bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Blending Ratio and Injection Timing on Combustion and Emissions of a Common-Rail Diesel Engine Fueled by Iso-Propanol-Butanol-Ethanol (IBE) and Conventional Diesel
Authors: İLÇİN Kudbettin , FIRAT Müjdat , ALTUN Şehmus , OKCU Mutlu
Published: April 2022

In present study, combustion characteristics of mixtures of isopropanol-butanol-ethanol (IBE) with petroleum-based diesel fuel at the rates of 10%, 20% and 30% volumetrically in a single-cylinder CRDI engine were examined under different loads which correspond to 20%, 40% and 60% of maximum torque. The effect of the injection timings from 15 °CA to 23 °CA (bTDC) with 2 °CA increments was also studied at 60% load and constant speed of 2400 rpm. Experimental results showed that IBE blends with diesel fuel delayed the combustion at low load while increasing load reduced this delay when compared with diesel fuel. An increase in cylinder gas pressure up to 5.7% and rate of heat release up to 42% in using IBE was observed. Regarding emissions, despite no significant change in CO emission was observed with the load and IBE ratio; UHCs increased up to 35% at low load conditions; however, they reduced at 60% load. While smoke opacity reduced up to 64% with IBE30 when compared with diesel fuel, NOx emissions increased about 10%. The decrease in injection advance caused a decrease in pressure and heat release rate, while NOx emissions increased gradually up to 54% with increasing injection advance.
PENGARUH SUPLEMENTASI PROBIOTIK YANG BERBEDA PADA AIR MINUM TERHADAP TOTAL LEUKOSIT DAN DIFERENSIAL LEUKOSIT BROILER
Authors: Santosa, Siswanto, dan Sri Suharyati Mayhendra Putra Asmara, Purnama Edy
Published: April 2022

This study aimed to determine: 1) the total of leukocytes and differential leukocytes of broilers given different probiotics; 2) the best total of leukocytes and leukocyte differentials with the different probiotics. This research was carried out on January 10 2018 to February 9 2018. This research held at the farm and leukocyte analysis and differential leukocyte were carried out at the Lampung Veterinary Laboratory. The experimental design used completely randomized design with 3 replications with each test having 25 experimental units and 4 treatments (P0: drinking water without probiotics, P1: drinking water with probiotics A, P2: drinking water with probiotics B, and P3: drinking water with probiotics C). Treatment was given to broilers aged 7 days. Leukocytes and differential leukocytes were tested by WBC test. Observation data were analyzed with 5% and / or 1% level variance and continued with the Smallest Significant Difference test. The results of this study showed thesupplementation of probiotics in drinking water had significant effected (P <0.01) on the total of leukocytes and had a significant effect (P <0.05) on lymphocytes and neutrophils while not significant effected (P> 0.05) on basophils , eosinophils, and monocytes of broiler chicken.

Keywords: Broiler chicken, Leukocyte, Differensial leukocytes, Probiotics
ESTIMASI NILAI PEMULIAAN BOBOT SAPIH SAPI PERANAKAN ONGOLE (PO) DI DESA WAWASAN KECAMATAN TANJUNGSARI KABUPATEN LAMPUNG SELATAN
Authors: Ali Husni, dan Sulastri Linda Safitri, M. Dima Iqbal Hamdani,
Published: April 2022

This study aims to determine the heritability value and breeding value of weaning weight of Ongole crossbreed (PO) cattle in Wawasan Village, Tanjungsari District, South Lampung Regency.  The study was conducted in Wawasan Village Tanjungsari District South Lampung Regency on May 2018 to August 2018.  The research material consisted of a recording of the birth of the cows, the birth weight of the parents, the weaning weight of the parents, the age of weaning parents, the age of the parents at the time of birth, the weight of the female calves, weaning weight of female calves and weaning age of the parents which gave birth twice in 2015 to 2017.  This study uses survey method.  Data analysis was done by looking for corrected weaning weights, estimated heritability values, and breeding values of weaning weights in PO cattle in Wawasan Village, Tanjungsari District, South Lampung Regency.  Based on the results of the study showed PO cattle in Wawasan Village, Tanjungsari District, South Lampung Regency the average corrected weaning weight of the parents were 98.87±1.79 and the average calf corrected weights were 140.64±38.87; heritability value of weaning weight were 0.40; and the average breeding value were 140.64±15.24.  Calculation of breeding values shows that there are 54% of PO cattle that have above-average breeding values.

Keywords: Breeding value, Heritability, Ongole crossbreed, Weaning weight
PENGARUH PERLAKUAN SECARA KIMIAWI (AMONIASI) DAN BIOLOGI (KAPANG) PADA KULIT KOPI TERHADAP KECERNAAN BAHAN KERING DAN KECERNAAN BAHAN ORGANIK (IN VITRO)
Authors: Rudy Sutrisna, dan Farida Fathul Laily Miftakhul Muna, Muhtarudin,
Published: April 2022

The purpose of this research was 1) to compare the effect of chemical (ammoniation) and biological (mold) treatment on coffee husk to dry matter and organic matter digestibility in vitro; 2) knowing the best parameters of the quality on coffee husk processed biologically and chemically on the dry matter and organic matter digestibility in vitro. The research was conducted on 31th of December 2018 until 01st of  March 2019 at the Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Food Laboratory, Department of Animal Husbandry, University of Lampung; Microbiology Laboratory of FMIPA Lampung University and Dairy Animal Nutrition Science Laboratory, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Bogor Agricultural University. This study used completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 3 replications. The treatments given in this study were coffee husk without treatment (P1), coffee husk with 4% urea (P2), coffee husk with 1.5% ammonium sulfate (P3), coffee husk with Aspergillus niger 5 gram (P4). The results showed that ammoniation and fermentation treatment significantly effect (P<0,01) for dry matter digestibility and digestibility of organic matter.  The best treatment of coffee husk on dry matter digestibility and organic matter digestibility is by adding  4% urea.

