bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of Processing Conditions on the Physicochemical Properties of Complex Fat Systems
Authors: Reyes‐Hernández J. , Pérez‐Martínez J. D. , Toro‐Vazquez J. F.
Published: April 2014

Three blends of soybean oil (SBO), coconut oil (CO), and palm stearin (PS) were crystallized at different shear rates (100 and 1,000 rpm) and processing temperatures (low and high) in a scraped surface heat exchanger. The SBO/CO/PS proportions (w/w) tested were 50/0/50 %, 33/33/33 %, and 16.7/16.7/66.6 %. The physicochemical properties of the blends were analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry, texture analysis, microscopy, and the released oil (Ro) technique. The blends crystallized at 100 rpm developed two endotherms, which were associated with β and co‐crystallized β′. In contrast, only the β′ polymorph was observed in blends processed at 1,000 rpm. After 28 days, the presence of β crystals and medium‐chain TAG in the blends appeared to stimulate a transition of phase from β′ to β. In general, the hardness of the blends was directly related to the concentration of PS. The systems that were crystallized at 1,000 rpm demonstrated higher hardness, adhesiveness, and crystalline stability than those crystallized at 100 rpm. At both processing temperatures investigated, the blends with the highest Ro and permeability were obtained at 1,000 rpm. These characteristics were associated with the agglomeration of saturated TAG and were promoted by the initial crystallization conditions and migration of TAG during storage. At shear rates of 1,000 rpm and a PS concentration range of 50–66.6 %, the Ro of the blends was 2–10 % with a lower solid fraction, an important signal of good stability.
Pyroclastic Volcanism in Papaghni Sub-basin, Andhra Pradesh: Significant Paleoproterozoic Tectonomagmatic Event in SW Part of the Cuddapah Basin, Eastern Dharwar Craton
Authors: Sai V. V. Sesha
Published: April 2014

Detailed field and petrological studies in Vanambayi-Lingala-Lopatnutala section and old Kadiri Ghat-Pulivendela section in SW part of the Proterozoic Cuddapah basin of Eastern Dharwar craton brought to light the occurrence of hitherto unreported two significant phases of pyroclastic volcanic activity associated with the Vempalle Formation in Papaghni sub-basin. Occurrence of a significant pyroclastic agglomerate at the contact zone of Vempalle dolomite of Papaghni Group and Pulivendela quartzite of Chitravathi Group represents a significant event of the mafic phase of pyroclastic volcanic activity, while the finely laminated felsic tuff within the intercalated reddish siltstone, chert and dolomite sequence in the lower part of Vempalle Formation represents the felsic phase of pyroclastic activity. Studies indicate that the pyroclastic agglomerate zone in Vanambayi-Lingala-Lopatnutala section is a classical example of pyroclastic volcanism wherein the highly vesicular rock with rounded basalt clasts often exhibit embayed contact of welded nature with the matrix. The pyroclastic zone reported in the present paper particularly at the interface of Vempalle Formation and Pulivendela quartzite in Vanambayi-Lingala-Lopatnutala section represents a significant tectono-magmatic event of explosive volcanic activity that is contemporaneous with the culmination of the carbonate precipitation of Vempalle dolomite and marks the termination of sedimentation in Papaghni Group in southwestern part of Cuddapah basin during Paleoproterozoic times.
Geochemistry of the Desur Lavas, Deccan Traps: Case Study from the Vicinity of Belgaum, Karnataka and their Petrogenetic Inferences
Authors: Hegde V. S. , Koti B. K. , Kruger S. J.
Published: April 2014

Geochemical characteristics of Desur-type basalt flows in the southern and southwestern part of Belgaum in Karnataka, India have been investigated to understand their petrogenesis. The basalts are compact, hard, massive, and show characteristic microporphyritic textures with abundant well-twinned and un-twinned plagioclase phenocrysts and minor clinopyroxene set in a fine-grained groundmass consisting of plagioclase, clinopyroxene, glass and Fe-Ti oxides. Thin sections show sub-ophitic, intergranular and intersertal textures. The basalts are Fe-rich tholeiites (13.4-13.8 wt %), characterized by high TiO2 (3.64 to 3.94 wt %); moderate MgO contents (4.79 to 5.41 wt %), low K2O contents (<0.58 wt %) and low Mg# (42.4-45.9). They are enriched in large ion lithophile elements, moderately enriched in the light rare earths (chondrite-normalized LaN/YbN 3.37-4.24), and exhibit nearly flat heavy rare-earth patterns that lack significant Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu* 0.86-1.10). Primitive-mantle-normalized element patterns for these rocks show characteristic troughs at K and Sr, absence of a Nb anomaly, and a low Zr/Nb ratio (<15), which suggest insignificant contamination by many types of continental crust, whereas, enrichments in the large ion lithophiles, La, P and Th could suggest enriched source characteristics. Based on the geochemical characteristics of the basalts, it is inferred that the Desur basalts representing the youngest flows of the Deccan Basalt Group are derived by partial melting of a peridotite source, and subsequent fractionation gave rise to the compositions of the basalts that are found in the Belgaum region.
Mineral Magnetic Characterization of the Godavari River Sediments: Implications to Deccan Basalt Weathering
Authors: Kulkarni Y. R . , Sangode S. J. , Meshram D. C. , Patil S. K. , Dutt Yatindra
Published: April 2014

