bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Magnetization transfer contrast imaging in bovine and human cortical bone applying an ultrashort echo time sequence at 3 Tesla
Authors: Springer Fabian , Martirosian Petros , Machann Jürgen , Schwenzer Nina F. , Claussen Claus D. , Schick Fritz
Published: March 2009

Magnetization transfer (MT) contrast imaging reveals interactions between free water molecules and macromolecules in a variety of tissues. The introduction of ultrashort echo time (UTE) sequences to clinical whole‐body MR scanners expands the possibility of MT imaging to tissues with extremely fast signal decay such as cortical bone. The aim of this study was to investigate the MT effect of bovine cortical bone in vitro on a 3 Tesla whole‐body MR unit. A 3D‐UTE sequence with a rectangular‐shaped on‐resonant excitation pulse and a Gaussian‐shaped off‐resonant saturation pulse for MT preparation was applied. The flip angle and off‐resonance frequency of the MT pulse was systematically varied. Measurements on various samples of bovine cortical bone, agar gel, aqueous manganese chloride solutions, and solid polymeric materials (polyurethane) were performed, followed by preliminary applications on human tibial bone in vivo. Direct on‐resonant saturation effects of the MT prepulses were calculated numerically by means of Bloch's equations. Corrected for direct saturation effects dry and fresh bovine cortical bone showed “true” MTR values of 0.26 and 0.21, respectively. In vivo data were obtained from three healthy subjects and showed MTR values of 0.30 ± 0.08. In vivo studies into MT of cortical bone might have the potential to give new insights in musculoskeletal pathologies. Magn Reson Med, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rapid methods for concurrent measurement of the RF‐pulse flip angle and the longitudinal relaxation time
Authors: Hsu Jung‐Jiin , Zaharchuk Greg , Glover Gary H.
Published: March 2009

Measuring both the flip angle (FA) and the longitudinal relaxation time T1 is essential in quantitative and longitudinal studies because the signal amplitude is dependent on these quantities. Conventional methods can only measure one of them at a time and require long scan times. In this work, two mutually consistent methods are developed; each can acquire multislice data for determining both the FA and T1 in a scan time about half the time needed for a conventional FA measurement. On the basis of a recent development of longitudinal‐relaxation measurement (Hsu and Lowe, J Magn Reson 2004;169:270–278; Hsu and Glover, J Magn Reson 2006;181:98–106), one of the methods uses RF pulse trains of two FAs whereas the other uses pulse trains of different pulse spacing. When only the FA or T1 is needed, the present methods can still be faster than conventional methods for the needed quantity. In benchmarking with a uniform‐density sample, both methods generate precise T1 values independent of the FA chosen (except at and near 90°). In the demonstration with three normal volunteers at 3 T, the T1 values of frontal and occipital white matter, putamen, and caudate are compared; the T1 values are in agreement with literature values and the intrasubject deviation is 0.2%–2.8%. Magn Reson Med, 61:1319–1325, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Minimax flow tree problems
Authors: Chen Hui , Campbell Ann , Thomas Barrett , Tamir Arie
Published: March 2009

We examine a class of problems that seeks to find tree‐structured networks that minimize the maximum cost among a subset of nodes in a graph. The cost metric is characterized by a series of parameters that can represent distance, flow volume, and delivery deadlines. Derived through variations in problem parameters, we present 17 different problems and discuss their worst‐case complexities. Fourteen of the problems are new to the literature. We show that some of the problems are 𝒩𝒫‐Complete and others are polynomially solvable. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, 2009
The effects of tougher enforcement on the job prospects of recent Latin American immigrants
Authors: Orrenius Pia M. , Zavodny Madeline
Published: March 2009

Attempts to enforce immigration laws in the U.S. interior have proliferated in recent years, yet the effects of these laws on immigrants are largely unknown. This paper examines whether increases in immigration‐related law enforcement since 2001 have adversely affected the labor market outcomes of low‐education male immigrants from Latin America, a group that comprises the bulk of undocumented workers in the U.S. The crackdown on the use of fraudulent Social Security numbers, increased requirements for government‐issued identification, and other changes associated with greater focus on national security likely lowered the demand for undocumented foreign‐born workers in the years following the 9/11 terrorist attacks. Using Current Population Survey data and a difference‐in‐differences estimation technique, we find strong evidence of worse labor market outcomes among recent Latin American immigrants in the post‐9/11 period relative to natives and prior Latin American immigrants. The results indicate a decline in employment, hours worked, and earnings among recent male Latin American immigrants relative to similarly low‐skilled black and Hispanic natives and vis‐à‐vis Latin American immigrants who have been in the U.S. longer. Our findings are consistent with firms increasingly substituting legal workers for undocumented labor in the years following 9/11. © 2009 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
Sequence variation in the mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and prostate cancer in African American men
Authors: Ray Anna M. , Zuhlke Kimberly A. , Levin Albert M. , Douglas Julie A. , Cooney Kathleen A. , Petros John A.
Published: March 2009

BACKGROUND

Previous studies have found associations between mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations and several cancer types. Recently, we found that mutations in the mtDNA gene cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) were both linked to and associated with prostate cancer (PCa) in Caucasian men. Here we examine the association between COI mutations and PCa in African American men.

