bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transient existence of life without a cell membrane: a novel strategy of siphonous seaweed for survival and propagation
Authors: Ram Monika , Babbar Shashi B.
Published: October 2002

Siphonous seaweeds, which constitute a vital component of coral reefs, are structurally simple, single‐celled coenocytic macroscopic green algae. Kim et al.1 have recently shown the extraordinary wound‐repair and propagation mechanism of one such siphonous green alga—Bryopsis plumosa. Nucleocytoplasmic aggregates, which are released after injury to this plant, are membraneless structures that can survive in seawater for 10–20 minutes, before they are surrounded by a gelatinous envelope. Subsequently, a cell membrane and cell wall are synthesized around each of these aggregates and the resulting individual cells, so formed, develop into new plants. This report represents a significant advance in our understanding of wound response and, more significantly, is probably the first example of transient survival of life without a cell membrane! BioEssays 24:588–590, 2002. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ab initio Hartree–Fock/6‐31G** calculation on 9‐β‐D‐arabinofuranosyladenine‐5′‐monophosphate molecule: Application to the analysis of its IR and Raman spectra
Authors: Hernández Belén , Navarro Raquel , Hernanz Antonio , Vergoten Gérard
Published: October 2002

9‐β‐D‐Arabinofuranosyaldenine‐5′‐monophosphate (5′‐ara‐AMP) is an arabinonucleotide that has antiviral and antitumor activity. The accurate knowledge of the nature of its vibrational modes is a valuable step for the forthcoming elucidation of drug–nucleotide and drug–enzyme interactions. The FTIR and FT Raman spectra (4000–30 cm−1) of 5′ara‐AMP and two deuterated derivatives ara‐AMP‐dC8 (deuteration in C8) and ara‐AMP‐d7 (deuteration in C8, amino and hydroxyl groups) are reported. Theoretical vibrational calculations were performed using the Hartree–Fock/6‐31G** method. An assignment of the observed spectra is proposed considering the scaled potential energy distribution of the vibrational modes of the 5′ara‐AMP molecule and the observed band shifts by deuteration. The scaled ab initio frequencies are in good agreement with the experimental data (<3 cm−1 SD). © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Biospectroscopy) 67: 440–455, 2002
Virus safety of a porcine‐derived medical device: Evaluation of a viral inactivation method
Authors: Hodde Jason , Hiles Michael
Published: October 2002

The goal of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a virus‐inactivating process for use during the preparation of porcine‐derived extracellular matrix biomaterials for human clinical implantation. Porcine small intestine, the source material for the tissue‐engineered, small intestinal submucosa (SIS) biomaterial, was evaluated. Relevant enveloped, non‐enveloped, and model viruses representative of different virus families were included in the investigation: porcine parvovirus (PPV), porcine reovirus, murine leukemia retrovirus (LRV), and porcine pseudorabies (herpes) virus (PRV). Samples of small intestine were deliberately inoculated with approximately 1 × 107 plaque‐forming units (PFU) of virus which were thereafter exposed to a 0.18% peracetic acid/4.8% aqueous ethanol mixture for time periods ranging from 5 minutes to 2 hours. Enveloped viruses were more easily inactivated than non‐enveloped viruses, but material processed for 30 minutes or longer inactivated all of the viruses. D10 values were calculated and used to extrapolate the extent of inactivation after 2 hours. Viral titers were reduced by more than 14.0 log10 PPV, 21.0 log10 reovirus, 40.0 log10 PRV, and 27.0 log10 LRV, meeting international standards for viral sterility. These results demonstrate that treatment of porcine small intestine with a peracetic acid/ethanol solution leads to a virus‐free, non‐crosslinked biomaterial safe for xenotransplantation into humans. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 79: 211–216, 2002.
Apology in the criminal justice setting: evidence for including apology as an additional component in the legal system
Authors: Petrucci Carrie J.
Published: October 2002

The criminal justice system has reached unprecedented scope in the United States, with over 6.4 million people under some type of supervision. Remedies that have the potential to reduce this number are continually being sought. This article analyzes an innovative strategy currently being reconsidered in criminal justice: the apology. Despite a legal system that only sporadically acknowledges it, evidence for the use of apology is supported by social science research, current criminal justice theories, case law, and empirical studies. Social psychological, sociological and socio‐legal studies pinpoint the elements and function of apology, what makes apologies effective, and concerns about apology if it were implemented in the criminal justice system. Theoretical evidence is examined (including restorative justice, therapeutic jurisprudence, crime, shame, and reintegration) to explore the process of apology in the criminal justice context. Attribution theory and social conduct theory are used to explain the apology process specifically for victims and offenders. A brief examination of case law reveals that though apology has no formal place in criminal law, it has surfaced recently under the federal sentencing guidelines. Finally, empirical evidence in criminal justice settings reveals that offenders want to apologize and victims desire an apology. Moreover, by directly addressing the harmful act, apology may be the link to reduced recidivism for offenders, as well as empowerment for victims. This evidence combined suggests that apology is worthy of further study as a potentially valuable addition to the criminal justice process. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effects of defendant remorse on mock juror decisions in a malpractice case
Authors: Bornstein Brian H. , Rung Lahna M. , Miller Monica K.
Published: October 2002

