bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Initial results on development and application of statistical atlas of femoral cartilage in osteoarthritis to determine sex differences in structure: Data from the osteoarthritis initiative
Authors: Tameem Hussain Z. , Ardekani Siamak , Seeger Leanne , Thompson Paul , Sinha Usha S.
Published: June 2011

Purpose:

To create an average atlas of knee femoral cartilage morphology, to apply the atlas for quantitative assessment of osteoarthritis (OA), and to study localized sex differences.

Materials and Methods:

High‐resolution 3D magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data of the knee cartilage collected at 3 T as part of the Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI) were used. An atlas was created based on images from 30 male Caucasian high‐risk subjects with no symptomatic OA at baseline. A female cohort of age‐ and disease‐matched Caucasian subjects was also selected from the OAI database. The Jacobian determinant was calculated from the deformation vector fields that nonlinearly registered each subject to the atlas. Statistical analysis based on the general linear model was used to test for regions of significant differences in the Jacobian values between the two cohorts.

Results:

The average Jacobian was larger in women (1.2 ± 0.078) than in men (1.08 ± 0.097), showing that after global scaling to the male template, the female cartilage was thicker in most regions. Regions showing significant structural differences include the medial weight bearing region, the trochlear (femoral) side of the patellofemoral compartment, and the lateral posterior condyle.

Conclusion:

Sex‐based differences in cartilage structure were localized using tensor based morphometry in a cohort of high‐risk subjects. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2011;. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Is the sentinel node biopsy clinically applicable for limited lymphadenectomy and modified gastric resection in gastric cancer? A meta‐analysis of feasibility studies
Authors: Ryu Keun Won , Eom Bang Wool , Nam Byung‐Ho , Lee Jun Ho , Kook Myeong Cherl , Choi Il Ju , Kim Young‐Woo
Published: June 2011

Background:

Sentinel node biopsies (SNBs) have been clinically applied in melanoma and breast cancer for limited lymphadenectomy. However, the use of SNB remains controversial in gastric cancer due to unsatisfactory sensitivity and variability. This meta‐analysis was performed to determine the sensitivity of SNB in gastric cancer and to identify factors that improve its sensitivity.

Methods

Feasibility studies on SNB in gastric cancer were searched for from 2001 to 2009 in Pubmed, Cochrane, and Embase. Forty‐six reports, which included 2,684 patients, were found. Estimated sensitivities, detection rates, and negative (NPV), and positive predictive values (PPV) were calculated using a random effects model. Inter‐study heterogeneity, meta‐regression, and subgroup analysis for sensitivity was performed.

Results

The estimated sensitivity, detection rate, NPV, and PPV were 87.8%, 97.5%, 91.8%, and 38.0%, respectively, with significant inter‐study heterogeneity (P < 0.0001). However, no significant contributor to heterogeneity was identified. By subgroup analysis, sensitivity was found to depend significantly on the number of SNs harvested.

Conclusions

SNB in gastric cancer is probably not clinically applicable for limited lymphadenectomy due its unsatisfactory sensitivity and heterogeneity between practicing surgeons. To improve sensitivity, more than four SNs should be harvested, and a tumor specific SNB method should be developed. J. Surg. Oncol. 2011; 104:578–584. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Post‐Colonial Analysis of Bilateral Tourism Flows: the Case of Korea and Japan
Authors: Kim Seongseop , Prideaux Bruce
Published: June 2011

Rapid decolonization began after World War II (1939–1945) and did not conclude until the breakup of the former USSR in 1989. Many studies have labelled tourism as the peace industry. However, there have been limited efforts to analyze post‐colonial tourism exchanges between colonizers and the colonized. This study explored the development of post‐colonial tourism exchanges between Japan and South Korea in the period 1946–2010. The high level of residual mistrust and diplomatic disputes that affected bilateral flows in the years after Korea's independence from Japan have now been replaced by a very high level of bilateral flows between the two nations, indicating that many of the issues of the past are no longer seen as relevant by contemporary Korean and Japanese tourists. The paper suggests a framework for analysing post‐colonial flows. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanism and linear free energy relationships in the kinetics of formation of bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane derivatives from 1,3,5‐trinitrobenzene, phenyl‐substituted 1‐benzyl‐1‐(ethoxycarbonyl)‐2‐propanones, and triethylamine
Authors: Kalaivani D. , Vasuki M. , Santhi S.
Published: June 2011

