bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Glycemic control in the infectious diseases ward; role of clinical pharmacist interventions
Authors: Farsaei Shadi , Karimzadeh Iman , Elyasi Sepideh , Hatamkhani Shima , Khalili Hossein
Published: April 2014

Introduction: Hyperglycemia is one of the most frequent metabolic complications in hospitalized patients. Increased risk of infection following hyperglycemia has been reported in hospitalized patients and infections may also cause insulin resistance which complicates the control of blood glucose level. In this study the impact of the clinical pharmacist interventions on the glycemic control in patients admitted to infectious diseases ward has been evaluated. Methodology: We conducted a prospective, pre-post interventional study among patients with hyperglycemia. The clinical pharmacist-led multidisciplinary team managed the glycemic profile of patients according to an established insulin protocol commonly used in internal wards. Clinical pharmacists reviewed patients’ medical charts for proper insulin administration, evaluated nurses’ technique for insulin injection and blood glucose measurement, and educated patients about symptoms of hypoglycemia and the importance of adherence to different aspects of their glycemic management. Results: The percentage of controlled random blood sugar increased from 13.8% in the pre-intervention to 22.3% in the post-intervention group (p value < 0.01). On the other hand, the percentage of controlled fasting blood sugars in the post-intervention group was non-significantly higher than in the pre-intervention group. Conclusion: Pharmacists and additional health care providers from other departments such as nursing and dietary departments need to be devoted to glycemic control service. Collaborative practice agreement between physicians is necessary to promote this service and help to increase the use of such services in different settings for diabetes control.
Next-generation sequencing and bioinformatic approaches to detect and analyze influenza virus in ferrets
Authors: Lin Zhen , Farooqui Amber , Li Guishuang , Wong Gane KS , Mason Andrew L , Banner David , Kelvin Alyson A , Kelvin David J , Leon Alberto J
Published: April 2014

Introduction: Conventional methods used to detect and characterize influenza viruses in biological samples face multiple challenges due to the diversity of subtypes and high dissimilarity of emerging strains. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) is a powerful technique that can facilitate the detection and characterization of influenza, however, the sequencing strategy and the procedures of data analysis possess different aspects that require careful consideration. Methodology: The RNA from the lungs of ferrets infected with influenza A/California/07/2009 was analyzed by next-generation sequencing (NGS) without using specific PCR amplification of the viral sequences. Several bioinformatic approaches were used to resolve the viral genes and detect viral quasispecies. Results: The genomic sequences of influenza virus were characterized to a high level of detail when analyzing the short-reads with either the fast aligner Bowtie2, the general purpose aligner BLASTn or de novo assembly with Abyss. Moreover, when using distant viral sequences as reference, these methods were still able to resolve the viral sequences of a biological sample. Finally, direct sequencing of RNA samples did not provide sufficient coverage of the viral genome to study viral quasispecies, and, therefore, prior amplification of the viral segments by PCR would be required to perform this type of analysis. Conclusions: the introduction of NGS for virus research allows routine full characterization of viral isolates; however, careful design of the sequencing strategy and the procedures for data analysis are still of critical importance.
Sexual and vertical transmission of visceral leishmaniasis
Authors: Turchetti Andreia P , Souza Tayse D , Paixão Tatiane A , Santos Renato L.
Published: April 2014

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is an important zoonosis caused by Leishmania infantum, which has in the domestic dog its principal vertebrate host. VL is usually transmitted by phlebotomine sand flies, however atypical routes of transmission have been described. In this review we discuss the the role of sexual and vertical transmissions, and their role in the maintenance of VL in canine populations.
Un lienzo de la Inmaculada de Matías de Torres en la Colegiata de Talavera de la Reina
Authors: Nicolau Castro Juan
Published: April 2014

Un lienzo de la Inmaculada en la Colegiata de Talavera de la Reina, hasta ahora inédito, puede ser atribuido al pintor del siglo XVII Matías de Torres.
Los maestros del colegio del arte mayor de la seda de Valencia en una fase de crecimiento manufacturero (1686-1755)
Authors: Franch Benavent Ricardo
Published: April 2014

El presente trabajo se basa en el estudio de los 2.077 nuevos maestros que ingresaron en el colegio del arte mayor de la seda de Valencia entre 1686 y 1755, y revela la complejidad de la evolución que experimentó la corporación. El repliegue en favor del propio colectivo artesanal que se produjo en el reclutamiento de sus miembros como respuesta a las dificultades del siglo XVII no tuvo un carácter definitivo, ya que el crecimiento manufacturero de finales de la centuria favoreció el ingreso de candidatos de una procedencia más diversa. Fue el incremento de la presión fiscal y la influencia de la política mercantilista que impulsó la monarquía tras la finalización de la guerra de Sucesión lo que contribuyó tanto a un nuevo cierre de la corporación como a la aplicación más estricta de la reglamentación productiva, dificultando la modernización de la sedería valenciana.
El KPD en la Guerra Civil española y la cuestión del Frente Popular: algunas reflexiones
Authors: Andreassi Cieri Alejandro
Published: April 2014