The purpose of this study was to observe the effects of defendant remorse on monetary damages awarded to a plaintiff in a malpractice case. In two experiments, the physician‐defendant expressed remorse at the time of the incident and again at trial, expressed remorse at trial, explicitly demonstrated a lack of remorse at trial, or made no mention of remorse (or a lack thereof). Participants decided how much money to award to the plaintiff and evaluated both the plaintiff and the defendant on several dimensions. Participants awarded greater compensation when the physician expressed remorse at the time of the incident than in the other conditions, both when the plaintiff was the injured patient's spouse in a wrongful death suit (experiment 1) and when the patient sued on his own behalf (experiment 2). This effect of remorse was greater for males than for females (experiment 1) and for relatively severely injured plaintiffs (experiment 2). Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Extensor digitorum brevis manus: Anatomical, radiological and clinical relevance: A Review
Authors: Rodríguez‐Niedenführ Marc , Vázquez Teresa , Golanó Pau , Parkin Ian , Sañudo José R.
Published: October 2002

The extensor digitorum brevis manus (EDBM) is a supernumerary muscle in the dorsum of the hand frequently misdiagnosed as a dorsal wrist ganglion, exostosis, tendon sheath cyst or synovitis. Its presence in a living subject, confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), is presented together with a review of the hitherto reported cases and the results of an anatomical study on 128 adult human cadavers (59 males and 69 females). The EDBM was found in three (2.3%) of the 128 cadavers. It occurred in two (3.4%) of the 59 male cadavers (one bilateral and one unilateral on the right side) and in one (1.5%) of the 69 female cadavers (unilateral on the left side). Consequently, the EDBM was found in four (1.6%) of the 256 upper limbs. It originated from the dorsal wrist capsule within the compartment deep to the extensor retinaculum for the extensor digitorum and inserted into the extensor hood of the index finger in one case and into that of the middle finger in three cases. In both hands of the living subject, the origin was similar but the insertion was into the index and middle fingers. In all cases, it was innervated by the posterior interosseous nerve and its blood supply was provided by the posterior interosseous artery. Clin. Anat. 15:286–292, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Disciplinary variations in the work of full‐time faculty members
Authors: Palmer James C.
Published: October 2002

Community college teachers are members of different disciplinary groups; they are mathematicians, biologists, nurses, and accountants. Data from the 1999 National Survey of Postsecondary Faculty offer an updated look at how faculty members in different disciplines approach their work.
Exploring the climate for women as community college faculty
Authors: Serra Hagedorn Linda , Vigil Laden Berta
Published: October 2002

Despite the literature pointing to a “chilly climate” for female students and faculty, there has been little attention to the perceived conditions for women as community college faculty members. This chapter provides a literature review as well as analyses of a national dataset of responses of community college faculty to examine the climate at the nation’s two‐year colleges.
Building community: The second century, the same challenge
Authors: Weisman Iris M. , Marr John W.
Published: October 2002

Feedback from faculty indicates that community colleges are still struggling to create a sense of community. Drawing from the literature, the authors discuss the challenges to community college faculty’s sense of belonging and recommend ways to address five critical factors of community building.
Toward a professionalized community college professoriate
Authors: Outcalt Charles L.
Published: October 2002

In this chapter, relevant research literature and results from the Center for the Study of Community Colleges (CSCC) study are used to explore the development of a professional identity for community college faculty.
Balloon dilation and stent implant through the side of a previously placed intravascular stent: A new option for the interventionalist
Authors: Rutledge Jennifer M. , Grifka Ronald G. , Bryant Laura L. , Mullins Charles E. , Vincent Julie A.
Published: October 2002

Intravascular stent placement for relief of vascular stenoses often requires that a stent be positioned across the origin of side‐branch vessels. Most currently available peripheral vascular stents have a closed‐cell design that will not allow catheter manipulation, dilation, or stenting through the stent cells. Therefore, if a side branch arising off a previously stented vessel is stenotic or if its origin has been compromised, transcatheter dilation of the branch vessel has not been possible. We report a series of successful balloon dilation and stent placement through the sides (cells) of previously placed IntraStent DoubleStrut LD stents in the aortic arch and abdominal aorta of pigs. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;56:387–393. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Acute and six‐month clinical outcome after Helistent stent implantation in coronary arteries: Results of the French Helistent multicenter registry
Authors: Eltchaninoff Hélène , Pillière Rémi , Traisnel Gilles , Berland Jacques , Cattan Simon , Monségu Jacques , Cribier Alain
Published: October 2002

The purpose of our study was to determine the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of the new tubular (Helistent) stent (Hexacath, France) in patients with coronary artery disease. Patients were prospectively included in a multicenter French registry: acute results and 6‐month target lesion revascularization rate were assessed. A total of 628 stents were implanted in 527 patients (616 lesions). Mean age was 64 ± 11 years. Predilatation was performed in 77% of cases. The stent was successfully deployed in 99.4% of attempted lesions. Three patients died during the hospital stay and 10 patients developed myocardial infarction. Angiographic stent thrombosis rate was 1.1%. There was no need for urgent cardiac surgery during hospital stay. Six‐month clinical follow‐up was obtained in 95% of patients; target lesion revascularization rate was 8.3%. Eight patients (1.6%) (extracardiac death in three patients) died and three patients (0.6%) developed myocardial infarction. In conclusion, the Helistent stent appears safe and effective in minimizing acute complications of elective coronary interventions. Six‐month major cardiac events were rare and clinical restenosis was low (< 10%). Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;56:295–299. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rheolytic thrombectomy and platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa blockade for stent thrombosis
Authors: Rinfret Stéphane , Cutlip Donald E. , Katsiyiannis Peter T. , Ho Kalon K.L. , Cohen David J. , Carrozza Joseph P. , Laham Roger J.
Published: October 2002

