bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dehn fillings and elementary splittings
Authors: Groves Daniel , Manning Jason
Published: July 2016

We consider conditions on relatively hyperbolic groups about the nonexistence of certain kinds of splittings and show these properties persist in long Dehn fillings. We deduce that certain connectivity properties of the Bowditch boundary persist under long fillings.
Variants of the yeast MAPK Mpk1 are fully functional independently of activation loop phosphorylation
Authors: Goshen-Lago Tal , Goldberg-Carp Anat , Melamed Dganit , Darlyuk-Saadon Ilona , Bai Chen , Ahn Natalie G. , Admon Arie , Engelberg David
Published: July 2016

MAP kinases of the ERK family are conserved from yeast to humans. Their catalytic activity is dependent on dual phosphorylation of their activation loop’s TEY motif, catalyzed by MAPK kinases (MEKs). Here we studied variants of Mpk1, a yeast orthologue of Erk, which is essential for cell wall integrity. Cells lacking MPK1, or the genes encoding the relevant MEKs, MKK1 and MKK2, do not proliferate under cell wall stress, imposed, for example, by caffeine. Mutants of Mpk1, Mpk1(Y268C) and Mpk1(Y268A), function independently of Mkk1 and Mkk2. We show that these variants are phosphorylated at their activation loop in mkk1∆mkk2∆ and mkk1∆mkk2∆pbs2∆ste7∆ cells, suggesting that they autophosphorylate. However, strikingly, when Y268C/A mutations were combined with the kinase-dead mutation, K54R, or mutations at the TEY motif, T190A+Y192F, the resulting proteins still allowed mkk1∆mkk2∆ cells to proliferate under caffeine stress. Mutating the equivalent residue, Tyr-280/Tyr-261, in Erk1/Erk2 significantly impaired Erk1/2’s catalytic activity. This study describes the first case in which a MAPK, Erk/Mpk1, imposes a phenotype via a mechanism that is independent of TEY phosphorylation and an unusual case in which an equivalent mutation in a highly conserved domain of yeast and mammalian Erks causes an opposite effect.
The 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
Authors: Churchill Robin
Published: July 2016

The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC) is the most important source of the international law of the sea. This chapter discusses the history and legal characteristics of the LOSC. It explains how the LOSC came into being; gives a brief overview of its provisions and considers their varying legal nature; explains which entities may and have become parties to the LOSC and considers the extent to which they are permitted to make reservations and declarations; outlines the relationship of the LOSC to other treaties and customary international law; explores the mechanisms for seeking to ensure compliance with the LOSC by its States parties; and finally discusses how the LOSC is kept under review and developed.
Baselines
Authors: Lathrop Coalter
Published: July 2016

This chapter sets out the international law of baselines and identifies past, present, and possible future problems in this area of the law of the sea. It begins by considering the so-called ‘normal baseline’, consisting of the low-water line along the coast, and asks whether this baseline is fixed or ambulatory. It examines specific categories of coastal features that make up the normal baseline, including human-made coastal defences, harbour works, low tide elevations, and reefs. It then turns to the various baselines formed by straight line segments, including lines closing mouths of rivers, bay closing lines, port closing lines, straight baselines (stricto sensu), and archipelagic baselines.
International Straits
Authors: Rothwell Donald
Published: July 2016

This chapter begins by discussing the historical development of the regime of straits and considering some of the critical issues associated with Part III of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC). It then turns to a range of operational issues that exist for some straits, followed by a review of future issues facing the legal regime.
The High Seas
Authors: Guilfoyle Douglas
Published: July 2016

This chapter discusses the legal regime of the high seas. It first considers the law governing the high seas as a used space: its geographic extent and the core ‘freedoms’ all States enjoy there. It then considers the legal structures underpinning or qualifying those considerations of space and usage: how the law of the sea allocates regulatory authority over high seas activities, the meaning of the high seas being reserved for ‘peaceful purposes’, and the interaction of the high seas with other maritime zones. Next, it looks at the law of the high seas as regards shipping, including the duties of flag States, the law applicable to stateless vessels, and the vexed question of jurisdiction regarding collisions. The chapter concludes by examining questions of the ‘policing’ of the high seas (including the contemporary problems posed by maritime piracy, irregular migration, and weapons smuggling) and the current major challenges for the relevant legal regime.
The Law of the Sea Convention Institutions
Authors: Harrison James
Published: July 2016

