bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On population abundance and niche structure
Authors: Osorio‐Olvera Luis , Soberón Jorge , Falconi Manuel
Published: March 2019

Recent published evidence indicates a negative correlation between density of populations and the distance of their environments to a suitably defined ‘niche centroid’. This empirical observation lacks theoretical grounds. We provide a theoretical underpinning for the empirical relationship between population density and position in niche space, and use this framework to understand the circumstances under which the relationship will fail. We propose a metapopulation model for the area of distribution, as a system of ordinary differential equations coupled with a dispersal kernel. We present an analytical approximation to the solution of the system as well as R code to solve the full model numerically. We use this tool to analyze various scenarios and assumptions. General and realistic demographic assumptions imply a good correlation between position in niche space and population abundance. Factors that modify this correlation are: transitory states, a heterogeneous spatial structure of suitability, and Allee effects. We also explain why the raw output of the niche modeling algorithm MaxEnt is not a good predictor of environmental suitability. Our results elucidate the empirical results for spatial patterns of population size in niche terms, and provide a theoretical basis for a structured theory of the niche.
Post‐fire vegetation and climate dynamics in low‐elevation forests over the last three millennia in Yellowstone National Park
Authors: Stegner M. Allison , Turner Monica G. , Iglesias Virginia , Whitlock Cathy
Published: March 2019

Conifer forests of the western US are historically well adapted to wildfires, but current warming is creating novel disturbance regimes that may fundamentally change future forest dynamics. Stand‐replacing fires can catalyze forest reorganization by providing periodic opportunities for establishment of new tree cohorts that set the stage for stand development for centuries to come. Extensive research on modern and past fires in the Northern Rockies reveals how variations in climate and fire have led to large changes in forest distribution and composition. Unclear, however, is the importance of individual fire episodes in catalyzing change. We used high‐resolution paleoecologic and paleoclimatic data from Crevice Lake (Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA), to explore the role of fire in driving low‐elevation forest dynamics over the last 2820 yr. We addressed two questions: 1) did low‐elevation forests at Crevice Lake experience abrupt community‐level vegetation changes in response to past fire events? 2) Did the interaction of short‐term disturbance events (fire) and long‐term climate change catalyze past shifts in forest composition? Over the last 2820 yr, we found no evidence for abrupt community‐level vegetation transitions at Crevice Lake, and no evidence that an interaction of climate and fire produced changes in the relative abundance of dominant plant taxa. In part, this result reflects limitations of the datasets to detect past event‐specific responses and their causes. Nonetheless, the relative stability of the vegetation to fires over the last 2820 yr provides a local baseline for assessing current and future ecological change. Observations of climate–fire–vegetation dynamics in recent decades suggest that this multi‐millennial‐scale baseline may soon be exceeded.
Research on Housing for Older Adults: 2001 to 2018
Authors: Hwang Eunju , Parrott Kathleen , Brossoie Nancy
Published: March 2019

As the size of the older US population continues to rise, the need to understand their housing needs and wants is increasing. The purpose of this article was to review recent research on housing for older adults. We conducted an analysis of three peer‐reviewed journal articles published between 2001 and 2018 using a consumer housing perspective. Findings suggested four areas of housing research have been studied as follows: housing behavior (e.g., aging‐in‐place); perception (e.g., housing satisfaction); policy (e.g., housing affordability and inadequacy); and design features. Implications for future housing research include the assessment of current housing stock and how it can be transformed using technology, home modifications, and local policy to meet growing demands.
Eco‐Fashion Consumption: Cognitive‐Experiential Self‐Theory
Authors: Fu Wei , Kim Youn‐Kyung
Published: March 2019

Drawing upon cognitive‐experiential self‐theory (CEST), this study examined how individuals’ differences in emotion‐driven dispositions (i.e., need for variety and fashion interest) and logic‐driven dispositions (i.e., ecological consciousness and social consciousness) can influence their information processing and decision making in the context of eco‐fashion. A focus group of nine participants and an online questionnaire involving 657 participants were used to accomplish the purpose of the study. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to test the hierarchical relationships among individual differences, responses, and consumer behavioral tendencies. The results indicated that consumers’ need for variety positively influenced their affective responses, purchase intention, and willingness to pay more for eco‐fashion. Consumers’ ecological consciousness and social consciousness positively influenced their cognitive responses and eventually their purchase intentions and willingness to pay more for eco‐fashion. Furthermore, cognitive responses had strong impacts on affective responses.
Elevational richness patterns of sphingid moths support area effects over climatic drivers in a near‐global analysis
Authors: Bärtschi Florian , McCain Christy M. , Ballesteros‐Mejia Liliana , Kitching Ian J. , Beerli Nicolas , Beck Jan
Published: March 2019

Aim

We test hypotheses on the environmental control of elevational richness patterns of sphingid moths for their global applicability and generality. Specifically, we compare effects of area with climate‐related drivers, such as primary productivity and temperature, while also considering direct effects of precipitation.

Major taxa

Sphingid moths (Lepidoptera).

Location

Eighty‐six mountain ranges of the Old World and the Australia/Pacific region, from Scandinavia and Siberia through the African and Australasian tropics to South Africa and Southern Australia.