Conventional transcatheter‐based strategies result in good procedural success but poor clinical outcome in the treatment of intracoronary stent thrombosis. A combined approach of mechanical thrombus burden reduction using AngioJet rheolytic thrombectomy with adjunctive glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa antagonists has not been studied. Between July 1998 and August 2000, 15 patients (17 procedures) underwent AngioJet thrombectomy for stent thrombosis at the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. Patients were followed clinically through 6 months following the AngioJet procedure. All patients presented with signs of acute myocardial infarction at a median of 6 days following the original stenting procedure. Most vessels (88%) were occluded at presentation. A GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor was administered during 16 of the 17 procedures. Rheolytic thrombectomy resulted in complete removal of filling defects in all reviewed cases and led to significant improvement in lumen diameter and TIMI flow with reduction in the thrombotic lesion length (all P values < 0.05). Angiographic success (< 30% residual stenosis, TIMI 3 flow) was attained in all but one procedure. No patient required emergent coronary bypass grafting, repeat coronary angioplasty, or died in‐hospital. At 6 months, there were no deaths and repeat revascularization was performed in four patients (29%). A combined approach of rheolytic thrombectomy with adjunctive GP IIb/IIIa blockade was highly effective in resolving stent thrombosis and was associated with favorable acute and long‐term outcomes. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;57:24–30. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluating bias in method comparison studies using linear regression with errors in both axes
Authors: Martínez Àngel , Riu Jordi , Rius F. Xavier
Published: October 2002

This paper presents a theoretical background for estimating the probability of committing a β error when checking the presence of method bias. Results obtained at different concentration levels from the analytical method being tested are compared by linear regression with the results from a reference method. Method bias can be detected by applying the joint confidence interval test to the regression line coefficients from a bivariate least squares (BLS) regression technique. This finds the regression line considering the errors in the two methods. We have validated the estimated probabilities of β error by comparing them with the experimental values from 24 simulated data sets. We also compared the probabilities of β error estimated using the BLS regression method on two real data sets with those estimated using ordinary least squares (OLS) and weighted least squares (WLS) regression techniques for a given level of significance α. We found that there were important differences in the values predicted with WLS and OLS compared to those predicted with the BLS regression method. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A simple approach to uncertainty propagation in preprocessed multivariate calibration
Authors: Olivieri Alejandro C.
Published: October 2002

A simple approach is described to estimate the confidence limit for the concentrations predicted by multivariate calibration when preprocessing techniques such as orthogonal signal correction or net analyte calculation are applied. It involves reconstructing the unpreprocessed data using the extracted spectral factors and those employed for prediction in order to correctly estimate the sample leverages. Monte Carlo simulations carried out by adding random noise to both concentrations and analytical signals for theoretical binary mixtures are in excellent agreement with the calculations. Experimental multicomponent examples were studied by a similar Monte Carlo approach, and the obtained variances are also in agreement with the calculated values. Implications concerning the limits of detection in the latter cases are also discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Meeting Review: Epigenetics in Development and Disease
Authors: Mungall Andrew J
Published: October 2002

The 2002 Keystone symposia held in Taos, New Mexico (21–26 February)
saw the convergence of two related fields; Epigenetics in Development and
Disease, and RNA Interference, Cosuppression and Related Phenomena. The meeting
highlights presented here concentrate upon the sessions within the Epigenetics
in Development and Disease meeting, although there were joint sessions which
will also be discussed. Of course epigenetic regulation is not restricted
to the vertebrates but I have chosen, rightly or wrongly, to limit the highlights to
those concerning vertebrates. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons,
Ltd.
Molecular recognition in solid‐state crystallization: Colored chiral adduct formations of 1,1′‐Bi‐2‐naphthol derivatives and benzoquinone with a third component
Authors: Imai Yoshitane , Tajima Nobuo , Sato Tomohiro , Kuroda Reiko
Published: October 2002

Molecular recognition in solid‐state crystallization involving derivatives of 1,1′‐bi‐2‐naphthol and benzoquinone was studied. No adduct crystal was formed when crystals of biphenyl were further added as a third component to a grinding mixture of crystals of chiral 1,1′‐bi‐2‐naphthol and benzoquinone, which by itself did not form an adduct. This contrasts with the case in which further addition of naphthalene crystals to the same mixture produced a new red crystal. Adduct formations using chiral 6,6′‐dibromo‐1,1′‐bi‐2‐naphthol in place of 1,1′‐bi‐2‐naphthol were also studied. In this case, adducts were produced either with or without biphenyl as a third compound, but the colors of the adducts differed significantly in the two cases: red and bluish‐black. The same three‐component adduct crystals were produced from solid‐grinding and solution crystallization and the structure was determined by X‐ray diffractometry. Based on the crystal structures, theoretical calculations were carried out to compare the mechanism of colorations in the binary and the ternary complexes. Chirality 14:604–609, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Microtubule displacements at the tips of living flagella
Authors: Vernon Geraint G. , Woolley David M.
Published: October 2002

