bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Environmental assessment for results of the local territories positioning
Authors: Ustymenko Volodymyr , Zablodska Inna , Rohozian Yuliia , Eremeeva Natalia , Hrechana Svitlana
Published: May 2021

The purpose of the research is to construct positioning maps of local areas to assess the results of their positioning in terms of the environmental component of sustainable development. The article uses methods of analysis and synthesis, statistical and graphic, mapping method, comparative analysis and modelling, which made it possible to research the parameters and components of the local territories` (regions, cities and districts) positioning and to determine indicators for assessing their positions regarding economic, social and environmental components. Based on the rating estimates for the sustainable development of local areas, positioning maps have been constructed using the Ukrainian regions, districts and regional significance cities in the Luhansk region as the example. The article results proposed to expand the environmental indicators list for the positioning implementation based on the environmental assessment in the local level, which will allow the scientific and practical approach to assess the territorial units’ positions from the sustainable development point of view.
Prediction of General ESL Proficiency Considering Learners’ Dictation Performance
Authors: Kotani Katsunori , Yoshimi Takehiko
Published: May 2021

This study analyzes the extent to which dictation performance and linguistic features (linguistic difficulty of sentences during dictation) can predict general proficiency in English as a second language (ESL) learners. To this end, this study constructed a multiple linear and a non-linear regression models that predict general ESL proficiency (in which independent variables were the dictation performance scores and the linguistic features of sentences) and verified the correlation between the predicted and observed general ESL proficiencies. The results showed that general ESL proficiency could be predicted by dictation performance and linguistic features. Furthermore, the results indicated significant effects on dictation accuracy, sentence length, and mean word length.
Speak with signs: Active learning platform for Greek Sign Language, English Sign Language, and their translation
Authors: Papatsimouli Maria , Lazaridis Lazaros , Kollias Konstantinos-Filippos , Skordas Ioannis , Fragulis George F.
Published: May 2021

Sign Language is used to facilitate the communication between Deaf and non-Deaf people. It uses signs-words with basic structural elements such as handshape, parts of face, body or space, and the orientation of the fingers-palm. Sign Languages vary from people to people and from country to country and evolve as spoken languages. In the current study, an application which aims at Greek Sign Language and English Sign Language learning by hard of hearing people and talking people, has been developed. The application includes grouped signs in alphabetical order. The user can find Greek Sign Language signs, English sign language signs and translate from Greek sign language to English sign language. The written word of each sign, and the corresponding meaning are displayed. In addition, the sound is activated in order to enable users with partial hearing loss to hear the pronunciation of each word. The user is also provided with various tasks in order to enable an interaction of the knowledge acquired by the user. This interaction is offered mainly by multiple-choice tasks, incorporating text or video. The current application is not a simple sign language dictionary as it provides the interactive participation of users. It is a platform for Greek and English sign language active learning.
Extending semantic context analysis using machine learning services to process unstructured data
Authors: Wilhelm Anja , Ziegler Wolfgang
Published: May 2021

The primary focus of technical communication (TC) in the past decade has been the system-assisted generation and utilization of standardized, structured, and classified content for dynamic output solutions. Nowadays, machine learning (ML) approaches offer a new opportunity to integrate unstructured data into existing knowledge bases without the need to manually organize information into topic-based content enriched with semantic metadata. To make the field of artificial intelligence (AI) more accessible for technical writers and content managers, cloud-based machine learning as a service (MLaaS) solutions provide a starting point for domain-specific ML modelling while unloading the modelling process from extensive coding, data processing and storage demands. Therefore, information architects can focus on information extraction tasks and on prospects to include pre-existing knowledge from other systems into the ML modelling process. In this paper, the capability and performance of a cloud-based ML service, IBM Watson, are analysed to assess their value for semantic context analysis. The ML model is based on a supervised learning method and features deep learning (DL) and natural language processing (NLP) techniques. The subject of the analysis is a corpus of scientific publications on the 2019 Coronavirus disease. The analysis focuses on information extractions regarding preventive measures and effects of the pandemic on healthcare workers.
Linguistic Approach to Semantic Correlation Rules
Authors: Effenberger Charlotte
Published: May 2021

As communication between humans and machines in natural language still seems essential, especially for end users, Natural Language Processing (NLP) methods are used to classify and interpret this. NLP, as a technology, combines grammatical, semantical, and pragmatical analyses with statistics or machine learning to make language logically understandable by machines and to allow new interpretations of data in contrast to predefined logical structures. Some NLP methods do not go far beyond a retrieving of the indexation of content. Therefore, indexation is considered as a very simple linguistic approach. Semantic correlation rules offer the possibility to retrieve easy semantic relations without a special tool by using a set of predefined rules. Therefore, this paper aims to examine, to which extend Semantic Correlation Rules (SCRs) will be able to retrieve linguistic semantic relations and to what extend a simple NLP method can be set up to allow further interpretation of data. In order to do so, an easy linguistic model was modelled by an indexation that is enriched with semantical relations to give data more context. These semantic relations were then queried by SCRs to set up an NLP method.
Ontology Modelling and Standardized Information Exchange with Content Delivery Applications in Technical Communication
Authors: Nägele Daniel , Vobl Patricia
Published: May 2021

