bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Growth and Physiological Response of Four Shortleaf Pine Families to Herbicidal Control of Herbaceous Competition
Authors: Yeiser Jimmie L. , Barnett James P.
Published: August 2019

Four open-pollinated families of shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.) seedlings were planted near Perryville, AR, in February 1988. Three herbaceous weed control treatments were tested for each family along with an untreated check. A single treatment of 3 oz ai/ac of Oust® was applied in April 1988 for spot, band, and total control of herbs. Total control was maintained with directed applications of Roundup° (3% product) as needed. Seedling survival averaged above 95% after two growing seasons for each treatment. Soil moisture, seedling growth, and seedling biomass were greatest and fascicle water potential of pines was least negative on plots receiving total control of herbs. Intermediate levels of fascicle water potentials occurred in spot- and band-treated plots where seedlings realized 91% of the height and 83% of the diameter growth potential for the site. Lowest soil moisture and growth plus most negative fascicle water potentials occurred on untreated check plots. Families differed in their physiological response when soil moisture increased. Needles and roots were the largest components of biomass. While improving pine growth, spot treatments for herbaceous weed control offer ecological and cost advantages over band treatments or total control. South. J. Appl. For. 15(4):199-204.
Relation of Nantucket Pine Tip Moth Attack and Fusiform Rust Infection in Loblolly Pine Families
Authors: Hedden Roy L. , Belanger Roger P. , Powers Harry R. , Miller Thomas
Published: August 2019

The relationship between pine tip moth attack and fusiform rust infection was studied in a 12-year-old loblolly pine stand in Houston County, GA. Four pine families were selected for study, and 24 trees of each family were felled for evaluation. The lower 8 ft of each tree was cut into two 4-ft sections and split to reveal the pith. Each section was examined for evidence of pine tip moth attack and the presence of fusiform rust galls. The analysis revealed 476 tip moth attacks and 99 fusiform rust galls. Forty-six of the rust galls occurred at the same place as a tip moth attack. These results, when combined with those of previous studies, suggest that the control of the pine tip moth may reduce the incidence of fusiform rust. Growth and yield simulations and economic analyses indicate that insecticide treatment of loblolly pine for the combined control of the pine tip moth and the associated reduction in levels of fusiform rust infection may be potentially cost effective in stands managed for sawtimber, but not for pulpwood. South. J. Appl. For. 15(4):204-208.
Effect of Cone Storage on Pine Seed Storage Potential
Authors: Bonner F. T.
Published: August 2019

The effect of cone storage on seed viability during 5 years of storage at 35°F was tested with seeds from studies with loblolly (Pinus taeda L.), slash (P. elliottii Engelm.), longleaf (P. palustris Mill.), and eastern white (P. strobus L.) pines. Results showed that: (1) with the exception of slash pine, seeds from cones stored for the longer periods retained quality during storage better than seeds from cones that were stored only short periods; (2) all species exhibited slight, but statistically significant, decreases in seed quality after 3 years of storage, and with the exception of loblolly, more substantial decreases in germination rate at 5 years; (3) with the exception of eastern white pine, declining rates of germination indicated losses of seed quality at least one year before total percent germination decreased, and (4) slash pine seeds from cones in the center of 20-bushel crates performed better in storage than those from cones at the top of the crates or from cones stored in bags, but storage container made no difference for loblolly. South. J. Appl. For. 15(4):216-221
Costs of Protecting Water Quality During Harvesting on Private Forestlands in the Southeast
Authors: Lickwar Peter , Hickman Clifford , Cubbage Frederick W.
Published: August 2019

Data on harvest volumes, topography, and other site and area characteristics were obtained from 22 timber harvests in Alabama, Florida, and Georgia. An economic analysis was then used to estimate the marginal costs of implementing each state's recommended Best Management Practices (BMPs), as well as a set of enhanced BMPs on these sites. Considering all of the areas combined, the costs of using the recommended BMPs averaged 2.9% of gross timber sale revenue, $2.34 per thousand board feet (mbf) of timber harvested, or $12.45/ac. The cost of implementing the enhanced BMPs averaged 5.1% of gross stumpage value, $4.13/mbf, or $21.94/ac. Seed, fertilizer, and mulch, broad based dips, and water bars were the most expensive practices on a total cost basis. Culvert installation, streamside management zones, and road relocation costs were less expensive for most tracts. South. J. Appl. For. 16(1):13-20.
Assessing Timber Availability in Upland Hardwood Forests
Authors: May Dennis M. , LeDoux Chris B.
Published: August 2019

Reported forest inventory statistics gathered by the USDA Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station, Forest Inventory and Analysis (SOFIA) have been criticized because not all of the inventory volume reported is truly available for harvest. In response to this criticism, a procedure has been developed for assessing timber availability from reported inventory statistics for upland hardwood forests. The procedure uses forest inventory and ownership statistics gathered by SOFIA, a stump-to-mill cost prediction model developed by the USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, and published wood price reports. Under the specific assumptions and conditions set forth in a demonstration of the procedure, a quarter of Tennessee's reported upland hardwood forest, containing about 40% of the reported inventory volume, was estimated to be available for harvest. The usefulness of the procedure in assessing available timber supplies for individual mills was also demonstrated. South. J. Appl. For. 16(2):82-88.
Basal Area and Diameter Distribution Models for Loblolly Pine Plantations with Hardwood Competition in the Piedmont and Upper Coastal Plain
Authors: Knowe Steven A.
Published: August 2019

