bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Observations concerning virtual power
Authors: Fosdick Roger
Published: April 2011

A ‘principle of virtual power’ has been re-introduced in recent years into the continuum mechanics literature, and used in the modeling of material behavior that involves multiple length scales. In these works, the ‘principle’ is stated for arbitrary parts of a body and this flexibility is used, to a certain extent, to draw conclusions concerning the structure of the theory that results. However, this arbitrariness, when fully applied, carries many consequences that have been overlooked. Here, a theorem and an example application are given to illustrate the restrictive nature of the ‘principle’, as it has been stated, and to draw attention to its severe consequences: consequences that question the appropriateness of the conclusions that have been reported in the recent literature.
Dose Response Effects of Lisdexamfetamine Dimesylate Treatment in Adults With ADHD
Authors: Faraone Stephen V. , Spencer Thomas J. , Kollins Scott H. , Glatt Stephen J. , Goodman David
Published: April 2011

Objective: To explore dose–response effects of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate (LDX) treatment for ADHD. Method: This was a 4-week, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, forced-dose titration study in adult participants, aged 18 to 55 years, meeting Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., text rev.) criteria for ADHD. Results: Nearly all participants assigned to an LDX dose achieved their assigned dose with the exception of about 4% of participants assigned to the 50 mg or 14% assigned to the 70 mg doses. Higher doses of LDX led to greater improvements in ADHD-rating scale scores, independent of prior pharmacotherapy. This was evident for both inattentive and hyperactive–impulsive symptoms. The authors found some evidence for an interaction between LDX dose and baseline severity of ADHD symptoms. Conclusion: For LDX doses between 30 and 70 mg/d, the dose–response efficacy effect for LDX is not affected by prior pharmacotherapy, but patients with a greater severity of illness may benefit more from higher doses, especially for hyperactive–impulsive symptoms. The results do not provide information about doses above 70 mg/d, which is the maximum approved dose of LDX and the highest dose studied in ADHD clinical trials.
Cardiovascular Function in Nonclinical Drug Safety Assessment
Authors: Sarazan R. Dustan , Mittelstadt Scott , Guth Brian , Koerner John , Zhang Joanne , Pettit Syril
Published: April 2011

There are several recent examples where clinically significant, safety-related, drug effects on hemodynamics or cardiac function were not apparent until large clinical trials were completed or the drugs entered the consumer market. Such late-stage safety issues can have significant impact on patient health and consumer confidence, as well as ramifications for the regulatory, pharmaceutical, and financial communities. This manuscript provides recommendations that evolved from a 2009 HESI workshop on the need for improved translation of nonclinical cardiovascular effects to the clinical arena. The authors conclude that expanded and improved efforts to perform sensitive yet specific evaluations of functional cardiovascular parameters in nonclinical studies will allow pharmaceutical companies to identify suspect drugs early in the discovery and development process while allowing promising drugs to proceed into clinical development.
Hidden communicative competence: Case study evidence using eye-tracking and video analysis
Authors: Grayson Andrew , Emerson Anne , Howard-Jones Patricia , O’Neil Lynne
Published: April 2011

A facilitated communication (FC) user with an autism spectrum disorder produced sophisticated texts by pointing, with physical support, to letters on a letterboard while their eyes were tracked and while their pointing movements were video recorded. This FC user has virtually no independent means of expression, and is held to have no literacy skills. The resulting data were subjected to a variety of analyses aimed at describing the relationship between the FC user’s looking and pointing behaviours, in order to make inferences about the complex question of ‘authorship’. The eye-tracking data present a challenge to traditional ‘facilitator influence’ accounts of authorship, and are consistent with the proposition that this FC user does indeed author the sophisticated texts that are attributed to him; he looks for longer at to-be-typed letters before typing them, and looks ahead to subsequent letters of words before the next letter of the word is typed.
Willingness to Take a Free Home HIV Test and Associated Factors among Internet-Using Men Who Have Sex with Men
Authors: Sharma Akshay , Sullivan Patrick S. , Khosropour Christine M.
Published: April 2011

Objectives: Online HIV prevention studies have been limited in their ability to obtain biological specimens to measure study outcomes. We describe factors associated with willingness of men who have sex with men (MSM) to take a free home HIV test as part of an online HIV prevention study. Methods: Between March and April 2009, we interviewed 6163 HIV-negative MSM and assessed the willingness to test for HIV infection using a home collection kit. Results: Men reported being very likely (3833; 62%) or likely (1236; 20%) to accept a home HIV test as part of an online HIV prevention study. The odds of being willing to home test were higher for men who were offered incentives of $10 or $25, were black, had unprotected anal intercourse in the past 12 months, and were unaware of their HIV status. Conclusions: Home testing offered as part of online HIV prevention research is acceptable overall and in important subgroups of high-risk MSM.
The Impact of Failure Severity, Prior Failure, and Company Control on Service Recovery Outcomes
Authors: Betts Teresa K. , Wood Matthew S. , Tadisina Suresh K.
Published: April 2011

This study investigates the effects of differential levels of failure severity, prior service failures, and perceived company control on postrecovery satisfaction and negative word-of-mouth. The authors develop a theoretical model and hypotheses drawing on the prevention aspect of regulatory focus theory. The authors test the model via a scenario-based experimental design using the context of academic advising within a university setting. They find that that failure severity and company control are influential factors in the service recovery process, although prior failures did not affect satisfaction or negative word-of-mouth in a meaningful way. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Double Popliteus Tendon Sign: A Case Report
Authors: Lesniak Bryson , Jose Jean , Gupta Akhil
Published: April 2011

