bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Decision Regret after Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy—5 Years’ Perspective
Authors: Bartosiak Katarzyna , Janik Michał R. , Kowalewski Piotr , Walędziak Maciej , Kwiatkowski Andrzej
Published: May 2021

Introduction

Patient's satisfaction after weight loss surgery is in the research spotlight. However, there are still no quantitative data regarding whether patients regret their decision to undergo laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (SG).

Objectives

The present study aimed to evaluate whether patients regret their decision to undergo SG 5 years after surgery. The secondary objective was to identify whether weight loss and a higher quality of life (QoL) score correlate with the regret expressed by patients.

Setting

Military Hospital, Poland

Methods

A telephone survey was carried out among patients 5 years after surgery. Patient satisfaction regarding their decision to undergo SG was assessed using the Decision Regret Scale. QoL scores were determined using the 36-Item Short Form Survey (SF-36).

Results

One hundred and four patients who answered a full telephone survey were enrolled in the study. Change in body mass index (ΔBMI) was 12.31±6.2, excess body mass index loss (%EBMIL) was 55.45%±25.52%, and percent total weight loss (%TWL) was 25.20%±11.7%. At the 5-year postoperative telephone survey, the mean general health score was 50.96±14.0 and the mean regret score was 32.33±13.24 (range, 25–85). A statistically significant negative correlation was observed between %EBMIL and regret score (r=−0.435; p<0.001). There was a significant negative association between regret score and energy/fatigue QoL (r=−0.205; p=0.040). Only eight patients (7.69%) scored >50 on the Decision Regret Scale, which was considered to represent overall regret for their decision.

Conclusion

Our study suggests that, in general, patients did not regret their decision to undergo SG.

Key Points

The majority of patients did not regret their decision to undergo SG.

There was a statistically significant negative correlation between weight loss and patients’ feelings of regret.

Energy/fatigue QoL was the strongest correlate of whether patients regretted their decision to undergo SG.

Graphical Abstract
Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Based Modelling of Spinocerebellar Ataxias
Authors: Hommersom Marina P. , Buijsen Ronald A. M. , van Roon-Mom Willeke M. C. , van de Warrenburg Bart P. C. , van Bokhoven Hans
Published: May 2021

Dominant spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) constitute a large group of phenotypically and genetically heterogeneous disorders that mainly present with dysfunction of the cerebellum as their main hallmark. Although animal and cell models have been highly instrumental for our current insight into the underlying disease mechanisms of these neurodegenerative disorders, they do not offer the full human genetic and physiological context. The advent of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) and protocols to differentiate these into essentially every cell type allows us to closely model SCAs in a human context. In this review, we systematically summarize recent findings from studies using hiPSC-based modelling of SCAs, and discuss what knowledge has been gained from these studies. We conclude that hiPSC-based models are a powerful tool for modelling SCAs as they contributed to new mechanistic insights and have the potential to serve the development of genetic therapies. However, the use of standardized methods and multiple clones of isogenic lines are essential to increase validity and reproducibility of the insights gained.

Graphical Abstract
An Ecosystem Model of Small and Medium Sized Enterprises Publisher ‘Tiers’: Publisher Size, Sustainability and Cultural Policy
Authors: Squires Claire , Markou Helena
Published: May 2021

This article establishes a quantitative and qualitative model of small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) publisher ‘Tiers’, in order to enable researchers and cultural policy makers to have a more granular understanding of the impact of publisher size. Through an aggregated set of case studies deriving from the UK, the article also develops an understanding of how to build a cultural support model for publishing based on publisher size, sustainability and company life cycle. What the Tiers model underpins in terms of cultural policy funding for publishers is a rigorous and developmental sense of a publishing ecosystem, offering a framework which is attendant to industry and broader contexts, and enables cultural policy funding to take into account publisher development, challenge and growth.
Ideal Words
Authors: Herbelot Aurélie , Copestake Ann
Published: May 2021

In this theoretical paper, we consider the notion of semantic competence and its relation to general language understanding—one of the most sough-after goals of Artificial Intelligence. We come back to three main accounts of competence involving (a) lexical knowledge; (b) truth-theoretic reference; and (c) causal chains in language use. We argue that all three are needed to reach a notion of meaning in artificial agents and suggest that they can be combined in a single formalisation, where competence develops from exposure to observable performance data. We introduce a theoretical framework which translates set theory into vector-space semantics by applying distributional techniques to a corpus of utterances associated with truth values. The resulting meaning space naturally satisfies the requirements of a causal theory of competence, but it can also be regarded as some ‘ideal’ model of the world, allowing for extensions and standard lexical relations to be retrieved.
Can ‘eugenics’ be defended?
Authors: Veit Walter , Anomaly Jonathan , Agar Nicholas , Singer Peter , Fleischman Diana S. , Minerva Francesca
Published: May 2021

In recent years, bioethical discourse around the topic of ‘genetic enhancement’ has become increasingly politicized. We fear there is too much focus on the semantic question of whether we should call particular practices and emerging bio-technologies such as CRISPR ‘eugenics’, rather than the more important question of how we should view them from the perspective of ethics and policy. Here, we address the question of whether ‘eugenics’ can be defended and how proponents and critics of enhancement should engage with each other.
Thyroid and heart, a clinically relevant relationship
Authors: Corona G. , Croce L. , Sparano C. , Petrone L. , Sforza A. , Maggi M. , Chiovato L. , Rotondi M.
Published: May 2021

Background

Thyroid disorders, both overt and subclinical, are highly prevalent conditions in the general population. Although a clear relationship between overt thyroid dysfunctions and cardiovascular complications has long been established, data regarding subclinical thyroid dysfunction are by far more controversial.

