bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Indications des examens radiologiques en orthopédie dento-faciale
Authors: Foucart Jean-Michel , Felizardo Rufino , Pizelle Christophe , Bourriau Jérôme
Published: March 2012

La réduction des risques liés à l’utilisation des rayons ionisants est une préoccupation constante des praticiens mais aussi des législateurs qui ont transposé cette règle éthique dans le Code de la Santé Publique. Cette réduction des risques s’exprime à travers l’un des principes fondamentaux en radioprotection : la justification de tous les actes de radiodiagnostic. En application directe de ce principe, l’État français a publié, en 2006, un guide des indications des examens radiologiques en odontostomatologie. Néanmoins, celui-ci n’abordait que très partiellement le domaine de l’orthodontie, domaine dont les techniques radiologiques en pleine évolution rendent nécessaire une actualisation permanente des recommandations.

L’objectif de cet article est donc, à partir d’une analyse systématisée et critique de la littérature, de proposer des recommandations actualisées en imagerie orthodontique.
Wave functions and energies of bound electron states over liquid helium
Authors: Zueva T. I. , Sokolov S. S.
Published: March 2012

Energy eigenvalues and wave functions for two surface states of electrons over liquid helium in the range of pressing electric fields 0 V/cm < E⊥ < 3000 V/cm were found solving wave differential equations by means of expansion method. Values of wave functions at the liquid-vapor interface were obtained using a model potential for image forces and taking into account finiteness of potential barrier for electron penetration into liquid. A comparison between the results obtained and approximate values found using wave functions determined by variational method shows the reliability of this method for calculating matrix elements of electron-ripplon scattering.
Josephson plasma oscillations in confined layered superconductors
Authors: Khankina S. I. , Yakovenko V. M. , Yampol’skii V. A.
Published: March 2012

Intrinsic electromagnetic oscillations were investigated in layered superconductors of finite dimensions, filling a rectangular resonator. Spectra of both ordinary and extraordinary eigenmodes were obtained. A nonlinear effect of decreasing eigenfrequencies of extraordinary modes was analyzed and generation of the third harmonic of oscillations was studied. A nonlinearity of the system is related to a nonlinear dependence of the Josephson current density across superconducting layers on interlayer phase difference of the order parameter. Josephson plasma waves running along a waveguide filled with a layered superconductor were investigated as well as nonlinear effects appearing during propagations of these waves. In addition, in the work, an effect of the slowing down of terahertz waves in waveguides, which is caused by a mutual effect of nonlinearity and damping of waves is predicted.
Phase transitions in TbMnO3 manganites
Authors: Dyakonov V. , Szytuła A. , Szymczak R. , Zubov E. , Szewczyk A. , Kravchenko Z. , Bażela W. , Dyakonov K. , Zarzycki A. , Varyukhin V. , Szymczak H.
Published: March 2012

X-ray diffraction and magnetic measurements of polycrystalline and nanosize TbMnO3 manganites were performed. All the compounds studied crystallize in the orthorhombic crystal structure (space group Pnma) at room temperature. Nanosize manganites were synthesized via the sol-gel method at different (800 and 900 °C) temperatures. The average size of the synthesized nanoparticles (from 45 to 70 nm) was estimated by x-ray diffraction and low-temperature adsorption of argon. Information about the evolution of properties of TbMnO3 with changing grain size, temperature, and magnetic field was obtained. Crystal structure parameters of nano-samples change slightly with changing nanoparticle size. Peculiarities of magnetic ordering in polycrystalline and nanosize TbMnO3 were compared. Magnetization and the Nèel temperature corresponding to antiferromagnetic ordering of the Tb3+ sublattice decrease as the particle size is reduced. Inverse magnetic susceptibility of the nanoparticle samples deviates from the Curie–Weiss law below 50 K; this is related to the magnetic ordering of Mn3+ moments. Some peculiar anomalities related to the magnetic ordering of Tb3+ and Mn3+ sublattices were noticed in specific heat values of the nanosize samples.
Thermal activation plasticity of nanocrystalline Ni–18.75 at. % Fe alloy in temperature range 4.2–350 K
Authors: Tabachnikova E. D. , Podolskiy A. V. , Smirnov S. N. , Psaruk I. A. , Bengus V. Z. , Li H. , Li L. , Chu H. , Liao P. K.
Published: March 2012

The mechanical properties of nanocrystalline Ni–18.75 at. % Fe alloy (average grain size ∼ 22 nm) were studied under uniaxial compression in the temperature range of 4.2–350 K. During deformation with a constant rate the temperature dependence of yield stress was registered and deformation curves were analyzed. Temperature dependences of the deforming stress, strain rate sensitivity of the deforming stress, and activation volume of plastic deformation were measured for plastic strain of 2%. Thermal activation analysis of the experimental data was carried out. It was shown that the plastic deformation in the temperature range from 35 to 350 K was controlled by a single deformation mechanism. Empirical estimates of the parameters of interaction between dislocation and local barriers were obtained and internal stress values were evaluated.
Low-temperature jump-like strains on different scales in the normal state of Pb-(4−49) at. % In alloys
Authors: Lebedev V. P. , Krylovskiy V. S. , Lebedev S. V.
Published: March 2012

