bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DE DIOSES Y PRINCESAS: MITOLOGÍA EN EL HARZREISE DE HEINRICH HEINE
Authors: Schäpers Andrea
Published: February 2021

En su relato Harzreise contenido en la colección Reisebilder, Heinrich Heine manda de viaje a su protagonista por una región emblemática en el centro de Alemania y recrea imágenes pertenecientes a mundos mágicos y míticos, el mundo de los dioses grecorromanos y el de las creencias populares que pueblan los bosques y las zonas rurales. A través de las vivencias diurnas y los sueños nocturnos del narrador nos hacemos partícipes de lo que le preocupa al joven autor y nos damos cuenta de que, finalmente, nos lleva siempre al terreno que le interesa en el fondo de su ser: el destino de Alemania en los tiempos de la Restauración.
GEORG BÜCHNERS 'LEONCE UND LENA' UND 'WOYZECK': ZUR ROLLE DES GROTESKEN BEI DER SCHILDERUNG GESELLSCHAFTLICHER VERHÄLTNISSE
Authors: Arevalo Marc
Published: February 2021

Die Kritik an den bestehenden sozialen Verhältnissen im vorrevolutionären Deutschland zählt zu den zentralen Themen des prägnanten Werks Georg Büchners. In seinen Dramen denunziert er die Heuchelei und Frivolität der oberen Klassen sowie ihre Unterdrückung der ärmeren Schichten zur Befestigung der sozialen Hierarchien. In Anlehnung an die Arbeiten Martins (2015, 2017) zur entstehungsgeschichtlichen und konzeptionellen Parallelität von Georg Büchners letzten Dramen Leonce und Lena und Woyzeck wird im vorliegenden Beitrag versucht, die Rolle der Ästhetik des Grotesken bei der Darstellung sozialer Umstände in den erwähnten Stücken Büchners zu bestimmen. Der Fokus der Untersuchung liegt auf den grotesken Elementen und Motiven bei der Darstellung der unterschiedlichen gesellschaftlichen Sphären. Dazu zählen u.a. die Automaten, die Aufhebung der Grenzen zwischen Tieren und Menschen sowie der Wahnsinn des Titelhelden in Woyzeck. Dabei werden die Theorien Kaysers und Bachtins zum Grotesken herangezogen, die exemplarisch die Ambivalenz dieser ästhetischen Kategorie zeigen.
La cesárea rutinaria como una forma de violencia obstétrica: Experiencias de mujeres y médicos de un hospital público en la Ciudad de México
Authors: Prado Murrieta Ana
Published: February 2021

Introducción. De acuerdo con la Organización de las Naciones Unidas (2019), el término violencia obstétrica hace referencia a la violencia sufrida por las mujeres durante la atención al parto en los centros de salud, es una forma específica de violencia que constituye una violación a los derechos humanos. Objetivo. Esta investigación analiza la práctica de la cesárea rutinaria como una forma de violencia obstétrica, ilustrando experiencias de mujeres y médicos. Metodología. El estudio se realizó en un nosocomio materno-infantil público perteneciente a la Secretaría de Salud de la Ciudad de México. La metodología empleada fue cualitativa, teniendo como técnica de investigación la entrevista semiestructurada. Resultados y Discusión. En el hospital estudiado existe una práctica injustificada de cesáreas que supera las recomendaciones emitidas por la Organización Mundial de la Salud. El discurso biomédico ilustra la existencia de una marcada visión biologicista y refuerza la creencia del parto como un evento patológico, de riesgo e incontrolable. Los testimonios muestran una cadena de abusos, maltratos y violencia que se traduce en la vulneración sistemática de los derechos humanos de las mujeres. Conclusiones. En México, la práctica de cesáreas injustificadas es un ejercicio naturalizado de violencia, ligado a otras formas de abusos. La atención biomédica al nacimiento vive un momento de profundo cuestionamiento ya que la violencia que viven las mujeres al atender sus partos se ha incrementado. Es urgente visibilizar este tipo de violencia e impulsar políticas en salud que transformen, dignifiquen y humanicen los servicios públicos de atención al nacimiento.
Performance of zinc oxide quantum dots coated paper and application of fluorescent anti-counterfeiting
Authors: Wang Xiaoju , Chen Xi , Xu Guobin , Li Jie , Guo Jiaqi , Wang Qi
Published: February 2021

Fluorescent anti-counterfeiting is one of the most widely used anti-counterfeiting technologies at present. The demand to develop new anti-counterfeiting materials and technology is more and more urgent. Zinc oxide quantum dots (ZnO QDs) have superior fluorescent properties under ultraviolet light, making them a suitable replacement for traditional phosphors for anti-counterfeiting printing, which is environmentally friendly and meets the needs of sustainable development. In this paper, water-soluble ZnO QDs with an average particle size of 5.64 nm were prepared. Paper coated by ZnO QDs was obtained after ultrasonic treatment, which could emit bright yellow fluorescence when excited by ultraviolet light. As the concentration of ultrasonic solution is increased, the loading amount of ZnO QDs on the coated paper increased gradually, reaching the maximum when the concentration is increased to

1

m
o
l

L

−
1

, which then does not change with an increase in concentration. The fluorescent intensity of the coated paper was consistent with the changing trend of the loading amount. The coated paper has excellent optical stability, is easy to recycle, and provides simple identification of authenticity by ultraviolet light and anti-copy functionality. Their application in packaging and printing is of great significance to the development of complex, concealed and non-repeatable anti-counterfeiting technology.
Phase-shift determination for a 4  ×  4 intelligent photonic neural network with compatible learning
Authors: Chen Chen , Liu Shi-Jie , Wang Ming-Lei , Zhang Zhi-Gang , Xiao Yong-Liang
Published: February 2021

