bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
COMPARAÇÃO DE ESQUEMAS DE AMOSTRAGEM PARA TREINAMENTO DE MODELOS PREDITORES NO MAPEAMENTO DIGITAL DE CLASSES DE SOLOS
Authors: Teske Rodrigo , Giasson Elvio , Bagatini Tatiane
Published: April 2015

Os modelos preditores usados no mapeamento digital de solos (MDS) precisam ser treinados com dados que captem ao máximo a variação dos atributos do terreno e dos solos, a fim de gerar correlações adequadas entre as variáveis ambientais e a ocorrência dos solos. Para avaliar a acurácia desses modelos, tem sido constatado o uso de diferentes métodos de avaliação da acurácia no MDS. Os objetivos deste estudo foram comparar o uso de três esquemas de amostragem para treinar algoritmo de árvore de classificação (CART) e avaliar a capacidade de predição dos modelos gerados por meio de quatro métodos. Foram utilizados os esquemas de amostragem: aleatório simples; proporcional à área de cada unidade de mapeamento de solos (UM); e estratificado pelo número de UM. Os métodos de avaliação testados foram: aparente, divisão percentual, validação cruzada com 10 subconjuntos e reamostragem com sete conjuntos de dados independentes. As acurácias dos modelos estimadas pelos métodos foram comparadas com as acurácias mensuradas obtidas pela comparação dos mapas gerados, a partir de cada esquema de amostragem, com o mapa convencional de solos na escala 1:50.000. Os esquemas de amostragem influenciaram na quantidade de UMs preditas e na acurácia dos modelos e dos mapas gerados. Os esquemas de amostragem proporcional e estratificada resultaram mapas digitais menos acurados, e a acurácia dos modelos variou conforme o método de avaliação empregado. A amostragem aleatória resultou no mapa digital mais acurado e apresentou valores da acurácia semelhantes para todos os métodos de avaliação testados.
PRODUTIVIDADE DO TRIGO IRRIGADO SUBMETIDO À APLICAÇÃO DE NITROGÊNIO E À INOCULAÇÃO COM AZOSPIRILLUM BRASILENSE
Authors: Nunes Pedro Henrique Marques Paula , Aquino Leonardo Angelo , Santos Luiz Paulo Dornelas dos , Xavier Felipe Oliveira , Dezordi Luciel Rauni , Assunção Natália Silva
Published: April 2015

Inocular sementes de trigo com Azospirillum brasilense pode ser benéfico à cultura do trigo, bem como reduzir a necessidade de aplicação de N. No entanto, são escassos trabalhos que mensurem o benefício dessa prática no trigo irrigado com expectativa de alta produtividade e demanda de N. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a produtividade e o conteúdo de N na planta do trigo irrigado, submetido a doses de N, com ou sem a inoculação com A. brasilense. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos em 2011 e repetidos em 2012. Em cada ano de cultivo, instalou-se um experimento na área considerada de baixa disponibilidade de N no solo (cultivo em sucessão ao milho) e outro na com alta disponibilidade (cultivo em sucessão à soja ou cenoura). Os tratamentos consistiram de cinco doses de N e da inoculação ou não com A. brasilense. As doses de N testadas foram 20, 60, 100, 140 e 180 kg ha-1 na área com baixa disponibilidade de N e 20, 50, 80, 110 e 140 kg ha-1 na com alta disponibilidade. O teor de N na folha índice foi aumentado pela inoculação com A. brasilense. Entretanto, o N absorvido não foi influenciado pela inoculação da bactéria. As doses de N aumentaram a produtividade do trigo e esse aumento foi mais evidente no cultivo na área com baixa disponibilidade de N no solo.
USE OF SCALED SEMIVARIOGRAMS IN THE PLANNING SAMPLE OF SOIL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES IN SOUTHERN AMAZONAS, BRAZIL
Authors: Aquino Renato Eleotério de , Campos Milton César Costa , Marques Junior José , Oliveira Ivanildo Amorim de , Teixeira Daniel De Bortoli , Cunha José Maurício da
Published: April 2015

There is a great lack of information from soil surveys in the southern part of the State of Amazonas, Brazil. The use of tools such as geostatistics may improve environmental planning, use and management. In this study, we aimed to use scaled semivariograms in sample design of soil physical properties of some environments in Amazonas. We selected five areas located in the south of the state of Amazonas, Brazil, with varied soil uses, such as forest, archaeological dark earth (ADE), pasture, sugarcane cropping, and agroforestry. Regular mesh grids were set up in these areas with 64 sample points spaced at 10 m from each other. At these points, we determined the particle size composition, soil resistance to penetration, moisture, soil bulk density and particle density, macroporosity, microporosity, total porosity, and aggregate stability in water at a depth of 0.00-0.20 m. Descriptive and geostatistical analyses were performed. The sample density requirements were lower in the pasture area but higher in the forest. We concluded that managed-environments had differences in their soil physical properties compared to the natural forest; notably, the soil in the ADE environment is physically improved in relation to the others. The physical properties evaluated showed a structure of spatial dependence with a slight variability of the forest compared to the others. The use of the range parameter of the semivariogram analysis proved to be effective in determining an ideal sample density.
PEASANT AND SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE ON PLANOSOLS AS A SOURCE OF MATERIALS IN THE MAKING OF NON-INDUSTRIAL POTTERY
Authors: Cabral Raiana Lira , Alves Ângelo Giuseppe Chaves , Ribeiro Filho Mateus Rosas , Souza Júnior Valdomiro Severino de , Ribeiro Mateus Rosas , Santos Carolina Gonzaga Rodrigues
Published: April 2015

