bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Future malaria spatial pattern based on the potential global warming impact in South and Southeast Asia
Authors: Khormi Hassan M. , Kumar Lalit
Published: November 2016

We used the Model for Interdisciplinary Research on Climate-H climate model with the A2 Special Report on Emissions Scenarios for the years 2050 and 2100 and CLIMEX software for projections to illustrate the potential impact of climate change on the spatial distributions of malaria in China, India, Indochina, Indonesia, and The Philippines based on climate variables such as temperature, moisture, heat, cold and dryness. The model was calibrated using data from several knowledge domains, including geographical distribution records. The areas in which malaria has currently been detected are consistent with those showing high values of the ecoclimatic index in the CLIMEX model. The match between prediction and reality was found to be high. More than 90% of the observed malaria distribution points were associated with the currently known suitable climate conditions. Climate suitability for malaria is projected to decrease in India, southern Myanmar, southern Thailand, eastern Borneo, and the region bordering Cambodia, Malaysia and the Indonesian islands, while it is expected to increase in southern and south-eastern China and Taiwan. The climatic models for Anopheles mosquitoes presented here should be useful for malaria control, monitoring, and management, particularly considering these future climate scenarios.
Random forest variable selection in spatial malaria transmission modelling in Mpumalanga Province, South Africa
Authors: Kapwata Thandi , Gebreslasie Michael T.
Published: November 2016

Malaria is an environmentally driven disease. In order to quantify the spatial variability of malaria transmission, it is imperative to understand the interactions between environmental variables and malaria epidemiology at a micro-geographic level using a novel statistical approach. The random forest (RF) statistical learning method, a relatively new variable-importance ranking method, measures the variable importance of potentially influential parameters through the percent increase of the mean squared error. As this value increases, so does the relative importance of the associated variable. The principal aim of this study was to create predictive malaria maps generated using the selected variables based on the RF algorithm in the Ehlanzeni District of Mpumalanga Province, South Africa. From the seven environmental variables used [temperature, lag temperature, rainfall, lag rainfall, humidity, altitude, and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)], altitude was identified as the most influential predictor variable due its high selection frequency. It was selected as the top predictor for 4 out of 12 months of the year, followed by NDVI, temperature and lag rainfall, which were each selected twice. The combination of climatic variables that produced the highest prediction accuracy was altitude, NDVI, and temperature. This suggests that these three variables have high predictive capabilities in relation to malaria transmission. Furthermore, it is anticipated that the predictive maps generated from predictions made by the RF algorithm could be used to monitor the progression of malaria and assist in intervention and prevention efforts with respect to malaria.
Identifying counties vulnerable to diabetes from obesity prevalence in the United States: a spatiotemporal analysis
Authors: Li Xiao , Staudt Amanda , Chien Lung-Chang
Published: November 2016

Clinical and epidemiological research has reported a strong association between diabetes and obesity. However, whether increased diabetes prevalence is more likely to appear in areas with increased obesity prevalence has not been thoroughly investigated in the United States (US). The Bayesian structured additive regression model was applied to identify whether counties with higher obesity prevalence are more likely clustered in specific regions in 48 contiguous US states. Prevalence data adopted the small area estimate from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Confounding variables like socioeconomic status adopted data were from the American Community Survey. This study reveals that an increased percentage of relative risk of diabetes was more likely to appear in Southeast, Northeast, Central and South regions. Of counties vulnerable to diabetes, 36.8% had low obesity prevalence, and most of them were located in the Southeast, Central, and South regions. The geographic distribution of counties vulnerable to diabetes expanded to the Southwest, West and Northern regions when obesity prevalence increased. This study also discloses that 7.4% of counties had the largest average in predicted diabetes prevalence compared to the other counties. Their average diabetes prevalence escalated from 8.7% in 2004 to 11.2% in 2011. This study not only identifies counties vulnerable to diabetes due to obesity, but also distinguishes counties in terms of different levels of vulnerability to diabetes. The findings can provide the possibility of establishing targeted surveillance systems to raise awareness of diabetes in those counties.
Geographically weighted regression for modelling the accessibility to the public hospital network in Concepción Metropolitan Area, Chile
Authors: Martínez Bascuñán Marcela , Rojas Quezada Carolina
Published: November 2016

Accessibility models in transport geography based on geographic information systems have proven to be an effective method in determining spatial inequalities associated with public health. This work aims to model the spatial accessibility from populated areas within the Concepción metropolitan area (CMA), the second largest city in Chile. The city’s public hospital network is taken into consideration with special reference to socio-regional inequalities. The use of geographically weighted regression (GWR) and ordinary least squares (OLS) for modelling accessibility with socioeconomic and transport variables is proposed. The explanatory variables investigated are: illiterate population, rural housing, alternative housing, homes with a motorised vehicle, public transport routes, and connectivity. Our results identify that approximately 4.1% of the population have unfavourable or very unfavourable accessibility to public hospitals, which correspond to rural areas located south of CMA. Application of a local GWR model (0.87 R2 adjusted) helped to improve the settings over the use of traditional OLS methods (multiple regression) (0.67 R2 adjusted) and to find the spatial distribution of both coefficients of the explanatory variables, demonstrating the local significance of the model. Thus, accessibility studies have enormous potential to contribute to the development of public health and transport policies in turn to achieve equality in spatial accessibility to specialised health care.
Assessing spatial inequalities in accessing community pharmacies: a mixed geographically weighted approach
Authors: Domnich Alexander , Arata Lucia , Amicizia Daniela , Signori Alessio , Gasparini Roberto , Panatto Donatella
Published: November 2016

