bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Outcomes of systematic screening for optic pathway tumors in children with Neurofibromatosis Type 1
Authors: Blazo M.A. , Lewis R.A. , Chintagumpala M.M. , Frazier M. , McCluggage C. , Plon S.E.
Published: May 2004

Optic pathway tumors (OPT) occur in about 15% of individuals with Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1) and may effect substantial visual loss. Because their growth is not predictable at the time of discovery, neuroimaging for OPT in asymptomatic NF1 patients remains controversial. We evaluated the outcomes of systematic screening by both MRI and ophthalmic examinations for OPT in young children with NF1 seen at multi‐disciplinary clinics for Neurofibromatosis and Genetics at one institution between 1996 and 2001. We report on 84 children who presented with NF1 under age 6 years, of whom 13 children presented with either known OPT or abnormal MRI findings and 11 children had OPTs identified by neuroimaging, including two children with abnormal eye examinations at presentation (one with strabismus and one with optic atrophy). Nine OPTs were detected in asymptomatic subjects with normal ophthalmic examinations. Three children with chiasmal lesions enlarging on subsequent MRI were treated with carboplatin and vincristine. After treatment, the vision in each involved eye was intact. In contrast, the 13 children with OPT diagnosed outside of screening guidelines included five children with substantial visual loss. Our observations suggest that early recognition of NF1 promotes appropriate surveillance and allows early intervention to reduce complications of OPT. This analysis supports prospective studies to compare the outcomes of systematic screening with neuroimaging to screening with ophthalmic examinations alone in children with NF1. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Möbius sequence, Robin complex, and hypotonia: Severe expression of brainstem disruption spectrum versus Carey–Fineman–Ziter syndrome
Authors: Verloes Alain , Bitoun Pierre , Heuskin Anne , Amrom Dina , Van de Broeck Hilde , Nikkel Sarah M. , Chudley Albert E. , Prasad Asuri N. , Rusu Cristina , Covic Mircea , Toutain Annick , Moraine Claude , Parisi Melissa A. , Patton Michael , Martin Jean‐Jacques , Van Thienen Marie‐Noelle
Published: May 2004

We report on nine unrelated children fitting a diagnosis of Carey–Fineman–Ziter syndrome (CFZS). All children presented with Möbius sequence, Pierre Robin complex (6/9) or micrognathia, and hypotonia. Some had primary hypoventilation, delayed development, and acral anomalies. The neuropathological investigations performed in two patients showed a combination of dysplastic lesions (neuronal heterotopias) and encephaloclastic changes consisting of small foci of necrosis with microcalcifications. The mother of a third child had severe trauma during her 2nd month of pregnancy. Based on a review of the literature on MS and CFZS, we suggest designating as “Robin–Möbius phenotype” a distinct clinical variant of MS with extensive brainstem involvement, Robin complex, hypotonia without specific muscle disorder, clubfeet and variable acral anomalies. This condition appears to bear a higher risk of mental handicap and perhaps a higher recurrence risk than “common” MS. Neuropathology and neuroimaging are suggestive, at least in some cases, of a vascular disruption, which could be exogenous, or secondary to a genetic predisposition. Etiologic heterogeneity seems likely and, in that respect, the original CFZS family could represent a private syndrome fitting on the “Robin–Möbius” spectrum. Despite the existence of two familial reports, recurrence risk is probably much lower than 25%, although exact figures cannot be extracted from the available literature. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic influences on life span and survival among elderly African‐Americans, Caribbean Hispanics, and Caucasians
Authors: Lee Joseph H. , Flaquer Antonia , Costa Rosann , Andrews Howard , Cross Peter , Lantigua Rafael , Schupf Nicole , Tang Ming‐Xin , Mayeux Richard
Published: May 2004

An investigation of the genetic influences on life span and survival was conducted among elderly African‐Americans, Caribbean Hispanics, and Caucasians Medicare recipients (ages 65–104 years). Family history information on 13,161 parents and siblings was obtained. Heritability of life span varied by the age and by ethnic group being lowest for African‐Americans. We recalculated the heritability coefficients for life span including only probands and their siblings, but the differences across ethnic groups persisted. In contrast the heritability of survival was more similar across ethnic groups but was similar to that for life span. Heritability coefficients for survival in probands and their siblings revealed little difference between ethnic groups and suggested that as much as 35% of the variation in survival may be genetically influenced. These results indicate that life span and survival are genetically influenced. Comparisons across generations and ethnic groups indicate that changes in environmental hygiene, social welfare, and health care systems are significant contributors to life span and survival, but genetic influences are also important. Identifying the genes associated with life span and survival will provide insight into how the genes interact with environment to influence aging in humans. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Suprafluide Heliumtröpfchen: außergewöhnlich kalte Nanomatrices für Moleküle und molekulare Komplexe
Authors: Toennies J. Peter , Vilesov Andrey F.
Published: May 2004

Dieser Aufsatz gibt einen Überblick über neuere Experimente zur Spektroskopie und zu chemischen Reaktionen von Molekülen und Komplexen in Heliumtröpfchen. Im Inneren solcher Matrices wird eine ähnlich hohe spektroskopische Auflösung wie in der Gasphase erzielt, und durch Verdampfungskühlung lässt sich eine isotherme Tieftemperaturumgebung von T=0.37 K (4He‐Tröpfchen) oder 0.15 K (3He‐Tröpfchen) aufrechterhalten – kälter als in den meisten Festkörpermatrices möglich ist. Die Heliumtröpfchentechnik kombiniert somit die Vorteile von Gasphasen‐ und klassischen Matrixisolationstechniken. Ein wichtiger Punkt ist, dass die suprafluide Heliumumgebung binäre Stöße erleichtert und die bei der Rekombination freigesetzte Bindungsenergie absorbiert. Die Tröpfchen lassen sich folglich als isotherme nanoskopische Reaktoren betrachten, in denen Einzelmoleküle, Cluster oder sogar einzelne reaktive Stöße bei ultratiefen Temperaturen isoliert werden können.
Titelbild: Ultrafast Electron Crystallography of Surface Structural Dynamics with Atomic‐Scale Resolution (Angew. Chem. 20/2004)
Authors: Vigliotti Franco , Chen Songye , Ruan Chong‐Yu , Lobastov Vladimir A. , Zewail Ahmed H.
Published: May 2004