Ethnopedological studies have mainly focused on agricultural land uses and associated practices. Nevertheless, peasant and indigenous populations use soil and land resources for a number of additional purposes, including pottery. In the present study, we describe and analyze folk knowledge related to the use of soils in non-industrial pottery making by peasant potters, in the municipality of Altinho, Pernambuco State, semiarid region at Brazil. Ethnoscientific techniques were used to record local knowledge, with an emphasis on describing the soil materials recognized by the potters, the properties they used to identify those soil materials, and the criteria employed by them to differentiate and relate such materials. The potters recognized three categories of soil materials: “terra” (earth), “barro” (clay) and, “piçarro” (soft rock). The multi-layered arrangement of these materials within the soil profiles was similar to the arrangement of the soil horizon described by formal pedologists. “Barro vermelho” (red clay) was considered by potters as the principal ceramic resource. The potters followed morphological and utilitarian criteria in distinguishing the different soil materials. Soils from all of these sites were sodium-affected Alfisols and correspond to Typic Albaqualf and Typic Natraqualf in the Soil Taxonomy (Soil Survey Staff, 2010).
Processamento do milho grão sobre desempenho e saúde ruminal de cordeiro
Authors: Oliveira Letícia Silva , Mazon Madeline Rezende , Carvalho Roberta Ferreira , Pesce Domingos Marcelo Cenachi , Silva Saulo da Luz e , Nogueira Filho José Carlos Machado , Gallo Sarita Bonagurio , Leme Paulo Roberto
Published: April 2015

Vinte e dois cordeiros machos não castrados, Dorper x Santa Inês, com aproximadamente 90 dias de idade e peso vivo médio inicial de 27,0±4,4kg, foram alimentados com uma dieta com elevada proporção de concentrado com 20% de pelete proteico-mineral (Grano Entero(r)), 5% de feno de capim coast-cross e 75% de milho, na forma de milho grão inteiro (MGI), milho grão moído (MGM) ou milho grão úmido (MGU), para avaliação de desempenho no confinamento por um período de 14 dias de adaptação às dietas e às instalações e de 65 dias de confinamento. Em seguida, os animais foram abatidos com peso vivo médio final (PVF) de 47,97±5,13kg e o conteúdo gástrico foi avaliado para quantificação de protozoários, e foi realizada avaliação papilar. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados. Não houve diferença entre os tratamentos (P>0,05) quanto ao ganho de peso médio diário, eficiência alimentar, ingestão diária de matéria seca, características da carcaça e da carne. Os animais tratados com MGI tiveram maior conteúdo gástrico, menor pH ruminal, maior AP (% da superfície de absorção) e maior área papilar em comparação com os outros tratamentos. Os animais tratados com MGI tiveram melhores resultados para o peso final, mas para os demais parametros estudados não foi observada diferença.
Ophthalmic parameters in adult Shih Tzu dogs
Authors: Kobashigawa Karina Kamachi , Lima Tiago Barbalho , Padua Ivan Ricardo Martinez , Barros Sobrinho Alexandre Augusto Franchi de , Marinho Fabio de Andrade , Ortêncio Kethye Priscila , Laus José Luiz
Published: April 2015

Ocular surface diseases are often diagnosed in brachycephalic dogs. The ophthalmic parameters of the Shih Tzu dogs are evaluated in this study since this breed is among the most commonly affected by these diseases. In this study, ophthalmic parameters of this breed were partly studied under physical restraint. Schirmer tear test, breakup time test, aesthesiometry, biomicroscopy, non-contact specular microscopy, laser flaremetry, applanation tonometry, ultrasonography and ophthalmoscopy were carried in 48 eyes of 24 male and female dogs, aged from two to four years, weighing between 5 and 10kg. All dogs were from a breeding kennel. Descriptive statistics were applied to the data. Mean and standard error for Schirmer tear test was 26.145±0.803mm min-1; breakup time test, 13.668±0.538s; and aesthesiometry, 2.395±0.071cm. The biomicroscopy evaluation showed that 70.83% of the eyes had medial entropion; 42% caruncular trichiasis; 33% distichiasis, 27% mild paracentral corneal opacity; and 13% corneal melanosis. Mean and standard error for endothelial cell density was 2221.591±20.161cells mm-2; endothelial cell hexagonality, 63.770±1.805%; endothelial cell area, 451.895±4.179mm2; central corneal thickness, 0.490±0.007 mm; laser flaremetry, 1.720±0.216PC ms-1; applanation tonometry, 16.118±0.460mmHg; axial length, 20.255±0.134mm; lens thickness, 6.624±0.031mm; anterior chamber, 4.064±0.109mm; and vitreous chamber, 9.565±0.054mm. Ophthalmoscopy findings were not different from previous reports for other breeds. The results showed that the ophthalmic Shih Tzu parameters did not differ from other breeds according to data in the literature, except for the breakup time and Cochet-Bonnet aesthesiometry.
O efeito do tipo de produto e das capabilidades logísticas sobre o ciclo do pedido
Authors: Moori Roberto Giro , Felix Ester , Lelis Eliacy Cavalvanti , Caldeira Adilson
Published: April 2015

