bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cain and migration: Opportunity amidst punishment?
Authors: Snyman Gerrie
Published: January 2019

In the colonial period since 1492, the colonial masters of Europe sent perpetrators within the colonised territories to other colonies where they became slaves – forced migration and diaspora. These slaves started a new life and became, like Cain’s children, the ancestors of a few notable families (e.g. in South Africa) – a typical postcolonial situation of creating hybrid identities where East met West in Africa to procreate. The question this article asks is the following: how can one link migration and diaspora to Cain’s situation? Cain’s punishment was twofold: the earth would no longer yield to him any fruit, and he would become a fugitive and a wanderer (Gn 4:12). It is as if the first logically led to the second in the Hebrew text. Cain’s vulnerability had a positive effect, so that later on in the story he seemed to have settled and procreated to the extent that his children became founders of arts, science and technology. The LXX partly solves this contradiction by making Cain physically handicapped with trembling and groaning. Significantly, in both traditions he is said to leave the presence of the deity to live elsewhere where he would not be confronted with either the deity or his parents. In both instances, a migration is clearly taking place with the implication that once being branded a perpetrator one can no longer reside within the community or society in whose midst the transgression took place. The perpetrator is removed from the victims and the latter need no longer confront him or her. This article will subsequently consider the following: the value of migration in the biblical text, the significance of Cain moving away from his clan and deity, and the effect of settling elsewhere.
High concentrations of toxic metals in water consumed by the Maxakali indigenous community in Brazil
Authors: Assis Eliseu Miranda de , Souza Maicon Junior dos Santos , Faria Márcia Cristina da Silva , Rodrigues Jairo Lisboa , Garcez Anderson , Bomfeti Cleide Aparecida , Barcellos Nêmora Tregnago
Published: January 2019

The Maxakali is the second largest indigenous population in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil; and parasitic diseases are its main cause of death. Problems related to the quality of water consumed by this population, added to the absence of public sanitation services, aggravate the risk of illnesses due to several water-borne pathologies. Thus, the main purpose of this paper was to evaluate the water quality consumed in natura by the Maxakali community, quantifying toxic metals in relation to the maximum values allowed by Brazilian law. A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out with samples of water collected in surfaceand groundwater in the Maxakali villages, including three seasonal periods. Villages with the greatest number of altered measures of metals in water were Aldeias Pradinho (100%) and Água Boa (92%). The smallest number of changes were found in Aldeias Verde and Rafael (27%). The metals that appeared in the largest number of collections with values higher than recommended were Iron (50%), followed by Arsenic (46%), Aluminum (36%), Cadmium (22%) and Mercury (20%), respectively. The study identified high concentrations of toxic metals in the water consumed by the Maxakali indigenous community in Brazil.
¿Existe conocimiento epistémicamente irracional?
Authors: Pérez Otero Manuel
Published: January 2019

I present an epistemological puzzle about perceptual knowledge and its relation to the evaluation of probabilities. It involves cases, concerning a given subject S and a proposition P in a determinate context, where apparently: S has perceptual knowledge of P; the epistemic justification S has for believing Not-P is much greater than her epistemic justification for believing P. If those two theses were true, the following very plausible epistemological principle would fail: If S knows P, then the epistemic justification S has for believing Not-P is not greater than her epistemic justification for believing P. I offer a solution to the puzzle, which is compatible with basic intuitions and theses of orthodox Bayesianism.
The Dual Role of Evo-Devo Mechanisms and the Extended Evolutionary Synthesis
Authors: Folguera Guillermo , Lavagnino Nicolás
Published: January 2019

The distinction between mechanisms that generate biological variation and mechanisms that modify it has been important in contemporary Biology, especially since the establishment of the Evolutionary Synthesis (ES) in the first part of the twentieth century. In the ES, and in its subsequent legacy to evolutionary biology, the focus was directed at mechanisms that modify biological variation. In recent years, evo-devo (Evolutionary Developmental Biology) emerged as an area of knowledge that proposes to extend the ES in many forms. In this sense, given that evo-devo integrates different areas of Biology, different types of mechanisms can be found. In order to understand evo-devo mechanisms, as well as its relation with the ES, we analyzed the role that evo-devo mechanisms play with respect to biological variation. The main question in our analysis was: do evo-devo mechanisms have a function of generators and/or modifiers of biological variation? We focused on three evo-devo mechanisms: environmental induction, hypervariability/somatic selection and developmental bias. Our analysis showed a different characterization of the action of evo-devo mechanisms. This heterogeneity in the role of evo-devo mechanisms shows that, in general, the distinction is maintained but there is a mechanism that presents a dual role. Our analysis indicates that, at least with respect to mechanisms, evo-devo extends and departs from what was proposed in the evolutionary synthesis.
O Sistema Único de Saúde e o desafio da gestão regionalizada e contratualizada
Authors: Goya Neusa , Andrade Luiz Odorico Monteiro de
Published: January 2019

