bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The dental management of children with sickle cell disease and β‐thalassaemia: a review
Authors: DUGGAL M. S. , BEDI R. , KINSEY S. E. , WILLIAMS S. A.
Published: August 2010

Summary. This paper reviews two groups of haemoglobinopathies: sickle cell disorders and β‐thalassaemias. The medical aspects and dental management of children with these conditions are discussed. These conditions are rare in the white indigenous population of the UK but affect a sizeable proportion of the minority ethnic community. Dentists need to be aware of the medical implications for patients who have these disorders and should co‐ordinate their dental care accordingly.

Resumé.

Prise en charge dentaire d'enfants souffrant d'anémie falciforme et d'hypothalasémie béta: revue de la littérature

Cette étude passe en revue deux groupes d'hémoglobulinopathie: anémie falciforme et béta thalassémie. Les aspects médicaux et la prise en charge dentaire de ces maladies sont discutés. Ces maladies sont rares dans la population blanche indigène du Royaume‐Uni mais atteignent une proportion notable de la population d'origine ethnique minoritaire. Les dentistes doivent connaître les problèmes médicaux de ces patients et en tenir compte lors des traitements dentaires.

Die zahnärztliche Behandlung von Kindern mit der Sikle‐Zellen Erkrankung und mit der Beta‐Thalasemie: eine Uebersicht

Diese Arbeit befasst sich mit 2 Gruppen von Hämoglobinopathien. Die medizinische Aspekte und die daraus resultierende zahnärztliche Besonderheiten werden diskutiert. Diese Krankheiten sind selten in der weissen Bevölkerung der U.K. aber befällt einen gewissen Prozensatz der Minderheitsgruppe. Zahnärzte sollten die medizinischen Besonderheiten kennen und dementsprechend die zahnärztliche Betreuung koordinieren.

Tratamiento dental de niños con enfermedad de células falsiformes y β‐thalasemia

Este artículo revisa dos grupos de hemoglobinopatías: trastornos de células falsiformes y β‐thalasemia. Se discuten los aspectos médicos y el tratamiento dental de niños con estas condiciones. Estas condiciones son raras en la población blanca del Reino Unido, peró afecta una gran proporción de la minoría étnica. Los odontólogos deben estar informados sobre las implicaciones médicas de los pacientes que presentan estos trastornos y deben coordinar adecuadamente el tratamiento odontológico.
A case with bilateral paired maxillary supernumerary incisor teeth of supplemental and tuberculate form
Authors: DOWLING P. A. , DELAP E. A.
Published: August 2010

Summary. An unusual case is described of four additional teeth – two supplemental lateral incisors and two tuberculate supernumeraries – occurring in a 10‐year‐old boy in the absence of a syndrome.

Résumé On décrit un cas d'un intérêt exceptionnel de quatre dents, deux incisives latérales supplémentaires et deux surnuméraires tuberculeuses, présentant chez un garçon de dix ans à défaut d'un syndrome.

Ein ungewöhnlicher Fall on 4 überzählige Zähnen wird beschrieben, bei einen 10 jährigen Knaben, ohne jegliches allgemeines Syndrom.

Se describe un cao inusual de cuatro dientes adicionales, dos incisivos laterales y dos tubérculos supernumerarios, que ocurrieron en un niño de 10 años de edad con ausencia de sindrome.
The effect of rabbit population control programmes on the impact of rabbit haemorrhagic disease in south‐eastern Australia
Authors: Mutze Gregory , Kovaliski John , Butler Kym , Capucci Lorenzo , McPhee Steve
Published: August 2010

1. The effect of rabbit population density on transmission of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) is a critical aspect of disease ecology for rabbit control and rabbit conservation. We examined the interaction between rabbit control and spread of RHDV and a non‐pathogenic calicivirus (bCV) in Australian wild rabbit populations, and reviewed existing recommendations for control in this context.

2. Rabbits were sampled at eight pairs of sites; from rabbit populations where densities had been reduced by conventional control and from matching uncontrolled populations. Sites chosen ranged from hot, arid areas where RHDV had greatly reduced rabbit numbers to cooler, higher‐rainfall areas where rabbits remained more abundant. Virus activity was implied from antibody profiles in sera of surviving rabbits.

3. Reducing population density by conventional control had a similar effect on disease transmission despite a seven‐fold difference in initial density. Populations reduced by 70% or more had lower RHDV antibody prevalence in juvenile rabbits but not in adult rabbits, indicating that reducing rabbit density slowed but did not stop RHDV transmission. We found no interactions between rabbit control, RHDV and bCV that could be exploited to improve rabbit management.

4. 
Synthesis and applications. Delayed RHDV infection in rabbit control sites is likely to be offset by higher mortality in older rabbits, so that conventional rabbit control does not reduce the impact of RHDV on rabbit populations. Only minor changes to delay the timing of summer rabbit control programmes in cooler areas of Australia are necessary to take best advantage of RHDV‐induced reduction in rabbit numbers. For conservation management of rabbits in Europe, these findings indicate that RHDV may continue to have a severe impact on rabbit populations that have been reduced to low population density, but also raise the possibility that bCVs might be introduced to rabbit populations to aid their recovery.
Potential spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 by wildfowl: dispersal ranges and rates determined from large‐scale satellite telemetry
Authors: Gaidet Nicolas , Cappelle Julien , Takekawa John Y. , Prosser Diann J. , Iverson Samuel A. , Douglas David C. , Perry William M. , Mundkur Taej , Newman Scott H.
Published: August 2010

1. Migratory birds are major candidates for long‐distance dispersal of zoonotic pathogens. In recent years, wildfowl have been suspected of contributing to the rapid geographic spread of the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus. Experimental infection studies reveal that some wild ducks, geese and swans shed this virus asymptomatically and hence have the potential to spread it as they move.