Intelligent photonic circuits (IPCs) tuned with an appropriate phase-shift vector could enable a photonic intelligent matrix possibly implemented in multiple neural layers for a task-oriented topologies. A photonic Mach–Zehnder Interferometer (MZI) is a fundamental photonic component in IPCs, whose matrix representation could be broadcasted into an arbitrary matrix that is equipped with an optimized phase-shift vector. The initialized MZIs’ phases are tentatively probed between analytical elements and a digital weight matrix that is learned from samples with efficient compatible learning for complex-valued neural networks. Nonlinear least squares is utilized to formulate a phase determination system to refine the optimal phase-shift solutions. The robustness of phase determination system for photonic neural networks is discussed in detail. For a preliminary implementation, a basic

4

×
4

intelligent photonic neural network is utilized to verify the proof of concept on phase-shift determination in IPC through numerical experiments.
Effects of transmission loss on two-mode squeezed vacuum state quantum lidar
Authors: Zhao Yuefeng , Li Hui , Gao Jing , Wang Xu , Zhang Yurong , Duan Mengjun , Wang Yanqi , Pan Jie , Cai Yangjian , Wang Jingjing , Fang Jing
Published: February 2021

The performance of two-mode squeezed vacuum state quantum lidar that depends on system transmission losses is studied. The sensitivity and resolution of the system with a certain transmission loss are analyzed by parity detection and maximum transmission model. With a loss coefficient of

0.1

<
k
<

0.5

, the system sensitivity breaks through the standard quantum limit. Taking a single transmission loss into consideration, the maximum transmission losses in the system should be 85% and 94%, corresponding to compression coefficients of

ξ

=

1.0

and 1.5, respectively. The results show that a high compression degree of the light source method is helpful to enhance the sensitivity of the system, while the system resolution can be further improved by increasing the average photon number.
Impact of DC bias on weak optical-field-driven electron emission in nano-vacuum-gap detectors
Authors: Turchetti Marco , Bionta Mina R. , Yang Yujia , Ritzkowsky Felix , Candido Denis R. , Flatté Michael E. , Berggren Karl K. , Keathley Phillip D.
Published: February 2021

In this work, we investigate multiphoton and optical field tunneling emission from metallic surfaces with nanoscale vacuum gaps. Using time-dependent Schrödinger equation (TDSE) simulations, we find that the properties of the emitted photocurrent in such systems can be greatly altered by the application of only a few-volt direct current (DC) bias. We find that when coupled with expected plasmonic enhancements within the nanometer-scale metallic gaps, the application of this DC bias significantly reduces the threshold for the transition to optical-field-driven tunneling from the metal surface, and could sufficiently enhance the emitted photocurrents, to make it feasible to electronically tag fJ ultrafast pulses at room temperature. Given the petahertz-scale instantaneous response of the photocurrents, and the low effective capacitance of thin-film nanoantenna devices that enables

<

1

f
s

response time, detectors that exploit this bias-enhanced surface emission from nanoscale vacuum gaps could prove to be useful for communication, petahertz electronics, and ultrafast optical-field-resolved metrology.
Four-channel toroidal crystal x-ray imager for laser-produced plasmas
Authors: Jiang Chenglong , Xu Jie , Mu Baozhong , wang Xin , Li Mingtao , Li Wenjie , Pu Yudong , Ding Yongkun
Published: February 2021

The motion law of complex fluids under extreme conditions is an important aspect of high energy density physics research. It has been demonstrated that using multi-channel curved crystals and a framing camera to observe the laser-produced target pellets doped with tracer elements is an appropriate method for investigating this law. This paper presents a feasible design scheme for a multi-channel toroidal imager, with the ray trace model used to verify the rationality of the evaluation method and the aberration of single toroidal crystal imaging. We demonstrate that the field of view (FOV) consistency of the four-channel Ge(400) toroidal crystal imager is less than 50 µm, while the best spatial resolution is ∼4 µm and the FOV of each channel is >2.2 mm.
Modeling of surface-induced second-harmonic generation from multilayer structures by the transfer matrix method
Authors: Pakhomov A. V. , Hammerschmidt M. , Burger S. , Pertsch T. , Setzpfandt F.
Published: February 2021

We analytically and numerically investigate surface second-harmonic generation (SHG) from a stack of dielectric layers. We develop a theoretical formalism based on the transfer matrix method for the calculation of the surface-driven second-harmonic radiation from multilayer structures and elaborate it for the case of ultrathin dielectric layers using a power series expansion to derive the effective surface nonlinear tensor for the whole stack. We show that for deeply subwavelength thicknesses of the layers the surface responses from all interfaces can efficiently sum up, leading to largely enhanced efficiency of SHG. As a result, such surface-driven nonlinearity can become comparable to the bulk nonlinearity in noncentrosymmetric semiconductors and can yield high performance for nonlinear nanophotonic applications.
PDL and CD insensitive low complexity equalizer for short reach coherent systems
Authors: Yu Zhenming , Zhao Yilun , Hu Shaohua , Wan Zhiquan , Shu Liang , Zhang Jing , Xu Kun
Published: February 2021