Objetivo: Analisar a regionalização da saúde, com ênfase no uso de diferentes tipos de modalidades de gestão e seus efeitos na garantia do direito à saúde. Métodos: Pesquisa qualitativa, cartográfica de ancoragem deleuzeana, recortada pela experiência do Ceará, em duas camadas investigativas, estadual, de 2013 a junho de 2015, com entrevistas de 23 gestores estaduais de saúde, abordando sua institucionalização; e na Região de Saúde Sobral, de fevereiro a setembro de 2016, discutindo os tipos de gestão adotados em unidades-referência públicas, com entrevistas de 14 gestores, 11 profissionais e 12 usuários. A análise dos discursos foi de abordagem foucaultiana e de autores da saúde coletiva. Resultados: A regionalização constituiu-se como estratégia da reforma da saúde, no Ceará, desde 90, institucionalizando diferentes modalidades de gestão, por meio de Consórcios Públicos de Saúde e Organização Social, operadas pelo mecanismo contratual de serviços de saúde. Conformou uma gestão regionalizada e contratualizada por resultados, em engate das dimensões jurídica à assistencial, com efeitos de verdade ao direito à saúde, restrito aos itens contratados e pagos, esboçando um padrão de cobertura de serviços. Considerações Finais: O acoplamento da contratualização à regionalização mostrou-se potente à modelagem do Sistema Único de Saúde pelo ideário da Cobertura Universal de Saúde, institucionalizando o deslocamento do integral e universal para o parcial e focal; do público para a privatização da gestão de seus equipamentos, mercantilização da saúde como bem de consumo e não de direito social e empresariamento dos modos de sua produção.
Determinantes sociais da saúde: o instituído constitucional no Sistema Único de Saúde
Authors: Ribeiro Kelen Gomes , Aguiar Jaina Bezerra de , Andrade Luiz Odorico Monteiro de
Published: January 2019

Objetivo: Compreender a relação entre o instituído constitucional sobre os determinantes sociais da saúde e a vivência urbana num território em situação de vulnerabilidade social.Métodos: Baseou-se na abordagem qualitativa, com utilização de grupo focal e de entrevista semi estruturada, aplicados a 45 participantes. Realizou-se análise de conteúdo, o que possibilitou a categorização dos dados a partir da técnica de análise temática.Resultados: Os resultados mostraram a vivência no território com insuficiência na oferta de serviços que determinam a saúde da população, apontando para desafios marcantes como a baixa cobertura na Atenção Primária à Saúde e a violência urbana. A busca por qualidade da assistência no Sistema Único de Saúde apresentou-se como estratégia de resistência. Apontou-se para a necessidade de valorização do território como lócus de cuidado das pessoas, com ações intersetoriais que visem promover a saúde da população. Conclusão: Reconhecem-se especificidades dos determinantes sociais na saúde de populações que apresentam condições de vida permeadas por iniquidades e expõem-se subsídios para elaborar medidas que contribuam para superação desses quadros, de forma a gerar equidade social.
Health system reforms in mature welfare states: tales from the north
Authors: Denis Jean-Louis , Usher Susan , Preval Johanne , Côté-Boileau Élizabeth
Published: January 2019

Objective: This article has the objective show an essay on emerging themes in health system reforms, based on experience in Canada. Data synthesis: Reforms are the privileged mode of social change used by modern democratic societies. Persistent dysfunction and failure to adapt to emerging health needs and priorities within health systems in Canada provide a strong policy rationale to search for alternative strategies that might produce much-needed reforms. Three persistent challenges and opportunities for reform in Canadian health systems are discussed: the design of effective governance arrangements, the large-scale development and implementation of improvement and transformative capacities, and the leadership and engagement of the medical profession in working toward broad system goals. In exploring these challenges, we identify tensions that seem relevant to better understanding health system reform in mature welfare states. Conclusion: Addressing these tensions will require both a reinforcement of state and government capacities and stronger capacities at all levels of the health system to design and support change.
Editorial
Authors: Yasukawa Keiko
Published: January 2019

Editorial by Keiko Yasukawa
Rioters and Vigilantes
Authors: Malka Adam
Published: January 2019

This chapter presents an overview of the system of policing that existed in Baltimore during the early decades of the nineteenth century – before the city’s organization of a professional police force and the state’s introduction of a reformative penal system. It argues that Baltimore’s municipal government initially depended upon mobs of ordinary white men to police the city. Occasionally these men earned money for their policing, blurring the line between formal policing and vigilantism; occasionally these men ran amok, leading to riots. Whatever the case, by attempting to maintain order and combating crime, “good citizens” enacted their freedom in an otherwise unfree world. In early Baltimore, policing was above all a practice by which white men affirmed their political inclusion.
Epilogue
Authors: Malka Adam
Published: January 2019

