bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthese und Kristallstruktur der Benzyltriphenylphosphonium-bromide: [C6H5-CH2P(C6H5)3]+Br-CH2Cl2 und [C6H5-CH2P(C6H5)3]+Br3
- / Synthesis and Crystal Structures of (Benzyl)triphenylphosphonium Bromides, [C6H5-CH2P(C6H5)3]+Br-CH2Cl2 and [C6H5-CH2P(C6H5)3]+Br3
-
Authors: Hübner J. , Wulff-Molder D. , Vogt H. , Meisel M.
Published: February 2015

(Benzyl)triphenylphosphonium bromide, [C6H5-CH2P(C6H5)3]+Br- (CH2Cl2) (1) has been prepared by the reaction of triphenylphosphine with benzylbromide and its structure determined. The colorless crystals are triclinic, space group P1̄, Z = 2, a = 976.0(3), b = 1069.0(3), c = 1226.1(4) pm, α = 94.13(3), β = 104.70(3), γ = 100.14(3)°. The lattice contains Br- anions and [C6H5-CH2P(C6H5)3]+ cations. [C6H5-CH2P(C6H5)3]Br3 (2) has been obtained by treating compound 1 with equimolar quantities of elemental bromine in methylene chloride solution. The red crystals of 2 are monoclinic, space group P21/c, Z = 4, a = 917.9(2), b = 1022.6(2), c = 2573.6(5) pm, β = 99.11(2)°, and comprise[C6H5-CH2P(C6H5)3]+ cations and linear, slightly asymmetrical Br3
- anions with bromine-bromine distances of 246.19(11) and 263.69(11) pm.
A Convenient One-Pot Synthesis of Pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines and s-Triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,5]thiadiazines
Authors: Hozien Zeinab A. , Sarhan Abd El-Wareth A. O. , El-Sherief Hassan A. H. , Mahmoud Abdalla M.
Published: February 2015

The reaction of 5-amino-3-aryl-1-phenylpyrazoles (1a-d) with formaldehyde and secondary amines in boiling ethanol gave the corresponding 4-alkylaminomethyl derivatives (2a-f) and bis-(4-pyrazolyl)methane (4a,b) as byproduct. Such reaction with primary aliphatic and aro­ matic amines at room temperature afforded 1,3,5-trisubstituted (5a-h) and 1,3.5,7-tetrasubstituted tetrahydropyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines (8a-k) respectively in good yield. Similarily, the Mannich reaction of 5-mercapto-3-phenyl-1,2,4-triazole (9) with secondary amines, in boiling ethanol, and primary aromatic amines, at room temperature, gave 2 -substituted aminomethyl derivatives (10a-c) and (14a-g) respectively,while with primary aliphatic amines, p-toluidine and p-anisidine,at room temperature,and with other primary aromatic amines, in boiling ethanol, afforded the cyclized products 12,4-triazolo[3,4-b]thiadiazines (13a-e); (15f,g) and (15a-e), respectively.
Die Kristallstruckturen der Phosphaniminato-Komplexe.[Ti3
IVCl8(NPMe3)3]Cl und [V2
III/IVCl4(NPPh3)3]/Crystal Structures of the Phosphoraneiminato Complexes [Ti3
IVCl8(NPMe3)3]Cl and [V2
III/IVCl4(NPPh3)3]
Authors: Miekisch Thomas , Harms Klaus , Wocadlo Sigrid , Massa Werner , Neumüller Bernhard , Frommen Christoph , Dehnicke Kurt
Published: February 2015

[Ti3Cl8(NPMe3)3]Cl has been prepared by the reaction of TiCl3(THF)3 with Me3SiNPMe3 in dichloromethane forming green moisture sensitive crystals. According to the crystal structure determination the titanium atoms of the cation [Ti3Cl8(NPMe3)3]+ are linked by two μ3-N atoms of two NPMe3
- groups forming a distorted trigonal-bipyramidal arrangement. The third NPMe3
- group and two of the chlorine atoms have μ2-bridging functions. The mixed-valence complex [V2Cl4(NPPh3)3] is formed as dark green moisture sensitive crystals by the reaction of vanadium trichloride with Me3SiNPPh3 in boiling toluene. According to the crystal structure determination the vanadium atoms are linked by two μ2-N atoms of two NPPh3
- groups forming a nonplanar V2N2 four-membered ring with a V-V distance of 266.8(1) pm which corresponds to a (σ, 1/2π) bond type. This is confirmed by the measurement of the magnetic susceptibility which leads to a magnetic moment of 1.45(5) B. M., corresponding to the remaining d1 -electron.
Zur Chemie der 1,3,5-Triaza-2-phosphorin-4,6-dione, Teil XIII. Darstellung und Röntgenstrukturanalyse des 1,3,5-Trimethyl-2-trichlormethyl-Derivats. Reaktionen einiger 1,3,5-Trimethyl-1,3,5-triaza-2-(R)-phosphorin-4,6-dione/Chemistry of the l,3,5-Triaza-2-phosphorine-4.6-diones, Part XIII. Synthesis and X -Ray Crystal Structure Determination of the 1,3,5-Trimethyl-2- trichlorom ethyl Derivative. Reactions of Some 1,3,5-Trimethyl-1,3,5-triaza-2-(R )-phosphorine-4,6-diones
Authors: Pinchuk Vasily A. , Neda Ion , Kaukorat Thomas , Farkens Michael , Fischer Axel K. , Jones Peter G. , Schmutzler Reinhard
Published: February 2015

