bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Coping with Stress at Work
Authors: Frankenhaeuser Marianne
Published: May 2005

This paper considers the quality-of-life concept from the point of view of harmony between fundamental human needs and environmental conditions. It is argued that the knowledge gained by research in psychobiology can aid in directing technological applications to suit human needs and abilities. Examples are given from a multidisciplinary research program concerned with the dynamics of stressful person-environment transactions, viewed from psychological and biological perspectives. Emphasis is placed on coping and adaptation in workers exposed to conditions characterized by underload, overload, and lack of control. On the basis of empirical results, it is argued that a moderately varied flow of stimuli and events, opportunities to engage in psychologically meaningful work, and to exercise personal control over situational factors, may be considered key components in the quality-of-life concept.
Attitudes about the Internet: Implications for Use in Education
Authors: Wiebe Eric N. , Shaver Eric , Wogalter Michael S.
Published: May 2005

This study identified beliefs and attitudes about the Internet in relation to different populations of higher education students. A pair of surveys were used to better understand positive and negative attitudes students harbor concerning the WWW and related Internet technologies. The responses were used to both validate what are the most salient positive and negative aspects of the Internet and to reveal differences in attitude toward these aspects based on demographic variables. The results are discussed with respect to the affective dimensions that shape the use of Internet-related technologies and the need for further research into the impact of the Internet on higher education.
Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing Facilitates Attentional Orienting
Authors: Kuiken Don , Bears Michael , Miall David , Smith Laurie
Published: May 2005

Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR) is a controversial treatment for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder that requires clients to make rapid eye movements while revisualizing a traumatic event. Although seemingly effective, the process by which EMDR exerts its effects is poorly understood. We propose that EMDR's eye movements facilitate the orienting response, i.e., the attentional adjustment to unexpected stimuli. Since the orienting response has been implicated in spontaneous transformations of dream content during REM sleep, we reasoned that, similarly, activation of the orienting response during EMDR may facilitate content transformations in traumatic memories. To examine this hypothesis, 25 undergraduates completed 20 seconds of eye movements or 20 seconds of visual fixation before each of two tasks: 1) a covert visual attention task, in which a cue indicated the likely position of a subsequent target, and 2) a sentence rating task, in which sentences with either metaphoric or non-metaphoric endings were rated for strikingness. Repeated measures ANOVAs indicated that the eye movement manipulation facilitated attentional adjustments to targets presented in invalidly cued locations and increased the extent to which metaphoric sentence endings were found striking. Together these results suggest that the eye movements in EMDR induce attentional and semantic flexibility, thereby facilitating transformations in the client's narrative representation of the traumatic event. The implications of these findings for theories of dream formation and metaphor comprehension are also considered.
Death at the End of the 20th Century: Individual Processes and Developmental Tasks in Old Age
Authors: Röcke Christina , Cherry Katie E.
Published: May 2005

In this article, we address the topic of death from historic and contemporary perspectives. In the first section, we describe the changes in life expectancy, personal experience, and public awareness of death that have occurred over the past century. In the next section, we examine the impact these changes have had on the mastery of the two developmental tasks in adulthood, acceptance of one's own mortality and coping with the death of a spouse. We describe select findings from the literature on attitudes, fear or acceptance of death, and grief processes. Implications for research, practice, and social change are considered.
The Philosophy and Practice of Patient Control in Hospice: The Dynamics of Autonomy versus Paternalism
Authors: Mesler Mark A.
Published: May 2005

The hospice philosophy of care for the terminally ill emphasizes patients' control over their remaining time. This article is based on approximately three years of participant observation research in several hospice settings where the practice of providing patients control, or autonomy, during their remaining life and dying was explored. The findings suggest that, despite the best efforts of hospice staff, attempts to fulfill the goals of this philosophy were constrained by several factors: efforts at symptom control, patient residence, patient disease state, and staff limit setting. Examples, implications, and the staff's attempts at solution are discussed.
Using the Contextual Model in a Phase I Study to Hypothesize Native American Behavior
Authors: Baker Charity M.
Published: May 2005

The contextual model developed by Archaeology Consulting Team (Frink, this volume) and based on the reconstruction of forest communities is applied to a Phase I archaeological site identification study in Colchester, Vermont. The project is located at the ecotone between a freshwater marsh and a pine-hemlock-oak forest community. Hypotheses regarding seasonal use and site function are based on the resources available to early Native Americans within these two environments. The predicted characteristics of the environments are compared with the Phase I level study data, and hypotheses are refined for future research studies.
Advertisements: Multileveled in Word and Image and in the Mind of the Beholder
Authors: Cupchik Gerald C. , Leonard Garry , Irvine-Kopetski Debra
Published: May 2005