The instability of plastic flow in Pb-(4−49) at. % In alloys with different amplitude scales during deformation in the normal state at a temperature of 1.65 K is studied. The dependences of small- (∼0.1 MPa) and large-amplitude (∼1 MPa) stress jumps and of their concentrations on the degree of deformation of the polycrystals, their indium content, and the sample thickness are determined. The influence of jump-like deformation on the softening of the alloys during the transition from the normal to the superconducting state is examined. The controlling mechanism for this phenomenon is discussed.
Evaluating a healthy eating, healthy action program in small Mãori communities in Aotearoa, New Zealand
Authors: Mercer Christine , Riini Denise , Hamerton Heather , Morrison Laurie , McPherson Brighid
Published: March 2012

Evidence from health surveys have identified that Māori, the indigenous people of Aotearoa New Zealand, experience a high incidence of obesity with physical and social implications. In 2000, the New Zealand Government introduced a strategy aimed, among other objectives, at improving nutrition, increasing physical activity and reducing obesity through a ‘Healthy Eating Health Action’ (HEHA) strategy. As part of the HEHA strategy, a Māori primary health organisation (PHO) in a regional centre of Aotearoa, New Zealand, developed a program aimed at improving the health of the local Māori communities. The program, called Project REPLACE, invited participants to gradually change their behaviour by replacing behaviours potentially detrimental to health with a healthier alternative. Between 2009 and 2010 a team of researchers evaluated the program, taking care to use Māori approaches when conducting the research. The findings from the evaluation were that each community was innovative in their approaches to implementing Project REPLACE, drawing on their culture to combine healthy eating with increased exercise activities as well as measurements of achievement. The relationship that each coordinator had with the community was pivotal to the success of the program. Project REPLACE highlighted the importance of Māori ownership and control of health initiatives.
Prevalence and predictors of chlamydia co-infection among patients infected with gonorrhoea at a sexual health clinic in Sydney
Authors: Templeton David J. , Manokaran Niveditha , O'Connor Catherine C.
Published: March 2012

Anogenital gonorrhoea (Neisseria gonorrhoeae) is commonly diagnosed at sexual health clinics by on-site microscopy. Whether to add anti-chlamydial therapy in such situations is unclear.
The medical records of all patients diagnosed with gonorrhoea between May 2005 and April 2010 at RPA Sexual Health were reviewed. Of 165 patients with anogenital gonorrhoea, 27 (16.4%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 11.1–22.9%) were co-infected with chlamydia (Chlamydia trachomatis). Compared with those only infected with anogenital gonorrhoea, there was no correlation of anogenital gonorrhoea–chlamydia co-infection with any demographic, behavioural or clinical variables examined. Anti-chlamydial therapy should be considered for all patients with gram stain diagnosed anogenital gonorrhoea at the initial clinic visit.
Folding without charges
Authors: Kurnik Martin , Hedberg Linda , Danielsson Jens , Oliveberg Mikael
Published: March 2012

Surface charges of proteins have in several cases been found to function as “structural gatekeepers,” which avoid unwanted interactions by negative design, for example, in the control of protein aggregation and binding. The question is then if side-chain charges, due to their desolvation penalties, play a corresponding role in protein folding by avoiding competing, misfolded traps? To find out, we removed all 32 side-chain charges from the 101-residue protein S6 fromThermus thermophilus. The results show that the charge-depleted S6 variant not only retains its native structure and cooperative folding transition, but folds also faster than the wild-type protein. In addition, charge removal unleashes pronounced aggregation on longer timescales. S6 provides thus an example where the bias toward native contacts of a naturally evolved protein sequence is independent of charges, and point at a fundamental difference in the codes for folding and intermolecular interaction: specificity in folding is governed primarily by hydrophobic packing and hydrogen bonding, whereas solubility and binding relies critically on the interplay of side-chain charges.
Fish Assemblage Shifts and Population Dynamics of Smallmouth Bass in the Beaver Archipelago, Northern Lake Michigan: A Comparison between Historical and Recent Time Periods amidst Ecosystem Changes
Authors: Kaemingk Mark A. , Galarowicz Tracy L. , Clevenger John A. , Clapp David F. , Lenon Herbert L.
Published: March 2012