A logística admite liberdade na seleção de locais de produção como meio para vantagens competitivas. Graças a transporte rápido, armazenagem e sistema de informação é possível, por exemplo, em pleno inverno, adquirir frutas tropicais ou qualquer outro produto sazonal da América do Sul em países do hemisfério norte. Nesse sentido, as capabilidades logísticas assumem papel importante para a rapidez no atendimento e oferta de produtos de preços baixos aos consumidores. Com base nesse contexto, realizou-se este estudo com o objetivo de verificar o efeito do tipo do produto exportado (commodity ou industrializado) e das capabilidades logísticas sobre o ciclo de entrega de pedido. Para tanto, realizou-se uma pesquisa exploratória do tipo quantitativo junto a 56 profissionais atuantes na gestão de logística e cadeias de suprimentos em empresas exportadoras de café, açúcar, soja, carne e bens de capital. A coleta de dados ocorreu por meio de um questionário, previamente, submetido a pré-testes junto a sete gestores de empresas exportadoras de commodities e produtos industrializados para refinamento e validação de conteúdo. Os dados, tratados pelas técnicas da regressão linear e ANOVA para dois fatores, revelaram não haver interação entre tipo de produto exportado e capabilidades logísticas. Este resultado levou a deduzir que outros fatores como taxa de câmbio, infraestrutura logística (portos, rodovias, armazéns e terminais de transbordos) podem estar influenciando na eficiência logística, necessitando assim, de um maior aprofundamento da pesquisa para se ter maior conhecimento do assunto.
GESTÃO GERENCIALISTA E ESTILOS DE VIDA DE EXECUTIVOS
Authors: TONON LEONARDO , GRISCI CARMEM LIGIA IOCHINS
Published: April 2015

Aos estilos de vida da sociedade líquido-moderna (Bauman, 2001, 2007), associam-se indicadores de desempenhos vinculados ao curto prazo e à obsolescência condizentes com a gestão gerencialista (Gaulejac, 2007). Tal modo de gestão, constituído em essência por características ideológicas, aproveita-se dos discursos ligados à eficiência e eficácia para gerar uma falsa neutralidade da gestão nos ambientes de trabalho. O gerencialismo ganha vulto ainda ao expandir as mais diversas prescrições para além das empresas, contribuindo para que outras esferas da vida passem a ser produzidas segundo os moldes definidos pela gestão. Nesse contexto, merecem atenção os executivos, por se caracterizarem como ícones da (re)produção de estilos de vida (Tanure, Carvalho, & Andrade, 2007; Gaulejac, 2007; Boltanski & Chiapello, 2009). Diante disso, indagou-se: "Que possíveis influências da gestão gerencialista encontram-se na produção de estilos de vida de executivos?". E constituiu-se o objetivo de compreender que elementos da gestão gerencialista promovem a (re)produção de seus estilos de vida. Para tanto, tomou-se como método a história de vida. Tecidas a partir da realização de entrevistas em profundidade e analisadas à luz da literatura pertinente, as histórias de vida de dois executivos permitiram apontar que os seguintes elementos contribuem para a (re)produção dos estilos de vida de executivos: a glamourização do mundo executivo; as constantes situações de pressões vivenciadas no dia a dia de trabalho; a despersonalização do trabalhador avaliado com base em índices e resultados; e a relação com a família intimamente alcançada pela lógica da gestão. Ao produzir um indivíduo que se vê seduzido pelo glamour, a gestão gerencialista apresenta sua faceta de máquina produtiva e de controle social, uma vez que os estilos que dela resultam são estilos de vida, não somente de uma parcela da vida. Tal recurso, de certo modo, instila características e sensações compensatórias que mascaram os sofrimentos ou mesmo os mecanismos de poder e dominação existentes em tais modos de gestão.
COOPERAÇÃO NO APL DE SANTA RITA DO SAPUCAÍ
Authors: SOUSA ANA ROSA DE , BRITO MOZAR JOSÉ DE , SILVA PAULO JOSÉ , ARAÚJO UAJARÁ PESSOA
Published: April 2015

Neste trabalho, apresentam-se os principais resultados de pesquisa na qual se investigaram os construtos explicativos das relações de cooperação entre as empresas integrantes do arranjo produtivo local (APL) localizado na cidade de Santa Rita do Sapucaí, em Minas Gerais. Para tanto, recuperaram-se alguns aspectos da gênese, do desenvolvimento e da configuração do referido arranjo. Posteriormente, foi elaborada uma proposta teórico-metodológica que serviu de referência para a produção de explicações sobre relações entre os construtos cooperação, confiança, benefícios, entre outros. Para testar e validar a referida proposta, aplicaram-se duas técnicas de análise multivariada: análise fatorial e regressão polinomial. As análises dos resultados da pesquisa evidenciaram a existência de correlações que indicam percepção positiva dos gestores em relação à governança promovida no âmbito do arranjo produtivo e aos benefícios advindos da cooperação. Estes últimos são vistos pelos gestores como geradores de algumas vantagens individuais e coletivas para as empresas participantes da pesquisa. Finalmente, os resultados desta pesquisa contrariam algumas formulações da proposta teórico-metodológica utilizada para explicar as relações de confiança construídas entre as empresas que atuam numa mesma base territorial. Indicam ainda que esse APL exemplificaria bem a importância de dois elementos institucionais: a governança (no caso, Sindicato das Indústrias de Aparelhos Elétricos, Eletrônicos e Similares do Vale da Eletrônica – Sindvel – e poder público local) e a interveniência de entidades educacionais que, além de assegurarem a qualificação da mão de obra, assumiram a tarefa de incubar empresas. Não parece inapropriado afirmar que o APL deve a sua criação e, mesmo, o seu desenvolvimento à atuação desses entes, conjuminada com a ação de pessoas visionárias, que ocuparam cargos diretivos nessas entidades. Como qualquer outra pesquisa, esta investigação sofreu com limitações. Entre outras, está o corte transversal dos dados: enquanto se admite a importância da dinâmica histórica, apresenta-se uma análise pontual.
Adhesion molecules in breast carcinoma: a challenge to the pathologist
Authors: Rossetti Claudia , Reis Beatriz da Costa Aguiar Alves , Delgado Pamela de Oliveira , Azzalis Ligia Ajaime , Junqueira Virginia B. C. , Feder David , Fonseca Fernando
Published: April 2015

