bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inferring ideal amino acid interaction forms from statistical protein contact potentials
Authors: Pokarowski Piotr , Kloczkowski Andrzej , Jernigan Robert L. , Kothari Neha S. , Pokarowska Maria , Kolinski Andrzej
Published: February 2005

We have analyzed 29 different published matrices of protein pairwise contact potentials (CPs) between amino acids derived from different sets of proteins, either crystallographic structures taken from the Protein Data Bank (PDB) or computer‐generated decoys. Each of the CPs is similar to 1 of the 2 matrices derived in the work of Miyazawa and Jernigan (Proteins 1999;34:49–68). The CP matrices of the first class can be approximated with a correlation of order 0.9 by the formula eij = hi + hj, 1 ≤ i, j ≤ 20, where the residue‐type dependent factor h is highly correlated with the frequency of occurrence of a given amino acid type inside proteins. Electrostatic interactions for the potentials of this class are almost negligible. In the potentials belonging to this class, the major contribution to the potentials is the one‐body transfer energy of the amino acid from water to the protein environment. Potentials belonging to the second class can be approximated with a correlation of 0.9 by the formula eij = c0 − hihj + qiqj, where c0 is a constant, h is highly correlated with the Kyte–Doolittle hydrophobicity scale, and a new, less dominant, residue‐type dependent factor q is correlated (∼0.9) with amino acid isoelectric points pI. Including electrostatic interactions significantly improves the approximation for this class of potentials. While, the high correlation between potentials of the first class and the hydrophobic transfer energies is well known, the fact that this approximation can work well also for the second class of potentials is a new finding. We interpret potentials of this class as representing energies of contact of amino acid pairs within an average protein environment. Proteins 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Protein domain of unknown function DUF1023 is an α/β hydrolase
Authors: Zheng Mingzhu , Ginalski Krzysztof , Rychlewski Leszek , Grishin Nick V.
Published: February 2005

Pfam family DUF1023 consists entirely of uncharacterized proteins generated by sequencing the genomes of Actinobacteria (Bateman A., et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 2004;32 Database issue:D138–141.) Utilizing sequence similarity detection methods, we infer homology between DUF1023 and α/β hydrolases. DUF1023 proteins conserve the core secondary structures in α/β hydrolase fold, and share similar catalytic machinery as that of α/β hydrolases. We predict DUF1023 spatial structure and deduce that they function as hydrolases utilizing catalytic Ser‐His‐Asp triad with the serine as a nucleophile. Proteins 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The human prion protein α2 helix: A thermodynamic study of its conformational preferences
Authors: Tizzano Barbara , Palladino Pasquale , De Capua Antonia , Marasco Daniela , Rossi Filomena , Benedetti Ettore , Pedone Carlo , Ragone Raffaele , Ruvo Menotti
Published: February 2005

We have synthesized both free and terminally‐blocked peptide corresponding to the second helical region of the globular domain of normal human prion protein, which has recently gained the attention of structural biologists because of a possible role in the nucleation process and fibrillization of prion protein. The profile of the circular dichroism spectrum of the free peptide was that typical of α‐helix, but was converted to that of β‐structure in about 16 h. Instead, below 2.1 × 10−5 M, the spectrum of the blocked peptide exhibited a single band centered at 200 nm, unequivocally associated to random conformations, which did not evolve even after 24 h. Conformational preferences of this last peptide have been investigated as a function of temperature, using trifluoroethanol or low‐concentration sodium dodecyl sulfate as α‐ or β‐structure inducers, respectively. Extrapolation of free energy data to zero concentration of structuring agent highlighted that the peptide prefers α‐helical to β‐type organization, in spite of results from prediction algorithms. However, the free energy difference between the two forms, as obtained by a thermodynamic cycle, is subtle (roughly 5–8 kJ mol−1 at any temperature from 280 K to 350 K), suggesting conformational ambivalence. This result supports the view that, in the prion protein, the structural behavior of the peptide is governed by the cellular microenvironment. Proteins 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Polarization dynamics of microcavity polaritons: Three excitation regimes
Authors: Kłopotowski Ł. , Amo A. , Martín M. D. , Viña L. , André R.
Published: February 2005

We present the results of time‐resolved studies of polariton dynamics under non‐resonant, circularly polarized excitation. We show how the emission intensity, its decay rate and the polarization behavior change in three characteristic excitation regimes and discuss the underlying relaxation mechanisms. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Growth and continuous‐wave laser operation of disordered crystals of Yb3+:NaLa(WO4)2 and Yb3+:NaLa(MoO4)2
Authors: Liu J. , Cano‐Torres J. M. , Cascales C. , Esteban‐Betegón F. , Serrano M. D. , Volkov V. , Zaldo C. , Rico M. , Griebner U. , Petrov V.
Published: February 2005

Single crystals of disordered NaLa(WO4)2 and NaLa(MoO4)2 doped with Yb3+ are grown by the Czochralski method from the melt. Continuous‐wave laser operation with Ti:sapphire laser pumping is demonstrated at room temperature without special cooling. Tunability from 1017 to 1057 nm and from 1015 to 1053 nm is achieved for Yb:NaLa(WO4)2 and Yb:NaLa(MoO4)2, respectively. A maximum output power of 205 mW is obtained with Yb:NaLa(WO4)2. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Optical study of Langmuir–Schaeffer films of gold colloid nanoparticles
Authors: Nabok A. , Heriot S. Y. , Richardson T. H.
Published: February 2005