The ecological and economic importance of Great Lakes nearshore areas and the paucity of information on nearshore Lake Michigan fish assemblages prompted us to document changes that occurred from a historical time period (1969–1972, 1975, 1977, and 1984) to a recent period (2005–2008) in a nearshore northern Lake Michigan (Beaver Archipelago) fish assemblage, with an emphasis on smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu. From historical to recent periods, the Beaver Archipelago fish assemblage shifted from predominantly brown bullheads Ameiurus nebulosus to predominantly smallmouth bass. Relative abundance of brown bullheads and white suckers Catostomus commersonii declined from historical to recent time periods, as did overall species richness. The relative abundance, recruitment variability, and mortality rates of smallmouth bass have not significantly changed since the historical time period, whereas both condition (ages 5–7) and growth (ages 2–7) of this species have significantly increased. Our results suggest that the smallmouth bass population in the Beaver Archipelago area has not been negatively affected by recent ecological changes (i.e., declining primary productivity, increasing benthic invertebrate densities, increasing numbers of double‐crested cormorants Phalacrocorax auritus, and increasing introductions of nonnative species). The smallmouth bass is currently the dominant nearshore species and remains a critical component of the nearshore fish assemblage in northern Lake Michigan.
Tungsten nano-tendril growth in the Alcator C-Mod divertor
Authors: Wright G.M. , Brunner D. , Baldwin M.J. , Doerner R.P. , Labombard B. , Lipschultz B. , Terry J.L. , Whyte D.G.
Published: March 2012

Growth of tungsten nano-tendrils (‘fuzz’) has been observed for the first time in the divertor region of a high-power density tokamak experiment. After 14 consecutive helium L-mode discharges in Alcator C-Mod, the tip of a tungsten Langmuir probe at the outer strike point was fully covered with a layer of nano-tendrils. The thickness of the individual nano-tendrils (50–100 nm) and the depth of the layer (600 ± 150 nm) are consistent with observations from experiments on linear plasma devices. The observation of tungsten fuzz in a tokamak may have important implications for material erosion, dust formation, divertor lifetime and tokamak operations in next-step devices.
Direct evidence of eddy breaking and tilting by edge sheared flows observed in the TEXTOR tokamak
Authors: Shesterikov I. , Xu Y. , Hidalgo C. , Berte M. , Dumortier P. , Schoor M. Van , Vergote M. , Van Oost G.
Published: March 2012

In this letter, we present direct evidence of eddy breaking and tilting events observed at the edge of the TEXTOR tokamak using a 2D gas puff imaging diagnostic. The occurrence of eddy breaking depends on the magnitude of the E

r
 × B flow shearing rate. The results confirm the theoretical predictions about the influence of E

r
 × B sheared flows in tilting and splitting turbulence eddies, and consequently, reducing the turbulent transport.
Mixed methods for stationary Navier-Stokes equations based on pseudostress-pressure-velocity formulation
Authors: Cai Zhiqiang , Zhang Shun
Published: March 2012

In this paper, we develop and analyze mixed finite element methods for the Stokes and Navier-Stokes equations. Our mixed method is based on the pseudostress-pressure-velocity formulation. The pseudostress is approximated by the Raviart-Thomas, Brezzi-Douglas-Marini, or Brezzi-Douglas-Fortin-Marini elements, the pressure and the velocity by piecewise discontinuous polynomials of appropriate degree. It is shown that these sets of finite elements are stable and yield optimal accuracy for the Stokes problem. For the pseudostress-pressure-velocity formulation of the stationary Navier-Stokes equations, the well-posedness and error estimation results are established. By eliminating the pseudostress variables in the resulting algebraic system, we obtain cell-centered finite volume schemes for the velocity and pressure variables that preserve local balance of momentum.
A conserved cell growth cycle can account for the environmental stress responses of divergent eukaryotes
Authors: Slavov Nikolai , Airoldi Edoardo M. , van Oudenaarden Alexander , Botstein David
Published: March 2012

The respiratory metabolic cycle in budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) consists of two phases that are most simply defined phenomenologically: low oxygen consumption (LOC) and high oxygen consumption (HOC). Each phase is associated with the periodic expression of thousands of genes, producing oscillating patterns of gene expression found in synchronized cultures and in single cells of slowly growing unsynchronized cultures. Systematic variation in the durations of the HOC and LOC phases can account quantitatively for well-studied transcriptional responses to growth rate differences. Here we show that a similar mechanism—transitions from the HOC phase to the LOC phase—can account for much of the common environmental stress response (ESR) and for the cross-protection by a preliminary heat stress (or slow growth rate) to subsequent lethal heat stress. Similar to the budding yeast metabolic cycle, we suggest that a metabolic cycle, coupled in a similar way to the ESR, in the distantly related fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, and in humans can explain gene expression and respiratory patterns observed in these eukaryotes. Although metabolic cycling is associated with the G0/G1 phase of the cell division cycle of slowly growing budding yeast, transcriptional cycling was detected in the G2 phase of the division cycle in fission yeast, consistent with the idea that respiratory metabolic cycling occurs during the phases of the cell division cycle associated with mass accumulation in these divergent eukaryotes.
The efficacy of renal angioplasty in patients with renal artery stenosis and flash oedema or congestive heart failure: a systematic review
Authors: van den Berg Danielle T.N.A. , Deinum Jaap , Postma Cornelis T. , van der Wilt Geert Jan , Riksen Niels P.
Published: March 2012

Aims

Recent randomized controlled trials have reported that angioplasty does not have a beneficial effect compared with pharmacological treatment on blood pressure and renal function in patients with atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis (RAS). We aimed to explore systematically the evidence that angioplasty is effective in subgroups of patients with RAS and either flash pulmonary oedema or congestive heart failure (CHF) and renal insufficiency.

