bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Detecting Modern Slavery on Cannabis Farms: The Challenges of Evidence
Authors: Ramiz Adam , Rock Paul , Strang Heather
Published: August 2020

Research Question

To what extent could police identify victims of modern slavery among growers arrested on cannabis farms as suspects under drug laws, and what challenges of evidence would have to be met to separate offending from victimisation?

Data

A purposive sample of criminal history data of all Vietnamese nationals arrested for cannabis cultivation offences in Surrey/Sussex in the 3 years to 2017 (N = 19) was identified and collected. Three ‘cannabis farm’ cases from the period 2014–2017 were analysed to produce key information about growers, including their nationality, criminal history and possible status as modern slavery victims. The case records and interviews provide key information about the extent to which growers on farms were treated as slaves under the 2015 Modern Slavery Act.

Methods

Semi-structured interviews were conducted with the three arrested growers to explore their lived experiences of recruitment and labour on the farms. Arresting police officers were also interviewed to explore how they frame the problem of cannabis cultivation and make decisions about their role in confronting it. Interview transcripts were prepared for analytic purposes. All interviewees were informed that the research was focused on the management of the policing of cannabis farms alone and full anonymity was assured.

Findings

Five of the 19 Vietnamese nationals had previous criminal disposals. Of the remaining 14 individuals, five had no record and nine had various charges, but the prosecutions had not reached court.

Of the three cases examined in depth, the arrested growers provided stories consistent with their having been trafficked and subjected to ‘debt bondage’. They described precarious journeys before being forced to work on UK farms. All three had been exposed to threats of violence or death for themselves and/or their families, should they attempt escape. Varying levels of mental and physical hardship were evidenced. There were a priori reasons to conclude that they were eligible to be considered modern slavery victims. When arrested, however, none had pleaded victimisation. Police officers demonstrated an ignorance of related legislation and varying levels of awareness of the possibility of modern slavery. They responded to the first impression made by the grower as a person culpable under drugs laws. Even where officers had concerns about modern slavery, no appropriate crime was recorded, and no formalised investigation followed.

Conclusions

Given reluctance or inability to frame the police response to cannabis farms under modern anti-slavery legislation, policing agencies should consider adopting more detailed practice guidelines to officers on how to react to the complex challenges involved, including the investigative opportunities that may help unearth modern slavery on cannabis farms through greater encouragement of victim accounts.
Survival and Health Care Use After Deep Brain Stimulation for Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Crispo James A.G. , Lam Melody , Le Britney , Shariff Salimah Z. , Ansell Dominique R. , Squarzolo Melanie , Ouellette Danielle , Thibault Dylan P. , Marras Connie , Willis Allison W. , Seitz Dallas
Published: August 2020

Objectives:

To compare long-term survival of Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients with deep brain stimulation (DBS) to matched controls, and examine whether DBS was associated with differences in injurious falls, long-term care, and home care.

Methods:

Using administrative health data (Ontario, Canada), we examined DBS outcomes within a cohort of individuals diagnosed with PD between 1997 and 2012. Patients receiving DBS were matched with non-DBS controls by age, sex, PD diagnosis date, time with PD, and a propensity score. Survival between groups was compared using the log-rank test and marginal Cox proportional hazards regression. Cumulative incidence function curves and marginal subdistribution hazard models were used to assess effects of DBS on falls, long-term care admission, and home care use, with death as a competing risk.

Results:

There were 260 DBS recipients matched with 551 controls. Patients undergoing DBS did not experience a significant survival advantage compared to controls (log-rank test p = 0.50; HR: 0.89, 95% CI: 0.65–1.22). Among patients <65 years of age, DBS recipients had a significantly reduced risk of death (HR: 0.49, 95% CI: 0.28–0.84). Patients receiving DBS were more likely than controls to receive care for falls (HR: 1.56, 95% CI: 1.19–2.05) and home care (HR: 1.59, 95% CI: 1.32–1.90), while long-term care admission was similar between groups.

Conclusions:

Receiving DBS may increase survival for younger PD patients who undergo DBS. Future studies should examine whether survival benefits may be attributed to effects on PD or the absence of comorbidities that influence mortality.
Validation of an algorithm for semiautomated surveillance to detect deep surgical site infections after primary total hip or knee arthroplasty—A multicenter study
Authors: Verberk Janneke D. M. , van Rooden Stephanie M. , Koek Mayke B. G. , Hetem David J. , Smilde Annelies E. , Bril Wendy S. , Streefkerk Roel H. R. A. , Hopmans Titia E. M. , Bonten Marc J. M. , de Greeff Sabine C. , van Mourik Maaike S. M.
Published: August 2020

Objective:

Surveillance of healthcare-associated infections is often performed by manual chart review. Semiautomated surveillance may substantially reduce workload and subjective data interpretation. We assessed the validity of a previously published algorithm for semiautomated surveillance of deep surgical site infections (SSIs) after total hip arthroplasty (THA) or total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in Dutch hospitals. In addition, we explored the ability of a hospital to automatically select the patients under surveillance.

Design:

Multicenter retrospective cohort study.

