bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Activity of delphinidin on microvascular damage models in rodents
Authors: Conti M. , Cristoni A. , Magistretti M. J.
Published: October 2006

Delphinidin chloride (IdB 1056) was found to possess a significant activity by the intraperitoneal and oral routes in different experimental models of microvascular damage. It antagonized the increase in skin capillary permeability induced by histamine in rats and rabbits, by bradykinin and hyaluronidase in rats and by xylol in mice. Significant increases in skin capillary resistance were observed after a 3‐day oral dosing in guinea‐pigs and rats. A significant enhancement in cutaneous wound healing rate was found with a 10‐day oral treatment in rats made locally ischaemic. Delphinidin showed a low acute toxicity by the oral route.
The inhibitory effect of Sinomenine on immunological function in mice
Authors: Jun Wang , Pei‐Gen Xiao , Shi‐Ying Li , Ping Gao , Rui‐Hai Wang
Published: October 2006

Sinomenine, an alkaloid isolated from the stem of Sinomenium acutum (Thunb.) Rehd. et Wils., is reported to have clinically good curative effects on arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Our investigation has shown that sinomenine inhibits both the humoral and cellular immunity of mice. The weights of spleen and thymus of mice treated with sinomenine (50–150 mg/kg/d, i.p.) were drastically reduced. The antisheep red blood cell antibody production and delayed‐type hypersensitivity reaction induced by sheep red blood cells were inhibited by sinomenine at doses of 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg/d; and the survival time of split‐heart transplants was also prolonged. In vitro, sinomenine suppressed the proliferation of splenic cells stimulated with LPS and ConA. These immunosuppressive actions of sinomenine afford a reasonable explanation for its clinical effects in the treatment of arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.
Standard allicin adsorbates on silicates
Authors: Jaeger W. , Koch H. P. , Pfaff K.
Published: October 2006

This communication is a warning to potential users of allicin, which is adsorbed on silicate carriers, to be used either as an analytical standard or as a source of allicin for biological experiments. Preparations of this type are invalid as calibrators, since they do not liberate their allicin content quantitatively and unchanged.
A clinical appraisal of Anacyclus pyrethrum root extract in dental patients
Authors: Patel V. K. , Patel Rupal V. , Venkatakrishna‐Bhatt H. , Gopalakrishna G. , Devasankariah G.
Published: October 2006

Two hundred dental patients were subjected to a double blind study following oral surgery for comparing the activity of an alcoholic extract of the roots of A. pyrethrum (2% alcohol extract, freshly dissolved in sterile distilled water) with xylocaine. The strength of anaesthesia, its effect on surgery, post‐operative recovery and wound healing were studied. The plant extract was found useful and safe at lower concentrations (less than 2%), not showing any side effects and facilitated anaesthesia for prolonged oral reconstructive surgery when compared wity xylocaine.
Haemodynamic effects of magnesium lithospermate B in rats with renal failure
Authors: Yokozawa Takako , Lee Tae Woong , Oura Hikokichi , Zhang Xiao Ying , Hattori Masao , Nonaka Gen‐Ichiro , Nishioka Itsuo
Published: October 2006

A study was performed to investigate the haemodynamic effects of magnesium lithospermate B in rats with renal failure. Urinary excretion of sodium and potassium was significantly increased by administration of magnesium lithospermate B. Blood pressure was significantly lower in the magnesium lithospermate B‐treated group, compared with the control group. In addition, renal tissue blood flow and cerebral blood flow were significantly higher in the magnesium lithospermate B‐treated group, with significantly reduced renal vascular resistance and cerebral vascular resistance compared with the control group. These results confirm that magnesium lithospermate B reduces renovascular hypertension by improving urinary electrolyte excretion and haemodynamics.
Effects of Alcea pallida L. (A.) and Tilia argentea Desf. ex DC infusions on swimming performance in mice
Authors: Aydin S. , Öztürk Y. , Başer K. H. C. , Kirimer N. , Kurtar‐Öztürk N.
Published: October 2006

In Turkish folk medicine, Alcea pallida L. (A.) and Tilia argentea Desf. ex DC have been used for various purposes, such as expectorant, sedative, diuretic, diaphoretic, sedative activities etc. Since some of the folkloric uses may be related to anti‐stress (adaptogenic) activity, the effects of fresh infusions of A. pallida and T. argentea on mouse swimming performance were investigated. On the basis of our findings, these two plants prolonged the swimming time, suggesting an antistress (adaptogenic) activity.
Pharmacological evaluation of natural product analogues. I. Preliminary pharmacological evaluation of O‐methylgortschakoine and O‐methylpetaline
Authors: Al‐Azizi M. M. , El‐Olemy M. M. , Al‐Harbi M. M.
Published: October 2006

The synthesis of O‐methylgortschakoine and O‐methylpetaline was achieved through an unambiguous route. Pharmacological testing of O‐methylgortschakoine in comparison to papaverine and 7,8‐dimethoxy‐N‐methyltetrahydroisoquinoline, indicated that it possesses hypotensive, neuromuscular blocking and smooth muscle relaxant activities. 7,8‐Dimethoxy‐N‐methyltetrahydroisoquinoline showed only nonspecific smooth muscle relaxation in our testing system. The 1‐(p‐methoxybenzyl)‐substituent of O‐methylgortschakoine appears to be required for this hypotensive and neuromuscular blocking effect. The quaternary analogue O‐melthylpetaline was found to possess a more potent neuromuscular blocking activity.
Antibacterial diterpenes from the leaves and seeds of Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb
Authors: Muhammad I. , Mossa J. S. , El‐Feraly F. S.
Published: October 2006

