bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Functionalized Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-Based Microgels in Tumor Targeting and Drug Delivery
Authors: Campora Simona , Mohsen Reham , Passaro Daniel , Samir Howida , Ashraf Hesham , Al-Mofty Saif El-Din , Diab Ayman A. , El-Sherbiny Ibrahim M. , Snowden Martin J. , Ghersi Giulio
Published: November 2021

Over the past several decades, the development of engineered small particles as targeted and drug delivery systems (TDDS) has received great attention thanks to the possibility to overcome the limitations of classical cancer chemotherapy, including targeting incapability, nonspecific action and, consequently, systemic toxicity. Thus, this research aims at using a novel design of Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) p(NIPAM)-based microgels to specifically target cancer cells and avoid the healthy ones, which is expected to decrease or eliminate the side effects of chemotherapeutic drugs. Smart NIPAM-based microgels were functionalized with acrylic acid and coupled to folic acid (FA), targeting the folate receptors overexpressed by cancer cells and to the chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin (Dox). The successful conjugation of FA and Dox was demonstrated by dynamic light scattering (DLS), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), UV-VIS analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Furthermore, viability assay performed on cancer and healthy breast cells, suggested the microgels’ biocompatibility and the cytotoxic effect of the conjugated drug. On the other hand, the specific tumor targeting of synthetized microgels was demonstrated by a co-cultured (healthy and cancer cells) assay monitored using confocal microscopy and flow cytometry. Results suggest successful targeting of cancer cells and drug release. These data support the use of pNIPAM-based microgels as good candidates as TDDS.
Geoethics in the Scenario of the Geological Society in Brazil
Authors: Imbernon Rosely Aparecida Liguori , Castro Paulo de Tarso Amorim , Mansur Kátia Leite
Published: November 2021

The development model assumed by human society over the last century is opposed to the Earth system’s resilience, which has resulted in global environmental problems such as global warming, desertification, depredation of geoheritage, etc. The concept of geoethics, proposed in 1993, was initially associated with ethical principles to mining and environmental, social and economic issues inherent to the exploration of these resources. Over the last few years, geoethics has turned to education, proposing a reflection on the way human beings relate to the geosphere, and particularly on the way geologists work during their academic and professional activities. In Brazil, geoethics entered the Brazilian Society of Geology scenario only from the end of the second decade of the 20th century and promoted changes in the academic and professional spheres.
The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Cancer Patient’s Management—Lithuanian Cancer Center Experience
Authors: Dabkeviciene Daiva , Vincerzevskiene Ieva , Urbonas Vincas , Venius Jonas , Dulskas Audrius , Brasiuniene Birute , Janulionis Ernestas , Burneckis Arvydas , Zileviciene Asta , Tiskevicius Sigitas , Vanseviciute-Petkeviciene Rasa , Usinskiene Jurgita , Briediene Ruta , Bulotiene Giedre , Stratilatovas Eugenijus , Ostapenko Valerijus , Gibaviciene Jolita , Karnas Ignas , Kekstaite Saule , Navickiene Jurgita , Ulys Albertas , Zalimas Algirdas , Sruogis Algimantas , Kardelis Zygimantas , Zaremba Sigitas , Askinis Renatas , Cicenas Saulius , Tikuisis Renatas , Ciurliene Ruta , Jarmalaite Sonata
Published: November 2021

The pandemic spread of the COVID-19 virus significantly affected daily life, but the highest pressure was piled on the health care system. Our aim was to evaluate an impact of COVID-19 pandemic management measures on cancer services at the National Cancer Institute (NCI) of Lithuania. We assessed the time period from 1 February 2020 to 31 December 2020 and compared it to the same period of 2019. Data for our analysis were extracted from the NCI Hospital Information System (HIS) and the National Health Insurance Fund (NHIF). Contingency table analysis and ANOVA were performed. The COVID-19 pandemic negatively affected the cancer services provided by NCI. Reductions in diagnostic radiology (−16%) and endoscopy (−29%) procedures were accompanied by a decreased number of patients with ongoing medical (−30%), radiation (−6%) or surgical (−10%) treatment. The changes in the number of newly diagnosed cancer patients were dependent on tumor type and disease stage, showing a rise in advanced disease at diagnosis already during the early period of the first lockdown. The extent of out-patient consultations (−14%) and disease follow-up visits (−16%) was also affected by the pandemic, and only referrals to psychological/psychiatric counselling were increased. Additionally, the COVID-19 pandemic had an impact on the structure of cancer services by fostering the application of modified systemic anticancer therapy or hypofractionated radiotherapy. The most dramatic drop occurred in the number of patients participating in cancer prevention programs; the loss was 25% for colon cancer and 62% for breast cancer screening. Marked restriction in access to preventive cancer screening and overall reduction of the whole spectrum of cancer services may negatively affect cancer survival measures in the nearest future.
The Portuguese Model of Home Respiratory Care: Healthcare Professionals’ Perspective
Authors: Caneiras Cátia , Jácome Cristina , Oliveira Daniela , Moreira Emília , Dias Cláudia Camila , Mendonça Liliane , Mayoralas-Alises Sagrario , Almeida Fonseca João Almeida , Diaz-Lobato Salvador , Escarrabill Joan , Winck João Carlos
Published: November 2021

