bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Status of Wetlands Conservation in Bardia National Park
Authors: Adhikari Tikaram , Thapa Ramesh K , Karki Jhamak B
Published: January 2010

The study of manmade waterhole was carried from July 14, 2009 to July 22, 2009. The surface area and water depth was estimated. Most of the manmade waterholes lie in the Sal Forest of lowland plains and in the Lamkauli Phanta, where ground vegetation is low and wildlife visibility is high. The signs of fauna such as pellets/scat/hoof marks/footprints/feedings remains, scratch etc were recorded. The main objective of this study was to keep record of wildlife observed directly or recorded indirectly in the manmade waterhole, to determine its uses by fauna and, to estimate quantity of water in the manmade waterhole during hot summer seasons. These places are very close to human settlements around east-west highway. These areas are easily accessible so that even poacher can take advantage. Generally, waterhole sites are considered as high risk places for poaching. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a system to patrol and monitor regularly to protect wildlife. DOI: 10.3126/init.v3i0.2427 The Initiation Vol.3 2009 p.49-56
Lesson Learned in Understanding Nature’s Laws in Water Induced Disaster Management: Some Examples
Authors: Sthapit Keshar M
Published: January 2010

Every year, there is unfortunate news about the property damage and loss of lives by the water induced disaster. Water induced disasters are the complex natural phenomena as an outcome of the rain and landform guided by the nature's laws. This paper describes some of the nature's laws essential to respect to live in harmony with nature. This includes consideration of angle of repose while using land, natural drainage to be respected during construction, hazard risk zoning to live in flood and landslide affected areas, fault line zone to be avoided for habitation, and toe of a slope is not to be disturbed to reduce slope failure. Water induced disasters such as erosion and flood are the nature's adaptation strategies to the changes in hydrological, physiographical and management or conservation status of the land caused by nature or human activities. Therefore, it is important to understand that these laws need to be understood and respected to live in harmony with nature so that effects and impacts of water induced disaster will be reduced.   DOI: 10.3126/init.v3i0.2428 The Initiation Vol.3 2009 57-65
Protected Birds of Nepal: A Review of their Status, Distribution and Habitat
Authors: Baral Hem S
Published: January 2010

National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act, 1973 is the major Act that forms the basis for biodiversity protection in Nepal. The Act lists nine species of birds protected by law. These species are Tragopan satyra (Satyr Tragopan), Lophophorus impejanus (Danphe), Catreus wallichi (Cheer), Buceros bicornis (Great Hornbill), Houbaropsis bengalensis (Bengal Florican), Sypheotides indica (Lesser Florican), Grus antigone (Sarus Crane), Ciconia ciconia (White Stork) and C. nigra (Black Stork). As these birds were listed on the Act several years back, there is a need to update the list taking into account the available information on Nepal's birds. Himalayan Nature funded by Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund and World Wildlife Fund (WWF Nepal) is working to recommend updated list to Nepal government.   Key Words: National Park and Wildlife Conservation Act, Protected birds of Nepal, Status update DOI: 10.3126/init.v3i0.2429 The Initiation Vol.3 2009 p.66-80
Eucalyptus Plantation in Farmlands: A Prospective Source of Economic Returns in Bhabar Terai Zones of Nepal
Authors: Neupane Shiva S
Published: January 2010

The Bhabar Terai zone lies immediately at the foot of the Siwalik hills and consist of bouldery and gravelly areas derived from alluvial fans at the base of the hills. Many of the streams flowing from the hills disappear into the very freely drained soil of this area to reappear again in the Terai proper. The soil is not good for the production of food/cereal crops. Eucalyptus species is fast growing and can grow on wide range of climatic conditions. There are special types of farm relations with Eucalyptus in Bhabar Terai. Most of the farmers in this region have Eucalyptus plantations to support their livelihood. It is obvious that Eucalyptus is one of the appropriate tree species to grow in Siwalik and Bhabar zones to get more economic return within the short period of time. Farmers have been accepting to grow Eucalyptus as an integral part of their overall farming systems to maximize their annual income from the same piece of land along with the other tree and cereal crops combinations from the sale of these tree products. Key Words: Bhabar Terai, Eucalyptus plantation, Economic returns, Livelihood support DOI: 10.3126/init.v3i0.2430 The Initiation Vol.3 2009 p.81-85
Distribution, Status, Potentiality and Maketing Importance of Guchchi Chyau (Morchella conica, pers.) in Mugu District, Nepal
Authors: Karki Ajay
Published: January 2010

Morchella conica, pers (Guchchi Chyau) is achlorophyllus but posh fungus species often called as morel mushroom. Its use is not only limited to the household sector but also used in food and non food industries. Distribution status and potentiality is discerned in this paper and is linked it up with the financial contribution made to enhance local livelihoods. The general morphology, ecology and distribution pattern is critically analyzed to link up its importance. It is distributed within twelve VDCs of Mugu district which keeps tremendous potentiality to address the problem of poverty in the region. Information of this research based article is collected from direct field observation, focus group discussion; key informants interview and surface analysis of market structure. Haphazard and immature collections are the issues regarding its sustainability Key Words: Collection, Storage, Value addition, Cultivation, Marketing   DOI: 10.3126/init.v3i0.2500 The Initiation Vol.3 2009 p.97-101
Mountain Biodiversity: Reason Behind its High Diversity and its Change with Time
Authors: KC Bhawana
Published: January 2010