2. We evaluate the dispersive potential of HPAI H5N1 viruses by wildfowl through an analysis of the movement range and movement rate of birds monitored by satellite telemetry in relation to the apparent asymptomatic infection duration (AID) measured in experimental studies. We analysed the first large‐scale data set of wildfowl movements, including 228 birds from 19 species monitored by satellite telemetry in 2006–2009, over HPAI H5N1 affected regions of Asia, Europe and Africa.

3. Our results indicate that individual migratory wildfowl have the potential to disperse HPAI H5N1 over extensive distances, being able to perform movements of up to 2900 km within timeframes compatible with the duration of asymptomatic infection.

4. However, the likelihood of such virus dispersal over long distances by individual wildfowl is low: we estimate that for an individual migratory bird there are, on average, only 5–15 days per year when infection could result in the dispersal of HPAI H5N1 virus over 500 km.

5. Staging at stopover sites during migration is typically longer than the period of infection and viral shedding, preventing birds from dispersing a virus over several consecutive but interrupted long‐distance movements. Intercontinental virus dispersion would therefore probably require relay transmission between a series of successively infected migratory birds.

6. Synthesis and applications. Our results provide a detailed quantitative assessment of the dispersive potential of HPAI H5N1 virus by selected migratory birds. Such dispersive potential rests on the assumption that free‐living wildfowl will respond analogously to captive, experimentally‐infected birds, and that asymptomatic infection will not alter their movement abilities. Our approach of combining experimental exposure data and telemetry information provides an analytical framework for quantifying the risk of spread of avian‐borne diseases.
The origin and temporal development of an ancient cultural landscape
Authors: Fletcher Michael‐Shawn , Thomas Ian
Published: August 2010

Aim To reconstruct the Late Glacial and Holocene vegetation history of western Tasmania and to test the long‐held notion of a replacement of forest by moorland during the mid to late Holocene in western Tasmania, Australia.

Location Western Tasmania, Australia.

Methods Fossil pollen data were screened with a modern pollen dataset using detrended correspondence analysis and charcoal data were analysed using significance tests.

Results At the landscape scale, the distribution of vegetation types in western Tasmania has remained remarkably stable through the post‐glacial period. Open moorland has dominated the landscape since the Late Glacial, while rain forest expanded at that time in to areas which it occupies today. Vegetation development in the Holocene is markedly different and charcoal values are significantly higher when compared with those in previous interglacial periods.

Main conclusions The dominant paradigm of a replacement of rain forest by moorland across western Tasmania during the mid to late Holocene is not supported by this regional analysis. The arrival of humans in Tasmania during the Last Glacial Stage provided an ignition source that was independent of climate, and burning by humans through the Late Glacial period deflected vegetation development and facilitated the establishment of open moorland in regions occupied by rain forest during previous interglacial periods. It is concluded that the present dominance of the landscape of western Tasmania by open moorland is the direct result of human activity during the Late Glacial and that this region represents an ancient cultural landscape.
Gradient based intensity normalization
Authors: SINTORN I.‐M. , BISCHOF L. , JACKWAY P. , HAGGARTY S. , BUCKLEY M.
Published: August 2010

Intensity normalization is important in quantitative image analysis, especially when extracting features based on intensity. In automated microscopy, particularly in large cellular screening experiments, each image contains objects of similar type (e.g. cells) but the object density (number and size of the objects) may vary markedly from image to image. Standard intensity normalization methods, such as matching the grey‐value histogram of an image to a target histogram from, i.e. a reference image, only work well if both object type and object density are similar in the images to be matched. This is typically not the case in cellular screening and many other types of images where object type varies little from image to image, but object density may vary dramatically. In this paper, we propose an improved form of intensity normalization which uses grey‐value as well as gradient information. This method is very robust to differences in object density. We compare and contrast our method with standard histogram normalization across a range of image types, and show that the modified procedure performs much better when object density varies between images.
Glyco‐tuftsin derivatives modulate interleukin‐1 and tumor necrosis factor production
Authors: ROCCHI R. , BIONDI L. , FILIRA F. , TZEHOVAL E. , DAGAN S. , FRIDKIN M.
Published: August 2010

Six Thr1 (O‐glyco)‐derivatives of the “phagocytosis stimulating peptide” tuftsin, H‐Thr‐Lys‐Pro‐Arg‐OH and the N‐glycosylated undecapeptide H‐Thr‐Lys‐Pro‐Arg‐Glu‐Gln‐Gln‐Tyr‐Asn(β‐d‐GlcNAc)‐Ser‐Thr‐OH, which correspond to the “tuftsin‐region” at the Fc‐domain of immunoglobulin G (amino acid residues 289–299), were evaluated in comparison with tuftsin and rigin, H‐Gly‐Gln‐Pro‐Arg‐OH, for their capacity to evoke the release of interleukin‐1 and tumor necrosis factor from mouse peritoneal macrophages and from human monocytes. Several glycosylated tuftsin derivatives were found to modulate, in a rather dose‐dependent manner, the release of the two cytokines from both cell types.
Synthesis and biological activity of Substance PC‐terminal hexapeptide and heptapeptide analogues
Authors: STAVROPOULOS GEORGE , KARAGIANNIS KOSTAS , CORDOPATIS PAUL , HALLE DAVID , GILON CHAIM , BAR‐AKIVA GIORA , SELINGER ZVI , CHOREV MICHAEL
Published: August 2010