This chapter examines the institutional framework in place to oversee the implementation and development of the law of the sea regime. In particular, it focuses on the institutions established by the Convention, including the meeting of the States Parties, the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf, and the International Seabed Authority. It firsts considers the drafting history of the institutional framework established by the Convention. It then explores some of the ambiguities surrounding the mandates of these institutions and how the subsequent practice of States has approached these issues. The institutional framework for overseeing the development of the Convention includes not only these institutions, but also a range of other autonomous institutions with a mandate related to maritime affairs. The chapter explores the interrelationship between the Convention institutions and other international bodies, asking whether there is a coherent institutional framework in this field of law.
Integrated Oceans Management
Authors: Scott Karen
Published: July 2016

Integrated oceans management (IOM) is an attempt to respond to the deficiencies of a zonal/sectoral, fragmented approach to oceans governance and has been widely endorsed at national, regional, and global levels. This chapter explores IOM as a concept and assesses the extent to which it has been implemented at all levels of oceans governance. It identifies the key components of IOM, their relationship to one-another, and their role in supporting an integrated approach to oceans management. It assesses the applicability of IOM — both actual and potential — to areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ). The chapter concludes with observations regarding the future development of IOM and its role in driving forward a new frontier in marine environmental protection and oceans governance more generally.
Marine Living Resources
Authors: Matz-Lück Nele , Fuchs Johannes
Published: July 2016

This chapter discusses the international legal framework of contemporary management and conservation of marine living resources (MLR), its shortcomings, challenges, and possible future progress. It defines the concept of MLR, explains its relevance, and then discusses the applicable general principles to their management. It analyzes the legal frameworks of the 1982 UN Convention on the Law on the Sea (LOSC) and the 1995 Fish Stocks Agreement (FSA). It then considers specific challenges such as the regulation of fishing methods, compliance and enforcement of legal rules, and the management of marine mammals. It discusses two emerging approaches to MLR conservation and concludes with remarks on potential development for sustainably managing MLR.
Navigational Rights and Freedoms
Authors: Tanaka Yoshifumi
Published: July 2016

This chapter discusses navigational rights and freedom of navigation under the 1982 UN Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC). These include the right of innocent passage through; navigational rights through international straits; navigational rights in the archipelagic waters; navigational rights in the exclusive economic zone; and navigational rights on the high seas.
Maritime Security
Authors: Klein Natalie
Published: July 2016

This chapter assesses maritime security under the 1982 UN Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC). It discusses critical issues in contemporary maritime security, highlighting ongoing boundary disputes, transnational crime, and intelligence gathering. It considers the question of what the future may hold for maritime security. It suggests that maritime security will likely remain of fundamental concern and continue to influence legal developments, but perhaps only to the extent that national interests can be asserted and accepted as shared interests.
Conserving Marine Biodiversity in Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction
Authors: Warner Robin
Published: July 2016

This chapter explores key normative features of the legal and institutional framework for areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ) and their applicability to the conservation of marine biodiversity. It considers gaps and disconnects in that framework and global and regional initiatives to develop the legal and institutional framework for conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity in ABNJ. It suggests that the biodiversity conservation elements of any multilateral agreement adopted under the umbrella of the UN Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC) should be designed to implement the spirit and intent of Part XII provisions of the LOSC, rather than radically changing the basic principles and inherent balance of the law of the sea.
Threatened Species and Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems
Authors: Goodwin Edward
Published: July 2016

This chapter examines ‘threatened species’ and ‘vulnerable marine ecosystems’ (VME) in the law of the sea. It teases out the broad-spectrum responses of international law that tackle principal anthropogenic threats, including the want of jurisdiction over marine resources, unsustainable fisheries, pollution, and habitat conservation. It then extracts rules from within environmental treaties designed to catch emergency cases, where individual species are close to extinction or sites are being degraded and disturbed.
Too Much History
Authors: Lesaffer Randall
Published: July 2016

This chapter examines the evolution of the jus ad bellum from the use of war as a sanction to the sanctioning of war. It provides an overview of the doctrine of just war in the Middle Ages before turning to the concepts of just and legal war in the early modern period. It considers how, during that period and the 19th century, the argument of self-defence came to play a prominent role in the justification of war, leading to a contamination of the concepts of just and legal war. It explains why the concept of legal war was abolished by the international community of states and looks at major treaties and state practice relating to war and self-defence of the interwar years leading to the formation of an international customary rule against aggression. It analyses the transfer of the natural right of self-defence to the domain of positive international law.
Law of Nations or Perpetual Peace? Two Early International Theories on the Use of Force
Authors: Archibugi Daniele , Croce Mariano , Salvatore Andrea
Published: July 2016

