bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The administration of desmopressin by nasal spray: a dose‐determination study in patients with mild haemophilia A or von Willebrand's disease
Authors: LETHAGEN S. , EGERVALL K. , BERNTORP E. , BENGTSSON B.
Published: June 2007

Desmopressin is an important haemostatic agent in many types of bleeding disorders. The intranasal route for administration of desmopressin has attracted much interest because it is convenient and makes self‐treatment possible. In the present study the effects of three doses (300, 450 and 600 μg) of desmopressin delivered by nasal spray and those of 0.3 μg/kg injected intravenously were compared in five patients with haemophilia A and 11 with von Willebrand's disease. There was no statistically significant difference in peak VIII:C concentration in the haemophilia patients and no difference in peak vWF concentration in von Willebrand patients between the four desmopressin dosages. Bleeding time response was comparable after all four dosages. We recommend a spray dosage of 300 μg for home treatment. As cover for major surgery or in connection with severe bleedings, however, intravenous administration is to be recommended.
Implementation of a nurse practitioner policy for the requisition and administration of drugs in a haemophilia comprehensive care centre
Authors: CAHILL M. R. , WOOSEY C. P. , HAYDEN S. M. , Mac Clean M. , Colvin B. T.
Published: June 2007

Summary The evolution of comprehensive care centres for haemophilia has altered the work of those involved in the care of haemophilia patients. The role of the haemophilia sister has expanded and the concept of the haemophilia nurse specialist has emerged.

We describe the implementation of a local policy which has enabled haemophilia nurse specialists to requisition and administer clotting factor concentrates, DDAVP, tranexamic acid and hepatitis vaccines independently, in hospital and community settings. Since the introduction of this policy on 2 August 1994, prescribing practice has not changed in the haemophilia centre, nor has the involvement of medical staff in the care of haemophilia patients. This approach is widely applicable in other centres and should be a logical progression of the haemophilia nurse specialist's role.
The impact of prenatal diagnosis on the incidence of haemophilia in Sweden
Authors: LJUNG ROLF , Kling S. , Tedgird U.
Published: June 2007

Summary A demographic survey was made of all children (n= 137) born with severe or moderate haemophilia in Sweden during the period 1970‐92. Bn addition, all prenatal diagnoses (n= 86) performing during the period were evaluated. The annual incidence of severe and moderate haemophilia, having remained constant for decades, increased from 0.78/10,000 males in the 1970s to 1.34 in the 1980s, levelling off at 1.31 in the 1990s. Although prenatal diagnosis did not affect the incidence of haemophilia in the 1970s and 1980s, it did so in the 1990s, because the incidence would have been 40% higher (1.83) had not prental diagnosis been available and 16 affected fetuses been aborted. The average proportion of sporadic cases, 62%, remained almost unchanged during the study period, suggesting mutation rates to be constant. There were fewere children in families with known haemophilia than in sporadic families, but no evidence was found to suggest that the frequency of female offspring (i.e. potential carriers) born in haemophilia families had increased since the option of prenatal diagnosis was introduced.
Low‐dose activated factor IX complex concentrates (FEIBAR) for post‐operative haemostasis in a patient with high responding factor VIII inhibitors
Authors: BHAVE A. , SRIVASTAVA A. , LEE V. , DANIEL A. J. , DENNISON D. , SUNDERAJ G. D. , SUDARSANAM A.
Published: June 2007

Replacement therapy in patients with severe haemophilia A is associated with the development of inhibitory antibodies in about 15% [1,2]. The presence of inhibitors of factor VIII greatly complicates and compromises the treatment of these patients because of the lack of any completely satisfactory product to treat them. Haemostatic management for surgery in patients with inhibitors is very difficult. A product frequently used to treat bleeding episodes in such patients is prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC) [3] or its activated derivative (APCC) [4]. Activated recombinant human factor VII is another option [5]. For both these modalities of treatment, there are no laboratory tests that can be used to monitor clinical efficacy [5, 6]. Porcine factor VII is therefore the preferred product for surgery in patients with high‐responding factor VIII inhibitors [7]. Unfortunately, none of these products are readily available in most developing countries, including India.

We report the management of a patient with high‐responding factor VIII inhibitor using low doses of FEIBAR (Immuno, Austria) in the post‐operative period.
HCV counselling in haemophilia care
Authors: MILLER RIVA , TELFER PAUL
Published: June 2007

Summary. The many areas of uncertainty about HCV make counselling patients with haemophilia and HCV a challenge. In this review a brief summary is made of the current understanding of the natural history of hepatitis C infection, the modes of transmission, diagnostic techniques, and treatment options available. This forms a necessary background to counselling patients and their contacts. Some difficulties are highlighted and counselling guidelines about the disease with patients are suggested.
Current strategy for genetic analysis of haemophilia A families
Authors: DARDIK RIMA , PERETZ HAVA , USHER SALI , SELIGSOHN URI , MARTINOWITZ URI
Published: June 2007

