bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of year of post‐secondary study on reading skills for L1 and L2 speakers of English
Authors: McCarron Sean Patrick , Kuperman Victor
Published: January 2022

Background

Previous studies show that students improve communication skills throughout post‐secondary study proportionately to first‐year ability, yet important questions remain. How does post‐secondary affect the development of reading comprehension and related skills? How does this development vary between L1 and L2 speakers, and how much change occurs each year?

Methods

We administered a cross‐sectional battery of tests of reading proficiency to undergraduate university students in all years of study. The tests included measures of reading comprehension and multiple component skills: vocabulary, spelling, print exposure, reading habits and motivation.

Results

Results show that year of study confers a direct effect on component skills of reading. Skill trajectories of L1 and L2 students vary widely – across all skills tested, L1 students in Year 4+ show an average advantage of 12.60 percentile points compared with those in Year 1, whereas the average advantage of L2 students in Year 4+ over Year 1 peers is 29.20 percentile points. No difference between L1 and L2 readers, or between years of study, was observed in reading comprehension.

Conclusions

Post‐secondary education confers sizable benefits to all examined component skills of English reading, especially in L2 students. While L2 students in Year 1 are disadvantaged in most skills, L2 students in Year 4+ close the performance gap with L1 speakers on all skills. This suggests an ‘anti‐Matthew’ effect, with most benefits seen in the initially underperforming population. These findings quantify the effectiveness of university itself and also its differential impact on students with different language backgrounds. The apparent dissociation between a change in component skills of reading and stability in reading comprehension scores remains puzzling: we outline avenues for further investigation of this issue.
The potential of bacteriophages to control Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris at different stages of disease development
Authors: Holtappels Dominique , Fortuna Kiandro J. , Moons Lauren , Broeckaert Nand , Bäcker Léon E. , Venneman Sofie , Rombouts Sofie , Lippens Louis , Baeyen Steve , Pollet Sabien , Noben Jean‐Paul , Oechslin Frank , Vallino Marta , Aertsen Abram , Maes Martine , Van Vaerenbergh Johan , Lavigne Rob , Wagemans Jeroen
Published: January 2022

Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) is a vascular pathogen that invades the xylem of Brassica crops. Current chemical and antibiotics‐based control measures for this bacterium are unsustainable and inefficient. After establishing a representative collection of Xcc strains, we isolated and characterized bacteriophages from two clades of phages to assess their potential in phage‐based biocontrol. The most promising phages, FoX2 and FoX6, specifically recognize (lipo) polysaccharides, associated with the wxc gene cluster, on the surface of the bacterial cell wall. Next, we determined and optimized the applicability of FoX2 and FoX6 in an array of complementary bioassays, ranging from seed decontamination to irrigation‐ and spray‐based applications. Here, an irrigation‐based application showed promising results. In a final proof‐of‐concept, a CaCl2‐formulated phage cocktail was shown to control the outbreak of Xcc in the open field. This comprehensive approach illustrates the potential of phage biocontrol of black rot disease in Brassica and serves as a reference for the broader implementation of phage biocontrol in integrated pest management strategies.
Oligomerization engineering of the fluorinase enzyme leads to an active trimer that supports synthesis of fluorometabolites in vitro
Authors: Kittilä Tiia , Calero Patricia , Fredslund Folmer , Lowe Phillip T. , Tezé David , Nieto‐Domínguez Manuel , O’Hagan David , Nikel Pablo I. , Welner Ditte H.
Published: January 2022

The fluorinase enzyme represents the only biological mechanism capable of forming stable C–F bonds characterized in nature thus far, offering a biotechnological route to the biosynthesis of value‐added organofluorines. The fluorinase is known to operate in a hexameric form, but the consequence(s) of the oligomerization status on the enzyme activity and its catalytic properties remain largely unknown. In this work, this aspect was explored by rationally engineering trimeric fluorinase variants that retained the same catalytic rate as the wild‐type enzyme. These results ruled out hexamerization as a requisite for the fluorination activity. The Michaelis constant (KM) for S‐adenosyl‐l‐methionine, one of the substrates of the fluorinase, increased by two orders of magnitude upon hexamer disruption. Such a shift in S‐adenosyl‐l‐methionine affinity points to a long‐range effect of hexamerization on substrate binding – likely decreasing substrate dissociation and release from the active site. A practical application of trimeric fluorinase is illustrated by establishing in vitro fluorometabolite synthesis in a bacterial cell‐free system.
Large‐scale brain network activation during emotional inhibitory control: Associations with alcohol misuse in college freshmen
Authors: Cohen‐Gilbert Julia E. , Nickerson Lisa D. , Seraikas Anna M. , Oot Emily N. , Rieselbach Maya M. , Schuttenberg Eleanor M. , Sneider Jennifer T. , Silveri Marisa M.
Published: January 2022

Background

The transition to college is associated with increased risk of alcohol misuse and a consequent increase in negative, alcohol‐related social and health impacts. Traits associated with ongoing brain maturation during this period, including impulsivity in emotional contexts, could contribute to risky alcohol use.

