bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Paleoclimatic evidence for Cenozoic migration of Alaskan terranes
Authors: Keller G. , von Huene R. , McDougall K. , Bruns T. R.
Published: February 2008

Chronostratigraphic and paleoclimatic comparisons of microfossils from deep‐sea cores, from samples of an exploratory drill hole, and from dredged rock of the Gulf of Alaska with coeval microfossil assemblages on the North American continent provide constraints on the northward migration of the Yakutat block, the Prince William terrane and the Pacific plate during Tertiary time. The comparative paleolatitudes of microfauna and flora provide three main constraints. (1) The Prince William terrane was in its present position with respect to North America (at high latitudes, 50° ± 5°N) by middle Eocene time (40–42 Ma), consistent with models derived from paleomagnetic data. (2) The adjacent Yakutat block was 30° ± 5° south of its present position in early Eocene (50 Ma), 20° ± 5° south in middle Eocene (40–44 Ma), and 15° ± 5° south in late Eocene time (37–40 Ma), thus requiring a northward motion of about 30° since 50 Ma. Moreover, the Yakutat block was at least 10° south of the Prince William terrane during Eocene time. These data are consistent with migration of the Yakutat block with the Pacific and Kula plates for at least the last 50 Ma. (3) site 192 on the Pacific plate was at about 15° ± 5°N latitude in the late Cretaceous (68 Ma), at 30° ± 5°N in early Eocene (50 Ma), at 40° ± 5°N in middle Eocene (40–44 Ma), at 45° ± 5°N in late Eocene (37–40 Ma), and north of 50° ± 5°N in latest Eocene to early Oligocene time (34–37 Ma). These paleolatitudes, based on planktonic foraminiferal assemblages, indicate northward drift consistent with the North America‐Pacific plate reconstructions from about 68 Ma to 40 Ma (Engebretson, 1982). However, from Cretaceous to early Eocené time, faunal data indicate significantly lower latitudinal positions, and from Oligocwne to early Miocene time, significantly higher latitudinal positions. These discrepancies can be explained by the northward expansion of tropical faunas during the globally warm early Tertiary and southward expansion of cold subarctic faunas as a result of global cooling during Oligocene time.
The Cenozoic evolution of the North China Basin
Authors: Hellinger Steve J. , Shedlock Kaye M. , Sclater John G. , Ye Hong
Published: February 2008

The Cenozoic evolution of the North China basin consists of early Tertiary rifting and differential subsidence, late Tertiary regional subsidence and Quaternary rifting and differential subsidence. Present Cenozoic sediment fill shows that Tertiary subsidence was greatest where the present thickness of pre‐Cenozoic crust is least. In contrast, Quaternary subsidence has been greatest where the present thickness of pre‐Cenozoic crust is greatest. The present crustal structure, geologic history and Cenozoic sediment fill of the basin suggest a nearly constant crustal thickness of ∼40 km at the onset of rifting (middle Eocene). If the present thickness of pre‐Cenozoic crust is due solely to crustal thinning from early Tertiary mechanical extension then the central North China basin has been extended at least 30% of its initial width. This is greater than estimates of total Mesozoic plus Cenozoic extension derived from basement faulting, ∼20%. At the present time any possible discrepancies cannot be resolved due to uncertainties in the data. Tertiary subsidence of the basin, derived from backs tripping the present sedimentary sequence, is not satisfactorily explained by either a simple uniform or two‐layer extensional model. No single extension parameter (uniform) or pair of extension parameters (two‐layer) can account for the variable sediment thicknesses or the alternating horst and graben configuration of the basin. We can, however, use the parameters derived from simple one‐ or two‐layer extensional modeling to infer lower bounds for both the average regional extension of the Bohai and the local extension of the depressions within the basin. For example, we find that the Neogene subsidence of a major part of the basin, the central Bozhong depression, has been nearly as rapid as that of young oceanic crust. Furthermore the present heat flow in this area is consistent with that for oceanic crust of 16–24 million years of age (post rift time). This indicates that the subsidence may be due to decay of a lithospheric thermal anomaly that is nearly as large as that in young oceanic crust. This is difficult to understand with a simple extensional framework because reported estimates of early Tertiary extension from basement faulting are only 10–30%. Possible sources of this excess heat are Mesozoic tectonics, effects of plate subduction at the Pacific margin, or energy input from regional tectonics during the early Tertiary. Our conclusions cast doubt upon the adequacy of simple extensional models to explain the Cenozoic evolution of the North China basin; however these conclusions can only be tentative due to inadequacies in the basic data set.
Seismic reflection geometry of the Columbia River Fault Zone and East Margin of the Shuswap Metamorphic Complex in the Canadian Cordillera
Authors: Cook Frederick A.
Published: February 2008

Vibroseis (CONOCO, Incorporated) seismic reflection data, recorded near the transition between the Cordilleran fold and thrust belt and the east margin of the Shuswap metamorphic complex of the southern Canadian Cordillera, outline an east tapering wedge geometry in the upper crust. The wedge comprises part of the Shuswap metamorphic complex and may be the result of either a foreland‐dipping duplex or tectonic wedging. The geometric wedge separates the overlying miogeoclinal rocks of the Selkirk fan structure from the crystalline basement (?) rocks below, and delineates the eastern limit of the Monashee complex. Brittle motion on the Columbia River fault zone produced an east dipping, listric normal fault which may have offset the upper portion of the Monashee complex. The Columbia River fault zone is imaged over the entire 15 km of the profile and can be traced to a depth of at least 10 km. Reflections from the lower crust are generally subhorizontal and discontinuous, and they may be a manifestation of crustal extension. The crust‐mantle transition is probably represented as reflections with travel times of 11.0–12.0 s.
Magnetic fabric in “undeformed” marine clays from compressional zones
Authors: Kissel Catherine , Barrier Eric , Laj Carlo , Lee Teh‐Quei
Published: February 2008

