bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Multinational Firm
Authors: Morgan Glenn , Kristensen Peer Hull , Whitley Richard
Published: November 2023

In contrast to the traditional view of multinational firms as cohesive rational actors maximizing the use of resources across national boundaries, the contributors to this volume argue that they are complex social arenas where competing groups draw on resources from their own socially embedded locations in developing new transnational social relationships. As firms seek to manage across national and institutional boundaries, they stretch their existing capacities and routines and develop new sets of transnational social relationships through different groups competing and cooperating. These processes occur at a number of levels which are explored in different empirical settings. Firstly, at the level of governance, multinational firms may develop conflicts between investors from different national contexts, e.g. between the arms-length orientation of Anglo-Saxon institutional investors and the more committed orientation of investors in certain European and Asian contexts. The tension between opening the firm up for foreign investors in order to have access to more and cheaper capital and the consequent effects on management strategy is explored in a number of chapters. Secondly, at the level of coordinating activities across different sites, multinationals may encourage competition between plants in different countries as well as seeking to transfer best practices. The result may be pressure on managers and employees in certain plants to give up traditional practices and employment rights. Thirdly, multinational firms operate in environments where other forms of coordinating international business activity may also occur, e.g. cartels or the creation of international regulatory activity. They therefore compete for the regulatory space in complex political environments that will enable them to prosper.
The Multinational Firm: Organizing Across Institutional and National Divides
Authors: morgan glenn
Published: November 2023

This book develops a distinctive approach to understanding the internationalization of firms and markets in the global economy. In contrast to economic and managerialist perspectives that treat them as cohesive, goal-directed rational actors, the contributors to this volume draw on traditions of comparative organizational analysis to understand multinationals as organizations with complex internal processes of contradiction and conflict that are distinctive from those present in non-international firms. In different ways, the contributors share the following presumptions. First, multinational firms are social constructions; in particular, they are built out of specific national institutional contexts that shape how they internationalize. All the authors have been active in the debate about ‘national business systems’ and ‘divergent capitalisms’ (see, e.g., previous edited collections Quack, Morgan, and Whitley 2000; Whitley 1992; Whitley and Kristensen 1996; Whitley and Kristensen 1997).
Globalization and its Limits: The Making of International Regulation
Authors: djelic marie-laure , bensedrine jabril
Published: November 2023

Recent developments, particularly in Europe, make it difficult to ignore the debates around globalization. Mergers, acquisitions, and alliances are rapidly bringing about the reconstruction of many industries over and beyond national boundaries. Economic activities and transactions cross over national borders, making transnational mechanisms of governance increasingly likely and necessary. Some have argued that global pressures are leading, on a worldwide level, to the increasing convergence of governance and organizational structures and of business knowledge or practices (Alvarez 1998; Chandler 1990; Ohmae 1995; Scott et al. 1994). There is ample evidence, though, that local or national institutional arrangements still play a significant part when it comes to shaping economic structures and constraining economic behaviour (Hollingsworth and Boyer 1997; Whitley and Kristensen 1996).
How Social is Internet Communication? A Reappraisal of Bandwidth and Anonymity Effects
Authors: Watt Susan E , Lea Martin , Spears Russell
Published: November 2023

Internet communication is playing an increasing role in our lives both at work and at home, where it is augmenting or replacing many of the interpersonal and group interactions normally conducted face to face. Approximately 10 per cent of the world’s population are estimated to use the internet regularly (McKenna and Bargh 2000). Surveys have often shown that e-mail benefits business by substituting for meetings, and more recently that interpersonal communication is an important home use for the internet. Ninety-four per cent of users report that the internet makes it easier to communicate with family and friends, and 87 per cent use it regularly for that purpose (Kraut et al. 1998). Crook and Light (this volume) found that students with networked computers in their study bedrooms use the internet far more for social communication and recreation than for study purposes or for academic exchange.
Virtual Society and the Cultural Practice of Study
Authors: Crook Charles , Light Paul
Published: November 2023

The university community has become keenly aware of ‘virtual society’. There is no shortage of commentators urging the appropriation of information and communications technology (ICT) into higher education. Political analysts identify issues of economy and enfranchisement: arguing that virtual education may both cost less and make possible greater social inclusion (Hague 1991). Principals and vice-chancellors uneasily observe the growth of corporate uni versities and the accreditation of for-profit institutions with no bricks-and mortar identity (Duderstadt 1999). Educational managers sense a danger of being left behind as they see neighbouring universities develop new technical infrastructures (Oblinger and Rush 1998). The ICT industry promotes positive images of computer-supported learning. Not least in significance, a number of academics are publicizing their own teaching achievements, which involve the new tools of ICT (White and Weight 2000).
Presence, Absence, and Accountability: E-mail and the Mediation of Organizational Memory
Authors: Brown Steven D , Lightfoot Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

