bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Borderline personality disorder and regularly drinking alcohol before sex
Authors: Thompson Ronald G. , Eaton Nicholas R. , Hu Mei‐Chen , Hasin Deborah S.
Published: March 2017

Introduction and Aims

Drinking alcohol before sex increases the likelihood of engaging in unprotected intercourse, having multiple sexual partners and becoming infected with sexually transmitted infections. Borderline personality disorder (BPD), a complex psychiatric disorder characterised by pervasive instability in emotional regulation, self‐image, interpersonal relationships and impulse control, is associated with substance use disorders and sexual risk behaviours. However, no study has examined the relationship between BPD and drinking alcohol before sex in the USA. This study examined the association between BPD and regularly drinking before sex in a nationally representative adult sample.

Design and Methods

Participants were 17 491 sexually active drinkers from Wave 2 of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Logistic regression models estimated effects of BPD diagnosis, specific borderline diagnostic criteria and BPD criterion count on the likelihood of regularly (mostly or always) drinking alcohol before sex, adjusted for controls.

Results

Borderline personality disorder diagnosis doubled the odds of regularly drinking before sex [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.26; confidence interval (CI) = 1.63, 3.14]. Of nine diagnostic criteria, impulsivity in areas that are self‐damaging remained a significant predictor of regularly drinking before sex (AOR = 1.82; CI = 1.42, 2.35). The odds of regularly drinking before sex increased by 20% for each endorsed criterion (AOR = 1.20; CI = 1.14, 1.27)

Discussion and Conclusions

This is the first study to examine the relationship between BPD and regularly drinking alcohol before sex in the USA. Substance misuse treatment should assess regularly drinking before sex, particularly among patients with BPD, and BPD treatment should assess risk at the intersection of impulsivity, sexual behaviour and substance use. [Thompson Jr RG, Eaton NR, Hu M‐C, Hasin DS Borderline personality disorder and regularly drinking alcohol before sex Drug Alcohol Rev 2017;36:540‐545]
Evaluation of the modified FINDRISC to identify individuals at high risk for diabetes among middle‐aged white and black ARIC study participants
Authors: Kulkarni Manjusha , Foraker Randi E. , McNeill Ann M. , Girman Cynthia , Golden Sherita H. , Rosamond Wayne D. , Duncan Bruce , Schmidt Maria Ines , Tuomilehto Jaakko
Published: March 2017

Objective

To evaluate a modified Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC) for predicting the risk of incident diabetes among white and black middle‐aged participants from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study.

Research design and methods

We assessed 9754 ARIC cohort participants who were free of diabetes at baseline. Logistic regression and receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves were used to evaluate a modified FINDRISC for predicting incident diabetes after 9 years of follow‐up, overall and by race/gender group. The modified FINDRISC used comprised age, body mass index, waist circumference, blood pressure medication and family history.

Results

The mean FINDRISC (range, 2 [lowest risk] to 17 [highest risk]) for black women was higher (9.9 ± 3.6) than that for black men (7.6 ± 3.9), white women (8.0 ± 3.6) and white men (7.6 ± 3.5). The incidence of diabetes increased generally across deciles of FINDRISC for all 4 race/gender groups. ROC curve statistics for the FINDRISC showed the highest area under the curve for white women (0.77) and the lowest for black men (0.70).

Conclusions

We used a modified FINDRISC to predict the 9‐year risk of incident diabetes in a biracial US population. The modified risk score can be useful for early screening of incident diabetes in biracial populations, which may be helpful for early interventions to delay or prevent diabetes.
A systematic review of health‐related quality of life in longitudinal studies of myeloma patients
Authors: Nielsen Lene Kongsgaard , Jarden Mary , Andersen Christen Lykkegaard , Frederiksen Henrik , Abildgaard Niels
Published: March 2017

Objectives

Multiple myeloma (MM) patients report high symptom burden and reduced health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) compared to patients with other haematological malignancies. The aim of this review was to analyse published longitudinal studies including MM patients according to a change in HRQoL scores, which is perceived as beneficial to the patient according to two published guidelines.

Methods

A literature search was performed May 2016. Publications with longitudinal follow‐up using the EORTC QLQ‐C30 instrument for HRQoL measurement of physical functioning, global quality of life, fatigue and/or pain were included. An analysis of mean change from baseline was carried out according to minimal important difference (MID).

Results

Large and medium HRQoL improvements were reported during first‐line treatments. No clinically beneficial change or deteriorations in scores of global QoL or fatigue were reported during relapse treatment. HRQoL data during maintenance therapy are sparse and inconclusive.

Conclusions

Guidelines for interpreting changes in HRQoL including definitions of MID have been developed; however, consensus is missing. Improvements in HRQoL are far more likely to occur during first‐line compared to relapsed treatment regimens. The background of these findings should be in focus in future studies, and HRQoL measurements should be integrated in maintenance studies.
Reproductive Consequences of Aggression in a Territorial Songbird
Authors: Krippel Jessica , Ballentine Barbara , Hyman Jeremy
Published: March 2017