Ontologies are a technology recently used in technical communication (TC) to model information into a multidimensional net. They expand the modelling by taxonomy of metadata in TC. Any kind of relation between multiple classes and instances can be established. These ontologies can appear in the form of semantic correlation rules (SCR), which represent the connection between the metadata of the objects. SCR are used in connection with component content management systems (CCMS), semantic modelling systems (SMS) and content delivery portals (CDP) to deliver the appropriate amount of content in a more precise manner to the end user. In general, Ontology tools, CCMS and CDP are not based on the same ecosystem and therefore, they do not always work together effortlessly. A solution to this problem are exchange formats like the intelligent information Request and Delivery Standard (iiRDS), which enable a standardized information exchange between supported systems. Another solution would be compound information systems (CIS) like ONTOLIS, which combine a CCMS, CDP and SMS all in one. This paper aims to investigate the effect of SCR in the CDP of a CIS like ONTOLIS and to evaluate the use of exchange formats like iiRDS.
Seltene Erkrankungen der Speicheldrüsen und des Nervus Facialis
Authors: Scherl Claudia
Published: April 2021

Speicheldrüsenerkrankungen sind, insgesamt gesehen eher selten. In der Europäischen Union (EU) gilt eine Erkrankung als selten, wenn nicht mehr als 5 von 10,000 Menschen in der EU von ihr betroffen sind. Allein in Deutschland leben Schätzungen zufolge etwa 4 Millionen Menschen mit einer seltenen Erkrankung, in der gesamten EU geht man von 30 Millionen aus 1. Die meisten in der vorliegenden Arbeit beschriebenen Krankheitsbilder der Speicheldrüsen und des N. facialis fallen unter diese Kategorie. Sie bilden eine sehr heterogene Gruppe, deren Behandlung sich auf spezialisierte Zentren konzentriert. Dennoch ist es für den HNO-Arzt unerlässlich, auch diese seltenen Erkrankungen zu erkennen und zu diagnostizieren, um dann die richtigen therapeutischen Schritte einzuleiten. Die Arbeit ist eine Zusammenstellung des gesamten Spektrums angeborener und erworbener seltener Speicheldrüsen- und N. facialis-Erkrankungen. Dabei werden die Ätiologien entzündlicher Erkrankungen, Autoimmunerkrankungen und Tumoren berücksichtigt. Für die einzelnen Themenkomplexe wurde, soweit vorhanden, die aktuelle Literatur ausgewertet und für den Leser in Fakten zusammengefasst. Dazu wird auf die Entwicklung neuer Verfahren in Diagnostik, Bildgebung und Therapie eingegangen. Auch genetische Hintergründe von Tumorerkrankungen bei Speicheldrüsentumoren und die Trends in der Behandlung tumoröser Läsionen des N. facialis werden aufgegriffen. Des Weiteren werden auch seltene Erkrankungen der Speicheldrüsen im Kindesalter betrachtet. Diese können zwar teilweise auch bei Erwachsenen vorkommen, unterscheiden sich aber doch in Häufigkeit und Symptomatik. Auf Grund der Seltenheit der hier abgehandelten Erkrankungen ist es zu empfehlen, diese in spezialisierten Zentren mit entsprechender Erfahrung zu behandeln. Abschließend werden die Schwierigkeiten der Studiendurchführung und die Problematik der Erstellung von Krankheitsregistern beim Thema Speicheldrüsenerkrankungen besprochen, da diese auf Grund der allgemeinen Seltenheit dieser Pathologien besonders relevant sind.
Seltene Erkrankungen des Mittelohres und der lateralen Schädelbasis
Authors: Weiss Nora M.
Published: April 2021

Otalgie, Otorrhoe, Tinnitus und Hörminderung zählen zu den häufigsten ohrbezogenen Symptomen, die zum Aufsuchen eines Hals-Nasen-Ohrenarztes führen. Weiterhin spielen Gleichgewichtsstörungen und Affektionen der Hirnnervenfunktion für eine Konsultation eine Rolle. In großen akademischen Zentren, aber auch in der HNO-ärztlichen Grundversorgung kommt der Erkennung von seltenen Erkrankungen des Mittelohres und der lateralen Schädelbasis eine zentrale Rolle zu, da sie häufig eine interdisziplinäre Zusammenarbeit erfordern um die korrekte Diagnose zu stellen und eine adäquate Behandlung zu initiieren. Die folgende Arbeit gibt einerseits eine Übersicht über seltene Formen von osteologischen, neoplastischen, hämatologischen, autoimmunologischen und infektiologischen Erkrankungen sowie Fehlbildungen, die sich im Mittelohr und der lateralen Schädelbasis manifestieren können, andererseits soll ein Überblick über internistische Erkrankungen gegeben werden, deren Manifestation im Mittelohr selten ist.

