bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ОНТОЛОГІЇ В ФАРМАЦІЇ
Authors: Babintseva L. Yu.
Published: June 2015

It’s considered ontological models for formalization of knowledge in pharmacy. There is emphasized the view that the possibility of rapid exchange of information in the pharmaceutical industry, it is necessary to create a single information space. This means not only the establishment of uniform standards for the presentation of information on pharmaceutical groups pharmacotherapeutic classifications, but also the creation of a unified and standardized system for the transfer and renewal of knowledge. It is the organization of information in the ontology helps quickly in the future to build expert systems and applications to work with data.
ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ВПРОВАДЖЕННЯ СУЧАСНИХ КОМП’ЮТЕРНИХ ТЕХНОЛОГІЙ В КЛІНІКУ ОРТОПЕДИЧНОЇ СТОМАТОЛОГІЇ
Authors: Hasiuk P. A.
Published: June 2015

The newest technological developments opened a way for the wideuse of hi-tech materials in stomatology. Guarantees making of dentoprosthetic constructions the method of the computer programmable milling maximal exactness and the greatest quality of implementation ofworks. Process of CAD-CAM (Computer Aided Design-Computer Aided Manufacture) contains for itself the receipt of weekend of data by means of digital by volume scan-out, transmission of them on a computer and treatment with the next making of construction on an automatic machine-tool that follows the same computer.
A Critical Review of the Marketing Claims of Infant Formula Products in the United States
Authors: Belamarich Peter F. , Bochner Risa E. , Racine Andrew D.
Published: June 2015

A highly competitive infant formula market has resulted in direct-to-consumer marketing intended to promote the sale of modified formulas that claim to ameliorate common infant feeding problems. The claims associated with these marketing campaigns are not evaluated with reference to clinical evidence by the Food and Drug Administration. We aimed to describe the language of claims made on formula labels and compare it with the evidence in systematic reviews. Of the 22 product labels we identified, 13 product labels included claims about colic and gastrointestinal symptoms. There is insufficient evidence to support the claims that removing or reducing lactose, using hydrolyzed or soy protein or adding pre-/probiotics to formula benefits infants with fussiness, gas, or colic yet claims like “soy for fussiness and gas” encourage parents who perceive their infants to be fussy to purchase modified formula. Increased regulation of infant formula claims is warranted.
Border settlement, commitment problems, and the causes of contiguous rivalry
Authors: Rider Toby J , Owsiak Andrew P
Published: June 2015

Many studies have examined the formation of interstate rivalries, but few provide a theoretical mechanism capable of explaining why some neighboring states experience protracted conflict while others do not. To address this question, we theoretically link bargaining theories of conflict with issue-based explanations of conflict to offer a novel application of the commitment problem mechanism. We argue that when neighboring states disagree over border territory endowed with a potential source of power (i.e. strategic or economic value), it is difficult for either side to commit credibly in the future to comply with agreements made today. Consequently, neighboring states may be reluctant to make concessions that could enhance their adversary’s future bargaining power. This reluctance, in turn, increases the likelihood of bargaining failure, thereby also increasing the likelihood that the dispute festers and the relationship evolves into a rivalry. Using recently reported data on border settlement and three measures of rivalry, we find systematic evidence for our theoretical expectations. Unsettled borders increase the likelihood of rivalry onset. This relationship, however, seems driven by border territory containing strategic and economic endowments – the exact type of territory that theoretically drives commitment problems. We therefore conclude that not all territory matters for the onset of contiguous rivalries.
IRT Modeling in the Presence of Zero-Inflation With Application to Psychiatric Disorder Severity
Authors: Wall Melanie M. , Park Jung Yeon , Moustaki Irini
Published: June 2015

Item response theory (IRT) has been increasingly utilized in psychiatry for the purpose of describing the relationship among items in psychiatric disorder symptom batteries hypothesized to be indicators of an underlying latent continuous trait representing the severity of the psychiatric disorder. It is common to find zero-inflated (ZI) data such that a large proportion of the sample has none of the symptoms. It has been argued that standard IRT models of psychiatric disorder symptoms may be problematic due to the unipolar nature of many clinical traits. In the current article, the authors propose to address this by using a mixture model to approximate the unknown latent trait distribution in the IRT model while allowing for the presence of a non-pathological subgroup. The basic idea is that instead of assuming normality for the underlying trait, the latent trait will be allowed to follow a mixture of normals including a degenerate component that is fixed to represent a non-pathological group for whom the psychiatric symptoms simply are not relevant and hence are all expected to be zero. The authors demonstrate how the ZI mixture IRT method can be implemented in Mplus and present a simulation study comparing its performance with a standard IRT model assuming normality under different scenarios representative of psychiatric disorder symptom batteries. The model incorrectly assuming normality is shown to have biased discrimination and severity estimates. An application further illustrates the method using data from an alcohol use disorder criteria battery.
An exploration of the role of the occupational therapist in relation to sleep problems in mental health settings
Authors: Faulkner Sophie , Mairs Hilary
Published: June 2015

Introduction

An adequate quantity and quality of sleep is a necessary pre-requisite for optimal occupational performance and participation in everyday life. Occupational therapists in various settings encounter people who are affected by sleep problems, but the contribution occupational therapists can make to help those experiencing sleep problems has not yet been fully defined.