In Western thought there is a long-standing link between the practice and tools of remembering: memoria and techne. Take, for instance, the two pivotal moments described in that great work of memory, À la recherche du temps perdu. The first is the legendary scene where the taste of the tea-soaked madeleine restores Marcel to his childhood bed, awaiting the tread of his mother’s steps on the stairs. The second, however, is far less celebrated. During his return to Paris from the sanatorium, Marcel stumbles on uneven courtyard stones. The effect is the same—an instantaneous transport into the depths of memory. On both occasions what proves decisive for Marcel is the act of engaging with a particular object. The effect is peculiar.
Inside the Bubble: Communion, Cognition, and Deep Play at the Intersection of Wall Street and Cyberspace
Authors: Pollner Melvin
Published: November 2023

I had heard of neither the Iomega Corporation nor the Motley Fool until dinner with a friend in the late autumn of 1995. My friend told me that his life had changed after purchasing shares of Iomega Corporation whose (then) new product was a portable computer storage device, the Zip Drive. Surprised by the amount of money he had invested earlier in the year, he was even more sur prised when the shares soared in value. His new wealth, he continued, had affected every aspect of his life: his emotions, thoughts, and even his dreams were now different. If I was interested, he suggested, I ought to visit the Motley Fool (www.Fool.com), an online personal finance and investment site then based at America Online (AOL). Aiming to ‘educate, amuse and enrich’ individual investors, the Motley Fool hosted message boards devoted to discussing par ticular stocks, one of which was Iomega.
The Day-to-Day Work of Standardization: A Sceptical Note on the Reliance on IT in a Retail Bank
Authors: Hughes John A , Rouncefield Mark , Tolmie Pete
Published: November 2023

Exploring the relationship between technology and organization has for long been one of the central interests of sociology since the classic statements of Marx and Weber, so it cannot be any surprise that during the 1990s one of the predominant interests has been the relationship of information communications technologies (ICTs) to the major transformations in the social and economic environment in which organizations now operate (Lash and Urry 1987; Castells 1996). In brief, the claim is that in a more global economic environment organ izations need to ‘re-engineer’ themselves and become more flexible, knowledge based, and better able to survive and prosper in marketplaces that are less pre dictable and prone to rapid change (Hammer and Champy 1993; Nonaka and Takeuchi 1995).
The Evolution of the Japanese Distribution Structure: An International and Institutional Perspective
Authors: Nishimura Kiyohiko G , Tachibana Towa , Tsubouchi Hiroshi
Published: November 2023

The distribution sector is of significant economic importance.1 Retail and wholesale trade alone accounted for one-fifth of total employment and 14 per cent of value added in Japan in 1990 (Table 2.1). The importance is even more pronounced in other developed countries: retail and wholesale trade accounted for as much as one fifth to one-quarter of total employment and 17 per cent of va1ue added in Italy and the United States (Table 2.1). In spite of its importance, however, there has been little research on the evolution of the distribution structure under long-run economic growth. This may be due to the fact that the sector is very heterogeneous: the distribution of agricultural products, for example, is very different from that of machinery. Such heterogeneity requires careful disaggregate analysis, but detailed and internationally comparable disaggregated data are not easily available in most countries.
Apparel Distribution: Inter-firm Contracting and Intra-firm Organization
Authors: Miwa Yoshiro , Mark Ramseyer J
Published: November 2023

“They’re all the same. None of ‘em are exciting.” The sale of men’s business suits had fallen since 1992 in Japan and that, apparently, was how one industry executive explained it (Senken, 1999: 132). He was surely right, of course, though the explanation bordered on the apocryphal economist’s reason for the long line at the movie theater: the price was too low.
Procedural Law In International Arbitration
Authors: Petrochilos Georgios
Published: November 2023

International arbitration has become the preferred method for the resolution of international commercial disputes, yet the question still remains: What is the procedural law of international commercial arbitral proceedings and what is its relevance? This book comprehensively analyses the relevant legislative practice of all major arbitration venues in the world, as well as the arbitral practice of a number of arbitral institutions. Practitioners will welcome the book’s examination of the fate of awards annulled in their state of origin, ‘stateless’ awards, the procedural regime of arbitrations involving sovereign states, and the human rights considerations in international arbitration.
Introduction: International Banking and the American Challenge in Historical Perspective
Authors: Battilossi Stefano
Published: November 2023

Until quite recently, American banks in Europe were largely diplomatic and social outposts for the home concern. They evolved in the early 1900s as courtesy stations where rich aunts could get their checks cashed or have a trust officer help keep an eye on investments. Their nephews and nieces on European tours used the bank, and so did a few vacationing businessmen. Even during a short flurry of business activity in the 1920s a faint aura of afternoon tea and evening dinner-jacket languor clung to these way stations.
United States Banks and Europe: Strategy and Attitudes
Authors: Sylla Richard
Published: November 2023

