bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Can Animals Think?
Authors: Enquist Magnus , Ghirlanda Stefano , Lind Johan
Published: September 2023

This chapter considers the evidence of animal learning for more sophisticated mental mechanisms, particularly mechanisms that would qualify as thinking, insight, or mental problem solving. It defines thinking as a recombination of causal information gathered from different experiences that echoes common uses of insight, mental problem solving, and related terms. It also examines predictions drawn from the definition of thinking and challenges in testing such predictions. The chapter explains that predictions concern the extent to which animals can change their behavior upon receiving new information, whether they gather causal information of no immediate value, and whether animals engage in both fast and slow decision making. It cites experiments that have been put forward as evidence for recombination of information beyond chaining.
The Nature of Animal Intelligence
Authors: Enquist Magnus , Ghirlanda Stefano , Lind Johan
Published: September 2023

This chapter attempts to draw general conclusions about animal intelligence. It builds on certain hypotheses about animal intelligence to suggest a standard model that recognizes the power of associative learning, the costs of behavioral flexibility, and the need for genetic guidance of learning and decision making. It also explains empirical observations of animal intelligence without assuming that animals can mentally recombine information. The chapter discusses how the standard model synthesizes ethology and learning psychology, combining the species specificity of behavioral adaptations with the generality of associative learning. It highlights genetic influences and sources of information animals use that can be modified by natural selection to adapt behavior to particular ecological niches.
Uniquely Human
Authors: Enquist Magnus , Ghirlanda Stefano , Lind Johan
Published: September 2023

This chapter summarizes both behavioral and mental sequential abilities of humans, discussing when these abilities may have appeared and how they develop during an individual's lifetime. The chapter looks at the main hypotheses about human cognitive evolution. It describes uniquely human behavior that includes extensive collaborative sequences, language, and other sequential activities, such as music and dance. It also demonstrates how humans can store and process sequential and episodic information with greater accuracy than other animals. The chapter mentions human sequential behavior, which is underpinned by a diversity of mental skills that operate on sequential information and are often time consuming.
How and Why Does Thinking Work?
Authors: Enquist Magnus , Ghirlanda Stefano , Lind Johan
Published: September 2023

This chapter explores two important consequences of the genetic abilities that started the human evolutionary transition: faithful sequence representation and mental flexibility. The chapter emphasizes how genetic abilities have profound consequences for the behavioral and mental skills of humans and for the cultural evolutionary process. It also shows how sequential processing abilities can be used in thinking and how thinking requires mental flexibility. The chapter stresses that sequential processing abilities are not superior to associative learning in all environments. It considers costs and benefits that offer important clues to the evolution of thinking as it narrows down the environments in which such evolution is likely.
Social Transmission of Mental Skills
Authors: Enquist Magnus , Ghirlanda Stefano , Lind Johan
Published: September 2023

This chapter explores a major hypothesis about human evolution: uniquely human mental skills are learned, while the way animals learn and decide is essentially hardwired. It surveys the characteristics of human mental skills and leverage findings from developmental psychology in order to argue that the transmission of mental skills is ubiquitous in human development. It also examines the human ability to transmit mental skills socially, in light of the fact that mental processes cannot be directly observed. The chapter proposes that humans solve the problem of indirect observation of mental processes with a variety of approaches, including a significant time investment, the active role of tutors and learners, the widespread use of symbolic language, and the co-development of mental skills. It stresses the centrality of development for human mental skills and cultural evolution.
The Power of Cultural Evolution
Authors: Enquist Magnus , Ghirlanda Stefano , Lind Johan
Published: September 2023

This chapter shows that cultural evolution enables the accumulation of vast amounts of knowledge about the world, much beyond what would be possible for individuals. It emphasizes that the availability of cultural information has momentous consequences for the behavioral and cognitive architecture of individuals and that the presence of culture allows for increased behavioral and mental flexibility. It also considers how cultural evolution can leverage mental mechanisms that are more sophisticated than associative learning to accumulate knowledge about the world. The chapter shows how various learning mechanisms can combine to yield cumulative cultural evolution of behavioral sequences. It sets up a model world that contains many behavioral sequences that can be learned.
Introduction
Authors: Dorin Rowan
Published: September 2023

This introductory chapter provides a background of moneylenders and moneylending in medieval Europe, looking at medieval ideas about usury and how these mapped onto social and economic realities. From the beginning of the thirteenth century to the middle of the fourteenth, every major European polity that ordered the expulsion of its Jewish community also ordered the expulsion of foreign Christian usurers. In some cases, the expulsions were ordered simultaneously. Elsewhere, the banishment of foreign usurers often preceded the deportation of Jews. This book traces the association between usury and expulsion over the course of the Middle Ages, from its earliest attestations in the middle decades of the twelfth century to its sharp resurgence in the fifteenth. It details how the idea of expelling usurers spread across the intellectual and legal landscape of late medieval Europe, and how it mutated and evolved along the way, shifting back and forth across Christian and Jewish targets.
Expulsion, Jews, and Usury
Authors: Dorin Rowan
Published: September 2023

