bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nichtlineare Identifikation des Luftpfads von aufgeladenen Dieselmotoren und automatisierter AGR-/VTG-Reglerentwurf (Nonlinear Identification of the Air Path of Turbo-charged Diesel Engines and an Automated EGR/VGT-Controller Design)
Authors: Pfeil Karl , Zimmerschied Ralf , Isermann Rolf
Published: July 2007

In diesem Beitrag wird im ersten Teil ein systematisches Vorgehen zur Identifikation des Luftpfades (Luft- und Abgastrakt) von Dieselmotoren auf Basis einer dynamischen Motorvermessung vorgestellt. Dafür werden lokal lineare Modelle mit Ausgangsfehlerschätzung verwendet. Mit dem identifiziertenModell erfolgt im zweiten Teil eine automatisierte Parametrisierung der Luftmassenstrom- und Ladedruckregelung.

A systematic procedure is introduced for the identification of the air path (air- and exhaust manifold) of diesel engines, by means of dynamic engine measurements. Local linear models in output error configuration are used. Furthermore, an automated calibration of the feedback-controllers is presented for the air mass flow and the charging pressure.
Robuste Modellprädiktive Regelung für Hybridgetriebe (Robust Model Predictive Control of Hybrid Transmissions)
Authors: Beck Ralf , Zetina Siegfried Saenger , Bollig Alexander , Neiß Konstantin
Published: July 2007

Hybridfahrzeuge gewinnen zunehmend an Bedeutung, vor allem wegen ihrer Möglichkeiten zur Kraftstoffeinsparung, aber auch wegen ihrer zusätzlichen Agilität aufgrund der kurzfristig erreichbaren erhöhten Drehmomente. Ein flexibles Getriebe erlaubt mehrere Hybridkonfigurationen, sowohl parallel als auch seriell oder leistungsverzweigt. Ein zentraler Aspekt eines Hybridantriebs ist der komfortable Wechsel zwischen einem rein elektrischen Fahren und dem hybriden Fahren. Dieser Übergang wird am Beispiel einer parallelen Konfiguration in einem flexiblen Hybridgetriebe untersucht und durch das Schließen einer Anfahrkupplung erreicht. Dabei muss der Kupplungsvorgang die gestellten Anforderungen hinsichtlich des Fahrkomforts erfüllen. Ein spürbarer Ruck oder eine Zugkraftunterbrechung sind nicht zulässig. Im vorliegenden Beitrag soll ein Modellgestützter Prädiktiver Regler (MPR) vorgestellt werden, der diesen Übergang ausführt. Besonderes Augenmerk wurde dabei auf die Robustheit des Reglers gelegt, da der Übergang bei allen Fahrbedingungen und Fahrzeugeigenschaften zuverlässig und komfortabel zu realisieren ist.

Hybrid electric vehicles increasingly gain importance mainly due to the potential fuel saving but also because of the additional agility achieved by the increased peak torques during boosting. An important aspect of a hybrid architecture is the transition between pure electric and hybrid operation, which is exemplarily investigated in a flexible hybrid transmission under a parallel engagement configuration. A clutch which separates the transmission input side (engine side) from the rest of the drivetrain is engaged in order to achieve the transition. A noticeable jerk during the engagement process or an interruption of the drive torque cannot be tolerated since the driving comfort must not be reduced. Special attention was given to the robustness of the controller, since the transition has to be carried out reliably and comfortably under varying vehicle properties and drive conditions.
Speciation of the oxidation states of plutonium in aqueous solutions by UV/Vis spectroscopy, CE-ICP-MS and CE-RIMS
Authors: Bürger S. , Banik N. L. , Buda R. A. , Kratz Jens Volker , Kuczewski B. , Trautmann N.
Published: July 2007

For the speciation of the plutonium oxidation states in aqueous solutions, the online coupling of capillary electrophoresis (CE) with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) has been developed. Depending on the radius/electrical charge ratio, the oxidation states III, IV, V, and VI of plutonium are separated by CE, based on the different migration times through the capillary and are detected by ICP-MS. The detection limit is 20 ppb,i.e.109–1010atoms (10-12–10-13g) for one oxidation state with an uncertainty of the reproducibility of the migration times of ≤1% and ≤5% for the peak area. The redox kinetics of the different plutonium oxidation states in the presence of humic substances (humic and fulvic acid) have been studied. A relatively rapid reduction of Pu(VI) (10 to 1000 h) in contact with Gorleben fulvic or Aldrich humic acid could be observed, depending on the pH of the solution. Furthermore, at pH=1, a reduction to Pu(III) and Pu(IV) in a mixture of all four oxidation states in contact with Gorleben fulvic acid after one month has been observed. In order to improve the sensitivity of the CE method, the offline coupling of CE to resonance ionization mass spectrometry (RIMS) has been explored. First applications of this new speciation method are presented.
Kinetics of the adsorption of strontium ions by a crosslinked copolymer containing methacrylic acid functional groups
Authors: Özeroğlu Cemal , Keçeli Gönül
Published: July 2007