The double popliteus tendon sign is seen on sagittal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the knee as a low-signal-intensity band parallel to the popliteus tendon at the level of the popliteus hiatus. It is the result of a displaced complex flap tear of the lateral meniscus. This type of displaced meniscal tear can be easily missed on MRI, unless the clinician is aware of its existence and significance and is familiar with its MRI appearance.
First-trimester low-dose prednisolone in refractory antiphospholipid antibody–related pregnancy loss
Authors: Bramham Kate , Thomas Mari , Nelson-Piercy Catherine , Khamashta Munther , Hunt Beverley J.
Published: April 2011

The objective of this study was to assess pregnancy outcome in women with a history of refractory antiphospholipid antibody–associated pregnancy loss(es) who were treated with early low-dose prednisolone in addition to aspirin and heparin. Eighteen women with antiphospholipid antibodies who had refractory pregnancy loss(es) were given prednisolone (10 mg) from the time of their positive pregnancy test to 14 weeks' gestation. Before low-dose prednisolone was given as treatment, 4 (4%) of 97 pregnancies had resulted in live births. Among 23 pregnancies supplemented with prednisolone, 9 women had 14 live births (61%), including 8 uncomplicated pregnancies. The remainder were complicated by preterm delivery, preeclampsia, and/or small-for-gestational-age infants. There were 8 first-trimester miscarriages and 1 ectopic pregnancy. There were no fetal deaths after 10 weeks' gestation and no evidence of maternal morbidity. The addition of first-trimester low-dose prednisolone to conventional treatment is worthy of further assessment in the management of refractory antiphospholipid antibody–related pregnancy loss(es), although complications remain elevated.
Sequential interim analyses of survival data in DNA microarray experiments
Authors: Leha Andreas , Beißbarth Tim , Jung Klaus
Published: April 2011

Background

Discovery of biomarkers that are correlated with therapy response and thus with survival is an important goal of medical research on severe diseases, e.g. cancer. Frequently, microarray studies are performed to identify genes of which the expression levels in pretherapeutic tissue samples are correlated to survival times of patients. Typically, such a study can take several years until the full planned sample size is available.

Therefore, interim analyses are desirable, offering the possibility of stopping the study earlier, or of performing additional laboratory experiments to validate the role of the detected genes. While many methods correcting the multiple testing bias introduced by interim analyses have been proposed for studies of one single feature, there are still open questions about interim analyses of multiple features, particularly of high-dimensional microarray data, where the number of features clearly exceeds the number of samples. Therefore, we examine false discovery rates and power rates in microarray experiments performed during interim analyses of survival studies. In addition, the early stopping based on interim results of such studies is evaluated. As stop criterion we employ the achieved average power rate, i.e. the proportion of detected true positives, for which a new estimator is derived and compared to existing estimators.

Results

In a simulation study, pre-specified levels of the false discovery rate are maintained in each interim analysis, where reduced levels as used in classical group sequential designs of one single feature are not necessary. Average power rates increase with each interim analysis, and many studies can be stopped prior to their planned end when a certain pre-specified power rate is achieved. The new estimator for the power rate slightly deviates from the true power rate but is comparable to other estimators.

Conclusions

Interim analyses of microarray experiments can provide evidence for early stopping of long-term survival studies. The developed simulation framework, which we also offer as a new R package 'SurvGenesInterim' available at http://survgenesinter.R-Forge.R-Project.org, can be used for sample size planning of the evaluated study design.
Effect of grazers and viruses on bacterial community structure and production in two contrasting trophic lakes
Authors: Berdjeb Lyria , Pollet Thomas , Domaizon Isabelle , Jacquet Stéphan
Published: April 2011

Background

Over the last 30 years, extensive studies have revealed the crucial roles played by microbes in aquatic ecosystems. It has been shown that bacteria, viruses and protozoan grazers are dominant in terms of abundance and biomass. The frequent interactions between these microbiological compartments are responsible for strong trophic links from dissolved organic matter to higher trophic levels, via heterotrophic bacteria, which form the basis for the important biogeochemical roles of microbial food webs in aquatic ecosystems. To gain a better understanding of the interactions between bacteria, viruses and flagellates in lacustrine ecosystems, we investigated the effect of protistan bacterivory on bacterial abundance, production and structure [determined by 16S rRNA PCR-DGGE], and viral abundance and activity of two lakes of contrasting trophic status. Four experiments were conducted in the oligotrophic Lake Annecy and the mesotrophic Lake Bourget over two seasons (early spring vs. summer) using a fractionation approach. In situ dark vs. light incubations were performed to consider the effects of the different treatments in the presence and absence of phototrophic activity.

Results

The presence of grazers (i.e. < 5-μm small eukaryotes) affected viral production positively in all experiments, and the stimulation of viral production (compared to the treatment with no eukaryotic predators) was more variable between lakes than between seasons, with the highest value having been recorded in the mesotrophic lake (+30%). Viral lysis and grazing activities acted additively to sustain high bacterial production in all experiments. Nevertheless, the stimulation of bacterial production was more variable between seasons than between lakes, with the highest values obtained in summer (+33.5% and +37.5% in Lakes Bourget and Annecy, respectively). The presence of both predators (nanoflagellates and viruses) did not seem to have a clear influence upon bacterial community structure according to the four experiments.

