bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Beliefs and Attitudes in a Gubernatorial Primary: Some Limitations on the Fishbein Model1
Authors: Davis Mark H. , Runce Thomas E.
Published: August 2006

In order to investigate hypothesized limitations on a portion of the Fishbein expectancy‐value model, a three wave panel survey was conducted during the 1978 Texas Democratic gubernatorial primary. The survey elicited respondents' beliefs about the candidates, attitudes toward the candidates, and commitment to the candidates. Analyses revealed that the correlations between evaluative beliefs about candidates (Σeibi) and global attitudes toward them (Ao) were affected to varying degrees by three factors extraneous to Fishbein's model. There was evidence that belief‐attitude correspondence was affected by (1) respondent education and income, (2) degree of commitment to the candidates, and (3) familiarity with the candidates (salience).
Unequal Power Relationships Within a Cooperative or Corn petit ive Context
Authors: Tjosvold Dean
Published: August 2006

Sixty undergraduates negotiated an exchange of resources in dyads. They had either high or low power relative to the other and were within a competitive or cooperative context. Results support the hypothesis that these contexts affect unequal power persons' interaction and relationship. Compared to those in the cooperative context, high and lower power participants in the competitive context suspected each other, refused to exchange resources, developed negative attitudes toward each other, and associated power with control. In addition, low power participants in the competitive context indicated considerable insecurity about the interaction. These results highlight that previous literature has tended, often implicitly, to consider power and unequal power relationships within a competitive context. The dynamics proposed by this literature that inequality of power undermines negotiations and that power refers to the control of another were found to be much stronger within a competitive context than a cooperative one. Whereas the emphasis of the literature has been on power equalization, findings suggest that placing power differences in a cooperative con text can contribute to effective working relationships.
Mock Juror Judgment and the Insanity Plea: Effects of Incrimination and Sanity information1
Authors: McGlynn Richard P. , Dreilinger Evan A.
Published: August 2006

Mock jurors were given information about a stabbing incident which varied in incrimination value (high or low) and a psychological profile of the perpetrator which varied in the degree of indicated insanity (high, medium, or low) in four replications of a 2 × 3 design. In one replication, the information was presented in the context of a sanity hearing where guilt was not an issue. In three other replications, the context was a criminal trial in which the defendant pleaded not guilty on the facts, not guilty by reason of insanity (NGI), or both. Judgments in the insanity plea replication were significantly affected by incrimination information even though sanity is legally the only issue. Insanity information predictably affected judgments in the sanity hearing but had only weak effects in the insanity plea context. It was concluded that the judgment dimension which equates insanity with not guilty results in a conflict which subjects resolved by viewing the dimension as more of a guilt dimension.
Changing Contraceptive Usage Intentions: A Test of the Fishbein Model of Intention1
Authors: McCarty Dennis
Published: August 2006

The Fishbein model of intention suggests that intention may change as a consequence of change in either a related attitudinal or normative component. This hypothesis was tested on intention to use contraceptives. Users and nonusers of contraceptives were exposed to a message designed to change contraceptive‐usage attitude, to a message directed toward changing the normative beliefs associated with using contraceptives, or to a no‐message control. The messages advocated one of three contraceptive techniques: (a) males were advised to use condoms, (b) males were advised to rely on their partner's use of oral contraceptives, or (c) females were advised to use oral contraceptives. Contraceptive‐usage intention changed only in the two conditions where the model's requirements for change were present. Thus, the pattern of change agreed with Fishbein's suggestions and provided moderate support for the intention model and its application to intention change in health care settings.
Reactance and Conflict as Determinants of Judgment in a Mock Jury Experiment
Authors: Lenehan Gregory E. , O'Neill Patrick
Published: August 2006

In a mock jury experiment, college students read a partial transcript of an actual rape case. Transcripts differed in the following ways: damaging evidence was introduced against the defendant, the victim, or an inconsequential witness; following an attorney's objection, the evidence was ruled admissible or inadmissable by the judge; at the end of the transcript, subjects read the judge's charge to the jury, which was biased against the defendant or the victim, or was neutral. Judgments of guilt showed reactance effects when damaging evidence and judge's summary were against the defendant; there was no similar effect when the bias was against the victim. Subjects were more likely to evaluate the judge as “too directive” in his summary when he was inconsistent, making the juror's decision more difficult. This latter result supports the conflict theory of decision making.
The Reciprocity‐Arousing Potential of the Requester's Occupation and Helping Behavior
Authors: Yinon Yoel , Dovrat Michael , Avni Amatzia
Published: August 2006