Methods

This functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study examined brain network activation strength during an emotional inhibitory control task (Go‐NoGo), which required participants to ignore background images with negative or neutral emotional valence during performance. Participants were 60 college freshmen (aged 18–20 years, 33 women). Survey measures, completed at baseline and one‐year follow‐up (follow‐up n = 52, 29 women), assessed alcohol misuse alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT), alcohol/substance use counseling center assessment of psychological symptoms (C‐CAPS), and negative consequences of alcohol use young adult alcohol consequences questionnaire (YAACQ). Measures were examined relative to network activation strength, on the Negative NoGo > Neutral NoGo contrast, of four large‐scale brain networks implicated in top‐down regulation of cognition and attention: right and left lateral frontoparietal networks (rL‐FPN; lL‐FPN), dorsal attention network (DAN), and salience network (SN).

Results

Activation strength of DAN was negatively associated with scores on the AUDIT (p = 0.013) and YAACQ (p = 0.004) at baseline, and with C‐CAPS score at baseline and follow‐up (p = 0.002; p = 0.005), and positively associated with accuracy on NoGo trials with negative backgrounds (p = 0.014). Activation strength of rL‐FPN was positively associated with C‐CAPS score at follow‐up (p = 0.003). SN activation strength was negatively associated with accuracy on NoGo trials with negative (p < 0.001) and neutral (p = 0.002) backgrounds and with the accuracy difference between negative versus neutral NoGo trials (p = 0.003).

Conclusion

These findings suggest that less engagement of large‐scale brain circuitry that supports top‐down attentional control, specifically during negative emotions, is associated with more problematic drinking in emerging adults who attend college. This pattern of network activation may serve as a risk marker for ongoing self‐regulation deficits during negative emotion that could increase risk of problematic alcohol use and negative impacts of drinking.
The effects of cannabis and alcohol on driving performance and driver behaviour: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Simmons Sarah M. , Caird Jeff K. , Sterzer Frances , Asbridge Mark
Published: January 2022

Background and aims

Cannabis and alcohol are frequently detected in fatal and injury motor vehicle crashes. While epidemiological meta‐analyses of cannabis and alcohol have found associations with an increase in crash risk, convergent evidence from driving performance measures is insufficiently quantitatively characterized. Our objectives were to quantify the magnitude of the effect of cannabis and alcohol—alone and in combination—on driving performance and behaviour.

Methods

Systematic review and meta‐analysis. We systematically searched Academic Search Complete, CINAHL, Embase, Scopus, Google Scholar, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, SPORTDiscus and TRID. Of the 616 studies that underwent full‐text review, this meta‐analysis represents 57 studies and 1725 participants. We extracted data for hazard response time, lateral position variability, lane deviations or excursions, time out of lane, driving speed, driving speed variability, speed violations, time speeding, headway, headway variability and crashes from experimental driving studies (i.e. driving simulator, closed‐course, on‐road) involving cannabis and/or alcohol administration. We reported meta‐analyses of effect sizes using Hedges’ g and r.

Results

Cannabis alone was associated with impaired lateral control [e.g. g = 0.331, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.212–0.451 for lateral position variability; g = 0.198, 95% CI = 0.001–0.395 for lane excursions) and decreased driving speed (g = –0.176, 95% CI = –0.298 to –0.053]. The combination of cannabis and alcohol was associated with greater driving performance decrements than either drug in isolation [e.g. g = 0.480, 95% CI = 0.096–0.865 for lateral position variability (combination versus alcohol); g = 0.525, 95% CI = 0.049–1.002 for time out of lane (versus alcohol); g = 0.336, 95% CI = 0.036–0.636 for lateral position variability (combination versus cannabis; g = 0.475, 95% CI = 0.002–0.949 for time out of lane (combination versus cannabis)]. Subgroup analyses indicated that the effects of cannabis on driving performance measures were similar to low blood alcohol concentrations. A scarcity of data and study heterogeneity limited the interpretation of some measures.

Conclusions

This meta‐analysis indicates that cannabis, like alcohol, impairs driving, and the combination of the two drugs is more detrimental to driving performance than either in isolation.
Mortality trends after extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support: A Korean Nationwide cohort
Authors: Oh Tak Kyu , Cho Hyoung‐Won , Song In‐Ae
Published: January 2022

Background

This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of 7‐, 30‐, 60‐, and 365‐day overall and cause‐specific mortality following extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support.

Methods

The National Health Insurance claims database in South Korea was the data source for this population‐based cohort study. We enrolled all adult patients aged ≥18 years receiving intensive care unit ECMO support from January 1, 2005 to December 31, 2018. The study population was divided into three groups based on the main diagnoses during ECMO support: (1) cardiovascular, (2) respiratory, and (3) other diagnoses group (all other main diagnoses rather than cardiovascular or respiratory diseases).