Conclusions

Our results highlight the importance of a synergistic effect, i.e. the positive influence of grazers on viral activities in sustaining (directly and indirectly) bacterial production and affecting composition, in both oligotrophic and mesotrophic lakes.
Inhibin secretion in women with the polycystic ovary syndrome before and after treatment with progesterone
Authors: Dafopoulos Konstantinos , Venetis Christos , Messini Christina I , Pournaras Spyros , Anifandis George , Garas Antonios , Messinis Ioannis E
Published: April 2011

Objectives

It has been suggested that inhibin secretion is altered in women with the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). However, the contribution of a preceding luteal phase has not been taken into account. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether progesterone in the context of a simulated luteal phase affects basal and FSH-induced inhibin secretion in women with PCOS and elevated LH.

Methods

Ten women with PCOS and 8 normally cycling women participated in an experimental procedure (Exp) involving the administration of a single injection of recombinant FSH (450 IU sc). In the women with PCOS, the procedure was performed before (Exp 1) and after a 20-day treatment with progesterone (Exp 2), while in the normal women on day 2 of the cycle (Exp 3). Inhibin A and B levels were measured in blood samples taken before and 24 hours after the FSH injection.

Results

Basal LH levels were significantly higher and inhibin A levels were significantly lower in the PCOS group compared to the control group, while inhibin B levels were comparable in the two groups. In the PCOS group, after treatment with progesterone inhibin A and LH but not inhibin B levels decreased significantly (p < 0.05). After the FSH injection, inhibin A and B levels increased significantly in the women with PCOS (Exp 1 and Exp 2) but not in the control women (Exp 3).

Conclusions

In women with PCOS, as compared to control women, the dissimilar pattern of inhibin A and inhibin B secretion in response to FSH appears to be independent of a preceding simulated luteal phase. It is possible that compared to normal ovaries, the PCOS ovaries are less sensitive to endogenous LH regarding inhibin A secretion and more sensitive to exogenous FSH stimulation in terms of inhibin A and inhibin B secretion.
Cellular transcripts regulated during infections with Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Avian Influenza virus in 3 host systems
Authors: Balasubramaniam Vinod RMT , Hassan Sharifah S , Omar Abdul R , Mohamed Maizan , Noor Suriani M , Mohamed Ramlan , Othman Iekhsan
Published: April 2011

Background

Highly pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) virus is able to infect many hosts and the virus replicates in high levels in the respiratory tract inducing severe lung lesions. The pathogenesis of the disease is actually the outcome of the infection as determined by complex host-virus interactions involving the functional kinetics of large numbers of participating genes. Understanding the genes and proteins involved in host cellular responses are therefore, critical for the elucidation of the mechanisms of infection.

Methods

Differentially expressed transcripts regulated in a H5N1 infections of whole lung organ of chicken, in-vitro chick embryo lung primary cell culture (CeLu) and a continuous Madin Darby Canine Kidney cell line was undertaken. An improved mRNA differential display technique (Gene Fishing™) using annealing control primers that generates reproducible, authentic and long PCR products that are detectable on agarose gels was used for the identification of differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Seven of the genes have been selected for validation using a TaqMan® based real time quantitative PCR assay.

Results

Thirty seven known and unique differentially expressed genes from lungs of chickens, CeLu and MDCK cells were isolated. Among the genes isolated and identified include heat shock proteins, Cyclin D2, Prenyl (decaprenyl) diphosphate synthase, IL-8 and many other unknown genes. The quantitative real time RT-PCR assay data showed that the transcription kinetics of the selected genes were clearly altered during infection by the Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza virus.

Conclusion

The Gene Fishing™ technique has allowed for the first time, the isolation and identification of sequences of host cellular genes regulated during H5N1 virus infection. In this limited study, the differentially expressed genes in the three host systems were not identical, thus suggesting that their responses to the H5N1 infection may not share similar mechanisms and pathways.
Constraint-based analysis of gene interactions using restricted boolean networks and time-series data
Authors: Higa Carlos HA , Louzada Vitor HP , Andrade Tales P , Hashimoto Ronaldo F
Published: April 2011

Background

A popular model for gene regulatory networks is the Boolean network model. In this paper, we propose an algorithm to perform an analysis of gene regulatory interactions using the Boolean network model and time-series data. Actually, the Boolean network is restricted in the sense that only a subset of all possible Boolean functions are considered. We explore some mathematical properties of the restricted Boolean networks in order to avoid the full search approach. The problem is modeled as a Constraint Satisfaction Problem (CSP) and CSP techniques are used to solve it.

Results

We applied the proposed algorithm in two data sets. First, we used an artificial dataset obtained from a model for the budding yeast cell cycle. The second data set is derived from experiments performed using HeLa cells. The results show that some interactions can be fully or, at least, partially determined under the Boolean model considered.

