bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Design and implementation of an automatic pressure-control system for a mobile sprayer for greenhouse applications
Authors: Gonzalez R. , Pawlowski A. , Rodriguez C. , Guzman J. L. , Sanchez-Hermosilla J.
Published: November 2012

This article presents the design and development of an embedded automatic pressure-control system for a mobile sprayer working in greenhouses. The pressure system is mounted on a commercial vehicle, it is composed of two on/off electrovalves and one proportional electrovalve. The hardware developed is based on an embedded microprocessor and provides a low-cost and robust solution. The resulting embedded system has been tested on a spraying system mounted on a manned vehicle. Furthermore, an easy-tuning non-linear PI (Proportional Integral) controller to achieve the desired pressure profile is designed and implemented in the embedded system. Many physical experiments show the best performance of such controller compared with a typical PI controller. Experiments covering the pressure range from 2 to 14 bar obtained a mean error less than 0.3 bar. Summing up, a low-cost automatic pressure-control system is developed, it ensures a uniform decomposition of the liquid sprayed on plants, and it works properly over a wide variable-pressure range.
A new equation to predict the footings settlement on sand based on the finite element method
Authors: Requena-Pérez J. , Ayuso Muñoz J. , Jiménez-Romero J. R. , Agrela F.
Published: November 2012

In the design of shallow foundations normally used in rural buildings on sand, the settlement criterion is more critical than the bearing capacity of the soil. Likewise, it has also been found that widely used methods to estimate the footings settlement on sand, generates differences with the observed in full scale field tests. The aim of this study was to find a new equation based on finite element method (FEM) easy to apply to estimate the footings settlement on sand. This new equation considers the effect of the depth of the founding level, the footing breadth, the equivalent soil stiffness, the Poisson’s ratio and the net increase in the effective stress on settlement values. To obtain this equation, a three-dimensional finite element model was generated and subsequently validated using actual footings settlement measured during field tests. The results of settlement predictions extracted from this method are slightly better than those obtained by other methods, but this equation has the advantage of being easier and faster to apply, which implies a savings in computation time.
Exploring the potential of wild food resources in the Mediterranean region: natural yield and gathering pressure of the wild asparagus (Asparagus acutifolius L.)
Authors: Molina M. , Pardo-de-Santayana M. , García E. , Aceituno-Mata L. , Morales R. , Tardío J.
Published: November 2012

In the Mediterranean region, some wild edible species such as Asparagus acutifolius L. are still harvested and even marketed. Considering the great interest of this species, including its recreational, commercial and agronomic uses, we aimed to study its natural supply and its current scale of harvesting. Nearly 50 plants were monitored in two sites of Central Spain. An experimental harvest of 100% of spears was conducted during spring 2008-2009 to estimate spear production per plant and per hectare. Plants were also monitored but not harvested in 2010-2011 at Site 1 to document real gathering practices and its influence on yield. Spear production ranged from 5.0 to 12.8 g per plant and from 4.0 to 8.9 kg ha-1, reaching the top-ranked values in May (30-60% of total yield). Between-site variations on yield were mainly related to spear number rather than to spear weight, whereas weather conditions influenced annual yields. The percentage of plants harvested by local foragers varied from 26 to 47%. A slight but not significant trend for collecting the largest spears was recorded. According to spear number in harvested (1.8-2.5 spears) and non-harvested plants (1.3-1.5 spears), gathering seemed to promote the growth of new spears, although further research is needed to assess its influence in the long term. Results suggest that foraging is a time-consuming practice, thus social and cultural factors may explain its high appreciation in present times.
Effect of the winter diet on meat quality traits of steers finished on mountain pasture with a barley supplement
Authors: Panea B. , Casasús I. , Joy M. , Carrasco S. , Ripoll G. , Albertí P. , Blanco M.
Published: November 2012

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of two winter diets (WD) (100 F, i.e. 100% forage, 8.3 kg DM of lucerne hay + 0.3 kg DM of straw; and 65F:35C, i.e. 65% forage:35% concentrate, 5.4 kg DM lucerne hay + 0.3 kg DM straw + 3.0 kg DM barley), offered during 118 days on meat quality traits of 20-month old steers finished on mountain pasture supplemented with 4.1 kg DM barley d-1. Longissimus thoracis intramuscular fat content and its fatty acid profile were determined (in vivo) after one month on pasture. The intramuscular fat content, fatty acid profile, texture (1, 8 and 15 days of ageing), colour (1, 2, and 8 days of oxygen exposure) and sensorial quality (8 and 15 days ageing) were evaluated post-mortem after 163 days on the finishing diet. Intramuscular fat content and fatty acid profile were affected by the WD in vivo (p<0.05) but not post-mortem. Meat pH was not affected by the WD but the texture was affected by the interaction between the WD and the ageing time (p<0.001), maximum stress decreased more rapidly in the 100F diet in the first 8 days of ageing. Meat colour was only affected by the oxygen-exposure time (p<0.001). Panel test variables were not affected by the WD, but ageing time affected beef flavour intensity (p<0.05). In conclusion, the winter diet affected intramuscular fat content after one month of grazing but had no major effects on post-mortem meat quality of pasture-finished steers.
Assessing the impact of agri-environmental schemes on the eco-efficiency of rain-fed agriculture
Authors: Beltrán-Esteve M. , Gómez-Limón J. A. , Picazo-Tadeo A. J.
Published: November 2012

