bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Arguments for the Generation of Technology by Less-Developed Countries
Authors: Stewart Frances
Published: March 2007

This article considers whether LDCs should try to develop their own technological capacity rather than continue to rely on developed countries for their technology. The developed countries at present have a comparative advantage in the production of technology. They have the specialized resources of manpower and physical equipment as well as considerable experience. It is therefore likely to be cheaper for developing countries to buy their technology from developed countries. But there are three reasons why developing countries should nonetheless try to develop their own technological capacity. First, local technological capacity is necessary to adapt imported technology to local conditions so that it becomes more efficient in use. Second, technology imported from industrialized countries is often inappropriate for the different conditions in less-developed countries (LDCs). The imported technology tends to be capital-intensive and large scale and often produces oversophisticated high income products. LDCs need their own technological capacity to develop more appropriate technologies. Third, total technological dependence is a major factor behind the generally dependent relationship that many countries experience vis-a-vis industrial countries. Without independent technological capacity, the technological dependence and the more general dependent relationship is likely to be perpetuated.
U.S. Relations with Developing Countries: Conflict and Opportunity
Authors: McCULLOCH RACHEL
Published: March 2007

The United States has proposed a new approach to the problems of developing nations that reserves aid for the very poorest countries and stresses the role of free markets in stimulating Southern growth through expanded trade and private investment. Because the new policy rests upon opportunities for mutual gain, it may enjoy greater support in the North than past proposals to aid poor nations. However, expansion of North-South trade is central to the prospects for market-guided development. The new approach can succeed only if the United States and other Northern nations can adjust their own industrial structures to accommodate a new global division of labor.
Japan's Economic Impact on the United States
Authors: HOLLERMAN LEON
Published: March 2007

Japan has become increasingly competitive rather than complementary in relations with the United States. Its impact on the U.S. economy stems from structural and policy sources. An important structural source is the vertical anatomy of Japan's foreign trade, which in turn is largely determined by its unbalanced physical endowment. On the policy plane, Japan has pursued a supply-side strategy that is specifically linked to the doctrine of dynamic comparative advantage. Its objective is to achieve international competitive power in U.S. markets, among others. Japan's supply-side approach is thus a precursor of that of the United States. The U.S. version, however, differs from the Japanese in having domestic rather than international priorities. The U.S. response to its persistent trade deficits with Japan has tended to be bilateral and protectionist. The various “voluntary” export restraints Japan has adopted under U.S. pressure have dark implications because of the cartel arrangements by which they are enforced. These arrangements revive and nourish Japan's cartel tradition, similar to that thriving in major European Economic Community (EEC) nations. In the event of serious economic difficulties, Japan and the EEC would be strongly inclined to internationalize and combine their cartels. This would have adverse repercussions on the domestic and external sectors of the U.S. economy.
Child Care and Working Mothers in Puerto Rican Families
Authors: HURST MARSHA , ZAMBRANA RUTH E.
Published: March 2007

This article focuses on child care arrangements, mothering attitudes, and family support systems as they affect the labor force participation of urban Puerto Rican mothers. In general, for women in the United States, paid work outside the home has become a normal part of life and, for most women, a necessary aspect of existence. Puerto Rican women, particularly those in the New York City area, however, have declining, not rising, rates of labor force participation. Our study looked to child care factors for a partial explanation for this work pattern. The study method used in-depth interviews with a sample of 40 Puerto Rican mothers stratified by occupational status. All these mothers have worked outside the home, but not all are currently working. Cultural values toward family care were strongly expressed by the mothers and were found to significantly affect work patterns, particularly for women with erratic work histories. The social policy implications of this study relate to the need to recognize and act on the connection between participation in the labor market and cultural attitudes toward child care for a significant low-income urban minority population.
Judicial Selection: Casting a Wider Net
Authors: MIKVA ABNER J.
Published: March 2007

At one time a large percentage of federal judges had served in legislative bodies prior to their appointment to the bench. Today, however, former legislators are a rare exception in the ranks of the federal judiciary. This article suggests that this state of affairs has been brought about to a large extent by the view that selecting judges according to merit is somehow incompatible with selecting “politicians,” that is, legislators. This is unfortunate, because people with legislative experience can bring a number of useful attitudes and experiences to the federal bench.
Controlling International Terrorism: Alternatives Palatable and Unpalatable
Authors: AMOS JOHN W. , STOLFI RUSSEL H.S.
Published: March 2007

