bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
William James and the Modernist Esthetics of Religion
Authors: Porterfield Amanda
Published: March 2014

In his intellectual biography, William James: In the Maelstrom of American Modernism, Robert Richardson never defines modernism, and never addresses the reasons for its turbulence in America. But he does present the maelstrom through his subject, showing how James helped drive the modernist sensibility he inhabited—a whirlwind of creativity and intellectual passion “whose leading ideas,” to quote Richardson, “are still so fresh and challenging that they are not yet fully assimilated by the modern world they helped to bring about.” Presenting James as an intellectual activity, Richardson focuses on bringing the emotional background of that activity into view, chronicling James's intellectual history as splashes from a turbulent stream of consciousness. The book's dedication to Annie Dillard next to the book's epigraph from James reveals Richardson's respect for the volatility both writers represented. The dedication is: “For Annie, who wrote, ‘we have less time than we knew and that time buoyant, and cloven, lucent, missile, and wild,’” followed by the epigraph from James testifying that, “[life] feels like a real fight—as if there were something really wild in the universe which we, with all our idealities and faithfulnesses, are needed to redeem.”
Space, Modernity, and Emptiness: Some American Examples
Authors: Corrigan John
Published: March 2014

One of the ways in which Christian groups responded to the challenges of modernity was by positioning themselves differently in space. In the interest of better understanding that process, let us think for a moment about the social system, the social space to be precise, within which groups exist. As one starting point for that, it is useful to acknowledge that social groups define themselves in relation to others. Specifically, groups define themselves by saying what they are not as much as by saying what they are. If we are to believe the German social systems theorist Niklas Luhmann, a leading advocate of the notion of social system, difference is prior to identity. That is to say—and this is the core of Luhmann's “difference” theory—one distinguishes a table from other objects before one indicates what it is (Luhmann adds, paradoxically, that distinction presupposes itself). His grand theory has shortcomings, but his point is that social groups create and maintain collective identity by defining themselves in relation to other groups, and especially by saying what they are not. They push off from other groups in defining themselves. We could extend that approach by stating that groups sometimes behave as if they lack a clear collective self-understanding; that is, they lack a fully formed core identity that they can marshall in a positive fashion against a field of other groups. They accordingly define themselves in relation to other groups, define themselves via negativa, by differentiating—in some cases to a great degree—from other groups. Identity is built through such negative definition. The twentieth-century American theorist of social conflict Lewis Coser described that mode of thinking in The Functions of Social Conflict, an extended mediation on the social conflict theories of Georg Simmel, and sociologist of religion Martin Reisebrodt has observed more recently how Christianity invents itself principally by distinguishing itself from other religious practices and beliefs. The process is evident among Christian groups in modernity as it was in early modern Europe. When we focus on how it has manifested spatially, we see the modern in American church history as a broad spectrum of occurrences demonstrating complexity, multivalence, competition, and differentiation.
A biosensor for the determination of high density lipoprotein cholesterol employing combined surfactant-derived selectivity and sensitivity enhancements
Authors: Ahmadraji Termeh , Gonzalez-Macia Laura , Killard Anthony J.
Published: March 2014

An electrochemical biosensor for selective measurement of HDL-C in serum.
The formation of glycine and other complex organic molecules in exploding ice mantles
Authors: Rawlings J. M. C. , Williams D. A. , Viti S. , Cecchi-Pestellini C. , Duley W. W.
Published: March 2014

Complex Organic Molecules (COMs), such as propylene (CH3CHCH2) and the isomers of C2H4O2 are detected in cold molecular clouds (such as TMC-1) with high fractional abundances (Marcelino et al., Astrophys. J., 2007, 665, L127). The formation mechanism for these species is the subject of intense speculation, as is the possibility of the formation of simple amino acids such as glycine (NH2CH2COOH). At typical dark cloud densities, normal interstellar gas-phase chemistries are inefficient, whilst surface chemistry is at best ill defined and does not easily reproduce the abundance ratios observed in the gas phase. Whatever mechanism(s) is/are operating, it/they must be both efficient at converting a significant fraction of the available carbon budget into COMs, and capable of efficiently returning the COMs to the gas phase. In our previous studies we proposed a complementary, alternative mechanism, in which medium- and large-sized molecules are formed by three-body gas kinetic reactions in the warm high density gas phase. This environment exists, for a very short period of time, after the total sublimation of grain ice mantles in transient co-desorption events. In order to drive the process, rapid and efficient mantle sublimation is required and we have proposed that ice mantle ‘explosions’ can be driven by the catastrophic recombination of trapped hydrogen atoms, and other radicals, in the ice. Repeated cycles of freeze-out and explosion can thus lead to a cumulative molecular enrichment of the interstellar medium. Using existing studies we based our chemical network on simple radical addition, subject to enthalpy and valency restrictions. In this work we have extended the chemistry to include the formation pathways of glycine and other large molecular species that are detected in molecular clouds. We find that the mechanism is capable of explaining the observed molecular abundances and complexity in these sources. We find that the proposed mechanism is easily capable of explaining the large abundances of all three isomers of C2H4O2 that are observationally inferred for star-forming regions. However, the model currently does not provide an obvious explanation for the predominance of methyl formate, suggesting that some refinement to our (very simplistic) chemistry is necessary. The model also predicts the production of glycine at a (lower) abundance level, that is consistent with its marginal detection in astrophysical sources.
Exploiting the tetrazine–norbornene reaction for single polymer chain collapse
Authors: Hansell Claire F. , Lu Annhelen , Patterson Joseph P. , O'Reilly Rachel K.
Published: March 2014

