bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Food Safety Knowledge and Behaviors of Women, Infant, and Children (WIC) Program Participants in the United States
Authors: KWON JUNEHEE , WILSON AMBER N. S. , BEDNAR CAROLYN , KENNON LISA
Published: December 2016

Although the incidence of foodborne illnesses has declined, thousands of cases are still reported in the United States. In conjunction with industry efforts to reduce foodborne pathogens, consumers play an important role in decreasing foodborne illnesses. To assess food safety knowledge and food handling behaviors of low-income, high-risk populations, a study was conducted with participants of the Special Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC). A survey was conducted with 1,598 clients from 87 WIC agencies nationwide. Descriptive statistics, chi-square analyses, t tests, and analyses of variance were calculated. A majority of respondents received food safety information from WIC (78.7%), family (63.1%), and television (60.7%). Most respondents recognized the necessity for washing and sanitizing cutting boards and utensils (94.3%), but only 66.1% knew the correct ways to sanitize. Using a thermometer to ensure doneness of meat was least recognized (23.7%) and used by even fewer respondents (7.7%). The majority (77.4%) used color of meat and/or juices when checking the doneness of ground beef items. Over half of the respondents (58.4%) used acceptable thawing methods, but many thawed frozen meats on the counter (21.0%) or in a sink filled with water (20.6%). There were significant differences in thawing methods, overall knowledge scores, and overall behavior scores among different racial and ethnic groups. White respondents had higher knowledge scores than did Hispanics, and blacks had lower behavior scores than did individuals in the other racial and ethnic groups. Results of the study suggested the need for food safety education for low-income consumers and different messages to be delivered to specific demographic groups.
Bacterial Flora of Processed Broiler Chicken Skin after Successive Washings in Mixtures of Potassium Hydroxide and Lauric Acid†
Authors: HINTON ARTHUR , CASON JOHN A.
Published: December 2016

Changes in the size of populations of different groups of bacteria composing the normal flora of processed broiler skin were examined after each of five consecutive washings in mixtures of potassium hydroxide (KOH) and lauric acid (LA). Portions of skin from commercially processed broiler carcasses were washed in distilled water (control) or in mixtures of 0.25% KOH–0.5% LA or 0.5% KOH–1% LA by using a stomacher laboratory blender to agitate the skin in the solutions. After each wash, skin was transferred to fresh solutions, and washing was repeated to provide samples washed one to five times in each solution. Bacteria in rinsates of the washed skin were enumerated on plate count (PC) agar, Staphylococcus (STA) agar, Levine eosin methylene blue (EMB) agar, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) agar, and Perfringens (PER) agar with TSC supplement. Selected isolates recovered on each medium were identified. Overall, no significant differences were observed in numbers of bacteria recovered on PC, STA, or EMB agars from skin after repeated washing in water, but there were significant reductions in the number of bacteria recovered on LAB and PER agars. Repeated washing of skin in 0.25% KOH–0.5% LA or 0.5% KOH–1% LA generally produced significant reductions in the number of bacteria recovered on all media. Furthermore, no bacteria were recovered on PER agar from skin washed five times in 0.25% KOH–0.5% LA. Likewise, no bacteria were recovered on EMB or LAB agars from skin washed three or more times in 0.5% KOH–1% LA or on PER agar from skin washed four or five times in this solution. Staphylococcus spp. were identified as the skin isolates with the highest degree of resistance to the bactericidal activity of KOH-LA. Findings indicate that although bacteria may be continually shed from poultry skin after repeated washings, bactericidal surfactants can be used to remove and kill several types of bacteria found on the surface of the skin of processed broilers.
High-Pressure Treatment for Shelf-Life Extension and Quality Improvement of Oysters Cooked in a Traditional Taiwanese Oyster Omelet
Authors: LAI KUNG-MING , CHI HSIN-YI , HSU KUO-CHIANG
Published: December 2016

Whole oysters were processed using high-pressure (HP) treatment at 250 and 300 MPa for 0 to 10 min and stored at 4°C for up to 28 days. HP-treated oysters and untreated oysters were evaluated for lipid oxidation, growth of microorganisms, and sensory characteristics after cooking at 160°C for 90 s. Microbial counts after HP treatment revealed that the bacterial load was initially reduced at all pressures. HP-treated oysters had significantly higher pH and moisture (P < 0.05) relative to control (untreated) oysters during storage. HP treatment increased lipid oxidation with unpleasant odor during storage compared with the control. HP treatment decreased redness but did not significantly affect the brightness and yellowness of cooked oysters. From tests of mechanical properties, 300 MPa-treated oysters after cooking had significantly increased toughness as measured by cutting force. HP-treated oysters after cooking received higher quality scores than did the control during the storage trial. Results indicated that 300 MPa for 2 min is the optimum HP treatment that results in oysters most acceptable for oyster omelets during storage at 4°C, and this treatment may extend the shelf life of these oysters to 21 days.
Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization of Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Artisanal Italian Goat Cheese
Authors: COLOMBO E. , FRANZETTI L. , FRUSCA M. , SCARPELLINI M.
Published: December 2016

