bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘Oumuamua’s Rotation with the Mechanical Torque Produced by Interstellar Medium
Authors: Zhou Wen Han
Published: August 2020

The first interstellar object ‘Oumuamua was discovered in 2017. When ‘Oumuamua travels in interstellar space, it keeps colliding with the interstellar medium (ISM). Given a sufficiently long interaction time, its rotation state may change significantly because of the angular momentum transfer with the interstellar medium. Using generated Gaussian random spheres with dimension ratios 6:1:1 and 5:5:1, this paper explores the ISM torque curve and proposes that ISM collision may account for ‘Oumuamua’s tumbling with the simple constant-torque analytical method. The statistic results show that the asymptotic obliquities distribute mostly at 0° and 180° and most cases spin down at the asymptotic obliquity, indicating that the ISM collision effect is similar to the Yarkovsky–O’Keefe–Radzievskii–Paddack (YORP) effect with zero heat conductivity assumed. Given a long time of deceleration of the spin rate, an initial major-axis rotation may evolve into tumbling motion under ISM torque. Using a constant-torque analytical model, the timescales of evolving into tumbling for the sample of 200 shapes are found to range from several gigayears to tens of gigayears, highly dependent on the chosen shape. The mean value is about 8.5 ± 0.5 Gyr for prolate shapes and 7.3 ± 0.4 Gyr for oblate shapes. Rotation of asteroids in the Oort cloud might also be dominated by the ISM collision effect since the YORP effect is quite weak at such a long distance from the Sun. Although this paper assumes an ideal mirror reflection and a constant relative velocity of ‘Oumuamua, the results still show the importance of the ISM collision effect.
Asteroseismic Analyses of Slowly Pulsating B Star KIC 8324482: Ultraweak Element Mixing beyond the Central Convective Core
Authors: Wu Tao , Li Yan , Deng Zhen-min , Lin Gui-fang , Song Han-feng , Jiang Chen
Published: August 2020

Asteroseismology is a powerful tool for probing the inner structure and determining the evolutionary status and the fundamental parameters of stars. The oscillation spectra of slowly pulsating B (SPB) stars show almost uniform period spans, whose pattern is sensitive to the structure of the μ-gradient shell beyond the central convective core and hence can be used to efficiently describe their shapes and constrain the convective core. The SPB star KIC 8324482 was observed by Kepler for over 1470 days with a long-cadence pattern. Nearly equidistant period spacing patterns are found for the 14 connective dipolar modes that are extracted from the oscillation spectrum by Zhang et al. In the present work, we analyze them in depth with the χ
2-matching method and determine their χ
2-minimization models (CMMs). Based on those calculated CMMs, we find that KIC 8324482 is a young (

Myr), metal-poor (

dex), and intermediate-mass (

) star with a convective core of

in mass and

in radius and with a surface rotation velocity

. The central hydrogen abundance is of

. Asteroseismic analyses indicate that the “propagation time” of g-mode in KIC 8324482 is of

μHz. To well match with the observed period spacing pattern, an extra diffusion mixing (

) should be considered, but the normal core overshooting f
ov must be fixed as zero in the best-fitting model. Such ultraweak mixing beyond the convective core corresponds to a fast rotation that is about 20–30 times the asteroseismic suggested rotation Ωrot ≃ 0.2 μHz, if it is thought of as shear mixing induced completely by differential rotation.
A Comparison of the Stellar, CO, and Dust-continuum Emission from Three Star-forming HUDF Galaxies at z ∼ 2
Authors: Kaasinen Melanie , Walter Fabian , Novak Mladen , Neeleman Marcel , Smail Ian , Boogaard Leindert , Cunha Elisabete da , Weiss Axel , Liu Daizhong , Decarli Roberto , Popping Gergö , Diaz-Santos Tanio , Cortés Paulo , Aravena Manuel , Werf Paul van der , Riechers Dominik , Inami Hanae , Hodge Jacqueline A. , Rix Hans-Walter , Cox Pierre
Published: August 2020

We compare the extent of the dust, molecular gas, and stars in three star-forming galaxies, at z = 1.4, 1.6, and 2.7, selected from the Hubble Ultra Deep Field based on their bright carbon monoxide (CO) and dust-continuum emission as well as their large rest-frame optical sizes. The galaxies have high stellar masses,

, and reside on, or slightly below, the main sequence of star-forming galaxies at their respective redshifts. We probe the dust and molecular gas using subarcsecond Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array observations of the 1.3 mm continuum and CO line emission, respectively, and probe the stellar distribution using Hubble Space Telescope observations at 1.6 μm. We find that for all three galaxies the CO emission appears ≳30% more compact than the stellar emission. For the z = 1.4 and 2.7 galaxies, the dust emission is also more compact, by ≳50%, than the stellar emission, whereas for the z = 1.6 galaxy, the dust and stellar emission have similar spatial extents. This similar spatial extent is consistent with observations of local disk galaxies. However, most high-redshift observations show more compact dust emission, likely because of the ubiquity of central starbursts at high redshift and the limited sensitivity of many of these observations. Using the CO emission line, we also investigate the kinematics of the cold interstellar medium in the galaxies, and find that all three have kinematics consistent with a rotation-dominated disk.
A Redshifted Inner Disk Atmosphere and Transient Absorbers in the Ultracompact Neutron Star X-Ray Binary 4U 1916–053
Authors: Trueba Nicolas , Miller J. M. , Fabian A. C. , Kaastra J. , Kallman T. , Lohfink A. , Proga D. , Raymond J. , Reynolds C. , Reynolds M. , Zoghbi A.
Published: August 2020