This chapter discusses the church's teachings on expulsion, Jews, and usury, and the evolution and gradual interweaving of these themes at the level of medieval Christian thought and practice. Although the medieval church's anxieties about usury had solid roots in Old Testament prohibitions and patristic condemnations, it was only with the commercial development of the High Middle Ages that the topic began to attract sustained clerical attention. By the turn of the thirteenth century, all learned Christians would have agreed that usury was individually sinful, socially threatening, and economically destructive. However, from the early twelfth century until at least the beginning of the fifteenth, the church's theological and legal campaign against usury was overwhelmingly directed toward Christians. The chapter then assesses how Jewish moneylending became first a source of clerical anxiety and then a target of ecclesiastical repression. It also considers the emergence of the “Cahorsin” or “Lombard,” the professional Christian moneylender who left their native town in Italy or southern France to set up credit operations further north, generally with the approval (or even active solicitation) of authorities in the host community.
Inventing Expulsion in England, 1154–1272
Authors: Dorin Rowan
Published: September 2023

This chapter examines the emergence of expulsion as a political practice in England. It considers the shifting logics that inspired and justified the forced removal of Jews and foreigners from the accession of Henry II in the mid-twelfth century through the long reign of his grandson Henry III. On at least three occasions in the early thirteenth century, King Henry III declared that Jewish residence in England rested on the Jews' ongoing fiscal service to him. In two instances, furthermore, he asserted outright that those Jews who were too poor to satisfy his demands were to be expelled from the realm. This series of events reflects the intersection of two distinct frameworks by which medieval Christians understood the place of Jews within their society: servitude and foreignness. It is worth emphasizing that the early growth of Jewish lending occurred alongside Christian moneylending, not as a response to its absence. For all that the anti-Jewish assaults of the late twelfth century were amplified by economic factors, it is not until the ousting of Leicester's Jewish community that one finds English authorities openly invoking usury to justify expulsion. The chapter then looks at the extortion and expulsion of Italian merchant-bankers.
Inventing Expulsion in France, 1144–1270
Authors: Dorin Rowan
Published: September 2023

This chapter investigates how the emergence of collective expulsion as a French royal practice from the late twelfth century onward was inextricably interwoven with anxieties surrounding the usurious lending of both Jews and foreigners. Jews faced not only the systematic repression of their moneylending activities, but also a standing royal threat of banishment for anyone who persisted in usury. As for foreign usurers, they too came to face expulsion, not only in the 1269 ordinance issued by Louis IX, but for nearly a century afterward as well. All told, five successive generations of French kings would order Lombard moneylenders to be driven from the realm. Nowhere else in Europe would the association between usury and expulsion prove so close, or so enduring. The chapter then explains how this association came to be, beginning with the reign of Louis VII in the mid-twelfth century, and ending with the death of his great-grandson Louis IX on the shores of Tunisia in 1270.
The Evolution of Research on Organizations
Authors: Haveman Heather A.
Published: September 2023

This chapter examines the evolution of the study of organizations, which has deep roots in sociology. Three of its founding fathers—Karl Marx, Max Weber, and Émile Durkheim—developed theoretical frameworks to understand the transition to modernity. For Marx, who emphasized class struggle, workplaces were arenas for the alienation, exploitation, and domination of workers, but also places where workers could forge a revolutionary class consciousness. For Weber, the rationalization of human activities that was the hallmark of modernity found its ideal-typical embodiment in rational-legal bureaucratic organization. For Durkheim, increasing specialization in the context of differentiated organizations necessitated forms of solidarity characterized by interdependence. Their ideas continue to exert broad influence on the study of organizations today. Later theorists from sociology, management, political science, economics, engineering, and psychology focused less on placing organizations within sweeping narratives of history and attended more closely to meso- and micro-level processes that occur within and between organizations.
Nonverbal Communication
Authors: Boegehold Alan L.
Published: September 2023

This chapter reviews sources of information about gestures in antiquity. One source comprises circumstantial references to gesture and posture in literature, that is to say, descriptions of what a character is doing with his or her body while speaking. A second important source is sculpture and painting, especially when—as all too rarely happens—a label or a bit of dialogue is included in the painting. A third source comprises certain gestures used by people in Greece and around the Mediterranean today. This last source may at first glance seem to lack authority, but as the chapter shows, some such gestures resemble those noted in ancient literature and art closely enough to serve as heuristic devices, i.e., templates by whose application missing elements of antiquity's body language can be inferred.
Homer
Authors: Boegehold Alan L.
Published: September 2023

