bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neuroglobin in Retinal Neurodegeneration: A Potential Target in Therapeutic Approaches
Authors: Solar Fernandez Virginia , Marino Maria , Fiocchetti Marco
Published: November 2021

Retinal neurodegeneration affects an increasing number of people worldwide causing vision impairments and blindness, reducing quality of life, and generating a great economic challenge. Due to the complexity of the tissue, and the diversity of retinal neurodegenerative diseases in terms of etiology and clinical presentation, so far, there are no cures and only a few early pathological markers have been identified. Increasing efforts have been made to identify and potentiate endogenous protective mechanisms or to abolish detrimental stress responses to preserve retinal structure and function. The discovering of the intracellular monomeric globin neuroglobin (NGB), found at high concentration in the retina, has opened new possibilities for the treatment of retinal disease. Indeed, the NGB capability to reversibly bind oxygen and its neuroprotective function against several types of insults including oxidative stress, ischemia, and neurodegenerative conditions have raised the interest in the possible role of the globin as oxygen supplier in the retina and as a target for retinal neurodegeneration. Here, we provide the undercurrent knowledge on NGB distribution in retinal layers and the evidence about the connection between NGB level modulation and the functional outcome in terms of retinal neuroprotection to provide a novel therapeutic/preventive target for visual pathway degenerative disease.
microRNA-27a-3p but Not -5p Is a Crucial Mediator of Human Adipogenesis
Authors: Wu Hang , Pula Taner , Tews Daniel , Amri Ez-Zoubir , Debatin Klaus-Michael , Wabitsch Martin , Fischer-Posovszky Pamela , Roos Julian
Published: November 2021

MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a class of small, non-coding RNA molecules, play an important role in the posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression, thereby influencing important cellular functions. In adipocytes, miRNAs show import regulatory features and are described to influence differentiation as well as metabolic, endocrine, and inflammatory functions. We previously identified miR-27a being upregulated under inflammatory conditions in human adipocytes and aimed to elucidate its function in adipocyte biology. Both strands of miR-27a, miR-27a-3p and -5p, were downregulated during the adipogenic differentiation of Simpson–Golabi–Behmel syndrome (SGBS) cells, human multipotent adipose-derived stem cells (hMADS), and human primary adipose-derived stromal cells (hASCs). Using miRNA-mimic transfection, we observed that miR-27a-3p is a crucial regulator of adipogenesis, while miR-27a-5p did not alter the differentiation capacity in SGBS cells. In silico screening predicted lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ) as potential targets of miR-27a-3p. The downregulation of both genes was verified in vitro, and the interaction of miR-27-3p with target sites in the 3′ UTRs of both genes was confirmed via a miRNA-reporter-gene assay. Here, the knockdown of LPL did not interfere with adipogenic differentiation, while PPARγ knockdown decreased adipogenesis significantly, suggesting that miR-27-3p exerts its inhibitory effect on adipogenesis by repressing PPARγ. Taken together, we identified and validated a crucial role for miR-27a-3p in human adipogenesis played by targeting the essential adipogenic transcription factor PPARγ. Though we confirmed LPL as an additional target of miR-27a-3p, it does not appear to be involved in regulating human adipogenesis. Thereby, our findings call the conclusions drawn from previous studies, which identified LPL as a crucial regulator for murine and human adipogenesis, into question.
Sensitivity and Specificity of CD19.CAR-T Cell Detection by Flow Cytometry and PCR
Authors: Schanda Nicola , Sauer Tim , Kunz Alexander , Hückelhoven-Krauss Angela , Neuber Brigitte , Wang Lei , Hinkelbein Mandy , Sedloev David , He Bailin , Schubert Maria-Luisa , Müller-Tidow Carsten , Schmitt Michael , Schmitt Anita
Published: November 2021

Chimeric-antigen-receptor-T (CAR-T) cells are currently revolutionizing the field of cancer immunotherapy. Therefore, there is an urgent need for CAR-T cell monitoring by clinicians to assess cell expansion and persistence in patients. CAR-T cell manufacturers and researchers need to evaluate transduction efficiency and vector copy number for quality control. Here, CAR expression was analyzed in peripheral blood samples from patients and healthy donors by flow cytometry with four commercially available detection reagents and on the gene level by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Flow cytometric analysis of CAR expression showed higher mean CAR expression values for CD19 CAR detection reagent and the F(ab’)2 antibody than Protein L and CD19 Protein. In addition, the CD19 CAR detection reagent showed a significantly lower median background staining of 0.02% (range 0.007–0.06%) when compared to the F(ab’)2 antibody, CD19 protein and Protein L with 0.80% (range 0.47–1.58%), 0.65% (range 0.25–1.35%) and 0.73% (range 0.44–1.23%). Furthermore, flow cytometry-based CAR-T cell frequencies by CD19 CAR detection reagent showed a good correlation with qPCR results. In conclusion, quality control of CAR-T cell products can be performed by FACS and qPCR. For the monitoring of CAR-T cell frequencies by FACS in patients, CAR detection reagents with a low background staining are preferable.
Design and Development of a Novel Ultrasonic Field Wetting Angle Measuring Instrument for Researching the Wetting of the Liquid–Solid Interface
Authors: Zhao Jingtao , Ning Liping , Jiang Zongming , Li Yinglong
Published: November 2021

