bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reducing African American Inequalities, 1945–1969
Authors: Kriesberg Louis
Published: December 2022

This chapter begins the discussion of status inequality, focusing on one of two major subdimensions of status: ethnicity and gender. Status ranking depends upon societal evaluations of individuals and categories of people in terms of the honor, respect, or esteem accorded them. This and the next chapter focus on African Americans, particularly in relationship with Whites. In conventional American speech, they are usually referred to as “races,” which is problematic, as is examined in this chapter. In the period analyzed, significant progress toward more equality for African Americans was made in the southern states. African Americans, with some White allies, waged well-calculated constructive conflicts, relying on nonviolent direct action in conjunction with persuasive appeals and the promise of mutual gains. The White supremacists’ reliance on violent suppression turned out to be self-defeating for their cause. The federal government joined in the struggle to advance freedom and justice for all.
Changing Political Power Equality, 1765–2022
Authors: Kriesberg Louis
Published: December 2022

First, it discusses the concept of power and forms of political power in their historical context, recognizing the importance of considerable political power equality in US values. It discusses changes in political power with changes in class and status inequalities and examines important changes in the international context. Several major conflicts, waged in decreasingly constructive ways in the 1960s, impaired political party cooperation (e.g., McCarthyism). Anti-Vietnam War and student movements arise Newt Gingrich intensifies partisanship. Donald Trump wins Republican nomination and surprisingly defeats Hilary Clinton. Trust in government declines.
Issues in Recent Conflicts about Changing Power Inequalities
Authors: Kriesberg Louis
Published: December 2022

This chapter notes how some badly waged fights contributed to changes that further deteriorated ways of fighting. Too often fights entailed violence. This was true in the early years of workers’ efforts to organize unions. It was persistent in varying degrees in the suppression of African Americans’ struggle for more equality. In this chapter, three notorious instances of police/FBI use of violence are analyzed: The bombing of MOVE in Philadelphia, the shooting at Ruby Ridge, and the burning of the Branch Davidians compound in Waco. The continuation and recurrence of various right-wing militia groups and governmental and nongovernmental efforts to counter them are also examined in this chapter. Finally, the chapter examines links between right-wing militia groups and Donald Trump.
Recovering and Advancing Equality in the Future
Authors: Kriesberg Louis
Published: December 2022

This concluding chapter is based on the evidence developed in the previous nine chapters and on the circumstances in early 2022. It envisions many ways Americans can improve their union and reduce excessive inequalities in class, status, and power. The ways vary in their likelihood of being actualized in future years, but they are all amenable to be fought for constructively and for some progress to be made. For example, the damages of extreme class inequality were made more evident by the COVID-19 pandemic. But in many ways the national government acted to protect lower-income families. Longer-term structural changes by which workers would have enhanced roles to increase their share of the earnings from their labor are discussed. Gains in status for African Americans, women, and people with other collective identities generated backlashes that can be countered constructively. The struggle over political power is particularly important and yet is amenable to contending constructively.
Stop & Frisk and the Politics of Crime in Chicago
Authors: Skogan Wesley G.
Published: December 2022

This book examines the role of stop & frisk as one of America’s predominant crime control strategies. Historically, policing focused on responding quickly to reports of crime. Beginning in the mid-1990s, American policing moved toward proactive strategies, hoping to deter crime from occurring in the first place. In theory, stop & frisk promotes deterrence in two ways: by increasing an offender’s risk of being caught and punished, and by discouraging the general public from considering offending in the first place. In law, stop & frisk was validated by the Supreme Court as a reasonable compromise between limiting the personal freedoms of Americans and recognizing the risks presented by an increasingly armed and crime-ridden society. Officers could frisk an individual for a weapon even without the traditional requirement of probable cause. This book investigates stop & frisk in actual practice. It examines its origins as Chicago’s predominant strategy for responding to violent crime. The story includes the political agendas of two mayors and four chiefs of police. Further chapters examined how stop & frisk played itself out on the streets of Chicago, and its impact on public opinion. The book also examines the views of police officers who did the work of stop & frisk, and an analysis of its impact on murders and shootings. A final chapter considers alternatives to stop & frisk as it was practiced in Chicago.
Stop & Frisk as an Organizational Strategy
Authors: Skogan Wesley G.
Published: December 2022

