bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Postponement practices in the Brazilian Southeast wine sector
Authors: Ferreira Karine Araujo , Toledo Mylena Letícia , Rodrigues Lásara Fabrícia
Published: June 2020

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the application of the postponement strategy by wineries in the state of Minas Gerais (Southeastern Brazil), in order to identify the types of postponement adopted by these companies, the implementation process and the results obtained after their adoption.

Design/methodology/approach

Twelve exploratory case studies were conducted in wine-producing companies, as well as on-site visits and semi-structured interviews with the managers of the companies surveyed.

Findings

The adoption of form postponement was verified in the companies studied mainly for table wine production, occurring most commonly during the bottling and labeling stages.

Research limitations/implications

This paper analyzed the application of the postponement strategy in Southeast Brazil. Future research should analyze the application of this strategy in other regions of the country and abroad.

Practical implications

The information acquired in this research can contribute to a more adequate practical application of the postponement strategy in a little-known industry sector.

Originality/value

In addition to discussing and verifying the application of the postponement strategy in the wine industry, this research presents information to assist in its implementation, use and consolidation.
A poisoned Chalice: homophobia and codes of conduct
Authors: Poesche Jurgen
Published: June 2020

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to develop an understanding of requirements for firms’ codes of conduct when addressing homophobia in the context of continued colonialism and coloniality.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper is a literature study.

Findings

First, occidental firms’ codes of conduct are shown to endanger indigenous homosexual individuals by endangering the protection offered by their indigenous ethics and society. Second, it is shown that tackling homophobia in firms’ codes of conduct on the foundation of occidental ethics forces homosexual individuals to conform to occidental homosexual identities in a world of a multitude of indigenous and hybrid homosexualities and identities render firms’ codes of conduct expressions of continued colonialism and coloniality. Third, a sole reliance on occidental conceptualizations of homophobia is shown to potentially camouflage unethical nationalistic and xenophobic intents.

Research limitations/implications

Additional research is needed on the dynamics of coexisting multiple indigenous homosexual identities, and reliable ways to determine the substance of indigenous homosexual identities need to be developed in the context of continued colonialism and coloniality.

Practical implications

Firms need to be cognizant of conflicting identities, hybrid identities and changing identities over time while avoiding to use purported protection against homophobia as a camouflage for nationalistic and xenophobic purposes.

Social implications

The paper ways to address the protection against homophobia in firms' codes of conduct in the context of continued colonialism and coloniality.

Originality/value

This paper closes a gap in the literature by considering firms’ codes of conduct as favouring homophobia as a result of continued colonialism and coloniality.
Frugivore species maintain their structural role in the trophic and spatial networks of seed dispersal interactions
Authors: Rumeu Beatriz , Donoso Isabel , Rodríguez‐Pérez Javier , García Daniel
Published: June 2020

Trophic relationships have inherent spatial dimensions associated with the sites where species interactions, or their delayed effects, occur. Trophic networks among interacting species may thus be coupled with spatial networks linking species and habitats whereby animals connect patches across the landscape thanks to their high mobility. This trophic and spatial duality is especially inherent in processes like seed dispersal by animals, where frugivores consume fruit species and deposit seeds across habitats.

We analysed the frugivore–plant interactions and seed deposition patterns of a diverse assemblage of frugivores in a heterogeneous landscape in order to determine whether the roles of frugivores in network topology are correlated across trophic and spatial networks of seed dispersal.

We recorded fruit consumption and seed deposition by birds and mammals during 2 years in the Cantabrian Range (N Spain). We then constructed two networks of trophic (i.e. frugivore–plant) and spatial (i.e. frugivore–seed deposition habitat) interactions and estimated the contributions of each frugivore species to the network structure in terms of nestedness, modularity and complementary specialization. We tested whether the structural role of frugivore species was correlated across the trophic and spatial networks, and evaluated the influence of each frugivore abundance and body mass in that relationship.

Both the trophic and the spatial networks were modular and specialized. Trophic modules matched medium‐sized birds with fleshy‐fruited trees, and small bird and mammals with small‐fruit trees and shrubs. Spatial modules associated birds with woody canopies, and mammals with open habitats. Frugivore species maintained their structural role across the trophic and spatial networks of seed dispersal, even after accounting for frugivore abundance and body mass.