Operating from the premise that the literature on the control of international terrorism is inadequate, the authors systematically develop general alternatives for mastering international terrorism. Using a representative terrorist incident as the vehicle for considering the general strategies to be followed within the framework of ongoing international terrorism, the authors analyze the incident as a historical event. As such, the event can be set within a given historical context and examined comprehensively from the viewpoint of alternate possible beginnings, strategies to be followed and tactics to be effected within the framework of the incident itself, and systematic consideration of a range of possible outcomes. The authors consider that adequate control of international terrorism and the incidents that reflect its essential character must include strategies encompassing at least factors of politics, law, law enforcement, propaganda, armed military force, psychology, and time.
Family Life in Middle and Old Age: The Generation Gap
Authors: TROLL LILLIAN E.
Published: March 2007

Until recently, social scientists have paid more attention to parent-child relations at the early end of the age continuum: young children and their young-adult parents. Many of the same issues and approaches can be applied to the parallel study of parent-child relations at the later end of the age continuum, adults and their parents, and people in early old age and their parents. Generation gaps may be of the same order of magnitude, whether this term refers to value differences or to conflicts. Helping and communication patterns can be examined at both age poles, as can attitudes and feelings. The issue of geographic closeness does not usually apply to minor children who reside in the same place as their parents, but is a salient issue in later years.
Managing Culture: How Corporations can Help
Authors: PLATTEN DONALD C.
Published: March 2007

Between 1955 and 1979, arts organizations thrived as recipients of contributions, particularly when compared with churches, schools, and other recipient organizations. Three-quarters of donations to arts organizations came from individuals, and the rest from corporations, foundations, and bequests. In an era of economic malaise, growth in arts funding clearly cannot be sustained at former levels. Tighter budgets warrant more innovative giving programs as well as shrewder financial management among recipients. Chemical Bank, for example, has instituted two giving programs that feature unrestricted, longer-term grants. It expects that recipients will have the flexibility of applying funds where they are needed most, and also the ability to spend more time pursuing their main objectives instead of fund raising. The bank has also expanded such giving techniques as on-site management consulting, in-kind contributions, and diagnostic workshops, Much of the bank's thinking regarding the management of nonprofit organizations stems from its experience in providing them with cash management and other services. If tailored by other corporations to their own geography and style, such programs could benefit American culture significantly.
The Polls and Ethnic Minorities
Authors: HILL ROBERT B.
Published: March 2007

Polls have enhanced significantly the state of knowledge about the nature and degree of change in opinions of the American public on race relations. Notably they have documented a steady and sharp decline in intolerant racial attitudes among whites in all regions of this nation over the past 40 years. Nevertheless opinion polls on ethnic affairs are characterized by some deficiencies. The views of blacks are usually presented for the group as a whole without any breakdown by subgroup. Data on the attitudes of Hispanics, Asians, and Native Americans are sparse or nonexistent. Distinctions between beliefs and values are obscured. Indices of actual intolerant behavior are lacking. Shifts in relationships between prejudice and discrimination are not monitored. The assessment of the impact of factors in the family, community, and wider society on racial attitudes and the actions of individuals is inadequate.
Will the New Industrial Relations Last? Implications for the American Labor Movement
Authors: KOCHAN THOMAS A. , PIORE MICHAEL J.
Published: March 2007

This article reviews changes occurring in the U.S. industrial relations system at the work place, in collective bargaining, and at the level of strategic decision making within business and labor organizations. By relating these current developments to longer-term pressures on the post-New Deal industrial relations system, we suggest that the system is undergoing fundamental transformation. To adapt to these changes unions will need to redefine their roles at the work place by reorganizing work and fostering worker participation, adjust their wage bargaining objectives to promote employment continuity and compensation systems that are more closely tied to firm performance, and play a more direct and central role in business strategy decisions within the firm. These changes at the micro level of industrial relations are likely to be successful only if macroeconomic policies are reformed to provide a more supportive role for the labor movement in society.
Population Movement, Labor Force Absorption, and Urbanization in China
Authors: GOLDSTEIN SIDNEY , GOLDSTEIN ALICE
Published: March 2007

Concern in China with problems of rural-urban population distribution, rates of urban growth, and relations between employment opportunities and rural and urban development have resulted in a firmly articulated policy regarding population movement. Permanent movement from rural to urban places and from smaller to larger urban places is strictly controlled. Yet the pressures of a large surplus labor force and the introduction of the new economic responsibility system have led to a substantial increase in population mobility, most of it temporary. Such circulation has become a major mechanism to allow rural areas to cope with their surplus labor and to raise rural standards of living. It has also allowed urban places to gain the skilled service workers and unskilled construction workers that are in short supply without putting undue pressure on urban facilities.
The National Prison Overcrowding Project: Policy Analysis and Politics, a New Approach
Authors: KAUFMAN GERALD
Published: March 2007

