, and availability of appropriate data. As an applied example, the process was used to find an appropriate model for a project to evaluate water supply and demand under climate and land use change scenarios in the Gorgan‐rud River Basin, Iran. The criteria affecting the final choice of a hydrological model were classified into three categories: (1) criteria related to the model, (2) criteria related to the model user, and (3) criteria related to the study area.
Solitary congenital lip pit in an infant
Authors: Neale Holly , Blundell Andrew R. , Schmidt Birgitta , Hawryluk Elena B.
Published: August 2021

Lower lip pits are infrequent, affecting fewer than 1 in 75 000 individuals. While more frequently associated with inherited syndromes, isolated lower lip pits may present sporadically as a solitary congenital anomaly. We describe an otherwise healthy 9‐day‐old infant who presented with a congenital lower lip lesion with unremarkable family history and testing. The appropriate workup for a solitary congenital lip nodule, differential diagnosis, and management of lip pits is described.
A human rights approach to energy: Realizing the rights of billions within ecological limits
Authors: Wewerinke‐Singh Margaretha
Published: August 2021

Energy is central to both the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Paris Agreement and a prerequisite to the realization of human rights for billions of people. Yet the nexus between human rights, climate change and energy remains underdeveloped in international law and practice. This article considers the potential and limitations of a ‘human rights approach’ to energy to accelerate progress towards universal access to modern energy services while addressing climate change and inequalities. It considers three distinct elements of a human rights approach to energy: a discursive element; a mainstreaming element; and a litigation element. In exploring the potential contributions of each of these elements to a just energy transition, it demonstrates how a human rights approach to energy can help to address some of the shortcomings of the Sustainable Development Goals related to energy and climate.
Pharmacotherapy for obstructive sleep apnoea: Is the magic bullet in sight?
Authors: Ip Mary S. M. , Chung Ka‐Fai
Published: August 2021

See related article
Shallow‐marine carbonate cementation in Holocene segments of the calcifying green alga Halimeda
Authors: Mann Thomas , Wizemann André , Stuhr Marleen , Kappelmann Yannis , Janßen Alexander , Jompa Jamaluddin , Westphal Hildegard
Published: August 2021

Early‐diagenetic cementation of tropical carbonates results from the combination of numerous physico‐chemical and biological processes. In the marine phreatic environment it represents an essential mechanism for the development and stabilization of carbonate platforms. However, diagenetic cements that developed early in the marine phreatic environment are likely to become obliterated during later stages of meteoric or burial diagenesis. When lithified sediment samples are studied, this complicates the recognition of processes involved in early cementation, and their geological implications. In this contribution, a petrographic microfacies analysis of Holocene Halimeda segments collected on a coral island in the Spermonde Archipelago, Indonesia, is presented. Through electron microscopical analyses of polished samples, this study shows that segments are characterized by intragranular cementation of fibrous aragonite, equant High‐Mg calcite (3.9 to 7.2 Mol% Mg), bladed Low‐Mg calcite (0.4 to 1.0 Mol% Mg) and mini‐micritic Low‐Mg calcite (3.2 to 3.3 Mol% Mg). The co‐existence and consecutive development of fibrous aragonite and equant High‐Mg calcite results initially from the flow of oversaturated seawater along the aragonite template of the Halimeda skeleton, followed by an adjustment of cement mineralogy towards High‐Mg calcite as a result of reduced permeability and fluid flow rates in the pores. Growth of bladed Low‐Mg calcite cements on top of etched substrates of equant High‐Mg calcite is explained by shifts in pore water pH and alkalinity through microbial sulphate reduction. Microbial activity appears to be the main trigger for the precipitation of mini‐micritic Low‐Mg calcite as well, based on the presumable detection of an extracellular polymeric matrix during an early stage of mini‐micrite Low‐Mg calcite cement precipitation. Radiocarbon analyses of five Halimeda segments furthermore indicate that virtually complete intragranular cementation in the marine phreatic environment with thermodynamically/kinetically controlled aragonite and High‐Mg calcite takes place in about 100 years. Collectively, this study shows that early‐diagenetic cements are highly diverse and provides new quantitative constraints on the rate of diagenetic cementation in tropical carbonate factories.
The genomic full‐length sequence of the HLA‐A*03:30 allele, identified by full‐length group‐specific sequencing
Authors: Chi Xiaoyun , Fang Ruifeng , Jiao Shuxian , Hu Bin , Pang Shutao
Published: August 2021

The genomic full‐length sequence of HLA‐A*03:30 was identified by a group‐specific sequencing approach from China.
Challenging the 30‐min rule for thawed plasma
Authors: Ramirez‐Arcos Sandra , Howell Anita , Bearne Jennifer , Bhakta Varsha , Bower Lucy , Cardigan Rebecca , Girard Mélissa , Kou Yuntong , McDonald Carl , Nolin Marie‐Ève , Sawicka Danuta , Sheffield William
Published: August 2021

Background and Objectives

Frozen plasma (FP) is thawed prior to transfusion and stored for ≤5 days at 1–6°C. The effect of temperature excursions on the quality and safety of thawed plasma during 5‐day storage was determined.