The very small accretion disks in ultracompact X-ray binaries are special laboratories in which to study disk accretion and outflows. We report on three sets of new (250 ks total) and archival (50 ks) Chandra/HETG observations of the “dipping” neutron star X-ray binary 4U 1916–053, which has an orbital period of P ≃ 50 minutes. We find that the bulk of the absorption in all three spectra originates in a disk atmosphere that is redshifted by v ≃ 220–290 km s−1, corresponding to the gravitational redshift at a radius of R ∼ 1200 GM/c
2. This shift is present in the strongest, most highly ionized lines (Si xiv and Fe xxvi), with a significance of 5σ. Absorption lines observed during dipping events (typically associated with the outermost disk) instead display no velocity shifts and serve as a local standard of rest, suggesting that the redshift is intrinsic to an inner disk atmosphere and not due to radial motion in the galaxy or a kick. In two spectra, there is also evidence of a more strongly redshifted component that would correspond to a disk atmosphere at R ∼ 70 GM/c
2; this component is significant at the 3σ level. Finally, in one spectrum, we find evidence of a disk wind with a blueshift of

. If real, this wind would require magnetic driving.
Melatonin, aging, and COVID-19: Could melatonin be beneficial for COVID-19 treatment in the elderly?
Authors: ÖZTÜRK Güler , AKBULUT Kazime Gonca , GÜNEY Şevin
Published: August 2020

The aim of this review is to summarize current studies on the relationship between melatonin and aging. Nowadays, age-related diseases come into prominence, and identifying age-related changes and developing proper therapeutic approaches are counted as some of the major issues regarding community health. Melatonin is the main hormone of the pineal gland. Melatonin is known to influence many biological processes in the body, including circadian rhythms, the immune system, and neuroendocrine and cardiovascular functions.Melatoninrhythms also reflect the biological process of aging. Aging is an extremely complex and multifactorial process. Melatonin levels decline considerably with aging and its decline is associated with several age-related diseases. Aging is closely associated with oxidative damage and mitochondrial dysfunction. Free radical reactions initiated by the mitochondria constitute the inherent aging process. Melatonin plays a pivotal role in preventing age-related oxidative stress. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) fatality rates increase with chronic diseases and age, where melatonin levels decrease. For this reason, melatonin supplementation in elderly could be beneficial in COVID-19 treatment. Therefore, studies on the usage of melatonin in COVID-19 treatment are needed.
Une réforme politique ancrée dans la longue durée : le Grand atour de Metz (1405)
Authors: Adrian Dominique
Published: August 2020

En 1405, le gouvernement patricien messin est renversé par des contestataires qui remplacent les patriciens exilés, tout en réformant les institutions municipales. Cette réforme est beaucoup plus limitée que celles qui, dans les villes germanophones de l’Empire, conduisent à la création de régimes fondés sur la représentation de corps de métier. Pourtant, elle témoigne d’une réflexion sur la légitimation politique et sociale : la longue charte connue comme « Grand atour » qui lui donne une mise en forme écrite commence par une critique radicale du gouvernement patricien, puis énumère une longue série de mesures de détail qui vise certainement à rendre acceptables les mesures prises. Le retour à l’ordre ancien, avec répression violente, a lieu dès 1406, mais la mémoire des événements et du texte reste vivace pendant au moins un siècle, ce dont témoigne une transmission manuscrite révélatrice des usages de long terme de ce texte contestataire.
L’expertise de la signature du roi Louis XI à l’aide des méthodes judiciaires
Authors: Nosova Ekaterina
Published: August 2020

Lors de la description et du catalogage des documents, les autographes des monarques doivent souvent être vérifiés en raison de la pratique consistant à avoir des secrétaires qui peuvent signer des documents au nom du roi. L’un des premiers rois de France à avoir eu de tels administrateurs fut Louis XI. Comme les secrétaires de la main étaient des calligraphes qualifiés, la tâche semble difficile et nécessite la mise au point d’un appareil de recherche traditionnel. Nous avons essayé d’utiliser les méthodes d’expertise judiciare. La marque de l’imitation de l’écriture d’une autre personne est la diminution de la coordination des mouvements, qui se manifeste par la sinuosité et l’angularité des traits, la prédominance des attachements sur l’écriture conjointe, les débuts et les fins de traits émoussés, les arrêts injustifiés de la plume, ainsi que les pressions indifférenciées. En examinant les autographes de Louis XI provenant des Archives historiques et scientifiques de l’Institut d’histoire à Saint-Pétérsbourg on a découvert tous ces signes, ce qui indique que les signatures n’ont pas été exécutées par le roi lui-même. paléographie
Un cas d’appropriation temporelle d’une doctrine canonique : l’argument de la necessitas comme justification de l’exception en matière fiscale
Authors: Le Mauff Julien
Published: August 2020