The National Prison Overcrowding Project is operated by the Center for Effective Public Policy. The project took shape in 1981, growing out of the desire of the National Institute of Corrections and the Edna McConnell Clark Foundation to incorporate a broad systemic view in their efforts to control overcrowding. The Center has worked with Michigan, Colorado, South Carolina, and Oregon. In each of these states a group of significant and diverse policymakers now exists whose members understand how their criminal justice system works and take responsibility for changing it. In its work with the states, the Center facilitates a process aimed at achieving long-term, systemic change rather than simply quick-fix solutions. The focus is the state policy group, composed of policymakers from all three branches of government as well as high-ranking officials from criminal justice agencies, local law enforcement, and private citizens. National staff from the Center work with state project staff to take the policy group through a series of steps designed to produce problem definition and analysis, the information required for the analysis, the selection of policy options, and the implementation and monitoring of the options. Because of the value-laden as well as technical nature of the subject matter, the participation of all members in this policy analysis is critical.
The German Factor in Soviet Westpolitik
Authors: ADOMEIT HANNES
Published: March 2007

The author begins with a broad overview of Russian-German relations and observes that Russian diplomacy has historically vacillated between close cooperation with Germany and the construction of alliances against Germany. The latter has always been important to the Soviet Union, especially since 1945. The first section of the article evaluates the importance of East Germany in Soviet policy. The second section evaluates Soviet-West German relations in terms of Soviet long- and short-term interests. The author argues that Soviet policies toward both Germanys in the late 1970s and early 1980s have failed to produce positive results. The campaign against West German “revanchism” and “militarism” lacks credibility. The recent Soviet attempt to limit intra-German relations is likely to be met with resistance. The Soviet approach has been a setback and an embarrassment. Soviet control over East Germany will become more difficult than it has been in the past.
The French Connection: An Uncertain Factor in Soviet Relations with Western Europe
Authors: MENDRAS MARIE
Published: March 2007

France's long relationship with the Soviet Union has varied according to the political climate. The crucial factors in the French-Soviet relationship are the state of U.S.-Soviet affairs and Moscow's objectives in Western Europe. Mendras reviews the history of French-Soviet relations from the de Gaulle years. By the early 1970s, she argues, détente with the United States and the recognition of postwar borders in central Europe reduced the instrumentality and priority of France in Soviet policy. In the 1980s, as their relations with the United States deteriorated, the Soviets took a renewed interest in France. But the Socialist government in Paris, more critical of the USSR than were its predecessors, has developed a policy that the Soviets denigrate as “Europeanist” and “Atlantist” and no longer truly independent. Although recent events have made the French leadership more receptive to the Soviet Union, bilateral relations will remain essentially a diplomatic ritual.
India: Religion, Political Legitimacy, and the Secular State
Authors: BUULTJENS RALPH
Published: March 2007

In no region of the world have so many political entities intermingled with so many religious traditions for so long as in India. The early Hindu experience established a legitimizing link between religion and the state. Later, non-Hindu faiths adopted similar legitimizing practices. British colonialism displaced local religions as political legitimizers of the state and replaced them with Anglicized Christianity. Indian religions then became legitimizers of anticolonial freedom movements. After independence and partition of the subcontinent in 1947, India had a predominantly Hindu population, but the new state was created as a secular entity. Although secularism has been endangered and pressured in the past four decades, it remains largely intact at the national level; however, there are inconsistencies in its application and threats to its integrity at the regional and state level. Religion has, however, ceased to be the key legitimizing instrument of the state; democratic voting has replaced it. Yet, religious issues remain a vital part of Indian politics. The future appears optimistic for the continuity of the secular state, although severe problems could erode the concept.
Oregon's Psychiatric Security Review Board: A Comprehensive System for Managing Insanity Acquittees
Authors: ROGERS JEFFREY L. , BLOOM JOSEPH D. , MANSON SPERO M.
Published: March 2007

The insanity defense is a particularly controversial aspect of the interaction between law and mental health. During the past decade, many states have revised or abolished their insanity defenses. Oregon, however, chose in 1978 to retain its existing defense and create a new, unique system for the post-adjudication management of insanity acquittees. Oregon's legislature established the Psychiatric Security Review Board (PSRB), which is composed of five part-time members drawn from different disciplines, to conduct periodic hearings to determine the placement and supervision of defendants who successfully raise the insanity defense and remain mentally ill and dangerous. The PSRB has received national attention as a promising approach to managing mentally ill offenders. The authors first describe the structure and operation of the Oregon system. Then they summarize the empirical studies they have conducted of the PSRB in action.
Cities in Transition
Authors: THOMPSON WILBUR R.
Published: March 2007