Este artículo pretende demostrar la importancia que tuvo la participación del Partido Comunista Alemán (KPD) en la guerra civil española en la redefinición de su línea política y en el diseño de una estrategia de construcción de un frente popular tanto en el exilio como en el interior de Alemania para combatir a la dictadura nacionalsocialista. Se ha utilizado documentación perteneciente al Bundesarchiv de Berlín y a los Archives Nationales / LE CARAN (Paris). Se han analizado los debates en el seno de las Brigadas Internacionales y del exilio entre militantes comunistas y socialistas alemanes. Se han examinado algunas características de los comunistas alemanes miembros de las Brigadas Internacionales para elaborar un perfil que ayudara a comprender ese comportamiento de los miembros del KPD en España. Se concluye que la activa participación de los comunistas alemanes en la guerra civil les permitió, en contraste con la enormes dificultades para la resistencia en el interior de Alemania, tener un papel protagónico en el impulso de la línea frente populista en su lucha contra el fascismo, recuperando con ello la confianza y autoestima de estos militantes, al redimir parte de la responsabilidad del KPD en no haber sabido impedir junto al SPD la llegada del nacionalsocialismo al poder.
Development of a Collaborative Learning Game Using External Plastic Cards as an Input Device on an iPad
Authors: Ebner Martin , Lexow Stefan
Published: April 2014

This paper evaluates and describes the usage of plastic cards, coated with conductive paint, as an input device for capacitive touchscreens. By using the developed card prototypes it should be proofed, that usage of this new kind of input device can be handled by primary school pupils in a collaborative learning game. For this reason an educative digital learning game has been developed which can be controlled by the card prototypes. The game asks questions of general knowledge and the answer can be given by putting the proper plastic card on the touchscreen.

The evaluation of the game by two groups of four children pointed out, that the cards can be easily used to identify a specific user. Although evaluation shows that the card control has weaknesses to reliably detect the correct answer during the game phase. All pupils enjoy to play the game and they additionally state, that they like the usage of the cards.

Beside the problems with a reliable card recognition the evaluation shows that the collaborative concept of the game is promising due to the fact that the pupils are always working together on finding a solution for the answer. Further they support each other in handling and understanding the plastic cards which leads to a deeper understanding of the technical backgrounds.
To a Geographical Orchestration of Mobile Learning Activities
Authors: Dennouni Nassim , Peter Yvan , Lancieri Luigi , Slama Zohra
Published: April 2014

We are in the transition to a new era where mobility extends to many aspects of our daily lives. Learning, for example, takes place throughout life and anywhere. One may wonder how the traditional orchestration of learning can be applied in a mobile context, for example, to better support students during field trips and museum visits. In this paper, we present a geographic orchestration of resources and activities associated to learning system. The objective is to consider collaboration in mobile learning scenario that depends heavily on the location of learners, their profiles and their activity logs. We also defined a software framework for the design and implementation of pedagogic scenarios of field trip. To validate our approach, we present the implementation of a mobile artifact dedicated to the support of new visitors in exploring the historic monuments of a city.
Selection of Market Entry Strategies
Authors: Chanakira Maxwell
Published: April 2014

The purpose of this chapter is to investigate the selection of market entry strategies in the African mobile telephony industry with a view to developing appropriate business strategies and identifying risk factors. Using the survey methodology, the study focuses on six key enterprises, which account for over 60% of mobile phones in Africa. The empirical evidence suggests that market size in terms of population of the destination country and not psychic distance is the most important market selection criteria for enterprises entering Africa. The dominant entry market strategy for these enterprises is strategic alliances. Focused strategy is uncommon on the continent. More interestingly, and contrary to extant literature, political risk was not considered a market entry barrier. In any case, politically unstable countries tend to bring in higher returns. These findings are critical in informing investors engaged in or with intentions to enter Africa and in enriching international literature. The Stages model and the DMP framework individually are unable to explain the choice of market entry strategy in Africa. The key contributions of this study are both theoretical and practical insights on the process of internationalisation.
How Can Information Systems Improve Sustainable Procurement Policies?
Authors: Allal-Chérif Oihab
Published: April 2014

Sustainability has become a central corporate concern as well as a key factor of success in terms of both image and productivity. In turn, the purchasing function is crucial to the definition and implementation of a sustainability policy within the firm. This chapter combines a literature review with a qualitative study to show how information systems can and will contribute to the development of corporate sustainable purchasing policies. The chapter traces the development of new and innovative modes of sustainable purchasing management. Purchasing functions and information system departments work together to reduce the environmental footprint of technology and to exert greater influence on collaboration and teamwork by building an economic environment that is more viable and livable and also fairer.
Strategic Turning Points in ICT Business
Authors: Rusko Rauno
Published: April 2014

