bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enhancing power loss by optimal coordinated extensive CS operation during off-peak load at the distribution system
Authors: Syed Nasir SN , Jamian JJ , Ayop R , Mustafa MW
Published: January 2021

Minimise dependency of energy from depleted non-renewable had pushed the usage of electric vehicle (EV). However, the presence of charging station (CS) may cause another impact such as higher power loss, especially involving uncoordinated CS. The impact becomes vital when the numbers of CS to charge the EV increased dramatically. From research, CS at residential usually operated during off-peak load. Furthermore, the variation of the charging pattern that difficult to perceive had added severe condition. Thus, the exploration of the mitigation method is necessary to avoid the stress at the existing distribution network. This paper suggests a coordinated method based on the power loss forecast throughout the charging time. The method will prioritise the buses based on power loss impact on the network, which later to determine the suitable numbers of CS operation. The approach considers customer satisfaction to charge the EV at a specific duration fully. Thus, to present the effectiveness of the approach, the analysis conducted using a suitable distribution system with residential block. The results show a positive outcome in enhancing distribution power loss without interrupt customer satisfaction. The method is suitable to deal with many CS that operates simultaneously during off-peak load.
Why should the automated guided vehicles’ batteries be used in the manufacturing plants as an energy storage?
Authors: Yesilyurt Ozan , Bauer Dennis , Emde Alexander , Sauer Alexander
Published: January 2021

This paper examines to what extent automated guided vehicles’ (AGV) batteries can be used as a mobile electrical energy storage to increase energy flexibility and reduce peak loads in manufacturing plants. First, it is indicated, what demand response and peak shaving in manufacturing mean. Then, existing battery applications for peak shaving are presented. Finally, the benefits and potential of using AGVs as energy storage to reduce peak loads in the company are illustrated, after an approximate cost calculation for peak shaving of a company with AGV batteries are performed in a use case scenario considering AGV availability during manufacturing. The results of the approximate cost calculation show that it can be beneficial for companies to use AGV batteries as an energy storage in manufacturing plants to reduce their peak loads.
Line Width Mathematical Model in Fused Deposition Modelling for Precision Manufacturing
Authors: Jiang JC , Xu Xinghua , Rui Wanzhi , Jia Zhengrong , Ping Zuowei
Published: January 2021

Additive manufacturing is becoming increasingly popular because of its unique advantages, especially fused deposition modelling (FDM) which has been widely used due to its simplicity and comparatively low price. However, in current FDM processes, it is difficult to fabricate parts with highly accurate dimensions. One of the reasons is due to the slicing process of 3D models. Current slicing software divides the parts into layers and then lines (paths) based on a fixed value. However, in a real printing process, the printed line width will change when the process parameters are set in different values. The various printed widths may result in inaccuracy of printed dimensions of parts if using a fixed value for slicing. In this paper, a mathematical model is proposed to predict the printed line width in different layer heights. Based on this model, a method is proposed for calculating the optimal width value for slicing 3D parts. In the future, the proposed mathematical model can be integrated into slicing software to slice 3D models for precision additive manufacturing.
Fortification of Modified Cassava Flour (Mocaf) Cookies with Rich Nutrition Vegetable Powder
Authors: Hasrini Reno Fitri , Aviana Tita , Khoiriyah Ainun
Published: January 2021

Modified cassava flour (mocaf) is made from fermented cassava. Mocaf can be made into delicious products but lacks in protein, fat, and mineral content. Thus, mocaf cookies need to be fortified with other ingredients such as moringa (Moringa oleifera), katuk (Sauropus androgynus), and kale (Brassica oleraceavar. sabellica). This vegetable are rich in calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn). The aim of this study to compare nutritional values mocaf cookies with an additional three-leaf powder of moringa, katuk, and kale. The moringa cookies have the highest fat (38.1±1.2%) and crude fiber content (1.4±0.15%). After that, kale cookies has the highest protein content were 5.08±0.58%. Then, the cookies with the highest potassium, calcium, and magnesium content are kale cookies (202.0±0.5; 82.3±0.5; 97.7±0.58 mg/100 g), followed by katuk cookies (198.0±1; 64.5±0.4; and 71.5±0.1 mg/100 g) and moringa cookies (169.0±0.1; 77.3±0.2; and 63.0±0.8 mg/100 g). Generally, aroma, taste and color of mocaf cookies with vegetable powder were still acceptable for consumption. In conclusion, the fortification of moringa, katuk, and kale leaf powder for mocaf cookies success to increase their nutritional values, such as proximate and mineral content of the cookies.
The Impact of Biofertilizers and NPK Fertilizers Application on Soil Phosphorus Availability and Yield of Upland Rice in Tropic Dry Land
Authors: Fitriatin B.N. , Dewi V.F. , Yuniarti A.
Published: January 2021