Mountain "islands in the sky" covering one fourth of Earth's surface provide goods and services to about half of humanity, with nearly half of all 34 world's biodiversity hotspot concentrated in it. Although retaining inherently greater biodiversity, mountains are facing loss of these natural assets due to various human induced causes of which few to name are deforestation, uphill expansion of agriculture etc. With integrated knowledge of mountain biodiversity change in the pathway of time and threatening factors of mountain biodiversity, we can broaden our horizon of knowledge which can be a milestone in sustainable conservation of biodiversity. This is a review article which endeavors to identify the reasons behind high mountain biodiversity and its increasing vulnerability with time. Key Words: Mountain, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Temporal change DOI: 10.3126/init.v3i0.2501 The Initiation Vol.3 2009 p.102-113
An Overview of Vulture Conservation in Nepal
Authors: Thapa Ishana
Published: January 2010

Two species of vulture White-rumped Gyps bengalensis and Slender-billed G. tenuirostris are in grave danger of extinction with rapid decline throughout their ranges in Nepal with the complete loss of breeding colonies and local extinctions increasingly taking place. Nepal Government has already banned veterinary drug diclofenac which is the major cause of decline due to poisoning in food supply. Meloxicam has been widely promoted as the safe replacement of Diclofenac. Captive population have been established at Kasara, Chitwan National Park for future reintroduction. To reduce mortality in the wild in situ measures have been initiated through establishment of vulture restaurants as safe feeding sites. Key Words: Critically endangered, Diclofenac, Meloxicam, Conservation, Breeding centre, Vulture restaurant DOI: 10.3126/init.v3i0.2502 The Initiation Vol.3 2009 p.114-118
Planning and Development Confront in Climate Change Context
Authors: Gotame Bharat
Published: January 2010

There are ample of evidences to prove the impacts of Climate Change and will be with us for a long time to come. It will have significant impact on natural systems so that most of the habitat of living organism is directly influenced moreover the human being (which is heterotrophic in nature) and their roles to sustain the development and earth at summary are being vulnerable. This literature review article tries to summarize some climate change scenario and its increasing impact over the livelihood assets and their direct/indirect influence to development fronts. Nepal a developing country having more than 70% of mountainous regions with agriculture based economy is more susceptible to climate change impacts. Planning of development activities remarked with increasing trend of climate change impact with pivotal theme should make the development more sustainable and long living. Existing initiatives to make adaptation options are insufficient to halt the expected danger and redesigning the module of development is urgent in Nepal. On adaptation and vulnerability, a continuing effort must take place to exchange experiences and look for emerging best practices and frameworks. The urgency of the issue requires planners, policy makers, evaluators, practitioners and researchers to become involved in designing and in empowering communities and government as well. Key Words: Climate change, Development, Planning, Economic impact, Adaptation   DOI: 10.3126/init.v3i0.2503 The Initiation Vol.3 2009 p.119-127
High Altitude Ramsar Sites of Nepal
Authors: Upadhaya Suraj , Chalise Lina , Paudel Rajan P
Published: January 2010

Nepal, signing in Ramsar Convention, has shown its willingness and commitment to wetland conservation. Himalayan wetlands are increasingly on limelight due to its vulnerability to Glacier lake outburst (GLOF), one of so called consequences of climate change. This article is a compilation of fact sheets about four high altitude Ramsar sites of Nepal: Gokyo and associated wetlands, Gosaikunda and associated wetlands, Phoksundo Lake and Rara lake. Key Words: Gokyo, Gosaikunda, Phoksundo, Rara, High altitude wetlands DOI: 10.3126/init.v3i0.2505 The Initiation Vol.3 2009 p.135-148
An Ecological Overview of Red Panda
Authors: Adhikari Arun
Published: January 2010

According to recent report, 20% of world's wild mammals are threatened with extinction. One of them, Red panda is also in the front list. Decreasing number of Red Panda compells us to think about all its related activities and our role to conserve it. Habitat destruction is one of the main cause of its reducing number. So, we need to keep in mind about its characteristics and requirements, seriously. This article is trying to provide imformation about present status of Red Panda which gives a way forward for its better management. Researches on Red Panda are found in very limited numbers in Nepal. This article is written to promote the research on this species intensively which can help in biodiversity conservation from our side. Key Words: Red Panda, Bamboo, Solitary, Threatened, Behavior, Habitat, Conservation DOI: 10.3126/init.v3i0.2506 The Initiation Vol.3 2009 p.149-152
Mg alloy for hydrogen storage processed by SPD
Authors: Leiva Daniel R. , Fruchart Daniel , Bacia Maria , Girard Grégory , Skryabina Natalya , Villela André C.S. , Miraglia Salvatore , Santos Dilson S. , Botta Walter J.
Published: January 2010

Mg-based nanocomposites are promising candidates for hydrogen storage applications exhibiting fast H-sorption kinetics at reasonably low temperatures when processed by high-energy ball milling techniques. However, since compaction of the highly reactive nanometric powder is desirable before application, the search for other effective processing routes for the preparation of Mg-based nanocomposites is relevant. In this work, we have used a combination of equal channel angular pressing, cold rolling and high-energy ball milling in the processing of the commercial AZ31 extruded alloy to evaluate its use as a hydrogen storage material. Severe plastic deformation carried out at different temperatures, combined with further mechanical processing resulted in a controlled texture and signifiant grain refinement, which are desirable microstructural characteristics for hydrogen storage applications.
Use of residual hydrogen to produce CP-Ti powder compacts for low temperature rolling
Authors: Lapovok Rimma , Tomus Dacian , Barnett Matthew R. , Gibson Mark A.
Published: January 2010

The present work investigates the optimal level of residual hydrogen in partially de-hydrogenated powder to produce CP-Ti plate compacts using ECAP with back pressure which are subsequently rolled at low temperature. A comparative study of the compaction of two TiH2 powders and a CP-Ti powder, with particle sizes 150 μm, 50 μm and 45 μm respectively, has been carried out. The hydride powders have also been compacted in a partially de-hydrogenated state. The optimal level of residual hydrogen with respect to the density of the resulting compact and the associated mechanical properties has been defined. ECAP at 300°C produced compacts from these partially de-hydrogenated powders of 99.5 % theoretical density, while CP-Ti was compacted to almost full theoretical density under the same ECAP conditions. Therefore, the compaction of powder by ECAP does not benefit from temporary hydrogen alloying.

