bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Current husbandry of red pandas (Ailurus fulgens) in zoos
Authors: Eriksson P. , Zidar J. , White D. , Westander J. , Andersson M.
Published: April 2010

The endangered red panda (Ailurus fulgens) is held in zoos worldwide. The aim of this study was to examine how red pandas are kept and managed in captivity and to compare it with the management guidelines. Sixty‐nine zoos, mainly from Europe but also from North America and Australia/New Zealand, responded to our survey. The results revealed that in general zoos follow the management guidelines for most of the investigated issues. The average enclosure is almost four times larger than the minimum size recommended by the management guidelines, although seven zoos have smaller enclosures. About half the zoos do not follow the guidelines concerning visitor access and number of nest boxes. Other issues that may compromise animal welfare include proximity of neighboring carnivore species and placement of nest boxes. Zoo Biol 29:732–740, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dispersal and habitat cuing of Eurasian red squirrels in fragmented habitats
Authors: Wauters Lucas Armand , Verbeylen Goedele , Preatoni Damiano , Martinoli Adriano , Matthysen Erik
Published: April 2010

Animal dispersal and subsequent settlement is a key process in the life history of many organisms, when individuals use demographic and environmental cues to target post‐dispersal habitats where fitness will be highest. To investigate the hypothesis that environmental disturbance (habitat fragmentation) may alter these cues, we compared dispersal patterns of 60 red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris) in three study sites that differ in habitat composition and fragmentation. We determined dispersal distances, pre‐ and post‐dispersal habitat types and survival using a combination of capture–mark–recapture, radio‐tracking and genetic parentage assignment. Most (75%) squirrels emigrated from the natal home range with mean dispersal distance of 1,014 ± 925 m (range 51–4,118 m). There were no sex‐related differences in dispersal patterns and no differences in average dispersal distance, and the proportion of dispersers did not differ between sites. In one of the sites, dispersers settled in patches where density was lower than in the natal patch. In the least fragmented site, 90% of animals settled in the natal habitat type (habitat cuing) against 44–54% in the more strongly fragmented sites. Overall, more squirrels settled in the natal habitat type than expected based on habitat availability, but this was mainly due to individuals remaining within the natal wood. In the highly fragmented landscape, habitat cuing among emigrants did not occur more frequently than expected. We concluded that increased habitat fragmentation seemed to reduce reliable cues for habitat choice, but that dispersing squirrels settled in patches with lower densities of same‐sex animals than at the natal home range or patch, independent of degree of fragmentation.
Relationship between cardiovascular function and fetal growth restriction in women with pre‐eclampsia
Authors: Jia Rui‐zhe , Liu Xiao‐mei , Wang Xin , Wu Hai‐qing
Published: April 2010

Objective

To investigate the relationship between cardiovascular function in women with pre‐eclampsia and fetal growth restriction (FGR) using impedance cardiography.

Method

This retrospective study was performed with 639 participants allocated to one of 4 groups, a pre‐eclampsia (PE) with FGR group, a PE without FGR group, a pregnancy‐induced hypertension (PIH) without FGR group, and normal pregnancy (NP) group. Hemodynamic monitoring was performed noninvasively using impedance cardiography.

Results

Mean arterial pressure and peripheral resistance were significantly higher, and cardiac output and maternal systolic function were significantly lower, in the 2 PE groups than in the PIH and NP groups, and these differences were the greatest between the NP and the PE with FGR groups.

Conclusion

Impedance cardiography allowed to observe a gradual increase in peripheral resistance and cardiac output from the NP group to the PIH, the PE without FGR, and the PE with FGR groups. The most reduced systolic function and cardiac output and the most increased peripheral resistance was observed in the PE with FGR group.
Evaluation of cervical screening results in a population at normal risk
Authors: Karabulut Aysun , Alan Tülay , Ali Ekiz Mustafa , İritaş Ayşe , Kesen Zehra , Yahşi Seyfettin
Published: April 2010

Objective

To evaluate the frequency of dysplasia and other cervical conditions in a population at normal risk, and compare demographic characteristics of the women with normal and abnormal results.

Methods

Characteristics such as gravidity, parity, age at marriage, and smoking status were obtained from a questionnaire completed from January 2004 through July 2005 at Denizli State Hospital, Denizli, Turkey, by the 19 639 participants before they were screened. The results were analyzed.

Results

The dysplasias detected in 107 smears (0.54%) included ASCUS (0.31%), LSIL (0.15%), and HSIL (0.07%); there were also 1 case of AGUS and 1 of squamous cell carcinoma. Age, age at marriage, number of pregnancies, number of deliveries, and smoking habit were similar for participants with and without dysplasia (P > 0.05). Bacterial vaginosis was seen in 1633 smears (8.3%), candidiasis in 1346 (6.9%), Actinomyces sp. in 648 (3.3%), and Trichomonas vaginalis in 143 (0.7%).

