bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Trauma e resistência na poesia de testemunho do Brasil contemporâneo
Authors: SALGUEIRO Wilberth
Published: August 2016

Se o trauma pode ser entendido como a rememoração incessante e difusa de algo não plenamente elaborado, a resistência então será uma atitude de corajoso enfrentamento dessa ferida não curada, daquilo que permanece em aberto. Neste sentido, os poemas que, desde sempre, tomam para si a tarefa de escrever e pensar as dores e catástrofes – que atingem o sujeito que fala por si e, sobretudo, por uma comunidade maior – podem ser lidos como uma espécie de cicatriz, que torna visíveis chagas e doenças de uma sociedade desigual e violenta. Há, no Brasil, uma expressiva produção poética que, no conjunto, poderia ser chamada de “poesia de testemunho”. Embora minoritária (quando comparada ao excesso de poemas em torno da própria subjetividade e de virtuosismos de linguagem), essa poesia de testemunho cumpre um papel de resistência. A leitura de poemas de Alex Polari, Paulo Leminski, Jocenir e Miró da Muribeca se fará, basicamente, à luz da filosofia radical de Theodor Adorno.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Poesia de testemunho. Trauma. Resistência. Poesia brasileira.
LUIZ MARCELLINO DE OLIVEIRA: APRENDENDO E ENSINANDO ANÁLISE DO COMPORTAMENTO
Authors: Almeida Sebastião De Sousa , Quinteiro Regiane De Souza
Published: August 2016

Luiz Marcellino de Oliveira (1939-2008) foi um dos maiores entusiastas do ensino da análise experimental do comportamento no Brasil. Dedicou toda a sua vida profissional à tarefa de estudar, ensinar e difundir os conceitos da análise do comportamento. Sua incansável disposição para o ensino levou-o a participar de diversos fóruns relacionados à melhoria do ensino de psicologia no Brasil. Sua história se confunde a de criação e consolidação da Sociedade de Psicologia de Ribeirão Preto, antecessora da Sociedade Brasileira de Psicologia. Luiz de Oliveira foi pioneiro no estudo dos efeitos comportamentais da desnutrição no Brasil e fundador do Laboratório de Nutrição e Comportamento da Universidade de São Paulo, com grandes contribuições científicas para a área. O Centro de Estudo Multiprofissional de Apoio à Criança que procura recuperar atrasos no desenvolvimento produzidos por desnutrição, entre outros fatores de risco, existe hoje devido a sua iniciativa pioneira. Palavras-chave: Luiz Marcellino de Oliveira, análise do comportamento, ensino de psicologia, desnutrição.
Painful Reality: Inappropriate Provider Management of Pain as a Determinant of Health Care Avoidance
Authors: Baenziger Nancy L.
Published: August 2016

Although pain is often characterized as a subjective, highly individualized phenomenon, in fact, numerous elements which are simply biological in nature underlie interpersonal differences in pain experience that influence the effectiveness of provider pain management. Elements acting at the level of tissues and cells include signal-transmitting molecules in pain pathways; elements acting at the level of the whole person comprise entire brain networks and anatomic elements fostering pain vulnerability. However, knowledge of these elements and translation of such knowledge into practical means for relieving patient pain is dismayingly sparse across the total spectrum of health care professionals. A serious consequence of this knowledge and action gap is that isolated, or worse yet, repeated, pain experiences may lead to profound mistrust of the health care system and its providers and to health care avoidance (e.g., mammography). This article outlines a biologic knowledge base and proposed remedies to improve pain management across the entire domain of health care. Key components of this approach include enhanced education for providers and informational outreach to health care consumers, clarifying pain mechanisms to both constituencies. Moreover, increased accountability within the health care system is needed, both in knowing and applying well-established biomedical knowledge and in best using technical and interpersonal skills necessary for effective pain management.
Servant Leadership, Emotional Intelligence: Essential for Baccalaureate Nursing Students
Authors: Anderson Della
Published: August 2016

Baker University Bachelor of Science in Nursing students study servant leadership and emotional intelligence in a Leadership and Management in Professional Nursing course. The acquisition of these skills increases collaboration with clients and colleagues. Servant leadership improves care through encouragement and facilitation rather than power (Waterman, 2011). Emotional intelligence allows individuals to deal effectively with emotions and is associated with better health (Por, Barriball, Fitzpatrick, & Roberts, 2011). Knowledge of servant leadership, combined with emotional intelligence, creates a relationship with self; encourages relationships with others, clients, and providers; allows teamwork participation; and impacts the entire community.
Intervention Fidelity in Interventions: An Integrative Literature Review
Authors: Ibrahim Sarah , Sidani Souraya
Published: August 2016

Background: Complex interventions are frequently used in health care by various providers. It is important for researchers and clinicians to monitor and assess intervention fidelity which refers to the degree to which an intervention is implemented as originally planned and intended to draw valid conclusions about whether the intervention produces the intended outcomes. Purpose: The authors undertook a review of the current literature of intervention fidelity, critically appraised the utility of the existing conceptual frameworks for intervention fidelity, and proposed an alternative framework for intervention fidelity and complex interventions. Conclusion: The proposed conceptual framework offers a means for researchers and clinicians to understand how to design and implement intervention with quality and as intended as well as identify potential moderators that may influence the implementation of an intervention. This conceptualization allows researchers and practitioners to be able to reach valid conclusions about the causal effects of the intervention on the outcomes of interest.
Fatores motivacionais para a prática das aulas de educação física no ensino médio
Authors: Alves Felipe Rocha , Escóssio Adenilson Pereira , Amâncio Valdenes da Silva , Teixeira Francisco Alex Alves
Published: August 2016

