bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mars Methane Sources in Northwestern Gale Crater Inferred From Back Trajectory Modeling
Authors: Luo Y. , Mischna M. A. , Lin J. C. , Fasoli B. , Cai X. , Yung Y. L.
Published: November 2021

During its first seven years of operation, the Sample Analysis at Mars Tunable Laser Spectrometer (TLS) on board the Curiosity rover has detected seven methane spikes above a low background abundance in Gale crater. The methane spikes are likely sourced by surface emission within or around Gale crater. Here, we use inverse Lagrangian modeling techniques to identify upstream emission regions on the Martian surface for these methane spikes at an unprecedented spatial resolution. Inside Gale crater, the northwestern crater floor casts the strongest influence on the detections. Outside Gale crater, the upstream regions common to all the methane spikes extend toward the north. The contrasting results from two consecutive TLS methane measurements performed on the same sol point to an active emission site to the west or the southwest of the Curiosity rover on the northwestern crater floor. The observed spike magnitude and frequency also favor emission sites on the northwestern crater floor, unless there are fast methane removal mechanisms at work, or either the methane spikes of TLS or the non‐detections of ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter cannot be trusted.
Integrated Sentinel‐1 InSAR and GNSS Time‐Series Along the San Andreas Fault System
Authors: Xu Xiaohua , Sandwell David T. , Klein Emilie , Bock Yehuda
Published: November 2021

Measuring crustal strain and seismic moment accumulation, is crucial for understanding the growth and distribution of seismic hazards along major fault systems. Here, we develop a methodology to integrate 4.5 years (2015–2019.5) of Sentinel‐1 Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) and continuous Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) time series to achieve 6 to 12‐day sampling of surface displacements at ∼500 m spatial resolution over the entire San Andreas fault system. Numerous interesting deformation signals are identified with this product (video link:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SxNLQKmHWpY). We decompose the line‐of‐sight InSAR displacements into three dimensions by combining the deformation azimuth from a GNSS‐derived interseismic fault model. We then construct strain rate maps using a smoothing interpolator with constraints from elasticity. The resulting deformation field reveals a wide array of crustal deformation processes including, on‐ and off‐fault secular and transient tectonic deformation, creep rates on all the major faults, and vertical signals associated with hydrological processes. The strain rate maps show significant off‐fault components that were not captured by GNSS‐only models. These results are important in assessing the seismic hazard in the region.
S100B dysregulation during brain development affects synaptic SHANK protein networks via alteration of zinc homeostasis
Authors: Daini Eleonora , Hagmeyer Simone , De Benedictis Chiara A. , Cristóvão Joana S. , Bodria Martina , Ross Aisling M. , Raab Andrea , Boeckers Tobias M. , Feldmann Joerg , Gomes Cláudio M. , Zoli Michele , Vilella Antonietta , Grabrucker Andreas M.
Published: November 2021

Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are caused by a combination of genetic predisposition and nongenetic factors. Among the nongenetic factors, maternal immune system activation and zinc deficiency have been proposed. Intriguingly, as a genetic factor, copy-number variations in S100B, a pro-inflammatory damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP), have been associated with ASD, and increased serum S100B has been found in ASD. Interestingly, it has been shown that increased S100B levels affect zinc homeostasis in vitro. Thus, here, we investigated the influence of increased S100B levels in vitro and in vivo during pregnancy in mice regarding zinc availability, the zinc-sensitive SHANK protein networks associated with ASD, and behavioral outcomes. We observed that S100B affects the synaptic SHANK2 and SHANK3 levels in a zinc-dependent manner, especially early in neuronal development. Animals exposed to high S100B levels in utero similarly show reduced levels of free zinc and SHANK2 in the brain. On the behavioral level, these mice display hyperactivity, increased stereotypic and abnormal social behaviors, and cognitive impairment. Pro-inflammatory factors and zinc-signaling alterations converge on the synaptic level revealing a common pathomechanism that may mechanistically explain a large share of ASD cases.
A sex specific approach of ophthalmic and middle cerebral arteries Doppler in smokers
Authors: Paes Maria Marta B. M. , Martins Luísa Macedo Mendes , Diniz Angélica L. D.
Published: November 2021

Vascular dysfunctions can progress and lead to stroke and cardiovascular disease, especially in smokers. The presence of particular vascular changes according to sex has been described and they can be identified by the Doppler method. This study evaluated Doppler velocimetry parameters of the Ophthalmic Artery (OA) and the Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA) according to sex in smokers regarding a non-smoker group. This cross-sectional observational study included 178 subjects: 93 women and 85 men. Doppler parameters were assessed in OA and MCA. Student’s t-test was used, with p < 0.05. There were no significant differences in OA and MCA Doppler velocimetry data between male non-smokers and smokers. However, female smokers presented several differences compared with non-smokers: lower pulsatility index (PI) and higher peak ratio in OA, and higher PI and resistance index and lower end diastolic velocity in MCA. There were different brain vascular waveforms in the group of female smokers compared with non-smokers. Cigarette smoking also led to opposite arterial patterns in OA and MCA in the female group, with signs of falling impedance in OA and increased impedance in MCA. An individualized approach regarding arterial changes according to sex is desirable.
Social threat indirectly increases moral condemnation via thwarting fundamental social needs
Authors: Henderson Robert K. , Schnall Simone
Published: November 2021