This chapter examines the author of the Iliad and the Odyssey: Homer. It considers how rhapsodes acted out to some degree the works they recited. Homer anticipated the rhapsodes' (or his own) performance and employed elements of that performance as he composed. His syntax includes nonverbal communication as well as words. When one invokes gesture to explain an ambiguity or an anacolouthon in a text, it is important to note that for the poet both forms of expression, the verbal and the corporal, are so closely intertwined as to be indistinguishable at times. A poet or rhapsode provided the gestures that established clarity and consequence. A corollary follows naturally: it is that the word aposiopesis is not in itself without qualification appropriate in every case as a way of explaining ellipses, because physical movement, while it may be silent, does nevertheless transmit information. It is the writing that makes sentences appear to be elliptical. A speaker would have filled such silences with expressive body language.
Archaic Poets
Authors: Boegehold Alan L.
Published: September 2023

This chapter evaluates two renowned poets: one, Archilochus, who lived in the early Archaic age of Greece, and the other, Pindar, who lived at its close and on into the time we call Classical. Their audiences and their modes of performance may have differed, but the two poets spoke the same essential language, and that language included nonverbal communication. Some fragments of Archilochus's poems preserve evocative words or phrases whose articulation seems to need an attendant gesture. In creating a character who expressed himself vividly, Archilochus can hardly have failed to use his head and hands to accentuate words or pictures as he recited his poems. If there is a question as to who exactly performed the odes that Pindar composed, whether it was the poet himself or a chorus-leader or selected members of a chorus, the sort of gesture that was needed to make sense of two “incomplete” conditional sentences was easy to do.
Tragedy
Authors: Boegehold Alan L.
Published: September 2023

This chapter focuses on tragic dramas, which were written to be spoken, sung, danced, and acted out. Actors' movements of hand and body could alert audiences to single words or phrases that were meant to be quotations. Kratos is an example near the beginning of Aeschylus's Prometheus Bound. In other scenes in Aeschylus's Agamemnon, Choephoroi, and Eumenides, conditional sentences are completed by gesture. Nonverbal communication likewise provides coherence in Sophocles' Oedipus the King when Oedipus begins his search for Laios's killer. Moreover, Sophocles' Antigone, when she acts out as well as speaks her assertion that she did indeed attempt to bury Polyneikes, shows continuing confidence in the rightness of her actions. Meanwhile, some illustrations from Euripides show where actors had choices when it came to interpreting an “incomplete” conditional sentence. The nurse's response to Hermione in Andromache, Theseus's to Amphitryon in Heracles Furens, and the Nurse's to Phaedra in Hippolytos are each of them ambiguous as written text, pellucid when acted out.
Orators
Authors: Boegehold Alan L.
Published: September 2023

This chapter addresses orators, differentiating between forensic oratory and deliberative or display oratory. Oratory had a long history in Greece, and Homer attests the power of persuasion long before the art of oratory receives its formal name. By the late fifth century, a highly developed system of popular courts had evolved at Athens. As a result, men who knew how to compose persuasive arguments gained power for themselves by speaking in assemblies and courts. They also wrote speeches for those less gifted friends and clients who found themselves from time to time forced to appear in court, where deficient persuasiveness could end one's life. The chapter then looks at the works of Alcidamas, Antiphon, Andocides, Lysias, Demosthenes, and Lycurgus. It also considers the Law Code of Gortyn, which describes a series of laws inscribed on a wall that still stands (as reassembled) in Gortyn in Crete.
Historians
Authors: Boegehold Alan L.
Published: September 2023

This chapter describes three major historians: Herodotus, Thucydides, and Xenophon. All three historians present people talking, both formally and informally, and so it is to be expected that the ellipses of spoken Greek might appear from time to time in their writing. And, given what we know about reading in Athens in the late fifth and early fourth centuries, and what we know about the transmission of learning, namely that it was mostly oral, we can imagine a reader gesticulating appropriately when the ellipses appear. Herodotus and Xenophon do have their characters express themselves in elliptical sentences, and the kind of ellipsis they use suggests that they expected readers to read the text out loud and to perform as they did so. If Thucydides does not, he nevertheless says that his work is directed to a listening audience. Examples drawn from his history illustrate how gestures could change or enlarge meaning rather than how they can be equivalent to whole clauses.
Conclusion
Authors: Boegehold Alan L.
Published: September 2023

This concluding chapter explains that for a hundred years and more, certain Hellenists have been intuiting nonverbal communication sporadically as they read their Archaic and Classical Greek texts. All the poets, historians, philosophers, and orators discussed in the previous chapters read their own work aloud. They were performing their work, and as they told their stories, they supplied the gestures that filled in or amplified meaning. However, many readers to this day demur when asked to imagine a single gesture sufficing where a whole clause seems to be needed. One reason for this recalcitrance may be respect for the Greek system of modal particles. Another obstruction in the way of recognizing nonverbal communication in ellipses of syntax is the particularity of scholarly commentary.
The Hype of the ChineseMarket Star Yue Minjun
Authors: Buchholz Larissa
Published: September 2023

