bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Patterns of Informal Support from Family and Church Members among African Americans
Authors: Chatters Linda M. , Taylor Robert Joseph , Lincoln Karen D. , Schroepfer Tracy
Published: June 2009

This article investigates sociodemographic and family and church factors as correlates of support from family and church members among a representative sample of African Americans. Overall patterns of family and church support indicate that slightly more than half of respondents receive assistance from both family and church networks, one quarter receive assistance from family only, and roughly equal percentages (9%) receive help from either church members only or do not receive help from either group. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to examine sociodemo graphic (i.e., age, marital status, gender, region, education, income, and urbanicity) and family and church factors (i.e., family closeness, family contact, parental status, and church participation) as predictors of specific patterns and sources of support. The findings indicated significant age, gender, and marital and parental status differences in patterns of support from family and church. Perceptions of family closeness, degree of interaction with family, and overall levels of participation in church activities were associated with distinctive patterns of assistance.
Revisiting the Black Struggle
Authors: Jalata Asafa
Published: June 2009

This article critically examines the cumulative successes and failures of the African American struggle for liberation and equality, and it hints at the future direction of the Black movement in the United States. Specifically, it demonstrates how the Black movement legally dismantled direct institutional racism and why it failed to eliminate indirect institutional racism. This article also explains why the objectives of cultural self-determination and fundamentally transforming Black America were not successful. By looking at the major problems of the Black community today, this article emphasizes the need to learn critically from the past struggle and leaders in order to incorporate the best experiences in the future struggle for economic development, self-determination, and multicultural democracy.
Psychiatry and Casualties of War in Germany, 1914–18
Authors: Lerner Paul
Published: June 2009

This article traces the responses of German psychiatrists to epidemic numbers of shell-shocked men during the first world war, surveying the diagnostic, administrative and therapeutic dimensions of the ‘war neurosis’ problem. First it asks why hysteria, a diagnostic label once reserved for women, was used to diagnose many thousand of psychiatric casualties, and shows how male hysteria diagnosis emerged in the late nineteenth century amid Germany's experience of rapid industrialization and modernization. The article then turns to psychiatric organization during the war, arguing that it reflected the influence of models of rationalized industrial production. In its discussion of psychiatric treatment, the article emphasizes how medical power operated through the various therapeutic procedures. whether hypnosis, suggestion or electrical current, treatments aimed to replace the patient's ‘sickly’ will with proper values of patriotism and self-sacrifice. The article then concludes with broader reflections on trauma, narrativity and the process of collective memory formation in interwar Germany. Using several psychiatric case histories, it shows how the traumatic and pathogenic nature of war memories was contested between doctors and patients, which it views as a microcosm of larger disputes within Weimar political culture over the meaning of the war as a whole.
The Collective Mind: Trauma and Shell-shock in Twentieth-century Russia
Authors: Merridale Catherine
Published: June 2009

This article deals with the treatment and wider understanding of shell-shock and trauma in modern Russia. At the beginning of the twentieth century, when psychiatrists in many European countries were beginning to think about the issue of shell-shock, Russian psychiatrists took part in the general debate. After the Bolshevik revolution, however, the Russian psychiatric profession became isolated and heavily ideologized, and the treatment of all forms of trauma within the Soviet Union developed along specific lines. At the social level, trauma disappeared as an issue. The idea of a damaged ego was not a central consideration in Soviet psychological thinking. People survived by working, and by reference to the collective, rather than to individual consciousness. Trauma, in its modern form of PTSD, only re-emerged in Soviet psychological discourse as a result of contact between veterans of the Soviet Union's war in Afghanistan and American veterans of Vietnam. Despite the Soviet Union's anguished history, the concept of trauma is still largely ignored by the population as a whole.
Effeminacy, Ethnicity and the End of Trauma: The Sufferings of ‘Shell-shocked’ Men in Great Britain and Ireland, 1914–39
Authors: Bourke Joanna
Published: June 2009

Enforced passivity in the midst of life-threatening danger caused many men in wartime to suffer psychological collapse. This article examines some aspects of this experience including the ways in which men who were repelled by combat violence were regarded as ‘abnormal’ and needed to be ‘cured’ of this repulsion and made to embrace their aggressive urges. During the first world war, certain types of men were regarded by military and medical personnel as more susceptible to this weakness. One crucial indicator was ethnicity. For instance, despite their reputation for being a ‘martial race’, Irishmen were said to be pre-disposed to insanity. This article, therefore, examines the ways in which this prejudice developed, and its implications for Irish sufferers of ‘shell-shock’ during and after the war.
Imperialism and Sovereignty: The League of Nations' Drive to Control the Global Arms Trade
Authors: Stone David R.
Published: June 2009

