bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Surface microphase separation in PDMS‐b‐PMMA‐b‐PHFBMA triblock copolymer films
Authors: Lian Ke‐Jian , Chen Chang‐Qing , Liu Hui , Wang Ning‐Xing , Yu Hai‐Jiang , Luo Zheng‐Hong
Published: October 2010

Well‐defined poly(dimethylsiloxane)‐block‐poly(methyl methacrylate)‐block‐poly(2,2,3,3,4,4,4‐heptafluorobutyl methacrylate) (PDMS‐b‐PMMA‐b‐PHFBMA) triblock copolymers were synthesized via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). Surface microphase separation in the PDMS‐b‐PMMA‐b‐PHFBMA triblock copolymer films was investigated. The microstructure of the block copolymers was investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Surface composition was studied by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The chemical composition at the surface was determined by the surface microphase separation in the PDMS‐b‐PMMA‐b‐PHFBMA triblock copolymer films. The increase of the PHFBMA content could strengthen the microphase separation behavior in the PDMS‐b‐PMMA‐b‐PHFBMA triblock copolymer films and reduce their surface tension. Comparison between the PDMS‐b‐PMMA‐b‐PHFBMA triblock copolymers and the PDMS‐b‐PHFBMA diblock copolymers showed that the introduction of the PMMA segments promote the fluorine segregation onto the surface and decrease the fluorine content in the copolymers with low surface energy. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Evaluation of the availability of easy cationic dyeable copolyester fibers as electrostatic flocking piles
Authors: Liu Lifang , Cheng Longdi , Yu Jianyong , Xie Hao
Published: October 2010

Easy cationic dyeable copolyester (ECDP) fiber produced by the copolymerization of sulfoisophthalate acid groups and poly(ethylene glycol) with poly(ethylene terephthalate) improves the dyeability compared to regular polyester (PET) fiber; this has resulted in a growing increase in its applications. However, there is little research involving their application in electrostatic flocked fabrics. In this study, we investigated the properties of ECDP fiber, and we discuss their availability for use as electrostatic flocking piles and also compare them to PET fiber. The experimental results show that ECDP fiber possessed a lower crystallinity degree and tensile strength, better conductivity and moisture absorption capability, and higher elongation than PET fiber, mainly because of the copolymerization of sulfoisophthalate acid groups and poly(ethylene glycol). The pretreatment and electrical treatment introduced in this study significantly improved the flocking properties of ECDP and PET piles, especially ECDP piles; they achieved a more pronounced improvement because of their better affinity. With regard to the flocked fabrics, the ECDP flocked fabric had a much higher flock density and a lower weight loss in the wear‐resistance test than the PET one and nearly the same good wear resistance as the commercially available polyamide one; this indicated that the ECDP fiber examined in this study could be successfully used to produce flocked fabrics. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Preparation and characterization of UV‐curable organic/inorganic hybrid composites for NIR cutoff and antistatic coatings
Authors: Chiu Hsien‐Tang , Chang Chi‐Yung , Chen Cheng‐Lang , Chiang Tzong‐Yiing , Guo Ming‐Tai
Published: October 2010

In this study, UV‐curable organic/inorganic hybrid composite coatings with near infrared (NIR) cutoff and antistatic properties were prepared by high‐shear mixing of two kinds of polymer matrices and coated on plastic and glass substrates by the doctor‐blade method. This study also investigated the morphology, stability, optical properties, electrical resistivity, and durability of the UV‐cured composite coats. It was found that the composite coatings were very stable under centrifugation. Moreover, the films with transmittance of above 80% in a visible light region (400–800 nm) and of ∼ 40% to 50% in the NIR region (1000–1600 nm) showed low haze of 6.9%, electrical resistivity of around 2.3 × 107 Ω/square. Thus, excellent adhesion, scratch, and weathering durability can be produced on polycarbonate substrate at room temperature. The experimental results reveal that UV‐curable organic/inorganic hybrid composites can be used effectively to fabricate films with NIR cutoff as well as antistatic properties, indicating a high potential for practical application in architectural, automotives, and optoelectronics. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Correlations between creep, shrinkage, and dynamic mechanical characteristics of magnetic tape materials
Authors: Weick Brian L.
Published: October 2010

Creep compliance, shrinkage, and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) results are presented and discussed for developmental magnetic tapes made from PEN and metalized PET (Spaltan®) substrates as well as PEN substrate samples cut from wide‐stock in the machine and transverse directions. Curve fit parameters from the Kelvin‐Voigt model are discussed to shed light on the creep‐compliance characteristics, particularly the roll‐off characteristics observed at elevated temperatures and long time periods. Characteristic peaks observed in storage and loss moduli measured using DMA that correspond with molecular movement provide information that assists with the understanding of creep‐compliance and shrinkage behavior for these materials. Such movement corresponds with dimensional instabilities that need to be understood for future generations of advanced digital magnetic tapes. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Studies on chitosan as an admixture for cement‐based materials: Assessment of its viscosity enhancing effect and complexing ability for heavy metals
Authors: Lasheras‐Zubiate M. , Navarro‐Blasco I. , Fernández J. M. , Alvarez J. I.
Published: October 2010

Chitosans of different molecular weights were assessed as cement admixtures to modify the rheological properties of a fresh cement paste. Their sequestering capability with respect to several heavy and toxic metals was checked and the complexation processes were investigated by different approaches based on electrochemical measurements. The aim was to conduct research on a potentially useful polymer to be added to cementitious materials acting as a viscosity modifier as well as a heavy metal immobilizing agent. Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd, Mo, and Cr were used as target metals. The highest complexation affinity was found toward Zn, with stoichiometries up to 1 : 40 having been calculated. Chitosan was proved to act as a thickener in cement mixtures. The highest molecular weight chitosan showed the greatest effectiveness taking into account its combined role as heavy metal retainer and thickener. In addition, a clear interaction between this high molecular weight chitosan and cement particles was also demonstrated by means of zeta potential measurements. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Preparation and properties of biocomposites composed of epoxidized soybean oil, tannic acid, and microfibrillated cellulose
Authors: Shibata Mitsuhiro , Teramoto Naozumi , Makino Kyohei
Published: October 2010