The role of adhesion molecules is very important both in the activation of carcinogenesis and in the differentiation of subtypes of breast carcinoma, aiding in diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutic choice in these tumors. Therefore, understanding the functions and interrelationships among these molecules is crucial to the pathologist, who often uses these factors as a resource to differentiate tumors and further classify them according to a molecular point of view. Our goal is to describe the applicability and the difficulties encountered by the pathologist in the diagnosis of breast carcinoma, discussing the most commonly used markers of adhesion in routine analyses.
Cancer stem cells: a new approach to tumor development
Authors: Kobayashi Natália Cristina Ciufa , Noronha Samuel Marcos Ribeiro de
Published: April 2015

Many theories have been proposed to explain the origins of cancer. Currently, evidences show that not every tumor cell is capable of initiating a tumor. Only a small part of the cancer cells, called cancer stem cells (CSCs), can generate a tumor identical to the original one, when removed from human tumors and transplanted into immunosuppressed mice. The name given to these cells comes from the resemblance to normal stem cells, except for the fact that their ability to divide is infinite. These cells are also affected by their microenvironment. Many of the signaling pathways, such as Wnt, Notch and Hedgehog, are altered in this tumoral subpopulation, which also contributes to abnormal proliferation. Researchers have found several markers for CSCs; however, much remains to be studied, or perhaps a universal marker does not even exist, since they vary among tumor types and even from patient to patient. It was also found that cancer stem cells are resistant to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. This may explain the re-emergence of the disease, since they are not completely eliminated and minimal amounts of CSCs can repopulate a tumor. Once the diagnosis in the early stages greatly increases the chances of curing cancer, identifying CSCs in tumors is a goal for the development of more effective treatments. The objective of this article is to discuss the origin of cancer according to the theory of stem cell cancer, as well as its markers and therapies used for treatment.
A pesquisa-intervenção em Psicologia do Trabalho em um aporte que toma o desenvolvimento como método e objeto
Authors: Silva Claudia Osório da , Souto Alice Paiva , Memória-Lima Karla Maria Neves
Published: April 2015

O Núcleo de Estudos e Intervenção em Trabalho, Subjetividade e Saúde (Nutras) é um grupo de pesquisa vinculado à Universidade Federal Fluminense. Uma de suas linhas de pesquisa tem como objeto o trabalho como operador de saúde. A principal referência teórica é a corrente da psicologia do trabalho chamada clínica da atividade, fundada na psicologia histórico-cultural de Vigotski, em intercessão com outras teorias como a linguística de Bakhtin (2006) e a ergonomia situada francofônica (WISNER, 1995). Numa abordagem clínica do trabalho, toma o conceito de desenvolvimento como central, utilizando-o como método para uma intervenção dialógica a Oficina de Fotos.
Pesquisas sobre infâncias, formação de professores e linguagens: diálogos com a perspectiva histórico-cultural
Authors: Moreira Ana Rosa Picanço , Micarello Hilda , Schapper Ilka , Santos Núbia Schaper
Published: April 2015

Este artigo aborda as relações entre as concepções de sujeito e educação com base nos estudos realizados pelo grupo de pesquisa LEFoPI/UFJF. A partir da abordagem histórico-cultural, calcada nas ideias de Vigotski e Bakhtin, discute os processos de construção de subjetividade que emergem nas relações entre adultos e crianças e entre crianças mediadas pelas produções culturais desses sujeitos nos contextos da educação infantil e anos iniciais do ensino fundamental, tendo a linguagem como eixo central. Esses processos são investigados mediante dois projetos: (1) pesquisa-intervenção na perspectiva crítica de colaboração com profissionais de creche em formação continuada; (2) estudo longitudinal, que busca compreender a experiência de um grupo de crianças na transição entre a etapa da educação infantil e o ensino fundamental, focalizando especialmente a leitura. Os estudos chamam a atenção para a importância da reflexão sobre a prática e a prática da reflexão, em um movimento circunscrito ao contexto histórico-cultural de cada sujeito.
O desenvolvimento de conceitos na cognição e na linguagem
Authors: Eisenberg Zena
Published: April 2015

O Grupo de Pesquisa Desenvolvimento Humano e Educação (Grudhe) tem como foco o desenvolvimento da criança na educação infantil e no primeiro segmento do ensino fundamental. A partir de um referencial socio-histórico, buscamos estudar como as crianças aprendem conceitos a partir de suas interações diárias no ambiente escolar. Os estudos realizados no Grudhe desde sua fundação, no ano de 2009, começaram com a investigação do desenvolvimento de conceitos temporais na educação infantil conjugado a um programa de intervenção junto aos professores e às crianças (2008-2009). Em seguida, nossos estudos se expandiram para abranger o primeiro segmento do ensino fundamental, focando desenvolver um instrumento de avaliação do conhecimento temporal das crianças. Ali também houve um programa de intervenção avaliado a partir de pré e pós-testes (2010-2011). Paralelamente, um estudo em colaboração com Vasconcellos e Daiute (2012) teve como foco os conceitos de favela, comunidade e risco entre professoras de educação infantil que atuam em creches situadas em áreas de risco.
Algumas informações biográficas sobre L. S. Vigotski: será que, algum dia, a névoa se dissipará?
Authors: Prestes Zoia , Tunes Elizabeth
Published: April 2015