Method

This paper reports upon a focus group study designed to elicit the views of occupational therapists working in mental health settings (where sleep disturbances are particularly prevalent) regarding their role in relation to sleep problems. Thematic analysis using a constant comparative approach was used to capture key themes.

Findings

Occupational therapists identified sleep as a significant and persistent occupational problem for many of their clients, and acknowledged that sleep was often overlooked. Although they could identify a series of possible strategies to address sleep needs they were uncertain regarding optimal practice.

Conclusion

Sleep is a valid and relevant area of concern for the profession. Given the findings of this study and the paucity of literature there is an urgent need to identify, design and evaluate occupational therapy assessments and interventions to address sleep problems in mental health and in other settings.
Application of Lambert W-function for solving time-delayed response of smart material actuator under alternating electric potential
Authors: Bandopadhya Dibakar
Published: June 2015

An active actuator of electro-active polymer (EAP), i.e. ionic polymer metal composite (IPMC), is subjected to alternating electric potential to investigate and study the time-delayed vibration characteristics. A generalized mathematical model of the actuator is obtained assuming multi-mode excitation and applying the Hamilton’s principle. Lambert W-function is then applied and a closed form solution of the transcendental characteristic equation of delay differential equation (DDE) is obtained. Delay differential equations (DDEs) are then solved taking into account the experimental data and physical properties of IPMC, and the results are discussed and validated.
Rejoinder
Authors: Walsh Isabelle , Holton Judith A. , Bailyn Lotte , Fernandez Walter , Levina Natalia , Glaser Barney
Published: June 2015

It has become essential and urgent that significant actors in the management field of research become aware of the current rejection of previously accepted philosophical caricatures. The unrealistic though “tidy” paradigmatic dichotomy, positivism/quantitative/deduction versus interpretivism/qualitative/induction, is being rejected. Instead, a growing and “untidy” consensus is emerging that helps to position grounded theory (GT) in the research landscape. This growing consensus includes perspectives that range from nomothetic to idiographic and highlights data-driven exploratory approaches in opposition to theory-driven confirmatory approaches. While the foundational pillars of GT (emergence, theoretical sampling, and constant comparison) have to be respected when conducting a GT study, there certainly is plenty of room for creativity in the implementation of a data-driven exploratory GT approach. GT is not limited to an all-encompassing method for qualitative or interpretive research: It is much broader and may be applied from various philosophical perspectives that range from nomothetic to idiographic.
The Children Evacuated from Greece in 1948: To the Eastern-European Countries and Yugoslavia
Authors: Mirčevska Katerina
Published: June 2015

During the Greek civil war (1946‑1949), on the basis of a special decision of the Provisional Democratic Government of Greece adopted in the name of “saving the children from the horrors of war”, around 28 000 Macedonian and Greek children were evacuated from the areas affected by military actions. Their originally planned short residence in the Eastern European countries lasted a whole decade as a direct consequence of the civil war, in which forces grouped around the Communist Party of Greece were defeated. Although new destinations – children’s homes and boarding schools in the involved countries – handled the necessary conditions for normal life, education and recreation, the desire of the Macedonian children and their parents was their permanent destinations to be in Yugoslavia respectively the People’s Republic of Macedonia, the largest center of Macedonian refugee population from Greece. Repatriation of children will be found in the center of the Cominform conflict and disrupted relations between the countries concerned with the issue of children. Therefore, their arrival in PRM or in the countries where were their parents, will be intensified in the middle of the fifth decade of last century, after the death of Stalin.
El sinclinal de Benisa-Teulada: estudio morfoestructural e hidrológico
Authors: Bru Ronda Concepción
Published: June 2015

El sinclinal de Benisa-Teulada constituye una depresión morfo-estructural abierta al mar Mediterráneo por el E., localizada en el litoral N. alicantino, y concretamente en la comarca dela Marina.Esta cuenca de origen Mioceno se halla disecada por unas corrientes fluviales de carácter intermitente que han dado lugar a una morfología fluvial característica, íntimamente vinculadaa una serie de factores. El proceso morfológico resultante tiene como efecto fundamental laerosión de las vertientes.
La propiedad de la tierra en los señoríos de jurisdicción alfonsina
Authors: Gil Olcina Antonio
Published: June 2015

Rasgo sobresaliente de los señoríos valencianos era, a fines del Antiguo Régimen, una extraordinaria amplitud del elemento territorial, hasta el punto que con notable frecuencia jurisdicción y propiedad de la tierra corrían parejas. Sin embargo estos señoríos de coto redondo no tenían comunidad de origen ni idéntica naturaleza.Los más extensos, poblados en su día íntegramente por moriscos, resultaron de la transferencia, ordenada en el bando de expulsión, de los bienes raíces de los extrañados a sus respectivos señores, titulares de la jurisdicción suprema o baronal.La otra categoría de señoríos de coto redondo, objeto ahora de nuestro análisis, eran los denominados alfonsinos, creados al amparo del privilegio 78 de la rúbrica foral De Iurisdictione omnium iudicum, concedido por Alfonso II en 1329 a los naturales del reino de Valencia.
Morfología en la umbría de la Sierra de Bernia
Authors: Morales Gil Alfredo , Bru Ronda Concepción , Box Amorós Margarita
Published: June 2015