Territorial aggression can influence males’ ability to obtain high‐quality resources and access to mates; however, in many species, the reproductive consequences of variation in aggression are unknown. In this study, we investigated how individual variation in aggressive behavior relates to reproductive success in socially monogamous, genetically polygynous song sparrows (Melospiza melodia). Prior research in this species shows that male song sparrows differ in their willingness to engage in agonistic interactions with territorial intruders and that individual variation in aggression appears to have functional significance. Aggressive males have been shown to obtain territories where females produce larger clutch sizes, suggesting that individuals who display high levels of territorial aggression are defending high‐quality territories or females. Further, aggressive males are considered a greater threat to territory‐holding males than less aggressive males. In this study, we ask whether individual differences in aggression are linked to differences in extra‐pair reproductive success, annual reproductive success, and offspring quality. We did not uncover a relationship between aggression and annual reproductive success or patterns of extra‐pair paternity. However, we found that the nestlings of aggressive males grew at a faster rate than the nestlings of less aggressive males. Future studies should attempt to identify mechanisms to explain the relationship between offspring growth rate and male aggression and investigate whether faster offspring growth rates translate to greater survival and recruitment of offspring.
The role ofLeptospiraspp. in horses affected with recurrent uveitis in theUK
Authors: Malalana F. , Blundell R. J. , Pinchbeck G. L. , Mcgowan C. M.
Published: March 2017

Background

Equine recurrent uveitis (ERU) is a common cause of ocular pain and blindness in horses.Leptospiraspp. have been commonly implicated in the pathophysiology ofERUin mainland Europe and theUSA. No recent studies have been carried out in theUK, butLeptospirais reported not to be a major factor in the aetiology ofERUin theUK.

Objectives

To establish the prevalence ofLeptospira‐associatedERUin theUKand to identify the serovars involved in these cases; to compare serum vs. aqueous humour antibody levels in cases and controls in order to confirm the diagnosis ofLeptospira‐associatedERU, and to assess the usefulness of serology alone as a confirmatory test forLeptospira‐associatedERUin theUK.

Study design

Case–control study.

Methods

Eyes enucleated for clinical reasons inERU‐affected horses were collected. Blood and aqueous humour were obtained to determine antibody levels against a variety ofLeptospiraserovars and C‐values (aqueous humour value/serum value) were calculated. In addition, eyes, blood and aqueous humour were obtained from control cases for comparison. Histopathology was performed in all eyes to confirm uveitis in each case. Differences in seroprevalences betweenERUand control cases and betweenLeptospira‐ and non‐Leptospira‐associatedERUcases were calculated.

Results

A total of 30ERUand 43 control eyes were analysed. Of theERUeyes, only two had a C‐value of >4 (prevalence ofLeptospira‐associated uveitis: 6.7%). Serovarshardjoandjavanicawere detected. There was no difference in seroprevalence between horses with uveitis and control cases (65.5% and 41.9%, respectively; P = 0.11) or betweenLeptospira‐ and non‐Leptospira‐associated uveitis cases (100% and 63.0%, respectively; P = 0.52).

Main limitations

The study was limited by low case numbers. Eyes were presented at different stages of disease. The only test used to detectLeptospirawas the microscopic agglutination test.

Conclusions

Leptospira‐associatedERUis uncommon in theUK. Serology alone may not help to definitively diagnoseLeptospira‐associated uveitis in this country.
A training model for revitalization procedures
Authors: Widbiller M. , Ducke S. , Eidt A. , Buchalla W. , Galler K. M.
Published: March 2017

Aim

To develop an inexpensive simulation model for training of revitalization procedures.

Methodology

A replica of an immature maxillary central incisor was equipped with a mock blood reservoir at the root apex and embedded in a plaster model. Mock blood consisted of water supplemented with red pigments and fibrinogen, whilst thrombin was inserted into the root canal to allow for clot formation.

Results

A true‐to‐life training model for revitalization procedures was established, where the induction of bleeding and formation of a blood clot can be mimicked. The model can be fastened to a patient mannequin and thus closely simulate the clinical setting.

Conclusions

The newly developed model can be used for training purposes, both for dental students and for practitioners, to perform the treatment steps of a revitalization procedure.
Applying the community health worker model in dermatology: a curriculum for skin cancer prevention education training
Authors: Jacobsen Audrey A. , Maisonet Jezabel , Kirsner Robert S. , Strasswimmer John
Published: March 2017

Background

Incidence of skin cancer is rising in Hispanic populations and minorities often have more advanced disease and experience higher mortality rates. Community health worker (CHW) programs to promote primary and secondary prevention show promise for many diseases, but an adequate training program in skin cancer prevention is not documented. We present a model for CHW specialty certification in skin cancer prevention for underserved, Hispanic communities.

Methods

We designed a culturally appropriate CHW training program according to an empowerment model of education for skin cancer prevention and detection in underserved Hispanic communities. We partnered with a large nonprofit clinic in South Florida.

Results

Nineteen CHWs completed the 2‐h training course. After the course, 82.4% (n = 14) strongly agreed with the statement “I feel confident I can educate others on the warning signs of melanoma.” Eighty‐eight percent (88.2%, n = 15) strongly agreed that they felt confident that they could educate others on the importance of sun safety. One hundred percent (n = 19) answered each question about how the sun affects the skin correctly while 84.2% (n = 16) were able to identify the “ABCDEs” of melanoma. Nearly 90% strongly agreed with “I plan to change my personal sun safety behaviors based on what I learned today”.

