bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of preoperative muscle mass and quality on surgical outcomes in patients undergoing major hepatectomy for perihilar cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Asai Yuichi , Yamaguchi Junpei , Mizuno Takashi , Onoe Shunsuke , Watanabe Nobuyuki , Igami Tsuyoshi , Uehara Kay , Yokoyama Yukihiro , Ebata Tomoki
Published: July 2022

Purposes

This study sought to define the impact of skeletal muscle mass and quality on postoperative outcomes in patients with perihilar cholangiocarcinoma.

Methods

Patients who underwent major hepatectomy for perihilar cholangiocarcinoma were included. The normalized total psoas area (TPA) (psoas muscle index [PMI]) and average Hounsfield units of the TPA (psoas muscle density [PMD]) were measured using preoperative computed tomography images. The cohort was dichotomized using the following indices: sex‐specific lowest tertile (low PMI and low PMD) and other (normal PMI and normal PMD). Intraoperative and postoperative outcomes were compared, focusing on PMI and PMD.

Results

A total of 456 patients were analyzed. The intraoperative blood loss (IBL) was 21.3 ml/kg in the low PMI group and 17.2 ml/kg in the normal PMI group (P = .008). Patients in the low PMI or PMD group experienced postoperative infectious complications more frequently than those in the other groups. The median survival time was 37.8 months in the low PMI group and 54.2 months in the normal PMI group (P = .027).

Conclusions

PMI and PMD were closely associated with IBL and postoperative infectious complications. Additionally, PMI impacted long‐term survival. These results suggest an importance of improving muscle mass and quality before surgery.
Ultrasonic‐Assisted condensation of aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes with 3‐(Thiophen‐2‐yl)‐5‐Pyrazolone: Synthesis, characterization and Stereoselective application
Authors: Rizk Hala F. , Noser Ahmed A. , Ibrahim Seham A. , Fares Amira K.
Published: July 2022

A green and efficient protocol for a one‐pot condensation of 1‐(2,4‐dinitrophenyl)‐3‐(thiophen‐2‐yl)‐1H‐pyrazol‐5(4H)‐one (1) with aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes in different ratios to synthesize novel heterocyclic compounds containing pyrazolone and pyranopyrazole moieties. The reactions were conducted using the ultrasonic and traditional methods. The sonication ensured more efficiency in the rate and yield of the reactions. The structures of the synthesized compounds were elucidated by different spectroscopic methods. Additionally, an enantioselective synthesis of (R)‐ and (S)‐α‐alkylated acid was achieved using 1‐(2,4‐dinitrophenyl)‐4‐(hydroxymethyl)‐3‐(thiophen‐2‐yl)‐1H‐pyrazol‐5(4H)‐one (6) as chiral auxiliary, (S)‐4‐Methyl‐5‐nonanol the aggregation pheromone of red palm weevil was efficiently prepared and used for trapping the red palm weevil.
Physicochemical and microstructural mechanisms for quality changes in lightly salted tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fillets during frozen storage
Authors: Jiang Qingqing , Du Yufan , Huang Shiyu , Gu Jinhui , Shi Wenzheng , Wang Xichang , Wang Zhihe
Published: July 2022

BACKGROUND

Frozen tilapia fillet has become a leading aquatic product. High drip loss, dry and fibrous mouthfeel, and an unappealing appearance are its main problems. It was hypothesized that light salting could improve the quality, and that the preparation conditions would affect the storage stability of frozen tilapia fillets.

RESULTS

The quality changes of lightly salted tilapia fillets were evaluated during frozen storage, and the underlying mechanisms were studied from the physicochemicaland microstructural perspectives. Though the salt content was 1.5% in all samples,the amount of ice crystals in frozen tissues decreased with the descending water content and freezing point (P < 0.05). No intracellular voids were observed in the samples prepared under proper salting conditions, and the myofibers were plump and smooth after freezing‐thawing, which contributed to the high water‐holding capacity of lightly salted fillets. After 28 days,the water‐binding capacity of the salted groups was 14.69%−18.62% higher than that of their unsalted counterparts (P < 0.05). The reduced protein solubility in the salted fillets was likely to have occurred because the solubilized and unfolded proteins interacted more easily during frozen storage. The oxidation degree of myofibrillar proteins was also affected by salting condition, and the fillets with less oxidized sulfhydryl groups maintained high springiness after 28 days of frozen storage.

CONCLUSION

The salting condition of 9% NaCl solution for 1 h was recommended for the preparation of lightly salted fillets from freshwater fish, taking into account quality, processing efficiency, and storage stability. The enhanced water‐holding capacity and texture of lightly salted tilapia fillets were attributed to modified physicochemical and microstructural properties. These results could provide a scientific basis for the processing and storage of high‐quality, frozen, lightly salted fillets from freshwater fish. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
The state‐of‐the‐art in the management of androgenetic alopecia: A review of new therapies and treatment algorithms
Authors: Dominguez‐Santas Miguel , Diaz‐Guimaraens Borja , Saceda‐Corralo David , Hermosa‐Gelbard Angela , Muñoz‐Moreno Arrones Oscar , Pindado‐Ortega Cristina , Fernandez‐Nieto Diego , Jimenez‐Cauhe Juan , Ortega‐Quijano Daniel , Suarez‐Valle Ana , Jaen‐Olasolo Pedro , Vaño‐Galvan Sergio
Published: July 2022