The lactic acid bacteria community in traditional goat cheese produced in three dairies in Valsesia (Piemonte, Italy) was studied at different steps of the manufacturing process. These cheeses were produced from raw milk without starter bacteria, and no protocol was followed during the manufacturing process. Three hundred thirty-two isolates were characterized and grouped by results of both morphophysiological tests and random amplification of polymorphic DNA plus PCR analysis. Bacteria were identified by partial sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Lactococci were the dominant lactic acid bacteria in raw milk. Their initial numbers ranged from 5 to 7 log CFU ml−1. Their levels increased during manufacturing and decreased during ripening. The growth trend for enterococci was comparable to that of lactococci, although enterococci counts were lower. Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris, Lactococcus garviae, and Enterococcus faecalis were the most frequently isolated species during goat cheese manufacturing, whereas the highest numbers of Enterococcus (E. faecium, E. durans, E. gilvus, and E. casseliflavus) were isolated with the greatest frequency from ripened cheese samples. Occasionally, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Leuconostoc lactis, and Lactobacillus paraplantarum also were isolated.
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Detection of Melamine in Infant Formula and Wheat Food Products
Authors: GARBER ERIC A. E. , BREWER VICKERY A.
Published: December 2016

The adulteration of food products with melamine to inflate the nitrogen content necessitates the establishment of analytical methods that can distinguish between proteinaceous ingredients and such adulterants. The specificity and ability to detect melamine by two commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits were evaluated along with three protocols for sample preparation. Both ELISAs displayed cross-reactivity with ammeline, but neither was able to detect ammelide or cyanuric acid, indicating either a requirement for the 4,6-diamino-1,3,5-triazine structure or inability to bind 1,3,5-triazine-4,6-diones. The limits of detection for melamine in powder infant formula ranged from 0.2 to 3 μg/g depending on the ELISA kit and the method used to prepare the sample. The limits of detection for melamine in liquid infant formula and wheat products were <1 μg/ml and <2.5 μg/g, respectively. The ELISA kits provide an effective alternative for the analysis of samples suspected of containing melamine without relying on extensive sample preparation or expensive instrumentation.
Prevalence and Biomolecular Characterization of Campylobacter spp. Isolated from Retail Meat
Authors: SAMMARCO MICHELA LUCIA , RIPABELLI GIANCARLO , FANELLI INCORONATA , GRASSO GUIDO MARIA , TAMBURRO MANUELA
Published: December 2016

We estimated the prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in retail meat (n = 352 samples; 104 chicken, 106 pork, and 142 beef) collected in Campobasso, Italy, comparing two microbiological methods. All the isolates were characterized by biomolecular techniques for epidemiological purposes. Campylobacter isolation was performed by selective culture and membrane filtration methods. Phenotypic and genotypic methods for genus and species identification were evaluated together with antimicrobial resistance and plasmid profiling. Sixty-nine (86.2%) samples were positive by selective culture, 49 (61.2%) by membrane filtration, and 38 (47.5%) by both methods. Only 74 of 80 strains were confirmed as Campylobacter spp. by PCR, and two Campylobacter coli were identified as Campylobacter jejuni . Chicken meat was more frequently contaminated than other meats. Selective culture was more sensitive than membrane filtration (85 versus 66%), and specificity of the methods was 98 and 100%, respectively. Among Campylobacter isolates from chicken meat, 86.5% were multidrug resistant. Resistance to ciprofloxacin (51.3%) and enrofloxacin (52.7%) was lower than to nalidixic acid (71.6%). C. coli strains showed the highest cross-resistance for quinolones (82.6%) and fluoroquinolones (60.9%) as well as a high resistance to tetracycline. Plasmids were isolated from six C. coli and two C. jejuni isolates, but no association was detected between antimicrobial resistance and plasmid DNA carriage. Selective culture is considered as the optimal method for Campylobacter isolation, although it was unable to detect all contaminated samples. Membrane filtration provided more specific results but with low sensitivity. A combination of both techniques may offer better results.
Refrigerated Seawater Depuration for Reducing Vibrio parahaemolyticus Contamination in Pacific Oyster (Crassostrea gigas)
Authors: SU YI-CHENG , YANG QIANRU , HÄSE CLAUDIA
Published: December 2016

The efficacy of refrigerated-seawater depuration for reducing Vibrio parahaemolyticus levels in Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) was investigated. Raw Pacific oysters were inoculated with a mixed culture of five clinical strains of V. parahaemolyticus (105 to 106 most probable number [MPN] per g) and depurated with refrigerated seawater (5°C) in a laboratory-scale recirculation system equipped with a 15-W gamma UV sterilizer. Depuration with refrigerated seawater for 96 h reduced V. parahaemolyticus populations by >3.0 log MPN/g in oysters harvested in the winter. However, 144 h of depuration at 5°C was required to achieve a 3-log reduction in oysters harvested in the summer. Depuration with refrigerated seawater at 5°C for up to 144 h caused no significant fatality in the Pacific oyster and could be applied as a postharvest treatment to reduce V. parahaemolyticus contamination in Pacific oysters. Further studies are needed to validate the efficacy of the depuration process for reducing naturally accumulated V. parahaemolyticus in oysters.
Exploring Ethnocracy and the Possibilities of Coexistence in Beirut
Authors: Kastrissianakis Konstantin
Published: December 2016