Conclusion

Cytologic abnormalities in a cervical smear can point to precancerous or cancerous processes or to other conditions. The prevalence of dysplasia was lower for our participants than in Western populations, which could be explained by a conservative lifestyle and a lower prevalence of HPV in Turkey.
Alan of Lille
Authors: Evans G. R.
Published: April 2010

Alan of Lille was a notable figure in the second half of the twelfth century as a theologian and as a poet and he has seemed as rich and individual a writer to modern scholars as he did to his own contemporaries. This study examines his work as a whole, in an attempt to set his well-known literary achievement in the context of his theological writings. He was in many ways a pioneer, an experimenter with several of the new genres of his day, an innovator both as a teacher and as an author. He was not an original thinker so much as an eclectic, drawing on a wide range of the sources available to his contemporaries. He shows us what might be done by a lively-minded scholar with the resources of the day, within the schools of late twelfth-century France, to bring theology alive and make it interesting and challenging to his readers.
A Man and an Institution
Authors: Naylor John F.
Published: April 2010

The controversy surrounding the publication of Richard Crossman's Cabinet Diaries (1975) brought to the fore opposing concepts of 'open' and 'closed' government within Britain's free society. While a balance has for the moment been struck concerning the secrecy of Cabinet proceedings, a historical question remains: by what process, and with what results, has official secrecy come to envelop the practices of modern Cabinet government? This book tackles that key question, drawing upon a uniquely wide range of official and private papers to examine the historical development of the Cabinet Office, the custodian of Cabinet secrecy. Established by Lloyd George in the administrative chaos of 1916, the Cabinet Secretariat - as it was first known - emerged as the central agency for the management of Cabinet business, working closely with the Prime Minister himself. In Sir Maurice Hankey's twenty-two-year term as Cabinet secretary, he presided over the institutionalisation of the Secretariat as an office free from partisan taint and he personally served all Britain's inter-war Prime Ministers as confidant and influential advisor.
Europe in the Russian Mirror
Authors: Gershenkron Alexander
Published: April 2010

First published in 1970, Professor Gerschenkron's theme is the contribution which the study of Russian economic history can make to the problems which have preoccupied Western historians. He first considers the way in which the case of the old Believers in Russia, who refused to support the official church but played an important entrepreneurial role in nineteenth-century economic development, bears upon Max Weber's celebrated thesis on the relations between the Protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism. In the course of his discussion, Professor Gerschenkron provides important information on the doctrinal beliefs of this group, their social status and the extent to which they were persecuted and discriminated against by the State. His conclusion is that the persecution certainly afforded sufficient impulse to engage in profitable activities and to develop the traits Weber considered as specific features of the 'capitalist' spirit.
Dynamic Energy and Mass Budgets in Biological Systems
Authors: Kooijman S. A. L. M.
Published: April 2010

The Dynamic Energy Budget theory unifies the commonalties between organisms, as prescribed by the implications of energetics, and links different levels of biological organisation (cells, organisms and populations). The theory presents simple mechanistic rules that describe the uptake and use of energy and nutrients and the consequences for physiological organization throughout an organism's life cycle. All living organisms are covered in a single quantitative framework, the predictions of which are tested against a variety of experimental results at a range of levels of organisation. The theory explains many general observations, such as the body size scaling relationships of certain physiological traits, and provides a theoretical underpinning to the method of indirect calorimetry. In each case, the theory is developed in elementary mathematical terms, but a more detailed discussion of the methodological aspects of mathematical modelling is also included.
CP Violation
Authors: Bigi I. I. , Sanda A. I.
Published: April 2010

Why didn't the matter in our Universe annihilate with antimatter immediately after its creation? The study of CP violation may help to answer this fundamental question. This book presents theoretical tools necessary to understand this phenomenon. Reflecting the explosion of new results over the last decade, this second edition has been substantially expanded. It introduces charge conjugation, parity and time reversal, before describing the Kobayashi-Maskawa (KM) theory for CP violation and our understanding of CP violation in kaon decays. It reveals how the discovery of B mesons has provided a new laboratory to study CP violation with KM theory predicting large asymmetries, and discusses how these predictions have been confirmed since the first edition of this book. Later chapters describe the search for a new theory of nature's fundamental dynamics. This book is suitable for researchers in high energy, atomic and nuclear physics and the history and philosophy of science.
The Paradoxes of Art
Authors: Paskow Alan
Published: April 2010

In this study, Alan Paskow first asks why fictional characters, such as Hamlet and Anna Karenina, matter to us and how they emotionally affect us. He then applies these questions to painting, demonstrating that certain paintings beckon us to view their contents as real. As emblematic of the fundamental concerns of our lives, paintings, he argues, are not simply in our heads but in our world. Paskow also situates the phenomenological approach to the experience of painting in relation to contemporary schools of thought, particularly Marxist, feminist, and deconstructionist.
Systems of Logic
Authors: Martin Norman M.
Published: April 2010