The modularity found in our system points to complementarity between birds and mammals in the seed dispersal process, a fact that may trigger landscape‐scale secondary succession. Our results open up the possibility of predicting the consumption pattern of a diverse frugivore community, and its ecological consequences, from the uneven distribution of fleshy‐fruit resources in the landscape.
Advances in Osteometric Sorting: Utilizing Diaphyseal CSG Properties for Lower Limb Skeletal Pair‐Matching
Authors: Bertsatos Andreas , Chovalopoulou Maria‐Eleni
Published: June 2020

Pair‐matching of bilateral elements is a major component of resolving commingled remains both in forensic and bioarchaeological contexts. This study presents a new method of osteometric pair‐matching of the lower limbs which relies on 3D digital models of the femur and tibia bones. The proposed method, which is accompanied by a freely available open‐source implementation, automatically computes a number of osteometric variables including cross‐sectional geometric properties from an assemblage of left and right bone antimeres and calculates probabilistically the appropriate matching pairs as well as single elements, whose bones antimere is not present in the given assemblage. The method has been extensively tested on a skeletal sample comprising 396 femurs and 422 tibias from the Athens collection. Our results in testing commingled assemblages with no disparity show that the method’s sensitivity is 1 for sorting femurs and 0.997 for sorting tibias, whereas in assemblages with moderate disparity the sensitivity is 0.999 and 0.992 respectively. Our results further indicate that sensitivity is unaffected by the size of the commingled assemblage although the percentage of identified true matching pairs drops as the number of commingled elements increases. This means that all identified antimeres matched to an individual are still very accurately sorted despite not every individual being identified in very large assemblages. The proposed method can facilitate the sorting process of commingled remains both accurately and efficiently, while leaving a very small percentage of unsorted elements that may require further techniques for further individualization.
In vitro and in vivo antitumor activity of Yerba Mate extract in colon cancer models
Authors: Garcia‐Lazaro Rocio S. , Lamdan Humberto , Caligiuri Lorena G. , Lorenzo Norailys , Berengeno Andrea L. , Ortega Hugo H. , Alonso Daniel F. , Farina Hernan G.
Published: June 2020

Yerba Mate (Ilex paraguariensis St. Hill. Aquifoliaceae) is a native South American tree and has a large amount of bioactive compounds. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the so‐called westernized diseases and is the third most common cancer in both men and women. Efficient strategies for the treatment of CRC are extensively being explored including dietary intervention. The objective of our research was to evaluate the effects of Yerba Mate extract on cell proliferation, invasive capacity of tumor cells, and angiogenesis. For this, in vitro and in vivo experimentation was carried out using CRC models. The extract was generated by aqueous extraction and prepared according to traditional American procedure of preparing mate infusion. In vitro results showed that the Yerba Mate extract inhibits CT26 and COLO 205 cell proliferation with IC50 values of 0.25 and 0.46 mg/mL, respectively. We demonstrated by TUNEL assay that one of the mechanisms by which Yerba Mate extract decreases cell proliferation is by induction of apoptosis. In a murine syngeneic tumor model, oral administration of Yerba Mate extract in a dose of 1.6 g/kg/day significantly inhibited angiogenesis and tumor growth without affecting biological parameters or body weight. Our findings suggest that Yerba Mate may be a promising agent for the treatment of colon cancer and could be used as an herbal medicine or functional food ingredient.

Practical Application

Considering the chemical composition and presence of phenolic compounds with their free‐radical scavenging activities and bioactivities against colon cancer cells, Yerba Mate can be a promising candidate as healthy food sources in human nutrition, and also be considered a natural source of potential antitumor agents. Taking into account the economic importance of Yerba Mate in Argentina, this vegetable would have a greater commercial value as a functional food.
Adjunct therapies in treatment of type 1 diabetes
Authors: Goyal Itivrita , Sattar Alamgir , Johnson Megan , Dandona Paresh
Published: June 2020

In spite of developments with novel insulin preparations, novel modes of insulin delivery with insulin infusion pumps, and the facility of continuous glucose monitoring, only 20% of patients with type 1 diabetes are under adequate control. The need for innovation is clear, and, therefore, the use of adjunct therapies with other pharmacological agents currently in use for type 2 diabetes, has been tried. Currently, pramlintide is the only agent licensed for use in this condition in addition to insulin. Global trials have been conducted with liraglutide, a glucagon‐like peptide 1 receptor agonist (GLP‐1RA), dapagliflozin, a sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, and sotagliflozin, an inhibitor of both SGLT1 and SGLT2 transporters. While dapagliflozin and sotagliflozin have now been licensed for clinical use in this condition in Europe and Japan, they have hitherto not been licensed in the United States due to a small increase in the risk of diabetic ketoacidosis. However, these agents reduce glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) by 0.4%, reduce glycemic oscillations, and do not increase the risk of hypoglycemia. Liraglutide, on the other hand, induced a smaller reduction in HbA1c and thus was not considered for a license. However, further trials are currently being conducted with a combination of semaglutide, the most potent GLP‐1RA, and dapagliflozin to determine whether this approach would yield better outcomes.
Fluorescence‐based detection of field targets using an autonomous unmanned aerial vehicle system
Authors: Kaye Thomas G. , Pittman Michael
Published: June 2020

Here we describe a proof‐of‐concept autonomous unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) system that utilizes the fluorescence characteristics unique to different materials to scan and acquire targets in the field that includes fossils, rocks and minerals, organisms and archaeological artefacts. This is possible because these targets are often highly fluorescent against lower fluorescence backgrounds and may exhibit different colours. To detect these targets from a moving UAV, we utilize laser‐stimulated fluorescence. This involves an intense laser beam that—unlike regular UV light—can project greater distances and generate sufficient fluorescence for targets to be detected on the UAV camera many metres above the ground.

