bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cobalt-59 chemical shift and quadrupolar tensors of simple octahedral cobalt(III) complexes
Authors: Kirby Christopher W , Power William P
Published: October 2017

Analysis of the solid-state powder59Co NMR spectra of ten simple inorganic cobalt(III) complexes at 11.75, and in most cases, 4.7 T have permitted the assignment of specific ligand planes to ranges of values of the observed chemical shift principal components. The relevant chemical shift components were determined from the simulations of the powder line shapes. These simulations also provided the relative orientations of the chemical shift (CS) and electric field gradient (efg) tensors, as well as magnitude and asymmetry of the59Co quadrupolar coupling. Using symmetry arguments and ab initio calculations, as appropriate or necessary, the orientations of the efg tensors in the molecular frame were deduced. This allowed the determination of the CS tensors in the molecular frame and thus assignment of the ligand planes responsible for the observed values of chemical shifts.Key words: cobalt, chemical shift, quadrupolar coupling, solid state NMR.
Bis(1-phenyl-1-propyne) complexes of tungsten(II): crystal structures of [WI2(CO)(NCR)(η2-MeC2Ph)2] (R = Me, Et, or Ph)
Authors: Baker Paul K , Drew Michael GB , Evans Deborah S
Published: October 2017

Reaction of [WI2(CO)3(NCMe)2] with two equivalents of 1-phenyl-1-propyne (MeC2Ph) in CH2Cl2, and in the absence of light, gave the bis(1-phenyl-1-propyne) complex [WI2(CO)(NCMe)(η2-MeC2Ph)2] (1) in 77% yield. Treatment of equimolar quantities of 1 and NCR (R = Et, i-Pr, t-Bu, Ph) in CH2Cl2 afforded the nitrile-exchanged products, [WI2(CO)(NCR)(η2-MeC2Ph)2] (2-5) (R = Et (2), i-Pr (3), t-Bu (4), Ph (5)). Complexes 1, 2, and 5 were structurally characterized by X-ray crystallography. All three structures have the same pseudo-octahedral geometry, with the equatorial sites being occupied by cis and parallel alkyne groups, which are trans to the cis-iodo groups. The trans carbon monoxide and acetonitrile ligands occupy the axial sites. In structures 1 and 2, the methyl and phenyl substituents of the 1-phenyl-1-propyne ligands are cis to each other, whereas for the bulkier NCPh complex (5), the methyl and phenyl groups are trans to one another. This is the first time that this arrangement has been observed in the solid state in bis(alkyne) complexes of this type.Key words: bis(1-phenyl-1-propyne), carbonyl, nitrile, diiodo, tungsten(II), crystal structures.
THE PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES OF MICROORGANISMS: VI. THE SEPARATION OF PROTEASES FROM MORTIERELLA RENISPORA DIXON-STEWART BY ZONE ELECTROPHORESIS
Authors: Wetter L. R.
Published: October 2017

Moving-boundary electrophoresis indicated that a protease concentrate obtained from the culture medium of Mortierella renispora Dixon-Stewart (PRL 26) was made up of a number of proteins. Filter-paper electrophoresis demonstrated that two of the proteins were capable of hydrolyzing denatured hemoglobin. One active component had a negative mobility, the other a positive mobility in phosphate buffer pH 6.8, ionic strength 0.1. Because of the difference in electrical properties it was possible to separate the two active components by zone electrophoresis. Though yields were low when filter paper was employed, the use of potato starch as the supporting medium resulted in excellent recoveries.
STUDIES ON THE ORAL TOXICITY OFCLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUMTOXIN, TYPE A
Authors: Coleman Ivan W.
Published: October 2017

Three aspects of the reported oral toxicity of Clostridium botulinum toxin, Type A, were investigated. No demonstrable migration of the crystalline toxin from the lumen of the intestine into the blood stream of the dog could be found. Evidence indicating that the crystalline toxin was inactivated by pepsin and chymotrypsin was obtained, but the toxin was found to be resistant to the action of trypsin. Comparison of the oral toxicity and the intraperitoneal toxicity of the crystalline toxin revealed that the product was not orally toxic. A spray-dried crude preparation of the toxin demonstrated a low oral toxicity.
INTRACELLULAR DISTRIBUTION OF DESOXYRIBONUCLEO-DEPOLYMERASE IN NORMAL RAT LIVER, LIVER TUMOR, AND LIVER OF ANIMALS FED p-DIMETHYLAMINOAZOBENZENE
Authors: Lamirande Gaston de , Allard Claude , Cantero Antonio
Published: October 2017

The intracellular distribution of desoxyribonucleodepolymerase (DNase) has been investigated in the liver of animals fed p-dimethylaminoazobenzene (DAB), in liver freed from tumor, and in DAB induced tumor. The method is based on the determination of acid soluble material containing phosphorus, liberated by the action of the enzyme upon highly polymerized DNA. Results indicated that the nuclear DNase particularly accounts for a very low percentage of the whole cell activity in normal rat liver, whereas in nuclei of liver of DAB fed rats and of tumor the activity is increased to a high level. These facts suggest a possible correlation between the activity of DNase in the nuclear fraction and the mitotic rate of the tissue.
MECHANISM OF CITRIC ACID FORMATION FROM GLUCOSE BY ASPERGILLUS NIGER
Authors: Shu Ping , Funk A. , Neish A. C.
Published: October 2017