Results

A total of 18 697 patients were included in the final analysis (64.5%, 10.9%, and 24.6% in the cardiovascular, respiratory, and other groups, respectively). The corresponding 7‐, 30‐, 60‐, and 365‐day mortality rates in these groups were 33.1%, 56.1%, 62.4%, and 67.7%. Kaplan–Meier curves demonstrated that the median survival time was shortest in the cardiovascular group (12.0 days, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 11.3–12.7), with 31.0 (95% CI: 28.5–33.6) and 49.0 (95% CI: 44.4–57.6) day survival in the respiratory and other diagnoses groups (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

Approximately one‐third of patients died within 7 days, half of the patients died within 30 days, and two‐thirds died within 365 days of ECMO support. Overall survival time was shortest in the cardiovascular group, followed by that of the respiratory group.
Social capital and structural disadvantages: A case of Community‐Driven Development program in Afghanistan
Authors: Noori Hadi
Published: January 2022

This paper analyzes and uses the National Solidarity Program (NSP) Afghanistan as a case study to question the idea of social capital building for poverty reduction. Specifically, it explores how development policy has been decoupled from its intended objectives as it hit the existing friction in the ground. The data draws from poor household experience in three different provinces of Afghanistan to assess how poor household is integrated into NSP and how existing social structure and relational dynamics shape the NSP outcomes. The finding reveals that household is experiencing a cluster of interlink disadvantages that make it impossible for them to draw on social capital to reduce their poverty. However, NSP failed to eliminate the asymmetrical relations which created poverty in rural society; instead, it boosted Neopatrimonialism culture.
Euclid's Random Walk: Developmental Changes in the Use of Simulation for Geometric Reasoning
Authors: Hart Yuval , Mahadevan L. , Dillon Moira R.
Published: January 2022

Euclidean geometry has formed the foundation of architecture, science, and technology for millennia, yet the development of human's intuitive reasoning about Euclidean geometry is not well understood. The present study explores the cognitive processes and representations that support the development of humans' intuitive reasoning about Euclidean geometry. One‐hundred‐twenty‐five 7‐ to 12‐year‐old children and 30 adults completed a localization task in which they visually extrapolated missing parts of fragmented planar triangles and a reasoning task in which they answered verbal questions about the general properties of planar triangles. While basic Euclidean principles guided even young children's visual extrapolations, only older children and adults reasoned about triangles in ways that were consistent with Euclidean geometry. Moreover, a relation beteen visual extrapolation and reasoning appeared only in older children and adults. Reasoning consistent with Euclidean geometry may thus emerge when children abandon incorrect, axiomatic‐based reasoning strategies and come to reason using mental simulations of visual extrapolations.
Requirements for human‐induced pluripotent stem cells
Authors: Zhang Ying , Wei Jun , Cao Jiani , Zhang Kehua , Peng Yaojin , Deng Hongkui , Kang Jiuhong , Pan Guangjin , Zhang Yong , Fu Boqiang , Hu Shijun , Na Jie , Liu Yan , Wang Lei , Liang Lingmin , Zhu Huanxin , Zhang Yu , Jin Zi‐Bing , Hao Jie , Ma Aijin , Zhao Tongbiao , Yu Junying
Published: January 2022

‘Requirements for Human‐Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells’ is the first set of guidelines on human‐induced pluripotent stem cells in China, jointly drafted and agreed upon by experts from the Chinese Society for Stem Cell Research. This standard specifies the technical requirements, test methods, and instructions for use, labeling, packaging, storage, transportation, and waste handling for human‐induced pluripotent stem cells, which apply to the production and quality control of human‐induced pluripotent stem cells. It was released by the Chinese Society for Cell Biology on 9 January 2021 and came into effect on 9 April 2021. We hope that the publication of these guidelines will promote institutional establishment, acceptance, and execution of proper protocols and accelerate the international standardization of human‐induced pluripotent stem cells for applications.
Homotypic targeting of immunomodulatory nanoparticles for enhanced peripheral and central immunity
Authors: Shen Yubo , Guo Daoxia , Ji Xiaoyuan , Zhou Yanfeng , Liu Shuo , Huang Jing , Song Haiyun
Published: January 2022

Objectives

Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) that contain unmethylated cytosine–phosphate–guanine (CpG) motifs serve as immune adjuvants in disease treatment. However, the poor cell permeability and safety concerns limit their medical applications, and biocompatible strategies for efficient delivery of functional CpG ODNs are highly desirable.

Materials and Methods

Self‐assembled, cell membrane‐coated CpG nanoparticles (NP) are prepared, and their physicochemical properties are characterized. The uncoated and membrane‐coated CpG NP are compared for their biocompatibility, cellular uptake kinetics, endocytic pathways, subcellular localization, and immunostimulatory activities in macrophages and microglia.

Results

Macrophage‐ or microglia‐derived cell membrane camouflaging alters the endocytic pathways of CpG NP, promotes their targeted delivery to the cells with homologous membrane, ensures their endosomal localization, and enhances their immunomodulatory effects.