The analogues [Glu(OBzl)11]SP6–11and [Glu(OBzl)11]SP5–11of the C‐terminal hexapeptide and heptapeptide of Substance P have been synthesized by conventional solution methods. In each analogue the SCH3group of Met11is replaced by the COOCH2C6H5group. Thein vitroactivity of both analogues has been determined on three biological preparations: guinea pig ileum (GPI), rat vas deferens (RVD), and rat portal vein (RPV). The selectivity for the different receptors has been studied by utilizing atropine‐treated guinea pig ileum (GPI + At). The results showed that both analogues are mainly active on GPI through the NK‐1 receptor and that both analogues are equipotent to Substance P.
Conformational change that accompanies pepsinogen activation observed in real time by fluorescence energy transfer
Authors: GLICK DAVID M. , HILT CRAIG R. , MENDE‐MUELLER LIANE
Published: August 2010

Pig pepsinogen has been reacted with N‐carboxymethylisatoic anhydride to form N‐carboxymethyl‐anthraniloyl‐(CMA‐) pepsinogen, derivatized at Lysp18 Lys p23, Lysp27, Lysp30, and Lys320. Conformational change associated with activation was detected by following energy transfer from tryptophan residues of the pepsin moiety, excited at 295 nm, to CMA groups, monitored by emission above 415 nm. Efficiency of this energy transfer is a measure of conformational change. For this zymogen derivative the change in efficiency occurs with a first order rate constant of 0.041 s‐1 at pH 2.4, 22°, which equals the rate at which, following acidification, alkali‐stable potential activity becomes alkali‐labile. For the native zymogen the rate of this conversion had been shown to be identical to the rate of cleavage of the scissile bond of pepsinogen. Therefore, the correspondence in this derivative of the rates of conversion to alkali lability and change in energy transfer demonstrates that a conformational change accompanies the peptide bond cleavage of activation.
Studies on woloszynskioid dinoflagellates V. Ultrastructure of Biecheleriopsis gen. nov., with description of Biecheleriopsis adriatica sp. nov.
Authors: Moestrup Øjvind , Lindberg Karin , Daugbjerg Niels
Published: August 2010

An isolate of the very small marine dinoflagellate Biecheleriopsis adriatica gen. et sp. nov. (12–15 µm long) has been examined by light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, combined with partial sequencing of nuclear‐encoded large subunit rRNA. Biecheleriopsis is a genus of thin‐walled dinoflagellates, related to Biecheleria and the taxonomic group of Polarella, Protodinium and Symbiodinium, the latter comprising mainly symbionts of marine invertebrates. The mixotrophic Biecheleriopsis adriatica is characterized by: (i) a special type of apical furrow apparatus; (ii) an eyespot of Type E sensu Moestrup and Daugbjerg; (iii) an unusual type of pyrenoid; and (iv) a spiny resting cyst. Thin sections showed the presence a fibrous connection between the flagellar apparatus and a finger‐like extension of the nucleus (‘rhizoplast’). It forms a physical connection between the flagella and the nucleus. This unusual structure has previously been considered to characterize the ‘true’ gymnodinioids, represented by Gymnodinium sensu Daugbjerg et al. and related forms. However, the apical furrow apparatus and the nuclear envelope of Biecheleriopsis are woloszynskioid rather than gymnodinioid. The related genus Biecheleria lacks a rhizoplast, and it also lacks a 51‐base pair fragment of domain D2 of the large subunit rRNA, which is present in other woloszynskioids. A physical connection between the flagellar apparatus and the nucleus mediated by a fibrous structure is known in other groups of protists, for example, the ‘rhizoplast’ of many heterokont flagellates, some green algal flagellates, etc. The phylogenetic significance of a rhizoplast in two groups of dinoflagellates that are only distantly related is presently difficult to assess.
Anatomy and physiology of the human eye: effects of mucopolysaccharidoses disease on structure and function – a review
Authors: Willoughby Colin E , Ponzin Diego , Ferrari Stefano , Lobo Aires , Landau Klara , Omidi Yadollah
Published: August 2010

Abstract

The current paper provides an overview of current knowledge on the structure and function of the eye. It describes in depth the different parts of the eye that are involved in the ocular manifestations seen in the mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS). The MPS are a group of rare inheritable lysosomal storage disorders characterized by the accumulation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in cells and tissues all over the body, leading to widespread tissue and organ dysfunction. GAGs also tend to accumulate in several tissues of the eye, leading to various ocular manifestations affecting both the anterior (cornea, conjunctiva) and the posterior parts (retina, sclera, optic nerve) of the eye.
Hands on the future: facilitation of cortico‐spinal hand‐representation when reading the future tense of hand‐related action verbs
Authors: Candidi Matteo , Leone‐Fernandez Barbara , Barber Horacio A. , Carreiras Manuel , Aglioti Salvatore Maria
Published: August 2010

