bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Abbé Ouvière
Authors: Rey Terry
Published: June 2017

Entitled “Abbé Ouvière,” Chapter 3 seeks to answer three questions: (1) Who was Abbé Ouvière? (2) Why did he wind up in Saint-Domingue? (3) How and why did he become a principal in the early stage of the Haitian Revolution? Born into a family of meager means in Aix-en-Provence in 1762, Ouvière received a benefice as an adolescent by which he became an abbé and a secular priest. This afforded him an excellent education in both theology and medicine, enabling Ouvière to involve himself politically, as a Catholic priest, in the Haitian Revolution, and culturally, as a scientist and physician, in the intellectual life of early Republican America. The chapter reveals the means by which Abbé Ouvière would become a trusted adviser to the free colored Confederate Army, which was preparing to wage war to secure the full civil rights of free blacks and mulattoes as French citizens.
Dr. Pascalis and the Making of American Medicine
Authors: Rey Terry
Published: June 2017

Arriving in Philadelphia in 1793 as a refugee, and carrying a letter of introduction to President George Washington, Abbé Ouvière soon remade himself in the United States—only not as a priest, but as a physician and scientist. The timing was opportune, as the population of his French compatriots in the city swelled in 1792 to nearly 10% of Philadelphians and with them came the yellow fever epidemic. Though no longer known as Abbé Ouvière, the priest plunged into the struggle against the epidemic, now as Dr. Pascalis, treating patients with American luminary Benjamin Rush and embarking on a long and storied career as a pioneering figure in early American science and medicine. This chapter details Pascalis’ life in America, from 1793 until his death in 1832, focusing attention on the windows that his biography open onto the contours and functions of religion, race, slavery, and science in the revolutionary Atlantic world.
Self-Knowledge, “Transparency,” and the Forms of Activity
Authors: Moran Richard
Published: June 2017

This paper begins by setting out in very general terms some considerations that would link self-knowledge to a certain form of agency, and then considers two recent studies (one by Nishi Shah and David Velleman, and another by Alex Byrne) which argue in their different ways that an account of self-knowledge which appeals to the “transparency” of belief must be divorced from any appeal to rational agency. The paper argues that in both cases the account that emerges from this divorce ends up with a kind of agency in the picture after all, only of the wrong kind. The paper aims to characterize the sense of “activity” or “agency” that is relevant to a central class of cases of self-knowledge, and distinguish this sense of activity from the sense of activity indicating a process of production, or acting upon oneself so as to produce a belief.
(Human) Nature, Red in Tooth and Claw
Authors: Ohnuma Reiko
Published: June 2017

This chapter examines the thinking, speaking, highly anthropomorphized animals found in previous-life stories of the Buddha (jātakas)—more specifically, those that populate the Pāli Jātakaṭṭhavaṇṇanā. It demonstrates that these speaking animals often speak about the suffering of animals at humanity’s hands, using the human power of speech to condemn human cruelty, exploitation, and abuse of the nonhuman animal world. The chapter analyzes multiple Pāli jātakas, arranged around the themes of meat-eating, hunting, animal sacrifice, and legal prosecution of animals. In addition to the ability to speak, the animals in these jātakas can reason and think, and their supposed lack of intelligence is overturned as they continually attempt to outwit the human world.
Animal Saviors
Authors: Ohnuma Reiko
Published: June 2017

Like the previous chapter, this chapter examines the thinking, speaking, highly anthropomorphized animals found in previous-life stories of the Buddha (jātakas)—more specifically, those that populate the Pāli Jātakaṭṭhavaṇṇanā. The focus in this chapter is on those stories that contrast virtuous animals with nonvirtuous human beings, using the exaggerated virtue of the animal to highlight the depths of wickedness to which humanity may fall. In some of these stories, moreover, animals go significantly further—converting wicked human beings to the side of virtue, saving other animals from human predation, preaching the Dharma to human kings, and purifying human institutions after they have gone morally astray. The argument is made that when animals are given a voice, it is human beings (rather than animals) that are morally repugnant.
Scapegoat for the Buddha
Authors: Ohnuma Reiko
Published: June 2017

The first of three chapters examining animal characters within the life-story of the Buddha, this chapter focuses on the horse Kanthaka, who helps the bodhisattva (the buddha-to-be) renounce the world by carrying him away from his palace and kingdom in the middle of the night (an episode known as the Great Departure). The chapter argues that Kanthaka serves as a scapegoat for the bodhisattva—for at the beginning of the episode, the two figures are closely identified with each other, yet once the bodhisattva has renounced the world, it is Kanthaka who returns to the kingdom and bears the brunt of the emotional reactions of the bodhisattva’s loved ones. In the process, Kanthaka loses his life, and the narrative as a whole makes use of a sacrificial idiom that might be compared to the Vedic aśvamedha, or horse sacrifice.
Sharia Tribunals, Rabbinical Courts, and Christian Panels
Authors: Broyde Michael J.
Published: June 2017