The crosslinked copolymers of ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDM) and methacrylic acid (MA) containing different amounts of MA as weight percentage (MA content = 10.00%, 25.00% and 50.00%) were synthesized by using BPO-DMA initiator system at room temperature. Infrared (FTIR) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) were used to characterize the crosslinked copolymers. The crosslinked copolymer containing 25.00% of MA as weight percentage (w/w) was used as adsorbent for the removal of strontium ions from aqueous solution. The effects of parameters including strontium concentration, agitation time, temperature and pH were examined. Kinetics of the adsorption of strontium ions on the copolymer bearing methacrylic acid functional groups from aqueous solution at various initial strontium concentrations was studied. Goodness of experimental results to the Elovich, fractional powder, pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order models have been examined. The pseudo-second order model provided a high degree of correlation with the experimental data for the adsorption process of strontium ion on the crosslinked copolymer bearing methacrylic acid funtional goups from aqueous solutions.
Third phase formation in the extraction of Th(NO3)4 by tri-2-methyl butyl phosphate from nitric acid media
Authors: Suresh A. , Deivanayaki R. , Srinivasan T. G. , Vasudeva Rao P. R.
Published: July 2007

In the above mentioned paper we had reported a non-linear dependence of limiting organic concentration (LOC) with temperature in the case of tri-2-methyl butyl phosphate in n-tetradecane as well as n-hexadecane diluents. Subsequently we extended the studies to other trialkyl phosphates such as TBP, TiBP, TsBP, TAP, TiAP and TsAP in various diluents (n-decane, n-dodecane, n-tetradecane, n-hexadecane and n-octadecane) and found recently that the dependence was always linear, irrespective of the extractant-diluent combination. This behaviour urged us to have a thorough review of the data reported earlier and when we repeated the studies again in the same systems, we found that the dependence was only linear and not as reported earlier.

We have critically looked into what went wrong in the earlier studies and at present have concluded that wrong temperature calibration/measurement might have induced the same.

We now present the correct data in Tables 1 and 2 and 4. Some parts of the sections “Results and discussion” and “Conclusions” are also modified.
A Gelled Polymer Electrolyte with the Blend of PMMA and PVDF of Novel Stick-Like Morphology
Authors: Zhang H. P. , Zhang P. , Sun M. , Wu H. Q. , Wu Y. P. , Holze Rudolf
Published: July 2007

A novel stick-like polymer based on poly(methyl methacrylate)(PMMA) and poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) has been prepared. Its physical properties were studied with scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Due to the interaction of PVDF with PMMA, the dispersion of PVDF is homogeneous. Its gelled polymer electrolyte (GPE) with 1M LiPF6/ethylene carbonate (EC)/ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC)/dimethyl carbonate (DMC) (1:1:1) is very stable with an electrochemical window up to 5V vs. Li+/Li. The ionic conductivity reaches 0.32mS/cm at ambient temperature. The electrochemical performances of a polymer lithium ion battery consisting of graphite anode, the GPE and LiCo1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3O2 cathode has been studied, initial results show that this gelled polymer electrolyte is very promising.
Direct stimulatory effect of ghrelin on pituitary release of LH through a nitric oxide-dependent mechanism that is modulated by estrogen
Authors: Fernández-Fernández Rafael , Tena-Sempere Manuel , Roa Juan , Castellano Juan Manuel , Navarro Víctor M , Aguilar Enrique , Pinilla Leonor
Published: July 2007

Ghrelin, a gut peptide with key actions on food intake and GH secretion, has been recently recognized as potential regulator of reproductive function. Thus, in adult female rats, ghrelin has been proven to modulate GnRH/LH secretion, with predominant inhibitory effects in vivo. We analyze herein potential direct pituitary effects of ghrelin on basal and GnRH-stimulated gonadotropin secretion in prepubertal female rats, and its interplay with ovarian inputs, nitric oxide (NO), and hypothalamic differentiation. In the experimental setting, pituitaries from intact and ovariectomized prepubertal female rats were challenged with ghrelin in vitro and LH secretion was monitored. Our results demonstrate that 1) ghrelin consistently stimulated in vitro pituitary LH secretion under different experimental conditions; 2) the sensitivity to ghrelin, expressed either as the minimal effective dose or the amplitude of the LH response, was modulated by ovarian inputs; 3) the blockade of estrogen action significantly augmented the stimulatory effect of ghrelin; 4) the stimulatory effect of ghrelin on LH secretion required proper NO synthesis; and 5) the ability of ghrelin to elicit LH secretion in vitro was preserved after alteration (masculinization) of brain sexual differentiation. Overall, our present data reinforce the concept that ghrelin participates in the control of LH secretion, with potential stimulatory actions at the pituitary level that require the presence of NO and are modulated by ovarian signals.
A molecular analysis of the population of mRNA in bovine spermatozoa
Authors: Gilbert Isabelle , Bissonnette Nathalie , Boissonneault Guylain , Vallée Maud , Robert Claude
Published: July 2007