A key technical problem in the preparation of Al-Ti-C grain refiner and other composite materials is the poor wetting of the Al-C interface, which greatly restricts the development of the preparation technology of related composite materials. In view of this scientific challenge, a novel ultrasonic field wetting angle measuring instrument has been designed to research the wetting behavior of the liquid–solid interface and ensure that preparation conditions are optimized. The dimensional parameters of the ultrasonic transducer and the horn in the novel ultrasonic wetting angle measuring instrument have been designed by theoretical calculation, and the modal analysis was performed for the ultrasonic horn using the functions of displacement and time. Modal analysis was utilized to optimize the dimension of the ultrasonic horn, and the natural frequency of the longitudinal vibration of the horn was reduced from 22,130 Hz to 22,013 Hz, resulting in an error rate between the actual value (22,013 Hz) and the design value (20 kHz) of less than 1%. In addition, the influence of different transition arc radiuses on the maximum stress of the optimized ultrasonic horn was analyzed.
Microstructure and Corrosion Resistance in Bimetal Materials of Q345 and 308 Steel Wire-Arc Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Hu Qingxian , Wang Xiaoli , Shen Xinwang , Tan Zemin
Published: November 2021

The microstructure and corrosion resistance of samples fabricated by Q345 and 308 bimetallic feedings using two kinds of processes of wire-arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) was observed and compared with that of sample manufactured by a single feeding wire of Q345 or 308. The results show that the interface between the Q345 and 308 had no defects and metallurgical bonding. The hardness of bimetal Q345/308 additive manufacturing samples was higher than that of Q345 or 308 single wire additive manufacturing. The sample made of Q345 single wire had serious electrochemical corrosion, while the sample made of 308 single wire had pitting corrosion. The pitting corrosion of the sample reinforced by bimetal Q345/308 feeding wires was improved.
COVID-19 Lockdown Effects on Academic Functioning, Mood, and Health Correlates: Data from Dutch Pharmacy Students, PhD Candidates and Postdocs
Authors: Hendriksen Pauline A. , Merlo Agnese , Bijlsma Elisabeth Y. , Engels Ferdi , Garssen Johan , Bruce Gillian , Verster Joris C.
Published: November 2021

Mixed results have been published on the impact of the 2019 coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic and its associated lockdown periods on academic functioning, mood, and health correlates such as alcohol consumption. Whereas a number of students report an impaired academic performance and increased alcohol intake during lockdown periods, other students report no change or an improvement in academic functioning and a reduced alcohol consumption. This data descriptor article describes the dataset of a study investigating the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on academic functioning. To investigate this, an online survey was conducted among Dutch pharmacy students, PhD candidates and postdoctoral researchers (postdocs) of Utrecht University, the Netherlands. Compared to before the COVID-19 pandemic, the survey assessed possible changes in self-reported academic functioning, mood and health correlates such as alcohol consumption, perceived immune functioning and sleep quality. Retrospective assessments were made for four periods, including (1) the year 2019 (the period before COVID-19), (2) the first lockdown period (15 March–11 May 2020), (3) summer 2020 (no lockdown) and (4) the second lockdown (November 2020–April 2021). This article describes the content of the survey and corresponding dataset. The survey had a response rate of 24.3% and was completed by 345 participants.
Dis/abled Student Campusmaking: Sites of New Possibility
Authors: Comeaux Eddie , Mireles Danielle , Acha Anna
Published: November 2021

Scholars have attempted to reveal the structural barriers that dis/abled students cope with and navigate during college, but it remains unclear how these students interpret their experiences on campus and what strategies they employ to manage and respond to unsupportive and hostile campus climates. In this paper, we describe freedom movements that sought to secure equal access to opportunities and rights for people with dis/abilities, and we highlight and explain forms of resistance among d/Deaf and dis/abled postsecondary students. To do so, we draw on dis/ability critical race theory and also advance the concept of campusmaking, which refers to the ways that students navigate complex campus spaces and create sites of togetherness and resistance. We discuss broader structural and climate issues facing college students with dis/abilities, particularly those who are Black, Indigenous, and people of color. In so doing, we gain insight into dis/abled student campusmaking amid and in spite of ableist and racist postsecondary contexts. We conclude with a discussion of the gaps in existing research and the questions that warrant further study.
Development and Application of an Augmented Reality Oyster Learning System for Primary Marine Education
Authors: Hsieh Min-Chai
Published: November 2021

Marine knowledge is such an important part of education that it has been integrated into various subjects and courses across educational levels. Previous research has indicated the importance of AR assisted students’ learning during the learning process. This study proposed the AR Oyster Learning System (AROLS) that integrates mobile AR with a marine education teaching strategy for teachers in primary schools. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed approach, an experiment was conducted in a primary school natural science course regarding oysters. The participants consisted of 22 fourth-grade students. The experimental group comprised 11 students who learned with the AROLS learning approach and the control group comprised 11 students who learned with the conventional multimedia learning approach. The results indicate that (1) students were interested in the AR learning approach, (2) students’ learning achievement and motivation were improved by the AR learning approach, (3) students acquired the target knowledge through the oyster course, and (4) students learned the importance of sustainability when taking online courses at home during the pandemic.
A Ku-Band Magnified Active Tx/Rx Multibeam Antenna Based on a Discrete Constrained Lens
Authors: Ruggerini Gianfranco , Nicolaci Pasquale Giuseppe , Toso Giovanni
Published: November 2021

