bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of equine infectious anemia in stud farms in Minas Gerais, Brazil
Authors: Almeida Valéria Maria Andrade , Oliveira Cairo Henrique Sousa de , Fiorillo Karina Silva , Martins Marilda Ferreira , Leite Rômulo Cerqueira , Reis Jenner Karlisson Pimenta dos , Gonçalves Vitor Salvador Picão
Published: June 2017

Horse breeding is expanding in Brazil. Nevertheless, equine infectious anemia (EIA) a transmissible, incurable disease is an obstacle to the development of the horse industry. Therefore, to determine the incidence of EIA at stud farms in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, a serological survey was conducted to estimate the prevalence and identify potential risk factors for equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) transmission. This was the second stage of an ongoing study on the epidemiology of the disease, which was first observed in draft horses. A sample of 7,742 equids from 717 stud farms in seven regions within the State was tested between May 2004 and January 2006. Laboratory tests including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and agar gel immunodiffusion were conducted for screening and confirmation, respectively. The prevalence of EIA was estimated to be 0.44% (95% confidence interval [CI]=0.00-0.871) at the farm level and 0.07% (95% CI=0.00-0.251) at the animal level. The low prevalence of EIA in stud farms might be explained by the higher zootechnical value of stable-bred animals, which leads to periodical serological control and compliance with the slaughter of test-positive animals in order to keep the farm EIA-free. Moreover, stable-bred horses usually travel more and are subjected to more official controls than are draft horses. The highest prevalence of EIA was observed in regions 1 (North/Northwest of Minas Gerais) and 2 (Vale do Mucuri/Jequitinhonha), with rates of 0.34% and 0.72%, respectively. These results show that the prevalence of EIA at stud farms in Minas Gerais is generally low, with the prevalence being higher in the northern part of the State (regions 1 and 2). A previous serological survey on EIA among draft horses showed a very similar distribution of EIA infection in Minas Gerais. These results suggest a very similar pattern of EIA distribution across the State and irrespective of zootechnical value, but the northern/northwestern regions have a higher prevalence than do the southern regions.
Immunohistochemical and serological aspects of Toxoplasma gondii infection in Neotropical primates
Authors: Grumann Marta Regina , Silva Zigomar Da , Silva Filho José Roberto Da , Costa Marcio Machado , Vieira Maria Isabel Botelho , Motta Adriana Costa da
Published: June 2017

Toxoplasmosis, a disease caused by the intracellular coccidian Toxoplasma gondii that infects most warm-blooded vertebrates, is widely distributed and fatal for primates, which are peculiarly susceptible for unknown reason(s). Owing to the increasing number of Neotropical mammal deaths where in T. gondii were detected in analyzed tissues, the present immunohistochemical study analyzed the distribution patterns of immunostainings related to this parasite on primates necropsied at the Laboratório de Patologia Animal of Universidade de Passo Fundo (UPF), between the years of 2000 and 2014. Furthermore, a serological survey for the disease was conducted for 21 primates from the UPF Zoo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, belonging to genera Sapajus and Alouatta. In a immunohistochemical test performed using streptavidin-biotin-peroxidase, 26.53% positivity was detected in 98 primates. Immunostainings revealed that infection differed among the lung (76.92%), liver (58.33%), heart (50%), brain (42.30%), and kidney (23.07%) tissues. Serology performed through indirect hemagglutination showed reactivity in 85.7% of the animals, all belonging to Sapajus sp., while the three primates that did not show reactivity (14.3%) belonged to Alouatta sp.
Diseño, experimentación y evaluación de un programa de formación de técnicos profesionales de la atención temprana en Bolivia
Authors: Fernández Cruz Manuel , Gijón Puerta José , Lizarte Simón Emilio Jesús
Published: June 2017

En este estudio, se presentan el diseño y la evaluación de la experimentación de un programa de formación de técnicos y profesionales de la atención temprana en Bolivia. Se justifica el modelo de formación basado en competencias utilizado y se muestran las características esenciales de su configuración curricular. En el texto se muestran los resultados de la evaluación de la experiencia obtenidos mediante la aplicación de encuestas de satisfacción a los participantes y de una encuesta abierta de evaluación individual, y de la realización de dos grupos de discusión de carácter evaluativo. Con estos tres instrumentos se obtienen datos de tipo cuantitativo y de tipo cualitativo que se integran para obtener la mejor y más profunda información de naturaleza valorativa. A la luz de los resultados obtenidos, se plantean recomendaciones para el ajuste del propio diseño y de programas similares de capacitación de profesionales de la salud.
Meru couples planar cell polarity with apical-basal polarity during asymmetric cell division
Authors: Banerjee Jennifer J , Aerne Birgit L , Holder Maxine V , Hauri Simon , Gstaiger Matthias , Tapon Nicolas
Published: June 2017

