bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rhythm disorders after isolated mitral valve surgery: Consideration of the variations of the sinoatrial nodal artery in choice of atriotomy
Authors: Reyhancan Adem , Öz Kürşad , Kafa Kulaçoğlu Ülkü , Ersoy Burak , Apaydın Zinar , Onan Burak
Published: March 2022

Background: This study aims to investigate the effect of atriotomy approaches applied in mitral valve surgery and variations of the sinoatrial nodal artery on postoperative arrhythmias and the need for a temporary or permanent pacemaker.

Methods: Data of 241 patients (108 males, 133 females, mean age: 53.7±12.3 years; range, 18 to 82 years) who underwent isolated mitral valve surgery with a median sternotomy between January 2009 and December 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were divided into three groups according to the surgical approach for mitral valve exploration as left atriotomy (n=47), transseptal (n=131), and superior transseptal (n=63). By scanning the hospital records, the origin of the sinoatrial nodal artery was determined in the coronary angiography images obtained before surgery. Postoperative rhythm changes were analyzed based on electrocardiography and telemetry recordings.

Results: Temporary pacing was required in 31 (49.2%) patients in the superior transseptal group, 40 (30.5%) patients in the transseptal group, and 12 (25.5%) patients in the left atriotomy group, indicating a statistically significantly higher rate in the superior transseptal group (p=0.013). Permanent pacemaker implantation was required in only one patient (superior transseptal), indicating no significant difference among the groups. The first-degree atrioventricular block was seen in 28 (44.4%) patients in the superior transseptal group, 42 (32.1%) patients in the transseptal group, and 13 (27.7%) patients in the left atriotomy group (p=0.130). The PR interval in the postoperative period was longer in the superior transseptal group than in the left atriotomy group in patients with the sinoatrial nodal artery originating from the right coronary artery (p=0.049). No significant difference was observed among the surgical approaches regarding the PR interval in patients with the sinoatrial nodal artery originating from the left circumflex coronary artery after surgery.

Conclusion: We believe that the choice of atriotomy in isolated mitral valve surgery and sinoatrial nodal artery variations do not affect permanent arrhythmia alone. Still, the superior transseptal approach causes the electrical conduction to slow down temporarily more than the left atriotomy and transseptal method.
An experience in the COVID-19 pandemic period: Turkish Cardiovascular Surgery Online Board Exam 2020
Authors: Şahin Hatice , Özgür Alper , Paker Tufan , Atay Yüksel
Published: March 2022

Background: The aim of this study was to provide information about the results of the Turkish Cardiovascular Surgery Board written exam, which was held online due to the pandemic.

Methods: This cross-sectional study included a total of 41 cardiovascular surgeons and residents (39 males, 2 females) in November 21st, 2020 between 10:00 A.M. and 12:00 P.M. After the online exam was completed, data on participant information and answers to exam questions were obtained from the information system.

Results: Of all participants, 39% were working in university hospitals. A total of 82.9% of the participants were specialists. The total mean score of the participants was 60.3±10.2 and 53.7% of them were declared successful-passed. Aortic surgery (63%), heart failure surgery (50%), and mitral valve surgery (50%) were the most incorrectly answered questions.

Conclusion: With the online exam, the Board gained different experiences regarding exam planning and implementation. The Turkish Cardiovascular Surgery Board did not give up the Board exam during the pandemic period and conducted a reliable written exam with many participants.
COVID-19 aus biopsychosozialer Perspektive
Authors: Nolting Tristan
Published: March 2022

With a foreword by Prof. Dr. Joseph W. Egger.

The COVID-19 pandemic triggered by the pathogen SARS-CoV-2 is always judged from the perspective of biomedicine or the pathogenetic model of disease, despite new medical theoretical findings. This thesis explains the usefulness of the biopsychosocial model according to Engel (1977) as a necessary extension of biomedicine to overcome the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany. By means of a search strategy according to the criteria of the Cochrane Foundation Germany and the science-theoretical method of falsificationism according to Karl Popper, corresponding studies on the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany will be evaluated and the current state of knowledge will be shown.
Molecular Defense Mechanisms in Plants to Tolerate Toxic Action of Heavy Metal Environmental Pollution
Authors: Jablonkai Istvan
Published: March 2022

Toxic action of heavy metals on plants growing in contaminated soils intensified the research on detoxification and sequestering mechanisms existing in plants to understand and manipulate defense mechanisms that confer tolerance against metal ions. Increased biosynthesis of plant biomolecules to confer tolerance during toxic action of heavy metals is an intrinsic ability of plants. Induced formation of low-molecular weight amino acids, peptides or proteines as chelators such as proline (Pro), glutathione (GSH), phytochelatins (PCs) or metallothioneins (MTs) under heavy metal stress enhances metal binding and detoxification capability of plants. In addition, proline and GSH related enzymes such as GSH reductase, GSH peroxidases and glutathione S-transferases are also key components of the antioxidant defense system in the cells to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS). Protective action of oxidized fatty acids oxylipins at toxic levels of heavy metals is considered to activate detoxification processes as signaling molecules.
Perspective Chapter: Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation (TAVI)-Anesthetic Considerations
Authors: Nazou Georgia , Analyti Anastasia , Dedeilia Aikaterini , Schizas Nikolaos
Published: March 2022

Aortic valvular stenosis remains the most common weakening valvular heart lesion. Many high-risk patients cannot tolerate surgery. Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is an emergent alternative technique. General and local anesthesia plus sedation are both valid alternative techniques that can be titrated according to patient characteristics. Hemodynamic management is the main concern of intraoperative anesthesiological management. Preprocedural, multidisciplinary assessment of the patient is essential prior to TAVI and should include a full anesthetic evaluation. TAVI offers a number of advantages to patients and medical teams, but there are still accompanying important complications and anesthesiological risks.
The Influences of Hearing and Vision on Egocentric Distance and Room Size Perception under Rich-Cue Conditions
Authors: Maempel Hans-Joachim , Horn Michael
Published: March 2022

