bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kidnapped
Authors: Fass Paula S
Published: November 2023

Few crimes capture our imagination as completely as child kidnapping. We are both fascinated and revolted, seeing in each victim our own child, in each bereaved parent ourselves, and in each kidnapper a monster striking straight at the heart of the family and our society. Kidnapping is a modern morality play, the innocence of the child in stark contrast to the corruption of the criminal, all played out by a media industry eager to feed the worst fears of every parent. In this pathbreaking book, Paula S. Fass explores how our fear has evolved from its first chilling realization in 1874, when Americans were startled and horrified to discover that their children could be held for ransom, until today, when sexual predators seem to threaten our children at every turn. Kidnapped is a mesmerizing look at some of the great kidnapping cases in American history, the stories that have haunted parents over the past 125 years. Fass describes the kidnapping of Charley Ross in 1874, the first of a series of kidnappings to be called "the crime of the century"; the notorious case of Leopold and Loeb, two rich young men who murdered a younger cousin simply to see if they could get away with it; the abduction of Gloria Vanderbilt, the "poor little rich girl" taken by her own aunt at the start of a vicious custody battle; and the most famous case of all, the kidnapping of the Lindbergh baby. More importantly, Kidnapped presents, in a series of brilliant narratives, a window into the American mind, providing us with new insights into parenting and the American family, the media and our fascination with celebrity, policing and law enforcement, gender and sexuality, mental health, and much more. She shows, for instance, how the Leopold and Loeb case revolutionized the insanity plea, how the abduction of Gloria Vanderbilt brought the problems of divorce and child custody into the public eye, how the case of Stephanie Bryan was shaped by the gender assumptions of the 1950s, and how the Lindbergh tragedy was defined by the ever-present media. Turning from these historic cases, she takes us back to crimes that have only recently fallen out of the headlines, such as the disappearance of Etan Patz in New York or Jacob Wetterling in Minnesota, and the growing industry revolving around missing children, from not-for-profit foundations publicizing missing children to for-profit businesses offering to insure children against kidnapping. In this sharp, vivid book, Fass skillfully illuminates our national obsession with child abduction in a society which both values and exploits its youngest members. The loss of each child is a unique and devastating tragedy. But how we respond as a community and as a nation to these crimes speaks volumes about who we are. In confronting how we have treated the children stolen from our lives, Fass shows, we confront ourselves.
Further Progression
Authors: Benson Donald C
Published: November 2023

In the previous chapter we discussed Zeno’s paradox using facts about decimal fractions. However, if we change the paradox slightly, the method of Chapter 2 no longer applies. In fact, the more usual statement of the paradox is that an arrow can never reach its target because to do so it must travel half(instead of nine-tenths)the dis tance between the archer and the target, then half the remaining distance, then half of that, and so on. We could discuss this version of the paradox by using the binary (base 2) representation of numbers, but we prefer to discuss it using geometric progressions,a topic that will be used in later chapters.
The Power of Two
Authors: Benson Donald C
Published: November 2023

Ten is the base of the decimal system, but any natural number greater than 1 can serve as a base for representing numbers. The binary system, the base-2 system, is used in computers. We examine the role of the binary system in a variant multiplication algorithm, Russian peasant multiplication, and in the analysis of certain games. The ternary system, the base-3 system, leads us to Cantor’s curious middle-thirds set. The Binary System Russian peasant multiplication Russian peasants may not have been mathematicians, but it is said that they used an interesting alternate method of multiplication.
Cutouts
Authors: Benson Donald C
Published: November 2023

Geometric dissection is an attractive form of mathematical recreation and a method of proving a very important result, the Pythagorean theorem, which leads to a discussion of Pythagorean triples and Fermat’s last theorem. Geometric Dissections There is a kind of mathematical puzzle that is concerned with dissecting a geometric figure into a number of pieces and reassembling them to form a different figure. Problems of this sort are called geometric dissections.
New Numbers for Old
Authors: Benson Donald C
Published: November 2023

The discussion of minus times minusleads to questions concerning the nature of various extensions of the natural numbers. We will examine numbers from the point of view of mathematical models and axiomatic systems, and we will discuss the construction of the integers from the natural numbers and the complex numbers from the real numbers. We will also see that the complex numbers are rich with geometric meaning.
The Unknown Division
Authors: Benson Donald C
Published: November 2023

Our discussion of the Pythagorean triples on page 180 introduced diophantine equations-equations that require solutions in integers (sometimes rational numbers). Some of the most difficult problems in mathematics—for example, Fermat’s last theorem (Theorem 12.10) —are diophantine equations. We begin this chapter with an ancient Indian puzzle that leads to a type of diophantine equation for which there exist elegant methods of solution. We will see a solution by means of the Euclidean algorithm, a procedure of fundamental importance in number theory. We interpret this solution using continued fractions—an alternative basis for the arithmetic of real numbers—and briefly explore this strange mathematical landscape. We will see that continued fractions provide a variant representation of numbers. Finally, continued fractions give insight into the meaning of leap year.
Introduction
Authors: Leeming David , Page Jake
Published: November 2023