Geographical accessibility is an important determinant for the utilisation of community pharmacies. The present study explored patterns of spatial accessibility with respect to pharmacies in Liguria, Italy, a region with particular geographical and demographic features. Municipal density of pharmacies was proxied as the number of pharmacies per capita and per km2, and spatial autocorrelation analysis was performed to identify spatial clusters. Both non-spatial and spatial models were constructed to predict the study outcome. Spatial autocorrelation analysis showed a highly significant clustered pattern in the density of pharmacies per capita (I=0.082) and per km2 (I=0.295). Potentially under-supplied areas were mostly located in the mountainous hinterland. Ordinary least-squares (OLS) regressions established a significant positive relationship between the density of pharmacies and income among municipalities located at high altitudes, while no such association was observed in lower-lying areas. However, residuals of the OLS models were spatially auto-correlated. The best-fitting mixed geographically weighted regression (GWR) models outperformed the corresponding OLS models. Pharmacies per capita were best predicted by two local predictors (altitude and proportion of immigrants) and two global ones (proportion of elderly residents and income), while the local terms population, mean altitude and rural status and the global term income functioned as independent variables predicting pharmacies per km2. The density of pharmacies in Liguria was found to be associated with both socio-economic and landscape factors. Mapping of mixed GWR results would be helpful to policy-makers.
Spatial pattern evolution of Aedes aegypti breeding sites in an Argentinean city without a dengue vector control programme
Authors: Espinosa Manuel O. , Polop Francisco , Rotela Camilo H. , Abril Marcelo , Scavuzzo Carlos M.
Published: November 2016

The main objective of this study was to obtain and analyse the space-time dynamics of Aedes aegypti breeding sites in Clorinda City, Formosa Province, Argentina coupled with landscape analysis using the maximum entropy approach in order to generate a dengue vector niche model. In urban areas, without vector control activities, 12 entomologic (larval) samplings were performed during three years (October 2011 to October 2014). The entomologic surveillance area represented 16,511 houses. Predictive models for Aedes distribution were developed using vector breeding abundance data, density analysis, clustering and geoprocessing techniques coupled with Earth observation satellite data. The spatial analysis showed a vector spatial distribution pattern with clusters of high density in the central region of Clorinda with a well-defined high-risk area in the western part of the city. It also showed a differential temporal behaviour among different areas, which could have implications for risk models and control strategies at the urban scale. The niche model obtained for Ae. aegypti, based on only one year of field data, showed that 85.8% of the distribution of breeding sites is explained by the percentage of water supply (48.2%), urban distribution (33.2%), and the percentage of urban coverage (4.4%). The consequences for the development of control strategies are discussed with reference to the results obtained using distribution maps based on environmental variables.
Predominance and geo-mapping of avian influenza H5N1 in poultry sectors in Egypt
Authors: Arafa Abdelsatar , El-Masry Ihab , Khoulosy Shereen , Hassan Mohammed K. , Soliman Moussa , Fasanmi Olubunmi G. , Fasina Folorunso O. , Dauphin Gwenaelle , Lubroth Juan , Jobre Yilma M.
Published: November 2016

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus of the H5N1 subtype has been enzootic in the Egyptian poultry with significant human infections since 2008. This work evaluates the epidemiological and virological information from February 2006 to May 2015 in spatial and temporal terms. Only data with confirmed HPAI H5N1 sub-type were collected, and matched with the epidemiological data from various spatially and temporally-dispersed surveillances implemented between 2006 and 2015. Spatio-temporal analysis was conducted on a total of 3338 confirmed H5N1 HPAI poultry disease outbreaks and outputs described based on transmission patterns, poultry species, production types affected, trade, geographic and temporal distributions in Egypt. The H5N1 virus persists in the Egyptian poultry displaying a seasonal pattern with peak prevalence between January and March. There was no specific geographic pattern, but chickens and ducks were more affected. However, relatively higher disease incidences were recorded in the Nile Delta. Phylogenetic studies of the haemagglutinin gene sequences of H5N1 viruses indicated that multiple clusters circulated between 2006 and 2015, with significant deviations in circulation. Epidemiological dynamics of HPAI has changed with the origins of majority of outbreaks shifted to household poultry. The persistence of HPAI H5N1 in poultry with recurrent and sporadic infections in humans can influence virus evolution spatio-temporally. Household poultry plays significant roles in the H5N1 virus transmission to poultry and humans, but the role of commercial poultry needs further clarifications. While poultry trading supports the persistence and transmission of H5N1, the role of individual species may warrant further investigation. Surveillance activities, applying a multi-sectoral approach, are recommended.
Acute cholecystitis in a patient with complete situs inversus: a case report
Authors: Berbers Fleur , Van Leuven Suzanne , Van Engelenburg Ton K.C.A. , Ten Broek Richard P.G.
Published: November 2016