METHODS

The entire COI gene was directly sequenced in 132 PCa cases and 135 controls from the Flint Men's Health Study, a community‐based sample of African American men with and without PCa. Associations between all variants and PCa were evaluated.

RESULTS

We identified 102 COI single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), including 15 missense variants. Overall, the presence of one or more COI missense variants was not significantly associated with PCa. Individually, two SNPs (T6221C and T7389C) were significantly associated with prostate cancer (P < 0.05) and in strong linkage disequilibrium with each other (r2 > 0.6).

CONCLUSIONS

Of the two significantly associated SNPs, one is a synonymous substitution and the other is part of the African‐specific mitochondrial haplogroup (L). Additional research will be needed to determine the clinical relevance of these associations in African populations. Prostate 69: 956–960, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Depression: current approaches to management in primary care
Authors: Reid Ian , Cameron Isobel
Published: March 2009

Our Drug review describes current prescribing guidelines and the properties of the antidepressant drugs available and discusses recent controversies surrounding antidepressant use. This is followed by further sources of information in Resources and an analysis of prescription data. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Interface Ltd
Polytypes in ferroelectric TlInS2 and its dielectric and optic properties
Authors: Alekperov O. Z. , Ibragimov G. B. , Nadjafov A. I. , Fakix A. R.
Published: March 2009

Polytypes (Ps) of monoclinic TlInS2 with lattice parameters c (c ≈ 15 Å, c ≈ 30 Å, c ≈ 60 Å, c ≈ 120 Å and c ≈ 240 Å) have been obtained by long time annealing in vacuum or in sulfur vapour (P c ≈ 240 Å) of TlInS2 crystal at different temperatures‐T. From the temperature dependence of dielectric constant ϵ (T) of pure Ps it is established, that well known ferroelectric phase transition (FPT) in TlInS2 takes place with single peaks of dielectric anomaly (DA) at slightly different temperatures for different Ps. Samples with pure P are unstable and are returning to mixed Ps state again after some time. The most unstable is the P with c ≈ 15 Å. It is shown that FPT and optic measurements can be used as Ps analysis methods in TlInS2 samples. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Vibrational spectroscopies: a natural “mesoscope” for the study of spontaneous ordering in alloys
Authors: Chafi Allal , Souhabi Jihane , Pagès Olivier , Postnikov Andrei , Gleize Jérôme , Sallet V. , Li L. H. , Harmand J. C.
Published: March 2009

The novel paradigm of a 1‐bond→2‐mode percolation‐type behavior for the lattice dynamics at the zone‐centre of random semiconductor alloys, that mirrors a lattice relaxation of the similar 1‐bond→2‐length type, opens an attractive area for a (re‐)discussion of spontaneous long‐range clustering/anticlustering in terms of purely intrinsic effects. As examples, we show in this work how such antagonist effects as CuPt type spontaneous ordering of InGaP2 and N‐induced In‐anticlustering far from N‐impurities in (N,In)‐dilute InGaAsN can be discussed/evidenced from the transverse optical vibration spectra. The whole discussion is supported by full contour modelling of the TO Raman lineshapes via our percolation model. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electronic structure of stannite‐type Cu2ZnSnSe4 by first principles calculations
Authors: Nakamura Satoshi , Maeda Tsuyoshi , Wada Takahiro
Published: March 2009

The electronic structure of stannite‐type Cu2ZnSnSe4 (CZTSe) was studied by first‐principles calculations. The valence band maximum (VBM) is an antibonding of Cu 3d and Se 4p orbitals. The conduction band minimum (CBM) is an antibonding Sn 5s and Se 4p orbitals. The Zn atom does not affect the VBM or the CBM in CZTSe. The Cu‐Se is a weak covalent bonding because both occupied, and the bonding or bital of Cu 4s and Se 4p is occupied and the antibonding orbital is unoccupied. The band structure of CZTSe has a partially localized Sn 5s orbital. The electrons of Sn 5s do not greatly contribute to the chemical bonding because of an inert pair effect. The electronic structure of CZTSe is discussed in comparison with that of CuInSe2. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Structural investigations of copper incorporation into In‐Ga‐Se precursor layers for Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin films
Authors: Hesse Raik , Kamdoum Jean Rodrigues Kamdoum , Caballero Raquel , Kaufmann Christian A. , Stephan Christiane , Schorr Susan , Abou‐Ras Daniel , Unold Thomas , Schock Hans‐Werner
Published: March 2009