Die Kenntnis von seltenen Erkrankungen des Mittelohrs und der Schädelbasis ist für die Qualitätssicherung in der Patientenversorgung und insbesondere auch bei entsprechenden chirurgischen Maßnahmen wesentlich. Insbesondere bei untypischen, komplizierten und langwierigeren Krankheitsverläufen muss an seltene Differenzialdiagnosen gedacht werden.
The Spectrum of Maculopathy in Mitochondrial DNA A3243G Mutation: A Case Series of Six Patients
Authors: Kaisari Eirini , Borruat François-Xavier
Published: April 2021

Background The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) A3243G point mutation encompasses a heterogenous group of disorders including mitochondrial encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS), maternally inherited diabetes and deafness (MIDD), and, rarely, chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO). Regardless of the clinical phenotype, a specific retinopathy has been associated with the presence of this mitochondrial DNA mutation. We present six female patients exhibiting retinopathy of the A3243G point mutation at various stages.

History and Signs Six female patients (37 – 70 years old) with the A3243G point mutation (four MELAS, one MIDD, and one CPEO) exhibited a maculopathy. Visual acuity ranged from 1/60 to 10/10. Visual field abnormalities varied from minimal decreased sensitivity to absolute central scotomas. They all exhibited, at various degrees, a characteristic pattern of perimacular and peripapillary retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) alterations, with mottled dys-autofluorescence and RPE atrophy and deposits on OCT.

Therapy and Outcome The level of visual impairment depended on the foveal involvement and the extension of RPE atrophy. The severity of the maculopathy was not related to age. In the only long-term follow-up (15 years), evolution was slowly progressive.

Conclusions A single mtDNA point mutation at locus 3243 can result in a variety of clinical presentations (MELAS, MIDD, or CPEO). Ocular involvement may manifest as a perimacular/peripapillary RPE atrophy/deposit, which can variably impact central visual function (from asymptomatic to legal blindness). The discovery of such a maculopathy should prompt the ophthalmologist to complete the personal and family history, namely, asking for the presence of diabetes mellitus and/or deafness.
Homeopathic Remedies in COVID-19: Prognostic Factor Research
Authors: Manchanda Raj Kumar , Miglani Anjali , Gupta Meeta , Meena Baljeet Singh , Chadha Vishal , Joseph Franco , Kalsi Amrit , Konthembath Pramod , Sharma Kavita , Rama Kamsali Nadigadda , Kaur Prabhjeet , Thavarayil Kannoth Jithesh , Nagrath Cheshta , Jethani Anju , Nellikka Aniyeri Shajimol , Chawla Anu , Ray Malaya Kumar , Ghuliani Manjula , Kudiyarasu Ram Kumar , Naskar Shruti , Bala Sudha , Sharma Brender
Published: April 2021

Background/Objective Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a new disease; its clinical profile and natural history are evolving. Each well-recorded case in homeopathic practice is important for deciding the future course of action. This study aims at identifying clinically useful homeopathic remedies and their prescribing symptoms using the prognostic factor research model.

Methods This was an open-label, multi-centric, observational study performed from April 2020 to July 2020 at various public health care clinics. The data were collected prospectively from clinical practice at integrated COVID-19 care facilities in India. Good-quality cases were selected using a specific set of criteria. These cases were analyzed for elucidating prognostic factors by calculating the likelihood ratio (LR) of each frequently occurring symptom. The symptoms with high LR values (>1) were considered as prescribing indications of the specific remedy.

Results Out of 327 COVID-19 cases reported, 211 met the selection criteria for analysis. The most common complaints were fatigue, sore throat, dry cough, myalgia, fever, dry mouth and throat, increased thirst, headache, decreased appetite, anxiety, and altered taste. Twenty-seven remedies were prescribed and four of them—Arsenicum album, Bryonia alba, Gelsemium sempervirens, and Pulsatilla nigricans—were the most frequently used. A high LR was obtained for certain symptoms, which enabled differentiation between the remedies for a given patient.

Conclusion Homeopathic medicines were associated with improvement in symptoms of COVID-19 cases. Characteristic symptoms of four frequently indicated remedies have been identified using prognostic factor research, findings that can contribute to accurate homeopathic prescribing during future controlled research in COVID-19.
Evolving Patterns of Cryptosporidiosis: Issues and Implications in the Context of Public Health in India
Authors: Mirdha Bijay Ranjan
Published: May 2021