This is an advanced study of systems of propositional logic which offers a comprehensive account of a wide variety of logical systems and which encourages students to take a critical stance towards the subject. A great variety of systems and subsystems are defined and compared as regards their deductive power and relation to their model theory. Interesting features include a more refined treatment of modal logic and the special attention given to the weakenings of classical logic. Useful appendices provide a topical bibliography and review of basic set theory.
The Liturgy in Medieval England
Authors: Pfaff Richard W.
Published: April 2010

This book provides a comprehensive historical treatment of the Latin liturgy in medieval England. Richard Pfaff constructs a history of the worship carried out in churches - cathedral, monastic, or parish - primarily through the surviving manuscripts of service books, and sets this within the context of the wider political, ecclesiastical, and cultural history of the period. The main focus is on the mass and daily office, treated both chronologically and by type, the liturgies of each religious order and each secular 'use' being studied individually. Furthermore, hagiographical and historiographical themes - respectively, which saints are prominent in a given witness and how the labors of scholars over the last century and a half have both furthered and, in some cases, impeded our understandings - are explored throughout. The book thus provides both a narrative account and a reference tool of permanent value.
The Archaeology of Political Structure
Authors: Montmollin Olivier de
Published: April 2010

This innovative analysis of archaeological settlement patterns as a guide to ancient political structure focuses on the Maya of Southeastern Mexico. Working principally with data from the Classic Period in the Rosario Valley, Dr de Montmollin relates problem orientation and theory to themes with wide currency in political anthropolgy. For archaeologists interested in complex societies, the handling of the settlement evidence and the close attention paid to bridging arguments provide valuable guidance on analysing a multiscale settlement record when reconstructing political structure. For Mayanists, the characterization of settlement and political structure is unprecedented in its rigour and scope. The Archaeology of Political Structure thus blends the particular fascination of Maya archaeology with developments of more general interest in anthropological archaeology to make a substantial contribution to the practice and theory of settlement studies within complex societies.
The Principles of Representative Government
Authors: Manin Bernard
Published: April 2010

The thesis of this original and provocative book is that representative government should be understood as a combination of democratic and undemocratic, aristocratic elements. Professor Manin challenges the conventional view that representative democracy is no more than an indirect form of government by the people, in which citizens elect representatives only because they cannot assemble and govern in person. The argument is developed by examining the historical moments when the present institutional arrangements were chosen from among the then available alternatives. Professor Manin reminds us that while today representative institutions and democracy appear as virtually indistinguishable, when representative government was first established in Europe and America, it was designed in opposition to democracy proper. Drawing on the procedures used in earlier republican systems, from classical Athens to Renaissance Florence, in order to highlight the alternatives that were forsaken, Manin brings to the fore the generally overlooked results of representative mechanisms. These include the elitist aspect of elections and the non-binding character of campaign promises.
Shrinking the State
Authors: Feigenbaum Harvey , Henig Jeffrey , Hamnett Chris
Published: April 2010

Privatization has spread worldwide during the 1980s and 1990s, and has significantly reshaped the balance between state and market in many countries. This book provides a comparative political analysis of the development, form, character and causes of privatization in three countries: the UK, USA and France. The authors argue that privatization is a political phenomenon and should be analyzed as such, rather than being seen as an economic response to the growth of the state and the cost of state provision. Privatization frequently has explicit political goals, and has consequences which redistribute costs and benefits to different groups. The book presents a threefold typology of privatization policy - pragmatic, tactical and systemic - and relates it to the experiences of USA, France and UK respectively. It will be of interest to students and scholars of politics, economics, public policy and business studies, as well as policy-makers and consultants in the field of privatization.
The Protestant Evangelical Awakening
Authors: Ward W. R.
Published: April 2010

This book studies the early history of the Protestant revival movements of the eighteenth century from a European as well as Anglo-American perspective. Professor Ward examines the crisis in the Protestant world beyond that established and protected by the Westphalia treaties, and its impact upon the morale of Protestant communities which enjoyed diplomatic guarantees or other forms of public protection. He traces the widespread outbreak of forms of revival to the emergence of a common Protestant mind, shaped by the appreciation of common problems. The religious effects of widespread emigration produced by persecution, war and distress are traced, and the chronology of the familiar revivals of the West is related to the crises of Eastern revival. The Protestant Evangelical Awakening is based on archival and published resources extending from Eastern Europe to the American colonies, and marks a major contribution to our understanding of the religious history of both continents.
Parallelisms of Complete Designs
Authors: Cameron Peter J.
Published: April 2010

