bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Parto vertical em hospital universitário: série histórica, 1996 a 2005
Authors: Brüggemann Odaléa Maria , Knobel Roxana , Siebert Eli Rodrigues Camargo , Boing Antônio Fernando , Andrezzo Halana Faria de Aguiar
Published: July 2009

OBJETIVOS: descrever a evolução do número de partos horizontais e verticais na maternidade do Hospital da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Brasil, e avaliar a associação dos mesmos com a taxa de cesárea, de internações dos recém-nascidos em unidade de tratamento intensivo e semi-intensivo e as transfusões sanguíneas maternas. MÉTODOS: estudo descritivo -série histórica. Foram incluídos todos os partos, as internações dos recémnascidos na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva e as transfusões sanguíneas maternas ocorridas de 1996 até 2005. Para testar as tendências, utilizou-se o método de Prais-Winsten para regressão linear generalizada. RESULTADOS: em 1996 a porcentagem de partos verticais era 5,4% e em 2005 foi 52,3%. A variação média anual dos partos verticais foi de +20,8% (p=0,007) e dos partos horizontais de -15,2% (p<0,001). Os partos cesáreos apresentaram tendência de estabilidade. Houve diminuição no número de recém-nascidos internados na unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal de 6,1% ao ano (p=0,001) e de transfusões sanguíneas ou hemoderivados (5,2% -p<0,01). CONCLUSÕES: o aumento de partos verticais em relação aos demais está em consonância com as evidências científicas e recomendações da Organização Mundial da Saúde. Essa prática foi incorporada gradativamente pelos profissionais da equipe de saúde.
Coping with a Cleft: Psychosocial Adjustment of Adolescents with a Cleft Lip and Palate and Their Parents
Authors: Berger Zoe E. , Dalton Louise J.
Published: July 2009

Objective:

To explore the nature of psychosocial adjustment in young people with a cleft as well as in their parents, within the framework of Lazarus and Folkman's (1984) transactional model of stress and coping.

Design, Participants, Setting:

A cross-sectional postal questionnaire design study was used, involving young people aged between 11 and 16 years and their parents. There were 145 families from two cleft services participating in the study.

Outcome Measures:

Participants completed measures of psychological adjustment, coping, social experiences, satisfaction with appearance, cleft-related factors, and demographic information.

Results:

Young people with a cleft and their mothers did not report psychosocial adjustment difficulties above that of the normal population. An insufficient number of fathers were recruited for substantive analysis to be conducted using their data.

Conclusions:

The findings show little evidence of significant psychosocial adjustment difficulties for adolescents with a cleft or for their mothers. The concepts of adjustment, coping, satisfaction with appearance, and maternal mental health in this population are discussed. The results highlight the importance of timely interventions and seeking multiple perspectives in clinical management of a cleft. Questions are raised about the completion of self-report measures for future research in this population.
Linkage Mapping of Resistance to Reniform Nematode in Cotton following Introgression from Gossypium longicalyx (Hutch. & Lee)
Authors: Dighe Nilesh D. , Robinson A. Forest , Bell Alois A. , Menz Monica A. , Cantrell Roy G. , Stelly David M.
Published: July 2009

Reniform nematodes (Rotylenchulus reniformis Linford & Oliveira) decrease U.S. production of Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L., 2n = 52, 2[AD]1) by more than US$100 million yr−1 We report here on the mapping of a gene for extreme resistance that was introgressed from the African species G. longicalyx (Hutch. & Lee, 2n = 2x = 26; 2F1). The responsible allele, designated Renlon, was localized to chromosome 11 by first screening A‐subgenome simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker loci for parental polymorphism and then for association with resistance. The three most strongly coupled SSRs and a G. longicalyx gene conferring green seed fuzz, designated Fzglon, were screened against 984 resistant and susceptible individuals of multiple backcross generations. We used marker data and pedigrees to identify nonrecombinant heterozygous parents and thereby avoid bias from repeated sampling of a recombination event. We constructed linkage maps after progeny testing a small population (147) and after implementing three alternative approaches better suited to larger populations—marker‐assisted genotyping analysis, applying a cut‐off value as population‐wide genotyping criterion, and genotype‐selective sampling. The maps concordantly indicated the order to be Fzglon–Renlon–BNL3279_114–BNL1066_156–BNL836_215, with most Ren‐proximal bilaterally flanking markers within 6 cM of each other. The results will clearly facilitate use of Renlon in breeding, additional mapping, genomics, and prospective cloning.
Mode of Reproduction of Colchicine‐Induced Paspalum plicatulum Tetraploids
Authors: Sartor María E. , Quarin Camilo L. , Espinoza Francisco
Published: July 2009