Cryptosporidiosis is one of the major causes of diarrhea in immune-compromised individuals and children besides causing sporadic water-borne, food-borne, and zoonotic outbreaks. In 2016, Cryptosporidium species infection was the fifth leading cause of diarrhea and acute infection causing more than 4.2 million disability-adjusted life years lost besides a decrease in childhood growth. Human cryptosporidiosis is primarily caused by two species/genotype: Cryptosporidium hominis (anthroponotic) and Cryptosporidium parvum (zoonotic) besides other six rare species/genotypes. Transmission intensity, genetic diversity, and occurrence of genetic recombination have shaped the genus Cryptosporidium population structures into palmitic, clonal, and epidemic. Genetic recombination is more in C. parvum compared with C. hominis. Furthermore, parasite–host co-evolution, host adaptation, and geographic segregation have led to the formation of “subtype- families.” Host-adapted subtype-families have distinct geographical distribution and host preferences. Genetic exchanges between subtypes played an important role throughout the evolution of the genus leading to “adaptation introgression” that led to emergence of virulent and hyper-transmissible subtypes. The population structure of C. hominis in India appears to be more complex where both transmission intensity and genetic diversity are much higher. Further, study based on “molecular strain surveillance” has resulted newer insights into the epidemiology and transmission of cryptosporidiosis in India. The identification at the species and genotype levels is essential for the assessment of infection sources in humans and the public health potential of the parasite at large. The results of the study over three decades on cryptosporidiosis in India, in the absence of a national surveillance data, were analyzed highlighting current situation on epidemiology, genetic diversity, and distribution particularly among vulnerable population. Despite creditable efforts, there are still many areas need to be explored; therefore, the intent of this article is to facilitate future research approaches for mitigating the burden associated with this disease.
Incidence and Risk Factors of Pannus after Mechanical Aortic Valve Replacement
Authors: Choi Jae Woong , Hwang Ho Young , Lee Yeiwon , Sohn Suk Ho , Kim Kyung Hwan , Kim Ki-Bong , Ahn Hyuk
Published: May 2021

Background This study was conducted to evaluate the occurrence rate and risk factors of subaortic pannus (SAP) after bileaflet mechanical aortic valve (AV) replacement.

Methods Between 1990 and 2014, 862 patients underwent primary AV replacement with bileaflet mechanical prosthesis. SAP was defined as (1) gradual increase in mean pressure gradient through mechanical AV without any evidence of motion limitation of the leaflets on echocardiography and (2) AV mean pressure gradient >40 mm Hg or AV peak velocity >4 m/s on echocardiography, and (3) any visible subaortic tissue ingrowth beneath the mechanical AV on echocardiography or computed tomography. Clinical and echocardiographic follow-up durations were 13.8 ± 8.0 and 10.7 ± 7.9 years, respectively.

Results Mean age was 51.1 ± 12.1 years and concomitant surgeries were performed in 503 patients (58.4%). Overall survival at 10 and 20 years was 84.2 and 67.1%, respectively. SAP occurred in 33 patients, and in only 2 patients during the first 10 years after surgery. The cumulative incidence of SAP formation at 10, 20, and 25 years were 0.3, 5.0, and 9.9%, respectively. The Fine and Gray model demonstrated that small prosthetic valve size (hazard ratio [HR] [95% confidence interval, CI] = 0.738 [0.575–0.946]), young age (HR [95% CI] = 0.944 [0.909–0.981]), and concomitant mitral valve replacement (MVR) (HR [95% CI] = 3.863 [1.358–10.988]) were significant risk factors for the SAP formation.

Conclusions SAP occurred gradually over time with 10- and 20-year cumulative incidence of 0.3 and 5.0%, respectively. Young age, small prosthetic valve size, and concomitant MVR were risk factors for SAP formation. Therefore, we recommend efforts to select large prostheses for young patients requiring concomitant MVR.
Distraction Osteogenesis: Mandible and Maxilla
Authors: Dibbs Rami P. , Ferry Andrew M. , Sarrami Shayan M. , Abu-Ghname Amjed , Dempsey Robert F. , Buchanan Edward P.
Published: May 2021

Mandibular and maxillary deformities commonly require surgical intervention. Prior to distraction osteogenesis, traditional modalities involving single-staged translocation and rigid fixation were used to correct these craniofacial anomalies. Distraction osteogenesis has evolved as a compelling alternative for treating aesthetic and functional dentofacial defects. The process of distraction osteogenesis involves three phases—latency, activation, and consolidation—which allow for appropriate translation of the affected craniofacial skeleton. This review will cover the role of distraction for managing congenital and acquired deformities of the mandible and maxilla. This novel technique can be performed at numerous anatomical sites along the craniofacial skeleton to treat a variety of anomalies, which serves as a testament to its adaptability and efficacy. Importantly, distraction osteogenesis also has the ability to simultaneously increase bone length and the overlying soft tissue envelope. This advantage results in larger advancements with reduced relapse rates and improved patient satisfaction. While complications remain a concern, it stands to reason that the measurable benefits observed underscore the power and versatility of distraction osteogenesis.
SERUM GLP-2 is Increased in Association with Excess Gestational Weight Gain
Authors: Kahr Maike K. , Antony Kathleen M. , Galindo Megan , Whitham Megan , Hu Min , Aagaard Kjersti M. , Suter Melissa A.
Published: May 2021

Objective Obesity in pregnancy bears unique maternal and fetal risks. Obesity has also been associated with chronic inflammation, including elevated serum levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Higher serum lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels have been implicated in driving this inflammation, a phenomenon called metabolic endotoxemia (ME). GLP-2, a proglucagon-derived peptide, is believed to be integral in maintaining the integrity of the intestine in the face of LPS-mediated endotoxemia. We hypothesized that obesity and/or excess weight gain in pregnancy would be associated with an increase in maternal and neonatal markers of ME, as well as GLP-2.