In the present work, the effect of the copper incorporation into the In‐Ga‐Se precursor layer during the stage 2 of the three stage growth process of Cu(InGa)Se2 thin films is investigated. Break‐off experiments at certain points during stage 2 were performed, corresponding to different [Cu]/([Cu]+[In]+[Ga]) ratios. The elemental distribution in the layers at the break‐off points was investigated by energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy on cross‐sections of the layers. Although stage 1 includes a sequential deposition of In‐Se and Ga‐Se layers, these layers appear completely mixed in the beginning of stage 2, i.e., compositional gradients are absent, after the deposition of copper and selenium at a substrate temperature of 525 °C during this stage. However, the deposition of copper and selenium at lower substrate temperatures and for short deposition durations, leading to [Cu]/([Cu]+[In]+[Ga]) ratios much smaller than 0.5, results in thin films in which the sequential order of the precursor layers remains clearly visible in the EDX profiles. Grazing incidence X‐ray diffraction measurements were carried out to investigate the formation of different phases, e.g., that of ordered vacancy compounds, during the incorporation of copper into the In‐Ga‐Se precursor layers. The influence of the copper incorporation on the Cu(In,Ga)Se2 lattice parameter is discussed. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Preparation of CuInSe2 thin films by metal‐organic decomposition with oxidation‐reduction and subsequent selenization using diethylselenide
Authors: Ando S. , Takayama N. , Sugiyama M. , Nakanishi H. , Chichibu S. F.
Published: March 2009

The Cu‐In precursors for the selenization growth of CuInSe2 (CIS) thin films were prepared using metal naphthenates by metal‐organic decomposition (MOD) with oxidation‐reduction process. Subsequently, good crystallinity CIS films were prepared by selenizing them using diethylselenide [(C2H5)2Se:DESe] as selenization source. The samples selenized particularly at 530 °C for 60 min exhibited well‐defined chalcopyrite structure with slightly In‐rich compositions, which can be used as a photo‐absorber of CIS‐based solar cells. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Third‐order generalized Van Vleck perturbation theory variant of multireference perturbation theory for electron correlation
Authors: Khait Yuriy G. , Jiang Wanyi , Hoffmann Mark R.
Published: March 2009

A third‐order approximation to the generalized Van Vleck perturbation theory (GVVPT3) variant of multireference perturbation theory treatment of dynamic electron correlation is described. The approximation builds upon some aspects of the increasingly widely used GVVPT2, which we introduced previously (Khait et al., J Chem Phys 2002, 117, 4133). In addition, using formal relations obtained in connection with GVVPT3, a more thorough understanding of GVVPT2 is obtained, including a key diagnostic that assesses suitability of GVVPT2 for specific tasks. Computational aspects of the implementation of GVVPT3, especially the use of a macroconfiguration description of the model space, are described. The obtained GVVPT3 method can use both complete and incomplete model spaces efficiently. We demonstrate the new method on a series of model problems that demonstrate the applicability of the suggested approach. Among other tests, we show that GVVPT3 is capable of reproducing MRCISD results to within 0.01 eV for the problematic barrier height of the metastable N. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2009
One‐body energy decomposition schemes revisited: Assessment of Mulliken‐, Grid‐, and conventional energy density analyses
Authors: Kikuchi Yasuaki , Imamura Yutaka , Nakai Hiromi
Published: March 2009

We propose a new energy density analysis (EDA) that evaluates atomic contributions of all energy terms, i.e., the kinetic, nuclear‐attraction, Coulomb, and Hartree–Fock (HF) exchange and density functional theory (DFT) exchange‐correlation energies using the Mulliken‐type partitioning. Although widely used DFT exchange‐correlation functionals are nonlinear expressions in terms of density, they are decomposed into atomic contributions by focusing the linear part of the density. Numerical assessment on Mulliken‐EDA, Grid‐EDA, and conventional EDA has been carried out for the G2‐1 set. Correlations between HF and DFT exchanges demonstrate that a consistent partitioning of all energy terms is essential for EDA. These numerical results confirm that the present Mulliken‐EDA offers a more reasonable picture for the atomization process. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2009
How multi‐objective genetic algorithms handle lack of data, sparse data and excess data: evaluation of some recent case studies in the materials domain
Authors: Chakraborti N.
Published: March 2009

An overview of multi‐objective optimization and the associated concept of Pareto‐optimality are elucidated in detail, keeping the biologically inspired genetic algorithms in perspective. The effective role of the genetic algorithms in handling three different kinds of data driven models where the decision has to be made from (i) no data (ii) excess data or (iii) sparse data are elaborated through three materials engineering applications, where other strategies like inverse modeling, neural network and data mining have worked in tandem with the multi‐objective genetic algorithms. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining 1: 000‐000, 2009
Ranking corporations based on sustainable and socially responsible practices. A data envelopment analysis (DEA) approach
Authors: Belu Constantin
Published: March 2009

This study ranks publicly listed corporations based on social and environmental (i.e. sustainable) achievements in relation to financial results, by using a data envelopment analysis (DEA) approach with financial performance indicators (return on assets, return on equity and yearly stock return) as inputs and sustainability scores as outputs. The sustainability scores cover a wide range of sustainable practices and were provided by a specialized screening company. Our calculated DEA indices provide a measure of the commitment of firms towards sustainable practices. The main findings are that many companies are positioned well below best practice in their respective industries. Industry sectors that are less scrutinized by the public (e.g. banking) are found to be less competitive in terms of sustainable practices. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Stakeholder perceptions and responses to GM crops and foods: the case of Taiwan
Authors: Fan Mei‐Fang
Published: March 2009