This book explores the rise of private arbitration in religious and other values-oriented communities, and it argues that secular societies should use secular legal frameworks to facilitate, enforce, and regulate religious arbitration, including those from Rabbinical Courts, Sharia Tribunals, and any faith-based arbitration tribunals. It covers the history of religious arbitration, the kinds of faith-based dispute resolution models currently in use, how the law should perceive them, and what the role of religious arbitration in the United States should be. Part I examines why religious individuals and communities are increasingly turning to private faith-based dispute resolution to arbitrate their disputes. It focuses on why religious communities feel disenfranchised from secular law, and particularly secular family law. Part II looks at why American law is so comfortable with faith-based arbitration, given its penchant for enabling parties to order their relationships and resolve their disputes using norms and values that are often different from and sometimes opposed to secular standards under the Federal Arbitration Act. Part III weighs the proper procedural, jurisdictional, and contractual limits of arbitration generally, and of religious arbitration particularly. It identifies and explains the reasonable limitations on religious arbitration, particularly in family law matters such as divorce. Part IV examines whether secular societies should facilitate effective, legally enforceable religious dispute resolution, and it argues that religious arbitration is not only good for the religious community itself, but that having many different avenues for faith-based arbitration that are properly limited is good for any pluralistic democracy inhabited by diverse faith groups.
The Rise of Religious Arbitration
Authors: Broyde Michael J.
Published: June 2017

This chapter surveys the contemporary landscape of religious arbitration in the United States by exploring how different religious communities utilize arbitration, how these processes differ from each other, and where various faith-based dispute resolution models fall within the broader ADR spectrum. It explores developments in Jewish, Christian, and Islamic arbitration in America over the last several decades, and discusses what internal concerns and external stimuli have spurred these changes. As such, this chapter reflects on why American Catholics have not moved in the same direction as some other religious groups, which have been eager to embrace the use of religious arbitration as a means of enabling their adherents to resolve ordinary secular conflicts in accordance with religious norms and values. Finally, this chapter will discuss the historical limitations of utilizing religious arbitration in many faiths and how some have evolved to embrace the practice.
The Movement Away from Secular Values in the Religious Community
Authors: Broyde Michael J.
Published: June 2017

One of the major causes for religious individuals’ and communities’ increased interest in faith-based arbitration in recent decades is the ever-widening gap between traditional values and societal law and policy in the United States. As the norms and values embraced by American law and enforced by state and federal courts have moved away from their historically-grounded religious roots, people of faith have become increasingly less comfortable with ordering their lives based on such secular commitments. One solution has been to use America’s legal arbitration framework to opt out of being bound to current legal norms, and to instead choose to resolve disputes in accordance with religious commitments. This chapter explores one of the most acute areas of tension between traditional and secular values within evolving standards of American law and policy: the realm of family law. It reviews the family law cultural wars that have raged in American society.
A History of Religious Arbitration
Authors: Broyde Michael J.
Published: June 2017

This chapter focuses on the premodern use of religious courts to resolve ecclesiastical disputes within Western societies. Religious arbitration is by no means a new mechanism. It dates back hundreds of years. Societal acceptance of religious courts operating within the broader secular legal system is thus deeply ingrained in the Western tradition and in the common-law tradition that formed the bedrock of American jurisprudence. The history of religious arbitration in Western societies is important because it helps contextualize and explain long-standing social, political, and legal comfort with religious groups engaging in various forms of alternative dispute resolution separate but not entirely outside societal laws. However, although its deep historical roots indicate that religious arbitration has stood the test of time, various practices and experiences associated with early forms of religious dispute resolution have led many people to become skeptical and wary of its place in modern secular societies.
Refining Religious Arbitration in the United States and Abroad
Authors: Broyde Michael J.
Published: June 2017

Basic frameworks for successful religious arbitration exist, though religious communities, particularly the growing American Muslim community, still face challenges in implementing their own ADR systems effectively. This chapter describes some of these challenges, as well as the ways in which they may be addressed. It looks to the example set by the Muslim Arbitration Tribunal, a U.K.-based Islamic arbitration organization that has successfully adopted and adapted the Beth Din of America approach to religious arbitration, as a likely model for American Muslims to build on in constructing their own ADR processes. This chapter notes that Christian communities in the United States also face challenges in their attempts to implement effective faith-based arbitration, though these challenges somewhat differ from those dealt with by the more law-centered Jewish and Muslim traditions. Christian communities have responded by creating their own religious arbitration models that conform to the technical legal requirements of the FAA.
Introduction
Authors: Tomlinson Matt
Published: June 2017