Patients’ and carers’ views regarding the Portuguese model of home respiratory care were recently described, yet the complementary perspective of healthcare professionals (HCPs) is still to be investigated. Thus, this study explored HCPs experience in the management of patients needing home respiratory therapies (HRT), and their perspective about the Portuguese model. A phenomenological descriptive study, using focus groups, was carried out with 28 HCPs (median 42 y, 68% female) with distinct backgrounds (57% pulmonologists, 29% clinical physiologists, 7% physiotherapists, 7% nurses). Three focus groups were conducted in three regions of Portugal. Thematic analysis was performed by two independent researchers. HCPs have in general a positive view about the organization of the Portuguese model of home respiratory care, which was revealed in four major topics: Prescription (number of references, n = 171), Implementation and maintenance (n = 162), Carer involvement (n = 65) and Quality of healthcare (n = 247). Improvements needed were related to patients’ late referral, HRT prescription (usability of the medical electronic prescription system and renewals burden), patients’ education, access to hospital care team, lack of multidisciplinary work and articulation between hospital, primary and home care teams. This study describes the perspective of HCPs about the Portuguese model of home respiratory care and identifies specific points where improvements and reflections are needed. This knowledge may be useful to decision makers improve the current healthcare model.
‘Stolen Time’—Delivering Nursing at the Bottom of a Hierarchy: An Ethnographic Study of Barriers and Facilitators for Evidence-Based Nursing for Patients with Community-Acquired Pneumonia
Authors: Eekholm Signe , Samuelson Karin , Ahlström Gerd , Lindhardt Tove
Published: November 2021

The research has reported a high prevalence of low-quality and missed care for patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Optimised nursing treatment and care will benefit CAP patients. The aim of this study was to describe the barriers and facilitators influencing registered nurses’ (RNs’) adherence to evidence-based guideline (EBG) recommendations for nursing care (NC) for older patients admitted with CAP. Semi-structured focus group interviews (n = 2), field observations (n = 14), and individual follow-up interviews (n = 10) were conducted in three medical units and analysed by a qualitative content analysis. We found a main theme: ‘‘stolen time’—delivering nursing at the bottom of a hierarchy’, and three themes: (1) ‘under the dominance of stronger paradigms’, (2) ‘the loss of professional identity’, and (3) ‘the power of leadership’. These themes, each comprising two to three subthemes, illustrated that RNs’ adherence to EBG recommendations was strongly influenced by the individual RN’s professionalism and professional identity; contextual barriers, including the interdisciplinary team, organisational structure, culture, and evaluation of the NC; and the nurse manager’s leadership skills. This study identified central factors that may help RNs to understand the underlying dynamics in a healthcare setting hindering and facilitating the performance of NC and make them better equipped for changing practices.
Lifetime Major Discrimination Experiences Moderate the Impact of Depressive Symptoms on Chronic Conditions among Black Americans
Authors: Skrine Jeffers Kia , Walton Quenette L. , Robinson Millicent N. , Thomas Tobin Courtney S.
Published: November 2021

To clarify the ways in which Black Americans’ experiences of structural racism may influence their mental and physical health in distinct ways, the present study evaluated whether major discrimination moderates the association between depressive symptoms and chronic physical health conditions among this population. t-tests and chi-squared tests of significance were used to determine significant differences between women and men. The association between major discrimination and depressive symptoms was examined by assessing mean depressive symptoms scores across levels of major discrimination. ANOVA tests indicated whether there were significant differences in symptom scores across each discrimination category. Additional t-tests determined significant gender differences within each level of discrimination. Gender-stratified negative binomial models were used, and odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated for the relationship between depressive symptoms, major discrimination, and chronic conditions. Our findings indicated that the association between depressive symptoms and chronic conditions depends on lifetime experiences of major discrimination among Black Americans and varies significantly between women and men. Considering that major discrimination conditioned the depressive symptom-chronic conditions association among our sample, this provides insight into potential pathways for intervention in efforts to offset the detrimental mental and physical consequences of experiencing racism.
Application of Rosemary and Eucalyptus Essential Oils and Their Main Component on the Preservation of Apple and Pear Fruits
Authors: Xylia Panayiota , Chrysargyris Antonios , Ahmed Zienab F. R. , Tzortzakis Nikolaos
Published: November 2021

