bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pediatric laryngotracheal reconstruction with cartilage grafts and endotracheal tube stenting: The single‐stage approach
Authors: Cotton Robin T. , Myer Charles M. , O'Connor David M. , Smith Marshall E.
Published: October 2006

Laryngotracheal reconstruction (LTR) comprises five stages: 1, characterization of the stenosis; 2, expansion of the lumen; 3, stabilization of the enlarged lumen framework; 4, healing of the surgical site; and 5, decannulation. Single‐stage LTR (SS‐LTR) combines and compresses stages 3 through 5 (stabilization, healing, and decannulation) into a brief period of postoperative intubation.

At Children's Hospital Medical Center in Cincinnati, Ohio, from January 1987 to December 1993,116 reconstructive procedures were performed by using postoperative intubation. Nine were tracheoplasty or stoma‐revision procedures in isolation, leaving 107 SS‐LTR procedures that included the laryngotracheal complex. The use of SS‐LTR has increased to 30% of LTRs performed in 1993. Data are presented on the success of SS‐LTR as measured by the number of decannulations and extubations achieved.
Shortcomings of lateral sinus radiograph in the preoperative determination of the extent of endonasal endoscopic sinus surgery
Authors: Önerci Metin , Ariyüurek Macit , Tacal Tuǧcra , Aydingöuz Üustüun
Published: October 2006

Lateral sinus radiograph is helpful in determining the distances between certain anatomic landmarks in preparation for endonasal endoscopic sinus surgery. However, some misleading factors limit the usefulness of this radiograph. In this study these distances were measured in 49 patients and compared with measurements obtained from another imaging modality, magnetic resonance imaging, which provides more accurate measurements. Results show a discrepancy in the measurements of distances between some of these landmarks that cannot be explained by the factor of magnification alone on the sinus radiographs. Statistical analysis of the results for women revealed a significant discrepancy between the distances from the nasal spine to the midfovea ethmoidalis, the sphenoethmoid junction, and the posterior sphenoid wall as measured on MR images and those as measured on lateral sinus radiographs (P<.05). For men the same was true for the distances from the nasal spine to the midfovea ethmoidalis and the posterior sphenoid wall (P<.05). It is concluded that there should be reservations in the surgical application of data provided by the lateral sinus radiograph before endoscopic sinus surgery.
The effect of antitastamines on the laryngeal chemoreflex
Authors: Downs Daniel H. , Johnson Kerri , Goding George S.
Published: October 2006

The laryngeal chemoreflex (LCR) consists of apnea, laryngospasm, and cardiovascular changes in neonates after laryngeal irritation and has been implicated in sudden infant death syndrome and apnea of infancy. Antihistamines attenuate a similar vagally mediated pulmonary chemoreflex. The intravenous antihistamine effect on the LCR was studied in neonatal piglets. Laryngeal muscle activity, respiration, blood pressure, and pulse were measured during water stimulation of the LCR. After baseline LCR recordings, intravenous diphenhydramine (2.5 mg/kg) or cimetidine (20 mg/kg) was bolused (control group received saline). LCR measurements were repeated over 7 hours.

Diphenhydramine significantly shortened apneas (P<.05) 3 to 7 hours after drug bolus, which is believed to be secondary to central atropinic effects. Cimetidine demonstrated no attenuation of the LCR.
The effect of photodynamic therapy on the mechanical integrity of normal rabbit carotid arteries
Authors: Grant W.E. , Buonaccorsi G. , Speight P.M. , Macrobert A.J. , Hopper C. , Bown S.G.
Published: October 2006

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) for tumor ablation is effective in the treatment of superficial cancers. Adjunctive intraoperative PDT has been proposed for the “sterilization” of tumor beds after the resection of malignancies. Arteries in photosensitized animal models exposed to appropriate light receive characteristic injury. This study was conducted to determine whether photodynamic injury to the rabbit carotid artery results in thrombotic occlusion or weakening of the vessel wall.

PDT of the carotid arteries of New Zealand white rabbits, using either disulphonated aluminum phthalocyanine or 5‐aminolevulinic‐acid‐induced protoporphyrin IX as the photosensitizer, was performed with a light dose of 100 J/cm2. Histologic examination of the carotids treated with either agent demonstrated typical full‐thickness loss of cellularity 3 days after PDT. All vessels remained patent, and no inflammatory infiltrate was evident. Elastin van Gieson staining showed preservation of inner and medial elastic laminae and medial and adventitial collagen.