This chapter is based on the study “Strategic Processes and Turning Points in ICT Business: Case Nokia” (Rusko, 2012), in which the analysis reached no further than Spring 2011. Those days, one important strategic turning point was just beginning: the era of CEO Stephen Elop (September 2010) and collaboration with Microsoft (February 2011). Although the long-term perspective, strategic turning points, and path dependency are also important in this study, the focus has moved towards the prevailing era of Nokia and its competitors. Compared to the initial version, smartphones and their operating systems play a more important role in this study.
Holistic View on Unknown Unknowns in Project Risk Management
Authors: Raydugin Y.G.
Published: April 2014

The overall value of any risk management system could be qualitatively assessed by its capability to identify and manage relevant risks. This actually means that its value is reciprocal to the relevant risks it fails to identify (unknown unknowns). This chapter outlines comprehensive thinking processes and comes up with practical recipes on dealing with unknown unknowns, including handling unknown unknowns in probabilistic cost and schedule risk models. Four dimensions of unknown unknowns are discussed: novelty of a project, phase of project development, type of industry, and various types of psychological and organizational bias. “Regular” and “Supercritical” categories are introduced to further discuss various realizations of unknown unknowns such as “broiler black swans,” “game changers,” “show stoppers,” “corporate risks,” etc.
Susceptibility of geographically isolated populations of the Tomato red spider mite (Tetranychus evansi Baker & Pritchard) to commonly used acaricides on tomato crops in Kenya
Authors: Toroitich F. J. , Knapp M. , Nderitu J. H. , Olubayo F. M. , Obonyo M.
Published: April 2014

Farmers in Kenya continue to raise concerns of difficulty in managing Tetranychus evansi, the most widespread pest species of tomato applying the most commonly used acaricides. This invasive pest species is not only found in Kenya, but in Eastern and Southern Africa, as well as parts of Europe and Asia. In the current study, populations of T. evansi were collected from farms in the four major tomato-growing areas of Kenya (Loitoktok, Kibwezi, Athi-River and Subukia) and their susceptibility compared to a laboratory culture (ICIPE) that had been maintained for three years without exposure to acaricides. Susceptibility of T. evansi eggs and adults (contact and residual) to Brigade (bifenthrin), Dimethoate (dimethoate), Karate (lambdacyhalothrin), Kelthane (dicofol), Omite (propargite) and Polytrin (profenofos+ cypermethrin) was tested in the laboratory using respective manufacturer’s recommended concentrations. Dimethoate resulted in variable ovicidal mortality while Kelthane, Brigade, Karate, Omite and Polytrin had high mortality across all populations. Similarly, adult contact and residual mortality was lower than that of the other chemicals when exposed to Dimethoate regardless of the location. Furthermore, it also had no residual effect on the mites from ICIPE and Kibwezi. On the other hand, Kelthane was most lethal against the mites from all locations followed by Brigade and Polytrin in that order. Omite caused significantly lower mortality on mites from Subukia while Karate produced variable effects on mites from Kibwezi, Loitoktok and Subukia. The implications of these findings are further discussed.
Efficiency of Mentha piperita L. and Mentha pulegium L. essential oils on nutritional indices of Plodia interpunctella Hübner (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Authors: Saeidi K. , Hassanpour B.
Published: April 2014

Antifeedant activity of plant extracts from Mentha piperita L. and Mentha pulegium L. were tested against the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner). The nutritional indices: relative growth rate (RGR), relative consumption rate (RCR), efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI) and feeding deterrence index (FDI) were measured for first-instar larvae (15-d old). Treatments were evaluated using a flour disk bioassay in the dark, at 25±1°C and 60±5% R.H. Concentrations of 0, 0.1, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5 and 2 mL/disk were prepared from each essential oil. After 72 h, nutritional indices were calculated. M. piperita oils were more effective than M. pulegium oils, by significantly decreasing the RGR, RCR and FDI. At the highest concentration tested (2 mL/disk), the ECI (9%) was significantly reduced.
Unedited report showing the structural geometry and geological history of the northern Canadian Cordillera
Authors: Norris D K
Published: April 2014

The deformed rocks of the Canadian Cordillera northeast of the Tintina Fault in Yukon Territory and northwestern District of Mackenzie can be divided into ten tectonic elements, each characterized by specific structural or stratigraphic attributes or trends. The
region is flanked on the east by the generally flat-lying, eastward-tapering miogeoclinal wedge of sediments of the northern Interior Platform. On the west some of these elements continue into northern Alaska. Beneath are the crystalline rocks of the Hudsonian and older basement which are not
exposed but which may have been melted to constitute local, lower Paleozoicm granitic intrusions. All Phanerozoic Systems as well as Proterozoic rocks are represented in this part of the orogenic system and they contain regional unconformities. Two major events are identified in the stratigraphic
sequence, the one marking the end of stable shalf deposition by the close of the Paleozoic, and the other marking the fundamental reorganization of distribution of land and sea in the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous. A relatively flat gravity field in the Interior Platform contrasts with the
steep gradient and curvilinear trends of the Bouguer anomalies paralleling the eastern flank of the orogenic system and identifying a thickening of the sedimentary sequence.
Cura animarum  as hope care: Towards a theology of the resurrection within the human quest for meaning and hope
Authors: Louw Daniel J.
Published: April 2014