This paper analyses the impact of the Agri-environmental Extensification Scheme for the Protection of Flora and Fauna (F&F Scheme) on the eco-efficiency of a sample of dryland farms in the Spanish region of Castile and Leon. Using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and the so-called program decomposition approach to efficiency measurement, we explore whether or not the production technology of the farms included in the F&F Scheme is more eco-efficient than the technology used by farms that are not included in the Scheme. The re-sults obtained confirm the foregoing hypothesis, providing evidence that environmental pres-sures could be reduced if all farms adopted the F&F Scheme technology. Furthermore, shad-ow prices are used to assess the monetary value of the potential reduction in environmental pressures that farms could achieve by adopting the F&F Scheme. The results show that the average opportunity cost of the decrease in environmental pressures (€55.65 ha-1) is similar to the compensation received by farms included in the F&F Scheme. Nevertheless, bearing in mind the great diversity of farms, we recommend agricultural policymakers to use an auction system to award such environmental contracts.
Herbicidal strategies to control Phalaris brachystachys in a wheat-sunflower rotation: a simulation approach
Authors: Zambrano-Navea C. L. , Bastida F. , Gonzalez-Andujar J. L.
Published: November 2012

Phalaris brachystachys is a common and troublesome weed in winter cereals in Mediterranean countries. A deterministic model was developed to simulate P. brachystachys seedbank dynamics in the wheat-sunflower rotation, a commonly practiced cropping system in southern Spain, under different herbicide-based management scenarios: no herbicide application, full herbicide dose (standard rate) and two reduced dose rates (75 and 50% of the standard rate). Without treatment, a steady increase of the seed bank is predicted up to an equilibrium level of 54,859 seeds m-2 (575 plants m-2) after 25 years. Full dose herbicide applications in wheat years resulted in a progressive seed bank decline over years. Reducing the efficacy of the herbicide by using 50% or 75% of the recommended rate resulted in no long-term seed bank decline. Instead, a population increase until equilibrium densities is predicted. A sensitivity analysis showed that seedling survival and fecundity were the most sensitive demographic parameters under the full dose strategy, whereas fecundity and seedbank mortality were the most sensitive parameters under reduced dose strategies. Reduced dose strategies tended to be less sensitive than the full dose strategy. Simulations indicated that long-term control of this weed may be attained under full dose, highly effective, herbicide applications. Unless effectiveness could be maintained at very high levels, reduced herbicide doses may not be a recommendable option for the long-term control of this species in a wheat-sunflower rotation.
A Straightforward and Mild Method of Tethering Monosaccharides to Thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidinones via the Copper(I)-catalyzed Azide-Alkyne ‘Click Chemistry’
Authors: Ahmed Essam Kh. , Ameen Mohamed A.
Published: November 2012

A mild and versatile method based on Cu(I)-catalyzed [3+2] cycloaddition (Meldal-Sharpless reaction) was developed to tether biomolecules, such as monosacharides or lipophylic azides, to alkyne functions of spirobenzo[b]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-1´-cyclohexane. The reactions are highlighted by their modularity and high efficiency with excellent yields in most cases. The products are interesting precursors for a variety of applications.
Oxidative Rearrangement of Flavanones with Thallium(III) Nitrate, Lead Tetraacetate and Hypervalent Iodines in Trimethyl Orthoformate and Perchloric or Sulfuric Acid
Authors: Németh István , Kiss-Szikszai Attila , Illyés Tünde Zita , Mándi Attila , Komáromi István , Kurtán Tibor , Antus Sándor
Published: November 2012

An HPLC monitoring protocol has been developed to follow the reaction of flavanone [(±)-1] with thallium(III) nitrate, lead tetracetate, phenyliodonium diacetate (PIDA) or [hydroxyl( tosyloxy)iodo]benzene in trimethyl orthoformate. Besides the major ring-contraction product, the 2,3-dihydrobenzo[b]furan derivative (±)-4a, minor components were also identified, and their structures including the relative stereochemistry and a plausible mechanism of formation are reported and compared with literature data. The oxidation reactions were monitored by HPLC at different conditions, and the structure and the ratio of the products were determined and compared. The preferred formation of flavone (5) from (±)-flavanone (1) by PIDA is explained by quantum-chemical calculations on the intermediate formed by the addition of this reagent to the enol ether derivative of (±)-1.
In Search of the True Structure of the Sodium Chromium Alum: Crystal Growth and Structure of the Double Salt NaCr(SO4)2(H2O)6
Authors: Rees-Isele Luitgard , Keller Egbert
Published: November 2012