Additional rabbits were similarly treated with PDT to 1‐cm segments of both common carotid arteries. The animals were sacrificed at 3, 7, and 21 days. The carotids were exposed, and both control and treated segments were subjected to intraluminal hydrostatic distention until the vessels burst. No reduction in the pressure required to burst the vessels was evident in the treated vessels as compared with the control vessels. The authors of the study concluded that despite full‐thickness cell death, PDT‐treated arteries are not at risk for thrombotic occlusion or hemorrhage.
Complications of endoscopic sinus surgery in a residency training program
Authors: Kinsella John B. , Calhoun Karen H. , Bradfield Joseph J. , Hokanson John A. , Bailey Byron J.
Published: October 2006

Endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) is now taught in most otolaryngology residency programs in the United States. However, this is techically challenging surgery and concerns exist regarding patient safety early in the surgeon's learning curve. The authors reviewed 193 cases of ESS performed by residents, under faculty supervision at our program, between 1987 and 1992. Sixty‐seven percent of patients underwent bilateral anterior ethmoidectomy, 40% had bilateral total ethmoidectomy, and 44% had bilateral middle turbinate reduction. The overall complication rate was 22% and included one major complication. Synechiae accounted for 50% of minor complications. There was no correlation between middle or inferior turbinate reduction and the formation of synechiae. Posterior ethmoidectomy was not associated with a significant increase in complications. We conclude that ESS can be safely performed by otolaryngology residents in carefully structured and supervised training programs.
Snare uvulopalatoplasty
Authors: Weingarten Charles
Published: October 2006

Single‐stage outpatient treatment of snoring with snare dissection uvulopalatoplasty (UPP) has been developed and found to be safe and effective. Single‐stage snare dissection UPP (SUPP) was performed on 25 habitual loud snorers with readily available instrumentation in an ambulatory setting. Fourteen had associated septoplasty. When only SUPP was performed, local and topical anesthesia and minimal oral premedication were used in most cases. No significant immediate or delayed bleeding occurred. Postoperative discomfort persisted for 3 to 12 days and required only oral analgesics. No postoperative complications occurred. Ninety‐one percent of patients reported satisfactory reduction or elimination of snoring after surgery. Preoperative and postoperative acoustic analysis of sleeping respiration (SNAP testing) was used to document the effects of SUPP in eight patients. SUPP is a safe, cost‐effective method of treating patients with habitual snoring.
Gunshot injuries of the temporal bone
Authors: Haberkamp Thomas J. , Mcfadden Edith , Harvey Steven A. , Khafagy Yasser
Published: October 2006

Despite an increasing incidence of gunshot wounds to the temporal bone, there is little in the literature regarding management of survivors of these serious injuries. Twelve patients were treated for such wounds between 1986 and 1994. The most frequent presentations were cranial nerve injury, especially facial paralysis (9 patients), hearing loss (7), vascular injury (4), and vestibular dysfunction (3). Persistent cerebrospinal fluid otorrhea was uncommon (1 patient) in this series. Computed tomography and audiovestibular testing were helpful in evaluating the severity of injury and guiding the surgical approach when necessary. Electroneurography was helpful in evaluating facial nerve function; however, documented disruption of the facial nerve canal in itself was considered an indication for surgical exploration. Other indications for surgical intervention included evidence of dural tear, vascular injury, and severe disruption of the external auditory canal.
Severe laryngomalacia: Surgical indications and results in 115 patients
Authors: Roger G. , Garabedian E.N. , Denoyelle F. , Triglia J.M.
Published: October 2006

Between 1987 and 1993, 115 children were operated on for severe forms of laryngomalacia in two pediatric ear, nose, and throat (ENT) departments. The criteria used to determine the severity of the illness were selected following short hospitalization periods during which the children received both pediatric and ENT checkups. Based on clinical manifestations and/or the results of pH monitoring gastroesophageal reflux was found to be present in 68% of the children in the study. Detailed analysis and endoscopy were used to differentiate the symptoms that were related to laryngomalacia from those that were caused by other conditions, including mixed‐breathing, swallowing, and sucking difficulties.

Endoscopic resection of the aryepiglottic folds, with or without the use of a carbon dioxide laser, resulted in rapid improvement of both ventilation and swallowing. The success rate of this simple and effective procedure, which has no inherent morbidity, was 98% in an average follow‐up period of 30 months. Only seven children required an additional similar procedure. The procedure failed in only two children, who needed to be tracheotomized. Given these excellent results, endoscopic resection can be considered an effective technique for the management of severe laryngomalacia.
The X Chromosome in Quantitative Trait Locus Mapping
Authors: Broman Karl W , Sen Śaunak , Owens Sarah E , Manichaikul Ani , Southard-Smith E Michelle , Churchill Gary A
Published: October 2006

The X chromosome requires special treatment in the mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTL). However, most QTL mapping methods, and most computer programs for QTL mapping, have focused exclusively on autosomal loci. We describe a method for appropriate treatment of the X chromosome for QTL mapping in experimental crosses. We address the important issue of formulating the null hypothesis of no linkage appropriately. If the X chromosome is treated like an autosome, a sex difference in the phenotype can lead to spurious linkage on the X chromosome. Further, the number of degrees of freedom for the linkage test may be different for the X chromosome than for autosomes, and so an X chromosome-specific significance threshold is required. To address this issue, we propose a general procedure to obtain chromosome-specific significance thresholds that controls the genomewide false positive rate at the desired level. We apply our methods to data on gut length in a large intercross of mice carrying the Sox10Dom mutation, a model of Hirschsprung disease. We identified QTL contributing to variation in gut length on chromosomes 5 and 18. We found suggestive evidence of linkage to the X chromosome, which would be viewed as strong evidence of linkage if the X chromosome was treated as an autosome. Our methods have been implemented in the package R/qtl.
Association Mapping of Complex Trait Loci With Context-Dependent Effects and Unknown Context Variable
Authors: Sillanpää Mikko J , Bhattacharjee Madhuchhanda
Published: October 2006