Study Design Paired maternal and neonatal (cord blood) serum samples (n = 159) were obtained from our pregnancy biobank repository. Serum levels of LPS, endotoxin core antibody-immunoglobulin M (EndoCAb-IgM), and GLP-2 were measured by ELISA. IL-6 and TNF-α were measured using a Milliplex assay. Results were stratified by maternal body mass index (BMI), maternal diabetes, and gestational weight gain (GWG).

Results Maternal IL-6 is significantly decreased in the obese, diabetic cohort compared with the nonobese, nondiabetic cohorts (95.28 vs. 99.48 pg/mL, p = 0.047), whereas GLP-2 is significantly increased (1.92 vs. 2.89 ng/mL, p = 0.026). Neonatal TNF-α is significantly decreased in the obese cohort compared with the nonobese cohort (12.43 vs. 13.93 pg/mL, p = 0.044). Maternal GLP-2 is significantly increased in women with excess GWG compared with those with normal GWG (2.27 vs. 1.48 ng/mL, p = 0.014). We further found that neonatal IL-6 and TNF-α are negatively correlated with maternal BMI (–0.186, p = 0.036 and –0.179, p = 0.044, respectively) and that maternal and neonatal IL-6 showed a positive correlation (0.348, p < 0.001).

Conclusion Although we observed altered levels of markers of inflammation (IL-6 and TNF-α) with maternal obesity and diabetes, no changes in LPS or endoCAb-IgM were observed. We hypothesize that the increased GLP-2 levels in maternal serum in association with excess GWG may protect against ME in pregnancy.

Key Points
Signal-to-noise characteristics of graphene photodetectors based on photothermoelectric effect
Authors: Yamashita Hiroyasu , Tsunoda Koji , Nishino Hironori , Sato Shintaro
Published: May 2021

A sensor using the photothermoelectric effect of graphene is anticipated as a candidate for infrared sensors that can operate at room temperature with fast response and high sensitivity. We investigate photothermoelectric detection and the signal-to-noise characteristics of a sensor with a simple metal–graphene–metal structure numerically and analytically and obtain an analytical expression giving the ideal value of specific detectivity D∗ for a sensor having an ideal potential distribution. It is found that the optimal sensor length is approximately three times longer than the cooling length and that the value of D∗ for such a sensor with typical cooling length is estimated to be as large as 106 cmHz/W. The sensor performance can be greatly enhanced by employing light-confining structures such as cavities and plasmon antennas, achieving D∗ above 108 cmHz/W.
Improved linewidth enhancement factor of 1.3-µm InAs/GaAs quantum dot lasers by direct Si doping
Authors: Qiu Ya-Qi , Lv Zun-Ren , Wang Hong , Wang Hao-Miao , Yang Xiao-Guang , Yang Tao
Published: May 2021

We report on the significantly improved linewidth enhancement factor (αH-factor) of 1.3-µm InAs/GaAs quantum dot (QD) lasers by direct Si doping, compared with ones having identical structures but without the Si doping. It is found that the αH-factors for the ground-state and first excited-state at their gain peak positions of the Si-doped QD lasers are 1.48 and 0.63 while those of the undoped QD lasers are 2.07 and 1.07, greatly decreasing by about 28.5% and 41.1%, respectively. Furthermore, theoretical calculation and analysis suggest that direct Si doping would increase the electron quasi-Fermi level in conduction, leading to the increase in population inversion. Meanwhile, the appearance of a built-in electric field caused by the Si doping would accelerate the capture of electrons into QDs and strengthen the confinement effect of electrons, resulting in an increased differential gain.
Higher order corrections to the sharp-front magnetic diffusion wave formulas
Authors: Yan Chunhui , Xiao Bo , Wang Ganghua , Li Ping
Published: May 2021

An analytical solution to the sharp-front magnetic diffusion problem with a step-like resistance model is an interesting mathematical physics problem. It also relates to the plasma production at the surface of a metal under strong magnetic loading measured in experiments. In this paper, we make an advance on an earlier work of Xiao et al. [Phys. Plasmas 23, 082104 (2016)], by deriving formulas for the threshold magnetic field strength and the diffusion velocity of the magnetic diffusion wave under a step-like resistance model to the higher order accuracy.
Accurate sets of solitary solutions for the quadratic–cubic fractional nonlinear Schrödinger equation
Authors: Attia Raghda A. M. , Khater Mostafa M. A. , El-Sayed Ahmed A. , El-Shorbagy M. A.
Published: May 2021

