bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Life Cycle Assessment for Rough Machining of Inconel 718 Comparing Ceramic to Cemented Carbide End Mills
Authors: Fricke Kilian , Zimmermann Richard , Ganser Philipp , Gierlings Sascha , Bergs Thomas
Published: September 2022

Nickel-based alloys such as Inconel 718 belong to the group of heat-resistant super alloys. Combined with good mechanical properties over a wide range of temperatures, nickel alloys are used extensively in the aero engine sections exposed to elevated temperatures. Besides turbine blades and disks, integrally designed compressor rotors (Blisks) in the high-pressure compressor are increasingly made of Ni alloys. This is the result of an efficiency-driven increase in temperature levels in the rear compressor stages. The machining of these hard-to-machine materials is characterized by low productivity and high tool wear. Compared to the machining with conventional cemented carbide end mills, innovative SiAlON ceramics offer a significant potential to increase the performance of these machining processes while saving cooling-lubricants. Besides an increase in productivity, the evaluation of the overall environmental impact of specific manufacturing processes is gaining importance in the context of more sustainable product life cycles. This paper focuses on the comparison of different milling strategies in the production of high-pressure compressor rotors made from Inconel 718 in a cradle-to-gate assessment based on DIN EN ISO 14040/44. Thus, the ecological impact of both the state-of-the-art and the novel SiAlON roughing strategy are evaluated considering the consumption of energy, water and compressed air as well as the tool wear. The life cycle impact analysis (LCIA) will be performed as a midpoint analysis taking multiple indicators into account such as the global warming potential (GWP).
An Experimental Investigation on the Dynamic Response Variability of a Turbine Blade With Midspan Dampers
Authors: Ferhatoglu Erhan , Botto Daniele , Zucca Stefano
Published: September 2022

This paper addresses two main subjects. First, a novel test setup is described to experimentally study the nonlinear dynamic behavior of a turbine blade coupled with two midspan dampers (MSDs). To this end, a representative turbine blade and midspan friction dampers are originally designed, and they are assembled to a special test rig which has been previously developed at Politecnico di Torino. Second, the variability of the dynamic response is intensively investigated with a purposely defined loading/unloading strategy. To better understand the inherent kinematics of the blade–damper interaction, contact forces are measured through the novel design of the experimental campaign. It is shown that multiple responses, which are obtained in different tests while keeping all user-controlled inputs nominally same, are due to nonunique contact forces that provide different static force equilibria on the damper. This outcome is further supported by the qualitative illustration of hysteresis cycles. This study contributes to the understanding of the response repeatability linked to the nonuniqueness of friction forces.
Gas Turbine Combined Cycle Range Enhancer—Part 2: Performance Demonstration
Authors: Reboli Tommaso , Ferrando Marco , Gini Lorenzo , Mantelli Luca , Sorce Alessandro , Traverso Alberto
Published: September 2022

In the current energy scenario, gas turbine combined cycles (GTCCs) are considered key drivers for the transition towards fossil-free energy production. However, to meet this goal, they must be able to cope with rapid changes in power request and extend their operating range beyond the limits imposed by the environmental conditions in which they operate. The European H2020 project PUMP-HEAT (Pump-Heat Project, 2021, D4. 6 – “Validation Results in Energy -Hub of MPC With Cold Thermal Storage,”) aims at achieving this goal thanks to the integration of the GTCC with a heat pump (HP) and a thermal energy storage (TES). To study this setup, a dedicated cyber-physical facility was built at the University of Genova laboratories, Italy. The plant includes physical hardware, such as a 100kWel microgas turbine, (mGT), a 10 kWel HP and a 180 kWh change phase material-based TES. These real devices are up-scaled thanks to performance maps and real-time dynamic models to emulate a full-scale heavy-duty 400 MW GTCC with a cyber-physical approach. The control system determines the optimal configuration of the whole plant and the operative point of the real devices to minimize the mismatch with a real electric power demand curve. Different operative configurations are tested: one for reducing the power production of the plant below the minimum environmental load (MEL) and two for augmenting the plant maximum power under certain ambient conditions. From the analysis of these tests, it is possible to verify the effectiveness of the proposed concept and characterize the transient behavior of the real components.
Strange Quark Matter and the Astrophysical Nature of Anomalous Effects in 1–100 PeV Cosmic Rays
Authors: Shaulov S. B. , Ryabov V. A. , Shepetov A. L. , Pyatovsky S. E. , Zhukov V. V. , Kupriyanova E. A. , Gudkova E. N.
Published: September 2022