Methods:

Hospitals identified patients who underwent THA or TKA either by procedure codes or by conventional surveillance. For these patients, routine care data regarding microbiology results, antibiotics, (re)admissions, and surgeries within 120 days following THA or TKA were extracted from electronic health records. Patient selection was compared with conventional surveillance and patients were retrospectively classified as low or high probability of having developed deep SSI by the algorithm. Sensitivity, positive predictive value (PPV), and workload reduction were calculated and compared to conventional surveillance.

Results:

Of 9,554 extracted THA and TKA surgeries, 1,175 (12.3%) were revisions, and 8,378 primary surgeries remained for algorithm validation (95 deep SSIs, 1.1%). Sensitivity ranged from 93.6% to 100% and PPV ranged from 55.8% to 72.2%. Workload was reduced by ≥98%. Also, 2 SSIs (2.1%) missed by the algorithm were explained by flaws in data selection.

Conclusions:

This algorithm reliably detects patients with a high probability of having developed deep SSI after THA or TKA in Dutch hospitals. Our results provide essential information for successful implementation of semiautomated surveillance for deep SSIs after THA or TKA.
Dietary lipid and n-3 long-chain PUFA levels impact growth performance and lipid metabolism of juvenile mud crab, Scylla paramamosain
Authors: Wang Xuexi , Jin Min , Cheng Xin , Luo Jiaxiang , Jiao Lefei , Betancor Mónica B. , Tocher Douglas R. , Zhou Qicun
Published: August 2020

An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary n-3 LC-PUFA levels on growth performance, tissue fatty acid profiles and relative expression of genes involved in the lipid metabolism of mud crab (Scylla paramamosain). Ten isonitrogenous diets were formulated to contain five n-3 LC-PUFA levels at 7 and 12 % dietary lipid levels. The highest weight gain and specific growth rate were observed in crabs fed the diets with 19·8 and 13·2 mg/g n-3 LC-PUFA at 7 and 12 % lipid, respectively. Moisture and lipid contents in hepatopancreas and muscle were significantly influenced by dietary n-3 LC-PUFA at the two lipid levels. The DHA, EPA, n-3 LC-PUFA contents and n-3:n-6 PUFA ratio in hepatopancreas and muscle significantly increased as dietary n-3 LC-PUFA levels increased at both lipid levels. The expression levels of -6 fatty acyl desaturase and acyl-CoA oxidase in hepatopancreas increased significantly, and expression levels of fatty acid synthase, carnitine palmitoyltransferase I and hormone-sensitive TAG lipase were down-regulated, with increased dietary n-3 LC-PUFA regardless of lipid level. Based on weight gain, n-3 LC-PUFA requirements of S. paramamosain were estimated to be 20·1 and 12·7 mg/g of diet at 7 and 12 % dietary lipid, respectively. Overall, dietary lipid level influenced lipid metabolism, and purified, high-lipid diets rich in palmitic acid reduced the n-3 LC-PUFA requirement of juvenile mud crab.
Reading minds in motion: Mouse tracking reveals transposed-character effects in Chinese compound word recognition
Authors: Lin Yu-Cheng , Lin Pei-Ying
Published: August 2020

This study investigated the development of character transposition effects during Chinese compound word recognition via computer mouse movements instead of the conventional key presses. Empirical evidence to reveal the impacts of vocabulary knowledge, grade level, and whole word frequency on Chinese transposed-character effect is lacking. In the present study, we measured the transposed-character effect in two groups of Taiwanese children (second and fourth graders) in a mouse-tracking lexical-decision task including nonwords derived from real words by transposing two characters (e.g., “習學” from “學習” [learning]) and control nonwords in which two characters are replaced (e.g., “以修”). Our results indicate that participants showed longer mouse movement times and larger spatial attraction in recognizing transposed-character nonwords than in replaced-character nonwords, suggesting that the dominant role of whole-word representation in processing Chinese compound words. Our results also further demonstrate that how the degree of character transposition was affected by vocabulary knowledge, grade level, and word frequency.
Not our ‘Dunedin sound’: Responses to the historicisation of Dunedin popular music
Authors: Wilson Oli , Holland Michael
Published: August 2020

The music that was produced in Dunedin, New Zealand, during the 1980's occupies a unique place in the global indie music canon. In writing about this supposed ‘Dunedin sound,' critics and scholars alike have fixated on the city's remoteness: it is believed to be distant from metropolitan centres of music industry power and influence, and consequently supported a subversive and democratised local music scene. This article explores the implications of the ongoing historicisation of Dunedin's popular music scene along these lines, and highlights the ways in which the valorisation of the city’s musical heritage obstructs problematic power dynamics that impact the way young musicians in the city express place and musical identity. Our research applies an embedded participatory ethnography to unpack the ideological positions occupied by contemporary local musicians, and to critique factions within the contemporary musical scene in the city.
Popular music analysis too often neglects the analysis of popular music
Authors: de Clercq Trevor
Published: August 2020

