bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Energy and nutrient intakes from complementary foods are low among infants of HIV‐positive mothers in the Eastern region of Ghana
Authors: Marquis Grace S , Cofie Agartha , Lartey Anna , Brakohiapa Lucy , Perez‐Escamilla Rafael , Mazur Robert E
Published: June 2021

Inadequate complementary feeding contributes to poor growth and development of infants and young children in sub‐Saharan Africa. This study assessed the adequacy of energy and nutrients from complementary foods consumed by infants born to HIV‐positive (HIV‐P, n=67), HIV‐negative (HIV‐N, n=85) and HIV‐status unknown (HIV‐U, n=72) mothers. All foods and liquids other than breast milk that were consumed by infants over 24 hours at 6 mo (n=103) and 9 mo (n=121) of age are reported here. Intakes were compared with the WHO estimated requirements from complementary foods assuming an average intake of breast milk. Energy and nutrient intakes from complementary foods significantly increased with infant age. However, with the exception of protein and vitamin A, foods were inadequate in meeting the age‐specific estimated requirements. Compared to children of HIV‐N mothers, children of HIV‐P mothers had significantly lower median intakes of energy (113 kcal vs. 77 kcal), protein (3.7 g vs. 1.8 g), fat (2.1 g vs. 0.6 g), zinc (0.8 mg vs. 0.3 mg), thiamin (0.9 mg vs. 0.2 mg), riboflavin (0.05 mg vs. 0.02 mg) and niacin (0.6 mg vs. 0.2 mg) at 6 mo (p<0.05). There is a need to address sub‐optimal complementary feeding in Ghana, particularly among households affected by HIV. Funded by NIH/NICHD HD 43260.
Maternal body composition in pregnancy among HIV‐infected Malawians: Results of the BAN Study
Authors: Thomas Roshan M , Adair Linda , Chasela Charles , Bentley Margaret , Siega‐Riz Anna Maria , Knight Rod , Piwoz Ellen , Ahmed Yusuf , Mkhomawanthu Chimwemwe , Martinson Francis , Chitsulo Pindile , Kayira Dumbani , Jamieson Denise , van der Horst Charles
Published: June 2021

We describe change in weight, midupper arm circumference (MUAC), arm muscle (AMA) and arm fat area (AFA) in 1130 pregnant HIV‐infected women with CD4 counts > 200 as part of the BAN Study (www.thebanstudy.org), a randomized, controlled clinical trialto evaluate antiretroviral and nutrition interventions to reducemother‐to‐child transmission of HIV during breast feeding. In a longitudinal analysis, we found a linear increase in weight with a mean rate of weight gain of 0.24 kgs/wk, from baseline (12 to 30 wks gestation) until the last follow‐up visit (32 to 38 wks). Analysis of weight gain showed that 17.1% of the intervals between visits resulted in a weight loss. In unadjusted models, MUAC and AMA increased and AFA declined during late pregnancy. Based on multivariable regression analysis, exposure to the famine season resulted in larger losses in AMA [−0.082, 95%CI: −.14, −.02; p=.01] while AFA losses occurred irrespective of season [−0.556, 95%: −.97, −.14, p=.01]. CD4 count was associated with AFA [.002, 95%CI: .001, .003, p=.03]. Age was positively associated with AMA and AFA [AMA: 0.162, 95%CI: 07, .26; p<.01; AFA: 0.200, 95%CI: (.11, .29), p<.01]. Wealth index was positively associated with AFA [0.830, 95%CI: 0.53, 1.13; p<.01]. Low rate of weight gain and decreasing AFA during pregnancy among HIV‐infected women is of concern. Strategies to optimize nutrition during pregnancy appear warranted.

Grant Funding Source: CDC and NIH
Increased prevalence of high body mass index (BMI) among persons with HIV initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART) in South Africa
Authors: Dieterich Megan Elizabeth , Witten Chantell , Chopra Mickey , Humphries Debbie
Published: June 2021

The Western Cape Provincial Department of Health provides nutritional support to underweight (BMI<18.5) HIV patients on ART. Initial evaluation suggested that patients starting ART are more often overweight than underweight. ART may worsen obesity related health conditions, such as heart disease. In turn, obesity may increase side‐effects of ART.

Objective

To determine the BMI distribution of patients presenting for ART, and weight change with 3 months of ART, in Mitchells Plain Community Health Center.

Method

A retrospective medical record review of HIV patients ages 18–65 initiating ART between August 1‐Oct 31, 2008 (n=117, 63% female, 37% male).

Results

Prevalence of underweight (BMI<18.5) was 12.0%, while 32.5% were overweight (BMI>25). The prevalence of overweight was significantly higher among females than males (42% vs. 16%, p=0.016). Three‐months after initiation of ART, 62% had weight gain with a mean gain of 5.37 kg. Significantly more men gained weight than women (87% vs. 48%, p=0.003). Prevalence of overweight increased to 45% after 3 months of ART with a significant increase in mean BMI from 23.2 to 24.1 (p<0.01). Prevalence of underweight decreased to 2.4%. Of patients with BMI >25, 44.2% were on an ART regime contraindicated with high BMI.