Reading action‐related verbs brings about sensorimotor neural activity, suggesting that the linguistic representation of actions impinges upon neural structures largely overlapping with those involved in actual action execution. While studies of direct action observation indicate that motor mirroring is inherently anticipatory, no information is currently available on whether deriving action‐related knowledge from language also takes into account the temporal deployment of actions. Using transcranial magnetic stimulation, here we sought to determine whether reading action verbs conjugated in the future induced higher cortico‐spinal activity with respect to when the same verbs were conjugated in the past tense. We recorded motor‐evoked potentials (MEPs) from relaxed hand and leg muscles of healthy subjects who were reading silently hand‐ or leg‐related action, sensorial (non‐somatic) and abstract verbs conjugated either in future or past tense. The amplitude of MEPs recorded from the hand was higher during reading hand‐related action verbs conjugated in the future than in the past. No future‐related modulation of leg muscles activity was found during reading leg‐related action verbs. In a similar vein, no future‐related change of hand or leg muscles reactivity was found for abstract or sensorial verbs. These results indicate that the anticipatory mirroring of hand actions may be triggered by linguistic representations and not only by direct action observation.
Prevention of intra‐abdominal adhesions by using Seprafilm® in rats undergoing bowel resection and radiation therapy
Authors: Eroglu A. , Demirci S. , Kurtman C. , Akbay A. , Eroglu N.
Published: August 2010

Objective

Intra‐abdominal adhesions are an important surgical problem. Colorectal operations are a major cause of adhesive obstruction. Radiation therapy (RT) is frequently used as an adjuvant therapy to surgery for rectal cancer, though its value for colon carcinoma remains unclear. Peritoneal injuries including the surgical trauma, tissue ischaemia as well as RT are associated with peritoneal fibrinolytic activity. A sodium hyaluronate and carboxymethylcellulose bioresorbable membrane (Seprafilm®) has been used to reduce intra‐abdominal adhesion formation. We have investigated the effect of Seprafilm® on intra‐abdominal adhesion in rats receiving RT after the resection of the left colon.

Materials and methods

Thirty‐two male Wistar rats were divided into two groups: group 1 (n=16), control (colon resection, no Seprafilm®); group 2 (n=16), study group (colon resection and Seprafilm®). All the rats received 50 Gy RT after left colon resection. Intra‐abdominal adhesions were evaluated by grading and measurement of tissue‐type plasminogen activator (tPA) as a tissue adhesion marker in peritoneal samples from the rats. tPA was determined using a commercially available ELISA kit.

Results

The levels of tPA were significantly increased in group 2 rats compared with those in the control group (P=0.0276). It was also seen that adhesions in the rats receiving Seprafilm® were significantly less severe than those in the control group.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that the intraperitoneal administration of Seprafilm® reduced the frequency and strength of adhesions.
The ileo neorectal anastomosis: an experimental study on development of the surgical technique and theoretical background
Authors: Van Laarhoven C. J. H. M. , Andriesse G. I. , Back W. A. , Schipper M. E. I. , Akkermans L. M. A. , Van Vroonhoven TH. J. M. V. , Gooszen H. G.
Published: August 2010

Objective

The keystones of surgical treatment of ulcerative colitis and familial adenomatous polyposis are resection of the diseased colon with either an ileostomy or restoration of oro‐anal continuity with an ileo‐anal pouch. The ileo pouch anal anastomosis however, has a 15–35% pouch‐related complication rate, 10% failure rate and is accompanied by an unpredictable functional outcome. In order to reduce these unfavourable rates and to improve functional results an alternative surgical technique, the ileo neorectal anastomosis (INRA), was developed experimentally.

Materials and methods

In an experimental study 12 Yorkshire‐Dutch landpigs had a subtotal colectomy and rectal mucosectomy. Subsequently a vascularized ileal mucosa sling was created and transposed on to the denuded rectal muscular cuff in eight. In another four animals a non‐vascularized mucosa sling was transposed. The covering ileostomy was closed after 3 weeks. Repeated endoscopies, histological examinations of mucosal biopsies and rectal compliance measurements were carried out to evaluate the functional result of the neorectum.

Results

The surgical procedure of the INRA was technically successful in this animal study. Repeated endoscopy and histology showed complete ileal mucosa ingrowth in the neorectum without severe fibrosis in the group of animals with a vascularized sling. At follow up after 1 year no colonic metaplasia had occurred. Measurements of the neorectal reservoirs in the group of animals with a vascularized INRA procedure showed a median ‘maximum tolerated volume’ of 338 ml (range 300–410 ml).

Conclusion

The INRA is technically feasible and reproducible. The histologically proven survival of the vascularized ileal mucosa and development of a compliant neorectal reservoir make the INRA an interesting alternative restorative procedure. Avoidance of the pouch‐related complications of the ileo pouch anal anastomosis by this procedure might herald a new era of restorative surgery.
Midline or transverse abdominal incision for right‐sided colon cancer—a randomized trial
Authors: Lindgren P. G. , Nordgren S. R. , Öresland T. , Hultén L.
Published: August 2010

Objective

The influence of the type of abdominal incision on post‐operative pain and pulmonary function was investigated in patients operated upon for a right‐sided cancer of the large bowel.