As a new biobased epoxy resin system, epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) was cured with tannic acid (TA) under various conditions. When the curing conditions were optimized for the improvement of the thermal and mechanical properties, the most balanced properties were obtained when the system was cured at 210°C for 2 h at an epoxy/hydroxyl ratio of 1.0/1.4. The tensile strength and modulus and tan δ peak temperature measured by dynamic mechanical analysis for the ESO–TA cured under the optimized condition were 15.1 MPa, 458 MPa, and 58°C, respectively. Next, we prepared biocomposites of ESO, TA, and microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) with MFC contents from 5 to 11 wt % by mixing an ethanol solution of ESO and TA with MFC and subsequently drying and curing the composites under the optimized conditions. The ESO–TA–MFC composites showed the highest tan δ peak temperature (61°C) and tensile strength (26.3 MPa) at an MFC content of 9 wt %. The tensile modulus of the composites increased with increasing MFC content and reached 1.33 GPa at an MFC content of 11 wt %. Scanning electron microscopy observation revealed that MFC was homogeneously distributed in the matrix for the composite with an MFC content of 9 wt %, whereas some aggregated MFC was observed in the composite with 11 wt % MFC. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Copolymers of a new methacrylate monomer bearing oxime ester and ether with methyl methacrylate: Synthesis, characterization, monomer reactivity ratios, and biological activity
Authors: Erol Ibrahim , Kolu Sait
Published: October 2010

The free‐radical copolymerization of 2‐metil‐1‐{[(1‐{4‐[(4‐nitrobenzil)oksi]fenil}etilidene)amino]oksi}prop‐2‐en‐1‐on (NBOEMA) with methyl methacrylate (MMA) was carried out in 1,4‐dioxane at 65 ± 1°C. The copolymers were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR, and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Elemental analysis was used to determine the molar fractions of NBOEMA and MMA in the copolymers and for the characterization of the compounds. The monomer reactivity ratios were calculated according to the general copolymerization equation with the Kelen–Tudos and Fineman–Ross linearization methods. The polydispersity indices of the polymers, determined with GPC, suggested a strong tendency for chain termination by disproportionation. The thermal behaviors of the copolymers with various compositions were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. The glass‐transition temperature of the copolymers increased with increasing NBOEMA content in the copolymers. Also, the apparent thermal decomposition activation energies were calculated by the Ozawa method with a Shimadzu TGA 60H thermogravimetric analysis thermobalance. All of the products showed moderate activity against different strains of bacteria and fungi. The photochemical properties of the polymers were investigated by UV spectroscopy. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Thermal and morphological stability of polystyrene microcapsules containing phase‐change materials
Authors: Sánchez ‐Silva Luz , Rodríguez Juan F. , Carmona Manuel , Romero Amaya , Sánchez Paula
Published: October 2010

Polystyrene microcapsules with paraffin wax as the active agent [phase‐change material (PCM)] were produced by a Shirasu porous glass emulsification technique and a subsequent suspension‐like polymerization process. The suitability of the obtained microcapsules for textile applications was studied. The thermal properties, surface morphology, and structural stability of the PCM microcapsules were investigated with differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and environmental scanning electron microscopy. The microcapsules could be used without any appreciable damage or irreversible changes in their integrity until 135°C. Furthermore, these microcapsules were heat‐resistant and could endure the curing conditions of textile coating up to 140°C for 30 min. In addition, the stability of the microcapsules under common laundering conditions was tested. It was confirmed that the microcapsules were durable enough and maintained their stability during stirring in hot water and alkaline solutions. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
A novel route for synthesis of temperature responsive nanoparticles
Authors: Dey Priyanka , Rajora Virendra K. , Jassal Manjeet , Agrawal Ashwini K.
Published: October 2010

We report the preparation of responsive silica nanoparticles by reaction of epoxy modified silica with stimuli responsive poly (acrylic acid‐N‐isopropylacrylamide) (poly (AA‐co‐NIPAAm)). A series of copolymers of poly (AA‐co‐NIPAAm) were synthesized by a novel route, employing solid state condensation of polyacrylic acid and isopropyl amine in different feed ratios (44 mol %–100 mol % AA). The structure of the copolymers was characterized by FT‐IR, 1H‐NMR. The lower critical solution temperature (LCST) was found to vary with the copolymer composition. The pH dependence of the LCST was also observed, and the copolymers exhibited a higher LCST at neutral pH than at acidic pH (4–5). Selected copolymers were used to prepare responsive core‐shell particles. Silica nanoparticles modified using glycidoxy propyl trimethoxy propyl silane were reacted with the responsive copolymer to form responsive core‐shell particles. The influence of reaction conditions on the modification of silica particles and reaction with responsive copolymers was investigated. The hydrodynamic behavior of the synthesized thermo responsive nanoparticles was also studied. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Research on the related properties of EVM/Al(OH)3/SiO2 composites applied for halogen‐free flame retardant cable insulation and jacket
Authors: Wang Lichun , Wang Genlin , Jiang Pingkai
Published: October 2010