Paspalum plicatulum Michx. is a wild forage grass species. The common races are tetraploid and apomictic, while sexual diploid representatives have been reported sporadically. Objectives of this study were to induce sexual 4x individuals from sexual diploids, determine the capacity for hybridization with other apomictic 4x species closely related with P. plicatulum, and thus create a tetraploid sexual material cross compatible with apomictic 4x species of the Plicatula group of Paspalum. Two induced tetraploid plants were recovered from germinating 2x seeds treated for 24 h with colchicine. Bivalent and quadrivalent chromosomes were the most common association at meiosis in these autotetraploids. Embryological analysis and progeny tests using molecular markers revealed that both induced tetraploids reproduced sexually. Single‐seed screening by flow cytometry confirmed full sexual reproduction. These plants retained the high self‐incompatibility system of the diploids, but set seed after reciprocal crosses and when crossed with pollen of apomictic 4x P. guenoarum Arechav. of the Plicatula group. Both sexual 4x plants constitute the foundational material for plant improvement through gene exchange and selection in apomictic 4x P. plicatulum and possibly in several apomictic species of the Plicatula group.
Symbiotic and Growth Performance of Supernodulating Forage Pea Lines
Authors: Novák Karel , Biedermannová Eva , Vondrys Josef
Published: July 2009

The exploitation of nitrate‐tolerant symbiosis (nts) mutants of pulse legumes is limited by the accompanying supernodulation trait, which causes uncontrolled initiation of excessive symbiotic nodules on the root. The resulting disproportion between the photosynthetic capacity and the catabolic activity of nodules leads to growth deprivation, regardless of the desirable enhancement of symbiotic N fixation. Thanks to different priorities in the evaluation of forage crops like forage pea [Pisum sativum L. ssp. sativum var. arvense (L.) Poir.] in comparison with the pulse legumes, namely N accumulation and biomass production per crop area unit, the deleterious effect of supernodulation might be less perceived in the background of forage varieties. To test this assumption, the effect of the symbiotic mutation of line RisfixC was estimated after introgression into forage pea. Although growth deprivation persisted in a standard forage cultivar background, both the supernodulation and inferior growth were alleviated by as‐yet unidentified modifiers present in the Zhodino E900 pea line. The prepared supernodulating/nts forage pea derivatives provide guidance for the development of a one‐purpose legume variety with enhanced and stable symbiotic N accumulation.
Selective Advance for Accelerated Development of Recombinant Inbred QTL Mapping Populations
Authors: Boddhireddy Prashanth , Jannink Jean‐Luc , Nelson James C.
Published: July 2009

Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping resolution of recombinant inbred lines (RILs) is limited by the amount of recombination they experience during development. Intercrossing during line development can be used to counter this disadvantage but requires additional generations and is difficult in self‐pollinated species. It is desirable to improve mapping resolution for success of marker‐assisted selection and map‐based cloning. Here we propose a way of achieving this through recombination enrichment. This method is based on genotyping at each generation and advancing lines selected for high recombination and/or low heterozygosity. In simulations, the method yields lines that represent up to twice as many recombination events as RILs developed conventionally by selfing without selection, or the same amount but in three generations, without reduction in homozygosity. Compared to methods that require maintaining a large population for several generations and selecting lines only from the finished population, the method proposed here achieves up to 25% more recombination. The precision of QTL location is increased by up to 10% with negligible drop in QTL detection power at average marker intervals of 5 cM or less.
Water‐Use Efficiency Is Negatively Correlated with Leaf Epidermal Conductance in Cotton (Gossypium spp.)
Authors: Fish David A. , Earl Hugh J.
Published: July 2009

Water‐use efficiency (WUE) may be a useful trait for improving productivity of cotton (Gossypium spp.) under certain water‐limited conditions, but it is difficult to measure in the field or in large controlled‐environment screening studies. Recently, an easily measured trait, the epidermal conductance of dark‐adapted leaves (gdark), was shown to be predictive of whole‐plant WUE in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Here, a greenhouse experiment was conducted using 22 cotton race stocks, converted lines, and commercial varieties to determine if the relationship between WUE and gdark previously observed in soybean also exists in cotton. A secondary objective was to determine if genotypic differences in WUE and gdark in cotton were constitutive in nature, or if they differed between water replete and drought conditions. There was significant genotypic variation for both WUE and gdark, and in both cases the lack of a treatment × genotype interaction indicated that the trait was constitutive. The relationship between WUE and gdark (r = −0.75, P < 0.0001) was very similar to that reported previously for soybean. Understanding the mechanistic link between gdark and WUE may provide further insight into the physiological basis of genotypic differences in WUE.
Wheat–Thinopyrum Intermedium Recombinants Resistant to Wheat Streak Mosaic Virus and Triticum Mosaic Virus
Authors: Friebe B. , Qi L. L. , Wilson D. L. , Chang Z. J. , Seifers D. L. , Martin T. J. , Fritz A. K. , Gill B. S.
Published: July 2009

To date, only one gene conferring resistance to Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) designated as Wsm1 was transferred from Thinopyrum intermedium (Host) Barkworth and Dewey to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the form of a compensating Robertsonian translocation T4DL·4JsS. Wsm1 confers high levels of resistance to WSMV under field conditions; however, in certain genetic backgrounds and environments, the presence of the T4DL·4JsS translocation reduces agronomic performance. The objective of this study was to shorten the Th. intermedium segment in the T4DL·4JsS translocation. We recovered one proximal (rec36) and four distal (rec45, rec64, rec87, rec213) primary recombinants. Genomic in situ hybridization and molecular marker analyses determined the size of the Th. intermedium segments in the distal recombinants to be about 20% of the 4DS‐4JsS arm. All primary recombinant stocks, together with appropriate controls, were evaluated for their resistance to WSMV and Triticum mosaic virus (TriMV) in greenhouse tests. Whereas the distal recombinants rec45, rec64, rec87, and rec213 were resistant to both WSMV and TriMV at low temperatures of 18°C, the proximal recombinant rec36 reacted susceptible, which mapped the Wsm1 gene to the distal 20% of the 4DS‐4JsS arm. We successfully shortened the Th. intermedium segment while still retaining the Wsm1 gene. The T4DL·4DS‐4JsS recombinant chromosome of the rec213 stock was transferred to adapted Kansas hard red winter wheat cultivars.
Genotype × Environment Interaction and Stability for Isoflavone Content in Soybean
Authors: Murphy Sheila E. , Lee Elizabeth A. , Woodrow Lorna , Seguin Philippe , Kumar Jagdish , Rajcan Istvan , Ablett Gary R.
Published: July 2009