The kinetics and mechanism of cyclization of the anionic sigma complex obtained from the reaction of 1,3,5‐trinitrobenzene (TNB) and 1‐benzyl‐1‐(ethoxycarbonyl)‐2‐propanone (BEP) in the presence of triethylamine (NEt3) have been studied in CH3CN–CH3OH (50% v/v). The order of the reaction has been found to be zero in TNB and BEP, unity in NEt3, and negative and nonintegral in triethylammonium chloride. The rate has been observed to increase slightly with an increase in the concentration of the added salt (tetraethylammonium chloride). The rate constants for the formation of bicyclic adducts from phenyl‐substituted BEP and TNB in the presence of triethylamine have been correlated with σ values. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 43: 467–473, 2011
Poly(2‐vinylnaphthalene)‐block‐poly(acrylic acid) Block Copolymer: Self‐Assembled Pattern Formation, Alignment, and Transfer into Silicon via Plasma Etching
Authors: Zhang Xin , Metting Christopher J. , Briber Robert M. , Weilnboeck Florian , Shin Sang Hak , Jones Benjamin G. , Oehrlein Gottlieb S.
Published: June 2011

P2VN‐b‐PAA is a novel diblock copolymer which has potential as a self‐assembled nanoscale patterning material. Thin spin cast P2VN‐b‐PAA films rapidly reorganize to vertical lamellar with exposure to acetone vapor. P2VN‐b‐PAA lamellar morphology was aligned by electric field under acetone vapor at a significantly faster rate and at lower electric field strengths than other polymer systems. Observed dry etching selectivity for P2VN to PAA were comparatively high for a variety of etch gases, consistent with estimations from Ohnishi and ring parameters. Block copolymer self assembled patterns were transferred to silicon via two‐step CF4 and SF6 etching.

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Performance adjusted risks: a method to improve the quality of algorithm performance while allowing all to play
Authors: Evans Mark I. , Cuckle Howard S.
Published: June 2011

Objective

Differences in quality among ultrasound nuchal translucency providers or laboratories can profoundly affect Down syndrome screening results. A new method, performance adjusted risks (PAR), is developed to allow for such differences and improve performance.

Methods

Individual provider and laboratory marker distribution parameters are compared with national expectations. The maximum absolute deviation over the operating range is used to derive a handicap and weighting factors. Down syndrome risks obtained from commercial software for individual women can be corrected using the weights. Those with the biggest handicap will have the greatest correction. Five theoretical examples are used to illustrate handicap calculation and prospective combined test results on 32 Down syndrome and 7205 unaffected pregnancies are used to indicate the influence of weighting on performance.

Results

In the theoretical examples, a 10% systematic change (inaccuracy) in one or more markers or a similar change in the standard deviation (imprecision) yielded a handicap ranging from 4 to 11. Over the operating range, the individual risk reduced 40% or increased 250%. When the prospective combined test results were artificially adjusted to create 10% inaccurracy in all three markers, the detection rate was only 59% but after PAR weighting this increased to 75%.

Conclusions

PAR recognizes that not all providers are equal, and perfection is unrealistic. Using this approach all ‘can play’ while patients are protected from poor performance. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Overcoming number numbness in prenatal risk communication
Authors: Pighin Stefania , Bonnefon Jean‐François , Savadori Lucia
Published: June 2011

Objective

Efficient prenatal risk communication hinges upon parents' grasp of statistical information. When forming their subjective representation of a probability, pregnant women may focus on inappropriate factors and ignore the appropriate factors.

Method

The present research investigates the subjective probability that pregnant women derive from statements of the form ‘There is a 1 in X chance that the baby will have condition Y,’ where the number X and the severity of the condition Y were orthogonally manipulated.

Results

Study 1 showed that when judging how big is a 1 in X chance that a child will be affected by condition Y, pregnant women (n = 336) were sensitive to the severity of Y, but selectively numb to the objective number X. Study 2 (n = 461) replicated this pattern, but also showed that numerical numbness could be overcome by a simple intervention, namely, a quick comment that 1 in X was ‘above average.’

Conclusion

Practitioners must be aware that when forming a subjective probability assessment, pregnant women might be inappropriately sensitive to the severity of Y, and inappropriately numb to the number X, and that a simple communicative intervention can help in overcoming this selective number numbness. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Erroneous production of PAPP‐A kits: the impact of a downward shift in PAPP‐A concentration on the test performance of first‐trimester combined screening for Down syndrome
Authors: van Heesch P. N. A. C. M. , de Rijke Y. B. , Laudy J. A. M. , Wildschut H. I. J.
Published: June 2011

Objective

To evaluate a 20% downward shift in the pregnancy‐associated plasma protein A (PAPP‐A) concentration on the test performance of first‐trimester combined screening (FTS) for Down syndrome (DS) following a flaw in the production of PAPP‐A kits on FTS for DS.

Methods

A retrospective re‐evaluation of PAPP‐A in stored sera. Inclusion criteria were a maternal weight‐corrected PAPP‐A multiple of the median value ≥ 0.9 and a biochemical risk of DS $\leq 1:200$ at the time of testing.

Results

Of the 3100 women, 473 (15%) fulfilled the inclusion criteria. After combining the biochemical risk based on the incorrect PAPP‐A values with nuchal translucency findings, an increased risk for DS was initially found in 107 women [false positive rate (FPR): 3.1]. Eighty‐two (77%) of the 107 women opted for invasive testing. Following re‐analysis of PAPP‐A, the biochemical risk and the combined risk were statistically significantly different from the initial risk estimates (p < 0.001.). We noticed that 25 women (30%) had invasive testing, while this was unjustified given the re‐analysed PAPP‐A.

