bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Improved Means of Enzyme Typing of Hair Roots Using Isoelectric Focusing
Authors: Burgess RM , Sutton JG , Whitehead PH
Published: July 2015

A recent publication [1] described the characterization of human hair using a technique dependent on starch gel electrophoresis of phosphoglucomutase (PGM) from hair root sheath cells. Similar, independent work has been reported elsewhere [2,3]. Phosphoglucomutase has three common phenotypes, PGM1 1, PGM1 2–1, and PGM1 2, observable by starch gel electrophoresis and hence typing of hair roots in this manner is a valuable aid to discriminating human hairs.
Hereditary Angioneurotic Edema: An Unusual Case of Maternal Mortality
Authors: Postnikoff IM , Pritzker KPH
Published: July 2015

Hereditary angioneurotic edema is an autosomal dominant, nonallergic disorder characterized by recurrent attacks of brawny edema of the extremities, face, larynx, and genitalia [1] and biochemically by a reduction in the serum protein C1 esterase inhibitor, a factor which prevents the activation of the first component of the complement system [2]. Although most attacks are precipitated by trauma [3], there have been no previously reported cases in pregnancy during delivery or in the immediate postpartum period, despite obvious traumatic injury during the birth process. This report describes a patient who, following delivery, developed localized perineal swelling, which over 72 h progressed to generalized edema, terminating in irreversible shock.
A Review of Law Enforcement Bible
Authors: Kempe CR
Published: July 2015

Detective Scanlon, with the aid of many contributors, has accomplished a worthwhile task in the gathering of information, including directories of hard-to-find reference data and specifications for available weapons and police equipment.
The Effect of Time of Death on Extravascular Tissue/Blood Secobarbital Concentration Ratios in the Rat
Authors: Orzelek RM , Wolen RL , Forney RB
Published: July 2015

The concentration of a drug in the liver is often significantly higher than its concentration in the blood [1]. Curry and Sunshine [2] obtained data from 52 cases of barbiturate poisoning involving quick- or intermediate-acting barbiturates in which some information was available on the time between drug ingestion and death. It was observed that when the liver/blood ratio was greater than 4, death had usually occurred within 5 h of ingestion, and when the liver/blood ratio was less than 4, no relationship between time of drug ingestion and death was indicated.
Absorption Test Using Latex Particles as the Indicator System for the Species Identification of Bloodstains and Muscles
Authors: Itoh Y
Published: July 2015

In the practice of forensic medicine, various methods [1–11] have been applied to determine whether a bloodstain is of human or animal origin. In 1901, Uhlenhuth [1], Wassermann and Schütze [2], Stern [3], and Nuttall and Dinkelspiel [4] found the specific precipitation of antiserum and corresponding serum proteins and recommended forensic science use of this phenomenon for the species identification of bloods. The test by means of the interfacial or ring precipitin technique [12] has been widely employed. This method is simple but has poor reproducibility [13], and specific antisera are not easily prepared [14].
Reidentification of a Major Impurity in Illicit Amphetamine
Authors: Kram TC
Published: July 2015

Di-(1-phenylisopropyl) formamide (I) has been identified as a by-product in the Leuckart synthesis of N-formylamphetamine [1,2], a reaction precursor to dl-amphetamine. Significantly, it has been detected as an impurity in exhibits of illicitly manufactured dl-amphetamine [3,4] but identified incorrectly as tri-(1-isopropylphenyl) amine (II) [3].
Fatal Retropleural Hematoma from a Ruptured Abdominal Aortic Pseudo-Aneurysm
Authors: Aguilar JC
Published: July 2015

Farmley et al [1] reported that five patients, or 38% of the 13 cases studied, who had primary penetrating wounds of the aorta caused by missiles and stabbing and who survived the immediate posttraumatic period, developed a false aneurysm which ultimately ruptured. In the absence of a pathologic tract leading away from the retroperitoneal space and peritoneal cavity, any rupture of the abdominal aorta will result in accumulation of blood in the retroperitoneal space or peritoneal cavity, or both. After a thorough search of the literature the author concludes that the case reported here appears to be the only case of retropleural hematoma where the source of the bleeding is the abdominal aorta. Further, this is the only case of a traumatic abdominal aortic pseudo-aneurysm spontaneously rupturing into the retropleural space in the absence of a pathologic tract connecting the retropleural and retroperitoneal and peritoneal spaces without hemorrhage in the latter two spaces. Correct radiographic interpretation of the chest films in the early stages of the development of retropleural hemorrhage can be made by noting the effacement of aortic shadow and the left primary sulcus by a convex homogenous density in the posterior mediastinum and by correlating these results with the clinical presentation.
Iron Staining of the Hands in Suicides with Firearms
Authors: Norton LE , DiMaio VJM , Gilchrist TF
Published: July 2015

In death resulting from gunshot wounds it is the routine policy of the Southwestern Institute of Forensic Sciences to examine the hands for evidence of powder and primer residues. In the past three months while performing such examinations the authors encountered three cases in which there was an orange-brown discoloration of the skin of the palm of one hand. Several months ago, one of the authors (V. J. M. D.) had been contacted by another medical examiner who had noticed this phenomenon and did not know its cause. He indicated that his cases were suicides and that the weapon had been a long arm. The authors at that time had no explanation.
A Case of Arson?
Authors: Powell GLF , Spanswick KR
Published: July 2015