Polarity is a shared feature of most cells. In epithelia, apical-basal polarity often coexists, and sometimes intersects with planar cell polarity (PCP), which orients cells in the epithelial plane. From a limited set of core building blocks (e.g. the Par complexes for apical-basal polarity and the Frizzled/Dishevelled complex for PCP), a diverse array of polarized cells and tissues are generated. This suggests the existence of little-studied tissue-specific factors that rewire the core polarity modules to the appropriate conformation. In Drosophila sensory organ precursors (SOPs), the core PCP components initiate the planar polarization of apical-basal determinants, ensuring asymmetric division into daughter cells of different fates. We show that Meru, a RASSF9/RASSF10 homologue, is expressed specifically in SOPs, recruited to the posterior cortex by Frizzled/Dishevelled, and in turn polarizes the apical-basal polarity factor Bazooka (Par3). Thus, Meru belongs to a class of proteins that act cell/tissue-specifically to remodel the core polarity machinery.
Systematic bacterialization of yeast genes identifies a near-universally swappable pathway
Authors: Kachroo Aashiq H , Laurent Jon M , Akhmetov Azat , Szilagyi-Jones Madelyn , McWhite Claire D , Zhao Alice , Marcotte Edward M
Published: June 2017

Eukaryotes and prokaryotes last shared a common ancestor ~2 billion years ago, and while many present-day genes in these lineages predate this divergence, the extent to which these genes still perform their ancestral functions is largely unknown. To test principles governing retention of ancient function, we asked if prokaryotic genes could replace their essential eukaryotic orthologs. We systematically replaced essential genes in yeast by their 1:1 orthologs from Escherichia coli. After accounting for mitochondrial localization and alternative start codons, 31 out of 51 bacterial genes tested (61%) could complement a lethal growth defect and replace their yeast orthologs with minimal effects on growth rate. Replaceability was determined on a pathway-by-pathway basis; codon usage, abundance, and sequence similarity contributed predictive power. The heme biosynthesis pathway was particularly amenable to inter-kingdom exchange, with each yeast enzyme replaceable by its bacterial, human, or plant ortholog, suggesting it as a near-universally swappable pathway.
Unbridle biomedical research from the laboratory cage
Authors: Lahvis Garet P
Published: June 2017

Many biomedical research studies use captive animals to model human health and disease. However, a surprising number of studies show that the biological systems of animals living in standard laboratory housing are abnormal. To make animal studies more relevant to human health, research animals should live in the wild or be able to roam free in captive environments that offer a natural range of both positive and negative experiences. Recent technological advances now allow us to study freely roaming animals and we should make use of them.
Profiles of intestinal polyparasitism in a community of the Colombian Amazon region
Authors: Fernández-Niño Julián A. , Astudillo-García Claudia I. , Segura Laura María , Gómez Natalia , Salazar Ángela Skantria , Tabares Juan Hember , Restrepo Cristian Andrés , Ruiz Miguel Ángel , López Myriam Consuelo , Reyes Patricia
Published: June 2017

Introducción. Las infecciones parasitarias y el poliparasitismo intestinal son muy prevalentes en las poblaciones más vulnerables de los países en desarrollo debido a la existencia de factores ambientales, biológicos y sociales determinantes en la transmisión de parásitos. La población entre uno y 15 años de edad es la más afectada por dicha situación.Objetivo. Describir las prevalencias y los perfiles del poliparasitismo intestinal en la población de uno a 15 años de edad de comunidades indígenas de la Amazonia colombiana.Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un muestreo no probabilístico de 300 niños entre uno y 15 años de edad, procedentes de varios asentamientos rurales y de la cabecera urbana de Puerto Nariño, Amazonas, quienes participaron voluntariamente en el estudio. Las muestras de materia fecal se analizaron mediante el método directo (solución salina al 0,85 % y lugol) y la técnica de Kato-Katz. Se determinaron los perfiles más prevalentes de poliparasitismo intestinal con el coeficiente kappa de Cohen y un intervalo de confianza de 95 %.Resultados. La prevalencia de poliparasitismo, definida como la presencia de, por lo menos, dos parásitos intestinales patógenos, fue de 84 % (IC95 %: 79,35-87,96). Los casos con presencia de dos o tres agentes incluyeron los parásitos Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, Blastocystis sp., los ancilostomídeos Ancylostoma duodenale y Necator americanus, así como Entamoeba histolytica, E. dispar y E. moshkovskii del complejo Entamoeba, y fueron los de mayor prevalencia.Conclusión. Se encontraron varios perfiles de poliparasitismo intestinal, aunque la mayoría de los casos involucraron menos de seis especies. Una mejor estimación de la prevalencia y los factores determinantes del poliparasitismo intestinal permitirían priorizar y orientar los recursos para su control.
Body composition and physical fitness in Colombian high school students from Ibagué
Authors: Palomino-Devia Constanza , González-Jurado José Antonio , Ramos-Parraci Carlos Alberto
Published: June 2017

Introducción. La composición corporal y otros componentes de la condición física han demostrado ser importantes indicadores de la condición de salud.Objetivo. Analizar la composición corporal y la condición física de escolares colombianos de educación secundaria y media de las instituciones oficiales de Ibagué, estudiar las diferencias por sexo y edad, y establecer la correlación entre algunas variables.Materiales y métodos. Participaron 1.253 estudiantes (601 hombres y 652 mujeres), con un rango de edad entre los 10 y los 20 años. Se aplicaron las pruebas físicas de la batería ALPHA-Fitness en su versión extendida. Se evaluó el índice de masa corporal (IMC), el perímetro de la cintura y el porcentaje de grasa.Resultados. Se encontraron diferencias por sexo en las variables estudiadas, con mayor IMC y porcentaje de grasa en las mujeres que en los hombres (20,6 Vs. 19,4 kg/m2 y 26,1 Vs. 16,8 %, respectivamente); sin embargo, el perímetro de cintura fue mayor en los hombres (69,6 cm Vs. 67,9 cm), aunque ellos registraron mejor rendimiento en el resto de pruebas físicas (p<0,05). En ambos sexos la edad se asoció con aumentos del IMC (p<0,05) y, en las mujeres, con el porcentaje de grasa (p<0,05), lo que no ocurrió en los hombres, en quienes la edad se asoció inversamente con la grasa corporal (p<0,05). En el resto de las pruebas físicas, la edad se asoció positivamente con el rendimiento en ambos sexos, excepto en el consumo máximo de oxígeno (VO2 máx). Se hallaron correlaciones entre algunas de las variables estudiadas.Conclusiones. La adiposidad fue significativamente mayor en las mujeres que en los hombres (p<0,05). Los hombres tuvieron mejores niveles de capacidad aeróbica, musculoesquelética y motora.
Contrasting biological features in morphologically cryptic Mediterranean sponges
Authors: Garate Leire , Blanquer Andrea , Uriz Maria J.
Published: June 2017