Many societies face the problem of how to cope adequately with new inventions and technologies. Many are now in the middle of debates about GM crops and foods. This paper examines how stakeholders in Taiwan perceive GM crops and foods and the implications of these perceptions for risk governance and sustainable development. The research utilizes documentary analysis, data gathered from in‐depth interviews and focus group discussions. It shows civil groups' unease about unknown consequences, skepticism of the relations between politics and business, and criticisms of the failure by the government and the media to inform the public. It highlights Christian and Buddhist responses to GM issues, because elements of these religious groups have devoted themselves to public awaking for a sustainable society. It argues for the need to promote informed public deliberations and stakeholder debates on decisions about GM technology and the establishment of alliances for dealing with GM controversies and promoting sustainable development. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
On relationships between material flow and economic development in an economic–material flow system
Authors: Tian Yuan , Xu Shoubo , Wang Li , Chaudhry Peggy
Published: March 2009

Based on material flow (MF) theory, this paper proposes two kinds of relationships between MF and economic development in an economic–MF system. First, the relationship between MF input and economic output, weighed by the two indexes ‘MF economic efficiency (MF economic effect coefficient)’ and ‘MF input coefficient (MF consumption coefficient)’; and second, the relationship between MF input increment rate and economic output increment rate, weighed by the index ‘MF input elasticity coefficient’. Using a mathematical interpretation among the above three indexes, the authors propose the developing and changing patterns of the three indexes with demonstration analysis. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The potential role of physical activity on driving performance and safety among older adults
Authors: Marmeleira José , Godinho Mário , Vogelaere Peter
Published: March 2009

The elderly represent the fastest growing driving population. Older drivers have a high crash rate per distance traveled, a high risk of injury or death in traffic accidents, and are commonly found to be ‘at fault’ in crashes. This reality has focused more interest on issues associated with the fitness to drive and the safety of older drivers. Many older adults depend greatly on their personal vehicle for transportation and suffer a marked loss of quality of life when, as a consequence of no longer being able or permitted to drive, their mobility becomes significantly restricted. The reasons for the deterioration of driving performance that occur during the aging process are multi-factorial and a great deal of research has focused on the identification of those factors. Nevertheless, some studies incorporating training programs have tried, with some success, to improve the driving-related abilities of older drivers. It has been demonstrated that physical activity can promote several skills that are associated with driving performance in older drivers. Few studies, though, have conducted exercise interventions among older drivers intended to enhance their driving-related abilities and promote road safety. In this context, the purpose of this work consists of examining the perceptual, cognitive, health, and physical factors related to fitness to drive in older adults and identifying possible strategies that can enhance their driving-related abilities. Moreover, potential mechanisms underlying the relationship among physical activity, driving ability, and road safety are discussed.
Disorders of the genome architecture: a review
Authors: Kumar Dhavendra
Published: March 2009

Genetic diseases are recognized to be one of the major categories of human disease. Traditionally genetic diseases are subdivided into chromosomal (numerical or structural aberrations), monogenic or Mendelian diseases, multifactorial/polygenic complex diseases and mitochondrial genetic disorders. A large proportion of these conditions occur sporadically. With the advent of newer molecular techniques, a number of new disorders and dysmorphic syndromes are delineated in detail. Some of these conditions do not conform to the conventional inheritance patterns and mechanisms are often complex and unique. Examples include submicroscopic microdeletions or microduplications, trinucleotide repeat disorders, epigenetic disorders due to genomic imprinting, defective transcription or translation due to abnormal RNA patterning and pathogenic association with single nucleotide polymorphisms and copy number variations. Among these several apparently monogenic disorders result from non-allelic homologous recombination associated with the presence of low copy number repeats on either side of the critical locus or gene cluster. The term ‘disorders of genome architecture’ is alternatively used to highlight these disorders, for example Charcot-Marie-Tooth type IA, Smith-Magenis syndrome, Neurofibromatosis type 1 and many more with an assigned OMIM number. Many of these so called genomic disorders occur sporadically resulting from largely non-recurrent de novo genomic rearrangements. Locus-specific mutation rates for genomic rearrangements appear to be two to four times greater than nucleotide-specific rates for base substitutions. Recent studies on several disease-associated recombination hotspots in male-germ cells indicate an excess of genomic rearrangements resulting in microduplications that are clinically underdiagnosed compared to microdeletion syndromes. Widespread application of high-resolution genome analyses may offer to detect more sporadic phenotypes resulting from genomic rearrangements involving de novo copy number variation.
Chorda tympani in chronic inflammatory middle ear disease
Authors: Goyal Arun , Singh P.P. , Dash Gautam
Published: March 2009

Objectives

To study the effect of chronic inflammatory middle ear disease on gustatory function of chorda tympani nerve.

Methods

A prospective study was performed on 85 patients having unilateral chronic inflammatory middle ear disease of either cholesteatomatous or noncholesteatomatous type. Gustatory assessment on both sides of the tongue was performed using dry taste strips.