We present the results of magnetic fabric analysis obtained on samples of marine clays from sedimentary sequences in Northwestern Greece and Taiwan, in regions which have been submitted to large scale compressional events. The lithology of the sediments is mainly composed of unmetamorphosed marls, siltstones and sandstones. These formations are folded and faulted at different scales. The magnetic fabric is largely sedimentary. However both at single sites (Taiwan) and regionally (Greece) the magnetic lineation is systematically perpendicular to the main compressive stress σ1 inferred from previous fault tectonic analysis. This is an indication that the fabric is also partly of tectonic origin. In Northwestern Greece the orientation of the magnetic susceptibility ellipsoid is constant over distances exceeding 200 km, suggesting that the orientation of the principal compressive strain relative to the trend of the main structures lias been constant since Lower Oligocene.
Structural analysis of the Shimanto Accretionary Complex, Kyushu, Japan, based on foraminiferal biostratigraphy
Authors: Nishi Hiroshi
Published: February 2008

The Paleogene Hyuga Group in the Shimanto Supergroup, southern Kyushu, Japan, is lithologically divided into four formations: the Aradani, Tashiro, Unama, and Ouchibaru. These formations are characterized by imbricate structure, and each formation is repeatedly sliced and distributed by thrusts dipping to the north (landward). The mudstone unit of the Tashiro Formation is composed mainly of massive mudstones with thin sandstone interbeds. It occurs in seven belts, of which the Shiitani, Nagano, and Unama belts have larger widths than others. Based on a biostratigraphic study of abundant planktonic foraminiferal fossils from the Tashiro Formation, five planktonic foraminiferal zones were recognized in the strata of these three belts. They areMorozovella spinulosaZone (I),Globigerinatheka indexZone (II),Globorotalia cerroazulensis cocoaensisZone (III),Pseudohastigerina barbadoensisZone (IV), andChiloguembelina cubensisZone (V) in ascending order. They are firmly correlated with the well‐calibrated zones known from low‐latitude regions and are assigned to latest Middle Eocene, earliest Late Eocene, Latest Eocene, Earliest Oligocene, and Early Oligocene age, respectively. On the basis of the distribution of the fossil zones in the three belts the stratigraphy and geologic structure of mudstone unit of the Tashiro Formation are summarized as follows: 1. The strata of each belt are cut into many sheets mainly by thrusts dipping to the north (landward), forming an imbricate structure, and the same strata appear repeatedly many times with a disordered array within a single belt: 2. Many of the sheets show a normal sequence, but a few sheets are overturned: 3. The thickness of each sheet is less than 200 m: 4. In each belt, the older planktonic foraminiferal zones occur widely in the southern part and the younger ones in the northern part. Therefore, the strata of each belt show a tendency of northward (landward or inward) younging: 5. If the distribution of the foraminiferal zones of the three sections is viewed collectively, the upper zones (IV–V) are more widely distributed in the Shiitani belt in the southernmost part of the investigated area than the Nagano belt that is in the central part: 6. To date, the youngest zone (V) has been found only in the Shiitani belt. Therefore it is concluded that each belt shows a roughly northward (landward) younging internally, but the arrangement of the overall foraminiferal zones among the three belts analyzed shows a southward (oceanward) younging. The stratigraphic arrangement and structure of the three mudstone belts of the Tashiro Formation may be characteristic of accretionary prisms.
Late Cenozoic tectonism and landscape development in the foreland of the Andes: Northern Sierras Pampeanas (26°–28°S), Argentina
Authors: Strecker M. R. , Cerveny P. , Bloom A. L. , Malizia D.
Published: February 2008

The Argentine Sierras Pampeanas are reverse fault‐bounded mountain blocks of Precambrian to Paleozoic basement rocks in the foreland of the central Andes. Uplift in the northernmost Sierras Pampeanas fault blocks of Sierra de Quilmes, Sierra Cumbres Calchaquíes, and Sierra Aconquija started about 7 Ma and became pronounced between 4 and 3.4 Ma. The movements culminated after 2.9 Ma, when the conformable Mio/Pliocene Santa María Group was overthrusted, faulted, and folded in the course of principal basement uplift. These movements created climate and base level conditions that resulted in the formation of five pediment levels in the deformed basin strata between 2.5 and 0.3 Ma. Tectonically induced base level changes in the piedmont resulted in three tectonism‐related pediment surfaces between 2.5 and 0.6 Ma, which attest to the neotectonic activity in the Andean foreland. The chronology of young tectonic uplift contradicts models in which early uplift between 20 and 13 Ma is due to the interaction between high topography on the subducting Nazca Plate and the South American craton. In conjunction with the principal uplift of the adjacent Puna Plateau the northernmost Sierras Pampeanas are better explained by E‐W compressional stresses superposed on a thinned lithosphere and inherited zones of structural weakness that facilitated uplift.
Structure and tectonic evolution of the Tongbai‐Dabie Range in the East Qinling Collisional Belt, China
Authors: Xiaohan Liu , Jie Hao
Published: February 2008

