bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mechanical and optical properties of the femoral chordotonal organ in beetles (Coleoptera)
Authors: Frantsevich Leonid , Shumakova Irina , Gladun Dmytro
Published: September 2019

Femoral chordotonal organ (FCO) in beetles differs from that in orthopterids in origin of a FCO apodeme: directly from the tibia in the latter, amidst the tendon of the extensor muscle in the former. In many beetles, the apodeme pops up from the tendon as a short sclerite (arculum). It turns distally upon bending of the tibia. The turn of the arculum is several times more then the turn of the tibia. The arculum is connected with the FCO. This system behaves as a high pass filter with a time constant close to the step period.

The arculum was studied at various aspects: shape of the arculum in various taxa, biomechanics, matched neural activity in the FCO, evolutionary aspects. Results, published in 1985-2003 in Russian, are unknown for foreign readers. Original texts and the list of studied species (>350) are now available on line.

Recently, we minimized the system to few components: proximal tibial ledge-tendon-arculum. The elastic tendon contains resilin. In four model species, the arculum readily turned upon stretch of the tendon. Turning was video recorded. The force about 0.5 G, applied to a tendon of about ¼ mm in size, is enough for the utmost turn of the arculum. The arculum turned also upon local deformations close to its base. Ability to turn vanished after incision between the arculum and the distal part of the extensor apodeme. A mechanical model of an amplifier is proposed. The apodeme includes optically active structures, which behave differently in polarized light.
Scaling of swimming performance in baleen whales
Authors: Gough William T. , Segre Paolo S. , Bierlich K. C. , Cade David E. , Potvin Jean , Fish Frank E. , Dale Julian , di Clemente Jacopo , Friedlaender Ari S. , Johnston David W. , Kahane-Rapport Shirel R. , Kennedy John , Long John H. , Oudejans Machiel , Penry Gwenith , Savoca Matthew S. , Simon Malene , Videsen Simone K. A. , Visser Fleur , Wiley David N. , Goldbogen Jeremy A.
Published: September 2019

The scale-dependence of locomotor factors have long been studied in comparative biomechanics, but remain poorly understood for animals at the upper extremes of body size. Rorqual baleen whales include the largest animals, but we lack basic kinematic data about their movements and behavior below the ocean surface. Here we combined morphometrics from aerial drone photogrammetry, whale-borne inertial sensing tag data, and hydrodynamic modeling to study the locomotion of five rorqual species. We quantified changes in tail oscillatory frequency and cruising speed for individual whales spanning a threefold variation in body length, corresponding to an order of magnitude variation in estimated body mass. Our results showed that oscillatory frequency decreases with body length (∝ length−0.53) while cruising speed remains roughly invariant (∝ length0.08) at 2 m s−1. We compared these measured results for oscillatory frequency against simplified models of an oscillating cantilever beam (∝ length−1) and an optimized oscillating Strouhal vortex generator (∝ length−1). The difference between our length-scaling exponent and the simplified models suggests that animals are often swimming non-optimally in order to feed or perform other routine behaviors. Cruising speed aligned more closely with an estimate of the optimal speed required to minimize the energetic cost of swimming (∝ length0.07). Our results are among the first to elucidate the relationships between both oscillatory frequency and cruising speed and body size for free-swimming animals at the largest scale.
Consequence of chronic stress on cardiovascular and ventilatory responses activated by both chemoreflex and baroreflex in rats
Authors: Firmino Egidi Mayara Silva , Kuntze Luciana Bärg , Lagatta Davi Campos , Dias Daniel Penteado Martins , Resstel Leonardo Barbosa Moraes
Published: September 2019

Chronic stress results in physiological and somatic changes. It has been recognized as a risk factor for several cardiovascular dysfunctions and changes in autonomic mechanisms, such as baroreflex and chemoreflex activity. However, the effects of different types of chronic stress on these mechanisms are still poorly understood. Therefore, in the present study we investigated, in adult male rats, the effect of repeated restraint stress (RRS) or chronic variable stress (CVS) on baroreflex, chemoreflex and heart rate variability in a protocol of 14 days of stress sessions. Exposure to RRS and CVS indicated no changes in basal level of neither pressure arterial nor heart rate. However, RRS and CVS were able to attenuate sympathovagal modulation and spontaneous baroreflex gain. Additionally, only RRS was able to increase the power of the low frequency band (LF) of the systolic blood pressure (SBP) spectrum, as well as the slope of linear regression of baroreflex bradycardic and tachycardic responses induced by vasoactive compounds. Additionally, our work is one of the first to show that exposure to RRS and CVS decreased the magnitude of the pressor response and potentiates respiratory responses to chemoreflex activation, which can trigger cardiovascular and respiratory pathologies. Furthermore, the basal respiratory parameters, such as minute ventilation (VE) and tidal volume (VT) was significantly decreased by both protocols of chronic stress. However, only CVS increased the basal respiratory frequency. In this way, the findings of the present study demonstrate the impact of chronic stress not only in depressive-like behavior, but also in alterations of the autonomic baroreflex responses and cardiocirculatory variability (systolic blood pressure and pulse interval).Our results have provided evidence that chronic stress promotes autonomic dysregulation, and impairment of baroreflex, chemoreflex and heart rate variability.
Food mobility and the evolution of grasping behaviour: a case study in strepsirrhine primates
Authors: Peckre Louise Rachel , Lowie Aurélien , Brewer David , Ehmke Erin , Welser Kay , Shaw Erin , Wall Christine , Pouydebat Emmanuelle , Fabre Anne-Claire
Published: September 2019