Thin films of 5 nm gold colloid nanoparticles were deposited onto solid substrates (silicon, glass, gold coated glass) by the Langmuir–Schaeffer (LS) method at a surface pressure of 10 mN/m. The films produced were characterised with optical techniques of UV–visible absorption spectroscopy, surface plasmon resonance (SPR), and spectroscopic ellipsometry. Film thickness was found to increase linearly with the increase in the number of layers, yielding the values of 2.5 nm and 5.2 nm per deposition stroke for LB and LS films, respectively. Gold colloid films produce SPR curves broadened and shifted to the larger angles in respect to SPR of evaporated gold, which may be related to the effect of quantum confinement of electrons in gold colloid particles. Fitting of both SPR and ellipsometry data yields the value of 7 nm for the Au particles size, which is close to the values obtained by AFM. We also report on the reduction in the effective thickness of evaporated gold films after depositing gold colloid on top. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Thin films of copper hexadecafluorophthalocyanine CuPcF16
Authors: Basova T. , Kol'tsov E. , Hassan A. , Tsargorodskaya A. , Ray A. , Igumenov I.
Published: February 2005

In this work, structural features and optical properties of CuPcF16 films deposited by physical vapour deposition have been investigated. Thin films of two different thicknesses (22 and 198 nm) were characterized by ellipsometry, optical absorption spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Film morphology and optical properties are found to depend on film thickness. Absorption spectra of CuPcF16 films were compared with those of unsubstituted copper phthalocyanine. The sensor response of CuPcF16 film to ammonia was studied using surface plasmon resonance measurements. It was stated that strong electron‐withdrawing fluorine substituents make this compound sensitive to reducing gases such as NH3 while unsubstituted CuPc is practically insensitive to this gas. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Advancing controlled release packaging through smart blending
Authors: LaCoste Amanda , Schaich Karen M. , Zumbrunnen David , Yam Kit L.
Published: February 2005

Researchers from Rutgers University and Clemson University have collaborated to develop a concept of using smart blending to generate functional packaging films for the controlled release of active compounds such as antimicrobials, antioxidants and flavour compounds to extend the shelf‐life of food. In this paper, literature results are reviewed to justify the significance of controlled release packaging (CRP) and the research gaps for further development are identified. A major research gap is the lack of packaging materials that can provide the release of active compounds at rates suitable for a wide range of food packaging applications. Smart blending is a promising technology for bridging this research gap. To fully realize the potentials of smart blending, a systematic approach for developing CRP using smart blending is also presented. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Theoretical study of the photochemical reaction mechanism of bicyclo[4.1.0]hept‐2‐ene upon direct photolysis
Authors: Chen Yishan , Wang Yanxia , Ye Song
Published: February 2005

Ab initio multiconfigurational CASSCF/MP2 method with the 6‐31G* basis set has been employed in studying the photochemistry of bicyclo[4.1.0]hept‐2‐ene upon direct photolysis. Our calculations involve the ground state (S0) and excited states (S1, T1, and T2). The ground‐state reaction pathways corresponding to the formation of the six products derived from bicyclo[4.1.0]hept‐2‐ene via two important diradical intermediates (D1 and D2) were mapped. It was found that there are various crossing points (conical intersections and singlet–triplet crossings) in the regions near D1 and D2. These crossing points imply that direct photolysis can lead to two possible radiationless relaxation routes: (1) S1 → S0, (2) S1 → T2 → T1 → S0. Computation indicates that the second route is not a competitive path with the first route during direct photolysis. The first route is initiated by barrierless cyclopropane bond cleavage to form two singlet excited diradical intermediates, followed by efficient decay to the ground‐state surface via three S1/S0 conical intersections in the regions near the diradical intermediates. All six ground‐state products can be formed via the three conical intersections almost without barrier after the decays. The barriers separating the diradical minima on S1 from the S1/S0 conical intersections were found to be very small with respect to the vertical excitation energy, which can explain why the product distribution is independent of excitation wavelength. Triplet surfaces are not involved in the first route, which agrees with the fact that the product contribution was unchanged by the addition of naphthalene. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
Spectral efficiency of distributed MIMO code division multiple access systems over multipath fading channels
Authors: Ni Zhi , Li Daoben
Published: February 2005

Distributed multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) system is a new architecture for next generation wireless communication systems with distributed multiple antennas. In this paper, an uplink model for multiuser distributed MIMO systems with wideband code‐division multiple‐access (CDMA) technology is presented. We focus on the case where there is no channel state information at the transmitter, but channel state information is assumed at the receiver. The spectral efficiency of the uplink system with single‐user detectors at the base stations under multipath fading channels is investigated carefully. Two cases with different assumptions of interference knowledge are studied in detail. The spreading sequences of the CDMA systems are assumed to employ loosely synchronized (LS) spreading sequences and random spreading sequences respectively. LS spreading sequences exhibit a so‐called interference free window (IFW), where both the auto‐correlation and cross‐correlation of the codes become zero. Therefore LS sequences have the promise of mitigating the effects of inter symbol interference (ISI) and multiple access interference (MAI) in multipath fading channels. It is shown by numerical results that the uplink spectral efficiency of the distributed MIMO‐CDMA system using LS sequences can significantly outperform that of the system using random spreading sequences. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Scalable multiple description coding and distributed video streaming in 3G mobile communications
Authors: Zheng Ruobin , Zhuang Weihua , Jiang Hai
Published: February 2005

