bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ADRENERGIC INFLUENCES ON THE SPINAL CARDIOVASCULAR NEURONES
Authors: PANT K. K. , TANGRI K. K. , BHARGAVA K. P.
Published: January 2008

In cervical spinal cord transected and bilaterally vagotomized dogs, intrathecal (i.t.) injection of clonidine decreased the resting heart rate and mean arterial pressure (MAP) while isoprenaline increased the heart rate. The clonidine induced bradycardia and hypotension were antagonized by piperoxan pretreatment. Similarly, the isoprenaline induced tachycardia was antagonized by pretreatment (i.t.) with atenolol. Intrathecal atenolol per se decreased the heart rate and MAP while piperoxan had no effect.

The post‐coronary artery ligation cardiac arrhythmia, in the cervical spinal cord transected and bilaterally vagotomized dogs, was inhibited by clonidine, phenylephrine and methoxamine and facilitated by isoprenaline.

β‐Adrenoreceptor antagonists propranolol, atenolol and acebutolol, given intrathecally, inhibited while piperoxan facilitated the cardiac arrhythmia.

The clonidine and isoprenaline induced changes in the arrhythmia were antagonized by i.t. pretreatment with piperoxan and atenolol respectively.

It appears that the α‐adrenoreceptors are inhibitory while β‐adrenoreceptors are facilitatory for spinal control of heart rate and blood pressure and for post‐coronary artery ligation cardiac arrhythmia.
SELECTIVE STIMULATION OF VASCULAR POSTJUNCTIONAL α1‐ADRENORECEPTORS BY (‐)‐AMIDEPHRINE IN RATS AND CATS
Authors: MATHY MARIE‐JEANNE , DOODS H. N. , THOOLEN M. J. M. C. , WILFFERT B. , DE JONGE A. , TIMMERMANS P. B. M. W. M. , VAN ZWIETEN P. A.
Published: January 2008

The vasopressor and chronotropic responses of (‐)‐amidephrine and the receptor types involved were studied in pithed rats of different strains and in pithed cats.

The increase in diastolic pressure of pithed rats after i.v. administration of (‐)‐amidephrine was not influenced by pretreatment with propranolol (1 mg/kg, i.v.), reserpine (2 times 5mg/kg in 48 h i.p.) or yohimbine (1 mg/kg, i.v.), but was strongly antagonized by prazosin (0.1 mg/kg, i.v.). In pithed cats, the pressor responses were antagonized by prazosin (1 mg/kg, i.v.) but much less so by yohimbine (1 mg/kg, i.v.).

(‐)‐Amidephrine elicited minor positive chronotropic responses in pithed rats and pithed cats. This tachycardia was not influenced by propranolol (1 mg/kg, i.v.) but was abolished by prazosin (0.1 – 1.0 mg/kg).

The results show that (‐)‐amidephrine acts as a selective agonist at vascular postjunctional α‐adrenoreceptors in pithed rats and pithed cats. The positive chronotropic effects are attributable to stimulation of α‐adrenoreceptors in the heart.
PHARMACOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF α‐ADRENORECEPTOR SUBTYPES IN RAT ISOLATED THORACIC AORTA
Authors: HAMED A. T. , JOHNSON T. D. , CHARLTON K. G. , CLARKE D. E.
Published: January 2008

The subtype of α‐adrenoreceptor mediating contraction in rat isolated thoracic aorta was classified pharmacologically using preferential agonists and antagonists, and by utilizing mixed agonist and antagonist interactions.

Noradrenaline was 8 to 10‐times more potent at contracting the aorta than phenylephrine and both agonists were about 1000 and 10,000‐fold respectively more potent than azepexole (a preferential α2,‐agonist).

Prazosin (a preferential α1,‐antagonist) inhibited the dose‐response curves to noradrenaline and phenylephrine 100 and 1000‐times respectively more effectively than either phentolamine or rauwolscine (a preferential α2‐antagonist). Furthermore, prazosin (5 times 10‐9M). completely abolished contractions elicited by a single concentration of azepexole (3 times 10‐4M).

In mixed antagonist studies, rauwolscine (5 times 10‐7M) failed to shift the dose‐response curves to nor‐adrenaline and phenylephrine obtained in the presence of prazosin (5 times 10‐9M).

In mixed agonist experiments, azepexole (3 times 10‐4M) acted as a partial antagonist toward phenylephrine‐induced contractions.

The results suggest that the α‐adrenoreceptor of the rat thoracic aorta is predominantly, if not exclusively, of the α1‐subtype.
β‐ADRENORECEPTOR‐MEDIATED MODULATION OF VASOCONSTRICTION IN RAT ISOLATED PERFUSED MESENTERIC ARTERIES
Authors: BORKOWSKI K. R. , PORTER M.
Published: January 2008

Pressor responses to bolus injections of noradrenaline (NA) were studied, in the isolated perfused rat mesenteric arterial bed, in the presence of β‐adrenoreceptor agonists and antagonists, in an attempt to identify a possible β‐adrenoreceptor mediated modulation of catecholamine‐induced vasoconstrictor effects.

NA‐induced responses were potentiated in the presence of timolol and (‐)propranolol and suppressed in the presence of (‐)isoprenaline; (+)isoprenaline was less effective against the NA‐induced responses.

Timolol attenuated the effects of (‐)isoprenaline on NA‐induced responses but not those of the stereoisomer (+)isoprenaline.

It is concluded that the NA‐induced pressor effect in the rat mesenteric vasculature is the net result of vasoconstrictor α‐ and vasodilator β‐adrenoreceptor activation and that the interaction of the two opposing adrenoreceptor‐mediated effects represents a ‘physiological antagonism’.
EFFECTS OF AMITRIPTYLINE, DESIPRAMINE AND MIANSERIN ON NORADRENERGIC TRANSMISSION IN THE RAT ISOLATED RIGHT VENTRICLE
Authors: BRADLEY LYNN , DOGGRELL SHEILA A.
Published: January 2008

The effects of amitriptyline, desipramine and mianserin on the accumulation of radioactivity from [3H]‐noradrenaline, and on the subsequent spontaneous and field stimulation‐evoked outflow of radioactivity have been investigated in the rat isolated right ventricle. In addition the effect of these agents on contractions produced by isoprenaline or by field stimulation are reported.