This is a book of peculiarly American stories. Here, as everywhere from time immemorial, stories have served to entertain and to ex plain. They serve as mirrors in which a group of people can see them selves. More specifically and more often, they are like those mirrors in which we apply makeup or even disguises, designing images of who we think we are, how we believe we should appear to the world, and how we think we should perform in it.
African American
Authors: Leeming David , Page Jake
Published: November 2023

African folklore and mythology, like that of Native Americans, is heavily populated by animal figures who are fabulous and some times monster like in that they combine animal agility and power with human wile and trickery. The slaves who were brought to America from Africa naturally carried these animal tales in their memories. Tales of the African spider-trickster Anansi continued to be told in the American South, as were tales of the rabbit trickster who, also influenced by American Indian tales, emerged as the ubiquitous Brer Rabbit, perhaps the prime African American trickster (see the Brer Rabbit story in Part 3).
Historical Perspectives and Present-Day Confrontations
Authors: Gibson Eleanor J , Pick Anne D
Published: November 2023

A book on perception should begin with what perception is about. The answer is at once easy and hard. It is easy because perceiving is something we all en gage in, hardly stopping even in sleep. Perceiving is our means of keeping in touch with the world, of obtaining information about the world and where we are in it. The process of obtaining this information is so natural that it can be hard to explain that there are problems in understanding it. There are, and they have persisted over centuries. Are you and the world separate entities? If so, how is it that you can know about what goes on outside you? This question of how we come by knowledge of the world is as old as humanity. We have learned a good deal about the activity of perceiving. It is an ongoing activity, a search for information specifying the events and layout around us. It is a continuous process, and it provides us with fundamental knowledge that we take for granted.
A Second Chance for Emotion
Authors: Damasio Antonio R
Published: November 2023

Both neuroscience and cognitive science have neglected emotion until recently. By the last quarter of the nineteenth century, Charles Darwin, William James, and Sigmund Freud had written extensively on different aspects of emotion, and Hughlings Jackson had even made a first stab at its neuroanatomy. There would have been reason to expect that the expanding brain sciences would embrace emotion and solve its riddles, just as the new century started. Unfortunately, that never happened. Emotion was left out of the scientific mainstream, and this circumstance is confirmed by the few exceptions to it—a handful of psychologists that carried out important studies on emotion; another handful of neuroanatomists interested in the limbic system; and the psychiatrists and pharmacologists that concerned themselves with the diagnosis and management of mood disorders and developed drugs which gave indirect information on the mechanisms of emotion. Emotion was not trusted, in real life or in the laboratory. Emotion was too subjective; it was too elusive and vague; it was too much at the opposite end of the finest human ability, reason. It was probably irrational to study it.
Introduction
Authors: Harris Eva
Published: November 2023

This book is based on experience gained over the past ten years during the development of the Applied Molecular Biology/Appropriate Technology Transfer (AMB/ATT) Program. The objectives of the AMB/ATT Program are to simplify and demystify molecular biology techniques to make them accessible in developing countries for application to relevant issues in public health and biomedical sciences (Harris, 1996; Harris et al., 1996). This process includes adapting the techniques themselves to existing conditions, training scientists and health professionals in the theory and practice of molecular biology techniques, and assisting local scientists to apply these techniques to their own areas of interest. The low-cost methodology and the participatory didactic approach that was developed as part of the program can be applied and transferred to any environment with limited resources. Chapter 4 describes this program in detail.
Case Study: The AMB/ATT Program
Authors: Harris Eva
Published: November 2023

Introduction

The Applied Molecular Biology/Appropriate Technology Transfer (AMB/ATT) Program presented in this chapter is an example of the approach outlined previously. Much of the information contained in this book was gained from experience while developing this progam over the past ten years. The following chapter describes this technology transfer approach in practice and summarizes the resulting projects and their impact. Program Description Objectives The overall goal of the AMB/ATT Program is to effect the appropriate transfer of molecular biological techniques to developing countries for use in public health and biomedical sciences. The objectives are (1) to introduce appropriate molecular techniques for diagnosis, environmental surveillance, and epidemiology of infectious diseases prevalent in the host country; (2) to oversee the application of these techniques in molecular diagnostic and epidemiological studies; and (3) to foster the continued implementation of molecular biology to address relevant public health and biomedical objectives.
Introduction
Authors: Opdycke Sandra
Published: November 2023

This book is about New York City’s public hospital system, which has served the city for more than two hundred years. Private hospitals have also been important to the city; indeed, their history is intertwined with that of the public system. Nevertheless, the public hospitals have been New York’s true safety net, consistently accepting all who needed care, regardless of their diagnoses, their behavior, their social characteristics, or their financial status. In the 1990s, New York, like many cities, began debating whether its public hospital system should be maintained. This book explores the role that these institutions have played in the city and suggests what might be lost if they were to disappear.