El área de estudio que se analiza a continuación se ubica en el complejo anticlinal de la Sierra de Bernia, el cual queda localizado a 10 Km al SW del municipio de Benisa en un tramo del litoral alicantino perteneciente a las Béticas, y dentro de ellas, al sector geológicamentedefinido como Prebético meridional.
La fecundidad como factor del crecimiento demográfico: el caso de la población valenciana
Authors: Pérez Puchal Pedro
Published: June 2015

Nunca como ahora ha sido la natalidad tan decisiva en el crecimiento o decrecimiento de unapoblación. Nunca tampoco como ahora ha estado tan amenazada la aparición de la vida y la renovación de las generaciones en el mundo occidental o influido por sus hombres y su cultura. Nunca, sin embargo, como en los años inmediatamente anteriores ha existido una explosión demográfica pareja a la experimentada en los llamados países en vías de desarrollo.
Distinta valoración de los aguaceros en el tiempo: la alarma de noviembre de 1984 en Alicante
Authors: Box Amorós Margarita
Published: June 2015

CONDICIONES METEOROLÓGICAS Y AGUACEROS EN NOVIEMBRE DE 1984Durante los días 9, 10 y 11 de noviembre de 1984,las condiciones meteorológicasimperantes en el SE. peninsular, quedaban definidas por una situación sinóptica habitual para laépoca del año. Se trataba de la formalización en altura de un proceso de gota fría y siincuestionables son las importantes consecuencias pluviométricas que se pueden derivar delmismo, resulta también imprescindible valorar este fenómeno en su justa medida, puesto queno es el único responsable de aguaceros torrenciales, ni tan sólo su exclusiva presencia essuficiente para desencadenar precipitaciones de cierta entidad ya que para que ello se produzcaes necesario el concurso de otra serie de factores de capital importancia en el proceso.
Parque natural y turismo de masas : ¿compatibilidad?
Authors: Farra Frédéric
Published: June 2015

El estudio que se propone es un trabajo científico necesario para el conocimiento de la evolución de las relaciones hombre/medio a comienzos del tercer milenio: tratar de entender si un Parque natural regional es compatible o no con el turismo de masas. Para responder a esta pregunta, se estudia el caso peculiar de la estación balnearia española de Torrevieja y del Parque natural regional de La Mata y Torrevieja al sureste de la Península Ibérica, un laboratorio interesante para reflexionar sobre este tema.
Estudio de los acontecimientos meteorológicos extraordinarios en la Comunidad Autónoma del País Vasco (1870-1954) a través de la prensa
Authors: Hernández Varela Laura , Lozano Valencia Miguel Ángel , Soleto García Carolina
Published: June 2015

El artículo expone los resultados y la metodología utilizada para el análisis de varios acontecimientos climáticos extraordinarios, mediante la utilización de la información obtenida a través de la prensa, referente a la C.A.P.V. en el intervalo 1870-1954. El estudio revela dos periodos significativos, de 1895 a 1917 y de 1924 a 1935. Las provincias litorales, en especial Gipuzkoa, son las que mayor número de acontecimientos registran, destacando las nevadas extraordinarias y los fenómenos relacionados con las fuertes precipitaciones (aguaceros, temporales de lluvia, crecidas e inundaciones).
Observations of Magnetic Domain Structure Change in Nd2Fe14B Magnets at Elevated Temperature with External Magnetic Field by Lorentz Microscopy
Authors: Suzuki Toshimasa , Kawahara Koichi , Tanaka Haruka , Ozaki Kimihiro
Published: June 2015

In this study, we conducted the in-situ observations of the magnetic domain structure change in Nd2Fe14B magnets at elevated temperature by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) / Lorentz microscopy. The in-situ observations in Nd2Fe14B magnets revealed that the magnetization reversal easily occurred at the elevated temperature. At more than 180°C, the magnetic domain wall motion could be observed by applying the magnetic field of less than 20 mT. The motion of the magnetic domain wall was discontinuous and the domain wall jumped to one grain boundary to the neighboring grain boundary at 180°C. On the other hand, the continuous domain wall motion within grain interior as well as discontinuous domain wall motion was observed at 225°C, and some grain boundaries showed still strong pinning effect even at 225°C. The temperature dependence of the pinning effect of grain boundaries would not uniform.
A Survey on Video Transmission Techniques
Authors: Yuan Chunmiao , Yang Qingyong
Published: June 2015

Common video transmission system includes the following work like video collection and encoding of sending
end, network transmission and reception, decoding and analysis of receiving end. This paper mainly focuses on elaborating
and concluding principles and related techniques involved in video transmission system, such as rate control,
transmission control mechanism, video retrieval, intelligent video analysis and error processing of video etc. In conclusion,
it points out existing problems of video transmission techniques at present and future development direction of the
researches.
AC Contactor Electromagnetic Mechanism Dynamic Simulation Study
Authors: Rong-yan Guo , Shui-e Shi
Published: June 2015