Spermiogenesis represents the transition from haploid spermatids to spermatozoa. This process entails an extreme condensation of the nucleus and a loss of nearly all cytoplasmic content. The presence of messenger RNAs in the spermatozoa has previously been shown. Generally, these transcripts are considered to be remnants of spermiogenesis. However, it has recently been proposed that there may exist a function for these sperm-associated RNAs. To address the possibility of a functional role for these transcripts, we sought to investigate and characterize the RNA pool found in bovine spermatozoa. The main goals of this study were to examine RNA integrity and survey the mRNA found in spermatids and spermatozoa. Assessment of mRNAs integrity was performed by three approaches: microelectrophoresis, comparative smearing after global amplification, and PCR amplification of target sequences located either in the 5′ or the 3′ ends, while mRNAs survey was performed by microarray hybridizations. RNA integrity studies in the spermatozoa showed a majority of low molecular size fragments indicating a natural segmentation of the mRNA population. The mRNA survey indicated that the sperm transcriptome harbors a complex mixture of messengers implicated in a wide array of cell functions and representing a large subset of transcripts found in spermatids. Subsequently, such sperm RNA profiling could allow the molecular diagnosis of male gamete quality.
Influence of alkylphenols and trace elements in toxic, genotoxic, and endocrine disruption activity of wastewater treatment plants
Authors: Isidori Marina , Lavorgna Margherita , Palumbo Maria , Piccioli Veronica , Parrella Alfredo
Published: July 2007

Toxicity and endocrine interference of influent and effluent waters from domestic and industrial wastewater treatment plants were determined. In addition, chemical analyses were performed to detect the presence of 17β-estradiol, 17α-ethinyl estradiol, nonylphenol, 4-octylphenol, and p-t-octylphenol as well as lead, copper, and cadmium in these matrices. The results showed that despite low acute toxic potential, most of the samples tested showed both genotoxicity and endocrine interference. Furthermore, to establish whether the observed effects were caused by the alkylphenols and the heavy metals detected, toxic, genotoxic, and endocrine interference tests also were performed on pure chemicals. The acute toxicity was measured on the crustacean Daphnia magna. The estrogenic activity was determined by using the yeast estrogen screen with Saccharomyces cerevisiae RMY326, whereas the SOS Chromotest and Ames test detected the genotoxicity on Escherichia coli PQ37 and Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100, respectively. The results showed that the toxicity found in the matrices did not match the values found for pure chemicals, but a clear correlation was found between alkylphenols and genotoxicity. Both heavy metals and alkylphenols took part in the endocrine interference activity.
Effects of dissolved organic carbon on the toxicity of copper to the developing embryos of the pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas)
Authors: Brooks Steven J. , Bolam Thi , Tolhurst Laura , Bassett Janice , Roche Jay La , Waldock Mike , Barry Jon , Thomas Kevin V.
Published: July 2007

The effects of humic acid (HA) on copper speciation and its subsequent toxicity to the sensitive early life stages of the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) are presented. Differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry with a hanging mercury drop electrode was used to measure the copper species as labile copper (LCu; free ion and inorganic copper complexes) and total copper (TCu) with respect to increasing HA concentration. The TCu and LCu 50% effect concentrations (EC50s) in the absence of HA were 20.77 μg/L (95% confidence interval [CI], 24.02–19.97 μg/L) and 8.05 μg/L (95% CI, 9.6-5.92 μg/L) respectively. A corrected dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration (HA only) of 1.02 mg/L was required to significantly increase the TCu EC50 to approximately 41.09 μg/L (95% CI, 44.27–37.52 μg/L; p < 0.05), almost doubling that recorded when DOC (as HA) was absent from the test media. In contrast, the LCu EC50 was unaffected by changes in DOC concentration and was stable throughout the corrected DOC concentration range. The absence of change in the LCu EC50, despite increased HA concentration, suggests that the LCu fraction, not TCu, was responsible for the observed toxicity to the oyster embryo. This corresponds with the current understanding of copper toxicity and supports the free-ion activity model for copper toxicity.
Sensitivity of mottled sculpins (Cottus bairdi) and rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss) to acute and chronic toxicity of cadmium, copper, and zinc
Authors: Besser John M. , Mebane Christopher A. , Mount David R. , Ivey Chris D. , Kunz James L. , Greer I. Eugene , May Thomas W. , Ingersoll Christopher G.
Published: July 2007