Artistic renditions are mediated by the performance rooms in which they are staged. The perceived egocentric distance to the artists and the perceived room size are relevant features in this regard. The influences of both the presence and the properties of acoustic and visual environments on these features were investigated. Recordings of music and a speech performance were integrated into direct renderings of six rooms by applying dynamic binaural synthesis and chroma-key compositing. By the use of a linearized extraaural headset and a semi-panoramic stereoscopic projection, the auralized, visualized, and auralized-visualized spatial scenes were presented to test participants who were asked to estimate the egocentric distance and the room size. The mean estimates differed between the acoustic and the visual as well as between the acoustic-visual and the combined single-domain conditions. Geometric estimations in performance rooms relied upon nine-tenths on the visual, and one-tenth on the acoustic properties of the virtualized spatial scenes, but negligibly on their interaction. Structural and material properties of rooms may also influence auditory-visual distance perception.
Role of CRISPR/Cas9 in Soybean (Glycine max L.) Quality Improvement
Authors: Siddique Summra
Published: March 2022

Biotechnology has made significant advances in recent years, and the area of genetic engineering is progressing day by day, generating several advantages. Through the new ability to precisely change and modify the genomes of living organisms, genome editing technology has transformed genetic and biological research. Genome editing technology first appeared in the 1990s, and different approaches for targeted gene editing have subsequently been created. The fields of functional genomics and crop improvement have been transformed by advances in genome editing tools. CRISPR/Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat)-Cas9 is a versatile genetic engineering tool based on the complementarity of the guide RNA (gRNA) to a specific sequence and the endonuclease activity of the Cas9 endonuclease. This RNA-guided genome editing tool has produced variations in plant biology fields. CRISPR technology is continually improving, allowing for more genetic manipulations such as creating knockouts, precise changes, and targeted gene activation and repression. Soybean is a leguminous crop, high in protein and oil contents that are used for poultry and livestock feed industry. In this chapter, we focus on the recent advances in CRISPR/Cas9-based gene editing technology and discuss the challenges and opportunities to harnessing this innovative technology for targeted improvement of traits in soybean and other crops.
Perspective Chapter: Integrated Root-Knot Nematodes (Meloidogyne) Management Approaches
Authors: Ahmad Sarir , Khan Mehrab , Ullah Ikram
Published: March 2022

Meloidogyne genus contains the most prevalent and harmful worms formally known as root-knot nematode species. They attack a wide range of plants belonging to different plant families. The infective second stage juveniles (J-II) feed on the roots and as a result, the host plant roots become swollen/produce galls. The attack plant shows stunted growth and in extreme cases, the death of the plant occurs. An integrated pest management (IPM) approach is required to tackle these harmful nematodes spp. The integrated tactics include cultural/agronomic practices, biological and chemical control. A sole management method is not enough to deal with the root-knot nematode. Therefore, a proper IPM package is required for the farmer to gain good health for the crops.
Non-Timber Forest Products as an Alternative to Reduce Income Uncertainty in Rural Households
Authors: María Castro Luz , Encalada Diana , Rodrigo Saa Luis
Published: March 2022

Rural households face uncertain income due to several risks associated with markets, climate and productive uncertainties. In South Ecuador, subsistence seasonal agriculture constitutes the main livelihood strategy for local farmers. Non-timber forest products, such as Caesalpinia spinosa locally known as tara, constitute an alternative to diversify income. Tara is collected from natural areas, by mostly women, during male migration periods, which coincide with the dry season. To identify farmers’ income composition, a field survey was conducted among 125 farmers, who also happen to collect tara. Prevalent agricultural options for the region included maize, beans, cattle ranching, pigs and poultry. To calculate risk-efficient combinations, we applied Markowitz’s portfolio theory, which combines options based on their income and risk performance. The results revealed that tara is only part of low-income portfolios, despite the low correlation between the markets. The exclusion in tara from high-income portfolios might be a consequence of its lower returns compared with other options such as maize and cattle ranching. Collectors need to improve efficiency during harvest and post-harvest processes to reduce loss, which is above 50%. If appropriately managed, tara could contribute to raising household income, alleviating agricultural risks and boosting gender equality.
Systematic Generation of Reactions Pathways for Manufacturing Bulk Industrial Chemicals from Biomass
Authors: Govind Rakesh , Charan Shiva , Baltzersen Jack
Published: March 2022

The objective of this work was to develop a systematic strategy for generating efficient, alternate reaction paths that could be used to manufacture the top 100 industrial chemicals, currently produced from crude oil, using renewable feedstocks. Manufacturing these chemicals from oil, coal, or natural gas results in increasing carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere, responsible for global climate change. The methodology employed here uses the existing knowledge on the conversion of carbon-neutral feedstocks, such as biomass, wood, etc., to suitable precursor raw materials. Known industrial reaction paths, currently used for manufacturing the top 100 industrial organic chemicals, are then combined with the known conversion of carbon-neutral feedstocks to systematically develop and evaluate alternate carbon-efficient reaction paths. The fractional carbon economy was determined from a comprehensive listing of industrial reactions paths, which also gives the yields and efficiencies of these industrial reaction paths, currently being practiced in the chemical industry. Reaction pathways with maximum carbon economy for manufacturing the top 100 industrial chemicals from carbon-neutral feedstocks have been presented in this chapter.
Fitotoxicidade de subdoses do herbicida dicamba quando aplicado em pré-emergência da cultura da soja não-tolerante
Authors: Carvalho Saul Jorge Pinto de , Magalhães Túlio Braga , Ovejero Ramiro Fernando López , Palhano Matheus Gabriel
Published: March 2022

