bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of method and date of planting on the production of lettuce
Authors: Sharma PCD , Rahman MM , Mollah MAH , Islam MS
Published: August 2010

The effect of two planting methods (direct seed sowing and transplanting of seedlings) and seven dates of planting (8 Oct., 2 Nov., 27 Nov., 22 Dec., 16 Jan., 10 Feb. and 5 March) on the production of lettuce was compared. ‘Green Wave’ a loose leaf Japanese variety was used. The average yield of the direct seeded crops (17.16 t/ha) was found to be almost double than that of the transplanted crops (9.08). The yields (t/ha) from different dates of planting were 13.7 (8 Oct.), 15.04 (2 Nov.), 8.94 (27 Nov.), 14.54 (22 Dec.), 21.45 ( 16 Jan.) 10.16 (10 Feb.), and 8.02 (5 March). The highest yield of 24.0 t/ha was obtained from direct seedling on 16 January. Key Words: Method; date; planting; production of lettuce. DOI: 10.3329/bjar.v34i1.5756Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 34(1) : 75-80, March 2009
Effect of combinations of chemical fertilizers and poultry manure on the productivity of crops in the cauliflower-stem amaranth-jute pattern
Authors: Ali M Akkas , Molla MSH , Alam M Robiul , Momin MA , Mannan MA
Published: August 2010

Different combinations of chemical fertilizers and organic manure were applied for sustainable crop productivity in the cauliflower-stem amaranth -jute cropping pattern. The experiment was conducted at farmer’s field in Multilocation Testing (MLT) site of Pakshi, Pahna over three years. There were five combinations of chemical fertilizers (CF) and poultry manure (PM) along with absolute control arranged in a randomized complete block design. The results revealed that all three crops showed significant yield for fertilizer and poultry manure use. Higher yields were obtained with 50% CF + 50% PM followed by 75% CF + 25% PM treatments where cauliflower equivalent yield was increased by 85% and 78%, respectively, over control. This indicates a positive residual effect of poultry manure on the subsequent crops. From the economic points of view, the highest marginal benefit cost ratio (MBCR) was attained in 100% chemical fertilizer due to its lower variable cost followed by 75% CF + 25% PM treated plots. However, gross margin was higher in 50% CF + 50% PM combination for its higher total yield. Key Words: Chemical fertilizer; poultry manure; productivity. DOI: 10.3329/bjar.v34i1.5761Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 34(1) : 113-121, March 2009
Effect of irrigation levels at different growth stages on growth parameters and yield of four selected chilli accessions
Authors: Khan MAI , Farooque AM , Hoque MA , Rahim MA , Haque MA
Published: August 2010

An experiment as conducted at Bangladesh Agricultural University. Mymensingh in poly bags under glasshouse condition during October 1997 to March 1998 to know the effects of different water levels at different growth stages of four selected chilli accessions viz., C-027l, C-0272, C-0275, and C-0277. Six water treatments viz., watering once everyday (W1), watering twice everyday (W2). watering at 4 days interval (W3), watering at 8 days interval (W4), watering at 16 days interval (W5), and no watering (W0) were tested at three growth stages viz., Vegetable stage (S1), Flowering stage (S2), and Fruiting stage (S3). The accessions of chilli were selected from the results of a previous experiment where ten accessions of chilli collected from Spices Research Centre (SRC) of Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Joydebpur, Gazipur were used. The primary selection was made on the basis of their tolerance and susceptibility to water stages. The results revealed that all the studied parameters viz., plant height, canopy diameter, root length, root volume, no. of fruits per plant, fruit length, fruit diameter, individual fruit weight, no. of leaves per plant, leaf area per plant, fruit yield per plant, leaf dry weight, stem dry weight, root dry weight, fruit dry weight per plant, varied significantly among the accessions under different water treatments at different stages of growth. Out of four accessions, C-0271 and C-0277 were found as water stress tolerant and susceptible, respectively. Key Words: Water level; growth stage; chilli accessions DOI: 10.3329/bjar.v34i1.5764Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 34(1) : 143-155, March 2009
Effect of integrated use of organic manures and chemical fertilizers on yield, nutrient uptake and nutrient balance in the bush bean - T. Aus - T. Aman cropping patterns
Authors: Rahman F , Hossain ATM Sakhawat , Saha PK , Miah MA Mazid
Published: August 2010

A study was made on integrated nutrient management in the Bush bean −T. Aus −T. Arnan cropping pattern over three years at BRRI Farm, Gazipur (AEZ-28) during 2000-02. Different packages of chemical fertilizers in combination with organic materials (cowdung and rice straw/bush bean stover) were evaluated to find out a suitable combination for obtaining higher yield of crops. There was a positive effect of crop residue recycling and residual effect of cowdung on the yield of the next crops. Both the soil test based fertilizer and the cowdung with IPNS basis fertilizer treatments gave higher pod yield of bush bean. For T. Aus rice, the highest yield was obtained with the treatment where bush bean stover was used along with IPNS based chemical fertilizer. Again the highest yield of T. Aman rice was observed in the residual effect of cowdung with reduced amount of fertilizer. An excess N uptake was recorded where N was added as fertilizer only. The apparent balance (nutrient added through manures and fertilizers minus nutrient removed by crops) for both N and K was negative while that for P & K was mostly positive.Key Words: IPNS; cowdung; rice straw; bush bean; rice; nutrient balance. DOI: 10.3329/bjar.v34i1.5765Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 34(1) : 157-164, March 2009
Efficacy of different bagging materials for the control of mango fruit fly
Authors: Sarker D , Rahman MM , Barman JC
Published: August 2010