Conclusions

We design a type of biomimetic NP consisting of self‐assembled CpG NP core and cell membrane shell, and demonstrate its advantages in the modulation of peripheral and central immune cells. Our study provides a new strategy for the application of CpG ODNs.
Roles of necroptosis in alcoholic liver disease and hepatic pathogenesis
Authors: Zhou Ying , Wu Ruoman , Wang Xinqi , Bao Xiaofeng , Lu Chunfeng
Published: January 2022

Chronic alcohol consumption can cause alcoholic liver disease (ALD), leading to morbidity and mortality worldwide. Complex disease progression of ALD varies from alcoholic fatty liver to alcoholic steatohepatitis, eventually contributing to fibrosis and cirrhosis. Accumulating evidence revealed that necroptosis, a way of programmed cell death different from apoptosis and traditional necrosis, is involved in the underlying pathogenic molecular mechanism of ALD. Receptor‐interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1), RIPK3 and mixed‐lineage kinase domain‐like pseudokinase have been implicated as key mediators to execute necroptosis. Also, necroptosis has gained increasing attention due to its potential association with primary pathological hallmarks of ALD, including oxidative stress, hepatic steatosis and inflammation. This review summarizes the recent progress on the roles and mechanisms of necroptosis and focuses on the crosstalk between necroptosis and the other pathogenesis of ALD, providing a theoretical basis for targeting necroptosis as a novel treatment for ALD.
An ecoregion‐based approach to restoring the world's intact large mammal assemblages
Authors: Vynne Carly , Gosling Joe , Maney Calum , Dinerstein Eric , Lee Andy T. L. , Burgess Neil D. , Fernández Néstor , Fernando Sanjiv , Jhala Harshini , Jhala Yadvendradev , Noss Reed F. , Proctor Michael F. , Schipper Jan , González‐Maya José F. , Joshi Anup R. , Olson David , Ripple William J. , Svenning Jens‐Christian
Published: January 2022

Assemblages of large mammal species play a disproportionate role in the structure and composition of natural habitats. Loss of these assemblages destabilizes natural systems, while their recovery can restore ecological integrity. Here we take an ecoregion‐based approach to identify landscapes that retain their historically present large mammal assemblages, and map ecoregions where reintroduction of 1–3 species could restore intact assemblages. Intact mammal assemblages occur across more than one‐third of the 730 terrestrial ecoregions where large mammals were historically present, and 22% of these ecoregions retain complete assemblages across > 20% of the ecoregion area. Twenty species, if reintroduced or allowed to recolonize through improved connectivity, can increase the area of the world containing intact large mammal assemblages by 54% (11 116 000 km2). Each of these species have at least two large, intact habitat areas (> 10 000 km2) in a given ecoregion. Timely integration of recovery efforts for large mammals strengthens area‐based targets being considered under the Convention on Biological Diversity.
Comparative evaluation of bite force in patients treated for unilateral mandibular condylar fractures by open and closed methods
Authors: Patel K. N. A. , Girish G. , Akarsh R. , Nikhila G. , Bhat Preethi , Shabadi Nikita
Published: January 2022

Background/Aim

Condylar fractures account for a large proportion (20% to 52%) of mandibular injuries. The goal of treating these fractures is to restore the occlusion, thereby re‐establishing the masticatory function as close as possible to the patient's pre‐trauma state. The aim of this study was to compare the bite forces following unilateral condylar fractures treated by open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) with those managed by the closed method.

Method

Patients with unilateral mandibular condylar fractures were divided into two groups (n = 20) using a simple randomization method. Patients in group I were treated by open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) using titanium miniplates and screws. Patients in group II were treated by the closed method with inter‐maxillary fixation. Patients in both groups were evaluated pre‐operatively and then post‐operatively at one week, one month and three months for maximum bite force achieved at the central incisor, premolar and molar regions.

Results

Pre‐operative bite forces on the unaffected site were significantly higher than the affected site in both groups, whereas no significant difference was observed in bite forces between the unaffected and affected sites in both groups post‐operatively. The bite forces achieved at both the unaffected and affected sites in the ORIF group were significantly higher than in the closed group.

Conclusion

Maximum bite forces differed significantly when the treatment was done with the open method, and the patients treated with the open method needed less time to achieve the maximum bite forces, thereby making an earlier return to function.
A unique sense of smell: development and evolution of a sexually dimorphic antennal lobe – a review
Authors: Williams Aidan T. , Verhulst Eveline C. , Haverkamp Alexander
Published: January 2022

Pheromones are pivotal to sexual communication in insects. These chemical signals are processed by sexually dimorphic circuitries in the antennal lobe (AL) of the insect brain. However, there is limited understanding of how these circuitries form during AL development. Our review addresses this issue by comparing how circuitries develop throughout the growth processes of peripheral and deutocerebral neurons in various insect orders. Olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) expressing novel pheromone receptors are eligible candidates to initiate new sexually‐dimorphic circuitries when these OSNs survive programmed cell death and match the physiological properties of pheromone‐sensing sensilla. The probability of these OSNs forming new glomeruli is largely determined by the degree of glia‐OSN interactions and projection neuron (PN) prepatterning. The relative contribution of either of these processes determines the degree of evolutionary neuroplasticity, which is particularly prevalent in those species with complex ALs lacking specific macroglomerular structures. The extent of sexual dimorphism is determined by sex‐determination genes, such as Doublesex and Fruitless, that regulate factors inducing OSN programmed cell death. Currently, these mechanisms are largely unexplored. This review, therefore, aims to provide a solid foundation for ongoing research into the evolution of AL sexual dimorphism and formation of pheromone circuitries in the light of insect sex determination.
Association between case management and longitudinal decrease in negative symptoms in patients with first episode psychosis: A 2‐year follow‐up
Authors: Pelizza Lorenzo , Maestri Davide , Leuci Emanuela , Quattrone Emanuela , Azzali Silvia , Paulillo Giuseppina , Pellegrini Pietro
Published: January 2022