The halogen‐free flame retardant (HFFR) ethylene‐vinyl acetate copolymer (EVM)/ATH/SiO2 composites have been prepared by melting compounding method, and the flame retardant, thermal stability, rheological, electrical, and mechanical properties have been investigated by cone calorimeter, LOI, UL‐94, TG, FE‐SEM, rotational rheometer, dielectric breakdown, and ultimate tensile. The results indicate that the flame retardant of EVM vulcanizates is improved and the fire jeopardizing is dramatically reduced due to the addition of ATH. It is necessary that sufficient loading of ATH (≥120 phr) is needed to reach essential level (LOI > 30; V‐0 rating) of flame retardant for HFFR EVM/ATH/SiO2 composites used as cable in industry. The rheological characteristics show that at all the measurement frequencies, the storage and loss modulus of the composites increase monotonously as the concentration of ATH filler increases, while the complex viscosity and tan delta present reverse trend. And also, it has been found that the HFFR composites at high filler concentrations still keep good mechanical and electrical properties, which is very important for practical applications as cable. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Mechanical aging behavior of styrene‐butadiene rubbers evaluated by abrasion test
Authors: Nakazono Takeo , Matsumoto Akikazu
Published: October 2010

The ring‐shaped styrene‐butadiene rubbers (SBRs) test pieces ran on a rotating stainless‐steel ring using an abrasion tester to evaluate the changes in the mechanical properties, such as the tensile storage modulus and tan δ values, the modulus at 300% elongation, and the strength and extension ratio at the breaking point, after a mechanical aging process. The surface of the SBR test pieces and the formed rubber debris after the running experiment was investigated using scanning electron microscopy. A change in the crosslinking density of the SBRs and the analysis of the isolated free polymers showed the occurrence of bond scission of the copolymer chains. On the other hand, the mechanical properties of whole SBR samples showed only a small change during the mechanical aging test. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Rheological and adhesion properties of acrylic pressure‐sensitive adhesives
Authors: Taghizadeh S. Mojtaba , Ghasemi Diba
Published: October 2010

Different pressure‐sensitive adhesives (PSAs) based on acrylic monomers were synthesized under different reaction conditions. The synthesized PSAs have good adhesive properties and without leaving any residue can be easily peeled off from the surface of a substrate. The relationship between PSAs rheological behavior and its adhesion properties (e.g., peel, tack, and shear resistance) has been studied at constant adhesive thickness. The samples were examined for their surface energy and viscoelastic characteristics. It was observed that increase in reaction temperature and reaction time results in decreased storage modulus due to lowered molecular weight, which finally leads to lower elasticity of the PSA. While the storage (G′) and loss (G″) modulus of samples increase with increased initiator concentration, the elasticity of PSA is increased as well. High G″ at high frequency (100 Hz) represents high peel strength because of higher dissipation of viscoelastic energy during debonding. The tack values increase by lowering storage modulus at 1 Hz due to higher Me. Shear values are increased by higher storage modulus at low frequency (0.1 Hz) due to hydrogen bonding of the different components. Some parallel investigations on the surface energy of the samples showed that they have different properties because of the nature of different monomeric units with their corresponding orientations. Our results reveal that the peel strength is not affected by surface energy. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Preparation, structure, and properties of montmorillonite/cellulose II/natural rubber nanocomposites
Authors: Mariano Roberta M. , Picciani Paulo Henrique de S. , Nunes Regina C. R. , Visconte Leila L. Y.
Published: October 2010

In this work, sodium montmorillonite clay was added, as filler, to nanocomposites of natural rubber (NR) and cellulose II (regenerated cellulose) in amounts varying from 0 to 5 phr (per hundred resin). Natural rubber (NR)/cellulose II/montmorillonite nanocomposites were prepared by co‐coagulating NR latex, montmorillonite aqueous suspension and cellulose xanthate. The clay was previously exfoliated in water, and the resulting suspension was then added to the mixture of NR latex with cellulose xanthate. Morphological, rheometric, mechanical, and dynamic mechanical properties were evaluated, and an increase in these properties was observed upon the addition of cellulose and clay nanomaterials to the rubber matrix. The results show the advantage in using cellulose as a nanopolymer as well as MMT as nanofiller. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Polarizer effect and structure of iodinated before and after casting poly(vinyl alcohol) film
Authors: Shin Eun Joo , Lyoo Won Seok , Lee Yang Hun
Published: October 2010

Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/iodine polarizing film was manufactured as follows: PVA iodinated in solution before casting (IBC film) and iodinated again after casting (IBC + IAC film) and then the IBC + IAC film was drawn in boric acid aqueous solution (IBC + IAC polarizing film), to improve the durability of the polarizing film under a humid and warm atmosphere. These effects were examined by investigating the structural and optical properties of the IBC, IBC + IAC, and IBC + IAC polarizing films. In the IBC state, the PVA chain segments that combined boric acid and iodine were regarded as defects of the crystal, the formation of I3− decreased with respect to weight gain of boric acid. In the IBC + IAC state, the strength of the peak corresponding to I3− decreased and the I5− peak increased. The iodine ions penetrated into crystal of the IBC state during the IAC process and formed a new PVA/iodine complex crystal at the 2θ = 20° in the X‐ray diffraction curves. In the IBC + IAC polarizing film state, another type of polarizing film (IBC + IAC polarizing film‐H) containing I3− ions mainly was manufactured as well as the IBC + IAC polarizing film to compare the effects of the I3− and I5− ions on the durability of the polarizing films. The durability of the I3− ions that were complexed with the PVA chain was higher than the I5− ions, which could possibly be separated to I3− and I2. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Preparation and properties of amperometric uric acid sensor based on poly(2‐aminophenol)
Authors: Kurşun Sezen , Ekinci Bilge Z. , Paşahan Aziz , Ekinci Ergun
Published: October 2010