A novel method for Bayesian analysis of genetic heterogeneity and multilocus association in random population samples is presented. The method is valid for quantitative and binary traits as well as for multiallelic markers. In the method, individuals are stochastically assigned into two etiological groups that can have both their own, and possibly different, subsets of trait-associated (disease-predisposing) loci or alleles. The method is favorable especially in situations when etiological models are stratified by the factors that are unknown or went unmeasured, that is, if genetic heterogeneity is due to, for example, unknown genes × environment or genes × gene interactions. Additionally, a heterogeneity structure for the phenotype does not need to follow the structure of the general population; it can have a distinct selection history. The performance of the method is illustrated with simulated example of genes × environment interaction (quantitative trait with loosely linked markers) and compared to the results of single-group analysis in the presence of missing data. Additionally, example analyses with previously analyzed cystic fibrosis and type 2 diabetes data sets (binary traits with closely linked markers) are presented. The implementation (written in WinBUGS) is freely available for research purposes from http://www.rni.helsinki.fi/∼mjs/.
On the Generalized Poisson Regression Mixture Model for Mapping Quantitative Trait Loci With Count Data
Authors: Cui Yuehua , Kim Dong-Yun , Zhu Jun
Published: October 2006

Statistical methods for mapping quantitative trait loci (QTL) have been extensively studied. While most existing methods assume normal distribution of the phenotype, the normality assumption could be easily violated when phenotypes are measured in counts. One natural choice to deal with count traits is to apply the classical Poisson regression model. However, conditional on covariates, the Poisson assumption of mean–variance equality may not be valid when data are potentially under- or overdispersed. In this article, we propose an interval-mapping approach for phenotypes measured in counts. We model the effects of QTL through a generalized Poisson regression model and develop efficient likelihood-based inference procedures. This approach, implemented with the EM algorithm, allows for a genomewide scan for the existence of QTL throughout the entire genome. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated through extensive simulation studies along with comparisons with existing approaches such as the Poisson regression and the generalized estimating equation approach. An application to a rice tiller number data set is given. Our approach provides a standard procedure for mapping QTL involved in the genetic control of complex traits measured in counts.
Selection, Recombination and Demographic History in Drosophila miranda
Authors: Bachtrog Doris , Andolfatto Peter
Published: October 2006

Selection, recombination, and the demographic history of a species can all have profound effects on genomewide patterns of variability. To assess the impact of these forces in the genome of Drosophila miranda, we examine polymorphism and divergence patterns at 62 loci scattered across the genome. In accordance with recent findings in D. melanogaster, we find that noncoding DNA generally evolves more slowly than synonymous sites, that the distribution of polymorphism frequencies in noncoding DNA is significantly skewed toward rare variants relative to synonymous sites, and that long introns evolve significantly slower than short introns or synonymous sites. These observations suggest that most noncoding DNA is functionally constrained and evolving under purifying selection. However, in contrast to findings in the D. melanogaster species group, we find little evidence of adaptive evolution acting on either coding or noncoding sequences in D. miranda. Levels of linkage disequilibrium (LD) in D. miranda are comparable to those observed in D. melanogaster, but vary considerably among chromosomes. These patterns suggest a significantly lower rate of recombination on autosomes, possibly due to the presence of polymorphic autosomal inversions and/or differences in chromosome sizes. All chromosomes show significant departures from the standard neutral model, including too much heterogeneity in synonymous site polymorphism relative to divergence among loci and a general excess of rare synonymous polymorphisms. These departures from neutral equilibrium expectations are discussed in the context of nonequilibrium models of demography and selection.
The Maintenance of Sex in Bacteria Is Ensured by Its Potential to Reload Genes
Authors: Szöllősi Gergely J , Derényi Imre , Vellai Tibor
Published: October 2006

Why sex is maintained in nature is a fundamental question in biology. Natural genetic transformation (NGT) is a sexual process by which bacteria actively take up exogenous DNA and use it to replace homologous chromosomal sequences. As it has been demonstrated, the role of NGT in repairing deleterious mutations under constant selection is insufficient for its survival, and the lack of other viable explanations have left no alternative except that DNA uptake provides nucleotides for food. Here we develop a novel simulation approach for the long-term dynamics of genome organization (involving the loss and acquisition of genes) in a bacterial species consisting of a large number of spatially distinct populations subject to independently fluctuating ecological conditions. Our results show that in the presence of weak interpopulation migration NGT is able to subsist as a mechanism to reload locally lost, intermittently selected genes from the collective gene pool of the species through DNA uptake from migrants. Reloading genes and combining them with those in locally adapted genomes allow individual cells to readapt faster to environmental changes. The machinery of transformation survives under a wide range of model parameters readily encompassing real-world biological conditions. These findings imply that the primary role of NGT is not to serve the cell with food, but to provide homologous sequences for restoring genes that have disappeared from or become degraded in the local population.
Duplication of Centromeric Histone H3 (HTR12) Gene in Arabidopsis halleri and A. lyrata, Plant Species With Multiple Centromeric Satellite Sequences
Authors: Kawabe Akira , Nasuda Shuhei , Charlesworth Deborah
Published: October 2006