Manual grasping is widespread among tetrapods but is more prominent and dexterous in primates. Whether the selective pressures that drove the evolution of dexterous hand grasping involved the collection of fruit or predation on mobile insects remains an area of debate. One way to explore this question is to examine preferences for manual versus oral grasping of a moving object. Previous studies on strepsirrhines have shown a preference for oral-grasping when grasping static food items and a preference for manual-grasping when grasping mobile prey such as insects, but little is known about the factors at play. Using a controlled experiment with a simple and predictable motion of a food item we tested and compared the grasping behaviours of 53 captive individuals belonging to 17 species of strepsirrhines while grasping swinging food items and static food items. The swinging motion increased the frequency of hand-use for all individuals. Our results provide evidence that the swinging motion of the food is a sufficient parameter to increase hand-grasping in a wide variety of strepsirrhine primates. From an evolutionary perspective, this result gives some support to the idea that hand-grasping abilities evolved under selective pressures associated with the predation of food items in motion. Looking at common grasping pattern across a large set of species, this study provides important insight into comparative approaches to understanding the evolution of food hand-grasping in primates and potentially other tetrapod taxa.
Passive muscle tension increases in proportion to intramuscular fluid volume
Authors: Sleboda David A. , Wold Ethan S. , Roberts Thomas J.
Published: September 2019

During extended bouts of exercise, muscle can increase in volume by as much as 20% as vascular fluid moves into the tissue. Recent findings suggest that the fluid content of muscle can influence the mechanics of force production; however, the extent to which natural volume fluctuations should be expected to influence muscle mechanics in vivo remains unclear. Here, using osmotic perturbations of bullfrog muscle, we explore the impacts of physiologically relevant volume fluctuations on a fundamental property of muscle: passive force production. We find that passive force and fluid volume are correlated over a 20% increase in muscle volume, with small changes in volume having significant effects on force (e.g., a 5% volume increase results in >10% passive force increase). A simple physical model of muscle morphology reproduces these effects. These findings suggest that physiologically relevant fluid fluxes could alter passive muscle mechanics in vivo and affect organismal performance.
A method for cranial target delineation in radiotherapy treatment planning aided by single-voxel magnetic resonance spectroscopy: evaluation using a custom-designed gel-based phantom and simulations
Authors: Zeinali- Rafsanjani Banafsheh , Mosleh-Shirazi Mohammad Amin , Faghihi Reza , Saeedi-Moghadam Mahdi , Lotfi Mehrzad , Jalli Reza
Published: September 2019

Objective:

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) has been useful in radiotherapy treatment planning (RTP) especially in tumor delineation. Routinely, 2D/3D MRSI data are used for this application. However, not all centers have access to 2D/3D MRSI. The objective of this study was to introduce a method of using single-voxel spectroscopy (SVS) data in target delineation and assess its reliability.

Methods:

A gel-based phantom containing Creatine (Cr), N-acetyl-l-aspartic-acid (NAA), and Choline (Cho) was designed and built. The metabolite ratios simulate the normal and tumoral part of the brain. The jMRUI software (v. 6.0) was used to simulate a 1.5 T GE MRI scanner. The metabolite spectra provided by different time of echos (TE)s of the Point-RESolved Spectroscopy pulse-sequence (PRESS), different data-points, and post-processings were quantized by jMRUI. PseudoMRSI maps of Cho/Cr, NAA/Cr, and Cho + Cr/NAA were created. A conformity index (CI) was used to determine which metabolite-ratio isolines are more appropriate for tumor delineation.

Results:

The simulation accuracy was verified. There were no differences > 4% between the measured and simulated spectra in peak regions. The pseudoMRSI map of Cho + Cr/NAA smoothly followed the complicated geometry of the tumor inside the gel-based phantom. The results showed that the single-voxel spectra produced by the PRESS pulse sequence with the TE of 144 ms, 512 data-points, and minimum post-processings of water suppression, eddy current correction, and baseline correction can be used for target delineation.

Conclusion:

This study suggests that SVS data can be used to aid target delineation by using a mathematical approach. This can enable a wider use of MR-derived information in radiotherapy.

Advances in knowledge:

To the best of our knowledge, until now, 2D or 3D MRSI data provided from 3T MRI scanners have been used for MRS-based radiotherapy treatment planning. However, there are a lot of centers that are equipped to 1.5 T MRI scanners and some of them just equipped to SVS. This study introduces a mathematical approach to help these centers to take the benefits of MRS-based treatment planning.
Physical advantages of particles: protons and light ions
Authors: Jäkel Oliver
Published: September 2019

Proton and ion beam therapy has been introduced in the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in the mid-1950s, when protons and helium ions have been used for the first time to treat patients. Starting in 1972, the scientists at Berkeley also were the first to use heavier ions (carbon, oxygen, neon, silicon and argon ions). The first clinical ion beam facility opened in 1994 in Japan and since then, the interest in radiotherapy with light ion beams has been increasing slowly but steadily, with 13 centers in clinical operation in 2019. All these centers are using carbon ions for clinical application.

The article outlines the differences in physical properties of various light ions as compared to protons in view of the application in radiotherapy. These include the energy loss and depth dose properties, multiple scattering, range straggling and nuclear fragmentation. In addition, the paper discusses differences arising from energy loss and linear energy transfer with respect to their biological effects.