Amitriptyline, desipramine (both at ≥ 10‐8M) and mianserin at ≥ 10‐7M inhibited the accumulation of radioactivity from [3H]‐noradrenaline.

The decline in the spontaneous outflow of radioactivity, following loading of the tissue with [3H]‐noradrenaline, was not altered by amitriptyline, desipramine or mianserin.

Rauwolscine, amitriptyline, desipramine and mianserin (all at 10‐6M) reduced or reversed the decline in outflow of radioactivity evoked by field stimulation at 5 Hz. Desipramine had no additional effects in the presence of cocaine (10‐5M) and amitriptyline and mianserin had no further effect in the presence of cocaine and rauwolscine. The effect of desipramine probably represents inhibition of neuronal uptake and that of amitriptiyline and mianserin blockade of neuronal uptake and prejunctional α2‐adrenoreceptors.

The rate of beating in the presence of isoprenaline (10‐6M) was reduced by amitriptyline (10‐7M), desipramine (10‐6M) and mianserin Higher concentrations of the antidepressants greatly reduced or abolished the rate and force of beating in the presence of isoprenaline.

The force of contractions evoked by field stimulation at 5Hz was increased to a small extent by amitriptyline, desipramine and mianserin at 10‐7M and reduced by the antidepressants at 10‐5M. It is suggested that in the rat isolated right ventricle, the inability of antidepressants to potentiate contractile responses to field stimulation to a great extent as a consequence of blocking neuronal uptake and prejunctional α‐adrenoreceptors is due to a decreased excitability of the postjunctional β‐adrenoreceptors.
DOCA‐SALT INDUCED MYOCARDIAL SENSITIZATION TO VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION BY ISOPRENALINE IN RATS. ROLE OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTME
Authors: HEALY C. , GUIDER G.
Published: January 2008

The possible role of the autonomic nervous system in the development of myocardial sensitization to isoprenaline produced by DOCA‐salt pretreatment was evaluated in bilaterally unanaesthetized rats subject to chronic ganglionic blockade with chlorisondamine or hexamethonium and to treatment with 6‐hydroxydopamine.

Isoprenaline produced ventricular fibrillation and death in rats pretreated for 6 days wirh DOCA (20 mg pellet, s.c.) and 0.9% saline. The incidence of mortality was dose dependent and was 76.6% with 150 pgfkg of isoprenaline.

Adrenalectomy did not alter the mortality rate. The combination of adrenalectomy with concurrent chronic ganglionic blockade significantly decreased the incidence of mortality and delayed the time of death.

In contrast, 6‐hydroxydopamine treatment and adrenalectomy did not alter the incidence of mortality nor time of death.

No differences in myocardial noradrenaline turnover were detected in rats susceptible and non‐susceptible to death in ventricular fibrillation.

We conclude that myocardial sensitization to isoprenaline induced by DOCA‐salt requires a neurogenic component, which is not, however, manifested by changes in myocardial noradrenaline turnover.
COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTS OF LABETALOL AND SCH 19927, THE RIR ISOMER OF LABETALOL, ON THE RAT ISOLATED RIGHT VENTRICLE AND AORTA
Authors: DOGGRELL SHEILA A. , HUGHES E. W.
Published: January 2008

The effects of labetalol and its RIR isomer, SCH 19927, on the accumulation of radioactivity from [3H]‐noradrenaline, and on the subsequent spontaneous and nerve‐evoked outflow of radioactivity have been investigated in the rat isolated right ventricle. In addition, the effect of these agents on the contractions of the electrically‐driven rat right ventricle to isoprenaline and of the rat isolated aorta to phenylephrine and 5‐hydroxytryptamine are reported.

Labetalol and SCH 19927 (both at 10‐6M) inhibited the accumulation of radioactivity from [3HJ‐noradrenaline by 26 and 37%, respectively.

The spontaneous outflow of radioactivity, following loading of the ventricle with [3H]‐noradrenaline, was increased by labetalol and SCH 19927 (both at 1OP6M) by a cocaine and idazoxan‐insensitive mechanism.

The nerve‐evoked outflow of radioactivity was increased by labetalol and SCH 19927 (both at 10‐6M). The ability of labetalol and SCH 19927, to increase nerve‐evoked outflow was maintained in the presence of cocaine (lO‐5M) or idazoxan (10‐7M) but reversed in the presence of cocaine and idazoxan. It is suggested that labetalol and its RIR isomer act both to inhibit neuronal uptake of noradrenaline and as antagonists at prejunctional orz‐adrenoreceptors. Labetalol and SCH 19927 reduced the contractile responses associated with the nerve‐evoked outflow of radioactivity probably mainly by acting as antagonists at postjunctional p1 ‐adrenoreceptors.

The contractile responses of the electrically‐driven rat right ventricle to isoprenaline were inhibited by labetalol and SCH 19927. SCH 12297 (pA2 = 8.9) was 4 times more potent than labetalol (pA2 = 8.3) as a p1‐adrenoreceptor antagonist. The ability of labetalol and SCH 19927 at 2 10‐7M to depress maximal responses to isoprenaline may represent membrane stabilizing activity.

The contractile responses of rat aorta to phenylephrine were inhibited by labetalol and SCH 19927. Labetalol (pA2 = 7.5) was 4X more potent than SCH 19927 (pA2 = 6.9) as an al‐adrenoreceptor antagonist. SCH 19927 and labetalol had no effect on contractile responses to 5‐hydroxytryptamine.
INFLUENCE OF URAPIDIL ON α‐ AND β‐ADRENORECEPTORS IN PITHED RATS
Authors: SANDERS K H. , KILIAN U. , KOLASSA N. , SCHOETENSACK W.
Published: January 2008

The interaction of urapidil with pre‐ and postsynaptic a‐adrenoreceptors and with postsynaptic 8‐ adrenoreceptors was studied in pithed normotensive rats and compared to the effects of clonidine, prazosin, and atenolol.