What to Europeans appeared to be a US banking invasion from the 1950s to the 1970s was, from the perspective of the American banks, more in the nature of an escape. US banking leaders during the 1950s and 1960s were ambitious for their institutions and innovative in their strategies and tactics. Ostensibly, they were in a commanding position to give vent to their ambitions. The US economy was the largest around the world; with only three mild and short-lived recessions, it performed admirably throughout the two decades. The US dollar had already replaced the British pound as the world’s international currency, the one the world most desired, especially during the ‘dollar shortage’ of the late 1940s and the 1950s. The dollar was the anchor of the Bretton Woods world monetary system. Moreover, a freer international trading system largely constructed by US statesmen increased world trade, leading to greater demand for international finance.
Culture and Political Community: National, Global, and Cosmopolitan
Authors: Held David
Published: November 2023

This ‘window’ explores the impact on national culture of the globalization of communications and cultural life. It is in four parts. In the first part, the historical background to the debate about the nature and prospects of national culture is explored. The second and third sections examine the debate in an era of increasing trans border cultural interchange. Two positions are set out: the traditionalist or modern, territorial, state-based conception of the enduring significance of national identity and the cultural globalist position—the view that global popular culture, consumption orientations and hybrid identities are transforming cultural life. These positions are related to the development of political community and, in particular, to accounts about the proper nature and locus of the political good. The fourth and final part draws on aspects of both accounts, and points toward an alternative formulation, which appears a better fit with, and more appropriate to, cultural and political life in the contemporary age.
The Cosmopolitan Perspective: Sociology in the Second Age of Modernity
Authors: Beck Ulrich
Published: November 2023

The cosmopolitan gaze opens wide and focuses—stimulated by the postmodern mix of boundaries between cultures and identities, accelerated by the dynamics of capital and consumption, empowered by capitalism undermining national borders, excited by the global audience of transnational social movements and guided and encouraged by the evidence of worldwide communication (often just another word for misunderstanding) on central themes such as science, law, art, fashion, entertainment and, not least, politics. Worldwide public debate and perception of global ecological danger or global risks of a technological and economic nature (‘Frankenstein food’) have laid open the cosmopolitan significance of fear. And if we needed any proof that even genocide and the horrors of war now have a cosmopolitan aspect, this was provided by the Kosovo war in the spring of 1999 when NATO bombed Serbia in order to enforce the implementation of human rights.
The Class Consciousness of Frequent Travellers: Towards a Critique of Actually Existing Cosmopolitanism
Authors: Calhoun Craig
Published: November 2023

Some claim that the world is gradually becoming united, that it will grow into a brotherly community as distances shrink and ideas are transmitted through the air. Alas, you must not believe that men can be united in this way. —Fyodor Dostoevsky (1981: 379) A certain attenuated cosmopolitanism had taken place of the old home feeling. —Thomas Carlyle (1888: 369) Among the great struggles of man—good/evil, reason/unreason, etc.—there is also this mighty conflict between the fantasy of Home and the fantasy of Away, the dream of roots and the mirage of the journey.
Humanitarian Military Intervention
Authors: Seybolt Taylor B
Published: November 2023

Military intervention in a conflict without a reasonable prospect of success is unjustifiable, especially when it is done in the name of humanity. Couched in the debate on the responsibility to protect civilians from violence and drawing on traditional ‘just war’ principles, the central premise of this book is that humanitarian military intervention can be justified as a policy option only if decision makers can be reasonably sure that intervention will do more good than harm. This book asks, ‘Have past humanitarian military interventions been successful?’ It defines success as saving lives and sets out a methodology for estimating the number of lives saved by a particular military intervention. Analysis of 17 military operations in six conflict areas that were the defining cases of the 1990s-northern Iraq after the Gulf War, Somalia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Rwanda, Kosovo and East Timor-shows that the majority were successful by this measure. In every conflict studied, however, some military interventions succeeded while others failed, raising the question, ‘Why have some past interventions been more successful than others?’ This book argues that the central factors determining whether a humanitarian intervention succeeds are the objectives of the intervention and the military strategy employed by the intervening states. Four types of humanitarian military intervention are offered: helping to deliver emergency aid, protecting aid operations, saving the victims of violence and defeating the perpetrators of violence. The focus on strategy within these four types allows an exploration of the political and military dimensions of humanitarian intervention and highlights the advantages and disadvantages of each of the four types. Humanitarian military intervention is controversial. Scepticism is always in order about the need to use military force because the consequences can be so dire. Yet it has become equally controversial not to intervene when a government subjects its citizens to massive violation of their basic human rights. This book recognizes the limits of humanitarian intervention but does not shy away from suggesting how military force can save lives in extreme circumstances.
Farewell to constructivism : technology and context-embedded action
Authors: Kallinikos ℱ nnis
Published: November 2023