This chapter studies some of the factors that contributed to the unique market “explosion” by focusing on the case of Yue Minjun. The chapter outlines how Yue's success involved a global market hype that was fueled by the speculative interests and strategies of mediators from commercial centers and boosted through the nested interplay with regional and national markets. By exploiting future expectations about China's rising wealth and by using cross-border auction price signals, the chapter emphasizes that these agents attracted worldwide publicity and speculative buyers from several continents, catapulting Yue to a level in the market that far outpaced his prior symbolic recognition as an artist. This chapter underlines that Yue's case allows us to gain insights into the “rules” governing valorization in the globalizing commercial subfield. The chapter then shifts to elaborate on the three main phases in Yue's career before 2010. It then moves to a theoretical analysis of Yue's cycle of speculative valuation that looks at the interplay of macro-, micro-, and meso-level factors. The chapter concludes by stressing how Yue's case diverges from Orozco's cycle of consecration, further supporting the book's central thesis regarding a dual economy of artistic recognition in the emerging global field.
Efektivitas Kebijakan Moneter Nonkonvensional: Bukti dari Jalur Pinjaman Bank di Indonesia
Authors: Arifin Samsul Arifin , Sayifullah Sayifullah
Published: September 2023

This study analyzes the effectiveness of quantitative easing as a stimulus for bank lending in Indonesia and examines credit performance which is influenced by assets, capital and the risk of bad loans. This paper uses a balanced panel data regression model, exploring effects including individual and time fixed effects. The use of GMM to overcome bias due to the use of the dependent variable lag uses bank level data from 2020q1 to 2022q1. The results show that monetary policy is ineffective during the COVID-19 pandemic and the performance of bank lending has a downward trend. The results of the study highlight the ineffectiveness of monetary policy as indicated by a higher bank liquidity ratio which in fact has a tendency to create lower bank credit growth. The factors that determine the amount of credit are bank assets and capital. This paper contributes to the literature by investigating the effectiveness of quantitative easing as a stimulus for bank lending in Indonesia using firm-level data.
Poetry for EFL classroom: students’ self-expression and the creative process behind its creation
Authors: Mardiningrum Arifah , Adriyanthi Nisrina
Published: September 2023

In learning and teaching English as a foreign language, poetry has been used in several non-literary classes but in relatively small proportions, and the foci were mainly not on the students' self-expression and individual creative process. This research aims to understand the experiences of student-teachers majoring in English in using poetry as a means of self-expression and their creative process. This study was conducted with a qualitative approach involving six student-teachers enrolled in the English Language Study Program of a Southern Yogyakarta University, Indonesia. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and analyzed through coding. The results show that poetry became a place for self-reflection, sharing personal experiences, a place for self-awareness, and freedom of expression. Meanwhile, the creative process that the students experienced consists of receiving examples, reliving memories, free writing, finding the right place and atmosphere, writing and re-writing, and receiving and responding to feedback. The study implied that poetry could benefit students with a planned and lengthy process. The study might contribute to the field of language education by providing insights into how poetry can be incorporated into the teaching and learning process.
Screen distractions and vocabulary gains in Memrise mobile-assisted vocabulary learning (MAVL) setting
Authors: Abidin Azwar
Published: September 2023

Despite the significance of investigating the impact of screen distractions on mobile-assisted vocabulary learning (MAVL), research in this area is limited. This experimental study investigated the impact of screen distractions on participants’ Memrise MAVL experience. It employed an exploratory case study design in an EFL flipped classroom setting and examined the impact of a two-week Memrise MAVL experience on participants' vocabulary gains, time spent on the process, engagement with screen activities, and the effect of screen distractions. The results showed no significant differences in the completion of target units between the control and experimental groups. However, there was a significant difference in the total amount of screen distractions among individuals in both groups. The study also found significant correlations between participants’ total finished target words and other dependent variables. The linear regression test indicated a strong correlation between total screen distractions and participants' finished target words. Although screen distractions did not significantly affect individual performance on vocabulary gains, they did contribute to the total time spent on the process. Overall, this study highlights the potential of mobile-based apps in self-directed and independent vocabulary learning within the flipped classroom setting.
A new species of Astrosarkus from Western Australia including new Mesophotic occurrences of Indian Ocean Oreasteridae (Valvatida, Asteroidea)
Authors: Mah Christopher L.
Published: September 2023

Mah, C.L. 2023. A new species of Astrosarkus from Western Australia including new Mesophotic occurrences of Indian Ocean Oreasteridae (Valvatida, Asteroidea). Memoirs of Museum Victoria 82: 143–165. Astrosarkus lu n. sp. (Oreasteridae, Valvatida; Asteroidea) is described in addition to new in situ observations. Further occurrences of Indo-Pacific Oreasteridae are surveyed, with emphasis on distributions in the relatively poorly understood mesophotic zone.
Tinjauan Kriminologis terhadap Tindak Pidana Kekerasan oleh Anak dalam Bentuk Perundungan (Bullying)
Authors: Mulyana Andi Muhammad Agung , Akub M. Syukri , Mirzana Hijrah Adhyanti
Published: September 2023

This study aims to analyze the causes and efforts to prevent and overcome the occurrence of criminal acts of abuse by children against children. This research was conducted to collect data by distributing questionnaires containing questions related to the research concept targeting school-age children as respondents. The data collection technique is by library research and field research, the data obtained is then analyzed qualitatively and described descriptively. The results of the research show that, (1) Children tend to learn easily by applying what they see. Including bullying behavior. A child who does bullying tends to have witnessed and even felt himself being a victim of bullying which made him imitate that behavior. (2) Efforts to overcome bullying can use penal policies (criminal law) and non-penal policies (outside of criminal law). Prevention efforts can be made by teaching the consequences of bullying to children and children's rights when bullying occurs to them, as well as efforts to provide awareness to children as perpetrators of bullying by instilling in children's minds that bullying is a disgraceful act and is hated by everyone.