Methods and results

We searched online databases (PubMed and ClinicalTrials.gov) and references of included articles. We included 25 articles describing 79 patients with RAS and flash oedema and seven articles describing 94 patients with RAS, CHF, and renal insufficiency. According to the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) system, the quality of the evidence was, at best, low. Seventy‐six per cent of patients with flash oedema did not have any recurrence after angioplasty. Recurrence of symptoms was associated with either restenosis of the renal artery or cardiac arrhythmias in all patients. In the patients with CHF and renal insufficiency, the severity of heart failure symptoms, expressed as New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class, improved after angioplasty in all included articles.

Conclusion

The evidence included in this systematic review justifies a weak recommendation in favour of angioplasty in patients with atherosclerotic RAS and either flash pulmonary oedema or CHF and renal insufficiency.
Dual functional selenium-substituted hydroxyapatite
Authors: Wang Yanhua , Ma Jun , Zhou Lei , Chen Jin , Liu Yonghui , Qiu Zhiye , Zhang Shengmin
Published: March 2012

Hydroxyapatite (HA) doped with trace elements has attracted much attention recently owing to its excellent biological functions. Herein, we use a facile co-precipitation method to incorporate selenium into HA by adding sodium selenite during synthesis. The obtained selenium-substituted HA products are needle-like nanoparticles which have  size and crystallinity that are similar to those of the pure HA nanoparticles (HANs) when the selenium content is low. HANs are found to have the ability to induce the apoptosis of osteosarcoma cells, and the anti-tumour effects are enhanced after incorporation of selenium. Meanwhile, the nanoparticles can also support the growth of bone marrow stem cells. Furthermore, the flow cytometric results indicate that the apoptosis induction of osteosarcoma cells is caused by the increased reactive oxygen species and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential. These results show that the selenium-substituted HANs are potentially promising bone graft materials in osteosarcoma treatment due to their dual functions of supporting normal cell growth and inducing tumour cell apoptosis.
Insertions and deletions trigger adaptive walks in
Drosophila
proteins
Authors: Leushkin Evgeny V. , Bazykin Georgii A. , Kondrashov Alexey S.
Published: March 2012

Maps that relate all possible genotypes or phenotypes to fitness—fitness landscapes—are central to the evolution of life, but remain poorly known. An insertion or a deletion (indel) of one or several amino acids constitutes a substantial leap of a protein within the space of amino acid sequences, and it is unlikely that after such a leap the new sequence corresponds precisely to a fitness peak. Thus, one can expect an indel in the protein-coding sequence that gets fixed in a population to be followed by some number of adaptive amino acid substitutions, which move the new sequence towards a nearby fitness peak. Here, we study substitutions that occur after a frame-preserving indel in evolving proteins of
Drosophila
. An insertion triggers 1.03 ± 0.75 amino acid substitutions within the protein region centred at the site of insertion, and a deletion triggers 4.77 ± 1.03 substitutions within such a region. The difference between these values is probably owing to a higher fraction of effectively neutral insertions. Almost all of the triggered amino acid substitutions can be attributed to positive selection, and most of them occur relatively soon after the triggering indel and take place upstream of its site. A high fraction of substitutions that follow an indel occur at previously conserved sites, suggesting that an indel substantially changes selection that shapes the protein region around it. Thus, an indel is often followed by an adaptive walk of length that is in agreement with the theory of molecular adaptation.
Is visual processing in the dorsal stream accessible to consciousness?
Authors: Milner A. D.
Published: March 2012

There are two highly interconnected clusters of visually responsive areas in the primate cortex. These two clusters have relatively few interconnections with each other, though those interconnections are undoubtedly important. One of the two main clusters (the dorsal stream) links the primary visual cortex (V1) to superior regions of the occipito-parietal cortex, while the other (the ventral stream) links V1 to inferior regions of the occipito-temporal cortex. According to our current understanding of the functional anatomy of these two systems, the dorsal stream's principal role is to provide real-time ‘bottom-up’ visual guidance of our movements online. In contrast, the ventral stream, in conjunction with top-down information from visual and semantic memory, provides perceptual representations that can serve recognition, visual thought, planning and memory offline. In recent years, this interpretation, initially based chiefly on studies of non-human primates and human neurological patients, has been well supported by functional MRI studies in humans. This perspective presents empirical evidence for the contention that the dorsal stream governs the visual control of movement without the intervention of visual awareness.
Does famine influence sex ratio at birth? Evidence from the 1959–1961 Great Leap Forward Famine in China
Authors: Song Shige
Published: March 2012