In a field experiment, 90 subjects were contacted by phone and asked by an experimenter to make a phone call for him notifying his employer that he would be late for work. The experimenter presented himself as a (1) physician vs. accountant (high social status occupations), (2) youthcounsellor vs. insurance salesman (medium social status occupations), or (3) fireman vs. gas‐stationattendant (low social status occupations). It was found that subjects helped more frequently requesters in occupations of high potential for reciprocityarousing behavior (e.g., a physician) than of low potential (for reciprocityarousing behavior) (e.g., an accountant), regardless of the social status of the occupations.
Effect upon Desire for Social Interaction with a Physically Disabled Person of Mentioning the Disability in Different Contexts
Authors: Belcrave Faye Zollicoffer , Mills Judson
Published: August 2006

An experiment investigated the effectiveness of strategies that could be used by a physically disabled person to reduce the social handicap of being avoided in first encounters. Female college students indicated their preference for social interaction before and after learning the other person was a male in a wheelchair or nondisabled. When the disabled person made a general comment mentioning his disability after a request for help or after a miscue, change in preference for social interaction was more positive than when he did not mention his disability, providing evidence for the effectiveness of mentioning the disability following an incident involving the disability. Mention of the disability in the absence of an incident involving the disability was not found to be effective. The different ways of mentioning the disability did not affect the favorability of impressions of the disabled person, as measured by ratings of his characteristics. Impressions were generally more favorable for the disabled person than the person not in a wheelchair.
Televised Models of Female Achievement Revisited: Some Progress
Authors: Weigel Russell H. , Loomis James W.
Published: August 2006

In a previous study which analyzed the content of a sample of 1972 primetime television programming, Manes and Melnyk (1974) concluded that television portrayed employment and marriage as incompatible life‐styles for women. The present study applied the same content analysis procedures to a sample of 1978 prime‐time television programming. Results indicated that female characters employed outside the home were significantly less likely to be married than were employed male characters (p <.001), a finding which replicated the result obtained previously. In contrast to the 1972 results, however, analyses of the 1978 data revealed that employed married women were not significantly less likely than either their male counterparts or unemployed housewives to be depicted as successfully married.
The Interactive Effect of Social Comparison and Objective Information on the Decision to See a Doctor
Authors: Sanders Glenn S.
Published: August 2006

Doctors' schedules are often overcrowded by unnecessary consultations with people complaining of minor or harmless symptoms. Such people typically decide to seek medical attention after hearing the opinions of family and friends. The present study explored some factors that might affect one's readiness to be influenced by nonprofessional opinions. Subjects in a role‐playing setting were asked to imagine they were experiencing various symptoms, and then were given social comparison information suggesting they either should or should not see a doctor. As an orthogonal factor, subjects were also given an objective basis, via a simple physical test, for believing the symptoms either did or did not require medical attention. Consistent with Festinger's (1954) propositions, objective information suggesting the need to see a doctor eliminated the influence of social comparison. However, objective information suggesting the symptoms were harmless failed to reduce the impact of social comparison. These results indicate that providing an objective basis for deciding to sec a doctor will not be effective in controlling unnecessary visits, since “don't go” objective information is completely overridden by “go” social comparison information.
The Effects of Health Threat Seriousness and Personal Efficacy upon Intentions and Behavior1
Authors: Beck Kenneth H , Lund Adrian K.
Published: August 2006

Eighty dental patients were pretested with a scale measuring health locus of control and then exposed to a persuasive communication designed to manipulate their beliefs about the seriousness of periodontal disease and their susceptibility to it. The high seriousness condition increased feelings of fear, concern, and threat as well as intentions and reported compliance with recommended oral hygiene procedures. However, patient's perceived personal efficacy in performing the recommended behavior was the most important predictor of subsequent behavior. The implications of the results for Roger's protection motivation theory are discussed.
Error Patterns in the Prediction of Fertility Behavior1
Authors: Davidson Andrew R. , Beach Iee Roy
Published: August 2006

Two separate three‐wave, 2‐year, longitudinal studies investigated error patterns in two decision models' predictions of couples' birth‐planning decisions. One study tested the subjective expected utility model with a sample of married couples from the state of Washington and the other study tested the Fishbein model using a sample of married women from Illinois. Consistent with the proposal that predictions of deviation from the status quo result in a higher proportion of prediction errors than predictions of nondeviation from the status quo, both studies demonstrated that when couples were predicted to decide not to become pregnant, predictive accuracy was very high, but when couples were predicted to decide to become pregnant, predictive accuracy was significantly lower. Two hypothesized explanations for the biased error pattern were considered and received some support. The first, resembling the concept of inertia, is that a stronger motivational force is required to compel a person to elect a change from the status quo than is required to maintain the status quo. The second focuses on changes in decisions as a function of time and events. The heuristic value of directly examining prediction errors, in contrast to the more prevalent practice of reporting only one summary index of goodness of fit, was discussed.
Divergent Perceptions of Jail Inmates and Correctional Officers: The “Blame the Other‐Expect to Be Blamed” Effect1
Authors: Kagehiro Dorothy K. , Werner Carol M.
Published: August 2006