Die Dynamik von Oberflächenstrukturen wird mit präzedenzloser räumlicher und zeitlicher Auflösung durch ultraschnelle Elektronenkristallographie bestimmt. Die dynamischen Prozesse werden durch einen Femtosekunden‐Laserpuls ausgelöst, ein ultrakurzer Elektronenpuls bildet die kurzlebigen Oberflächenstrukturen ab. Momentaufnahmen der Beugungsmuster zu Verzögerungszeiten Δt ermöglichen die Beobachtung der Dynamik von Oberflächenstrukturen in Echtzeit mit atomarer Auflösung. Mehr dazu erfahren Sie in der Zuschrift von A. H. Zewail et al. auf S. 2759 ff.
Superfluid Helium Droplets: A Uniquely Cold Nanomatrix for Molecules and Molecular Complexes
Authors: Toennies J. Peter , Vilesov Andrey F.
Published: May 2004

Herein, recent experiments on the spectroscopy and chemical reactions of molecules and complexes embedded in helium droplets are reviewed. In the droplets, a high spectroscopic resolution, which is comparable to the gas phase is achieved, while an isothermal low‐temperature environment is maintained by evaporative cooling at T=0.37 K (4He droplets) or 0.15 K (3He droplets), lower than possible in most solid matrices. Thus the helium‐droplet technique combines the benefits of both the gas phase and the classical matrix‐isolation techniques. Most important, the superfluid helium facilitates binary encounters, and absorbs the released binding energy upon recombination. Thus the droplet can be viewed as an isothermal nanoscopic reactor, which isolates single molecules, clusters, or even a single reactive encounter at ultralow temperatures.
Cover Picture: Ultrafast Electron Crystallography of Surface Structural Dynamics with Atomic‐Scale Resolution (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 20/2004)
Authors: Vigliotti Franco , Chen Songye , Ruan Chong‐Yu , Lobastov Vladimir A. , Zewail Ahmed H.
Published: May 2004

Surface structural dynamics are determined with unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution by ultrafast electron crystallography. The dynamics are initiated by a femtosecond laser pulse, and transient surface structures are imaged by an ultrashort electron pulse: A diffraction snapshot is obtained at a given time, δt, and allows the real‐time observation of surface structural dynamics with atomic‐scale resolution. For more details see the Communication by A. H. Zewail and co‐workers on page 2705 ff.
Thymol and carvacrol binding to DNA: model for DRUG–DNA interaction
Authors: Nafisi Sh. , Hajiakhoondi A. , Yektadoost A.
Published: May 2004

Thymol and carvacrol can bind to major and minor grooves of B‐DNA. The aim of this study was to examine the interaction of calf thymus DNA with thymol and carvacrol in aqueous solution and physiological pH with thymol/DNA and carvacrol/DNA (phosphate) molar ratios of 1/20, 1/10, 1/5, and 1/1. Fourier transform infrared and UV‐visible difference spectroscopy were used to determine the thymol and carvacrol binding mode, binding constant, sequence selectivity, DNA secondary structure, and structural variations of thymol/DNA and carvacrol/DNA complexes in aqueous solution. Spectroscopic evidence showed that the thymol and carvacrol interaction occurred mainly through H‐bonding of the thymol and carvacrol OH group to the guanine N7, cytosine N3, and backbone phosphate group with overall binding constant of K(thymol–DNA) = 2.43 × 103M−1, K(carvacrol–DNA) = 1.55×103M−1. In thymol and carvacrol–DNA complexes, DNA remains in the B‐family structure. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers, 2004
Immunosuppressory activity of ubiquitin fragments containing retro‐RGD sequence
Authors: Szewczuk Zbigniew , Stefanowicz Piotr , Wilczyński Andrzej , Staszewska Anna , Siemion Ignacy Z. , Zimecki Michał , Wieczorek Zbigniew
Published: May 2004

A peptide fragment corresponding to the ubiquitin50–59 sequence (LEDGRTLSDY) (U50–59) possesses a very high immunosuppressory activity, comparable to that of cyclosporine, both in the cellular and humoral immune responses. We found that the pentapeptide DGRTL (U52–56) is the shortest, effective immunosuppressory fragment of ubiquitin, although its potency is weaker than that of U50–59. Replacement of each consecutive residue with alanine in U52–56 allowed identification of essential amino acids involved in the immunosuppression. We also evaluated the roles of its N‐ and C‐terminal groups by their acetylation and/or amidation, respectively. The active sequence is located in the external loop of the molecule and therefore it may serve as an important functional epitope for intermolecular binding. Based on the crystal structure of ubiquitin molecule, we designed and synthesized the cyclic analogue with a restricted conformation, cyclo(Glt–Gln–Leu–Glu–Asp–Gly–Arg–Thr–Leu–Ser–Asp–Lys)—NH2 (Glt = glutaryl) by reacting the C‐terminal Lys side chain with the glutarylated N‐terminus. The peptide was designed to mimic the ubiquitin48–59 loop, in order to obtain the ligand that may interact with hypothetical receptors of the loop. The cyclization product selectively but strongly suppresses the cellular immune response. The results indicate that the 48–59 loop may serve as an important functional epitope in the ubiquitin molecule for intermolecular binding. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers, 2004
Simultaneous quantitation of zidovudine and zidovudine monophosphate from plasma, amniotic ﬂuid and tissues by micellar capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Alnouti Yazen , White Catherine A. , Bartlett Michael G.
Published: May 2004