Conclusion

In peri‐urban African settings overweight/obesity may be an emerging issue for HIV patients on ART. Source of Funding: Downs Fellowship
Dietary intake is differentially associated with overweight and central adiposity between sexes in Mexican adults: a multilevel analysis
Authors: Kanter Rebecca M. , Rivera Juan A. , Caballero Benjamin
Published: June 2021

We examined associations of dietary indicators with measures of overweight (OW) (BMI ≥25) and central adiposity (CA) [WC ≥80cm in females (F) and ≥90 cm in males (M)] by sex in a sample of healthy adults 20–49y [n=10,260; M, 3750; F, 6510] who completed a FFQ in the 2006 Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey (ENSANUT). Cluster analysis (n=11,254; M, 4226; F, 7028) revealed four main dietary patterns for both sexes [alcohol (AL), meat/dairy/high‐energy dense (M/D/HED), mixed (MIX), cereals (CER)]. Weighted linear and logistic multi‐level models assessed associations between OW or CA and dietary indicator. Overweight‐F were more likely than OW‐M to consume higher intakes of fat (10g/d) [(adjusted odd‐ratio (OR) (95% CI): 1.11 (CI, 1.06, 1.17); P<0.000], refined carbohydrates (100kcal/d) [1.09 (CI, 1.04, 1.14); P<0.000], sugar (10g/d) [1.17 (CI, 1.11, 1.23); P<0.000], and dairy (100kcal/d) [1.24 (CI, 1.16, 1.33); P<0.000]. Overweight‐F were more likely to consume the M/D/HED pattern [1.51 (CI, 1.25, 1.82); P<0.000] than OW‐M. While OW‐F were less likely to consume the AL [.17 (CI, .08, .36); P<0.000] or CER [.32 (CI, .19, .54); P<0.000] patterns compared to OW‐M. Similar associations were seen comparing CA‐F to CA‐M. Diet and the environmental context in which it is influenced are related to between‐sex differences in OW and CA. This project was done without any research support.

Grant Funding Source: None
Dietary factors related to body weight in adult Vietnamese in the rural area of Haiphong, Vietnam
Authors: Hwang Ji‐Yun , Kim Sun Hye , Lee Yo A , Chung Hye Won , Nguyet Tran Thi Phuc , Chang Namsoo , Kim Wha Young
Published: June 2021

This study was to examine the association between dietary factors and underweight and overweight adult Vietnamese living in the rural areas of Haiphong, Vietnam. A cross‐sectional study of 497 Vietnamese aged 19 to 60 years was conducted and subjects were classified as underweight, normal weight, and overweight based on BMI. A high prevalence of both underweight (BMI<18.5 kg/m2) and overweight (BMI ≥23 kg/m2) was observed (14.2% and 21.6% for males and 18.9% and 20.6% for females, respectively). For both genders, the overweight group were older than the under‐ and normal weight groups (P=0.0118 for males and P=0.0002 for females). In females, the overweight group consumed significantly less cereals (P=0.0033), energy (P=0.0046), protein (P=0.0222), and carbohydrate (P=0.0006) and more fruits (P=0.0026) than the underweight group; however, no such differences existed in males. The overweight subjects overate more frequently (P=0.0295) and consumed fish (P=0.0096) and fruits (P=0.0083) more often. The prevalence of both underweight and overweight individuals pose serious public health problems in the rural areas of Vietnamese and the overweight group was related to overeating and high fish and fruit consumption.

This work was supported by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Brain Korea 21 project in 2009.
Menopausal status correlated with cholesterol levels among Filipino women
Authors: Gultiano Socorro , Agustin Sonny , Lee Nanette , Adair Linda S.
Published: June 2021

Menopause increases cardiovascular disease risk, possibly by affecting traditional risk factors. This study assessed whether menopausal status is related to cholesterol (C) levels among 1,858 (ages 35 to 68 yr) Filipino women using data from the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey. Menopausal status was determined by women's self‐report verified over multiple survey rounds and was categorized into: pre‐menopausal (61%), recent (within the past 3 yrs) (14%), and long‐term post‐menopausal (25%). Mean values were 186.4 mg/dL for total‐C, 119.3 mg/dL for LDL‐C, and 40.9 mg/dL for HDL‐C. Controlling for age, BMI, socio‐economic status, and other confounders, linear regression analyses showed that post‐menopausal women had higher total‐C and LDL‐C levels. In this multivariable adjusted model, compared to pre‐menopausal women, recent and long‐term post‐menopausal women had total‐C higher by 11.4 mg/dL (95% CI: 6.0–16.8) and 8.1 mg/dL (2.2–14.1), respectively; corresponding LDL‐C levels were higher by 8.3 mg/dL (3.5–13.1) and 6.3 mg/dL (1.1–11.6). Menopausal status was not significantly associated with HDL‐C levels. It appears that the time since menopause, and not just the status of menopause, may play a significant role in raising cholesterol levels. Women should be cautioned of the potential increase in cholesterol levels associated with the onset of menopause. NIH 5 R01 HL085144‐03
Validation of Finger‐Prick Testing of FBG, TC, and HbA1c in Adolescents
Authors: Barret Sheila C. , Huffman Fatma G. , Johnson Paulette
Published: June 2021

The study compared finger‐prick testing of FBG, TC and HbA1c with venous blood method in Jamaican adolescents in a school setting. Adolescents ages 14–18 years were studied. Subjects were randomly selected from grades 9–12, in ten high schools on the island. Capillary whole blood was tested for fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, and HbA1c. Finger‐prick testing was compared tovenous blood using standard laboratory procedures for all three tests. A total of 59 adolescents participated, mean age was 15.6±1.2 years. Mean FBG values were 92.97±11.98 for finger‐prick and 95.24±10.27 for venous sample. No significant difference was found for methods of testing for FBG (p >.05). Mean venous value of TC(157.9±30.0) was significantly higher (p <.01) than finger‐prick (145.8±21.6). Mean venous HbA1c (5.40±0.81) was significantly lower (p<.01) than finger‐prick (6.08±1.5). Percentage bias between the two methods met the reference standards for FBG, and TC but not for HbA1c. Bland Altman tests of agreement between the two methods indicated good agreement for all three tests. Finger‐prick testing of FBG compared favorably with venous testing and may be used for screening this population. The Bland Altman tests for agreement indicated that finger‐prick testing of FBG, TC, and HbA1c may be used for the screening of adolescents. Supported by a grant from FIU Foundation.
Plasma sulfur amino acids and glutathione response to methionine loading in HIV‐infected patients
Authors: Borges‐Santos Maria Dorotéia , Pereira Paulo Camara Marques , Burini Roberto Carlos
Published: June 2021

BACKGROUND

HIV patients present lower plasma levels of GSH and all sulfur amino acids (SAA). We hypothesize that methionine (Met) supply would restore mostly of the GSH biosynthesis.