Isoflavones are naturally occurring compounds found in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Soybean isoflavone, as a quantitative trait, is subject to significant genotype × environment interaction, which makes breeding for this trait difficult. Thirty F4:7 soybean lines, derived from crosses of ‘RCAT Angora’ × CK‐01 and ‘Heinong 35’ × RCAT Angora were classified within each population as high, intermediate, or low isoflavone. The lines, parents, and two maturity checks were grown in four locations in 2005 and six locations in 2006 across Ontario and Quebec, Canada. Isoflavone content of the mature seed was determined by near‐infrared reflectance. The effects of genotype, environment, and the genotype × environment (G × E) interaction were significant. Consistently performing genotypes from the two populations were identified by several stability parameters. Genotype–genotype × environment (GGE) biplot demonstrated an ability to provide information on both the genotypes and the environments in which they were evaluated. The identification of genotypes with consistent placement in either the high‐ and low‐isoflavone classes suggested that breeding for relative isoflavone content in soybean is possible, although breeding for absolute stability remains a challenge, given the large environmental influence on soybean isoflavone levels.
Summer Dormancy and Drought Survival of Moroccan Ecotypes of Orchardgrass
Authors: Shaimi Naima , Kallida Rajae , Volaire Florence , Saidi Najia , Faiz Chaouki Al
Published: July 2009

Summer dormancy improves drought survival and autumn recovery of perennial forage species in Mediterranean areas. Morocco has served as a source of germplasm for orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) breeding, but little is known of the incidence and variability of the summer dormancy trait in Moroccan orchardgrass germplasm. This paper characterizes summer dormancy and summer drought survival in Moroccan ecotypes of orchardgrass. Ten Moroccan ecotypes and the cultivar Kasbah were studied in the field in Guich experimental INRA, Rabat, Morocco. Two trials were conducted in irrigated (to test summer dormancy) and in rainfed conditions (to test drought survival after summer). Under irrigation, Moroccan ecotypes of orchardgrass and Kasbah were summer dormant. According to a summer dormancy index and a combination of physiological responses, most ecotypes and Kasbah were found completely dormant. A single ecotype was considered incompletely dormant. After intense first year summer drought, plant survival was correlated (P < 0.001) with water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content and osmotic potential in immature leaf bases (r = 0.67 and 0.62, respectively). Two Moroccan ecotypes exhibited higher post‐drought survival after summer drought (98%) than Kasbah (90%) (P < 0.01). After a second year with severe drought, an ecotype outyielded Kasbah for autumn recovery (P < 0.001). Moroccan germplasm exhibited good levels of dormancy and agronomic performance that would be desirable in breeding programs.
Endophyte Survival during Seed Storage: Endophyte–Host Interactions and Heritability
Authors: Hill N.S. , Roach P.K.
Published: July 2009

Use of nontoxic endophytes in forage tall fescue [Schedonorus phoenix(Scop.) Holub.] is a preferred strategy to overcome fescue toxicosis. Endophytes are transmitted through the seed, but suffer mortality preferentially to the embryo during storage. Loss of viable endophyte reduces the value of the seed, so increasing storage life would be a benefit. The objectives of this study were to examine (i) viability of an endophyte AR542 in different tall fescue cultivars and endophytes AR542 and AR584 in a Jesup tall fescue seed when stored for extended periods of time, and (ii) heritability of endophyte persistence during seed storage. Seed from each population were stored at room temperatures for 18 mo. Jesup plants containing endophyte after 18 mo of seed storage were placed into polycross blocks. Seed from the selected and parent populations, Jesup with toxic endophyte, and Grasslands Flecha with AR542, were stored at 30°C for 22 mo and tested for endophyte monthly. Pairwisettests and regression analysis were performed to describe the population responses to storage conditions. Heritability of endophyte viability during storage was calculated. Endophyte AR542 viability during storage was greatest in Flecha followed by Jesup and least in Advance, a third tall fescue cultivar studied in addition to Jesup and Flecha. Endophyte AR584 had greater viability during storage than did AR542 when in Jesup. Selection for endophyte survival increased endophyte viability in stored seed and had heritabilities of 38 and 63% for AR542 and AR584, respectively.
Inheritance of Resistance to the Soybean Aphid in Soybean PI 200538
Authors: Hill Curtis B. , Kim Ki‐Seung , Crull Laura , Diers Brian W. , Hartman Glen L.
Published: July 2009