I.v. injection of urapidil did not substantially change blood pressure, while clonidine raised blood pressure.

Urapidil dose‐dependently antagonized the pressor effects of the al‐agonist L‐phenylephrine (pDR2 6.8) and of the a2‐agonist azepexole (pDR2 5.2). Compared to urapidil, prazosin was a more potent antagonist of phenylephrine at postsynaptic vascular al‐adrenoreceptors (pDR2 8.7) and of azepexole at a2‐adrenoreceptors (pDR2 5.6).

Urapidil inhibited the tachycardia produced by discontinuous or continuous electrical stimulation of the thoracic spinal outflows (IDSo 4.8 and 27.2 Fmol/kg, respectively). In contrast to the inhibitory action of clonidine (IDSo 0.039 and 0.023 pmolikg, respectively), the inhibition by urapidil was not reversed by the selective a2‐antagonist rauwolscine (10 pmolikg). Prazosin did not change stimulation‐evoked tachycardia but atenolol caused pronounced inhibition (IDS0 0.158 prnol/kg, discontinous stimulation).

Umpidi! dcse‐APnendently –r antagerincd the tachycardic effect of isoprenaIinP nt g:‐adrennreceptors (pDR2 5.1) but also exhibited intrinsic activity by increasing basal heart rate (maximum effect of urapidil was 30% of that of isoprenaline). Urapidil did not change the vasodilatory P2‐adrenoreceptor‐mediated effect of isoprenaline.

The results suggest that urapidil is an antagonist at postsynaptic vascular el‐ and a2‐adrenoreceptors, with a greater potency against al‐adrenoreceptors. An agonistic interaction of urapidil with presynaptic a2‐adrenoreceptors could not be demonstrated in pithed rats. Instead, the inhibition by urapidil of stimulation‐evoked tachycardia could be accounted for by its bl‐adrenoreceptor antagonistic effect.
ROLE OF DOPAMINE AND α‐ADRENORECEPTORS IN THE CONTROL OF GASTRIC EMPTYING IN THE RAT: POSSIBLE INVOLVEMENT IN THE MECHANISM OF ACTION OF METOCLOPRAMIDE
Authors: COOPER S. M. , McRITCHIE B.
Published: January 2008

The object of the study was to investigate the effects of dopamine receptor and a‐adrenoreceptor agonists and antagonists on the gastric emptying of a liquid test meal in conscious rats and the possible involvement of these receptors in the mechanism of action of metoclopramide.

The gastric emptying of a liquid test meal in conscious chronic gastric fistula rats was delayed following subcutaneous administration of either 6,7‐ADTN (1‐50 mgikg) or clonidine (0.05‐1 mgikg). Phenylephrine (0.2–10 mg/kg s.c.) had no effect on gastric emptying, suggesting that dopamine and a2‐, but not al‐adrenoreceptors may be involved in the control of gastric emptying in the rat.

Phentolamine (0.2–5 mg/kg s.c.) and prazosin (0.1–0.5 mg/kg s.c.) potentiated the delay in gastric emptying induced by 6,7‐ADTNY whilst yohimbine (1–5 mg/kg s.c.) and prazosin (0.1–0.5 mg/kg s.c.) reversed the delay in emptying induced by clonidine. All three a‐adrenoreceptor antagonists also delayed gastric emptying in the absence of agonist. Propranolol(0.2–5 mgikg s.c.) had no effect on either normal or delayed gastric emptying.

Both metoclopramide (1–10 mg/kg s.c.) and haloperidol (0.02–0.5 mgikg s.c.) reversed the 6,7‐ADTN‐induced delayed emptying but not the clonidine‐induced delayed emptying. In addition, metoclopramide (5–10 mg/kg s.c.), but not haloperidol, increased gastric emptying in the absence of agonist.

In conclusion, these results show that dopamine and a‐adrenoreceptors may be involved in the control of gastric emptying in the rat. However, it would appear that a2‐adrenoreceptors are unlikely to be involved in the mechanism of action of metoclopramide. Although there is some evidence that peripheral dopamine receptors may be involved, the fact that metoclopramide significantly increased gastric emptying in the absence of 6,7‐ADTN suggests that its dopamine receptor antagonist properties may contribute only in part towards its mechanism of action.
RELATIVE CONTRIBUTION OF DIFFERENT VASCULAR BEDS TO THE PRESSOR EFFECTS OF α‐ADRENORECEPTOR AGONISTS AND VASOPRESSIN IN PITHED RATS: RADIOACTIVE MICROSPHERE DETERMINATION
Authors: WALDRON C. J. , HICKS P. E.
Published: January 2008

The relative fractional distribution of SICr‐labelled microspheres was evaluated in pithed rats during equieffective vascoconstrictor responses evoked by infusions of the α‐adrenoreceptor agonists methoxamine (α1‐selective), UK‐ 14,304 (α2‐selective) or vasopressin. The proportion of injected radioactive microspheres trapped in each tissue during a sustained pressor response relative to saline treated controls is considered a reflection of the degree of local vascoconstriction in the tissue analysed.

All three agonists (methoxamine, UK‐14,304 and vasopressin) decreased the number of micro‐spheres trapped in the mesentery and tail. Only methoxamine reduced the blood flow to the kidney and spleen. UK‐14,304 did not modify the number of microspheres in the sample of skeletal muscle, however, both vasopressin and methoxamine reduced the blood flow to this tissue. Vasopressin increased the counts in the lungs and particularly in the liver but decreased the number of spheres trapped in the stomach and skin. In contrast to the a‐adrenoreceptor agonists, vasopressin did not increase the number of microspheres trapped in the heart.

Since a reduction in the number of microspheres trapped in the tissue reflects a decrease in blood flow, to that organ it is reasonable to conclude that al‐adrenoreceptor stimulation increases kidney, spleen, mesentery, caudal and skeletal muscle vascular resistance, whereas a2‐adrenoreceptors appear to preferentially vasoconstrict the mesenteric and the caudal vascular beds.
A technique for simultaneously comparing the release of noradrenaline evoked by field stimulation and by propagated nerve impulses in rabbit ear arteries
Authors: Rand M. J. , Story D. F. , Sutton I.
Published: January 2008

1 A technique has been described which utilized radiotracer methods to measure the release of transmitter noradrenaline, simultaneously, from segments of rabbit ear artery subjected to field stimulation and propagated nerve impulses.