PURPOSE

To examine the responses of plasma GSH and SAA to an acute load of Met (ML).

METHODS

In 20 control subjects and 12 HIV‐infected patients under HAART, plasma SAA and GSH were measured in response to a ML (0.1 g/kg). Blood samples were taken before, 2h and 4 h after ML and the plasma Met disappearance rate was measured by area under the curve (AUC). The groups were compared using Wilcoxon's test (p<0.05).

RESULTS

The baseline GSH and SAA levels were significantly lower in HIV than controls. These differences persisted even after the ML (Met: 1811 vs 1555mm2, Hcy: 99 vs 118mm2; Cys: 1179 vs 1537mm2; Tau: 385 vs 443mm2). The response profile to ML was similar in both groups with an increasing in postload Tau and no changes in plasma GSH or its redox status.

CONCLUSIONS

In the presence of ML Cys is not fully converted to GSH being probably turned aside to Tau. Supported by Fapesp, CNPq.
Effects of a high protein diet and the timing of protein consumption after exercise on glucocorticoid‐induced muscle atrophy in rats
Authors: Kondo Emi , Koshimizu Takako , Tai Shinji , Okada Sachiko , Okamura Koji
Published: June 2021

We studied the effects of the dietary protein level and meal timing after exercise on exercise‐induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy in rats with glucocorticoid‐induced muscle atrophy. The rats were fed either a normal protein diet (N, 15% of energy) or a high protein diet (H, 25% of energy), and each diet group was divided to groups that were fed either 5 hours after (L) or immediately after (E) exercise. All rats exercised on a climbing exercise apparatus (Kondo et al. EB2007 and EB2009), 3 times a week for 8 weeks. The rats were pair‐weighed. The flexor hallucis longus (FHL) muscle mass was affected by neither the dietary protein level nor meal timing (LN 1.30 g (SD 0.07), LH 1.32 (0.11), EN 1.32 (0.08), EH 1.34 (0.08)), while the mass was grater than that in sedentary rats (S) in our previous study whose body masses were comparable with those in the current study (Kondo et al. EB 2008; SN 1.26 (0.10), SH 1.20 (0.07)), thus suggesting that exercise appears to ameliorate the muscle atrophy induced by glucocorticoid in the current rats. The masses of body and adipose tissue tended to be greater in the H diet groups than the N diet groups. The perirenal adipose tissue mass of the N diet groups was lower in the current study than that reported in the previous study, while the mass of the H diet groups was not different between the current and the previous study (current LN 6.85 g (3.24), LH 8.60 (2.75), EN 7.23 (1.51), EH 8.97 (2.96); previous LN 9.38 (2.58), LH 9.90 (1.83), EN 7.86 (2.72), EH 9.23 (2.19)). These results suggest that consuming a high protein diet does not improve muscle atrophy, even when the diet is provided at the optimal time after exercise, and that a high protein diet appears to inhibit excessive body fat loss in glucocorticoid‐administered rats. (This study was supported by the Japan Meat Information Service Center)
Dietary Glutamate Reduces Systemic But Not Intestinal Leucine Oxidation In Protein Malnourished Piglets
Authors: Bauchart‐Thevret Caroline , Cui Liwei , Stoll Barbara , Burrin Douglas
Published: June 2021

Glutamate (GLU) is a nonessential amino acid that is the major oxidative fuel for the gut. Leucine (LEU), a branched‐chain amino acid (BCAA), is reversibly transaminated into glutamate and further irreversibly oxidized into CO2 in the gut. Our aim was to determine whether dietary GLU can suppress gut BCAA oxidation and increase their systemic availability. Neonatal pigs were enterally fed a low protein diet supplemented with glycine (Control, n=5) or monosodium glutamate (MSG, n=5) for 9 days. Whole‐body LEU kinetics were measured on day 7 and day 9 using either an intravenous (IV) or intragastric (IG) infusion of [1‐13C]‐LEU. We also examined the effect of GLU on LEU oxidation in porcine intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC‐J2). Both in vivo and in vitro studies showed no effect of GLU on LEU oxidation in the gut. However, in pigs fed the MSG vs. Control diet, we found a decrease in CO2 production and increase in plasma LEU and isoleucine concentrations, and a trend toward decreased LEU oxidation during the IV tracer infusion. This suggests that MSG reduced LEU oxidation in peripheral tissues but not during first‐pass intestinal metabolism. We conclude that dietary GLU does not reduce LEU oxidation in the developing piglet gut. Further investigations are warranted to determine the site of dietary MSG effect on whole‐body LEU oxidation. (Funded by the International Glutamate Technical Committee)
Equal Distributions of Dietary Protein Throughout the Day Maximizes Rat Skeletal Muscle Mass
Authors: Wilson Gabriel Josiah , Norton Layne E , Moulton Christopher J , Rupassara Indu , Garlick Peter J , Layman Donald K
Published: June 2021