Key Words: Bagging materials; control; mango fruit fly. DOI: 10.3329/bjar.v34i1.5766Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 34(1) : 165-168, March 2009
Year round homestead vegetable production: a means of reducing poverty and nutritional deficiency for small farm
Authors: Khan MAH , Ali M Yusuf , Quayyum MA , Nazrul MI , Hossain MJ
Published: August 2010

Key Words: Homestead; poverty; nutritional deficiency DOI: 10.3329/bjar.v34i1.5767Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 34(1) : 169-174, March 2009
Local Interaction on Random Graphs
Authors: Berninghaus Siegfried , Haller Hans
Published: August 2010

We analyze dynamic local interaction in population games where the local interaction structure (modeled as a graph) can change over time: A stochastic process generates a random sequence of graphs. This contrasts with models where the initial interaction structure (represented by a deterministic graph or the realization of a random graph) cannot change over time.
Preparation of Tyrian Purple (6,6′-Dibromoindigo): Past and Present
Authors: Wolk Joel L. , Frimer Aryeh A.
Published: August 2010

Over the past century, various synthetic approaches have been suggested to the most famous dye of antiquity, Tyrian purple (6,6′-dibromoindigo). These synthetic routes have been exhaustively surveyed and critically evaluated from the perspective of convenience, cost, safety and yield.
Nanofabrication of Nonfouling Surfaces for Micropatterning of Cell and Microtissue
Authors: Otsuka Hidenori
Published: August 2010

Surface engineering techniques for cellular micropatterning are emerging as important tools to clarify the effects of the microenvironment on cellular behavior, as cells usually integrate and respond the microscale environment, such as chemical and mechanical properties of the surrounding fluid and extracellular matrix, soluble protein factors, small signal molecules, and contacts with neighboring cells. Furthermore, recent progress in cellular micropatterning has contributed to the development of cell-based biosensors for the functional characterization and detection of drugs, pathogens, toxicants, and odorants. In this regards, the ability to control shape and spreading of attached cells and cell-cell contacts through the form and dimension of the cell-adhesive patches with high precision is important. Commitment of stem cells to different specific lineages depends strongly on cell shape, implying that controlled microenvironments through engineered surfaces may not only be a valuable approach towards fundamental cell-biological studies, but also of great importance for the design of cell culture substrates for tissue engineering. To develop this kind of cellular microarray composed of a cell-resistant surface and cell attachment region, micropatterning a protein-repellent surface is important because cellular adhesion and proliferation are regulated by protein adsorption. The focus of this review is on the surface engineering aspects of biologically motivated micropatterning of two-dimensional surfaces with the aim to provide an introductory overview described in the literature. In particular, the importance of non-fouling surface chemistries is discussed.
B7-H3 Augments the Inflammatory Response and Is Associated with Human Sepsis
Authors: Zhang Guangbo , Wang Jian , Kelly Justin , Gu Guohao , Hou Jianquan , Zhou Yinghui , Redmond H. Paul , Wang Jiang Huai , Zhang Xueguang
Published: August 2010

B7-H3, a new member of the B7 superfamily, acts as both a T cell costimulator and coinhibitor, and thus plays a key role in the regulation of T cell-mediated immune responses. However, it is unclear whether B7-H3 is involved in the innate immune monocyte/macrophage-mediated inflammatory response. In this paper, we show that, although B7-H3 alone failed to stimulate proinflammatory cytokine release from murine macrophages, it strongly augmented both LPS- and bacterial lipoprotein-induced NF-κB activation and inflammatory response. This occurred in both a TLR4- and TLR2-dependent manner. Blockage of B7-H3 in vivo attenuated LPS-induced proinflammatory cytokine release and endotoxic shock-related lethality. Furthermore, we found that patients diagnosed with sepsis, in contrast to healthy individuals, exhibited significant levels of raised plasma soluble B7-H3 (sB7-H3) and that this level correlated with the clinical outcome and levels of plasma TNF-α and IL-6. In addition, a putative receptor for B7-H3 was detected on monocytes and peritoneal macrophages from septic patients but not on monocytes from healthy donors. Stimulation of human monocytes with LPS and inflammatory cytokines led to a substantial release of sB7-H3. Taken together, our data indicate that significantly elevated plasma sB7-H3 in septic patients may predict a poor outcome. Furthermore, we demonstrate that B7-H3 functions as a costimulator of innate immunity by augmenting proinflammatory cytokine release from bacterial cell wall product-stimulated monocytes/macrophages and may contribute positively to the development of sepsis.
SHP-1 in T Cells Limits the Production of CD8 Effector Cells without Impacting the Formation of Long-Lived Central Memory Cells
Authors: Fowler Carla C. , Pao Lily I. , Blattman Joseph N. , Greenberg Philip D.
Published: August 2010