We propose a polarization dependent loss (PDL) and chromatic dispersion (CD) insensitive, low-complexity adaptive equalizer (AEQ) for short-reach coherent optical transmission systems. The AEQ contains a 1-tap butterfly finite impulse response (FIR) filter and two N-tap FIR filters. It first performs polarization demultiplexing using the 1-tap filter, of which the coefficients are obtained based on Stokes space. Then it mitigates the inter-symbol interference (ISI) using the two N-tap finite impulse response (FIR) filters and adjust the filter’s coefficients by utilizing constant modulus algorithm (CMA). Through theoretical and experimental analysis, we verify that this proposed AEQ can perform robust polarization demultiplexing when PDL and CD exists. Besides, our proposed AEQ has faster convergence speed compared with recently proposed AEQs. In addition, it reduces the number of multipliers and thus reduce the computational complexity of conventional butterfly filter structure AEQ. And this proposed AEQ suffers little bit error ratio loss compared with the conventional AEQ. Due to the low-complexity and robustness to PDL and CD, this proposed AEQ is well-suited for future low-cost short-reach optical communication system.
High-order exceptional point based optical sensor
Authors: Wu Yulin , Zhou Peiji , Li Ting , Wan Weishi , Zou Yi
Published: February 2021

Exceptional points (EPs) could potentially enhance the sensitivity of an optical sensing system by orders of magnitude. Higher-order EP systems, having more complex physics, can further boost this parameter. In this paper, we investigate the response order of high-order non-Hermitian systems and provide a guideline for designing a sensor with high response order. Based on this design rule, we propose and demonstrate an optical sensor with a fourth-order response, and analyze its associated properties. The four resonant wavelengths of our optical sensor simultaneously collapse at a high-order exceptional point in the parameter space, providing a fourth root relation between the amount of wavelength splitting and the amplitude of the perturbation. A large sensitivity enhancement factor over 100, is observed when the wavelength splitting is compared with traditional single resonator-based sensors under small perturbation conditions.
Hollow nanosphere arrays with a high-index contrast for enhanced scintillating light output from β-Ga2O3 crystals
Authors: Zhu Zhichao , Liu Bo , Tang Huili , Cheng Chuanwei , Gu Mu , Xu Jun , Zhang Chi , Ouyang Xiaoping
Published: February 2021

β-Ga2O3 is a new type of fast scintillator with potential applications in medical imaging and nuclear radiation detection with high count-rate situations. Because of the severe total internal reflection with its high refractive index, the light extraction efficiency of β-Ga2O3 crystals is rather low, which would limit the performance of detection systems. In this paper, we use hollow nanosphere arrays with a high-index contrast to enhance the light extraction efficiency of β-Ga2O3 crystals. We can increase the transmission diffraction efficiency and reduce the reflection diffraction efficiency through controlling the refractive index and the thickness of the shell of the hollow nanospheres, which can lead to a significant increase in the light extraction efficiency. The relationships between the light extraction efficiency and the refractive index and thickness of the shell of the hollow nanospheres are investigated by both numerical simulations and experiments. It is found that when the refractive index of the shell of the hollow nanospheres is higher than that of β-Ga2O3, the light extraction efficiency is mainly determined by the diffraction efficiency of light transmitted from the surface with the hollow nanosphere arrays. When the refractive index of the shell is less than that of β-Ga2O3, the light extraction efficiency is determined by the ratio of the diffraction efficiency of the light transmitted from the surface with the hollow nanosphere arrays to the diffraction efficiency of the light that can escape from the lateral surface.
Broadband cholesteric liquid crystal lens for chromatic aberration correction in catadioptric virtual reality optics
Authors: Li Yannanqi , Zhan Tao , Yang Zhiyong , Xu Chi , LiKamWa Patrick L. , Li Kun , Wu Shin-Tson
Published: February 2021

A planar and broadband cholesteric liquid crystal (CLC) lens is designed, fabricated, and hybridized with a refractive lens to form a catadioptric pancake lens for virtual reality (VR) displays. Due to their opposite optical dispersion behaviors, the chromatic aberration of the assembled pancake lens is dramatically suppressed, as verified by both ray-tracing analysis and experimental results. The demonstrated catadioptric pancake lens has great potential for next-generation VR displays.
Pulse-sheet chemical tomography by counterpropagating stimulated Raman scattering
Authors: Yang Chi , Bi Yali , Cai Erli , Chen Yage , Huang Songlin , Zhang Zhihong , Wang Ping
Published: February 2021

Large-volumetric optical tomography with molecular specificity has long been pursued to tackle the challenge of dissecting both structural and chemical organization of complicated biological tissues. Here, based on counterpropagating femtosecond pulse laser trains and stimulated Raman scattering, we report pulse-sheet chemical tomography (PCT), which allows label-free bond-selective three-dimensional imaging of large intact tissues. To prove the concept, we demonstrate vibrational tomography of highly scattering bone tissue with lateral resolution of 16.4 µm and axial resolution of 24.5 µm, over a large field of view of

8

×

8

×

1.6

m
m

3

in a mouse skull with scalp. PCT resolves the trade-off between focal depth and spatial resolution, and offers unique biomedical and clinical prospects for optical tomography of tissues and organs in the future.
Encoding complex amplitude information onto phase-only diffractive optical elements using binary phase Nyquist gratings
Authors: Davis Jeffrey A. , Wolfe Everett D. , Moreno Ignacio , Cottrell Don M.
Published: February 2021