The system involves a lightweight UAV programmed to fly a waypoint pattern autonomously at night over the area of interest. LIDAR maintains its height above the terrain. A near‐UV laser is projected across the ground as a horizontal line directly below the UAV. Co‐mounted with the laser is a small highly sensitive video camera stabilized on a motion‐controlled gimbal that records the laser line during the flight. An intermittent, powerful white light strobe flashes during the flight to record the UAV's ground position in the scanned area. The UAV returns with the laser video at the end of each autonomous mission. This video is post‐processed, extracting the laser line data into a long continuous scan image showing the fluorescing ground targets.

Initial analysis determines what colour the targets fluoresce so that a specific colour range can be extracted from the image to identify the locations of the detected targets. The white light strobe images are then used to quickly follow‐up on the detections.

This system holds the promise of becoming the lowest ‘ground truth’ layer in the mix of high‐altitude map data produced by satellite‐ and airplane‐based Geographic Information Systems. With centimetre resolution and the geochemical differences shown via fluorescence, this system will increase the scale and efficiency of data collection involving fossils, rocks and minerals including mineable materials, fluorescent organisms including biogenic mineral producers like shellfish as well as archaeological artefacts. Thus, the fields of evolution, ecology, Earth and planetary science, archaeology and other subjects involving fluorescent targets would all benefit from this new system.
Hybrid resection of massive rectal gastrointestinal stromal tumor using laparoscopic and transanal approaches
Authors: Nagakari Kodai , Matoba Shuichirou , Toda Shigeo , Maeda Yusuke , Ueno Masashi , Kuroyanagi Hiroya
Published: June 2020

Rectal gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are rare, and radical surgery such as abdominoperineal resection is necessary for large rectal GISTs to obtain tumor‐free resection margins. Here, we describe a 77‐year‐old man with a locally advanced non‐metastatic GIST in the left anterolateral wall of the lower rectum. Tumor size was estimated to be 73 mm, and invasion of the left seminal vesicle and prostate was suspected. Chemotherapy with imatinib mesylate reduced the tumor size, creating a slight gap between the tumor and anterior organs. Therefore, we performed sphincter‐sparing partial rectal resection using a hybrid method of laparoscopic and transanal approaches. The postoperative course was uneventful, and the patient remains disease‐free on adjuvant chemotherapy 12 months after surgery. This case suggests that a hybrid method of laparoscopic and transanal surgery allows oncological and function‐preserving excision of large rectal GISTs.
Who’s afraid of perfectionist moral enhancement? A reply to Sparrow
Authors: Huang Pei‐hua
Published: June 2020

Robert Sparrow recently argued that state‐driven moral bioenhancement is morally problematic because it inevitably invites moral perfectionism. While sharing Sparrow’s worry about state‐driven moral bioenhancement, I argue that his anti‐perfectionism argument is too strong to offer useful normative guidance. That is, if we reject state‐driven moral bioenhancement because it cannot remain neutral between different conceptions of the good, we might have to conclude that all forms of moral enhancement programs ought not be made compulsory, including the least controversial and most popular state‐driven program: compulsory (moral) education. In this paper, I argue that, instead, the spirit of Sparrow’s worry should be recast in the language of the capability approach—an approach that strives to enhance people’s capabilities to develop their own conceptions of the good by restricting itself from endorsing thick conceptions of the good. The distinction made regarding thick and thin conceptions of the good helps to capture sentiments against state‐driven bioenhancement programs without falling prey to the issues I raise against Sparrow’s anti‐perfectionist arguments.
How mathematics anxiety affects students' inflexible perseverance in mathematics problem‐solving: Examining the mediating role of cognitive reflection
Authors: Jiang Ronghuan , Liu Ru‐de , Star Jon , Zhen Rui , Wang Jia , Hong Wei , Jiang Shuyang , Sun Yan , Fu Xinchen
Published: June 2020

Background

Too many students persevere in relying upon one (sometimes suboptimal) strategy for solving a wide range of problems, even when they know more efficient strategies. Although many studies have mentioned such phenomena, few studies have examined how emotional factors could affect this type of inflexible perseverance in strategy use.

Aims

To examine whether mathematics anxiety could affect students' inflexible perseverance in strategy use and whether this effect could be mediated by cognitive reflection, which is the ability to engage in deliberate reasoning.

Sample and method

In Study 1, 164 undergraduate students' (18–22 years) mathematics anxiety, cognitive reflection, and performance in overcoming inflexible perseverance were measured by a questionnaire battery. Structural equation models were used to examine the correlations between these variables. In Study 2, 98 undergraduate freshmen (17–18 years) were assigned to two groups, where one group's mathematics anxiety was temporarily induced by task instructions, while the other group served as a control group. Cognitive reflection and inflexible perseverance of the two groups were compared.