These compacts then were rolled at temperatures ranging from room temperature to 500°C with an 80 % reduction in a single pass. Heat treatment after the rolling can modify the microstructure to improve the resulting mechanical properties and in this regard the temporary alloying with hydrogen has been observed to offer some significant benefits. It is shown that ECAP followed by low temperature rolling is a promising route to the batch production of fully dense CP-Ti wrought product from powder feedstock that avoids the need to subject the material to temperatures greater than 500°C. This low temperature route is expected to be efficient from an energy point of view and it also avoids the danger of interstitial contamination that accompanies most high temperature powder processing.
Nanocrystalline body-centred cubic beta-titanium alloy processed by high-pressure torsion
Authors: Xu Wei , Wu Xiaolin , Figueiredo Roberto B. , Stoica Mihai , Calin Mariana , Eckert Jürgen , Langdon Terence G. , Xia Kenong
Published: January 2010

Processing by high-pressure torsion at room temperature was employed to achieve a uniform nanostructure in a metastable Ti67.4Nb24.6Zr5Sn3 bcc β alloy with grains of ∼20 − 60 nm after five turns. By comparison, there was an ultrafine grain structure after equal-channel angular pressing at 903 K. The majority of refined grains were identified as bcc β-titanium with the presence of a small fraction of orthorhombic α″ martensite. It is proposed that the pronounced grain refinement is facilitated by a stress-/strain-induced β → α″ martensitic transformation. However, the presence of a large fraction of β phase in the high-pressure torsion processed samples is attributed to a reverse α″ → β martensitic transformation stimulated by the applied shear stress and the inhibition effect of the nanoscale grains on martensite formation.
The possibility of synthesizing bulk nanostructured or ultrafine structured metallic materials by consolidation of powders using high strain powder compact forging
Authors: Zhang Deliang , Muhktar Aamir , Nadakuduru Vijay N. , Raynova Stiliana
Published: January 2010

This paper assesses the possibility of synthesizing bulk nanostructured or ultrafine structured metallic materials by consolidation of powders using high strain powder compact forging. In the work, inter-particle boundaries were categorized into three types: Type I-fresh surface/fresh surface boundaries, Type II-fresh surface/oxide covered surface boundaries and Type III-oxide covered surface/oxide covered surface boundaries. The possibility of turning each of these types of inter-particle boundaries into grain boundaries or interphase boundaries without causing significant grain/particle growth through plastic deformation, and the amount of plastic deformation needed were discussed. The related experimental findings were also reviewed. It was concluded that by using high strain powder compact forging the possibility of producing bulk nanostructured or ultrafine structured metallic materials is very high.
Plastic deformation analysis of accumulative back extrusion
Authors: Yoon S. C. , Nagasekhar A. V. , Kang S.-Y. , Kim H. S.
Published: January 2010

Finite element analysis for the recently developed plastic deformation process, accumulative back extrusion, is carried out to understand the plastic deformation behavior during the processing in terms of geometry, equivalent strain, principal stress, and load history. The simulated results show that the deformation is highly nonuniform, and that it is almost impossible to achieve strain homogeneity by repeating the accumulative back extrusion process. In addition, the folding defects generated in the workpiece with cycles of accumulative back extrusion can cause surface fracture.
Improvement in the strength and ductility of Al-Mg-Mn alloys with Zr and Sc additions by equal channel angular pressing
Authors: Dobatkin Sergey , Estrin Yuri , Zakharov Valery , Rostova Tat'yana , Ukolova Olga , Chirkova Anastasiya
Published: January 2010

The effect of equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) on the structure and mechanical properties of Al-4 % Mg-1.5 % Mn-0.4 % Zr and Al-4 % Mg-1.5 % Mn-0.4 % Zr-0.4 % Sc (wt.%) alloys in the initial as-cast and heat treated states was studied. The ECAP processing was shown to lead to the formation of a predominantly submicrocrystalline structure with an average grain size of 850 nm for initial as cast state and 860 nm for initial heat treated state in the Al–Mg–Mn–Zr–Sc alloy and 1060 nm for initial as cast state and 1240 nm for initial heat treated state in the Al–Mg–Mn–Zr alloy. It is remarkable that both strength and ductility of the two alloys in the initial conditions were enhanced by ECAP. The highest strength was observed in the Al–Mg–Mn–Zr–Sc alloy (UTS = 425 MPa), in combination with elongation to failure of EL = 17 %. The characteristics of strength and ductility after ECAP for the Al–Mg–Mn–Zr alloy as well as for the Al–Mg–Mn–Zr–Sc alloy were similar whether the initial state was as-cast or as-heat treated.
The effect of back pressure on mechanical properties of an Mg-3 wt.% Al-1 wt.% Zn alloy with single pass equal channel angular pressing
Authors: Kang Feng , Liu Jin Qiang , Wang Jing Tao , Zhao Xiang , Wu Xiaolin , Xia Kenong
Published: January 2010