This study compared cognitive and psychodynamic perspectives on responses to simple and complex advertisements for perfume and liquor products. In simple ads, copy/image relations are concordant and sentimentalized, while in complex ads relations are discordant and ironic. It was hypothesized that writing story outlines based on simple ads would provide a means for projecting compensatory fantasies onto the scenes, while analyzing copy/image relations in complex ads would make viewers more aware of stimulus qualities in the ads. Thirty-one male and twenty-one female undergraduates viewed four perfume and four liquor ads. Commodity (perfume, liquor) and Advertising Style (simple, complex) were factorially combined in two blocks of four trials each. In a within-subjects design, subjects either wrote story outlines first and analyzed copy-image relations, or vice-versa. They then rated each ad on thirteen 7-point scales measuring perceived stimulus properties (e.g., quality of the ad) and subjective processes (e.g., liking or experiencing fantasies). Results showed that three factors underlined the judgments: Compensation (enhanced feelings of success, confidence, power, and masculinity/femininity), Effectiveness (ad was liked, perceived as good, stimulated fantasies, and an intention to purchase the product), and Action (everyday use of perfume/after shave or liquor products). Writing stories in response to simple perfume ads had a facilitative influence on scales loading on the Compensation factor. Content analysis showed that simple perfume ads elicited romantic stories, while analyzing copy-image relations fostered seduction themes and a sensitivity to metaphor. These findings provided support for Lacan's idea that people need to compensate for self-perceived inadequacies, but also fit with cognitive/empirical ideas.
General Practice in Australia
Authors: Ryan J. G. P.
Published: May 2005

A personal view of the state of general practice in Australia and likely trends in the future is presented in this article. The effects of falling recruitment and increasing community demand for service have not yet produced serious effects in this country. A comparison of the effects on urban and rural areas is made. The general practitioner must relinquish some of his traditional roles, especially in surgery and anesthesia, and adopt new ones. To cope with an increasing work load more use must be made by general practitioners of associated health personnel. Community health centers should be developed in Australia and they may be the key to the viability of general practice. The National Health Service as it applies to general practice is discussed especially in relation to the recent introduction of the most common fee concept. The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners is active in preparing a vocational training program. Excerpts from the preliminary report of the Australian Medical Association Study Group on Medical Planning are given. Future medical manpower should be adequate to maintain present standards if recruitment to general practice can be maintained at a satisfactory level. The general practitioner must redefine his role in the medical community. Departments of general practice or community medicine should be established in all universities.
Toward the Formulation of Sociodental Indicators
Authors: Cohen Lois K. , Jago John D.
Published: May 2005

The bases for the construction of sociodental indicators is discussed in the paper, considering several available indexes of oral health status (dental caries, periodontal disease, malocclusion, oral hygiene, and other oral conditions) as well as measures of quality of services. Very little research exists relating any of the above measures to social indicators such as personal life-style or cultural and ecological factors. Such expansion would enable dental indicators to be useful for purposes of policy decisions. Combining any dental indicators or set of indicators with a potential global social health index is discussed in terms of potential problems obscuring dentistry's cost to society. Dentistry, in addition, is offered as a system in microcosm-one which can be useful for purposes of polishing methodology for the social health indicator movement.
Racism, the National Health Service, and the Health of Black People
Authors: Kushnick Louis
Published: May 2005

Racism has been and is central to an understanding of the health of black people in Britain. Black people have played and are playing a central role in the National Health Service (NHS). Their role is, however, shaped by racism. Their experiences as consumers of the NHS are also shaped by racism—in terms of their treatment for both physical and mental health problems. In addition, their specific health problems such as sickle cell anemia have not received the attention they deserve. The NHS has become part of the internal control system of the British racist immigration system. The cuts in the NHS, and in other areas of the welfare state, since 1979 have created the conditions for increasing racial conflict on the one hand and for interracial class-based resistance on the other.
The Effect of Tax Reform on School Health Education Programs
Authors: Chen Ted T. L. , Bates Ira J.
Published: May 2005

A number of Massachusetts schools implemented a health course as a result of passage of a 1974 law requiring teaching of health. This surge of health teaching now appears to be in danger in 1982 because of the passage of a recent tax referendum (Proposition 2½). To determine projected impact of this tax reform on school health education, a questionnaire was sent to administrators of 200 school districts. The results showed that there was a significant increase in the number of schools implementing health courses since 1974. However, the tax referendum produced severe pressure for many newly developed programs to lay-off health teachers or eliminate health courses. School administrators recommended several coping strategies, including: employment of dual-major teachers, shifting required courses to electives, and marshalling support of the program through a viable School Health Advisory Committee. It was observed that Massachusetts serves as a case study forecasting impending fiscal crisis in other states.
Interactions of Pathogens and Irritant Chemicals in Land-Applied Sewage Sludges (Biosolids)
Authors: Lewis David L. , Gattie David K. , Novak Marc E. , Sanchez Susan , Pumphrey Charles
Published: May 2005

