bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Taint of Communism: The Movement for Colonial Freedom, the Labour Party, and the Communist Party of Great Britain, 1954-70
Authors: Brownell Josiah
Published: December 2016

This article examines the three-way relationship between the Labour Party, the Movement for Colonial Freedom (MCF), and the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB), and describes their efforts to negotiate the delicate politics of decolonization. Decolonization had always been a politically sensitive issue in postwar Britain, as it coincided with both the decline of British power internationally and the West’s global struggle against communism. Adding to this unique mixture, the Labour Party was in opposition during the most active years of decolonization and, as a result, was thrust into the awkward position of being preempted on colonial issues by the Conservative Party. The Labour Party’s leadership was anxious to prove Labour’s dependability as a party in power, and consequently distanced themselves from any anticolonial organizations that were potentially subversive. A byproduct of this peculiar situation was that the most effective anticolonial organization, the MCF, was forced to position itself so as not to offend British public opinion or risk losing vital support from the Labour Party. This meant that a distance also had to be maintained between the MCF and the CPGB. The resulting dynamic was one of strategic associations and disassociations that reflected these organizations independent struggles to exert influence over these sensitive political issues without compromising long-term goals or ideological principles.
A “Museum of Bad Taste”?: The Jewish Labour Bund and the Bolshevik Position Regarding the National Question, 1903-14
Authors: Gechtman Roni
Published: December 2016

This article discusses the debates on the national question between the Bolshevik faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDRP), led by Vladimir Lenin, and the Jewish Labour Bund, then an integral part of the RSDRP, from 1903 to the First World War. The escalating conflict and competition between the Bolsheviks and the Bund shaped both groups’ position regarding national minorities, at a time when the former were striving to gain control of the Russian Marxist revolutionary movement. I examine Lenin’s and Joseph Stalin’s fierce criticism of the program of national-cultural autonomy advanced by the Bund and the Austro-Marxist theorists Karl Renner and Otto Bauer and show how Lenin and the Bolsheviks adopted the formula of “right of nations to self-determination” partly as a result of tactical considerations during their decade-long debate with the Bund. The Bolshevik leaders, Lenin and Stalin, formulated their ideas on nationalities in opposition to the Bund; the Bund thus played a role, even if a negative one, in the long-term development of Bolshevik ideas and policy.
Early Modern Olympians: Puritan Sportsmen in Seventeenth-Century England and America
Authors: Daniels Bruce C.
Published: December 2016

The Europeans who conquered the Americas in the early modern era lived in a remarkably violent world. Nowhere was this more true than in the world of sports, which often saw mortal combat between humans, blood sports between man and animals, and collective contests where maiming was the rule. Against this background, the Puritan reformers of England and New England formulated a contrasting set of sporting ideals remarkably consistent with the modern amateur and Olympic commitment to athletes who embody “a sound mind in a healthy body.” Puritan support of certain types of sports is relatively little known because the Puritans famously opposed James I’s Book of Sports (1616). They did so not out of hostility to physical recreation, however, but out of support for the principle of Sabbatarianism, and Puritans — both in England and New England — enjoyed a number of sports that involved what modern peoples would call track and field events, along with other forms of sport. Although the Cotswold Games, which began in England in 1612 and which the Puritans vehemently opposed as sinful and immoral, are considered by many to have marked the beginning of the modern Olympic tradition’s revival, the Puritan sporting ethic may be just as important as an early modern precursor.
Favour and Patronage: Dancers in the Court Ballets of Early Seventeenth-Century France
Authors: Kettering Sharon
Published: December 2016

Royal courts have been described as a marketplace because a major reason for their existence was the distribution of patronage. As a meeting place for nobles, royal courts were vast stages where everyone in search of patronage was on display. Dancing in ballets became popular because it was a rare opportunity to be seen by the whole court in a glamorous setting, allowing dancers to secure favour and patronage. Ballets are a neglected source of information on courts, and knowing how their dancers were chosen offers a glimpse of how the patronage system worked and how courts functioned.
The Conservative Capture of Anti-Relativist Discourse in Postwar America
Authors: Lewis Hyrum
Published: December 2016

As both conservatives and liberals rethought their fundamental assumptions in the wake of World War II, leaders of the conservative movement sought to combine anti-relativist cultural belifs with the traditional conservative concern with limited government. By attacking liberal icon John Dewey and his philosophy of pragmatism, conservative intellectuals such as William F. Buckley Jr., Richard Weaver, Eliseo Vivas, and Frank Meyer carried the banner of eternal truth as a right-wing rallying point. By mid-century, conservatives had captured the discourse of philosophical foundationalism for their cause and used this new principle to gain political success by ascribing societal problems to liberal relativism. Yet, what they gained in rhetorical advantage, they gave up in ideological coherence as postwar conservatives found themselves promoting state-sponsored truths, while also professing a libertarian belief in limited government.
Roman Slavery: Retrospect and Prospect
Authors: Bradley Keith
Published: December 2016

