bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Agriculture and Politics in the 1980's
Authors: Butz Earl L.
Published: March 2023

I am convinced that we stand on the threshold of a chance to do that, if we just turn ourselves loose; if we keep the profit incentive unfettered; if we get over the concept that there is something evil about making a profit in the food business. I am convinced that, if we can do these things, hence, some historian will look back on those of us who sit in this room today, and on the work that we will do in the next decade, and say that we did indeed make it possible for mankind to beat her swords into plow shares and her spears into pruning hooks.
The Role of Selenium in Retained Placentas
Authors: Julian William
Published: March 2023

I would indicate to you that I think, in particular, that we have indicated the situations in which selenium may be used in the treatment of retained placenta specifically when there is a very high incidence, more specifically if you will have the animals bled so that you can tell whether their selenium is low or not then we think it is indicated where selenium is low in the plasma of these cows.
Post Partum Uterine Evaluation
Authors: Studer Erich
Published: March 2023

Most all cows acquire some uterine infection post-partum. Studies indicate that 85 to 93 percent of cows have uterine infections two weeks postpartum, but only 5 to 9 percent are infected by 46 to 60 days. 1. , 8 There is no doubt that specific diseases such as brucellosis, leptospirosis, vibrios.is and trichomoniasis have an adverse effect on reproduction; however, the importance of nonspecific genital tract infections on fertility rates in cows is not as clear. It would be extremely helpful to the bovine fertility practitioner to be able to ascertain with some degree of accuracy whether a cow requires uterine infusion.
Why I Recommend The Vaccination Of Cattle For BVD
Authors: Vonderfecht Harold E.
Published: March 2023

In the last few years, probably no one bovine immunization has received more discussion than bovine virus diarrhea (BYD) vaccination. However, in the light of more intensive field studies, laboratory evidence of its importance in bovine , respiratory disease (BRO) andabortions, greater knowledge of immunology, use of different strains of the BYD virus for production of vaccine and improved methods in the production of BYD vaccines, I believe we need to re-examin and re-evaluate the importance of BYD vaccination.
Panel Discussion
Authors: Bechtol  et al. Dr.
Published: March 2023

Panel discussion on respiratory disease,  treatment programs, and vaccines.
Magnesium Oxide Contraindicated as a Cathartic for Cattle in the Absence of Rumen Acidosis
Authors: Gartley C. , Ogilvie T. H. , Butler D. G.
Published: March 2023

Cathartics are chemicals that promote defecation. Saline cathartics are salts of poorly absorbed ions for example the cation magesium or the anions sulphate, phosphate, tartrate or citrate. Although these chemicals are not absorbed from the intestine they are osmotically active and attract and retain fluid within the intestinal tract and in this way promote defecation. Saline cathartics that are commonly used in cattle practice include magnesium sulphate (Epsom salts), sodium sulphate (Glauber's salts), magnesium oxide and magnesium hydroxide. These latter two compounds are primarily used as antacids in the treatment of rumen acidosis but they also have a cathartic effect. In fact, magnesium oxide and magnesium hydroxide are ideal chemicals for the treatment of grain overload in cattle. The combination of antacid activity which neutralizes excess acid in the rumen and cathartic activity which stimulates passage of toxic material out of the digestive tract is very beneficial. Tables I and 2 list some commercially available antacids for use in ruminants for the treatment of grain overload or acid indigestion. Generally, the powders contain magnesium oxide as the active ingredient or a mixture of magnesium oxide and magnesium hydroxide. Boluses, on the other hand usually contain magnesium hydroxide. Although these compounds are very efficacious as antacids in the treatment of grain overload, a problem associated with their use has recently been noted at O.V.C. A number of adult cattle have, at presentation, exhibited a profound metabolic alkalosis with no detectable abomasal abnormality. A frequent history in these cases has been the prior administration via stomach tube or by drench bottle of magnesium oxide or magnesium hydroxide as a cathartic or rumen stimulant for the treatment of acute or chronic anorexia. Invariably these compounds have been administered as one of the aforementioned commercially available antacid products. Accordingly, several questions arose as a result of these baffling cases.
Dairy Health Management Records
Authors: Davidson J. N. , Sniffen C. J. , Smith R. D.
Published: March 2023

The dairy industry has been utilizing computer technology for over 30 years. Dairy Herd Improvement Associations have made tremendous strides improving dairy records through the use of computers. The basis for these types of dairy records has been the large, centrally located, mainframe computer. However, in the last few years there has been a technological explosion in the development of small, reliable, relatively inexpensive microcomputers. This now provides dairymen and veterinarians with the opportunity of obtaining locally controlled computerized records. Although computer technology is presently available for computerized dairy record-keeping, the programs required to run the computers and make them a functional record-keeping system have lagged behind in development. Only recently have programs become available.
BVD Vaccination Trial
Authors: Ernst Peter , Butler D. G.
Published: March 2023