The composition of cosmic rays is of decisive importance for the determination of reasons for change in the slope of the spectra of extensive air showers (knee) at energies of 1–100 PeV. The characteristics of the extensive air showers, where the highest energy secondary hadrons are concentrated, have been analyzed. Some anomalous effects such as an increase in the absorption length of hadron showers, scaling violation in the spectra of secondary hadrons, an excess of muons in extensive air showers with gamma-ray families, the appearance of the halos, and the alignment of energy centers along a straight line are observed in X-ray emulsion chambers in the knee region. At the same energies equivalent to 1–100 PeV in the laboratory system, LHC and RHIC data demonstrate a scaling behavior of the hadron spectrum, which means that new nuclear processes are absent. These data imply that anomalies observed in cosmic rays are due to astrophysical reasons, i.e., changes in the composition of cosmic rays. The analysis of the data on the EAS cores suggests that the knee in their spectrum is formed by a nonnuclear component of cosmic rays, possibly consisting of particles of strange quark matter.
Features of Turbulence Excited by Pulsed High-Frequency Pump in a Magnetoplasma
Authors: Zudin I. Yu. , Gushchin M. E. , Strikovskiy A. V. , Korobkov S. V. , Petrova I. A. , Katkov A. N. , Kochedykov V. V.
Published: September 2022

Turbulence developed in a magnetoplasma modified by a high-power high-frequency pulse fed to a loop antenna is discovered and studied on the large-scale KROT plasma device. Turbulence is manifested in the excitation of the electron density and magnetic field pulsations, deep self-modulation of the pump wave, and modulation of probe waves passing through the modified plasma region. The space–time characteristics of turbulence are determined using correlated plasma density measurements by a pair of miniature microwave resonator probes and a magnetic probe. It is established that turbulence is excited only in the transparency band of the dense magnetoplasma to electromagnetic radiation: turbulent perturbations of the density and magnetic field exist during pumping at frequencies lower than the electron cyclotron frequency and are absent at pumping frequencies exceeding the electron cyclotron frequency.
New Constraints on the Axion–Electron Coupling Constant for Solar Axions
Authors: Gavrilyuk Yu. M. , Gangapshev A. N. , Derbin A. V. , Drachnev I. S. , Kazalov V. V. , Kuzminov V. V. , Mikulich M. S. , Muratova V. N. , Tekueva D. A. , Unzhakov E. V. , Yakimenko S. P.
Published: September 2022

The resonant excitation of the 83Kr first excited nuclear level (E = 9.4 keV) by solar axions whose fluxes depend on the axion–electron coupling constant gAe is sought. The γ- and X-ray photons and the conversion and Auger electrons from the excited-level relaxation are detected with a gas proportional counter of a low-background detector in the underground Baksan Neutrino Observatory (Institute for Nuclear Research, Russian Academy of Sciences). As a result, a new constraint $${\text{|}}{{g}_{{Ae}}}(g_{{AN}}^{3} - g_{{AN}}^{0}){\text{|}}$$ ≤ 1.50 × 10–17 (90% C.L.) has been obtained for the axion–electron and axion–nucleon coupling constants, which corresponds to new constraints on the axion mass mA ≤ 320 eV and mA ≤ 4.6 eV in the KSVZ and DFSZ axion models, respectively.
First post-Newtonian N-body problem in Einstein–Cartan theory with the Weyssenhoff fluid: equations of motion
Authors: Battista Emmanuele , Falco Vittorio De
Published: September 2022

We derive the equations of motion for an N-body system in the Einstein–Cartan gravity theory at the first post-Newtonian order by exploiting the Weyssenhoff fluid as the spin model. Our approach consists in performing the point-particle limit of the continuous description of the gravitational source. The final equations provide a hint for the validity of the effacing principle at 1PN level in Einstein–Cartan model. The analogies with the general relativistic dynamics involving the macroscopic angular momentum are also discussed.
Scaling of urban amenities: generative statistics and implications for urban planning
Authors: Kaufmann Talia , Radaelli Laura , Bettencourt Luis M. A. , Shmueli Erez
Published: September 2022

Cities have been extensively studied as complex adaptive systems over the last 50 years. Recently, several empirical studies and emerging theory provided support for the fact that many different urban indicators follow general consistent statistical patterns across countries, cultures and times. In particular, total personal income, measures of innovation, crime rates, characteristics of the built environment and other indicators have been shown to exhibit non-linear power-law scaling with the population size of functional cities. Here, we show how to apply this type of analysis inside cities to establish universal patterns in the quantity and distribution of urban amenities such as restaurants, parks, and universities. Using a unique data set containing millions of amenities in the 50 largest US metropolitan areas, we establish general non-linear scaling patterns between each city’s population and many different amenities types, the small-area statistics of their spatial abundance, and the characteristics of their mean distance to each other. We use these size-specific statistical findings to produce generative models for the expected amenity abundances of any US city. We then compute the deviations observed in given cities from this statistical many-amenity model to build a characteristic signature for each urban area. Finally, we show how urban planning can be guided by these systemic quantitative expectations in the context of new city design or the identification of local deficits in service provision in existing cities.
Individualized Diagnosis and Prescription in Traditional Medicine: Decision-Making Process Analysis and Machine Learning-Based Analysis Tool Development
Authors: Park Musun , Kim Min Hee , Park So-Young , Choi Inhwa , Kim Chang-Eop
Published: September 2022