The soybean aphid (Aphis glycines Matsumura) is a major soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] insect pest. Soybean plant introduction (PI) 200538 has strong resistance to the aphid. The objectives of our research were to determine the inheritance of resistance and to map gene(s) controlling resistance in PI 200538. F2 populations developed from crosses between PI 200538 and three susceptible genotypes were tested for resistance and with DNA markers. F2 plants from the cross ‘Ina’ × PI 200538 segregated 114 resistant to 37 susceptible and F2 plants from the cross ‘Williams 82’ × PI 200538 segregated 203 resistant to 65 susceptible when tested for resistance to soybean aphid biotype 1. F2 plants from the cross LD02‐4485 × PI 200538 segregated 167 resistant to 62 susceptible when tested for resistance to biotype 2. These populations fit a 3:1 genetic ratio (P = 0.89, 0.78, and 0.52, respectively) with resistance dominant over susceptibility. Segregation among F2:3 families from the crosses supported the dominant resistance gene hypothesis. The gene mapped to soybean linkage group F, flanked by the simple sequence repeat marker loci Satt510, Soyhsp176, Satt114, and Sct_033, located in the same region as the aphid resistance gene Rag2 Since the resistance gene in PI 200538 also gave resistance to soybean aphid biotypes 1 and 2, it is possible that the gene is Rag2 and not a new aphid resistance gene. Therefore, PI 200538 may be an additional source of Rag2
Ridge Regression and Extensions for Genomewide Selection in Maize
Authors: Piepho H. P.
Published: July 2009

This paper reviews properties of ridge regression for genomewide (genomic) selection and establishes close relationships with other methods to model genetic correlation among relatives, including use of a kinship matrix and the simple matching coefficient as computed from marker data. A number of alternative models are then proposed exploiting ties between genetic correlation based on marker data and geostatistical concepts. A simple method for automatic marker selection is proposed. The methods are exemplified using a series of experiments with test‐cross hybrids of maize (Zea mays L.) conducted in five environments. Results underline the need to appropriately model genotype–environment interaction and to employ an independent estimate of error. It is also shown that accounting for genetic effects not captured by markers may be important.
Correlation between Temperature and Oleic Acid Seed Content in Three Segregating Soybean Populations
Authors: Bachlava Eleni , Cardinal Andrea J.
Published: July 2009

The development of high‐oleate soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] germplasm, currently in demand due to its nutritional value and oxidative stability, may be hampered by the instability of fatty acid composition across environments, which is largely attributed to temperature changes and its effects on fatty acid biosynthesis during the period of oil deposition. In the present study, we evaluated three soybean populations that segregated for oleate content and maturity at multiple environments in North Carolina. Oleate content was positively correlated with daily temperatures, averaged over the seed‐filling stage, for the experimental lines of the late‐maturing population but was negatively correlated for the lines of the early‐maturing populations. Oil content was positively correlated with the average daily temperature during seed filling in all three populations, regardless of their early‐ or late‐maturity profile. Negative correlations between oleate content and temperature during the period of oil deposition have not been previously reported. Moreover, in contrast to previous reports, maximum, minimum, and average daily temperatures were highly correlated during seed filling in all environments of this study. We conclude that cautious interpretation of these findings is necessary due to the correlation between temperature and photoperiod during the period of oil deposition.
Use of epidurally derived evoked potentials for quantification of caudal nociception in ponies
Authors: van Loon Johannes P. A. M. , Stienen Peter J. , Doornenbal Arie , Hellebrekers Ludo J.
Published: July 2009

Objective—To determine whether epidurally derived evoked potentials (EPs) can be used to reliably assess nociception and antinociception in ponies.

Animals—7 ponies.

Procedures—EPs and electromyograms (EMGs) from the quadriceps femoris muscles were recorded simultaneously, following electrical stimulation applied to the distal portion of the hind limb. The effect of increasing stimulus intensity, conduction velocities of the stimulated nerves, effect of epidurally applied methadone, and effect of systemically administered propofol were evaluated.

Results—In the EP and EMG waveforms, 2 distinct complexes, the EP N25 and P50 and the EMG P27 and N62, respectively, were identified. On the basis of their latency and calculated conduction velocities, the EP P50 and EMG N62 were considered to be related to nociception (AD-mediated). All complexes increased significantly in amplitude with increasing stimulus intensity and decreased significantly following epidural administration of methadone or systemic administration of propofol.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Although the experimental setup allowed successful discrimination between tactile- and nociceptive-associated responses, the identified EPs, considered to reflect activity in the spinal cord, could not be definitively differentiated from activity in the lumbosacral epaxial musculature. Further research is required to refine measurement techniques to allow for discrimination between these 2 signals. Similar to other species, neurophysiologic variables such as EPs could potentially become a useful additional tool in quantifying nociception in equidae.
Effects of meloxicam on plasma iohexol clearance as a marker of glomerular filtration rate in conscious healthy cats
Authors: Goodman Laura A. , Brown Scott A. , Torres Bryan T. , Reynolds Lisa R. , Budsberg Steven C.
Published: July 2009

Objective—To investigate the effect of therapeutic dosages of meloxicam on the plasma clearance of iohexol in healthy, euvolemic, conscious cats fed a sodium-replete diet.

Animals—6 healthy adult neutered male cats.