We reexamine a simple technique for encoding complex amplitude information onto a phase-only spatial light modulator (SLM). The basis for the approach is to spatially vary the diffraction efficiency of a two-dimensional checkerboard binary phase diffraction grating where the period for the Nyquist grating is two pixels. As the phase depth of this 2D grating changes spatially, the amount of light diffracted into the zero order can be controlled. Unwanted information is encoded onto the first diffraction orders and is directed away from the center. This process uses a very simple coding algorithm to generate a complex beam reconstruction on-axis and allows exploiting the full spatial resolution for encoding amplitude. However, its experimental realization with the current liquid-crystal on silicon (LCOS) technology is strongly affected by the limitations imposed by the fringing effect in these devices. We provide experimental evidence of how this effect impacts the efficiency of diffraction gratings displayed on the SLM. We then show how it affects the encoding technique, both in the near field and in the Fourier transform domain, where the limitations imposed by the fringing effect are clearly visible in the form of a focused peak. These results provide evidence of the usefulness of the technique but also about the limitations imposed by the current LCOS technology, which do not allow fully exploiting their high resolution. Finally, we discuss the performance of these newer LCOS devices compared to other SLMs.
RAC1 controls progressive movement and competitiveness of mammalian spermatozoa
Authors: Amaral Alexandra , Herrmann Bernhard G.
Published: February 2021

Mammalian spermatozoa employ calcium (Ca2+) and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling in generating flagellar beat. However, how sperm direct their movement towards the egg cells has remained elusive. Here we show that the Rho small G protein RAC1 plays an important role in controlling progressive motility, in particular average path velocity and linearity. Upon RAC1 inhibition of wild type sperm with the drug NSC23766, progressive movement is impaired. Moreover, sperm from mice homozygous for the genetically variantt-haplotype region (tw5/tw32), which are sterile, show strongly enhanced RAC1 activity in comparison to wild type (+/+) controls, and quickly become immotilein vitro. Sperm from heterozygous (t/+) males, on the other hand, display intermediate RAC1 activity, impaired progressive motility and transmission ratio distortion (TRD) in favor oft-sperm. We show thatt/+-derived sperm consist of two subpopulations, highly progressive and less progressive. The majority of highly progressive sperm carry thet-haplotype, while most less progressive sperm contain the wild type (+) chromosome. Dosage-controlled RAC1 inhibition int/+ sperm by NSC23766 rescues progressive movement of (+)-spermin vitro, directly demonstrating that impairment of progressive motility in the latter is caused by enhanced RAC1 activity. The combined data show that RAC1 plays a pivotal role in controlling progressive motility in sperm, and that inappropriate, enhanced or reduced RAC1 activity interferes with sperm progressive movement. Differential RAC1 activity within a sperm population impairs the competitiveness of sperm cells expressing suboptimal RAC1 activity and thus their fertilization success, as demonstrated byt/+-derived sperm. In conjunction witht-haplotype triggered TRD, we propose that Rho GTPase signaling is essential for directing sperm towards the egg cells.
Maximal surgical resection and adjuvant surgical technique to prolong the survival of adult patients with thalamic glioblastoma
Authors: Lim Jaejoon , Park YoungJoon , Ahn Ju Won , Hwang So Jung , Kwon Hyouksang , Sung Kyoung Su , Cho Kyunggi
Published: February 2021

The importance of maximal resection in the treatment of glioblastoma (GBM) has been reported in many studies, but maximal resection of thalamic GBM is rarely attempted due to high rate of morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of surgical resection in adult thalamic glioblastoma (GBM) treatment and to identify the surgical technique of maximal safety resection. In case of suspected thalamic GBM, surgical resection is the treatment of choice in our hospital. Biopsy was considered when there was ventricle wall enhancement or multiple enhancement lesion in a distant location. Navigation magnetic resonance imaging, diffuse tensor tractography imaging, tailed bullets, and intraoperative computed tomography and neurophysiologic monitoring (transcranial motor evoked potential and direct subcortical stimulation) were used in all surgical resection cases. The surgical approach was selected on the basis of the location of the tumor epicenter and the adjacent corticospinal tract. Among the 42 patients, 19 and 23 patients underwent surgical resection and biopsy, respectively, according to treatment strategy criteria. As a result, the surgical resection group exhibited a good response with overall survival (OS) (median: 676 days, p < 0.001) and progression-free survival (PFS) (median: 328 days, p < 0.001) compared with each biopsy groups (doctor selecting biopsy group, median OS: 240 days and median PFS: 134 days; patient selecting biopsy group, median OS: 212 days and median PFS: 118 days). The surgical resection groups displayed a better prognosis compared to that of the biopsy groups for both the O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase unmethylated (log-rank p = 0.0035) or methylated groups (log-rank p = 0.021). Surgical resection was significantly associated with better prognosis (hazard ratio: 0.214, p = 0.006). In case of thalamic GBM without ventricle wall-enhancing lesion or multiple lesions, maximal surgical resection above 80% showed good clinical outcomes with prolonged the overall survival compared to biopsy. It is helpful to use adjuvant surgical techniques of checking intraoperative changes and select the appropriate surgical approach for reducing the surgical morbidity.
Analysis of CEPH-accredited DrPH programs in the United States: A mixed-methods study
Authors: Park Chulwoo , Migliaccio Gene , Edberg Mark , Frehywot Seble , Johnson Geralyn
Published: February 2021

