bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Stocking Diagram for Midwestern Eastern Cottonwood-Silver Maple-American Sycamore Bottomland Forests
Authors: Larsen David R. , Dey Daniel C. , Faust Thomas
Published: August 2019

A stocking diagram for Midwestern bottomland eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides Bartram ex Marsh.)-silver maple (Acer saccharinum L.)-American sycamore (Platanus occidentalis L.) forests was developed following the methods of S.F. Gingrich (1967 Measuring and evaluating stocking and stand density in upland hardwood forests in the Central States. For. Sci. 13:38‐53). The stocking diagram was derived from forest inventory data from two different studies of bottomland forests that covered a wide range of soil and hydrologic site characteristics found throughout the central Midwest, including Missouri, Iowa, Illinois, and southern Wisconsin. The minimum of full stocking (B-level) was determined from measurements on open-grown trees. The maximum of full stocking (A-level) in our study was almost one-third higher in stand basal area than A-level stocking, as determined by J.C.G. Goelz (1995. A stocking guide for southern bottomland hardwoods. South. J. Appl. For. 19:103‐104) for southern hardwood bottomlands dominated by cherrybark oak (Quercus pagoda Raf.), Nuttall oak (Quercus nuttallii Palmer), and sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.,), or by C.C. Myers and R.G. Buchman (1984. Manager's handbook for elm-ash-cottonwood in the north central states. GTR-98. US Forest Service, North Central For. Exp. Stn., St. Paul, MN. 11 p) for elm (Ulmus spp.), ash (Fraxinus spp.), and eastern cottonwood forests in the north central states. However, A-level stocking in this study was only slightly higher than guides developed for northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) in Wisconsin (McGill, D.W., R. Rogers, A.J. Martin, and P.S. Johnson. 1999. Measuring stocking in northern red oak stands in Wisconsin. North. J. Appl. For. 16:144‐150). Differences in stocking among these forest types are due to variation in species composition, species silvical characteristics, and possibly the data sources used to construct the stocking diagrams. This stocking diagram can be used by forest managers to make decisions related to stand stocking for management of eastern cottonwood, silver maple, and American sycamore bottomland forests in the Midwest.
Family Forest Owner Trends in the Northern United States
Authors: Butler Brett J. , Ma Zhao
Published: August 2019

Understanding forest ownership trends is critical for understanding forest trends. In the northern United States, where 55% of the forestland is controlled by families and individuals, it is imperative that we understand the trends within this complex and dynamic group of owners. The US Forest Service conducted forest landowner surveys across this region, and the rest of the United States, in 1993 and 2006. The published results are not directly comparable because of differences in what was reported and how the data were processed. Fortunately, the same sample designs were used and a subset of identical or near identical questions was asked on both surveys so that reprocessing the data allows for trends to be accurately assessed. The average size of family forest holdings decreased from 25 to 20 ac, reasons for owning remained amenity centered, and the owners are now more likely to be older, retired, have a higher income, and more educated.
Growth and Survival of Picea glauca following Thinning of Plantations Affected by Eastern Spruce Budworm
Authors: D'Amato Anthony W. , Troumbly Stacy J. , Saunders Michael R. , Puettmann Klaus J. , Albers Michael A.
Published: August 2019

The effects of thinning treatments on growth and survivorship of white spruce (Picea glauca [Moench] Voss) plantations affected by recent eastern spruce budworm (SBW) outbreaks were examined over a 5-year period in northern Minnesota. Thinning treatments increased individual tree growth, live crown ratios (LCRs), and survival relative to unthinned stands. Overall, stands affected by SBW had lower rates of volume production than unaffected stands. In addition, individual tree volume growth was greater in thinned SBW-affected stands relative to unthinned SBW-affected stands. Across stand conditions, individual tree postthinning volume growth response was best predicted by the interaction of prethinning LCR and postthinning relative density (RD). In particular, at low stocking levels (RD = 0.20) higher live crown values resulted in the highest volume growth ratios. On the other hand, at higher stocking levels (RD 0.40–0.55) volume growth was fairly consistent, regardless of LCRs. Across all stocking levels, a minimum LCR of 40% appears to ensure high tree and stand growth rates and is also an indicator of a tree's ability to respond positively to thinning. This plasticity of white spruce suggests that stands maintained at these crown target levels can achieve high levels of stand and individual tree productivity as long as appropriate LCRs are maintained.
Height-Diameter Equations for Select New Hampshire Tree Species
Authors: Fast Andrew J. , Ducey Mark J.
Published: August 2019

Height-diameter equations are important in modeling forest structure and yield. Twenty-seven height-diameter equations were evaluated for eight tree species occurring in the northern hardwood forest of New Hampshire using permanent plot data from the Bartlett Experimental Forest. Selected models with associated coefficients are presented for American beech, eastern hemlock, paper birch, red maple, red spruce, sugar maple, white ash, yellow birch, and all 16 species combined.
A Comparison of Soil Compaction Associated with Four Ground-Based Harvesting Systems
Authors: Bustos Oscar , Egan Andrew
Published: August 2019