While pattern identification (PI) is an essential process in traditional medicine (TM), it is difficult to objectify since it relies heavily on implicit knowledge. Therefore, this study aimed to propose a machine learning (ML)-based analysis tool to evaluate the clinical decision-making process of PI in terms of explicit and implicit knowledge, and to observe the actual process by which this knowledge affects the choice of diagnosis and treatment in individual TM doctors. Clinical data for the development of the analysis tool were collected using a questionnaire administered to allergic rhinitis (AR) patients and the diagnosis and prescription results of TM doctors based on the completed AR questionnaires. Explicit knowledge and implicit knowledge were defined based on the doctors’ explicit scoring and feature evaluations of ML models, respectively. There were many differences between the explicit and implicit importance scores in this study. Implicit importance is more closely related to explicit importance in prescription than in diagnosis. The analysis results for eight doctors showed that our tool could successfully identify explicit and implicit knowledge in the PI process. This is the first study to evaluate the actual process by which explicit and implicit knowledge affect the choice of individual TM doctors and to identify assessment tools for the definition of the decision-making process in diagnosing PI and prescribing herbal treatments by TM clinicians. The assessment tool suggested in this study could be broadly used for the standardization of precision medicine, including TM therapeutics.
Saponins From Platycodon grandiflorum Reduces Cisplatin-Induced Intestinal Toxicity in Mice through Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Activated Apoptosis
Authors: Shen Qiong , Wei Xiao-Meng , Hu Jun-Nan , Li Ming-Han , Li Ke , Qi Si-Min , Liu Xiang-Xiang , Wang Zi , Li Wei , Wang Ying-Ping
Published: September 2022

Saponins from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum, an edible medicinal plant, have shown a wide range of beneficial effects on various biological processes. In this study, an animal model was established by a single intraperitoneal injection of cisplatin (20[Formula: see text]mg/kg) for evaluating the protective effects of saponins from the roots of P. grandiflorum (PGS, 15[Formula: see text]mg/kg and 30[Formula: see text]mg/kg) in mice. The results indicated that PGS treatment for 10 days restored the destroyed intestinal mucosal oxidative system, and the loosened junctions of small intestinal villi was significantly improved. In addition, a significant mitigation of apoptotic effects deteriorated by cisplatin exposure in small intestinal villi was observed by immunohischemical staining. Also, western blot showed that PGS could effectively prevent endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced apoptosis caused by cisplatin in mice by restoring the activity of PERK (an ER kinase)-eIF2[Formula: see text]-ATF4 signal transduction pathway. Furthermore, molecular docking results of main saponins in PGS suggested a better binding ability with target proteins. In summary, the present work revealed the underlying protective mechanisms of PGS on intestinal injury induced by cisplatin in mice.
Performance Analysis of Federated Learning Aggregation Algorithms for Secure and Efficient Data Handling
Authors: Agarwal Vaibhav , Attigeri Girija , Kolekar Sucheta V.
Published: September 2022

Traditional machine learning projects have revolved around training the model with the help of previously observed data to be able to predict output for future unknown data. In the current scenario, when the data generated are huge, centralized training of the model becomes inefficient. Hence, distributed approach with client server model has to be used for training the models. This introduces data handling and critical data privacy issues. This paper concentrates on Federated learning (FL) which builds a model for the server by aggregating the parameters obtained from the local models of the client devices. The research work focuses on design and evaluation of three new FL algorithms against the average of the performances of the local models. The evolved approach considering weights of the local models proportional to accuracy of the local model is found to be the most accurate and better than the centralized approach. The evaluation is done using three different algorithms belonging to regression and classification on multiple datasets. It is observed that there is only one round of communication between the clients and server required in the federated learning setup to achieve the benchmarked accuracy set by the centralized setup. This is a considerable development and state-of-the-art approach to reduce communication and computation costs.
Remote Sensing Image Instance Segmentation Based on Attention Balanced Feature Pyramid
Authors: Nie Xuan , Wang Hailin , Chai Bosong , Duan Mengyang
Published: September 2022

In recent years, with the development of remote sensing technology and the enhancement of the value of remote sensing images in military and civil fields, remote sensing image object segmentation has also received more and more attention. This paper mainly studies the application of instance segmentation based on deep convolutional neural network in the remote sensing image. This paper proposes an attention balanced feature pyramid module, which strengthens multi-level features and uses the attention module to suppress the interference features of noise in the complex background. In addiction, Soft-NMS is introduced to improve the performance of the network, and GIoU loss is introduced to improve the effect of object detection. The proposed network improves the average detection and segmentation accuracy (mAP) values from [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] to [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], respectively.
Fake Colorized Image Detection Approaches: A Review
Authors: Salman Khalid A. , Shaker Khalid , Al-Janabi Sufyan
Published: September 2022