Understanding the contribution of the public hospital system is important, because it sheds light on a much larger topic: the role of public institutions in American life. Contemporary discourse puts such emphasis on the values of the marketplace and of individual endeavor that it is easy to forget how many of our proudest national achievements have been accomplished through government action. When there were wars to be fought, highways to be built, rivers to be spanned, diseases to be conquered, or disasters to be overcome, private efforts often lacked the scope and resources to do the job.
Maintaining the Mission: 1910–1930
Authors: Opdycke Sandra
Published: November 2023

Imagine yourself at Bellevue Hospital again, this time in the 1920s. Strolling the grounds, you can see how much has been achieved since the plans for the new Bellevue were launched in 1904. All the old structures around the perimeter of the complex are gone, and in their place stand half a dozen new McKim, Mead & White buildings, handsome four-square brick structures with white trim and big windows—visible steps toward the ambitious goal that John Brannan laid out twenty years ago. But look more closely, and you will see that Bellevue’s past is also still very much in evidence. The heart of the hospital complex remains untouched: there is the same central courtyard; the same giant old elm tree; and, looming above them as it has for generations, the grim main building, now more than a century old, still housing several hundred patients.
Help in Time of Trouble: 1930–1950
Authors: Opdycke Sandra
Published: November 2023

In 1938, an accident victim was admitted to New York Hospital, and then transferred an hour later to City Hospital, the nearest municipal institution. Since the move did not seem to have been motivated by the patient’s medical needs, reporters asked Dr. S. S. Goldwater, the commissioner of hospitals, to comment on the case. He defended New York Hospital, explaining that there were “scores of transfers every week under comparable conditions.” Perhaps the decision was unfortunate, he said, “but if New York Hospital was wrong, so are they all.” Only by making such transfers, Goldwater explained, could the voluntary hospitals remain “in the relatively advantageous position of being able to avoid overcrowding and the heavy stresses and strains to which the city’s own hospitals are constantly subjected.”
Holding the Fort: After 1970
Authors: Opdycke Sandra
Published: November 2023

One night at Bellevue in the 1980s, an emergency room nurse going off duty summed up her shift for a colleague: “There was one old regular who calls himself Eighth Street Eddie and a weeping Haitian couple and a Chinese man with abdominal pain and a prisoner in handcuffs—looking really furious—being guarded by two policemen. And other regulars— Berenice, who has sickle-cell anemia, and several homeless. … It wasn’t an unusual night at all.”

In many respects, this round-up could have come from any night in the hospital’s history. Perhaps in 1910 the weeping couple would have been Italian instead of Haitian, and perhaps the chronic disease would have been tuberculosis instead of sickle-cell anemia. But the main elements in the account would have been familiar to Bellevue staff from any era: the ethnic and clinical diversity, and the presence of patients like prisoners and the homeless, who would rarely be found in more selective hospitals. In this sense, the social values embodied in Bellevue’s emergency room during the final years of the twentieth century were the same as those that had animated the hospital throughout its history.
Exotic Becomes Erotic: Integrating Biological and Experiential Antecedents of Sexual Orientation
Authors: Bern Daryl J
Published: November 2023

The common question “What causes homosexuality?” is scientifically misconceived because it presumes that heterosexuality is so well understood—so obviously the “natural” evolutionary consequence of reproductive advantage—that only deviations from it are theoretically problematic. Freud himself did not so presume: “[Heterosexuality] is also a problem that needs elucidation and is not a self-evident fact based upon an attraction that is ultimately of a chemical nature” (1905/1962, pp. 11-12).
Educational Reform and Sexual Identity: Conflicts and Challenges
Authors: Irvine Janice M
Published: November 2023

School reform to include discussion of sexual orientation constitutes a bold strategy of the post-Stonewall movement. Marxists, feminists, and other critical theorists have noted that schools, as social institutions, serve a political function by their support of traditional arrangements of race, class, and gender. A critical scholarship has emerged that deconstructs the complexities of traditional schooling (Bowles & Gintis, 1976; Freire, 1971; Giroux, 1981; Weiler, 1988; Weis & Fine, 1993). The theory and practice of lesbian and gay school reform foregrounds a critique of the institutional, discursive, and social production and reproduction of heterosexism by the educational system. Like schooling itself, however, lesbian and gay school reform is neither neutral nor inconsequential. Such efforts must also be scrutinized, since ideology inheres in the various strategies for its implementation.
“Bunk Didn’t Teach Me”
Authors: Armstrong Louis
Published: November 2023

Bunk Johnson sprang unexpectedly from obscurity in 1939, when scholars began to take a keen interest in the early New Orleanian period. Johnson made many claims about his historic role that were later shown to be false. He put himself forward as Armstrong’s main mentor, and though Armstrong supported Johnson (see the Appendix), he also made clear in this article and elsewhere that he got very little from Johnson, musically or otherwise. Since Johnson’s contrary claims have continued to appear in biographies (as recently as 1997), it is worth reprinting Armstrong’s clear statement, which appeared in an article titled “Bunk Didn’t Teach Me,” with byline “as told by Louis Armstrong,” from The Record Changer in 1950. Reprinted here are passages identified as Armstrong’s words by quotation marks in the original article.
Letter To Isidore Barbarin (September I, 1922)
Authors: Armstrong Louis
Published: November 2023