Prediction equations were developed for basal area and percentiles of diameter distributions to account for the hardwood component in site-prepared, Piedmont and Upper Coastal Plain loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations. Unlike existing stand-level simulation models that incorporate hardwood competition, the new equations resulted in constant total basal area regardless of the amount of hardwood competition and permitted the variance of the diameter distribution to increase with increasing proportion of hardwoods. The equations presented can be used with existing dominant height, survival, and volume equations as a tool for assessing the impact of hardwoods on loblolly pine yield. South. J. Appl. For. 16(2):93-98.
Habitat Characteristics of Active and Abandoned Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Colonies
Authors: Loeb Susan C. , Pepper William D. , Doyle Arlene T.
Published: August 2019

Active red-cockaded woodpecker (Picoides borealis) colonies in the Piedmont of Georgia are mature pine stands (mean age = 87 ± 1 yr old) with relatively sparse midstories (mean basal area = 31 ± 3 ft²/ac). Active and abandoned colony sites have similar overstory characteristics, but midstories are significantly denser in abandoned colony sites (mean basal area = 56 ± 3 ft²/ac). Previous studies have focused on the effect of hardwoods in the midstory, but we found that increases in both pine and hardwood midstory density are associated with colony abandonment. A logistic regression model based on field data suggests that the probability of a colony becoming abandoned increases considerably when midstory basal area is >30 ft²/ac. To maintain redcockaded woodpecker populations, managers should keep midstory basal area in colonies below 25ft²/ac. Treatments should be applied to entire stands and not just around individual cavity trees. South. J. Appl. For. 16(3):120-125.
Response of Pondcypress (Taxodium distichurn var. nutans) to Thinning
Authors: Ewel Katherine C. , Davis H. Terrell
Published: August 2019

Growth rates increased in 1/5-ac plots after thinning in four out of five pondcypress swamps in Florida. Trees in the more heavily thinned plots (70 and 110 ft²/ac) usually had faster growth rates than those in the more lightly thinned plots (150 ft²/ac). Rates of increasein total basal area in thinned plots were not large enough to be economically meaningful. Trees in unthinned plots grew in basal area at an average rate of 1.2% annually. South. J. Appl. For. 16(4):175-177
A Density-Management Diagram for Slash Pine Plantations in the Lower Coastal Plain
Authors: Dean Thomas J. , Jokela Eric J.
Published: August 2019

Data from 92 regional, midrotation-fertilizer trials were used to develop a density-management diagram for site-prepared slash pine (Pinus elliottii var. elliottii) plantations. The density-management diagram shows the interrelationships of five important stand variables (i.e., quadraticmean diameter (Dq), trees/ac, site height, standing volume/ac, and relative current annual increment) in a graphical form. The diagram can aid foresters in designing and comparing alternative density-management regimes for slash pine. In doing so, foresters can evaluate individualtree and stand level performances in relation to growing stock levels and make field approximations of growth and yield for various density-management regimes. Results indicated that fertilization and soil type had minimal effects on the diagram's isolines. This suggests broad applicabilityof the diagram for fertilized or unfertilized plantations found in the lower Coastal Plain. The use of the diagram is illustrated with three alternative density-management regimes, and a method is presented for estimating midrotation fertilization responses. South. J. Appl. For. 16(4):178-185
Thinning and Fertilizing Southern Pine Stands of the Lower Coastal Plain: Biological and Economic Effects
Authors: Stearns-Smith Stephen C. , Jokela Eric J. , Abt Robert C.
Published: August 2019

The interaction between thinning and fertilization (nitrogen and phosphorus) was investigated in seven slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii) plantations and one natural loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) stand in the lower Coastal Plain of the southeastern United States. Thestands ranged in age from 14-20 years when the 2² factorial (thinning X fertilization) experiments were installed. Significant thinning X fertilization interactions occurred on five tests, but the nature of the interactions was inconsistent. Fertilization responses remained significant8 years after treatment and averaged 35 ft³/ac/yr. Fertilization increased stand volume production in the chip-n-saw product class more frequently than thinning. After 8 years, thinning increased individual tree volume growth by 0.50-3.05 ft³/tree over the controls; however, thinninggenerally decreased both total stand and chip-n-saw volumes at final harvest. Economic effects were examined by determining soil expectation values (SEV) for each thinning and fertilization treatment combination for various rotation lengths using uniform economic assumptions. The treatmentcombination that maximized stand volume production was not always the best financial choice. The increased growth rates due to thinning, fertilization, or both tended to extend the optimal rotation. A 4% real cost of capital with harvest merchandizing of pulpwood and chip-n-saw product classeseconomically favored fertilization over the other treatments. However, increasing the cost of capital (6% real) or merchandizing solely for pulpwood put fertilization at a relative disadvantage. South. J. Appl. For. 16(4):186-193
Reduction of Root Competition Increases Growth of Slash Pine Seedlings on a Cutover Site in Florida
Authors: Putz Francis E.
Published: August 2019