2 The release of radioactivity from arteries labelled with 3H‐noradrenaline was much greater in the segment subjected to field stimulation than in the segment stimulated by propagated nerve impulses.

3 The release of radioactivity from segments invaded by nerve impulses decreased progressively with increases in frequency through the range of 10–50 Hz, using 150 pulses at 10, 15, 20, 30 and 50 Hz. However, the release remained constant in the field stimulated segments throughout the frequency range used.
The relationship between blood gastrin levels and gastric secretion in conscious dogs
Authors: Magee D. F. , Murphy R. F. , Naruse S.
Published: January 2008

1 In conscious dogs with gastric fistulae and Heidenhain pouches, acid and pepsin secretion, immunoreactive plasma pancreatic polypeptide (PP) and gastrin were measured following intravenously administered pentagastrin, cholinomimetics, and intragastric administration of milk.

2 Pentagastrin did not raise endogenous plasma gastrin. There was a significant positive dose‐response relationship between pentagastrin and acid and fistula pepsin secretions, but not between plasma gastrin of endogenous origin and gastric secretion.

3 Carbachol raised plasma gastrin immunoreactivity; but in no instance was there a significant relationship between gastric secretion and plasma gastrin immunoreactivity. Gastric acid secretion faded, but plasma gastrin concentrations did not.

4 PP plasma immunoreactivity was elevated by methacholine and carbachol. Its levels correlated significantly with gastric acid secretion. Pentagastrin did not raise PP and its levels did not, therefore, correlate with gastric acid secretion.

5 Intragastric milk raised plasma gastrin immunoreactivity; but the acid secretion per pg of plasma gastrin was much smaller than with the cholinomimetics. Ganglionic blocking agents depressed both plasma gastrin and acid and pepsin secretion.

6 The results suggest that cholinomimetics sensitize parietal cells to the stimulating action of gastrin.
Myocardial chronotropic and inotropic responsiveness in vitro after chronic α‐adrenoreceptor blockade in the rat
Authors: Brown Margaret D.
Published: January 2008

1 Positive chronotropic and inotropic myocardial responses to different adrenoreceptor agonists were studied using isolated right atria and left ventricular papillary muscles from rats treated orally for 5 weeks with prazosin, an α1‐antagonist, or vehicle (distilled water).

2 Chronotropic responses to the α‐adrenoreceptor agonists isoprenaline and salbutamol were similar in atria from both groups of rats, with no differences in their basal rates, maximum rate increases or pD2 values for either agonist.

3 Basal contractile force of field‐stimulated papillary muscles was similar in both prazosin‐treated (0.089 ± 0.014 g mg‐1) and control groups (0.104 ± 0.035 g mg‐1). In response to noradrenaline, force increased maximally by 145 ± 30% and 131 ± 30% above resting levels respectively, and pD2 values for this β‐ and α‐agonist showed no changes after chronic prazosin treatment. Inotropic responses to isoprenaline were also not different with maximum increases in force of 94.5 ± 20.2% for prazosin‐treated and 84.5 ± 18.5% for controls, and similar pD2 values.

4 However, in response to the α‐agonist phenylephrine (in the presence of propranolol), maximum increases in force were greater in relation to the noradrenaline maxima after prazosin treatment (48.8 ± 4.2%) than in controls (32.0 ± 4.3%, P<0.02). pD2 values for phenylephrine were also significantly higher after long‐term α‐blockade (5.71 ± 0.10 vs 5.30 ± 0.19 for controls, P<0.05).

5 Long‐term α‐blockade in the rat therefore led to supersensitivity of α‐mediated inotropism in the heart, but both β‐mediated inotropic and chronotropic responses were unaffected. These results show selectivity of action of chronic prazosin treatment on α‐receptors in the rat heart.
Effects of ω‐conotoxin GVIA on electrical field stimulation‐ and agonist‐induced changes in cytosolic Ca2+ and tension in isolated rat anococcygeus muscle
Authors: Mudumbi Ramagopal V. , Leighton H. Jeff
Published: January 2008

1 It has been reported that ω ‐conotoxin GVIA (ω‐CgTx) blocks L‐ and N‐type voltage‐sensitive Ca2+ channels (VSCCs) in neurones and inhibits neurotransmitter release in various tissues. The present study investigates the effects of ω‐CgTx on electrical field stimulation (EFS)‐ and agonist‐induced changes in free cytosolic Ca2+ ([Ca2+]cyt) levels and tension in isolated fura‐2 loaded rat anococcygeus muscle.

2 EFS produced frequency‐dependent increases in [Ca+]cyt levels and contractions. Phentolamine (1 μM) and ω‐CgTx (0.1 μM) significantly inhibited EFS‐induced responses and shifted the frequency‐response curves to the right.

3 α‐adrenoceptor agonists (noradrenaline and clonidine) and carbachol (in the presence of phentolamine) produced concentration‐dependent increases in [Ca2+]cyt levels and contractions. Though ω‐CgTx (0.1 μM) significantly inhibited the increases in [Ca2+]cyt levels induced by low doses of noradrenaline, the overall concentration–response curves of [Ca2+]cyt and contractions for noradrenaline, clonidine, and carbachol were not affected by ω‐CgTx.

4 When the tone of rat anococcygeus muscle was raised with either clonidine (0.1 μM) or carbachol (30 μM, in the presence of 3 μM phentolamine), EFS (2 Hz) produced reproducible decreases in [Ca2+]cyt levels and relaxations. These responses were significantly inhibited by ω‐CgTx when the tissue was precontracted with clonidine, but not when it was precontracted with carbachol.