Summary. Carrier detection and prenatal diagnosis of haemophilia A, which was based in the last decade mainly on linkage polymorphism analysis, has been greatly facilitated by the recent discovery that two types of inversion disrupting the factor VIII gene are common mutations observed in 42–48% of severe haemophilia A cases. In this study DNA analysis was performed in 64 unrelated severe haemophilia A patients and 173 women belonging to their families, and in four women from a family with a deceased haemophilic relative whose DNA was unavailable (a total of 177 females from 65 unrelated families). Factor VIII gene inversions were found in 32 out of the 65 families (49%), 29 involving recombination with the distal A gene and three with the proximal A gene. Definitive information regarding carriership of haemophilia was provided to all 81 women belonging to the 32 inversion‐positive families, among them one woman previously uninformative for any of the polymorphisms examined, five women who were informative only for extragenic polymorphisms, and four suspected carriers who were relatives of the deceased haemophiliac. In 33 inversion‐negative families, 96 females were examined by analysis of the BclI restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) in intron 18 and of the multiallelic dinucleotide repeats in introns 13 and 22, followed by analysis of other intragenic polymorphisms. This procedure yielded an informativity rate of almost 100%. Of the 96 females examined by linkage polymorphism analysis, 78 belonged to 25 families with more than one haemophiliac and 29 of them were obligate carriers. In 47 of the 49 suspected carriers linkage polymorphism analysis enabled definition of carriership based on intragenic polymorphisms. 18 of the 96 females belonged to eight families with sporadic haemophilia cases and only eight of the 18 suspected carriers could be diagnosed by exclusion.

In nine pregnant women carrying factor VIII gene inversions, mRNA extracted from chorionic villus samples (CVS) was analysed for factor VIII gene inversion by reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction (RT/PCR). This procedure enabled rapid prenatal diagnoses in six male fetuses. Taken together, our data indicate that a high rate of informativity and carrier definition is possible by the strategy of first screening for factor VIII gene inversions, and, if none are found, sequential use of highly informative intragenic polymorphisms, followed by less informative intragenic and extragenic polymorphisms.
Analysis of factor VIII gene inversion mutations in 166 unrelated haemophilia A families: frequency and utility in genetic counselling
Authors: VNENCAK‐JONES CINDY L. , III JOHN A. PHILLIPS. , JANCO ROBERT L. , COHEN MELINDA P. , DUPONT WILLIAM D. , KAZAZIAN HAIG H. , ROSSITER JUDITH P.
Published: June 2007

Summary. Haemophilia A is an X‐linked recessive bleeding disorder of variable severity that is caused by a deficiency of coagulation factor VIII (FVIII). The disease results from mutations in the FVIII gene which are heterogenous both in type and position within the gene. Recently, however, inversion mutations were found to be common to patients with severe disease (Lakich et al., 1993). These mutations result from intrachromosomal recombinations between DNA sequences in the A gene (located in intron 22 of the FVIII gene) and one of two A genes upstream to the FVIII gene. To determine the frequency of these inversions we performed Southern blot analysis on banked DNA from 166 consecutive, unrelated haemophilia A families previously referred for carrier or prenatal testing. In 57/166 (34%) families an inversion or other unique mutation was detected. The distal and proximal A genes lying upstream to the FVIII gene were involved in 79% and 18% of the mutations, respectively, but in 3% of the families the sequences involved in the mutation have not been identified. In 20/38 (53%) families with severe disease a mutation was detected. Interestingly, the relative risk of developing inhibitors in patients with FVIII gene inversions or other 3° mutations detected by this assay, as compared to patients with no detectable mutation by this assay, was 3.8. In families for which a mutation is detected, direct DNA testing is an accurate and inexpensive alternative to linkage analysis for prenatal or haemophilia A carrier testing.
Factor IX gene mutations in haemophilia B: a New Zealand population‐based study
Authors: VAN DE WATER NEIL S. , WILLIAMS RUTH , BERRY ELIZABETH W. , OCKELFORD PAUL A. , BROWETT PETER J.
Published: June 2007

Summary. Haemophilia B (Christmas disease) is an X‐linked bleeding disorder resulting from an inherited deficiency of coagulation factor IX activity. Due to the heterogeneity of mutations within the factor IX gene there is a marked clinical variability in disease severity. By applying techniques of mutational analysis and direct sequencing of PCR products it is now potentially possible to determine the pathogenic gene defect in entire haemophilia B populations. We report here characterization of the factor IX gene defect in all the haemophilia B patients in New Zealand as part of a nationwide approach towards providing efficient and cost‐effective haemophilia B genetic counselling services for these families. Twenty‐six different mutations were identified in 32 unrelated haemophilia B families. Three defects at nucleotide positions +8,6659 and 17696 are novel mutations which have not been reported by other laboratories. A PCR‐based diagnostic screening test for direct mutational analysis could be performed in most cases; 17 of the 26 mutations altered a restriction enzyme recognition sequence and, with the exception of the total gene deletion, base changes not affecting a restriction enzyme site could be detected by allele‐specific PCR.
Prevalence of factor IX inhibitors among patients with haemophilia B: results of a large‐scale North American survey
Authors: KATZ JACOB
Published: June 2007