Upon heating 1,3,5-trimethylbiuret (1) with trichloromethyldichlorophosphine in the presence of triethylamine, 2-trichloromethyl-1,3,5-trimethyl-1,3,5-triaza-2σ3λ3-phosphorine-4,6-dione (2) was obtained in good yield. Aside from NMR spectroscopic characterization, compound 2 was investigated by X-ray crystal structure analysis, representing the first case of the solid state characterization of a 2-trihalomethyl-1,3,5-trimethyl-1,3,5-triaza-2σ3λ3-phosphorine-4,6-dione derivative. The heterocycle presents an envelope conformation with phosphorus out of the plane of the other atoms. Reaction of the monochloromethyl derivative (3) corresponding to 2, with a sterically demanding azide led by oxidation of phosphorus to the stable σ4λ5-P derivative (4). 2-Hydro-1,3,5-trimethyl-1,3,5-triaza-2-oxo-2σ4λ5-phosphorine-4,6-dione (5) reacted with p-nitrobenzylidene benzylimine with formation of 6 by insertion of the C=N double bond of the imine into the P-H bond. Intramolecular hydrogen bonding in 6 was observed by 1H NMR and IR spectroscopy. Reaction of 2-(methylamino)-methyl-1,3,5-trimethyl-1,3,5-triaza-2-oxo-2σ4λ5-phosphorine-4,6-dione (7) with diethylamino-trimethylsilane led to the corresponding N-trimethylsilylated compound 8. Compound 9. bearing a peptoid group, was formed by reaction of 7 or 8 with 3-(chloroformyl)propionic acid methyl ester. The preferred method of synthesis of 9 is indicated.
Thermische Zersetzung und Lösungskalorimetrie von Ammoniumsamariumchloriden/Thermal Decomposition and Solution Calorimetry of Ammonium Samarium Chlorides
Authors: Hennig C. , Oppermann H.
Published: February 2015

We determined the decomposition equilibria of ammonium samarium chlorides (NH4)2SmCl5 and NH4Sm2Cl7 by total pressure measurements and derived their thermody­ namical data from the decomposition functions. The enthalpies of formation were compared with the results of the solution calorimetry. The heats of solution of all solid phases in the system SmCl3-NH4Cl and of Sm2O3 were measured in 4n HCl. The enthalpies of formation of ammonium samarium chlorides were derived from the enthalpies of formation of SmCl3 and of NH4Cl and their heats of solution.

Data by total pressure measurement

ΔH°B((NH4)2SmCl5,f,298) =-407,7 ± 2,9 kcal/mol;

S0((NH4)2SmCl5,f,298) = 84,0 ± 4,5 cal/K-mol;

ΔH°B((NH4)Sm2Cl7,f,298) = -576,8 ± 3,4 kcal/mol;

S°(NH4Sm2Cl7,f,298) = 98,1 ± 5,5 cal/K-mol.

Data by solution calorimetry

ΔH°B(SmCl3,f,298) = -248,1 ± 0,8 kcal/mol;

ΔH°B((NH4),SmCl5,f,298) = -404 ,3 ± 1,1 kcal/mol;

ΔH°B(NH4Sm9Cl7,f,298)= -572,3 ± 1,8 kcal/mol.
Synthesis of 6-Aryloxy- and 6-Arylalkoxy-2-chloropurines and Their Interactions with Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase from Escherichia coli
Authors: Bzowska Agnieszka , Magnowska Lucyna , Kazimierczuk Zygmunt
Published: February 2015

The phase transfer method was applied to perform the nucleophilic substitution of 2,6- dichloropurines by modified arylalkyl alcohol or phenols. Since under these conditions only the 6-halogen is exchanged, this method gives 2-chloro-6-aryloxy- and 2-chloro-6-arylalkoxypurines. 2-Chloro-6-benzylthiopurine was synthesized by alkylation of 2-chloro-6-thiopurine with benzyl bromide. The stereoisomers of 2-chloro-6-(1-phenyl-1-ethoxy)purine were obtained from R- and S-enantiomers of sec.-phenylethylalcohol and 2,6-dichloropurine.

All derivatives were tested for inhibition with purified hexameric E. coli purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP). For analogues showing IC50 < 10 μm, the type of inhibition and inhibition constants were determined. In all cases the experimental data were best described by the mixed-type inhibition model and the uncompetitive inhibition constant, Kiu, was found to be several-fold lower than the competitive inhibition constant, Kic. This effect seems to be due to the 6-aryloxy- or 6-arylalkoxy substituent, because a natural PNP substrate adenine, as well as 2-chloroadenine, show mixed type inhibition with almost the same inhibition constants Kiu and KiC.

The most potent inhibition was observed for 6-benzylthio-2-chloro-, 6-benzyloxy-2-chloro-, 2-chloro-6-(2-phenyl-l-ethoxy), 2-chloro-6-(3-phenyl-l-propoxy)- and 2-chloro-6-ethoxypurines (Kiu = 0.4, 0.6, 1.4, 1.4 and 2.2 μm, respectively). The R-stereoisomer of 2-chloro-6-(1pheny-1-ethoxy)purine has Kiu = 2.0 μm, whereas inhibition of its S counterpart is rather weak (IC50> 12 μm). More rigid (e.g. phenoxy-), non-planar (cyclohexyloxy-), or more bulky (2,4,6-trimethylphenoxy-) substituents at position 6 of the purine base gave less potent inhibitors (IC50 = 26, 56 and >100 μm, respectively). The derivatives are selective inhibitors of hexameric “high-molecular mass” PNPs because no inhibitory activity vs. trimeric Cellulomonas

sp. PNP was detected.

By establishing the ligand-dependent stabilization pattern of the E. coli PNP it was shown that the new derivatives, similarly as the natural purine bases, are able to form a dead-end ternary complex with the enzyme and orthophosphate. It was also shown that the derivatives are substrates in the reverse synthetic direction catalyzed by E. coli PNP
Structure Elucidation of a Purple Peptide Found During the Purification of a Recombinant Protein from Escherichia coli
Authors: Guzzetta Andrew W. , Clark Pamela , Tappe Robert , Budzikiewicz Herbert
Published: February 2015

A purple substance (4) partially co-purified with a recombinant human B-type natriuretic peptide (hBNP), following an E. coli fermentation. The structure of the compound was elucidated by NMR, electrospray and FAB mass spectrometry. The chromophore is a 1,4-naphthoquinone condensed with the N-terminal cysteine of a heptapeptide by its NH2- and SH-groups to form a dihydro-thiazine ring. The peptide sequence was determined as Cys-Lys-Val-Leu-Arg-Arg-His by mass spectrometric techniques. CID and data base matching identified it as the C-terminus of the 32-amino-acid recombinant peptide hBNP. This modification of an N-terminal Cys may be a more general phenomenon with implications for the production of heterologous proteins by microorganisms.
Oxygen Uptake during Photosynthesis of Isolated Pea Chloroplasts
Authors: Grotjohann Norbert , Messdaghi David , Kowallik Wolfgang
Published: February 2015

