bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SISTEMA DE INFORMACIÓN VIAL PARA EMERGENCIAS EN BOGOTÁ D.C. MODELADO CON LENGUAJE DE METAPROCESOS
Authors: Matiz León Jhon Camilo , González Rodríguez Adrián Alejandro , Blanco González Luis Steven , Bolaños Castro Sandro Javier
Published: August 2015

En este artículo se presenta el Lenguaje de Modelamiento de Metodologías y Procesos - LMMPS como una nueva alternativa para el análisis y desarrollo de Sistemas de Información Geográfica - SIG, modelando específicamente el Sistema de Información Vial para la Atención de Emergencias - SIVAE, el cual asume los puntos de vista de la Gestión, Estructuración e Innovación como el Metaproceso de Desarrollo de Software, siendo la metodología a implementar. El LMMPS permite determinar los diferentes componentes que conforman una estructura de prototipo para la información geográfica desde la conceptualización de la Ingeniería del Software, generando los diversos puntos de vista de la metodología que se generan al identificar el proceso a utilizar, los requerimientos, los roles de los actores participantes, los entregables del proyecto, la documentación, las mejoras, entro otros componentes modelados a partir del Metaproceso. Bajo esta metodología, surge el SIVAE como una propuesta de ingeniería de software, siendo una herramienta que genera reportes de las rutas críticas para la atención de incidencias, optimizando la toma de decisiones en los proceso de atención de emergencias en la zona de El Chico, localizada al norte de la ciudad de Bogotá D.C.
Geografía y sostenibilidad fuerte: relaciones conceptuales e indicadores aplicados a Ibagué, Colombia
Authors: Martínez Rivillas Alexander
Published: August 2015

La geografía contribuye de forma decidida a orientar los métodos evaluativos de la sostenibilidad fuerte, para lo cual se deben establecer enfoques espaciales de estudio de los problemas socio-ambientales. A continuación, se exponen los resultados de un estudio de caso que pretende aportar una mirada integrada y multicausal de dichos problemas, pero instalados en una noción de paisaje mediada por fuertes elementos bio-económicos y socioculturales, en el marco de las reflexiones del geógrafo George Bertrand. Finalmente, se explicitan las limitaciones y fortalezas que ofrece un método de evaluación de la sostenibilidad fuerte, en las zonas urbana y rural de Ibagué, recurriendo a la definición previa de umbrales de sostenibilidad.       
Kinetics of Batch Fermentation in the Cultivation of a Probiotic Strain Lactobacillus Delbrueckii Ssp. Bulgaricus B1
Authors: Goranov Bogdan , Shopska Vesela , Denkova Rositsa , Kostov Georgi
Published: August 2015

A comparative study of kinetic models to describe the dynamics of the fermentation process of culturing of a probiotic strain Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus B1 was performed. The models of Monod, Aiba, Tiessier, Hinshelwood and the equation of the logistic curve combined with the model of Ludeking-Piret were used. It has been found that the different models described the observed fermentation dynamics differently. The conducted comparative study demonstrated that the models of Monod and the equation of the logistic curve combined with the model of Ludeking-Piret were suitable for the description of the fermentation dynamics. The mathematical models showed no significant product and/or substrate inhibition. The culture developed with a low specific growth rate, but nevertheless it accumulated 1012-1013 viable cells. The substrate was absorbed primarily from cells in the stationary growth phase rather than cells in the exponential growth phase
Structural asymmetry of foot arch formation in early school-age children
Authors: Stodółka Jacek , Stodółka Weronika , Maćkała Krzysztof
Published: August 2015

Study aim: the purpose of the study was to compare foot shapes in early school-age boys and girls.

Material and methods: the study included 90 boys and 98 girls aged seven to nine years old. The shape of the foot arch was examined using a podoscope. The longitudinal arch was assessed according to the Clarke angle value on the basis of Kasperczyk’s classification. The transverse arch was assessed according to the Wejsflog index. An analysis of variance, a post-hoc LSD test and a chi-square test were performed.

Results: normal transverse arches in both feet appeared in 84% of the examined children. An analysis of the average value of the Wejsflog index showed that it is similar and within limits in all of the test groups indiscriminately when it comes to gender and age. Normally, longitudinal arches in both feet occurr in 44% of children. The average value of Clarke’s index in a test group of school-age girls was within normal range while a functionally flattened foot appeared in the case of seven and eight-year-old boys.