Poly(2‐aminophenol) films were electrochemically prepared on Pt electrodes at a constant potential from a deoxygenated aqueous solution of monomer dissolved in 0.1 M KCl. The uric acid selectivity of polymeric electrodes prepared at the different thicknesses was examined in the presence of ascorbic acid. The results showed that the polymeric film allows penetration of large amounts of uric acid while blocking the electrochemical activity of ascorbic acid in the potential region examined when compared with that on the bare Pt electrode. The regular and repetitive responses for uric acid were obtained even in the presence of the interfering substances such as ascorbic acid, cysteine, oxalic acid, lactose, sucrose, and urea. Moreover, the stability and the reversibility of the polymeric sensor were satisfactory. Therefore, it has been claimed that the polymeric electrode could be used as uric acid‐selective membrane in the presence of the mentioned interfering species. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Glycosylation influences on the aggregation propensity of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies
Authors: Kayser Veysel , Chennamsetty Naresh , Voynov Vladimir , Forrer Kurt , Helk Bernhard , Trout Bernhardt L.
Published: October 2010

Monoclonal antibodies are the fastest growing class of biologics in the pharmaceutical industry. The correlation between mAb glycosylation and aggregation has not been elucidated in detail, yet understanding the structure‐stability relationship involving glycosylation is critical for developing successful drug formulations. We conducted studies of temperature‐induced aggregation and compared the stability of both glycosylated and aglycosylated forms of a human IgG1. In parallel, we also performed molecular dynamics simulations of the glycosylated full antibody to gain an understanding of the polysaccharide surroundings at the molecular level. Aglycosylated mAbs are somewhat less stable and therefore aggregate more easily than the glycosylated form at the temperatures studied. Glycosylation seems to enhance solubility and stability of these therapeutics and thus might be important for long‐term storage.
Poly‐β‐hydroxybutyrate accumulation in cyanobacteria under photoautotrophy
Authors: Bhati Ranjana , Samantaray Shilalipi , Sharma Laxuman , Mallick Nirupama
Published: October 2010

Poly‐β‐hydroxybutyrate (PHB) is a biodegradable and biocompatible polymer that has immense potential in the field of environmental, agricultural and biomedical sciences. An alternative host system has been explored in this study for low‐cost production. Examination of 25 cyanobacterial species from 19 different genera for photoautrophic production of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) under batch culture demonstrated that 20 species were poly‐β‐hydroxybutyrate (PHB) accumulators, while others were found to be negative. Presence of PHB was confirmed by UV‐spectroscopy, 1H‐NMR spectroscopy and GC‐MS analysis. Accumulation of PHB in cyanobacteria was found to be species specific. The PHB extracted from Nostoc muscorum exhibited comparable material properties with the commercial PHB, thus advocating its potential applications in various fields.
Mid‐twentieth‐century anatomical transparencies and the depiction of three‐dimensional form
Authors: Wall Shelley
Published: October 2010

Before the advent of digital visualization, the “anatomical transparency”—layered images of organ systems, printed on a transparent medium—flourished in the mid‐twentieth century as an interactive means to represent complex anatomical relationships to medical professionals and lay audiences. This article introduces the transparency work of medical illustrators Gladys McHugh and Ernest W. Beck, situating it in the historical context of strategies to represent three‐dimensional anatomical relationships using print media. Clin. Anat. 23:915–921, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The normal and pathologic MRI appearance of the tibialis anterior proximal motor branch
Authors: Hébert‐Blouin Marie‐Noëlle , Amrami Kimberly K. , Spinner Robert J.
Published: October 2010

Foot drop, the clinical manifestation of tibialis anterior (TA) muscle dysfunction, may be caused by pathologies involving selectively the TA motor nerve branches. Recently, in patients with fibular intraneural ganglion cysts, cystic involvement of the TA motor branch from the articular branch was demonstrated. However, no imaging characteristics of this functionally important TA proximal motor branch have been reported. We hypothesized that this particular TA proximal motor branch could be visualized and characterized on high‐resolution clinical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in both normal and pathologic cases. Twenty‐six consecutive high‐resolution knee MRI examinations performed for routine indications such as exclusion of intra‐articular pathology and four illustrative cases imaged to evaluate pathology of the common fibular nerve and its branches (specifically the TA proximal motor branch) were retrospectively reviewed. In cases without fibular nerve pathology, the TA proximal motor branch was visualized in 21 of the 26 patients. In the cases in which the nerve was not visualized, the imaging techniques could explain the nonvisualization of the branch. The involvement of the proximal branch to the TA was evident in the four patients with pathology, which included a perineurioma, a fibular intraneural ganglion cyst, a plexiform neurofibroma, and an inflammation of the nerve. In both normal and pathologic cases, the functionally important TA proximal motor branch originating from the articular branch can be consistently visualized on high‐resolution MRI. This branch can be selectively affected by a variety of pathologies and its identification on imaging may help elucidate the predominant TA muscle involvement in these patients. Clin. Anat. 23:992–999, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The prevalence of absence of the palmaris longus muscle in the Bahraini population
Authors: Sater Mai S. , Dharap Amol S. , Abu‐Hijleh Marwan F.
Published: October 2010