Aim

Negative symptoms (NS) severely affect daily functioning already at the psychosis onset. However, most studies investigating beneficial effects of specific treatments for NS mainly included individuals with prolonged psychotic disorders. Furthermore, evidence on psychosocial rehabilitation for NS in early psychosis is still relatively poor. The aims of this study therefore were (A) to longitudinally examine NS stability in people with first episode psychosis (FEP) along a 2‐year follow‐up period, and (B) to overtime explore any relevant association of NS levels with the specific intervention components of an ‘early intervention in psychosis’ (EIP) protocol during the follow‐up.

Methods

At baseline, 266 FEP subjects (aged 12–35 years) completed the positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS). Multiple linear regression analyses were then performed.

Results

Along the follow‐up, FEP participants had a relevant improvement in NS levels. This was specifically predicted by the total number of case management sessions offered within our 2‐year EIP protocol, as well as by shorter duration of untreated psychosis at entry and by longitudinal reduction in PANSS depressive and positive symptom dimension levels. No association with antipsychotic medication was found.

Conclusions

NS are clinically relevant in FEP, already at the recruitment time in specialized EIP services. However, their severity appears to improve over time together with the delivery of patient‐tailored, integrated EIP case management.
Attachment status is associated with grey matter recovery in adolescent anorexia nervosa: Findings from a longitudinal study
Authors: Lenhart Lukas , Gander Manuela , Steiger Ruth , Dabkowska‐Mika Angieszka , Mangesius Stephanie , Haid‐Stecher Nina , Fuchs Martin , Buchheim Anna , Sevecke Kathrin , Gizewski Elke Ruth
Published: January 2022

The aim of the present study was to investigate whether grey matter (GM) reductions in acute anorexia nervosa (AN) are (i) valid for adolescents (age 14–18 years), (ii) reversible following short‐term psychotherapeutic and nutritional therapy and (iii) depend on psychological components like attachment trauma. 3T MRI including a high‐resolution T1 MPRAGE was performed in 22 female adolescents in the acute state of AN (age: 15.2 ± 1.2 years) and after weight restoration (duration: 2.6 ± 1 months, n = 18) and compared with 18 gender‐matched healthy controls. The Adult Attachment Projective Picture System was used to classify resolved and unresolved attachment patterns. GM decreases were localized in extensive cortical areas including the insula, prefrontal and cingulate cortices as well as subcortical regions during acute AN, which partially increased after therapy with a relative sparing of the hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus. The resolved group showed more GM recovery in regions of the left hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus, bilateral cerebellar regions, right precuneus and adjacent cingulate cortices relative to the unresolved pattern. Structural anomalies in adolescent AN that recovered after treatment may be primarily the consequence of malnutrition, whereas several regions did not display significant recovery. Attachment status seems to influence region‐specific GM recovery.
Tight coupling between primary productivity, export production, and the growth of benthic scallops in the coastal region of the Okhotsk Sea along Hokkaido
Authors: Terumoto Takayuki , Kudo Isao , Miyoshi Koji , Shinada Akiyoshi , Miyazono Akira
Published: January 2022

Scallop culture is conducted worldwide, nonfeeding and depending on the natural phytoplankton production for the diet. It is necessary for sustainable culture of this species to understand how the phytoplankton production and subsequent vertical transport to the bottom (export production) are regulated by environmental factors. A 3‐year time series monitoring of chlorophyll and temperature, as well as sinking particle flux, was conducted to elucidate the relationship between surface primary production, the subsequent export, and the growth of benthic cultured scallops in spring in the coastal region of the Okhotsk Sea along Hokkaido, Japan. Five times larger export fluxes were observed in 2013 than those in other years. Coscinodiscus spp., diameter >200 μm, was the quantitatively dominant phytoplankton in 2013. This species contributed to the high export flux due to a higher settling velocity. The sudden drops in temperature by >2°C were observed during the study period. These indicated that the supply of nutrients from Intermediate Cold Water (ICW), a cold and nutrients rich water mass, accelerated the primary productivity in this area. This intensity was strongest in 2013, contributing to the high export flux. The large export flux in 2013 provided a more sufficient food to the benthic cultured scallops, resulting in a two times higher growth of the scallops than in other years. This study demonstrated that the size of the dominant diatom species and the supply from ICW strongly influenced the export ratio and the growth of cultured scallops.
Parental‐progeny‐based best linear unbiased prediction for determining maize single‐cross performance and resistance to Pythium root and stalk rot
Authors: Mitsuhashi Shohei , Tamaki Hiroyuki
Published: January 2022