Great Power efforts to control arms trafficking began in the late nineteenth century, but were applied only to colonial territories and were motivated by concerns for the stability of European empires. The first world war altered the international consensus that the arms trade was essentially free, and the 1919 Treaty of Saint-Germain tried to impose new restrictions on arms trading. Though Saint-Germain was never ratified, the League of Nations continued its efforts to control the arms trade at a conference in Geneva in 1925. The League's efforts had the endorsement of the major arms-producing powers and even the USA, which had refused to join the League. The Geneva conference made clear, however, that smaller, non-producing states saw free trade in arms as essential to their security, and resisted what they saw as infringements on their sovereignty and security. The compromise Geneva Convention did not assuage small states, and, like its predecessor, was never ratified. The League's force of moral example, however, did produce long-term changes in state policies on arms trading. This suggests that the League's legacy should be judged not just by its failure to avert the second world war, but by its success in establishing norms of international behaviour. Also, smaller states, not just Great Powers, had the ability to block League initiatives.
Venona in Australia and its Long-term Ramifications
Authors: Cain Frank
Published: June 2009

In March 1948, Sir Percy Sillitoe, Director-General of M15, flew to Australia to inform its Prime Minister, J.B. Chifley, that a spy ring had been detected operating out of the Soviet embassy in Canberra. The details Sillitoe produced were vague and no suspect could be arrested. Then chaos broke out. The Pentagon banned all information flowing to Australia: Australian/British/US relations became strained: the Australian Security Intelligence Organization (ASIO) was established under the aegis of M15, but it failed to placate the USA; and the Chifley government lost the subsequent elections. What was behind these espionage sensations? The defection of the KGB man in Canberra, Vladimir Petrov, in 1954 was expected to produce the insider's exposé on local spying and although suspected spies were paraded, nothing happened. Then in 1996, everything was made clear. The US National Security Agency (NSA) released the Australian Venona papers, comprising the decrypted Soviet cables detailing the operation of this 1940s spy ring. They had been sealed in the NSA's most secret archives for 50 years to avoid compromising all Sigint (Signal intelligence) work. The exploration of these events by Australian historians has hitherto been handicapped by a lack of knowledge about the detail of this missing intelligence dimension. The revealing of that secret now provides the opportunity for these disjointed events to be viewed in their proper Cold War perspective. This article analyses the events from the aspect of what was known before the Venona releases and what can now be known of those same events.
‘A Radical Democratic Political Offensive’: Melvin J. Lasky, Der Monat, and the Congress for Cultural Freedom
Authors: Scott-Smith Giles
Published: June 2009

The Congress for Cultural Freedom, formed in 1950 and lasting until 1979, was a major international institution based in Paris and dedicated to freedom of the intellect in the arts and sciences. However, since the late 1960s, revelations about its close links with the CIA have clouded its position within post-war cultural history. Yet, without an appreciation of its cultural origins its relevance becomes reduced to being merely a major example of intellectual fraud. This article attempts to reassess parts of the cultural dimension to its creation and raison d'être, largely through the figure of one of its principal founders, Melvin J. Lasky.
The Missing Pieces of the Puzzle: A Reflection on the Odd Career of Viktor Frankl
Authors: Pytell Timothy
Published: June 2009

Viktor Frankl gained international recognition based upon his heroic survival of Auschwitz and his subsequent claim to have founded the third Viennese school of psychotherapy — logotherapy. This article revises this traditional view of Frankl by examining how logotherapy was actually developed under the auspices of the nazi-sponsored Goering Institute in the 1930s. In addition, his survival of Auschwitz is problematized by the questionable medical experimentation he performed in 1940–42 on Jews who had committed suicide in order to avoid deportation, and his limited (three-day) experience in Auschwitz. This new contextualization explains the mass appeal of Viktor Frankl as both a peculiar case of the Austrian burial of the ‘ambiguous past’ and the longing amongst Americans for an uplifting version of the Holocaust.
Predicting Parole Absconders
Authors: WILLIAMS FRANK P. , McSHANE MARILYN D. , DOLNY H. MICHAEL
Published: June 2009

Even though parole absconders represent one of the largest groups of problem parolees, little has been written about them. Using a large sample of California parolees, the authors examine several variables for their ability to predict absconding and produce an instrument capable of classifying absconders with better than 70% accuracy.
Parole as Institutional Control: A Test of Specific Deterrence and Offender Misconduct
Authors: PROCTOR JON L. , PEASE MICHAEL
Published: June 2009