Androgenetic alopecia is one of the most common dermatologic disorders in the daily clinical practice of dermatologists. Despite it is such a common entity, few medications are FDA‐approved for its treatment. Due to this situation dermatologists are often reluctant to try off‐label therapies. This guide's purpose is to review the current available therapies for androgenetic alopecia including those off‐label, and to propose treatment algorithms according to the published scientific research.
Highly Efficient Terahertz Generation Using 3D Dirac Semimetals
Authors: Wang Lu , Lim Jeremy , Wong Liang Jie
Published: July 2022

It is shown that three‐dimensional Dirac semimetals are promising candidates for highly efficient optical‐to‐terahertz conversion due to their extreme optical nonlinearities. In particular, it is predicted that the conversion efficiency of  exceeds typical materials like  by >5000 times over nanoscale propagation distances. Studies show that even when no restrictions are placed on propagation distance,  still outperforms  in efficiency by >10 times. The results indicate that by tuning the Fermi energy, Pauli blocking can be leveraged to realize a step‐like efficiency increase in the optical‐to‐terahertz conversion process. It is found that large optical‐to‐terahertz conversion efficiencies persists over a wide range of input frequencies, input field strengths, Fermi energies, and temperatures. These results could pave the way to the development of ultrathin‐film terahertz sources for compact terahertz technologies.
Acoustic Telemetry Reveals the Complex Nature of Mixed-Stock Fishing in Canada's Largest Arctic Char Commercial Fishery
Authors: Harris Les. N. , Yurkowski David J. , Malley Brendan K. , Jones Samantha F. , Else Brent G.T. , Tallman Ross F. , Fisk Aaron T. , Moore Jean-Sébastien
Published: July 2022

Climate change is having a myriad of effects on Arctic ecosystems, yet understanding how these changes will influence the spatiotemporal dynamics of harvest in northern commercial fisheries remains unclear. Furthermore, stock mixing continues to complicate fisheries management in Arctic Canada, especially for anadromous stocks, but data on the extent and degree of stock mixing for the majority of northern fisheries are scarce. Here, we used a multiyear (2015–2019) acoustic telemetry data set to test the utility of acoustic telemetry as a potential tool for inferring stock mixing in the Arctic Char Salvelinus alpinus commercial fishery in Cambridge Bay (Nunavut). We also assessed the effect of annual variation in environmental variables (river breakup and marine ice conditions) on the potential contribution of discrete stocks to commercial harvest at several fisheries. We found that stock mixing during the commercial harvest is common in both marine and freshwater fisheries during the summer/open-water season, with virtually all stocks potentially being susceptible to harvest at any given commercial fishery. Additionally, in some fisheries, the vulnerability of different stocks to harvest was influenced by annual differences in marine ice and river breakup conditions. We discuss options for fisheries management, including a potential quota-transfer system, and highlight how changing environmental and climatic conditions may have an effect on the commercial harvest of Arctic Char in the region. Overall, the results of this study demonstrate the utility of acoustic telemetry for informing mixed-stock fisheries while highlighting the complex and pervasive nature of stock mixing in Canada's largest Arctic Char commercial fishery.
A comprehensive investigation of dielectric properties of epoxy composites containing conducting fillers: Fluffy carbon black and various types of reduced graphene oxide
Authors: Sharmila Bindu , George Neena , Sasi Sreesha , V Antony Jolly , Chandra Julie , Raman Vidya , Nambath Purushothaman Dhanya
Published: July 2022

The dielectric properties of epoxy nanocomposites with conducting nanofillers, such as graphene based and fluffy carbon black (FCB) were investigated in the frequency range of 40 to 30 MHz using an impedance analyzer to measure the dielectric permittivity, tan δ and AC conductivity. At very low filler loadings, epoxy nanocomposites showed remarkable dielectric characteristics. Dielectric constant of the composites decreased with increasing frequency and increased with filler loading. This is related to a decrease in interfacial polarization with increasing frequency and greater interfacial polarization with increase in filler loading. Dielectric loss peaks of epoxy nanocomposites with frequency suggested that both DC conductivity and dielectric polarization processes due to inhomogeneity within the nanocomposites contribute towards dielectric loss. Rising of AC conductivity of the composites with frequency was mainly due to hopping of charge carriers. An AC conductivity of 8.33 × 10−4 S/m and 2.455 × 10−5 S/m at 30 MHz was recorded for FCB/epoxy at 5 phr composite and neat epoxy. This composite also exhibited the maximum dielectric permittivity, 3.16 at 40 Hz and 0.82 at 30 MHz. The distinctive dielectric properties of epoxy‐based nano dielectric systems are due to the significant volume fraction of interfaces in the bulk of the material and the consequent interactions between charged nanoparticle surface and epoxy chains.
Chitosan/red mud reinforced with Moringa oleifera hybrid composites for light weight structural application in automobile industries
Authors: Nayak Subhakanta
Published: July 2022