This paper is the result of an invitation made to the author to assess his own contribution to the history of Roman slavery for presentation at a conference held at the University of Edinburgh in 2007. It describes the circumstances under which he began the study of Roman slavery (with special attention to the influence of contemporary studies of New World slavery), indicates the principal questions asked and answers proposed, and points to areas for further investigation. A key theme is the emphasis on the need to study the history of Roman slavery from a comparative point of view.
Pérennité et présence d’un mythe Jeanne d’Arc, l’Européenne?
Authors: Rigolet Yann
Published: December 2016

Depuis le XIXe siècle, le mythe Jeanne d’Arc n’a cessé de stigmatiser les passions politiques françaises. Aujourd’hui encore, à l’heure des grandes questions sur le choix des symboles européens, son souvenir suscite toujours débats et controverses entre militants d’un patriotisme aigu et zélateurs de l’une dimension « supranationale » chez l’héroïne. Qu’en est-il réellement ? Jeanne d’Arc peut-elle être considérée comme préfiguratrice d’un certain esprit européen dès le XVe siècle ? Est-elle véritablement une figure de proue de l’Europe en marche ou un symbole du nationalisme étroit ? Entre instrumentalisation politique et apologie sincère, historiographie d’une nouvelle controverse autour d’un mythe sans cesse régénéré
Rocky Rapids and Sinking Hopes: River Travel, Commercial Rivalries, and Political Divides in Oskar Lenz’s Gabon Voyages, 1874-77
Authors: Rich Jeremy
Published: December 2016

German geographer Oskar Lenz visited Gabon from 1874 to 1877, just as French expansion into the Gabonese interior began in earnest under the leadership of Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza. Canoe workers from communities known for slave trading along the Ogooue River, particularly those from the Adouma and Okande clans, sought to gain commercial rights and reopen trade links through their service to Lenz. These workers recognized the value of their labour, and employed sabotage of canoes and strikes to force Lenz to raise salaries and support their goals. Younger Adouma and Okande men made partnerships with Lenz to enrich themselves and challenge older leaders during this time of political and economic change at the very end of the Atlantic slave trade in Gabon. This essay demonstrates how canoe workers asserted their economic rights and made the transition from slave trading to employment with Europeans at the opening of European colonial expansion in the late nineteenth century.
“A call to action”: The Committee on British Communities Abroad, 1919-20
Authors: Fisher John
Published: December 2016

This article discusses a little known Foreign Office committee which tried to sustain and develop the patriotic feeling engendered by the First World War among expatriate Britons. The committee’s origins, membership, and key areas of discussion are considered. Its chief focus was educational issues and the promotion of Britishness by a wide variety of means. The article suggests that the committee’s remit was too broad and concludes that it was unlikely to succeed in view of postwar financial constraints, among other factors.
De l'imperatif d'une « mise en valeur » à la sauvegarde des races indigenes ? La lutte contre la maladie du sommeil au Cameroun Français
Authors: Yakam Josiane Tantchou
Published: December 2016

Ce texte voudrait analyser la généalogie d'une politique de santé mise en œuvre en 1926-1931 pour lutter contre la maladie du sommeil au Cameroun. Le but est d'établir que la déclaration d'une « urgence sanitaire », d'une « crise sanitaire » ou d'une « épidémie », n'est pas simplement la résultante du constat/éventualité d'une situation épidémiologique critique, mais également un acte politique. L'analyse, qui se veut historique, est fondée sur des données bibliographiques et des éléments d'archives consultés au Cameroun (Archives Nationales de Yaoundé), à Marseille (Archives de l'Institut de Médecine Tropicale du Service de Santé des Armées. IMTSSA) et à I’Institut Pasteur de Paris.
Ex Unitate Vires: Elite Consolidation and the Union of South Africa, 1902-10
Authors: Campbell-Miller Jill
Published: December 2016

This article examines the crucial period between 1902 and 1910 in South Africas political history. It focuses on the particular roles played by a small group of elite politicians in the formation of union, including Generals Louis Botha and Jan Smuts, J.X. Merriman, and a group of men known as the kindergarten. This group undertook an imaginative process that resulted in the political construction of the Union of South Africa. They came to believe in a pan-South African ideal that would unify white English- and Afrikaans-speaking South Africans. They pursued this goal in order to consolidate white power, create a new white nation, and strengthen South Africa politically and economically. In the process, they also hoped to maintain control over what was perceived to be an inferior and encroaching black majority.
La renaissance de la « fabrication du corps » par lexercice physique au XVIe siècle : discours, pratique, préservation dun patrimoine, ou transgression dun interdit ? Une étude des archives du fonds ancien de la Faculté de médecine de Montpellier
Authors: Gleyse Jacques
Published: December 2016