Americans consume small servings of protein early in the day, with over 60% of daily protein intake coming at dinner. How protein distribution effects muscle health is uncertain. This study evaluated effects of isonitrogenous whey protein diets in which the meal distribution of protein was either equal at breakfast, lunch, and dinner (16% protein at each) or unevenly distributed consisting of 8% whey protein at breakfast and lunch, and 27.5% at dinner. Adult rats (300g) were fed 3 meals/d for 10 wk. At 2 and 10 wk, rats were sacrificed after a 13hr fast or 90min afterconsuming the breakfast meal. Measurements included skeletal muscle weights, plasmainsulin, glucose, amino acids, muscle protein synthesis (MPS) determined by D5‐Phe incorporation and phosphorylation activation of initiation factors 4E‐BP1 and S6K. Results showed that the equally distributed whey protein group had significantly greater postprandial MPS after the breakfast meal and larger muscle mass than the unequally distributed treatment. MPS responses were closely related with changes in plasmaleucine and phosphorylation of 4E‐BP1 and S6K. These results suggest that protein distribution is a critical factor in determining efficiency of protein utilization and skeletal muscle health. Supported by the Egg Nutrition Center.
Influence of food matrix and processing on release of almond protein during simulated digestion
Authors: Wickham Martin Sean John , Vardakou Maria , Bisignano Giuseppe , Mandalari Giuseppina
Published: June 2021

Understanding how food matrix and processing affect protein digestion is key to determining stability of certain protein which may be involved in allergenic reactions. Here we describe the release of protein from almond during gastrointestinal (GI) digestion and the effects of food structure on the stability of the globulins and the albumins. A dynamic gastric model of digestion (DGM) which provides a realistic and predictive simulation of the physical and chemical processing and accurately mimics both the transit time and the luminal environment within the human stomach was used for the digestion studies. Results showed a rapid protein digestion under the low pH conditions of the stomach, with no differences between blanched almond flour and almond flour with skin. A slower kinetic of protein digestion was observed when almond flour was incorporated within a food matrix, such as chocolate dessert. Food matrix influences almond protein digestibility in relation to different residence time in the gut and effects of food processing.

This work has been funded by the Almond Board of California.
Beneficial effects of soy peptide fractions on lipid profiles and appetite‐related hormones in obese rats induced by high fat diet
Authors: Lee Yeon‐Sook , Park Ji‐Hye , Park Mi‐Na , Lee Im‐Sik , Kim Yong‐Ki , Kim Wan‐Sik
Published: June 2021

This study aimed at investigating whether dietary peptides had beneficial effects on lowering obesity and body fat as compared with intact protein. Sprague Dawley male rats were divided into four groups (n=8/group) and fed experimental diets containing 18% fat diet with different nitrogen sources and levels, respectively; 10 % soy protein isolate (10SPI), 25% soy protein isolate (25SPI), 25% soy protein hydrolysates (25SPH) and 25% soy macropeptide fractions (25SPP, MW≥10000) for six weeks. Weight gain was significantly higher in 25% nitrogen sources‐fed groups than in 10% group (10SPI). In 25SPP, perirenal fat mass and serum total lipid significantly lower than in other groups. As for appetite‐related hormones, ghrelin was not shown to be different among groups but leptin significantly decreased in 25SPP. It can be concluded that soy peptide fractions as compared with intact soy protein may have beneficial effects on reducing fat mass and serum lipid as well as appetite regulation.
Using routine blood chemistry results to estimate changes in plasma AA during experimental endotoxemia
Authors: Price Kathryn L. , Utt Matthew D. , Lee Hanbae , Escobar Jeffery
Published: June 2021

Plasma amino acids (AA) markedly change during infection, but they are rarely monitored during hospitalization. Arg, Glu, Ala, and the aromatic AA have important immunological functions. Young pigs (26.9±1.1 kg, n=9) were fitted with an indwelling jugular catheter for blood sampling. After a 2‐h feeding period, pigs were given 10 μg/kg BW of E. coli‐derived LPS i.v. Plasma AA and several blood metabolites (e.g., creatinine, urea N, protein, P, Ca, TG, HDL, glucose, lactate, etc.) were measured every 2 h for 12 h. Quadratic changes (P<0.04) in Pro, Arg, Tyr, Val, Leu, Asn, Ile, Met, Phe, Orn, and Trp were determined after LPS injection. Plasma total protein (PTP, r2=0.003 to 0.18) and urea N (BUN, r2=0.001 to 0.23) were poorly correlated to plasma AA levels during an LPS challenge. The use of multiple blood chemistry results better (P<0.01) accounted for plasma levels of Arg (R2=0.61), Ala (R2=0.80), Trp (R2=0.75), Phe (R2=0.77), Tyr (R2=0.67), Met (R2=0.62), Lys (R2=0.30), Leu (R2=0.71), and Val (R2=0.69) than PTP or BUN alone. These findings suggest that plasma AA could be estimated using various routine blood chemistry results. Funding: Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station.

Grant Funding Source: Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station
The concentrations of branched‐chain amino acids affect glucose tolerance in rats
Authors: Yoshihiro Kadota , Kitaura Yasuyuki , Bajotto Gustavo , Shimomura Yoshiharu
Published: June 2021

It has been reported that branched‐chain amino acid (BCAA) administration stimulates glucose uptake into muscles and body glucose oxidation. We examined the effect of plasma BCAA concentrations decreased by the clofibrate treatment on glucose tolerance in rats. Since clofibrate, a drug for hyperlipidemia (high serum triglyceride concentration) is a potent inhibitor of branchedchain alpha‐keto acid dehydrogenase (BCKDH) kinase, the clofibrate treatment activates the BCKDH complex, resulting in promotion of the BCAA catobolism. Male Sprague‐Dawley rats (8weeks of age) were divided into two groups: vehicle and clofibrate (0.2 g/kg BW) treatments 3 h before an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT). Each group of rats was subdivided into saline and BCAA (0.45 g/kg BW, Val: Leu: Ile = 1:2:1) administration 2 h before IPGTT. Results of IPGTT showed that clofibrate treatment impaired glucose tolerance and that BCAA administration in this group of rats recovered glucose tolerance to the level in the control rats, suggesting that plasma BCAA concentrations play an important role in sustaining the normal glucose tolerance. Activities of hepatic BCKDH complex in each group of rats will be also presented.
In Utero Glucocorticoid (GLC) Exposure Reduces Fetal Skeletal Muscle Growth in Rats
Authors: Gokulakrishnan Ganga , Estrada Irma J , Sosa Horacio A , Fiorotto Marta L
Published: June 2021