Studies of fish communities of streams draining mining areas suggest that sculpins (Cottus spp.) may be more sensitive than salmonids to adverse effects of metals. We compared the toxicity of zinc, copper, and cadmium to mottled sculpin (C. bairdi) and rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss) in laboratory toxicity tests. Acute (96-h) and early life-stage chronic (21- or 28-d) toxicity tests were conducted with rainbow trout and with mottled sculpins from populations in Minnesota and Missouri, USA, in diluted well water (hardness = 100 mg/L as CaCO3). Acute and chronic toxicity of metals to newly hatched and swim-up stages of mottled sculpins differed between the two source populations. Differences between populations were greatest for copper, with chronic toxicity values (ChV = geometric mean of lowest-observed-effect concentration and no-observed-effect concentration) of 4.4 μg/L for Missouri sculpins and 37 μg/L for Minnesota sculpins. Cadmium toxicity followed a similar trend, but differences between sculpin populations were less marked, with ChVs of 1.1 μg/L (Missouri) and 1.9 μg/L (Minnesota). Conversely, zinc was more toxic to Minnesota sculpins (ChV = 75 μg/L) than Missouri sculpins (chronic ChV = 219 μg/L). Species-average acute and chronic toxicity values for mottled sculpins were similar to or lower than those for rainbow trout and indicated that mottled sculpins were among the most sensitive aquatic species to toxicity of all three metals. Our results indicate that current acute and chronic water quality criteria for cadmium, copper, and zinc adequately protect rainbow trout but may not adequately protect some populations of mottled sculpins. Proposed water quality criteria for copper based on the biotic ligand model would be protective of both sculpin populations tested.
Influence of feeding ecology on blood mercury concentrations in four species of turtles
Authors: Bergeron Christine M. , Husak Jerry F. , Unrine Jason M. , Romanek Christopher S. , Hopkins William A.
Published: July 2007

Mercury is a relatively well-studied pollutant because of its global distribution, toxicity, and ability to bioaccumulate and biomagnify in food webs; however, little is known about bioaccumulation and toxicity of Hg in turtles. Total Hg (THg) concentrations in blood were determined for 552 turtles representing four different species (Chelydra serpentina, Sternotherus odoratus, Chrysemys picta, and Pseudemys rubriventris) from a Hg-contaminated site on the South River (VA, USA) and upstream reference sites. Methylmercury and Se concentrations also were determined in a subset of samples. Because the feeding ecology of these species differs drastically, stable isotopes of carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) were employed to infer the relationship between relative trophic position and Hg concentrations. Significant differences were found among sites and species, suggesting that blood can be used as a bioindicator of Hg exposure in turtles. We found differences in THg concentrations in turtles from the contaminated site that were consistent with their known feeding ecology: C. serpentina ⩾ S. odoratus > C. picta > P. rubriventris. This trend was generally supported by the isotope data, which suggested that individual turtles were feeding at more than one trophic level. Methylmercury followed similar spatial patterns as THg and was the predominant Hg species in blood for all turtles. Blood Se concentrations were low in the system, but a marginally positive relationship was found between THg and Se when species were pooled. The blood THg concentrations for the turtles in the present study are some of the highest reported in reptiles, necessitating further studies to investigate potential adverse effects of these high concentrations.
Moral Imagination in Organizational Problem-solving
Authors: Vidaver-Cohen Deborah
Published: July 2007

This essay responds to Patricia Werhane’s 1994 Ruffin Lecture address, “Moral Imagination and the Search for Ethical Decision-making in Management,” using institutional theory as an analytical framework to explore conditions that either inhibit or promote moral imagination in organizational problem-solving. Implications of the analysis for managing organizational change and for business ethics theory development are proposed.
On Employee Vice
Authors: Moberg Dennis J.
Published: July 2007

Vice is a neglected concept in business ethics. This paper attempts to bring vice back into the contemporary dialogue by exploring one vice that is destructive to employee and organization alike. Interestingly, this vice was first described by Aristotle asakolastos. Drawing extensively on the criminology literature, the findings challenge both common sense and popular images of white-collar crime and criminals. While not all instances of employee betrayal are attributable to vice, some most certainly are, and the paper offers a description of those violations of trust in which vice may play a role.
Why be Moral?: A Reply to Shaw and Corvino
Authors: Hosmer LaRue Tone
Published: July 2007

Professors Bill Shaw and John Corvino, in a response article published in the July, 1996 issue of Business Ethics Quarterly, provide a clearly courteous and obviously well-intended criticism of my original (1994) position on the question of why a manager, and in consequence an organization, should be moral. I disagree with their reasoning and, because I believe that this form of the “Why Be Moral?” question lies at the heart of any potential juncture between our field of business ethics and the economic and behavioral disciplines of business management, I should like to reply in what I hope will be equally courteous and well-intended terms.
From Swords to Plowshares: An Evaluation of the U.S. Legislative Attempts on Economic Conversion and Human Resource Planning
Authors: Muthuchidambaram S.
Published: July 2007

This paper deals with the genesis, development, and impact of Military Keynesianism in the U.S. Its impact on the civilian sector is examined in terms of: geographical distribution of military spending, sectoral militarization, labor market and occupational distortion, the militarization of R & D, R & D's impact on American competitiveness in the international market, the parasitic role of the military contract system and the unethical and exploitative role of military contractors.