Patients and methods

Fifty‐three patients scheduled for a right hemicolectomy due to a right‐sided colon cancer were randomized to a median vertical (M) or a transverse incision (T). Forty patients, 23 with a M and 17 with a T incision, completed the study and could be evaluated. Pain at rest and after physical activity was assessed with a visual analogue scale, and was also measured as reflected in the need for analgesics. Respiratory function was assessed with pre‐ and post‐operative spirometry.

Results

Pain after activity was significantly less in patients with a T incision. This group also needed less analgesia. Vital capacity (VC) and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV 1.0) were profoundly reduced after surgery in both groups of patients, but improvement of respiratory function was faster in patients with a transverse incision. No problem with access to the operative field was noted.

Conclusion

We conclude that a transverse incision is preferable to a midline incision and should be used in right hemicolectomy. This abdominal incision reduces effort‐induced pain and interferes less with post‐operative pulmonary function, and may reduce the risk of pulmonary complications.
Anastomotic leakage, the search for a reliable biomarker. A review of the literature
Authors: Komen N. , De Bruin R. W. F. , Kleinrensink G. J. , Jeekel J. , Lange J. F.
Published: August 2010

Background  Colorectal anastomotic leakage (AL) is a severe complication leading to severe infection, sepsis and sometimes death. At present the diagnosis is made clinically, usually at 6–8 days after surgery. An objective biomarker reflecting the intra‐abdominal milieu surrounding the anastomosis would be a useful additional diagnostic tool to make the diagnosis of AL before its clinical presentation. This review aims to assess the current status of the search for such a biomarker in peritoneal fluid.

Method  A literature search was carried out, using MEDLINE, PubMed and the Cochrane library, for all publications concerning human peritoneal fluid in relation to postoperative complications in general, and, more specific, anastomotic leakage after colorectal surgery.

Results  Analysis of several immune parameters, tissue repair parameters, parameters for ischaemia and microbiological composition of peritoneal fluid show that these can be determined reliably in the fluid, albeit with a large variance. Furthermore the data show that changes in concentration of these parameters precede AL and other postoperative complications by several days.

Conclusion  The results of the review demonstrate that it is possible to distinguish between patients with and without AL by measuring biomarkers in fluid from the peritoneal drain. Prospective studies with larger numbers of patients should, however, be performed and additional biomarkers should be studied to explore the full diagnostic potential of this approach.
Assessing poverty in small‐scale fisheries in Lake Victoria, Tanzania
Authors: Onyango Paul , Jentoft Svein
Published: August 2010

Poverty is a pervasive issue in small‐scale fisheries. Not only does it affect a substantial population, it is also a complex problem that is difficult to define, explain and solve. Thus, poverty in small‐scale fisheries constitutes what in the planning literature is sometimes identified as a ‘wicked problem’. This paper applies the interactive governance framework to identify the limits of, and conditions for, governability and how they affect poverty, using the Lake Victoria small‐scale fisheries in Tanzania as an illustrative case. More specifically, the paper first uses the three systems model of the interactive governance framework, i.e., the system‐to‐be‐governed, the governing system, and the governing interaction, to explore poverty as a ‘wicked problem’ involving challenges pertaining to governability. Secondly, the paper suggests ‘governance elements’ that are fundamental for addressing poverty through the first, second, and third orders of governance. The paper emphasizes the importance of social values as crucial entry points in addressing poverty in small‐scale fisheries.
Non‐nutrient causes of low‐grade, systemic inflammation: support for a ‘canary in the mineshaft’ view of obesity in chronic disease
Authors: Egger G. , Dixon J.
Published: August 2010

A form of low‐grade, systemic inflammation (‘metaflammation’) is linked to many types of chronic disease. Initially, this was thought to be causally related to weight gain and obesity and a possible explanation of the link between obesity and disease. However, several lifestyle‐related inducers of such inflammation, some of which are associated with obesity, but some of which are not, have now been identified. The most common of these have been nutritive related, suggesting that there could still be a relationship, either directly or indirectly, with obesity. Here we provide evidence for non‐nutritive inflammatory inducers, providing further support for an earlier suggestion that while obesity, beyond a point, may have a direct link with disease, this may be neither necessary nor sufficient to explain the current epidemic of chronic disease. A more ubiquitous cause encompassing all inflammatory inducers is the modern, post‐industrial environment and lifestyles emanating from this. Obesity may thus be more of ‘a canary in the mineshaft’, warning of bigger global problems, than just a single pathway to modern environmentally driven disease.
Severity effect on compensation and imprisonment recommendations: Deterrence as a mediator in Singapore
Authors: Singh Ramadhar , Lin Xiangbin
Published: August 2010

Severe, compared to mild, harm results in harsher punishment. According to the model of people as intuitive prosecutors, the severity effect is a deterrence message. The authors tested this hypothesis in two studies in Singapore. In Study 1, participants learnt about the severity of harm arising from an accidental or intentional act, and expressed anger, made attributions, assigned blame, recommended compensation by and imprisonment of the offender, and indicated the degree to which they were guided by the punishment goals of deterrence and retribution. As hypothesized, the prosecutorial mindset was multidimensional, and the deterrence goal mediated the severity effect on punishment. In Study 2, the severity effect held when the punishment goal was unspecified but not when it was experimentally specified as deterrence.
De‐Stalinisation of Chinese Economic Policy and the World Bank
Authors: Lin Cyril Zhiren
Published: August 2010

China: Long‐term Development Issues and Options, a World Bank Country Economic Report (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, for the World Bank, 1985), also distributed by Trevor Brown Associates, London, 196 pp., hardcover $29.95 and |SL24.40, paperback $14.95 and |SLi2.20.
Getting and Spending in a Democracy
Authors: Minford Patrick
Published: August 2010

Francesco Forte and Alan Peacock (eds), Public Expenditure and Government Growth (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1985) 237 pp., |SL22.50
Book Review
Authors: Humphrey Clare E.
Published: August 2010

Privatisation in Bangladesh, Economic Transition in a Poor Country. Boulder, San Francisco and Oxford: Westview Press, 1990).