Root and stalk rot (RSR) of maize (Zea mays L.) plants, caused by soil‐borne disease pathogens of the genus Pythium, can get worse in global warming. It has been known that the resistance of F1 hybrids often disaccords with those of their parental inbreds, which makes it difficult to develop resistant hybrids effectively. Best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) is a standard mixed model equation, which is fitted for predicting hybrid performance by the parental inbreds of maize. The objective of this study was to evaluate simple parental‐progeny‐based BLUP in predicting single‐cross performance and to determine the importance of general combining ability of the resistance to Pythium RSR. The performance prediction of the parental inbreds from BLUP was consistent with empirical knowledge and was determined mostly useful, despite not using a coefficient of coancestry. Correlation coefficients between breeding values from BLUP and actual field data for hybrids, across different experiments from 2018 to 2019, were relatively high (R = 0.854 and 0.703, respectively). These results indicate the potential of the parental‐progeny‐based BLUP for maize single‐cross performance. This is the first report in predicting the resistance to this disease with BLUP, and the findings can be applied to routine breeding programs as well as to genome‐wide molecular polymorphism data to contribute to the future breeding programs.
New perspectives and analytical approaches to better understand academic inbreeding
Authors: Horta Hugo , Tavares Orlanda , Amaral Alberto , Sin Cristina
Published: January 2022

This is the introduction to a special issue focused on offering new perspectives and analytical approaches to better understand academic inbreeding. The seven papers of this special issue offer original analyses and new avenues of research on this highly resilient social phenomenon in academic settings. The findings and arguments forwarded by these papers can be used to further develop future studies and policies to curtail this practice, known to be detrimental to academia and scholarship.
A self‐portrait: Design opportunities for a tool that supports children's involvement in brain‐related health care
Authors: Meulendijks Paul , van Haren Neeltje E. M. , Gielen Mathieu A. , van Veelen‐Vincent Marie‐Lise C.
Published: January 2022

Introduction

Paediatric patients with disorders that involve brain functioning are particularly vulnerable with respect to including them in shared decision‐making. Current tools are mostly paper or digital patient information. We lay the groundwork for improving engagement with a concept that we coined ‘the Self‐Portrait’. The main goals were to identify (1) obstacles and (2) design parameters that enable patient participation.

Methods

A research‐through‐design approach was utilized in nine patients with brain‐related disorders (4–12 years), 15 parents and 15 medical professionals, involving contextual research (interviews and observations) within the paediatric hospital and patients' homes and codesign. Sensitizing materials and early instances of design solutions were deployed as catalysts for communication. Five rounds of enriched interviews and design reviews were thematically analysed to answer the research questions.

Results

Obstacles to child involvement were related to children's level of understanding, the time and energy necessary for information processing and lack of perceived relevance of the information. Patients' engagement is supported by design features that extend the time frame of interaction beyond the consultation, transfer information interactively and give control and influence during the consultation.

Conclusion

Obstacles were detected that complicate child engagement, which differ between stakeholders. Promising design features were identified that have the potential to play an important role in enabling active child involvement. These findings show that applying principles of human‐centred design research and codesign can bring together patients, parents and medical professionals around a tool that provides a shared language and focus, which are prerequisites to increase child engagement.

Patient or Public Contribution

Patients, parents and clinicians contributed as design informants during contextual research and design reviews. Clinicians provided feedback on the initial outcomes of thematic analysis. Two researchers assisted in consensus sessions during the thematic analysis.
Advancing literature review methodology through rigour, generativity, scope and transparency
Authors: Fan Di , Breslin Dermot , Callahan Jamie L. , Iszatt‐White Marian
Published: January 2022

The International Journal of Management Reviews (IJMR) is proud to offer a special section for articles that address methods and methodologies associated with undertaking literature reviews. In this editorial, we share our goals and aspirations for this special section. Drawing upon the motivations and objectives set out in 2020 and 2021 IJMR editorials, this editorial first discusses what potential benefits such an ongoing special section can bring to management and organization research in the longer term. In the next two sections, we detail what editors expect to see in the submissions we receive, and we also elaborate on some general and specific publication criteria as to how editors and reviewers will assess submissions related to methodology discussion. We hope this editorial will help authors avoid the disappointment of a rejection and encourage them to develop rigorous, innovative and impactful methodological advances and discussion.
The revival of nationalism in Europe and the immigration challenges in France
Authors: Berdiyev Ahmet , Can Nurettin
Published: January 2022

The European continent has been facing a significant challenge causing social, economic and political inequality among not only the countries, regions and cities but also the community members. What would be problematic within this broad context is to formulate a European immigration policy irrespective of framing a European immigration policy. Some primary issues, such as economic and employment integration, public goods sharing, ethnic and cultural diversity, social and political participation should be discussed in terms of the EU policy goals. Having applied the nationalism theory, this research scrutinizes nationalism and immigration influx in France. The study analysed that the French policy‐making process and the political rhetoric that influenced the immigration flow in France; those policies did not integrate the immigrants or stabilize France's situation. This analysis illustrates that France is becoming one of the toughest countries in Western Europe concerning its immigration laws and measures, which trigger the nationalistic sentiments. Nationalism, nevertheless, and its naturally opposing organization can also mutually boost anxieties and disputes in Europe, especially in France. The paper concludes that there is a paradigm shift in understanding immigration as a concept; throughout the twentieth century, it was considered a positive factor that proves France's attractiveness, which altered the perception of nation and the citizenship.
Prospective 5‐year clinical evaluation of posterior zirconia fixed dental prostheses veneered with milled lithium disilicate (CADon)
Authors: Blatz Markus B. , Hariton‐Gross Karina , Anadioti Evanthia , Mante Francis , Zhang Yu , Saleh Najeed
Published: January 2022

Objective

Bi‐layer zirconia‐based posterior fixed dental prostheses (FDPs) have reportedly a high incidence of veneering ceramic fractures. The CADon technique employs zirconia frameworks veneered with milled lithium disilicate glass–ceramic to overcome these shortcomings but long‐term clinical studies are missing. This study evaluated the clinical efficacy of posterior 3‐unit CADOn FDPs over a 5‐year period.