Conclusions

The algorithm proposed can be used as a first step for detection of gene/protein interactions. It is able to infer gene relationships from time-series data of gene expression, and this inference process can be aided by aprioriknowledge available.
Liver-Derived IGF-I Contributes to GH-Dependent Increases in Lean Mass and Bone Mineral Density in Mice with Comparable Levels of Circulating GH
Authors: Nordstrom Sarah M. , Tran Jennifer L. , Sos Brandon C. , Wagner Kay-Uwe , Weiss Ethan J.
Published: April 2011

The relative contributions of circulating and locally produced IGF-I in growth remain controversial. The majority of circulating IGF-I is produced by the liver, and numerous mouse models have been developed to study the endocrine actions of IGF-I. A common drawback to these models is that the elimination of circulating IGF-I disrupts a negative feedback pathway, resulting in unregulated GH secretion. We generated a mouse with near total abrogation of circulating IGF-I by disrupting the GH signaling mediator, Janus kinase (JAK)2, in hepatocytes. We then crossed these mice, termed JAK2L, to GH-deficient little mice (Lit). Compound mutant (Lit-JAK2L) and control (Lit-Con) mice were treated with equal amounts of GH such that the only difference between the two groups was hepatic GH signaling. Both groups gained weight in response to GH but there was a reduction in the final weight of GH-treated Lit-JAK2L vs. Lit-Con mice. Similarly, lean mass increased in both groups, but there was a reduction in the final lean mass of Lit-JAK2L vs. Lit-Con mice. There was an equivalent increase in skeletal length in response to GH in Lit-Con and Lit-JAK2L mice. There was an increase in bone mineral density (BMD) in both groups, but Lit-JAK2L had lower BMD than Lit-Con mice. In addition, GH-mediated increases in spleen and kidney mass were absent in Lit-JAK2L mice. Taken together, hepatic GH-dependent production of IGF-I had a significant and nonredundant role in GH-mediated acquisition of lean mass, BMD, spleen mass, and kidney mass; however, skeletal length was dependent upon or compensated for by locally produced IGF-I.
Functional consequences of T-stem mutations in E. coli tRNAThrUGU in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Saks Margaret E. , Sanderson Lee E. , Choi Daniel S. , Crosby Catherine M. , Uhlenbeck Olke C.
Published: April 2011

The binding affinities between Escherichia coli EF-Tu and 34 single and double base-pair changes in the T stem of E. coli tRNAThrUGU were compared with similar data obtained previously for several aa-tRNAs binding to Thermus thermophilus EF-Tu. With a single exception, the two proteins bound to mutations in three T-stem base pairs in a quantitatively identical manner. However, tRNAThr differs from other tRNAs by also using its rare A52–C62 pair as a negative specificity determinant. Using a plasmid-based tRNA gene replacement strategy, we show that many of the tRNAThrUGU T-stem changes are either unable to support growth of E. coli or are less effective than the wild-type sequence. Since the inviable T-stem sequences are often present in other E. coli tRNAs, it appears that T-stem sequences in each tRNA body have evolved to optimize function in a different way. Although mutations of tRNAThr can substantially increase or decrease its affinity to EF-Tu, the observed affinities do not correlate with the growth phenotype of the mutations in any simple way. This may either reflect the different conditions used in the two assays or indicate that the T-stem mutants affect another step in the translation mechanism.
The Most Prudent Virgin and the Wise King:Isaac's Virgo prudentissima Compositions in the Imperial Ideology of Maximilian I
Authors: Rothenberg David J.
Published: April 2011

Isaac quoted the chant Virgo prudentissima (Most Prudent Virgin), Magnificat antiphon for the Feast of the Assumption, in four compositions. Three of them can be shown to have connections to the Hofkapelle court chapel) of Emperor Maximilian I, Isaac's employer starting in 1496. They are: (1) the six-voice ceremonial motet Virgo prudentissima, composed in 1507 while Isaac was in Constance for the imperial Reichstag that Maximilian had convened in order to plan his coronation as Emperor; (2) the six-voice Missa Virgo prudentissima, which has sometimes been thought to be an earlier work but probably dates from around the same time; and (3) Gaudeamus omnes, the Assumption Introit in volume 2 of the Choralis Constantinus, which quotes Virgo prudentissima as a secondary cantus firmus. All three of these works appropriate the liturgy and theology of the Assumption of the Virgin so that Maximilian's ascent to the Imperial throne and coronation as Emperor might be aligned symbolically with the Virgin Mary's Assumption into heaven and Coronation therein as Queen. The symbolism of Isaac's compositions helped Maximilian, who crafted his public image very carefully by commissioning numerous large-scale propagandistic textual and visual works, to portray himself as a noble and enlightened ruler seeking protection for his imperial crown and empire from the Virgin Mary. Isaac's musical imagery also aligns very closely with the visual iconography of Albrecht Dürer's painting Festival of the Rose Garlands.
Ontogeny of sulfonylurea-binding regulatory subunits of KATP channels in the pregnant rat myometrium
Authors: Lovasz N , Ducza E , Gaspar R , Falkay G
Published: April 2011

ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATPchannels) are composed of sulfonylurea receptors (SURs) and potassium inward rectifiers (Kir6.x) that assemble to form a large octameric channel. This study was designed to examine the expression and role of sulfonylurea-binding regulatory subunits 1 (SUR1 (ABCC8)) and 2 (SUR2 (ABCC9)) of the KATPchannels in the pregnant rat myometrium with particular regard to the contractility. RT-PCR and western blot analyses were performed to detect the presence of SUR1 and SUR2. The SUR1 levels were markedly increased in the early stages of pregnancy. The highest level was detected on day 6 of pregnancy, whereas in the late stages, the levels of SUR1 were significantly decreased. The SUR2 level remained unchanged throughout pregnancy. The SUR non-selective diazoxide and the SUR2-selective pinacidil inhibited oxytocin-induced contractions. Glibenclamide, a KATPchannel blocker, antagonized both pinacidil- and diazoxide-induced relaxations. It was established that SURs are responsible for pharmacological reactivity of KATPchannel openers. We conclude that both SURs are involved in the KATPchannel in the pregnant rat myometrium. It may further be concluded that ‘pinacidil-like’ KATPchannel openers may be of therapeutic relevance as tocolytic agents in the future.
Clinical and nutritional status of surgical patients with and without malignant diseases: cross-sectional study
Authors: Leandro-Merhi Vânia Aparecida , Aquino José Luiz Braga de , Camargo José Gonzaga Teixeira de , Frenhani Patrícia Baston , Bernardi Júlia Laura Delbue , McLellan Kátia Cristina Portero
Published: April 2011

CONTEXT: Malnutrition is frequently observed in inpatients with malignant diseases and may contribute to longer hospital stays. OBJECTIVE: To compare the nutritional status, lymphocyte count, hemoglobin values and length of hospital stay of patients with and without malignant diseases. METHODS: This comparative study assessed indicators of nutritional status, namely body mass index, recent weight loss, lymphocyte count, hemoglobin and length of hospital stay, of 928 surgical patients with and without malignant diseases (50.2% females and 49.8% males). The chi-square test was used to compare proportions and the Mann-Whitney test was used to compare continuous measurements between two groups. The significance level was set at 5%. RESULTS: Patients with malignant diseases had longer hospital stays (P<0.0001), furthermore, a higher percentage of patients with malignant diseases had body mass index <18.5 (P<0.0001) and experienced recent weight changes (P<0.0002). Lymphocyte count also differed statistically between the groups (P = 0.0131), which lower levels were identified among patients with malignant diseases. CONCLUSION: The lymphocyte count, hemoglobin values and weight loss are important findings of nutritional depletion in patients with malignant diseases.
Research on zinc blood levels and nutritional status in adolescents with autoimmune hepatitis
Authors: Pereira Thalita Cremonesi , Saron Margareth L. G. , Carvalho Wagner Alves de , Vilela Maria Marluce , Hoehr Nelci Fenalti , Hessel Gabriel
Published: April 2011

CONTEXT: Zinc deficiency in children and adolescents impairs their growing, development and immune system. OBJECTIVE: To verify the existence of plasma and leukocyte zinc deficiency in adolescents with autoimmune hepatitis. METHODS: The study comprised 23 patients with autoimmune hepatitis, aged 10-18 years, assisted at the Ambulatory Service of Pediatric Hepatology of the University of Campinas Teaching Hospital, Campinas, SP, Brazil, and adolescents with ages compatible with the patients' ages comprised the control group. Sample of blood in both groups was collected for the analyses of plasma zinc and leukocyte zinc by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, beyond the nutritional status was evaluated in each adolescent. The following statistical tests were used: Mann-Whitney, Spearman's correlation and interclass concordance analysis. RESULTS:The significance level adopted was 5%. The average zinc level in plasma in patients was 71.91 ± 11.79 µg/dL and, in the control group, it was 80.74 ± 10.92 µg/dL, showing a significant difference (P = 0.04). The leukocyte zinc level in patients was 222.33 ± 166.13 pmol/10(6) cells and, in the control group, it was 226.64 ± 217.81 pmol/10(6) cells; there was no statistical significance between them (P = 0.45). CONCLUSION:The evaluation of the nutritional status showed that eutrophy is prevalent in patients, and they presented a higher body fat value than the control group, with a significant difference. More research is needed with adolescents with autoimmune hepatitis regarding levels of essential micronutrients, such as zinc, because a good nutritional status can improve the prognostic of liver disease.
Clinical attention and assistance profile of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Lima Núbia Maria Freire Vieira , Nucci Anamarli
Published: April 2011

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the functional status of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients diagnosed at this institution; to analyze hospital and palliative care; to identify patients' knowledge about home care and supportive resources. METHOD: Twenty-nine patients were evaluated on the ALSFRS-R scale and two semi-structured questionnaires, at the start of the study and every four months thereafter for 1 year. RESULTS: ALSFRS-R score was 30.1±11.5 initially and 24.4±10.5 at 1 year. There was an increase in use of physiotherapeutic care and adaptive aids. The primary caregivers were spouses (55.2%), parents/children/cousins (20.7%), friends (10.3%) and private nurses (3.5%); 10.3% of patients had no caregivers. Basic ALS patient care was provided by the public health system. CONCLUSION: ALS patients' multidisciplinary care was provided by UNICAMP hospital and its outpatient clinics and, in some patients, complemented by a private health plan or personal expenditure. Few ALS patients were aware of the possibility of home nursing. It is necessary to implement national and regional public home nursing in addition to multidisciplinary specialized care of ALS patients.
Alteração vocal auto-referida em professores: prevalência e fatores associados
Authors: Marçal Cláudia Cossentino Bruck , Peres Marco Aurélio
Published: April 2011