In response to James Anderson’s article “Ethnocracy: Exploring and extending the concept”, this article revisits some of the extensive discussions of Lebanon’s political sectarianism through the prism of ethnocracy to the extent that it contributes to an analysis of the socio-political structure of the Lebanese capital, and vice-versa. After a discussion of the relevance of the notion of ethnocracy to the Lebanese context and Anderson’s “extensions” of the concept, the paper will briefly introduce recent developments in the country that point to growing and organised contestation of the political system and what it reveals about the Lebanese model’s “resilience”.
Sri Lanka: An Ethnocratic State Endangering Positive Peace in the Island
Authors: Balasundaram Nirmanusan
Published: December 2016

Although proclaimed as a democratic republic, the Sri Lankan state is strongly controlled and ruled by Sinhala Buddhist influence due to a deep engrained belief that the island belongs to the Sinhala Buddhists. The modus operandi of the Sri Lankan state apparatus outlines the ethnocratic characteristics of the state. This mono-ethnic and mono-religious attitude has led to the widening and deepening of the discrimination against a particular ethnic group known as the Tamils who traditionally inhabit the North and East of the island. Ethnocracy continues to be defended and justified by the state in the name of sovereignty, territorial integrity and national security and has led to further polarization of the already divided ethnic groups. As a consequence and outcome of the ethnocratic nature of the Sri Lankan state, a bloody war erupted between successive governments of Sri Lanka and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE). After nearly 38 years the prolonged war came to a brutal end in May 2009 amidst blatant violations of international law. However, the root causes of this conflict, which occurred due to ethnocratic nature of the state, have not yet been addressed resulting in the continuation of the ethnic conflict despite the end of the war.
Comparing Intensity–Duration–Frequency curves derived from
CMORPH and radar rainfall estimates over the Eastern
Mediterranean
Authors: Marra Francesco , Morin Efrat , Peleg Nadav , Mei Yiwen , Anagnostou Emmanouil N.
Published: December 2016

Abstract. Intensity–Duration–Frequency (IDF) curves are widely used to quantify the probability of occurrence of rainfall extremes. The usual rain gauge based approach provides accurate curves for a specific location, but uncertainties arise when ungauged regions are examined or catchment scale information is required. Remotely sensed rainfall records, e.g. from weather radars and satellites, are recently becoming available, providing high resolution information on rainfall extremes at regional or even global scales: their uncertainty and implications on water resources applications urge to be investigated. This study compares IDF curves from radar and satellite (CMORPH) estimates over the Eastern Mediterranean (covering Mediterranean, semiarid and arid climates) and quantifies the uncertainty related to their limited record on varying climates. We show that radar identifies thicker tail distributions than satellite, in particular for short durations, and that the shape parameters depends on the spatial and temporal aggregation scales. The spatial correlation between radar-IDFs and satellite-IDFs is as high as 0.7 for 2–5 years return period and decreases with longer return periods, especially for short durations. The uncertainty related to the use of short records is important when the record length is comparable to the return period (~ 50 %, ~ 100 % and ~ 150 % for Mediterranean, semiarid and arid climates, respectively). The agreement between IDF curves derived from different sensors on Mediterranean and, to a good extent, semiarid climates, demonstrates the potential of remote sensing datasets and instils confidence on their quantitative use for ungauged areas of the Earth.
Effects of vegetation and soil on evapotranspiration, flow regime,
and basin storage in three nearby catchments in northeast Japan
Authors: Noguchi Shoji , Kaneko Tomonori , Iida Shin'ichi , Murakami Wataru , Shimizu Takanori
Published: December 2016

Abstract. Vegetation and soil determine evapotranspiration, flow regime, and basin storage in forested catchments. We conducted hydrological observations at three nearby catchments (catchments nos. 1, 2, and 3) in the Nagasaka experimental watershed located on the green tuff region in northeast Japan. Diameter-at-breast height (DBH) of all trees > 3 cm DBH was recorded. In addition, we measured soil depth at 170 locations and investigated 45 soil pits. Based on these detailed vegetation and soil measurements, we examined evapotranspiration, flow regime, and basin storage during the no-snow-cover period (May–November). More than 80.9 % of stands in the catchment were comprised of Cryptomeria japonica. Stand volume (122.0 m3 ha−1) and sapwood area (10.7 m2 ha−1) in catchment no. 3 were smaller than those in the other two catchments (no. 1: 255.7 m3 ha−1; 16.0 m2 ha−1, no. 2: 216.5 m3 ha−1; 14.2 m2 ha−1). Consequently, evapotranspiration was lower in catchment no. 3 than that in catchments nos. 1 and no. 2. In addition, low and scanty runoffs in catchment no. 3 were larger than those in nos. 1 and 2. The order of magnitude for soil storage was catchments no. 1 (104.2 mm)
Contesting and Contextualising CITES: Wildlife Trafficking in Colombia and Brazil
Authors: Goyes David Rodríguez , Sollund Ragnhild
Published: December 2016