Arabidopsis halleri and lyrata have three different major centromeric satellite sequences, a unique finding for a diploid Arabidopsis species. Since centromeric histones coevolve with centromeric satellites, these proteins would be predicted to show signs of selection when new centromere satellites have recently arisen. We isolated centromeric protein genes from A. halleri and lyrata and found that one of them, HTR12 (CENP-A), is duplicated, while CENP-C is not. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that the HTR12 duplication occurred after these species diverged from A. thaliana. Genetic mapping shows that HTR12 copy B has the same genomic location as the A. thaliana gene; the other copy (A, at the other end of the same chromosome) is probably the new copy. To test for selection since the duplication, we surveyed diversity at both HTR12 loci within A. lyrata. Overall, there is no strong evidence for an “evolutionary arms race” causing multiple replacement substitutions. The A. lyrata HTR12B sequences fall into three classes of haplotypes, apparently maintained for a long time, but they all encode the same amino acid sequence. In contrast, HTR12A has low diversity, but many variants are amino acid replacements, possibly due to independent selective sweeps within populations of the species.
roXRNAs Are Required for Increased Expression of X-Linked Genes inDrosophila melanogasterMales
Authors: Deng Xinxian , Meller Victoria H
Published: October 2006

The male-specific lethal (MSL) ribonucleoprotein complex is necessary for equalization of X:A expression levels in Drosophila males, which have a single X chromosome. It binds selectively to the male X chromosome and directs acetylation of histone H4 at lysine 16 (H4Ac16), a modification linked to elevated transcription. roX1 and roX2 noncoding RNAs are essential but redundant components of this complex. Simultaneous removal of both roX RNAs reduces X localization of the MSL proteins and permits their ectopic binding to autosomal sites and the chromocenter. However, the MSL proteins still colocalize, and low levels of H4Ac16 are detected at ectopic sites of MSL binding and residual sites on the X chromosome of roX1− roX2− males. Microarray analysis was performed to reveal the effect of roX1 and roX2 elimination on X-linked and autosomal gene expression. Expression of the X chromosome is decreased by 26% in roX1− roX2−male larvae. Enhanced expression could not be detected at autosomal sites of MSL binding in roX1− roX2− males. These results implicate failure to compensate X-linked genes, rather than inappropriate upregulation of autosomal genes at ectopic sites of MSL binding, as the primary cause of male lethality upon loss of roX RNAs.
An Integrated in Silico Gene Mapping Strategy in Inbred Mice
Authors: Cervino Alessandra C L , Darvasi Ariel , Fallahi Mohammad , Mader Christopher C , Tsinoremas Nicholas F
Published: October 2006

In recent years in silico analysis of common laboratory mice has been introduced and subsequently applied, in slightly different ways, as a methodology for gene mapping. Previously we have demonstrated some limitation of the methodology due to sporadic genetic correlations across the genome. Here, we revisit the three main aspects that affect in silico analysis. First, we report on the use of marker maps: we compared our existing 20,000 SNP map to the newly released 140,000 SNP map. Second, we investigated the effect of varying strain numbers on power to map QTL. Third, we introduced a novel statistical approach: a cladistic analysis, which is well suited for mouse genetics and has increased flexibility over existing in silico approaches. We have found that in our examples of complex traits, in silico analysis by itself does fail to uniquely identify quantitative trait gene (QTG)-containing regions. However, when combined with additional information, it may significantly help to prioritize candidate genes. We therefore recommend using an integrated work flow that uses other genomic information such as linkage regions, regions of shared ancestry, and gene expression information to obtain a list of candidate genes from the genome.
Correlation of mRNA Expression and Protein Abundance Affected by Multiple Sequence Features Related to Translational Efficiency in Desulfovibrio vulgaris: A Quantitative Analysis
Authors: Nie Lei , Wu Gang , Zhang Weiwen
Published: October 2006