Mineral magnetic analysis including thermo-magnetic studies and clay mineralogy on bed load and floodplain sediments from the Godavari river indicate distinct mineral assemblages. The floodplain sediments up to the delta region are characterised by unimodal ferrimagnetic mineralogy marked by the presence of maghemite and single domain magnetites derived from Deccan basalts. On the other hand the bed loads show varied magnetic mineral assemblages depicting greater local mixing from the non-basaltic bedrock province. The temperature dependent magnetic susceptibility and clay mineralogy of the floodplain samples show titanomagnetites (Fe3O4-Fe2TiO4), maghemite (χLF-Fe2O3) and smectite that are characteristic of the Deccan Volcanic Province (DVP). Presence of this ferrimagnetically dominant unimodal assemblage up to the delta region and probably into the Bay of Bengal off the Godavari river is attributed to extensive chemical weathering of the basalt. The quantitative approach of mineral magnetism, therefore, can be used to study the paleomonsoon variability and its relation to Deccan basalt weathering from the Godavari- Bengal fan system.
Remote Sensing Based Assessment of Glacial Lake Growth on Milam Glacier, Goriganga Basin, Kumaon Himalaya
Authors: Raj K. Babu Govindha , Kumar K. Vinod , Mishra Rakesh , Mukhtar Muneer Ahmad
Published: April 2014

The climate change of the twentieth century had an evident effect on glacier environments of the Himalaya. Temporal images of Indian Remote Sensing satellites provide an opportunity to monitor the recession of glacier and development of glacial lakes in the Himalayan cryosphere with a cost to time benefit ratio. The recession of Milam glacier and subsequent growth of a proglacial lake near the snout was analysed using Resourcesat-1 and Resourcesat-2 data. The recession of 480 m during 2004 to 2011 and growth of 47 epiglacial ponds over Milam glacier shows the glacier is in a state of imbalance and losing the ice by downwasting.
Basin Provenance and Post-Depositional Thermal History along the Continental P/T Boundary of the Raniganj Basin, Eastern India: Constraints from Apatite Fission Track Dating
Authors: Patel R.C. , Sinha H. N. , Kumar Bhaiya Anupam , Singh Paramjeet
Published: April 2014

Apatite fission-track analysis has been applied to the Raniganj and Panchet formations of Raniganj basin of Gondwana Supergroup to unravel its thermal and provenance history. Apatite fission track age population from both Raniganj and Panchet formations indicate partial annealing and point to a maximum temperature of around ∼100-110°C during their post depositional evolution. The sandstone of Raniganj Formation has five peak ages at 26.3, 59.3, 109.7, 173.7 and 299.9 Ma, while Panchet Formation has three peak ages at 25.4, 143.5 and 281.3 Ma. This implies that the provenance of the Raniganj Formation of late Permian and Panchet Formation of early Triassic changed obviously. According to thermotectonic evolution of the Gondwana basin, these apatites with different FT ages possibly represent different source components, although partial annealing had occurred to these apatites. Possibly all the apatites had transported from the Precambrian basement which was undergoing deformation due to Gondwana rifting initiated during Carboniferous period. Due to this, the basement was undergoing inhomogeneous thermal history which became source of sediments for Raniganj basin.

Apatite FT ages of both Raniganj and Panchet formations have peak ages between 25 and 60 Ma, which perhaps recorded the cooling/uplift history during Cenozoic Alpine-Himalayan orogeny. Given a palaeo-thermal gradient of 40° C/km, it can be deduced that the Raniganj basin has uplifted about 3km at an average rate of about 0.09mm/a since 25-60 Ma.
Hydrocarbon Source Potential and Depositional Environment of the Surma Group Shales of Bengal Basin, Bangladesh
Authors: Farhaduzzaman Md. , Abdullah Wan Hasiah , Islam Md. Aminul
Published: April 2014

Surma Group is the most important geological unit of Bengal basin, Bangladesh, because petroleum resources occur within this group. It is mainly composed of alternation of shale and sandstone and the shale fraction has long been considered as source rocks and the sandstone fraction as reservoir. These source and reservoir rocks have been studied by different authors by different approach but none of them adopted organic geochemistry and organic petrology as a means of study of source rock and their possible depositional environment. A total of thirty shale core samples have been collected from eight different gas fields to fulfill the short coming. The collected samples have been subjected to Source Rock Analysis (SRA) and/or Rock-Eval (RE) followed by pyrolysis gas chromatography (PyGC), gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS), elemental analysis (EA) and organic petrological study such as vitrinite reflectance measurement and maceral analysis.

The analyzed organic matter extracted from the shales of Surma Group consists mainly of Type III along with some Type II kerogen. The studied shales are mostly organically lean (TOC ±1%) and the extracted organic matter is fair to moderate. Based on these results, the analyzed shales have been ranked as poor (mostly) to fair quality source rock. The organic matter of the analyzed shale samples is thermally immature to early mature for hydrocarbon generation considering their Tmax and measured mean vitrinite reflectance values. The hopane 22S/(22S + 22R), moretane/hopane ratio and sterane parameters are also in good agreement with these thermal maturity assessments.