We have observed that the flagellar axoneme of the Chinese hamster spermatozoon undergoes periodic changes in length at the same frequency as the flagellar beat. The amplitude of the length oscillation recorded at the tip is maximally about 0.5 μm or 0.2% of the total length. In some favourable cells, it was possible to see the opposing “halves” of the axoneme moving at the tip in a reciprocating manner and 180° out‐of‐phase. This behaviour, when analysed quantitatively, is broadly consistent with predictions made from the sliding‐doublet theory of ciliary and flagellar motility and thus it constitutes an additional verification of the theory, for the first time in a living cell. However, on close examination, there is a partial mismatch between the timing of the length oscillation and the phase of the beat cycle. We deduce from this that there is some sliding at the base of the flagellum, sliding that is accommodated by elastic compression of the connecting piece. Micrographic evidence for such compression is presented. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 52:151–160, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Microsatellite instability and mutation analysis of candidate genes in unselected sardinian patients with endometrial carcinoma
Authors: Baldinu Paola , Cossu Antonio , Manca Antonella , Satta Maria P. , Pisano Marina , Casula Milena , Dessole Salvatore , Pintus Adriana , Tanda Francesco , Palmieri Giuseppe
Published: October 2002

BACKGROUND

Microsatellite instability (MSI) is due mostly to a defective DNA mismatch repair (MMR). Inactivation of the two principal MMR genes, hMLH1 and hMSH2, and the PTEN tumor suppressor gene seems to be involved in endometrial tumorigenesis. In this study, Sardinian patients with endometrial carcinoma (EC) were analyzed to assess the prevalence of both the mutator phenotype (as defined by the presence of MSI and abnormal MMR gene expression at the somatic level) and the hMLH1, hMSH2, and PTEN germline mutations among patients with MSI positive EC.

METHODS

Paraffin embedded tissue samples from 116 consecutive patients with EC were screened for MSI by polymerase chain reaction‐based microsatellite analysis. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) with anti‐hMLH1 and anti‐hMSH2 antibodies was performed on MSI positive tumor tissue sections. Germline DNA was used for mutational screening by denaturing high‐performance liquid chromatography analysis and automated sequencing.

RESULTS

Thirty‐nine patients with EC (34%) exhibited MSI; among them, 25 tumor samples (64%) showed negative immunostaining for hMLH1/hMSH2 proteins (referred to as IHC negative). No disease‐causing mutation within the coding sequences of the hMLH1/hMSH2 and PTEN genes was found in patients with EC who had the mutator phenotype (MSI positive and IHC negative), except for a newly described hMLH1 missense mutation, Ile655Val, that was observed in 1 of 27 patients (4%). Although MSI was more common among patients with advanced‐stage EC and increased as the tumor grade increased, no significant correlation with disease free survival or overall survival was observed among the two groups (MSI positive or MSI negative) of patients with EC.

CONCLUSIONS

In patients with MSI positive EC, epigenetic inactivations rather than genetic mutations of the MMR genes seem to be involved in endometrial tumorigenesis. No prognostic value was demonstrated for MSI in patients with EC. Cancer 2002;94:3157–68. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10606
Brain metastases in locally advanced nonsmall cell lung carcinoma after multimodality treatment
Authors: Luca Ceresoli Giovanni , Reni Michele , Chiesa Giuseppe , Carretta Angelo , Schipani Stefano , Passoni Paolo , Bolognesi Angelo , Zannini Piero , Villa Eugenio
Published: October 2002

BACKGROUND

Brain metastases (BM) are frequent sites of initial failure in patients with locally advanced nonsmall cell lung cancer (LAD‐NSCLC) undergoing multimodality treatments (MMT). New treatment and follow‐up strategies are needed to reduce the risk of BM and to diagnose them early enough for effective treatment.

METHODS

The incidence rate of BM as the first site of recurrence in 112 patients with LAD‐NSCLC treated with the same MMT protocol was calculated. The influence of patient, disease, and treatment‐related factors on the incidence of BM and on the time‐to‐brain recurrence (TBR) was analyzed.

RESULTS

BM as the first site of failure was observed in 25 cases (22% of the study population and 29% of all recurrences). In 18 of those cases, the brain was the exclusive site of recurrence. Median TBR was 9 months. The 2‐year actuarial incidence of BM was 29%. Central nervous system (CNS) recurrence was more common in patients younger than 60 years (P = 0.006) and in whom bulky (≥ 2 cm) mediastinal lymph nodes were present (P = 0.02). TBR was influenced by age (P = 0.004) and by bulky lymph node disease (P = 0.003). Multivariate analysis confirmed the prognostic role of age, whereas the presence of clinical bulky mediastinal lymph nodes was of borderline significance.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study confirmed a high rate of BM in patients with LAD‐NSCLC submitted to MMT. Most of these CNS recurrences were isolated and occurred within 2 years of initial diagnosis. Age younger than 60 years was associated with an increased risk of BM and reduced TBR, whereas the presence of clinical bulky mediastinal lymph nodes was of borderline significance. Although our data require further validation in future studies, our results suggest that additional trials on prophylactic cranial irradiation and on intensive radiologic follow‐up should focus on these high‐risk populations. Cancer 2002;95:605–12. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10687
Phase II trial of interferon‐α‐2a plus psolaren with ultraviolet light A in patients with cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma
Authors: Chiarion‐Sileni Vanna , Bononi Antonio , Fornasa Cleto Veller , Soraru Mariella , Alaibac Mauro , Ferrazzi Eros , Redelotti Roberta , Peserico Andrea , Monfardini Silvio , Salvagno Luigi
Published: October 2002

PURPOSE

To evaluate the efficacy and side effects of psolaren with ultraviolet light A (PUVA) and interferon‐alpha‐2a (IFN‐α‐2a) in patients with mycosis fungoides (MF) and Sézary syndrome (SS).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

From May 1993 to January 1999, 63 symptomatic patients with all stages of MF and SS were treated in a prospective Phase II trial with systemic escalating doses of IFN‐α‐2a combined with PUVA for 1 year, followed by indefinite PUVA maintenance in complete responding patients.