A vehicle owner reported to his insurance company that as he was changing a rear wheel the vehicle fell off the jack and the fuel tank was ruptured and caught fire. A bumper jack in conjunction with an adjustable stand was used. The questions to be answered were these: 1. Were the events, as described by the owner, likely to lead to a fire? 2. If the owner's description was not likely, was there an alternative, reasonable explanation for the fire consistent with an examination of the vehicle?
The Baxstrom Affair and Psychiatry
Authors: Tanay E
Published: July 2015

Innumerable articles cite the Baxstrom case and the subsequent release or transfer of certain groups of patients as proof that psychiatrists predict dangerousness and do so without validity. The work of Dr. Steadman and Dr. Cocozza is the most frequent reference cited.
A Review of Malpractice and Product Liability Actions Involving Drugs
Authors: Sachs JL
Published: July 2015

This book fills a need for lawyers as a source for reports of drug liability actions. It deserves a special thanks for the compilation of a wealth of factual information scattered throughout the literature and the law prior to 1975. It is superbly indexed, giving both the trade name and the generic. The problems presented are far from solved, and this book spotlights the questions as well as provides some answers.
A Rapid, Systematic, and Comprehensive Classification System for the Identification and Comparison of Motor Vehicle Paint Samples. I: The Nature and Scope of the Classification System
Authors: Audette RJ , Percy RFE
Published: July 2015

Numerous forensic science laboratories have approached the identification and comparison of automotive paints differently, but the paint samples are normally subjected to a series of microscopic and chemical examinations that yield chromatic and geometric appearance information as well as fundamental molecular information concerning the types of resins and pigments present.
History of Questioned Document Examination in the United States
Authors: Hilton O
Published: July 2015

The history and development of questioned document examination in this country can be divided into three distinct sections. The earliest runs from the founding of the United States and continues up to the end of the 19th century. It is actually a time in which very little is known about work in this field. The first third of the 20th century represents a period dominated by Dr. Albert S. Osborn and the private document examiners and represents the period of acceptance by the courts of what might be termed modern questioned document examination. Finally, the years from the mid-1930s to date represent the more modern era in which the public examiner and governmental laboratories first developed and expanded so that today they are more or less the dominant factor in this field of work. Actually, no fixed dates can be set to delimit these periods, but the dates given should be considered as a general framework for this discussion.
A Death Involving Asphyxiation from Propane Inhalation
Authors: Haq MZ , Hameli AZ
Published: July 2015

A death involving asphyxiation by propane inhalation is reported. The presence of propane was determined in blood, brain, kidney, liver, and lung by gas chromatography. Autopsy samples were heated in hot water, and headspace samples from various specimens were injected into the gas chromatograph. The identity of propane was established on the basis of the retention times. The brain of the deceased showed the highest level of propane, whereas the kidney exhibited the lowest level.
Immunofluorescence Detection of Drugs in Postmortem Tissues: A New Technique with Potential for Assessment of Drug Influence in Cause of Death
Authors: Balkon J , Bidanset JH , Lynch VD
Published: July 2015

This report describes a new technique, immunofluorescence, for the detection and possible characterization of drug content in postmortem tissues. By using antisera generated against a drug-protein conjugate, the stabilization of tissue-sequestered drug is accomplished by incubation of fresh frozen sections of tissue with dilute solutions of rabbit anti-drug antibodies. Secondary incubation with a fluorescence-labeled anti-rabbit immunoglobulin labels these points of sequestration. Tissue sections so stained are examined by fluorescence microscopy. In studies with rats given graded doses of morphine sulfate, there were discernible differences in tissue binding of morphine in brain sections from animals treated “therapeutically,“ fatally, and chronically. Extension of these studies to human autopsy material is anticipated and potential problems are discussed. This technique offers the forensic toxicologist the potential for evaluating the drug content of tissues in situ.
A New Enzymatic Method for the Demonstration of Spermine in Human Seminal Stains
Authors: Suzuki O , Oya M , Katsumata Y , Matsumoto T , Yada S
Published: July 2015

A new, simple method for the identification of seminal stains based on the reaction of bovine plasma amine oxidase (spermine oxidase) with spermine is described. The key reaction is the production of hydrogen peroxide by the oxidase action on spermine; the hydrogen peroxide oxidizes 2',7'-dichlorofluoresein to produce a light green color by which the presence of seminal fluid can be identified. Some data are presented on the stability and specificity of the present method.
Forensic Science Investigation of a Balloon Accident
Authors: Aguilar J
Published: July 2015

This manuscript describes techniques undertaken to recreate the sequence of events that transpired after a hot air balloon made contact with an electrical power line. After the pilot's clothing was examined, the source of the fire in relation to the gondola and the pilot was established. Also determined through postmortem examination were the sequence of the three deaths, the probable heights from which two of the three passengers jumped, the setting where each body landed, and the causes of death for all three passengers. Finally, it was concluded, after correlating the autopsy findings with those of the scene investigation, that the proximate cause of the accident was pilot error.
Density Gradient Analysis of Single Polyester Fibers
Authors: Bresee RR
Published: July 2015