Purpose

The present review will be aimed at providing a summary of most recent evidence coming from meta-analyses regarding the complex relationship between thyroid dysfunction and cardiovascular disease.

Conclusions

The review will summarize, in the first part, the physiopathological link between thyroid hormone imbalances and the cardiovascular system. In the second part the review will outline the evidence coming from meta-analyses regarding the cardiovascular risk related with both overt and subclinical thyroid dysfunctions. Particular attention will be put towards studies showing data stratified for patient’s age, TSH levels and pre-existing cardiovascular disease. Finally, an overview regarding the effects of specific therapy for subclinical thyroid diseases in terms of amelioration of cardiovascular outcomes will be included.
Correction to: Living Well with Kidney Disease by patient and care-partner empowerment: Kidney Health for Everyone Everywhere
Authors: Kalantar-Zadeh Kamyar , Li Philip Kam-Tao , Tantisattamo Ekamol , Kumaraswami Latha , Liakopoulos Vassilios , Lui Siu-Fai , Ulasi Ifeoma , Andreoli Sharon , Balducci Alessandro , Dupuis Sophie , Harris Tess , Hradsky Anne , Knight Richard , Kumar Sajay , Ng Maggie , Poidevin Alice , Saadi Gamal , Tong Allison ,   for the World Kidney Day Steering Committee
Published: May 2021

A correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-021-01073-3
Examining Bloom’s Taxonomy in Multiple Choice Questions: Students’ Approach to Questions
Authors: Stringer J. K. , Santen Sally A. , Lee Eun , Rawls Meagan , Bailey Jean , Richards Alicia , Perera Robert A. , Biskobing Diane
Published: May 2021

Background

Analytic thinking skills are important to the development of physicians. Therefore, educators and licensing boards utilize multiple-choice questions (MCQs) to assess these knowledge and skills. MCQs are written under two assumptions: that they can be written as higher or lower order according to Bloom’s taxonomy, and students will perceive questions to be the same taxonomical level as intended. This study seeks to understand the students’ approach to questions by analyzing differences in students’ perception of the Bloom’s level of MCQs in relation to their knowledge and confidence.

Methods

A total of 137 students responded to practice endocrine MCQs. Participants indicated the answer to the question, their interpretation of it as higher or lower order, and the degree of confidence in their response to the question.

Results

Although there was no significant association between students’ average performance on the content and their question classification (higher or lower), individual students who were less confident in their answer were more than five times as likely (OR = 5.49) to identify a question as higher order than their more confident peers. Students who responded incorrectly to the MCQ were 4 times as likely to identify a question as higher order than their peers who responded correctly.

Conclusions

The results suggest that higher performing, more confident students rely on identifying patterns (even if the question was intended to be higher order). In contrast, less confident students engage in higher-order, analytic thinking even if the question is intended to be lower order. Better understanding of the processes through which students interpret MCQs will help us to better understand the development of clinical reasoning skills.
Central Counterparties are Too Big for the European Securities and Markets Authority (Alone): Constructive Critique of the 2019 CCP Supervision Regulation
Authors: Canini Romualdo
Published: May 2021

Once seen as the solution to the systemic risk of over-the-counter derivatives, central counterparties (CCPs) have become a source of concern for the financial stability of the European Union (EU). Distress of a single CCP might be transferred to clearing members and others CCPs, thereby endangering EU monetary and fiscal stability. However, the European Market Infrastructure Regulation (EMIR) has left fiscal responsibility as well as day-to-day supervision of EU-based CCPs (EU-CCPs) at the national level, albeit cross-border colleges of authorities can overturn key decisions of national supervisors. The Commission concluded that these supervisory arrangements needed to be reformed because they hamper the development of a single coherent EU approach to CCP supervision. Although the Commission had proposed to centralise EU-CCP supervision in the European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA), the final 2019 CCP Supervision Regulation seeks to improve EMIR’s ineffective collegial framework by establishing an internal CCP Supervisory Committee within ESMA. Nevertheless, the continuing lack of loss mutualisation would keep on hindering the development of a single approach to EU-CCP supervision. Moreover, the new regulation adds another layer of complexity to the EMIR framework and clashes with the European monetary constitution. If an agreement on loss mutualisation was reached, EU-CCP supervision should be centralised in two EU bodies along objective lines: while the European Central Bank should be tasked with EU-CCP prudential supervision, ESMA should be responsible for EU-CCP conduct of business supervision. This framework would improve EU-CCP supervision and fit in with the current EU governance at once.
Correction to: Studies on the Acculturation of Young Refugees in the Educational Domain: A Scoping Review of Research and Methods
Authors: Maehler Débora B. , Pötzschke Steffen , Ramos Howard , Pritchard Paul , Fleckenstein Johanna
Published: May 2021

A correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40894-021-00162-5
Protecting older patients with cardiovascular diseases from COVID-19 complications using current medications
Authors: Alves Mariana , Fernandes Marília Andreia , Bahat Gülistan , Benetos Athanase , Clemente Hugo , Grodzicki Tomasz , Martínez-Sellés Manuel , Mattace-Raso Francesco , Rajkumar Chakravarthi , Ungar Andrea , Werner Nikos , Strandberg Timo E. ,   EuGMS Special Interest Group in Cardiovascular Medicine (Chairpersons A. Ungar and A. Benetos), Grodzicki  , Strandberg
Published: May 2021

Purpose

In the pathogenesis of severe COVID-19 complications, derangements of renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS), vascular endothelial dysfunction leading to inflammation and coagulopathy, and arrhythmias play an important role. Therefore, it is worth considering the use of currently available drugs to protect COVID-19 patients with cardiovascular diseases.

Methods

We review the current experience of conventional cardiovascular drugs [angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, anticoagulants, acetosalicylic acid, antiarrhythmic drugs, statins] as well as some other drug classes (antidiabetic drugs, vitamin D and NSAIDs) frequently used by older patients with cardiovascular diseases. Data were sought from clinical databases for COVID-19 and appropriate key words. Conclusions and recommendations are based on a consensus among all authors.

Results

Several cardiovascular drugs have a potential to protect patients with COVID-19, although evidence is largely based on retrospective, observational studies. Despite propensity score adjustments used in many analyses observational studies are not equivalent to randomised controlled trials (RCTs). Ongoing RCTs include treatment with antithrombotics, pulmonary vasodilators, RAAS-related drugs, and colchicine. RCTs in the acute phase of COVID-19 may not, however, recognise the benefits of long term anti-atherogenic therapies, such as statins.

Conclusions

Most current cardiovascular drugs can be safely continued during COVID-19. Some drug classes may even be protective. Age-specific data are scarce, though, and conditions which are common in older patients (frailty, comorbidities, polypharmacy) must be individually considered for each drug group.
Association between psychotropic drug use and handgrip strength in older hospitalized patients
Authors: Sandvik Miriam Kristine , Watne Leiv Otto , Brugård Anniken , Wang-Hansen Marte Sofie , Kersten Hege
Published: May 2021

Purpose

Handgrip strength is an indicator of frailty and longevity in older adults. The association between psychotropic drug use and handgrip strength in older hospitalized patients was investigated in this study.

Methods

A total of 488 patients were included in this retrospective cross-sectional study, 333 women and 155 men, from two different cohorts of older (mean age 84 years) hospitalized in-patients. We used multiple linear regression models to explore the association between psychotropic drug use and handgrip strength. We adjusted for factors known to affect handgrip strength: Age, gender, body mass index (BMI) and comorbidity (Charlson comorbidity index).

Results

Both unadjusted and adjusted analyses showed that psychotropic drug use was associated with handgrip strength (β = − 0.183, p < 0.0001). The relationship was of a linear character, with no clear threshold value, but with the greatest reduction in handgrip strength between zero and two psychotropic drugs.

Conclusion

An increasing number of psychotropic drugs were significantly associated with reduced handgrip strength in a linearly pattern. Hence, it is timely to question the guided threshold value of avoidance of three or more psychotropic drugs in older people. Psychotropic drug use should be kept as low as possible in treatment of older patients.
Identification of degradation impurity of TGR5 receptor agonist-ZY12201 by LC–MS technique during force degradation study
Authors: Sojitra Chandrakant , Dholakia Chintan , Sudhakar Padmaja , Singh Kumar K. , Agarwal Sameer
Published: May 2021

Forced degradation study is a systemic characterization of degradation products of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) at conditions which posses more harsh environment that accelerates degradation of API. Forced degradation and stability studies would be useful in selection of proper, packaging material and storage conditions of the API. These are also useful to demonstrate degradation pathways and degradation products of the API and further characterisation of the degradation products using mass spectrometry. TGR5 is a G protein-coupled receptor, activation of which promotes secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and modulates insulin secretion. The potent and orally bioavailable TGR5 agonist, ZY12201, shows activation of TGR5 which increase secretion of GLP-1 and help in lowering blood glucose level in animal models. Hence it is necessary to establish and study degradation pathway and stability of API for better handling and regulatory approval. Force degradation studies of ZY12201 have shown presence of one oxidative impurity during oxidative degradation in HPLC analysis. The oxidized product is further characterized by LC–MS to elucidate structure of impurity and characterize its degradation pathway.
On Ensembles, I-Optimality, and Active Learning
Authors: Heavlin William D
Published: May 2021