Sponges are key organisms in the marine benthos where they play essential roles in ecological processes such as creating new niches, competition for resources, and organic matter recycling. Despite the increasing number of taxonomical studies, many sponge species remain hidden, whether unnoticed or cryptic. The occurrence of cryptic species may confound ecological studies by underestimating biodiversity. In this study, we monitored photographically growth, fusions, fissions, and survival of two morphologically cryptic species Hemimycale mediterranea Uriz, Garate & Agell, 2017 and H. columella (Bowerbank, 1874). Additionally, we characterized the main environmental factors of the corresponding species habitats, trying to ascertain whether some abiotic factors were correlated with the distribution of these species. Sponge monitoring was performed monthly. Seawater samples were collected the same monitoring days in the vicinity of the target sponges. Results showed contrasting growth and survival patterns for each species: H. mediterranea totally disappeared after larval release while 64% of individuals of H. columella survived the entire two years we monitored. The species also differed in the number of fissions and fusions. These events were evenly distributed throughout the year in the H. mediterranea population but concentrated in cold months in H. columella. No measured environmental factor correlated with H. mediterranea growth rates, while temperature and dissolved organic nitrogen were negatively correlated with H. columella growth rates. The strong differences in depth distribution, survival, growth, fusions, and fissions found between these two cryptic species, highlights the importance of untangling cryptic species before ecological studies are performed in particular when these species share geographical distribution.
Ultrasonic monitoring of spontaneous imbibition experiments: Acoustic signature of fluid migration
Authors: David Christian , Barnes Christophe , Desrues Mathilde , Pimienta Lucas , Sarout Joël , Dautriat Jérémie
Published: June 2017

Capillary rise experiments (spontaneous imbibition tests) were conducted in the laboratory with ultrasonic and X‐ray monitoring on the Sherwood sandstone and the Majella grainstone. The aim was to provide a direct comparison between the variation in seismic attributes (amplitude, velocity, spectral content, and energy) and the actual fluid distribution in the rock. Two pairs of ultrasonic P wave sensors located at different heights on a cylindrical rock specimen recorded every 5 s the waveforms when capillary forces make water rise up into the rock from the bottom in contact with a water tank. Simultaneously, computerized tomography scan images of a vertical cross section were also recorded. Two important results were found. (i) The amplitude of the first P wave arrival is impacted by the upward moving fluid front before the P wave velocity is, while the fluid front has not yet reached the sensors level. In contrast, the P wave velocity decreases when the fluid front reaches the Fresnel clearance zone. The spectral analysis of the waveforms shows that the peak frequency amplitude is continuously decreasing without noticeable frequency shift. (ii) A methodology based on the calculation of the analytical signal and instantaneous phase was designed to decompose each waveform into discrete wavelets associated with direct or reflected waves. The energy carried by the wavelets is very sensitive to the fluid substitution process: the coda wavelets related to reflections on the bottom end face of the specimen are impacted as soon as imbibition starts and can be used as a precursor for the arriving fluid.
Textures of eclogites and blueschists from Syros island, Greece: Inferences for elastic anisotropy of subducted oceanic crust
Authors: Keppler Ruth , Behrmann Jan H. , Stipp Michael
Published: June 2017

Many blueschists and eclogites are inferred to have formed from oceanic basalts in subducted slabs. Knowledge of their elastic behavior is essential for reconstructing the internal structure of subduction zones. The Cycladic blueschist unit, exposed on Syros Island (Greece), contains rocks belonging to an exhumed Tertiary subduction complex. They were possibly part of a subduction channel, a shear zone above the subducting slab in which exhumation is possible during subduction. Intense plastic deformation, forming crystallographic preferred orientations (CPO), accompanied blueschist and eclogite metamorphism. CPO of the constituent minerals in the collected samples was determined by time‐of‐flight neutron diffraction. Two samples are foliated fine‐grained blueschists with strong CPO, rich in glaucophane, zoisite, and phengite. Two coarser‐grained eclogite samples rich in omphacite and clinozoisite, or glaucophane, have weaker CPO. Vp and Vs anisotropies were computed from the orientation distribution function and single‐crystal elastic constants. All samples show velocity maxima parallel to the mineral lineation, and minima normal to the foliation, providing important constraints on orientations of seismic anisotropy in subduction channels. Vp anisotropies are up to 3 times higher (6.5–12%) in the blueschists than in the eclogites (3–4%), pointing to a potentially important lithological control of elastic anisotropy in subducted oceanic crust.
Hundred Years' War
Authors: Bellis Joanna
Published: June 2017