Summary. This survey provides new information on the severity of factor IX deficiencies among patients being treated for haemophilia B and on the prevalence of factor IX inhibitors in this population. A questionnaire was sent to 150 haemophilia treatment centres in the United States and Canada. 82 centres responded and provided data on 1967 patients with haemophilia B. 37% of these patients had severe haemophilia B (<1% of the normal level of factor IX), 33% had moderate haemophilia B (1–5% of the normal level of factor IX), and 30% had mild haemophilia B (>5% of the normal level of factor IX). Only 29 (1.5%) of the patients had factor IX inhibitors; 28 of these patients (96.6%) had severe haemophilia B, and one of these patients (3.4%) had moderate haemophilia B. Factor IX inhibitor titres were 0.6–1 Bethesda unit (BU) in seven patients, > 1–5 BU in four patients, > 5–10 BU in one patient, and > 10 BU in 17 patients. Factor IX inhibitors are much less common in patients with haemophilia B than in patients with haemophilia A.
Hepatitis C seropositivity in HIV‐negative children with severe haemophilia
Authors: SHOPNICK R. I. , BOLIVAR E. , BRETTLER D. B.
Published: June 2007

Summary. With the advent of new viral inactivation and purification methods for factor concentrates in the 1980s, transmission of both HIV‐1 and hepatitis viruses has been significantly decreased. However, on routine annual testing of the paediatric population at the New England Hemophilia Center (NEHC), several children were noted to be hepatitis C (HCV) seropositive. Thus, a retrospective review of children with severe haemophilia was undertaken. Twenty‐six children (median age: 7.5 years) under the age of 12 were identified. All were HIV‐1 seronegative and had received hepatitis B immunization. Of these, 22 had received factor concentrate. Four children had no documented HCV serostatus, and seven were HCV seropositive using a second‐generation ELISA. Transfusion products were reviewed and stored serum samples were evaluated using a second‐generation ELISA to identify the approximate date of seroconversion with positive tests confirmed by RIBA analysis. Three children became seropositive before 1989 using factor concentrates with early viral attenuation procedures. Two children who seroconverted after 1991 received only monoclonal affinity purified factor concentrate that was either pasteurized or solvent/detergent treated. There was no evidence of horizontal or nosocomial viral transmission. We are unable to prove causality with the factor concentrates used by these children. Continued surveillance with sensitive measures for detection of HCV in persons with haemophilia using plasma‐derived factor concentrate is necessary.
A lesson from persistently elevated aspartate transaminases (AST) in a patient with severe haemophilia A
Authors: GORINGE A. , AL‐SABAH A. , DASANI H.
Published: June 2007

Summary. Prior to the availability of test for hepatitis ‘C’ in 1989, any elevated AST in a pooled blood product recipient was presumed to be from non‐A–non‐B hepatitis. We report a patient who received pooled factor VIII in 1984 and had persistently elevated AST which proved to be of nonhepatic origin.
Disarticulation of a knee joint in a haemophiliac with high inhibitor titre
Authors: CHUANSUMRIT A. , HATHIRAT P. , KEOROCHANA S. , TARDTONG P. , PINTADIT P. , RUEANGWETSAWAT Y. , ISARANGKURA P.
Published: June 2007

Summary. Disarticulation of a knee joint in an 8‐year‐old haemophilia A patient with high inhibitor of 3450 Bethesda units (BU) is described. He had an infected compound fracture of the tibia and fibula. Surgery was successfully performed after extensive plasma exchange; administration of immunosuppressive agents such as cyclophosphamide, methylprednisolone, intravenous immunoglobulin and cyclosporine were combined with a loading dose of 100 units kg‐1 of factor VIII concentrate, followed by continuous infusion of 16 units kg‐1 h‐1 of factor VIII in the form of factor VIII concentrate and cryoprecipitate for 7 days and decreased to 8 units kg‐1 h‐1 in the form of cryoprecipitate for 19 more days. During the 1st to 7th post‐operative days, the lowest factor VIII inhibitor was 18 BU and the factor VIII level ranged from < 1–2.1 IU dL‐1. On the 9th and 13th post‐operative day, although the inhibitor rose to 330 and 2700 BU, respectively, there was no serious bleeding. The suture was removed on the 21st post‐operative day. The inhibitor spontaneously decreased to 550, 232 and 14 BU at 1, 7 and 10 months, respectively.
Direct mutation analysis as the preferred method for carrier diagnosis in families with isolated cases of haemophilia B
Authors: ANDREWS A. E. , CASEY G. J. , RODGERS S. E. , FLOWER R. L. P. , RUDZKI Z.
Published: June 2007

Summary. Approximately one‐third of haemophilia B cases are described as isolated due to their occurrence in families with no prior history of the disorder. In this report, two families with isolated haemophilia B were studied by the standard method of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis coupled with factor IX activity and antigen levels with the aim of achieving carrier diagnoses. The limitations of using this approach in the determination of carrier status were highlighted by diagnostic problems arising in both families. The problems included difficulty in interpreting bioassay results, homozygosity for the RFLP marker in a key family member and the possibility of germline mosaicism. Unequivocal carrier diagnosis in the two families was ultimately achieved by direct mutation analysis.
A prospective study of patterns of bleeding in boys with haemophilia
Authors: JANCO R. L. , MACLEAN W. E. , PERRIN J. M. , GORTMAKER S. L.
Published: June 2007