The formation of single chain polymer nanoparticles is facilitated by the reaction between pendent norbornenes on a polystyrene, and a tetrazine crosslinker.
Chirality effects at each amino acid position on tripeptide self-assembly into hydrogel biomaterials
Authors: Marchesan S. , Easton C. D. , Styan K. E. , Waddington L. J. , Kushkaki F. , Goodall L. , McLean K. M. , Forsythe J. S. , Hartley P. G.
Published: March 2014

Hydrogels formed by ultrashort heterochiral peptides are emerging as cost-effective materials for cell culture.
Nanocrystalline-Li2FeSiO4 synthesized by carbon frameworks as an advanced cathode material for Li-ion batteries
Authors: Yang Jinlong , Kang Xiaochun , Hu Lin , Gong Xue , Mu Shichun
Published: March 2014

The nanocrystalline-Li2FeSiO4 with carbon frameworks, possessing high-capacity and high-rate performance, is a promising next-generation cathode material for high-power lithium-ion batteries.
A simple microHPLC-UV method for the simultaneous determination of retinol and α-tocopherol in human plasma. Application to intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy
Authors: Martinefski Manuela. R. , Scioscia Silvia , Contin Mario D. , Samassa Paula , Lucangioli Silvia E. , Tripodi Valeria P.
Published: March 2014

A simple, reliable and highly sensitive HPLC-micromethod for routine analysis of retinol and α-tocopherol in biological samples.
Synthesis of a guanidine NHC complex and its application in borylation reactions
Authors: Tai Chia-Cheng , Yu Ming-Shiuan , Chen Yi-Lin , Chuang Wen-Hang , Lin Ting-Hua , Yap Glenn P. A. , Ong Tiow-Gan
Published: March 2014

Synthesis of guanidine-linked NHC can be achieved easily and its copper complexes were isolated and fully characterized. These Cu complexes are found to be versatile catalysts for hydroboration, semihydrogenation and carboboration of alkynes in a highly stereo- and regioselective fashion.
Ligand dynamic effect on phase and morphology control of hexagonal NaYF4
Authors: Wu Suli , Liu Ye , Chang Jie , Zhang Shufen
Published: March 2014

In this work, the ligand dynamic effect was utilized to synthesize hexagonal NaYF4 (β-NaYF4) crystals with controllable morphology by a hydrothermal method.
The role of water co-adsorption on the modification of ZnO nanowires using acetic acid
Authors: Domínguez Adriel , grosse Holthaus Svea , Köppen Susan , Frauenheim Thomas , da Rosa Andreia Luisa
Published: March 2014

Density functional theory (DFT) and Car–Parinello molecular dynamic simulations were employed to investigate the interaction of acetic acid with non-polar facets of ultra-thin ZnO nanowires.
Preparation of narrowly dispersed stereocomplex nanocrystals: a step towards all-poly(lactic acid) nanocomposites
Authors: Mincheva R. , Leclère Ph. , Habibi Y. , Raquez J.-M. , Dubois P.
Published: March 2014

Stereocomplexed polylactide-based nanocrystals were designed through a two-stage procedure comprising (i) the stereocomplexation of enantiomeric polylactide-based triblock copolymers and (ii) their selective recovery after acid-hydrolysis of the amorphous blocks.
Porous carbon nanotubes etched by water steam for high-rate large-capacity lithium–sulfur batteries
Authors: Xiao Zhubing , Yang Zhi , Nie Huagui , Lu Yanqi , Yang Keqin , Huang Shaoming
Published: March 2014

A simple, green, scalable one-step approach to obtain porous CNTs (PCNTs) with a high specific surface area and pore volume has been developed involving a mild chemical reaction between CNTs and rare oxygen sourced from nebulized water vapor at high temperatures.
Comparison of baroreflex sensitivity with a fall and rise in blood pressure induced by the Valsalva manoeuvre
Authors: Wada Naoki , Singer Wolfgang , Gehrking Tonette L. , Sletten David M. , Schmelzer James D. , Low Phillip A.
Published: March 2014

The baroreflex plays a key role in human BP (blood pressure) regulation. Its efferent limb consists of a vagal and a sympathetic component. The Valsalva manoeuvre is widely used to quantify vagal baroreflex function [BRS_vagal (vagal baroreflex sensitivity)], but most studies have focused on the R–R interval response to BP decrement, even though the subsequent response to an increment in BP is important and different. In the present study, we sought to evaluate whether BRS_vagal can be determined from BRSvagalinc (BRS_vagal derived from the rise in BP during phases III–IV of the Valsalva manoeuvre), to assess the association between BRSvagalinc and BRSvagaldec (BRS_vagal derived from the preceeding BP decrement) and to validate BRSvagalinc as an index of autonomic function. We studied patients with severe autonomic failure (n=49, 25 female), mild autonomic failure (n=25, 11 female) and matched normal controls (n=29, 15 female). BRSvagalinc and BRSvagaldec were calculated as the regression slope of R–R interval and systolic BP during phases III–IV and the early phase II of the Valsalva manoeuvre respectively, and compared these with other autonomic indices across the groups. BRSvagalinc was calculated in all subjects and correlated highly with BRSvagaldec (r=0.72, P<0.001). BRSvagalinc also correlated significantly with BP changes during phases II and IV of the Valsalva manoeuvre and sympathetic barosensitivity. BRSvagalinc was significantly different between the groups, being highest in the controls and lowest in patients with severe autonomic failure. In conclusion, vagal BRS, determined by relating R–R interval with the BP increase following phase III, is a valuable autonomic index, provides additional information about vagal baroreflex function and reflects overall severity of autonomic failure.
On the invertibility of finite linear
transducers
Authors: Amorim Ivone , Machiavelo António , Reis Rogério
Published: March 2014