This paper proposes a distributed multimedia delivery mobile network for video streaming in 3rd generation (3G) mobile communications. The joint design of layered coding (LC) and multiple description coding (MDC) is employed to address the bandwidth fluctuations and packet loss problems in the wireless network and to further enhance the error resilience tools in MPEG‐4. A new Internet protocol (IP) differentiated services (DiffServ) video marking algorithm is presented to support an unequal error protection of the LC components. Both intra‐RAN (radio access network) handoff and inter‐RAN handoff procedures are discussed, which provide path diversity to combat streaming video outage due to handoff in the universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS). Computer simulation results demonstrate that: (1) the newly proposed IP DiffServ video marking algorithm is more suitable for video streaming in an IP mobile network as compared with the previously proposed algorithm, and (2) the proposed handoff procedures have better performance in terms of handoff latency, end‐to‐end delay and handoff scalability than that in UMTS. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance of the bi‐orthogonal modulation for ultra‐wideband communication systems with multiple access interference
Authors: Morosi Simone , Fantacci Romano , Del Re Enrico , Goratti Leonardo
Published: February 2005

This paper investigates the use of bi‐orthogonal modulations in multiuser communication systems based on ultra wide band impulse radio (UWB‐IR) technology: the communication systems considered herein use Gaussian waveforms in AWGN channel and rely on the utilization of a time‐hopping spreading technique. A hybrid pulse modulation is defined, which is obtained by combining pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) and pulse position modulation (PPM) techniques. Particularly, we have compared the bi‐orthogonal system performance to the classical orthogonal one, also in the condition of lack of a general synchronism, possibly caused by the presence of interfering users that belong to a separate network. Moreover, we have taken into account the use of an M‐ary alphabet, in the case of orthogonal and bi‐orthogonal modulation schemes. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Duplexing, resource allocation and inter‐cell coordination: design recommendations for next generation wireless systems
Authors: Alexiou A. , Avidor D. , Bosch P. , Das S. , Gupta P. , Hochwald B. , Klein T. E. , Ling J. , Lozano A. , Marzetta T. L. , Mukherjee S. , Mullender S. , Papadias C. B. , Valenzuela R. A. , Viswanathan H.
Published: February 2005

Coexistence of different access technologies, hierarchical cellular deployment, a wide variety of data services, requirements for transparent operation across different technologies, adaptivity to varying network conditions and mobility and quality of service (QoS) constraints introduce a number of challenges in the design of future generation systems and the specification of new air interfaces, such as efficiency and flexibility in the utilization of spectrum, dynamic resource allocation and exploitation of the multiuser diversity and reconfigurable interference management and inter‐cell coordination. In this paper, three critical issues for the design of next generation systems are addressed: (i) duplexing, (ii) scheduling and resource allocation and (iii) interference and inter‐cell coordination. A number of research directions are presented, which constitute promising potential candidates for next generation systems specification. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Discovery of quinazolinone and quinoxaline derivatives as potent and selective poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase‐1/2 inhibitors
Authors: Iwashita Akinori , Hattori Kouji , Yamamoto Hirofumi , Ishida Junya , Kido Yoshiyuki , Kamijo Kazunori , Murano Kenji , Miyake Hiroshi , Kinoshita Takayoshi , Warizaya Masaichi , Ohkubo Mitsuru , Matsuoka Nobuya , Mutoh Seitaro
Published: February 2005

Two classes of quinazolinone derivatives and quinoxaline derivatives were identified as potent and selective poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase‐1 and 2 (PARP‐1) and (PARP‐2) inhibitors, respectively. In PARP enzyme assays using recombinant PARP‐1 and PARP‐2, quinazolinone derivatives displayed relatively high selectivity for PARP‐1 and quinoxaline derivatives showed superior selectivity for PARP‐2. SBDD analysis via a combination of X‐ray structural study and homology modeling suggested distinct interactions of inhibitors with PARP‐1 and PARP‐2. These findings provide a new structural framework for the design of selective inhibitors for PARP‐1 and PARP‐2.
Ribosome inactivating proteins and apoptosis
Authors: Narayanan Sriram , Surendranath Kalpana , Bora Namrata , Surolia Avadhesha , Karande Anjali A.
Published: February 2005

Ribosome inactivating proteins (RIPs) are protein toxins that are of plant or microbial origin that inhibit protein synthesis by inactivating ribosomes. Recent studies suggest that RIPs are also capable of inducing cell death by apoptosis. Though many reports are available on cell death induced by RIPs, the mechanism involved is not well studied. Comparison of pathways of apoptosis and cellular events induced by various RIPs suggests a central role played by mitochondria, probably acting as an integrator of cellular stress and cell death. The purpose of this review is to compare the various apoptotic pathways that may be involved and propose a general pathway in RIP‐induced cell death.
Effects of different anti‐tau antibodies on tau fibrillogenesis: RTA‐1 and RTA‐2 counteract tau aggregation
Authors: Taniguchi Taizo , Sumida Miho , Hiraoka Shuko , Tomoo Koji , Kakehi Tomoko , Minoura Katsuhiko , Sugiyama Shigeru , Inaka Koji , Ishida Toshimasa , Saito Naoaki , Tanaka Chikako
Published: February 2005