Chapter 3 charts the rise of stop & frisk as a key organizational strategy of the Chicago Police Department for dealing with violent crime. The review begins with leadership, as the city’s recent Superintendents of Police have varied in their enthusiasm for stops. Because Chicago’s police leaders serve at the pleasure of the mayor, they also need their mayors to trust what they are doing. Political and leadership factors driving stop & frisk have varied by administration. Important for both the chiefs and the mayors have been the twin pressures of media attention to crime and their standing in the political environment. This chapter describes how these dynamics worked during the reign of two mayors and four chiefs of police. It examines how police executives translated the strategic and operational priorities they set into actual practice in the field. There is an analysis of how effective management was in focusing stop & frisk in the highest crime areas and some of the consequences of this focus for the city’s African American residents. They were the hardest hit by stop & frisk, but also by a longer list of sometimes confrontational but always punitive police interventions into community life. Home by the mid-2010s to 780,000 people, the city’s predominately African American neighborhoods were the target of more than two million police-initiated encounters during 2013–2015 alone. Proactive policing was a daily feature of their lives.
Assessing Stop & Frisk
Authors: Skogan Wesley G.
Published: December 2022

Chapter 8 asks “Is stop & frisk anything new?” Noting that police have always made stops, it places stop & frisk in the context of other policing crackdowns in Chicago’s modern history and concludes that it was indeed something new. The chapter summarizes what we learned regarding the efficiency, effectiveness, and equity of stop & frisk as an organizational strategy. It concludes that stop & frisk was quite inefficient, of unimpressive effectiveness, and raised serious equity issues. A toxic mix of both under-policing and over-policing was occurring at the same time. There is a discussion of options for improving stops, including statistical optimization, pushing procedural justice harder within the organization, and relying on body worn cameras to change police and public behavior. The chapter concludes with what should be a continuing conversation about the comparative merits of alternative strategies for preventing crime that compete with stop & frisk on these evaluative dimensions while still addressing the realities of crime on the ground.
The Myth of Left and Right
Authors: Lewis Verlan , Lewis Hyrum
Published: December 2022

The left-right political spectrum is the dominant paradigm of contemporary American politics, but it promotes the confusion and hostility that characterize our current public discourse. Not only is a unidimensional spectrum inadequate to model the many, unrelated political issues under debate today, but the meanings of left and right are also constantly changing. Instead of acknowledging this, most politically engaged Americans insist that there is an essence—a philosophy, worldview, or temperament—that binds together the many positions of each side. In reality, the tie is not essential, but social: the ideas, issues, people, and institutions considered “left wing” or “right wing” are bound only by tribe. This book explains how the political spectrum emerged and took hold in the interwar years, when it modeled only the size of government, and how new social and foreign policy issues have arisen to complicate the political landscape and render the unidimensional model obsolete. Unfortunately, tribalism has trumped reason and our smartest political thinkers have turned to spinning stories to convince themselves that they hold the many positions they do for philosophical rather than social reasons. This illusion is causing tremendous damage as it elevates the temperature of debate, confuses us about what others actually believe, and creates false guilt by association. The path forward to improve political discourse is to jettison the essentialist illusions and take the same granular approach to politics that we take in most other realms of life.
Introduction
Authors: Lewis Hyrum , Lewis Verlan
Published: December 2022

The myth of left and right is the false belief that a principle underlies the political spectrum. While it is undeniable that many Americans hold their political views in packages that we call ideologies—those who support abortion rights, for instance, are also more likely to support income tax increases, pacifism, and affirmative action—the question is “why?” Two theories propose an answer. The essentialist theory says that it’s because all positions considered left or right wing share an underlying philosophy or worldview, while the social theory says that it’s because people conform to political tribes. Evidence from the laboratory, survey data, and history all show that the social theory is the better explanation. While the essentialist theory dominates our political culture, and explains the ubiquity of the political spectrum in public discourse, it has been soundly falsified.
The Myth of Left and Right
Authors: Lewis Hyrum , Lewis Verlan
Published: December 2022

The myth of left and right is the false belief that a principle underlies the political spectrum. While it is undeniable that many Americans hold their political views in packages that we call ideologies—those who support abortion rights, for instance, are also more likely to support income tax increases, pacifism, and affirmative action—the question is “why?” Two theories propose an answer. The essentialist theory says that it’s because all positions considered left- or right-wing share an underlying philosophy or worldview, while the social theory says that it’s because people conform to political tribes. Evidence from the laboratory, survey data, and history all show that the social theory is the better explanation. While the essentialist theory dominates our political culture, and explains the ubiquity of the political spectrum in public discourse, it has been soundly falsified.
The Development of Left and Right
Authors: Lewis Hyrum , Lewis Verlan
Published: December 2022