During responses against viruses and malignancies, naive CD8 T lymphocytes expand to form both short-lived effector cells and a population containing cells with the potential to be long-lived and participate in memory responses (memory precursor effector cells). The strength of antigenic, costimulatory, and cytokine signals during responses impacts the magnitude and type of CD8 populations formed. In vitro studies have revealed that the tyrosine phosphatase Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase-1 (SHP-1) regulates signal transduction from receptors on T cells including the TCR, helping set the activation threshold, and therefore may shape responses of mature CD8 T cells in vivo. Analysis of CD8 T cells from motheaten mice, which are globally deficient in SHP-1, proved problematic due to cell-extrinsic effects of SHP-1 deficiency in non-T cells on CD8 T cells. Therefore, a conditional knockout of SHP-1 in mature single-positive T cells was developed to analyze cell-intrinsic consequences of complete and partial SHP-1 deficiency on CD8 T cell responses to acute viral infection. The results demonstrated that SHP-1 has disparate effects on subpopulations of responding cells, limiting the magnitude and quality of primary and secondary responses by reducing the number of short-lived effector cells generated without affecting the size of the memory precursor effector cell pool that leads to formation of long-term memory.
A global modeling study on carbonaceous aerosol microphysical characteristics and radiative effects
Authors: Bauer S. E. , Menon S. , Koch D. , Bond T. C. , Tsigaridis K.
Published: August 2010

Abstract. Recently, attention has been drawn towards black carbon aerosols as a short-term climate warming mitigation candidate. However the global and regional impacts of the direct, indirect and semi-direct aerosol effects are highly uncertain, due to the complex nature of aerosol evolution and the way that mixed, aged aerosols interact with clouds and radiation. A detailed aerosol microphysical scheme, MATRIX, embedded within the GISS climate model is used in this study to present a quantitative assessment of the impact of microphysical processes involving black carbon, such as emission size distributions and optical properties on aerosol cloud activation and radiative effects. Our best estimate for net direct and indirect aerosol radiative flux change between 1750 and 2000 is −0.56 W/m2. However, the direct and indirect aerosol effects are quite sensitive to the black and organic carbon size distribution and consequential mixing state. The net radiative flux change can vary between −0.32 to −0.75 W/m2 depending on these carbonaceous particle properties at emission. Taking into account internally mixed black carbon particles let us simulate correct aerosol absorption. Absorption of black carbon aerosols is amplified by sulfate and nitrate coatings and, even more strongly, by organic coatings. Black carbon mitigation scenarios generally showed reduced radiative fluxeswhen sources with a large proportion of black carbon, such as diesel, are reduced; however reducing sources with a larger organic carbon component as well, such as bio-fuels, does not necessarily lead to a reduction in positive radiative flux.
Earth as diode: monsoon source of the orbital ~100 ka climate cycle
Authors: Anderson R. Y.
Published: August 2010

Abstract. A potential source for Earth's enigmatic ~100 ka climate cycle, which is found in many ancient geological records at low latitudes and also in the pacing of glaciation during the late Pleistocene, is traced to a climatic rectifying process inherent in the monsoon. Seasonal information needed to identify the rectifying mechanism is preserved within varves of a continuous, 200 ka recording of annual maximum surface temperature (Tmax) from the equator of Western Pangea. Specific seasonal reactions recorded in varves show how the monsoon reacted to seasonal differences in insolation at equinox to produce a 11.7 ka semi-precession cycle in Tmax. At solstice, anti-phasing of insolation in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, intensified and focused by a highly asymmetric Pangea relative to the equator, produced a strong equatorial maritime monsoon that performed a nonlinear rectifying function similar to that of a simple rectifying diode. Expressed in the resulting varve series are substantial cycles in Tmax of 100 ka, 23.4 ka, and 11.7 ka. Importantly, any external or internal forcing of the tropical (monsoon) climate system at higher-than-orbital frequencies (e.g. solar, ENSO) should also be amplified at Milankovitch frequencies by the monsoon.
A kinetic chemistry tagging technique and its application to modelling the stable isotopic composition of atmospheric trace gases
Authors: Gromov S. , Jöckel P. , Sander R. , Brenninkmeijer C. A. M.
Published: August 2010

Abstract. Isotope composition, in many cases, holds unique information on the sources, chemical modification and sinks of atmospheric trace gases. Vital to the interpretation and use of an increasing number of isotope analyses is appropriate modelling. However, the exact implementation of isotopic information in chemistry-climate models is a challenge, and often studies use simplifications which limit their applicability. Here we implement a thorough isotopic extension in MECCA, a comprehensive kinetic chemistry sub-model. To this end, we devise a generic tagging technique for the kinetic chemistry mechanisms implemented as the sub-submodel MECCA-TAG. The technique is diagnostic and numerically efficient and supports the investigation of various aspects of kinetic chemistry schemes. We focus specifically on the application to the modelling of stable isotopic composition. The results of MECCA-TAG are evaluated against the reference sub-submodel MECCA-DBL, which is implicitly full-detailed, but computationally expensive and thus sub-optimal in practical applications. Furthermore, we evaluate the elaborate carbon and oxygen isotopic mechanism by simulating the multi-isotope composition of CO and other trace gases in the CAABA/MECCA box-model. The mechanism realistically simulates the oxygen isotope composition of key species, as well as the carbon isotope signature transfer. The model adequately reproduces the isotope chemistry features for CO, taking into account the limits of the modelling domain. In particular, the mass-independently fractionated (MIF) composition of CO due to reactions of ozone with unsaturated hydrocarbons (a source effect) versus its intrinsic MIF enrichment induced in the removal reaction via oxidation by OH is assessed. The simulated ozone source effect was up to +1‰ in Δ17O(CO). The versatile modelling framework we employ (the Modular Earth Submodel System, MESSy) opens the way for implementation of the novel detailed isotopic chemistry treatment in the three-dimensional atmospheric-chemistry general circulation model EMAC. We therefore also present estimates of the computational gain obtained by the developed optimisations.
The emerging understanding of Frizzled receptors
Authors: Zheng Shaoqin , Sheng Ren
Published: May 2024