Nowadays, increase fruit losses are being reported due to the development of fungal postharvest diseases. In an attempt to reduce the use of synthetic fungicides, a turn towards natural products such as essential oils (EOs) and natural compounds has been made. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of eucalyptus (Euc), rosemary (Ros) EO, their mixture (50:50 v/v) and their common main component (i.e., eucalyptol) on the quality parameters, fruit response and inhibition of blue rot (Penicillium expansum) in apple and pear fruits during their shelf life. The results of the present study revealed that fungal colony growth decreased in vitro with exposure at eucalyptus EO (Euc-300 μL/L), rosemary EO (Ros-300 μL/L) and their mixture (Euc + Ros 100 and 300 μL/L). The exposure at Ros-100 μL/L stimulated spore production, whilst Euc + Ros (100 and 300 μL/L) and eucalyptol (100 and 300 μL/L) decreased spore germination. Moreover, the in vivo applied treatments resulted in decreased lesion growth of P. expansum in apple and pear fruits. Respiration rate increased with the application of Euc + Ros at 300 μL/L and eucalyptus EO (Euc-100 μL/L and Euc-300 μL/L) for both assessed fruits. On the other hand, no significant differences were reported on apples and pears total soluble solids and acidity values. The application of Euc + Ros-300 μL/L in apples increased hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels, whilst Euc-100 and Euc-300 μL/L increased lipid peroxidation levels. Regarding pear fruits, exposure to Euc-100 μL/L and Ros-100 μL/L resulted in increased H2O2 whereas, Euc-100 μL/L, Ros- (100 and 300 μL/L) and eucalyptol (100 and 300 μL/L) also increased lipid peroxidation. The findings of this study indicate that the investigated natural products can be explored for the preservation of fresh apples and pears, as alternative natural fungicides with consideration of the fresh produce quality attributes.
A Preliminary Evaluation of the Unified Protocol among Trauma-Exposed Adults with and without PTSD
Authors: Hood Caitlyn O. , Southward Matthew W. , Bugher Christian , Sauer-Zavala Shannon
Published: November 2021

The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the Unified Protocol (UP)—a mechanistically transdiagnostic psychological treatment—provides benefit to individuals with a range of trauma histories, psychological difficulties, and diagnostic comorbidity. Using data from a sequential multiple-assignment randomized trial (SMART), this exploratory analysis included a sample of 69 community-recruited adults seeking outpatient mental health treatment. We examined reductions in anxiety and depressive symptoms and changes in aversive and avoidant reactions to intense emotions—the UP’s putative mechanism—first by comparing individuals with and without trauma histories and then specifically among participants with PTSD. Findings suggest that the UP may lead to similar improvements in clinical diagnostic severity, anxiety, and depression among patients with trauma exposure as those without trauma exposure. Roughly half of participants with PTSD demonstrated reductions in PTSD clinical severity, anxiety, depression, and distress aversion, suggesting the UP may be an efficacious treatment for people with PTSD and comorbid conditions.
A Sensor-Based mHealth Platform for Remote Monitoring and Intervention of Frailty Patients at Home
Authors: Calvillo-Arbizu Jorge , Naranjo-Hernández David , Barbarov-Rostán Gerardo , Talaminos-Barroso Alejandro , Roa-Romero Laura M. , Reina-Tosina Javier
Published: November 2021

Frailty syndrome is an independent risk factor for serious health episodes, disability, hospitalization, falls, loss of mobility, and cardiovascular disease. Its high reversibility demands personalized interventions among which exercise programs are highly efficient to contribute to its delay. Information technology-based solutions to support frailty have been recently approached, but most of them are focused on assessment and not on intervention. This paper describes a sensor-based mHealth platform integrated in a service-based architecture inside the FRAIL project towards the remote monitoring and intervention of pre-frail and frail patients at home. The aim of this platform is constituting an efficient and scalable system for reducing both the impact of aging and the advance of frailty syndrome. Among the results of this work are: (1) the development of elderly-focused sensors and platform; (2) a technical validation process of the sensor devices and the mHealth platform with young adults; and (3) an assessment of usability and acceptability of the devices with a set of pre-frail and frail patients. After the promising results obtained, future steps of this work involve performing a clinical validation in order to quantify the impact of the platform on health outcomes of frail patients.
Early Postpartum Stress, Anxiety, Depression, and Resilience Development among Danish First-Time Mothers before and during First-Wave COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Ladekarl Monica , Olsen Nanna Julie , Winckler Karoline , Brødsgaard Anne , Nøhr Ellen Aagaard , Heitmann Berit Lilienthal , Specht Ina Olmer
Published: November 2021

On 11 March 2020, a lockdown to limit the spread of COVID-19 was implemented in Denmark. The pandemic and the lockdown might have caused stress, depression, and anxiety in new mothers. Individuals with high resilience to stress may have been less affected. This study aimed to investigate if changes in perceived stress, anxiety, depression, and resilience from the second trimester until two months postpartum were different before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Denmark in spring 2020. Pregnant women enrolled in an ongoing feasibility study completed an online questionnaire measuring perceived stress, depression, anxiety, and resilience in the second trimester and two months postpartum. Changes in scores between women completing the two-month postpartum questionnaire before (n = 26) or during (n = 47) the COVID-19 pandemic were calculated. No statistically significant differences in changes from baseline to follow-up between pre- and during-pandemic groups in Cohen’s Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), the Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale (DASS), or the Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) were found. Adjusted differences in group means were as follows: PSS: 0.70 (CI—2.45; 3.85); DASS Stress: 0.76 (CI—3.59; 2.08); DASS Anxiety: 0.47 (CI—0.84; 1.77); DASS Depression: 0.88 (CI—0.95; 2.71); and CD-RISC: 1.19 (CI—3.16; 5.54). In conclusion, we did not find significant differences in the development of stress, depression, anxiety, or resilience before or during the Danish COVID-19 pandemic in spring 2020.
“It’s Cool, Modifying and All, but I Don’t Want Anything Blowing Up on Me:” A Focus Group Study of Motivations to Modify Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS)
Authors: Massey Zachary B. , Fairman Robert T. , Churchill Victoria , Ashley David L. , Popova Lucy
Published: November 2021