We consider the active learning problem for a supervised learning model: That is, after training a black box model on a given dataset, we determine which (large batch of) unlabeled candidates to label in order to improve the model further. We concentrate on the large batch case, because this is most aligned with most machine learning applications, and because it is more theoretically rich. Our approach blends three ideas: (1) We quantify model uncertainty with jackknife-like 50-per cent sub-samples (“half-samples”). (2) To select whichnofCcandidates to label, we consider (a rank-$$(M-1)$$(M-1)estimate of) the associated$$C\times C$$C×Cprediction covariance matrix, which has good properties. (3) Our algorithm works only indirectly with this covariance matrix, using a linear-in-Cobject. We illustrate by fitting a deep neural network to about 20 percent of the CIFAR-10 image dataset. The statistical efficiency we achieve is$$3\times$$3×random selection.
Technological Internationalism and World Order
Authors: Zaidi Waqar H.
Published: May 2021

Between 1920 and 1950, British and US internationalists called for aviation and atomic energy to be taken out of the hands of nation-states, and instead used by international organizations such as the League of Nations and the United Nations. An international air force was to enforce collective security and internationalized civil aviation was to bind the world together through trade and communication. The bomber and the atomic bomb, now associated with death and devastation, were to be instruments of world peace. Drawing on rich archival research and focusing on public and private discourse relating to the control of aviation and atomic energy, Waqar H. Zaidi highlights neglected technological and militaristic strands in twentieth-century liberal internationalism, and transforms our understanding of the place of science and technology in twentieth-century international relations.
Ceramic Perspectives on Ancient Egyptian Society
Authors: Warden Leslie Anne
Published: May 2021

This Element seeks to demonstrate how ceramics, a data set that is more typically identified with chronology than social analysis, can forward study of Egyptian society writ large. This Element argues that the sheer mass of ceramic material indicates the importance of pottery to Egyptian life. Ceramics form a crucial dataset with which Egyptology must critically engage, but which require us to also engage with statistical thinking and anthropological theory, and which necessitate working with the Egyptian past using a more fluid theoretical toolkit. This Element will demonstrate how ceramics may be employed in social analyses through a focus on four broad areas of inquiry: regionalism; ties between province and state, elite and non-elite; domestic life; and the relationship of political change to social change. While the case studies largely come from the Old through Middle Kingdoms, the methods and questions may be applied to any period of Egyptian history.
Health and the City
Authors: Fay Isla
Published: May 2021

In 1559, William Cuningham MD published an image of a quintessentially healthy city. The source of his inspiration was Norwich, one of England's largest and wealthiest provincial boroughs. Though idealized, Cuningham's 'map' fairly represented the municipalities' attempts to rebuild and improve the infrastructure. But his image also covered up many problems: Norwich in reality was pocked by decayed housing, deteriorating streets and polluted waterways, and was home to significant numbers of sick and impoverished residents. This book brings both viewpoints to life. Cuningham's particular brand of 'environmental health' imitated ancient ideas (in particular the Hippocratic text Airs, Waters, Places), and drew upon astrology, the study of the weather, and local topography. The book shows that amongst the citizens, a complementary form of medical culture existed that put individuals under the spotlight. It included neighbourhood reactions to illness and disability; the responsibilities of the governing elite for sanitation; and judgments about the lifestyles of different members of the community. Hygiene from this perspective was not only about cleanliness, but also about behaviour, hierarchy, and property. The study draws together a wide range of source materials (including images, medical notebooks and objects, human remains, the corporation's archives, and civic ritual and drama), considering both high and low culture.
The Haskins Society Journal 26
Authors: Pohl Benjamin , Matlis Corinna , Henley Georgia , Halfond Gregory , Jasperse Jitske , La Rocca Maria Cristina , Jones Owain Wyn , Bobrycki Shane , Keynes Simon , Roche Thomas , Heebll-Holm Thomas K.
Published: May 2021

The essays here consider a broad range of topics drawn from the early to central Middle Ages. These include a fascinating glimpse of the controversy surrounding Theodoric of Ostrogoth's identity as a builder king; evidence of Byzantine slavery that emerges from a ninth-century Frankish exegetical tract; conciliar prohibitions against interfaith dining; and a fresh look at the doomed Danish marriage of Philip II of France. The Journal's commitment to source analysis is continued with chapters examining female authority on the coins of Henry the Lion; the use and meaning of monastic depredation lists; and the relationship between Henry of Huntingdon and Robert of Torigni. Finally, the volume offers a truly rich set of explorations of the political and historiographical dynamics between England and Wales from the tenth century through the late Middle Ages. This volume also contains the Henry Loyn Memorial Lecture for 2008.  Contributors: Shane Bobrycki, Gregory I. Halfond, Thomas Heeboll-Holm, Georgia Henley, Jitske Jasperse, Simon Keynes, Maria Cristina La Rocca, Corinna Matlis, Benjamin Pohl, Thomas Roche, Owain Wyn Jones
Party Autonomy in EU Private International Law
Authors: Gray Jacqueline
Published: May 2021