Linear finite transducers underlie a series of schemes for Public Key Cryptography (PKC)
proposed in the 90s of the last century. The uninspiring and arid language then used,
condemned these works to oblivion. Although some of these schemes were afterwards shown to
be insecure, the promise of a new system of PKC relying on different complexity
assumptions is still quite exciting. The algorithms there used depend heavily on the
results of invertibility of linear transducers. In this paper we introduce the notion of
post-initial linear transducer, which is an extension of the notion of linear finite
transducer with memory, and for which the previous fundamental results on invertibility
still hold. This extension enabled us to give a new method to obtain a left inverse of any
invertible linear finite transducer with memory. It also plays an essencial role in the
necessary and sufficient condition that we give for left invertibility of linear finite
transducers.
High-performance MoS2 transistors with low-resistance molybdenum contacts
Authors: Kang Jiahao , Liu Wei , Banerjee Kaustav
Published: March 2014

In this Letter, molybdenum (Mo) is introduced and evaluated as an alternative contact metal to atomically-thin molybdenum disulphide (MoS2), and high-performance field-effect transistors are experimentally demonstrated. In order to understand the physical nature of the interface and highlight the role of the various factors contributing to the Mo-MoS2 contacts, density functional theory (DFT) simulations are employed, which reveal that Mo can form high quality contact interface with monolayer MoS2 with zero tunnel barrier and zero Schottky barrier under source/drain contact, as well as an ultra-low Schottky barrier (0.1 eV) at source/drain-channel junction due to strong Fermi level pinning. In agreement with the DFT simulations, high mobility, high ON-current, and low contact resistance are experimentally demonstrated on both monolayer and multilayer MoS2 transistors using Mo contacts. The results obtained not only reveal the advantages of using Mo as a contact metal for MoS2 but also highlight the fact that the properties of contacts with 2-dimensional materials cannot be intuitively predicted by solely considering work function values and Schottky theory.
Ensemble density variational methods with self- and ghost-interaction-corrected functionals
Authors: Pastorczak Ewa , Pernal Katarzyna
Published: March 2014

Ensemble density functional theory (DFT) offers a way of predicting excited-states energies of atomic and molecular systems without referring to a density response function. Despite a significant theoretical work, practical applications of the proposed approximations have been scarce and they do not allow for a fair judgement of the potential usefulness of ensemble DFT with available functionals. In the paper, we investigate two forms of ensemble density functionals formulated within ensemble DFT framework: the Gross, Oliveira, and Kohn (GOK) functional proposed by Gross et al. [Phys. Rev. A 37, 2809 (1988)] alongside the orbital-dependent eDFT form of the functional introduced by Nagy [J. Phys. B 34, 2363 (2001)] (the acronym eDFT proposed in analogy to eHF – ensemble Hartree-Fock method). Local and semi-local ground-state density functionals are employed in both approaches. Approximate ensemble density functionals contain not only spurious self-interaction but also the so-called ghost-interaction which has no counterpart in the ground-state DFT. We propose how to correct the GOK functional for both kinds of interactions in approximations that go beyond the exact-exchange functional. Numerical applications lead to a conclusion that functionals free of the ghost-interaction by construction, i.e., eDFT, yield much more reliable results than approximate self- and ghost-interaction-corrected GOK functional. Additionally, local density functional corrected for self-interaction employed in the eDFT framework yields excitations energies of the accuracy comparable to that of the uncorrected semi-local eDFT functional.
Kinetic and interaction components of the exact time-dependent correlation potential
Authors: Luo Kai , Fuks Johanna I. , Sandoval Ernesto D. , Elliott Peter , Maitra Neepa T.
Published: March 2014

The exact exchange-correlation (xc) potential of time-dependent density functional theory has been shown to have striking features. For example, step and peak features are generically found when the system is far from its ground-state, and these depend nonlocally on the density in space and time. We analyze the xc potential by decomposing it into kinetic and interaction components and comparing each with their exact-adiabatic counterparts, for a range of dynamical situations in model one-dimensional two-electron systems. We find that often, but not always, the kinetic contribution is largely responsible for these features that are missed by the adiabatic approximation. The adiabatic approximation often makes a smaller error for the interaction component, which we write in two parts, one being the Coulomb potential due to the time-dependent xc hole. Non-adiabatic features of the kinetic component were also larger than those of the interaction component in cases that we studied when there is negligible step structure. In ground-state situations, step and peak structures arise in cases of static correlation, when more than one determinant is essential to describe the interacting state. We investigate the time-dependent natural orbital occupation numbers and find the corresponding relation between these and the dynamical step is more complex than for the ground-state case.
Aspect ratio dependent saturation field in patterned amorphous Co-Zr-Ta-B thin films with uniaxial anisotropy
Authors: Wu Hao , Zhao Shirong , Gardner Donald S. , Yu Hongbin
Published: March 2014