Two diterpenes from Juniperus excelsa, obtained by bioautography‐guided isolation technique, were found to possess significant antibacterial activity in a two‐fold serial dilution assay. (+)‐Ferruginol (abieta‐8,11,13‐triene‐12‐ol) (1) and (−)‐sandaracopimeric acid (isopimara‐8(14), 15‐diene‐18‐oic acid) (2) exhibited significant activity against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus durans, while their corresponding 3β‐hydroxy derivatives [(hinokiol (3) and 3β‐hydroxysandaracopimeric acid (4), also isolated from J. excelsa)] were found to be inactive. (+)‐Ferruginol, in addition, demonstrated strong activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis, M. intracellulare, M. xenopi and M. cheloni. The minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined for all compounds isolated from the active bioautographic zones, and were compared to those of the standard antibiotics chloramphenicol and streptomycin sulphate.
Restoration of radiation injury in mice by two Chinese medicinal prescriptions Kuei‐Pi‐Tang and Jen‐Sheng‐Yang‐Yung‐Tang
Authors: Hsu Hsue‐Yin , Lin Chun‐Ching , Hau Dou‐Mong
Published: October 2006

A comparison of Kuei‐Pi‐Tang and Jen‐Sheng‐Yang‐Yung‐Tang, two traditional Chinese medicines, on promoting the recovery of mice from radiation‐induced damage was studied by using the measurements of colony forming stem cells in spleen, the appearance of occult blood in feces and changes of hemograms after x‐irradiation. Different sequences of x‐irradiation were studied with or without drug administration in groups of ICR strain mice which were intraperitoneally injected at a concentration of 10 or 20 mg/20 g body weight, once a day for 7 consecutive days. Kuei‐Pi‐Tang showed no significant difference on the efficacy of recovery from hemorrhage and hemograms, as compared with that of Jen‐Sheng‐Yang‐Yung‐Tang. In contrast, the effect of Kuei‐Pi‐Tang on the recovery of CPUs was more likely induced by eliminating the radiosensitivity of bone marrow cells. However, Jen‐Sheng‐Yang‐Yung‐Tang appears to increase the radiotolerance of the cells. The recovery of thrombocyte counts which was reported to have an important influence on the survival ratio coincided with that of the recovery from hemorrhage.
The influence of pollen extracts (cernitin GBX and Cernitin T60) on allergic reactions
Authors: Samochowiec L. , Dutkiewicz T. , Wójcicki J. , Giełdanowski J.
Published: October 2006

The influence of pollen extracts (Cernitin GBX and Cernitin T60) on some allergic reactions in animals and on the degranulation of mast cells and liberation of histamine has been studied. It was found that the cernitins possess antiallergic properties in vivo and in vitro. Both pollen preparations were able to inhibit the degranulation of mastocytes and histamine release from these cells. The results indicate that antiallergic properties of the cernitins might be dependent on their interaction with the mastocyte.
Hypoglycaemic activity of Spathodea campanulata stem bark decoction in mice
Authors: Niyonzima G. , Scharpé S. , Van Beeck L. , Vlietinck A. J. , Laekeman G. M. , Mets T.
Published: October 2006

Decoction of the stem bark of Spathodea campanulata (SC) exerted a hypoglycaemic activity in streptozotocin (SZ) diabetic mice. Later, the decoction, washed with chloroform, was divided in water and butanol fractions. Both had a hypoglycaemic activity but were devoid of any influence on insulin levels in SZ diabetic mice. The decoction also decreased blood glucose levels in a glucose tolerance test (GTT) in normal mice.
In Vitro and In Vivo leishmanicidal activities of natural and synthetic quinoids
Authors: Sauvain Michel , Dedet Jean‐Pierre , Kunesch Nicole , Poisson Jacques , Gantier Jean‐Charles , Gayral Philippe , Kunesch Gerhard
Published: October 2006

The activities of various compounds isolated from plants traditionally used against leishmaniasis in populations from the tablelands of the Guyanas have been examined. The leishmanicidal activity of plant extracts was evaluated by in vitro testing on promastigote and amastigote stages of Leishmania amazonensis and by in vivo tests on L. amazonensis in mice. The leaves of Jacaranda copaia (Aublet) D. Don yielded two compounds: ursolic acid and jaracanone. Ursolic acid showed an interesting activity in vitro with an ED50 against amastigotes of 0.02 mM and no toxicity to macrophages at twice this dose. Jacaranone displayed a marked activity against promastigotes in vitro with an ED50 of 0.02 mM. Both compounds have weak in vivo antileishmanial activity. Similar synthetic compounds such as quinol and quinone acetates were prepared and showed increased activity in experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis in mice.
Inhibitory effect of edible plant extracts on 12‐O‐tetradecanoylphorbol–13‐acetate‐induced ear oedema in mice
Authors: Yasukawa K. , Yamaguchi A. , Arita J. , Sakurai S. , Ikeda A. , Takido M.
Published: October 2006

We report that spice, vegetable and fruit extracts inhibit 12–O‐tetradecanoylphorbol–13‐acetate (TPA)‐induced ear oedema in mice. About 100 methanol extracts obtained from spices, vegetables and fruits were assayed and their inhibition ratios calculated. In general, the spice extracts were more effective inhibitors than vegetable and fruit extracts. The methanol extracts of hop, stevia, cinnamon, turmeric, mate, mint, New Zealand spinach, watercress, tomato and seedling of radish markedly inhibited the inflammatory activity induced by TPA in mice. Two active compounds, humulone and lupeol 3‐palmitate were separated from hop and stevia, respectively.
Influence of Padma 28 on patients with chronic active hepatitis B
Authors: Gładysz Andrzej , Juszczyk Jacek , Brzosko Witold J.
Published: October 2006