Absence of the palmaris longus muscle has been well documented in several populations at a prevalence rate ranging between 2.2 and 63.9% which varies according to race, sex, and side of the body. There is little documentation of the prevalence of absence of this muscle from populations in the Arabian Gulf region. We examined 1,043 subjects, 3–85 years old, from the Kingdom of Bahrain for the presence or absence of the palmaris longus muscle using the conventional test for the presence of this muscle. Statistical analyses investigated the association of muscle absence with sex, hand dominance, and laterality. The palmaris longus muscle was absent in 36.8% of subjects. Bilateral absence (19%) was more common than unilateral absence (17.9%) with preponderance in female subjects. The muscle was absent more often on the left side than the right (P = 0.003). In the right upper limbs the muscle was absent in female subjects more than male subjects (P = 0.031). This study reaffirms that there is population variation in the frequency of absence of the palmaris longus muscle. The tendon of the palmaris longus bifurcated at the wrist in 7.1% of subjects, with male subjects showing this feature more frequently than female subjects in the right hand (P = 0.037) and the left hand (P = 0.030). This has not been reported before. The clinical significance of our findings is discussed. Clin. Anat. 23:956–961, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomical relationships within the human pterygomandibular space: Relevance to local anesthesia
Authors: Khoury Jason , Mihailidis Suzanna , Ghabriel Mounir , Townsend Grant
Published: October 2010

A thorough understanding of the anatomy of the pterygomandibular space is fundamental to the successful administration of inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) blocks, which are frequently used in dentistry for mandibular anesthesia. However, the nature and extent of anatomical variations and relationships within this space are not well documented, and descriptions vary within the literature. This study analyzed the anatomical patterns and relationships of structures in the pterygomandibular space of 56 human cadaver hemi‐heads, with both left and right sides from 10 individuals being available, and described the range of variability. In most cases, the IAN was anterior to the inferior alveolar vasculature with the inferior alveolar vein(s) being closest to the bone. On average, there were two veins per specimen. The position of the inferior alveolar neurovascular bundle expressed as the ratio of its distance from the anterior border of the ramus to the total anteroposterior length of the ramus was 0.60 (standard deviation [SD] = 0.07). The distance of anterior and medial displacement of the lingual nerve to the IAN was 7.3 mm (SD = 2.4 mm) and 3.9 mm (SD = 1.6 mm), respectively. The direct distance between the IAN and lingual nerve was 8.5 mm (SD = 2.4 mm). The sphenomandibular ligament always appeared dense and fibrous, medial to the neurovascular bundle. This anatomical study highlights the extent of variations in the positioning of anatomical structures directly relevant to IAN blocks, and reassesses the rationale for the direct approach, which is currently taught and practiced throughout many countries. Clin. Anat. 23:936–944, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spina bifida: A diagnostic dilemma in paleopathology
Authors: Kumar A. , Tubbs R. Shane
Published: October 2010

This article provides information regarding the etiology, pathogenesis, and skeletal manifestation of spina bifida or spinal dysraphisms. On the basis of a review of the medical literature, it addresses discrepancies in documentation and interpretation of spina bifida in paleopathology. Furthermore, it offers suggestions for use of universal terminology and highlights the difficulties in the specific diagnosis of dysraphisms in skeletal remains. In addition, the necessity of examining the entire skeleton for abnormalities to distinguish simple delay/failure of fusion of the posterior neural arches from other occult spinal dysraphisms is emphasized, as it is the need for stratification of the sample by age and sex when reporting frequencies of sacral spina bifida occulta. Clin. Anat. 24:19–33, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The relationships between learning outcomes and methods of teaching anatomy as perceived by medical students
Authors: Kerby Jane , Shukur Zena N. , Shalhoub Joseph
Published: October 2010

The best method to teach anatomy continues to be widely debated. Many UK medical schools have recently changed their course structure with the use of cadaveric dissection declining. A recent study by Patel and Moxham ([ 2008] Clin. Anat. 21:182–189) found that professional anatomists viewed dissection to be the most suitable method to fulfil anatomical learning outcomes. The opinion of 580 second year medical students across two UK medical schools was surveyed. A methodology similar to that employed by Patel and Moxham ([ 2008] Clin. Anat. 21:182–189) aimed to explore which teaching methods students considered best to fulfil a prescribed set of anatomical learning outcomes. A total of 302 responses were returned (52%). Difference in students' opinion with regard to the teaching methods was statistically significant (P < 0.0001). A statistically significant agreement was found between the opinions of students from Imperial and Nottingham, and between the anatomists and the students, regarding the effectiveness of all teaching methods at meeting learning outcomes. Dissection was overall most “fit for purpose” in meeting learning outcomes, but no single teaching modality met all aspects of the curriculum. Dissection should remain a leading teaching modality in modern medical school anatomy courses. In addition to its role in the teaching of anatomy, it enables learning in a social context and holds broader learning opportunities to help future doctors best fulfill Good Medical Practice guidelines (General Medical Council, 2006). This, however, should be in the context of a multi‐modal approach to the teaching of anatomy. Clin. Anat. 24:489–497, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
What impact does anatomy education have on clinical practice?
Authors: Smith Claire France , Mathias Haydn Socrates
Published: October 2010

There is continuing debate regarding doctors' knowledge of anatomy as an appropriate preparation for professional practice. This exploratory case study examined alumni's experiences of learning anatomy. The aim was to inform curriculum development and to gain a better understanding of how anatomy knowledge is applied in practice. A total of 140 medical student alumni from the University of Southampton participated in this study (49% males, 51% females). Participants completed a Likert scale questionnaire with free comment sections. Descriptive results found that: using cadaveric material was an effective way of learning anatomy; assessment was a major motivator; and around half of students forgot a lot of anatomy but that knowledge came back easily. Statistical analysis revealed associations between certain positive and negative factors in learning. Links were also seen with current job role, revealing that those who responded to positive factors were involved in careers which involved a great deal of anatomy and vice versa. To facilitate learning, anatomy should be taught throughout the curriculum and use human cadavers. Relating knowledge to practice requires transformation of knowledge and is best facilitated by the learning being situated in clinical contexts. Clin. Anat. 24:113–119, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The ratio of contrast volume to glomerular filtration rate predicts outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention for ST‐segment elevation acute myocardial infarction
Authors: Mager Aviv , Vaknin Assa Hana , Lev Eli I. , Bental Tamir , Assali Abid , Kornowski Ran
Published: October 2010