The epilogue argues that the black carceral state was not simply a recreated slave state. Rather, as shown throughout the book, the black carceral state arose in liberal freedom’s name. Had the old order simply survived in modified form, then all that would have remained to do was expunge its remnants. But slavery in Baltimore did perish during the 1860s, and the legal system that lawmakers put in its place guaranteed the wage-earning and house-holding rights of all men, white or black alike. It is thus vitally important for modern Americans to understand not only why mass black policing and incarceration occurred after this happened but also how such policing and incarceration constituted one of emancipation’s most original creations. For that truth still holds today. The lesson from the historical Baltimore example is this: the fight against white supremacy cannot and will never end with a color-blind legal code alone.
The Loyal Republic
Authors: Mathisen Erik
Published: January 2019

This is the story of how Americans attempted to define what it meant to be a citizen of the United States, at a moment of fracture in the republic's history. As Erik Mathisen demonstrates, prior to the Civil War, American national citizenship amounted to little more than a vague bundle of rights. But during the conflict, citizenship was transformed. Ideas about loyalty emerged as a key to citizenship, and this change presented opportunities and profound challenges aplenty. Confederate citizens would be forced to explain away their act of treason, while African Americans would use their wartime loyalty to the Union as leverage to secure the status of citizens during Reconstruction. In The Loyal Republic, Mathisen sheds new light on the Civil War, American emancipation, and a process in which Americans came to a new relationship with the modern state. Using the Mississippi Valley as his primary focus and charting a history that traverses both sides of the battlefield, Mathisen offers a striking new history of the Civil War and its aftermath, one that ushered in nothing less than a revolution in the meaning of citizenship in the United States.
One Roof, One Religion
Authors: Mehta Samira K.
Published: January 2019

Chapter 3 traces the tensions and contradictions inherent in attempts to create Jewish homes out of interfaith families, in the Reform movement’s initial responses to the rising interfaith marriage rate. It points to “religion” and “culture” as terms with ever shifting definitions, strategically deployed to permit particular kinds of familial practices. Through sources ranging from 1980 to 2000, Mehta tracks and interprets which Christian practices are labelled as “religious,” and therefore unacceptable, as opposed to “cultural” and therefore permissible. Analytically, the chapter uses practice theory to call into question the underlying assumption of the rhetoric about a Jewish home, which is that it is possible to have a religiously singular home if the parents are from different traditions.
Living the Interfaith Family Life
Authors: Mehta Samira K.
Published: January 2019

In 4 case studies, Chapter 6 articulates a range of ways that interfaith families practice both religions: the largely secular home that connects to both Christian and Jewish heritage; a family that sees themselves as having Christian and Jewish heritage in the context of a shared Unitarian Universalist community and faith; a family that belongs to an intentional interfaith community, the Interfaith Family Project; and a family that belongs to both Jewish and Mormon religious communities and is educating their children in both. These case studies represent the 4 main approaches that interfaith families “doing both” have found to navigate those tensions. Each of these families has found a different approach for combining their traditions and a unique language for framing their choices, but they all do so in ways that minimize the cognitive differences between the two traditions, highlights their similarities, and creates a cohesive narrative of family identity.
Maintaining Modernity
Authors: Aso Michitake
Published: January 2019

Rubber trees helped structure the violent transition from empire to nation-state during nearly thirty years of conflict on the Indochinese peninsula. Chapter 5 focuses on the struggle over plantations that took place in Vietnam and Cambodia between 1945 and 1954. During the First Indochina War, plantation environments served as a key military battleground. In the fighting that took place immediately after the end of World War II, many plantation workers, encouraged by the anticolonial Việt Minh, attacked the rubber trees as symbols of hated colonial-era abuse. Slogans placing the culpability of worker suffering on trees show how plantation workers often treated the trees themselves as enemies. Despite their colonial origins, plantation environments were important material and symbolic landscapes for those seeking to build postcolonial Vietnamese nations. French planters claimed to struggle heroically against nature, Vietnamese workers saw themselves as struggling against both nature and human exploitation, and anticolonial activists articulated struggles against imperial power structures. Industrial agriculture such as rubber was vital to nation-building projects, and by the early 1950s, Vietnamese planners began to envision a time when plantations would form a part of a national economy.
Militarizing Rubber
Authors: Aso Michitake
Published: January 2019

The extreme violence brought to bear on the Vietnamese society and environment by the American war machine during the 1960s meant that measures taken by South Vietnamese leaders ended up sustaining plantation production. Ironically, the communist insurgency also benefited from rubber plantations, which continued to serve as a valuable source of material and recruits. Meanwhile, North Vietnamese rubber experts worked to extend the range of hevea into more northern latitudes so that latex could flow in the socialist world. Chapter 7 extends the history of rubber to 1975 to show the ways that memories of colonialism continued to structure thoughts and behavior regarding rubber, and suggests why human-environment interactions on the plantations of post-1975 socialist Vietnam often resembled those of their colonial predecessors. This chapter focuses on the degree to which colonial discourse as materialized on plantations was subverted by various actors and revisits the historiography of the Vietnam War by adopting the lens of environmental history to show the unexpected consequences of plantation agriculture. Finally, it considers how the post–World War II development of “synthetic” rubber affected the actions of those associated with “natural” rubber plantations.
Cosmopolitanism as Concealment
Authors: Knapp Courtney Elizabeth
Published: January 2019