This entry gives a historical overview of the Hundred Years' War between England and France, from 1337–1453. It considers its key events and protagonists, its causes, and its cultural legacy.
Hundred Years' War Literature
Authors: Bellis Joanna
Published: June 2017

This article explores the concept of “Hundred Years' War literature” in medieval Britain: the writing produced during and about arguably the longest and most fundamental conflict in later medieval history. It introduces chronicle writing, chivalric biography, political poetry, flyting and prophecy, carols and ballads, eyewitness testimony, and commissioned propaganda.
Floris and Blancheflour
Authors: Sánchez‐Martí Jordi
Published: June 2017

The Middle English romanceFloris and Blancheflourtells the love story of Floris, the son of a pagan king of Spain, and Blancheflour, the daughter of a Christian slave woman. Floris's parents are willing to prevent by any means his marriage to Blancheflour and the damage it would do to his political potential. Thus, unbeknownst to Floris, they decide to make Blancheflour disappear by selling her to passing merchants. Floris then begins a peregrination that takes him to Babylon, where Blancheflour is held captive in the emir's harem. Floris relies not on his strength, as is otherwise typical in the genre, but on his ingenuity. After he rescues Blancheflour, they are married. This oriental‐flavored romance enjoyed a wide circulation in the medieval West, as the existence of numerous vernacular versions attests. The thirteenth‐century English romance derives from the Old FrenchFloire et Blancheflorand exists in four imperfect medieval manuscripts containing indications of oral transmission.
Parlement of theThreAges,The
Authors: Schiff Randy P.
Published: June 2017

The Parlement of the Thre Agesis an anonymous, late‐medieval Middle English alliterative poem, in which a poacher kills and conceals a deer, and then dreams of a debate between allegorized Youth, Middle Age, and Old Age. After Youth praises a romantic life of action and Middle Age advocates acquiring land, Elde delivers an extremely long speech featuring descriptions of various famous dead people, culminating in his conclusion that one needs to prepare spiritually for death. Scholars variously interpret the allegorical significance of the Ages, and also come to differing conclusions as to whether the dreamer is spiritually moved by Elde's speech.
Beasts of Battle
Authors: Honegger Thomas
Published: June 2017

The raven, the eagle, and the wolf occur in Old English poetry as harbingers of impending battle and death. The way the Anglo‐Saxon poets employ the appearance of these “beasts” suggests that they constitute a “theme,” that is, a motif or idea regularly employed by the poets.
Lyric
Authors: Duncan Thomas G.
Published: June 2017

In the absence of any generally agreed definition of a lyric in Old and Middle English this entry will cover a range of short poems, some arguably more, some less “lyrical” as judged by the present‐day concept of a “lyric,” defined by the
OED
as “the expression of the poet of his own feelings.” Though Old English poems largely survive in four mid‐ to late eleventh‐century manuscripts, some may have been composed as early as the eighth century. Middle English lyrics date from the thirteenth to the early sixteenth centuries.
Avowing ofArthur, The
Authors: Dahood Roger
Published: June 2017

The Avowing, which survives in only the Ireland Blackburne manuscript, is a tail‐rhyme romance composed in a northern dialect sometime between the late fourteenth and late fifteenth century. It is a Gawain romance, but Baldwin of Britain is the main character. Individual plot features have antecedents and analogues in literary and folk tradition, but no direct source for the poem is known. The most extensive literary analyses to date viewThe Avowingas structurally bipartite, a diptych, and seek meaning in the relationship between the parts. The diptych model, though widely accepted, is not entirely satisfactory. The poem implicitly raises unsettling moral questions.
Aisling
(Vision)
Authors: Parsons Geraldine
Published: June 2017

Aisling
, from Old Irish aislinge “vision, dream” is a category within the taxonomy of medieval Gaelic literature. It denotes an encounter with the supernatural that is initiated when a protagonist, invariably male, is dreaming or in a comparable state of altered consciousness. The supernatural element takes the form of a beautiful woman or an angel or resides merely in the fact that the protagonist accesses knowledge that would normally be unavailable to him, such as glimpses of future events. The vision motif aside, the
aisling
narratives are diverse in terms of date of composition, setting, theme, and tone. The medieval
aisling
is not to be confused with the modern Irish
aisling
, a type of political poem. Examples of
aisling
narratives include
Aislinge Óengusso
(The vision of Óengus),
Aislinge Meic Con Glinne
(The vision of Mac Con Glinne), and
Aisling Tundail
(The vision of Tundal).
J
udith
Authors: Garner Lori Ann
Published: June 2017

The Old English
Judith
, which survives in a single and fragmentary manuscript (London, BL, Cotton Vitellius A.xv, folios 202
r
–9
v
), offers readers one of the most complex, dynamic, and controversial heroines in Anglo‐Saxon literature. Composed in the alliterative verse form characterizing all Old English poetry,
Judith
relates the story of a Hebrew woman who ultimately conquers an Assyrian army, by first decapitating the drunken general Holofernes and then leading her fellow Bethulians to their victorious battle. Though based loosely on chapters xii–xvi of the
Book of Judith
, the poem is best appreciated on its own terms as a richly energetic text produced in dialogue with multiple religious and cultural traditions.
Martyrology, Old English
Authors: Rauer Christine
Published: June 2017