These notes present an investigation of a condition similar to Euclid's parallel axiom for subsets of finite sets. The background material to the theory of parallelisms is introduced and the author then describes the links this theory has with other topics from the whole range of combinatorial theory and permutation groups. These include network flows, perfect codes, Latin squares, block designs and multiply-transitive permutation groups, and long and detailed appendices are provided to serve as introductions to these various subjects. Many of the results are published for the first time.
Integration and Harmonic Analysis on Compact Groups
Authors: Edwards R. E.
Published: April 2010

These notes provide a reasonably self-contained introductory survey of certain aspects of harmonic analysis on compact groups. The first part of the book seeks to give a brief account of integration theory on compact Hausdorff spaces. The second, larger part starts from the existence and essential uniqueness of an invariant integral on every compact Hausdorff group. Topics subsequently outlined include representations, the Peter–Weyl theory, positive definite functions, summability and convergence, spans of translates, closed ideals and invariant subspaces, spectral synthesis problems, the Hausdorff-Young theorem, and lacunarity.
Ergodicity for Infinite Dimensional Systems
Authors: Da Prato G. , Zabczyk J.
Published: April 2010

This book is devoted to the asymptotic properties of solutions of stochastic evolution equations in infinite dimensional spaces. It is divided into three parts: Markovian dynamical systems; invariant measures for stochastic evolution equations; invariant measures for specific models. The focus is on models of dynamical processes affected by white noise, which are described by partial differential equations such as the reaction-diffusion equations or Navier–Stokes equations. Besides existence and uniqueness questions, special attention is paid to the asymptotic behaviour of the solutions, to invariant measures and ergodicity. Some of the results found here are presented for the first time. For all whose research interests involve stochastic modelling, dynamical systems, or ergodic theory, this book will be an essential purchase.
Updating Logical Databases
Authors: Winslett Marianne
Published: April 2010

This book tackles the problems of update algorithms for databases. How can one construct and maintain a database of facts, capable of incorporating new information and getting rid of all outdated information, and yet in the process not disturb any other information in the database? The author has produced a formal method for specifying the desired change intentionally, using a 'formula-based' approach to updating needs rather than a 'model-based' technique. The complexity of the algorithms, choice of semantics and a means of enforcing integrity constraints are also discussed. The book will be of value to all involved in database research.
Self-Concern
Authors: Martin Raymond
Published: April 2010

This book is a major contribution to the philosophical literature on the nature of the self, personal identity and survival. Its distinctive methodology is one that is phenomenologically descriptive rather than metaphysical and normative. On the basis of this approach Raymond Martin shows that the distinction between self and other is not nearly as fundamental a feature of our so-called egoistic values as has been traditionally thought. He explains how the belief in a self as a fixed, continuous point of observation enters into our experience of ourselves and the world. He also reveals the explosive implications this thesis has for recent debates over personal identity and what matters in survival. This is the first book of analytic philosophy directly on the phenomenology of identity and survival. It builds bridges between analytic and phenomenological traditions and, thus, to open up a new field of investigation.
Citizens, Politics and Social Communication
Authors: Huckfeldt R. Robert , Sprague John
Published: April 2010

Democratic politics is a collective enterprise, not simply because individual votes are counted to determine winners, but more fundamentally because the individual exercise of citizenship is an interdependent undertaking. Citizens argue with one another and they generally arrive at political decisions through processes of social interaction and deliberation. This book is dedicated to investigating the political implications of interdependent citizens within the context of the 1984 presidential campaign as it was experienced in the metropolitan area of South Bend, Indiana. Hence this is a community study in the fullest sense of the term. National politics is experienced locally through a series of filters unique to a particular setting and its consequences for the exercise of democratic citizenship.
The Credit-Anstalt Crisis of 1931
Authors: Schubert Aurel
Published: April 2010

Austria played a prominent role in the worldwide events of 1931 as the largest bank in Central and Eastern Europe, the Viennese Credit-Anstalt, collapsed and led Europe into a financial panic that spread to other parts of the world. The events in Austria were pivotal to the economic developments of the 1930s, yet the literature about them has been sparse. In this book, Schubert analyses the crisis using theories of financial crises, identifies the causes of the crisis, examines the market's efficiency in predicting events, analyses how the crisis was transmitted to the real sector, and studies the behaviour of the Austrian as well as international authorities as lenders of last resort. His main conclusion is that even decades after the crisis, many of its lessons are still valid. Managerial and regulatory deficiencies led to the collapse of the bank; the subsequent currency crisis was not an irrational and unexplainable panic by a confused public, but rather a rational response to inconsistencies in policy; and the reactions of the largely unprepared authorities - in Austria as well as abroad - did not help to resolve the crisis quickly.
Brazil's State-Owned Enterprises
Authors: Trebat Thomas J.
Published: April 2010