'Gray's work is an extremely rewarding read to understand the structures and connections [in the choice of court and choice of law rules in family and succession matters]' -- Prof Dr Peter Mankowski, FamRZ, 2021. This quote has been translated from German. This book focuses on the concept of party autonomy in cross-border family matters and succession in EU private international law. It analyses the choice of court and choice of law provisions that has been developed within this framework over the past two decades. These rules are evaluated and compared in view of the underlying values and objectives in the EU context. Does the manifestation of these provisions meet the EU's objectives in adopting legislative action? If not, what factors prevent them from doing so? Are there any gaps that need to be addressed and how might these issues be tackled? Party Autonomy in EU Private International Law: Choice of Court and Choice of Law in Family Matters and Succession is valuable to researchers, legal practitioners and civil servants with an interest in private international law and/or cross-border family- and succession law issues.
datplot
Authors: Steinmann Lisa , Weissova Barbora
Published: May 2021

This article introduces datplot, an R package designed to prepare chronological data for visualization, focusing on the treatment of objects dated to overlapping periods of time. Datplot is suitable for all disciplines in which scientists long for a synoptic method that enables the visualization of the chronology of a collection of heterogeneously dated objects. It is especially helpful for visualizing trends in object assemblages over long periods of time—for example, the development of pottery styles—and it can also assist in the dating of stratigraphy. As both authors come from the field of classical archaeology, the examples and case study demonstrating the functionality of the package analyze classical materials. In particular, we focus on presenting an assemblage of epigraphic evidence from Bithynia (northwestern Turkey), with a microregional focal point in the territory of Nicaea (modern Iznik). In the article, we present the internal methodology of datplot and the process of preparing a dataset of categorically and numerically dated objects. We demonstrate visualizing the data prepared by datplot using kernel density estimation and compare the outcome with more established methods such as histograms and line graphs.
The Juukan Gorge Incident: Key Lessons on Free, Prior and Informed Consent
Authors: NAGAR Anirudha
Published: May 2021

On 24 May 2020, Rio Tinto detonated an area of the Juukan Gorge in the Pilbara in Western Australia as part of its iron ore mining operations, damaging two ancient rock shelters with profound cultural significance to the Puutu Kunti Kurrama and Pinikura (PKKP) People.1 The incident has brought international attention to the importance of Indigenous cultural heritage within broader environmental, social and governance (ESG) considerations.
The death of Veronica L.: intellectual disability and statutory welfare in mid twentieth-century Ireland
Authors: Kilgannon David
Published: May 2021

Veronica L., a woman with an intellectual disability, died of starvation in 1961 while the recipient of a Disabled Person's Maintenance Allowance (D.P.M.A.) from the Dublin Health Authority. Her death occured after a prolonged period of deficient care, a neglect that was exacerbated by flaws in statutory welfare. During the preceding decade the state intervened in disability provision to an unprecedented degree through the expansion of institutional care and social welfare reform. Yet, these services remained characterised by a chronic pressure on resources and a reluctance to intervene in potentially neglectful family situations, which allowed cases of failing care to go unaddressed. Drawing on contemporary documents, in particular the depositions collected for the coroner's court inquest into Veronica's death, this article offers an insight into the exigencies underlying the later life of one woman with an intellectual disability. In doing so, it explores the way in which this singular case provides a distinctive avenue for better understanding the experiences of the intellectually disabled more broadly, including the nature of community care and the operation of statutory welfare during the mid twentieth century.
Female alliances in Cromwellian Ireland: the social and political network of Elizabeth Butler, marchioness of Ormonde
Authors: McAreavey Naomi
Published: May 2021

Elizabeth Butler, marchioness of Ormonde, came to prominence during the middle years of the seventeenth century as a result of her care of Protestant refugees in the aftermath of the 1641 rebellion; her royalist exile in Caen; her successful claim to a portion of the confiscated Ormonde estate; and her subsequent retirement to Dunmore in County Kilkenny. Her letters from the 1650s and 1660 provide valuable insight on her role as an influential Irish royalist, and specifically reveal the importance of women in the social and political network that supported her through this tumultuous period. Prominent among the women in her network include the anonymous ‘JH’, a kinswoman who acted as Ormonde's intelligencer and spy in Cromwell's court in London in the early 1650s; Katherine, Lady Ranelagh, an acquaintance who wielded significant influence with the Cromwellian administration in Dublin and acted as Ormonde's intermediary in the mid 1650s; a group of pre-eminent British noblewomen from prominent royalist families with whom Ormonde maintained a relationship of mutual support from the 1650s into the 1660s; and finally Anne Hume, Ormonde's friend, confidante and long-serving waiting gentlewoman, who acted as her agent and messenger as Ormonde prepared for the Restoration in May 1660. Offering a more granular examination of Ormonde's activities during the 1650s than has been undertaken to date, this article shows that women were of primary importance to Ormonde's survival and indeed thriving through the Interregnum. More broadly, it indicates that female alliances were key to women's political agency in Cromwellian Ireland and that women were central to royalist political activity during the Interregnum.
Religion, civility and the ‘British’ of Ireland in the 1641 Irish rebellion
Authors: Redmond Joan
Published: May 2021