Neste artigo discutem-se informações biográficas de L. S. Vigotski, extraídas de trabalhos de uma pesquisadora russa que investigou os arquivos da família do autor. É traduzido um trecho de artigo da pesquisadora no qual ela transcreve anotações inéditas de Vigotski, feitas em cadernetas e pedaços de papel. As informações referem-se à sua relação com a doença que o acometeu; à presença forte de Hamlet nos períodos de crise e internação; à sua relação com a família; ao compromisso com a Revolução de Outubro; ao processo de elaboração de sua teoria, destacando-se algumas indicações de suas preocupações com a questão judaica.
Relações entre sujeitos sociais e objetos técnicos uma reflexão necessária para investigar os processos educativos mediados por tecnologias
Authors: PEIXOTO JOANA
Published: April 2015

A investigação sobre os processos formativos on-line tem uma base técnica, mas a relação com a técnica nunca é puramente instrumental. Além de uma base técnica que define suas funcionalidades, as plataformas digitais, os ambientes virtuais e os meios de comunicação digitais em rede possuem como característica o fato de permitirem a transmissão de elementos de ordem abstrata ou simbólica. Este artigo propõe um exercício sobre questões epistemológicas e metodológicas que envolvem a pesquisa sobre os processos formativos on-line, de maneira que seja superado o antagonismo entre as dimensões cultural e técnica dos meios tecnológicos. Parte-se de duas possibilidades explicativas para as relações entre as tecnologias e a educação e propõe-se a abordagem sociotécnica como possibilidade de orientação teórico-metodológica.
Memórias de uma professora ao recompor cenários do ensino público em Lomba Grande, Novo Hamburgo, RS (1931-1942)
Authors: SOUZA JOSÉ EDIMAR DE , GRAZZIOTIN LUCIANE SGARBI SANTOS
Published: April 2015

Este estudo analisa as narrativas de Gersy, uma professora do grau primário, cujas memórias ajudam a compreender como se constituíram os primeiros tempos de escolarização no espaço rural de Lomba Grande, Novo Hamburgo, RS. As práticas culturais, nesta pesquisa, pretendem recompor a história do ensino nesse local, entre o ingresso de Gersy na escola, como aluna, em 1931, até o início de sua vida profissional como professora, em 1940. Halbwachs (2006), entre outros autores, auxilia na articulação entre memória e contexto sócio-histórico reconstruído pela ótica da história cultural. O conjunto de indicadores empíricos evidencia um saber incorporado ao fazer docente naquela comunidade e a mobilização da comunidade para que os filhos dos colonos tivessem escola. Ao desenvolver os procedimentos analíticos, percebem-se também limites e possibilidades no uso da memória. Entre as conclusões, ainda permanece a questão: um grupo escolar em uma região rural germânica poderia estar associado à "política de nacionalização" que caracterizou o governo de Getúlio Vargas?
El tiempo y el aprendizaje escolar la experiencia de la extensión de la jornada escolar en Chile
Authors: MARTINIC SERGIO
Published: April 2015

En este artículo se ha analizado la importancia del tiempo como objeto de políticas de educación en América Latina y su impacto en el aprendizaje de los alumnos. Se ha presentado: la política de extensión de la jornada escolar (en el caso de Chile) y los cambios propuestos en la cantidad y la organización del tiempo en la escuela, en las prácticas de enseñanza, en las actividades estudiantiles y en las relaciones dentro y fuera de la escuela. Se han analizado los datos relacionados con la implementación de dicho programa, su eficacia e impacto en el aprendizaje. Se concluye que las principales lecciones aprendidas fueron la implementación de esta política y la necesidad de comprender la ampliación del tiempo en relación a los cambios en las prácticas de enseñanza de los docentes y en la organización cultural del tiempo en la escuela.
Leishmania (infantum) chagasi in canine urinary sediment
Authors: Mendonça Ivete Lopes de , Batista Joilson Ferreira , Alves Leucio Camara
Published: April 2015

Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) is difficult to diagnosis, mainly due to the presence of asymptomatic animals, the diversity of clinical symptoms and the difficulty in obtaining diagnostic evidence of high sensitivity and specificity. The purpose of this study was to diagnose CVL in urinary sediment of 70 dogs of different breeds, sexes and ages from the veterinary hospital of the Federal University of Piauí and Zoonosis Control Center of Teresina, Brazil. The serological tests were TR DPP® for CVL and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for CVL, parasitological exams of bone marrow and lymph nodes and urine sediment cultures. Leishmania was detected in the bone marrow and/or lymph node of 61.0% of the animals (43/70), and urine sediment culture was positive in 9.30% (4/43) of these animals. In the serological exams, 70.0% (49/70) were reactive using the DPP and 78.2% (55/70) were reactive using ELISA. The goal of this study was to diagnose the presence of L. (infantum) chagasi in a culture of urinary sediment.
Anisakidae and Raphidascarididae larvae parasitizing Selene setapinnis (Mitchill, 1815) in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Authors: Fontenelle Gabrielle , Knoff Marcelo , Felizardo Nilza Nunes , Torres Eduardo José Lopes , Lopes Leila Maria da Silva , Gomes Delir Corrêa , Clemente Sérgio Carmona de São
Published: April 2015