The ninth‐century anonymousOld English Martyrologyis one of the earliest and longest Old English prose texts. A catalogue of some 200 saints and their miracles, it testifies to a vast amount of hagiographical knowledge, presented in a characteristically concise and vivid style. The work seems to have been in use for a relatively long period, most probably as an encyclopedic resource for monastic or non‐monastic clerical personnel.
M
annyng,
R
obert
Authors: Coleman Joyce
Published: June 2017

Robert Mannyng (c. 1283 to 1338 or after) was the author of a guide to confession,
Handlyng Synne
(completed c. 1317), and a history of Britain and England up to the death of Edward I (known as the
Story of England
or
The Chronicle
; completed 1338). A Gilbertine canon in Lincolnshire, he was innovative in his use of English rather than the higher‐status Latin and French. He anticipated Chaucer both in his narrative skill and in his concern with his own role as author.
Robert ofGloucester
Authors: Shaw Philip A.
Published: June 2017

The metrical chronicle attributed to Robert of Gloucester is a lengthy verse chronicle that recounts the legendary early history of Britain from Brutus through King Arthur to the early Anglo‐Saxon period. Unlike earlier Brut chronicles such as Wace'sRoman de Brutand Laȝamon'sBrut, it then continues, covering the Anglo‐Saxon period and bringing its narrative up to the late thirteenth century, when the text is thought to have been composed. Although this metrical chronicle is conventionally attributed to an individual called Robert of Gloucester, there is, in fact, little evidence for the text's authorship, and its complex manuscript tradition suggests that at least two individuals were responsible for different versions of the chronicle. This text influenced the development of the Brut tradition in later Middle English literature and attracted continuing antiquarian interest in the early modern period.
Grail
Authors: Le Saux Françoise H.M.
Published: June 2017

The Grail is first mentioned inPerceval, a French Arthurian romance by the twelfth‐century author Chrétien de Troyes; at this stage of the tradition, the Grail is just a serving dish, the significance of which remains unknown, as the romance is unfinished. Under the pen of Chrétien's French continuators, the Grail becomes a sacred object linked to the Passion of Christ; in other traditions, the German writer Wolfram von Eschenbach sees it as a precious stone, while in the Middle Welsh romance ofPeredur, it is a common platter, carrying a severed head. In the thirteenth‐century French Arthurian Grail cycle, the Grail is the object of a quest by Arthur and his knights, attainable only by the purest of the members of the Round Table: Sir Thomas Malory'sMorte Darthur, based on the French textual tradition, was instrumental in disseminating this image of the Grail in the English‐speaking world.
M
almesbury
A
bbey
Authors: Gwara Scott
Published: June 2017

The Benedictine foundation of Malmesbury Abbey had a continuous history of occupation from its establishment in the mid‐seventh century until its suppression in 1539. Malmesbury Abbey is known largely for two scholars: St. Aldhelm (d. 709/10) and the historian William (d. 1143). Aldhelm was sainted in 1078. The monastery's history is known largely from William's account in the
Gesta pontificum Anglorum
and from extant charters.
Land ofCockaigne, The
Authors: Byrne Aisling
Published: June 2017

The Land of Cockaigne, an otherworld description in comic vein, is by far the most celebrated of the Middle English poems composed in Ireland. Cockaigne, a utopian land‐of‐plenty, is depicted in other medieval texts including lengthy works in French and Dutch. The Irish text locates the land in the west and details the indulgent and promiscuous lifestyle of the monks who inhabit it.
Wanderer, The
Authors: Hanchey Ginger
Published: June 2017

The Wandereris an Old English poem that mourns a Germanic‐heroic past while still finding Christian consolation in the new post‐heroic age. Its central figure lives in exile. The poem survives in the Exeter Book, an Anglo‐Saxon manuscript dating to the second half of the tenth century. Though most regardThe Wandereras an elegy, the poem's genre is debated, as is the question of how many speakers narrate it and the extent to which Christian and secular concerns affect the poem's unity. BecauseThe Wanderer, like other Old English poems, originates from an oral tradition, readers must consider that it makes meaning in different ways than do poems deriving from a solely written tradition.
Audelay,John
Authors: Fein Susanna
Published: June 2017

John Audelay was an early‐fifteenth‐century English poet (fl. 1417–?1432) whose known works appear in a single manuscript copied at Haughmond Abbey, Shropshire, now housed in the Bodleian Library, Oxford (MS Douce 302). Audelay's religious verse includes moral instruction, carols to be sung, and salutations in honor of holy women. His book is particularly distinctive as an early author‐anthology. The poet's name appears in it 18 times, and its ordering evinces a planned arrangement. Audelay is also notable for his avowed stance as blind poet‐seer and for his range of metrical styles. The most well‐known poems in his wide‐ranging book areMarcolf and Solomon(which is perhaps indebted toPiers Plowman), the densely alliterativeThree Dead KingsandPaternoster, the collection of 25 carols, and a delicate English rendering of the Latin Annunciation hymnAngelus ad virginem.
N
‐
T
own
P
lays
Authors: Sugano Douglas I.
Published: June 2017