Le travail présenté tente de questionner et de comprendre dans quel contexte, un accroissement conséquent des ouvrages et chapitres concernant le corps, la santé et l’exercice dans le Fonds Ancien de la Bibliothèque de la Faculté de Médecine de Montpellier, trouve place. Si la Réformation ou la contre-réforme, mais aussi le développement de l’imprimerie, la réhabilitation de l’humanisme semblent pertinents pour comprendre cette émergence, d’autres pistes doivent être explorées. Plusieurs hypothèses peuvent être émises. L’une est liée à la publication de l’index librorum prohibitum, l’autre à la mode des cabinets de curiosité, la troisième à une résistance protestante à la mise à l’index.
“A Beastly Affair”: Visual Representations of Animality and the Politics of the Dreyfus Affair
Authors: Jones David C.
Published: December 2016

This article investigates the proliferation of animal imagery in the visual production of the Dreyfus Affair. The use of animal symbols and motifs, for the most part found in the anti-Dreyfusard “gutter press,” are situated within deep fin-de-siècle concerns about the nation and the body. Drawing on politically marginal, yet popular newspapers such as Edouard Drumont’s La Libre Parole Illustrée and Henri Rochefort’s L’Intransigeant, fears of national and bodily infestation, physiognomic stereotyping, and fantasies of teleological redemption are found to be rendered through the use of the animal as a device. The article also examines the scientific and literary developments in the study of the “natural,” within which the human relationship to the animal is constructed throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries — providing a discursive framework from which political caricature drew its content and form.
Liberty and Love? Dora Black Russell and Marriage
Authors: Gorham Deborah
Published: December 2016

This paper explores modernist marriage in interwar Britain through an examination of the experience and the writings of the feminist activist Dora Black Russell (1894-1986). Dora Black’s marriage in 1921 to the philosopher Bertrand Russell is well known. She took Russell’s name; she and Russell had two children together, and she is often remembered as “Bertrand Russell’s second wife.” This marriage ended in a bitter divorce. Dora Russell did marry again. However, her second marriage is usually overlooked in the Dora Russell literature. Its significance is examined in this paper, as is the significance of her other relationships with men, including Griffin Barry, the father of her two younger children. Dora Russell considered herself to be an exemplar of modernism, especially in the areas of sex, marriage, and childrearing. The author examines secondary and primary literature on sex, gender and modernism in relationship to Dora Black Russell herself, and to sex and modernism more generally.
The Early Defence of 'Lambeth Calvinism': Theological and Pastoral Responses in a Lincolnshire Parish
Authors: Morgan John
Published: December 2016

Recent analyses of the early Stuart church have generally emphasized James ' attempts at consensus and balance. But to whom would this actually have appealed? Here the argument is made that the godly perceived the old Elizabethan Calvinist hegemony to be under attack right from the beginning of the new reign and so mounted a defence to stem the perceived declension. A case study of a Lincolnshire minister reveals both the doctrinal and pastoral strategies to resist an anti-Calvinist thrust that affected the localities as well as the universities and episcopal bench. At ground level, this conscious defence of the theology summed up in the Lambeth Articles (1595) also involved identifying and gathering the godly community as a form of distinction rather than separation.
The First State Duma, 1906: The View from the Contemporary Pamphlet and Monograph Literature
Authors: Thatcher Ian D.
Published: December 2016

In 1906 Russia began its experiment in constitutionalism. The First State Duma sat for only 72 days but it broughtforth an extensive monograph and pamphlet literature. This article is the first to examine this source base. It illustrates the main forms of analysis, and in particular a mix ofpolemics and domestic political science in embryo. There was a robust defence of the representative institution that despite an early closure remained a feature of Russian politics to the Tsar’s fall.
True Grit: Gheorghiu-Dej and Romanian Exceptionalism in 1956
Authors: Granville Johanna
Published: December 2016

Soon after Soviet First Secretary Nikita Khrushchev exposed Joseph Stalin’s crimes in February 1956, several Stalinist dictators in Eastern Europe similar in outlook to Romanian general secretary Gheorghiu-Dej were discredited and toppled by rivals: Hungary (Mátyás Rákosi), Poland (Edward Ochab), and Bulgaria (Vulko Velev Chervenkov), as were Stalinist leaders in western communist parties, such as in Greece (Nikolaos Zachariadis). Gheorghiu-Dej, however, managed to keep his post until his death from lung cancer in 1965. Romania, the only country other than Albania to maintain a tight clamp over its citizens, also became the only Warsaw Pact country from which both Soviet troops (1958) and KGB advisors (1964) were actually withdrawn during the Cold War. This article will show that that Gheorghiu-Dej, too, faced a threat to his power in 1956. Two Politburo members, Miron Constantinescu and losif Chif inevschi, had risked criticizing the Romanian leader, to some extent at the March Plenum, but mostly at the Politburo meetings of 3, 4, 6 and 12 April 1956. Drawing on the minutes of these meetings, never before published in English translation, as well as other Romanian archival documents and recent scholarship, this article will argue that the factional challenge of Dej failed primarily because offour factors that both discredited the oppositionists and mobilized the Bucharest leaders - especially the disgraced politicians - to act in concert to contain the spread of the Hungarian revolution into Romania. These are: the oppositionists ' lack of support from Moscow; the lack of living martyrs and recognition of mutual guilt for spreading the personality cult; collective memories of their underground days with the concomitant fear offactionalism; and aversion to "petty bourgeois intellectualism. "
The Sensitivities of Small, Backward Nations: Austria-Hungary, Serbia, and the Regulation of the Danube 1870-71
Authors: Armour Ian D.
Published: December 2016