The saturation field of patterned amorphous Co-Zr-Ta-B films is adjusted by using shape anisotropy in patterned magnetic thin films for inductors. The relationship between aspect ratio and saturation field which is essential for achieving high saturation current in magnetic inductors is investigated. By changing the aspect ratio of patterned films, the in-plane easy and hard axes induced during film deposition gradually decrease and then change direction as the aspect ratio is changed, which is also verified by numerically calculating the demagnetizing field in the films. It is shown that the saturation field of inductors with patterned Co-Zr-Ta-B films can be changed thus, providing a pathway towards high saturation current in high power density applications such as voltage regulators.
Measurement of bandgap energies in low-k organosilicates
Authors: Nichols M. T. , Li W. , Pei D. , Antonelli G. A. , Lin Q. , Banna S. , Nishi Y. , Shohet J. L.
Published: March 2014

In this work, experimental measurements of the electronic band gap of low-k organosilicate dielectrics will be presented and discussed. The measurement of bandgap energies of organosilicates will be made by examining the onset of inelastic energy loss in core-level atomic spectra using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. This energy serves as a reference point from which many other facets of the material can be understood, such as the location and presence of defect states in the bulk or at the interface. A comparison with other measurement techniques reported in the literature is presented.
Material dependence of magnetic force microscopy performance using carbon nanotube probes: Experiments and simulation
Authors: Kuramochi H. , Asada H. , Uzumaki T. , Yui H. , Iitake M. , Takano F. , Akinaga H. , Manago T.
Published: March 2014

We investigated the dependence of the performance of magnetic force microscopy (MFM) on magnetic coating materials by using carbon nanotube (CNT) probes. The magnetic structures of CNT-MFM probes with CoFe(80:20), CoFe(30:70), and CoCr(80:20) coatings were essentially the same in the simulations, but their magnetic properties, such as stability after magnetic reversal, varied slightly in the experiments. It was found that a larger saturation magnetic moment (Ms) is of advantage for attaining high spatial resolution. Although the distinction was hard to see in the MFM images, the experiments and simulations showed that CNT probes coated with high Ms materials gave stronger perturbations to soft magnetic materials than probes coated with low Ms materials.
6H-SiC microdisk torsional resonators in a “smart-cut” technology
Authors: Yang Rui , Wang Zenghui , Lee Jaesung , Ladhane Kalyan , Young Darrin J. , Feng Philip X.-L.
Published: March 2014

We report on experimental demonstration of high frequency torsional resonators based on microdisk structures enabled by a “smart-cut” 6H-silicon carbide (6H-SiC) technology. Circular microdisks axially supported by pairs of thin tethers, with diameters of ∼5–15 μm, exhibit torsional-mode micromechanical resonances with frequency of ∼1–60 MHz, and quality (Q) factors up to 1280 at room temperature in moderate vacuum (∼10 mTorr). Measured intrinsic thermomechanical vibrations of a microdisk with diameter d ≈ 15.9 μm (and triangular cross-section tethers with width wT ≈ 1.5 μm, length LT ≈ 2 μm, and thickness tT ≈ 0.4 μm) demonstrate a torque resolution of ST1/2 ≈ 3.7 × 10−20 (N m)/√Hz, a force sensitivity of SF1/2 ≈ 5.7fN/√Hz, and an angular displacement sensitivity of Sθ1/2 ≈ 4.0 × 10−8 rad/√Hz. By examining devices with varying disk size, different tether shape, width, and length, and by combining experimental data and theoretical calculations, we depict the scaling pathways for ultrasensitive torsional resonant sensors based on this smart-cut 6H-SiC platform.
Efficient inverted organic light-emitting devices with self or intentionally Ag-doped interlayer modified cathode
Authors: Liu Wenbo , Liu Shihao , Yu Jing , Zhang Wei , Wen Xuemei , Yin Yongming , Zhang Letian , Chen Ping , Xie Wenfa
Published: March 2014

Green phosphorescent inverted organic light-emitting devices (IOLEDs) with self or intentionally Ag-doped interlayer modified cathode were demonstrated. The IOLEDs show low driving voltage and high efficiency. For example, the efficiency of inverted bottom-emitting OLED with ITO cathode is comparable with the conventional bottom-emitting OLED with ITO anode. The top-emitting IOLED with Ag cathode shows high current efficiency of 76.4 cd/A which is 2.38 times of that of the conventional bottom-emitting OLED with ITO anode. The results indicate that the electron injection from cathode was observably improved by the Ag-doped interlayer and such interlayer is cathode independent relatively.
The Ecosystem Approach as a Framework for Understanding Knowledge Utilisation
Authors: Haines-Young Roy , Potschin Marion
Published: March 2014

The ecosystem approach is used to analyse four case studies from England to determine what kind of ecosystem knowledge was used by people, and how it shaped their arguments. The results are reported across decision-making venues concerned with: innovation, conflict management, maintenance of ecosystem function, and recognising the environment as an asset. In each area we identify the sources and uses of conceptual, instrumental, political, and social knowledge. We found that the use of these knowledges can benefit the process as well as the quality of outcomes, and so ‘add value’ to the decision-making process. However, the case studies did not exhibit any simple linear–rational model of knowledge use. Ecosystems thinking took many forms and depended on different institutional settings. As an argument-making device, the ecosystem approach must be seen in the context of a wider set of social and political processes, which involves a range of complex strategies and motives that explain the apparent ‘messiness’ of environmental decision making. The paper demonstrates that as a conceptual framework, the ecosystem approach provides a valuable theoretical template to help us discover how and what knowledge is used in deliberative styles of decision making.
Influence of dietary flavours on sheep feeding behaviour and nutrient digestibility
Authors: Villalba J. J. , Mereu A. , Ipharraguerre I. R.
Published: March 2014