Materials and Methods

A total of 25 patients, 16 male and 9 female with a mean age of 55.6 years, received a total of 25 posterior three‐unit CADOn FDPs. Patients were recalled for baseline and for follow‐up visits at 6, 12, 24, and 60 months. Parameters evaluated were fracture, marginal adaptation, marginal discoloration, wear, polish, color match, surface staining, and retention of these restorations as well as secondary caries of the abutment teeth.

Results

A total of 21 FDPs evaluated at 60‐months revealed a 100% survival rate. All evaluated clinical parameters were satisfactory (alpha or bravo) and there was no statistically significant difference at different time points, except for surface staining, which was also worse at 60 months compared to baseline (p  0.001).

Conclusions

CADOn three‐unit posterior FDPs demonstrate excellent fracture resistance after 5 years of clinical function. All evaluated clinical parameters were satisfactory, except for surface stain, which also increased over time.

Clinical Significance

Conventionally veneered bi‐layer zirconia‐based posterior FDPs have limited clinical success. Based on this study, alternative methods such as zirconia frameworks veneered with milled lithium disilicate glass–ceramic provide a viable alternative with excellent long‐term clinical outcomes.
Multidisciplinary design: Creating a common perspective in complex cases
Authors: Cofar Florin , Barbur Ioan , Giordani Gustavo , Giordani Marcelo , Popp Ioana , Lascu Gabriela , Van Dooren Eric , Bratu Tiberiu , Blatz Markus
Published: January 2022

Objective

This clinical report describes and illustrates digital treatment planning and interdisciplinary orthodontic, surgical, and prosthetic treatment in a highly complex clinical case.

Clinical Considerations

Analogue design protocols through wax ups are highly variable, technique sensitive, and operator dependent. Digital smile design and treatment planning tools facilitate simplified processes through the use of natural tooth libraries, based on the specific esthetic and functional needs of the individual patient. The vast information compiled in the virtual patient and the treatment plan consolidated in the initial digital design facilitate true interdisciplinary treatment planning and execution, with all dental specialties involved, from orthodontic to surgical and prosthetic treatment.

Conclusions

Digital protocols and design tools provide clear clinical roadmaps for increased efficiency, precision, and predictability, vastly improving the quality of interdisciplinary patient care.

Clinical Significance

While analogue protocols are technique sensitive and largely dependent on the operator, digital smile design, and treatment planning tools offer opportunities for truly patient‐centered individualized care and interdisciplinary treatment.
Labor‐eliminating technology, wage inequality, and trade protectionism
Authors: Gilbert John , Koska Onur A. , Oladi Reza
Published: January 2022

Rapid automation in manufacturing has raised pressing questions in public and policy discourse regarding the effects of labor‐eliminating technical progress in an industry. We address the implications of a labor‐eliminating technology adopted in manufacturing for factor price changes, the skilled–unskilled wage gap, and for trade policies intended to protect workers. Using an otherwise traditional multisector general equilibrium model, we derive the conditions under which a labor‐eliminating technology will be adopted in manufacturing, and show that such a technical change will increase the rate of return on capital, and decrease both skilled and unskilled labor wages. We derive conditions under which wage inequality increases, and most importantly, show that implementing protectionist trade policies in the industry experiencing labor‐eliminating technical progress will, paradoxically, hurt the workers that the policy is meant to protect.
A retrospective multi‐center study of treatment, outcome, and prognostic factors in 34 dogs with disseminated aspergillosis in Australia
Authors: Lim Yi Yu , Mansfield Caroline , Stevenson Mark , Thompson Mary , Davies David , Whitney Joanna , James Fleur , Tebb Anna , Fry Darren , Buob Sibylle , Hambrook Lydia , Boo Gladys , Dandrieux Julien R. S.
Published: January 2022

Background

Disseminated aspergillosis (DA) in dogs has a guarded prognosis and there is a lack of a gold standard treatment protocol.

Objective

To retrospectively assess survival times and factors influencing survival times.

Animals

Dogs diagnosed with DA from January 2007 to June 2017.

Methods

Disseminated aspergillosis case data were retrieved from 13 Australian veterinary referral centers, with a diagnosis confirmed with culture or PCR. Factors influencing survival time after diagnosis were quantified using a Cox proportional hazards regression model.