Clinical cases of BVD are either enteric or reproductive problems. The enteric form causes economic loss in animals that die of acute or chronic diarrhea. The reproductive form may contribute to losses by causing abortions, repeat breeders or the birth of malformed calves usually following a BVD infection in non-immune heifers. The magnitude of the economic losses due to the reproductive form has not been accurately determined and this should be done so the cost of the disease can be compared to the cost of control.
Inventory Control and Application in a Mixed Practice and Clinic
Authors: Shacklady Ed
Published: March 2023

We calculate our cost price based on a single unit so if we make a deal as to our savings and there are certain clients on volume who get a discount, we also mark that on this card. We can utilize the cards to determine what our inventory is, what our suppliers are, what our costs are, what we have to sell to make the profit that we want, and it is also utilized by the individuals writing up their invoices to determine what the cost of the drugs are.
Estrus Synchronization and Reproduction Management of Beef Herds in the South
Authors: Cope Gene E.
Published: March 2023

Since cows must be cycling for synchronization to be effective, this paper outlines management practices successful in the south and trials underway to improve estrus synchronization in Brahman type cattle.
Sarcocystis
Authors: Fayer Ronald
Published: March 2023

In the past ten years over 400 research papers have been written on the subject of Sarcocystis. Most papers have described either the life cycles and routes of transmission from one host animal to another, the clinical signs of disease, or methods of diagnosis. With such information now available practitioners and clinicians have been able to diagnose outbreaks in dairy and beef cattle that heretofore would have been misdiagnosed or would remain undiagnosed. Furthermore, they can explain to the producer how to prevent subsequent losses.
Intraperitoneal Lavage
Authors: Mark Dr.
Published: March 2023

After the uterus is sutured and returned to its normal position, an equine stomach tube is connected by a hose to a mixing faucet. The end of the tube is carried into the peritoneal cavity and an assistant delivers warm water as requested. The tubing is moved about and water continues to be discharged until the overflow through the incision is clear and free of foreign material. The free end of the tube is then carried to the floor of the abdomen and the other end is disconnected from the water supply. The excess water is siphoned out; antibiotics are left in the abdominal cavity and the incision closed as usual. The cow is kept on antibiotics for a week or so. About 80% of these cows have survived, using this procedure.
Use of a Technician in Dairy Practice
Authors: Ledbetter G. A.
Published: March 2023

The reasons we consider it in our practice are that they can provide or increase laboratory capability, they can handle field tasks not requiring the veterinarian. They can fill in office personnel, and the bottom line is that they can increase veterinary efficiency.
Nutrition Management Programs for Dairy Herds
Authors: Nordlund Ken
Published: March 2023

My concept of a dairy herd health program consisted of a well defined reproductive program, a somewhat confused vaccination program, and some rather vague ideas about rearing calves and controlling mastitis. That concept has changed. The best people in our profession have reshaped herd health into something much more capable of dealing with problems limiting dairy production. The emphasis has changed from health toward production with health.
Specific Infectious Diseases that Limit Bovine Reproduction
Authors: Whitmore Howard L.
Published: March 2023

The purpose of this paper is to present a brief overview of the major infectious diseases that limit reproduction in dairy cattle. In addition, a more detailed discussion of 4 reproductive diseases causing much concern among dairymen and practitioners will be presented. These 4 reproductive diseases are leptospirosis, ureaplasma, mycoplasma, and chlamydia. Evidence was presented to show that L. hardjo does not lower conception rate. Evaluation of dairymen's records suggests that conception rate drops during the acute phase of urea plasma granular-vulvitis. Controlled trials using experimental inoculation of ureaplasma, mycoplasma, andchlamydia organisms at the time of breeding are needed to more clearly define the role of these organisms onconception rate.
Diagnosis and Therapy of Renal Disease in Dairy Cattle
Authors: Divers T. J.
Published: March 2023

There are a large number of diseases that may primarily affect the kidneys of dairy cattle. 1 The majority of these cattle with renal disease will be first identified by the clinician because of gross abnormalities observed during the cow's urination, abnormal rectal examination findings involving the urinary system or clinical laboratory data suggestive of renal dysfunction. Except for renal toxicities which may involve multiple animals in a herd, the incidence of any o_ne particular renal disease is most likely to be sporadic in a bovine population. The sporadic incidence of many of these diseases may make the diagnostic, therapeutic and prognostic approaches more difficult than more familiar diseases of other systems. It is the intent of this presentation to provide a review and update on the causes, clinical signs, laboratory finding, methods of diagnosis, therapy and prognosis in cattle with renal disease.
Acid Base Balance and Electrolyte Therapy
Authors: Prasse Keith W.
Published: March 2023

The laboratory evaluation of acid base and electrolyte status in cattle has two purposes. The data are useful to identify pathogenic mechanisms and hence, diagnosis, and secondly, the data are a prerequisite to effective fluid therapy. The serum measurements required are Na+, K +, ClandHCOJ- concentrations. The latter is commonly measured as "total CO2 content" (TCO2). These anions and cations are routinely measured by flame photometry, ionspecific analyzer or other instrumentation common to all medical or veterinary laboratories.
Subclinical Effects and Control of Abomasal Worms in Dairy Cattle
Authors: Herd Rupert
Published: March 2023