The modest correlation between mRNA expression and protein abundance in large-scale data sets is explained in part by experimental challenges, such as technological limitations, and in part by fundamental biological factors in the transcription and translation processes. Among various factors affecting the mRNA–protein correlation, the roles of biological factors related to translation are poorly understood. In this study, using experimental mRNA expression and protein abundance data collected from Desulfovibrio vulgaris by DNA microarray and liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) proteomic analysis, we quantitatively examined the effects of several translational-efficiency-related sequence features on mRNA–protein correlation. Three classes of sequence features were investigated according to different translational stages: (i) initiation, Shine–Dalgarno sequences, start codon identity, and start codon context; (ii) elongation, codon usage and amino acid usage; and (iii) termination, stop codon identity and stop codon context. Surprisingly, although it is widely accepted that translation initiation is the rate-limiting step for translation, our results showed that the mRNA–protein correlation was affected the most by the features at elongation stages, i.e., codon usage and amino acid composition (5.3–15.7% and 5.8–11.9% of the total variation of mRNA–protein correlation, respectively), followed by stop codon context and the Shine–Dalgarno sequence (3.7–5.1% and 1.9–3.8%, respectively). Taken together, all sequence features contributed to 15.2–26.2% of the total variation of mRNA–protein correlation. This study provides the first comprehensive quantitative analysis of the mRNA–protein correlation in bacterial D. vulgaris and adds new insights into the relative importance of various sequence features in prokaryotic protein translation.
Diet and Digestion in Chinese Mud Carp Cirrhinus molitorella Compared with Other Ilyophagous Fishes
Authors: Bowen S. H. , Gu B. , Huang Zhanghan
Published: October 2006

Ilyophagous fishes, that is, those that feed on soft sediments, are widely distributed throughout temperate and tropical freshwater and estuarine environments. Despite their abundance (they constituted over half of the ichthyomass in some systems), the role of these fishes in ecosystem structure and function has received little attention. In particular, data on diet and digestion in Cirrhinus, a genus abundant through much of Southeast Asia, are yet to be reported. In this study we examined gut contents of Chinese mud carp Cirrhinus molitorella; fish ranged from 16 to 29 cm total length and were collected from five ponds each in Wuchuan and Shunde Counties, Guangdong Province, China. Their diets were made up of sand, mud, and amorphous organic matter. Foregut samples averaged 0.226‐mg ash‐free dry weight (AFDW)/mg dry weight and 0.155 mg total amino acids (AA)/mg AFDW. Assimilation efficiency averaged 0.113 for AFDW and 0.153 for total AA. Compared with that in other ilyophagous fishes, digestion in Chinese mud carp is inefficient. Nonetheless, the ratio of AA (mg) assimilated to total organic matter (mg) assimilated—0.209—is in the range expected to support moderate growth, as has been reported for this species. Review of the literature on ilyophagous fishes reveals four groups characterized by different gut morphologies that each appear to be adapted to the use of relatively indigestible diets. The extremely long, undifferentiated alimentary canal in Chinese mud carp and related species is the simplest of these, and its relative inefficiency may be related to this simple morphology.
New Approaches to the Adjuvant Therapy of Colon Cancer
Authors: Benson Al B.
Published: October 2006

Learning Objectives

After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Discuss clinical trial and SEER data for patients with stage II colon cancer and describe the impact of adjuvant therapy.Discuss clinical trial data supporting the use of adjuvant therapy for stage III colon cancer, including recent trial results with oxaliplatin and irinotecan.Discuss whether stage II colon cancer patients should receive adjuvant chemotherapy and describe the new clinical trial design that integrates molecular marker data.

Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit™ at CME.TheOncologist.com
Parameters influencing oxygen uptake at clarifier weirs
Authors: Labocha Michal , Corsi Richard L. , Zytner Richard G.
Published: October 2006

Oxygen uptake at clarifier weirs was investigated for both clean water and primary wastewater. A pilot‐scale model with cross‐sectional geometry similar to clarifier weirs was constructed to carry out the study. The drop height, type of flow regime over the weir, hydraulic loading, and weir shape were identified as important parameters influencing mass transfer. Empirical correlations predicting oxygen uptake were developed for different weir configurations. A correlation using the α‐factor was developed to predict the oxygen transfer in primary wastewater using clean water. These correlations are a first step in estimating volatile organic compound emissions for wastewater flows over clarifiers at wastewater treatment plants.
Water quality issues associated with aquaculture: A case study in mine pit lakes
Authors: Axler Richard , Larsen Christen , Tikkanen Craig , McDonald Michael , Yokom Shane , Aas Peter
Published: October 2006

Abandoned mine pit lakes in Minnesota are being used for intensive aquaculture, and this has resulted in real and perceived water‐quality impacts. In current net pen aquaculture operations, metabolic wastes and uneaten food are dispersed into previously oligotrophic lakewater, resulting in increased levels of phosphorus and nitrogen, oxygen depletion, and increased deposition of organic matter. Conditions necessary for algal blooms have been infrequent due to light limitation from intensive artificial aeration and circulation. Highly emotional conflicts arose over the novel use of a few of these man‐made water bodies by an industry commonly perceived to be relatively “green” and heavily promoted by state and federal governments as a rapid growth industry. The combination of the industry's “newness” on the regulatory scene, coupled with the current regulatory push toward antidegradation of groundwater and regulation of agriculture, necessitated consideration of carcinogenesis, Alzheimer's disease, and antibiotic resistance transfer in addition to more conventional considerations, such as eutrophication and wildlife impacts.
Organic Priority Pollutants in New York City Municipal Wastewaters: 1989–1993
Authors: Stubin Alan I. , Brosnan Thomas M. , Porter Kim D. , Jimenez Luis , Lochan Hayman
Published: October 2006