The Wnt signaling pathway is a huge network governing development and homeostasis, dysregulation of which is associated with a myriad of human diseases. The Frizzled receptor (FZD) family comprises receptors for Wnt ligands, which indispensably mediate Wnt signaling jointly with a variety of co‐receptors. Studies of FZDs have revealed that 10 FZD subtypes play diverse roles in physiological processes. At the same time, dysregulation of FZDs is also responsible for various diseases, in particular human cancers. Enormous attention has been paid to the molecular understanding and targeted therapy of FZDs in the past decade. In this review, we summarize the latest research on FZD structure, function, regulation and targeted therapy, providing a basis for guiding future research in this field.
Violent and prosocial music: Evidence for the impact of lyrics and musical tone on aggressive thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
Authors: Warburton Wayne A. , Mohi Simone , Sweller Naomi , Tarabay Chanelle , Spencer Luke , Olsen Kirk
Published: May 2024

Although there is a large research base on the psychological impacts of violent and prosocial visual media, there is little research addressing the impacts of violent and prosocial music, and which facets of the music have the greatest impact. Four experiments tested the impact of lyrics and/or musical tone on aggressive and prosocial behavior, and on underlying psychological processes, using purpose‐built songs to avoid the effect of music‐related confounds. In study one, where mildly aggressive, overtly aggressive and violent lyrics were compared to neutral lyrics, any level of lyrical aggression caused an increase in behavioral aggression, which plateaued for all three aggression conditions. Violent lyrics were better recalled than other lyrics one week later. In studies two‐three no significant effects of lyrics, or of aggressive versus nonaggressive musical tone, were found on aggressive or prosocial behavior. In terms of internal states, violent lyrics increased hostility/hostile cognitions in all studies, and negatively impacted affective state in three studies. Prosocial lyrics decreased hostility/hostile cognitions in three studies, but always in tandem with another factor. Aggressive musical tone increased physiological arousal in two studies and increased negative affect in one. In study four those who listened to violent lyrics drove more aggressively on a simulated drive that included triggers for aggression. Overall, violent lyrics consistently elicited hostility/hostile cognitions and negative affect, but these did not always translate to aggressive behavior. Violent music seems more likely to elicit behavioral aggression when there are aggression triggers and a clear way to aggress. Implications are discussed.
Classifying Individuals With Rheumatic Conditions as Financially Insecure Using Electronic Health Record Data and Natural Language Processing: Algorithm Derivation and Validation
Authors: Chandler Mia T. , Cai Tianrun , Santacroce Leah , Ulysse Sciaska , Liao Katherine P. , Feldman Candace H.
Published: May 2024

Objective

We aimed to examine the feasibility of applying natural language processing (NLP) to unstructured electronic health record (EHR) documents to detect the presence of financial insecurity among patients with rheumatologic disease enrolled in an integrated care management program (iCMP).

Methods

We incorporated supervised, rule‐based NLP and statistical methods to identify financial insecurity among patients with rheumatic conditions enrolled in an iCMP (n = 20,395) in a multihospital EHR system. We constructed a lexicon for financial insecurity using data from available knowledge sources and then reviewed EHR notes from 538 randomly selected individuals (training cohort n = 366, validation cohort n = 172). We manually categorized records as having “definite,” “possible,” or “no” mention of financial insecurity. All available notes were processed using Narrative Information Linear Extraction, a rule‐based version of NLP. Models were trained using the NLP features for financial insecurity using logistic, least absolute shrinkage operator (LASSO), and random forest performance characteristic and were compared with the reference standard.

Results

A total of 245,142 notes were processed from 538 individual patient records. Financial insecurity was present among 100 (27%) individuals in the training cohort and 63 (37%) in the validation cohort. The LASSO and random forest models performed identically and slightly better than logistic regression, with positive predictive values of 0.90, sensitivities of 0.29, and specificities of 0.98.

Conclusion

The development of a context‐driven lexicon used with rule‐based NLP to extract data that identify financial insecurity is feasible for use and improved the capture for presence of financial insecurity with high accuracy. In the absence of a standard lexicon and construct definition for financial insecurity status, additional studies are needed to optimize the sensitivity of algorithms to categorize financial insecurity with construct validity.
Reinforcing Carrier‐Free Photothermal Nanodrugs Through Flavonol‐Driven Assembly
Authors: Fan Mingyu , Zheng Xian , Cheng Wenyu , Wei Haoxuan , Li Pengyu , Ji Chendong , Yin Meizhen
Published: May 2024