Results

Thirty‐four dogs met the study inclusion criteria. Twenty‐two dogs were treated with antifungal treatment and 12 dogs received no antifungal treatment. Accounting for censoring of dogs that were either still alive on the date of data collection or were loss to follow‐up, dogs treated with itraconazole alone (n = 8) had a median survival time (MST) of 63 (95% CI: 20−272) days compared to 830 (95% CI: 267‐1259) days for the n = 14 dogs that received multimodal antifungal therapy ( test statistic 8.6; = 1;P < .01). The daily hazard of death (DHOD) for dogs with abnormally high serum creatinine concentration at the time of diagnosis was 7.4 (95% CI: 1.9‐29) times that of dogs with serum creatinine within the reference interval.

Conclusion and Clinical Importance

Serum creatinine concentration at the time of diagnosis is a useful prognostic indicator for survival after a diagnosis of DA. The MST for dogs treated with multimodal antifungal therapy is longer than itraconazole alone and warrant further investigation (P < .01).
Pregnancy and parenting support for youth experiencing homelessness
Authors: Eapen Doncy J. , Bergh Rebecca , Narendorf Sarah C. , Santa Maria Diane M
Published: January 2022

This study explored the perceptions and experiences related to pregnancy and parenting support among youth while homeless. This study employed a qualitative descriptive design using data collected from focus group discussions. We assessed the experiences and perceptions of youth related to pregnancy and parenting support. Eighty‐one youth participated in eight focus group discussions and were recruited from shelters, drop‐in centers, and organizations that serve youth in a large metropolitan areas in the southern United States. Thematic content analyses were used to generate results from the qualitative data. Four main themes emerged: youth encountered barriers to accessing healthcare services at the individual and system levels; pregnancy and parenting are stressful, especially during homelessness; support can help overcome the stresses of parenting; and embracing responsibility or “stepping up” is a positive influence of pregnancy and parenting during homelessness. Youth experiencing homelessness (YEH) face significant challenges to accessing healthcare services and adjusting to the parental role. Interventions for pregnant and parenting youth should be co‐designed with and tailored for youth and address the existing health inequities within the healthcare and social service systems.
Molecular, biochemical and enzymatic characterization of photorespiratory 2‐phosphoglycolate phosphatase (PGLP1) in rice
Authors: Liu J.‐Y. , He Z.‐D. , Leung D. W. M. , Zeng S.‐S. , Cui L.‐L. , Peng X.‐X.
Published: January 2022

Phosphoglycolate phosphatase (PGLP, EC3.1.3.18) is a key enzyme in photorespiration. However, genes encoding the rice photorespiratory PGLP have not yet been identified or characterized. Here, PGLP for photorespiration in rice was identified and its enzymatic properties were investigated.

In order to define the function of PGLP homologs, rice PGLP mutants were constructed using CRISPR/Cas9, the transcriptional expressions were analyzed by RT‐qPCR, and subcellular localizations were detected via rice protoplast transient expression analysis.

Based on sequence alignment, proteins encoded by genes OsPGLP1, OsPGLP2, and OsPGLP3 in the rice genome were predicted to have PGLP activity. Subsequent experimentation showed that OsPGLP1 and OsPGLP3 are chloroplast proteins, while OsPGLP2 is localized in the cytoplasm. In rice leaves, levels of PGLP1 transcript were substantially higher than those of PGLP2 and PGLP3, whereas in roots, levels of PGLP2 transcript were higher than those of PGLP1 and PGLP3. There was no detectable PGLP activity in leaves of the OsPGLP1 mutant, which was non‐viable in ambient air condition (400 ppm CO2) and high CO2 (4000 ppm) was unable to restore normal growth. In contrast, mutations of PGLP2 or PGLP3 did not result in visible phenotypes and the leaf PGLP activities were also unaffected

It is suggested that PGLP1, encoded by Os04g0490800, is responsible for photorespiration. Furthermore, PGLP1 is a dimer with an apparent molecular mass of ca.65 kDa, and its Km is 272 μM, with a higher broad optimum pH (7.5 to 10.0) for PGLP activity than that in other higher plants.
Experiences of hospitalization for suicide ideation and suicide attempt in gender diverse adults
Authors: Aboussouan Alix , Moscardini Emma H. , Cerel Julie , Tucker Raymond P.
Published: January 2022

Introduction

This study sought to investigate general perceptions of suicide‐related hospital‐based care that Transgender/Gender Diverse (TGD) adults have experienced as well as correlates of their perceived usefulness of this care.

Methods

Data were collected via a cross‐sectional online survey of N = 3718 self‐identified TGD individuals. Single‐item self‐report measures of all constructs of interest were used.

Results

A total of n = 1056 participants indicated hospitalization for either a past suicide attempt (SA) or suicidal ideation (SI). Irrespective of being hospitalized for SI or SA, perceived usefulness of hospital‐based care was low with 50% or more of participants rating their care as some degree of unhelpful. Older age, general trust in mental healthcare providers, and voluntary admission were related to higher perceived helpfulness of care for both SI and SA admissions. Higher pride in TGD identity was positively related to perceived helpfulness of care but only for admissions related to SAs.

Conclusion

Improving perceived usefulness of hospital‐based care may be important for improving subsequent suicide‐related help‐seeking. Increasing training and provision of care that improves trust with mental healthcare providers and potentially reduces need for involuntary admission may help improve hospital‐based, suicide‐related care in TGD adults.