This introductory chapter presents the core argument running through the volume: that monologue and dialogue are projects that implicate each other. The introduction surveys Mikhail Bakhtin’s foundational writings on dialogism and heteroglossia, as well as his attention to monologism in the realms of epic and nationalist projects. It also examines monologue as a form of creative performance that both depends on erasure and attempts to unify speakers in a way that might be called the “repeat after me” phenomenon, with the implication that the only possible forms of uptake are either perfect assent or faithful repetition. In examining these dynamics, the introduction offers examples from China, Fiji, Samoa, and New Zealand before summarizing the chapters to come.
Dialogic Prophecies and Monologic Vision
Authors: Bialecki Jon
Published: June 2017

Depictions of how language and authority are arranged in Pentecostal and charismatic Christianity tend to be organized in one of two seemingly irreconcilable ways. While they may not use this exact Bakhtinian language, they present this mode of religiosity as being organized either monologically or dialogically. Stranger still, the same author will present a monologic image at one moment, and a dialogic one the next. This chapter sees this tendency not as indecision or contradiction. Rather, this tendency points to the way that Pentecostal and charismatic Christianity can use monologic language to give rise to and sustain dialogical speech acts. This chapter reviews the text of a founding prophetic image reported by John Wimber, an early and influential leader of a Southern California charismatic evangelical movement called the Vineyard. It shows that this totalizing vision allows for a democratic vision of how inspired and prophetic speech functions in the Vineyard.
Discussion
Authors: Van Vleet Krista E.
Published: June 2017

This section of the text looks back at the discussion in the last three chapters which took up cases of political discourse in Cuba, Indonesia, and Iran, and drew ethnographic examples from television broadcasts and community meetings, government documents and graffiti. They recalibrate the way that we understand the mutual embeddedness of language and social life by highlighting the contexts, forms, and processes that create coherence, erase or elide alternate views, or enable the appearance of unity. The text looks at the various questions posed by the previous three chapters.
Creedal Monologism and Theological Articulation in the Mennonite Central Committee
Authors: Fountain Philip
Published: June 2017

This chapter presents an ethnography of Christian theology. It does so by examining theological articulation in and through the creedal form. Creeds may be taken as an archetypal monologic mode of expression due to their monovocal presentation of standardized, non-debatable claims. Through close attention to how and why creeds are created it is possible to examination the contours and operations of the monological imagination. Drawing on fieldwork and archival research, this chapter explores the creedal articulation, as well as instances of disarticulation, within two North American Anabaptist service organizations, namely the Mennonite Central Committee and Christian Aid Ministries. Their differing strategies of theological articulation illuminate the uses and limits of monological discourse.
The Public Metaculture of Islamic Preaching
Authors: Millie Julian
Published: June 2017

The chapter concerns the public culture of Islam in Indonesia. Drawing on field experience in West Java, it observes that Islamic oratory invariably includes repetitive and solemn elements, especially the citation and translation of Qur’an and Hadith. Yet preachers also rely on their abilities to move listeners with skillful multivocality, drawing on many genres and ways of speaking within listeners’ competency, not just religious ones. When speaking and writing normatively about oratory, however, Indonesians construct a monologic image that characterizes preaching as the circulation of religious knowledge, ignoring or even proscribing the multivocality and generic variation that ensures the continuation of that circulation. This chapter analyses the clash between preaching’s multivocal performances and its monologic metaculture against the background of public reverence for Islam, which disallows overt recognition of preaching skill. The monologic construction of preaching sustains the public aspiration that Islam be maintained as a sphere separated from worldly matters.
Intimate and Instrumental
Authors: Bickford Tyler
Published: June 2017

This chapter makes crucial theoretical and conceptual interventions to support the arguments developed through the ethnographic core of the book. This chapter extends an influential “expressive practices” approach, which emphasizes the centrality of expressive language and communication in the social reproduction of class, gender, and ethnicity in schools, to include the social production of childhood roles and identities. It identifies “instrumentality” and “intimacy” as key concepts linking expressive practices to social relationships. It then argues that the expressive practices of children’s peer cultures are characteristically “intimate” in their linguistic and social features, by contrast with the instrumental approaches to language and communication characterized by classroom routines and literacy education. This contrast between instrumental and intimate modes is important for understanding children’s practices around entertainment media and digital technologies in subsequent chapters. This chapter also overviews children’s expressive traditions and develops key themes involving media and technology in later chapters.
Earbuds Are Good for Sharing
Authors: Bickford Tyler
Published: June 2017