This article raises the question of whether recently implemented legislation in Colombia and Brazil (1) provides the necessary tools to prevent the harms of wildlife trafficking (WLT) and (2) influences humans’ practices concerning the use of nonhuman animals. These questions are investigated from the dual perspectives of green criminology and public policy. The analysis is based on a qualitative empirical study undertaken in Colombia and Brazil whereby we discuss the function of the legislation in Colombia and Brazil in preventing illegal WLT. We consider the legitimacy of different practices of WLT and evaluate them with respect to species justice and environmental justice.
Homegirls, Hoodrats and Hos: Co-constructing Gang Status through Discourse and Performance
Authors: Kolb Abigail , Palys Ted
Published: December 2016

Despite a growing literature regarding female gang membership, little is known about the ways in which gang-affiliated women negotiate the boundaries of gang membership. The current study, based on semi-structured interviews with twenty-four formerly gang-affiliated Chicana women involved with a prominent gang prevention/intervention organization, sought to understand how these women negotiated their interactions and understood their identity within the gang. Findings suggest that these women and the gangs in which they operate recreate broader gender norms that affect their standing and social mobility within the gang.
Rob White (2016) Youth Gangs, Violence and Social Respect: Exploring the Nature of Provocations and Punch-ups. Palgrave MacMillan.
Authors: Dwyer Angela
Published: December 2016

Not applicable
Paul Bennett (2016) Specialist Courts for Sentencing Aboriginal Offenders: Aboriginal Courts in Australia. Sydney: The Federation Press.
Authors: Morton James
Published: December 2016

A review of Paul Bennett's recent book which presents a comprehensive analysis of Australia’s Indigenous sentencing courts.
Care, Concern, and Advocacy: Is There a Place for Epistemic Responsibility?
Authors: Code Lorraine
Published: December 2016

Departing from an epistemological tradition for which knowledge properly achieved must be objective, especially in eschewing affect and/or special interests; and against a backdrop of my thinking about epistemic responsibility, I focus on two situations where care informs and enables good knowing. The implicit purpose of this reclamation of care as epistemically vital is to show emphatically that standard alignments of care with femininity—the female—are simply misguided. Proposing that the efficacy of epistemic practices is often enhanced when would-be knowers care about the outcomes of investigation, I suggest that epistemic responsibility need not be compromised when caring motivates and animates research. Indeed, the background inspiration comes from the thought, integral to feminist and post-colonial theory and practice that, despite often-justified condemnations of research that serves "special interests," particularities do matter, epistemically. Such thoughts, variously articulated, are integral to enacting a shift in epistemology away from formal abstraction and toward engaging with the specificities of real-world, situated knowledge projects. They are not unequivocally benign, for villains too care about the outcomes of their projects. Hence multi-faceted engagements with epistemic practices and processes are urgently required across the social-political world.
After Mr. Nowhere: What Kind of Proper Self for a Scientist?
Authors: Harding Sandra
Published: December 2016

The conventional proper scientific self has an ethical obligation to strive to see everywhere in the universe from no particular location in that universe: he is to produce the view from nowhere. What different conceptions of the proper scientific self are created by the distinctive assumptions and research practices of social justice movements, such as feminism, anti-racism, and post-colonialism? Three such new ideals are: the multiple and conflicted knowing self; the researcher strategically located inside her research world; and the community that knows.
Queer Earth Mothering: Thinking Through the Biological Paradigm of Motherhood
Authors: Morris Justin
Published: December 2016

I consider Christine Overall’s (2012) proposal that counteracting the ecological threats born from overconsumption and overpopulation morally obligates (most) Westerners to limit their procreative output to one child per person. I scrutinize what Overall finds valuable about the genetic link in the parent-child relationship through the complementary lenses of Shelley M. Park’s (2013) project of “queering motherhood” and the ecofeminist concept of “earth mothering.” What comes of this theoretical mix is a procreative outlook I define as queer earth mothering (QEM): an interrogative attitude for identifying the ways in which anti-ecological and heteronormative ideologies seep into maternal praxis. I argue that QEM has potential to relocate the value(s) of the putative parent-child relationship, change attitudes toward adoptive motherhood for the better, and shed light on the reality that procreative decisions in affluent contexts can and will rebound with devastating environmental consequences on both present and future populations if left unabated. My hope is that with QEM as our guide for thinking through the biological paradigm of motherhood we will be in a much better position to appreciate why affluent prospective parents should (generally speaking) favour adoption over biological reproduction.
Pornographic Subordination, Power, and Feminist Alternatives
Authors: Drabek Matt L
Published: December 2016