Results

Comparison of mean taste scores on the side of diseased ear vs normal ear was done. On the diseased side the mean taste score was 9.16 and on the normal side the mean taste score was 13.24. The difference between the two was found to be statistically significant (P < 0.0001). The results were also analyzed for various other parameters like type, duration, and location of disease.

Conclusion

A patient with chronic inflammatory middle ear disease already has dysfunctional chorda tympani and is unlikely to notice a change in the taste sensation in the event of cutting of the nerve during the course of an ear surgery.
Method and Substance in the Military Field
Authors: Boëne Bernard
Published: March 2009

This article tries to assess the cognitive merits of various research programmes in the treatment of military issues. It contends that, on such topics more than on others, method influences conceptualization and theory construction. Having noted the infrequent showings of some programmes in the military field, it goes on to demonstrate, based on the literature produced over a century, that the blames laid at positivism's door are especially justified in it. The Weberian/Simmelian tradition has shown more promise. A brief synthetic formulation of its achievements suggests that it alone accords with Clausewitzian thought, and shows sufficient flexibility to account for recent changes which baffle other programmes, or to open avenues of collaboration with promising new approaches (notably, nonlinear dynamics).
Energy spectra power laws and structures
Authors: ORLANDI P.
Published: March 2009

Direct numerical simulations (DNS) of two inviscid flows, the Taylor–Green flow and two orthogonal interacting Lamb dipoles, together with the DNS of forced isotropic turbulence, were performed to generate data for a comparative study. The isotropic turbulent field was considered after the transient and, in particular, when the velocity derivative skewness oscillates around −0.5. At this time, Rλ ≈ 257 and a one decade wide k−5/3 range was present in the energy spectrum. For the inviscid flows the fields were considered when a wide k−3 range was achieved. This power law spectral decay corresponds to infinite enstrophy and is considered one of the requirements to demonstrate that the Euler equations lead to a finite time singularity (FTS). Flow visualizations and statistics of the strain rate tensor and vorticity components in the principal axes of the strain rate tensor (λ, λ) were used to classify structures. The key role of the intermediate component 2 is demonstrated by its good correlation with enstrophy production. Filtering of the fields shows that the slope of the power law is directly connected to self-similar structures, whose radius of curvature is smaller the steeper the spectrum.
Analysis of the unstable Tollmien–Schlichting mode on bodies with a rounded leading edge using the parabolized stability equation
Authors: TURNER M. R. , HAMMERTON P. W.
Published: March 2009

The interaction between free-stream disturbances and the boundary layer on a body with a rounded leading edge is considered in this paper. A method which incorporates calculations using the parabolized stability equation in the Orr–Sommerfeld region, along with an upstream boundary condition derived from asymptotic theory in the vicinity of the leading edge, is generalized to bodies with an inviscid slip velocity which tends to a constant far downstream. We present results for the position of the lower branch neutral stability point and the magnitude of the unstable Tollmien–Schlichting (T-S) mode at this point for both a parabolic body and the Rankine body. For the Rankine body, which has an adverse pressure gradient along its surface far from the nose, we find a double maximum in the T-S wave amplitude for sufficiently large Reynolds numbers.
L'Identification de Jésus au Modèle du Hasid Charismatique Galiléen: Les Thèses de Geza Vermes et de Shmuel Safrai Revisitées
Authors: Jaffé Dan
Published: March 2009

Numerous studies have been undertaken with the objective of putting forward an identity of Jesus according to the Jewish movements of the end of the Second Temple period. Geza Vermes and Shmuel Safrai present an unusual thesis: they suggest that Jesus was a hasid, i.e. a charismatic Galilean prophet. They base themselves principally on the personalities of Hanina ben Dosa and Honi the Circlemaker to draw a behavioral model appropriate to Jesus according to thehasidmodel. This article explores the theses of these important scholars and refutes them, refusing to see thehasidimof the first centuries as a separate group from the general group of the Sages. Thus Jesus was considered to belong to one of the numerous Pharisee identities.
Children's linguistic choices: Audience design and societal norms
Authors: Youssef Valerie
Published: March 2009

To reexamine the explanation of stylistic variation given by Bell 1984, this article considers Bell's audience design factors in relation to those associated with the domains described by Fishman 1972. Data collected longitudinally from three preschool children in the Trinidad sociolinguistic complex were examined for variation in production of Trinidad Creole and Standard English verb forms. All three children exhibited stylistic variation; but the nature of the variation shed further light on audience design, since audience factors sometimes remained constant, while speech patterns exhibited variation. It appears that the demands of the wider Trinidadian society (in particular for children), along with the education system, interact with familial demands to impose social/psychological constraints which impinge on and modify audience design. In addition, an implicational scaling of response to addressee, auditor, overhearer, and eavesdropper cannot be unequivocally adopted, since response to audience may vary according to the personal significance which individuals in a given setting have for the child-speaker. (Child language acquisition, creole studies, Trinidad)
Common and uncommon ground: Social and structural factors in codeswitching
Authors: Myers-Scotton Carol
Published: March 2009