Individuals who experience threats to their social needs may attempt to avert further harm by condemning wrongdoers more severely. Three pre-registered studies tested whether threatened social esteem is associated with increased moral condemnation. In Study 1 (N = 381) participants played a game in which they were socially included or excluded and then evaluated the actions of moral wrongdoers. We observed an indirect effect: Exclusion increased social needs-threat, which in turn increased moral condemnation. Study 2 (N = 428) was a direct replication, and also showed this indirect effect. Both studies demonstrated the effect across five moral foundations, and was most pronounced for harm violations. Study 3 (N = 102) examined dispositional concerns about social needs threat, namely social anxiety, and showed a positive correlation between this trait and moral judgments. Overall, results suggest threatened social standing is linked to moral condemnation, presumably because moral wrongdoers pose a further threat when one’s ability to cope is already compromised.
Selection of the reference genes for quantitative gene expression by RT-qPCR in the desert plant Stipagrostis pennata
Authors: Li Rong , Cui Kaiwen , Xie Quanliang , Xie Shuangquan , Chen Xifeng , Zhuo Lu , Cao Aiping , Shen Haitao , Jin Xiang , Wang Fei , Li Hongbin
Published: November 2021

The desert pioneer plantStipagrostis pennataplays an important role in sand fixation, wind prevention, and desert ecosystem recovery. An absence of reference genes greatly limits investigations into the regulatory mechanism by whichS. pennataadapts to adverse desert environments at the molecular and genetic levels. In this study, eight candidate reference genes were identified from rhizosheath development transcriptome data fromS. pennata, and their expression stability in the rhizosheaths at different development stages, in a variety of plant tissues, and under drought stress was evaluated using four procedures, including geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and RefFinder. The results showed thatGAPDHandelFwere the most stable reference genes under drought stress and in rhizosheath development, andARP6andALDHwere relatively stable in all plant tissues. In addition,elFwas the most suitable reference gene for all treatments. Analysis of the consistency between the reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and RNA sequencing data showed that the identifiedelFandGAPDHreference genes were stable during rhizosheath development. These results provide reliable reference genes for assuring the accuracy of RT-qPCR and offer a foundation for further investigations into the genetic responses ofS. pennatato abiotic stress.
Co-formulant in a commercial fungicide product causes lethal and sub-lethal effects in bumble bees
Authors: Straw Edward A. , Brown Mark J. F.
Published: November 2021

Pollinators, particularly wild bees, are suffering declines across the globe, and pesticides are thought to be drivers of these declines. Research into, and regulation of pesticides has focused on the active ingredients, and their impact on bee health. In contrast, the additional components in pesticide formulations have been overlooked as potential threats. By testing an acute oral dose of the fungicide product Amistar, and equivalent doses of each individual co-formulant, we were able to measure the toxicity of the formulation and identify the ingredient responsible. We found that a co-formulant, alcohol ethoxylates, caused a range of damage to bumble bee health. Exposure to alcohol ethoxylates caused 30% mortality and a range of sublethal effects. Alcohol ethoxylates treated bees consumed half as much sucrose as negative control bees over the course of the experiment and lost weight. Alcohol ethoxylates treated bees had significant melanisation of their midguts, evidence of gut damage. We suggest that this gut damage explains the reduction in appetite, weight loss and mortality, with bees dying from energy depletion. Our results demonstrate that sublethal impacts of pesticide formulations need to be considered during regulatory consideration, and that co-formulants can be more toxic than active ingredients.
Association between the ABCA1 (R219K) polymorphism and lipid profiles: a meta-analysis
Authors: Shi Zhangyan , Tian Yajie , Zhao Ze , Wu Yufei , Hu Xiuxia , Li Junlin , Chen Qianliang , Wang Yan , An Caiyan , Zhang Kejin
Published: November 2021

Conflicting evidence was found about the relationship between lipid profiles and R219K polymorphism in adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette exporter A1 (ABCA1) gene. In this study, four meta-analyses were conducted to assess the effect of R219K on lipid levels, including high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, total cholesterol, and triglycerides (TG). A total of 125 samples of 87 studies (about 60,262 subjects) were included. The effect of each study was expressed using the standard mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) and pooled by meta-analysis in the random-effects model. Subgroup and meta-regression analyses were conducted to explore potential heterogeneity sources. The overall pooled effect showed the following results. (1) The R219K was significantly associated with HDLC level (SMD = − 0.25 mmol/L, 95%CI − 0.32 to − 0.18, z = − 6.96, P < 0.01, recessive genetic model). People with different genotypes had significantly different HDLC levels under the recessive, codominant and dominant genetic models (all Ps < 0.01). (2) A weak and indeterminate relationship between R219K and TG level was observed (SMD = 0.18 mmol/L, 95%CI 0.06–0.30, z = 3.01, P < 0.01, recessive genetic model). These findings suggested that R219K was associated with HDLC and TG levels, which might implicate a promising clinical application for lipid-related disorders, though the influences of race, health status, BMI, and other heterogeneity sources should be considered when interpreting current findings. The protocol was registered at PROSPERO (registration number: CRD42021231178).
An NMR relaxometry approach for quantitative investigation of the transchelation of gadolinium ions from GBCAs to a competing macromolecular chelator
Authors: Werner Patrick , Taupitz Matthias , Schröder Leif , Schuenke Patrick
Published: November 2021

Gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) have been used in clinical Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) for more than 30 years. However, there is increasing evidence that their dissociation in vivo leads to long-term depositions of gadolinium ions in the human body. In vitro experiments provide critical insights into kinetics and thermodynamic equilibria of underlying processes, which give hints towards the in vivo situation. We developed a time-resolved MRI relaxometry-based approach that exploits distinct relaxivities of Gd3+ in different molecular environments. Its applicability to quantify the transmetallation of GBCAs, the binding of Gd3+ to competing chelators, and the combined transchelation process is demonstrated. Exemplarily, the approach is applied to investigate two representative GBCAs in the presence of Zn2+ and heparin, which is used as a model for a macromolecular and physiologically occurring chelator. Opposing indirect impacts of heparin on increasing the kinetic stability but reducing the thermodynamic stability of GBCAs are observed. The relaxivity of resulting Gd-heparin complexes is shown to be essentially increased compared to that of the parent GBCAs so that they might be one explanation for observed long-term MRI signal enhancement in vivo. In forthcoming studies, the presented method could help to identify the most potent Gd-complexing macromolecular species.
Environmental sound classification using temporal-frequency attention based convolutional neural network
Authors: Mu Wenjie , Yin Bo , Huang Xianqing , Xu Jiali , Du Zehua
Published: November 2021

Environmental sound classification is one of the important issues in the audio recognition field. Compared with structured sounds such as speech and music, the time–frequency structure of environmental sounds is more complicated. In order to learn time and frequency features from Log-Mel spectrogram more effectively, a temporal-frequency attention based convolutional neural network model (TFCNN) is proposed in this paper. Firstly, an experiment that is used as motivation in proposed method is designed to verify the effect of a specific frequency band in the spectrogram on model classification. Secondly, two new attention mechanisms, temporal attention mechanism and frequency attention mechanism, are proposed. These mechanisms can focus on key frequency bands and semantic related time frames on the spectrogram to reduce the influence of background noise and irrelevant frequency bands. Then, a feature information complementarity is formed by combining these mechanisms to more accurately capture the critical time–frequency features. In such a way, the representation ability of the network model can be greatly improved. Finally, experiments on two public data sets, UrbanSound 8 K and ESC-50, demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
A duplicated copy of id2b is an unusual sex-determining candidate gene on the Y chromosome of arapaima (Arapaima gigas)
Authors: Adolfi Mateus C. , Du Kang , Kneitz Susanne , Cabau Cédric , Zahm Margot , Klopp Christophe , Feron Romain , Paixão Rômulo V. , Varela Eduardo S. , de Almeida Fernanda L. , de Oliveira Marcos A. , Nóbrega Rafael H. , Lopez-Roques Céline , Iampietro Carole , Lluch Jérôme , Kloas Werner , Wuertz Sven , Schaefer Fabian , Stöck Matthias , Guiguen Yann , Schartl Manfred
Published: November 2021

Arapaima gigas is one of the largest freshwater fish species of high ecological and economic importance. Overfishing and habitat destruction are severe threats to the remaining wild populations. By incorporating a chromosomal Hi-C contact map, we improved the arapaima genome assembly to chromosome-level, revealing an unexpected high degree of chromosome rearrangements during evolution of the bonytongues (Osteoglossiformes). Combining this new assembly with pool-sequencing of male and female genomes, we identified id2bbY, a duplicated copy of the inhibitor of DNA binding 2b (id2b) gene on the Y chromosome as candidate male sex-determining gene. A PCR-test for id2bbY was developed, demonstrating that this gene is a reliable male-specific marker for genotyping. Expression analyses showed that this gene is expressed in juvenile male gonads. Its paralog, id2ba, exhibits a male-biased expression in immature gonads. Transcriptome analyses and protein structure predictions confirm id2bbY as a prime candidate for the master sex-determiner. Acting through the TGFβ signaling pathway, id2bbY from arapaima would provide the first evidence for a link of this family of transcriptional regulators to sex determination. Our study broadens our current understanding about the evolution of sex determination genetic networks and provide a tool for improving arapaima aquaculture for commercial and conservation purposes.
A novel parameter derived from post-processing procedure of dual energy CT for identification of gout
Authors: Xiang Chunlin , Zhang Hongyan , Wu Gang
Published: November 2021