Chapter 3 continues this analysis through the ‘Jim Crow’ and Civil Rights eras. The chapter reveals critical double standards with respect to city planning and cultural development in Chattanooga; contradictions and inequalities that persist today. It also argues the historical conceptualization of black culture and community development as antithetical to urban progress was promulgated during and after the Reconstruction Period so that whites had a rationale to justify their ongoing subjugation and exploitation of Black labor across all areas of the Dynamo of Dixie’s rapidly expanding local economy. The long history of de facto and de jure Jim Crow laws and structural inequalities explored in this chapter are testament to these legacies of oppression.
How to Talk about Miss Lewis?
Authors: Williams Caroline Randall
Published: January 2019

Caroline Randall Williams—culinary author, young adult novelist, and poet—writes of the profound influence that Lewis has had on her life. She recalls listening to her mother’s stories of Lewis in childhood, cooking from The Edna Lewis Cookbook as an undergrad, and being inspired by Lewis’s works to write her very own cookbook.
Edna Lewis: Selected Portraits
Authors: Hill John T.
Published: January 2019

I don’t remember how I first learned about Edna Lewis—only that once I heard her name, she was everywhere. Like a word you learn and then hear on the radio the next day. Like an echo. My curiosity to learn more about her grew into something like hunger. But traces of Edna Lewis in the public record were hard to come by. When the local public library didn’t have her books, I bought them secondhand. I read them many times before I started to cook from them. I started feeling that Edna Lewis was something like my friend. And stranger still—other people, even those who never knew her—seemed to feel the same way. This essay traces my friendship with a woman I have never met, indeed will never know. It asks what I have been asking myself for six years now: What is it about Edna Lewis that renders her always partially out of view, hard to get a hold of and harder still to let go?...
The Wisdom in the Pages
Authors: Howard Vivian
Published: January 2019

Vivian Howard—chef, author, and television host—was first introduced to Lewis when her husband bought The Taste of Country Cooking to serve as inspiration for their own fledging restaurant. Howard took Lewis’s simple, southern recipes and incorporated their spirit into her own cooking, eventually finding a unique style that is both genuinely southern and strikingly modern.
My Best Achievement
Authors: Greene A. Wilson
Published: January 2019

This chapter provides a detailed account of military events on June 15, 1864 east of Petersburg. Elements of the Army of the James skirmished with Confederate forces in the morning at Baylor’s Farm, slowly approaching Petersburg’s main defenses. The ranking Union officer, General William F. Smith, conducted a deliberate reconnaissance before launching his attack at about 7:00 p.m. Major assaults, including attacks by United States Colored Troops, succeeded in capturing several miles of the Southern works before nightfall. Confusion and a tardy start toward Petersburg delayed the arrival of the Army of the Potomac’s Second Corps. Its commander, General Winfield S. Hancock, and General Smith opted not to press their advantage that night, providing the Confederates a reprieve that might have saved Petersburg from capture.
Strangled in Dust and Scorched in the Sun
Authors: Greene A. Wilson
Published: January 2019

From late June to mid-July 1864, the period between Grant’s Second and Third Petersburg Offensives, soldiers on both sides experienced hardships caused by drought and deluge, enervating heat, and particularly for the Confederates, an unreliable diet. Casualties mounted from relentless sharpshooting and mortar attacks, but the majority of soldiers in both armies maintained good morale. The average Johnny Reb believed that Robert E. Lee could never be driven from Petersburg and Richmond. Most Billy Yanks trusted their commander, Ulysses S. Grant, evincing a strong desire to see the war through to a successful conclusion, regardless of how long it took. Still, desertion began to plague both armies as the summer ground on with no end to the fighting in sight. The soldiers constructed ever more elaborate field fortifications and gradually adapted to life in their trenches and bombproofs. Grant detached most of his cavalry and an infantry corps to counter a threat to Washington posed by Confederates under Jubal Early and made a controversial change in the command of the 18th Corps.
I Have Accomplished One of the Great Things of This War
Authors: Greene A. Wilson
Published: January 2019

During the lull in the fighting after the Second Petersburg Offensive, the 48th Pennsylvania began building a mine shaft ending underneath a major Confederate fort. The Pennsylvanians completed their tunnel in late July and packed it with 8,000 pounds of black powder. This chapter describes the details behind this, the most famous engineering accomplishment of the entire campaign, and Confederate efforts to verify its existence and location. The Union Ninth Corps designated its African American division to lead any attack that would follow the mine’s detonation, although there remains some doubt as to the amount of training these men received for their unique assignment. General Grant’s plans for his Third Petersburg Offensive, however, relied not on the mine, but on a movement north of the James River targeting Richmond and its supply lines to the north and west. The conduct of that operation, called First Deep Bottom, failed to achieve its goals between July 26th and 28th. However, it succeeded in drawing much of Lee’s army away from Petersburg, elevating the mine’s potential importance.
A Perfect Hell of Blood
Authors: Greene A. Wilson
Published: January 2019