This chapter considers the law of nations (LN) and the perpetual peace projects (PPP), two intellectual traditions giving rise to an international theory aimed at regulating or abolishing the use of armed force. It examines the role of the LN and the PPP in the emergence of modern international law and of international organizations and peace movements, and how they influenced and were influenced by the rise of the modern European states. It charts the history of both traditions and the emergence of the state as the main player in internal and international politics before concluding with a discussion on the use of armed force concerning four main cases which were the subjects of considerable debate within both the LN and the PPP: war among states, the right to resist or to fight a revolution against an oppressive regime, humanitarian intervention, and the use of force against stateless indigenous populations.
The Collective Security System and the Enforcement of International Law
Authors: d'Aspremont Jean
Published: July 2016

This chapter examines the extent to which the collective security system contributes to the enforcement of international law. The discussion begins by revisiting the theoretical debates about the role of enforcement in the current understanding of international law, with particular reference to John Austin’s imperatival handicap of international law. The chapter then considers how the move towards a centralized collective security system dismantled the position of self-help as a primary tool for the enforcement of international law. It also analyses the varying enforcement functions that have been conferred by international lawyers on the enforcement of international law, United Nations law, and peace, or the enforcement of the vague concept of justice conveyed by the UN Charter. Finally, it offers some epistemological observations on the place of enforcement in the ethos of the epistemic community of international law.
Self-Defence, Protection of Humanitarian Values, and the Doctrine of Impartiality and Neutrality in Enforcement Mandates
Authors: Tsagourias Nicholas
Published: July 2016

This chapter begins by examining the scope of the principles of consent, neutrality/impartiality, and minimum use of force as they apply to modern United Nations peacekeeping operations. It then asks how the use of force can be used to protect humanitarian values assigned to peacekeeping operations, and how such use of force interacts with the principles of neutrality and of impartiality. The chapter also discusses the implications of ‘the responsibility to protect’ and the ‘protection of civilians’ for the competence to use force. The chapter concludes by identifying a number of difficulties encounted by peacekeeping missions in attaining humanitarian values.
The Crime of Aggression at the International Criminal Court
Authors: Murphy Sean D.
Published: July 2016

This chapter focuses on the International Criminal Court’s jurisdiction over the crime of aggression. The discussion provides background to the crime of aggression and the resulting criminal accountability of the guilty party, paying particular attention to UN General Assembly’s adoption in 1974 of a resolution addressing aggression by states rather than the crimes of individuals and is designed as guidance for the Security Council when considering whether an act is one of ‘aggression’. The chapter examines the amendments to the ICC Rome Statute defining ‘act of aggression’ and ‘crime of aggression’ adopted at the ICC Review Conference in Kampala, Uganda, in 2010. It also discusses the uncertainties and ambiguities in the process for activating ICC jurisdiction over the crime of aggression. It considers the possible institutional effects of such jurisdiction on the UN Security Council and the ICC itself, as well as its long-term consequences for the jus ad bellum.
Self-Defence and Collective Security
Authors: Wood Sir Michael
Published: July 2016

This chapter examines the distinction between self-defence and collective security, the two principal exceptions to the prohibition of the use of force in international law. The exercise of the right of self-defence, which includes collective self-defence, is recognized by Article 51 of the UN Charter, while collective security measures are authorized by the UN Security Council under Chapter VII of the Charter. Drawing on an article by Derek Bowett published in 1994, the chapter considers the academic debate and confusion in 1990–1 concerning the distinction between self-defence and collective security. In particular, it looks at the controversy regarding the legal basis of the use of force over Korea in 1950. It also outlines six differences identified by Bowett with regard to collective self-defence and collective measures under Chapter VII.
Pro-Democratic Intervention
Authors: Wippman David
Published: July 2016

This chapter examines the debates concerning pro-democratic intervention and its implications for the use of force in international relations. It begins by looking at the disagreement over the nature of governmental legitimacy before turning to the legal bases of pro-democratic intervention such as UN Security Council-authorized interventions and interventions by contemporaneous invitation of sitting or recently ousted officials. Interventions by regional organizations and interventions combining two or more of these forms are also discussed. In addition, the chapter considers consent, either by an ousted government or through the use of treaties by regional and sub-regional organizations to authorize military intervention in advance under specified circumstances. Finally, it analyses post-Charter treaties of guarantee and pro-democratic intervention pacts in Africa.
The Use of Force Against Pirates
Authors: Guilfoyle Douglas
Published: July 2016

This chapter examines the use of force against piracy in the context of international law, with particular reference to the pirates off Somalia. It discusses the counter-piracy activities by multinational military forces under the applicable public international law of the sea and as law enforcement operations. It also considers the issues raised by the use of force by private merchant vessels in self-defence, including the use of privately contracted armed security personnel. The chapter reviews the relevant UN Security Council resolutions and the legal regime applicable at sea and ashore within Somalia itself. It also analyses the Council’s authorization of states to use ‘all necessary means to repress acts of piracy and armed robbery’ within Somalia’s territorial sea.
The Changing Environment and Emerging Resource Conflicts
Authors: Pertile Marco
Published: July 2016