Tau is the major antigenic component of neurofibrillary pathology in tauopathy, including Alzheimer's disease. Although conversion of soluble tau to an insoluble polymerized fibrillar form is a key factor in the pathogenesis of tauopathy, the mechanism of the change is unclear and no inhibitors of fibril formation are available. Monoclonal antibodies against the 1st or 2nd repeat of the microtubule binding domain, but not the C‐terminal 16 residues, completely inhibited tau aggregation into PHF. Furthermore, they did not inhibit tau‐induced tubulin assembly. Thus, they are useful to investigate tau protein conversion and will be useful therapeutic lead materials.
Thoracic duct cysts: A rare differential diagnosis
Authors: Gottwald Frank , Iro Heinrich , Finke Carsten , Zenk Johannes
Published: February 2005

OBJECTIVE

Cysts of the thoracic duct located in the supraclavicular region are uncommon. To date only 12 cases in this topographic area have been described in the literature. Between 1998 and 2002, 5 patients presented to our department with the primary symptom of a palpable soft left‐supracavicular swelling that could be displaced relative to adjacent structures.

SETTING

In each case, sonography showed a hypoechogenic, almost echo‐free, distinctly outlined polycyclic structure with distal echo enhancement at the junction of the left internal jugular vein and the subclavian vein. All 5 patients underwent surgery, the cysts were extirpated, and the numerous communicating lymph vessels localized and meticulously ligated. Pathohistologic analysis of the milky, yellowish fluid obtained by intraoperative puncture confirmed the initial suspicion of a thoracic duct cyst in all patients.

CONCLUSION

In the case of left supraclavicular masses, the rare differential diagnosis of a thoracic duct cyst must be considered as a possibility. Sonography as the imaging method of choice is sufficient for primary diagnosis. In addition, a thorax x‐ray should be performed in order to exclude an intrathoracic involvement. Surgical extirpation marks the therapy of choice in treating such cysts.
Endoscopic CSF rhinorrhea closure: Our experience in 267 cases
Authors: Kirtane Milind V. , Gautham K. , Upadhyaya Shraddha R.
Published: February 2005

OBJECTIVES

The advances in endoscopic sinus surgery have made it the procedure of choice for treatment of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea (CSFR). To analyze the efficacy of endoscopic closure of CSFR was the objective of the present study.

METHODS

We treated 267 patients with CSFR endo‐scopically. Diagnosis was achieved with the help of CT with or without cisternography, MRI, beta‐2 transferrin levels. Fascia lata and fat were used to plug the defects. The patients were followed up for a minimum period of 6 months.

RESULTS

CSFR was successfully plugged in 258 patients. Nine patients required revision surgery. Six could be plugged successfully endoscopically and 2 patients by a neurosurgical approach.

CONCLUSIONS

In our experience with 267 patients of endoscopically treated CSFR, the results of achieving the closure was 96.63% in the first instance and 98.88% after revision surgery.

SIGNIFICANCE

The transnasal endoscopic approach has excellent results in the treatment of CSFR. We recommend it as the optimum surgical approach for both primary and revisional surgical management of CSFR.
Curcumin: A new radio‐sensitizer of squamous cell carcinoma cells
Authors: Khafif AVI , Hurst Robert , Kyker Kimberly , Fliss Dan M. , Gil ZIV , Medina Jesus E.
Published: February 2005

PURPOSE

Curcumin, a potential chemopreventive agent, was found to inhibit cancer cells in S/G2M phases of the cell cycle, when radiation is more effective. The purpose of the current study was to investigate whether curcumin can sensitize squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cells to the ionizing effects of irradiation.

METHODS

Curcumin (3.5 μM) was added for 48 hours to an SCC cell line prior to irradiation. Cell growth (counts) and colony‐formation (colonogenic assay) were examined after radiation.

RESULTS

Incubation with curcumin only (3.75 μM) for 48 hours did not decrease the number of cells or the ability to form colonies in the absence of radiation. However, in plates that were exposed to 1–5 Gy of radiation, cell counts dropped significantly if pretreated with curcumin with a maximal effect at 2.5 Gy (where the cell counts dropped from 1240 to 1017, P < 0.001). The colonogenic assay revealed a significant decrease in the ability to form colonies following pretreatment with curcumin in all radiation doses (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Given the appropriate doses, curcumin exhibits radio‐sensitizing effects on SCC cells in vitro.
Trends in otolaryngology research during the period 1995‐2000: A bibliometric approach
Authors: Cimmino Marco A. , Tiziana Maio , Ugolini Donatella , Borasi Filippo , Mela Giuseppe S.
Published: February 2005

OBJECTIVES

To evaluate the distribution and scope of papers published in the world in otolaryngology (ORL) journals and to compare the impact of this research among different countries.

METHODS

Papers published in the 29 ORL journals screened by the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI, Philadelphia, PA, USA) in the 6‐year period 1995–2000 were considered. The journal impact factor (IF), the source country population, and gross domestic product (GDP) were recorded. All key words, both those assigned by the authors and those attributed by ISI, were identified and their frequency was calculated using a special‐purpose program.