Discussion

Our results indicate successful transfer of information and empowerment to CHWs with high levels of confidence. Disease specific “specialty certifications” are a component of effective CHW policies. An appropriate training tool for skin cancer education is an important addition to a growing list of CHW specialty certifications.
Porphyria cutanea tarda: an intriguing genetic disease and marker
Authors: Handler Nancy S. , Handler Marc Z. , Stephany Matthew P. , Handler Glenn A. , Schwartz Robert A.
Published: March 2017

Porphyrias are a group of intriguing genetic diseases of the heme pathway, of which porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT) is the most common. Resulting from a defect in enzymes in the porphyria pathway, PCT has been linked to several conditions. Recent studies have demonstrated a change in thinking regarding the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and development of PCT. The exacerbation of PCT with contraction of HIV is now believed to result from coinfection from the hepatitis C virus (HCV). Blistering of sun‐exposed skin, a classic presenting sign of PCT, is not exclusive to the condition. Cutaneous findings must also trigger physicians to consider additional types of porphyrias, such as variegate porphyria. The diagnosis of pseudoporphyria, which does not result from enzymatic absence, must be considered in patients with photosensitivity and cutaneous bullae. Recent health food trends, such as chlorophyll, have been linked to pseudoporphyria. PCT is a serious condition in which accurate diagnosis is necessary for appropriate management.
Two cases of alopecia areata treated with ruxolitinib: a discussion of ideal dosing and laboratory monitoring
Authors: Vandiver Amy , Girardi Nicholas , Alhariri Jihad , Garza Luis A.
Published: March 2017

Background

Alopecia areata is a relatively common condition affecting patients seen in community dermatology clinics. A 2014 study implicated the JAK1/JAK2 inhibitor, ruxolitinib in short‐term treatment of alopecia, however little information exists about the long‐term use in otherwise healthy individuals in the community setting.

Methods

A patient with chronic alopecia areata and a patient with acute onset alopecia universalis were treated with oral ruxolitinib for over a year.

Results

Both patients experienced sustained, near‐complete regrowth without hematologic or other complications after one year of treatment. Oral ruxolitinib effectively and safely treated alopecia in two women.

Conclusions

Ruxolitinib should be considered for cases of unresponsive alopecia in the community.
The Health and Economic Well‐Being of US Mothers with Intellectual Impairments
Authors: Powell Robyn M. , Parish Susan L. , Akobirshoev Ilhom
Published: March 2017

Background

While the United States has seen increased attention by policymakers on the rights of parents with disabilities, there is limited understanding of the health and economic well‐being of parents with intellectual impairments. This study compares the health and economic well‐being of mothers with and without intellectual impairments.

Methods

This descriptive, exploratory study is a secondary analysis of the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study. This study includes a subsample of mothers of three‐year‐old children (n = 1561), including mothers with intellectual impairments (n = 263) and without intellectual impairments (n = 1298).

Results

US Mothers with intellectual impairments are more likely to report serious health conditions, have less instrumental support, live in poverty, receive public benefits and experience certain material hardships.

Conclusion

Findings from this study indicate the need for policies and programmes to support parents with intellectual impairments by addressing their health and economic needs.
Evaluation of the Efficacy and Color Stability of Two Different At‐Home Bleaching Systems on Teeth of Different Shades: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial
Authors: Aka Betül , Celik Esra Uzer
Published: March 2017

Objective

This randomized controlled clinical trial compared the bleaching efficacy of two different at‐home bleaching systems on teeth of different shades and their color stability after a 6‐month follow‐up.

Materials and Methods

Ninety‐two patients (777 teeth) were randomly divided into three groups: (a) negative control, (b) patients treated with a custom‐made tray containing 10% carbamide peroxide (10% CP/PF) (Opalescence PF), and (c) patients treated with a pre‐loaded tray containing 6% hydrogen peroxide (6% HP/Go) (Opalescence Go). Teeth in all groups were divided into three sub‐groups according to the VITA Classic Shade Guide: light (A1–C1), medium dark (C2–B3), and dark (A3.5–C4). Bleaching systems were performed in accordance with manufacturers' instructions for 14 days. The color values were measured at the baseline, 10 days and 14 days of bleaching, 2 weeks, and 6 months after bleaching. Three‐way ANOVA and Mann–Whitney U tests were used for statistical analysis (α = 0.05).

Results

Irrespective of original shade, both bleaching groups showed significantly higher ΔE* values than the control groups, and the ΔE* values were significantly higher in the 10% CP/PF groups than those in the 6% HP/Go groups (p < 0.05). In both bleaching systems, the dark teeth showed higher ΔE* values than the light teeth (p < 0.05). The ΔE* values decreased significantly only in the 10% CP/PF groups after 6 months (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

Both bleaching agents produced a bleaching effect, but 10% CP/PF was more effective.

Clinical Significance

A pre‐loaded tray system may be used for dental bleaching, but it is still less effective than conventional a 10% carbamide peroxide system, irrespective of the initial shade. (J Esthet Restor Dent 29:325–338, 2017)
Effect of stage‐based education provided by dedicated dietitians on hyperphosphataemic haemodialysis patients: results from the Nutrition Education for Management of Osteodystrophy randomised controlled trial
Authors: Rizk R. , Karavetian M. , Hiligsmann M. , Evers S. M. A. A.
Published: March 2017

Background

The Nutrition Education for Management of Osteodystrophy trial showed that stage‐based nutrition education by dedicated dietitians surpasses existing practices in Lebanon with respect to lowering serum phosphorus among general haemodialysis patients. The present study explores the effect of nutrition education specifically on hyperphosphataemic patients from this trial.