Connu à partir du xiii e  siècle dans la pratique fiscale temporelle, particulièrement en Angleterre et en France, l’usage de la nécessité dans les discours de justification de décisions exceptionnelles est précisément inauguré par Henri III Plantagenêt. Or, la levée fiscale décidée par celui-ci en 1225 et justifiée par la nécessité est précédée d’une intervention d’Honorius III, qui recourt au même argument, et apparaît comme source d’inspiration décisive pour le pouvoir royal. De fait, l’argument de la necessitas comme justification de l’exception est ancré dans une doctrine canonique qu’illustrent le principe necessitas non habet legem , la théorie canonique de la dispense, ou encore diverses occurrences antérieures dans les discours pontificaux. Aussi la taxation de 1225 fait-elle apparaître un véritable mécanisme d’appropriation d’une doctrine canonique par la pratique temporelle, sous l’influence directe de la papauté.
Mieux saisir les difficultés d’adaptation des personnes âgées insuffisantes cardiaques en transition de l’hôpital vers le domicile à partir des expériences vécues et d’un éclairage théorique
Authors: Hardy Marie-Soleil , Dallaire Clémence
Published: August 2020

Chez les personnes âgées, l’insuffisance cardiaque est l’une des premières causes d’hospitalisation et de difficultés dans la transition de l’hôpital vers le domicile. Les programmes de soins existants visent principalement les aspects physiologiques de la maladie et s’appuient rarement sur des bases théoriques. À partir du modèle de Roy (1), le but de cette étude était de développer une compréhension approfondie des difficultés et des facteurs influençant l’adaptation des personnes âgées insuffisantes cardiaques en transition de l’hôpital vers le domicile, en vue de développer un programme d’interventions infirmières. Basée sur un processus d’élaboration et d’évaluation d’intervention (2), cette étude qualitative descriptive implique à la fois une démarche déductive, par l’usage de théories intermédiaires et de données empiriques, et une démarche inductive, où des personnes âgées (n=7), des proches (n=6) et des professionnels de la santé (n=14) ont participé à des entrevues individuelles semi-dirigées. La triangulation des données montre des difficultés et des facteurs influençant l’adaptation au niveau physique, psychique et social. Situer l’expérience dans une vision globale de la personne offre des avenues pour recourir à des interventions pouvant contribuer à une meilleure gestion de la maladie chronique et à une meilleure qualité de vie.
La journée mondiale de l’accident vasculaire cérébral, une opportunité pour les professionnels de développer des compétences en éducation pour la santé
Authors: Jonniaux Sandrine , Margat Aurore
Published: August 2020

Une équipe pluriprofessionnelle se mobilise chaque année pour la journée mondiale de l’Accident vasculaire cérébral (AVC) afin de prévenir et sensibiliser la population à cette pathologie. Malgré l’absence de formation officielle en promotion de la santé, ces professionnels contribuent aux éducations en santé. Le processus mis en œuvre dans l’organisation et la réalisation de la journée permet-il le développement de compétences éducatives des professionnels impliqués ? Les objectifs de cette recherche étaient d’identifier et catégoriser les compétences éducatives développées lors du processus d’organisation et de mise en œuvre de la journée mondiale AVC, et de cerner les éléments du processus contributifs au développement de ces compétences. Dans cette étude qualitative descriptive, les données ont été recueillies au moyen d’un focus group effectué auprès de professionnels impliqués dans la journée, puis ont fait l’objet d’une analyse de contenu. Cette journée permet le développement de compétences éducatives, elle est pour les professionnels l’occasion de transférer leurs apprentissages. L’organisation mise en place dans le cadre de cette journée est une opportunité d’augmenter le rapport au savoir et le sentiment d’appartenance des professionnels. L’interprofessionnalité et le contexte apprenant permettent le développement d’une attitude éducative. D’autres recherches permettraient de comprendre les conditions de transférabilité du processus.
La pratique infirmière en soins palliatifs auprès de patients atteints de cancer en fin de vie au sein d’une équipe interdisciplinaire : une étude de cas au Liban
Authors: Saouma Nehmé Mona , Desbiens Jean-François , Gagnon Johanne
Published: August 2020

Au Liban, les infirmières sont peu préparées à délivrer des soins palliatifs (SP), et la pratique dans ce domaine est peu documentée. Cette étude descriptive qualitative visait à comprendre l’exercice de la pratique infirmière en SP auprès de patients cancéreux en fin de vie, au sein d’une équipe interdisciplinaire. Une étude de cas simple a été réalisée auprès de onze infirmières, trois familles, une équipe interdisciplinaire et d’experts nationaux en SP. L’analyse des données effectuée par une double triangulation de méthodes et de sources a mis en relief une relation humaniste empreinte de caring , transcendant les cinq thèmes centraux émergeants : la perception des SP comme un moyen d’offrir une meilleure qualité de vie, la prise en charge globale du patient, l’interdisciplinarité, la spiritualité et l’accompagnement de la famille en SP. Les résultats pourront fournir des assises empiriques pour guider le développement de la pratique infirmière en SP dans le pays.
L’éducation précédant la sortie de l’hôpital : nouvelle forme d’éducation thérapeutique. Critères de qualité et perspectives d’application à notre contexte
Authors: Albano Maria Grazia , Gagnayre Rémi , de Andrade Vincent , d’Ivernois Jean-François
Published: August 2020