In the last decade considerable attention has been focussed on subclinical effects of internal parasites, particularly with respect to a possible reduction in milk yield in lactating cows. Subclinical effects have also been demonstrated in young animals and include depressed growth rate and interference with energy and nitrogen metabolism. These changes are largely related to infection with the abomasal worm Ostertagia ostertagi, which appears to be the most important pathogen in the U.S.A. and sometimes accounts for over 90% of the worm burden. In this presentation, the magnitude of the problem will be compared to young and mature dairy cattle and control strategies suggested.
Applied Fluid Therapy in Bovine Practice
Authors: Bucholtz David C.
Published: March 2023

The physiologic value of fluid therapy has been well documented. However, the practical application of fluid treatment under field conditions leaves most bovine practitioners raising skeptical eyebrows. My purpose, in this presentation, is to peel the "ivory tower" label from fluid therapeutics, and re-tag it as a useful and cost effective addition to daily bovine practice.
Efficient and Safe Method of Castration for the Bovine By the Intra-Testicular Injection of Chem-Cast
Authors: Miller R. E.
Published: March 2023

The practice of castration, effecting elimination of the testes and reducing libido or virility, has for centuries been carried out in various ways. The method used has been largely dependent on the species, the opportunity to observe the animal following castration, and the nature of local disease problems. Such diseases as tetanus, black leg, malignant edema, and the presence of the screw worm fly may cause severe problems following castration by methods which result in an open wound or abrasion.
Relationship of Environment to Respiratory Disease in the Dairy Calf
Authors: Anderson John F.
Published: March 2023

Veterinarians have diagnosed enteric and pneumonic diseases in cattle for many decades. Causative organisms have been isolated on numerous occasions. Histopathological studies reveal typical lesions associated with specific organisms. Antibiotic sensitivities are conducted and treatment is now routinely instituted on the basis of sensitivity tests. Vaccines are produced against specific viruses and / or bacteria. Regimes for treatment have been offered. However, in spite of our best efforts as professionals many diseases continue practically unabated. Evidence for this conclusion is drawn from the yearly mortality rate in dairy calves of 8-25% in the United States (Agriculture Statistics 1980).
Review of Bovine Respiratory Disease
Authors: Smith Robert A.
Published: March 2023

The paper dscusses Preconditioning (PC),  which is a management system designed to immunize calves and reduce stressors prior to shipment to a stocker or feeder operation, as well as preweaning (PW), which refers to calves which are weaned and fed as in preconditioning but vaccination and treatments for parasitism are not done.
Cows and Curves
Authors: Painter Elaine
Published: March 2023

With the curving rough roads, lack of bridges, lack of real cattle farms-the advantage of this practice is the cash when service is rendered and chance to educate and develop the cattle industry in this part of Kentucky.
Trouble-Shooting Reproductive Problems Through Integrated Reproductive Management
Authors: Hutchinson L. J. , O'Connor M. L. , Adams R. S. , Baldwin R. S.
Published: March 2023

This progress report describes the Pennsylvania-Vermont reproductive management project. This integrated project utilized a task force of professional and service personnel and applied technology to evaluate herd status, diagnose deficiencies and problem areas and recommend corrective action in an attempt to improve reproductive performance.The objective of this project is to develop and implement a coordinated approach at the farm level to improve reproductive efficiency by 1) evaluating and monitoring herd reproductive and health status and feeding management, 2) recommending effective management practices, and 3) employing new technology and practices. This project was conducted jointly with the University of Vermont and funded by USDA through a new national program entitled "Integrated Reproductive Management."
Effect of Feeding Microbial Cultures to Milk Fed Dairy Calves
Authors: Bliss E. L. , Braun R. K. , Littel R. C.
Published: March 2023

Two trials using two different commercially available microbial culture products containing Lactobacillus acidophilus and other related organisms, were conducted to determine their effect on grain intake, weight gain, and diarrheal disease morbidity and mortality in milk fed dairy calves. There were no significant differences at the 0.05 level between the treatment or control groups for any of the parameters examined in either trial.
Future of Food Animal Practice
Authors: Herrick John
Published: March 2023

Awareness of services a veterinarian can offer is not as high as it should be. Continuing education for the client is important but you better know a lot about management.
Midwestern Practitioner's View of What Is in Store for Food Animal Practice
Authors: Sterner Keith E.
Published: March 2023

I see the future of food animal practice as a bright one indeed. In our own practice area, the farm animal census is decreasing, and the neighboring practices are moving closer. There are increasing numbers of graduates, and competition for providing health care to these animals is increasing. These combine to provide our challenge in meeting our agricultural industry's needs for the future.
Factors Involved in Adverse Reactions to Bovine Biologicals
Authors: Schnackel John A.
Published: March 2023