A medium containing glucose-1-C14 as the sole carbon source was fermented by Aspergillus niger under conditions giving a steady rate of oxygen consumption and a good yield of citric acid (63%). The citric acid was isolated and degraded by chemical methods to determine the carbon-14 concentration of the methylene carbons, the tertiary carbon, the tertiary carboxyl carbon, and the primary carboxyl carbons. These were found to contain, respectively, 35.6, 21.2, 7.25, and 5.99% of the C14 concentration of carbon-1 of the glucose. A mathematical analysis of these data in the light of current theories on citric acid formation suggested following conclusions: (a) 37–40% of the total citric acid was formed from recycled C4-dicarboxylic acid, (b) 40% of the dicarboxylic acid was formed through C2,C2 condensation and 60% through C1,C3 condensation, (c) 78% of the glucose was dissimilated through the Embden–Meyerhof scheme, the remainder being dissimilated through a mechanism involving carboxyl labeled pyruvic acid.
SEROLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ETHIONINE IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Rice Christine E. , Boulanger P. , Annau E.
Published: October 2017

In relation to body weight, rabbits were found to tolerate a much lower dosage of ethionine than guinea pigs. Serum complement titers fell, however, even in rabbits receiving small daily doses of ethionine, an indication of a basal disturbance in the processes of protein synthesis. Total serum protein values remained within normal limits but globulin tended to increase in relation to albumin, whereas in many of the ethionine-injected guinea pigs previously studied, serum albumin had increased in relation to globulin. In rabbits given 250 mgm. daily doses of ethionine, a definite increase in the nonprotein nitrogen content of the serum was recorded.
THE ANAEROBIC DISSIMILATION OFD-GLUCOSE-1-C14,D-ARABINOSE-1-C14, ANDL-ARABINOSE-1-C14BYAEROBACTER AEROGENES
Authors: Neish A. C. , Simpson F. J.
Published: October 2017

D-Glucose-1-C14, D-arabinose-1-C14, and L-arabinose-1-C14were dissimilated anaerobically by Aerobacter aerogenes. The major products (2,3-butanediol, ethanol, acetic acid, lactic acid, formic acid, and carbon dioxide) were isolated and the location of C14determined. The products from glucose were all labeled, mainly in the methyl groups, in agreement with the hypothesis that they were derived from methyl-labeled pyruvate formed by the reactions of the classical Embden–Meyerhof scheme for glycolysis. The products from both pentoses appeared to have been formed from pyruvate labeled in both the methyl and carboxyl groups with twice as much C14in the methyl group as in the carboxyl group. This result may be explained quantitatively by a hypothesis assuming complete conversion of pentose to triose via a heptulose.
MOLECULAR WEIGHT AND HYDRODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF SODIUM ALGINATE
Authors: Cook W. H. , Smith David B.
Published: October 2017

Sedimentation, diffusion, and viscosity measurements were made on five unfractionated samples of sodium alginate ranging in intrinsic viscosity from 3.1 to 17.5. Diffusion coefficients were subject to large errors and are believed to be overestimated.Though the molecular weights obtained from sedimentation–diffusion (Svedberg equation) and sedimentation – intrinsic viscosity (Perrin–Simha equations) showed good agreement and yielded values of 3 to 21 × 104, higher values (4.6 to 37 × 104) from sedimentation–viscosity (Mandelkern–Flory equation) appear to be the better estimates. A linear relation between intrinsic viscosity and molecular weight was found with a slope (Mandelkern–Flory equation values) equivalent to Km = 13.9 × 10−3. The results indicate that sodium alginate has a relatively high extension ratio.
URINARY EXCRETION PRODUCTS OF MENADIONE (VITAMIN K3)
Authors: Hoskin F. C. G. , Spinks J. W. T. , Jaques L. B.
Published: October 2017

Radioactive vitamin K3 (2-methyl-C14-1,4-naphthoquinone) was administered to rats and the radioactive urinary products separated by paper chromatography and identified by ultraviolet absorption spectra and chemical analyses. Over the dosage range of 2.6 to 11.0 mgm. per kgm. of body weight, 2-methyl-C14-1,4-naphthoquinone was excreted, in order of decreasing relative concentrations as the diglucuronide (Product 1), the monosulphate (Product 2), and a third partially identified derivative of the vitamin (Product 3). Following the administration of vitamin K3, these products were excreted by normal rats, a dicoumarol-poisoned rat, and a guinea pig. The relative concentrations in the urine of Products 1 and 2 varied directly with the size of dose of vitamin K3. At these dosages, little or no vitamin K3 is excreted in urine as such.
PHOSPHORUS METABOLISM OF THE ADRENAL GLAND EFFECT OF HYPOPHYSECTOMY AND ADMINISTRATION OF ACTH ON INCORPORATION OF P32 INTO INORGANIC PHOSPHATE
Authors: Riedel B. E. , Logan J. E. , DeLuca H. A. , Rossiter R. J.
Published: October 2017

In confirmation of the work of others, the concentration of inorganic phosphate (P) in the plasma of hypophysectomized rats was found to be less than that in the plasma of control animals. Hypophysectomy caused no significant change in the concentration of inorganic P in the adrenal gland or liver. A single intraperitoneal injection of each of two preparations of ACTH failed to cause any significant change in the concentrations of inorganic P in plasma, adrenal, or liver.The specific activity of the inorganic P in the plasma of hypophysectomized rats after an intraperitoneal injection of inorganic P labelled with P32 was greater than that in the control animals. Hypophysectomy caused a decrease in the specific activity of the inorganic P of the adrenal gland relative to that of the inorganic P of the plasma. Each of the two preparations of ACTH, given to the hypophysectomized animals as a single intraperitoneal injection 20 hr. before killing, restored the relative specific activity of the inorganic P of the adrenals to normal values. When the ACTH was administered six hours before killing, one of the preparations (ACTH A) caused an increase in the relative specific activity of the inorganic P of the adrenals, but a second preparation (ACTH C) was without significant effect.The increase in the specific activity of the inorganic P of the plasma comes on slowly (quite small two days after hypophysectomy), whereas the decrease in the relative specific activity of the inorganic P of the adrenal gland comes on rapidly (maximal two days after hypophysectomy). For this reason, at longer time intervals after hypophysectomy (greater than six days) the absolute activity of the acid-soluble P of the adrenal, i.e. the activity not referred to that of the inorganic P of the plasma, was greater in hypophysectomized animals, and not less, as reported by other workers. The activity of this fraction is less in hypophysectomized animals only if the observations are made at short time intervals after removal of the pituitary. Evidence is presented for the view that the increase in the specific activity of the inorganic P of the plasma is the result of changes brought about by a deficiency of growth hormone, whereas the decrease in the relative specific activity of the adrenal is due to a deficiency of ACTH.
STUDIES ON THE PRESERVATION OF BLOOD: III. REVERSIBLE INHIBITION OF GLYCOLYSIS IN BLOOD BY OXALATE
Authors: Pappius Hanna M. , Denstedt Orville F.
Published: October 2017