ROI analysis is frequently used for obtaining acid content on rapid-kV-switching dual energy CT (DECT), providing inadequate accuracy. A new parameter derived from post-processing procedure, maximum lower limit with stain visible (MLLSV), was used by us to diagnose gout. 30 gout patients and 20 healthy volunteers were analyzed by using MLLSV. MLLSV was defined as the maximum lower limit of display window allowing only one stained site visible. Radiologists were asked to continuously increase the lower limit of display window of uric acid to decrease number of stained sites until the last stained site disappeared. MLLSV obtained by this way was compared between gout patients and volunteers. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to determine the performance. MLLSV of gout patients was significantly higher than that of volunteers (1373.3 ± 23.0 mg/cm3 vs. 1315.4 ± 20.7 mg/cm3, p = 0.000). The area under ROC curve of MLLSV was 0.993 in identifying gout. When using the optimal cutoff of 1342 mg/cm3, the sensitivity and specificity of MLLSV in identification of gout were 96.7% and 95% respectively. MLLSV derived from post-processing procedure of DECT is useful in discriminating gout patients from healthy people.
Gate induced quantum wires in GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructures by cleaved edge deposition
Authors: Alt L. , Reichl C. , Berl M. , Dietsche W. , Wegscheider W.
Published: November 2021

Electric conductors with dimensions reduced to the nanometer scale are the prerequisite of the quantum devices upon which the future advanced electronics is expected to be based. In the past, the fabrication of one-dimensional (1D) wires has been a particular challenge because they have to be defect-free over their whole length, which can be several tens µm. Excellent 1D wires have been produced by cleaving semiconductors (GaAs, AlGaAs) in ultra high vacuum and overgrowing the pristine edge surface by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE)1,2. Unfortunately, this cleaved edge overgrowth (CEO) technique did not find wide-spread use because it requires a series of elaborate steps that are difficult to accomplish. In this Letter, we present a greatly simplified variation of this technique where the cleaving takes place in ambient air and the MBE overgrowth is replaced by a standard deposition process. Wires produced by this cleaved edge deposition (CED) technique have properties that are as least as good as the traditional CEO ones. Due to its simplicity, the CED technique offers a generally accessible way to produce 1D devices.
Propensity score-adjusted analysis on stent-assisted coiling versus coiling alone for ruptured intracranial aneurysms
Authors: Goertz Lukas , Liebig Thomas , Pennig Lenhard , Timmer Marco , Styczen Hanna , Grunz Jan-Peter , Lichtenstein Thorsten , Schlamann Marc , Kabbasch Christoph
Published: November 2021

Stent-assisted coiling (SAC) for ruptured intracranial aneurysms (RIAs) remains controversial due to an inherent risk of potential thromboembolic and hemorrhagic complications. We compared SAC and coiling alone for the management of RIAs using propensity score-adjustment. Sixty-four patients treated by SAC and 220 by stand-alone coiling were retrospectively reviewed and compared using inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) with propensity scores. Functional outcome, procedure-related and overall complications and angiographic results were analyzed. Aneurysms treated by SAC had a larger diameter, a wider neck and were more frequently located at the posterior circulation. SAC had a higher risk for thromboembolic complications (17.2% vs. 7.7%, p = 0.025), however, this difference did not persist in the IPTW analysis (OR 1.2, 95% CI 0.7–2.3, adjusted p = 0.458). In the adjusted analysis, rates of procedural cerebral infarction (p = 0.188), ventriculostomy-related hemorrhage (p = 0.584), in-hospital mortality (p = 0.786) and 6-month favorable functional outcome (p = 0.471) were not significantly different between the two groups. SAC yielded a higher complete occlusion (80.0% vs. 67.2%, OR 3.2, 95% CI 1.9–5.4, p < 0.001) and a lower recanalization rate (17.5% vs. 26.1%, OR 0.3, 95% CI 0.2–0.6, p < 0.001) than stand-alone coiling at 6-month follow-up. In conclusion, SAC of large and wide-necked RIAs provided higher aneurysm occlusion and similar clinical outcome, when compared to stand-alone coiling.
Land use influences stream bacterial communities in lowland tropical watersheds
Authors: Chavarria Karina A. , Saltonstall Kristin , Vinda Jorge , Batista Jorge , Lindmark Megan , Stallard Robert F. , Hall Jefferson S.
Published: November 2021

Land use is known to affect water quality yet the impact it has on aquatic microbial communities in tropical systems is poorly understood. We used 16S metabarcoding to assess the impact of land use on bacterial communities in the water column of four streams in central Panama. Each stream was influenced by a common Neotropical land use: mature forest, secondary forest, silvopasture and traditional cattle pasture. Bacterial community diversity and composition were significantly influenced by nearby land uses. Streams bordered by forests had higher phylogenetic diversity (Faith’s PD) and similar community structure (based on weighted UniFrac distance), whereas the stream surrounded by traditional cattle pasture had lower diversity and unique bacterial communities. The silvopasture stream showed strong seasonal shifts, with communities similar to forested catchments during the wet seasons and cattle pasture during dry seasons. We demonstrate that natural forest regrowth and targeted management, such as maintaining and restoring riparian corridors, benefit stream-water microbiomes in tropical landscapes and can provide a rapid and efficient approach to balancing agricultural activities and water quality protection.
Improved production of the non-native cofactor F420 in Escherichia coli
Authors: Shah Mihir V. , Nazem-Bokaee Hadi , Antoney James , Kang Suk Woo , Jackson Colin J. , Scott Colin
Published: November 2021