Thirty‐four patients with chronic active hepatitis B (CAH‐B) were treated with Padma 28, a herbal remedy with immunocorrective properties. The patients were monitored by clinical and biochemical testing, as well as by serological, immunological and histological techniques. After treatment lasting 1 year 26 of 34 patients (76.5%) improved or normalized in biochemical parameters as well as in total T‐cell count (CD3) and CD4/CD8 index. An improvement in histology was seen in 19 patients (55.9%). An influence of Padma 28 on the serological markers of HBV infection was seen in 26 of 34 patients (76.5%). Six patients of 34 eliminated HBsAg (17.6%) and four of them seroconverted to anti‐HBs. Eleven patients eliminated HBeAg and HBV‐DNA, and eight of them seroconverted to anti‐HBe. Eight patients with persistent HBs and HBe‐antigenaemia had a decreased titre of HBsAg and HBeAg. In eight patients (23.5%) no influence of Padma 28 on serological markers of HBV infection was seen throughout the observation period. These observations indicate that treatment with Padma 28 of patients with CAH‐B fulfils two of the most important tasks for drug therapy of the disease, it influences the activity of genes of HBV and stops the progression of liver inflammation.
Capsaicin action modulates lipid peroxidation induced by different irritants
Authors: De Amit Krishna , Ghosh Jagat Jiban
Published: October 2006

Capsaicin (8‐methyl‐n‐vanillyl‐6‐nonenamide), the pungent principle of red hot pepper, has been reported to cause ‘activation’ followed by ‘desensitization’ of the tissue against various types of irritant induced damage, on short‐ and long‐term application respectively. This review discusses one aspect of the mechanism of capsaicin induced activation followed by desensitization by discussing the modulatory effects of capsaicin on lipid peroxidative changes caused by different irritants (e.g. gaseous, chemical and radiation).
Antidiabetic and adaptogenic properties of Momordica charantia extract: An experimental and clinical evaluation
Authors: Srivastava Y. , Venkatakrishna‐Bhatt H. , Verma Y. , Venkaiah K. , Raval B. H.
Published: October 2006

The hypoglycaemic properties of Mormodica charantia (bitter gourd) water extract was tested on alloxan diabetic rats experimentally. A fall of blood sugar after 3 week's treatment with aqueous extract of fruits of the herb was found to be significant (p<0.01). The aqueous extract of fruit was more effective in diabetes (fall of blood sugar 54% after 3 week's therapy) than the powder of the dried fruit (fall 25% nonsignificant). Hypoglycaemic effects in diabetic patients were found to be highly significant (p<0.01) at the end of the trial but were cumulative and gradual, unlike that produced by insulin. Adaptogenic properties are indicated by the delay in the appearance of cataracts, the secondary complications of diabetes and relief in neurological and other common symptoms even before the hypoglycaemia occurred.
The antiinflammatory and liver protective effect of Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) gray and Dicliptera chinensis Juss. Extracts in rats
Authors: Lin Chun‐Ching , Lin Min‐Lin , Lin Jer‐Min
Published: October 2006

The antiinflammatory and liver protective effect of water extracts of Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) Gray (aerial part), T. diversifolia (stem) and Dicliptera chinensis Juss. (aerial part) against paw oedema induced by carrageenan and acute hepatic damage induced by CCI4 were determined in rats. The results indicated that treatment with a water extract of the aerial part of T. diversifolia decreased the paw oedema induced by carrageenan (p < 0.001) and the GOT, GPT level elevation caused by CCI4 were reduced (p < 0.01). The pathological changes of hepatic lesions caused by CCI4 were improved by treatment with the drug extracts mentioned above.
Effects of flavonoids from licorice roots (Glycyrrhiza inflata Bat.) On arachidonic acid metabolism and aggregation in human platelets
Authors: Kimura Yoshiyuki , Okuda Takuo , Okuda Hiromichi
Published: October 2006

The effects of six flavonoids isolated from Sinkiang Licorice roots (lichochalcones A and B, isoliquiritigenin, isoliquiritin, liquiritigenin and liquiritin) on arachidonate metabolism and aggregation in human platelets were studied. Licochalcones A and B at concentrations of 10−5M to 10−3M inhibited the formation of 12‐hydroxy‐5,8,10‐heptadecatrienoic acid (HHT) and thromboxane B2 (TXB2), does‐dependently. Furthermore, isoliquiritigenin and liquiritigenin at higher concentrations (10−4M–10−3M) inhibited the formation of HHT and TXB2, while they increased the formation of 12‐hydroxy‐5,8,10,14‐eicosatetraenoic acid (12‐HETE). However, isoliquiritin and liquiritin had no effect on arachidonate metabolism. Licochalcones A and B inhibited thrombin‐induced platelet aggregation at concentrations of 2 × 10−5M to 2 × 10−4M. Isoliquiritigenin, liquiritigenin, isoliquiritin and liquiritin had no effects on the thrombin‐induced aggregation. To clarify the inhibitory effects of flavonoids in licorice roots on the formation of HHT and TXB2 and thrombin‐induced aggregation, we studied the effects of flavonoids on cytosolic free calcium concentrations ([Ca2+]i) induced by thrombin. The results showed that licochalcones A and B inhibited the elevation of [Ca2+]i induced by thrombin, dose‐dependently.
Cytostatic activity against HEp‐2 cells and antibacterial activity of essential oil from Helichrysum picardii
Authors: de la Puerta R. , Sáenz M. T. , García M. D.
Published: October 2006

Different samples of essential oil from Helichrysum picardii Boiss. & Reuter (Compositae) collected at the beginning of each season from the same locality have been tested for their cytostatic and antimicrobial activity. All the oil samples showed a stronger in vitro activity against HEp‐2 cells than a 6‐mercaptopurine solution used as a positive control. Gram‐positive bacteria as well as the fungus Candida albicans were sensitive to the action of the essential oil, whereas none of the samples showed activity against the gram‐negative bacteria.
Evaluation of the molluscicidal properties of Myrtus communis L. (Myrtaceae)
Authors: Deruaz D. , Reynaud J. , Raynaud J.
Published: October 2006