L’ETP sh (Éducation thérapeutique précédant la sortie de l’hôpital) est une pratique développée sous le nom de «  discharge education  » dans les pays anglo-saxons. Cette nouvelle forme d’éducation thérapeutique s’adresse à des patients aigus ou chroniques et intéresse toutes les spécialités hospitalières ; elle vise à faciliter la transition hôpital-domicile et éviter les réadmissions précoces. Cet examen de 43 études scientifiques porte spécifiquement sur la description, l’analyse et l’évaluation de l’ETP sh, ainsi que sur des recommandations. Près de la moitié des études sont publiées dans des revues de sciences infirmières. L’ETP sh est une intervention éducative intense et brève (de 30 minutes à une heure) délivrée majoritairement dans des situations aiguës. La pédiatrie représente, avec les soins postopératoires, le plus grand nombre de publications. Dans la plupart des études, l’ETP sh se révèle efficace pour améliorer des paramètres cliniques et psychosociaux, réduire les réadmissions précoces, augmenter les compétences et l’observance des patients. Pour atteindre ses buts, l’ETP sh doit être structurée et comporter un suivi systématique. Centrée sur les besoins, les capacités d’apprentissage du patient, elle fait appel à une pédagogie spécifique, interactive, à laquelle les soignants doivent être formés. L’analyse de la recherche internationale ne laisse aucun doute sur les apports positifs de l’ETP sh. Il serait important que soignants et décideurs s’en saisissent comme une opportunité d’améliorer la qualité des soins et de les humaniser.
Le potassium injectable concentré, emblématique de l’insécurité médicamenteuse des hôpitaux français
Authors: Charpiat Bruno , Leboucher Gilles , Maire Pascal , Schmitt Étienne
Published: August 2020

La distribution globale des médicaments prédomine dans les hôpitaux français malgré ses dangers avérés. Ce système laissant circuler annuellement sans contrôle 12 millions d’ampoules injectables de chlorure de potassium concentré a des conséquences désastreuses : injecté par erreur, celui-ci tue en quelques secondes ; il est employé pour l’exécution des condamnés à mort dans divers pays ; des tueurs en série ayant sévi dans des hôpitaux profitent du fait qu’il n’est pas détectable par des examens post-mortem et que les investigations destinées à confondre le meurtrier sont complexes et d’issue incertaine. Comme pour d’autres médicaments aux caractéristiques similaires, le nombre de décès dus au potassium concentré est inconnu. Ainsi, le potassium injectable peut donc être considéré comme emblématique de l’insécurité médicamenteuse qui règne dans les hôpitaux français en raison du laxisme de l’organisation des soins médicamenteux. La mesure prioritaire pour cesser d’exposer les patients à ce risque catastrophique est le retrait des unités de soins des ampoules de potassium injectable concentré, complété par la mise à disposition de formes prédiluées. Les preuves de la sécurité accrue de la dispensation journalière individuelle nominative devraient contraindre les décideurs à l’instaurer systématiquement, en mettant les soins médicamenteux en conformité avec la réglementation.
Bilateral Keratoconus Progression: Immediate Versus Delayed Sequential Bilateral Corneal Cross-linking
Authors: Pagano Luca , Gadhvi Kunal Ajit , Borroni Davide , Iselin Katja C. , Vinciguerra Riccardo , Tzamalis Argyrios , Kaye Stephen B. , Romano Vito
Published: August 2020

PURPOSE:

To compare immediate sequential bilateral corneal cross-linking (CXL), wherein both eyes are treated on the same day, to delayed sequential bilateral CXL, where each eye is treated on different days for bilateral progressive keratoconus.

METHODS:

This was a retrospective case note review of all patients who underwent sequential CXL or delayed CXL for keratoconus at Royal Liverpool University Hospital, United Kingdom. Parameters assessed were the change in maximum keratometry and minimum central corneal thickness on corneal tomography scan, corrected distance visual acuity, and cost estimates of treatment.

RESULTS:

A total of 38 patients (31 men and 7 women) with keratoconus with a mean age of 25.3 ± 7.0 years were included. Twenty patients received sequential CXL and 18 received delayed CXL treatment. In both the sequential CXL and delayed CXL groups, the treated eye(s) showed no evidence of progression after the corneal CXL treatment at last follow-up visit after 358 ± 158 days for sequential CXL and 451 ± 205 days for delayed CXL. There were no complications from the treatment in either group. In the delayed CXL group, the mean time interval between the two CXL procedures was 146 ± 129 days. Five of 18 patients (27%) showed progression of keratoconus in their second eye during the waiting time. Economical evaluation showed that four visits were saved for each sequential CXL treatment compared to delayed CXL.

CONCLUSIONS:

Delayed CXL carries a risk of progression in the second eye and is associated with a higher economic burden.