The mechanical and thermal characterization of Moringa oleifera fiber and red mud (RM) reinforced chitosan (CS) based hybrid composite is the subject of this research. By varying the percentages of M. oleifera fiber and RM in the hand lay‐up process, seven types of composite samples were developed. Tensile, flexural, compression, and impact testing were performed in accordance with ASTM standards. A scanning electron microscope was used to examine the cracked surfaces of the tested specimens. Hybridization with M. oleifera fiber and RM increased the characteristics of CS composites, according to the findings. Increase in the percentage composition of RM resulted in better mechanical characteristics of fiber‐reinforced composites. C6 type composite revealed maximum tensile strength of 65.59 MPa and impact strength of 24.86 kJ/m2. It also had better dynamic mechanical qualities, while C6 composite had the best static and dynamic mechanical properties. Overall it may be concluded that composites can be utilized in light weight structural applications.
Attention to risk information in direct‐to‐consumer prescription drug print ads: An eye‐tracking study
Authors: Aikin Kathryn J. , Sullivan Helen W. , Caporaso Andrew , Hoverman Victoria , Yan Ting , Williams Douglas , Crafts Jennifer
Published: July 2022

Purpose

FDA regulations state print ads for prescription drugs must provide a true statement of information “in brief summary” describing “side effects, contraindications and effectiveness.” To fulfill these requirements, these ads typically display risk information both as important safety information (ISI) on the “main” ad page with the product claims and on a separate “brief summary” page. The ISI can be lengthy and may repeat brief summary content.

Methods

The authors tested two versions of the ISI (short versus long) and the presence or absence of a brief summary in direct‐to‐consumer prescription drug print ads for two medical conditions: overactive bladder (N = 181) and rheumatoid arthritis (N = 179). Attention was measured with eye‐tracking and self‐report methods. Risk retention and perceptions were self‐reported.

Results

Participants spent more time viewing ads with a long ISI or a brief summary and in some instances, recalled more risks. The combination of a long ISI and a brief summary did not increase or decrease attention to or retention of risk information.

Conclusion

A long ISI and a brief summary may perform similar functions.
Microstructure changes during failure of PVDF‐based photovoltaic backsheets
Authors: Moffitt Stephanie L. , Pan Po‐Chang , Perry Lakesha , Tracy Jared , Choudhury Kaushik R. , Kempe Michael D. , Gu Xiaohong
Published: July 2022

The backsheet layer of a solar module provides a safety and environmental barrier to the high voltages running through the photovoltaic (PV) cells and electrical contacts within the core of the module. However, in the past decade, backsheet cracking has become one of the most observed failure modes in PV module field surveys. In this work, the degradation of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)‐based backsheets is explored. Backsheet samples are either exposed to accelerated laboratory aging (UV light, heat, and moisture) or collected from the field. Fourier transform infrared and Raman spectroscopy, fragmentation testing, atomic force and scanning electron microscopy, and small‐angle neutron scattering are combined to develop an understanding of how chemistry and microstructure evolve during aging. Chemical degradation, surface pitting, polymer phase changes, and anisotropic polymer domains are all observed in aged backsheet samples. The results provide insight into the degradation mechanisms that lead to cracking and field failure of PVDF‐based backsheets. The comparison of aged PVDF‐based backsheets helps to lay the groundwork for limiting polymer‐based failure modes in PV modules.
Retracted: Structural studies of antitumor compounds that target the RING domain of MDM2
Authors: Terrell James Ross , Tang Sijia , Faniyi Oluwafoyinsola Omobodunde , Jeong In Ho , Yin Jun , Nijampatnam Bhavitavya , Velu Sadanandan E. , Wang Wei , Zhang Ruiwen , Luo Ming
Published: July 2022

Mouse double minute 2 homolog (MDM2) is an E3 ubiquitin‐protein ligase that is involved in the transfer of ubiquitin to p53 and other protein substrates. The expression of MDM2 is elevated in cancer cells and inhibitors of MDM2 showed potent anticancer activities. Many inhibitors target the p53 binding domain of MDM2. However, inhibitors such as Inulanolide A and MA242 are found to bind the RING domain of MDM2 to block ubiquitin transfer. In this report, crystal structures of MDM2 RING domain in complex with Inulanolide A and MA242 were solved. These inhibitors primarily bind in a hydrophobic site centered at the sidechain of Tyr489 at the C‐terminus of MDM2 RING domain. The C‐terminus of MDM2 RING domain, especially residue Tyr489, is required for ubiquitin discharge induced by MDM2. The binding of these inhibitors at Tyr489 may interrupt interactions between the MDM2 RING domain and the E2‐Ubiquitin complex to inhibit ubiquitin transfer, regardless of what the substrate is. Our results suggest a new mechanism of inhibition of MDM2 E3 activity for a broad spectrum of substrates.
Any decline in prostate‐specific antigen levels identifies survivors scheduled for prostate‐specific membrane antigen‐directed radioligand therapy
Authors: Hartrampf Philipp E. , Weinzierl Franz‐Xaver , Seitz Anna Katharina , Kübler Hubert , Essler Markus , Buck Andreas K. , Werner Rudolf A. , Bundschuh Ralph A.
Published: July 2022

Background

Prostate‐specific membrane antigen (PSMA)‐targeted radioligand therapy (RLT) is increasingly incorporated in the therapeutic algorithm of patients with metastatic castration‐resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). We aimed to elucidate the predictive performance of early biochemical response for overall survival (OS).