Mass spectrometric analysis of the gas exchange of illuminated leaflets of 10-14 d old pea seedlings revealed not only 16O2-liberation from photosynthetic H2
16O-splitting, but also uptake of 18O2, applied to the gas phase of the reaction vessel. Isolated intact chloroplasts of such leaflets suspended in a medium containing NaHCO3 and glycerate 3-phosphate, on irradiation with blue (λ 448 nm) or red (λ 679 nm) light also produced 16O2 from water oxidation and consumed 18O2 from the gas phase. The two reactions were saturated at the same quantum fluence rates. Uptake of 18oxygen was not affected by inhibitors of mito­chondrial respiration (alternative pathway included), such as rotenone (5 x l0-5 ᴍ), antimycin A (5 x l0-6 ᴍ), KCN (10-3 ᴍ), SHAM (10-3 ᴍ), or propylgallate (10-3 ᴍ). It was, however, absent, when photosynthetic 16oxygen evolution was completely inhibited by DCMU (10-5 ᴍ). DBMIB (10-5 ᴍ), assumed to prevent electron flow from plastoquinone pool to the cytochrome b6/f-complex, suppressed photosynthetic oxygen evolution, but did not impair uptake of 18O2. A similar result was obtained at application of 4 x l0-5 ᴍ antimycin A.

The data are interpreted to show a drain off to molecular oxygen of light-excited electrons from the photosynthetic electron transport chain at the site of plastoquinone pool during photosynthesis. This corresponds to chlororespiration, originally described for Chlamydomonas in darkness by Bennoun (1982). It is discussed, whether O2-uptake during photosynthesis is an additional means for providing ATP for photosynthetic CO2-reduction by increasing the proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane.
Grapevine Protoplasts as a Transient Expression System for Comparison of Stilbene Synthase Genes Containing cGMP-Responsive Promoter Elements
Authors: Brehm Ilka , Preisig-Müller Regina , Kindl Helmut
Published: February 2015

A method for preparing elicitor-responsive protoplasts from grapevine cells kept in suspen­sion culture was established. The protoplasts were employed in order to perform transient gene expression experiments produced by externally added plasmids. Using the gene coding for bacterial β-glucuronidase as the reporter gene, the transient expression under the control of various promoters of stilbene synthase genes were analyzed. The elicitor-responsiveness of promoters from grapevine genes and heterologous promoters were assayed: the grapevine stilbene synthase gene VST-1 and pine stilbene synthase genes PST-1, PST-2 and PST-3. Compared to the expression effected by the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S RNA-promoter, the stilbene synthase promoters caused a 2-5-fold increase in GUS-activity. Incubation of transformed protoplasts with fungal cell wall further stimulated the stilbene synthase promoters but not the 35S RNA-promoter. An even more pronounced differentiation between the promoters was observed when cGMP was included in the transient expression assays. Instead of treating transformed protoplasts with fungal cell wall we administered simultaneously cGMP and the plasmid to be tested. The cGMP-responsive increase was (a) specific concerning the nucleotide applied, (b) characteristic of grapevine protoplasts, and (c) not seen with shortened promoter-GUS constructs or GUS under the control of the 35S RNA-promoter. The highest cGMP-dependent reponse to stress was shown by the promoter of the grapevine stilbene synthase gene VST-1.
New Sex Attractants for Five Chamaesphecia Species (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) from the Ukraine and Turkmenistan
Authors: Mozūraitis Raimondas , Būda Vincas , Metleuski Jan
Published: February 2015

Field screening tests of (3Z,13Z)- and (3E,13Z)-octadecadienols, (2Z,13Z)-and (2E,13Z)-octadecadienols and their acetates as well as some binary mixtures of these compounds in dosages of 0.5 mg/dispenser were carried out in the Crimea, the Ukraine, and in the West Kopetdag mountains, Turkmenistan, in 1989-1993. New sex attractants for five clearwing moth species of the genus Chamaesphecia (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) were discovered. Males of Ch. chalciformis were attracted by a 1:1 mixture of 3Z,13Z-18:OH and 2E,13Z-18:OAc, Ch. schmidtiformis by a 9:1 mixture of 3Z,13Z-18:OAc and 3Z,13Z-18:OH in the Ukraine as well as in the ratios 9:1 and 1:1 in Turkmenistan, Ch. mezentzevi by a 9:1 mixture of 3Z,13Z-18:OAc and the corresponding alcohol, Ch. zimmermanni by a 1:9 mixture of 3Z,13Z-18:OAc and 3.E,13Z-18:OH, and Ch. specia nova in Turkmenistan by a 1:1 mixture of 3Z,13Z-18:OH and 3E,13Z-18:OAc. Two inhibitors, 3Z,13Z-18:OH and 3E,13Z-18:OAc, of the sex attractant were found for Ch. zimmermanni. The periods of attraction to the traps were registered for males of Ch. zimmermanni and Ch. specia nova and were found to occur at 1900-2100 and 1430-1700 local time, respectively. Males of Ch. chalciformis and Ch. schmidtiform is were attracted to the traps in the afternoon.
Solvent Accessibility to Aspartyl and Succinimidyl Residues at Positions 7 and 23 in the Amyloid β 1 - 28 Peptide
Authors: Lins Roberto D. , Soares Thereza A. , Ferreira Ricardo , Longo Ricardo L.
Published: February 2015

The water accessibilities to aspartyl residues at positions 7 and 23 in the amyloid β 1–28 peptide associated with Alzheim er's Disease have been calculated using different techniques. These accessibilities of water were compared to those of the succinimidyl residues (SUC) replacing the aspartyl ones (ASP). It has been possible to ascertain that these modifications (A SP → SUC) lead to a significant increase in the water accessibility to the backbone and a-carbon atom of the SUC7 and SUC23 residues. It is suggested that the spontaneous trans­ formation of ASP → SUC might lead to an increase of the racemization rates due to the higher accessibility of water at these sites. It is also proposed that the behavior of the adjacent residues in the selectivity of the racemization is to control the water accessibility at the reactive residue.
The Anticancer Drug Adriamycin Interacts with the Human Erythrocyte Membrane
Authors: Suwalsky Mario , Hernández Pedro , Villena Fernando , Aguilar Felipe , Sotomayor Carlos P.
Published: February 2015