In the postwar era, new issues arose to complicate American political discourse and this rendered the political spectrum obsolete. The addition of these new dimensions led directly to the myth of left and right that has been the source of so much confusion and hostility in contemporary public life. From 1950 to 1980, conservatism evolved beyond a simple hostility to government intervention, and began advocating more government in social and foreign policy. Since politics was no longer about more versus less government—it depended on the issue—the political spectrum had become obsolete. The political reality had outgrown the political framework, and yet ideologues wouldn’t face up to this reality: in order to fall in line with everything their party believed while appearing principled, ideologues of left and right began to create ad hoc narratives to save the political spectrum from obsolescence.
The Persistence of Left and Right
Authors: Lewis Hyrum , Lewis Verlan
Published: December 2022

Ideological thinking endures for three primary reasons. First, it satisfies our desire for simplicity. A model which says that all politics is about just one big issue is tidy and elegant. It is a psychological shortcut that people use to reduce uncertainty and avoid complex thinking. Second, it satisfies our need to disguise our tribalism. Partisanship and conformity are ignoble reasons to hold the political positions we do, so we invent ideological stories to convince ourselves that there is philosophical consistency behind the political views we have adopted for tribal reasons. Third, it furthers the institutional incentives of our two parties. Politics is the pursuit of power, and the parties themselves, in order to achieve power, manipulate the essentialist tendency among their constituents to keep them loyal even as the party’s ideas, attitudes, values, and issue positions evolve.
Conclusion
Authors: Lewis Hyrum , Lewis Verlan
Published: December 2022

Abandoning ideological essentialism is necessary for progress in politics just as abandoning geocentrism was necessary for progress in astronomy. The choice before us is a stark one: we can either continue to be socially divided into warring political tribes based on the myth that we are fighting about fundamental worldviews, or we can discard the essentialist fiction and begin the constructive work of coming up with political solutions independent of the ideological framework. There is much talk these days about being on the “right side of history,” but if our descendants have made any progress in political thinking, they will have moved well beyond ideological essentialism. It will look as bizarre, simplistic, antiquated, and risible to them as the geocentric theory looks to us today.
The Necessity of Both a Social and a Judicial Reckoning on Race
Authors: Bollinger Lee C. , Stone Geoffrey R.
Published: December 2022

The chapter argues that affirmative action remains worthy of defense and protection because, for millions of Black Americans, the dream of equal social, economic, and educational opportunity remains a dream deferred. That Black Americans and other racial minorities now occupy senior chairs in many of our most prestigious and influential institutions is not an argument to end such policies, especially in the realm of education. Quite the opposite. Instead, leaders in higher education must advocate—robustly and publicly—in defense of affirmative action in the interest of civic equality. The chapter shows that the “diversity” rationale that has informed discussions and thinking about affirmative action since Justice Powell’s opinion in Bakke is not without validity. But it should not divert attention away from the core reason for these policies: the necessity of coming to terms with a history of invidious discrimination—one uniquely affecting Black Americans (and then extending to other historically disadvantaged groups).
Exporting the UK Policing Brand 1989-2021
Authors: Sinclair Georgina
Published: December 2022

UK policing has a vivid and long-lived international history that has ensured it brand resilience since the nineteenth century. What has helped the UK police to succeed internationally and how has the brand adapted to the new post-Cold War era of interventions? This book charts the history of UK international policing; an outward and inward flow of police personnel, skill, and knowledge which became integral to the historic journey of the UK police brand; a complex and dynamic overlapping of styles and activities nested within two broad models—English/civil and Irish/semi-military. Over time, UK policing has acquired a veritable brand value through the global commercialization and commodification of its policing activities in support of British soft power. Since 1989, the growth in international development and a period of post-Cold War interventions brought international policing into sharper focus—this book provides wide-ranging case studies including the Western Balkans, Iraq, Afghanistan, Sierra Leone, East Timor, and Libya to examine through the use of an extensive collection of police oral histories. Since the 1990s, international policing has become one of the key pillars within international security and development spaces generating the rise in a corporate security industry where demand for UK police retirees grew exponentially. The UK police brand has continued to reshape through the twenty-first century within a post-Brexit Global Britain, as Scotland and Northern Ireland drive forward their own international agendas, and policing and defence engagement enters a period of uncertainty.
From Peacekeeping to Statebuilding
Authors: Sinclair Georgina
Published: December 2022

The 1990s saw a wave of peacekeeping policing which is explored in this chapter through UK international policing case studies. The examples are drawn from Bosnia-Herzegovina and Kosovo exploring the deployment of Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC)/Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI), and Ministry of Defence (MDP) police cohorts and, demonstrating the need for securitized approaches to peacekeeping, armed capability, and executive authority policing and a police-military co-operation. The chapter outlines the growing international capability of the RUC (later the PSNI) and the MDP within post-conflict scenarios, where the semi-military facets of the UK policing brand were of greatest value internationally. It provides a case study of the deployment of UK police to East Timor and the challenges faced by ‘civil’ police within hostile environments, as well as the requests for civil/English approaches to bilateral police reform and state building programmes in Sierra Leone, demonstrating the historical continuity of a ‘pick-and-mix approach’ within the UK policing brand.
Promoting the UK Policing Brand
Authors: Sinclair Georgina
Published: December 2022