Recent work demonstrates that the Tongbai‐Dabie Range, which is considered to be the eastern segment of the important Qinling belt in central China, shows ample evidence of the collisional nature of this orogenic zone. It is characterised by large thrust‐decollement structures with at least 140 km of horizontal displacement, and it includes a melange nappe, overthrust continental crust, underthrust continental crust, a marine‐nonmarine molasse formation, and a foreland fold‐thrust belt. Its interpreted tectonic evolution can be subdivided into four main periods: (1) ocean‐continent north dipping subduction during the Silurian‐Early Devonian, (2) continental collision in the late Devonian, (3) intracontinental subduction and large‐scale shallow crustal deformation beginning in the middle Carboniferous, and (4) upwarping and slicing by huge E‐W left‐lateral strike‐slip faults after the late Jurassic and before the Cenozoic right‐lateral movements on the faults which bound this belt.
Late Cretaceous intra‐arc thrusting in southern California
Authors: May Daniel J.
Published: February 2008

Thick zones of mylonitic rock are exposed in or between a number of the suspect crystalline terranes in the Transverse Ranges and eastern Peninsular Ranges of southern California. After palinspastic reconstruction of strike‐slip displacements along Neogene faults in the region the mylonite zones appear in a semicontinuous belt several hundred kilometers long. Mylonitic deformation in these areas is of a similar style and age. Lineation trends in the mylonitic rocks are closely aligned when palinspastic reconstruction takes into account the block rotations in the region, and the sense of shear is consistently west directed. The mylonite zones appear to have formed concurrently in a major midcrustal thrust system that juxtaposed the basement terranes during the Late Cretaceous. A kinematic model is proposed in which a west directed ductile thrust zone along the eastern side of the Peninsular Ranges is offset by a sinistral tear fault or lateral thrust ramp along the southern margin of the San Gabriel Mountains from a ductile thrust underlying crystalline basement terranes to the north. This model requires the suspect basement rocks of the Peninsular and Transverse Ranges to be linked tectonically by the latest Cretaceous. This Late Cretaceous thrust system also appears to continue directly into autochthonous basement rocks in the San Bernardino Mountains. The Late Cretaceous westward displacement of basement rocks in the Transverse Ranges relative to the northern end of the Peninsular Ranges batholith is mirrored by similar tectonic movement around the southern end of the Sierra Nevada batholith. It is argued here that a formerly continuous batholithic belt was breached by ductile west directed thrusting during the Late Cretaceous between the two still recognizable batholiths. The Salinia terrane represents the westernmost portion of this westward escaping arc segment and would have been established as a crustal salient by the latest Cretaceous. This model implies that the basement terranes involved in this thrusting episode are parautochthonous fragments of a Cretaceous continental arc and refutes suggestions that they have been accreted in the Cenozoic.
Carte magnétique de la Sicile
Authors: Palazzo Par M. L.
Published: February 2008

La carte magnétique que j'ai l'honneur de présenter aux lecteurs du “Terrestrial Magnetism” a été dressée d'après les données recueillies par le Professeur Chistoni et par moi en Sicile, pendant l'été 1890, chacun de nous ayant fait les levés magnétiques dans la respective partie de territoire assignée par la Direction du Bureau Central Météorologique italien. Les résultats de notre relèvement furent jadis publiés dans les “Annali” du dit Bureau, et précisément dans le volume XI, p. 3e, de la part de M. Chistoni, et dans le vol. XVIII, p. Ie, pour ce qui concernait mon concours. De plus, un court résumé de la campagne magnétique de la Sicile fut aussi inséré dans les “Rendiconti della R. Accademia dei Lincei” (vol. VI, 2d sem., série 5e), où j'ai ajouté quelques remarques au sujet de la particulière allure des lignes isomagnétiques dans les régions explorées.

Mais, comme dans aucune des précitées publications n'a pu trouver place le graphique représentant le régime magnétique de l'île, il me paraît bon de faire figurer ici la petite carte, laquelle servira, de la meilleure façon, à illustrer les considérations que j'ai ailleurs développées.
Die Aufgaben der erdamgnetischen Forschung der Vereinigten Staaten NordAmerikas.
Authors: Bauer L. A.
Published: February 2008

Seit 60 Jahren sind von der Amerikanischen Küsten‐ und Geodätischen Vermessung—die sogenannte “Coast and Geodetic Survey”—vereinzelte magnetische Arbeiten in verschiedenen Theikn Nord‐Amerikas, hauptsächlich in den Vereinigten Staaten und Alaska, ausgeführt worden. Wegen der beschränkten Geldund Hülfsmittel war es leider für ein so grosses Land wie die Vereinigten Staaten unmöglich, diese Arbeiten in solch einer detaillirten Weise, wie das in mehreren Staaten Europas geschieht, zur Ausführung zu bringen. Doch ist mit den beschränkten Mitteln Vieles von grossem Werth für die erdmagnetische Forschung beigetragen worden—besonders auf dem Gebiete der Säcular‐Variation. In keinem anderen Lande ist dieser räthselhaften Erscheinung des Erdmagnetismus so viel Aufmerksamkeit geschenkt worden.
The magnetic observatory at De Bilt, near Utrecht
Authors: Snellen Maurits
Published: February 2008

At the time of the removal of the Central Observatory of the Royal Meteorological Institute of the Netherlands from Utrecht to a place which would better answer the purposes of such a building, there arose the question as to the best way of erecting an observatory for terrestrial magnetism. The mode of answering this question depends wholly on the purpose aimed at in building the observatory. It is my intention to indicate, in a few words, my opinion on the subject, and the way in which it has been realized at de Bilt, near Utrecht.