Adriamycin, Anticancer Drug, Erythrocyte Membrane, Phospholipid Bilayer Adriamycin is an aminoglycosidic anthracycline antibiotic widely used in the treatment of cancer. Increasing reports point to the involvement of cell membranes in its mechanism of action. The interaction of adriamycin with human erythrocytes was investigated in order to determine the membrane binding sites and the resultant structural perturbation. Electron microscopy revealed that red cells incubated with the therapeutical concentration of the drug in human plasma changed their discoid shape to both stomatocytes and echinocytes. Accord­ing to the bilayer couple hypothesis, this means that adriamycin was incorporated into either the inner or outer leaflets of the erythrocyte membrane. To explain this unusual result, the drug was incubated with molecular models. One of them consisted of dimyristoylphosphati-dylcholine (DMPC) and dimyristoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DMPE) multilayers, representative of phospholipid classes located in the outer and inner leaflets of the erythrocyte membrane, respectively. X-ray diffraction showed that adriamycin interaction perturbed the polar head and acyl chain regions of both lipids. Fluorescence spectroscopy on another model, consisting of DMPC large unilamellar vesicles (LUV), confirmed the X-ray results in that adriamycin fluidized its hydrophobic moiety. It is concluded that adriamycin incorporates into both erythrocyte leaflets affecting its membrane structure.
Downstream Processing for Xylitol Recovery from Fermented Sugar Cane Bagasse Hydrolysate Using Aluminium Polychloride
Authors: Silva Silvio S. , Ramos Rodrigo M. , Rodrigues C.G.A. , Mancilha Ismael M.
Published: February 2015

Xylitol, a sweetener comparable to sucrose, is anticariogenic and can be consumed by diabetics. This sugar has been employed sucessfully in many foods and pharmaceutical products. The discovery of microorganisms capable of converting xylose present in lignocellulosic biomass into xylitol offers the opportunity of producing this poliol in a simple way. Xylitol production by biotechnological means using sugar cane bagasse is under study in our laboratories, and fermentation parameters have already been established. However, the downstream processing for xylitol recovery is still a bottleneck on which there is only a few data available in the literature. The present study deals with xylitol recovery from fermented sugar cane bagasse hydrolysate using 5.2 g/l of aluminium polychloride associated with activated charcoal. The experiments were performed at pH 9, 50 °C for 50 min. The results showed that aluminium polychloride and activated charcoal promoted a 93.5% reduction in phenolic compounds and a 9.7% loss of xylitol from the fermented medium , which became more discoloured, facilitating the xylitol separation.
Changes of the Photosynthetic Apparatus in Spirulina Cyanobacterium by Sodium Stress
Authors: Verma Kavita , Mohanty Prasanna
Published: February 2015

Spirulina platensis trichomes grown in Zarrouks medium having total Na+ concentration as 0.14 ᴍ when transfered to fresh Zarrouks medium containing enhanced level of Na+ ions equal to 0.86 ᴍ showed 30% more accumulation of Na+ intracellularly as compared to the control. An inhibition of photosystem II activity to almost 66% was observed. Also due to this exposure to high Na+, the room temperature absorption characteristics of Spirulina trichomes and the thylakoid membrane preparations w ere altered indicating changes in the chromophore protein interactions and alterations in the phycocyanin/allophycocyanin ratio; there by affecting the energy harvest and energy transfer processes. An increase in the carotenoid absorption was two fold over the control in the treated sample. Similarly, room temperature and low temperature (77 K) fluorescence emission spectra collectively suggested alterations in the chlorophyll a emissions, F 726 of photosystem I reflecting changes in the lipid protein environment of the thylakoid. Our results indicate that in Spirulina the enhanced Na+ level alters the energy harvest and transfer processes. It also affected the emission characteristics of chlorophyll a of photosystem I.
Study of Xanthine Oxidase Immobilized Electrode Based on Modified Graphite
Authors: Horozova Elena G. , Dimcheva Nina D. , Jordanova Zinaida J.
Published: February 2015

Xanthine oxidase (E . C. 1.2.3.2) was immobilized by adsorption on electrochemically modified graphite plate to obtain an enzyme electrode. The current of the enzyme electrode in substrate (xanthine) solutions was found to be a result of the electrooxidation of H2O2 generated in the enzyme layer. The linearity of the amperometric signal was up to a substrate concentration of 65 μm at 0.6 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). The response time was 2 minutes. The enzyme electrode preserves 80% of its initial activity activity after a three-week storage in air at room temperature.
Antiinfluenza Virus Effect of Extracts from Marine Algae and Invertebrates
Authors: Serkedjieva Julia , Konaklieva Monika , Dimitrova-Konaklieva Stefka , Ivanova Veneta , Stefanov Kamen , Popov Simeon
Published: February 2015

Sixty products, derived from marine organisms, typical of the Bulgarian Black Sea coast, were examined for inhibitory activity on the reproduction of influenza viruses in tissue cultures. The antiviral effect was investigated by the reduction of virus infectivity. Using representative strains of influenza virus it was shown that apparently the inhibitory effect was strain-specific. The most effective products were further studied in fertile hen’s eggs and in experimental influenza infection in white mice.
Flexibility of Amino Acid Residues at Position Four of Nonapeptides Enhances Their Binding to Human Leucocyte Antigen (HLA) Molecules
Authors: Chersi Alberto , Modugno Francesca di , Rosano Laura
Published: February 2015

The binding affinity of synthetic nonapeptides to human leucocyte antigens (HLA) molecules of the A0201 allotype, the most common in Caucasian, is enhanced or reduced by suitable amino acid substitutions at position 4, as a result of increased or decreased chain flexibility. A higher flexibility of the bond at this position correlates with an easier accomodation of the fragment into the HLA groove, while rigidity of the peptide chain appears to interfere. These data are based on two lines of evidence: a) most natural high affnity ligands for HLA-A0201 possess, at position 4, flexible residues b) substitutions of such residues by rigid amino acids results in a decrease of binding affinity.
Polyphenolic Compounds from Plantago lagopus L.
Authors: Paz Velázquez Fiz M. , Díaz Lanza Ana M. , Fernández Matellano Lidia
Published: February 2015