Despite the importance of the Danube as a potential conduit for commerce, efforts to render it fully navigable were impeded until the late nineteenth century by the difficulty of securing an international agreement. Based on hitherto unpublished Hungarian and other sources, this article analyzes the failure of the Habsburg Monarchy’s attempt to gain the support of Serbia for Danubian regulation at the Black Sea Conference of 1871. Thanks to the interference of the Hungarian government in the Monarchy’s Serbian policy, Serbian suspicions of Austria-Hungary, and the Serbian government’s sensitivities as to what few rights it had as a vassal principality of the Ottoman Empire, Serbia sided with the opponents of regulation. The mismanagement of the Austro-Serbian relationship serves as an object lesson for powerful states in how not to handle relations with weaker states, as well as an illustration of the complexities of foreign policy in a multinational state.
Black Nurses in the Great War: Fighting for and with the American Military in the Struggle for Civil Rights
Authors: Patterson Andrea
Published: December 2016

Black nurses in the Great War waged a campaign for acceptance into the American Red Cross and U.S. military that blended professionalism with race consciousness in ways that would be felt ever since. This article challenges the traditional interpretation of this struggle as one of professional frustration and racial discrimination, and instead argues that the black nurses protest expanded their role as political activists. Black nurses saw themselves not only as health care professionals, but also as dedicated civil rights fighters. Their battle against the white power structure encouraged others to demand Increased opportunities and responsibilities. It also transformed the postwar environment, particularly in the field of public health. Finally, black nurses campaign for acceptance during World War I served as an important foundational movement. While not all of their goals were accomplished, black nurses developed many of the strategies later used during a similar campaign in World War II.
Economics, Diplomacy, and War: Britain and Bulgaria, 1936-38
Authors: Leonard Glenn
Published: December 2016

This article explores the effects of organizational memory on decision making with particular reference to British foreign policy regarding trade with Bulgaria in the years immediately preceding the Second World War. It argues that British policy, in conjunction with that of other Allied powers, pushed Bulgaria into a state of economic dependence on Nazi Germany. Bulgaria desired neutrality but eventually had to succumb to the pressures of its economic lifeline and join the war on the side of the Axis powers. These British policies were heavily influenced by the institutional memory of Bulgaria as an enemy from the First World War. The particulars of the organizational structure of the British Foreign Office meant little change in policy would occur right up to the beginning of the war, in spite of the recognized strategic importance of Bulgaria becoming an Allied partner or, at least, remaining neutral. This structure also contributed to an ongoing cultural bias that further reinforced rigidity in British policy development.
The Obligations of Kinship and Alliance within Governance in the Scottish Borders, 1528-1625
Authors: Groundwater Anna
Published: December 2016

The importance of kinship and lordship in determining relationships within medieval Scotland has long been acknowledged. In the late sixteenth century, however, Scotland underwent an intensification of government in which the crown increasingly drew judicial processes within its own remit, replacing the private justice dispensed by regional elites with the public justice of the central courts in Edinburgh. The assumption might therefore be that the older obligations of kinship and lordship would have been overridden by the newly persistent demands for personal accountability to the crown. This article demonstrates instead that such obligations were still significant in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, and that processes associated with traditional private justice were now being used in an unprecedented way by a Scottish crown, increasingly intolerant of violent crime. Familial and fictive familial obligations continued to shape how early modern Scottish society was organized and regulated.
Extracting the Best Deal for Britain: The Assassination of Sir Lee Stack in November 1924 and the Revision of Britain’s Nile Valley Policy
Authors: Gifford Jayne
Published: December 2016

Egypt has always attracted serious scholarly attention from diplomatic and imperial historians and an important aspect of the Anglo-Egyptian relationship was the Sudan. Egypt perceived the Sudan to be part of the Fertile Crescent — a view largely justified following the Anglo-Egyptian conquest of the Sudan from Mahdist forces and the establishment of the Anglo-Egyptian Condominium over the area in 1899. From the British perspective, large-scale investment in irrigation schemes accorded the Sudan a growing prominence within the Empire. More importantly, British concerns centred around the dissemination of Egyptian propaganda into the Sudan that encouraged a politically unified Nile valley. The Sudanese disturbances that occurred between June and August 1924, while a popularly elected nationalist Wafd Government, under the Premiership of Saad Zaghlul, was in power in Cairo — coupled with the November 1924 assassination of Sir Lee Stack, Sirdar and Governor-General of the Sudan — seemed to confirm British fears of Egyptian subversion. This article examines the schism that opened up between the men-on-the-spot and the newly installed Conservative Foreign Secretary, Austen Chamberlain, over how to address the threat posed by Egyptian nationalism and secure Britain’s interests in the region following Stack’s assassination.
The Emergence of Concentrated Settlements in Medieval Western Europe: Explanatory Frameworks in the Historiography
Authors: Curtis Daniel R.
Published: December 2016