Slash pine (Pinus elliottii var. elliottii Engelm.) seedlings (1-0) planted in a cutover stand dominated by 6-year-old coppiced hardwoods and woody vines benefited from reduction in root competition (by trenching) but not from increased light (by guy-wiring back overtopping trees).Over the 2-year experimental period there was no apparent effect of increasing canopy openness from 10% to 30% on pine seedling height, diameter, or aboveground biomass. In contrast, trenching resulted in increased foliar nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations, higher soil moisture contents,and a twofold increase in aboveground growth. The results support the use of site preparation and planting techniques that reduce root competition suffered by pine seedlings. South. J. Appl. For. 16(4):193-197
Substitution of Public for Private Funding in Planting Southern Pine
Authors: Lee Karen J. , Kaiser H. Fred , Alig Ralph J.
Published: August 2019

Although public tree planting programs are designed to correct market failures, their only result may be a transfer of income if cost-shared planting is being substituted for private investment in tree planting. Previous research and anecdotal evidence suggests: (1) that nonindustrialowners use public cost-sharing funds even when they would have planted anyway, and (2) that forest industry and/or nonindustrial owners plant fewer acres because of large nonindustrial cost-sharing programs. We addressed these questions using an economic model and did not find conclusive evidenceof substitution. Without substitution, increased inventories and hence increased timber supplies should result from the public tree planting programs. South. J. Appl. For. 16(4):204-208
Seed Source Variation for Height and Crown Traits of Fraser Fir Christmas Trees
Authors: Jett J. B. , McKeand S. E. , Liu Y. , Huxster W. T.
Published: August 2019

Four-year-old open-pollinated progeny of Fraser fir (Abies fraseri [Pursh] Poir.) from several elevations on each of five mountains were planted at three locations in western North Carolina. Total height, crown diameter, branch diameter, number of branch buds, number of buds in theterminal cluster, and tree crown density factor all varied significantly by seed source. Low elevation sources (5000-5500 ft) grew taller and had larger crowns than the high elevation seed sources (6000 and 6500 ft). The seed sources collected from Roan Mountain, the area most often used forcommercial seed collection, were significantly poorer than the best seed sources for total height, crown diameter, and density factor. Seed source x location interactions were significant for total height, crown diameter, number of buds in the terminal cluster, and branch diameter, but thebest seed sources were generally the same in all tests. South. J. Appl. For. 17(1):5-9.
Valmet's Woodstar Series Harvesting System: A Case Study
Authors: Tufts Robert A. , Brinker Richard W.
Published: August 2019

A production study was conducted on a Valmet 544 harvester and 546 forwarder operating in central Alabama. The average time to select, cut, and process a tree including moving between harvesting locations was 45 sec. Productivity averaged 6.4 cords per productive machine hour (PMH) and ranged from 1.3 to 12.6 cords/PMH. Tree size harvested during the second thinning averaged 7.7 in. dbh and ranged from 3.3 to 12.4 in. The average time to place a grapple of wood on the forwarder was 32 sec. A complete cycle (loading, traveling, and unloading) would require about 36.5min. for a 700 ft forwarding distance for a productivity of 5.5 cords/PMH. The estimated, after-tax cost for the harvester averaged over a 4-yr life was $85/PMH or $13.35/cord (excluding support and supervision). The estimated cost for the forwarder was $51/PMH or $9.27/cord.South. J. Appl. For. 17(2):69-74.
Comparative Performance of Sand and Longleaf Pines on a Phytophthora Cinnamomi-Infested Sandhill in West Florida
Authors: Barnard E. L. , Cordell C. E. , Gilly S. P. , Kais A. G.
Published: August 2019

Survival, but not growth, of Choctawhatchee sand pine exceeded that of Ocala sand pine on a Phytophthora cinnamomi-infested sandhill in west Florida. However, both varieties exhibited relatively high levels of susceptibility to root disease and mortality caused by P. cinnamomi. Longleaf pine survived significantly better than either variety of sand pine and exhibited an apparent resistance to infection by P. cinnamomi. South. J. Appl. For. 17(2):90-95.
A Flexible Yield Model for Regional Timber Forecasting
Authors: Murray Daniel M. , von Gadow Klaus
Published: August 2019

Projecting the development of a regional timber resource in response to specific harvest patterns is an important activity for wood procurement planners and forest sectors modelers. Central to this is the development of suitable timber production functions. However, general yield models covering all possible growing sites, regimes, and tree species are simply not available. This paper introduces a general yield model for age-class based timber resource projection. The model is driven by mean annual increment (MAI) and can be used where reasonable estimates of MAI, based on historical evidence are available. South. J. Appl. For. 17(2):112-115.
Minimum Subsamples of Tree Heights for Accurate Estimation of Loblolly Pine Plot Volume
Authors: Houghton Damon R. , Gregoire Timothy G.
Published: August 2019

This study determined the minimum number of tree heights necessary to obtain an estimate of merchantable plot volume of loblolly pine that, with a probability of 0.95, is within ± 5% and ± 10% of the volume observed when all tree heights on the plot are measured. The size of the height subsample needed to achieve this objective was determined for all combinations of three estimation techniques and four sample designs. The estimation techniques examined were:

A. Summation of tree volumes estimated by a merchantable volume equation using tree dbh coupled with a measured or predicted height. Subsample data were used to fit a plot height-diameter regression of the form ln(H)= α + β/D, where H is tree height and D is dbh, to predict the heights of trees on the plot but not in the subsample,

B. Substituting average D and H values into a merchantable volume equation and multiplying the result by the number of trees in the plot or stratum, and

C. Computing the volume-basal area ratio of the subsample and multiplying the result by the total basal area in the stratum or plot.