During the past ten years the science of terrestrial magnetism has received a great impetus. Everywhere magnetic surveys have been instituted and finished, or are still in progress. The theoretical requirements are getting more and more exacting, and are demanding, in consequence, greater refinement in the instruments employed and in the methods of observation.
Work in terrestrial magnetism and atmospheric electricity in South Africa
Authors: Beattie J. C.
Published: February 2008

In December, 1897, Professor Morrison and the writer began, at their own expense, a preliminary magnetic survey in South Africa. Their first journey was from Cape Town to Bulawayo; later they made another long journey from Cape Town via de Aar and Cradock to Port Elizabeth. In this first year of observational work the dip and horizontal intensity were determined. The declination observations turned out to be valueless.
Wilson's Gibb's vector analysis
Authors: Hyde E. W.
Published: February 2008

As an enthusiastic believer in the value and usefulness of vector and point analysis, I can not avoid a feeling of regret that several different systems of notation should be in use to express identical or very similar ideas. The general introduction and use of directional methods of operation must certainly be hindered by such a state of affairs. The vector system of Professor Gibbs, which is already familiar to some through the pamphlets on the subject printed by him for private distribution some years ago, agrees to some extent with that of Grassmann, though the notation and some of the fundamental ideas are different. Every relation treated in this book can be as well, and often more simply, expressed in a notation differing from that of Grassmann only in the omission of the brackets surrounding combinatory products, which seem to me unnecessary.
The diurnal field of magnetic disturbance
Authors: van Bemmelen W.
Published: February 2008

It has been known for some time that the Earth's magnetic force on days of disturbance shows a characteristic change, both in amount and direction, from the normal value as derived from quiet days. In 18952 the author inquired into this phenomenon by the method briefly described below.

Let hs, ds, υs; h1, d1, υ1; h2, d2, υ2; h3, d3, υ3, etc., represent, respectively, the daily means of horizontal intensity, declination, and vertical intensity, on a day of disturbance and subsequent quiet days. For a number of n cases were computed the mean values:
Records of seismographs in North America and the Hawaiian Islands: No. I
Authors: Reid Harry Fielding
Published: February 2008

There are a number of sensitive seismographs recording in different parts of North America. Records from some of these instruments are published by Professor John Milne in the Annual Reports of the British Association. The Weather Bureau at Washington publishes the records of one instrument in the Monthly Weather Review, but the records from the others have not been published regularly. It is thought advisable to collect all these records and to publish them together for the purpose of throwing light on earthquakes whose origin lies on the continent of North America, or in its neighborhood.
Karl Selim Lemström: his life and work
Authors: Tallquist H. J.
Published: February 2008

Lemström was born on the 17th of November, 1838, in the parish of Ingå, Finland. His parents were the sheriff of the place, Carl Gustaf Lemström, and Anna Charlotta Brondin. Thus Lemström was a real country boy, and part of his life even a professional farmer.

He entered the University September 14, 1857, after having frequented the high‐school of Helsingfors, and later the college of Borga. He eagerly took up the study of physics and mathematics, which courses were at the time conducted by Ad. Moberg and L. Lindelöf. On May. 31, 1862, he received the degree of “Candidatus,” graduating with high honors; the examination also included chemistry, botany, and zoology.
Verzeichniss der Publicationen des verstorbenen Professors Selim Lemström
Authors: Biese Ernst
Published: February 2008

Academische Dissertationen:

Om Volta‐induktionsstrómmarnes intensitets fórlopp, Helsingfors, 1869. (Auch abgekürzt, französisch, in Kongl. Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens handlingar, Bd. 8; Referat in Pogg. Ann., 1872, und in Archives des Sciences physiques et nat. de Genève, 1872.)
Bericht über die internationale Conferenz für Erdmagnetismus mit Luftelectricitat zu Innsbruck vom 9. bis 15. September 1905
Authors: Messerschmitt J. B.
Published: February 2008

Gleichzeitig mit der internationalen Meteorologen Conferenz tagte deren Commission für Erdmagnetismus und Luftelectricität. Es wurden vier Sitzungen abgehalten, welche stets zahlreich besucht waren, wie die folgende Teilnehmerliste zeigt:

TEILNEHMER: F. Åkerblom, Upsala; J. Algué, Manila; A. Angot, Paris; W. v. Bezold, Berlin; B. Brunhes, Puy‐de‐Dôme; V. Carlheim‐Gyllensköld, Stockholm; E. van Everdingen, deBilt; C. G. Finemann, Stockholm; L. Froc, Zi‐ka‐wei; G. Hellmann, Berlin; W. Kesslitz, Berlin; Th. v. Konkoly, Budapest; J. Liznar, Wien; H. G. Lyons, Cairo; E. Marchand, Bagnères‐de‐Bigore; E. Mazelle, Triest; J. B. Messerschmitt, München; A. Mohorovicic, Agram; A. F. W. Paulsen, Copenhagen; F. Pockels, Heidelberg; G. B. Rizzo, Messina; M. P. Rudzki, Krakau; M. Rykatchew, St. Petersburg; Ad. Schmidt, Potsdam; Aug. Schmidt, Stuttgart; A. Silvato, Rio‐de‐Janeiro; B. Sresnewsky, Dorpat; R. F. Stupart, Toronto.
Magnetic survey of the Pacific Ocean: second cruise
Authors: Bauer L. A.
Published: February 2008