This chapter presents a detailed analysis of children’s practices of sharing earbuds with friends and peers. Portable music technologies mediate face-to-face relationships among schoolchildren, and the social links they support provide an intimate environment for interaction that mostly excludes adults. These face-to-face interactions using digital audio technologies challenge theoretical perspectives from two fields. First, a prominent view of sound technologies as progressively isolating individuals from one another fails entirely to account for children’s sociable practices. Second, while approaches to portable communication technologies increasingly do privilege communication among intimates, in their focus on communication at a distance they neglect the face-to-face connections in which these devices are embedded. Technology studies are also largely unconcerned with portable music listening as “new media,” accepting the view that portable music is isolating. The opposite is true for children, for whom music devices make connections in materially and spatially grounded face-to-face relationships.
Accountability, the Public, and Public Schools
Authors: Stitzlein Sarah M.
Published: June 2017

I begin by laying out the shifting context of public schools and the citizens and democracy they serve. I ground my discussion in a theory of participatory democracy influenced by the ideas of Progressive Era philosopher of education John Dewey and contemporary political theorist Benjamin Barber. I provide that theory as both a foil to analyze contemporary changes in democracy and a guide for how we might respond to and, at times, resist them. I then trace the history of educational accountability to illuminate key aspects of the current accountability crisis. Finally, I define the public and public goods, an important basis for my call to revitalize citizen support for public schools insofar as these concepts show us how schools not only serve as a shared benefit, but also are established and protected as such through our shared efforts.
Critiquing the Changing Practices of Public Schooling
Authors: Stitzlein Sarah M.
Published: June 2017

In chapter four I offer a critique of the new developments in school governance and practices of schooling, highlighting the ways in which they change, challenge, or foreclose aspects of democratic living, good citizenship, or public school functions. I raise these critiques to suggest that we should be wary and critical of some of the schools now operating under the label of “public,” for they may jeopardize some important elements of public living, including commitments to one’s fellow citizens, public goods, equality, and justice. These problems currently unfolding in our schools lend credence and urgency to my claim that citizens have a responsibility to act on behalf of public schools and the forms of democracy they enable and, at times, embody.
Our Schools, Our Responsibility, Our Democracy
Authors: Stitzlein Sarah M.
Published: June 2017

eIn chapter five, I distinguish accountability from responsibility. Accountability is a backward-looking justification of fulfilling public demands, while responsibility is a forward-moving commitment to democracy, motivated by care for other citizens and carried out through social and political action. I therefore shift the focus from the accountability requirements of schools to the responsibility obligations of citizens. I contend that as democratic citizens, we have a responsibility to ensure that the practices, institutions, and ways of life that sustain democracy are preserved and nurtured. I claim that this is perhaps most achievable in public schools. Therefore, in order to preserve and improve democracy for future generations, citizens have a responsibility to protect and support public schools. I conclude that our current educational crisis of accountability is, in significant part, a failure of citizens and should be seen as a call to responsibility, action, and support for our public schools.
Fulfilling Citizen Responsibilities
Authors: Stitzlein Sarah M.
Published: June 2017

In chapter six, I articulate some of the specific ways people can fulfill their responsibilities as citizens, teachers, school leaders, educational reformers, policymakers, and students. I provide examples of people and groups who are fulfilling their responsibilities well and suggest pathways for others to join them. I aim to restore some trust and positive feelings toward public life and public institutions and to help citizens see how participating in and supporting public institutions central to democracy improve our collective and individual lives. I hope to show citizens how they might fulfill their responsibilities as citizens as well as ignite other ideas to respond to ongoing changes in schools.
Legitimacy of Public Schools
Authors: Stitzlein Sarah M.
Published: June 2017

In chapter seven, I define political legitimacy, describe its connection to healthy democracy, and reveal how recent changes in education and the climate surrounding it may be causing a decline in the legitimacy of our schools. I show how political legitimacy results from citizens concluding that schools, as state institutions, are worthy of recognition and serve a justified role. Redirecting our attention from the accountability crisis, I demonstrate that our schools are facing a legitimacy crisis that is exacerbated by larger changes in societal values, citizen identities, and ideologies. I describe how we might come together as publics to deliberate the purposes of schools and assess their performance at meeting those goals in order to affirm that they are just and serve our needs. I turn to defining civil society as the primary space where publics form and act and, hence, where the legitimacy of schools can be affirmed and democracy upheld.
The Citizen Marketer Approach to Political Action
Authors: Penney Joel
Published: June 2017

This introductory chapter lays the conceptual foundation for the book, defining the citizen marketer approach to political activism and its close connection to the concept of the citizen consumer, as well as its embeddedness in the viral marketing model that is currently being employed by both commercial marketers and myriad political institutions and organizations. The discussion further delineates the persuasion framework of citizen media participation and how it differs from and overlaps with other major frameworks in the existing scholarship. The chapter then turns to an examination of the broader context of promotional culture and the “marketplace of ideas” and how their critiques sensitize us to the risks of trivialization and manipulation that are posed by the citizen marketer approach. Finally, it defines two key concepts, selective forwarding and curatorial agency, which describe the peer-to-peer circulation of preexisting media content as a means of publicizing and promoting political ideas.
Self-Labeled and Visible Identities
Authors: Penney Joel
Published: June 2017