Fertilization of land with processed sewage sludges, which often contain low levels of pathogens, endotoxins, and trace amounts of industrial and household chemicals, has become common practice in Western Europe, the United States, and Canada. Local governments, however, are increasingly restricting or banning the practice in response to residents reporting adverse health effects. These self-reported illnesses have not been studied and methods for assessing exposures of residential communities to contaminants from processed sewage sludges need to be developed.

Methods:

To describe and document adverse effects reported by residents, 48 individuals at ten sites in the United States and Canada were questioned about their environmental exposures and symptoms. Information was obtained on five additional cases where an outbreak of staphylococcal infections occurred near a land application site in Robesonia, Pennsylvania. Medical records were reviewed in cases involving hospitalization or other medical treatment. Since most complaints were associated with airborne contaminants, an air dispersion model was used as a means for potentially ruling out exposure to sludge as the cause of adverse effects.

Results:

Affected residents lived within approximately 1 km of land-application sites and generally complained of irritation (e.g., skin rashes and burning of the eyes, throat, and lungs) after exposure to winds blowing from treated fields. A prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus infections of the skin and respiratory tract was found. Approximately one in four of 54 individuals were infected, including two mortalities (septicemia, pneumonia). This result was consistent with the prevalence of S. aureus infections accompanying diaper rashes in which the organism, which is occasionally found in the lower human colon, tends to invade irritated or inflamed tissue.

Conclusions:

When assessing public health risks from applying sewage sludges in residential areas, potential interactions of chemical contaminants with low levels of pathogens should be considered. An increased risk of infection may occur when allergic and non-allergic reactions to endotoxins and other chemical components irritate skin and mucous membranes and thereby compromise normal barriers to infection.
Reassembling the Quarry: Quartzite Procurement and Reduction along the Potomac
Authors: Petraglia Michael D.
Published: May 2005

This article presents the results of a refitting study performed on lithic artifacts from 44LD124, a quartzite quarry in Loudoun County, Virginia. Spatial variation in quarry debris and refits demonstrated differences in intrasite reduction strategies. In one section of the site, where fire-altered quartzite debris occurred, twenty sets of refits were obtained, fifteen of which bore signs of fire-cracking or heating. In another part of the site, eleven groups of debitage were reassembled, reforming cobbles and boulders. To examine the technological and spatial consequences of various reduction techniques, quartzite percussion experiments were conducted. The technological, spatial and experimental analyses suggested that some of the reassembled groups were reduced by anvil and hammerstone percussion, in a high position from the ground, likely employing standing or kneeling stances. The findings derived from analysis of the 44LD124 materials provide information regarding quartzite procurement in the Virginia Piedmont and the Potomac River drainage.
Culture as a Decision Variable for Designing Computer Software
Authors: Williams-Green Joyce , Holmes Glen , Sherman Thomas M.
Published: May 2005

Computer software design generally follows a systematic process that addresses decisions on variables known to influence learning success. We propose that culture should be included as part of this decision process. Culture represents the complex of social, emotional, intellectual, physical, and personal factors that individuals use to create meaning. When these cognitive anchors are missing from instructional materials, achievement may be imperiled. Examples of how cultural variables can be incorporated into instructional decisions are presented to illustrate the potential for enhancing software.
National Health Insurance in Finland: Its Impact and Evaluation
Authors: Purola T. , Kalimo E. , Nyman K. , Sievers K.
Published: May 2005

Relationships between medical services research and health policy are examined in the light of a study evaluating a major health policy measure in Finland, the national health insurance scheme introduced in 1964. A nationwide health interview survey was made immediately prior to introduction of the scheme and again four years later. The results show that the ratio between care obtained and care needed had become more uniform among various population groups after the inception of national health insurance than previously. Only a small increase was found in the overall utilization rates of most types of health services. Also, the number of restricted activity days did not increase with the introduction of daily sickness allowances. In spite of minor deficiencies, the changes caused by the implementation of the national health insurance seem to have been in accordance with its main objectives. However, the results suggest that financial arrangements, i.e., health insurance, must be accompanied by other measures (in Finland an increase in the supply of ambulatory health services) if the objectives of health policy are to be obtained on a more satisfactory scale. The applicability of this evaluation study to the planning of other health activities is also discussed.
Tangled in the Web: Countertransference in the Therapy of Factitious Disorders
Authors: Feldman Marc D. , Feldman Jacqueline M.
Published: May 2005

Objective:

Patients who simulate or actually self-induce illnesses to assume the “sick role” present a number of imposing psychotherapeutic challenges. The purpose of this article is to discuss the countertransferential reactions that are mobilized in therapy with these patients.