The densities of single poly(ethylene terephthalate)-based commercial fibers from 14 different yarn bobbins were measured to five significant figures. The densities of three of these fibers were also measured after each of three treatments representing two different laundering methods and one outdoor exposure. The density gradient method was found to be a sensitive tool for discrimination among the yarn types when new as well as after each of the three treatments. In addition, the method was able to discriminate among fibers from the same yarn bobbin but which were in each of the four states examined. Density gradient analysis demonstrated little ability to identify the fiber type of an unknown sample. Consequently, the main value of density gradient analysis of fibers clearly lies in its ability to discriminate among fibers of similar origin.
Successful Suicide by Self-Inflicted Multiple Stab Wounds of the Skull, Abdomen, and Chest
Authors: Fekete JF , Fox AD
Published: July 2015

A case is presented of a 53-year-old white male who successfully committed suicide by stabbing himself in the abdomen and chest, after which he was driven 11 km (seven miles) to a church without anybody noticing his wounds. In the church he finished his task by stabbing himself through the calvarium.
Identification of Dextropropoxyphene and Its Diastereoisomers
Authors: Newby NR , Hughes RB
Published: July 2015

The specific diastereoisomer of a suspected propoxyphene sample can be identified by thin-layer chromatography, infrared spectroscopy, or nuclear magnetic resonance. If the sample is α-propoxyphene, the optical isomer must be identified by crystal tests, polarimetry, or melting point. This paper describes spectroscopic methods and physical properties that can be used to identify the four diastereoisomers and two racemates of propoxyphene. Of the four diastereoisomers, only the controlled α-d-propoxyphene and the noncontrolled α-l-propoxyphene forms are commercially available.
A Thin-Layer Chromatographic Procedure for Confirming the Presence and Identity of Smokeless Powder Flakes
Authors: Peak SA
Published: July 2015

A simple and inexpensive procedure to confirm the identity of unburned or partially burned flakes of smokeless powder is described. The procedure is based on (1) particle morphology and solubility in acetone, (2) Rf values of the flakes when they are chromatographed on thin-layer chromatographic plates, and (3) specificity of the visualizing reagent to nitrite.
Gustafson's Method for Age Determination from Teeth—A Modification for the Use of Dentists in Identification Teams
Authors: Metzger Z , Buchner A , Gorsky M
Published: July 2015

Gustafson's method for age determination from teeth is based on the evaluation of ground sections of teeth. Six age-associated parameters are evaluated in the ground section and are compared to a regression curve of age versus the age-associated changes. Two of these changes, transparency of radicular dentin and secondary dentin, have the highest correlation with age. The evaluation of these parameters only from thin (0.25-mm) ground sections may lead to an artificially high “secondary dentin value” and “transparent dentin value.” These artifacts may be caused by the attempt to include the whole pulp chamber and root canal in a 0.25-mm-thick ground section and by an accidental overgrinding of the apical area of the root, respectively. These artifacts were encountered occasionally even in ground sections prepared by highly trained personnel and became more frequent in ground sections prepared by a person who, though trained, did not use this technique daily. A modification of the data-collecting method is suggested to make possible the use of thick (1.0-mm) ground sections for the evaluation of most of the aging criteria, thereby eliminating the possible inaccuracies in the preparation and evaluation of the thin (0.25-mm) ground sections.
Differentiation of Fetal and Adult Bloodstains by Pyrolysis-Gas-Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Clausen PK , Rowe WF
Published: July 2015

A pyrolysis-gas-liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the differentiation of adult and fetal bloodstains. In a blind-coded study, five adult and three fetal bloodstains were correctly identified on the basis of the pyrograms of stain extracts. The differentiation between adult and fetal bloodstains is based on the peak height ratio of two long-retention-time peaks appearing in their pyrograms. The first of these peaks has been tentatively identified as indole derived from the pyrolysis of tryptophan, while the second peak is an as-yet unidentified molecular fragment produced by the pyrolysis of some component of the hemoglobin molecule other than the amino acids tryptophan, tyrosine, and phenylalanine.
A Study of the Use of 2-Nitroso-1-Naphthol as a Trace Metal Detection Reagent
Authors: Kokocinski CW , Brundage DJ , Nicol JD
Published: July 2015

A 0.5% 2-nitroso-1-naphthol acetone solution was studied for its potential as a trace metal detection reagent. A metal object must be held for approximately 1.5 min for satisfactory color and pattern formation to be observed by this procedure. Metal ions transferred through a brief period of holding can be detected within 3 h. Best results were obtained on individuals with high levels of perspiration. That more than one metallic object was held can be revealed if the objects are made of different metals or have distinct shapes or sizes.
“Typical” Basal Skull Fracture of Both Petrous Bones" An Unreliable Indicator of Head Impact Site
Authors: Harvey FH , Jones AM
Published: July 2015

A basilar skull fracture that extends along both petrous bones is generally considered to be a response to impacts to the lateral aspects of the head. This generalization is not warranted as such a fracture often results from impacts to any point around the base of the skull or to the chin. These facts were appreciated as long ago as 1905 but present-day literature does not adequately reflect them. Eight carefully selected autopsy cases of fatal blunt head injury with well-documented single head impact sites and bilateral petrous bone fractures are presented. They illustrate the variety of impact sites that may produce bilateral petrous bone skull fractures.
Prostatic Acid Phosphatase, Aspermia, and Alcoholism in Rape Cases
Authors: Enos WF , Beyer JC
Published: July 2015