Methods

Hyperphosphataemic haemodialysis patients were allocated to a dedicated dietitian (DD), a trained hospital dietitian (THD) and existing practice (EP) protocols. From time‐point (t)‐0 until t‐1 (6 months), the DD group (n = 47) received 15 min of biweekly nutrition education by dedicated dietitians trained on renal nutrition; the THD group (n = 89) received the usual care from trained hospital dietitians; and the EP group (n = 42) received the usual care from untrained hospital dietitians. Patients were followed‐up from t‐1 until t‐2 (6 months). Analyses used two‐way repeated measures analysis of variance and Cohen's effect sizes (d).

Results

At t‐1, phosphataemia significantly decreased in all groups (DD:−0.27 mmol L−1; EP:−0.15 mmol L−1; THD:−0.12 mmol L−1; P < 0.05); the DD protocol had the greatest effect relative to EP (d = −0.35) and THD (d = −0.50). Only the DD group showed more readiness to adhere to a low phosphorus diet at t‐1; although, at t‐2, this regressed to baseline levels. The malnutrition inflammation score remained stable only in the DD group, whereas the EP and THD groups exhibited a significant increase (DD: 6.74, 6.97 and 7.91; EP: 5.82, 8.69 and 8.13; THD: 5.33, 7.92 and 9.42, at t‐0, t‐1 and t‐2, respectively).

Conclusions

The results of the present study suggest that the DD protocol decreases serum phosphorus compared to EP and THD, at the same time as maintaining the nutritional status of hyperphosphataemic haemodialysis patients. Assessing the cost‐effectiveness of the DD protocol is recommended.
Clinical and microbiological efficacy of 4% Garcinia mangostana L. pericarp gel as local drug delivery in the treatment of chronic periodontitis: A randomized, controlled clinical trial
Authors: Mahendra Jaideep , Mahendra Little , Svedha Priyadharshini , Cherukuri Sandhya , Romanos Georgios E.
Published: March 2017

Aim

The aim of the present study was to assess the periodontal status of individuals and the presence of red complex microorganisms (RCM), such as Treponema denticola (Td), Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Tannerella forsythia in the subgingival tissues of periodontitis patients before and after the application of 4% mangostana gel (Garcinia mangostana [MGA]) as an adjunct to scaling and root planing (SRP).

Methods

Twenty‐five patients (MGA group) were treated with SRP, and the subgingival application of mangostana gel was used as local drug delivery. Twenty‐five patients (placebo group) were treated with SRP and placebo gel. Clinical parameters were recorded, and the presence of RCM was assessed at baseline and at the third month.

Results

Clinical parameters, such as probing pocket depth, clinical attachment level, bleeding index, plaque index, and Td, were significantly reduced in the MGA group compared to the placebo group from baseline to the third month.

Conclusion

There was a significant improvement in the periodontal status with a reduction in Td with the application of mangostana gel in periodontal pockets. In the near future, 4% mangostana gel can be used as an adjunct to SRP to provide a new dimension to periodontal therapy.
Post‐dilation in transcatheter aortic valve replacement: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Wang Nelson , Lal Sean
Published: March 2017

Objectives

The aim of this study was to perform a meta‐analysis to compare the outcomes of patients undergoing TAVR with and without balloon post‐dilation (PD).

Background

PD is a commonly used technique in TAVR to minimize paravalvular regurgitation (PVR), albeit supported by little evidence.

Methods

Systematic review and meta‐analysis of 6 studies comparing 889 patients who had PD compared to 4118 patients without PD.

Results

Patients undergoing PD were more likely male (OR 1.92; 95% CI, 1.41‐2.61; P < 0.001) and to have coronary artery disease (OR 1.31; 95% CI, 1.03‐1.68; P = 0.03) than those patients not requiring PD. There were no significant differences in 30‐day mortality (OR 1.24; 95% CI, 0.88‐1.74; P = 0.22) and myocardial infarction (OR 0.93; 95% CI, 0.46‐1.90; P = 0.85). Patients undergoing TAVR did not have higher 1‐year mortality rates (OR 0.98; 95% CI, 0.61‐1.56; P = 0.92). The incidence of stroke was significantly greater in patients with PD (OR, 1.71; 95% CI, 1.10‐2.66). PD was able to reduce the incidence of moderate‐severe PVR by 15 fold (OR 15.0; 95% CI, 4.2‐54.5; P < 0.001), although rates of moderate‐severe PVR were still higher after PD than patients who did not require PD (OR 3.64; 95% CI, 1.96‐6.75; P < 0.001).

Conclusions

PD significantly improves rates of PVR, however careful patient selection is needed to minimize increased risk of strokes.
Practitioners' experiences of adolescent suicidal behaviour in peer groups
Authors: Briggs S. , Slater T. , Bowley J.
Published: March 2017

Accessible summary

What is known on the subject?

Group suicidal behaviour can be devastating for all concerned.

There is an absence of research on adolescent suicidal group behaviour.

The perspectives of practitioners’ experiences of these groups are largely lacking from research literature.

What this paper adds to existing knowledge?

Practitioners work regularly with suicidal behaviour in adolescent peer groups.

Practitioners identify peer relationships in groups as complex, including elements that are both suicide encouraging and preventing.

Practitioners identify a range of ways in which young people become involved in suicidal behaviour in groups, including indirectly through risk taking and care‐seeking as well as directly suicidal or self‐harming.

What are the implications for practice?

Assessments of young people should routinely include a focus on the qualities of peer relations, including those in the online/digital realm.