As cultivares transgênicas de soja oferecem novas alternativas para a elaboração de programas de manejo de plantas daninhas, pois permitem a aplicação de herbicidas anteriormente considerados não seletivos à cultura, dentre estes, o herbicida dicamba. No entanto, é sabido que as cultivares não tolerantes são extremamente sensíveis a esse herbicida, de modo que a presença do mesmo na área, por consequência de deriva de outras áreas ou limpeza incorreta de tanque, pode promover injúrias à cultura. Assim, este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar a suscetibilidade da soja não-tolerante ao dicamba quando submetida à deriva simulada deste herbicida em condição de pré-emergência da cultura. Três experimentos foram realizados, sendo dois em casa-de-vegetação e um em campo. O delineamento utilizado foi de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Em casa de vegetação, foram utilizadas as cultivares Agroeste AS 3590 IPRO e Nidera 7709 IPRO, simulando-se sete e seis doses de dicamba, respectivamente. A campo, foi utilizada a cultivar Monsoy 5917 IPRO, com seis doses. De forma geral, indiferente da variedade de soja, sintomas visuais foram observados nas plantas a partir da dose de 3,75 g ha-1 de dicamba, sendo que a dose de 60 g ha-1 foi considerada crítica. Abaixo desta dose, houve recuperação das plantas; no entanto, acima da mesma, houve redução na massa final das parcelas. Em campo, não foi registrada perda de produtividade da cultura da soja nas doses estudadas.
The association between sedentary behavior and low back pain in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies
Authors: Alzahrani Hosam , Alshehri Mansour Abdullah , Alzhrani Msaad , Alshehri Yasir S. , Al Attar Wesam Saleh A.
Published: March 2022

Background

Low back pain (LBP) is a common musculoskeletal problem globally. While spending a longer time in sedentary behaviors is linked to several health problems; the quantitative association between different amounts of sedentary time and LBP is still unknown. This study aims to systematically review studies that examined the association between sedentary behavior and LBP development and LBP-related outcomes.

Methods

This systematic review and meta-analysis retrieved journal articles published from inception to March 2020 and were obtained by searching bibliographical databases. We included longitudinal study designs, including adult (aged ≥18) individuals with nonspecific LBP, and reporting estimates of the association between sedentary behavior and LBP development and LBP-related outcomes (i.e., pain intensity and disability).

Results

Sixteen longitudinal studies with 100,002 participants were included in this review (eight studies included in quantitative syntheses with 83,111 participants). The results of meta-analyses showed that a sedentary time of 3–<6 (Odds ratio (OR) 0.95, 95% CI [0.85–1.07]), 6–8 (OR 0.95, 95% CI [0.88–1.02]), and >8 (OR 0.92, 95% CI [0.85–1.00]) hours per day (h/d) was not associated with LBP development. A sedentary time of ≥3 h/d was associated with poor LBP-related disability (OR 1.24, 95% CI [1.02–1.51]), but not with pain intensity.

Conclusion

A meta-analyses of longitudinal studies indicated that sedentary behavior of different durations was not associated with LBP development. However, the results showed that sedentary behavior ≥3 h/d was associated with worse LBP-related disability. These conclusions are tentative as the evidence was derived from mostly fair-quality studies using subjective measures of sedentary behavior.

Systematic review registration

PROSPERO (registration number CRD42018107078).
Desenvolvimento, meio ambiente, povos indígenas e comunidades tradicionais no Brasil de hoje: uma mirada a partir da Antropologia pública
Authors:   Universidad de Brasília (UnB), Barretto Filho Henyo T.
Published: March 2022

El artículo presenta una lectura antropológica de las transformaciones recientes en la política y el escenario socioambientales brasileños, con énfasis en los efectos sociales de los programas y proyectos nacionales de desarrollo en los derechos territoriales y otros de los pueblos indígenas y comunidades tradicionales. Se intenta comprender la situación política reciente del país a partir de la producción (notas de repudio, mociones, cartas de apoyo y otros documentos de este tipo) de las comisiones y comités de la Asociación Brasileña de Antropología, en particular su Comité Pueblos Tradicionales, Medio Ambiente y Grandes Proyectos - entendidos como lugares peculiares de producción de conocimiento e impacto político. Se demostrará, a través de la evidencia que presentan esas instancias de ABA, que los ataques contra la legislación ambiental y el reconocimiento de los derechos territoriales (y otros) de los pueblos indígenas y comunidades tradicionales no son un fenómeno reciente. Siguiendo la interpretación de Andrea Zhouri, el auge del anti-ambientalismo oficial y el desmantelamiento institucional en curso del sector ambiental representan un resultado predecible de su desregulación gradual, trazando un camino que va de la violencia lenta, sutil y apenas visible a la violencia abierta, desnuda y cruda de las actuales políticas abiertamente anti-medioambientales y anti-indígenas.
Cristianismo evangélico, sociabilidade violenta e periferia no Rio de Janeiro: algumas considerações
Authors:   Rede Universidade Nômade, Pedrosa Silvio
Published: March 2022