RESULTS

Sixty‐three patients were enrolled (Stage IA, n = 6; IB, n = 37; IIA, n = 3; IIB, n = 3; III, n = 12; IVA, n = 2). Ten patients had received previous therapy. The median follow‐up duration for the entire cohort is 37 months. Of 63 patients, 51 achieved a complete response (CR; 74.6%) or partial response (PR; 6%) to therapy. The median response duration is 32 months. The 5‐year overall survival rate is 91% and the 5‐year disease‐free survival rate is 75%. No life‐threatening side effects were observed. Five patients stopped IFN‐α‐2a therapy due to toxicity. Eighty‐four percent of the patients received more than 75% of the planned dose (12 million units three times a week).

CONCLUSIONS

This combination of IFN‐α‐2a and phototherapy is an effective and safe therapy for patients with symptomatic MF. Cancer 2002;95:569–75. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10706
Extragonadal germ cell tumors in Taiwan
Authors: Hsu Yu‐Juei , Pai Lu , Chen Yeu‐Chin , Ho Ching‐Liang , Kao Woei‐Yau , Chao Tsu‐Yi
Published: October 2002

BACKGROUND

Extragonadal germ cell tumors (EGCT) are rare. They are biologically distinct from their testicular counterparts. Information regarding these tumors from the Far East is limited. More investigations are warranted to define the optimal treatment.

METHODS

Retrospective review of the medical records of 59 patients with EGCT treated between 1983 and 2001 at a large, tertiary care institute in Taipei.

RESULTS

The study population comprised 54 males and 5 females, ranging in age from 1 to 68 years old (median age, 21 years). Primary tumors occurred in the mediastinum (n = 27), retroperitoneum (n = 6), central nervous system (CNS; n = 24), and other sites (n = 2). Patients received surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or a combination of treatment modalities as the primary treatment. Three patients with mediastinal seminoma achieved complete remission (CR) and are alive with no evidence of disease (NED), with a median follow‐up of 118 months. Of 24 patients with mediastinal nonseminomas, 8 (33%) are alive with a median disease‐free survival (DFS) period of 33 months. Two of six patients with retroperitoneal nonseminomas obtained CR and are alive with NED at 41 and 110 months, respectively. Of 24 patients with intracranial germ cell tumors, 16 had germinoma and 13 (81%) achieved CR with NED at 8–228 months (median duration, 104 months). Four of eight patients with CNS nongerminomas remain in CR and are alive with a median DFS period of 48 months. Four patients with mediastinal nonsemonimas treated with salvage chemotherapy died.

CONCLUSIONS

The treatment results of our patients with seminomatous EGCT are comparable to those of Western countries. However, the treatment results of patients with nonseminomatous EGCT are not as good. The reason for this discrepancy needs to be explored for a better treatment outcome of for patients in Taiwan with EGCT. Cancer 2002;95:766–74. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10738
Ultrastructure and physiology of the hooded sensillum, a bimodal chemo‐mechanosensillum of lobsters
Authors: Cate Holly S. , Derby Charles D.
Published: October 2002

The antennules of decapod crustaceans are covered with thousands of chemosensilla that mediate odor discrimination and orientation behaviors. Most studies on chemoreception in decapods have focused on the prominent aesthetasc sensilla. However, previous behavioral studies on lobsters following selective sensillar ablation have revealed that input from nonaesthetasc antennular chemosensilla is sufficient for many odor‐mediated behaviors. Our earlier examination of the setal types on the antennules of the Caribbean spiny lobster Panulirus argus revealed three types of nonaesthetasc chemosensilla. The most abundant and widely distributed of these is the hooded sensillum. The present study describes the detailed ultrastructure of antennular hooded sensilla and the physiological response properties of their receptor neurons. Light and scanning and transmission electron microscopy were used to examine structural characteristics, and electrophysiology was used to examine single‐unit responses elicited by focal chemical and mechanical stimulation of antennular hooded sensilla. Hooded sensilla have a porous cuticle and are innervated by 9–10 chemosensory and 3 mechanosensory neurons whose dendrites project to the distal end of the sensillum. Hooded sensillar chemosensory neurons responded to waterborne chemicals, were responsive to only one of the six tested single compounds, and had different specificities. Hooded sensillar mechanosensory neurons were not spontaneously active. They had low sensitivity in that they responded to tactile but not waterborne vibrations, and they responded to sensillar deflection with phasic bursts of activity. These results support the idea that hooded sensilla are bimodal chemo‐mechanosensilla and are receptors in an antennular chemosensory pathway that parallels the well‐described aesthetasc chemosensory pathway. J. Comp. Neurol. 442:293–307, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cellular localization of the vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter in the mouse and human retina
Authors: Jellali Abdeljalil , Stussi‐Garaud Christiane , Gasnier Bruno , Rendon Alvaro , Sahel José‐Alain , Dreyfus Henri , Picaud Serge
Published: October 2002