This paper presents the design, manufacturing, and testing of a Ku-band magnified active Tx/Rx multibeam antenna based on a discrete constrained lens. Multibeam antennas based on constrained lenses generate a significant number of beams on a large operative frequency bandwidth. The main novelty and challenge in this development are associated with the combined transmitting and receiving functionality of this active array. An innovative RF building blockchain working in dual-polarization and covering both the transmitting and receiving bandwidth is successfully implemented. In order to improve the accommodation constraints and the thermal control, the active lens is magnified by two confocal paraboloidal reflectors. To validate the design procedure, experimental results are compared with numerical ones.
Comparative Metabolomics Analysis of Citrus Varieties
Authors: Kim Dong-Shin , Lee Sun , Park Suk Man , Yun Su Hyun , Gab Han-Seung , Kim Sang Suk , Kim Hyun-Jin
Published: November 2021

Many citrus varieties are hybridized to improve their quality and to overcome the effects of climate change. However, there is limited information on the effect of the chemical profiles of hybrid varieties on their quality. In this study, we analyzed 10 citrus varieties and evaluated the correlation with their general characteristics and antioxidant activities. Chemical profiles, including the contents of sugars, organic acid compounds, flavonoids, limonoids, and carotenoids, which are related to taste, color, and health benefits, were significantly different depending on the citrus varieties, leading to different antioxidant capacities and general quality parameters. Based on these data, the correlations were investigated, and 10 citrus varieties were clustered into four groups—Changshou kumquat and Jeramon (cluster I); Setoka (cluster II-1); Natsumi, Satsuma mandarin, and Navel orange (cluster II-2); Kanpei, Tamnaneunbong, Saybyeolbong, and Shiranui (cluster II-3). Moreover, a metabolomic pathway was proposed. Although citrus peels were not analyzed and the sensory and functional qualities of the citrus varieties were not investigated in this study, our results are useful to better understand the relationship between citrus quality and metabolite profiles, which can provide basic information for the development and improvement of new citrus varieties.
Preparation and Characterization of Chitosan Films Containing Lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) Pericarp Powder and Their Application as Active Food Packaging
Authors: Jiang Longwei , Luo Zhao , Liu Haibi , Wang Fenghui , Li Hanyu , Gao Hechen , Zhang Huajiang
Published: November 2021

In this study, lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) pericarp powder was added to chitosan (CHS) matrix to develop active packaging films, and their structure, physicochemical, antibacterial, antioxidant, and functional properties were investigated. FT-IR results showed that intermolecular hydrogen bonds were formed between CHS and polyphenols in lychee pericarp powder (LPP), and the intermolecular interaction interfered with the assembly of CHS into semi-crystal structure, which reduced the crystallinity of CHS film. Incorporation of LPP significantly reduced water vapor permeability, water solubility, swelling degree, and elongation at break of CHS film (p < 0.05). However, UV-visible light barrier, tensile strength, and antibacterial and antioxidant properties of CHS films were increased by LPP incorporation. CHS-LPP film remarkably lowered the weight loss, firmness, titratable acidity, and total soluble solids of fresh-cut apple after five days storage. CHS-LPP film packaging effectively inhibited the browning of fresh-cut apple and the reduction of polyphenol content in apple juice caused by polyphenol oxidase (PPO)-mediated oxidation during storage. Therefore, CHS-LPP films have great potential as food packaging material to ensure the quality and extend the shelf life of food products.
Microalgae Xanthophylls: From Biosynthesis Pathway and Production Techniques to Encapsulation Development
Authors: Smaoui Slim , Barkallah Mohamed , Ben Hlima Hajer , Fendri Imen , Mousavi Khaneghah Amin , Michaud Philippe , Abdelkafi Slim
Published: November 2021

In the last 20 years, xanthophylls from microalgae have gained increased scientific and industrial interests. This review highlights the essential issues that concern this class of high value compounds. Firstly, their chemical diversity as the producer microorganisms was detailed. Then, the use of conventional and innovative extraction techniques was discussed. Upgraded knowledge on the biosynthetic pathway of the main xanthophylls produced by photosynthetic microorganisms was reviewed in depth, providing new insightful ideas, clarifying the function of these active biomolecules. In addition, the recent advances in encapsulation techniques of astaxanthin and fucoxanthin, such as spray and freeze drying, gelation, emulsification and coacervation were updated. Providing information about these topics and their applications and advances could be a help to students and young researchers who are interested in chemical and metabolic engineering, chemistry and natural products communities to approach the complex thematic of xanthophylls.
Influence of Fresh Palm Fruit Sterilization in the Production of Carotenoid-Rich Virgin Palm Oil
Authors: Hassan Nik Suhaimi Mat , Hossain Md. Sohrab , Balakrishnan Venugopal , Zuknik Mark Harris , Mustaner Muliadi , Easa Azhar Mat , Al-Gheethi Adel , Yahaya Ahmad Naim Ahmad
Published: November 2021