For more than two decades, a trend in popular music scholarship has been the publication every few years of an edited collection of analytical essays (e.g., Covach and Boone 1997; Moore 2003; Everett 2008). These multi-author volumes sometimes have a specific analytical concern, such as intertextuality (Burns and Lacasse 2018), but more typically they simply bring together a variety of essays written by a variety of authors using a variety of methods to analyse music from a variety of styles. Strategically, the editors of these volumes will pitch this lack of any strong unifying theme as an advantage, asserting that the broad range of approaches gives the reader a sense for the diversity of current perspectives (as in, for example, the preface to Spicer and Covach 2010 or the introduction to von Appen et al. 2015). To be fair, the exclusive focus on analysis, particularly close readings of the ‘text’ itself, makes the chapters of these collections hold together more than, say, the articles in any regular issue ofPopular Music. However, with typically only a dozen or so contributions in each volume, these multi-author works often seem like scattershot glimpses into the vast universe of possible analytical approaches and musical styles.
Pie laika … Now is the time. The singing revolution on Latvian radio and television
Authors: Gronow Pekka , Daugavietis Jānis
Published: August 2020

In the Soviet Union, song competitions had an important role in presenting new artists and songs. TheMikrofona aptaujacontest of Latvian radio (1968–1994) was the main forum for new Latvian pop music. It had a reputation for expressing nationalist feelings within the limits of Soviet censorship. In 1988, with the rise of new political movements in the Soviet Union, the competition became a venue for the Latvian independence movement. The winning song of 1988 was a demand for ‘freedom to the fatherland’. The competition also played a part in the rehabilitation of pre-war popular music which had been forbidden in Soviet Latvia. The paper discusses the role of journalists, politicians and songwriters in this process. After the privatisation of the economy, the song competition was taken over by private entrepreneurs, as public interest in political songs waned.
‘I was treated like dirt’: evaluating links between betrayal and mental contamination in clinical samples
Authors: Pagdin Rowena , Salkovskis Paul M. , Nathwani Falguni , Wilkinson-Tough Megan , Warnock-Parkes Emma
Published: August 2020

Background:

Little is known about the impact of interpersonal betrayal experiences on mental health. Research suggests a link between betrayal and mental contamination (MC) within some forms of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). This study represents an initial exploration of that link in clinical samples.

Aims:

A measure for assessing perceptions of betrayal was developed and evaluated (Study 1) in order to assess the extent of specificity of any association between the impact of betrayal and MC, and to estimate the extent of the impact of betrayal across common psychological disorders (Study 2).

Method:

In Study 1, the Perception of Betrayal Scale (POBS) was completed by 217 community participants; an exploratory principal components analysis identified the dimensional structure of the POBS. Study 2 was based on a cross-sectional, between-groups design, with three clinical groups [OCD (n = 23), other anxiety disorders (n = 21) and depression (n = 18)] and a non-clinical control group (n = 21). Three clinical groups (OCD, other anxiety disorders, and depression) and a community group completed a selection of measures via questionnaire.

Results:

In Study 1, the POBS was found to have an internal consistency of α = .95, and four factors were identified: preoccupation with betrayal events, belief that betrayal had caused major life change, lack of trust due to betrayal and betrayal leading to traumatic responses. In Study 2, the OCD group scored more highly in terms of maladaptive perceptions of betrayal than the other groups. Regression analysis showed betrayal scores to be a moderate predictor of the experience of MC; the POBS subscales lack of trust due to betrayal and betrayal leading to traumatic responses were found to be significantly associated with MC. Although there was some overlap with bitterness, betrayal better predicted MC.

Conclusion:

Findings support the hypothesis of a specific relationship between the construct of betrayal and MC.
The Evolution of the Dispute Settlement Mechanism in Preferential Trade Agreements [PTAs]: The Case of Indonesia
Authors: WIDIATEDJA I Gusti Ngurah Parikesit
Published: August 2020

The dispute settlement mechanism [DSM] under preferential trade agreements [PTAs] is crucial to ensure adequate implementation and enforcement of commitments among contracting parties. The DSM has evolved from political/diplomatic styles with a low level of legalism to judicial styles with a high level of legalism. Indonesia has also experienced this evolution process in its PTAs. This paper aims to show the evolution of the DSM in Indonesian PTAs, analyzing several related factors behind this trend. The paper argues that the evolution of the DSM from the GATT to WTO, Indonesia's participation in regional trade agreement, that is, ASEAN, the influence of trade partners, the existence of domestic factors, and the ongoing WTO dispute encourage the evolution of the DSM in Indonesian PTAs from political styles to more judicial styles with a high level of legalism.
China's State-Centric Approach to Corporate Social Responsibility Overseas: A Case Study in Africa
Authors: Liu Bingyu
Published: August 2020

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is conventionally understood as voluntary and market- based corporate behaviour without direct government involvement. The development of CSR in China challenges this understanding in the light of the growing role of government in promoting it. Over the past decade China has demonstrated a state-centric approach towards promoting CSR. Existing studies focus only on Chinese domestic CSR practices. However, with the rise of Chinese companies in Africa under China's ‘Belt and Road Initiative’, it is important to examine how the state-centric approach applies to the overseas CSR practice of Chinese companies. This article aims to fill the literature gap through in-depth interviews and analysis of the Standard Gauge Railway project in Kenya. It shows that close institutional, relational, and bureaucratic ties between the state and the business community give the Chinese government the power to influence the behaviour of Chinese state-owned enterprises overseas. The Chinese government can influence the CSR practices of Chinese companies overseas through mandating, facilitating, endorsing and partnering in order to minimize the negative externalities of companies’ overseas activities. However, the state-centric CSR approach limits the space for civil society engagement and the effectiveness of the approach abroad is constrained by a variety of institutional contexts and corporate ownership models.
Mineral Nutrients Sourced in Deep Regolith Sustain Long‐Term Nutrition of Mountainous Temperate Forest Ecosystems
Authors: Uhlig D. , Amelung W. , von Blanckenburg F.
Published: August 2020