The use of parole as an institutional control mechanism is designed to reward inmate conformity with early release and punish nonconformity with continued confinement. Although much research has examined factors affecting parole board decisions, little research has focused on the control function of the parole decision. The present study, using deterrence theory, analyzes 233 offenders at the offender board review to determine the impact of the board's decision on offender misconduct. Results show lower rates of postreview misconduct for offenders denied parole hearings compared to offenders granted parole hearings. Furthermore, deterrence was strongest for high-and medium-rate offenders who were denied parole hearings. However, misconduct also decreased for high-rate offenders who were granted parole hearings. The authors recommend that correctional administrators consider the importance of parole as a mechanism for controlling institutional behavior among incarcerated inmates.
Sexual Orientation Perspectives of Incarcerated Bisexual and Gay Men: The County Jail Protective Custody Experience
Authors: ALARID LEANNE FIFTAL
Published: June 2009

This study examined sexual identity and perceptions of treatment by other prisoners and staff of incarcerated bisexual and gay men in special housing. Eigenberg's social constructionist model guided theoretical inquiry, and questions were derived from Wooden and Parker's survey. Although all inmates surveyed felt safer in protective custody than in general population, gay men were more likely to pressure bisexual and/or heterosexual offenders for sex while in protective custody. Bisexual offenders who preferred women to men more often sought protection from another inmate, reported more pressure from others to have sex, and felt less safe in jail than gay or bisexual men who preferred men over women. Sexual patterns tended to be indistinct for bisexuals, a factor that contributed to lower institutional adjustment and less satisfaction with regard to their sexual identity.
The Ethics of Correctional Privatization: A Critical Examination of the Delegation of Coercive Authority
Authors: REISIG MICHAEL D. , PRATT TRAVIS C.
Published: June 2009

Privatization in the correctional setting takes many forms. This article focuses on an extreme variant of correctional privatization—privately owned and operated facilities—and critically examines the philosophical argument used to legitimate the practice. Among the more problematic features identified include a reliance on an interpretation of liberal theory that muddles the distinction between rights and authority, and confusion regarding the libertarian conceptions of the ultraminimal and minimal state. As a result, the attempt to justify the delegation of coercive authority from the state to private agencies is questioned. The authors attempt to advance ongoing debate by discussing one method for identifying what privatization alternatives are consistent with liberal theory's conceptions of the individual and the state's authority to punish.
“All the News That's Fit to Print”: A Content Analysis of the Correctional Debate in the New York Times
Authors: WELCH MICHAEL , WEBER LISA , EDWARDS WALTER
Published: June 2009

Scholarship over the past three decades has generated considerable insight into the roles of the media, politicians, and law enforcement officials in constructing images of criminal justice; still, that body of research has rarely ventured into the realm of corrections. Filling this void, we drew a sample of 206 newspaper articles on corrections published in the New York Times for the purpose of examining news sources and their quoted statements. Our findings reveal that the New York Times relies heavily on political and government sources who—not surprisingly—express support for the prevailing correctional policies and practices. Whereas the New York Times also quoted sources critical of the government's correctional strategies, the dominance of political sources in the press offers evidence of agenda setting in the debate over corrections.
Introduction: The History of Prison Sex Research
Authors: HENSLEY CHRISTOPHER , STRUCKMAN-JOHNSON CINDY , EIGENBERG HELEN M.
Published: June 2009

The study of prison sexuality began in the early 1900s with a few scant articles discussing the unnatural relationship between women behind bars. Today, the number of manuscripts on all aspects of sex in prison has increased. However, relatively few studies have focused on these “pains of imprisonment.” This article describes the history of prison sex research in the U.S. over the last 80 years.
Correctional Officers and Their Perceptions of Homosexuality, Rape, and Prostitution in Male Prisons
Authors: EIGENBERG HELEN M.
Published: June 2009

The traditional literature on homosexuality in prisons employed an essentialist approach that held that sexuality was a static trait. To avoid the apparent contradiction that occurred when researchers were forced to explain how heterosexual men engaged in homosexual behavior, the literature shifted its focus to rape. Rape victims, prostitutes, and rapists were then defined as situational homosexuals, which served to blur the distinction between consensual sexual acts and coercive ones. This study examines correctional officers' attitudes toward homosexuality and prostitution to determine whether they reflect an essentialist approach to prison sexuality. It also examines officers' ability to distinguish between these various types of acts.
HIV/AIDS Education for Latina Inmates: The Delimiting Impact of Culture on Prevention Efforts
Authors: WEST ANGELA D.
Published: June 2009

Focus group interviews were conducted with groups of women prisoners to explore inductively their HIV-related needs and concerns. Content analysis determined broad areas of general concern for the women and highlighted obvious cultural distinctions. This article concentrates on those cultural influences as they pertain specifically to Latina women. This population is most at risk of entering the correctional system with HIV infection, and its rates of infection keep rising. Discussions of the concepts of machismo and marianismo and the role of the Catholic Church emphasize the difficulties in creating and implementing effective prevention campaigns within U.S. prison systems, especially for this population. Policy implications are discussed and recommendations offered that consider the delimiting impact of culture on HIV education efforts among incarcerated Latina women.
Collateral Costs of Imprisonment for Women: Complications of Reintegration
Authors: DODGE MARY , POGREBIN MARK R.
Published: June 2009