If you are asked whether technology influences human behaviour, do not hasten to answer in the affirmative. You may be accused of being determinist, and you could attract a swarm of other, rather derogatory, adjectives. If you express the belief that technology is a distinct realm of social life marked by its own specific rules, practices, and conventions, then you may be looked upon with suspicion and declared as an unforgivable essentialist (e.g. Grint and Woolgar 1997). Easy labelling of this sort is, of course, an old rhetorical strategy that serves purposes other than analytic. Yet the issues raised by these labels are deeply serious. The view that technology is but social, and technological artefacts interpretable and reshapable to the demands of situated agents, has tended to acquire the status of an unquestionable belief, at least as far as the disciplines of information systems and organization studies are concerned. While being originally a sound counter reaction to a simplified conception of technology as descending from engineering, such a belief is misleading, unless qualified in elaborate ways.
Reflections on information systems strategizing
Authors: Galliers Robert D
Published: November 2023

This chapter has the aim of reflecting on developments in the area of information systems strategy and, more particularly, on the process of information systems strategizing. It does so against the background of something of a hiatus in the treatment of the topic in the Information Systems literature, especially since the heightened interest in this area of research up to the early 1990s. A further motivation arises from the relative paucity of serious reflection on Information Systems issues in much of the Strategic Management and Organizational Behaviour literatures on strategy and strategizing (Orlikowski 2000 being a notable exception). The chapter also aims to take account of key advances in the early twenty-first century in information and communication technologies, knowledge management, and the rapidly-changing nature of the business environment.
Making Time
Authors: Whipp Richard , Adam Barbara , Sabelis Ida
Published: November 2023

The essence of time is a common feature in the world of business, yet at the same time is all too often taken for granted. This volume provides a complete overview of some of the key concepts of time and also describes the complexities involved when considering the type of organization as well as its level of globalization. This book will be essential reading for those who want to understand the dynamics of time in organizations and the entire business economy.
Hanging on the Telephone: Temporal Flexibility and the Accessible Worker
Authors: Bell Emma , Tuckman Alan
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we consider the impact of flexible working time arrangements on the UK chemical industry. We focus on annualized hours agreements, which provide managers with a strategy for extending workers’ temporal availability. First, however, and in order to begin to explore some of the consequences of this temporal redefinition of the employment relationship, let us consider the following examples, in which managers describe some of the difficulties encountered in implementing annualized hours.
The Rhythm of the Organization: Simultaneity, Identity, and Discipline in an Australian Coastal Hotel
Authors: Bunzel Dirk
Published: November 2023

While the issue of time has recently received increased attention in the field of organization studies, rhythms and their role in the creation of (organizational) identity are issues still to be discovered for the field.1 This chapter, then, attempts both raising awareness of the issue of rhythmicity and illustrating its relevance to organization studies. Accordingly, I will describe aspects of organ izational life at an Australian coastal hotel that seem to convey a sense of the rhythm of the organization.2 Based on this account, I will briefly address the constitution of rhythms and reflect on their role within society, highlighting their socially integrative function.
The Economics of ‘Tagging’ as Applied to the Optimal Income Tax, Welfare Programs, and Manpower Planning
Authors: Akerlof By George A
Published: November 2023

The advantages of a negative income tax are easy to describe. Such a tax typically gives positive work incentives to even the poorest persons. With some forms of the negative income tax there are no incentives for families to split apart to obtain greater welfare payments. Furthermore, individuals of similar income are treated in similar fashion, and therefore it is fair and also relatively cheap and easy to administer.
Introduction: How to Resume the Task of Tracing Associations*
Authors: Latour Bruno
Published: November 2023

The argument of this book can be stated very simply: when social scientists add the adjective ‘social’ to some phenomenon, they designate a stabilized state of affairs, a bundle of ties that, later, may be mobilized to account for some other phenomenon. There is nothing wrong with this use of the word as long as it designates what is already assembled together, without making any superfluous assumption about the nature of what is assembled. Problems arise, however, when ‘social’ begins to mean a type of material, as if the adjective was roughly comparable to other terms like ‘wooden’, ‘steely’, ‘biological’, ‘economical’, ‘mental’, ‘organizational’, or ‘linguistic ’.
Introduction to Part II: Why is it so Difficult to Trace the Social?
Authors: Latour Bruno
Published: November 2023