The local industry mix provides the conventional framework within which a city's economic position and prospects are evaluated and its redevelopment is planned. The industrial approach has been complemented here with an occupational-functional approach that measures the comparative advantage—competitive position—of a given urban area along five broad paths of economic development: entrepreneurship, central management, research and development, precision operations, and routine operations. Looking beyond the products a city makes to the roles it plays and the skills it performs shifts the emphasis from the immediate fortunes of a given industry and the direct flow of current income to the long-run power and potential of local resources, especially human resources. This new perspective is also more sensitive to state and local public policy, and illustrations are provided of the ways in which educational and other strategies have been used implicitly and could be planned more explicitly to guide cities through these most difficult years of industrial transition.
Anti-Americanism in Canada?
Authors: DORAN CHARLES F. , SEWELL JAMES PATRICK
Published: March 2007

Anti-Americanism is a form of hostile caricature of American values and behavior. In Canada, hostile caricature of things American is sometimes used by politicians for a functional purpose. A government may appeal to a nationalist streak in some Canadians so as to attempt to stay in office or to unify the country against a purported hostile external influence. Anti-Americanism is undermined by cultural, regional, partisan, and individual differences in viewpoint. Governments that too ardently exploit anti-Americanism are thrown out of office. No latent anti-Americanism exists in Canada.
Rehabilitation: Small Goals, Sustained Interventions
Authors: ORY MARCIA G. , WILLIAMS T. FRANKLIN
Published: March 2007

Rehabilitation to restore and maintain functioning in older people is relatively new. Traditionally, ageist prejudices and the medical preoccupation with cure have led to neglect of chronic disabilities in older people. With a focus on an aging population, however, a new approach to rehabilitation is taking shape at the confluence of geriatric and psychosocial approaches. Significant components of this emerging approach are: setting small goals as incentives for motivating the patient, the timing of the disability within the individual's life course, coping behavior and the way the disability is defined, the importance of social support to the recovery potential, and the incorporation of sustained interventions into daily routines and life-styles. This article illustrates this approach with examples from common disabling conditions, proposing that the quality of aging can be markedly enhanced for older people suffering from functional disability.
Sociological Approaches to the Pacific Region
Authors: WESTNEY D. ELEANOR
Published: March 2007

Sociology has been grounded in Western experience and philosophy, especially in the assumption that by studying the most industrialized — that is, Western — societies, sociology could produce general theories applicable to all societies. However, the growing industrial competitiveness not just of Japan but of the Asian newly industrializing countries has converged with a dissatisfaction with the current paradigms in sociology, producing a new challenge to the long-standing parochialism of American social science in general, and sociology in particular. Yet, so far, the role of sociological research on Asia in these developments has been relatively limited. This article looks closely at research on Japan in organizational and industrial sociology to address what significant sociological research has been done on Asia, what that has contributed to our understanding of Asia and to the discipline, and what the outlook is for the future as popular interest in the Pacific Rim grows. The emergence of new paradigms in sociology is increasing the prospects for using Asia as a venue for generating sociological theory as well as testing it.
Changes in the International System: The Pacific Basin
Authors: KRAUSE LAWRENCE B.
Published: March 2007

The economies of the Pacific Basin have been much more successful than those in other areas during the 1980s. Economic growth in the Pacific has been high and inflation has been well contained. Five factors seem to be most important in explaining this success. First, these economies have managed to form a consensus to promote growth rather than other societal goals. Second, the people work very hard. Third, they save and invest an unusually large share of their current incomes. Fourth, they implement market-conforming economic policies that are particularly outward looking. Finally, these economies benefit from a regional factor that comes from being surrounded by other successful countries. Leadership in the Pacific Basin has been supplied only by the United States; however, Japan has taken on a more prominent role in recent years and may become dominant in the future.
Intergovernmental Fiscal Roles and Relations
Authors: NATHAN RICHARD P. , LAGO JOHN R.
Published: March 2007

This article reviews and assesses the changing roles and relations between the federal, state, and local governments. Specifically, we focus on intergovernmental aid, the flow of funds from the federal government to states and localities and from states to local governments. The article highlights major trends in intergovernmental finances and relationships in the past thirty years and concludes with views on prospects for the future.
Fertility and Mortality Decline in Latin America
Authors: PALLONI ALBERTO
Published: March 2007