Zidovudine (AZT) therapy given during pregnancy has been shown to reduce the vertical transmission of the human immunodeﬁciency virus (HIV) from mother to fetus. In order to investigate the efﬁcacy of AZT, it is important to know the concentration of its active phosphorylated metabolites. We have developed the ﬁrst CE method for the simultaneous quantitation of AZT and zidovudine monophosphate (AZT‐MP) from rat plasma, amniotic ﬂuid and fetal tissues. Sample extractions were performed by protein precipitation using acetonitrile for the plasma and amniotic ﬂuids, while in fetal tissues solid phase extraction using Waters Oasis™ HLB extraction cartridges was used. Recoveries ranged from 78 to 92% for AZT, AZT‐MP and 3′‐azidouridine (internal standard, AZDU), in the three matrices. The optimum separation conditions were achieved using a 40 mm sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) in 50 mm phosphate buffer (pH 7) with a run voltage of 15 kV. The CE system consists of a 75 µm i.d., 50 cm effective length uncoated fused silica capillary. The method was validated over the range 0.5–100 µg/ml (µg/g for tissues). Intra‐day precision (RSD) and accuracy (%error) for AZT ranged from 0.13 to 11 and 0.68 to 11.1%, respectively, while for AZT‐MP it ranged from 2.05 to 11.1 and 4.22 to 11.7%. Inter‐day precision and accuracy for AZT ranged from 3.82 to 11.2 and 3.14 to 9.01%, while for AZT‐MP it ranged from 3.9 to 9.32 and 3.44 to 9.37%, respectively. We also report the enzymatic dephosphorylation of AZT‐MP in the placental tissue of rats. This new enzymatic pathway provides increased understanding of the mechanism of anti‐viral transport in the rat during pregnancy. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study on the bioavailability of nateglinide–hydroxypropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin complex capsule in rabbits by liquid chromatographic–tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: He Zhonggui , Chen Xiaoyan , Zhong Dafang , Zhao Chunshun , Liu Xiaohong , Zhang Ruhua
Published: May 2004

To evaluate the bioavailability of nateglinide–hydroxypropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin (HPCD) complex, a rapid and speciﬁc liquid chromatographic–tandem mass spectrometric method was developed and validated to determine nateglinide in rabbit serum. The analyte was extracted from serum samples by liquid–liquid extraction, separated on a Zorbax C18 column and detected by tandem mass spectrometry with an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization interface. Daidzein was used as the internal standard. The method has a lower limit of quantitation of 0.25 mg/L using 200 µL serum. The intra‐ and inter‐day relative standard deviations calculated from quality control (QC) samples were below 4%. The inter‐day relative error was within 1%. Nateglinide serum concentrations in rabbits given nateglinide–hydroxypropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin complex were much higher than those given the free drug. Signiﬁcant difference was observed in main pharmacokinetic parameters of tmax and Cmax but not AUC0–t between the complex and free drug. It was concluded that the absorption rate of nateglinide–HPCD complex was enhanced, compared with that of nateglinide free drug. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of experimental strategies for the development of chiral chromatographic methods based on diastereomer formation
Authors: Srinivas Nuggehally R.
Published: May 2004

The past two decades has seen explosive growth in the ﬁeld of chirality as illustrated by the rapid progress in the various facets of this intriguing ﬁeld. Firstly, it is the basic understanding of the importance of chirality and, secondly, the awareness of the therapeutic pitfalls due to failure to recognize chirality that have paved the way for a rejuvenated interest in the ﬁeld. Needless to say that the impetus for chiral separation advancement and enhancement has been found to be the highest in the past decade and still continues to be an area of high focus. In this regard, both direct and indirect separation approaches have been instrumental in placing into literature stereoselective pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data of plethora of drug racemates. Also, today, the cloud of uncertainty associated with the development of a chiral molecule is a thing of the past because the ﬁeld is so evolved and numerous options are available for stereoselective analysis. However, the decision to advance either a single enantiomer or a racemate for development has to be made by a rational approach with adequate justiﬁcation.

Although indirect method of chiral separation has been well established with numerous examples of well‐documented cases of stereoselective pharmacokinetic data, there is a growing need for a review that provides a strategic overview of considerations and key issues for developing chromatographic methods based on diastereomer formation. This review provides a general framework for the exploratory planning and a deﬁnitive game plan for the establishment of chiral methods based on diastereomer formation. Also, it provides an exhaustive list of applications of numerous chiral derivatization reagents that have been used in the generation of stereoselective pharmacokinetic data. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparative study on the inclusion behaviour of cyclodextrin derivatives with venoruton and rutin by thin layer chromatography
Authors: Guo Xiliang , Shuang Shaomin , Wang Xiaoping , Dong Chuan , Pan Jinghao , Aboul‐Enein Hassan Y.
Published: May 2004