This chapter follows the fighting at the Battle of the Crater from the commencement of the Confederate counterattacks through the end of the engagement. Once the Union assaults had run their course without achieving a significant breakthrough, General William Mahone arrived at the head of two Confederate brigades with orders to regain the lost ground. Morning assaults drove the Bluecoats back into the environs of the Crater, but failed to expel them. Mahone summoned an Alabama brigade to the field as unrelenting heat combined with Confederate mortar fire weakened the Union survivors and made life around the Crater almost unbearable. Early in the afternoon, Mahone unleashed his Alabamans. Their determined attack ended the battle, but not before the Southerners, incensed at the idea of fighting former slaves, perpetrated an unprecedented massacre of the black troops, providing July 30, 1864 with its gruesome pedigree. The aftermath possessed its own dark character featuring the execution of black prisoners, a humiliating parade of Union POWs through Petersburg, and shameful dueling protocols by the respective commanders that delayed a truce and resulted in the deaths of countless wounded men caught between the lines.
The Sound and Fury of a Renaissance
Authors: Perry Imani
Published: January 2019

This chapter describes the New Negro Movement that flourished following World War I. In the context of the rise of political organizations like the NAACP, Garveyism, in addition to vibrant arts and cultural communities, and print culture, Lift Every Voice and Sing became both an inspiration and a touchpoint for the expression and expansion of African American identity.
The Bell Tolls for Thee
Authors: Perry Imani
Published: January 2019

This chapter provides an analysis of the shifting political landscape of Black Americans in the context of World War II through the lens of Black media and other popular cultural forms. The socio political meaning of the anthem in this context diverges, and for the first time it is significantly engaged by the mainstream of American politics and media as well.
Death in Life
Authors: Nudelman Franny
Published: January 2019

Franny Nudelman’s essay, “Death In Life: Documenting Survival After Hiroshima,” considers the influence of military psychiatry on documentary writing about Hiroshima survivors and, more broadly, on the “new” narrative journalism that flourished in the post-war decades. Examining the documentary writing of John Hersey and Robert Jay Lifton, who participated in the experimental treatment of traumatized soldiers and went on to interview and write about Hiroshima survivors, Nudelman constructs a genealogy of documentary nonfiction that grounds the immersive practices of new journalism, and their fascination with survivors, in the experimental techniques of military psychiatry.
Working Photography
Authors: Entin Joseph B.
Published: January 2019

In “Working Documentary: Labor Photography and Documentary Labor in the Neoliberal Age,” Joseph B. Entin analyzes the work of Milton Rogovin and Allan Sekula. The chapter emphasizes the self-consciousness with which these acclaimed photographers of labor generated new formal strategies to contend with the limitations of conventional documentary realism. Each, he shows, produced forms of labor photography attuned to the conditions of contemporary work and responsive to the widening social and economic forces shaping workers’ experience—and each thereby reanimated, or reworked, the project of photo-documentary for a late industrial, emerging neoliberal context.
Looking Past Disorder
Authors: Clark Justin T.
Published: January 2019

By the 1830s, the urban renewal project discussed in the previous chapter only further revealed the intractable messiness of the urban landscape. A decade of gentrification exacerbated anxiety about whether the city’s sites and edifices could compete with surrounding topographical and human congestion. The champions of improvement sought to ease their doubts by commissioning images that abstracted, obscured, or shrank into insignificance the disorder surrounding urban landmarks. Yet even as these ideal representations of the city proliferated, Bostonians questioned whether their fellow spectators saw moral landmarks as intended. A middle-class culture of novels, guidebooks, periodicals, plays, and other sources introduced a new typology of spectators—the connoisseur and the poseur, the vista seeker and the speculator, the libertine and the sentimentalist—who revealed their true characters through their divergent reactions to the city’s monuments, parks, galleries, paintings, and sculptures.
Enchanting the City
Authors: Clark Justin T.
Published: January 2019

As the Second Great Awakening convulsed Boston, liberal Protestants inoculated themselves and their children against irreligious superstition by cultivating a belief in fairies and fairyland. Pointedly allegorical, fairy culture affirmed the genteel, pious and natural sensibility of liberal Protestantism, while simultaneously parodying the lower orders’ supposed susceptibility to illusion. By the 1840s, fairy tales and theatrical fairy spectacles performed at venues such as the Boston Museum served another role: encouraging urbanites to see their class-riven city as an enchanted and abundant metropolis built by truly “free labor,” rather than by morally dubious vanity and capitalist exploitation. Reframing the spectacle of luxury as a magical reward for goodhearted spectators, commercial fairy culture hastened the decline of visual didacticism into outright escapism. For these viewers, the fairy city replaced the tangible civic vistas of Chapters One and Two.
The Old World Meets the New
Authors: Smith Craig Bruce
Published: January 2019