Several bovine biologicals, while generally safe, occasionally are associated with adverse reactions . Vaccines have directly or indirectly induced diseases either by causing the disease they were intended to prevent or making the animal more susceptible to other infection. Biologicals can also induce anaphylaxis or hypersensitivities. Injection site reactions such as abscesses, swellings or granulomas can be directly or indirectly caused by bacterins or vaccines. Other conditions have also been related to use of biologicals.
Periparturient Events and Subsequent Fertility in Dairy Cows
Authors: Weaver Leon D.
Published: March 2023

Nutrition in the dry and immediate postpartum period directly affect reproductive performance. Nutritional effects on fertility are mediated through a complex of complications at calving and metritis. Cows in negative energy balance during this period haveincreased incidence of metritis, altered hormonal profiles and delayed conception. Successful reproductive programsmust recognize these early indicators of impaired fertility and, when indicated, implement control and treatment programs.
Preconditioning
Authors: Herrick John
Published: March 2023

The need for a program to improve the well-being of the calf leaving its production site to better withstand the stress of movement through the channels of trade to the feedlot has been obvious for the last 50 years. The mere fact that 1-2% of all feeders die upon arrival in the feedlot is noteworthy, but the hidden losses are unestimable. The loss suffered from shrink, feed utilization, time needed for feedlot adaptation, labor and treatment costs are estimated to amount to $15.00 to $25.00 for every animal entering a feedlot. The catastrophic losses suffered when a high percent of the animals die are unestimable.
Reconditioning
Authors: Kahrs Robert F.
Published: March 2023

It must be assumed that most preconditioned calves will contact unpreconditioned calves and probably be vaccinated againat assembly points, or feedlots. Preconditioning immunization may increase likelihood of healthy arrival but the economic advantages (if any) to the owner must be carefully evaluated.
Hygienic Practices Affecting Milk Quality and Mastitis on Larger Dairies
Authors: Bushnell Robert B.
Published: March 2023

Hygiene as practiced on the modern dairy plays a primary role in the production of high-quality milk and in reducing the incidence of the mastitic infections which are the major disease threat to dairy profits. For practical purposes, milking-parlor sanitation must be separated into three phases:I. premilking sanitation2. cleansing of the milking unit after each cow is milked, and reducing organisms on the milker's hands.3. dipping teats in an effective germicide post-milking.
Clinical Considerations of Bovine Coccidiosis
Authors: Eness Paul G.
Published: March 2023

As bovine practitioners we probably have a poorer understanding of the protozoan diseases than of diseases of bacterial or viral etiology. This, despite the fact that coccidiosis, the most common of the protozoan diseases, is one of the major diseases of feedlot cattle. One survey indicated that coccidiosis costs an average of $54.25 per infected animal. In addition to the economic lossesassociated with weight loss, treatment cost and death of the acutely involved animal there are significant, more subtlecosts associated with the oft unrecognized subclinical form of the disease. This paper will address both forms of thedisease.
Bovine Surgery
Authors: Hull Bruce L.
Published: March 2023

Bloat in feedlot cattle often fails to respond to medical therapy. Constant tubing of the bloated animal often leads to esophageal irritation which in itself may perpetuate the bloat condition. The chronic bloat animal is often a poor doer, either because of the underlying cause of the bloat, or because of the bloat itself which interferes with feed consumption. Also one must consider the economics of constant treatment and the possibility of sudden death. Considering these things one should consider surgicalmethods of bloat relief in any case of bloat which fails to respond to 1-2 days of medical therapy. Often these are feedlot cattle which have recently been started on a high grain ration.
Ten Tips in Running a Mixed Practice with Six Veterinarians and One Million Dollar Gross
Authors: Fertig Kenneth
Published: March 2023

Tips in management, vaccination, and treatment in veterinary practice are given.
Campylobacter Fetus Bacterin
Authors: Draayer H. A.
Published: March 2023

CAM PL YLOBACTERIOSIS (Yibriosis) is a venereal disease of cattle caused by Campylohacter (Vibrio) fetus subsp. fetus. The infection, isolated to the genital tract, results in infertility and early embryonic death. Abortion occurs in a small percentage of cattle. The disease is transmitted by coitus under natural conditions and may also be spread by the use of contaminated semen in artificial insemination and by contaminated instruments. The best method to bring the disease under control is to use artificical insemination. Semen for this purpose should either be from known uninfected bulls or treated with antibiotics. 1 When natural service is employed, as in large beef herds, vaccination is recommended.
Fatal BVD Virus-induced Disease
Authors: Dubovi Edward J.
Published: March 2023

