bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exercise and Dietary-Mediated Reductions in Postprandial Lipemia
Authors: Plaisance Eric P. , Fisher Gordon
Published: June 2014

Postprandial hyperlipemia produces long-term derangements in lipid/lipoprotein metabolism, vascular endothelial dysfunction, hypercoagulability, and sympathetic hyperactivity which are strongly linked to atherogenesis. The purpose of this review is to (1) provide a qualitative analysis of the available literature examining the dysregulation of postprandial lipid metabolism in the presence of obesity, (2) inspect the role of adiposity distribution and sex on postprandial lipid metabolism, and (3) examine the role of energy deficit (exercise- and/or energy restriction-mediated), isoenergetic low-carbohydrate diets, and omega-3 (n-3) fatty acid supplementation on postprandial lipid metabolism. We conclude from the literature that central adiposity primarily accounts for sex-related differences in postprandial lipemia and that aerobic exercise attenuates this response in obese or lean men and women to a similar extent through potentially unique mechanisms. In contrast, energy restriction produces only mild reductions in postprandial lipemia suggesting that exercise may be superior to energy restriction alone as a strategy for lowering postprandial lipemia. However, isoenergetic very low-carbohydrate diets and n-3 fatty acid supplementation reduce postprandial lipemia indicating that macronutrient manipulations reduce postprandial lipemia in the absence of energy restriction. Therefore, interactions between exercise/energy restriction and alterations in macronutrient content remain top priorities for the field to identify optimal behavioral treatments to reduce postprandial lipemia.
Mutational Analysis of Oculocutaneous Albinism: A Compact Review
Authors: Kamaraj Balu , Purohit Rituraj
Published: June 2014

Oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by either complete lack of or a reduction of melanin biosynthesis in the melanocytes. The OCA1A is the most severe type with a complete lack of melanin production throughout life, while the milder forms OCA1B, OCA2, OCA3, and OCA4 show some pigment accumulation over time. Mutations in TYR, OCA2, TYRP1, and SLC45A2 are mainly responsible for causing oculocutaneous albinism. Recently, two new genes SLC24A5 and C10orf11 are identified that are responsible to cause OCA6 and OCA7, respectively. Also a locus has been mapped to the human chromosome 4q24 region which is responsible for genetic cause of OCA5. In this paper, we summarized the clinical and molecular features of OCA genes. Further, we reviewed the screening of pathological mutations of OCA genes and its molecular mechanism of the protein upon mutation byin silicoapproach. We also reviewed TYR (T373K, N371Y, M370T, and P313R), OCA2 (R305W), TYRP1 (R326H and R356Q) mutations and their structural consequences at molecular level. It is observed that the pathological genetic mutations and their structural and functional significance of OCA genes will aid in development of personalized medicine for albinism patients.
Satisfying the Energy Demand of a Rural Area by Considering the Investment on Renewable Energy Alternatives and Depreciation Costs
Authors: Rabbani Masoud , Rahimi Yaser , Kazemi Seyed Mahmood , Samavati Mehran
Published: June 2014

In this paper, a fuzzy multiobjective model which chooses the best mix of renewable energy options and determines the optimal amount of energy to be transferred from each resource to each end use is proposed. The depreciation of equipment along with time value of money has been taken into account in the first objective function while the second and the third objective functions minimize the greenhouse gas emissions and water consumption, respectively. Also, this study is one of the pioneer works that has considered demand-side management (DSM) as a competitive option against supply-side alternatives for making apt energy planning decisions. Moreover, the intrinsic uncertainty of demand parameter is considered and modeled by fuzzy numbers. To convert the proposed fuzzy multiobjective formulation to a crisp single-objective formulation the well-known fuzzy goal programming approach together with Jimenez defuzzifying technique is employed. The model is validated through setting up a diversity of datasets whose data were mostly derived from the literature. The obtained results show that DSM programs have greatly contributed to cost reductions in the network. Also, it is concluded that the model is capable of solving even large-scaled instances of problems in negligible central processing unit (CPU) times using Lingo 8.0 software.
Chagas Disease: Still Many Unsolved Issues
Authors: Álvarez José M. , Fonseca Raissa , Borges da Silva Henrique , Marinho Cláudio R. F. , Bortoluci Karina R. , Sardinha Luiz R. , Epiphanio Sabrina , D'Império Lima Maria Regina
Published: June 2014

Over the past 20 years, the immune effector mechanisms involved in the control ofTrypanosoma cruzi, as well as the receptors participating in parasite recognition by cells of the innate immune system, have been largely described. However, the main questions on the physiopathology of Chagas disease remain unanswered: “Why does the host immune system fail to provide sterile immunity?” and “Why do only a proportion of infected individuals develop chronic pathology?” In this review, we describe the mechanisms proposed to explain the inability of the immune system to eradicate the parasite and the elements that allow the development of chronic heart disease. Moreover, we discuss the possibility that the inability of infected cardiomyocytes to sense intracellularT. cruzicontributes to parasite persistence in the heart and the development of chronic pathology.
A Novel Method for Target Navigation and Mapping Based on Laser Ranging and MEMS/GPS Navigation
Authors: Cheng Jianhua , Landry Rene , Chen Daidai , Guan Dongxue
Published: June 2014