Colorization is a process used in image editing in which grayscale images are colored with realistic colors. Modern techniques of colorization could produce artfully colored images in such a way that it is difficult for human eyes to differentiate between actual and fake colorized images. As a result, identifying fraudulent colored pictures has captured the scientific community’s attention in digital forensics. This paper provides an overview of the strategies used for detecting fake colorized images. Mainly, two approaches were used to design fake colorized image detection systems. The first one uses traditional machine learning (ML) techniques that rely on hand-crafted features derived from images and used to differentiate actual and fake images. The second approach uses deep learning (DL) techniques as “end to end” systems that don’t have to be supplied with such hand-crafted features, as they can learn the features from the image directly. This paper focuses on the various methods and techniques used in fake-colorized image detection. It may aid researchers in better understanding the benefits and drawbacks of existing technologies to develop more efficient systems in this field.
Analysis of Various Visual Cryptographic Techniques and their Issues Based on Optimization Algorithms
Authors: Sajitha A. S. , Priya S. Sridevi Sathya
Published: September 2022

Visual Cryptography (VC) is a process employed for the maintenance of secret information by hiding the secret messages that are embedded within the images. Typically, an image is partitioned into a number of shares that are stacked over one another in order to reconstruct back the original image accurately. The major limitation that existed in the traditional VC techniques is pixel expansion, in which pixel expansion is replaced with a number of sub-pixels in individual share, which causes a considerable impact on the contrast and resolution of the image that further gradually decreases the quality of the image. VC is named for its essential characteristics, such as transmitting the images with two or more shares with an equal number of black pixels and color pixel distribution. The secret message can be decrypted using Human Visual System (HVS). In this paper, 50 research papers are reviewed based on various classification algorithms, which are effectively used for the VC technique. The classification algorithms are categorized into three types, namely, meta-heuristic, heuristic, and evolutionary, and the research issues and challenges confronted by the existing techniques are reported in this survey. Moreover, the analysis is done based on the existing research works by considering the classification algorithms, tools, and evaluation metrics.
The Short-Term Effect of COVID-19 Pandemic on China’s Crude Oil Futures Market: A Study Based on Multifractal Analysis
Authors: Shao Ying-Hui , Liu Ying-Lin , Yang Yan-Hong
Published: September 2022

The ongoing COVID-19 shocked financial markets globally, including China’s crude oil future market, which is the third-most traded crude oil futures after WTI and Brent. As China’s first crude oil futures are accessible to foreign investors, the Shanghai crude oil futures (SC) have attracted significant interest since launch at the Shanghai International Energy Exchange. The impact of COVID-19 on the new crude oil futures is an important issue for investors and policy makers. Therefore, this paper studies the short-term influence of COVID-19 pandemic on SC via multifractal analysis. We compare the market efficiency of SC before and during the pandemic with the multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis and other commonly used random walk tests. Then, we generate shuffled and surrogate data to investigate the components of multifractal nature in SC. And we examine cross-correlations between SC returns and other financial assets returns as well as SC trading volume changes by the multifractal detrended cross-correlation analysis. The results show that market efficiency of SC and its cross-correlations with other assets increase significantly after the outbreak of COVID-19. Besides that, the sources of its multifractal nature have changed since the pandemic. The findings provide evidence for the short-term impacts of COVID-19 on SC. The results may have important implications for assets allocation, investment strategies and risk monitoring.
Preparation and Characterization of Reduced Graphene Oxide-Incorporated ZnO Nanorods for Supercapacitor Application
Authors: Fahad Nisreen Khalid , Sabry Raad Saadon
Published: September 2022

This study’s objective is to prepare and characterize a ZnO-rGO composite for use in supercapacitors. The hydrothermal method was used to successfully prepare ZnO and ZnO-rGO. Characterization of the prepared materials was carried out using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and ultraviolet-visible (UV–Vis) spectrometers. The electrochemical properties of the ZnO and ZnO-rGO electrodes were examined using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and impedance spectroscopy. The specific capacitance of the ZnO-rGO composite electrode in 1[Formula: see text]M NaOH as an electrolyte was 293.37[Formula: see text]F/g at the scan rate of 5[Formula: see text]mV/s. As a result of the low equivalent series resistance and improved ion diffusion produced by ZnO and rGO working together, the ZnO-rGO nanoparticles electrode has a higher super capacitance. The result achieved a higher energy density of 39.93[Formula: see text]Wh/kg and a power density of 54.45[Formula: see text]kW/kg. These findings demonstrated the significance of rGO-based composites in the development of high-performance energy storage systems as well as their enormous potential for improvement.
Regime Change and Malaysia–South Korea Relations: Domestic and Structural Explanations of Mahathir Mohamad and Moon Jae-in’s Foreign Policy Reorientations
Authors: GOVINDASAMY GEETHA
Published: September 2022