O objetivo do estudo foi investigar os fatores motivacionais referentes à participação nas aulas de educação física entre os escolares do ensino médio. Participaram desta pesquisa 200 adolescentes (feminino 53% e masculino 47%), com faixa etária entre 15 e 17 anos de idade. Como instrumento de medida utilizou-se o questionário elaborado por KOBAL (1996). Não houve diferenças relativas entre aos gêneros em relação aos itens que compõem as questões relacionadas à motivação extrínseca. No entanto em relação aos itens “Participo das aulas de Educação Física por que”, “Eu gosto das aulas de Educação Física quando” e “Não gosto das aulas de Educação Física quando”, verificou-se diferenças significativas entre os gêneros. Conclui-se que os fatores intrínsecos apresentaram diferenças entre os gêneros. Fato que pode ser justificado pelas características individuais de cada indivíduo e que a variável gênero influencia significativamente nesse fator motivacional. Sugere-se a realização de outros estudos que possam verificar os principais aspectos motivacionais e suas diferenças frente à prática de educação física e, ainda, investigar a associação com outras variáveis como diferentes locais/regiões onde estão inseridas as escolas, diferentes níveis de escolaridade e outras faixas etárias.
Prevalence, Characterization and Mycotoxin Production Ability of Fusarium species on Korean Adlay (Coix lacrymal-jobi L.) Seeds
Authors: An Tae Jin , Shin Kyu Seop , Paul Narayan Chandra , Kim Young Guk , Cha Seon Woo , Moon Yu Seok , Yu Seung Hun , Oh Sang-Keun
Published: August 2016

Adlay seed samples were collected from 3 adlay growing regions (Yeoncheon, Jeonnam and Eumseong regions) in Korea during 2012. Among all the samples collected, 400 seeds were tested for fungal occurrence by standard blotter and test tube agar methods and different taxonomic groups of fungal genera were detected. The most predominant fungal genera encountered were Fusarium, Phoma, Alternaria, Cladosporium, Curvularia, Cochliobolus and Leptosphaerulina. The occurrence of Fusarium species were 45.6% and based on the combined sequences of two protein coding genes, EF-1a, Beta-tubulin and phylogenetic analysis, 10 species were characterized as F. incarnatum (11.67%), F. kyushense (10.33%), F. fujikuroi (8.67%), F. concentricum (6.00%), F. asiaticum (5.67%), F. graminearum (1.67%), F. miscanthi (0.67%), F. polyphialidiom (0.33%), F. armeniacum (0.33%) and F. thapsinum (0.33%). The ability of these isolates to produce mycotoxins fumonisin (FUM) and zeralenone (ZEN) were tested by ELISA quantitative analysis method. The result revealed that fumonisin (FUM) was produced only by F. fujikuroi and zeralenone (ZEN) by F. asiaticum & F. graminearum. Mycotoxigenic species were then examined for their morphological characteristics to confirm their identity. Morphological observations of the species correlated well with their molecular identification and confirmed as F. asiaticum, F. fujikuroi and F. graminearum.
Risks of Climate Change on the Singapore-Malaysia High Speed Rail System
Authors: Binti Sa’adin Sazrul Leena , Kaewunruen Sakdirat , Jaroszweski David
Published: August 2016

Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and many of the observed changes are unprecedented over five decades to millennia. Globally the atmosphere and ocean is increasingly getting warmer, the amount of ice on the earth is decreasing over the oceans, and the sea level has risen. According to Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the total increasing temperature globally averaged combined land and surface between the average of the 1850-1900 period and the 2003 to 2012 period is 0.78 °C (0.72 to 0.85). But should we prepare for such the relatively small change? The importance is not the mean of the warming but the considerable likelihood of climate change that could trigger extreme natural hazards. The impact and the risk of climate change associated with railway infrastructure have not been fully addressed in the literature due to the difference in local environmental parameters. On the other hand, the current railway network in Malaysia, over the last decade, has been significantly affected by severe weather conditions such as rainfall, lightning, wind and very high temperatures. Our research findings point out the extremes that can lead to asset system failure, degraded operation and ultimately, delays to train services. During the period of flood, the embankment of the track can be swept away and bridge can be demolished, while during drought, the embankment of the track can suffer from soil desiccation and embankment deterioration, high temperature increases the risk of track buckling and high winds can result in vegetation or foreign object incursion on to the infrastructure as well as additional quasi-static burden exerted. This review is of significant importance for planning and design of the newly proposed high speed rail link between Malaysia and Singapore.
Toughness of Railroad Concrete Crossties with Holes and Web Opening
Authors: Gamage Erosha K. , Kaewunruen Sakdirat , Remennikov Alex M. , Ishida Tetsuya
Published: August 2016