The yacht “Galilee,” engaged in the magnetic survey of the Pacific Ocean under the auspices of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, left San Diego, California, on March 2d to enter on her second cruise. She is expected to make the following circuit of about 20,000 miles by the end of this year: San Diego, Fanning Island, Samoan Islands, Fiji Islands, Marshall Islands, Guam, Yokohama, Aleutian Islands, Sitka, and back again to San Diego.1

It was necessary to reorganize the scientific personnel, as the members of the staff of the first cruise belonging to the Coast and Geodetic Survey were obliged to return to their official duties at the expiration of their furloughs. The command of the vessel has accordingly now been entrusted to Mr. W. J. Peters, formerly of the astronomical and topographical corps of the United States Geological Survey. He has had considerable experience in difficult exploring work, was second in command and in charge of the scientific work of the recent Ziegler Polar Expedition as the representative of the National Geographic Society.
Magnetic observations on the hill of San Miguel, D.F., Mexico
Authors: Anda M. Moreno Y.
Published: February 2008

The hill of San Miguel lies W.S.W. of the City of Mexico, at a distance of about 60 kilometers, and corresponding nearly to the vertex formed by the junction of the Sierras de las Cruces and Monte Alto, the Valley of Mexico being bounded on the West by the former which runs from N.W. to S.E. and enclosed by the latter on the South, nearly from due West to East. The geographical coordinates of the hill are as follows: latitude, 19° 16′ N., and longitude, 99° 19′ 17″ W. of Gr.; elevation 3807 meters.

During the first half of Sept., 1903, I made a trip to this hill, on the top of which I remained for a week, and succeeded in obtaining the following results:
Mitteilung von der aufführung eines neuen magnetischen observatoriums in Dänemark und von einer Constructionsänderung bei dem wild'schen Rotationsinclinatorium
Authors: Hjort V.
Published: February 2008

Diesen Sommer wird im “Rùde Skov” in einer Entfernung von circa 1.9 Kilometer von Kopenhagen ein magnetisches Observatorium aufgeführt. Das neue Observatorium soll an die Stelle des früheren magnetischen Observatoriums in Kopenhagen treten, da dieses Observatorium jetzt von electrischen Strassenbahnen ganz cernirt ist.

Das neue Observatorium wird hauptsächlich mit Instrumenten der Wilds'schen Construction versehen werden, jedoch mit einigen Änderungen. Die Instrumente werden grösstenteils von dem Herrn Professor Edelmann geliefert.
Paulsen's résumé of recent theories of polar lights
Authors: Dike P. H.
Published: February 2008

The author gives a résumé of the principal theories of the cause of the aurora published since 1896,—;those of Birkeland, Arrhenius and Nordmann— and points out the flaws in each one. All agree in considering the auroral rays as a luminescence produced by the absorption of cathode rays in the atmosphere, but none seem capable of explaining all the phenomena. Birkeland's first theory rests on the hypothesis that cathode rays emitted by the Sun are attracted by the Earth's magnetic poles, producing the aurora by their absorption in the atmosphere. This seems incapable of explaining the diverse forms of the aurora, and the changes taking place in a single appearance of the phenomenon.
Note on Sutherland's article
Authors: Hale George E.
Published: February 2008

I have read Mr. Sutherland's paper with interest, and am glad to see the subject of a magnetic field in Sun‐spots discussed from the standpoint of his theory of terrestrial magnetism. The magnetic field intensity in spots is about 3,000 C. G. S. units, not 10,000, a provisional estimate made by Professor Zeeman before laboratory data were available for comparison with the solar observations. Moreover, the separations of the components of spot doublets range from 0.018 to 0.216 Angströms for different lines; for a given doublet, the maximum separation does not vary greatly in different spots. The distance between the components is greatest in the umbra, and decreases outward to the point where the spot line is no wider than the corresponding solar line, usually near the outer edge of the penumbra.
The physical theory of the Earth's magnetic and electric phenomena.—No. III: the external electric currents and the Earth's magnetization
Authors: Bauer L. A.
Published: February 2008

26. The hypothesis of ionic currents employed in the study at the magnetic disturbances thus far treated was based on the existence of a primary electric field. Quoting from No. I, § 11:

Since magnetic observations made at various points on the Earth's surface have revealed the existence of a definite system of atmospheric electric currents, it follows at once that if the atmosphere is made more conducting at any point, an extra current will be started and set in motion by the pre‐existent electromotive force or its equivalent. The direction followed by the new current depends upon its origin, upon the direction of the electromotive force at that point, and upon the deflecting effect of the Earth's magnetic field and of the Earth's rotation on the electric carriers. In other words, while we shall look chiefly to extra‐terrestrial agencies for ionizing the air and thus splitting it up into carriers of positive and of negative charges, we look to the atmospheric electric field and to the Earth's rotation for furnishing the energy necessary to drive the ions over the Earth and by their motion produce the effects observed during a magnetic storm.
Atmospheric electricity observations taken on the “Belgica” in 1907 during the Duke of Orleans' arctic cruise
Authors: Johnston H. F.
Published: February 2008