Abstrak

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis penyebab dan upaya pencegahan serta penanggulangan terjadinya tindak pidana penganiayaan oleh anak terhadap anak. Penelitian ini dilakukan pengumpulan data dengan cara menyebarkan kuisioner berisi pertanyaan-pertanyaan yang terkait dengan konsep penelitian yang menargetkan responden anak usia sekolah. Teknik pengumpulan data yaitu dengan penelitian kepustakaan dan penelitian lapangan, data yang diperoleh kemudian dianalisis kualitatif dan diuraikan secara deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa, (1) Anak cenderung mempelajari dengan mudah mengaplikasikan apa yang dilihatnya. Termasuk dengan perilaku perundungan. Seorang anak akan yang melakukan perundungan cenderung pernah menyaksikan bahkan merasakan sendiri menjadi korban perundungan yang membuatnya menirukan perilaku tersebut. (2) Upaya penanggulangan perundungan dapat menggunakan kebijakan penal (hukum pidana) dan kebijakan non penal (di luar hukum pidana). Upaya pencegahan dapat dilakukan dengan cara mengajarkan akibat dari perundungan kepada anak dan hak-hak anak ketika perundungan terjadi pada dirinya, serta upaya memberikan kesadaran kepada anak sebagai pelaku perundungan dengan cara menanamkan kepada pemikiran anak bahwa perundungan merupakan perbuatan tercela dan dibenci oleh semua orang.
Strategi Generik Porter Berbasis Maslahah dalam Mewujudkan Kesejahteraan Usaha
Authors: Rasit Yuli Irawan , Misbahuddin Misbahuddin , Syahruddin Syahruddin , La Parasit La Parasit
Published: September 2023

Konsep Strategi Generik berbasis maslahah yang digunakan sebagai strategi usaha dalam bisnis sebagai salah satu strategi yang digunakan dalam meningkatkan usaha sehingga dapat mensejahterakan ekonomi masyarakat terkhusus pada para pemilik usaha  yang sesuai dengan prinsip-prinsip Islam. Syariat Islam hadir mengangkat nilai-nilai Islami menjadi problem solving antara nilai egoisme dan alturisme sekaligus spiritualisme, karena syariat Islam hakikatnya adalah untuk mewujudkan kemaslahatan. Adapun tujuan penelitian yaitu: (1) Bagaimana Strategi Generik Berbasis Maslahah pada Usaha Kuliner Warunk Bakso Mas Cingkrank Makassar; (2) Bagaimana Strategi Generik Berbasis Maslahah dalam Mewujudkan Kesejahteraan Pemilik Usaha. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah kualitatif dengan pendekatan fenomenologi. Warunk Bakso Mas Cingkrank menggunakan strategi diferensiasi yaitu mengutamakan kualitas produk tayib dan halal dan menerapkan kultur Islami secara keseluruhan pada aspek bisnisnya. Adapun kesejahteraan yang diperoleh oleh pemilik usaha yaitu kesejahteraan dari segi ekonomi berupa peningkatan laba, pengembangan usaha, pemenuhan kebutan; kesejahteraan social berupa terciptanya rasa aman dan tentram serta relasi bisnis yang saling menguntungkan; kesejahteraan spiritual berupa ketenangan jiwa serta memperoleh keberkahan dalam usaha. Implikasi dari temuan penelitian ini yaitu Strategi Generik Warunk Bakso Mas Cingkrank telah sesuai dengan prinsip kemaslahatan yaitu usaha yang berkultur Islami dan produk yang diproduksi secara tayib dan halal, namun akan lebih baik lagi jika terus mengoptimalkan strategi lainnya bukan hanya pada segi diferensiasi melainkan dapat mengupayakan untuk pencapaian cost leadership agar seluruh konsumen pun dapat merasakan kemaslahatan berupa harga produk yang murah.
Kecerdasan Sosial dalam Al-Qur’an (Kajian Tematik terhadap Term تعاون )
Authors: Hamid Mh. Afdal , M M. Galib , Mahfudz Muhsin
Published: September 2023