There is now a general scholarly consensus that the concentration of rural people into settlements in Western Europe (as opposed to dispersed or scattered habitations across the countryside) occurred in various stages between the eighth and twelfth centuries, though with regional divergences in precise timing, speed, formation, and intensity. What is clear from the literature is that a “one-size fits all” model for settlement development across Western Europe is not possible. Concentrated settlements appeared in certain parts of Europe for different reasons. This article discusses the strengths and limitations of four of the most influential frameworks for explaining patterns of medieval settlement concentration and their relation to social and economic change. The frameworks under analysis emphasize, respectively, power, coercion and lordship; communalism and territorial formalization; field systems and resource management; and urbanization and market-integration.
Queensberry’s Misrule: Reputation, Celebrity, and the Idea of the Victorian Gentleman
Authors: Milne-Smith Amy
Published: December 2016

To Victorians, the Marquis of Queensberry was a well-known aristocrat. As the father of Lord Alfred Douglas and the nemesis of Oscar Wilde, Queensberry was the impetus behind Wilde’s legal troubles. He is also renowned as the eponym of boxing’s first, and most famous rulebook. As a man who flouted every prescription for gentlemanly conduct, he provoked a variety of reactions. The working-class response to the Marquis, for example, suggests a more complicated relationship between the aristocracy and labour than has previously been recognized. Queensberry’s lifestyle also pointed to an enduring aristocratic rakish subculture within the respectable British metropole; for his peers, his cardinal sin was not his unconventional behavior, but rather the publicity he sought and generated for it. This article draws on evidence from the British periodical press to explore ideas of the gentleman, reputation, and celebrity during the second half of the nineteenth century. A focus on Queensberry offers new insights into dominant social conventions and the emergence of modern celebrity culture.
The Polish-Czechoslovak Confederation Project in British Policy, 1939-1943: A Federalist Alternative to Postwar Settlement in East Central Europe?
Authors: Vasilenko Victoria
Published: December 2016

This article examines the Polish-Czechoslovak confederation project of 1939-1943, which was seen by its proponents in wartime London as the core of a potential Central European Federation. The author devotes special attention to British policy, as it helps not only to understand how the project fitted into British and Allied post-war planning, but also to reveal the various alternatives that were being considered for postwar settlement in East Central Europe. The main reason for the confederation project’s failure was the well-known Soviet veto. However, there were other factors that made the USSR’s policy so decisive.
Inferring Public Transport Access Distance from Smart Card Registration and Transaction Data
Authors: Viggiano Cecilia , Koutsopoulos Haris N. , Attanucci John , Wilson Nigel H. M.
Published: December 2016

Access distance to public transport is an important metric for planning, modeling, and evaluating public transport networks and is often used in policy goals and statements. However, accurately measuring access (and egress) distance can be difficult. Estimates often rely either on aggregate inferences based on census data or on small samples of disaggregate data from travel diary surveys. When smart cards used for fare payment are also registered with home address information, they represent a new data source that can be used to infer access distances for a large sample of users, at a disaggregate level and at low cost, compared with travel diary surveys. This paper demonstrates the inference of access distance from smart card fare and transaction data for a large sample of London public transport journeys and compares the inferred access distributions to data from the London Travel Demand Survey, a travel diary survey. Possible instances of false inferences are considered and measures to eliminate false inferences are discussed. This access distance inference methodology allows for the analysis of variation in access distance across the network, and examples of this type of analysis are presented.
Assessing State Department of Transportation Readiness for Connected Vehicle–Cooperative Systems Deployment: Oregon Case Study
Authors: Bertini Robert L. , Wang Haizhong , Knudson Tony , Carstens Kevin , Rios Elizabeth
Published: December 2016