The current study examined the long-term trend in sex ratio at birth between 1929 and 1982 using retrospective birth histories of 310 101 Chinese women collected in a large, nationally representative sample survey in 1982. The study identified an abrupt decline in sex ratio at birth between April 1960, over a year after the Great Leap Forward Famine began, and October 1963, approximately 2 years after the famine ended, followed by a compensatory rise between October 1963 and July 1965. These findings support the adaptive sex ratio adjustment hypothesis that mothers in good condition are more likely to give birth to sons, whereas mothers in poor condition are more likely to give birth to daughters. In addition, these findings help explain the lack of consistent evidence reported by earlier studies based on the 1944–1945 Dutch Hunger Winter or the 1942 Leningrad Siege.
Assessing the Biosynthetic Capabilities of Secretory Glands inCitrusPeel
Authors: Voo Siau Sie , Grimes Howard D. , Lange B. Markus
Published: March 2012

Epithelial cells (ECs) lining the secretory cavities of Citrus peel have been hypothesized to be responsible for the synthesis of essential oil, but direct evidence for such a role is currently sparse. We used laser-capture microdissection and pressure catapulting to isolate ECs and parenchyma cells (as controls not synthesizing oil) from the peel of young grapefruit (Citrus × paradisi ‘Duncan’), isolated RNA, and evaluated transcript patterns based on oligonucleotide microarrays. A Gene Ontology analysis of these data sets indicated an enrichment of genes involved in the biosynthesis of volatile terpenoids and nonvolatile phenylpropanoids in ECs (when compared with parenchyma cells), thus indicating a significant metabolic specialization in this cell type. The gene expression patterns in ECs were consistent with the accumulation of the major essential oil constituents (monoterpenes, prenylated coumarins, and polymethoxylated flavonoids). Morphometric analyses demonstrated that secretory cavities are formed early during fruit development, whereas the expansion of cavities, and thus oil accumulation, correlates with later stages of fruit expansion. Our studies have laid the methodological and experimental groundwork for a vastly improved knowledge of the as yet poorly understood processes controlling essential oil biosynthesis in Citrus peel.
My Family through the Lens. Photo Interviews with Children and Sensitive Aspects of Family Life
Authors: Zartler Ulrike , Richter Rudolf
Published: March 2012

We elaborate on an aspect of photo interviews with children that has so far not been considered sufficiently: Photographs may encourage children to talk about sensitive aspects of family life. The potential and limitations of this aspect are discussed along the lines of visibility and invisibility. Visualisations support children in verbalising their thoughts, but also stimulate narrations on issues that are not displayed. Data are drawn from interviews with fifty 10‐year‐old children who took photographs in their families, and their parents (n = 71). We conclude that visual methods and their combination with a multiple perspectives approach may generate substantial benefits in childhood and family research.
Frequency‐dependent and density‐dependent larval competition between life‐history strains of a fly, Lucilia cuprina
Authors: KERSWELL KEVEN J. , BURD MARTIN
Published: March 2012

1. Competition was created between the larvae of two life‐history strains of the blowfly Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann) that have different requirements for larval resource acquisition. Adult females of one strain had the ability to mature eggs in the absence of adult feeding (autogeny) whereas the other strain lacked this ability. Autogeny shifts the burden of resource acquisition from adults to larvae, potentially leading to greater competition at this earlier life history stage.

2. A replacement series was used to determine the per‐capita competitive effect between strains relative to the intra‐strain effect, and density‐ and frequency‐dependent variation in this per‐capita effect was then evaluated. Evidence was found of competitive superiority of autogenous larvae when they occurred at a low frequency and low density, but their competitive ability was lost or reversed at higher frequencies and densities.

3. A dynamic competitive environment created by frequency and density dependence can account for the maintenance of genetic diversity for major life‐history traits. Such competition may explain why autogeny is rare in field populations of L. cuprina even although underlying genetic variation for the trait seems to be present.
Generalist dung attraction response in a New Zealand dung beetle that evolved with an absence of mammalian herbivores
Authors: JONES ASHER G. , FORGIE SHAUN A. , SCOTT DAVID J. , BEGGS JACQUELINE R.
Published: March 2012

1. Dung beetles (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) are integral parts of many ecosystems because of their role in decomposition of dung; particularly mammal dung, which forms the diet of both larvae and adults.

2. New Zealand dung beetles are unusual as they are flightless and evolved on islands with a highly depauperate mammal fauna and thus without the usual dung resource used by dung beetles elsewhere. The diet of New Zealand dung beetles is unknown.

3. We hypothesised (1) that the endemic dung beetle Saphobius edwardsi would be attracted to a broad range of food types, and (2) that S. edwardsi would be able to survive and reproduce on a range of dung types and puriri (Vitex lucens) humus.

4. Laboratory choice tests identified that S. edwardsi was attracted to a range of mammal, bird, invertebrate, and reptile dung types, but not to non‐dung food sources. Five‐month no‐choice tests found that beetle survival rates were lower for beetles fed with humus compared with those fed on mammal, bird, or invertebrate dung. None of the beetles reproduced.