Horizontal cells are classically thought to mediate lateral inhibition by γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)‐transporter mediated release. In the mammalian retina, however, GABA uptake and cloned GABA transporter were not detected in horizontal cells. Furthermore, the vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter (VIAAT or VGAT) that loads GABA and glycine into synaptic vesicles was reported recently to be expressed in horizontal cells. To further assess synaptic transmission in mammalian horizontal cells, we examined the subcellular distribution of VIAAT in mouse and human retina by confocal microscopy with specific cell markers. VIAAT was observed in the mouse outer plexiform layer as punctate structures that localized in calbindin‐positive horizontal cells. These structures were in close apposition with synaptophysin‐, PSD‐95‐, dystrophin‐, and bassoon‐immunopositive photoreceptor terminals, suggesting that VIAAT is localized in horizontal cell tips at photoreceptor terminals. VIAAT‐positive puncta were also in apposition to lectin‐labeled cone terminals or dendrites of PKCα‐immunopositive rod bipolar cells, indicating that VIAAT is expressed in horizontal cell tips at both rod and cone terminals. By contrast, only a very few puncta were observed in the human outer plexiform layer, whereas the inner plexiform layer remained labeled as in the mouse retina. When using adult human retinal cells in culture, horizontal cells identified by parvalbumin immunostaining were found to contain VIAAT, either at their terminals or throughout the entire cell similarly as in syntaxin‐immunopositive cells. These differences between human retinal tissue and cultured cells were attributed to VIAAT degradation in postmortem retinal tissue. VIAAT localization in mouse and human horizontal cells further support the role of inhibitory transmitters in lateral inhibition at the photoreceptor terminals. J. Comp. Neurol. 449:76–87, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ultrastructure of afferents from the zona incerta to the posterior and parafascicular thalamic nuclei of rats
Authors: Power Brian D. , Mitrofanis John
Published: October 2002

We have examined the general ultrastructure of the posterior thalamic (Po) and parafascicular (Pf) nuclei of the dorsal thalamus, together with the ultrastructure of afferents to these nuclei from the zona incerta (ZI). The ZI of Sprague‐Dawley rats was injected with biotinylated dextran (BD) by using stereotaxic coordinates, and the brains were prepared for routine BD histochemistry. The Po and Pf were then dissected free and processed for electron microscopy by using standard methods. A survey of the general ultrastructure of Po and Pf revealed many RS profiles (small with round vesicles) making asymmetric synapses around single, small (distal; 0.5–1.5 μm in diameter) or larger (proximal; 2–4 μm in diameter) dendrites. RL (large with round vesicles) and F type (pleomorphic vesicles) profiles, although sparse, were also observed. Single RLs were seen to envelope proximal dendrites and make asymmetric synapses that usually had a perforated appearance. F type profiles were seen to make symmetric synapses on proximal and sometimes distal dendrites. There were no profiles making synapses on other vesicle‐filled profiles seen, reflecting the scarcity of interneurons in the Po and Pf of rats. Finally, BD‐labeled terminal profiles from the ZI formed a homogeneous population within both the Po and Pf. They were small (1.1 ± 0.2 μm in diameter; n = 238), contained round vesicles, and made asymmetric synapses with proximal (∼75%) and, to a lesser extent, distal (∼25%) dendrites; they formed part of the RS population of the Po and Pf. In conclusion, our results indicate that the ZI imparts a presumably excitatory (asymmetric synapses) input of high efficacy (preference for proximal dendrites) to the Po and Pf of the dorsal thalamus. J. Comp. Neurol. 451:33–44, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of growth differentiation factor‐15/ macrophage inhibitory cytokine‐1 (GDF‐15/MIC‐1) in the perinatal, adult, and injured rat brain
Authors: Schober Andreas , Böttner Martina , Strelau Jens , Kinscherf Ralf , Bonaterra Gabriel A. , Barth Martin , Schilling Lothar , Fairlie W. Douglas , Breit Samuel N. , Unsicker Klaus
Published: October 2002

We and others have recently cloned a new member of the transforming growth factor‐β superfamily, growth differentiation factor‐15/ macrophage inhibitory cytokine‐1 (GDF‐15/MIC‐1). Using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, we determined the distribution of GDF‐15/MIC‐1 mRNA and protein in the perinatal and cryolesioned adult rat brain. The choroid plexus epithelium of all ventricles represents the site of strongest and almost exclusive mRNA expression in the normal perinatal and adult brain. The newborn rat brain reveals GDF‐15/MIC‐1 immunoreactivity (ir) in ependymal cells lining the ventricles, in the striatal subventricular zone, and in populations of nonneural cells of the thalamic/hippocampal lamina affixa, in addition to that in the choroid plexus. Unilateral cryogenic cortical lesioning induced a significant increase of GDF‐15/MIC‐1 mRNA expression and ir at the lesion site and expression in presumed neurons within the dorsal thalamic area. At the lesion site, GDF‐15/MIC‐1‐producing cells showed immuncytochemical features of neurons, macrophages, and activated microglial cells. Flourescent microscopy revealed both intra‐ and extracellular GDF‐15/MIC‐1 ir. Up‐regulation of GDF‐15/MIC‐1 in activated macrophages (Mϕ) is also supported by RT‐PCR, ICC, and Western blot experiments showing pronounced induction of GDF‐15/MIC‐1 expression (mRNA and protein) in retinoic acid/phorbol ester‐stimulated human Mϕ. Our data suggest that 1) GDF‐15/MIC‐1 is secreted into the cerebrospinal fluid and 2) in the newborn brain may penetrate through the ependymal lining and act on developing neurons and/or glial cells. As a constituent of cells in the lamina affixa, the protein might be involved in the regulation of mesenchyme–epithelial interactions. Finally, GDF‐15/MIC‐1 may also act within the antiinflammatory cytokine network activated in CNS lesions. J. Comp. Neurol. 439:32–45, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distribution of protein phosphatases‐1α and ‐1γ1 and the D1 dopamine receptor in primate prefrontal cortex: Evidence for discrete populations of spines
Authors: Muly E. Chris , Greengard Paul , Goldman‐Rakic Patricia S.
Published: October 2002