The deazaflavin cofactor F420 is a low-potential, two-electron redox cofactor produced by some Archaea and Eubacteria that is involved in methanogenesis and methanotrophy, antibiotic biosynthesis, and xenobiotic metabolism. However, it is not produced by bacterial strains commonly used for industrial biocatalysis or recombinant protein production, such as Escherichia coli, limiting our ability to exploit it as an enzymatic cofactor and produce it in high yield. Here we have utilized a genome-scale metabolic model of E. coli and constraint-based metabolic modelling of cofactor F420 biosynthesis to optimize F420 production in E. coli. This analysis identified phospho-enol pyruvate (PEP) as a limiting precursor for F420 biosynthesis, explaining carbon source-dependent differences in productivity. PEP availability was improved by using gluconeogenic carbon sources and overexpression of PEP synthase. By improving PEP availability, we were able to achieve a ~ 40-fold increase in the space–time yield of F420 compared with the widely used recombinant Mycobacterium smegmatis expression system. This study establishes E. coli as an industrial F420-production system and will allow the recombinant in vivo use of F420-dependent enzymes for biocatalysis and protein engineering applications.
Silole allylic anions instead of silanides
Authors: Pöcheim Alexander , Albers Lena , Müller Thomas , Baumgartner Judith , Marschner Christoph
Published: November 2021

The reactions of 3,4-diphenylsiloles with two neopentasilanyl groups in 2- and 5-positions with one equivalent of KOtBu do not yield the expected silanides but silole allylic anions instead.
Enhancing the oxide-ionic conductivity of Ba3Mo1+xNb1−2xGexO8.5 at intermediate temperatures: the effect of site-selective Ge4+-substitution
Authors: Cheng Zien , Yang Jia , Jiang Pengfei , Huang He , da-Silva Ivan , Gao Wenliang , Cong Rihong , Yang Tao
Published: November 2021

Incorporation of 4-fold coordination geometry preferring Ge4+ ions into the palmierite-like layers of Ba3Mo1+xNb1−2xGexO8.5 resulted in enhanced oxide ionic conductivities at intermediate temperatures.
Pseudocapacitance-boosted ultrafast and stable Na-storage in NiTe2 coupled with N-doped carbon nanosheets for advanced sodium-ion half/full batteries
Authors: Han Xu , Jiang Qilei , Zhang Mengling , Qin Zheng , Geng Hongbo , Sun Chencheng , Gu Hongwei
Published: November 2021

Developing high-rate and durable anode materials for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) is still a challenge because of the larger ion radius of sodium compared with the lithium ion during charge–discharge processes.
Molecularly pure miktoarm spherical nucleic acids: preparation and usage as a scaffold for abiotic intracellular catalysis
Authors: Zhang Bohan , Bai Silei , Chao Xiangyu , Wu Tong , Chen Zhiyong , Cheng Zehong , Xiao Yue , Zhang Ke , Bai Yugang
Published: November 2021

Biocompatible nano-constructs, with definite molecular structures and programmable subunits, can potentially be used as biocatalysts with modular functional moieties.
Construction of a quantitative relation between structural relaxation and dynamic heterogeneity by vibrational dynamics in glass-forming liquids and polymers
Authors: Xia Jianshe , Guo Hongxia
Published: November 2021

We build a direct quantitative relation between structural relaxation and dynamic heterogeneity using the Debye–Waller factor for different types of glass-forming liquids and polymers.
Recent advances in blood rheology: a review
Authors: Beris Antony N. , Horner Jeffrey S. , Jariwala Soham , Armstrong Matthew J. , Wagner Norman J.
Published: November 2021

Blood rheology shows viscoelastic, thixotropic (using a structural parameterλ) and viscoplastic characteristics shown in steady stressvs.shear-rate data.
Single-atom catalysts: stimulating electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction in the industrial era
Authors: Zhang Zedong , Wang Dingsheng
Published: November 2021

Carbon monoxide and formic acid play a significant role in industrial processes and are exceedingly economical C1 products in electrochemical CO2 reduction reactions (ECR).
Prandtl number dependence of stellar convection: Flow statistics and convective energy transport
Authors: Käpylä P. J.
Published: November 2021

Context. The ratio of kinematic viscosity to thermal diffusivity, the Prandtl number, is much smaller than unity in stellar convection zones.

Aims. The main goal of this work is to study the statistics of convective flows and energy transport as functions of the Prandtl number.

Methods. Three-dimensional numerical simulations of compressible non-rotating hydrodynamic convection in Cartesian geometry are used. The convection zone (CZ) is embedded between two stably stratified layers. The dominant contribution to the diffusion of entropy fluctuations comes in most cases from a subgrid-scale diffusivity whereas the mean radiative energy flux is mediated by a diffusive flux employing Kramers opacity law. Here, we study the statistics and transport properties of up- and downflows separately.