The following critical questions are posed: is hope the antidote of dread and despair or a kind of escapism from the harsh realities of anguish and suffering? What is meant by hope in Christian spirituality and how is hope connected to a theology of the resurrection? Is resurrection hope merely a kind of cheap triumphantalism and variant of a theologia gloriae? The basic assumption is that the notion of the resurrection can contribute to ‘the thickening of alternative stories of faith’. A theologia resurrectionis is about the reframing of life by means of a radical paradox: ‘Where, O death is your victory? Where, O death is your sting?’ If pastoral caregiving is indeed about change and hope, the resurrection describes an ontology of hope by which human beings are transformed into a total new being. Beyond the discriminating and stigmatising categories of many social and cultural discourses on our being human, resurrection theology defines hope as a new state of mind and being. The identity of human beings is therefore not determined by descent, gender, race or social status, but by eschatology (new creation.) Hope care is primarily about a new courage to be. It opens up different frameworks for meaningful living within the realm of human suffering.
Four-dimensional conversion for spiritual leadership development: A missiological approach for African churches
Authors: Mwambazambi Kalemba , Banza Albert K.
Published: April 2014

The process of a four-dimensional conversion and/or transformation strives in helping the leadership of an organisation, especially such as the church, with practical ways that may lead to the development of an effective leadership by observing the four important aspects of human spirituality as elaborated on in the article. The spiritual, intellectual, moral and socio-political dimensions of the transformation can be catered for so that the complete inner being of humans, as well as their social and political attitudes and behaviours, can equally be transformed to maximum spiritual, personal and socio-political profitability. Mutombo-Mukendi demonstrates that the need for a spiritual leadership that can contribute to an effective transformation of Africa is dire, both for the church and the larger community. The real challenge is how to develop such leadership. This article provides intentional and practical ways that may lead to the development of the needed leadership. Four-dimensional transformation of people can be planned and carried out both in the church arena and in the surrounding communities. Skills development and transfer can also take place when skilled people from the church work with unskilled people from the community.
Dental patient's knowledge and perceptions about the effects of smoking and role of dentists in smoking cessation activities
Authors: Sood Poonam , Narang Ridhi , Swathi V. , Mittal Litik , Jha Kunal , Gupta Anamika
Published: April 2014

Objectives: The objective of the following study is to assess the knowledge of patients about the consequences of smoking on the general and oral health, to analyze the patient's perceptions about the role of dentists in smoking prevention, counseling and cessation and to analyze the willingness of smokers to quit smoking following dentist's advice. Materials and Methods: A descriptive study was conducted in a sample of 486 dental patients visiting Vokkaligara Sangha Dental College and Hospital, Bengaluruin the month of August 2011 using a self-administered questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and Chi-square test was performed to analyze data. Results: The patients had good knowledge about the effects of smoking on general and oral health. Statistically significant difference was observed in the knowledge of smokers and non-smokers about the effects of smoking on ageing (P = 0.008) and oral cancer (P = 0.0012). Patients had a positive perception about the role of dentists in smoking cessation activities. Smokers exhibited a willingness to quit if suggested by the dentist. Conclusion: Patients perceive that dentists can play an important part in smoking cessation activities. Hence, dentists should not hesitate to give smoking cessation advice to their patients and grasp this opportunity to improve the general and oral health of the community.
Evaluation of the soft tissue treatment simulation module of a computerized cephalometric program
Authors: Oz Aslihan Zeynep , Akcan Cenk Ahmet , El Hakan , Ciger Semra
Published: April 2014