Assessments and interventions need to consider the complexity of group relationships and roles, and the multiplicity of factors that can contribute to suicidal behaviour in groups.

Interventions that sustain therapeutic connectedness are helpful for taking dynamic/fluctuating risks into account.

Introduction

Group suicidal behaviour by young people can have harmful effects; it may be increasing, influenced by online media and reported increasing self‐harm rates; new knowledge and understanding to inform interventions is required.

Aim

To explore how practitioners experience group suicidal behaviour amongst adolescents, how they assess risks/needs, and how these insights inform understanding about these groups.

Method

Ten practitioners, including Mental Health Nurses, were interviewed in one multidisciplinary CAMHS, in England. Data analysis was by Thematic Analysis (Braun & Clarke 2006).

Results

Participants described frequently working with suicidal groups. Roles in groups include suicide encouraging and preventing. Practitioners identify risky and protective connections between young people, online and offline. Clinical tensions include living with suicidal risks, emotional and positional challenges, and getting to grips with digital media.

Discussion

Peer groups appear to have a larger role in adolescent suicide than recognized to date. Practitioners need to assess young people's roles in groups, their diverse motivations and to understand constantly changing digital media.

Implications for practice

Assessments of suicide risk for young people should routinely include focus on peer relations including the online/digital realm. Maintaining relationships with vulnerable young people facilitates managing fluctuating risks and understanding different group dynamics.
Multilayered control of peroxisomal activity upon salt stress in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Manzanares‐Estreder Sara , Espí‐Bardisa Joan , Alarcón Benito , Pascual‐Ahuir Amparo , Proft Markus
Published: March 2017

Peroxisomes are dynamic organelles and the sole location for fatty acid β‐oxidation in yeast cells. Here, we report that peroxisomal function is crucial for the adaptation to salt stress, especially upon sugar limitation. Upon stress, multiple layers of control regulate the activity and the number of peroxisomes. Activated Hog1 MAP kinase triggers the induction of genes encoding enzymes for fatty acid activation, peroxisomal import and β‐oxidation through the Adr1 transcriptional activator, which transiently associates with genes encoding fatty acid metabolic enzymes in a stress‐ and Hog1‐dependent manner. Moreover, Na+ and Li+ stress increases the number of peroxisomes per cell in a Hog1‐independent manner, which depends instead of the retrograde pathway and the dynamin related GTPases Dnm1 and Vps1. The strong activation of the Faa1 fatty acyl‐CoA synthetase, which specifically localizes to lipid particles and peroxisomes, indicates that adaptation to salt stress requires the enhanced mobilization of fatty acids from internal lipid stores. Furthermore, the activation of mitochondrial respiration during stress depends on peroxisomes, mitochondrial acetyl‐carnitine uptake is essential for salt resistance and the number of peroxisomes attached to the mitochondrial network increases during salt adaptation, which altogether indicates that stress‐induced peroxisomal β‐oxidation triggers enhanced respiration upon salt shock.
Comparing Language Use in Oral Proficiency Interviews to Target Domains: Conversational, Academic, and Professional Discourse
Authors: Staples Shelley , Laflair Geoffrey T. , Egbert Jesse
Published: March 2017

Oral Proficiency Interviews (OPIs) are widely used to measure speaking ability in a second or foreign language. The Michigan English Language Assessment Battery (MELAB) Speaking Test is an OPI used for academic and professional purposes around the world. However, little research on this or other OPIs has quantitatively compared test takers’ speech with the target domains of the test. Such a comparison could be used as evidence for the validity argument (Kane, ) for the MELAB. In this study we use corpus‐based register analysis and Multi‐Dimensional (MD) analysis, investigating a large number of linguistic features to determine the extent to which the language of the MELAB is similar to conversational, academic, and professional spoken discourse, specifically nurse–patient interactions, since many of the test takers are preparing for nursing licensure. The results show that the MELAB has similarities with conversation in its use of stance, and is closely aligned with academic registers and nurse–patient interactions in the use of language for informational exchange, which provides support for the validity argument of the MELAB. However, the use of narrative features and discussion of future possibilities and suggestions are important aspects of both conversation and academic and professional registers but may be harder to evaluate through the MELAB and other similar OPIs.
FcRav2, a gene with a ROGDI domain involved in Fusarium head blight and crown rot on durum wheat caused by Fusarium culmorum
Authors: Spanu Francesca , Scherm Barbara , Camboni Irene , Balmas Virgilio , Pani Giovanna , Oufensou Safa , Macciotta Nicolo’ , Pasquali Matias , Migheli Quirico
Published: March 2017

Fusarium culmorum is a soil‐borne fungal pathogen which causes foot and root rot and Fusarium head blight on small‐grain cereals, in particular wheat and barley. It causes significant yield and quality losses and results in the contamination of kernels with type B trichothecene mycotoxins. Our knowledge of the pathogenicity factors of this fungus is still limited. A transposon tagging approach based on the mimp1/impala double‐component system has allowed us to select a mutant altered in multiple metabolic and morphological processes, trichothecene production and virulence. The flanking regions of mimp1 were used to seek homologies in the F. culmorum genome, and revealed that mimp1 had reinserted within the last exon of a gene encoding a hypothetical protein of 318 amino acids which contains a ROGDI‐like leucine zipper domain, supposedly playing a protein–protein interaction or regulatory role. By functional complementation and bioinformatic analysis, we characterized the gene as the yeast Rav2 homologue, confirming the high level of divergence in multicellular fungi. Deletion of FcRav2 or its orthologous gene in F. graminearum highlighted its ability to influence a number of functions, including virulence, trichothecene type B biosynthesis, resistance to azoles and resistance to osmotic and oxidative stress. Our results indicate that the FcRav2 protein (and possibly the RAVE complex as a whole) may become a suitable target for new antifungal drug development or the plant‐mediated resistance response in filamentous fungi of agricultural interest.
On the missing link in ecology: improving communication between modellers and experimentalists
Authors: Heuschele Jan , Ekvall Mikael T. , Mariani Patrizio , Lindemann Christian
Published: March 2017