How does pornography subordinate on the basis of gender? I provide part of an answer in this paper by framing subordination as something that works through everyday classification. Under certain material and social conditions, pornography classifies people through labeling them in ways that connect to structures of oppression. I hope to show two things. First, pornographic content is not the major driving force behind pornography’s subordination of women. Second, pornography, when repurposed in new ways, carries the potential to counter the ill effects of other kinds of pornography, as feminist pornographers have attempted to show through their words and actions.
Action-Guidance, Oppression, and Nonideal Theory
Authors: Schwartzman Lisa H
Published: December 2016

Lisa Tessman’s Moral Failure: On the Impossible Demands of Morality raises important questions about ideal theory, oppression, and the role of action guidance in normative philosophy. After a brief overview of feminist and anti-racist philosophers’ critiques of ideal theory, I examine Tessman’s claim that nonideal oppression theorists focus too narrowly on action guidance and thereby obscure other important normative issues, such as the problem of moral failure. Although I agree with Tessman’s advocacy of a wider focus—and with her suggestion that situations of inevitable moral failure are particularly important to examine in contexts of oppression—I question whether nonideal oppression theorists actually emphasize action guidance to the exclusion of other concerns. I conclude with a brief examination of the way that ideal and nonideal theory have been defined and understood in debates about normative methodology, and I suggest that a move away from Rawls’s account of the ideal/nonideal distinction would benefit feminists and other oppression theorists.
Allied Identities
Authors: Blankschaen Kurt M
Published: December 2016

Allies are extremely important to LGBT rights. Though we don’t often enumerate what tasks we expect allies to do, a fairly common conception is that allies “support the LGBT community.” In the first section I introduce three difficulties for this position that collectively suggest it is conceptually insufficient. I then develop a positive account by starting with whom allies are allied to instead of what allies are supposed to do. We might obviously say here that allies are allied to the LGBT community, but I will argue that this community is better thought of as a loose coalition because there are often intersectional issues and conflicting interests that challenge any unified sense of community. I argue that people typically become allies because a friend or family member is experiencing some kind of specific harm; if that harm or discrimination is what causally explains why people become allies, then allies are required to do more than we commonly think. Although allies have a prima facie obligation to honor what members of a subcommunity identify as a harm, this obligation is defeasible if an ally believes fulfilling the obligation would be harmful. I conclude by looking at how we can understand what an ally is in terms of a larger discussion about moral obligations. If people already have these obligations, whatever they are, because morality requires it, then the status “ally” is redundant. I conclude by showing that certain social statuses can not only transform or reprioritize prior moral commitments, but can also introduce new kinds of responsibility that an agent did not have before.
Introduction to The Challenge of Epistemic Responsibility: Essays in Honour of Lorraine Code
Authors: Mudde Anna
Published: December 2016

This paper introduces The Challenge of Epistemic Responsibility: Essays in Honour of Lorraine Code. In this symposium of papers, invited by Feminist Philosophy Quarterly, the authors return to Code’s first book, Epistemic Responsibility (1987), to re-read it, respond to it, and rethink Code’s articulation of epistemic responsibility anew, considering it in light of her other work and drawing it into contact with their own. This symposium is the outcome of a conference panel that Anna Mudde co-organized with Susan Dieleman, held October 25, 2015, at the annual meeting of the Canadian Society for Women in Philosophy (CSWIP) at Mudde’s institution, Campion College at the University of Regina, in Saskatchewan.
Knowing Responsibly, Thinking Ecologically: Response to Panelists
Authors: Code Lorraine
Published: December 2016

In this final paper in the invited collection, Lorraine Code responds to panelists and provides background and reflections on her work.
The Development of Thematic Mathematics Book Based on Environment with a Realistic Approach to Implant the Attitude of Caring about Environment at Students of Elementary School Grade One in Kupang
Authors: Ekowati Ch. Krisnandari , Nenohai Juliana M. H.
Published: December 2016

The backdrop of this research is among others (1) the content of article 8 legislation national education system 20/2003 that the society takes the participation in planning and evaluating education, (2) the criterion of curriculum 2013 that is integrated and has a theme of natural environment, (3) the reality in the field showing that mathematics is not too meaningful, (4) do not use the school environment yet in outdoor learning so that can implant the attitude of caring about the envoronment. Based on the backdrop, the problem statement of this research is: how to develop thematic mathematics book based on environment with a realistic approach to implant the attitude of caring about the environment at the students of elementary school grade one in Kupang as early as possible? The method used is Research and Development with a type of Formative Research introduced by Tessmer in 1993. There are three steps in this research among others (1) the step of getting early data by using survey method analysed descriptively, (2) the step of developing the thematic mathematics books validated by the expert of education and mathematics (3) experiment step that is analysed with an inferensial statistic by using dependent t correlation analysis to know the difference of the student’s mathematics knowledge before and after using the learning tool developed and to implant the attitude of caring about the environment at the students. The school used as the limited class test or small class test toward the product developed is Directive Primary School Naimata Kupang, meanwhile for the big class test is Catholic Primary School St. Arnoldus Kupang. The basic reason to choose both of the schools is the minimum of reference books used by the teachers at grade one at the schools, and they do not use the large area of the schools field as a medium in learning. The result of the research based on the problem statement showing that almost all the students is very active and have a positive response. The attitude of caring about the environment begin to appear after using the thematic mathematics book developed, as a guide book for the teachers and the practice book for the students. Besides, the students’ understanding toward the number basic concept, the number operations and the two dimension also increase and the misconception doesn’t occur.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for International Journal of Marketing Studies, Vol. 8, No. 6
Authors: Xiao Maple
Published: December 2016