[
J Refract Surg
. 2020;36(8):552–556.]
Embedded Control System Design for Inverted Pendulum Type Mobile Robots Based on High-Level Petri Nets
Authors: Yasuda Gen'ichi
Published: August 2020

This chapter presents a unified method for designing nonlinear motion control software of traveling control by non-holonomic two-wheeled inverted pendulum mobile robots, where self-balancing control is designed with a backstepping approach. The work described in this chapter focuses on the design and implementation of control software based on the use of a specialized notation formally defined by Petri nets. The software generates motor torque inputs for traveling control based on self-balancing control with on-line elaboration of the posture angle of the inverted pendulum. While traditional techniques offer limited support for validating control software design before producing final code, the proposed notation is easy to use in the specific controller design and it benefits from validation techniques available for Petri nets.
Unsupervised Automatic Keyphrases Extraction on Italian Datasets
Authors: Gagliardi Isabella , Artese Maria Teresa
Published: August 2020

Keyword/keyphrase extraction is an important research activity in text mining, natural language processing, and information retrieval. A large number of algorithms, divided into supervised or unsupervised methods, have been designed and developed to solve the problem of automatic keyphrases extraction. The aim of the chapter is to critically discuss the unsupervised automatic keyphrases extraction algorithms, analyzing in depth their characteristics. The methods presented will be tested on different datasets, presenting in detail the data, the algorithms, and the different options tested in the runs. Moreover, most of the studies and experiments have been conducted on texts in English, while there are few experiments concerning other languages, such as Italian. Particular attention will be paid to the evaluation of the results of the methods in two different languages, English, and Italian.
A Collaborative Ranking Approach for Discovery and Selection of Cloud Services
Authors: Rathore Maya , Suman Ugrasen
Published: August 2020

Cloud computing is getting more popular due to its extraordinary features such as on-demand availability of computing resources and software services. A variety of services have been deployed to offer analogous functionalities. However, the difficulty to identify reliable services has fascinated the attention of researchers. Thus, the trust and reputation concept have been introduced to evaluate the trustworthiness of services over cloud. Most of the existing research works fully trust on service user's feedback rating for ranking cloud services, which may often lead to biasness towards positive and negative feedback rating. To avoid aforementioned issues, this chapter proposes a novel approach to evaluate cloud service reputation along with cloud service reputation evaluation model to discover reliable cloud services. Experimental result shows that proposed approach provides effective solution for prediction of cloud service reputation, which can be helpful in performing reliable service discovery and selection over cloud.
Tuning Drone Data Delivery and Analysis on the Public Cloud
Authors: Lo Huang Jose
Published: August 2020

Currently, transfering a huge amount of video data from on premise to the public cloud is very slow. In this article, the researcher uses a set of self-developed software written in Python, C, and Bash to improve the speed of data transmission and analysis of drone-generated videos taken in eight different cities on the American continent to the public cloud of Amazon Web Services. The author uses several tools, compression, parallel threads execution, and the autoscaling feature of the public cloud vendor to tune the process of transmission and analysis in 78% of the speed compared to the common sequential transmission and single node option.
High-Speed Viterbi Decoder
Authors: Véstias Mário Pereira
Published: August 2020

The Viterbi algorithm is the most well-known trellis-based maximum likelihood decoding algorithm. Trellis decoding is used to recover encoded information that was corrupted during transmission over a noisy channel. The Viterbi algorithm is implemented with a Viterbi decoder. High-speed applications require high-speed Viterbi decoders. Therefore, many hardware solutions have been proposed to improve the performance of Viterbi decoders. These hardware solutions explore the properties of the Viterbi algorithm to simplify and improve the architecture of the decoder. In particular, statistical properties of the algorithm are used to design parallel Viterbi decoders with very high data decoding rates. The article focuses on the implementation of high-speed Viterbi decoders.
Boko Haram's Feminization, Minorization, and Cyberization of Terrorism
Authors: Ibrahim Adamkolo Mohammed
Published: August 2020

This chapter employs cybertechnology approaches to address issues related to the continuing Boko Haram insurgency in North-East Nigeria supported by cybertechnology, especially the group's deployment of girls and boys to perpetrate suicide attacks. The mass abduction of nearly 300 schoolgirls in 2014 at Chibok Community in the North-Eastern Nigerian state of Borno is widely believed as the group's first ever gendered terrorism activity, which could only be successful if cybertechnology was used to coordinate the activity. That incident raised the group's global notoriety. The aftermaths of that sad incident rather emboldened the terrorists and made them appreciate the global social and political values of girls as potent tools for suicide terrorism. Recommendations for theoretical approach and policy guidelines toward ending terrorism were discussed at the end.
How Theoretical Frameworks Inform the Understanding of the Relationship Between Gender and Cyberbullying
Authors: Radu Monica Bixby , Rook Alexandria L.
Published: August 2020

Over the past two decades, bullying has received a lot of negative attention, with educators, parents, and youths expressing concerns regarding bullying at schools. However, bullying also occurs outside of schools, and the internet provides a platform that allows bullying to extend beyond the traditional school day. Scholars identify this form of bullying as cyberbullying. Research regarding the relationship between gender and cyberbullying remains unclear. Therefore, using an interdisciplinary approach, this chapter examines gender differences in cyberbullying. Merging theoretical insights from criminology, sociology, and gender studies, this chapter explores how male and female youths utilize the internet to engage in cyberbullying. This chapter also considers the implications of gender differences in cyberbullying for future research and policy development.
Forensic Acquisition Methods for Cloud Computing Environments
Authors: Barrett Diane
Published: August 2020