Materials and Methods

Four plasma units were pooled, split and stored at ≤−18°C for ≤90 days. Test units T30 and T60 were exposed to 20–24°C (room temperature [RT]) for 30 or 60 min, respectively, on days 0 and 2 of storage. Negative and positive control units remained refrigerated or at RT for 5 days, respectively. On Day 5, test units were exposed once to RT for 5 h. Quality assays included stability of coagulation factors FV, FVII, FVIII, fibrinogen and prothrombin time. Bacterial growth was performed in units inoculated with ~1 CFU/ml or ~100 CFU/ml of Serratia liquefaciens, Pseudomonas putida, Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Staphylococcus epidermidis on Day 0.

Results

Testing results of all quality parameters were comparable between T30 and T60 units (p < 0.05). Serratia liquefaciens proliferated in cold‐stored plasma, while P. putida showed variable viability. Serratia epidermidis and P. aeruginosa survived but did not grow in cold‐stored plasma. Positive and negative controls showed expected results. Overall, no statistical differences in bacterial concentration between T30 and T60 units were observed (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

Multiple RT exposures for 30 or 60 min do not affect the stability of coagulation factors or promote bacterial growth in thawed plasma stored for 5 days. It is therefore safe to expose thawed plasma to uncontrolled temperatures for limited periods of 60 min.
Comparison of canine femoral torsion measurements using the axial and biplanar methods on three‐dimensional volumetric reconstructions of computed tomography images
Authors: Serck Boris M. , Karlin W. Michael , Kowaleski Michael P.
Published: August 2021

Objective

To compare the results of the measurement of femoral torsion using the axial measurement method on three‐dimensional (3D) volumetric reconstructions of computed tomography images AMM(CT), the biplanar measurement method on 3D volumetric reconstructions of computed tomography images BMM(CT) and a reference standard using the axial measurement method on stereolithographic bone models AMM (SBM).

Study design

Ex vivo study.

Sample populations

Three‐dimensional volumetric reconstructions of computed tomography images and stereolithographic bone models from 23 femurs of 14 dogs with hind limb lameness presented for orthopedic evaluation.

Methods

Three‐dimensional volumetric reconstructions of computed tomography images and stereolithographic bone models of each femur were created from computed tomography data. Femoral torsion was measured using the AMM (CT) and the BMM (CT) and compared with a reference standard, the AMM (SBM).

Results

No differences were noted among the measurement methods (P = .0863). Median measurement of femoral torsion using the AMM (CT) was 34.2°, the BMM (CT) was 36.7°, and the AMM (SBM) was 32.3°.

Conclusion

No differences existed among the AMM (CT), the BMM (CT), and the AMM (SBM).

Clinical significance

Both AMM (CT) and BMM (CT) can be used to measure femoral torsion in dogs with orthopedic disease.
Social Energy and Trust
Authors: Song Jiayi
Published: August 2021

Trust is the crucial basis of all interpersonal relationships and is composed of expectation and vulnerability. Its significance within the field of psychology is far-reaching. In 2002, Canavan coined the term social energy to define the distinct psychological phenomenon that occurs when the self (P) and another individual (O) share enthusiasm toward a common object or event (X). In this paper, I investigate the influence of social energy on how individuals rate or rank the trustworthiness of another, as well as the reason for being trusted, in the presence of high and low social energy. The experiment is conducted within a 2X1 ANOVA design by manipulating the different levels of social energy, either high or low. In addition to measuring trust and the reasons for trusting, participants’ feelings and emotions were assessed in three hypothetical situations, measuring whether the trust was warranted. The main finding concludes that participants’ ratings of another individual’s trustworthiness is significantly higher in high social energy conditions, compared to those in low social energy conditions. In addition, the reason for P’s doing so is that “I know in high social energy O thinks in the same way as I do,” which is reinforced by CHI2 Test results. By assessing emotional variables, it is found that gratitude, positive feelings, expectation, and regrets differ significantly with regard to levels of social energy. In addition, the HSE participant liked and believed the other, and was more kindly disposed than the LSE participant, who tended to be more blaming and punitive.
Impact of “chemobrain” in childhood cancer survivors on social, academic, and daily living skills: a qualitative systematic review protocol
Authors: Semendric Ines , Pollock Danielle , Haller Olivia J. , George Rebecca P. , Collins-Praino Lyndsey E. , Whittaker Alexandra L.
Published: August 2021

Objective:

The objective of this review is to examine children's experiences of chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment (also known as “chemobrain”) and the impact of chemobrain on children's social, academic, and daily living skills.