This book provides a systematic analysis of the performance of Brazil's large state-owned enterprises. The Brazilian economic system encourages private enterprise, but the government itself owns and operates such critical industries as petrochemicals, steel, electricity and telecommunications. The Brazilian state has assumed the role of an entrepreneur not for ideological reasons, but as a pragmatic means of speeding up the process of economic growth. The author examines the economic and financial performance of these state-owned enterprises in terms of their contribution to economic growth. He concludes that in Brazil they have been effective substitutes for private investment in a number of strategic industries and that their ability to assemble large amounts of capital, to attract skilled managers, and to earn reasonable profits permitted the Brazilian economy to grow more rapidly during the 1960s and 1970s than would have been the case in their absence.
The Dynamics of Industrial Competition
Authors: Baldwin John R. , Gorecki Paul , Caves Richard E. , Dunne Tim , Haltiwanger John
Published: April 2010

The Dynamics of Industrial Competition, first published in 1995, describes the internal dynamics of industries using longitudinal data that make it possible to track firms over time. It provides a comprehensive picture of a number of different aspects of firm turnover in North America that arise from the competitive process - the entry and the exit of firms, the growth and decline of incumbent firms, and the merger process. Instantaneous and cumulative measures of market dynamics are provided by examining change in both the short and the long run. Using various measures of firm turnover to proxy the amount of competition, the study examines and contextualizes the relationship between industry performance and the intensity of the competitive process.
The Political Economy of American Industrialization, 1877–1900
Authors: Bensel Richard Franklin
Published: April 2010

In the late nineteenth century, the United States underwent an extremely rapid industrial expansion that moved the nation into the front ranks of the world economy. At the same time, the nation maintained democratic institutions as the primary means of allocating political offices and power. The combination of robust democratic institutions and rapid industrialization is rare and this book explains how development and democracy coexisted in the United States during industrialization. Most literature focuses on either electoral politics or purely economic analyses of industrialization. This book synthesizes politics and economics by stressing the Republican party's role as a developmental agent in national politics, the primacy of the three great developmental policies (the gold standard, the protective tariff, and the national market) in state and local politics, and the impact of uneven regional development on the construction of national political coalitions in Congress and presidential elections.
Another Dimension to the Black Diaspora
Authors: Kiple Kenneth F. , King Virginia Himmelsteib
Published: April 2010

This is an engrossing study of black disease immunities and susceptibilities and their impact on both slavery and racism. Its pages interweave the nutritional, biological, and medical sciences with demography. The book begins with an examination of the pre-slavery era in Africa and then pursues its subject into the slave societies of the West Indies and the United States. This truly interdisciplinary approach permits the blending of two distinctive concepts of racial differences, that of the hard sciences based on gene frequencies and that of the social sciences stressing environmental factors. The authors investigate black health and white medical practice in the United States during the antebellum period, and establish a link between black-related diseases and white racism. A final section traces major black disease susceptibilities from the Civil War to the present, arguing that the different nutritional and medical needs of blacks are still largely unappreciated or ignored.
Nazi Policy, Jewish Workers, German Killers
Authors: Browning Christopher R.
Published: April 2010

Nazi Policy, Jewish Workers, German Killers focuses on controversial issues in current Holocaust scholarship. How did Nazi Jewish policy evolve during the first years of the war? When did the Nazi regime cross the historic watershed from population expulsion and decimation ('ethnic cleansing') to total and systematic extermination? How did Nazi authorities attempt to reconcile policies of expulsion and extermination with the wartime urge to exploit Jewish labor? How were Jewish workers impacted? What role did local authorities play in shaping Nazi policy? What more can we learn about the mindset and behavior of the local perpetrators? Using new evidence, this book attempts to shed light on these important questions.
Imaging Phonons
Authors: Wolfe James P.
Published: April 2010

Drop a pebble in a pond and the results are quite predictable: circular waves flow from the point of impact. Hit a point on a crystalline solid, however, and the expanding waves are highly non-spherical: the elasticity of a crystal is anisotropic. This book provides a fresh look at the vibrational properties of crystalline solids, elucidated by new imaging techniques. From the megahertz vibrations of ultrasound to the near-terahertz vibrations associated with heat, the underlying elastic anisotropy of the crystal asserts itself. Phonons are elementary vibrations that affect many properties of solids - thermal, electrical and magnetic. This text covers the basic theory and experimental observations of phonon propagation in solids. Phonon imaging techniques provide physical insights into such topics as phonon focusing, lattice dynamics and ultrasound propagation. Scattering of phonons from interfaces, superlattices, defects and electrons are treated in detail. The book includes many striking and original illustrations.
Councils and Assemblies
Authors: Cuming
Published: April 2010