Keywords: Coffee husk, Ammoniation, Fermentation, Dry matter digestibility, Organic matter digestibility.
PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN MINERAL MIKRO ORGANIK DAN SILASE DAUN SINGKONG TERHADAP TDN ( Total Digestible Nutrient) DAN ENERGI TERCERNA RANSUM BERBASIS LIMBAH KELAPA SAWIT PADA SAPI POTONG CALON INDUKAN
Authors: Wijaya, Dan Muhtarudin Agus Irawan, Liman, Agung Kusuma
Published: April 2022

This study aims to determine the effect of adding microorganic mineral and Silage of cassava leaves to TDN (Total Digestible Nutrient) and digestible energy based on palm oil waste on heifer. The study was conducted in March-May 2018 at the Animal Nutrition and Feed Laboratory, Department of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Lampung. The material of this study using 9 Ongole cattle grade and grouping based on body weight. This study used a randomized block design with 3 treatments and 3 replications. The research treatment consisted of R0 (ration control), R1 (R0 + organic minerals (Zn 40 ppm, Cu 10 ppm, Cr 0.30 ppm, and Se 0.10 ppm) and R3 (R1 + 15% cassava leaves (branched amino acid source / brand chain amino acid) The results showed that: The provision of rations based on oil palm waste significantly affected TDN (Total Digestible Nutrient) and did not significantly affect digestible energy in the Ongole Breeders cow, fermented waste palm oil rations (R2) produced the highest and optimum TDN average is 72.11%, the ration based on fermented palm oil (R2) produces the highest and optimum digestible energy average of 15381.57Kcal / head / day.

Keyword: Digestible energy, Palm oil waste, Organic micro minerals, Silage of cassava leaves, Total digestible nutrient
PENGARUH KOMPOSISI LIDAH BUAYA ( Aloe vera), KULIT MANGGIS (Gracinia mangostana L.) DAN TEPUNG BERAS (Oryza sativa L.) SEBAGAI PELAPIS KERABANG TERHADAP KUALITAS INTERNAL TELUR AYAM RAS
Authors: Khaira Nova, dan Riyanti Eewi Maulina Raninda, Dian Septinova,
Published: April 2022

The purpose of this research was to find out interior quality of 60 eggs laying hen coated by solution of Aloe vera, mangosteen peel solution (MPS), rice flour (RF) and stored during 14 days.  This research carried out on December 2018 at the Animal Production and Reproduction Laboratory, Department of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Agriculture,University of Lampung. The eggs was produced by Isa Brown at 60 weeks old laying period.  Average weight of the eggs was 60.52±1.31 g and coefficient of variation 2.16%.  The research was designed by Complete Randomized Design with four treatments and five replications for every treatment.  The treatments were P0 (control,without coating), P1 (coating by 50 % Aloe vera, 25 % MPS, 25% RF), P2 (coating by 40% Aloe vera, 30% MPS, 30% RF), P3 (coating by 30% Aloe vera 30%, 35% MPS, 35% RF).  Result of this research indicated that coating egg did not affect (P>0.05) on decreasing weight of egg (DWE),yolk egg index (YEI), haugh unit (HU), and pH.  Average of DWE was 3.17±0.66 %, YEI 0.29±0.03, HU 47.14±10.71, pH 7.48±0.31. It could be concluded that treatment of coating egg with Aloe vera, MPS, and RF didn’t affect DWE, YEI, HU, and pH.  Analyzed data observations used variant with 5% trust level and continued with Least Significant Difference Test.  The results showed that coating eggs using Aloe vera, mangosteen peel solution, and rice flour had not significant effect (P>0.05) to percentage egg weight lost, the haugh unit, egg pH, and yolk index.

Keywords : Interior quality of egg, Aloe vera, Mangosteen peel solution, Rice flour, Strain Isa   Brown
PENGARUH PEMBERIAN IMUNOMODULATOR Echinacea purpurea (radix) TERHADAP TITER ANTIBODI AVIAN INFLUENZA (AI) DAN NEWCASTLE DISEASE (ND) PADA BROILER BETINA
Authors: Dan Madi Hartono Dahlia, Purnama Edy Santosa, Siswanto,
Published: April 2022

This research was intended to determine the level of antibody to AI and ND  in female broilers given drinking water with the addition of E. purpurea (radix) at different doses.  This research was conducted in December 2018-January 2019 in the Cage of an Integrated Field Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Lampung University and antibody titer analysis carried out at the Hall Veterinary of Lampung.  This research used completely randomized design (CRD) with four treatments and three repetition, drinking water without E. purpurea (radix) (control) (P0), drinking water with 3 mg / kg BW / day E. purpurea (radix) (P1), drinking water with 6 mg / kg BW / day E. purpurea (radix) (P2), and drinking water with 9 mg / kg BW / day E. purpurea (Radix) (P3).  The results of this research showed that the AI antibody titer was not significantly different and had an antibody titer below the standard (not protective).  Antibody titer of ND showed that all treatments were not significantly different, but the treatment of P3 had the highest antibody titer. 

Keywords: Immunomullatory, E. purpurea, Antibody titer, Avian influenza, Newcastle disease, Female broiler
PENGARUH PERENDAMAN DAGING KAMBING DALAM BLEND JAHE (Zingiber Officinale Roscoe) PADA KONSENTRASI BERBEDA TERHADAP pH, DAYA IKAT AIR DAN SUSUT MASAK
Authors: Dian Septinova dan Rr Riyanti Muhammad Luthfi Hidayat, Ali Husni,
Published: April 2022

This study aimed to determine the effect of soaking using ginger  blend (Zingiber Officinale Roscoe) as a natural preservative on pH, water holding capacity, and cooking loss of goat meat. The experimental design used was completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 5 replications. Goat meat used is thigh part as much as 20 pieces and the ginger used as blend is old ginger. The treatment in this study were P0: goat meat without soaking with blend of ginger, P1: soaked goat meat using a blend of ginger with a concentration of 5%, P2: goat meat soaked using a blend of ginger with a concentration of 10%, and P3: goat meat soaked using blend of ginger with concentration of 20%. The data obtained in this study were analysed with analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results showed that the length of soaking time using ginger blend ( Zingiber Officinale Roscoe) did not significantly affect the physical quality (pH, water holding capacity, cooking loss) of goat meat.