5 The results of the present study suggest that in rat anococcygeus muscle, ω‐CgTx inhibits the EFS‐induced release of both excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters, probably by blocking Ca2+ channels on nerve terminals. Furthermore, the Ca2+ channels present on the smooth muscle cell membrane, which are involved in the agonist‐induced Ca2+ influx and contractions, may not be sensitive to ω‐CgTx.
Atrial natriuretic factor modifies noradrenaline release in a sodium‐free medium
Authors: Vatta M. , Papouchado Mariana , Bianciotti Liliana , Locatelli Ana , Fernández B.
Published: January 2008

1 The effects of atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) on 3H‐noradrenaline (3H‐NA) release evoked by a sodium‐free medium (SFM) were studied. The experiments were carried out in rat hypothalamic slices incubated in vitro.

2 ANF (1, 10 and 100 nM) decreased NA release evoked by the omission of sodium in a concentration‐dependent way. When calcium was omitted from a SFM, NA output was partially diminished. However, if ANF was added to the SFM/calcium free medium NA secretion showed no modifications.

3 Present results suggest that, in rat hypothalamus, NA release evoked by Na+ omission is divided into two fractions: one independent of and the other dependent on extracellular calcium. In addition, ANF modifies. NA release evoked by SFM dependent on extracellular calcium.
Renal D1 receptors, and not D2, are upregulated after aortic constriction and may be involved in cardiac hypertrophy
Authors: Mukherjee K. , Sahai A. , Ganguly P. K.
Published: January 2008

1 The characteristics of dopamine (D) receptors were studied in kidney using the radiolabelled receptor assay of [3H]‐SCH‐23390 for D1 and [3H]‐sulphide for D2 receptors during cardiac hypertrophy. Male Sprague‐Dawley rats (175–200 g) underwent abdominal aortic constriction above the renal arteries and were studied 28 days thereafter. Sham operated animals without aortic constriction were used as control.

2 Membranes obtained from kidney cortex showed an increase in the number of binding sites (Bmax) of D1 receptors in the aortic banded group. The apparent affinity for the ligand (Kj) was unchanged with D1 receptors, as compared to sham control. Both Bmax and Kd were unchanged for D2 receptors in the aortic banded group.

3 Autoradiographic data further reinforced the findings, showing an increased number of D1 receptors in the kidney at 28 days after abdominal aortic constriction. These changes were associated with an increase in plasma renin activity in the aortic banded group. Further, Na+ ‐K+ ‐ATPase as measured by fmol of 32Pi released from [γ‐32P]‐ATP, was decreased in the kidney cortex of banded animals.

4 Reversal of hypertrophic parameters was observed in the aortic banded group treated for 14 days with SCH 23390 hydrochloride (0.1 mg kg−1 i.p.), a known D1 receptor antagonist.

5 The present study shows an upregulation of renal D1 receptors following abdominal aortic constriction and it is suggested that upregulation of D receptors may be involved in the development of cardiac hypertrophy.
Investigations on the Haemoglobin and Cell Volume in Certain Pathological Conditions in the Small Child.
Authors: DRUCKER. PAUL
Published: January 2008

1. An increase in Hv. above the physiological limit can be explained by a drying up of the blood which in all probability is an indication of an augmentation of the osmotic pressure of the plasma.

2. Drying up of the blood (increase in the osmotic preussure) I find not only in acute toxic gastro‐enteritis but also in congenital pyloric stenosis, and what is more important, also in children suffering from chronic dyspepsia as this does not accord with the results of earlier authours who directly estimated the serum proteins or the dessicated substance.

3. In the first months of life I find no anaemia of the chlorosis type (low Hv.) in prematurely born children, while Lichtenstein finds classical chlorosis (low F. I.). If it should be confirmed in a large series of investigations that in the same child we find a low F. I. but a normal Hv. then the blood corpuscles must be smaller than normal, in other words there must be a microcytosis in the first months of life.

4. In children with active rickets, or who have had the disease in the past, and in children who have suffered from severe or mild, acute or chronic alimentary diseases, practically no sign of anaemia is to be found among my cases.

In conclusion I wish to express my indebtedness to my chief, Prof. C. E. Bloch for the excellent facilities granted me during the progress of my work in the Children's Department of the State Hospital. I am also grateful to Prof. S. Monrad for the opportunity given me of examining the patients at Dronning Louise's Children's Hospital, as well as to Dr. E. J. Warburg for his kindness of always being to my disposal with technical and literary hints.
Beitrag zur Azidosis bei Neugeborenen.: Über den Anteil der verschiedenen Blutbestandteile (Hämoglobin, Blutkörperchen, CO2, Serumsalze) an der Regulation der Blutreaktion.
Authors: YLPPÖ ARVO
Published: January 2008

Blutkörperchen aus dehd Nabebschnurblute zeigen eine etwas höhere Wasserstoffionenkonzentratiou als die einige Tage alter Neugeborenen, diese wieder etwas höhere Werte als schwangere Frauen.

Mit Saponin hämolysierte Blutkörperchen zeigen höhere Wasserstoffionenkonzentration als intakte. Auch hier findet man für Blutkörperchen aus dem Nabelschnurblute die höchsten Wasserstoffionenkonzentrationen.

Im entgasten oder CO2hd‐freien Zustande zeigen Nabelschnur‐, Neugeborenen‐ und Schwangerenblutkörperchen sowohl im intakten wie im hämolysierten Zustande ziemlich gleiche Werte.

Dies steht aller Wahrscheinlichkeit nach damit im Zusammenhang, dass in den alkalischen Reaktionsgebieten — um Ph 7,6–7,7 herum — die hier in Frage kommen, das Hämoglobin anfängt, sich in merkbarer Weise an der Reaktionsregulation zu beteiligen.

Die Alkalescnz des CO2hd‐freien Serum wird durch Beimengung von CO2‐freien Blutkörperchen herabgesetzt; je grösser die Beimengung um so grösser die Herabsetzung.

Kleinere Schwankungen im Blutkörperchen und Hämoglobingehalt, wie sie während akuter Erkrankungen vorkommen, üben anscheinend keinen nennenswerten Einfluss auf die Reaktion des CO2‐freien Blutes aus.