In a few alleged rape cases, examination of vaginal secretions will be negative for spermatozoa but positive for significant levels of prostatic acid phosphatase. These laboratory results can occur in cases in which the accused is known to have sired children. The most common etiologic factors for the aspermia are vasectomies and chronic alcoholism with or without cirrhosis.
The Preparation of d-Pseudococaine from l-Cocaine
Authors: Siegel JA , Cormier RA
Published: July 2015

d-Pseudococaine, a diastereoisomer of cocaine, is prepared from l-cocaine by the action of strong base that epimerizes the carbomethoxy group at C-2 to the equatorial position and transesterifies the ester at C-3. The benzoate ester is regenerated by reaction with benzoyl chloride. The d-pseudococaine thus prepared is then subjected to a variety of instrumental and analytical techniques to effect its characterization. The tests done are those commonly used in forensic science laboratories for cocaine analysis. With these data, a laboratory can eliminate or confirm pseudococaine in such an analysis.
Chemical Reagents for the Development of Latent Fingerprints. III: Visualization of Latent Fingerprints by Fluorescent Reagents in Vapor Phase
Authors: Almog J , Gabay A
Published: July 2015

The use of certain fluorescing vapor-phase chemicals for the development of latent fingerprints is described. Some advantages of these chemicals over other methods that use fluorescers are discussed.
Distribution of Gene Frequencies and Discrimination Probabilities for 22 Human Blood Genetic Systems in Four Racial Groups
Authors: Grunbaum BW , Selvin S , Myhre BA , Pace N
Published: July 2015

Gene frequencies were computed in four racial categories from 5956 blood donors from California, Hawaii, Mexico City, and Texas. Calculations were based on the phenotypic distribution of 22 blood genetic systems including 7 blood groups and 15 genetically controlled polymorphic proteins and enzymes. Matching probabilities for 20 systems were approximately 1 in 100 000 Asians, 1 in 200 000 blacks, 1 in 330 000 Mexicans, and 1 in 1 000 000 whites. The complementary discrimination probability, which measures the likelihood that two random individuals do not match, was, for practical purposes, unity. The combined new technology for blood grouping and electrophoresis using cellulose acetate membranes provides a powerful individualizing and discriminating tool for forensic science investigation.
Thrombocytopenia in Small-for-Gestational-Age Infants
Authors: Christensen Robert D. , Baer Vickie L. , Henry Erick , Snow Gregory L. , Butler Allison , Sola-Visner Martha C.
Published: July 2015

BACKGROUND:

Thrombocytopenia is common among small-for-gestational-age (SGA) neonates (birth weight <10th percentile reference range), but several aspects of this thrombocytopenia are unclear, including the incidence, typical nadir, duration, association with preeclampsia, mechanism, and risk of death.

METHODS:

Using 9 years of multihospital records, we studied SGA neonates with ≥2 platelet counts <150 000/μL in their first week.

RESULTS:

We found first-week thrombocytopenia in 31% (905 of 2891) of SGA neonates versus 10% of non-SGA matched controls (P < .0001). Of the 905, 102 had a recognized cause of thrombocytopenia (disseminated intravascular coagulation, early-onset sepsis, or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation). This group had a 65% mortality rate. The remaining 803 did not have an obvious cause for their thrombocytopenia, and we called this “thrombocytopenia of SGA.” They had a mortality rate of 2% (P < .0001) and a mean nadir count on day 4 of 93 000/μL (SD 51 580/μL, 10th percentile 50 000/μL, 90th percentile 175 000/μL). By day 14, platelet counts were ≥150 000/μL in more than half of the patients. Severely SGA neonates (<1st percentile) had lower counts and longer thrombocytopenia duration (P < .001). High nucleated red cell counts at birth correlated with low platelets (P < .0001). Platelet transfusions were given to 23%, and counts typically more than tripled. Thrombocytopenia was more associated with SGA status than with the diagnosis of maternal preeclampsia.

CONCLUSIONS:

SGA neonates with clearly recognized varieties of thrombocytopenia have a high mortality rate. In contrast, thrombocytopenia of SGA is a hyporegenerative condition of moderate severity and 2 weeks’ duration and is associated with evidence of intrauterine hypoxia and a low mortality rate.
CÁTALOGO DE EPÍFITAS VASCULARES DEL SECTOR EL SILENCIO (PARQUE NACIONAL NATURAL PARAMILLO) Y ZONA AMORTIGUADORA, CÓRDOBA, COLOMBIA
Authors: RUIZ VEGA Rosalba , ESQUIVEL BERRIO Cesar , SALGADO CRUZ Adolfo , SAAB RAMOS Heidy
Published: July 2015

Se presenta el catálogo de la vegetación epifita vascular de un sector del Parque Nacional Natural Paramillo (PNNP) y zona amortiguadora (Córdoba, Colombia). Se realizaron muestreos en un área de 0,1 hectárea, donde se colectaron todas las epífitas vasculares distribuidas en los forófitos que presentaron un DAP ≥2,5 cm en cuatro sectores, El Silencio (interior del PNNP), Tuis Tuis, Tuis Tuis Arriba y Alto de Chibogadó (zona amortiguadora), correspondientes al bosque húmedo tropical (Bh-T) en el municipio de Tierralta. Se encontraron 2504 individuos de epífitas vasculares. El catálogo contiene 73 especies distribuidas en 41 géneros y 18 familias. El sector Tuis Tuis presentó el mayor número de especies (33). Las familias mejor representadas corresponden a las Araceae, Bromeliaceae y Orchidaceae, destacándose por mayor número de especies y géneros la familia Orchidaceae (20/15). Los géneros más diversos fueron Anthurium con ocho especies, Guzmania seis, Tillandsia y Aechmea con cinco cada uno. Los helechos reúnen solo el 6 % de la flora epifita. Se reportan  nuevos registros de especies para el departamento de Córdoba (39), ampliando el rango de distribución de este grupo de plantas en el país.   