The cubic structure of the sodium chromium alum [NaCr(SO4)2(H2O)12] has been published in 1968 with a lattice parameter a which is by 0.17 Å larger than the one of the potassium chromium alum. In order to investigate this “lattice parameter anomaly”, the growth of Na-Cr alum crystals was attempted with the aim to re-determine their structure. However, instead of cubic alum crystals, monoclinic crystals of composition NaCr(SO4)2(H2O)6 were obtained. Their structure consists of onedimensionally infinite [Na(SO4)2]3- chains and “isolated” [Cr(H2O)6]3+ complexes, held together by electrostatic attraction and numerous hydrogen bonds. The compound is erroneously addressed as the sodium chromium alum in the Powder Diffraction File PDF-2.
The Visible Light Activity of the TiO2 and TiO2:V4+ Photocatalyst
Authors: Thuy Nguyen Minh , Van Duong Quoc , Hai Le Thi Hong
Published: November 2012

TiO2 and vanadium-doped TiO2 nanoparticles were synthesized by using the hydrothermal method. The V doping contents are 0.0; 0.1; 0.3; 0.5; 0.7 and 0.9% molar.

The vanadium-doped TiO2 nanoparticles have identical anatase phase with an average crystal size of 10–20nm. The oleic acid and ethanol solvents with different molar concentrations can make spherical nanograins, or stick form grains, which influence the photo activity of the materials. The absorption spectra of doped samples exhibited long-tailed absorption in the visible light region above 380nm.

The visible light photocatalytic activity was evaluated by the degradation of phenol aqueous solutions; after 360 min. under the visible irradiation, the normalized concentration of phenol decreased to 9%.
Expression of Soluble Adenylyl Cyclase in Lentigo Maligna: Use of Immunohistochemistry With Anti–Soluble Adenylyl Cyclase Antibody (R21) in Diagnosis of Lentigo Maligna and Assessment of Margins
Authors: Magro Cynthia M. , Yang Sung-Eun , Zippin Jonathan H. , Zembowicz Artur
Published: November 2012

Context.—Soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) is an enzyme that generates cyclic adenosine monophosphate, a signaling molecule involved in regulating melanocyte functions. R21, a mouse monoclonal antibody against sAC, shows a striking pan-nuclear staining in lentigo maligna, indicating possible utility for diagnosis and margin assessment.

Objective.—To evaluate R21 in the diagnosis and evaluation of margins in lentigo maligna.

Design.—Thirty one re-excision specimens for lentigo maligna were evaluated for R21 expression using previously published protocol. In addition, 153 cases including 41 lentigo malignas, 30 non–lentigo maligna-type melanomas, 38 lentigos, and 44 nevi were evaluated using a modified stringent protocol to eliminate all nonmelanocyte staining.

Results.—The sensitivity of nuclear staining with R21 in lentigo maligna was 87.8%. Nuclear expression of sAC was observed in 40% of other melanomas and 2.3% of benign nevi. R21 did not stain nuclei of resting melanocytes but was observed in 28.9% of melanocytic hyperplasias. These cases were easily distinguished from lentigo maligna in routine sections. R21 staining facilitated extent of the lesion in resection margins. In cases examined under the less stringent conditions, interpretation was facilitated by comparing R21 and Mart1/Melan A staining. Greater than 9 pan-nuclear staining melanocytes within one high-power field along with a pan-nuclear sAC/Melan A ratio greater than 0.5 was consistent with a positive margin whereas 5 or less pan-nuclear staining melanocytes along with a sAC/Melan A ratio of less than 0.3 constituted a negative margin.

Conclusion.—R21 is a useful diagnostic adjunct in the diagnosis and evaluation of margins in re-excision specimens in lentigo maligna.
Management Systems Improve Performance
Authors: Haney Christopher M. , Coomes Grady , Fiffick Laura , Seydewitz Lauren , Smith Amanda , Booker Randall
Published: November 2012

This article discusses how utility and environmental management systems are helping Dallas Water Utilities conserve resources, reduce costs, and improve operational efficiency.
Are Mycobacteria in Your Water?
Authors: Falkinham Joseph O.
Published: November 2012

This article discusses the occurrence of mycobacteria in drinking water distribution systems as well as building, hospital, and household plumbing, and offers exposure mitigation methods for water providers and homeowners.
Epitome of Political Leadership in Rodrigo R. Duterte
Authors: Laya Mona L. , Marque Jason N.
Published: November 2012

Abstract - This descriptive study aimed to identify the leadership skills of Rodrigo R. Duterte to gain insights as to why he has become the undisputed political leader of Davao City. Making use of snowball and opportunistic sampling techniques, the investigation has established through qualitative analysis of triangulated data that Duterte’s leadership focuses on the maintenance of peace and order. As a leader, Mr. Duterte uses a combination of different leadership skills characterized by firmness in decisions, taking responsibility for all actions made and the ability to accomplish the desired outcomes. He is a transactional leader with charisma to the masses. He actively monitors the work performed by subordinates and executes corrective actions if deviations from expected standards occur. He is an entrepreneurial leader, a risk taker, and a negotiator. His autocracy fits the level of maturity of the Dabawenyos. He is voted primarily for his leadership skills in maintaining peace and order while the various programs he has implemented are considered as additional accomplishments to his brand of leadership. Keywords - leadership style, political leadership, undisputed political leader
Recruiting Underrepresented Minorities to Chiropractic Colleges
Authors: Callender Alana
Published: November 2012