This chapter considers attempts by UK policing to further professionalize international policing through the standardization of policy and to develop a government-owned international policing strategy. It examines delivery and oversight mechanisms including the role of the International Policing Assistance Board (IPAB), the provision of training to overseas officers and the role of the National Policing Improvement Agency and its successor the College of Policing. From 2010 to 2020, international policing (UK) underwent several rebranding exercises including the creation of the Association of Chief Police Officers International Affairs (ACPO IA) and the Joint International Policing Hub (JIPH). During this time the numbers of serving UK officers deployed internationally substantially decreased; a case study of the last UK United Nations deployment at scale to South Sudan is discussed. Recent government restructuring— the JIPH being moved to the Home Office in 2020—has led to a greater emphasis on blended approaches to international policing assistance combining the deployment of both serving and retired officers with a growing emphasis on bilateral programmes. However, the UK has maintained a crisis policing response through the International Policing Response Cadre where serving UK police provide assistance alongside the military in times of national and international crises.
‘Global Britain’ and the Future of International Policing Assistance
Authors: Sinclair Georgina
Published: December 2022

This chapter turns to the future of international policing and assesses the challenges faced by UK policing, nationally and internationally, following the UK’s departure from the EU, a period of continuing austerity and rising public security threats and a global health crisis. These factors have implications for the UK’s international development, foreign and security agendas moving forward. International policing assistance through the state sector will remain limited for the foreseeable future and particularly within multilateral missions, although greater integration with defence engagement may bring opportunities and newer forms of blended state–corporate assistance. UK police retirees and the corporate sector will continue to provide the bulk of international policing and as such may become the main guardians of the UK policing brand.
Concluding Observations
Authors: Sinclair Georgina
Published: December 2022

Post 1989, the UK policing brand reinvigorated through an era of interventions and the need to select elements of the UK’s multifaceted brand, founded on a cross-fertilization of the civil/English and semi-military/Irish policing model. The international policing goldrush that occurred in the Western Balkans, Iraq, and Afghanistan has passed. UK policing faces uncertainty through the political and economic challenges brought about the UK’s withdrawal from the EU and a global health crisis. Moreover, the twenty first century UK policing brand has fragmented in terms of its international delivery with the advent of PSNI and Police Scotland with their own international policing agendas. In England and Wales, the forty-three constabularies have continued to engage directly with the overseas market despite a UK policing drive to centralize international policing demand. While the appetite for international missions and deployment of serving officers has waned, the corporate security industry (including police contractors) has flourished and has reinforced the UK police brand value. There are tensions, however, between the risks and rewards for UK government and police as the corporate sector has assumed a greater importance. This has become more relevant with the launch of the Global Britain initiative.
Towards a Reconstruction of Ostracism in Athens
Authors: Węcowski Marek
Published: December 2022

Chapter Two studies the history of ostracism in Athens, and in particular the much-debated issue of historicity and of absolute chronology of particular ostracisms (including the last effective use of ostracism in Athens—exiling Hyperbolus in ca. 416 bc). To this end, it preliminarily discusses the historical utility of the extant Athenian ostraka, possible sources of the list of ostracisms consulted by the Constitution of Athens ascribed to Aristotle, and ponders the question of potential historical ostracisms never mentioned in our extant sources. In conclusion, it is argued that the number of the historical ostrakophoriai, or final votes of ostracism, did not exceed those recorded in ancient literature (12–14 in total). Meanwhile, two features of ostracism requiring thorough investigation are the striking rareness of the historical cases of ostracism and the chronological discrepancy between the date of the introduction of the law of ostracism by Cleisthenes (most probably in 508/507 bc), and its first effective use 20 years later.
Environmentally sustainable plant aquaculture
Authors: Kültz Dietmar
Published: December 2022