Keyword: Concentration, Ginger (Zingiber Officinale Roscoe), pH, Water holding capacity, Cooking loss
JUMLAH ERITROSIT, KADAR HEMOGLOBIN, DAN NILAI HEMATOKRIT SAPI SIMPO YANG TERINFESTASI CACING SALURAN PENCERNAAN DI DESA LABUHAN RATU, KECAMATAN LABUHAN RATU, KABUPATEN LAMPUNG TIMUR
Authors: Dan Sri Suharyati Tia Septiana, Siswanto, Madi Hartono,
Published: April 2022

This research was intended to determine the level of total erythrocytes, hemoglobin level, and  hematocrit  value of Simpo cattle which was infested with digestive worms. This research was conducted in Desember 2018 at Labuhan Ratu Village, East Lampung.  The erythrocytes, hemoglobin, and hematocrit analysis were done in Veterinary Hall of Lampung.  The research used Completely Randomized Design with 4 treatments and 4 replications.  The treatment used were P0 (Simpo cattle without infested with the digestive worms), P1 (Simpo cattle were infested with Haemonchus sp.), P2 (Simpo cattle were infested with Paramphistomum sp.), and P3 (Simpo cattle were infested with Oesophagustomum sp.).  The blood sample were used in this research from 16 Simpo cattle. Data were analyzed using variance analysis with significancy of 5%. The observed variables in this study were total erythrocytes, hemoglobin level, and  hematocrit  value.  The results  showed that the treatment of digestive worms infested was not different significantly (P<0.05) on total erythrocytes, hemoglobin level, and  hematocrit value of Simpo cattle.

Key words : Simpo cattle, Digestive worms, Erythrocytes, Hemoglobin , Hematocrit
KORELASI GENETIK DAN FENOTIP BOBOT SAPIH DAN BOBOT SATU TAHUN KAMBING SABURAI JANTAN DI KECAMATAN SUMBEREJO KABUPATEN TANGGAMUS
Authors: M. Dima Iqbal, dan Sulastri Dita Tiara, Akhmad Dakhlan,
Published: April 2022

This research aimed to determine the value of the genetic and phenotypic correlation between weaning weight and yearling weight of male Saburai goat in Sumberejo District, Tanggamus Regency. Ninety male Saburai goats aged one year were used in this study. This research was conducted from May 11th -- July 28th, 2019. The research used primary and secondary data with direct observation in the field and also recording of the livestock from Sumberejo District. The method used was survey method with purposive sampling. Genetic and phenotipic correlation were estimated using halfsib data. Parameters observed were weaning weight and yearling weight. The results showed that the average of weaning weight of male Saburai goats in Sumberejo subdistrict was 17.2 ± 2.7 kg, and the average of yearling weight was 40.8 ± 6.1 kg. Genetic correlation between weaning weight and yearling weight was 0.22 which is categorized as medium positive value, while phenotype correlations between the two traits was low positive of 0.13, and environmental correlations was high positive of 0.33. These results indicated that environmental factors have a big impact on the performance of goats.

Keywords: Goat Saburai, Weaning weights, Yearling weight, Genetic  correlation, Phenotypic correlation
PENGARUH PEMBERIAN RANSUM DENGAN DOSIS HERBAL YANG BERBEDA TERHADAP LEMAK DARAH AYAM PERSILANGAN
Authors: Syahrio Tantalo, dan Farida Fathul Abraham Hendry, Rudy Sutrisna,
Published: April 2022

This study aimed to determine the effect of giving rations with different of herbs dosages on the blood lipid of crossbred chicken and to find out the best dosage of herbs in ration that affect the blood lipid of crossbred chicken.  This research was conducted in 19 September 2018 to 26 September 2018 in the poultry house of the Integrated Field Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Lampung. The examination of blood lipid levels was conducted at Lampung UPTD Laboratory Hall. The chickens used were crossbred chickens between male Lohman brown and female kampong (3/4 Lohman brown +1/4 kampong) layer phase (48 weeks) with total of 12 chickens.  The experimental design used was completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 3 replications.  The treatment given were H0: without herbs, H1: 1g/kg herbs, H2 : 2g/kg herbs, and H3: 3g/kg herbs.  The data obtained were analyzed using analysis of variance with significant level of 5%.  The variables observed were consumption of rations, cholesterol, high density lipoprotein, and triglyceride content.  The results showed that the rations with different herbs had no significant effect (P> 0.05) on the blood lipid levels of the crossbred chicken.

Keywords: Rations, Herbs, Blood lipids, Crossbred chicken
PENGARUH PEMBERIAN Indigofera zollingeriana DALAM RANSUM TERHADAP PERFORMA ITIK PEKING
Authors: Rudy Sutrisna, dan Dian Septinova Muhammad Tholib Zaqi, Riyanti,
Published: April 2022

This study aimed to determine the effect of Indigofera zollingeriana in the ration on performance of Peking ducks. This study used Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with five treatments and four replications, each replication consisted of one duck with a number of ducks of 20 (unsex) with a diversity coefficient of 8.6%. The treatment given in this study was the diference of the level of Indigofera zollingeriana in the ration, those were  R0: 0%, R1: 4%, R2: 8%, R3: 12% and R4: 16%.  The study was conducted for seven weeks in February - April 2018 in the Integrated Field Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Lampung. The variables observed were feed consumption, body weight gain, and feed conversion. The results showed that Indigofera zollingeriana in the ration given to Peking ducks from 2--7 weeks with R0 0%, R1 4%, R2 8%, R3 12%, and R4 16% did not significantly affected (P> 0 05) on feed consumption, body weight gain, and feed conversion.  The effect of Indigofera zollingeriana up to 16% in Peking duck rations had good protein quality and could be used as a feed ingredient for protein sources to increase body weight gain with the same protein content of rations of 18%.