Bovine virus diarrhea (BYD) virus has been recognized as a cause for an acute diarrheal disease of cattle and mucosal disease. However, the diagnosis of mucosal disease is reserved for a more chronic or wasting syndrome in which there may be extensive erosion of the oral mucosa, intermittent diarrhea, anorexia, dehydration and eventual death. Attempts to experimentally replicate these field cases of disease were uniformly unsuccessful even though viral isolates from fatal cases were used. Over the intervening years, a few pieces of the BYD virus puzzle were identified, but no clear picture emerged until very recently. I will briefly review these recent findings and indicate areas of research which are needed in order to develop effective strategies for the prevention of BYD virus-induced disease. It now appears that most fatalities associated with BYD infections alone were due to the superinfection of persistently infected animals. This common mechanism for disease production was obscured because of the widely different clinical presentations of the disease.
Role of Interleukin 2 in the Immune Response of Incoming Feeder Cattle
Authors: Blecha Frank
Published: March 2023

Current thinking on the etiology of many production diseases suggests that the homeostatic stress responses in the animal are important contributing factors to disease susceptibility. Solutions to the problems of production diseases will be found only when a better understanding of resistance and cellular messenger mechanisms is available to modify production methods. Significantly,  interleukin 2 (IL 2) has been shown to be involved in immune interferon regulation. Studies suggest that environmental and management stressors in feeder calves may lower immune reactions by altering IL 2 production or activitiy in vivo. Data from our in vitro studies indicate that cortisol at physiologically attainable concentrations lowers IL 2 production and that increasing concentrations of cortisol are correlated with both lower lymphocyte proliferative responses and lower IL 2 activity. The results of a recent experiment indicate that lymphocytes from calves injected with adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), in addition to displaying lower lymphocyte proliferative responses, produce less IL 2 than salineinjected controls. These results lead us to believe that our hypothesis of stress-induced immune alterations via lymphokine regulation may be correct.
Epidemiology
Authors: Griffin Dee
Published: March 2023

Cattle feeding is an industry of numbers. Small differences in the numbers that reflect performance, spell differences that may be of major concern. The interpretation is the key. In our industry, inappropriate reaction, either over or under responding, is a major error. The science of statistics offers one tuning mechanism to help us appropriately focus our response to the numbers we evaluate. Of the several statistical methods useful in commercial feeding operations, regression analysis will be our focus. It offers three important evaluations: 1. The intercept gives us a starting point-"What's the best we have." 2. The slope gives us the ability to predict the future. 3. The R value helps us know how reliable the prediction was-an R value of O is not reliable while an R value of 1 is a perfect predictor.
Use of Computers in Cow-Calf Herd Management
Authors: Oetzel Garrett R. , Mortimer Robert G.
Published: March 2023

Although computers are already commonly used by bovine practitioners for dairy and beef feedlot ration formulation, little attention has been given to potential use of computers in cow-calf herd health management. Computers offer the veterinarian working in a progressive beef cow-calf herd health practice an opportunity to expand the services offered to his beef cow-calf clients and to increase his depth of involvement in cow-calf herd management. Computers are limited by the applicability of software available, accurancy of data entered, and computer operator skill. With these limitations in mind, cow-calf veterinarians may find a computer system and software a very worthwhile and enjoyable investment.
Titers for BVD, IBR, PI₃, and BRSV in Dairy Cattle
Authors: Hutchins Samuel
Published: March 2023

Blood samples from 160 dairy animals in 15 client herds were tested for titers to Bovine Virus Diarrhea (BYD), Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), Parainfluenza 3 (PI3), and Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV). Sampling occurred from September through December, 1984. Data from other surveys in the same geographical area are included in the 9-18 month age group summary.
Efficacy of Monensin Fed to Cattle Inoculated with Coccidia Oocysts
Authors: Watkins L. E. , Wray M. I. , Basson R. P. , Feller D. L. , Olson R. D. , Fitzgerald P. R. , Stromberg B. E. , Davis G. W.
Published: March 2023

Monensin has been used to prevent coccidiosis in broilers since 1971. Coccidiosis is the third most prevalent health problem of cattle, and the clinical signs which include poor performance, bloody diarrhea, and mortality are readily identifiable.Therapeutic treatment of animals when signs are clinically visible does not always ensure survival. Coccidiosis infection can damage the absorptive surface of the intestine which leads to lower rates of gain and feed efficiency by the infected animal. Therefore, it is important that intestinal damage be prevented. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the prophylactic dose range of monensin which is effective against cattle coccidiosis as measured by coccidial oocyst shedding, weight gain, feed intake, clinical signs, and mortality of ruminating cattle challenged with Eimeria bovis and /or E. zuernii oocysts. One hundred thirty-nine ruminating Holstein-Friesian bull calves weighing initially an average of 150 to 188 lbs were used in four trials at three locations to determine the prophylactic effects of monensin fed at 0, 10, 20, or 30 g/ ton of air-dry feed on cattle coccidiosis. Monensin at a range of 10-30 g / ton effectively controls coccidiosis in cattle exposed to severe oocyst challenges.
Trends and Demographics Affecting Bovine Practice
Authors: Wise J. Karl
Published: March 2023

Everyone knows that American agriculture is undergoing significant change and stress. Much of the recent change involving the financial farm crisis is well-known. Underlying these financial difficulties are declines in agriculturalexports, and perhaps more importantly, strong technological and structural forces which will cause further changes and adjustments in agriculture for years to come.