The social forces affecting theperformanceof codeswitching (CS) may be distinguished from those factors controlling its basic structure, with which they interact. The constraints onpossiblepatterns in CS are largely under innately based controls. These constraints are presented here in a model of intrasentential CS, and their validity is tested against findings of CS practices in a number of communities; all options can be accounted for under the model. Thus the options for CS structures seem universally set; but community-specific or group-specific social forces may determine which permissible patterns arepreferred. In addition, micro-level, discourse-based factors may prompt individuals to produce certain CS structures. A second model of the social motivations for CS helps explain both the macro- and micro-level preferences. (Bilingualism, codeswitching, language contact, socio-pragmatics)
Modern Written Chinese in development
Authors: Chen Ping
Published: March 2009

As a case study in the formation of a new written language in a speech community moving from diglossia toward a “standard-with-dialects”, this article analyzes the development of M[odern] W[ritten] C[hinese] during the past 80 years. After a brief account of the historical background, the article discusses the sources and avenues of influence on the development of MWC, then examines the emergent grammatical and lexical norms, and investigates the variations displayed by the four main Chinese communities: mainland China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore. The role of language planning is also explored. The similarities and differences between China and Western Europe, in their progress from diglossic to non-diglossic communities, are discussed. (Diglossia, Chinese linguistics, written language, language planning)
Feminist meanings and the (de)politicization of the lexicon
Authors: Ehrlich Susan , King Ruth
Published: March 2009

In arguing for the necessity of gender-based language reform, feminist theorists have generally assumed that language is not a neutral and transparent means of representing reality. Rather, language is assumed to codify an androcentric worldview. While sexist language clearly reflects sexist social practices, the continuing existence of such practices throws into question the possibility of successful language reform. Because linguistic meanings are, to a large extent, socially constructed and constituted, terms initially introduced to be nonsexist and neutral may lose their neutrality in the mouths of a sexist speech community and/or culture. In this article we first examine the way in which nonsexist innovations have been appropriated by a sexist speech community. More specifically, we examine uses of neutral generics such aschairperson, spokesperson; singularthey;heorshe; and neutral titles such asMs.; and we demonstrate that these terms are often not used nor interpreted in their intended (neutral) way. Rather, they are used in ways that maintain sexist stereotypes and distinctions. Then we examine the use of feminist linguistic innovations as they appear in the print media. We demonstrate the extent to which such terms get redefined and depoliticized by a speech community that is not predominantly feminist and is often sexist. (Language and gender, language and race, nonsexist language, gender-based language reform, neutral generics, discourse analysis)
Troubled waters: Argument as sociability revisited
Authors: Lee David A. , Peck Jennifer J.
Published: March 2009

Schiffrin 1984 has claimed that there is a speech activity called “sociable argument,” characterized by the presence of discursive features such as vulnerability of argumentative frames and cooperative strategies. Although a form of talk aptly labeled “sociable argument” undoubtedly exists, Schiffrin's analysis is problematic; the features she identifies as characteristic of this discursive category also show up in argument that is serious and non-sociable. This raises general questions about the nature of the criteria applicable to the definition of forms of talk. (Discourse analysis, argument, conflict, conversation, cooperation, rhetoric)
Bad and banned language: Triad secret societies, the censorship of the Cantonese vernacular, and colonial language policy in Hong Kong
Authors: Bolton Kingsley , Hutton Christopher
Published: March 2009

The language of Chinese secret societies (“triads”) in Hong Kong can be studied by relating triad language to anti-languages, to taboo language, and to the status of the vernacular in sociolinguistic theory. Also examined here are the laws in Hong Kong concerning triad language, and the attitudes of government agencies charged with policing the media. One striking feature of the Hong Kong situation is that the use of triad jargon can in some circumstances constitute a serious criminal offense. However, triad language also appears to be a source of innovation, through the popular media, into mainstream Hong Kong Cantonese. Research on triad language is relevant to the relationship between colonialism and language control. (Cantonese, Hong Kong, colonialism, triad secret societies, censorship, vernacular, taboo language, criminal slang)
“Don't go on my property!”: A case study of transactions of user rights
Authors: Allen Rhianon
Published: March 2009

Two hours of conversation among three children were examined for oral disputes concerning use of beds in their bedroom. Examination of transcript segments revealed that the children signaled a social order governing use of property and objects. The children were found to negotiate such use on an ongoing basis, and the form and content of the disputes differed dramatically according to whether the beds were being claimed for the purpose of play or sleep. The conversations reflected the ongoing construction and negotiation of social representations, within shared frames or finite provinces of meaning, for use of space and objects. (Ethnomethodology, conversation analysis, property, ownership)
A community-based test of a linguistic hypothesis
Authors: Cameron Richard
Published: March 2009