A study of soil compaction associated with four harvesting systems—a forwarder working with a mechanized harvester and a rubber-tired cable skidder, a farm tractor, and a bulldozer, each of them coupled with a chainsaw felling—was conducted in a group selection harvest of a mixed hardwood stand in Maine. The bulldozer system was associated with the highest percentage differences in soil bulk density measured in machine tracks (16.9%), trail centerlines (15.7%), and harvested group selection units (13.1%) versus adjacent untrafficked areas, whereas the forwarder system was associated with the lowest percentage differences in soil bulk density measured in machine tracks (3.5%), trail centerlines (1.2%), and harvested group selection units (6.3%) versus adjacent untrafficked areas. Results will help to inform loggers and foresters on equipment selection, harvest planning, and the conservation of forest soils and soil productivity.
Foresters' Perceptions of Family Forest Owner Willingness to Participate in Forest Carbon Markets
Authors: Wade David , Moseley Cassandra
Published: August 2019

Payment for forest-based carbon sequestration may be an emerging opportunity to help mitigate climate change while creating new income streams for forest landowners. It is important to understand families' willingness to participate in emerging carbon markets, as they own 35% of the nation's forestlands. Most family forest owners have not enrolled in forest stewardship programs, suggesting that it may be difficult for them to participate in emerging carbon offset markets. The pilot study reported in this article sought to understand family forest owner willingness to participate in carbon sequestration projects by asking professional foresters who are members of the Forest Guild what they believed would influence family forest owner willingness to participate in sequestration projects and how projects could be designed to foster participation. These foresters identified profitability, compliance difficulties, immaturity of carbon markets, property rights infringements, moral objections to carbon markets, and forester hesitation in recommending participation as the principal barriers to participation. They suggested that barriers could be overcome by increasing profitability, creating low cost and low hassle compliance systems, addressing landowner property rights concerns, and implementing education campaigns aimed at increasing forester knowledge of carbon markets and sequestration projects.
Prescribed Burning White Spruce Slash in Interior Alaska
Authors: Zasada John , Norum Rodney
Published: August 2019

Broadcast burning following harvesting on flood-plain sites in Alaska substantially decreased residual organic material and increased exposed mineral soil. Two forest types were studied: white spruce/alder/feathermoss and white spruce/alder/lingenberry/feathermoss. The latter site contained permafrost. Fuel was reduced 67% and 81%, respectively; organic horizon thickness was decreased 43% to 2.9 in (7.4 cm) and 55% to 2.5 in (6.4 cm), respectively; and mineral soil exposure was 13% and 8%, respectively. Burning created good conditions for planting on both types. In addition, mechanical site preparation to increase mineral soil exposure appears to be necessary to achieve adequate, well-distributed regeneration from seed.

North. J. Appl. For. 3:16-18, Mar. 1986.
Adjusting Timberland Lease Payments for Stumpage Price-Changes
Authors: Klemperer W. David
Published: August 2019

Many past industrial leases of private timberlands have proven unsatisfactory for landowners, because lease payments were constant during periods of rapidly increasing timber prices. Although many contracts now index lease payments to the inflation rate, few incorporate real increases in stumpage prices above the inflation rate. This paper examines variations of two basic methods for incorporating real stumpage price-increases into formulas for determining acceptable lease payments from views of both landowner and firm. These approaches offer more satisfactory means for nonindustrial private forest landowners to receive annual income before harvest and for firms to obtain wood supplies without the high cost of land purchase.

North. J. Appl. For. 3:22-25, Mar. 1986.
Volume Equations and Stand Volumes for Unthinned Norway Spruce Plantations in New York
Authors: Jokela Eric J. , Briggs Russell D. , White Edwin H.
Published: August 2019

Total and merchantable stem volume prediction equations (English and metric) were developed using data from 228 trees sampled in 38 unthinned Norway spruce stands varying in age from 45 to 55 years on the Allegheny Plateau in central New York. The equations were used to estimate stand volumes for the 38 sample plantations. The results demonstrate the potential of Norway spruce as a fiber source, having growth rates equal to or exceeding those of native northern conifer species. Average total height of dominant and codominant stems, basal area, quadratic mean diameters, and total and merchantable standing volume for the sample stands ranged from 58-93 ft, 150-239 ft2/ac, 6.5-10.6 in, 5431-8833 ft3/ac, and 4431-8218 ft3;/ac, respectively. The most productive stands were generally found on well-drained to moderately well-drained soils, although Norway spruce grew well over a broad range of soil drainage conditions. North. J. Appl. For. 3:7-10, Mar. 1986.
Ground Cover Management Can Revitalize Black Walnut Trees
Authors: Schlesinger Richard C. , Van Sambeek Jerome W.
Published: August 2019

Many black walnut plantations have been successfully established in recent years, but not all have continued to grow well after establishment. In one 10-year-old plantation in southern Illinois, elimination of the fescue sod understory by annual cultivation for 5 years produced trees that were 69% larger in diameter at age 15 than those in untreated areas. In a second plantation, 17 years old at the time of treatment, elimination of the fescue by either cultivation or the establishment of hairy vetch resulted in a 250% increase in diameter growth over the next 3 years. For many slow-growing black walnut plantings, some form of understory vegetation management will be required to meet the goals of short-rotation forestry. North. J. Appl. For. 3:49-51, June 1986.
Silvicultural Management of Beech and the Beech Bark Disease
Authors: Ostrofsky William D. , McCormack Maxwell L.
Published: August 2019

Herbicides were used to control dense, advance reproduction of American beech and sprouting from roots and stumps of harvested beech in a northern hardwood stand in eastern Maine. Beech comprised 51% of the overstory basal area and was highly defective as a result of the beech bark disease. Beech saplings accounted for 80% of the advance reproduction.