Crude water extract and a flavonoid fraction of Myrtus communis were found to possess molluscicidal activity against the aquatic snail Biomphalaria glabrata involved in the transmission of schistosomiasis.
Cellular mechanisms of biological aging
Authors: Yu Byung P.
Published: October 2006

Cellular aging is considered to be caused by the physiological deterioration in the homeostatic regulatory process which is essential for the proper maintenance of cellular function. Although among numerous theories of aging proposed in the past, the cellular mechanism underlying the age‐dependent deterioration is not well defined. Currently two modern hypotheses, free radical and glycation are most popular among gerontologists. This review discusses the involvement of free radicals and glycation process in aging as possible cellular mechanisms with a new proposal on their synergistic interactions through a common pathway of free radical generation by glycation process.
Neuroprotective effect of Toki‐Shakuyaku‐San (TJ‐23) on hypoglycaemia/hypoxia‐induced neuronal damage in rat striatal slices
Authors: Kataoka Yasufumi , Kouzuma Masami , Koizumi Shuichi , Niwa Masami , Taniyama Kohtaro , Fujiwara Michihiro
Published: October 2006

The effect of Toki‐Shakuyaku‐San (TJ‐23) was examined on various models of brain damage in vitro. TJ‐23 (10 mg/mL) significantly protected striatal slices from dysfunction induced by high K+ and BAY K‐8644 but not from that by L‐glutamate and N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate, an effect which was similar to that of nifedipine, a Ca2+ antagonist. The present findings, therefore, raised the possibility that TJ‐23 expressed a neuroprotective action on hypoxia/ischaemia‐induced brain damage by inhibiting an excess Ca2+ entry through voltage‐gated Ca2+ channels.
In vitro antimalarial activity, chloroquine potentiating effect and cytotoxicity of alkaloids of Hernandia voyronii Jum. (Hernandiaceae)
Authors: Ratsimamanga‐Urverg S. , Rasoanaivo P. , Milijaona R. , Rakotoarimanga J. , Rafatro H. , Robijaona B. , Rakoto‐Ratsimamanga A. , Verdier F. , le Bras J.
Published: October 2006

Hernandia voyronii is traditionally used as adjuvant to chloroquine in Madagascar. Neutral and basic alkaloidal extracts of this plant were evaluated for their intrinsic in vitro antimalarial activity, cytotoxicity and chloroquine potentiating action against the chloroquine resistant Plasmodium falciparum strain FCM29. Bioassay directed fractionation clearly demonstrated that both the intrinsic antimalarial activity and the chloroquine potentiating action was localized in the polar alkaloidal extract. Moreover, this extract had low cytotoxicity to HeLa cells and L929 fibroblasts. These results support the traditional use of H. voyronii as an antimalarial and adjuvant to chloroquine.
Oestrogenic rhythm induced by a single administration of the extract of Ferula jaeschkeana to immature rats
Authors: Prakash A. O. , Pathak Sandhya , Shaiv Amita , Mathur R.
Published: October 2006

The hexane extract of Ferula jaeschkeana was studied for its effects on the oestrogenic rhythm following a single administration to immature rats. A 25 mg/kg single oral dose significantly increased the uterine wet weight and caused premature opening of the vagina and induced vaginal cornification. A uterotrophic peak was attained 2 days after administration and thereafter declined gradually. At 10 days, values became almost normal. A significant amount of glycogen was estimated in the uterus during the first 5 days after administration and thereafter decreased significantly. Histoarchitecture of the uterus showed a stimulated endometrium which continued for 6–8 days only. The oestrogenic rhythm induced by the hexane extract was compared with that following diethylstilbesterol administration.
Abortifacient activity of some Nigerian medicinal plants
Authors: Akah P. A.
Published: October 2006

The abortifacient effects of five plant species commonly used by Nigerian traditional birth attendants to achieve relatively painless delivery, hasten fetal delivery and evacuate retained placenta were investigated. Aqueous extracts of the plants were prepared and screened pharmacologically using isolated smooth muscle preparations and pregnant animals. The extracts were also subjected to toxicological and phytochemical studies. The extracts contracted isolated uterine smooth muscle preparation and potentiated oxytocin‐induced responses of the uterus. In the whole animal, the extracts caused expulsion of fetuses in the third trimesters of pregnancy. These results appear to justify their traditional uses.
Hypolipidaemic and antiatherosclerotic effects of oral Gymnema sylvestre R. Br. Leaf extract in albino rats fed on a high fat diet
Authors: Bishayee Anupam , Chatterjee Malay
Published: October 2006

Gymnema sylvestre R. Br. leaf extract (25–100 mg/kg) when orally administered to experimentally induced hyperlipidaemic rats for 2 weeks, reduced the elevated serum triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), very low‐density lipoprotein (VLDL)‐and low‐density lipoprotein (LDL)‐cholesterol in a dose‐dependent manner. The decreased serum high‐density lipoprotein (HDL)‐cholesterol and antiatherogenic index (AAI) in hyperlipidaemia were also reversed towards normalization. The ability of this extract (at 100 mg/kg) to lower TG and TC in serum and its antiatherosclerotic potential were almost similar to that of a standard lipid lowering agent—clofibrate.
Effects of Bu Zhong Yi Qi Tang and its component drugs on adenine nucleotide levels in diabetic rats
Authors: Yokozawa Takako , Toriyama Kazue , Zhou Jia Jun , Oura Hikokichi
Published: October 2006