Prestressed concrete sleepers (or railroad ties) are principally designed in order to carry wheel loads from the rails to the ground of railway tracks. Their design takes into account static and dynamic loading conditions. In spite of the most common use of the prestressed concrete crossties in railway tracks, there have always been many demands from rail engineers to improve serviceability and functionality of concrete crossties. For example, signaling, fiber optic, equipment cables are often damaged either by ballast corners or by tamping machine. There has been a need to re-design concrete crosstie to cater cables internally so that they would not experience detrimental or harsh environments. Also, many concrete crossties need a retrofit for automatic train control device and similar signaling equipment. In contrast, the effects of holes and web openings on structural capacity of concrete crossties have not been thoroughly investigated. This paper accordingly highlights the effect of holes and web openings on the toughness and ductility of concrete crossties. The outcome of this research enables better decision making process for retrofiting prestressed concrete crossties with holes and web opening in practice.
UAV Low Altitude Photogrammetry for Power Line Inspection
Authors: Zhang Yong , Yuan Xiuxiao , Fang Yi , Chen Shiyu
Published: August 2016

When the distance between an obstacle and a power line is less than the discharge distance, a discharge arc can be generated, resulting in interruption of power supplies. Therefore, regular safety inspections are necessary to ensure safe operations of power grids. Tall vegetation and buildings are the key factors threatening the safe operation of extra high voltage transmission lines within a power line corridor. Manual or LiDAR based-inspections are time consuming and expensive. To make safety inspections more efficient and flexible, a low-altitude unmanned aerial vehicle remote-sensing platform equipped with optical digital camera was used to inspect power line corridors. We propose a semi-patch matching algorithm based on epipolar constraints using both correlation coefficient and the shape of its curve to extract three dimensional (3D) point clouds for a power line corridor. Virtual photography was used to transform the power line direction from approximately parallel to the epipolar line to approximately perpendicular to epipolar line to improve power line measurement accuracy. The distance between the power lines and the 3D point cloud is taken as a criterion for locating obstacles within the power line corridor automatically. Experimental results show that our proposed method is a reliable, cost effective and applicable way for practical power line inspection, and can locate obstacles within the power line corridor with measurement accuracies better than ±0.5 m.
Multi-Omics Studies towards Novel Modulators of Influenza A Virus-Host Interaction
Authors: Söderholm Sandra , Fu Yu , Gaelings Lana , Belanov Sergey , Yetukuri Laxmana , Berlinkov Mikhail , Cheltov Anton V. , Anders Simon , Aittokallio Tero , Nyman Tuula A. , Matikainen Sampsa , Kainov Denis E.
Published: August 2016

Human influenza A viruses (IAVs) cause global pandemics and epidemics. These viruses evolve rapidly, making current treatment options ineffective. To identify novel modulators of IAV-host interactions, we re-analyzed our recent transcriptomics, metabolomics, proteomics, phosphoproteomics, and genomics/virtual ligand screening data. We identified 713 potential modulators targeting 200 cellular and two viral proteins. Anti-influenza activity for 48 of them has been reported previously, whereas the antiviral efficacy of the remaining 665 is unknown. Studying anti-influenza efficacy, immuno-modulating properties and potential resistance of these compounds or their combinations may lead to the discovery of novel modulators of IAV-host interactions, which might be more effective than the currently available anti-influenza therapeutics.
Effect of Urban Wastewater on the Quality of Ground Water in Mysuru City, India
Authors: M R Abhilash , D Shiva Kumar , S Srikantaswamy
Published: August 2016

The Mysuru is a unique city and was the capital city of former princely state of Karnataka, and its groundwater resources are developed for water supply and irrigation purposes. In order to evaluate the quality of groundwater in study area, 07 groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for various Secondary parameters. Including Physical and chemical parameters of groundwater such as Sodium Absorption Ratio, Residual Sodium Carbonate, Permeability Index, Corrosivity Ratio, Indices of Base exchange, CaCO3 Saturation Indices, Gibb’s plot of determining the Mechanisms controlling ground water Chemistry, Handa’s Classifications, USSL Clasifications , CaCO3 Saturation Indices and Stuyzfzand’s were determined and the indices were calculated. Based on the analytical results, groundwater in the area is generally fresh and hard to very hard. The abundance of the major ions is as follows: HCO3 > SO4 > Cl and Ca > Mg > Na > K. The dominant hydrochemical facieses of groundwater is Ca-HCO3 and Ca-Mg-HCO3 type. The results of calculation saturation index by basic computer program HYCY shows that the nearly all of the water samples were saturated to under saturated with respect to carbonate minerals and under saturated with respect to sulfate minerals. Assessment of water samples from various methods indicated that groundwater in study area is chemically not suitable for drinking and agricultural uses. 
Effectiveness of Metacognitive Strategies through Reading Comprehension of Tertiary Level Leaner’s of English
Authors: Diravidamani S.
Published: August 2016

Reading is the basic foundation on which academic skills of an individual are built. Reading is a fundamental skill to acquire information. To enhance reading ability effectively, it is quite signification to understand the reading process. Reading is an individual process that takes place inside readers mind in order to monitor, analyze, discuss and modify a classroom learning conditions. Reading is not only between reader and the text; instead reading is a more complex activity that includes different skills. Reading is a constructive process that uses the students Metacognitive strategies to build understanding of the text. Metacognitive strategies are sequential process that one uses to control cognitive activities and ensure a cognitive goal.