RESULTS

The total number of papers in the ORL literature during the period 1995–2000 increased from 2036 to 3705. A percentage varying between 47.7% (1995) and 36.1% (2000) was published by EU authors whereas the USA accounted for a percentage varying between 28.1% (1995) and 38.8% (2000). In 2000, the leading countries were the USA, the EU, Japan, Canada, and Australia. In Europe the UK (28.5% of papers), Germany (26.2%), Italy (7.2%), Sweden (5.8%), France (5.5%), and the Netherlands (4.9%) showed a very good performance trend. In the same year, the mean IF of EU papers was 0.8 in comparison with 1.1 for Australia and the USA and 0.9 for the world. In 1997, 1341 key words attributed by the authors and 696 attributed by ISI appeared in the ORL literature. Less than a tenth of them were cited more than twice. The leading key words were “cancer” for disease and “surgery” for treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

Bibliometric findings are useful to follow research trends. Our data show high scientific production of relatively small countries. Dispersion of key words should be avoided and journal editors should promote their standardization.
Three‐layer repair of nasoseptal defects
Authors: Schultz‐Coulon Hans‐Jürgen
Published: February 2005

PURPOSE

This article demonstrates technique and results of a 3‐layer repair of nasoseptal defects using bilateral bipedicled advancement flaps and an autogenous cartilage graft.

METHOD

After an extensive bilateral elevation of the mucosa from the entire septum, the nasal dome and the nasal floor bipedicled advancement flaps are created. The mucosal defects are sutured and an autogenous cartilage graft is interposed between the sutured mucosal flaps.

RESULTS

Until now this technique has been applied in 403 patients. The success rate (complete closure) was 92.5%. Thirty‐four patients redeveloped defects; 28 were <5 mm and did not cause complaints.

CONCLUSION

Results show that the described technique is a most reliable method with the following advantages: 1 stage procedure, no visible scars, high success rate, and low complication rate. In case of an incomplete closure, the redeveloped defect will generally be considerably smaller than the original one and asymptomatic.
NATURAL RIGHTS AND IMPERIAL CONSTITUTIONALISM: THE AMERICAN
REVOLUTION AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE AMERICAN AMALGAM
Authors: Zuckert Michael
Published: February 2005

Robert Nozick worked in a Lockean tradition of political philosophy, a
tradition with deep resonance in the American political culture. This paper
attempts to explore the formative moments of that culture and at the same
time to clarify the role of Lockean philosophy in the American Revolution.
One of the currently dominant approaches to the revolution emphasizes the
colonists' commitments to their rights, but identifies the relevant rights
as “the rights of Englishmen,” not natural rights in the Lockean
mode. This approach misses, however, the way the Americans construed their
positive or constitutional rights in the light of a Lockean background theory.
In a word, the Americans recreated an amalgam of traditional constitutional
principles and Lockean philosophy, an amalgam that nearly guaranteed that
they and the British would speak past each other. The ambiguities and
uncertainties of the British constitution as extended to the colonies
provided an incentive to the Americans (but not the British) to look to
Locke as a guide to their rights, thereby helping win a place for Lockean
theory in American political thinking.
PREROGATIVES, RESTRICTIONS, AND RIGHTS
Authors: Mack Eric
Published: February 2005

I offer a defense of the moral side-constraints to which Robert Nozick
appeals in Anarchy, State and Utopia but for which he fails to provide a
sustained justification. I identify a line of anti-consequentialist
argumentation which is present in Nozick and which, in the terminology of
Samuel Scheffler, moves first to affirm a personal prerogative which allows
the individual not to sacrifice herself for the sake of the best overall
outcome and second moves on to affirm restrictions (i.e., moral
side-constraints) which prohibit the individual from suppressing others'
exercise of their personal prerogatives even if that suppression would serve
the overall good. I argue that one ought to follow this line of
anti-consequentialist argumentation all the way to the affirmation of
restrictions by showing that the rationale for the adoption of the personal
prerogative is not satisfied unless the accompanying restrictions are adopted
as well.
Age does not increase rate of forgetting over weeks—Neuroanatomical volumes and visual memory across the adult life-span
Authors: FJELL ANDERS M. , WALHOVD KRISTINE B. , REINVANG IVAR , LUNDERVOLD ARVID , DALE ANDERS M. , QUINN BRIAN T. , MAKRIS NIKOS , FISCHL BRUCE
Published: February 2005

The aim of the study was to investigate whether age affects visual memory retention across extended time intervals. In addition, we wanted to study how memory capabilities across different time intervals are related to the volume of different neuroanatomical structures (right hippocampus, right cortex, right white matter). One test of recognition (CVMT) and one test of recall (Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test) were administered, giving measures of immediate recognition/recall, 20–30 min recognition/recall, and recognition/recall at a mean of 75 days. Volumetric measures of right hemisphere hippocampus, cortex, and white matter were obtained through an automated labelling procedure of MRI recordings. Results did not demonstrate a steeper rate of forgetting for older participants when the retention intervals were increased, indicating that older people have spared ability to retain information in the long-term store. Differences in neuroanatomical volumes could explain up to 36% of the variance in memory performance, but were not significantly related to rates of forgetting. Cortical volume and hippocampal volume were in some cases independent as predictors of memory function. Generally, cortical volume was a better predictor of recognition memory than hippocampal volume, while the 2 structures did not differ in their predictive power of recall abilities. While neuroanatomical volumetric differences can explain some of the differences in memory functioning between younger and older persons, the hippocampus does not seem to be unique in this respect. (JINS, 2005,11, 2–15.)
Processing efficiency and sustained attention in bipolar disorder
Authors: FLECK DAVID E. , SHEAR PAULA K. , STRAKOWSKI STEPHEN M.
Published: February 2005