Methods

We used a large compilation of point locality records for 744 species, in addition to fine‐grained range maps derived from species distribution modelling of these records, to characterize the elevational pattern of species richness in 86 custom‐delineated mountain regions. For both types of data, we compared the effects of environmental drivers on richness by comparing standardized coefficients of multivariate models for pooled data after accounting for between‐region variation in richness.

Results

We observed varying patterns of elevational richness across the research region, with a higher prevalence of midpeaks in arid regions. We found overwhelming support for area as a main determinant of richness, modulated by temperature and productivity, whereas we detected no effect of precipitation.

Main conclusions

Area, productivity and temperature are the main environmental predictors explaining a large proportion of variability in sphingid richness. This is consistent not only with other elevational studies, but also with empirical and theoretical biodiversity research in a non‐elevational context (with the caveat of some unresolved issues in elevational area effects). However, distinct differences in elevational patterns remain even within the same mountain ranges when comparing with other Lepidoptera, that is, geometrid moths, which highlights the importance of understanding higher clade differentiation in ecological responses, within insects and in other groups.
An RCVS Spectrum Disorder? New Daily Persistent Headache Starting as a Single Thunderclap Headache (3 New Cases)
Authors: Jamali Sheheryar A. , Rozen Todd D.
Published: March 2019

Objective

To describe 3 new cases of new daily persistent headache (NDPH) starting as a single thunderclap headache.

Background

NDPH is a form of chronic daily headache that is unique in its temporal profile of onset. Distinct subtypes of NDPH are being described with specific efficacious treatments. A single case of NDPH starting as a single thunderclap headache has been previously reported but no further cases have been documented in the literature. New cases need to be published to better define the syndrome.

Methods

To report a case series of patients diagnosed with this unique NDPH subtype at an academic headache center from 2016 to 2018.

Results

Three new cases of NDPH starting as a single thunderclap headache at onset were diagnosed. All patients were female with an average age of onset of 46 years. All presented with neurologic symptoms/stroke‐like spells at headache onset. No defined triggering events were noted in any of the patients. There is a possible seasonal predilection to develop the syndrome around the fall clock change to the winter solstice. Neuroimaging was normal in the case patients. All patients rapidly responded to nimodipine. The duration of headache prior to nimodipine therapy ranged from 3 months to 4 years.

Conclusion

This NDPH subtype appears to be rare. The key to diagnosis is asking about the temporal profile of the onset of the first ever NDPH headache. None of the case patients had been asked about the initial headache and its pattern of onset. Nimodipine seems to be very effective in treating this NDPH subtype. This syndrome is most likely precipitated by persistent or intermittent cerebral artery vasospasm. It is possibly a subform of the reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome.
Synthetic fayalite Fe2SiO4 by kinetically controlled reaction between hematite and silicon carbide
Authors: Pinto Rui G. , Yaremchenko Aleksey A. , Baptista Miguel F. , Tarelho Luís A. C. , Frade Jorge R.
Published: March 2019

The present work explores the preparation of fayalite α‐Fe2SiO4, the iron‐rich end‐member of the olivine solid‐solution series, as a tar removal catalyst for biomass gasification. The synthetic procedure was developed starting from the stoichiometric mixture of hematite and micrometer size silicon carbide and employing thermal treatments in controlled atmospheres at 1000‐1100°C supported by thermodynamic modeling to assess the required redox conditions. The treatments in dry and humidified inert gas yielded phase mixtures containing metallic Fe as one of the main phases, thus emphasizing a shortage of oxygen supply. XRD and TGA studies of precursor mixtures on heating in dry CO2 demonstrated a multistep mechanism of the overall reaction including (a) fast reactivity between silicon carbide and hematite at ~920°C with formation of metallic Fe and amorphous silica followed by (b) formation of fayalite involving oxygen supplied in the form of CO2 and competing with (c) over‐oxidation to thermodynamically favorable Fe3O4+SiO2 mixture. Comparative studies of reactivity in powdered and pelletized samples emphasized the importance of the kinetic factor in the formation of Fe2SiO4 while preventing further oxidation. The preferential formation of fayalite in the CO2 atmosphere is shown to be favored by shorter treatments of compacted samples at higher temperatures. The procedure was designed (2‐step heating to 1100°C in CO2 followed by fast cooling) for the preparation of pelletized fayalite α‐Fe2SiO4 catalyst with only minor traces of surface over‐oxidation which can be suppressed by adding 10 vol.% of forming gas to CO2 flow.
Assisting Wild Animals Vulnerable to Climate Change: Why Ethical Strategies Diverge
Authors: Palmer Clare
Published: March 2019

Many individual sentient wild animals are vulnerable to anthropogenic climate change. In this article, I suggest that animal ethicists who take sentient animals’ moral status seriously are likely to agree that, other things being equal, we have moral responsibilities to assist wild animals made vulnerable to climate change. However, I also argue that these ethicists are likely to diverge in terms of the strategies they believe would actually fulfil such moral responsibilities, depending on whether their primary concern is rectificatory justice or duties of beneficence. To support this argument, I consider three plausible strategies for helping wild animals vulnerable to climate change: rescue and rehabilitation, habitat restoration, and assisted migration. I argue that different theoretical approaches to animal ethics are likely to diverge on aspects of all these strategies. These differences mean that the process of creating wide agreement among animal ethicists on climate adaptation strategies to assist vulnerable wild animals faces significant hurdles.
Workflow description of additively manufactured clear silicone indexes for injected provisional restorations: A novel technique
Authors: Revilla‐León Marta , Fountain Joshua , Piedra Cascón Wenceslao , Özcan Mutlu , Zandinejad Amirali
Published: March 2019

Objective

The present article describes the digital workflow protocol for additive manufacturing (AM) of a clear silicone index to be used for an injected provisional restoration fabrication.