Kecerdasan sosial perspektif Al-Quran bukan hanya menjelaskan tentang bagaimana kemampuan manusia berhubungan dengan manusia lainnya (Hablum minannas), tetapi lebih fundamental lagi bahwa dari berhubungan baik dengan orang lain bertujuan untuk mencari ridho Allah swt (Hablum minallah). Penulis melakukan klasifikasi ayat berdasarkan urutan urutan turunnya ayat, maka hasilnya term تعاون terkadang di maksudkan  sebagai sarana untuk memelihara sifat kemanusiaan antar sesama dengan tujuan untuk mencari ridho Allah swt, Olehnya itu dengan adanya penelitian ini maka akan memberikan tambahan referensi dalam hal kajian tafsir dan psikologi, adapun metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah metode tematik dengan deskriptif kualitatif, melalui studi kepustakaan (library reserch), dan pendekatan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah pendekatan tafsir dan psikologi, dengan demikian dan hasilnya dapat disimpulkan bahwa Kecerdasan sosial dengan tolong menolong menurut Al-Quran adalah kemampuan seseorang dalam berhubungan baik dengan orang lain dengan tujuan mencari ridho Allah, dalam berhubungan baik dengan seseorang, Al-Qur’an mengisyaratkan untuk senantiasa saling memberi, meringankan beban, bantu membantu dalam hal ini disebut dalam Al-Qur’an dengan term تعاون artinya “tolong menolong”. Wujud kecerdasan sosial tolong menolong menurut Al-Qur’an mengandung dalam dua dimensi yaitu dimensi sosial dan dimensi religious. ta’awun sangat penting dalam persoalan kehidupan manusia bahkan dalam Al-Qur’an mengancam orang-orang yang enggan untuk menolong dengan kedudukan celaka, sebagaimana dalam (QS. Al-Maun:1-7), selain itu setiap mukmin itu bersaudara karena iman, sehingga kewajiban saudara adalah tolong menolong, saling membantu, dalam interaksi sosial di masyarakat. dengan tolong menolong menumbuhkan kecerdasan sosial yang tinggi, sehingga tercipta kesatuan dan persatuan dan pada akhirnya akan berbudaya pada setiap lapisan masyarakat
Evaluation of Tomato Cultivars against Early Leaf Blight (Alternaria solani) in net greenhouse Qatar
Authors: Mazen Mohamed , Shamari Hamad Al- , Maliki Sowaid A. Al- , Kuwari Aisha Al-
Published: September 2023

The current study was conducted at the Alutouriya research station under the Agriculture Research Department in the Ministry of Municipality, Qatar, during the years 2020–2021, and 2021–2022, to test the response of various tomato cultivars against early blight. Early blight is the most devastating fungal disease of tomatoes, caused by Alternaria solani. It is one of the most common foliar diseases in tomatoes. The disease can occur in a wide range of climatic conditions but is most prominent in areas with moderate temperatures and high relative humidity. In this study, ten tomato cultivars were evaluated for highly resistant (HR), resistant (R), moderately resistant (MR), moderately susceptible (MS), and susceptible (S) reactions under natural net greenhouse conditions. Alternaria solani produces oblivious green, gray, and brown-to-black colonies when grown on PDA medium. Assessments on the mean percent disease index and severity grade of symptoms were recorded for each cultivar. Only one cultivar, 71 (banana legs), was recorded as moderately susceptible in both years with a high PDI value and symptom severity grade. The cultivars fruit weight for each cultivar was calculated to determine the productivity of the tomato plant. The maximum and minimum temperatures with relative humidity were recorded every week from November to February for the years 2022-2021 and 2021-2020. This data revealed that most of the cultivars used for this study were resistant to early blight.
Research and Application of Digital Classroom Teaching Development in the Post-Pandemic Era
Authors: Li Tongxing , Zhang Yongfeng , Tan Xiaoyu
Published: September 2023

With the continuous development of information technology, digital classrooms are becoming more adapted to the demands of talent cultivation in the modern era. The digital classroom teaching model is a reform of traditional teaching methods, and constructing a digital classroom allows for more flexible organization of instructional design, fostering students' creative thinking and enhancing their overall qualities. Seizing the opportunity for the development of applied universities, our school is constructing a locally distinctive path of information technology. This article takes higher mathematics as an example to elaborate on the practical application experience of digital classroom teaching development. In conclusion, this article summarizes the shortcomings in the process of digital classroom construction, which holds certain reference value and significance for future work.
Research on the Right to Study of Student-Athletes as a Student: Regarding the expansion of the permissible number of absent days as acknowledged attendance
Authors:   Korean Association of International Association of Constitutional Law, KIM Sun Ryang
Published: September 2023