The aim of the present study was to assess whether the feeding pattern displayed by sheep exposed to a monotonous ration is modified when the same ration is presented in a diversity of flavours and if such diversity influences nutrient intake and digestibility. Twelve commercial crossbred wether lambs were assigned to two groups. Six lambs/period (three lambs/group.period) were housed in metabolic crates during two successive periods. One group of lambs (Diversity, D) was fed simultaneously an unflavoured ration of alfalfa, barley, beet pulp and urea (55 : 35 : 9 : 1) and the same ration supplemented (0.2%) with one of the following two flavours: (1) sweet, and (2) umami. The other group (Monotony, M) received only the unflavoured ration. All animals were fed their respective rations ad libitum from 0800 hours to 1600 hours for 26 days in each period. Day 19 was used for assessing the lamb feeding pattern every 30 min for 8 h, and the last 6 days of the period were used for estimating in vivo food digestibility. Lambs in D tended to ingest more acid detergent fibre (ADF; P = 0.10) and to have a lower crude protein digestibility (P = 0.08) than did lambs in M. Nevertheless, average daily DM intake did not differ between treatments (P = 0.22) and lambs in M and D digested the same amount of DM, neutral detergent fibre, ADF and N (P > 0.10). Flavour diversity did not affect N retained, N retained/N consumed, or ruminal pH 1 h after feeding (P > 0.10). Lambs in D showed greater intakes than did those in M during 30 (P = 0.006), 60 (P = 0.02), 90 (P = 0.02), 120 (P = 0.04) and 180 min (P = 0.07) after offering the rations. Results suggest that changes in eating behaviour occurred only during the first part of the feeding period, leading to slight changes in ADF intake and crude protein digestibility, which did not impact nutrient utilisation.
Pulmonary Arterial Remodeling in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease is Lobe Dependent
Authors: Wrobel Jeremy P. , McLean Catriona A. , Thompson Bruce R. , Stuart‐Andrews Christopher R. , Paul Eldho , Snell Gregory I. , Williams Trevor J.
Published: March 2014

Pulmonary arterial remodeling has been demonstrated in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but it is not known whether lobar heterogeneity of remodeling occurs. Furthermore, the relationship between pulmonary hypertension (PH) and pulmonary arterial remodeling in COPD has not been established. Muscular pulmonary arterial remodeling in arteries 0.10–0.25 mm in diameter was assessed in COPD‐explanted lungs and autopsy controls. Remodeling was quantified as the percentage wall thickness to vessel diameter (%WT) using digital image analysis. Repeat measures mixed‐effects remodeling for %WT was performed according to lobar origin (upper and lower), muscular pulmonary arterial size (small, medium, and large), and echocardiography‐based pulmonary arterial pressure (no PH, mild PH, and moderate‐to‐severe PH). Lobar perfusion and emphysema indices were determined from ventilation‐perfusion and computed tomography scans, respectively. Overall, %WT was greater in 42 subjects with COPD than in 5 control subjects (P < 0.0001). Within the COPD group, %WT was greater in the upper lobes (P < 0.0001) and in the small muscular pulmonary arteries (P < 0.0001). Lobar differences were most pronounced in medium and large arteries. Lobar emphysema index was not associated with arterial remodeling. However, there was a significant positive relationship between the lobar perfusion index and pulmonary arterial remodeling (P = 0.024). The presence of PH on echocardiography showed only a trend to a small effect on lower lobe remodeling. The pattern of pulmonary arterial remodeling in COPD is complicated and lobe dependent. Differences in regional blood flow partially account for the lobar heterogeneity of pulmonary arterial remodeling in COPD.
Role of Asymmetric Methylarginine and Connexin 43 in the Regulation of Pulmonary Endothelial Function
Authors: Tsang Hilda , Leiper James , Lao Ka Hou , Dowsett Laura , Delahaye Matthew W. , Barnes Gareth , Wharton John , Howard Luke , Iannone Lucio , Lang Ninian N. , Wilkins Martin R. , Wojciak‐Stothard Beata
Published: March 2014

Circulating levels of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, are increased in patients with idiopathic pulmonary hypertension (IPAH). We hypothesized that ADMA abrogates gap junctional communication, required for the coordinated regulation of endothelial barrier function and angiogenesis, and so contributes to pulmonary endothelial dysfunction. The effects of ADMA on expression and function of gap junctional proteins were studied in human pulmonary artery endothelial cells; pulmonary endothelial microvascular cells from mice deficient in an enzyme metabolizing ADMA, dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase I (DDAHI); and blood‐derived endothelial‐like cells from patients with IPAH. Exogenous and endogenous ADMA inhibited protein expression and membrane localization of connexin 43 (Cx43) in a nitric oxide/soluble guanosine monophosphate/c‐jun‐dependent manner in pulmonary endothelial cells, resulting in the inhibition of gap junctional communication, increased permeability, and decreased angiogenesis. The effects of ADMA were prevented by overexpression of DDAHI or Cx43 and by treatment with rotigaptide. Blood‐derived endothelial‐like cells from IPAH patients displayed a distinct disease‐related phenotype compared to cells from healthy controls, characterized by reduced DDAHI expression, increased ADMA production, and abnormal angiogenesis. In summary, we show that ADMA induces pulmonary endothelial dysfunction via changes in expression and activity of Cx43. Cells from IPAH patients exhibit abnormal DDAHI/Cx43 signaling as well as differences in gap junctional communication, barrier function, and angiogenesis. Strategies that promote DDAHI/Cx43 signaling may have an endothelium‐protective effect and be beneficial in pulmonary vascular disease.
Chronic Pulmonary Artery Dissection Associated with Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
Authors: Cook Rhonda , Duarte Alexander G. , Boor Paul , Daniel Cowan
Published: March 2014