The idea that a change of government can alter the foreign policy orientation of a state is nothing new in international relations. This paper presents a preliminary investigation into the causal linkages between domestic political regime changes and foreign policy restructuring in Malaysia and South Korea. It assumes that regime changes allow for a greater propensity for the recalibration of foreign policy interests. Since the effectiveness of any bilateral cooperation depends on successful formulation and implementation, this paper dissects the transition, convergence and challenges in bilateral cooperation between the two countries. Both Mahathir Mohamad and Moon Jae-in saw a necessity to diversify economic partners that had resulted from the policies of previous administrations. While the basic elements of their foreign policy remained the same, both Malaysia and South Korea reevaluated their policies with regard to the international issues affecting their domestic interests. While relations had once been transactional at best, the convergence of the Look East Policy (LEP) 2.0 and the New Southern Policy (NSP) advanced bilateral relations for 22 months until the collapse of Mahathir’s government in 2020.
Efficient Query-based Black-box Attack against Cross-modal Hashing Retrieval
Authors: Zhu Lei , Wang Tianshi , Li Jingjing , Zhang Zheng , Shen Jialie , Wang Xinhua
Published: September 2022

Deep cross-modal hashing retrieval models inherit the vulnerability of deep neural networks. They are vulnerable to adversarial attacks, especially for the form of subtle perturbations to the inputs. Although many adversarial attack methods have been proposed to handle the robustness of hashing retrieval models, they still suffer from two problems: (1) Most of them are based on the white-box settings, which is usually unrealistic in practical application. (2) Iterative optimization for the generation of adversarial examples in them results in heavy computation. To address these problems, we propose an Efficient Query-based Black-Box Attack (EQB
2
A) against deep cross-modal hashing retrieval, which can efficiently generate adversarial examples for the black-box attack. Specifically, by sending a few query requests to the attacked retrieval system, the cross-modal retrieval model stealing is performed based on the neighbor relationship between the retrieved results and the query, thus obtaining the knockoffs to substitute the attacked system. A multi-modal knockoffs-driven adversarial generation is proposed to achieve efficient adversarial example generation. While the entire network training converges, EQB
2
A can efficiently generate adversarial examples by forward-propagation with only given benign images. Experiments show that EQB
2
A achieves superior attacking performance under the black-box setting.
Planar Panels and Planar Supporting Beams in Architectural Structures
Authors: Jiang Caigui , Wang Cheng , Tellier Xavier , Wallner Johannes , Pottmann Helmut
Published: September 2022

In this article, we investigate geometric properties and modeling capabilities of quad meshes with planar faces whose mesh polylines enjoy the additional property of being contained in a single plane. This planarity is a major benefit in architectural design and building construction: If a structural element is contained in a plane, it can be manufactured on the ground without scaffolding and put into place as a whole. Further, the plane it is contained in serves as part of a so-called support structure. We discuss design of meshes under the requirement that one half of mesh polylines are planar (“P meshes”), and we also investigate the geometry and design of meshes where all polylines enjoy this property (“PP meshes”). We work in the space of planes and with appropriate transformations of that space. We also incorporate further properties relevant for architectural design, such as near-rectangular panels and repetitive nodes. We provide geometric insights, give explicit constructions, and show an approach to geometric modeling of both P meshes and PP meshes, in particular, the case of nearly rectangular panels.
A Write-Related and Read-Related DRAM Allocation Strategy Inside Solid-State Drives (SSDs)
Authors: Yeh Po-Chen , Wu Chin-Hsien , Lin Yung-Hsiang , Wu Ming-Yan
Published: September 2022

Although NAND flash memory has the advantages of small size, low-power consumption, shock resistance, and fast access speed, NAND flash memory still faces the problems of “out-of-place updates,” “garbage collection,” and “unbalanced execution time” due to its hardware limitations. Usually, a flash translation layer (FTL) can maintain the mapping cache (in limited DRAM space) to store the frequently accessed address mapping for “out-of-place updates” and maintain the read/write buffer (in limited DRAM space) to store the frequently accessed data for “garbage collection” and “unbalanced execution time”. In this article, we will propose a write-related and read-related DRAM allocation strategy inside solid-state drives (SSDs). The design idea behind the write-related DRAM allocation method is to calculate the suitable DRAM allocation for the write buffer and the write mapping cache by building a statistical model with a minimum expected value of writes for NAND flash memory. To further reduce reads in NAND flash memory, the design idea behind the read-related DRAM allocation method is to adopt a cost-benefit policy to reallocate the proper DRAM space from the write buffer and the write mapping cache to the read buffer and the read mapping cache, respectively. According to the experimental results, we can demonstrate that the proposed write-related and read-related DRAM allocation strategy can reduce more reads/writes in NAND flash memory than other methods to improve the response time.
Surveillance Technologies and Constitutional Law
Authors: Slobogin Christopher , Brayne Sarah
Published: September 2022

This review focuses on government use of technology to observe, collect, or record potential criminal activity in real-time, as contrasted with “transaction surveillance” that involves government efforts to access already-existing records and exploit Big Data, topics that have been the focus of previous reviews (Brayne 2018, Ridgeway 2018). Even so limited, surveillance technologies come in many guises, including closed-circuit television, automated license plate and facial readers, aerial cameras, and GPS tracking. Also classifiable as surveillance technology are devices such as thermal and electromagnetic imagers that can “see” through walls and clothing. Finally, surveillance includes wiretapping and other forms of communication interception. The following discussion briefly examines the limited evidence we have about the prevalence and effectiveness of these technologies and then describes the law governing surveillance, focusing principally on constitutional doctrine, and how it might—and might not—limit use of these technologies in the future.
Development of Religious Cognition
Authors: Richert Rebekah A. , Corriveau Kathleen H.
Published: September 2022