Objective: To assess the value of the ratio between contrast medium volume and glomerular filtration rate (CMGFRr) for prediction of development of contrast‐induced nephropathy (CIN) and mortality in patients with ST‐segment elevation acute myocardial infarction (STEMI) undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Background: Renal function is a strong predictor of outcome in patients with STEMI. CIN may complicate the course of primary PCI in these patients. Methods: The study population included all 871 consecutive patients with STEMI without cardiogenic shock who underwent primary PCI at our center from January 1, 2001, to October 30, 2006. CIN was defined as an absolute increase in serum creatinine > 0.5 mg/dL or a relative increase >25% within 48 hr after PCI. Results: In‐hospital CIN developed in 72 (8.3%) patients. On linear regression analysis, the following variables were independently associated with CIN: male sex (odds ratio [OR] = 0.42, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.18–0.97, P = 0.04), GFR < 60 (OR = 3.6, 95% CI, 2.79–4.78, P < 0.0001), multivessel coronary artery disease (OR = 1.67, 95% CI, 1.08–2.58, P = 0.02), CMGFRr (OR = 1.53, 95% CI, 1.01–2.31, P = 0.04, for upper tertile vs. lower two tertiles), and Killip class > 1 (OR = 1.35, 95% CI, 1.03–1.76, P = 0.03). CMGFRr > 3.7 was a strong independent predictor of CIN (OR = 3.87, 95% CI, 1.72–8.68, P = 0.001). Twenty‐six (2.9%) patients died at 1 month after PCI. The following variables were independently predictive of 1‐month mortality: CMGFRr > 3.7 (OR = 3.3, 95% CI, 1.22–9.04, P = 0.018) and multivessel coronary artery disease (OR = 2.3, 95% CI, 1.28–4.07, P = 0.005). Conclusion: The contrast medium‐to‐GFR ratio is a strong predictor of CIN and of 1‐month mortality in patients undergoing primary PCI for STEMI. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Structure and Physical Properties of the Novel Ternary Intermetallics URuSi3‐x and U3Ru2Si7.
Authors: Pasturel M. , Pikul A. P. , Potel M. , Roisnel T. , Tougait O. , Noel H. , Kaczorowski D.
Published: October 2010

The structures of the new compounds URuSi2.89 (I) and U3Ru2Si7 (II) which exist in the Si‐rich part of the U—Ru—Si system are determined by single crystal XRD.
ChemInform Abstract: Cd1‐xBix (Cd1+xIn1‐x)VO6 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.14): A New Polar Oxide with Second‐Harmonic Generation.
Authors: Yang Tao , Sun Junliang , Yeon Jeongho , Halasyamani P. Shiv , Huang Shiliang , Hemberger Joachim , Greenblatt Martha
Published: October 2010

The title compounds are prepared by solid state reaction of stoichiometric mixtures of CdO, In2O3, and V2O5 (650 °C for 10 h and 850 °C for 48 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Thermal Stable La2Ti2O7:Eu3+ Phosphors for Blue‐Chip White LEDs with High Color Rendering Index.
Authors: Sun Zhuang , Zhang Qinghong , Li Yaogang , Wang Hongzhi
Published: October 2010

The red title phosphor with high molar Eu concentration of 30% is synthesized by solid state reaction of La2O3, TiO2, and Eu2O3 (1100—1500 °C, 2 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Luminescence and Absorbance of Highly Crystalline CaMoO4, SrMoO4, CaWO4 and SrWO4 Nanoparticles Synthesized by Coprecipitation Method at Room Temperature.
Authors: Thongtem Titipun , Kungwankunakorn Sukjit , Kuntalue Budsabong , Phuruangrat Anukorn , Thongtem Somchi
Published: October 2010

Nanoparticles of the title compounds are prepared from mixtures of Ca(NO3)2 or Sr(NO3)2 and Na2MoO4 or Na2WO4 dissolved in ethylene glycol (30 °C, 24 h) and characterized by XRD, TEM, FTIR, Raman, UV/VIS, and photoluminescence spectroscopy.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation and Characterization of Li5LnSi4O12 (Ln: Nd, Gd) Solid Electrolyte.
Authors: Huang Chenghuan , Huang Kelong
Published: October 2010

The ceramic materials of title are synthesized by solid state reaction of stoichiometric mixtures of Li2CO3, Ln2O3 (Ln: Nd, Gd), and SiO2 (850 °C for 24 h and 960 °C for 6 h) and characterized by XRD, SEM, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.
ChemInform Abstract: Antiferromagnetism of LnRhO3 (Ln: Rare Earth).
Authors: Nagata Y. , et al. et al.
Published: October 2010

Polycrystalline samples of LnRhO3 (Ln: rare earth except Ce and Pm) are characterized by magnetic measurements.
ChemInform Abstract: Structure, Microstructure, and Microwave Dielectric Properties of (Sr2‐xCax)(MgTe)O6 Double Perovskites.
Authors: Ubic Rick , Letourneau Steven , Thomas Sherin , Subodh G. , Sebastian M. T.
Published: October 2010

(Sr2‐xCax)(MgTe)O6 (x = 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2) ceramics are prepared by solid state reactions of stoichiometric mixtures of CaCO3, SrCO3, and TeO2 (1080 °C, 4 h) and characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, and dielectric measurements.
ChemInform Abstract: Two‐Dimensional S = 1 Quantum Antiferromagnet (NiCl)Sr2Ta3O10.
Authors: Kageyama Hiroshi , et al. et al.
Published: October 2010