Results

Study 1 showed that mathematics anxiety was negatively correlated with students' performance on overcoming inflexible perseverance, while cognitive reflection mediated such an effect. Study 2 showed that compared to the control group, the experimental group showed lower cognitive reflection, which led to lower performance in overcoming inflexible perseverance.

Conclusions

Mathematics anxiety was showed to impair students' ability to engage in deliberate reasoning and was associated with inflexible use of strategies. Alleviating students' mathematics anxiety should be considered when promoting students' strategic flexibility.
Fast effectiveness of a solubilized low‐dose budesonide nasal spray in allergic rhinitis
Authors: Zieglmayer Petra , Schmutz René , Lemell Patrick , Unger‐Manhart Nicole , Nakowitsch Sabine , Goessl Andreas , Savli Markus , Zieglmayer René , Prieschl‐Grassauer Eva
Published: June 2020

Background

Budesonide, a poorly water‐soluble corticosteroid, is currently marketed as a suspension. Budesolv is a novel aqueous formulation containing dissolved budesonide showing increased local availability in preclinical models. Budesolv contains ~85% less corticosteroid than the marketed comparator.

Objective

The study (EudraCT:2018‐001324‐19) was designed to assess non‐inferiority of Budesolv compared to Rhinocort® Aqua 64 (RA) and early onset of action.

Methods

In a three‐way cross‐over double‐blinded randomized trial, Budesolv 10 was compared to RA and placebo in grass pollen allergic rhinoconjunctivitis volunteers (n = 83 (ITT); n = 75 (PP)). On day 1, participants entered the Vienna Challenge Chamber (VCC) for 6 hours; first treatment took place at 1:45 hours after entry. Participants treated themselves for further 6 days; on day 8, the last treatment was applied before entering the VCC. Subjective symptom scores, nasal airflow and nasal secretion were measured regularly during allergen challenge.

Results

Budesolv 10 was equally effective compared to RA with respect to TNSS and nasal airflow after eight days of treatment with a strongly reduced dose (more than 80% reduction). After first dose, only Budesolv 10 showed a significant reduction of nasal and respiratory symptoms starting 90 minutes (P < .05) and 15 minutes (P < .05) after application onwards, respectively, demonstrating an early onset of efficacy. A clinically significant 1 point reduction in nasal symptom score was reached at 195 minutes (P < .05) after application.

Conclusions and clinical relevance

The novel preservative‐free, aqueous low‐dose budesonide formulation is highly efficacious even after an initial single treatment. Thus, Budesolv 10 appears to be an effective acute treatment for allergic rhinitis as well as for AR comorbidities like mild asthma and conjunctivitis.
How do biologicals and other novel therapies effect clinically used biomarkers in severe asthma?
Authors: Upham John W. , Jurak Lisa M.
Published: June 2020

While there has been much interest in using biomarkers to select patients for particular targeted therapies, there has been much less attention paid to how these biomarkers change in patients once treatment begins. This is an area of great interest to practising clinicians, especially respiratory physicians and allergists who manage severe asthma. In this article, we review monoclonal antibodies and related targeted therapies, especially those that are currently available or in late stage clinical trials, focussing on the differential effects such agents have on biomarkers in widespread clinical practice such as eosinophils, FeNO and total IgE. Serial measurements of biomarkers can be useful in determining whether a particular targeted therapy is having its expected biological effect and invaluable in assessing the reasons for treatment failure should that occur.
Red cell distribution width for prognosis in patients with pulmonary embolism: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Xing Xiqian , Deng Yishu , Zhu Yun , Xu Shuangyan , Liu Jie , Zhang Chunfang , Xu Shuanglan , Yang Jiao
Published: June 2020

Objectives

Patients with pulmonary embolism (PE) have a higher red cell distribution width (RDW), which may complicate the interpretation of the prognosis of PE. We aim to evaluate the diagnostic utility of the RDW in patients with PE.

Methods

Eligible studies were identified by searching PubMed and EMBASE from inception to December 23, 2018. The data were pooled using Stata 12 to evaluate the prognostic value. The sources of heterogeneity were detected.

Results

For the analysis of prognosis, 7 studies with 2146 patients were included, with median RDW values ranging from 13.4% to 15.7% and a median cut‐off point of 18.27%. A total of 247 patients (11.5% mortality) among the 2146 participants died. Overall, RDW was positively associated with the prognosis of PE in the overall analysis (HR = 1.19, 95% CI = 1.10‐1.29, I2 = 73.4%; P = 0.000). Subgroup analyses by study design, sex and follow‐up time indicated that they were not sources of heterogeneity.

Conclusions

An elevated RDW has the potential to be a biomarker for prognosis in PE patients.
Outcome domains and measures after lower limb orthopaedic surgery for ambulant children with cerebral palsy: an updated scoping review
Authors: Almoajil Hajar , Wilson Nichola , Theologis Tim , Hopewell Sally , Toye Francine , Dawes Helen
Published: June 2020

Aim

To determine the reported outcome domains and measures used to assess lower limb orthopaedic surgery of ambulant children and young people with cerebral palsy (CP) and map these outcomes to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health – Children and Youth (ICF‐CY) framework.