Objective: The purpose of this study is to compare the accuracy of the treatment simulation module of Quick Ceph Studio (QCS) program to the actual treatment results in Class II Division 1 patients. Design: Retrospective study. Materials and Methods: Twenty-six skeletal Class II patients treated with functional appliances were included. T0 and T1 lateral cephalograms were digitized using QCS. Before applying treatment simulation to the digitized cephalograms, the actual T0-T1 difference was calculated for the SNA, SNB, ANB angles, maxillary incisor inclination, and protrusion and mandibular incisor inclination and protrusion values. Next, using the treatment simulation module, the aforementioned values for the T0 cephalograms were manually entered to match the actual T1 values taking into account the T0-T1 differences. Paired sample t-test were applied to determine the difference between actual and treatment simulation measurements. Results: No significant differences were found for the anteroposterior location of the landmarks. Upper lip, soft tissue A point, soft tissue pogonion, and soft tissue B point measurements showed statistically significant difference between actual and treatment simulation in the vertical plane. Conclusion: Quick Ceph program was reliable in terms of reflecting the sagittal changes that would probably occur with treatment and growth. However, vertical positions of the upper lip, soft tissue pogonion, soft tissue A point, and soft tissue B point were statistically different from actual results.
Aircraft validation of Aura Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer retrievals of HDO and H2O
Authors: Herman R. L. , Cherry J. E. , Young J. , Welker J. M. , Noone D. , Kulawik S. S. , Worden J.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. The EOS Aura Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) retrieves the atmospheric HDO/H2O ratio in the mid-to-lower troposphere as well as the planetary boundary layer. TES observations of water vapor and the HDO isotopologue have been compared with nearly coincident in situ airborne measurements for direct validation of the TES products. The field measurements were made with a commercially available Picarro L1115-i isotopic water analyzer on aircraft over the Alaskan interior boreal forest during the three summers of 2011 to 2013. TES special observations were utilized in these comparisons. The TES averaging kernels and a priori constraints have been applied to the in situ data, using Version Five (V005) of the TES data. TES calculated errors are compared with the standard deviation (1-σ) of scan-to-scan variability to check consistency with the TES observation error. Spatial and temporal variations are assessed from the in situ aircraft measurements. It is found that the standard deviation of scan-to-scan variability of TES δD is ±34.1‰ in the boundary layer, and ±26.5‰ in the free troposphere. This scan-to-scan variability is consistent with the TES estimated error (observation error) of 10–18‰ after accounting for the atmospheric variations along the TES track of ±16‰ in the boundary layer, increasing to ±30‰ in the free troposphere observed by the aircraft in situ measurements. We estimate that TES V005 δD is biased high by an amount that decreases with pressure: approximately +12.3% at 1000 hPa, +9.8% in the boundary layer, and +3.7% in the free troposphere. The uncertainty in this bias estimate is ±2%. After bias correction, we show that TES has accurate sensitivity to water vapor isotopologues in the boundary layer.
Nitrification and its oxygen consumption along the turbid Chang Jiang River plume
Authors: Hsiao S. S.-Y. , Hsu T.-C. , Liu J.-w. , Xie X. , Zhang Y. , Lin J. , Wang H. , Yang J.-Y. T. , Hsu S.-C. , Dai M. , Kao S.-J.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. Nitrification is a series of processes that oxidizes ammonia to nitrate, which contributes to hypoxia development in coastal oceans, especially in eutrophicated regions. The nitrification rate of bulk water (NRb) and particle free water (NRpf, particle > 3 μm eliminated) were determined along the Chang Jiang River plume in August 2011 by nitrogen isotope tracer technique. Measurements of dissolved oxygen (DO), community respiration rate (CR), nutrients, dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), total suspended matter (TSM), particulate organic carbon/nitrogen (POC / PON), acid-leachable iron and manganese on suspended particles and both archaeal and β-proteobacterial ammonia monooxygenase subunit A gene (amoA) abundance on size-fractioned particles (> 3 μm and 0.22–3 μm) were conducted. The NRb ranged from undetectable up to 4.6 μmol L−1 day−1, peaking at a salinity of ~ 29. NRb values were positively correlated with ammonium concentration, suggesting the importance of substrate in nitrification. In the river mouth and the inner plume, NRb was much higher than NRpf, indicating that the nitrifying microorganism is mainly particle associated, which was supported by its significant correlation with amoA gene abundance and TSM concentration. The estimated oxygen demands of nitrification accounted for 0.32 to 318% of CR, in which 50% samples demanded more oxygen than that predicted by by the Redfield model (23%), indicating that oxygen might not be the sole oxidant though DO was sufficient (> 58 μmol kg−1) throughout the observation period. The excess nitrification-associated oxygen demand (NOD) showed a tendency to occur at lower DO samples accompanied by higher acid-leachable Fe / Mn, which implied reactive Fe3+ / Mn4+ may play a role as oxidant in the nitrification process. Stoichiometric calculation suggested that reactive Fe on particles was 10 times the oxidant demand required to complete ammonia oxidation in the entire plume. The potential involvement of reactive iron and manganese in the nitrification process in oxygenated water further complicated nitrogen cycling in the turbid river plume.
Net primary production of Chinese fir plantation ecosystems and its relationship to climate
Authors: Wang L. , Duan B. , Zhang Y. , Berninger F.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. This article focuses on the relationship between the net primary production (NPP) of Chinese fir and the climate. Spatial-temporal NPP pattern in the potential distribution area of Chinese fir from 2000 to 2010 was characterized utilizing the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data in a Geographic Information Systems (GIS) environment. The results showed that the production of Chinese fir was higher in southern and eastern regions than in northern and western areas, which was consistent with the spatial pattern of temperature and precipitation. The relationship between NPP of Chinese fir and climate variables was analyzed comprehensively on three scales: regional scale, zonal gradients and pixel scale. On the regional scale, precipitation showed higher correlation coefficients with NPP than did temperature. When scaling to pixels, the spatial variability pattern indicated that temperature was more important in central and eastern regions, while precipitation was crucial in the northern part. Negative correlations between NPP and precipitation and temperature were found in the southern region. The zonal analysis revealed that the impact of precipitation on the production was more complicated than that of temperature. When compared to natural forests, plantations appear to be more sensitive to the mode of precipitation, which indicates their higher vulnerability under climate change which could potentially lead to increasing variability in rainfall. Temporally, NPP values decreased despite of increasing temperatures, and more in plantations than among other vegetation types, which draws attention to carbon sequestration potential by plantations under current climate change.