This paper examines the issues related to disarmament and economic conversion with special reference to bills pending before the Congress. The author suggests a redefinition of “national security” in tune with the INF Treaty and the end of cold-war ideology.
Morality in Practice: Dees, Crampton, and Brer Rabbit On a Problem of Applied Ethics
Authors: Boatright John R.
Published: July 2007

In their article, “Shrewd Bargaining on the Moral Frontier,” J. Gregory Dees and Peter C. Crampton challenge us with a puzzle about deception in bargaining. How can the practice of misleading others about our settlement preferences—the terms on which we are willing to come to an agreement —possibly be justified? On any standard ethical theory, they claim, Brer Rabbit's trick of professing fear of the briar patch in order to avoid being eaten by the fox would seem to be wrong, and yet we read this tale to our children for their moral edification. The discussion by Dees and Crampton of this apparent inconsistency is penetrating, instructive, and well-informed. It is also a delight to read.
A Better Statutory Approach to Whistle-blowing
Authors: Dworkin Terry Morehead , Near Janet P.
Published: July 2007

Statutory approaches toward whistle-blowing currently appear to be based on the assumption that most observers of wrongdoing will report it unless deterred from doing so by fear of retaliation. Yet our review of research from studies of whistle-blowing behavior suggests that this assumption is unwarranted. We propose that an alternative legislative approach would prove more successful in encouraging valid whistle-blowing and describe a model for such legislation that would increase self-monitoring of ethical behavior by organizations, with obvious benefits to society at large.

A defense contractor’s inspectors used improper calibration standards when inspecting missile parts and other military products, used noncertified inspectors when inspecting such products, and used employees without top-secret clearance to work on classified projects. This created potentially life-threatening products as well as potential compromises of military secrets.

Quality-control officials on the Trans Alaska Pipeline were threatened with physical harm, demoted, and spied on in an effort to force them not to turn in negative reports or report problems. As a result, the likelihood of damaging oil spills due to improperly built and maintained equipment is heightened.

A major corporation allegedly initiated an analysis of the cost savings that would result from circumventing or reducing compliance with health, safety and environmental standards. Two officers who objected to this noncompliance cost/benefit analysis were subsequently fired.
Stakeholder Theory and A Principle of Fairness
Authors: Phillips Robert A.
Published: July 2007

Stakeholder theory has become a central issue in the literature on business ethics/business and society. There are, however, a number of problems with stakeholder theory as currently understood. Among these are: 1) the lack of a coherent justificatory framework, 2) the problem of adjudicating between stakeholders, and 3) the problem of stakeholder identification. In this essay, I propose that a possible source of obligations to stakeholders is the principle of fairness (or fair play) as discussed in the political philosophic literature of Rawls, Simmons, and Cullity among others. The principle of fairness states that, “Whenever persons or groups of persons voluntarily accept the benefits of a mutually beneficial scheme of co-operation requiring sacrifice or contribution on the parts of the participants and there exists the possibility of free-riding, there exist obligations of fairness on the part of these persons or groups to co-operate in proportion to the benefits accepted.” In this essay I discuss the gaps in the current stakeholder literature, elucidate and defend a principle of fairness that fills the gap, compare the fairness model to other similar models of business ethics, and draw some conclusions for the future of stakeholder theory.
Leadership, Moral Development, and Citizenship Behavior
Authors: Graham Jill W.
Published: July 2007

This paper suggests that different styles of leadership arouse different sorts of normative motivation among followers, and these diverse motivational sources in turn are associated with different forms of participant contribution to organizational success. Three interrelated clusters of leadership styles, normative motivation of followers, and organizational citizenship behavior are described. Leadership that appeals exclusively to followers’ self-interests is associated with preconventional moral development and dependable task performance. Leadership styles focusing on interpersonal relationships and social networks are associated with followers’ conventional moral development and work group collaboration. Transforming leadership that both models and nurtures servant leadership abilities is associated with post-conventional moral development and responsible participation in organizational governance.
Ethical Challenges in the Leader-Follower Relationship
Authors: Hollander Edwin P.
Published: July 2007

Leadership and followership are unified in an interdependent relationship exemplified by the idea of teamwork. Ethical concerns are among the valuational elements essential to developing loyalty and trust in this relationship. However, because of their need to maintain power and distance, self-serving leaders may become detached from how their actions are perceived and reacted to by followers. This pattern can be especially damaging to teamwork when leaders continue to receive disprortionate rewards despite their poor performance, especially when coupled with organizational downsizing and layoffs. Implications are drawn regarding the ethics of equity, responsibility, and accountability in the exercise of authority and power.
The Trouble with Transformational Leadership: Toward a Federalist Ethic for Organizations
Authors: Keeley Michael
Published: July 2007

Popular media, communitarian writings, and recent management literature suggest that communities and organizations are rent by factional mischief: by individuals and groups who pursue their own selfish interests without regard for the common good. An emerging solution to this problem is “transformational” leadership, which seeks to refocus individuals’ attention on higher visions and collective goals. The dangers of such a solution were identified by James Madison at the Constitutional Convention of 1787; and mechanisms to thwart it were designed into the framers’ system of government. This article examines Madison’s objections and the implications of his political theory for the leadership of modern organizations.
White, Gilligan, and the Voices of Business Ethics
Authors: Martin William , Shaw Bill
Published: July 2007