This is the earliest known document written by Armstrong. Armstrong wrote it a few weeks after having arrived in Chicago from New Orleans. Isidore Barbarin (cornet and mellophone) started playing before the turn of the century in marching bands, including the Onward Brass Band and the Excelsior Brass Band, two of the best in the city. Armstrong probably played with him in the Tuxedo Brass Band just before leaving New Orleans for Chicago. The “Celestin” referred to would be Oscar “Papa” Celestin, who founded the Tuxedo Brass Band in 1911. Ernest “Ninesse” Trepagnier played in this band from 1916 until 1928. In Satchmo: My Life in New Orleans (p. 143), Armstrong describes this band: “Several times later[the Robichaux band] asked us to join their band, but I had already given Celestin ... my consent to join him Personally I thought Celestin’s Tuxedo Band was the hottest in town since the days of the Onward Brass Band with Em manuel Perez and Joe Oliver holding down the cornet section So after Joe Oliver went to Chicago, the Tuxedo Brass Band got all the funerals and parades.”
“Jazz On A High Note” (1951)
Authors: Armstrong Louis
Published: November 2023

For this article, Esquire asked Armstrong to comment on some recordings from the middle years of the I 920s-mainly the legendary Hot Five and Hot Seven recordings that made him one of the central figures in jazz history. Along with some colorful stories, Armstrong reports on what the initial experiences with recording were like for him and his colleagues, who did not form a working band but were assembled for this studio work. Armstrong and Lil Hardin Armstrong collaborated on the back steps of her apartment, composing songs specifically for the recording sessions. If, near the end of a session, the studio asked for an additional song that the musicians did not have, they simply made one up on the spot, happy to accept a flat fee and assign royalties to the company. “Mike fright” was a problem, and a mistake in handling a sheet of lyrics produced one of the first recorded examples of a scat vocal.
Early Years With Lucille (ca. 1970)
Authors: Armstrong Louis
Published: November 2023

This untitled document begins in mid-paragraph and ends in mid-sentence. Armstrong describes his courtship with Lucille, beginning in 1938, their marriage in 1942, and their purchase of a house in Corona, New York. A good supplement to this document is an article from Ebony (Armstrong 1954b) titled “Why I Like Dark Women,” which includes reflections on Lucille’s success as a dancer at the Cotton Club: “When I first saw her the glow of her deep-brown skin got me deep down. When we first met, she was dancing in the line at the old Cotton Club and was the darkest girl in the line. Dark, that is, by prevailing standards of Negro beauty. Lucille was the first girl to crack the high yellow color standard used to pick girls for the famous Cotton Club chorus line. I think she was a distinguished pioneer. I suppose I’m partial to brown and dark-skinned women, anyhow. None of my four wives was a light-colored woman.”
Letter To Joe Glaser (August 2, 1955)
Authors: Armstrong Louis
Published: November 2023

This letter reveals a side of Louis Armstrong that does not neatly conform to his public image. Writing to his manager, Joe Glaser, from the Moulin Rouge hotel in Las Vegas, Armstrong wants to “get my seriousness over with” before his wife Lucille arrives on a late-night flight. The seriousness involves a series of financial commitments that Arm strong wants Glaser to assume while Armstrong tours overseas. Armstrong liked to have his manager take care of all business arrangements, leaving him free to concentrate on performing. He was happy to give up control as long as he received regular and generous stipends. He knew that he could make more money under different contractual arrangements, yet he also knew how to assert his will upon occasion, as this letter reveals.
“Scanning The History Of Jazz” (1960)
Authors: Armstrong Louis
Published: November 2023

Asked by The Jazz Review in 1960 to “scan” the history of jazz, Armstrong reflects first on the golden age of his youth. He then comments on more recent and less desirable music-”modern slop.” Not to end sourly, he offers a story (a simpler, less personal version is told in “The Satchmo Story”) that explains by analogy his appreciation of a great deal of music, even when it is less than first-rate. Just as the sister in church appre ciated the inferior preacher, since she could “look over his shoulder and see Jesus just the same,” so Armstrong discovers the superior qualities of a great musician like Joe Oliver shining through music played by inferior musicians-as long as they “display their willing ness to play as best they could.” It is a powerful analogy that sheds light on Armstrong’s musical and spiritual values.
Strategies for the Rehabilitation of Cognitive Loss in Late Life Due to Stroke
Authors: Skilbeck Clive
Published: November 2023

Increasingly, the importance of cognitive rehabilitation is being recognized as a key factor in the outcome of general rehabilitation following stroke. Most areas of rehabilitation rely upon the patient’s learning, and if cognitive deficits are frustrating this learning process, then all aspects of the rehabilitation program will be frustrated to some degree. For example, Lincoln, Drummond, and Berman (1997), in a multiple regression study of 315 inpatients, found that a main predictor of activities-of-daily living (ADL) outcome at 12 months poststroke was a measure of visual organization (Rey figure copy score; Lezak, 1995) on admission.
The Structure of the Tree and Function of Its Parts
Authors: Hartman John R , Pirone Thomas P , Sall Mary Ann
Published: November 2023