The title compound is prepared by reaction of RbSr2Ta3O10 (obtained from Rb2CO3, SrCO3, and Ta2O5 at 1100 °C) with a two‐fold molar excess of NiCl2 (340 °C, 7 d).
ChemInform Abstract: Interactions of the Components in the Al—V—Nd System at 773 K.
Authors: Mo Honglou , Zhan Yongzhong , Yang Zhulin , Du Yong
Published: October 2010

Phase equilibria in the title system at 773 K are characterized by powder XRD, SEM, and EDX.
ChemInform Abstract: Water Oxidation by λ‐MnO2: Catalysis by the Cubical Mn4O4 Subcluster Obtained by Delithiation of Spinel LiMn2O4.
Authors: Robinson David M. , Go Yong Bok , Greenblatt Martha , Dismukes G. Charles
Published: October 2010

Nanocrystalline LiMn2O4 is synthesized from aqueous solutions of Mn(OAc)2, LiNO3, citric acid, and urea (calcination at 350 °C for 12 h) and by solid state reaction of a stoichiometric mixture of Li2CO3 and Mn2O3 (850 °C, 24 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Structural and Thermal Gas Desorption Properties of Metal Aluminum Amides.
Authors: Ono Taisuke , Shimoda Keiji , Tsubota Masami , Hino Satoshi , Kojima Ken‐ichi , Ichikawa Takayuki , Kojima Yoshitsugu
Published: October 2010

The compounds M[Al(NH2)4]x (M: K, Mg, Ca; x = 1, 2) along with previously reported LiAl(NH2)4 and NaAl(NH2)4 are prepared by ball milling under liquid NH3 and their structural and gas desorption properties are characterized by synchrotron powder XRD, FTIR and NMR spectroscopy, and thermogravimetry coupled with mass spectroscopy.
ChemInform Abstract: BaGe5: A New Type of Intermetallic Clathrate.
Authors: Aydemir Umut , Akselrud Lev , Carrillo‐Cabrera Wilder , Candolfi Christophe , Oeschler Niels , Baitinger Michael , Steglich Frank , Grin Yuri
Published: October 2010

The title compound is prepared by decomposition of Ba8Ge43□3 at 300 °C (40 d), 400 °C (12 h), and 520 °C (1 h) followed by annealing at 520 °C for 7 weeks.
ChemInform Abstract: Structural Study and Properties of a New Iron Phosphate Rb9Fe7(PO4)10.
Authors: Hidouri Mourad , Wattiaux Alain , Lopez Mraia Luisa , Pico Carlos , Amara Mongi B.
Published: October 2010

A single crystal of the new title compound is synthesized in a flux of Rb2Mo2O7 from a starting mixture of Rb2CO3, Fe(NO3)3, (NH4)2HPO4, and MoO3 (Pt crucible, 473, 673, and 873 K for 24 h at each temperature).
ChemInform Abstract: [Ag(Sn9—Sn9)]5‐: A Homoleptic Silver Complex of a Dimeric Sn9 Zintl Anion.
Authors: Wang Jian‐Qiang , Wahl Bernhard , Faessler Thomas F.
Published: October 2010

The cluster anion of title is obtained from the Zintl anion Sn94‐ by an oxidative coupling reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Syntheses and Structures of the Tetra‐phosphine Complexes trans‐MCl2(PH3)4 (M: Ru, Os).
Authors: Hall Justin W. , Yang Xiaoping , Jones Richard A.
Published: October 2010

The new air‐stable complexes (II) crystallize in the tetragonal space group P42/mnm with Z = 2 (single crystal XRD).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of SL0101 Carbasugar Analogues: Carbasugars via Pd‐Catalyzed Cyclitolization and Post‐Cyclitolization Transformations.
Authors: Shan Mingde , O'Doherty George A.
Published: October 2010

The key Pd‐catalyzed formation of the glycosidic bond is highly regio‐ and stereospecific.
ChemInform Abstract: Simple Preparation of Dimeric Cinchona Alkaloid Derivatives on Polystyrene Supports and a Highly Enantioselective Catalytic Heterogeneous Dimerization of Ketenes.
Authors: Jumde Ravindra P. , Mandoli Alessandro , De Lorenzi Federica , Pini Dario , Salvadori Piero
Published: October 2010

The polystyrene‐bound alkaloid catalysts (Ib) and (Ic) are found to catalyze the dimerization of the ketene generated in‐situ from (II) with yields and enantioselectivities comparable to the corresponding soluble catalyst (Ia).
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of Cyclic α‐Alkyl‐amino Acid Derivatives by C,N‐Double Alkylation.
Authors: Kano Taichi , Sakamoto Ryu , Mii Haruka , Wang Yong‐Gang , Maruoka Keiji
Published: October 2010

A sequence of asymmetric phase‐transfer‐catalyzed C‐alkylation and subsequent intramolecular N‐alkylation reaction is used to synthesize cyclic α‐amino acid derivatives having a quaternary all‐carbon stereocenter, e.g. (III), (V), (VII), (IX) and (XI), in up to 99% optical purity.
ChemInform Abstract: A Two‐Step Mimic for Direct, Asymmetric Bromonium‐ and Chloronium‐Induced Polyene Cyclizations.
Authors: Snyder Scott A. , Treitler Daniel S. , Schall Andreas
Published: October 2010

A two‐step method is presented for the halonium‐induced cyclization of polyenes.
ChemInform Abstract: Use of the Claisen/Metathesis Reaction Sequence for the Synthesis of Enantiomerically Pure 1‐Aminocycloalkene‐1‐carboxylic Acids.
Authors: Ple Karen , Haudrechy Arnaud , Probst Nicolas P.
Published: October 2010