Obscured by the better‐known English cycle drama, the N‐Town Plays have suffered because of the lack of a civic home and corresponding records. The manuscript's piecemeal construction and its lack of civic references suggest a variable, regional network of production unlike that found in other English cities. Even though the N‐Town Manuscript follows the creation‐to‐doomsday narrative of other English cycles, N‐Town possesses dramatic sequences unique to England, thanks to later additions: The Mary Play, long non‐episodic Passion Plays, and a folkloric Assumption Play. The N‐Town Plays will remain a rich field of study for those interested in East Anglian culture, religious guilds, Marian studies, gender studies, Lollardy, and the Counter‐Reformation.
Æthelwulf
Authors: Thornbury Emily V.
Published: June 2017

Æthelwulf was the author of
De abbatibus
, a ninth‐century poem relating the history of the small Northumbrian monastery to which he belonged. In addition to providing intriguing glimpses into the connections between aristocratic families and ecclesiastical governance, Æthelwulf's work demonstrates significant connections between English and Continental art even in the early years of the Viking invasions.
Anglo‐Latin Poets (pre‐1066), Minor
Authors: Thornbury Emily V.
Published: June 2017

A vast array of forms and settings – including hymns, letters, and inscriptions on objects – characterize the minor and occasional Latin poetry of Anglo‐Saxon England. Attention to these texts helps us understand important and pervasive features of early medieval culture.
R
oman
de
W
aldef,
L
e
Authors: Field Rosalind
Published: June 2017

Waldef
is an octosyllabic Anglo‐Norman romance of the early thirteenth century. Set in East Anglia, it tells the story of Waldef, his parents, and his sons at considerable length (over 22,000 lines). Unedited until 1984 it has received little critical attention but is now being recognized for its place among contemporary romance and chronicle writing and its influence on later narratives in Anglo‐Norman and Middle English. The prologue provides an intriguing account of movements between post‐Conquest French‐ and English‐language writing. The narrative that follows is one of grim warfare in an England of petty kingdoms, of shifting loyalties, and of family misfortune that ends with the killing of the hero. The derivative plot is handled with an unusual independence of conventions of genre and gender.
Waldef
's significance to the development of insular narrative is yet to be fully investigated.
Four Ancient Books of Wales, The
Authors: Lloyd‐Morgan Ceridwen
Published: June 2017

The Four Ancient Books of Wales
(1868) edited by the Scottish historian W.F. Skene, contains transcripts and translations of early Welsh poetry from four important medieval Welsh manuscripts dating from c. 1250–c. 1400: the Black Book of Carmarthen, the Book of Taliesin, the Book of Aneirin, and the Red Book of Hergest. Despite some shortcomings it was a landmark text in scholarly publication.
Resignation
Authors: Klinck Anne L.
Published: June 2017

Resignationis now usually regarded as two separate fragments, the beginning of one Old English poem and the end of another, the material between lost because of a missing leaf in the manuscript.Resignation A(ll. 1–69) is a prayer asking for God's forgiveness and favor, whileResignation B(ll. 70–118) is an elegiac lament, in theme and vocabulary somewhat resemblingThe WandererandThe Seafarer. Those who continue to regardResignationas a unity point out resemblances to Part A in Part B, and a gradual rather than abrupt transition from the prayer of a penitent to the lament of an exile.
Husband'sMessage, The
Authors: Klinck Anne L.
Published: June 2017

The text of the Old English poem calledThe Husband's Messagehas been affected by burn damage to the manuscript, and in addition poses some major problems of interpretation: whether the poem includes the precedingRiddle 60; whether the speaker is a human messenger or a piece of inscribed wood; and who or what is named in the mysterious runes at the end. It is generally accepted that this is a love poem of a formal kind, the message of a lord to his lady, bidding her take ship and join him now he is no longer an unhappy exile but a prosperous ruler. The narrator ends by calling upon the runes, and whatever they represent, to confirm his master's troth.
Wife'sLament, The
Authors: Klinck Anne L.
Published: June 2017

The Wife's Lament, still occasionally thought to express a man's feeling for his lord and comrades, is actually one of only two Old English “woman's songs” (female‐voice love poems). The speaker is alone in the wilderness, in a cave under an oak tree, longing for her estranged husband and lamenting her lot. The cave and the wild region to which she has been banished constitute both a cause and a poetic externalization of her loneliness and suffering. Explanations of her strange abode include a site of pagan worship, a grave, and an underground refuge. Toward the end of the poem, in a passage sometimes taken as a curse, sometimes as a gnomic pronouncement, the speaker focuses on a young man (or young person), and his fate, emphasizing the possibility of ill fortune. This figure modulates into the husband, who is imagined as enduring an exilic situation rather like her own.
S
outh
E
nglish
L
egendary
Authors: Mullally Erin
Published: June 2017

The South English Legendary (
SEL
) is the major compendium of English vernacular saint's lives, c. 1300. In over 60 surviving manuscripts, the
SEL
contains lives of the apostles, of virgin martyrs, of confessors and women religious, as well as narratives for Catholic feast days like Lent and Easter. The collection seems especially to emphasize English saints for a lay English audience.
M
um and the
S
othsegger
Authors: Dean James M.
Published: June 2017

Mum and the Sothsegger
is an anonymous, picaresque, and fragmentary text concerning keeping silent (Mum) or speaking out (Sothsegger). The narrator travels around England trying to find the Sothsegger. Along the way the narrator meets many groups and individuals, including, in dream, a beekeeper or gardener who manages his bee colony well; and he hears the story of Genghis Khan, who illustrates aspects of good governance. Eventually the narrator discovers the Sothsegger tending to his wounds, but he concludes that Mum has an easier and better existence, although on a different level he disapproves of Mum's silent acquiescence in wrongs. The poem would seem to encourage a debate between Mum and the Sothsegger, but that argument never occurs.
Harley Lyrics
Authors: Fein Susanna
Published: June 2017