Primary productivity of forest ecosystems depends on the availability of plant‐essential mineral nutrients. Because nutrient demand of trees often exceeds nutrient supply from rock, tree nutrition is sustained by efficient reutilization of organic‐bound nutrients. These nutrients are continuously returned from trees to the forest floor in litterfall. However, over millennia nutrient limitation may develop in landscapes from which nutrients are permanently lost by drainage and erosion. Such a deficit is prevented if advection of unweathered bedrock toward the surface as driven by erosion continuously supplies fresh nutrients. Yet the mechanisms and the depth range over which this deep nutrient resource is accessed are poorly known. We show that in two montane temperate forest ecosystems in the Black Forest and Bavarian Forest the geogenic source of nutrients was found within a depth zone of several meters. This deep zone contains a large pool of biologically available nutrients. We applied isotope ratios as proxies for nutrient uptake depth, and we tracked the regolith depth at which the isotope ratios of 87Sr/86Sr and 10Be(meteoric)/9Be match the respective values in plant tissue. We mapped the depth distribution of the biologically available calcium‐bound form of the most plant‐essential mineral nutrient phosphorus and found that the depth of phosphorus availability is as deep or even deeper as the range defined by the isotope ratios. We conclude that nutrient supply from a regolith depth of several meters is critical for forest ecosystem function in landscapes of moderate hillslopes and rainfall that are affected by permanent nutrient loss.
Resolving the Kinematics and Moment Release of Early Afterslip Within the First Hours Following the 2016 Mw 7.1 Kumamoto Earthquake: Implications for the Shallow Slip Deficit and Frictional Behavior of Aseismic Creep
Authors: Milliner C. , Bürgmann R. , Inbal A. , Wang T. , Liang C.
Published: August 2020

As stresses following rupture are dissipated continuous measurements of postseismic surface deformation provide insight into variations of the frictional strength of faults and the rheology of the lower crust and upper mantle. Due to the difficulty of capturing the earliest phase of afterslip, most analyses have focused on understanding postseismic processes over timescales of weeks to years. Here we investigate the kinematics, moment release, and frictional properties of the earliest phase of afterslip within the first hours following the 2016 Mw 7.1 Kumamoto earthquake using a network of 5‐minute sampled continuous Global Positioning System (GPS) stations. Using independent component analysis to filter the GPS data, we find that (1) early afterslip contributes only ~1% of total moment release within the first hour and 8% after 24 hr. This suggests that the lack of a coseismic slip deficit, which we estimate using standard geodetic data sets (e.g., InSAR, GPS, and pixel offsets) and which span the first 4 days of the postseismic period, is largely reflective of the dynamic rupture process and we can rule out contamination of moment release by early afterslip. (2) Early afterslip shows no evidence of a delayed nucleation or acceleration phase, where instead fault patches transition to immediate deceleration following rupture that is consistent with frictional relaxation under steady state conditions with dependence only on the sliding velocity. (3) There is a close correlation between the near‐field aftershocks and afterslip within the first hours following rupture, suggesting afterslip may still be an important possible triggering mechanism during the earliest postseismic period.
Black Carbon Absorption Efficiency Under Preindustrial and Present‐Day Conditions Simulated by a Size‐ and Mixing‐State‐Resolved Global Aerosol Model
Authors: Matsui Hitoshi
Published: August 2020

The positive radiative forcing of black carbon (BC) aerosol depends not only on the spatial and temporal distribution of BC but also its absorption efficiency. The mass absorption cross section (MAC) of BC is enhanced by atmospheric aging processes that increase particle size and non‐BC coating amounts (mixing state) of BC‐containing particles. However, the representation of MAC (or absorption enhancement) in current global aerosol models has a large uncertainty. This study used a global aerosol model that resolves particle size and mixing state to show that the MAC of anthropogenic BC has increased by 50% from preindustrial to present‐day conditions (from 5.6 to 8.6 m2 g−1) because faster present‐day aging processes increase the fraction of thickly coated BC particles, which have high absorption efficiency. This effect is apparent only when the model considers BC mixing state with sufficient resolution. The impact of this MAC enhancement on BC direct radiative forcing is estimated to be 0.051–0.086 W m−2 globally (22–37% of anthropogenic BC direct radiative forcing, 0.23 W m−2) and exceeds 0.5 W m−2 near‐source regions in East Asia. Sensitivity simulations show that BC direct radiative forcing and MAC are highly sensitive to non‐BC emissions, secondary aerosol formation, and aerosol size distribution and mixing state in emissions. We must therefore improve our understanding of these factors by further observations and reduce their discrepancies between models to achieve better estimates of BC absorption efficiency and radiative forcing.
Iron Mobility During Diagenesis at Vera Rubin Ridge, Gale Crater, Mars
Authors: L'Haridon J. , Mangold N. , Fraeman A. A. , Johnson J. R. , Cousin A. , Rapin W. , David G. , Dehouck E. , Sun V. , Frydenvang J. , Gasnault O. , Gasda P. , Lanza N. , Forni O. , Meslin P.‐Y. , Schwenzer S. P. , Bridges J. , Horgan B. , House C. H. , Salvatore M. , Maurice S. , Wiens R. C.
Published: August 2020