OBJETIVO: Estimar a prevalência de alteração vocal auto-referida em professores e identificar fatores associados. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com amostra de 393 professores do ensino fundamental de Florianópolis, SC, por meio de questionário autoaplicado em 2009. Foi realizada análise multivariável de regressão de Poisson estimando-se as razões de prevalência e intervalos de 95% de confiança. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de alteração vocal foi de 47,6% (IC95% 42,6;52,5). Após o ajuste, permaneceram associados à maior prevalência de alteração vocal ser do sexo feminino e a presença de rinite/sinusite e faringite. CONCLUSÕES: Foi observada elevada prevalência de alteração vocal auto-referida entre os professores estudados.
Diagnosis of human herpesvirus 6B primary infection by polymerase chain reaction in young children with exanthematic disease
Authors: Magalhães Ivna de Melo , Martins Rebeca Vasquez Novo , Vianna Renata Oliveira , Oliveira Solange Artimos , Cavalcanti Silvia Maria Baeta
Published: April 2011

INTRODUCTION: Exanthem subitum is a classical rash disease of early childhood caused by human herpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B). However, the rash is frequently misdiagnosed as that of either measles or rubella. METHODS: In this study, a nested multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to diagnose HHV-6B primary infection, differentiate it from infections caused by HHV-6A and compare it to antibody avidity tests. The samples were separated into case group and control group according to the results of the indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) technique. RESULTS: From the saliva samples analyzed, HHV-6A DNA was detected in 3.2% of the case group and in 2.6% of the control group. Regarding HHV-6B, PCR detected viral DNA in 4.8% of the case group and in 1.3% of the control group. Among the serum samples studied, a frequency of 1.7% was determined for HHV-6A in the case group and 1.2% in the control group. PCR did not detect HHV-6B DNA in serum samples. The sensitivity and specificity of the PCR technique ranged from 0% to 4.8% and 97.5% to 100%, respectively, compared to IFA. CONCLUSIONS: The PCR technique was not suitable for diagnosing primary infection by HHV-6B in children with exanthematic disease and should not substitute the IFA.
Pedological and isotopic relations of a highland tropical peatland, Mountain Range of the Espinhaço Meridional (Brazil)
Authors: Horák Ingrid , Vidal-Torrado Pablo , Silva Alexandre Christófaro , Pessenda Luiz Carlos Ruiz
Published: April 2011

The evolution of organic matter sources in soil is related to climate and vegetation dynamics in the past recorded in paleoenvironmental Quaternary deposits such as peatlands. For this reason, a Histosol of the mineralotrophic peatland from the Pau-de-Fruta Special Protection Area - SPA, Espinhaço Meridional, State of Minas Gerais, was described and characterized to evidence the soil constituent materials and properties as related to changes in environmental conditions, supported by the isotopic and elementary characterization of soil C and N and 14C ages. Samples were collected in a depression at 1,350 m asl, where Histosols are possibly more developed due to the great thickness (505 cm). Nowadays, the area is colonized by vegetation physiognomies of the Cerrado Biome, mainly rocky and wet fields (Campo Rupestre and Campo Úmido), aside from fragments of Semidecidual Seasonal Forest, called Capões forests. The results this study showed that early the genesis of the analyzed soil profile showed a high initial contribution of mostly herbaceous organic matter before 8,090 ± 30 years BP (14C age). In the lower-mid Holocene, between 8,090 ± 30 years AP (14C age) to ± 4,100 years BP (interpolated age), the vegetation gradually became more woody, with forest expansion, possibly due to increased humidity, suggesting the existence of a more woody Cerrado in the past than at present. Drier climate conditions than the current were concluded ± 2,500 years BP (interpolated age) and that after 430 years BP (14C age) the forest gave way to grassland, predominantly. After the dry season, humidity increased to the current conditions. Due to these climate fluctuations during the Holocene, three decomposition stages of organic matter were observed in the Histosols of this study, with prevalence of the most advanced (sapric), typical of a deposit in a highly advanced stage of pedogenetic evolution.
Permeabilidade ao ar em Latossolo Vermelho sob diferentes sistemas de manejo
Authors: Rodrigues Sueli , Silva Alvaro Pires da , Giarola Neyde Fabíola Balarezo , Rosa Jadir Aparecido
Published: April 2011

A permeabilidade ao ar pode ser utilizada para avaliar alterações que ocorrem na estrutura do solo em virtude da adoção de diferentes sistemas de manejo. Este estudo testou a hipótese de que o menor revolvimento do solo sob sistema plantio direto resulta na formação de poros mais contínuos e melhor condição de aeração no solo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar, por meio da permeabilidade ao ar (Ka), da porosidade de aeração (εa) e dos índices de continuidade de poros (K1 e N), a aeração em um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico sob preparo convencional (PC) e sistema plantio direto (SPD). Oitenta amostras de solo (2 tratamentos x 2 profundidades x 20 repetições) com estrutura indeformada foram coletadas de cada sistema de manejo do solo nas profundidades de 0-0,10 e 0,10-0,20 m em área experimental do Instituto Agronômico do Paraná, no município de Ponta Grossa, Paraná. Depois de saturadas e equilibradas em seis potenciais mátricos (-2, -6, -10, -30, -70 e -100 kPa), determinou-se a permeabilidade ao ar e a porosidade de aeração em cada potencial. Também foram determinados a densidade do solo, a densidade de partícula, o carbono orgânico e a porosidade. A densidade do solo não consistiu em fator limitante, ficando abaixo do limite crítico para solos argilosos nos dois sistemas. No SPD, o maior volume de microporos resultou em maior retenção de água no intervalo de umidade avaliado (-2 a -100 kPa) e em maior volume de poros bloqueados para o fluxo de ar (εb), ou seja, redução de Ka. Na profundidade avaliada (00,20 m), os índices de continuidade de poros (K1 e N) revelaram que o PC apresentou poros mais contínuos do que o SPD, contradizendo a hipótese testada.
New methods to quantify NH3 volatilization from fertilized surface soil with urea
Authors: Alves Ana Carolina , Oliveira Patrícia Perondi Anchão , Herling Valdo Rodrigues , Trivelin Paulo Cesar Ocheuze , Luz Pedro Henrique de Cerqueira , Alves Teresa Cristina , Rochetti Ramon Cellin , Barioni Júnior Waldomiro
Published: April 2011