Cloud computing environments add an inherent layer of complication to a digital forensic investigation. The content of this article explores current forensic acquisition processes, how current processes need to be modified for cloud investigations, and what new acquisition methods can help when it is necessary to garner evidence from a cloud computing-based environment. A section will be included that provides a recommendation on how to acquire evidence from cloud-based environments while maintaining chain of custody. A final section will include recommendations for additional areas of research in the area of investigating cloud computing environments and acquiring cloud computing-based evidence.
Web Authorization Protocols
Authors: Syropoulos-Harissis Demetrios Georgios , Syropoulos Apostolos
Published: August 2020

The proliferation of the use of websites and their counterparts for mobile devices has created a number of problems that did not occur in the past. Typically, one needs to create many and different accounts for all websites and apps she wants to use. However, this means one has to do a lot of booking work. Fortunately, authentication and authorization protocols can be used to solve this and other related problems (e.g., what kind of data can be shared between apps and sites and what kind or data can be made publicly available to anybody). However, even this is not enough so one has to use additional tools to be absolutely sure data are exchanged in a safe way. All these are documented here.
Improved Cross-Layer Detection and Prevention of Sinkhole Attack in WSN
Authors: N. Ambika
Published: August 2020

Sensors are tiny devices deployed to monitor any object of interest. As these devices are unsupervised, they are liable to get compromised. The chapter suggests to minimize sinkhole attack in the network. The work is an improvement of the cross-layer detection method. The doings of the network and MAC layer are brought in together to enhance security in the network. The proposed study uses signal strength and node identification to track the malicious node in the network. The work suffixes a hash code to enhance security in the network. The work aids in bringing forward secrecy. The energy is reduced by 18.18%, and the security is increased by 22% with the comparison to the previous work.
N-Tuple Algebra as a Generalized Theory of Relations
Authors: Kulik Boris A. , Fridman Alexander Y.
Published: August 2020

In ITs, analysis of heterogeneous information often necessitates unification of presentation forms and processing procedures for such data. To solve this problem, one needs a universal structure, which allows reducing various data and knowledge models to a single mathematical model with unified analysis methods. Such a universal structure is the relation, which is mainly associated with relational algebra. However, relations can model as different, at first glance, mathematical objects as graphs, networks, artificial intelligence structures, predicates, logical formulas, etc. Representation and analysis of such structures and models requires for more expressive means and methods than relational algebra provides. So, with a view to developing a general theory of relations, the authors propose n-tuple algebra (NTA) that allows for formalizing a wide set of logical problems (deductive, abductive, and modified reasoning; modeling uncertainties; and so on). This paper considers matters of metrization and clustering for NTA objects with ordered domains of attributes.
Graph Database Management Systems
Authors: Rabuzin Kornelije , Šestak Martina
Published: August 2020

Nowadays, the increased amount and complexity of connected data stimulated by the appearance of social networks has shed a new light on the importance of managing such data, especially handling information about the connections. The most natural way of representing connected data is to represent them as nodes connected with relationships forming a graph. The idea of storing data as a set of nodes and edges comprising a graph was implemented in various forms in data models used in the past. The network data model, developed in late 1960s, can be considered as the first data model, which most accurately incorporated this idea. However, it was not long before the relational data model appeared, and took over the entire database market for years, which it dominates even nowadays. Therefore, the objective of this article is to give a timeline overview of developed graph data storage solutions in order to gain insight into past, present and future trends of GDBMSs. Additionally, the most influential factors and reasons for changes in trends in GDBMSs' usage will be analyzed.
Characterization of Elevated Tumor Markers in Diagnosis of HCC Using Data Mining Methods
Authors: Gogi Vyshali J. , M. N. Vijayalakshmi
Published: August 2020

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an abnormal condition of human liver which is diagnosed at a very advanced stage. The disease is liver disorder which can be predicted after series of clinical and laboratory and imaging studies. Hepatocellular carcinoma is the most malignant tumors which is the major cause of death and requires to be treated at early stage. The prognosis of liver disease is the reflection of both tumor characteristics like tumor size, location and tumor biology along with the degree of underlying resection. Healthcare domain generates huge data which is very complex and vast. The data contains many hidden parameters and patterns which is useful in predicting the disease. Data mining helps in recognizing these hidden patterns and arriving at the diagnosis of the disease. In this chapter the authors are concentrating on HCC tumor makers. The aim of the study is to use data mining techniques to predict the presence of tumor markers and their contribution in HCC Progression.
Designing a Concept-Mining Model for the Extraction of Medical Information in Spanish
Authors: Acosta Olga , Aguilar César
Published: August 2020