Clinical considerations

The incorporation of CAD software and AM technologies have allowed the integration of a new way to fabricate conventional diagnostic wax‐ups and silicone indexes for preparing diagnostic mock ups, direct composite restorations, or provisional restorations. Although the conventional concept remains, the protocol differs.

Conclusions

This workflow provides a more efficient and accurate procedure with the reduction of time and cost compared to conventional technique.

Clinical Significance

The digital workflow protocol described for AM of a clear silicone index to be used for an injected provisional restoration fabrication is time and cost efficient compared to conventional procedures.
Long‐term efficacy and safety of CT‐P13, a biosimilar of infliximab, in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: A retrospective multicenter study
Authors: Kim Nam Hee , Lee Ji Hyun , Hong Sung Noh , Yoon Hyuk , Kang Hyoun Woo , Lee Suck‐Ho , Im Jong Pil , Cha Jae Myung , Eun Chang Soo , Kim Ji Won , Choi Chang Hwan , Park Dong Il
Published: March 2019

Background and Aim

A biosimilar of infliximab, CT‐P13 (Remsima®) has the potential to reduce treatment costs and enhance access to biological therapy for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients. However, long‐term clinical data on its use for IBD treatment are currently sparse. We aimed to investigate the long‐term efficacy and safety of CT‐P13 therapy in a large, real‐life IBD cohort.

Methods

A total of 368 IBD patients (227 with Crohn's disease [CD] and 141 with ulcerative colitis [UC]) treated with CT‐P13 at 16 referral hospitals in Korea between July 2012 and December 2017 were retrospectively analyzed.

Results

The cumulative retention rates at years 1, 3, and 5 were 86.1%, 68.5%, and 58.7% and 69.7%, 46.0%, and 26.7% in anti‐tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐naïve CD and UC patients, respectively. The clinical response and remission rates at week 14 and at years 1, 3, and 5 were 94.3%, 92.7%, 76.8%, and 17.6% and 78.6%, 82.4%, 72.2%, and 17.6% in anti‐TNF‐naïve CD and 85.6%, 80.0%, 55.2%, and 6.7% and 42.6%, 59.8%, 44.2%, and 6.7% in anti‐TNF‐naïve UC patients, respectively. Among patients who switched from the biologic originator to CT‐P13, the cumulative retention rates at years 1, 3, and 5 were 88.5%, 66.1%, and 44.8% in CD, and 73.9%, 42.5%, and 42.5% in UC patients, respectively. Significant improvements in disease activity scores were accompanied by marked reductions in inflammatory marker levels, and no unexpected adverse events including death or malignancy occurred during the study period.

Conclusions

Long‐term treatment with CT‐P13 is effective in inducing and maintaining disease improvement and is well‐tolerated in patients with IBD. CT‐P13 may be a promising treatment option for IBD.
Crosstalk between mitochondria, calcium channels and actin cytoskeleton modulates noradrenergic activity of locus coeruleus neurons
Authors: de Oliveira Ramatis B. , Petiz Lyvia L. , Lim Rebecca , Lipski Janusz , Gravina Fernanda S. , Brichta Alan M. , Callister Robert J. , Leão Richardson N. , van Helden Dirk F.
Published: March 2019

Locus coeruleus (LC) is the name of a group of large sized neurons located at the brain stem, which provides the main source of noradrenaline to the central nervous system, virtually, innervating the whole brain. All noradrenergic signalling provided by this nucleus is dependent on an intrinsic pacemaker process. Our study aims to understand how noradrenergic neurons finely tune their pacemaker processes and regulate their activities. Here we present that mitochondrial perturbation in the LC from mice, inhibits spontaneous firing by a hyperpolarizing response that involves Ca2+ entry via L‐type Ca2+ channels and the actin cytoskeleton. We found that pharmacological perturbation of mitochondria from LC neurons using the protonophore carbonyl cyanide m‐chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP), induced a dominant hyperpolarizing response when electrophysiological approaches were performed. Surprisingly, the CCCP‐induced hyperpolarizing response was dependent on L‐type Ca2+ channel‐mediated Ca2+ entry, as it was inhibited by: the removal of extracellular Ca2+; the addition of Cd2+; nifedipine or nicardipine; but not by the intracellular dialysis with the Ca2+ chelator 1,2‐Bis(2‐Aminophenoxy)ethane‐N,N,N′,N′‐tetraacetic acid, the latter indicating that the response was not because of a global change in [Ca2+]c but does not exclude action at intracellular microdomains. Further to this, the incubation of slices with cytochalasin D, an agent that depolymerises the actin cytoskeleton, inhibited the hyperpolarizing response indicating an involvement of the actin cytoskeleton. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that there is a crosstalk between mitochondria and L‐type Ca2+ channels leading to modulation of noradrenergic neuronal activity mediated by the actin cytoskeleton.