Procedures—For each treatment period in a masked, randomized, crossover study, cats were administered either no treatment or meloxicam. Iohexol clearance studies were performed before the treatment period began (baseline) and on the final day of the treatment period. Iohexol concentrations were determined by use of a high-performance liquid chromatography assay, and plasma iohexol clearance as a marker of glomerular filtration rate was calculated by use of a 1-compartment model.

Results—No significant treatment effect was detected. Mean ± SE iohexol clearance for cats administered meloxicam (3.31 ± 0.27 mL/min/kg) was not significantly different from mean baseline value for the meloxicam treatment period (3.07 ± 0.32 mL/min/kg).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In this study, short-term meloxicam administration did not measurably alter the glomerular filtration rate as assessed via plasma clearance of iohexol. This suggests that renal prostaglandins in cats did not have a measurable effect on glomerular filtration rates in healthy, euvolemic, conscious states as determined on the basis of methods used in this study.
Longitudinal study of the effects of chronic hypothyroidism on skeletal muscle in dogs
Authors: Rossmeisl John H. , Duncan Robert B. , Inzana Karen D. , Panciera David L. , Shelton G. Diane
Published: July 2009

Objective—To study the effects of experimentally induced hypothyroidism on skeletal muscle and characterize any observed myopathic abnormalities in dogs.

Animals—9 female, adult mixed-breed dogs; 6 with hypothyroidism induced with irradiation with 131 iodine and 3 untreated control dogs.

Procedures—Clinical examinations were performed monthly. Electromyographic examinations; measurement of plasma creatine kinase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate, and lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme activities; and skeletal muscle morphologic-morphometric examinations were performed prior to and every 6 months for 18 months after induction of hypothyroidism. Baseline, 6-month, and 18-month assessments of plasma, urine, and skeletal muscle carnitine concentrations were also performed.

Results—Hypothyroid dogs developed electromyographic and morphologic evidence of myopathy by 6 months after treatment, which persisted throughout the study, although these changes were subclinical at all times. Hypothyroid myopathy was associated with significant increases in plasma creatine kinase, aspartate aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase 5 isoenzyme activities and was characterized by nemaline rod inclusions, substantial and progressive predominance of type I myofibers, decrease in mean type II fiber area, subsarcolemmal accumulations of abnormal mitochondria, and myofiber degeneration. Chronic hypothyroidism was associated with substantial depletion in skeletal muscle free carnitine.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Chronic, experimentally induced hypothyroidism resulted in substantial but subclinical phenotypic myopathic changes indicative of altered muscle energy metabolism and depletion of skeletal muscle carnitine. These abnormalities may contribute to nonspecific clinical signs, such as lethargy and exercise intolerance, often reported in hypothyroid dogs.
Comparison of tepoxalin, carprofen, and meloxicam for reducing intraocular inflammation in dogs
Authors: Gilmour Margi A. , Lehenbauer Terry W.
Published: July 2009

Objective—To compare effects of orally administered tepoxalin, carprofen, and meloxicam for controlling aqueocentesis-induced anterior uveitis in dogs, as determined by measurement of aqueous prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) concentrations.

Animals—38 mixed-breed dogs.

Procedures—Dogs were allotted to a control group and 3 treatment groups. Dogs in the control group received no medication. Dogs in each of the treatment groups received an NSAID (tepoxalin, 10 mg/kg, PO, q 24 h; carprofen, 2.2 mg/kg, PO, q 12 h; or meloxicam, 0.2 mg/kg, PO, q 24 h) on days 0 and 1. On day 1, dogs were anesthetized and an initial aqueocentesis was performed on both eyes; 1 hour later, a second aqueocentesis was performed. Aqueous samples were frozen at −80°C until assayed for PGE2 concentrations via an enzyme immunoassay kit.

Results—Significant differences between aqueous PGE2 concentrations in the first and second samples from the control group indicated that aqueocentesis induced uveitis. Median change in PGE2 concentrations for the tepoxalin group (10 dogs [16 eyes]) was significantly lower than the median change for the control group (8 dogs [16 eyes]), carprofen group (9 dogs [16 eyes]), or meloxicam group (9 dogs [16 eyes]). Median changes in PGE2 concentrations for dogs treated with meloxicam or carprofen were lower but not significantly different from changes for control dogs.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Tepoxalin was more effective than carprofen or meloxicam for controlling the production of PGE2 in dogs with experimentally induced uveitis. Tepoxalin may be an appropriate choice when treating dogs with anterior uveitis.
Comparison of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid examination and other diagnostic techniques with the Baermann technique for detection of naturally occurring Aelurostrongylus abstrusus infection in cats
Authors: Lacorcia Lauren , Gasser Robin B. , Anderson Garry A. , Beveridge Ian
Published: July 2009

Objective—To evaluate the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid examination and other diagnostic techniques, compared with the use of the Baermann technique performed on fecal samples as the reference standard, for detection of naturally occurring Aelurostrongylus abstrusus infection in a population of cats.

Design—Cross-sectional study.

Sample Population—Cadavers of 80 semiferal domestic cats.

Procedures—BAL fluid collection and analysis, necropsy, examination of fecal samples and minced lung tissue via the Baermann technique, fecal sedimentation-flotation, and histologic examination of lung tissue were performed. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) for detection of A abstrusus infection were calculated.