Summary. To describe the patterns of bleeding and clotting factor concentrate use in boys with haemophilia over a 6‐month period, daily diary records of bleeding, factor use, levels of physical activity, chore performance and school attendance were collected from parents of 96 males between 4 and 17 years of age with haemophilia A or B followed at six comprehensive haemophilia treatment centres in Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Tennessee. 14 243 person days were available for analysis. The sample cohort averaged approximately nine bleeding episodes (1.5 per months), almost two‐thirds of which were haemarthroses. 44% of bleeds were associated with injury and the average duration was 1.4 days. New bleeding episodes were significantly more likely to begin on weekdays (Monday–Thursday) than on weekends (Friday–Sunday). Boys with more severe disease had significantly more bleeding episodes and a higher frequency of haemarthroses. Boys with the most severe disease were also more likely to have joints involved when they bled and to have more spontaneous bleedings without apparent preceding trauma. Bleeding was associated with increased school absence, decreased levels of physical activity and decreased rates of household task performance. Relatively high rates of bleeding associated with trauma suggest the need for preventive interventions.
Home therapy with continuous infusion of factor VIII after minor surgery or serious haemorrhage
Authors: VARON D. , SCHULMAN S. , BASHARI D. , MARTINOWITZ U.
Published: June 2007

Summary. Administration of factor VIII (F VIII) concentrates by continuous infusion is now routinely used at several haemophilia centers but almost exclusively for hospitalized patients. We evaluated various aspects of home therapy with continuous infusion of an immunoaffinity purified F VIII concentrate (Monoclate P®, Armour) in patients who would normally have been treated with high doses in bolus injections or with continuous infusion as in‐patients. Twenty haemophilia A patients, eight after minor surgery and 12 for serious haemorrhage, received continuous infusion with undiluted F VIII by a minipump for a mean of 0.9 days in the hospital, followed by 3.3 days at home. Infusion bags were exchanged every 2.5 days. No haemorrhagic complications occurred, and five haemorrhages that had been resistant to treatment with bolus injections responded promptly to the continuous infusion. There were no technical problems and patient compliance and acceptance was good. We find this mode of therapy safe, efficacious and convenient for the patients as well as for the staff.
Inherited combined deficiency of factors XI and XII with von Willebrand's disease
Authors: ČOLOVIĆ M. D. , MILJIĆ P. , ČOLOVIĆ R. B. , JANKOVIĆ G.
Published: June 2007

Summary. Combined hereditary deficiency of factors XI (FXI) and XII (FXII) associated with the deficeincy of von Willebrand factor (vWF) in a single patient has not been reported so far in the literature. We report on two brothers of non‐Jewish stock with defciency of FXI, FXII and vWF. The family studies disclosed FXI and FXII deficiency in the mother of propositi. A maternal niece had FXII deficiency. The father of propositi had vWF deficiency. This study suggests possible existence of a regulatory factor common to genes specifying FXI and FXII. Associated vWF deficiency is coincidental
Topoedaphic and morphological complexity of foliar damage and mortality within western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis var. occidentalis) woodlands following an extreme meteorological event
Authors: Soulé Peter T. , Knapp Paul A.
Published: June 2007

Aim  An extreme early season freeze event in October 2002 resulted in significant foliar damage and/or mortality within western juniper woodlands. We identify the geographical patterns of tree damage based on morphological, topographical and edaphic parameters, and discuss the ecological implications of this event.

Location  Oregon, USA (44.0–44.2° N, 120.3–120.9° W).

Methods  We sampled trees on four matched pairs of disturbed and minimally disturbed study sites within the core area of tree damage. We collected information about age, morphology (height, basal area, level of foliar damage), and topographic position (elevation, slope, aspect) for each tree sampled using dendroecological and GPS/GIS procedures. We collected plot‐level data on tree density and degree of cover for shrubs and grasses. We used a series of Mann–Whitney, Kruskal–Wallis and Wilcoxon tests and graphical analyses to determine if significant differences exist in our collected variables both between matched pairs and within our disturbed sites.

Results  Topographically, we found that aspect was a critical element regulating damage, with trees in colder microenvironments (north‐westerly slopes) experiencing less damage because they were further along in the annual process of cold‐hardening. The majority of damaged trees were found in areas of higher density and more even age structure that are typical of recent juniper afforestation. Morphologically, we show that trees with greater basal areas and/or less stature were less likely to have foliar damage, consistent with winter cavitation.

Main conclusions  Our results show that the spatial pattern of damage was closely related to topography and tree morphology, parameters that, in turn, correspond closely to differences between the historical locales of western juniper and juniper woodlands that have emerged in a 100+ year period of rapid afforestation. This freeze event fits the criteria for a large, infrequent disturbance in that it was spatially complex and may act as an endogenous factor that can contribute to stand maintenance.
Omega‐3 fatty acid regulates inflammatory cytokine/mediator messenger RNA expression in Porphyromonas gingivalis‐induced experimental periodontal disease
Authors: Kesavalu L. , Bakthavatchalu V. , Rahman M. M. , Su J. , Raghu B. , Dawson D. , Fernandes G. , Ebersole J. L.
Published: June 2007

Introduction:  Porphyromonas gingivalis is strongly implicated in the etiology of adult periodontitis by inducing inflammatory cytokines, resulting in gingival and periodontal tissue inflammation and alveolar bone resorption. This study tested the hypothesis that supplementing the diet with omega‐3 fatty acid (ω‐3 FA; i.e. fish oil) would exert anti‐inflammatory effects in the gingival tissues of P. gingivalis‐infected rats.