Inmates and correctional officers in a Lwnty jail made attributions of responsibility and predicted each other's attributions in response to four hypothetical stimulus incidents varying in severity of the inmate's intentional misbehavior and the severity of the officer's intentional retribution. When the misbehavior and retribution were moderate, subjects blamed both participants about equally. However, both over‐ and underreactions to the stimulus inmate's misbehavior elicited defensiveness, with both officers and inmates more likely to attribute responsibility to their opposite role character. In addition, both inmates and officers appeared to respond defensively to severe but equitable retributions. Subjects blamed each other, and, anticipating the other's defensiveness, expected to be blamed. Examination of the data suggested that subjects may have responded stereotypically rather than empathetically, and that defensiveness impeded rather than facilitated predictive accuracy. Results were consistent with previous research, increasing the generality of the “blame the other‐expect to be blamed” effect. Additional analyses indicated that inmates were more likely than officers to notice mitigating circumstances when considering the inmates' responsibility. Three recommendations were made which may help to forestall inmate reactivity to retributions: (1) Jail personnel should have objective and clear definitions as to what constitutes major and minor infractions; (2) inmates should be aware of these criteria; and (3) jail personnel should be sensitive to mitigating circumstances and moderate their retribution or anticipate possible reactivity from inmates.
Mediation of Social Density by Coalition Formation1
Authors: Reddy Diane M. , Baum Andrew , Fleming Raymond , Aiello John R.
Published: August 2006

Past research has indicated that three‐person groups are more likely to produce isolates than two‐person groups, with isolates experiencing the greatest difficulties, least confidence, and most intense crowding stress. The present study extended these findings by examining the role of coalition formation as a mediator of social density in three‐ and four‐person groups using a survey technique. As expected, coalition formation between two roommates, resulting in one or more isolates, was more likely to occur in three‐person than four‐person groups. Consistent with previous research, isolates in both three‐ and four‐person groups reported more crowding, more somatic complaints, dissatisfaction with room and roommates, difficulty in maintaining control, and less confidence in their ability to regulate social interaction than nonisolates. Tripled isolates, however, consistently reported more significant feelings of not being understood by roommates and loneliness, as well as greater exclusion from group decisions, more extreme difficulties in maintaining control and regulating social interaction, and more intense crowding stress. Counterintuitively, with an increase in group size from three to four, reported crowding stress did not increase. Implications for group dynamic processes in ameliorating some of the problems associated with crowding stress are discussed.
Specific Food Aversion Acquired During Restricted Environmental Stimulation
Authors: Suedfeld Peter , Clarke J. Christopher
Published: August 2006

Two studies, one conducted in Australia and one in Canada, tested the effects of the Restricted Environmental Stimulation Technique (REST) on food preferences. Subjects undergoing 24 hours of darkness and silence were either permitted to take some of their favorite high‐caloric foods to eat during the session or were given standard laboratory liquid diet food. In the second study, a social isolation condition (without sensory reduction) and a nonconfined control condition were also used. The results reliably indicate that preferred foods taken into the chamber were significantly less favorably rated after REST, while the same experience led to increased liking of previously less preferred foods. Some originally liked items were completely eliminated from the subject's diet after the experiment, while others were eaten significantly less frequently than before. REST has previously been useful in a weight reduction program; its effect in decreasing the attractiveness of highly liked problem foods may add to its impact in this context.
Children and the Commons Dilemma1
Authors: Gifford Robert
Published: August 2006

The management of a commons dilemma analog by same‐age, same‐sex groups of children from age 3 to age 16 was examined. The effectiveness of commons dilemma management by the groups was greater than expected. Effectiveness increased with age and from one period to another. There were no sex differences, but a significant age x sex interaction indicated that girls manage the commons better in the younger groups and boys manage it better in the older groups.
Response to Requests for Abortion: The Influence of Guilt and Knowledge1
Authors: Allgeier A. R , Allgeier Elizabeth Rice , Rywick Thomas
Published: August 2006