5. This study suggests S. edwardsi have a strong preference for dung, and are likely to be broad dung generalists in their feeding behaviour.
Application of r/K selection to macroinvertebrate responses to extreme floods
Authors: CHIU MING‐CHIH , KUO MEI‐HWA
Published: March 2012

1. Due to climate change, contemporary climate scenarios forecast an increase in extreme weather, which may have considerable impacts on the world's riverine ecosystems. Because the flow regime is a primary determinant of the structure and function of lotic ecosystems, changes in the weather could fundamentally alter these ecosystems through changes in hydrologic disturbance regimes.

2. In this paper, we use the abundance/biomass comparison (ABC) method, based on r/K selection theory, and event probability distribution to characterise the responses of macroinvertebrates in Taiwan mountain streams to extreme floods.

3. Severe impacts on macroinvertebrates, resulting in a large shift in community structure toward r‐selected taxa, usually were observed the year after extreme floods.

4. Macroinvertebrate communities dominated by K‐selected taxa had more individuals with traits conferring resistance to flooding disturbance, while those dominated byr‐selected taxa had more individuals with traits conferring resilience.

5. This relationship between the changes in flow regime and the ecological response of r‐ and K‐selected taxa may be exploited to understand the potential effects of flood extremes in the future, and to keep decision makers informed about the ecological consequences of climate‐mediated changes to hydrological regimes.
Suppression of bladder overactivity and oxidative stress by the phytotherapeutic agent, Eviprostat, in a rat model of atherosclerosis‐induced chronic bladder ischemia
Authors: Matsui Takahiro , Oka Michiko , Fukui Tomomi , Tanaka Mitsushi , Oyama Tatsuya , Sagawa Koji , Nomiya Masanori , Yamaguchi Osamu
Published: March 2012

Objectives:  To clarify the mechanism by which chronic bladder ischemia causes bladder functional changes, and to investigate the involvement of oxidative stress and pro‐inflammatory cytokines, and the effects of the phytotherapeutic drug, Eviprostat, on these biochemical marker levels and bladder function.

Methods:  Male Sprague–Dawley rats aged 15 weeks were divided into three groups. Arterial injury was experimentally induced by balloon endothelial injury of the iliac arteries, and a 2% cholesterol diet was given for 8 weeks. Rats in the arterial‐injury group were given daily oral vehicle or Eviprostat, whereas sham‐operated animals on a regular diet (0.09% cholesterol) were given vehicle for the last 2 weeks. Eight weeks after surgery, the levels of bladder pro‐inflammatory cytokines, as well as bladder and urinary oxidative‐stress markers, were determined. Cystometrograms were carried out without anesthesia or restraint.

Results:  Bladder and urinary oxidative‐stress markers, and bladder pro‐inflammatory cytokine levels were significantly increased in the arterial‐injury group, and Eviprostat markedly suppressed these increase. The cystometrograms showed that arterial injury decreased the intermicturition interval without affecting the micturition pressure. This decrease was reversed by Eviprostat treatment.

Conclusions:  Oxidative stress and pro‐inflammatory cytokines might be involved in the development of overactive bladder by atherosclerosis‐induced chronic bladder ischemia. Eviprostat might provide an attractive treatment option for individuals with bladder dysfunction due to chronic bladder ischemia because of its anti‐oxidant and anti‐inflammatory properties.
Venous thromboembolism and cancer
Authors: MacLellan Donald G. , Richardson Arthur , Stoodley Marcus A.
Published: March 2012

Background:  Venous thromboembolism (VTE) remains one of the most important causes of mortality and morbidity in the hospitalized patient. This is particularly evident in patients with cancer who are exposed to a four‐ to sixfold increased risk of VTE compared with those patients without cancer.

Methods:  A review of the current literature was undertaken on prophylaxis and management of VTE in patients with cancer.

Results:  Primary VTE prophylaxis is recognized to be the single most effective strategy that improves patient safety. Many clinical trials have demonstrated the benefit of primary prophylaxis for patients with cancer and evidence‐based, best practice guidelines for specific subgroups of patients with cancer are well accepted by most clinicians. Despite this, many patients at high risk for VTE either receive no VTE prophylaxis or are exposed to VTE complications due to sub‐optimal prophylaxis. Implementation of best practice guidelines still falls far short of clinical acceptable levels for VTE prophylaxis and management.

Conclusion:  VTE prevention in patients with cancer results in reduced morbidity and mortality, outcomes that are unquestionably attainable. This review of the current evidence supporting VTE prophylaxis in patients with cancer will hopefully act as a stimulus to provide patients with cancer access to the best, evidence‐based, thromboprophylactic management available.
Language and disadvantage: a comparison of the language abilities of adolescents from two different socioeconomic areas
Authors: Spencer Sarah , Clegg Judy , Stackhouse Joy
Published: March 2012

Background: It is recognized that children from areas associated with socioeconomic disadvantage are at an increased risk of delayed language development. However, so far research has focused mainly on young children and there has been little investigation into language development in adolescence.

Aims: To investigate the language abilities of adolescents from two different socioeconomic areas. The paper aims to determine if a higher proportion of adolescents from an area of socioeconomic disadvantage have low language scores when compared with adolescents from a relatively advantaged area.