            Flavell (1976) defines Metacognitive as one’s knowledge concerning one’s own cognitive processes. Baird (1990) uses ideas to provide formulation, “ Metacognition refers to the knowledge, awareness and control of one’s own learning”. Metacognitive development is described as a development in one’s Metacognitive abilities i.e. the move to grater knowledge, awareness and control of one’s learning. One of the most vital skills that a person has to acquire in his life is reading. Reading can be seen as an interactive process between a reader and a text. In this reader interacts dynamically with the text to elicit, the meaning and various kinds of knowledge is being used. Readers have to use a flexible repertoire of strategies and cues to comprehend text and to solve problems with unfamiliar structure and vocabulary. 
A Study of Sustainable Disclosure Practices of Indian Corporates
Authors: Motwani Shilpa S. , Pandya Hemal B.
Published: August 2016

The corporate governing bodies have worked towards governance, socially responsibility over the last couple of decades. They are now emphasising sustainability reporting. The focus has now shifted from financial to the non-financial aspects of reporting. Sustainability reporting also termed as Triple-bottom-line reporting, which means the company has now to report on non financial aspects like environmental, social, governance along with the economic aspect. This is evident by the release of the National voluntary guidelines on Social, Environmental and Economic responsibility of business (NVG-SEE) by Ministry of Corporate Affairs, India in 2011; followed by SEBI mandating Clause 55 of the listing agreement with stock exchange in India in 2012; making Business responsibility reporting (BRR) compulsory for the top 100 listed companies (by market capitalisation). These non financial aspects have been well incorporated by the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI); a non-profit organisation providing sustainability guidance.

 

This paper is an attempt to study the comparative analysis of sustainability disclosure practices of Indian companies using GRI based index. The sustainability disclosures have been studies company-wise and Industry-wise. The study concludes that Indian companies have recognized the importance of sustainability reporting and the major companies are reporting on it. However, Indian companies do not give much consideration to their industries characteristics while disclosing information in their sustainability reports.
Laser Speckle Interferometer for Deformation Measurement based on Fast Fourier Transform method
Authors: Balamurugan R.
Published: August 2016

In this paper, Laser speckle image processing based on Fast Fourier Transform method for displacement measurement is presented. Capturing Laser speckle images before displacement and after displacement of the specimen is the technique involved in this measurement. The cross correlation is computed by two 2Dimensional Fast Fourier Transforms (one direct and the other is inverse) and a complex multiplication. This is a non-contact, flexible measurement with high accuracy and simple operation. The results are verified by conventional gauge methods.
Stability of the Expression of Acyl‐ACP Thioesterase Transgenes in Oilseed Rape Doubled Haploid Lines
Authors: Tang Jihong , Scarth Rachael , McVetty Peter B. E.
Published: August 2016

Transgene stability in doubled haploid (DH) lines is an important consideration for transgenic cultivar development programs. The objective of this study was to assess the expression stability of acyl‐acyl carrier protein (ACP) thioesterase (TE) transgenes in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) DH lines. The DH lines were developed from microspores of F1 plants from the crosses between transgenic parents carrying the bay‐TE (Uc FatB1), elm‐TE (Ua FatB1), nutmeg‐TE (Mf FatB1), or cuphea‐TE (Ch FatB1) transgenes and three nontransgenic cultivars having distinct seed oil fatty acid compositions. Of 333 DH1 plants developed from microspore‐derived embryos that had undergone selection for kanamycin resistance (the selectable marker) with bay‐TE F1 and cuphea‐TE F1 plants as the microspore donors, 20 plants did not show TE transgene expression. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Southern blotting analyses confirmed that the absence of TE transgene expression in these 20 DH1 plants was due to escape of embryos from kanamycin selection or existence of an incomplete T‐DNA copy without the TE transgene. No DH1 plant with completely silenced TE transgenes was detected. Thirty of 34 transgenic DH lines showed a stable level of the target fatty acid, lauric acid (C12:0) for the bay‐TE and palmitic acid (C16:0) for the other three TE transgenes, over the two or three consecutive generations tested (DH2, DH3, and/or DH4 plants). Target fatty acids were significantly affected by temperature during seed development. DH lines carrying the elm‐TE or the cuphea‐TE transgene grown under high temperature conditions (25/20°C, day/night) during seed development showed higher levels of palmitic acid than under lower temperatures (20/15°C). These results support the application of the DH procedure in breeding programs for transgenic cultivars and indicate the important influence of environment.
Putative Alleles for Increased Yield from Soybean Plant Introductions
Authors: Kabelka E. A. , Diers B. W. , Fehr W. R. , LeRoy A. R. , Baianu I. C. , You T. , Neece D. J. , Nelson R. L.
Published: August 2016

Improving seed yield of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is an important breeding goal. The objective of this study was to evaluate two soybean PIs as sources of alleles for the enhancement of seed yield in North American cultivars. A population of 167 F5–derived lines was developed from a cross between ‘BSR 101’ and the experimental line LG82‐8379. BSR 101 has nine of 10 major ancestral lines contributing to the commercial gene pool of North America, while LG82‐8379 was selected from a cross between PI 68508 and FC 04007B. The F5–derived lines, divided into three sets based on maturity, were evaluated for 145 polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker loci and for seed yield and other agronomic traits in 12 environments. Fifteen quantitative trait loci (QTL) were significantly [P < 0.05, likelihood of odds (LOD) > 2.5] associated with seed yield in at least one set with two significant across all sets. For nine of the yield QTL, the LG82‐8379 alleles were associated with yield increases of 1.7 to 5.4% while the BSR 101 alleles increased yield 2.4 to 4.4% at six yield QTL. Four yield QTL were associated with significant changes in R8, eight with plant height, and three with seed protein concentration. Additional QTL were identified for R8, plant height, lodging, and seed protein and oil concentration. These results indicate that soybean PIs have the genetic potential for improving seed yield of U.S. soybean cultivars.
Response of Corn Grain Yield to Spatial and Temporal Variability in Emergence
Authors: Liu Weidong , Tollenaar Matthijs , Stewart Greg , Deen William
Published: August 2016