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Development of a suite of metrics and indicators for children’s nursing using consensus methodology
Authors: Brenner Maria , Browne Catherine , Gallen Anne , Byrne Susanna , White Ciara , Nolan Mary
Published: March 2019

Aim and objectives

To develop a suite of metrics and indicators to measure the quality of children's nursing care processes. The objectives were to identify available metrics and indicators and to develop consensus on the metrics and indicators to be measured.

Background

The Office of Nursing and Midwifery Services Director, Health Service Executive, in Ireland established seven workstreams aligned to the following care areas: acute, older persons, children's, mental health, intellectual disability, public health nursing and midwifery.

Design

A comprehensive design included stakeholder consultation and a survey with embedded open‐ended questions.

Methods

A two‐round online Delphi survey was conducted to identify metrics to be measured in practice, followed by a two‐round online Delphi survey to identify the associated indicators for these metrics. A face‐to‐face consensus meeting was held with key stakeholders to review the findings and build consensus on the final metrics and indicators for use. A STROBE checklist was completed.

Results

A suite of eight nursing quality care process metrics and 67 associated process indicators was developed for children's nursing.

Conclusions

By creating a national suite of metrics and indicators, more robust measurement and monitoring of nursing care processes can be achieved. This will enable the provision of evidence for any local and/or national level changes to policy and practice to enhance care delivery.

Relevance to clinical practice

The roll‐out of the metrics and indicators in clinical practice has commenced. This national suite of metrics and indicators will ensure that a robust system of measurement for improvement is in place to provide assurance to Directors of Nursing of the quality of nursing care being provided to children and their families. It supports the value of nursing sensitive data to inform change and improvement in healthcare delivery and to demonstrate the contribution of the nursing workforce to safe patient care.
The development and psychometric validation of a Chinese empathy motivation scale
Authors: Zhu Yu , Zhan Yu‐can , Zhu Ji‐Min , Huang Li , Zhang Ling , Zhang Miao , Li Bai‐Kun
Published: March 2019

Aims and objectives

To develop and validate an instrument to measure nurses’ empathy motivation in China (See Supporting Information Appendix S1).

Background

Nurses are increasingly expected to empathise with patients in clinical settings. However, research investigating nurses’ empathy motivation in China is lacking, and no specific instrument exists worldwide.

Design

Two‐stage cross‐sectional study, which follows the STROBE guidelines. Instrument development and psychometric evaluation were used (See Supporting Information Appendix S1).

Methods

A literature review and qualitative interviews with nurses were conducted to generate the initial items. Convenience samples of 340 (for item analysis) and 640 (for psychometric evaluation) clinical nurses working at four tertiary hospitals in Anhui Province were recruited. The scale was validated by content validity, surface validity and item analysis. A total of 640 participants were randomly divided into two equal groups. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was used with varimax rotation, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and internal consistency reliability to analyse the psychometric properties of the scale (See Supporting Information Appendix S1).

Results

From the initial 90‐item pool, 27 items were retained by the item analysis. The EFA (N = 290) showed the following six factors on the scale explained 71.266% of the overall variance: amotivation, external regulation, introjected regulation, identified regulation, integrative regulation and intrinsic motivation. Furthermore, when limited to three factors, that is autonomy motivation, controlled motivation and amotivation, 56.578% of the variance was explained. The findings showed high internal consistency. The six‐factor solution and three‐factor solution of the scale, including 27 items, were both confirmed by the CFA, for example χ2/df = 1.744, 2.261; RMSEA = 0.051, 0.066; GFI = 0.882, 0.847; TLI = 0.942, 0.902; and RMR = 0.039, 0.049, respectively.

Conclusions

The nurses’ empathy motivation scale presents good psychometric properties and can be used to explore nurses’ empathy motivation in China (See Supporting Information Appendix S1).

Relevance to clinical practice

This study offers insight into nurses’ complicated reasons for exhibiting empathy.
The prevalence of awake bruxism and sleep bruxism in the Dutch adult population
Authors: Wetselaar Peter , Vermaire Erik (J. H.) , Lobbezoo Frank , Schuller Annemarie A.
Published: March 2019

Background

Awake bruxism and sleep bruxism are common conditions amongst adult populations, although prevalence data are scarce.

Objective

This study aimed to assess the prevalence of awake bruxism and sleep bruxism in the Dutch adult population.

Methods

As part of a large epidemiologic survey on oral health of the general Dutch adult population, a total of 1209 subjects were asked about their bruxism behaviour during the day and during their sleep. The collected data were subjected to stratified analysis by five age groups (25‐34, 35‐44, 45‐54, 55‐64 and 65‐74 years), socioeconomic status, and gender.