Methods & Procedures: Six standardized language assessments were used to measure expressive and receptive language skills across vocabulary, syntax and narrative in two cohorts of 13 and 14 year olds: one cohort attending a school in an area of socioeconomic disadvantage (103 participants) and the other cohort attending a school in an area of relative socioeconomic advantage (48 participants).

Outcomes & Results: The cohort from the area of disadvantage performed significantly lower than the assessments’ normative mean on all measures of language ability. There were significant differences between the two cohorts on four of the six language measures. More adolescents from the school in the area of socioeconomic disadvantage had standardized assessment scores that suggest hitherto undetected language difficulties.

Conclusions & Implications: Results suggest that socioeconomic background is associated with language ability in adolescence as measured by standardized tests. In particular, adolescents from an area of socioeconomic disadvantage were at risk of low vocabulary scores. The advantages and disadvantages of using standardized language assessments are discussed and the implications for clinical and educational practice and for school level policies are highlighted.
Personality and Legislative Politics: The Big Five Trait Dimensions Among U.S. State Legislators
Authors: Dietrich Bryce J. , Lasley Scott , Mondak Jeffery J. , Remmel Megan L. , Turner Joel
Published: March 2012

The impact of personality traits on people's attitudes and behaviors is widely recognized, yet systematic attention to personality in large‐N research on elected officials has been rare. Among psychologists, five‐factor frameworks that focus on openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and emotional stability have gained tremendous prominence in the past two decades. Applications of these frameworks to the study of mass political behavior have been highly fruitful, but corresponding applications in the study of legislators have been rare. In an effort to assess the utility of a Big Five approach in the study of legislative politics, this article addresses three questions: whether elected officials will be willing to provide personality self‐assessments, whether any data they do provide will exhibit meaningful variance, and whether the Big Five trait dimensions will correspond with patterns in respondents' attitudes and behaviors. These questions are addressed using data from members of the state legislatures in Arizona, Connecticut, and Maine. Results provide considerable grounds for optimism regarding the likely utility of more extensive applications of the Big Five in research on elected officials.
Externality‐Correcting Taxes and Regulation*
Authors: Christiansen Vidar , Smith Stephen
Published: March 2012

In much of the literature on externalities, taxes and direct regulation have been considered as alternative policy instruments. Both instruments might be imperfect in practice, reflecting informational deficiencies and other limitations. We analyse the use of taxes and regulation in combination, to control externalities arising from individual consumption behaviour. We consider the cases either where taxes are imperfectly differentiated to reflect individual differences in externalities, or where some consumption escapes taxation. In both cases, we characterize the optimal instrument mix, and we show how changing the level of direct regulation alters the optimal externality tax.
The Location Choices of Foreign Investors: A District‐level Analysis in India
Authors: Mukim Megha , Nunnenkamp Peter
Published: March 2012

This paper analyses the determinants of the location choices made by foreign investors at the district level in India to gauge the relative importance of economic geography factors, local business conditions, institutional conditions and the presence of previous foreign investors. We employ a discrete‐choice model and Poisson regressions to control for the potential violation of the assumption of independence of irrelevant alternatives. Our sample includes about 19,500 foreign investment projects approved in 447 districts from 1991 to 2005. We find that foreign investors strongly prefer locations where other foreign investors are. This effect is significantly positive and robust across different years, sectors and different types of foreign direct investment (FDI). Moreover, path dependence remains significantly positive when controlling for institutional conditions at the state and district level. Foreign investors tend to follow not only previous investors from the same country of origin but also investors from other countries of origin. They are also attracted to industrially diverse locations and to districts with better infrastructure and institutional conditions, although these findings are less robust. Surprisingly, districts in the neighbourhood of large metro areas do not benefit, in terms of attracting more FDI, from having easier access to these markets than remote Indian districts. On the contrary, our results suggest that large metro areas divert FDI projects away from neighbouring districts, thereby perpetuating or even widening the urban–rural divide. We conclude that the concentration of FDI in a few locations could fuel regional divergence in post‐reform India.
Does EU Enlargement Increase Agro‐Food Export Duration?
Authors: Bojnec Štefan , Fertő Imre
Published: March 2012

This paper examines the impact of EU enlargement on agro‐food export performance across 12 new EU member states and five newly independent states in the EU markets covering the period 1999 to 2007. The performance is examined by duration of export and hazard model. We find larger duration for the agro‐food exports from the new EU member states. The results confirm gains from the eastward EU enlargement and governance on export increases and longer duration for exporting higher value‐added specialized consumer‐ready food and more competitive niche agro‐food products.
Exploiting HD Camcorders for Close‐Up Human Movement Applications
Authors: Chong Albert K.
Published: March 2012