Interest has been growing in regard to increasing the public health workforce and standardizing training to ensure there are competent professionals to support rebuilding and reinforcing the public health infrastructure of the United States. The need for public health leaders was recognized as early as the hookworm control campaign during 1909–1914 when it became apparent that prevention of disease should be distinct from clinical medicine and should be conducted by professionally trained, dedicated full-time public health practitioners. In recent years, research on the public health workforce and on standardizing health workforce education has significantly expanded. A key element of such a workforce is public health leadership, and DrPH programs are the means to provide effective public health education for these future health professionals. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the general trend of DrPH programs from past to present and analyze the common themes and variations of 28 Council on Education for Public Health (CEPH)-accredited DrPH programs in the United States. This research utilized a mixed-methods approach, investigating DrPH education at each school or program to improve our understanding of the current status of DrPH programs.
Survival in untreated hepatocellular carcinoma: A national cohort study
Authors: Kim Young Ae , Kang Danbee , Moon Hyeyoung , Sinn Donghyun , Kang Minwoong , Woo Sang Myung , Chang Yoon Jung , Park Boram , Kong Sun-Young , Guallar Eliseo , Shin Soo-Yong , Gwak Geunyeon , Back Joung Hwan , Lee Eun Sook , Cho Juhee
Published: February 2021

This study aimed to analyze the proportion, characteristics and prognosis of untreated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients in a large representative nationwide study. A cohort study was conducted using the National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) database in Korea. A total of 63,668 newly-diagnosed HCC patients between January 2008 and December 2013 were analyzed. Patients were categorized into treatment group and no treatment group using claim codes after HCC diagnosis. The proportion of untreated HCC patients was 27.6%, decreasing from 33.4% in 2008 to 24.8% in 2013. Compared to treated patients, untreated patients were more likely to be older (P < 0.001), female (P < 0.01), to have a distant SEER stage (P < 0.001), severe liver disease (P < 0.001), and lower income (P < 0.001). The fully-adjusted hazard ratio for all-cause mortality comparing untreated to treated patients was 3.11 (95% CI, 3.04–3.18). The risk of mortality was higher for untreated patients in all pre-defined subgroups, including those with distant SEER stage and those with severe liver disease. About one fourth of newly diagnosed HCC patients did not receive any HCC-specific treatment. Untreated patients showed higher risk of mortality compared to treated patients in all subgroups. Further studies are needed to identify obstacles for HCC treatment and to improve treatment rates.
Hypothetical acceptability of hospital-based post-mortem pediatric minimally invasive tissue sampling in Malawi: The role of complex social relationships
Authors: Lawrence Sarah , Namusanya Dave , Hamuza Andrew , Huwa Cornelius , Chasweka Dennis , Kelley Maureen , Molyneux Sassy , Voskuijl Wieger , Denno Donna M. , Desmond Nicola
Published: February 2021

Background

Child mortality rates remain unacceptably high in low-resource settings. Cause of death (CoD) is often unknown. Minimally invasive tissue sampling (MITS)–using biopsy needles to obtain post-mortem samples–for histopathological and microbiologic investigation is increasingly being promoted to improve child and adult CoD attribution. “MITS in Malawi” is a sub-study of the Childhood Acute Illness & Nutrition (CHAIN) Network, which aims to identify biological and socioeconomic mortality risk factors among young children hospitalized for acute illness or undernutrition. MITS in Malawi employs standard MITS and a novel post-mortem endoscopic intestinal sampling approach to better understand CoD among children with acute illness and/or malnutrition who die during hospitalization.

Aim

To understand factors that may impact MITS acceptability and inform introduction of the procedure to ascertain CoD among children with acute illness or malnutrition who die during hospitalization in Malawi.

Methods

We conducted eight focus group discussions with key hospital staff and community members (religious leaders and parents of children under 5) to explore attitudes towards MITS and inform consent processes prior to commencing the MITS in Malawi study. We used thematic content analysis drawing on a conceptual framework developed from emergent themes and MITS acceptability literature.

Results

Feelings of power over decision-making within the hospital and household, trust in health systems, and open and respectful health worker communication with parents were important dimensions of MITS acceptability. Other facilitating factors included the potential for MITS to add CoD information to aid sense-making of death and contribute to medical knowledge and new interventions. Potential barriers to acceptability included fears of organ and blood harvesting, disfigurement to the body, and disruption to transportation and burial plans.

Conclusion

Social relationships and power dynamics within healthcare systems and households are a critical component of MITS acceptability, especially given the sensitivity of death and autopsy.
The outcomes and decision-making process for neck lymph nodes with indeterminate fine-needle aspiration cytology
Authors: Cheng Ping-Chia , Chang Chih-Ming , Liao Li-Jen , Cheng Po-Wen , Lo Wu-Chia
Published: February 2021

Objectives

This study aims to propose a cytological classification, to evaluate predictive factors of the final malignancy, and to suggest a proper management strategy for neck lymph nodes (LNs) with indeterminate cytology.

Methods

Patients who had neck lymphadenopathy with indeterminate cytology between 2007 and 2017 were analyzed retrospectively in a tertiary medical center. Cytological classification was conducted according to the cytological descriptions. We examined the clinical characteristics according to the final diagnosis of the neck lymphadenopathy.

Results

According to the final diagnoses, there were 142 malignant and 95 benign neck LNs among 237 patients. Multivariate analyses using a stepwise logistic regression model showed that cytological classification [p < 0.001, OR = 5.67 (3.48–9.23)], prior history of malignancy [p = 0.01, OR = 2.97 (1.26–6.99)], long axis [p = 0.01, OR = 3.06 (1.33–7.06)], short-to-long axis (S/L) ratio [p = 0.047, OR = 2.15 (1.01–4.57)] and internal echogenicity [p = 0.01, OR = 2.72 (1.26–5.86)] were independent predictors of malignancy.