As connected vehicle (CV) research moves into deployment, metropolitan planning organizations; state, local, and transit agencies; and the private sector will start experiencing the effects of vehicles, aftermarket devices, mobile devices, and infrastructure with dedicated short-range wireless communications and other wireless connectivity at their cores. Like other states and regions, the Oregon Department of Transportation (DOT) could benefit from the preliminary scoping, evaluation, and assessment of the impact of CVs and infrastructure and a wide range of potential cooperative system applications. With this in mind, the Oregon DOT is determining whether to pursue the next phases of federal funding for CV applications. The Oregon DOT also wants to make an informed choice about taking a national leadership role in the CV arena and to assess opportunities to join projects with other partners. This paper describes the empirical results of a survey that, to assist the Oregon DOT in its assessment, was distributed to agency staff to gauge the perception of CV and automated vehicle (AV) technology. Most respondents had heard of this technology and were in favor of its application. However, many respondents had concerns about cybersecurity and the catastrophic consequences of system failure, and many respondents voiced concerns about the Oregon DOT’s preparedness for CVs or AVs. The Oregon DOT and other agencies can use these findings to help prepare for a better future with CVs and AVs.
Optimal Connectivity-Based Deployment of Roadside Units for Vehicular Networks in Urban Areas
Authors: Ou Dongxiu , Yang Yuchen , Xue Lixia , Dong Decun
Published: December 2016

The vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is an emerging and promising technology for on-road applications in road safety and traffic efficiency. Temporal network fragmentation may occur as a result of vehicle mobility uncertainties and impact communication connectivity. The roadside unit (RSU) has been considered to support vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) and vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication. Currently, it is impossible to deploy many RSUs at the initial stage of a VANET because of high installation costs, authority limitation, and system reliability. In this paper, a connectivity-oriented maximum coverage RSU deployment scheme (CMCS) is proposed; the CMCS aims to maximize V2I communication performance in urban areas. The paper simulates V2V and V2I networks on the basis of a real urban area of Chengdu, China, through the use of ns-2 and VanetMobiSim simulators. The results show that the CMCS is able to cover the majority of vehicles on the roads and increase communication performance with fewer RSUs. Specific reliability values are also allocated to all deployed RSUs to assist engineers to do timely repair and maintenance work.
Traffic Information System to Deliver In-Vehicle Messages on Predefined Routes: Use of Dedicated, Short-Range Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication
Authors: Zaman Attiq Uz , Hayee M. I. , Katta Navin , Mooney Sean
Published: December 2016

This paper describes the architecture and functionality of a work zone traffic information system that uses vehicle-to-vehicle communication, based on dedicated short-range communications (DSRC), and a newly designed hopping algorithm. (“Hopping” involves transmitting traffic messages via intermediate hosts to a target designation. The term is commonly used in the radio and wireless communication industry.) The proposed hopping algorithm can deliver in-vehicle messages transmitted by a roadside unit installed at a work zone site to faraway vehicles traveling toward the work zone on predefined routes. This newly designed hopping algorithm uses rectangular regions to define a hopping route and can hop messages to vehicles on multiple routes at the same time without the risk of creating a broadcast storm. Although the messages hopped by the proposed hopping algorithm will generally be applicable to vehicles on only one side of the road (traveling toward the work zone), the DSRC-equipped vehicles present on both sides of the road will participate in hopping to maximize the number of available hopping nodes in situations with lighter traffic flow or low DSRC market penetration. Furthermore, the hopping algorithm increases message security by not requiring the hopping nodes (i.e., the DSRC-equipped vehicles) to modify the contents of the hopped message. Numerical simulations have been performed to evaluate the performance of the hopping algorithm. The simulation results show that the proposed hopping algorithm works as expected and successfully disseminates DSRC messages along a predefined route.
Integrated Optimization and Simulation Framework for Large-Scale Crowd Management Application
Authors: Verbas İ. Ömer , Abdelghany Ahmed , Mahmassani Hani S. , Elfar Amr
Published: December 2016

This paper introduces an integrated optimization–simulation framework for the formation, scheduling, and path assignment of groups at large-scale, organized events. The framework consists of network analysis, optimization, and simulation components. The first component finds sets of shortest paths for each origin in the network. The optimization component determines the group size, the departure time, and the path under capacity constraints. The objective is minimization of the travel time and matching of the preferred arrival time distribution of different demand units. The simulation component simulates each person in the network according to that person’s path and departure time determined by the previous components. The network performance characteristics supplied by the simulation inform the network analysis and optimization components for the next iteration. The framework is applied to the Jamarat process during the Hajj season in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to provide a schedule for 1.5 million people in a given day. The convergence of travel times, demand satisfaction, and level of service is achieved after several iterations.
Nondestructive Field Evaluation of Aging Levels of Rejuvenated Asphalt Concrete Pavements
Authors: McGovern Megan E. , Buttlar William G. , Reis Henrique
Published: December 2016

This study used a nonlinear ultrasonic approach with noncollinear wave mixing of subsurface longitudinal waves that was capable of evaluating the efficacy of rejuvenators in restoring the original properties of aged asphalt concrete (AC) pavements. AC specimens that were oven aged for 36 h at 135°C were treated on the top surface with a rejuvenator (10% of binder by weight) and left to dwell for prescribed periods of time. After the dwell time, each specimen was nondestructively evaluated. Because in the field, AC pavement acoustic properties (ultrasonic velocities and corresponding attenuations) are unknown, a predetermined fixed-incident angle (based on the AC mixture type) was used; this use allowed for practical implementation in the field. It was observed that the rejuvenator had the effect of restoring the material responses of oven-aged samples to those corresponding to virgin samples. It was also observed that the rejuvenating action was not uniform and depended on the samples’ porosity because of the stochastic nature of AC.
Development of a Test Protocol to Measure Uniaxial Fatigue Damage and Healing
Authors: Zeiada Waleed Abdelaziz , Kaloush Kamil E. , Underwood B. Shane , Mamlouk Michael
Published: December 2016