Introduction:

The effect of childhood chemotherapy treatment on cognition is of concern because of the vulnerable nature of children's developing brains and the potential to cause lifelong detriments socially, academically, and economically. Furthermore, this population is under-represented in the chemobrain literature and in survivorship care plans. As cancer survivorship among this group increases, it is important to understand childhood experiences so that rehabilitation strategies and suitable supports can be put in place.

Inclusion criteria:

This review of qualitative studies will focus on the pediatric population (0 to 18 years of age) during and/or following chemotherapy treatment to identify their experiences with chemobrain. The review will include any studies using a qualitative research methodology (eg, surveys, focus groups, interview transcripts), conducted in any geographic location, where experiences are presented from the child's perspective. Studies assessing children's experiences of cancer, other chemotherapy-related side effects, or the parent's personal experience will be excluded.

Methods:

A search of MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, and CINAHL databases will be conducted. Full-text, English-only articles employing a qualitative research methodology will be included in the screening process. Two independent reviewers will retrieve and screen full-text studies, and assess methodological quality of the included studies. Meta-aggregation will be performed and a ConQual Summary of Findings will present the confidence in the findings.

Systematic review registration number:

PROSPERO CRD42021240573.
Swimming exercise decreases depression‐like behaviour and inflammatory cytokines in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes
Authors: Gilak‐Dalasm Mohadeseh , Peeri Maghsoud , Azarbayjani Mohammad Ali
Published: August 2021

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?

Can swimming exercise decrease depression‐like behaviour and inflammation in type 2 diabetic mice?

What is the main finding and its importance?

Swimming exercise decreased depression‐like behaviour by reducing inflammation in type 2 diabetic mice. Swimming exercise might be useful for the treatment of depression‐related disorders in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Clinical and experimental studies have shown that type 2 diabetes is associated with depression‐related disorders. Inflammation has been identified as a common mechanism in both type 2 diabetes and depression. Several studies have suggested that swimming exercise might be able to reduce depression‐related symptoms. The present study aimed to explore whether swimming exercise can decrease depression‐like behaviour in type 2 diabetic mice. To induce type 2 diabetes, male C57BL6 mice were treated with a high‐fat diet and streptozocin. Type 2 diabetic animals were subjected to swimming exercise for 4 weeks. Then, depression‐like behaviours were evaluated by sucrose preference, novelty‐suppressed feeding, social interaction and tail suspension tests. We also measured levels of glucose, insulin and pro‐inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin‐1β and tumour necrosis factor‐α in the serum of animals. The results indicated that type 2 diabetes significantly increased anhedonia‐ and depression‐like behaviours in mice. We also found significant increases in glucose, insulin and inflammatory cytokines in diabetic mice. Moreover, swimming exercise reduced anhedonia‐ and depression‐like behaviour in type 2 diabetic mice. Swimming exercise also decreased glucose and inflammatory cytokines in the serum of mice with type 2 diabetes. Collectively, this study demonstrates that swimming exercise decreased depression‐like behaviour by reducing inflammation in type 2 diabetic mice. Further clinical studies are needed to validate these findings in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Ocultações dos Satélites de Júpiter
Authors: Nazareth José Augusto Buarque de
Published: August 2021

Observation of lunar occultations are presented for Callisto, Europa and Ganymede. The resulting linear diameters are 4912 km, 3141 km, and 5062 km, respectively. The date of the events was 1977 January 1 (UT).
Indícios de Variações Climáticas Neo-quaternárias no Médio Vale do Rio Doce
Authors: Meis Maria Regina Mousinho de
Published: August 2021