This review outlines the development of religious cognition, with a particular focus on the cultural processes involved in the transmission of religious concepts and beliefs. The mechanisms of development of religious concepts and beliefs are made salient by the fact that these concepts ( a) are unavailable for direct observation or experimentation by the child and ( b) involve deeply held personal and collective commitments on the part of adult members of distinct cultural groups defined by specific beliefs and practices. As such, this review highlights how the study of religious cognition provides a critical lens for developmental science and makes clear the mutually constituted relationship between cognition and culture. The review covers development in three key domains of religious cognition: religious agents, the nature of existence, and religious identity. We additionally describe research into religious socialization and conclude with suggestions for future research.
Human Morality Is Based on an Early-Emerging Moral Core
Authors: Woo Brandon M. , Tan Enda , Hamlin J. Kiley
Published: September 2022

Scholars from across the social sciences, biological sciences, and humanities have long emphasized the role of human morality in supporting cooperation. How does morality arise in human development? One possibility is that morality is acquired through years of socialization and active learning. Alternatively, morality may instead be based on a “moral core”: primitive abilities that emerge in infancy to make sense of morally relevant behaviors. Here, we review evidence that infants and toddlers understand a variety of morally relevant behaviors and readily evaluate agents who engage in them. These abilities appear to be rooted in the goals and intentions driving agents’ morally relevant behaviors and are sensitive to group membership. This evidence is consistent with a moral core, which may support later social and moral development and ultimately be leveraged for human cooperation.
Beyond “Use It or Lose It”: The Impact of Engagement on Cognitive Aging
Authors: Stine-Morrow Elizabeth A.L. , Manavbasi Ilber E.
Published: September 2022

Biologically based senescence processes and cumulative opportunities for experience collectively give rise to profound changes in cognition in later adulthood, the trajectories of which vary considerably across individuals. This review focuses on how cognitive aging is shaped by engagement—defined as the ongoing investment of personal resources (e.g., time, attention) to activities, social networks, and experiences—through the adult life span. We review evidence for the effects of different forms of engagement on cognitive aging and consider plausible mechanistic pathways for such effects. Working within an ecological framework, we consider “design solutions” for lifestyle engagement to shape adult cognitive development given the necessary trade-offs endemic to goal-directed systems (e.g., current needs versus long-term preparation, flexibility versus robustness, exploration versus exploitation). Given the limited evidence for broad-based effects of skill training on late-life cognitive health, we argue that a promising paradigm for successful cognitive aging will be to probe synergistic effects of engagement on cognitive aging. Recent developments in personal technology offer promise for innovation in intervention and in measurement.
Practice and Policy Regarding Child Neglect: Lessons from Studies of Institutional Deprivation
Authors: Zeanah Charles H. , King Lucy S.
Published: September 2022

Childhood neglect is associated with impairment across multiple domains of development. Because types of neglect co-occur and are correlated with abuse, most research cannot address the specific effects of psychosocial neglect. This limitation matters because some scholars have advocated that child protection measures should be employed only when a child is physically endangered. Here, we review evidence for the effects of psychosocial neglect on development derived from studies of young children raised in institutions. In these caregiving environments, children are physically safe and receive instrumental care, but the social, emotional, and cognitive components of caregiving are impoverished. The damaging and often lasting effects of these caregiving environments on young children's development underscore that psychosocial neglect should be considered as dangerous to child well-being as physical maltreatment. Efforts to reform child protection must do so with full appreciation of the consequences of young children's exposure to prolonged psychosocial neglect.
Freshwater Fish Invasions: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Bernery Camille , Bellard Céline , Courchamp Franck , Brosse Sébastien , Gozlan Rodolphe E. , Jarić Ivan , Teletchea Fabrice , Leroy Boris
Published: September 2022

Freshwater fish have been widely introduced worldwide, and freshwater ecosystems are among those most affected by biological invasions. Consequently, freshwater fish invasions are one of the most documented invasions among animal taxa, with much information available about invasive species, their characteristics, invaded regions, invasion pathways, impacts, and management. While existing reviews address specific aspects of freshwater fish invasions, there is still a gaping lack of comprehensive assessments of freshwater fish invasions that simultaneously address pivotal and connected elements of the invasion process. Here, we provide a holistic review, together with quantitative assessments, divided into four major parts: ( a) introduction pathways, ( b) characteristics of nonnative species andinvaded ecosystems that explain successful invasion processes, ( c) invasion impacts and their mechanisms, and ( d) management. We highlight data gaps and biases in the current databases and highlight a basic lack of understanding of several aspects of freshwater fish invasions. In addition, we provide recommendations for future studies.
Digitalization and the Anthropocene
Authors: Creutzig Felix , Acemoglu Daron , Bai Xuemei , Edwards Paul N. , Hintz Marie Josefine , Kaack Lynn H. , Kilkis Siir , Kunkel Stefanie , Luers Amy , Milojevic-Dupont Nikola , Rejeski Dave , Renn Jürgen , Rolnick David , Rosol Christoph , Russ Daniela , Turnbull Thomas , Verdolini Elena , Wagner Felix , Wilson Charlie , Zekar Aicha , Zumwald Marius
Published: September 2022