Making the sensor rigidly mounted in the target is the common characteristic of conventional navigation system. However, it is difficult or impossible to realize that for special applications such as the positioning of hostile aircraft. A novel new algorithm for target navigation and mapping is designed based on the position, attitude, and ranging information provided by laser distance detector (electronic distance measuring, LDS) and MEMS/GPS navigation, which can solve problem of the target navigation and mapping without any sensor in the target. The detailed error analysis shows that attitude error of MEMS/GPS is the main error source which dominated the accuracy of the algorithm. Based on the error analysis, a calibration algorithm is designed so as to improve the accuracy to a large extent. The result shows that, by using this new algorithm, the performance of target positioning can be efficiently improved, and the positioning error is less than 2 meters for the target within 1 kilometer range.
Switchgrass Cultivar/Ecotype Selection and Management for Biofuels in the Upper Southeast USA
Authors: Lemus Rocky , Parrish David J. , Wolf Dale D.
Published: June 2014

Switchgrass (Panicum virgatumL.), a perennial warm-season grass indigenous to the eastern USA, has potential as a biofuels feedstock. The objective of this study was to investigate the performance of upland and lowland switchgrass cultivars under different environments and management treatments. Four cultivars of switchgrass were evaluated from 2000 to 2001 under two management regimes in plots established in 1992 at eight locations in the upper southeastern USA. Two management treatments included 1) a single annual harvest (in late October to early November) and a single application of 50 kg N/ha/yr and 2) two annual harvests (in midsummer and November) and a split application of 100 kg N/ha/yr. Biomass yields averaged 15 Mg/ha/yr and ranged from 10 to 22 Mg/ha/yr across cultivars, managements, locations, and years. There was no yield advantage in taking two harvests of the lowland cultivars (Alamo and Kanlow). When harvested twice, upland cultivars (Cave-in-Rock and Shelter) provided yields equivalent to the lowland ecotypes. Tiller density was 36% lower in stands cutting only once per year, but the stands appeared vigorous after nine years of such management. Lowland cultivars and a one-cutting management (after the tops have senesced) using low rates of applied N (50 kg/ha) are recommended.
A Novel Chemically Modified Curcumin Reduces Severity of Experimental Periodontal Disease in Rats: Initial Observations
Authors: Elburki Muna S. , Rossa Carlos , Guimaraes Morgana R. , Goodenough Mark , Lee Hsi-Ming , Curylofo Fabiana A. , Zhang Yu , Johnson Francis , Golub Lorne M.
Published: June 2014

Tetracycline-based matrix metalloproteinase- (MMP-) inhibitors are currently approved for two inflammatory diseases, periodontitis and rosacea. The current study addresses the therapeutic potential of a novel pleiotropic MMP-inhibitor not based on an antibiotic. To induce experimental periodontitis, endotoxin (LPS) was repeatedly injected into the gingiva of rats on one side of the maxilla; the contralateral (control) side received saline injections. Two groups of rats were treated by daily oral intubation with a chemically modified curcumin, CMC 2.24, for two weeks; the control groups received vehicle alone. After sacrifice, gingiva, blood, and maxilla were collected, the jaws were defleshed, and periodontal (alveolar) bone loss was quantified morphometrically and byμ-CT scan. The gingivae were pooled per experimental group, extracted, and analyzed for MMPs (gelatin zymography; western blot) and for cytokines (e.g., IL-1β; ELISA); serum and plasma samples were analyzed for cytokines and MMP-8. The LPS-induced pathologically excessive bone loss was reduced to normal levels based on either morphometric (P=0.003) orμ-CT (P=0.008) analysis. A similar response was seen for MMPs and cytokines in the gingiva and blood. This initial study, on a novel triketonic zinc-binding CMC, indicates potential efficacy on inflammatory mediators and alveolar bone loss in experimental periodontitis and warrants future therapeutic and pharmacokinetic investigations.
Variations in the Branching Pattern of the Aortic Arch Detected with Computerized Tomography Angiography
Authors: Lale Pasaoglu , Toprak Ugur , Yagız Gökhan , Kaya Tunca , Uyanık Sadık Ahmet
Published: June 2014

Objectives. The aim was to determine the prevalence of aortic arch variations in 881 patients who underwent neck CT angiography for various reasons. Material and Methods. 881 patients were included in the study who had undergone neck CT angiography between 2010 and 2013. Results. Of 881 patients, 770 (87.4%) patients with classic branching pattern of the aortic arch (AA) were observed. Variations in branching pattern were seen in 111 (12.6%) patients. The most common variation was the origination of the left common carotid artery (LCCA) from the brachiocephalic trunk (BCT). This pattern was observed in 64 (7.2%) cases. In 25 (2.8%) cases, the left vertebral artery (LVA) originated directly from the AA between the origin of the LCCA and left subclavian artery (SCA). 17 (1.9%) cases had aberrant right subclavian artery. Three (0.3%) cases showed right aortic arch. Two cases had right aortic arch with aberrant left subclavian artery. Conclusions. Variations in the branching pattern of the AA are not rare. Head and neck surgeons and interventional radiologists should be aware of aortic arch variations. CTA is a reliable imaging method for demonstrating anatomical features and variations of the AA.
Targeting the Neddylation Pathway to Suppress the Growth of Prostate Cancer Cells: Therapeutic Implication for the Men’s Cancer
Authors: Wang Xiaofang , Li Lihui , Liang Yupei , Li Chunjie , Zhao Hu , Ye Dingwei , Sun Menghong , Jeong Lak Shin , Feng Yan , Fu Shen , Jia Lijun , Guo Xiaomao
Published: June 2014