Oxalate was found to inhibit glycolysis in red blood cells during storage at 5 °C. The inhibition of glycolysis in blood cells by oxalate is reversible. The glycolytic activity of the oxalated cells can be restored by washing the cells, or by precipitating the oxalate with an equivalent concentration of added calcium ions. However, with increased duration of storage prior to removal of oxalate the rate of glycolysis in the erythrocytes was found to be decreased on removal of the oxalate.
THE EFFECT OF CORTISONE ACETATE ON THE PRODUCTION OF CIRCULATING HEMOLYTIC ANTIBODIES IN THE MOUSE
Authors: Newsom Shirley E. , Darrach Marvin
Published: October 2017

Quantitative immunochemical methods have been used to show that in the mouse cortisone acetate suppresses the formation of circulating hemolytic antibodies to sheep erythrocytes. The amount of suppression varies with the dose of both cortisone acetate and antigen. Experimental conditions are defined whereby an almost complete inhibition of circulating antibody occurs. The method serves as a quantitative procedure for comparing the effect of different steroids and hormones on antibody production as well as a means of studying possible cortisone antagonists.
MODIFICATION OF PARATHION'S TOXICITY FOR RATS BY PRETREATMENT WITH CHLORINATED HYDROCARBON INSECTICIDES
Authors: Ball W. L. , Sinclair J. W. , Crevier M. , Kay Kingsley
Published: October 2017

Oral pretreatment of rats with chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides greatly increases their resistance to poisoning by organic phosphate insecticides. Previous work in this laboratory demonstrated that the pretreatment is followed by a rise in the serum aliesterase level. Aldridge has shown that A-aliesterase is capable of hydrolyzing paraoxon (an organic phosphate). It is suggested that an increase in the level of this organophosphate hydrolyzing enzyme plays a part in the protection observed.
ACUTE ESERINE POISONING IN THE MONKEY
Authors: Candole C. A. de
Published: October 2017

The changes in pulmonary ventilation which follow the intravenous injection of lethal and sublethal doses of eserine in the urethanized monkey have been studied. A reduction in minute volume is the outstanding change; but periods of overventilation may occur both before and after the phase of underventilation.When death takes place within ten minutes respiration fails before the heart, whereas when death is delayed, both fail together.Different elements of the respiratory mechanism differ in their susceptibility to eserine. Thus diaphragmatic and intercostal function are rarely lost together, and gasping may continue for long periods after eupnoeic breathing has failed.
ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATASE, ELECTROLYTES, AND OXYGEN UPTAKE RATES OF HUMAN NORMAL AND EPILEPTOGENIC CEREBRAL CORTEX
Authors: Pappius Hanna , Elliott K. A. C.
Published: October 2017

The magnesium-activated and the calcium-activated adenosine triphosphatase activities, the potassium and sodium content, and the oxygen uptake rate in a medium containing glucose, pyruvate, glutamate, and fumarate have been determined in human cerebral cortex excised from epileptic patients. No differences between focal epileptogenic and normal tissue were detected.
EFFECT OF VITAMIN E ON CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM OF RAT DIAPHRAGM
Authors: Gray Doris E. , Luca H. A. De
Published: October 2017

A study was made of the carbohydrate metabolism of diaphragm isolated from rats maintained on diets containing deficient, sufficient, or excessive quantities of vitamin E, respectively. No effect was observed on glycogen formation, glucose uptake, lactic acid accumulation, or oxygen consumption as a result of differences in vitamin E intake. The data suggested, however, that diaphragm from rats receiving a diet deficient in vitamin E may have a slightly decreased capacity to form pyruvic acid or else a slightly increased ability to utilize it. The addition of insulin to the incubation medium counteracted this effect of the vitamin lack.
ENZYMATIC DECARBOXYLATION OF 2,6- AND 2,3-DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE
Authors: Sourkes Theodore L.
Published: October 2017

The action of dihydroxyphenylalanine (dopa) decarboxylase of guinea pig kidney and of tyrosine decarboxylase of Streptococcus faecalis R on 2,3- and 2,6-dopa has been studied. Compared with 3,4-dopa, these substrates are decarboxylated by the kidney enzyme at rates decreasing in the order: 2,3-, 3,4-, 2,6-dopa. The bacterial enzyme employed as an acetonized powder decarboxylates 2,3-dopa but not the di-ortho isomer. The significance of these results in clarifying the substrate specificity of the two enzymes is discussed.
CYTOCHROME OXIDASE ACTIVITY OF CELL NUCLEI
Authors: Rubinstein David , Denstedt Orville F.
Published: October 2017