Carrier‐free nanodrugs that integrate chemodrugs and other therapeutic agents demonstrate good efficacy and minimized side effects, showing promise for combined therapy. However, a key challenge lies in enhancing the bioavailability and therapeutic potential of the nanodrugs through a controllable assembly process. Herein, a carrier‐free photothermal nanodrug (ZPQ NPs) is constructed through flavonol‐driven assembly with amine‐substituted perylene diimide for enhanced chemo‐photothermal combined cancer therapy. The flavonol, particularly quercetin, facilitates J‐aggregation of perylene diimide derivatives within the nanodrug and contributes to multiple improvements, including red‐shifted absorption, enhanced fluorescence intensity, improved photothermal conversion efficiency as well as excellent photostability. Moreover, the nanodrug also demonstrates enhanced cellular uptake and intracellular reactive oxygen species scavenging capability. The combination of quercetin and photothermal effect effectively kills cancer cells, as well as alleviates inflammation following photothermal therapy. Guided by in vivo fluorescence imaging, the application of ZPQ NPs results in complete tumor elimination and effectively inhibits tumor recurrence through chemo‐photothermal combined therapy. This work presents a straightforward strategy for constructing carrier‐free nanodrugs that exhibit simultaneous enhancements in both photophysical properties and biological activity.
Granular Biphasic Colloidal Hydrogels for 3D Bioprinting
Authors: Deo Kaivalya A. , Murali Aparna , Tronolone James J. , Mandrona Cole , Lee Hung Pang , Rajput Satyam , Hargett Sarah E. , Selahi Amirali , Sun Yuxiang , Alge Daniel L. , Jain Abhishek , Gaharwar Akhilesh K.
Published: May 2024

Granular hydrogels composed of hydrogel microparticles are promising candidates for 3D bioprinting due to their ability to protect encapsulated cells. However, to achieve high print fidelity, hydrogel microparticles need to jam to exhibit shear‐thinning characteristics, which is crucial for 3D printing. Unfortunately, this overpacking can significantly impact cell viability, thereby negating the primary advantage of using hydrogel microparticles to shield cells from shear forces. To overcome this challenge, a novel solution: a biphasic, granular colloidal bioink designed to optimize cell viability and printing fidelity is introduced. The biphasic ink consists of cell‐laden polyethylene glycol (PEG) hydrogel microparticles embedded in a continuous gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA)‐nanosilicate colloidal network. Here, it is demonstrated that this biphasic bioink offers outstanding rheological properties, print fidelity, and structural stability. Furthermore, its utility for engineering complex tissues with multiple cell types and heterogeneous microenvironments is demonstrated, by incorporating β‐islet cells into the PEG microparticles and endothelial cells in the GelMA‐nanosilicate colloidal network. Using this approach, it is possible to induce cell patterning, enhance vascularization, and direct cellular function. The proposed biphasic bioink holds significant potential for numerous emerging biomedical applications, including tissue engineering and disease modeling.
Linear Electro‐Optic Effect in 2D Ferroelectric for Electrically Tunable Metalens
Authors: Liu Yuanda , Wu Yaze , Duan Ruihuan , Fu Jichao , Ovesen Martin , Lai Samuel Chang En , Yeo Think‐E , Chee Jing Yee , Chen Yunjie , Teo Siew Lang , Tan Hui Ru , Zhang Wang , Yang Joel K. W. , Thygesen Kristian Sommer , Liu Zheng , Zhang Yong‐Wei , Teng Jinghua
Published: May 2024

The advent of 2D ferroelectrics, characterized by their spontaneous polarization states in layer‐by‐layer domains without the limitation of a finite size effect, brings enormous promise for applications in integrated optoelectronic devices. Comparing with semiconductor/insulator devices, ferroelectric devices show natural advantages such as non‐volatility, low energy consumption and high response speed. Several 2D ferroelectric materials have been reported, however, the device implementation particularly for optoelectronic application remains largely hypothetical. Here, the linear electro‐optic effect in 2D ferroelectrics is discovered and electrically tunable 2D ferroelectric metalens is demonstrated. The linear electric‐field modulation of light is verified in 2D ferroelectric CuInP2S6. The in‐plane phase retardation can be continuously tuned by a transverse DC electric field, yielding an effective electro‐optic coefficient rc of 20.28 pm V–1. The CuInP2S6 crystal exhibits birefringence with the fast axis oriented along its (010) plane. The 2D ferroelectric Fresnel metalens shows efficacious focusing ability with an electrical modulation efficiency of the focusing exceeding 34%. The theoretical analysis uncovers the origin of the birefringence and unveil its ultralow light absorption across a wide wavelength range in this non‐excitonic system. The van der Waals ferroelectrics enable room‐temperature electrical modulation of light and offer the freedom of heterogeneous integration with silicon and another material system for highly compact and tunable photonics and metaoptics.
Construction and Observation of Flexibly Controllable High‐Dimensional Non‐Hermitian Skin Effects
Authors: Zhang Qicheng , Leng Yufei , Xiong Liwei , Li Yuzeng , Zhang Kun , Qi Liangjun , Qiu Chunyin
Published: May 2024

Non‐Hermitian skin effect (NHSE) is one of the most fundamental phenomena in non‐Hermitian physics. It is established that 1D NHSE originates from the nontrivial spectral winding topology. However, the topological origin behind the higher‐dimensional NHSE remains unclear, which poses a substantial challenge in constructing and manipulating high‐dimensional NHSEs. Here, an intuitive bottom‐to‐top scheme to construct high‐dimensional NHSEs is proposed, through assembling multiple independent 1D NHSEs. Not only the elusive high‐dimensional NHSEs can be effectively predicted from the well‐defined 1D spectral winding topologies, but also the high‐dimensional generalized Brillouin zones can be directly synthesized from the 1D counterparts. As examples, two 2D nonreciprocal acoustic metamaterials are experimentally implemented to demonstrate highly controllable multi‐polar NHSEs and hybrid skin‐topological effects, where the sound fields can be frequency‐selectively localized at any desired corners and boundaries. These results offer a practicable strategy for engineering high‐dimensional NHSEs, which can boost advanced applications such as selective filters and directional amplifiers.
Unveiling the Shadows: Overcoming Bottlenecks in Scaling Organic Photovoltaic Technology from Laboratory to Industry
Authors: Chang Yi‐Ming , Hsiao Yu‐Tang , Tsai Kuen‐Wei
Published: May 2024