Collaboration between modellers and experimentalists is essential in ecological research, however, different obstacles linking both camps often hinder scientific progress. In this commentary, we discuss several issues of the current state of affairs in this research loop. Backed by an online survey amongst fellow ecologists, modellers and experimentalists alike, we identify two major areas that need to be mended. Firstly, differences in language and jargon lead to a lack of exchange of ideas and to unrealistic mutual expectations. And secondly, constraint data sharing, accessibility and quality limit the usage of empirical data and thereby the impact of ecological studies. We discuss ways to advance collaboration; how to improve communication and the design of experiments; and the sharing of data. We hope to start a much‐needed conversation between modellers and experimentalists, to further future research collaboration and to increase the impact of single ecological studies alike.
Metatropic dysplasia—a skeletal dysplasia with challenging airway and other anesthetic concerns
Authors: Theroux Mary C. , Lopez Martha , Olszewsky Patricia J. , DiCindio Sabina , Arai Lynda , Ditro Colleen , Bober Michael B. , Olla Olubukola Opeyemi , Uejima Tetsu , West David W. , Mackenzie William G.
Published: March 2017

Background

Metatropic dysplasia is a rare form of skeletal dysplasia requiring multiple anesthetics for surgical and imaging procedures, most of which are orthopedic procedures. We provide centralized care to patients with skeletal dysplasia at our tertiary care pediatric hospital, and we were able to collect the largest number of metatropic dysplasia patients reported to date.

Aim

The aim of this retrospective study was to describe and characterize the anesthetic difficulties in this high‐risk population.

Methods

Medical charts of all patients with metatropic dysplasia were reviewed to collect data, including anesthetics performed, difficulties, and complications related to the anesthetic care, co‐morbid conditions, and related events.

Results

Twenty‐three patients with metatropic dysplasia underwent 188 anesthetics with 61% of the anesthetics having been administered for orthopedic procedures. Fourteen of 23 (60.8%) progressively became difficult to intubate over the course of their care, with 12 out of 14 having undergone cervical spine fusion. These 14 patients had a total of 133 procedures. Sixty procedures (45.1%) had an airway described as difficult. Glidescope was the difficult airway tool most commonly used (68%) with flexible fiberoptic scope used 12% and Miller or Macintosh blade used 18% of the time. In addition to the airway difficulties, spinal canal narrowing or stenosis was widely prevalent, and no neuraxial anesthetic was performed in any of our patients.

Conclusion

Difficult airway is the most common co‐morbid condition present in patients with metatropic dysplasia, especially if their cervical spine has been fused. Familiarity with the difficulties involving the airway and its management is critical in safe and successful management of anesthesia in this high‐risk population.
Intimate partner support: A comparison of gay, lesbian, and heterosexual relationships
Authors: ELLIS LILLIAN , DAVIS MARK
Published: March 2017

In this investigation, intimate partner support, relationship satisfaction, and separation proneness were assessed for four types of people: men in a relationship with a woman (MRW), men in a relationship with a man (MRM), women in a relationship with a man (WRM), and women in a relationship with a woman (WRW). Men and women in same‐sex relationships received more support, were more satisfied, and reported fewer thoughts of separating than their counterparts in opposite‐sex relationships. The effect of relationship type on satisfaction was not significant once the amount of received support was controlled. The implications of these findings for understanding the support process in same‐sex relationships are discussed.
What Is “Enjoyment as a Political Factor”?
Authors: Hook Derek
Published: March 2017

The notion of “enjoyment as a political factor” is a key motif in Lacanian psychoanalytic social theory. This article explores the notion of enjoyment/jouissance—a type of “negative pleasure” or intense libidinal arousal—as an instrument of political analysis. Crucial here are a series of qualifications that refine an understanding of the concept. The article clarifies that enjoyment is: sexual (or libidinal) in nature; bodily rather than unconscious; necessarily excessive (since it is “beyond the pleasure principle” and linked to the functioning of the death drive); and illicit, incurred in acts that apparently transgress laws or socially prescribed limits. A series of critical arguments are noted, such as the idea that jouissance cannot be extrapolated to the level of the social, and the contention that as “extradiscursive,” modes of enjoyment float free of the symbolic. Contrary to such contentions, I offer a series of examples—most typically of racism—to demonstrate how jouissance occurs within the symbolic, implies a dialectic of possession, involves the functioning of the law and superego, entails particular rules and contracts of enjoyment, and is structured by fantasy. Jouissance understood in these ways necessarily supports and extend social structure.
Jasmonate inhibits COP1 activity to suppress hypocotyl elongation and promote cotyledon opening in etiolated Arabidopsis seedlings
Authors: Zheng Yuyu , Cui Xuefei , Su Liang , Fang Shuang , Chu Jinfang , Gong Qingqiu , Yang Jianping , Zhu Ziqiang
Published: March 2017