Potential yield benefits from improving within‐row plant spacing variability and plant emergence variability in corn (Zea mays L.) production are often questioned by growers. Research was conducted at two locations in south‐central Ontario during a 2‐yr period to quantify the effects and interactions of plant spacing variability and plant emergence variability on growth and grain yield of corn. Nine treatments were established by hand planting corn rows with repeating six‐plant sequences consisting of uniform and nonuniform spacing, even and uneven emergence, and their combinations. Spacing treatments consisted of (i) uniform within‐row plant spacing of 20 cm; (ii) one 40‐cm gap associated with a double; and (iii) one 60‐cm gap associated with a triple in each six‐plant sequence. Emergence treatments included uniform early emergence, a two‐leaf stage delay, and a four‐leaf stage delay for one plant in each six‐plant sequence. Only plant emergence variability significantly affected plant height, leaf area index (LAI), dry matter accumulation, and grain yield. Compared with the uniformly early emerged plants, one out of six plants with a two‐leaf stage delay in emergence reduced yield by 4%, and one out of six plants with a four‐leaf stage delay reduced yield by 8%. Whereas corn plants next to a gap demonstrated compensatory growth, plants adjacent to a late emerging corn plant did not exhibit compensatory growth. These results indicate that corn is more responsive to plant emergence variability than plant spacing variability. Variation in plant emergence reduced yield, whereas variation in within‐row spacing did not affect yield, and interactions between the two factors were not significant.
Agronomic and Quality Attributes of Winter Durum Wheat in the Central Great Plains
Authors: Marque V. , Fritz A. K. , Martin T. J. , Paulsen G. M.
Published: August 2016

Most durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) in the USA is spring type grown in North Dakota, Montana, and Arizona. Winter durums are becoming available, and they are expected to have a major advantage because of their inherently higher yield potential than spring wheats. Our objectives were to evaluate adaptation of winter durum wheat to Kansas in the central Great Plains, identify agronomic traits that needed improvement, and determine the quality of the grain for pasta. Experimental lines (28) were compared with Maier, a spring durum cultivar, and Jagger, a popular hard red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar, at three Kansas locations during the 2000–2001 growing season. Severe winter injury occurred at one location; at the other locations, yields of winter durums ranged from 2.97 to 5.25 and 0.50 to 6.24 Mg ha−1 compared with 0.65 and 5.18 Mg ha−1 for Maier and 6.35 and 6.33 Mg ha−1 for Jagger. Agronomic characteristics (plant height, lodging, biomass, and harvest index), yield components (spike density, kernels per spike, kernel weight), and quality traits (SDS sedimentation, protein concentration, hardness index) were generally favorable and indicated potential for high yields of high quality grain by the winter durums. The major deficiencies of the winter durums were inadequate winter hardiness, which ranged widely and could be remedied by breeding, and late maturity, which might be more difficult to redress because of lack of variability among the lines. We concluded that winter durum wheat is a promising crop for the central Great Plains, but some deficiencies must be corrected for it to be adapted to the region.
Use of Germination Curves to Describe Variation in Germination Characteristics in Three Turfgrass Species
Authors: Larsen Søren Ugilt , Bibby Bo Martin
Published: August 2016

Germination characteristics are important for the establishment success of grass species. The objective of this study was to study the variation in germination characteristics within and among cultivars in three grass species by use of a curve‐fitting procedure. The study included 20 seed lots of slender creeping red fescue (Festuca rubra L. var. littoralis Vasey), 19 lots of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), and 16 lots of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), and the seed lots represented four, four, and five cultivars, respectively. Seeds of each seed lot were germinated in standard tests, and germination was recorded daily. Germination time courses were described for each replicate of each seed lot, using a generalized hyperbolic multinomial distribution. The function efficiently described all observed germination time courses, and germination was summarized as three characteristics of biological significance: final germination percentage (FGP), mean germination time (MGT), and time from 25 to 75% germination (T25‐75). For each of the characteristics, an ANOVA was performed. Cultivar differences were tested against variation between seed lots within cultivars. Within all three species, there were significant cultivar differences in FGP, and cultivars of red fescue and Kentucky bluegrass also differed significantly in MGT and T25‐75 Cultivar variation was 53 to 99% larger than seed lot variation within cultivars, but in some cases, seed lots within cultivars differed considerably in germination characteristics. Cultivars should, therefore, be represented by more than one seed lot and cultivar differences should be tested against seed lot differences to get valid test results.
The Genetic Anatomy of a Patented Yellow Bean
Authors: Pallottini L. , Garcia E. , Kami J. , Barcaccia G. , Gepts P.
Published: August 2016