Conclusion

Erroneous PAPP‐A kits resulted in an increase in the FPR by 1.2%. There were no reports of iatrogenic miscarriage. The occurrence of this problem reaffirms the importance of continuous monitoring of quality in FTS. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
First trimester Down syndrome screening with dried blood spots using a dual analyte free beta hCG and PAPP‐A immunofluorometric assay
Authors: Krantz David , Hallahan Terrence , Ravens Rachel , He Kuanglin , Cuckle Howard , Sherwin John , Carmichael Jonathan
Published: June 2011

Objective

To determine the effectiveness of first trimester Down syndrome screening with dried blood spots using a dual analyte free beta human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG)/pregnancy‐associated plasma protein A (PAPP‐A) immunofluorometric assay.

Method

An initial retrospective study of 54 Down syndrome cases and 1064 control specimens was performed followed by a series of 146 513 specimens from routine screening. Detection rates at a fixed 5% false‐positive rate were determined separately based on reference data from the retrospective study set and then adjusted based on the routine screening study set.

Results

On the basis of the retrospective analysis, the estimated detection rate using free beta hCG, PAPP‐A and maternal age varied from 78% at 9 weeks of pregnancy to 70% at 13 weeks of pregnancy. Using a combined protocol, including NT, the detection rate varied from 92 to 90% between 9 and 13 weeks of gestation. Adjusting distribution parameters based on the routine screening dataset reduced the detection rate by at most 1%.

Conclusion

Analysis of free beta hCG and PAPP‐A using a dual analyte dried blood spot assay is an effective tool in Down syndrome screening, adding an important option for those considering implementation or modification of existing prenatal screening programs. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrical conductivity and fracture behavior of epoxy/polyamide‐12/multiwalled carbon nanotube composites
Authors: White Kevin L. , Sue H.‐J.
Published: June 2011

Untreated multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were incorporated into a brittle epoxy matrix at 1 wt% by solvent evaporation and showed significant gains in tensile strength, strain at break, and electrical conductivity. However, only fractional improvement in fracture toughness was observed. To improve fracture toughness, 10 μm polyamide‐12 (PA) preformed particles were added at 20 wt% loading. The PA particles were observed to aid in the dispersion of MWCNTs, reducing most of the large MWCNT clusters to submicron sizes. The epoxy/PA/MWCNT ternary composite exhibits an increased electrical percolation threshold, but nearly identical electrical scaling behavior as the epoxy/MWCNT composite. The similarity in percolation parameters suggest conduction occurs by efficient electron transport through MWCNT clusters, rather than pathways composed of individual tubes. The ternary composite also shows significant improvements in strain at break and fracture toughness due to synergistic interaction between filler phases. The usefulness of this ternary composite approach in vacuum‐assisted resin transfer molding for advanced composite applications is discussed. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2011. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
Elongation properties of polyethylene melts
Authors: Liang Ji‐Zhao , Zhong Lei
Published: June 2011

The extensional rheological properties of three grades of polyethylene melts, low density polyethylene (LDPE), linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE), and high density polyethylene (HDPE) were measured using a melt spinning technique under the test conditions with temperature ranging from 150 to 210°C and extrusion rate varying from 11.25 to 22.50 mm s−1. The results showed that the melt strength decreased with a rise of temperature while increased with an increase of extensional rate. With the rise of extensional strain rate and temperature, the melt extensional viscosity decreased. The extensional stress and viscosity reduced with increasing extrusion velocity when the temperature and extensional rate were constant. Moreover, the melt strength and extensional viscosity of the LDPE resin was the highest and the LLDPE was the lowest under the same experimental conditions. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2011. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
Process modeling for the synthesis of unsaturated polyester
Authors: Shah M. , Zondervan E. , de Haan A.B
Published: June 2011

This work presents a dynamic model for a polyesterfication reaction in a system containing a batch‐wise operating reaction vessel connected to a flash separation unit. This model includes kinetics, description of the change of rate order during the reaction, the polymer nonrandom theory of liquid (NRTL) nonideal thermodynamic model based on NRTL and mass balances. The reaction between maleic anhydride and propylene glycol has been taken as a case study. The reaction scheme is complex, and the proposed model takes four types of reactions into account, ring opening, polyesterfication, isomerization, and saturation reactions. The acid value of the polyester, number–average molecular weight, distilled mass, and glycol concentration in the distillate have been subsequently used to validate the model, and the model predicts these important variables reliably. The process description is improved by using the vapor–liquid equilibrium data predicted from the polymer NRTL model. Particularly, the prediction of distilled mass [regression coefficient (R2) = 0.995] and the prediction of propylene glycol concentration (R2 = 0.97) in the distillate are significantly improved. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2011. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
Functional assessment and positive support strategies for promoting resilience: Effects on teachers and high‐risk children
Authors: Stoiber Karen Callan , Gettinger Maribeth
Published: June 2011