Pulmonary artery dissection is a complication associated with pulmonary arterial hypertension. This complication is described as acute in onset and is frequently fatal without intervention. We describe a patient with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension and chest pain found to have an unsuspected chronic pulmonary artery dissection on postmortem examination. Chronic pulmonary artery dissection should be considered in patients with chest pain and worsening dyspnea, as the frequency this condition may be underestimated.
Thermal Instability of Advection-Dominated Disks against Local Perturbations
Authors: Kato Shoji , Abramowicz Marek A. , Chen Xingming
Published: March 2014

Thermal instability is examined for advection-dominated one-temperature accretion disks. We consider axisymmetric perturbations with short wavelength in the radial direction. The viscosity is assumed to be sufficiently small for the vertical hydrostatic balance to hold in perturbed states. The type of viscosity is given either by the α-viscosity or by a diffusion-type stress tensor. Optically thick disks are found to be in general more unstable than optically thin ones. When thermal diffusion is present, optically thin disks become stable, but optically thick disks are still unstable. The instability of the advection-dominated disks is different from that of the geometrically thin disks without advection. In the case of no advection, the thermal mode behaves under no appreciable surface density change. In the case of advection-dominated disks, however, the thermal mode occurs with no appreciable pressure change (compared with the density change), when local perturbations are considered. The variations of angular momentum and of the surface density associated with the perturbations lead to a thermal instability. The astrophysical implications of this instability are briefly discussed.
Period Analysis of the Radial Velocity in Pleione
Authors: Katahira Jun-ichi , Hirata Ryuko , Ito Masaki , Katoh Mutsuhiko , Ballereau Dominique , Chauville Jacques
Published: March 2014

A period analysis of the radial velocities of the shell lines in Pleione (B8e) was performed. We obtained a period of 218.0 days by combining the data in two successive shell phases. The orbital elements derived from the resulting velocity curve are: the eccentricity, e = 0.60; the semi-amplitude, K1 = 5.9 km s−1; the semi-major axis, a1 sin i = 20R⊙ and the mass function, ƒ(M) = 2.4·10−3M⊙. The secondary is most probably a low-mass dwarf, though we retain the possibility of a helium star or white dwarf. After examining the mass-loss rate from helium stars, we concluded that the circumstellar gas around the B8 primary is supplied from the primary, itself.
The IRTS (Infrared Telescope in Space) Mission
Authors: Murakami Hiroshi , Freund Minoru M. , Ganga Ken , Guo Hongfeng , Hirao Takanori , Hiromoto Norihisa , Kawada Mitsunobu , Lange Andrew E. , Makiuti Sin'itirou , Matsuhara Hideo , Matsumoto Toshio , Matsuura Shuji , Murakami Masahide , Nakagawa Takao , Narita Masanao , Noda Manabu , Okuda Haruyuki , Okumura Ken'ichi , Onaka Takashi , Roellig Thomas L. , Sato Shinji , Shibai Hiroshi , Smith Beverly J. , Tanabé Toshihiko , Tanaka Masahiro , Watabe Toyoki , Yamamura Issei , Yuen Lunming
Published: March 2014

The Japanese satellite-borne infrared telescope, the Infrared Telescope in Space (IRTS), has completed a successful survey of a portion of the infrared sky. The IRTS consists of a 15 cm telescope cooled with superfluid liquid helium, and is installed on board the Space Flyer Unit (SFU) spacecraft. The SFU was launched on 1995 March 18 UT. The sky survey by the IRTS started on March 29 UT, and was completed on April 25 UT after exhausting its liquid helium. The cryogenic system operated as designed, and maintained the telescope and the focal-plane instruments at a stable temperature of 1.9 K for 38 days. The four focal-plane instruments, which together covered almost the entire infrared wavelength range, observed a sky area of about 2700 deg2 and returned a wealth of new data on a variety of objects, including the zodiacal light, interstellar gas and dust, near-infrared cosmic background light and point sources.
ASCA Observation of Cygnus OB2 Association
Authors: Kitamoto Shunji , Mukai Koji
Published: March 2014

ASCA observed Cygnus OB2 association on 1993 April 29. Four OB stars (5, 8a, 9, and 12; the designation from Schulte 1958, Astron. Jahresber. 58.12376) were clearly detected. In the X-ray spectra of three stars (5, 8a, and 12), at least two emission lines from SiXIII and SXV were identified. The spectra of three stars (5, 9, and 12) can be simulated using the single thin thermal spectra with temperatures of 1.26 ± 0.12 keV [(1.46 ± 0.14) × 107 K], 2.46 ± 0.68 keV [(2.85 ± 0.79) × 107 K], and 0.90 ± 0.05 keV [(1.04 ± 0.06) × 107 K], respectively. However, the spectrum of 8a, which is statistically the best one, requires two-component thin thermal spectra with temperatures of 0.62 ± 0.04 keV [(0.72 ± 0.05) × 107 K] and 1.47 ± 0.10 keV [(1.71 ± 0.12) × 107 K]. The emission measures of the four observed stars are ∼ 1056–57 cm−3 , and their photoelectric absorption column densities are (1–2) × 1022 H cm−2. The apparent low metal abundances are suggested in all four stars, if the X-ray emission region is really optically thin. This might be explained by an enrichment of light elements, such as He and N. Another possibility is that the emission region is not really optically thin, and that the line strength is suppressed.
Photoionized Plasma in Cygnus X-3
Authors: Kawashima Kenji , Kitamoto Shunji
Published: March 2014