The strength and ductility in an Mg-3 wt.% Al-1 wt.% Zn alloy were both increased after a single pass of equal channel angular pressing with back pressure (BP-ECAP). The strong soft texture in the case of ECAP without backpressure is changed to a much weak texture with some transformed to hard orientation, and together with the stronger grain refinement strengthening effect, contributes to the higher strength and ductility in samples ECAP processed with backpressure. Dynamic recrystallization and the activation of new deformation modes other than slip on the base plane during ECAP with backpressure lead to more effective grain refining and less soft texture development.
A randomized trial of prophylactic platelet transfusion after cytotoxic chemotherapy in adult acute leukaemia
Authors: Dipta Tashmim Farhana , Rahman Md Jalilur
Published: January 2010

Key words: Acute leukaemia, chemotherapy, prophylactic platelet transfusion, platelet count incrementDOI: 10.3329/bjpath.v25i1.4124Bangladesh J Pathol 25(1): 3-9
Comparison of lipid profile between controlled and uncontrolled diabetic subjects
Authors: Saiedullah Muhammad , Sarker Aradhan , Hayat Shoma , Ahmad Asif , Rahman Muhammad Rezwanur , Rahman Md Tahminur , Mumu Mahbuba Ashrafi
Published: January 2010

Keywords: Glycosylated hemoglobin; low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, type 2 diabetesDOI: 10.3329/bjpath.v25i1.4125Bangladesh J Pathol 25(1): 10-13
Value of discrimination indices in screening of beta thalassaemia trait
Authors: Nesa Ayatun , Munir Sk Farhad , Sultana Tuhin , Rahman Md Quddusur , Shomik Mohammed Shohel , Ahmed AN Nashimuddin
Published: January 2010

Key words: Beta thalassaemia; discrimination indicesDOI: 10.3329/bjpath.v25i1.4126Bangladesh J Pathol 25(1): 14-17
Histolomorphological patterns in 50 bone marrow aspiration failure cases
Authors: Barua Ashim Ranjan , Rahman Jalilur , Tariquzzaman Mustafa , Barua Dipi
Published: January 2010

DOI: 10.3329/bjpath.v25i1.4127Bangladesh J Pathol 25(1): 18-22
Fine needle aspiration cytology of a subcutaneous granular cell tumor
Authors: Vikas S Kavishwar , Vyankatesh T Anchinmane
Published: January 2010

Key words: fine needle aspiration cytology; granula cell tumor; thighDOI: 10.3329/bjpath.v25i1.4128Bangladesh J Pathol 25(1): 23-24
A rare blood group found in Bangladeshi population
Authors: Dipta Tashmim Farhana , Islam Asadul
Published: January 2010

Key words: Bombay blood group; O blood groupDOI: 10.3329/bjpath.v25i1.4129Bangladesh J Pathol 25(1): 25-27
La pédagogie des classes de transition
Authors: Vial Jean
Published: January 2010

Pour des enfants sous-instruits ou de niveau médiocre, il faut dégager une pédagogie spéciale susceptible d'éveiller la curiosité intellectuelle et le désir de savoir. Les moyens en seront, par exemple : des classes peu chargées, une meilleure organisation de la journée scolaire, la conjugaison de l'autodidaxie et du travail en groupe, des enquêtes sur le milieu, des études de synthèse entre les différentes disciplines. Grâce à une formation spéciale, les maîtres des classes de transition pourront ainsi appliquer une pédagogie novatrice, pluraliste, concrète, instrumentaliste, coopératiste et personnalisée, qui favorisera l'adhésion des élèves.
Remarques sur les problèmes de la condition du personnel enseignant
Authors: Thomas Jean
Published: January 2010

La condición del personal docente - Examina el autor de que modo fue elaborada la Recomendación sobre la condición del personal docente, que, bajo la égida de instituciones internationales, ha sido adoptada por setenta y cinco Estados, y que enuncia ideas y reglas que merecen al asentimiento de todos. La Conferencia ha experimentado dificultades comparando situationes diferentes, respecto a los estatutos juridicos, a las condiciones de trabajo, a las remuneraciones, a las competencias y a la consideradôn. Parece que, para realizar la condición de los docentes, convendria dar mas garantia a su formación, establecer sistemas permanentes de perfeccionamiento, y sobretodo estimular su participation a la vida social y pública.
L'appréciation des élèves par leurs professeurs (en classe de troisième)
Authors: Bacher Françoise , Reuchlin Maurice
Published: January 2010

Résultats partiels d'une enquête nationale relative aux facteurs d'influence sur l'orientation scolaire et professionnelle des élèves parvenus à la fin du premier cycle secondaire après des épreuves de connaissances en français et en mathématiques. On retrouve la physionomie traditionnelle de l'orientation : les meilleurs élèves sont dirigés vers les études longues et classiques. La solution consisterait à définir les relations qui lient chaque classe à l'ensemble des classes, la vie de l'élève à la vie de l'enfant, l'école à la société.
Les examens, quelques considérations générales
Authors: Hotyat Fernand
Published: January 2010

Dès le XVIè siècle, l'institution des notes et des examens est destinée à stimuler et sélectionner les élèves. Mais l'accroissement des effectifs, la multiplication des épreuves et les apports de la psychologie de l'enfant ont discrédité ce système de contrôle, car l'école s'engage aujourd'hui vers un nouvel idéal pédagogique : conduire chaque enfant vers la place qui lui convient le mieux.
Les examens en Angleterre
Authors: Llyod Arnold
Published: January 2010