Between February and August, 2012, thirty specimens of Atlantic moonfish, Selene setapinnis, were purchased in local markets in Niterói, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, with the aim of analyzing the presence of anisakid nematodes, establishing their rates of parasitism and infection sites, due to importance in the sanitary inspection. A total of sixty nematode larvae, belonging to at least two species were found: nine larvae of Terranova sp., Anisakidae, with prevalence (P) of 13.3%, mean intensity (MI) of 2.25, mean abundance (MA) of 0.30 and range of infection intensity (RI) from 1 to 6; and 51 larvae of Hysterothylaciumfortalezae, Raphidascarididae, with P = 26.7%, MI = 6.40, MA = 1.70, and RI = 1-17. The infection sites for Terranova sp. were the mesentery and liver serosa; and for H. fortalezae, the infection sites were the mesentery, abdominal cavity and liver serosa. New morphological data from scanning electron microscopy, on the external structures of H. fortalezae (mainly at the posterior end), are presented. This is the first report of H. fortalezae parasitizing S. setapinnis.
Survey of Ehrlichia canis, Babesia spp. and Hepatozoon spp. in dogs from a semiarid region of Brazil
Authors: Rotondano Tereza Emmanuelle de Farias , Almeida Herta Karyanne Araújo , Krawczak Felipe da Silva , Santana Vanessa Lira , Vidal Ivana Fernandes , Labruna Marcelo Bahia , Azevedo Sérgio Santos de , Almeida Alzira Maria Paiva de , Melo Marcia Almeida de
Published: April 2015

This study assessed the occurrence of Ehrlichia spp., Babesia spp. and Hepatozoon spp. infections in 100 tick-harboring dogs from a semiarid region of the State of Paraíba, Northeastern Brazil. Blood samples and ticks were collected from the animals, and a questionnaire was submitted to dog owners to obtain general data. Blood samples were used to perform hemogram, direct blood smear and immunological and molecular hemoparasite detection. The 1,151 ticks collected were identified as Rhipicephalus sanguineus; direct smears revealed E. canis-like morulae in the monocytes of 4% (4/100) of the non-vaccinated female dogs, and 34% and 25% of the dogs tested positive for Ehrlichia canis by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), respectively. Blood smear examination revealed Babesia-suggestive merozoites in the erythrocytes of 2% (2/100) of the animals. Babesia vogeli was detected by PCR in ten animals (10%) and was correlated with young age (p = 0.007) and thrombocytopenia (p = 0.01). None of the animals showed Hepatozoon spp. positivity. These results indicate that E. canis is the main tick-borne canine pathogen in the study area and provide the first report of B. vogeli infection in dogs from Paraiba State.
Protozoan infections in farmed fish from Brazil: diagnosis and pathogenesis
Authors: Martins Mauricio Laterça , Cardoso Lucas , Marchiori Natalia , Benites de Pádua Santiago
Published: April 2015

The Phylum Protozoa brings together several organisms evolutionarily different that may act as ecto or endoparasites of fishes over the world being responsible for diseases, which, in turn, may lead to economical and social impacts in different countries. Apart from the recent advances for the diagnosis of fish diseases in Brazil, little is known on the protozoan parasites and their relationship with environment and host. This revision presents the most important protozoan parasites found in farmed fish from Brazil, not only with emphasis on its diagnosis, biology, transmission and host-parasite relationship, but also on some information that may be useful to researchers in determining the correct diagnosis in fish farms.
Survival Disparities by Insurance Type for Patients Aged 15–64 Years With Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Authors: Pulte Dianne , Jansen Lina , Brenner Hermann
Published: April 2015

Background.

New treatment options and supportive care measures have greatly improved survival of patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) but may not be affordable for those with no insurance or inadequate insurance.

Methods.

Using data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database, we estimated overall and cause-specific survival according to insurance status within 3 years after diagnosis of patients diagnosed with NHL in the U.S. in the period 2007–2011. Because NHL is a heterogeneous condition, we also examined survival in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL).

Results.

Survival was higher for patients with non-Medicaid insurance compared with either uninsured patients or patients with Medicaid. For patients with any NHL, the 3-year survival estimates were 68.0% for uninsured patients, 60.7% for patients with Medicaid, and 84.9% for patients with non-Medicaid insurance. Hazard ratios (HRs) for uninsured and Medicaid-only patients compared with insured patients were 1.92 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.76–2.10) and 2.51 (95% CI: 2.36–2.68), respectively. Results were similar for patients with DLBCL, with survival estimates of 68.5% for uninsured patients (HR: 1.78; 95% CI: 1.57–2.02), 58%, for patients with Medicaid (HR: 2.42; 95% CI: 2.22–2.64), and 83.3% for patients with non-Medicaid insurance. Cause-specific analysis showed survival estimates of 80.3% for uninsured patients (HR: 1.83; 95% CI: 1.62–2.05), 77.7% for patients with Medicaid (HR: 2.23; 95% CI: 2.05–2.42), and 90.5% for patients with non-Medicaid insurance.

Conclusion.

Lack of insurance and Medicaid only were associated with significantly lower survival for patients with NHL. Further evaluation of the reasons for this disparity and implementation of comprehensive coverage for medical care are urgently needed.
Analytical solution for Young's modulus of concrete with aggregate aspect ratio effect
Authors: Zheng Jianjun , Zhou Xinzhu , Sun Linzhu
Published: April 2015

This paper presents an analytical solution for Young's modulus of concrete with the aggregate aspect ratio effect. By taking the interfacial transition zone (ITZ)-coated aggregate as an ‘equivalent aggregate', the three-phase concrete is reduced to a two-phase composite material. The interaction direct derivative estimate is then adopted to derive an analytical solution for Young's modulus of concrete. After the validity of the analytical solution is verified with three sets of experimental results, the effects of various key factors on Young's modulus of concrete are evaluated quantitatively. The numerical results indicate that Young's modulus of concrete increases with an increase in maximum aggregate size, aggregate aspect ratio and Young's modulus of the aggregate, but decreases with increasing ITZ thickness. It is also found that the aggregate gradation has a certain influence on Young's modulus of concrete.
A NEW WAY OF TUBULAR LINE LAYING AT THE HEIGHT OF BUILDING PARALLEL STAIR
Authors: ILYIN Nikolay Alekseevich , KOMAROV Dmitry Sergeevich , LITVINOV Denis Vladimirovich
Published: April 2015