Catalogue of Vascular Epiphytic Sector Silencio (Natural National Park Paramillo) and Buffer Zone, Cordoba, Colombia

The catalogue of the vascular epiphyte vegetation of Silencio sector (Paramillo National Natural Park) and buffer zone (Córdoba) is showed. Sampling was conducted in an area of 0,1 ha, collecting all vascular epiphytes distributed in phorophytes with a DAP≥2,5 cm, in four sectors. Collections were performed in the Silencio sectors (PNNP), Tuis Tuis, Tuis Tuis Arriba and Alto Chibogadó (buffer zone) of the tropical rain forest (Bh -T) in Tierralta town. 2504 individuals were recorded as vascular epiphytes. The catalog includes 73 species in 41 genera and 18 families. The sector Tuis Tuis showed the greatest representation of species (33). The families with the highest representation corresponds to Araceae, Bromeliaceae and Orchidaceae families. The Orchidaceae family had the highest diversity with 20 species and 15 genera. The most diverse genera were Anthurium with eight species, Guzmania with six species and Aechmea and Tillandsia with five species each one. Ferns are presented only in 6 % of the epiphytic plants. 39 new species records for the department of Córdoba - Colombia are reported, extending the range of distribution of this group of plants in the country.
RABIA TRANSMITIDA POR MURCIÉLAGOS EN BRASIL
Authors: FAHL Willian Oliveira , GARCIA Andrea Isabel Estevez , ACHKAR Samira Maria , MORI Enio , ASANO Karen Miyuki , IAMAMOTO Keila , SCHEFFER Karin Correa
Published: July 2015

Frente al desafío que la rabia representa para la industria pecuaria y la salud pública en América Latina, el presente artículo tiene como objetivo hacer una revisión de literatura amplia y crítica sobre la epidemiología de la rabia transmitida por murciélagos en Brasil. El tema es abordado inicialmente desde una perspectiva histórica hasta la caracterización molecular de aislamientos del virus, para finalmente contrastar con la situación de otros países de las Américas. La información referente a Brasil es presentada de manera separada debido a la gran abundancia de especies de murciélagos de diversos hábitos alimenticios, implicadas en la transmisión del virus de la rabia y las complejas relaciones entre los ciclos epidemiológicos revelados por estudios de tipificación antigénica y análisis filogenético, lo  cual ha permitido reconocer con más nitidez, la importancia de los quirópteros como reservorios y transmisores de esta enfermedad.  Este nuevo escenario epidemiológico exige reexaminar las medidas de control aplicadas hasta el momento, desde un abordaje multidisciplinar, así como cooperación intersectorial y participación por parte de la comunidad. 

Rabies Transmitted by Bats in Brazil

Considering that rabies represents a challenge for the livestock industry and public health in Latin America, this article is intended to do a comprehensive and critical literature review on the epidemiology of rabies transmitted by bats in Brazil. The subject is addressed from a historical perspective to molecular characterization of rabies virus isolates and finally making a contrast with other countries of the Americas. Information concerning Brazil is presented separately because of the abundance of bats species with different feeding habits, involved in the transmission of rabies virus and the complex relationships between epidemiological cycles in this country, which have been disclosed by antigenic typing and phylogenetic analysis. This has allowed to recognize more clearly the importance of bats as reservoirs and transmitters of this disease. This new epidemiological scenario requires reappraising current control measures, using a multidisciplinary approach, intersectoral cooperation and community participation

 
DISTRIBUCIÓN ESPACIAL DEL BOSQUE SECO TROPICAL EN EL VALLE DEL CAUCA, COLOMBIA
Authors: ALVARADO-SOLANO Diana Patricia , OTERO OSPINA Joel Tupac
Published: July 2015

En el departamento del Valle del Cauca, la distribución de Bosque Seco Tropical (BsT) se ha asociado al valle geográfico del río Cauca ubicado en la zona plana. Actualmente en esta zona, su cobertura se ha reducido a pocos relictos que se encuentran bajo alguna figura de conservación y mantienen áreas representativas de las formaciones vegetales típicas de este bioma. Este trabajo se enfocó en el reconocimiento de la distribución espacial de formaciones vegetales de BsT en el departamento del Valle del Cauca. Se empleó información cartográfica secundaria para reconocer los biomas, ecosistemas y usos del suelo del área de estudio y en zonas adyacentes del piedemonte y montañas. Un modelo digital de elevaciones fue utilizado para realizar análisis altitudinales. En un sistema de información geográfico se aplicaron técnicas de geoprocesamiento y análisis geoespacial entre la información cartográfica y satelital. Los resultados evidencian que pese al avanzado deterioro de las coberturas de bosque seco en la zona plana, alrededor del 80 % se localiza en ecosistemas de montaña, específicamente en zonas de transición hacia bosques húmedos.  A futuro, el potencial de estas áreas deberá evaluarse en para ser incluidas estrategias de conservación y restauración del bosque seco así como en el diseño de procesos adaptativos frente al cambio climático.