Organic photovoltaic (OPV) technology has recently achieved remarkable progress in academia, attaining power conversion efficiencies exceeding 19%, a breakthrough previously unimaginable. Despite these advancements, the translation of high‐efficiency OPV cells into the commercialization of OPV modules has been limited, impeding the market penetration of OPV technology. Upon careful examination, various challenges emerge, including disparities between laboratory research and industrial production in device architecture, influenced by considerations of cost and manufacturability. Additionally, the incorporation of high‐efficiency materials requires careful consideration not only of the compatibility between the photoactive layer and interface layers or transparent electrodes but also of the associated synthetic complexity of chemical structures and cost implications. While these issues are crucial, they may not be widely discussed in current mainstream research. In this article, the purpose is to identify bottlenecks from a material techniques perspective, with the aim of promoting increased resources in the research of pertinent module technologies. This effort is intended to propel OPV technology toward greater success and bring it into closer alignment with the goals of commercialization.
Assessment of outcrossing potential between cultivated and weedy rice under alternate wetting and drying irrigation management
Authors: Rohila Jai S. , Gealy David R. , Jackson Aaron K. , Ziska Lewis H.
Published: May 2024

In recent years, water conservation efforts in rice production have necessitated the use of reduced irrigation input systems such as alternate wetting and drying (AWD) as a substitute to conventional continuous flood‐irrigated systems (FLD), but little is known about the role of AWD in altering outcrossing potentials between cultivated rice and weedy rice (WR). In the United States, rice growers often control WR by cultivating varieties that possess herbicide resistance. However, an ongoing concern with such technology is hybridization or outcrossing between herbicide‐resistant rice cultivars and WR over time. Such outcrossing may result in transferring of herbicide resistance with increased occurrence of herbicide‐resistant WR ecotypes and reduction in the efficacy of herbicide management. This study compared and quantified outcrossing rates between two Clearfield rice varieties (CL142AR and CL261) that are herbicide resistant and two common WR genotypes, strawhull (SH) and blackhull (BH), under FLD and AWD management. Outcrossing was evident in all four genotype combinations (i.e., CL142AR or CL261 cultivated rice and SH or BH weedy rice) in both FLD and AWD; however, outcrossing rates with CL261 averaged about 6.5 times lower than those with CL142AR. Additional analysis revealed that higher outcrossing rates were associated with increased synchrony of flowering times and closer vertical proximity of panicles of WR to CL142AR than with CL261. AWD irrigation reduced outcrossing in SH weedy rice, suggesting that reduced outcrossing of SH weedy rice might be an additional benefit from AWD irrigation management.
All‐Inorganic sp‐Chain Ligands: Isoelectronic B/N Analogues of E. O. Fischer's Alkynylcarbynes
Authors: Walther Luis , Radacki Krzysztof , Dewhurst Rian D. , Bertermann Rüdiger , Finze Maik , Braunschweig Holger
Published: May 2024

Borylation of a tungsten‐bound N2 ligand and halide abstraction provides access to a cationic complex with an unprecedented linear NNBR ligand. This complex undergoes [3+2] cycloaddition with azides, and an unexpected chain‐extension reaction with an iminoborane, leading to a complex with a five‐atom B/N chain. These two [NNBR]‐containing complexes, inorganic analogues of E. O. Fischer's alkynylcarbynes, are very rare examples of molecules containing all‐inorganic chains of sp‐hybridized atoms.
[22]Pentaphyrins(2.0.1.1.0) Displaying N‐Fusion, Pyrrole‐Rearrangement, and Dimerization Reactions Upon Oxidation and Metalation
Authors: Chen Jinchao , Liu Le , Rao Yutao , Xu Ling , Zhou Mingbo , Yin Bangshao , Shimizu Soji , Shimizu Daiki , Osuka Atsuhiro , Song Jianxin
Published: May 2024

Exploration of expanded porphyrins with unprecedented reactivities has remained important. Here [22]pentaphyrins(2.0.1.1.0) were synthesized as a constitutional isomer of sapphyrin by acid‐catalyzed cyclization of 1,14‐dibromo‐5,10‐diaryltripyrrin with 1,2‐di(pyrro‐2‐ly)ethenes. These pentaphyrins display roughly planar structures and varying aromaticities depending upon the vinylene structures. The 19,20‐ditolyl pentaphyrin gave an N‐fused product and an unprecedented pyrrole‐rearranged product, depending upon the oxidation conditions. Remarkably, upon the metalation with CuCl, the N‐fused product and the pyrrole‐rearranged product afforded an inner β‐β coupled face‐to‐face CuII complex dimer and an outer β‐β coupled lateral CuII complex dimer, respectively, in fairly good yields. Further, [22]pentaphyrin(2.0.1.1.0) fused with a NiII porphyrin was effectively dimerized upon oxidation with MnO2 to give a 16–16’ directly linked dl‐dimer.
Thermoplastic polyimide with low dielectric properties enabled by the 2,2′‐spirobifluorene group
Authors: Jian Ling‐Feng , Lu Zhi‐Yu , Zhang Jin‐Yuan , Yuan Hui‐Bo , Zhang Hui , Ge Hua , Tan Wan‐Yi , Cui Ting‐Ting , Min Yong‐Gang
Published: May 2024