Conclusions: the outcomes of the present study conducted on a randomly chosen group of developing boys and girls show that changes in foot structure are mostly symmetrical in nature (almost 90%), meaning that if the left foot is normal, the right one is normal, too. Gender had no effect on the foot build or arch type in either foot. The right and left feet showed symmetrical structure in the majority of the children.
N-cadherin in cancer dormancy
Authors: Sinha Garima , Rameshwar Pranela
Published: August 2015

N-cadherin is an adhesion protein, which is important for intercellular interaction. It is involved in cell migration and motility during embryonic development, neuronal synapsis and cancer metastasis. There are several signaling cascades affected by N-cadherin including TGF-β, Rho family. N-cadherin is associated at the cytoplasmic domain with catenins (α, β, γ and p120) to facilitate metastasis. An increase in N-cadherin with down regulation of E-cadherin occurs during epithelial mesenchymal transition. Overexpression of N-cadherin is associated with cell cycle arrest, which correlates with a similar property of cancer stem cells (CSC). Connexin expression, which is important in CSC dormancy, is regulated by N-cadherin. This review discusses the potential of N-cadherin to be involved in maintaining CSCs, and to investigate pathways in N-cadherin expression. A better understanding of the role of N-Cadherin in CSC biology may identify new targets for the treatment of cancer.
Vector bundles of finite rank on complete
intersections of finite codimension in
ind-Grassmannians
Authors: Ermakova Svetlana
Published: August 2015

In this article we establish an analogue of the Barth-Van de Ven-Tyurin-Sato theorem.We prove that
a finite rank vector bundle on a complete intersection of finite codimension in a linear ind-Grassmannian is
isomorphic to a direct sum of line bundles.
Melatonin and a single-high dose methylprednisolone effect on the oxidantantioxidant system in the rabbit heart tissue / Melatonin ve tek-yüksek doz metilprednizolonun tavşan kalp dokusunda oksidan-antioksidan sistem üzerine etkisi
Authors: Mertoğlu Cuma , Kiraz Zeynep Küskü , Söğüt Erkan , Özyurt Hüseyin
Published: August 2015

Objective: Glucocorticoids have been used in the treatment of a number of diseases due to their widely therapeutic effects. But they have serious side effects. Although glucocorticoid therapy is an effective measure to prevent and treat many diseases in patients, it can cause adverse effects on the cardiovascular system secondary to oxidative stress. It has been suggested that melatonin is a potent antioxidant and that melatonin supplements may protect against such age-related diseases as atherosclerosis, cancer, and Alzheimer disease. In this study, we investigated whether such effects of a single high dose steroid has adverse consequences for the oxidant-antioxidant system of rabbit heart tissue and whether melatonin treatment is protective in the rabbit. For this purpose we measurument some biochemical parameters in the rabbit heart tissue.

Methods: Level of malondialdehyde (MDA, a lipid peroxidation product), protein carbonyl (PC, a protein oxidation product) and nitric oxide (NO) were measured from heart tissue samples of all rabbits included in the study. Also antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and catalase activities were measured from heart tissues. In the study, 20 rabbits were used. The rabbits were separated into three groups. Group I: Control group, group II: Methylprednisolone group, group III: Methylprednisolone plus melatonin group.

Results: The results of the study; PC levels significantly decreased in methylprednisolone plus melatoninin group compared to the control group (p=0.03). PC levels decreased in methlyprednisolone group compared to the control group and higher than methlyprednisolone + melatonin group but these changes aren’t significant statistically. No statistical difference was determined by MDA, NO levels and SOD, GSH-Px, catalase activities of all groups.

Conclusion: According to the results of this study we can say that administration of a single high dose methylprednisolone doesn’t increase oxidative stress Also, melatonine is a potent antioxidant agent in the heart tissue.
I5–polymers with a layered arrangement: synthesis, spectroscopy, and structure of a new polyiodide salt in the nicotine/HI/I2system
Authors: Reiss Guido J.
Published: August 2015

The reaction ofS-nicotine with hydroiodic acid in the presence of iodine gave the new polyiodide-containing salt nicotine-1,1′-diium bis(triiodide)-diiodine (1/1) (C10H16N2) [I3]2·I2(1). The title compound has been characterised by spectroscopic methods (Raman and IR) and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The asymmetric unit of the title structure consists of one dication, two triiodide anions, and one iodine molecule, all located in general positions in the non-centrosymmetric space groupP1. One of the two crystallographically independent triiodide anions and the doubly protonated nicotinium dication form hydrogen-bonded chains alongb, which are arranged parallel to each other in the ½bcplane. The second crystallographically independent triiodide anion and the iodine molecule form an I5–moiety, which is end-on connected to two symmetry-related anions resulting in polyiode zig–zag chains along the [0 1 1̅] direction. These polyiodide chains are stacked parallel to each other in the 0bcplane. The Raman spectrum of the title compound shows characteristic lines in the 50–200 cm–1range, which are in excellent agreement with the findings derived from the crystal structure.
Physicians' Confusion Demonstrated by Competency Requests
Authors: Weinstock R , Copelan R , Bagheri A
Published: August 2015

A study was performed at a Veteran's Administration (VA) Hospital of the requests for competency evaluations made by medical and surgical services to a psychiatric consultant service. Since less than half the requests were found to be appropriate and specific, this study emphasizes the need for forensic psychiatrists to educate our nonpsychiatric colleagues about the problems engendered by confusion regarding competency. To do so, psychiatrists as well as other physicians and mental health professionals must be trained in discriminating between different types of competencies and the criteria appropriate for each. Because of continuing legal developments, it is becoming increasingly essential to be precise not only about the specific purpose for a competency request but also about the criteria necessary for evaluating different types of competencies. Forensic psychiatrists could play an important role in the education process to clarify the confusion. This study highlights the need for clarity and education concerning competency issues.
Studies of Toxic Gas Production During Actual Structural Fires in the Dallas Area
Authors: Lowry WT , Juarez L , Petty CS , Roberts B
Published: August 2015