Moreover, the paper reviews briefly the existing clinical data comparing protons and ions and outlines the future perspectives for the clinical use of ions like oxygen and helium.
Establishment of wMel Wolbachia in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes and reduction of local dengue transmission in Cairns and surrounding locations in northern Queensland, Australia
Authors: Ryan Peter A. , Turley Andrew P. , Wilson Geoff , Hurst Tim P. , Retzki Kate , Brown-Kenyon Jack , Hodgson Lauren , Kenny Nichola , Cook Helen , Montgomery Brian L. , Paton Christopher J. , Ritchie Scott A. , Hoffmann Ary A. , Jewell Nicholas P. , Tanamas Stephanie K. , Anders Katherine L. , Simmons Cameron P. , O’Neill Scott L.
Published: September 2019

Background: The wMel strain of Wolbachia has been successfully introduced into Aedes aegypti mosquitoes and subsequently shown in laboratory studies to reduce transmission of a range of viruses including dengue, Zika, chikungunya, yellow fever, and Mayaro viruses that cause human disease. Here we report the entomological and epidemiological outcomes of staged deployment of Wolbachia across nearly all significant dengue transmission risk areas in Australia.

Methods: The wMel strain of Wolbachia was backcrossed into the local Aedes aegypti genotype (Cairns and Townsville backgrounds) and mosquitoes were released in the field by staff or via community assisted methods. Mosquito monitoring was undertaken and mosquitoes were screened for the presence of Wolbachia. Dengue case notifications were used to track dengue incidence in each location before and after releases.

Results: Empirical analyses of the Wolbachia mosquito releases, including data on the density, frequency and duration of Wolbachia mosquito releases, indicate that Wolbachia can be readily established in local mosquito populations, using a variety of deployment options and over short release durations (mean release period 11 weeks, range 2-22 weeks). Importantly, Wolbachia frequencies have remained stable in mosquito populations since releases for up to 8 years. Analysis of dengue case notifications data demonstrates near-elimination of local dengue transmission for the past five years in locations where Wolbachia has been established. The regression model estimate of Wolbachia intervention effect from interrupted time series analyses of case notifications data prior to and after releases, indicated a 96% reduction in dengue incidence in Wolbachia treated populations (95% confidence interval: 84 – 99%).

Conclusion: Deployment of the wMel strain of Wolbachia into local Ae. aegypti populations across the Australian regional cities of Cairns and most smaller regional communities with a past history of dengue has resulted in the reduction of local dengue transmission across all deployment areas.
Genealogia płocka – nowe spojrzenie na źródło małopolskie z drugiej połowy XIII wieku
Authors: Gołdys Norbert
Published: September 2019

The Płock Genealogy – a New Interpretation of the Małopolska Source of the Second Half of the Thirteenth Century

The aim of the article is to determine when the Płock Genealogy (Genealogia płocka) was created and the content of its ideological message. The text of the work has survived in one of the manuscripts in the library of Płock Charter. The subject of this text is a short description of subsequent generations of the Piast Dynasty from the earliest times to the end of the thirteenth century. This analysis includes establishing the relationship between the manuscript and other existing historical works and annals from up to the mid-fourteenth century, a detailed comparison of the information they contain with existing findings on the genealogy of the Piast Dynasty, as well as a review of the structure of the work.
Basic life support for the child and infant
Authors: Rosengarten Leah , Ban Sasha
Published: September 2019

The majority of cardiorespiratory arrests in children and infants are caused by respiratory insufficiency rather than cardiac problems; therefore, the order of delivering resuscitation is different to the delivery of basic life support to adults. The Nursing and Midwifery Council has stated that all nurses must be able to provide basic life support. This article will explain the process for recognising the need for, and delivering, basic life support to infants and children.
Reflection on creating a coaching approach to student nurse clinical leadership development
Authors: Leigh Jacqueline , Littlewood Lisa , Lyons Gareth
Published: September 2019

Coaching is an intervention that facilitates another person's learning, development and performance. Applied to student nurse practice placement learning, coaching has the potential to boost leadership learning that is student led, less focused on following the directions of a mentor and more focused on students taking responsibility for identifying their learning goals and objectives. This article gives personal perspectives about how a collaboration between four Greater Manchester (GM) universities and their partner practice organisations developed, implemented and evaluated a coaching approach to student nurse clinical leadership development and peer learning, while increasing practice placement capacity—the GM Synergy model. Perspectives are given on setting up a project team, testing the model before implementation and developing a robust evaluation framework. Coaching as a model for student support and clinical leadership development is in line with the Nursing and Midwifery Council's Future Nurse: Standards of Proficiency for Registered Nurses document, with the practice supervisor role complementing the role of the coach in clinical practice.
Breast is still the best for babies
Authors: Glasper Alan
Published: September 2019

Emeritus Professor Alan Glasper, of the University of Southampton, discusses a new report published by the Dutch multinational company Philips, which in addition to its electronic portfolio has a prime mission to improve people's health and enable better outcomes across the health continuum
Understanding a sentinel lymph node biopsy service for patients with malignant melanoma
Authors: Stothers Sheena
Published: September 2019

Malignant melanoma cases represented the seventh most common cancer type in Northern Ireland between 2011 and 2015, and the incidence of melanoma cases is expected to rise. Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is commonly offered to patients in the UK with malignant melanoma to help in staging their disease, but a commissioned SLNB service is not available in Northern Ireland. This article describes a Florence Nightingale Foundation Travel Scholarship to gain knowledge and experience with the aim of developing and implementing an effective and efficient SLNB service for patients with malignant melanoma in Northern Ireland. A 3-week visit was made to an eminent centre of excellence in skin oncology in the UK.
‘Honey, I shrunk the emotions’: late modernity and the end of emotions
Authors: Barbalet Jack
Published: September 2019