Situs inversus is a rare congenital anomaly, characterized by transposition of the large organs. Although the anomaly is generally without symptoms, it can cause difficulties in the diagnostic process. We present the case of 44-year old man presenting with acute cholecystitis. The patient underwent successful laparoscopic cholecystectomy, from which he recovered uneventful. Performing a laparoscopic cholecystectomy in a patient with situs inversus can be technically more demanding and requires re-orientation from the surgeon.
A case of mania presenting with hypersexual behavior and gender dysphoria that resolved with valproic acid
Authors: Heare Michelle R. , Barsky Maria , Faziola Lawrence R.
Published: November 2016

Hypersexuality and gender dysphoria have both been described in the literature as symptoms of mania. Hypersexuality is listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5 as part of the diagnostic criteria for bipolar disorder. Gender dysphoria is less often described and its relation to mania remains unclear. This case report describes a young homosexual man presenting in a manic episode with co-morbid amphetamine abuse whose mania was marked by hypersexuality and the new onset desire to be a woman. Both of these symptoms resolved with the addition of valproic acid to antipsychotics. This case report presents the existing literature on hypersexuality and gender dysphoria in mania and describes a treatment option that has not been previously reported.
Mayo Clinic Cancer Center Experience of Metastatic Extramammary Paget Disease 1998-2012
Authors: Padrnos Leslie , Karlin Nina , Halfdanarson Thorvardur R.
Published: November 2016

Extramammary Paget disease (EMPD) is a rare cutaneous malignancy. The most common presentation of EMPD is the vulva followed by perianal involvement. Most cases are localized to the dermis with treatment focused on surgery, topical treatment or radiotherapy. Recurrence is frequent despite therapies utilized. Metastatic extramammary Paget disease is uncommon and, as such, standard treatment guidelines do not exist. This study sought to evaluate the treatment regimens and outcomes of patients treated at a Mayo Clinic Center from 1998-2012. Cancer registry inquiry revealed 261 patients with report advanced Paget disease during these years. Ten cases of metastatic EPMD were identified with sufficient documentation for review. This review reveals support for utilizing localized radiation therapy for bulky disease sequentially with systemic chemotherapy consisting of carboplatin and paclitaxel or irinotecan. Further studies are necessary to define the optimal treatment regimen.
2016: The year of Phlebological Olympic Games
Authors: Zamboni Paolo
Published: November 2016

Not available
A model for the facilitation of effective management of aggression experienced by Psychiatric Nurses from patients in a psychiatric institution
Authors: Bimenyimana Emmanuel , Poggenpoel Marie , Temane Annie , Myburgh Chris
Published: November 2016

Background: ‘The time I was hit nobody helped me. They (psychiatric nurses) just said: “you do not have to worry, you are not bleeding … in time you will see more”’. The core of the nursing profession is caring for those in need. However, when the psychiatric nurse (PN) is overwhelmed by aggression from the person cared for, the ideal of rendering quality patient care is compromised. There has to be a way to assist the PNs to manage aggression effectively in order to render quality patient care and improve PNs mental health.Objectives: The purpose of this article is to describe the process that was followed in developing, describing and evaluating a model that could be used as a framework of reference to facilitate the effective management of aggression as an integral part of the mental health of PNs.Methods: A theory-generative, qualitative, exploratory, descriptive and contextual study design was used to develop the model. The central concept was derived from the Masters’ research ‘The lived experience of aggression and violence by PNs in a Gauteng psychiatric institution’. The process entailed the identification of the central concept, the definition of the central concept and other essential criteria and the classification of the central and related concepts. The conceptual framework was then described and evaluated.Results: The central concept was identified and the ‘facilitation of effective self-management of aggression’ was described and evaluated.Conclusion: The conceptual framework may be able to assist PNs in managing aggression effectively, taking control of workplace environment.
Effect of voice therapy in sulcus vocalis: A single case study
Authors: Rajasudhakar R.
Published: November 2016

Background: Sulcus vocalis is a structural deformity of the vocal ligament. It is the focal invagination of the epithelium deeply attaching to the vocal ligament. There is a dearth of literature on the outcome of voice therapy in sulcus vocalis condition.Objective: The primary objective of this study was to document voice characteristics of sulcus vocalis and the secondary objective was to establish the efficacy of voice therapy in a patient with sulcus vocalis.Method: A trial of voice therapy was given to the client who was diagnosed as having sulcus vocalis. Boon’s facilitation techniques were used in voice therapy along with other techniques such as breath holding and push and pull approach prior to surgery. Acoustic, aerodynamic, perceptual, quantitative measures of voice quality and self-rating measurements were performed before and after voice therapy.Results: Improvement was noticed in 10/10 acoustic, 4/4 aerodynamic, perceptual, dysphonia severity index and voice handicap index scores, which hinted that voice therapy can be an option critically for clients with sulcus vocalis in the initial stage.Conclusion: Voice therapy showed promising improvement in the study and it must be recommended as the initial treatment option before any surgical management.
An explanatory study of the use of e-mail investor communication by South African listed companies
Authors: Baard Roelof , Nel George
Published: November 2016