The sampling designs examined were a simple random sample, a stratified random sample, a stratified systematic sample, and a purposive sample.

Results indicated that for the ± 5% accuracy level, estimation technique A with a stratified random sample required the smallest subsample size, 12 tree heights. For the 10% accuracy level, estimation technique A with a purposive sample required the smallest subsample size, only 4 tree heights. Recommended subsample sizes are given for all combinations of estimation techniques and sample designs. South. J. Appl. For. 17(3):124-129.
A Tree Volume Equation Based On Two Lower Stem Diameters for Loblolly Pine in the Southeastern United States
Authors: Aleixo da Silva José Antonio , Borders Bruce E.
Published: August 2019

A new cubic volume equation was developed for plantation grown loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) in Coastal Plain and Piedmont regions of Georgia and South Carolina. This volume equation uses the volume of the main stem between 2.25 and 5.00 ft as the independent variable. In practice, users simply need to measure diameters at 2.25 and 5.00 ft from the ground to obtain an estimate of the total cubic foot volume of the main stem. This new equation compares favorably to traditional volume equations which use dbh and total height as independent variables. South. J. Appl. For. 17(3):160-162.
Local Regulation of Timber Harvesting and Trucking in Georgia
Authors: Jackson Ben D. , Greene W. Dale , Baxter Martha L.
Published: August 2019

By early 1992, 49 Georgia counties regulated timber harvesting or trucking activities in their jurisdictions by either a formal ordinance or an informal working policy. As recently as 1988, only 14 counties were known to have such ordinances. All new regulation since 1988 occurred in rural counties. The most common form of regulation requires that a logging permit be obtained or that county officials be notified of an intent to harvest timber. The posting of a surety bond is also a common requirement. Current local regulations in Georgia are summarized in an easily updated field guide, Field Handbook of Local Logging and Log Trucking Regulations in Georgia, that is now available. Regular revisions of the handbook are planned to keep foresters and logging contractors up to date on local regulations in the future. South. J. Appl. For. 17(4):200-206.
Seedling Production Trends and Fusiform Rust Control Practices at Southern Nurseries, 1981-1991
Authors: Carey William A. , Kelley Walter D.
Published: August 2019

Southern pine seedling production and fusiform rust control practices within the Auburn University Southern Forest Nursery Management Cooperative were summarized from annual questionnaires since 1981 and projected for the South. Production peaked at approximately 1.6 billion seedlings in 1987 and 1988 and declined about 31% to 1.1 billion seedlings in 1991. The systemic fungicide triadimefon (Bayleton®) replaced contact fungicides for control of fusiform rust during this period. Before triadimefon, the average percentage of rust-infected seedlings for southern nurseries was estimated at 2.5% (Rowan 1977); after triadimefon the average rust incidence has been only 0.2%. Sowing and harvest dates have not changed since 1981 and loblolly (Pinus taeda) and slash pines (P. elliotii) continue to account for 75% and 20% of southern seedling production, respectively. Reducing the rust infection percentage from 2.5% to 0.2% decreases by approximately 30 million the number of infected seedlings annually. South. J. Appl. For. 17(4):207-211.
Combinations of Fungicide and Cultural Practices Influence the Incidence and Impact of Fusiform Rust in Slash Pine Plantations
Authors: Haywood James D. , Tiarks Allan E. , Snow Glenn A.
Published: August 2019

Slash pine was grown in central Louisiana under four levels of culture with or without repeated sprayings of the systemic fungicide triadimefon for protection against fusiform rust. The eight treatment combinations were: (1) no fungicide, weed control or fertilizer; (2) weeded; (3) weeded, applied inorganic fertilizer, and bedded before planting; (4) weeded, bedded, and applied inorganic fertilizer in the sixth growing season (delayed fertilization); (5) applied fungicide but no weed control or fertilizer; (6) applied fungicide and weeded; (7) applied fungicide plus treatment 3; and (8) applied fungicide plus treatment 4. Fungicide applications greatly reduced fusiform rust impact in 10-yr-old slash pine stands. Fungicide treatments resulted in higher survival fewer trees with stem galls, fewer trees with galls encircling 76%-100% of the stem circumference, greater total volume/ac, and less volume/ac among infected trees. The fungicide-treated trees had fewer stem galls below 5 ft of tree height compared with untreated trees, indicating that the fungicide treatment protected planted seedlings through several growing seasons. Weed control increased fusiform rust incidence. The fungicide-treated plots receiving delayed fertilization yielded the most volume (3,018 ft3/ac) after 10 growing seasons because of high stocking and accelerated growth following fertilization. South. J. Appl. For. (2):53-59.
Productivity and Costs of Three Harvesting Methods
Authors: Kluender Richard A. , Stokes Bryce J.
Published: August 2019

Three stands were harvested by either clearcut, shelterwood, or single-tree selection methods. The single-tree selection method consisted of a light thinning in an even-aged stand as the initial basal area reduction cut required to convert the stand to uneven-aged structure. The contractor used two skidders (one grapple, one choker) and production chain saws to harvest all three tracts. Harvested sites were all similar in slope (10-15%), average dbh (12-14 in.), and preharvest number of stems by dbh.