Reviewer acknowledgements for International Journal of Marketing Studies, Vol. 8, No. 6, 2016.
Passing the Scepter, not the Buck Long Arms in EU Climate Politics
Authors: Fuchs Doris , Feldhoff Berenike
Published: December 2016

This paper investigates power dynamics between and within the core institutions of the European Union (EU) in the development of the 2030 EU climate & energy framework. Starting from the widely studied change in the EU’s climate policy from “leadership by example” to “slow motion”, it integrates a specific focus on power dynamics between the core EU institutions and non-state actors. Interestingly, perspectives on power relations between and within EU institutions and the power of non-state actors in EU governance are rarely integrated explicitly in analyses of the EU’s shift in its stance on climate policy. In this article, we aim to draw together the analyses of institutional power dynamics in EU climate policy with analyses of the exercise of power by non-state actors to explain the dynamics leading to the change in EU climate politics. Using data from document research, secondary literature and interviews conducted with members of EU institutions as well as non-state actors, we show that an absence of clear leadership from the European Council in the end furthered an extended influence of business actors via the strengthening of the Commission as well as particular DGs. The results show how inadequate guidance from the Council and divisions within the Commission facilitated the informal passing of the scepter of EU climate policy to business, even as EU institutions retained formal responsibility, thus not passing the buck in a corresponding manner. The analysis further reveals strong reasons for doubt towards future EU ambitions in global climate change politics.
The use of a linear half-vehicle model for the optimization of damping in the passive suspension system of a railway car
Authors: Lozia Zbigniew , Kardas-Cinal Ewa
Published: December 2016

The paper presents a methodology of optimizing the parameters of the passive suspension system of a railway vehicle. A linear half-vehicle model and an example of the procedure carried out to optimize a selected parameter of the model have been demonstrated. A method of the selection of damping in the suspension system of a railway vehicle, based on over 40-year achievements of the cited authors of publications in the field of motor vehicles, has been shown. The optimization of linear damping in the secondary suspension system of a passenger carriage moving on a track with random profile irregularities has been described in detail. The algorithms adopted for the calculations have a wider range of applicability; especially, they may be used for determining the optimum values of the other parameters of the railway vehicle model under analysis, i.e. stiffness of the secondary suspension system as well as stiffness and damping of the primary suspension system.
Parameter optimization of sea waterway system dredged to the specified depth case of the modernized Świnoujście-Szczecin fairway
Authors: Gucma Stanisław
Published: December 2016

The paper presents a methodology for designing and optimizing the parameters of reconstructed marine waterways dredged to a certain depth. The reconstruction comes down to a particular deepening and widening of the waterway to permit operation of longer, broader and deeper drawing ships. The methodology, based on a systemic approach to the design and optimization of waterways, uses the method developed at the Marine Traffic Engineering Centre (MTEC), Maritime University of Szczecin and methods of computer simulation. The optimization criterion used is the minimization of the aggregated costs of construction and operation of the waterway and its navigation systems.
Relational Thinking: What's the Difference?
Authors: Whitacre Ian , Schoen Robert C. , Champagne Zachary , Goddard Andrea
Published: December 2016

Instructional activities designed to encourage relational thinking in primary-grades classrooms can give students advantages when they reason about subtraction.
La ciudad desde el activismo y la cultura visual: hacia una mirada urbana del colectivo docente
Authors: Huerta Ricard
Published: December 2016

Considero de máxima relevancia la creación de elementos propios del colectivo docente. El conjunto del profesorado se encuentra muy dividido por instancias, legislaciones y situaciones particulares. Conscientes de las diferencias que nos separan, deberíamos favorecer lugares comunes para sentirnos más unidos, evitando así la distancia debilitadora que existe entre las realidades del profesorado de infantil, primaria, secundaria y universidad. Desde los estudios culturales y la cultura visual se vienen elaborando estrategias que pueden resultar eficaces para generar nuevos entornos comunes, espacios donde podamos compartir elementos y problemáticas que nos afecten. Construir una mirada urbana propia del colectivo docente pasa por revelar las afinidades que nos definen. Para iniciar esta labor fomentamos un encuentro con la mirada particular de los y las docentes. Llevamos años recogiendo opiniones e imágenes a través de las cuales se pueda conocer mejor cómo ve y de qué manera entiende su ciudad el profesorado que la habita. A partir de fotografías y entrevistas tejemos una red de convergencias, analizando aquellos elementos que más motivan al profesorado de cada lugar. Intentamos conocer mediante textos e imágenes cuál es la mirada que vierte el colectivo docente hacia su ciudad, y de qué modo se intenta mejorar dicha realidad vivida.
The science of difference: The invisibility of women in health sciences
Authors: Valls-Llobet Carme
Published: December 2016