Palm oil is known to be rich in carotenoids and other phytonutrients. However, the carotenoids and phytonutrients degrade due to high heat sterilization of oil palm fruits. The present study was conducted to produce carotenoid-rich virgin palm oil (VPO) using cold-press extraction. Herein, the influence of sterilization of oil palm fresh fruits in the production of cold-pressed VPO was determined with varying sterilization temperatures, times, and amounts of palm fruits in sterilization. The experimental sterilization conditions were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) based on the maximum VPO yield and minimum FFAs in cold-pressed VPO. The optimal sterilization experimental conditions of oil palm fruits were determined to be a sterilization temperature of 62 °C, a time of 90 min, and an amount of oil palm fruits of 8 kg. Under these experimental conditions, the maximum cold-pressed VPO yield and the minimal content of free fatty acids (FFAs) obtained were 27.94 wt.% and 1.32 wt.%, respectively. Several analytic methods were employed to determine cold-pressed VPO quality and fatty acids compositions and compared with the crude palm oil. It was found that cold-pressed VPO contains higher carotenoids (708 mg/g) and unsaturated fatty acids compared with the carotenoid (343 mg/g) and fatty acid compositions in CPO. The findings of the present study reveal that the sterilization temperature potentially influences the carotenoid and nutrient contents in VPO; therefore, the optimization of the sterilization conditions is crucial to producing carotenoid- and phytonutrient-rich VPO.
Morpho-tectonic Assessment of the Abu-Dabbab Area, Eastern Desert, Egypt: Insights from Remote Sensing and Geospatial Analysis
Authors: Khalifa Abdelrahman , Bashir Bashar , Alsalman Abdullah , Öğretmen Nazik
Published: November 2021

The Abu-Dabbab area, located in the central part of the Egyptian Eastern Desert, is an active seismic region where micro-earthquakes (≈ML < 2.0) are recorded regularly. Earthquake epicenters are concentrated along an ENE–WSW trending pattern. In this study, we used morphological indexes, including the valley floor width-to-valley floor height ratio (Vf), mountain front sinuosity (Smf), the asymmetry factor index (Af), the drainage basin shape index (Bs), the stream length–gradient index (SL), hypsometric integral (Hi) water drainage systems, and a digital elevation model analysis, to identify the role of tectonics. These indexes were used to define the relative tectonic activity index (RTAI), which can be utilized to distinguish low (RTAI < 1.26), moderate (RTAI = 1.26–1.73), and high (RTAI > 1.73) tectonic activity signals all over the study area. Firstly, our results indicate low to medium tectonic activity and general anomaly patterns detected along the major tectonic zones of the study area. Secondly, based on most of the low to medium tectonic activity distributed in the study area and the detected anomalies, we discuss two potential drivers of the seismicity in the Abu-Dabbab area, which are fault-controlled and deep-rooted activities.
Risk Assessment of Terrestrial Transportation Infrastructures Exposed to Extreme Events
Authors: Eidsvig Unni , Santamaría Monica , Galvão Neryvaldo , Tanasic Nikola , Piciullo Luca , Hajdin Rade , Nadim Farrokh , Sousa Hélder S. , Matos José
Published: November 2021

Keeping transport links open in adverse conditions and being able to restore connections quickly after extreme events are important and demanding tasks for infrastructure owners/operators. This paper is developed within the H2020 project SAFEWAY, whose main goal is to increase the resilience of terrestrial transportation infrastructure. Risk-based approaches are excellent tools to aid in the decision-making process of planning maintenance and implementation of risk mitigation measures with the ultimate goal of reducing risk and increasing resilience. This paper presents a framework for quantitative risk assessment which guides an integrated assessment of the risk components: hazard, exposure, vulnerability and consequences of a malfunctioning transportation infrastructure. The paper guides the identification of failure modes for transportation infrastructure exposed to extreme events (natural and human-made) and provides models for and examples of hazard, vulnerability and risk assessment. Each assessment step must be made in coherence with the other risk components as an integral part of the risk assessment.
Novel TaqMan PCR Assay for the Quantification of Paenibacillus larvae Spores in Bee-Related Samples
Authors: Kušar Darja , Papić Bojan , Zajc Urška , Zdovc Irena , Golob Majda , Žvokelj Lucija , Knific Tanja , Avberšek Jana , Ocepek Matjaž , Pislak Ocepek Metka
Published: November 2021

Paenibacillus larvae is the causative agent of American foulbrood (AFB), a devastating disease of honeybees. P. larvae spore counts in bee-related samples correlate with the presence of AFB symptoms and may, therefore, be used to identify at-risk colonies. Here, we constructed a TaqMan-based real-time PCR (qPCR) assay targeting a single-copy chromosomal metalloproteinase gene for reliable quantification of P. larvae. The assay was calibrated using digital PCR (dPCR) to allow absolute quantification of P. larvae spores in honey and hive debris samples. The limits of detection and quantification were 8 and 58 spores/g for honey and 188 and 707 spores/mL for hive debris, respectively. To assess the association between AFB clinical symptoms and spore counts, we quantified spores in honey and hive debris samples originating from honeybee colonies with known severity of clinical symptoms. Spore counts in AFB-positive colonies were significantly higher than those in asymptomatic colonies but did not differ significantly with regard to the severity of clinical symptoms. For honey, the average spore germination rate was 0.52% (range = 0.04–6.05%), indicating poor and inconsistent in vitro germination. The newly developed qPCR assay allows reliable detection and quantification of P. larvae in honey and hive debris samples but can also be extended to other sample types.
Where Is the Honey Bee Queen Flying? The Original Case of a Foraging Queen
Authors: Floris Ignazio , Pusceddu Michelina , Niolu Pietro , Satta Alberto
Published: November 2021