Gaseous N losses from soil are considerable, resulting mostly from ammonia volatilization linked to agricultural activities such as pasture fertilization. The use of simple and accessible measurement methods of such losses is fundamental in the evaluation of the N cycle in agricultural systems. The purpose of this study was to evaluate quantification methods of NH3 volatilization from fertilized surface soil with urea, with minimal influence on the volatilization processes. The greenhouse experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design with 13 treatments and five replications, with the following treatments: (1) Polyurethane foam (density 20 kg m-3) with phosphoric acid solution absorber (foam absorber), installed 1, 5, 10 and 20 cm above the soil surface; (2) Paper filter with sulfuric acid solution absorber (paper absorber, 1, 5, 10 and 20 cm above the soil surface); (3) Sulfuric acid solution absorber (1, 5 and 10 cm above the soil surface); (4) Semi-open static collector; (5) 15N balance (control). The foam absorber placed 1 cm above the soil surface estimated the real daily rate of loss and accumulated loss of NH3N and proved efficient in capturing NH3 volatized from urea-treated soil. The estimates based on acid absorbers 1, 5 and 10 cm above the soil surface and paper absorbers 1 and 5 cm above the soil surface were only realistic for accumulated N-NH3 losses. Foam absorbers can be indicated to quantify accumulated and daily rates of NH3 volatilization losses similarly to an open static chamber, making calibration equations or correction factors unnecessary.
A convenção internacional sobre os direitos da criança: debates e tensões
Authors: Rosemberg Fúlvia , Mariano Carmem Lúcia Sussel
Published: April 2011

Neste artigo, revisitamos a literatura sobre o contexto sociopolítico e o texto da Convenção Internacional sobre os Direitos da Criança, bem como algumas de suas repercussões no Brasil. Nosso interesse de apresentar e discutir a literatura sobre a Convenção decorre não só da escassez da bibliografia brasileira, apesar da célere ratificação do documento pelo Brasil e de ele ter inspirado a elaboração do art. 227 da Constituição Brasileira de 1988 e do Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente. Deriva, sobretudo, de sua inovação na representação de infância e dos direitos da criança e, em consequência, da intensa e instigante produção acadêmica que tem provocado no hemisfério norte. Além disso, parece-nos urgente que a sociedade brasileira disponha de embasamento mais consistente sobre os marcos legais que adota
Infância e política
Authors: Qvortrup Jens
Published: April 2011

As atitudes da nossa cultura em relação às crianças são ambíguas, o que se observa também na relação entre crianças e política. O modo protetor a que vêm sendo submetidas as crianças nos últimos dois séculos acaba por afastá-las dos adultos - e dos assuntos sérios da economia e da política. Como resolver esse dilema, que tem como consequência dificultar um discurso sobre crianças e política? Este artigo faz algumas reflexões sobre o tema e sugere que, em princípio, quando se trata de política, pode-se falar de: crianças como sujeitos; crianças/infância como objeto não visado (em termos do impacto de forças estruturais); crianças/infância como objetos visados (iniciativas políticas voltadas às crianças) e, finalmente, como objetos instrumentalizados. A grande questão que se coloca em cada caso é saber em que medida as crianças são beneficiadas e se isso não ocorre como um efeito colateral dos ganhos para os adultos/sociedade adulta. Será que haveria investimentos públicos em crianças nas dimensões que alcançam hoje se não houvesse expectativas de um retorno lucrativo?
Produção e qualidade dos frutos de pessegueiro e nectarineira em clima subtropical do estado de São Paulo
Authors: Leonel Sarita , Pierozzi Caroline Geraldi , Tecchio Marco Antonio
Published: April 2011