The successful establishment and maintenance of trees are greatly aided by an understanding of the anatomy and functions of a normal, healthy tree. Without such knowledge it is difficult to diagnose accurately the many abnormalities that commonly occur in trees or to appreciate various practices undertaken to maintain or restore their vigor.
Transplanting Trees
Authors: Hartman John R , Pirone Thomas P , Sall Mary Ann
Published: November 2023

Transplanting is the moving of a tree from one location to another in such a manner that it will continue to grow. Success, however, is not determined by whether the tree merely survives but rather by its ability to resume growth and development with the least interruption. Transplanting includes moving both field grown and container-grown trees.
Tree Preservation and Repair
Authors: Hartman John R , Pirone Thomas P , Sall Mary Ann
Published: November 2023

Mature trees, in addition to providing shade, beauty, and a relaxing atmosphere, enhance the value of property. Therefore, it is important to preserve trees when their roots, trunk, or limbs are threatened by the actions of nature or man. Physical damage to tree structure is usually obvious: broken limbs, damaged bark, exposed roots. However, lives of trees are more often threatened by damage that cannot be seen on casual inspection: internal decay, boring or mining insects, root suffocation. Some forms of damage are preventable; some are not. The preservation of mature trees depends on preventing damage where possible and ameliorating the impact of damage once it has occurred.
Diagnosing Tree Problems
Authors: Hartman John R , Pirone Thomas P , Sall Mary Ann
Published: November 2023

The authors are often asked by commercial arborists, county extension agents, city park departments, nurserymen, landscape architects, public utility companies, and homeowners to diagnose the cause of decline or death of shade and ornamental trees. For example, at the request of a public utility company, during the summer of 1956 P. P. Pirone examined and then diagnosed the cause of many abnormalities among more than 300 trees in New York City. Since then he examined several thousand more trees in New York, New Jersey, and Long Island, New York. In addition, the authors have examined thousands of diseased and declining landscape trees in Kentucky, California, Louisiana, Wisconsin, Indiana, England, and France.
Parasitic Diseases of Trees
Authors: Hartman John R , Pirone Thomas P , Sall Mary Ann
Published: November 2023

Although disease control unquestionably constitutes one of the major phases of successful tree maintenance, it is often the least clearly understood by the arborist. This lack of understanding is due partly to the difficulty of recognizing disease symptoms and partly to the complex nature of the parasitic agents. Insufficient knowledge of the various chemicals used to combat diseases and of their proper applications is also a contributing factor.
Neuroanatomic Basis for Reorganization of Function After Prefrontal Damage in Primates
Authors: Barbas Helen
Published: November 2023

Neural connections in primates constitute an extensive communication network underlying all neural processes, ranging from simple reflexes to complex executive functions. Consequently, damage to a specific neural structure and functional compensation, when it occurs, are not isolated events but rather change the network of which the structure is a part.
Rapid Reorganization Of Subcortical and Cortical Maps in Adult Primates
Authors: Xu J , Wall J T
Published: November 2023

The somatosensory system has its beginning in sensory nerves that transmit signals from the body to the spinal cord and brainstem. From these levels, information is then processed in the thalamus before reaching cortical areas. This system is organized somatotopically and, as a result, each level contains a map or representation of cutaneous inputs from the body. It was long thought that these maps were formed during development and thereafter were unable to change for the remainder of life. Thus, peripheral injuries in adults were believed to cause loss of functioning in related parts of central maps (see Chapter 1, this volume).
Neuroimaging of Functional Recovery
Authors: Buckner Pandy L , Petersen Steven E
Published: November 2023

A fundamental issue in studying recovery after brain damage is trying to understand how remaining (intact) brain regions support compensated capabilities. This broad issue directly prompts exploration of two related questions: (1) What are the brain pathways that support functioning in a given domain in the intact brain and (2) How are these pathways changed in the damaged brain? To answer these questions it is essential to have methods that allow observation of neural activity in the intact and damaged brain. For these methods to be truly useful they must be robust enough to identify brain areas active in different patient groups and individual subjects.
When a Little Becomes Much:Religious Resources in Action
Authors: Harris Fredrick C
Published: November 2023

Each of the church leaders gathered at the Carter Temple CME Church that August morning had, two weeks earlier, received a letter written on Braun’s campaign stationery addressed to them as “Dear Leader of Faith,” inviting them to “a good morning of fellowship with Illinois Democratic nominee for Senate, Carol Moseley Braun.” The invitation had a head shot of the smiling candidate on one side and a list of forty ministers who made up the event’s steering and organizing committees on the other; it was clear that the Braun campaign was strategically targeting religious leaders to mobilize blacks for the upcoming election.
Varina Howell Davis (1826-1906)
Authors: Cashin Joan
Published: November 2023