We hypothesized that patterns of sustained attention performance in
bipolar disorder were consistent with processing efficiency
theory—a theory of the relationship between central
processing capacity and performance. We predicted (1) sustained
attention deficits during mania because symptoms interfere with
limited-capacity executive control processes resulting in decreased
performance effectiveness; and (2) decreased processing
efficiency during euthymia, as indicated by speed/accuracy
tradeoffs, consistent with a stable phenotypic abnormality. Twenty-five
manic bipolar, 23 euthymic bipolar, and 28 healthy comparison
participants were compared on a continuous performance task and
administered symptom-rating scales. The manic group was significantly
impaired on overall perceptual sensitivity and demonstrated a
significant linear decrease in performance over time, consistent with
impaired sustained attention. The euthymic group evidenced
significantly slower overall hit reaction time (RT), but when RT was
controlled they performed similarly to the healthy group over time. Two
discriminant functions combined to separate the groups on manic symptom
severity and on-task effort/strategy use. These findings are
consistent with processing efficiency theory. They suggest that
euthymic patients sustain attention through effortful control at the
expense of processing efficiency, while acute mania reduces the
capacity for control and impairs sustained attention. Problems with
processing efficiency are viewed as trait characteristics of bipolar
disorder that may be overlooked by traditional error-based assessments.
(JINS, 2005, 11, 49–57.)
Heavy alcohol consumption in individuals with HIV infection:
Effects on neuropsychological performance
Authors: ROTHLIND JOHANNES C. , GREENFIELD TANYA M. , BRUCE ANNE V. , MEYERHOFF DIETER J. , FLENNIKEN DEREK L. , LINDGREN JOSELYN A. , WEINER MICHAEL W.
Published: February 2005

Higher rates of alcohol use have been reported in HIV+ individuals
compared to the general population. Both heavy alcohol use and HIV
infection are associated with increased risk of neuropsychological (NP)
impairment. We examined effects of heavy active alcohol use and HIV on
NP functioning in a large sample of community-residing HIV+ individuals
and HIV− controls. The four main study groups included 72
HIV− light/non-drinkers, 70 HIV− heavy drinkers
(>100 drinks per month), 70 HIV+ light/non-drinkers, and 56 HIV+
heavy drinkers. The heavy drinking group was further subdivided to
assess effects of the heaviest levels of active alcohol use (>6
drinks per day) on NP functioning. A comprehensive NP battery was
administered. Multivariate analysis of covariance was employed to
examine the effect of HIV and alcohol on NP functioning after adjusting
for group differences in age and estimated premorbid verbal
intellectual functioning. The analyses identified main effects of heavy
drinking and HIV on NP function, with greatest effects involving the
contrast of HIV+ heavy drinkers and the HIV− light drinkers.
Synergistic effects of heaviest current drinking and HIV infection were
identified in analyses of motor and visuomotor speed. Supplementary
analyses also revealed better NP function in the HIV+ group with
antiretroviral treatment (ART) and lower level of viral burden, a
finding that was consistent across levels of alcohol consumption.
Finally, heavy alcohol use and executive functioning difficulties were
associated with lower levels of self-reported medication adherence in
the HIV+ group. The findings suggest that active heavy alcohol use and
HIV infection have additive adverse effects on NP function, that they
may show synergistic effects in circumstances of very heavy active
alcohol use, and that heavy drinking and executive functioning may
mediate health-related behaviors in HIV disease. (JINS, 2005,
11, 70–83.)
Florida Cognitive Activities Scale: Initial development and
validation
Authors: SCHINKA JOHN A. , MCBRIDE ANGELA , VANDERPLOEG RODNEY D. , TENNYSON KAREN , BORENSTEIN AMY R. , MORTIMER JAMES A.
Published: February 2005

We used a rational-empirical approach in the construction and
validation of a cognitive activity scale for use with elderly
populations. The scale development effort produced a 25-item scale with
a reasonably high level of internal consistency in a sample of 200
elderly individuals. Scale scores were positively correlated with years
of education and measures of various domains of cognitive ability. In a
separate cross-validation sample, a similar pattern of reliability and
validity coefficients was obtained. The full scale score was found to
contribute significantly to the prediction of cognitive ability after
controlling for the effects of age, education, and gender. Two
subscales (Higher Cognitive Abilities and Frequent Cognitive Abilities)
and a measure of self-reported maintenance of cognitive activity were
also developed. In a separate study, the maintenance score was found to
differ significantly between the validation sample and a sample of
individuals with a history of neurological disorder, with a moderate
effect size (d approximately = .7). Further cross-validation
studies in minority groups and groups of varying socioeconomic status
will be critical in establishing the research and clinical value of the
scale and subscales. (JINS, 2005, 11,
108–116.)
Continuing the Tradition of Neuroanatomic Excellence
Authors: Knopman David
Published: February 2005