This chapter examines the role of natural resources such as water, hydrocarbons, and diamonds in international armed conflicts within the framework of international law, as well as the legal regulation of the jus ad bellum aspects of the issue. After outlining some of the international rules relevant to the relationship between natural resources and conflicts, the chapter considers the rules pertaining to the jus ad bellum and assesses the interstate aspects of resource conflicts, paying particular attention to the legal framework for the use of force in international relations. It then looks at the role of sovereignty in the allocation of natural resources among states, the interaction between jus ad bellum and jus in bello with respect to the exploitation of natural resources in occupied territories, , and the effect on transactions in natural resources of the duty of non-recognition of unlawful territorial situations. Finally, it describes the initiatives of the United Nations in addressing the issue of natural resources and their relation to interstate conflicts.
Remotely Piloted Warfare as a Challenge to the Jus Ad Bellum
Authors: Paust Jordan
Published: July 2016

This chapter examines the use of remotely piloted and other robotics during war and outside the context of war during permissible measures of self-defence and their implications for the jus ad bellum, interpretation of Articles 2(4) and 51 of the UN Charter, and applications of underlying general principles. It discusses the phenomenon of ‘remotely piloted warfare’ as it applies to the use of force by state and non-state actors with respect to self-defence, collective self-defence, self-determination assistance, regional action, and enforcement action authorized by the Security Council. It then considers the use of remotely piloted attacks, self-defence, and warfare in relation to compliance with the principles of reasonable necessity, distinction in targeting, and proportionality. In particular, the chapter looks at the use of weaponized drones and the possible challenges they present to compliance with basic legal principles that limit violence, and some current applications and issues regarding compliance.
Jus Cogens and the Use of Armed Force
Authors: de Hoogh Andre
Published: July 2016

This chapter examines the concept of jus cogens in relation to the use of armed force. It first considers whether the prohibition of the use of armed force possesses the status of a peremptory norm before looking into the jus cogens restrictions associated with the peremptory prohibition of the use of armed force or aggression, together with its relationship to accepted or claimed exceptions. The chapter then focuses on the circumstances precluding wrongfulness countermeasures, consent and necessity, as they relate to the peremptory prohibition. Finally, it discusses jus cogens demands for forcible action arising from peremptory norms, such as armed intervention to stop genocide.
Consequences for Third States as a Result of an Unlawful Use of Force
Authors: Palchetti Paolo
Published: July 2016

This chapter explores some of the problems concerning the role of third states in situations of unlawful use of force by a state against another state. It first draws a distinction between states directly involved in conflict either as the instigator or as the victim of an unlawful armed intervention, and ‘third states’. It then considers the rules that define the legal position of third states in situations arising from an unlawful use of force, as well as the responses that such states are entitled or obliged to take when dealing with such situations. In particular, the chapter examines the rules on state responsibility and their impact on and interaction with the other rules dealing with the position of third states. It also describes the scope of applicability of the law of neutrality, collective self-defence, enforcement of erga omnes obligations, and centralized versus decentralized responses by third states.
A large difference in the progenitor masses of active and passive galaxies in the EAGLE simulation
Authors: Clauwens Bart , Franx Marijn , Schaye Joop
Published: July 2016

Cumulative number density matching of galaxies is a method to observationally connect descendent galaxies to their typical main progenitors at higher redshifts and thereby to assess the evolution of galaxy properties. The accuracy of this method is limited due to galaxy merging and scatter in the stellar mass growth history of individual galaxies. Behroozi et al. have introduced a refinement of the method, based on abundance matching of observed galaxies to the Bolshoi dark matter-only simulation. The EAGLE cosmological hydrosimulation is well suited to test this method, because it reproduces the observed evolution of the galaxy stellar mass function and the passive fraction. We find agreement with the Behroozi et al. method for the complete sample of main progenitors of z = 0 galaxies, but we also find a strong dependence on the current star formation rate. Passive galaxies with a stellar mass up to 1010.75 M⊙ have a completely different median mass history than active galaxies of the same mass. This difference persists if we only select central galaxies. This means that the cumulative number density method should be applied separately to active and passive galaxies. Even then, the typical main progenitor of a z = 0 galaxy already spans two orders of magnitude in stellar mass at z = 2.
Sequence
Authors: Waltham-Smith Naomi
Published: July 2016