Born into the wealthy planter class in Mississippi, Varina How-ell enjoyed the trappings of privilege that were conspicuous in the antebellum South. Her upbringing had many Northern influences, however, for her father, William Burr Howell, was from New Jersey. He sent his young daughter to an academy in Philadelphia, and on her return home engaged for her a tutor from Massachusetts. Varina Howell met the widower Jefferson Davis, a member of a Mississippi planter family, when she was sixteen.
Rose Schneiderman (1882-1972)
Authors: Orleck Annelise
Published: November 2023

Rose Schneiderman was born in Saven, Poland, in 1882 to a close-knit Orthodox fewish family. In 1890 the family came to New York City. Poverty forced Schneiderman to enter the paid work force at thirteen, first as a saleswoman and then as a capmaker. By 1904 she was the first woman to be elected to the general executive board of an American labor union, the United Cloth Hat and Cap Makers Union.
Georgia O'Keefe (1887-1986)
Authors: Peters Sarah Whitaker
Published: November 2023

Georgia O’Keeffe, a major figure in the evolution of twentieth-century American art, was born November 15, 1887, on a farm near Sun Prairie, Wisconsin, the second child and first daughter of Francis Calixtus and Ida O’Keeffe. She attended parochial and private schools in Wisconsin, and graduated from the Chatham Episcopal Institute in Virginia (1905-1906). For the next two years, O’Keeffe studied at the Art Institute in Chicago and the Art Student’s League in New York.
Ella Baker (1903-1986)
Authors: Clinton Catherine
Published: November 2023

Born in Norfolk, Virginia, in 1903, Ella Baker never forgot her roots. Her father Blake was a waiter on the ferry to Washington, while her mother Georgianna was active in the church. When the family moved to Littleton, North Carolina in 1910, they settled on land once owned by Baker’s grandparents’ former master. Her parents prized education and Baker graduated from Shaw University, a black college in Raleigh, North Carolina, in 1927. She moved to New York City and became a journalist and reformer, participating in local New Deal politics.
Betty Friedan (b. 1921)
Authors: Meyer Donald
Published: November 2023

Betty Friedan was born Betty Naomi Goldstein on February 4, 1921, in Peoria, Illinois. From 1938 to 1942 she attended Smith College in Northampton, Massachusetts, graduating summa cum laude in psychology. She then went to the University of California, Berkeley, for postgraduate study but left after a year to pursue a newspaper career in New York. She married Carl Friedan soon thereafter and had three children, Emily, Daniel, and Jonathan.
Talking Politics
Authors: Davis Richard , Owen Diana
Published: November 2023

If there has been one communications format that has become emblematic of the new media it is talk radio. Once anchoring the night shift of the airwaves, talk radio has been reinvented to conform to the expectations of a new political era. However, the question of whether talk radio truly offers a fresh and effective outlet for elite and public expression is a subject of debate. In this chapter we will take an in-depth look at the world of talk radio. We will first examine the role that talk radio plays in the broad cast and political realms. As with most media today, the profit motive has become the driving imperative behind talk radio, shaping its political and social voice. In addition, we will discuss the talk radio industry and its various components. Talk show hosts occupy a central position in the industry, as the focal point of entertainment, advertising, and political discourse.
Shaping Old Media
Authors: Davis Richard , Owen Diana
Published: November 2023

On January 18, 1996, CNN interrupted its regularly scheduled programming with “Late Breaking News.” The marriage of Michael Jackson and Lisa Marie Presley was ending. The impending Jackson Presley divorce became the topic of CNN’s “Talkback Live” program, which immediately followed the announcement. Audience members registered their opinions about the breakup live, by phone and via electronic mail. For days, this story preempted news about issues of national and international importance, including Congress’ battle over the federal budget, as reporters, legal experts, and the public debated questions surrounding the divorce.
The Fashion of Machismo
Authors: Elkins Marilyn
Published: November 2023

The title of this chapter may appear on oxymoron. And perhaps it is. For the very nature of machismo would seem to preclude any consideration of that which is trendy or fashionable. Yet attire, fashionable or otherwise, is always already a signifier, subtly encoding and transmitting its wearers’ attempts at self-definition.
Immature Visual Cortex Lesions: Global Rewiring, Neural Adaptations, and Behavioral Sparing
Authors: Payne Bertram R
Published: November 2023

Little is known about either the multiple repercussions of focal cerebral cortical lesions in young brains or the role that neuroplasticity plays in ameliorating the potentially devastating aftereffects. Besides comparisons of the behaviors and brain images of normal children and those who have either incurred some form of damage or experienced some form of maldevelopment of brain structures, little progress in our understanding can be made without resorting to studies of the repercussions of lesions incurred early in life by animals. Such studies both permit specific, circumscribed, and highly reproducible lesions to be made and allow for accurate assessments and linkages to be established between the repercussions of the lesions on anatomy of brain connections, physiological properties and re sponsiveness of neurons, and, the final expression of brain connections and neur al function, behavior. It is our goal to establish these linkages between anatomy, physiology, and behavior in cats, which sustained removal of primary visual cortex either shortly after birth or at 1 month of age, as a model for understanding the repercussions of focal lesions in fetal and perinatal human infants. As can be readily appreciated from this book, detailed knowledge on the repercussions of focal lesions in human fetuses, infants, and children is limited.
Role of the Corpus Callosum in the Cognitive Development of Children with Congenital Brain Malformations
Authors: Hannay H Julia , Fletcher Jack M , Brandt Michaele
Published: November 2023