In the 30 minutes in which I have the privilege to address you this morning, I would like to briefly outline a few issues which relate directly to food animal veterinary practice.
Veterinarian's Role in Profitable Cattle Production
Authors: Wohlgemuth Kurt
Published: March 2023

• Has the practicing veterinarian played a role in the profitability of livestock enterprises?• Shouldn't this role be expanded?• How will this expansion take place?These are challenging questions for today's members of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners. How one may respond to these challenges will influence the rate of success in a given food animal practice.
Staph Aureus and Corynebacterium Pyogenes Mastitis in a Free Stall Dairy
Authors: Glore Reilly
Published: March 2023

After sitting through so many mastitis lectures, one easily gets the impression that all practitioners who talk about mastitis really do is sit around doodling the time away at their desks with their nose in the latest journal until that fateful moment when the phone rings. On the other end of the line is a dairyperson in distress (vapid DAPID), calling all your expertise out to solve a mastitis problem. At that moment you mobilize, just like the SWAT team, grabbing your detco recorder, flowmeter, culture tubes and CMT paddle as you fly out the door and proceed code 3 to the scene of the crime.

In real life the scenario goes more like this. You have just finished palpating 50 or 60 head with 2 more herds to go. The office has just called on the radio and asked if you could pick up an OB on the way. They report that the calf should be ready to come out because its tail has been showing for 2 days already. As you are hurriedly washing off your boots preparing to roar off in search of "the aroma", your dairyman casually asks, "Say doc, have you got anything good for mastitis?"
Trace Mineral Nutrition and Interrelationships as Applied to Dairy Cattle
Authors: Miller W. Jack
Published: March 2023

Some 15 trace minerals elements have been shown to be essential for animals including dairy cattle (Mills, 1985; Underwood, 1977, 1981). Deficiencies of seven have been observed under some practical condition. These are cobalt, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, selenium and zinc. Although some of the others can be important practical problems as toxic elements, interest in them as essential nutrients is primarily academic. They are chromium, fluorine, molybdenum, nickel silicon, tin, vanadium, and arsenic.

As is true of all nutrients, every essential trace element can be harmful when fed in too great numbers.
Disease Transmission by Embryo Transfer in Cattle
Authors: Bowen R. A.
Published: March 2023

The number of calves born in North America from commercial embryo transfer has increased from zero in 1970 to approximately 100,000 in 1985. Improvements in basic embryo transfer procedures, as well as in ancillary techniques such as embryo freezing, have resulted in a significant demand for international transport of bovine embryos. Any technique for dispersing genetically valuable germplasm must also be shown to be relatively free of the risk of transmitting pathogenic microorganisms.
Sampling and Testing for the Endophyte
Authors: Lacefield Garry
Published: March 2023

Several states now have service laboratories available for endophyte testing. Variations do exist among states in specific details on sampling. Within each state one should consult the Extension service for necessary details on sampling.

The following information is restricted to the Kentucky program and is excerpted from University of Kentucky publication PPA-30 written by Dr. W. C. Nesmith and colleagues.
Techniques for Spaying Heifers
Authors: Simons John , Johnson Rich
Published: March 2023

Over the past 80-90 years a number of techniques have evolved for spaying heifers. Such techniques include the following:1. Flank spaying, lateral recumbency.2. Flank spaying, standing in a branding chute.3. Vaginal spaying, using a Kimberling-Rupp (KR) instrument.4. Vaginal spaying, using a Willis instrument.5. Flank spaying, using an ovarian auto graft.
Is Preconditioning Doomed to Fail?
Authors: Brown Jay R.
Published: March 2023

I have been asked to present my views as a state beef extension veterinarian on the subject of preconditioning and more specifically is the program or concept doomed to fail.
Veterinarians and the Dairyman's Bottomline
Authors: McCawley Hal
Published: March 2023

The Dairyman's Bottom Line is not just "a" measurement, it is "the" measurement of the success of a dairyman. There are additional measurements, benefits, and rewards, but they are not a substitute for the Bottom Line.

The successful dairyman is surrounded by a team of successful outside professionals. These must include a veterinarian, a banker, a CPA, and a nutritionist. The input from these professionals must be heard by the owners. managers of the dairy operation, but these people should not manage or "run the dairy". The ultimate decisions must be made by the owners because they are the ones that will receive the ultimate successes and failures, the Bottom Line. We all must be aware of the current litigious tendencies surrounding agriculture, including dairying.
Enteric Pathology
Authors: Glock Robert D.
Published: March 2023

This presentation was intended to be a series of photographs of enteric lesions. This objective was not fully achieved, partly because enteric pathology is quite variable and frequently unremarkable on gross observation. The following is an attempt to describe some opinions formed as a result of recent experience, primarily in feedyards in the southwestern United States.