This article examines issues of family separation and community isolation as experienced by women on parole. Qualitative data, based on unstructured, in-depth interviews with 54 former inmates, offer retrospective reflections and current accounts that delineate many of the unintended costs of imprisonment. The narratives portray the difficulties these women experienced in parenting, relationships, and community reintegration. Social stigma and self-shame are important definitional and reactional elements of their efforts to reestablish social bonds. The collateral costs of imprisonment are related to diminished investment in self and others that is created by continued internal and external shaming.
Treatment Resistance and Ethnicity among Female Offenders in Substance Abuse Treatment Programs
Authors: SHEARER ROBERT A. , MYERS LAURA B. , OGAN GUY D.
Published: June 2009

This study investigates treatment resistance in several subpopulations of female offenders in substance abuse treatment programs. Using the Correctional Treatment Resistance Scale, data from 153 adult female inmates were analyzed according to ethnic and treatment group differences. It was found that treatment resistance was consistent across treatment groups, but elevated resistance scores were observed for Black and Hispanic female offenders. Implications of the results are discussed for counselor preparation, treatment planning, and pretreatment orientation when female offenders from diverse backgrounds are in substance abuse treatment programs.
Findings from a Process Evaluation of a Statewide Residential Substance Abuse Treatment Program for Youthful Offenders
Authors: MEARS DANIEL P. , KELLY WILLIAM R. , DURDEN EMILY D.
Published: June 2009

Despite the critical importance of process evaluations to enhancing the efficiency and long-term effectiveness of chemical dependency treatment programs, attention to process-related dimensions of treatment programming has been largely neglected. Using data collected on youthful offenders with chemical dependency treatment needs in the Texas Youth Commission, this article provides a systematic and empirical process evaluation of factors associated with successful program progress in the Texas Youth Commission's Chemical Dependency Treatment Program. Analyses focus on appropriate program placement and whether and to what extent risk, dynamic or criminogenic need, behavioral, and treatment amenability factors are related to several key measures of program progress—including completion or expulsion, days to completion or expulsion, and performance—as well as to variation among these outcomes across treatment sites. Policy and research implications of these analyses and of process evaluations are discussed.
Corrections and Sentencing in the 21st Century: Evidence-Based Corrections and Sentencing
Authors: MacKENZIE DORIS LAYTON
Published: June 2009

The newly formed Division on Corrections and Sentencing of the American Society of Criminology held a roundtable at its 2000 annual meeting. In the roundtable, titled “Corrections and Sentencing in the 21st Century,” prominent correctional researchers discussed their perceptions of the issues that will be important in corrections and sentencing as we move into the 21st century. The articles in this issue of The Prison Journal are based on the presentations given that day. In this article, the author reviews the changes that have occurred in U.S. corrections and sentencing philosophy in the past 30 years and discusses the evolving philosophy as we move into the 21st century.
The Future of Supermax Confinement
Authors: TOCH HANS
Published: June 2009

The consistent challenge posed by supermax settings is their demonstrably adverse impact on the mental health of difficult, but vulnerable prisoners. These high-tech segregation settings also pose additional problems having to do with regimes that include gratuitous stressors and custodial overkill, and treatment liable to enhance rather than reduce the violence potential of inmates. To survive ongoing and future litigation, supermax confinement settings will have to undertake serious proactive ameliorative reforms.
Making the Next Step: Using Evaluability Assessment to Improve Correctional Programming
Authors: MATTHEWS BETSY , HUBBARD DANA JONES , LATESSA EDWARD
Published: June 2009

The research on what works in correctional interventions provides a powerful agenda for correctional programming. Evaluability assessment is a tool that can be used to help put this research into practice by providing a measure of program quality. This article describes Gendreau and Andrews's Correctional Program Assessment Inventory (CPAI) as one example of an evaluability assessment tool that is designed to ascertain how well programs are meeting certain principles of effective intervention. It also reports the results of CPAIs conducted on 86 treatment programs. The results indicate that these programs are not adequately incorporating the principles into their correctional programming. Common shortcomings are discussed, and potential resolutions are offered.
Living in Prison After Residential Mental Health Treatment: A Program Follow-Up
Authors: LOVELL DAVID , JOHNSON CLARK , JEMELKA RON , HARRIS VICTORIA , ALLEN DAVID
Published: June 2009