Dry land in Indonesia is dominated by marginal soil which have low macro nutrient content, low organic matter content and low soil microbial activity. Improving soil quality it is necessary to increase nutrients availability such as biofertilizers application. Biofertilizers contains beneficial microbial inoculants to increase soil nutrient availability. The use of biofertilizers combined with NPK fertilizer will increase macro nutrients availability and optimize plant growth, thus will increase fertilizers efficiency. This experiment was carried out to study the impact of biofertilizers on available-P, plant P-uptake and yield of upland rice at Land Research of Agriculture Faculty, Universitas Padjadjaran. This experiment used a randomized block design consisting of ten treatments and three replications The treatments consisted with two doses of biofertilizers (50 kg ha-1 and 75 kg ha-1) and three doses of N,P,K fertilizers (100%, 75%, and 50% from recommended doses). Biofertilizers contains N-fixing bacteria and phosphate solubilizing microbes. The result of experiment showed that application of biofertilizers 75 kg ha-1 and biofertilizers 50 kg ha-1 + N, P, K 50% increased soil phosphorus availability. The application of biofertilizers increased P-uptake up to 81%. Futhermore, biofertilizers 75 kg ha-1 + N, P, K 75% increased the yield of upland rice by 164%.
The Identification of Rice Varieties Used in Central Sulawesi
Authors: Norfahmi Femmi , Komalawati Komalawati , Juradi Muh. Afif , Mardiana Mardiana , Munier F.F.
Published: January 2021

Central Sulawesi’s rice productivity in 2019 was lower compared to that in 2018. One of the problems for the low productivity of paddy in Central Sulawesi is the application of low quality of seeds. Ministry of Agriculture through Central Sulawesi AIAT has introduced a numbers of new high yielding varieties (HYV) to increase rice production and productivity. To support the dissemination of new HYV, it is important to study the rice varieties that mostly used by farmers in Central Sulawesi. The objectives of this study are to identify the rice varieties and the preferred characteristics of rice varieties that farmers usually used in Central Sulawesi. This study used primary and secondary data. Data were analyzed descriptively and presented in tables and graphs. The results show that most farmers in Central Sulawesi use Mekongga, Ciherang, and Cisantana varieties, and local varieties such as Peluncur, Dewi, Ntabone and others. Farmers generally prefer varieties which tend to produce higher yields and resistant to pests and diseases. To maintain the availability of the varieties in Central Sulawesi, it is important to train farmers to become breeders.
Life Cycle Assessment of Various Filtering Media for Greywater Treatment Using Greenwall Filtration System
Authors: Satheesh Priya B , Oh Kai Siang , Tee Lee Hong
Published: January 2021

The risk of global water crisis is becoming more evident due to the increase in overall global urban population and reduction of freshwater availability. Treated greywater using greenwall technology was identified as a potential method to produce water for non-potable applications. The filtering media in greenwall technology acts as a growing media for the plants and as a filtration medium. In this study, the pollutant removal efficiency and environmental impacts associated with two filtering medias (coir pith and perlite) were investigated. The coir pith was found to have higher removal efficiencies for both COD and TSS removal compared to perlite. Besides, the life cycle of each filtering media used for greywater treatment in greenwall technology were compared. Coir pith was found to have a higher environmental impact on global warming potential (1.19568 kg CO2 eq.) and freshwater consumption (0.00066295 m3), while perlite was found to have a higher environmental impact in terms of fossil depletion (0.045562 kg oil eq.) and terrestrial ecotoxicity (0.008508135kg 1,4-DB eq). In conclusion, this study provides a framework for in-depth data analysis of the entire life cycle of filter media and a decision-making tool for the selection of suitable filtering media for greenwall filtration system.
Effect of Thickness and Perforation Size on the Acoustic Absorption Performance of a Micro-Perforated Panel
Authors: Wong Yi-San , Sekar Vignesh , Eh Noum Se Yong , Sivanesan Sivakumar
Published: January 2021

In current times, noise pollution is especially apparent in urban areas due to rapid development in transportation, industrialization, and urbanization. The worsening noise pollution is detrimental to human health and behaviour as it can contribute to disorders and psychological disturbance. Thus, noise regulation is crucial and must be addressed with immediate effect. Micro-perforated panels (MPP) can be a potential solution to mitigate noise on a commercial scale. Researchers have addressed the mechanics behind the enhancement of acoustic absorption through micro-perforation and some suggestions have been made, such as the effect of structural variation on sound absorption performance. Hence, this research aims at optimizing the sound absorption performance of an MPP by determining the connection between thickness and perforation size with sound absorption coefficient. Three cases were considered: (i) varying perforation size, (ii) varying thickness, and (iii) varying perforation size and thickness simultaneously. Based on the Maa prediction model, the sound absorption performance for all three cases have been simulated through the MATLAB software. Results show that the increase in both thickness and perforation size together increases the peak value of sound absorption coefficient (SAC). It also shifts the peak towards the higher frequency region and narrows the bandwidth. The findings of this study indicate the potential of thick MPPs as commercial sound absorbers by adjusting the size of perforations. Thicker and sturdier MPPs with optimal acoustic resistance and reactance can act as reliable sound absorbers for sound insulation purposes.
PolDIP2, une protéine clé de la régulation du fonctionnement mitochondrial et du métabolisme cellulaire
Authors: Andjongo Étienne , Benhamouche Sonia , Bouraoui Aicha , Baciou Laura
Published: January 2021