Results

A prevalence of 5.0% of the total population was found for awake bruxism and of 16.5% for sleep bruxism. Regarding the five age groups, prevalence of 6.5%, 7.8%, 4.0%, 3.2% and 3.0%, respectively, were found for awake bruxism, and of 20.0%, 21.0%, 16.5%, 14.5% and 8.3%, respectively, for sleep bruxism. Women reported both awake bruxism and sleep bruxism more often than men. These differences were statistically significant. Concerning socioeconomic status (SES), both awake bruxism and sleep bruxism were more often found in high SES groups, being statistically significant for awake bruxism only.

Conclusion

Sleep bruxism is a common condition in the Dutch adult population, while awake bruxism is rarer.
Influence of information received by the consumer on the sensory perception of processed orange juice
Authors: Pereira Geovanna S. , Honorio Alice R. , Gasparetto Bruna R. , Lopes Carla M. A. , Lima Diana C. N. d. , Tribst Alline A. L.
Published: March 2019

This study evaluated how the sensory perception of fresh and different types of processed juice changes according to the information received by 753 consumers. Fresh, pasteurized, commercially sterilized, frozen concentrated, fruit liquid concentrated, and powered drink mix orange juices were selected as the types of juice. Acceptance and check‐all‐that‐apply tests were carried out in three different conditions: (a) blind, (b) informed (juice processing characteristics, price, ingredients, and shelf‐life), and (c) given the information relative to each type of juice, although the samples tasted were identical and comprised a mix of fresh, sterilized, and powdered drink juices. Results showed that fresh juice was preferred in all tests (even in c, when the same juice mix was served for all samples) and that the acceptance of processed juices (mainly pasteurized, sterilized, and frozen concentrated) was higher in the informed tests. Moreover, the third test (serving the same juice mix) clearly showed how positive–negative information can change the consumer perception about the product. These results highlight the need to improve consumers' access to information about juice processes, helping them to be more aware of processed food products.

Practical Application

Consumers' rejection regarding processed juices is growing due to associating them with processed food and adverse health effects. Results of this study show that consumers easily recognize and prefer fresh juice and consistently reject processed samples when no information about the products is given. On the other hand, information on processing characteristics, ingredients, durability, and price positively influenced consumer acceptance of processed juices, especially those produced only with oranges (without sugar, water, or additives), regardless of the form of processing. Therefore, the juice industry can use consumer access to information about product characteristics as a marketing strategy.
Reflectance spectroscopy of insoluble organic matter (IOM) and carbonaceous meteorites
Authors: Kaplan Hannah H. , Milliken Ralph E. , Alexander Conel M. O'D. , Herd Christopher D. K.
Published: March 2019

Insoluble organic matter (IOM) is the major organic component of chondritic meteorites and may be akin to organic materials from comets and interplanetary dust particles (IDPs). Reflectance spectra of IOM in the range 0.35–25 μm are presented as a tool for interpreting organic chemistry from remote measurements of asteroids, comets, IDPs, and other planetary bodies. Absorptions in the IOM spectra were strongly related to elemental H/C (atom) ratio. The aliphatic 3.4 μm absorption in IOM spectra increased linearly in strength with increasing H/C for H/C > 0.4, but was absent at lower H/C values. When meteorite spectra from the Reflectance Experiment Laboratory (RELAB) spectral catalog (n = 85) were reanalyzed at 3.4 μm, this detection limit (H/C > 0.4) persisted. Aromatic absorption features seen in IOM spectra were not observed in the meteorite spectra due to overlapping absorptions. However, the 3.4 μm aliphatic absorption strength for the bulk meteorites was correlated with both H/C of the meteorite's IOM and bulk C (wt%). Gaussian modeling of the 3 μm region provided an additional estimate of bulk C for the meteorites, along with bulk H (wt%), which is related to phyllosilicate abundance. These relationships lay the foundation for determining organic and phyllosilicate abundances from reflectance spectra. Both the full IOM spectra and the spectral parameters discussed here will aid in the interpretation of data from asteroid missions (e.g., OSIRIS‐REx, Hayabusa2), and may be able to place unknown spectral samples within the context of the meteorite collection.
Joseph Ratzinger's Debates with Gisbert Greshake: An Argument for the Resurrection of Matter
Authors: Ehrman Terrence P.
Published: March 2019

Debates in eschatology have been unresolved regarding the place of earthly matter in the resurrection. I analyze the positions of Joseph Ratzinger and Gisbert Greshake and argue in favor of Ratzinger's position. He defends a transphysical bodily resurrection that involves the matter of this world over against Greshake's resurrection in death eschatology and anthropology that entails the resurrection of a phenomenological but not a physical body. What is at stake in this debate is nothing less than the meaning of creation in God's salvific economy.
Genetic dissection of haploid male fertility in maize (Zea mays L.)
Authors: Yang Jiwei , Qu Yanzhi , Chen Qiong , Tang Jihua , Lübberstedt Thomas , Li Haochuan , Liu Zonghua
Published: March 2019