In rats given Bu Zhong Yi Qi Tang for 25 days, the total adenine nucleotide and ATP contents were increased and the energy charge was inclined toward the positive side. When the effects of the same dose of each component galenical of Bu Zhong Yi Qi Tang were examined, Atractylodis Lanceae Rhizoma produced the same effect on adenine nucleotide as that of Bu Zhong Yi Qi Tang. In rats given Ginseng Radix, the ATP and total adenine nucleotide contents and the energy charge tended to be increased. However, there were no particular changes in these parameters in rats given Astragali Radix, Angelicae Radix, Zizyphi Fructus, Aurantii Nobilis Pericarpium, Glycyrrhizae Radix or Cimicifugae Rhizoma. These parameters tended to be decreased in rats given Bupleuri Radix, and were decreased significantly in rats given Zingiberis Rhizoma.
Pharmacological studies on the crude drug ‘Hwang‐Jin‐Guey’ from Taiwan (1)
Authors: Lin Chun‐Ching , Lin Jer‐Min , Chang Cheng‐Hsiung , Hattori Masao , Namba Tsuneo
Published: October 2006

Three different crude drugs take the same name ‘Hwang‐jin‐guey’ on the Taiwan market, they are (1) Cudrania cochinchinensis var. gerontogea (Moraceae), (2) Ventilago leiocarpa (Rhamnaceae) and (3) Viscum multinerve (Loranthaceae). To clarify and compare the pharmacological actions of these folk medicines, the antiinflammatory and liver‐protective effects of their aqueous and ethanol extracts were investigated. The results showed that the aqueous extracts of C. cochinchinensis (300 mg/kg), V. leiocarpa (300 mg/kg) and ethanol extract of C. cochinchinensis (100 mg/kg) displayed marked antiinflammatory activity compared to indomethacin. An ethanol extract of V. leiocarpa (300 mg/kg) exhibited a comparable inhibitory effect to indomethacin in the paw oedema induced by carrageenan. As to the liver‐protective effect, the statistical analysis (ANOVA) indicated that the aqueous (100 mg/kg) and ethanol (300 mg/kg) extracts of C. cochinchinensis presented pronounced activities against CCI4‐induced acute liver damage.

However, treatment with V. multinerve offered no protection against CCI4‐induced hepatotoxicity, whether aqueous or ethanol extracts. These phenomena were also confirmed by histological observation.
Antihepatotoxic and immunostimulant properties of iridoid glycosides of Scrophularia koelzii
Authors: Garg H. S. , Bhandari S. P. S. , Tripathi S. C. , Patnaik G. K. , Puri Anju , Saxena Ragini , Saxena R. P.
Published: October 2006

The alcoholic extract of the aerial parts of Scrophularia koelzii (100 mg/kg p.o. × 7 days) significantly protected the rat liver against thioacetamide induced toxicity. On its further fractionation, activity was localized in the chloroform fraction from which four iridoid glycosides, namely scropolioside‐A, koelzioside, harpagoside and 6‐0‐(3″‐0‐p‐methoxy‐cinnamoyl)‐α‐L‐rhamnopyranosyl catalpol were isolated. Among these, scropolioside‐A showed maximum hepatoprotective activity. Immunostimulant response was observed with all the four iridoids with harpagoside exhibiting maximum induction of immune response.
Punicalagin‐induced release of norepinephrine reverses orthostatic hypotension in rats
Authors: Chang Tzen Kwan , Hsu Feng‐Lin , Cheng Juei‐Tang
Published: October 2006

Punicalagain, an active principle isolated from the leaves of Lumnitzera racemosa (Combretaceae), reversed the fall in arterial blood pressure in conscious Wistar rats with orthostatic hypotension induced by injection of hexamethonium into animals subjected to 90° head‐up tilts for 60 s. Punicalagin was found to be less effective on prazosin‐induced orthostatic hypotension. Plasma norepinephrine (NE) was elevated by intravenous injection of punicalagin in a dose‐dependent manner from 0.5 to 15 mg/kg, both in normotensive rats and the orthostatic hypotensive animals. An increase of mean blood pressure was also found in rats that received the injection of punicalagin; this increase in blood pressure was totally abolished by prazosin. Failure of hexamethonium or pentolinium, antagonists of ganglionic nicotinic receptors, to influence the NE releasing action of punicalagin ruled out the participation of ganglionic stimulation. This NE‐releasing action of punicalagin was, however, totally blocked by the inhibitors of noradrenergic nerve terminals, guanethidine or bretylium. Also, the activity of punicalagin was not modified by adrenalectomy. Thus, a direct release of NE from the noradrenergic nerve terminals by punicalagin seems responsible for the reversal of orthostatic hypotension.
Olivacine plus coadjuvants in the treatment of murine leukaemia
Authors: de Oliveira Marilda Meirelles , de Alencar Filho Rufino Antunes
Published: October 2006

Administration of olivacine, 1,5‐dimethyl‐6H‐pyrido[4,3‐b] carbazole to mice inoculated with 105, 103 and 102 leukaemic cells (L1210) produced significant survival in all treated groups which was not altered by association with the naturally occurring nucleoside deoxycytidine. Treatment with olivacine plus heterologous serum caused leucocytosis due to neutrophilia, lymphocytosis and monocytosis, as opposed to treatment with olivacine alone, which produced leucopenia due to neutropenia and lymphocytopenia.
Trypanocidal components of Pluchea quitoc L.
Authors: Zani Carlos L. , Alves Tǎnia M. A. , de Oliveira Alaíde B. , Murta Silvane M. F. , Ceravolo Isabela P. , Romanha Alvaro J.
Published: October 2006

Four compounds active against the epimastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas' disease, were isolated from the hexane extract of Pluchea quitoc L. (Compositae). The flavone casticin (1), identified on the basis of its spectroscopic characteristics, along with PQU19B, 19G and 28A, the structures of which are in the process of identification, did not show significant activity against the infective bloodstream trypomastigote forms of the parasite.
Some pharmacological effects of an ethanolic extract of Palisota ambigua on the central nervous system in mice
Authors: N'Gouemo P. , Baldy‐Moulinier M. , Nguemby‐Bina C.
Published: October 2006