Materials and Methods

In this bicentric analysis, we included 184 mCRPC patients treated with 177Lu‐PSMA RLT. Response to treatment was defined as decrease in prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) levels 8 weeks after the first cycle of RLT (any decline or >50% according to Prostate Cancer Working Group 3). OS of responders and nonresponders was then compared using Kaplan–Meier curves and log‐rank comparison.

Results

A total of 114/184 patients (62.0%) showed any PSA decline (PSA response >50%, 55/184 [29.9%]). For individuals exhibiting a PSA decline >50%, OS of 19 months was significantly longer relative to nonresponders (13 months; hazard ratio of death [HR] = 0.64, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 0.44–0.93; p = 0.02). However, the difference was even more pronounced for any PSA decline, with an OS of 19 months in responders, but only 8 months in nonresponders (HR = 0.39, 95% CI = 0.25–0.60; p < 0.001).

Conclusions

In mCRPC patients scheduled for RLT, early biochemical response was tightly linked to prolonged survival, irrespective of the magnitude of PSA decline. As such, even in patients with PSA decrease of less than 50%, RLT should be continued.
Physiologically‐based pharmacokinetic modeling of immunoglobulin and antibody coadministration in patients with primary human immunodeficiency
Authors: Salerno Sara N. , Deng Rong , Kakkar Tarundeep
Published: July 2022

Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) (2000 mg/kg) increased the clearance of the mouse monoclonal antibody 7E3, directed against platelet integrin IIb/IIIa (alpha IIb beta 3, CD41/CD61) in rodents. We wanted to investigate the effect of IVIG on clearance of monoclonal antibodies in humans as there is extremely limited data regarding this interaction in the literature. Using the tyrosine protein kinase KIT anti‐cluster of differentiation 117 (c‐Kit) humanized monoclonal antibody (JSP191) as a case study, we used physiologically‐based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling to evaluate the pharmacokinetic interaction between monoclonal antibodies and IVIG at doses (300–600 mg/kg) administered to patients with primary human immunodeficiency (PI). We first characterized the interaction between monoclonal antibodies and IVIG in PK‐Sim®/MoBi® using published literature data, including the following: IVIG plus 7E3 in mice and rats and IVIG plus the human anti‐C5 monoclonal antibody tesidolumab in adults with end‐stage renal disease. We next developed a PBPK model using digitized data for JSPI91 alone in older adults with myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myeloid leukemia and in pediatric patients with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). Finally, we simulated the impact of IVIG (300–2000 mg/kg) coadministration with JSP191 on the area under the curve of JSP191 in patients with SCID. Model predictions were within 1.5‐fold of observed values for 7E3 plus IVIG and tesidolumab plus IVIG as well as for JSP191 administered alone. Based on our simulations, IVIG doses ≥500 mg exceeded the 80%–125% no‐effect boundaries. IVIG treatment with monoclonal antibodies in patients with PI may result in a clinically significant interaction depending on the IVIG dose administered and the exposure–response relationship for the specific monoclonal antibody.
Epitaxial Growth of Magnetron‐Sputtered ZrB2 Films on Si(100) Substrates
Authors: Schnitter Claudia , Rosen Johanna , Högberg Hans
Published: July 2022

Epitaxial growth of ZrB2 films on Si(100) substrates at 900 °C is demonstrated using direct‐current magnetron sputter deposition from sintered ZrB2 targets. This case of epitaxial growth is structurally more challenging than on Si(111), 4 H‐SiC(001), and Al2O3(001). From pole figure measurements, two epitaxial relationships are determined: A) in‐plane: and , out‐of‐plane: , and B) in‐plane: and the same multiply rotated 90° around the 102 axis, out of plane: . From full width at half maximum (FWHM) values from rocking curve measurements (ω‐scans) of the 100 and 102 peaks, a measure of epitaxial quality for these two preferred orientations is obtained. Both ω‐scans and θ/2θ diffractograms show higher quality for the A‐type with a FWHM value of 2.00° compared with 4.97° for the B‐type. The film composition is found to be ZrB2.3 from time‐of‐flight elastic recoil detection analysis. The B‐type crystallographic relationship and has not been previously reported.
Modeling and forecasting of at home activity in older adults using passive sensor technology
Authors: Gillam Jess , Killick Rebecca , Heal Jack , Norwood Ben
Published: July 2022

Life expectancy in the UK has increased since the 19th century. As of 2019, there are just under 12 million people in the UK aged 65 or over, with close to a quarter living by themselves. Thus, many families and carers are looking for new ways to improve the health and care of older people. Passive sensors such as infra‐red motion and plug sensors have had success as a noninvasive way to help the older people. These provide a series of categorical sensor events throughout the day. Modeling this categorical dataset can help to understand and predict behavior. This article proposes a method to model the probability a sensor will trigger throughout the day for a household whilst accounting for the prior data and other sensors within the home. We present our results on a dataset from Howz, a company helping people to passively identify changes in their behavior over time.
Long Term Effects of Digital Education among Healthcare Professionals in Paediatric Dermatology: Opportunities for Improving Care
Authors: Ragamin Aviël , Schappin Renske , Witkam Willemijn C. A. M. , Spiering Magda , Mendels Elodie , Schuttelaar Marie L. A. , Pasmans Suzanne G. M. A.
Published: July 2022

Background

Topical corticosteroids (TCS) are the cornerstone of treatment for patients with atopic dermatitis (AD). Unfortunately, anxiety and misplaced beliefs on TCS, known as corticophobia, is common among health care professionals (HCPs) and could influence their practices, resulting in suboptimal patient care.