This chapter stretches from the early eighteenth century to the end of the French and Indian War. With a focus on how European ideals permeated early American society, Chapter 1 traces Washington and Franklin’s individual definitions of honor and virtue and how they changed over time. It discusses how their mindsets were largely the result of self-education and personal experience, allowing for a comparison between the northern and southern colonies. It also illustrates the extremely early emergence of an American concept of honor, highlighted by Franklin’s 1723 original concept of merit-based “ascending honor”. The chapter shows Americans as first moving closer to Europe ideologically, before a transformation in ethical ideals saw a greater divergence from the mother country. It also frames the Revolution as being sparked by these preexisting ethical changes.
Strategic Sisterhood
Authors: Tuuri Rebecca
Published: January 2019

When women were denied a major speaking role at the 1963 March on Washington, Dorothy Height, head of the National Council of Negro Women (NCNW), organized her own women's conference for the very next day. Defying the march's male organizers, Height helped harness the womanpower waiting in the wings. Height’s careful tactics and quiet determination come to the fore in this first history of the NCNW, the largest black women's organization in the United States at the height of the civil rights, Black Power, and feminist movements of the 1960s and 1970s. Offering a sweeping view of the NCNW's behind-the-scenes efforts to fight racism, poverty, and sexism in the late twentieth century, Rebecca Tuuri examines how the group teamed with U.S. presidents, foundations, and grassroots activists alike to implement a number of important domestic development and international aid projects. Drawing on original interviews, extensive organizational records, and other rich sources, Tuuri’s work narrates the achievements of a set of seemingly moderate, elite activists who were able to use their personal, financial, and social connections to push for change as they facilitated grassroots, cooperative, and radical activism.
The Power of Four Million Women
Authors: Tuuri Rebecca
Published: January 2019

In the late 1960s, the National Council of Negro Women's (NCNW) poverty programs in Mississippi, drew interest to the organization. The NCNW tried to use this enthusiasm to help build its membership in the 1970s. In hopes of building its direct membership, the NCNW tried to push members of its affiliate organizations to become NCNW direct members as well. It also created more local sections at this time. In addition to building its membership, the NCNW continued to sponsor black self help by founding the Women's Center for Education and Career Advancement, sponsoring Operation Sisters United to help girls deemed at risk of delinquency, and advocating for reformed federal food policies. The NCNW's poverty programming also bolstered its reputation as a national organization that could work both with politicians, professionals, and other formal leaders and with working class and radical women.
Introduction
Authors: Warsh Molly A.
Published: January 2019

Pearls call to mind a simple, feminine beauty in the modern imagination, but this was not always the case. In the early modern period, they evoked the excitement and uncertainty of distant places and unfamiliar peoples. Pearls were one of the earliest sources of American wealth to be exploited by the Spanish and their associates in the wake of Columbus’s voyages; the Venezuelan pearl fisheries provided critical lessons in the meaning of maritime empire. The webs of free and unfree labor that produced this early Caribbean pearl bonanza embedded the Americas in global networks of migration and commerce.
Frontier Friends, 1828–1836
Authors: Hewitt Nancy A.
Published: January 2019

Despite Friends’ rules against marrying a deceased sister’s husband, Amy Kirby married Isaac Post in 1828 and became stepmother to Hannah’s two children. Escaping disciplinary action, she moved to Isaac’s farm in Ledyard, New York, and immersed herself in the Scipio Hicksite Meeting. While Amy forged fast friendships with young married Quakers with whom she shared pregnancy and motherhood, she wrote regularly to family and friends back home. She remained especially close to her cousin Mary Robbins who married Isaac’s brother Joseph. Amy loved life in Ledyard, but the death of Hannah and Isaac’s son Edmund in 1830 and of Isaac’s brother Edmund in 1832 made the distance from Jericho loom large. As the Post family continued to grow, Amy cultivated her medical skills and nursed friends and traveling Quakers as well as family. The Posts were also active in Genesee Yearly Meeting (GYM), established in 1834 to meet the needs of Friends from Central New York to the Midwest and Upper Canada. GYM members testified against slavery, sought even greater equality for women in the meeting, and advocated the rights of Indians. Then in 1836, as many Friends migrated further west, the Posts relocated to Rochester, New York.
Practical Righteousness, 1854–1861
Authors: Hewitt Nancy A.
Published: January 2019

As the WNYASS dissolved, the Posts turned to less visible ways of advancing social justice. They became more involved with the Congregational Friends, now known as Progressive Friends, which promoted practical righteousness. A series of economic and medical crises also fostered more personal forms of action. The Posts assisted the increased flow of fugitives following the Fugitive Slave Act, but questioned Douglass’s and Nell’s support of armed resistance. Nell eventually persuaded Amy of its necessity. The Posts regularly housed abolitionists, spiritualists, and other activists; cared for friends and family who were ill or impoverished; aided abused wives; and joined protests against capital punishment. Amy accompanied Lucy Stone on two lecture tours, but she spent far more time corresponding with her extensive network of friends and family, keeping them apprized of political and personal developments. Harriet Jacobs, who was finishing Incidents in the Life of Slave Girl, regularly sought Amy’s advice and support. After John Brown’s 1859 raid, the Posts helped Douglass escape to Canada, reigniting their friendship. By spring 1861, with the nation at war, Amy helped organize a gathering with Douglass and other speakers to help direct “this bloody struggle, that it may end in Emancipation.”
Coming Together, 1862–1872
Authors: Hewitt Nancy A.
Published: January 2019