Background: Admissions departments at chiropractic colleges across the United States are under continual pressure to recruit students. The underrepresented minority populations in the United States are potential markets for chiropractic patients, students, and doctors. Objective: To assess the current diversity recruiting practices of the chiropractic colleges. Methods: Directors of admissions of the chiropractic colleges were polled to identify recruiting programs and their success. Results: Sixteen of the 17 colleges were polled. Nine of the respondents had no program for targeted underserved populations and seven did have such a program. Five colleges employed several methods to work with universities to recruit underserved populations. Other strategies included outreach via student groups and alumni recruiters. Conclusion: Programs to attract minority students can be created and infrastructure can be provided but they are nearly useless without role models. Encouraging alumni participation to raise awareness of chiropractic in minority communities may be a step toward a profession more reflective of America's population.
Best Practices in Syllabus Writing: Contents of a Learner-Centered Syllabus
Authors: Johnson Claire
Published: November 2012

This article presents an overview of syllabus structure for faculty members and administrators who would like to develop and evaluate their syllabi. A brief overview about syllabus contents and a checklist is provided.
Interactive Atlas of Histology: A Tool for Self-Directed Learning, Practice, and Self-Assessment
Authors: Goubran Emile Z. , Vinjamury Sivarama P.
Published: November 2012

Purpose: An interactive atlas of histology was developed for online use by chiropractic students to enable them to practice and self-assess their ability to identify various histological structures. This article discusses the steps in the development, implementation, and usefulness of an interactive atlas of histology for students who take histology examinations. Methods: The atlas was developed by digitizing images imported through a video-microscope using actual microscope slides. Leica EWS 2100 and PowerPoint software were used to construct the atlas. The usefulness of the atlas was assessed through a comparison of histology exam scores between four classes before and four classes after the use of the atlas. Analysis of admissions data, including overall grade point average (GPA), science and nonscience GPA, and a number of course units, was done initially to avoid any identifiable differences in the academic competency between the two being compared. A survey of the students was also done to assess atlas usefulness and students' satisfaction with the atlas. Results: Analysis of histology exam scores showed that the average scores in the lab exam were significantly higher for the classes that used the atlas. Survey results showed a high level of student satisfaction with the atlas. Conclusion: The development and use of an online interactive atlas of histology for chiropractic students helped to improve lab exams scores. In addition, students were satisfied with the features and usefulness of this atlas.
Use of Radiographic Imaging Protocols by Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College Interns
Authors: Butt Amy , Clarfield-Henry Jordanna , Bui Loan , Butler Kim , Peterson Cynthia
Published: November 2012

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine if 4th-year interns plan to x-ray their patients, once they are in private practice, in accordance with the principles taught throughout their radiology program and with the evidence-based imaging guidelines outlined in the literature. Methods: Questionnaires were provided to all 4th-year interns. Each questionnaire consisted of 10 case scenarios representing possible chiropractic patients. Each intern was asked if he or she would radiograph the patient and, if so, which views would be taken. A “gold standard” was established by two chiropractic radiologists using evidence-based guidelines. Intern answers were compared with the gold standard using percent agreement. Results: Sixty-eight interns completed the questionnaire. Agreement between the interns and the gold standards for the question of whether or not they would take x-rays ranged from 63.2% to 100%. The percent agreement for the correct radiographic views chosen ranged from 32.6% to 48.4%. Conclusion: Interns are generally aware of and plan to apply the radiographic guidelines for determining whether or not radiographs are indicated, as outlined in the current literature. However, interns are inconsistent in choosing the correct views.
Factors Associated with Changes in Knowledge and Attitude towards Public Health Concepts among Chiropractic College Students Enrolled in a Community Health Class
Authors: Rose Kevin A. , Ayad Samir
Published: November 2012

Purpose: This survey was conducted to identify factors thatmay be associated with changes in knowledge and attitudes towards basic health promotion and public health concepts among chiropractic students enrolled in a course in community health. Methods: Anonymous surveys were conducted of students before and after a second-year chiropractic college course in community health. Results were analyzed using percentages and Chi Square statistics as appropriate. Results: Students' knowledge of health promotion and public health concepts improved significantly by the end of the course. Students' attitudes towards these also improved, although to a lesser degree. Students indicated that they had a favorable impression of the importance of utilizing health promotion in practice and working with other public health professionals. However, vaccinations were still looked upon unfavorably by half of the students by the end of the course. Pre-class, a positive attitude towards public health concepts was associated with being female, older, Latino, having children, having a poorer perceived health status, conservative politically and religious. These differences tended to lessen by the end of the course. Conclusions: A course in community health was successful in adding to students' knowledge and positive attitudes towards health promotion and public health. However, additional educational strategies are needed to ensure changes in future practice behavior, particularly in the area of vaccinations.
Conventional Microscopy vs. Computer Imagery in Chiropractic Education
Authors: Cunningham M.S. Christine M. , Larzelere Elizabeth D. , Arar Ilija
Published: November 2012