Evidence for the non-influence of salinity variability on the coral Sr/Ca paleothermometer
Authors: Moreau M. , Corrège T. , Dassié E. P. , Le Cornec F.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. The influence of salinity in the incorporation of trace elements in the skeleton of calcareous organisms is still poorly known. Studies on foraminiferal Mg/Ca thermometry have suggested a bias due to Sea Surface Salinity (SSS) variations, leading to potential erroneous estimation of Mg/Ca-based Sea Surface Temperature (SST). Culture experiments seem to indicate that in three coral species (not including the widely used Porites genus), salinity does not influence the Sr/Ca thermometer. In this study, we test the salinity effect on coral Sr/Ca-based SST reconstructions at monthly and interannual timescales in open-ocean environmental conditions, using a large spatial compilation of published coral data (mainly based on the Porites genus) originating from the Western Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, the China Sea and the Red Sea and adding a new Eastern Pacific coral Sr/Ca record from the Clipperton atoll. We use simple and multiple regressions between Sr/Ca on one hand and SST and SSS on the other hand at the various sites. We find no evidence for a salinity bias on the Sr/Ca SST proxy for the two studied timescales. This study reinforces the use of coral Sr/Ca as a reliable paleothermometer.
A new compilation of stomach content data for commercially-important pelagic fish species in the Northeast Atlantic
Authors: Pinnegar J. K. , Goñi N. , Trenkel V. M. , Arrizabalaga H. , Melle W. , Keating J. , Óskarsson G.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. There is increasing demand for information on predator-prey interactions in the ocean as a result of legislative commitments aimed at achieving sustainable exploitation. However, comprehensive datasets are lacking for many fish species and this has hampered development of multispecies fisheries models and the formulation of effective food-web indicators. This work describes a new compilation of stomach content data for five pelagic fish species (herring, blue whiting, mackerel, albacore and bluefin tuna) sampled across the northeast Atlantic and submitted to the PANGAEA open-access data portal (www.pangaea.de). We provide detailed descriptions of sample origin and of the corresponding database structures. We describe the main results in terms of diet composition and predator–prey relationships. The feeding preferences of small pelagic fish (herring, blue whiting, mackerel) were sampled over a very broad geographic area within the North Atlantic basin, from Greenland in the west, to the Lofoten Islands in the east and from the Bay of Biscay northwards to the Arctic. This analysis revealed significant differences in the prey items selected in different parts of the region at different times of year. Tunas (albacore and bluefin) were sampled in the Bay of Biscay and Celtic Sea. Dominant prey items for these species varied by location, year and season. This data compilation exercise represents one of the largest and most wide-ranging ever attempted for pelagic fish in the north Atlantic. The earliest data included in the database were collected in 1864, whereas the most recent were collected in 2012.Datasets are available at doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.820041 and doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.826992.
Numerical modeling of rogue waves in coastal waters
Authors: Sergeeva A. , Slunyaev A. , Pelinovsky E. , Talipova T. , Doong D.-J.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. Spatio-temporal evolution of rogue waves measured in Taiwanese coastal waters is reconstructed by means of numerical simulations. Their lifetimes are up to 100 s. The time series used for reconstructions were measured at dimensionless depths within the range of kh = 1.3–4.0, where k is the wave number and h is the depth. All identified rogue waves are surprisingly weakly nonlinear. The variable-coefficient approximate evolution equations, which take into account the shoaling effect, allow us to analyze the abnormal wave evolution over non-uniform real coastal bathymetry. The shallowest simulated point is characterized by kh ≈ 0.7. The reconstruction reveals an interesting peculiarity of the coastal rogue events: though the mean wave amplitudes increase as waves travel onshore, rogue waves are likely to occur at deeper locations, but not closer to the coast.
Little Ice Age climate reconstruction from ensemble reanalysis of Alpine glacier fluctuations
Authors: Lüthi M. P.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. Mountain glaciers sample a combination of climate fields – temperature, precipitation and radiation – by accumulation and melting of ice. Flow dynamics acts as a transfer function that maps volume changes to a length response of the glacier terminus. Long histories of terminus positions have been assembled for several glaciers in the Alps. Here I analyze terminus position histories from an ensemble of seven glaciers in the Alps with a macroscopic model of glacier dynamics to derive a history of glacier equilibrium line altitude (ELA) for the time span 400–2010 C.E. The resulting climatic reconstruction depends only on records of glacier variations. The reconstructed ELA history is similar to recent reconstructions of Alpine summer temperature and Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) index, but bears little resemblance to reconstructed precipitation variations. Most reconstructed low-ELA periods coincide with large explosive volcano eruptions, hinting at a direct effect of volcanic radiative cooling on mass balance. The glacier advances during the LIA, and the retreat after 1860, can thus be mainly attributed to temperature and volcanic radiative cooling.
A new approach to mapping permafrost and change incorporating uncertainties in ground conditions and climate projections
Authors: Zhang Y. , Olthof I. , Fraser R. , Wolfe S. A.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. Spatially detailed information on permafrost distribution and change with climate is important for land-use planning and for environmental and ecological assessments. However, the required soil and surficial geology maps in the north are coarse, and projected climate scenarios vary widely. Considering these uncertainties, we propose a new approach to mapping permafrost distribution and change by integrating remote sensing data, field measurements, and a process-based model. Land-cover types from satellite imagery are used to capture the general land conditions and to improve the resolution of existing permafrost maps. For each land-cover type, field observations are used to estimate the probability of different ground conditions. A process-based model is used to quantify the evolution of permafrost for each ground condition under three representative climate scenarios (low, medium and high warming). From the model results, the probability of permafrost occurrence and the most likely permafrost conditions are determined. We apply this approach at 20 m resolution to a large area in Northwest Territories, Canada. Mapped permafrost conditions are in agreement with field observations and other studies. The data requirements, model robustness and computation time are reasonable, and this approach may serve as a practical means to mapping permafrost and changes at high resolution in other regions.
MISEDUCATION:
Authors: Gajarawala Toral Jatin
Published: April 2014