Gases produced during structural fires were studied as to their potential toxicities. Carbon monoxide was the only gas measured in concentrations considered to be lethal within a short period of time. No correlations were found between gases produced and materials burning. However, significant correlations were discovered between gases produced and the physical aspects of the fire (intensity, burning rate, and the like). The organic compounds identified within the gases gave insight as to another potential health hazard not yet considered. These organic compounds are the products of free radical reactions and as free radicals their potential as toxics is enormous.
An Evaluation of Gamma-Glutamyl Transpeptidase (GGT) and p30 Determinations for the Identification of Semen on Postcoital Vaginal Swabs
Authors: Stubbings NA , Newall PJ
Published: August 2015

The following study entails the investigation of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) and p30 for the identification of seminal stains in sexual assault cases. A commercial kit was used to test for GGT activity, while p30 was demonstrated with a crossed electrophoresis technique. Specificity, sensitivity, and stability of both markers were studied. Postcoital swabs from lab staff were tested for GGT and p30. In addition, 144 postcoital swabs from case material were tested for p30, spermatozoa, and acid phosphatase. Results show p30 to be a useful semen marker particularly in cases of azoospermia. However, GGT was found to be unsuitable for forensic science casework.
Cannabis: Pharmacology and Interpretation of Effects
Authors: Mason AP , McBay AJ
Published: August 2015

A selective introductory review of the Cannabis literature is presented. Subjects reviewed include the relative psychoactivities of Cannabis constituents, the disposition and distribution of THC and its metabolites, the relative psychoactivities of THC metabolites, and the use of cannabinoid concentrations in physiological fluids in interpretations of the significance of Cannabis-induced effects. The pharmacology of cannabinoids in humans is emphasized.
The Analysis of Explosives by Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: McLuckey SA , Glish GL , Carter JA
Published: August 2015

Data obtained via tandem mass spectrometry are reported for ions derived from several explosives and related compounds. Electron impact ionization, isobutane chemical ionization, and negative chemical ionization methods were used to form ions from each of the compounds studied. These compounds include o-, m-, and p-nitrotoluene; m-dinitrobenzene; 2,4-dinitrotoluene; 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene; 2,4-dinitrophenol; picric acid; 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane (RDX); 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetra-azacyclooctane (HMX); nitroglycerin; pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN); and ethylene glycol dinitrate (EGDN). For a given ionization method each class of compounds (that is, nitrobenzenes, heterocyclic nitramines, and nitrate esters) shows common decompositions. This promises to facilitate rapid screening for particular types of explosives by the neutral loss scanning procedure. Of the three ionization methods employed, electron impact ionization is least suitable for analysis of explosives by tandem mass spectrometry. Positive and negative chemical ionization methods, in contrast, tend to generate the types of ions most useful for analysis by tandem mass spectrometry.
Engineering Aspect of Automobile Accident Reconstruction Using Computer Simulation
Authors: Chi M , Vossoughi J
Published: August 2015

Using engineering principles including laws of conservation of energy and momentum, automobile accidents involving two or more cars can be reconstructed. The information obtained in a field investigation and the police report is used as input to a microcomputer. Execution of a program developed specifically for such purposes yields a sequence of events that must have taken place resulting in the accident. The program employs the post-impact information and pre-impact headings of the vehicles to determine the pre-impact velocities of the cars. Computer-aided investigation is of paramount interest to law enforcement agencies, insurance companies, and trial lawyers.
Fatal Strychnine Poisoning—A Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Perper JA
Published: August 2015

A typical case of suicidal strychnine poisoning by a rodenticide is presented. The forceful muscular convulsions were accompanied by a clear sensorium. Pathological findings consisted of an early onset of postmortem rigidity and microscopic hemorrhages with minimal degenerative neuronal changes in the spinal cord. The highest tissue concentrations of strychnine were found in the bile and liver. The pathophysiology and epidemiology of strychnine poisoning is reviewed and discussed in context.
Illusions of Tracing
Authors: Vastrick TW
Published: August 2015

Numerous explainable phenomena occur in handwriting that give the product the illusion of being a tracing. This paper exposes various illusions of tracing by describing specific case studies that include diffusion of ink components viewed under infrared luminescence, “sister” lines, rough writing surfaces, writing machines, and plastic lamination. Also discussed is a common principle that exposes illusions.
Phosphoglucomutasel and 6-Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase Types in Human Skin and Adipose Tissue
Authors: Katsumata Y , Ito H , Aoki M , Tsutsumi H , Sato K , Oya M , Suzuki O , Yada S
Published: August 2015