The purpose of this article is to specify the character of late modernity in terms of the emotional formations peculiar to it. Different approaches to late modernity are briefly surveyed and the argument is presented in three sections. In the first section late modernity is indicated as a social type that can be identified in terms of its particular emotional formation. The second section outlines the institutional framework of late modernity through which it is distinguished from modernity. This is to indicate the societal source of the emotional patterns of each type of these distinctive social formations. In the final section ego emotions are specified in contrast with those emotions that are not self-directed but outwardly directed.
The Black Lives Matter movement, crime and police brutality: Comparative study of New York Post and New York Daily News
Authors: Chama Brian
Published: September 2019

This article looks at the Black Lives Matter movement, crime and police brutality. It is a comparative study that analyses the reportage by the tabloids New York Post and the New York Daily News. It focuses on the shooting of Laquan McDonald, a 17-year-old African American killed by a police officer Jason Van Dyke. It engages literature mainly from scholars on African American studies. It also interviews African Americans on their perception. It concludes that the New York Post is more biased than the New York Daily News towards the Black Lives Matter movement. It regularly associates African Americans with criminal activities and often justifies police brutality. It further points out that African Americans are disproportionately critical of public policing.
‘Got to be real’: Evaluating the significance of realness in 1970s New York disco culture
Authors: Rees William
Published: September 2019

This article evaluates the significance of 1970s New York disco culture by examining the context of the scene and explaining the importance it had for its participants. It also explores the historiography of disco and how despite lag, it is beginning to be considered by academics as a topic of serious study. Overall, this article contributes to the discussion by arguing that realness as opposed to artificiality in everyday life was central to disco’s imaginative landscape.
Model of Soil and Water Conservation Measures Application based on District Spatial Planning in Mamasa Watershed, South Sulawesi
Authors: Yusuf Sri Malahayati
Published: September 2019

Depletion of watershed carrying capacity cannot be omitted from mismanagement of the watershed. The integration between SWAT model and remote sensing data are able to identify, assess, and evaluate watershed problem as well as a tool to apply the mitigation of the problem. The aim of this study was to arrange the scenario of watershed management, and decide the best recommendation of sustainable watershed management of Mamasa Sub Watershed. The best recommendation was decided by hydrology parameters, e.i. surface runoff, sediment, and runoff coefficient. Hydrology characteristics of Mamasa Sub Watershed was analyzed based on land use data of year 2012 and climate data for period of 2010-2012. The scenarios were  application of bunch and mulch in slope 1-15%; bunch terrace (scenario 1), mulch and strip grass in slope 15-25% (scenario 2), alley cropping in slope 25-40% (scenario 3), and combination scenario 1, 2, 3 with agroforestry in slope > 40% (scenario4). Surface runoff value of Mamasa Sub Watershed is 581.35 mm, while lateral flow, groundwater flow, runoff coefficient, and sediment yield of 640.72 mm, 228.17 mm, 0.29, and 187.213 ton/ha respectively. Based on the scenarios simulation, the fourth scenario was able to reduce surface runoff and sediment yield of 33.441% and of 51.213%, while the runoff coefficient declined to 0.194. Thereby, the fourth scenario is recommended to be applied in Mamasa Sub Watershed so that the sustainability in the watershed can be achieved.
Optimization of Aqueous Two Phase Extraction of Proteins from Litopenaeus Vannamei Waste by Response Surface Methodology Coupled Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Saravana Pandian P. , Sindhanai Selvan S. , Subathira A. , Saravanan S.
Published: September 2019

Waste generated from industrial processing of seafood is an enormous source of commercially valuable proteins. One among the underutilized seafood waste is shrimp waste, which primarily consists of head and carapace. Litopenaeus vannamei (L. vannamei) is the widely cultivated shrimp in Asia and contributes to 90 % of aggregate shrimp production in the world. This work was focused on extraction as well as purification of value-added proteins from L. vannamei waste in a single step aqueous two phase system (ATPS). Polyethylene glycol (PEG) and trisodium citrate system were chosen for the ATPS owing to their adequate partitioning and less toxic nature. Response surface methodology (RSM) was implemented for the optimization of independent process variables such as PEG molecular weight (2000 to 6000), pH (6 to 8) and temperature (25 to 45 °C). The results obtained from RSM were further validated using a Multi-objective genetic algorithm (MGA). At the optimized condition of PEG molecular weight 2000, pH 8 and temperature 35 °C, maximum partition coefficient and protein yield were found to be 2.79 and 92.37 %, respectively. Thus, L. vannamei waste was proved to be rich in proteins, which could be processed industrially through cost-effective non-polluting ATPS extraction, and RSM coupled MGA could be a potential tool for such process optimization.
Dante pfeifen
Authors: Föcking Marc
Published: September 2019