The predominance of odd carbons over even carbons (most common) and/or even carbons over odd carbon numbered n-alkanes, moderate Pr/Ph ratio, low to high Tm/Ts ratio, comparative abundance of sterane C29 (i.e., C29 >C27>C28), Pr/nC17 - Ph/nC18 values, C/S ratio and dominance of vitrinite macerals group with the presence of liptinite macerals demonstrate that the organic matter has derived mainly from terrestrial inputs with an insignificant contribution from the marine sources. The condition of deposition alternates from oxic to anoxic.
Geochemistry and Provenance of the Miocene Sandstones of the Surma Group from the Sitapahar Anticline, Southeastern Bengal Basin, Bangladesh
Authors: Rahman M. Julleh Jalalur , Sayem A. S. M. , Mccann Tom
Published: April 2014

Geochemical composition (major and trace elements) of Miocene sandstones of the Surma Group exposed in Sitapahar anticline, Southeastern Bengal Basin was determined to reveal their provenance, tectonic setting and source area weathering conditions. The sandstones are sub-arkosic, sub-lithic and greywacke in composition with abundant low-grade metamorphic, sedimentary lithics (mainly chert with some shale fragments), low feldspars and little volcanic detritus. Compared to the average sandstone value, the Surma Group sandstones are depleted in CaO and enriched in Al2O3, Fe2O3 and Na2O. The Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA) values for the Miocene Surma Group sandstones vary from 57 to 73 with an average of 65, indicating low to moderate weathering of the source areas. The geochemical characteristics suggest an active continental margin to passive margin setting for the Surma Group sandstones; preserve the signatures of a recycled provenance that is agreement with sandstone petrography and derivation of these sandstones from felsic source rocks.
Mineral Potential Mapping for Rare Earth Elements Mineralization with AHP Method in the Kerman–Kashmar Tectonic Zone, Central Iran
Authors: Ghanbari Yousef , Hezarkhani Ardeshir , Ataei Mohammad , Pazand Kaveh
Published: April 2014

One of the major strengths of a GIS is the ability to integrate and combine multiple layers of geoscience data for producing mineral potential maps showing favorable areas for mineral exploration. Once the data is prepared properly, the GIS, jointly with other statistical and geostatistical software packages, can be used to manipulate and visualize the data in order to produce a mineral prospectivity map. Many spatial modeling techniques can be employed to produce mineral potential maps. This paper demonstrates a technique to define favorable areas for REE mineralization with AHP technique using geological, geochemical, geophysical, alteration and faults density spatial data in the Kerman-Kashmar Tectonic Zone of central Iran. The AHP is a powerful and flexible multi-criteria decision-making tool for dealing with complex problems where both qualitative and quantitative aspects need to be considered. This approach is knowledge-driven method and can be applied in other areas for conventional use in mineral exploration.
Is the pace/sense conductor related to a high voltage short circuit in a dual coil ICD system? An experimental study
Authors: Nakajima Hiroshi , Sutton Richard , Toyoshima Takeshi
Published: April 2014

Background

We carried out a bench study of implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator (ICD) performance in order to investigate whether the right ventricular (RV) ring contributes to the occurrence of a high‐voltage (HV) short circuit.

Methods

A polycarbonate water bath with 0.18% saline was prepared. An ICD lead was connected to an ICD device and both were placed into the water bath. The impedance of each electrode and coil was measured. In the first experiment, the RV ring was shorted to the RV coil using an alligator clip. The impedance of each electrode and coil at shorting was measured. A maximum energy defibrillation shock was delivered. The therapy log confirmed the HV short circuit and the delivery conditions. In the second experiment, a short circuit was established between the RV ring and the superior vena cava coil and a similar procedure was followed.

Results

No HV short circuit was observed in either experiment. Scheduled shock energies were delivered without problems. Some changes in pace–sense impedance or coil impedance were observed, but they remained within the normal range.

Conclusions

The RV ring conductor is not related to HV short circuits, even if the RV ring and/or RV ring conductor is placed in contact with HV electrodes.
“Language Which Will Move Their Hearts”: Speaking Power, Performance, and the Lay-Clerical Relationship in Modern Catholic Ireland
Authors: Delay Cara
Published: April 2014

This article explores the lay-clerical relationship in Catholic Ireland from 1850 to the 1930s through an analysis of oratory, rhetoric, and storytelling. It examines how words, speech, and storytelling constructed and complicated the lay-clerical relationship. The Catholic priest's spoken word was a valuable tool in his parish mission; by preaching and making announcements from the pulpit, he transmitted the ideas of Ireland's postfamine Catholic revival, known as the “devotional revolution,” to the laity. Yet as the Catholic Church came to dominate much of cultural life and the position of the parish priest expanded, he sometimes found his authority undermined by parishioners who challenged his clerical performances and who employed their own forceful words and long-standing oral traditions, including legends and storytelling, to qualify clerical power. As a result, the local existence of the Irish Catholic priest was complicated and contested, and the Catholic laity successfully tempered and moderated clerical power.
The Environmental Policy of Charles I: Coal Smoke and the English Monarchy, 1624–40
Authors: Cavert William M.
Published: April 2014

Early modern London burned quantities of dirty coal that were unparalleled anywhere in Europe before industrialization, and the consequent smoky air was a matter of more serious and sustained concern than has been appreciated by either early modern or environmental historians. During the 1620s and 1630s, King Charles I and his government sought to remove smoky industries, above all large brewhouses, from the vicinity of the court in Westminster. This was part of a broader campaign for order and beauty that has been described by other scholars, but a focus on smoke highlights the very partial successes achieved by attempts to reform the real spaces of royal government. The improvement of Westminster's air during Charles's personal rule displays an early modern variety of environmental concern that was expressed through courtly display, hierarchy, distinction, and exclusion.
Missing Women: Sex Ratios in England, 1000–1500
Authors: Bardsley Sandy
Published: April 2014

This article proposes that late medieval English men may have outnumbered women by a significant margin, perhaps as high as 110 to 115 men for every 100 women. Data from both documentary and archaeological sources suggest that fewer females survived to adulthood and that those who did may have died younger than their husbands and brothers. Historians of medieval England have said little about the possibility of a skewed sex ratio, yet if women were indeed “missing” from the population as a whole in a significant and sustained way, we must reinterpret much of the social, economic, gender, and cultural history of late medieval England.
Synthetic biology and the conservation of biodiversity
Authors: Redford Kent H. , Adams William , Carlson Rob , Mace Georgina M. , Ceccarelli Bertina
Published: April 2014