The herbicides glyphosate (Roundup®) or triclopyr (Garlon 3A®), applied using a backpack mist blower, were effective in reducing advance reproduction of beech by 100% and 93%, respectively. When applied in frills on larger beech six weeks prior to harvesting, glyphosate reduced the number of sprouts, two growing seasons after treatment, by 85%; triclopyr by 87%. Beech individuals believed to be resistant to infestation by the beech scale were left as a component of the residual overstory, along with sugar maple, red maple, yellow birch, and paper birch. The two-stage application of herbicides followed by shelter-wood harvesting is a strategy for managing stands dominated by defective beech. North. J. Appl. For. 3:89-91, Sept. 1986.
Sampling Trailers for Estimating Moisture Content and Nutrient Concentrations for Hardwood Chips
Authors: Briggs Russell D. , White Edwin H. , Yawney Harry W.
Published: August 2019

Removals of biomass and nutrients from timber harvesting have been estimated by sampling trailers of whole-tree chips. The potential effects of chip stratification on estimates of chip moisture content and nutrient concentrations were examined using a three-dimensional sampling scheme. Moisture content and nutrient concentrations were significantly affected by the physical location of sampling plane (the sloping wall of chips) in filling trailers. Moisture content and nutrient concentrations were independent of horizontal and vertical position. When sampling filling trailers for estimation of chip moisture content and nutrient concentrations, effort should be directed toward sampling a greater number of planes, rather than withdrawing a large number of samples from one or two planes. North. J. Appl. For. 3:156-158, Dec. 1986.
Effects of Dimilin® on Diversity and Abundance of Forest Birds
Authors: Stribling H. Lee , Smith Harvey R.
Published: August 2019

Dimilin® is used in gypsy moth control programs because of its low toxicity to nontarget vertebrate species and nonpersistence in the environment. While Dimilin® does not appear to directly endanger birds it can reduce populations of invertebrate food items. At the application rate used in this study Dimilin® can be used in forest insect control programs without causing a significant decrease in the overall size or diversity of breeding bird populations. North. J. Appl. For. 4:37-38, Mar. 1987.
Collection of Yellow-Poplar Seed-Heads by Shaking
Authors: Cech Franklin C. , Keys Roy N.
Published: August 2019

Yellow-poplar seed-heads can be collected successfully by shaking using a standard Shock Wave Shaker. In the first year of this trial the average percentage shaken was 64 per tree, varying from a low of 24 to a high of 95. Average percent shaken dropped to 49 per tree the second and third years, with a range from 9 to 90%. Shaking causes superficial damage only and will not affect subsequent crops. There seemed to be no effect due to tree size, seed-head size, or shaking time. Pre-collection estimates of numbers of seed-heads using field glasses to aid in counting were only minimally successful. North. J. Appl. For. 4:78-81, June 1987.
Response of Stagnated Black Walnut to Chemical Release
Authors: Miller Les A. , Wray Paul H. , Mize Carl W.
Published: August 2019

Plantation black walnut can become stagnated because of excessive weed competition. A 7- to 11-year-old black walnut plantation was treated with simazine, Roundup, and a combination of the two. After 1 growing season, height and diameter growth increased substantially in the plots treated with Roundup and simazine plus Roundup. Greatest response was achieved by broadcast application. North, J. Appl. For. 4:93-95, June 1987.
Evaluation of Herbicides for Site Preparation in Central Wisconsin
Authors: Johnson James E.
Published: August 2019

The effect of 14, low-rate, chemical site preparation treatments and a control on competing vegetation was assessed in three clearcuts in central Wisconsin. Treatments were applied in July 1983, and vegetation response was measured in August 1983, 1984, and 1985. None of the treatments had lasting effects on grasses and sedges, although early top-kill resulted from Verdict and Velpar L treatments. Treatments containing Garlon 4 were particularly effective on oak sprouts, aspen, raspberry, and beaked hazel. Tordon 101 was also effective in controlling aspen. Sprouting oak stumps formed a persistent source of competing vegetation in the clearcuts. Tank mixes of Garlon 4 + Verdict and Velpar L + Garlon 4 were most effective in reducing the growth of the sprouting stumps; however, Garlon 4 appeared to be the primary oak control herbicide. North. J. Appl. For. 4:139-142, Sept. 1987.
Effects of Understory Removal in Hardwood Stands
Authors: Kelty Matthew J. , Gould Ernest M. , Twery Mark J.
Published: August 2019

Control of understory vegetation has frequently been suggested as a method of increasing overstory growth by reducing competition for soil moisture. However, past studies have given conflicting results: some show marked increases in growth rate resulting from understory removal, while others show no effect. Results of understory removal in an oak-dominated, mixed-species hardwood stand in central Massachusetts showed no growth increase compared to control plots, even over 13 growing seasons. Most other southern New England studies found no response on a variety of glacial till soils with a wide range in soil-moisture-holding capacity. Understory removal does not appear to be a useful technique to increase growth in hardwood stands on glacial till soils in the Northeast, apparently because soil moisture is not usually limiting to tree growth on these sites. Results are compared with those from other regions in the eastern United States. North. J. Appl. For. 4:162-164, Sept. 1987.
Oriental Bittersweet: A Growing Threat to Hardwood Silviculture in the Appalachians
Authors: McNab W. Henry , Meeker Marilynn
Published: August 2019