Keywords: Indigofera zollingeriana, Performance, Peking duck
BODY CONDITION SCORE INDUK, BOBOT LAHIR PEDET, DAN BOBOT SAPIH PEDET SAPI BRAHMAN CROSS PADA PETERNAKAN RAKYAT DI KECAMATAN TANJUNGSARI KABUPATEN LAMPUNG SELATAN
Authors: Farhani Anisa , Adhianto Kusuma , Dakhlan Akhmad , Sulastri Sulastri
Published: April 2022

This study aimed to evaluate Brahman Cross cow from Indonesia Australia Commercial Cattle Breeding (IACCB) program through the cow Body Condition Score (BCS), calf birth weight, and weaning weight of the Brahman Cross at people farm of “Koperasi Produksi Ternak (KPT) Maju Sejahtera” in Tanjungsari District, South Lampung Regency. This study was conducted in March 2020 using survey method with census data collection of which all the 5 years old Brahman Cross cow at the study location were used in this study. The data consisted of primary and secondary data which was analyzed by descriptive analysis. The results of this research showed that the average score of cow BCS, calf birth weight, and weaning weight were 2,92 ± 0,71, 30,04 ± 3,44 kg, 85,63 ± 11,74 kg, respectively. The conclusion of this research was that the cow BCS, calf birth weight, and weaning weight of Brahman Cross from IACCB program in Tanjungsari District is good enough.

Keywords: Birth weight, Body Condition Score (BCS), Brahman Cross, Weaning weight
PENGARUH MANIPULASI IKLIM KANDANG MELALUI PENGKABUTAN TERHADAP TOTAL ERITROSIT, LEUKOSIT, DAN HEMATOKRIT KAMBING PE DAN SAPERA
Authors: Irawan Heri , Erwanto Erwanto , Siswanto Siswanto , Qisthon Arif
Published: April 2022

This study aimed to determine the effect of microclimate manipulation with fogging on the total erythrocyte, leukocyte, and hematocrit of Ettawa Grade (EG) and Sapera goats.  The research was conducted from April to May 2020, at Telaga Rizki People's Farm, Metro City, Lampung Province.  Blood tests were conducted at the Pramitra Laboratory in Bandar Lampung.  The study used a split-plot experimental design with the basic design of a Completely Randomized Design (CRD).  This study used 2 treatments and 3 replications.  The main plots were the climate manipulation of fogging and without fogging of the pen, while the subplots were EG and Sapera goats.  The research data were analyzed with the assumptions analysis of variant 5% and if significantly different then proceed with BNT test.  The results showed that the cage climate manipulation treatment had no significant effect (P> 0.05) on total erythrocyte, total leukocyte, and hematocrit.  Erythrocyte values at P0 (0,73 million/mm3) and P1 (0,89 million/mm3); leukocyte values at P0 (13,43 thousands/mm3) and P1 (14.74 thousands/mm3); and the hematocrit values at P0 (3,02%) and at P1 (3,92%).

 

Keywords : Climate manipulation, Erythrocyte, hematocrit, leukocyte, PE goat, sapera goat
KUALITAS SUSU KAMBING PERANAKAN ETAWA PADA BERBAGAI PERIODE LAKTASI DITINJAU DARI SIFAT FISIK (Studi Kasus di Peternakan Kambing Perah Telaga Rizky, Yosodadi, Kota Metro)
Authors: Sholeh Muhammad Ibnu , Sulastri Sulastri , Qisthon Arif , Husni Ali
Published: April 2022

This study aimed to determine the physical quality of Ettawa Grade (PE) goat milk at various lactation periods in East Metro District, Metro City, Lampung Province, and to determine whether the quality of PE goat milk was in accordance with the standards set out in SNI No 01-3141-1998. This research was conducted on September 16, 2019, at the farm owned by Mr. Setiono Heri Winarko on Jalan Sepat, Yosodadi, East Metro District, Metro City, Lampung Province. Physical quality testing of PE goat milk was carried out at the Animal Production and Reproduction Laboratory, Department of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Lampung. The research was conducted using a case study method. Data collected was using primary and secondary data. The variables observed included the organoleptic tests, which were color, aroma, taste, and acceptability test of PE goat's milk; and physical tests including specific gravity, boiling test, alcohol test for the acidity (pH) of PE goat milk. The results of the research on the lactation color test 1, 2, 3, and 4 were 3.53, 3.53, 3.22, 3.12, respectively. Aroma test results were 3.56, 3.70, 3.54, and 3.40 for lactation 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. The taste tests for lactation 1, 2, 3, and 4 were 3.50, 3.78, 3.54, and 3.45, respectively. The acceptance test result were 3.50, 3.86, 3.72, and 3.63 for lactation 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Density test of milk for lactation 1, 2, 3, and 4 were 1.028; 1.030; 1.036; 1.033. In the boiling test and lactation alcohol 1-4, there was no clod (-), and the pH test was 6.39, 6.62, 6.60, and 6.57 in lactation 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. It can be concluded that the results of the above studies have met the standards set out in SNI No 01-3141-1998.

 

Keywords: Etawa crossbreed goat, Lactation period, Physical characteristics
PENGARUH PEMBERIAN JINTEN HITAM (Nigella Sativa) SEBAGAI IMUNOMODULATOR DALAM AIR MINUM TERHADAP PROFIL DARAH (Hemoglobin dan Hematokrit) BROILER BETINA
Authors: Melia Diana , Siswanto Siswanto , Santosa Purnama Edy , Suharyati Sri
Published: April 2022

This study aimed to determine the levels of hemoglobin and hematocrit and the best dose of Nigella sativa to the blood profile of female broilers. This research was conducted in December 2019 - January 2020 at the Integrated Field Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Lampung. Checking hemoglobin and hematocrit levels was carried out at Pramitra Biolab Indonesia. This study used 60 female broilers, using a completely randomized design (CRD) with four treatments and each treatment was repeated three times, namely drinking water without a mixture of Nigella sativa (P0), drinking water with 36 mg / kg / w / day Nigella sativa (P1 ), drinking water with 72 mg / kg / body weight / day Nigella sativa (P2), drinking water with 144 mg / kg / body weight / day Nigella sativa (P3). Based on the data obtained from the observation results was arranged in the form of simple tabulation and displayed in the form of a histogram , and analyzed descriptively. The results showed that giving Nigella sativa in drinking water had an effect on hemoglobin levels and the hematocrit value of female broilers. Hemoglobin and hematocrit levels in each treatment were still in the normal range and the optimal dose of Nigella sativa for the blood profile of female broiler chickens which was found in P2 (provision of drinking water at a dose of 72 mg / kg BW / day Nigella sativa).