During the twentieth century the population of Latin America has undergone three momentous shifts. One of these affected mortality, and the other two involved marital and general fertility. Different countries, however, experienced these shifts at different times and with different intensities. As a consequence, the patterns of population growth are very diverse and difficult to classify. In this article an attempt is made to construct a typology of population trends in Latin America by identifying similarities and differences in the levels, patterns, and changes of fertility and mortality. The typology is used to review the most important macro and micro determinants of the observed population trends.
Bilingualism in the Workplace
Authors: McGROARTY MARY E.
Published: March 2007

This article discusses occupational bilingualism from the perspective of speakers of other languages who need to acquire English to be able to work. Most of the data are drawn from information on the language-use patterns of recent immigrants, a group that has been the focus of much policy research, though the situation of workers from indigenous language minority groups and those involved in the border economy are also mentioned. Data on immigrants' job experiences show that the relevance of English skills to employment varies by geographical location, occupational sector, gender, and ethnic background. Three case studies of occupational language use—in a restaurant, in small retail businesses, and in hospitals—illustrate the job-specific nature of second-language skills in these settings. Evidence indicates that bilingualism, defined as the addition of some level of English to previous native-language skills, plays an active role in the American economy.
Denmark's Foreign Relations in the 1990s
Authors: PETERSEN NIKOLAJ
Published: March 2007

Denmark faces, in the 1990s, a radically transformed security and political-economic environment, which is likely to have a profound impact on the relative importance of the five traditional arenas in Danish security and foreign economic policy, namely, the Nordic, the Atlantic, the West European, the All-European, and the global arenas. After a detailed analysis of Danish postwar security and foreign economic policies, which focuses on the effects of eroding domestic agreement in the 1980s, it is concluded that consensus has been largely reestablished and is likely to prevail in the 1990s, despite fundamental challenges to established policies and attitudes. Finally, Denmark's likely responses to four main challenges of the 1990s are discussed; these are the changing threat environment, the prospects for a European union, German unification, and possibilities for cooperation in the Baltic region.
Japan's Urban Economy and Land Policy
Authors: MIYAO TAKAHIRO
Published: March 2007

In the 1980s, with advancing information technology and business globalization, Tokyo emerged as a major business and financial center in the world economy. Especially after 1985 Tokyo and then other large cities experienced a strong boom and a rapid increase in land values. It should be pointed out that, instead of high land prices restricting domestic demand, the appreciation of land along with other assets has helped boost the economy through the wealth effect and has made Japan the “richest” nation in the world in terms of the value of assets. There are, however, some serious problems associated with land in Tokyo and other large cities. Among them are inefficient land use, inadequate public infrastructure, and an increasing disparity between the haves and the have-nots due to land-price escalation. To solve these problems, it is essential that excessive regulations over land use and transactions be removed and the present land-tax system be reformed. Japan's land problem must be dealt with by encouraging the supply of land and the efficient use of land.
Barriers to Foreign Investment in the U.S. and Other Nations
Authors: TANZI VITO , COELHO ISAIAS
Published: March 2007

Foreign investment has often been a controversial issue because of fears that it may become a tool for foreign influence in a country's economy. This attitude was common in Latin America and other countries, but, until recently, it was rare in the United States since this country, for much of this century, had been a net capital exporter. Recent years, however, saw a change in attitude when the United States became a net capital importer. This article surveys the restrictions on foreign direct investment imposed by the United States and other major countries. It concludes that the United States is still the most hospitable country—or at least one of the most—to foreign direct investment. Recent changes, however, have reduced the distance between the U.S. openness and that of other countries mainly by making the U.S. climate for foreign investment less welcoming.
Rules of Conduct in the Settlement of Regional Conflicts
Authors: KREMENYUK VICTOR A.
Published: March 2007

The settlement of regional conflicts has definitely joined the U.S.-Soviet agenda. Both superpowers have become engaged in talks on the approaches to such settlement in their bilateral relations and in their relations with third parties-participants to conflicts. This development has emerged only recently and demands more attention on the part of researchers. What makes this task even more attractive is the necessity of finding an approach shared by the United States and the USSR in dealing with regional conflicts. For this purpose, it is necessary to analyze the past experience of the superpowers when they adhered to a collision course in their attitudes toward regional conflicts and, first of all, to find what types of actions and decisions they should avoid in order to establish the necessary level of trust and, second, what type of actions they could envisage in order to establish a pattern of cooperation. Without such a study, it would be difficult to expect a positive result from the superpowers' efforts to settle conflicts in different areas of the world.
Literacy Acquisition in Peru, Asia, and the United States
Authors: STEVENSON HAROLD W. , CHEN CHUANSHENG
Published: March 2007