Various laboratory testing methods have been developed to characterize the fatigue response of asphalt concrete mixtures. These test methods attempt to simulate in-service conditions or formulate constitutive models. Experiments such as the four-point beam fatigue test have attempted to simulate in-service conditions. The prediction accuracy of such experiments depends on their effectiveness in simulating actual field conditions such as loading, support, stress state, and environment. Constitutive modeling experiments have aimed at measuring fundamental stress–strain relationships so that rigorous constitutive models can be formulated. The results from these experiments are used as input for field performance prediction algorithms. The uniaxial fatigue test is a promising method in this category because of the constant stress state across the specimen section. A few documents have focused on standard test methods for the uniaxial fatigue test; however, there are no AASHTO or ASTM protocols available that include the healing of asphalt concrete mixtures. The main objective of this study was to report on the development of a uniaxial fatigue test protocol that measures fatigue damage and healing of asphalt concrete mixtures. The documented work includes surrogate studies to identify appropriate sample fabrication procedures, gluing materials and procedures, alignment, machine compliance, type of strain wave shape, and strain-control mode of loading. It was found that the use of a gluing jig and 180-mm compaction height was essential to achieve successful mid-specimen failures. In addition, the sinusoidal strain wave shape and on-specimen strain-controlled mode of loading are appropriate test conditions for fatigue damage and healing characterization of asphalt concrete mixtures.
Comparison of Fracture Cracking Parameters from Monotonic Loading Tests: Indirect Tension and Monotonic Overlay Tester Tests
Authors: Lee Sang Ick , Faruk Abu N. M. , Walubita Lubinda F.
Published: December 2016

Cracking is one of the major structural distresses that occur in hot-mix asphalt (HMA) pavements and is undesirable. Cracking often leads to costly maintenance and rehabilitation activities. Various laboratory test methods, including the indirect tension (IDT) test, semicircular bend test, Texas Overlay Test (OT), and bending beam fatigue test, are typically used to characterize and quantify the resistance of HMA to cracking. Recently, the OT test in monotonic loading configuration was explored as a supplement or surrogate to the traditional repeated loading OT test for evaluating the cracking resistance potential of HMA mixes in the laboratory. The basic analysis parameters from the monotonic OT test include the tensile strength, failure tensile strain, fracture energy (FE), and FE index, which are essentially the same fracture parameters obtainable from the IDT test. In this study, the crack resistance potentials of 15 different HMA mixes were comparatively evaluated with two monotonic loading tests: the IDT and monotonic OT. Statistical analysis with analysis of variance and Tukey’s honestly significant difference methods was performed to characterize the test methods’ comparative potential to discriminate and screen mixes. For the mixes evaluated and the test conditions considered, the corresponding results indicate that the FE index was the most effective fracture parameter in capturing the test loading history and differentiating the crack resistance potential of the HMA mixes. The statistical comparisons between the IDT and monotonic OT tests showed plausible correlations for all the fracture parameters that were evaluated, with the FE index being the best.
Effects of Mix Design and Fracture Energy on Transverse Cracking Performance of Asphalt Pavements in Minnesota
Authors: Dave Eshan V. , Hoplin Chelsea , Helmer Benjamin , Dailey Jay , Van Deusen David , Geib Jerry , Dai Shongtao , Johanneck Luke
Published: December 2016

Asphalt pavements in colder climates encounter significantly shortened service lives because of excessive transverse cracking. This paper presents the results for 26 pavement sections in Minnesota that were studied to evaluate the effects of asphalt mix designs on pavement cracking performance. The field performance is presented with various cracking measures and compared with mix design aspects such as amount of asphalt binder, binder grade, and amount of recycling. The disk-shaped compact tension (DCT) fracture energies measured on the field cored samples are also compared with cracking performance. In this study, asphalt pavement sections from several locations were evaluated to encompass various types of asphalt mixtures and asphalt construction types that were commonly used in Minnesota. The amount of transverse cracking for each section was converted into a newly proposed cracking performance measure that accounted for the amount, rate, and timing of cracking. The comparisons between asphalt mixture attributes and cracking performance measures showed that the amounts of total asphalt binder and recycled asphalt binder may not be sufficient. Performance testing, in addition to currently used controls (mix volumetrics and constituent properties), is recommended to ensure good cracking performance. The DCT fracture energy results for companion sections show that mixtures with higher fracture energies exhibit lower amounts of transverse cracking.
Impact of Hydrated Lime on Cracking Performance of Asphalt Mixtures with Oxidation and Cyclic Pore Pressure
Authors: Zou Jian , Roque Reynaldo , Lopp George , Isola Marco , Bekoe Michael
Published: December 2016