Participants who varied in their levels of sex guilt and sexual knowledge indicated the extent of their approval for abortion in response to 10 case histories of abortion applicants. The case histories were varied in terms of the circumstances under which conception had occurred. Sex guilt was significantly related to abortion decisions while sexual knowledge registered little effect. Low sex guilt students were more favorable toward abortion requests than were high sex guilt students, but both groups were more favorable toward abortion when conception was the result of failure of a contraceptive method than when it was due to the applicant's inconsistent use of the method. In addition, high sex guilt students' abortion decisions were significantly influenced by the relationship of the applicant to her coital partner. When the relationship was “steady,” they approved the request, whereas abortion was denied to the applicant who conceived with a casual partner. The results were discussed within the context of the debate over the morality of abortion and the problem of unwanted adolescent pregnancy. It was suggested that sex guilt may play a larger role in these issues than has been previously recognized, and that presenting the “facts” (sexual knowledge) may have little impact in abortion related decisions.
The Response to Density in Residential Settings: The Mediating Effects of Social and Personal Variables1
Authors: Rohe William M.
Published: August 2006

In recent years, conceptualizations of the human crowding phenomena have developed from simple deterministic ones to those that emphasize the interaction of environmental, social, and personal variables. Furthermore, the influences of many variables suspected to mediate the density response relationship have been empirically tested in a variety of settings. It must be recognized, however, that the results of these tests may be setting specific and may not generalize to other setting types. The present study examines the influence of the social relationship between occupants, perceived similarity, formal group structure, and previous residential experience on the association between household density and attitudinal, behavioral, and health measures of well‐being. The results of a survey analysis suggest that household density does have effects on satisfaction and behavior; however, no health effects were found. Furthermore, these reactions to density are exacerbated when the social relationship between occupants is close and when individuals have a history of high density living conditions. Although some results seem counterintuitive, they can be explained by adopting a dynamic casual model of crowding.
Restricted Environmental Stimulation Therapy and Behavioral Self‐Management in Smoking Cessation1
Authors: Best J. Allan , Suedfeld Peter
Published: August 2006

The relative impacts on smoking behavior of restricted environmental stimulation therapy (REST), behavioral self‐management, and the combination were compared. Fifteen smokers from the community were treated in each of the three conditions and followed over a 12‐month period. The combined treatment was very successful compared to standard smoking interventions (a mean of 66% reduction from baseline smoking rate and 53% of subjects completely abstinent on the 1‐year follow‐up), and subjects in this group smoked significantly less than those in either the REST or behavioral self‐management only condition. Furthermore, subjects receiving REST, alone or in combination, were significantly less likely to relapse following treatment. The results were taken to support the importance of addressing multiple change objectives in smoking cessation programs.
Not to Perish: Recommendations from An Outgoing Editor
Authors: Streufert Siegfried
Published: August 2006

Recommendations on manuscripts which are to be submitted to quality journals are made. Problems encountered by many authors and some strategies to overcome those problems are reviewed. Procedures and purposes of journal editing are considered.
Willingness to Help a Stranger: The Effects of Social Context and Opinion Similarity1
Authors: Wagner Susan , Hornstein Harvey A. , Holloway Stephen
Published: August 2006

Two field experiments investigate how information about aspects of the social environment affects willingness to help others who are similar or dissimilar. Subjects were pedestrians who found a lost packet of materials containing information about the opinions of the packet's loser and a survey report which claimed that the quality of life in the neighborhood had either improved or deteriorated. In the fiist study, the opinions were varied in order to create different degrees of opinion similarity between the loser and subject. Results showed that relatively slight differences between the loser's and subject's opinions made subjects unwilling to help (return the lost packet) when information about the social environment suggested a negative state of affairs, e.g., quality of life deteriorating. However, when information about the social environment suggested a positive state of affairs, subjects were willing to help, even if there was little similarity of opinion. In the second study, subjects learned that the loser of the packet agreed with their views on one opinion but disagreed on another. In this study, one of the two opinions concerned the same social issue as the one described in the survey report. Results demonstrated that subjects helped when there was agreement on the social issue that was also highlighted in survey reports of a negative state of affairs in the social environment and withheld help when there was disagreement on this issue. There were trends for the same result with information about a positive state of affairs in the social world.
Emotional Reactions to News Events1
Authors: Apple William , Grunberg Neil E.
Published: August 2006

This study was designed to determine (a) what dimensions underlie emotional reactions to news events, (b) whether these dimensions are independent, (c) whether reactions to major news events are similar for different groups of people, and (d) whether a simple method could be developed for evaluating emotional reactions to news events. Subjects rated the similarity of their emotional reactions to 20 page‐one newspaper stories in a paired‐comparison task. The data were multidimensionally scaled using the KYST computer program. Two dimensions emerged that accounted for 89% of the judgment variance: pleasure/displeasure and degree of arousal. Interpretation of these dimensions was verified using a semantic differential task. The two dimensions were not independent. They were related by a U‐shaped function: News events farther from evaluative neutrality were judged more arousing. A second study with 40 news events and a different subject population replicated these findings. Subjects' ratings of news events on three scales (happy, important, and exciting) were sufficient to recover the KYST dimensions. The theoretical and practical implications of these. results are discussed.
The Influence of Sex, Physical Attractiveness, Sex Role, and Occupational Sex‐Linkage on Perceptions of Occupational Suitability
Authors: Jackson Linda A.
Published: August 2006