The Ecclesiastical History Society has devoted two meetings to the theme of 'Councils and Assemblies'; this seventh volume of Studies in Church History, covering a wide span of time, contains twenty-two papers on varying aspects of the subject. Starting in the early Middle Ages, it moves through the great medieval councils to Vatican I and II. Geographically the gatherings range from Byzantium to Cornwall, from Edinburgh to Cape Town. Some produced valuable legislation in the fields of welfare or education, others were sterile debates between irreconcilable viewpoints. Some of the papers raise issues of the first importance, others fill gaps in our knowledge. All are well worth the attention of historians.
Teaching of Jesus
Authors: Manson T. W.
Published: April 2010

In these studies Dr Manson's main object has been to demonstrate two propositions. The first is that the form in which the teaching of Jesus is delivered is determined by two factors: the kind of audience addressed, and the period in the ministry - either before or after Peter's confession. The second is that the key to the contents of the teaching is the prophetic notion of the Remnant: that 'the Son of Man' in the teaching represents Jesus' formulation of the Remnant ideal; and that he is the Son of Man by embodying that ideal in his own person.
Fathers of the Victorians
Authors: Brown Ford K.
Published: April 2010

Mr Brown has written an assessment of the Evangelical revival in the Church of England at the beginning of the nineteenth century. He makes a number of important points about the Evangelicals: who they were, what they tried to do, how they tried to do it, and what success they had. He establishes how much they made the later Victorian age what it was and also suggest how the movement came to lose its hold on the foremost minds if the age in the third generation. This is a most extraordinary and brilliant introduction to the change of mind between two ages, and it is as interesting to the student of literature and the general reader as to the historian. What real part was played by Wilberforce and the Clapham sect? How is it that the time of Jane Austen is noticeably more refined than that of Fielding, and the age of George Eliot even more so? All these questions are answered in Mr Brown's book; a dazzling performance, and an enlightening one.
Voices of Persuasion
Authors: Staub Michael E.
Published: April 2010

In this innovative study, Michael Staub recasts 1930s cultural history by analysing those genres so characteristic of the Depression era: Staub argues that several thirties writers - precisely because of their encounters with disinherited peoples - anticipated the dilemmas poststructuralist theory would identify; an awareness of the ambiguousness of historical truth, and the impossibility of representing reality without being complicit in its distortion. New interpretations of such canonised authors as James Agee, John Dos Passos, Zora Neale Hurston, John G. Neihardt and Tille Olsen are coupled with critical discussions of previously little-known works of ethnography, journalism, oral history and polemical fiction. This book will interest all who are concerned with the problematic relationship between representation and social reality and their mutual inextricability.
Analyzing Love
Authors: Brown Robert
Published: April 2010

Analyzing Love is concerned with four basic and neglected problems concerning love. The first is identifying its relevant features: distinguishing it from liking and benevolence and from sexual desire; describing the objects that can be loved and the judgements and aims required by love. The second question is how we recognize the presence of love and what grounds we may have for thinking it present in any particular case. The third is that of relating it to other emotions such as anger and fear, and, more generally, deciding where love stands in the contrast between emotions and attitudes. Finally, the book examines how we justify our loves: can we have, and do we need, reasons for loving? What types of judgement are appropriate to love? Can we criticize a lover for his or her choices?
The Evolutionary Biology of Human Body Fatness
Authors: Wells Jonathan C. K.
Published: April 2010

This comprehensive synthesis of current medical and evolutionary literature addresses key questions about the role body fat plays in human biology. It explores how body energy stores are regulated, how they develop over the life-course, what biological functions they serve, and how they may have evolved. There is now substantial evidence that human adiposity is not merely a buffer against the threat of starvation, but is also a resource for meeting the energy costs of growth, reproduction and immune function. As such it may be considered as important in our species evolution as other traits such as bipedalism, large brains, and long life spans and developmental periods. Indeed, adiposity is integrally linked with these other traits, and with our capacity to colonise and inhabit diverse ecosystems. It is because human metabolism is so sensitive to environmental cues that manipulative economic forces are now generating the current obesity epidemic.
Comparison of aquifer characterization approaches through steady state groundwater model validation: A controlled laboratory sandbox study
Authors: Illman Walter A. , Zhu Junfeng , Craig Andrew J. , Yin Danting
Published: April 2010

