bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Role of long‐term lamivudine treatment of hepatitis B virus recurrence after liver transplantation
Authors: Woo Hyun Young , Choi Jong Young , Jang Jeong Won , You Chan Ran , Bae Si Hyun , Yoon Seung Kew , Yang Jin Mo , Choi Sang Wook , Han Nam Ik , Kim Dong Goo
Published: September 2008

In this study, the long‐term (>3 years) efficacy of combination therapy for hepatitis B virus (HBV) recurrence and the associated factors were investigated. One hundred and sixty‐five consecutive HBsAg‐positive patients (92 with liver cirrhosis, 73 with hepatocellular carcinoma; HCC) who underwent liver transplantation were assessed with a median follow‐up time of 40 months. One hundred and twenty‐one patients (121/165, 73.3%) were treated with lamivudine before transplantation for a mean of 8.4 months (range 0.1–72 months). The post‐transplantation treatment protocol consisted of a high dose intravenous hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIg) followed by a low dose intramuscular HBIg and lamivudine combination therapy. Seven (4.2%, 7/165) recipients experienced HBV recurrence at a median time of 19 months (range 5–36 months) following transplantation. Six of seven cases of HBV recurrence were treated with lamivudine before transplantation for a median period of 15 months (range 0.6–30 months). Eighteen (24.6%, 18/73) patients had HCC recurrences after transplantation. Of the four patients with both HCC and HBV recurrence, three experienced HBV recurrence after recurrence of HCC. The clinical factor associated with HBV recurrence in the total cohort (n = 165) was the duration of antiviral treatment (over 6 months) before transplantation (P = 0.004). In the HCC group, HCC recurrence after transplantation (P = 0.002), tumor burden before transplantation (P = 0.005), and postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy (P = 0.002), were additional factors for HBV recurrence. Combination therapy of HBIg and antiviral drugs was effective over 3 years regardless of the pretransplantation viral load. However, the possible recurrence of HBV needs to be monitored cautiously in patients treated with long‐term (over 6 months) lamivudine. J. Med. Virol. 80:1891–1899, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Epstein‐Barr virus encephalitis mimicking clinical and electroencephalographic characteristics of herpes simplex encephalitis
Authors: Chadaide Zoltan , Voros Erika , Horvath Szatmar
Published: September 2008

A rare case of EBV encephalitis initially diagnosed as Herpes simplex infection is presented to highlight the importance of EBV specific intrathecal ELISA and liquor PCR based differential diagnosis when Herpes simplex encephalitis specific clinical symptoms, neuroimaging signs and electroencephalographic features are present. The case report also suggests that acyclovir treatment might be beneficial for the long term outcome in adult EBV encephalitis patients. J. Med. Virol. 80:1930–1932, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic fate mapping of Olig2 progenitors in the injured adult cerebral cortex reveals preferential differentiation into astrocytes
Authors: Tatsumi Kouko , Takebayashi Hirohide , Manabe Takayuki , Tanaka Kenji F. , Makinodan Manabu , Yamauchi Takahira , Makinodan Eri , Matsuyoshi Hiroko , Okuda Hiroaki , Ikenaka Kazuhiro , Wanaka Akio
Published: September 2008

Olig2 is a basic helix‐loop‐helix (bHLH) transcription factor essential for development of motoneurons and oligodendrocytes. It is known that Olig2+cells persist in the central nervous system (CNS) from embryonic to adult stages and that the number of Olig2+progenitors increases in the injured adult CNS. Recent studies have demonstrated an inhibitory action of Olig2 on neurogenesis in adult CNS, but the fate of Olig2+cells in the injured state remains largely unknown. To trace directly the fate of Olig2 cells in the adult cerebral cortex after injury, we employed the CreER/loxP system to target theolig2locus. In this genetic tracing study, green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter‐positive cells labeled after cryoinjury coexpressed glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), an astrocytic marker. Electron microscopy also showed that GFP+cells have the ultrastructural characteristics of astrocytes. Furthermore, GFP+cells labeled before injury, most of which had been NG2 cells, also produced bushy astrocytes. Here we show direct evidence that Olig2+cells preferentially differentiate into astrocytes, which strongly express GFAP, in response to injury in the adult cerebral cortex. These results suggest that reactive astrocytes, known to be the main contributors to glial scars, originate, at least in part, from Olig2+cells. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Developmental regulation of metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 splice variants in olfactory bulb mitral cells
Authors: Bovolin P. , Bovetti S. , Fasolo A. , Katarova Z. , Szabo G. , Shipley M.T. , Margolis F.L. , Puche A.C.
Published: September 2008