Attempts were made to detect phenotypes of the enzymes phosphoglucomutase 1(PGM1) and phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (PGD) in human skin and adipose tissues. Both enzymes could be typed using approximately 3 mg wet weight of tissue. Phenotypes could be distinguished after up to 15 days of aging for PGM1 and ten days of aging for PGD. Analysis of isoenzymes is potentially useful for mediolegal identification of human skin and adipose tissue.
A Fatal Methocarbamol Intoxication
Authors: Kemal M , Imami R , Poklis A
Published: August 2015

A fatal methocarbamol intoxication is presented. Significant toxicologic findings were blood concentrations of 525 mg/L methocarbamol and 140 mg/dL ethanol. Analysis was by thin-layer, gas-liquid, and high pressure liquid chromatography. Toxicology data relevant to the interpretation of case findings are discussed.
A Review of The Cashless Society: EFTS at the Crossroads
Authors: Graziano JV
Published: August 2015

A society without paper money? Push a button and have funds transferred electronically to pay the rent, the telephone bill, and your babysitter? Steal millions electronically? Destroy a corporate competitor at the push of a button? Traditional felons becoming obsolete? It is closer than you think, the author tells us in his fourth and, perhaps, best book.
Fingerprint Comparison. I: Similarity of Fingerprints
Authors: Lin CHL , Liu JH , Osterburg JW , Nicol JD
Published: August 2015

Fingerprints from 61 pairs of male monozygotic twins (MZ), 47 pairs of female MZ, 40 pairs of same-sex male dizygotic twins (DZ), 44 pairs of same-sex female DZ, 4 pairs of opposite-sex DZ, and 28 brothers and 31 sisters of those twins are used for the study of fingerprint similarities. Similarities of fingerprint pattern, ridge count, and minutiae are evaluated for two population groups genetically related to each other in different degrees. It is concluded that fingerprint similarities, including pattern, ridge count, and possibly minutiae, between MZ individuals are significantly higher than those between other population groups, including DZ twins.
Medical Examiner/coroner Jurisdiction in Cases Involving Federal Interests
Authors: Spencer JD
Published: August 2015

Under state laws, a medical examiner or coroner is charged with the investigation of sudden, unexpected, violent, and unexplained deaths. In several situations where there are federal interests, there may be conflict as to whether the jurisdiction belongs to state or federal authorities. Some situations of possible conflict—death on a military installation, military aircraft accidents, mass transportation disasters, and executive and congressional assassinations-are reviewed.
Mass Chromatographic Analysis of Arson Accelerants
Authors: Smith RM
Published: August 2015

We have developed a method for analyzing arson accelerants by computerized capillary gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC MS) in which the data produced is subjected to mass chromatography for sums of up to four ions at a time. Ions were chosen to represent major hydrocarbon families normally present in common arson accelerants and included m/z 57+71+85+99 (aliphatics), 55+69+83+97 (alicyclics and olefinics), 91+105+119+133 (alkylbenzenes). 104+118+132+146 (alkylstyrenes alkyldihydroindenes). 128+142+156+170 (alkylnapthalenes). 178+192+206 (alkylanthracenes). and 93+136 (monoterpenes). Further mass chromatography for individual molecular ions often identified single components. Crude quantitative data were obtained from ion count measurements provided with the mass chromatograms by the data system. The range and pattern of aliphatic compounds, ratio of aliphatics to alicyclics (olefinics). relative concentrations of alkylbenzenes and alkylnaphthalenes, and presence or absence of unusual hydrocarbon families were found to distinguish between an assortment of standard accelerants and their evaporated residues.
The Collection and Detection of Accelerant Vapors Using Porous Polymers and Curie Point Pyrolysis Wires Coated with Active Carbon
Authors: Andrasko J
Published: August 2015

The sampling of organic vapors from arson residues using different types of adsorbants is studied. Sampling tubes packed with porous polymers (Porapak Q and Tenax GC) as well as Curie point pyrolysis wires coated with finely divided or granular active carbon are used. The adsorption and desorption of several common accelerants carried out by these techniques is compared. The optimum conditions for applying the described techniques to the forensic science examination of fire debris are studied. Some comparisons with conventional headspace analysis of accelerant vapors are discussed.
Individualization of Automobile Engine Oils II. Application of Variable Separation Synchronous Excitation Fluorescence to the Analysis of Used Automobile Engine Oils
Authors: Kubic TA , Sheehan FX
Published: August 2015

Forty-five used automobile engine oils were analyzed with conventional fluorescence techniques as well as synchronous excitation and variable separation synchronous excitation fluorometry. Only two samples were considered to be indistinguishable in this group of samples. The high sensitivity, nondestructiveness, and rapidity of these procedures, coupled with their high discriminating power, make fluorometry a method that can be recommended in forensic oil individualization.
Striation Evidence in Counterfeiting Cases
Authors: Cain S , Winand JE
Published: August 2015