Method:

Literature searches of the MEDLINE and HEALTH databases were performed using the term “factitious disorder.” The resulting citations were examined for descriptions of the potential and actual countertransference responses in therapy with such patients. The few citations with relevant material were supplemented with other clinical literature on countertransference as well as observations from cases in which the authors have served as therapists or consultants.

Results:

Once the medical dissimulation has been exposed, the most conspicuous difficulty is in persuading the patient to agree to therapy. When therapy does take place, both the patient's overt behaviors, such as actual bodily damage, and his or her underlying emotional issues can mobilize particularly intense reactions in the therapist.

Conclusions:

Recognition and management of the countertransference reactions likely to emerge in therapy with factitious disorder patients are particularly important if the therapy is to be maximally effective.
The Handling of the Dead in a Disaster
Authors: Hershiser Marvin R. , Quarantelli E. L.
Published: May 2005

In recent years, the topic of death and dying has become the subject of much social and behavioral science research and study. But one area which has not been as intensively studied as others is how the dead are treated by the living, especially sudden and unanticipated large numbers of the dead. In this paper we present a case study of the handling of 237 victims of a flash flood disaster. Our descriptive analysis incorporates two levels of behavior: individual modes of adjustment and the organized response of the community. An examination is also made of the factors affecting the respect accorded the “prerogatives” of the dead and the living, and the remarkably effective organized carrying out of this generally non-instrumental disaster task.
On the Study of Race, Racism, and Health: A Shift from Description to Explanation
Authors: LaVeist Thomas A.
Published: May 2005

While no credible scientist believes that race has any biological or genetic basis, it does have profound social meaning, rooted in history but with contemporary consequences. Racial status is a risk marker for exposure to racism, which may be a primary etiological factor in race differences in morbidity and mortality. The study of racism and health is highly complex and still in its infancy. What we need is not just more research on race, but better research.
Biocultural Implications of Mortuary Treatment and Paleopathology at the Isle La Motte Site
Authors: Blakely Robert L.
Published: May 2005

Little is known about biocultural adaptations during the terminal Late Archaic period (ca. 1,000–500 B.C.) in the northeastern United States. To shed light on population structure and social organization, I examined mortuary treatment and paleopathology of six skeletons recovered at the Isle La Motte site in Vermont “Typical” Glacial Kame artifacts accompanied the cremated and uncremated remains. Mortuary practices indicate status differences based on gender and perhaps on age as well. Grave furniture seems to include items of both personal adornment and socio-ceremonial import. Radiographic analysis of two skeletons showed signs of a virulent, infectious disease, which was diagnosed as disseminated bone tuberculosis. Epidemiological modeling suggests a population size well into the hundreds. Despite occasional suboptimal nutrient intake, diet generally appears to have been adequate. Taken together, the findings indicate a moderately-sized population—socially, perhaps hierarchically, ordered—of gatherers, fishers, and hunters who successfully exploited local biota.
Peer-Led and Adult-Led School Drug Prevention: A Meta-Analytic Comparison
Authors: Cuijpers Pim
Published: May 2005

Several studies have suggested that peer-led drug prevention programs are more effective than adult-led programs, but the evidence is not conclusive. In this article the results are presented of a meta-analysis of studies that compare drug prevention programs led by peers to the same programs led by adults. Twelve studies were identified in a systematic literature search. The quality of these studies was not optimal, and the interventions and target groups differed considerably among studies. Overall, peer-led programs were found to be somewhat more effective than adult-led programs (standardized difference d: 0.24). Large differences between studies were found, with some studies indicating greater effects for peer-led programs and other studies showing greater effects for adult-led programs. It is concluded that the effectiveness of a prevention program is determined by several characteristics of the programs. The leader may constitute one of those characteristics.
American Cancer Society: The World's Wealthiest “Nonprofit” Institution
Authors: Epstein Samuel S.
Published: May 2005

The American Cancer Society is fixated on damage control–diagnosis and treatment–and basic molecular biology, with indifference or even hostility to cancer prevention. This myopic mindset is compounded by interlocking conflicts of interest with the cancer drug, mammography, and other industries. The “nonprofit” status of the Society is in sharp conflict with its high overhead and expenses, excessive reserves of assets and contributions to political parties. All attempts to reform the Society over the past two decades have failed; a national economic boycott of the Society is long overdue.
Focused Female Condom Education and Trial: Comparison of Young African American and Puerto Rican Women's Assessments
Authors: Torres M. Idalí , Tuthill Robert , Lyon-Callo Sarah , Hernández C. Mercedes , Epkind Paul
Published: May 2005