An important question in the study of literacy is the degree to which environmental conditions influence children's ability to learn to read. A comparison was made of the reading ability of schooled and nonschooled children in three locations in Peru: the city, the highlands, and the rain forest. Increased attendance resulted in improved reading ability, but the degree of improvement varied according to the environments in which the children resided. When the children were followed up nine years after the original testing, they showed continued improvement in reading ability, especially in the environment where economic conditions had improved. A comparison of the Peruvian children with children in three industrialized societies, Japan, Taiwan, and the United States, revealed little difference in the children's cognitive abilities but great differences in their reading ability. More stimulating environmental conditions and better schooling in the industrialized societies were presumably responsible for these differences.
Monarchs, Mullas, and Marshals: Islamic Regimes?
Authors: KARAWAN IBRAHIM A.
Published: March 2007

This article examines three regime types that assert that they represent “Islam in power.” They are the conservative dynastic regime of Saudi Arabia, the populist clerical regime of Iran, and the authoritarian military regimes of the Sudan and Pakistan. These regimes articulate different interpretations of Islam that reflect the interests and ideology of those who control the state machinery, the influence of society's historical legacy, and specific characteristics of the immediate situational setting. The Islamic legitimization of all three types has been contested on religiopolitical grounds by domestic rivals for power and external rivals for leadership in the Muslim world. The most effective challenges to regime legitimacy have been manifested in the Islamized military regimes. The predicament of “the Islam of the marshals” is due to several factors: their lack of the political capital available in the Saudi type of “the Islam of wealth,” or the legitimacy generated by revolutionary change under charismatic leadership known in the Iranian type of “the Islam of revolution,” and their antipolitical character, manifested in their distrust of political movements that supported their Islamization programs and whose leaders aspired to play the roles of its theoreticians and organizers.
A New Latin American and Caribbean Nationalism
Authors: COHEN ISAAC
Published: March 2007

It is timely to observe how the end of the Cold War is affecting the world outside Europe, particularly in Latin America and the Caribbean, where there is a turn toward a positive form of nationalism. During the Cold War, a defensive form of nationalism prevailed in Latin America and the Caribbean, as did a search for a third way between socialism and capitalism. The slump of the 1980s revealed the social and economic shortcomings of defensive nationalism and led to the end of the search for a third way. As a consequence, a new, more positive form of nationalism is emerging that has placed Latin America and the Caribbean at a decisive and unprecedented juncture in its development choices. One path may lead to a prosperous and democratic hemisphere, while the other could result in a slide back into depression and dictatorship.
The Compatibility of Regional Economic Blocs and the GATT
Authors: PREEG ERNEST H.
Published: March 2007

Regional economic blocs are compatible with the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) multilateral trading system through Article XXIV, which provides for customs unions and free trade agreements. However, both the European Community and the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) raise questions about the GATT criterion that the level of import restrictions to nonmembers is not higher than before the bloc formation. The actual trade impact of regional economic blocs is likely to be strongly trade-creating, while trade flows within the overall trading system are approaching parity between preferential and nonpreferential trade. NAFTA and the Enterprise for the Americas Initiative have unleashed a dynamic toward further bloc formation, especially for the Asian-Pacific region, which will have to be resolved during the 1990s. Questions on whether regional free trade arrangements will ultimately converge toward multilateral free trade, and in what form, cannot yet be answered and will depend on future political as well as economic relationships.
Knowledge in Action: The University of Missouri's Extension Network
Authors: RATCHFORD C. BRICE
Published: March 2007

This article reviews how the University of Missouri organized in the 1970s to be a readily available knowledge resource to all the citizens and institutions of the state. The goal was to enhance individual and institutional capacity to solve problems and achieve goals, including economic development. To accomplish this mission, the University placed many academic activities in a single unit, the Extension Division. Leadership for the Extension Division was part of the central University administrative staff. A critical decision was that the outreach work would be part of the regular academic program and that extension personnel would be part of the regular faculty. Every school and college of the four-campus system came to be involved in some way in the extension mission. The two major thrusts are the traditional continuing education of professionals and problem solving. In addition to campus-based faculty with continuing and ad hoc extension assignments, there is a field staff of some 400 persons located in offices in every county. The program has been rated as effective, particularly in rural areas where there is a dearth of expertise and organizations.
Foreign Languages on the Campus: Room for Improvement
Authors: STARR S. FREDERICK
Published: March 2007