ASCA observations of Cygnus X-3 in its X-ray high-intensity state have for the first time resolved the Kα lines from He-like and H-like ions of S, Ar, Ca, and Fe. In addition to these emission lines, we detected an emission-line-like feature at 3.5 keV. We identified this feature as being the free-bound continuum emitted in recombination into the 12S state of H-like S. This is direct evidence of a photoionized plasma in the Cyg X-3 system, which has a dense stellar wind from a Wolf-Rayet companion star irradiated by strong X-rays from the compact star. The electron temperature of this plasma was estimated to be 16+5−6 eV by measuring the shape of the free-bound continuum.
Roles of SN Ia and SN II in ICM Enrichment
Authors: Ishimaru Yuhri , Arimoto Nobuo
Published: March 2014

Based on ASCA observations Mushotzky et al. (1996, ApJ 466, 686) have recently derived the relative abundance ratios of α-elements to iron, [α/Fe] ≃ 0.2–0.3, for four rich clusters, and have suggested that the origin of metals in an intra-cluster medium (ICM) is not a type-Ia supernovae (SNIa), but a type-II supernovae (SNII). However, these authors used the solar photospheric iron abundance for ASCA data reduction, while the meteoritic iron abundance is usually adopted in chemical-evolution studies. It is true that although the photospheric and meteoritic solar abundances are consistent for most of the elements, a serious discrepancy is known to exist for iron; indeed, the photospheric abundance of iron is NFe/NH = 4.68 · 10−5 by number, while the meteoritic value is 3.24 · 10−5. The argument concerning the relative roles of SNIa and SNII in ICM enrichment is quite sensitive to the precise values of [α/Fe], and one should use an identical solar iron abundance in data reduction as well as in theoretical arguments. We therefore adopt the meteoritic iron abundance, which is consistent with chemical-evolution studies, and shift Mushotzky et al.'s ASCA data by Δ[α/Fe] ≃ −0.16 dex. By comparing the corrected [α/Fe] values with theoretical nucleosynthesis prescriptions of SNIa and SNII, we reach a conclusion that an SNIa iron contribution of 50% or higher in the ICM enrichment could not be ruled out, and might indeed be favored based on the ASCA spectra.
Thermal Instability of Advection-Dominated Disks against Revised Local Perturbat
Authors: Kato Shoji , Yamasaki Tatsuya , Abramowicz Marek A. , Chen Xingming
Published: March 2014

The thermal stability of advection-dominated accretion disks against local perturbations is re-examined in order to correct some errors in our previous paper. Thermal perturbations which are local in the radial direction are found to also be local in the vertical direction. Because of this, the using of vertically integrated quantities was irrelevant in analyzing the stability of local thermal perturbations when the disks are geometrically thick. Our new results, obtained by correcting the error, show that if the turbulence acts as a diffusion process in thermal energy transport, it strongly dampens the thermal perturbations. In these cases when the diffusion process is weak, however, perturbations grow due to a variation of the viscous heating associated with the perturbations. One such example of growth is in the case where radiation pressure greatly dominates the gas pressure.
Rotation Curve of the Galaxy
Authors: Honma Mareki , Sofue Yoshiaki
Published: March 2014

Reanalyzing the galactic HI survey data with two methods which make use of the geometry of the galactic disk, we explore the outer rotation curve. In addition to the derivation of the outer rotation curve, we investigate their uncertainties, which have not been established previously. Comparing with those obtained previously based on various methods, we find that the rotation curve obtained by the method of Merrifield has the smallest error and the largest coverage of galacto-centric radius among the existing rotation curves. Combining with the inner rotation curve obtained previously by the HI tangential velocity, we present the overall rotation curve of the Galaxy, which ranges from 0.3R0 to 2.5R0. The rotation curve is gradually rising with the galacto-centric radius if the IAU standard galactic constants, R0 = 8.5 kpc and Θ0 = 220 km s−1, are assumed. However, the shape of the rotation curve is fairly sensitive to the adopted values of the galactic constants, and the outer rotation curve could be declining if Θ0 is smaller than 200 km s−1.
Real-Time Frame Selector and its Application to Observations of the Horizontal Velocity Field in the Solar Photosphere
Authors: Kitai Reizaburo , Funakoshi Yasuhiro , Ueno Satoru , Sano Shusaku , Ichimoto Kiyoshi
Published: March 2014

A real-time frame selector (RTFS), a new observational system, was developed at the Domeless Solar Telescope of Hida Observatory, Kyoto University. Our RTFS allows us to automatically select out a video frame with the highest spatial resolution in a series of live video images during a prescribed time span, and stores the selected one in digital format to a hard disk file. We applied the RTFS to observations of solar granulation in the G-band wavelength (λ 4308 Å, passband 20 Å) and obtained a time series of data with a step of 15 seconds. By the method of local-correlation tracking, we derived the horizontal velocity field with the granulation pattern as tracers. In a quiet photosphere, we found the so-called mesogranulation flow field, clearly. Supergranular flow patterns were also detected and identified from a comparison with an Hα wing image. On the other hand, in a sunspot area, we found new evidence of horizontal inflow from penumbral areas to umbral areas as well as the presence of another circumferential inflow from the surrounding photosphere to the penumbral outer edge.
Why Does NGC 1068 Have a More Powerful Active Galactic Nucleus than NGC 4258?
Authors: Murayama Takashi , Taniguchi Yoshiaki
Published: March 2014