Maternal undernutrition and stress expose the fetus to above normal levels of GLC and predispose to intrauterine growth restriction. The aim of this study was to determine if fetal GLC exposure impairs skeletal muscle growth independently of maternal undernutrition. Three groups (n=7/group) of timed‐pregnant Sprague‐Dawley rats were studied: Control (CON): ad libitum food intake. DEX: ad libitum food intake, oral DEX from embryonic day (ED) 13 to 21. Pair‐fed (PF): pair‐fed to DEX. On ED 22 (term), prior to surgical delivery, in vivo fractional protein synthesis rates (FSR) and total protein content of the fetal quadriceps and diaphragm muscles were measured.

RESULTS

DEX treatment (89 ± 6 μg/(kg.d)) reduced maternal food intake by 13% (P<0.001) and weight gain by 82% (P<0.001). DEX and PF muscle protein masses were 60% and 80% of CON respectively (P<0.01). Protein FSR was decreased by 35% in DEX fetuses (P<0.001), whereas protein FSR in PF muscles were the same as CON.

CONCLUSIONS

A modest reduction in maternal food intake impaired muscle growth. Reduced maternal food intake combined with GLC exposure exacerbated the effects on muscle growth. This can be explained by the effects of GLC on rates of fetal muscle protein synthesis combined with the effects of maternal food restriction on fetal muscle protein degradation.

Supported by USDA/ARS grant no. 58‐6250‐6‐001 and NIH AR‐46308

Grant Funding Source: Supported by USDA/ARS grant no. 58‐6250‐6‐001 and NIH AR‐46308
Dietary proline and glutamine contribute to arginine and citrulline synthesis in healthy adult men
Authors: Tomlinson Christopher , Rafii Mahroukh , Ball Ronald O. , Pencharz Paul
Published: June 2021

We have previously shown in human neonates and piglets that proline is the sole dietary precursor for arginine synthesis. It is unclear in adult humans whether proline is a dietary precursor for arginine. We performed a multitracer isotope study using 15N2‐ureido arginine, 15N proline and 1‐13C glutamine to further elucidate synthesis of citrulline and arginine. Primed, and intermittent infusion of labeled 15N proline and 1‐13C glutamine were given enterally to 5 healthy men fed a standardized milkshake diet. Blood was sampled at plateau enrichment between 1.5 and 3 hours. Plasma enrichment was seen for all tracers giving flux estimates of 93 μmol/kg/hr for arginine, 154 μmol/kg/hr for proline and 770 μmol/kg/hr for glutamine. Transfer of the label from proline and glutamine to arginine and the intermediaries, ornithine and citrulline, was seen in all subjects. The estimated rate of synthesis of arginine from proline was 3.7 μmol/kg/hr and from glutamine was 8.5 μmol/kg/hr. We have shown that in healthy adult humans, both proline and glutamine contribute significantly in providing the carbon chain for arginine synthesis.
African American Churches as Venues for Dietary Interventions in the Mississippi Delta
Authors: Onufrak Stephen John , Edmond Emanuel E , Anderson Curtis L
Published: June 2021

Churches play a central role in African American (AA) culture and are often the only organizational unit in remote rural communities of the Mississippi Delta. While the church environment provides social support and promotes self‐efficacy to facilitate dietary changes, investigators must be aware of social and environmental characteristics unique to AA churches in the region. While typically small congregation sizes and overrepresentation of older and middle aged females present problems for recruitment, the role of these women as heads of household and trusted information sources often gives them influence over their households and extended families, broadening diffusion of messages. At the same time, formal church leaders such as pastors and deacons are often male. Recruitment messages and intervention messages must recognize the gender specific nature of this bifurcation. Members also are often related to one another through extended families, complicating statistical assumptions of independence. Environmental challenges include a lack of adequate physical facilities to adhere to confidentiality requirements or conduct food preparation demonstrations. Some rural churches convene only biweekly and members may live distant from the church, making it difficult to schedule activities. Investigators must address these and other unsuspecting issues with creativity and flexibility.
Cognitive function after endurance exercise: a comparison between Gatorade® and a placebo
Authors: Rosney Daniel Michael , Williams Brian , Burton Harold , Leddy John , Willer Barry , Wilding Gregory , Shan Guogen , Horvath Peter
Published: June 2021

Since Gatorade® (G) is a glucose formulation that improves exogenous glucose availability; we propose ingestion prior to exercise will improve the expected impaired cognitive function commonly associated with prolonged exercise.

12 highly trained cyclists (3 females, 9 males; 19–44 yrs; average VO2 peak 60.4L/kg*min) exercised at 65% VO2 peak for 2 hours on a cycle ergometer while heart rate, core body temperature, expired O2/CO2, RER, RPE, glucose and lactate were collected every 30 minutes beginning at 30 minutes prior to exercise when G or a placebo (P) was ingested (500 ml). An Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics (ANAM) computerized cognitive function test was given prior to and post exercise.