L'Angleterre n'a possédé que fort tard un système national d'enseignement. Le contrôle de l'Etat sur ses citovens était donc très faible. Les examens, comme ailleurs, étaient ui. moyen d'appréciation et d'émulation. Mais une réforme révolutionnaire est en cours dans ce domaine où les responsables régionaux font preuve d'un certain courage dans l'organisation de ces examens, la connaissance des besoins des écoles, l'harmonisation des emplois du temps, l'équivalence des niveaux, et la solution des nombreux problèmes que soulève l'énorme population scolaire.
Le statut des professeurs de l'enseignement secondaire en Suisse
Authors: Egger Eugène
Published: January 2010

L'expansion de la réforme de l'enseignement secondaire appelle une amélioration de la formation et du perfectionnement des professeurs. Problèmes que pose cette formation. La société suisse des professeurs de l'enseignement secondaire remédie en partie à l'absence d'autorité centrale en matière d'éducation. Projet de création d'un centre de coordination pour le perfectionnement des maîtres secondaires.
Les conditions du développement en pédagogie
Authors: Legrand Louis
Published: January 2010

Conditions of development in pedagogy - French teaching does not work well : tyranny of curricula and examinations. Attempts to renew it by actives methods brought to a failure because of teachers' reluctance. Necessity of inducing teachers to a conversion of attitudes and values through team working and educational research.
Reflexions sur le développement de l'éducation permanente
Authors: Schwartz Bertrand
Published: January 2010

Hypothèses sur ce que pourrait être le développement de l'éducation permanente en France à partir d'expériences et de recherches vécues au Centre universitaire de coopération économique et sociale et à l'Institut national pour la formation des adultes : l'éducation des adultes s'impose comme une nécessité économique et sociale de premier ordre ; l'éducation permanente en est la conséquence directe et nécessaire. Il faut donc bâtir un système spécifique adapté aux besoins de plus en plus diversifiés des adultes. Ce système nécessairement nouveau met en question tous les systèmes éducatifs existants.
La philosophie et la pédagogie
Authors: Guillo Alphonse
Published: January 2010

Exposé d'une expérience de pédagogie non directive dans la classe de philosophie d'un lycée de jeunes filles tunisien. Désarroi de la tradition devant la nouveauté, tant du côté des élèves que de leurs parents et des professeurs. Pourtant, en découvrant la positivité de chaque élève et en lui permettant de s'exprimer, le maître laisse la voie ouverte à la création
A propos de la pédagogie du dessin
Authors: Marchal Gaston-Louis
Published: January 2010

La confusion qui caractérise la pédagogie du dessin découle d'une chaîne d'erreurs comme celles du concept du don du dessin, de sa difficulté ou de sa beauté, alors qu'il est un mode d'expression naturelle. Il réclame donc, comme l'expression verbale, un enseignement global, méthodique : une alphabétisation et une instruction plastiques des enfants qui comprendraient des leçons de vocabulaire, de grammaire, de construction et de composition plastiques. Car il ne s'agit pas de fabriquer des artistes, mais d'adapter les enfants au règne de l'image.
La formation des enseignants
Authors: Peretti André de
Published: January 2010

La formación de los ensenadores - El interés del ensenador por los problemas psico-pedagogicos que se plantean, se despierta más seguramente en cuanto empieza este a desempenar su función. Importa, pues, poner por obra procesos continuos de reflexiones, de informaciones y de « recyclage » (educación continua) de los enseñadores entre ellos mediante práticas, coloquios o seminarios regulares que deberían tener en cuenta los horarios de la vida escolar.
Les programmes de français dans l'enseignement du second degré depuis un siècle (1872-1967)
Authors: Mareuil André
Published: January 2010

Secondary school programs of French since one century - The teaching of French got its title of nobility since 1872 and reached a top in 1937, but there is now an inadmissible gap between supply and the needs of the new school audience which it serves.
La pédagogie, image de dieu
Authors: Repusseau Jean
Published: January 2010

La relation pédagogique ne doit pas être un rapport de forces. Le maître n'est pas le pédagogue exemplaire revêtu des qualités de dieu lui-même : pourvoyeur et libérateur, tout puissant et désarmé. Il n'est qu'un moyen et finalement un serviteur capable d'assumer le risque du refus et de l'échec.
Les jeunes français et la vie civique
Authors: Lapierre Jean-William , Noizet Georges
Published: January 2010

Les jovenes Franceses y la vida civica - El movimiento de mayo de 1968 fué el sintoma de una profunda transformación de la conciencia política en los jovenes, pero revelo, sobre todo, una grave insuficiencia de la función educativa, particularmente de la educación del civismo, pero no es eso proprio de toda sociedad desarrolada ?
Système et non système d'éducation
Authors: Vexliard Alexandre
Published: January 2010

Exposé de la philosophie du non qui s'adresse surtout aux systèmes d'éducation et contient de puissants éléments constructifs. Résumé du « reconstructionnisme » qui se fonde sur un rationalisme foncier, l'horreur de « l'endoctrinement », la foi en la démocratie. Il est temps de voir en l'homme un être capable de créer son propre destin.
Une expérience dans le cadre de l'enseignement secondaire
Authors: Aymard Alain
Published: January 2010

Problèmes particuliers de la réadaptation scolaire dans un établissement privé d'un groupe d'enfants difficiles appartenant à un milieu aisé. Etude des relations entre enseignants, enseignés et parents. Leur évolution. Leur apport mutuel.
Education sexuelle et maturité sociale
Authors: Natanson Jacques
Published: January 2010