The neddylation pathway has been recognized as an attractive anticancer target in several malignancies, and its selective inhibitor, MLN4924, has recently advanced to clinical development. However, the anticancer effect of this compound against prostate cancer has not been well investigated. In this study, we demonstrated that the neddylation pathway was functional and targetable in prostate cancer cells. Specific inhibition of this pathway with MLN4924 suppressed the proliferation and clonogenic survival of prostate cancer cells. Mechanistically, MLN4924 treatment inhibited cullin neddylation, inactivated Cullin-RING E3 ligases (CRLs), and led to accumulation of tumor-suppressive CRLs substrates, including cell cycle inhibitors (p21, p27, and WEE1), NF-κB signaling inhibitor IκBα, and DNA replication licensing proteins (CDT1 and ORC1). As a result, MLN4924 triggered DNA damage, G2 phase cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis. Taken together, our results demonstrate the effectiveness of targeting the neddylation pathway with MLN4924 in suppressing the growth of prostate cancer cells, implicating a potentially new therapeutic approach for the men’s cancer.
A Wide-Bandwidth Monopolar Patch Antenna with Dual-Ring Couplers
Authors: Zhang Yuanyuan , Liu Juhua , Liang Zhixi , Long Yunliang
Published: June 2014

A new center-fed circular patch antenna with two coupled annular rings is presented. When the two annular rings are coupled properly, a wide band from 5.45 GHz to 7.16 GHz is achieved with a monopole-like radiation pattern. Measured results show that the antenna with a low profile of 0.027 wavelengths (at 5.45 GHz) has a bandwidth of 27.1% and a measured maximum gain of 6 dBi. The radiation pattern is omnidirectional and remains relatively stable within the operating band.
Robust and Fast Initialization for Intensity-Based 2D/3D Registration
Authors: Shao Zhenzhou , Han Jianda , Liang Wei , Tan Jindong , Guan Yong
Published: June 2014

Intensity-based 2D/3D registration is a key technique using digitally reconstructed radiographs (DRRs) to register the preoperative volume to the patient setup during the operation. Although DRR-based method provides a high accuracy, the small capture range hinders its clinical use. In this paper, such problem was addressed by a robust and fast initialization method using a two-level scheme including automatic tracking-based initialization (Level I) and multiresolution estimation based on central-slice theorem and phase correlation (Level II). It provided almost optimal transformation parameters for intensity-based registration. Experiments using a public gold standard data set and a spinal phantom have been conducted. The mean target registration error (mTRE) was limited in the range from 2.12 mm to 22.57 mm after tracking-based initialization. The capture range based on level II only was 20.1 mm and the mTRE in this capture range was 2.92 ± 2.21 mm. The intensity-based 2D/3D registration using proposed two-level initialization achieved the successful rate of 84.8% with the average error of 2.36 mm. The experimental results showed that the proposed method yielded the robust and fast initialization for intensity-based registration methods. In a similar way, it can be applied to other registration methods to enable a larger capture range and robust implementation.
Null Association between Vitamin D and PSA Levels among Black Men in a Vitamin D Supplementation Trial
Authors: Chandler Paulette D. , Giovannucci Edward L. , Scott Jamil B. , Bennett Gary G. , Ng Kimmie , Chan Andrew T. , Hollis Bruce W. , Emmons Karen M. , Fuchs Charles S. , Drake Bettina F.
Published: June 2014

Background: Black men exhibit a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency as well as a higher incidence of prostate cancer and higher mortality rates from prostate cancer than Whites. There are few data about the effect of vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) supplementation on prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in healthy Black men.

Methods: During three winters from 2007 to 2010, 105 Black men (median age, 48.9 years) of Boston, MA were randomized into a four-arm, double-blind trial for 3 months of placebo, 1,000, 2,000, or 4,000 U of vitamin D3. At baseline and 3 months, free and total PSA was measured.

Results: With vitamin D supplementation, no significant differences in free and total PSA were observed; free PSA, −0.0004 ng/mL (P = 0.94) and total PSA, −0.004 ng/mL (P = 0.92) for each additional 1,000 U/d of vitamin D3.

Conclusion: Within an unselected population of healthy Black men without a cancer diagnosis, we found no effect of vitamin D supplementation on free or total PSA.

Impact: These findings support prior findings of no change in PSA with vitamin D supplementation and emphasize the need for new methods to assess the influence of vitamin D supplementation on prostate cancer prevention. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 23(9); 1944–7. ©2014 AACR.
What do patients know about their joint replacement implants?
Authors: Abu Al-Rub Zaid , Hussaini Muhammad , Gerrand Craig H
Published: June 2014

Background and aims

Following a hip or knee replacement, patients may have little information about their prosthesis. This can lead to anxiety in the face of media reports about failing implants or misconceptions about how to live with a joint replacement. The aim of this study was to determine the level of understanding amongst patients who had undergone joint replacement in order to inform the development of an educational intervention.