Alternative splicing of the metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 (mGluR1) receptor gene generates two major receptor isoforms, mGluR1a and mGluR1b, differing in intracellular function and distribution. However, little is known on the expression profiles of these variants during development. We examined the mRNA expression profile of mGluR1a/b in microdissected layers and acutely isolated mitral cells in the developing mouse olfactory bulb. This analysis showed that the two mGluR1 variants are differentially regulated within each bulb layer. During the first postnatal week, the mGluR1a isoform replaces GluR1b in the microdissected mitral cell layer (MCL) and in isolated identified mitral cells, coinciding with a developmental epoch of mitral cell dendritic reorganization. Although mGluR1a mRNA is expressed at high levels in both the adult external plexiform layer (EPL) and MCL, Western blotting analysis reveals a marked reduction of the mGluR1a protein in the MCL, where mitral cell bodies are located, and strong labeling in the EPL, which contains mitral cell dendrites. This suggests that there is increased dendritic trafficking efficiency of the receptor in adult. The temporal and spatial shift in mGluR1b/a expression suggests distinct roles of the mGluR1 isoforms, with mGluR1b potentially involved in the early mitral cell maturation and mGluR1a in dendritic and synapse function. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
M4 muscarinic receptors are involved in modulation of neurotransmission at synapses of Schaffer collaterals on CA1 hippocampal neurons in rats
Authors: Sánchez Gonzalo , de Oliveira Alvares Lucas , Oberholzer María Victoria , Genro Bruna , Quillfeldt Jorge , da Costa Jaderson Costa , Cerveñansky Carlos , Jerusalinsky Diana , Kornisiuk Edgar
Published: September 2008

All five subtypes of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChR; M1–M5) are expressed in the hippocampus, where they are involved both in cognitive functions and in synaptic plasticity, such as long‐term potentiation (LTP). Muscarinic toxins (MTs) are small proteins from mamba snake venoms that display exquisite discrimination between mAChRs. MT1 acts as an agonist at M1 and an antagonist at M4 receptors, with similar affinities for both. MT3, the most selective antagonist available for M4 receptors, infused into the CA1 region immediately after training caused amnesia in the rat, indicating the participation of M4 receptors in memory consolidation. Our goal was to investigate the participation of M4 receptor in neurotransmission at the hippocampal Schaffer collaterals‐CA1 synapses. Two different preparations were used: 1) field potential recordings in freshly prepared rat hippocampal slices with high‐frequency stimulation to induce potentiation and 2) whole‐cell voltage clamp in cultured hippocampal organotypic slices with paired stimuli. In preparation 1, a dose of MT3 that was previously shown to cause amnesia blocked LTP; the nonselective antagonist scopolamine blocked LTP without affecting basal transmission, although it was depressed with higher concentration. In preparation 2, basal transmission was decreased and LTP induction was prevented by an MT3 concentration that would bind mainly to M4 receptors. Although M1 receptors appeared to modulate transmission positively at these excitatory synapses, M1 activation concomitant with M4 blockade (by MT1) only allowed a brief, short‐term potentiation. Accordingly, M4 blockade by MT3 strongly supports a permissive role of M4 receptors and suggests their necessary participation in synaptic plasticity at these synapses. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
1,25‐Dihydroxyvitamin D3 administration to 6‐hydroxydopamine‐lesioned rats increases glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor and partially restores tyrosine hydroxylase expression in substantia nigra and striatum
Authors: Sanchez Begoña , Relova Jose L. , Gallego Rosalia , Ben‐Batalla Isabel , Perez‐Fernandez Roman
Published: September 2008

It has previously been demonstrated that 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] administration, whether in cell cultures or in vivo to rats, increases glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) expression levels, suggesting that this hormone may have beneficial effects in neurodegenerative disorders. This study was carried out to explore the effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 administration in a 6‐OHDA‐lesioned rat model of Parkinson's disease on GDNF and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression in substantia nigra (SN) and striatum. Two groups of animals received 1,25(OH)2D3 intraperitoneally, the first group 7 days before the unilateral injection of 6‐OHDA into the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) and the second group 21 days (days 21–28) after the unilateral injection of 6‐OHDA. Animals of both groups were sacrificed on day 28. In addition, two other groups received a unilateral injection of either saline or 6‐OHDA into the MFB. Rats were killed, and the SN and striatum were then removed for GDNF and TH determination. Striatal GDNF protein expression was increased on the ipsilateral with respect to the contralateral side after 6‐OHDA injection alone as well as in 1,25(OH)2D3‐treated rats before or after 6‐OHDA administration. As expected, 6‐OHDA injection induced an ipsilateral decrease in TH‐immunopositive neuronal cell bodies and axonal terminals in the SN and striatum. However, treatment with 1,25(OH)2D3 before and after 6‐OHDA injection partially restored TH expression in SN. These data suggest that 1,25(OH)2D3 may help to prevent dopaminergic neuron damage. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Seizures increase importin‐β1 expression in NG2+ cells in the rat hippocampus
Authors: Brilli Elisa , Scali Manuela , Casarosa Simona , Köhler Matthias , Bozzi Yuri
Published: September 2008

Importins, also called karyopherins, belong to a large family of proteins involved in cytoplasm‐to‐nucleus transport. Transport machinery generally involves a complex formed by two different importin subtypes (α and β). Both α and β importins are expressed in the brain, and their expression and localization is regulated by physiological neuronal activity. Little is known about regulation of importin expression in brain pathological conditions. Here we studied the expression of importin β1 (impβ1) in the rat hippocampus after acute and chronic seizures induced by the glutamate agonist kainic acid (KA). The overall content of impβ1 mRNA and protein did not change after acute KA seizures. However, acute KA seizures rapidly induced the translocation of impβ1 protein from the cytoplasm to the nucleus in pyramidal CA1 neurons. KA‐induced impβ1 translocation was prevented by the NMDA (N‐methyl‐D‐aspartic acid) receptor blocker MK‐801. After chronic seizures, the overall levels of impβ1 mRNA and protein did not change in the whole hippocampus. Immunohistochemistry revealed a massive loss of impβ1‐positive neurons in pyramidal layers (that degenerated after KA), whereas an increased number of impβ1‐positive cells was detected in the stratum radiatum of rats with chronic seizures compared with control animals. Double‐labeling experiments identified these cells as glial cells expressing the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan NG2 (neuron/glial antigen 2), a glial subtype recently shown to regulate hippocampal neuron excitability. These data show a differential regulation of impβ1 expression after acute and chronic seizure activity in the rat hippocampus. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Protection against kainate neurotoxicity by ginsenosides: Attenuation of convulsive behavior, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress
Authors: Shin Eun‐Joo , Jeong Ji Hoon , Kim A‐Young , Koh Young Ho , Nah Seung‐Yeoul , Kim Won‐Ki , Ko Kwang Ho , Kim Hyun Ji , Wie Myung‐Bok , Kwon Yong Soo , Yoneda Yukio , Kim Hyoung‐Chun
Published: September 2008