Purpose: As human tissue pathology slides become increasingly difficult to obtain, other methods of teaching microscopy in educational laboratories must be considered. The purpose of this study was to evaluate our students' satisfaction with newly implemented computer imagery based laboratory instruction and to obtain input from their perspective on the advantages and disadvantages of computerized vs. traditional microscope laboratories. Methods: This undertaking involved the creation of a new computer laboratory. Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease, 7th ed, was chosen as the required text which gave students access to the Robbins Pathology website, including complete content of text, Interactive Case Study Companion, and Virtual Microscope. Students had experience with traditional microscopes in their histology and microbiology laboratory courses. Student satisfaction with computer based learning was assessed using a 28 question survey which was administered to three successive trimesters of pathology students (n = 193) using the computer survey website Zoomerang. Answers were given on a scale of 1–5 and statistically analyzed using weighted averages. Results: The survey data indicated that students were satisfied with computer based learning activities during pathology laboratory instruction. The most favorable aspect to computer imagery was 24–7 availability (weighted avg. 4.16), followed by clarification offered by accompanying text and captions (weighted avg. 4.08). Conclusion: Although advantages and disadvantages exist in using conventional microscopy and computer imagery, current pathology teaching environments warrant investigation of replacing traditional microscope exercises with computer applications. Chiropractic students supported the adoption of computer-assisted instruction in pathology laboratories.
A Survey of Geriatrics Courses in North American Chiropractic Programs
Authors: Borggren Cara L. , Osterbauer Paul J. , Wiles Michael R.
Published: November 2012

Purpose: There has been a growing interest in meeting the health care needs of the anticipated “age wave.” In order to prepare for the current demographic trends, we sought to describe the status of geriatrics curricula in the 18 North American English-speaking chiropractic colleges by reviewing geriatric course syllabi. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted using syllabi and catalog information solicited from each English-speaking chiropractic college in North America, collected from January 1, 2007 through June 30, 2007. Information was then summarized. Results: As of June 30, 2007, roughly 78% of colleges submitted their current geriatrics course syllabi. The remaining 4 colleges were estimated using online course catalog information. Sixty-one percent of colleges offered a course that was solely dedicated to the topic of geriatrics. Additionally, 37.5% of syllabi indicating credit load offer 4 or more credits to the course containing the geriatrics component. Also, 31.3% of courses include non-classroom clinical experience, while 50% require an independent study project that provides further geriatrics experience. Furthermore, 41.2% of reported courses classify the teaching strategies as lecture only. Conclusions: These results warrant a proposal for improved curricula in this specialty population. It is proposed that more time be dedicated for this topic, more experiential learning be required, and more clinical focus be given on the needs of this population. A restructure of curricula will provide more clinical experiences for students to better equip future doctors of chiropractic for the increase in geriatric health care needs.
The Implementation of Virtual Instruction in Relation to X-ray Anatomy and Positioning in a Chiropractic Degree Program: A Descriptive Paper
Authors: Rush Perry O. , Boone William R.
Published: November 2012

This article provides information regarding the introduction of virtual education into classroom instruction, wherein a method of classroom instruction was developed with the use of a computer, digital camera, and various software programs. This approach simplified testing procedures, thus reducing institutional costs substantially by easing the demand for manpower, and seemed to improve average grade performance. Organized files with hundreds of digital pictures have created a range of instructor resources. Much of the new course materials were organized onto compact disks to complement course notes. Customizing presentations with digital technology holds potential benefits for students, instructors and the institution.
Degree of Vertical Integration Between the Undergraduate Program and Clinical Internship with Respect to Lumbopelvic Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures Taught at the Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College
Authors: Vermet Shannon , McGinnis Karen , Boodham Melissa , Gleberzon Brian J.
Published: November 2012