Blood glucose averages were significantly different at the start of exercise for G and P (133.1 mg/dL ± 23.2 and 86.2 mg/dL ± 10.1; p=.0001) while after exercise there was no difference (95.3 mg/dL ±13.9 and 81.2 mg/dL ± 17.3) respectively. While both median (p=.002) and mean (p=.01) reaction time for spatial processing decreased after exercise for G, there was no difference when compared to P. No other improvements in cognitive ability were found compared to P, as well as core body temperature, heart rate, RPE, lactate, and RER were not different. Overall, there was no reduction in cognitive function after exercising at 65% VO2 peak for 2 hours.
Frequency (Incidence) of Smell Loss (Hyposmia) and Associated Anorexia in the United States
Authors: Henkin Robert I.
Published: June 2021

Hyposmia is generally considered a rare occurrence among patients in the U.S. It is also considered a minor loss of sensory function compared to loss of vision or hearing. However, it occurs much more frequently than is usually considered. It is commonly accompanied by loss of flavor from food with subsequent loss of appetite and anorexia. Hyposmia may affect as many as 21 million people in the U.S. A common cause of hyposmia occurs following an influenza‐like illness and accounts for 300,000 patients annually. Significant head injury occurs yearly in over 1.6 million people in the U.S. with over 900,000 patients suffering acute or chronic hyposmia. Allergic rhinitis occurs in about 25 million patients in the U.S. with over 1 million patients suffering acute or chronic hyposmia. Adverse reactions to therapeutic drugs including antihypertensives, hypoglycemic agents, antidepressants, antibiotics, chemotherapeutic agents and other therapeutic drugs affects over 120 million patients in the U.S. with over 20 million patients experiencing transient or permanent smell loss. Of the 880 million clinic visits to physicians in the U.S. in 2006 if only 1/1000 were related to an acute or chronic episode of hyposmia then 880,000 patients would experience smell loss on a yearly basis. Other patient groups which commonly experience hyposmia are those with neurodegenerative diseases (multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease), those in nursing homes or chronic care facilities, patients with cancer receiving x‐irradiation, those with zinc malabsorption and other metabolic disorders including diabetes and thyroid disease. These estimates indicate that hyposmia is a common occurrence in the U.S. although it is not currently recognized as such.
Preschool Children's Nutrition Risks Assessed from Caregiver's Reports of Food Intake in Detroit Head Start (HS) Centers
Authors: Yeh Yulyu , Brogan Kathryn , Akil Nesrine , Walker Jennifer , Danford Cynthia , Jen K‐L. Catherine
Published: June 2021

Consuming excessive foods high in energy density contributes to obesity, a major health issue in low income preschool children. The primary aim of this research was to explore preschoolers' nutrition risks related to overweight or obesity based on caregiver (CG) report of their child's food intake. Participants included 198 CGs who had a preschool children (mean age: 3 yr 10 ± 7 mo, 95% African American, 57% male) enrolled in one of six Detroit HS centers. CGs completed a 12‐item food‐group food frequency questionnaire for their children using a 3‐point rating scale (0 = no risk, 0.5 = moderate, 1 = high risk), from which a total nutrition risk score was calculated. Based on BMI for age percentile, 8% of the children were underweight (UW), 53% normal weight (NW), 12% overweight (OW) and 27% obese (OB). When separated by weight category, nutrition risk (range: 0–5.5) did not differ among groups (UW=2.5±1, NW=2.4±1.6, OW=2.3±1.6, OB=2.4±1.4, ns). When the food groups were examined as individual items, more than 50% of the children scored at moderate or high risk for intakes of sugar, sweetened beverages, plant protein, fatty and salty foods groups. Among all of the children, higher risks were found in less healthy, energy dense food intake. Reducing intake of fat, sugar‐sweetened soda and salt will help decrease nutrition risks in preschool children in Detroit HS centers and reduce chronic disease in adulthood.
The feasibility for the collection of 24‐hr food intake in preschool aged children
Authors: Brogan Kathryn , Alexander Gwen , Lupu Niculina , Hopka Kristie , Milberger Sharon , Jen K‐L. Catherine
Published: June 2021

Accurate food diary information can be difficult to obtain in the preschool aged population. Daycare based observations need to be combined with caregiver's (CG) home food observations (HFO), both being hectic settings to follow 3 and 4 year olds. The Healthy Bodies project aims to study the feasibility of gathering these data with ongoing improvements throughout a 3 phase series. During phase 1, dietetics students observed food intake at 2 daycare sites for 1 week while CG completed HFO. Forty‐nine CG agreed to participate in the clinical, nutrition and physical activity portions of the study. Of those, 31 families (63%) completed the nutrition data collection. All CG completed 2 or more weekdays of HFO with 27 (87%) completing 3 or more days. Twenty‐three percent of the CG completed all 5 week days and 13% completed all 7 days of HFO. Three Day food intake records (2 week days and one weekend day) are considered an accurate picture of intake and were achieved for 25 completers (81%). The day care with CG self‐reporting higher income completed a significantly high number of HFO (5 ± 1 days vs. 4 ± 1, p<.003), specifically during the week (4 ± 1 days vs. 3 ± 1, p<.001). Weekend intake was more difficult for all CG. However, further improvements in the collection format may increase participation and ease feasibility for HFO.
Acculturation, dietary behaviors and body mass index among Korean immigrants
Authors: Jasti Sunitha , Lee Chang Hyun , Doak Colleen
Published: June 2021

Objective

To describe the effect of acculturation on dietary behavior and body mass index (BMI) among Korean immigrants in New York.

Method

A cross‐sectional survey assessed acculturation level, dietary behaviors, and BMI of 195 church going Korean immigrants in New York metropolitan area.

Results

Mean (SD) acculturation was 2.25 (0.4) on a scale of 0–5, and mean length of residence was 9.7 (6.6) years in our sample. Highly acculturated Korean immigrants (score>3) were more likely than others to more frequently consume American fast foods such as hamburgers, French fries, fried potatoes, pizza, and chips. However, they are also more likely to consume fruits, fruit juice and fiber cereals more often. The association of high acculturation with unhealthy fast food consumption remained significant in multivariate logistic regression analysis that controlled for sociodemographic and other confounders. Additionally, this fast food consumption was significantly associated with being overweight or obese even after controlling for confounders (OR=2.6; CI=1.1, 6.5).