The presence of cytochrome oxidase in the nuclear material from chicken erythrocytes and rat-liver cells has been demonstrated with the aid of p-phenylenediamine as the agent for reducing cytochrome c. The three reagents p-phenylenediamine, ascorbate, and hydroquinone are effective in the estimation of cytochrome oxidase in mitochondrial preparations, but only the first mentioned agent can effect the reduction of endogenous cytochrome c. The addition of cytochrome c will increase the oxidase activity of the liver-cell mitochondria but not of the nuclear fraction from the erythrocytes or the liver cells, presumably because of the impermeability of the nuclear membranes to added cytochrome c.
A RAPID METHOD FOR FILTER PAPER ELECTROPHORESIS
Authors: Vesselinovitch S. D. , Funnell H. S.
Published: October 2017

A technique for filter paper electrophoresis and strip staining that permits the running time to be reduced to two hours or less is described. Some typical two hour electrophoretic patterns are illustrated and the clinical advantages of the technique mentioned. Details of a simple and inexpensive apparatus for electrophoresis on filter paper are given. Several variables affecting rapid and distinct protein separation, which were modified in the development of this method, and the relationships between these changes and the shortened running time are discussed.
IMPORTANCE OF THE VASCULAR FACTOR IN THE ETIOLOGY OF POSTHISTAMINIC GASTRIC ULCERS IN GUINEA PIGS
Authors: Kowalewski Konstanty
Published: October 2017

Large doses of histamine cause gastric hyperacidity and ulceration in guinea pigs. Colchicine prevents the hyperacidity but not the ulceration; posterior pituitary extract prevents the ulceration but not the hyperacidity. These findings suggest that the vascular component of the gastric response to histamine is more important than the secretory component for the genesis of histamine ulcers.
THE EFFECT OF CODEINE ON RAT SERUM AMYLASE
Authors: Wiberg G. Stuart , Tuba Jules
Published: October 2017

Adult male rats did not display an elevated serum amylase following injection of codeine. Mice, on the other hand, showed significantly increased values of the enzyme after treatment with codeine. The significance of these findings are discussed from the standpoint of the tonus of the sphincter of Oddi, and the presence or absence of a gall bladder.
THE EFFECTS OF ANTIBIOTICS ON THE SYNTHESIS OF VITAMIN B12 IN THE CHICK
Authors: Jenkins K. J. , Bell J. M. , O'Neil J. B. , Spinks J. W. T.
Published: October 2017

The effects of aureomycin, terramycin, penicillin, and streptomycin on the synthesis of vitamin B12 in the gastrointestinal tract of the chick fed a vitamin B12-free diet have been studied by means of radiocobalt. Cobalt had no effect by itself but in the presence of an antibiotic resulted in a definite increase in weight. Chicks receiving antibiotics excreted more cobalt and less vitamin B12 than those without supplementation. Synthesis of vitamin B12 in the gastrointestinal tract occurs as early as the proventriculus. Both the rate and the site of synthesis are influenced by the antibiotic fed. A higher concentration of cobalt is found in the tissues of chicks not receiving antibiotics. Antibiotics appear to have no marked effect on vitamin B12 concentration in the tissues except in the blood and gall bladder. The relatively large amount of vitamin B12 in the blood of chicks not supplemented with antibiotics suggests the poor utilization of this vitamin or the synthesis of a physiologically ineffective form.
METABOLISM OF MAMMALIAN ERYTHROCYTES: V. ROLE OF CATALASE IN THE OXIDATION OF RIBOSE-5-PHOSPHATE BY THE ERYTHROCYTE
Authors: Francoeur Marc , Denstedt Orville F.
Published: October 2017

Ribose-5-phosphate has been found to be rapidly oxidized by the stroma-free hemolyzate of human, rat, and rabbit erythrocytes in the presence of ferricyanide under anaerobic conditions, or in the presence of methylene blue under aerobic conditions. Compounds resembling R-5-P, such as ribose, arabinose, xylose, glucose, glucose-6-phosphate, fructose-6-phosphate, and hexose diphosphate are not oxidized under these conditions. The oxidation does not involve DPN or TPN and it is completely inhibited by cyanide. The Ks is about 2 × 10−2 M. Under anaerobic conditions, in the presence of ferricyanide, the enzyme responsible for the oxidation is catalase. Purified catalase from beef liver or from rabbit erythrocytes yields the same results as the SFH from human, rat, or rabbit erythrocytes with respect to specificity, cyanide sensitivity, and the Ks value. Under aerobic conditions, catalase is responsible also for the oxidation of R-5-P, but the mechanism involves the peroxidase action of catalase. Catalase catalyzes the oxidation of R-5-P by hydrogen peroxide in the presence of a system which slowly generates hydrogen peroxide, such as the glucose–glucose oxidase or the hemoglobin – methylene blue systems.
THE EFFECTS OF SINGLE LARGE INFUSIONS OF VARIOUS DEXTRAN SOLUTIONS ON HYPOVOLEMIC DOGS
Authors: Semple Robert E.
Published: October 2017

Standardized bleeding procedures were carried out on anesthetized dogs. Some animals received no therapy, some infusions of saline, and some received dextran infusions at times that varied from immediately to three and one-half hours after hemorrhage. With no therapy, one of eight animals survived; with saline infusions, 4 of 13 survived; and with dextran 23 of 24 dogs survived. There was often wound bleeding after dextran; this was not seen in saline treated animals but dextran treated animals recovered rapidly and no other ill-effects were noted. Dextran infusions were quantitatively retained in the circulation for an appreciable time and the volume and pressure of the circulating fluid were effectively restored and maintained. The amount of dextran excreted in urine was inversely related to the mean molecular weight of the infused material and the quantity excreted was the same as that observed in normal animals. The rate of disappearance of dextran by other than the renal route did not vary with the mean molecular weight, and indicated that the dextran molecule is catabolized at from 4.9 to 8.6 mgm./hr./kgm. body weight. About 50% of total plasma proteins of animals was lost by the hemorrhage and was replaced, after dextran infusions, within four days. There was no evidence, after dextran infusions, of dextran storage in kidney, spleen, or liver.
ASSAY OF ADRENOCORTICAL HORMONES ON THE THYMUS OF THE WEANLING RAT
Authors: Stephenson N. R.
Published: October 2017