This article compares the experience of young African-American and Puerto Rican women with the female condom during a thirty-day trial period by examining qualitative data from participant observations and in-depth interviews conducted at the end of the trial. Research was funded by CDC and conducted in two neighborhood health centers in the city of Springfield, Massachusetts. Salient findings identify inter-group similarities and differences in the local sociocultural community context in which African-American and Latina young women considered using the female condom as a method of protection against unplanned pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections, including HIV, adopted strategies to introduce and negotiate the device with male partners, and communicated their experiences in post-trial interviews. Inter-group diversity is highlighted in community structures for promoting sexual health protection, and in women's patterns of communication, descriptions of their male partner's reactions to the device and trial activities and suggestions for health education focused on the female condom. Potential implications of these findings for future research and interventions in multicultural communities are also discussed.
Religion, Race, and Breast Cancer Survival
Authors: Van Ness Peter H. , Kasl Stanislav V. , Jones Beth A.
Published: May 2005

Objective:

The study investigated whether any of four measures of religiousness predicted longer survival for 145 African-American and 177 White women diagnosed with breast cancer in Connecticut between January 1987 and March 1989.

Method:

Multivariate Cox proportional hazards models included a religious predictor and sociodemographic, biomedical, treatment, behavioral, and medical care covariables.

Results:

The no denomination group had a hazard ratio (HR) of 4.39 (95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 1.42, 13.64). Other measures of religiousness did not yield statistically significant results but showed a consistent pattern of nonreligiousness being more strongly and negatively related to breast cancer survival in African Americans than in Whites.

Conclusions:

Exploratory models confirmed that lack of religiousness was associated in this sample with poor breast cancer survival among African American women.
Cooperative Project-Based Learning and Students' Learning Styles on Web Page Development
Authors: Chen Li-Ling
Published: May 2005

Project-based learning (PBL) theorists advocate that learning is promoted when students pursue individual interests, when they build on prior knowledge, and when they engage in hands-on and authentic activities. Although a great deal of literature exists describing ideals such as these, research studies examining implementation strategies such as cooperation for PBL in classrooms are scarce. Research studies investigating the relationship between cooperative strategies and students' learning styles, in particular the learning styles known as field dependency and field independency in the PBL environment, are even scarcer. The purpose of the study is to investigate the effects of cooperative PBL and students' field dependency/independency on developing Web pages. Research data was collected and analyzed via qualitative approaches including project evaluation, interviews, and classroom observation. Interesting results were found.
Consultation in Afghanistan: A Case Study
Authors: Simonds Scott K.
Published: May 2005

This case describes the experiences of one consultant working in Afghanistan, for ten weeks. The case is organized around the consultation cycle, and the problems for which consultation was requested. It raises important questions in terms of how consultants from one culture work in another; how multilateral agencies contract for consultant services — a process which usually prevents the consultant and consultee from interacting around the problems prior to the actual consultation; and how one consultation builds upon the previous consultations, albeit by different consultants. Implicit is the recognition of the need for special preparation in consultation for health educators and for working in cross-cultural contexts.
Benjamin Franklin's Contributions to the Development of Technical Communication
Authors: Gresham Stephen L.
Published: May 2005

Addressing the professional communicator, the technical writing teacher and the interested student, this article discusses Benjamin Franklin's major contributions to the development of technical communication.

While the article centers on Franklin's technical writing style as a model for today's technical communicator, it also outlines Franklin's philosophy of technical communication and his incisive views of the scientist's role in society.
The Very Idea of Conflict: Working with Image and Metaphor in Re-Visioning Conflict
Authors: Denton Diana
Published: May 2005

Grounded in phenomenological/hermeneutic perspectives, this study invites consideration of conflict through examination of images gathered in imagery exercises during conflict management training sessions. It explores how we might be released from our common constraining metaphors of conflict and how we might alternatively envision conflict. Images rather than definitions may act as keys to unlock the doors of our conceptual systems. As we trace our steps back to imaginal, reflective levels of experience we move from more abstract or theoretical ideologies and conventions to our own felt perceptions. In contemporary organizational contexts this re-visioning is vital so that we may embody images that facilitate a new range of movement and response.
Direct Evidence for the Importance of Small Animals to Prehistoric Diets: A Review of Coprolite Studies
Authors: Sobolik Kristin D.
Published: May 2005