Oriental bittersweet, an introduced, deciduous shrubby vine, has the potential to become a serious pest on many hardwood regeneration sites in the Appalachians. Like wild grapevines, oriental bittersweet damages young hardwood stands by stem girdling, increasing risk of ice damage, and eventually causing death by shading the crown foliage. This vine is unusual in that its seedlings are extremely shade tolerant and on good-quality sites will respond to release with rapid growth. North. J. Appl. For. 4:174-177, Dec. 1987.
Managing Appalachian Hardwood Stands Using Four Regeneration Practice—34-Year Results
Authors: Smith H. Clay , Miller Gary W.
Published: August 2019

Adjacent Appalachian hardwood stands in West Virginia established on excellent growing sites were managed for a 34-year period using four regeneration practices. These practices included a commercial clearcut, 15.5-in diameter-limit, and two single-tree selection practices. An uncut area was maintained as a control. Stand development, growth response, and some stumpage revenue data were summarized for each treatment. At 34 years after the initial treatments, the commercial clearcut stand had the greatest variety of tree species for future management. This stand was dominated primarily by yellow-poplar and black locust. Selection and 15.5-in diameter-limit treatments promoted sugar maple on these excellent sites. Stand quality improved through management. After 34 years, the control area was worth $1,554/ac, and an intensively managed selection area was worth $1,214/ac, but the control area contained twice the sawtimber volume. Other preliminary value comparisons indicate that landowners benefit from some type of management compared to doing no management. North. J. Appl. For. 4:180-185, Dec. 1987.
A Red Pine Bark Factor Equation for Michigan
Authors: Fowler Gary W. , Damschroder Laura J.
Published: August 2019

A multiple linear regression equation was developed to predict bark factor for red pine in Michigan as a function of tree height. The equation was validated on independent data sets. The prediction equation yielded average relative errors less than ± 1% at all tree heights. Procedures are described for using the bark factor equation to estimate diameter inside bark from diameter outside bark and vice versa at any tree height. Specific uses of the prediction equation are also discussed.

North. J. Appl. For. 5:28-30, March 1988.
Site Index of Yellow-Poplar in Relation to Soils and Topography in the Allegheny Plateau of Ohio
Authors: Brown James H. , Marquard Robert D.
Published: August 2019

Yellow-poplar is an important component of forest stands in much of the central and eastern United States, and areas and volumes of the species have increased significantly in recent years. Multiple regression equations using soil and topographic factors were developed for predicting height growth and site index for yellow-poplar growing on old-field sites in the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau of Ohio. Equations containing only aspect, slope position, and tree age accounted for approximately 75% of the variation in heights of trees, while adding total soil depth and/or pH of the A soil horizon increased the variation accounted for to 80 to 83%. Thirty-five year site indices (based on age at breast height (bh) and height from bh to growing tip) varied from 56 to 80 ft.

North. J. Appl. For. 5:34-38, March 1988
Liquid Hexazinone Application over Red Pine Seedlings
Authors: Alm Alvin A. , Whorton James M.
Published: August 2019

Hexazinone is a commonly used herbicide for release of red pine in the Lake States from competing vegetation. The label is specific regarding time of application, recommended rate, and target species. Label recommendations were tested by using the herbicide on dates in April, May, and July at specified rates with broadcast band and spot applications over 3-0 red pine. Results show that exceeding label rates can damage red pine. Hexazinone satisfactorily controlled aspen, cherry, serviceberry, raspberry and various grasses, but was not effective for control of hazel species. Spraying too late in the growing season caused delayed response. These findings are applicable to forest managers in the Lake States and elsewhere who are establishing red pine or working with the control of similar vegetation.

North. J. Appl. For. 5:61-64, March 1988.
Impact of Gypsy Moth Defoliation in Stands Containing White Pine
Authors: Brown James H. , Cruickshank Valerie B. , Gould Walter P. , Husband Thomas P.
Published: August 2019

Heavy infestations of gypsy moth in Rhode Island forests in 1981 and 1982 caused the greatest defoliation and mortality of white pines in stands where pines were mixed with oaks. White pine basal area losses were greatest (33.7%) in oak stands where white pine occurs as an understory (oak-pine). In stands where pines shared the canopy with oaks (pine-oak), white pine basal area losses were 12.7%, and in pure pine stands, losses were 7.3%. Losses were nearly 5, 4 and 9 times those observed in control stands for oak-pine, pine-oak, and pine stands, respectively. Results indicate that in oak-pine stands, cutting practices that encourage the growth of understory white pines to canopy positions where trees are less vulnerable to defoliation should be a first priority of management. North. J. Appl. For. 5:108-111, June 1988.
Stem Quality of White Pine Established by Seeding in Furrows and by Planting
Authors: Graber Raymond E.
Published: August 2019