This chapter focuses on the identity politics of social movements and uses the case study of gay and lesbian activism to examine how citizen media participation is mobilized in strategic projects of public visibility. It charts how citizens use mediated acts of self-labeling, such as changing profile pictures on social media, to announce the presence of their identities and attempt to influence perceptions of social and political reality. This model of “coming out” may have particular resonance for the LGBT community that has long sought to end its historical invisibility, yet it has also been adopted by a wide range of constituencies who seek to challenge notions of who “the people” truly are. Public visibility campaigns may also contribute to a flattening of differences as social identities become branded with a homogenized set of symbolic artifacts, suggesting the potential limits of visibility as a strategy for inducing social and political change.
Divergent Histories between Original and Renewal Treaties in Hittite Diplomatic Literature
Authors: Berman Joshua A.
Published: June 2017

As Hittite kings communicated with their vassals, they routinely recounted the history of their relationship between the two kingdoms. Strikingly, the record reveals that each communication brought with it a redrafted version of that history which was often at odds with the history recounted in the earlier communications. Most significantly, as Hittite monarchs redrafted earlier histories, these past versions were not erased from the record—rather, even as the Hittite kings redrafted their historical accounts in accord with the needs of the moment, both they and their vassals would read these accounts while retaining and recalling the earlier, conflicting versions of events. A series of pioneering studies of the El-Amarna letters from the field of international relations sheds light on why the Hittite kings composed such conflicting histories and how, in turn, these were read and interpreted by their vassals.
Honoring a Law Code and Diverging from Its Dictates in the Neo-Babylonian King of Justice and in the Book of Ruth
Authors: Berman Joshua A.
Published: June 2017

This chapter attends to the manner in which the consecutive order of clauses in a law collection serves as the structure of the plot of a later, narrative composition in biblical and Mesopotamian tradition. The plot of the book of Ruth closely follows the series of laws found in Deut 24:16–25:10. A similar phenomenon is found in the use of LH 1–5 in the Neo-Babylonian work Nebuchadnezzar King of Justice. While the author of Ruth pays homage to Deuteronomy by employing its laws as a structuring template, the practice of law in the story itself is at variance with those very laws to which it alludes. Likewise, the author of King of Justice pays homage to LH by employing its laws as a literary template; and yet the judgments rendered by the King of Justice are at variance with those found in the laws of LH.
Blending Discordant Laws in Biblical Narrative
Authors: Berman Joshua A.
Published: June 2017

This chapter highlights a peculiar phenomenon in biblical literature outside of the Pentateuch: a biblical writer will invoke iterations of a given law from two or more of the Pentateuch’s four corpora. Scholars have assumed that this phenomenon was limited to post-exilic literature, and stemmed from the exigencies of exile and return that created an urgent need to create a vehicle that would grant legitimacy to various communities and their legal traditions. However, the broad array of books in which such legal blending is found mandates us to question whether the legal blend is strictly a literary phenomenon of the post-exilic period. Moreover, the phenomenon obliges us to question the long-standing assumption that diverging iterations of the same law in two (or more) of the Torah’s law corpora are inherently mutually exclusive. Sources: Josh 20:1–9; Judg 6:25–31; 1 Sam 15:2, 1 Sam 28:3–25; 2 Kgs 4:1–7; Jer 34:12–17; Neh 5:1–12.
The Abuses of Negation, Bisection, and Suppression in the Dating of Biblical Texts: The Rescue of Moses (Exodus 2:1–10)
Authors: Berman Joshua A.
Published: June 2017

This chapter continues and deepens the critique of current historical-critical biblical scholarship put forth in earlier chapters as well. It maintains that the scholarly aim of clearly delineating layers in a text, and then dating them definitively, unwittingly leads to three malpractices of historical-critical method. In handling complex evidence in a reductive fashion, scholars routinely engage in these three erroneous scholarly practices, which are here called the undue negation of evidence, the suppression of evidence, and the forced bisection of a text. These fallacies are illustrated by examples from scholarship on the account of the rescue of Moses, which reveals affinities with a wide array of cognate sources.
Source Criticism and Its Biases: The Flood Narrative of Genesis 6–9
Authors: Berman Joshua A.
Published: June 2017

The division of the Genesis flood account is one of the most celebrated achievements of modern biblical criticism. This chapter takes a critical look at the source-critical paradigm and examines its hermeneutics. Historical-critical scholarship applies a series of double standards that all work in concert to support the source-critical aims and results. Moreover, it consistently suppresses evidence adduced from cognate materials—particularly from the Mesopotamian version of the flood story contained in Tablet XI of the Giglamesh epic—that threatens its validity by simply ignoring it, or otherwise negating the validity of that evidence through unwarranted means. Attention is given to the chiastic structure of the account, and to the parallel structure of the six days of creation and the drying of the earth after the flood. All in all, eight methodological flaws are detected in the source-critical approach to the story.
Conclusion: A New Path Forward
Authors: Berman Joshua A.
Published: June 2017