O presente artigo tenciona apresentar algumas considerações sobre a atual conjuntura política e social do Brasil, enfatizando uma perspectiva que leva em conta a centralidade das periferias metropolitanas na vida social do país. A presença e influência do cristianismo evangélico - em ascensão demográfica, cultural e política -, bem como de novos padrões de sociabilidade constituídos e irradiados a partir da dinâmica social decorrente dos conflitos violentos entre as forças policiais e militares e facções do crime organizado (principalmente aquelas vinculadas ao tráfico de drogas ilegais e milícias paramilitares) são considerados vetores explicativos indispensáveis na compreensão da realidade social contemporânea do país e são lidos desde a experiência (auto)etnográfica do autor enquanto professor no Complexo do Chapadão, na periferia do Rio de Janeiro.
Transformações do futebol brasileiro no século XXI
Authors: Gabrielli Murilo
Published: March 2022

Haciendo un análisis amplio del contexto no solamente futbolístico, sino también político y artístico, el autor ayuda a comprender como el deporte se volvió en verdadera pasión nacional, que abarca todas las clases sociales, desde comienzos del siglo XX hasta hoy en día. El autor presenta el equipo de fútbol nacional en su formación, sus momentos de apogeo, - con jugadores memorables, como Pelé, Garrincha, Rivelino, Ronaldo Fenómeno y Ronaldinho Gaúcho -, hasta su queda, marcadamente por se haber trasformado en un equipo de calidad técnica mediana, por influencia de la baja inversión en la formación y manutención de jugadores en territorio nacional, los cuales inmigran cada vez más temprano, vendidos para equipos extranjeros, sobre todo del continente europeo
Entre a bomba e o traque: poesia brasileira pós junho de 2013
Authors:   Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Bento Sergio
Published: March 2022

As jornadas de junho de 2013 se constituíram espontaneamente nas ruas de todo o Brasil, iniciando uma era de intensa polarização política e gerando todo um legado social e cultural nos anos seguintes. O objetivo do presente artigo é compreender e analisar o cenário da poesia nacional desde então, buscando rastros daqueles acontecimentos nos poemas recentemente produzidos. Para tal, buscou-se aprofundar dois universos poéticos distintos e muito pouco relacionados: o slam e a chamada “poesia tradicional”, a partir da leitura de autores como Luz Ribeiro, Paulo Ferraz e Pádua Fernandes.
Impact of Cognitive Behavioural Intervention for Tic Disorders in Children
Authors: Hegde Shilpa , Shah Heta , Shettigar Chandrashekar , Mehandale Bhagyashee
Published: March 2022

Tic disorders are one of the most prevalent neurodevelopmental disorders and if unattended, can have other psychological impact. It can present as poor academic performance, poor concentration, low confidence, anxiety, depression and many others. This case series is about seven children diagnosed with tic disorder, as per Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) 5 criteria. These children underwent standard behavioural training module comprising of behavioural rewards, Habit Reversal Training (HRT), relaxation training, identification and management of emotions and social skills training; which was planned following case conceptualisation. Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS) was used before starting therapy and while completing the therapy. Considering the severity of symptoms and distress caused by them, three children were started on medicine (clonidine) along with therapy. Same therapy module was provided online for those children (three) who were not able to come for direct training due to geographic distance and Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-2019) pandemic restrictions. All the seven children showed favourable improvement in terms of severity and improvement in the co-morbid conditions. All of them responded to the individualised treatment protocol and showed difference in pre (mean=38) and post (mean=12) total tic severity score suggesting response to treatment. Among them, two children scored zero. This case series demonstrates the application of behavioural therapy including varied strategies as per the individual case conceptualisation.
ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ КОНКРЕЦИЙ В ДРЕВНИХ И СРЕДНЕВЕКОВЫХ КУЛЬТУРАХ ЦЕНТРАЛЬНОЙ АЗИИ И ТАЕЖНОЙ ЗОНЫ ЗАПАДНОЙ СИБИРИ, "II Международная конференция «Археология Арктики»"
Authors: Полосьмак Н.В.
Published: March 2022

Во многих древних и традиционных культурах камням необычной формы люди придавали особое значение. Это касается как огромных камней и скал, так и маленьких камушков. Такими нерукотворными скульптурами-знаками нередко оказываются конкреции - (от лат. concretio - срастание, сгущение), минеральное образование округлой, элипсоидальной и другой формы, отличающиеся от вмещающей среды (осадочной горной породы, современного морского, океанического, озерного осадка, почвы) составом (БРЭ, 2004).
КОРОТКИЙ ВЕК БРОНЗЫ УРАЛА И ЗАПАДНОЙ СИБИРИ, "II Международная конференция «Археология Арктики»"
Authors: Корочкова О.Н.
Published: March 2022