There has been little information of recent vintage that deals with those unique striation mark identification criteria normally associated with paper cutting tools. Occasionally, forensic science laboratories have been provided with striation evidence where improper collection and transmittal procedures have hampered subsequent edge comparison analysis. This paper has been written in an attempt to bridge the generation gap with more recent tool mark evidence processing procedures. There are a variety of identification factors that are important in striation comparisons and should be considered by both the field investigators and administrative personnel in the transmittal and collection of pertinent evidence. The following factors are discussed in the paper: (1) production of striation markings, (2) variation in striation markings, (3) importance of clamp impression markings, (4) proper preservation and transmittal procedures for tool mark evidence, (S) collection of tool mark standards, and (6) a recent U.S. Secret Service counterfeiting case illustration.
The General Toxicology Unknown I. The Systematic Approach
Authors: Wu Chen NB , Schaffer MI , Lin R-L , Kurland ML , Donoghue ER , Stein RJ
Published: August 2015

The general toxicology unknown often presents challenges and interests to toxicologists. A systematic analytical approach to search for drugs or poisons is presented here. The preliminary screening analyses were as follows: alcohol by gas chromatography (GC), ethchlorvynol colorimetric analysis, enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT), basic drug screening by GC, and neutral and weakly acidic drug screening by GC. Other additional analyses were performed depending on the special circumstance of each individual case and the results of these preliminary analyses. Positive findings were confirmed by computerized gas chromatography/mass spectrometry when practical. Quantitation was performed by GC whenever possible.
Competent and Incompetent Defendants Referred to a Court Psychiatric Clinic: A Clinical Comparison
Authors: Heller MS , Traylor WH , Ehrlich SM , Lester D
Published: August 2015

Psychiatric evaluation of a defendant's present state of mind is required by criminal courts whenever the question of competency to proceed in the face of criminal charges is raised. From the examination of court-ordered psychiatric evaluations conducted during a seven-year period, a comparison was made of demographic, clinical, and diagnostic differences between a group of defendants evaluated as incompetent to stand trial and a group evaluated as competent. Findings showed the incompetent defendant to be older, more likely to be female, and more often intellectually impaired. Psychiatric diagnoses revealed more severe symptoms of disabling mental illness and a greater likelihood of psychosis. Because a finding of competency or incompetency dictates different legal dispositions, frequently bringing the legal proceedings to a halt and diverting the defendant into the mental health system, clear behavioral and symptomatic criteria for incompetency to stand trial are needed.
Accidental Digoxin Overdose in an Infant: Postmortem Tissue Concentrations
Authors: Hastreiter AR , Kim PW , van der Horst R
Published: August 2015

We report the digoxin concentration in various tissues of a seven-week-old infant who died 45 min after receiving an accidental intravenous overdose of digoxin. The digoxin content of various organs was calculated and expressed as a percentage of dose administered. The literature of accidental massive digoxin overdose in infants has been reviewed. Data on tissue concentrations and distribution of digoxin in this age group is scarce. The concentration of digoxin in myocardium, kidney, liver, and other organs observed in our case rank among the highest ever reported in human tissues.
Introduction—Effective Expert Testimony
Authors: Sognnaes RF
Published: August 2015

This symposium was organized, with the help of several academicians who have served as professors of Speech and related Communication Departments at Universities in and around Los Angeles, for a panel discussion held there during the 33rd Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences, 17–20 Feb. 1981. Serving as moderator under the sponsorship of the AAFS's Odontology Section, the topic of “Effective Expert Testimony” was considered in the following sequence, related to various aspects of court communications: (1) the expert witness and the use of videotape recordings; (2) the role of nonverbal communication in the course of expert testimony; (3) the nature of jury response to the expert witness; (4) the major components of source credibility of the expert witness; and, as a kind of concluding verbal “autopsy” (S) discussion of the legal dimensions and practical court experiences pertinent to effective testimony. Within AAFS the practical applications of forensic sciences have been encouraged by multidisciplinary cooperation, joint sessions, and so forth. Similarly, the basic contribution by academicians within the University family offers promise of a return in forensic science research and education. Not only does that apply to interdisciplinary participation by Schools of Dentistry, Law, Medicine, Public Health, and Social Sciences, but also by academic Campus Divisions dealing with the Humanities, including such Departments as Communication and Speech, as illustrated by the present Symposium on Effective Expert Testimony.
Source Credibility
Authors: Sereno KK
Published: August 2015

This paper conceptualizes and describes specific qualities of source credibility. Implications of the conception for communication in general and for expert witnesses in particular are elaborated. Dimensions of credibility, the role of the attorney, delivery, dialect, ethnic background, clothing, and characteristics of juries are considered.
General Discussion
Authors: Isaac G , Sognnaes RF
Published: August 2015

(by Moderator) The opening of discussion (by Godfrey Isaac, Esq.) stressed the advantage of practical court experience in the application of behavioral art and sciences to forensic science cases. Among factors emphasized were (a) the need for “being oneself,” that is, expressing the individual personality rather than trying to adjust to an assumed form of wardrobe, speech, and so forth; (b) one's psychological preparation, “being ready,” the homework done well; and (c) adopt an individual style, “being in touch.” do your own thing. At the same time other panel members (Drs. Tom Miller and Ken Sereno) countered that effective communication is not an inherent natural behavior, that is, people are not born effective speakers. Hence, it pays off to take training in order to be a “better witness,” that is. a more effective self. Participants from the audience commented that they had enjoyed these “unique presentations” (Dr. Gerald Vale), had learned a lot, and were “very much impressed” (Dr. Emanuel Tanay).
A Review of Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man
Authors: Cravey RH
Published: August 2015