Results. The volume-averaged rms velocity increases with decreasing Prandtl number. At the same time, the filling factor of downflows decreases and leads to, on average, stronger downflows at lower Prandtl numbers. This results in a strong dependence of convective overshooting on the Prandtl number. Velocity power spectra do not show marked changes as a function of Prandtl number except near the base of the convective layer where the dominance of vertical flows is more pronounced. At the highest Reynolds numbers, the velocity power spectra are more compatible with the Bolgiano-Obukhov k−11/5 than the Kolmogorov-Obukhov k−5/3 scaling. The horizontally averaged convected energy flux (F̅conv), which is the sum of the enthalpy (F̅enth) and kinetic energy fluxes (F̅kin), is independent of the Prandtl number within the CZ. However, the absolute values of F̅enth and F̅kin increase monotonically with decreasing Prandtl number. Furthermore, F̅enth and F̅kin have opposite signs for downflows and their sum F̅↓conv diminishes with Prandtl number. Thus, the upflows (downflows) are the dominant contribution to the convected flux at low (high) Prandtl numbers. These results are similar to those from Rayleigh-Benárd convection in the low Prandtl number regime where convection is vigorously turbulent but inefficient at transporting energy.

Conclusions. The current results indicate a strong dependence of convective overshooting and energy flux on the Prandtl number. Numerical simulations of astrophysical convection often use a Prandtl number of unity because it is numerically convenient. The current results suggest that this can lead to misleading results and that the astrophysically relevant low Prandtl number regime is qualitatively different from the parameter regimes explored in typical contemporary simulations.
Probing the radial acceleration relation and the strong equivalence principle with the Coma cluster ultra-diffuse galaxies
Authors: Freundlich Jonathan , Famaey Benoit , Oria Pierre-Antoine , Bílek Michal , Müller Oliver , Ibata Rodrigo
Published: November 2021

The tight radial acceleration relation (RAR) obeyed by rotationally supported disk galaxies is one of the most successful a priori predictions of the modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND) paradigm on galaxy scales. Another important consequence of MOND as a classical modification of gravity is that the strong equivalence principle (SEP) – which requires the dynamics of a small, free-falling, self-gravitating system not to depend on the external gravitational field in which it is embedded – should be broken. Multiple tentative detections of this so-called external field effect (EFE) of MOND have been made in the past, but the systems that should be most sensitive to it are galaxies with low internal gravitational accelerations residing in galaxy clusters within a strong external field. Here, we show that ultra-diffuse galaxies (UDGs) in the Coma cluster do lie on the RAR, and that their velocity dispersion profiles are in full agreement with isolated MOND predictions, especially when including some degree of radial anisotropy. However, including a breaking of the SEP via the EFE seriously deteriorates this agreement. We discuss various possibilities to explain this within the context of MOND, including a combination of tidal heating and higher baryonic masses. We also speculate that our results could mean that the EFE is screened in cluster UDGs. The fact that this would happen precisely within galaxy clusters, where classical MOND fails, could be especially relevant to the nature of the residual MOND missing mass in clusters of galaxies.
Kepler-223 resonance holds information about turbulence during the gas-disk phase
Authors: Hühn L.-A. , Pichierri G. , Bitsch B. , Batygin K.
Published: November 2021

Context. Planet formation remains an open field of research, and many fundamental physical processes regarding planetary formation in protoplanetary disks are still imperfectly understood. It remains to be investigated how different conditions in these protoplanetary disks affect the emergence of different types of observed systems. An elusive phenomenon is the turbulence in these disks. Observations are available of planetary systems and of some protoplanetary disks, which can serve as a starting point for these investigations. The detected systems reveal different architectures of planets. One particularly interesting case to consider is the Kepler-223 system, which contains a rare configuration of four planets in a resonance chain. This implies a certain migration history.

Aims. We aim to use the orbital configuration of the Kepler-223 planets to constrain the parameters of the protoplanetary disk that allow the formation of a chain of mean-motion resonances that resembles the resonances of Kepler-223. We primarily investigate the disk viscosity and surface density.

Methods. We used the swift_symba N-body integrator with additional dissipative forces to mimic planet-disk interactions.

Results. We constrained the surface densities and viscosities that allow the formation of a resonant chain like that of Kepler-223. We find that surface densities of up to a few minimum mass solar nebula surface densities and disk viscosity parameters α of a few × 10−3 up to × 10−2 are most successful at reproducing the architecture of this particular planetary system. We describe the connection of these two quantities with each other, considering the success of reproducing the chain. We find that higher disk surface densities in turn require lower viscosities to build the chain.