Methods and results

A cross-sectional, questionnaire-based survey. The survey was administered to patients attending an orthopaedic arthroplasty follow up clinic between June 2012 and October 2012. Patients were selected in a convenience sampling manner and had all undergone joint replacement at least three months prior to the survey. Responses were available from 52 patients; 49/52 (94%) of patients did not know what model of joint replacement they had and 44/52 (85%) did not know what materials the implant was made from. There was wide variation in recall of advice about activity restrictions.

Conclusion

Whilst patients used the internet and other sources to look for advice, this survey suggests the most appropriate educational intervention for this population would involve written information including advice about type of implant, activity restrictions, dental treatment and airport security detectors.
The Politics of Spirit in Stiegler’s Techno-Pharmacology
Authors: Abbinnett Ross
Published: June 2014

This article begins by examining the concept of the pharmakon that is developed in Derrida’s essay ‘Plato’s Pharmacy’, as it is here that the idea of a medium that is simultaneously poisonous and therapeutic is developed in relation to the discursive effects of writing. The author then goes on to look at Stiegler’s attempt to reconfigure the ‘orthographic economy’ of deconstruction, particularly his account of how the ‘tertiary supports’ of virtual and information technologies have transformed the experience of the real in the regime of global capitalisation. Finally, he argues that the appearance of the pharmakon as a matrix idea in his work, sharpens his account of the aporia of technological society: for the impossibility of human culture being reduced to either the disorientated life industrial populism, or to idealist notions of reflexivity, is what, for Stiegler, offers the chance of a new politics of spirit.
Global Energy Cultures of Speed and Lightness: Materials, Mobilities and Transnational Power
Authors: Sheller Mimi
Published: June 2014

Following aluminum as part of a material culture of speed and lightness, this article examines how assemblages of energy and metals connect built environments, ways of life, and ideologies of acceleration. Aluminum can be theorized as a circulatory matrix that forms an energy culture. Through a discussion of speed and social justice, the history of aluminium-based socioecologies reveals how the materiality of energy forms assemblages of objects, infrastructures, and practices. The article then traces the aluminum industry’s involvement in the production and distribution of energy itself both at the national scale of power grids and in the emergence of transnational transfers of energy, such as hydropowered smelters in Iceland. Finally, this analysis of deeply embedded energy cultures calls for a transnational approach to the accelerated socioecologies of aluminum production and consumption; and for energy transition theories to pay closer attention to the figured worlds and figuring work of the military-industrial complex.
George Murray Levick (1876–1956), Antarctic explorer
Authors: Guly Henry R
Published: June 2014

Murray Levick is best known for being one of the surgeons on Scott’s Terra Nova Antarctic expedition (1910–1913) and, as a member of the Northern Party of that expedition, spending a winter living in a snow hole when the ship was unable to collect the men. However, his career encompassed much more than that. He served in the Royal Navy during both World Wars and was a pioneer in physical medicine and rehabilitation. He also founded the British Schools Exploring Society.
Influence of patients’ age and sex and the mode of administration on results from the NHS Friends and Family Test of patient experience
Authors: Sizmur Steve , Graham Chris , Walsh Joan
Published: June 2014

Objective

To investigate the impact of demographic factors (patients’ age and sex) and of the mode of administration of a national patient experience questionnaire in England: the NHS Friends and Family Test.

Methods

Secondary analysis of April–August 2013 data collected using a mixed mode approach from 38,998 inpatients and 29,610 emergency department attendees at 429 wards or units in 32 hospitals. Multilevel models were applied with responses from wards nested within hospitals and trusts. Age, sex and mode of administration were entered as main effects.

Results

There were consistent differences in response for patients and emergency department attendees related to their age and sex. Women gave less positive ratings than men, whilst the likelihood of positive responses increased with age except among the oldest age group (75 years and above). As regards mode of administration, online responses were significantly less positive than postcard responses: the mean differences in score were 22.0 points for inpatients (95% confidence interval 27.3 to 16.7) and 18.0 points for emergency department attendees (29.0 to 7.0). Telephone responses were significantly more positive than postcard responses, with a mean difference of 9.2 (1.6–16.8) in the emergency department setting.

Conclusions

Data from the Friends and Family Test are vulnerable to bias from demographic factors and from the mode of administration. Comparisons between organisations should be avoided. Scores may be useful at a local level where the test is implemented consistently and patients’ demographic characteristics remain stable. Improving the utility of the Friends and Family Test nationally requires a standardised method for administration and adjustment of results for demographic characteristics.
Patient experience in cystic fibrosis care: Development of a disease-specific questionnaire
Authors: Stahl Katja , Steinkamp Gratiana , Ullrich Gerald , Schulz Wolfgang , van Koningsbruggen-Rietschel Silke , Heuer Hans-Eberhard , Ellemunter Helmut , Schwarz Carsten
Published: June 2014

Objectives

The aim of this study was to develop valid and reliable disease-specific questionnaires for adult patients with cystic fibrosis and for parents of minors with cystic fibrosis for assessing patient experience with cystic fibrosis care.