The present study investigates some neuropharmacological effects of an ethanol extract of the leaves of Palisota ambigua (Commelineae), a medicinal plant in Central Africa. Intraperitoneal administration of the extract induced hyperthermia and reduced the writhing response induced by acetic acid. In addition, the extract augmented the duration of sleeping time induced by sodium pentobarbital and delayed the onset of clonic seizures induced by pentylenetetrazole. By contrast, the extract did not affect convulsions induced by maximal electroschock and picrotoxin.
Inhibition of postprandial hyperglycaemia by oolong tea extract (OTE)
Authors: Nakahara Koichi , Izumi Reiko , Kodama Tohru , Kiso Yoshinobu , Tanaka Takaharu
Published: October 2006

Oolong tea extract (OTE) was found to inhibit sucrase from the small intestine and α‐amylase. The IC50 values were 0.25 mg/mL and 5.0 mg/mL respectively. The effect of OTE on postprandial hyperglycaemia was investigated in vivo in rats loaded with sucrose, maltose, soluble starch or glucose. OTE suppressed the increase of blood glucose levels in sucrose‐, maltose‐ and glucose‐loaded rats, but not in soluble starch‐loaded rats. From these results it was assumed that orally administered OTE inhibits intestinal glycosidases, especially sucrase, thereby deterring the digestion of certain amounts of sucrose or maltose, and also inhibits glucose absorption partially, leading eventually to a reduction in blood glucose levels.
Transformation of Withania somnifera (L) Dunal by Agrobacterium rhizogenes: Infectivity and phytochemical studies
Authors: Banerjee S. , Naqvi A. A. , Mandal S. , Ahuja P. S.
Published: October 2006

Three different strains of Agrobacterium rhizogenes, namely A4, LBA 9402 and LBA 9360 were used for infection to induce hairy root formation in W. somnifera. Strain specificity of the bacterium and frequency of transformation events were analysed. Significant differences were observed between the transformation ability of the different strains of Agrobacterium. The best response in terms of transformation ability and growth of the hairy roots was obtained with A. rhizogenes strain A4, followed by LBA 9402, whereas LBA 9360 strain failed to induce a transformation event. The production of withanolides with special reference to withaferin A was studied through HPLC in the A4 induced hairy root lines and their respective media at different growth phases (i.e. 4, 10 and 24 weeks). The presence of withaferin A in the media as well as in the hairy roots of 10‐week‐old cultures highlights the importance of the present study for the commercial prospects of this plant.
Antiinflammatory and hepatoprotective effects of Ventilago leiocarpa
Authors: Lin Chun‐Ching , Lin Wei‐Chih , Chang Cheng‐Hsiung , Namba Tsuneo
Published: October 2006

Two animal experiments models including carrageenin‐induced oedema and CCl4‐induced liver injury were investigated to compare and elucidate antiinflammatory and hepatoprotective effects of four fractions (CHCl3, EtOAc, n‐BuOH, H2O) from the stem bark of Ventilago leiocarpa Benth. The results showed that each fraction displayed both antiinflammatory and hepatoprotective activities. The H2O fraction (50, 100 mg/kg) was even more effective than indomethacin (10 mg/kg) in reducing carrageenin‐induced oedema, and also had the greatest protection against CCl4‐induced liver injury. It significantly lowered the acute increase in sGOT and sGPT levels caused by CCl4. Histopathological changes such as necrosis, fatty change, ballooning degeneration and inflammatory infiltration of lymphocytes and Kupffer cells around the central veins were also concurrently improved by the treatment with each fraction (50 mg/kg) or the H2O fraction (100 mg/kg).
Activation of protein kinase C from guinea‐pig and rat ventricular muscles by musclide‐A1 and its (2R, 5S)‐diastereomer
Authors: Kimura Ikuko , Takamura Yusaku , Uwano Teruko , Hata Yukiko , Kimura Masayasu , Kikuchi Tohru
Published: October 2006

The activating effects of musclide‐A1, 6‐methyl‐2,5‐heptanediol 5‐(hydrogen sulphate) (la), and its (2R, 5S)‐ and (2R, 5R)‐diastereomers on ventricular protein kinase C from guinea‐pig and rat were compared with other natural compounds derived from musk and non‐natural related compounds. The (2R, 5S)‐diastereomer was most potent among musk‐derived compounds and its related non‐natural compounds. The activation by la (20 μM) was produced in the presence of low [Ca2+]0 and phosphatidylserine like 1,2‐dioctanoylglycerol (2 μM). The activation pattern for peaks eluted by a hydroxyapatite column demonstrated that 1a activates ventricular‐specific protein kinase C peak II, suggesting one mechanism for the beta‐adrenergic cardiotonic potentiation by 1a.
Effects of shilajit on biogenic free radicals
Authors: Bhattacharya Salil K. , Sen Ananda P. , Ghosal Shibnath
Published: October 2006

The radicophilicity (antiradical–antioxidant effects) of processed shilajit (SJP) to oxygen‐derived free radicals and nitric oxide (NO), and the attendant H2O2 cleaving effect were evaluated. SJP provided complete protection to methyl methacrylate (MMA) against hydroxyl radical‐induced polymerization and acted as a reversible NO‐captodative agent. SJP (20 and 50 mg/kg/day, i.p., for 21 days) induced a dose‐related increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activities in frontal cortex and striatum of rats. The data were comparable to those of (−)‐deprenyl (2 mg/kg/day, i.p., for 21 days) in respect of SOD and CAT activities. These findings are consistent with the therapeutic uses of shilajit as an Ayurvedic rasayan (rejuvenator) against oxidative stress and geriatric complaints.
Cardiovascular effects of oblongine chloride, an alkaloid from Leontice leontopetalum, in the anaesthetized guinea‐pig
Authors: Abdalla S. , Zarga M. Abu , Sabri S.
Published: October 2006

