bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Our Co(s)mic Origins: Theogonies in Greek Comedy
Authors: Santamaría Marco Antonio
Published: December 2020

This article focuses on the four theogonies which are documented in some texts and testimonies of Old and Middle Greek Comedy, namely in Cratinus’Cheirons(frs. 258 – 259 PCG), in which Pericles and Aspasia are disguised as Zeus and Hera; Aristophanes’Birds(693 – 703), a celebrated narration of the origins of these animals, presented as older than the gods; Antiphanes’Anthropogony, on the births of several gods and humankind; and the disagreement between Cronus and Rhea in the fragment of an anonymous play of Middle Comedy (adespotafr. 1062 PCG). In these theogonies several aspects will be analyzed: the gods or characters whose genealogy or birth is mentioned, the means of parody of the traditional literary form of theogony, and the political and social implications present in the first two fragments, in order to offer a complete picture of the theogonies in Greek comedy and their functions according to their context.
At the Origins of Dionysus and Wine: Myths, Miracles, and Festivals
Authors: Cristóbal Ana Isabel Jiménez San
Published: December 2020

For the Greeks, the connection between Dionysus and wine is almost unanimous. The god diffuses wine-related know-how and its cultivation throughout the inhabited world. Certain myths place the birth and infancy of Dionysus in regions where wine plays a prominent role, either for its excellence, because wine-related wonders take place there, or because the existence of wine-springs is attested. The cause-and-effect relationship between the birth of Dionysus and the miraculous appearance of wine is used by some cities to support their claim to be his birthplace. In some cases, myths concerning the origins of Dionysus are combined with a ritual component that celebrates the epiphany of the god through festivals in which the focal point is wine. This paper aims to contribute to our understanding of mythology and aetiology by adopting a novel approach to the case study of Dionysus’ birth, examining the extent to which the importance of wine in these areas determines whether they are linked to the origins of the god.
The God Aion in a Mosaic from Nea Paphos (Cyprus) and Graeco-Phoenician Cosmogonies in the Roman East
Authors: López-Ruiz Carolina
Published: December 2020

This essay offers a new interpretive angle on a fourth-century CE mosaic from Nea Paphos in Cyprus, in which the central panel depicts the god Aion presiding over the contest between Kassiopeia and the Nereids. The mosaic, which has other mythological scenes, two of them focused on Dionysos, has been interpreted in an allegorical Neoplatonic key or else as encrypting an anti-Christian polemic narrative. Here I propose that Aion and the other cosmogonic motifs in the panels, including the birth and triumph of Dionysos, point rather to Orphic and Phoenician cosmogonies, which in turn had a strong impact and reception among Neoplatonists and intellectuals of the Roman and late Roman Levant.
Detection and functional characterization of a novel MEF2A variation responsible for familial dilated cardiomyopathy
Authors: Qiao Qi , Zhao Cui-Mei , Yang Chen-Xi , Gu Jia-Ning , Guo Yu-Han , Zhang Min , Li Ruo-Gu , Qiu Xing-Biao , Xu Ying-Jia , Yang Yi-Qing
Published: December 2020

Objectives

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) represents the most frequent form of cardiomyopathy, leading to heart failure, cardiac arrhythmias and death. Accumulating evidence convincingly demonstrates the crucial role of genetic defects in the pathogenesis of DCM, and over 100 culprit genes have been implicated with DCM. However, DCM is of substantial genetic heterogeneity, and the genetic determinants underpinning DCM remain largely elusive.

Methods

Whole-exome sequencing and bioinformatical analyses were implemented in a consanguineous Chinese family with DCM. A total of 380 clinically annotated control individuals and 166 more DCM index cases then underwent Sanger sequencing analysis for the identified genetic variation. The functional characteristics of the variant were delineated by utilizing a dual-luciferase assay system.

Results

A heterozygous variation in the MEF2A gene (encoding myocyte enhancer factor 2A, a transcription factor pivotal for embryonic cardiogenesis and postnatal cardiac adaptation), NM_001365204.1: c.718G>T; p. (Gly240*), was identified, and verified by Sanger sequencing to segregate with autosome-dominant DCM in the family with complete penetrance. The nonsense variation was neither detected in 760 control chromosomes nor found in 166 more DCM probands. Functional analyses revealed that the variant lost transactivation on the validated target genes MYH6 and FHL2, both causally linked to DCM. Furthermore, the variation nullified the synergistic activation between MEF2A and GATA4, another key transcription factor involved in DCM.