Introduction: Modifications to electronic nicoti ne delivery systems (ENDS) can pose health risks to users. This study explored users’ motivations for modifying ENDS devices and how perceived risks of modifications influenced modification behaviors as product availability and device characteristics changed over time. Method: We conducted nine focus groups (February–June 2020) with 32 current ENDS users (18+, used ENDS in the past 30 days, and had been using ENDS for more than 2 months). Results: Participants primarily modified ENDS devices to improve their experiences, such as experimenting with flavor, controlling nicotine levels, or using cannabis products with ENDS. Another reason for modifying was routine maintenance to ensure a satisfactory experience, including maintaining coils and keeping batteries charged. The broader availability of ENDS products shifted modification behaviors over time, with newer devices making some modifications (e.g., coil replacement) easier and making more intricate modifications (e.g., building coil from scratch) less common. Participants were aware of modification dangers and cited perceived risk as the reason for avoiding certain modifications, such as battery alterations. Conclusions: Modifications of ENDS are ongoing and evolving among users and should be considered by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and other regulatory decision-makers as product authorization reviews are conducted and product standards are developed.
Effect of a Mindfulness-Based Intervention for Chronic Migraine and High Frequency Episodic Migraine in Adolescents: A Pilot Single-Arm Open-Label Study
Authors: Grazzi Licia , Grignani Eleonora , Raggi Alberto , Rizzoli Paul , Guastafierro Erika
Published: November 2021

In this single-arm pilot open-label study we examined the effect of a mindfulness-based intervention on reduction of headache frequency after 12 months in adolescents aged 12–18 with chronic or high-frequency migraine without aura. Adolescents were recruited at the headache center of the C. Besta Neurological Institute and followed-up for 12 months. The mindfulness-based intervention was delivered in small groups and consisted of six weekly group sessions of guided meditation, and one booster session 15 days after. Patients filled in questionnaires assessing headache frequency (primary endpoint), medication intake, disability, anxiety, depression, catastrophizing, and caregivers’ burden. Within-person ANOVA was used to address variation of endpoints over time. Thirty-five out of 37 patients completed the study for primary endpoints, and 33 for secondary endpoints. Headache frequency dropped from 21.3 (95% CI 18.5; 24.1) to 9.6 (95% CI 6.1; 13.1) days per month at 12 months (F = 30.5, p < 0.001); 23 patients out of 35 (65.7%) achieved a headache frequency reduction greater than or equal to 50%. Significant improvements were also reported for medication intake (F = 18.7, p < 0.001), disability (F = 3.8, p = 0.027), trait anxiety (F = 5.1, p = 0.009), symptoms of depression (F = 9.5, p < 0.001), and catastrophizing (F = 23.6, p < 0.001). In conclusions, our study shows a reduction of headache attacks in adolescents who follow a mindfulness-based program, suggesting benefit of this nonpharmacological approach.
Fusarium Mycotoxins, Their Metabolites (Free, Emerging, and Masked), Food Safety Concerns, and Health Impacts
Authors: Ekwomadu Theodora I. , Akinola Stephen A. , Mwanza Mulunda
Published: November 2021

The genus Fusarium produces a number of mycotoxins of diverse chemical structures. Fusariotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by toxigenic fungi of the genus Fusarium. The important and commonly encountered fusariotoxins are trichothecenes, fumonisins, and zearalenone. Fusarium mycotoxins pose varying toxicities to humans and/or animals after consumption of contaminated grain. They can cause acute or chronic illness and, in some cases, death. For instance, a range of Fusarium mycotoxins can alter different intestinal defense mechanisms, such as the epithelial integrity, cell proliferation, mucus layer, immunoglobulins, and cytokine production. Of recent concern is the occurrence of emerging and masked Fusarium mycotoxins in agricultural commodities, which may contribute to toxic health effects, although the metabolic fate of masked mycotoxins still remains a matter of scientific discussion. These mycotoxins have attracted attention worldwide because of their impact on human and animal health, animal productivity, and the associated economic losses. In this paper, we review Fusarium mycotoxins and their metabolites with the aim of summarizing the baseline information on the types, occurrence, and health impacts of these mycotoxins in order to encourage much-needed research on integrated management of this unavoidable food contaminant as concerns for food safety continues to grow worldwide.
The Role of Health Literacy among Outpatient Caregivers during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Rohwer Elisabeth , Mojtahedzadeh Natascha , Neumann Felix Alexander , Nienhaus Albert , Augustin Matthias , Harth Volker , Zyriax Birgit-Christiane , Mache Stefanie
Published: November 2021