With the advent of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain, it has become apparent that children with congenital brain malformations often have abnormal ities of the corpus callosum. This observation is important for several reasons. The corpus callosum is the primary pathway for association fibers that connect the two hemispheres of the brain. In addition to providing connectivity of the two hemi spheres, the development of the corpus callosum may also exert a facilitatory in fluence on neuronal responses in each of the two hemispheres.These neuronal responses participate in the cerebral specialization of cognitive functions that begins early in development. Early damage to the corpus callosum may interfere with the development of cognitive and motor functions. Moreover, in a child born with a brain insult, malformation or damage to the corpus callosum may compromise opportunities for restoration of function. A major mechanism of restoration is the opportunity for brain regions in one hemisphere to support a particular function usually subsumed by the brain regions in the opposite hemisphere. Early compromise of the corpus callosum may interfere with this type of functional substitution. Damage to the corpus callosum, therefore, may be a critical component of the degree of plasticity and recovery of function in children with congenital brain mal formations.
Recovery from Acquired Reading and Naming Deficits Following Focal Cerebral Lesions
Authors: Gordon Barry , Boatman Dana , Lesser, Ronald P , Hart John
Published: November 2023

Trying to improve function in children with developmental deficits-particularly the higher level, symbolic functions that allow humans to reason and to communicate-requires attempting to establish abilities that these children may never have developed. In addressing this problem of training abilities de nova, it is reasonable to consider the data and insights that can be derived from studies of recovery of functions that were once present but that have been extirpated due to brain injury or disease. Recovery of cognitive functions after brain injury is a com mon occurrence, particularly in children. Yet it has been difficult to establish the precise functional and neuroanatomical bases for such recoveries.
For Agricu Lturai Intensification
Authors: Smith Nigel J H
Published: November 2023

With global demand for agricultural products expected to double or even triple within the next fifty years, productivity of existing crops and grazing lands will have to be intensified dramatically. The alternative--agricultural extensification, the opening of new lands for production-is not a viable longterm option, because it would eliminate many remaining habitats for wildlife and destroy environments that provide valuable ecological services for human society. At present, both processes are underway throughout the world. In some areas, agricultural production is being intensified; in others, farmers spill into forests, savannas, and wetlands to cut, plow, and dike them for fields and livestock grazing. The productivity of already-cleared areas needs to be improved, rather than promoting the opening of new farmlands.
Islands in the Sun
Authors: Smith Nigel J H
Published: November 2023

It is ironic that one of the most fertile areas in the Amazon for crop production is largely unutilized for that purpose. The area of the Amazon floodplain in crops is a fraction of that devoted to pasture for cattle and water buffalo. The growing cities in the Amazon are being fed largely from farms in other parts of Brazil and abroad. Rice, an important staple consumed in Amazonia, is produced mostly in upland fields of central Brazil. And although bread is a significant source of protein for city folk in Amazonia (partly as a result of government subsidies), much of the bread consumed in the Amazon does not benefit wheat growers southern Brazil; instead, much of the wheat consumed in the country is imported.
A Harvest for All Seasons
Authors: Smith Nigel J H
Published: November 2023

Tree farming is one of the most overlooked avenues for promoting agricultural development on the Amazon floodplain and for helping to restore some ecological balance to current land use. Some argue that the Amazon’s ing annual floods make it a less than propitious setting for agriculture, particularly for tree crops. But the “vocation” of the floodplain may indeed be in perennials, rather than the pasture that prevails today. Growing perennials is less risky than cultivating annuals in periodically inundated habitats, and many trees and bushes are adapted to the Amazon floodplain.
The Old Real Politics Again?
Authors: Küng Hans
Published: November 2023

Will perhaps the twenty-first century finally create that new world order which was beyond the capability of the twentieth century, at the beginning of which the crisis of modernity became visible? One could doubt it, if one reflects on world politics and the world order: three missed opportunities in a century: after the First World War, instead of a new world order and a real ‘league of nations’, there was unprecedented world chaos; after the Second World War, instead of a new world order and truly ‘united nations’, there was unprecedented world division; after the collapse of Soviet Communism, instead of a new world order and a common ‘house of Europe’, there was new world disorder.
Housekeeping by the Book From Hints to Home Economics
Authors: McHugh Kathleen Anne
Published: November 2023