It should be the simplest thing in the world. We are all bound by social interactions; we all live in a society; and we are all cultural animals. Why do these ties remain so elusive? In the preceding pages, one reason has been offered up as an explanation. The adjective ‘social’ designates two entirely different phenomena: it’s at once a substance, a kind of stuff, and also a movement between non-social elements. In both cases, the social vanishes. When it is taken as a solid, it loses its ability to associate; when it’s taken as a fluid, the social again disappears because it flashes only briefly, just at the fleeting moment when new associations are sticking the collective together. Although it seemed at first sight that the subject matter of social sciences was easy to locate thanks to the massive and ubiquitous evidence of the social order, it now appears that it’s just the opposite: there is nothing more difficult to grasp than social ties.
Joint Ventures: Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives
Authors: Kogut Bruce
Published: November 2023

The study of joint ventures has attracted increasing interest in the popular press and academic literature. Though joint ventures are an important alternative to acquisitions, contracting, and internal development, the literature has not been consolidated and analysed. This chapter provides a critical review of existing studies and new data in order to establish current theoretical and empirical directions. In particular, a theory of joint ventures as an instrument of organizational learning is proposed. In this view a joint venture is used for the transfer of organizationally embedded knowledge which cannot be easily blueprinted or packaged through licensing or market transactions.
International Joint Ventures
Authors: Parkhe Arvind
Published: November 2023

Back in 1966, General Motors Corporation boldly declared in its annual report that “Unified ownership for coordinated policy control of all of our operations throughout the world is essential for our effective performance as a worldwide corporation.” That was then. Today, virtually all companies, including former corporate loners such as GM, are forsaking their emphasis on unified ownership in favor of joint ventures, which represent combined ownership and shared control. With the growing globalization of business, such joint ventures are often international in scope. The trend toward international joint ventures, already conspicuous during the 1980s (Hergert and Morris, 1988), further accelerated during the 1990s. Cross-border transactions, mainly international joint ventures, reached record levels in 1993, climbing by almost 20% from 1992 and three times from 1990 levels (Knecht, 1994).
Information Asymmetry, Adverse Selection, and Joint Ventures: Theory and Evidence
Authors: Balakrishnan Srinivasan , Koza Mitchell P
Published: November 2023

A joint venture is a special mechanism for pooling complementary assets owned by separate firms.1 In most joint ventures the parent firms combine part or all of their assets into a legally separate unit and agree to share the profits from the venture. Like the more typical common stock company, this unit is usually free to raise additional capital, enter into contracts, buy and sell goods and services, hire employees, and the like. In matters of policy making and control, however, the joint venture is more like a partnership.
Do Firms Learn to Create Value? The Case of Alliances
Authors: Anand Bharat N , Khanna Tarun
Published: November 2023

Alliances create value (Chan et al., 1997; McConnell and Nantel, 1985).1 Yet, there is widespread recognition of the difficulty inherent in this process of value creation, as evidenced by the large fraction of firms that fail to do so, by the numerous academic publications highlighting the failure of alliances (see, for example, Kogut, 1989), and by the wisdom among practitioners.2 What, then, drives value creation in alliances? Our empirical analysis points to two important factors: a firm’s experience in managing alliances, and the existence of persistent firm-specific differences in the ability (or inability) to create value through alliances.
The Psychology of Curiosity: A Review and Reinterpretation
Authors: Loewenstein George
Published: November 2023

The genesis of this paper was a gripe. A few years before writing it I had become interested in the phenomenon of curiosity. I read all the literature on curiosity that I could get my hands on, came up with my own “information gap” theory, and ran a series of studies to test the theory. I then submitted the resulting paper for publication, with disastrous results. Curiosity as a topic of study was ‘off the map’ in psychology at that point, and had been for decades, so the editor must have had trouble identifying appropriate reviewers. He must have decided that ‘intrinsic motivation’ was the closest topic to curiosity that people were actively researching. At least that was my inference, based on a series of reviews, the main gist of which seemed to be that my theory was crap, that the right theory was based on the concept of intrinsic motivation, and that I obviously didn’t know anything about the topic of curiosity.
Part of the Solution: Emerging Workforce Intermediaries in the United States
Authors: Dresser Laura , Rogers Joel
Published: November 2023

Faced with the unsettling changes in competitive practice, work organization, and workforce demographics explored throughout this volume, many in Europe look to the United States as a model for labor-market ‘flexibility’ in responding to them. As used conventionally in policy circles, ‘flexibility’ carries the positive connotation of agile firm and broader labor-market adjustment to changing market demands and opportunities, an adjustment that may be painful to some but is good for the broader society. The most thoughtful US observers are less impressed with flexibility, however, at least as exercised here, since here it has largely been one-sided, negative, and evidenced less social invention than lacunae—in particular the distinctive absence in the United States of effective constraints on employer discretion to lower employment, restructure work, withdraw employment security, or otherwise alter wage or benefit norms in ways generally unfavorable to labor.
The Netherlands: Old Emigrants—Young Immigrant Country
Authors: Ours Jan C Van , Veenman Justus
Published: November 2023