Nuclear gas kinematics probed by water-vapor maser emission has shown that two nearby active galaxies, NGC 1068 and NGC 4258, have a supermassive object in their nuclei, and that their masses are nearly comparable, a few 107 solar masses. Nevertheless, the activity of the central engine of NGC 1068 is more powerful by two orders of magnitude than that of NGC 4258. Since it is generally considered that the huge luminosities of active galactic nuclei can be attributed to mass accretion onto a supermassive black hole, the above observational results suggest that accretion rate in NGC 1068 is much higher than that in NGC 4258. Comparing the kinematical properties of the accreting molecular clouds between NGC 1068 and NGC 4258, we find possible evidence for dynamical gas accretion in NGC 1068, which may be responsible for the more powerful central engine in this galaxy.
Two-Dimensional Accretion Disk Models: Inner Accretion Disks of FU Orionis Objects
Authors: Okuda Toru , Fujita Mitsutaka , Sakashita Shiro
Published: March 2014

To examine the structure and dynamics of a geometrically thick accretion disk, we performed two-dimensional axisymmetric calculations by solving a set of fully non-linear hydrodynamic equations coupled with radiation transport. Focusing on the inner accretion disks of FU Orionis objects, we obtained geometrically thick and quasi-steady accretion disks which are surrounded by an optically thin, rarefied and high-temperature atmosphere. For a non-rotating central star, we obtained a rather broad boundary layer between the central star and the accretion disk. After the quasi-steady disk is established within a few hundred Keplerian orbital periods, further continuous accretion forms a static and dense envelope just above the stellar surface. As a result, the luminosity gradually decreases on a long time scale, because the gravitational potential well becomes shallow. On the other hand, for a rapidly rotating star with 0.8 breakup angular velocity, convective flow is formed near to the stellar surface instead of a broad boundary layer and a static envelope. As soon as the increasing convective mass flux attains a critical value, a high-velocity jet is formed in the rarefied polar region and the luminosity increases sharply. The bursting luminosity lasts for a few months and recurs approximately every eight months.
Measurements of the 492 GHz Atmospheric Opacity at Pampa la Bola and Rio Frio in Northern Chile
Authors: Hirota Tomoya , Yamamoto Satoshi , Sekimoto Yutaro , Kohno Kotaro , Nakai Naomasa , Kawabe Ryohei
Published: March 2014

We have developed a transportable 492 GHz tipping radiometer to measure the atmospheric opacity at potential sites for future ground-based astronomical observations in the submillimeter-wave band. With this radiometer, we measured the atmospheric opacity at two sites in northern Chile, Pampa la Bola (elevation 4800 m) and Rio Frio (elevation 4100 m), each for a few days. The 492 GHz opacity mostly ranged from 0.5 to 1.5 during the measurements. The 220 GHz opacity was also measured at the same time. The 492 GHz opacity correlates well with the 220 GHz opacity, the ratio between the 492 and 220 GHz opacities being 21.2 ± 0.4. This result supports the standard atmospheric model, and can be used to evaluate the observable fraction of time for submillimeter-wave observations on the basis of the long-term 220 GHz opacity data.
Molecular Gas in the Poststarburst Galactic Nucleus of NGC 4736
Authors: Shioya Yasuhiro , Tosaki Tomoka , Ohyama Youichi , Murayama Takashi , Yamada Toru , Ishizuki Sumio , Taniguchi Yoshiaki
Published: March 2014

We present 12CO(J=1–0) observations of the poststarburst nucleus of NGC 4736. Although star in the nuclear region is currently inactive, there is a substantial amount of molecular gas, ∼ 107M⊙ , in the central ∼ 300 pc region. Comparing the observed molecular-gas surface density with the threshold gas density for star formation proposed by Kennicutt (1989, AAA 50.157.264), we find that the nuclear gas disk is stable for gravitational instability. We discuss possible scenarios for the nuclear starburst evolution of NGC 4736 in terms of either bar-driven instability fueling or minor-merger driven fueling (or triggering).
The 1997 Outburst of BL Lacertae and Detection of a 0.6-mag Rapid Variation
Authors: Matsumoto Katsura , Kato Taichi , Nogami Daisaku , Kawaguchi Toshihiro , Kinnunen Timo , Poyner Gary
Published: March 2014

Photometric observations of BL Lac were carried out during the large optical and X-ray outburst in 1997. Time-resolved photometry on 1997 August 2 revealed a rapid increase of brightness by about 0.6 mag within 40 min. This large-amplitude, short-time variation is the most active one among known variability of blazars in the optical wavelength. By considering a model based on the “synchrotron self-Compton model” of the relativistic jets of blazars, the size of the variable source should be R ∼ 7.2 × 1014 cm from the 40 min variation. The power-density spectrum of the light curve on the night yielded a dependence of the power to the frequency $/-^1\prime\circ$ for timescales of the variabilities and down to a possible minimum timescale of around 10 min. The clear difference between the observed $\textit{f}\sim ^{10}$ dependence from the canonical $\textit{f}\sim^{15}-\textit{f}\sim^1\prime^8$ power indices observed in X-ray variations of radio-loud AGNs suggests that different mechanisms are responsible for short-term optical variability between BL Lacs and radio-loud AGNs.