If housekeeping is not a joke, the question then becomes how to take it seriously. Nineteenth-century American culture generated an array of texts concerned with domesticity and women’s role in it. Sermons, religious literature, novels, diaries, autobiographies, magazine articles, and textbooks by, for, and about women and the home all contributed to the construction and dissemination of what is now tellingly referred to as both “the cult of True Womanhood” and “the cult of domesticity.’’ Yet, as the designation “cult” and Natha.niel Hawthorne’s outraged injunctions against “mobs of damned scribbling women” suggest, this work and its topic were dismissed at that time and have been ever since in traditional approaches to history and literature. Feminist scholars, however, have taken domesticity, housekeeping, and women’s writings about them very seriously, but their significance has often been understood in a limited way: as related exclusively to the private sphere-the home and femininity. The joke that informs this section of the book and that lays the foundation for all the material that follows is that housekeeping has never been taken seriously, though it in fact organizes and puts in place all the major questions and political problems facing the American nation in the nineteenth century.
The Labor of Maternal Melodramas Converting Angels to Icons
Authors: McHugh Kathleen Anne
Published: November 2023

The Hollywood maternal melodrama flourished in a period of sustained economic crisis beginning with the depression and persisting through the national deprivation for the war effort in the forties. At the outset of this period, the genre acquired a specifically American character, eliminating the European influence that had dominated it in the twenties. I Reflecting the increasing nationalism and isolationism pervasive in Hollywood overall, maternal melodramas also registered changing or problematic relations among gender, labor, and national identity precipitated by these economic crises. Unlike the melodramas I have considered thus far, which either assume or participate in constructing a homogeneous notion of “woman,” these maternal melodramas locate significant social differences within that relationship where we would least expect to find them: between mothers and daughters. In each instance these differences, of class and race specifically, are structured through the mother’s and daughter’s very different relationships to household labor.
Converting Melodrama to Manifesto a Question of Silence
Authors: McHugh Kathleen Anne
Published: November 2023

Marleen Gorris’s De Stilte rond Christine M. or A Question of Silence (1982) does not focus exclusively on the work of housekeeping. Rather, as the Dutch title (literal translation, “The silence around Christine M.”) indicates more clearly than the English, the film is centered on the catatonic silence of an enigmatic woman named Christine M. Garris takes up the figure of the silent (silenced) housewife in order to transform various generic (in all senses of the word) accounts of women’s silence.
Pictures And Lessons
Authors: Israel Kali
Published: November 2023

Pictures haunt texts about Francis Strong’s childhood. D.S. Maccoll, who knew Francis Pattison in his undergraduate days at Lincoln College and Emilia Dilke as a fellow art critic, wrote of seeing a picture of Francis Strong as a little girl, “curled up in the window of a book-lined Holywell sitting room, immersed in reading.”1 Charles Dilke’s memoir claims two of “a series of original historical cartoons” in penand ink by Francis as a child had “been thought by critics to be worth preservation and exhibition,” but neither names the critics nor divulges the location and subjects of the drawings. Francis Strong’s childhood artwork is invoked but invisible, perhaps surviving but not in public. As further proof of the claim that Francis Strong’s “art turn” was “developed at an early age,” Dilke’s memoir cites a text about pictures—Sir Charles Bell’s Essays on the Anatomy of Expression in Painting—which Francis bought with her “®rst pocket-money” at age eleven. Dilke makes the book an emblem of the continuity between Francis Strong and Emilia Dilke—it was her “most cherished possession”
Making A Marriage
Authors: Israel Kali
Published: November 2023

The engagement of forty-eight year-old Mark Pattison to twenty-one-year-old Francis Strong took place soon after Francis returned from London on completing her art studies.1 The marriage ceremony was performed in If¯ey Church on September 10, 1861, by William Tuckwell, the bride’s brother-in-law.2 No account by Mark or Francis of their courtship, engagement, and wedding survives, but the marriage entered the folklore of Oxford, and contemporaries made sense of it in conversation and letters.3 The palpable shock with which the engagement was greeted in Oxford may entice us into trusting the normalizing explanations that circulated during and after the Pattisons’ lives, although the marriage’s semipublic status as a failure meant that stories of its making tended to take sides, especially after the circulation of novels purportedly based on the Pattison meÂnage. Middlemarch, after all, was published in 1872, well before Mark Pattison’s 1884 death. The scandal that coincided with Emilia Strong Pattison’s second marriage also in¯ected accounts of the marriage.
The Resources Of Style
Authors: Israel Kali
Published: November 2023

Francis Pattison was famously associated with novels and domestic stories, but she was also written as a performer and a spectacle, a woman who enacted theatrical roles, proffered herself to vision, and made herself aesthetic and public, while eluding easy interpretation. This chapter uses the language of theater, performance, and painting to read some memoirs, letters, and non®ctional texts about Mrs. Pattison in Oxford, then places these stories of performances and pictures in relation to varied texts by E. F. S. Pattison/Emilia Dilke. I ultimately range across genres, from art history to newspaper reports of speeches, but because different media and genres construct somewhat different relations to knowledge, clarifying without rigidifying some differences between novels, plays, and pictures may illuminate my choice of initial vocabulary.