Review of The Central Nervous System. Structure and Function
(3rd ed.), by Per Brodal. 2004. New York: Oxford University Press. 515
pp., $79.95.
Effect of storm‐time plasma pressure on the magnetic field in the inner magnetosphere
Authors: Zaharia Sorin , Thomsen M. F. , Birn J. , Denton M. H. , Jordanova V. K. , Cheng C. Z.
Published: February 2005

We investigate the effect of plasma pressure on the magnetic field in the near‐Earth magnetosphere (2 to 6.5 RE) during the major magnetic storm of October 21–25, 2001. For this we obtain a time series of “snapshots”, in each of which the magnetic forces are equilibrated by plasma pressure gradient forces. Each snapshot is computed using our 3‐D equilibrium code, which is fed anisotropic pressure in the equatorial plane from a kinetic ring current model. As computational boundaries we use magnetic flux surfaces obtained from the T89 empirical model [Tsyganenko, 1989], parameterized by the appropriate Kp. We analyze the computed magnetic fields and electric currents at each stage of the storm. Our findings include significant (∼10) plasma β and large field depressions near Earth at the storm peak. The results clearly show the necessity of a magnetically self‐consistent treatment of plasma transport in storm modeling.
Influence of a cold water bottom dome on internal wave trapping
Authors: Xing Jiuxing , Davies Alan M.
Published: February 2005

A numerical model of a cross section through a cold water bottom dome is used to examine the influence of wind forcing frequency, dome length, and density field upon the variability of internal waves in the region. Forcing at super‐inertial frequencies produces internal waves in the frontal regions that propagate into the centre of the dome producing a standing wave. The wavelength of the internal wave depends upon water depth forcing frequency and stratification. At the edges of the dome internal waves are trapped by the bottom fronts. At sub‐inertial forcing waves are trapped close to the dome's boundary giving different mixing to that found with super‐inertial forcing. These calculations suggest significant differences in internal wave spectra in domes compared with open sea observations. These spectral differences would be a critical test of the model's dynamics.
Topographic amplitude dependence of internal wave generation by tidal forcing over idealized three‐dimensional topography
Authors: Munroe J. R. , Lamb K. G.
Published: February 2005

This numerical study using the Princeton Ocean Model investigates the conversion of energy from an eastward propagating surface tide to the internal wave field as an oscillating tidal current flows over and around idealized three‐dimensional Gaussian seamounts. In particular, the relationship between the energy flux in the internal wave field and the height of the topography is explored using a range of horizontal aspect ratios. In agreement with theory, the energy flux is found to increase as the square of the topographic amplitude ho for subcritical topography. For supercritical topographies the functional relationship is more complex aspect ratio dependent. It increases more rapidly than ho2 for near‐critical topography. For larger circular seamounts the energy flux increases much more slowly, with the rate of increase dropping with amplitude. As the seamounts are elongated in the cross‐tidal wave (north‐south) direction the energy flux increases more rapidly with height and, for a two‐dimensional ridge, increases as approximately ho2.2. The directional dependence of the energy flux also depends on the aspect ratio and amplitude of the seamount. For circular seamounts, energy flux has its maximum in directions between 20° and 45° counterclockwise from the east‐west axis (Northern Hemisphere). For elongated seamounts the energy flux is directed in the east‐west direction.
Upscaling discrete fracture network simulations: An alternative to continuum transport models
Authors: Painter S. , Cvetkovic V.
Published: February 2005

Particle tracking through stochastically generated networks of discrete fractures provides an alternative to the conventional advection‐dispersion description of transport in fractured rock. However, discrete fracture network simulations are computationally intensive and usually limited to small scales. An approach for direct upscaling of discrete fracture simulations is described. Trajectories for nonreacting tracer particles are first extracted from relatively small discrete fracture network simulations. Tracer‐rock interaction is represented by also calculating a cumulative reactivity parameter along each trajectory. The residence time/reactivity information is then used in a Monte Carlo simulation to construct artificial particle trajectories of any length, thereby achieving the upscaling objective. In its simplest form the procedure has the form of a random walk evolving in a two‐dimensional space. Tests using site‐specific and generic networks show that it is necessary to modify the random walk to produce sequential correlation along the trajectories. We achieve this by using a discrete state Markov process to direct the random walk. The procedure is computationally efficient, easily implemented, and compares well with the network simulations.
Evidence for a functional cardiac interaction between losartan and angiotensin‐(1–7) receptors revealed by orthostatic tilting test in rats
Authors: Matos de Moura Marina , Augusto Sousa dos Santos Robson , Antônio Peliky Fontes Marco
Published: February 2005

Studies have shown that the angiotensin II (Ang II) AT1 receptor antagonist, losartan, accentuates the orthostatic hypotensive response in anesthetized rats, and there is evidence indicating that this effect is not exclusively mediated by AT1 receptors.

We investigated whether the pronounced orthostatic cardiovascular response observed in losartan‐treated rats involves an interference with angiotensin‐(1–7) (Ang‐(1–7)) receptors.