In the course of the twentieth century the Netherlands changed from an emigrant to an immigrant country. After the Second World War in terms of immigration there are three distinct periods. The first period is characterized by the decolonization of Indonesia, as a consequence of which Moluccans and Dutch-Indonesian people came to the Netherlands. The second period is that of manpower recruitment, during which mainly Turks and Moroccans arrived. In this period the independence of Surinam also caused a large immigration. The final period of immigration is mainly connected to family re-unification and to (political) refugees and asylum seekers.
Europeans in the Antipodes: New Zealand’s Mixed Migration Experience
Authors: Winkelmann Rainer
Published: November 2023

The stagnation of real wages and rising unemployment rates for many types of workers since the late 1970s have led governments around the world to adopt policies to increase worker education. These policies were supported by arguments that emphasized the adverse role of an alleged relative decline in immigrants’ education levels in generating those outcomes and rising income inequality more generally. Governments in many countries responded by changing their immigration policies in order to improve the skill levels of immigrants. New Zealand is a prime example. As soon as the arguments about an increasing demand for ‘skilled’ workers began to emerge, this traditional immigration country swiftly changed the focus of its immigration policy away from a country-of-origin principle towards attracting more highly skilled migrants.
Legal Certainty and Protection of Legitimate Expectations
Authors: Tridimas Takis
Published: November 2023

The principle of legal certainty expresses the fundamental premise that those subject to the law must know what the law is so as to be able to plan their actions accordingly. The affinity of the principle with the rule of law is evident. In Black Clawson Ltd v Papierwerke AG, Lord Diplock stated that ‘the acceptance of the rule of law as a constitutional principle requires that a citizen, before committing himself to any course of action, should be able to know in advance what are the legal consequences that will flow from it’. In some ways, legal certainty is even more important than equality. A group of persons which knows that it will be discriminated against by public authorities can plan its actions accordingly so as to alleviate the adverse effects of such discrimination. The principle acquires particular importance, inter alia, in economic law. Economic and commercial life is based on advance planning so that clear and precise legal provisions reduce transaction costs and promote efficient business. Legal certainty may thus be seen as contributing to the production of economically consistent results.
Supply Chains: A Network Perspective
Authors: Nassimbeni Guido
Published: November 2023

For some years the idea has been emerging that the locus of value creation is the chain, the network, and not the firm. The belief is that competition occurs between systems of enterprises, rather than single firms, as in modem economies it is unlikely that a single company could, on its own, develop all the resources needed.
Political Accountability
Authors: Tomkins Adam
Published: November 2023

In both the political and the legal contexts, it is with the accountability of the Crown’s government that we are primarily concerned. This is not to say that public law is not also concerned with questions of the account- ability of other constitutional actors. The accountability of Parliament, of the armed forces, of the police, and of the security and secret intelligence services, among others, are all weighty topics within public law, and our focus on governmental accountability is not meant to deny the importance of these issues. To concentrate on the accountability of the executive may be justified in three ways. First, the sheer centrality to public law of executive accountability makes it an essential component of any account of the subject.
Learning Firms In Learning Regions: Innovation, Cooperation, And Social Capital
Authors: Asheim Bjørn T
Published: November 2023

At the heart of post-Fordist regional economic growth is the operation of the ‘learning’ firm in the ‘learning’ region. The purpose of this chapter is to explore this concept of the firm and the processes that shape it in the context of the transition to post-Fordism under conditions of globalization. In a globalizing learning economy, understanding innovation as interactive learning implies that cooperation is necessary to make firms and regions competitive. Building social capital is a key strategy in promoting such cooperation—within firms, networks of firms, and regions. Social capital can arise both from civicness and from organizational and institutional innovation. But, while the latter can be built, the former can only be built on. Therefore, central to the promotion of cooperation and organizational and institutional innovation is the formation of ‘learning’ organizations. However, successful learning organizations need the strong involvement of their workers (the micro-level), horizontal cooperation between firms in networks (the meso-level), and a bottom-up, interactive regional innovation system (the macro-level). When combined with organizational and institutional innovations at different administrative levels, these relationships can create learning regions (Asheim 1996). The interlinking of cooperative partnerships, ranging from work organizations
Linguistic Justice
Authors: Van Parijs Philippe
Published: November 2023

Al and Bo grew up learning different mother tongues. At some later stage, Bo learns Al’s, while Al does not learn Bo’s. They can now communicate with one another. Not quite on an equal footing, of course—Al tends to have the upper hand in any argument they might have with one another and in any competition in which they might have to take part using the shared language—but nonetheless with significant benefits, both material and non-material, accruing to both.
Diversity as Paradigm, Analytical Device, and Policy Goal
Authors: Grin Françis
Published: November 2023