Methods

The pilot versions of the questionnaires were developed based on a literature review, interviews with health professionals and focus groups. A postal survey with two reminders was conducted in 56 German cystic fibrosis centres recruiting 2874 participants. Psychometric evaluation was done via exploratory factor analysis and reliability and regression analysis. The questionnaires’ ability to differentiate between subgroups and between cystic fibrosis centres was evaluated.

Results

Response rates were 74% for both adult patients and parents. Ten factors were extracted for both the adult and the parents’ models (Cronbach’s alpha between 0.6 and 0.9), explaining 50% and 48% of the variance, respectively. The factors organisation & access and the doctor–patient/parent-interaction had the highest relevance for a good overall care experience. The questionnaires were able to distinguish between different cystic fibrosis centres.

Discussion

The questionnaires are well suited for use in internal and external quality management of cystic fibrosis care due to their good psychometric properties, the ability to differentiate between centres and its practicability.
Photocatalytic reduction synthesis of SrTiO3-graphene nanocomposites and their enhanced photocatalytic activity
Authors: Xian Tao , Yang Hua , Di Lijing , Ma Jinyuan , Zhang Haimin , Dai Jianfeng
Published: June 2014

SrTiO3-graphene nanocomposites were prepared via photocatalytic reduction of graphene oxide by UV light-irradiated SrTiO3 nanoparticles. Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy analysis indicates that graphene oxide is reduced into graphene. Transmission electron microscope observation shows that SrTiO3 nanoparticles are well assembled onto graphene sheets. The photocatalytic activity of as-prepared SrTiO3-graphene composites was evaluated by the degradation of acid orange 7 (AO7) under a 254-nm UV irradiation, revealing that the composites exhibit significantly enhanced photocatalytic activity compared to the bare SrTiO3 nanoparticles. This can be explained by the fact that photogenerated electrons are captured by graphene, leading to an increased separation and availability of electrons and holes for the photocatalytic reaction. Hydroxyl (·OH) radicals were detected by the photoluminescence technique using terephthalic acid as a probe molecule and were found to be produced over the irradiated SrTiO3 nanoparticles and SrTiO3-graphene composites; especially, an enhanced yield is observed for the latter. The influence of ethanol, KI, and N2 on the photocatalytic efficiency was also investigated. Based on the experimental results, ·OH, h+, and H2O2 are suggested to be the main active species in the photocatalytic degradation of AO7 by SrTiO3-graphene composites.

PACS

61.46. + w; 78.67.Bf; 78.66.Sq
RNA-RNA interaction prediction using genetic algorithm
Authors: Montaseri Soheila , Zare-Mirakabad Fatemeh , Moghadam-Charkari Nasrollah
Published: June 2014

Background

RNA-RNA interaction plays an important role in the regulation of gene expression and cell development. In this process, an RNA molecule prohibits the translation of another RNA molecule by establishing stable interactions with it. In the RNA-RNA interaction prediction problem, two RNA sequences are given as inputs and the goal is to find the optimal secondary structure of two RNAs and between them. Some different algorithms have been proposed to predict RNA-RNA interaction structure. However, most of them suffer from high computational time.

Results

In this paper, we introduce a novel genetic algorithm called GRNAs to predict the RNA-RNA interaction. The proposed algorithm is performed on some standard datasets with appropriate accuracy and lower time complexity in comparison to the other state-of-the-art algorithms. In the proposed algorithm, each individual is a secondary structure of two interacting RNAs. The minimum free energy is considered as a fitness function for each individual. In each generation, the algorithm is converged to find the optimal secondary structure (minimum free energy structure) of two interacting RNAs by using crossover and mutation operations.

Conclusions

This algorithm is properly employed for joint secondary structure prediction. The results achieved on a set of known interacting RNA pairs are compared with the other related algorithms and the effectiveness and validity of the proposed algorithm have been demonstrated. It has been shown that time complexity of the algorithm in each iteration is as efficient as the other approaches.
Absent Eyes, Bodily Trauma, and the Perils of Seeing in David Small’s Stitches
Authors: Larkin Ilana
Published: June 2014

This essay explores the links between word and image in David Small’s graphic memoir Stitches (2009), an autobiographical account of the author’s abusive upbringing and the childhood throat cancer that left him voiceless. Small’s use of disjunctive images highlights how words and text combine to co-create meaning, constructing a narrative whose sum exceeds its parts. While Small’s text recounts the manifest content of his trauma, his illustrations elaborate upon deeper meanings and fantasies. Most notably, Small draws the parents of the character David without eyes, an omission that foregrounds the memoir’s central conflict between the pleasures and dangers of seeing. Depictions of eyes, which preoccupy the visual world of the memoir, are furthermore thematically connected to images of mouths, genitals, and babies, which are in turn linked to death. This associated chain of images suggests the character’s annihilation anxiety and visually elaborates upon the unconscious meanings of seeing, which the written text elides. Finally, by reading the text and images, the essay gives insight into the narrative potential of the graphic memoir as a medium.
The Child’s Child: Theory of Mind in the Work of Beatrix Potter
Authors: Scheftel Susan
Published: June 2014