A tentative stratigraphy for the Upper Quaternary events in the Jacare lake area, middle rio Doce basin, was obtained through the analysis of borehole samples. The deposition of a thick sequence os slope deposits was interrupted at the beginning of the Holocene (9.840 220 years B.P.) by a transgression of the lake waters. This submersion is thought to be contemporaneous to the expansion of the rainforest over the area. More recent fluctuations of the lake level seem to denounce variations in the hydrologic budget.
Análise da Estrutura Espacial do Sistema Administrativo do Estado do Espírito Santo
Authors: Monteiro Liane Maria , Sant'Anna Marina , Freire Lucy A. R
Published: August 2021

A spatial structure model for the administrative system of the State of Espirito Santo presenting maximum spatial efficienty, is the purpose of this study. Therefore, it was necessary to identify and evaluate the existing administrative structure and reformulate it relatively to the limits of each division. The methodology employed was developed through five different stages.The first one consisted in the identification of the spatial structure of tht administrative system of State of Espirito Santo. Thus, the politic-administrative poles of transmission of decision were indicated through a survey of all cities of the State, and the areas of influence of each commanding regional pole were determined through the matrices of functional subordination. The second stage involved an evaluation of the spatial efficiency of these regions through the efficiency index. The third stage comprised the elaboration of a new spatial structure for the administrative system of the State, considering the accessibility factor and the evaluation of the spatial efficiency of each new region. The fourth stage consisted in the determination of the administrative regionalization hich presented the best spatial efficiency index. Finally, the fifth stage included analysis on the elaborated regionalization.
Transporte Aéreo e o Efeito de Sombra: Uma Analise Preliminar
Authors: Freire Lucy A. R. , Sant'Anna Marina , Teixeira Marlene P. V.
Published: August 2021

This paper is an attempt to ascertain some relationships between the distribution of brasilian cities and that of an passenger traffic, from the empirical evidence presented on a series of maps. The effects of some urban characteristics as population size, special urban functions and proximity of other cities are considered, in particular the "traffic-shadow effect" and consequent desappearance of the airports localized within the limits of area submitted to this effect.
Um Exemplo de Análise Numérica em Geomorfologia
Authors: Silva Jorge Xavier da , Pereira Maria Luiza F.
Published: August 2021

The Santo Aleixo River, a small water course eroding the oceanic facade of the Serra do Mar, has its upper and middle sections represented by diagrams. Morphometric characteristics of the valley sections are analysed. Correlations are established through nonparametric techniques. The dominance of the fractured local geologic structure upon the drainage pattern is clearly recognized. The importance of the identification of small intermountain basins as controlling subsystems for the local deposition and erosion is emphasized.
Regionalização Administrativa do Estado do Mato Grosso do Sul
Authors: Freire Lucy A. R. , Sant'Anna Marina
Published: August 2021

A spatial structure model for the administrative system of the state of Mato Grosso do Sul presenting maximum spatial efficienty is the purpose of this study. Therefore it was necessary to Identify and evaluate the existing administrative structure and reformulate it relatively to the limits of each division. This was done by defining an index of efficiency of the location of an administrative center with respect to the distribution of consumers in an administrative area.
Migrações para o Estado do Rio de Janeiro: Um Teste das Leis 1 e 6 de Ravenstein, como Hipótese de Trabalho
Authors: Freire Lucy A. R. , Soares Maria Therezinha S
Published: August 2021

This paper aims to present some analytical data concerning the spacial distribution of migrants in the State of Rio de Janeiro, and the participation role of the alloctone elements within each municipality. One aims to understand the pattern based on the computation of the distance from the homeland and also the factors contributing to attract these migrants - the big cormmercial and industrial centers, according to the Ravenstein Laws. A set of variables which express the urbanization and accessibility degrees were analysed by means of the R.M.L.T. Programme in order to test the applicability of the above mentioned laws.
Posições Astrométricas de Asteróides Identificados em Fevereiro e Março de 1981 no Observatório Europeu Austral, La Silla, Chile
Authors: Debehogne H. , Machado L. E. , Caldeira J.F , Netto E. R. , Vieira G. G.
Published: August 2021

268 astrometric positions and dependences of asteroids as obtained from photographic observations made at the GPO telescope (D = 40 cm; f = 4 m) - ESO, La Silla, Chile, during february and march 1931 are given. The reductions of the observations were obtained by means of five reference stars (SAO Catalogue) through two methods: least squares and dependences.
Desequilíbrios Ambientais no Sistema Encosta
Authors: Argento Mauro Sérgio Fernandes
Published: August 2021