The quality of eastern white pine established by direct seeding is compared to that of a conventional 6 x 6 ft plantation. Tree density of the seeded pine was nearly three times that of the plantation. The seeded trees were the same height, had a smaller dbh, less stem injury due to the white pine weevil, and smaller branches. The result is a direct-seeded tree of higher quality at a lower establishment cost than a plantation tree. North. J. Appl. For. 5:128-129, June 1988.
An Eastern Redcedar and Rocky Mountain Juniper Provenance Test for Windbreak Suitability in Eastern South Dakota
Authors: Schaefer Peter R. , Baer Norman B.
Published: August 2019

Eastern redcedar and Rocky Mountain juniper are the two most commonly planted conifers east of the Black Hills in South Dakota. They are also planted in large numbers throughout the rest of the Great Plains. Despite their widespread use, practical genetic information for these species is limited. A regional provenance test of 118 eastern redcedar and 26 Rocky Mountain juniper sources was established in eastern South Dakota in 1980 to address this problem. Eastern redcedar exhibited better combinations of traits, with greater height growth, larger crown spread, a wider branch angle, and a stronger tendency toward producing a single terminal leader than Rocky Mountain juniper. Based on a windbreak suitability index the best performing seedlots collected from natural stands were all eastern redcedar from a large area of the central Great Plains. These results indicate that eastern redcedar should be favored over Rocky Mountain juniper for planting in eastern South Dakota. Sources of eastern redcedar south of central Kansas should be avoided. North. J. Appl. For. 5:129-132, June 1988.
Pollarding for Multiple Benefits
Authors: Burnett Christopher D. , Gilluly David
Published: August 2019

Pollarding is a traditional method of producing fuelwood in agroforestry systems where livestock browsing restricts tree regeneration by seedlings or coppice sprouts. As in coppicing, pollarding produces successive crops of wood from the vegetative sprouts of repeatedly harvested trees, but in pollarding the dominant sprouts are formed near the top of permanent trunks above the reach of livestock. The unique structure of pollards also makes them suitable for use as short-rotation fuelwood trees where fire restricts tree regeneration at ground level. In addition to fuelwood, pollards produce other tree products, as well as soil, wildlife, and esthetic benefits. With this combination of benefits, pollarding has potential for ameliorating certain environmental problems in the midwestern United States and for meeting the multiple objectives of many woodland owners. To assess this potential, we measured biomass yields and sprouting characteristics of honey locust and pin oak pollards harvested on 15- and 11-year rotations, respectively. Both species produced moderate yields of biomass and responded vigorously to pollarding. Potential benefits and problems of the method are discussed and applications of pollarding in farm and nonfarm settings are proposed. North. J. Appl. For. 5:148-152, June 1988.
Productivity Comparison of 37-Year-Old Loblolly-Shortleaf Pine Seed Sources in Southern Illinois
Authors: Rink George , Wells Osborne O.
Published: August 2019

In a 37-year-old southern Illinois species comparison/provenance test shortleaf pine produced greater volumes of wood than loblolly pine, both per acre and per/acre/year. Although surviving loblolly pine were taller, shortleaf pine had greater per/acre volume primarily due to a two-fold greater survival than that for loblolly pine. Only 14% of the loblolly pine were present at age 37, partially reflecting a biased representation with southern seed sources. For shortleaf pine, trees of southwest Missouri had the highest survival and the greatest production per acre. North. J. Appl. For. 5:155-158, June 1988.
Effects of Spatial Arrangement in Mixed-Species Hardwood Plantations
Authors: Von Althen Friedrich W.
Published: August 2019

Sixteen hardwood species were planted in different arrangements in two experiments in a former field with an imperfectly drained silt loam soil in Middlesex County, Ontario. With few exceptions planting arrangement had little effect on 10-year survival and on height and diameter increment. However, overall survival and growth were slightly better in the row planting than in the completely random mixture. Applications of 3.3 kg/ha of active simazine in each of the first 3 years after planting provided adequate weed control. One additional application of 2 kg/ha of active glyphosate in June of the sixth growing season eliminated 80% of the competition, renewed tree vigor, and enabled the trees to close the canopy and thereby provide their own weed control through shading. Recommendations are made for the establishment of mixed hardwood plantations in southern Ontario. North. J. Appl. For. 5:203-207, Sept. 1988.
Effects of Weed Species on Northern Hardwood Regeneration in New Hampshire
Authors: Leak William B.
Published: August 2019

Regeneration stocking of northern hardwoods following cutting is difficult to assess because of limited information on the impact of dominating weed species. Measurements on more than 1,500 milacres were taken 8 years after cutting by commercial clearcutting, diameter limit, moderate and light selection. Milacres dominated by striped maple or hobblebush were respectively, ¼ to ⅓ or ¼ to ⅔ nonstocked with established commercial species. Milacres dominated by pin cherry showed no reduction in stocking of commercial tree species when compared to milacres without dominating weeds. Among individual commercial species, sugar maple and white ash showed the least response to dominating weed competition. The results provide preliminary guidelines on evaluating weed competition during regeneration surveys. North. J. Appl. For. 5:235-237, December 1988.
Effects of Thinning, Patch Clearcutting, Site Preparation, and Planting on Development of Yellow Birch in Quebec
Authors: Roberge Marcien R.
Published: August 2019