This article examines the musical sequence as a nexus of melodic, linear, and harmonic processes commonly found in tonal music from the seventeenth to the early twentieth centuries. It locates sequential repetition as a problematic concept within the history of tonal music, considering the various controversies it has sparked in both its critical reception and the competing models advanced throughout the history of tonal theory. The article also explores how the sequence is both prototypical for tonality more broadly and an exception to its norms. Besides acting as an agent of tonal, formal, and stylistic disruption, the sequence also provides a distinctive way of structuring the experience of musical temporality between diachrony and synchrony. The article advances the provocative idea of the sequence as a bipolar machine for transforming identity into difference and difference into identity.
Tonic
Authors: Rings Steven
Published: July 2016

This article proposes a general definition of tonic and explores its ramifications across repertories and intellectual traditions (cognitive, historical, ethnomusicological, music analytical, and phenomenological). The proposed definition admits of both wide and narrow applications: from broad conceptions that detect tonics in a wide range of world musics to a more narrow definition that limits the term (and its theoretical entailments) to bourgeois musical cultures in the West. These ideas are illustrated through discussions of diverse musical examples, from the “common practice” (Bach, Schubert) to the postwar avant-garde (Lutosławski), French house (Daft Punk), and rust-belt hard rock (Akron-based band Dia Pason).
Clinical Ethics Support in Contemporary Health Care
Authors: Doran Evan , Kerridge Ian , Jordens Christopher , Newson Ainsley J.
Published: July 2016

This chapter discusses clinical ethics support services (CES Services), the development of which has arisen to help respond to ethical issues arising in health care settings. CES services are comprised of an individual or group, usually in an organization, who can provide a suite of services to support all stakeholders in identifying and managing ethical issues they face. While there is a degree of consensus about the potential value of such services, they are also the focus of ongoing theoretical, methodological and political debates. The aim of this chapter is to provide health care managers with an account of how and why CES services are becoming a part of the contemporary organizational landscape of health care, and describe the concerns that bioethicists and others have raised regarding their role, function and dissemination.
Patient Safety and Quality
Authors: Braithwaite Jeffrey , Donaldson Liam
Published: July 2016

Over the last 25 years we have learned how providers can fall short of their goals, and deliver care which is below expectations. In response, nations and the international community including the World Health Organization have developed strategies to tackle harm and improve the quality of care. Key approaches include strengthening management and leadership; designing improvement tools, models and approaches; enhancing teamwork, communication and local cultures; and leveraging opinion leaders and champions. A shift towards a systems perspective, factoring in the challenges of complexity and network characteristics, is evident. A safety-II approach, building on the naturally-occurring resilience of health systems, show much promise. But progress has been slow. We will need to be better at diffusing what we know works, scaling up localized, demonstrated successes, and supporting clinicians’ everyday capacities to succeed under varied conditions. Progress requires partnerships between politicians, policymakers, managers, clinicians, patients, researchers and other groups.
The Critical Health Care Management Domain
Authors: Kitchener Martin , Thomas Richard
Published: July 2016

While the application of critical approaches has helped to reduce the conservatism and improve the relevance of scholarship in areas of health care studies including those concerned with social movements and the body, the impact of critical work has been less marked in health care management studies. After discussing the causes and implications of this phenomenon, this chapter extends the work of Burawoy (2004) and Delbridge (2010) to develop an articulation of Critical Health Care Management Studies (CHMS) as a necessary and distinctive domain of scholarship. We then review progress in developing CHMS in terms of the four main concerns of critical management enquiry: (a) questioning the taken-for-granted, (b) moving beyond instrumentalism and assumptions of performativity, (c) a concern for reflexivity and meanings in research, and (d) challenging structures of domination. We conclude by discussing barriers to progress and presenting an agenda for the development of the CHMS domain.
A Cannon-Shaped Man with an Amphibian Voice
Authors: Law Hedy
Published: July 2016

This essay suggests how cultural histories of the castrato (exemplified by the writings of Giuseppe Gerbino, Roger Freitas, Bonnie Gordon, J. Q. Davies, and Martha Feldman) and the field of Disability Studies can enter into dialogue, arguing that the discourses of stigma and freak help to explain aspects of castrato singers in eighteenth-century France. Inadequate scientific explanation of the castrato body in Enlightenment medicine led to the cultural mystification of these castrato singers. Despite receiving royal protection, castrato singers were sometimes subjected to stigmatization, and their performances were sometimes described as if they were freak shows. Employing a variety of textual evidence (including reviews, scripts, and dictionary entries), I argue that what might be called the “enfreaked” castrato singers disclosed a prejudice against the marvelous in the French Enlightenment.
Saul, David, and Music’s Ideal Body
Authors: Howe Blake
Published: July 2016