Riassunto

Due testi dell’immediato contesto della congiura dei Pazzi del 1478 dimostrano che la popolarità della Commedia, testimoniata da Franco Sacchetti e Leonardo Bruni, potrebbe essere stata strumentalizzata nella Firenze del Quattrocento, nel momento in cui si trattava di discreditare gli oppositori politici in una situazioni di crisi. Il Coniurationis commentarium di Angelo Poliziano e la poesia in terzine »Questo è il tradimento della morte di Giuliano« utilizzano entrambi il tema del traditore degli ultimi due canti dell’Inferno. Entrambi i testi presentano così i Pazzi come i nuovi Bruto, Cassio e Giuda e fanno uso del ›Dante popolare‹ per convincere il popolo fiorentino della legittimità del potere mediceo. La raffinatezza del Commentarium di Poliziano, in contrasto con la poesia in terzine più popolare, sta però nella combinazione di due discorsi sui traditori che si intensificano a vicenda, quello della Commedia e quello del De Coniuratione Catilinae di Sallustio, attraverso il quale egli non solo combina la condanna metafisico-dantesca con un verdetto di stampo intramondano ed umanistico, ma può anche mettere in scena l’unità indissolubile del popolo e dell’élite fiorentina contro i cospiratori e i loro sostenitori.
Dantes Divina Commedia und Vita Nuova in Graphic Novels des 21. Jahrhunderts
Authors: Simonis Annette
Published: September 2019

Riassunto

Tra le adattazioni popolari delle opere dantesche nel XX e XXI secolo sono soprattutto i fumetti e le Graphic Novels a riscuotere il maggior successo. Il presente contributo si concentra su tre esempi scelti della ricezione produttiva della Vita Nuova e della Commedia nel fumetto, tutti pubblicati dopo il 2000. Si mostrerà come le adattazioni recenti non coltivino soltanto il riferimento intertestuale all’opera dantesca, ma si rifacciano anche a una tradizione plurisecolare di ricezione transmediale della Commedia nelle arti figurative, ricavando da questa ricca fonte impulsi fondamentali per la loro propria adattazione artistica. Un aspetto fondamentale per la presente analisi è infine la relazione intermediale, tipica dei fumetti, fra testo e immagine, che possono interagire in quanto componenti complementari o anche illuminarsi vicendevolmente in maniera ironica.
L’Inferno di Dante nel cinema americano prima e dopo la Seconda Guerra Mondiale
Authors: Tavoni Mirko
Published: September 2019

Der Aufsatz beschäftigt sich mit drei in den Vereinigten Staaten zwischen 1924 und 1944 produzierten Filmen und mit weiteren zwei Filmen aus den Jahren 1997–1998. Gemeinsame Charakteristik der ersten drei Filme ist die Wahrnehmung von Dantes Inferno als Träger einer für die heutige Gesellschaft gültigen moralischen Botschaft. Insbesondere die beiden Dante’s Inferno von 1924 und 1935 (der zweite Film stellt ein Remake des ersten dar) wollen uns davor warnen, auf Grund unserer Gier eine eigene ›Hölle auf Erden‹ zu schaffen. Es geht dabei um eine humanistische, soziale Botschaft, die darauf abzielt, die Bestien des Kapitalismus anzuprangern. Der Film, dessen erstes Vorbild der Apolog A Christmas Carol von Charles Dickens ist, gehört zum amerikanischen Dantismus à la Ralph Waldo Emerson. Das Remake ist im Einklang mit Roosevelts New Deal. Der dritte Film, Go Down Death! (1944), ist eine afroamerikanische Produktion, die in einer Zeit, in der Segregationismus auch im Kino herrschte, für das schwarze Publikum bestimmt war. Er dokumentiert, wie Dante zu einem Referenzautor des Kampfs für die Emanzipation der Schwarzen in Amerika wurde. Deconstructing Harry von Woody Allen (1997) und What Dreams May Come von Vincent Ward (1998) sind Neuschreibungen des Abstiegs in die Unterwelt. Beide Filme machen von Dantes Bildern Gebrauch, um die Rettung einer modernen Eurydike zu beschreiben. Der erste Film liefert einen parodistischen, materialistischen und komischen Interpretationsschlüssel, der zweite dagegen vermittelt einen New Age-artigen Ton. Trotz ihrer Polarität weisen die beiden Filme eigenartige Gemeinsamkeiten auf.
Sufficient Causes: On Oxygen, Matches, and Fires
Authors: Pearl Judea
Published: September 2019

We demonstrate how counterfactuals can be used to compute the probability that one event was/is a sufficient cause of another, and how counterfactuals emerge organically from basic scientific knowledge, rather than manipulative experiments. We contrast this demonstration with the potential outcome framework and address the distinction between causes and enablers.
Crystal structure of aqua-bis(5-bromo-6-methyl-picolinato-κ2
N,O)zinc(II) dihydrate, C14H16Br2N2O7Zn
Authors: Li Jun-Xia , Du Zhong-Xiang , Bai Ruo-Fei
Published: September 2019

C14H16Br2N2O7Zn, orthorhombic, Pna21 (no. 33), a = 15.4300(3) Å, b = 10.6264(2) Å, c = 11.4638(2) Å, V = 1879.66(6) Å3, Z = 4, R
gt(F) = 0.0328, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.0709, T = 293 K.
Multicystic peritoneal mesothelioma: a systematic review of the literature
Authors: Noiret Barbara , Renaud Florence , Piessen Guillaume , Eveno Clarisse
Published: September 2019