World Development Report 1990 ‐ Poverty (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press for World Bank, 1990)

Trade Policy and Corporate Business Decisions by Tamir Agmon and Christine Hekman (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989)

International Commodity Markets Handbook 1990–91 by Philippe Chalmin and Jean Louis Gombeand (New York, London: Woodhead Faulkner, 1990)

Panormnu o f EC Industry 1990 by The Commission of the European Communities (Brussels, Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1990)
The Impact of Higher Standards in Patent Protection for Pharmaceutical Industries under the TRIPS Agreement – A Comparative Study of China and India
Authors: Li Xuan
Published: August 2010

A comparative study is undertaken that explores Chinese and Indian pharmaceutical industries under different patent regimes. It is found that relative to India, which had implemented process patent protection until 2005, China with a product patent regime since 1993 suffers from both lower drug accessibility and availability (the latter is a missing parameter in the literature). Also, China lags behind in both lower R&D investment and patents filed by Chinese nationals. Based on these findings and associated legal interpretation, we conclude that higher patent protection in China generates negative impacts on the pharmaceutical industries. Thus, governments should utilise TRIPS flexibilities and other regimes such as price control to offset the anticompetitive effect in designing patent policies.
Indonesia – Trade Policy Review 2007
Authors: Basri M. Chatib , Hill Hal
Published: August 2010

This paper examines the 2007 WTO review of Indonesian trade policy. Indonesia undertook a major policy liberalisation in the late 1960s. Serious protectionist pressures emerged in the 1970s but for most of this period, and especially since the mid‐1980s, the economy has remained broadly open. We summarise the WTO report, update some of its analysis, highlight its key findings, and point to some trade policy issues that in our opinion warranted greater attention. The main theme of the paper is that Indonesia is a largely open economy, but that this openness on occasion remains precarious. There are both political economy, rent‐seeking forces opposed to the current openness and, perhaps more importantly, much of the country's influential public opinion is sceptical of the merits of an open economy and deeper global commercial integration. Nor is there a deeply institutionalised support for openness in the country's bureaucracy and polity. Seen from this perspective, a key question to answer is why the country has remained open, particularly since the deep economic and political crises of 1997–98.
Cultures, contexts, and interpretability1
Authors: KACHRU YAMUNA
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT:  The paper begins with a discussion of the meaning of ‘interpretability’ and its uses in contemporary disciplines, including linguistics and the area of world Englishes. The term has been defined by Larry Smith and several other researchers in order to make explicit what is meant by ‘intelligibility’, ‘comprehensibility’, and ‘interpretability’ among varieties of English across the world. However, besides referring broadly to ‘context’, there has been little attempt to explicitly outline what elements of context play a role in interpretability. This paper is an initial attempt to define one set of contextual factors that plays a crucial role in interpretability – the set related to culture. Culture is defined in terms relevant to the purposes of the paper, and the cultural factors under focus are explicitly identified. Select examples from various Englishes are presented to show the relevance of such cultural factors for interpretability.
Improved prediction limits for a general class of Gaussian models
Authors: Giummolè Federica , Vidoni Paolo
Published: August 2010

In this article we consider the problem of prediction for a general class of Gaussian models, which includes, among others, autoregressive moving average time‐series models, linear Gaussian state space models and Gaussian Markov random fields. Using an idea presented in Sjöstedt‐De Luna and Young (2003), in the context of spatial statistics, we discuss a method for obtaining prediction limits for a future random variable of interest, taking into account the uncertainty introduced by estimating the unknown parameters. The proposed prediction limits can be viewed as a modification of the estimative prediction limit, with unconditional, and eventually conditional, coverage error of smaller asymptotic order. The modifying term has a quite simple form and it involves the bias and the mean square error of the plug‐in estimators for the conditional expectation and the conditional variance of the future observation. Applications of the results to Gaussian time‐series models are presented.
THE INTEGRATION OF THE PROBATION AND PRISON WELFARE SERVICES
Authors: Griffiths L. , Palmer D. S.
Published: August 2010

This article takes a critical look at the integration of the probation service with after‐care. It expresses the personal views and the difficulties experienced by two probation officers who attempted integration by serving a part of their time inside a prison and the rest outside as local after‐care officers. It also gives an indication of their approach to case work and to what they feel are the right priorities for prison welfare work. For such priorities to have a chance of surviving, prison officers would themselves have to assume a more positive role.
An Australian Profile on Cocaine Supply
Authors: SHEARER JAMES , JOHNSTON JENNIFER , FRY CRAIG L. , KAYE SHARLENE , DILLON PAUL , DIETZE PAUL , COLLINS LINETTE
Published: August 2010