Бронзовый век, отмеченный целой чередой инноваций в области производства пищи, развития транспорта, различных ремесел, прежде всего являет собой новую технологическую эпоху, ознаменованную переработкой рудного сырья и получением металла (медь, бронза), разработкой рецептуры сложных сплавов, конструкций литейных форм и способов крепления металлических изделий к древкам и рукоятям. Есть основания полагать, что именно металлопроизводство, основанное на глубоком разделении труда и тесных интеграциях, оказывало первостепенное влияние на образ жизни человека той поры. Другой важный аспект связан с тем, что технологические открытия и достижения не знают деволюции (Бочкарев, 2019) и, в свою очередь, запускают множество положительных обратных связей - «автокаталитических петель» (Даймонд, 2018. С. 129-140), которые стимулируют развитие других процессов - коммуникаций, связей, мобильности, усложнения социального устройства, символической деятельности и др. Не в этом ли кроется чрезвычайный динамизм эпохи бронзы, которая постепенно охватила огромные территории Евразии Логику и направленность становления и развития культур эпохи бронзы в рамках археологической систематики передает концепция металлургических провинций Евразии (Черных, 2013. С. 98-242). Бронзовый век к востоку от Урала начался по меркам Евразии поздно - на рубеже III-II тыс. до н.э., и уже к VIII в. до н.э. здесь фиксируются очевидные предвестники раннего железного века, или своего рода промежуточного периода «ферраэниума или биметаллика» (Бочкарев, Кашуба, 2018). Технологии, рецептура и ассортимент выплавляемой продукции менялись на протяжении всего периода и отражают разные фазы металлопроизводства меди и бронзы (от первых опытов и многообразия типов и рецептов) до сокращения ассортимента, упрощения рецептуры и выработки устойчивых технологических схем производства орудий, востребованных в местной среде. Столь заметные перемены не стоит воспринимать как деградацию. Напротив, они являются реакциями на изменения в исторической ситуации и демонстрируют технологические адаптации к конкретным запросам и обстоятельствам. Бронзовый век был самой короткой и в каком-то смысле невыразительной археологической эпохой в дописьменной истории таежного Зауралья и Западной Сибири. Периоды явных подъемов, всплесков (сейминско-турбинские эпизоды) сменялись своего рода затуханием, латентными стадиями. Однако благодаря инновационному накалу и скорости распространения новых открытий, о чем сообщают в том числе сложные символические практики (Беспрозванный и др. 2011; Корочкова и др., 2020), это было время смелых экспериментов и опытов. Достаточно вспомнить собственные попытки металлопроизводства таежных охотников и рыболовов Западной Сибири, феномен коптяковско-сейминского центра Среднего Зауралья, который в дальнейшем послужил импульсом для формирования иткульского горно-металлургического центра. Информационные связи и достижения бронзового века создали предпосылки для тесной интеграции региона в рамках евразийской мир-системы.
МОРФОЛОГИЯ КАМЕННЫХ И КОСТЯНЫХ СЛОЖЕНИЙ ПОЗДНЕГО ГОЛОЦЕНА ЗАПАДНОЙ ЧУКОТКИ, "II Международная конференция «Археология Арктики»"
Authors: Данилов Г.К.
Published: March 2022

Древние сложения из необработанных камней и/или рогов (костей), не относящиеся к контексту поселений, составляют довольно многочисленную категорию археологических памятников в арктической приполярной зоне. Исследования таких объектов проводились в течение последних десятилетий в США, Канаде, Скандинавии и Гренландии. Сооружения для разных повседневных жизненных целей, а также ритуального значения (включая захоронения) присутствуют в традициях охотников на дикого северного оленя, морских зверобоев, оленеводов. Согласно полученным радиоуглеродным датировкам, конструкции из камня и рога охватывают широкий временной диапазон от 11 000-10 000 C 14 лет до настоящего времени. Эти объекты неоднократно привлекались разными исследователями для изучения вопросов культурной и этнической истории арктических регионов, системы освоения пространства носителями традиционных культур, проблемы доместикации северного оленя в циркумполярном регионе. В докладе рассматривается специфический пласт памятников археологии, получивший широкое распространение на Северо-Западной и Центральной Чукотке - конструкции из природного камня и рогов северного оленя. На протяжении десяти полевых сезонов в ходе палеогеографических экспедиций СВКНИИ РАН на Западной и Центральной Чукотке и на о. Айон автором было зафиксировано более 100 таких конструкций. Конструкции делятся на выкладки - сформированные из камней плоские структуры, форма которых выражена в двухмерном пространстве; и сложения - трехмерные объекты, выполненные из камня и/или рога оленя. Морфологические особенности позволяют выделить ряд типов для обеих категорий объектов, соотнести конструкции с определенными ландшафтами, а так же предложить их функциональную и, возможно, культурную атрибуцию.
ИЗДЕЛИЯ ИЗ КОСТИ, РОГА И ЗУБОВ ЖИВОТНЫХ НА ПОСЕЛЕНИИ НЕОЛИТА - ЭПОХИ БРОНЗЫ МАЯК 2 (МУРМАНСКАЯ ОБЛАСТЬ), "II Международная конференция «Археология Арктики»"
Authors: Малютина А.А. , Мурашкин А.И.
Published: March 2022

Поселение Маяк 2 было исследовано КолАЭ ЛОИА АН СССР в 1979-1984 гг. Общая площадь раскопок - 1032 м2; мощность культурного слоя достигала 0,8 м. На памятнике выявлено 14 объектов (остатков жилищ, раковинных куч) (Гурина 1997: 56-67, 85-89; Киселева, Мурашкин 2019). Коллекция содержит материалы от неолита до РЖВ. Среди фаунистических остатков кости морских млекопитающих (гренландский тюлень, кольчатая нерпа, морж) составляют до 90%. Также представлены кости наземных млекопитающих (северный олень, медведь, бобр, песец), птиц и рыб. Было обнаружено 1272 предмета со следами обработки и 564 изделия из кости и рога (Шумкин 1984: 95-96). Сырьем служили: рог северного оленя, кости крупных наземных, зубы морских и наземных млекопитающих. Для технологического и функционального анализа использовано 230 предметов. Заготовки из длинных костей получали с помощью продольного расщепления, разламывания по пазам или трещинам после удаления эпифизов. Из лопаток животных изготавливали ножи. В единственном случае установлено использование бивня моржа для топора. Для массивных проколок-шильев использовались фрагменты диафизов костей с не удаленным эпифизом. Преформы из ствола рога северного оленя извлекали по вырубленным пазам при сгибании, с последующим продольным расщеплением фрагментов. Заготовки дорабатывали строганием, скоблением, резанием, шлифовкой и полировкой. Просматривается четкая корреляция между выбором сырья и определенными категориями изделий. На 36 предметах выявлены следы строгания и резания металлическими орудиями. По результатам функционального анализа выявлена 21 атегория, включая: орудия охоты, рыболовства, инструменты для обработки дерева, шкур, плетения, шитья, а также украшения, заготовки и отходы производства. Распределение категорий и типов изделий (в т.ч. технологических и функциональных) по слоям и комплексам, сравнение их с другими артефактами позволяет предварительно разделять комплексы неолита и эпохи бронзы, выделять функциональные зоны на поселении.
КОМПЛЕКС ЛИВА 1 В МУРМАНСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ И МЕЖРЕГИОНАЛЬНЫЕ СВЯЗИ НА СЕВЕРЕ ЕВРОПЫ В СРЕДНЕВЕКОВЬЕ, "II Международная конференция «Археология Арктики»"
Authors: Мурашкин А.И. , Колпаков Е.М. , Шумкин В.Я.
Published: March 2022