This is a report of a 1964 thinning and patch clearcutting to increase the proportion of yellow birch in a sugar maple-yellow birch stand in the Dudswell Forest. In 1984, 20 years after treatment, improved quality, health, and growth of thinned stands were observed. Dieback or partial mortality of the crown varied between 0 and 10% in thinned plots and between 25 and 50% in unthinned plots. Despite this dieback in unthinned plots, net growth between 1979 and 1984 was 6 m3/ha. The abundant natural regeneration was growing well, especially in the openings created by clearcutting. Soil scarification, with or without yellow birch artificial seeding, stimulated yellow birch establishment, but the effect did not persist and had disappeared by 1969 or within 5 years. Planting yellow birch increased the number of dominant yellow birch saplings in 1969 and in 1974 or for 10 years. In 1979, when the first release cutting was carried out in the patches clearcut 15 years before, yellow birch dominated in 4% of the subplots; this increased to 18% after the release cutting. From 1979 to 1984, released yellow birch saplings doubled in diameter and were of better quality than the unreleased ones. North. J. Appl. For. 5:248-251, December 1988.
A Decision-Making Case Study for Community Forest Management
Authors: Crosby Paul B. , Barrett James P.
Published: August 2019

Community forest managers would benefit from a decision-making procedure that would help them weigh management alternatives and select one that best contributes to their goals. A matrix technique that uses a system of rating and weighing alternative impacts was applied to the decision-making process on the Rye Town Forest in Rye, NH. Using the results of a comprehensive multiple-use inventory of the forest and a survey of residents' preferences for uses of the forest, the matrix procedure aided in selecting a preferred management strategy. It encourages a systematic and objective comparison of preselected management alternatives and allows decision-makers to efficiently analyze and compare new alternatives. North. J. Appl. For. 5:254-258, December 1988.
White Pine Blister Rust in the Eastern Upper Peninsula of Michigan
Authors: Robbins Kathryn , Jackson William A. , McRoberts Ronald E.
Published: August 2019

Incidence of blister rust, caused by Cronartium ribicola, found during a survey of eastern white pines on the Hiawatha National Forest in the eastern Upper Peninsula of Michigan was unexpectedly low: only 6.8% of all plots had one or more infected white pine and 1 5% of all white pines surveyed had blister rust. North. J. Appl. For. 5:263-264, December 1988.
Survival and Development of VAM Containerized Yellow-Poplar Seedlings
Authors: Hay Ronald L. , Rennie John C. , Ford Victor L.
Published: August 2019

Containerized yellow-poplar seedlings grown for 19 weeks, in VAM (Glomus mosseae anti G. fasciculatum)-inoculated media, were outplanted on a strip mine spoil, an abandoned agricultural field, and a previously wooded site. Survival was significantly greater for the VAM treatments than for the control, but there were no differences between the two Glomus species. Survival was greatest on the mine spoil, where there was minimal competing vegetation; seedlings grew well enough to establish a plantation. Height and root collar diameter were significantly greater for the VAM seedlings than for the nonmycorrhizal seedlings. G. fasciculatum-colonized seedlings were consistently largest of all treatments. The previously wooded site produced the tallest seedlings. North. J. Appl. For. 6:20-22, March 1989.
Individual Tree Volume Equations for the Northeastern United States: Evaluation and New Form Quotient Board Foot Equations1
Authors: Burk Thomas E. , Hans Richard P. , Wharton Eric H.
Published: August 2019

Volume equations used in forest survey in the northeastern United States were evaluated using data collected as part of utilization studies. Results are presented for both cubic foot and board foot equations for 16 species groups. Existing cubic foot equations were found to be satisfactory while the board foot equations generally produced significantly large underestimates. New board foot equations that include a measure of tree form were derived. North. J. Appl. For. 6(1):27-31, March 1989.
A Validation of TWIGS for Illinois Forests
Authors: Kowalski David G. , Gertner George Z.
Published: August 2019

The predictive ability of the Central States growth and yield system TWIGS 3.0 was evaluated for Illinois forests. The data used to validate the system were collected from permanent plots that had been established throughout the state and maintained for up to 30 years. TWIGS growth predictions were analyzed through the differences between observed and predicted stand and species characteristics. TWIGS consistently overpredicted mean stand diameter and underpredicted tree survival over a 30-year growth projection. The combined result of prediction errors in diameter growth and tree survival was a consistent underprediction of basal area per acre. Percent error at the twentieth year of projection was -6% for mean stand diameter, 18% for tree survival, and 6% for basal area. TWIGS, with its simulation features and small relative prediction errors for some major timber species, is an adequate growth and yield system for Illinois' mixed hardwood forests. North. J. Appl. For. 6:154-156, December 1989.
Examination of Forest Inventory and Mapping Systems to Reduce the Number of Political Units
Authors: Hove Gregg P. , Blinn Charles R. , Moody Norman R. , Westfield Lee M.
Published: August 2019

Forest inventory systems should provide an efficient and logical approach to classifying cover type data. Inventory and mapping procedures that recognize small legal or political units (e.g., section lines, quarter-section lines, or 40-ac lines) may be inefficient as some cover types cross these boundaries. This may result in data redundancy, sampling and mathematical inconsistencies, increased sampling and data management costs, and more complex management decision making.