We previously demonstrated that kainic acid (KA)‐mediated mitochondrial oxidative stress contributed to hippocampal degeneration and that ginsenosides attenuated KA‐induced neurotoxicity and neuronal degeneration. Here, we examined whether ginsenosides affected KA‐induced mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in the rat hippocampus. Treatment with ginsenosides attenuated KA‐induced convulsive behavior dose‐dependently. KA treatment increased lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation and decreased the reduced glutathione/oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) ratio to a greater degree in the mitochondrial fraction than in the hippocampal homogenate. KA treatment resulted in decreased Mn‐superoxide dismutase expression anddiminished the mitochondrial membrane potential. Furthermore, KA treatment increased intramitochondrial Ca2+ and promoted ultrastructural degeneration in hippocampal mitochondria. Treatment with ginsenosides dose‐dependently attenuated convulsive behavior and the KA‐induced mitochondrial effects. Protection appeared to be more evident in mitochondria than in tissue homogenates. Collectively, the results suggest that ginsenosides prevent KA‐induced neurotoxicity by attenuating mitochondrial oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Guanosine improves motor behavior, reduces apoptosis, and stimulates neurogenesis in rats with parkinsonism
Authors: Su Caixin , Elfeki Nada , Ballerini Patrizia , D'Alimonte Iolanda , Bau Christian , Ciccarelli Renata , Caciagli Francesco , Gabriele Joseph , Jiang Shucui
Published: September 2008

Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) caused by an abnormal rate of apoptosis. Endogenous stem cells in the adult mammalian brain indicate an innate potential for regeneration and possible resource for neuroregeneration in PD. We previously showed that guanosine prevents apoptosis even when administered 48 hr after the toxin 1‐methyl‐4‐phenylpyridinium (MPP+). Here, we induced parkinsonism in rats with a proteasome inhibitor. Guanosine treatment reduced apoptosis, increased tyrosine hydroxylase–positive dopaminergic neurons and expression of tyrosine hydroxylase in the SNc, increased cellular proliferation in the SNc and subventricular zone, and ameliorated symptoms. Proliferating cells in the subventricular zone were nestin‐positive adult neural progenitor/stem cells. Fibroblast growth factor‐2‐expressing cells were also increased by guanosine. Thus, guanosine protected cells from apoptosis and stimulated “intrinsic” adult progenitor/stem cells to become dopaminergic neurons in rats with proteasome inhibitor–induced PD. The cellular/molecular mechanisms underlying these effects may open new avenues for development of novel therapeutics for PD. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Recruitment of pericytes and astrocytes is closely related to the formation of tight junction in developing retinal vessels
Authors: Kim Jeong Hun , Kim Jin Hyoung , Yu Young Suk , Kim Dong Hun , Kim Kyu‐Won
Published: September 2008

During retinal development, retinal vascularization begins in the inner retinal layer and sprouts radially from the optic nerve to reach the periphery of the retina. Subsequently, retinal vessels sprout into the deep retinal layer to form three parallel of the nerve fiber layer and two plexiform layers. In this process, endothelial cells are closely related to astrocytes and pericytes with strict chronological order. Here, we provide that the recruitment of pericytes and astrocytes to vascular tube of endothelial cells is closely associated with the formation of tight junction in developing retinal vessels. At P4, endothelial cells of retinal vessels behind the invading front directly contact to pericytes, but not to foot processes of astrocytes, where ZO‐1 was already weakly immunoreactive along retinal endothelial cells. With the progression of retinal development, foot processes of astrocytes are gathered around retinal vessels and the maturation of tight junction in endothelial cells is clearly defined, which was temporally and spatially accordant to the expression of a tight junction protein, ZO‐1. In addition, tight junction could be formed with contact of pericytes to endothelial cells without the prominent ensheathment of astrocytic foot processes, which coincided with the appearance of a tight junction protein, ZO‐1. Therefore, these data demonstrate that the tight junction of endothelial cells in the blood–retina barrier could be developed by cellular interactions between pericytes, astrocytes, and endothelial cells. Moreover, ZO‐1 as well as occludin or claudin might demonstrate the tightness of blood–retina barrier in developing retina. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interaction between protein kinase C and protein kinase A can modulate transmitter release at the rat neuromuscular synapse
Authors: Santafé M. M. , Garcia N. , Lanuza M. A. , Tomàs M. , Tomàs J.
Published: September 2008