TheCuriosityrover investigated a topographic structure known as Vera Rubin ridge, associated with a hematite signature in orbital spectra. There,Curiosityencountered mudstones interpreted as lacustrine deposits, conformably overlying the 300 m‐thick underlying sedimentary rocks of the Murray formation at the base of Mount Sharp. While the presence of hematite (α‐Fe2O3) was confirmed in situ by both Mastcam and ChemCam spectral observations and by the CheMin instrument, neither ChemCam nor APXS observed any significant increase in FeOT(total iron oxide) abundances compared to the rest of the Murray formation. Instead,Curiositydiscovered dark‐toned diagenetic features displaying anomalously high FeOTabundances, commonly observed in association with light‐toned Ca‐sulfate veins but also as crystal pseudomorphs in the host rock. These iron‐rich diagenetic features are predominantly observed in “gray” outcrops on the upper part of the ridge, which lack the telltale ferric signature of other Vera Rubin ridge outcrops. Their composition is consistent with anhydrous Fe‐oxide, as the enrichment in iron is not associated with enrichment in any other elements, nor with detections of volatiles. The lack of ferric absorption features in the ChemCam reflectance spectra and the hexagonal crystalline structure associated with dark‐toned crystals points toward coarse “gray” hematite. In addition, the host rock adjacent to these features appears bleached and shows low‐FeOTcontent as well as depletion in Mn, indicating mobilization of these redox‐sensitive elements during diagenesis. Thus, groundwater fluid circulations could account for the remobilization of iron and recrystallization as crystalline hematite during diagenesis on Vera Rubin ridge.
Experiments on the Morphodynamics of Open Channel Confluences: Implications for the Accumulation of Contaminated Sediments
Authors: Yu Qingcheng , Yuan Saiyu , Rennie Colin D.
Published: August 2020

Contaminated sediments are common in river networks. The flow convergence and particular flow structures in confluences, such as the flow separation zone, may result in greater accumulation of contaminated sediments than in other river locations, but this issue is rarely studied. In addition, the contaminated sediment transport is driven by the particular morphodynamics occurring at confluences. This article describes a novel confluence flume experiment on both morphodynamics and deposition patterns of contaminated sediments as a function of geometric and flow conditions. The initial equilibrium bed geometry was developed from a mobile bed and then fixed, allowing for subsequent flow velocimetry and sediment feeding. Colored sediments of fine gradation, which mimic contaminated sediments, were then fed to the tributary channel. The results suggest that the junction angle primarily determines the confluence bed morphology and sediment transport pattern while the discharge ratio is a secondary factor. It was also observed that most introduced sediments tended to deposit immediately after the cessation of feeding at the stoss of the bar in the flow separation zone. The time history of the transport of the contaminated sediments was also investigated. Sediment that initially deposited at the stoss of the bar eventually moved to the lee of the bar and deposited around the bar downstream of the confluence, demonstrating that the sedimentation pattern evolved to a state similar to the equilibrium bed morphology.
Denuding a Craton: Thermochronology Record of Phanerozoic Unroofing From the Pilbara Craton, Australia
Authors: Morón Sara , Kohn Barry P. , Beucher Romain , Mackintosh Vhairi , Cawood Peter A. , Moresi Louis , Gallagher Stephen J.
Published: August 2020

Cratons are ancient regions of relatively stable continental fragments considered to have attained long‐term tectonic and geomorphic stability. Low‐temperature thermochronology data, however, suggest that some cratons have experienced discrete Phanerozoic heating and cooling episodes. We report apatite fission track, and apatite and zircon (U‐Th)/He low‐temperature thermochronology data from the Archean Pilbara craton and adjacent Paleoproterozoic basement, NW Australia. Inverse thermal history simulations of this spatially extensive data set reveal that the region has experienced ~50–70°C cooling, which is interpreted as a response to the unroofing of erodible strata overlying basement. The timing of cooling onset is variable, mainly ~420–350 Ma in the southern and central Pilbara‐eastern Hamersley Basin and ~350–300 Ma in the northern Pilbara, while the westernmost Pilbara‐central Hamersley Basin does not record a significant Paleozoic cooling event. These differences are attributed to variations in sedimentary thickness and proximity to adjacent rift basins, which lack Archean age zircons in their Paleozoic strata. The onset of Paleozoic cooling coincides with the timing of the episodic intraplate late Ordovician‐Carboniferous Alice Springs Orogeny. This orogeny is thought to have resulted from far‐field plate margin stresses, which in turn caused the opening of the adjacent Canning Basin, to the north and east of the craton. We propose that basin development triggered a change of base level, resulting in denudation and the crustal cooling event reported here. Our results provide further evidence for the transmission of far‐field forces to cratons over hundreds of kilometers and support the view that cratons have experienced geomorphic changes during the Phanerozoic.
Small‐Scale Capillary Heterogeneity Linked to Rapid Plume Migration During CO2 Storage
Authors: Jackson Samuel J. , Krevor Samuel
Published: August 2020