Spatial Distribution of Tropical Dry Forest in Valle Del Cauca, Colombia

The distribution of tropical dry forest in the department of Valle del Cauca, has been associated with the geographic Cauca valley. Currently in this area, dry forest coverages has been reduced to a few relicts, which are found under some protection figure and also hold representative areas of the typical vegetation of this biome. This work is focused on the spatial distribution of BsT vegetation formations in the Department of Valle del Cauca. Secondary cartographic information was used to recognize biomes, ecosystems and land uses in the study area and over adjacent areas of the piedmont and mountains. A digital elevation model was used to perform altitudinal analysis. The results showed that despite the high human disturbance of dry forest in the flat area, about 80 % is located in montain ecosystems, specially on transition zones towards humid forests. In the future, the potential of these areas to be included in dry forest conservation and restoration strategies and also adaptive mechanisms in facing climate change should be evaluated.
Merleau-Ponty e a herança hegeliana da dialética
Authors: Silva Claudinei Aparecido de Freitas da
Published: July 2015

Sabe-se que, ao ganhar expressão na obra de Hegel, a dialética ainda terá uma repercussão decisiva no debate contemporâneo. Amostra disso é a sua recepção no seio da tradição fenomenológica inaugurada por Husserl, e que tem, nas figuras de Sartre e de Merleau- Ponty, duas referências emblemáticas. Meu objetivo, aqui, consiste em fazer um sumário balanço dessa herança conceitual nas mãos desse último autor. Quer dizer: partindo da própria matriz hegeliana, ao situar o seu alcance e os seus limites, trata-se de cortejar a inflexão operada pela noção merleau-pontyana de “hiperdialética”, ou seja, uma “dialética sem síntese”. O que Merleau-Ponty retrata é o reconhecimento, na dialética, de uma atitude “autocrítica” no sentido de que ela não pode ser nem o “ser para si” nem o “ser em si”. Sua dimensão “hiper” acentua, sobremaneira, um movimento de “ir além”, de “transcender” toda polaridade rígida, isto é, de desconstruir toda síntese final positiva indiferente ao sentido ambíguo da experiência e da história no coração da contingência.
Saber, abstração e poder na Dialética do esclarecimento: um comentário crítico
Authors: Freitas Verlaine
Published: July 2015

Este artigo aborda criticamente alguns conceitos referentes ao vínculo entre racionalidade, abstração e poder, tomados em contraste com a noção de mímesis, tal como Adorno e Horkheimer concebem na Dialética do esclarecimento. Partindo da diferenciação de quatro conceitos de esclarecimento, procuramos demonstrar o caráter inadequado da equalização entre esclarecimento e exercício violento e ideológico do poder, mostrando como o conceito de abstração, que nos parece servir de base para o primeiro capítulo daquela obra, permite delinear melhor a cisão entre as formas de conhecimento miméticas e as que lhe sucederam, tomando como ponto de partida a concepção mítica grega arcaica.
Utopia em Jonas e Levinas
Authors: Carrara Ozanan Vicente
Published: July 2015

Jonas e Levinas são dois nomes intimamente associados à ética contemporânea. Embora não sejam nomes ligados, de maneira inequívoca, ao pensamento utópico, contribuem, no entanto, de maneira decisiva, para repensar a utopia. Proponho-me buscar nos dois autores e em seus textos os elementos de sua leitura crítica que permitem analisar e repensar a questão da utopia tal como ela se encontra formulada pelos pensadores a ela mais diretamente associados como Bloch, Buber e Bacon.
Sobre a generosidade: uma abordagem contemporânea da ética cartesiana
Authors: Oliveira Érico Andrade M.
Published: July 2015

O objetivo do meu artigo consiste em apresentar o conceito de generosidade como principal vetor para compreensão da moral cartesiana. Meu ponto éque esse conceito consegue, por um lado, articular diferentes paixões como humildade, amizade e amor numa mesma rede conceitual com o foco num projeto moral comum e, por outro, ele permite mostrar como Descartes articula num mesmo patamar razão e paixão para determinar a melhor forma de conduta humana. Com essa caracterização da generosidade acredito que é possível associar a ética cartesiana às preocupações da ética do cuidado, pelo menos, no sentido que a generosidade pode ser compreendida como uma disposição afetiva para a solicitude, para o cuidado.
Uma exceção
Authors: Garcia Tristan
Published: July 2015

A filosofia francesa até Brunschvicg e Bergson está saturada de obras - do ensaio sobre a contingência de Boutroux até a questão das causas e da possibilidade de ação em Maurice Blondel - igualmente atormentadas pela questão da perfuração (trouée) da vontade livre no cerne dos sistemas científicos e filosóficos ingleses e alemães. A própria França surge como a esperança de encarnar algum nicho de exceção na universalidade anglo-saxónica e germânica, entre as novas ciências da Natureza ou da cultura, de qual ela não é mais o principal fornecedor. As obras espiritualistas francesas são frequentemente feitas de inversões de Kant ou Hegel, que encontram nas margens desses sistemas seu próprio centro. Portanto, eles se apegam à liberdade, à vontade da pessoa como a uma exceção de seus pensamentos, em torno do qual as filosofias francesas tentam reconstruir outra universalidade, nem a do conhecimento e da ciência, mas muitas vezes da ação.
O sistema, ontem e hoje
Authors: Nancy Jean-Luc
Published: July 2015

Será que a filosofia francesa possua um espírito de sistema?” Essa questão nos é colocada com uma habilidade que somos, por este fato mesmo, convidados a identificar, avaliar e contornar.
A Molecular Dynamics Simulation of High Strain-rate Deformation in Nanocrystalline Silicon Carbide
Authors: Mo Yifei , Szlufarska Izabela
Published: July 2015