Elite sports education in Korea has structural contradictions. In other words, the process of elite sports is that professional exercise instructors provide intensive and systematic education for talented players. However, it is judged that since life sports are not active except for some sports in Korea, in many cases, talents are often discovered by starting elite sports education first. Furthermore, such elite sports education is directly linked to the college admission process for sport-specialty students, which means that the decision to quit athletics in the middle is to give up going to college, so student-athletes have no choice but to continue training and participating in competitions, even if they are not athletically gifted.
As a result of a complete enumeration survey by the National Human Rights Commission of Korea, it was investigated that school classes were not being conducted properly in the case of student-athletes. Although remedial classes are supposed to make up for missing classes through the e-school system, in addition to an issue about the fidelity of learning when taking e-school, more importantly, e-school classes cannot replace character education and socialization education as a member of the community to be acquired in school life. Just the initial idea of introducing the e-school system for student-athletes meant that the Ministry of Education itself acknowledged the deficiencies of regular classes due to the activities of school athletic clubs, but it did not prepare an alternative to character education and socialization education.
Character education and socialization education, such as the acquisition of universal knowledge for independent living of each citizen, as well as the virtues required as members of a social community, can be said to be essential elements for survival as a human being. That is why the Constitution stipulates the compulsory education system as a responsibility of the state.
The recent measure by the Ministry of Education to expand the number of days acknowledged as attendance for student-athletes is an act of neglecting the state's obligations for 6 years of elementary education and 3 years of secondary education, which are stipulated in the Constitution. If school education with a public nature is disrupted by private education in the structure of school sports, it means that the state has rather taken advantage of school sports power despite its duty and responsibility to regulate appropriately for the normalization of school education. It would be reasonable for the government to face up to the structural problems of elite sports education and present solutions.
Implications and Repercussions of the Dobbs Decision on Minority Rights
Authors:   Korean Association of International Association of Constitutional Law, Han YooJin
Published: September 2023

On June 24, 2022, the United States Supreme Court effectively removed the right to abortion from the list of fundamental rights under the U.S. Constitution in Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization. The right to abortion had been considered a core right, derived from the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment since its affirmation in Roe v. Wade in 1973, but it lost its constitutional value and stature in the U.S. federal legal system nearly half a century later. The debate and conflict surrounding the Dobbs decision echo the social unrest that the Roe decision, which first recognized abortion rights, initially induced.
This article does not engage directly with the varied and contentious positions on abortion that rest on religious, moral, and political grounds. Rather, it seeks to discuss the impact of the Dobbs decision on the rights of minorities from the perspective of constitutional theory and judicial policy. The Dobbs decision not only directly affects the lives and rights of women in the United States, but it also potentially represents a critical turning point in the rights of minorities in general when viewed in light of the legal principles it espoused. Based on the Fourteenth Amendment (Due Process Clause, Equal Protection Clause), the U.S. Supreme Court has discovered a series of individual liberties and rights that are not explicitly stipulated in the constitutional text through interpretation, recognizing these as fundamental rights deserving of special constitutional protection. Restrictions or discrimination relating to fundamental rights are subjected to a high-intensity judicial review standard and are strictly controlled. The method and criteria for recognizing fundamental rights are extremely important in activating the human rights advocacy function of the U.S. Supreme Court and have a profound impact on minorities, who can only expect judicial protection as they cannot secure respect for their values and lifestyles in the political process governed by majority rule. The Supreme Court has long used ‘history and tradition’ as a key criterion in confirming fundamental rights, but the Dobbs decision applied this criterion in a more conservative direction. As a result, the decision curtailed the progressive trend observed in the fundamental rights analysis in the 2015 Obergefell v. Hodges decision, leading to what can be seen as a counter-revolutionary conclusion - ‘evicting’ the right to abortion from the list of fundamental rights. From this point, the Dobbs decision can be assessed as a rupture in the constitutional progress that the Supreme Court has made based on the Fourteenth Amendment's fundamental rights analysis, as well as a fracture in the role and function of advocating for minority rights that the Supreme Court has emphasized.
Research on the development mode of cultural tourism industry based on the concept of low carbon and environmental protection by big data analysis
Authors: Zhang Wei , Lu Xucai , Han Ping
Published: September 2023

In order to build a low-carbon and environmentally friendly cultural tourism business, this research analyzes data on user characteristics, tourist attractions, and functional qualities. The clustering technique is used to examine the clustering features of the industry development, and the spatial variation characteristics of the industry development are developed with the aid of the closest neighbor index, standard ellipse, and kernel density estimation methods. In order to analyze the degree of development of this industry, the integration degree model was constructed by the entropy weighting method. The analysis shows that the growth rate of the central and western regions is 32.2% and 28.8%, respectively, while the growth rate of the eastern region is 22.7%. The integration degree of the eastern region ranges from 0.12 to 0.85, the integration degree of the western region ranges from 0.18 to 0.9, and the integration degree of the central region ranges from 0.2 to 0.8. Based on this study, the integration development of the low-carbon environmental protection concept and the cultural tourism industry is thriving.
Improving the quality of preschool education management based on the ordinary differential error approximation method
Authors: Zheng Wei
Published: September 2023