An alternative data aggregation and mapping procedure was performed on three representative townships to eliminate redundancy in existing forest inventory data and to reduce the number of similar cover types. The cover type combination process, along with the use of a mapping system, resulted in a more efficient reporting and display of the inventory data. While benefits would probably be maximized if decision makers considered unit size before conducting an initial inventory or reinventory, benefits can still be derived if unit size is maximized after conducting this inventory. A classification system that recognizes the fewest possible political units encourages land managers to recognize existing cover types as management units.

North. J. Appl. For. 6:157-161, December 1989.
Investment Analysis of Upland Oak Stands with Sugar Maple Understories: Management for Oak vs. Conversion to Sugar Maple in Iowa and Missouri
Authors: Countryman David W. , Miller Helene R.
Published: August 2019

A land and timber expectation value (LTEV) was developed by modifying the Faustmann formula (Le) to allow for overlapping rotations, easy sensitivity analysis, alternative management strategies with different rotation lengths, and a unique initial, existing timber stand. This LTEV establishes a value (i.e., price one can pay) for a parcel of land, existing timber thereon, and management scenario analyzed that will result in a rate of return equal to the selected discount rate. LTEV was then used to analyze management scenarios typical of Iowa and Missouri for oak shelterwood, oak clearcutting, oak underplanting, and conversion to sugar maple.

In stands with medium and high initial stand values, which tend to occur on sites that produce higher yields of quality oaks, sugar maple has the largest LTEV if the oak stand is past economic maturity, because of higher carrying and silvicultural costs associated with the oak alternatives. In general, the preferred oak alternatives on these sites were clearcutting, then underplanting, and then shelterwood. In stands with low initial stand values, which tend to occur on poorer sites, where there are lower market prices or where there was poor past management, oak has larger LTEVs than sugar maple. In general, shelterwood was the most economical for oak, followed by clearcutting and then underplanting.

If the existing oak stand can be entered before the stand reaches economic maturity, oak shelterwood and underplanting LTEVs can be larger than those for sugar maple, even on the better sites, because carrying costs are offset by stand value growth. When this occurs, the higher final stand value of oak causes it to rank higher than sugar maple. In making the final decision to favor oak or maple, other factors such as landowner values and objectives must also be considered.

North. J. Appl. For. 6:165-169, December 1989.
Cleaning Paper Birch in a Birch-Aspen Stand in Maine: A 34-Year Case History
Authors: LaBonte George A. , Leso Robert J.
Published: August 2019

Periodic measurements were made for 34 years following cleanings in a 7-year-old paper birch-quaking aspen stand. The results demonstrate the value of removing aspen to assure a high proportion of birch. At age 41, in the fall of 1985, the untreated control plot is an essentially pure aspen stand. The cleaned portion contains various proportions of birch, depending on the season of initial cleaning and degree of release. A mixture of the herbicides, 2,4,5-T and 2,4-D, was used to do part of the cleaning. The best results were obtained from a combination of a partial cleaning in July and August of 1951, followed by a total cleaning 7 years later, where the stand is now dominated by paper birch. North. J. Appl. For. 7(1):22-23, March 1990.
Tree Shelters Increase Heights of Planted Oaks in a Michigan Clearcut
Authors: Lantagne Douglas O. , Ramm Carl W. , Dickmann Donald I.
Published: August 2019

A shelterwood cut, applied in 1954, failed to adequately regenerate oaks on an upland site in southern Michigan. At age 22, the stand, dominated by dogwood, red maple, black cherry, and other low-quality species, was clearcut and planted to 2-0 northern red oak seedlings. Four treatments included: control (clearcut harvest only), woody brush control, plastic tree seedling shelters, and woody brush control plus tree seedling shelters. The northern red oak seedlings planted in tree shelters were 42% taller than unsheltered seedlings after 2 growing seasons. Over 64% of sheltered seedlings were 3 ft high or taller, compared to only 22% of the unsheltered seedlings, after 2 growing seasons. Woody brush control appeared to have no effect on the 2-year height of planted red oak. North. J. Appl. For. 7(1):24-26, March 1990.
Bird Community Response to Timber Stand Improvement and Snag Retention
Authors: Stribling H. Lee , Smith Harvey R. , Yahner Richard H.
Published: August 2019

Avian surveys were conducted from May-July, 1985 on four study areas in the Moshannon State Forest, Clearfield Co., PA. We compared bird populations and communities in Timber Stand Improvement areas to Timber Stand Improvement areas with snags retained (TSI vs. TSI + SNAG, respectively). Bird numbers averaged 1.7 times higher on the TSI + SNAG area than on the TSI area. Average species richness also was significantly higher on TSI + SNAG. Retention of snags was important to bark-gleaning and cavity-nesting birds. During TSI operations, forest managers can improve habitat for cavity-nesting and bark-gleaning birds by leaving snags. The costs of leaving snags is low, and the long-term benefits provided by insectivorous birds outweigh the costs. North. J. Appl. For. 7(1):35-38, March 1990.
Racial Diversity of Black Locust in Growth Rate and in Susceptibility to the Locust Twig Borer
Authors: Genys John B. , Harman Dan M.
Published: August 2019