This article examines the 1641 Irish rebellion through a neglected manuscript account from 1643, written by Henry Jones and three of his 1641 deposition colleagues. The ‘Treatise’ offers important insights into the rebellion, but also advances a broader understanding of the significance of the early modern efforts to civilise Ireland and the impact of these schemes, especially plantation, on the kind of conflict that erupted in the 1640s. It is an evaluation that brings together both the long pre-history of the rebellion, and what eventually unfolded, offering new perspectives into a crucial and contested debate within modern historiography. The ‘Treatise’ also presents the opportunity to interrogate the position of the settler community, and their careful construction and presentation of a religiously- and culturally-driven improvement of the country. While it was a period of crisis, the rebellion offered an important opportunity to reflect on the wider project of Irish conversion and civility. It was a moment of creation and self-creation, as the emerging ‘British’ community not only digested the shock of the rebellion, but sought to fashion narratives that underlined their moral claims to Ireland on the grounds of true religion and civility.
The Irish government and physical education in primary schools, 1922–37
Authors: Curran Conor
Published: May 2021

This article examines the treatment of physical drill as a curricular subject in primary schools in the Irish Free State in the period from 1922 to 1937. In particular, it assesses the reasons why its status as an obligatory subject was reduced in the mid 1920s. It will show that the availability of facilities, resources and teaching staff with suitable qualifications were all considerations, while some teachers were not physically capable of teaching the subject in the early years of the Irish Free State. In addition, a strong emphasis on the Irish language and the view that a reduced curriculum was more beneficial to learning meant that some subjects, including physical drill, were deemed optional. However, the decision to reduce the subject's status had not been supported by everyone and it was mainly the Irish National Teachers’ Organisation which was behind the move. Following its reduction from an obligatory subject to an optional one as a result of a decision taken at the Second National Programme Conference in 1926, a lack of a clear policy on the subject became evident. By the early 1930s, the subject was receiving more attention from the Irish government, which made some efforts made to integrate the Czechoslovakian Sokol system into Irish schools. In examining conflicting views on how to implement the Sokol system, and the work of Lieutenant Joseph Tichy, the man recruited to develop it within the Irish army, this article also identifies the reasons why this method of physical training was not a success in Irish schools.
On the effect of velvet structures on trailing edge noise: experimental investigation and theoretical analysis
Authors: Zhou Peng , Zhong Siyang , Zhang Xin
Published: May 2021

This study is inspired by the velvety structures on an owl's upper wing surface. Anechoic wind tunnel experiments were conducted to study the effect of the velvety structures on trailing edge noise as well as the boundary layer flow of a flat plate model. The tests were conducted in The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology low-speed wind tunnel, ultra-quiet noise injection test and evaluation device (UNITED). It was found that the trailing edge noise spectra are significantly modified by the velvety structures. In general, the velvety structures increase the low-frequency noise below a cross-over Strouhal number

$St_c$

but reduce the spectral level at higher frequencies. The velvety surface also changes the boundary layer characteristics in terms of the boundary layer thickness, non-dimensional velocity distribution and turbulence distribution. Vortex shedding is suppressed by the velvety coating despite the blunt trailing edge. An analytic model is proposed for the trailing edge noise of a flat plate, including the effect of finite trailing edge thickness and velvety structures on the flat plate surface. The model uses the near wake distribution of the mean and fluctuating velocities in the streamwise direction as the input. The predictions, which require no empirical corrections, match well with the experiments for both the baseline and velvet-coated configurations. With a detailed non-dimensional analysis, this study proposes a potential aeroacoustic function of velvet structures, i.e. noise control through manipulation of boundary layer statistics.
Bridging Regionalism and Secessionism: Territorial Autonomy Movements in the Iberian World
Authors: vom Hau Matthias , Srebotnjak Hana
Published: May 2021

In comparative works on nationalism, Latin America is usually portrayed as a world region that is devoid of nationalist and separatist movements, while in Europe nationalist movements seeking greater self-determination or separate statehood can be easily observed. This article takes a different perspective. Applying the concept of territorial autonomy movements, it pursues a cross-regional comparison of Santa Cruz in Bolivia, Guayas in Ecuador, and Catalonia in Spain to show that movements strikingly similar with regards to their core claims, diagnostic frames, and tactics do in fact exist across the Iberian world. The chapter then draws on social movement theory to account for the recent intensification of territorial autonomy mobilizations in these cases. We argue that in all three substate units (1) threats of political exclusion emanating from contestations over established power-sharing arrangements triggered territorial grievances; (2) the formation of dense associational networks and new alliances with subnational party and state representatives enhanced the organizational resources of territorial challengers; and (3) broader protest cycles, and their concern with direct democracy and/or multicultural group rights, provided territorial challengers with new framing strategies to justify their demands.
#Propage l'info, pas le virus : communication politique et réponses des influenceur.euses à l'appel du gouvernement Legault lors de la crise de la COVID-19 au Québec
Authors: Côté Frédérique , Lalancette Mireille
Published: May 2021