Enteric Pathology may result in a variety of effects on the victim. These are frequently, but not always, observed as diarrhea and its consequences.
General Interactions of the Immune System in Relation to Bovine Respiratory Disease
Authors: Brown L. N.
Published: March 2023

The bovine respiratory (BRD) complex resembles a gigantic and frustratingly difficult puzzle. Those of us who wrestle with potential solutions to this complex problem often become preoccupied with its individual pieces. Possibly this is because we have yet to visualize how all these pieces fit together. Possibly this is because there is no picture on the cover of the box.

Veterinary scientists from all disciplines have contributed significantly to our joint understanding of many of the individual pieces of BRD, however, in recent years, the most exciting new findings are being reported from the field of immunology. While many other scientists have studied bits and pieces, immunologists are now beginning to suggest ways that these parts may interact and fit together.
Respiratory Pathology
Authors: Glock Robert D.
Published: March 2023

This discussion will focus on personal observations and impressions resulting from involvement in an extensive practice-laboratory group over the last few years. This group works primarily with large cattle feedyards and some cow-calf operations. The setting is in the southwestern United States. An effort will be made to avoid repetition of the information available in pathology texts.
Discussion of Grubs
Authors: Clymer Bill C.
Published: March 2023

The cattle grub is a pest that has been with us for many years, but is one that has often been neglected. With the coming to our industry of the cattle feeding era, we saw much more interest in the cattle grub problem. Prior to the 50's, no materials were available except a product that would kill the cattle grub when it was in the back. Rotenone was used but only killed those larvae that had already cut an air hole in the back. In the mid 50's, systemics were discovered which did effectively control cattle grubs. Since that time, many products have come forth that will effectively control cattle grubs.
Some Probable Interactions of the Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Hypersensitivity
Authors: Brown L. N.
Published: March 2023

We spent one whole introductory session, just looking at the cover of the puzzle box. In doing so, we attempted to draw attention to the need for balance in the immune response, in dealing with bovine respiratory stress factors, and in prevention of clinical bovine respiratory disease (BRD). We barely peaked inside the box, but did examine several puzzle pieces of general significance which we identified as some of these stresses. One of the big ones was people (us). As an example of one of the smaller, individual pieces of the BRD puzzle, we gave passing attention to Pasteurella haemolytica.

We attempted to show that health was balance, and that imbalance resulted in disease. Infection was almost incidental. And finally, the main point of that introductory discussion was an attempt to argue that imbalance upward, overreaction or hypersensitivity could be as harmful as imbalance downward, which we can call immunosuppression.

As we now draw a few more individual pieces from the puzzle box, let us also make an attempt to demonstrate how these other pieces, the common respiratory virus infections, relate back to that bigger puzzle picture.

If they are of significance as opportunistic pathogens, they create imbalance. Traditionally, we have restricted our thinking almost exclusively to downward, and have been guilty of concentrating only on immunosuppression. But today, let's go onward, and upward!
Client Education
Authors: Galbraith Ray
Published: March 2023

I have been asked to share with you some of the ideas that we have used in our multiple man food animal practice over the past 23 years. We have had the good fortune to be invited to write a guest article in some of the different farm publications over the last years and the responsibility for these columns have fallen on several different people in that time span.
Personal Preparation for Change in Bovine Practice
Authors: Radostits O. M.
Published: March 2023

Thank you for the invitation and honor to present a paper on how the bovine practitioner should prepare to serve the cattle industry in the 21st century which is only 12 years away.

This is my home province. I was born in Edmonton and raised on a small farm only 180 miles from here.

In this presentation I will outline what I believe is necessary for the education and preparation of the bovine practitioner based on the accomplishments of bovine practice and the cattle industry in the last 25 years and the needs of the various segments of the cattle industry today and in the future.

My theme will be that we should become professional animal health and production specialists and not just disease specialists which we have been for the last 30 years.
Principles of Implementing and Marketing Bovine Health Management Programs
Authors: Ribble Carl S.
Published: March 2023

The serious interest now being taken by the veterinary profession in implementing and promoting health management programs is very encouraging. Theodore Levitt has suggested that there is no such thing as a growth industry, and," ...industries that assume themselves to be riding some automatic growth escalator invariably descend into stagnation. There are only companies organized and operated to create and capitalize on growth opportunities. The history of every dead and dying "growth" industry shows a self-deceiving cycle of bountiful expansion and undetected decay."1

We should not be surprised, therefore, that the "escalator" of traditional bovine medicine is moving downwards. A shrinking agricultural dollar, expanding veterinary schools, increasing competition for clients from non veterinary sources, changing market conditions, and increased costs of doing business have markedly reduced the growth potential of traditional veterinary medicine.2 This 1988 convention of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners, with its emphasis on health management programs and methods of improving how we do business, is a strong indication that we are preparing to create and capitalize on growth opportunities!
Implementation of a Feedlot Medicine Program
Authors: Jim G. K. , Guichon D. T.
Published: March 2023

The word implementation is defined as "to put into effect: to carry out."