Sixty-one inmates with mental illness who had been treated in a medium-security residential mental health program were interviewed and assessed in other prison units after they left the program, 43 (70%) in general population units and 18 in special living units. Participants showed a decrease in psychiatric symptoms and expressed appreciation for the program. A minority of participants had adjustment problems that persisted in every prison setting. The coping abilities of inmates with mental illness and program implications are discussed in relation to differences in individuals and in settings.
Screening Adolescents in a Juvenile Detention Center for Gonorrhea and Chlamydia: Prevalence and Reinfection Rates
Authors: Broussard Dawn , Leichliter Jami S. , Evans Anne , Kee Romina , Vallury Venkata , Mcfarlane Mary M.
Published: June 2009

Adolescents ( n = 5,558) processed through a juvenile temporary detention center were screened for gonorrhea and chlamydia. Overall, the prevalence was 5.1% for gonorrhea and 14.7% for chlamydia. Female adolescents were 3.5 and 3.3 times more likely to have gonorrhea and chlamydia, respectively, than were male adolescents. Reinfection rates for the 180 adolescents who had a sexually transmitted disease (STD) at first screening and were screened on another occasion were 10.0% for gonorrhea and 28.9% for chlamydia. Given the high STD prevalence and reinfection rates uncovered in this study, administrators at juvenile detention facilities could potentially decrease the long-term cost burden on their facilities through a screening program designed to detect STDs before the detainees experience the costly sequelae of STDs or are released into the community to further spread the STDs. Research is also needed to devise intervention strategies that are effective in reducing risky sexual behaviors and STD morbidity in this high-risk adolescent population.
Availability of HIV Prevention Services Within New York State Correctional Facilities During 1999-2000: Results of a Survey
Authors: Klein Susan J. , Gieryic Susan M. , O'connell Daniel A. , Hall Joyce Y. , Klopf Linda C.
Published: June 2009

This survey examined the extent of HIV prevention interventions available to approximately 70,000 inmates housed in the 69 correctional facilities that comprise New York State's prison system and explored barriers to offering prevention services. Specific HIV prevention interventions were selected. A written survey was used to ascertain their availability within the previous 12-month period at each correctional facility. Correctional facilities reported a high level of availability of HIV prevention interventions and services. All 69 (100%) reported prevention education, and 59 (86%) said they met or exceeded inmate demand. More than 90% reported individual and group counseling and more than three-quarters offered both English and Spanish. Support groups were reported as being offered at 50 (73%) prisons. Significant progress in meeting HIV prevention needs of New York State inmates has been achieved. The Criminal Justice Initiative is a highly effective service delivery model. Efforts to better meet needs of Spanish-speaking inmates should continue.
From Jail to Community: Innovative Strategies to Enhance Continuity Of HIV/AIDS Care
Authors: Laufer Franklin N. , Arriola Kimberly R. Jacob , Dawson-Rose Carol S. , Kumaravelu Kumarasooriyar , Rapposelli Karina Krane
Published: June 2009

Persons of color incarcerated in prisons and jails in the United States continue to be disproportionately affected by the HIV epidemic. Several state and city departments of health have received federal funding to develop and implement or to expand innovative strategies or models of HIV prevention, case management, and discharge planning services for racial/ethnic minority inmates in correctional facilities. This article provides an overview of service models for county jails and emphasizes the need for strategies to improve the health of the inmate and the community to which he or she will return.
Prisoner Perspectives on Inmate Culture in New Mexico and New Zealand: A Descriptive Case Study
Authors: Winfree L. Thomas , Newbold Greg , Tubb S. Houston
Published: June 2009

Medium security prisoners in two nations provided personal insights into the inmate social systems found in their facilities: Southern New Mexico Correctional Facility is located near New Mexico's border with Mexico; Christchurch Prison is in New Zealand's South Island. Besides personal biographical and sociolegal questions, the inmates in both facilities responded to a series of closed- and open-ended questions about inmate values and norms. The only modification was to cast them in terminology relevant to the prisoners in each facility. In this analysis, the authors turn to three critical dimensions of alleged inmate values. Inmate orientations on qualities or features in others that they respect provide the first focus. The second explores the respect given to a series of 15 different types of criminal offenders. The final focus is the nature and extent of prison code adoption in both facilities. The authors also address several theoretical and practical concerns revealed by these analyses.
Policy Implications Relating to Inmate Mothers and their Children: Will the Past be Prologue?
Authors: Dalley Lanette P.
Published: June 2009

Mandatory sentencing guidelines and gender-neutral sentencing policies are largely responsible for the dramatic increase and repetitive incarcerations of female prisoners. Not surprisingly, these sentencing policies have also resulted in the further deterioration of the inmate mother-child relationship as well as an increase in the social, emotional, and criminal problems of the children. This article presents data from a study conducted at three Montana female correctional facilities and interviews with guardians ad litem. The most compelling finding of this study is the reality that the majority of the inmate mothers will be reunited with their children, and many will not be able to succeed in living crime-free and drug-free lives or maintaining stable relationships with their children. Thus, the purpose of this article is to present data that support recommendations for policy changes that other states should consider to prevent further incarcerations and facilitate a positive mother-child relationship.
Factors Predicting Illness and Health Services Use among Male Kentucky Prisoners with a History of Drug Abuse
Authors: Garrity Thomas F. , Hiller Matthew L. , Staton Michele , Webster J. Matthew , Leukefeld Carl G.
Published: June 2009