Methods:  Rats were fed either fish oil or corn oil diets ad libitum for 22 weeks and infected with P. gingivalis strain 381 or strain A7A1‐28. After sacrifice, rat gingival tissues were excised and the RNA was isolated and analyzed for proinflammatory mediators [interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), IL‐6], T helper type 1 and type 2 cytokines [interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ), IL‐4, IL‐10), antioxidant enzymes [catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD)], and genes critical for eicosanoid mediator production [cyclo‐oxygenase‐2 (COX‐2), 5‐lipoxygenase (5‐LO)] by reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction using rat‐specific primers.

Results:  Rats on the ω‐3 FA diet exhibited decreased proinflammatory cytokine gene expression (IL‐1β, TNF‐α) and enhanced IFN‐γ, CAT and SOD messenger RNA expression compared to rats fed a corn oil diet, supporting a diet‐induced modulation of host inflammatory reactions. Analyses of alveolar bone resorption in the rats related to gene expression profiles demonstrated significant positive correlations with IL‐1β, IL‐6 and COX‐2 and negative correlations with CAT and SOD.

Conclusion:  These findings suggest that diets enriched for ω‐3 FA modulate the local gingival inflammatory milieu of the host following oral P. gingivalis infection, which impacts on alveolar bone resorption in rats.
Adrenal Cortex of the Dog (Canis familiaris): I. Histomorphologic Changes during Growth, Maturity, and Aging1
Authors: Hullinger Ronald L.
Published: June 2007

The adrenal glands of 56 dogs ranging in age from birth to 13.6 years were examined for a determination of normal zonal and cellular morphology patterns throughout development, maturity and aging. Routine light microscopic techniques as well as lipid and cholesterol staining were used. The zona arcuata is described as developing between the fibrous and cellular layers of the capsule forming the cortical blastema layer, a zona biproliferativa. It is proposed that both centrifugal and centripetal migration of cortical parenchyma can result. The formation of accessory nodules is described as compensatory hyperplasia. Histomorphometric analysis revealed growth in the zona fasciculata to be by hyperplasia and the zonal volume percentages to be arcuata, 27%; fasciculata, 50%; reticularis, 23%.
Prenatal Dental Development in the Dog, Canis familiaris: Chronology of Tooth Germ Formation and Calcification of Deciduous Teeth
Authors: Williams R. C. , Evans H. E.
Published: June 2007

Observations on a sizeable collection of purebred canine fetuses of known age has afforded the opportunity to report baseline data on the timing of tooth germ development in the dog. The chronology of development of the deciduous dentition has been studied in a collection of 172 embryos and fetuses from purebred Beagles of known gestation. Microscopic examination of serial sections, enlarged reconstructions from serial sections and alizarin‐stained clearings were used to visualize stages of development. These observations establish that the dental lamina is initiated at 25 days gestation and that calcification begins at 42 days in the deciduous teeth.
Ultrastructural Observations on the Tapetum lucidum fibrosum
Authors: Bortolami R. , Callegari E. , Lucchi M. L.
Published: June 2007

The ultrastructural comparison made between the tapetum cellulosum of the cat and the tapetum fibrosum of the sheep has shown that the rods and the collagen fibrils have the same diameters and the same spatial arrangement.
Blastocystenimplantation bei der Hauskatze Lidit‐ und elektronenmikroskopisdie Untersuchung*
Authors: Leiser R.
Published: June 2007

Blastocyst implantation in the domestic cat A light and electronmicroscopic investigation

Implantation in the cat begins 121/2 days post coitum and lasts to the 14th day. Several hours before implantation begins the extraembryonic trophoblast, in what could be considered a precontact or sensitization phase, shows fine structural evidence of secretory activity. The uterine epithelium at the same times gives evidence of being at first resorptive and, after a differentiation, of being secretory. Secretion also in the gland epithelium can be observed.

The attachment of the embryo to the endometrium begins with an appositional phase. The trophoblast is now distinctly resorptive and forms with the uterine epithelium microvilli‐free areas of contact lying between the openings of the uterine glands. Then follows an adhesion phase during which additional junctional complexes are formed between an actively proliferating trophoblast and the uterine epithelium which shows now symplasmic differentiation. Finally, in the intrusion phase the uterine epithelium completely disintegrates. In this manner the syncytiotrophoblast which differentiates from the cytotrophoblast invades the maternal tissues until it reaches the endothelium of the uterine blood vessels.
Die Entwicklung des Plazentastieles beim Meerschweinchen
Authors: Uhlendorf Brigitte , Kaufmann Peter
Published: June 2007

As basis for detailed studies into the significance of the guinea pig subplacenta the formal development of the placental stalk which contains the subplacenta in its center was investigated in this species. Fifty conventional, domesticated, genetically undefined guinea pigs pregnant 8–63 days were used. The placentas were studied on semi‐thin and paraffin sections on some of which morphometric observations were made. The findings provide the first three‐dimensional picture of the subplacenta and give information of its development. The studies show that this region has neither a growth function nor a maternofetal transport function.
Studies on the Development of the Fetal and Neonatal Bovine Stomach
Authors: Kano Yutaka , Fukaya Kosaku , Asari Masao , Eguchi Yasunobu
Published: June 2007