The purpose of this study was to conduct an experimental analysis of teachers' use of functional assessment (FA) and positive behavior support (PBS) for addressing challenging behaviors in young children. A group of 35 experimental teachers participated in professional development designed to provide step‐by‐step training and guided implementation of FA linked to PBS intervention planning for children identified with challenging behavior in prekindergarten through first‐grade classrooms. A randomly designated group of 35 control teachers received neither training nor consultation for implementing FA and PBS. At post‐intervention, experimental teachers reported increased resilience as evidenced in their significantly higher competence and self‐efficacy along with greater utilization of FA and PBS practices compared with control teachers. Increased levels of resilience were also documented on multiple measures for experimental children with challenging behaviors who received FA and PBS. Specifically, experimental children demonstrated more positive behaviors and fewer challenging behaviors compared with control children at post‐intervention. The findings offer empirical support for providing professional development in FA and PBS as a proactive strategy for promoting improved competence for teachers and, more importantly, for improving resilience among children with behavioral concerns. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The promise and the caution of resilience models for schools
Authors: Doll Beth , Jones Kristin , Osborn Allison , Dooley Kadie , Turner April
Published: June 2011

Resilience is a very useful construct for framing school mental health services to children and is particularly applicable to mental health services in school settings. Still, resilience perspectives should not be overgeneralized to school mental health practice because risk and resilience wax and wane over time and daily decisions about students' needs for support must remain flexible and responsive to these changes. This article describes shifts and changes in early indicators of school success for third‐ through fifth‐grade students in a Midwestern elementary school as one example of the power and limitations of resilience models' applicability. The example is used to argue for caution in interpreting early indicators of risk as predicting subsequent poor student outcomes. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Wolff rearrangement of β‐alkynyl‐α‐diazo‐β‐ketoesters: light‐induced acetylene–allene isomerization and its use for activation of enediynes
Authors: Zhegalova Natalia G. , Popik Vladimir V.
Published: June 2011

Irradiation of β‐phenylethynyl‐α‐diazo‐β‐ketoester with 300 or 350 nm light results in efficient and regioselective Wolff rearrangement producing only the product of alkynyl group migration. Addition of alcohols to the resulting α‐oxoketene yields α‐phenylethynyl‐β‐diester, which undergoes rapid (τ < 1 min) tautomerization to 1,1‐dicarbalkoxyallene. The latter then adds second molecule of alcohol in Michael fashion to form the final product, 2‐(1‐alkoxy‐2‐phenylvinyl)malonic ester. α‐Phenylethynyl‐β‐ketoacid produced from the ketene in aqueous solutions does not isomerize to an allene but rather undergoes decarboxylation to give β,γ‐acetylenic ester. Introduction of o‐(3‐hydroxy‐1‐propynyl) fragment in the structure of the parent α‐diazo‐β‐ketoester allowed us to achieve two goals simultaneously: ring closure by intramolecular nucleophilic attack of propargyl alcohol on photo‐generated ketene and the subsequent acetylene–allene rearrangement. The resulting enyne–allene undergoes spontaneous Myers–Saito cycloaromatization generating 1,4‐biradical. In alcohol solutions, however, ketene reaction with solvent outcompetes the intramolecular process. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The psychosocial impact of an abnormal cervical smear result
Authors: Drolet Mélanie , Brisson Marc , Maunsell Elizabeth , Franco Eduardo L. , Coutlée François , Ferenczy Alex , Fisher William , Mansi James A.
Published: June 2011

Background

Data on the impact of abnormal cervical smear results on health‐related quality of life (HrQoL) are scarce. We aimed to (i) prospectively assess the HrQoL of women who were informed of an abnormal smear result; (ii) identify predictors of greater negative psychosocial impact of an abnormal result; and (iii) prospectively estimate the quality‐adjusted life‐years (QALYs) lost following an abnormal result.

Methods

Between 08/2006 and 08/2008, 492 women with an abnormal result and 460 women with a normal result, frequency matched for age and clinic, were recruited across Canada. HrQoL was measured at recruitment and 4 and 12 weeks later with the EuroQol, Short Form‐12, short Spielberg State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and HPV Impact Profile. Three blocks of potential predictors of higher psychosocial impact were tested by hierarchical modeling: (i) socio‐demographics; (ii) sexual activity; and (iii) smear result severity, communication, and understanding.

Results

Receiving an abnormal result significantly increased anxiety (STAI mean difference between both groups = 8.3). Initial anxiety decreased over time for the majority of women. However, 35% of women had clinically meaningful anxiety at 12 weeks (i.e. STAI scores ≥0.5 standard deviation of the controls). These women reported a lower socio‐economic level, did not completely understand the information about their result and perceived themselves at higher risk of cancer. QALY lost following an abnormal result were between 0.007 and 0.009.