This commentary finds much to like about the work of Professor Thomas I. White, “Business, Ethics, and Carol Gilligan's ‘Two Voices.” (Vol. 2, No. 1, January 1992) At the same time it suggests further work is needed on the following points: (1) White must consider how males respond to dilemmas if he hopes to articulate a difference between male and female methods of responding; (2) White must support his conclusion that the “ethics of care” is the ethic most likely to produce the results that he assumes to be true, and further explain why he thinks that the studies he chooses support the “ethics of care,” and (3) White must explain why the “ethics of care” is not just as likely to produce a result opposite to that found by researchers.
The Business Ethics of Evangelicals
Authors: Roels Shirley J.
Published: July 2007

Understanding the evangelical framework for business ethics is important, since business evangelicals are well positioned to exercise considerable future influence. This article develops the context for understanding evangelical business ethics by examining their history, theology and culture. It then relates the findings to evangelical foundations for business ethics. The thesis is that business ethics, as practiced by those in the evangelical community, has developed inductively from a base of applied experience. As a result, emphases on piety, witnessing, tithing, and neighborliness, important foundations in the evangelical model for business ethics, have resulted in a multitude of applied ethical strategies. This operative ethics model is then evaluated, particularly in regarding to its limited focus on the fundamental purposes and structures of business. The article concludes with several recommended sources which can enrich the evangelical tradition of business ethics, suggesting many resources from the Reformed Christian tradition as well as other ideas from contemporary Protestant and Catholic thinkers.
How We Got Over: The Moral Teachings of The African–American Church on Business Ethics
Authors: Trimiew Darryl M. , Greene Michael
Published: July 2007

An analysis of the business ethics of the African-American church during and after Reconstruction reveals that it is a conflicted ethic, oscillating between two poles. The first is the sacralization of the business ethic of Booker T. Washington, in which self-help endeavors which valorize American capitalism but are preferentially oriented to the African-American community are advanced as the best and only options for economic uplift. The second is the “Blackwater” tradition, which rejects any racial discrimination and insists upon social justice. The inability of the Washingtonian business ethic to address the needs of the Black underclass are explored. A new business ethic is called for, which would be committed to meeting the basic needs of the most disadvantaged members of American society and those of the “international poor.”
Creating Trust
Authors: Flores Fernando , Solomon Robert C.
Published: July 2007

In this essay, we argue that trust is a dynamic emotional relationship which entails responsibility. Trust is not a social substance, a medium, or a mysterious entity but rather a set of social practices, defined by our choices, to trust or not to trust. We discuss the differences and the relationship between trust and trustworthiness, and we distinguish several different kinds or “levels” of trust, simple trust, basic trust, “blind” trust, and authentic trust. We then argue that trust as an emotional practice, can be “willful,” voluntary and a matter of personal responsibility.
Values and Moral Dilemmas: A Cross-Cultural Comparison
Authors: McCabe Donald L. , Dukerich Janet M. , Dutton Jane
Published: July 2007

M.B.A. programs in the United States continue to admit foreign students in record numbers, yet we know little about how this cultural diversity may impact the values and ethical decision making behavior of either American or foreign students. The research discussed here examined this issue within the context of a large M.B.A. program where non-U S. citizens comprise over twenty percent of the student population.

Comparisons of U.S. and Asian students supported existing notions about the independent vs. interdependent conceptions of the role of the individual within each culture. However, these differences were not a major factor in explaining the significantly different choices made by U.S. and Asian students in selected decision making vignettes.
Does Loyalty in the Workplace have a Future?
Authors: Haughey John C.
Published: July 2007

The recent recession only adds to the widespread fear that loyalties in the business world are rapidly becoming obsolete. This article spells out some of the history that has put loyalty in jeopardy and some of the characteristics of this affecton. It gives reasons why it will not disappear from the workplace.

The above analysis is then followed by a contrast between past and present motivations for work and a description of the workplace of the future according to three authors. Since all of these address loyalty issues directly or indirectly, there follows an analysis of the new loyalties that can be anticipated or are beginning to emerge in the workplace and the role of the manager in managing these. The article concludes by placing these future loyalties within a framework inspired by Josiah Royce.
Preliminary Commentary on William C. Frederick’s Theory of Business Values
Authors: Klein Walter H.
Published: July 2007

This commentary offers some preliminary reflections on William C. Frederick’s thought provoking effort toward developing a theory of business values. These reflections are preliminary in that they are based on the conceptual framework or infrastructure outlined in the preceding issue of this journal (July, 1992, pp. 283-303), rather than on the comprehensive version of the theory. Consequently some thoughts may be irrelevant, even inaccurate in the context of the more complete version of the theory.
A Theoretical Ground for the Practice of Business Ethics: A Commentary
Authors: Madsen Peter
Published: July 2007