Pour la sixième année, dans le cadre du module d’enseignement « Physiopathologie de la signalisation » proposé par l’université Paris-sud, les étudiants du Master « Biologie Santé » de l’université Paris-Saclay se sont confrontés à l’écriture scientifique. Ils ont sélectionné une quinzaine d’articles scientifiques récents dans le domaine de la signalisation cellulaire présentant des résultats originaux,viades approches expérimentales variées, sur des thèmes allant des relations hôte-pathogène aux innovations thérapeutiques, en passant par la signalisation hépatique et le métabolisme. Après un travail préparatoire réalisé avec l’équipe pédagogique, les étudiants, organisés en binômes, ont ensuite rédigé, guidés par des chercheurs, une Nouvelle soulignant les résultats majeurs et l’originalité de l’article étudié. Ils ont beaucoup apprécié cette initiation à l’écriture d’articles scientifiques et, comme vous pourrez le lire, se sont investis dans ce travail avec enthousiasme ! Trois de ces Nouvelles sont publiées dans ce numéro, les autres le seront dans des prochains numéros.
Multicenter experience with digital single-operator cholangioscopy in pregnant patients
Authors: Brewer Gutierrez Olaya I. , Godoy Brewer Gala , Zulli Claudio , Tejaswi Sooraj , Pawa Rishi , Jamidar Priya , Robles-Medranda Carlos , Pawa Swati , Camilion Jose V. , Oleas Roberto , Parsa Nasim , Runge Thomas , Miaw Diana , Ichkhanian Yervant , Khashab Mouen A.
Published: January 2021

Background and study aims The use of fluoroscopy during pregnancy should be minimized given that a clear-cut safe radiation dose in pregnancy is unknown. The role of digital single-operator cholangioscopy (D-SOC) as an alternative to standard enodoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in pregnant patients has not been comprehensively studied. This study assessed 1 Technical success defined as performance of ERCP with D-SOC without the use of fluoroscopy in pregnant patients; 2 safety of D-SOC in pregnancy; and 3 maternal and neonatal outcomes after D-SOC during/after pregnancy.

Patients and methods This was an international, multicenter, retrospective study at 6 tertiary centers. Pregnant patients who underwent D-SOC for the treatment of bile duct stones and/or strictures were included.

Results A total of 10 patients underwent D-SOC. Indications for ERCP were choledocholithiasis, strictures, previous stent removal, and choledocholithiasis/stent removal. Bile duct cannulation without fluoroscopy was achieved in 10 of 10 patients (100 %). Moreover, 50 % of patients (5/10) completed a fluoroless ERCP with D-SOC. Mean fluoroscopy dose and fluoroscopy time were 3.4 ± 7.2 mGy and 0.5 ± 0.8 min, respectively. One case of mild bleeding and one case of moderate post-ERCP pancreatitis occurred. The mean gestational age at delivery was 36.2 ± 2.6 weeks. Median birth weight was 2.5 kg [IQR: 2.2–2.8]. No birth defects were noted.

Conclusion ERCP guided by D-SOC appears to be a feasible and effective alternative to standard ERCP in pregnant patients. It enables avoidance of radiation in half of cases.
Stichprobenuntersuchung der Filterleistung von normierten partikelfilternden Halbmasken
Authors: Dellweg D. , Quast R. , Haidl P.
Published: January 2021

Hintergrund Durch ein vereinfachtes Sonderzulassungsverfahren, welches bis zum 1. 10. 2020 Gültigkeit hatte, sind eine Vielzahl von partikelfilternden Halbmasken auf den deutschen Markt gekommen. Das RKI empfiehlt bei der Versorgung von SARS-CoV-2-infizierten Patienten das Tragen von partikelfilternden Halbmasken mit einer Filterleistung von mindestens 94 %. Dies entspricht der FFP-Klasse 2 nach EN 149:2001+A1:2009. Wir haben 15 partikelfiltrierende Halbmasken mit unterschiedlicher Normierung auf ihre Filterleistung untersucht

Methode Die Masken wurden in einer luftdichten Testbox in einer Aufspannvorrichtung befestigt. Radioaktive Partikel mit einer Größe von 0,6 ± 0,4 µm wurden in die Box vernebelt und durch den Port der Aufspannvorrichtung sowie über einen ungefilterten Referenzport mittels einer künstlichen Lunge in einen Filter abgesaugt. Die Aktivitätsbelegung der Filter wurde danach mittels Gammakamera gemessen. Hieraus wurde die Filterleistung berechnet.

Ergebnisse Fünf der 15 getesteten Masken hatten eine Filterleistung von weniger als 94 % und genügten damit nicht dem FFP2-Standard. Die Filterleistung dieser Masken betrug 71,8 ± 2,3 %, 73,2 ± 2,3 %, 78,2 ± 6,7 %, 92,2 ± 0,5 % und 85,9 ± 1,6 %.

Schlussfolgerung Ein Drittel der untersuchten Masken erfüllte nicht den empfohlenen FFP2-Standard, der bei der Versorgung SARS-CoV-2-infizierter Patienten empfohlen wird. Eine umfassende Überprüfung bereits zugelassener Produkte durch die überwachenden Behörden ist anzuraten.
Maximally superintegrable systems in flat three-dimensional space are linearizable
Authors: Nucci M. C. , Campoamor-Stursberg R.
Published: January 2021

All maximally superintegrable Hamiltonian systems in three-dimensional flat space derived in the work of Evans [Phys. Rev. A 41, 5666–5676 (1990)] are shown to possess hidden symmetries leading to their linearization, likewise the maximally superintegrable Hamiltonian systems in two-dimensional flat space as shown in the work of Gubbiotti and Nucci [J. Math. Phys. 58, 012902 (2017)]. We conjecture that even minimally superintegrable systems in three-dimensional flat space have hidden symmetries that make them linearizable.
Improve the reliability of the ion source beam extraction by adopting a solid-state suppress electron power supply
Authors: Rao Yihua , Chen Wenguang , Du Jia
Published: January 2021