In this paper, we study the application of Maxwell 3D and ADAMS software for simulation and analysis of
electromagnetic system, with UG software for AC contactor and main contact system of electromagnetic system. We then
study the influence of harmonic on type CJX2-40 AC contactor main contact system and operation characteristics. To establish
a three-dimensional finite element model of electromagnetic mechanism of AC contactor, we take Maxwell 3D
software, on the model of finite element mesh, the calculation of different closing sine excitation and containing under
harmonic excitation angle electromagnetic system. For the static and dynamic characteristics of AC contactor, static magnetic
field distribution and the suction characteristic curve drawing, we do a comparative study of the results of the simulation,
analysis of the influence of harmonics on the AC contactor motion characteristics.
A 5.8 GHz Rectenna Design for Microwave Power Transmission
Authors: Yan Guang , Ding Enjie , Yang Youfang , Wang Xi , Zhao Duan
Published: June 2015

In this era of the Internet of Things, we designed a rectenna working at 5.8 GHz in order to solve the finite
things about battery-powered wireless sensor. First, an E-shape embedded microstrip feed antenna by HFSS software has
been designed, then a technique called “offset correction” to balance the deviation between theory and simulation was
proposed. It effectively spanned the gap between simulation and measure, so that the physical antenna could achieve the
design specifications. Then, an impedance measurement model for rectifier circuit was established, which was applied to
the vector network analyzer with limited output power. Finally, rectifier’s error was analyzed by “mirror de-embedding
impedance measurement”.
Mexique/Etats-Unis : vers quelles formes transfrontalières ? (Mexico/United States : to what cross border forms?)
Authors: Vanneph Alain
Published: June 2015

Résumé. - Parmi l'ensemble des problèmes géographiques que pose la frontière Mexique/Etats-Unis, cette étude privilégie l'observation des interactions transfrontalières, tissant un réseau de liens multiples et croissants. Ces flux, au-delà de ceux plus évidents du système industriel binational de la maquiladora, sont de nature très variés, impliquent autant les hommes que les marchandises, les capitaux et les intangibles. Mais surtout ces liens s'expriment, dans l'espace, à différentes échelles, entre les deux pays, entre les deux liserés frontaliers, entre les villes jumelles. Ils débouchent donc sur la question de l'évolution de l'organisation régionale et sur les perspectives de création d'une entité territoriale transfrontalière. Et si oui, laquelle ?
Les pratiques de l'espace transfrontalier en Californie des consommateurs mexicains et étatsuniens (Practice of the cross-border space of Mexican and americans consumers in California)
Authors: Macias Marie-Carmen
Published: June 2015

Résumé. - Lieu le plus fréquenté du monde, la frontière entre San Diego et Tijuana n'est pas uniquement un point de passage. Les pratiques d'achat de la population des deux agglomérations révèlent des discontinuités de cet espace en fonction des structures socio-économiques et des représentations culturelles des populations respectives ainsi qu'en fonction de la conjoncture (politique d'immigration des Etats et évolution des taux change dollar/peso). La définition des espaces transfrontaliers recouvre donc des réalités multiples.
Structuration et formes d'aménagement des activités halieutiques (Structuration and development forms of the halieutic activities)
Authors: Chaussade Jean
Published: June 2015

Résumé. - Les activités halieutiques laissent des empreintes variées et discrètes le long des littoraux. Elles s'insinuent partout le long des sinuosités de la côte et cohabitent assez bien avec les autres activités littorales sans pour autant se laisser facilement éliminer. Quels sont les facteurs qui président à leur répartition spatiale ? Après avoir montré que les facteurs physiques et climatiques ne jouent qu'un rôle secondaire, l'auteur montre que c'est la présence près des côtes d'un marché de consommation du poisson qui est déterminant dans la structuration et les formes d'aménagement des activités halieutiques.
Defining Moments in Leadership Character Development
Authors: Bleich Michael R.
Published: June 2015

Critical moments in life define one’s character and clarify true values. Reflective leadership is espoused as an important practice for transformational leaders. Professional development educators can help surface and explore defining moments, strengthen leadership behavior with defining moments as a catalyst for change, and create safe spaces for leaders to expand their leadership capacity.

J Contin Educ Nurs.
2015;46(6):247–249.
Widefield En Face Optical Coherence Tomography Imaging of Subretinal Drusenoid Deposits
Authors: Schaal Karen B. , Legarreta Andrew D. , Gregori Giovanni , Legarreta John E. , Cheng Qianqian , Stetson Paul F. , Cai Ming , Laron Michal , Durbin Mary , Rosenfeld Philip J.
Published: June 2015

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:

To determine whether subretinal drusenoid deposits (SDD) can be detected on widefield en face slab images derived from spectral-domain (SD) and swept-source (SS) optical coherence tomography (OCT) volume scans.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:

Retrospective study of patients with dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD) enrolled prospectively in an OCT imaging study using SD-OCT (Cirrus HD-OCT; Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, CA) with a central wavelength of 840 nm, and a prototype 100-kHz SS-OCT instrument (Carl Zeiss Meditec) with a central wavelength of 1,050 nm. Seven en face slabs were evaluated with thicknesses from 20 to 55 µm and positioned at distances up to 55 µm above the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). A montage of 6 × 6 mm SD-OCT en face images of the posterior pole from each patient was compared with a 9 × 12 mm SS-OCT single en face slab image and with color, autofluorescence, and infrared reflectance images.

RESULTS:

A total of 160 patients (256 eyes) underwent scanning with both OCT instruments; 57 patients (95 eyes) also underwent multimodal fundus imaging. Of 95 eyes, 32 (34%) were diagnosed with reticular pseudodrusen (RPD) using multimodal imaging. All eyes with RPD demonstrated a pattern of SDD on widefield en face OCT similar to that observed for RPD. The en face slab image that consistently identified SDD was the 20-µm thick slab with boundaries from 35 to 55 µm above the RPE.