This second edition of Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man will be a welcome addition to the reference library of those involved in the analytical and interpretative aspects of forensic toxicology. It has been four years since the first edition and during that time an overwhelming number of studies have appeared in the literature on the fate of drugs and other toxic chemicals in man as well as on new methods for the analysis of these substances and their metabolites from biofluids. Dr. Baselt has thoroughly reviewed the literature and critically selected the essential information to include in each monograph.
Forensic Neuropsychology: A Selective Introduction
Authors: Gilandas AJ , Touyz SW
Published: August 2015

During the last decade, neuropsychology has emerged as one of the fastest growing disciplines within clinical psychology. One of the most important roles for neuropsychologists is their contribution to the forensic sciences. The present paper reviews how lawyers may best utilize the services of clinical neuropsychologists. Suggestions are also offered to neuropsychologists on how better to meet the needs of lawyers. The following forensic science issues are discussed: the legal framework in which neuropsycbologists function; contributions psychologists may make towards answering basic medicolegal questions such as the elucidation of the nature, extent, and duration of head injury sequelae; criteria for acceptable neuropsychological reports; medicolegal aspects of severe head injury, minor head injury (posttraumatic syndrome), and pseudo-head injury (malingering). There are many causes of damage to the nervous system (for example, industrial toxins and medical malpractice) that are eligible for compensation. Examples will be confined to head injury since the basic forensic science principles remain the same, whatever the etiology of such brain damage.
The Case of the Lying Photographs: The Civil War Photography of George N. Barnard
Authors: Rowe WF
Published: August 2015

Photographic analysis has from time to time played an important role in criminal investigations. In the 1960s, for example, snapshots taken by the accused in England's “moor murders” were instrumental in locating the grave of one of the victims. More recently, scholars have begun to use the methods of photographic analysis to authenticate historic photographs. William Frassanito, for example, has analyzed the extant photographs of the battlefields of Antietam and Gettysburg to determine where the photographs were taken (and hence what the photographs actually portray).
Morphological Variations in Ulnar Supinator Crests and Fossae as Identifying Markers of Occupational Stress
Authors: Kennedy KAR
Published: August 2015

Recent morphometric studies of ulnae of prehistoric skeletal remains from populations known to have used spears, atlatls, and similar projectile weapons for hunting and warfare reveal a high incidence of hypertrophy of the ulnar crest, to which the supinator muscle is attached, along with pronounced depth of the adjacent supinator fossa, especially in the upper extremities of males. Similar features occur in the right ulnae of living persons of both sexes who are habitually engaged in certain occupational and athletic activities involving angular displacement of the forearm as a result of medial rotation of the arm at the shoulder, shoulder and arm rapid extension, and abrupt shifts from forearm supination to pronation. Aside from its forensic science implications in determination of right- or left-handedness as a trait peculiar to the individual, observation of these markers of stress on the proximal end of the ulna are significant in identification of skeletal remains of persons known to have engaged in specific brachial activities during life. The hiomechanics of these movement patterns and activities in which they occur, when properly interpreted, are relevant to forensic science problems of individual identification and paleoanthropological studies of occupational stress factors in extinct populations for which a skeletal record is available.
Chromophoric Labeling of Cannabinoids with 4-Dimethylaminoazobenzene-4'-Sulfonyl Chloride
Authors: Maseda C , Fukui Y , Kimura K , Matsubara K
Published: August 2015

A simple and sensitive assay for the cannabinoids is presented using a dabsylation procedure. Dabsyl derivatives of Δ9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9 -THC) and cannabinol (CBN) were prepared by reacting with 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene-4'-sulfonyl chloride (dabsyl chloride) in acetone in the presence of sodium carbonate-sodium bicarbonate buffer (pH 10). Crystalline dabsylcannabinoids gave intense absorption in the visible region. With these derivatives, analysis by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were tested. These techniques gave good separation and nanogram detection of dabsyl-THC and -CBN by using n-hexane-ethyl acetate-diethylamine (20: 5: 1) for TLC and MeOH—H20 (95 : 5) at 450 nm for HPLC.
Determination of Chloroquine and Monodesethylchloroquine in Hair
Authors: Viala A , Deturmeny E , Aubert C , Estadieu M , Durand A , Cano JP , Delmont J
Published: August 2015

Using thin-layer and gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, chloroquine and its major metabolite (monodesethylchloroquine) were identified in hair samples of numerous patients who received this antimalarial drug for several months. In two patients the amounts of chloroquine were, respectively, 310 and 145 mg/kg hair and those of the monodesethylchloroquine 23 and 11 mg/kg. The respective proportions (93 and 7%) are the same in the two subjects. The chloroquine percentage was near those in the spleen or stomach wall after poisoning. Other metabolites in hair are being identified. Hair analysis may provide a good toxicologic and forensic science complement to the blood, urine, and tissues. It may be useful for the control of chloroquine therapy.
Toxicological Findings in a Death Resulting from the Ingestion of Trimipramine
Authors: Meatherall RC , Guay DRP , Nokes JM , Keenan JR
Published: August 2015