A solid-state suppress grid power supply (SGPS) is developed to be applied to the 5 MW level neutral beam injection (NBI) on HL-2M Tokamak. The power supply consists of ten modules in series, with an index of 560 V/40 A. Each of the modules is composed of an isolated transformer, rectifier, filter tank, insulated gate bipolar transistor switch, gate-drive circuit, free-wheeling diode, and so forth. An embedded system STM32F103 is used for controlling and protecting the SGPS. Meanwhile, the transient output capacity of the SGPS is tested. The effect of the output voltage of the SGPS on the extracted beam current is studied. The experimental results show that there is a turning point in the relationship between the suppress voltage and the extracted beam current. When the rate of the absolute value of the suppress voltage and the gradient voltage is more than 2.5%, the efficiency of the extracted beam of the ion source can be improved. Compared with the previous types of equipment of the NBI system, the extracted beam success rate of the new SGPS increased by more than 20%. The SGPS meets the requirements of the NBI system.
Analysis of defects in In2O3:H synthesized in presence of water vapor and hydrogen gas mixture
Authors: Samanta Amit , Varley Joel B. , Lordi Vincenzo
Published: January 2021

Using hybrid functional-based density functional theory calculations, we analyze the structure and kinetics of defects formed in two competing synthesis routes to prepare hydrogen-doped In2O3 films, using a hydrogen and oxygen gas mixture vs synthesis in the presence of water vapor. For both of these synthesis routes, we find that H+ is the dominant defect species: when the Fermi level is close to the conduction band, H+ has a lower formation energy than other intrinsic or extrinsic defects. Our results also suggest that water molecules spontaneously split into H+ (which occupies octahedral voids) and OH− interstitials (which occupies vacant oxygen lattice sites or oxygen vacancies). From the analysis of the binding energies between these different defects, we conclude that these defects do not cluster and are most likely to stay spatially distributed throughout the films. In addition, the sum of formation energies of an oxygen (i.e., Oi2−) and a H+ interstitial is close to the formation energy of a OH− interstitial, meaning that water molecules are completely split into 2H+ and Oi2− at the synthesis conditions. Further, in the presence of H2 + O2 gas mixture, oxygen interstitials occupy oxygen vacancies while hydrogen interstitials occupy vacant oxygen lattice sites and form bonds with lattice oxygens. Our analysis of the defect equilibria suggests that the hydrogen content in films synthesized in the presence of water vapor is higher than films synthesized in the presence of a hydrogen gas mixture. At high dopant concentrations, a hydrogen bond network is formed in the system and this leads to large distortions in the lattice.
Model-based analysis and forecast of sleep–wake regulatory dynamics: Tools and applications to data
Authors: Bahari F. , Kimbugwe J. , Alloway K. D. , Gluckman B. J.
Published: January 2021

Extensive clinical and experimental evidence links sleep–wake regulation and state of vigilance (SOV) to neurological disorders including schizophrenia and epilepsy. To understand the bidirectional coupling between disease severity and sleep disturbances, we need to investigate the underlying neurophysiological interactions of the sleep–wake regulatory system (SWRS) in normal and pathological brains. We utilized unscented Kalman filter based data assimilation (DA) and physiologically based mathematical models of a sleep–wake regulatory network synchronized with experimental measurements to reconstruct and predict the state of SWRS in chronically implanted animals. Critical to applying this technique to real biological systems is the need to estimate the underlying model parameters. We have developed an estimation method capable of simultaneously fitting and tracking multiple model parameters to optimize the reconstructed system state. We add to this fixed-lag smoothing to improve reconstruction of random input to the system and those that have a delayed effect on the observed dynamics. To demonstrate application of our DA framework, we have experimentally recorded brain activity from freely behaving rodents and classified discrete SOV continuously for many-day long recordings. These discretized observations were then used as the “noisy observables” in the implemented framework to estimate time-dependent model parameters and then to forecast future state and state transitions from out-of-sample recordings.
Force distribution within a barchan dune
Authors: Alvarez Carlos A. , Franklin Erick M.
Published: January 2021

Barchan dunes, or simply barchans, are crescent-shaped dunes found in diverse environments such as the bottom of rivers, Earth’s deserts, and the surface of Mars. In our recent paper [“Shape evolution of numerically obtained subaqueous barchan dunes,” Phys. Rev. E 101, 012905 (2020)], we investigated the evolution of subaqueous barchans by using the computational fluid dynamics-discrete element method, and our simulations captured well the evolution of an initial pile toward a barchan dune in both the bedform and grain scales. The numerical method having shown to be adequate, we obtain now the forces acting on each grain, isolate the contact interactions, and investigate how forces are distributed and transmitted in a barchan dune. We present force maps and probability density functions for values in the streamwise and spanwise directions and show that stronger forces are experienced by grains at neither the crest nor the leading edge of the barchan but in positions just upstream the dune centroid on the periphery of the dune. We also show that a large part of grains undergo longitudinal forces of the order of 10−7 N, with negative values around the crest, resulting in decelerations and grain deposition in that region. These data show that the force distribution tends to route a large part of grains toward the crest and horns of subaqueous barchans, being fundamental to comprehend their morphodynamics. However, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, they are not accessible from the current experiments, making our results an important step toward understanding the behavior of barchan dunes.
Spatiotemporal evolutions of forces and vortices of flow past ellipsoidal bubbles: Direct numerical simulation based on a Cartesian grid scheme
Authors: Fang Zhiheng , Zhang Jie , Xiong Qingang , Xu Fei , Ni Mingjiu
Published: January 2021