Unpredicted, rapid plume elongation has been observed at subsurface CO2 storage projects worldwide, exemplified by the Sleipner project. We show that conventionally ignored centimeter‐meter scale heterogeneity in capillary pressure characteristics can manifest as rapid field‐scale, decameter‐kilometer, plume migration. We analyze the effect in the Goldeneye field, UK, a proposed storage site with a unique combination of sample/data accessibility and generality as an archetype sandstone reservoir. We overcome previous barriers by characterizing in greater detail over larger scales—the 65 m reservoir height at cm‐m resolution—and through use of an upscaling scheme which resolves small‐scale heterogeneity impacts in field‐scale simulations. These models reveal that significant early time retardation of buoyantly rising CO2 plumes is followed by rapid migration under the caprock in the presence of anisotropic, layered heterogeneities. Lateral migration speeds can be enhanced by 200%, placing first‐order controls on fluid flow and providing a mechanistic explanation for field observations.
Anomalous Behavior of the Equatorial Ionization Anomaly During the 2 July 2019 Solar Eclipse
Authors: Jonah O. F. , Goncharenko L. , Erickson P. J. , Zhang S. , Coster A. , Chau J. L. , de Paula E. R. , Rideout W.
Published: August 2020

A solar eclipse is a spectacular phenomenon resulting from a Sun‐Moon alignment as viewed from the Earth. Eclipses have a great influence on the state of the ionosphere and trigger significant variations during this extraordinary event, as daytime sunlight turns to darkness and back again. Therefore, understanding how this dramatic solar‐lunar event affects the Earth's atmosphere is of enormous importance. In this study, we took advantage of the proximity of a 2 July 2019 solar eclipse to the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) in order to investigate EIA dynamics during the eclipse total obscuration as it made its first landfall over the South American continent. We found the following eclipse dynamic features (1) analogous to prior results at the EIA, a 57% enhancement of the total electron content (TEC) in the EIA crest during total obscuration in areas a few degrees to the north from totality; (2) a 35% TEC suppression along the path of totality to the south of the EIA (sub‐EIA) crest; (3) temporal and spatial extension of the southern EIA crest; (4) enhancement of the fountain effect and associated with it vertical plasma drift in the magnetic equatorial region; and (5) unusual observation of TEC bite‐out near the EIA crest prior to local eclipse onset.
Lithosphere Mantle Density of the North China Craton
Authors: Xia Bing , Thybo Hans , Artemieva Irina M.
Published: August 2020

We constrain the lithospheric mantle density of the North China Craton (NCC) at both in situ and standard temperature‐pressure (STP) conditions from gravity data. The lithosphere‐asthenosphere boundary (LAB) depth is constrained by our new thermal model, which is based on a new regional heat flow data set and a recent regional crustal model NCcrust. The new thermal model shows that the thermal lithosphere thickness is <120 km in most of the NCC, except for the northern and southern parts with the maximum depth of 170 km. The gravity calculations reveal a highly heterogeneous density structure of the lithospheric mantle with in situ and STP values of 3.22–3.29 and 3.32–3.40 g/cm3, respectively. Thick and reduced‐density cratonic‐type lithosphere is preserved mostly in the southern NCC. Most of the Eastern Block has a thin (90–140 km) and high‐density lithospheric mantle. Most of the Western Block has a high‐density lithospheric mantle and a thin (80–110 km) lithosphere typical of Phanerozoic regions, which suggests that the Archean lithosphere is no longer present there. We conclude that in almost the entire NCC the lithosphere has lost its cratonic characteristics by geodynamic processes that include, but are not limited to, the Paleozoic closure of the Paleo‐Asian Ocean in the north, the Mesozoic Yangtze Craton flat subduction in the south, the Mesozoic Pacific subduction in the east, the Cenozoic remote response to the Indian‐Eurasian collision in the west, and the Cenozoic extensional tectonics (possibly associated with the slab roll‐back) in the center.
High‐Frequency Submesoscale Motions Enhance the Upward Vertical Heat Transport in the Global Ocean
Authors: Su Zhan , Torres Hector , Klein Patrice , Thompson Andrew F. , Siegelman Lia , Wang Jinbo , Menemenlis Dimitris , Hill Christopher
Published: August 2020