En mars 2020, le premier ministre Legault a fait appel aux influenceur.euses et aux célébrités québécoises dans le cadre de la campagne #Propage l'info, pas le virus afin de sensibiliser les jeunes au respect des consignes sanitaires liées à la COVID-19. Cet article offre un éclairage inédit sur les différentes manières dont ces personnes renommées ont répondu à l'appel ainsi que sur les formes de leurs réponses à l'aide d'une analyse de contenu de leur vidéo partagée sur les réseaux sociaux. Le codage des vidéos s'est fait à partir d'une grille d'analyse qualitative de contenu, inspirée de celle de Fields (1988). Il ressort des analyses que différents moyens ont permis d'accentuer le sentiment de proximité entre la célébrité et son public, dans le but d'augmenter l'adhésion au message. L'utilisation du pronom « On », l'emploi de formules narratives et l'intimité qui se dégage des vidéos informatives vont en ce sens.
Genetic contributions to suicidal thoughts and behaviors
Authors: DiBlasi Emily , Kang Jooeun , Docherty Anna R.
Published: May 2021

Suicidal ideation, suicide attempt (SA) and suicide are significantly heritable phenotypes. However, the extent to which these phenotypes share genetic architecture is unclear. This question is of great relevance to determining key risk factors for suicide, and to alleviate the societal burden of suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STBs). To help address the question of heterogeneity, consortia efforts have recently shifted from a focus on suicide within the context of major psychopathology (e.g. major depressive disorder, schizophrenia) to suicide as an independent entity. Recent molecular studies of suicide risk by members of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium and the International Suicide Genetics Consortium have identified genome-wide significant loci associated with SA and with suicide death, and have examined these phenotypes within and outside of the context of major psychopathology. This review summarizes important insights from epidemiological and biometrical research on suicide, and discusses key empirical findings from molecular genetic examinations of STBs. Polygenic risk scores for these phenotypes have been observed to be associated with case−control status and other risk phenotypes. In addition, estimated shared genetic covariance with other phenotypes suggests specific medical and psychiatric risks beyond major depressive disorder. Broadly, molecular studies suggest a complexity of suicide etiology that cannot simply be accounted for by depression. Discussion of the state of suicide genetics, a growing field, also includes important ethical and clinical implications of studying the genetic risk of suicide.
Risk of first-episode psychosis in migrants to the Republic of Ireland
Authors: O'Donoghue Brian , Lyne John , Roche Eric , Mifsud Nathan , Renwick Laoise , Behan Caragh , Clarke Mary
Published: May 2021

Background

Migration is an established risk factor for developing a psychotic disorder in countries with a long history of migration. Less is known for countries with only a recent history of migration. This study aimed to determine the risk for developing a psychotic disorder in migrants to the Republic of Ireland.

Methods

We included all presentations of first-episode psychosis over 8.5 years to the DETECT Early Intervention for psychosis service in the Republic of Ireland (573 individuals aged 18–65, of whom 22% were first-generation migrants). Psychotic disorder diagnosis relied on SCID. The at-risk population was calculated using census data, and negative binomial regression was used to estimate incidence rate ratios.

Results

The annual crude incidence rate for a first-episode psychotic disorder in the total cohort was 25.62 per 100000 population at risk. Migrants from Africa had a nearly twofold increased risk for developing a psychotic disorder compared to those born in the Republic of Ireland (IRR = 1.83, 95% CI 1.11–3.02, p = 0.02). In contrast, migrants from certain Asian countries had a reduced risk, specifically those from China, India, Philippines, Pakistan, Malaysia, Bangladesh and Hong Kong (aIRR = 0.36, 95% CI 0.16–0.81, p = 0.01).

Conclusions

Further research into the reasons for this inflated risk in specific migrant groups could produce insights into the aetiology of psychotic disorders. This information should also be used, alongside other data on environmental risk factors that can be determined from census data, to predict the incidence of psychotic disorders and thereby resource services appropriately.
AIS-based near-collision database generation and analysis of real collision avoidance manoeuvres
Authors: Vestre Arnstein , Bakdi Azzeddine , Vanem Erik , Engelhardtsen Øystein
Published: May 2021

Economic and technological development has increased the amount, density and complexity of maritime traffic, which has resulted in new challenges. One challenge is conforming to the distinct evasion manoeuvres required by vessels entering into near-collision situations (NCSs). Existing rules are vague and do not precisely dictate which, when and how collision avoidance manoeuvres (CAMs) should be executed. The automatic identification system (AIS) is widely used for vessel monitoring and traffic control. This paper presents an efficient, scalable method for processing large-scale raw AIS data using the closest point of approach (CPA) framework. NCSs are identified to create a database of historical traffic data. Important features describing CAMs are defined, estimated and analysed. Applications on a high-quality real-world data set show promising results for a subset of the identified situations. Future applications may play a significant role in the maritime regulatory framework, navigation protocol compliance evaluation, risk assessment, automatic collision avoidance, and algorithm design and testing for autonomous vessels.
Remarks on the Iranian Xorde Avesta Sāde manuscripts 6135 (YL2-17) and 6187 (MZK6) (Notes on the Xorde Avesta VIII)
Authors: KÖNIG GÖTZ
Published: May 2021

Until 1854, the date of publication of Westergaard's Zendavesta,2 Europe was unacquainted with the Iranian recension of the Xorde Avesta. In his edition Westergaard was able to make use of three Sāde manuscripts for the first time, which he himself acquired during his stay in Persia between 1841 and 1844: 6115 (K36 [= M1]) (IrXA Sāde) from 1724, 6870 (K37 [= M2]) (IrXA Sāde in NP script + Faroxšī) from the 19th century, 3100 (K38 [= M3]) (Faroxšī, very close to 3095 [Suppl.persan1191]) from 1814.3
Are neighbourhood restaurants related to frequency of restaurant meals and dietary quality? Prevalence and changes over time in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis
Authors: Auchincloss Amy H , Li Jingjing , Moore Kari AB , Franco Manuel , Mujahid Mahasin S , Moore Latetia V
Published: May 2021

Objective:

To examine whether the density of neighbourhood restaurants affected the frequency of eating restaurant meals and subsequently affected diet quality.