Комплекс Лива 1 в Ковдорском районе Мурманской области исследован КолАЭ ИИМК РАН в 2017-2020 гг. Раскопками изучено пять очагов и яма, содержавшая перезахороненные в ХХ в. антропологические остатки из средневекового погребения. Четыре очага - прямоугольной формы, размером до 2,5 1,7 м, выложены по периметру крупными камнями в один слой, центральная часть заполнена мелкими камнями в 2-3 слоя. В еще одном очаге без каменной обкладки прослежена конструкция, в которой на два поперечных бревна по торцам очага укладываются два бревна по длинным сторонам так, чтобы под ними оставался зазор, через которое в стороны излучается тепло. Оба типа очагов и способ расположения их в ряд вдоль возвышенности характерны для саамской культуры (Murashkin, Kolpakov 2018). На поселении найдено 437 артефактов. Большинство сделано из бронзы/меди (рыболовный крючок, пуговица, фрагменты котла, ременные накладки, наперсток, кольца, трубочки-пронизки, заклепки, подвески, обрезки) и железа (топор, наконечники стрел, ножи, вертлюги, блесны, стержни, скобы, оковки, неопределимые фрагменты). Единичны предметы из серебра, олова, свинца, керамики, стекла, кости, кварца, кремня, песчаника. Около очагов обнаружены кости животных и рыб, в некоторых случаях образующие скопления. Все определимые кости принадлежат северному оленю. Далекие связи местного населения отражают ювелирные украшения из серебра и бронзы, обнаруженные на памятнике. Они находят аналогии в Южной Скандинавии, Карелии, Финляндии. Среди них фибула типа IIC по Jansson (Thunmark-Nylen 1998: 77), «карельская» подковообразная фибула с растительным орнаментом (Бельский 2013: 91-94), овально-выпуклая фибула типа С2/2 по Линтури (1984), кольцевая фибула с имитацией надписи, фрагмент решетчатой привески и др. Указанные предметы и серия радиоуглеродных дат позволяют датировать памятник в пределах XI-XIV вв.
Instability Analysis of Agricultural Productivity: A District Level Assessment in Karnataka State in India
Authors: Rani Seedari Ujwala , Kumar Pramod , P. Singh Naveen , Paul R. K. , Padaria R. N. , Geetha M. L.
Published: March 2022

The study has examined productivity instability of major crops for 20 years by considering  first period as 1998-99 to 2008-09 and  second period as 2009-10 to 2018-19 at the district level in Karnataka state. Instability categories were grouped as low < 15%, medium  15-30% ,High >30%. A low value index indicates the high stability in crop productivity. Through Cudde Della Valle index it was observed that, instability has been low and declined over the time in Rice, Maize, Sugarcane while  medium instability  noticed  in Ragi, and cotton .The trend of instability is high in Arhar, Gram, Groundnut and Jowar. Instability in Pulses and oil seeds is high because area under these crops have been shifted towards Rice, maize which are giving high remunerative prices and assured profit.
Excavations at Jeffrey Street, Edinburgh
Authors: Masser Paul , Kimber Mike , Franklin Julie , Cross Morag , Tourunen Auli
Published: March 2022

Excavations on the site of a former tannery to the rear of Edinburgh's High Street (NGR: NT 260 737) produced evidence for the infilling of medieval burgage plots from the 16th century onwards. Walls defining a terrace and a burgage plot boundary suggest a considerable investment in at least some of the backlands during the medieval period, but these structures later went out of use, corresponding to a widely documented decline in Scottish towns during the 14th century. During the late 16th century, substantial buildings with cellars on either side of a paved close represent the first appearance of the multi-storey tenement buildings that characterise much of the Old Town. These buildings provide the basis for a discussion of the character of urbanisation in late 16th- and early 17th-century Edinburgh. The cellars were demolished and backfilled with refuse at different dates between the 1640s and 1740s. Finds from these refuse deposits are highly significant as a sample of changing consumption patterns during this period. During the 18th century the area appears to have declined in status and taken on a more industrial character; later, a tannery was established on part of the site by the 1830s, which expanded to cover much of the site by the 1880s.
Roman road runs through it
Authors: Engl Rob , Dunbar Lindsay , Johnstone Nick , Haggarty George , Robertson Jackaline
Published: March 2022

Excavations in advance of a phased commercial development at Newbridge, Edinburgh (NGR: NT 121 733) have revealed a palimpsest of activity spanning the Middle Bronze Age to the medieval period. There was a scatter of domestic settlement in the Middle Bronze Age and pre-Roman Iron Age, together with small ring-groove features which may be the remnants of a barrow cemetery forming part of a later prehistoric ritual landscape centred on Huly Hill. Perhaps the most significant discovery of these excavations is the identification of a section of Roman road which probably represents the westward extension of Dere Street linking Inveresk and Carriden. Its discovery provides solid evidence for the routeway that the milestone at Ingliston and the temporary camps at Gogar have always intimated. Finally, the area was farmed in the medieval period, the associated settlement probably lying to the north of the excavated area. The dating evidence suggests two distinct phases of activity, in the 11th to 12th centuries and in the 13th to 14th centuries, a pattern reflected in other medieval settlement in the Lothians.
Promiscuous activity of β‐carotene hydroxylase CrtZ on epoxycarotenoids leads to the formation of rare carotenoids with 6‐hydroxy‐3‐keto‐ε‐ends
Authors: Furubayashi Maiko , Maoka Takashi , Mitani Yasuo
Published: March 2022