A germinating seedling undergoes skotomorphogenesis to emerge from the soil and reach for light. During this phase, the cotyledons are closed, and the hypocotyl elongates. Upon exposure to light, the seedling rapidly switches to photomorphogenesis by opening its cotyledons and suppressing hypocotyl elongation. The E3 ubiquitin ligase CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC 1 (COP1) is critical for maintaining skotomorphogenesis. Here, we report that jasmonate (JA) suppresses hypocotyl elongation and stimulates cotyledon opening in etiolated seedlings, partially phenocopying cop1 mutants in the dark. We also find that JA stabilizes several COP1‐targeted transcription factors in a COP1‐dependent manner. RNA‐seq analysis further defines a JA‐light co‐modulated and cop1‐dependent transcriptome, which is enriched for auxin‐responsive genes and genes participating in cell wall modification. JA suppresses COP1 activity through at least two distinct mechanisms: decreasing COP1 protein accumulation in the nucleus; and reducing the physical interaction between COP1 and its activator, SUPPRESSOR OF PHYTOCHROME A‐105 1 (SPA1). Our work reveals that JA suppresses COP1 activity to stabilize COP1 targets, thereby inhibiting hypocotyl elongation and stimulating cotyledon unfolding in etiolated Arabidopsis seedlings.
Resource Letter RBAI-1: Research-Based Assessment Instruments in Physics and Astronomy
Authors: Madsen Adrian , McKagan Sarah B. , Sayre Eleanor C.
Published: March 2017

This resource letter provides a guide to Research-Based Assessment Instruments (RBAIs) of physics and astronomy content. These are standardized assessments that were rigorously developed and revised using student ideas and interviews, expert input, and statistical analyses. RBAIs have had a major impact on physics and astronomy education reform by providing a universal and convincing measure of student understanding that instructors can use to assess and improve the effectiveness of their teaching. In this resource letter, we present an overview of all content RBAIs in physics and astronomy by topic, research validation, instructional level, format, and themes, to help faculty find the best assessment for their course. More details about each RBAI available in physics and astronomy are available at PhysPort: physport.org/assessments.
Deep learning for teaching university physics to computers
Authors: Davis Jackson P. , Price Watt A.
Published: March 2017

Attempts to improve physics instruction suggest that there is a fundamental barrier to the human learning of physics. We argue that the new capabilities of artificial intelligence justify a reconsideration not of how we teach physics but to whom we teach physics.
Restoring speech following total removal of the larynx by a learned transformation from sensor data to acoustics
Authors: Gilbert James M. , Gonzalez Jose A. , Cheah Lam A. , Ell Stephen R. , Green Phil , Moore Roger K. , Holdsworth Ed
Published: March 2017

Total removal of the larynx may be required to treat laryngeal cancer: speech is lost. This article shows that it may be possible to restore speech by sensing movement of the remaining speech articulators and use machine learning algorithms to derive a transformation to convert this sensor data into an acoustic signal. The resulting “silent speech,” which may be delivered in real time, is intelligible and sounds natural. The identity of the speaker is recognisable. The sensing technique involves attaching small, unobtrusive magnets to the lips and tongue and monitoring changes in the magnetic field induced by their movement.
Localised membrane vibration of cylindrical shells
Authors: Belubekyan M. , Ghazaryan K. , Marzocca P.
Published: March 2017

In the framework of the membrane theory of cylindrical shells, the localised vibration near the shell free edge is considered. This paper presents the development leading to the dispersion equations for finite length shells and for three types of boundary conditions. Based on the attained dispersion equations the localised membrane vibration conditions are analysed and remarks are offered.
Effects of tongue position in the simplified vocal tract model of Japanese sibilant fricatives /s/ and /ʃ/
Authors: Yoshinaga Tsukasa , Nozaki Kazunori , Wada Shigeo
Published: March 2017

The effects of tongue position on sound properties were investigated by using simplified models of sibilant fricatives /s/ and /ʃ/. These were constructed from medical images of a native Japanese-speaking subject who pronounced both fricative sounds. The sounds generated by the models were experimentally measured and compared with the subjects /s/ and /ʃ/. The position of tongue models altered the main peak frequency and spectral mean of the generated sound, which resulted in the reproduction of frequency characteristics of /s/ or /ʃ/ with the subjects tongue position.
Phosphorylation of the exocyst protein Exo84 by TBK1 promotes insulin-stimulated GLUT4 trafficking
Authors: Uhm Maeran , Bazuine Merlijn , Zhao Peng , Chiang Shian-Huey , Xiong Tingting , Karunanithi Sheelarani , Chang Louise , Saltiel Alan R.
Published: March 2017

An inflammation-associated kinase also stimulates glucose uptake through plasma membrane translocation of GLUT4 in response to insulin.
Structural basis for chemokine recognition by a G protein–coupled receptor and implications for receptor activation
Authors: Ziarek Joshua J. , Kleist Andrew B. , London Nir , Raveh Barak , Montpas Nicolas , Bonneterre Julien , St-Onge Geneviève , DiCosmo-Ponticello Crystal J. , Koplinski Chad A. , Roy Ishan , Stephens Bryan , Thelen Sylvia , Veldkamp Christopher T. , Coffman Frederick D. , Cohen Marion C. , Dwinell Michael B. , Thelen Marcus , Peterson Francis C. , Heveker Nikolaus , Volkman Brian F.
Published: March 2017