Method

This updated scoping review included studies published between January 2016 and July 2019 in five databases: MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. Studies were included if participants were ambulant individuals with CP aged between 0 and 20 years who had undergone lower limb orthopaedic surgery. Health outcome domains and measures were identified and classified using the ICF‐CY framework.

Results

Forty‐four eligible studies were identified with a total of 40 different outcome domains recorded. Among eligible studies, 44 (100%) measured body function and structural impairment and seven (16%) measured activity limitation and participation restriction. The most frequently reported outcome was gait pattern (n=37, 84%). Few studies reported adverse effects of surgery (n=13, 30%). Twenty‐nine different outcome measures were identified. Patient‐reported outcomes measures were used in 10 studies (23%).

Interpretation

The review highlights a heterogeneity in the reported outcome domains and measures used in CP studies. The majority of the reported outcomes focus on the ICF‐CY domain of body function and structure. The review also highlights a notable shift towards patient‐reported outcomes in recent years. Development of a core outcome set for lower limb orthopaedic surgery would guide researchers to use more consistent and complete measurement sets.
Defence variation within a guild of aphid‐tending ants explains aphid population growth
Authors: Devegili Andrés M. , Lescano María N. , Gianoli Ernesto , Farji‐Brener Alejandro G.
Published: June 2020

Mutualism studies often focus on the service provided by single species, while variation in benefits provided by multiple partners is less understood. Ant‐aphid food‐for‐protection mutualisms are suitable to study the implications of intra‐guild service variation because they often involve several ant species with varying levels of aggressiveness.

We studied an aphid species and its associated ant guild to address whether intra‐guild defence variation against aphid natural enemies explains aphid performance on plants (thistles). We surveyed plants with natural abundances of aphids associated with different ant species and estimated aphid population growth. We conducted confrontation experiments between ant species and aphid natural enemies (ladybugs and hoverfly larvae). In plants patrolled by the most aggressive ant species, we determined the ant's probability of expelling aphid natural enemies and tested whether ant exclusion affects the abundance of aphids and their natural enemies.

The ant Dorymyrmex tener was the most abundant and frequent species on plants and the most aggressive against aphid natural enemies. Aphid populations grew faster on plants patrolled by D. tener compared to plants patrolled by Camponotus distinguendus or D. richteri. Field experiments confirmed that D. tener effectively expels aphid natural enemies from plants. When D. tener was excluded, the density of aphids decreased, while the abundance of aphid natural enemies increased.

The disruption of aphid predation by aggressive and numerically dominant ant species is a determinant of aphid population dynamics. This study illustrates the importance of considering intra‐guild service variation to better understand multi‐partner mutualisms.
How is paediatric dentistry taught? A survey to evaluate undergraduate dental teaching in dental schools in the United Kingdom
Authors: Grindrod Matthew , Barry Siobhan , Albadri Sondos , Nazzal Hani
Published: June 2020

Introduction

The quality assurance of undergraduate dental education in the UK is regulated by the General Dental Council who describe the competencies expected of the newly qualified dentist or “safe beginner.” Whilst the literature has explored the level of undergraduate training in a number of dental specialties within the UK, there is a paucity of information on the UK curriculum for undergraduate paediatric dental teaching.

Aims

This study aimed to assess the undergraduate teaching of paediatric dentistry within dental schools in the UK.

Methods

An anonymous questionnaire was distributed to all 16 UK dental schools via email.

Results

Twelve questionnaires were completed, giving a response rate of 75%. First exposure to both academic teaching and clinical teaching in paediatric dentistry ranged from years 1‐4. Whilst there were broad similarities between units with regard to core components of the curricula, there were notable differences including the teaching of regenerative endodontics (75%) and the use of the titanium trauma splint (58%). Silver diamine fluoride was only used clinically in one unit (8%), and non‐vital pulpotomy was taught by two units (16%). There was also considerable heterogeneity in assessment methods between universities.

Conclusion

The undergraduate paediatric dental curriculum is broadly similar between UK dental schools. However, there are discrepancies in assessment methods and the teaching of new advances.
Multispecies functional responses reveal reduced predation at high prey densities and varied responses among and within trophic groups
Authors: Smith Brian E. , Smith Laurel A.
Published: June 2020