Multi-million atom molecular dynamics simulations of tensile testing have been performed on nc-SiC. Reduction of grain size promotes simultaneous enhancement of ductility, toughness, and strength. Simulations show that the nc-SiC fails by intergranular fracture preceded by atomic level necking. Atomic diffusion can prevent premature cavitation and failure, and therefore it sets an upper limit on high strain-rate deformations of ceramics. We report a non-diffusional mechanism for suppressing premature cavitation, which is based on unconstrained plastic flow at grain boundaries. In addition, based on the composite's rule of mixture, we estimate Young's modulus of random high-angle grain boundaries in nc-SiC to be about 130 GPa. The effect of temperature and strain rate on mechanical properties is studied.
Contemporary Female Gurus, their Movements and Followers
Authors: Pandya Samta P
Published: July 2015

Based on a random sample of 543 followers of a new religious movement called Mata Amritanandamayi Mission in India, this paper argues that these followers derived their sense of well-being through the gift of embrace by its iconic teacher Mata Amritanandamayi or Amma also known worldwide as the ‘hugging saint’. Followers are recipients of her embrace which is looked at predominantly as a healing touch as well as an expression of maternal love and proximity to the divine. I have studied the ways followers get associated with the movement and the roles they play, the images they have of Amma and their experiences and perceived efficacy of her embrace. The Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-Being scale has been used to measure well-being. The efficacy of the embrace creates a habitus of Amma’s followers who have various positive experiences through the association. Simultaneously it also generates a collective memory and exclusive cultural identities for Amma followers.
Mediated Development
Authors: Poehner Matthew E. , Infante Paolo
Published: July 2015

L2 Vygotskian research has turned increasingly toward the design of educational practices to promote learner development. Two important strands of work that have emerged are Systemic Theoretical Instruction (STI), wherein L2 curricula are organized around linguistic concepts, and Dynamic Assessment, emphasizing mediators and learners engaged in what Vygotsky described as inter-psychological activity. This paper examines processes of mediator-learner interaction in the context of an STI program targeting learner understanding of the English tense-aspect system. Importantly, the focus of interaction was not to diagnose learner L2 abilities but to introduce specially designed pedagogical materials, or tools. The framework of Mediated Learning, developed by Reuven Feuerstein through his work with learners with special needs, guided the approach taken to joint mediator-learner functioning. Close analysis of transcribed mediator-learner interactions point to processes through which materials come to function as tools and the importance of the social relation created by mediators and learners.
Development of a software application for timber design
Authors: Patlakas Panagiotis
Published: July 2015

Timber is a material with significant potential which, however, is underutilised in professional practice. One reason for this is a relative lack of software that would help practitioners handle the complexity of new design codes such as Eurocode 5. This paper documents the development of a structural timber design software package that evolved from research software developed at the National Technical University of Athens. The jump from research to practice introduces significant challenges in both structural and software engineering. There is a requirement for a multidisciplinary approach throughout the project team as structural engineers need to be able to write code that is efficient and easy to maintain. Identifying the exact problem to solve is particularly important as a balance must be struck between optimisation, usability and programming complexity. Finally, the testing process, including the identification of appropriate source data, plays a key role. Despite the challenges, however, the development of specialised software for niche markets remains a viable option for the evolution of research projects as the infrastructure requirements are relatively low and the continuing integration of information and communication technology in civil and structural engineering will generate new opportunities for researchers.
Manufacturing cement-based materials and building products via extrusion: from laboratory to factory
Authors: Zhou Xiangming , Li Zongjin
Published: July 2015

Manufacturing is critical to the economies of the UK and many other countries in the rest of the world. However, manufacturing of cement-based materials and building products predominantly remains based on old batch-processing techniques such as casting and pressing, and this may limit the applications and performance of the materials and products formed. This paper reports on research into transforming the manufacturing of precast cement-based materials and building products from in batches to continuous processes by way of extrusion. Techniques used for producing plastic products are transferred into manufacturing cement-based building products, such as flat and corrugated sheet tiles, downpipes, door and window frames, door panels, solid wall and facade panels, and honeycomb wall and facade panels, both at laboratory and factory scales. In combination with sustainable cementitious materials with low carbon dioxide emissions and low energy consumption as the matrix, this enables sustainable building products to be manufactured by way of extrusion.
Эффективный контракт в образовании. По данным статистики и Мониторинга экономики образования
Authors: Schugal Nikolay , Ugolnova Liudmila
Published: July 2015