The eruption of Civil War led activists who had pursued distinct strategies to coalesce around support for emancipation and aid to escaped slaves. Rochester’s competing networks of women abolitionists worked together to support the labors of Harriet Jacobs and Julia Wilbur in the contraband camps of Alexandria, Virginia. With the Post children grown, former household workers and widowed friends filled the Post home; and family and fellow activists visited regularly. The outbreak of war ignited intense debates among Progressive Friends, in which Amy participated. None of the Post sons enlisted. In 1863, Amy worked with the Women’s Loyal National League, which petitioned Congress to emancipate all slaves. That December, she visited Jacobs and Wilbur in Alexandria, writing Isaac of the horrible conditions there. After the war, the Posts worked with Truth to assist newly-freed blacks. When suffragists divided over the Fifteenth Amendment, Post insisted on universal suffrage but refused to join either newly-formed women’s suffrage organization. Consumed with caring for sick relatives in the early 1870s, she was devastated when Isaac died in May 1872. By November, however, she rallied to join dozens of women trying to register and vote in Rochester.
I Was Hungry, and You Gave Me Something to Eat
Authors: Hudnut-Beumler James
Published: January 2019

Contrary to many scholars who have seen revivalism as the key to southern religion, this book posits that Christian and cultural hospitality are fundamental to southern religiosity. Rooted in a deep cultural memory of scarcity, sharing food with the sick, bereaved, the homeless, and one’s fellow believers takes on a significance it holds perhaps nowhere else in America. Yet sometimes that sharing takes on an edge, wherein ideas about the “truly deserving,” and what churches versus governments should do demonstrate underlying insecurities. Moreover, little informal hospitable sharing happens across the lines of race and the region uses government to punish “the wicked” more than elsewhere in the nation as the result of its underlying conceptions of about the roles of government and private charity.
To Master the Boundless Sea
Authors: Smith Jason W.
Published: January 2019

As the United States grew into an empire in the late nineteenth century, notions like “sea power” derived not only from fleets, bases, and decisive battles but also from a scientific effort to understand and master the ocean environment. Beginning in the early nineteenth century and concluding in the first years of the twentieth, Jason W. Smith tells the story of the rise of the U.S. Navy and the emergence of American ocean empire through its struggle to control nature. In vividly told sketches of exploration, naval officers, war, and, most significantly, the ocean environment, Smith draws together insights from environmental, maritime, military, and naval history, and the history of science and cartography, placing the U.S. Navy’s scientific efforts within a broader cultural context. By recasting and deepening our understanding of the U.S. Navy and the United States at sea, Smith brings to the fore the overlooked work of naval hydrographers, surveyors, and cartographers. In the nautical chart’s soundings, names, symbols, and embedded narratives, Smith recounts the largely untold story of a young nation looking to extend its power over the boundless sea.
Wilderness of Waters
Authors: Smith Jason W.
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the origins of navigational science in the American maritime culture of the early nineteenth century, in marine societies, and in the U.S. Navy, linking the institutionalization of naval science to the broader expansion of American maritime commerce and the evolving role of science in the federal government more broadly. The chapter argues that naval scientists, surveyors, and cartographers saw their work as bringing empirical rationality to a watery wilderness, imposing cartographic order over nature and an appropriation of space in the interests of American maritime commerce. In the process, they aimed to replace folkloric and experiential navigational understandings deeply held by the American seafaring community with a growing embrace of science institutionalized in the federal government and in the American navy specifically.
The Common Highway
Authors: Smith Jason W.
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the hydrographic work of the U.S. Naval Observatory and Hydrographical Office under the leadership of Lieutenant Matthew Fontaine Maury, 1842-1861, a tenure in which Maury brought the Navy to the forefront of antebellum American applied and theoretical science and embarked upon revolutionary new cartographic conventions in his Wind and Current Charts series. Maury pushed and considerably expanded the boundaries of the hydrographic chart to include wind speed, ocean temperature, ship tracks, and whales, among other things, creating a partnership with American and foreign mariners to collect and systematize data about the marine environment thereby significantly shortening the length of voyages under sail, and breaking down the rule-of-thumb navigational methods deeply-rooted in maritime culture. With Maury’s publication of The Physical Geography of the Sea in 1855, he became the intellectual and political rival and sometime enemy of key leaders in the American civilian scientific community. Nevertheless, this chapter argues that at a time when the U.S. Navy, the American maritime community, and civilian science were diverging, Maury was just the sort of figure who could bridge increasingly widening intellectual, cultural, and institutional gaps between them.
Making War upon the Chart
Authors: Smith Jason W.
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the place of charts and hydrographic surveying in the consolidation of a formal American empire after 1898 and the central place of environmental knowledge in the broader strategic debates concerning American empire in the post war period, 1899-1903. It follows the work of surveying vessels off Cuba and the Philippines, the emerging role of the Hydrographic Office and its leaders, and the strategic debates among officer-students at the United States Naval War College and the Navy’s top leadership in the General Board of the Navy in recognizing and debating the importance of the marine environment generally and the specific strategic features of various harbors and coastlines from the Caribbean to the Western Pacific. The chapter argues that charts, hydrographic surveying, and a larger cartographic discourse were central to the geography of American empire, particularly in projecting American sea power into the Western Pacific and the Caribbean.
Introduction
Authors: Teves Stephanie Nohelani
Published: January 2019