Analyses of New York City municipal wastewaters were performed to determine the frequency of detection of organic priority pollutants (OPPs) and to identify which compounds commonly occur. Six sampling events, from 1989 to 1993, representing 168 samples and ∼19 000 analytical determinations, detected very few OPPs regularly in either influent or effluent. Identified OPPs included 41 of 112 possible OPPs, or 37 different compounds (14 volatiles, 13 semivolatiles, and 10 pesticides) detected at least once in influent waters and 32 compounds (12 volatiles, 11 semivolatiles, and 9 pesticides) detected at least once in effluent waters. The frequency of occurrence for the three analyte categories never exceeded 19% for influents or 15% for effluents. More commonly identified OPPs included five volatile compounds, one semivolatile compound, and one pesticide. With few exceptions, volatile and semivolatile concentrations were <100 μg/L, and pesticide concentrations were <0.2 μg/L. Comparisons of effluent concentrations to most stringent standards (MSS) for receiving water showed five compounds to occasionally exceed MSS, with only a single volatile compound, tetrachloroethene, exceeding them with any regularity. This study adds to the limited literature on OPPs in the municipal waste stream, confirming the occurrence of most OPPs to be infrequent in water pollution control plants (WPCPs), and when present, to typically be at low concentrations.
Testing the equivalency of ultraviolet light and chlorine for disinfection of wastewater to reclamation standards
Authors: Oppenheimer Joan A. , Jacangelo Joseph G. , Laîné Jean‐Michel , Hoagland John E.
Published: October 2006

Full‐scale ultraviolet (UV) light and chlorine disinfection systems were operated in parallel using nitrified and partially denitrified tertiary treated wastewater effluent. A UV dose of 75 mW · s/cm2 reduced the concentration of fecal coliforms, enterococci, fecal streptococci, MS2 bacteriophage, and poliovirus by four logs. A higher dose was needed to reduce the concentration of heterotrophic plate count (HPC) by four logs and to achieve a total coliform value ≤2.2 MPN per 100 mL within a consecutive 7‐day period as required by the most restrictive California Wastewater Reclamation Criteria (CWRC). The cleaning frequency needed to maintain a minimum operational UV dose was assessed by constructing a lamp fouling curve describing reduction in UV intensity as a function of elapsed time since lamp cleaning. Substitution of UV light for chlorine disinfection eliminated formation of trihalomethanes, reduced formation of aldehydes, and formed a mid‐polarity unidentified peak at a bench‐scale dose of 2 800 mW·s/cm2 The unidentified UV peak was not detected at a full‐scale dose of 188 mW·s/cm2. No chronic toxicity was observed for the full‐scale UV irradiated effluent; a decline in the reproductive rate of Ceriodaphnia dubia was observed for the full‐scale chlorinated effluent.
An exergy analysis for a wastewater treatment plant—an estimation of the consumption of physical resources
Authors: Hellström Daniel
Published: October 2006

The objective of this article is to exemplify how an exergy analysis could be used to estimate the consumption of physical resources at a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). The exergy analysis has been performed for Luleå WWTP in Northern Sweden. About 60 000 population equivalents are connected to the WWTP, which has mechanical and chemical treatment. Flows included in the analysis are the wastewater heat, precipitants and other chemicals, organic matter and nutrients in the wastewater and biosolids, and electricity used for operation and maintenance. One conclusion is that the value of the heat is overestimated in a conventional energy analysis. Also, the organic matter probably represents the largest technical exergy flow. It is not clear how the exergy value of nutrients should be estimated.
Effects of temperature and pH on the kinetic growth of unialga Chlorella vulgaris cultures containing bacteria
Authors: Mayo Aloice W.
Published: October 2006

The kinetic growth of unialga Chlorella vulgaris was investigated in mixed‐culture fed‐batch chemosat reactors, with special reference to temperature and pH. The experiments were carried out at 10°C to 40°C, pH was controlled from 3.0 to 11.5 in a series of reactors, and glucose at a concentration of 75 mg/L was fed as the sole source of organic carbon. The maximum growth rate of 0.50 day−1 was obtained at pH of about 6.31 to 6.84, and the optimum temperature was 32.4°C. The activation energy of the growth‐limiting reaction and the enthalpy change for the enzyme‐inactivation reaction were 24.5 and 253.36 kJ/mole, respectively. The saturation constants for hydrogen ion, KH, and hydroxyl ion, KOH, were temperature‐dependent. At temperatures below optimum, KH increased when temperature increased, but KOH decreased. Above the optimum temperature, KH decreased and KOH increased with temperature.
Growth and Growth Factor Production by Human Nasal Septal Chondrocytes in Serum-Free Media
Authors: Kita Magdalena , Hanasono Matthew M. , Mikulec Anthony A. , Pollard Jeffrey D. , Kadleck James M. , Koch R. James
Published: October 2006

Background

Tissue-engineered human cartilage offers vast possibilities as a source of graft implant material for reconstructive surgery. Serum-supplemented growth media is successful in supporting chondrocyte proliferation in vitro. Serum, however, contains exogenous growth factors that hamper the identification and quantification of growth factors autogenously produced by chondrocytes. We explore the possibility of using a commercially available serum-free medium UltraCULTURE as an alternative to modified Webber's medium (MWM), the standard media used in chondrocyte cell culture.