CONCLUSION:

Widefield en face slab imaging with SD-OCT and SS-OCT can detect SDD and could replace multimodal imaging for the diagnosis of RPD in the future.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina
. 2015;46:550–559.]
Digital Audio Recording of Initial Patient Visits to an Ocular Oncology Clinic: A Pilot Study
Authors: Seider Michael I. , Damato Bertil E.
Published: June 2015

It is challenging for patients to receive a new diagnosis of a life-threatening ocular tumor when visiting an ocular oncology clinic for the first time. Audio recording of patient-physician interactions has been shown to be an effective memory aid and stress-reducing technique for patients with various types of nonophthalmic cancer. This study evaluated a protocol for digitally recording the initial conversation between the ocular oncologist and the patient. Twenty patients were enrolled in the study, and 13 patients (65%) returned the survey. All of the patients who returned the survey reported being “very satisfied” with the audio recording, indicating that patients with a newly diagnosed ocular tumor were highly satisfied with the audio recording of their conversations with the ocular oncologist. Although larger studies are needed to confirm this conclusion, the initial results are encouraging.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina
. 2015;46:597–599.]
A study on agriculture information generation and dissemination at the Department of Agriculture (DOA) in Sri Lanka
Authors: Dilrukshi W.P.T. , Muddannayake I.
Published: June 2015

The paper discusses findings of a survey conducted at the Department of Agriculture to find out how agriculture information is generated and disseminated to the end users. The objectives of the study are to find out the type of research conducted at Horticultural Research and Development Institute ( HORDI), Field Crops Research and Development Institute (FCRDI) and Rice Research and Development Institute (RRDI) of the DOA, to find out whether the agricultural research conducted at DOA is relevant in addressing farmer’s problems, to find out the main methods used for disseminating new agricultural information to scientific community and farmers and to find out barriers for effective information dissemination to farmers. The data were collected by using a structured questionnaire. The total population taken for the study was 74. The analysis was carried out by taking the entire population together and separately by individual institutions. The survey revealed that the researchers in three research institutes of the DOA are regularly engaged in research focusing on local agrarian problems. The main research areas of the researchers were plant breeding, soil and water resource management, and agronomy and crop science. The research conducted by three research institutes of the DOA are hundred percent (100%) relevant to issues encountered in the agriculture sector of the country. Majority of researchers use, seminars/conferences as the main methods for dissemination information to scientific community. Majority of researchers (34%) at HORDI. thirty one percent of researchers (31%) at RRDI and thirty percent of researchers (30%) at FCRDI send their research output to the extension division in the DOA. According to the data, lack of extension staff has been identified as a main problem for effective transfer of research output to the end users timely, by fifty percent of researchers (50%) at FCRDI, forty two percent of researchers (42%) at HORDI and forty percent (40%) of researchers at RRDI respectively. The weak research/extension linkage has been identified as a barrier by twenty five percent (25%) of researchers both at HORDI and FCRDI and twenty percent of researchers (20%) at RRDI.Journal of the University Librarians Association of Sri Lanka, Vol. 18, Issue 1, January 2014, Page 72-86
Fluorescent Silica Nanoparticles with Multivalent Inhibitory Effects towards Carbonic Anhydrases
Authors: Touisni Nadia , Kanfar Nasreddine , Ulrich Sébastien , Dumy Pascal , Supuran Claudiu T. , Mehdi Ahmad , Winum Jean‐Yves
Published: June 2015

Invited for the cover of this issue are Jean‐Yves Winum and co‐workers at University of Montpellier (France) and University of Florence (Italy). The image depicts the multivalency approach applied to zinc metalloenzyme carbonic anhydrases. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.201501037.
Adjoint‐based forecast sensitivity applied to observation‐error variance tuning
Authors: Lupu Cristina , Cardinali Carla , McNally Anthony P.
Published: June 2015

This article deals with the estimation of observation errors for Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) radiances. We investigate the possibility of combining an established method based on diagnosing errors from innovation statistics (the so‐called Desroziers method) with guidance obtained from adjoint sensitivity tools (which aim to minimise short‐range forecast error). In a test version of the European Centre for Medium‐range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) 4D‐Var assimilation system which uses insitu observations and IASI as the only source of satellite data, it is found that tuning the IASI observation errors with a combined approach is beneficial (compared to using the innovation‐based method alone). Fits to data within the analysis are improved and forecasts initiated from the retuned analyses also show a moderate increase in skill.
Phase equilibria of the Cu–Dy–Ti ternary system at 973 K
Authors: Pan Yanfang , Liu Hao , Yang Wenchao , Zhang Bo , Tang Hongqun , Liu Shuai , Zhan Yongzhong
Published: June 2015

The solid-state phase equilibria of the copper (Cu)–dysprosium (Dy)–titanium (Ti) ternary system at 973 K has been experimentally investigated. The existence of nine binary compounds, Cu4Ti, Cu3Ti2, Cu4Ti3, CuTi, CuTi2, CuTi3, CuDy, Cu2Dy, and Cu5Dy was confirmed. The controversial phase of CuTi3 was found in this work. The temperature range of Cu7Dy was determined to be from 1112 to 1183 K. The phase relations at 973 K are governed by ten ternary phase regions, 21 binary phase regions, and 12 single-phase regions. The solid solubility of Cu in Dy is undetectable. None of the other phase in this system reveals a remarkable homogeneity range at 973 K.
Preferences for food and nutritional supplements among adult people living with HIV in Malawi
Authors: Rodas-Moya Santiago , Kodish Stephen , Manary Mark , Grede Nils , de Pee Saskia
Published: June 2015

Objective

To elucidate the factors influencing food intake and preferences for potential nutritional supplements to treat mild and moderate malnutrition among adult people living with HIV (PLHIV).