Health literacy became an important competence during the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite outpatient caregivers being a particularly vulnerable occupational group, their health literacy has hardly been examined yet, especially during the pandemic. Hence, this study aimed to explore this field and provide first empirical insights. Data were collected based on a cross-sectional online survey among 155 outpatient caregivers. In particular, health literacy (HLS-EU-Q16), diet and physical activity, pandemic-related worries, perceived information sufficiency and stress perception were examined. Descriptive and ordinal logistic regression analyses were run to test explorative assumptions. The majority of outpatient caregivers reported high values of health literacy (69% on a sufficient level). Although no significant associations between health literacy and health behaviours or perceived information sufficiency were found, perceived information sufficiency and perceived stress (OR = 3.194; 95% CI: 1.542–6.614), and pandemic-related worries (OR = 3.073; 95% CI: 1.471–6.421; OR = 4.243; 95% CI: 2.027–8.884) seem to be related. Therefore, dissemination of reliable information and resource-building measures to reduce worries may be important parameters for improving outpatient caregivers’ health. Our results provide first explorative insights, representing a starting point for further research. Considering outpatient caregivers’ mobile work setting, they need to be provided with adequate equipment and comprehensible information to ensure physically and mentally healthy working conditions.
How Does Urban Green Space Impact Residents’ Mental Health: A Literature Review of Mediators
Authors: Chen Kaili , Zhang Tianzheng , Liu Fangyuan , Zhang Yingjie , Song Yan
Published: November 2021

In recent years, the interest in the relationship between urban green space and residents’ mental health has gradually risen. A number of researchers have investigated the causal relationship and possible mediators between the two, although few have summarized these mediators. For this reason, we searched for relevant studies and filtered them by criteria and quality score, and analyzed the mediators and paths of the impact of urban green space on residents’ mental health. The mediators can be divided into environmental factors, outdoor activity, and social cohesion. From the perspective of heterogeneity, both individual characteristics (e.g., age and gender) and group characteristics (e.g., level of urban development and urban density) of residents are considered to be the cause of various mediating effects. Types of urban green space tend to affect residents’ mental health through different paths. Furthermore, this review discusses the details of each part under the influence paths. Finally, the policy implications for urban green space planning from three mediator levels are put forward based on an analysis of the situation in different countries.
Patient Experience and Satisfaction with an e-Health Care Management Application for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Authors: Zand Aria , Nguyen Audrey , Reynolds Courtney , Khandadash Ariela , Esrailian Eric , Hommes Daniel
Published: November 2021

Background: Rising healthcare expenditures have been partially attributed to suboptimal management of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Electronic health interventions may help improve care management for IBD patients, but there is a need to better understand patient perspectives on these emerging technologies. Aims: The primary aim was to evaluate patient satisfaction and experience with the UCLA eIBD mobile application, an integrative care management platform with disease activity monitoring tools and educational modules. The secondary objective was to capture patient feedback on how to improve the mobile application. Methods: We surveyed IBD patients treated at the UCLA Center for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. The patient experience survey assessed the patients’ overall satisfaction with the application, perception of health outcomes after participation in the program, and feedback on educational modules as well as areas for application improvement. Results: 50 patients were included. The responses indicated that the patients were greatly satisfied with the ease of patient–provider communication within the application and appointment scheduling features (68%). A majority of respondents (54%) also reported that program participation resulted in improved perception of disease control and quality of life. Lastly, a majority of participants (79%) would recommend this application to others. Conclusions: Mobile tools such as UCLA eIBD have promising implications for integration into patients’ daily lives. This patient satisfaction study suggests the feasibility of using this mobile application by patients and providers. We further showed that UCLA eIBD and its holistic approach led to improved patient experience and satisfaction, which can provide useful recommendations for future electronic health solutions.
Research Progress of ATGs Involved in Plant Immunity and NPR1 Metabolism
Authors: Huang Shuqin , Zhang Baihong , Chen Wenli
Published: November 2021

Autophagy is an important pathway of degrading excess and abnormal proteins and organelles through their engulfment into autophagosomes that subsequently fuse with the vacuole. Autophagy-related genes (ATGs) are essential for the formation of autophagosomes. To date, about 35 ATGs have been identified in Arabidopsis, which are involved in the occurrence and regulation of autophagy. Among these, 17 proteins are related to resistance against plant pathogens. The transcription coactivator non-expressor of pathogenesis-related genes 1 (NPR1) is involved in innate immunity and acquired resistance in plants, which regulates most salicylic acid (SA)-responsive genes. This paper mainly summarizes the role of ATGs and NPR1 in plant immunity and the advancement of research on ATGs in NPR1 metabolism, providing a new idea for exploring the relationship between ATGs and NPR1.
Arginase 2 and Polyamines in Human Pancreatic Beta Cells: Possible Role in the Pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Marselli Lorella , Bosi Emanuele , De Luca Carmela , Del Guerra Silvia , Tesi Marta , Suleiman Mara , Marchetti Piero
Published: November 2021

Arginase 2 (ARG2) is a manganese metalloenzyme involved in several tissue specific processes, from physiology to pathophysiology. It is variably expressed in extra-hepatic tissues and is located in the mitochondria. In human pancreatic beta cells, ARG2 is downregulated in type 2 diabetes. The enzyme regulates the synthesis of polyamines, that are involved in pancreas development and regulation of beta cell function. Here, we discuss several features of ARG2 and polyamines, which can be relevant to the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes.
Molecular and Metabolic Mechanism of Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound Improving Muscle Atrophy in Hindlimb Unloading Rats
Authors: Sun Lijun , An Shasha , Zhang Zhihao , Zhou Yaling , Yu Yanan , Ma Zhanke , Fan Xiushan , Tang Liang , Guo Jianzhong
Published: November 2021

Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) has been proved to promote the proliferation of myoblast C2C12. However, whether LIPUS can effectively prevent muscle atrophy has not been clarified, and if so, what is the possible mechanism. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of LIPUS on muscle atrophy in hindlimb unloading rats, and explore the mechanisms. The rats were randomly divided into four groups: normal control group (NC), hindlimb unloading group (UL), hindlimb unloading plus 30 mW/cm2 LIPUS irradiation group (UL + 30 mW/cm2), hindlimb unloading plus 80 mW/cm2 LIPUS irradiation group (UL + 80 mW/cm2). The tails of rats in hindlimb unloading group were suspended for 28 days. The rats in the LIPUS treated group were simultaneously irradiated with LIPUS on gastrocnemius muscle in both lower legs at the sound intensity of 30 mW/cm2 or 80 mW/cm2 for 20 min/d for 28 days. C2C12 cells were exposed to LIPUS at 30 or 80 mW/cm2 for 5 days. The results showed that LIPUS significantly promoted the proliferation and differentiation of myoblast C2C12, and prevented the decrease of cross-sectional area of muscle fiber and gastrocnemius mass in hindlimb unloading rats. LIPUS also significantly down regulated the expression of MSTN and its receptors ActRIIB, and up-regulated the expression of Akt and mTOR in gastrocnemius muscle of hindlimb unloading rats. In addition, three metabolic pathways (phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis; alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism; glycine, serine and threonine metabolism) were selected as important metabolic pathways for hindlimb unloading effect. However, LIPUS promoted the stability of alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism pathway. These results suggest that the key mechanism of LIPUS in preventing muscle atrophy induced by hindlimb unloading may be related to promoting protein synthesis through MSTN/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway and stabilizing alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism.
Persulfidation of Nitrate Reductase 2 Is Involved in l-Cysteine Desulfhydrase-Regulated Rice Drought Tolerance
Authors: Zhou Heng , Zhou Ying , Zhang Feng , Guan Wenxue , Su Ye , Yuan Xingxing , Xie Yanjie
Published: November 2021

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an important signaling molecule that regulates diverse cellular signaling pathways through persulfidation. Our previous study revealed that H2S is involved in the improvement of rice drought tolerance. However, the corresponding enzymatic sources of H2S and its regulatory mechanism in response to drought stress are not clear. Here, we cloned and characterized a putative l-cysteine desulfhydrase (LCD) gene in rice, which encodes a protein possessing H2S-producing activity and was named OsLCD1. Overexpression of OsLCD1 results in enhanced H2S production, persulfidation of total soluble protein, and confers rice drought tolerance. Further, we found that nitrate reductase (NR) activity was decreased under drought stress, and the inhibition of NR activity was controlled by endogenous H2S production. Persulfidation of NIA2, an NR isoform responsible for the main NR activity, led to a decrease in total NR activity in rice. Furthermore, drought stress-triggered inhibition of NR activity and persulfidation of NIA2 was intensified in the OsLCD1 overexpression line. Phenotypical and molecular analysis revealed that mutation of NIA2 enhanced rice drought tolerance by activating the expression of genes encoding antioxidant enzymes and ABA-responsive genes. Taken together, our results showed the role of OsLCD1 in modulating H2S production and provided insight into H2S-regulated persulfidation of NIA2 in the control of rice drought stress.
Urinary Protein and Peptide Markers in Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Chebotareva Natalia , Vinogradov Anatoliy , McDonnell Valerie , Zakharova Natalia V. , Indeykina Maria I. , Moiseev Sergey , Nikolaev Evgeny N. , Kononikhin Alexey S.
Published: November 2021

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a non-specific type of kidney disease that causes a gradual decline in kidney function (from months to years). CKD is a significant risk factor for death, cardiovascular disease, and end-stage renal disease. CKDs of different origins may have the same clinical and laboratory manifestations but different progression rates, which requires early diagnosis to determine. This review focuses on protein/peptide biomarkers of the leading causes of CKD: diabetic nephropathy, IgA nephropathy, lupus nephritis, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, and membranous nephropathy. Mass spectrometry (MS) approaches provided the most information about urinary peptide and protein contents in different nephropathies. New analytical approaches allow urinary proteomic–peptide profiles to be used as early non-invasive diagnostic tools for specific morphological forms of kidney disease and may become a safe alternative to renal biopsy. MS studies of the key pathogenetic mechanisms of renal disease progression may also contribute to developing new approaches for targeted therapy.
Transcriptome and Metabolome Analyses Provide Insights into the Stomium Degeneration Mechanism in Lily
Authors: He Ling , Liu Xinyue , Wu Ze , Teng Nianjun
Published: November 2021