Methods

Human nasal septal chondrocytes were grown in UltraCULTURE containing various concentrations of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF; 0, 1, 10, and 100 ng/mL) with or without insulin-like growth factor and compared with chondrocytes grown in MWM. Growth curves and transforming growth factor (TGF) β1 production were analyzed.

Results

We found no differences in the ability to sustain cell viability in culture between the two base media types. We also found no statistically significant differences in TGF-β1 production by chondrocytes grown in either system. Finally, there were no statistically significant differences in chondrocyte proliferation between cultures supplemented with bFGF at 10 and 100 ng/mL.

Conclusion

UltraCULTURE media is a cost-effective, serum-free alternative to standard media with compatible growth characteristics. It offers specific advantages over standard serum-containing media for the precise measurement of autogenous growth factor production by cultured chondrocytes. Furthermore, UltraCULTURE's serum-free environment would be ideal for safely producing tissue-engineered cartilage grafts.
Use of an in Vitro Assay for Determination of Biofilm-Forming Capacity of Bacteria in Chronic Rhinosinusitis
Authors: Bendouah Zohra , Barbeau Jean , Hamad Walid Abou , Desrosiers Martin
Published: October 2006

Background

Bacterial biofilms are increasingly implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic disease and have been established in several chronic ear, nose, and throat conditions, including chronic sinusitis (CRS). However, this relies on specialized imaging methods not widely available. We wished to assess the capacity of an easily performed, inexpensive in vitro test to assess biofilm production by bacteria recovered from individuals with CRS with or without nasal polyposis.

Methods

Bacterial isolates were recovered from patients consulting an academic tertiary rhinology practice. Biofilm formation was determined with an in vitro staining method using crystal violet. Ten isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and 11 of coagulase-negative staphylococcus from patients with CRS having previously undergone endoscopic sinus surgery for >1 year were assessed. Samples were cultured 24 hours at 37°C on 96-well plates in tryptic soy broth 0.5% glucose medium. After staining with crystal violet, optical density at 570 nm was measured to quantify biofilm production. Biofilm-forming capacity was compared with positive and negative controls for each species obtained from commercial sources.

Results

Positive controls all grew biofilms, with a tendency of lesser biofilm formation at higher dilutions. Twenty-two of 31 clinical samples produced a biofilm greater or equal to the positive control. Biofilm was recovered consistently for all three species studied.

Conclusion

This in vitro assessment method is capable of detecting biofilm-forming capacity in bacteria recovered from individuals with CRS. This simple assay may be a useful complement to existing techniques for clinical research.
A fourth hominin skull from Dmanisi, Georgia
Authors: Lordkipanidze David , Vekua Abesalom , Ferring Reid , Rightmire G. Philip , Zollikofer Christoph P.E. , Ponce de León Marcia S. , Agusti Jordi , Kiladze Gocha , Mouskhelishvili Alexander , Nioradze Medea , Tappen Martha
Published: October 2006

Newly discovered Homo remains, stone artifacts, and animal fossils from Dmanisi, Republic of Georgia, provide a basis for better understanding patterns of hominin evolution and behavior in Eurasia ca. 1.77 million years ago. Here we describe a fourth skull that is nearly complete, lacking all but one of its teeth at the time of death. Both the maxillae and the mandible exhibit extensive bone loss due to resorption. This individual is similar to others from the site but supplies information about variation in brain size and craniofacial anatomy within the Dmanisi paleodeme. Although this assemblage presents numerous primitive characters, the Dmanisi skulls are best accommodated within the species H. erectus. On anatomical grounds, it is argued that the relatively small‐brained and lightly built Dmanisi hominins may be ancestral to African and Far Eastern branches of H. erectus showing more derived morphology. Anat Rec Part A, 288A:1146–1157, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Endochondral ossification of the mouse nasal septum
Authors: Wealthall Rosamund J. , Herring Susan W.
Published: October 2006

Endochondral ossification at the caudal junctions of the cartilaginous nasal septum, in combination with interstitial expansion of the septum, is thought to displace the facial skeleton away from the neurocranium. However, the rate of endochondral ossification has not been measured or related to rates of septal enlargement. This study examined endochondral ossification at these junctions in mice from postnatal days 0–15, in the context of known cranial growth sites, the synchondroses. BrdU labeling was used to compare cell division at the septoethmoidal and septopresphenoidal junctions with cell division at the synchondroses, and double‐fluorochrome labeling was used to measure mineralization rate. The results showed that the septoethmoidal and septopresphenoidal junctions develop the characteristic morphology of growth plates postnatally, and that the pattern of cell division is similar to that of synchondroses. Mineralization at these junctions occurred at rates that were not statistically different from those of the synchondroses. However, the cartilaginous septum increased in length much more rapidly than could be explained by caudal growth, implying that interstitial expansion is the more important contributor to septal growth. Anat Rec Part A, 288A:1163–1172, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An unusual course of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve
Authors: Khaki Amir A. , Tubbs R. Shane , Shoja Mohammadali M. , Zarrintan Sina
Published: October 2006