37 Holstein fetuses and 5 newborn holstein calves were used in a study of the development and neonatal anatomy of the bovine stomach. Care was taken to prevent alterations in pulmonary volume and modification of topographic relationships between stomach compartments. Polymerized synthetic polyester resin was used to form anatomic casts of stomach compartments. This technique provided the basis for a description of relative sizes and relationships of stomach compartments and the nature of the mucosal surfaces.
Consideraciones sobre el sistema urinario del Gallus gallus– Indian River; I. Formación y tributaris del uréter
Authors: Dias Por S. Mello , Silva P. Pinto , Campos V. J. M. , Orsi A. M. , Dayoub M. C. Oliveira , Define R. M.
Published: June 2007

In the literature reviewed, there are certain differences of opinion with regard to the formation and tributareis to the ureter. Therefore, dissection of 40 fowls injected with neoprene latex, k neoprene latex and celobar (radiopaque mass) and vinyl acetate casts through the ureter and blood vessels revealed the formation and disposition of the tributaries to the ureter, and its origin and number of collectors. The results were described in relation to the renal lobes.
Zur Genesis des myozytären Bewegungsapparates
Authors: Preuss F.
Published: June 2007

Living beings not only have measurable, but also unmeasurable (psychologic) dimensions. The latter are illustrated by the directing of the myocytic locomotor apparatus. All parts of the morphologic and physiologic reflex arch obey determined psychic influences about which can be drawn conclusions upon behavior. The analysis of these influences reveals the reflex arch to be a response angel, the perception or sentiment side and the expression or feeling side of which are governed by the vertex as the switching or decision center. The origin of the two sentiments (delight and dislike) and the two feelings (hate and love) is derived biologically.
The Structure of the Shell Membrane, the Development and Structural Change of the Amnion and Chorioallantoic Membrane during Hatching in the Goose
Authors: Fehér Gy.
Published: June 2007

The quantitative changes of the yolk, albumen and amniotic‐allantoic fluids have been established.

The development of the extraembryonic membranes and ultrastructural changes of the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) were investigated in goose during the incubation.
Some observations on the morphology of the pigeon's seminiferous epithelium cells
Authors: Orsi A. M. , Mercadante M. C. S. , Dias E. , Dias S. Mello , Vicentini C. A.
Published: June 2007

A light microscopic examination of the seminiferous epithelium of the pigeon was carried out. Comparisons are made between the spermiogenic stages of the pigeon and that of the domestic fowl and mammals.
Arteria maxillaris of the Donkey (Equus asinus)
Authors: Ahmed M. A. A. , Anis H. , Moustafa M. S. M.
Published: June 2007

Gross anatomical examination of the organization of the maxillary artery was carried out in 10 formalin embalmed, latex injected adult donkeys. The results indicate that although there are variations from other domestic animals, the distribution of this artery in the donkey is similar to that of the horse.
Prenatal Development of the Bovine Lung*
Authors: de Zabala Liliana E. , Weinman Donald E.
Published: June 2007

A light and electronmicroscopic study of the development of the bovine lung was conducted, using tissues from 60 abatoir collected fetuses of various ages. Standard categorical stages of development were used to classify development stages relative to fetal age. The sequencial development of the bovine lung is described and compared with that of other species in which similar studies have been made.
Morfología de la red testicular en el caprino doméstico (Capra hircus, L.)
Authors: Orsi A. M. , Carvalho I. Mombrum DE , Moreira J. E. , Valente M. M. , Filho Y J. Guazzelli
Published: June 2007

The rete testis was examined in the domestic goat (Capra hircus) by light microscopic means. Tissues were collected from 4 adult animals, fixed in bouin, Gendre, Zenker and in 10 % neutral formalin fixatives for histologic preparation. Paraffin embedded, 6 micron sections stained with Masson‐Goldner and Hematoxylin and Eosin. The study of the rete testis was based on a model description of the human testis, and comparison are made with other species.
Morphology of the Vesicular and Bulbourethral Glands in Barrows and the Changes Induced by Diethylstilboestrol
Authors: Lauwers H. , Nicaise M. , Simoens P. , Vos N. R. De
Published: June 2007

The macroscopic and light microscopic structure of the vesicular and bulbourethral glands was investigated in male pigs, which were castrated early in life and examined at slaughter weight. The vesicular glands showed a constant morphological pattern while in the bulbourethral glands an individual variation was observed in the number of mucous acini and the amount of interstitial tissue. In spite of this variation in the normal structure, the latter gland as well as the vesicular gland showed reliable changes after treatment with diethylstilboestrol.
Histochemische Untersuchungen an der Klauenepidermis des Schweines
Authors: Von Geyer H.
Published: June 2007

The unaltered epidermis of the hoof of 21 Landrace pigs of different ages was examined histochemically for substances which could be important for normal keratinization, quality of horn or in pathological processes. These were PAS‐positive substances, SH‐ and SS‐groups, lipids, calcium and phosphate as well as the enzymes lactate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, ATP‐ase, alkaline and acid phosphatase, beta‐glucuronidase and non‐specific esterase. The histochemical results can be very different in various pans of the hoof. The medullary spaces of the horn tubules in the stratum corneum contain carbohydrates as well as hydrolytic enzymes such as acid phosphatase, beta‐glucuronidase and non‐specific esterase. These enzymes and the carbohydrates may increase in pathological processes.
Localization of the Motoneurons Innervating the Hindlimb Muscles in the Spinal Cord of the Domestic Fowl
Authors: Ohmori Yasushige , Watanabe Tohru , Fujioka Toshitake
Published: June 2007