The Claisen rearrangement proceeds with a highly effective 1,4‐chirality transfer from the alcohol component in the starting ester.
ChemInform Abstract: Tin‐Free Radical Cyclization Reactions Initiated by Visible Light Photoredox Catalysis.
Authors: Tucker Joseph W , Nguyen John D. , Narayanam Jagan M. R. , Krabbe Scott W. , Stephenson Corey R. J.
Published: October 2010

Two photoredox catalysts are successfully applied for the radical cyclization of unactivated π‐systems.
ChemInform Abstract: Imide‐Catalyzed Oxidation System: Sulfides to Sulfoxides and Sulfones.
Authors: Fukuda Naohiro , Ikemoto Tomomi
Published: October 2010

A new and convenient method for the oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides and sulfones is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Tandem β‐Boration/Arylation of α,β‐Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds by Using a Single Palladium Complex to Catalyze Both Steps.
Authors: Bonet Amadeu , Gulyas Henrik , Koshevoy Igor O. , Estevan Francisco , Sanau Mercedes , Ubeda M. Angeles , Fernandez Elena
Published: October 2010

A series of four stable dimeric Pd(II) complexes is investigated in catalytic β‐boration of α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Cross‐Dehydrogenative Coupling (CDC) of Alkynes and Benzylic C—H Bonds.
Authors: Correia Camille A. , Li Chao‐Jun
Published: October 2010

For the first time, the metal‐catalyzed alkynylation of benzylic C—H bonds, that are not adjacent to nitrogen atoms, is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Chiral Primary—Tertiary Diamine—Broensted Acid Salt Catalyzed Syn‐Selective Cross‐Aldol Reaction of Aldehydes.
Authors: Li Jiuyuan , Fu Niankai , Li Xin , Luo Sanzhong , Cheng Jin‐Pei
Published: October 2010

The salt generated from the diamine shown in the scheme and TfOH efficiently promotes the asymmetric, syn‐selective cross‐aldol reaction of electron‐poor aromatic aldehydes with propionaldehyde and the protected glycol aldehyde (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: Simple Amphiphilic Isosteviol—Proline Conjugates as Chiral Catalysts for the Direct Asymmetric Aldol Reaction in the Presence of Water.
Authors: An Ya‐Jie , Zhang Yun‐Xiao , Wu Ya , Liu Zhao‐Min , Pi Chao , Tao Jing‐Chao
Published: October 2010

Amphiphilic L‐proline organocatalysts are shown to catalyze the aldol reactions of various aldehydes with enantioselectivities of up to 99% and diastereoselectivities of up to <99%.
ChemInform Abstract: Improving the Atom Efficiency of the Wittig Reaction by a “Waste as Catalyst/Co‐catalyst” Strategy.
Authors: Cao Jun‐Jie , Zhou Feng , Zhou Jian
Published: October 2010

Wittig olefination reaction is successfully combined with a conjugate reduction step in a one‐pot mode [cf.
ChemInform Abstract: Pd‐Catalyzed One‐Pot Chemoselective Hydrogenation Protocol for the Preparation of Carboxamides Directly from Azides.
Authors: Bavikar Sudhir N. , Salunke Deepak B. , Hazra Braja G. , Pore Vandana S. , Thierry Josiane , Dodd Robert H.
Published: October 2010

Succinimide esters are subjected to the reaction with azides under conditions A) to give the desired amides within a short time in good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Synthesis of (Z)‐Perfluoroalkyl‐1‐iodo‐1‐triisopropyl Silylalkenes: A Convenient Route to Perfluoroalkyl‐Substituted Unsaturated Synthons.
Authors: Chesa Juan Francisco , Velasco Dolores , Lopez‐Calahorra Francisco
Published: October 2010

Compounds of type (IV) are of interest as synthons for classical organometallic chemistry and for metal‐catalyzed coupling reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Regio‐ and Stereoselective Palladium‐Catalyzed Allylic Carbonate Amination. A Practical Route to Dehydro‐β‐amino Esters.
Authors: Cardillo Giuliana , Gentilucci Luca , Mosconi Elisa , Tolomelli Alessandra , Troisi Stefano , Juaristi Eusebio
Published: October 2010

Enantiopure carbonates undergo the amination with complete retention of the configuration.
ChemInform Abstract: Ring‐Retentive Deprotonation of Cyclopropene‐3‐carboxamides.
Authors: Kim Ryan , Sherrill William M. , Rubin Michael
Published: October 2010

The anionic species generated from the title cyclopropenes exhibit a remarkable stability towards ring opening, even at elevated temperatures.
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction Products of Activated Aromatic and Heteroaromatic Chlorides with N,N‐Disubstituted Formamides.
Authors: Brzozowski Zdzislaw , Slawinski Jaroslaw
Published: October 2010

A new amination method by treating substituted aromatic or heteroaromatic chlorides with formamides is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Configuration‐Specific Reaction of Nitric Oxide with Aldehyde Arylhydrazones.
Authors: Yang Desuo , Zhu Haiyun , Guo Yaning , Wu Longmin
Published: October 2010

The unexpected reaction leads exclusively to (E)‐nitrohydrazones (II); azo‐compounds are not obtained.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Transformation from Benzyl or Allyl Halides to Aryl and Alkenyl Nitriles.
Authors: Zhou Wang , Xu Jiaojiao , Zhang Liangren , Jiao Ning
Published: October 2010

The tandem reaction includes a TBAB‐catalyzed substitution using sodium azide and the following oxidative rearrangement with DDQ as an oxidant.