In 1907 the “Belgica” made a trip into the Kara Sea, and for the first time atmospheric electricity observations were made in high latitudes on board ship. Lieutenant Rachlew undertook and made observations in the dispersion (Zerstreuung) of electric charges in free air, and of the radioactivity of the atmosphere and snow. The Elster and Geitel apparatus was used, being mounted on a suitable stand amidships, and great care was taken to eliminate the flapping movements of the electroscope leaves due to the motion of the ship. The insulations were carefully watched and, despite the humidity of the air, were kept in good state.
A new type of compass declinometer
Authors: Faris R. L.
Published: February 2008

The magnetic field work of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey in the United States and outlying territory under their jurisdiction is performed by regularly equipped magnetic parties in charge of magnetic observers, and as incidental work by survey parties engaged in geodetic, topographic, hydrographic, or other surveying duties. The regular magnetic parties are‐supplied with a complete magnetic outfit consisting of a theodolite magnetometer, dip circle, pocket chronometer, small accessories, and a nonmagnetic observing tent. General survey parties, especially when working in remote regions, such as Alaska or the Philippines, are usually furnished with a compass declinometer or other instrument for determining the magnetic.declination in connection with their triangulation or other work, where the azimuths of lines are already known. In this way it has been possible to ascertain the magnetic declination at many places at nominal cost and in advance of the general magnetic survey.
Magnetic reactions produced by a copper disk rotating between the poles of a magnet [abstract]
Authors: Cady W. G. , Benedict F. G.
Published: February 2008

For measuring the amount of work produced by a human being, a “bicycle ergometer” is in use at the Nutrition Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution of Washington. A description is given of this instrument, and of its calibration inside of a large calorimeter. It is found that the amount of heat expended per revolution of the pedals, instead of increasing proportionately with the speed, reaches a maximum and then decreases. Over the limited range of speeds commonly employed, the heat per revolution can be taken as practically a constant quantity. The present investigation was undertaken primarily in order to investigate this peculiarity in the calibrations.
Zur Untersuchung der taeglichen Variation auf der ganzen Erde: 2.
Authors: Rykatchew M. , Schmidt Ad.
Published: February 2008

Auf das in diesem Journal, Vol. XVIII S. 198, mitgeteilte Rundschreiben der Magnetischen Konimission haben sich bis jetzt folgende 22 Observatorien bereit erklärt, die Monatsmittel des täglichen Ganges an den international angenommenen ruhigen Tagen zu berechnen und in ihren Jahrbüchern zu publizieren:

Agincourt, Apia, Batavia, Bombay, Cheltenham, DeBilt, Eskdalemuir, Greenwich, Heluan, Honolulu, Katharinenburg, Rude Skov, Pawlowsk, Pilar, Pola, Potsdam, Sitka, Tortosa, Tsingtau, Tucson, Vieques, Lukiapang.
Secular change in the British Isles, 1892–1913
Authors: Chree C.
Published: February 2008

1. The secular change of the magnetic elements in the British Isles has of late years altered so much that a short account of it may be of interest.

Results from a single station for single years are apt to suffer from instrumental errors, but the following 3‐year means from Kew Observatory are at least pretty close approximations to the truth.
Results of magnetic observations made by the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey at the time of the solar eclipse of August 21, 1914
Authors: Hazard D. L.
Published: February 2008

In response to a request from Dr. L. A. Bauer for additional data for the study of the effect of an eclipse of the Sun upon the Earth's magnetism, the following results have been derived from the records of the five magnetic observatories of the Coast and Geodetic Survey.

At each of the observatories, except Porto Rico, eye‐readings of declination were made once a minute from 10 to 15 o'clock Greenwich mean civil time on August 21, 1914. The results of these observations are not published here, however, as they are essentially the same as the magnetograph values.
Preliminary report on the results of the Aurora‐Borealis expedition to Bossekop in the spring of 1913. (fourth communication.)
Authors: Störmer Carl
Published: February 2008

1. The three preceding communications on the results of my expedition to Bossekop in 1913 have been published in this Journal for September, 1913, and March and December1, 1915. This fourth communication comprises the material accumulated March 16, 17, 18, 21, 22, 24, and 29, and consists of about 90 auroral photographs, obtained simultaneously from the stations Bossekop and Store Korsnes. As stated before, Store Korsnes is located about 27.5 km. to the north of Bossekop, and with this extensive base we obtained considerable parallaxes.

The altitudes measured—about 640 in number—present the same general features as before; this is indicated in Fig. 1.
Meteorologische und luftelektrische Messungen waehrend der totalen Sonnenfinsternis am 10. Oktober 1912 auf der Facenda Boã Vista bei Christina (Prov. Minas Geraes‐Brasilien). II—luftelektrische Beobachtungen
Authors: Knoche Von W. , Laub J.
Published: February 2008

Zur Registrierung der luftelektrischen Vorgänge standen uns die folgenden Apparate zur Verfügung:

1. Zur Registrierung Hertzscher Wellen ein Turpainscher Gewitterregistrator mit Milliampèremeter der Firma Richard‐Paris mit täglicher Umdrehung.
Corpuscular theory of the aurora borealis. (Concluded)
Authors: Störmer Carl
Published: February 2008