We used intracellular recording to investigate the functional interaction between protein kinase C (PKC) and protein kinase A (PKA) signal transduction cascades in the control of transmitter release in the neuromuscular synapses from adult rats. Our results indicate that: 1) PKA and PKC are independently involved in asynchronous release. 2) Evoked acetylcholine (ACh) release is enhanced with the PKA agonist Sp‐8‐BrcAMP and the PKC agonist phorbol ester (PMA). 3) PKA has a constitutive role in promoting a component of normal evoked transmitter release because, when the kinase is inhibited with H‐89, the release diminishes. However, the PKC inhibitor calphostin C (CaC) does not affect ACh release. 4) PKA regulates neurotransmission without PKC involvement because, after PMA or CaC modulation of the PKC activity, coupling to the ACh release of PKA can normally be stimulated with Sp‐8‐BrcAMP or inhibited with H‐89. 5) After PKA inhibition with H‐89, PKC stimulation with PMA (or inhibition with CaC) does not lead to any change in evoked ACh release. However, in PKA‐stimulated preparations with Sp‐8‐BrcAMP, PKC becomes tonically active, thus potentiating a component of release that can now be blocked with CaC. In normal conditions, therefore, PKA was able to modulate ACh release independently of PKC activity, whereas PKA stimulation caused the PKC coupling to evoked release. In contrast, PKA inhibition prevent PKC stimulation (with the phorbol ester) and coupling to ACh output. There was therefore some dependence of PKC on PKA activity in the fine control of the neuromuscular synaptic functionalism and ACh release. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential alteration of hippocampal excitatory synaptic transmission by cannabinoid ligands
Authors: Bajo Michal , Roberto Marisa , Schweitzer Paul
Published: September 2008

Cannabinoid compounds affect synaptic activity and plasticity in numerous brain areas by activating CB1 receptors (CB1). In hippocampus, varying results have been obtained on the extent and site of cannabinoid actions on excitatory transmission, ranging from no effect to complete obliteration of synaptic responses. Here we used the rat hippocampal slice preparation to study and compare the effect of various synthetic and endogenous CB1 ligands on excitatory synaptic transmission. The full CB1 agonist WIN55212‐2 (WIN2) greatly decreased excitatory synaptic transmission by 62%. The effect of WIN‐2 was concentration dependent (EC50 of 200 nM) and completely prevented by CB1 antagonists. The nondegradable partial CB1 agonist R1‐methanandamide (mAEA) decreased transmission by 25% and the endocannabinoids 2‐arachidonylglycerol (2‐AG) and anandamide (AEA) had no significant effect. The action of AEA was improved by inhibiting its degradation but not its transport. The effect of 2‐AG was enhanced upon inhibition of COX‐2 but remained unchanged with blockade of monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL). The observed effects were prevented by CB1 antagonists regardless of the ligand used, and paired‐pulse paradigms pointed to presynaptic mechanisms of cannabinoid action. Our results show that cannabinoid effects on neuronal activity differ widely according to the CB1 ligand used. We observed large differences between full (synthetic) and partial (endogenous) CB1 agonists in altering synaptic transmission, notably because of the involvement of active degradation mechanisms. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Work and non‐work correlates of illness and behaviour in male and female Swedish white collar workers
Authors: Karasek Robert , Gardell Bertil , Lindell Jan
Published: September 2008

Four broad classes of dependent variables (psychological strain, physical illness symptoms, health‐related behaviour and social participation) were associated with eleven categories of stressors and stress moderators from work and family life, using multiple logistic regression analysis for a random sample of 8700 full‐time male and female members of T.C.O., a major Swedish white‐collar labour federation (covering 25 per cent of the Swedish labour force). Our goal was to find broad patterns of associations by comparing relative magnitudes of effects for (a) stressors and stress moderators; (b) work and family activities, and (c) males and females.

Fifty per cent of the associations between environmental factors and dependent variables were significant in the predicted direction at the 5 per cent level. However, only 5 per cent of the associations are as strong, for example, as average smoking/heart disease associations. Our primary conclusion is that job factors are the next strongest set of predictors of health and behaviour after age. Job factors are stronger than family factors for both men and women; proportionally increasing the explained variance by over 60 per cent versus roughly 20 per cent for family factors (over the 25 per cent of explanation due to demographic factors). The overall pattern of stressor/outcome associations is quite similar for men and women, although both job/outcome and family burden/outcome associations are stronger for women than for men. We failed to find a clear linkage between particular stressors and particular physical illnesses. Among the job factors, control and work load have the strongest associations; with the former predicting behaviour patterns and job satisfaction (along with social support), and the latter predicting mental strain symptoms. Family problems are associated with increased health risks (stronger for men) and family responsibilities and constraints affect health behaviour (stronger for women). Job satisfaction is the most successfully predicted outcome in the study, and is similarly affected for men and women.
Motivations of aspiring male and female entrepreneurs
Authors: Cromie Stanley
Published: September 2008

This study examines the motives that stimulate individuals into becoming business proprietors. More specifically, it aims to discover if entrepreneurs have multiple motives for creating their enterprises, if non‐economic motives predominate over economic ones, and if men and women have similar reasons for business founding.

Results, based on personal interviews with 35 men and 34 women, indicate that both genders have a variety of reasons for founding and that women, as well as men, are primarily motivated by autonomy, achievement, a desire for job satisfaction and other non‐economic rewards. A desire to make money is not, however, an unimportant motive.