Multicystic peritoneal mesothelioma (MCPM) is a particularly rare and benign neoplasm that arises from the peritoneum in reproductive aged females. Its etiopathogenesis is still unclear. The current prevailing theory supports the idea that the tumor is the result of an excessive inflammatory process. Because of a lack of clinical and imaging presentation, the diagnosis is intricate, and heavily relies on case reports and short studies. A histological analysis with immunohistochemistry is required for a definitive diagnosis. To date, there is no standard treatment recommended for MCPM. However, some studies suggest proceeding with a cytoreductive surgery and a hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy combining CISPLATIN and DOXORUBICIN, due to a high incidence of recurrence rate after medical treatment or surgery alone and potential malignant transformation.
Evaluation in research article introductions: A comparison of the strategies used by Chinese and British authors
Authors: Xu Xiaoyu , Nesi Hilary
Published: September 2019

This article investigates differences in evaluative style in introductions to research articles written by scholars from China and Britain. A corpus of 30 research article introductions in applied linguistics was analysed in terms of Appraisal Theory and genre analysis, using the UAM Corpus Tool. Findings from this analysis suggest that both the Chinese and the British authors were aware of the need to argue for their own opinions and maintain good relationships with their readers. However, the Chinese writers made more categorical assertions, supported by lists of references to prior studies, while the British writers were more likely to acknowledge the existence of alternative views within the research community, and were more explicit about their own attitudes towards the research topic, prior studies, and their own work. The findings, and the illustrative examples, can inform the design of programmes to help novice researchers publish internationally, and might also usefully raise the awareness of journal article reviewers and editors regarding cultural variation in approaches to stance-taking.
Ni-Fe-Cr-Oxides: An Efficient Catalyst Activated by Visible Light for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Krysiak Olga A. , Cichowicz Grzegorz , Conzuelo Felipe , Cyranski Michal K. , Augustynski Jan
Published: September 2019

The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is a thermodynamically and kinetically demanding process, therefore it requires the use of catalysts enabling to meet technologically relevant conditions. Here, we realized efficient OER catalysts fabricated using relatively cheap precursors consisting of earth-abundant metal oxides, i.e. nickel, iron, and chromium, and a simple one-step preparation method. It is shown that the catalyst is activated by anodic polarization under irradiation with visible light, which allows decreasing the overpotential necessary for the OER.
Effects of Static and Dynamic Stretching Performed Before Resistance Training on Muscle Adaptations in Untrained Men
Authors: Ferreira-Júnior João B. , Benine Ricardo P.C. , Chaves Suene F.N. , Borba Diego A. , Martins-Costa Hugo C. , Freitas Eduardo D.S. , Bemben Michael G. , Vieira Carlos A. , Bottaro Martim
Published: September 2019

Ferreira-Júnior, JB, Benine, RPC, Chaves, SFN, Borba, DA, Martins-Costa, HC, Freitas, EDS, Bemben, MG, Vieira, CA, and Bottaro, M. Effects of static and dynamic stretching performed before resistance training on muscle adaptations in untrained men. J Strength Cond Res 35(11): 3050–3055, 2021—This study evaluated the effects of dynamic and static stretching (SS) performed before resistance training on biceps femoris hypertrophy and knee flexor strength gains in untrained young men. Forty-five untrained young men (age, 21.2 ± 0.5 years; mass, 72.2 ± 5.6 kg; height, 178 ± 1 cm) were randomly assigned to 1 of the 3 groups: (a) 80 seconds of SS (n = 14); (b) 80 seconds of dynamic stretching (DS, n = 13); or (c) control group (CON, n = 18) in which subjects performed no stretching before exercise. Both SS and DS were performed before resistance exercise. Resistance training consisted of 4 sets of 8–12 repetition maximum of seated leg curl exercise 2 days per week for 8 weeks, with a period of at least 48 hours between sessions. Unilateral biceps femoris muscle thickness (MT) and maximal isometric strength (MIS) of the knee flexors were measured 1 week before training and 1 week after the last training session. There were significant increases in MIS (SS = 13.9 ± 10.3 kgf; DS = 10.2 ± 13.1 kgf; CON = 12.7 ± 7.6 kgf; p < 0.05) and MT (SS = 6.0 ± 3.5 mm; DS = 6.7 ± 4.1 mm; CON = 5.7 ± 3.0 mm; p < 0.05) with no significant differences across groups (p > 0.05). Additionally, all groups demonstrated moderate effect sizes for MIS (1.27–1.4), and DS was the only group that had a large effect size for MT increases (DS = 2.18; SS = 1.35; CON = 0.92). In conclusion, 80 seconds of SS and DS did not induce any additional muscular adaptations to resistance training in untrained young men.
Postactivation Potentiation Improves Performance in a Resistance Training Session in Trained Men
Authors: Alves Rafael R. , Viana Ricardo B. , Silva Marcelo H. , Guimarães Thaynã C. , Vieira Carlos A. , Santos Douglas de A.T. , Gentil Paulo R.V.
Published: September 2019