Ohd dieser die Alkalescenz herabsetzendhd Einfluss in den Reaktionsgebieten urn ph 7,5–9 herum hauptsächlich vom Hämoglobin abhängt, konnte nicht erwiesen werden, da Versuche mit reinem Hämoglobin an technischen Schwierigkeiten scheiterten.

Im entgasten oder CO2‐freien Serum aus dem Nabelschnur‐blute wurde im Mittel eine etwas höhere Wasserstofflonenkonzentration als im Blute von einigen Stunden, resp. Tage altem Neugeborenenen gefunden. In Serum von Schwangeren war die Wasserstoffionenkonzentration im Durchschnitt noch ein wenig niedriger als bei den Neugeborenen.

Diese Befunde sowohl an intakten wie ahd hämolysierten Blutkörperchen als auch am CO2‐freien Serum zeigen nach alledem, dass man im Blute vor allem des eben geborenen Kindes im Vergleiche zu Schwangeren gewisse Differenzen in Bezug auf die Reaktion und sonstiges Verhalten nachweisen kann, welche auf eine Azidotische Labilität deuten.

Wird sind demnach berechtigt, von einer azidotischen Konstitution oder richtiger von einer«Azidosebereitschaft des Neugeborenen»zu sprechen.

Chdarlottenburg, Kaiserin Auguste Victorihd‐Hamus.
EXPERIMENTAL RICKETS
Authors: SKAAR T.
Published: January 2008

During the investigations regarding experimental rickets it was found that:

1)Owing to the lack of both Vitamin C and D in the diet

there is a negative phosphorus balance and a weak positive calcium balance turning negative.

2) When Vitamin C only is lacking in the diet

the calcium balance is poorer than with the addition of lemon juice.

It is therefore not improbable that when dogs. at an early stage are put on a diet lacking Vitamin C they can be afflicted by scurvy or by a scurvy‐like condition, a disease in dogs where the changes undergone in metabolism have not hitherto been investigated.

Cod‐liver oil cures experimental rickets very rapidly, both chemically and clinically. The negative or weak positive balances quickly become strongly positive.

3) When Vitamin D is lacking in the diet:

a) thus a form of rickets proper in dogs, a positive phosphorus balance and a negative calcium balance is found.

b) Na2HPO4 added extra to the diet gives rise to clinically worse rickets but to a better phosphorus balance and parallel calcium balance than without the addition.

c) Calcium lactate added extra to the diet gives rise to a clinically lesser pronounced rickets, with stronger calcium and phosphorus balances. Moreover, there is a greater calcium content in the bones.

d) A salt mixture of Ca3(PO4)2, and CaCO3 (relationship 840:95) brings about greater calcium and phosphorus balances than without the addition of the salt mixture.

e) Wheat‐flour, compared with oatmeal, produces clinically severer rickets, weaker phosphorus and magnesium balances but a stronger calcium balance.

f) According to the balances of the elements concerned, the amount of calcium and inorganic phosphorus in the serum is lowered, in some cases very considerably.

4) The magnesium balance is independent of both the calcium and phosphorus balances.

5) The best balance of an element gives as a rule the greatest content of that element in the bones.

6) On a diet which is extremely insufficient for a growing organism, oatmeal only, a diet deficient in Vitamin D and in Nitrogen in particular, a much stronger rickets is produced with negative calcium, phosphorus and magnesium balances.
The Composition of Growth.
Authors: HAMILTON BENGT , SHOCK NATHAN W.
Published: January 2008

In a case of chronic malnutrition (infantile atrophy), metabolism experiments were conducted over a period of 106 days, 60 of which the infant actually spent on the metabolism bed. In five periods, covering 41 days, there was a gain in weight. The retentions of sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, magnesium and nitrogen were calculated per kilogram gain in weight from these five periods, and compared with normal figures previously obtained by Swanson.

It was found that in respect to the retentions of sodium and potassium, the atrophic infant differed markedly from the normal infants. The sodium retention was low, probably indicating that the new tissues formed were not holding a normal amount of interstitial fluids. The potassium retention was very high, both absolutely and in relation to the retention of nitrogen. It is argued that this increased retention of potassium indicates either the repair of intracellular dehydration, or the formation of cells abnormally rich in fluids.
Über den Einfluss der protrahierten resp. komplizierten Geburt auf die »transitorischen« Fiebererscheinungen bei Neugeborenen
Authors: SALMI T.
Published: January 2008

Die Temperaturkurve in den ersten Lebenstagen ist bei 225 Normal‐, 54 Sectio‐ und 45 Zangenkindern verfolgt und dabei ist festgestellt worden, dass das sog. transitorische Fieber bei 1/5 der Normal‐1/4 der Sectio‐ und 1/2 der Zangenkinder in Erscheinung tritt. Ferner ist beobachtet worden, dass bei den fiebernden Normal‐Neugeborenen bedeutend häufiger langdauernde Geburten vorhergehen, als bei den fieberfreien, und zwar kommen länger als 24 St. dauernde Geburten bei den fiebernden in 1/3, bei den fieberfreien in 1/10 der Fälle vor; unter den Sectiofällen sind die Zahlen bei den fiebernden 1/2, bei den fieberfreien 1/3 unter den Zangenkindern bei den fiebernden 2/3, bei den fieberfreien ea 1/2.

Gleicherweise erweist es sich, dass bei den fiebernden Kindern die Austreibungsperiode bei der Geburt im Allgemeinen länger gedauert hat, als bei den fieberfreien. Ausnahme bilden die Zangenkinder, bei denen die Geburt auch sonst länger dauernt. Die gleiche Erscheinung ist in Bezug auf den Zeitpunkt des Fruchtwasserabgabes zu vermerken.

Die vermehrten Möglichkeiten zu Infektion und Geburtstraumata im Anschluss an schweren, langdauernden und komplizierten Geburten dürften die Hauptrolle bei der Entstehung des transitorischen Fiebers spielen.
Untersuchungen über die Häufigkeit des Vorkommens von Eingeweidewürmern, speziell von Trichuris trichiura, bei Patienten der Kopenhagener Universitäts‐Kinderklinik.
Authors: ROTH. HANS
Published: January 2008

302 Kinder im Alter von 0–16 Jahren, die aus allen Teilen Dänemarks stammten, wurden in der Universitäts‐Kinderklinik des Reichshospitales vermittels des Telemann‐Schroeder'schen Stuhlanreicherungsverfahrens auf Wurmbefall geprüft.