This paper refers to Catastrofes Environmental Events on slope system. It shows to problems which occur on slope of brasilian relief. This events take place in urban slopes or in agricultural zone bringing hight economic demage. This approache is: the main factors responsible by transformation of mass and energy within slope systems; To alert about the disorder when the men occupies unreasonable the urbans slopes, taking mass wasting and the agricultural slopes when remove the arable soils. These points are analysed like important factors which contributes to environmental disaster. In conclusion some suggestions are mentioned like us: The way which the man can occupy rationally a slope? The way which the man can mantain the environmental equilibrium.
Método Rápido de Preparação para Determinação de Argilominerais em Solos
Authors: Castro Antonio Jácome de
Published: August 2021

This paper presents a new method of sizing, that can be used within the range of sittand clay, and is carried through seivinq plus a chemical treatment in order to remove the iron oxides within the clay mineral. The obtained results are indeed very reasonable bearing. In mind that the comparison between the X-Ray difratograms of the analyses done by both (i) the suggested method and (ii) the classical dispersion (aquous) method, were equivalent.
O Estado no Pensamento Liberal Clássico: Uma Contribuição ao Debate Político na Geografia
Authors: Castro Iná Elias de
Published: August 2021

This paper is a discussion about State theoric ground on liberal thought during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries the links with economic and philosophical order, which had established roots in Western Europe on that period. The paper try to define the role of the State in classical liberalism, its basic assumptions and articulations with capitalism and modern State. Furthermore, the work points out the course of the critics that was opposed to the established order and intended to introduce an alternative political and economic order.
Uma Contribuição ao Estudo da Interação Corrente-onda Progressiva
Authors: Washington Dulce Cardoso
Published: August 2021

A mathematical model to evaluate the resultant interaction of a progressive wave, incident to a uniform current is presented and its effects analysed. The model is based on the potential theory wich assumes small amplitude waves, so that the potential velocity can be treated as the addition of the several elementary potentials. For the description of the interaction of motion between waves and current Green's function tecnique is utilized. The solution of the problem is achieved by applying the boundary conditions on the nortex surface. An algorithm is carried out to show the form of the surface in the internal and external regions of the current, and for numeri cally avaluation of ghe model.
Coeficiente de Extinção Fotométricos para o Céu do Rio de Janeiro
Authors: Vilar Getúlio J. , Vieira Jorge De A. , Buarque José A.
Published: August 2021

Coefficients for atmospheric extinction using B and V Johnson filters were obtained and our results indicate the possibility of determining particle densities in suspension in the atmosphere over the city of Rio de Janeiro. Preliminary data, referred in the present study, are favourably compared to densities of both aerosols in conditions of slight haze, and tropospheric dust in clear conditions.Extinction coefficients are comparable to the ones determined by Chabot Observatory in the San Francisco bay area, here taken as a comparison term due to the similarities between both cities.
Potential of Utilizing Thermal Energy Storage Integrated Ground Source Heat Pump System to Reshape Electricity Demand in the United States
Authors: Shi Liang , Liu Xiaobing , Qu Ming , Liu Guodong , Li Zhi
Published: August 2021

Each year, more than 20% of electricity generated in the United States is consumed for meeting the thermal demands (e.g., space cooling, space heating, and water heating) in residential and commercial buildings. Integrating thermal energy storage (TES) with building’s HVAC systems has the potential to reshape the electric load profile of the building and mitigate the mismatch between the renewable generation and the demand of buildings. A novel ground source heat pump (GSHP) system integrated with underground thermal energy storage (UTES) has been proposed to level the electric demand of buildings while still satisfying their thermal demands. This study assessed the potential impacts of the proposed system with a bottom-up approach. The impacts on the electricity demand in various electricity markets were quantified. The results show that, within the capacity of the existing electric grids, the maximum penetration rate of the proposed system in different wholesale markets could range from 51% to 100%. Overall, about 46 million single-family detached houses can be retrofitted into the proposed system without increasing the annual peak demand of the corresponding markets. By implementing the proposed system at its maximum penetration rate, the grid-level summer peak demand can be reduced by 9.1% to 18.2%. Meanwhile, at the grid level, the annual electricity consumption would change by −12% to 2%. The nationwide total electricity consumption would be reduced by 9%.
Thermo-Mechanical Simulation of Ti6Al4V-NiTi Dissimilar Laser Welding Process
Authors: Glaspell Aspen , Ryu Jae Joong , Choo Kyosung
Published: August 2021

Fiber Laser Welding (FLW) is a versatile joining technique of metals and alloys because it allows welding of dissimilar materials without filler material. FLW utilizes intensified heat energy to liquify the workpiece interface and joins when they are solidified. In this study, dissimilar joining between Ti6Al4V-Nitinol was performed using FLW process and the thermomechanical model was developed to understand the metallurgical mechanisms and investigate weldability of dissimilar alloys.