The Introduction provides historical and political background of the performance of aloha and its impact on Hawaiian identity, politics, and life in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. Engaging the renewal of Hawaiian culture—language, performance, farming, seafaring—Teves discusses how the affirmation of “authenticity” or “tradition” can work to double-bind Hawaiians and constrain articulations of Hawaiian identity and expression.
Aloha in Drag
Authors: Teves Stephanie Nohelani
Published: January 2019

“Aloha in Drag” investigates how Hawaiianness and aloha can be performed and felt in spaces where Hawaiianness is not obviously being performed or “confessed.” Looking at the performance strategies of Cocoa Chandelier, a well-known Hawaiian drag queen and performance artist working in Honolulu. Chandelier’s performances speak to a frequently marginalized Kānaka Maoli LGBT and local/settler LGBT population in Hawaiʻi, cultivating a shared sense of place and cultural belonging. These spaces allow the performance of aloha in drag, a performance of Hawaiianness that is unidentifiable to non-Hawaiian audiences, but can be deployed as a strategy to resist the ongoing subjection and hyper-commodification of Hawaiian indigeneity.
Webs of Community
Authors: Sleeper-Smith Susan
Published: January 2019

A network of Indian trading villages dominated the tributary rivers of the Ohio and fostered Indian control over the exchange process. The face-to-face exchange process that characterized these villages ushered in a golden age of Indigenous prosperity as Indian women sought new types of cloth, incorporated silks and calicoes into their wardrobes, and demanded silver ornaments to highlight and decorate their clothing. Kin-based networks controlled trade as well as social relations in the region. Traders who sought a share of this prosperity resided in these Indian trading villages and carefully observed Indigenous trade protocols. Those who failed to do so found themselves unwelcome in Indian villages. Change was ongoing: newcomers were incorporated, populations multiplied, and village life was defined by evolving kin relations. These changes occurred within the framework of an Indian world, one that was increasingly shaped by Miami hegemony over the Wabash region. Intermarriage blurred social borders and simultaneously created pathways to authority and power.
Picturing Prosperity
Authors: Sleeper-Smith Susan
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the stereotypes associated with the fur trade and contends that, in the Ohio River valley, an Indian-controlled fur trade was associated with increased levels of prosperity. This chapter also analyzes the types of trade goods transported into the Ohio region and shows how cloth became the most desirable object of trade. Europeans wove cloth to meet specific Indian demands, and traders transmitted instructions detailing the color, style, and even the weave of cloth meant for Indian consumption. By the mid-eighteenth century, luxury goods became a crucial part of the trade, and when the Seven Years’ War ended, the fur trade entered an expansionary period. Detroit emerged as one of the most prosperous fur trade posts in the western Great Lakes. This chapter is filled with dramatic illustrations of how cloth was transformed into the increasingly elaborate dress that characterized the diverse Indigenous people who lived in this region.
Julie Chen’s Artists’ Books
Authors: Wong Hertha D. Sweet
Published: January 2019

Artists’ books are visual and sculptural objects that reference the structure of the book –the binding, the page, the spine, the text, and the layout. Often, image and text in artists’ books function co-equally. Artists’ books, then, refer to concepts of the book as a material form and a time-based medium. This chapter presents a brief history of artists’ books, then argues that Julie Chen’s artists’ books address time as it relates to subjectivity. She does this by rendering time spatially, slowing down time and forcing readers to focus attentively on a single moment and thus stretching a singular act of attention into a temporal meditation. Ultimately, Chen creates books that mirror structures of cognition, offering readers/viewers an experience of her interiority as an assemblage of interpenetrating moments and processes of consciousness.
Coda
Authors: Wong Hertha D. Sweet
Published: January 2019

The Coda reiterates that the post-civil rights era in the United States–with the coalescence of rebellion against historic modes of thought, heightened awareness of the politics of race and gender, and challenges to the artificiality of disciplinary silos –gave rise to a period of intense innovation in autobiographical expression in text and image. During this same period, profoundly new possibilities for image-text self-expression arose as the internet was developed, digital tools were generated, and social media sites were launched. Like the interart autobiographies discussed in Picturing Identity, digital media demands interactive engagement. The conclusion discusses e-poetry as a digital descendant of the forms discussed in the book. Finally, the chapter suggests that scholarly claims that digital technology itself decenters the subject must be reconsidered. It is not technology alone that determines subjectivity. All the writers-artists discussed thematize a split subject that seeks, usually futilely, wholeness.