The conclusion argues that to renew the field of Pentateuchal criticism—indeed, the historical-critical paradigm in biblical studies more broadly—historical-critical scholars will need to adopt three new priorities in their work. The first is an epistemological shift toward modesty in our goals and toward accepting contingency in our results. The second is a far greater understanding of the rhetorical and compositional practices of the ancient Near East as we adduce notions of what constitutes a fissure in a text and how the biblical texts grew over time. Finally, scholars will need to ground their compositional theories in a new level of linguistic and stylistic analysis, which is now available through the recently launched Tiberias Project: A Web Application for the Stylistic Analysis and Categorization of Hebrew Scriptures, directed by the author of the book, Joshua Berman, and the computational linguist, Moshe Koppel.
Fashioning the Neo-Ottoman Chronotope of Istanbul
Authors: Walton Jeremy F.
Published: June 2017

Chapter 5 extends the spatial and temporal concerns of chapters 3 and 4 by examining the “restorative nostalgia” that marks Sunni NGOs’ neo-Ottoman image of Istanbul. Following an excursion through a humble neighborhood of the city, it describes the restoration of an Ottoman-era madrasa on the part of a Nur institution. After this, the presentation telescopes outward to discuss how a variety of Sunni NGOs seek to reinscribe Istanbul within a broader, globalized topography of Muslim belonging and within the ummah (the universal community of Muslims) by foregrounding the city’s Ottoman heritage. Finally, the chapter addresses the dilemmas and frustrations that the neo-Ottoman chronotope of the city creates for Alevis, who cannot draw on nostalgia for the imperial past in the same manner as Sunni Turks.
Introduction
Authors: Jackson Robert
Published: June 2017

This introduction lays out the topic, arguments, and structure of the entire book. It begins with a brief case study of Annie Minerva Turnbo Malone’s use of motion pictures as part of her growing business empire in the early twentieth century, argues for the centrality of motion pictures to modern southern history and the influence of the South on the half-century development of the film industry from its beginnings to the early postwar era, and identifies the topics of each chapter to follow.
This Southern Advent
Authors: Jackson Robert
Published: June 2017

Chapter 1 surveys the contributions of southerners to film with an emphasis on activity within the South. Linking the early development of the medium to post-Reconstruction “New South” ideology and grounding it in the efforts of several early innovators from Virginia, this chapter covers a number of important events and movements: the Spanish-American War of 1898, the emergence of Jacksonville, Florida as a major production center in the 1910s, the diverse history of North Carolina’s early film cultures (Asheville as a production center, Karl Brown’s Stark Love, diverse filmmaking ventures throughout the state, the state’s popular education film program, the brilliant career of town documentarian H. Lee Waters), and the long career of King Vidor.
The Matter of Treatment
Authors: Jackson Robert
Published: June 2017

Chapter 6 places the African American race film industry into the context of southern history as well as the studio system. Hollywood’s combination of derivative typecasting of African American characters and strict segregation in institutional practices evidenced a broad neglect of black topics, themes, and audiences, and well before the studio system’s consolidation, African American filmmakers showed an interest in the possibilities of the medium. In the years after World War I especially, a tradition of African American filmmaking sought to redress the commercial, aesthetic, and political deficiencies of the mainstream film industry. Through figures such as Oscar Micheaux, Spencer Williams, and others, race film played a number of key roles in a black culture within and beyond the South, even as civil rights figures like the NAACP’s Walter F. White attempted, with modest success, to bring about reform within Hollywood.
Conclusion
Authors: Jackson Robert
Published: June 2017

This conclusion settles on 1948 as an apt, if provisional, endpoint for the history of the southern cinema, citing several key events of that year: the presidential election and its exposure of deepening racial fissures, the US Supreme Court’s landmark decision in United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc., and the launch of widespread commercial television programming. D. W. Griffith’s death, the last of James Agee’s brilliant film criticism, and the publication of William Faulkner’s novel Intruder in the Dust also made 1948 significant in these contexts of region, race, and media, suggesting the major events and transformations to come in the near future—not the least of which was the Civil Rights Movement.
The Intruder’s View
Authors: Buchanan Ben
Published: June 2017

This chapter provides an overview of intrusion operations and applies them to the security dilemma. It works through how offensive cyber operations work and distils important principles. This is based off the well-known cyber kill chain models that explain cyber operations in an accessible fashion. The chapter shows as well how these principles can lead to escalation and provide incentives for states to launch network intrusions in advance of conflict. It is this incentive to launch intrusions early that creates activity that could be misperceived by another nation.
The Failure of Traditional Mitigations
Authors: Buchanan Ben
Published: June 2017