Conclusions

Receiving an abnormal smear has a statistically significant and clinically meaningful negative impact on mental health. However, this negative impact subsides after 12 weeks for the majority of women. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new analysis of 4th generation effects
Authors: Recksiegel S.
Published: June 2011

The extension of the Standard Model by a sequential fourth generation is interesting and topical. We present a concise study that uses both tree‐level and loop constraints to determine the possible effects on various observables and present a new way to study allowed regions in parameter space.
The Inert Doublet Model and evolution of the Universe
Authors: Krawczyk M. , Sokołowska D.
Published: June 2011

Inert Doublet Model (IDM) is a minimal extension of the Standard Model with the second scalar doublet that may provide a Dark Matter candidate. In this paper we consider the different variants of the evolution of the Universe after inflation, that lead towards the Inert phase today.
Optical properties of dye sensitized TiO2 nanowires from time‐dependent density functional theory
Authors: Hartmann Douma Dick , Gebauer Ralph
Published: June 2011

We present a computational study based on time‐dependent density functional theory of the optical absorption spectra of TiO2 nanowires sensitized with organic dye molecules. We concentrate on catechol and squaraine dyes. For those molecules, we compute adsorption geometries and energies and investigate the optical properties of the combined dye– nanowire system. We find that although the molecules have qualitatively different optical spectra in the gas phase, both lead to an enhancement of the absorption in the visible frequency range when adsorbed on a nanowire.

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A TiO2 nanowire with attached squaraine and catechol dye molecules.

(© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Review of Package Warning Labels and Their Effect on Consumer Behaviour with Insights to Future Anticounterfeit Strategy of Label and Communication Systems
Authors: Spink John , Singh Jay , Singh S. Paul
Published: June 2011

This paper investigates and reviews literature regarding a range of topics important to the research question – the themes apply across all the topics. The topics include label and package warnings, including tamper‐evident features, to review their effect on the consumer behaviour of changing usage or purchase decisions. This information was then applied to gain insight into anticounterfeit product/package efforts. Based on this research, it appears that there is value for brand marketers to enhance their anticounterfeit efforts and consumer confidence by utilizing warning labels and information labels on their labels or packages. Currently, consumer perception of a domestic counterfeit product threat (promoted as genuine products), even for pharmaceuticals by healthcare professionals, although increasing has still been very low. Generally, the consumers believe and expect that the product purchased from retailers is safe and genuine. The study reviewed many key warning and label communication areas: consumer behaviour review, technical specifications, anticounterfeit, tamper evidence/tamper resistance, over‐the‐counter drugs, alcohol, cigarette, nutrition food and nutrition supplements. To complete the insight on communicating with the consumer, a review of label legibility was included. Before brand marketers consider adding anticounterfeit warning labels, extensive consumer behaviour research should be conducted in areas such as fear appeals and involuntary risk outrage. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modelling the Material Flow and Web Tension in the Vertical Form–Fill–Seal Packaging Process
Authors: Matthews J. , Hicks B. J. , Mullineux G. , Goodwin J. , Burke A.
Published: June 2011

Vertical form–fill–seal (VFFS) machines are widely used to form bags for packaging products such as confectionary and snack food. One critical component of the machine is the forming shoulder, which needs to manipulate, without damage, the packaging material from a flat state into a tube. Some models of the geometry of the shoulder are available and have been used to help with its design and manufacture. However, there currently exists no theoretical basis for determining the geometry of the forming shoulder needed to process particular packaging materials. This paper investigates the application of Euler's theory for material flow around cylinders to the case of forming shoulders used in vertical form–fill–seal systems. It is shown that the theory is indeed applicable, and an inequality relation between the measured coefficient of friction of the material and the forming shoulder parameters is established. It is further shown how this can be used to direct the design of a forming shoulder for a particular application. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Consumer Demand for Information Accessible Through Automatic Identification
Authors: Lindqvist Ulf , Federley Maija , Hakola Liisa , Laukkanen Mikko , Mensonen Aino , Viljakainen Anna
Published: June 2011

Packages are expected to carry ever more information in a limited space. One solution to this problem is automatic identification, i.e. adding elements to the package that can be linked to electronic information systems. The aim of this study was to find the best way to produce additional business for the value chain of packages via existing technologies for automatic identification.

Automatic identification can give benefits in the form of cost savings, new business opportunities, additional value to existing business and increased customer loyalty to all players in the value chain. Available technologies are 2D bar codes, digital watermarks, image recognition, fibre matrix, radiofrequency identification tags and magnetic codes.

Pilot tests and user studies showed that additional services offered via automatic identification should include detailed product data, recipes, nutrient needs and user instructions and should match user demand. Obstacles to use are costs, time consumption and complexity.