Plant aquaculture contributes >96% of all wild and cultivated aquatic plants and represents a rapidly expanding branch of aquaculture. Aquaculture of marine seaweeds is most common, contributing to over a quarter (in wet weight) of all aquaculture products but accounting for <1% of resale value. Seaweeds (macroalgae) are primarily produced as seafood marketed in dried form. They have high protein content and contain poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), vitamins, and other nutraceuticals. Non-seafood uses of seaweed as emulsifiers, pharmaceuticals, animal feeds, cosmetics, and biofuel add to its versatility. Seaweed is produced by extensive and semi-intensive methods, the latter utilizing fertilizer. Intensive production of microscopic life cycle stages in hatcheries and of all life cycle stages in greenhouses is also becoming more common. The most common seaweed grow-out methods are line and net cultures. Aquatic freshwater macrophytes are cultivated for human consumption (e.g. watercress) and produced for bioremediation, soil conditioning, habitat restoration, and as ornamental species. Microalgae provide many of the same benefits as seaweed and freshwater macrophytes when used for human consumption (as nutraceuticals). They are marketed primarily in dried form. Microalgae are also cultured to produce pigments, pharmaceuticals, and other bioactive compounds, biofuel, and for bioremediation purposes. Plant aquaculture represents an ecologically highly sustainable form of aquaculture but a shift from extensive and semi-intensive to more intensive culture methods would further increase its ecological sustainability by more efficient use and containment of fertilizer and by reducing spatial footprint and invasiveness.
Understanding sexual violence
Authors: Keenan Marie , Zinsstag Estelle
Published: December 2022

The first chapter of this book focuses on sexual violence and positions an understanding of sexual violence at the heart of our work on restorative justice. The chapter provides an overview of prevalence, definitions, and key dimensions of sexual violence. While adult males are the main perpetrators and adult females and children the main victims, this chapter also considers sexual violence against males, and sexual violence perpetrated by juveniles, females, and in times of war. It examines the impact of sexual victimisation on children and adults. It addresses the role of ‘rape myths’ as part of the social context for sexual violence. It also considers the resilience that mediates many of the worst impacts of sexual crime for some survivors. The chapter examines the literature on perpetrators of sexual violence including adult male, adolescent, and female perpetrators. Several explanatory theories for sexual violence, including feminist, psychological, and biological theories are also offered.
Sexual violence, criminal legal frameworks, and the need for reform
Authors: Keenan Marie , Zinsstag Estelle
Published: December 2022

This chapter focuses on criminal legal frameworks as they relate to victims’ rights generally, cases of sexual violence specifically, and to the rights of accused persons. It examines the underlying assumptions and beliefs of victims of sexual violence in their decision to report or not to the criminal judicial authorities. It elaborates legal reforms in criminal justice systems designed to engender more victim-focused and victim-friendly proceedings. It examines the limits to legal reform. The chapter offers a broad international perspective on criminal justice, recognising the challenges that international comparative work in such a complex field of law poses. Despite the limitations, the chapter indicates trends and advances in thinking and practice across several jurisdictions. The chapter raises the question as to whether new paths, including restorative justice, should be developed to address the needs and interests of victims of sexual violence within a broader conceptualisation of a restorative criminal justice system.
International policy drivers and contexts
Authors: Keenan Marie , Zinsstag Estelle
Published: December 2022

An examination of recent international policy developments and instruments are pertinent to any discussion of sexual violence and restorative justice. This chapter examines these developments. The European Union (EU) 2012 Victims Directive on victims’ rights, supports and protections as it pertains to restorative justice anchors the chapter. It then examines the Council of Europe Convention (The Istanbul Convention) (2011), on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence, which was established to protect women against all forms of violence, and prevent, prosecute, and eliminate violence against women. The Istanbul Convention is often invoked as a barrier to restorative justice in response to sexual and gender based violent crime. The Council of Europe Recommendation CM/Rec (2018)8 concerning restorative justice in criminal matters, the Milquet Report (2019) on compensation for victims, the European Strategy on Victims’ Rights 2020–2025 and UN developments on restorative justice are also analysed in this chapter. These instruments shed light on the international ‘mind’.
Restorative justice practice after sexual violence
Authors: Keenan Marie , Zinsstag Estelle
Published: December 2022

This chapter is a review of the main empirical literature available concerning the central topics of the book sexual violence and restorative justice. The literature spans over thirty years but the most recent is discussed at length. The topics covered include the aims, values, and principles of such a practice, but also explores the complicated relationship with the criminal justice/legal system. It evaluates the methodologies which are the most adequate for such sensitive and complex cases in our peaceful societies but also transitional justice tools for sexual violence that has been committed during conflicts or during unsettled times. The chapter also explores the different stages of such practices and looks at the eligibility, suitability criteria, and risk assessments needed for such practices as well as time limits and procedural safeguards and monitoring. The chapter ends by reviewing the literature on outcomes for victims, offenders, and the communities of care.
Restorative justice after sexual violence
Authors: Keenan Marie , Zinsstag Estelle
Published: December 2022