Results—On the basis of fecal Baermann test results, prevalence of infection was 13.8%. Sensitivity (NPV) of tests was as follows: Baermann technique on minced lung tissue, 81.8% (97.2%); fecal flotation-sedimentation, 63.6% (94.5%); stereomicroscopic examination of BAL fluid combined with cytologic examination of BAL fluid, 54.5% (93.2%); stereomicroscopic examination of BAL fluid alone, 45.4% (92.0%); cytologic examination of BAL fluid alone, 36.4% (90.8%); histologic examination of lung tissue, 45.4% (91.8%); and gross lung appearance, 36.4% (90.8%). Specificity and PPV of all tests were 100%, with the exception of histologic examination of lung tissue (specificity, 97.1%; PPV, 71.4%), which identified infected cats that had negative fecal Baermann test results.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The Baermann technique was the most sensitive test for detection of A abstrusus infection. On the basis of the prevalence of 13.8% in this study, A abstrusus infection should be considered in pet cats.
Prognostic indicators for dogs and cats with cardiopulmonary arrest treated by cardiopulmonary cerebral resuscitation at a university teaching hospital
Authors: Hofmeister Erik H. , Brainard Benjamin M. , Egger Christine M. , Kang Sangwook
Published: July 2009

Objective—To determine the association among signalment, health status, other clinical variables, and treatments and events during cardiopulmonary cerebral resuscitation (CPCR) with the return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) for animals with cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA) in a veterinary teaching hospital.

Design—Cross-sectional study.

Animals—161 dogs and 43 cats with CPA.

Procedures—Data were gathered during a 60-month period on animals that had CPA and underwent CPCR. Logistic regression was used to evaluate effects of multiple predictors for ROSC.

Results—56 (35%) dogs and 19 (44%) cats had successful CPCR. Twelve (6%) animals (9 dogs and 3 cats) were discharged from the hospital. Successfully resuscitated dogs were significantly more likely to have been treated with mannitol, lidocaine, fluids, dopamine, corticosteroids, or vasopressin; had CPA while anesthetized; received chest compressions while positioned in lateral recumbency; and had a suspected cause of CPA other than hemorrhage or anemia, shock, hypoxemia, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, cerebral trauma, malignant arrhythmia, or an anaphylactoid reaction and were less likely to have been treated with multiple doses of epinephrine, had a longer duration of CPA, or had multiple disease conditions, compared with findings in dogs that were not successfully resuscitated. Successfully resuscitated cats were significantly more likely to have had more people participate in CPCR and less likely to have had shock as the suspected cause of CPA, compared with findings in cats that were not successfully resuscitated.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The prognosis was grave for animals with CPA, except for those that had CPA while anesthetized.
Encephalitis in a rabbit caused by human herpesvirus-1
Authors: Müller Kerstin , Fuchs Walter , Heblinski Nikola , Teifke Jens P. , Brunnberg Leo , Gruber Achim D. , Klopfleisch Robert
Published: July 2009

Case Description—An 8-month-old sexually intact male rabbit was examined because of a 2-day history of anorexia, epiphora of the left eye, bruxism, hypersalivation, and ataxia.

Clinical Findings—Physical examination of the rabbit revealed bilateral conjunctivitis, hypersalivation, and severe signs of CNS dysfunction such as incoordination, intermittent myoclonic seizures, and opisthotonus. Results of hematologic and serum biochemical analyses revealed only lymphopenia, a relative monocytosis, and an increase in serum activity of creatine phosphokinase and serum concentration of total protein. Serum antibodies against Encephalitozoon cuniculi and Toxoplasma gondii were not detected.

Treatment and Outcome—Despite IV administration of crystalloid fluids and treatment with antimicrobials, vitamin B complex, nutritional support, and prednisolone, the condition of the rabbit deteriorated; it was euthanized 7 days after admission. Histologic evaluation of brain tissue revealed lesions characteristic of severe, diffuse, nonsuppurative meningoencephalitis and a few large, eosinophilic, intranuclear inclusion bodies in neurons and glial cells. The DNA of human herpesvirus-1 was detected in the nuclei of glial cells, lymphocytes, and neurons by means of in situ hybridization. The rabbit's owner, who reported having had a severe labial and facial herpesvirus infection 5 days before the onset of clinical signs in the rabbit, was suspected to be the origin of infection for the rabbit.

Clinical Relevance—Human herpesvirus-1 may be transmissible from humans to rabbits, and infection with this virus should be considered as a differential diagnosis in rabbits with CNS signs of disease.
Comparison of ultrasonography versus radiography for the diagnosis of dorsal fragmentation of the metacarpophalangeal or metatarsophalangeal joint in horses
Authors: Vanderperren Katrien , Martens Ann M. , Declercq Jeroen , Duchateau Luc , Saunders Jimmy H.
Published: July 2009

Objective—To compare clinical usefulness of ultrasonography versus radiography for detection of fragmentation of the dorsal aspect of the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) and metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joints in horses.

Design—Cross-sectional study.

Animals—36 horses with fragmentation of the MCP (n = 19) and MTP (29) joints.

Procedures—In all joints, radiography (4 standard projections) and ultrasonography were performed prior to arthroscopic examination and fragment removal. Number and location of fragments identified radiographically and ultrasonographically were compared with arthroscopic findings.