Great claims have been made about the benefits of dematerialization in a digital service economy. However, digitalization has historically increased environmental impacts at local and planetary scales, affecting labor markets, resource use, governance, and power relationships. Here we study the past, present, and future of digitalization through the lens of three interdependent elements of the Anthropocene: ( a) planetary boundaries and stability, ( b) equity within and between countries, and ( c) human agency and governance, mediated via ( i) increasing resource efficiency, ( ii) accelerating consumption and scale effects, ( iii) expanding political and economic control, and ( iv) deteriorating social cohesion. While direct environmental impacts matter, the indirect and systemic effects of digitalization are more profoundly reshaping the relationship between humans, technosphere and planet. We develop three scenarios: planetary instability, green but inhumane, and deliberate for the good. We conclude with identifying leverage points that shift human–digital–Earth interactions toward sustainability.
Mechanisms Underlying Circuit Dysfunction in Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Authors: Exposito-Alonso David , Rico Beatriz
Published: September 2022

Recent advances in genomics have revealed a wide spectrum of genetic variants associated with neurodevelopmental disorders at an unprecedented scale. An increasing number of studies have consistently identified mutations—both inherited and de novo—impacting the function of specific brain circuits. This suggests that, during brain development, alterations in distinct neural circuits, cell types, or broad regulatory pathways ultimately shaping synapses might be a dysfunctional process underlying these disorders. Here, we review findings from human studies and animal model research to provide a comprehensive description of synaptic and circuit mechanisms implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders. We discuss how specific synaptic connections might be commonly disrupted in different disorders and the alterations in cognition and behaviors emerging from imbalances in neuronal circuits. Moreover, we review new approaches that have been shown to restore or mitigate dysfunctional processes during specific critical windows of brain development. Considering the heterogeneity of neurodevelopmental disorders, we also highlight the recent progress in developing improved clinical biomarkers and strategies that will help to identify novel therapeutic compounds and opportunities for early intervention.
Scalable Functional Assays for the Interpretation of Human Genetic Variation
Authors: Tabet Daniel , Parikh Victoria , Mali Prashant , Roth Frederick P. , Claussnitzer Melina
Published: September 2022

Scalable sequence–function studies have enabled the systematic analysis and cataloging of hundreds of thousands of coding and noncoding genetic variants in the human genome. This has improved clinical variant interpretation and provided insights into the molecular, biophysical, and cellular effects of genetic variants at an astonishing scale and resolution across the spectrum of allele frequencies. In this review, we explore current applications and prospects for the field and outline the principles underlying scalable functional assay design, with a focus on the study of single-nucleotide coding and noncoding variants.
Carbon Export in the Ocean: A Biologist's Perspective
Authors: Iversen Morten H.
Published: September 2022

Understanding the nature of organic matter flux in the ocean remains a major goal of oceanography because it impacts some of the most important processes in the ocean. Sinking particles are important for carbon dioxide removal from the atmosphere and its movement to the deep ocean. They also feed life below the ocean's productive surface and sustain life in the deep sea, in addition to depositing organic matter on the seafloor. However, the magnitude of all of these processes is dependent on the transformation of sinking particles during their journey through the water column. This review focuses on the movement of organic matter from the surface ocean to the deep sea via the biological carbon pump and examines the processes that prevent this downward movement—namely, attenuation via microbial colonization and zooplankton feeding. It also discusses how the depth-specific interactions among microbes, zooplankton, and aggregates determine carbon export as well as nutrient recycling, which in turn impact ocean production and Earth's climate.
Nuclear Reprocessing Tracers Illuminate Flow Features and Connectivity Between the Arctic and Subpolar North Atlantic Oceans
Authors: Casacuberta Núria , Smith John N.
Published: September 2022

Releases of anthropogenic radionuclides from European nuclear fuel reprocessing plants enter the surface circulation of the high-latitude North Atlantic and are transported northward into the Arctic Ocean and southward from the Nordic Seas into the deep North Atlantic, thereby providing tracers of water circulation, mixing, ventilation, and deep-water formation. Early tracer studies focused on 137Cs, which revealed some of the first significant insights into the Arctic Ocean circulation, while more recent work has benefited from advances in accelerator mass spectrometry to enable the measurement of the conservative, long-lived radionuclide tracers 129I and 236U. The latest studies of these tracers, supported by simulations using the North Atlantic–Arctic Ocean–Sea Ice Model (NAOSIM) and enhanced by the use of transit time distributions to more precisely accommodate mixing, have provided a rich inventory of transport data for circulation in the Arctic and North Atlantic Oceans that are of great importance to global thermohaline circulation and climate.
The Pathogenesis of African Trypanosomiasis
Authors: Pays Etienne , Radwanska Magdalena , Magez Stefan
Published: September 2022