Turning to differences in motives we find that women are less concerned with making money and often choose business proprietorship as a result of career dissatisfaction. They also see entrepreneurship as a means of meeting simultaneously their own career needs and the needs of their children.
Kohlenhydratstoffwechsel bei Bacillus subtilis: Radiorespiratorische Untersuchung des Glucosemetabolismus
Authors: Riedel K.
Published: September 2008

Der anteilige Abbau der Glucose über den EMP

Abkürzungen: EMP EMBDEN‐MEYERHOF‐PARNAS‐WEG (Glykolyse), HMP Hexosemonophosphatweg. HMPO oxydativer Teil des HMP, HMPN, nichtoxydativer HMP‐Teil, ED ENTNER‐DOUDOROFF‐WEG, TG Trockengewicht

sowie über den oxydativen und nichtoxy‐dativen HMP bei Bacillus subtilis wurde erfaßt durch die Bildung von radioaktiv markiertem CO2 und der Markierung der RNS nach Verfütterung von Glucose‐1‐C14 und Glucose‐6‐C14. Der Nachweis des Glucoseabbaus sowohl über den oxydativen als auch über den nichtoxydativen Teil des HMP wurde durch die Radiomarkierung der RNS erbracht und, hierauf aufbauend, eine Methode zur Berechnung dieser beiden Abbauwege entwickelt. Unter den Bedingungen nichtwachsender Kulturen werden über den EMP 62%, oxydativen HMP 20% und nichtoxydativen HMP 18% abgebaut.
Daily observations: Necessity, ritual or imposition?
Authors: Revfeim K. J. A.
Published: September 2008

The cost of paid observers and inconvenience to voluntary observers brings into question the necessity for climate observations on weekends and public holidays. Proper interpretation of extreme or accumulated values, carried through to observations on the next workday, shows negligible effect on derived characteristics compared with regular daily observations. Statistical methods are given for parameter estimation, where some of the values are specified as data bounds. Monthly characteristics are estimated for a 123‐year rainfall record and 59‐year temperature record to validate the procedures.
CT, MRI and ultrasound scanning rates: Evaluation of cancer diagnosis, staging and surveillance in ontario
Authors: Coburn Natalie , Przybysz Raymond , Barbera Lisa , Hodgson David , Sharir Sharon , Laupacis Andreas , Law Calvin
Published: September 2008

Objective

To examine practice patterns and rates of computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and abdominal ultrasound (AUS) during staging, treatment and surveillance for cancer patients.

Methods

Using Ontario Health Insurance Plan billing data linked to the Ontario Cancer Registry, we determined rates of CT, MRI, and AUS by body site for breast, colorectal, lung, lymphoma, and prostate cancer, from 1998 to 2002. Rates of scans were additionally examined by region of patient residence and time from cancer diagnosis.

Results

The frequency of imaging increased in nearly all scans and tumors over the study period. Rates of peri‐diagnosis scans varied substantially by region, ranging from 1.7‐fold variation (CT for lung cancer) to 50‐fold variation (MRI for breast cancer). For breast cancer, there is possible over‐utilization of CT, but overall rates of scanning appear reasonable for the other four cancers.

Conclusions

Considerable regional variation in imaging rates suggests utilization guidelines should be developed or knowledge transfer initiatives are needed to improve compliance to existing guidelines. In breast cancer, there appears to be over‐utilization of imaging. Further studies are necessary to determine utilization for each stage, the reason scans were obtained, and the impact of scans on patient outcomes. J. Surg. Oncol. 2008;98:490–499. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detection of metastatic thyroid carcinoma by 99mTc‐pertechnetate in the presence of hyperfunctioning thyroid tissue
Authors: Krausz Yodphat , Horne Tifha
Published: September 2008

Neck metastases secondary to thyroid cancer are rarely visualized scinti‐graphically in the presence of a functioning thyroid gland. We present a patient with cervical lymph node metastases that take up 99mTc pertech‐netate in the presence of hyperfunctioning thyroid tissue and discuss the pathophysiology of this phenomenon.
Mood and persuasion: Evidence for the differential influence of positive and negative states
Authors: Kuykendall David , Keating John P.
Published: September 2008

This article investigated how moods influence reactions to a persuasive communication. Subjects read a magazine article designed to induce a positive, neutral, or negative state, then read and evaluated a communication for which argument quality varied. As in previous research (Worth & Mackie, 1987), argument quality failed to differentially influence attitudes for positive subjects. In contrast, attitudes were more favorable following stronger arguments for neutral and negative subjects. These findings suggest that systematic processing is reduced by positive, but not by negative moods. Discussion focuses on the processes underlying observed relationships, and on selective processing of communications as a means of mood management.
Developing a typology of affective responses to advertising
Authors: Batra Rajeev , Holbrook Morris B.
Published: September 2008

This article identifies—and then validates—a set of categories for use in the measurement of affective responses to advertising. Unlike previous categories developed for this purpose, these are first extracted by cluster analysis and then also subjected to formal tests for reliability and for convergent, discriminant, concurrent, and predictive validity.
Okadaic acid induces the expression of both early and secondary response genes in mouse keratinocytes
Authors: Holladay Karen , Fujiki Hirota , Bowden G. Tim
Published: September 2008