When γ further decreases and tends towards a certain value between—0.93 and—0.94, ϕgamma; decreases to—∞ that is to say, we obtain trajectories that go around the globe in waves an unlimited number of times before reaching the origin. From this we conclude that from a given point in space there are in general a series of distinct trajectories going to the origin. They correspond to a series of directions Dγ issuing from the point Mγ, and which we shall term distinguished directions; their number will vary with the position of the point Mγ; if that position changes, some of the directions may vanish and others appear. The trajectories going to the origin from the side where z is negative, are symmetrical to the others with respect to the X Y‐plane.
On the magnetic storm of August 8–9, 1917
Authors: Hartnell George
Published: February 2008

A magnetic storm of large magnitude and very rapid changes in the magnetic elements began abruptly at the magnetic observatory, at Cheltenham, Maryland, at 23h 12m, 75th meridian time, Aug. 8, and ended at about 24h, Aug. 9, 1917. The storm occurred in two phases, the first phase ending at 6h Aug. 9, and the second phase beginning at 16h, Aug. 9. During the interval between these phases, there were rapid oscillations of double amplitude averaging 6′ in D (declination), 40γ in H (horizontal intensity) and 6γ in Z (vertical intensity). The beginning of the first phase was indicated by a slight increase (westerly) of D, then a sudden decrease of 8′.6; by a sudden increase of 106γ in H; and by an increase of 5γ in Z, followed by an abrupt decrease of 18γ.
Proposed magnetic and allied observations during the total solar eclipse of June 8, 1918
Authors: Bauer L. A.
Published: February 2008

Special magnetic and allied observations will be made at various points inside and outside the shadow belt of the coming total solar eclipse, by the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, the Coast and Geodetic Survey, and some other institutions and individuals who have offered their cooperation.

The general scheme of work proposed by the Carnegie Institution Department of Terrestrial Magnetism embraces the following:
The magnetic character of the year 1916 and review of the years 1906–1916
Authors: van Dijk G.
Published: February 2008

The annual review of the “Caractère magnétique de chaque jour” for 1916 has been drawn up in the same manner as the preceding years; moreover it contains a review of the collaboration of the observatories during the years 1906–1916.

In 1916, 36 observatories contributed to the quarterly reviews; 35 of them sent complete data. Table II of the annual review, containing the mean character of each day and each month, the list of “calm days” and the days recommended for reproduction, is reprinted here. From the review of the years 1906–1916 it appears, that altogether 52 observatories have contributed to the “Caractère magnétique”; an observatory that has been removed is taken with the new one as one station (Potsdam‐Seddin, Irkoutsk‐Zouy, Tiflis‐Karssani, Baldwin‐Tucson, Zikawei‐Lukiapang).
Results of dip‐of‐horizon measurements made on the Galilee and Carnegie, 1907–1917
Authors: Peters W. J.
Published: February 2008

The principal work of the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism on the oceans has been that of the magnetic survey. While it has been the desire to include other scientific investigations which might be made advantageously at sea, yet these have been necessarily restricted by the small personnel, and by the extensive program required for the daily magnetic and navigational work. Accordingly, only such additional observations could at first be undertaken that have an important bearing on the magnetic work, or such which would not conflict with the regular schedule. Among these are observations of atmospheric refraction as affecting the dip of the horizon.
Results of magnetic observations during the solar eclipse of June 8, 1918, at Agincourt and Meanook, Canada
Authors: Stupart R. F.
Published: February 2008

I have pleasure in furnishing herewith tables of magnetic values of declination, horizontal and vertical intensity for the Agincourt Magnetic Observatory and of declination for the Meanook Magnetic Observatory, these values being the results of our magnetic observations made in connection with the solar eclipse of June 8, 1918. The values furnished in each case for Agincourt and Meanook are from eye readings at minute intervals reduced to I. M. S.: at Agincourt, eye readings of differential magnetometers, and at Meanook, eye readings of magnetometer 48. The observer at Meanook was late starting owing to his having accidentally broken suspension in Elliott Magnetometer 48 on the morning of June 8.

[Tables 1–8 are based upon the data transmitted to the Journal. The data are plotted and discussed in the report by L. A. Bauer, H. W, Fisk and S. J. Mauchly, begun in this issue.‐Ed.]
The magnetic character for the year 1917
Authors: van Dijk G.
Published: February 2008

The annual review of the “Caractère magnétique de chaque jour” for 1917 has been drawn up in the same manner as for the years 1906–1915; 39 observatories contributed to the quarterly reviews, 35 of them sending complete data. The table on page 194 contains the mean character of each day and each month, the list of “calm days” and the days recommended for reproduction.
Terrestrial magnetism and electricity at the Brussels meetings, July 18–28, 1919
Authors: Bauer Louis A.
Published: February 2008

During the meetings at Brussels, July 18–28, 1919, of the International Research Council, there were established under the auspices of the Council, various new international unions of astronomy, geophysics, mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, and scientific radio‐telegraphy. The union of chief interest to readers of this journal is “The International Geodetic and Geophysical Union,” consisting of the following sections and officers:
Procedure at the magnetic observatories of the Carnegie Institution of Washington
Authors: Bauer Louis A.
Published: February 2008

The magnetic observatory established by the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, near Watheroo, Western Australia, to be known as the “Watheroo Magnetic Observatory,” has been in operation since January 1, 1919. The observatory buildings were constructed and the instruments were installed under the direction of an experienced magnetician, Mr. W. F. Wallis, for many years in charge of various magnetic observatories of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey. After three years' strenuous work, Mr. Wallis returns to Washington to assume duties at the laboratory of the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism. In November, 1919, Mr. Edward Kidson, at one time an assistant at the Christchurch Magnetic Observatory and for many years observer in the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, both on land and sea duty, assumed charge of the Watheroo Magnetic Observatory.
Sur les points du globe où il se produit une marée électrique, dérivée de la marée océanique, observe‐t‐on une marée magnétique?
Authors: Dechevrens Marc
Published: February 2008