 

Keyword s: Broiler Females, Hematocrit, Hemoglobin, Immunomodulator, Nigella sativa
PENGARUH LAMA PENYIMPANAN TELUR HERBAL AYAM RAS FASE KEDUA PADA SUHU REFRIGERATOR TERHADAP PENURUNAN BERAT TELUR, DIAMETER RONGGA UDARA, DAN INDEKS ALBUMEN
Authors: Arbi Ahmad Yosman , Riyanti RR , Septinova Dian , Nova Khaira
Published: April 2022

This research aimed to determine the effect of storage time of herbal eggs of layer second phase at a temperature of refrigerator on egg weight, air cavity diameter, and albumen index and to find out the best storage time for the herbal eggs quality. This research was conducted on 7 October - 4 November 2020 at the Animal Production Laboratory, Department of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Lampung. This study used a completely randomized design method (CRD) with 5 treatments of egg storage time for 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks. The data obtained were analysed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). If there was a significant effect of the ANOVA, the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test was carried out at 5% level. The results of this study indicated that the herbal egg storage time treatment had a significant effect (P <0.05) on the decrease of egg weight, air cavity diameter, and albumen index. The 1 week storage period gave the best effect on the lowest egg weight reduction, namely 0.90%, the lowest air cavity diameter (1.752 cm), and the highest albumen index (0.061) compared to the storage time of 2, 3, and 4 weeks.

 

Keywords: Albumen index, Air cavity diameter, Egg weight, Refrigerator temperature, Storage time
PENGARUH LAMA PENYIMPANAN TELUR HERBAL AYAM RAS FASE KEDUA PADA SUHU RUANG TERHADAP PENURUNAN BERAT TELUR, DIAMETER RONGGA UDARA, DAN INDEKS ALBUMEN
Authors: Masitoh Masitoh , Nova Khaira , Sutrisna Rudy , Riyanti RR
Published: April 2022

This study aimed to determine the effect of storage time of the second phase of chicken herbal eggs at room temperature on egg weight loss, air cell diameter, and albumen index and also to determine the best storage time for second phase of chicken herbal eggs. This research was conducted on 7 October until 4 November 2020 at the Animal Production Laboratory, Department of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Lampung. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with 5 treatments of storage time for herbal eggs for 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 weeks and 4 replications. In each treatment, 12 herbal eggs were used with the total number of herbal egg samples used as many as 60 eggs. The data obtained were tested according to analysis of variance. If there is a significant effect, the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test is carried out at the 5% level. The results of this study indicated that the herbal egg storage treatment had a significant effect (P <0.05) on reducing egg weight, air cell diameter, and albumen index. The storage time of 1 week gave the best effect on the lowest egg weight reduction which was 2,696% ± 0.713, the smallest air cell diameter which was 2.199 ± 0.137 cm and the highest index value albumen which was 0.023 ± 0.004 compared to the storage time of 2, 3 and 4 weeks.

 

Keywords: Air cell diameter, Albumen index, Egg weight loss, Herbal egg, Room temperature
PENGARUH SUBSTITUSI TEPUNG AZOLLA (Azolla microphylla) DALAM RANSUM TERHADAP TOTAL PROTEIN PLASMA DAN SEL DARAH MERAH BROILER JANTAN
Authors: Kurniadi Arif , Fathul Farida , Siswanto Siswanto , Hartono Madi
Published: April 2022

The study aimed to find out the best effect and dose of Azolla microphylla flour substitution in rations on total plasma proteins and red blood cells of male broiler. This research was conducted in March - April 2021 at PT. Sinar Ternak Sejahtera, South Lampung. Blood samples of this study were analyzed at Lampung Veterinary center, Bandar Lampung. The study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 3 replications. Treatment given was ration without substitution of Azolla flour (P0), rations with substitution of Azolla flour 2.5% (P1), rations with substitution of Azolla flour 5% (P2), and rations with substitution of Azolla flour 7.5% (P3). The data obtained were analyzed descriptively. The results of descriptive analysis showed that substitution of Azolla flour in rations had no effect on total plasma protein and red blood cells of male broilers which impacted on the health of broiler chickens. The average value of total plasma proteins obtained in each treatment group was 3.47 ± 0.12 g/ml; 3.60 ± 0.10 g/ml; 3.53 ± 0.23 g/ml; and 3.43 ± 0.15 g/ml for P0, P1, P2 and P3, respectively. The average value of red blood cells obtained in each treatment group was 3.51 ± 0.15 x 106/mm3; 2.94 ± 0.11 x 106/mm3; 3.74 ± 0.22 x 106/mm3; and 2.79 ± 0.15 x 106/mm3 for P0, P1, P2 and P3, respectively.

 

Keywords: Azolla flour, Erythrocytes, Male broiler, Substitution, Total plasma protein
PENYUSUTAN BERAT TUBUH BROILER PADA KEPADATAN KERANJANG YANG BERBEDA SELAMA PENGANGKUTAN DARI KABUPATEN MESUJI KE KABUPATEN LAMPUNG SELATAN PROVINSI LAMPUNG
Authors: Wicaksono Mario Wisnu , Nova Khaira , Septinova Dian , Riyanti RR
Published: April 2022

This research aimed to determine rectal temperature and heart rate changes, and the percentage of body weight shortening of broiler during the transportation process with different densities in the box and to determine the best density in the box during the transportation process. This research was conducted on 24--25 February 2021, on the way from Mr. Wahyu's broiler cage, Tanjung Raya District, Mesuji Regency to Mr. Tukimin's broker cage, Natar District, South Lampung Regency. This research was conducted using data collection methods with different densities in the boxes treatments with three treatments of density in the box with 18, 20, and 22 broilers/box, each treatment was repeated 6 times. The variables observed were rectal temperature and heart rate changes, and the percentage of body weight shortening. Based on the descriptive analysis that has been carried out, the treatment of differences in density in the box made rectal temperature and heart rate changes, and the percentage of body weight shortening of broiler. Box density of 18 broilers/box gave the best results on the decrease in rectal temperature of 1.48 ºC, an increase in heart rate of 31.00 beats/minute, and the percentage of body weight shortening of 3.03% compared to the treatment of box density of 20 and 22 broiler/box during the transportation process.