Conclusions. Our results show that well-characterized observed planetary systems hold information about their formation conditions in the protoplanetary disks and that it is possible to extract this information, namely the initial disk surface density and viscosity. This helps to constrain planet formation.
Market Integration: How Does It Work in National Shallot Commodity Market in The Middle of Covid-19 Pandemic?
Authors: Destiarni Resti Prastika , Zainuddin Ahmad , Jamil Ahmad Syariful
Published: November 2021

The impact affected by the covid–19 pandemic influences various sectors in Indonesia, with no exception in agriculture sector. However, the agriculture sector still becomes a sustaining sector for other economic sectors because society's necessity is fulfilled by agriculture. Shallot is one of seven important commodities as basic needs for Indonesian and horticulture primadonna. Covid–19 pandemic presence influences shallot marketing indirectly from farmer till modern market. This research was conducted to analyze market efficiency of national shallot before and after covid–19 pandemic breaking out in Indonesia and used secondary data, which was approached through price data in farmers, wholesalers, traditional markets, and modern markets. This research would be analyzed using Ordinary Least Square approach on Ravallion Model. The research result showed that national shallot market was inefficient in the middle of a pandemic. Characteristic of shallot market was certainly volatile and had fluctuated prices, but it was more volatile in the middle of pandemic than before the pandemic broke out. It could be seen from market connection index and variance value. One of causes that is undeniable is distribution and information obstruction, which is caused by pandemic breaking. Besides, Large Scale Social Restriction rule caused shallot distribution disturbed.
Optimization of Intercropping Rice, Corn, and Soybeans in the Border Area of Sanggau Regency: a goal programming approach
Authors: Burhansyah Rusli , Sution
Published: November 2021

This study uses a goal programming approach for the dual purpose of planning the production of rice-corn-soybean intercropping in the Border Area of Sanggau Regency. In this study, seven objectives were formulated, (1) maximizing the income of rice-corn-soybean intercropping in a year, (2) minimizing farming costs, (3) minimizing labor, (4) maximizing urea fertilizer, (5) maximizing NPK fertilizer, (6) maximizing manure and (7) minimizing land area. The study was conducted in September-December 2019. The study used a survey method. The data collection method used purposive sampling. Respondents were farmers who plant intercropping rice-corn-soybean. The numbers of respondent was 30 people, data collection by random sampling. The method of data analysis was using income analysis, R/C, and Multi-Goal Programming. The results showed that optimization can be achieved with a yearly income goal of IDR 85,566,600; farm costs IDR 31,249,250, the labor of 6,024 people, use of urea fertilizer as much as 400 kg, use of NPK fertilizer as much as 1,500 kg, use of manure as much as 3,000 kg, and land area 6,140 ha. Optimization is achieved when farmers cultivate intercropping rice-corn with an area of 1.99 ha and intercropping with soybean with an area of 0.95 ha.
New normal and health protocol implementation in the farmers
Authors: Demartoto Argyo
Published: November 2021

Farmer becomes a professional group vulnerable to Covid-19 infection. Despite not doing activities with many people, but the risk of Covid-19 infection is still high in this group. The importance of farming sector sustainability requires farmers to keep healthy to maintain farming productivity. New normal era gives the public an opportunity of working outside home as usual by implementing health protocol. Phenomenon of health protocol implementation by farmers and those related during Covid-19 pandemic in Sukoharjo, Indonesia is the object studied in this research using Beck’s risk society theory. In this explorative study, in-depth interview, focus group discussion, and observation were conducted on clean and healthy living behavior in implementing health protocol in working during Covid-19 pandemic, and documentation was also conducted. The result indicates an appeal related to health protocol for farming sector and the movement to prevent Covid-19 transmission in the farmers in Sukoharjo. Attempt of implementing health protocol was taken by activating the agricultural extension officer’s role in socializing Covid-19, new normal, and health protocol to farmer groups in Sukoharjo. During working, the farmers interact rarely with other farmers, wear mask, keep social distance, and wash hand.
Group Dynamics for Urban Farming Development in Rejowinangun, Yogyakarta City
Authors: Indardi  , Orbayinah Salmah , Utomo Setyo
Published: November 2021

This study aims to determine the group dynamics in urban farming development in Kampung Pilahan, Rejowinangun, Yogyakarta. The research method uses descriptive qualitative. Respondents consisted of leaders and administrators of urban farming groups who are truly active. Researchers conducted in-depth interviews with respondents to the chairmen and administrators of the Sinta Mina, Aisyiah, Agro 37, Agro 40 and Sledri Amigo farmer groups to explore information related to the development and group dynamics that occur in urban farming in Rejowinangun. In-depth interviews were continuously conducted, so that researchers could not find any new information (saturated information) related to urban farming. Information has been saturated when researchers have interviewed 20 respondents. Next, do data analysis, namely: compiling information in verbal tables and creating categories and compiling findings of concepts), then providing the meaning and interpretation of the relationship between the categories and concepts found. Finally a conclusion was drawn. The results showed that overall the dynamics of farmer groups were included in the "More Dynamic" category with urban farming development being included in the "More Developed" category. It is important to pay attention to the sustainability of urban farming in the future, considering that generally the members of farmer groups are old.
Smallholding farmers’ resilience towards economic and ecological disruption of oil palm plantations
Authors: Irham  , Andani Apri , Jamhari  , Suryantini Any
Published: November 2021