The effects of (−)oblongine chloride, a quaternary alkaloid from Leontice leontopetalum on blood pressure, heart rate and blood flow of the anaesthetized guinea‐pig were studied. At doses ranging from 0.5 mg/kg to 30 mg/kg, i.v., oblongine chloride caused a dose‐dependent reduction of systolic and diastolic blood pressure. These doses were associated with an increase in heart rate. Propranolol (5 mg/kg) failed to block the effects of oblongine chloride on systolic and diastolic blood pressure but significantly reduced the increase in heart rate observed with low doses (0.5–6 mg/kg) of oblongine chloride. In doses ranging from 0.05 mg/kg to 0.5 mg/kg, oblongine chloride caused a small increase in blood flow. Larger doses (1.5, 4.5, 15 and 30 mg/kg) caused an initial decrease followed by an increase of blood flow. The net effect of cumulative doses was an increase in blood flow over the control value. These observations suggest that oblongine chloride may have potential haemodynamic effects and that these effects are not mediated by β‐adrenergic receptor stimulation.
Effects on blood pressure of caffeic acid analogues isolated from Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix in rats with adenine‐induced renal hypertension
Authors: Yokozawa Takako , Zhou Jia Jun , Oura Hikokichi , Tanaka Takashi , Nonaka Gen‐Ichiro , Nishioka Itsuc
Published: October 2006

The effects of caffeic acid analogues isolated from Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix were examined in rats with adenine‐induced renal failure and hypertension. Systolic, mean and diastolic blood pressures were decreased after magnesium lithospermate B administration. Oral administration of lithospermic acid B also decreased these blood pressure values even though the effects were weaker than those of magnesium lithospermate B. However, rats given lithospermic acid, rosmarinic acid or caffeic acid showed no appreciable changes in systolic, mean or diastolic blood pressure throughout the experimental period. Urinary excretion of both kallikrein and sodium was increased significantly in rats given magnesium lithospermate B or lithospermic acid B. These results indicate that the action of these compounds shows a structure‐specific pattern.
A pharmacological study of Araujia sericifera B. extracts in rodents
Authors: Bello R. , Borges C. , Esplugues J. V. , Esplugues J. , Lopez De Medrano‐Villar M. J. , Yúfera E. Primo
Published: October 2006

The present study analyses the pharmacological activity in in vitro and in vivo models of different extracts obtained from Araujia sericifera. The hexane extract of fruits lacked toxicity, but exhibited an analgesic effect in models of chemical and thermal stimulation. Such an extract was the only one which exhibited antiinflammatory actions. The intrinsic effect on arterial blood pressure was biphasic: at low doses it significantly increased blood pressure, whereas at high doses it exerted the opposite effect. On isolated organs it produced a marked decrease in the maximum effect of histamine and acetylcholine. The dichloromethanol extract of fruits decreased arterial pressure and the maximum effect of histamine. The methanol extract of fruits slightly depressed the CNS. An analgesic effect was noted following chemical stimulation; the maximum effect of serotonin was significantly decreased. The dichloromethanol extract of seeds markedly decreased arterial pressure and the maximum effect of acetylcholine and serotonin. The methanol extract of seeds exerted an analgesic effect after chemical stimulation and modified the maximum effect of noradrenaline and serotonin.
Stimulation of neuron‐like cell growth by Aloe substances
Authors: Bouthet Catherine F. , Schirf Virgil R. , Winters Wendell D.
Published: October 2006

Aloe plant materials are widely known for their uses in folk medicine, particularly for their ability to aid healing of minor cutaneous wounds and for protection of skin cells. Several in vitro studies have shown Aloe substances stimulate fibroblast and epithelial cell growth and induce lectin‐like responses in immune cells involved in skin wound repair processes. In our present studies, we quantitatively tested Aloe substances extracted from whole leaves and gel filets for their comparative effects on induction of proliferation in fibroblast cells and, for the first time, in neuron‐like cells. Aloe gel substances were found to significantly increase proliferation in suspension‐treated neuron‐like cells to a greater level than that detected in similarly treated fibroblast cells in short term cultures. In long term cultures of cells treated only once, Aloe substances maintained both cells viability at different doses of Aloe. These studies demonstrate for the first time that partially purified substances in Aloe extracts can stimulate the growth of neuron‐like cells in vitro, therefore extending the range of types of cells highly reactive with Aloe substances.
Comparison of the effects of crude extract of spinach‐beet leaves and equivalent amounts of chlorophyll and chlorophyllin in modifying the clastogenic activity of chromium (VI) oxide in mice in vivo
Authors: Sarkar Debisri , Sharma Archana , Talukder Geeta
Published: October 2006

The anticlastogenic activities of a crude extract of leaves of spinach‐beet (Beta vulgaris var. benghalensis Hort.) and equivalent amounts of chlorophyll extracted from the leaves and of synthetic chlorophyllin in reducing cytotoxicity were compared following exposure of mice in vivo to a known clastogen chromium (VI) oxide. Male Swiss albino mice were administered orally the vegetable extract for 7 consecutive days and then exposed to the clastogen by gavage (20 mg/kg b wt). For comparison, equivalent amounts of extracted chlorophyll and synthetic chlorophyllin were administered to the mice, 2 h before exposure to the same dose of the metal. Chromosomes were studied from bone marrow cells 24 h after exposure, following colchicine‐hypotonic‐fixative‐flame drying‐Giemsa staining schedule. Chlorophyllin and the crude extract, when given alone, did not induce chromosomal aberrations and reduced the clastogenic effects induced by chromium (VI) oxide to a statistically significant level, indicating a protective action. Chlorophyll, however, produced a significant increase of chromosomal aberrations compared with control, when administered alone and was not able to reduce the clastogenicity of the metallic salt to a significant level.
Screening of antiradical, antilipoperoxidant and hepatoprotective effects of nine plant extracts used in Caribbean folk medicine
Authors: Joyeux Michel , Mortier François , Fleurentin Jacques
Published: October 2006