In the felling study, fell, walk, and limb-top time were all greater for the single-tree selection method. Time to process a tree was lowest for the clearcut, intermediate for shelterwood, and highest for single-tree selection method.

For skidding, bunch building time was highest for the single-tree selection and lowest for the clearcut method. Average volume per cycle was consistently higher for the grapple skidder than the choker skidder; volume per cycle was lowest for the single-tree selection and highest for the clearcut method for both skidders. Time per cycle was consistently lower for the grapple skidder than the cable skidder. Time per cycle was lowest for the clearcut and highest for the single-tree selection method.

Factors that affected felling productivity (in decreasing order) were: dbh of harvested stems, intertree distance, and method of harvest. Factors that affected skidding productivity (in decreasing order) were: skidder type, pull distance, average volume per cycle, and the method of harvest.

Costs of felling and skidding were highest on the single-selection stand and lowest on the clearcut stand. Total percentage of stand area trafficked was lowest for the single tree stand. However, the total area disturbed to meet a wood procurement budget was lowest for the clearcut and highest for the single-tree method. South. J. Appl. For. 18(4): 168-174.
A Systems Approach to Communication Behavior Among Scientists, Foresters, and NIPF Landowners
Authors: Baldwin Sara B. , Haymond Jacqueline L.
Published: August 2019

The communication behavior of scientists, foresters, and landowners in Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia was studied using mail surveys in the fall of 1989. Scientists' most common information sources were other scientists, meetings, and journals; their information output was primarily directed toward scientists. Nearly all foresters studied had contacts with NIPF landowners; their most common information sources were other foresters, agency pamphlets, and meetings. Their information output consisted primarily of interpersonal communication. Over one-third of the NIPF landowners contacted received no forest management information; their most common information source was other landowners. The findings highlight technology transfer limitations. Information is progressively restricted as it moves from source to link to user, and interaction between the three groups is limited. South. J. App. For. 18(4): 175-180.
Stocking Guides for Water Tupelo and Baldcypress
Authors: Goelz J.C.G.
Published: August 2019

Stocking guides for water tupelo (Nyssa aquatica L.) and baldcypress (Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich.) were developed from published tables of hypothetical stocking and stand development. The form of the stocking guide follows the established paradigm, although the “B”-line is based on the suggested residual stocking in the published table rather than on minimum full stocking determined by open-grown crown area. The stocking guides for water tupelo and baldcypress suggest much greater stand densities than a similar guide for southern bottomland hardwoods. The stocking guides may be used to aid in marking a stand for thinning or to describe stand density for other timber and non-timber management activities. South. J. Appl. For. 19(3):105-108.
The Relationship of Diameter at Breast Height and Crown Diameter for Four Species Groups in Hardin County, Tennessee
Authors: Gering Lawrence R. , May Dennis M.
Published: August 2019

A set of simple linear regression models for predicting diameter at breast height (dbh) from crown diameter and a set of similar models for predicting crown diameter from dbh were developed for four species groups in Hardin County, TN. Data were obtained from 557 trees measured during the 1989 USDA Southern Forest Experiment Station survey of the forests of Tennessee, with supplemental aerial photographic observations. Estimates of individual tree crown diameter were obtained from ground measurements and from measurements made on 9 X 9 in. color aerial photographs (with nominal scale of 1:4,800) taken during the fall color season. In practice, users of aerial photographs can estimate dbh by measuring crown diameter, converting it to feet using the photo scale, and applying the appropriate equation. Similarly, crown diameter can be estimated from a ground measurement of dbh. This procedure may be useful in reducing the time required for field measurements. It may also be used to calculate crown diameters for datasets that include dbh but no direct measurement of crown attributes. South. J. Appl. For. 19(4):177-181.
Development of Immature Stages of Black Turpentine and
Ips Beetles in Paraquat-Treated Slash Pine
Authors: Goldman S. E. , Parker J. A.
Published: August 2019

Sixty-seven percent of the attacks by black turpentine beetles, Dendroctonus terebrans (Oliv.), and 86 percent of the attacks by Ips beetles (Ips spp.) were successful in Paraquat-treated slash pine for artificial lightwood induction. Unwounded check trees interspersed with the Paraquat-treated trees were not attacked by emerging adults. Wounded check trees were lightly attacked.
Pine Growth and Regeneration Following Three Hardwood Control Treatments
Authors: Loyd R. A. , Thayer A. G. , Lowry G. L.
Published: August 2019