Okadaic acid (OA), a potent mouse skin tumor promoter and inhibitor of the protein phosphatases 1 and 2A, was investigated for its effects on the expression of tumor‐associated early and secondary response genes in mouse keratinocytes. Adult mice were treated topically with 12.5 nmol of OA, and the steady‐state levels of various gene transcripts in the skin were determined at different times after treatment. The nuclear protooncogenes c‐fos and c‐jun are referred to as early response genes because the classical tumor promoter 12‐O‐tetradecanoylphorbol‐13‐acetate (TPA) induces their expression to maximal levels within 2 h after treatment. OA induced the expression of c‐fos 2–72 h after treatment, with two peaks at 6 and 48 h. The steady‐state level of expression of c‐jun was relatively high in untreated skin, and OA induced a slight increase in its expression from 12 to 48 h after treatment. Transin and plasminogen‐activator (PA) urokinase, whose induced expression peaks at least 4 h after TPA treatment, are referred to as secondary response genes. OA induced their expression more slowly than TPA. In mouse papilloma cell line 308, OA induced higher and more sustained steady‐state levels of c‐jun and c‐fos than an equimolar dose of TPA. Transin and PA‐urokinase were induced to similar levels by TPA and OA in 308 cells; however, the induction of these genes by OA was slower than induction by TPA. The existence of different patterns of induced expression of early and secondary response genes by OA and TPA suggests that these tumor promoters affect gene expression in mouse keratinocytes through different pathways.
Expression of transforming growth factor‐alpha in regenerating liver and during hepatic differentiation
Authors: Evarts Ritva P. , Nakatsukasa Harushige , Marsden Elizabeth R. , Hu Zongyi , Thorgeirsson Snorri S.
Published: September 2008

Both the level of expression and cellular distribution of transcripts for transforming growth factor‐alpha (TGF‐α) were studied in adult rat liver after partial hepatectomy and during hepatic differentiation in fetal, neonatal, and adult livers by northern blot analysis and in situ hybridization. A marked increase in the expression of TGF‐α was observed in neonatal livers and in adult livers after partial hepatectomy and during hepatic regeneration following modification of the Solt‐Farber protocol. Quantitation of silver grains after in situ hybridization with a TGF‐α riboprobe revealed a sixfold to eightfold increase in fetal and neonatal hepatocytes. Moreover, the expression of TGF‐α in the liver 3 wk after birth was still fourfold higher than that of the adult quiescent liver. Both proliferating oval cells and basophilic foci of hepatocytes generated by modification of the Solt‐Farber protocol were positive for TGF‐α transcripts. The level of TGF‐α transcripts was sixfold higher in the basophilic foci than in the surrounding liver. High concentrations of TGF‐α transcripts were observed in the oval cells that lined pseudoducts and in the transitional cells proliferating within the ducts. The combination of in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry using cell‐specific antibodies revealed the presence of TGF‐α transcripts in both oval cells and in perisinusoidal stellate cells. The observation that TGF‐α transcripts were found both in primitive liver epithelial cells and perisinusoidal stellate cells suggests that this growth factor, in addition to its mitogenic action, may also have other important functions in the liver.
Walking speed during single and dual tasks in Parkinson's disease: Which characteristics are important?
Authors: Rochester Lynn , Nieuwboer Alice , Baker Katherine , Hetherington Victoria , Willems Anne‐Marie , Kwakkel Gert , Van Wegen Erwin , Lim Inge , Jones Diana
Published: September 2008

The impact of dual tasks on gait in Parkinson's disease (PD) reveals lack of automaticity and increased cognitive demands. We explored which characteristics explained walking speed with and without dual task interference and if they reflected the cognitive demands of the task. In 130 people with PD, gait performance was quantified in the home using accelerometers allowing estimates of single and dual task walking speed and interference (difference between dual and single task). Multiple regression analysis was used to explore the effect of 12 characteristics representing four domains (personal, motor symptoms, cognitive, affective) on gait outcomes. Thirty‐seven percent of variance in single task speed was explained by increased fear of falling, sex, age, disease severity, and depression; 34% of variance in dual task speed was explained by increased fear of falling, disease severity, medication, and depression; 12% of variance in interference scores was explained by greater disease severity and impaired executive function. Personal, motor, affective, and cognitive characteristics contribute to walking speed and interference, highlighting the multifactorial nature of gait. Different patterns of characteristics for each outcome indicates the impact of cognitive demand and task complexity, providing cautious support for dual task speed and interference as valid proxy measures of cognitive demand in PD gait. © 2008 Movement Disorder Society
Motor re‐training does not need to be task specific to improve writer's cramp
Authors: Zeuner Kirsten E. , Peller Martin , Knutzen Arne , Hallett Mark , Deuschl Günther , Siebner Hartwig R.
Published: September 2008