In the present study we report the isolation of a phenylpropanoid glucoside, plantamajoside, together with rosmarinic acid, chlorogenic acid and luteolin-7-O-monoglucoside. This is the first report of these compounds from Plantago lagopus.
Transport of Resistance - Inducing Sterols in Phloem Sap of Barley§
Authors: Lehrer Axel T. , Dugassa-Gobena Dereje , Vidal Stefan , Seifert Karlheinz
Published: February 2015

After root application of [7α-3H]-7β-hydroxysitosterol and [3α,6β-3H2]-6α-hydroxylathosterol these sterols could be detected in the leaves and phloem sap feeding aphids. These results imply that the phloem sap is a sterol transport system in barley plants.
PCR-Based Identification of Bacillus thuringiensis Isolated from Soil Samples in Nigeria
Authors: Ogunjimi Abiodun A. , Gbenle George O. , lukoya Daniel K. , Akinrimisi Ezekiel O.
Published: February 2015

Six isolates of Bacillus thuringiensis isolated from soil samples confirmed to be toxic to mosquito larvae were differentiated using a PCR-Based technique. Three of these isolates initially identified using a serological technique were further differentiated with the PCR amplification of the δ-endotoxin target sequences. Using the total DNA of isolates as tem plate, at least four isolates yielded amplicons one or all the crystal protein genes, cryl a, b, c, or II with sizes ranging from 238-1070 bp. None of these isolates yielded an amplicon for any of Cry IV A, B and D tested. Of the four isolates identified by PCR technique one isolate remained unidentified by serology.
Flight and Molecular Modeling Study on the Response of Codling Moth, Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) to (E,E)-8,10-Dodecadien-1-ol and Its Geometrical Isomers
Authors: El-Sayed Ashraf , Liblikas Ilme , Unelius Rikard
Published: February 2015

In a previous study we have reported that both (E,Z )-8,10-dodecadienol (E,Z ) and (Z,Z )- 8,10-dodecadienol (Z,Z ) isomers inhibit the attraction of male codling moth, Cydia pomonella L. when added to (E,E)-8,10-dodecadienol (E,E ) while the (E,E)-8,10-dodecadienol (Z,E ) isomer induces slight increase in the number of males attracted to the pheromone source. In the p resent study, we have tested the behavioral activity of the individual geometrical isomers E,Z; Z,E and Z,Z . A few number of codling moth males flew to the Z,E -isomer while the other two isomers (i.e. E,Z and Z,Z ) did not elicit any upwind orientation. Analysis of the flight behavior to the E,E- and Z,E-isomer showed significant differences in most of the flight parameters evaluated. Based on the biological observations and molecular modeling, we suggest that the behavioral activity of the Z,E-isomer is due to presence of specific receptors for this isomer on male antennae and not to its structural resemblance to the E,E-isomer. These results underline the importance of the Z,E-isomer in sex attraction of male codling moth.
Iseluxine: A Novel Isoquinolinone Alkaloid from Isei a luxurians§
Authors: Schimming Thomas , Jenett-Siems Kristina , Siems Karsten , Witte Ludger , Gupta Mahabir P. , Eich Eckart
Published: February 2015

A novel isoquinolinone alkaloid, iseluxine (1), has been isolated from the epigeal parts of Iseia luxurians (Moric.) O’Donell (Convolvulaceae), a climber indigenous to the tropical Americas. Structural elucidation was achieved by HRM S, 1H NMR, 13C NMR , and HMBC spectroscopy. N- and / or O-m ethyl derivatives of 1 are already known from certain Magnoliidae families, e.g., the Fumariaceae, the Lauraceae, or the Papaveraceae. Iseluxine, the “missing link” in the biosynthesis of these methyl derivatives from dopamine, is the first isoquinolinone alkaloid characterized by a catechol substructure.
Furanoheliangolides from Leaves of Neurolaena macrocephala§
Authors: Passreiter Claus M. , Stöber Sebastian , Ortega Alfredo
Published: February 2015

Six sesquiterpene lactones, two new (3 and 6) and four know n (1, 2, 4 and 5) w ere isolated from the leaves of the Mexican Neurolaena macrocephala (A steraceae). The furanoheliangolide 6, containing 4β,5-dihydro-9α-hydroxy- atripliciolide as basic structure, was found for the first time in nature. The chem otaxonom ic im portance of this phytochem ical work is discussed.
A New Cucurbitacin Glycoside from Kageneckia oblonga (Rosaceae)
Authors: Muñoz Orlando , Delporte Carla , Backhouse Nadine , Erazo Silvia , Negrete Rosa , Maldonado Sergio , López-Pérez José L. , Feliciano Arturo San
Published: February 2015

A novel cucurbitacin glycoside has been isolated from aerial parts of Kageneckia oblonga R. et P. and shown to be 3β-(β-D-glucosyloxy)-16α,23α-epoxycucurbita-5,24-dien-11-one. The structure was established by usual spectroscopic and two-dimensional (2D ) NMR techniques. This compound has found to be nontoxic when tested in-vivo cell culture assays. In previous investigations we reported 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin F and prunasine. This was the first report on cucurbitacins from the genus Kageneckia (Rosaceae).
Use of Immobilized Candida Cells on Xylitol Production from Sugarcane Bagasse
Authors: Carvalho Walter de , Silva Silvio Silvério da , Vitolo Michele , Mancilha Ismael Maciel de
Published: February 2015