Synthetic biology is a broad and fast-moving field of innovation involving the design and construction of new biological parts, and the redesign of existing, natural biological systems to address real world problems. It has many potential applications that may change human relations to the natural world. Synthetic biology is virtually unknown to the conservation community. Based on a meeting in 2013 that brought together these two communities we consider first the differences between the two fields, and second the kinds of opportunities and risks that arise.
Three-Dimensional Microvasculature in Rat and Human Hearts Using a Non-injection Ca2+-ATPase Method on Thick and Ultra-Thick Sections
Authors: Chilingaryan Amaiak , Chilingaryan Amayak M. , Chilingaryan Mikhail , Martin Gary G.
Published: April 2014

Currently there are no methods available for staining rat and human myocardial microvasculature on thick sections that would allow for specific staining and differentiation of arterioles, venules, and capillaries. A non-injection technique is described that allows for labeling of the microvascular bed (MVB) in formalin-fixed pieces of the myocardium from humans and the white ratRattus norvegicus, as well as human full-mount pericardium. Vessel staining is based on the activity of phosphatases (ATPases) and the precipitation of the released phosphate with calcium ions at high pH (pH 10.5–11.5). The resulting precipitate subsequently is converted to black or brown lead sulfide. The specificity of this reaction to vessels of the MVB allows arterioles, venules, capillaries, and pre- and postcapillaries to be clearly visualized in thick (60–100µm) and ultra-thick (300–500µm) sections against an unstained background of muscle and connective tissue. In addition, smooth muscle cells of arterioles are also stained allowing for differentiation between arteriolar and venular beds. These observations have not been reported in rat or human myocardium using other methods. This procedure should benefit studies of coronary microcirculation in experimental and pathological conditions, as well as in pharmacological investigations.
Quantifying quality in DNA self-assembly
Authors: Wagenbauer Klaus F. , Wachauf Christian H. , Dietz Hendrik
Published: April 2014

Molecular self-assembly with DNA is an attractive route for building nanoscale devices. The development of sophisticated and precise objects with this technique requires detailed experimental feedback on the structure and composition of assembled objects. Here we report a sensitive assay for the quality of assembly. The method relies on measuring the content of unpaired DNA bases in self-assembled DNA objects using a fluorescent de-Bruijn probe for three-base ‘codons’, which enables a comparison with the designed content of unpaired DNA. We use the assay to measure the quality of assembly of several multilayer DNA origami objects and illustrate the use of the assay for the rational refinement of assembly protocols. Our data suggests that large and complex objects like multilayer DNA origami can be made with high strand integration quality up to 99%. Beyond DNA nanotechnology, we speculate that the ability to discriminate unpaired from paired nucleic acids in the same macromolecule may also be useful for analysing cellular nucleic acids.
On-chip in vitro cell-network pre-clinical cardiac toxicity using spatiotemporal human cardiomyocyte measurement on a chip
Authors: Kaneko Tomoyuki , Nomura Fumimasa , Hamada Tomoyo , Abe Yasuyuki , Takamori Hideo , Sakakura Tomoko , Takasuna Kiyoshi , Sanbuissho Atsushi , Hyllner Johan , Sartipy Peter , Yasuda Kenji
Published: April 2014

To overcome the limitations and misjudgments of conventional prediction of arrhythmic cardiotoxicity, we have developed an on-chipin vitropredictive cardiotoxicity assay using cardiomyocytes derived from human stem cells employing a constructive spatiotemporal two step measurement of fluctuation (short-term variability; STV) of cell's repolarization and cell-to-cell conduction time, representing two origins of lethal arrhythmia. Temporal STV of field potential duration (FPD) showed a potential to predict the risks of lethal arrhythmia originated from repolarization dispersion for false negative compounds, which was not correctly predicted by conventional measurements using animal cells, even for non-QT prolonging clinical positive compounds. Spatial STV of conduction time delay also unveiled the proarrhythmic risk of asynchronous propagation in cell networks, whose risk cannot be correctly predicted by single-cell-based measurements, indicating the importance of the spatiotemporal fluctuation viewpoint ofin vitrocell networks for precise prediction of lethal arrhythmia reaching clinical assessment such as thorough QT assay.
A high-performance thioredoxin-based scaffold for peptide immunogen construction: proof-of-concept testing with a human papillomavirus epitope
Authors: Canali Elena , Bolchi Angelo , Spagnoli Gloria , Seitz Hanna , Rubio Ivonne , Pertinhez Thelma A. , Müller Martin , Ottonello Simone
Published: April 2014

Escherichia coli thioredoxin has been previously exploited as a scaffold for the presentation/stabilization of peptide aptamers as well as to confer immunogenicity to peptide epitopes. Here we focused on other key features of thioredoxin that are of general interest for the production of safer and more effective peptide immunogens, such as a high thermal stability, lack of cross-reactivity and a low-cost of production. We identified thioredoxin from the archaebacterium Pyrococcus furiosus (PfTrx) as a novel scaffold meeting all the above criteria. PfTrx is a highly thermostable and protease-resistant scaffold with a strong (poly)peptide solubilisation capacity. Anti-PfTrx antibodies did not cross-react with mouse, nor human thioredoxin. Untagged PfTrx bearing a previously identified HPV16-L2 peptide epitope was obtained in a >90% pure form with a one-step thermal purification procedure and effectively elicited the production of neutralizing anti-HPV antibodies. We thus propose PfTrx as a superior, general-purpose scaffold for the construction of safe, stable and low-cost peptide immunogens.
Exploring the boundary between a siphon and barometer in a hypobaric chamber
Authors: Hughes Stephen , Gurung Som
Published: April 2014