The effects of sex role and physical attractiveness stereotypes on subjects' perceptions of a stimulus person were examined in a field study of their influence on occupational suitability ratings. The present research distinguished the biological sex from the sex role of a hypothetical job applicant. A sample of personnel consultant subjects evaluated a male or female stimulus applicant, who was attractive or unattractive, for masculine, feminine, and sex‐neutral occupations. The stimulus applicant was either masculine, feminine, or androgynous in hisher sex role. Consistent with the experimental hypothesis, masculine and androgynous persons were preferred to feminine persons for the masculine occupations while feminine and androgynous persons were preferred to masculine persons for the feminine occupations, regardless of biological sex or attractiveness. Also consistent with predictions, attractiveness influenced ratings for the sex‐neutral occupations. Results are discussed in terms of the influence of individuating information about a stimulus person in eliminating the effects of stereotypes on judgments of individuals. Possible implications for personnel decision making are also considered.
Dimensions of Political Reality
Authors: Polley Richard Brian
Published: August 2006

Bales (1981) tied his new method of group observation (SYMLOG) io several well‐established theories and methods in the social sciences. Among these was Eysenck's Social Attitude space. With two reservations, Bales' initial assumptions concerning the isomorphism of the image or value level of SYMLOG and the Eysenck space were confirmed. First, conservatism was more strongly linked to self‐interest and concern for material success and power than to conventionality. Second, the two dimensions of the Eysenck space were correlated in our sample. It is suggested that, while the structure of attitudes and values may remain constant, the correlations between dimensions can be used as an indication of primary and secondary polarizations in attitudes and values and that these polarizations may well reflect the political structure of the specific context. Implications of this observation for the analysis of issue polarization and policy formation are discussed, as are several points of comparison between the two systems.
Clothing: Communication, Compliance, and Choice
Authors: Harris Mary B. , James Jocelyn , Chavez Janice , Fuller Mary Lou , Kent Sally , Massanari Carol , Moore Carolyn , Walsh Frances
Published: August 2006

This study looks at some effects of five different styles of women's clothing: Formal Skirt, Formal Pants, Casual Skirt, Casual Pants, and Jeans. There were no significant differences in compliance to a request to fill out a questionnaire made by experimenters dressed in the five clothing styles, although experimenter age and sex effects were found. Ratings of photographs of the five dress styles indicate that a model was viewed by both male and female subjects as most happy, successful, feminine, interesting, attractive, intelligent, and wanted as a friend when wearing a Formal Skirt outfit and as least so when wearing Jeans. She was also seen as more active when wearing pants as compared with a skirt. Subjects' reasons for choosing what clothing to wear did not indicate that how one will appear to others is the major factor in clothing selection. It appears that clothing does communicate something about the wearer but may influence behavior toward her primarily in the absence of other information about her status.
Eyewitness Testimony: The Effects of Discussion on Recall Accuracy and Agreement
Authors: Hollin Clive R. , Clifford Brian R.
Published: August 2006

While some previous research has suggested that group discussion may facilitate eyewitness accuracy, other research has drawn attention to the potential dangers of such discussion. The present studies examine this controversy and the interaction between accuracy and agreement following group discussion. It was found that individuals tend to agree in their testimony following group discussion, and are liable to change their original replies to bring themselves into agreement with group leaders' recall. A second experiment focused upon the actual items which witnesses agreed on following discussion. Changing the mode of questioning from interrogative to narrative eliminated differences in magnitude of agreement between discussion and no‐discussion groups. As narrative recall leads to reporting of “easy” items, it was suggested that only certain “difficult” items are susceptible to discussion effects. The need for caution regarding the reliance on testimony following witness discussion was stressed.
Deservingness for Foreign Aid: Effects of Need, Similarity, and Estimated Effectiveness
Authors: Taormina Robert J. , Messick David M.
Published: August 2006

This study was conducted to determine how people form conceptualizations of other countries' deservingness for nonmilitary foreign aid. A factor analysis of 78 college students' ratings of 21 variables for their importance in determining whether another country is deserving of economic aid yielded appropriate variables for closer examination. In the second part of this study, a new group of 40 college students was asked to rate 96 stimulus countries (constructed by factorially varying the levels of six need, similarity, and effectiveness variables) on their deservingness for foreign aid. The results suggested that ratings of other countries' deservingness for foreign aid are based on perceived need, similarity, and effectiveness, with a multiplicative combination of the recipient's need and similarity playing a prominent role. The results are related to two other conceptions of altruism and helping behavior.
Support for Gun Control: the Influence of Personal, Sociotropic, and Ideological Concerns1
Authors: Tyler Tom R. , Lavrakas Paul J.
Published: August 2006