A fatality following ingestion of the tricyclic antidepressant trimipramine is presented. Whole blood concentrations of trimipramine and its metabolite N-desmethyltrimipramine were measured by gas-lqiuid chromatography and found to be 400 and 1130 ng/mL, respectively. These findings are compared to those of previous unpublished trimipramine fatalities and fatalities caused by other tricyclic antidepressants.
Erythrocyte Acid Phosphatase in Human Hair Root Sheaths
Authors: Kimes DR , Tahir MA , Stolorow MD
Published: August 2015

Erythrocyte acid phosphatase (EAP) was observed in human hair root sheaths where hair sheaths and blood samples were collected from 150 donors. In each case, the hairs were typed first for EAP and then confirmed by typing the blood from the same donors. Of the 150 donors checked, EAP activity was found in 135 of the samples; the other 15 samples showed no activity because they contained no sheath cells. Of the 135 samples showing activity, 108 of those were typed accurately in EAP. The remaining 27 samples had EAP activity but with inconclusive findings. In this study, all six common phenotypes were encountered.
Detection of Drugs in Saliva of Impaired Drivers
Authors: Peel HW , Perrigo BJ , Mikhael NZ
Published: August 2015

This study examined the feasibility of detecting drugs using saliva samples obtained from impaired drivers. Screening procedures on 1- to 2-mL samples were for cannabinoids, volatiles, benzodiazepines, and other acidic/neutral/basic drugs. Methodology consisted of enzyme multiple immunoassay technique (EMIT®) and temperature programmed gas chromatography with confirmation by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Fifty-six samples were obtained from drivers arrested for suspicion of impaired driving. Other than alcohol, the major drugs detected were cannabinoids and diazepam. Cocaine was found in one case.
Psychosocial Dynamics of Child Abuse
Authors: Felthous AR
Published: August 2015

The problem of child abuse warrants steadfast social concern and attentive study by social scientists, forensic scientists, and mental health professionals. What moves adults to physically abuse children entrusted to their care? In the present inquiry, an overview of a substantial body of the literature is organized by exploring three dimensions of abuse: the parental relationship, the psychopathology of abusive parents, and the psychodynamics of motivation. None of these dimensions taken alone provides a satisfactory understanding of the phenomenon of abuse. An integrative model is offered wherein child abuse is regarded as a function of three general factors: stresses on the parent, ego weaknesses of the parent, and vectors that direct the parent's violent impulses against the child.
Management of Forensic Psychiatry Patients Who Refuse Medication—Two Scenarios
Authors: Rodenhauser P , Heller A
Published: August 2015

An Ohio federal court set Wyatt-type standards for treatment rights of forensic psychiatry patients and ordered legal due process-type hospital hearings to protect patients from what the court considers harmful clinical practices. Experience with this legal method for management of patients who refuse medication is examined for its impact on staff and patient care. Under legal pressure Ohio has built new regional forensic psychiatry hospitals. In one, spurred by legal activism, the prevalence of patients refusing medication has become pandemic. In its typical 16-bed ward, when 2 or more patients refuse medication, danger escalates rapidly for patients and staff. The method adopted to manage these situations is to assess the emergency of danger to patient or others, and if warranted to administer medication despite objections. This emergency management is dramatic in improving patient behavior and defusing milieu tensions. The psychiatrist ordering emergency management, however, faces challenges from several quarters—patient advocates, outside patients' rights legal advocates, and the commissioner of mental health. The clinically managed process contrasts markedly also with the legally imposed one in its impact on the personal and professional integrity of the responsible psychiatrist. Both scenarios illustrate the task yet remaining—integration of the clinical and legal concerns into a multisystem resolution of diverse interests, values, ethics, and rights.
Incidence of Bite Marks in a Selected Juvenile Population: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Rawson RD , Koot A , Martin C , Jackson J , Novosel S , Richardson A , Bender T
Published: August 2015

A study of the frequency of bite marks among sheltered children was conducted for a period of three months in the juvenile care facilities in Las Vegas, NV. The study demonstrated an incidence of 1 545 bite marks per 100 000 population. Analysis of the age, sex, and location of bite marks is presented. The study demonstrated an incidence comparable to diseases such as gonorrhea.
Review of Identification of Vegetable Fibers
Authors: Longhetti A
Published: August 2015

Though titled Identification of Vegetable Fibers, this book instead covers the identification vegetable plants from an examination of the stems and leaves. The vegetable fibers included are limited to flax, hemp, sunn hemp, ramie, jute, kenaf, roselle, sisal and abaca; that is, fibers most commonly used in the manufacture of rope and cordage. Excluded are such commonly occurring textile fibers as cotton and linen.
The Simultaneous Electrophoretic Analysis of Esterase D and Phosphoglucomutase Subtyping in Fresh Blood and in Dried Bloodstains
Authors: Adamo R , Kobilinksy L
Published: August 2015