Thermoplastic polyimides (TPIs) have melt‐processability and adhesive ability, besides the intrinsic advantages of polyimides. To meet the requirements of applications in high‐frequency communication, TPIs with low dielectric constant (Dk)/dielectric loss factor (Df) at high frequency are also desirable. Enhancing the rigidity of polymer chains and simultaneously intermolecular interaction are effective ways to ensure low Dk/Df, which also benefit to heat resistance. However, it is not conducive to thermoplasticity, due to limited movement of polymer chains. To balance the trade‐off between them, we introduce noncoplanar 2,2′‐spirobifluorene groups to modify the rigidity of polymer chains and regulate the twist between electron‐donor moieties (diamine units) and electron‐acceptor moieties (dianhydride units). It leads to rigid polymer chains, which benefits to good heat resistance and dielectric properties. Meanwhile, the resultant irregular chain structure is difficult to crystallize, which results in thermoplasticity.
Two‐Dimensional Layered Hydroxide Materials for Nucleophile Oxidation
Authors: Yang Yuwei , Bedford Nicholas M.
Published: May 2024

The global energy crisis highlights the need to transition from fossil fuels to sustainable, renewable sources of energy. Green hydrogen produced via renewable energy‐driven water electrolysis is an emerging alternative due to its zero emissions and high energy density. To address the high energy consumption of water electrolysis, innovative hybrid electrolyzers integrating nucleophile oxidation reactions (NOR) are under activity investigation, reducing energy demands and enabling valuable product synthesis and waste treatment, thereby enhancing the efficiency and economic viability of hydrogen production via electrocatalytic technologies. Recent advancements in layered hydroxide materials (LHMs) have markedly improved the efficiency of alkaline electrochemical conversion processes and are gaining prominence in NORs due to their expansive surface areas and tailorable characteristics through diverse engineering strategies. Further, their layered architecture is readily conducive to in‐situ characterization, using techniques like XAS, XRD, Raman, and IR spectroscopy, providing insights into their anodic NOR mechanisms. This review summarizes the latest developments in LHMs as electrocatalysts for NOR, discusses current design strategies of LHMs, and emphasizes the significance of operando characterization techniques in elucidating the reaction mechanisms of different LHMs. Finally, the future challenges and potential advancements in their scale‐up application in electrocatalytic NOR are put forward.
Thixotropic Composite Hydrogel Electrode Composed of a Polymer Hydrogelator and Water‐Dispersive Tungsten Oxide Flat Microparticles
Authors: Nitta Chie , Ohsedo Yutaka
Published: May 2024

Here, we introduce an organic/inorganic composite hydrogel as a versatile gel electrode material. This composite hydrogel was formed by simply mixing an aqueous solution of flat microparticles of tungsten oxide, exhibiting superior water dispersibility, with a hydrogel composed of a water‐soluble polyaramide‐based polymer hydrogelator. The resulting composite hydrogel exhibited uniform dispersion of tungsten oxide flat particles throughout the hydrogel matrix, supplementing the structure formed by the polymer hydrogelator. It maintained the gel‐forming capability and thixotropic behavior inherent to the polymer hydrogelator while showcasing the electrochemical characteristics of tungsten oxide. With its spreadability and applicability to various electrode shapes, a composite hydrogel is presented as a potential spreadable gel electrode material.
Recent Developments On Activatable Turn‐On Fluorogenic Donors of Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)
Authors: Misra Roopjyoti , Bhuyan Hirak Jyoti , Dutta Amlan , Bhabak Krishna P.
Published: May 2024

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is considered the third member of the gasotransmitter family, along with nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO). Besides its role in physiological and pathophysiological conditions, the promising therapeutic potential of this small‐molecule makes it advantageous for various pharmaceutical applications. The endogenous production of H2S at a lower concentration is crucial in maintaining redox balance and cellular homeostasis, and the dysregulation leads to various disease states. In the event of H2S deficiency, the exogenous donation of H2S could help maintain the optimal cellular concentration of H2S and cellular homeostasis. Over the last several years, researchers have developed numerous small‐molecule non‐fluorogenic organosulfur compounds as H2S donors and investigated their pharmacological potentials. However, reports on stimuli‐responsive turn‐on fluorogenic donors of H2S have appeared recently. Interestingly, the fluorogenic H2S donors offer additional advantages with the non‐invasive real‐time monitoring of the H2S release utilizing the simultaneous turn‐on fluorogenic processes. The review summarizes the recent developments in turn‐on fluorogenic donors of H2S and the potential biological applications that have developed over the years.
Oxide semiconductor based deep‐subthreshold operated read‐out electronics for all‐printed smart sensor patches
Authors: Pradhan Jyoti Ranjan , Priyadarsini Sushree Sangita , Nibgoor Sanjana R. , Singh Manvendra , Dasgupta Subho
Published: May 2024