In Japan, mobile barcodes are part of everyday life: well known to consumers and used on a flat‐rate basis. From the beginning, the introduction was based on consumer needs, not on early profit. Today, it operates on a win–win principle, with benefits for all the players in the value chain, and several traditional printers have created completely new service concepts for their customers. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The tempest unmanned aircraft system for in situ observations of tornadic supercells: Design and VORTEX2 flight results
Authors: Elston Jack S. , Roadman Jason , Stachura Maciej , Argrow Brian , Houston Adam , Frew Eric
Published: June 2011

This paper reports results from field deployments of the Tempest Unmanned Aircraft System, the first of its kind of unmanned aircraft system designed to perform in situ sampling of supercell thunderstorms, including those that produce tornadoes. A description of the critical system components, consisting of the unmanned aircraft, ground support vehicles, communications network, and custom software, is given. The unique concept of operations and regulatory issues for this type of highly nomadic and dynamic system are summarized, including airspace regulatory decisions from the Federal Aviation Administration to accommodate unmanned aircraft system operations for the study of supercell thunderstorms. A review of the system performance and concept of operations effectiveness during flights conducted for the spring 2010 campaign of the VORTEX2 project is provided. These flights resulted in the first‐ever sampling of the rear flank gust front and airmass associated with the rear flank downdraft of a supercell thunderstorm by an unmanned aircraft system. A summary of the lessons learned, future work, and next steps is provided. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
PLANT SUCCESSION AFTER HYDROLOGIC DISTURBANCE: INFERENCES FROM CONTEMPORARY VEGETATION ON A CHRONOSEQUENCE OF BARS, WILLAMETTE RIVER, OREGON, USA
Authors: Cline S. P. , McAllister L. S.
Published: June 2011

Historic unconstrained, unregulated streamflow along the upper Willamette River, Oregon produced a floodplain of coalescent bars supporting a mosaic of vegetation patches. We sampled 42 bars and adjacent floodplain that formed recently to >64 years ago in four >1‐km‐long reaches to assess differences in vegetation and bar characteristics. Bar disturbance and environmental factors (streamflow, precipitation and regional climate indices) were estimated within six aerial photo intervals between 1936 and 2006. Black cottonwood (Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa) and Salix species rapidly colonized new and disturbed bars, and independent estimates of bar and vegetation age were positively correlated across photo intervals (R2 = 0.95). Overstory communities varied with age: Populus–Salix spp. on gravel bars (trees aged 9–16 years [interquartile range]), Populus on islands (24–45 years), Populus/Acer–Fraxinus on islands coalesced to floodplain (49–72 years) and Acer–Populus on adjacent floodplain forested since 1936 (64–102 years). Meanwhile, bar height, silt/clay fraction, overstory basal area and community wetland prevalence index (WPI) increased. We identified a common but distinct Pacific willow (Salix lucida ssp. lasiandra) community (30–43 years) associated with back channels and island tails. Six understory communities varied by age and by WPI within age strata; in these communities 55–75% of total cover was introduced species, predominantly Phalaris arundinacea and Rubus armeniacus. Vegetation resets occurred in all photo intervals and affected 31% of sampled bars. Mean bar disturbance rate, Q1.5 frequency, precipitation and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation index followed cyclic trends across photo intervals whereas Qmax decreased linearly and relatively fewer, younger bars were disturbed. Results suggest that Populus patch initiation is ongoing but channel stability may be hindering the long‐term self‐sustainability of plant communities associated with the upper Willamette's historic shifting habitat mosaic. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Portraying real science in science communication
Authors: Dijk Esther M. van
Published: June 2011

In both formal and informal settings, not only science but also views on the nature of science are communicated. Although there probably is no singular nature shared by all fields of science, in the field of science education it is commonly assumed that on a certain level of generality there is a consensus on many features of science. In this paper, it will be argued that because of their focus on unifying items and their ignoring of the actual heterogeneity of science, it is questionable whether such consensus views can fruitfully contribute to the aim of science communication, i.e., to enhance the public's functional scientific literacy. The possibilities of an alternative approach to the portrayal of the sciences within science communication are explored. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 95:1086–1100, 2011
Influence of Manganese and Nickel on the α´ Martensite Transformation Temperatures of High Alloyed Cr‐Mn‐Ni Steels
Authors: Jahn Andreas , Kovalev Alexander , Weiß Andreas , Scheller Piotr R.
Published: June 2011

The martensite start temperature (Ms), the martensite austenite re‐transformation start temperature (As) and the re‐transformation finish temperature (Af) of six high alloyed Cr‐Mn‐Ni steels with varying Ni and Mn contents in the wrought and as‐cast state were studied. The aim of this investigation is the development of the relationships between the Ms, As, Af, T0 temperatures and the chemical composition of a new type of Cr‐Mn‐Ni steels. The investigations show that the Ms, As and Af temperatures decrease with increasing nickel and manganese contents. The Af temperature depends on the amount of martensite. Regression equations for the transformation temperatures are given. The experimental results are based on dilatometer tests and microstructure investigations.
Development of Porous Ceramic Preforms Based on Magnesia Partially Stabilised Zirconia with Additions of MgAl2O4, MgO, Al2O3 and Ti
Authors: Wenzel Claudia , Aneziris Christos G.
Published: June 2011