Researchers tend to underestimate or ignore the importance of small animals to the prehistoric diet due to the difficulty of separating cultural from noncultural faunal debris excavated from sites. Human coprolite analyses (dessicated human feces) indicate prehistoric dietary consumption of small animals. The large number of coprolites analyzed from North America reveals direct ingestion of small animals and indicates that small animal remains from sites indeed reflect human dietary patterns. The coprolites reveal that reptiles, birds, bats, and a large variety of rodents were an important and prevalent component of the prehistoric diet.
Health Professionals' Interpersonal Skills and Patient Outcome Indices
Authors: Thompson Briony M.
Published: May 2005

This article examines the relationship between health professionals' interpersonal skills (e.g., active listening, information presentation, expression of warmth, and nonverbal behavior) and patient outcomes. Patient outcomes demonstrated to be related to interpersonal skills include level of post-operative pain, length of hospital stay, patient satisfaction and compliance. Patient compliance is one patient outcome of particular concern to the health care system, and it is argued that improvements in interpersonal skill, leading to increased patient satisfaction, should reduce noncompliance rates. Several studies attempting to reduce noncompliance rates in this way are reviewed, and the importance of training health professionals in interpersonal skills is stressed.
Illness Coping Strategies and Hypochondriacal Traits among Medical Inpatients
Authors: Jones L. Ralph , Mabe P. Alex , Riley William T.
Published: May 2005

The Illness Coping Strategies scale (ICS) is an 18-Likert-item scale developed to examine illness appraisal and coping by medical patients more comprehensively than instruments which screen for hypochondriacal traits in this population. This study has examined the association of hypochondriacal traits with illness coping strategies addressed by the ICS among 101 randomly selected inpatients drawn from a general medicine unit of a teaching general hospital. Despite the exclusion of patients with substance abuse or organic mental disorder, or referral for psychiatric consultations, hypochondriacal traits were prevalent in this inpatient sample. Five factor-derived subscales of the ICS (disease vigilance, limit activity, overresponsiveness, self-treatment and obsessive worry) were extracted, and internal consistency and test-retest reliabilities were determined. Multiple regression analysis on a composite measure of hypochondriasis revealed that the five ICS factor scales accounted for 26 percent of the variance. Patients with a high hypochondriacal index had associated high scores on symptom vigilance, limit activity and obsessive worry subscales, suggesting that these illness coping strategies may represent an important aspect of hypochondriacal illness presentation. The self-treatment subscale appeared to act as a suppressor variable, contributing to the prediction of the hypochondriacal index by extracting self treatment aspects from the other illness coping factors. Illness coping responses found to be associated with hypochondriacal traits in this study were rather passive strategies which promoted increased vigilance and concern about symptoms while providing few opportunities to reduce uncertainty regarding health status.
Design of a TV System to Bring Education to Small Groups at Place of Work
Authors: Budak Aram
Published: May 2005

This paper reports on the use of video technology for delivering engineering education to professionals at their place of work. Regular graduate level engineering courses are available to engineers off the campus of Colorado State University. One measure of the success of this continuing education program is its growth from four courses offered in 1967 to twenty-four courses offered in 1974. This cost/effective program can serve as a model for other universities who have a need to deliver continuing education to students who do not have easy access to regular university courses and degree programs.
California Women and Their Dreams: A Historical and Sub-Cultural Comparison of Dream Content
Authors: Tonay Veronica K.
Published: May 2005

This study investigates the influence of sub-cultural membership on women's dream content, and time trends in dreaming over the past forty years. Dream series anonymously collected from 100 women attending the University of California, Berkeley, were scored for characters, emotions, setting, aggression, friendliness and sexuality. Each subject voluntarily reported five consecutive dreams on standardized forms. A demographic questionnaire administered to subjects and non-subjects found no differences. Randomized dream reports were scored twice by two independent raters. The current sample reported more emotions, more aggression, and more victimization by females than the normative, 1950 sample. Asian-American content was compared with non-Asian-American content and the 1950 data. Asian-American women reported similar aggressive patterns to those of the 1950 sample, and more unfamiliar settings than non-Asian-Americans. An integrative explanation of the results is presented, and suggestions for future dream content research are made.
The Thoughts of Elderly Women Living Alone: Relationships with Mood and Activity
Authors: Hnatiuk Sarah H.
Published: May 2005

Using experience sampling, twenty-three women between seventy-one and eighty-seven years old kept records for a week of their thoughts, associated activities, and moods. Seventy-one percent of thoughts were present-oriented, 93 percent were rated as pleasant or affectively neutral in tone, and the focus of attention was most frequently the women's own current activities (44%) or other people (32%). The women found it very interesting to think about people, the past, and what they were or had been reading. The most pleasant thoughts and the most positive moods were associated with thinking about conversations and the women's current activities. However, broader consideration of practical concerns was often a boring, frustrating, and anxious experience. The most negative moods accompanied thoughts about themselves and about television programs.
Psychopathology in the Pediatric Hospital: Implications for the Pediatrician
Authors: Stocking Myron , Rothney William , Grosser George , Goodwin Rhoda
Published: May 2005