As the costs of prisoner illness and health services use mount, research should focus on factors that predict these outcomes. This cross-sectional study, therefore, examines predictors of (a) prisoner illness, (b) use of physical health services, and (c) mental health services among 661 incarcerated males with a drug abuse history. These three in-prison outcomes were significantly predicted by a number of demographic, past illness, past health services use, and drug abuse history factors, all ascertainable at prison intake. If these relationships are confirmed in subsequent prospective studies, measuring these predictors may offer a simple, cost-effective approach for estimating future prisoner illness and demand for health services.
Educational Programs and Recidivism in Oklahoma: Another Look
Authors: Brewster Dennis R. , Sharp Susan F.
Published: June 2009

Prior research suggests that educational programs are one of the most effective tools in reducing recidivism rates. In this study, however, the authors found that some educational programs administered in Oklahoma may not have an ameliorative effect on criminality. Specifically, they found that completion of a general equivalency diploma program was strongly associated with longer survival times outside of prison, particularly for women. However, for both men and women, completion of vocational-technical training while incarcerated was linked to shorter survival times. This indicates the need to evaluate the types of training offered in prisons.
Inmate Misconduct: A Test of the Deprivation, Importation, and Situational Models
Authors: Jiang Shanhe , Fisher-Giorlando Marianne
Published: June 2009

This article examines the effectiveness of three theoretical models (deprivation, importation, and situational) in explaining violent incidents, incidents against correctional staff, and incidents against other inmates in prison. Based on a sample of 431 disciplinary reports from a men's state prison in the deep South, the authors have found all three models help explain violent incidents. The deprivation and situational models help explain incidents against correctional staff. The situational and importation models contribute to explanations of incidents against other inmates. With regard to the relative power of each theoretical model in explaining inmate misconduct in prison, the situational model is the most powerful based on the total chi-square change of the model. According to the average of chi-square change per variable in each model, however, the deprivation model is the most powerful and the situational is the least in explaining violent incidents and incidents against correctional staff.
The Influence of Prison Gang Affiliation on Violence and Other Prison Misconduct
Authors: Gaes Gerald G. , Wallace Susan , Gilman Evan , Klein-Saffran Jody , Suppa Sharon
Published: June 2009

Most of the empirical research and practically all of the fieldwork conducted on gangs has been devoted to street gangs. In this article, Bureau of Prisons automated data were used to evaluate the contribution of prison gang affiliation to violence and other forms of misconduct within prisons. The authors also examined a measure of gang embeddedness to see if, similar to street gang research, it can be shown that core members of a prison gang were more likely to commit violent and other kinds of misconduct than were more peripheral members. Both specific and more generic gang indicators were related to violence and other forms of official prison misconduct. A composite measure of gang misconduct represents the threat that particular gangs pose to prison order. The “threat index” is model based and provides a graphical representation of the relative magnitude and heterogeneity of the threat posed by different gang affiliations.
The Most-Cited Scholars and Works in Corrections
Authors: WRIGHT RICHARD A. , MILLER J. MITCHELL
Published: June 2009

Although numerous studies recently have appeared that identify the most-cited scholars and works in the general criminology and criminal justice literature and in several specialty areas, no previous citation study has specifically examined the corrections literature. Through an analysis of 209 articles and research notes appearing from 1992 to 1996 in the area of corrections, the authors list the 50 most-cited scholars and the 25 most-cited works. The lists of the most-cited scholars and works in corrections are compared to general lists taken from leading criminology and criminal justice journals and introductory textbooks. The authors' analysis uncovers certain citation trends relating to pivotal controversies in correctional research.
Substance-Involved Women Inmates: Challenges to Providing Effective Treatment
Authors: PEUGH JORDON , BELENKO STEVEN
Published: June 2009

This article describes the substance involvement and treatment needs of women in state prisons. Women are a rapidly growing portion of the inmate population, largely due to drug law violations and substance abuse problems. However, few receive comprehensive substance abuse treatment while incarcerated. When treatment is available, it is often not adequate to meet the manifold needs of this population: Poor health, risk of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and HIV, psychological problems, histories of victimization, family responsibilities, and a lack of marketable employment skills greatly complicate their recovery process. Treatment programs for women inmates should be greatly expanded and need to be intensive, comprehensive, and gender specific. Such intensive treatment, especially when combined with aftercare, can reduce recidivism and assist women in becoming contributing members of their families and communities.
Do Inmate Survey Data Reflect Prison Conditions? Using Surveys to Assess Prison Conditions of Confinement
Authors: CAMP SCOTT D.
Published: June 2009