Haploid genome doubling is a key limiting step of haploid breeding in maize. Spontaneous restoration of haploid male fertility (HMF) provides a more promising method than the artificial doubling process. To reveal the genetic basis of HMF, haploids were obtained from the offspring of 285 F2:3 families, derived from the cross Zheng58 × K22. The F2:3 families were used as the female donor and Yu high inducer No. 1 (YHI‐1) as the male inducer line. The rates of HMF from each family line were evaluated at two field sites over two planting seasons. HMF displayed incomplete dominance. Transgressive segregation of haploids from F2:3 families was observed relative to haploids derived from the two parents of the mapping population. A total of nine quantitative trait loci (QTL) were detected, which were distributed on chromosomes 1, 3, 4, 7 and 8. Three major QTL, qHMF3b, qHMF7a and qHMF7b were detected in both locations, respectively. These QTL could be useful to predict the ability of spontaneous haploid genome doubling, and to accelerate the haploid breeding process by introgression or aggregation of those QTL.
“Undemocratic, Barbaric, and Scholastically Wholly Unwise:” Conscientious Educators Under Fire from the Great War through the Present
Authors: Howlett Charles F. , Howlett Patricia
Published: March 2019

On matters of teacher loyalty and conscience, World War I marked a legal watershed in the United States. During this conflict, schools became seminaries of patriotism and teachers had to promote loyalty and allegiance to the government. Throughout the nation, overzealous school boards imposed state‐legislated loyalty oaths upon teachers. In cities and rural communities, many teachers were accused of disloyalty, regardless of personal beliefs, and stripped of their positions. Teachers who criticized the war faced intense scrutiny and often were dismissed on the flimsiest of charges. Some teachers chose to litigate the matter in courts of law. Some were successful, and some were not. This pattern has continued during subsequent wars. In terms of free speech protections for public schoolteachers, the law has been applied inconsistently. Whereas college and university teachers have had some degree of constitutionally protected free speech because of the ideal of academic freedom, the same does not apply to public schoolteachers. This article traces a number school trials as well as court cases from World War I to the present. It examines how the judiciary has adjudicated acts of conscience during wartime in the nation's public schools. It remains an unsettled issue in need of constitutional redress.
Severe, persistent neurotoxicity after transplant‐associated thrombotic microangiopathy in a pediatric patient despite treatment with eculizumab
Authors: Schoettler Michelle , Duncan Christine , Lehmann Leslie
Published: March 2019

Background

TA‐TMA is a described complication of aHCT in children with neuroblastoma. Outcomes are poor with mortality rates approaching 60%. Described late effects in survivors include chronic kidney disease and persistent pulmonary hypertension.

Case

We report a case of a 2‐year‐old with neuroblastoma who developed severe TA‐TMA 35 days after high dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell rescue. He presented with respiratory failure, pericardial and pleural effusions, hemolysis, hypertension, and mild altered mental status. He was mechanically ventilated for 3 weeks and after sedation was lifted, he was minimally responsive. He was treated with eculizumab with resolution of hemolysis, kidney injury and polyserositis. Initially he was more responsive; however, after almost a year of intensive therapy he remained nonverbal and had persistent irritability and behavioral changes. He had an extensive negative evaluation. On day +345, he presented with severe, refractory epilepsy. Three years after TA‐TMA, he continues to have severe neurologic disabilities.

Conclusions

To our knowledge, persistent neurologic toxicity has not been reported in TA‐TMA. However, deficits and seizures are reported in other TMAs, particularly in children with atypical HUS who present with significant neurologic changes at diagnosis. Our patient's persistent neurologic disability despite eculizumab response in all other involved organs may reflect irreversible damage. This case describes a new long‐term sequela of TA‐TMA and highlights the need for further studies to understand both acute and long‐term neurologic complications of this disease.
Appearance of large scavenger receptor A‐positive cells in peripheral blood: A potential risk factor for severe exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Emura Iwao , Usuda Hiroyuki , Satou Kazuhiro
Published: March 2019

Fresh peripheral blood (PB) samples from 432 outpatients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) were examined. Patients were classified into Group A (large SRA+ cells were undetected) and Group B (large SRA+ cells were detected) and followed‐up for 1 year. Patients were further subdivided according to Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) stage. Cox proportional hazard model had shown that Gold, Group, home oxygen therapy (HOT), and treatment were significant predictors of severe exacerbation. Six of 353 patients in Group A and 29 of 79 in Group B developed severe exacerbation. The rates of severe exacerbation were significantly higher in Group B patients, GOLD stage 2 than Group A, GOLD stage 2; in Group B, GOLD stage 3 than Group A, GOLD stage 3; and in all of Group B compared with in all of Group A. The Kaplan‐Meier curves of Group B, GOLD stages 1–4, and of all of Group B showed significantly worse rates of severe exacerbation than those of Group A, Gold 1–4, and all of Group A, respectively. The appearance of large SRA+ cells in the PB of patients with stable COPD may represent a useful biomarker for severe COPD exacerbation.
Induced antimicrobial activity in heat‐treated woodchips inhibits the activity of the invasive plant pathogen Phytophthora ramorum
Authors: Kalantarzadeh M. , Mulholland D. A. , De Leij F. A. A. M. , Webber J. F.
Published: March 2019