Background: Although research shows that almost all listed companies have corporate websites with dedicated investor relations (IR) sections that enable companies to ‘push’ information to investors, it was argued that such an asymmetrical approach to communication is insufficient for companies wishing to exercise good IR. The purpose of this study was to test the effectiveness of the Internet to act as a mechanism to achieve more interactive communication between companies and investors.Objectives: The objectives of the study were to measure the responsiveness, timeliness and relevance of companies’ responses to e-mail requests, and to test for the determinants (size, market-to-book ratio, profitability, leverage and liquidity) thereof.Method: The mystery investor approach and a content analysis were used to study the e-mail handling performance of companies. The associations between company-specific characteristics were statistically tested.Results: It was found that the e-mail handling performance of companies in this study was poor compared with previous studies. Significant relationships between company size and responsiveness and relevance, and between market-to-book ratio and relevance were reported, as well as between the contact method used to request information and relevance and the use of social media and timeliness.Conclusion: Specific areas where companies could improve their investor communications were identified. The need for further research was discussed to explain some of the relationships found, as well as those not found, in contrast to what was expected. Future research is warranted to examine the relationship between the e-mail handling performance of companies and information asymmetry and the cost of equity of companies.
Periodic homogenization of integral energies under space-dependent differential constraints
Authors: Davoli Elisa , Fonseca Irene
Published: November 2016

A homogenization result for a family of oscillating integral energies

u_{\epsilon} \mapsto \int_{\Omega} f(x,\frac{x}{\epsilon},u_{\epsilon}(x))\,dx,\quad \epsilon \to 0^+

is presented, where the fields

u_{\epsilon}

are subjected to first order linear differential constraints depending on the space variable

x

. The work is based on the theory of

\mathscr A

-quasiconvexity with variable coefficients and on two-scale convergence techniques, and generalizes the previously obtained results in the case in which the differential constraints are imposed by means of a linear first order differential operator with constant coefficients. The identification of the relaxed energy in the framework of

\mathscr A

-quasiconvexity with variable coefficients is also recovered as a corollary of the homogenization result.
Об уравнении струны с сингулярным весом из пространства мультипликаторов в пространствах Соболева с отрицательным показателем гладкости
Authors: Tikhonov Yuliy Vasilevich , Sheipak Igor Anatolievich
Published: November 2016

Изучаются спектральные свойства граничной задачи
\begin{gather*} -y"-\lambda\rho y=0, y(0)=y(1)=0,
\end{gather*}
в случае, когда вес $\rho$ принадлежит пространству $\mathcal M$ мультипликаторов из пространства $\stackrel{\circ}{W}_2^1[0,1]$ в двойственное пространство $(\stackrel{\circ}{W}_2^1[0,1])'$. Получен критерий принадлежности обобщенной производной кусочно-постоянной аффинно-самоподобной функции пространству $\mathcal M$. Показано, что в общей ситуации для весов из указанного класса спектр рассматриваемой задачи дискретен и собственные значения задачи растут экспоненциально. Характеристики роста определяются параметрами самоподобия. В случае, когда параметры самоподобия достигают границы множества, при которых $\rho\in\mathcal M$, у рассматриваемой задачи появляется непрерывный спектр.
Библиография: 23 наименования.
Неограниченные случайные операторы и формулы Фейнмана
Authors: Orlov Yurii Nikolayevich , Sakbaev Vsevolod Zhanovich , Smolyanov Oleg Georgievich
Published: November 2016

Вводится и исследуется вероятностная интерполяция различных методов квантования. При этом используется развиваемый в настоящей работе метод нахождения математического ожидания случайных неограниченных операторов в гильбертовом пространстве, основанный на усреднении - с помощью формул Фейнмана - порождаемых ими случайных однопараметрических полугрупп (обычный метод нахождения математического ожидания случайных ограниченных операторов к случайным неограниченным операторам, вообще говоря, неприменим). Хотя усреднение семейства полугрупп порождает функцию, которая может не обладать полугрупповым свойством, однако итерации Чернова этой функции аппроксимируют некоторую полугруппу, генератор которой и считается математическим ожиданием исходного случайного оператора. В случае ограниченных случайных операторов так определенное математическое ожидание совпадает с обычным.
Библиография: 31 наименование.
Линейные $\mathrm{GLP}$-алгебры и их элементарные теории
Authors: Pakhomov Fedor Nikolaevich
Published: November 2016