Previous studies showed a beneficial effect of motor re‐training in task‐specific hand dystonia. Here we examined whether re‐training needs to specifically focus on the task affected by dystonia. 21 patients with writer's cramp were randomly assigned to two types of re‐training: One group of patients trained drawing and writing movements using a pen attached to the bottom of a finger splint. The second group used therapeutic putty to train finger movements without exercises of drawing and writing movements. Training lasted for 8 weeks. Before re‐training, affected hand and forearm were immobilized for 4 weeks to facilitate the responsiveness to re‐training. Dystonia was assessed during handwriting using the Writer's Cramp Rating Scale. Although no clinical improvement was observed immediately after immobilization, 8 weeks of re‐training improved task‐specific dystonia relative to baseline (P = 0.005). Both training modalities were equally effective. More severely affected patients benefited most. There was no correlation between disease duration and the individual treatment response. Re‐training also improved hand function as indexed by the Arm Dystonia Disability Scale (P = 0.008). Kinematic handwriting analysis showed that re‐training lowered vertical force level and enhanced the fluency of handwriting. We conclude that re‐training does not need to specifically focus on the task affected by dystonia to be clinically effective. © 2008 Movement Disorder Society
Apparent diffusion coefficient of the superior cerebellar peduncle differentiates progressive supranuclear palsy from Parkinson's disease
Authors: Nicoletti Giuseppe , Tonon Caterina , Lodi Raffaele , Condino Francesca , Manners David , Malucelli Emil , Morelli Maurizio , Novellino Fabiana , Paglionico Sandra , Lanza Pierluigi , Messina Demetrio , Barone Paolo , Morgante Letterio , Zappia Mario , Barbiroli Bruno , Quattrone Aldo
Published: September 2008

The early diagnosis of progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) may be challenging, because of clinical overlapping features with Parkinson's disease (PD) and other parkinsonian syndromes such as the Parkinsonian variant of multiple system atrophy (MSA‐P). Conventional MRI can help in differentiating parkinsonian disorders but its diagnostic accuracy is still unsatisfactory. On the basis of the pathological demonstration of superior cerebellar peduncle (SCP) atrophy in patients with PSP, we assessed the SCP apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values in patients with PSP, PD, and MSA‐P in order to evaluate its differential diagnostic value in vivo. Twenty‐eight patients with PSP (14 with possible‐PSP and 14 with probable‐PSP), 15 PD, 15 MSA‐P, and 16 healthy subjects were studied by using diffusion weighted imaging (DWI). ADC was calculated in regions of interest defined in the left and right SCP by two clinically blinded operators. Intrarater (r = 0.98, P < 0.001) and interrater reliability (r = 0.97; P < 0.001) for SCP measurements were high. Patients with PSP had higher SCP rADC values (median 0.98 × 10−3mm2/s) than patients with PD (median 0.79 × 10−3 mm2/s, P < 0.001), MSA‐P (median 0.79 × 10−3 mm2/s, P < 0.001), and healthy controls (median 0.80 × 10−3 mm2/s, P < 0.001). DWI discriminated patients with PSP from PD and healthy subjects on the basis of SCP rADC individual values (100% sensitivity and specificity) and from patients with MSA‐P (96.4% sensitivity and 93.3% specificity). The higher values of rADC in SCP of patients with PSP correspond with the in vivo microstructural feature of atrophy detected postmortem and provide an additional support for early discrimination between PSP and other neurodegenerative parkinsonisms. © 2008 Movement Disorder Society
Optimizing algorithms to identify Parkinson's disease cases within an administrative database
Authors: Szumski Nicholas R. , Cheng Eric M.
Published: September 2008

Patients assigned the diagnostic ICD‐9‐CM code for Parkinson's disease (PD) in an administrative database may not truly carry that diagnosis because of the various error sources. Improved ability to identify PD cases within databases may facilitate specific research goals. Experienced chart reviewers abstracted the working diagnosis of all 577 patients assigned diagnostic code 332.0 (PD) during 1 year at a VA Healthcare System. We then tested the ability of various algorithms making use of PD and non‐PD diagnostic codes, specialty of clinics visited, and medication prescription data to predict the abstracted working diagnosis. Chart review determined 436 (75.6%) patients to be PD or Possibly PD, and 141 (24.4%) to be Not PD. Our tiered consensus algorithm preferentially used data from specialists over nonspecialists improved PPV to 83.2% (P = 0.003 vs. baseline). When presence of a PD prescription was an additional criterion, PPV increased further to 88.2% (P = 0.04 vs. without medication criterion), but sensitivity decreased from 87.4 to 77.1% (P = 0.0001). We demonstrate that algorithms provide better identification of PD cases than using a single occurrence of the diagnostic code for PD, and modifications of such algorithms can be tuned to maximize parameters that best meet the goals of a particular database query. © 2008 Movement Disorder Society
Atypical parkinsonism in the Caribbean island of Guadeloupe: Etiological role of the mitochondrial complex I inhibitor annonacin
Authors: Lannuzel Annie , Ruberg Merle , Michel Patrick P.
Published: September 2008

On the French West Indian island of Guadeloupe, atypical parkinsonian patients represent two‐thirds of all cases of parkinsonism, which is exceptionally frequent compared to epidemiological data from European countries where atypical parkinsonism accounts for only approximately 5% of all cases. The clinical entity was a unique combination of levodopa‐resistant parkinsonism, tremor, myoclonus, hallucinations, REM sleep behavior disorder and fronto‐subcortical dementia. Based on the presence or the absence of supranuclear gaze palsy, two subgroups of patients were distinguished. In patients with oculomotor signs that came to autopsy, neuronal loss was found to predominate in the substantia nigra and the striatum but other brain areas were also affected, including the frontal cortex. In addition, tau‐containing lesions were detected throughout the brain. Epidemiological data suggested a close association of the disease with the regular consumption of soursop, a tropical annonaceous plant. Experimental studies performed in midbrain cell cultures identified annonacin, a selective mitochondrial complex I inhibitor contained in the fruit and leaves of soursop, as a probable etiological factor. Consistent with this view, chronic administration of annonacin to rats through Alzet osmotic minipumps showed that annonacin was able to reproduce the brain lesions characteristic of the human disease. © 2008 Movement Disorder Society
Poststroke restless legs syndrome and lesion location: Anatomical considerations
Authors: Lee Seung‐Jae , Kim Joong‐Seok , Song In‐Uk , An Jae‐Young , Kim Yeong‐In , Lee Kwang‐Soo
Published: September 2008