C'est la question à laquelle j'ai voulu répondre pour Jersey, île de la Manche, Angleterre, où la marée électrique dérivée de la marée océanique a été observée pour la première fois dans le courant de l' année 1918 (Terr. Mag., vol. 23, pp. 37–39 et 145–147; vol. 24, pp. 33–38). Cette marée électrique a‐t‐elle l'intensité suffisante pour imposer son caractère au magnétisme terrestre, à la variation diurne de la déclinaison en particulier?

Ayant ici à ma disposition les trois boussoles qui m'avaient servi en Chine, à l'observatoire de Zi‐ka‐wei, de 1873 à 1887, pour les mesures magnétiques en valeurs absolues, j'ai installé provisoirement le petit aimant tubulaire avec miroir comme un déclinomètre unifilaire, disposant les choses de manière que la minute de déviation de l'aimant corresponde à un écart de 1 millimètre du point lumineux sur le papier d'enregistrement.
Magnetic disturbances, earthquake records, and aurora at Watheroo Magnetic Observatory, March, 1920
Authors: Kidson Edward
Published: February 2008

The following magnetic disturbances as observed during March, 1920, at the Observatory are here briefly reported upon, the times given being 120th east meridian standard time.

A magnetic disturbance was recorded on March 4 and 5, during which time there was serious interruption in the telegraphic service in Australia. The movements began suddenly and simultaneously in the three magnetic elements at 19h 39m P. M. (120th east meridian standard time) on March 4, but were not large until the early morning of March 5. During the night of March 5 conditions gradually returned to normal. The most important movement occurred between 5h 00m and 12h on March 5, when the horizontal intensity was reduced by about 1 per cent of its value; the changes in declination and vertical intensity were not very large.
Magnetic observations at Apia, May 29, 1919
Authors: Angenheister G.
Published: February 2008

Tables 1 and 2 contain the five‐minute means derived from the single‐minute values of D (declination), H (horizontal intensity), and Z (vertical intensity), from 9h 58m to 16h 32m, G. M. T., May 29, 1919.

Geographic coordinates of the Samoa Observatory at Apia are: latitude, 13° 48′ S.; longitude, 171° 46′ or 11h 27m W.
Bemerkung ueber die Verwendung von Stundenmitteln
Authors: Schmidt Von Adolf
Published: February 2008

Die Korrektion, auf die Herr Chree in der Notiz “Concerning procedure at magnetic observatories” hinweist (Terr. Mag., vol. 25, p. 33), findet sich schon mehrmals in der Literatur behandelt, meistens wohl auf Grund selbständiger Ableitung ohne Kenntnis ihrer früheren Erwähnung an anderer Stelle. Die Notwendigkeit einer solchen Verbesserung ist auch ohne eingehende mathematische Untersuchung klar. Sie ergibt sich ohne weiteres daraus, dass der Mittelwert der Ordinaten eines Kurvenstücks im allgemeinen nicht mit der Ordinate im mittleren Punkte identisch ist. Der Unterschied zwischen beiden ist überdies systematischer Natur; an Stellen negativer Krümmung (wie bei einem Maximum) ist der erste Wert kleiner, an Stellen positiver Krümmung (wie bei einem Minimum) grosser als der zweite.
The magnetic storm of May 13–16, 1921, at Cheltenham Observatory, Maryland
Authors: Hartnell George
Published: February 2008

A magnetic storm of great intensity and unusual character was recorded by the instruments of the Coast Survey Magnetic Observatory at Cheltenham, Maryland, from May 13 to May 16, 1921. The times below refer to 75th meridian standard time.

The storm began at 8h 09m A.M., May 13, and after a preliminary phase, assumed great intensity from 2 o'clock P.M., until 3 A.M., on May 14. After a period of comparative quiet, another phase of still greater intensity began at 5 P.M., May 14, and continued until 4 A.M., May 15. This phase of intensity was followed by a period of comparative quiet until a third phase of equal intensity commenced at 5 P.M., May 15, and lasted until 7 A.M., May 16.
Earthquake records, Watheroo magnetograms, October 1921–June 1922
Authors: Wait G. R.
Published: February 2008

The particulars of these records of earthquakes noted on the magnetograms of the Watheroo Magnetic Observatory, Western Australia, are given in the following tables. Table 1 shows also the times of the phases obtained on the seismograph at Perth according to the data supplied by Government Astronomer Curlewis.
Investigation of local magnetic disturbances at Port Snettisham, Alaska
Authors: Heck N. H.
Published: February 2008

The United States Coast and Geodetic Survey is now carrying on its work in Alaska primarily by large parties, each using a vessel and several large launches to carry on all the operations necessary to a complete survey. The magnetic work included is at present confined to compass‐declinometer observations on shore and to declination observations aboard ship made chiefly in areas of local disturbances.

The adoption of steel vessels on the one hand and the vastly more satisfactory observations obtained on a non‐magnetic vessel such as the Carnegie, however, have made the continuance of observations on the Coast and Geodetic Survey vessels of doubtful desirability, except in special cases.