Siphons have been used since ancient times, but exactly how they work is still a matter of debate. In order to elucidate the modus operandi of a siphon, a 1.5 m high siphon was set up in a hypobaric chamber to explore siphon behaviour in a low-pressure environment. When the pressure in the chamber was reduced to about 0.18 atmospheres, a curious waterfall-like feature appeared downstream from the apex of the siphon. A hypothesis is presented to explain the waterfall phenomenon. When the pressure was reduced further the siphon broke into two columns - in effect becoming two back-to-back barometers. This experiment demonstrates the role of atmospheric pressure in explaining the hydrostatic characteristics of a siphon and the role of molecular cohesion in explaining the hydrodynamic aspects.
Impeller-like dodecameric water clusters in metal–organic nanotubes
Authors: Tseng Tien-Wen , Luo Tzuoo-Tsair , Lu Kai-Hsiang
Published: April 2014

A triazole ligand, 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole-5-carboxylic acid (H2atc), bearing carboxylate and amino groups, has been incorporated into a nanotubular copper(ii)–organic framework that displays an nbo-type topology in which the impeller-like (H2O)12 water clusters were trapped in the nanotubes that can be encapsulated reversibly and precisely.
Structural flexibility of a copper-based metal–organic framework: sorption of C4-hydrocarbons and in situ XRD
Authors: Lange Marcus , Kobalz Merten , Bergmann Jens , Lässig Daniel , Lincke Jörg , Möllmer Jens , Möller Andreas , Hofmann Jörg , Krautscheid Harald , Staudt Reiner , Gläser Roger
Published: April 2014

Structural transitions of a flexible Cu-MOF are observed by pressure-dependentin situXRD with C4-hydrocarbons whereby only 1-butene sorption shows two transformations.
Excimer–monomer switch: a reaction-based approach for selective detection of fluoride
Authors: Song Qiao , Bamesberger Angela , Yang Lingyun , Houtwed Haley , Cao Haishi
Published: April 2014

Desilylation triggered excimer–monomer switch based on 1,8-naphthalimide was used as a sensing strategy for detection of fluoride.
An automated catalytic spectrophotometric method for manganese analysis using a chip-multisyringe flow injection system (Chip-MSFIA)
Authors: Phansi Piyawan , Henríquez Camelia , Palacio Edwin , Wilairat Prapin , Nacapricha Duangjai , Cerdà Víctor
Published: April 2014

An automated kinetic-catalytic method for manganese determination using a chip-multisyringe flow injection system.
Simultaneous determination of sulindac and its metabolites sulindac sulfide and sulindac sulfone in human plasma by a sensitive UPLC-PDA method for a pharmacokinetic study
Authors: Huang Wei-Hua , Shao Li , Li Shun-Xiang , Guo Dong , Wang Lian-Sheng , Li Zhi , Peng Xiang-Dong , Chen Yao , Zhang Wei , Zhou Hong-Hao , Tan Zhi-Rong
Published: April 2014

A pharmacokinetic study of sulindac and its metabolites.
Beyond yolk–shell nanostructure: a single Au nanoparticle encapsulated in the porous shell of polymer hollow spheres with remarkably improved catalytic efficiency and recyclability
Authors: Han Jie , Wang Minggui , Chen Rong , Han Na , Guo Rong
Published: April 2014

Novel Au–polymer hollow hybrids having a single Au nanoparticle encapsulated in each porous polymer shell with superior catalytic efficiency and recyclability have been demonstrated.
Stereochemical aspects and the synthetic scope of the SHi at the sulfur atom. Preparation of enantiopure 3-substituted 2,3-dihydro-1,2-benzoisothiazole 1-oxides and 1,1-dioxides
Authors: Fernández-Salas José A. , Rodríguez-Fernández M. Mercedes , Maestro M. Carmen , García-Ruano José L.
Published: April 2014

A SHi occurs with complete inversion at the sulfur atom, giving enantiopure 3-substituted benzosulfinamides and benzosulfonamides with preserved carbon configuration.
Microporous metal–organic frameworks built from rigid tetrahedral tetrakis(4-tetrazolylphenyl)silane connectors
Authors: Timokhin I. , White A. J. P. , Lickiss P. D. , Pettinari C. , Davies R. P.
Published: April 2014

A series of related MOFs built from the rigid tetrahedral H4ttps ligand with Mn(ii), Cu(ii) or Cd(ii) metal based nodes exhibiting rare fluorite or garnet topologies have been synthesised and characterised and are compared to one another.
Rate constants for collisional quenching of NO (A2Σ+, v = 0) by He, Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe, and infrared emission accompanying rare gas and impurity quenching
Authors: Few Julian , Hancock Gus
Published: April 2014

Rates of quenching of NO (A2Σ+, v = 0) have been measured for the rare gases, and infrared emission used to observe vibrationally excited quenching products. The figure shows emission following quenching by O2, a potential contaminant.
Effect of gamma irradiation on poly(vinyledene difluoride)–lithium bis(oxalato)borate electrolyte
Authors: Abdul Rahaman Mimi Hayati , Khandaker Mayeen Uddin , Khan Ziaul Raza , Kufian Mohd Zieauddin , Noor Ikhwan Syafiq Mohd , Arof Abdul Kariem
Published: April 2014