Twenty-five different geographic sources of black locust trees from Ohio, Maryland, West Virginia, and Virginia were studied for 3 years in a replicated experiment in Maryland. Significant differences were found in heights, diameters, kiln-dry weights, and susceptibility levels to locust twig borer. None of these variables were related to either longitude or latitiude of the seed source. However, high-elevation sources included more rapidly growing populations than those from low elevations. The third-year sprouts of the most productive source had the kiln-dry weights equivalent to 70,000 kg/ha. This suggests that selected black locust sources may qualify for short-rotation mass yield of energy. The most outstanding in kiln-dry weight per square growth space were some sources from Tucker, Randolph, and Mineral counties of West Virginia. North. J. Appl. For. 7(1):38-43, March 1990.
Natural Regeneration Patterns in Even-Aged Mixed Stands in Southern New England
Authors: Kittredge David B. , Ashton P. Mark S.
Published: August 2019

A regeneration survey in southern New England in three different cover types indicated that most of the seedlings present were less than 19.7 in. in height. Although red oak was a principal component of the overstory, it represented a small proportion of regeneration. Black birch and red maple were common regeneration components. There was a general relationship between overstory density and the amount of regeneration. To obtain natural regeneration, a general broad optimum range of overstory densities between 20-80 ft²/ac of basal area is suggested. Successful red oak and sugar maple regeneration was obtained with overstory densities of these species between 20-40 ft²/ac. A higher proportion of these species did not result in more regeneration. White pine regeneration was closely related to the amount of white pine in the overstory, however. The density of mountain laurel seemed to have little effect on the establishment of regeneration. The greater the length of time since last harvest, the more oak seedlings would be present in hard-wood stands. The opposite was true for red maple, black birch, and hemlock. North. J. Appl For. 7:163-168, December 1990.
North American Aspen: Timber Supply, Utilization, and Research
Authors: Einspahr Dean W. , Wyckoff Gary W.
Published: August 2019

Bigtooth and quaking aspen are the two most important white poplar species in North America, comprising 11.9 million ac in the Lake States, 4.4 million ac in western United States, and an estimated 100 million ac in Canada. Lake States aspen utilization increased greatly in the last 10 years and during the period 1982-87 accounted for 47-55% of the total pulpwood harvest. In 1987, removals were estimated at 286 million ft ft³ and growth at 282 million ft³ Canadian aspen utilization has also increased dramatically since 1980 and is expected to expand as demand for structural flakeboard and hardwood pulp increases. Even with increased use, less than 10% of the Canadian allowable cut is being utilized. Despite evidence on the importance of aspen on the economy of the U.S. Lake States and Canada, only a minor amount of research has been undertaken in the last 10 years to genetically improve and/or maintain the existing aspen resource. North. J. Appl. For. 7:168-171, December 1990.
Black Spruce and Jack Pine Plantation Performance in Boreal Ontario: 10-year Results
Authors: Wood James E.
Published: August 2019

Field trials with black spruce and jack pine were established in boreal Ontario to evaluate the effect of stock type and planting date on plantation performance. Black spruce stock types included FH408 Japanese paperpots, 3 + 0 seedlings and 1.5 + 1.5 transplants. Jack pine stock types included FH408 Japanese paperpots, Ontario Tubes, and 2 + 0 seedlings. Both species were planted during the traditional spring planting season (May-June) as well as in July. Field performance i.e., survival and growth) of black spruce planted in May as FH408 paperpots and 1 5 + 1.5 transplants and in July as paperpots was satisfactory. Jack pine planted in June as paperpots and 2 + 0 seedlings also performed satisfactorily. Although the relative differences in growth among treatments tended to diminish for both species over the study period, some stock-type and planting-date differences were still evident 10 years after planting. North. J. Appl. For. 7:175-179, December 1990.
Relationships Between Live Tree Diameter and Cavity Abundance in a Missouri Oak-Hickory Forest
Authors: Allen Arthur W. , Corn Janelle G.
Published: August 2019

We quantified relationships between mean dbh of live, dominant and codominant trees, and cavity abundance in an oak-hickory forest in southeast Missouri. Inspection of 3,981 trees >12.7 cm dbh in 107 0.1-ha plots indicated that cavities occurred in 19.9% of all trees. White oak, black oak, scarlet oak, and hickories composed 97% of the sample. Black oak contained the greatest number and frequency of cavities; white oak had the fewest cavities. In general, the proportion of trees with cavities increased as dbh increased, but mean tree dbh per plot explained little of the observed variance in cavity abundance. Correlations between tree diameter and cavity abundance were poor because of the wide variety of factors that affect cavity development in living trees. Differences in cavity occurrence among tree species suggest that black and scarlet oaks should be selected over hickories and white oak when managing for cavity trees. North. J. Appl. For. 7:179-183, December 1990.
Stand Damage Following Whole-Tree Partial Cutting in Northern Forests
Authors: Cline Michael L. , Hoffman Benjamin F. , Cyr Michael , Bragg William
Published: August 2019

Eighteen mechanically harvested, partially cut hard- and mixed-wood stands in New England were examined to determine the extent of logging damage. Frequency of crop tree damage averaged 9.6%. Tree injury, both incidence and severity, was not related to location relative to skid trails or landings. Variations in damage level between sites was not explained by numbers of trees per acre, size of trees, or basal area prior to or after harvest, but cover type, rockiness, and season of harvest in combination accounted for a small part of the site-to-site differences. Residual stand damage appeared to be most influenced by the care in harvest planning and the experience of the equipment operators. North. J. Appl. For. 8(2):72-76.