Educación sexual y madurez social - Bajo la influencia de las « mass media » y de los progresos de la medicina, la explosión de mayo ha obligado a reexaminar el conjunto de los valores que reglamentaban la vida sexual. La prolongación de la vida adulta de una parte y la de la escolaridad de otra parte, retrasan la entrada de los jóvenes en la vida activa. Esa separación entre la madurez biológica y la madurez social del adolescente engendra un desequilibrio grave.
Audiovisuel et formation des enseignants
Authors: Porcher Louis
Published: January 2010

Le milieu enseignant manifesta sa réticence à l'égard de la radio et du cinéma bien plus longtemps que les autres couches de la population. Il perçoit la machine comme un asservissement, une solution de facilité et de paresse, tandis que les élèves accordent aux valeurs technologiques et de consommation une importance de plus en plus grande. Il faut que l'enseignant apprenne à les apprivoiser s'il veut conserver son rôle. Une formation professionnelle et un recyclage permanent des maîtres ouverts à l'innovation et à la modernité des moyens audiovisuels sont donc nécessaires.
Transformations et résistances des modèles éducatifs dans l'enseignement élémentaire
Authors: Mollo Suzanne
Published: January 2010

Transformations and resistances of educational patterns in elementary education - As an instrument of acculturation, educational institutions play a part in the transmission and, even when they resist, in the transformation of knowledge and systems of values in a society. Educational patterns are mediators between school and society, on one hand, teacher and pupil on the other. They are related to deeper human aspirations towards unity and ideal.
Opération "jeunes maîtres" France-Québec 1969-1970
Authors: Chambard Lucette
Published: January 2010

Premier bilan d'une expérience pédagogique originale d'échange d'instituteurs français qui enseignent depuis la rentrée 1969 dans les écoles du Québec, et réciproquement. Cette initiative, dont le centre franco-québécois est chargé de suivre le déroulement, permet de comparer l'organisation, l'esprit et les méthodes de l'enseignement dans deux pays francophones.
L'éducation permanente
Authors: Roux Bernard
Published: January 2010

La educación permanente - La formación permanente, imperativo de civilización constituyer un arte nuevo de vivir : saber resistir al tiempo. Descansa en una dialectica del continuo y del discontinuo y su concretizacion exige una guerra de movimiento. Incumbiria a un gran Ministerio de Education national reagrupando todas las responsabilidades educativas actualmente dispersadas, el poner en juego al servicio de la nación y bajo su control, el conjunto de los medios necesarios a esa ciencia.
L'exploration de la pensée mathématique et la valeur de la recherche clinique
Authors: Lamon William
Published: January 2010

Getting into the mathematics thought and value of the clinical research - In view of preparing the human structural aptness for knowing to the study of abstract mathematics, it is hopeful and compulsory to give him concrete experiments and illustrations. Definition of mathematics thought. The notion of structure. Clinical research on abstraction mecanism. Structure of a vectorial space. Use of logical blocks. The progressive presentation of mathematics rigorism is to give children the kind of mental training required for the development of typical reasonings more and more complicated.
Sur une expérience de contrôle dynamique des connaissances en maîtrise de chimie physique
Authors: Prat Roger F.
Published: January 2010

Sobre una experiencia de « control » dinámico de los conocimientos en « maîtrise » de química física - La adquisición de los conocimientos no ha de separarse de la etapa « control » que ha de ser espontáneo y colectivo. El método experimentado aqui permite a cada estudiante de dosificar su actividad sin dejar de estar naturalmente estimulado por el ambiente de discusion que se establece en el anfiteatro gracias a una utilización juiciosa de un material de ejercicio. El estudiante toma la iniciativa de hacerse examinar. Tal método no necesita mas profesorado que la técnica tradicional.
Coopération scolaire et rénovation pédagogique
Authors: Toraille Raymond
Published: January 2010

Cooperation escolar y renovación pedagógica - Historia de la cooperación escolar. Su conception según B. Profit y C. Freinet. La doctrina del Oficio central de la cooperación en la escuela. Originalidad de la cooperativa escolar : es una pedagogia de la comunicación, de la sensibilidad, de la creación y de la responsabilidad. Necesidad de integrar a la vida del establecimiento y de la clase los centros cooperatives de los alumnos y de las educadores desde el ciclo elemental a la enseñanza superior.
Equité scolaire et différentiation en Allemagne Fédérale
Authors: Dehem Paul
Published: January 2010

Equidad escolar y diferenciación en Alemania federal - Organización de la segunda ensenanza alemana tradicional, tal que resulta de la ley de 1920. El plan de 1959 lleva a la elaboración de un proyecto de escuela única : la Gesamtschule. Su genesis : la Gesamtschule aditiva, luego integrada, a diferenciación interna, global, especifica, didactica o modal, limitada, progresiva. Su equidad : la Gesamtschule ofrece a cada uno la igualdad de las suertes a la salida pero no puede garantizar a todos el mismo sitio a la llegada.
L'enseignement littéraire et les conditionnements sociaux
Authors: Mareuil André
Published: January 2010

Il existe un décalage entre les programmes traditionnels et les goûts de la jeunesse d'aujourd'hui, qui, en raison de l'évolution de notre civilisation, est soumise à d'autres conditionnements. L'auteur analyse les différentes conceptions de la culture littéraire depuis la fin du xix" siècle : expression, tantôt d'une situation sociale, tantôt d'une réaction politique, et présente les explications de Durkheim, des physiologistes contemporains, des sociologues de l'éducation et des psychologues.