Understanding predator–prey interactions is critical for marine fisheries and ecosystem management as they shape community structure, regulate prey populations and present energy demands critical for community sustainability. We examined multispecies functional responses of 17 fishes (48 predator‐size combinations) spanning piscivores, planktivores and benthivores for the northeast US continental shelf. Similar to previous work, linear relationships between predation and prey density (Holling type I response) were not supported, since model estimates of handling time were greater than zero for the prey considered. Instead, a clear majority of the predators sampled were Holling type III feeders (sigmoidal; prey switching or learning). For piscivores, nearly all responses were Holling type III with the exception of one being Holling type II (hyperbolic; satiation). Planktivores and benthivores exhibited a combination of type IV (feeding confusion at high prey density) and Holling type III responses. The relationships were predator‐ and prey‐dependent, which is counter to assumptions that are often made of trophic groups. Decreased predation at high prey densities (type IV response) present among planktivores and benthivores suggests an overestimation of predation can occur if ignored. This contrasts with fish and squid prey which primarily invoked a Holling type III response. Functional responses are key to modelling trophic interactions for multispecies and ecosystem models. By refining these inputs in a multispecies context with empirical data, we can advance our understanding of whole‐shelf ecology and improve decision‐making tools for resource management.
Management of transboundary and straddling fish stocks in the Northeast Atlantic in view of climate‐induced shifts in spatial distribution
Authors: Gullestad Peter , Sundby Svein , Kjesbu Olav Sigurd
Published: June 2020

The introduction of 200 n.m. exclusive economic zones (EEZs) in the late 1970s required increased collaboration among neighbouring coastal states to manage transboundary and straddling fish stocks. The established agreements ranged from bilateral to multilateral, including high‐seas components, as appropriate. However, the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea does not specify how quotas of stocks crossing EEZs should be allocated, nor was it written for topical scenarios, such as climate change with poleward distribution shifts that differ across species. The productive Northeast Atlantic is a hot spot for such shifts, implying that scientific knowledge about zonal distribution is crucial in quota negotiations. This diverges from earlier, although still valid, agreements that were predominately based on political decisions or historical distribution of catches. The bilateral allocations for Barents Sea and North Sea cod remain robust after 40 years, but the management situation for widely distributed stocks, as Northeast Atlantic mackerel and Norwegian spring‐spawning herring, appears challenging, with no recent overall agreements. Contrarily, quotas of Northern hake are, so far, unilaterally set by the EU despite the stock's expansion beyond EU waters into the northern North Sea. Negotiations following the introduction of EEZs were undertaken at the end of the last cooler Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) period, that is, with stock distributions generally in a southerly mode. Hence, today's lack of management consensus for several widely distributed fish stocks typically relates to more northerly distributions attributed to the global anthropogenic signal accelerating the spatial effect of the current warmer AMO.
Collaborative tasks for online language teaching
Authors: González‐Lloret Marta
Published: June 2020

Online language teaching has become a reality for many foreign language programs that have been forced to teach remotely. When developing an online language teaching curriculum (beyond a simple emergency teaching patch), it is important to uphold the same rigor and base our curriculum in methodological and pedagogic choices based on second language acquisition and educational research, and keep in mind that interaction is critical to developing second language skills. This article advocates that, through collaborative technology‐mediated tasks, we can promote productive language output (spoken and written) and the type of interaction that facilitates language learning and motivates students to continue improving their language skills.
Teacher professional development and online instruction: Cultivating coherence and sustainability
Authors: Paesani Kate
Published: June 2020

As we work to provide coherent and systematic professional development for online language teachers, a consideration of findings from teacher development research is essential. This essay begins by briefly overviewing this research as well as investigations into teacher learning related to online instruction, with a specific focus on studies grounded in sociocultural theory (Lantolf, 2000, Sociocultural theory and second language learning, Oxford University Press, Oxford, England; Vygotsky, 1986, Thought and language, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA). The main takeaways from this study are exemplified through the teacher professional development efforts currently underway at the Center for Advanced Research on Language Acquisition at the University of Minnesota. The essay concludes with recommendations for crafting a research‐informed professional development program for online language instruction.
Clinical Practice Guidelines for Bladder Cancer 2019 update by the Japanese Urological Association: Summary of the revision
Authors: Matsumoto Hiroaki , Shiraishi Koji , Azuma Haruhito , Inoue Keiji , Uemura Hirotsugu , Eto Masatoshi , Ohyama Chikara , Ogawa Osamu , Kikuchi Eiji , Kitamura Hiroshi , Shinohara Nobuo , Takahashi Satoru , Tsuzuki Toyonori , Nakagawa Masayuki , Narumi Yoshifumi , Nishiyama Hiroyuki , Habuchi Tomonori , Hinotsu Shiro , Fujii Yasuhisa , Fujimoto Kiyohide , Fujimoto Hiroyuki , Mizowaki Takashi , Matsuyama Hideyasu
Published: June 2020

Objectives

Despite just a 4‐year interval from the last version (2015) of the Clinical Practice Guidelines for Bladder Cancer, several dramatic paradigm shifts have occurred in the latest clinical practice regarding both the diagnosis and treatment of bladder cancer. Herein, we updated the 2019 version of the Clinical Practice Guidelines for Bladder Cancer under the instruction of the Japanese Urological Association.

Methods

We previously reported in a revision working position paper for Clinical Practice Guidelines for Bladder Cancer 2019 edition and described the methods of revision detail.