A study of the incidence and range of psychopathology in a random sample of admissions to a pediatric hospital revealed: (a) an unexpectedly high incidence of children manifesting psychopathology or difficulties in emotional adaptation considered by the child psychiatrist to warrant psychiatric consultation (63.7 percent); (b) the pediatric staff requested consultation on nine of fifty-one of these children (17.6 percent) considered to manifest difficulties in emotional adaptation.

Factors including the acuteness of medical illness, its treatability, the age of the child, and the nature of the emotional disorder were found to be related to the pediatrician's failure to recognize the need for consultation.

The usefulness of random screening procedures is considered as a teaching device to alert pediatricians to the existence of psychopathology which they otherwise might not recognize.
Operating for the Aging Face
Authors: Goldwyn Robert M.
Published: May 2005

Observations are made about the type of patient who seeks rhytidoplasty (“face-lift”). The surgeon evaluating an individual for this operation may do considerable good or harm depending upon his understanding of the patient's complaints and expectations. In some cases, surgery is contraindicated; in the selection process the surgeon needs to determine the patient's motivation and be willing to reject a candidate or postpone the operation when psychological factors so indicate. The special emotional components involved in the decision to undergo cosmetic surgery and in the hospitalization and postoperative periods are emphasized. Several patient types considered unsuitable candidates for this operation are discussed in detail.
Problem Solving and Report Writing for Second Language Engineering Students
Authors: Kotecha Piyushi
Published: May 2005

This article describes a report writing unit with a three-year language/communication course for second language engineering students at the University of the Witwatersrand in South Africa. In this writing unit the students faced tasks designed to challenge them linguistically and cognitively within their technical disciplines. The tasks motivated the students to develop their report writing and oral skills.
The Pharmaceutical Industry: A Study in Corporate Power
Authors: Murray Martin J.
Published: May 2005

Most studies of the pharmaceutical industry have focused on such issues as restrictive patent regulation, ineffective products, duplicative marketing procedures, misrepresentative advertising, and the peculiar noncompetitive structure of markets. These investigations have revealed only certain aspects of the structure of the pharmaceutical industry. Three significant trends are investigated in this paper: international expansion, diversification through mergers and acquisitions, and interlocking directorates with financial institutions. The thesis of this paper is that small-scale drug manufacturing firms have been gradually replaced by large-scale multinational conglomerates. Production and sales are no longer dependent on pharmaceutical products. In the typical case, large-scale pharmaceutical-producing firms have been increasingly linked to financial institutions through interlocking directorates.
Identifying the Outcomes of Prevention: Results of a Longitudinal Study in a Small City School District
Authors: Carlson Katherine A.
Published: May 2005

This article reports on the results of three successive surveys of fifth through twelfth grade students conducted over a five year period, 1986 through 1991. During the time covered by the surveys, these adolescents were exposed to an eclectic variety of both school and community-based prevention and intervention programs. The surveys indicate that younger students have increasingly delayed their entry into use of alcohol and other drugs; older students also show some declines in use, comparable to those reported nationally, but heavy, regular use of both marijuana and alcohol persists as well among a substantial minority. The article concludes with consideration of the perceived effectiveness of the community's prevention efforts, the justifications for these judgments, and the implications of these for further programming efforts.
Adaptation as Meaning Construction: A Cultural Analysis of Spousal Death in Taiwanese Women
Authors: Hsu Min-Tao , Kahn David L.
Published: May 2005

Using 35 Taiwanese widows as examples, the author argues that interpretations of adaptation to spousal death must be made within a cultural context. The process of adaptation associated with spousal death is analyzed in light of data collected from personal interviews, support group discussions, diary entries, and self-narratives. Results indicate that Taiwanese widows incorporate several dynamic processes into their meaning constructions and gradual modification of personal selves. These include questioning, reconstructing the past, comparison, adopting new meaning, and getting used to it. The authors describe how adaptation for Taiwanese widows differs significantly from Western models.
Population Planning in Egypt: An Attempt at Conceptualization
Authors: Bindary Aziz
Published: May 2005