 

Keywords:  body temperature, body weight shortening, box density, broiler, heart rate, physiological response, transportation.
PENGARUH SUPLEMENTASI TEPUNG KROKOT (Portulaca oleracea) TERHADAP SEL DARAH MERAH, HEMOGLOBIN, DAN PACKED CELL VOLUME PADA KAMBING JAWARANDU (Capra aegagrus hircus)
Authors: Irawan Arif , Hartono Madi , Wijaya Agung Kusuma , Suharyati Sri
Published: April 2022

This study aimed to determine the best dose of purslane flour on red blood cells, hemoglobin, and packed cell volume in Jawarandu Goats. This research was conducted in February-March 2021 at the Rambon Asri Cattle Group, Rejo Asri Village, Seputih Raman District, Central Lampung Regency, Lampung Province. Examination of red blood cells, hemoglobin, and packed cell volume was carried out at the Veterinary Center of Lampung Province. The experiment used was a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 5 replications. The treatments were basal ration (P0), basal ration with 5% purslane flour supplementation (P1), basal ration with 10% purslane flour supplementation (P2), and basal ration with 15% purslane flour supplementation (P3). The data obtained were analyzed using analysis of variance with a significance level of 5% and continued with orthogonal polynomials. The results showed that purslane flour supplementation had no significant effect (P>0.05) on total erythrocytes and hemoglobin, but had a significant effect (P<0.05) on the volume of packed cells of Jawarandu Goat. The optimum dose of purslane flour supplementation on red blood cells, hemoglobin, and hematocrit were 3.01% Kg/BK ration, 2.17% Kg/BK ration, and 3.16% Kg/BK ration, respectively.

 

Keywords: Hemoglobin, Jawarandu goat, Packed cell volume, Red blood cells, Purslane flour
PERFORMA KUALITATIF KAMBING RAMBON BETINA PASCASAPIH (STUDI KASUS DI DUSUN V DESA SUNGAI LANGKA KECAMATAN GEDONG TATAAN KABUPATEN PESAWARAN)
Authors: Saputra Rolin Gita , Qisthon Arif , Hamdani Muhammad Dima Iqbal , Dakhlan Akhmad
Published: April 2022

This study aimed to determine the qualitative performance of female Rambon goat (Ettawa Grade x Kacang goat) at post-weaning. This reaserch was conducted in January - February 2020 in Dusun V of Sungai Langka village, Gedong Tataan district, Pesawaran regency, Lampung. The research used a survey method with case study in Dusun V of Sungai Langka village, Gedong Tataan district, Pesawaran regency, Lampung. Observation on the qualitative performance of Rambon goat at post-weaning aged 4 months to 1 year included the color of head, the color of the body, the color of legs, the color of the tail, the color of ears, head shape, body shape, ears shape, ayes shape, face shape, face profile, availability of tail hair or not, and the shape of the horns of the goat. Rambon goats used in this study were 47 female goats at post-weaning age. The results of this research showed that qualitative performance of post-weaning female Rambon goat in Sungai Langka village, Gedong Tataan district, Pesawaran regency were more similar to those of Ettawa Grade goat (PE goat) compared to those of Kacang goat.

Key Words: Rambon goat, Qualitative performance, Post-weaning
PENGARUH PEMBERIAN KOMBINASI MINERAL SELENIUM, ZINC, DAN VITAMIN E TERHADAP KUALITAS FISIK, KIMIA, DAN MIKROBIOLOGI DAGING BROILER
Authors: Ermawati Ratna , Sirat Muhammad Mirandy Pratama , Santosa Purnama Edy
Published: April 2022

Broiler meat could be a medium for the growth and development of microorganisms that could be the cause of meat spoilage. This study aimed to examine the effect of supplementation of the combination of the minerals Selenium, Zinc, and Vitamin E through drinking water on the physical, chemical, and microbiological quality of broiler meat. The study was conducted in May-October 2021. The treatment was given for 30 days in the broiler cage unit in Adimulyo Village, Gading Rejo District, Pesawaran Regency, Lampung Province. This research was using Completely Randomized Design with five treatments and three replications (five tails per replication) so that a total of 75 male broilers. The treatments were P0: drinking water without Vitamin E, Selenium and Zinc (control); P1: drinking water with 0,017 gram/kg body weight; P2: 0,033 gram/kg body weight; P3: 0,050 gram/kg body weight; P4: 0,067 gram/kg body weight. Based on the results of testing at the Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Lampung Disease Investigation Center, it was found that the carcasses of this study were of very good quality. This is evidenced from the results of all sample testing that meet the minimum requirements for quality, safe, healthy, intact and halal carcasses according to the standards set by the government in Standar Nasional Indonesia 7388:2009, including no changes in taste, smell, and consistency; no indication of decay by Durante and H2S tests; the total amount of microbial contamination is below the maximum limit (1x106 colonies/gram); and the amount of Eschericia coli contamination below the maximum limit of Standard Nasional Indonesia (1x102 colonies/gram). The conclusion indicates that the administration of the minerals Selenium, Zinc, and Vitamin E in drinking water can increase the stamina and endurance of broilers against infection and unfavorable environmental conditions during rearing, which can have an effect on the health of the broilers and the quality of the carcass produced.