Results

The major points of change in the 2019 version are presented and explanations are given as follows: (i) introduction of the new reference assessment system; (ii) modification of the risk classification for non‐muscle‐invasive bladder cancer; (iii) addition of clinical questions for the new tumor‐visible techniques in non‐muscle‐invasive bladder cancer; (iv) inclusion of minimally invasive surgeries for muscle‐invasive bladder cancer and immune checkpoint inhibitors for locally advanced/metastatic muscle‐invasive bladder cancer; (v) overview chapter of the histological variant of urothelial cancer and rare cancers of the bladder; and (vi) recommendation of follow up in non‐muscle‐invasive bladder cancer and muscle‐invasive bladder cancer.

Conclusions

Guidelines should be updated based on the current evidence and updates carried out without delay. The hope is that this guidelines will be assessed by many urologists and will be the cornerstone for the next revision.
Cross talk between intracellular pathogens and cell death
Authors: Demarco Benjamin , Chen Kaiwen W. , Broz Petr
Published: June 2020

Infections with bacterial pathogens often results in the initiation of programmed cell death as part of the host innate immune defense, or as a bacterial virulence strategy. Induction of host cell death is controlled by an elaborate network of innate immune and cell death signaling pathways and manifests in different morphologically and functionally distinct forms of death, such as apoptosis, necroptosis, NETosis and pyroptosis. The mechanism by which host cell death restricts bacterial replication is highly cell‐type and context depended, but its physiological importance is highlighted the diversity of strategies bacterial pathogens use to avoid induction of cell death or to block cell death signaling pathways. In this review, we discuss the latest insights into how bacterial pathogens elicit and manipulate cell death signaling, how different forms of cell death kill or restrict bacteria and how cell death and innate immune pathway cross talk to guard against pathogen‐induced inhibition of host cell death.
The impact of suicide prevention education programmes for nursing students: A systematic review
Authors: Ferguson Monika , Reis Julie , Rabbetts Lyn , McCracken Tara , Loughhead Mark , Rhodes Kate , Wepa Dianne , Procter Nicholas
Published: June 2020

The purpose of this systematic review was to locate and synthesize peer‐reviewed evidence regarding the effectiveness of providing suicide prevention education to nursing students. Systematic searches were conducted in seven databases (EMBASE, EmCare, Joanna Briggs, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Scopus, and Web of Science). Results were screened in duplicate at two stages: title and abstract, and full text. Critical appraisal and data extraction were also completed in duplicate. Initial database searching yielded 303 results. Following the addition of seven records from relevant reference lists, and the removal of duplicates, a total of 118 results were included for screening. Eight articles were deemed eligible for inclusion in this review; most (n = 5) were quantitative. While all were conducted within university settings, half were stand‐alone education sessions, while the remaining were integrated with existing programmes/courses. The types of education programmes varied considerably across studies, with only three being established, evidence‐based programmes. The studies explore a range of outcomes, which have been narratively categorized as enhanced skills, abilities, and self‐confidence; development of positive attitudes and beliefs; acquisition of knowledge; and programme experience and evaluation. While there is a small body of evidence indicating that suicide prevention education programmes contribute to improvements in skills, abilities, self‐confidence, and attitudes among nursing students, the variability in educational interventions and outcomes, coupled with short‐term evaluation time frames, makes it difficult to fully understand the impact of this important suicide prevention strategy.
Respiratory viral coinfection in a birth cohort of infants in rural Nepal
Authors: Emanuels Anne , Hawes Stephen E. , Newman Kira L. , Martin Emily T. , Englund Janet A. , Tielsch James M. , Kuypers Jane , Khatry Subarna K. , LeClerq Steven C. , Katz Joanne , Chu Helen Y.
Published: June 2020

Background

Acute respiratory illnesses are a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality in children. Coinfection with multiple respiratory viruses is common. Although the effects of each virus have been studied individually, the impacts of coinfection on disease severity are less understood.

Methods

A secondary analysis was performed of a maternal influenza vaccine trial conducted between 2011 and 2014 in Nepal. Prospective weekly household‐based active surveillance of infants was conducted from birth to 180 days of age. Mid‐nasal swabs were collected and tested for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), rhinovirus, influenza, human metapneumovirus (HMPV), coronavirus, parainfluenza (HPIV), and bocavirus by RT‐PCR. Coinfection was defined as the presence of two or more respiratory viruses detected as part of the same illness episode.

Results

Of 1730 infants with a respiratory illness, 327 (19%) had at least two respiratory viruses detected in their primary illness episode. Of 113 infants with influenza, 23 (20%) had coinfection. Of 214 infants with RSV, 87 (41%) had coinfection. The cohort of infants with coinfection had increased occurrence of fever lasting ≥ 4 days (OR 1.4, 95% CI: 1.1, 2.0), and so did the subset of coinfected infants with influenza (OR 5.8, 95% CI: 1.8, 18.7). Coinfection was not associated with seeking further care (OR 1.1, 95% CI: 0.8, 1.5) or pneumonia (OR 1.2, 95% CI: 0.96, 1.6).