Lately, the cost of HD video camcorders has decreased greatly and the inclusion of an internal hard disk in many models has eased the bother of downloading video clips from cumbersome tape devices. These factors have increased their potential as 3D recording devices and measurement tools for the health monitoring of patients by practitioners. This investigation determined: (1) the 3D measurement quality of off‐the‐shelf high definition camcorders for human‐movement‐related medical applications; (2) the suitability of a low‐cost LED synchronisation device for multi‐camcorder tracking; and (3) the suitability of these imaging sensors for practitioners. The results show that a four‐camcorder system is capable of measuring a 3D distance in a static setting to better than 0·050 mm; it can track a moving calibrated square‐wave signal of 0·5 and 1 Hz to better than 0·3 and 0·2 mm, respectively. Using a calibrated scale bar mounted on a moving human leg, the error produced as a result of frame disparity using a low‐cost LED frame‐synchronising device was under 0·3 mm for a four‐, three‐ and two‐camcorder configuration.
What Does the Yield Curve Tell Us about the Federal Reserve’s Implicit Inflation Target?
Authors: DOH TAEYOUNG
Published: March 2012

This paper uses a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model to explore additional information that can be extracted from the yield curve about the Federal Reserve’s implicit inflation target. In the model, monetary policy follows a nominal interest rate rule with a drifting inflation target, and agents have imperfect information about the persistent component of the inflation target. When the yield curve information is included, the DSGE model generates inflation expectations that are highly correlated with survey data evidence. In the DSGE model, agents quickly learn the inflation target and the gap between the perceived target and the actual target is quantitatively small. This is in contrast to some existing studies that suggest a persistent role of imperfect information even as long‐run inflation expectations have declined and stabilized at a low level since the mid 1980s.
Isolation of the Phrenic Nerve to Suppress Diaphragmatic Contraction Induced by Cardiac Resynchronization
Authors: DOGUET FABIEN , HONORÉ CHARLOTTE , GODIN BÉNÉDICTE , ANSELME FRÉDÉRIC
Published: March 2012

Phrenic Nerve Isolation in Cardiac Resynchronization.

Left phrenic nerve stimulation is a well‐known complication of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). We report a case where electronic or anatomical repositioning of the left ventricular (LV) electrode (within the coronary sinus tributaries) was not feasible/effective. Surgical graft interpositioning was performed to successfully isolate the phrenic nerve from the previously implanted coronary sinus epicardial LV lead. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 23, pp. 778‐780, July 2012)
Determining Sex of the Posterior Ilium from the Robert J. Terry and William M. Bass Collections
Authors: Novak Lauren , Schultz John J. , McIntyre Matthew
Published: March 2012

Abstract:  Morphological traits of the posterior ilium are commonly used for sex determination in bioarcheological and forensic skeletal analysis. This study was designed to compare the classification correctness of standard scoring systems and measurements of the posterior ilium, including using logistic regression, to develop new formulae to predict sex. Metric measurements and morphological scores for the preauricular sulcus (PS), the elevation of the auricular surface, and the greater sciatic notch width were recorded for 97 males and 101 females of both European and African ancestry from the William M. Bass and Terry Collections. Correct classification of sex was high using individual traits such as the greater sciatic notch score (88.4%), the presence or absence of a PS (78.8%), and the scoring of a present PS as 1, 2, or 3 (100%). Furthermore, an equation combining multiple traits of the posterior ilium had a high classification of 94.9%.
Recent Developments in Health Law
Authors: Gaskin Deeona
Published: March 2012

Health professionals around the world have played an integral role in state-sponsored torture during numerous historical episodes, at times providing “expertise and a veneer of legitimacy to a process that involved violations of basic human rights.” These incidents demonstrate why legal and ethical standards among health professionals should be upheld, no matter the context. For example, health professionals during the Third Reich in Germany notoriously worked with the Nazi government to perform painful medical experiments on individuals without their consent and to supervise systematic killings. During the dictatorships in Brazil, Chile, and Uruguay and during apartheid in South Africa, medical professionals also participated in torture. In recent years, government documents, news reports, articles, books, and testimonies by detainees and health professionals have exposed the involvement of health professionals in the abuse and torture of detained individuals at U.S. detention facilities around the world.
Nucleophilic Addition‐Triggered Lanthanide Luminescence Allows Detection of Amines by Eu(thenoyltrifluoroacetone)3
Authors: Zhou Zhan , Wang Qianming , Lin Jintai , Chen Yanna , Yang Chuqin
Published: March 2012

Herein, a novel fluorescent indicator for the real‐time monitoring of amines is described. This probe contains a complex of europium‐(thenoyltrifluoroacetone)3 (Eu(TTA)3) that efficiently reacts with primary and secondary amines. The electron‐withdrawing trifluoroacetyl undergoes a nucleophilic addition with amines, and the complex was used to selectively detect BuNH2 and Et2NH (quenching concentration for BuNH2: 10−4 m, for Et2NH: 1.2 × 10−3 m) by monitoring emission; no changes were observed in the emission spectrum of Eu(TTA)3 in the presence of Et3N, [Bu4N]Cl, or PhNH2 in aqueous solution (THF/H2O = 1:1). The ratio of emission intensity to amine concentration was linear by the least‐squares fitting method.