In this study we used the yeast Candida guilliermondii FTI 20037 immobilized by entrapment in Ca-alginate beads (2 .5 -3 mm diameter) for xylitol production from concentrated sugarcane bagasse hemicellulosic hydrolysate in a repeated batch system. The fermentation runs were carried out in 125- and 250-ml Erlenmeyer flasks placed in an orbital shaker at 30 °C and 200 rpm during 72 h, keeping constant the proportion between work volume and flask total volume. According to the results, cell viability was substantially high (98%) in all fermentative cycles. The values of parameters xylitol yield and volumetric productivity increased significantly with the reutilization of the immobilized biocatalysts. The highest values of xylitol final concentration (11.05 g/1), yield factor (0.47 gig) and volumetric productivity (0.22 g/lh) were obtained in 250-ml Erlenmeyer flasks containing 80 ml of medium plus 20 mi of immobilized biocatalysts. The support used in this study (Ca-alginate) presented stability in the experimental conditions used. The results show that the use of immobilized cells is a promising approach for increasing the xylitol production rates.
Effect of a Pulsed Magnetic Field and of First Cold-Pressure Sunflower Oil on Mice
Authors: Bellossi André , Rocher Chantal , Ruelloux Michel
Published: February 2015

In previous studies it has been shown that exposure of mice to a 12-Hz 6 mT unipolar square pulsed magnetic field (PMF) suppressed the excess of weight due to application of 1st cold-pressure sunflower oil. This time we considered the effect of oil and/or PMF on the growing curves lifespans of mice. The exposure took place for 30 min 5 days a week, from the 7th week of life to death. The results are 1) a broken slope in the growing curves from the 125th day of aging: the exposed mice were lighter than the controls, keeping the differences between the growing curves needed a repeated exposure all life long; 2) a significant increase in the lifespan of the controls which received oil versus the controls which received water; 3) an increase in the lifespan of the exposed mice versus the non-exposed control batches. On one hand it has been reported that essential polyunsaturated fatty acids found in first cold-pressure sunflower oil played a prominent role in membrane structures and in immune equilibrium. On the other hand, it was shown that oscillating electric fields could activate Na+,K+-ATPase.
Two Antinematodal Phenolics from Knema hookeriana, a Sumatran Rainforest Plant
Authors: Alen Yohannes , Nakajima Shuhei , Nitoda Teruhiko , Baba Naomichi , Kanzaki Hiroshi , Kawazu Kazuyoshi
Published: February 2015

The activity-guided chromatographic purification of the methanol extract of Knema hookeriana, using pine wood nematodes Bursaphelenchus xylophilus has successfully led to the isolation and characterization of two phenolic antinematodal compounds with minimun effective dose (MED) of 4.5 and 20 μg/cotton ball (μg/ bl.) or 0.018 and 0.073 μᴍ/cotton ball (μᴍ/bl.), respectively. Based on their chemical and spectral properties, these compounds were determined to be 3-undecylphenol (1) and 3-(8Z-tridecenyl)-phenol (2). These compounds were isolated for the first time from this species, and 2 seems to be a novel compound.
Occurrence and Characterization of a UDP-glucose:hydroxamic Acid Glucosyltransferase Isolated from Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Seedlings
Authors: Sue Masayuki , Ishihara Atsushi , Iwamura Hajime
Published: February 2015

Cyclic hydroxamic acid glucosides are present at high concentrations immediately after germination in wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.). Changes in the activity of UDP-Glucose:cyclic hydroxamic acid glucosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.-) in wheat were investigated using the cyclic hydroxamic acids 2,4-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (DIBOA) and its 7-methoxy derivative (DIMBOA) as sugar acceptors. Glucosyltransferase activity on both substrates was detected in dry seeds, with activity increasing after imbibition, peaking in shoots and roots 36-48 hours after imbibition and decreasing thereafter. The transience of glucosyltransferase activity was concurrent with the transient occurrence of the hydroxamic acid glucosides [Nakagawa E., Amano T., Hirai N , and Iwamura H. (1995) Phytochemistry 38. 1349-1354], suggesting that glucosyltransferases regulate the accumulation of hydroxamic acid glucosides in wheat seedlings. Two peaks in activity of UDP-Glucose:DIMBOA glucosyltransferase were detected using a Mono Q column, indicating the presence of at least two isozymes of this glucosyltransferase. The enzyme in the major peak was purified about 1500-fold and shown to be in a monomeric form with a molecular mass of 47 or 49 kDa. The enzyme reacted strongly with DIMBOA, less so with DIBOA. The enzyme of the minor peak on the Mono Q chromatogram, which was also a monomeric enzyme with a molecular mass of 47 kDa, showed similar substrate specificity to that of the major peak enzyme.
Complexation of Membrane-Bound Enzyme Systems
Authors: Müller-Enoch Dieter , Gruler Hans
Published: February 2015

The effect of changes in the N-terminal membrane-binding domain of cytochrome P450 forms and NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase types on the cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenase activities, has been examined. The nifedipine oxidase activity of two human P450 forms (CYP3A4, CYP3A4NF14) which differ only in their primary structure by ten amino acid residues in the N-terminal membrane-binding domain, yields nearly the same catalytic cycle time τ =2.65 ± 0.15 s, due to their identical cytosolic catalytic protein structure. In contrast, the complex formation process ([P450]+[reductase]↔[complex]) described by the dissociation constant KD at high substrate concentration ([S]>>KS) and low product concentration ( [ P ]<<Kp ) is determined to be KD/[P450]ᴏ = 0.3 and 2.0, respectively. These values reflect large differences in the affinity of both P450 forms for the same type of reductase which is only due to their modified membrane-binding domains. In the present work, it has been shown for the first time, that the membrane-binding domain of cytochrome P450 enzymes determines the complexation process of the binary P450:reductase system. Furthermore, the nifedipine oxidase activity of the human CYP3A4 form reconstituted with two different types of reductase from human and rabbit also has the same catalytic cycle time τ = 2.65 ± 0.15 s. This result is based on the similarity of the primary structure of the cytosolic catalytic domain of both reductase types. However, the complex was formed with different dissociation constants of KD/[P450]ᴏ = 0.3 and 4.7, respectively. This different affinity of both reductase types to the same P450 form is interpreted as a consequence of the substantial alteration of the amino acids in the N-terminal primary structure of their membrane-binding domains. 7-Ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase activity of two rat P450 forms (CYP2B1 and CYP1A1) were reconstituted with the same rat reductase. The catalytic cycle time for each P450 form is τ = 1.8 and 0.6 s, respectively. Correspondingly, the complex formation process controlled by the dissociation constant KD has changed from KD/[P450]ᴏ = 2.3 to 1.7, respectively. This is because both forms differ in their cytosolic as well as in their membranebinding domains.
Influence of Dodecyltrimethylammonium Halides on Thermotropic Phase Behaviour of Phosphatidylcholine/Cholesterol Bilayers
Authors: Różycka-Roszak Bożenna , Pruchnik Hanna
Published: February 2015