Population in developing countries is generally considered a problem because of the adverse effect population growth has on the welfare of the masses. If a developing country is to improve its standard of living, the sudden decrease in death rate resulting from socioeconomic development has to be offset by a proportional decrease in fertility rate. This can be realized only if the population plan is inscribed in and implemented through a total economic plan. Therefore, family planning crash programs, which are started in some countries as a health oriented activity and are supported by advertising campaigns, meet ultimately with limited success. Presently the Egyptian population can be divided into three categories: (a) a rural community inclined to high fertility; (b) an urban community conditioned to low fertility norms; and (c) a transitional society which is ready to but has not yet adopted a small family norm. The economic plan should gear itself toward increasing the size of the last two categories by creating new social and economic situations which conflict with traditional behavior favoring high fertility. The role of population planning in this case will be limited to speeding up this transition.
Teaching Technical Writing through Student Peer-Evaluation
Authors: Jensen Wayne , Fischer Bruce
Published: May 2005

Individual students in two different sections of an undergraduate civil engineering laboratory were tasked with preparing three professional-quality laboratory reports. The teaching assistant and/or instructor used established criteria to grade the first two reports prepared by students in one section. The first two reports prepared by students in the other section were peer evaluated by assigned fellow students within the same laboratory section using identical grading criteria. The peer evaluated section had a higher class average than the teaching assistant/instructor graded section on the fist two reports. The third report prepared by students from both sections was graded by a professional educator/architect without knowledge of a student's class section. The peer evaluation students also had a higher class average on the third report, suggesting that the peer evaluation process may have positively contributed to those students' writing skills.
The Role of Ritual in Children's Bereavement
Authors: Fristad Mary A. , Cerel Julie , Goldman Maria , Weller Elizabeth B. , Weller Ronald A.
Published: May 2005

Three hundred and eighteen parent-bereaved children aged 5–17 recruited from the community and their surviving parents were interviewed at 1, 6, 13, and 25 months post-parental death about their participation in funeral related rituals and subsequent adjustment following the death. Nearly all the children attended their parent's visitation, funeral, and burial. Children from families who did not have such rituals fare less well over time. Children who reported internalizing or externalizing behavior at rituals were more likely to experience some increased problems in the first two years post-death. Children who were withdrawn or quiet during the rituals had fewer subsequent problems than children who acted out during these rituals. Visitation attendance was associated with better outcome one and two years later. The symbolism of rituals (e.g., playing a favorite song) often brings comfort to child survivors. Cremation does not appear to have any negative effect on children's outcome.
Men and Women Aging Differently
Authors: Barer Barbara M.
Published: May 2005

Gender differences in health, socioeconomic status, and social resources persist into advanced old age and result in variations in life trajectories and responses to the challenges of longevity. The implications of these differences are examined in a sample of 150 community-dwelling white men and women. The majority are women, a high proportion of whom are unmarried, living alone, functionally impaired, and have reduced financial resources. Men, in contrast, have fewer decrements, they are more independent, and they exercise more control over their environment. However, their well-being may be undermined by some unanticipated events such as widowhood, caregiving, and relocation. Case examples illustrate how the timing of life course events differs among men and women and results in differences in the problems they face in late-late life.
Impending Proliferation of Asbestos
Authors: Castleman Barry I. , Vera Manuel J. Vera
Published: May 2005

The international asbestos industry is under considerable pressure in some countries to control dust exposures in the workplace and restrict pollution. In addition, major firms in the United States face mounting compensation costs for past failures to protect asbestos workers. At the same time, however, the asbestos industry is expanding in developing nations, largely on the strength of sales of asbestos-cement construction materials.

This report describes problems encountered with the use of asbestos-cement in schools and low-income housing in Puerto Rico, resulting in the condemnation of these buildings and the relocation of over 1,000 families at public expense. The manufacturer of the asbestos-cement panels, a Colombian affiliate of the European-based multinational Eternit, escaped all liability.

The issue is presented as a needless, expanding threat to public health worldwide. Safe, economic alternatives exist, such as the use in some cases of crop waste fibers in place of asbestos as a cement binder. There have also been major advances in the commercialization of asbestos-free brake and clutch friction products.
Aging and the Market in the United States
Authors: Frank Ellen
Published: May 2005

Current Social Security reform proposals in the United States presume that, as long as the cash income of future retirees is secure, private businesses will take care of producing just the goods and services an aging population requires. However, the performance of private nursing homes, assisted-living complexes, pharmaceuticals, health, insurance, and transportation services for the elderly raises serious questions about the ability of markets to cater to the needs of a vulnerable population. Industries that specialize in goods and services for the old face repeated accusations of fraud, overcharging, poor service, and deceptive practices. The article reports on research on the performance of a number of industries that serve the aged. A careful look at these markets should caution us against relying too heavily on private markets to serve an aging population. The surplus funds flowing into Social Security might be better employed financing the kinds of public services for the elderly that private markets have so far failed to deliver.