Several case studies have reported on restless legs syndrome (RLS) associated with stroke. In this study, we investigated the prevalence and the lesion topography of poststroke RLS. There were 137 patients with ischemic stroke included in this study. The diagnosis of RLS was made 1 month after the index stroke using the criteria established by the International RLS Study Group. All patients enrolled underwent magnetic resonance imaging within 7 days of the onset of the stroke. The prevalence of stroke‐related RLS was calculated, and the topography of the associated ischemic lesions was analyzed. Among 137 patients, 17 patients (12.4%) were diagnosed with RLS after a stroke. Stroke‐related RLS was found in 10 out of 33 patients with a basal ganglia/corona radiata infarct (30.3%), 1 out of 8 patients with an internal capsular infarct (12.5%), and 1 out of 7 patients with a thalamic infarct (14.3%). In addition, one out of 54 with a cortical lesion with/without subcortical involvement (1.9%), and 4 out of 18 patients with a pontine lesion (22.2%) had RLS. The analysis of the lesions in the cortical and subcortical group showed only 1 patient in the cortical group had stroke‐related RLS, whereas 16 in the subcortical group had stroke‐related RLS. The results of this study suggest that lesions of the subcortical brain areas such as the pyramidal tract and the basal ganglia‐brainstem axis, which are involved in motor functions and sleep‐wake cycles, may lead to RLS symptoms in patients after an ischemic stroke. © 2008 Movement Disorder Society
A novel Y‐loop aperture frequency selective surface using substrate‐integrated waveguide technology
Authors: Qi Na‐Na , Gong Shu‐Xi , Zhang Peng‐Fei , Liu Jian‐Fu
Published: September 2008

In this article, a novel Y‐loop frequency‐selective surface (FSS) is proposed based on substrate‐integrated waveguide (SIW) technology. This novel Y‐loop FSS is analyzed by Ansoft HFSS simulation tool. It can be observed that the proposed Y‐loop aperture FSS has higher selectivity for reducing the relative bandwidth about 5%, and more stable bandwidth at different polarization states and in various incident directions compared with the conventional Y‐loop FSS. The effectiveness of the novel Y‐loop aperture FSS is validated by good agreement between the simulated results and the measured results. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 50: 3023–3027, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.23867
Two‐dimensional mapping of electro‐optic phase retardation in PLZT by digital holography
Authors: Shi Yan , Zheng Shilie , Zhang Xianmin , Jin Xiaofeng , Zou Yingyin Kevin
Published: September 2008

A two‐dimensional mapping of the phase retardation induced by the electro‐optic effect in lead lanthanum zirconate titanate (PLZT) is demonstrated by use of a digital holography method. This technique provides information of spatially resolved optical path difference in PLZT when a linearly rising voltage ramp is applied and can be used to evaluate the uniformity of a ferroelectric ceramic's electro‐optic properties and qualities. Besides, this technique could also be an alternative method to visualize the domain evolution in PLZT which is very important for the PLZT based photonic devices with help of a high speed CCD camera. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 50: 3093–3097, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.23869
Controllable reverse double U‐shaped defected ground structure for bandpass filter with improved out‐of‐band performances
Authors: Lin Wen‐Jeng , Chen Lih‐Shan , Houng Mau‐Phon
Published: September 2008

This letter presents a bandpass filter with low insertion loss and suppression of spurious resonance, which is implemented by using the controllable reverse double U‐shaped defected ground structure (RDU‐DGS) cells. The proposed RDU‐DGS cells are with the advantage of good controllability of band rejections without occupying too much area. The measured results of the proposed bandpass filters are in good agreement with simulated ones. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 50: 3055–3057, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.23871
Micromachined CMOS E‐band bandpass coplanar filters
Authors: Huang Pen‐Li , Wang Tao , Lin Yo‐Sheng , Lu Shey‐Shi
Published: September 2008

In this work, E‐band CMOS coplanar filters, whose initial design is made according to quasi‐ TEM‐approximation‐based analytical models, are implemented. To study the substrate effects, the CMOS‐compatible inductively coupled‐plasma (ICP) deep trench technology is used to selectively remove the silicon underneath the filter completely. For the filter with top metal thickness of 0.93 μm after the backside ICP etching, the results show that the input matching bandwidth, i.e. S11below −10 dB, moves from lower 39.8–81.4 GHz‐band to higher 55.9–94.1 GHz‐band, and the 3‐dB bandwidth of S21moves from lower 43.5–76.3 GHz‐band to higher 54.5–93.3 GHz‐band. In addition, a 4.67 dB improvement [from −8.86 dB (at 58.5 GHz) to −4.19 dB (at 74.5 GHz)] in peak S21was achieved. These results show that for the design of passive coplanar devices in the E‐band, the quasi‐TEM‐ approximation‐based analytical models can be used and the backside ICP etching is effective to reduce the substrate loss and parasitic capacitance. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 50: 3123–3125, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.23873