Berlin of 1884 was effected through the sword and the bullet. But the night of the sword and the bullet was followed by the morning of the chalk and the blackboard. The physical violence of the battlefield was followed by the psychological violence of the classroom.

Ngugi wa Thiong’o
Para una crítica de la razón humanista: uso y abuso del humanismo en el derecho internacional
Authors: Anzaldi Pablo Antonio
Published: April 2014

Este artículo presenta una visión crítica sobre la ideología humanista que fundamenta ciertas acciones militares de la OTAN. Para ello, distingue entre el idealismo kantiano y el idealismo hegeliano. Sobre esa base, ensaya una distinción entre la necesidad histórica del avance del derecho y el uso indebido del discurso jurídico. Finalmente, avizora la necesidad de un nuevo derecho internacional que considere el avance histórico de las naciones emergentes.
Guide to cost benefit analysis of community-based interventions
Authors: Yaya Sanni , Li Xiaonan
Published: April 2014

This paper offers a general guide on how to conduct a proper economic analysis for community-based intervention projects. Identification and quantification of costs and benefits are the focus of the cost benefit analysis. We categorize costs and benefits from human and physical perspectives and pay special attention to the measures of saving human lives accompanied by the proposed calculation methods. We recommend net present value and benefit-cost ratio as the criteria to assess projects and highlight some challenges remaining in the analysis.
Políticas educacionais, avaliação de sistema e melhoria da qualidade na educação básica: experiências de dois municípios paulistas
Authors: Alavarse Ocimar Munhoz , Machado Cristiane , Bravo Maria Helena
Published: April 2014

Neste artigo, pretende-se abordar as polticas educacionais desenvolvidas em dois municpios paulistas que estariam associadas melhoria da qualidade da educao, partindo-se de resultados do ndice de Desenvolvimento da Educao Bsica (Ideb). Inicialmente so destacados elementos da avaliao de sistema que evidenciam possvel potencial de impactar na qualidade do ensino e, por fim, so apontados aspectos pelos quais tais avaliaes podem ser utilizadas de forma a alimentar uma anlise dos dados que permita s redes e escolas reunir condies para avanar nos seus projetos pedaggicos e na qualidade do ensino oferecido.
Tempo e espaço na cultura japonesa, de Shuichi Kato
Authors: Haddad Baptista Ana Maria
Published: April 2014

O texto trata das principais concepes de tempo e espao na cultura japonesa de acordo com o pesquisador Shuichi Kato. Expressa por meio de uma linguagem leve e sedutora aspectos e dimenses do tempo/espao exemplificando com poemas, teorias consagradas e outros recursos metodolgicos.
Educação e juventude
Authors: Bauer Carlos , Severino Antonio Joaquim
Published: April 2014

Editorial Educao e juventude.
Positionnement institutionnel et innovation dans le secteur public
Authors: Bernier Luc , Hafsi Taïeb , Deschamps Carl
Published: April 2014

Dans le système de gouvernement britannique, il existe trois types d’organisations : les organismes centraux qui sont responsables de la coordination de l’appareil gouvernemental, les ministères qui gèrent les domaines liés aux politiques et les organisations autonomes qui sont dotées de missions plus spécialisées. On peut émettre une hypothèse selon laquelle les organismes centraux, étant à proximité des politiques, risquent d’être plus conservateurs en raison de leur tendance naturelle à éviter les risques et les questions embarrassantes pour les ministres desquels ils relèvent. Serait-il possible que l’éloignement des politiques favorise un plus grand espace pour innover ? Le présent article teste cette hypothèse à l’aide de données obtenues dans les candidatures au Prix de la gestion innovatrice de l’Institut d’administration publique du Canada. Excepté le cas des entreprises publiques, dont les résultats n’étaient pas significatifs, l’hypothèse est confirmée. La création d’agences gouvernementales permet l’innovation.
Réceptivité et contraintes de l’innovation dans l’administration publique
Authors: Harrisson Denis
Published: April 2014