This article sketches the development of a method for mining concepts applied on medical corpora in Spanish. Such method is based in the approach formulated by Ananiadou and McNaught, who give a special relevance to the need to create and use natural language processing (NLP) tools, in order to extract information from large collections of documents, such as PubMed (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/). Thanks to this repository, projects such as the Corpus Genia (www.geniaproject.org), the MEDIE search engine (www.nactem.ac.uk/medie/), which considers syntactic criteria and semantics to extract medical concepts, or the Open Biological and Biomedical Ontology Project (http://obofoundry.org/), which focuses on the development of ontologies that provide an organized knowledge system in biomedicine. Particularly, this proposal focused in two objectives: (1) the extraction of specialized terms and (2) the identification of lexical-semantic relationships, in concrete hyponymy/hypernymy and meronymy.
Interoperability Provision of IoT Data Protocols on Top of Virtualized Infrastructure
Authors: Koumaras Vaios , Kapari Marianna , Papaioannou Angeliki , Theodoropoulos George , Stergiou Ioannis , Sakkas Christos , Koumaras Harilaos
Published: August 2020

This article focuses on IoT interoperability challenges that limit the applicability of IoT-related services due to the variety of IoT data protocols utilized by different sensors and data nodes. Through the agility brought by virtualization, which allows gateway functions to be deployed on demand in an agile manner, this chapter discusses the concept of interoperability provision over heterogeneous IoT data protocols. More specifically, this chapter discusses the problem of interoperability in IoT domains by introducing the most popular IoT data protocols that are commonly used today. Then, a proposed solution is described based on the agility offered by virtualized infrastructures with SDN/NFV capabilities. The basic functionalities of these technologies are briefly presented and finally a proposed approach towards the deployment on-demand of date protocol GWs is described.
Bits'-Carrying Capacities of Switched Local Area Networks
Authors: Eyinagho Monday Ofori , Falaki Samuel Oluwole
Published: August 2020

All switched Local Area Networks (switched LANs) have a parameter that is common to them, known as, ‘bits-carrying capacity', which is one of the parameters that network managers and administrators use in managing the performances of these class of networks. However, there appears, to the best of the knowledge of the members in the research team involved in this work, no formal method (or methods) available in literature for determining this parameter. Reported in this chapter, is the formal derivation of a formula, which can be used to obtain the capacity of any switched LAN. Also reported, is a formula that can be used to obtain the capacity (that is, bits capacity, in units such as Mb or, Megabits; Gb, or Gigabits) to subscribe for, when a switched LAN needed to be connected to the network of a service provider, such as, connecting the network to the Internet via an ISP (Internet Service Provider). The practical utility of both formulas is also illustrated.
QoS Provisioning for Multicast Routing and Channel Assignment in Wireless Mesh Network
Authors: Banik Abira , Majumder Abhishek
Published: August 2020

The scope of development and research in the field of wireless mesh networks (WMN) is wide open and the focus has also been widened from simple channel assignment to multicast routing further moving towards providing quality of service (QoS) to the end users. The nodes in the network are of multi radio multi channel (MRMC) model. The efficiency of the network is termed as quality of service. For providing the QoS to the end users different techniques have been evolved which caters situations as QoS provisioning in the channel assignment phase, QoS provisioning in the multicast routing phase, and QoS provisioning in the channel assignment and multicast routing phase. This chapter presents a detailed study of QoS provisioning in WMN. It also classifies the techniques as: QoS provision in channel assignment, QoS provision in multicast routing and QoS provision in channel assignment as well as multicast routing.
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Multi-Web Services in Load Balancing Cluster-Based Web Server
Authors: Bora Abhijit , Bezboruah Tulshi
Published: August 2020

Evaluating the effectiveness of multi web services in load balancing cluster-based web server against massive growth of users is an important key aspects from the perspective of distributed systems, service consumers and grid based system. As such, this work highlights some aspects of key factors and their impact over the performance and reliability of the service delivery. A novel quality assessment framework is proposed for evaluating the quality of service execution in load balancing cluster-based web server. The Mercury LoadRunner load testing tool is deployed for generating the load over the system. In this work, the authors will discuss the experimental arrangement, architecture, recorded system metrics and the statistical analysis to validate the applicability and effectiveness of such deployment.
Addressing the New Pragmatic Methods in Urban Design Discipline
Authors: Abusaada Hisham , Elshater Abeer
Published: August 2020

This chapter addresses “new methods” to display research problems which are strongly linked with the issue of urban emotions. It focuses on how to use these methods in urban design, based on the dominant science and new analytical approaches, such as “virtual world design,” “spatial planning,” “geoinformatics,” “urban sensing,” and “a three-dimensional model of the city.” This chapter reveals the methods that help the designer to measure people's sensation in cities. These methods try to balance between two fundamental issues. The first is collecting data about city places from each survey about people's behaviour. The second is exploring the reliability and validity of these methods and measures by pragmatically applying them to the analysis of real-world problems.
Moral, Social, and Political Responsibility in the Information Age
Authors: Cahlik Tomas
Published: August 2020

Humanity has entered the information age. Basic questions of moral philosophy stay as they have always been: How are we to live? What are we to be? Basic answers are that we ought to live good lives and be good persons. Humans are social beings, that is why moral, social, and political philosophy overlap. Basic questions of social and political philosophy have been always concerned with informal and formal rules in social and political structures. Basic answer is that rules ought to be equilibrated in the sense that social structures function well and are just. Everybody is morally responsible: she must be able to respond to questions about her life and personality; to explain what she does and why. Leaders in all social and political structures are socially and politically responsible: they are responsible both for functioning of their structures and for the latter being just. In this article, effects of ICTs on the responsibilities of living a good life and being a good person and having efficient and just social structures are discussed.
Crossfire and Violation of Human Rights in Bangladesh
Authors: Mollah Md. Awal Hossain
Published: August 2020