Design

Qualitative research using in-depth interviews with a triangulation of participants and an iterative approach to data collection.

Setting

The study was conducted in a health clinic of rural Chilomoni, a southern town of Blantyre district, Malawi.

Subjects

Male and female participants, aged 18–49 years (n 24), affected by HIV; health surveillance assistants of Chilomoni clinic (n 8).

Results

Six themes emerged from the in-depth interviews: (i) PLHIV perceived having a poor-quality diet; (ii) health challenges determine the preferences of PLHIV for food; (iii) liquid–thick, soft textures and subtle natural colours and flavours are preferred; (iv) preferred organoleptic characteristics of nutritional supplements resemble those of local foods; (v) food insecurity may contribute to intra-household sharing of nutritional supplements; and (vi) health surveillance assistants and family members influence PLHIV’s dietary behaviours. No differences by sex were found. The emergent themes were corroborated by health surveillance assistants through participant triangulation.

Conclusions

In this setting, a thickened liquid supplement, slightly sweet and sour, may be well accepted. A combination of quantitative and qualitative methods for data collection should follow to further develop the nutritional supplement and to fine tune the organoleptic characteristics of the product to the taste and requirements of PLHIV. Results of the present study provide a first approach to elucidate the factors influencing food intake and preferences for potential nutritional supplements among adult PLHIV.
Riverbed methanotrophy sustained by high carbon conversion efficiency
Authors: Trimmer Mark , Shelley Felicity C , Purdy Kevin J , Maanoja Susanna T , Chronopoulou Panagiota-Myrsini , Grey Jonathan
Published: June 2015

Our understanding of the role of freshwaters in the global carbon cycle is being revised, but there is still a lack of data, especially for the cycling of methane, in rivers and streams. Unravelling the role of methanotrophy is key to determining the fate of methane in rivers. Here we focus on the carbon conversion efficiency (CCE) of methanotrophy, that is, how much organic carbon is produced per mole of CH4 oxidised, and how this is influenced by variation in methanotroph communities. First, we show that the CCE of riverbed methanotrophs is consistently high (~50%) across a wide range of methane concentrations (~10–7000 nM) and despite a 10-fold span in the rate of methane oxidation. Then, we show that this high conversion efficiency is largely conserved (50%± confidence interval 44–56%) across pronounced variation in the key functional gene (70 operational taxonomic units (OTUs)), particulate methane monooxygenase (pmoA), and marked shifts in the abundance of Type I and Type II methanotrophs in eight replicate chalk streams. These data may suggest a degree of functional redundancy within the variable methanotroph community inhabiting these streams and that some of the variation in pmoA may reflect a suite of enzymes of different methane affinities which enables such a large range of methane concentrations to be oxidised. The latter, coupled to their high CCE, enables the methanotrophs to sustain net production throughout the year, regardless of the marked temporal and spatial changes that occur in methane.
Regulation of NDR1 activity by PLK1 ensures proper spindle orientation in mitosis
Authors: Yan Maomao , Chu Lingluo , Qin Bo , Wang Zhikai , Liu Xing , Jin Changjiang , Zhang Guanglan , Gomez Marta , Hergovich Alexander , Chen Zhengjun , He Ping , Gao Xinjiao , Yao Xuebiao
Published: June 2015

Accurate chromosome segregation during mitosis requires the physical separation of sister chromatids which depends on correct position of mitotic spindle relative to membrane cortex. Although recent work has identified the role of PLK1 in spindle orientation, the mechanisms underlying PLK1 signaling in spindle positioning and orientation have not been fully illustrated. Here, we identified a conserved signaling axis in which NDR1 kinase activity is regulated by PLK1 in mitosis. PLK1 phosphorylates NDR1 at three putative threonine residues (T7, T183 and T407) at mitotic entry, which elicits PLK1-dependent suppression of NDR1 activity and ensures correct spindle orientation in mitosis. Importantly, persistent expression of non-phosphorylatable NDR1 mutant perturbs spindle orientation. Mechanistically, PLK1-mediated phosphorylation protects the binding of Mob1 to NDR1 and subsequent NDR1 activation. These findings define a conserved signaling axis that integrates dynamic kinetochore-microtubule interaction and spindle orientation control to genomic stability maintenance.
DNA methylation at IL32 in juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Authors: Meyer Braydon , Chavez Raul A. , Munro Jane E. , Chiaroni-Clarke Rachel C. , Akikusa Jonathan D. , Allen Roger C. , Craig Jeffrey M. , Ponsonby Anne-Louise , Saffery Richard , Ellis Justine A.
Published: June 2015