The FLW of Ti6Al4V and Nitinol plates was performed with variable power density, welding speed, and focal distance. In this three-dimensional numerical model, heat flows in two different workpieces were computed during active laser welding and cooling process using a combined effect of radiation and convection. Both of the top and bottom surfaces of the welded zone were studied considering the combined effect from focused heat source and Argon shielding gas. Significant thermal cracks were produced through the welded interface. However, this numerical study illustrated thermomechanical foundation and discuss future challenges to improve the integrity and desirable FLW parameters in the dissimilar metal joining.
Laser Micro Machining Using a Photonic Nanojet in Water Medium
Authors: Uenohara Tsutomu , Rahman Reza Aulia , Mizutani Yasuhiro , Takaya Yasuhiro
Published: August 2021

A photonic nanojet (PNJ) is a fine and high intensity light beam that is generated from a dielectric microsphere irradiated by a laser. A PNJ has a smaller beam diameter than the wavelength of the incident laser and can propagate for longer than 1 μm with high intensity and minimal divergence. In other words, a PNJ has a long depth of focus. Due to its outstanding optical properties, a PNJ is suitable for laser micro machining to create sub-micrometer scale structures. Depth of focus of a PNJ generated in water is longer than in air. In this paper, we experimentally investigated machining characteristics of laser micro machining using a PNJ in water medium. First, electromagnetic simulation was conducted to know the intensity distribution of PNJ in water medium. The simulation demonstrated that PNJ in water mdium has beam diameter of sub-micrometer scale and micrometer scale depth of focus. Next, machining experiments were also conducted on a silicon substrate. A femtosecond laser was used as the machining laser. By controlling the microsphere position, the PNJ position can be controlled in the propagation direction. Sub-micrometer scale hole diameters were obtained even when the PNJ position in the propagation direction was changed by 3 μm. In conclusion, the long depth of focus of a photonic nanojet in water medium enable to create sub-micrometer scale structures.
Influence of Surface Geometry on Melt Pool Flows and Shape in Pulsed Laser Surface Melting
Authors: Mistry Utsavkumar , Vadali Madhu
Published: August 2021

Pulsed Laser Surface Melting (pLSM) is a technique that offers an efficient way to modify the geometry surfaces without any addition or removal of material. In pLSM, an incident laser beam melts a small region on the surface and induces surface tension and viscosity-driven flows that modify the surface geometry. Initial surface geometry plays an important role in deciding the melt pool flows and shape as it governs the initial surface tension acting on the melt pool. In this paper, we present a systematic numerical study that captures the effects of initial geometries using a two-dimensional axisymmetric model. The results show that geometries with higher curvatures result in deeper melt pools and higher surface displacement because higher fluid velocities aid the convection heat transfer. Additionally, we define a modified capillary number (CaM) which elegantly captures these effects.
Evolution of Interfacial Microstructure During Resistance Spot Welding of Cu and Al With Ni-P Coating
Authors: Chen Nannan , Wang Hongliang , Li Jingjing , Liu Vic , Schroth James
Published: August 2021

Dissimilar materials of copper (Cu) to aluminum (Al) with nickel-phosphorus (Ni-P) coatings were joined using resistance spot welding. The Ni-P coatings were electroless plated on the Al surfaces to eliminate the formation of brittle Cu-Al intermetallic compounds (IMCs) at the faying interface between Cu and Al. Three welding schedules with various heat input were employed to produce different interfacial microstructure. The evolution of interfaces in terms of phase constitution, elemental distribution and defects (gaps and voids) was characterized and the formation mechanisms were elucidated. During the welding process, the bonding between Cu and Ni-P forms through solid-state diffusion, while the faster diffusion rate of Cu relative to Ni and P atoms promotes the generation of sub-micron voids. As the heat input increases, gaps at the Cu/Ni-P interface diminish accompanied by increase of sub-micron voids. A moderate schedule helps to remove the gaps and inhibits the void formation. An Al3Ni layer and nanovoids were found around the interface of Ni-P/Al. The increased heat input decreases the grain size of Al3Ni at the interface by eutectic remelting and increases the nanovoids by enhanced nanoscale Kirkendall effect.
Estimation of Maximum Flow Length for CF-PEEK Overmolded Grid Structures Using the Finite Element Method
Authors: Rodríguez-Mondéjar Carlos , Rodríguez-Prieto Álvaro , Camacho Ana María
Published: August 2021

Injection overmolding process is a high versatile process that permits, when used in combination with fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites, the obtaining of high mechanical properties structures with complex geometries in short time cycles.