 

Keywords: Broiler carcass, Carcass quality, Selenium, Vitamin E, Zinc
PENGARUH SUBSTITUSI TEPUNG AZOLLA (Azolla microphylla) DALAM RANSUM TERHADAP HEMOGLOBIN DAN HEMATOKRIT BROILER JANTAN
Authors: Ewaldi Muhammad Daffa , Fathul Farida , Hartono Madi , Siswanto Siswanto
Published: April 2022

This study aimed to determine the best percentage of Azolla microphylla flour substitution in broiler ration on hemoglobin and hematocrit of male broiler chicken. This study was conducted in March—April 2021 at Farm 1 cage 5 PT. Sinar Ternak Sejahtera, Wonodadi Village, South Lampung Regency. Blood samples were analyzed at the Lampung Veterinary Center Laboratory, Bandar Lampung City. This study used 24 male broilers with a completely randomized design (CRD) with four treatments, namely ration without Azolla microphylla flour substitution (P0), ration with 2,5% Azolla microphylla flour substitution (P1), ration with 5% Azolla microphylla flour substitution (P2), ration with 7,5% Azolla microhpylla flour substitution (P3) and each treatment was repeated three times. The data obtained were arranged in a simple tabulation and displayed in a histogram and then analyzed descriptively by comparing the hemoglobin and hematocrit values of this study with normal standards. The result showed that hemoglobin levels were P0 6,5±0,1 g/dl; P1 6,3±0,2 g/dl; P2 6,3±0,3 g/dl; dan P3 6,1±0,25 g/dl and treatments tends to reduce hemoglobin levels.  The hematocrit values of the results of this study are 21,5±1,8%; P1 25,5±0,5%; P2 25,3±0,3%; dan P3 24,8±1,6%. The substitution of Azolla flour in the ration cannot maintain the hemoglobin levels at the normal standard, but can improve hematocrit values.

 

Keywords: Azolla microphylla, hematocrit, hemoglobin, male broiler
Tradisi Manaruhon Situtungon pada Etnis Batak Toba di Sidikalang Kabupaten Dairi
Authors: Sidebang Yesima , Hasanah Noviy , Andayani Trisni
Published: April 2022

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui proses dan makna dari tradisi manaruhon situtungon pada etnis Batak Toba di Sidikalang, Kabupaten Dairi. Informan dalam penelitian ini terdiri dari parsinabul atau parhata adat Batak Toba serta masyarakat Batak Toba yang sudah pernah mengikuti tradisi manaruhon situtungon baik itu laki-laki dan perempuan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan deskriptif yang berfokus pada proses dan makna tradisi dengan menggunakan teori tafsir kebudayaan oleh Clifford Geertz. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan oleh peneliti terdiri dari observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Adapun hasil dari penelitian ini adalah bahwa tradisi manaruhon situtungon merupakan tradisi wajib bagi etnis Batak Toba di Sidikalang, Kabupaten Dairi. Dalam tradisi ini pihak paranak datang ke tempat pihak parboru untuk menyerahkan makanan adat sebagai bentuk ijin untuk mempersunting anak perempuan dari keluarga tersebut sekaligus menyerahkan sebagian dari jumlah sinamot yang akan dipakai dalam pelaksanaan adat perkawinan tersebut.
Gaya Hidup Hedonis Di Kalangan Mahasiswa/Mahasiswi Yang Melakukan Clubbing Di Club (X) Di Kota Medan
Authors: Purba Desi Erika , Amal Bakhrul Khair
Published: April 2022

Pekembangan arus globalisasi membuat banyaknya muncul sarana hiburan yang dapat diakses dengan mudah salah satunya adalah clubbing, salah satu penikmat hiburan malam ini adalah mahasiswa/mahasiswi yang masih aktif di perkuliahan. Gaya hidup ini dipandang sebagai suatu kebiasaan yang menghamburkan uang dan hanya untuk kenikmatan sesaat atau sering disebut hedonis. Penelitian inibertujuan untuk mengetahui alasan mahasisiwa/mahasiswi hidup dalam dunia clubbing, Gaya hidup hedonis pada mahasiswa/mahasiswi yang melakukan clubbing, dan bagaimana pandangan masyarakat terhadap mahasiswa/mahasiswi yang hidup dalam dunia clubbing. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Retrospective Entertainment club. Metode pengumpulan data yan digunakan adalah observasi, wawancara. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa alasan mahasiswa/mahasiswi memiliki gaya hidup clubbing adalah karena ajakan dari teman dan rasa penasaran akan tempat hiburan malam tersebut, dimana untuk mendapatkan kebahagiaan dan melepaskan segala beban pikiran dan masalah yang sedang mereka rasakan  dan  adanya rasa bangga jika hidup dalam dunia tersebut karena adanya anggapan bahwa mereka yang masuk dan hidup dalam kebiasaan tersebut adalah orang yang hanya memiliki uang dan berada di kelas ekonomi yang tinggi. Hidup dalam dunia clubbing tersbut membuat para clubbers harus mengeluarkan biaya yang tidak sedikit membuat mereka memiliki gaya hidup hedonis di mana hanya mengejar kenikmatan sesaat saja Kebiasaan ini juga memberikan dampak terhadap perkuliahan mereka. Dengan berada dilingkungan dengan gaya hidup hedon membuat mereka sulit untuk melepaskan kebiasaan ini sehingga menjadi suatu kebutuhan.
Pandangan Masyarakat Terhadap Biduan Dangdut Keyboard Di Desa Teluk Dalam, Kecamatan Teluk Dalam, Kota Kisaran, Kabupaten Asahan
Authors: Sari Devi Ratna , Damanik Erond Litno
Published: April 2022

Penelitian bertujuan mengetahui pandangan masyarakat terhadap biduan dangdut keyboard di Desa Teluk Dalam, Kecamatan Teluk Dalam, Kota Kisaran, Kabupaten Asahan. Metode penelitian digunakan adalah deskriptif kualitatif. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Informan penelitian  adalah masyarakat yang mengundang jasa keyboard, pemilik keyboard serta masyarakat yang pro dan kontra terhadap biduan dangdut keyboard. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan mengikuti 3 langkah, reduksi data, penyajian data dan penarikan kesimpulan. Kajian menyimpulkan bahwa pandangan masyarakat terhadap biduan dangdut keyboard meliputi positif dan negatif.  Pandangan positif melihat keyboard sebagai hiburan, dan persepsi negatif melihat biduan dangdut dari sisi luarnya, seperti pakaian sexy dan tarian erotis.  Perilaku remaja terlihat merokok, mabuk, menonton hingga malam, dan berjoget. Tidak jarang, remaja terlibat perkelahian karena hal-hal sepele seperti perang mulut, tersenggol atau pandangan mata.
Pemandian Sakral Aek Bunga-Bunga sebagai Objek Wisata Ritual di Huta Gurgur Kecamatan Sianjur Mula-Mula Kabupaten Samosir
Authors: Sianipar Agnes E , Andayani Trisni , Baiduri Ratih
Published: April 2022