In the second half of 1993, two articles — one then published and one as yet to be published — posed challenges to my presuppositions about the nature of business ethics. The first of these was Andrew Stark’s “What’s the Matter with Business Ethics?” This article is now well-known in business ethics circles with many being highly critical of its philosophical content and Stark already having had some opportunity to reply to these critics. According to him, business ethics as it has developed in the literature and in academia is irrelevant to most practicing managers since what has been produced in the academy is too general, too theoretical and too impractical. No doubt there will be more said about and by Stark on whether academic business ethics can fit into the practical work world of corporate managers. For my part, I suggest that while Stark’s critique of business ethics contains some flawed understanding and analysis, it is a critique that nonetheless needs to be taken seriously by those who wish to see business ethics flourish in the corporation. I will have some more to say about Stark’s position later in this commentary.
The Corporation and the Environment
Authors: Westra Laura
Published: July 2007

The Inuit in Alaska speak eloquently of their “rights” to be granted larger quotas for whale hunting, so that they might compete more fairly with Japanese business interests. The Jari Corporation in the Amazonia in Brazil, struggles to cut trees in the rain forest and provide employment, in a sustainable way, without importing exotic species and without exploiting all the land they own. Yet they still use chlorine in their manufacturing operation, and still need to cope with the problems the previous management left for them. In the Great Lakes Basin, the U.S./Canada Joint Commission demands a chlorine ban for the Basin, citing abundant scientific evidence about habitat and wild-life devastation in the area, as well as mounting evidence of a link between chlorine in water and breast cancer. The meeting is attended by thousands of citizens supporting the ban, but the industry’s representatives protest the “emotionalism” of the presentations, and counter it with the so-called “hard facts”: veiled threats of unemployment and higher prices, due to a “premature ban.”
Environmental Protection and an Equitable International Order: Ethics after the Earth Summit
Authors: Rolston Holmes
Published: July 2007

The UNCED Earth Summit established two new principles of international justice: an equitable international order and protection of the environment. UNCED was a significant symbol, a morality play about environment and economics. Wealth is asymmetrically distributed; approximately one-fifth of the world (the G-7 nations) produces and consumes four-fifths of goods and services; four-fifths (the G-77 nations) get one-fifth. This distribution can be interpreted as both an earnings differential and as exploitation. Responses may require justice or charity, producing and sharing. Natural and national resources come into tension with the common heritage of humankind, exemplified in disputes about who owns biodiversity resources. Ethics has to learn planetary home economics.
A Reflexive Model of Environmental Regulation
Authors: Orts Eric W.
Published: July 2007

Although contemporary methods of environmental regulation have registered some significant accomplishments, the current system of environmental law is not working well enough. First the good news: Since the first Earth Day in 1970, smog has decreased in the United States by thirty percent. The number of lakes and rivers safe for fishing and swimming has increased by one-third. Recycling has begun to reduce levels of municipal waste. Ocean dumping has been curtailed. Forests have begun to expand. One success story is the virtual elimination of airborne lead in the United States. Another is the rapid phase-out of ozone-layer depleting chemicals worldwide. Nevertheless, prominent commentators of diverse political persuasions agree in an assessment that conventional models of environmental law have “failed.” Many environmental problems remain unsolved: species extinction, global desertification and deforestation, possible global climate change, and continuing severe air and water pollution in urban areas and poor countries. What is more, successful environmental protection has come only at enormous economic cost. By the year 2000, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimates that the United States will spend approximately two percent of its gross national product on environmental pollution control. Academic economists have pointed out the nonsensical inefficiency of many environmental regulations, but usually to no avail.
Virtues for a Postmodern World
Authors: Shaw Bill
Published: July 2007

This paper argues that the desirable features of postmodernism identified by Ronald Green are not exclusive to postmodernism; that to the extent these features are postmodern, they are not necessarily features of business ethics; that, with qualification, these are desirable features to include in business ethics; that the best way to accomplish this inclusion is by appealing to an Aristotelian model; and that postmodernism has implications for the legal environment of business.
Drama: A Tool for Teaching Business Ethics
Authors: Garaventa Eugene
Published: July 2007

The concept of business ethics has continued to remain a major item on the agenda of corporate America for the last twenty years. Regrettably, this longevity of interest has not been matched by equal attention to the pedagogical methods and techniques used to address these issues. The current mode of teaching business ethics generally involves reliance on “war stories,” case studies, and seminars. Today’s dynamic environment creates pressures for higher levels of ethical behavior by business. Many ethical challenges faced by contemporary managers are not easily resolved by existing guidelines, and require managers to expand their scope of analysis in attempting to arrive at satisfactory resolutions. Literature can be an especially alternative source of insights, as authors are able to highlight behaviors that may not be available from traditional sources. Historically, the use of literature in examining business ethics has been focused primarily on novels such as The Jungle, Babbit, and The Great Gatsby. Plays are more useful than novels in attempting to inculcate moral and ethical values since they more sharply address the interactions of characters, and the reader becomes more involved in their situations. The plays selected for analysis, Henrik Ibsen’s An Enemy of the People, Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman, and David Mamet’s Glengarry Glen Ross, have intense plots and characters and allow the reader to observe a wide range motives, emotions, and traits. This untraditional approach to teaching business ethics enhances the ability to relate to the increasingly complex ethical issues facing the individual and the organization.
Justice, Impartiality, and Reciprocity a Response to Edwin Hartman
Authors: Werhane Patricia H.
Published: July 2007

Readers of Business Ethics Quarterly will be grateful to Professor Hartman for this very fine paper. He has, at last, advanced the dialogue on organizations. Instead of the usual attack on Peter French, et al., Hartman has introduced the notion of the commons as a heuristic device to get at the moral dimension (or lack thereof) or organizations. And unlike much of what goes on in business ethics, he has avoided the usual utilitarian/deontology/Rawlsian approaches. Instead he has depended on work of Frankfurt and Aristotle to introduce the notions of second-order desires, virtue, and community, all of which, at the very least, enriches the notion of an organization and the scope of its moral point of view.