Conclusions

The findings firstly indicate that MEF2A loss-of-function variation predisposes to DCM in humans, providing novel insight into the molecular mechanisms of DCM and suggesting potential implications for genetic testing and prognostic evaluation of DCM patients.
Uniform Preconditioners of Linear Complexity for Problems of Negative Order
Authors: Stevenson Rob , van Venetië Raymond
Published: December 2020

We propose a multi-level type operator that can be used in the framework of operator (or Caldéron) preconditioning to construct uniform preconditioners for negative order operators discretized by piecewise polynomials on a family of possibly locally refined partitions.
The cost of applying this multi-level operator scales linearly in the number of mesh cells.
Therefore, it provides a uniform preconditioner that can be applied in linear complexity when used within the preconditioning framework from our earlier work [Uniform preconditioners for problems of negative order, Math. Comp.
89 (2020), 645–674].
Experimental-numerical studies of the effect of cell structure on the mechanical properties of polypropylene foams
Authors: Gong Wei , Jiang Tuan-Hui , Zeng Xiang-Bu , He Li , Zhang Chun
Published: December 2020

The effects of the cell size and distribution on the mechanical properties of polypropylene foam were simulated and analyzed by finite element modeling with ANSYS and supporting experiments. The results show that the reduced cell size and narrow size distribution have beneficial influences on both the tensile and impact strengths. Decreasing the cell size or narrowing the cell size distribution was more effective for increasing the impact strength than the tensile strength in the same case. The relationship between the mechanical properties and cell structure parameters has a good correlation with the theoretical model.
Morphology evolution and quantitative analysis of β-MoO3 and α-MoO3
Authors: Wang Lu , Li Meng-Chao , Zhang Guo-Hua , Xue Zheng-Liang
Published: December 2020

The morphology evolution from monoclinic molybdenum trioxide (β-MoO3) to orthorhombic molybdenum trioxide (α-MoO3) and quantitative analyses of their mixtures were examined. It was found that the morphology (from spherical to elliptical shape) and color (from green to white) displayed obvious changes when β-MoO3converted to α-MoO3in ambient air at 773 K. The transformation from β-MoO3to α-MoO3resulted from a change of the internal crystalline structure. The mass percent of β-MoO3in MoO3mixtures showed an excellent linear relationship with the relative intensity ratio of the strongest peaks in X-ray diffraction patterns. This approach provides a simple and time-saving method to evaluate the amount of β-MoO3, which is a promising material in catalyst and electrochemical applications, in such mixtures. This finding may provide guidance for the analysis of catalytic performance of MoO3mixtures. In addition, it was found that β-MoO3can be easily decomposed into suboxides such as MoO2and Mo4O11in pure argon gas atmosphere. The possible decomposition mechanism of β-MoO3is discussed.
Characteristic Analysis of Flight Delayed Time Series
Authors: Lan Ma , Shangheng Ou
Published: December 2020

In order to analyze the characteristics of airport flight delayed time series, based on the construction of flight delay time series, firstly, the K-means algorithm is used to cluster the time series of delayed departures. Secondly, combining with R/S analysis method of Fractal theory, Hurst index of the series is calculated, and Fractal characteristics of the series are analyzed. Then, the VAR (Vector Auto Regression) model is constructed, and Impulse Response Function (IRF) and Variance Decomposition are conducted to explore the impact of the fluctuation of flight delay time series on the future delay. The results show that K-means algorithm divides the time series into five categories, and each category has significant characteristics. Hurst index values of different time series are in the interval of (0.5, 1), indicating that the time series have good fractal characteristics. Through the IRF and Variance Decomposition of VAR model, results show that the time series are significantly affected by random pulses, and the prediction changes of the series come from multiple time series fluctuations. The prediction results show that the flight delay time series is predictable.
Meromorphic solutions of certain nonlinear difference equations
Authors: Liu Huifang , Mao Zhiqiang , Zheng Dan
Published: December 2020

This paper focuses on finite-order meromorphic solutions of nonlinear difference equation

f

n

(
z
)
+
q
(
z
)

e

Q
(
z
)

Δ

c

f
(
z
)
=
p
(
z
)

{f}^{n}(z)+q(z){e}^{Q(z)}{\text{Δ}}_{c}f(z)=p(z)

, where

p
,
q
,
Q

p,q,Q

are polynomials,

n
≥
2

n\ge 2

is an integer, and

Δ

c

f

{\text{Δ}}_{c}f

is the forward difference of f. A relationship between the growth and zero distribution of these solutions is obtained. Using this relationship, we obtain the form of these solutions of the aforementioned equation. Some examples are given to illustrate our results.
Meromorphic exact solutions of the (2 + 1)-dimensional generalized Calogero-Bogoyavlenskii-Schiff equation
Authors: Aminakbari Najva , Gu Yongyi , Yuan Wenjun
Published: December 2020

In this article, meromorphic exact solutions for the (2 + 1)-dimensional generalized Calogero-Bogoyavlenskii-Schiff (gCBS) equation are obtained by using the complex method. With the applications of our results, traveling wave exact solutions of the breaking soliton equation are achieved. The dynamic behaviors of exact solutions of the (2 + 1)-dimensional gCBS equation are shown by some graphs. In particular, the graphs of elliptic function solutions are comparatively rare in other literature. The idea of this study can be applied to the complex nonlinear systems of some areas of engineering.
LncRNA FOXD3-AS1/miR-135a-5p function in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells
Authors: E Zhang , Li Chunli , Xiang Yuandi
Published: December 2020