The essay discusses how children’s book author Beatrix Potter was able to portray something essential about childhood through the medium of her miniature books portraying small animals in human attire. It is hypothesized that a proliferation of themes concerning clothing and dress-up in the Potter books embody the quality of “markedness” that is intrinsic to the nature of childhood, likely contributing to the iconic staying power these books have had for generations.
Native American and White Camp Fire Girls Enact Modern Girlhood, 1910–39
Authors: Helgren Jennifer
Published: June 2014

In 1910 leaders of a national US girls’ organization, the Camp Fire Girls, used feminine American Indian imagery to enhance the nation’s racial health through a gender-specific adolescent development theory. Focusing on the Native American and white girls who joined the organization, this study shows that girls used American Indian imagery in generationally and racially unique ways to articulate their own concepts of serious, capable modern femininity. Native American Camp Fire Girls laid claim to inclusion in a national girls’ culture even as they used the organization’s Indian lore to investigate their heritage and explore hybrid identities. Through mimicry white Camp Fire Girls explored racial and sexual identities that were carefully bounded within symbolic spaces. Camp Fire Girls history reflects the development of the racialized nation, and girls shaped that history in complex ways.
A Peculiar Sovereignty: Antifascist US Literature and the Liberal Warfare State
Authors: Vincent Jonathan
Published: June 2014

This essay considers the changing role that US writers played in framing American involvement in the antifascist struggles of the mid-twentieth century, from the Spanish Civil War through World War II and its fallout. In phases that mark a shifting orientation toward political “futurity”—a general drift from left-wing to centrist to right-wing versions of the liberal freedom narrative—it traces literary culture’s investment in the evolution of the liberal warfare state and the rise of the national security paradigm. While the nightmare of fascism would seem to justify virtually any ideological leverage to oppose it, this study considers how the geopolitical realism that survives the conflict, as a supplement to the liberal imaginary of the “open society,” persistently eviscerates progressive desires for the “as yet,” “unfinished” world, the dream of social equality that, however flawed, initially spurred Popular Front resistance.
From Skid Row to Main Street: The Bowery Series and the Transformation of Prostate Cancer, 1951–1966
Authors: Aronowitz Robert
Published: June 2014

Between 1951 and 1966, more than twelve hundred homeless, alcoholic men from New York’s skid row were subjected to invasive medical procedures, including open perineal biopsy of the prostate gland. If positive for cancer, men typically underwent prostatectomy, surgical castration, and estrogen treatments. The Bowery series was meant to answer important questions about prostate cancer’s diagnosis, natural history, prevention, and treatment. While the Bowery series had little ultimate impact on practice, in part due to ethical problems, its means and goals were prescient. In the ensuing decades, technological tinkering catalyzed the transformation of prostate cancer attitudes and interventions in directions that the Bowery series’ promoters had anticipated. These largely forgotten set of practices are a window into how we have come to believe that the screen and radical treatment paradigm in prostate cancer is efficacious and the underlying logic of the twentieth-century American quest to control cancer and our fears of cancer.
Between East and West: Polio Vaccination across the Iron Curtain in Cold War Hungary
Authors: Vargha Dora
Published: June 2014

In 1950s Hungary, with an economy and infrastructure still devastated from World War II and facing further hardships, thousands of children became permanently disabled and many died in the severe polio epidemic that shook the globe. The relatively new communist regime invested significantly in solving the public health crisis, initially importing a vaccine from the West and later turning to the East for a new solution. Through the history of polio vaccination in Hungary, this article shows how Cold War politics shaped vaccine evaluation and implementation in the 1950s. On the one hand, the threat of polio created a safe place for hitherto unprecedented, open cooperation among governments and scientific communities on the two sides of the Iron Curtain. On the other hand, Cold War rhetoric influenced scientific evaluation of vaccines, choices of disease prevention, and ultimately the eradication of polio.
Le projet politique fransaskois : cent ans d’existence
Authors: Dubois Janique
Published: June 2014

Declared "the Year of the Fransaskois" by the Government of Saskatchewan, the year 2012 marks the centennial of the foundation of the first francophone political organization in Saskatchewan. This research note traces the evolution of the fransaskois political project during the last one hundred years. By recalling the claims of the Fransaskois community in the field of education, this historic inventory highlights how "the builders"—the leaders of the community—contribute to the ongoing flourishing of the Fransaskois community.
From Colonial Domination to the Making of the Nation: Ethno-Racial Categories in Censuses and Reports and their Political Uses in Belize, 19th-20th Centuries
Authors: Cunin Elisabeth , Hoffmann Odile
Published: June 2014

Ce texte présente une analyse des processus de classification et de catégorisation ethnico-raciale de la population du Bélize au cours du XIXème et XXème siècle, en s’appuyant sur les recensements géographiques et les rapports du gouvernement. L’article ne s’intéresse pas aux chiffres en soit, mais aux catégories de comptage et leur évolution, en tant qu’indicateurs des logiques politiques de construction d’une société coloniale puis nationale. Alors qu’au XIXème siècle, les recensements rendent compte des différentes formes d’appréhension de la population (transition de l’esclavage à la liberté, affirmation ou négation de la diversité ethnico-raciale), les rapports administratifs dessinent un modèle démographique et territorial invariant et stéréotypé utilisé comme outil de gestion politique. Au XXème siècle, l’analyse concerne la difficile marche vers l’indépendance et les changements introduits par le nouvel Etat bélizien (catégories, méthodologie) dans le processus de construction d’une « identité nationale ».
Rescuing the Jíbaro : Renewing the Puerto Rican Patria through School Reform
Authors: del Moral Solsiree
Published: June 2014