Effects of dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride (DTAC), dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB) and dodecyltrimethylammonium iodide (DTAI) on thermotropic phase behaviour of phosphatidylcholine bilayers containing cholesterol as well as on 1H NMR spectra were studied. Two series of experiments were performed. In the first one the surfactants were added to the water phase while in the other directly to the lipid phase (a mixed film from cholesterol, surfactant and phosphatidylcholine was formed). The effects of particular surfactants on the main phase transition temperature, Tm, were more pronounced when added to the lipid phase (2nd method) than to the water phase ( 1st method); the opposite happened when cholesterol was absent (Różycka-Roszak and Pruchnik 2000, Z. Naturforsch. 55c, 240-244). Furthermore, in the case of the first method the transitions were asymmetrical while in the second method nearly symmetrical. It is suggested that surfactant poor and surfactant rich domains are formed when surfactants are added to the water phase.
Kinetic Attributes of Na+, K+ ATPase and Lipid / Phospholipid Profiles of Rat and Human Erythrocyte Membrane
Authors: Patel Hetal G. , Aras Radha V. , Katyare Surendra S.
Published: February 2015

Kinetic properties of Na+, K+ ATPase of membranes from rat and human erythrocytes were examined. The enzyme stability decreased with incubation time. The Vmax of the human enzyme was about 4 times lower than the values of the rat enzyme. However the energies of activation were higher. Phase transition temperature for the rat and the human enzyme was 24 °C and 17 °C, respectively. The human erythrocyte membranes were characterized by lower total phospholipid and cholesterol contents and were relatively more fluid. The human membranes contained lower proportions of acidic phospholipids which correlated well with the lower Vmax of the enzyme; the proportion of lysophosphoglyceride and sphingomyelin was higher in the human membrane.
Study on Propolis Quality from China and Uruguay
Authors: Bonvehí Josep Serra , Coll Francesc Ventura
Published: February 2015

The composition, bacteriostatic and ROO• -scavenging potential activities of fifteen propolis samples from various botanic and geographic origins were determined to obtain objective information related to propolis quality. Variance analysis showed significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) in the contents of polyphenols, flavonoids and active components between fresh and aged propolis. The state of the product (fresh or aged) could be differentiate by using flavonoid pattern and biological activities. A minimum propolis concentration of 80 μg/ml was required inhibit Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus while 800 μg/ml was required to inhibit Escherichia coli using fresh propolis. Aged propolis inhibit B. subtilis and S. aureus at concentration of 100 μg/ml and E. coli at 1000 μg/ml. A minimum flavonoids percentage of 18 g/100 g and a maximum ROO• -scavenging potential activity of 4.3 μg/ml were determined in fresh propolis. Flavonoids levels in aged propolis were approximately 20% lower than in fresh propolis. A maximum flavonoids percentage of 19.8 g/100 g and a ROO•-scavenging potential activity between 5.7 to 6.4 μg/ml in aged propolis were quantified. Another objective was to assess the use of ROO•-scavenging potential activity in propolis quality.
Superoxide Production by Phagocytes in Myeloid Graffi Tumor-Bearing Hamsters
Authors: Dimitrova Petia A. , Toshkova Reneta A , Ivanova Emilia H. , Stefanova Zvetanka H. , Angelova Maria B. , Dolashka Pavlina A. , Voelter W.
Published: February 2015

A progressive suppression of the phagocytic ability of peritoneal macrophages and polymorphonuclears (PMNs) in hamsters with transplanted myeloid tumors was previously established. The i.p. application of Cu/Zn SOD, isolated from the fungal strain Humicola lutea (HLSOD) (2 injections before and 5 injections after tumor transplantation) induced the mean survival time of the animals as well as a temporally stimulating action on the macrophage and PMNs phagocyting indices. In the present work, the superoxide production of peritoneal macrophages and PMNs during 30 days of tumor progression was followed. Effects of the application of HLSOD in an optimal protective dose on the superoxide production in peritoneal macrophages and blood PMNs were examined. The spontaneous and phorbolmyristate acetate (PMA)-inducible O2
- production in both types of phagocytes was 4-5- fold increased in tumor-bearing hamsters (TBH), as compared to the controls, at day 14 after tumor transplantation (the day of tumor appearance in transplanted animals). Furthermore, O2
- production was also similar to the control values for the following days of observation.HLSOD treatment of TBH induced a normalization of superoxide production in macrophages and PMNs. Therefore, the established decrease of superoxide anions in phagocyting cells of TBH indicates possible effects of HLSOD on the host antioxidant defense.
Terpenoids from Achillea setacea
Authors: Todorova Milka , Vogler Bernhard , Tsankova Elena
Published: February 2015

The aerial parts of Achillea setacea afforded, in addition of a rare monoterpene triol and 12 known sesquiterpene lactones, a new guaianolide containing an endoperoxide ring. Its structure was elucidated by spectral methods.
Production and Secretion of 5-n-Alkylresorcinols by Fusarium culmorum
Authors: Zarnowski Robert , Lewicka Teresa , Pietr Stanislaw J.
Published: February 2015

Fusarium culmorum F1 was found to produce and secrete into the culture medium several of 5-n-alkylresorcinols. The amount of resorcinolic lipids was 5.3 μg/g and 0.9 μg/l in mycelium and in post-culture liquid, respectively. First of all F. culmorum F1 produces saturated homologues with C15 to C25 side chains. The extract from the medium contained only homologues with shorter carbon chains (C13 to C17).
The Effect of Galactose Metabolic Disorders on Rat Brain Acetylcholinesterase Activity
Authors: Tsakiris Stylianos , Schulpis Kleopatra H.
Published: February 2015