This research aimed to illustrate the biological function and associated regulatory mechanism of lncRNA FOXD3-AS1 (FOXD3-AS1) in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). This research initially found that FOXD3-AS1 was obviously upregulated in NPC cell lines by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) detection. Next, the direct target of FOXD3-AS1 was predicted by bioinformatics and further verified by dual-luciferase reporter assay. MiroRNA-135a-5p (miR-135a-5p) was identified as the target gene of FOXD3-AS1 and down-expressed in C666-1 cells compared to NP69. In addition, function assays were conducted in C666-1 cells, including methyl tetrazolium assay, flow cytometry, Caspase3 activity detection, and western blot assay. Our results suggested that miR-135a-5p upregulation inhibited NPC cell growth, enhanced cell apoptosis, promoted Caspase3 activity, increased cleaved-Caspase3, and reduced pro-Caspase3 level. Moreover, we found that FOXD3-AS1 knockdown notably inhibited C666-1 cell proliferation, increased cell apoptosis, enhanced Caspase3 activity, enhanced cleaved-Caspase3 expression, and suppressed pro-Caspase3 level in C666-1 cells. However, these findings were reversed in C666-1 cells by miR-135a-5p mimic co-transfection. To sum up, our data showed that FOXD3-AS1 knockdown regulated cell growth and apoptosis in NCP cells via altering miR-135a-5p expression, suggesting that FOXD3-AS1 might be a therapeutic target for NPC diagnosis and treatment.
Demystifying Collapse: Climate, environment, and social agency in pre-modern societies
Authors: Haldon John , Chase Arlen F. , Eastwood Warren , Medina-Elizalde Martin , Izdebski Adam , Ludlow Francis , Middleton Guy , Mordechai Lee , Nesbitt Jason , Turner B.L.
Published: December 2020

Collapse is a term that has attracted much attention in social science literature in recent years, but there remain substantial areas of disagreement about how it should be understood in historical contexts. More specifically, the use of the term collapse often merely serves to dramatize long-past events, to push human actors into the background, and to mystify the past intellectually. At the same time, since human societies are complex systems, the alternative involves grasping the challenges that a holistic analysis presents, taking account of the many different levels and paces at which societies function, and developing appropriate methods that help to integrate science and history. Often neglected elements in considerations of collapse are the perceptions and beliefs of a historical society and how a given society deals with change; an important facet of this, almost entirely ignored in the discussion, is the understanding of time held by the individuals and social groups affected by change; and from this perspective ‘collapse’ depends very much on perception, including the perceptions of the modern commentator. With this in mind, this article challenges simplistic notions of ‘collapse’ in an effort to encourage a more nuanced understanding of the impact and process of both social and environmental change on past human societies.
„Meine Seele ist vom Sturm getrieben …“
Authors: Reinard Patrick , Rollinger Christian
Published: December 2020

A contribution to a scholarly controversy that has been on-going for a quarter century now, this article provides a critical review of previous studies on the existence of post-traumatic stress disorders (PTSD) as a consequence of extreme violence in the ancient world. It highlights methodological difficulties in attempting to ‘diagnose’ psychological illnesses across a distance of more than two millennia by means of highly stylized literary texts. Simultaneously, it introduces crucial new evidence in the form of a late antique papyrus originally published in 1924 (P.Oxy. 16/1873), which has hitherto been almost completely ignored by scholarship. The papyrus, a letter written by a man called Martyrios in sixth century Lycopolis and addressed to his father, recounts psychological war trauma as a result of an attack on his hometown. He does so in a first-person perspective, using a highly select and unusual vocabulary to describe his emotional impairment. Because of its syntactical and vocabulary extravagance, this letter is sometimes seen as a fictional literary reflex. The authors argue, on the contrary, that this letter is the only reliable documentary evidence for psychological war trauma from the ancient world known so far.
The crystal structure of (E)-2-(2-((2-picolinoylhydrazono)methyl)phenoxy)acetic acid dihydrate, C15H17N3O6
Authors: Xi-Shi Tai , Zhen Ren , Li-Li Liu , Ai-Ling Zhang , Li-Hua Wang
Published: December 2020

C15H17N3O6, triclinic,

P

1
‾

$P‾{1}$

(no. 2), a = 7.2155(8) Å, b = 10.7519(8) Å, c = 10.8562(8) Å, α = 107.910(7), β = 97.087(8), γ = 100.409(7) V = 773.69(12) Å3, Z = 2, R

gt
(F) = 0.0500, wR

ref
(F
2) = 0.1238, T = 150(1) K.
Grasping Terroir while Teaching Online: Resituating the “Field” in Pedagogies of the Global
Authors: Larson Jonathan L.
Published: December 2020

Framing the global in U.S. undergraduate education has significantly entailed “field” experiences. How have such activities prepared students to understand the interaction of daily life with larger institutions, structures, and processes? How to incorporate attention to the contradictions and untenable translations of a locale and its global entanglements into pedagogical responses to a pandemic that has significantly halted physical mobility and personal contact? This article takes up questions of how a certain conceptualization of ethnography could inform efforts to design new pedagogies for global studies. Building off a recent discussion in anthropology, I argue that the concept of ethnographic “sensibility” provides a productive entry point to discovering and articulating insights into the forms and dynamics of a population and place as shaped by interactions with other populations and places in time and space. I draw from my own experiences with the pre-pandemic piloting of an online course in media ethnography. I highlight examples of student work that point in one direction for how to engage students of global studies in profound field experiences, perhaps even when accessed digitally. This article employs the articulation of entry points for global research for the crafting of entry points for pedagogy.
Low-consistency refining of CTMP targeting high strength and bulk: effect of filling pattern and trial scale
Authors: Berg Jan-Erik , Hellstadius Börje , Lundfors Mikael , Engstrand Per
Published: December 2020