The critical areas which must be considered in the implementation of a successful production medicine program include identification of appropriate clientele, acquisition of extensive industry knowledge, a fundamental change to the veterinary-client relationship, the establishment of a framework for program evaluation, and a well constructed action plan.
Emerging Role of Haemophilus somnus in Previously Unreported Manifestations in Western Canada
Authors: Groom S. C.
Published: March 2023

This discussion will encompass personal observations and impressions developed from involvement in academic research and involvement with the diagnostic laboratory system in Alberta. The title should be interpreted as a question rather than a statement of fact. I have endeavoured to answer it and in the attempt stressed the importance of cautious investigation into the resolution of questions of feedlot health (disease). I have deliberately minimized the inclusion of information and opinions available from various published sources. An effort has been made to examine the roles of the practitioner and the diagnostic laboratory when making conclusions on feedlot health patterns. The role of H. somnus in several feedlot disease syndromes has been examined with suggestions on possible pathogenic mechanisms.
Role of Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus in "Garden Variety Shipping Fever"
Authors: Bennett Bill
Published: March 2023

The title really should be followed by a question mark for two reasons:

(1) we really do not fully understand BRSV's role as a primary etiological agent; and

(2) we can only thus theorize its role in the BRD complex we call shipping fever.

Now here's the bait for you to bear with me for this rather involved presentation:■ I think we can answer BRSV's role in both atypical type and possibly in bronchiopneumonic animals.■ I think we can shed some significant insight into "early mild" and "late severe" BRSV and all types of "atypical" pneumonias, and further those animals we call honkers, glottal edema, etc.,■ I think we can initiate a different and more meaningful thought process toward our bovine patients, their defense mechanisms, challenge, and disease processes.

And we can do this easily and readily, in relation to BRSV, because they're all one and the same!
Practical Management of Bovine Leucosis
Authors: Elaschuk Dwayne
Published: March 2023

Bovine leucosis in our practice is a concern primarily for the purebred breeder. The prescence of the virus affects the sales of offspring both to domestic and international buyers. Secondary losses are incurred because of animals succumbing to one of the clinical forms of leucosis.
Endotoxic Shock in the Bovine
Authors: Cullor J. S. , Smith B. P. , Tyler J. W. , Spier S. J.
Published: March 2023

Immunity directed against common gram-negative core antigens may provide the opportunity for host species to target the environmental contaminants and commensual bacteria, which under the appropriate conditions cause life-threatening gram-negative sepsis and/ or endotoxemia.
Organized Veterinary Medicine Representing the Interests of the Bovine Practitioners
Authors: Hentschl Arnold F.
Published: March 2023

The previous speakers at this general session, "Consumer Concerns, Producer Demands, the Veterinarian's Responsibility", have provided you with a comprehensive overview of the generic subject of food safety from the view of drug use in bovines and as it applies to the bovine practitioner. It remains for me to provide you with an overview of organized veterinary medicine's role in providing for the interests of practitioners in this scenario.

For purposes of this discussion, organized veterinary medicine is defined to mean the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) and all of the constituent and allied organizations which legislatively govern AVMA through actions of its House of Delegates (HoD). The American Association of Bovine Practitioners (AABP) delegate to this body is Dr. Bob Keith; alternate delegate is Dr. Harold Amstutz.
Integrated Resource Management
Authors: Wohlgemuth Kurt
Published: March 2023

Integrated Resource Management (IRM) has been defined as "a management system which integrates people and technology to manage resources in order to obtain a projected level of profits in a given livestock enterprise (or business)." (1)Basic elements of IRM are:a. People: Rancher, ManagerTechnical experts (veterinarian, nutritionist, engineer, etc ... )Financial expertsExtension personnelb. Technology base: Research datac. Economic consideration: Profit vs loss
Solving the Number One Cause of Poor Reproductive Performance
Authors: Redlus Howard W. , Nelson Arden J.
Published: March 2023

Perhaps no area of the management program frustrates both dairyman and veterinarian alike more than reproduction. Both understand the critical importance of a sound reproduction program. As veterinarians we are trained primarily to diagnose, treat and hopefully prevent infectious disease problems. In today's modern dairy climate, where every effort is made to maximize productivity and profitability, we are increasingly faced with PRODUCTION disease problems.

In this discussion, we will attempt to dramatically demonstrate the critical relationship that exists between energy status of the herd and reproductive performance. The discussion will address three areas: 1) Establish the energy-fertility relationship; 2) Identify DHIA record parameters that serve as indicators of the energy status, to both diagnose energy deficiency and predict the direction of future reproductive performance; and 3) Demonstrate the use of DHIA record analysis in correcting impaired fertility by establishing improved energy status of the herd. It is the graphic analysis of reproductive performance correlated to herd productivity that can clearly demonstrate to the dairy producer the importance of spending additional money to establish a more energy dense ration.