The Functional Compensation Hypothesis (Hochberg 1986a, b) interprets frequent expression of pronominal subjects as compensation for frequent deletion of agreement marking on finite verbs in Puerto Rican Spanish (PRS). Specifically, this applies to 2sg.túwhere variably deleted word-final -smarks agreement. If the hypothesis is correct, finite verbs with agreement deleted in speech should co-occur more frequently with pronominal subjects than finite verbs with agreement intact. Likewise, social dialects which frequently delete agreement should show higher rates of pronominal expression than social dialects which less frequently delete agreement. These auxiliary hypotheses are tested across a socially stratified sample of 62 speakers from San Juan. Functional compensation does show stylistic and social patterning in the category of Specifictú, not in that of Non-specifictú. However, Non-specifictúis the key to frequency differences between -s-deleting PRS and -s-conserving Madrid; hence the Functional Compensation Hypothesis should be discarded. (Functionalism, compensation, null subject, analogy, Spanish, Puerto Rico)
Narrative as self-portrait: Sociolinguistic constructions of identity
Authors: Schiffrin Deborah
Published: March 2009

The ability of narrative to verbalize and situate experience as text (both locally and globally) provides a resource for the display of self and identity. This article focuses on two stories told by Jewish-American women about troublesome issues in their families. Analysis of the language of the stories shows how they reveal aspects of the storytellers' agentive and epistemic selves; how they construct positions in their families (pivoting between solidarity and distance, the provision of autonomy, and the exercise of power); and how they display their social identities as mothers. The view of identity offered through narrative analysis is briefly compared with other methodological and theoretical perspectives on identity. (Narrative, self, identity, gender, family, speech acts)
Naming as social practice: The case of Little Creeper from Diamond Street
Authors: Rymes Betsy
Published: March 2009

Proper names have often been discussed by philosophers of language without the benefit of anthropological insights. This article combines research from these two fields in order to move toward a theory of naming as social practice – emphasizing the nature of naming and nicknaming as it is crucially attached to cultural history, social context, and individual experience. To exemplify this notion, the article outlines naming and its various functions as described by and used in the narratives of one young man from the “Diamond Street” gang who goes by the nickname “Little Creeper.” A discussion of outsiders' interpretations of gang names indicates how the meaning of a name can be transformed in different social contexts without losing its association with the initial referent. (Naming practices, proper names, ideology and language, at-risk youth)
Self-expression and linguistic variation
Authors: Johnstone Barbara , Bean Judith Mattson
Published: March 2009

This article argues that self-expression is a crucial though heretofore largely overlooked part of the explanation for linguistic variation. Self-expression mediates between linguistic choices and social facts such as gender, occupation, linguistic ideology, and place of origin, as speakers use language not only to express their identification with or rejection of social groupings, but also to express their individuality. All language use is thus essentially idiosyncratic and syncretic. The point is illustrated with reference to case studies of the speech and writing of two Texas women who use language in public contexts. The article further argues for the sociolinguistic study of public modes of discourse in addition to “vernacular” modes, and for the need in sociolinguistic research for rhetorical as well as linguistic analysis. (Variation, self-expression, individuality, case studies, Texas, public speech)
Comments on Fritz Zimmermann's “The Role of the Burgenland in the History of the Habsburg Monarchy”
Authors: Zimányi Vera
Published: March 2009

In terms of dynastic and family relations, political agreements between powerful feudal families, and the anarchistic intrigues of anarchistic nobles, Dr. Zimmermann discusses the role of the Burgenland in the history of the Habsburg monarchy. However, he never touches on important aspects of social and economic history. Although an account of military and political events might explain why a particular border region belonged to this or that prince at some time in the past, such information would seem to be of interest mainly to students of local history. The aim of the author, however, was not to write local or regional history but to prove that present-day Burgenland, as well as other territory which still belongs to Hungary, had a peculiar, individual character and a historical destiny which, from the time of the Avar occupation until the twentieth century, was more closely connected with Austria than with Hungary. In a similar statement about Slovakia, the author declares: “A full thousand years of Hungarian rule could not obliterate the living idea of Slovakia.” With these arguments the author is not trying to point out regional differences within a particular country but is attempting to prove the existence of nationalist ideas going back as far as nine hundred or more years.
Jews and Peasants in Interwar Hungary
Authors: McCagg William O.
Published: March 2009

A paradox inspires the following paper. Hungary was one of three East European countries which, between the great wars, contained at once large peasant and large Jewish populations. The others were Poland and Romania, where, in both, the record is clear enough: the peasants can be said to have disliked the Jews. In Hungary things were not so simple.
Austria and its Polish Subjects, 1866–1914: A Relationship of Interests
Authors: Shedel James
Published: March 2009

As one of the original partitioning powers of the eighteenth century, Austria shared equally with Russia and Prussia in the responsibility for destroying the independent Polish kingdom. Maria Theresa may have felt troubled by this violation of sovereignty, but, to paraphrase Frederick the Great, she (and her successors) still took. The fact that conscience did not prevail over reason of state, even in the case of such a pious empress, set the pattern for the future relations between Habsburg Austria and its Polish subjects. As they had in 1772, Austrian interests took precedence over Polish ones and, until 1866, the demarcation between ruler and ruled was clear.
Count Karl Hatzfeld and the Bohemian Famine of 1771
Authors: Goldman Joseph R.
Published: March 2009