An in-depth investigation of two fixed non-spherical bubbles is an indispensable step toward revealing fundamental mechanisms in complex bubbly flows, where direct numerical simulation (DNS) is one of the most promising approaches to conduct such a task. However, accurately modeling force distribution and efficiently generating satisfactory mesh around a non-spherical bubble pair are challenging to current DNS methods. In this study, an effective non-body-fitted gas–liquid interface tracking scheme based on the Cartesian grid was developed to conduct three-dimensional DNS of two fixed ellipsoidal bubbles with frozen shape in an incompressible Newtonian fluid. The grid-independent analysis and analytical validation prove that our developed non-body-fitted gas–liquid interface tracking scheme is able to accurately retrieve all force components exerted on a bubble with less mesh generation and computational efforts than body-fitted counterparts. Using this non-body-fitted gas–liquid interface tracking scheme, spatiotemporal evolutions of forces and vortices around the two fixed ellipsoidal bubbles were directly simulated under various values of Reynolds numbers, separation distances, and the bubble’s ellipsoidicity. The analysis of drag force shows that the overall drag behaviors of ellipsoidal bubbles are quite similar to those of spherical bubbles though larger ellipsoidicity produces a higher drag coefficient. However, the sign of lift forces, i.e., either the two bubbles attract or repel each other, is highly dependent on ellipsoidicity. For the bubble pair with moderate ellipsoidicity, attractive force dominates at moderate-to-high Reynold numbers, while the two bubbles tend to repel at low Reynolds numbers. For the bubble pair with high ellipsoidicity, the two bubbles repel each other at all values of Reynolds numbers and separation distances. Characteristics of vortex developments, which are the reason behind these ellipsoidicity-dependent force behaviors, are presented and discussed. This study highlights the importance of the bubble’s shape in the interactions and associated vortex between two adjacent fixed ellipsoidal bubbles.
Interface of Sn-doped AgAlTe2 and LiInTe2: A theoretical model of tandem intermediate band absorber
Authors: Huang Dan , Ding Lijie , Xue Yang , Guo Jin , Zhao Yu-Jun , Persson Clas
Published: January 2021

Designing a new absorber to overcome the Shockley–Queisser limit for single-junction solar cells is of great importance for solar cell advancements. Here, a theoretical model of tandem intermediate band absorber is proposed based on the interface of Sn-doped AgAlTe2 and LiInTe2. Sn-doped AgAlTe2 and LiInTe2 are imminent to produce ideal heterojunctions as they possess similar lattice constants and the type-II band offset, providing an approach to overcome the Shockley–Queisser limit.
Domain structure and domain wall dynamics in topological chiral antiferromagnets from the viewpoint of magnetic octupole
Authors: Otani YoshiChika , Higo Tomoya
Published: January 2021

Spintronics has been evolving rapidly; it becomes next-generation electronics exploiting both spin and charge degrees of freedom and a primary research field directly linked to topology and nano-magnetism in solid-state physics. In this article, we put our focus on the domain structure and domain wall dynamics based on a cluster magnetic octupole in topological antiferromagnets. Many issues are still not clear in terms of magnetic octupole domains (MODs) and domain walls. We first discuss the current status of the study on the antiferromagnetic domains and walls and then the MODs and walls from detection and manipulation viewpoints.
Optical constants from scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscope
Authors: Guo Xiao , Bertling Karl , Rakić Aleksandar D.
Published: January 2021

Scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) allows for the characterization of optical properties of samples at the nanoscale, well below the diffraction limit of the interrogating wavelength. Typically, it relies on a model for the probe-sample interaction to extract complex optical constants of the sample. Here, we propose an s-SNOM calibration method that allows for the extraction of these constants without prior knowledge of the probe geometry nor the details of the probe-sample interactions. We illustrate the technique using terahertz time-domain spectroscopy-based s-SNOM to extract the optical properties of several organic and inorganic materials and differently doped regions of a standard silicon random access memory sample. The accuracy of the technique is comparable to that of conventional far-field techniques while additionally providing spatial distribution of optical constants at the nanoscale. The source-independent nature of the proposed technique makes it directly applicable for s-SNOM measurements in other spectral ranges.
Calculation of the residual entropy of Ice Ih by Monte Carlo simulation with the combination of the replica-exchange Wang–Landau algorithm and multicanonical replica-exchange method
Authors: Hayashi Takuya , Muguruma Chizuru , Okamoto Yuko
Published: January 2021

We estimated the residual entropy of Ice Ih by the recently developed simulation protocol, namely, the combination of the replica-exchange Wang–Landau algorithm and multicanonical replica-exchange method. We employed a model with the nearest neighbor interactions on the three-dimensional hexagonal lattice, which satisfied the ice rules in the ground state. The results showed that our estimate of the residual entropy is in accordance with various previous results. In this article, we not only give our latest estimate of the residual entropy of Ice Ih but also discuss the importance of the uniformity of a random number generator in Monte Carlo simulations.
OsCER1 regulates humidity-sensitive genic male sterility through very-long-chain (VLC) alkane metabolism of tryphine in rice
Authors: Ni Erdong , Deng Li , Chen Huiqiong , Lin Jianwen , Ruan Jiamin , Liu Zhenlan , Zhuang Chuxiong , Zhou Hai
Published: January 2021