Purpose: The objective of this study was to determine to what extent the diagnostic and therapeutic procedures taught in the undergraduate program used for patients with lumbopelvic conditions are expected to be utilized by students during their clinical internship program at Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College or are being used by the clinical faculty. Methods: A confidential survey was distributed to clinical faculty at the college. It consisted of a list of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures used for lumbopelvic conditions taught at that college. Clinicians were asked to indicate the frequency with which they performed or they required students to perform each item. Results: Seventeen of 23 clinicians responded. The following procedures were most likely required to be performed by clinicians: posture; ranges of motion; lower limb sensory, motor, and reflex testing; and core orthopedic tests. The following were less likely to be required to be performed: Waddell testing, Schober's test, Gillet tests, and abdominal palpation. Students were expected to perform (or clinicians performed) most of the mobilization (in particular, iliocostal, iliotransverse, and iliofemoral) and spinal manipulative therapies (in particular, the procedures referred to as the lumbar roll, lumbar pull/hook, and upper sacroiliac) taught at the college. Conclusion: This study suggests that there was considerable, but not complete, vertical integration between the undergraduate and clinical education program at this college.
Understanding the Extraocular Muscles and Oculomotor, Trochlear, and Abducens Nerves Through a Simulation in Physical Examination Training: An Innovative Approach*
Authors: Zhang Niu , He Xiaohua
Published: November 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of an innovative exhibitory eye model simulation in a physical examination laboratory format on explaining Listing's Law concerning the individual extraocular muscle action and the rationale for cranial nerve testing. Methods: Participants were 71 volunteers in the third quarter of a chiropractic training program. The study involved a specially designed eyeball model used to explain the movements of individual extraocular muscles based on Listing's law and their cranial innervations in conjunction with the physical examination. Pre- and post-written tests were used to assess participants' understanding of the subjects taught. The test results were compared with those of nonparticipants who also took the same pre- and posttests. Results: An independent samples t-test of the posttest showed a significant difference between the groups. The study group students achieved higher scores than their counterparts in the control group. Conclusion: Using an innovative approach to explain Listing's law and rationale for cranial nerve tests can improve physical examination skill and help produce more effective written test results.
Effect of Clinician Feedback Versus Video Self-Assessment in 5th-Year Chiropractic Students on an End-of-Year Communication Skills Examination
Authors: Hecimovich Mark D. , Maire Jo-Anne , Losco Barrett
Published: November 2012

Purpose: To compare the effect of two learning opportunities, clinician feedback and video self-assessment, on 5th-year chiropractic students' patient communication skills, specifically those required for history taking. Methods: A cohort of 51 final-year students was divided into two groups. The first group received immediate feedback from a clinical supervisor following a history-taking encounter with a patient. The second group performed self-assessments of their videotaped history-taking encounter. An end-of-year Viva Voce examination was used to measure the effectiveness of the students' history-taking skills, using two subscores, one for behavior and another for content, as well as an overall total score. An unpaired t-test was performed to determine whether any significant difference occurred between the two groups of students. Each group was then subdivided into two subgroups based on gender, and a two-way analysis of variance was performed to determine whether the type of feedback or the students' gender had any significant effect on the outcome of the Viva Voce. Results: There were no significant differences between the two groups of students in terms of their final scores in the Viva Voce. After dividing each group into their gender subgroups and further analysis of the results, neither the mode of feedback nor the students' gender had any significant effect on the outcome of the Viva Voce. Conclusion: This study suggests that, for a mixed cohort, video self-assessment and clinician feedback are equivalent in their ability to enhance students' communication skills relating to history taking.
Development of the Murdoch Chiropractic Graduate Pledge
Authors: Simpson J. Keith , Losco Barrett , Young Kenneth J.
Published: November 2012

Purpose: This paper reviews the origins of the learned professions, the foundational concepts of professionalism, and the common elements within various healer's oaths. It then reveals the development of the Murdoch Chiropractic Graduate Pledge. Methods: A committee comprised of three Murdoch academics performed literature searches on the topic of professionalism and healer's oaths and utilized the Quaker consensus process to develop the Murdoch Chiropractic Graduate Pledge. Results: The committee in its deliberations utilized over 200 relevant papers and textbooks to formulate the Murdoch Chiropractic Graduate Pledge that was administered to the 2010 Murdoch School of Chiropractic and Sports Science graduates. The School of Chiropractic and Sports Science included professionalism as one of its strategic goals and began the process of curriculum review to align it with the goal of providing a curriculum that recognizes and emphasizes the development of professionalism. Conclusions: The reciting of a healer's oath such as the Hippocratic Oath is widely considered to be the first step in a new doctor's career. It is seen as the affirmation that a newly trained health care provider will use his or her newfound knowledge and skill exclusively for the benefit of mankind in an ethical manner. Born from the very meaning of the word profession, the tradition of recitation of a healer's oath is resurgent in health care. It is important for health care instructors to understand that the curriculum must be such that it contributes positively to the students' professional development.
Collaborative Testing: The Effect of Group Formation Process on Overall Student Performance*
Authors: Nafziger Rita , Meseke Jamie K. , Meseke Christopher A.
Published: November 2012

Purpose: With increased focus on student preparation for high-stakes licensure exams, there is more interest in alternate forms of content delivery and assessment. This interest has focused on factors within the learning environment that may impact student’s course performance and program progress. In this project, the impact of the method of group determination (random assignment vs. student selection) on student performance in a neuroanatomy course within a collaborative testing environment is examined. Methods: The course performance of two cohorts (cohort one: randomized grouping = 80; cohort two: student-selected grouping = 82) were compared. All students completed weekly quizzes within collaborative groups, while completing unit exams individually. The mean sum of both the quiz scores and examination scores were compared. Results: While the two groups differed (Wilks’ lambda = 0.211; F = 53.541; df = 10,143; p < .05), no pattern was evident among the assessments (ie, one group did not differ significantly on all quizzes or examinations). In overall quiz performance, the randomized groupings scored significantly higher than the student-selected groups (F = 112.252; df = 1152; p < .05) while no difference was noted relative to overall exam scores (F = 2.672; df = 1152; p > .05). Conclusions: While the collaborative testing paradigm has been shown to be a valuable learning tool, no differences are apparent in the course performance between students in randomly assigned groups compared to those in student-selected groups. The very nature of random groups may have encouraged students to be proficient in all of the material, whereas students who were allowed to choose their groups may have divided the material among themselves and not become individually proficient in all concepts.
Correlation Between Student Performances on Course Level Integrated Clinical Skills Examinations and Objective Structured Clinical Examinations in a Chiropractic College Program
Authors: Russell Brent S. , Hoiriis Kathryn T. , Guagliardo Joseph
Published: November 2012