During a bee fauna survey in the countryside of northern Sardinia, a honey bee queen (Apis mellifera L.) was detected while foraging on a borage (Borago officinalis L.) flower in Uri, Province of Sassari, Italy, most likely during an orientation flight before mating. Morphological details, detectable from photos with the naked eye and stereomicroscopic observations, confirmed that the honey bee queen was sucking nectar from a flower. The enormous development of the abdomen, lack of pollen-collecting structures in the legs and other characteristics such as the typical distally bilobed shape of the mandibles, with long hairs on their outer surface, proved the structural differences between the queen specimen and the other castes of bees. The queen’s proboscis, which is shorter compared to the workers, may have been counterbalanced by the shape and nectar production of the borage flower. This new observation proves that the queen can feed herself under natural conditions, likely to obtain the energy required for flying. Although we cannot exclude disturbing factors that could explain this foraging behaviour of a queen observed for the first time, this note opens a new scenario and discusses this new finding in the context of the available literature on the queen’s behaviour and questions to be answered.
Respiratory Strategies in Relation to Ecology and Behaviour in Three Diurnal Namib Desert Tenebrionid Beetles
Authors: Duncan Frances D.
Published: November 2021

The respiratory physiology of three diurnal ultraxerophilous tenebrionid beetles inhabiting either the dune slipface or gravel plain in the Namib Desert was investigated. The role of the mesothoracic spiracles and subelytral cavity in gas exchange was determined by flow-through respirometry. All three species exhibited the discontinuous gas exchange cycles with a distinct convection based flutter period and similar mass specific metabolic rates. There was variation in their respiration mechanics that related to the ecology of the species. The largest beetle species, Onymacris plana, living on the dune slipface, has a leaky subelytral cavity and used all its spiracles for gas exchange. Thus, it could use evaporative cooling from its respiratory surface. This species is a fog harvester as well as able to replenish water through metabolising fats while running rapidly. The two smaller species inhabiting the gravel plains, Metriopus depressus and Zophosis amabilis, used the mesothoracic spiracles almost exclusively for gas exchange as well as increasing the proportional length of the flutter period to reduce respiratory water loss. Neither species have been reported to drink water droplets, and thus conserving respiratory water would allow them to be active longer.
Cutaneous Adverse Reactions Associated with SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines
Authors: Bellinato Francesco , Maurelli Martina , Gisondi Paolo , Girolomoni Giampiero
Published: November 2021

Many patients are receiving SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations, which have been associated with a variety of adverse effects. Cutaneous adverse reactions to SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations have been progressively reported, but they have not been reviewed according to their morphological clinical patterns. The objective of this review was to summarize the existing data concerning the cutaneous adverse reactions following SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and group them according to common morphological and pathogenetic patterns. We reviewed the English language literature up to 15 August 2021, using predefined keywords to identify the relevant studies evaluating cutaneous adverse reactions associated with SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. We search for recurrent morphological patterns sharing clinical signs and symptoms and physio-pathological mechanisms. Timing to onset following the first or booster dose of the vaccine, predisposing conditions, therapeutic management, and outcome were also collected. Among the dermatological manifestations associated with SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations, we distinguished: (1) new onset reactions and (2) flares of preexisting dermatoses. The most common were injection site reactions, affecting 30–70% and generally mild or moderate. Small case series or single case reports included filler reactions, exanthemas, vascular lesions, urticaria, eczematous dermatitis, autoimmune bullous reactions, and severe cutaneous adverse reactions. In addition, the exacerbation of chronic immuno-mediated dermatoses (mainly psoriasis and atopic dermatitis) and reactivations of herpes infection were reported. The cutaneous reactions were generally mild, self-limiting, and resembled common cutaneous drug eruptions and/or COVID-19 skin manifestations.
Facilitators and Strategies for Breaking the News of an Intrauterine Death—A Mixed Methods Study among Obstetricians
Authors: Muin Dana Anais , Erlacher Janina Sophie , Leutgeb Stephanie , Felnhofer Anna
Published: November 2021

(1) Background: The death of a baby in utero is a very sad event for both the affected parents and the caring doctors. By this study, we aimed to assess the tools, which may help obstetricians to overcome this challenge in their profession. (2) Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional online survey in 1526 obstetricians registered with the Austrian Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology between September and October 2020. (3) Results: With a response rate of 24.2% (n = 439), our study shows that diagnosing fetal death was associated with a moderate to high degree of stress, regardless of position (p = 0.949), age (p = 0.110), gender (p = 0.155), and experience (p = 0.150) of physicians. Coping strategies for delivering the news of intrauterine death to affected parents were relying on clinical knowledge and high levels of self-confidence (55.0%; 203/369), support from colleagues (53.9%; 199/369), and debriefing (52.8%; 195/369). In general, facilitators for breaking bad news were more commonly cultivated by female obstetricians [OR 1.267 (95% CI 1.149–1.396); p < 0.001], residents [χ2(3;369) = 9.937; p = 0.019], and obstetricians of younger age [41 (34–50) years vs. 45 (36–55) years; p = 0.018]. External facilitators were most frequently mentioned, including professional support, training, professional guidance, time, parents’ leaflets, follow-up consultations, a supporting consultation atmosphere, and preparation before delivering the bad news. Internal facilitators included knowledge, empathy, seeking silence, reflection, privacy, and relief of guilt. (4) Conclusions: Communicating the diagnosis of fetal death evokes moderate to high levels of stress among obstetricians. Resources from both the professional and private environment are required to deal with this professional challenge on a personal level.
The P2Y12 Receptor Antagonist Selatogrel Dissolves Preformed Platelet Thrombi In Vivo
Authors: Crescence Lydie , Kramberg Markus , Baumann Martine , Rey Markus , Roux Sebastien , Panicot-Dubois Laurence , Dubois Christophe , Riederer Markus A.
Published: November 2021