The maximum flow length is a parameter that reflects the success of filling in a polymer injection molding process. Geometry of the part, rheological properties of the polymer and process parameters, such as injection pressure and temperature, are involved on the value of this parameter and therefore on the viability of a certain configuration.

For injection molding manufacturing, the understanding of the relation between maximum flow length and main geometrical parameters of the molded part is fundamental to approach the product design, which is conditioned severely by processing capabilities.

In this work, the maximum flow length is obtained for different geometries of an overmolded rectangular stiffener grid of carbon fiber filled polyether eter ketone (CF-PEEK) using the software Moldflow© Adviser© for calculations. Value of maximum flow length is provided as a function of cross section aspect ratio for gate diameters between 0.8 mm and 1.4 mm and cross section areas from 10 to 50 mm2. An exponential decrement of maximum flow length has been observed with the increment of aspect ratio of the cross section as well as a linear increment with the increment of cross section area. Gate diameter variation is slightly related with maximum flow length for the simulated values. These results provide a support tool for geometry sizing in overmolded rectangular grid parts at preliminary design stages.
Development of Cutting Tools With Micro-Textured Surface for High Speed Machining of Ti-6Al-4V
Authors: Hasegawa Mitsuru , Sugihara Tatsuya
Published: August 2021

In cutting of Ti-6Al-4V alloy, the cutting speed is limited since a high cutting temperature leads to severe tool wear and short tool life, resulting in poor production efficiency. On the other hand, some recent literature has reported that various beneficial effects can be provided by forming micro-textures on the tool surface in the metal cutting process. In this study, in order to achieve high-performance machining of Ti-6Al-4V, we first investigated the mechanism of the tool failure process for a cemented carbide cutting tool in high-speed turning of Ti-6Al-4V. Based on the results, cutting tools with micro textured surfaces were developed under the consideration of a cutting fluid action. A series of experiments showed that the textured rake face successfully decreases the cutting temperature, resulting in a significant suppression of both crater wear and flank wear. In addition, the temperature zone where the texture tool is effective in terms of the tool life in the Ti-6Al-4V cutting was discussed.
Experimental Investigation Into the Fabrication of Porous Biodegradable Fe Scaffold by Microwave Sintering of 3D Printed Green Body
Authors: Mishra Dipesh Kumar , Pandey Pulak Mohan
Published: August 2021

Iron has appealing biodegradable properties that makes compatible for biodegradable implant tools applications. Although, the slow corrosion rate of Fe made obsolete for biomedical applications. The incorporation of the porous structure may result in an enhanced degradation rate. The main advantage offer by the porous structure is to allow to flow the body transportation fluid through it and ease to proliferate the new tissue. Therefore, the current work focused on the development of a porous Fe structures using micro-extrusion based three-dimensional printing (ME3DP) and pressure less microwave sintering. The metallic-based polymeric ink used to fabricate the intent design structure. Subsequently, samples were heated in the microwave sintering furnace. The experimentations were done to evaluate the outcomes of different Fe concentrations (91–95 wt.%) on density and compressive yield strength of developed porous parts. Experimental observation deduced that fabricated part ≥ 94.wt.% of Fe concentration has strong bonding strength between the printed layers. Moreover, the mechanical property of 94 wt.% has found greater than 95 wt.% of Fe concentration. The scanning electron microscopic (SEM) image illustrated the presence of porous morphology into the fabricated body. Additionally, XRD (X-ray diffraction) plots exhibited the purity of sample without any contamination residue.
The Effect of Carbon Fiber Types on Tool Wear During Edge Trimming of 0°, 45°, 90°, and 135° Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic Laminates
Authors: Khawarizmi Ryan , Kwon Patrick , Sayem Bin Abdullah Mohammad , Han Yinyin , Kim Dave
Published: August 2021