Die Altersklasse 0–2 Jahre, die 65 Individuen umfasste, wies nur zweimal = 3 % Trichuristräger auf. Wenn diese Gruppe abgerechnet wurde, so kam man auf einen bedeutend höheren Infektionsprozentsatz für die 2–16 jährigen, nämlich auf 20% für Gross‐Kopenhagen, 36% für Provinzstädte, 56% für das Sache Land und einen Gesamtdurchschnitt von 35%.

Die 164 Knaben waren zu 31 % und die 138 Mädchen zu 25 % mit Trichuris infiziert.

Eine Zusatnmenstellung der klinischen Diagnosen, die bei den untersuchten Kindern gestellt waren, mit den Trichurisbefunden ergab einen höheren Wurmprozent bei Patienten mit Erkrankungen des Nervensystems als bei solchen mit anderen Leiden.

Von den 84 Trichurisfällen dürfte es sich bei knapp 30 % um ziemlich intensive Infektionen gehandelt haben, soweit sich aus einer rohen Schätzung der Eizahl nach dem Telemannverfahren schliessen liess.

3 von den 84 Trichuristrägern zeigten ein Kankheitsbild, das auf die Wurminfektion selbst zurückzuführen war (Trichocephaliasis).

Ascaris lumbricoides wurde 8mal (=3% der Untersuchten) angetroffen.

Es wurden 10 Träger von Enterobius vermicularis (Syn. Oxyuris vermicularis) festgestellt (=3% der Untersuchten). Doch ist hierbei zu berücksichtigen, dass Enterobius nur sehr selten durch Stuhkmtersuchungen nachgewiesen werden kann.

Die gefundenen Wurmzahlen werden mit denen anderer Autoren verglichen und die Gründe für Unterschiede in den Befunden besprochen.

Es wird besonders auf den scharfen Gegensatz hingewiesen, der in Dänemark zwischen der Häufigkeit des Vorkommens von Askaris und von Trichuris besteht.

Es wird erörtert, auf welche Ursachen die starke Verbreitung von Trichuris unter der dänischen Landbevölkerung zurückzuführen sein könnte, und eine umfangreichere Wurmuntersuchung in verschiedenen Landbezirken wird angeregt, wobei die lokalen Klima‐ und Lebensverhältnisse mit zu berücksichtigen wären; durch eine Klarstellung der bei der Wurm‐verbreitunar in Dänemark wirksamen Faktoren würde auch wohl die Möglichkeit gegeben werden, die so ausserordentlich häufige Triehurisinfektion mittels hygienischer Massnahmen niederzuhalten.
Vergleichende Untersuchungen über die reduzierenden Substanzen im Ventrikel‐ und Lumballiquor bei hydrozephalen Kindern.1
Authors: AHNSJÖ. SVEN
Published: January 2008

I. An drei Kindern mit Hydrozephalus cong. comm. wurden gleichzeitige Ventrikel‐ und Lumbalpunktionen ausgeführt, wobei der jeweilige Zuckergebalt verglichen und gleich befunden wurde.

II. Bei neuerlicher Entnahme von Liquor, 7 bis 18 Minuten nach der ersten Probe, ergab es sich, dass der Zuckergebalt andauernd derselbe war.

III. Blutzuckerproben, welche vor und nach den Punktionen entnommen wurden, zeigten grosse Differenzen bis zu 50 mg%.

IV. In einem Falle wurde eine vorübergehende Staphylokokkenmeningitis mit vergleichenden Ventrikel‐ und Lumbalpunktionen verfolgt, wobei Gleichheit des Zuckergehalts in der Ventrikel‐ und Lumbalflüssigkeit mehrmals konstatiert wurde. Bei einer Punktion war der Zuckergehalt in der Lumbalflüssigkeit bedeutend niedriger als in der Ventrikelflüssigkeit (Diskussion dieses Falles).
Akute Leberatrophie und lcterus catarrhalis bei Geschwistern.
Authors: HIRSCHBERGER. C.
Published: January 2008

Zusammenfassung. Nach kurzem Überblick über ähnliche in der Literatur niedergelegte Fälle wird hier von einem 7 Jahre alten Mädchen berichtet, welches im Rahmen einer kleinen Endemie von sog. Icterus catarrhalis an akuter Leberatrophie ad exiturn kam. Bei dem ll‐jährigen Bruder, welcher 3 Wochen später ebenfalls an Gelbsucht erkrankte, trat Heilung ein; auch die übrigen Kinder, bei denen Icterus unter denselben initialen Symptomen wie bei dem Mädchen aufgetreten war, sind wiederhergestellt.
Studies of latent scurvy in infants
Authors: BRÆSTRUP P. W.
Published: January 2008

It is shown by about 400 determinations of the capillary resistance carried out in May—July, 1936, by stasis‐test on normal children under one year of age,

that newly born children have an extraordinary capillary resistance for their first five days, regardless whether they are prematurely born,

that the resistance of about half the healthy children, aged 1—5 months, fed exclusively on mother's milk, is lowered,

that the capillary resistance of about 10% of the 6—12 months old children on mixed diet is lowered.

Ascorbic (cevitamic) acid was administered to 8 diseased children, whereupon the resistance of 3 became normal. The lowered capillary resistance of 6 out of 10 healthy children became normal after the administration of tomato juice.