Since a 1980 Supreme Court decision, it is possible in the USA to obtain a utility patent for crop cultivars and other life forms. Furthermore, it is also possible to obtain Plant Variety Protection (PVP) for a cultivar. Among the awards of the United States Patent and Trademark Office and the USDA Plant PVP Office are a utility patent and a PVP certificate, respectively, associated with a yellow‐seeded bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), specifically the cultivar Enola. These awards have been controversial because of, among several reasons, the perceived lack of novelty of the yellow seed color and the cultivar itself. To check the origin of Enola, we fingerprinted a representative sample of 56 domesticated common bean accessions, including a subsample of 24 cultivars with yellow seeds similar to those of Enola. Fingerprinting was accomplished with amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP). Five EcoRI/MseI and five PstI/MseI primer combinations were used, which revealed 133 fragments. The PstI/MseI primer combinations revealed a 3‐fold larger number of polymorphic markers than the EcoRI/MseI primer combinations. Most yellow‐seeded beans, including Enola, were included in a tightly knit subgroup of the Andean gene pool. Enola was most closely related to the pre‐existing Mexican cultivar Azufrado Peruano 87. A sample of 16 individuals of Enola displayed a single 133‐AFLP‐fragment fingerprint, which was identical to a fingerprint observed among yellow‐seeded beans from Mexico, including Azufrado Peruano 87. Probability calculations of matching the specific Enola fingerprint showed that the most likely origin of Enola is by direct selection within pre‐existing yellow‐bean cultivars from Mexico, most probably ‘Azufrado Peruano 87’.
Variation among and within Smooth Bromegrass Collections from Rural Cemeteries
Authors: Casler M. D.
Published: August 2016

Smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) is poorly adapted to management‐intensive rotational grazing because of slow and limited regrowth potential. In an effort to find existing germplasm with tolerance to frequent cutting, smooth bromegrass germplasm was collected from fence and sod habitats of 30 rural cemeteries in Iowa, Minnesota, and Wisconsin. Ramets of 25 clones from each habitat of each cemetery were transplanted into a replicated and randomized experiment at Arlington, WI, and evaluated from 1999 to 2002. Within‐population genotypic variance was greater in sod populations for plant height and diameter. Across cemeteries, genotypic variances for regrowth vigor of sod and fence populations were positively correlated. These two results suggest that a large amount of genotypic variability is being maintained at some cemeteries by migration into sod populations and disruptive selection favoring different genotypes in the two habitats. Fence populations averaged 7.6% higher in reproductive forage yield, 9.5% higher in vegetative forage yield, 6.0% taller, 8.4% wider plant diameter, 4.7% higher regrowth vigor, and 6.9% higher frequent‐harvest forage yield than sod populations. Sod populations tended to be more variable among cemeteries than fence populations, suggesting greater adaptive responses to selection pressure. Two sod populations were highly unusual, one with unusually fast regrowth arising from tillers that initiated obvious growth within 24 h after apical dominance was removed, the other with extremely high reproductive forage yield, but low regrowth vigor. This germplasm may have value in the development of smooth bromegrass germplasm with improved tolerance to frequent cutting or grazing.
Variation in Seed Production Traits of Reed Canarygrass Germplasm
Authors: Sahramaa Mia , Hömmö Leena , Jauhiainen Lauri
Published: August 2016

Reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) (RCG) is usually grown for forage, but it is also a potential crop for bioenergy and paper pulp production since under long‐day conditions it produces substantial biomass. Problems related to seed production, including low seed yield and early seed shattering, should be addressed before its cultivation can be increased at high latitudes. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the extent and nature of variation in seed production traits and factors contributing to high seed yield. Seed yield, seed shattering, seed weight, germination, panicle weight, and panicle length were studied in Finland in 1995, and panicle number between 1995 and 1997. The research material included eight cultivars, 14 breeding lines, and 53 Finnish wild populations, which were divided into 10 groups according to their origin. Results indicated that populations of reed canarygrass differed markedly in seed production traits. Cultivars, breeding lines, and the southernmost wild groups from the coastal area had the best seed production traits. The northernmost wild group was superior only in resistance to seed shattering. The best time for harvest was later for cultivars than for breeding lines and wild populations. Seed production traits were correlated, which would allow simultaneous improvement of those traits. The variation in traits recorded in this study indicated that there is potential to breed new reed canarygrass cultivars with good seed production from local populations from particular geographic areas and breeding materials.
Antibiotic susceptibility of Legionella strains isolated from public water sources in Macau and Guangzhou
Authors: Xiong Lina , Yan He , Shi Lei , Mo Ziyao
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to investigate the susceptibility of waterborne strains of Legionella to eight antimicrobials commonly used in legionellosis therapy. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 66 environmental Legionella strains, isolated from fountains and cooling towers of public facilities (hotels, schools, and shopping malls) in Macau and Guangzhou, were tested using the microdilution method in buffered yeast extract broth. The MIC50/MIC90 values for erythromycin, cefotaxime (CTX), doxycycline (DOC), minocycline (MIN), azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin (LEV), and moxifloxacin were 0.125/0.5 mg/L, 4/8 mg/L, 8/16 mg/L, 4/8 mg/L, 0.125/0.5 mg/L, 0.031/0.031 mg/L, 0.031/0.031 mg/L, and 0.031/0.062 mg/L, respectively. Legionella isolates were inhibited by either low concentrations of macrolides and fluoroquinolones, or high concentrations of CTX and tetracycline drugs. LEV was the most effective drug against different Legionella species and serogroups of L. pneumophila isolates. The latter were inhibited in decreasing order by MIN > CTX >DOC, while non-L. pneumophila isolates were inhibited by CTX> MIN >DOC. In this study, we evaluated drug resistance of pathogenic bacteria from the environment. This may help predict the emergence of drug resistance, improve patient outcomes, and reduce hospitalization costs.
Práticas do judiciário na gestão de conflitos que envolvem violência de gênero: o caso da intervenção com autores de violência doméstica e familiar no Brasil
Authors: León Andrea Catalina , Stellet Gabriela
Published: August 2016