The religious model of disability holds that disabilities are corruptions of a divine prototype (the ideal body of God or of Adam before the Fall), which has often been metaphorized as a musical body. Dissonances and syncopations, like bodily imperfections, might occasionally diverge from the consonant, metrical ideal, but the strong forces of musical resolution can safely contain their destabilizing potential. The ideal musical body also possesses healing powers, restoring order to sonic dysfunction. The exemplary performer of this therapeutic music was David, and his most notorious patient was Saul. In exegetical accounts, these two biblical figures are often framed as antitheses: David’s consonant health as an emblem of divine strength (an ideal body) versus Saul’s dissonant disease as a symptom of divine disfavor (an imperfect body). Musical representations by Johann Kuhnau and G. F. Handel participate in this tradition; so too might Ludwig van Beethoven’s “Harp” Quartet.
Sexuality, Trauma, and Dissociated Expression
Authors: Maus Fred Everett
Published: July 2016

The trauma experienced by queer children and adolescents resulting from the societal stigmatizing of their sexuality may produce the post-traumatic conditions of avoidance, numbing, and dissociation. These conditions in turn may enable rich forms of musical expressiveness. The music of the pop duo, Pet Shop Boys, sometimes comes close to bringing a post-traumatic numbness into music itself. It is as though, in their case, the magic of dissociated musical expression has failed to offer its lifeline to the traumatized subject. This may sound like an artistic failure. But it can also be heard as a demystification, a refusal of the socially accepted queer expressiveness that succeeds only by avoiding the material that most needs expression.
Autism and Postwar Serialism as Neurodiverse Forms of Cultural Modernism
Authors: Straus Joseph
Published: July 2016

From their shared beginnings in the mid-1940s on the East Coast of the United States, people classified as autistic and musical works identified as serial or twelve-tone have been described and stigmatized in strikingly similar ways. Both are understood as excessively isolated or alone, with each entity self-contained and self-enclosed. Both are understood as uncommunicative, or communicating in atypical ways, with an excess of private meanings and self-references, and as demonstrating an unproductive preference for routines and rituals. Similar descriptive metaphors have accreted around each, including inaccessible fortresses, incomprehensible aliens, and unfeeling machines. Autism and postwar twelve-tone music may thus be thought of as related forms of cultural modernism (in its postwar American incarnation). This essay both documents the shared stigmatization and pushes back against it. Neurodiversity and cultural diversity require and reward appropriate accommodation, in the recognition that pleasure and value may take many different forms.
The Politics of Sound
Authors: Sykes Ingrid
Published: July 2016

This essay explores the important contribution of blind musicians to French eighteenth-century culture and examines the ways in which they negotiated the dramatic political and social changes that occurred between 1750 and 1830. Sonic regeneration was considered pivotal to French society both before and after the Terror of Revolution. Blind musicians exploited their abilities in the sonic sensory arts by brilliantly adapting their musical abilities to late eighteenth-century medical codes of health and preventive care. This enabled them not only to ensure their important position within a regenerated modern French society but also to lead the way in establishing new creative modes of musical expression within the new citizen-state.
Sounds of Mind
Authors: Deaville James
Published: July 2016

The public (and academic) fascination with musicians who have experienced “mental distress” (Davis 2008), more broadly designated “madness,” has unfortunately led to popular and health-professional pathologies of lives and works that draw on common cultural tropes of disability. One of the most persistent and insidious is the linking of musical genius with madness and its corollary mapping onto creative production. This problematic attitude not only inhabits popular biographies but can still inform scholarly analyses of compositional activity. Using the resources of madness studies, this essay attempts to uncover the processes at work behind the reception of “mad” musicians Robert Schumann and Hugo Wolf and to propose a more “realistic mode” (Garland-Thomson 2001) for considering their lives and compositions.
Informal Learning as a Catalyst for Social Justice in Music Education
Authors: Green Lucy , Narita Flavia
Published: July 2016

This chapter considers social justice in relation to the incorporation of a set of informal learning practices within the secondary school music classroom and teacher education. It interprets Nancy Fraser’s view of social justice as “parity of participation” in order to suggest that the dialogical approach of informal music learning practices can potentially promote such participatory parity. It then examines Paulo Freire’s concept of critical pedagogy, which emphasizes the need for teachers and students to participate together in the learning process so as to enhance critical consciousness. Through an application of Green’s theory of musical meaning, the authors suggest that critical consciousness in music can be aided through a deeper understanding of music’s sonic materials and their inter-relations. Informal learning in the music classroom may promote both parity of participation and critical consciousness, with the potential to lead to a liberating musical experience.
Music Teachers’ Repertoire Choices and the Quest for Solidarity
Authors: Westerlund Heidi , Karlsen Sidsel
Published: July 2016