Two random telephone surveys were conducted‐one in Evanston, Illinois and one in Morton Grove, Illinois‐to assess the motivations underlying public support for handgun control. The data from both surveys suggested that such support was linked most strongly to citizen beliefs about the effect of a handgun ban on the overall crime rate. Little support was found for either the suggestion that gun control opposition is linked to concerns about personal protection against crime or for the suggestion that views about gun control are part of a more general ideological orientation.
Gender, Physical Attractiveness, and Sex Role in Occupational Treatment Discrimination: The Influence of Trait and Role Assumptions
Authors: Jackson Linda A.
Published: August 2006

A field experiment was designed to examine the role of gender trait assumptions in occupational treatment discrimination. Professional personnel consultants evaluated male or female employees who were physically attractive or unattractive and masculine, feminine, or androgynous. Consultants made decisions about promotion, opportunity for special training, delegation of work assignments, and a child care leave of absence request in masculine, feminine, and sex‐neutral occupations. Decisions about career development were strongly influenced by gender trait information, rather than by gender or attractiveness. In contrast, females were more likely than males to be granted a child care leave without pay, regardless of sex role. The results supported the assumption that the congruence between gender traits and the occupational requirements mediates occupational sex discrimination. Only for decisions involving competing role demands stemming from faily circumstances was there evidence that beliefs about appropriate roles for the sexes mediate discrimination. Implications of these findings are discussed in terms of new approaches for reducing sex discrimination in the treatment of employees.
Discontent Among Male Lawyers, Female Lawyers, and Female Legal Secretaries
Authors: Crosby Faye , Golding Jacqueline , Resnick Andrea
Published: August 2006

Female lawyers, female legal secretaries, and male lawyers were interviewed about their feelings of grievance and three grievance‐related attitudes. The working women, like the men, are generally content with their personal situations at work and at home. The women are significantly more upset than are the men about the plight of working women.
How Important Is Vocational Success to the Overall Satisfaction of Immigrants?
Authors: Krau Edgar
Published: August 2006

An ex post facto experiment considered the influence of two main stages of the immigrant's career reconstruction (the preparatory career stage and the establishment stage) on the relationship between vocational achievement and overall satisfaction. The research used a sample of 83 immigrants, mostly of Eastern European origin. Satisfaction scores were correlated with objective measures of adjustment (governmental examination at retraining courses, promotion, and earnings at the job) and with tests measuring personality traits and values as the presumed moderators of the relationship. The results revealed two models of link between vocational achievement and satisfaction: Korman's consistency model and a dissonance model, each of them appearing in a different circumstantial setting. Spiritual need gratification was found to have a great influence on immigrant satisfaction, especially before establishment in a job was achieved. It allows then for satisfaction to appear also at objective vocational failure.
Type A Behavior and Daily Activities of Young Married Couples
Authors: Becker Michael A. , Byrne Donn
Published: August 2006

Sixteen young married couples completed the Jenkins Activity Survey and a questionnaire dealing with the temporal parameters of marital communication, work around the home, social activity, relaxation, and marital sex. In general, it was found that the coronary‐prone behavior pattern has negative implications for the interpersonal and leisurely activity of Type As and their spouses. As Type A characteristics increase, males communicate less with their wives, work more around the home, and engage in less marital sex. With females, coronary‐proneness is associated with engaging in relatively infrequent and brief periods of relaxation. For both sexes, those high on the Type A dimension are most likely to report that they derive relatively little pleasure from socializing. Several differences are also reported as a function of spouse standing on the Type A‐B dimension.
The Effectiveness of Strategies for Increasing Social Interaction with a Physically Disabled Person1
Authors: Belgrave Faye Zollicoffer
Published: August 2006

The effectiveness of strategies a physically disabled person can use to increase a nondisabled person's willingness to engage in social interaction were investigated. In the strategies, the disabled person engages in behavior demonstrating that he/she is not preoccupied with the disability.

Female college students chose the amount of time to be spent listening to music versus social interaction before and after learning that the other was a disabled male. The subject witnessed via “closed circuit” TV (actually a videotape) a brief interaction between the male and another female in the waiting room from which the subject had just come. In the Interest in others condition, the male encouraged the female to talk about herself. In the Typical activities condition, the male mentioned he had to pick up tickets, organize a party, and study for an exam. In the Athletic activities condition, the male mentioned he went swimming and bowling. In the Request condition, the male asked the female to pick up a paper he had dropped. In the Control condition, there was limited interaction. In the Inappropriate communication condition, the male mentioned the same activities as in the Typical activities condition but talked continuously without waiting for polite interest from the female.