Полимодальная логика доказуемости $\mathrm{GLP}$ была введена Г. К. Джапаридзе в 1986 г. Она является логикой доказуемости для ряда цепочек предикатов доказуемости возрастающей силы. Всякой полимодальной логике соответствует многообразие полимодальных алгебр. Л. Д. Беклемишевым и А. Виссером был поставлен вопрос о разрешимости элементарной теории свободной $\mathrm{GLP}$-алгебры, порожденной константами $\mathbf{0}$, $\mathbf{1}$ [1]. В этой статье для любого натурального $n$ решается аналогичный вопрос для логик $\mathrm{GLP}_n$, являющихся фрагментами логики $\mathrm{GLP}$ с $n$ модальностями. Доказано, что для всех $n$ разрешимы элементарные теории свободных $\mathrm{GLP}_n$-алгебр, порожденных константами $\mathbf{0}$, $\mathbf{1}$. Введено понятие линейной $\mathrm{GLP}_n$-алгебры и доказано, что все свободные $\mathrm{GLP}_n$-алгебры, порожденные константами $\mathbf{0}$, $\mathbf{1}$, линейны. Понятие линейной алгебры и последний результат естественным образом переносятся на случай логик $\mathrm{GLP}_\alpha$, модальности которых проиндексированы элементами произвольных линейно упорядоченных множеств $\alpha$.
Библиография: 21 название.
Радиальные части мер Хаара и распределения на пространстве рациональных матрично-значных функций
Authors: Neretin Yurii Aleksandrovich
Published: November 2016

Рассматривается пространство $\mathcal C$ классов сопряженности унитарной группы $\mathrm U(n+m)$ по меньшей унитарной группе $\mathrm U(m)$. Известно, что любому элементу пространства $\mathcal C$ канонически ставится в соответствие матрично-значная рациональная функция на сфере Римана (характеристическая функция Лившица). Найдено явное выражение для естественной меры на $\mathcal C$, получаемой проекцией меры Хаара группы $\mathrm U(n+m)$, в терминах характеристических функций.
Библиография: 23 наименования.
La proyección exterior del teatro español contemporáneo: el papel del Centro Dramático Nacional y la Compañía Nacional de Teatro Clásico
Authors: Colina Martín Sergio , Gaviño Carlota
Published: November 2016

La existencia de líneas estratégicas en materia de acción cultural exterior por parte de las Administraciones Públicas puede ser un factor clave para una internacionalización eficaz del teatro y la dramaturgia españoles. El presente artículo se propone analizar el papel que han desempeñado en este sentido las unidades de producción del INAEM (el CDN y la CNTC) durante los primeros 35 años de democracia (1978-2013), tratando de identificar fortalezas y debilidades  en sus trayectorias históricas, así como señalar potencialidades a partir de un enfoque que combina el análisis desde la gestión cultural y las relaciones internacionales.
Nuevas metodologías expositivas en museos
Authors: González Ceballos Sara
Published: November 2016

Lo que queremos conseguir es un estado de la cuestión sobre las nuevas metodologías que se emplean en los museos para conectar al espectador con la obra, qué herramientas usan y qué medios disponen para ello, a través del análisis y la observación. Nos enfrentamos pues, a una búsqueda relevante de información, que actualice algunos de los conceptos desfasados sobre cómo exponer a través de la investigación objetiva.
Architectural Ruins and Urban Imaginaries: Carlos Garaicoa’s Images of Havana
Authors: Kovach Jodi
Published: November 2016

Contemporary Cuban artist Carlos Garaicoa juxtaposes photographic images of Havana’s architectural ruins with timidly articulated drawings that trace the outlines of the dilapidated buildings in empty urbanscapes. Each of these fragile drawings, often composed of delicate threads adhered to a photograph of a site after demolition, serves as a vestige of the sagging structure that the artist photographed prior to destruction. The dialogue that emerges from these photograph/drawing diptychs implies the unmooring of the radical utopian underpinnings of revolutionary ideology that persisted in the policies of Cuba’s Período especial (Special Period) of the 1990s, and suggests a more complicated narrative of Cuba’s modernity, in which the ambiguous drawings—which could indicate construction plans or function as mnemonic images—represent empty promises of economic growth that must negotiate the real socio-economic crises of the present. This article proposes that Garaicoa’s critique of the goals and outcomes of the Special Period through Havana’s ruins suggests a new articulation of the baroque expression— one that calls to mind the anti-authoritative strategies of twentieth-century Neo-Baroque literature and criticism. The artist historically grounds the legacy of the Cuban Revolution’s modernizing project in the country’s real economic decline in the post-Soviet era, but he also takes this approach to representing cities beyond Cuba’s borders, thereby posing broader questions about the architectural symbolism of the 21st-century city in the ideological construction of modern globalizing society.
Agency in Motion: Editorial Statement
Authors: Scalissi Nicole F. , Johnson Annika
Published: November 2016

Editorial statement for edition 5.
Mugshots or Public Interest? Why FOIA Exemption 7(C) Does Not Categorically Exempt Booking Photographs from Disclosure
Authors: Bruno Danielle
Published: November 2016