Au début du vingtième siècle les compagnies sucrières américaines ont transformé l’économie portoricaine. Durant les années 1920, on pouvait compter parmi les effets des pratiques coloniales américaines la concentration des terres, la transformation des petits agriculteurs en travailleurs salariés, l’augmentation du niveau de pauvreté ainsi que le niveau de vie. Cependant, des éducateurs ont trouvé une solution au “problème rural.” Ils estimaient que l’école rurale était l’institution-clé capable de contribuer à la transformation des familles rurales, des relations sociales et de l’économie. Les enseignants qui représentaient un important groupe d’intermédiaire de la société coloniale, ont promis la régénération de l’icône “nationale” alors émergente : l’homme des hautes montagnes, le jibaro . Cet article examine la vision des enseignants concernant la régénération nationale.
Being Black Ain’t So Bad… Dominican Immigrant Women Negotiating Race in Contemporary Italy
Authors: García-Peña Lorgia
Published: June 2014

Cet article explore les questions d’identité raciale et le sentiment d’appartenance à une nation à partir de l’expérience des femmes dominicaines immigrantes en Italie. A travers d’une analyse empirique d’entretiens oraux réalisés avec des femmes résidées en Italie et en République dominicaine, l’auteure présente la relation entre la nationalité italienne et l’identité dominicaine, dans un contexte de situation raciale. Inspiré par l’histoire de deux grandes figures dominicaines dans la société italienne Denny Mendez () et Mercedes Frias (Représentant du Parlement 2006), cet article entreprend un dialogue transatlantique et pluridisciplinaire qui comprend l’analyse du discours des entretiens oraux et des théories sur le genre, la race, l’ethnicité et la migration. Voilà quelques questions qui sont abordées dans l’article : (1) Pourquoi les femmes dominicaines adoptent l’identité « noir » en Italie ? (2) Comment va cette nouvelle ethnie, pour reprendre le terme de Stuart Hall, facilite la (trans) migration et la double nationalité de ces femmes ? (3) Peuvent-elles retourner en République dominicaine et exprimer cette identité ou doivent-elles négocier une double identité de façon séparée au niveau de deux milieux géographiques ?
Pre- and Post-Transfer Academic Advising: What Students Say Are the Similarities and Differences
Authors: Allen Janine M. , Smith Cathleen L. , Muehleck Jeanette K.
Published: June 2014

To better understand the role of academic advising in the challenges faced by students who transfer from community colleges to 4-year institutions, we examined advising experiences of two groups: (a) from two community colleges students who intended to transfer to 4-year institutions and (b) from five universities students who had transferred from one of those community colleges. Results showed that pre-transfer students were more satisfied than post-transfer students with the advising they received, but both groups were less satisfied with advising than with their overall educational experience. Qualitative analysis of student comments helps explain these findings.
Introduction: Economic Alternatives
Authors: Levinson Mark , Schmitt John
Published: June 2014

In an influential speech at an International Monetary Fund event last November, Larry Summers, former economic adviser to both Bill Clinton and Barack Obama, laid out a decidedly pessimistic view of the U.S. economy.
Can New York City Survive the Sea?
Authors: Steinberg Ted
Published: June 2014

While wandering New York City’s asphalt streets and peering up at its towers of steel and glass, or while driving the parkways and roads that crisscross the metropolitan area, it is easy to forget that, as little as a hundred years ago, the city was situated smack in the middle of tidal wetlands. By one account, some 300 square miles of wetland—an area about a quarter of the size of Rhode Island—covered the ground within a twenty-five-mile radius of City Hall in Lower Manhattan. It was easy to forget, that is, until Hurricane Sandy came roaring through in 2012 and the sea returned to its old haunt.
Good Jurors, Bad Laws
Authors: Leonard Sarah
Published: June 2014

After convicting Occupy activist Cecily McMillan of felony assault on a police officer on May 5, twelve jurors walked into the light and discovered that they had, perhaps, condemned the twenty-five-year-old to turning thirty on Rikers Island. “Most just wanted her to do probation, maybe some community service,” said one juror to the Guardian. “But now what I’m hearing is seven years in jail? That’s ludicrous. Even a year in jail is ridiculous.” The trial was a travesty, as has been reported elsewhere: the judge was prosecutorial, the officer's history of violenc ewas disallowed in court, and the crux of the case--whether Cecily had intentionally elbowed Officer Grantley Bovell in the face as he cleared the park of Occupy activists on the movement's six-month anniversary--was supported only by a blurry video.
From a Tangle of Pathology to a Race-Fair America
Authors: Aja Alan , Bustillo Daniel , Darity William , Hamilton Darrick
Published: June 2014