The function of G protein‐coupled receptors depends on the availability of the appropriate signal transduction proteins in close proximity to the receptor. We have examined and quantified in primate prefrontal cortex the subcellular distribution of two isoforms of protein phosphatase‐1 (PP1), PP1α and PP1γ1, which are components of the signal transduction pathway accessed by the D1 dopamine receptor. Both PP1α‐ and PP1γ1‐labeled puncta are seen in cortex, basal ganglia, hippocampus, and thalamus. Viewed with the electron microscope, both PP1 isoforms are selectively localized to dendritic spines and are found in different percentages of spines; PP1α is present in roughly 70% and PP1γ1 in roughly 40% of dendritic spines. Our analysis indicates that three populations of spines are defined by the distribution of these PP1 isoforms: those that contain both PP1α and PP1γ1, those that contain only PP1α and those that contain neither. The D1 receptor is present in a subset of the population that contains both PP1α and PP1γ1. The nonhomogeneous distribution of signal transduction proteins in the spines and dendrites of cortical pyramidal cells may help to explain differences in the actions of receptors that nominally use the same signal‐transduction pathway. J. Comp. Neurol. 440:261–270, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hippocampal mossy fibers induce assembly and clustering of PSD95‐containing postsynaptic densities independent of glutamate receptor activation
Authors: Qin Lixuan , Marrs Glen S. , McKim Ross , Dailey Michael E.
Published: October 2002

Factors that regulate the formation, spatial patterning, and maturation of CNS synapses are poorly understood. We used organotypic hippocampal slice cultures derived from developing (P5–P7) rat to test whether synaptic activity regulates the development and organization of postsynaptic structures at mossy fiber (MF) giant synapses. Antibodies to a prominent postsynaptic density (PSD) scaffold protein, PSD95, identified large (>1 μm) and irregularly shaped PSD assemblies that codistributed with synapsin‐I or metabotropic glutamate receptor 7b (mGluR7b) ‐immunolabeled MF terminals in area CA3. To investigate the spatial organization of synaptic PSDs on individual pyramidal cells, neurons in slice cultures were transfected with a vector encoding a GFP‐PSD95 fusion protein. Confocal three‐dimensional reconstructions revealed clusters of PSDs along proximal dendrites of transfected pyramidal neurons in area CA3, but not in CA1. Clusters averaged 7.6 μm in length (range, 2.2–29 μm) and contained up to 35 individual PSDs (mean, 8.3). PSD clusters failed to form when slices were cultured without MFs, indicating that MFs induce cluster assembly. Chronic blockade of N‐methyl‐D‐apartate– and AMPA/kainate‐type glutamate receptors did not disrupt MF targeting or de novo formation of PSD clusters with a normal distribution on target cells. Additionally, glutamate receptor blockers did not alter the ultrastructural development of MF giant synapses containing multiple puncta adherens‐like junctions and asymmetric synaptic junctions at dendritic shaft and spine domains, respectively. The results indicate that MF axons can induce the assembly and clustering of PSD95‐containing postsynaptic complexes, displaying a normal subcellular and tissue distribution, by mechanisms that are independent of ionotropic glutamate receptor activation. J. Comp. Neurol. 440:284–298, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysis of coupled seepage and temperature fields in concrete dam
Authors: Junrui Chai
Published: October 2002

It is very important to investigate the coupled problem and solution of seepage and temperature fields in the concrete dam. Seepage through the concrete dam influences the distribution of the temperature field in the dam by heat exchange. The temperature field in the dam also influences the hydraulic conductivity and seepage through the dam. The mechanism of the action and reaction between the seepage and temperature fields in the concrete dam is analysed according to the seepage characteristics of the concrete dam. The continuum mathematical model for coupled seepage and temperature fields in the concrete dam is presented, and the iterative steps and the finite element numerical solution method for the coupled model are proposed. An engineering example is also given to show the applicability of the proposed model and numerical solution method. It can be shown from the example that the difference between the coupled and uncoupled solution to the two fields in the dam is about 4–5%. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clinical applications of laser scanning cytometry
Authors: Tárnok Attila , Gerstner Andreas O.H.
Published: October 2002