Selatogrel, a potent and reversible antagonist of the P2Y12 receptor, inhibited FeCl3-induced thrombosis in rats. Here, we report the anti-thrombotic effect of selatogrel after subcutaneous applications in guinea pigs and mice. Selatogrel inhibited platelet function only 10 min after subcutaneous application in mice. In addition, in a modified Folts thrombosis model in guinea pigs, selatogrel prevented a decrease in blood-flow, indicative of the inhibition of ongoing thrombosis, approximately 10 min after subcutaneous injection. Selatogrel fully normalised blood flow; therefore, we speculate that it may not only prevent, but also dissolve, platelet thrombi. Thrombus dissolution was investigated using real-time intravital microscopy in mice. The infusion of selatogrel during ongoing platelet thrombus formation stopped growth and induced the dissolution of the preformed platelet thrombus. In addition, platelet-rich thrombi were given 30 min to consolidate in vivo. The infusion of selatogrel dissolved the preformed and consolidated platelet thrombi. Dissolution was limited to the disintegration of the occluding part of the platelet thrombi, leaving small mural platelet aggregates to seal the blood vessel. Therefore, our experiments uncovered a novel advantage of selatogrel: the dissolution of pre-formed thrombi without the disintegration of haemostatic seals, suggesting a bipartite benefit of the early application of selatogrel in patients with acute thrombosis.
Effectiveness of a Real-Time X-ray Dosimetry Monitor in Reducing Radiation Exposure in Coronary Procedures: The ESPRESSO-Raysafe Randomized Trial
Authors: Olschewski Maximilian , Ullrich Helen , Brandt Moritz , Steven Sebastian , Ahoopai Majid , Blessing Recha , Petrescu Aniela , Wenzel Philip , Munzel Thomas , Gori Tommaso
Published: November 2021

Background—Several methods to reduce radiation exposure in the setting of coronary procedures are available on the market, and we previously showed that additional radiation shields reduce operator exposure during radial interventions. We set out to examine the efficacy of real-time personal dosimetry monitoring in a real-world setting of radial artery catheterization. Methods and Results—In an all-comer prospective, parallel study, consecutive coronary diagnostic and intervention procedures were performed with the use of standard radiation shield alone (control group) or with the addition of a real-time dosimetry monitoring system (Raysafe, Billdal, Sweden, monitoring group). The primary outcome was the difference in exposure of the primary operator among groups. Additional endpoints included patient, nurse, second operator exposure and fluoroscopy time. A total of 700 procedures were included in the analysis (n = 369 in the monitoring group). There were no differences among groups in patients’ body mass index (p = 0.232), type of procedure (intervention vs. diagnostic, p = 0.172), and patient sex (p = 0.784). Fluoroscopy time was shorter in the monitoring group (5.6 (5.1–6.2) min vs. 7.0 (6.1–7.7) min, p = 0.023). Radiation exposure was significantly lower in the monitoring group for the patient (135 (115–151) µSv vs. 208 (176–245) µSv, p < 0.0001) but not for the first operator (9 (7–11) µSv vs. 10 (8–11), p = 0.70) and the assistant (2 (1–2) µSv vs. 2 (1–2) µSv, p = 0.121). Conclusions—In clinical daily practice, the use of a real-time dosimetry monitoring device reduces patient radiation exposure and fluoroscopy time without an effect on operator radiation exposure.
Incidence and Radiological Risk Factors of Proximal Junctional Kyphosis in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Following Pedicle Screw Instrumentation with Rod Derotation and Direct Vertebral Rotation: A Minimum 5-Year Follow-Up Study
Authors: Kim Hong Jin , Yang Jae Hyuk , Chang Dong-Gune , Suk Se-Il , Suh Seung Woo , Kim Ji Su , Kim Sang-Il , Song Kwang-Sup , Cho Woojin
Published: November 2021

Several studies have reported incidence and risk factors for the development of proximal junctional kyphosis (PJK) in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). However, there is little information regarding long-term follow-up after pedicle screw instrumentation (PSI) with rod derotation (RD) and direct vertebral rotation (DVR). Sixty-nine AIS patients who underwent deformity correction using PSI with RD and DVR were retrospectively analyzed in two groups according to the occurrence of PJK, with a minimum five-year follow-up, including a non-PJK group (n = 62) and PJK group (n = 7). Radiological parameters were evaluated at preoperative, postoperative, and last follow-up. Incidence for PJK was 10.1% (7/69 patients), with a mean 9.4-year follow-up period. The thoracolumbar/lumbar curve (TL/L curve) was proportionally higher in the PJK group. The proximal compensatory curve was significantly lower in the PJK group than in the non-PJK group preoperatively (p = 0.027), postoperatively (p = 0.001), and at last follow-up (p = 0.041). The development of PJK was associated with the TL/L curve pattern, lower preoperative proximal compensatory curve, and over-correction of the proximal curve for PSI with RD and DVR. Therefore, careful evaluation of compensatory curves as well as of the main curve is important to prevent the development of PJK in the treatment of AIS.
Hospital at Home for Intrathecal Pump Refills: A Prospective Effectiveness, Safety and Feasibility Study
Authors: Goudman Lisa , De Smedt Ann , Huygens René , Noppen Marc , Vanschoenwinkel Maria , Hatem Samar M. , Moens Maarten
Published: November 2021