Carotenoids with rare 6‐hydroxy‐3‐keto‐ε‐end groups, such as piprixanthin, vitixanthin, or cochloxanthin, found in manakin birds or plants, are rare carotenoids with high antioxidant activity. The same chemical structure is found in abscisic acid or blumenol, apocarotenoids found in plants or fungi. In this study, we serendipitously discovered that the promiscuous activity of the β‐carotene hydroxylase CrtZ, a diiron‐containing membrane protein, can catalyze the formation of 6‐hydroxy‐3‐keto‐ε‐end by using epoxycarotenoids antheraxanthin or violaxanthin as substrate. We suggest that the reaction mechanism is similar to that of a rhodoxanthin biosynthetic enzyme. Our results provide a further understanding of the reaction mechanism of diiron‐containing β‐carotene hydroxylases, as well as insight into the biosynthesis of natural compounds with 6‐hydroxy‐3‐keto‐ε‐end carotenoid derivatives.
Engineering of H‐Bonding Interactions in PVA/g‐C3N4 Hybrids for Enhanced Structural, Thermal, and Mechanical Properties: Toward Water‐Responsive Shape Memory Nanocomposites
Authors: Majdoub Mohammed , Amedlous Abdallah , Anfar Zakaria , Jada Amane
Published: March 2022

New water‐triggered shape memory nanocomposites are developed by incorporating graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets (g‐C3N4) in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) films. The findings demonstrate that the water‐triggered shape memory effect of PVA‐filled g‐C3N4 nanocomposites (PVA/g‐C3N4) is largely enhanced via the establishment of strong H‐bonding interactions between the uncondensed amine groups of g‐C3N4 and hydroxyl groups of PVA (–OH) which induce supplementary physically cross‐linked sites in the formed nanocomposites. Additionally, the designed PVA/g‐C3N4 nanocomposites reveal the achievement of improved physicochemical properties including thermal and mechanical characteristics compared to the neat PVA. Tensile testing displays a significant increment of tensile strength (by 58%) along with an increment of the Young's modulus (by 357%), owing to the existing of noncovalent interactions in the form of H‐bonds established between the PVA matrix and g‐C3N4 functional groups. Furthermore, a shape memory mechanism is suggested to highlight the water‐triggered shape memory behaviors of the PVA/g‐C3N4 nanocomposites. The obtained results are very propitious in terms of plotting and manufacturing g‐C3N4‐based nanocomposites with enhanced mechanical, thermal, and swelling features, providing a framework for designing g‐C3N4‐derived shape memory polymers (gSMP) toward better comprehension of the shape recovery mechanism in water‐triggered gSMP nanocomposites.
Small Molecule‐Induced Differentiation As a Potential Therapy for Liver Cancer
Authors: Zhang Xu , Zhu Xiang‐Jie , Zhong Zhi , Du Jiang‐Chuan , Fang Guo‐Xu , Cui Xiu‐liang , Guan Ling‐Ting , Hu Yan‐Yu , Wang Hong‐Yang , Zhang Pei‐Lin
Published: March 2022

Despite the efficacy demonstrated by immunotherapy recently, liver cancer still remains one of the deadliest cancers, mainly due to heterogeneity of this disease. Continuous exploration of new therapeutics is therefore necessary. Chemical‐induced cell differentiation can serve as a promising approach, with its ability to consistently remodel gene expression profile and alter cell fate. Inspired by advances in stem cell and reprogramming field, here it is reported that a small molecule cocktail (SMC) consisted of: SB431542 (TGFβ inhibitor), CHIR99021 (GSK3β inhibitor), BIX01294 (H3K9 methyltransferase/G9a inhibitor), and all‐trans retinoic acid (ATRA), can induce differentiation of liver cancer cells including cell lines, primary cancer cells, cancer stem cells, and drug resistant cells. Treated cells lose malignant characteristics and regain hepatocyte phenotype instead. When applied in vivo, SMC induces wide range of tissue necrosis or fibrosis within the tumors, while remaining tissues begin to express hepatic nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α), the hepatic nuclear marker. SMC also leads to tumor abrogation in orthotopic xenograft models and life span extension of animals. The powerful differentiation induction of SMC is exerted through modulation of Akt/mTOR/HIF1α signaling and metabolic reprogramming, as well as suppressing Snail and enhancing HNF4α expression. Together, these results highlight that chemical‐induced differentiation has the potential to effectively treat liver cancer disregard of heterogeneity.
Simple and Scalable Chemical Surface Patterning via Direct Deposition from Immobilized Plasma Filaments in a Dielectric Barrier Discharge
Authors: Demaude Annaëlle , Baert Kitty , Petitjean David , Zveny Juliette , Goormaghtigh Erik , Hauffman Tom , Gordon Michael J. , Reniers François
Published: March 2022