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui latar belakang pemandian Aek Bunga-bunga, proses ritual pada pemandian, serta pendapat para masyarakat pengunjung yang telah mandi di Aek Bunga-bunga. Informan dalam penelitian ini adalah penjaga dan masyarakat pengunjung yang mandi dan melakukan ritual. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan yaitu observasi, wawancara, studi pustaka, serta dokumentasi. Adapun hasil penelitian yaitu: pemandian Aek Bunga-bunga ini sudah ada sejak lama secara turun-temurun yang masih dipercayai oleh punguan Marga Sagala serta masyarakat sebagai tempat rasa penghormatan kepada leluhur dan dipercayai dapat memberikan kesegaran tubuh, menyembuhkan segala penyakit, dan mengabulkan segala permohonan dengan melakukan ritual menggunakan Unte Pangir dan Bulung Napuran
Tinuktuk sebagai Pengobatan Tradisional Pasca Melahirkan di Nagori Amborokan Panei Raya, Kecamatan Raya Kahean, Kabupaten Simalungun
Authors: Saragih Sri Nurjannah , Pasaribu Payerli
Published: April 2022

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apa saja bahan-bahan yang digunakan dalam pembuatan tinuktuk pasca melahirkan, Alasan mengapa masyarakat masih menggunakan tinuktuk pasca melahirkan sampai saat ini dan bagaimana penggunaan tinuktuk itu sendiri di Nagori Amborokan Panei Raya, Kecamatan Raya Kahean, Kabupaten Simalungun. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode penelitian kualitatif deskriptif, yang didasarkan pada penelitian lapangan, mengamati subjek dan objek penelitian serta mengikuti kegiatan mereka untuk mendapatkan data yang akurat dan faktual. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: 1) Tinuktuk terbuat dari enam belas macam rempah alami yang masing-masing memiliki manfaat dan khasiat bagi kesehatan tubuh, 2) Alasan etnis Simalungun masih menggunakan tinuktuk dikarenakan mereka masih mempercayai khasiat yang diperoleh dari tinuktuk tersebut. Selain itu, tinuktuk merupakan warisan turun-temurun yang dimiliki oleh etnis Simalungun dan para tetua dahulu sangat menganjurkan bagi anak-anaknya untuk mengkonsumsi tinuktuk setiap selesai melahirkan
Bimbingan Online Skripsi pada Era Revolusi Industri 4.0 di Prodi Pendidikan Antropologi, Fakultas Ilmu Sosial, Universitas Negeri Medan
Authors: Afdillah Muhammad Bayu , Damanik Erond Litno
Published: April 2022

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kebermanfaatan bimbingan skripsi Dalam Jaringan (Daring) atau Online serta perilaku mahasiswa yang menerapkan  bimbingan skripsi online dan offline di Prodi Pendidikan Antropologi, Fakultas Ilmu Sosial, Universitas Negeri Medan. Acuan teoritis yang digunakan adalah teori determinisme teknologi Marshall McLuhan. Penelitian dijalankan secara kualitatif dengan pendekatan deskriptif. Data-data yang dibutuhkan dikumpulkan melalui studi partisipasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Kajian ini menyimpulkan bahwa hambatan yang muncul adalah mahasiswa tidak memaksimalkan model bimbingan online, Dosen Pembimbing Skripsi lama membalas, dan kesulitan dalam memahami instruksi. Dampak positif yaitu (i) fleksibilats waktu dan tempat, (ii) hemat biaya, (iii) paperless, (iv) bentuk pemanfaatan perkembangan teknologi di dunia pendidikan. Dampak negatif yaitu kurangnya interaksi sosial secara langsung yang dikhawatirkan berujung kepada tidak leluasanya mahasiswa dalam berdiskusi dengan Dosen Pembimbing Skripsi. Pola perilaku mahasiswa dengan model bimbingan skripsi online ialah etika, gaya bahasa, dan tingkat kesopanan mahasiswa tetap terjaga dan cenderung mengunakan bahasa yang baku. Sedangkan perilaku mahasiswa yang menerapkan model bimbingan offline ialah mahasiswa lebih menjaga gerak fisik agar tetap terlihat sopan, dan gaya berkomunikasi cenderung lebih santai dengan menggunakan gaya bahasa campuran, yaitu bahasa baku dan bahasa santai.
Budaya Literasi Digital di SMA Panca Budi Medan
Authors: Hasibuan Ulfa Ganti , Iqbal Muhammad
Published: April 2022

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui fenomena kawin muda di era digital bagi etnis Karo di Desa Pekan Sawah Kecamatan Sei Bingai Kabupaten Langkat. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui profil perempuan kawin muda di Desa Pekan Sawah Kecamatan Sei Bingai Kabupaten Langkat. Acuan teoritis yang digunakan adalah teori Aksi. Penelitian ini dijalankan secara kualitatif dengan pendekatan deskriptif. Data-data yang dibutuhkan dikumpulkan melalui studi Observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui fenomena kawin muda di era digital bagi etnis Karo di Desa Pekan Sawah Kecamatan Sei Bingai Kabupaten Langkat. Kajian ini menyimpulkan bahwa fenomena kawin muda di era digital bagi etnis Karo di Desa Pekan Sawah Kecamatan Sei Bingai Kabupaten Langkat bahwa fenomena kawin muda tidak mempengaruhi setiap sistem, karena dalam hal tersebut hanya sistem sosial yang paling menonjol. Hal ini berarti perilaku individu di dalam sistem sosial diatur oleh budaya, sama seperti yang terjadi di Desa Pekan Sawah. Mereka menganggap melakukan perkawinan muda merupakan hal yang lumrah, dikarenakan sebelumnya masyarakat desa tersebut sudah banyak yang melakukan kawin muda. Fenomena kawin muda yang terjadi di Desa Pekan Sawah ini merupakan jaringan terpola, yang membentuk keseluruhan yang koheren sebagai totalitas nilai sosial dan tata lakunya sendiri. Perkembangan teknologi ke arah serba digital telah membawa berbagai perubahan. Era digital bukan persoalan siap atau tidak dan bukan pula suatu opsi namun sudah merupakan suatu konsekuensi.