Continuous Intrathecal Drug Delivery through an implanted pump is a well-known therapeutic option for the management of chronic pain and severe disabling spasticity. To have a successful therapy, pump refills need to be performed at regular time intervals after implantation. In line with the increased applications of Hospital at Home, these refill procedures might be performed at the patient’s home. The aim of this pilot study is to evaluate the feasibility, safety, and effectiveness of intrathecal pump refill procedures at home. Twenty patients were included whereby pump refill procedures were conducted at the patient’s home. To enable contact with the hospital, a video connection was set-up. Tele-ultrasound was used as post-refill verification. All procedures were successfully performed with complete patient satisfaction. Ninety-five percent of the patients felt safe during the procedure, and 95% of the procedures felt safe according to the physician. All patients indicated that they preferred their next refill at home. The median time consumption for the physician/nurse at the patient’s home was 26 min and for the researcher at the hospital 15 min. In light of quality enhancement programs and personalized care, it is important to continue urgent pain management procedures in a safe way, even during a pandemic.
Predicting Quality of Life and Behavior and Emotion from Functional Auditory and Pragmatic Language Abilities in 9-Year-Old Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Children
Authors: Ching Teresa Y. C. , Cupples Linda , Leigh Greg , Hou Sanna , Wong Angela
Published: November 2021

Children who are deaf or hard of hearing (DHH) are likely to exhibit difficulties in development of psychosocial skills, pragmatic language skills, and use of hearing for social communication in real-world environments. Some evidence suggests that pragmatic language use affects peer-relationships and school engagement in these children. However, no studies have investigated the influence of functional auditory performance and use of language and speech in real-world environments on children’s behavior and emotion, and on their health-related quality of life. This study explored the relationship in DHH children at 9 years of age. Data from 144 participants of the Longitudinal Outcomes of Children with Hearing Impairment study were analyzed. Parent reports were obtained on quality of life, behavior and emotion, pragmatic language skills, and auditory functional performance of children in real life. Children’s spoken language abilities and speech intelligibility were assessed by research speech pathologists. On average, performance of children in all domains was within the range of typically developing peers. There were significant associations among functional auditory performance, use of speech and language skills, psychosocial skills, and quality of life. Multiple linear regression analyses revealed that better auditory functional performance and pragmatic language skills, rather than structural language abilities, were associated with better psychosocial abilities and quality of life. The novel findings highlight the importance of targeted intervention for improving functional hearing skills and social communication abilities in DHH children, and emphasize the importance of collaborative approaches among medical, audiology, allied health, and educational professionals to identify those at risk so that timely referral and intervention can be implemented for improving psychosocial health and well-being in DHH children.
Conditional Invertible Neural Networks for Medical Imaging
Authors: Denker Alexander , Schmidt Maximilian , Leuschner Johannes , Maass Peter
Published: November 2021

Over recent years, deep learning methods have become an increasingly popular choice for solving tasks from the field of inverse problems. Many of these new data-driven methods have produced impressive results, although most only give point estimates for the reconstruction. However, especially in the analysis of ill-posed inverse problems, the study of uncertainties is essential. In our work, we apply generative flow-based models based on invertible neural networks to two challenging medical imaging tasks, i.e., low-dose computed tomography and accelerated medical resonance imaging. We test different architectures of invertible neural networks and provide extensive ablation studies. In most applications, a standard Gaussian is used as the base distribution for a flow-based model. Our results show that the choice of a radial distribution can improve the quality of reconstructions.
Time Delay Optimization of Compressing Shipborne Radar Digital Video Based on Deep Learning
Authors: Lu Hongrui , Zhang Yingjun , Wang Zhuolin
Published: November 2021