The rate of ocean heat uptake depends on the mechanisms that transport heat between the surface and the ocean interior. A recent study found that the vertical heat transport driven by motions with scales smaller than 0.5° (submesoscales) and frequencies smaller than 1 day−1 is upward. This transport competes with the other major components of the global heat transport, namely, the downward heat transport explained by the large‐scale wind‐driven vertical circulation and vertical diffusion at small scales and the upward heat transport associated with mesoscale eddies (50‐ to 300‐km size). The contribution from motions with small spatial scales (<0.5°) and frequencies larger than 1 day−1, including internal gravity waves, has never been explicitly estimated. This study investigates this high‐frequency (subdaily) submesoscale contribution to the global heat transport. The major result of this study, based on the analysis of a high‐resolution ocean model, is that including this high‐frequency contribution surprisingly doubles the upward heat transport due to submesoscales in winter in the global ocean. This contribution typically concerns depths down to 200–500 m and can have a magnitude of up to 500 W m−2 in terms of wintertime heat fluxes at 40‐m depth, which causes a significant upward heat transport of ~7 PW when integrated over the global ocean. Thus, such submesoscale heat transport, which is not resolved by climate models, impacts the heat uptake in the global ocean. The mechanisms involved in these results still need to be understood, which should be the scope of future work.
Roles of Sea Surface Temperature Warming and Loss of Arctic Sea Ice in the Enhanced Summer Wetting Trend Over Northeastern Siberia During Recent Decades
Authors: Sun Cheng , Liu Yusen , Zhang Jing
Published: August 2020

The water cycle over middle‐ to high‐latitude regions has experienced rapid changes in recent decades. The sea surface temperature (SST) and Arctic sea ice influence the water cycle over these regions, but the relative roles of SST warming and the loss of Arctic sea ice remain unclear. We identify an enhanced change in the summer (June–August) water cycle over northeastern Siberia (55–70°N, 100–170°E) during the last three decades. The driving force of this enhanced wetting trend is investigated using both observations and model simulations. An increasing trend of low‐level southerly winds and a decrease in sea‐level pressure are observed over northeastern Siberia during summer, leading to stronger lower tropospheric moisture convergence and ascending motion, which favor an increase in precipitation. The wetting trend and the associated atmospheric features are successfully reproduced by an atmospheric model driven by the observed Arctic sea ice concentrations and SSTs, whereas the model driven solely by the Arctic sea ice concentrations simulates a negligible increase in precipitation. This is primarily due to the absence of the stronger southerly winds that transport moisture from the Pacific Ocean. The modeling evidence suggests that SST changes in recent decades have a stronger influence on the intensified precipitation than does sea ice. An atmospheric bridge mechanism links the strengthened southerly winds to an upper‐level Rossby wave train originating from the North Atlantic. Another atmospheric simulation forced only by Atlantic SST warming recreates the observed enhanced wetting trend in northeastern Siberia and supports the hypothesized atmospheric bridge mechanism.
Assessing Underground Water Exchange Between Regions Using GRACE Data
Authors: Yin Wenjie , Hu Litang , Zheng Wei , Jiao Jiu Jimmy , Han Shin‐Chan , Zhang Menglin
Published: August 2020

Quantifying the underground water exchange between adjacent regions is a common question in field investigations and groundwater flow models. This paper proposes an innovative approach to assess underground water exchange patterns based on Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) observations, the water balance method, and Darcy's law. The dynamic patterns of flux changes are investigated over four boundaries of an arid plain. Moreover, the causes of anthropogenic and climate factors are evaluated using the entropy method and the partial least squares regression (PLSR) model. The results indicate that terrestrial water storage (TWS) in the study area shows a decreasing trend at a rate of −1.77 ± 0.21 mm/yr from 2003 to 2015. The water resources recharging the study area from its southern boundary show a noticeable increasing trend, which is mainly attributed to the warming climate and increasing precipitation on the Qilian Mountains. The Ecological Water Diversion Project and the imbalance between precipitation and evapotranspiration are the main factors inducing the decline of flux changes for the northern, western, and eastern boundaries. Under the constrains of empirical values of hydrogeological parameters, GRACE‐based methods find that increment of the flux changes in the southern boundary may account for approximately 0.43% of the investigated flux in 2000, and the decrement of flux changes in the eastern boundary may be about 0.01% to the previous measured results. Anthropogenic activities are the dominant driving force for the changes in water resources, with the weight of 88.70%. The presented method can provide insights into the patterns of flux change in data‐poor areas.
High‐Resolution Mg/Ca and δ18O Patterns in Modern Neogloboquadrina pachyderma From the Fram Strait and Irminger Sea
Authors: Livsey Caitlin M. , Kozdon Reinhard , Bauch Dorothea , Brummer Geert‐Jan A. , Jonkers Lukas , Orland Ian , Hill Tessa M. , Spero Howard J.
Published: August 2020

Neogloboquadrina pachyderma is the dominant species of planktonic foraminifera found in polar waters and is therefore invaluable for paleoceanographic studies of the high latitudes. However, the geochemistry of this species is complicated due to the development of a thick calcite crust in its final growth stage and at greater depths within the water column. We analyzed the in situ Mg/Ca and δ18O in discrete calcite zones using laser ablation‐inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry, electron probe microanalysis, and secondary ion mass spectrometry within modern N. pachyderma shells from the highly dynamic Fram Strait and the seasonally isothermal/isohaline Irminger Sea. Here we compare shell geochemistry to the measured temperature, salinity, and δ18Osw in which the shells calcified to better understand the controls on N. pachyderma geochemical heterogeneity. We present a relationship between Mg/Ca and temperature in N. pachyderma lamellar calcite that is significantly different than published equations for shells that contained both crust and lamellar calcite. We also document highly variable secondary ion mass spectrometry δ18O results (up to a 3.3‰ range in single shells) on plankton tow samples which we hypothesize is due to the granular texture of shell walls. Finally, we document that the δ18O of the crust and lamellar calcite of N. pachyderma from an isothermal/isohaline environment are indistinguishable from each other, indicating that shifts in N. pachyderma δ18O are primarily controlled by changes in environmental temperature and/or salinity rather than differences in the sensitivities of the two calcite types to environmental conditions.
Modeling brain, symptom, and behavior in the winds of change
Authors: Lydon-Staley David M. , Cornblath Eli J. , Blevins Ann Sizemore , Bassett Danielle S.
Published: August 2020