A poly(vinyledene difluoride)–lithium bis(oxalato)borate solid polymer electrolyte prepared by a solvent casting method has been irradiated with different doses of gamma-rays.
Verification of the dual cycle mechanism for methanol-to-olefin conversion in HSAPO-34: a methylbenzene-based cycle from DFT calculations
Authors: Wang Chuan-Ming , Wang Yang-Dong , Xie Zai-Ku
Published: April 2014

The dual cycle mechanism for the MTO conversion in which ethene is produced through a methylbenzene-based hydrocarbon pool cycle was verified by periodic DFT calculations with vdW correction in HSAPO-34.
Photoreduction and light-induced triplet-state formation in a single-site fluoroalkylated zinc phthalocyanine
Authors: Moons Hans , Loas Andrei , Gorun Sergiu M. , Van Doorslaer Sabine
Published: April 2014

Anaerobic red-light illumination leads to reduction of perfluoroisopropyl-substituted zinc(ii) phthalocyanine in ethanol, while low power UV illumination favours the formation of a triplet excited state.
One-pot and one-step synthesis of bioactive urease/ZnFe2O4 nanocomposites and their application in detection of urea
Authors: Shi Haitang , Chen Xue , Li Linlin , Tan Longfei , Ren Xiangling , Ren Jun , Meng Xianwei
Published: April 2014

This paper describes a simple method to prepare bioactive urease/ZnFe2O4 nanocomposites, and explores their application in sensitive detection of urea.
Activation of the C–N bond of N-heterocyclic carbenes by inorganic elements
Authors: Iversen Kalon J. , Wilson David J. D. , Dutton Jason L.
Published: April 2014

This frontier article summarizes the recent activity around a new mode of reactivity for N-heterocyclic carbenes: insertion of inorganic elements into the C–N bond of the carbene ring.
Self-assembled nanostructures of amphiphilic zinc(ii) salophen complexes: role of the solvent on their structure and morphology
Authors: Oliveri Ivan Pietro , Malandrino Graziella , Di Bella Santo
Published: April 2014

The influence of several solvent properties, such as volatility, polarity, and Lewis basicity, on the formation of molecular self-assembled nanostructures of an amphiphilic ZnII Schiff-base complex in the solid state is reported.
Solid solvents: activation parameters for the rearrangement of cyclopropylcarbinyl bromide on mordenite zeolite
Authors: Arca Hugo A. , Gomes Gabriel C. C. , Mota Claudio J. A.
Published: April 2014

Rearrangement of cyclopropylcarbinyl bromide over proton and ammonium-exchanged mordenite (H-MOR and NH4-MOR) was studied at different temperatures.
2D XANES-XEOL mapping: observation of enhanced band gap emission from ZnO nanowire arrays
Authors: Wang Zhiqiang , Guo Xiaoxuan , Sham Tsun-Kong
Published: April 2014

Using two-dimensional X-ray absorption near-edge structure-X-ray excited optical luminescence (2D XANES-XEOL) spectroscopy, it is found that the band gap emission of ZnO nanowire arrays is substantially enhancedi.e.that the intensity ratio between the band gap and defect emissions increases by more than an order of magnitude when the excitation energy is scanned across the O K-edge. Possible mechanisms are discussed.
Tuning TiO2nanoparticle morphology in graphene–TiO2hybrids by graphene surface modification
Authors: Sordello Fabrizio , Zeb Gul , Hu Kaiwen , Calza Paola , Minero Claudio , Szkopek Thomas , Cerruti Marta
Published: April 2014

We report the hydrothermal synthesis of graphene (GNP)–TiO2nanoparticle hybrids using COOH and NH2functionalized GNP as a shape controller.
Metal-free (Boc)2O-mediated C4-selective direct indolation of pyridines using TEMPO
Authors: Qin Wen-Bing , Zhu Jia-Yi , Kong Yu-Bo , Bao Yun-Hong , Chen Zheng-Wang , Liu Liang-Xian
Published: April 2014

Metal-free C-4-selective indolation of pyridines using (Boc)2O as an activating agent.
Trifluoroacetic acid-promoted Michael addition–cyclization reactions of vinylogous carbamates
Authors: Naganaboina Ram Tilak , Nayak Amrita , Peddinti Rama Krishna
Published: April 2014

A simple and efficient methodology has been developed for the synthesis of pyrrolobenzoxazine and 3-arylamino coumarin derivatives promoted by trifluoroacetic acid. The initial step in the current protocol involves a Michael addition of the 1,4-benzoxazinone derivatives to the Michael acceptors and subsequent cyclization.
N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone assisted synthesis of hierarchical ZSM-5 with house-of-cards-like structure
Authors: Liu Lijia , Wang Hongbin , Wang Runwei , Sun Chuanyin , Zeng Shangjing , Jiang Shang , Zhang Daliang , Zhu Liangkui , Zhang Zongtao
Published: April 2014

This work presents a facile, economic and green synthesis of highly active house-of-cards-like ZSM-5 by the addition of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) into a template-free zeolite synthesis system.
ZnO nanopinecone arrays with enhanced photocatalytic performance in sunlight
Authors: Chang Yu-Cheng
Published: April 2014

ZnO nanopinecone arrays exhibit much better photocatalytic properties for the photodegradation of phenol in sunlight.
Structural, electrical and electrochemical characteristics of La0.1Sr0.9Co1−xNbxO3−δ as a cathode material for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells
Authors: Yoo Seonyoung , Kim Jiyoun , Song Seung Yoon , Lee Dong Woo , Shin Jeeyoung , Ok Kang Min , Kim Guntae
Published: April 2014