Humidity-sensitive genic male sterility (HGMS) is a novel type of environment-sensitive male sterility (EGMS) which plants are male sterile at low humidity and male fertile at high humidity. Previous studies have revealed that OsCER1 contributes to very-long-chain (VLC) alkanes biosynthesis in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Here, applying the CRISPR/Cas9 technique, we obtained two independent OsCER1 knockout lines (OsCER1Cas). Both OsCER1Cas lines exhibited HGMS. Mutant pollen showed defects in adhesion and germination on stigmas at low humidity, whereas high humidity enhanced the pollen germination rate. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations of mutant pollen revealed abnormal tryphine structure, potentially representing the basis of HGMS. Furthermore, co-pollination with mixed OsCER1Cas mutant and maize (Zea mays L.) pollen could rescue the fertility of the mutant, thereby establishing the key role of tryphine in germination on stigmas. OsCER1 knockout might affect VLC alkane metabolism and therefore alter the lipid composition of tryphine. It could lead to the defects in pollen grain adhesion, hydration and germination, resulting in HGMS. This work identified the mechanism of HGMS induced by VLC alkanes in rice and the generality of tryphine in different species of Gramineae.
Benthic invaders control the phosphorus cycle in the world’s largest freshwater ecosystem
Authors: Li Jiying , Ianaiev Vadym , Huff Audrey , Zalusky John , Ozersky Ted , Katsev Sergei
Published: January 2021

Significance

The ecosystems of the Laurentian Great Lakes have been dramatically reengineered by invasive bottom-dwelling dreissenid mussels. A key question is whether this biological change has altered whole-ecosystem biogeochemistry, in particular the cycling of phosphorus, a key nutrient that limits biological productivity in freshwater ecosystems. We show that phosphorus cycling in the invaded Great Lakes is now regulated by the population dynamics of a single benthic species, the quagga mussel. This qualitatively changes the responses of the affected lakes to phosphorus inputs from watersheds, complicates predictions, and necessitates a new paradigm for managing these large aquatic ecosystems. Similar changes likely play out in many other dreissenid-invaded lakes across Europe and North America.
Dog domestication and the dual dispersal of people and dogs into the Americas
Authors: Perri Angela R. , Feuerborn Tatiana R. , Frantz Laurent A. F. , Larson Greger , Malhi Ripan S. , Meltzer David J. , Witt Kelsey E.
Published: January 2021

Advances in the isolation and sequencing of ancient DNA have begun to reveal the population histories of both people and dogs. Over the last 10,000 y, the genetic signatures of ancient dog remains have been linked with known human dispersals in regions such as the Arctic and the remote Pacific. It is suspected, however, that this relationship has a much deeper antiquity, and that the tandem movement of people and dogs may have begun soon after the domestication of the dog from a gray wolf ancestor in the late Pleistocene. Here, by comparing population genetic results of humans and dogs from Siberia, Beringia, and North America, we show that there is a close correlation in the movement and divergences of their respective lineages. This evidence places constraints on when and where dog domestication took place. Most significantly, it suggests that dogs were domesticated in Siberia by ∼23,000 y ago, possibly while both people and wolves were isolated during the harsh climate of the Last Glacial Maximum. Dogs then accompanied the first people into the Americas and traveled with them as humans rapidly dispersed into the continent beginning ∼15,000 y ago.
Unexpected nascent atmospheric emissions of three ozone-depleting hydrochlorofluorocarbons
Authors: Vollmer Martin K. , Mühle Jens , Henne Stephan , Young Dickon , Rigby Matthew , Mitrevski Blagoj , Park Sunyoung , Lunder Chris R. , Rhee Tae Siek , Harth Christina M. , Hill Matthias , Langenfelds Ray L. , Guillevic Myriam , Schlauri Paul M. , Hermansen Ove , Arduini Jgor , Wang Ray H. J. , Salameh Peter K. , Maione Michela , Krummel Paul B. , Reimann Stefan , O’Doherty Simon , Simmonds Peter G. , Fraser Paul J. , Prinn Ronald G. , Weiss Ray F. , Steele L. Paul
Published: January 2021

Significance

We demonstrate the need to detect and track unexpected substances in the atmosphere and to locate their sources. Here, we report on three hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) that have no known end-uses. HCFC-132b (

C
H

2

C
l
C
C
l
F

2

) is newly discovered in the global atmosphere. We identify East Asia as the dominant source region for global emissions of this compound and of HCFC-133a (

C
H

2

C
l
C
F

3

). We also quantify global emissions of HCFC-31 (

C
H

2

ClF). These compounds are most likely emitted as intermediate by-products of chemical production processes. The early discovery and identification of such unexpected emissions can identify the related industrial practices and help to develop and manage environmental policies to reduce unwanted and potentially harmful emissions before the scale of the problem becomes more costly to mitigate.
Tumor-suppressor function of Beclin 1 in breast cancer cells requires E-cadherin
Authors: Wijshake Tobias , Zou Zhongju , Chen Beibei , Zhong Lin , Xiao Guanghua , Xie Yang , Doench John G. , Bennett Lynda , Levine Beth
Published: January 2021