Although carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP) materials are widely used in high-strength and low-weight applications such as aerospace, defense, and automotive industries, they are one of the difficult-to-machine materials due to extensive tool wear. This paper investigates the impact of carbon fiber types on tool wear in edge-trimming CFRPs, each with particular ply angle of 0°, 45°, 90°, or 135°, using uncoated tungsten carbide endmills at a high spindle speed of 6000 rpm and a constant feed of 0.0508 mm/rev. Three distinct types of carbon fiber tows, including T300 as standard modulus (SM), IM-7 as intermediate modulus (IM), and K13312 as high modulus (HM), have been vacuum infused into CFRP laminates and edge-trimmed to investigate wear characteristics. Three wear criteria measured are flank wear, edge rounding radii, and worn area. The results show that tool wear is influenced by carbon fiber properties, such as fiber tensile strength, tensile modulus, and fiber microstructure. Overall, Intermediate modulus carbon fibers with the highest tensile strength produced the largest tool wear due to brushing effects by abrasive carbon fibers. Out of four fiber directions, the largest tool wear was obtained from the 45° angle while the lowest tool wear occurred in the 0° angle.
Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds From 4D Printing and Associated Control Strategies Towards Workplace Safety
Authors: Han Muyue , Zhao Jing , Li Lin
Published: August 2021

The integration of additive manufacturing technologies with stimuli-responsive shape memory materials allows the dynamic self-adaptation of fabricated parts upon exposure to external stimulations. The additional dimension of time inspires the concept of four-dimensional printing technology. However, the emerging feedstock materials and the employment of external stimuli in 4D printing are also associated with new workplace hazards and occupational health concerns. Current evaluation studies on additive manufacturing are mainly focused on the safety and health effects that originated from the part production phase and cannot be directly applied in 4D printing processes. In this study, the emissions of volatile organic compounds from stereolithography-based 4D printing process with thermo-responsive materials are targeted as the potential safety concern. Real-time total volatile organic compound monitoring is conducted during various production phases to align the emission sources with critical operating activities, including both operator interventions and machine operations. Comparative experiments are performed to evaluate the effectiveness of proposed emission control strategies. In particular, alterations in operation procedures such as stirring speed in material mixing and post-printing stimulation method can contribute positively to air emission control during manual operations. In addition, the installation of activated carbon fiber filters inside the machine build chamber can lead to a significant reduction of air emissions during part fabrication with an overall total volatile organic compound concentration reduction of 58.91%.
Manufacturing of Biodegradable Intramedullary Nail With High Strength
Authors: Shao Huifeng , Jing Zhuoluo , Zhou Rougang , Nian Zhiheng , Liu Haiqiang , Gong Youping , He Yong
Published: August 2021

Intramedullary nails (INs) have significant advantages in rigid fracture fixation. Conventional metal INs for long bone fracture fixation often lead to delay union or even nonunion healing due to their stress shielding effect and lack of biological activity. Besides, undegradable metals require a second surgery to remove them, which will not only impose a potential risk to the patient but also cause additional costs. Manufacturing high-strength biodegradable INs (BINs) is still a challenge. Here, an entirely new type of high-strength bioactive magnesium-containing silicate (CSi-Mg) BIN is manufactured by using casting, freeze drying and sintering technique. It has extremely high bending strength (> 41 MPa) and stable internal and external structure. We have systematically studied the influence of parameters such as the paste component, freeze drying process, and sintering process on the mechanical strength involved in the manufacturing process. According to our manufacturing method, a wide range of inorganic ceramic implants and BINs with different sizes can also be fabricated. The CSi-Mg BIN also has good bioactivity and biodegradation property. This bioceramic BIN and manufacturing process are expected to be applied to a variety of orthopedic medical devices. This novel bioactive BIN is expected to replace the traditional metal IN and become a more effective way of treating fracture.
Design of Knowledge Graph in Manufacturing Services Discovery
Authors: Li Yunqing , Raman Shivakumar , Cohen Paul , Starly Binil
Published: August 2021

Knowledge graph networks powering web search and chatbot agents have shown immense popularity. This paper discusses the first steps towards building a knowledge graph for manufacturing services discoverability. Due to the lack of a unified widely adopted schema for structured data in the manufacturing services domain as well as the limitations of existing relational database schemas to represent manufacturing service definitions, there does not exist a unified schema that connects manufacturing resources service descriptions and actual manufacturing service business entities. This gap severely limits the automated discoverability of manufacturing service business organizations. This paper designs a knowledge graph covering over 8,000+ manufacturers, the manufacturing services they provide and corresponding linkage with manufacturing service definitions available from Wikidata. In addition, this work also proposes extensions to Schema.org to assist small business manufacturers to contain embedded search engine optimization (SEO) tags for search and discovery through web search engines. Such vocabulary extensions are critical to the rapid identification and real-time capability assessment particularly when the service providers themselves are responsible for updating tags. A wider scale enhancement of manufacturing specific vocabulary extensions to schema.org can tremendously benefit small and medium scale manufacturers. This paper concludes with the additional work that must be done for a comprehensive addition to manufacturing service graph that spans the entire manufacturing knowledge base.