Phosphoglucomutase1 (PGM) subtyping and esterase D phenotyping were simultaneously performed by electrophoresis of bloodstained fibers using agarose and a Tris-maleic acid buffer system, pH 5.4. This method reduces anodal gel shrinkage and shortens development time when compared to the conventional electrophoretic technique for PGM subtyping which is performed at pH 7.4 using an agarose-starch substrate.
Picogram Analyses of Explosive Residues Using the Thermal Energy Analyzer (TEA®)
Authors: Fine DH , Yu WC , Goff EU , Bender EC , Reutter DJ
Published: August 2015

The thermal energy analyzer (TEA®), interfaced to both a gas and a high performance liquid chromatograph, has been shown to be selective to nitro-based explosives at a sensitivity of 4 to 5 pg injected on-column. Analyses of “real world” explosives, post-explosion debris, handswabs, and human plasma are presented. Because of the selectivity of the technique, there was no need for sample cleanup before analysis.
A Method of Matching Skulls with Photographic Portraits Using Landmarks and Measurements of the Dentition
Authors: McKenna JJI , Jablonski NG , Fearnhead RW
Published: August 2015

A method of matching and identifying skulls to family snapshots or passport photographs is described. The technique depends on the recovery of teeth, particularly the maxillary anterior teeth, with the skull and the availability of an antemortem photograph showing those teeth. Measurements of the anterior dentition of unidentified skulls are used to determine the magnification factor necessary for the preparation of life-sized transparencies of photographs. Superimposition of dental landmarks in these transparencies leads to correlation of further cranial features, thus enabling a successful positive identification. Suggestions are made for a system of identification based on assessment of visible features of the dentition.
A Scientific Approach to Documenting Evidence for Accident Reconstruction
Authors: Van Kirk DJ
Published: August 2015

Accident investigators have not had a consistent method of viewing accidents to gather the necessary information to allow other forensic scientists, particularly those who specialize in reconstructing accidents, to render as accurate and complete an opinion as possible. This paper presents a step-by-step procedure for examining and documenting the accident scene for both rural and urban accidents, as well as impacts to the exterior of the vehicle and interior damage caused by secondary occupant impacts. Diagrams of camera angles and scene configurations are also shown, along with a detailed description of how to use them to record accident data. A check list for accident data for reconstruction is also presented.
A Review of Juvenile Delinquency: Concepts and Control
Authors: Tanay E
Published: August 2015

This is an excellent introductory text for practitioners and students who wish to gain an overview of the subject. The book has 13 well organized chapters that range from definition of a delinquent to research in delinquency prevention and treatment. Each chapter provides well chosen recent references that enable the interested reader to pursue areas of special interest. In addition to scholarly sources the authors provide appropriate quotes from such publications as the Washington Post, The New York Times, and Parade Magazine. The authors are aware of the need to keep the reader interested and make the materials relevant to general concerns. At the same time they do conclude.
The Motion of Floating and Submerged Objects in the Chattahoochee River, Atlanta, GA
Authors: Dilen DR
Published: August 2015

Two mannikins, one designed to float and one designed to sink, were used to examine the ways in which human bodies move in a river. The floating mannikin was used to examine the movement of a body floating downstream on the surface and to determine the flow patterns of surface currents through bends in the Chattahoochee River in Atlanta, GA. The submerged mannikin was constructed to have a specific gravity of a deceased person (over a range of specific gravities) and was used to examine the motion of a body immediately upon entering the water. The submerged mannikin also was used to examine motion along the bottom of the river. Floating objects near each bank of the Chattahoochee River were found to remain along their respective banks as they moved downstream through the bends in the river. No mechanisms of transport from one bank to the other in the bends was found. The movement of a submerged dummy only occurred at very high river flows. The dummy remained stationary at the place where it reached the bottom for tests over a wide range of specific gravities and a moderate range of flow levels. A discussion of the river conditions (for example, bottom topography, bottom composition, flow rates, and hydraulics) is included. The results of the experiments offer initial guidelines and principles that can be used by officials and agencies involved in the search, rescue, and recovery of bodies in most rivers.
The Determination of Sex from Forcibly Removed Hairs
Authors: Mudd JL
Published: August 2015

The determination of sex from forcibly removed hairs in forensic science laboratories has, in the past, been based almost entirely on the presence or absence of the Y chromosome in the cells of the hair root sheath. Since the human male genotype is XY and the female is XX, a technique was devised that permits root sheath cells to be stained sequentially for the Y and then the X chromosome using quinacrine mustard. Following staining, the Y and the X chromosome fluorescence were observed, at pH 5.5 and 3.0, respectively, by epifluorescence. The X and Y chromosome counts obtained for a single hair root specimen were reported as a Y — X (Y minus X) score. The results reported show that specimens from males gave positive Y — X score while specimens from females gave negative Y — X scores. Results of an age study and blind trials were also reported.