Improving the quality of preschool education management is the basic guarantee of national talent training. In this paper, the data envelopment analysis of resource allocation efficiency of preschool education is conducted by analyzing the characteristics of preschool education and the allocation process of educational resources. Based on the original input and original output, the productivity of preschool education is analyzed by combining different environmental variables in the CCR model. The asymptotic approximation method was used to improve the fit of the initial data and to speed up the convergence of the fit by weighting. Based on the study of preschool education in County M, kindergartens with resource allocation at a high level ( 0.8≤ θ <1.0) or a medium level ( 0.6≤ θ < 0.8) remained largely unchanged. The mean values of the combined technical efficiency of each kindergarten were 0.657, 0.702, and 0.759, respectively, and more than half of them were at a higher level. The data analysis based on the error approximation method can effectively avoid the problem of data overfitting and thus extract the key factors of preschool education management.
Research on the application of virtual reality technology in contemporary environmental design
Authors: Su Bingjie , Ren Qing
Published: September 2023

The development and application of virtual reality technology can help the innovative application of environmental design. This paper first focuses on the application of virtual reality technology in the natural environment based on the development of environmental design and the integration of natural geographical conditions. In fact, the focus is on the analysis of virtual reality technology. Selected 3D reconstruction technology algorithms, including camera calibration profile, pair of polar geometry and single response matrix, matching cost and quality assessment index. Finally, the natural environment simulation experiment is constructed based on virtual reality technology. The average real-time rendering FPS of the unoptimized vegetation distribution interval decreases continuously with the increase in the number of vegetation models. When the average vegetation number is around 54,672, the average FPS decreases to around per 53. When the average vegetation count is at 97,713, the average FPS drops to about 28 frames per second. The average real-time dye FPS stabilizes at around 50 after using the LOD multi-detail hierarchical model.
Modeling Analysis of the Contribution of Digital Technology to Economic Quality Development
Authors: Pan Xiangyan
Published: September 2023

This paper first starts with the positive impact of digital technology on both industry and society levels and puts forward the hypothesis that digital technology has a facilitating effect on economic quality development. Secondly, the evaluation system of economic quality development is established, and the BP neural network algorithm is used to synthesize each basic index in the evaluation index system. Then the basic measurement model is constructed based on the hypothesis, and the objective indicators are given weights by CRITIC-entropy combination weighting model and TOPSIS method. Finally, the hypotheses are analyzed empirically using benchmark regression while robustness tests are conducted. The study shows that for every 1 standard deviation increase in the digital development index, the logarithmic value of economic quality development will increase by 2.38%.
Analysis of the problems and countermeasures faced by the innovation and entrepreneurial education of college students in higher education institutions under the background of computer big data
Authors: Jin Xiaoxia
Published: September 2023

The issues of teaching innovation and entrepreneurship to college students in higher education institutions are first examined in this research, respectively, in terms of practical activities, evaluation system, and faculty strength. Based on the CIPP theory, the assessment framework for innovation and entrepreneurial education was developed, and the redundant indexes were screened by using the improved hierarchical analysis method. Secondly, the AHM-GRA model was used to conduct an in-depth analysis of the innovation and entrepreneurship curriculum at higher education institutions. Finally, the index system was empirically analyzed through gray correlation analysis. The results show that, on average, the approach utilized in this work performs 12.67% better than the fuzzy comprehensive assessment. With the help of this methodology, higher education institutions may assess their current level of innovation and entrepreneurship instruction and strive to improve it.
The design of rural farmland compensation standard under the innovative model of “blockchain + supply chain finance”
Authors: Tang Weibo
Published: September 2023

This paper firstly evaluates the value of farmland by using the “blockchain + supply chain finance” model and determines the compensation index. Secondly, a cropland value model based on the GM model and Hedonic model is constructed, and the base revenue price and feature adjustment price are calculated. Finally, the dynamic driving factors were analyzed, including the dynamic changes in the amount of arable land and the tripartite game process of farmers, government and developers, and the economic compensation standard for arable land protection based on comprehensive value was proposed. The results show that the average value of the economic compensation standard for arable land protection in city H is 17.83 million/hm
2, and the Moran’s I of the compensation standard is 0.8567, which passes the Z-value test (p-value is 0.005<0.05). It can be found that “blockchain + supply chain finance” provides some theoretical and practical references for the protection of rural farmland.
Study on the spatial and temporal evolution of industrial carbon emission efficiency and influencing factors based on improved Adaboost regression algorithm
Authors: Li Guozhi , Yuan Na , Jiang Mengying , Yan Shixuan , Lou Mengwei
Published: September 2023

This paper first combines the traditional Adaboost iterative algorithm and logistic regression algorithm to construct an improved Adaboost based regression algorithm. In order to solve the problem of the redundant amount or insufficient amount of output of industrial carbon emissions, the SBM model is divided into two stages, and by merging this method, the industrial carbon emission efficiency measuring model is created, While the Global Moran’s I index is used to assess the geographical impact of industrial carbon emission efficiency. Additionally, a model of the influence of emission efficiency based on the geographical effect is built through the selection of the explanatory variables of the influencing factors. According to the study, the industrial carbon emission efficiency is growing at an annual rate of 1.8% during the period of fast expansion, 0.4% in the steady growth stage, and the Z value of STI is 0.38 is significant in spatial autocorrelation.