The present paper deals with the development of metal matrix composites with improved mechanical properties based on metastable austenitic TRIP‐steel and magnesia partially stabilised zirconia. The ceramic material is characterised regarding the influence of different additives (MgAl2O4, MgO, Al2O3) on the monoclinic/tetragonal/cubic phase composition. First results for the infiltration of ceramic preforms are shown, on the one hand performed by conventional steel casting technology and on the other hand by submerging of preforms in a metal melt using a steel casting simulator.
The globalization of science education
Authors: DeBoer George E.
Published: June 2011

Standards‐based science education, with its emphasis on monitoring and accountability, is rapidly becoming a key part of the globalization of science education. Standards‐based testing within countries is increasingly being used to determine the effectiveness of a country's educational system, and international testing programs such as Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) and Trends in Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) enable countries to compare their students to a common standard and to compete among themselves for top scores. The raising of standards and the competition among countries is driven in part by a belief that economic success depends on a citizenry that is knowledgeable about science and technology. This article considers the question of whether it is possible and prudent to begin conversations about what an international standards document for global citizenship in science education might look like. It examines current practices in a range of countries to show both the areas of international agreement and the significant differences that exist. It concludes with a recommendation that such conversations should begin, with the goal of creating a document that lays out the knowledge and competencies that international citizens should have but yet that gives space to individual countries to pursue goals that are unique to their own setting. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Inc. J Res Sci Teach 48: 567–591, 2011
Exploring Indian secondary teachers' orientations and practice for teaching science in an era of reform
Authors: Nargund‐Joshi Vanashri , Rogers Meredith A. Park , Akerson Valarie L.
Published: June 2011

In 2005 India introduced a new National Curriculum Framework aimed at providing a more constructivist approach to learning for all subjects. Previous research on the impact of curriculum reform in other countries (e.g., United States) concluded that for reform to be successful teachers' orientations toward teaching and learning must be considered early on. The purpose of our study was to heed this advice and initiate an exploration into Indian secondary science teachers' science teaching orientations by examining the orientations of two secondary science teachers and how they are reflected in their practice. Three questions guided our study: (1) What are the two Indian Secondary Science teachers' orientations toward teaching and learning of science? (2) To what extent are their orientations consistent with their practice? (3) In what ways, if at all, do their orientations and practice align with the goals of reform outlined in India's National Curriculum Framework? Data sources included semi‐structured interviews, classroom observations, and various artifacts. We found the teachers' orientations aligned with the goals of reform, but their classroom practice did not align with their orientations or the goals of reform, perhaps as a result of the many external constraints the teachers' felt were placed on them. From these findings we discuss implications for professional development that consider alignment for all three components while taking into account possible culture specific hindrances. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Inc. J Res Sci Teach 48: 624–647, 2011
Purpose of engagement in academic self‐regulation
Authors: Lichtinger Einat , Kaplan Avi
Published: June 2011

This chapter argues that self‐regulated learning is not a unitary construct. Rather, students' different purposes of engagement in the task meaningfully distinguish between different types of self‐regulation.
Self‐regulation and learning strategies
Authors: Weinstein Claire Ellen , Acee Taylor W. , Jung JaeHak
Published: June 2011

This chapter focuses on the critical roles learning strategies play in both academic readiness and in the self‐regulation of learning that is needed for academic success in all categories of higher education.
Academic delay of gratification and academic achievement
Authors: Bembenutty Héfer
Published: June 2011

This chapter reviews the association between academic delay of gratification and students' motivational beliefs and use of self‐regulated learning strategies.
Resistance and disidentification in reflective practice with preservice teaching interns
Authors: Middleton Michael , Abrams Eleanor , Seaman Jayson
Published: June 2011

This chapter examines two case studies of student teaching interns to identify contextual factors that may enhance or inhibit their use of self‐reflective practices.
Life‐cycle exposure to the estrogenic mycotoxin zearalenone affects zebrafish (Danio rerio) development and reproduction
Authors: Schwartz Patrick , Bucheli Thomas D. , Wettstein Felix E. , Burkhardt‐Holm Patricia
Published: June 2011