Results—Radiographic and arthroscopic findings were in agreement with respect to both number and location of fragments in 21 of the 48 (44%) joints. Ultrasonographic and arthroscopic findings were in agreement with respect to number and location of fragments for 46 of the 48 (96%) joints. In the remaining 2 joints, arthroscopy revealed additional fragments that were not identified ultrasonographically. When ultrasonographic findings were compared with radiographic findings, more fragments were seen ultrasonographically in 3 joints and fewer fragments were seen ultrasonographically in 1 joint. Ultrasonographic findings also confirmed the absence (4 joints) or presence (3 joints) of fragmentation at the dorsoproximal aspect of the joint that had been suspected on the basis of radiographic findings. Ultrasonography was also able to determine the location of the fragments in the joints where this was not possible radiographically.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results of the present study suggested that ultrasonography was a useful method for determining the number and location of fragments in horses with dorsal fragmentation of the MCP or MTP joint.
Efficacy of furosemide for prevention of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in Thoroughbred racehorses
Authors: Hinchcliff Kenneth W. , Morley Paul S. , Guthrie Alan J.
Published: July 2009

Objective—To evaluate the efficacy of furosemide for prevention of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH) in Thoroughbred racehorses under typical racing conditions.

Design—Randomized, placebo-controlled, blinded, crossover field trial.

Animals—167 Thoroughbred racehorses.

Procedures—Horses were allocated to race fields of 9 to 16 horses each and raced twice, 1 week apart, with each of the 2 races consisting of the same race field and distance. Each horse received furosemide (500 mg, IV) before one race and a placebo (saline solution) before the other, with the order of treatments randomly determined. Severity of EIPH was scored on a scale from 0 to 4 after each race by means of tracheobronchoscopy. Data were analyzed by means of various methods of multivariable logistic regression.

Results—Horses were substantially more likely to develop EIPH (severity score ≥ 1; odds ratio, 3.3 to 4.4) or moderate to severe EIPH (severity score ≥ 2; odds ratio, 6.9 to 11.0) following administration of saline solution than following administration of furosemide. In addition, 81 of the 120 (67.5%) horses that had EIPH after administration of saline solution had a reduction in EIPH severity score of at least 1 when treated with furosemide.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated that prerace administration of furosemide decreased the incidence and severity of EIPH in Thoroughbreds racing under typical conditions in South Africa.
Euthanasia-related strain and coping strategies in animal shelter employees
Authors: Baran Benjamin E. , Allen Joseph A. , Rogelberg Steven G. , Spitzmüller Christiane , DiGiacomo Natalie A. , Webb Jennifer B. , Carter Nathan T. , Clark Olga L. , Teeter Lisa A. , Walker Alan G.
Published: July 2009

Objective—To identify and evaluate coping strategies advocated by experienced animal shelter workers who directly engaged in euthanizing animals.

Design—Cross-sectional study.

Sample Population—Animal shelters across the United States in which euthanasia was conducted (5 to 100 employees/shelter).

Procedures—With the assistance of experts associated with the Humane Society of the United States, the authors identified 88 animal shelters throughout the United States in which animal euthanasia was actively conducted and for which contact information regarding the shelter director was available. Staff at 62 animal shelters agreed to participate in the survey. Survey packets were mailed to the 62 shelter directors, who then distributed them to employees. The survey included questions regarding respondent age, level of education, and role and asked those directly involved in the euthanasia of animals to provide advice on strategies for new euthanasia technicians to deal with the related stress. Employees completed the survey and returned it by mail. Content analysis techniques were used to summarize survey responses.

Results—Coping strategies suggested by 242 euthanasia technicians were summarized into 26 distinct coping recommendations in 8 categories: competence or skills strategies, euthanasia behavioral strategies, cognitive or self-talk strategies, emotional regulation strategies, separation strategies, get-help strategies, seek long-term solution strategies, and withdrawal strategies.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Euthanizing animals is a major stressor for many animal shelter workers. Information regarding the coping strategies identified in this study may be useful for training new euthanasia technicians.
In Search of Competition between Lexical and Grammatical Growth
Authors: Boelens Harrie , Mollers Jeroen
Published: July 2009

Relations between lexical and grammatical growth were examined in a Dutch boy from age 1:0 to 2:6. The overall shape of lexical growth was a pronounced increase in rate until age 2:2 approximately and a slight decrease in rate thereafter. Two measures of early grammatical growth (the percentage of obligatory plural contexts in which plurals were used and mean length of utterances) reached high levels well before the age of 2:2. Further, there was no evidence for a relation between the change from one week to the next in the number of new words and the change from one week to the next on the two grammatical measures. Thus, no evidence for competition between lexical and grammatical growth was found on both a larger and a smaller time scale. Patterns of lexical and grammatical growth suggestive of competition may be especially likely when the productive lexicon grows very fast initially.
Quality of Life Benefits in Cancer Survivorship with Supervised Exercise
Authors: Wiggins Matthew S. , Simonavice Emily M.
Published: July 2009