To evaluate whether in classical galactosemia galactose (Gal), galactose-1-phosphate (Gal-1-P) and galactitol (Galtol) affect brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, various concentrations (1-16 mм) of these compounds were preincubated with brain homogenates of suckling rats as well as with pure eel Electroforus electricus AChE at 37 °C for 1 h. Initially, Galtol (up to 2.0 mм) increased (25%) AChE activity which decreased, thereafter, reaching the control value in high Galtol concentrations. Gal-1-P decreased gradually the enzyme activity reaching a plateau (38%), when incubated with 8-16 mM. However, when the usually found 2 mм of Galtol and 2 mм of Gal-1-P. concentrations in galactosemia were added in the incubation mixture simultaneously, brain AChE was stimulated (16%). Galtol or Gal-1-P modulated brain AChE as well as enzyme activity of E.electricus in the same way. Gal, Glucose (Glu) and glucose-1-phosphate (Glu-1-P) had no effect on AChE activity. It is suggested that Galtol as well as Gal-1-P can affect acetylcholine degradation acting directly on AChE molecule. Consequently the direct action of these substances on the enzyme might explain the brain cholinergic dysfunction in untreated galactosemia patients.
Alkylresorcinols in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L. distichon) Grains
Authors: Żarnowski Robert , Suzuki Yoshikatsu , Yamaguchi Isamu , Pietr Stanisław J.
Published: February 2015

This study was carried out to compare grains of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. distichon) regarding contents and compositions of 5-n-alkylresorcinols. Mixtures of resorcinol homologues were isolated from acetone extracts from five barley cultivars. These polyketide metabolites were identified by chromatographic and spectroscopic means. The content and homologue patterns among different varieties were similar. The predominant compounds were 1,3-dihydroxy-5-n-heneicosylbenzene (C21:0), 1,3-dihydroxy-5-n-nonadecylbenzene (C19:0) and 1,3-dihydroxy-5-n-pentacosylbenzene (C25:0). The alkylresorcinol concentrations, in contrast to their compositions, depended on environmental and agricultural factors.
GLC and GLC-MS Analysis of Thiophene Derivatives in Plants and in in vitro Cultures of Tagetes patula L. (Asteraceae)
Authors: Margl Lilla , Tei Andreas , Gyurján István , Wink Michael
Published: February 2015

The occurrence of thiophenic compounds in diverse plant organs and in in vitro root-, callus- and cell suspension cultures of Tagetes patula cv. Carmen was investigated using capillary GLC and GLC-MS. The separation of thiophenes by capillary GLC and the group specific MS fragmentation with the typical sulfur isotope peaks allowed the unequivocal assignment of individual thiophenes in complex mixtures, even when occurring in traces and in the presence of different geometrical isomers. The extracts of Tagetes patula cv. Carmen contained the following 8 thiophene compounds: 5-(3-buten-1-ynyl)-2,2′-bithienyl (BBT), 5′-methyl-5-(3-buten-1-ynyl)-2,2′-bithienyl (MeBBT), 5-(1-pentynyl)-2,2′-bithienyl (PBT), 5-(4-hydroxy-1-butynyl)-2,2′-bithienyl (BBTOH), 2,2′,5,2″-terthienyl (α-T), 5-(4-acetoxy- 1-butynyl)-2,2′-bithienyl (BBTOAc), 5-methylaceto-5′-(3-buten-1-ynyl)-2,2′-bithienyl (AcOCH2BBT), and 5-(3,4-diacetoxy-1-butynyl)-2,2′-bithienyl (BBT(OAc)2). The most complex thiophene profile, including the less common PBT was detected in aerial parts of freshly harvested plant material. Under in vitro conditions only the root cultures, but not callus or cell suspension cultures produced substantial amounts of irregular thiophenes confirming that roots are the main site of thiophene biosynthesis.
Secondary Metabolites from Centaurea deusta with Antimicrobial Activity
Authors: Karioti Anastasia , Skaltsa Helen , Lazari Diamanto , Sokovic Marina , Garcia Begoña , Harvala Catherine
Published: February 2015

The aerial parts of Centaurea deusta Ten. afforded in addition to several known compounds, mainly sesquiterpene lactones, one new eudesmanolide and one new elemane derivative. Structures of the new compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic methods. The in vitro antifungal and antibacterial activities of the isolated compounds was tested, using the microdilution method. All compounds tested showed high antifungal activity.
In Vitro Cytotoxicity of Some Natural and Semi-Synthetic Isocoumarins from Paepalanthus bromelioides
Authors: Devienne Karina F. , Raddi Maria Stella G. , Varanda Eliana A. , Vilegas Wagner
Published: February 2015

Numerous natural compounds have a potential for therapeutic applications, but may have to be chemically modified to alter toxic side effects. We investigated structural parameters that could affect the cytotoxicity of isocoumarins similar to 9,10-dihydroxy-5,7-dimethoxy- 1H-naphtho(2,3c)pyran-1-one (paepalantine 1). Paepalantine 1 has antimicrobial activity, as well as significant in vitro cytotoxic effects in the McCoy cell line. Two other natural and two semi-synthetic isocoumarins with similar structures obtained from the capitula of Paepalanthus bromelioides were tested on the same cell line by the neutral red assay. Substitution of the 9 and/or 10-OH group made these compounds less cytotoxic.
A Chemometric Interpopulation Study of the Essential Oils of Cistus creticus L. Growing in Crete (Greece)
Authors: Demetzo Costas , Anastasaki Thalia , Perdetzoglou Dimitrios
Published: February 2015

The chemical composition of the essential oils of twenty-five populations of Cistus creticus subsp. creticus L. from the island of Crete (Greece) and their interpopulation variability were analysed in detail by GC-MS. 142 compounds were identified representing an average of 56.8D89.8% of the oil composition. The components are represented here by homologous series of monoterpenes, oxygenated monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, oxygenated sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, labdane diterpenes, aldehydes, alkanes, esters, fatty acids, ketones, and others. Labdane diterpenes were detected and identified in the essential oils and have been found in high percentage composition. The results from the chemical analysis of the essential oils were submitted to chemometric cluster analysis in order to detect some pattern distribution and to identify which constituents can differentiate the groups of individuals. Two main chemotypes (clusters) were well differentiated; the first deals with eight populations of West Crete and the second with the rest of the populations. Cluster analysis based on labdane type diterpenes patterns, proved to be the best chemotype for the examined populations among the other chemical groups.