Zearalenone (ZON) is one of the worldwide most common mycotoxin and exhibits estrogenic activity in the range of natural steroid estrogens. The occurrence of ZON has been reported in soil, drainage water, wastewater effluents, and rivers, but its ecotoxicological effects on fish have hardly been investigated. The consequences of continuous long‐term ZON exposure, including a subsequent depuration period, as well as transgenerational effects of F0 short‐term exposure on F1 generation were investigated. Effects on growth, reproduction activity, physiology, and morphology of zebrafish (Danio rerio) were examined in a 182 day live‐cycle experiment. Life‐long exposure to ZON for 140 days increased wet weight, body length, and condition factor of female fish at 1000 ng/L, and sex ratio was shifted toward female from 320 ng/L ZON. Only females at 1000 ng/L ZON revealed a 1.5‐fold induction of plasma vitellogenin (VTG). Relative fecundity at 1000 ng/L recovered significantly during the depuration period. An increased condition factor in adult female F1 fish implies that exposure of F0 generation to 1000 ng/L ZON affected growth of F1 generation. A negative correlation between relative fecundity in the F1 generation (all groups exposed to 320 ng/L ZON) and the nominal ZON concentrations of the F0 exposure might indicate an influence of F0 exposure on reproductive performance of F1 generation. No exposure scenario affected fertility, hatch, embryo survival, and gonad morphology of zebrafish. Evaluating the environmental relevance of this data, the risk for fish to be harmed by exposure to ZON solely seems rather marginal, but ZON might contribute to the overall estrogenicity in the environment. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 2013.
Bioaccumulation of algal toxins and changes in physiological parameters in Mediterranean mussels from the North Adriatic Sea (Italy)
Authors: Buratti Sara , Franzellitti Silvia , Poletti Roberto , Ceredi Alfiero , Montanari Giuseppe , Capuzzo Antonio , Fabbri Elena
Published: June 2011

The Northwestern Adriatic Sea is a commercially important area in aquaculture, accounting for about 90% of the Italian mussel production, and it was subjected to recurring cases of mussel farm closures due to toxic algae poisoning. A spatial and temporal survey of four sites along the North Adriatic Sea coasts of Emilia Romagna (Italy) was undertaken to study the possible impairments of physiological parameters inMytilus galloprovincialisnaturally exposed to algal toxins. The sites were selected as part of the monitoring network for the assessment of algal toxins bioaccumulation by the competent Authority. Samples positive to paralytic shellfish toxins and to lipophilic toxins were detected through the mouse bioassay. Lipophilic toxins were assessed by HPLC. Decreasing yessotoxins (YTX) levels were observed in mussels from June to December, while homo‐YTX contents increased concomitantly. Lysosome membrane stability (LMS), glutathione S‐transferase and catalase activities, and multixenobiotic resistance (MXR)‐related gene expressions were assessed as parameters related to the mussel health status and widely utilized in environmental biomonitoring. Levels of cAMP were also measured, as possibly involved in the algal toxin mechanisms of action. Low LMS values were observed in hemocytes from mussels positive to the mouse bioassay. MXR‐related gene expressions were greatly inhibited in mussels positive to the mouse bioassay. Clear correlations were established between increasing homo‐YTX contents (and decreasing YTX) and increasing cAMP levels in the tissues. Similarly, significant correlations were established between the increase of homo‐YTX and cAMP levels, and the expressions of three MXR‐related genes at submaximal toxin concentrations. In conclusion, YTXs may affect mussel physiological parameters, including hemocyte functionality, gene expression and cell signaling. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 28: 451–470, 2013.
A detailed analytical and simulation study of geographic random forwarding
Authors: Casari Paolo , Nati Michele , Petrioli Chiara , Zorzi Michele
Published: June 2011

In this paper, we extend previous work on geographic random forwarding (GeRaF) by considering a more efficient paradigm whereby on/off cycles are exploited and every node can participate to packet relaying, as long as it wakes up during any handshake procedure. The protocol is fully distributed, as routing decisions are made hop by hop based on geographic metrics and using a joint channel access/routing procedure, like in the first version of GeRaF. In addition, a previously defined analytical model for GeRaF is used to analyze the protocol, after extending it to cover the new channel access and relay selection procedure. The model is employed to find optimal choices for the parameters of the protocol, before comparing analytical results with ns2 simulations. Results confirm that the geographic paradigm remains a very good solution for energy‐constrained, density‐constrained, and latency‐constrained networks, and that small yet very effective protocol optimizations can achieve remarkable performance improvements. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ferric reductase genes involved in high‐affinity iron uptake are differentially regulated in yeast and hyphae of Candida albicans
Authors: Jeeves Rose E. , Mason Robert P. , Woodacre Alexandra , Cashmore Annette M.
Published: June 2011

The pathogenic yeast Candida albicans possesses a reductive iron uptake system which is active in iron‐restricted conditions. The sequestration of iron by this mechanism initially requires the reduction of free iron to the soluble ferrous form, which is catalysed by ferric reductase proteins. Reduced iron is then taken up into the cell by a complex of a multicopper oxidase protein and an iron transport protein. Multicopper oxidase proteins require copper to function and so reductive iron and copper uptake are inextricably linked. It has previously been established that Fre10 is the major cell surface ferric reductase in C. albicans and that transcription of FRE10 is regulated in response to iron levels. We demonstrate here that Fre10 is also a cupric reductase and that Fre7 also makes a significant contribution to cell surface ferric and cupric reductase activity. It is also shown, for the first time, that transcription of FRE10 and FRE7 is lower in hyphae compared to yeast and that this leads to a corresponding decrease in cell surface ferric, but not cupric, reductase activity. This demonstrates that the regulation of two virulence determinants, the reductive iron uptake system and the morphological form of C. albicans, are linked. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.