The analytical and semi-analytical solutions to the quadratic–cubic fractional nonlinear Schrödinger equation are discussed in this research article. The model’s fractional formula is transformed into an integer-order model by using a new fractional operator. The theoretical and computational approaches can now be applied to fractional models, thanks to this transition. The application of two separate computing schemes yields a large number of novel analytical strategies. The obtained solutions secure the original and boundary conditions, which are used to create semi-analytical solutions using the Adomian decomposition process, which is often used to verify the precision of the two computational methods. All the solutions obtained are used to describe the shifts in a physical structure over time in cases where the quantum effect is present, such as wave-particle duality. The precision of all analytical results is tested by re-entering them into the initial model using Mathematica software 12.
Obligations of Australian health services as employers during COVID-19
Authors: Dean Jessica M. , Panaccio Danielle , Kevat Dev , Farmer Caitlin C. , Pang Sam C. , Mahar Patrick D.
Published: May 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought into focus obligations for health services to protect the health and safety of their staff, arising from Occupational, Health and Safety legislation and the duty of care owed by a health service as an employer. Health workers, by nature of their work, are a particularly at-risk population in the context of COVID-19. This article examines the legal standard of care that healthcare employers owe their staff in terms of reduction of risk exposure, both physically and psychologically, to COVID-19, the obligation to provide staff with personal protective equipment, adequate hygiene, cleaning and the consequences for breaching these standards. This article also explores the right to dismiss employees who are non-compliant with their obligations. What is known about the topic? It is well known that health workers are an at-risk population for COVID-19, particularly those with direct exposure to affected patients. Since early 2020, healthcare services have faced substantial challenges in managing employee risk while complying with Occupational, Health and Safety law in Australia. What does this paper add? This paper explores the standard of care that healthcare services owe their staff in terms of reduction of risk exposure within the current Australian legal framework, as well as the rights and obligations of healthcare service employees. What are the implications for practitioners? Health services should be aware of the range of legal obligations to protect healthcare workers from the consequences of COVID-19 in order to minimise risk as much as reasonably practicable for employees. This includes ensuring access to adequate personal protective equipment, psychological support, adequate hygiene and cleaning of the physical workspace as well as the appropriate reporting of incidents and exposures.
Thermal-treatment protocol to induce thermotolerance in bovine embryos
Authors: Oliveira Clara S. , Marques Sheila C. S. , Guedes Pedro H. E. , Feuchard Viviane L. , Camargo Agostinho J. R. , de Freitas Celio , Camargo Luiz S. A.
Published: April 2021

Artificial reproduction in dairy cattle is challenged by summer temperatures in tropical environments. We describe a treatment based on mild temperature increases to induce thermotolerance and improve the embryo’s performance under heat stress conditions. A protocol was established to induce upregulation of heat shock protein A (HSPA, formerly known as HSP70) but not impair embryonic development. Thermal treatment (TT) had no effect on morula/blastocyst rate or blastocyst quality (cell number and apoptosis). Heat shock given one day after TT revealed higher (P = 0.00) survival rates in TT blastocysts compared with Control. Treated embryos were transferred to recipients and no detrimental effects were observed regarding pregnancy rates, length, fetal growth or calf weight. Our results demonstrated that the established TT protocol could induce a thermal response by the embryo and is safe for further development.
Phylogenomic and ecological analyses reveal the spatiotemporal evolution of global pines
Authors: Jin Wei-Tao , Gernandt David S. , Wehenkel Christian , Xia Xiao-Mei , Wei Xiao-Xin , Wang Xiao-Quan
Published: May 2021

Significance

Understanding what determines the distribution of biodiversity remains one of the great challenges in evolutionary biology and ecology. The Northern Hemisphere conifers do not follow a latitudinal diversity gradient and show a unique distribution pattern, that is most species are distributed at middle latitudes. To reveal the mechanisms underlying this pattern, we investigate the spatiotemporal evolution of the largest conifer genus
Pinus
. We find that the midlatitude region has been an evolutionary museum for
Pinus
, and particularly, topography has played the most important role in pine diversification. Moreover, our results indicate that pine’s preference of warm and somewhat drier habitats could be helpful for their adaptation to the Anthropocene climate warming, which is important for biodiversity conservation and forest management.
Integrative analysis reveals unique structural and functional features of the Smc5/6 complex
Authors: Yu You , Li Shibai , Ser Zheng , Sanyal Tanmoy , Choi Koyi , Wan Bingbing , Kuang Huihui , Sali Andrej , Kentsis Alex , Patel Dinshaw J. , Zhao Xiaolan
Published: May 2021

Significance

Structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) complexes are essential for chromosome organization and functions. Within this family of complexes, the Smc5/6 complex has unique roles in regulating DNA replication and repair; however, our understanding of its structural organization is limited. Our integrative study presented here reveals several distinct features of the Smc5/6 complex. Unlike other SMCs, the long filamentous region of Smc5/6 does not fold back; rather, it associates with unique, coevolved subunits of the complex, including the Nse2 SUMO ligase and the Nse5/6 subcomplex. We also present a cryoelectron microscopy structure of the Nse5/6 subcomplex and evidence for its involvement in Nse2-mediated sumoylation. Our findings thus provide insights into Smc5/6 structural anatomy and functions.
Cleavage of Braun’s lipoprotein Lpp from the bacterial peptidoglycan by a paralog ofl,d-transpeptidases, LdtF
Authors: Bahadur Raj , Chodisetti Pavan Kumar , Reddy Manjula
Published: May 2021