Changes in preference for social interaction were significantly more positive in the Attentive to others, Typical activities and Athletic activities conditions than in the Control conditions. It was concluded that demonstrating interest in others, typical activities and athletic activities are effective strategies.
Cognitive Antecedents and Sequelae of Smoking Relapse Crises1
Authors: Shiffman Saul
Published: August 2006

This study examines Marlatt's account of the cognitions surrounding relapse episodes. Interviews with 143 ex‐smokers who called a relapse prevention hotline provided mixed support for this account. Most subjects, especially those who smoked, stated that they had expected smoking to result in reduced tension. Subjects who were motivated by reduction of craving were unlikely to smoke. Contrary to expectations, all subjects experienced significant drops in self‐efficacy as a result of the relapse crisis, regardless of whether or not they smoked. Subjects who did not smoke worried about future crises, while those who did felt guilty about their transgression. Both groups reported feelings of failure, which were related to the absence of coping. These unexpected results, though based on a limited sample, suggest that many subjects' experience of relapses and near‐relapses are not well described by current theory.
Cigarette Smoking and Food Consumption in the United States1
Authors: Grunberg Neil E. , Morse David E.
Published: August 2006

Correlations were computed between United States per capita consumption of cigarettes and 41 different foods for the years 1964–1977 and 1968–1973. There were significant negative correlations between consumption of cigarettes and sugar. Few other foods showed any relationship to cigarette consumption. These findings corroborate the results of a recent human laboratory study of cigarette smoking and food consumption and a recent animal study of the effects of nicotine on food consumption, taste preferences, and body weight. Taken together, these studies suggest that the inverse relationship between cigarette smoking and body weight may be partially explained by changes in consumption of sweet‐tasting high caloric foods.
Effects of Context Cues on Eyewitness Identification Responses1
Authors: Sanders Glenn S.
Published: August 2006

People's memory of events is often improved when there is some similarity between the conditions attending the original incident and the conditions present at the time of memory search. These context cues are commonly used by criminal investigators when obtaining eyewitness descriptions (recall tasks). The present research explored the impact of context cues on eyewitness identification responses (recognition tasks). It was found that reinstating the physical environment in which the crime was witnessed had no discernible effects. Even worse, reinstatement of the personal appearance of the criminal (distinctive shirt and glasses) had several undesirable consequences. The most important of these was the power of personal appearance context cues to facilitate false alarms (positive identification of innocent targets). There was no evidence that appearance cues actually improved memory of the criminal's facial characteristics. Possibilities for more effective context manipulations were explored. Emphasis was placed against generalizing from the beneficial effect of context on recall to applied problems of recognition.
Applying Social Psychology to Induce Charitable Donations1
Authors: Weyant James M.
Published: August 2006

As part of a door‐to‐door campaign to raise funds for the American Cancer Society, 359 people in a middle‐class neighborhood were randomly assigned to five different versions of a request for contributions. A version of the request similar to that typically used in such charity drives served as a control and the other four versions were modified slightly on the basis of social psychological principles. Three of these manipulations failed to increase donating beyond the level of the standard request. Replicating prior research, it was found that for completed requests (N= 293) adding the words “even a penny will help” to the standard request significantly increased the percentage of people who donated. However, in 66 cases the solicitor was interrupted with a donation or a refusal before delivering the key phrase that differentiated the experimental conditions. An analysis of these incomplete requests suggests that the effectiveness of the even‐a‐penny technique may be at least partially explained by the solicitors' expectations.
The Preparedness and Reactions of Citizens to Warnings and Crisis Relocation for Nuclear Attack1
Authors: Nasar Jack L. , Greenberg Michael Lewis
Published: August 2006

A total of 200 residents of Columbus, Ohio, were questioned over the telephone about their knowledge of U.S. and Soviet crisis relocation plans, their feelings about chances of surviving nuclear attack, and their behavioral intentions in the event of an evacuation. Few respondents displayed knowledge of the existence or substance of crisis relocation plans. Most gauged survival rates in the event of a nuclear attack as substantially higher with an evacuation plan than without one, but in both cases expectations were that fewer than 50% of the population would survive. While most respondents stated they would follow evacuation procedures, evidence of possible noncompliance was found.
Eyewitness Identification: Victims versus Bystanders
Authors: Kassin Saul M.
Published: August 2006