Une véritable démocratisation de l'enseignement littéraire en face d'une société technique de consommation appelle, selon Edgar Morin, une gigantesque réforme des structures mentales, une révolution néo- copernicienne-einsteinienne du système de pensée... des maîtres.
Education et violence
Authors: Repusseau Jean
Published: January 2010

Toute action éducative se présente comme une violence. L'un des paradoxes de l'éducation est que cette violence débouche sur la promotion d'une liberté. L'auteur analyse les violences cachées de l'éducation, puis la fonction et la signification de la violence. Le maître doit l'appréhender et la dépasser pour que l'élève accède progressivement à l'existence.
Discipline, interdisciplinarité, programme interdisciplinaire
Authors: Boisot Marcel H.
Published: January 2010

Disciplina, interdisciplinaridad, programa inter- disciplinario - Definición general y formal de la que es una disciplina. Análisis de las diferentes formas que puede vestir la integración parcial o total de una disciplina en una otra, a saber : interdisciplinaridad lineal, estructural, restrictiva. Pero la realidad científica revela verdaderas composiciones de estos tres mecanismos. Investigación de campos operatorios subtendidos por la interdisciplinaridad. Aplicación de un metodo operatorio inspirado por la teoría de los conjuntos para la elaboración de programas de enseñanza superior, como, por ejemplo, el que es destinado a formar economistas de empresas. Ventajas de tal método en educación.
Finalités possibles d'un enseignement de mathématiques (au niveau du second cycle)
Authors: Dumont Marcel
Published: January 2010

Possible prospects of a mathematics teaching - The basic aim of the present mathematician is the creation of patterns which allow him to describe and foresee the functioning of a system. The research of the aims of the matter leads to a distinction between education, or rather reeducation (at high school level) and information. The methods and means used by the mathematicians are able to become the patterns of teaching. The matter is getting conditions allowing the pupil to do by himself his discoveries. The teacher is no longer the source of information, but the stimulator of the group. The result is the importance of group psychology and dynamics.
Psychologie scientifique et pédagogie de la mémoire
Authors: Tiberghien Guy
Published: January 2010

Des réponses scientifiques aux trois questions que se pose tout éducateur permettront de fonder une nouvelle pédagogie de la mémoire : 1) la mémoire existe-t-elle ? 2) la mémoire n'est-elle qu'un phénomène passif ? 3) faut-il opposer la mémoire à l'intelligence ? En conclusion : la dévalorisation idéologique de la mémoire ne correspond en aucune manière aux données recueillies par l'investigation scientifique en psychologie. Les caractéristiques essentielles du fonctionnement mnésique ne peuvent être ignorées dans la pratique pédagogique. Bibliographie. Graphiques.
L'enseignement primaire à Marseille pendant la révolution
Authors: Festa Monique
Published: January 2010

La enseñanza primaria en Marsella durante la Revolución - La enseñanza primaria en Marsella en el siglo XVIII es precaria, y esencialmente en manos de los Hermanos de las Escuelas critianas. Reorganizado por el decreto de Frimario año II, presenta grandes dificultades para el maestro. En el año X, el balance revolucionario en Marsella es negativo en el dominio escolar.
Le collège de Toulon au début du XIXe siècle (1809-1820)
Authors: Girod Michelle
Published: January 2010

The College of Toulon at the beginning of the XlXth century (1809-1820) - History of the College of Toulon and its part played in the city, from its foundation up to the Revolution. How the Imperial University worked and what appened with it under the Restoration Government, as seen in a provincial College.
L'évolution des systèmes d'enseignement dans les pays industriels
Authors: Jallade Jean-Pierre
Published: January 2010

La evolución de los sistemas de enseñanza en los países industrials : un balance - Este estudio se apoya en los trabajos preparatories de la conferencia sobre las políticas de expansion de la enseñanza, organizada en 1970 por la OCDE. Pone en evidencia las grandes constantes y los problemasllaves. Crecimiento cuantitativo y cambios estructurales. Desigualdades escolares. Evolución de los gastos publicos de educación. Desarrollo de la planificación escolar : objetivos y políticas. Las cuestiones irresueltas siguen todavía numerosas : misiones de la enseñanza preprimaria, los alumnos que repiten el curso, las inovaciones tecnicas, etc.
L'évolution de la structure éducative de la population active française entre 1962 et 1968
Authors: Monfort Michel
Published: January 2010

Analyse systématique des données portant sur les niveaux d'instruction à travers les deux derniers recensements. 1) Rappel critique des nomenclatures et des critères d'évaluation des niveaux d'instruction. 2) Analyse de la structure par âge et par catégorie socio-professionnelle du stock d'éducation de la population active en 1968. 3) Mise en évidence des facteurs qui ont déterminé l'évolution du stock d'éducation par catégorie professionnelle entre 1962 et 1968.
Emploi et formation en Tunisie
Authors: Morrisson Christian
Published: January 2010

Empleo y formación en Tùnez - Metodología y resultados de una encuesta sobre la formación y el empleo en Túnez donde el esfuerzo consentido en favor de la educación es exceptional. Esta encuesta confirma que : 1) la preferencia de los alumnos para la enseñanza general no resulta de su aversión hacia la enseñanza técnica o las actividades industriales, sino de la preponderancia de las actividades terciarias en el sector moderno ; 2) el sistema educativo de los países en via de desarrollo conoce cierta inadaptación de naturaleza cuantitativa y cualitativa.
Niveaux de qualification et accès aux emplois
Authors: Vincens Jean-Marie
Published: January 2010