Significance

Bacterial cell walls contain a protective exoskeleton, peptidoglycan, which is a target of several clinically important antimicrobials. In gram-negative bacteria, peptidoglycan is covered by an additional lipid layer, outer membrane, that serves as a permeability barrier against the entry of toxic molecules. In some bacteria, an abundant lipoprotein, Lpp, staples the outer membrane to peptidoglycan to maintain the structural integrity of the cell envelope. In this study, we identify a previously unknown hydrolytic enzyme that cleaves Lpp from the peptidoglycan and show how the outer membrane–peptidoglycan linkages are modulated inEscherichia coli. Overall, this study helps in understanding the fundamental bacterial cell wall biology and in the identification of alternate drug targets for the development of new antimicrobials.
TMEM41B and VMP1 are scramblases and regulate the distribution of cholesterol and phosphatidylserine
Authors: Li Yang Emma , Wang Yichang , Du Ximing , Zhang Tizhong , Mak Hoi Yin , Hancock Sarah E. , McEwen Holly , Pandzic Elvis , Whan Renee M. , Aw Yvette Celine , Lukmantara Ivan E. , Yuan Yiqiong , Dong Xiuju , Don Anthony , Turner Nigel , Qi Shiqian , Yang Hongyuan
Published: April 2021

TMEM41B and VMP1 are integral membrane proteins of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and regulate the formation of autophagosomes, lipid droplets (LDs), and lipoproteins. Recently, TMEM41B was identified as a crucial host factor for infection by all coronaviruses and flaviviruses. The molecular function of TMEM41B and VMP1, which belong to a large evolutionarily conserved family, remains elusive. Here, we show that TMEM41B and VMP1 are phospholipid scramblases whose deficiency impairs the normal cellular distribution of cholesterol and phosphatidylserine. Their mechanism of action on LD formation is likely to be different from that of seipin. Their role in maintaining cellular phosphatidylserine and cholesterol homeostasis may partially explain their requirement for viral infection. Our results suggest that the proper sorting and distribution of cellular lipids are essential for organelle biogenesis and viral infection.
The CCRI(II)-K2.Fe-55.2019 key comparison of activity concentration measurements of a 55Fe solution
Authors: Broda R , Bonková I , Capogni M , Carconi P , Cassette P , Coulon R , Courte S , Felice P De , Dziel T , Fazio A , Frechou C , Galea R , García-Toraño E , Kołakowska E , Kossert K , Krivošík M , Lech E , Lee K B , Liang J , Listkowska A , Liu H , Navarro N , Nähle O J , Nowicka M , Rooy M van , Sabot B , Saganowski P , Sato Y , Tymiński Z , Yunoki A , Zhang M , Ziemek T
Published: April 2021

Main text

A comparison of the activity concentration of an 55Fe solution was organized by the POLATOM under the auspices of the CCRI(II). The solution was sent to thirteen laboratories; ready-to-measure sources were also prepared using the same 55Fe solution in diffusive (polyethylene) vials and sent to twelve laboratories. Twelve measurement reports were received. The results, as well as relevant information on the measurement techniques, are presented and analysed in this paper. The differences in the results obtained from measurements in non-diffusive (glass) and diffusive vials are indicated.

To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm.org/.

The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCRI, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
Force supplementary comparison EURAMET.M.F-S5 (10 kN to 500 kN)
Authors: Knott A J , Alar Ž
Published: April 2021

Main text

This bilateral comparison compared the magnitude of the compressive forces generated within the 500 kN machine at FSB-LIMS with the same nominal forces generated within NPL's 1.2 MN deadweight machine, in the range from 10 kN to 500 kN. The results supported FSB-LIMS's CMC of 0.05 %.

To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm.org/.

The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCM, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
Understanding the scaling of boson peak through insensitivity of elastic heterogeneity to bending rigidity in polymer glasses
Authors: Tomoshige Naoya , Goto Shota , Mizuno Hideyuki , Mori Tatsuya , Kim Kang , Matubayasi Nobuyuki
Published: April 2021

Amorphous materials exhibit peculiar mechanical and vibrational properties, including non-affine elastic responses and excess vibrational states, i.e., the so-called boson peak (BP). For polymer glasses, these properties are considered to be affected by the bending rigidity of the constituent polymer chains. In our recent work [Tomoshige, et al 2019, Sci. Rep.
9 19514], we have revealed simple relationships between the variations of vibrational properties and the global elastic properties: the response of the BP scales only with that of the global shear modulus. This observation suggests that the spatial heterogeneity of the local shear modulus distribution is insensitive to changes in the bending rigidity. Here, we demonstrate the insensitivity of elastic heterogeneity by directly measuring the local shear modulus distribution. We also study transverse sound wave propagation, which is also shown to scale only with the global shear modulus. Through these analyses, we conclude that the bending rigidity does not alter the spatial heterogeneity of the local shear modulus distribution, which yields vibrational and acoustic properties that are controlled solely by the global shear modulus of a polymer glass.
Enhancement of discharge properties of atmospheric pressure plasma systems through trace radio-frequency oscillation control
Authors: Sun Y , Zhang Z , Lim J W M
Published: April 2021