Design:

Cross-sectional and longitudinal designs. Structural equation models assessed the indirect relationship between restaurant density (≤3 miles (4·8 km) of participant addresses) and dietary quality (Healthy Eating Index 2010 (HEI)) via the frequency of eating restaurant meals, after adjustment for sociodemographics, select health conditions, region, residence duration and area-level income.

Setting:

Urbanised areas in multiple regions of the USA, years 2000–2002 and 2010–2012.

Participants:

Participants aged 45–84 years were followed for 10 years (n 3567).

Results:

Median HEI (out of 100) was fifty-nine at baseline and sixty-two at follow-up. The cross-sectional analysis found that residing in areas with a high density of restaurants (highest-ranked quartile) was associated with 52 % higher odds of frequently eating restaurant meals (≥3 times/week, OR: 1·52, 95 % CI 1·18, 1·98) and 3 % higher odds of having lower dietary quality (HEI lowest quartile < 54, OR: 1·03, 95 % CI 1·01, 1·06); associations were not sustained in longitudinal analyses. The cross-sectional analysis found 34 % higher odds of having lower dietary quality for those who frequently ate at restaurants (OR: 1·34, 95 % CI 1·12, 1·61), and more restaurant meals (over time increase ≥ 1 time/week) were associated with higher odds of having worse dietary quality at follow-up (OR: 1·21, 95 % CI 1·00, 1·46).

Conclusions:

Restaurant density was associated with frequently eating out in cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses but was associated with the lower dietary quality only in cross-sectional analyses. Frequent restaurant meals were negatively related to dietary quality. Interventions that encourage less frequent eating out may improve population dietary quality.
Comparing shopper characteristics by online grocery ordering use among households in low-income communities in Maine
Authors: Zatz Laura Y , Moran Alyssa J , Franckle Rebecca L , Block Jason P , Hou Tao , Blue Dan , Greene Julie C , Gortmaker Steven , Bleich Sara N , Polacsek Michele , Thorndike Anne N , Mande Jerold R , Rimm Eric B
Published: May 2021

Objective:

Online grocery shopping could improve access to healthy food, but it may not be equally accessible to all populations – especially those at higher risk for food insecurity. The current study aimed to compare the socio-demographic characteristics of families who ordered groceries online v. those who only shopped in-store.

Design:

We analysed enrollment survey and 44 weeks of individually linked grocery transaction data. We used univariate χ2 and t-tests and logistic regression to assess differences in socio-demographic characteristics between households that only shopped in-store and those that shopped online with curbside pickup (online only or online and in-store).

Setting:

Two Maine supermarkets.

Participants:

863 parents or caregivers of children under 18 years old enrolled in two fruit and vegetable incentive trials.

Results:

Participants had a total of 32 757 transactions. In univariate assessments, online shoppers had higher incomes (P < 0 0001), were less likely to participate in Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children or Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP; P < 0 0001) and were more likely to be female (P = 0·04). Most online shoppers were 30–39 years old, and few were 50 years or older (P = 0·003). After controlling for age, gender, race/ethnicity, number of children, number of adults, income and SNAP participation, female primary shoppers (OR = 2·75, P = 0·003), number of children (OR = 1·27, P = 0·04) and income (OR = 3·91 for 186–300 % federal poverty line (FPL) and OR = 6·92 for >300 % FPL, P < 0·0001) were significantly associated with likelihood of shopping online.

Conclusions:

In the current study of Maine families, low-income shoppers were significantly less likely to utilise online grocery ordering with curbside pickup. Future studies could focus on elucidating barriers and developing strategies to improve access.
Bet against yourself: integrating insurance and entrepreneurship
Authors: Eabrasu Marian
Published: May 2021

This paper revisits and fine-tunes a spin-off from Knight's (1921, Risk, Uncertainty and Profit) influential distinction between risk (‘probability of unknown events’) and uncertainty (‘unquantifiable randomness’): the contrast between actuarial institutions and entrepreneurship. It contends that this opposition is not exclusive and argues that the act of insurance does not automatically reduce entrepreneurial profits. To maintain this claim, the paper emphasizes hedging and, more specifically, draws on an innovative actuarial scheme – parametric (or index-based) insurance – which, unlike indemnity-based insurance, does not rely on a damage assessment but indemnifies the policyholder according to the variation of an index. This argument sheds new light on the function habitually assigned to actuarial institutions, amends the theory of entrepreneurial profits, and integrates hedging within entrepreneurial judgment.