Nb doping significantly improves the structural stability and electrochemical performance of La0.1Sr0.9Co1−xNbxO3−δ.
Effects of electrolytes on the capacitive behavior of nitrogen/phosphorus co-doped nonporous carbon nanofibers: an insight into the role of phosphorus groups
Authors: Yan Xiaodong , Yu Yunhua , Yang Xiaoping
Published: April 2014

The capacitive properties of N/P-NPCNFs and N-NPCNFs are comprehensively and comparatively investigated in different aqueous electrolytes in order to identify the role of phosphorus groups in improving the capacitive performance of carbon.
Oxygen nucleophiles as reaction partners in photoinduced, copper-catalyzed cross-couplings: O-arylations of phenols at room temperature
Authors: Tan Yichen , Muñoz-Molina José María , Fu Gregory C. , Peters Jonas C.
Published: April 2014

Most copper-catalyzed cross-couplings require an elevated reaction temperature.
A solvent evaporation plus hydrogen reduction method to synthesize IrNi/C catalysts for hydrogen oxidation
Authors: Zhang Weiwei , Li Li , Ding Wei , Chen Siguo , Wang Hongmin , Wei Zidong
Published: April 2014

A novel solvent evaporation plus H2 reduction method is developed for the controllable synthesis of IrNi/C catalysts with high HOR activity.
PolyTCAQ in organic batteries: enhanced capacity at constant cell potential using two-electron-redox-reactions
Authors: Häupler Bernhard , Burges René , Janoschka Tobias , Jähnert Thomas , Wild Andreas , Schubert Ulrich S.
Published: April 2014

The application of polymers bearing tetracyano-9,10-anthraquinonedimethane (TCAQ) units as electrode materials in organic batteries enables one narrow charge discharge plateau due to the one two-electron-redox-reaction of the TCAQ core.
l-Histidine-assisted template-free hydrothermal synthesis of α-Fe2O3porous multi-shelled hollow spheres with enhanced lithium storage properties
Authors: Wu Zhen-guo , Zhong Yan-jun , Li Jun-tao , Guo Xiao-dong , Huang Ling , Zhong Ben-he , Sun Shi-gang
Published: April 2014

Unique α-Fe2O3porous multi-shelled hollow spheres (α-Fe2O3PMSHSs) with superior lithium storage properties have been prepared by anl-histidine assisted template-free hydrothermal method followed by annealing in air.
Co-delivery of thioredoxin 1 shRNA and doxorubicin by folate-targeted gemini surfactant-based cationic liposomes to sensitize hepatocellular carcinoma cells
Authors: Li Wenjie , Shi Jing , Zhang Chun , Li Min , Gan Lu , Xu Huibi , Yang Xiangliang
Published: April 2014

Folate-targeted gemini surfactant-based cationic liposomes are constructed to co-deliver thioredoxin 1 and doxorubicin to inhibit the cell viability and induce apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells.
Genetic and phenotypic parameters between yearling, hoggetand adult reproductive performance and age of first oestrus in sheep
Authors: Newton J. E. , Brown D. J. , Dominik S. , van der Werf J. H. J.
Published: April 2014

The aims of this study were to quantify the relationship between age of first oestrus and yearling reproductive performance in maternal-cross ewes in the Information Nucleus Flock data and to estimate genetic and phenotypic correlations between early and later reproductive performance defined as three ages, yearling, hogget and adult in both Merino and maternal-cross ewes. Information on 2218 yearling records, 2047 hogget records and 910 age of first oestrus records were used in the analysis of maternal-cross ewes, whereas 3286 hogget and 2518 adult reproductive records were used in analysis of Merino ewes. Heritability estimates for yearling reproductive performance in maternal-cross ewes ranged from 0.08 ± 0.09 for ewe fecundity to 0.16 ± 0.05 for number of lambs born and were generally higher than hogget heritability estimates for both maternal-cross and Merino ewes. Age at first oestrus was found to have a low heritability, 0.02 with standard errors of 0.07 and 0.06 with and without weight fitted as a covariate. Genetic correlations between age at first oestrus with and without weight fitted as a covariate and yearling reproductive performance were positive, ranging from 0.07 ± 0.49 with lamb survival to 0.94 ± 0.39 with number of lambs born, which was unexpected. Correlations between traits from the same age class were high in both breed groups. Genetic correlations between yearling and hogget performance in maternal-cross ewes were generally lower than one, ranging from 0.46 ± 0.68 for lamb survival and 0.79 ± 0.50 for fertility suggesting that yearling and later reproductive performance are related but genetically different traits. In Merino ewes, the genetic correlations between hogget and adult performance followed a similar pattern. The small number of records in this study generated high standard errors for estimates, which restricts the conclusions that can be drawn. Overall, this study supports current practice used by ‘Sheep Genetics’, the Australian genetic evaluation system for sheep, in considering yearling reproductive performance as a trait separate from later parities for genetic evaluation purposes.
Season and reproductive status rather than genetics factors influence change in ewe weight and fat over time. 3. Analysis of Merino ewes
Authors: Walkom S. F. , Brien F. D. , Hebart M. L. , Mortimer S. I. , Pitchford W. S.
Published: April 2014