Chemithermomechanical pulp (CTMP) is often used in central layers of multiply paperboards due to its high bulk and strength. Such a CTMP should consist of well-separated undamaged fibres with sufficient bonding capacity. The basic objective of this work is to optimize process conditions in low-consistency (LC) refining, i. e. to select or ultimately develop new optimal LC refiner filling patterns, in order to produce fibrillar fines and improve the separation of fibres from each other while preserving the natural fibre morphology as much as possible. Furthermore, the aim is to evaluate if this type of work can be done at laboratory-scale or if it is necessary to run trials in pilot- or mill-scale in order to get relevant answers. First stage CTMP made from Norway spruce (Picea abies) was LC refined in mill-, pilot- and laboratory-scale trials and with different filling patterns. The results show that an LR1 laboratory refiner can favourably be used instead of larger refiners in order to characterize CTMP with regard to tensile index and z-strength versus bulk. A fine filling pattern resulted in CTMP with higher tensile index, z-strength and energy efficiency at maintained bulk compared to a standard filling pattern.
Linguistic Profiling of Heritage Speakers of an Endangered Language: The Case of Vlach Aromanian–Greek Bilinguals
Authors: Prentza Alexandra , Kaltsa Maria
Published: December 2020

This is the first attempt to profile the heritage speakers of an endangered spoken-only variety of Vlach Aromanian in Greece. Neither the variety nor its speakers has been investigated before; hence, the study also aims at evaluating the exact state of endangerment of the Sirrako variety, as this is revealed by the language practices and skills of its bilingual speakers. To this aim, a background questionnaire was developed and administered to 60 bilingual speakers of Vlach Aromanian and Greek including questions on the age of onset of exposure to both languages, early home language practices, current language practices (orality and literacy) and attitudes toward the heritage and majority language. Significant variation in language practices, literacy skills, oral input and current competence across three generations of speakers was identified with a substantial decline in heritage language competence in younger bilinguals, verifying our claim of the endangered state of Vlach Aromanian.
The rationality of history and the history of rationality: Menachem Fisch on the analytic idealist predicament
Authors: Franks Paul
Published: December 2020

Two essential Kantian insights are the significance for rationality of the capacity for criticism and the limits of cognition, discovered when criticism is pursued methodically, that are due to the perspectival character of the human standpoint. After a period of disparagement, these Kantian insights have been sympathetically construed and are now discussed within contemporary analytic philosophy. However, if Kant’s assumption of a single, immutable, human framework is jettisoned, then the rationality of historical succession is called into question. Moreover, if the revolutionary character of framework transitions is acknowledged, then reason is historicized and even its character as reason is threatened. I argue that Menachem Fisch’s approach to criticism and rationality offers an escape from this post-Kantian predicament that acknowledges revolutionary framework transitions and that draws upon the dialogical traditions of Jewish thought, and I also argue that Fisch’s approach should be seen as thematizing, to use the terms of Kant’s aesthetics and of Fichte’s account of natural right, the reflecting rather than determining status of critical judgement, which involves second-personal address.
Bridging the “gApp”: improving neural machine translation systems for multiword expression detection
Authors: Hidalgo-Ternero Carlos Manuel , Pastor Gloria Corpas
Published: December 2020

The present research introduces the tool gApp, a Python-based text preprocessing system for the automatic identification and conversion of discontinuous multiword expressions (MWEs) into their continuous form in order to enhance neural machine translation (NMT). To this end, an experiment with semi-fixed verb–noun idiomatic combinations (VNICs) will be carried out in order to evaluate to what extent gApp can optimise the performance of the two main free open-source NMT systems —Google Translate and DeepL— under the challenge of MWE discontinuity in the Spanish into English directionality. In the light of our promising results, the study concludes with suggestions on how to further optimise MWE-aware NMT systems.
Morpho-syntactic Variation in Romance v: A Micro-parametric Approach
Authors: Gallego Ángel J.
Published: December 2020