A new technical solution according to the method of fire sleeve line laying in parallel stairs to bring water for fire suppressing is proposed. The use of the invention provides a positive technical result.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE WAVE FLOW MOTION IN OPEN CHANNELS WITH A SHARP CHANGE IN THE BOTTOM LEVEL
Authors: SAYRIDDINOV Sayriddin Shakhobovich
Published: April 2015

Рresents the results of experimental research which allow to give engineering-based recommendations about determination of waves characteristics in interaction with local vertical narrowing of the riverbed and improve methods of calculation and designing of hydraulic and engineering objects, water supply and drainage system.
IMPROVING OF MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES OF WATER REGULATING COMPLEX IN THE MIDSTREAM OF THE BELAYA RIVER
Authors: YUROV Vladimir Mikhaylovich
Published: April 2015

Improved methods of management modes and Yumaguzinskoe and Nugushskoe water reservoirs in the united water-regulating complex in the midstream of the Belaya river are described. Experimental research of possibility of use of management modes improved methods shows that these methods can be applied for reservoir operation modes management in the united water-regulating complex under united criteria conditions.
ABOUT CALCULATION OF TRANSITION CURVES AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON THE ECOLOGICAL SAFETY OF ROADS
Authors: MARININ Yevgeniy I. , DORMIDONTOVA Tatyana V.
Published: April 2015

Method of calculating of transition curve required for design of roads turns, procedure of its construction insitu and its impact on ecological safety and reliability are presented. Questions of transition curves construction are considered. Analysis of calculation of trackway broadening is presented. Problems of clothoid application when tracing for organization of smooth slopes and increase of traffi c safety level are pulled down. Improvement of operational characteristics of design, construction and operation of roads develops production and economic level of road-construction enterprises, improves quality, reduces cost and improves ecological indexes of road-building materials, raises the eff ectiveness and ensures road traffi c safety.
INFLUENCE OF URBANIZATION ON SYSTEMS OF DRAINAGE AND RUNOFF WATER CLEANING (ON THE EXAMPLE OF SAMARA)
Authors: STRELKOV Alexander K. , GRIDNEVA Marina A. , NABOK Tatyana Yu. , DREMINA Ella V. , KONDRINA Elena E.
Published: April 2015

In the article the history of development of runoff water system in Samara is viewed and the main results of realization of general plan of runoff water system are described. Imprevious surfaces in Samara have been changed after runoff water system design, so the calculations of drainage system of runoff water under diff erent fl ow coeffi cients depending on kind of imprevious surfaces and lawns are made. Infl uence of increasing number of imprevious surfaces in city on augmentation of runoff water discharge is shown. As a result the drainage system works in forced, rapidly wearing mode, theres city streets fl ooding, and the cleaning structures arent keeping up. Therefore its necessary to meet requirements of proportion of diff erent green areas in city (as much as 40 %) and in residential area (as much as 25 %).
UNSTEADY HYDRODYNAMIC PROCESSES IN THE SLIT GAPS NONCONTACT SEALS IN A STEP CHANGE IN PRESSURE
Authors: KRESTIN Evgeny A.
Published: April 2015

Determination of leakage of fluid through the slotted annular gaps in dynamic studies leads to the discrepancy between the theoretical and experimental results. This discrepancy is particularly large for non-stationary processes in hydraulic systems. Dynamic characteristics of annular sealing cracks in a typical non-contact seals in stepwise (unit step) change of pressure are found. The velocity profile, the flow of leaks, the force of viscous friction on the channel wall are determined, the relaxation during the defined transition and the weighting function of the sealing gap are viewed.
The diversity and abundance of North American bird assemblages fail to track changing productivity
Authors: Dobson LuAnna L. , La Sorte Frank A. , Manne Lisa L. , Hawkins Bradford A.
Published: April 2015

Plant biomass or productivity and the species richness of birds are associated across a range of spatial scales. Species–energy theory is generally assumed to explain these correlations. If true, bird richness should also track productivity temporally, and there should be spatial and temporal relationships between productivity and both bird abundance and bird richness. Using the summer normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) for 1982–2006 and the North American Breeding Bird Survey, we evaluated the response of avian richness and abundance to interannual changes in plant biomass or productivity. We found positive spatial relationships between richness and NDVI for all 25 years. Temporally, however, richness and NDVI were positively associated at 1579 survey sites and negatively associated at 1627 sites (mean r2 = 0.09). Further, total abundance and NDVI were unrelated spatially (r2 values spanning <0.01 and 0.03) and weakly related temporally (mean r2 = 0.10). We found no evidence that productivity drives bird richness beyond the spatial correlations, and neither prediction arising from species–energy theory was confirmed. Spatial relationships between productivity and bird richness may thus be largely spurious, arising via covariance between plant biomass or productivity and vegetation structural complexity, and the latter may be driving bird communities. This is consistent with the MacArthurs' classic hypothesis that the vertical profile of foliage drives bird species diversity.
Differences in beta diversity between exotic and native grasslands vary with scale along a latitudinal gradient
Authors: Martin Leanne M. , Wilsey Brian J.
Published: April 2015