Significance

Beclin 1, an essential autophagy protein, is important for tumor suppression in mice, as well as in human breast and ovarian cancers. However, it is not well understood how Beclin 1 acts as a tumor suppressor. By performing a genetic screen to identify genes whose loss blocks the ability of Beclin 1 to inhibit the growth of breast cancer cells and follow-up biological analyses, we have identified a mechanism by which Beclin 1 prevents breast cancer growth. We found that Beclin 1 promotes the plasma membrane localization of E-cadherin, a breast tumor-suppressor molecule that restricts tumor growth and metastases only when present at the cell surface. These findings have important implications for understanding the cell biology of human breast cancer.
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) promotes social behavior through mTORC1 in the excitatory neurotransmission
Authors: De Gregorio Danilo , Popic Jelena , Enns Justine P. , Inserra Antonio , Skalecka Agnieszka , Markopoulos Athanasios , Posa Luca , Lopez-Canul Martha , He Qianzi , Lafferty Christopher K. , Britt Jonathan P. , Comai Stefano , Aguilar-Valles Argel , Sonenberg Nahum , Gobbi Gabriella
Published: January 2021

Clinical studies have reported that the psychedelic lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) enhances empathy and social behavior (SB) in humans, but its mechanism of action remains elusive. Using a multidisciplinary approach including in vivo electrophysiology, optogenetics, behavioral paradigms, and molecular biology, the effects of LSD on SB and glutamatergic neurotransmission in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) were studied in male mice. Acute LSD (30 μg/kg) injection failed to increase SB. However, repeated LSD (30 μg/kg, once a day, for 7 days) administration promotes SB, without eliciting antidepressant/anxiolytic-like effects. Optogenetic inhibition of mPFC excitatory neurons dramatically inhibits social interaction and nullifies the prosocial effect of LSD. LSD potentiates the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate (AMPA) and 5-HT
2A
, but not
N
-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and 5-HT
1A
, synaptic responses in the mPFC and increases the phosphorylation of the serine-threonine protein kinases Akt and mTOR. In conditional knockout mice lacking Raptor (one of the structural components of the mTORC1 complex) in excitatory glutamatergic neurons (
Raptor

f/f

:Camk2alpha-Cre
), the prosocial effects of LSD and the potentiation of 5-HT
2A
/AMPA synaptic responses were nullified, demonstrating that LSD requires the integrity of mTORC1 in excitatory neurons to promote SB. Conversely, in knockout mice lacking Raptor in GABAergic neurons of the mPFC (
Raptor

f/f

:Gad2-Cre
), LSD promotes SB. These results indicate that LSD selectively enhances SB by potentiating mPFC excitatory transmission through 5-HT
2A
/AMPA receptors and mTOR signaling. The activation of 5-HT
2A
/AMPA/mTORC1 in the mPFC by psychedelic drugs should be explored for the treatment of mental diseases with SB impairments such as autism spectrum disorder and social anxiety disorder.
“Violence and Love and Drugs…it all Goes hand in Hand”: A Mixed Methods Analysis of the Substance Abuse, Violence, and HIV/AIDS Syndemic among Women who use Methamphetamine
Authors: Stockman Jamila K. , Syvertsen Jennifer L. , Hayashi Hitomi D. , Ludwig-Barron Natasha , Tsuyuki Kiyomi , Morris Meghan D. , Palinkas Lawrence A.
Published: January 2021

Background

The synergistic epidemics of substance use, violence, and HIV/AIDS, also known as the SAVA syndemic, disproportionately affects vulnerable women in the United States. Methamphetamine use is closely linked with physical and sexual violence, including intimate partner violence (IPV), which heightens women's vulnerability to HIV. This mixed methods study examined the prevalence and correlates of violence among women who use methamphetamine, ( n = 209) enrolled in an HIV intervention study in San Diego, California.

Methods

At baseline, 209 women completed an interviewer-administered computer-assisted survey. A sub set of women who reported lifetime IPV ( n = 18) also participated in qualitative interviews to contextualize our understanding of patterns of violence over time.

Results

In the overall cohort, reports of lifetime (66.0%) and past 2-month (19.6%) IPV were prevalent. Moreover, women reported lifetime physical only (27.3%), sexual only (6.2%), or both forms of violence (50.7%) by multiple perpetrators. Factors independently associated with lifetime IPV were having unprotected sex with a steady partner (odds ratio [OR]: 2.50, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.04, 6.00) and being high on methamphetamine during unprotected sex with a steady partner (OR: 2.56, 95% CI: 1.30, 5.09) within the past 2 months. Our qualitative narratives illuminated how IPV in women's steady relationships often reflects a culmination of violent victimization throughout their lifetime which is further exacerbated by methamphetamine use and sexual risk through gendered power dynamics.

Conclusions

HIV prevention interventions should address the SAVA syndemic in a holistic manner, including the role of methamphetamine use in the context of women's abusive steady relationships.
“It's a Place that Gives me Hope”: A Qualitative Evaluation of a Buprenorphine-Naloxone Group Visit Program in an Urban Federally Qualified Health Center
Authors: Lai Sunny , Li Erica , Silverio Alexis , DeBates Robin , Kelly Erin Lee , Weinstein Lara Carson
Published: January 2021

Background

Medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD) with buprenorphine is effective in treating opioid use disorder yet remains underutilized. Scant research has examined the experience of patients, clinic staff, and providers in a “low-threshold” group-based MOUD program. This study evaluates a “low-threshold” MOUD program at a federally qualified health center (FQHC) in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania through the perspectives of its key stakeholders.