This paper discusses a series of morpho-syntactic properties of Romance languages that have the functional projection vP as its locus, showing a continuum that goes from strongly configurational Romance languages to partially configurational Romance languages. It is argued that v-related phenomena like Differential Object Marking (DOM), participial agreement, oblique clitics, auxiliary selection, and others align in a systematic way when it comes to inflectional properties that involve Case-agreement properties. In order to account for the facts, I argue for a micro-parametric approach whereby v can be associated with an additional projection subject to variation (cf. D’Alessandro,Merging Probes. A typology of person splits and person-driven differential object marking. Ms., University of Leiden, 2012; Microvariation and syntactic theory. What dialects tell us about language. Invited talk given at the workshop The Syntactic Variation of Catalan and Spanish Dialects, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, June 26–28, 2013; Ordóñez, Cartography of postverbal subjects in Spanish and Catalan. In Sergio Baauw, Frank AC Drijkoningen & Manuela Pinto (eds.),Romance languages and linguistic theory 2005: Selected papers from ‘Going Romance’, Utrecht, 8–10 December 2005, 259–280. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2007). I label such projection “X,” arguing that its feature content and position varies across Romance. More generally, the present paper aims at contributing to our understanding of parametric variation of closely related languages by exploiting the intuition, embodied in the so-called Borer-Chomsky Conjecture, that linguistic variation resides in the functional inventory of the lexicon.
Concept for soft sensor structure for turning processes of AISI4140
Authors: Böttger David , Stampfer Benedict , Gauder Daniel , Straß Benjamin , Häfner Benjamin , Lanza Gisela , Schulze Volker , Wolter Bernd
Published: December 2020

During turning of quenched and tempered AISI4140 surface layer states can be generated, which degrade the lifetime of manufactured parts. Such states may be brittle rehardened layers or tensile residual stresses. A soft sensor concept is presented in this work, in order to identify relevant surface modifications during machining. A crucial part of this concept is the measurement of magnetic characteristics by means of the 3MA-testing (Micromagnetic Multiparameter Microstructure and Stress Analysis). Those measurements correlate with the microstructure of the material, only take a few seconds and can be processed on the machine. This enables a continuous workpiece quality control during machining. However specific problems come with the distant measurement of thin surface layers, which are analyzed here. Furthermore the scope of this work is the in-process-measurement of the tool wear, which is an important input parameter of the thermomechanical surface load. The availability of the current tool wear is to be used for the adaption of the process parameters in order to avoid detrimental surface states. This enables new approaches for a workpiece focused process control, which is of high importance considering the goals of Industry 4.0.
Ghrelin and orexin levels in infertile male: evaluation of effects on varicocele pathophysiology, relationship seminal and hormonal parameter
Authors: Kısa Üçler , Başar M. Murad , Şipal Timuçin , Ceylan Özlem Doğan
Published: December 2020

Objective

The aim of the present study was to investigate serum ghrelin and orexin levels in patients with varicocele and compare these levels with idiopathic infertile male and healthy control cases.

Methods

This study enrolled 24 men with varicocele, 24 males having idiopathic infertility, and 21 fertile men as the control group. Hormonal analyses, ghrelin and orexin levels were measured samples. Semen was analyzed after 3 and 5 days of sexual abstinence.

Results

Serum ghrelin levels were statistically different among the three groups (p=0.015), and it was due to a statistically lower level in group-1 than the level in the control cases (p=0.012). On the other hand, serum orexin levels were lower than healthy subjects in infertile groups with/without varicocele, but there was no difference (p=0.685) among three groups. Serum ghrelin level showed a negative and significant correlation only with sperm motility (r=−0.646, p=0.022), there was no correlation with other parameters. On the other hand, serum orexin levels did not show a significant correlation with seminal parameters.

Conclusion

Both new investigated peptides ghrelin and orexin have regulatory effects on testicular function. However, ghrelin has a more obvious and complex effect on spermatogenesis. Impaired seminal parameters, especially motility was associated with increased serum ghrelin levels in infertile patients, especially with varicocele.
Grammatik der Narration
Authors: Zeman Sonja
Published: December 2020

Is there a ‚narrative syntax‘, i. e. a special grammar restricted to narrative fiction? Starting from this question which has been investigated since early structuralism, the paper focusses on grammatical characteristics of narrative discourse mode and their implications for a linguistic theory of narration. Its goal is two-fold: In a first step, the traditional accounts by Benveniste, Hamburger, Kuroda and recent typological studies are brought together in order to support the claim that the distinction between narrative and non-narrative discourse mode is a fundamental one that has consequences for the use of grammar. In a second step, I discuss three central questions within the intersection between narrative micro- and macro-structures, namely (i) the definition of narrativity, (ii) the status of the narrator, and (iii) the relation between narration and fictionality. In sum, the article argues that investigations on the ‘grammar of narration’ do not just offer insights into a specific text configuration next to others, but are deeply linked to fundamental theoretical questions concerning the architecture of language – and that the comparison between linguistic and narratological categories offers a potential for addressing them.
Obesity Risk Among West Point Graduates Later in Life
Authors: Szivak Tunde K. , Thomas Melissa M. , Pietrzak Robert H. , Nguyen Dana R. , Ryan Diane M. , Mazure Carolyn M.
Published: December 2020