Alves, RR, Viana, RB, Silva, MH, Guimarães, TC, Vieira, CA, Santos, DdAT, and Gentil, PRV. Postactivation potentiation improves performance in a resistance training session in trained men. J Strength Cond Res 35(12): 3296–3299, 2021—This study aims to analyze the influence of postactivation potentiation (PAP) on performance during a resistance training (RT) session in trained individuals. Fourteen trained men (25.0 ± 3.5 years; 89.9 ± 16.3 kg; 1.77 ± 0:08 m; 28.0 ± 4.0 kg·m−2; and 5 ± 4 years of RT experience) were tested in 2 situations: with PAP and without PAP (CON). Both situations involved 3 sets of the bench press exercise performed to muscle failure at 75% of the 1 repetition maximum load and with 1.5-minute interval between sets. Total work was greater (p < 0.001) for PAP (1,601 ± 504 kg) than for CON (1,379 ± 364 kg). The number of repetitions performed in the first and second sets of PAP (11.5 ± 3.1 and 6.5 ± 1.9, respectively) were greater (p < 0.05) than those performed in CON (10.4 ± 2.7, 5.5 ± 1.8, respectively). No significant difference was found in the number of repetitions in the last set between the situations. The present study suggests that PAP might be beneficial to improve total work and performance during multiple sets of RT in trained men. Therefore, PAP might be used during RT to promote higher total work and potentially increase results over long term. Thus, the protocol can use in sports centers, fitness centers, and gyms per coaches and athletes to increase performance and total work in trained individuals.
Kinematic Differences Between the Front and Back Squat and Conventional and Sumo Deadlift
Authors: Kasovic Jovana , Martin Benjamin , Fahs Christopher A.
Published: September 2019

fferences between the front and back squat and conventional and sumo deadlift. J Strength Cond Res 33(12): 3213–3219, 2019—The average concentric velocity (ACV) of a resistance exercise movement is inversely related to the load lifted. Previous work suggests that different resistance exercises differ in ACV at the same relative load. Currently, there is limited evidence to determine whether the style of exercise (e.g., front or back squat [BS]; sumo-style or conventional-style deadlift) also affects the load-velocity profile or other kinematic variables such as the peak concentric velocity (PCV) and linear displacement (LD). The purpose of this study was to compare the kinematics (ACV, PCV, and LD) between the front squat (FS) and BS as well as between the conventional deadlift (CD) and sumo deadlift (SD). In a randomized order, 24 men and women (22 ± 3 years) performed a 1 repetition maximum (1RM) protocol for the FS, BS, CD, and SD over 4 visits to the laboratory. Barbell kinematics were recorded during all submaximal and maximal repetitions performed during the 1RM protocol using the Open Barbell System. Kinematic data were pooled into categories based on the percentage of the 1RM lifted in 10% increments (e.g., 30–39% 1RM, 40–49% 1RM, etc.) and compared between exercises. Correlations between kinematic data for the FS and BS and for the CD and SD were examined at each relative load. No differences in kinematics were observed between the FS and BS at any load (p > 0.05). However, FS and BS ACV was weakly correlated (r < 0.4) at high (>80% 1RM) loads. Differences in LD were apparent between the SD and CD at all loads (30–100% 1RM) with the SD having a smaller LD compared with the CD (p < 0.05). Average concentric velocity was not different between the SD and CD at the 1RM (0.25 ± 0.09 vs. 0.25 ± 0.06 m·s−1; p = 0.962) but was different at 80–89% 1RM (0.35 ± 0.08 vs. 0.40 ± 0.07; p = 0.017), 70–79% 1RM (0.41 ± 0.08 vs. 0.46 ± 0.06; p = 0.026), and 40–49% 1RM (0.66 ± 0.09 vs. 0.77 ± 0.08; p < 0.001). In addition, SD and CD ACV values showed no relationships (p > 0.05) at any loads except at the 1RM (r = 0.433; p < 0.05). These results suggest individual load-velocity profiles for the FS and BS as well as for the CD and SD should be used for training purposes.
Analysis of Freestyle Swimming Sprint Start Performance After Maximal Strength or Vertical Jump Training in Competitive Female and Male Junior Swimmers
Authors: Born Dennis-Peter , Stöggl Thomas , Petrov Arpad , Burkhardt David , Lüthy Fabian , Romann Michael
Published: September 2019

Born, DP, Stöggl, T, Petrov, A, Burkhardt, D, Lüthy, F, and Romann, M. Analysis of freestyle swimming sprint start performance after maximal strength or vertical jump training in competitive female and male junior swimmers. J Strength Cond Res 34(2): 323–331, 2020—To investigate the freestyle swimming sprint start performance before and after 6 weeks of maximal strength compared with vertical jump training. With a between-group repeated-measure design, 21 junior swimmers (12 female and 9 male) competing in national and international championships performed 2 weekly sessions of either maximal strength (heavy-loaded back squat and deadlift exercise) or vertical jump training (unloaded box jumps) for 6 weeks during the precompetition phase of the seasonal main event. Session ratings of perceived exertion were used to compare the load of both training programs. Before and after the training period, sprint start performance was investigated on a starting block equipped with force plates synchronized to a 2-dimensional motion capture system. Total training load did not differ between the 2 groups. Sprint start performance and most kinematic and kinetic parameters remained unaffected. In pooled data of the U17 swimmers, however, 5-m, 15-m, and 25-m split times were improved with maximal strength (p = 0.02, 0.03, and 0.01), but not with vertical jump training (p = 0.12, 0.16, and 0.28). Although there was no global effect, focus on the subgroup of U17 swimmers showed an improved sprint start performance with 2 sessions of maximal strength training integrated into a 16-hour training week. Although outcomes of the conditioning program seemed to be affected by the training history and performance level of the athletes involved, strength and conditioning coaches are encouraged to introduce maximal strength training at a young age.
Fatigue of Tungsten Fiber/Copper Matrix Composite—An Interlaboratory Study
Authors: Jerina K. L. , Mitchell M. R.
Published: September 2019