The antimicrobial activity of heat‐treated woodchips of three woody host species against the invasive oomycete plant pathogen Phytophthora ramorum was investigated to assess the potential of heated woodchips to suppress disease. Results demonstrated that heat‐treated woodchips of pine (Pinus sylvestris), Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi) and rhododendron (Rhododendron ponticum) inhibited recovery of P. ramorum spores and mycelium compared with similar material that had only been air‐dried. Effects were most evident with pine and larch; inhibition was maintained even when larch woodchips were diluted with soil. In vitro assays using methanol crude extracts from woodchips of the three species showed they all had an inhibitory effect on P. ramorum zoospores and reduced chlamydospore germination compared with air‐dried wood extracts. Chemical analysis of the extracts revealed several induced compounds were present but in different concentrations for each species. Coniferaldehyde was the most active inhibitor against spores and mycelium, while the dominant resin acids, dehydroabietic and abietic acid, decreased the minimum inhibitory concentration of phenolic compounds tested against P. ramorum but were ineffective when used alone. An array of compounds, including dehydroabietic acid, methyl abietate, α‐pinene and 3‐carene, occurred at elevated levels in the living tissue of Japanese larch bark attacked by P. ramorum. These compounds may be part of the induced resistance response of larch to P. ramorum. Results of a field trial using heat‐treated and air‐dried woodchips were consistent with the crude extract bioassay results, suggesting that heat‐treated woody materials have potential to reduce the survival of P. ramorum under natural conditions.
Polls and Elections: Is Loyalty a Powerful Thing? Republican Senate Campaign Strategy and Trump Coattails in the 2016 Election
Authors: Chaturvedi Neilan S. , Haynes Chris
Published: March 2019

Presidential candidates provide a boost to their congressional candidate counterparts, in which congressional candidates should ride the proverbial coattails into office (Campbell and Sumners 1990; Stewart 1989). The 2016 election, however, provides an instance in which the presidential coattails were less than desirable. In this article, we argue that state politics determines the optimal strategy for how candidates should position themselves vis‐à‐vis a controversial presidential candidate. Based on our findings, voters rewarded candidates at varying levels for distancing themselves from then candidate Trump. Specifically, the disloyal strategy, in which candidates completely disavowed Trump, worked best in swing states and among Democrats, liberals, and Clinton voters. The ambiguous strategy, in which candidates took an unclear position on Trump, was less effective, but still received gains in appeal among independents and liberals.
“Return That Which Does Not Belong to You”: Mikhail Shishkin's Borrowings in Maidenhair
Authors: VERGARA JOSÉ
Published: March 2019

Immediately upon its publication in 2005, Mikhail Shishkin's third novel Maidenhair was met with acclaim. However, the author also found himself mired in a controversy that spread from literary magazines to LiveJournal comment sections after poet Alexander Tankov noticed that Shishkin had inserted several passages from Soviet writer Vera Panova's memoirs into his own text without attribution. At the core of the dispute lay a central question: How do we define Shishkin's plagiarism? While some participants in the debate labeled Shishkin's work “parasitic” or “an act of marauding,” others defended him by suggesting that the rules of literature have changed. Overall, however, critics’ arguments fail to take Shishkin's borrowed elements at face value as an artistic tool. They tend to draw attention to matters of the literary market and authorial propriety rather than to the borrowings’ effects on the work. To go beyond such a perspective, this article proposes to do three interrelated things. First, Shishkin's so‐called plagiaristic method will be situated within the broader contexts of how contemporary Russian authors have used others’ words, as well as of the history and theory of plagiarism. The second portion of this study will provide a typological analysis of Shishkin's borrowings and the intertextual play in which he engages: direct (or near direct) quotations; modified quotations; fragments; and paraphrasing. Finally, the various borrowings, drawn from both Western and Russian sources, serve to amplify Shishkin's thematics of identity. The novel itself, composed as it is in part of different voices, embodies a pressing need to find one's role in the contemporary world, where so much has already been said. Maidenhair is Shishkin's attempt to disrupt the notion of a stable, unified identity and, instead, to uphold the value of a blended identity that allows for links between disparate eras and peoples. As I will demonstrate, the borrowings contribute to and actualize these poetics and thematics by highlighting the recyclability of words, the universality of human experience and transformation, and the author‐creator's global perspective.
Environmental controls on the development of Mississippian microbial carbonate mounds and platform limestones in southern Montagne Noire (France)
Authors: Cózar Pedro , Izart Alain , Somerville Ian D. , Aretz Markus , Coronado Ismael , Vachard Daniel
Published: March 2019