The interaction of rutin and venoruton (troxerutin), with α‐, β‐ and γ‐cyclodextrin (CD), hydroxypropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin (HP‐β‐CD) and methyl‐β‐cyclodextrin (M‐β‐CD) was investigated by reversed‐phase thin layer chromatography on polyamide plates. A mobile phase consisted of NH4OH; NH4Cl buffer solution containing various CD concentrations (pH = 9.7, 20°C) was used as mobile phase. The equilibrium constants (Kf) and the retention factor (Rf) were determined and used to study the inclusion process. The inﬂuence of CDs on the solubility of rutin and venoruton was characterized by RM values and the increasing hydrophilicity of drugs. The results show that the inclusion capacity of cyclodextrins follows the order HP‐β‐CD > M‐β‐CD > β‐CD > γ‐CD, and rutin is more easily included by the studied cyclodextrins than venoruton. In addition, the thermodynamic parameters (ΔH, ΔS) for the formation of complexes were obtained from the van't Hoff equation, displaying the enthalpy–entropy compensation effect. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Platinum particles‐modiﬁed electrode for HPLC with pulsed amperometric detection of thiols in rat striatum
Authors: Cao Xu‐Ni , Li Jin‐Hua , Xu Hai‐Hong , Lin Li , Xian Yue‐Zhong , Yamamoto Katsunobu , Jin Li‐Tong
Published: May 2004

A new chemically modiﬁed electrode based on the immobilization of Pt particles is fabricated and exhibits electrocatalytic oxidation for l‐cysteine (l‐Cys), glutathione (GSH) and penicillamine (PEN) with relatively high sensitivity. It is also adaptable to HPLC for pulsed amperometric detection (PAD) of these thiols. PAD largely improves the detection sensitivity because the alternated polarizations can effectively clean and reactivate the electrode surface. It is shown that the peak currents of l‐Cys, GSH and PEN are linear to their concentrations, with the calculated detection limit of 1.1 × 10−7, 1.8 × 10−7 and 3.8 × 10−7 mol L−1, respectively (S/N = 3). The method has been successfully applied to assess the contents of l‐Cys and GSH in rat striatal microdialysates. The average contents of the two analytes in rat striatum are 2.6 × 10−6 and 2.8 × 10−6 mol L−1, respectively. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of salivary peptides using HPLC–electrospray mass spectrometry
Authors: Vitorino Rui , Lobo M. João C. , Duarte José A. R. , Ferrer‐Correia A. J. , Domingues Pedro M. , Amado Francisco M. L.
Published: May 2004

Salivary peptides are involved in a wide range of functions constituting the ﬁrst line of defence of oral cavity and precursors of dental pellicle formation. The presence of mucins in saliva makes difﬁcult the analysis of the proteic content. This is due mainly to aggregation phenomenon between mucins and other high molecular weight glycoproteins and salivary proteins. Considering the importance of salivary peptides in biological functions, we have evaluated the inﬂuence of four different extraction methodologies on the separation and identiﬁcation of these proteins by HPLC‐MS. Based on their molecular weight, we identiﬁed a total of 22 peptides when extraction was performed using a solution of guanidine (6 m), compared with 14 peptides identiﬁed when saliva is acidiﬁed with TFA, which is an often used procedure. Our results also show the presence of mucin bind peptides, which include statherin, PRP1, PRP3, Histatin 1 and Histatin 5. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
HPLC method for determination of DRF‐4367 in rat plasma: validation and its application to pharmacokinetics in Wistar rats
Authors: Mullangi Ramesh , Kallem Raja Reddy , Bhamidipati Ravi Kanth , Mamidi Rao N. V. S. , Srinivas Nuggehally R.
Published: May 2004

A speciﬁc, accurate, precise and reproducible high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed for the estimation of DRF‐4367, a novel cyclooxygenase‐2 inhibitor in rat plasma. The assay procedure involved simple liquid/liquid extraction of DRF‐4367 and internal standard (IS, celecoxib) from plasma into dichloromethane. The organic layer was separated and evaporated under a gentle stream of nitrogen at 40°C. The residue was reconstituted in the mobile phase and injected onto a Kromasil KR 100‐5C18 column (4.6 × 250 mm, 5 µm). The mobile phase consisting of 0.01 m potassium dihydrogen ortho‐phosphate (pH 3.2) and acetonitrile (40:60, v/v) was used at a ﬂow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The eluate was monitored using an UV detector set at 247 nm. The ratio of peak area of analyte to IS was used for quantiﬁcation of plasma samples. Nominal retention times of DRF‐4367 and IS were 6.6 and 11.2 min, respectively. The standard curve for DRF‐4367 was linear (r2 > 0.999) in the concentration range 0.1–20 µg/mL. Absolute recovery was >86% from rat plasma for both analyte and IS. The lower limit of quantiﬁcation of DRF‐4367 was 0.1 µg/mL. The inter‐ and intra‐day precisions in the measurement of quality control samples, 0.1, 0.3, 8.0 and 15.0 µg/mL, were in the range 6.93–9.34% relative standard deviation (RSD) and 0.48–6.59% RSD, respectively. Accuracy in the measurement of QC samples was in the range 91.24–109.36% of the nominal values. Analyte and IS were stable in the battery of stability studies, viz. benchtop, autosampler and freeze–thaw cycles. Stability of DRF‐4367 was established for 1 month at −80°C. The application of the assay to a pharmacokinetic study in rats is described. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Continuous capillary electrophoresis with ﬂow injection and its application for determination of Ephedrine and Pseudo‐ephedrine in Chinese medicinal preparations
Authors: Pan Zhongwei , Chen Xingguo , Hu Zhide
Published: May 2004

This article presents a new, simple and rapid continuous separation method by combination of ﬂow injection with capillary electrophoresis designed for the analysis of basic traditional Chinese medicines. The device was produced using commercial capillary and components readily available in analytical laboratory. In double‐T conﬁguration, the designed horizontal separation channel was 25 µm i.d. × 146 mm length (an effective separation length of 93 mm) quartz capillary, with two vertical elicitation arms produced from 0.5 mm i.d. pump tubing. The capillary was embedded in a 40 × 20 × 3 mm organic glass base. Using the double‐T conﬁguration, continuous introduction of a series of samples was achieved. More than 3.00 resolution for ephedrine and pseudo‐ephedrine were obtained using 100 mm borate buffer (pH 9.80) within 8 min in 25 µm separation channel with an electrical ﬁeld strength of 137 V/cm (UV detection at 215 nm). The linear calibration range was 50–1500 µg/mL (ephedrine, r = 0.9982; pseudo‐ephedrine, r = 0.9990) for both analytes. The limits of detection were 2.65 µg/mL for ephedrine and 2.92 µg/mL for pseudo‐ephedrine. In this device, the contents of ephedrine and pseudo‐ephedrine in ﬁve Chinese medicinal preparations were determined with RSDs (n = 5) in range 1.16–4.51% and recoveries in range 90.4–114.6%. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quality assessment for tramadol in pharmaceutical preparations with thin layer chromatography and densitometry
Authors: Krzek Jan , Starek Małgorzata
Published: May 2004