The profitability of southern Australian sheep production systems depends on the optimisation of stocking rates by meeting the nutritional demands of the breeding ewe while effectively utilising grown pasture. The aim of the study was to evaluate the genetic variation in liveweight and body condition of Merino ewes across their breeding life within a wool-based enterprise. The results were consistent with findings in crossbred ewes and showed that the genetic component of weight and body condition remained constant across the production cycle and age. The overall additive genetic effect accounted for 92% of the genetic variation in weight of Merino ewes bred across five production cycles. A genetic correlation of 0.85 suggested that ewes that were superior at maintaining their condition when rearing a single lamb would maintain this superiority when rearing multiple lambs. To improve weight and condition of Merino ewes during the ‘tough’ times, when nutrient requirements are not met by the pasture, selection can be made at any time and this will result in increased genetic condition at all times.
Annulation of Eight- to Ten-Membered Oxaza Rings to the Benzo[b]thiophene System by Intramolecular Nucleophilic Displacement
Authors: Bremner John B. , Wu Zemin
Published: April 2014

Concise synthetic routes to 2H-benzo[b]thieno[3,2-b][1,5]oxazocin-6(3H)-one, and the new benzo[b]thieno[3,2-b][1,5]oxazonin-7(2H)-one and 2H-benzo[b]thieno[3,2-b][1,5]oxazecin-8(3H)-one systems, have been developed based on intramolecular nucleophilic displacement in the key ring forming step.
A comparison of indexing methods to evaluate quality of horticultural soils. Part II. sensitivity of soil microbiological indicators
Authors: Romaniuk Romina , Giuffré Lidia , Costantini Alejandro , Bartoloni Norberto , Nannipieri Paolo
Published: April 2014

Soil is a non-renewable natural resource, considered as the basis for food production. Changes in soil properties may indicate potentially beneficial or degradative effects of a given management practice, so it is important to select the most sensitive soil properties to act as quality indicators. This research evaluated different approaches to selecting soil quality indicators in the construction of soil quality indices (SQIs). The sensitivity of integrative SQIs, constructed by considering diverse chemical, physical, and biological properties, was compared with biological SQIs, using only biochemical and microbiological indicators, to assess soil quality in an intensive horticultural production system under short- and long-term organic and conventional management. The results provided by the SQIs showed that plots under organic management had increase soil quality compared with the conventionally managed plots, independent of the number of years under production. The SQIs integrated by physical, chemical and biological indicators were more sensitive than indices composed only of biological indicators, as they did not reflect the physical properties of the studied plots. The organic amendments had a great influence on the microbial community; therefore, microbiological indices could not provide reliable information on soil quality in production systems with high inputs of organic materials.
Changes in microbial biomass C, extractable C and available N during the early stages of decomposition of residue mixtures
Authors: Shi Andong , Marschner Petra
Published: April 2014

Decomposition of mixed residues is common in many ecosystems, with residues from different species or above- and below-ground residues from the same species. Although decomposition of litter mixtures has been extensively studied, little is known about the changes in microbial biomass carbon (C) and available nitrogen (N) in the early stages of decomposition of mixtures of shoots and roots. An incubation experiment was carried out in a sandy clay loam with shoot and root residues of two grasses, annual barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), and perennial Stipa sp., added separately or as mixtures. Soil respiration was measured continuously, and soil microbial biomass C, extractable C and available N were measured by destructive sampling on days 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 18. Cumulative respiration and microbial biomass C concentration were higher with barley shoots alone or in mixtures than with Stipa residues alone. In the mixture of Stipa shoots and roots, which had similar decomposition rates when incubated individually, the measured cumulative respiration was greater than the expected value (average of the cumulative respiration of the individual residues), but this did not result in greater microbial biomass or changes in available N concentration compared with the individual residues. Cumulative respiration of barley shoots alone was higher than of barley root and Stipa shoot incubated individually. In the mixtures of barley shoots with barley roots or Stipa shoots, the measured cumulative respiration was either lower than the expected value or similar. Compared with barley shoots alone, microbial biomass C concentrations in the mixtures were generally lower in the first 3 days. It is concluded that mixing of residues with similar decomposition rates can stimulate microbial activity (respiration) but has little effect on microbial growth or concentrations of available N. Further, our findings provide information about extractable C and N dynamics during the early stages of decomposition of individual residue and residue mixtures.
Convergent evolution and parallelism in plant domestication revealed by an expanding archaeological record
Authors: Fuller Dorian Q , Denham Tim , Arroyo-Kalin Manuel , Lucas Leilani , Stevens Chris J. , Qin Ling , Allaby Robin G. , Purugganan Michael D.
Published: April 2014

Significance

Agriculture was a transformative development in the history of human societies and natural environments and drove the evolution of new domesticated species. Crop plants are the predominant domesticated species in most agricultural systems and are an essential component in all the food production systems that underpinned the development of urban societies. Archaeological plant remains provide a range of insights into the processes by which plants were domesticated in different parts of the world. The present paper provides a unique synthesis of evidence, including quantitative evidence on the trajectory and rate of domestication in seed crops and patterns in the development of tropical vegetatively propagated crops.
The dynamic role of genetics on cortical patterning during childhood and adolescence
Authors: Schmitt J. Eric , Neale Michael C. , Fassassi Bilqis , Perez Javier , Lenroot Rhoshel K. , Wells Elizabeth M. , Giedd Jay N.
Published: April 2014

Significance

Quantitative genetic studies have established that evolutionarily novel regions of the cerebral cortex have high heritability within human populations. Longitudinal imaging studies have demonstrated that the cerebral cortex is highly dynamic in childhood. In the current study, we examine how genetic effects on cortical thickness change longitudinally over childhood and adolescence using a large genetically informative imaging sample. We find rapid changes in genetic effects in early childhood, with stabilization in late adolescence. The areas with the greatest changes include evolutionarily novel regions. These findings have implications for future molecular genetic studies of imaging endophenotypes and further our sparse understanding of how genes help to shape the brain after birth.