Seven laboratories participated in an interlaboratory study to assess the applicability of ASTM E606, Test Method for Strain-Controlled Fatigue Testing, to strain-controlled fatigue of a tungsten fiber/copper matrix composite (Battelle Columbus, University of Iowa, IITRI, MCL, MarTest, Rockwell International Science Center and University of Twente). Because of the material and specimen fabrication methods, the number of fibers in the 9, 25, and 36 % fiber volume fraction specimens is approximately the same and the strain-life data are nearly identical for each of the volume fractions. Although the specimen aspect ratio is within the nominal range, the specimen diameter is less than the nominal value specified in ASTM E606. Laboratories reporting data noted that a small specimen diameter and a large gage section aspect ratio made specimen alignment difficult. Thus, specimen buckling was problematic at high strain ranges. The study data are reported and analyzed with nonparametric and semiparametric statistical methods to assess the effect of study covariates on fatigue life. The median fatigue life, median absolute deviation from the median, and interquartile range are reported as measures of central tendency and variability. ASTM E606 may be used as a guide to evaluate the fatigue response of this type of composite material if the length-to-diameter aspect ratio, specimen alignment in the fatigue machine, and specimen surface finish are closely monitored to ensure valid data.
Prospective Associations Between Boys' Substance Use and Problem Behavior Histories and Their Facial Trustworthiness in Adulthood
Authors: Alley Zoe M. , Kerr David C. R. , Wilson John Paul , Rule Nicholas O.
Published: September 2019

Introduction: People whose faces look untrustworthy tend to receive harsher social evaluations, including more severe criminal sentences. Yet little is known about how much facial trustworthiness reflects individuals' behavioral histories. We examined whether adolescent histories of delinquency and substance use predict strangers' perceptions of young men's facial trustworthiness.

Methods: Boys (n = 206) recruited from schools with higher juvenile crime rates were assessed repeatedly from ages 10–24 years, including arrest records and self-reported delinquency and substance use. Coders blind to the study's purpose rated participants' facial trustworthiness from photographs taken at ages 14 and 24; parent-reported childhood family income and coder ratings of attractiveness and positive affect at age 24 were considered as controls.

Results: Facial trustworthiness at age 24 (but not age 14) negatively correlated with all measures of problem behavior. Yet, self-reported tobacco use occasions from ages 12–23 had the strongest association with facial trustworthiness at age 24, a relation that persisted when controlling for arrests and delinquency from ages 12–23, other substance use, family income, ratings of age-24 positive facial affect, attractiveness, and age-14 facial trustworthiness (β = −.29, 95% CI [−.42, −.15], p < .001).

Discussion: Although boys' early facial trustworthiness did not relate to their later problem behavior, men with histories of more delinquency and tobacco use appeared less facially trustworthy as adults. Appearance-related biases may have forensic and healthcare implications for young men. Additionally, prevention efforts could leverage information about the early impacts of tobacco use on appearance.
Examining the Relationship Between Daily Co-Rumination and Rumination in Response to Negative Events Among Adolescents Using Ecological Momentary Assessment
Authors: Aldrich Jaclyn T. , Lisitsa Ellie , Chun Sarah K. , Mezulis Amy H.
Published: September 2019

Introduction: Rumination and co-rumination are related processes characterized by repetitive focus on negative feelings and problems, with current theory suggesting that co-rumination fosters the use of intrapersonal rumination over time. Additionally, both rumination and co-rumination are related to the occurrence of depressive symptoms during adolescence.

Method: The current study utilized an ecological momentary design to examine the temporal relationship between daily co-rumination and rumination in response to negative events within a sample of young adolescents (N = 150).

Results: Hierarchical linear models indicated that co-rumination in response to a negative event significantly, positively predicted the use of rumination the following day, whereas use of rumination did not predict engagement in co-rumination the following day.

Discussion: Results of the current study support the hypothesis that co-rumination influences the tendency to ruminate individually, which may indirectly result in depressive symptoms over time.
Resurgent and Gating Pore Currents Induced byDe Novo SCN2AEpilepsy Mutations
Authors: Mason Emily R. , Wu Fenfen , Patel Reesha R. , Xiao Yucheng , Cannon Stephen C. , Cummins Theodore R.
Published: September 2019

Over 150 mutations in theSCN2Agene, which encodes the neuronal Nav1.2 protein, have been implicated in human epilepsy cases. Of these, R1882Q and R853Q are two of the most commonly reported mutations. This study utilized voltage-clamp electrophysiology to characterize the biophysical effects of the R1882Q and R853Q mutations on the hNav1.2 channel, including their effects on resurgent current and gating pore current, which are not typically investigated in the study of Nav1.2 channel mutations. HEK cells transiently transfected with DNA encoding either wild-type (WT) or mutant hNav1.2 revealed that the R1882Q mutation induced a gain-of-function phenotype, including slowed fast inactivation, depolarization of the voltage dependence of inactivation, and increased persistent current. In this model system, the R853Q mutation primarily produced loss-of-function effects, including reduced transient current amplitude and density, hyperpolarization of the voltage dependence of inactivation, and decreased persistent current. The presence of a Navβ4 peptide (KKLITFILKKTREK-OH) in the pipette solution induced resurgent currents, which were increased by the R1882Q mutation and decreased by the R853Q mutation. Further study of the R853Q mutation inXenopusoocytes indicated a reduced surface expression and revealed a robust gating pore current at negative membrane potentials, a function absent in the WT channel. This not only shows that different epileptogenic point mutations in hNav1.2 have distinct biophysical effects on the channel, but also illustrates that individual mutations can have complex consequences that are difficult to identify using conventional analyses. Distinct mutations may, therefore, require tailored pharmacotherapies in order to eliminate seizures.