This research was conducted to evaluate the impact of hydrated lime (HL) on the cracking performance of asphalt mixtures for a broad range of aggregate types, including granites and limestones. A recently developed conditioning procedure, long-term oven aging (LTOA) plus cyclic pore pressure conditioning (CPPC), was employed to simulate the effects of long-term field aging on asphalt mixtures. The energy ratio (ER) approach, which took into account mixture properties that were known to be closely related to cracking and was calibrated with cores taken from field-aged pavements throughout Florida, was used to evaluate the cracking performance of untreated and lime-treated mixtures. The results show that the introduction of HL appeared to mitigate the detrimental effects of oxidative aging and moisture (LTOA plus CPPC) on the damage and fracture-related properties of granite and limestone mixtures. This effect resulted in better cracking performance of these mixtures. Further analysis based on comparison of initial construction costs of conventional pavement structures revealed that the use of HL could result in lower costs to achieve pavements with the same level of good performance. Furthermore, this research showed that the equivalent ER criterion proposed and implemented in the cost analysis could effectively assess the impact of HL modification.
Probabilistic Modeling of the Inherent Variability in the Dynamic Modulus Master Curve of Asphalt Concrete
Authors: Kassem Hussein A. , Najjar Shadi S. , Chehab Ghassan R.
Published: December 2016

Pavement engineers and practitioners have come to recognize the urgent need to quantify the variability in dynamic modulus, | E*|, because of its influence on the predicted performance of asphalt pavements and to adopt realistic quality assurance or quality control measures associated with pavement construction. The objective of this study was to characterize the inherent variability in | E*| across the full spectrum of the | E*| master curve (fitted with a sigmoidal function for various reduced frequencies). The study analyzed | E*| data from six mixes that included at least eight replicates within a robust probabilistic framework that allowed for a preliminary quantification of uncertainty caused by the inherent variability in | E*|. Monte Carlo simulations were used to propagate the uncertainties of the sigmoidal model coefficients to determine the mean, coefficient of variation, and probability distribution of | E*| as a function of reduced frequency. In addition, the inherent uncertainty in | E*| was propagated through forward modeling to characterize the resulting uncertainty in the predicted rut depth in the asphalt layer for a set of pavement structures. The findings show that the values of the inherent uncertainty of | E*| are relatively small for cases with reduced frequencies that are high but increase dramatically for reduced frequencies that are in the medium to low range. This uncertainty increases as the nominal maximum aggregate size (NMAS) of the mix under investigation increases. It was found that the uncertainty significantly affects the probability distribution of rut depth and implies higher variability for cases of hot weather, slow traffic, or large NMAS.
Fatigue Performance Prediction of Asphalt Composites Subjected to Cyclic Loading with Intermittent Rest Periods
Authors: Karki Pravat , Bhasin Amit , Underwood B. Shane
Published: December 2016

This study investigated the use of a unified method to predict the fatigue cracking and self-healing characteristics of asphalt composites subjected to cyclic loading and intermittent rest periods. Displacement-controlled uniaxial tests were performed on cylindrical specimens of two asphalt composites with intermittent rest periods. Fatigue damage and healing behavior were modeled with their stress–strain history with viscoelastic continuum damage mechanics. An integrated method to predict the number of cycles required to degrade the materials by a certain amount with and without rest periods was devised and verified with actual cyclic test results in the tension–compression mode of loading.
Development of a Predictive Model Based on an Artificial Neural Network for the Semicircular Bend Test
Authors: Cooper Samuel B. , Cooper Samuel B. , Mohammad Louay N. , Elseifi Mostafa A.
Published: December 2016

One of the major distresses in asphalt pavements is fatigue cracking. To avoid premature cracking failure in the field, it is necessary to characterize an asphalt mixture’s fracture resistance in the laboratory before the mixture is produced and constructed. In 2014, Louisiana decided to implement the semicircular bend (SCB) test as part of a balanced mix design procedure. However, fabrication and testing of SCB specimens can take up to 7 days after the asphalt mixture has been successfully designed in accordance with specification criteria. This study developed a predictive model for the SCB that was based on an artificial neural network that used the volumetric properties of asphalt mixture. This predictive model can be used by practitioners during the mixture design process to estimate the critical value of the J-integral, or Jc. To formulate and validate the model, 31 asphalt mixtures representing a wide range of design and production practices were tested with the SCB test. Statistical analysis (Pearson’s correlation, coefficient of determination, and the general linear model procedure) was then used in determining correlations between the dependent and independent variables and in the development of the predicted SCB test model. In addition, multicollinearity among and between independent variables was evaluated. The artificial neural network was used to develop and validate the SCB model. It is shown that the developed model can be used to predict the critical strain energy release rate, Jc, of aged asphalt mixtures with reasonable accuracy.