Objectives

To investigate the effects of digital education (DE) on the knowledge of TCS, practices and corticophobia among HCPs in paediatric dermatology.

Methods

HCPs registered for an interactive online masterclass on paediatric dermatology including the treatment of AD and TCS were invited to participate in a survey on knowledge of TCS, self-reported practices and corticophobia. Corticophobia was measured using the TOPICOP-P questionnaire (range: 0%–100%, with higher scores indicating more corticophobia). Participants received the survey before, directly after, and 6 months after DE.

Results

Of the 86 participants, 66 (77%) completed the survey before the masterclass, 76 (88%) directly after, and 34 (40%) 6 months after. Key components of knowledge on TCS and self-reported practices improved greatly after DE, such as correct prescription amount of TCS (45%, 91%, 88%) and application instructions (56%, 99%, 94%). Overall corticophobia decreased after DE with median scores dropping from 33% before DE to 25% after DE (p < 0.01) and remained 25% 6 months later.

Conclusion

Interactive DE for HCPs is an efficient tool to attain prolonged improvements of knowledge on TCS, practices, and corticophobia. All these factors are important for optimal care for patients. This study shows great opportunities for improving care by investing in HCPs.
Tinea Versicolour in Underrepresented Groups: An All of Us Database Analysis
Authors: Moseley Isabelle , Ragi Sara D. , Ouellette Samantha , Rao Babar
Published: July 2022

Tinea versicolour, used interchangeably with pityriasis versicolour (PV), is a superficial fungal infection of the stratum corneum caused by Malassezia furfur, a fungus of the normal flora of the skin. PV occurs when conditions favour proliferation of the organism's mycelial form, such as in environments with high temperatures/humidity, in immunodeficient/immunocompromised states, and during pregnancy. PV presents as numerous well-demarcated macules with a powdery scale. Prior epidemiologic studies have indicated that underrepresented groups defined by race experience a higher burden of PV as compared to White patients. However, the burden of PV in other underrepresented groups has not previously been examined, as underrepresented groups are frequently excluded from studies evaluating the impact of dermatologic disease. The new National Institute of Health All of Us Research Program (AoU) aims to build one of the world's largest and most diverse databases to promote elucidation of health disparities, particularly in communities that have been historically excluded from biomedical research.
A secure and efficient mechanism for scheduling tasks in cloud computing environments
Authors: Bairagi Ravi , Purohit Preetesh , Bandhu Kailash Chandra , Litoriya Ratnesh
Published: July 2022

This work presents secure, efficient and power‐aware dynamic allocators for Virtual Machines (VMs) in Cloud Data Centers (DCs) taking advantage of the Software‐Defined Networking (SDN) paradigm. Each VM request is characterized by four parameters: CPU, RAM, disk, and bandwidth. We design the allocators to accept as many VM requests as possible, taking into account the power consumption of the network devices. In this paper, we introduce 10 different allocation strategies and compare them with a baseline that consists of using the first available server (First Fit). The allocators differ in terms of allocation policy (Best Fit/Worst Fit), allocation strategy (Single/Multi‐objective optimization), and joint/disjoint selection of IT and network resources. For both joint and disjoint approaches, we evaluate the behavior of all possible pair policy‐strategies by varying the load of the DC and the number of VMs to be allocated. Moreover, the experimental results highlight that joint approaches outperform disjointed ones.
Formation and Control of Central Cracks in Alloy Steel ZKG223
Authors: Zhang Mengyun , Bao Yanping , Zhao Lihua , Chen Jun , Zheng Hewu
Published: July 2022

When the molten steel contains high carbon and alloy elements, the continuous casting bloom is prone to internal defects. Soft reduction is an effectively means of improvement and is widely utilized in the continuous casting process. Herein, the generation mechanism of the central cracks in alloy steel ZKG223 is analyzed in detail; that is, the tensile stress is generated by the accelerated solidification and shrinkage in the core of the bloom at the end of solidification, which acts on the dendrites and causes central cracks. In order to reduce the shrinkage stress during the solidification of the bloom, the reasonable reduction parameters of the bloom are determined by establishing a soft reduction model, and the industrial test is carried out. Through the implementation of well‐designed soft reduction, the central cracks in the bloom are significantly bridged, and the secondary dendrite spacing in the center of the bloom is shortened from 315 to 230 μm. The maximum positive and negative carbon segregation indices in the cross section of the bloom are changed from 1.039 and 0.957 to 1.020 and 0.977, respectively, which greatly improve the uniformity of element distribution and the internal quality of the bloom.
Nitrogen‐Enhanced Temperature Dependence of Grain Refinement Strengthening in Austenitic Stainless Steel
Authors: Tsuchiyama Toshihiro , Tsugumi Kyoka , Ma Tianze , Masumura Takuro , Ono Yoshinori
Published: July 2022