This chapter argues that multicultural music education that focuses on preserving cultural roots and cultivating historically justified, authentic musical practices in the classroom is inadequate as the single guiding approach to teaching music. Since musical diversity is already self-evident for today’s students, teachers should consider opening spaces for students’ own, ongoing negotiations of musics in order to create new musical negotiations and multiple belongings as well as social bonding. Moving toward what is often viewed as intercultural education, the chapter extends some of the starting points found in multicultural music education literature by rereading them against research findings regarding immigrant students’ musical agency and Zygmunt Bauman’s sociological analysis of cultural diversity in contemporary society. It argues that developing learning communities in which epistemological horizons and musical repertoire are brought both from outside the classroom and from within its existences would simultaneously entail ethical choices and working toward solidarity and democracy.
Social Justice and Music Technology in Education
Authors: Louth Paul
Published: July 2016

This chapter argues that educators have an ethical responsibility to be aware of the mediating effects of technologies, and that although technology in music education may either further the cause of social justice or hinder it, the latter will more likely occur when these mediating effects are left unexamined or assumed nonexistent. Following a brief introduction outlining this idea, the discussion is divided into two parts illustrating different sets of possible outcomes of mediation. First, the conditions under which technological instruction might either lead to a sense of empowerment or inculcate students into a consumerist mentality are examined. Second, the issue of whether technological instruction may indirectly cause musical meaning(s) to either become better contextualized or de-politicized is addressed. The chapter concludes that de-skilling, de-contextualizing, and consumerism, as potential impediments to social justice, are best countered by examining and drawing students’ attention to the mediating effects of technology use.
Critical Reflection for Social Justice and Inclusion in Music Education
Authors: Cooke Carolyn
Published: July 2016

This chapter explores the potential of critical reflection as a tool for addressing issues of social justice and inclusion within the music classroom. It argues that critical reflection as an integral part of musical experiences can be utilized to develop awareness of injust and exclusionary practices in music, whether political, historical, or social. Drawing on the Social Justice Critical Reflection Model of Ingram and Walters, it offers a starting point for considering the conditions for learning and pedagogies in which critical reflection can provide teachers and students a vehicle for transforming their own musical understanding and learning within a more democratic and socially just framework.
What Did You Learn in School Today? Music Education, Democracy, and Social Justice
Authors: Westheimer Joel
Published: July 2016

Social justice is a contested term in education. It is an old concept under renewed attack in many sectors of society, and schools have not been spared. Music education has been subject to the same repercussions of a broader shift in education reform that wants to see teaching and learning as a technocratic means to increasingly myopic education reform goals. At the same time, growing opposition to these trends can draw particular inspiration from the arts. Music education, therefore, is, perhaps, as threatening as some neoliberal reformers perceive it to be. Indeed, music education holds the possibility for a powerful partnership with all those educators who view education as a profoundly human and liberatory endeavor.
A Jazz Funeral in Music Education
Authors: Gould Elizabeth
Published: July 2016

This chapter presents a jazz funeral in music education. Placed in the historical context of New Orleans brass bands and contemporary second line parades, the chapter stands as critique of so-called social justice practices in music education that would threaten to swamp the profession with the impersonal voice of scholarly reason expressed in terms of disregard disguised as benevolence. The author-who-is-not-one (here) attempts an experiment deploying the literary “apostrophe” to subvert the gravity of scholarly discourse in an effort to do something in response to unreasonable worlds of social injustice that define the very profession. Its potentialities of success to actualize difference in ways that might materially do something are both contingent and precarious, inasmuch as they are solely a function of reading and answering.
Ableism and Social Justice
Authors: Darrow Alice-Ann
Published: July 2016

Many of the societal injustices historically perpetrated against persons with disabilities are well known: educational segregation, inaccessible public buildings and programs, and lack of employment opportunities. Less obvious and rarely acknowledged are issues related to the social integration of persons with disabilities and the resulting educational implications. Students with disabilities who are socially accepted and well assimilated into their school and are more likely to graduate and to secure employment. Indicators of social inequities are often subtle and overlooked, thus making teachers powerless to facilitate classroom interactions that contribute to the well-being and educational success of students with disabilities. The ability to embrace diversity in all its facets and to advance social justice requires that educators (1) understand disability culture and its place within the majority culture, (2) recognize stereotypic and stigmatizing views of persons with disability, and (3) create socially and musically inclusive environments for students with disabilities.
Behind Different Walls
Authors: Cohen Mary L. , Duncan Stuart Paul
Published: July 2016