Groundwater modeling has become a vital component to water supply and contaminant transport investigations. An important component of groundwater modeling under steady state conditions is selecting a representative hydraulic conductivity (K) estimate or set of estimates which defines the K field of the studied region. Currently, there are a number of characterization approaches to obtain K at various scales and in varying degrees of detail, but there is a paucity of information in terms of which characterization approach best predicts flow through aquifers or drawdowns caused by some drawdown inducing events. The main objective of this paper is to assess K estimates obtained by various approaches by predicting drawdowns from independent cross‐hole pumping tests and total flow rates through a synthetic heterogeneous aquifer from flow‐through tests. Specifically, we (1) characterize a synthetic heterogeneous aquifer built in the sandbox through various techniques (permeameter analyses of core samples, single‐hole, cross‐hole, and flow‐through testing), (2) obtain mean K fields through traditional analysis of test data by treating the medium to be homogeneous, (3) obtain heterogeneous K fields through kriging and steady state hydraulic tomography, and (4) conduct forward simulations of 16 independent pumping tests and six flow‐through tests using these homogeneous and heterogeneous K fields and comparing them to actual data. Results show that the mean K and heterogeneous K fields estimated through kriging of small‐scale K data (core and single‐hole tests) yield biased predictions of drawdowns and flow rates in this synthetic heterogeneous aquifer. In contrast, the heterogeneous K distribution or “K tomogram” estimated via steady state hydraulic tomography yields excellent predictions of drawdowns of pumping tests not used in the construction of the tomogram and very good estimates of total flow rates from the flow‐through tests. These results suggest that steady state groundwater model validation is possible in this laboratory sandbox aquifer if the heterogeneous K distribution and forcing functions (boundary conditions and source/sink terms) are characterized sufficiently.
Climate control of the global tropical storm days (1965–2008)
Authors: Wang Bin , Yang Yuxing , Ding Qing‐Hua , Murakami Hiroyuki , Huang Fei
Published: April 2010

The tropical storm days have a consistent global record over the past 44 years (1965–2008), which provides an alternative metric for integrated information about genesis, track, and lifespan. Seasonal‐reliant singular value decomposition is performed on the fields of the global storm days and sea surface temperature by using the “best track” data. The leading mode, which dominates the variability of the global total number of storm days, displays an east‐west contrast between enhanced activity in the North Pacific and reduced activity in the North Atlantic and a north‐south contrast in the Southern Hemisphere oceans between active tropics and inactive subtropics, which are coupled with the El Niño and a positive phase of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). The second mode reveals a compensating trend pattern coupled with global warming: upward trends over the North Atlantic and the Indo‐Pacific warm pool (17.5°S–10°N, 70–140°E) and downward trends over the Pacific, especially the South Pacific. However, the global total number of storm days shows no trend and only an unexpected large amplitude fluctuation driven by El Niño‐Southern Oscillation and PDO. The rising temperature of about 0.5°C in the tropics so far has not yet affected the global tropical storm days.
Treatment for Progressive Impairments of Language
Authors: Henry Maya
Published: April 2010

Primary progressive aphasia (PPA) is a relatively new diagnostic entity, for which few behavioral treatments have been investigated. Recent work has helped to clarify the nature of distinct PPA variants, including a nonfluent variant (NFV-PPA), a logopenic variant (LV-PPA), and a semantic variant (SV-PPA). This paper reviews treatment research to date in each subtype of PPA, including restitutive, augmentative, and functional approaches. The evidence suggests that restitutive behavioral treatment can result in improved or stabilized language performance within treated domains. Specifically, sentence production and lexical retrieval have been addressed in NFV-PPA, whereas lexical retrieval has been the primary object of treatment in LV and SV-PPA. Use of augmentative communication techniques, as well as implementation of functional communication approaches, also may result in improved communication skills in individuals with PPA. The ideal treatment approach may be one that combines restitutive, augmentative, and functional approaches to treatment, in order to maximize residual cognitive-linguistic skills in patients. Additional research is warranted to determine which modes of treatment are most beneficial in each type of PPA at various stages of severity.
Entanglement of random subspaces via the Hastings bound
Authors: Fukuda Motohisa , King Christopher
Published: April 2010

Recently, Hastings [“A counterexample to additivity of minimum output entropy,” Nat. Phys. 5, 255 (2009); e-print arXiv:0809.3972v3] proved the existence of random unitary channels, which violate the additivity conjecture. In this paper, we use Hastings’ method to derive new bounds for the entanglement of random subspaces of bipartite systems. As an application we use these bounds to prove the existence of nonunital channels, which violate additivity of minimal output entropy.
Islands in the stream: The effect of plasma flow on tearing stability
Authors: La Haye R. J. , Brennan D. P. , Buttery R. J. , Gerhardt S. P.
Published: April 2010