The origins of the motor nerve fibers supplying the individual hindlimb muscles were elucidated in the fowl by the retrograde degeneration method. Chromatolytic cells were seen in the ipsilateral lamina 9 of the lumbosacral enlargement. Motoneurons innervating the individual hindlimb muscles were localized in the characteristic position of lamina 9. Both hip and thigh muscles are supplied by motoneurons of almost all the columns in lumbar segments and by those of dorsolateral columns in sacral segments, while the shank and foot muscles are supplied by motoneurons of ventromedial columns in sacral segments. The origins of the dorsal cord of the lumbosacral plexus are situated laterally in the lamina 9 and those of the ventral cord are located medially in it.
Age Related Changes in the Capillary Index of the Caprine Hypophysis Cerebri
Authors: Khatra G. S. , Nanda B. S.
Published: June 2007

The capillary index of the hypophysis cerebri of goats, ranging in age from one day to over 6 years of age. Observations in rostral, middle and caudal regions were made and comparisons are made with other species.
Veins of the Head and Neck of the Donkey (Equus asinus)
Authors: Ahmed M. A. A. , Anis H. , Moustafa M. S. M.
Published: June 2007

A gross anatomical description of the veins of the head and neck was accomplished in the donkey. Although there were many similarities between the donkey and the horse, some significant differences were noted. These differences are discussed and compared with the organization observed in the other domestic species.
Feinstruktur des Ammonshornes von Rind, Schaf und Ziege
Authors: Von Baer S. , Hummel G. , Goller H.
Published: June 2007

Hippocampi of 8 cattle, 12 sheep and 17 goats of both sexes and of different ages were studied light and electronmicroscopically.
Empleo del mercúrico en soluteón Nítrica, MILLON (1849), para coloratión de secciones macróscopicas del encéfalo de perros
Authors: Medina Heitor Segundo Guilherme , Seullner Geraldo , Medina Thais Leprevost De
Published: June 2007

A description of the application of the classical Millon reaction as used to produce a differential stain for gray and white matter of the central nervous system is presented. The use of this technique for a gross anatomic study of the brain of the dog is discussed.
A Redescription of the Gross Anatomy of the Canine Extensor Digitorum Longus Muscle
Authors: Updike S. J.
Published: June 2007

A detailed study of the gross anatomy of the M. extensor digitorum longus in the dog was carried out in 12 individual dissections of fresh limbs of euthanatised animals. The description of this muscle indicates that current text descriptions of its organization are incomplete.
Blood Supply of the Nasal Cavity of the Normal Pig
Authors: Ghoshal Nani G. , Khamas Wael A.
Published: June 2007

The blood supply to the nasal cavity of 13 adult pigs was studied through plastic and latex injection casts, and gross dissection. Injection casts were prepared with 33% potassium hydroxide maceration. One head was injected with barium sulfate in gelatine for radiographic studies prior to gross dissection. The blood supply to the head is described in generous detail, and compared with that described by other investigators.
Gross Morphology of the Composite Occipito‐Atlas‐Axis Joint Cavity in the Dog*
Authors: Watson A. G. , Evans H. E. , de Lahunta A.
Published: June 2007

The structure and intercommunications of the composite occipito‐atlas‐axis joint cavity of the dog was studied in 28 dogs through gross dissection and injection casts. The injection casts were prepared through the use of silicone rubber caulking material. The procedure used is described in the manuscript. The composite joint cavity is delineated and communications clearly identified. The joint is compared with that of other species in regard to postural adaptations and adaptations due to variety of head movements in different species.
Ultrastructure of Camel (Camelus dromedarius) Spermatozoa
Authors: Heath E. , Mostafa M. S. , Karasek S.
Published: June 2007

Spermatozoa collected from the caudae epididymidis of six camels were examined by phase contrast, scanning electron and transmission electron microscopy. A comparison of the morphology of the camel spermatozoa with that of other domestic animals is presented.
Histologische und ultrastrukturelle Untersuchungen am Vaginalepithel des Rindes
Authors: Wrobel K.‐H. , Laun G. , Hees H. , Zwack M.
Published: June 2007

Histological and electron microscopical examinations of the vaginal epithelium of the cow

The vaginal epithelium of the cow was not uniform. Its structure depended on the place from where a sample was taken, the hormonal status of the animal, and other (individual) factors. From each of 23 cows 11 tissue samples were taken at equal distances from the entire length of the vagina. Some cows had low blood hormone values, others were under gestagen dominance and still others under the influence of estradiol. In cows with low blood hormone values, tissue samples 1 and 2 (E 1 and E 2), which corresponded to the fornix and its junction with the vagina proper, showed an epithelium of one or two layers of cylindrical cells. Tissue samples E 3 to E 5 (cranial half of the vagina) were dominated by an epithelium consisting of three layers, i. e. two layers of basal cells and one variably shaped layer of apical cells. In E 6 to E 10 (caudal half) the height of the epithelium increased from three to about ten cell layers; a stratum intermedium of variable thickness could be discerned. Tissue sample Ell (vestibule) had a non‐cornified squamous epithelium of multiple layers. Cows under the influence of gestagen had an epithelium which in principle was similar to the above findings. In cows under the influence of estradiol, the rate of cell proliferation was increased, the epithelium was thicker throughout, showed an active tendency of desquamation, and that in the vestibule had the potential to become cornified. Free cells (lymphocytes and plasma cells) were found in all areas; they were more numerous in animals under the influence of gestagen. In animals under the influence of estradiol also neutrophils were encountered.