This chapter shows how the canonical international relations literature fails to solve the cybersecurity dilemma. The mitigations that had previously been outlined no longer work on the new problems posed by cybersecurity. The chapter examines two major works, one each by Robert Jervis and Charles Glaser. It considers how each, while valuable in the areas conventional weaponry, has key weaknesses when it comes to network intrusions. The fundamental assumptions on which they rely, such as the offense-defense balance and a sharp differentiation between offensive and defensive weapons, do not work well in cybersecurity.
Information Distribution and the Status Quo
Authors: Buchanan Ben
Published: June 2017

While the last chapter showed how past mitigations to the security dilemma do not work in cybersecurity, this one goes further, showing that in some ways the cybersecurity dilemma is harder to solve than the security dilemma. It shows how security dilemma thinking rests on two main assumptions about information distribution and about a baseline status quo, neither of which holds up in cybersecurity. Remove these two assumptions, and the problem gets harder still. This chapter outlines the details of those assumptions and their specific flaws in the context of cybersecurity.
Egypt, Land, and the Patron Deity in Emergent Israel
Authors: Leuchter Mark
Published: June 2017

Emergent Israel’s position in the central Canaanite and Transjordanian highlands can be traced to an earlier culture of conflict between Egyptian forces and a precursor group identified in the Merneptah stele as “Israel” in the last decade of the thirteenth century BCE. This community eventually gave rise to Iron Age Israel, an agrarian population characterized by the leadership of chieftains who conceived of their patron deity (a form of the Canaanite El) as their own divine kinsman, protecting their settlements against threats from Egypt and pro-Egyptian Canaanite regents. The Song of the Sea (Exod 15:1b–18) bears early witness to the myth of group identity forged through these experiences, where Israel’s deity clears the sacred landscape of the Egyptian foe and then plants his people therein. This reflects the foundations upon which the Levites would come to build their own nascent ideology in subsequent decades.
Excursus
Authors: Leuchter Mark
Published: June 2017

This part of the book starts by talking about the importance ofthe Samuel narratives in terms of understanding how the Levites grew as a priestly caste in premonachic Israel. The text looks at two key texts in this discussion. These texts are to be found in the book of Samuel—1 Sam 6:15 and 2 Sam 15:24.
The Levites and the Early Israelite Monarchy
Authors: Leuchter Mark
Published: June 2017

The biblical record indicates that the Levites had tense and even hostile relations with Israel’s first kings (with the exception of David), especially the founder of the northern state, Jeroboam b. Nebat. Jeroboam’s cultic initiatives carried a more dramatic political and mythic tone than is often assumed. Devotion to the northern state cult functioned not only as a rehearsal of Emergent Israel’s liberation from Egypt but also as a liberation from the memory of the Davidic kings; this included a marginalization of the Levites once associated with David. In pursuing this avenue of action, Jeroboam usurped Levite mythologies, resetting them within a state-based context—including the formation of a northern Exodus narrative that presented Moses as a prefiguration of Jeroboam. Family-based religion was intertwined with the state cult to reinforce this, writing Levite ideology almost entirely out of the national myth.
Dancing with the Devil
Authors: Lin Yi-min
Published: June 2017

From 1978 through the turn of the century China was transformed from a state-owned economy into a predominantly private economy. This fundamental change took place under the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), which is ideologically mandated and politically predisposed to suppress private ownership. Dancing with the Devil explains how and why such an ironic and puzzling reality came about. The central thesis is that private ownership became a necessary evil for the CCP because the public sector was increasingly unable to address two essential concerns for regime survival: employment and revenue. Focusing on political actors as a major group of change agents, the book examines how their self-interested behavior led to the decline of public ownership. Demographics and the state’s fiscal system provide the analytical coordinates for revealing the changing incentives and constraints faced by political actors and for investigating their responses and strategies. These factors help explain CCP leaders’ initial decision to allow limited private economic activities at the outset of reform. They also shed light on the subsequent growth of opportunism in the behavior of lower-level officials, which undermined the vitality of public enterprises. Furthermore, they hold a key to understanding the timing of the massive privatization in the late 1990s, as well as its tempo and spread thereafter. The book illustrates how the driving forces developed and played out in these intertwined episodes of the story. In so doing, it offers new insights into the mechanisms of China’s economic transformation and enriches theories of institutional change.
Introduction
Authors: Lin Yi-min
Published: June 2017

This chapter lays out the basic argument of the book: the ascent of private ownership in China is largely due to the inability of the public sector to address two fundamental concerns for regime survival—employment and revenue. The chapter includes three sections. First, based on a review and synthesis of existing theories, it develops an eclectic perspective on institutional change. Second, it offers a critique of three views on the driving forces of privatization in the post-Mao era: the entrepreneurship thesis, the budget constraint thesis, and the FDI thesis. Third, it outlines a new explanation for the causal mechanisms at work. The focus of analysis centers on the behavior of political actors, with an emphasis on the importance of demographics and the state’s evolving fiscal system for understanding how and why political actors have turned from the stewards of public enterprises into a major contributing force to their destruction.
Demographic Pressures
Authors: Lin Yi-min
Published: June 2017