Hardwood control studies in Southeast Texas indicated that prescribed burning and mist blowing effectively reduced the number of small hardwoods. Mist blowing also reduced existing small pine regeneration. Injection satisfactorily killed 87 percent of the ring-porous hardwoods and 49 percent of the diffuse-porous hardwoods. All treatments resulted in marked increases of radial growth of residual pine. New pine regeneration was increased by all treatments, with burning and mist blowing exhibiting the greatest response.
Motorcycle Riding Areas Reduce Conflicts with Campers
Authors: Fillmore Edgar R. , Bury Richard L.
Published: August 2019

Conflicts between campers and cyclists were reduced by providing motorcyle riding areas adjacent to campgrounds. Campers with motorcycles enjoyed the ready access to riding areas, and nonriding campers approved the reduction in motorcycle riding on campground roads and trails. Riders were asked to rank 10 specified factors for relative importance regarding an ideal trail; a majority considered variety of terrain to be most important. Cyclists preferred well defined trails to open areas for riding. The data were gathered during the summer of 1972 at Land Between The Lakes National Recreation Area (LBL) in western Kentucky and Tennessee. A followup in 1977 indicated that our conclusions remain equally applicable today (Cottrell 1977).
Applying the Clean Water Law to Southeast Forestry
Authors: Dornbusch August J. , Herndon Albert B.
Published: August 2019

Control of any water pollution from forest management is required by the Federal Water Pollution Control Act (PL 92-500). Voluntary programs are acceptable in the Southeast. Plans developed under Section 208 of the Act must include best land management practices, priorities, implementation schedules, evaluation programs and reporting systems. A key factor is the assessment of types and locations of any water quality problems. Failure of voluntary plans after trial for a number of years may require regulatory approaches to be taken.
Costs of Top Lopping Old-Growth Hardwoods: What Price Beauty?
Authors: Schick Bruce A. , Maxey William R.
Published: August 2019

The objective of the study was to identify the incremental logging costs of top lopping old-growth hardwoods. The special handling of these hardwoods is fast becoming an enforced requirement for those who log state and federal timber sales. The additional cost can run as high as $1.33 per tree.
Aerial Fertilization Increases Volume and Weight of Planted Loblolly Pine
Authors: Beckwith Julian R. , Reines Mervin
Published: August 2019

Two loblolly pine plantations were examined after one was fertilized by airplane, and wood properties of dominant and co-dominant trees in each were compared. Although there was a relative reduction in wood specific gravity after fertilization, the data suggest that treated trees produced a greater weight of wood per tree than did the controls.
A Comparison of Loblolly Pine Plantation Growth and Yield Models for Inventory Updating
Authors: Shortt James S. , Burkhart Harold E.
Published: August 2019

Four different loblolly pine growth and yield models were evaluated for the purpose of updating forest inventory data. The types of growth and yield models examined were: a whole stand, a diameter distribution-parameter prediction, a diameter distribution-parameter recovery, and an individual tree model. Three different approaches were used to create fitting and validation data sets from permanent plot remeasurement data; each of the four growth and yield models was evaluated at varying projection periods. The periods used were 0, 3, 6, and 9 yr. Evaluations were based solely on the capability of each model to predict merchantable volume.

In terms of root mean square error of prediction, the individual tree and whole stand models performed better than the diameter distribution models. At shorter projection periods, the individual tree model performed better than the whole stand model, but the whole stand approach was superior at the 9 yr period. Of the diameter distribution models, the parameter recovery model performed better for shorter periods than the parameter prediction model, but this difference diminished with longer periods. South. J. Appl. For. 20(1):15-22.
Predicting Survival of East Texas Loblolly and Slash Pine Plantations Infected with Fusiform Rust
Authors: Adams D. E. , Lenhart J. D. , Vaughn A. B. , Lapongan J.
Published: August 2019

Repeated measurements during 1982-1992 of East Texas Pine Plantation Research Project permanent plots in loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) and slash (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) pine plantations throughout East Texas were used to develop equations for predicting the future number of trees per acre. A typical condition of East Texas pine plantations is the incidence of fusiform rust (Cronartium quercuum [Berk.] Miyabe ex Shirai f. sp. fusiforme). A regression procedure for fitting nonlinear systems of equations was used to fit survival models that considered the possibility that trees with no rust galls on the stem could either (1) remain uninfected and alive, (2) become infected yet still alive or (3) die. For infected stems, only two possible outcomes were considered in the model: (1) remain infected and alive or (2) die. Analyses of the differences between predicted and observed values indicated no adverse trends for either of the two species. Apparently the models do represent observed survival patterns. South. J. Appl. For. 20(1):30-35.
Stand Density Index for Loblolly Pine Plantations in North Louisiana
Authors: Williams Roger A.
Published: August 2019

Stand Density Index (SDI) equations and diagrams were developed and presented for loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations in north Louisiana. Two different SDI diagrams are presented—one that utilizes the number of trees per acre and average stand diameter, and a second that uses the number of trees per acre and the basal (ft²) per acre. Basal area is presented as a second alternative to average stand diameter since many practicing foresters commonly use basal area for density management. South. J. Appl. For. 20(2):110-113.
Results of a Slash Pine Spacing and Thinning Study in the Southeastern Coastal Plain
Authors: Pienaar L. V. , Rheney J. W.
Published: August 2019