This study examines whether survey data collected from inmates can be used to create group-level measures of prison conditions. Inmates often carry a stigma that they are never to be trusted. A subset of a national survey of inmates was used to examine how inmates incarcerated in prisons operated by the Federal Bureau of Prisons answered questions about safety, noise, and job assignments at their prisons. In particular, this report demonstrates that inmate answers to the questions vary in a systematic fashion that lends credence to using survey data from inmates to obtain information about the prisons in which they are incarcerated. However, proper techniques for using survey data have not been practiced in existing evaluation studies comparing public and private prisons.
Three-Year Reincarceration Outcomes for Amity In-Prison Therapeutic Community and Aftercare in California
Authors: WEXLER HARRY K. , MELNICK GERALD , LOWE LOIS , PETERS JEAN
Published: June 2009

The study assessed 36-month recidivism outcomes for a prison therapeutic community (TC) program with aftercare using an intent-to-treat design with random assignment. Outcomes for 478 felons at 36 months replicated findings of an earlier report on 12- and 24-month outcomes, showing the best outcomes for those who completed both in-prison and aftercare TC programs. At 36 months, 27% of the prison TC plus aftercare completers recidivated, versus 75% for other groups. In addition, a significant positive relationship was found between the amount of time spent in treatment and the time until return for the parolees who recidivated. However, the reduced recidivism rates for in-prison treatment found only at 12 and 24 months was not maintained at 36 months.
A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of In-Prison Therapeutic Community Treatment and Risk Classification
Authors: GRIFFITH JAMES D. , HILLER MATTHEW L. , KNIGHT KEVIN , SIMPSON D. DWAYNE
Published: June 2009

Policy makers need scientifically based information to help them to determine which correctional treatment alternatives are effective and economically viable. Three-year outcome data from 394 parolees (291 treated, 103 untreated comparison) were examined to determine the relative cost-effectiveness of prison-based treatment and aftercare, controlling for risk of recidivism. Findings showed that intensive services were cost-effective only when the entire treatment continuum was completed, and that the largest economic impact was evident among high-risk cases. Therefore, assignments to correctional treatment should consider an offender's problem severity level, and every effort should be made to engage them in aftercare upon release from prison.
Experience with the Broviac Catheter for Prolonged Parenteral Alimentation
Authors: Grundfest Sharon , Steiger Ezra
Published: June 2009

Home hyperalimentation is now recognized as a technique which allows patients with severe short bowel syndrome or inflammatory bowel disease to return to a near normal life style. The success of this program is dependent on the long‐term use of a catheter through which intravenous fluids are infused. In the past 20 months, we have inserted 32 catheters into 22 patients for purposes of home parenteral nutrition. In a 1 to 20‐month follow‐up, the average duration of catheter insertion was 6 months, the longest has been 19 months in 2 patients. One patient with superior vena cava thrombosis has had a catheter inserted via a femoral vein which has been functioning well for 5 months. Thirteen catheters have been removed: 3 for obstruction, 2 for sepsis, 1 due to breakage of the catheter, 4 for slippage (3 were pulled out by the patient, and 1 was removed because of inability to psychologically accept the presence of the catheter). The removal of 6 of these 13 catheters was necessitated by breaks in the proper techniques of catheter care, which include daily dressing changes and heparinization of the catheter at least once daily. Techniques of catheter insertion and catheter care will be presented.
Evolution of the Technique of Home Parenteral Nutrition
Authors: Scribner Belding H. , Cole James J.
Published: June 2009

Experience with use of the artificial kidney in the home led to the concept of self‐infusion of parenteral nutrients at home. Originally called an artificial gut, the term has been changed to home parenteral nutrition. The original method proposed for circulatory access, a side‐arm on an A‐V shunt, failed and forced the development of a right atrial catheter which proved to be both safe and longlasting. A safe and rapid self‐mix system of nutrient preparation was developed which made the patient independent of the hospital pharmacy. A wearable infusion device proved workable but was abandoned because it was unnecessary and greatly interfered with patient rehabilitation. A portable infusion system has been developed which facilitates patient mobility during infusions as well as patient travel.
Patriarchal Machines and Masculine Embodiment
Authors: Mellström Ulf
Published: June 2009