Conclusions

In patients who have neck LNs with indeterminate cytology, a cytological classification and four other predictors (prior history of malignancy, long axis ≥ 1.93 cm, S/L ratio ≥ 0.64 and heterogeneity of internal echogenicity) are statistically associated with the risk of malignancy and helpful in guiding further management.
Is it feasible to detect FLOSS version release events from textual messages? A case study on Stack Overflow
Authors: Sokolovsky Artur , Gross Thomas , Bacardit Jaume
Published: February 2021

Topic Detection and Tracking (TDT) is a very active research question within the area of text mining, generally applied to news feeds and Twitter datasets, where topics and events are detected. The notion of “event” is broad, but typically it applies to occurrences that can be detected from a single post or a message. Little attention has been drawn to what we call “micro-events”, which, due to their nature, cannot be detected from a single piece of textual information. The study investigates the feasibility of micro-event detection on textual data using a sample of messages from the Stack Overflow Q&A platform and Free/Libre Open Source Software (FLOSS) version releases from Libraries.io dataset. We build pipelines for detection of micro-events using three different estimators whose parameters are optimized using a grid search approach. We consider two feature spaces: LDA topic modeling with sentiment analysis, and hSBM topics with sentiment analysis. The feature spaces are optimized using the recursive feature elimination with cross validation (RFECV) strategy. In our experiments we investigate whether there is a characteristic change in the topics distribution or sentiment features before or after micro-events take place and we thoroughly evaluate the capacity of each variant of our analysis pipeline to detect micro-events. Additionally, we perform a detailed statistical analysis of the models, including influential cases, variance inflation factors, validation of the linearity assumption, pseudoR2measures and no-information rate. Finally, in order to study limits of micro-event detection, we design a method for generating micro-event synthetic datasets with similar properties to the real-world data, and use them to identify the micro-event detectability threshold for each of the evaluated classifiers.
Strategies for retention of heterosexual men in HIV care in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review
Authors: Kusemererwa Sylvia , Akena Dickens , Nakanjako Damalie , Kigozi Joanita , Nanyunja Regina , Nanfuka Mastula , Kizito Bennet , Okello Joseph Mugisha , Sewankambo Nelson Kawulukusi
Published: February 2021

Expansion of Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) programs in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) has increased the number of people accessing treatment. However, the number of males accessing and being retained along the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) care cascade is significantly below the UNAIDS target. Male gender has been associated with poor retention in HIV care programs, and little is known about strategies that reduce attrition of men in ART programs. This review aimed to summarize any studies on strategies to improve retention of heterosexual males in HIV care in SSA. An electronic search was conducted through Ovid® for three databases (MEDLINE®, Embase and Global Health). Studies reporting interventions aimed at improving retention among heterosexual men along the HIV care cascade were reviewed. The inclusion criteria included randomized-controlled trials (RCTs), prospective or retrospective cohort studies that studied adult males (≥15years of age), conducted in SSA and published between January 2005 and April 2019 with an update from 2019 to 2020. The search returned 1958 articles, and 14 studies from eight countries met the inclusion criteria were presented using the PRISMA guidelines. A narrative synthesis was conducted. Six studies explored community-based adherence support groups while three compared use of facility versus community-based delivery models. Three studies measured the effect of national identity cards, disclosure of HIV status, six-monthly clinic visits and distance from the health center. Four studies measured risk of attrition from care using hazard ratios ranging from 1.2–1.8, four studies documented attrition proportions at an average of 40.0% and two studies an average rate of attrition of 43.4/1000PYs. Most (62%) included studies were retrospective cohorts, subject to risk of allocation and outcome assessment bias. A pooled analysis was not performed because of heterogeneity of studies and outcome definitions. No studies have explored heterosexual male- centered interventions in HIV care. However, in included studies that explored retention in both males and females, there were high rates of attrition in males. More male-centered interventions need to be studied preferably in RCTs. Registry number: PROSPERO2020 CRD42020142923 Available from: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42020142923.
Preclinical testing of small diameter Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty grafts to increase tissue availability
Authors: Ní Dhubhghaill Sorcha , Miron Alina , Lie Jessica T. , Dapena Isabel , Oellerich Silke , Melles Gerrit R. J.
Published: February 2021