Biodiversity can be partitioned into alpha, beta, and gamma components, and beta diversity is not as clearly understood. Biotic homogenization predicts that exotic species should lower beta diversity at global and continental scales, but it is still unclear how exotic species impact beta diversity at smaller scales. Exotic species could theoretically increase or decrease beta diversity relative to natives depending on many factors, including abiotic conditions, community assembly history, management, dispersal rates of species, and connectivity among patches. We sampled plant species abundances in 42 novel, exotic‐ and native‐dominated (remnant) grasslands across a latitudinal gradient in the tallgrass prairie region, and tested whether exotic and native grasslands differed in beta diversity at three scales: across sites within the entire biome, across sites within regions, and across locations within sites. Exotic‐dominated grasslands differed from native‐dominated grasslands in beta diversity at all scales, but the direction of the difference changed from positive to negative as scales went from large to small. Contrary to expectations, exotic‐dominated grasslands had higher beta diversity than native‐dominated grasslands at the largest scale considered. This occurred because the identity of dominant exotic species varied across the latitudinal gradient, with many exotic grassland pairs exhibiting zero similarity, whereas native‐dominated grasslands differed more gradually with distance. Beta diversity among sites within a region was variable, with exotic‐dominated grasslands having 29% higher beta diversity than native grasslands in the south and 33% lower beta diversity in the north. Within sites, beta diversity was 26% lower in exotic‐dominated than native grasslands. Our results provide evidence that different regional identities and abundances of exotics, and lack of connectivity in fragmented landscapes can alter beta diversity in unexpected ways across spatial scales.
Dispersal strength influences zooplankton co‐occurrence patterns in experimental mesocosms
Authors: Schamp Brandon S. , Arnott Shelley E. , Joslin Katelyn L.
Published: April 2015

Negative co‐occurrence patterns are intriguing because they may reflect the outcome of interspecific interactions and therefore signal how competition shapes communities. However, other factors also contribute to these patterns. For example, theoretical studies as well as two survey‐based studies have all suggested that dispersal may also impact these patterns. While natural communities commonly have nonrandom patterns of negative co‐occurrence, understanding how different processes drive these patterns requires further research. We tested the influence of dispersal on co‐occurrence patterns using a zooplankton mesocosm experiment with four different dispersal treatments varying in the number of dispersers delivered into mesocosms on regular intervals. Our dispersal treatments were intended to adjust the relative importance of dispersal and competition experienced within mesocosms (i.e., high dispersal results in a relatively low influence of competition on species composition and vice versa). Higher dispersal translated into increased zooplankton species richness and inter‐mesocosm compositional similarity, and also changed species occupancy patterns such that species occurrences were more even across mesocosms in higher‐dispersal treatments. Dispersal treatments also differed markedly in species co‐occurrence patterns. Negative co‐occurrence patterns were significant for all but the lowest‐dispersal treatment, peaked in the intermediate‐dispersal treatments, and declined in the highest‐dispersal treatment. Stability analyses illustrate that co‐occurrence differences are robust to the exclusion of any single mesocosm in null model analyses. Dispersal treatments did not significantly differ with respect to abiotic variation, which has been recognized as a potential driver of negative co‐occurrence patterns. These results suggest that not only can dispersal influence patterns of negative co‐occurrence via changes to species richness and distribution (occupancy patterns among mesocosms), but the degree to which they do so varies nonlinearly with the strength of dispersal. Critically, because negative co‐occurrence patterns were nonsignificant when the contribution of dispersal was lowest, it is possible that dispersal contributes strongly to many observed patterns of negative co‐occurrence. Consequently, great care should be taken prior to interpreting significant co‐occurrence tests as a product of species interactions.
Dynamics of a recovering Arctic bird population: the importance of climate, density dependence, and site quality
Authors: Bruggeman Jason E. , Swem Ted , Andersen David E. , Kennedy Patricia L. , Nigro Debora
Published: April 2015

Intrinsic and extrinsic factors affect vital rates and population‐level processes, and understanding these factors is paramount to devising successful management plans for wildlife species. For example, birds time migration in response, in part, to local and broadscale climate fluctuations to initiate breeding upon arrival to nesting territories, and prolonged inclement weather early in the breeding season can inhibit egg‐laying and reduce productivity. Also, density‐dependent regulation occurs in raptor populations, as territory size is related to resource availability. Arctic Peregrine Falcons (Falco peregrinus tundrius; hereafter Arctic peregrine) have a limited and northern breeding distribution, including the Colville River Special Area (CRSA) in the National Petroleum Reserve–Alaska, USA. We quantified influences of climate, topography, nest productivity, prey habitat, density dependence, and interspecific competition affecting Arctic peregrines in the CRSA by applying the Dail‐Madsen model to estimate abundance and vital rates of adults on nesting cliffs from 1981 through 2002. Arctic peregrine abundance increased throughout the 1980s, which spanned the population's recovery from DDT‐induced reproductive failure, until exhibiting a stationary trend in the 1990s. Apparent survival rate (i.e., emigration; death) was negatively correlated with the number of adult Arctic peregrines on the cliff the previous year, suggesting effects of density‐dependent population regulation. Apparent survival and arrival rates (i.e., immigration; recruitment) were higher during years with earlier snowmelt and milder winters, and apparent survival was positively correlated with nesting season maximum daily temperature. Arrival rate was positively correlated with average Arctic peregrine productivity along a cliff segment from the previous year and initial abundance was positively correlated with cliff height. Higher cliffs with documented higher productivity (presumably indicative of higher‐quality habitat), are a priority for continued protection from potential nearby development and disturbance to minimize population‐level impacts. Climate change may affect Arctic peregrines in multiple ways, including through access to more snow‐free nest sites and a lengthened breeding season that may increase likelihood of nest success. Our work provides insight into factors affecting a population during and after recovery, and demonstrates how the Dail‐Madsen model can be used for any unmarked population with multiple years of abundance data collected through repeated surveys.