I cannot respond to all the arguments in the paper, and I found myself surprisingly in agreement with much of it. However, agreement is not one of the virtues of a commentator. So I shall comment on two points: first on what I shall label Hartman’s communitarian approach, and second, on the notions of exit, voice, and loyalty.

In response to what is sometimes called “individualism” in ethics which, Hartman alleges, takes “time-honored moral principles as foundational and try[s] to figure out what communal or organizational arrangements best encourage people to treat one another according to them,” Hartman argues that a more propitious approach in organizational ethics is to “try to say something about what a good community looks like, and then see how a good community requires people to treat each other.” It turns out that a good community is, minimally, one in which “the commons is preserved, and [where] there is enough consensus that people are able to have extended conversations about morality from which moral progress may emerge.”
Individual Difference Variables, Ethical Judgments, and Ethical Behavioral Intentions
Authors: Bass Kenneth , Barnett Tim , Brown Gene
Published: July 2007

This study examined the relationship between the individual difference variables of personal moral philosophy, locus of control, Machiavellianism, and just world beliefs and ethical judgments and behavioral intentions. A sample of 602 marketing practitioners participated in the study. Structural equation modeling was used to test hypothesized relationships. The results either fully or partially supported hypothesized direct effects for idealism, relativism, and Machiavellianism. Findings also suggested that Machiavellianism mediated the relationship between individual difference variables and ethical judgments/behavioral intentions.
Getting Real: Stakeholder Theory, Managerial Practice, and the General Irrelevance of Fiduciary Duties Owed to Shareholders
Authors: Marens Richard , Wicks Andrew
Published: July 2007

Stakeholder theorists have generally misunderstood the nature and ramifications of the fiduciary responsibilities that corporate directors owe their stockholders. This fiduciary duty requires the exercise of care, loyalty, and honesty with regard to the financial interests of stockholders. Such obligations do not conflict with the normative goals of stakeholder theory, nor, after a century of case law that includesDodge Bros. v. Ford,do fiduciary responsibilities owed shareholders prevent managerial policies that are generous or sensitive to other corporate stakeholders. The common law recognizes a multitude of legal relationships between various corporate constituents, and fiduciary duties are only a subset of the obligations that arise from these relationships. This article argues that statute and case law can bring comparable legal protection to constituents other than stockholders, and suggests ways that these protections might be further strengthened. Implications for management education are also discussed.
The Virtual Reality of Fact vs. Value: A Symposium Commentary
Authors: Frederick William C.
Published: July 2007

Reading these papers—each one a straightforward declaration of a preferred position—has the odd (and I trust, unintended) effect of projecting the reader into a world of virtual reality. The words, the concepts, the theories, the divisions and dualisms, the premises, the arguments themselves all seem to be real. They seem to make sense. Yes, we can say to ourselves, I see and understand what each one is saying. “Fact,” “value,” “empirical,” “normative,” “science,” “philosophy,” “naturalistic fallacy,” and similar terms all invoke meanings that seem to be clear and that help to clarify the issues being debated. But do they? To what extent is this particular discussion about business ethics only virtually real, a product of an imagined or invented dialogue that may rest on little more than the assumed and inherited meanings assigned to the phrases we toss around so freely?

By raising the question, it should be obvious that I am inclined to believe that the debaters have convinced themselves that they are engaged in a dialogue about something “real” but which actually exists only in the invented forms and phrases that they have brought to the debate. The issues are only “virtually” real. If that is so, then one needs to ask where did those inventions—the virtual realities of the debate—come from. Why are they so appealing? Why do they seem to make so much sense to us? Why are they defended so vigorously by both sides or, perhaps more aptly, by all sides?
Toward a Theory of the Ethics of Bureaucratic Organizations
Authors: Buchanan Allen
Published: July 2007

This essay articulates a crucial and neglected element of a general theory of the ethics of bureaucratic organizations, both private and public. The key to the approach developed here is the thesis that the distinctive ethical principles applicable to bureaucratic organizations are responses to the distinctive agency-risks that arise from the nature of bureaucratic organizations as complex webs of principal/agent relationships. It is argued that the most important and distinctive ethical principles for bureaucratic organizations express commitments on the part of bureaucrats that function to reduce the agency risks that are inherent in such organizations. This approach to the ethics of bureaucratic organizations is shown to be more illuminating than those that concentrate exclusively or primarily on determining the conditions for corporate responsibility or on the idea that the ethical obligations distinctive of bureaucracies are role-derived.