This chapter presents the results of a self-administered web-based questionnaire which was completed by practitioners engaged in restorative justice in sexual violence cases across the globe. Having cleaned the data to avoid duplication the number of questionnaires analysed was seventy-four. Survey respondents were geographically dispersed and included respondents in Europe, North and South America, Oceania, Asia, and Africa. The survey aimed to establish as comprehensive a picture as possible of existing worldwide practice, policies and outcomes. Findings indicate that fully restorative justice programmes and quasi restorative practices in sexual violence cases are taking place under and above the radar for many years in many jurisdictions across the globe. The depth and detail of such work is presented in this chapter.
Training and guidelines for restorative justice practice after sexual violence
Authors: Keenan Marie , Zinsstag Estelle
Published: December 2022

This chapter focuses on training, guidelines, and best practice for doing restorative justice work in cases of sexual violence. The chapter offers a general overview of existing training for restorative justice practitioners and goes on to make the case for specific specialist training for restorative justice practitioners who wish to practice in the area of sexual violence. The chapter offers important guidelines for best practice in facilitating sexual violence cases. It re-examines the key principles and philosophies underpinning this work. The guidelines for best practice are elaborated in depth and detail in an easy-to-follow guide for practitioners with a vast range of questions and issues comprehensively addressed.
Conclusion
Authors: Keenan Marie , Zinsstag Estelle
Published: December 2022

A number of important issues emerged during this research which are addressed in this chapter. The main findings from the empirical research are integrated with the theoretical literature advancing the theory of restorative justice for sexual violence. The feminist critique is re-examined to develop a theory of feminist restorative justice. The definitions and principles of restorative justice are also examined in light of the empirical data and drawing on the work of Walgrave (2008, 2020) the chapter proposes a maximalist consequentialist theory of restorative justice for sexual violence which is elaborated. Finally, a restorative justice framework for social and moral repair following the violations caused by sexual violence is developed. The chapter concludes by arguing for a reformed restorative criminal justice system.
Random Process Analysis With R
Authors: Bittelli Marco , Olmi Roberto , Rosa Rodolfo
Published: December 2022

The book targets professionals and graduate students in physics, chemistry, biology, computer science, information theory, economics, environmental science and others, as an introduction to Random Processes Analysis (RPA) using R computer language. It seeks to put RPA within the operational reach of the projected audience, and provides readers with hands-on practical experience in applying RPA with simple numerical examples and applications taken from the targeted disciplines. The book is organized around a practical framework for soundly applying RPA in empirical work. First, consistent with modern trends in university instruction, the book make readers active learners. Second, the book provides readers with an explicit framework—condensed from sound empirical practices recommended in the literature—that details a step-by-step procedure for applying RPA in real-world data application of RPA concepts. Therefore, this book is intended to present concepts, theory and computer code written in R, that helps readers with limited initial knowledge of RPA to become operational with the material. Each subject is described and problems are implemented in the R code, with real data collected in experiments performed by the authors or taken from the literature. Various subjects are described such as a Poisson processes, Markov chains, Random walk, Spectrum Analysis, Montecarlo, Bayesian inference, Genetic Algorithms and Spatial Analysis. The book ends with a Chapter addressing randomness from a mathematical and philosophical standpoint.
Ripples of Empire
Authors: Meijer Hugo
Published: December 2022

Whereas the United Kingdom had possessed the largest European colonial empire in Asia, spanning from India to South East Asia and from China to the South Pacific, decolonization fundamentally curtailed its presence in the region. London’s regional footprint became smaller than that of post-colonial France but larger than that of Germany. This, in turn, shaped the relative breadth of its strategic and economic interests and the course of its foreign and security policy in the region. This chapter shows that Beijing’s growing assertiveness in the 2010s—and British policymakers’ perceptions of it—led the United Kingdom to strategically re-engage the East of Suez. In particular, growing regional economic interests and, crucially, rising threat perceptions of China caused the hardening of the United Kingdom’s policy goals and, in turn, a strengthening of the policy instruments leveraged to achieve such goals in the region. To substantiate this argument, the first two sections analyse the evolution of London’s economic interests in the region and of British policymakers’ threat assessment of China as central drivers of the United Kingdom’s foreign and security policy in the Asia-Pacific. The subsequent two sections show how rising economic interests and, decisively, a heightened threat assessment of China caused London to revise its policy goals and the resulting policy instruments, driving it to bolster its political-military engagement in the Asia-Pacific in the 2010s. It also considers the impact of Brexit on UK-European diplomatic and security cooperation in the Asia-Pacific.
Objectivity
Authors: Cartwright Nancy , Hardie Jeremy , Montuschi Eleonora , Soleiman Matthew , Thresher Ann C.
Published: December 2022

hWhat is objectivity and how does it serve science? We answer this by addressing the related question, ‘What do you expect of science or scientists when you enjoin them to be objective?’. Our answer: they should find out what is to be achieved and what methods will succeed in achieving it. The emphasis on finding ups the ante. But these demands are not above and beyond the call of the duty to be objective. What science produces affects human lives and welfare. Part of what earns it the honorific ‘objective’ is that science tends to get it right, and getting it right requires that the right methods are adopted to ensure that a scientific product will serve the aims it should reasonably be expected of it. We argue that without the right kind of tangle in the background that these two demands will be difficult to satisfy.
The Tangle
Authors: Cartwright Nancy , Hardie Jeremy , Montuschi Eleonora , Soleiman Matthew , Thresher Ann C.
Published: December 2022