Booking photographs are a distinct category of records that individuals have requested from the U.S. Marshals Service under the Freedom of Information Act (“FOIA”). While FOIA provides for broad disclosure of agency documents, 5 U.S.C. § 522(b)(7)(C) (“exemption 7(C)” or “7(C)”) protects personal information from being disclosed under FOIA when there is a privacy interest in nondisclosure of law enforcement records, and if a corresponding public interest exists, when the privacy interest in nondisclosure of the photograph prevails over the public interest. In recent years, there has been a surge of “mugshot websites,” which exploit such records by publishing them online and requiring individuals to pay money to have the photographs removed.This occurrence, coupled with the extensive availability of public records online, has led to more strict protection of U.S. Marshals Service booking photographs, as well as some state legislation prohibiting the use of booking photographs for exploitive mugshot websites. Despite the strong privacy interest in protecting individuals from humiliation, in some circumstances there is an equally strong public interest that fits within the meaning and purpose of FOIA. A limited number of federal courts have considered this issue, resulting in a split among the circuits.In 2015, the Sixth Circuit affirmed the precedent set forth in Detroit Free Press I, providing that booking photographs are not exempt from disclosure, but also urging the court to rehear the case en banc. This request was met, and now, the Sixth Circuit will rehear Detroit Free Press II, ultimately deciding whether or not to overrule its precedent that booking photographs are not exempt under 7(C) of FOIA. Due to the significant public interest at stake, courts must not take a categorical approach to whether or not these documents are available; in some circumstances, these records contain useful evidence regarding the interworking of a federal agency. Additionally, states and the federal government can enact legislation prohibiting exploitive websites from publishing booking photographs and making money from their removal. Since these records could be crucial in evaluating agency conduct, courts must preserve the ability for booking photographs to be available under FOIA, even if only in very limited circumstances, instead of completely excluding such documents from disclosure. These documents must not be categorically exempt from disclosure under FOIA in order to protect individual privacy and still retain possible access to booking photographs when warranted. A more reasonable approach would provide for ad hoc balancing in circumstances when a significant public interest exists in the disclosure of such records.
Lee v. Smith & Wesson Corp.: A Products Liability Case Study
Authors: Salpietro Francesco G.
Published: November 2016

Expert opinions are a fundamental strategic component in the field of products liability litigation. The success of a party’s claim or defense often depends upon an expert’s testimony at trial, and the “battle of the experts” forces triers of fact to “‘abdicate their fact-finding obligations’ and, instead, simply adopt the opinions of the expert witnesses whose testimony they find persuasive.” The benefits of an expert’s opinion have prompted considerable manipulation in court—in an effort to avail themselves of the highly persuasive nature of a credible expert’s opinion, litigants have attempted to introduce expert testimony bearing only a tenuous connection to the case at hand. In response, the Federal Rules of Evidence and corresponding U.S. Supreme Court (“Supreme Court” or “Court”) precedent have severely curtailed these abusive litigation tactics, instead forcing trial court judges to assess a proffered expert’s opinion for both relevancy and reliability to ensure that the opinion adequately “fits” the facts of the case.This Note critiques the progression of the admissibility of expert testimony codified by Federal Rule of Evidence 702 (“Rule 702”) and subsequently expanded upon by the Supreme Court in Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and its progeny. Part I provides a brief history of the admissibility of expert testimony in federal court. Part II addresses a recent decision made by the Sixth Circuit, Lee v. Smith & Wesson Corp., which extended the admissibility under Rule 702 to include an expert’s opinion that directly contradicts the oral testimony of its own witness. Finally, Part III analyzes the 2-1 decision in Smith & Wesson Corp. and argues against the logic of the majority’s opinion, instead favoring the dissent’s interpretation of Daubert, its progeny, and Rule 702.
Evolving Conceptions of Copyright Subject Matter
Authors: Samuelson Pamela
Published: November 2016

There is no abstract for this article.
La constitución de las políticas de investigación e innovación responsables: tensiones en la instrumentalización y la regulación
Authors: Eizaguirre Andoni Eizagirre
Published: November 2016

La política científica y tecnológica europea ha propuesto alinear mejor el proceso y los resultados de las actividades de investigación e ingeniería con los valores, las necesidades y las expectativas de la sociedad europea. No obstante, esta progresiva radicalización de la narrativa, como respuesta a las demandas de mayor responsabilidad, debe lidiar con otros discursos del presente que operan como prescripciones ideológicas y conciben la innovación como motor de la competitividad económica. Hay una tensión de base que se evidencia en la aparente paradoja del nuevo contexto social de la actividad científicotecnológica sometida, por un lado, a una creciente demanda de modelos responsables de investigación e innovación y, por otro, instrumentalizada para resultados macroeconómicos. Nuestra estrategia de análisis sugiere rescatar esta cuestión ligada a los intereses que concurren en la generación del conocimiento, los criterios que rigen las dinámicas del régimen científico-tecnológico y los valores que orientan las políticas científicas. En la tensión de base encontramos una infinidad de elementos heterogéneos que en ocasiones se contradicen y que disputan entre sí por formas alternativas de instrumentalizar y regular las dinámicas del sistema de ciencia, tecnología e innovación. En la gobernanza de esa tensión se constituye el modelo de investigación e innovación que las políticas europeas y nacionales desarrollan como respuesta a los desafíos globales.
Reconocimiento politico desde los mapuche en Santiago
Authors: Valdivieso Diego
Published: November 2016