From 1340 to 1348 a scribe active in Ludlow compiled a remarkable body of literary texts, including a good number of lyrics that survive nowhere other than in the manuscript he created: London, British Library MS Harley 2253, folios 49–140. The manuscript's contents, in both verse and prose, are composed in Anglo‐French, Middle English, and Latin. A comprehensive view of the non‐narrative Harley verse requires a crosslingual approach because the scribe moved fluently from language to language, preserving poems in each language and some that blend languages. The full corpus of 69 “Harley Lyrics” exhibits much variety: secular lyrics on love and women, religious lyrics, admonitory lyrics, satiric lyrics, lyrics of dramatic monologue, lyrics of dialogue and debate, and political lyrics.
Dream Visions
Authors: Kruger Steven F.
Published: June 2017

Dream visions, first‐person accounts of dream experience, were enormously popular in the Middle Ages. The genre flourished across Europe and was widespread in Britain, where it appeared already in the Old English period, reaching its height in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. Formally varied, ranging from brief lyrics to extended allegories, dream visions also proved thematically capacious, representing courtly love as one major concern, but also including works of philosophical, theological, and sociopolitical exploration. One essential quality of dream experience for the Middle Ages was its enigmatic nature, and the literary dream vision often focuses attention on interpretive problems.
Cædmon
Authors: Cronan Dennis
Published: June 2017

Cædmon was the first recorded English poet. An ordinary farm worker who was inspired to poetic composition in a dream, he transformed the martial language of Old English heroic poetry into a medium suitable for the composition of biblical and religious poems. Although he drew his subject matter primarily from biblical narratives and the teachings of the New Testament, his compositions used the traditional form and poetic language of Germanic alliterative verse. Bede presents his story of Cædmon as a narrative that authorizes the use of Old English as a scriptural language. This story also bridges the cultural divide between orality and literacy. Although Cædmon was an oral poet who could neither read nor write, his example inspired other poets to compose Christian poems which were then recorded in manuscripts, producing an unusual situation, for the period, where a vulgar tongue, Old English, was used in texts alongside Latin.
Britain, Idea of
Authors: Staley Lynn
Published: June 2017

From the beginning of its written history, Britain was conceived of as a geographically distinct island whose history of rupture and assimilation, whether mythic or actual, set it apart. That history also prompted an ongoing reexamination of the island's relation to other countries and peoples, of its moral status, and of the foundation of its laws.
C
amlann
Authors: Hughes Ian
Published: June 2017

The battle of Camlann has often been thought to be Arthur's final battle. During the battle, he is mortally wounded by Mordred, his nephew (or some other close relation), who has usurped the crown of Britain and who has defiled the institution of marriage by sleeping with Guinevere, Arthur's wife. After the battle, which according to Geoffrey took place in Cornwall, Arthur was borne away by maidens to Avalon to be healed of his wounds. Various traditional elements then refer to Arthur's return sometime in the future to aid the Britons in their attempts to regain sovereignty over the Island of Britain. This is how Geoffrey of Monmouth portrays Arthur's downfall and has been followed by various writers and poets ever since. However, Welsh tradition seems to have viewed the battle of Camlann in a slightly different way; it is likely that the earliest Welsh records do not regard Mordred (Medrawd in Welsh) in any negative light whatsoever, since the earliest poets in Wales praise his heroic nature and his comeliness and compare their patrons to him. Only later in Wales is Medrawd changed into the Mordred of Geoffreyan and post‐Geoffreyan tradition.
Pastoral Texts
Authors: Cels Marc B.
Published: June 2017

Pastoral texts provided clergy with instruction in pastoral care, including how to conduct penance, what Christian doctrines and practices to teach, and exhortations to virtue. Pastoral texts are studied as sources for medieval culture and religion, which influenced even secular writings. Latin was the dominant language, although pastoral texts survive in English, French, Irish, and Welsh. Pastoral writings had a long tradition, but burgeoned from the thirteenth century as the expectations for both parish priests and their lay congregations increased. By the fourteenth‐century, vernacular religious writing became significant, especially in England. Responding to the threat of heresy, Archbishop Thomas Arundel of Canterbury issued restrictions on vernacular biblical translations and theological discussion and tried to limit lay religious discourse to elementary pastoral instruction. The advent of printing helped to make pastoral texts more accessible, but the pastoral gave way to the polemics of the Protestant Reformation in the sixteenth century.
Auchinleck Manuscript
Authors: Fisher Matthew
Published: June 2017

The Auchinleck manuscript is a fourteenth‐century book that contains unique and earliest versions of numerous Middle English poems, particularly verse romances. It provides evidence for Middle English literature and book production in London at an early date.
Devotional Texts
Authors: Rice Nicole R.
Published: June 2017

Medieval devotional texts, intended to structure personal religious practice, include prayer books, biblical paraphrases and commentaries, rules for pious living, penitential guides, and meditations. These texts bear witness to convergences of professional and lay modes of devotion, to the interplay of penitential and introspective impulses, and to ongoing conversations over how best to imitate Christ. Devotional texts developed in relation to major religious and cultural changes in Britain: the rise of penitential culture, the growth of lay piety, the Wycliffite movement, the advent of printing, and the Reformation.
Wace
Authors: Le Saux Françoise H.M.
Published: June 2017