Conclusions

In Korean immigrants, acculturation relates to unhealthy as well as healthy dietary behaviors. Acculturation is associated with frequent consumption of American fast foods, a risk factor for obesity in this population.
Variation of carnitine concentrations in beef
Authors: Abuzaid Almass A , Reecy James M , Tait Richard , Beitz Donald C
Published: June 2021

The objective of this study was to quantify the naturally occurring L‐carnitine, acylated carntine, and total carnitine in Angus beef. Our ultimate goal is to optimize the genotype of an animal to select beef cattle with high carnitine concentration. Discovery samples were collected from 1,056 purebred Angus bulls, steers, and heifers beef from different parts of the US. These samples were used to quantify forms of carnitine in beef. Additionally, about 1,000 validation samples were collected to validate discovery data. The spectrophotometric and enzymatic quantification was used to determine the concentration of different forms of carnitine. Concentration of L‐carnitine (3.4 ± 0.032 μmol/g) was approximately 4‐fold of that of acylated carnitine (0.87 ± 0.005 μmol/g). Also, L‐carnitine ranges from 1.56 to 3.63 μmol/g, acylated carnitine ranges from 0.60 to 0.90 μmol/g, and total carnitine ranges from 2.1 to 4.5 μmol/g. In summary, beef from some cattle contains two times more total carnitine than from other cattle and thus we are interested in further investigating genetic or managerial controls of carnitine to produce beef high in carnitine for carnitine‐conscious consumers.

Funding source. PFIZER Animal Genetics Company
Dietary approaches to stop hypertension diet concordance and coronary heart disease risk in overweight and obese college women
Authors: Cook Emily Anne , Smith Chelsea L , Domos Carly A , Delmonico Mathew J , Lofgren Ingrid E
Published: June 2021

Background

Coronary heart disease (CHD) kills 1 in 2 females in the US. The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet is shown to be a valid dietary intervention to decrease CHD risk.

Purpose

To determine prevalence of CHD risk factors and their association with DASH score in overweight/obese college females.

Methods

Sixty‐four overweight/obese (BMI 29.7±3.6 kg/m2) college women (19.1±1.0 yrs) were studied. Measures collected included: 12hr fasted blood on 2 non‐consecutive days, dietary intake from 3 non‐consecutive recalls using the Nutrition Data System for Research, and % body fat (BF) using air displacement plethysmography. Enzymatic methods were used to determine low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) levels. DASH score was calculated using a 15‐point scale according to DASH recommendations. Correlations and multiple linear regression models were used to assess the relationship between DASH and CHD risk.

Results

Mean DASH score (6.1±1.9) was significantly correlated with mean LDL‐C (92.0±27.0 mg/dL, r=−0.30) and % BF (36.8±6.1, r=−0.30). Higher DASH score was a significant predictor for decreased LDL‐C (t(64)=−2.4, p<0.05) and % BF (t(64)=−2.2, p<0.05). Neither remained significant when multiple regression was run.

Conclusion

Improving DASH concordance may decrease CHD risk. More research is needed to determine specific effects on CHD risk in overweight/obese college women.
Usual intake of vitamins and minerals for vegetarians in the United States: NHANES 2003–2006
Authors: Farmer Bonnie , Larson Brian , Fulgoni Victor L
Published: June 2021

There are no current data from national food consumption surveys for usual intake of nutrients for vegetarians. Using dietary intake from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2003–2006), we determined usual nutrient intake for vegetarians using the National Cancer Institute method. Vegetarians were defined as those who did not report consuming meat, poultry, or fish on both days of the survey, representing a lacto‐ovo vegetarian dietary pattern. The percentage with intakes greater than the Adequate Intake (AI) for calcium (Ca), vitamin K, sodium (Na), dietary fiber, and potassium (K) was determined, and the percentage with inadequate intake for all other nutrients was determined. In subjects 2 to 18 years (n = 129), 26% were above the AI for Ca, 13% for vitamin K, and 1% for fiber. None of this group was above the AI for K, and 90% were above the AI for Na. Prevalence of inadequacy was high for vitamins A and E, phosphorus, magnesium (Mg), and zinc (Zn), with one‐third to one‐half having inadequate intakes. In subjects 19 years and greater (n = 168), 33% were above the AI for Ca, 51% for vitamin K, 6% for K, 24% for fiber, and 90% for Na. Prevalence of inadequacy was high for vitamins A, E, B6, B12, folate, Mg, and Zn, with one‐third to one‐half having inadequate intakes. Based on published population studies, vegetarian diets have similar nutrients of concern as the general population with the exception of vitamin C.
ZymoGrain™ (ZG) supplementation improves lipid profiles in C57BL/6J mice with high‐fat diet induced obesity
Authors: Cha Youn‐Soo , Moon Yeon‐Jeong , Choi Ji‐Hae , Ko Myung‐Suk
Published: June 2021

ZymoGrain™ was evaluated for its protective effects against the adverse effects of a high fat diet (60% fat kcal). High fat diet‐induced obese C57BL/6J mice were divided into 6 groups; normal diet group (ND), high fat diet control group (HD), HD plus 3% barley group, HD plus 1.5% ZG group, HD plus 3% ZG group and HD plus 5% ZG group and fed for 12 weeks.

Finally, body weight, epididymal fat pad weight, total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) concentrations were significantly higher in the HD than ND, but were lower when the high fat diet was combined with ZG. ZG supplements altered levels of ACC, CPT‐1, PPAR‐α and PPAR‐γ mRNA levels in the liver.

These results suggest that ZG supplementation may help prevent diet‐induced obesity and related metabolic abnormalities.