Involution of the thymus gland of intact weanling rats has been used as the criterion of the response to 11-oxycorticosteroids. Other substances known to cause thymus atrophy exhibited dosage–response relationships which differed significantly from those observed with 11-oxycorticosteroids. Thymus involution was produced at a faster rate and at smaller dose levels by adrenal corticoids than by any of the other steroid hormone preparations examined. The slope of the dosage–effect line obtained with an 11-oxycorticosteroid may be increased by using (a) adrenalectomized rats, (b) female rats, and (c) vegetable oil as the injection medium. The error term of the assay may be reduced by (a) using littermates in each treatment group, (b) maintaining the weight range within dosage groups as small as possible, and (c) equalizing the total weight of the rats in each dosage group at the start of the assay. The standard error of the potency ratio was usually less than ± 15% when 40 intact female rats of the Wistar strain, 21–23 days old, were employed in a two-dose assay design. This method provided estimates of potency of commercial adrenal cortical extracts which did not differ significantly from those obtained by a procedure using deposition of reducing substances in the liver of adrenalectomized male rats as the criterion of the response. The chief advantages of the thymus involution method are: (a) intact rats may be employed and (b) chemical analyses of tissues are not required.
PHYSIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS ON THE EXCRETION OF KYNURENINE IN HUMANS
Authors: Špaček M.
Published: October 2017

Concentration of kynurenine in human urine shows variations of about 16% during the day and approximately as much (13%) from day to day. The variations are not clearly related to daily urine output, specific gravity, urinary creatinine, and the presence of indican or diazo-reaction.Elimination of tryptophan from the diet leads to gradual decrease of kynurenine excretion in persons who have excreted large amounts on mixed diet, but not in persons excreting only traces. Concentration of kynurenine in urine rises after administration of tryptophan. The response to tryptophan varies widely from subject to subject. Nicotinamide seems to decrease excretion of kynurenine. No consistent effect of pyridoxine has been observed.Older persons tend to excrete higher concentrations of kynurenine. Normal adults of 20 years average age present an average level of 0.1 mgm. kynurenine per 100 ml. of urine, much of which is not true kynurenine. The average level in older persons (47 years average age) without physical disease has been found to be 0.21 mgm. per 100 ml.
SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN THE LIPID AND WATER CONTENT OF THE THYMUS GLAND IN ALBINO RATS BEARING WALKER CARCINOMA 256
Authors: Boyd Eldon M. , Fontaine Valmore , Hill J. Gilbert
Published: October 2017

The investigation was designed to measure hydrolipotropic variations in the thymus gland of albino rats bearing Walker carcinoma 256. This was done upon 27 pairs of littermate albino rats, one of each pair inoculated and one not inoculated with Walker carcinoma 256. The life history of the tumor was evenly represented in the series. Tumor growth was found to be accompanied by a statistically significant increase in total body weight, due to water retention, and decrease in the weight of the thymus gland. The total amount of water, dry weight, total lipid, neutral fat, total fatty acids, free cholesterol, and phospholipid were significantly less in the thymus gland of tumor-bearing albino rats. The concentrations, per unit dry weight, of total lipid, neutral fat, and total fatty acids in the thymus gland were not significantly affected by tumor growth. The similar concentrations of water, total cholesterol, free cholesterol, and phospholipid were significantly increased in the thymus gland of tumor-bearing albino rats. These changes indicated a hydrolipotropic effect of the tumor upon the thymus gland. A pyramidal, up-and-down, change in the concentrations of phospholipid and the three cholesterol fractions in the thymus gland at T/RC coefficients of 30 to 60, together with a marked loss of weight by the gland, suggested the effect upon the thymus gland of factor(s) other than the hydrolipotropic influence.
THE ROLE OF ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE IN INTESTINAL ABSORPTION: III. THE EFFECTS OF VARIOUS FATTY ACIDS ON LEVELS OF THE ENZYME IN INTESTINAL MUCOSA
Authors: Dickie Nester , Robinson Margaret I. , Tuba Jules
Published: October 2017

Fasted rats were used in a study of the effect of fatty acids on intestinal and serum phosphatase. Each acid was mixed with a palatable carrier, and then offered to the animals. Enzyme estimations were made with intestinal homogenates, and occasionally with serum. The first carrier, casein, was found to affect intestinal phosphatase activity, and it was replaced by a non-active carrier, wheat gluten. The results with the two carriers showed essentially the same trend. The elevation of intestinal alkaline phosphatase by dietary fatty acids varied inversely with the chain length for: butyric acid, lauric acid, palmitic acid, and stearic acid. The possibility is considered that decreasing solubility may be associated with the response obtained with these fatty acids. Oleic acid was a more powerful stimulant for the synthesis of intestinal alkaline phosphatase than the saturated fatty acids. Choline, fed simultaneously with oleic acid, completely obliterated the highly significant effect of the acid on both the intestinal and the serum enzyme, These findings indicate that further consideration should be given to the role of phospholipids in absorption of fatty acids. Enzyme response in the serum, studied with a more limited number of fatty acids, lagged a few hours behind the response of the intestinal enzyme.
LECITHINASES IN NORMAL AND IN PATHOLOGICAL CEREBROSPINAL FLUIDS (CSF). I
Authors: Kovacs E.
Published: October 2017