L'imprécision des termes de qualification ou de qualification professionnelle pèse sur les discussions relatives à la réforme et à l'adaptation des systèmes éducatifs face à l'explosion de la demande sociale d'éducation et aux changements qui affectent l'utilisation du travail par les entreprises. D'où une recherche nécessaire sur la notion de qualification, sur le sens des niveaux de qualification, enfin sur l'évolution des qualifications et les liens qui s'établiront entre celles-ci et les modes d'accès aux emplois.
La réforme du second cycle secondaire en Allemagne Fédérale
Authors: Dehem Paul
Published: January 2010

The reform of the upper course in secondary schools in Federal Germany - Federal Germany is in the process of reforming its educational system at all levels : by developping kindergardens and establishing a general intermediate course leading to two modernized professional and preliminary university branches. Place of the upper course in this educational system. The « propedeutical mission » of the « lycée ». A conventional frame should generalize the experiences of Buxtehude and of Odenwaldschule which guarantee the individua- lization of the curriculum and the pupils' responsability, their rights and liberty. This reform seems to be favourably accepted, even though the material conditions leave much to be desired.
L’avenir de l’éducation en Afrique
Authors: Geronimi Charles
Published: January 2010

El porvenir de la educación en Africa - Situación de los Estados africanos independientes de 1960 a 1970. El esfuerzo de escolarización y sus resultados. La complejidad de los problemas. Sus soluciones : la inovación pedagogica ; la función de la enseñanza primaria ; la formación de la mano de obra, de los responsables y de los educadores de mañana ; la utilidad de una enseñanza de las ciencias sociales ; la educación extra-escolar ; el material didáctico. Una definition precisa de los objetos y de las finalidades de todos los nivelés de la enseñanza parece necesaria. Las sugesciones de la Conferencia de Addis Abeba.
Les adolescents sous-instruits dans les sociétés industrielles de l’Ouest
Authors: Girod Roger
Published: January 2010

Définition du « sous-instruit >. Elévation progressive du minimum à atteindre aux Etats-Unis, en France et en Suisse. Evolution du volume des groupes d'adolescents sous-instruits et leur composition (origines sociales, aspirations, motivations, aptitudes intellectuelles). Evaluation des conséquences de la sous-instruction d'une partie de la jeunesse.
Nouvelles tendances dans l’éducation des jeunes en Angleterre
Authors: Halls W.D.
Published: January 2010

Nuevas tendencias en la educación de los jóvenes en Inglaterra - Depués del Education Act de 1944, los relatos Newsom (1963) y Plowden (1968) ¿ qué pasa con la democratización de la enseñanza en Inglaterra donde la proporción de los hijos de obreros en las universidades sigue siendo todavía la mas fuerte de la Europa occidental ? La generalización de la escuela polivalente : sus ventajas y sus inconvenientes. El problema de los menos dotados. Función de los Schools Councils. El Team teaching. Los proyectos pluri y interdisciplinarios. En conclusion, no basta con estimular la capacidad intelectual de los jovenes de hoy, hay que ganar su confianza. Puesto que toda reforma necesita por lo menos una generacion para cumplirse, no se podrá evaluar su éxito antes del año 2000.
Langues logico-mathématiques et langues naturelles
Authors: Grize Jean-Blaise
Published: January 2010

Lenguas lógico-matemáticas y lenguas naturelles - Las lenguas lógico-matemáticas de una parte y las lenguas naturales por otra parte, son manifestaciones duales de la inteligencia, habida cuenta de tres postulados : 1) la lógica no es una lengua hablada ; 2) los fenómenos linguisticos no son formalizables si no han sido tratados previamente ; 3) lógica y lengua tienen finalidades distintas. Consecuencias en las practicas educativas.
Expérience d'enseignement par découverte guidée
Authors: Denis Jean-Pierre
Published: January 2010

Teaching investigation by guided discovery. — As a part of researches conducted at the IMAGO center of Louvain, and dealing with teaching assisted and run by computers, here is a record of an experiment meant to explore the possibilities that simulation offers when used in experimental physics with educational aims (first degree university level). It appears that guided discovery leads the student to a lively participation allowing him to see teachers at work and perceive the fundamental importance of a required language for the transmission of any scientific results.
L’analyse des processus d’enseignement
Authors: Bayer Edouard
Published: January 2010

L'analyse des processus d'enseignement. — Il faudrait parvenir à établir des critères de présage de l'efficacité pédagogique pour résoudre les problèmes de la sélection des enseignants. L'auteur tente de contribuer à une meilleure connaissance des variables de l'enseignement en proposant un système d'analyse, dont les rubriques et les catégories ne servent qu'à observer, nommer, décrire et classer des événements qui surviennent en classe. Il fait « l'histoire naturelle » des situations d'enseignement, et remarque qu'en dehors de quelques rares leçons d'essai, il n'existe actuellement aucune autre stratégie pour amener systématiquement les enseignants à maîtriser les performances multiples et complexes qui constituent l'art d'enseigner.
Information , orientation, adaptation
Authors: Léon Antoine
Published: January 2010

Information, orientation, adaptation. — L'auteur pose les problèmes pédagogiques des finalités, des contenus et des méthodes de l'information scolaire et extrascolaire, considérée comme un moyen propre à favoriser l'élaboration des choix et à mieux préparer l'élève aux exigences de la vie scolaire et aux nécessités de l'éducation permanente. L'analyse de ces exigences et de ces nécessités le conduit à approfondir le concept d'adaptation, sa nature, ses dimensions et ses critères, à évoquer le rôle du maître, ou de l'informateur, et à envisager certains aspects de l'environnement proche ou lointain.