(This study was supported by grant No. 70004567 from Ministry of Knowledge Economy)
Association of nutritional status and diet quality in hemodialysis patients
Authors: Kim Hyerang , Lim Hyungchung , Choue Ryowon
Published: June 2021

Variety and adequacy of food intake as well as dietary pattern affect nutritional status of hemodialysis (HD) patient's. The aim of this study was to investigate the quality of diet and nutritional status in HD patients and to find out the relationships among the variables. We assessed nutritional status and diet quality of 63 HD patients (age: 55.3 ± 11.9 yrs; men/women ratio: 49.2%/50.8%) using Subjective Global Assessment (SGA) and 3‐day diet recall methods, respectively. Patient's daily energy intake (DEI) and protein intake (DPI) were 21.9 ± 6.7 kcal/BW/day and 0.9 ± 0.3 g/BW/day, respectively. About 70% of HD patients appeared to have lower daily energy and protein intake compared to recommended amount. More than 50% of HD patients had lower intake of vitamin C, B1, B2, niacin, folate, calcium, and zinc below75% of Dietary recommended intakes. Nutrient intakes per 1,000kcal indicated that HD patients had diets that were lower in nutrient density for Vitamin C, B1, B2, folate, and calcium. There was significant positive correlation between DEI and SGA scores (r=0.3, p<0.05). DQI‐I was significantly correlated with DEI, DPI and lean body mass (kg) (r=0.5, p<0.01; r=0.4, p<0.01; r=0.3, p<0.05, respectively). As increased in disease severity measured by End‐Stage Renal Disease Severity Index (ESRD‐SI), FVS score decreased (r=−0.3, p<0.05). The results of this study indicate that HD patients in Korea consumed less calories, protein, vitamin C, B1, B2, folate, and calcium than recommended amount for each nutrient for HD patients. This study also confirmed that nutritional status and disease severity were significantly correlated with dietary quality.

Grant Funding Source: ASN
Development of the Korean Food Guide
Authors: Yang Eunju , Lim Young Suk , Kim Hye Young , Kang Myung‐Hee
Published: June 2021

The Korean Food Guide ‘Food Pagoda’ has provided a foundation of food choice since developed in 1995 by the Korean Nutrition Society. The Korean Food Pagoda focused on nutrient variety and suggested food intake as a foundation diet rather than a total diet. The purposes of this research were to develop Food Guide that recommended ‘a total diet’ and to provide a dietary guidance tool translating the guidelines into practical and actionable advice with personalized guidance. Concepts for a new Food Guide design were obtained from design competition and professionals. A new Food Guide developed is a water mill type composed of typical Korean food/dish groups (Grain dishes, Vegetable dishes, meat and fish dishes, milk, fruits, and oil and sugars). Food intake patterns were developed for the Food Guide based on appropriate energy levels for patterns, nutritional goals for patterns, food grouping, nutrient profiles in each food group, and food group amounts that meet nutrient goals within energy intake level. Energy levels were conjugated to 4 types food intake pattern model (1600, 2000, 2400, and 2800kcal). The Korean Food Guidance system based on graphic approach has been developing to guide the public to plan their overall diet using food intake pattern modeling.

(Funded by the Korean Ministry for Food, Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries)
Non‐canonical Wnt Signaling in Embryonic Liver Development
Authors: Lade Abigale G. , Monga Satdarshan
Published: June 2021

In addition to activating canonical beta‐catenin mediated signaling events, Wnt proteins also initiate beta‐catenin‐independent, non‐canonical signaling pathways: the planar cell polarity and Wnt/Ca2+ pathways. The planar cell polarity pathway promotes asymmetric cytoskeletal organization to establish cellular as well as tissue polarity in developing organs. Activation of the Wnt/Ca2+ pathway triggers release of intracellular calcium stores which activate signaling molecules and transcription factors and is critical for axis establishment and cell migration in embryos. These pathways play roles in the development of multiple tissues, but their contribution to liver development remains unexplored. We have investigated the expression by qPCR of the non‐canonical Frizzleds (Fz3, 4, 6) as well as their Wnt ligands (Wnts 4, 5a, 6, 7a and 11) at embryonic stages E12.5, E14.5, E16.5, E17.5, E18.5 and found a marked increase in Wnt5a expression in late liver development, peaking at E17.5. Consistent with activation of the Wnt/Ca2+ pathway, we have also seen an increase in Wnt5a protein as well as active CamKII by western blot, though we do not observe NFAT localization in nuclei coinciding with Wnt 5a. In summary, non‐canonical Wnt signaling may be playing an important role in late embryonic liver development.
Metabolomic evaluation of Wistar rats' liver in experimental administration of 7,12‐Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)
Authors: Machado Vanessa Isabel , Cabral António , Tavares Ludgero , Farinha Rodrigo , Carvalho Rui , Cabrita António
Published: June 2021

DMBA is a potent carcinogenic widely used in experimental oncology. It has a great mutagenic capacity after being metabolically activated in the liver and induces an accelerated tumor growth. In order to evaluate metabolic alterations associated with DMBA administration the metabolic profile of liver was analysed by high resolution magic angle spinning NMR spectroscopy (HRMAS), a powerful method to study how cellular physiology is affected by xenobiotics.

Fifteen male wistar rats were divided into two experimental groups: control and DMBA administration Liver samples of male Wistar rats were collected and snap frozen in liquid nitrogen and later analyzed by high rotation magic angle NMR spectroscopy (HRMAS) in a in a 14.1 Tesla Varian spectrometer.

HRMAS spectral analysis followed by principal component statistical analysis demonstrated that glycogen, glucose and insaturated lipids were significantly reduced in the DMBA group, while aspartate was increased.

The results of this study suggest that DMBA reduces hepatic insaturated lipid contents and glycogen plus glucose. Increased glycolytic fluxes are characteristic of tumors and could explain the reductions in carbohydrate stores. Increased aspartate and reduced insaturated fatty acids could be the result of an alteration in cytosolic redox, which also characterizes tumorigenic activity.