In this study, we describe a process of preparing, surgically manipulating, and validating a novel “small diameter” 4mm circular Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) graftin vitro. Three small diameter DMEK grafts can be prepared from a single donor endothelium and could, therefore, potentially expand the donor pool. Prior to clinical use, however, we aimed to examine each step of the process to determine the effect on the endothelial cell loss and whether or not cells retained their capacity to migrate uniformly. For this study, circular small diameter grafts, obtained from twelve corneas of ten donors deemed ineligible for transplantation, were included. Small diameter DMEK graft preparation was successful in all cases (n = 36). Endothelial cell density (ECD), determined in the eye bank on seventeen grafts, showed an average decrease from 2413 (±189) cells/mm2before to 2240 (±413) cells/mm2after preparation. Twenty-four grafts were used to simulate DMEK-surgeryin vitroand were successfully stained with 0.06% trypan blue, loaded into a straight DMEK-injector, unfolded, positioned, and centered within the circular ~ 4mm descemetorhexis. The estimated % area populated by viable cells on the grafts decreased from on average 92 (±3) % before to 78 (±10) % (n = 4) afterin vitrosurgery. Cells displayed a capacity for uniform cell migration from all edges of the graft (n = 4) when embedded in the 3D hydrogel system. Our data show, that by using anin vitromodel of DMEK-surgery it was possible to test the 4mm circular DMEK grafts from eye bank preparation to surgical implantation. The cell loss afterin vitrosurgery was comparable with thein vivoECD decline early after DMEK and the capacity of the cells to migrate to potentially cover bare stroma indicates that these small diameter grafts may be a viable clinical option to treat central endothelial disease.
Carriage rates and antimicrobial sensitivity of pneumococci in the upper respiratory tract of children less than ten years old, in a north Indian rural community
Authors: Kumar Sambuddha , Purakayastha Debjani Ram , Kapil Arti , Saha Siddhartha , Dawood Fatimah S. , Das Bimal Kumar , Amarchand Ritvik , Kumar Rakesh , Lafond Kathryn E. , Jain Seema , Krishnan Anand
Published: February 2021

Pneumococcal carriage studies are important for vaccine introduction and treatment strategies. Pneumococcal carriage rates estimated in this cohort study among children in a rural community of northern India. Between August 2012 and August 2014, trained nurses made weekly home visits to screen enrolled children aged <10 years for acute upper or lower respiratory infections (AURI/ALRI) in Ballabgarh, Haryana. Nasal swab from infants aged <1year and throat swab from children aged ≥1 year were collected. All specimens were cultured for pneumococci; isolates were serotyped and subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing. During the study period, 4348 nasal/throat swabs collected from children with clinical features of ARI (836 ALRI, 2492 AURI) and from 1020 asymptomatic children. Overall pneumococcal carriage was 5.1%, the highest carriage rate among children <1 year of age (22.6%). The detection rates were higher among children with ARI (5.6%; 95% CI: 4.8–6.4) than asymptomatic children (3.3%; 95% CI: 2.3–4.6). Among 220 pneumococcal isolates, 42 diverse serotypes were identified, with 6B/C (8.6%), 19A (7.2%), 19F (6.8%), 23F (6.4%), 35A/B/C (6.4%), 15B (5%), 14 (4.5%) and 11A/C/D (3.2%) accounting for 50%. Forty-five percent of the serotypes identified are included in the current formulation of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Ninety-six percent of isolates were resistant to co-trimoxazole, 9% were resistant to erythromycin, and 10% had intermediate resistance to penicillin with minimum inhibitory concentration ranges (0.125 to 1.5 μg/ml). Pneumococcal detection was relatively low among children in our study community but demonstrated a diverse range of serotypes and half of these serotypes would be covered by the current formulation of 13-valent pneumococcal vaccine.
Three-dimensional chromatin in infectious disease—A role for gene regulation and pathogenicity?
Authors: Davis Sage Z. , Hollin Thomas , Lenz Todd , Le Roch Karine G.
Published: February 2021

The recent Coronavirus Disease 2019 pandemic has once again reminded us the importance of understanding infectious diseases. One important but understudied area in infectious disease research is the role of nuclear architecture or the physical arrangement of the genome in the nucleus in controlling gene regulation and pathogenicity. Recent advances in research methods, such as Genome-wide chromosome conformation capture using high-throughput sequencing (Hi-C), have allowed for easier analysis of nuclear architecture and chromosomal reorganization in both the infectious disease agents themselves as well as in their host cells. This review will discuss broadly on what is known about nuclear architecture in infectious disease, with an emphasis on chromosomal reorganization, and briefly discuss what steps are required next in the field.
Maçons, Imagiers, Maçons-Imagiers, Quelques exemples normands de polyvalence au xvie siècle
Authors: Seure Marion
Published: February 2021

L’étude des productions de Jean de Rouen, tantôt qualifié d’«ymaginador», tantôt d’«architecto», révèle que sculpture et architecture sont indissociables dans son oeuvre. Pour éclairer la manière dont il a exercé ces deux talents sur les chantiers qu’il a dirigés ou auxquels il a participé, cet article propose un examen des constructions normandes de la première moitié du XVIe siècle les mieux documentées. En effet, les archives étudiées éclaircissent la répartition des rôles entre maçons, tailleurs de pierre ou tailleurs d’images, tout en révélant la polyvalence de certains artistes. Cette polyvalence, caractérisant Jean de Rouen comme d’autres maître maçons directeurs de chantiers, semble directement influer sur le type d’oeuvre produite, où l’architecture n’est plus un simple écrin à la sculpture, mais où un art ne peut être pensé sans l’autre.
La Dernière Cène du réfectoire du Monastère de Santa Cruz de Coimbra par Maître Hodart: considérations préalables sur la place d’une oeuvre singulière
Authors: Guillouët Jean-Marie
Published: February 2021

Cet article a pour but de traiter d’une question qui hante l’historiographie de la Renaissance portugaise depuis longtemps. Le magnifique groupe de terre cuite grandeur nature représentant la Cène dans le réfectoire du monastère de Santa Cruz de Coimbra est aujourd’hui l’un des chefs-d’oeuvre du musée Machado de Castro de la ville, ainsi qu’encore une énigme. L’identité et le parcours du mystérieux maître Hodart, auquel quelques maigres sources permettent d’attribuer le groupe, restent l’objet de nombreuses spéculations. Ce texte se propose donc de situer cette oeuvre emblématique dans le concert plus large des arts européens du premier quart du XVIe siècle et de reconnaître des liens possibles avec l’oeuvre d’Antoine Juste pour le château de Gaillon, quelques années plus tôt. Cette réévaluation du dossier formel de Maître Hodart conduit surtout à s’interroger sur le lien qui peut être établi, au début de l’ère moderne, entre les options stylistiques de cet “effet de réel” et l’orientation dévotionnelle de l’observance religieuse.
Manual de Criptografía: Fundamentos matemáticos de la Criptografía para un estudiante de Grado
Authors: Plaza Martín Francisco José
Published: February 2021