Szivak, TK, Thomas, MM, Pietrzak, RH, Nguyen, DR, Ryan, DM, and Mazure, CM. Obesity Risk Among West Point Graduates Later in Life. J Strength Cond Res 37(6): 1284–1291, 2023—The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate sex differences in health and fitness outcomes among United States Military Academy (USMA) graduates (class years 1980–2011). Subjects (n = 701 men, 641 women, age: 45.7 ± 9.3 years) were surveyed as a part of a larger investigation on risk and resiliency factors among USMA graduates. Physical activity was assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) short form and calculation of weekly metabolic equivalents (METs). Overweight and obesity status were assessed by body mass index (BMI). Significance for the study was set at p ≤ 0.05. Obesity rates for men (30.1%) were significantly higher than for women (16.6%). Men reported significantly higher (p = 0.01) vigorous METs·wk−1 (1,214.6 ± 1,171.6) than women (1,046.8 ± 1,133.2) despite significantly higher (p = 0.00) BMI values (28.75 ± 4.53 kg·m−2) than women (25.90 ± 5.48 kg·m−2). Women were 89% more likely to have ever been on a diet and reported higher (15.2%) Army Body Composition Program enrollment rates than men (6.3%). Obesity rates among men reflect trends seen in the broader military, Veteran, and U.S. adult populations, whereas obesity rates among women were lower. Men may be at a greater risk for obesity later in life despite higher self-reported physical activity; however, lean body mass and self-report bias should be considered. Because lifetime obesity may be influenced by factors other than physical activity, health initiatives should use a comprehensive approach early in the career of military officers.
Ergogenic and Physiological Outcomes Derived From a Novel Skin Cooling Device
Authors: Gray William D. , Jett David M. , Cocco Adam R. , Vanhoover Alexandria C. , Colborn Chris E. , Pantalos George M. , Stumbo Jessica , Quesada Peter M. , Caruso John F.
Published: December 2020

Gray, WD, Jett, DM, Cocco, AR, Vanhoover, AC, Colborn, CE, Pantalos, GM, Stumbo, J, Quesada, PM, and Caruso, JF. Ergogenic and physiological outcomes derived from a novel skin cooling device. J Strength Cond Res 35(2): 391–403, 2021—Our study's purpose assessed a cooling headband's ergogenic and physiological impacts. Subjects (15 women and 13 men) completed six visits; the final 3 entailed rowing workouts with the following treatment conditions: no head cooling (NoHC), intermittent head cooling during exercise (HCex), and intermittent head cooling during exercise and post-exercise recovery (HCex&post). Data collection occurred at the following times (a) pre-exercise and post–warm-up, (b) between stages of up to eight 2-minute bouts, and (c) at 5, 10, 15, and 20 minutes post-exercise. In addition to distance rowed, thermal, cardiovascular, perceptual, and metabolic measurements were obtained. Results included a small yet significant intertreatment difference (HCex, HCex&post > NoHC) for distance rowed. Our cardiovascular and metabolic indices exhibited sex and time differences but likely did not contribute to the ergogenic effect. Yet, left hand temperatures (LHT) exhibited significant 2-way and 3-way interactions that were the likely source of the ergogenic effect. Auditory canal temperature (AUDT) results suggest the head is sensitive to heat increases, yet LHT data show headband use evoked significantly greater temperature increases at the hand's palmar surface, indicative of heat transfer. We conclude, and our practical applications suggest, the headband's ergogenic effect was manifested by cold-induced vasodilation at the hand's palmar surface, rather than heat losses through the head.
How Might the Next Generation Science Standards Support Styles of Scientific Reasoning in Biology?
Authors: Rafanelli Stephanie , Osborne Jonathan
Published: December 2020

In this article, we put forward a new approach to the teaching of scientific reasoning in biology with the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS). We argue that a framework based on the idea of six styles of scientific reasoning provides the best guide for biology teachers to the nature of scientific reasoning in biology and how it might be taught. The current framework of the crosscutting concepts fails to provide a narrative for what makes biology distinctive and how biological scientists reason. By contrast, a framework of styles of scientific reasoning does offer a coherent argument for the biology curriculum in grades K–12, a justification for each performance expectation, and a vision of how each standard might support the development of scientific reasoning in biology. Examples and implications for curriculum designers and educators are discussed.
Molecular Memories of a Cambrian Fossil
Authors: Babaian Caryn , Kumar Sudhir
Published: December 2020

Evolutionary evidence is important scientific background for appreciating the theory of evolution. We describe a STEAM-based lesson plan that uses paleontological drawings and a modern evolutionary database to explore and understand fossil, morphological, and molecular evidence. Together, with a focus on arthropods and the Cambrian explosion, students experience a heuristic process common in scientific reasoning, guiding them toward practices that synthesize knowledge and invite questioning in the life sciences.
Using Local Research as a Phenomenon in the Classroom
Authors: Apedaile Lily
Published: December 2020

Model-based inquiry, inquiry-based learning, and phenomenon are all popular terms in K–12 science education right now. Science education in our public education system is rapidly changing due to the implementation of the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS). These standards ask teachers to move away from direct instruction to having students develop their understanding of the natural world through guided-learning activities. Under NGSS, students are expected to develop this understanding through one of the main scientific practices, model building, which requires a complex, real-world phenomenon to drive the learning experience. Phenomena work best in the classroom when they apply to students’ lives and pique their interest. Finding such phenomena can be hard – especially finding ones that have not already been thoroughly explained on the internet. A great way to find a complex, real-world phenomenon that will interest students is to partner with a local research lab to bring part of their research project into the classroom. This article lays out a process for bringing a local research project into the classroom and designing NGSS-aligned curricula around this project to create a more authentic learning experience for high school students.
Interpersonal Entrainment in Music Performance
Authors: Clayton Martin , Jakubowski Kelly , Eerola Tuomas , Keller Peter E. , Camurri Antonio , Volpe Gualtiero , Alborno Paolo
Published: December 2020