In 1771, for the second year, famine wracked the once-fair Czech crownlands, and death continued to reap its sombre crop of souls among urban dwellers and peasants alike, victims of starvation, disease and violence. Maria Theresa and Joseph II acted with all the resources of their Gesamtmonarchie to end the human misery in Bohemia; in doing so, these co-rulers taxed almost to the limit the ingenuity and strength of their bureaucratic state. Among the state officials upon whom the empress and the emperor depended were Prince Wenzel von Kaunitz, Counts Philipp Blümegen, Ludwig and Karl von Zinzendorf, Leopold von Kollowrat, and Karl von Hatzfeld. While Hatzfeld's career began during an earlier period of crisis, when the empire was at war for its very existence, it was the Bohemian Famine of 1770–1772 which brought Hatzfeld real power in the Beamtenstaat for a brief term as supreme chancellor of the United Bohemian-Austrian Court Chancellery. Unfortunately, after only six months (June–December 1771), Hatzfeld was dismissed from that office because he was unable to reverse the course of the catastrophe by bureaucratic initiatives alone. Until now most historians of Theresian and Josephinian Austria have overlooked the contributions of this Bohemian aristocrat and servant to the House of Habsburg.
Italy, the Roman Protocols Bloc, and the Anschluβ Question 1936–1938
Authors: Burgwyn H. James
Published: March 2009

Austrian Chancellor Kurt von Schuschnigg signed an agreement with Germany on 11 July 1936, wherein his chief accomplishment was to secure Hitler's recognition of Austria's full sovereignty. The Germans, however, viewed the Abkommen from a different angle: they saw it as the first step down the road to an eventual annexation of Austria. The Italian dictator, Benito Mussolini, in his acceptance of the agreement, seemed ready to abandon Austria as a disagreeable but necessary sacrifice to closer alignment with Germany. Not many would disagree with the aphorism that “The Berlin-Rome axis was the spit on which Austria was roasted.”
The Multinational Empire Revisited: Reflections on Late Imperial Austria
Authors: Stourzh Gerald
Published: March 2009

Robert kann's firstbook,The Multinational Empire, published in two large volumes in 1950, has become a classic in its field. As Stanley Winters has well said, “It is rare when a scholar's first book establishes its author in the front rank of his field, and it is rarer still when the book remains a standard work for the balance of his lifetime”. In 1964, a considerably enlarged German edition was published.
From Fidelity to the Habsburgs to Loyalty to the Nation: The Changing Role of the Hungarian Aristocracy before 1848
Authors: Barany George
Published: March 2009

Recalling the medievalpageantry of the coronation of the future emperor Joseph II as King of the Romans in Frankfurt in 1764, the sexagenarian Johann Wolfgang von Goethe mentions among the names of the special ambassadors attending the solemn occasion Prince Esterházy, the Bohemian envoy, [who] was not tall, though well built, vivacious, and at the same time of noble respectability, yet neither proud nor cold. I had a special liking for him, because he reminded me of the Marshall de Broglio.
The Awakening of Magyar Nationalism before 1848
Authors: Barany George
Published: March 2009

It has been said that Magyar nationalism was the chief disintegrating force in the Habsburg empire. This statement2 obviously refers to the period when integral nationalism was one of the major centrifugal force3 tearing the Dual Monarchy apart. As Hans Kohn has suggested, “Only nineteenth century nationalism stressed the Magyar character of the multiracial kingdom,” since previously the Holy Crown of St. Stephen rather than the Magyar nationality was the symbol of the Hungarian nation.4 Indeed, that often quoted admonition of the founder of the Hungarian state, “unius linguae uniusque moris regnum imbecille et fragile et,”5 can be interpreted in such a way as to place the emphasis on the a priori multinational character of the medieval Hungarian state and feudal nation. It is ironical that a recent school of Hungarian political writers has endeavored to use even the “idea of St.
The History of the Habsburg Monarchy (1526–1918) in Czechoslovak Historiography since 1945
Authors: Kočí Josef , Kořalka Jiří
Published: March 2009

Strictly speaking, everything which deals with the history of the Czech lands (Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia) and of Slovakia between 1526 and 1918 should be treated as an integral part of the history of the Habsburg monarchy. Especially in Bohemia, but also in Slovakia (at that time referred to as “Upper Hungary”), many historical processes and events took place during this period which were of considerable significance for the fate of the multinational empire.
Hungary: the Uncompromising Compromise
Authors: Barany George
Published: March 2009

A little more than one thousand and ten years ago, theannus mirabilisof Otto I taught the unruly Magyars that “nomadism in one country” was not a workable proposition2and that they had to make adjustments if they wished to belong to the nascent European community. A little less than ten years ago, the Hungarians received another object lesson suggesting that too much emphasis on western civilization might become another source of danger. Since they were separated by a whole millennium, the meaning of the two events is certainly very different. But both were results of a mis judgment of domestic forces and international relations—a phenomenon which was far from uncommon in the history of Hungary.