The aim of this paper is to examine the state of violation of human rights by crossfire through law enforcing agencies in Bangladesh. Though the law enforcing agencies are primarily responsible for maintaining the law and order, protection of life and property of the citizens and prevention and detection of crime to establish rule of law in a society, however, the violation of human rights by the law enforcing agencies in Bangladesh has increased severely for the last few years. This paper critically examines the existing legal framework of governing the law enforcing agency, causes of violation of human rights and finally pinpoint some recommendations for the eradication of the pitfalls of security forces.
Good Practices in E-Government Accessibility
Authors: Almeida Fernando , Monteiro José Augusto
Published: August 2020

This chapter looks to the accessibility good practices that should be adopted in the development of e-Government platforms. To this end, accessibility issues and implemented good practices in e-government services portals of the Top-4 countries in the overall e-Government Benchmark 2017 are comparatively analyzed. Despite the recognized work of those countries in the digitization of public services and the existence of relevant good practices, there are still relevant issues in accomplishment accessibility standards, particularly in the structuring of websites, the use of alternative text to images and videos, the adoption of alternatives to flash technology and the use of high contrast colors.
A Primer on Q-Method and the Study of Technology
Authors: Gauttier Stéphanie
Published: August 2020

Qualitative methods are under-represented in the articles published by the main journals in Information Systems, which seem to privilege quantitative studies and statistical representativity of results, following the R logic. This chapter provides an in-depth description of Q-method and demonstrates how its use could be beneficial to studies of technology and could reinforce the transparency and validity of other qualitative methods. The focus of this chapter lies in explaining how Q-method works, so that readers are equipped to set up their own Q-studies. It is based on prior literature and ongoing reflections being held by Q-methodologists online.
Prospects and Challenges of Web 3.0 Technologies Application in the Provision of Library Services
Authors: Ilo Promise Ifeoma , Nkiko Christopher , Ugwu Cyprian Ifeanyi , Ekere Justina Ngozi , Izuagbe Roland , Fagbohun Michael O.
Published: August 2020

The chapter examines the prospects and challenges of the application of Web 3.0 technologies as they relate to semantic web, federated search, mobile application, and their impact on library services. The principles, features, application, potentiality, and challenges of the technologies vis-à-vis library services form the broad objectives that guided the chapter. Following a brief retrospective review of the developments of web technologies, the chapter discusses Web 3.0 from the context of semantic web, cloud computing, federated search and virtual reference services. It broadens the prospects of Web 3.0 as it affects the provision of web-based services like its flexibility as solution to digital content volatility and ability to widen cloud-based services using open source electronic library software among others. Having expatiated the challenges Web 3.0 portends for web-based library services, the chapter concludes with the need for librarians and users to co-create value for participatory librarianship.
Medical Social Networks, Epidemiology and Health Systems
Authors: Gonçalves Patrícia C. T. , Moura Ana S. , Cordeiro M. Natália D. S. , Campos Pedro
Published: August 2020

The increasing use of medical software as an interface between patients and medical staff has raised alarming questions on the safety of data privacy and assurance of patients' rights. This issue has reached a new level with the emergent use of medical social networks in Health Information Systems. Medical networks, which work as an interface between the patient medical data and geographical and/or social connections, as well as between the patient individual needs and the attending medical doctor, can allow feasible and fast visualization/information systems. As new models for medical social networks and health data visualization and information systems are planned and presented, the need for protocols regarding data privacy in this context is becoming a subject of analysis and discussion. This chapter reviews the evolution and status quo of prospective medical social networks within data privacy and patients' rights, and discusses the ideal model and its future venues and interaction with ethics in the areas of Law, Health Policies, and Human Rights.
Application of Modified Peat Aggregate for Lightweight Concrete
Authors: Kapustin Fedor L. , Belyakov Vladimir A.
Published: August 2020

The scientific article "Application of Modified Peat Aggregate for Lightweight Concrete" presents the results of studies of the properties of a new composite material for use in enclosing structures of residential and public buildings. Physical and mechanical characteristics of possible aggregates of local production for this type of concrete affecting its operational properties are considered. The prospects of using fly ash as an additive improving the characteristics of polystyrene concrete with the addition of modified peat have been established. The analysis was made and the optimal compositions for obtaining lightweight concrete based on peat and polystyrene foam were selected. The desorption properties of lightweight concrete important for its effective operation as a wall material were tested. It was found that the use of new types of surfactants can improve the water wettability of peat particles and polystyrene granules, thereby reducing the water-cement ratio and improving the compressive strength of the material. Possible efficiency of application of this type of concrete for use in enclosing structures of buildings and constructions under construction in seismic regions of Russia is considered. The presence of damping effect manifested in the material due to the presence of polystyrene granules in the perception of a certain level of load, which is important for the work of concrete under seismic influences, was experimentally established.