Recent years, most visibly since the fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989, have witnessed a marked increase in scholars’ interest in minority issues, in particular minority rights and linguistic rights. One striking aspect of this interest is the fact that it has emerged, more or less simultaneously, in different quarters, and now finds expression in very different families of discourse. However, these families of discourse have remained, for the most part, quite insulated from one another, and this fragmentation, which is only just beginning to make way for a higher degree of interconnection, can seriously hamper not only analytical accuracy but also the relevance of policy proposals concerning language rights.
Global Linguistic Diversity, Public Goods, and the Principle of Fairness
Authors: Boran Idil
Published: November 2023

The world’s languages are dying. We hear this lament from many anthropologists, sociologists, and linguists searching theoretical grounds for better preserving the world’s languages for a world with less injustice and more diversity. Of course, language death is not a new phenomenon. The Etruscan and Sumerian languages, for example, died centuries ago for reasons, obviously, other than the rise of modern nationalism. About half of the known languages of the world have died in the last five centuries. But what worries linguists is that, whereas language death was not uncommon in the past, the rate of extinction increased dramatically in the twentieth century, and has reached alarming levels. Scholars disagree on the reasons why small languages face the threat of extinction in such increasing numbers. For many, the massive linguistic decline around the world has been prompted by the rise of the nation-state and modern nationalism. Others argue that it was in fact the rise of the industrial society, related to the nation-state with its need for centralized economy and mobile citizenry, that brought about linguistic homogeneity, threatening many small languages.
Language Death and Liberal Politics
Authors: Blake Michael
Published: November 2023

The members of a given linguistic community are free to modify and supplement the syntax and vocabulary of the language they have inherited. Over generations, this change becomes quite far-reaching. In the limit case, at time t, the language has become such that it could be neither spoken nor under-stood by a fluent speaker of the original language. (We may posit rapid technological change, encounter with foreign linguistic traditions, and so on as the reasons for this transformation.) The linguistic community, however, continues to exist as a distinct entity. While the language spoken at tis not the same language spoken at the start of the tale, it is nonetheless best described as a language—rather than as a dialect of some other linguistic tradition.1
What Kind of Bilingualism?
Authors: Patten Alan
Published: November 2023

The term ‘bilingual’ can be applied to individuals, to societies, and to institutions. Individuals are called ‘bilingual’ if they can speak two languages with a reasonable level of proficiency. We label a society ‘bilingual’ if there are two languages spoken within the territory of that society. Finally, institutions are termed ‘bilingual’ if they recognize two languages. Under institutional bilingualism, public services are offered in two different languages and public business can be conducted in either language.
Four Great Conflicts of the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Starbuck William H
Published: November 2023

In the final years of the twentieth century, their world looked wonderful to people living in developed nations. Employment levels were high. People seemed to be acquiring amazing wealth and they had great confidence in financial leaders. National and local governments were attacking problems, and with the support of high tax revenues, they were producing good results— lower crime, less poverty, better schools. Charismatic and successful business leaders were all around. Globalization was spreading affluence to the less developed nations, where new businesses were springing up and forming alliances with established businesses in the developed nations.
Evidentials Worldwide
Authors: Aikhenvald Alexandra Y
Published: November 2023

Evidentiality systems across the world vary in how complex they are, and in what meanings they encode. I start with some general observations about how evidential systems are organized and what labels will be used, and then discuss the kinds of systems attested, exemplifying their typical representatives. We first consider relatively simple systems with just two evidential options (§2.1). In §§2.2-3, we look at systems with three and four evidentials, and in §2.4 at larger systems. The recurrent semantic parameters in evidentiality systems are summarized in §2.5. Evidentials tend to spread across linguistic areas. A detailed discussion and a map illustrating their geographical distribution are in §9.2.1.
Fieldworker̕s guide: How to Gather Materials on Evidentiality Systems
Authors: Aikhenvald Alexandra Y
Published: November 2023

The aim of this guide is to provide field linguists working on a previously undescribed or insufficiently documented languages with orientation as to the questions which should be asked in order to establish a complete picture of how evidential systems and/or evidential strategies are organized in a language.
The Legend of Cu Chulainn: Exploring Organization Theory’s Heroic Odyssey
Authors: Kavanagh Donncha , O’Leary Majella
Published: November 2023