Abstract: Twenty Australian cocaine dealers were interviewed regarding cocaine sales and related issues. Most money was made by cocaine importers and by those selling small, diluted quantities to injecting drug users (IDU), with lower returns made by suppliers to recreational drug users. Australian domestic cocaine transactions appear to occur within private social networks which are difficult to disrupt, with little impact on the volume and price of cocaine. Given the large‐scale importations required to support the Australian market, law enforcement efforts at the border and beyond are likely to be the most effective supply reduction strategy.
CURRENCY AREAS AND MONETARY COORDINATION*
Authors: Liu Qing , Shi Shouyong
Published: August 2010

We integrate a monetary search model into open‐economy macro to analyze the gains from coordinating on inflation. Search frictions and local congestion lead to a determinate exchange rate between two currencies. Relative prices deviate from the law of one price. Because the deviations depend on the cross‐country differential in money growth, each country is tempted to inflate to exploit the deviations. Policy coordination reduces inflation and improves welfare for all countries. In contrast to traditional models, the gains from coordination continue to exist even after each country optimally sets a direct tax on the foreign use of the country's currency.
TESTING FOR AFFILIATION IN FIRST‐PRICE AUCTIONS USING ENTRY BEHAVIOR*
Authors: Li Tong , Zhang Bingyu
Published: August 2010

In this article, we show that affiliation among potential bidders' private information (either private signals or entry costs) leads to affiliation among their entry decisions. We propose a test for affiliation among potential bidders' private information based on the implication of affiliation on the entry behavior, which is general and widely applicable to various scenarios. The test is implemented using the simulation based method. We then apply our method to timber sales in the Oregon Department of Forestry and find a small but strongly significant level of affiliation among all timber companies.
A novel anti‐ageing mechanism for retinol: induction of dermal elastin synthesis and elastin fibre formation
Authors: Rossetti D. , Kielmanowicz M. G. , Vigodman S. , Hu Y. P. , Chen N. , Nkengne A. , Oddos T. , Fischer D. , Seiberg M. , Lin C. B.
Published: August 2010

Synopsis

Dermal elastic fibres are extracellular matrix protein complexes produced by fibroblasts and involved in skin elasticity. Elastin fibres decrease with age as a result of reduced synthesis and increased degradation, resulting in skin sagging and reduced skin elasticity. In this study, we show that retinol (ROL), known to enhance dermal collagen production, is also enhancing elastin fibre formation. ROL induced elastin gene expression and elastin fibre formation in cultured human dermal fibroblasts. Topical treatment of cultured human skin explants with a low dose (0.04%) of ROL increased mRNA and protein levels of tropoelastin and of fibrillin‐1, an elastin accessory protein, as documented by QPCR and immunohistochemistry staining. Luna staining confirmed the increased elastin fibre network in the ROL‐treated skin explants, as compared with untreated controls. These data demonstrate that ROL exerts its anti‐ageing benefits not only via enhanced epidermal proliferation and increased collagen production, but also through an increase in elastin production and assembly.
Formulation of sunscreens with enhancement sun protection factor response based on solid lipid nanoparticles
Authors: Nesseem D.
Published: August 2010

Synopsis

Solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN) was regarded as new topical delivery systems for pharmaceutical and cosmetic active ingredients. The purpose of this study is to develop carrier systems for organic and inorganic sunscreens based on a matrix composed of carnauba wax and decyl oleate. Formulae (F1–F7) were prepared using butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane and octyl methoxycinnamate as organic components, and titanium dioxide (TiO2) was used as inorganic component. Both types of sunscreens were incorporated into SLN formulations using classical method of preparation. To evaluate the effect of the pigments on the nanoparticles, particle size was measured using Mastersizer particle size analyser. UV‐protection abilities of formulations were investigated by the in vitro sun protection factor test (SPF). Further parameters determined were spreadability as well as viscosity. The rheological behaviour of the formulations was also carried out. From the plot of log of shear stress vs. log of shear rate, the slope of the plot representing flow index and ontology of the y‐intercept indicating consistency index was calculated. The formulae showed a flow index of 0.2074–0.4005 indicating pseudoplastic flow behaviour. Significant increases in SPF values up to about 50 were reported after the encapsulation by using organic and inorganic filters in Canada wax and decyl oleate. So, SLN could be appropriate vehicles to carry organic and inorganic sunscreens. The rational combination of cinnamates, titanium dioxide and Zinc oxide has shown a synergistic effect to improve the SPF of cosmetic preparations.
Highly sensitive spectrometric method for determination of hydroquinone in skin lightening creams: application in cosmetics
Authors: Uddin S. , Rauf A. , Kazi T. G. , Afridi H. I. , Lutfullah G.
Published: August 2010

Synopsis

A highly sensitive, simpler, faster and economical UV/visible spectrophotometric method has been established for the estimation of hydroquinone (HQ) in dilute organic matrices. The method is based on using ammonium meta‐vanadate as an oxidizing catalyst for conversion of HQ to p‐benzoquinone (BQ) in the presence of oxygen. As a result of higher absorption of UV light by BQ than by HQ, its signal has been utilized for determining HQ at the trace level. The effect of various parameters such as amount of oxidizing agent, stability time, temperature, acids and bases, solvents and interference by various compounds has been studied upon the absorption of BQ as HQ. Under optimized conditions, Beer’s Law was obeyed in the range of 0.025–2.00 μg ml−1 HQ at 245.5 nm using 1 : 1 (V/V) 2‐propanol/water system with a lower detection limit of 7 ng ml−1 and linear regression coefficient of 0.9998. Relative standard deviation of 1.5% was observed for 0.5 μg ml−1 HQ solution (n = 11). The newly developed method has been successfully applied to diluted samples of various skin lightening creams for free HQ determination at the trace level. Comparison of the results obtained by the proposed method with those by a previously reported method proved its validity.
Why humans deviate from rational choice
Authors: Hewig Johannes , Kretschmer Nora , Trippe Ralf H. , Hecht Holger , Coles Michael G. H. , Holroyd Clay B. , Miltner Wolfgang H. R.
Published: August 2010