In this work, immobilization of the often unwanted filaments in dielectric barrier discharges (DBD) is achieved and used for one‐step deposition of patterned coatings. By texturing one of the dielectric surfaces, a discharge containing stationary plasma filaments is ignited in a mix of argon and propargyl methacrylate (PMA) in a reactor operating at atmospheric pressure. From PMA, hydrophobic and hydrophilic chemical and topographical contrasts at sub‐millimeter scale are obtained on silicon and glass substrates. Chemical and physical characterizations of the samples are performed by micrometer‐scale X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and infrared imaging and by water contact angle and profilometry, respectively. From the latter and additional information from high‐speed imaging of the plasma phase and electrical measurements, it is suggested that filaments, denser in energetic species, lead to higher deposition rate with higher fragmentation of the precursor, while surface discharges igniting outwards the filaments are leading to smoother and slower deposition. This work opens a new route for a one‐step large‐area chemical and morphological patterning of surfaces at sub‐millimeter scales. Moreover, the possibility to separately deposit coatings from filaments and the surrounding plasma phase can be helpful to better understand the processes occurring during plasma polymerization in filamentary DBD.
Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescent Gain Materials: Harvesting Triplet Excitons for Lasing
Authors: Yan Chang‐Cun , Wang Xue‐Dong , Liao Liang‐Sheng
Published: March 2022

Thermally activated delayed fluorescent (TADF) materials have attracted increasing attention because of their ability to harvest triplet excitons via a reverse intersystem crossing process. TADF gain materials that can recycle triplet excitons for stimulated emission are considered for solving the triplet accumulation problem in electrically pumped organic solid‐state lasers (OSSLs). In this mini review, recent progress in TADF gain materials is summarized, and design principles are extracted from existing reports. The construction methods of resonators based on TADF gain materials are also introduced, and the challenges and perspectives for the future development of TADF gain materials are presented. It is hoped that this review will aid the advances in TADF gain materials and thus promote the development of electrically pumped OSSLs.
Degradable Pseudo Conjugated Polymer Nanoparticles with NIR‐II Photothermal Effect and Cationic Quaternary Phosphonium Structural Bacteriostasis for Anti‐Infection Therapy
Authors: Zhou Huiling , Tang Dongsheng , Kang Xiaoxu , Yuan Haitao , Yu Yingjie , Xiong Xiaolu , Wu Nier , Chen Fangzhou , Wang Xing , Xiao Haihua , Zhou Dongsheng
Published: March 2022

Photothermal therapy based on conjugated polymers represents a promising antibacterial strategy but still possesses notable limitations. Herein, degradable pseudo conjugated polymers (PCPs) containing photothermal molecular backbones and reactive oxygen species (ROS)‐sensitive thioketal bonds are designed. Triphenylphosphine (PPh3) is introduced into PCPs to generate phosphonium‐based PCPs (pPCPs), which further assembled with hyaluronic acid into pPCP nanoparticles (pPCP‐NPs). pPCP‐NPs with quaternary phosphonium cations selectively anchor on and destroy bacterial cell membranes through electrostatic action. Under 1064 nm laser irradiation, pPCP‐NPs (pPCP‐NPs/+L) produce near‐infrared‐II (NIR‐II) photothermal antibacterial effect, thereby killing bacteria in a sustained manner. pPCP‐NPs are readily degraded upon ROS abundant at infection sites, therefore exhibiting enough biosafety. pPCP‐NPs/+L display an almost 100% bacterial inhibition rate in vitro and resultin a nearly complete recovery of bacteria‐induced mouse wounds. A further metabolomics analysis denotes that pPCP‐NPs/+L work in a concerted way to induce bacterial DNA damage, inhibit bacterial carbon/nitrogen utilization and amino acid/nucleotide synthesis. Taken together, degradable pPCP‐NPs with both NIR‐II photothermal effect and cationic phosphonium structural bacteriostasis provide a new avenue for antibiotics‐alternative anti‐infection therapy.
Structural Reconstruction Driven by Oxygen Vacancies in Layered Ni‐Rich Cathodes
Authors: Qiu Lang , Song Yang , Zhang Mengke , Liu Yihua , Yang Zhiwei , Wu Zhenguo , Zhang Heng , Xiang Wei , Liu Yuxia , Wang Gongke , Sun Yan , Zhang Jun , Zhang Bin , Guo Xiaodong
Published: March 2022

Structure reconstruction induced by the migration of Li, O, and transition metal (TM) ions plays a key role in the performance of Ni‐based cathodes, yet their interactions are still poorly understood. This work investigates systematically the structure transformation of the high‐temperature lithiation in air and oxygen rich atmosphere, charging process, and long‐term storage. Structural and electrochemical characterization of Li‐free/Li‐containing phases (Ni0.92Co0.04Mn0.04(OH)2 and LixNi0.92Co0.04Mn0.04Oy) and a series of detailed analyses provide an in‐depth understanding of the structural reconstruction induced by the interaction of Li, O, and TM ions, i.e., the shift of Li/TM ions in the lattice leads to structural reconstruction via a layered structure with oxygen vacancies.
Sequencing of Uniform Multifunctional Oligoesters via Random Chain Cleavages
Authors: Soete Matthieu , Du Prez Filip E.
Published: March 2022

Sequence‐defined polymers have been the object of many fascinating studies that focus on their implementation in both material and life science applications. In parallel, iterative synthetic methodologies have become more efficient, whereas the structure elucidation of these molecules is generally dependent on MS/MS analysis. Here, we report an alternative, simple strategy for the determination of the monomer order of uniform oligo(thioether ester)s. This approach, which relies on random cleavages of ester units within the macromolecular backbone via a basic treatment, enables the swift characterization of these macromolecules without the need for MS/MS. Consequently, this method can be used for decoding any information stored within the primary structure of oligoesters by means of ESI‐ or LC–MS. Finally, we speculate that a range of structurally diverse backbones could be susceptible towards this approach, which could promptly expand the library of chemically sequenceable macromolecules.