Too little vitamin C is certainly a frequent cause of lowered capillary resistance in otherwise healthy infants.
Epidemic acute Poliomyelitis and Encephalitis, both Air‐Borne Infections
Authors: BRYANT W. SOHIER
Published: January 2008

Summary: The etiological factors of acute epidemic poliomyelitis and acute epidemic encephalitis are or appear to be identical, namely: a filtrable virus enters via the upper air‐tract, offering hope of a physiological protective treatment. Active vaccine therapy offers an extremely encouraging prospect of practical immunization. The focal symptoms vary widely with their location and also with the severity of the lesions, hence causing a great variety in the picture presented in the different cases. A variety of palliative treatments are available. Immune sera have been highly recommended recently. A curative treatment is not yet at our command. A complete spontaneous cure takes place in some cases. The sequelae are mental derangements and various paralyses and death in a considerable percentage of severe cases.
Some Cases of Cow's Milk Idiosyncrasy
Authors: SYDOW GERT V.
Published: January 2008

.The author describes four cases of «congenital cow's milk idiosyncrasy» and compares them with 12 cases recorded in the literature. He is of opinion that this comparison indicates that the disease can be distinguished into two types: one type having an evident constitutional foundation for the hypersensitiveness, reacting to cow's milk with symptoms also from the skin or the respiratory tract and not being so amenable to a desensitisation therapy. The other type is not so obviously constitutionally conditioned, has symptoms only from the digestive organs, and acquires a tolerance for cow's milk rather early.
39. Erfahrungen bei der Rachitisprophylaxe frühgeborener Kinder
Authors: MALMBERG Von NILS
Published: January 2008

Gestützt auf die Erfahrungen, zu welchen die vorliegende Untersuchung geführt hat, ergeben sich folgende Antworten auf die einleitungsweise gestellten Fragen:

1. Die prophylaktische Behandlung frühgeborener Kinder gegen Rachitis ist so bald wie möglich nach der Geburt einzuleiten, am besten in der zweiten Hälfte der ersten Lebens‐woche.

2. Durch Zufuhr von natürlichem D‐Vitaminpräparat, ca. 2 700 I.E. pro die, vom Ende der ersten Lebenswoche an ge‐lang es nicht, eine voll befriedigende prophylaktische Wirkung bei der iiberwiegenden Mehrzahl frühgeborener Kinder mit Geburtsgewichten unter 2 000 g zu erzielen, wenn auch die nachweisbaren rachitischen Veränderungen leicht und im all‐gemeinen von rasch vorübergehender Art waren.

Eine neue Untersuchungsserie ist geplant um zu untersuchen, ob eine grössere D‐Vitaminzufuhr, als bisher angewendet wurde, in prophylaktischer Beziehung bessere Resultate ergeben wird. –

3. Für die Diagnose, speziell Frühdiagnose, der Rachitis ist die Röntgenuntersuchung der Rippenknochenknorpelgrenzen von grösster Wichtigkeit und oft von ausschlaggebender Bedeutung. –
Untersuchungen über die Wirkung von Paraffinöleingabe auf die Resorption des A‐Vitamins bei Menschen
Authors: ANDERSEN OLUF
Published: January 2008

Es wird über eine Reihe Tierversuche berichtet, aus denen erhellt, dass durch das peroral eingeführte Paraffinöl auf die Ausnutzung des Carotins eine starke Hemmungswirkung ausgeübt wird und auf die Ausnutzung des A‐Vitamins eine ähnliche, wenngleich schwächere Hemmungswirkung. Es wird all‐gemein angenommen, dass die Wirkung des Paraffinöls darin besteht, einen gewissen Teil der A‐Stoffe aus dem Darm mit fortzuschleppen. Die verschiedenartige Wirkung des Paraffinöls auf A‐Vitamin und Carotin scheint von einem Unter‐schied in der Ausnutzungsfähigkeit der beiden Stoffe abzuhängen. Bei Tierversuchen hat sich herausgestellt, dass A fast gänzlich ausgenutzt wird, während 45–65% des Carotins in den Fæces wiedergefunden werden. Ebensolche Beobachtungen sind bei Menschen gemacht worden (Boller, Bbunner und Grant). Bei Zufuhr von grossen Dosen kann das A‐Vitamin jedoch auch in Tseces ausgeschieden werden. Die Ausscheidung beginnt in der Eegel 12–30 Tage nachdem mit der Zufuhr von A‐Vitamin begonnen worden ist (Wendt).

Eigene Untersuchungen: Da das Carotin normaliter in grossen Mengen mit den Fæces ausgeschieden wird, erschien es mir zweckmässig, die Paraffinölwirkung auf die Ausscheidung des A‐Vitamins zu untersuchen.
On so‐called interposition of the colon
Authors: KAIJSER KURT G:SON
Published: January 2008

A boy, three years old, healthy and well‐developed, who was by chance X‐ray‐examined, showed a typical interposition of the colon between the right part of the diaphragm and the liver. At a new X‐ray‐examination with a barium‐enema 3 days later the interposition had disappeared. On the other hand it was evident, that the hepatic flexure was rather long and winding.

Of remarkable interest in this case is the low age of the patient, as the occurence of this symptom i a child so young as 3 years must be considered as an extremely rare incident.

Furthermore it is of value to point out, with regard to the different theories of the genesis of the interposition, that this patient was well‐developed and well‐nourished, consequently showing no signs of heavy loss of body‐weight, general enterop‐tosis, hepatoptosis or reduced tonus of the diaphragm
Sulfapyridine in pneumonia and bronchopneumonia in children
Authors: LICHTENSTEIN A.
Published: January 2008

50 children aged 4 months – 12 years 9 months suffering from clinically and roentgenologicaly verified pneumonia – 37 cases – and bronchopneumonia – 13 cases – have been treated with sulfapyridine.

Irrespective of the duration of the disease before the treatment the temperature fell as a crisis or rapid lysis almost regularly within 24–48 hours, at the same time all the symptoms swiftly disappeared.

All the patients recovered except a Mongolian idiot, who was ill nearly 2 weeks before the commencement of the treatment and who died in immediate connection with an operation for purulent pleuresy.

The issue of the treatment was independent of the outcome of the bacteriologic examination of the throat secretion, where was found pneumococci, staphylococci, streptococci, hemolytic as well as anhemolytic either in pure cultures or several different bacterias simultaneously. The question is left open whether the bacteria found in the throat in all cases are the cause of the lung disease or not.

The medication of sulfapyridine was gradually extended to 10–14 days.

The considerable frequency of vomiting in sulfapyridine treated cases is emphasized.