Late Mississippian carbonates in southern Montagne Noire are dominantly domical to laterally‐accreted microbial mounds in some formations, as well as stratiform microbial limestones occurring in hundreds of olistoliths within a flysch basin, constituting pieces of a giant puzzle that are used to help reconstruct a platform in a region that is no longer preserved. Petrographic data of limestone samples from 14 continuous long sections of olistoliths have been analyzed statistically, using multivariate clustering (Q‐mode) of the components/matrix/cement and canonical correspondence analysis that allow the reconstruction of the environmental parameters of carbonate microbial communities in space and time. Clustering analysis separated microbial and non‐microbial facies. The calculation of indices along the various axes from canonical correspondence analysis allows recognition of the controlling factors of the mounds and microbial growth as being turbidity, light penetration, bathymetry and storms. Turbidity and light penetration are the primary factors controlling the morphology of the microbial limestones. Representation of the light penetration and bathymetry indices on the stratigraphical sections defines two vertical environmental gradients. Light penetration can be subdivided into euphotic, euphotic–dysphotic and dysphotic‐aphotic conditions. The representation of the bathymetry allows the subdivision of samples into a deeper outer ramp, external mid‐ramp and internal mid‐ramp. The curve distance from the section base = f (index) suggests a cyclicity for the platform that cannot be compared with the onlap curve defined from other cratonic areas (Moscow Basin), and thus the cyclic succession of the Montagne Noire is interpreted to have been mostly tectonically‐controlled. Integration of the data allowed the reconstruction of the original Mississippian carbonate platform, where, up to the Mikhailovian, it appears to correspond to a platform morphology, with narrow shallow water facies and wide turbiditic systems, whereas the width of shallow‐water settings expanded during the Venevian to the Protvian, forming a ramp or distally‐steepened ramp with widespread microbial limestones.
Pacification of Rio's Favelas and the “Pacification of the Pacification Police”: The Role of Coordinating Brokerage in Police Reform
Authors: de Souza Stefanie Israel
Published: March 2019

Rio de Janeiro's drug dealer–dominated favelas are territories where the state lacks the monopoly of violence. They have historically been sites of sporadic and violent police operations. Rio's favela “pacification” program aimed to consolidate state control via the establishment of a Pacification Police Unit (UPP). This proximity policing program initially experienced mixed results in different “pacified” favelas. I take advantage of this state intervention at the urban margins to ask, what explains the positive reception of this policing initiative in some communities but not others? I concentrate my fieldwork in two communities sharing a UPP that represented extreme cases of success in terms of the program's reception by residents. I find that the coordinating brokerage of respected local organizations helps acculturate police to the community and minimize offensive police behavior, thereby “pacifying the Pacification Police.” Residents are receptive to these resocialized police who comply with local norms of respect. This police‐reforming brokerage is possible due to the high level of closure in the local network and due to a vibrant local community with a strong history of organizing. My findings emphasize the importance of considering the role of local civil society in police reform at the urban margins.
The HDA19 histone deacetylase complex is involved in the regulation of flowering time in a photoperiod‐dependent manner
Authors: Ning Yong‐Qiang , Chen Qing , Lin Rong‐Nan , Li Yong‐Qiang , Li Lin , Chen She , He Xin‐Jian
Published: March 2019

Chromatin modifications are known to affect flowering time in plants, but little is known about how these modifications regulate flowering time in response to environmental signals like photoperiod. In Arabidopsis thaliana, HDC1, a conserved subunit of the RPD3‐like histone deacetylase (HDAC) complex, was previously reported to regulate flowering time via the same mechanism as does the HDAC HDA6. Here, we demonstrate that HDC1, SNLs and MSI1 are shared subunits of the HDA6 and HDA19 HDAC complexes. While the late‐flowering phenotype of the hda6 mutant is independent of photoperiod, the hda19, hdc1 and snl2/3/4 mutants flower later than or at a similar time to the wild‐type in long‐day conditions but flower earlier than the wild‐type in short‐day conditions. Our genome‐wide analyses indicate that the effect of hdc1 on histone acetylation and transcription is comparable with that of hda19 but is different from that of hda6. Especially, we demonstrate that the HDA19 complex directly regulates the expression of two flowering repressor genes related to the gibberellin signaling pathway. Thus, the study reveals a photoperiod‐dependent role of the HDA19 HDAC complex in the regulation of flowering time.
Estimating the risk of blood donation fainting for self versus others: the moderating effect of fear
Authors: France Christopher R. , France Janis L.
Published: March 2019

BACKGROUND

People overestimate the likelihood that blood donors will experience faint and prefaint reactions, particularly if they are themselves fearful of having blood drawn. This study investigated the influence of making a risk assessment for oneself versus others, and examined whether providing information about the low base rates of reactions affected donation attitude, anxiety, and intention.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

An anonymous online survey was completed by 3702 individuals (53.9% female; mean age, 36.9 years; standard deviation, 12.1 years; range, 18–84) that included questions about fear of having blood drawn and estimation of the risk of donation‐related faint and prefaint symptoms for themselves and others. A random one‐half of the respondents received accurate information about the proportion of whole blood donors who experience such reactions before all participants completed questions concerning their donation attitude, anxiety, and intention.

RESULTS

Estimates of both faint and prefaint reactions revealed a pattern of lower perceived risk for self versus others among individuals with low fear, and higher perceived risk for self versus others among those with high fear. Provision of accurate information about risk of reactions was associated with more positive donation attitudes (F[1, 3692] = 8.182, p = 0.004) and intentions (F[1, 3692] = 10.137, p = 0.001) but did not significantly affect anxiety.

CONCLUSION

Donation‐related fear is associated with inflated expectancies of adverse events, especially regarding oneself. Such fear may be particularly important to address, as it has both a direct and indirect negative effect on donor retention.