Urethane‐anesthetized rats were submitted to orthostatic stress (90° head‐up tilt for 2 min). Intravenous injection of losartan (1 mg kg−1, n=9) significantly accentuated the decrease in mean arterial pressure (MAP) induced by head‐up tilt (−33±6% after losartan vs −15±8% control tilt). This effect was accompanied by a significant bradycardia (−8±3% after losartan vs −3±3% control tilt). Another AT1 antagonist, candesartan, did not potentiate the decrease of MAP and did not change the cardiac response induced by head‐up tilt. Strikingly, administration of the Ang‐(1–7) antagonist, A‐779 (10 nmol kg−1, n=5), totally reversed the bradicardiac effect caused by losartan and this effect was accompanied by a tendency towards attenuation of the hypotensive response caused by losartan.

These findings indicate that the marked orthostatic cardiovascular response is specific for losartan, and that it may be due, in part, to an interaction of this antagonist with Ang‐(1–7) receptors, probably at the cardiac level.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 144, 755–760. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706039
Activation of the nociceptin/orphanin FQ receptor reduces bronchoconstriction and microvascular leakage in a rabbit model of gastroesophageal reflux
Authors: D'Agostino Bruno , Marrocco Giuseppina , De Nardo Marilisa , Calò Girolamo , Guerrini Remo , Gallelli Luca , Advenier Charles , Rossi Francesco
Published: February 2005

Nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) is the endogenous peptide ligand for a specific G‐protein coupled receptor, the N/OFQ peptide receptor (NOP). The N/OFQ‐NOP receptor system has been reported to play an important role in pain, anxiety and appetite regulation. In airways, N/OFQ was found to inhibit the release of tachykinins and the bronchoconstriction and cough provoked by capsaicin.

Here we evaluated the effects of NOP receptor activation in bronchoconstriction and airway microvascular leakage induced by intraesophageal (i.oe.) hydrochloric acid (HCl) instillation in rabbits. We also tested the effects of NOP receptor activation in SP‐induced plasma extravasation and bronchoconstriction.

In anesthetized New Zealand rabbits bronchopulmonary function (total lung resistance (RL) and dynamic compliance (Cdyn)) and airway microvascular leakage (extravasation of Evans blue dye) were evaluated.

Infusion of i.oe. HCl (1 N) led to a significant increase in bronchoconstriction and plasma extravasation in the main bronchi and trachea of rabbits pretreated with propranolol, atropine and phosphoramidon.

Bronchoconstriction and airway microvascular leakage were inhibited by N/OFQ (3–30 μg kg−1 i.v.) in a dose‐dependent manner. The NOP receptor agonist [Arg14,Lys15]N/OFQ mimicked the inhibitory effect of N/OFQ, being 10‐fold more potent, UFP‐101, a peptide selective NOP receptor antagonist, blocked the inhibitory effects of both agonists.

Under the same experimental conditions, N/OFQ and [Arg14,Lys15]N/OFQ did not counteract the bronchoconstriction and airway microvascular leakage induced by substance P.

These results suggest that bronchoconstriction and airway plasma extravasation induced by i.oe. HCl instillation are inhibited by activation of prejunctional NOP receptors.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 144, 813–820. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706066
An electrophysiological study of excitatory purinergic neuromuscular transmission in longitudinal smooth muscle of chicken anterior mesenteric artery
Authors: Khalifa Maisa , El‐Mahmoudy AbuBakr , Shiina Takahiko , Shimizu Yasutake , Nikami Hideki , El‐Sayed Mossad , Kobayashi Haruo , Takewaki Tadashi
Published: February 2005

The object of the present study was to clarify the neurotransmitters controlling membrane responses to electrical field stimulation (EFS) in the longitudinal smooth muscle cells of the chicken anterior mesenteric artery.

EFS (5 pulses at 20 Hz) evoked a depolarization of amplitude 19.7±2.1 mV, total duration 29.6±3.1 s and latency 413.0±67.8 ms. This depolarization was tetrodotoxin (TTX)‐sensitive and its amplitude was partially decreased by atropine (0.5 μM); however, its duration was shortened by further addition of prazosin (10 μM).

Atropine/prazosin‐resistant component was blocked by the nonspecific purinergic antagonist, suramin, in a dose‐dependent manner, indicating that this component is mediated by the neurotransmitter adenosine 5′‐triphosphate (ATP).

Neither desensitization nor blocking of P2X receptor with its putative receptor agonist α,β‐methylene ATP (α,β‐MeATP, 1 μM) and its antagonist pyridoxalphosphate‐6‐azophenyl‐2′,4′‐disulfonic (PPADS, up to 50 μM), had significant effect on the purinergic depolarization. In contrast, either desensitization or blocking of P2Y receptor with its putative agonist 2‐methylthioATP (2‐MeSATP, 1 μM) and its antagonist Cibacron blue F3GA (CBF3GA, 10 μM) abolished the purinergic depolarization, indicating that this response is mediated through P2Y but not P2X receptor.

The purinergic depolarization was inhibited by pertussis toxin (PTX, 600 ng ml−1). Furthermore, it was significantly inhibited by a phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor, U‐73122 (10 μM), indicating that the receptors involved in mediating the purinergic depolarization are linked to a PTX‐sensitive G‐protein, which is involved in a PLC‐mediated signaling pathway.

Data of the present study suggest that the EFS‐induced excitatory membrane response occurring in the longitudinal smooth muscle of the chicken anterior mesenteric artery is mainly purinergic in nature and is mediated via P2Y purinoceptors.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 144, 830–839. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706076