Over the past few years, restorative justice and transformative justice have taken on greater research importance in the scholarly community. These two forms of social justice offer ways of dealing with harms that result from conflict. The claim of this chapter is that these two types of justice can be used to structure and shape pedagogy in music education. Research suggests that choral singing within a prison context and the particular pedagogies employed therein can be shaped positively through restorative and transformative justice. Prison choir performances humanize prisoners and bring greater public awareness to their lives. If one accepts the premise that the use of restorative and transformative justice in musical teaching and learning enacts forms of healing, then their application has great potential to create encouraging learning environments and provide tools for music teachers to support the social needs of their learning communities.
Relationship, Rescue, and Culture
Authors: Shieh Eric
Published: July 2016

In recent years, Venezuela’s anti-poverty El Sistema program (officially named the Fundación Musical Simón Bolívar) has roared onto the international music scene, offering a rare, large-scale example of the participation of music education in social policy. Yet El Sistema’s socioeconomic effects are neither assured nor fully understood, much less easily adaptable abroad. Reading El Sistema’s complex engagements with an eye to how it works as a social program, the author examines in particular its decentralization and capacity to function as a space of care, its discourse and structures around creating a space of “rescue” for youth, and its curricular focus of Western classical music. While these areas raise several cautions, including charges of deficit thinking and cultural colonialism, the program’s own tensions and negotiations also suggest paths for strategic implementation. In this, El Sistema offers music educators and policymakers some possibilities for entering critically into oftentimes familiar practices.
New Faces in Old Spaces
Authors: Soto Amanda C.
Published: July 2016

Conjunto is a traditional folk music originating in the borderlands of South Texas with roots from Mexico. This music is a symbol of pride and is woven into the cultural fabric of Mexican American children and youth across the United States, with many of them singing along, dancing to, and performing this music. Despite the use of Spanish-language songs and attention to the mariachi genre in US music education programs, conjunto music is often ignored. In order to provide equal educational rights to all students regardless of native tongue, a socially just music education curriculum needs to include Mexican Americans’ language, culture, and musical practices so that they are held in the same regard as other musics. This chapter examines the role of conjunto as a vital part of Mexican American students’ musical and cultural identities and offers suggestions for its inclusion in the music curriculum.
The Intersection of Music Teacher Education and Social Justice
Authors: Ballantyne Julie , Mills Carmen
Published: July 2016

Research in the area of music teacher education and social justice often remains a theoretical discussion of possibilities and suggestions for future practice. In the interests of uncovering empirical research that can illuminate evidence of practice and for practice in the future, this chapter provides a thorough and systematic review of previous empirical work in the field. It provides evidence of what research has been accomplished, and where the field has yet to go, in addressing the concerns of social justice and diversity in music teacher education. The chapter reveals how previous work conceptualizes and enacts the development of socially just approaches in music teacher education and concludes by arguing for the importance of further empirical research at the intersection of these areas.
Psychobiological Responses to Competition in Women
Authors: Costa Raquel , Serrano Miguel A. , Salvador Alicia
Published: July 2016

From an evolutionary perspective, questions have been raised about whether women have a psychobiological pattern similar to that of men. In humans, hormonal effects of competition and its outcome have been investigated under the biosocial status hypothesis, which proposes that, after a competition, winners would show increases in testosterone whereas losers would show reductions, and the challenge hypothesis, which emphasizes the functional role of testosterone increases in the spring to promote agonistic behavior related to territoriality and access to females. Subsequently, the coping competition model has defended the study of competition within a more general stress model, considering the psychobiological responses as part of the coping response. This chapter shows that women investigations are increasing in number in recent years and that, in competitive situations, they present coping strategies with a psychobiological response pattern that can be enlightened by the coping competition model.
Rural Society
Authors: Kümin Beat
Published: July 2016

This essay surveys the long-term negotiation of religious reform in European villages. Following an account of institutional developments and popular religion in late medieval parishes, it traces the—selective—reception of the Lutheran, Zwinglian, and Calvinist messages, especially in the Holy Roman Empire, Scandinavia, the British Isles, Eastern Europe, and the Swiss Confederation, including the latter’s bi-confessional areas. Alongside personal piety, princely interests, and clerical leadership, the argument stresses the importance of political, socioeconomic, and cultural factors in determining whether peasants experienced substantial religious change. In the rare cases where rural communities could take their own decisions, some opted for Catholicism (Swiss Forest Cantons) and others for Protestantism (German imperial villages). The most thoroughly “reformed” regime emerged in early modern Scotland.