En Chile, la actividad política dirigida a los Pueblos Originarios actúa tibiamente en base a sus especificidades, y escasamente reconoce sus particularidades político-culturales. Esto origina una tensión entre las demandas en pos del reconocimiento de la diversidad, en contraste con el resguardo del bien común, ciego a la diferencia. Hoy un tercio de la población mapuche reside en la ciudad de Santiago, lo que complejiza el origen y el fin de las demandas por el reconocimiento político y platea preguntas sobre la reconfiguración de las identidades en un contexto dinámico y heterogéneo, alejado de los territorios históricamente reivindicados (territorial y políticamente). Así, cobra sentido preguntarse por los discursos que articulan los mapuche en Santiago, el cómo observan las consecuencias de ser o no ser reconocidos, cuáles y desde dónde surgen sus demandas, y el alcance de sus expectativas. A través de una metodología cualitativa e inductiva basada en técnicas de elicitación en profundidad, y complementadas con observaciones participantes, se obtuvieron datos que dan cuenta de un escenario urbano en el que se transita desde las reivindicaciones históricas difundidas por los movimientos mapuche, hacia discursos que manifiestan las particularidades de la vida en la capital. Estas demandas políticas buscan espacios de libre determinación, autonomía o representación para asegurar la supervivencia de su cultura; y sostienen expectativas que plantean la necesidad de que el Estado y los gobiernos locales modifiquen las condiciones que hoy invisibilizan sus particularidades y les impide incidir en la vida política nacional y local.
A Possible Wound Dressing Material from Marine Food Waste
Authors: Rethinam Senthil , Nivedita Prabakaran , Hemalatha Thiagarajan , Vedakumari Sathyaraj Weslen , Sastry Thotapalli Parvathaleswara
Published: November 2016

Purpose

Bluefin Trevally (Caranx melampygus) fish is mainly used for fillet production, the bones of which are discarded as a major solid waste in the fish food processing industry. In the present study, novel collagen films were prepared using the bones of Bluefin Trevally (BT). The study investigates the potential of using this collagen film as a wound dressing material.

Methods

The prepared collagen films (CFs) were characterized for their physicochemical properties using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), tensile strength, elongation at break, etc. In vitro studies using human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT) also proved the biocompatibility of CF. The CFs were used as wound dressing material on the experimental wounds of rats and the healing pattern was evaluated using planimetric and histopathological studies.

Results

CF prepared from the bones of BT possessed better mechanical properties. The in vitro studies demonstrated its biocompatible nature. Acceleration of wound healing in CF-treated rats was evident in the in vivo studies.

Conclusions

The study has devised a process for using fish waste in the preparation of a value-added product like wound dressing material. The CF with the required strength, biocompatibility and wound healing properties may be tried as a wound dressing material in large animals after obtaining the necessary approval.
Increased Terrestrial Perturbations Modify Skeletal Properties and Mechanical Strength of Hard Corals
Authors: Mwachireya Shaaban A. , McClanahan Tim R. , Cote Isabelle M. , Hartwick Brian E.
Published: November 2016

Skeleton properties determine coral survival by influencing the range of hydraulic conditions colonies can withstand, selection of suitable habitat, ability to compete for space and light, repair damage and the overall fitness and ecological success of scleractinian corals. Skeletal properties of 16 coral species comprising 3 growth forms collected from Kenyan coral reef lagoons were investigated and found to vary considerably not only between species but between reefs as well, with corals exposed to both sediment and nutrients showing consistent lower skeleton density and strength but high porosity compared to those from sediment-unaffected reefs. Further, high skeletal density and strength but low porosity values were measured in branching relative to other growth forms. The present findings also suggest that the negative effects of nutrients on skeleton properties may be counteracted by high hydrodynamic energy, resulting in stronger skeletons in high hydrodynamic energy-nutrient-polluted reef habitats relative to pristine reefs. These findings have important ecological and management implications with regard to the existence, persistence, productivity and protective value of reefs, damage risks, maintenance and conservation of biological diversity with respect to future global climate change events. Consequently, appropriate watershed, reef and fisheries management options the impacts of local anthropogenic stresses (sediments, nutrients, overexploitation) would be expected to alleviate the effects of these disturbances and have the potential to minimize future large-scale coral reef damage resulting from increased and frequent global climate change events, such as increased ocean acidification (due to elevated atmospheric CO2) and sea surface temperature.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for Environment and Natural Resources Research, Vol. 6, No. 4
Authors: Lee Joan
Published: November 2016

Reviewer Acknowledgements for Environment and Natural Resources Research, Vol. 6, No. 4, 2016
Analyzing the Legal Dimensions of Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicle in the International Law
Authors: Mousazadeh Reza , Basiri Abbas , Babaee Mojtaba , Tabasi Ali Tavakoli
Published: November 2016