Results are summarized for a slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) spacing and thinning study installed 28 yr ago at 28 locations in the southeastern coastal plains in plantations established on cutover land after mechanical site preparation. Stocking densities of 100 to 900 trees/ac are represented in the spacing study with 15 yr thinning response data for thinning intensities ranging from 25 to 65% of the trees removed in selective thinnings from below. Per-acre basal area and volume prediction equations are presented for unthinned plantations and for thinned plantations when a specified number of trees per acre is left. Survival and dominant height projection equations for both unthinned and thinned plantations are presented, and a competition index to account for the thinning response relative to a comparable unthinned plantation is defined. Application of the prediction equations is demonstrated with an example that shows the nature of the implied thinning response relative to a comparable unthinned plantation. South. J. Appl. For. 20(2):94-98.
Effect of Hardwoods and Pine Density on Natural Loblolly Pine Yields and Product Distribution
Authors: Shiver Barry D. , Brister Graham H.
Published: August 2019

Data from 75 yield plots in natural loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) stands from the Georgia Piedmont were used to investigate the effects of hardwood and pine stand density on pine yields and product distribution. A yield function incorporating percentage of total basal area in hardwoods and the number of pine trees per acre, and a modifying equation to estimate merchantable volume to any top diameter limit above variable threshold diameters, were developed and used to evaluate these effects. There was a slight decrease in total yield as pine trees per acre increased, but the percentage of total yield in sawtimber decreased dramatically above 100 trees/ac. Hardwoods also decreased yields with virtually all of the decrease coming from sawtimber. South. J. Appl. For. 20(2):99-102.
Two-Stage Selection in Slash Pine Produces Good Gains in Fusiform Rust Resistance
Authors: Sluder Earl R.
Published: August 2019

The best 6 of 21 progeny-tested first-generation slash pine selections were crossed in a half diallel to study inheritance patterns of their superior fusiform rust resistance (5 trees) and height (1 tree). Their six first-test progenies were duplicated and included in the study. These two groups of progenies, along with two commercial check lots, were planted on an Upper Coastal Plain and a Flatwoods site in Georgia. At age 10 yr, the 15 progenies in the half diallel averaged 23% rust-infected compared with 54% for the check lots. First-test progenies averaged 30% infected. For percentage infection, the six parents differed in general combining ability (GCA) (0.01 > P > 0.001) on both test sites and in specific combining ability (0.05 > P > 0.01) on one site. GCA variation for height was significant (0.05 > P > 0.01) on one site. The parent selected for height had the highest breeding value for height at age 10 yr. These results show that resistance to the fusiform rust disease, a serious problem in management of the species, can be improved in slash pine. These 6 parents and their 15 progenies in the half-diallel cross are a good source of rust resistance genes for use in slash pine improvement programs. South. J. Appl. For. 20(3):143-147.
Impact of Heavy Glaze in a Loblolly Pine Spacing Trial
Authors: Amateis Ralph L. , Burkhart Harold E.
Published: August 2019

In March 1994, a severe ice storm badly damaged an 11-yr-old loblolly pine spacing study in central Virginia. After the storm, trees in the spacing trials were categorized into one of five stem and top damage classes. Analysis of variance procedures indicated no significant relationship between stem and top damage and spacing or density. Forked trees were found to be more susceptible to ice damage than single-stemmed trees. At an individual tree level, strong correlations were found between diameter and height and the type (stem bending or top breakage) and severity of damage. Prediction equations were developed for estimating the probability of five levels of stem bending and top breakage based on a proportional odds model. South. J. Appl. For. 20(3):151-155.
Survival and Growth of Planted and Direct-Seeded Cherrybark Oak in South Carolina
Authors: Stanturf John A. , Kennedy Harvey E.
Published: August 2019

Five treatments were used to evaluate the survival and growth of planted 2-0 cherrybark oak (Quercus pagoda Raf.) seedlings and seedlings grown from direct-seeded acorns of cherrybark oak. The treatments included: (1) deep-planted, top-pruned, (2) deep-planted, not top-pruned, (3) shallow-planted, top-pruned, (4) shallow-planted, not top-pruned, and (5) acorns direct-seeded. Survival was not affected by treatments. Planting depth and pruning did not affect survival of planted seedlings. The root collar of seedlings was placed about 1 ft below the groundline in the deep-planted treatments; however, after 5 yr these seedlings had survived as well as those in the shallow-planting treatments where the root collar was set at or near the groundline. Seedlings from the irect-seeded acorns were significantly smaller after 5 yr than planted seedlings. There were no differences in the size of seedlings in the planting treatments. Seedlings were 1.0 to 1.5 ft shorter when pruned after planting than the unpruned seedlings and grew more in height during the 5 yr period than the unpruned seedlings. South. J. Appl. For. 20(4):194-196.
Mortality Models for Newly Regenerated Loblolly Pine Plantations in the Georgia Piedmont
Authors: Hitch K.L. , Shiver B.D. , Borders B.E.
Published: August 2019