More than 480 CSF's were examined for lecithinase activity. No lecithin splitting was evident in definitely normal CSF. In 60% of the neurologically normal group moderate phospholipase level was demonstrated. Activity was found in a slightly higher number (64%) of the CSF's of meningitis patients. Of the poliomyelitis group 74% exhibited activity, with more uniformity in, and with higher, values than the first two groups. This finding is correlated with the pathological changes in the peripheral nervous system. The highest enzyme level was found in the syphilitic group, 80% of which showed positive assays. The CSF's of miscellaneous neurological and psychotic conditions occasionally exhibited intense lecithinase activity.
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE COAGULATION DEFECT BROUGHT ABOUT IN RABBITS AND DOGS BY THE INTRAVENOUS INJECTION OF PAPAIN
Authors: Monkhouse Frank C.
Published: October 2017

The intravenous injection of papain causes the blood of dogs and rabbits to become incoagulable. In rabbits the incoagulability persists for many hours. In some animals there remained a mild disturbance in the coagulation system up to two weeks after the injection. The release of heparin can account for part of the effect, but there is evidence of some other contributing factor. Results indicate that the added factor affects the thrombin–fibrinogen reaction. Calcium chloride in excess of that needed for normal coagulation will greatly inhibit the antithrombic effect of commercial beef heparin, and to a lesser extent, the antithrombic effect of an injection of papain.
EFFECT OF LIGATION OF THE COMMON DUCT ON THE RADIOIODINE UPTAKE BY THE THYROID OF RATS
Authors: Kowalewski K. , Mooney A. W. , Hyde H. A.
Published: October 2017

The enterohepatic circulation of radioiodine in rats was interrupted by the ligation of the common bile duct. Significant reduction in the radioactivity of the thyroids was noted in rats following ligation of the common duct and administration of radioiodine per os. In all animals on which operations were performed radioactivity of the liver was increased. The rate of excretion of radioactive bile in rats with cannulated bile ducts was also investigated. The importance of hepatobiliary factors in the process of utilization of tracer dose of radioiodine is briefly discussed. The possibility of alterations in radioiodine uptake in man with disturbed liver function is emphasized.
AN ASSAY METHOD FOR LIPOXIDASE IN ANIMAL TISSUE
Authors: Boyd D. H. J. , Adams G. A.
Published: October 2017

An assay for lipoxidase in animal tissues has been developed which eliminates the interference of heme compounds. Catalytic oxidation of linoleate emulsions at pH 9.0 by heme pigments was inhibited by potassium cyanide while lipoxidase activity was relatively unaffected. The assay method was capable of detecting extremely low levels of lipoxidase activity in animal tissue. Application of the method to beef and pork adipose tissue, uncured bacon, cured unsmoked bacon, and rabbit liver, kidney, spleen, heart, brain, and lung strongly suggested that lipoxidase was not present in these tissues and that the linoleate oxidation was catalyzed by the heme pigments in the extracts.
THE CONCENTRATION OF ELECTROLYTES IN NORMAL HUMAN SALIVA
Authors: Hildes J. A. , Ferguson Marion H.
Published: October 2017

Parotid saliva was collected into graduated tubes by fitting small cups over the parotid papillae. The sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate concentrations and the pH of parotid saliva increased with increasing rates of secretion, but the potassium and phosphate concentrations remained constant at secretion rates greater than 0.5 ml. per minute. Although the latter two ions were always at concentrations higher than serum levels, the parotid juice was always hypotonic but decreasingly so as the rate of flow increased. There was appreciable variation between individuals and also in the same subject from time to time. No difference was noted between the two gustatory stimuli used, dilute acetic acid and glucose candy. The potassium concentration in parotid saliva was higher than in mixed submaxillary and sublingual saliva. Continuous recording of the rate of secretion on a smoked drum showed cyclic variations from minute to minute, indicating that timed collections over a period of minutes give mean rather than actual rates of flow.
A STUDY OF THE AUTONOMIC MANIFESTATIONS SEEN IN ACUTE ALDRIN AND DIELDRIN POISONING
Authors: Gowdey C. W. , Stavraky G. W.
Published: October 2017

The peripheral parasympathomimetic action of aldrin was investigated in vagotomized and adrenalectomized cats under chloralose and urethane anesthesia. Under these experimental conditions aldrin caused slowing of the heart, potentiated the effects of electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve, and augmented the secretory effect of the chorda tympani on the decentralized submaxillary salivary gland. Blood withdrawn five minutes after intravenous injections of aldrin into cats showed a reduced rate of destruction of added acetylcholine when tested on the frog's rectus abdominis muscle. In spite of a marked central action, dieldrin exerted none of these peripheral effects.
THE ANAEROBIC DISSIMILATION OF SEDOHEPTULOSE-2-C14 AND SEDOHEPTULOSE-3-C14 BY AEROBACTER AEROGENES
Authors: Neish A. C. , Blackwood A. C.
Published: October 2017

Sedoheptulose-2-C14 and sedoheptulose-3-C14 were synthesized from D-ribose and D-erythrose with labelled cyanide by application of the cyanhydrin and the diazomethane syntheses. The sugars were dissimilated under anaerobic conditions by growing cultures of Aerobacter aerogenes. The same products were formed as are obtained from glucose. The labelling in the products can be explained to a large extent by the action of transketolase and transaldolase functioning in conjunction with the enzymes of the Embden–Meyerhof scheme, but other reactions appeared to be concerned as well.
CARDIOVASCULAR RESPONSES IN DOGS TO INTRAVENOUS INFUSIONS OF WHOLE BLOOD, PLASMA, AND PLASMA FOLLOWED BY PACKED ERYTHROCYTES
Authors: Sunahara F. A. , Hatcher J. D. , Beck L. , Gowdey C. W.
Published: October 2017