O presente trabalho, a partir da revisão bibliográ- fica e hos de violência doméstica e da análise dos órgãos encarregados de proteger as mulheres, concentra-se no estudo das políticas públicas voltadas para a prevenção da violência contra as mulheres, partindo da experiência do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Focada em estratégias de intervenção para homens autores de violência, a aplicação da Lei n. 11.340/2006 (Lei Maria da Penha) traz à tona a discussão sobre o diálogo e cruzamento de políticas públicas implementadas pelos Poderes Judiciário e Executivo, além da iniciativa privada, no âmbito da segurança pública, e o fluxo de significados em torno dos conflitos que envolvem violência contra as mulheres, observáveis nas práticas que concretizam as políticas judiciárias. Foca-se, igualmente, na estimula- ção de ações que compreendam a complexidade das relações de gênero e a necessidade de incorporação de estratégias preventivas, e não exclusivamente da política penitenciária com ênfase na instituição prisional, no contexto da gestão das políticas públicas com enfoque no tema “justiça e gênero”. Interessa, assim, procurar respostas a algumas questões específicas que norteiam, por sua vez, o problema principal: quais são os crité- rios jurídico-processuais utilizados e as práticas desenvolvidas pelos juízes ao encaminharem os homens autores de violência contra as mulheres para os serviços de responsabilização e educa- ção nos diferentes casos? Como se desenvolve na prática o diálogo dos juízes com os diferentes atores e setores envolvidos na implantação das medidas socioeducativas para os autores de violência doméstica? Ligado às reflexões sobre o fenômeno da expansão do direito penal (GARLAND, 2001) e usando as contribuições teóricas que levam em consideração a perspectiva de gênero na análise da criminalização da violência de gênero (LARRAURI, 1991, 2004; MAQUEDA, 2008; SOARES, 1999; GREGORI, 1992; RIFIOTIS, 2012), o estudo propõe discutir a aplicabilidade da justiça restaurativa em casos de violência de gênero, seguindo as propostas conceituais que conjugam as noções de apoio, reparação e participação das partes envolvidas e da comunidade (MACCOLD; WACHTEL, 2003). Aliás, examina se as medidas socioeducativas, enquanto decorrentes da intervenção punitiva estatal, têm a virtualidade de promover a efetivação de direitos e a transformação dos padrões socioculturais de gênero, levando em consideração os debates atuais sobre a judicialização das relações sociais (WERNECK et al., 1999; NEVES, 2012; CARDOSO, 2012), o poder simbólico do Direito (BOURDIEU, 1990) e seu impacto no cotidiano das relações de gênero e familiares (COOK, 2010; WEST, 2000; DE SOUZA, 2008). Visando responder tais indagações, a pesquisa de campo em andamento, está sendo utilizada de maneira fundamental, de modo a analisar, na prática, o funcionamento dos Juizados especializados em casos que envolvem violência de gênero.
Sociologia da decisão jurídica: aplicação ao caso da da homoafetividade
Authors: Da Silva Artur Stamford
Published: August 2016

O neoconstitucionalismo viabilizou a amplia- ção dos limites da literalidade legalista face à inclusão dos princípios constitucionais. Visando contribuir ao debate, exploramos dados da decisão do STF que equiparou juridicamente a união entre pessoas do mesmo sexo (homossexual, homoafetivas) à entidade familiar entre homem e mulher. Os corpora foram constituídos de documentos (legislações, decisões do STJ, os votos dos ministros do STF, notícias de jornais) e vídeos das audiências no STF. Coletados os enunciados dos participantes, aplicamos a “teoria reflexiva da decisão jurídica” para observar as constantes reentradas de sentido-possível no sentido-corrente, o que nos permitiu verificar como foi possível o STF decidir como decidiu, mesmo com os textos legislativos em vigor no Brasil.
Entre o desafio de conciliar e o dever de tutelar: limites e obstáculos da conciliação em ações de interesse público
Authors: Lupetti Baptista Bárbara Gomes , Nunes Thais Borzino
Published: August 2016

Este artigo pretende explicitar, desde uma perspectiva empírica, a forma como práticas conciliatórias vêm sendo implementadas no âmbito de causas de interesse público. Precisamente, descreveremos alguns dos principais obstáculos enfrentados pelos entes públicos na introdução da conciliação em ações de seu interesse. A pesquisa incorpora uma profícua interlocução entre o direito e a antropologia, e os seus resultados são fruto do trabalho de campo realizado com atores processuais e da observação de audiências em juizados federais, por meio de entrevistas. Durante a pesquisa, identificamos alguns paradoxos decorrentes, de um lado, da expectativa do Judiciário, que cada vez mais recrudesce suas políticas institucionais de incentivo à concilia- ção, de outro, de dogmas e normas que limitam a atuação dos atores processuais, que se veem entre o desafio de conciliar direitos tradicionalmente indisponíveis e o dever de tutelar o interesse público.
Palavras do Editor
Authors: De Sousa Lima Fernando Rister
Published: August 2016

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Não à retratação? O lugar da intervenção penal no crime de violência doméstica contra a mulher
Authors: Queiroga de Medeiros Carolina Salazar l´Armée , Pessoa de Mello Marília Montenegro
Published: August 2016