African trypanosomes are bloodstream protozoan parasites that infect mammals including humans, where they cause sleeping sickness. Long-lasting infection is required to favor parasite transmission between hosts. Therefore, trypanosomes have developed strategies to continuously escape innate and adaptive responses of the immune system, while also preventing premature death of the host. The pathology linked to infection mainly results from inflammation and includes anemia and brain dysfunction in addition to loss of specificity and memory of the antibody response. The serum of humans contains an efficient trypanolytic factor, the membrane pore-forming protein apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1). In the two human-infective trypanosomes, specific parasite resistance factors inhibit APOL1 activity. In turn, many African individuals express APOL1 variants that counteract these resistance factors, enabling them to avoid sleeping sickness. However, these variants are associated with chronic kidney disease, particularly in the context of virus-induced inflammation such as coronavirus disease 2019. Vaccination perspectives are discussed.
Application of Melatonin with N-Acetylcysteine Exceeds Traditional Treatment for Acetaminophen-Induced Hepatotoxicity
Authors: Chen Mengfei , Ke Jinfang , Ma Shilan , Chai Hua , Zhang Liang , Zhang Ling
Published: September 2022

Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose is one of the leading causes of acute liver damage. Given N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and melatonin (MLT) both have an attenuated value for APAP-induced liver toxification, where an optimized integrated treatment has not been well deciphered. Here, by giving a single dose of APAP (500 mg/kg) to wild-type male mice, combined with a single dose of 500 mg/kg NAC or 100 mg/kg MLT separately as the therapeutic method, this study aimed to investigate the effects of NAC and melatonin (MLT) alone or combined on acetaminophen (APAP)-induced liver injury. In this study, NAC and MLT both partially have an alleviated function in APAP-challenged liver injury. However, MLT’s add-on role strengthens the hepatoprotective effect of NAC on APAP-induced liver damage and resolute the inflammatory infiltration. Meanwhile, the combination of two reagents attenuates the decreased glutathione (GSH) and activation of the p38/JNK pathway. The combination of MLT and NAC can further ameliorate APAP-induced liver injury, which provides a novel strategy for drug-induced liver injury (DILI).
Immersive VR Network Management Analysis considering Automatic Topology Discovery Algorithms
Authors: He Jing
Published: September 2022

In order to make up for the deficiency of a two-dimensional user interface, enhance the visualization of network information, and comprehensively and effectively improve the efficiency of network management, this paper attempts to use virtual reality technology to design the network management system and uses the research results of related fields for reference to carry out the specific practice, providing a new idea for the design and development of the network management system. The automatic topology discovery algorithm is introduced into the network management analysis, and the immersive network management is modularized by using the method of dividing subnets. Finally, the test results show that through the functional design of the system and the hierarchical description of the structural model, the practical method is given. Finally, the operation process of the simulation system is analyzed in detail. The proposed method can effectively reduce the network load and reduce the network bandwidth and greatly improve the slow convergence of the penetration VR network topology.
Microarray and Bioinformatics Analysis of Differential Gene and lncRNA Expression during Erythropoietin Treatment of Acute Spinal Cord Injury in Rats
Authors: He Haibo , Huang Hanwen , Hu Panyong , Chen Zhong
Published: September 2022

Purpose. We performed a genome-wide analysis of long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) expression to identify novel targets for the further study of recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) treatment of acute spinal cord injury (SCI) in rats. Methods. Nine rats were randomly divided into 3 groups. No operation was performed in group 1. In groups 2 and 3, a laminectomy was performed at the 10th thoracic vertebra, and a contusion injury was induced by extradural application of an aneurysm clip. Group 1 rats did not receive any treatment, group 2 rats received a single intraperitoneal injection of normal saline, and group 3 rats received rhEPO. Three days after injury, spinal cord tissues were collected for RNA-Seq, microarray, differentially expressed genes (DEGs), Gene Ontology (GO) function enrichment, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment, and protein-protein interaction (PPI) analyses. Results. Compared with group 1, 4,446 genes were found to be differentially expressed in group 2. Furthermore, 99 lncRNAs were found to be changed in the injury group. The data indicate that 2,471 mRNAs were upregulated, and 1,975 mRNAs were downregulated in group 2 as compared with group 1. In addition, 45 of the lncRNAs were upregulated, and the other 44 lncRNAs were downregulated. The top 5 upregulated and top 5 downregulated lncRNAs that were different between group 2 and group 1 are shown. The top 5 downregulated and the top 5 upregulated lncRNAs that were different between group 3 and group 2 are shown. Conclusion. RhEPO treatment alters the expression profiles of the differentially expressed lncRNAs and genes beneficial to the development of new treatments.