The effects of intravenous infusions of large volumes of blood or of plasma followed by packed erythrocytes were studied in anesthetized normal dogs. During plasma infusion the right auricular pressure (RAP) and cardiac output increased as the hematocrit decreased. Blood infusion caused a rise in RAP but was, in most cases, not accompanied by an increased output. It is concluded that, although the blood volume and RAP may be important in the regulation of cardiac output, they are not under all conditions the controlling factors. The relative oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood appears to be more important in the cardiovascular adjustments to hypervolemia.
NEUTRAL FAT ABSORPTION IN THE RAT:THE ALLEGED EFFECT OF CHOLINE AND THE CHANGES IN THE INTESTINAL LYMPH
Authors: Tasker Ronald R.
Published: October 2017

The intestinal absorption of olive oil was studied in the rat by cannulating the intestinal lymph trunk. After a 1 ml. test meal, the rate of flow of lymph as well as the concentration of lymph phospholipids and total lipids rose sharply, returning to fasting levels in about 20 hr. The total lipids rose and fell more sharply than the phospholipids; the concentration of lymphatic proteins remained unchanged. Roughly two-thirds of the fat meal was recovered from the lymph. The addition of 10 mgm. choline chloride to the test meal had no appreciable effect on any of the factors studied and in particular did not alter the rate of lymphatic absorption of olive oil from the intestine significantly.
THE PYRUVIC PHOSPHOFERASE OF ERYTHROCYTES: II. ACTIVITY IN ANEMIC AND TUMOR-BEARING ANIMALS AND IN HUMAN BLOOD DISORDERS
Authors: Solvonuk P. F. , Collier H. B.
Published: October 2017

Pyruvic phosphoferase (PPFase) activity of the erythrocytes (RBC) was determined in rabbits and rats made anemic by acetylphenylhydrazine injection or by bleeding, in rats bearing the Walker 256 carcinoma, and in human patients suffering from anemia, including several cases of pernicious anemia. An elevation of the PPFase activity was found to accompany the appearance of new RBC in the circulation, but the enzyme level was not always related to the proportion of reticulocytes or the mean RBC volume. Administration of vitamin B12 to a previously untreated case of pernicious anemia resulted in a marked increase in the PPFase activity during regeneration of RBC. The highest PPFase activity was found in a patient with nutritional microcytic anemia. It is concluded that a high PPFase activity is associated with immature RBC; but as there are several types of immature RBC a separation would be necessary before enzyme activity could be correlated with the stage of cell development. Sodium and potassium concentrations in the RBC of the various animals and patients exhibited no consistent relationship with the PPFase activity; hence it seemed unlikely that the cation concentration influenced the level of enzyme activity.
EXERCISE AND TEMPERATURE REGULATION IN LEMMINGS AND RABBITS
Authors: Hart J. S. , Heroux O.
Published: October 2017

Oxygen consumption and body temperatures were determined in lemmings at environmental temperatures from 20 °C. to −10 °C. and in rabbits from 20 °C. to −50 °C. Body insulation indices were estimated as the ratio [Formula: see text]. In both species, increase in activity and decrease in temperature led to increases in oxygen consumption that were additive over the temperature range. Oxygen increments of work were independent of environmental temperature in the absence of progressive hypothermia. Work led to increases in body temperature at the upper environmental temperatures and to decreases in body temperature at the lower temperatures. In extreme cold, rabbits became progressively hypothermic during work and there was a decline in oxygen consumption. Body temperatures started to fall at environmental temperatures 18 °C. higher in working than in resting rabbits. Insulation was lower in working than in resting animals. During exercise there appears to be a readjustment of body temperature, insulation, and heat loss until thermal equilibrium is established. The regulation of heat production, within limits, seems to be independent of body-temperature changes during exercise.
GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND PROBLEMS OF ELECTROLYTE RESEARCH
Authors: Manery J. F.
Published: October 2017

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EFFECTS OF INHIBITORS OF SULFANILAMIDE ACETYLATION ON SULPHONAMIDE BLOOD CONCENTRATIONS
Authors: Johnson Willard
Published: October 2017

The effect of inhibitors of sulphanilamide acetylation on free and total sulphonamide blood levels has been investigated. p-Aminosalicylic acid hydrazide, administered to rabbits in combination with sulphanilamide, produced a twofold increase in the blood level of free sulphanilamide six hours after a single oral dose. Similarly, p-aminosalicylate and p-(dipropylsulphamyl)-benzoic acid together were responsible for a twofold increase in free-sulphonamide blood level six hours after a single oral dose of a triple sulphonamide mixture. Salicylamide and 5-bromosalicylamide were ineffective. The significance of these results is discussed.
RELATIONSHIP OF OXYGEN CONSUMPTION TO BODY TEMPERATURE IN THE RESTRAINED RAT
Authors: Bartlett Jr. Roscoe G. , Bohr Vernon C. , Inman William I.
Published: October 2017

Forty adult Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: 10 control and 10 restrained animals at room temperature [Formula: see text] and 10 control and 10 restrained animals at [Formula: see text]. Continuous recordings were made on oxygen consumption and body temperature. It was learned that the restrained animals had an initially higher oxygen consumption than the control animals. This gradient was maintained throughout a three-hour exposure in the case of the animals maintained at room temperature but in the case of the animals maintained in the cold it was reversed early in the tests, i.e., the oxygen consumption of the restrained animals fell below that of the control animals. The fall in oxygen consumption was accompanied by a fall in body temperature. From the data it was not possible to state which was the cause and which was the effect. It was suggested that both decreased oxygen consumption and temperature drop may be the effect of another cause, emotionality or emotional stress.
THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF CELL WALL CARBOHYDRATES: II. FORMATION OF CELLULOSE AND XYLAN FROM LABELED MONOSACCHARIDES IN WHEAT PLANTS
Authors: Neish A. C.
Published: October 2017