The concept of manufacturing unmanned aircrafts developed before the Second World War. However after World War ΙΙ, the use of these aircrafts in aerial identification missions increased. In the recent decade, unmanned combat aerial vehicles used in order to identify and attack enemies in a direct manner. Unlike Classic wars, the future armed conflicts will focus on the use of military robots that have the ability to fight with robotic armaments which are 1000 kilometers distant from the battlefield and controlled by a person or function in an independent manner. According to the article 36 of the first protocol, each country should be informed about the legal principles of using different forms of robotic armaments such as unmanned combat aerial vehicles. In other words, no specific article or provision has been defined in the international law regarding the inhibition or restriction of manufacturing and developing these armaments. Although according to weapons law, these armaments don’t violate the principle of international law and they don’t threat human right. As a result any use of these unmanned combat aerial vehicles is not illegal. However, it is unlikely that using advanced remote/ robotic armaments be legal or don’t violate the principles of humanitarian law.
Penal Mediation to Dissolve Discord among Peasants in Guilan (Iran)
Authors: Saadat Seyedeh Fatemeh Seyed , Hakimiha Saeed
Published: November 2016

Present research was accomplished to survey penal mediation role in dissolving discord among peasants in Guilan province of Iran. Restorative justice is to make all parties participate in discord dissolution process and to decriminalize it with tools like mediation. It is based on a principle in which no culprit is pursued and also it is planning to relief victim. The law of criminal procedure in Article 82, projects “mediation” subject in crime deterrent grades 6, 7, 8. These crimes usually are pardonable or at least private complainer pardon is effective in mitigation. This issue causes reduction of criminal files and also criminal costs. It facilitates the social revive of the criminal. Modern criminal justice believes that penal mediation as one of settlement methods should follow special regulations which guarantee criminal and victim rights. This research is presented in four sections. This research is practical and the method is descriptive - analytical. Statistical population is consisting of 160 persons from many different villages in Guilan province. In order to collect data, questionnaire was administered and data analysis was performed using SPSS software. In forth section of this research, considering related questions, we were after to prove hypotheses. Results showed that criminal mediation can be settled by meetings performed by elders of villages in Guilan province and it prevents fights and claim .As a new look of criminal justice, it can be used as an appropriate instrument for judiciary.
Protection of Shareholders Minority in Joint Stock Company Pursuant to Jordan Companies Law
Authors: Helalat Mohamad Ali
Published: November 2016

The Joint Stock Company has its role in motivating the economical development of the state. In order to fulfill such role, balancing shall be achieved between Majority and Minority rights or at least restricting the majority arbitrariness in terms of decision making. Such arbitrariness means bringing the investors away from investments in such types of companies which shall, indeed, have its negative influence on the national economy.

The laws and Jordanian companies' law in particular, paid specific attention in terms of minority rights protection, and in the same time recognize its existence, its right to participate in decision making and also to practice control over the majority who manage and run the company's affairs.

Indeed, we cannot ignore the fact that Jordanian legislator tried much to correspond between majority and minority rights or at lease protect the minority rights. In spite of such efforts, we still witness more problems that hinder such issue.
From this point this study came to clarify much of such rights, presenting and analyzing thereof in a way that enable the investor to practice in a way to achieve desired interests.
The Effect of Public Participation in the Elections to Improve the Living Conditions of People in the Islamic Republic of Iran
Authors: Yazdi Asgar , Masoumi Majid
Published: November 2016

The purpose of this research is to investigate the impact of public participation in election events on improvement of lives of people in Islamic Republic of Iran. This study is a descriptive-analytic research and was performed under field methods. The authors have elaborated on theoretical foundations of the subject and mechanisms of election in Iran. in later sections, results of the study have been investigated. With respect to analyses and investigations, it can be stated that in every democratic system, it is necessary to hold elections in order to determine the destiny of people and the country. In fact existence of people's vote regarding legitimacy of the system can result in development of the society and improvement of people's lives as well. With respect to results it can be said that in every country, holding elections seems crucially necessary and in fact a perquisite for obtaining a prosperous and democratic society is holding elections.
Public Policy as Ground for Refusal of International Arbitral Awards - A Comparison Between Different Judicial Practices
Authors: Bouzarjomehri Sormeh , Amini Eisa
Published: November 2016

The New York Convention is considered as the main pillar of the international arbitration and the most effective transnational legal instrument in international trade. But the most important challenge that the Convention is facing is a uniform application by the Member States. Article V of the Convention containing several grounds for refusal of recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards, could be deemed as an obstacle to achieve this goal. The most controversial ground is the public policy that affects the uniform application of the Convention and the predictability of the arbitration process. Then the lack of a definition for public policy has opened the door for different interpretations in different countries.

The questions that the paper at hand deals with are the following: What are the consequences for the lack of a definition for the public policy ground in the New York Convention? Is it necessary to revise the New York Convention to address this issue?
In order to answer these questions, the paper at hand will present some court decisions in order to elaborate the mentioned challenge and find an appropriate solution.