O presente trabalho propõe-se a discutir o lugar da intervenção penal no âmbito violência doméstica e familiar contra a mulher. Na pesquisa, portanto, confrontar-se-ão os propósitos protecionistas da Lei Maria da Penha e os anseios das mulheres em situação de violência, a fim de averiguar a possibilidade de uma abertura político-criminal para o afastamento da incidência do sistema penal nos conflitos domésticos em atenção às vontades das mulheres vítimas de violência, especialmente através da avaliação da natureza da ação penal do crime de lesão corporal leve – violência doméstica –praticado contra a mulher no seio familiar.
A construção social da vadiagem nos discursos jurídicos do início da era republicana
Authors: Valença Manuela Abath
Published: August 2016

Uma das funções desempenhadas pelas agências do sistema punitivo é a construção social da delinquência, isto é, a identificação do sujeito criminal, a partir das estatísticas criminais e dos discursos sobre o crime e o criminoso. No início da era republicana, a necessidade de se criar uma ética voltada para o trabalho, o aumento da pauperização visível e o medo do que se chamava, nos discursos legislativos, de “ordas de ex-escravos” conduziram a uma criminalização das ilegalidades populares e à construção dos saberes acerca dessa classe perigosa, com grande contribuição da criminologia positivista, mas, também, da dogmática penal. A criminalização da vadiagem é, sem dúvidas, uma expressão desse processo de identificação do crime com a pobreza. Quem eram os vadios? Que risco representavam? Como contê-los? Este trabalho faz um breve resgate dos discursos jurídicos sobre a vadiagem, intentando responder a esses questionamentos.
Discordance Between Central (Brain) and Pancreatic Action of Exenatide in Lean and Obese Subjects
Authors: Eldor Roy , Daniele Giuseppe , Huerta Claudia , Al-Atrash Mariam , Adams John , DeFronzo Ralph , Duong Timothy , Lancaster John , Zirie Mahmoud , Jayyousi Amin , Abdul-Ghani Muhammad
Published: August 2016

OBJECTIVE

This study examined the effect of exenatide on brain activity measured by functional (f)MRI and on insulin secretion in lean and obese normal-glucose-tolerant individuals.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

The brain fMRI signal in response to high-calorie-content food pictures was measured with and without intravenous exenatide infusion in 10 lean and 10 obese healthy volunteers. Insulin secretion was measured with a two-step (+100 and +200 mg/dL) hyperglycemic clamp with exenatide and with saline infusion.

RESULTS

The brain fMRI signal in response to food pictures in amygdala, insula, hippocampus, and frontal cortex was significantly greater in obese versus lean individuals. Intravenous exenatide significantly inhibited the fMRI signal in response to food pictures in obese individuals but did not affect the brain fMRI signal in lean subjects. Conversely, exenatide infusion caused an 18.5-fold increase in insulin secretion in lean individuals compared with an 8.8-fold increase in obese subjects. No significant correlation was observed between inhibition of the brain fMRI signal and increase in insulin secretion during exenatide infusion.

CONCLUSIONS

Exenatide causes greater augmentation in insulin secretion in lean compared with obese individuals but inhibits the brain response to food pictures only in obese individuals.
Initial Combination of Empagliflozin and Metformin in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Hadjadj Samy , Rosenstock Julio , Meinicke Thomas , Woerle Hans J. , Broedl Uli C.
Published: August 2016

OBJECTIVE

This study compared the efficacy and safety of initial combinations of empagliflozin + metformin with empagliflozin and metformin monotherapy in patients with type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

The study randomized 1,364 drug-naïve patients (HbA1c >7.5 to ≤12% [>58 to ≤108 mmol/mol]) for 24 weeks to empagliflozin 12.5 mg b.i.d. + metformin 1,000 mg b.i.d., empagliflozin 12.5 mg b.i.d. + metformin 500 mg b.i.d., empagliflozin 5 mg b.i.d + metformin 1,000 mg b.i.d., empagliflozin 5 mg b.i.d. + metformin 500 mg b.i.d., empagliflozin 25 mg q.d., empagliflozin 10 mg q.d., metformin 1,000 mg b.i.d., or metformin 500 mg b.i.d. The primary end point was change from baseline in HbA1c at week 24.

RESULTS

At week 24, reductions in HbA1c (mean baseline 8.6–8.9% [70–73 mmol/mol]) were −1.9 to −2.1% with empagliflozin + metformin twice-daily regimens, −1.4% with both empagliflozin once-daily regimens, and −1.2 to −1.8% with metformin twice-daily regimens. Reductions in HbA1c were significantly greater with empagliflozin + metformin twice-daily regimens than with empagliflozin once-daily regimens (P < 0.001) and with metformin twice-daily regimens (P < 0.01). Reductions in weight at week 24 were significantly greater with empagliflozin + metformin twice-daily regimens (range −2.8 to −3.8 kg) than with metformin twice-daily regimens (−0.5 to −1.3 kg) (P < 0.001 for all). Adverse event (AE) rates were similar across groups (56.7–66.3%). No hypoglycemic AEs required assistance.

CONCLUSIONS

Initial combinations of empagliflozin + metformin for 24 weeks significantly reduced HbA1c versus empagliflozin once daily and metformin twice daily, without increased hypoglycemia, reduced weight versus metformin twice daily, and were well tolerated.