Lily (Lilium spp.) is a widely cultivated horticultural crop that has high ornamental and commercial value but also the serious problem of pollen pollution. However, mechanisms of anther dehiscence in lily remain largely unknown. In this study, the morphological characteristics of the stomium zone (SZ) from different developmental stages of ‘Siberia’ lily anthers were investigated. In addition, transcriptomic and metabolomic data were analyzed to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and secondary metabolites involved in stomium degeneration. According to morphological observations, SZ lysis occurred when flower buds were 6–8 cm in length and was completed in 9 cm. Transcriptomic analysis identified the genes involved in SZ degeneration, including those associated with hormone signal transduction, cell structure, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and transcription factors. A weighted co-expression network showed strong correlations between transcription factors. In addition, TUNEL (TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling) assays showed that programmed cell death was important during anther SZ degeneration. Jasmonates might also have key roles in anther dehiscence by affecting the expression of the genes involved in pectin lysis, water transport, and cysteine protease. Collectively, the results of this study improve our understanding of anther dehiscence in lily and provide a data platform from which the molecular mechanisms of SZ degeneration can be revealed.
Emerging Approaches for Solid Tumor Treatment Using CAR-T Cell Therapy
Authors: Chung Hyunmin , Jung Haiyoung , Noh Ji-Yoon
Published: November 2021

Cancer immunotherapy is becoming more important in the clinical setting, especially for cancers resistant to conventional chemotherapy, including targeted therapy. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy, which uses patient’s autologous T cells, combined with engineered T cell receptors, has shown remarkable results, with five US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approvals to date. CAR-T cells have been very effective in hematologic malignancies, such as diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL), B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL), and multiple myeloma (MM); however, its effectiveness in treating solid tumors has not been evaluated clearly. Therefore, many studies and clinical investigations are emerging to improve the CAR-T cell efficacy in solid tumors. The novel therapeutic approaches include modifying CARs in multiple ways or developing a combination therapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors and chemotherapies. In this review, we focus on the challenges and recent advancements in CAR-T cell therapy for solid tumors.
Discovery of Phenolic Glycoside from Hyssopus cuspidatus Attenuates LPS-Induced Inflammatory Responses by Inhibition of iNOS and COX-2 Expression through Suppression of NF-κB Activation
Authors: Liu Xingyu , Su Jie , Wang Geng , Zheng Lihua , Wang Guannan , Sun Ying , Bao Yongli , Wang Shuyue , Huang Yanxin
Published: November 2021

It seems quite necessary to obtain effective substances from natural products against inflammatory response (IR) as there are presently clinical problems regarding accompanying side effects and lowered quality of life. This work aimed to investigate the abilities of hyssopuside (HY), a novel phenolic glycoside isolated from Hyssopus cuspidatus (H. cuspidatus), against IR in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 cells and mouse peritoneal macrophages. The results indicated that HY could reduce nitric oxide (NO) production and inhibit the production and secretion of pro-inflammatory mediators including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Moreover, data from the immunofluorescence study showed that HY suppressed nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) upon LPS induction. The Western blot results suggested that HY reversed the LPS-induced degradation of IκB (inhibitor of NF-κB), which is normally required for the activation of NF-κB. Meanwhile, the overexpression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) diminished significantly with the presence of HY in response to LPS stimulation. On the other hand, HY had a negligible impact on the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. Moreover, an in silico study of HY against four essential proteins/enzymes revealed that COX-2 was the most efficient enzyme for the interaction, and binding of residues Phe179, Asn351, and Ser424 with HY played crucial roles in the observed activity. The structure analysis indicated the typical characterizations with phenylethanoid glycoside contributed to the anti-inflammatory effects of HY. These results indicated that HY manipulated its anti-inflammatory effects mainly through blocking the NF-κB signal transduction pathways. Collectively, we believe that HY could be a potential alternative phenolic agent for alleviating excessive inflammation in many inflammation-associated diseases.
Developmental Toxicology of Metal Mixtures in Drosophila: Unique Properties of Potency and Interactions of Mercury Isoforms
Authors: Beamish Catherine R. , Love Tanzy M. , Rand Matthew D.
Published: November 2021

Mercury ranks third on the U.S. Agency of Toxic Substances and Disease Registry priority list of hazardous substances, behind only arsenic and lead. We have undertaken uncovering the mechanisms underlying the developmental toxicity of methylmercury (MeHg), inorganic mercury (HgCl2), lead acetate (Pb), and sodium arsenite (As). To probe these differences, we used the Drosophila model, taking advantage of three developmental transitions—pupariation, metamorphosis, and eclosion—to differentiate potentially unique windows of toxicity. We elaborated dose response profiles for each individual metal administered in food and accounted for internal body burden, also extending analyses to evaluate combinatorial metal mixture effects. We observed all four metals producing larval lethality and delayed pupariation, with MeHg being most potent. Compared to other metals, MeHg’s potency is caused by a higher body burden with respect to dose. MeHg uniquely caused dose-dependent failure in eclosion that was unexpectedly rescued by titrating in HgCl2. Our results highlight a unique developmental window and toxicokinetic properties where MeHg acts with specificity relative to HgCl2, Pb, and As. These findings will serve to refine future studies aimed at revealing tissue morphogenesis events and cell signaling pathways, potentially conserved in higher organisms, that selectively mediate MeHg toxicity and its antagonism by HgCl2.
Chemically Insignificant Social Parasites Exhibit More Anti-Dehydration Behaviors than Their Hosts
Authors: Lorenzi Maria Cristina
Published: November 2021