Reducing plasma flow clearly decreases the stability of tearing modes in multiple regimes (sawtooth, hybrid) in both high- and low-aspect-ratio tokamaks (DIII-D [J. L. Luxon, Nucl. Fusion 42, 614 (2002)], Joint European Torus [M. Keilhacker and the JET Team, Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion 41, 301 (1999)], National Spherical Torus Experiment [M. Ono, S. M. Kaye, Y.-K. M. Peng, Nucl. Fusion 40, 557 (2000)], each with distinct means of lessening rotation). Further, reducing flow makes pre-existing “saturated” islands larger at the same beta (β). Thus lower plasma flow impairs high-beta operation owing both to the destabilization and to the impact of tearing-mode islands. Experimental results suggest that flow shear (not flow) at the tearing rational surface is classically stabilizing, making the effective tearing stability index Δ′ of the total current density profile more negative (more stable). In this picture, with profiles and all else the same, the minimum metastable beta at which neoclassical tearing modes (NTMs) can destabilize is proportional to −Δ′ and hence lower flow and flow shear lead to possible destabilization (depending on seeding) at lower beta. Similarly, if destabilized, the saturated NTM island width is proportional to −β/Δ′ and thus increases as flow and flow shear are reduced. A working model gives a significant level of stabilizing shear if the plasma toroidal angular flow shear −dΩϕ/dr at a given rational surface is of order of the inverse of the product of the local values of the parallel magnetic shear length Ls and the Alfvén time τA. Experimental data are fitted for the effect of this normalization of flow shear in a simple empirical model for both onset and saturation of tearing modes. Most theoretical literature is on the consequence of flow shear on tearing stability at zero beta; tokamaks at high beta have large magnetic Prandtl number (an issue for the sign of the flow effect) and very large Lundquist number. It is in this regime that theory will be compared with experimentally based empirical models. The consequence for future tokamaks with low rotation may be lower tearing stability than now expected.
Transverse photothermal beam deflection technique for determining the transport properties of semiconductor thin films
Authors: Warrier Anita R. , Sebastian Tina , Sudha Kartha C. , Vijayakumar K. P.
Published: April 2010

Nonradiative transitions occurring in semiconductors result in thermal emissions carrying information on the material’s thermal and electronic properties. A simple one-dimensional theoretical model is devised which accounts for the photothermal signal variations due to nonradiative transitions occurring in semiconductor thinfilms. The theory was verified by determining the transport properties of p-type silicon wafer. We could get the thermal diffusivity, minority carrier lifetime, surface recombination velocity, and minority carrier mobility of CuInS2 thin films, thereby proving the efficiency and simplicity of photothermal beam deflection technique for real time characterization of semiconductor thin films. The film fabrication history, composition, and post deposition treatments play crucial role in determining the transport properties and the effect of these conditions on transport properties of the film as well as on the solar cell parameters is discussed.
Second gravity
Authors: Nash Patrick L.
Published: April 2010

A theory of a new gravitational interaction is described. This theory follows naturally from a new Lagrangian formulation of Maxwell’s theory for photons and electrons (and positrons) whose associated Euler Lagrange equations imply the conventional Maxwell equations, but which possesses new bosonic spinor degrees of freedom that may be associated with a new type of fundamental gravitational interaction. The precise character of this gravitational interaction with a photon vector potential is explicitly defined in terms of a local U(1)-invariant Lagrangian in Eq. (86). However, in Sec. ???, in order to parallel the well known Friedmann model in cosmology, a phenomenological description of the new gravitational interaction coupled to Newton–Einstein gravity that is sourced by an ideal fluid is discussed. To lay the foundation for a description of the new gravitational interaction, our new formulation of Maxwell’s theory must first be described. It is cast on the real, eight-dimensional pseudo-Euclidean vector space defined by the split octonion algebra, regarded as a vector space over R and denoted as R4,4≅M3,1⊕M∗3,1. (Here M3,1 denotes real four-dimensional Minkowski space-time and M∗3,1 denotes its dual; R4,4 resembles the phase space of a single relativistic particle.) The new gravitational interaction is carried by a field that defines an algebraically distinguished element of the split octonion algebra, namely, the multiplicative unit element. We call this interaction the “unit” interaction and more descriptively refer to it as “second gravity.”
Transmission of intense electron beams through apertures
Authors: Harris J. R. , Lewellen J. W.
Published: April 2010

Apertures are an effective and widely used means for altering the properties of charged particle beams. Despite their conceptual simplicity, they can lead to interesting and seemingly paradoxical behavior. For example, when an intense beam is incident on an aperture, space charge will cause the beam spot size to be a function of beam current. Increasing the beam current can cause the beam area to increase so rapidly that the current density incident on the aperture will decrease, thereby decreasing the current transmitted through the aperture. When the beam source is a gridded electron gun, this will result in a condition of negative transconductance. Here, the properties of such a system are considered. First, a simple approximation is introduced for the expansion of a uniform, intense beam from a waist. This expression is validated by comparison to the full theory and to particle-in-cell simulations. It is then used to consider current transmission through an aperture, including the calculation of key system properties and the effects of changes in several system parameters. Simulations are used to assess the validity of the theory for beams with peaked and hollow transverse distributions, leading to a discussion of nonlinear forces present in the emission plane resulting from space and image charges.