Purpose: This retrospective study measured correlation of student performance between 2 objective structured clinical examinations (OSCEs) and an introductory integrated clinical skills course that preceded the OSCEs. The hypothesis was that there would be a strong, positive correlation between the earlier level examinations and the upper level OSCE, high enough that earlier examinations could be viewed as predictors of upper level OSCE performance. Methods: Using student scores for 5 academic terms of upper level OSCEs for 2008–2009 (n = 208) and respective earlier scores, correlation coefficients were calculated for the upper level OSCE and Clinical Skills course, and upper and lower level OSCEs. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to evaluate how well the lower level OSCE and clinical skills scores, both as lone and combined independent variables, predicted the upper level OSCE scores. Results: There was at least a moderate correlation between both sets of scores: r = .51 (p < .001) between upper level OSCE and clinical skills course, r = .54 (p < .001) between the upper and lower level OSCEs. A combination of clinical skills and lower level OSCE scores suggested a moderate prediction of upper level OSCE scores (R2 = .38.) Conclusions: Correlations were found to be of at least a moderate level. According to linear regression analysis, a combination of the earlier scores was moderately predictive for the upper level OSCE. More research could be done to determine additional components of student performance.
The Transient Information Effect: Investigating the Impact of Segmentation on Spoken and Written text
Authors: Singh Anne‐Marie , Marcus Nadine , Ayres Paul
Published: November 2012

The transient information effect occurs when explanatory information disappears before it can be adequately processed and leads to inferior learning than more permanent sources of information. Two experiments, involving grade 10 students, investigated the impact of segmentation on a common form of transient information (spoken text) and a more permanent form of information (written text). It was found that segmenting text into smaller sections benefits both modalities. However, the largest impact of segmentation was found with the spoken text. Furthermore, evidence emerged that the written text led to superior learning than an identical spoken text. The overall results suggest that using long‐spoken explanatory texts can have a negative impact on learning, unless transitory effects are reduced. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fertility, parental investment, and the early adoption of modern contraception in rural ethiopia
Authors: Alvergne Alexandra , Lawson David W. , Clarke Parry M.R. , Gurmu Eshetu , Mace Ruth
Published: November 2012

Objectives:

What triggers initial shifts to fertility limitation as populations undergo socioeconomic development remains poorly understood. Alternative models emphasize the social contagion of low fertility ideals, or the individual perception of economic and/or fitness benefits to fertility limitation. Few micro‐level studies in communities experiencing the earliest stages of the demographic transition are available. In a previous study, we found little support for the role of social transmission through friendships and spatial networks in explaining contraceptive uptake in rural Ethiopia, where contraceptive prevalence is low (<20%). Here, using data from the same population, we investigate the possibility that early contraceptive uptake is best understood as a manipulation of parental investment in response to local environmental change.

Methods:

We used data on >800 women which recorded fertility, birth spacing and offspring survivorship. We first investigated whether ever‐users and non‐users differ in their reproductive behavior and success prior to contraception use. We then conducted a within‐women analysis to investigate the impact of contraceptive uptake on reproduction and child survivorship.

Results:

Women who have experienced higher fertility and higher child survival adopt modern contraception sooner rather than later, and contraceptive use among early adopters is predictive of greater birth spacing. However, contraceptive uptake does not have an impact on offspring survivorship.

Conclusions:

Our data provide support for the idea that preferences for low fertility emerge in response to increasing competition between offspring. The study has implications for our understanding of the emergence of local fertility norms and the spread of modern birth control. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2013. © 2012Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Trades of dangers: A study of asbestos industry transfer cases in Asia
Authors: Choi Yeyong , Lim Sinye , Paek Domyung
Published: November 2012

Background

In a study of asbestos industry transfers in Asia, we examined the transfer of health and safety measures at the time of industry transfer and resulting health outcomes thereafter.

Methods

Field surveys were conducted in Japan, Germany, Indonesia, and South Korea over a 5 year period beginning in 2007. The surveys involved interviews and field assessments of health and safety conditions.

Results

Even when there were transfers of entire engineering plant processes, we observed that the health and safety measures that should have accompanied the transfer, including technical capacities of risk assessment and management, regulatory protection, and cultural practices, were not actually transferred. According to work environment assessment records, there were differences in airborne asbestos levels of approximately 5–6 fibers/cc between the exporting and importing sides of the transfer. This amounted to a 10 years of time delay in comparable health and safety conditions. These differences resulted in repeated adverse health consequences at each factory operation site.