Interpersonal musical entrainment—temporal synchronization and coordination between individuals in musical contexts—is a ubiquitous phenomenon related to music’s social functions of promoting group bonding and cohesion. Mechanisms other than sensorimotor synchronization are rarely discussed, while little is known about cultural variability or about how and why entrainment has social effects. In order to close these gaps, we propose a new model that distinguishes between different components of interpersonal entrainment: sensorimotor synchronization—a largely automatic process manifested especially with rhythms based on periodicities in the 100–2000 ms timescale—and coordination, extending over longer timescales and more accessible to conscious control. We review the state of the art in measuring these processes, mostly from the perspective of action production, and in so doing present the first cross-cultural comparisons between interpersonal entrainment in natural musical performances, with an exploratory analysis that identifies factors that may influence interpersonal synchronization in music. Building on this analysis we advance hypotheses regarding the relationship of these features to neurophysiological, social, and cultural processes. We propose a model encompassing both synchronization and coordination processes and the relationship between them, the role of culturally shared knowledge, and of connections between entrainment and social processes.
The Diffusion of International Women’s Rights Norms to Individual Attitudes
Authors: Kim Jessica
Published: December 2020

Although existing studies of international women’s rights norm diffusion demonstrate the importance of international linkages for fostering change, few examine their influence on individual attitudes. Of those that do, none consider how ties to different world cultural domains—world polity vs. world society—impact this process, despite their divergent roots. Whereas world polity via CEDAW facilitates diffusion by holding states accountable, world society via women’s international NGOs (WINGOs) appeals to citizens by encouraging activism and awareness. Focusing on trends in developing nations, which remain underexamined but theoretically relevant, I assess the unique effect of each on diffusion to attitudes. I further expand the literature to examine the direct and interactive effects of national-level compliance (quotas) on this process. Using a multilevel analysis of World Values Survey data from 31 developing nations, I demonstrate that the duration of CEDAW ratification (world polity) and nationally mandated legislative quotas (national-level compliance) directly facilitate this diffusion, but WINGOs (world society) alone do not. Yet, where quotas exist and global ties are sufficient, WINGOs become significant, and CEDAW’s effectiveness increases. These results suggest that world polity and world society are both salient for diffusion to attitudes but should be considered separately and in conjunction with national-level outcomes that moderate their effects.
COLLAGEN: STRUCTURE, METABOLISM, PRODUCTION AND INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION
Authors:   Institute for Problems of Cryobiology and Cryomedicine of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kharkiv, Gulevsky A. K.
Published: December 2020

This review presents the current scientific literature data about structure, properties, and functions of collagen, which is known as one of the most abundant human and animal proteins. The building of collagen molecule from the primary structure to submolecular formations, the main stages of its synthesis and biodegradation are briefly described. The information about collagen diversity, its features and metabolic ways in various tissues, including skin, tendons, bones, etc. is presented. The problems of pathologies caused by collagen synthesis and breakdown disorders as well as age-related changes in collagen properties and their causes are discussed. A comparative analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of collagen and its derivatives obtaining from various sources (animals, marine, and recombinant) is given. The most productive methods for collagen extraction from various tissues are shown. The concept of collagen hydrolysis conditions influence on the physicochemical properties and biological activity of the obtained products is described. The applications of collagen and its products in various fields of industrial activity, such as pharmaceutical, cosmetic industry and medicine, are discussed. Further prospective directions of fundamental and applied investigations in this area of research are outlined.
Perceptions and barriers regarding telemedicine services among Bangladeshi young adults in the COVID-19 pandemic: A qualitative exploration
Authors: Rahman Quazi Maksudur , Rahman Md Estiar , Aziz Rashenda , Pranta Mamun Ur Rashid , Zubayer Abdullah Al , Islam Md. Bulbul , Bhuiyan Md. Rifat Al Mazid , Khan Kamrul Ahsan , Chowdhury Ashraf Uddin , Hosain Liakat
Published: December 2020

The present study aimed to explore perceptions and barriers regarding telemedicine services among Bangladeshi young adults. This qualitative study was performed through telephonic interviews where 20 young adults (cases) were taken for in-depth interviews, using a purposive sampling technique from July 1 to July 20, 2020. The verbatim transcriptions was used, and the thematic analysis was performed through manual coding. The findings of this study revealed that the majority of participants perceived telemedicine as it is a system through which we are able to get healthcare services by using the internet, mobile application, or just a phone call from health care providers. Participants had positive attitudes toward telemedicine. Low trustworthiness, difficulties in getting access to emergency diagnostic services, signiﬁcant anxieties on the use of telemedicine complexity and observability, shortage of network and power supply, as well as financial complexities were acknowledged as significant barriers in terms of receiving telemedicine services during the COVID-19 outbreak. Concerned authorities, including governmental and private organizations, should take effective measures to make telemedicine services available, reliable, and affordable for all across the country.
Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with anemia, weight loss or both conditions among Bulgarian children
Authors: Boyanova Lyudmila , Hadzhiyski Petyo
Published: December 2020