Hall–Petch relationships at room temperature and lower temperatures are investigated for 316L steel (low‐N steel) and 0.43% nitrogen‐added 316L steel (high‐N steel) produced by solution nitriding. The yield stress is separated into thermal and athermal components, and the effects of nitrogen on the former are clarified. In the case of low‐N steel, the yield stress increases as the temperature decreases, and the degree of the increase is greater for fine‐grained steels. This is not only due to the increase in friction stress (including solid solution strengthening) but also results from the increase in grain refinement strengthening caused by the increase in the Hall–Petch coefficient at low temperatures. By contrast, in high‐N steel, the temperature dependence of the yield stress is more remarkable than in low‐N steel. However, the amount of increase in friction stress at low temperatures is not very different between the low‐N and high‐N steels. Instead, the increase in grain refinement strengthening caused by nitrogen is greatly enhanced at lower temperatures. This result suggests that the combination of nitrogen addition and grain refining is very effective at strengthening austenitic steels under low temperatures.
LC–MS/MS and in silico analysis of pharmaceutical impurities in a combination drug for hypertension
Authors: Kim Jong‐Sil , Jung Seo‐Hyeon , Bae Woo‐Hyun , Lee Kye‐Wan , Lee Yong‐Moon
Published: July 2022

This study intends to develop an essential simultaneous analysis method for the stability study of the combination drugs hydrochlorothiazide, (S)‐amlodipine besylate, and olmesartan medoxomil and identify degradation products. A stress test of the combination drug was performed under thermal/humidity conditions to identify decomposition products expected to be generated under long‐term storage conditions. Six unidentified degradation products were generated from (S)‐amlodipine besylate and olmesartan medoxomil, except for those identified. Unspecified degradation products were identified by degradation prediction software with LC–MS/MS, and genotoxicity was predicted by toxicity prediction software. In silico toxicity, six degradation products were expected to be nonmutagenic. This study describes the development of an analytical method to predict degradation products and determine whether the degradation products are genotoxic. This process will be helpful in further forced degradation studies to predict the toxicity of potential impurities.
Comprehensive evaluation of file systems robustness with SPIN model checking
Authors: Yuan Jingcheng , Aoki Toshiaki , Guo Xiaoyun
Published: July 2022

In existing computer systems, file systems are indispensable for organizing user data and system codes. However, several studies have reported certain file system errors that cause significant data loss or system crashes. Most of these errors are due to external failures, such as an unexpected power outage. However, comprehensively evaluating file system robustness to detect these errors is challenging. The various types of file systems use different data structures and algorithms for various applications. Moreover, file system errors may be triggered by an unpredictable external condition. In addition, a file system works in an operating system's kernel layer as a passive module and runs in a multi‐thread mode, which makes file system testing time‐intensive. Furthermore, the large number of states in file systems leads to greedy checking, which results in a state explosion. In this study, we comprehensively evaluated the robustness expected in multiple properties of file systems using a model checking approach. The evaluation covered the majority of the mainstream file system types and included both single‐thread and multi‐thread modes. We developed Promela models that abstracted the real file systems and subsequently checked them using a SPIN model checker. Our model was optimized to avoid state explosion during model checking. Using the model checking, we successfully detected corner‐case errors during an unexpected power outage. By analysing counterexamples generated by model checking, we determined an improved file system model capable of preventing errors in most mainstream file system types. Finally, we rechecked the improved file system model and verified the absence of all critical errors.
Multiple Azoarenes Based Systems – Photoswitching, Supramolecular Chemistry and Application Prospects
Authors: Kumar Pravesh , Gupta Debapriya , Grewal Surbhi , Srivastava Anjali , Kumar Gaur Ankit , Venkataramani Sugumar
Published: July 2022

In the recent decades, the investigations on photoresponsive molecular systems with multiple azoarenes are quite popular in diverse perspectives ranging from fundamental understanding of multiple photoswitches, supramolecular chemistry, and various application prospects. In fact, several insightful and conceptual designs of such systems were investigated with architectural distinctions. In particular, the demonstration of applications such as data storage with the help of multistate or orthogonal photoswitches, light modulation of catalysis via cooperative switching, sensors using supramolecular host‐guest interactions, and materials such as liquid crystals, grating, actuators, etc. are some of the milestones in this area. Herein, we cover the recent advancements in the research areas of multiazoarenes containing systems that have been classified into Type‐1 {linear, non‐linear, and core‐based (A)}, Type‐2 {tripodalC3‐symmetric (C3)} and Type‐3 {macrocyclic (M)} structural motifs.
Surveying UK sheep farmers’ vaccination techniques and the impact of vaccination training
Authors: Hall Lauren E. , Reilly Beth , Blackie Nicola
Published: July 2022

Background

Vaccines are commonly used in sheep farming. However, compliance with vaccination protocols and subsequent suboptimal vaccination techniques are concerns in the industry.

Methods

An online survey containing 31 questions encompassing vaccination storage, technique and training was distributed to UK sheep farmers. Respondents were asked to mark on a sheep diagram where they would administer intramuscular (IM), intradermal, and subcutaneous (SC) vaccines.

Results

Of 370 respondents, only 26.1% identified the correct location for SC, 38.0% for intradermal, and 7.7% for IM vaccination. Almost half (45.5%) stored their vaccines in a fridge specific to veterinary medicines, only 33.9% used a temperature logger, and 6.4% checked their fridge temperature daily. Almost half (45.5%) kept their vaccines 48 hours or longer after broaching, and 11.1% kept them until the next time. Significantly more respondents who had received training correctly identified the location for IM vaccination (p < 0.01). However, training had no significant influence on the the correct identification of the other vaccination sites, vaccine storage or administration.