Conclusions

Dangerous transfers of asbestos industry technology have occurred repeatedly over the years with the result that Asia has become the largest consumer of asbestos in the world. No effective internationally accepted safety measures have been introduced in the region. The study results support the need for both improved public awareness and international cooperation, such as sharing of substitute material technologies by the exporting countries, and provide the rationale for the creation of an Asian fund for asbestos victims. Am. J. Ind. Med. 56:335–346, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Thalamic involvement in patients with neurologic impairment due to Shiga toxin 2
Authors: Meuth Sven G. , Göbel Kerstin , Kanyshkova Tatyana , Ehling Petra , Ritter Martin A. , Schwindt Wolfram , Bielaszewska Martina , Lebiedz Pia , Coulon Philippe , Herrmann Alexander M. , Storck Wiebke , Kohmann Denise , Müthing Johannes , Pavenstädt Hermann , Kuhlmann Tanja , Karch Helge , Peters Georg , Budde Thomas , Wiendl Heinz , Pape Hans‐Christian
Published: November 2012

Objective

The outbreak of hemolytic–uremic syndrome and diarrhea caused by Shiga toxin–producing Escherichia coli O104:H4 in Germany during May to July 2011 involved severe and characteristic neurologic manifestations with a strong female preponderance. Owing to these observations, we designed a series of experimental studies to evaluate the underlying mechanism of action of this clinical picture.

Methods

A magnetic resonance imaging and electroencephalographic study of patients was performed to evaluate the clinical picture in detail. Thereafter, combinations of different experimental settings, including electrophysiological and histological analyses, as well as calcium imaging in brain slices of rats, were conducted.

Results

We report on 7 female patients with neurologic symptoms and signs including bilateral thalamic lesions and encephalopathic changes indicative of a predominant involvement of the thalamus. Experimental studies in rats revealed an enhanced expression of the Shiga toxin receptor globotriaosylceramide on thalamic neurons in female rats as compared to other brain regions in the same rats and to male animals. Incubation of brain slices with Shiga toxin 2 evoked a strong membrane depolarization and intracellular calcium accumulation in neurons, associated with neuronal apoptosis, predominantly in the thalamic area.

Interpretation

These findings suggest that the direct cytotoxic effect of Shiga toxin 2 in the thalamus might contribute to the pathophysiology of neuronal complications in hemolytic–uremic syndrome. ANN NEUROL 2013;73:419–429
Mild method for the agglomeration of dispersed polycaprolactone microspheres via a genipin‐crosslinked gelatin hydrogel
Authors: Zhang Qingchun , Zhang Yan , Lang Meidong
Published: November 2012

Microsphere systems have been used to deliver drugs, proteins, and cells. However, dispersed microspheres can induce harmful effects after they are introduced into the body. To agglomerate these dispersed microspheres, an in situ forming system was developed to fabricate microsphere/hydrogel composites. Polycaprolactone microspheres with a porous surface and hollow core were physically incorporated into a genipin‐crosslinked gelatin hydrogel. The incorporation of microspheres reduced the swelling capacities and weakened the unexpected volume expansion, which is not favorable for in vivo implants. Additionally, the reacted genipin ratio increased with increasing gelatin concentration. The degradation of the composite was also determined, and it was proposed that the degradation mechanism of the composite was bulk collapse, whereas that for the pure hydrogel was surface erosion. The obtained microsphere/hydrogel composite might have a great potential application as an injectable system for tissue regeneration. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Ethanol‐assisted dispersion of attapulgite and its effect on improving properties of alginate‐based superabsorbent nanocomposite
Authors: Wang Yizhe , Shi Xiaoning , Wang Wenbo , Wang Aiqin
Published: November 2012

The dispersion of attapulgite (APT) as nanorod‐like single crystals is crucial to fully develop its functionality of one‐dimensional nanometer material as a filler of composite materials. In this study, APT was dispersed by the assistance of ethanol during the high‐pressure homogenization process to form individual nanorod‐like crystals. The dispersed APT was used to prepare new sodium alginate‐g‐poly(sodium acrylate‐co‐styrene)/attapulgite (NaAlg‐g‐P(NaA‐co‐St)/APT) superabsorbent nanocomposites. The effect of ethanol/water ratio on the dispersion of crystal bundles of APT was investigated by field emission scanning electron microscopy, and the results indicate that APT crystal bundles were effectively disaggregated in ν(CH3CH2OH) : ν(H2O) − 5 : 5 solution after homogenized at 50 MPa. The better dispersion of APT in NaAlg‐g‐P(NaA‐co‐St) matrix has clearly improved the gel strength (from 1300 Pa to 1410 Pa, ω = 100 rad/s), swelling capacity (442–521 g/g), swelling rate (3.3303–4.5736 g/g/s), and reswelling ability of the superabsorbent nanocomposite. Moreover, the nanocomposites showed fast swelling–deswelling responsive behavior in different saline solutions. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013