Detrás de la comunicación cifrada de WhatsApp, del DNI electrónico y de los protocolos de navegación seguros https:// encontramos la criptografía. Este libro, concebido como un manual, pretende ser una introducción a los fundamentos matemáticos sobre los que se apoya la criptografía moderna y está orientado a estudiantes universitarios tanto de matemáticas y física como de informática e ingeniería. El texto presenta aspectos teóricos de forma accesible y los ilustra y complementa con ejercicios y algoritmos que pueden ser programados fácilmente. Entender la base matemática subyacente a la criptografía proporcionará al lector la capacidad de analizar las fortalezas y debilidades de un criptosistema, así como de comprender el diseño y los ataques de un protocolo criptográfico. Debido al carácter intrínsecamente interdisciplinar de esta materia y con vistas a una capacitación profesional plena, un ulterior estudio debería incorporar aspectos de probabilidad, de algoritmia, de diseño de hardware, etc.
A Modern Look at GRIN, an Optimizing Functional Language Back End
Authors: Podlovics Peter , Hruska Csaba , Pénzes Andor
Published: February 2021

GRIN is short for Graph Reduction Intermediate Notation, a modern back end for lazy functional languages. Most of the currently available compilers for such languages share a common flaw: they can only optimize programs on a per-module basis. The GRIN framework allows for interprocedural whole program analysis, enabling optimizing code transformations across functions and modules as well.
Some implementations of GRIN already exist, but most of them were developed only for experimentation purposes. Thus, they either compromise on low-level efficiency or contain ad hoc modifications compared to the original specification.
Our goal is to provide a full-fledged implementation of GRIN by combining the currently available best technologies like LLVM, and evaluate the framework's effectiveness by measuring how the optimizer improves the performance of certain programs. We also present some improvements to the already existing components of the framework. Some of these improvements include a typed representation for the intermediate language and an interprocedural program optimization, the dead data elimination.
Confidence-based Contractor, Propagation and Potential Clouds for Differential Equations
Authors: Alexandre dit Sandretto Julien
Published: February 2021

A novel interval contractor based on the confidence assigned to a random variable is proposed in this paper. It makes possible to consider at the same time an interval in which the quantity is guaranteed to be, and a confidence level to reduce the pessimism induced by interval approach. This contractor consists in computing a confidence region. Using different confidence levels, a particular case of potential cloud can be computed. As application, we propose to compute the reachable set of an ordinary differential equation under the form of a set of confidence regions, with respect to confidence levels on initial value.
Validated Trajectory Tracking using Flatness
Authors: Mullier Olivier , Alexandre dit Sandretto Julien
Published: February 2021

The problem of a safe trajectory tracking is addressed in this paper. It consists in using the results of a validated path planner providing a set of safe trajectories to produce the set of controls to apply to remain inside this set of planned trajectories while avoiding static obstacles. This computation is performed using the differential flatness of many dynamical systems. The method is illustrated in the case of the Dubins car.
Nemzeti Alaptanterv
Authors: Vertetics Ádám
Published: February 2021

Az alábbiakban szemelvényeket közlünk a 2020. január 31. napján megjelent a Nemzeti alaptanterv kiadásáról, bevezetéséről és alkalmazásáról szóló 110/2012. (VI. 4.) Korm. ren-delet módosításáról szóló 5/2020. (I. 31.) Korm. rendeletből. A szemelvények célja, hogy az új Nemzeti Alaptanterv alapvetését, alapelveit, céljait és értékrendi kötődését bemutassa. A megjelent Kormányrendelet célja egyrészt az intézményvezetők pedagógusok eligazítása, másrészt az oktatás technikai kereteinek biztosítása is volt, így rengeteg technikai információ és részlet szerepel benne. Ezek közlésétől most eltekintünk. (Amennyiben valaki érdeklődik a teljes, mintegy 300 oldalas anyag iránt, az az interneten több helyen fellelhető. Hivatalos forrásként ajánljuk az http://njt.hu internetes címen elérhető Nemzeti Jogszabálytár szolgáltatást.)Az anyag megszerkesztése során törekedtünk arra, hogy az eredeti szövegen ne változtassunk. (Emellett viszont terjedelmi korlátok miatt előfordult az, hogy nem csak teljes jogszabályi szakaszokat, hanem akár csak a szövegből bekezdéseket, illetve egyes bekezdésekből mondatokat töröltünk.) A technikai részletekre vonatkozó anyagokat töröltük, illetve a jogszabályi struktúrára vonatkozó számozások és hivatkozások helyett egy logikus és jobban követhető, jelen szemelvények struktúrájához illeszkedő számozást alkalmaztunk. (Amennyiben a jogszabályi hivatkozás szöveg közben jelent meg, és a szöveg egyéb részei miatt az adott részletet közlésre érdemesnek ítéltük, akkor a szöveg hűségének megőrzése érdekében ezen hivatkozásokat változatlanul hagytuk.)