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is the most common autoimmune rheumatic disease of childhood. We recently showed that DNA methylation at the gene encoding the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-32 (IL32) is reduced in JIA CD4+ T cells. To extend this finding, we measured IL32 methylation in CD4+ T-cells from an additional sample of JIA cases and age- and sex-matched controls and found a reduction in methylation associated with JIA consistent with the prior data (combined case-control dataset: 25.0% vs 37.7%, p = 0.0045). Further, JIA was associated with reduced IL32 methylation in CD8+ T cells (15.2% vs 25.5%, p = 0.034), suggesting disease-associated changes to a T cell precursor. Additionally, we measured regional SNPs, along with CD4+ T cell expression of total IL32 and the γ and β isoforms. Several SNPs were associated with methylation. Two SNPs were also associated with JIA and we found evidence of interaction such that methylation was only associated with JIA in minor allele carriers (e.g. rs10431961 pinteraction = 0.011). Methylation at one measured CpG was inversely correlated with total IL32 expression (Spearman r = −0.73, p = 0.0009), but this was not a JIA-associated CpG. Overall, our data further confirms that reduced IL32 methylation is associated with JIA and that SNPs play an interactive role.
Acute and chronic stress differentially regulate cyclin-dependent kinase 5 in mouse brain: implications to glucocorticoid actions and major depression
Authors: Papadopoulou A , Siamatras T , Delgado-Morales R , Amin N D , Shukla V , Zheng Y-L , Pant H C , Almeida O F X , Kino T
Published: June 2015

Stress activates the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, which in turn increases circulating glucocorticoid concentrations and stimulates the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Chronically elevated glucocorticoids by repetitive exposure to stress are implicated in major depression and anxiety disorders. Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5), a molecule essential for nervous system development, function and pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders, can modulate GR activity through phosphorylation. We examined potential contribution of CDK5 to stress response and pathophysiology of major depression. In mice, acute immobilized stress (AS) caused a biphasic effect on CDK5 activity, initially reducing but increasing afterwards in prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus (HIPPO), whereas chronic unpredictable stress (CS) strongly increased it in these brain areas, indicating that AS and CS differentially regulate this kinase activity in a brain region-specific fashion. GR phosphorylation contemporaneously followed the observed changes of CDK5 activity after AS, thus CDK5 may in part alter GR phosphorylation upon this stress. In the postmortem brains of subjects with major depression, CDK5 activity was elevated in Brodmann’s area 25, but not in entire PFC and HIPPO. Messenger RNA expression of glucocorticoid-regulated/stress-related genes showed distinct expression profiles in several brain areas of these stressed mice or depressive subjects in which CDK5-mediated changes in GR phosphorylation may have some regulatory roles. Taken together, these results indicate that CDK5 is an integral component of stress response and major depression with regulatory means specific to different stressors, brain areas and diseases in part through changing phosphorylation of GR.
Confined chemiluminescence detection of nanomolar levels of H2O2 in a paper–plastic disposable microfluidic device using a smartphone
Authors: Lebiga Elise , Edwin Fernandez Renny , Beskok Ali
Published: June 2015

We report the design and characterization of a disposable light shielded paper–plastic microfluidic device that can detect nanomolar levels of H2O2 using a smartphone camera and a light sealed accessory.
The interception of a copper-based carbene radical with an α-carbonyl diazomethane radical: C1/C1N2 copolymerization
Authors: Li Feifei , Xiao Longqiang , Li Yan , Chen Cheng , Liu Lijian
Published: June 2015

The interception of a copper-based carbene radical with an α-carbonyl diazomethane radical affords the C1/C1N2 copolymer, which could be used as an upconversion agent.
Factors affecting activity and selectivity in the oxidation of glycerol promoted by platinum catalysts
Authors: Li Yang , Zaera Francisco
Published: June 2015

Selectivity in glycerol oxidation with Pt catalysts depends strongly on reaction conversion because of poisoning by the accumulated products.
Mesoporous CexCo1−xCr2O4 spinels: synthesis, characterization and catalytic application in simultaneous removal of soot particulate and NO
Authors: Niu Xiaowei , Zhou Liang , Hu Xiaojun , Han Wei
Published: June 2015

The foamy Ce0.1Co0.9Cr2O4 spinel catalysis showed favorable catalytic conversion for soot oxidation and NO reduction.
Amino acid-based poly(ester amide) nanofibers for tailored enzymatic degradation prepared by miniemulsion-electrospinning
Authors: Murase S. K. , Lv L.-P. , Kaltbeitzel A. , Landfester K. , del Valle L. J. , Katsarava R. , Puiggali J. , Crespy D.
Published: June 2015

Novel enzyme loaded scaffolds with enzyme-responsive degradable properties for drug delivery are prepared by an original inverse-miniemulsion electrospinning method.
Correlation between the electronic structure, effective mass and thermoelectric properties of rare earth tellurides Ba2MYTe5 (M = Ga, In)
Authors: Khan Wilayat , Borek Stephan , Minar Jan
Published: June 2015

Rare earth telluride compounds, namely Ba2MYTe5 (M = Ga, In), are the focus of this work due to their semiconducting nature, optoelectronic and thermoelectric properties.
Theoretical studies on the monomeric vanadium oxides supported by ceria: the atomic structures and oxidative dehydrogenation activities
Authors: Wu Xin-Ping , Liu Juanjuan , Fan Jie , Gong Xue-Qing
Published: June 2015