Neuropsychopharmacology addresses pressing questions in the study of three intertwined complex systems: the brain, human behavior, and symptoms of illness. The field seeks to understand the perturbations that impinge upon those systems, either driving greater health or illness. In the pursuit of this aim, investigators often perform analyses that make certain assumptions about the nature of the systems that are being perturbed. Those assumptions can be encoded in powerful computational models that serve to bridge the wide gulf between a descriptive analysis and a formal theory of a system’s response. Here we review a set of three such models along a continuum of complexity, moving from a local treatment to a network treatment: one commonly applied form of the general linear model, impulse response models, and network control models. For each, we describe the model’s basic form, review its use in the field, and provide a frank assessment of its relative strengths and weaknesses. The discussion naturally motivates future efforts to interlink data analysis, computational modeling, and formal theory. Our goal is to inspire practitioners to consider the assumptions implicit in their analytical approach, align those assumptions to the complexity of the systems under study, and take advantage of exciting recent advances in modeling the relations between perturbations and system function.
GSK3β inhibition restores cortical gamma oscillation and cognitive behavior in a mouse model of NMDA receptor hypofunction relevant to schizophrenia
Authors: Nakao Kazuhito , Singh Mahendra , Sapkota Kiran , Hagler Bailey C. , Hunter Robert N. , Raman Chander , Hablitz John J. , Nakazawa Kazu
Published: August 2020

Cortical gamma oscillations are believed to be involved in mental processes which are disturbed in schizophrenia. For example, the magnitudes of sensory-evoked oscillations, as measured by auditory steady-state responses (ASSRs) at 40 Hz, are robustly diminished, whereas the baseline gamma power is enhanced in schizophrenia. Such dual gamma oscillation abnormalities are also present in a mouse model of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor hypofunction (Ppp1r2cre/Grin1 knockout mice). However, it is unclear whether the abnormal gamma oscillations are associated with dysfunction in schizophrenia. We found that glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) is overactivated in corticolimbic parvalbumin-positive GABAergic interneurons in Grin1 mutant mice. Here we addressed whether GSK3β inhibition reverses both abnormal gamma oscillations and behavioral deficits with high correlation by pharmacological and genetic approach. We demonstrated that the paralog selective-GSK3β inhibitor, but not GSK3α inhibitor, normalizes the diminished ASSRs, excessive baseline gamma power, and deficits in spatial working memory and prepulse inhibition (PPI) of acoustic startle in Grin1 mutant mice. Cell-type specific GSK3B knockdown, but not GSK3A knockdown, also reversed abnormal gamma oscillations and behavioral deficits. Moreover, GSK3B knockdown, but not GSK3A knockdown, reverses the mutants’ in vivo spike synchrony deficits. Finally, ex vivo patch-clamp recording from pairs of neighboring cortical pyramidal neurons showed a reduction of synchronous spontaneous inhibitory-postsynaptic-current events in mutants, which was reversed by GSK3β inhibition genetically and pharmacologically. Together, GSK3β inhibition in corticolimbic interneurons ameliorates the deficits in spatial working memory and PPI, presumably by restoration of synchronous GABA release, synchronous spike firing, and evoked-gamma power increase with lowered baseline power.
Quantum-assisted photoelectric gain effects in perovskite solar cells
Authors: Wang Ying-Chiao , Huang Shao-Ku , Nakamura Toshihiro , Kao Yu-Ting , Chiang Chun-Hao , Wang Di-Yan , Chang Yuan Jay , Koshida Nobuyoshi , Shimada Toshikazu , Liu Shihao , Chen Chun-Wei , Tsukagoshi Kazuhito
Published: August 2020

Further boosting the power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) without excessively increasing production expenses is critical for practical applications. Here, we introduce silicon quantum dots (SiQDs) to enable perovskites to harvest additional sunlight without changing PSC processes. These SiQDs can convert shorter wavelength excitation light (300–530 nm) into visible region light and reflect longer wavelength perovskite-unabsorbed visible light (550–800 nm), leading to broadband light absorption enhancement in PSCs. As a result, the SiQD-based photocurrent gain can improve the external quantum efficiencies of PSCs over a wide wavelength range of 360–760 nm, yielding relatively enhanced short-circuit current density (+1.66 mA/cm2) and PCE (+1.4%). Surprisingly, even the PSC with a low-purity perovskite layer shows an ultrahigh PCE improvement of 5.6%. Our findings demonstrate QD-assisted effects based on earth-abundant and environmentally friendly silicon, leading to effective optical management that remarkably promotes the performance of PSCs and enables the balance of costs to be substantially addressed.