When President Lyndon Johnson gave his June 4, 1965 he invoked a symbolic language that would seize the political moment and serve as a foundatino for subsequent policy. The Civil Rights Act had passed only a year earlier and Johnson, nothing that it is not “enough just to open the gates of opportunity,” told the black graduating class that Ameica needed “not just equality as a right and a theory but equality as a result.” This call for “results” was a precursor to Johnson’s Executive Order 11246, a mandate for the enforcement of positive anti-discrimination measures in preferred positions of society, or “affirmative ation.”
Proletarian Sensibilities: The Body Politics of New Tendency Literature (1924–27)
Authors: Chung Kimberly
Published: June 2014

This article examines the New Tendency movement spearheaded by the artist organization KAPF (Korean Artist Proletarian Federation) that represented the beginning of “proletarian sensibility” in 1920s colonial Korea. Influenced by the convergence of literary criticism and the importation of Marxism, proletarian sensibility is a network that threads through a fabric of images, film, and affective narrative representations about the abject conditions of the masses. New Tendency literature—with its development of tropes of excess, sensational language, descriptions of poverty, and the image of the body-in-pain—exhibits the complex development of collective politics through the embodied experience of the abject subject.
Separation, Cooperation, and Human Dignity in Church-State Relations
Authors: Coughlin John J.
Published: June 2014

The Catholic understanding of the proper relation between church and state has developed in light of three interrelated principles. First, the separation principle requires that the state not interfere with the religious faith of individuals and communities. The principle also functions to ensure that the church does not unduly influence what properly belongs to the state’s secular jurisdiction. Second, the cooperation principle envisions a partnership between church and state. The principle recognizes that religious organizations often serve as providers of services that further the interests of individuals, communities, and the secular liberal state itself. Third, the principle of human dignity, and its correlative right of religious freedom, stem from the insight that the human person is a profoundly spiritual being. The balance of separation and cooperation remains vital to human dignity and religious freedom in church-state relations. Separation does not preclude cooperation between church and state, nor does cooperation necessarily compromise separation.
The Libellus : Rejection and Recourse
Authors: Doyle Sean T.
Published: June 2014

The libellus is a fundamental element for the institution of an ecclesiastical trial. Its rejection by a judge can restrict the rights of the faithful to obtain justice from ecclesiastical courts. After briefly reviewing the requirements of a libellus , this article discusses the reasons a judge can reject a libellus, noting certain abuses of this power in practice. It then reviews possible recourses against rejection, both those listed explicitly in the Codex Iuris Canonici and those established by jurisprudence. It focuses particularly on the availability of restitutio in integrum for decrees confirming the rejection of a libellus , arguing that nothing in canonical doctrine forbids its application, although its availability in practice is open to debate.
Consecrated Virgins and Hermits
Authors: Sheridan Sean O.
Published: June 2014

In this article the author considers from a canonical perspective two types of persons who live consecrated life as individuals—hermits and consecrated virgins. Canon 603 pertains to the “eremitic or anchoritic life,” pursuant to which the canonical hermit professes in the hands of the diocesan bishop the evangelical counsels and lives according to an approved plan of life. Canon 604 describes the consecrated virgin as on who perseveres in a state of perpetual virginity although she does not publicly profess the evangelical counsels. A woman whom God calls to live as a consecrated virgin aspires also to performing works of penance and mercy, while she focuses on a life of prayer. The author concludes his discussion of hermits and consecrated virgins with case studies that provide a practical application of these canonical principles.
K. P. Moritz’s Case Poetics: Aesthetic Autonomy Reconsidered
Authors: Class Monika
Published: June 2014

To historians of medicine, Karl Philipp Moritz is known as the founding editor of the Magazine for Empirical Psychology (1783–93) , one the oldest psychiatric journals in Europe. In literary theory, Moritz counts as one of the inaugurators of aesthetic autonomy. Combining both fields, this article uncovers that Moritz’s interest in observation, his reservations towards rationality, and his concern for the particular as opposed to the universal helped to shape his concept of “uselessness” in On Creative Imitation of Beauty . From this double perspective, we recognize Moritz’s growing regard for case narrative as an end in itself, independent from plans for a future science of empirical psychology. Moritz’s passionate and compassionate approach to observership helps to revise Foucault’s “medical gaze.” This essay proposes that Moritz was a Wordsworthian figure in medical history, who injected psychiatric writing with the experience of ordinary life expressed in the simple language of non-experts.
Urban Observation and Sentiment in James Parkinson’s Essay on the Shaking Palsy (1817)
Authors: Hurwitz Brian
Published: June 2014

James Parkinson’s Essay on the Shaking Palsy (1817) has long been considered the foundational text of the disease which now bears the author’s name. This paper shows how the Essay radically re-formulated a diverse array of human dysmobilities as a “species” of disease. Parkinson incorporated medical observation with a clear focus on patient experience and subjectivity in a deeply affecting narrative, fusing clinical and urban case-descriptions within the genre of a sentimental natural history. His detailed, diagnostic portrayal of the malady recast earlier descriptions of trembling, posture and gait disorder within a new narrative order, simultaneously recruiting reader involvement to the plight of sufferers. Hardly any clinical examination as we know it today undergirds what remains an exemplary account of disciplined medical witness. The Essay demonstrates the potential of case construction and powerful, sympathetic case writing to transform clinical understanding of a complex medical condition of long duration.