To assess whether a supervised exercise program would benefit cancer survivors' perceived psychological well-being over the course of a 6-mo. program, 8 female and 2 male cancer survivors, ages 45 to 69 ( M = 56.2, SD = 8.1) were recruited into the program from a presentation given to a breast-cancer support group and by word of mouth. Activity sessions were two times per week and typically involved treadmill and bicycle ergometer time, plus eight to ten weight-training stations. A quality of life measure was taken at baseline, 3, and 6 mo. Analyses showed a significant increase in quality of life from baseline to 3 mo. and from baseline to 6 mo. Being physically active in a supervised exercise program provided increased perceived benefits in quality of life for these cancer survivors over 6 mo.
Perceived Efficiency and Use of Strategies for Emotion Regulation
Authors: Vikan Arne , Dias Maria , Nordvik Hilmar
Published: July 2009

A total of 819 students, 208 women and 210 men from Norway and 201 women and 200 men from Brazil, of whom 76.9% were in the 20- to 29-yr. age range, rated the use and efficiency of 14 strategies in regulation of emotion aimed at stopping anger, anxiety, and sadness. The same strategies were rated as most frequently used in both cultures for all three negative emotions. The most used strategies were “talking to somebody” and “saying something to oneself.” Used strategies were rated as more efficient than nonused strategies; cultural variation in use of strategy was consistent with the distinction between individualism and collectivism and women's ratings supported prior research on confidence in emotions by showing use of more strategies for anxiety and sadness than men's. Ratings from an outpatient sample of 80 women ( M age = 25.5 yr., SD = 4.4) and 80 men ( M age = 25.4 yr., SD = 4.1) supported expectations that there would be differences between nonpatients and patients based on diagnostic characteristics of depression and anxiety.
A Descriptive Study of Empowerment and Sexual Decision Making in HIV-Positive African-American Women
Authors: Long Carrie A. , Vance David E. , Antia Lauren A.
Published: July 2009

Empowerment, defined as economic opportunity that lessens dependence, is a unique concept that may affect a woman's sexual decision making. In this analysis taken from a larger statewide study, 91 HIV-positive African-American women were administered a survey to assess factors of empowerment in association with sexual choices. Age, incarceration history, and alcohol use were associated with bartering with sex. Incarceration history and alcohol use were associated with having unprotected sex with someone of unknown serostatus.
Factors that Dissuade Young Drivers from Committing Traffic Violations
Authors: Félonneau Marie-Line , Aigrot Florence , Causse Elsa
Published: July 2009

During a period of overinvolvement of young drivers in road accidents and an increasing number of police checks, this study was done to identify factors dissuading individuals from committing traffic violations in this segment of the population. The model used examines the perceptions of accident risk and risk of getting a ticket. A special questionnaire was designed to investigate the following subscales: Driving Offences Declared, Perceived Danger, Perceived Police Check, and Perceived Impunity. The sample tested included 514 young adults (324 men, 187 women). Analysis showed committing traffic violations was inhibited mainly by fear of danger. Sex and mileage covered influenced violations: women had a lower Driving Offences Declared score than men, and high-mileage drivers declared committing more violations than low-mileage drivers. Further, those who had ever been ticketed and who had been involved in an accident had higher scores for Driving Offences Declared.
Sociotropy, Autonomy, and Masculinity/Femininity: Implications for Vulnerability to Depression
Authors: Newman Jody L. , Fuqua Dale R. , Gray Elizabeth A. , Choi Namok
Published: July 2009

To explore the magnitude of overlap between sociotropy and autonomy with sex-role orientation, relations of Beck's Sociotropy–Autonomy Scale with 6 measures of sex-role orientation were examined using a convenience sample of 153 undergraduate students. The sample included 95 women and 58 men whose mean age was 20.4 yr. A principal axis factor analysis yielded two clear factors, one masculine and one feminine. Sociotropy related strongly to the feminine factor, and Autonomy related strongly to the masculine factor. The mean score for women was significantly higher than that for men on Sociotropy, but the mean difference on Autonomy was not statistically significant. These findings suggest there may be some definitional overlap between vulnerability to depression and sex-role orientation.
Anger and Hopelessness in Suicide Notes: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Hokans Kathleen D. , Lester David
Published: July 2009

Notes from 20 attempted suicides and 20 completed suicides did not differ significantly in hopelessness or mention of social problems. Age was associated with cognitive hopelessness and somatic complaints.
Association of General Population Suicide Rates with Urbanisation
Authors: Shah Ajit
Published: July 2009

There is mixed evidence of a relation for suicide rates in the general population with urbanisation. A cross-national study of 76 countries was undertaken examining the a priori hypothesis that the relation of the general population suicide rates with urbanisation, using data from the World Health Organization and United Nations, would be curvilinear and follow an inverted U-shaped curve, with a quadratic pattern. The predicted curvilinear relation was not found. This may have been due to major methodological limitations in cross-national studies, so this hypothesised curvilinear relationship may be better examined in longitudinal studies over time in individual countries undergoing urbanisation.
Academic Delay of Gratification, Self-Efficacy, and Time Management among Academically Unprepared College Students
Authors: Bembenutty Héfer
Published: July 2009

This study examined the associations between academic delay of gratification, self-efficacy beliefs, and time management among academically unprepared college students participating in a summer-immersion program. This study also examined whether the relation of self-efficacy with time management is mediated by academic delay of gratification. Analysis indicated that self-efficacy was directly associated with time management, as delay of gratification served to mediate this effect partially. Self-efficacy emerged as the strongest positive predictor of academic achievement.