Social parasites have evolved adaptations to overcome host resistance as they infiltrate host colonies and establish there. Among the chemical adaptations, a few species are chemically “insignificant”; they are poor in recognition cues (cuticular hydrocarbons) and evade host detection. As cuticular hydrocarbons also serve a waterproofing function, chemical insignificance is beneficial as it protects parasites from being detected but is potentially harmful because it exposes parasites to desiccation stress. Here I tested whether the social parasites Polistes atrimandibularis employ behavioral water-saving strategies when they live at Polistes biglumis colonies. Observations in the field showed that parasites were less active than their cohabiting host foundresses, spent more time at the nest, and rested in the shadowy, back face of the nest, rather than at the front face, which contradicted expectations for the use of space for dominant females—typically, dominants rest at the nest front-face. These data suggest that behavioral adaptations might promote resistance to desiccation stress in chemical insignificant social parasites.
Molecular Identification of Borrelia spp. from Ticks in Pastures Nearby Livestock Farms in Korea
Authors: Lee Haeseung , Lee Seung-Hun , Shin SungShik , Kwak Dongmi
Published: November 2021

Ticks are vectors that spread pathogenic bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. As the number of ticks increases due to climate change, the importance of the study of tick-borne pathogens has also increased. This study was conducted to investigate the distribution of the major tick species causing Lyme borreliosis and regional differences in the prevalence of Borrelia spp. by tick species. Borrelia infection was confirmed not only in Ixodes ticks, which are the major vectors of Borrelia spp., but also in Haemaphysalis and Amblyomma ticks. PCR targeting the 5S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer region (rrf-rrl) was performed to confirm Borrelia positivity. A total of 6102 ticks (736 pools) were tested, and the proportion was Haemaphysalis longicornis nymphs and adults at 69.2%, Haemaphysalis flava nymphs and adults at 13.9%, Haemaphysalis spp. larva at 14.3%, Ixodes nipponensis at 0.8%, and Amblyomma testudinarium at 1.9%. Ixodes nipponensis showed the highest minimum infection rate (MIR: 34.00; 17 pools/50 ticks) for Borrelia spp., followed by A. testudinarium (MIR: 0.88), and H. longicornis (MIR: 0.05). In particular, to our knowledge Borrelia infection was first confirmed in A. testudinarium in Korea. As a result of phylogenetic analysis, all sequences were grouped with Borreliaafzelii isolates and showed a close relationship with high identity. Considering that B. afzelii causes infectious zoonotic diseases, continuous monitoring and attention are needed, although it has a low prevalence in this study.
Real-Time Mask Recognition
Authors: Billings Rachel M. , Michaels Alan J.
Published: November 2021

While a variety of image processing studies have been performed to quantify the potential performance of neural network-based models using high-quality still images, relatively few studies seek to apply those models to a real-time operational context. This paper seeks to extend prior work in neural-network-based mask detection algorithms to a real-time, low-power deployable context that is conducive to immediate installation and use. Particularly relevant in the COVID-19 era with varying rules on mask mandates, this work applies two neural network models to inference of mask detection in both live (mobile) and recorded scenarios. Furthermore, an experimental dataset was collected where individuals were encouraged to use presentation attacks against the algorithm to quantify how perturbations negatively impact model performance. The results from evaluation on the experimental dataset are further investigated to identify the degradation caused by poor lighting and image quality, as well as to test for biases within certain demographics such as gender and ethnicity. In aggregate, this work validates the immediate feasibility of a low-power and low-cost real-time mask recognition system.
Outcomes of the Valve-Sparing Root Replacement Procedure with Partial Upper Sternotomy
Authors: Hou Bin , Zhao Rui , Wang De , Wang Wei , Zhao Zhenhua , Sun Xiaogang , Qian Xiangyang , Yu Cuntao
Published: November 2021

Due to better postoperative convalescence and quality of life, experienced centers focus on minimally invasive surgical techniques and approaches, but this approach is not routinely performed for valve-sparing root replacement procedures. The purpose of this study was to assess the safety and feasibility of valve-sparing root replacement via partial upper sternotomy. Between January 2016 and April 2021, 269 patients underwent a valve-sparing root replacement procedure, and partial upper sternotomy was performed in 52 patients. The clinical outcomes of the partial upper sternotomy (PUS) and complete sternotomy (CS) groups, including mortality, degree of aortic insufficiency, blood loss and consumption of blood products, postoperative complications, and hospitalization expenses, were compared. The Kaplan–Meier method was used to assess the degree of aortic regurgitation. Propensity score matching was performed as a sensitivity analysis. There was only one in-hospital death (in the CS group, p = 1) and no postoperative moderate to severe aortic insufficiency in either group. The blood loss and consumption of blood products in the PUS group were also lower than in the CS group, especially for plasma use. Regarding the need for re-exploration because of bleeding, acute kidney injury, pericardial pleural effusion, drainage volume within the first 24 h, mechanical ventilation time, and arrhythmia, the two groups were comparable. Patients in the CS group showed a longer ICU time (74.20 ± 47.21 vs. 50.9 30.16 h, p = 0.001) and higher hospitalization expenses (135,649.52 ± 29,992.21 vs. 123,380.15 ± 27,062.82 yuan, p < 0.001). None of the patients died or reoperated during the follow-up. Freedom from moderate or severe aortic insufficiency remained comparable after matching (p = 0.97). Minimally invasive valve-sparing aortic replacement via partial upper sternotomy can be safely performed in selected patients.