Wace (born Jersey, c. 1110, died after 1174) was active at the height of the medieval Anglo‐Norman empire. He is the author of three saint's lives (St. Margaret, St. Nicholas, and Our Lady), theRoman de Brut(a verse adaptation of Geoffrey of Monmouth's LatinHistory of the Kings of Britain), and theRoman de Rou(a verse history of the dukes of Normandy). Wace was a scholarly translator who knew how to make his material more appealing through his distinctive style and through the addition of information derived from oral and written sources; he is the first vernacular writer to mention King Arthur's Round Table, and hisRoman de Rouremains a useful resource for historians of Normandy. Wace's works were widely disseminated and shaped the literary development of both French and English.
Magic
Authors: McWilliams Stuart
Published: June 2017

Magic is an elusive and disputed idea, and there are complex connections between fictional uses of magical tropes – in, for example, romances – and the “real” discourses and practices of medieval magic, which might take the form ofpraestigia(illusion),mathematica(divination),maleficia(evil magic), or one of many other variants. Literary texts' presentations of the figure of the magician have been influenced by biblical typology and the Galfridian tradition of historiography. Having once been a topic of principal interest to practitioners and ecclesiastical authorities, the occult tradition has taken its place as an important concern in mainstream literary and intellectual history, including medieval studies; a development stimulated by the rise of anthropology in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
Æthelwold
Authors: Stephenson Rebecca
Published: June 2017

Æthelwold, bishop of Winchester, was a leader of the tenth‐century Benedictine Reform and an author of works in both English and Latin. He founded a school at Winchester that produced several famous authors of the late Anglo‐Saxon period including Ælfric of Eynsham and Wulfstan Cantor. Winchester under his tenure was also a major site for musical and artistic innovation.
L
ydgate,
J
ohn
Authors: Sponsler Claire
Published: June 2017

John Lydgate (c. 1371–c. 1449) was the most prominent and influential poet of Lancastrian England. A monk of the Benedictine monastery of Bury St. Edmunds, Lydgate was the unofficial poet laureate of the fifteenth century, producing poems in nearly every medieval genre for a diverse set of patrons, including the Lancastrian court, the church, and commoners. Adopting Chaucer as his model, Lydgate continued Chaucer's internationalism and his turn to the classical past, helping spread the new humanism in fifteenth‐century England and setting the stage for renaissance poetry and spectacle. Although Lydgate has sometimes been dismissed as a failed Chaucerian or a mere propagandist, recent scholarship has begun to recognize his achievements and to rehabilitate the laureate reputation he had during his lifetime and for over a century thereafter.
Bestiaries,
L
atin
Authors: Dines Ilya
Published: June 2017

This entry traces the history and development of one of the most important European medieval genres – that of the bestiary. Beginning with the
Physiologus
, written in Alexandria in the third century
CE
, it delineates the formation of the bestiary as a full‐fledged genre in medieval England. This detailed discussion of the evolution of the genre includes the main characteristics of all known families of manuscripts as well as the changes in their structure and dominant features during the twelfth to fifteenth centuries. It explores the discussion of such fundamental questions as illustrations, authorship, purpose and audience, and influence of the bestiaries.
H
olkham
B
ible Picture Book

,
The
Authors: Coley David K.
Published: June 2017

The Holkham Bible Picture Book
is a lavishly illustrated rendering of several important biblical episodes, including portions of the book of Genesis, the life and resurrection of Christ, and the Last Judgment. Produced in London between 1320 and 1340, the book uses pictures as its primary narrative medium, while an accompanying Anglo‐Norman text functions as a summary gloss. The
Holkham Bible
is notable for the depictions of late‐medieval life and labor that it integrates into its pictorial narrative, as well as for its complex attitudes toward Judaism in the wake of Edward I's expulsion of the Jews in 1290.
Israel the Grammarian
Authors: Howlett David
Published: June 2017

A survey of the life and works of Israel the Grammarian, a tenth‐century Breton scholar at the court of Æthelstan king of the English.
D
ouglas,
G
avin
Authors: Royan Nicola
Published: June 2017

As the first translator of the
Aeneid
into any form of English, Gavin Douglas is a significant figure in British literature. His work is engaged with questions of textual fidelity, a concern with the interaction of moral and literary authority, and a deep interest in and familiarity with vernacular and Latin writing. The
Eneados
is one of his surviving works; the other, earlier, one is the dream vision
The Palice of Honoure
. Together they demonstrate that the continuities between medieval and renaissance, as embodied in Douglas's practice, are at least as significant as the differences.
Joseph ofExeter
Authors: Bridges Venetia
Published: June 2017

Joseph of Exeter (fl. 1180s) is a major Latin poet whose epic on the Trojan War may well have influenced Chaucer'sTroilus and Criseyde. Joseph's difficult and sophisticated Latin, imitative of Silver Latin poets like Lucan, Juvenal, and Statius, is a good example of the stylistic tendencies of many medieval Latin poets of the era. Although he wrote in Latin, recent scholars have claimed he was aware of French romances like Benoît de Sainte‐Maure's c. 1165Roman de Troie, placing his poetry in juxtaposition with vernacular texts.