Research studies have been carried out to develop a chromatographic and densitometric method suitable for identiﬁcation and determination of tramadol and impurities. In addition, the stability of tramadol in solutions was investigated, including an effect of solution pH, temperature and incubation time. In the ﬁrst instance the conditions for identiﬁcation and quantitative determination of tramadol and impurities in pharmaceutical preparations were established. The separation was performed on silica gel‐coated chromatographic plates (HPTLC) using two mobile phases: (I) chloroform–methanol–glacial acetic acid (9:2:0.1, v/v/v); (II) chloroform–toluene–ethanol (9:8:1, v/v/v). The UV densitometry was carried out at λ = 270 nm. The developed method is of high sensitivity and low detection and determination limits ranging from 0.044 to 0.35 µg. For individual constituents the recovery ranges from 93.23 to 99.66%. The next step was to evaluate the stability of tramadol and determine a method of decomposition under various experimental conditions. It was found that tramadol decomposes in various ways in acidic and basic environments producing (1RS)‐[2‐(3‐methoxyphenyl)cyclohex‐2‐enyl]‐N,N‐dimethylmethanamine (imp. B) and (1RS, 2RS)‐2‐[(dimethylamino)methyl]‐1‐(3‐methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol (imp. cis‐T) or imp. cis‐T, respectively. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography with laser‐induced ﬂuorescence detection: as tested with amino acid derivatives
Authors: Jianping Xie , Jiyou Zhang , Huanxiang Liu , Jiaqin Liu , Jianniao Tian , Xingguo Chen , Zhide Hu
Published: May 2004

Over a decade ago, microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography was introduced as a novel mode of capillary electrophoresis. However, there has not been publication on the combination of microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography with laser‐induced ﬂuorescence detection. In this paper, a preliminary method using microemulsion eletrokinetic chromatography combined with laser‐induced ﬂuorescence detection and second derivative electrophoregram was established as a sensitive and selective assay for separation and determination of nine amino acids after derivatization with 4‐chloro‐7‐nitrobenzo‐2‐oxa‐1, 3‐diazol. The derivatization and separation conditions were optimized. In the investigated concentration ranges correlation coefﬁcients were better than 0.995. The relative standard deviation (n = 5) of the migration times and peak heights were 0.56–0.76 and 2.21–7.15%, respectively. The detection limits (S/N = 3) were at a neaomolar level (0.32–2.20 nm). The method was applied for the analysis of compound amino acid injection and a Chinese traditional herbal medicine. The recoveries were 95.9–107.9%. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simple and rapid micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatographic method for simultaneous determination of four antiepileptics in human serum
Authors: Casas Miguel Navarrete , Blanco Carmen Cruces , Carretero Antonio Segura , Gutiérrez Alberto Fernández
Published: May 2004

A very rapid and simple MEKC method was developed for the simultaneous determination of four antiepileptic drugs, ethosuximide (Etho), primidone (Pri), phenytoin (Pht) and carbamazepine (Cbz) in human serum. Sample analysis required only 100 µL of human serum which only needed to be centrifuged, decanted and combined with the running buffer [5.3 mm Na2HPO4/3.2 mm borax buffer (pH 9.5) containing 55 mm SDS and 3.5% (v/v) acetone]. The analysis was performed in only 10 min into fused‐silica capillaries (57 cm total length with 50 µm i.d. and 50 cm to the detector) using the MEKC methodology with diode‐array detection at 220 nm. The calibration graphs were established for ethoximide, primidone, phenytoin and carbamazepine between 0 and 20 mg/L. Recoveries were between 85 and 87%. The simplicity of the proposed methodology makes it suitable for routine clinical use, especially for epileptic patients on polytherapy. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Making the most of the Victoria Climbié Inquiry Report
Authors: Reder Peter , Duncan Sylvia
Published: May 2004

The principal findings of the Victoria Climbié Inquiry Report (Lord Laming, 2003) repeat those of most previous fatal child abuse inquiries or reviews, revealing problems with professionals' assessments, communications, skill base and resources. There is a danger that the recommendations of this latest report will be implemented in an overbureaucratic manner, reducing their potential to make a significant difference to practice. Instead, it is essential to build on the core lessons of this and previous inquiries, which is that professionals' capacity to think about their cases and their work must be enhanced. This has considerable implications for the training of professionals and the resources available to them. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
‘Like a fish in a bowl’: parents' perceptions of child protection services
Authors: Dale Peter
Published: May 2004

This research involved a small qualitative study focused on family experiences of child protection practice, commissioned as part of a Best Value review of child protection services in a large rural Midlands local authority. Qualitative interviews were undertaken with 18 families who had received child protection services. Findings were mixed in relation to perceived helpfulness of the processes of child protection interventions, with 50% of families reporting some positive beneﬁt and 22% reporting that such interventions had caused them harm. From the families' perspectives, factors that are associated with positive and negative outcomes are outlined. These include the availability of preventive services, crisis support, respite care, actual provision of services speciﬁed in protection plans and an engaging style of practitioners. Conclusions emphasize the value of research focused on family perceptions of services as an important contribution to quality control and service development in child protection service provision. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
From Maria Colwell to Victoria Climbié: reﬂections on public inquiries into child abuse a generation apart
Authors: Parton Nigel
Published: May 2004