The High Efficiency Video Coding Standard (HEVC) is one of the most advanced coding schemes at present, and its excellent coding performance is highly suitable for application in the navigation field with limited bandwidth. In recent years, the development of emerging technologies such as screen sharing and remote control has promoted the process of realizing the virtual driving of unmanned ships. In order to improve the transmission and coding efficiency during screen sharing, HEVC proposes a new extension scheme for screen content coding (HEVC-SCC), which is based on the original coding framework. SCC has improved the performance of compressing computer graphics content and video by adding new coding tools, but the complexity of the algorithm has also increased. At present, there is no delay in the compression optimization method designed for radar digital video in the field of navigation. Therefore, our paper starts from the perspective of increasing the speed of encoded radar video, and takes reducing the computational complexity of the rate distortion cost (RD-cost) as the goal of optimization. By analyzing the characteristics of shipborne radar digital video, a fast encoding algorithm for shipborne radar digital video based on deep learning is proposed. Firstly, a coding tree unit (CTU) division depth interval dataset of shipborne radar images was established. Secondly, in order to avoid erroneously skipping of the intra block copy (IBC)/palette mode (PLT) in the coding unit (CU) division search process, we designed a method to divide the depth interval by predicting the CTU in advance and limiting the CU rate distortion cost to be outside the traversal calculation depth interval, which effectively reduced the compression time. The effect of radar transmission and display shows that, within the acceptable range of Bjøntegaard Delta Bit Rate (BD-BR) and Bjøntegaard Delta Peak Signal to Noise Rate (BD-PSNR) attenuation, the algorithm proposed in this paper reduces the coding time by about 39.84%, on average, compared to SCM8.7.
Extracellular Vesicles from Fusarium graminearum Contain Protein Effectors Expressed during Infection of Corn
Authors: Garcia-Ceron Donovan , Lowe Rohan G. T. , McKenna James A. , Brain Linda M. , Dawson Charlotte S. , Clark Bethany , Berkowitz Oliver , Faou Pierre , Whelan James , Bleackley Mark R. , Anderson Marilyn A.
Published: November 2021

Fusarium graminearum (Fgr) is a devastating filamentous fungal pathogen that causes diseases in cereals, while producing mycotoxins that are toxic for humans and animals, and render grains unusable. Low efficiency in managing Fgr poses a constant need for identifying novel control mechanisms. Evidence that fungal extracellular vesicles (EVs) from pathogenic yeast have a role in human disease led us to question whether this is also true for fungal plant pathogens. We separated EVs from Fgr and performed a proteomic analysis to determine if EVs carry proteins with potential roles in pathogenesis. We revealed that protein effectors, which are crucial for fungal virulence, were detected in EV preparations and some of them did not contain predicted secretion signals. Furthermore, a transcriptomic analysis of corn (Zea mays) plants infected by Fgr revealed that the genes of some of the effectors were highly expressed in vivo, suggesting that the Fgr EVs are a mechanism for the unconventional secretion of effectors and virulence factors. Our results expand the knowledge on fungal EVs in plant pathogenesis and cross-kingdom communication, and may contribute to the discovery of new antifungals.
Virtual Reality and Physiotherapy in Post-Stroke Functional Re-Education of the Lower Extremity: A Controlled Clinical Trial on a New Approach
Authors: Luque-Moreno Carlos , Kiper Pawel , Solís-Marcos Ignacio , Agostini Michela , Polli Andrea , Turolla Andrea , Oliva-Pascual-Vaca Angel
Published: November 2021

Numerous Virtual Reality (VR) systems address post-stroke functional recovery of the lower extremity (LE), most of them with low early applicability due to the gait autonomy they require. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the feasibility of a specific VR treatment and its clinical effect on LE functionality, gait, balance, and trunk control post-stroke. A controlled, prospective, clinical trial was carried out with 20 stroke patients, who were divided into two groups: the first group (VR + CP; n = 10) received combined therapy of 1 h VR and 1 h of conventional physiotherapy (CP) and the second group (CP; n = 10) received 2 h of CP (5 days/week, for 3 weeks). The following pre-post-intervention measuring scales were used: Functional Ambulatory Scale (FAC), Functional Independence Measure (FIM), Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FM), Berg Balance Scale (BBS), and Trunk Control Test (TCT). Only VR + CP showed a significant improvement in FAC. In FIM, CP presented a tendency to significance, whereas VR + CP showed significance. Both groups improved significantly in FM (especially in amplitude/pain in VR + CP and in sensitivity in CP) and in BBS. In TCT, there was a non-significant improvement in both groups. The results indicate that the intervention with VR is a feasible treatment in the post-stroke functional re-education of the LE, with the potential to be an optimal complement of CP.
Ace2 and Tmprss2 Expressions Are Regulated by Dhx32 and Influence the Gastrointestinal Symptoms Caused by SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Xu Fuyi , Gao Jun , Orgil Buyan-Ochir , Bajpai Akhilesh Kumar , Gu Qingqing , Purevjav Enkhsaikhan , Davenport Athena S. , Li Kui , Towbin Jeffrey A. , Black Dennis D. , Pierre Joseph F. , Lu Lu
Published: November 2021

Studies showed that the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is one of the most important pathways for SARS-CoV-2 infection and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). As SARS-CoV-2 cellular entry depends on the ACE2 receptor and TMPRSS2 priming of the spike protein, it is important to understand the molecular mechanisms through which these two proteins and their cognate transcripts interact and influence the pathogenesis of COVID-19. In this study, we quantified the expression, associations, genetic modulators, and molecular pathways for Tmprss2 and Ace2 mRNA expressions in GI tissues using a systems genetics approach and the expanded family of highly diverse BXD mouse strains. The results showed that both Tmprss2 and Ace2 are highly expressed in GI tissues with significant covariation. We identified a significant expression quantitative trait locus on chromosome 7 that controls the expression of both Tmprss2 and Ace2. Dhx32 was found to be the strongest candidate in this interval. Co-expression network analysis demonstrated that both Tmprss2 and Ace2 were located at the same module that is significantly associated with other GI-related traits. Protein–protein interaction analysis indicated that hub genes in this module are linked to circadian rhythms. Collectively, our data suggested that genes with circadian rhythms of expression may have an impact on COVID-19 disease, with implications related to the timing and treatment of COVID-19.