In this chapter, we offer three different arguments to support our claim that a virtuous tangle is a symptom of scientific reliability and is conductive to it. First, standard theories of confirmation presuppose tangles of the kind we advocate. Second, standard post hoc analyses of the failure of scientific endeavours generally find as part of the reason for failure that something from the tangle that should have been there was missing or faulty. Third, the more numerous and well-defined are the other pieces that a scientific creation must work with to achieve a goal, the fewer options there are about what it must be like. Finally, we provide a fuller account of what we mean by a tangle, what should be in a tangle for it to merit the label ‘virtuous’, and why that could make for reliability.
EMU during Covid-19
Authors: Fabbrini Federico
Published: December 2022

Chapter 3 examines the transformations of Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) during Covid-19. It maps the responses that the European Union (EU) institutions and Member States deployed to address the sudden halt in demand and supply due to the pandemic and the restrictive measures taken to contain it. To this end, the chapter first surveys the action of the Commission, the European Central Bank, and the Eurogroup, and then focuses on the approval of the ‘Next Generation EU’ (NGEU) Recovery Fund—from the May 2020 Commission proposal sponsored by France and Germany, to the July 2020 European Council endorsement, and the December 2020 entry into force after the European Council overcame a veto threat by Hungary and Poland. As this chapter points out, NGEU constitutes a paradigm change in the functioning of EMU, as it endows the EU with a fiscal capacity and leads towards the emergence of new governance arrangement in economic policy. This contrasts with the EU responses to the euro-crisis and can be explained in light of changing political stances, notably by Germany, towards fiscal integration.
EMU because of Covid-19
Authors: Fabbrini Federico
Published: December 2022

Chapter 4 analyses in depth how Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) has changed because of Covid-19, exploring the legal structure and constitutional aspects of Next Generation EU (NGEU), in a comparative perspective with the United States (US) system of fiscal federalism. This chapter explains the complex legal constellation that underpins NGEU, and presents the main features of the EU legislation, including the obligation for Member States to respect clear milestones and targets, and the rule of law, as a condition to receive NGEU money. At the same time, it underlines how NGEU is appropriately grounded on existing legal bases, and for the benefit of the EU27, rather than the Eurozone only. Yet, the chapter highlights constitutional issues of legitimacy and effectiveness, which will need to be addressed. Moreover, it compares the EU with the US, drawing lessons from its experience of fiscal federalism. As the chapter remarks, the US consolidated a fiscal capacity only through a centuries-long process, mostly driven by war, and progressively accompanied this with constitutional reforms to enhance democracy.
The EU beyond the War in Ukraine
Authors: Fabbrini Federico
Published: December 2022

Chapter 6 considers the future of the EU beyond the war in Ukraine, reflecting on the need for a permanent fiscal capacity in the EU in the longer term. The chapter surveys recent advances and setbacks in integration in response to the Russian aggression against Ukraine, and explains these in light of ongoing weaknesses in the EU power structure and financial firepower. To address these, the chapter advances an EU roadmap to safeguard the European economy and strategic autonomy, consolidate a permanent fiscal capacity, and consequentially improve the EU system of governance. As the chapter clarifies, this roadmap aligns with the results of the Conference on the Future of Europe, which has concluded its work with a plea for constitutional reforms. The chapter surveys the Conference’s functioning, final outcome, and follow-up, and maintains that this must lead to treaty revisions to make the EU, and EMU, fit for the geostrategic challenges of the day.
Conclusion
Authors: Fabbrini Federico
Published: December 2022

The chapter concludes the book, summarizing the main arguments developed in the volume. To this end, the chapter underlines how the responses to Covid-19 have led to the establishment of a fiscal capacity in the EU, via the creation of the Next Generation EU Recovery Fund. At the same time, the chapter restates that in light of the war in Ukraine this new EU fiscal capacity should be turned from a temporary into a permanent tool, and underlines the consequential institutional and democratic reforms that are needed to sustain it in the long term.
Princely Progress
Authors: Khan Razak
Published: December 2022