This paper compares and contrasts the Maria Colwell and Victoria Climbié Inquiry Reports. It argues that rather than concentrating on the similarities, it is more important and challenging to consider the differences as exemplars of the changing contexts of child protection in England over the past 30 years. The differences are analysed in terms of: the inquiries themselves; globalization and identity; expert knowledge; systematic care, responsibility and accountability; managerialization; trust and uncertainty; and the legislative contexts. The overall impression is one of increased complexity, where the responsibilities of agencies have both broadened and intensiﬁed at the same time. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An analysis of children and young people's calls to ChildLine about abuse and neglect: a study for the Scottish Child Protection Review
Authors: Vincent Sharon , Daniel Brigid
Published: May 2004

In 2001 a young child, who was known to child protection agencies, was murdered by her stepfather. Following a recommendation of an inquiry into her death, a ministerial multidisciplinary review of child protection across Scotland was carried out. The review aimed to promote the reduction of abuse or neglect of children and to improve the services for children who experience abuse or neglect. It was carried out by a multidisciplinary team and the report made 16 recommendations. The review was informed by a series of sub‐projects. This paper describes one sub‐project that aimed to collect the views of children and young people who might have been abused but might not have had contact with child protection agencies. The study was carried out in conjunction with ChildLine Scotland. Call data for one year were made available for quantitative analysis. Qualitative analysis was carried out on the counsellors' notes on all calls relating to abuse and neglect taken during a 2‐week period. Children described signiﬁcant levels of abuse and neglect. Many had told no‐one of the abuse and in particular had not contacted child protection agencies. The paper considers the implications of the ﬁndings for the child protection system. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Every child matters: a legal perspective
Authors: Goldthorpe Liz
Published: May 2004

Recent legal and policy changes, including the introduction of the Human Rights Act, provide the context for the new child welfare and protection policies proposed for England. These proposals are discussed from a legal perspective in relation to early and coordinated intervention, sharing information between agencies and with children and families, partnership with children, information management, and structural and legal change. Consideration is also given to issues overlooked by the Green Paper, such as immigration and asylum, youth justice and the whole family justice system. The discussion concludes by arguing for the need for integrating cultural and structural change and for leadership (and investment of resources) across government to achieve such goals. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of a Dosing Concept for Minute Flow Rates
Authors: Kießlich F. , Prechtl P.M. , Gerhard H. , Liauw M.A. , Popovska N. , Emig G.
Published: May 2004

Pressure and volume flow control is a non‐trivial problem in the range of minute molar fluxes. Requirements with regard to precision, stability and flexibility go beyond the specifications of commercially available systems. The present concept offers a functional solution for flexible dosage of norm volume flows down into the μL flow range providing at the same time a suitable pressure control. Furthermore an opportunity for in situ calibration of capillaries concerning their length and inner diameter is introduced. The described setup, after calibration, provides the possibility to determine the unknown viscosity of gaseous mixtures, which are very sparsely found in literature.
A Kinetic Model of Degradation of Phenol in Water by Direct Contact of Gas Nonpulsed Corona Discharge
Authors: Sano N. , Fujikawa J. , Yamamoto D. , Kanki T. , Toyoda A.
Published: May 2004

Reaction byproducts from degradation of aqueous phenol by contact of gas d.c. corona discharge with treated water were analyzed by liquid chromatography. According to the retention time, three byproducts, pyrocatechol, hydroquinone, 1,4‐benzoquinone, were identified. Also, acetic acid was detected as a final relatively stable byproduct by gas chromatography. A simple reaction model in which relevant elementary reactions are assumed to be first order was proposed to correlate the practical behavior of degradation processes.
Barium Sulfate Crystallization Kinetics in the Used Quenching Salts Treatment Process
Authors: Matynia A. , Piotrowski K. , Koralewska J. , Wierzbowska B.
Published: May 2004

The research results and kinetic studies on the barium ions precipitation process by means of crystalline ammonium sulfate addition are presented. The influence of: barium, sodium, potassium and calcium chlorides concentration in the feeding solution and also the process temperature on barium sulfate mass crystallization kinetics are investigated. Experiments were carried out in the MSMPR crystallizer with internal circulation of suspension. The barium sulfate nucleation and crystal growth rates were estimated from crystal size distribution taking into account a size dependent growth (SDG). Research results may be utilized in the used quenching salts processing technology.
Integration of Open Absorption Cycles for Combined Heat Recovery and Dehumidification into Technological Systems
Authors: Bittrich P. , Hebecker D.
Published: May 2004

The discrepancy between quality and quantity of heat is the main problem for heat recovery from gases with high relative humidity. The integration of open absorption cycles into the apparatus results in an increased heat recovery temperature and higher dehumidification of the flue gas. The application of high temperature condensing boiler technology (HT‐CBT) is demonstrated in a biomass gasification plant with subsequent use of the gasification gas in a CHP engine.
Micronization of Organic Substances by Supercritical Fluid Processes
Authors: Kröber H. , Teipel U.
Published: May 2004

RESS and PCA are two complementary processes to produce particles in the submicronic range. In the RESS process it was found that coagulation processes have a stronger influence on the particle size than supersaturation. Droplet formation, as well as the precipitation in the droplets influences the particle size in the PCA process. Which of the two mechanisms dominates depends on the process parameters and material properties.
Bootstrap confidence intervals for three‐way methods
Authors: Kiers Henk A. L.
Published: May 2004