Conclusion

Suboptimal vaccination techniques are not due to unwillingness to learn; 83.8% responded that they would consider taking a course to improve their use. However, the majority (73.9%) were unaware of the training courses available. Therefore, the industry needs to respond and promote courses.
IDS as a Foundation for Open Data Ecosystems
Authors: Kirstein Fabian , Bohlen Vincent
Published: July 2022

Open data is a popular and flourishing concept. The availability of open and structured data is the foundation of new business models, citizen engagement, and scientific research. However, open data still faces many issues to unfold its full potential, including usability, quality, legal, privacy, strategic, and technical barriers. In addition, the public sector remains its main provider, while industry stakeholders are still reluctant to participate in open data ecosystems. In this article, we present an architecture to overcome these drawbacks by utilizing the concepts, specifications, and technologies provided by International Data Spaces. We developed a prototype to demonstrate and evaluate the practical adoption of our architecture. Our work shows that IDS can act a vital foundation for open data ecosystems. The presented solution is available as open source software.
Defining Platform Research Infrastructure as a Service (PRIaaS) for Future Scientific Data Infrastructure
Authors: Demchenko Yuri , de Laat Cees , Los Wouter , Gommans Leon
Published: July 2022

Modern science increasingly works with large amount of data, which are heterogeneous, are distributed, and require special infrastructure for data collection, storage, processing, and visualization. Science digitalization, likewise industry digitalization, is facilitated by the explosive development of digital technologies and cloud-based infrastructure technologies and services. This paper attempts to understand impact and new requirements to the future Scientific Data Infrastructure imposed by growing science digitalization. The paper presents two lines of analysis: one is a retrospective analysis related to the European Research Infrastructure (RI) development stages and timeline from centralized to distributed and current Federated Interoperable; another line provided analysis of digital technology trends and identified what technologies will impact the future Scientific Data Infrastructure (SDI). Based on this analysis, the paper proposes a vision for the future RI Platform as a Service (PRIaaS) that incorporates recent digital technologies and enables platform and ecosystem model for future science. Notably the proposed PRIaaS adopts TMForum Digital Platform Reference Architecture (DPRA) that will simplify building and federating domain-specific RIs while focusing on the domain-specific data value chain with data protection and policy-based management by design.
Agricultural Data Space
Authors: Kalmar Ralf , Rauch Bernd , Dörr Jörg , Liggesmeyer Peter
Published: July 2022

The digital transformation strongly affects the agricultural domain. Still, there is a lot of potential for optimization in many work and business processes. In the current agricultural digital ecosystem, numerous isolated, often non-interoperable solutions exist. In this chapter, we motivate the need and added value of an “Agricultural Data Space” (ADS for short). We outline an ADS concept, which resulted mainly from the Fraunhofer lighthouse project “Cognitive Agriculture” (COGNAC) and describe the necessary prerequisites and technical solution approaches. Complemented by the possibilities of a transparent and open marketplace for data, digital products, and software services, such a data space would address many of the existing obstacles to widespread acceptance and take-up of digital technologies. Overall, an ADS as part of an extended digital ecosystem will significantly advance digitalization in agriculture. In the end, we provide application scenarios for which an agricultural data space can add value.
Mobility Data Space
Authors: Pretzsch Sebastian , Drees Holger , Rittershaus Lutz
Published: July 2022

To successfully support decision-making or even automatically make decisions of their own, intelligent transport and mobility systems require large amounts of data. Although multitudes of mobility data are already being collected today, the comprehensive processing and exploitation of this data have often been impossible due to technical, legal, or economic reasons. With Mobility Data Space, an open data space is now being created which offers access to real-time traffic data and sensitive mobility data beyond their secure exchange and which links existing data platforms to each other. In the future, it will thus be possible to provide comprehensive mobility data on a national level.

Based on a decentralized system architecture developed by the International Data Spaces Association e. V., the Mobility Data Space offers an ecosystem in which data providers can specify and control the conditions under which their data can be used by third parties. This approach creates data sovereignty as well as trust, and data users can be sure about data origin and quality. By integrating data from the public and private sector via regional and national platforms, the Mobility Data Space will become a digital distribution channel for data-driven business models, providing entirely new options of data acquisition, linking, and exploitation.

Whether data provider, user, developer, or end user—the Mobility Data Space takes all acting parties into consideration and offers:

Data sovereignty and security along the value chain

Standardized access to data from both public and private sources

Space for the emergence of new business models, distribution channels and services, as well as a larger selection of innovative mobility services and applications
Data Spaces: First Applications in Mobility and Industry
Authors: Schlueter Langdon Christoph , Schweichhart Karsten
Published: July 2022

Traditional approaches to handling of data are becoming outdated. On the one hand, data storage is already costly today, and tomorrow’s growth will create a serious cost problem. On the other hand, certain advanced analytics applications require more data than many companies can hope to collet themselves. Therefore, a more federated system with just-in-time data and data sharing seems rational. Unfortunately, many companies worry about data sharing. They are concerned about a loss of data sovereignty, the right to have control over one’s data. Once a file is sent, anything could happen to it. This is where the International Data Spaces (IDS) standard comes in to enable a setting that can ensure data sovereignty in theory. To find out in practice, Deutsche Telekom has incorporated IDS technology into solutions and applied them in the automotive business and in industry. We report about first findings from real-world applications.
Data Space Functionality
Authors: Lycklama Douwe
Published: July 2022