Structural analysis of the interactions between a receptor and monomeric or dimeric forms of its ligand may aid in drug design.
Paper of note in
Science Translational Medicine
9
(381)
Authors: Ferrarelli Leslie K.
Published: March 2017

This week’s article describes a therapy that may enable macrophages to recognize and kill tumor cells in pediatric patients with brain cancer.
New connections: Getting the good without the bad, opiate edition
Authors: Wong Wei
Published: March 2017

Researchers identify strategies to limit the adverse effects and liabilities of opioid receptor–targeting drugs.
In Vitro
Activities and Spectrum of the Novel Fluoroquinolone Lascufloxacin (KRP-AM1977)
Authors: Kishii Ryuta , Yamaguchi Yuko , Takei Masaya
Published: March 2017

Lascufloxacin exhibited a broad spectrum of activity against various clinical isolates. Furthermore, lascufloxacin showed the most potent activity against Gram-positive bacteria among the quinolones tested and incomplete cross-resistance against existing quinolone-resistant strains. Enzymatic analysis indicated that lascufloxacin had potent inhibitory activity against both wild-type and mutated target enzymes. These results suggest that lascufloxacin may be useful in treating infections caused by various pathogens, including quinolone-resistant strains.
Piperacillin-Tazobactam versus Other Antibacterial Agents for Treatment of Bloodstream Infections Due to AmpC β-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae
Authors: Cheng Lucy , Nelson Brian C. , Mehta Monica , Seval Nikhil , Park Sarah , Giddins Marla J. , Shi Qiuhu , Whittier Susan , Gomez-Simmonds Angela , Uhlemann Anne-Catrin
Published: March 2017

In vivo
induction of AmpC beta-lactamases produces high-level resistance to many beta-lactam antibiotics in
Enterobacteriaceae
, often resulting in the need to use carbapenems or cefepime (FEP). The clinical effectiveness of piperacillin-tazobactam (TZP), a weak inducer of AmpC beta-lactamases, is poorly understood. Here, we conducted a case-control study of adult inpatients with bloodstream infections (BSIs) due to
Enterobacter
,
Serratia
, or
Citrobacter
species from 2009 to 2015 to assess outcomes following treatment with TZP compared to FEP or meropenem (MEM). We collected clinical data and screened all isolates for the presence of
ampC
alleles by PCR. Primary study outcomes were 30-day mortality and persistent bacteremia at ≥72 h from the time of treatment initiation. Of 493 patients with bacteremia, 165 patients met the inclusion criteria, of which 88 were treated with TZP and 77 with FEP or MEM. To minimize differences between covariates, we carried out propensity score matching, which yielded 41 matched pairs. Groups only differed by age, with patients in the TZP group significantly older (
P
= 0.012). There were no significant differences in 30-day mortality, persistent bacteremia, 7-day mortality, or treatment escalation between the two treatment groups, including in the propensity score-matched cohort. PCR amplification and sequencing of
amp
C genes revealed the presence of
amp
C in isolates with cefoxitin MICs below 16 μg/ml, in particular in
Serratia
spp., and demonstrated that these alleles were highly genetically diverse. Taken together, TZP may be a valuable treatment option for BSIs due to AmpC beta-lactamase-producing
Enterobacteriaceae
, diminishing the need for broader-spectrum agents. Future studies are needed to validate these findings.
Antibiotic Effects on Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Cytoplasmic Peptidoglycan Intermediate Levels and Evidence for Potential Metabolite Level Regulatory Loops
Authors: Vemula Harika , Ayon Navid J. , Burton Alloch , Gutheil William G.
Published: March 2017

Cytoplasmic peptidoglycan (PG) precursor levels were determined in methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA) after exposure to several cell wall-targeting antibiotics. Three experiments were performed: (i) exposure to 4× MIC levels (acute); (ii) exposure to sub-MIC levels (subacute); (iii) a time course experiment of the effect of vancomycin. In acute exposure experiments, fosfomycin increased UDP-GlcNAc, as expected, and resulted in substantially lower levels of total UDP-linked metabolite accumulation relative to other pathway inhibitors, indicating reduced entry into this pathway. Upstream inhibitors (fosfomycin,
d
-cycloserine, or
d
-boroalanine) reduced UDP-MurNAc-pentapeptide levels by more than fourfold. Alanine branch inhibitors (
d
-cycloserine and
d
-boroalanine) reduced
d
-Ala–
d
-Ala levels only modestly (up to 4-fold) but increased UDP-MurNAc-tripeptide levels up to 3,000-fold. Downstream pathway inhibitors (vancomycin, bacitracin, moenomycin, and oxacillin) increased UDP-MurNAc-pentapeptide levels up to 350-fold and UDP–MurNAc–
l
-Ala levels up to 80-fold, suggesting reduced MurD activity by downstream inhibitor action. Sub-MIC exposures demonstrated effects even at 1/8× MIC which strongly paralleled acute exposure changes. Time course data demonstrated that UDP-linked intermediate levels respond rapidly to vancomycin exposure, with several intermediates increasing three- to sixfold within minutes. UDP-linked intermediate level changes were also multiphasic, with some increasing, some decreasing, and some increasing and then decreasing. The total (summed) UDP-linked intermediate pool increased by 1,475 μM/min during the first 10 min after vancomycin exposure, providing a revised estimate of flux in this pathway during logarithmic growth. These observations outline the complexity of PG precursor response to antibiotic exposure in MRSA and indicate likely sites of regulation (entry and MurD).