Results from exploratory three‐way analysis techniques such as CANDECOMP/PARAFAC and Tucker3 analysis are usually presented without giving insight into uncertainties due to sampling. Here a bootstrap procedure is proposed that produces percentile intervals for all output parameters. Special adjustments are offered for handling the non‐uniqueness of the solutions. The percentile intervals indicate the instability of the sample solutions. By means of a simulation study it is demonstrated that the percentile intervals can fairly well be interpreted as confidence intervals for the output parameters. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Validation of Density Functional Methods for Computing Structures and Energies of Mercury(IV) Complexes
Authors: Riedel Sebastian , Straka Michal , Kaupp Martin
Published: May 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Structure and Dynamics of the Aluminum Chlorohydrate Polymer Al13O4(OH)24 (H2O)12Cl7.
Authors: Pophristic Vojislava , Balagurusamy Venkatachalapathy S. K. , Klein Michael L.
Published: May 2004

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Structural Relaxation in Supercooled Water by Time‐Resolved Spectroscopy.
Authors: Torre Renato , Bartolini Paolo , Righini Roberto
Published: May 2004

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Europium(II) Oxyiodide.
Authors: Liao Wuping , Dronskowski Richard
Published: May 2004

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The Rb Analogue of Grimselite, Rb6Na2 [(UO2)(CO3)3]2(H2O).
Authors: Hughes Kubatko Karrie‐Ann , Burns Peter C.
Published: May 2004

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A New Crystal Phase of Barium Nitroprusside Trihydrate Studied by Neutron Diffraction at 20 K.
Authors: Chevrier G. , Kiat J. M. , Gueida J. A. , Navaza A.
Published: May 2004

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A Novel Gallium Arsenate Organically Templated by Propane‐1,3‐diyldiammonium with a ULM‐3‐Type Open Framework: [Ga3(AsO4)3(OH)F] (C3H12N2)×H2O.
Authors: Loiseau Thierry , Ferey Gerard
Published: May 2004

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2D—3D Transformation of Layered Perovskites Through Metathesis: Synthesis of New Quadruple Perovskites A2La2CuTi3O12 (A: Sr, Ca).
Authors: Sivakumar T. , Ramesha K. , Lofland S. E. , Ramanujachary K. V. , Subbanna G. N. , Gopalakrishnan J.
Published: May 2004

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Shock Synthesis and Characterization of New Diamond‐Like Carbon Nitrides.
Authors: Komatsu Tamikuni
Published: May 2004

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Ordered Nanosheet‐Based YBO3:Eu3+ Assemblies: Synthesis and Tunable Luminescent Properties.
Authors: Jiang Xiao‐Cheng , Sun Ling‐Dong , Yan Chun‐Hua
Published: May 2004

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High‐Mobility Ultrathin Semiconducting Films Prepared by Spin Coating.
Authors: Mitzi David B. , Kosbar Laura L. , Murray Conal E. , Copel Matthew , Afzali Ali
Published: May 2004

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Atomic Layer Deposition of Hafnium Dioxide Films from Hafnium Hydroxylamide and Water.
Authors: Kukli Kaupo , Ritala Mikko , Leskelae Markku , Sajavaara Timo , Keinonen Juhani , Jones Anthony C. , Tobin Neil L.
Published: May 2004

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Pressure Induced Phase Transition and Amorphization of Na3ONO2.
Authors: Liu Haozhe , Klein Wilhelm , Sani Alessandra , Jansen Martin
Published: May 2004

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Formation and Phase Distribution of Nitric Acid Hydrates in the Mole Fraction Range x(HNO3) < 0.25: A Combined XRD and IR Study.
Authors: Tizek Heinz , Knoezinger Erich , Grothe Hinrich
Published: May 2004

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Hydrogen Storage by Physisorption on Nanostructured Graphite Platelets.
Authors: Heine Thomas , Zhechkov Lyuben , Seifert Gotthard
Published: May 2004

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X‐Ray Diffraction Study of the Ultrathin Al2O3 Layer on NiAl(110).
Authors: Stierle A. , Renner F. , Streitel R. , Dosch H. , Drube W. , Cowie. B. C. Cowie. B. C.
Published: May 2004

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CVD of Epitaxial SnO2 Films by the SnI4/O2 Precursor Combination.
Authors: Sundqvist Jonas , Ottosson Mikael , Haarsta Anders
Published: May 2004

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Non‐Template Hydrothermal Route Derived Mesoporous Ce0.2Zr0.8O2 Nanosized Powders with Blue‐Shifted UV Absorption and High CO Conversion Activity.
Authors: Si Rui , Zhang Ya‐Wen , Xiao Chao‐Xian , Li Shi‐Jie , Lin Bing‐Xiong , Kou Yuan , Yan Chun‐Hua
Published: May 2004

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Photocatalytic Water Splitting on Hydrated Layered Perovskite Tantalate A2SrTa2O7×nH2O (A: H, K, and Rb).
Authors: Shimizu Ken‐ichi , Tsuji Yoshihiro , Hatamachi Tsuyoshi , Toda Kenji , Kodama Tatsuya , Sato Mineo , Kitayama Yoshie
Published: May 2004

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Growth of Praseodymium Oxide and Praseodymium Silicate Thin Films by Liquid Injection MOCVD.
Authors: Aspinall Helen C. , Gaskell Jeffrey , Williams Paul A. , Jones Anthony C. , Chalker Paul R. , Marshall Paul A. , Smith Lesley M. , Critchlow Gary W.
Published: May 2004

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Cyanide‐Melt Synthesis of Reduced Molybdenum Selenide Clusters.
Authors: Magliocchi Carmela , Xie Xiaobing , Hughbanks Timothy
Published: May 2004