The 1980s witnessed substantial increases in enrollments in foreign language courses at American universities. Adjusted to take account of various factors, however, these increases are far from impressive and leave universities more monolingual than in the 1960s. Federal options for improving this are limited, but state and campus-based initiatives hold much promise. Generally, the emphasis should be on developing mastery by reducing attrition rather than on merely increasing gross enrollments at the introductory level.
U.S. Policy toward Haitian Boat People, 1972-93
Authors: MITCHELL CHRISTOPHER
Published: March 2007

In the early 1970s, Haitians began migrating by sea to south Florida without authorization. Influential economic and social elites in that region pressed for federal action to deter this population stream. Until 1981, arriving Haitian boat people were detained in Florida, and most were deported as rapidly as possible. Since 1981, the U.S. government has used the Coast Guard to intercept boats laden with Haitian migrants. Since May 1992, “interdicted” Haitian vessels have been escorted back to Haiti, without affording passengers an opportunity to request political asylum in the United States. Although this policy has aroused condemnation from many observers as inhumane and discriminatory, the U.S. government arguably has the administrative, legal, and political ability to uphold it. Political criticism of the interception policy has helped induce the U.S. government to act in favor of a democratic regime in Haiti. Such a political trend would undercut the argument that Haitian boat people are fleeing political persecution and would bolster the policy of repatriation. As both U.S. political leaders and the general public become more restrictionist, the policy of returning Haitian boat people may, unfortunately, come to seem normal rather than anomalous.
The Changing International System and the Arms Trade
Authors: HARKAVY ROBERT E.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the impact of the changing structure of the international system on various aspects of the arms trade. The passing of the Cold War allows for comparative analysis of three distinct international systems: the interwar, the postwar or Cold War, and the emerging post-Cold War period. This involves gauging the impact of changing system structure (bipolarity, multipolarity), the degree of ideological conflict at the big-power level, alliance patterns, rates of military technological change, and so forth on such aspects of the arms trade as supplier markets, patterns of supplier-recipient relations, transfer modes, and levels of arms dependency by recipients. The emerging post-Cold War period already appears to evidence some trends in arms transfer patterns reminiscent of the interwar period, specifically those involving the depoliticization and denationalization of that trade. The impact of the Military Technical Revolution in an era of contracting global arms transfers is viewed as crucial to the emerging arms trade.
Political Institutions and Conflict Management in Canada
Authors: WEAVER R. KENT
Published: March 2007

Several features of Canadian political institutions have contributed in important ways to Canada's constitutional discontent. The system of plurality elections in single-member districts to the House of Commons tends to exaggerate regional differences in support for political parties, leading to some regions being severely underrepresented in the governing party caucus. This perceived exclusion has heightened regional alienation, especially in western Canada. Federalism in Canada has empowered provincial majorities, but it has also created grievances among provincial minorities and increased the visibility and perceived legitimacy of provincial government leaders rather than federal politicians as spokespersons for regional interests. A veto-ridden constitutional amending formula, and the failure of the last two rounds of constitutional negotiations, strengthen the argument made by politicians favoring Quebec sovereignty that no package of reforms meeting Quebec's aspirations is likely to win approval in the rest of Canada.
Language, Identity, and the Nationalist Impulse: Quebec
Authors: THOMSON DALE
Published: March 2007

Quebec nationalism constitutes a clear case of ethnonationalism in the developed world. This article draws on the research of social psychologist Henri Tajfel, who argues that ethnic movements are motivated primarily by a need to establish a positive social identity. It also identifies language, and in this case the French language, as both the distinguishing characteristic of ethnic identity and the principal vehicle of ethnic assertiveness. The origins of Quebec ethnonationalism are surveyed, and then it is examined in the context of the highly modern and democratic society that the province has become. Answers are sought to such questions as: In what measure is it a specific case, and in what measure does it reflect wider trends? How can its present exceptional vitality be explained? How different is Quebec really from the rest of Canada, indeed, of North America? Do those differences require it to be a separate country? The burning question of whether Quebec will in fact become a sovereign state remains unanswered, but information and insights are provided on which to base conjectures on the subject.
The Fifth Force: Multiculturalism and the English Canadian Identity
Authors: ROY PATRICIA E.
Published: March 2007