The present study compared the eyewitness performance of crime victims and bystanders. Fifteen pairs of subjects participated in what they thought to be a risk‐taking experiment that involved betting on the outcomes of a competitive game. In each session, the contest was interrupted when a confederate entered the room and stole the game money from one of the subjects while the other subject, seated across the table, watched. Whereas eight bystanders subsequently recognized the thief from a seven‐picture photospread, not a single victim made an accurate identification (p < .001). On physical descriptions of the confederate, a witness sex × role interaction (p < .05) revealed that this victim‐bystander effect held for female but not male subjects. Both arousal‐based and attentional explanations of these data are considered. The findings are also discussed for their obvious practical implications for eyewitness testimony evidence.
The Impact of Distributive Systems and Gender on Perceptions of Social Relations1
Authors: Maruffi Brian L.
Published: August 2006

A total of 120 male and female students were assigned to one of three distributive systems. After completing four tasks, subjects wcre shown a picture of a group and asked to write a story about the people and events in the picture. Judges then rated the stories on four dimensions of social relations. The written responses of individuals working under variable bonus systems were rated significantly more “competitive,”“task‐oriented,”“formal,” and “unequal (in power)” than those of subjects assigned to a flat‐rate system. Stories written by males were significantly more competitive than those of females.
Voter Preference and Emotion: Using Emotional Response to Classify Decided and Undecided Voters1
Authors: Christ William G.
Published: August 2006

This study tested the utility of using the emotioneliciting qualities of candidates to classify both decided and undecided voters. Based on Mehrabian and Russell's (1974b) theoretical perspectives, a hypothesis was developed that emotional response to candidates could be used to discriminate between voters.

Three hundred eighty‐six registered voters in Bexar County, Texas, were randomly polled. These voters were asked a series of attitude and behavior questions. Of special interest for this study were questions about the Texas Governor's race between Bill Clements and Mark White. Voters were asked to identify their preference for either man and to respond to questions that tapped the emotioneliciting qualities of each candidate. The results indicated that the emotioneliciting qualities of the political candidates could be used to discriminate both decided and undecided voter preference. Specifically, over 90% of the decided voters and 80% of the undecided voters were accurately classified. This was seen as important for two reasons. First, it supported the claim that emotions may play an important role in voter preference. Second, it suggested a method for discriminating between voters even when voters were unable to immediately identify their own candidate preferences. Also of importance was the finding that the emotioneliciting quality scales became a “clarification” tool for some voters who were “on the fence” about the two candidates. After these voters responded to questions about thek feelings, candidate preference could be more clearly verbalized.

A refinement of the “emotion‐eliciting quality” instrument was suggested for future research.
The Aye of the Beholder: Susceptibility to Sexism and Beautyism in the Evaluation of Managerial Applicants1
Authors: Cash Thomas F. , Kilcullen Robert N.
Published: August 2006

Sex‐typed college students (16 males and 16 females) and androgynous college students (16 males and 16 females) evaluated the resumes of fictitious applicants for a managerial position described as requiring interpersonal competencies. The applicant's physical attractiveness, qualifications, and sex were systematically varied in the resumes. Five‐way analyses of variance were performed on the hiring decisions about the applicants and the perceived attractiveness, masculinity, femininity, and social desirability of the applicants. Hiring preferences were shown for attractive over unattractive applicants, for wellqualified over less qualified applicants, and among these preferred groups, males were favored over females. The subject's sex‐role orientation predictably moderated the effect of the applicant's attractiveness but not the effect of the applicant's sex. Sex‐typed subjects committed “beautyism” more than androgynous subjects did. The applicants' sex, qualifications, and attractiveness affected how they were perceived in terms of sex‐role attributes as well as sex‐irrelevant, socially desirable traits. Theoretical implications and suggestions for further research are discussed.
A Self‐Attribution‐Reactance Model of Recovery from Injury in Type A Individuals1
Authors: Rhodewalt Frederick , Strube Michael J
Published: August 2006

A self‐attribution‐reactance model of Type A behavior and medical recovery is introduced. The model proposes that Type As' bias to view themselves as causal for all outcomes makes them sensitive to events (illness, injury, or treatment) that reduce their personal control. Consequently, Type As are more likely than Type Bs to respond to such events with reactant behavior (noncompliance with treatment) in order to restore their perceptions of control and freedom. In a test of the model, 32 patients being treated for running‐related injuries were assessed for Type A behavior, preference for control over and involvement with treatment, and attributions for and reactions to their injury at the beginning of treatment. The physician's ratings of progress through treatment made at the conclusion of the study served as the measure of recovery. Results supported the model in that extreme Type As were more likely than moderate Type As and Type Bs to be judged as exhibiting poor recovery. Moreover, Type As judged to have made poor progress made more extreme self‐attributions and were more angry about their injuries than were Type A and B patients judged to have made good progress. The implications of the findings for promoting compliance are discussed.