Women remained invisible in health sciences until the late twentieth century because they were not included in the cohorts used in researched studies. Thanks to the work done by different groups of feminist researchers, we were able to visualise the need to change those paradigms. But while gender perspectives have allowed us to research new aspects of science, gender has sometimes contributed to rendering female-specific health issues as invisible. For women to be treated equally, their differences have to be recognised, precisely so that the equal right of both sexes to quality of life can be defended. Therefore, the science of difference should be included in research and taught in all health science specialisations.
An open path for gender equality in research: When women scientists question the state of science and the institutions embrace the criticism
Authors: Sánchez Ana , Samper-Gras Teresa , Jabbaz Marcela , Díaz Capitolina
Published: December 2016

The institutionalisation of equality policy in science, both at the national and the European scale, should facilitate progress towards equality in a space that wants to consider itself merit (and ability) driven. But discriminatory practices, both conscious and unconscious, direct or indirect, leave women out of many of the positions that they should occupy according to their accomplishments and capabilities. Many scientific institutions and their professionals still do not understand that if gender equality is only formally achieved and actual compliance is not monitored, they will lose part of the talent they are trying to cultivate.
Dual-cut graphene transistors with constant-current regions fabricated by the atomic force microscope anode oxidation
Authors: Wu Chong-Rong , Dou Kun Peng , Wang Cheng-Hung , Chang Chung-En , Kaun Chao-Cheng , Wu Chao-Hsin , Lin Shih-Yen
Published: December 2016

Graphene bandgap opening is an important issue for the application of this material. We have demonstrated that by atomic force microscope (AFM) anode oxidation, long nonconductive oxidation lines can be fabricated on graphene surfaces. By using this fabrication technique with the dual-cut transistor architecture, the phenomenon of constant-current regions near the Dirac point can be observed in devices at room temperature when the cut separation is smaller than 100 nm. The results may provide evidence of the phenomenon of graphene bandgap opening at room temperature. The theoretical bandgap values are further estimated by density-function-derived tight-binding calculations.
Ultrasonic microspectroscopy characterization of chemically tempered glass
Authors: Arakawa Mototaka , Kushibiki Jun-ichi , Ohashi Yuji
Published: December 2016

We evaluated the elastic properties of the compressive stress (CS) layer of chemically tempered glass by ultrasonic microspectroscopy (UMS) in a very high frequency (VHF) range. Two commercial aluminosilicate glass specimens were prepared, and one of them was chemically tempered. Changes in elastic properties in the CS layer with the residual stress introduced by the exchange of Na+ ions for larger K+ ions were estimated by precisely measuring the densities and longitudinal and shear velocities for both the tempered and nontempered specimens. Using a single-layer model for the surface layer, we observed drastic increases in bulk-wave velocities and significant decreases in attenuation coefficients. We determined that the average elastic properties, namely, the elastic constants c
11 and c
44, and the density of the surface layer, were 9.6 and 7.1, and 1.2% larger than those of the nontempered specimen, respectively. We also estimated the distributions of the elastic properties according to the complementary error function (CEF) for the distribution of K+ ion concentration. Furthermore, using a line-focus-beam (LFB) system, we measured the frequency characteristics of the velocity (V
LSAW) of leaky surface acoustic waves (LSAWs) on a water-loaded surface of the tempered specimen and clarified that the distributions of the elastic properties did not follow the CEF. The LFB system can be used for analyzing/determining details of the surface properties and is a promising tool for evaluating and characterizing chemically tempered glass and tempering process conditions.
Synergistic damage mechanism of corrosion and cavitation-erosion for plasma ion nitrided 18Cr–8Ni–1.1Mn–0.43C stainless steel in seawater
Authors: Chong Sang-Ok , Kim Seong-Jong
Published: December 2016

In this work, it was investigated that resistance of combination damages of electrochemical corrosion and cavitation-erosion for plasma ion nitrided 18Cr–8Ni–1.1Mn–0.43C stainless steel at various process temperatures under cavitation environment in seawater. The plasma ion nitriding treatment was performed with a gas mixture ratio of 25% N2 and 75% H2 at a temperature of 623, 673, 723, and 773 K for 10 h, at a chamber pressure of 250 Pa. Expanded austenite (γN) was produced at whole plasma ion nitriding temperatures and especially phases of CrN and γ′ were observed at 773 K in X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. In Tafel analysis, the highest corrosion potential and corrosion current density were analyzed on the untreated (non-cavitation) specimen among specimens under the cavitation condition. Under cavitation environment, the highest corrosion potential and the lowest corrosion current density presented at 673 K. As a result of observation of surface morphologies after anodic polarization experiment under cavitation environment, uniform corrosion was observed on the untreated specimen and plasma ion nitrided specimens, while localized corrosion was shown on the untreated substrate under non-cavitation environment. Furthermore, greater damage depth and severe morphologies were observed at plasma ion nitrided specimens than untreated substrate, whereas the greatest weight loss at 723 K was indicated due to the high pitting corrosion potential and wide passivity potential region.
Mechanics of Droplet Interface Bilayer “Unzipping” Defines the Bandwidth for the Mechanotransduction Response of Reconstituted MscL
Authors: Najem Joseph S. , Freeman Eric C. , Yasmann Anthony , Sukharev Sergei , Leo Donald J.
Published: December 2016