Reland’S vernacular literature, the oldest in Western Europe, is divided into four cycles of prose sagas. One of these-the Ulster cycle-relates the stories of the heroes associated with Conchobar Mac Nessa, king of Ulaid (Ulster). These stories are mythological although they may be based partly on events that happened in Ireland around 500 BCE. The greatest hero of the Ulster Cycle is a warrior named Cu Chulainn (pronounced coo culen) and many of the stories recount his exploits.
Phaethon: Seizing the Reins of Power
Authors: Winstanley Diana
Published: November 2023

The story of Phaethon is both a personal, as well as an epic tale; in this chapter, I shall first present the version of Phaethon as told in Ovid’s Metamorphoses (written c. 5 BCE), and then explore its relevance to our times. On the face of it, the story of Phaethon is about a young man goaded by his peers into trying to take hold of the reins of power. In an attempt to show everyone, not least himself, that he is the true son of the Sun God, he seeks to ride the brilliant chariot of his father across its daily, trail-blazing arc over the earth.
Multiple Regression
Authors: Heij Christiaan , Boer Paul de , Franses Philip Hans , Kloek Teun , Dijk Herman K van
Published: November 2023

In practice there often exists more than one variable that influences the dependent variable. This chapter discusses the regression model with multiple explanatory variables.
Industrial Relations Approaches to the Employment Relationship
Authors: Kelly John
Published: November 2023

The employment relationship can be defined, at a basic level, as an exchange in which the employer hires labor to produce goods and services in order to make a profit whilst the employee sells his or her capacity to work in order to earn income. IR is not a discipline but a field of study, comprising contributions from across the social sciences, including economics, sociology, psychology, law, and politics.
Employer-oriented Strategic Approaches to the Employee-Organization Relationship
Authors: Shore Lynn M , Porter, Lyman W , Zahra Shaker A
Published: November 2023

The nature of the employment relationship has been the subject of considerable interest in the literature. Most prior contributions on the topic, however, have come from industrial/labor relations, human resource management, organizational behavi or, and industrial/organizational psychology scholars. Many of these researchers have focused on the individual level of analysis, while making inferences about the macro-effects of the employment relationship.
Taking Stock of Psychological Contract Research: Assessing Progress, Addressing Troublesome Issues, and Setting Research Priorities
Authors: Taylor M Susan , Tekleab Amanuel G
Published: November 2023

Once the individual and the organization have chosen each other ... the usually complex and often difficult adaptation period begins. The new employee and the organization must mutually learn to adjust to each other. In some instances, the “marriage” settles down into an easy comfortable relationship. In others, there is an abrupt separation that leaves scars with both parties.
Identity Regulation as Organizational Control Producing the Appropriate Individual
Authors: Alvesson Mats , Willmott Hugh
Published: November 2023

Conceptualizations of organizational control have tended to emphasize its impersonal and behavioural features with scant regard for how meaning, culture or ideology are articulated by and implicated in structural configurations of control. Mintzberg’s (1983) review of control structures, for example, identifies five means of coordination, each of which is concerned principally with such configurations.
Inflected and Uninflected Adjectives in Japanese
Authors: Backhouse Anthony E
Published: November 2023

This chapter deals with adjectives in Japanese. Typologically, Japanese is a dependent-marking language; typical constituent order in the clause is predicate-final, and modifiers precede heads. Nouns function as the head of NPs commonly followed by case markers such as ga (NOM) and o (Ace), as modifier of nouns in NPs followed by the adnominal marker no, as complement of the copula da, and as complement of other copular verbs (such as naru ‘become’) followed by the marker ni. Verbs function as the head of intransitive and transitive predicates, and directly precede NPs in modifying structures. Unlike nouns, verbs and the copula da arc inflected, largely on an agglutinating pattern. Lexically, Japanese has dearly delineated strata. The Sino and foreign strata arc the result of borrowing from classical Chinese and (chiefly) European languages respectively; Sino words are, at least diachronically, typically bimorphemic. In addition, mimetic items form a distinct stratum within the native vocabulary.
The Russian Adjective: A Pervasive yet Elusive Category’
Authors: Corbett Greville G
Published: November 2023

Russian undoubtedly has a class of adjectives, and several properties converge to define the category. While adjectives are numerous, few lexical items have all the defining properties. There is considerable overlapping with noun and verb, and adjectives expand out to cover typologically unusual areas. We shall see that Russian adjectives form a category with two focal points.
Adjectives in North-East Ambae
Authors: Hyslop Catriona
Published: November 2023

North-East Ambac i one of two languages spoken on the island of Ambac in northern Vanuatu. The language covers the northern, eastern, and southern parts of the island. The languages of Ambac are members of the Northern Vanuatu linkage, a sub-group of the Oceanic branch of Austronesian. with approximately 5,000 speakers, the language has a relatively large population of speakers compared to most Vanuatu languages. the dialect described here is that spoken in the Lolovoli district, in the south-east of the island. Throughout the chapter I shall refer to the language simply as Ambac.