The antagonistic activity of nine plant extracts, traditionally used in Caribbean folk medicine, versus tert‐butyl hydroperoxide has been evaluated on isolated hepatocytes. These results are completed by the evaluation of the antiradical potential of these extracts against a solution of diphenyl picryl hydrazyl radical. In all cases, an aqueous extract of Rosmarinus officinalis was used as a natural reference extract.
An extract of Desmodium adscendens activates cyclooxygenase and increases prostaglandin synthesis by ram seminal vesicle microsomes
Authors: Addy Marian E. , Schwartzman Michal L.
Published: October 2006

Microsomes from ram seminal vesicles were used as a source of cyclooxygenase enzyme to evaluate the effect of an n‐butanol fraction of Desmodium adscendens (nBF) on prostaglandin (PG) synthesis. 1‐14C‐arachidonic acid (14C‐AA) conversions into prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2a) and the endoperoxide intermediate, prostaglandin H2 (PGH2) were analysed radiometrically and compared among reaction mixtures with different concentrations of the cyclooxygenase enzyme, with and without GSH and with or without preincubation with nBF, tyramine and hordenine, phenolic compounds present in D. adscendens. The percentage of 14C‐AA converted in the various reaction mixtures was used to indicate activation of cyclooxygenase enzyme (Cox). nBF activated Cox at sub‐optimal enzyme concentrations and increased PG synthesis at all enzyme concentrations used, shifting the increased production in favour of PGE2 under certain conditions. Tyramine was more effective than nBF in activating Cox. The results indicate that D. adscendens contains compounds, other than phenolics, which modulate PG synthesis and could lead to production of relaxant prostanoids.
Effects of TDEYA fromAtractylodesrhizome on experimental gastric ulcer
Authors: Sakurai Tetsuro , Sugawara Hiroki , Saito Ken‐Ichi , Kano Yoshihiro
Published: October 2006

The administration of (6E, 12E)‐tetradecadiene‐8, 10‐diyne‐1, 3‐diol diacetate (TDEYA), isolated fromAtractylodesrhizome, promoted the transit of charcoal in the small intestine of mice at a dose of 250 mg/kg. TDEYA prevented lesion formation induced by HCl‐ethanol or ethanol in a dose‐dependent manner. This action was still evident following intraperitoneal administration and previous treatment with indomethacin. The protective effect of TDEYA against gastric lesion caused by necrotizing agents would thus appear not to be mediated by endogenous prostaglandins. TDEYA did not inhibit gastric ulcers induced by pyloric ligation nor did it reduce gastric juice output or pepsin activity. TDEYA significantly increased hexosamine content in gastric juice and the mucosa. The effect of TDEYA on HCl‐ethanol or ethanol‐induced gastric lesions may thus be exerted through its protective action on the stomach by secreting mucus and by not reducing gastric juice secretion or pepsin activity.
Aqueous degradation of isoflavonoids in an extract of Millettia thonningii (Leguminosae) which is larvicidal towards schistosomes
Authors: Perrett Sheena , Whitfield Philip J.
Published: October 2006

A chloroform extract of the seeds of the West African legume Millettia thonningii has been shown to kill the snails which transmit the schistosomiasis and also the larvae of the parasite itself. This study examines the bioactivity of the chloroform extract of M. thonningii in aqueous non‐sterile conditions. Suspensions of the extract in water maintained larvicidal activity for long periods. HPLC analysis showed that over a period of 4 weeks in aqueous suspension, degradation of two of the compounds present, the isoflavonoids alpinumisoflavone and 4′‐methylalpinumisoflavone, occurred and bioactivity was eventually lost, indicating that these compounds are probably responsible for the bioactivity. These isoflavonoids are thought to act via inhibition of electron transport.
Moderate cytotoxicity of proanthocyanidins to human tumour cell lines
Authors: Kolodziej H. , Haberland C. , Woerdenbag H. J. , Konings A. W. T.
Published: October 2006

In the present study the cytotoxicity of 16 proanthocyanidins was evaluated in GLC4, a human small cell lung carcinoma cell line, and in COLO 320, a human colorectal cancer cell line, using the microculture tetrazolium (MTT) assay. With IC50 values ranging from 18 to >200 μM following continuous incubation, the proanthocyanidins examined possess only moderate to low cytotoxicity. The highest cytotoxicity was found in a series of galloylated proanthocyanidins. An increase in the number of galloyl substituents increased cytotoxicity. Simple proanthocyanidins possess low cytotoxicity, that was independent of the stereochemistry. Compounds with doubly linked units had negligible cytotoxic effects, even at 200 μM, the highest concentration tested.
In vivo inhibitory effects of arjunolic acid derivatives on two‐stage carcinogenesis in mouse skin
Authors: Diallo B. , Vanhaelen‐Fastré R. , Vanhaelen M. , Konoshima T. , Takasaki M. , Tokuda H.
Published: October 2006

In a previous study, arjunolic acid (1) isolated from Cochlospermum tinctorium and its hemisynthetic derivatives 2, 3 and 4 were shown to exhibit in vitro inhibitory effects on Epstein—Barr virus (EBV) activation. Compounds 3 and 4, which showed the strongest inhibitory activities, were further prepared from arjunolic acid isolated from Mitragyna ciliata; they were tested in vivo on a two‐stage carcinogenesis assay in mouse skin, using dimethyl‐benz[a]anthracene (DMBA) as initiator and 12‐O‐tetradecanoylphorbol‐13‐acetate (TPA) as promoter. The activities were evaluated by both rate (%) of papilloma‐bearing mice and average number of papillomas per mouse and compared with the control. In the group of mice treated with 3 and 4, the occurrence of papillomas was delayed, compared with the results of the control; with derivative 4, papillomas occurred in 100% animals only at week 15. These results suggest that arjunolic acid derivatives could be valuable compounds as antitumour‐promoters.