Variation in the course of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve is seemingly very rare. During the routine dissection of an adult male cadaver, the entire left recurrent laryngeal nerve after branching from the left vagus nerve was noted to travel medial to the ligamentum arteriosum. We hypothesize that this rare variation may occur, if the left recurrent laryngeal nerve passes inferior to the fifth rather than the sixth aortic arch during embryological development. As our case report demonstrates, the relationship between the ligamentum arteriosum and the left recurrent laryngeal nerve is not absolute. Although seemingly rare, cardiothoracic surgeons must consider variations of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve during surgical procedures in the region of the ligamentum arteriosum in order to minimize potential postoperative complications. Clin. Anat. 20:344–346, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Crystal Structure of La6Mg4Ta2W2O24 Oxide: A Representative of a Novel A3nB′2nB′′2nO12n Homologous Series with n = 2.
Authors: Khalyavin Dmitry D. , Lopes Augusto B. , Senos Ana M. R. , Mantas Pedro Q.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Solid—Liquid Equilibria in the Quasi‐Ternary System CdS—Ga2S3—GeS2
Authors: Olekseyuk I. D. , Piskach L. V. , Parasyuk O. V. , Gorgut G. P. , Volkov S. V. , Pekhnyo V. I.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A New Li—Al—N—H System for Reversible Hydrogen Storage.
Authors: Lu Jun , Fang Zhigang Zak , Sohn Hong Yong
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Mild and Efficient Catalyst for the Beckmann Rearrangement, BOP‐Cl.
Authors: Zhu Minze , Cha Chuantao , Deng Wei‐Ping , Shi Xiao‐Xin
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Chelation‐Assisted Transformation: Synthesis of 1,4‐Dicarboxylate Esters by the Rh‐Catalyzed Carbonylation of Internal Alkynes with Pyridin‐2‐ylmethanol.
Authors: Inoue Satoshi , Yokota Kazuhiko , Tatamidani Hiroto , Fukumoto Yoshiya , Chatani Naoto
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Chromatography‐Free Product Separation in the Mitsunobu Reaction.
Authors: Proctor Anthony J. , Beautement Kevin , Clough John M. , Knight David W. , Li Yingfa
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Highly Selective C—H Functionalization/Halogenation of Acetanilide.
Authors: Wan Xiaobing , Ma Zhongxun , Li Bijie , Zhang Keya , Cao Shaokui , Zhang Shiwei , Shi Zhangjie
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Heck Reaction of Electron‐Rich Olefins with Regiocontrol by Hydrogen‐Bond Donors.
Authors: Mo Jun , Xiao Jianliang
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Revisiting the Passerini Reaction under Eco‐Friendly Reaction Conditions.
Authors: Andrade Carlos Kleber Z. , Takada Sayuri Cristina S. , Suarez Paulo Anselemo Z. , Alves Melquizedeque B.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
“Instant Methylide” Modification of the Corey—Chaykovsky Cyclopropanation Reaction.
Authors: Ciaccio James A. , Aman Courtney E.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Catalytic Asymmetric Assembly of Stereodefined Propionate Units: An Enantioselective Total Synthesis of (—)‐Pironetin.
Authors: Shen Xiaoqiang , Wasmuth Andrew S. , Zhao Junping , Zhu Cheng , Nelson Scott G.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Bismuth Trichloride‐Catalyzed C‐Alkylation of Pyrroles with Electron‐Deficient Olefins.
Authors: Zhan Zhuang‐Ping , Yu Jing‐Liang , Yang Wen‐Zhen
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A New Synthesis of Imidazolidin‐2‐ones via Pd‐Catalyzed Carboamination of N‐Allylureas.
Authors: Fritz Jonathan A. , Nakhla Josephine S. , Wolfe John P.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Highly Enantio‐ and Diastereoselective Brassard Type Hetero‐Diels—Alder Approach to 5‐Methyl‐Containing α,β‐Unsaturated δ‐Lactones.
Authors: Lin Lili , Fan Qian , Qin Bo , Feng Xiaoming
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Unexpected Formation of 5′‐Aryl‐1′‐benzyl‐4′‐methyl‐3,4,2′,3′‐tetrahydro‐2,2′‐dioxospiro [chroman‐3,3′‐pyrrol]‐4‐yl Acetates at Acylation of 1‐Aryl‐2‐benzyl‐1‐hydroxy‐9c‐methyl‐1,2,9b,9c‐tetrahydro‐5‐oxa‐2‐azacycl openta[2,3]cyclopropa[1,2‐a]naphthalene‐3,4‐diones with Acetic Anhydride.
Authors: Shchepin V. V. , Silaichev P. S. , Kodess M. I.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
[6 + 6] Schiff‐Base Macrocycles with 12 Imines: Giant Analogues of Cyclohexane.
Authors: Hui Joseph K.‐H. , MacLachlan Mark J.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.