Several mortality functions were examined to develop useful equations to predict early seedling survival of site-prepared loblolly pine plantations in the Georgia Piedmont region. Models were developed to predict surviving trees per acre at age 5 from stand initiation, as well as from age 1, under optimal planting and handling practices. The models performed reasonably, predicting surviving trees per acre at age 5 with an average absolute prediction error of 9.2% and 1.9% respectively. The age 1 to age 5 model was also found to perform reasonably on operational plantings with an average absolute prediction error of 3.3% for the study data. The models could be used to obtain starting densities for existing mortality models used in long term planning, or to predict the success of stand establishment after the first growing season. South. J. Appl. For. 20(4):197-202.
Influences of Forest Type, Stand Age, and Weather on Deer Weights and Antler Size in the Southern Appalachians
Authors: Ford William M. , Johnson A. Sydney , Hale Philip E. , Wentworth James M.
Published: August 2019

We analyzed correlations of forest type, age structure, and site index data with weights and antler characteristics of yearling white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) bucks from specific localities in the Chattahoochee, Cherokee, Nantahala, and Pisgah national forests in Georgia, Tennessee, and North Carolina. Areas in the northern part of the study region produced larger deer with larger antlers than those in the southern portion of the region. These northern areas differed from those to the south in having more diverse ownership and land use and in origins of deer stock. Weights and antler characteristics were significantly correlated (P < 0.05) with percent area in the cove hardwood type, but otherwise were poorly correlated with forest stand type and site index. Percent area in young (0-8 yr old) cove hardwood and in mid-successional (9-20 and 21-40) cove hardwood, pine (Pinus spp.), and upland oak (Quercus spp.) were significantly correlated (P < 0.05) with deer variables, particularly in years following a poor mast crop. Much of the quantifiable habitat influences on deer in the Southern Appalachians probably is masked by low deer densities and the small site quality differences among areas examined. Because much of the forest consists of mature mast-producing oaks and abundant forage is produced in both mature and younger aged stands, deer numbers seem to be below any threshold of quantifiable effects due to forest stand age structure. South. J. Appl. For. 21(1):11-18.
Nondestructive Sampling Applications of the Tele-Relaskop in Forest Inventory
Authors: Parker Robert C.
Published: August 2019

The Tele-Relaskop dendrometer permits accurate upper stem measurements of diameter and height on standing trees for volume and form computations without destructive sampling. Its 8 x magnification and system of scales and relative measurement units facilitates measurements from any convenient distance. Horizontal and vertical percentages of the horizontal distance from the instrument to the tree axis are converted to defined units of measure during computations. Practical applications of the Tele-Relaskop are in growth and yield studies, CFI measurements, traditional volume equation construction, and inventory computations where numerical evaluation of tree form and/or volume is desired. Applications involving computations beyond stem diameters at calculated heights require a microcomputer and specialized software containing analytical techniques for the numerical description of tree form, one of which is a polynomial taper model. These software systems are available to link Tele-Relaskop procedures to traditional inventory processing. Single-tree taper equations are used to calculate tree volume to user-defined merchantability limits, and the volumes are fitted to a combined variable regression model to produce volume equations for use in inventory computations. Coefficients from the volume equations and multiple-tree, species-average taper equations can be used by inventory processors to compute gross tree volumes. Taper coefficients can also be used to compute scaling diameters of variable log length segments within inventory sample trees. South. J. Appl. For. 21(2):75-83.
Four Site-Preparation Techniques for Regenerating Pine-Hardwood Mixtures in the Piedmont
Authors: Waldrop Thomas A.
Published: August 2019

Four variations of the fell-and-burn technique, a system developed to produce mixed pine-hardwood stands in the Southern Appalachian Mountains, were compared in the Piedmont region. All variations of this technique successfully improved the commercial value of low-quality hardwood stands by introducing a pine component. After six growing seasons, loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) occupied the dominant crown position and oaks the codominant position in fell-and-burn treated stands on poor to medium quality sites. The precise timing of felling residual stems, as prescribed by the fell-and-burn technique, may be flexible because winter and spring felling produced similar results. Although summer site preparation burns reduced hardwood height growth by reducing the length of the first growing season, they did not improve pine survival or growth. Pines were as tall as hardwoods within four growing seasons in burned plots and within six growing seasons in unburned plots. Additional research is needed to determine the level or intensity of site preparation needed to establish pine-hardwood mixtures over a range of site conditions. South. J. Appl. For. 21(3):116-122.
Forest Resource Management Plans: Importance of Plan Components to Nonindustrial Private Forest Landowners in South Carolina
Authors: Thrift Terrell G. , Straka Thomas J. , Marsinko Allan P. , Baumann Jeffrey L.
Published: August 2019

This study is based on a survey of 100 South Carolina nonindustrial private forest (NIPF) landowners who participated in the Forest Stewardship Program in 1995-1996. The purpose of the study was to determine which components in a management plan are most important to NIPF landowners. Most important are the landowners' objectives, followed by individual stand descriptions and a schedule of prescribed activities. Data are summarized by type of preparer (government, consultant, or industry) and by timber or nontimber primary management objective. South. J. Appl. For. 21(4):164-167.