Fully fluidic three‐phase droplet interface bilayers (DIBs) are convenient systems for studies of physiochemical properties of lipid‐stabilized interfaces as well as for reconstitution of biological molecules involved in ion transport, sensing, and energy conversion. Recently, it was reported that the low‐threshold mutant of the bacterial mechanosensitive channel MscL can be transiently activated in DIBs under harmonic mechanical stimulation. However, the experimentally determined range of oscillation frequencies generating sufficient tension for MscL gating is narrow (0.1–0.3 Hz). Here, physical parameters of the system that define tension in the interface bilayer under equilibrium and dynamic regimes and their variations during viscoelastic responses of droplets to compression and retraction, are analyzed. It is found that the rate of interfacial bilayer “unzipping” during the retraction phase limits the process of droplet area relaxation, thus preventing tensile expansion in the subsequent cycles. This article proposes temporally asymmetric stimulation protocols with variable ratio of compression to retraction phases (duty cycle), which allows the slow shape relaxation process and stimulates MscL much more efficiently. The new protocol activates a larger proportion of MscL's fully open states relative to the population of subconductive states over a wider range of frequencies.
Revelation of Interfacial Energetics in Organic Multiheterojunctions
Authors: Kästner Christian , Vandewal Koen , Egbe Daniel Ayuk Mbi , Hoppe Harald
Published: December 2016

Efficient charge generation via exciton dissociation in organic bulk heterojunctions necessitates donor–acceptor interfaces, e.g., between a conjugated polymer and a fullerene derivative. Furthermore, aggregation and corresponding structural order of polymer and fullerene domains result in energetic relaxations of molecular energy levels toward smaller energy gaps as compared to the situation for amorphous phases existing in homogeneously intermixed polymer:fullerene blends. Here it is shown that these molecular energy level shifts are reflected in interfacial charge transfer (CT) transitions and depending on the existence of disordered or ordered interfacial domains. It can be done so by systematically controlling the order at the donor–acceptor interface via ternary blending of semicrystalline and amorphous model polymers with a fullerene acceptor. These variations in interfacial domain order are probed with luminescence spectroscopy, yielding various transition energies due to activation of different recombination channels at the interface. Finally, it is shown that via this analysis the energy landscape at the organic heterojunction interface can be obtained.
Constructing a Novel Dendron for a Self‐Host Blue Emitter with Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence: Solution‐Processed Nondoped Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes with Bipolar Charge Transfer and Stable Color Purity
Authors: Ban Xinxin , Lin Baoping , Jiang Wei , Sun Yueming
Published: December 2016

Self‐host thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) materials have recently been identified as effective emitters for solution‐processed nondoped organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs). However, except for the carbazole unit, few novel dendrons have been developed to build self‐host TADF emitters. This study reports two self‐host blue materials, tbCz‐SO and poCz‐SO, with the same TADF emissive core and different dendrons. The influence of the peripheral dendrons on the photophysical properties and electroluminescent performances of the self‐host materials were systematically investigated. The transient fluorescence and electroluminescence spectra indicated that the diphenylphosphoryl carbazole units could effectively encapsulate the emissive core to reduce the concentration quenching effect and to enhance reverse intersystem crossing. By using tbCz‐SO and poCz‐SO as host‐free blue emitters, the performance of the solution‐processed nondoped OLED device demonstrated that a more balanced charge transfer from the bipolar dendrons would offer a better current efficiency of 10.5 cd A−1 and stable color purity with Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage units of (0.18, 0.27).
Spectral Responses of Light‐Emitting Diodes as a Photodiode and Their Applications in Optical Measurements
Authors: Shin Dong‐Yong , Kim Jae Young , Eom In‐Yong
Published: December 2016

Spectral responses of four light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) were investigated because their uses as a photodiode are growing these days. An LED showed reasonable sensitivity to shorter wavelengths which the LED emits. Their spectral response ranges are same or relatively wider than their emission range. In addition, LEDs were used as detectors to analyze test dyes with absorbance measurement technique or with fluorescence measurement technique. Absolute noise level of 0.0001 absorbance unit was observed with the blue LED (nominal λmax = 455 nm) photodiode. Phosphate amount in Kumho River (located in Gyeongsan, South Korea) was determined using IR LED (nominal λmax = 805 nm) as a photosensor. A green LED (nominal λmax = 520 nm) was used to excite rhodamine B (excitation λmax = 560 nm, emission λmax = 575 nm) and red LEDs (nominal λmax = 660 nm) were used to detect fluorescence light emitted from the fluorescence dye. The LOD of rhodamine B was found to be 26 nM with four red LEDs as a photodiode and without using optical filters.