Methods

This qualitative study involved focus groups of patients, providers, and clinic staff. Focus groups were conducted between October 2017 and June 2018. Grounded theory was used for analysis.

Results

There were a total of 10 focus groups, including 20 patient participants and 26 staff members. Program participants noted that a strength of the program is its person-centered harm reduction approach, which is reflected in the program's policies and design. Program participants discussed the programmatic design choices that facilitated their participation and engagement in the program: ease of access, integration into primary care, and group-based visit model. Challenges in program implementation included varying acceptance and understanding of harm reduction among staff, the unpredictability of clinic volume and workflow, and the need to balance access to primary care and MOUD.

Conclusion

This group-based MOUD program's philosophy of person-centered harm reduction, low-barrier approach, the structure of group-based visits, and integrated care contributes to increased patient access and retention. Understanding the strengths and challenges of the program may be useful for other safety-net clinics considering a MOUD program.
Involvement of two or more sets of lacrimal glands and/or major salivary glands is related to greater systemic disease activity due to multi-organ involvement in IgG4-related dacryoadenitis/sialadenitis
Authors: Takahashi Yoshinori , Mizushima Ichiro , Konishi Masahiro , Kawahara Hiroyuki , Sanada Hajime , Suzuki Kazuyuki , Takeji Akari , Hara Satoshi , Ito Kiyoaki , Fujii Hiroshi , Kawano Mitsuhiro
Published: January 2021

Objectives

In IgG4-related dacryoadenitis and/or sialadenitis (IgG4-DS), involvement of two or more sets of lacrimal glands (LGs) and/or major salivary glands (MSGs) is regarded as a specific finding with diagnostic significance. This study aimed to clarify the influence of this factor on the overall clinical picture of IgG4-DS.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 130 patients with IgG4-related disease, 97 of whom were diagnosed with IgG4-DS. We determined their clinical features according to the presence/absence of involvement of ≥2 sets of LGs and/or MSGs and compared the results with those obtained in 33 DS-limited patients.

Results

The IgG4-DS patients comprised 60 men and 37 women (median age 65 years). The median serum IgG4 level at diagnosis was 548 mg/dL. The patients with involvement of ≥2 sets (n = 44) had significantly more affected organs, lower serum C3 and C4 levels, and a tendency to have higher serum IgG levels and IgG4-RD responder index than did those without it (n = 53). In the 33 DS-limited patients, these two groups had no significant differences in clinical features.

Conclusions

Involvement of ≥2 sets of LGs and/or MSGs suggests greater systemic disease activity mainly reflected by involvement of more organs.
The Chechen post-war diaspora in Norway and their visions of legal models
Authors: Sugaipova Maryam , Wilhelmsen Julie
Published: January 2021

This article examines how understandings of the rule of law are shaped in the Chechen diaspora in Norway. Taking as our point of departure studies of legal pluralism and the co-existence of traditional Adat, religious Sharia and Russian secular law in Chechnya, we examine the effect of living in a host country by asking: How do members of the Chechen diaspora, here defined as conflict-generated diaspora, view and internalize legal models in Norway? What type of state governance do they see as ideal for themselves and for Chechnya in the future? Further: what might the underlying explanation for their choices be? We assume that just as different waves of violence in Chechnya created different diaspora communities that today exhibit specific social, cultural and political traits, the latest wave of forced emigration to Europe after the post-Soviet Russo–Chechen wars may have made specific imprints on the legal preferences of this diaspora. The picture that emerges from our in-depth individual interviews and surveys is one of gradual adaptation and adjustment to Norwegian state governance and rule of law, demonstrating the complex and co-constitutive relationships between changing identities and legal preferences.
Security of quantum key distribution with source and detection imperfections
Authors: Sun Shihai , Xu Feihu
Published: January 2021

In practice, the device imperfections might introduce deviations from the idealized models used in the security proofs of quantum key distribution (QKD). This requires the refined security analysis for practical QKD. However, in most of previous analysis, the imperfections are individually considered with different models. Here, we derive a security analysis which takes both the source and detection imperfections into account. Particularly, the efficiency mismatch in the detection and a number of flaws in the source (such as, inaccuracy of encoded quantum state, side-channel of source, distinguishable decoy states, Trojan-horse, and so on) are analyzed in a general security model. Then the performance of the QKD system with the devices imperfections is evaluated. Our results present an important step toward the practical security of QKD wit realistic devices.
Dynamical density wave order in an atom–cavity system
Authors: Georges Christoph , Cosme Jayson G , Keßler Hans , Mathey Ludwig , Hemmerich Andreas
Published: January 2021

We theoretically and experimentally explore the emergence of a dynamical density wave (DW) order in a driven dissipative atom–cavity system. A Bose–Einstein condensate is placed inside a high finesse optical resonator and pumped sideways by an optical standing wave. The pump strength is chosen to induce a stationary superradiant checkerboard DW order of the atoms stabilized by a strong intracavity light field. We show theoretically that, when the pump is modulated with sufficient strength at a frequency ω
d close to a systemic resonance frequency ω
>, a dynamical DW order emerges, which oscillates at the two frequencies ω
> and ω
< = ω
d − ω
>. This order is associated with a characteristic momentum spectrum, also found in experiments in addition to remnants of the oscillatory dynamics presumably damped by on-site interaction and heating, not included in the calculations. The oscillating density grating, associated with this order, suppresses pump-induced light scattering into the cavity. Similar mechanisms might be conceivable in light-driven electronic matter.