Canada officially adopted a policy of multiculturalism in 1971. Since then, immigration patterns have changed. The number of immigrants has increased, and the major source has shifted from Europe to Asia, Africa, and their diasporas. Indeed, a fifth force has emerged. Examples from the 1993 federal election, from conflicts especially in metropolitan Toronto and Vancouver, and the observations of writers on multiculturalism suggest that the laudable ideal of multiculturalism has neither prevented racism nor helped English Canadians establish an identity. English Canadians face a challenge in melding diverse cultures into a unity that all can share.
Urban Communities and Local Political Participation in Spain
Authors: GARCÍA SOLEDAD
Published: March 2007

The role of urban communities and localities in the development of citizenship and civil society in Spain is examined. The periods before and after democracy are compared. The focus is on the importance of community-based solidarity for the development of urban social movements before the 1979 local democratic elections and the rise of voluntary associations that followed. Democracy during the transitional period to democracy, which was based on consensus politics, has been translated into greater visibility for formal organizations, such as political parties and trade unions, rather than community-based organizations. During the last decade, civic associations centered on cultural, educational, and leisure activities have rapidly developed. On the one hand, the local expresses more heterogeneous interests of the citizens than of associations. On the other, regional and national politics have acquired prominence. Although local governments remain poorly financed, local politics and identities nevertheless continue to be a significant part of citizen life.
Democratization and the Reorganization of the Welfare State
Authors: SZÜCS STEFAN
Published: March 2007

The democratization of Eastern Europe has engaged a debate about the relationship between the state and civil society. Efforts to create an independent civil society have raised questions about state-dominated political change in Western democracies as well. Since the 1980s, the European social welfare state has been challenged by downsizing, decentralization, and privatization of government services. Recent research in Europe shows, however, a strong connection between horizontal civic traditions and the success of effective government. This article penetrates the challenge of the vertical democratic organization and the new management alternatives that confront the traditional welfare state. Has the reorganization of the welfare state changed the perception of democracy and the way it is organized among the political and administrative leaders? The case studied here is Sweden, one of the more egalitarian welfare societies in the world, where expansion has been located primarily in the Swedish self-governing unit, the commune.
The Balkan Tragedy
Authors: MOODIE MICHAEL
Published: March 2007

The tragic conflict in the Balkans is the product of a complex interaction of historical, religious, and political factors, the absence of effective political institutions in new states, and personal and ideological imperatives. This article reviews that interaction, focusing on events following the breakup of Yugoslavia. It highlights in particular the impact of extremist ethnic nationalism on all of the parties to the conflict. The article also addresses international involvement in the Balkan conflict, reviewing the numerous peace plans that have been unsuccessfully promoted and the impact of the crisis on transatlantic relations. It contends that no country or institution has won particularly good marks for its policies and actions.
Societal Transformation for Peace in El Salvador
Authors: CORR EDWIN G.
Published: March 2007

This article argues that significant political, economic, and social changes within Salvadoran society and changes in the world arena permitted reconciliation between the Salvadoran government and the insurgents of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN). The negotiated peace was based on contending parties' perceptions that each could claim victory and that society had been transformed sufficiently to permit an acceptable future. The U.S. government's support for the Salvadoran government and the peace process, for reasons of both national security and the promotion of democracy and human rights, was vindicated. Salvadoran society is progressing toward the end state envisioned by the U.S. government and by Salvadoran democrats. The 1994 presidential elections included all political parties, and the FMLN established itself for the time being as the nation's second-strongest political force in the democratic process. Continued economic development and consolidation of democratic society depend on maintaining the expansion of opportunities for historically excluded sectors of society.
Privatizing Law Enforcement
Authors: BUCY PAMELA H.
Published: March 2007

In the area of criminal law, the federal government often sets trends. This article discusses the potential impact of two trends in federal criminal justice that are being followed by the states: privatizing prosecution and blurring the line between criminal and civil law. While there are potential benefits of both trends, such as enhancing law enforcement's resources and flexibility, this article suggests that the potential harm they pose for a system of criminal justice is serious. By abdicating prosecutorial functions to private parties motivated by greed rather than the public interest and by blurring the line between criminal and civil law, we risk diluting the power of the criminal law to communicate core values of society.
Some Theological Aspects of Jewish Memory in the Holocaust Memoir
Authors: PATTERSON DAVID
Published: March 2007

While the Holocaust memoir is not a theological text, as part of Jewish memory and Jewish life it contains certain theological aspects, for Jewish life is an especially religious life. Several scholars have demonstrated that the Nazis' assault on Jewish being included an assault on the divine being manifested by the Jewish presence. That assault is revealed in the Holocaust memoir through a concern with God. After showing that the concern is indeed there, this article examines three primary manifestations of the concern: the theological aspects of the memoir unfold through the memory of the child, the memory of prayer, and the memory of memory itself.