D-Glucose-1-C14, D-allose-1-C14, D-ribose-1-C14, D-xylose-1-C14, and sedoheptulose-2-C14 were administered to Thatcher wheat plants. The cellulose and xylan were isolated after a 5–48 hr. period of metabolism, and converted to glucose and xylose, respectively. The distribution of C14 in both glucose and xylose was then determined by fermentation with Lcuconostoc mesentcroides. Glucose was found to be a better precursor of both cellulose and xylan than any of the other sugars. The distribution of C14 in the products strongly suggested that the main route for synthesis of the xylose units of xylan was by removal of carbon-6 from a hexose and that pentoses were converted to xylan only through a hexose intermediate.
INFLUENCE OF EXPOSURE TO COLD AND ASCORBIC ACID ADMINISTRATION ON THE WEIGHT AND THE METABOLIC ACTIVITY OF THE ADRENAL GLAND OF HYPO- PHYSECTOMIZED RATS GIVEN ACTH
Authors: Dugal L.-P. , Desmarais A. , Gagnon P. M.
Published: October 2017

Modification of the response of the adrenal gland to ACTH was observed in hypophysectomized rats exposed to cold with or without ascorbic acid treatment. Changes in weight and metabolic activity of the gland were used to measure the adrenal response. All comparisons were made between the left and the right adrenal of each animal before and after treatment. The results obtained show that cold stress increases the response of the adrenal to a standard dose of two units of ACTH; they also indicate that ascorbic acid administration increases so much the responsiveness of the adrenal gland to ACTH at room temperature that such a response is not enhanced by exposure to cold.
THE IN VITRO ADRENAL RESPONSE TO CORTICOTROPIN SUBTYPES: AN IMPROVED ASSAY DESIGN
Authors: McKerns K. W. , Nordstrand E.
Published: October 2017

An eight point assay design for assessment of corticotrophin potency in terms of any standard corticotrophin is described. Each point can be repeated four times by using littermate rat adrenal tissue. The response of isolated adrenal tissue to corticotrophin stimulation is measured in terms of the corticoids produced. As many as three unknown samples may be measured in terms of one standard or compared with one another. Three subtypes of corticotrophin have been assessed in one assay design. They are acid extracted crude corticotrophin (represented by the original U.S.P. Provisional Reference Standard), glacial acetic acid extracted, and oxycel purified corticotrophin. All these corticotrophins showed the same dose–response characteristics and relative potencies in agreement with the Sayers ascorbic acid depletion assay by the intravenous route. When three different samples were assayed in one design of 32 rats the average lambda was 0.18, and the limits of error for each sample were approximately ± 45%.
THE OXIDATION OF TRYPTAMINE BY RAT LIVER AND OTHER TISSUE SUSPENSIONS
Authors: Sourkes T. L. , Townsend Edith , Hansen Gudrun Nan
Published: October 2017

Tryptamine solutions were incubated with crude suspensions of rat and guinea pig tissues in the Barcroft-Warburg apparatus. Oxygen consumption was measured. Solutions incubated for various periods of time were deproteinized with perchloric acid, and the supernatant fraction was examined in the Beckman DU spectrophotometer. Consistent and marked changes were found in the ultraviolet absorption spectrum of the tryptamine solutions. The quantitative changes have been utilized for the measurement of monoamine oxidase activity by the "substrate disappearance" method. The significance of the qualitative changes in absorption spectrum is discussed. Similar experiments with 5-hydroxytryptamine are presented. This substrate is oxidized by rat liver at about the same rate as tryptamine.
THE PREPARATION OF L-α-GLYCERYLPHOSPHORYLCHOLINE FROM LECITHINS
Authors: Tattrie N. H. , McArthur C. S.
Published: October 2017

Investigation of the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholines (lecithins) in hot aqueous alcohol under the influence of mercuric chloride has shown that glycerylphosphorylcholine is formed and that neither racemization nor migration of the phosphorylcholine moiety occurs. The fatty acids are split off much more rapidly than is choline and as a consequence appreciable amounts of glycerylphosphorylcholine are formed. On the basis of these observations a procedure was devised for the hydrolysis of crude lecithin and the isolation of glycerylphosphorylcholine in a yield of 69%. The product was identified as L-α-glycerylphosphorylcholine by analysis of its cadmium chloride complex, and comparison of its optical rotation with that of the synthetic compound of known configuration. Recovery of the diester from this complex was accomplished through removal of the inorganic salt by ion-exchange resins and the free L-α-glycerylphosphorylcholine was crystallized from 99% ethanol.
THE EFFECT OF CORTISONE ON THE FOOD CONSUMPTION OF PREGNANT MICE
Authors: Kalter Harold
Published: October 2017

The amount of food eaten daily by control pregnant mice greatly increased during the latter third of pregnancy. The weight curve of the animals closely followed that of food consumption. Treatment with cortisone caused pregnant animals to eat more and weigh less than the controls did. The effects of cortisone on these phenomena did not immediately cease upon completion of the treatment. The teratogenic effect of cortisone, therefore, cannot be a consequence of decreased food intake.
THE METABOLIC EFFECTS OF INTRAVENOUSLY ADMINISTERED ALDOSTERONE IN A TOTALLY ADRENALECTOMIZED HUMAN
Authors: Beck J. C. , Giroud C. P. , Dyrenfurth I. , Venning E. H.
Published: October 2017

Six hundred micrograms of aldosterone administered intravenously to a totally adrenalectomized patient caused water retention and weight gain without apparent alteration in the sodium and potassium balance. A marked increase in the urinary nitrogen excretion occurred during the aldosterone infusion.