Tendo em vista que o conhecimento do comportamento de uma cultura, em determinada região, determina o sucesso da produção, a qualidade do produto final e a garantia de aceitação pelo mercado consumidor, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a produção e as características físicas e físico-químicas de frutos de cultivares de pessegueiro e nectarineira, cultivados ou não tradicionalmente em São Paulo, mas que possam vir a apresentar uma opção de diversificação aos fruticultores do município de Botucatu-SP, e regiões climáticas semelhantes. O experimento foi realizado durante três ciclos agrícolas: 2006/2007, 2007/2008 e 2008/2009, na Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, UNESP, Botucatu-SP. O clima da região é do tipo mesotérmico, Cwa, ou seja, subtropical úmido com chuvas no verão e seca no inverno. As cultivares de pessegueiro avaliadas foram: Turmalina, Cascata 968, Cascata 848, Cascata 587, Conserva 693, Precocinho, Diamante Mejorado, Oro Azteca, CP-9553CYN e Tropic Beauty. A cultivar de nectarineira avaliada foi 'Sun Blaze'. Foram avaliadas características de produção e qualidade dos frutos. Os resultados obtidos permitiram concluir que a cultivar Turmalina foi a mais produtiva. As cultivares Cascata 968 e Diamante Mejorado apresentaram o maior teor de sólidos solúveis, e as cultivares Cascata 587 e CP 9553 CYN, a maior relação sólidos solúveis/acidez titulável.
Seleção de progênies e genitores de pessegueiro com base nas características dos frutos
Authors: Wagner Júnior Américo , Bruckner Claudio Horst , Cantín Celia María , Sánchez María Angeles Moreno , Santos Carlos Eduardo Magalhães dos
Published: April 2011

Melhorar a qualidade do fruto é um dos principais objetivos dos programas de melhoramento genético do pessegueiro, tendo relação direta com as preferências de mercado e do consumidor. Quando se fala em qualidade, busca-se obter plantas produtivas, com frutos grandes e firmes, com ótimos sabor e coloração. Porém, o pêssego produzido no Brasil ainda deixa a desejar, principalmente em firmeza, quando comparado aos padrões internacionais. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar, selecionar e indicar genótipos que apresentem frutos de boa qualidade e com polpa não fundente, para utilização futura como genitor masculino no programa de melhoramento de pessegueiro da Universidade Federal de Viçosa. Os trabalhos foram desenvolvidos na Estação Experimental de Aula Dei (CSIC), Zaragoza - Espanha, durante o período de maio a agosto de 2006, sendo analisados cerca de 687 indivíduos, pertencentes a 17 populações de pessegueiro. Com base nos resultados obtidos, pólen de 'Crown Princess' e dos seedlings VADAC 0027, VADAC 0052, VADAC 0063 e VADAC0065 podem ser recomendados para utilização como genitores no programa de melhoramento do pessegueiro da UFV, visando a obter frutos de boa qualidade e com textura não fundente.
Avaliação da função pulmonar em pacientes submetidas à mastoplastia redutora
Authors: Cunha Marcelo Sacramento , Santos Lívio Lima , Viana Amanda Andrada , Bandeira Nilmar Galdino , Lima Filho José Admirço , Meneses José Válber Lima
Published: April 2011

OBJETIVO: Avaliar prospectivamente a função pulmonar de pacientes submetidas à mastoplastia redutora. MÉTODOS: Doze pacientes femininas portadoras de gigantomastia e sem antecedentes médicos, realizaram mastoplastia redutora no Hospital das Clínicas da UFBA. As pacientes foram submetidas ao teste de função pulmonar e medidas de gases sanguíneos arteriais nos períodos pré-operatório e pós-operatório (três a seis meses). Os dados obtidos foram analisados por meio do teste de Wilcoxon e o nível de significância estatística foi p< 0,05. RESULTADOS: Nos dados obtidos por intermédio dos testes de função pulmonar, a capacidade pulmonar total e o volume residual foram maiores no pós-operatório (p < 0,05). Quanto aos dados de gases arteriais, não houve variações estatisticamente significantes. CONCLUSÃO: O aumento da capacidade pulmonar total e volume residual podem sugerir uma melhor função pulmonar após mastoplastia redutora em gigantomastia, apesar de não alterarem os gases arteriais das pacientes saudáveis.
Mortes súbitas em bovinos causadas por Amorimia exotropica (Malpighiaceae) no Rio Grande do Sul
Authors: Pavarini S.P. , Soares M.P. , Bandarra P.M. , Gomes D.C. , Bandinelli M.B. , Cruz C.E.F. , Driemeier D.
Published: April 2011

Descrevem-se casos de morte súbita em bovinos associados com a ingestão de Amorimia (Mascagnia) exotropica em seis propriedades rurais localizadas na região metropolitana de Porto Alegre e na serra gaúcha. Os bovinos intoxicados foram encontrados mortos sem história de sinais clínicos prévios, ou apresentaram tremores musculares, quedas bruscas, movimentos de pedalagem, opistótono, respiração ofegante e decúbito lateral, quando induzidos ao movimento poucos minutos antes da morte. Registrou-se maior número de casos entre os meses de maio e agosto. Nove bovinos foram necropsiados e os principais achados macroscópicos observados foram mucosa oral levemente cianótica (3/9), hidropericárdio leve a moderado (3/9), petéquias e equimoses no epicárdio (5/9), coágulo no interior do ventrículo esquerdo (4/9), edema pulmonar (5/9) e mucosas vermelhas no abomaso e no intestino delgado (6/9). Histologicamente havia necrose de coagulação no miocárdio (9/9) caracterizada por retração celular, aumento da eosinofilia do citoplasma com perda das estriações, vacúolos intracitoplasmáticos, núcleos em picnose, vacúolos intranucleares com marginalização da cromatina e ocasionais núcleos em cariorrexia e cariólise. No coração, edema intersticial (3/9) e infiltrado inflamatório intersticial predominantemente mononuclear (7/9) também foram observados. Nos rins de três bovinos havia degeneração hidrópico-vacuolar multifocal das células epiteliais dos túbulos contorcidos distais associada com núcleos picnóticos deslocados para periferia da célula.