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An Unprecedented Uranyl Phosphate Framework in the Structure of [(UO2)3(PO4)O(OH) (H2O)2](H2O).
Authors: Burns Peter C. , Alexopoulos Cara M. , Hotchkiss Peter J. , Locock Andrew J.
Published: May 2004

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Regioselective Synthesis of Substituted 1‐Indanols, 2,3‐Dihydrobenzofurans and 2,3‐Dihydroindoles by Electrochemical Radical Cyclization Using an Arene Mediator.
Authors: Kurono Nobuhito , Honda Eiichi , Komatsu Fumikazu , Orito Kazuhiko , Tokuda Masao
Published: May 2004

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A trans‐Tetrahydrobenzoxanthene Receptor for the Resolution of Racemic Mixtures of Sulfonylamino Acids.
Authors: Oliva Ana I. , Simon Luis , Muniz Francisco M. , Sanz Francisca , Moran Joaquin R.
Published: May 2004

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Highly Selective Asymmetric Acetate Aldol Reactions of an N‐Acetyl Thiazolidinethione Reagent.
Authors: Zhang Yingchao , Phillips Andrew J. , Sammakia Tarek
Published: May 2004

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Asymmetric 1,4‐Addition of Diethylzinc to α,β‐Unsaturated Enones Catalyzed by Chiral Imino‐thiophosphoramide Ligands and Copper(I).
Authors: Shi Min , Zhang Wen
Published: May 2004

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Catalytic Asymmetric Intramolecular α‐Alkylation of Aldehydes.
Authors: Vignola Nicola , List Benjamin
Published: May 2004

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A Tandem Epoxidation/Stereoselective Intramolecular [4 + 3] Cycloaddition Reaction Involving Nitrogen‐Stabilized Oxyallyl Cations Derived from Chiral Allenamides.
Authors: Rameshkumar Challeppan , Hsung Richard P.
Published: May 2004

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Glyoxal Bis‐hydrazones: A New Family of Nitrogen Ligands for Asymmetric Catalysis.
Authors: Lassaletta Jose M. , Alcarazo Manuel , Fernandez Rosario
Published: May 2004

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P*,N‐Bidentate Amino Phosphoramidites: New Highly Effective Ligands for Pd‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylic Substitution.
Authors: Gavrilov Konstantin N. , Tsarev Vasily N. , Shiryaev Alexei A. , Bondarev Oleg G. , Lyubimov Sergey E. , Benetsky Eduard B. , Korlyukov Alexander A. , Antipin Mikhail Yu. , Davankov Vadim A. , Gais Hans‐Joachim
Published: May 2004

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Planar‐Chiral Salen and Hemisalen [2.2]Paracyclophane Ligands for Asymmetric Diethylzinc Addition to Aldehydes.
Authors: Danilova Tatyana I. , Rozenberg Valeria I. , Starikova Zoya A. , Braese Stefan
Published: May 2004

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Enantioselective Hydrogenation of β‐Acylamino Acrylates Catalyzed by Rhodium(I)‐Monophosphite Complexes.
Authors: Jerphagnon Thomas , Renaud Jean‐Luc , Demonchaux Patrice , Ferreira Amadeo , Bruneau Christian
Published: May 2004

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Chiral Molecular Recognition by Aluminum Tris(2,6‐diphenylphenoxide) in an Asymmetric 1,4‐Addition.
Authors: Ito Hirotsugu , Nagahara Takashi , Ishihara Kazuaki , Saito Susumu , Yamamoto Hisashi
Published: May 2004

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Preparation of N‐Unsubstituted β‐Ketoamides by Rhodococcus Rhodochrous‐Catalyzed Hydration of β‐Ketonitriles.
Authors: Gotor Vicente , Liz Ramon , Testera Ana Ma.
Published: May 2004

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The Barbier‐Type Alkylation of Aldehydes with Alkyl Halides in the Presence of Metallic Strontium.
Authors: Miyoshi Norikazu , Kamiura Koji , Oka Hiromi , Kita Akiko , Kuwata Rika , Ikehara Daitetsu , Wada Makoto
Published: May 2004

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Highly Diastereoselective Cycloaddition Reactions of Variously Substituted 1‐Thia‐ and 1‐Thia‐3‐aza‐buta‐1,3‐dienes. Synthesis of Enantiomerically Pure 5,6‐Dihydro‐4H‐[1,3]thiazines and 3,4‐Dihydro‐2H‐thiopyrans.
Authors: Harrison‐Marchand Anne , Collet Sylvain , Guingant Andre , Pradere Jean‐Paul , Toupet Loic
Published: May 2004

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Palladium‐Catalyzed Regioselective Cyclotrimerization of Acetylenes in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide.
Authors: Cheng Jin‐Sheng , Jiang Huan‐Feng
Published: May 2004

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Factors Affecting Condensation of γ‐Phenyl and γ‐(p‐Methoxyphenyl) Itaconic Anhydrides with Different Hydrazines and Amines. Study of the Antimicrobial Activity of Some of the Products.
Authors: Wahhab Samiha M. Abdel , Abdallah Shadia M. , Elmaria Fatma A. , Mansour Eman A. , Awad Hassan M.
Published: May 2004

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N‐[4‐(Dicyanomethylazo)phenyl]‐2‐saccharin‐2‐ylacetamide in the Synthesis of Pyridazine and Pyrimidine Derivatives.
Authors: Aly A. A. , Nassar S. A.
Published: May 2004

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Cyclobutane‐Substituted Diacetamido Sulfides and 2,5‐Diacylthiophenes.
Authors: Koparir Metin , Cansiz Ahmet , Ahmedzade Misir , Cetin Ahmet
Published: May 2004

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Synthesis of Oxacycles by Tandem Radical Addition—Cyclization Reactions.
Authors: Sibi Mukund P. , Patil Kalyani , Rheault Tara R.
Published: May 2004

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