Les administrations publiques font face à des contraintes économiques et politiques et à l’obligation de maintenir des services de qualité. Elles doivent créer des approches innovantes qui transforment les règles et les normes qui orientent l’action et les activités des acteurs. L’innovation n’est pas qu’un résultat, c’est avant tout un processus qui met en scène une diversité d’acteurs. Leurs connaissances, leur créativité et leur participation sont au coeur des processus d’innovation et ils doivent faire converger des valeurs et des objectifs vus parfois comme opposés vers la performance et la productivité. Cette analyse repose sur deux recherches menées sur l’innovation dans l’administration publique au cours des dix dernières années, elle montre que le processus d’innovation n’est pas fixe, il se moule aux évolutions du contexte.
Une famille recomposée : l’intégration d’un centre de réadaptation dans un centre hospitalier
Authors: Gagnon Stéphanie
Published: April 2014

Cet article présente le cas de l’intégration de l’Hôpital Marie Enfant au CHU Sainte-Justine en 2000. Il s’agit d’un regroupement d’établissements de santé atypique par rapport à la majorité des fusions qui ont eu lieu dans le réseau de la santé québécois, d’une part parce qu’il a été volontaire (plutôt qu’imposé) et d’autre part parce qu’il concerne des clientèles spécialisées à différents moments du continuum de soins. L’accent est mis sur la gestion des frontières organisationnelles lors de la mise en oeuvre de l’intégration. Cette gestion se réalise grâce à des acteurs organisationnels différents selon la période à l’étude. Les résultats montrent que cinq types de frontières ont dû être gérés sur trois périodes pour mener à bien l’intégration. Le processus planifié a dû être modifié afin de gérer des frontières dont les enjeux n’ont pu être ignorés.
Fibrinolytic Platelet Decoys Reduce Cancer Metastasis by Dissociating Circulating Tumor Cell Clusters
Authors: Schnoor Brian , Morris Kenise , Kottana Regina K. , Muldoon Rebekah , Barron Jaeden , Papa Anne‐Laure
Published: July 2024

During metastasis, circulating tumor cells (CTCs) can travel in the bloodstream as individual cells or clusters, associated with fibrin and platelets. Clusters have a higher metastatic potential due to their increased ability to withstand shear stress and arrest in small vessels. Moreover, CTC–platelet interaction protects CTCs from shear stress and immune detection. The objective of this project is to develop a fibrinolytic platelet system to leverage platelet–CTC interactions and dissociate CTC clusters. For this approach, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is loaded onto two modified platelet systems: platelet Decoys and lyophilized platelets. The activities of the systems are characterized using a Förster Resonance Energy Transfer‐based assay and an angiogenic assay. Furthermore, the ability of the system to dissociate cancer cell clusters in vitro is assessed using light transmission aggregometry. The data demonstrates that the fibrinolytic platelets can maintain tPA activity, interact with CTCs, and dissociate cancer cell clusters. Finally, fibrinolytic platelets are assessed in vivo, demonstrating a decreased tumor load and increased survival with tPA‐Decoy treatment, which is selected as the optimal treatment based on favorable in vitro results and in vivo trials. Therefore, this fibrinolytic platelet approach is a promising method for leveraging platelet–CTC interactions to disperse CTC clusters and reduce metastasis.
Boosting All‐Perovskite Tandem Solar Cells by Revitalizing the Buried Tin‐Lead Perovskite Interface
Authors: Li Guang , Wang Chen , Fu Shiqiang , Zheng Wenwen , Shen Weicheng , Jia Peng , Huang Lishuai , Zhou Shun , Zhou Jin , Wang Cheng , Guan Hongling , Zhou Yuan , Zhang Xuhao , Pu Dexin , Fang Hongyi , Lin Qingxian , Ai Wei , Chen Weiqing , Zeng Guojun , Wang Ti , Qin Pingli , Fang Guojia , Ke Weijun
Published: July 2024

Narrow‐bandgap (NBG) mixed tin‐lead (Sn‐Pb) perovskite solar cells (PSCs) serve as crucial top subcells in all‐perovskite tandem solar cells (TSCs). However, the prevalent use of poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT: PSS) hole transport layers (HTLs) in NBG PSCs compromises device efficiency and stability. To address this, the study proposes a revitalizing strategy for the buried interface of Sn‐Pb perovskites by directly immersing acetylcholine chloride (ACh) into PEDOT: PSS. ACh acts as a proficient “diver,” not only modulating the bottom PEDOT: PSS HTLs but also facilitating the reconstruction of the buried interface and significantly enhancing the quality of the top perovskite layers. This intervention with ACh prevents Sn2+ oxidation, mitigates buried defects, and encourages the growth of large, densely packed grains within Sn‐Pb perovskites. Consequently, the optimized NBG PSCs exhibit significantly improved hole transport and reduced carrier recombination, achieving a steady‐state efficiency of 22.98% with enhanced stability. Furthermore, these optimized NBG Sn‐Pb cells enable highly efficient two‐terminal and four‐terminal all‐perovskite TSCs, boasting steady‐state efficiencies of 27.54% (certified at 26.41%) and 28.01%, respectively. This study emphasizes the importance of optimizing NBG PSCs through buried interface reconstruction, propelling the advancement of all‐perovskite TSCs.