PAS‐positive mucosubstances containing acid groups were found in the apical cells of the cranial end of the vagina. These substances could be responsible for a typical reaction (Kuppenreaktion) in the epithelial type that featured a stratum intermedium. Apart from folds the vaginal epithelium contained genuine intraepithelial and subepithelial glands.
Licht‐ und elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen der Samenblasendrüse (Glandula vesicularis) des Bullen
Authors: Amselgruber W. , Feder F.‐H.
Published: June 2007

Light and electron microscopical study of the vesicular gland of the bull

The vesicular glands of six adult bulls were studied grossly and with the microscope. Corrosion casts (of the duct system) examined with the dissecting microscope and the SEM clearly showed that the gland was tubulo‐alveolar.

The light microscope showed two rows of tall glandular cells. The basal epithelial cells (termed “dwarf lipid‐cells”) contained uni‐ as well as plurivacuolar lipid droplets. In the tall glandular cells fine lipid droplets were seen mainly in the supranuclear cytoplasm.

Electron microscopical examinations permit division of the tall glandular cells into three compartments, shown in a semischematic drawing. The results of this study allow the conclusion that the basal “fat cells” and the peroxysomes of the tall glandular cells are related to the formation of prostaglandins.
Electrophysiologic Studies of the Cutaneous Innervation of the External Genitalia of the Female Dog
Authors: Spurgeon T. L. , Reddy V. K.
Published: June 2007

The cutaneous innervation of the external genitalia of the female dog was studied using electrophysiologic recording of evoked afferent activity in peripheral branches of the caudal cutaneous femoral, superficial perineal, and genitofemoral nerves, and the dorsal nerve of the clitoris. The observed cutaneous distribution was comparable to that of the male dog, with expected but relatively minor variation due to differences in morphology of the external genitalia. A speculative developmental sequence for the cutaneous innervation of the external genitalia was presented incorporating the distribution of the nerves studied to homologous structures between the sexes.
über die Adenosintriphosphatasen des fetalen Dickdarmepithels Licht‐ und elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen am Caecum des Rindes (Bos primigenius taurus)1,2
Authors: Wille K.‐H.
Published: June 2007

The adenosintriphosphatases of the fetal large intestinal epithelium. Light and electron microscopical studies of the bovine cecum (Bos primigenius taurus)

Light and electron microscopical examinations were made of the Mg++‐, (Mg++‐Na+‐K+)‐ and the Ca+‐ATPases on the cecal epithelium of bovine fetuses.

The light microscope revealed the substances as continuous black lines, occupying in the area of the villi the entire height of the epithelium and in the area of the crypts only the apices of the cells. The electron microscope often revealed granules on inter‐ and perigranular cytoplasmic structures of the goblet cells. In concert with the light microscopical finds, however, the precipitates were found primarily as continuous black between the microvilli on the outer layer of the plasmalemma both in the area of the villi and of the crypts. The lateral cell borders of the epithelial cells showed intercellular reaction products only in the areas of the villi; there were also marked unspecific intracellular reactions. Cell junctions and desmosomes were always free of precipitates.

It was not possible to demonstrate further stimulation of the Mg++‐dependent basic activity by Na‐ and K‐ions, neither was it possible to see differences in activity and locale between the Mg++‐activated and the Ca++‐ATPase. Generally, the intensity of the reactions was remarkably and evenly strong during the entire fetal period examined.

An attempt was made to interpret different functional aspects of these enzyme complexes, possibly related to transport activity of these fetal intestinal epithelial cells.
Bipolar Mesoderm Cells in vitro Examined by Scanning Electron Microscopy
Authors: Chamorro C. A. , Paz P. de , Fernandez J. G. , Fernandez M. , Villar J. M.
Published: June 2007

Head mesoderm cells from chick embryo at stage 10 were cultured onto coverslips. The mesoderm cells with bipolar aspect were studied by means of scanning electron microscopy. Several features of the filopodia and lamellipodia of these cells, as number, length and width were quantified and the results ire discussed in view of the role proposed for these projections in the cellular locomotion. Moreover, the morphological characterization here carried out permits to have comparison with other cellular types of the same culture or between cultured cells of different stages of chick embryo development.
Evolución morfológica en el epitelio seminífero del Cerdo en diferentes edades (Sus scrofa de la raza Landrace)*
Authors: Orsi A. M. , Dias S. Mello , Moreira J. E. , Camilli J. A.
Published: June 2007

The morphological development of the seminiferous epithelium in the pig at different ages (Sus scrofa, Landrace breed)

In the Pig, Landrace breed, were observed, at different ages, among 15 to 210–220 days, the morphological patterns of the seminiferous epithelium that lines “cordonal” tubules at 15 to 30 days of postnatal and “luminal” tubules at 120 to 210–220 days of age. Although some morphological events of cellular differentiation were observed at 120 days, and the spermatogenesis process apparently could be observed at 180–190 days, really the overall characteristics of the cellular differentiation in the seminiferous epithelium, with the presence of luminal spermatozoa, were observed at 210–220 days of age. This last stage is considered as the puberal age.