Rational choice theory predicts that humans always optimize the expected utility of options when making decisions. However, in decision‐making games, humans often punish their opponents even when doing so reduces their own reward. We used the Ultimatum and Dictator games to examine the affective correlates of decision‐making. We show that the feedback negativity, an event‐related brain potential that originates in the anterior cingulate cortex that has been related to reinforcement learning, predicts the decision to reject unfair offers in the Ultimatum game. Furthermore, the decision to reject is positively related to more negative emotional reactions and to increased autonomic nervous system activity. These findings support the idea that subjective emotional markers guide decision‐making and that the anterior cingulate cortex integrates instances of reinforcement and punishment to provide such affective markers.
Repetitive exposure: Brain and reflex measures of emotion and attention
Authors: Ferrari Vera , Bradley Margaret M. , Codispoti Maurizio , Lang Peter J.
Published: August 2010

Effects of massed repetition on the modulation of the late positive potential elicited during affective picture viewing were investigated in two experiments. Despite a difference in the number of repetitions across studies (from 5 to 30), results were quite similar: The late positive potential continued to be enhanced when participants viewed emotional, compared to neutral, pictures. On the other hand, massed repetition did prompt a reduction in the late positive potential that was most pronounced for emotional pictures. Startle probe P3 amplitude generally increased with repetition, suggesting diminished attention allocation to repeated pictures. The blink reflex, however, continued to be modulated by hedonic valence, despite massive massed repetition. Taken together, the data suggest that the amplitude of the late positive potential during picture viewing reflects both motivational significance and attention allocation.
FN400 potentials are functionally identical to N400 potentials and reflect semantic processing during recognition testing
Authors: Voss Joel L. , Federmeier Kara D.
Published: August 2010

The “F” in FN400 denotes a more frontal scalp distribution relative to the morphologically similar N400 component—a distinction consistent with the hypothesized distinct roles of FN400 in familiarity memory versus N400 in language. However, no direct comparisons have substantiated these assumed dissimilarities. To this end, we manipulated short‐term semantic priming during a recognition test. Semantic priming effects on N400 were indistinguishable from memory effects at the same latency, and semantic priming strongly modulated the “FN400,” despite having no influence on familiarity memory. Thus, no evidence suggested either electrophysiological or functional differences between the N400 and FN400, and findings were contrary to the linking of the “FN400” to familiarity. Instead, it appears that semantic/conceptual priming (reflected in the N400) occurs during recognition tests and is frequently (mis)labeled as FN400 and attributed to familiarity.
Developmental Appearance of Sodium Channel Subtypes in Rat Skeletal Muscle Cultures
Authors: Haimovich Beatrice , Tanaka Jacqueline C. , Barchi Robert L.
Published: August 2010

Abstract22Na influx was measured in the established muscle cell line L‐6 and in primary rat skeletal muscle cultures following activation of sodium channels by veratridine and sea anemone toxin II. Inhibition of the activated channels by tetrodotoxin (TTX) was analyzed with computer‐assisted fits to one‐ or two‐site binding models. In L‐6 cultures, two inhibitable sodium channel populations were resolved at all ages in culture: a TTX‐sensitive (K= 0.6–5.0 × 10−8M) and an insensitive population (Ki= 3.3–4.9 × 10−6M). In primary rat muscle cultures, the sensitivity of the toxin‐stimulated channels to TTX changed with time in culture. In 4‐day‐old cultures, a single sodium channel population was detected using TTX (Ki= 2.4 × 10−7M). A single population was also found in 6‐day‐old cultures (Ki= 5.3 × 10−7M). By day 7 in culture, the inhibition of22Na influx by TTX could be resolved into two components with high‐ and low‐affinity sites for the toxin (Ki= 1.3 × 10−9Mand 9.6 × 10−7M). We conclude that a single, toxin‐activated sodium channel population with low affinity for TTX exists at early stages, whereas a second, high‐affinity population evolves with time in primary rat muscle cultures. The expression of a high‐affinity site apparently does not require ongoing neuronal involvement and may reflect an intrinsic property of the muscle cells.
Expression of Synaptophysin During Postnatal Development of the Mouse Brain
Authors: Knaus Petra , Betz Heinrich , Rehm Hubert
Published: August 2010

Abstract The expression of the synaptic vesicle membrane protein, synaptophysin, was analyzed during postnatal development of the mouse cerebrum using a quantitative immunoblotting procedure. From birth to adulthood, the relative contents of synaptophysin increased 80‐fold, reaching a final level of 3.5 μg/mg of total protein. The time course of accumulation suggests that synaptophysin expression is correlated with synaptogenesis. Thus synaptophysin may be used as a reliable marker of nerve terminal differentiation.