Материал подготовлен по данным Института институциональных исследований НИУ ВШЭ и Центра статистики и мониторинга образования Института статистических исследований и экономики знаний НИУ ВШЭУгольнова Людмила Евгеньевна — заместитель начальника отдела по работе с данными Института институциональных исследований НИУ ВШЭ. Эл. адрес: lugolnova@hse.ru Шугаль Николай Борисович — заместитель директора Центра статистики и мониторинга образования Института статистических исследований и экономики знаний НИУ ВШЭ. Эл. адрес: nschugal@hse.ru На основе статистических показателей и данных опросов педагогов и руководителей образовательных учреждений рассматривается эффективность существующего контракта в образовании. Представлена информация об уровне и динамике изменения зарплаты педагогического персонала в образовательных учреждениях разного уровня в сравнении со средней зарплатой по экономике.Исследуются трудовые стратегии и ожидания педагогов разных уровней образовательной системы. Выделены наиболее популярные у педагогов виды подработки, определен размер разрыва между реальным заработком и уровнем зарплаты, необходимым для сосредоточения на основной деятельности. Анализ оценки педагогами размера своего заработка по отношению к уровню зарплаты в аналогичных учреждениях показал, что переход в другое учебное заведение не увеличит их доход. Оценка педагогами уровня своей зарплаты в сравнении с уровнем в организациях других сфер экономики свидетельствует о том, что существующий контракт в образовании не обеспечивает конкурентоспособность положения педагога на рынке труда, при этом отмечается слабое желание педагогов сменить сферу деятельности.Представлены данные об оценке руководителями образовательных учреждений профессионального уровня преподавательского состава, выявлены критерии, на основании которых педагоги оцениваются при приеме на работу и распределении стимулирующих выплат. Определены размер стимулирующих выплат и наиболее распространенные виды доплаты.Установлено, что существующий размер заработка педагогов не соответствует в достаточной степени уровню, при котором руководитель образовательного учреждения может рассчитывать на полную отдачу педагога, а потребители образовательных услуг — на их высокое качество.
Когнитивные навыки и установочные/поведенческие характеристики в подростковом возрасте и уровень заработной платы (пер. с англ. Е. Шадриной)
Authors: Hall Matthew , Farkas George
Published: July 2015

Холл Мэтью (Matthew Hall) — Ph.D., адъюнкт-профессор Института управления и связей с общественностью Университета Иллинойса (Чикаго). Эл. адрес: mshall@uic.edu Адрес: Институт управления и связей с общественностью Университета Иллинойса — 601 S Morgan St, Chicago, IL 60607.Фаркас Джордж (George Farkas) — Ph.D., профессор педагогического факультета Калифорнийского университета (Ирвин). Эл. адрес: gfarkas@uci.edu Адрес: Калифорнийский университет — Irvine, CA 92697.На основании анализа панельных данных, полученных в ходе Национального лонгитюдного исследования молодежи, оценивается влияние когнитивных навыков и установочных/поведенческих характеристик на траектории роста заработной платы работников в США. Когнитивные навыки измерены с помощью Квалификационного теста вооруженных сил (Armed Forces Qualification Test) с поправкой на возраст. Установочные/поведенческие характеристики основаны на показателях уровня самоуважения, локуса контроля (уверенность в самостоятельном управлении жизнью либо убежденность в ее обусловленности внешними факторами) и образовательных притязаний и ожиданий, выявленных посредством анализа результатов самооценки респондентов. Исследование динамики заработной платы показало, что когнитивные и установочные/поведенческие характеристики влияют как на первоначальный уровень заработной платы, так и на ее дальнейший рост, а также на успешность в школьном обучении и оценки в аттестате о среднем образовании. Степень и характер их влияния различается у представителей разных расовых/этнических групп, а также у мужчин и женщин: уровень заработной платы мужчин — латиноамериканцев и чернокожих, а также чернокожих женщин растет на протяжении карьеры значительно меньше, чем уровень заработной платы белого населения (как мужчин, так и женщин).Использование техник декомпозиции данных позволило установить, что при сокращении разницы когнитивных и установочных/поведенческих показателей можно значительно сократить разрыв в уровнях заработной платы представителей разных расовых/этнических групп (особенно чернокожих женщин и латиноамериканок относительно белых женщин). В соответствии с этим даны практические рекомендации по снижению расовой дискриминации на рынке труда.
Причины и механизмы речевых сбоев на письме (на материале учебно-научных текстов носителей русского языка)
Authors: Akhapkina Yana
Published: July 2015

Ахапкина Яна Эмильевна — кандидат филологических наук, старший научный сотрудник Лингвистической лаборатории по корпусным технологиям НИУ ВШЭ.  Эл. адрес: yana.akhapkina@gmail.com Анализируются долгосрочные и ситуативные причины возникновения отклонений от речевого стандарта в письменной речи носителя языка, создающего учебно-научный текст.Доказывается, что трудности в написании научного текста связаны не только с изменением при переходе из средней школы в высшее учебное заведение предъявляемых к тексту требований, но и со степенью владения навыком осознанного чтения. Утверждается, что истоки незаинтересованного (имитационного) чтения и письма в студенчестве коренятся в школьном и дошкольном детстве. Выделяются стадии формирования языковой личности, рассматриваются факторы, влияющие на становление и развитие читательских компетенций на каждом из этапов, и основные причины, блокирующие интерес к чтению.Подчеркивается значение для формирования навыка осознанного чтения, в частности, сбалансированности художественной и научно-познавательной литературы, а также соразмерность продолжительности и частоты активного чтения и пассивного восприятия аудио- и видеотекстов. Обсуждается зависимость мотивации к осознанному чтению и уровня понимания прочитанного от выбора текста и его самостоятельности.Выделяются признаки учебного текста в представлении школьника и студента, основные из которых — соответствие методическому шаблону, терминологическая избыточность и нагромождение сложных синтаксических конструкций. Описываются основные тенденции, характерные для студенческого круга чтения, а также читательского опыта и опыта письма.Выявляются механизмы типичных аграмматизмов, предлагаются классификация частотных ошибок и некоторые приемы возможного расширения стимульного материала, предполагающие постепенную коррекцию навыков академического письма.