Chapter 2 provides a macroanalysis of the implications of China’s evolving demographics for policymaking. The main story is that the pressure to create jobs was both the most important initial trigger and a persistent force for the shift in government policy—especially central government policy—toward the private sector. The lasting impact of Maoist policies on population and economic development, the aftermath of political radicalism during the Cultural Revolution, structural change in the economy, and cohort effects were among the factors that constrained the choice set of CCP leaders and shaped the orientation and timing of their decisions on the private sector.
Rule Bending for the Necessary Evil
Authors: Lin Yi-min
Published: June 2017

Chapter 5 investigates the strategies of local officials in places where the sales growth strategy faltered in the early years of reform. An alternative strategy was to tolerate and even facilitate the expansion of private business beyond centrally set limits, as illustrated by the much-studied case of Wenzhou in Zhejiang province. Echoing the prevailing view on the important role of entrepreneurship in early privatization, the chapter goes further to investigate how and why local entrepreneurial forces survived Maoism in the peculiar local setting, and how their interplay with extraordinary economic hardship developed into both a driving force for local policy change and a shield against the political risks that had to be contained. This re-examination of the case material also sheds light on why Wenzhou was an “aberration” and why many “laggard” regions in public-enterprise-led growth did not actively promote private business before centrally initiated ownership restructuring.
The Tipping Point and Beyond
Authors: Lin Yi-min
Published: June 2017

Chapter 7 explores how the tipping point of massive privatization came about and what set the tempo and shaped the scope of the precipitous changes that followed and spread beyond the initial limits set by central leaders. It shows that the trigger came from a confluence of challenges rendered by the sales growth strategy, the 1994 fiscal restructuring, and persistent and evolving demographic forces. The pace and extent of subsequent ownership change were greatly influenced by a political bandwagon effect, a shift in the focus of local officials’ self-interest calculus, and an intensification of insider manipulation in the public sector. Together, the interplay among these forces represented a continuation of the same opportunistic rationality that had driven the behavior of political actors up to the tipping point.
Professor Graham
Authors: Finstuen Andrew
Published: June 2017

Billy Graham has consistently been portrayed as a prominent example of anti-intellectualism. What this perspective misses is that from the time he decided for Wheaton College, his life and career unfolded as a series of pilgrimages to elite universities. To be sure, Graham was not an intellectual, nor was he simply a paradox of anti-intellectual intellectualism. Rather, Graham’s relationship to intellectual life is best understood as an expression of intellectual virtue. For all of his moments of anti-intellectualism, the arc of Graham’s cast of mind bends toward curiosity, mutual understanding, courage, and, most of all, humility. In this way, Graham contrasts with the polarized situation of intellectual life in America past and present, and, as a target of both theological liberals and theological conservatives, he represents a critical figure of American ideological centrism.
Singing to Save
Authors: Blumhofer Edith L.
Published: June 2017

This chapter explores an integral aspect of Billy Graham’s crusades: music, the people responsible for it, its role in bringing diversity to Graham crusade platforms, and its influence on post–World War II Christian song. For the sixty-year span of the crusades, choir director Cliff Barrows and soloist George Beverly Shea were the most visible members of Graham’s team, setting the tone for every sermon and response. They understood crusade music as part of the ministry flow, not as entertainment. The goal of every song was the same as the goal of every sermon—bringing people to a moment of decision. Over the years, many popular artists brought to the crusades a wide variety of musical styles, from classical to hip-hop, featuring guest artists that brought ethnic, regional, gender, and racial diversity. But the dependable elements Barrows and Shea adhered to gave the crusades remarkable musical consistency.
Preaching Good News to the Poor
Authors: King David P.
Published: June 2017

The chapter examines how Billy Graham’s encounters with domestic and global poverty offer a window into the evolution of Graham’s social ethic that sheds light on American evangelicals’ public engagement at home and abroad. As his public platform grew, he began to draw attention to the world’s most pressing needs. Graham’s evolving humanitarianism helped set the boundaries of a postwar American evangelicalism. As Graham came to speak of both evangelism and social concern as necessary parts of the gospel, debates over their exact relationship continued to rally and fragment evangelicals. Graham’s social ethic also illuminated American evangelicals’ view of the world. Finally, Graham’s humanitarianism highlighted the contested relationships between government and religious agencies. As his social ethic moved from the abstract to the specific, Graham embraced terms like social justice and social responsibility. This shift may serve as Graham’s closest link to the global activism of contemporary evangelicalism.