In this work, we report a novel approach that enhances the plasma properties of non-equilibrium plasma under atmospheric pressure using dual-frequency excitation sources. Specifically, these effects are induced by a low frequency of 50 kHz and a higher radio frequency source of 2 MHz. The results show that the application of a small radio-frequency (RF) component in addition to a low-frequency (LF) source improved electron acceleration and thus allows for the excitation to be modulated—through enhancement and suppression of electron impact during each RF period. Electron densities are also enhanced due to the modulated electron impact excitation rate, without an observable increase in gas temperature. When the applied RF component is comparable in magnitude with the low frequency component, the discharge is dominated by influences from the RF component, where the RF electric field provides and improves stability and uniformity simultaneously. This allows for higher input power to be provided to the system.
Spectral radiance backward characterization model for liquid crystal display based on key wavelengths
Authors: Ma Xiangcai , Zhang Dawei , Lian Jiqing , Wang Xiaohong
Published: April 2021

This paper proposes a simple spectral radiance backward characterization model based on the key wavelength strategy. The color difference of spectral wavelength radiance amplitude loss under different conditions, the spectral amplitude change of primary color, and the monotonicity of spectral amplitude were investigated. The key wavelengths were selected based on these three factors. We innovatively introduced the selected wavelengths into a backward characterization interpolation table, which was tested using different color samples. The experimental results indicate that the proposed model is more suitable for spectral backward characterization than the existing methods.
Performance evaluation of free space optical link driven by gain switched temperature dependent quantum cascade lasers
Authors: Gopinath S , Ashok P , Madhan M Ganesh
Published: April 2021

Temperature dependent terahertz frequency quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) offer huge potential in a large number of new applications. Reduced rate equations are used for better understanding of their behavior and to predict the optical output power under changing current drive and chip temperature. This letter reports the complete end-to-end free space optical (FSO) link driven by a gain switched temperature dependent QCL as transmitter. The device used in the FSO link consists of 90 periods of injector and active regions, emitting light at 116 µm. The device is driven by various electrical inputs such as square, haversine and tangential hyperbolic pulses. The short pulses generated by gain switching travel 1500 m to reach the quantum well infrared photodetector operating in the same wavelength as the source. The performance parameters; namely signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), bit error rate (BER) and capacity are computed for the various input signals. Under the minimum full width half maximum condition, haversine input provides a better performance providing a BER of 7.8 × 10−5, with a peak SNR of 14.56 dB and a capacity of 4.89 bps Hz−1 at a cold finger temperature of 45 K. When peak power is the criterion, tangential hyperbolic input performs well with a minimum BER of 7.66 × 10−9, a peak SNR of 18.06 dB and a capacity of 6.02 bps Hz−1 at a cold finger temperature of 45 K.
Orthogonally polarized RF optical single sideband generation with integrated ring resonators
Authors: Tan Mengxi , Xu Xingyuan , Wu Jiayang , Nguyen Thach G. , Chu Sai T. , Little Brent E. , Mitchell Arnan , Morandotti Roberto , Moss David J.
Published: April 2021

We review recent work on narrowband orthogonally polarized optical RF single sideband generators as well as dual-channel equalization, both based on high-Q integrated ring resonators. The devices operate in the optical telecommunications C-band and enable RF operation over a range of either fixed or thermally tuneable frequencies. They operate via TE/TM mode birefringence in the resonator. We achieve a very large dynamic tuning range of over 55 dB for both the optical carrier-to-sideband ratio and the dual-channel RF equalization for both the fixed and tunable devices.
Beyond the 100 Gbaud directly modulated laser for short reach applications
Authors: Huang Jianou , Li Chao , Lu Rongguo , Li Lianyan , Cao Zizheng
Published: April 2021

It is very attractive to apply a directly modulated laser (DML)-based intensity-modulation and direct-detection (IM/DD) system in future data centers and 5G fronthaul networks due to the advantages of low cost, low system complexity, and high energy efficiency, which perfectly match the application scenarios of the data centers and 5G fronthaul networks, in which a large number of high-speed optical interconnections are needed. However, as the data traffic in the data centers and 5G fronthaul networks continues to grow exponentially, the future requirements for data rates beyond 100 Gbaud are challenging the existing DML-based IM/DD system, and the main bottleneck is the modulation bandwidth of the DML. In this paper, the data rate demands and technical standards of the data centers and 5G fronthaul networks are reviewed in detail. With the modulation bandwidth requirements, the technical routes and achievements of recent DMLs are reviewed and discussed. In this way, the prospects, challenges, and future development of DMLs in the applications of future data centers and 5G fronthaul networks are comprehensively explored.
Waveguide external cavity narrow linewidth semiconductor lasers
Authors: Luo Chanchan , Zhang Ruiying , Qiu Bocang , Wang Wei
Published: April 2021

Narrow linewidth light source is a prerequisite for high-performance coherent optical communication and sensing. Waveguide-based external cavity narrow linewidth semiconductor lasers (WEC-NLSLs) have become a competitive and attractive candidate for many coherent applications due to their small size, volume, low energy consumption, low cost and the ability to integrate with other optical components. In this paper, we present an overview of WEC-NLSLs from their required technologies to the state-of-the-art progress. Moreover, we highlight the common problems occurring to current WEC-NLSLs and show the possible approaches to resolving the issues. Finally, we present the possible development directions for the next phase and hope this review will be beneficial to the advancements of WEC-NLSLs.