This study reviews existing and potential clinical applications of laser scanning cytometry (LSC) and outlines possible future developments. LSC provides a technology for solid phase cytometry. Fluorochrome‐labeled specimens are immobilized on microscopic slides that are placed on a conventional epifluorescence microscope and analyzed by one or two lasers. Data comparable to flow cytometry are generated. In addition, the position of each event is recorded, a feature that allows relocalization and visualization of each measured event. The major advantage of LSC compared with other cytometric methods is the combination of two features: (a) the minimal clinical sample volume needed and (b) the connection of fluorescence data and morphological information for the measured event. Since the introduction of LSC, numerous methods have been established for the analysis of cells, cellular compartments, and tissues. Although most cytometric methods use only two or three colors, the characterization of specimens with up to five fluorochromes is possible. Most clinical applications have been designed to determine ploidy and immunophenotype; other applications include analyses of tissue biopsies and sections, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and the combination of vital and nonvital information on a single‐cell basis. With the currently available assays, LSC has proven its wide spectrum of clinical applicability in slide‐based cytometry and can be introduced as a standard technology in multiple clinical settings. Cytometry (Clin. Cytometry) 50:133–143, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fine‐needle aspiration cytology of lymphoproliferative disorders in the immunosuppressed patient: The diagnostic utility of in situ hybridization for Epstein‐Barr virus
Authors: Hecht Jonathan L. , Cibas Edmund S. , Kutok Jeffery L.
Published: October 2002

We examined the diagnostic utility of fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) in the immunosuppressed patient with particular attention to the value of in situ hybridization for Epstein‐Barr virus encoded RNA (EBER), a test frequently performed on tissue sections in this setting. Six patients with adenopathy were identified: three with prior solid organ transplantation, two with prior bone marrow transplantation, and one with human immunodeficiency virus. Cytologic findings in involved tissues were positive for non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma in one case, suspicious or atypical in three cases, negative/reactive in one case, and nondiagnostic in one case due to insufficient material. Two aspirates had a polymorphous lymphoid appearance; three showed predominantly monomorphous lymphoid morphology. Retrospectively, 4/4 FNA cell blocks were positive for EBER in a large proportion of atypical lymphoid cells. Together with the cytologic findings, EBER detection allows for more specific classification of these FNA samples as EBV‐associated lymphoid proliferations. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;26:360–365. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytologic findings of malignant vascular neoplasms: A study of twenty‐four cases
Authors: Minimo Corrado , Zakowski Maureen , Lin Oscar
Published: October 2002

Cytologic characterization of malignant vascular neoplasms (MVN) is difficult due to the wide range of differential diagnoses and sampling errors. The objective of this study was to identify criteria helpful in the cytologic diagnosis of MVN. The clinical presentation and cytomorphologic features of 22 angiosarcomas and two hemangioendotheliomas were analyzed. The criteria evaluated included cellularity, cellular arrangement, cell shape and size, pleomorphism, cytoplasmic borders, nuclear shape and number, chromatin pattern, nucleoli, background, and presence of angioformative structures. A previous history of MVN was noted in 18 of 24 patients. Specimens with epithelioid morphology were more cellular and pleomorphic and contained multinucleated cells. Specimens with spindle morphology were usually less cellular and less pleomorphic. Angioformative structures were identified in 11 of 24 cases. Awareness of features suggestive of MVN is necessary to raise the possibility of vascular origin, which can be confirmed with appropriate immunocytochemical studies. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;26:349–355. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prostatic adenocarcinoma metastases mimicking small cell carcinoma on fine‐needle aspiration
Authors: Parwani Anil V. , Ali Syed Z.
Published: October 2002

Prostate adenocarcinoma (PA) is known to metastasize widely to bone, lung, lymph nodes, and other sites. We have observed a rare, although distinctive, neuroendocrine (NE) cytomorphology of metastatic PA on fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) that mimics small cell carcinoma (SCC). From a total of 117 cases, eight cases of metastatic PA diagnosed on FNA showed cytomorphologic features indistinguishable from SCC. All specimens were reviewed, along with immunoperoxidase (IPOX) studies using prostate specific (PSA, PSAP) and NE markers (synaptophysin, chromogranin, etc.). The patients ranged in age from 51–68 (mean age = 63). The PSA levels at the time of FNA ranged from <0.1 to 2,892 ng/ml (normal postprostatectomy <0.2 ng/ml). Sites of FNA included liver (two), soft tissue (five), and lymph node (one). FNA was performed from 11 mo to 6 yr after the initial diagnosis of the primary tumor. All primary PA were of high Gleason grade ranging from 7–9. None of the primary PA showed neuroendocrine morphology. Cytomorphologic characteristics observed on FNA included predominantly single cells with occasional sheets or loose cell aggregates. A predominant NE nuclear morphology was evident (i.e., hyperchromasia, fine dusty chromatin, inconspicuous nucleoli, nuclear molding, chromatinic crush artifact, karyorrhexis, mitoses, etc.), with none of the tumors displaying glandular formation. Taken together, these features gave these metastases a cytomorphology indistinguishable from SCC. IPOX studies revealed PSA‐positivity (5/7), PSAP‐positivity (4/7), and only focal NE markers positivity (3/6). Metastatic prostate carcinoma may rarely mimic a SCC (6.8% in this study). This often necessitates further patient workup to identify the primary source for the patient's metastasis, particularly if the patient has multiple lesions. An accurate diagnosis of these lesions as PA metastases is essential for effective, timely treatment and therapeutic design. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;27:75–79. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.