Chapter 3 looks at engagements with modernization and political change under Nawab Raza Ali Khan. The state-driven policy of selected modernization was resisted by the declining elites. However, more interesting and crucial was the local political activism that marked local public culture highlighted in vernacular print and associational culture and political activities. These transformative changes are located as effects of not just the “reform from above,” but “pressure from below” built by Rampuris for change. This was an important change from a court-(darbar) based polity to assembly-(majlis) based public culture and authority. The chapter therefore maps these shifting trajectories of Rampur from a “progressive princely polity” to its merger into the Indian Union as a “Muslim Princely State” at the time of partition.
Princely Past, Subaltern Present
Authors: Khan Razak
Published: December 2022

Chapter 5 explores the History of Emotions and examines affective archives of nostalgia, melancholia in the remembrance, and forgetting of Rampuris in post-colonial India and Pakistan. Combining both literary sources and oral history accounts, it shows the connection of the past with the present and the traffic in memories and emotions across national and religious boundaries in contemporary Rampur as it negotiates the demand of post-colonial national affiliation. The sense of the local mediates and yet is reworked with the Nation without fully defined by it. The chapter explores the post-colonial reconstitution of locality, public culture, and belonging in the lives and writing of Rampuris in India and Pakistan.
An endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation–related E2–E3 enzyme pair controls grain size and weight through the brassinosteroid signaling pathway in rice
Authors: Li Jing , Zhang Baolan , Duan Penggen , Yan Li , Yu Haiyue , Zhang Limin , Li Na , Zheng Leiying , Chai Tuanyao , Xu Ran , Li Yunhai
Published: December 2022

Grain size is an important agronomic trait, but our knowledge about grain size determination in crops is still limited. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)–associated degradation (ERAD) is a special ubiquitin proteasome system that is involved in degrading misfolded or incompletely folded proteins in the ER. Here, we report that SMALL GRAIN 3 (SMG3) and DECREASED GRAIN SIZE 1 (DGS1), an ERAD-related E2–E3 enzyme pair, regulate grain size and weight through the brassinosteroid (BR) signaling pathway in rice (Oryza sativa). SMG3 encodes a homolog of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) UBIQUITIN CONJUGATING ENZYME 32, which is a conserved ERAD-associated E2 ubiquitin conjugating enzyme. SMG3 interacts with another grain size regulator, DGS1. Loss of function of SMG3 or DGS1 results in small grains, while overexpression of SMG3 or DGS1 leads to long grains. Further analyses showed that DGS1 is an active E3 ubiquitin ligase and colocates with SMG3 in the ER. SMG3 and DGS1 are involved in BR signaling. DGS1 ubiquitinates the BR receptor BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1 (BRI1) and affects its accumulation. Genetic analysis suggests that SMG3, DGS1, and BRI1 act together to regulate grain size and weight. In summary, our findings identify an ERAD-related E2–E3 pair that regulates grain size and weight, which gives insight into the function of ERAD in grain size control and BR signaling.
Genome-wide gene by environment study of time spent in daylight and chronotype identifies emerging genetic architecture underlying light sensitivity
Authors: Burns Angus C , Phillips Andrew J K , Rutter Martin K , Saxena Richa , Cain Sean W , Lane Jacqueline M
Published: December 2022

Study Objectives

Light is the primary stimulus for synchronizing the circadian clock in humans. There are very large interindividual differences in the sensitivity of the circadian clock to light. Little is currently known about the genetic basis for these interindividual differences.

Methods

We performed a genome-wide gene-by-environment interaction study (GWIS) in 280 897 individuals from the UK Biobank cohort to identify genetic variants that moderate the effect of daytime light exposure on chronotype (individual time of day preference), acting as “light sensitivity” variants for the impact of daylight on the circadian system.

Results

We identified a genome-wide significant SNP mapped to the ARL14EP gene (rs3847634; p < 5 × 10−8), where additional minor alleles were found to enhance the morningness effect of daytime light exposure (βGxE = −.03, SE = 0.005) and were associated with increased gene ARL14EP expression in brain and retinal tissues. Gene-property analysis showed light sensitivity loci were enriched for genes in the G protein-coupled glutamate receptor signaling pathway and genes expressed in Per2+ hypothalamic neurons. Linkage disequilibrium score regression identified Bonferroni significant genetic correlations of greater light sensitivity GWIS with later chronotype and shorter sleep duration. Greater light sensitivity was nominally genetically correlated with insomnia symptoms and risk for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

Conclusions

This study is the first to assess light as an important exposure in the genomics of chronotype and is a critical first step in uncovering the genetic architecture of human circadian light sensitivity and its links to sleep and mental health.