Data spaces, simply put, are a functionality for users. They allow users to control their data while sharing it with others. This functionality is what makes data spaces so powerful. They allow data to be shared multilaterally. Those who join a data space can reach many others who have also signed up. At the same time, however, data spaces participants must also consider some aspects. On the one hand, companies have to make business considerations, as participation should, for example, lead to higher revenues, lower costs or better services. On the other hand, decisions must be made regarding measures and technologies for how data sovereignty is implemented in the data space, as this is a central functionality for data sharing. This article provides an overview of possible ways to implement data spaces, the business considerations and a practical approach using the iSHARE trust system.
The IDS Information Model: A Semantic Vocabulary for Sovereign Data Exchange
Authors: Lange Christoph , Langkau Jörg , Bader Sebastian
Published: July 2022

The Information Model of the International Data Spaces (IDS-IM) is the central integration enabler for the semantic interoperability in any IDS ecosystem. It contains the terms and relationships to describe the IDS components, their interactions, and conditions under which data exchange and usage is possible. It thus presents the common denominator for the IDS and the foundation for any IDS communication. As such, its evolution cycles are deeply related with the maturity process of the IDS itself. This chapter makes the following contributions related to the IDS Information Model: a brief overview of the vocabulary, its guiding principles, and general features is supplied. Based on these explanations, several upcoming aspects are discussed that reflect the latest state of discussions about the declaration and cryptographic assurance of identities and decentralized identifiers, and how these need to be treated to ensure compliance with the IDS principles.

In addition, we explain the latest developments around the IDS Usage Contract Language, the module of the IDS-IM that expresses Usage Contracts, and data restrictions. These definitions are further implemented with infrastructure components, in particular the presented, newly specified Policy Information Point and the Participant Information Service of the IDS.
Data Usage Control
Authors: Jung Christian , Dörr Jörg
Published: July 2022

Data-driven business models are based on sharing and exchanging data. However, to establish a trustworthy and secure data exchange between different organizations, we have to tackle several challenges. Data sovereignty, for instance, is an essential prerequisite to empower data-driven business models across different organizations. The International Data Spaces provide solutions for data sovereignty to implement a secure and trustworthy data economy.

In this chapter, we focus on data usage control and data provenance as building blocks to solve data sovereignty challenges. We introduce concepts and technology for realizing usage control and describe the differences between usage control and access control as well as other related concepts such as digital rights management or user managed access. We present the implementation of data sovereignty in the International Data Spaces starting from the formalization of data usage restrictions as policies (i.e., the policy specification) to the technical compliance and adherence of the data usage restrictions (i.e., the policy enforcement). In doing so, we present the transformation of data usage restrictions to machine-readable policies that can be enforced by the systems. Different technologies, such as the MY DATA Control Technologies can be used to implement the enforcement of data sovereignty in a technical manner and discuss future expansion stages of implementing data sovereignty.
Emotions (Jeong 情) in Korean Confucianism and Family Experience: An Ecofeminist Perspective
Authors: Oh Jea Sophia
Published: July 2022

This chapter reimagines the dynamics between Korean Confucianism and family and rediscovers constructive meanings and functions of jeong. Introducing the Korean concept of jeong and its related concepts of uri (we/us) and han (resentments), this chapter analyzes multiple degrees of jeong as more than gendered emotions but transformative affects to bring compassions and care for others despite its destructiveness and dangers. As the subject of life, Korean women in traditional Confucian families have thrived through han by dealing with salim (enlivening). This study suggests a holistic eco-family beyond biological ties and anthropocentrism for which jeong is a crucial element.
Jeong (情), Civility, and the Heart of a Pluralistic Democracy in Korea
Authors: Lee Hyo-Dong
Published: July 2022

This chapter seeks to reinterpret the Neo-Confucian concept of emotions (情jeong/qing) as a core political notion of what might be called Confucian democracy within the traditionally Confucian context of South Korea. Grounded in the tradition of Korean Neo-Confucianli-kimetaphysics and envisaged as a kind of critically affectionate solidarity that holds together diverse groups of people, this political interpretation ofjeongattempts to lay the basis for imagining a thriving pluralistic democracy sustained by a public culture of civility—that is, a public culture grounded in Confucian habits and mores and yet pluralistic in ethos.
Hanmaeum, One Heart-mind: A Korean Buddhist Philosophical Basis of Jeong (情)
Authors: Jee Lucy Hyekyung
Published: July 2022

Korean people share a cultural emotion called jeong (정 情), which generally means intimacy or love. The Korean word jeong literally means “emotions” or “feelings” but also refers to complicated but intimate feelings that are influenced by various Korean philosophical traditions. Buddhism offers the crucial foundation of the Korean concept jeong with the notion of hanmaum (한마음), an indigenous Korean words for “one mind (or heart-mind) (ilsim 일심 一心).” Hanmaum supports the idea of interconnectedness among people; jeong is deeply rooted in this notion. This chapter explores it in the thought of Wonhyo (元曉; 617–686) and Daehaeng (1927–2012).