Hegemonic masculinity is a concept that has been of central concern in gender research on different masculinities. However, with the exception of the pioneering work of Wajcman, it has not been widely discussed in relation to studies of science and technology. In this article, which mainly draws on anthropological fieldwork among car and motor mechanics in Penang, Malaysia, a certain form of hegemonic masculinity, based on an intimate embodied interaction with machines, is being discussed. Such a masculinity is furthermore founded on an anthropomorphization of the man-machine relationship in which the machines are transformed into subjects in what might be termed a masculine technical sociability. In such a sociability, machines are understood as a means of a performative and embodied communication enabling masculine homosocial bonding linkages.
Accommodating Science to External Demands: The Emergence of Dutch Toxicology
Authors: Groenewegen Peter
Published: June 2009

Hybrid scientific fields consist of a collection of knowledge-producing and -utilising organisations, fulfilling a dual role of providing specific knowledge services as well as contributing to increased scientific understanding. In this article, the processes that govern scientific knowledge production in hybrid scientific fields are explored. While such sets of organisations are targeted in science policy as receivers of resources, as well as providers of services and other knowledge products, attention in science studies is all but lacking. Data from a study on toxicology as a representative of public health sciences are used. The author will focus on the effects on scientific research and its organisational relations by discussing three social processes relevant to knowledge production, problem choice, resource distribution, and reputational control.
Public Participation Methods: A Framework for Evaluation
Authors: Rowe Gene , Frewer Lynn J.
Published: June 2009

There is a growing call for greater public involvement in establishing science and technology policy, in line with democratic ideals. A variety of public participation procedures exist that aim to consult and involve the public, ranging from the public hearing to the consensus conference. Unfortunately, a general lack of empirical consideration of the quality of these methods arises from confusion as to the appropriate benchmarks for evaluation. Given that the quality of the output of any participation exercise is difficult to determine, the authors suggest the need to consider which aspects of the process are desirable and then to measure the presence or quality of these process aspects. To this end, a number of theoretical evaluation criteria that are essential for effective public participation are specified. These comprise two types: acceptance criteria, which concern features of a method that make it acceptable to the wider public, and process criteria, which concern features of the process that are liable to ensure that it takes place in an effective manner. Future research needs to develop instruments to measure these criteria more precisely and identify the contextual and environmental factors that will mediate the effectiveness of the different participation methods.
Public Knowledge of and Attitudes to Science: Alternative Measures That May End the “Science War”
Authors: Bauer Martin W. , Petkova Kristina , Boyadjieva Pepka
Published: June 2009

Research on the public understanding of science has measured knowledge as acquaintance with scientific facts and methods and attitudes as evaluations of societal consequences of science and technology. The authors propose alternative concepts and measures: knowledge of the workings of scientific institutions and attitudes to the nature of science. The viability, reliability, and validity of the new measures are demonstrated on British and Bulgarian data. The instrument consists of twenty items and takes ten to fifteen minutes to apply. Differences in the representation of science are reported between the British and Bulgarian young elite, between the elite and the public in Bulgaria, between natural and social science students, and between beginners and advanced students in Britain. The use of these measures will extend the scope of science indicator measures used by the European Commission and the National Science Foundation, help the assessment of the socialization in university training, and may even contribute to the peace process in the “science wars.”
The Power and the Pleasure? A Research Agenda for “Making Gender Stick” to Engineers
Authors: Faulkner Wendy
Published: June 2009

This article seeks to open up a new avenue for feminist technology studies—gender-aware research on engineers and engineering practice—on the grounds that engineers are powerful symbols of the equation between masculinity and technology and occupy significant roles in shaping new technologies. Drawing on the disparate evidence available, the author explores four themes. The first asks why the equation between masculinity and technology is so durable when there are such huge mismatches between image and practice. The second examines this mismatch in the detail of engineering knowledge and practice to reveal that fractured and contradictory constructions of masculinity frequently coexist. The third theme addresses the suggestion that women and men might bring different styles to engineering. Finally, the author explores subjective experiences of engineering to argue that engineers’ shared pleasures in and identification with technology both define what it means to be an engineer and provide appealing symbols of power that act to compensate for a perceived lack of power or competence in other arenas.
“What Do You Think about Genetic Medicine?” Facilitating Sociable Public Discourse on Developments in the New Genetics
Authors: Barns Ian , Schibeci Renato , Davison Aidan , Shaw Robyn
Published: June 2009

An important aspect of any meaningful public discussion about developments in gene technology is the provision of opportunities for interested publics to engage in sociable public discourse with other lay people and with experts. This article reports on a series of peer group conversations conducted in late 1996 and early 1997 with sixteen community groups in Perth, Western Australia, interested in gene therapy technology. With the case of cystic fibrosis as a particular focus, and using background resource material as a stimulus for discussion, the participating groups explored a range of value issues arising from the new genetic medicine. This more discursive context enabled participants to express a number of background or life-world concerns about genetic medicine, concerns that are often obscured by the dominant biomedical and bioethical discourses.