The ability to fabricate an entire smart sensor patch with read‐out electronics using commercial printing techniques may have a wide range of potential applications. Although solution‐processed oxide thin film transistors (TFTs) are capable of providing high mobility electron transport, resulting in large ON‐state current and power output, there is hardly any literature report that uses the printed oxide TFTs at the sensor interfaces. Here, printed amorphous indium‐gallium‐zinc oxide (a‐IGZO)‐based deep‐subthreshold operated TFTs that comprise signal amplifiers and analog‐to‐digital converters (ADCs) that can successfully digitalize the analog sensor signals up to a frequency range of 1 kHz are reported. In addition, exploiting the high current oxide TFTs, a current drive circuit placed after the ADC unit has been found useful in producing easy‐to‐detect visual recognition of the sensor signal at a predefined threshold crossover. Notably, the entire smart sensor patch is demonstrated to operate at a low supply voltage of ≤2 V, thereby ensuring that it can be an on‐chip energy source compatible and standalone detection unit.
Neuroticism polygenic risk predicts conversion from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's disease by impairing inferior parietal surface area
Authors: Li Qiaojun , Lv Xingping , Qian Qian , Liao Kun , Du Xin ,   for the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: May 2024

The high prevalence of conversion from amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) to Alzheimer's disease (AD) makes early prevention of AD extremely critical. Neuroticism, a heritable personality trait associated with mental health, has been considered a risk factor for conversion from aMCI to AD. However, whether the neuroticism genetic risk could predict the conversion of aMCI and its underlying neural mechanisms is unclear. Neuroticism polygenic risk score (N‐PRS) was calculated in 278 aMCI patients with qualified genomic and neuroimaging data from ADNI. After 1‐year follow‐up, N‐PRS in patients of aMCI‐converted group was significantly greater than those in aMCI‐stable group. Logistic and Cox survival regression revealed that N‐PRS could significantly predict the early‐stage conversion risk from aMCI to AD. These results were well replicated in an internal dataset and an independent external dataset of 933 aMCI patients from the UK Biobank. One sample Mendelian randomization analyses confirmed a potentially causal association from higher N‐PRS to lower inferior parietal surface area to higher conversion risk of aMCI patients. These analyses indicated that neuroticism genetic risk may increase the conversion risk from aMCI to AD by impairing the inferior parietal structure.
Porous Crystalline Organic Cages Made by Design
Authors: Ivanova Svetlana , Beuerle Florian
Published: May 2024

Shape‐persistent organic cages are an intriguing class of molecular porous materials. Through hierarchical molecular design, size and shape of the intrinsic molecular voids are controlled by dynamic covalent chemistry, while pore structure and topology are governed by noncovalent alignment in the solid state. However, the predictable and reliable crystallization of organic cages is still challenging since long‐range superstructures are solely based on weak and rather unidirectional supramolecular interactions. In this tutorial review, we provide a general classification of porous solid‐state materials and discuss specific design principles regarding the dynamic covalent reactions, the small‐molecule building blocks and solid‐state engineering. Furthermore, we introduce the most important analytical techniques for porous materials with a special focus on organic cages.
The impact of modified Cognitive‐Behavioral Group Therapy in social adjustment functions of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and their parents' stress levels: A nonrandomized clinical trial
Authors: Chen Minrong , Jiang Xiangyu
Published: May 2024

This study aims to investigate the potential of a modified Cognitive‐Behavioral Group Therapy (CBGT) intervention in promoting social adjustment and reducing their parental stress among children exhibiting symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The research also highlights the mechanisms and advantages of employing modified CBGT to address negative symptoms associated with ADHD in children. The study was conducted at Fuzhou Children's Hospital of Fujian Province, with a total of 20 pairs of parents and children with ADHD participating. The assessment utilized measures including SNAP, Barratt Impulsivity, and Conners to evaluate changes in the children's social adjustment abilities and core/associated ADHD symptoms before and after CBGT intervention. Additionally, the Parental Stress Index was employed to gauge the level of stress experienced by the parents. Consequently, CBGT interventions have shown substantial improvements in children's social adjustment abilities and have proven to be a significant source of stress relief for parents.
Male‐pronuclei‐specific granulin facilitates somatic cells reprogramming via mitigating excessive cell proliferation and enhancing lysosomal function
Authors: Wei Qingqing , Xu Yanwen , Cui Guina , Sun Jiatong , Su Zhongqu , Kou Xiaochen , Zhao Yanhong , Cao Suyuan , Li Wenhui , Xu Yiliang , Gao Shaorong
Published: May 2024

Critical reprogramming factors resided predominantly in the oocyte or male pronucleus can enhance the efficiency or the quality of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) induction. However, few reprogramming factors exist in the male pronucleus had been verified. Here, we demonstrated that granulin (Grn), a factor enriched specifically in male pronucleus, can significantly improve the generation of iPSCs from mouse fibroblasts. Grn is highly expressed on Day 1, Day 3, Day 14 of reprogramming induced by four Yamanaka factors and functions at the initial stage of reprogramming. Transcriptome analysis indicates that Grn can promote the expression of lysosome‐related genes, while inhibit the expression of genes involved in DNA replication and cell cycle at the early reprogramming stage. Further verification determined that Grn suppressed cell proliferation due to the arrest of cell cycle at G2/M phase. Moreover, ectopic Grn can enhance the lysosomes abundance and rescue the efficiency reduction of reprogramming resulted from lysosomal protease inhibition. Taken together, we conclude that Grn serves as an activator for somatic cell reprogramming through mitigating cell hyperproliferation and promoting the function of lysosomes.