Some studies suggested an association between Helicobacter pylori infection and iron-deficiency anemia, however, the link between weight loss and the infection in childhood remains non-established. In a retrospective cohort study, we compared H. pylori positivity rates of Bulgarian children without or with anemia (47 children in each group) or weight loss (45 children in each group) and both conditions (17 children in each group). H. pylori infection was associated with the presence of anemia (in 76.6% of the anemic vs. 21.3% of the non-anemic patients, P < 0.0001) and weight loss (in 82.2% of the patients vs. 17.8% of the control children, P < 0.0001). All 17 patients with both conditions were H. pylori positive. Relative risk of anemia, weight loss and both conditions was 3.6 (95% CI, 2.0–6.4), 4.6 (95% CI, 2.4–8.8) and 5.7 (95% CI, 2.0–15.8), respectively, in the children with H. pylori infection. In conclusion, H. pylori infection was significantly associated with iron-deficiency anemia or/and weight loss in Bulgarian pediatric patients. Therefore, diagnostics and treatment of the infection as well as a proper control of the eradication success can be beneficial and thus, can be recommended for children with those conditions.
A Multivariate Approach to Lexical Diversity in Constrained Language
Authors: Kajzer-Wietrzny Marta , Ivaska Ilmari
Published: December 2020

Empirical Translation Studies have recently extended the scope of research to other forms of constrained and mediated communication, including bilingual communication, editing, and intralingual translation. Despite the diversity of factors accounted for so far, this new strand of research is yet to take the leap into intermodal comparisons. In this paper we look at Lexical Diversity (LD), which under different guises, has been studied both within Translation Studies (TS) and Second Language Acquisition (SLA). LD refers to the rate of word repetition, and vocabulary size and depth, and previous research indicates that translated and non-native language tends to be less lexically diverse. There is, however, no study that would investigate both varieties within a uniﬁed methodological framework. The study reported here looks at LD in spoken and written modes of constrained and non-constrained language. In a two-step analysis involving Exploratory Factor Analysis and linear mixed-effects regression models we ﬁnd interpretations to be least lexically diverse and written non-constrained texts to be most diverse. Speeches delivered impromptu are less diverse than those read out loud and the non-constrained texts are more sensitive to such delivery-related differences than the constrained ones.
Explicitation in Neural Machine Translation
Authors: Krüger Ralph
Published: December 2020

This paper is concerned with the following question: to what extent does neural machine translation (NMT) – a relatively new approach to machine translation (MT), which can draw on richer contextual information than previous MT architectures – perform explicitation shifts in translation and how are these shifts realised in linguistic terms? In order to answer this question, the paper attempts to identify instances of explicitation in the machine-translated version of a research report on carbon dioxide capture and storage. The machine-translated text was created using the publicly available generic NMT system DeepL. The human translation of the research report was analysed in a prior research project for instances of explicitation and implicitation (Krüger 2015). After a brief quantitative di scussion of the frequency and distribution of explicitation shifts identiﬁed in the DeepL output as compared to the shifts identiﬁed in the human translation of the research report, the paper analyses in detail several examples in which DeepL performed explicitation shifts of various kinds. The quantitative and qualitative analyses are intended to yield a tentative picture of the capacity of state-of-the art neural machine translation systems to perform explicitation shifts in translation. As explicitation is understood in this article as an indicator of translational text–context interaction, the explicitation performance of NMT can – to some extent – be taken to be indicative of the “contextual awareness” of this new MT architecture.
The Dual effect of Speakers’ Silent Pauses on Fluent Simultaneous Interpreting: A Comparison Between Formal Speech and Spontaneous Speech
Authors: Weitian Deng
Published: December 2020

This study seeks to ﬁnd a correlation between silent pauses (SPs) in source text and the ﬂuent delivery in target text during these pauses in simultaneous interpreting from Chinese to English. Experiments have been carried out to home in on SPs by speakers to examine exactly what is going on while silences last. Two speech styles of formal speech and spontaneous speech are then taken into consideration to see whether stylistic difference yields different results in the SP–ﬂuency correlation. Two indicators are identiﬁed as the factors pointing to the dual effect of SPs: the rate of ﬂuent interpreting during SPs (Indicator One), and the rate of SP-included sentences being successfully interpreted (Indicator Two). Both the concurrent and the continuing effects are proved tenable by looking at the relations between the two indicators and different SP positions and durations. Results indicate that the possibility of both indicators is signiﬁcantly higher during speakers’ pauses at grammatical junctures; Indicator One is more pronounced during pauses of medium length while Indicator Two is more pronounced during pauses of longer length. A negative correlation between SP duration and Indicator One is found while a positive correlation between SP duration and Indicator Two is conﬁrmed. Furthermore, this study concludes that speech style does make a difference in the correlation between SP positions and the two indicators: formal speech interpreting shows clearly better regularity than spontaneous speech interpreting.