Conclusion

A high proportion of infants had multiple viruses detected. Coinfection was associated with greater odds of fever lasting for four or more days, but not with increased illness severity by other measures.
Compressive creep of SiC whisker/Ti3SiC2 composites at high temperature in air
Authors: Dash Apurv , Malzbender Jürgen , Dash Khushbu , Rasinski Marcin , Vaßen Robert , Guillon Olivier , Gonzalez‐Julian Jesus
Published: June 2020

The compressive creep of a SiC whisker (SiCw) reinforced Ti3SiC2 MAX phase‐based ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) was studied in the temperature range 1100‐1300°C in air for a stress range 20‐120 MPa. Ti3SiC2 containing 0, 10, and 20 vol% of SiCw was sintered by spark plasma sintering (SPS) for subsequent creep tests. The creep rate of Ti3SiC2 decreased by around two orders of magnitude with every additional 10 vol% of SiCw. The main creep mechanisms of monolithic Ti3SiC2 and the 10% CMCs appeared to be the same, whereas for the 20% material, a different mechanism is indicated by changes in stress exponents. The creep rates of 20% composites tend to converge to that of 10% at higher stress. Viscoplastic and viscoelastic creep is believed to be the deformation mechanism for the CMCs, whereas monolithic Ti3SiC2 might have undergone only dislocation‐based deformation. The rate controlling creep is believed to be dislocation based for all the materials which is also supported by similar activation energies in the range 650‐700 kJ/mol.
Structure and stability of alkali gallates structurally reminiscent of hollandite
Authors: Juillerat Christian A. , Kocevski Vancho , Klepov Vladislav V. , Amoroso Jake W. , Besmann Theodore M. , zur Loye Hans‐Conrad
Published: June 2020

Single crystals of CsGa7O11, RbGa7O11, and RbGa4In5O14 were grown from alkali halide melts and their structures were characterized by single crystal and powder X‐ray diffraction. CsGa7O11 and RbGa7O11 adopt the same structure type, reminiscent of the hollandite structure type, as it contains nearly rectangular channels made up of two dimers of edge‐sharing GaO6 octahedra, and two corner‐sharing octahedron/tetrahedron pairs. The structure of RbGa4In5O14 is more complex and is comprised of indium octahedra, gallium trigonal bipyramids, and gallium tetrahedra, and contains similar sized tunnels as CsGa7O11 and RbGa7O11. CsGa7O11 and RbGa4In5O14 were further characterized by TGA, ion exchange experiments, and DFT studies revealing that both structures are thermodynamically stable up to 850°C; however, CsGa7O11 decomposes to GaO(OH) xH2O when heated in warm aqueous solutions. CsGa7O11 undergoes ion exchange in both an aqueous solution of RbCl and a RbNO3 melt, as predicted by DFT studies, where the ion exchange is more extensive in the RbNO3 melt.
Resistance of pure and mixed rare earth silicates against calcium‐magnesium‐aluminosilicate (CMAS): A comparative study
Authors: Wolf Markus , Mack Daniel Emil , Guillon Olivier , Vaßen Robert
Published: June 2020

Rare earth silicate environmental barrier coatings (EBCs) are state of the art for protecting SiC ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) against corrosive media. The interaction of four pure rare earth silicate EBC materials Yb2SiO5, Yb2Si2O7, Y2SiO5, Y2Si2O7 and three ytterbium silicate mixtures with molten calcium‐magnesium‐aluminosilicate (CMAS) were studied at high temperature (1400°C). The samples were characterized by SEM and XRD in order to evaluate the recession of the different materials after a reaction time of 8 hours. Additionally, the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) was determined to evaluate the suitability of Yb silicate mixtures as EBC materials for SiC CMCs. Results show that monosilicates exhibit a lower recession in contact with CMAS than their disilicate counterparts. The recession of the ytterbium silicates is far lower than the recession of the yttrium silicates under CMAS attack. Investigation of the ytterbium silicate mixtures exposes their superior resistance to CMAS, which is even higher than the resistance of the pure monosilicate. Also their decreased CTE suggests they will display better performance than the pure monosilicate.
Micromechanical modeling of compressive behavior in freeze‐casted ceramic
Authors: Sattar Siavash , Jujjavarapu Rahul , Kravchenko Sergei G. , Kravchenko Oleksandr G.
Published: June 2020

In this study, a novel computational micromechanical framework is proposed to predict the effective mechanical properties of the ice‐templated ceramics under off‐axis compressive loading. The mechanical behavior is simulated by a computational micromechanical model and validated against experimental results. Smeared cracking approach was used to describe failure in ice‐templated alumina. The representative volume element (RVE) was developed based on the honeycomb analogy of lamellar walls considering the morphology of the material. The periodic boundary conditions were applied in RVE to simulate bulk behavior of the material. The compression testing was conducted on the ice‐templated alumina samples to obtain the effective compressive moduli and strength with different loading angles. Digital image correlation method was used to measure strain field during the experiment and quantify the effective misalignment angle corresponding to porous material. The effective stiffness and strength obtained from RVE analysis compared well with experimental results. The proposed micro‐mechanical RVE model allows for determining the properties of the ice‐templated porous ceramic for various off‐axis angles.