Structures and activities of CeO2(111) supported monomeric VOx with different O contents have been systematically studied by using first principles calculations.
Facile synthesis of glycerol carbonate via glycerolysis of urea catalysed by silicotungstates impregnated into MCM-41
Authors: Narkhede Nilesh , Patel Anjali
Published: June 2015

The present contribution includes synthesis of glycerol carbonate over recyclable, silicotungstates anchored to MCM-41.
Animal personality in a foundation species drives community divergence and collapse in the wild
Authors: Pruitt Jonathan N. , Modlmeier Andreas P.
Published: June 2015

Despite thousands of papers on the topic, precious few of the studies on animal personality have considered the role of personality in shaping community‐level processes. Here, we test the effect of individual variation on the long‐term trajectories of biological communities, from initiation to their demise. The spider Anelosimus studiosus builds webs that serve as habitat for >50 species of spider, which together construct a species‐rich silken reef. This species also exhibits a temporally consistent behavioural polymorphism where females exhibit either an aggressive or docile phenotype (personality).

In this study, we established incipient colonies of either two docile or two aggressive females and then tracked community succession and persistence over 7 years in the field. In particular, we noted the community compositions associated with colony extinction/collapse events, which are common in this species.

The community composition of webs founded by different phenotypes diverged rapidly in their early successional stages. However, this period of divergence was ephemeral and all communities eventually converged on a similar composition; communities founded by aggressive females merely took longer to reach it. This secondary stage of community convergence was itself short‐lived and independent of founders' personality; all communities collapsed within a year of achieving it.

Experimentally imposing this fatal climax composition on colonies caused 80% of communities to collapse within a year, suggesting that this climax composition actually causes the collapse of the community. Community collapse was characterized by a complete die‐off of the foundation species and the dispersal of all other spiders. Thus, the behavioural traits of the founding, foundational individuals of these communities dictate their path of succession and longevity in the wild.
Reproducibility and prognostic value of pattern of invasion scoring in low‐stage oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Heerema Marjolein G J , Melchers Lieuwe J , Roodenburg Jan L N , Schuuring Ed , de Bock Geertruida H , van der Vegt Bert
Published: June 2015

Aims

To evaluate and compare the prognostic value and reproducibility of different methods of pattern of invasion scoring in oral squamous cell carcinomas. The additional prognostic value to established histopathological prognostic factors was also analysed.

Methods and results

The study group was confined to 211 previously untreated patients who underwent surgery for low‐stage oral squamous cell carcinoma between 1997 and 2008. Median follow‐up was 64 months (range 0–193 months). Pattern of invasion was scored using five previously described methods, at random and independently, by two observers. Pattern of invasion scoring showed moderate interobserver reproducibility (Cohen's κ = 0.52–0.58). The predominant pattern of invasion and the summed predominant and worst pattern of invasion were independent prognosticators for locoregional recurrence‐free survival (LRRFS) [hazard ratio (HR): 2.1, P = 0.033 and HR 2.2, P = 0.024, respectively] and disease‐specific survival (DSS) (HR 2.3, P = 0.032 and HR 2.1, P = 0.044, respectively) in multivariate Cox regression analyses. The Harrell's C index for proven prognostic histopathological factors was 0.66 for LRRFS and 0.67 for DSS. This improved to 0.69 and 0.73 with the addition of pattern of invasion.

Conclusions

Pattern of invasion is an independent prognostic factor in low‐stage oral squamous cell carcinoma. However, it has a moderate reproducibility, and the contributory value next to other prognostic histopathological factors is minimal.
Formalizing the definition of meta‐analysis in Molecular Ecology
Authors: ArchMiller Althea A. , Bauer Eric F. , Koch Rebecca E. , Wijayawardena Bhagya K. , Anil Ammu , Kottwitz Jack J. , Munsterman Amelia S. , Wilson Alan E.
Published: June 2015

Meta‐analysis, the statistical synthesis of pertinent literature to develop evidence‐based conclusions, is relatively new to the field of molecular ecology, with the first meta‐analysis published in the journal Molecular Ecology in 2003 (Slate & Phua 2003). The goal of this article is to formalize the definition of meta‐analysis for the authors, editors, reviewers and readers of Molecular Ecology by completing a review of the meta‐analyses previously published in this journal. We also provide a brief overview of the many components required for meta‐analysis with a more specific discussion of the issues related to the field of molecular ecology, including the use and statistical considerations of Wright's FST and its related analogues as effect sizes in meta‐analysis. We performed a literature review to identify articles published as ‘meta‐analyses’ in Molecular Ecology, which were then evaluated by at least two reviewers. We specifically targeted Molecular Ecology publications because as a flagship journal in this field, meta‐analyses published in Molecular Ecology have the potential to set the standard for meta‐analyses in other journals. We found that while many of these reviewed articles were strong meta‐analyses, others failed to follow standard meta‐analytical techniques. One of these unsatisfactory meta‐analyses was in fact a secondary analysis. Other studies attempted meta‐analyses but lacked the fundamental statistics that are considered necessary for an effective and powerful meta‐analysis. By drawing attention to the inconsistency of studies labelled as meta‐analyses, we emphasize the importance of understanding the components of traditional meta‐analyses to fully embrace the strengths of quantitative data synthesis in the field of molecular ecology.