Indonesian smallholder oil palm plantations are facing both economic and ecological challenges, therefore the farmers struggle to be resilient. This study constructs two purposes, (1) to measure the resilience level of smallholder plantations, and (2) to assess the effect of economic and ecological disruption on smallholders’ resilience. We interviewed a sample of 120 smallholders in South Bengkulu regency, Bengkulu Province, Indonesia. The methodology deploys a quantitative method (statistics and econometrics) to analyze the effect of disruptive incidents on smallholders’ resilience. Resilience is indicated by farmers’ ability to adapt to changes, to recover from downturn business conditions or catastrophes, to anticipate risk, and to innovate new designs of farming activities. Resilience is categorized as less or more resilient (binary). The economic disruption is triggered by production, market, and investment circumstances. Meanwhile, ecological disruption is resulted from natural disasters, climate change, farmer’s treatment of the land, land fire, and government environmental policy. The result shows that more than 60% of smallholder oil palm plantations in Bengkulu Province are less resilient. Production uncertainty, bargaining position, climate change, and environmentally unfriendly farming behaviours increase the possibility of lowering smallholders’ resilience level.
Motivation of Farmers toward Tobacco Farming in Sleman District, Sleman Regency
Authors: Indardi  , Ramadianti Dwi
Published: November 2021

This study aims to determine the motivation of farmers in tobacco farming in Sleman District, Sleman Regency. The research location was chosen because people who cultivate tobacco have the highest productivity (2.4883 tons/ha) in 2019 in Sleman Regency. The tobacco farmers in Sleman District are members of the PAC Farmer Group (Branch Management) of the Indonesian Tobacco Farmers Association, Sleman District. Respondents were determined by census, namely 34 farmers. The analysis used in this research is descriptive analysis with scoring technique. This study uses ERG motivation theory. The results showed that the existence motivation indicator obtained an average score of 3.83 (including the high category), the relatedness motivation indicator obtained an average score of 3.69 (including the high category), as well as the growth motivation indicator obtained a score of 3.74. (Also included in the high category). So it can be concluded that farmers in Sleman District in tobacco farming can be said to have high motivation, both in fulfilling daily needs (existence), interacting with other people (relatedness) and in the need to develop (growth).
Development and problems in the spread of new improved rice varieties in Central Java Province
Authors: Perdana Resty Puspa , Agustian Adang , Wahyudi  , Indraningsih Kurnia Suci , Muslim Chaerul
Published: November 2021

To support increased rice production, the government is trying to increase the use of superior varieties in farming. In line with this, a study has been carried out aimed at analyzing developments, problems in the distribution, and farming of improved rice varieties. The research was conducted in Central Java Province in 2020. The research sample consisted of 30 rice farmers and various institutions related to this study. Data analysis was carried out quantitatively and descriptively qualitatively. The results of the study showed that the distribution of superior rice varieties (2015-2019) was dominated by Ciherang (31.5%) and IR64 (18.1%) varieties, while the new superior variety Inpari had only 3.9% of the spread. Problems faced in the distribution of superior rice varieties include: limited availability of good quality seeds, low yield productivity, and insufficient resistance to pests and diseases. The results of rice farming analysis at MT-II 2020, farming profits for the Ciherang and Inpari 32 varieties, respectively, are IDR. 9.5 million and in IDR 11.0 million per hectare per season. In order to increase the spread of improved rice varieties, it is necessary to support the provision of seeds with high productivity potential, farming pilots and support from government programs.
Empowering people to protect environment: A case study of PT. Indaco Warna Dunia’s CSR
Authors: Hilmi Pujihartati Sri , Dwi Astuti Nurhaeni Ismi , Tri Kartono Drajat , Demartoto Argyo
Published: November 2021

Corporate social responsibility is a company obligation to be responsible on the social atmosphere besides being able to improve the company's image. In addition to corporate benefits, CSR can contribute to environmental-based participatory community empowerment. This paper explores the environmental empowerment carried out by the CSR of PT. Indaco Warna Dunia that collaborates with the surrounding community. This research uses a case study approach. Data collection was carried out by observation, in-depth interviews, and literature study. The results showed that the empowerment does many empowering and sustainable act to save environment. The programs are reforestation, environmental education through festivities, applying green concept in a building, hydroponic education, garbage bank, and etc. The contribution felt by the community is considered real and beneficial in a sustainable manner. The CSR uses unique strategy to empower people to protect environment in creative manners.
Yield Components and Diversity of Qualitative Characters of Fifty Accessions of Inbred Maize Lines
Authors: Herlina Lina
Published: November 2021

Challenges in maize production in Indonesia have led to the importance of assembling high yield varieties of maize. To create superior maize varieties requires genetic material particularly inbred lines as the basic material for setting population to perform crossing and selection. The research aims to characterize the quantitative and qualitative characters of 50 inbred maize which contributed to high yield and also to determine the uniformity of the tested inbred lines. A randomized group design with 3 replications was performed. Based on the results, characters with the highest variance were the number of seeds per ear and 1000 bulk weight. There were five characters with high heritability, including ear diameter, number of seeds per ear, ear wet weight, ear dry weight, and dry seed weight. The highest heritability was obtained from dry seed weight, while the lowest heritability was the number of lines per ear. The accession with the highest dry seed weight was P4G19(S)C2-114-3-1-2 (70 g), accession with the largest ear diameter and the highest number of seeds per ear was P4G19(S)C2-15-1-1-4, and the one with the largest ear dry weight was P4G18(S)C2-18-1-1. The results of the analysis on qualitative characters showed that the variation was still high within the tested lines.