bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Cambridge Platonists of Old England and the Cambridge Platonists of New England
Authors: Howe Daniel Walker
Published: April 2006

In 1875 the distinguished Unitarian minister and local historian Henry Wilder Foote preached a eulogy for his late colleague, the Reverend James Walker, philosopher and former president of Harvard University. It was an appropriate occasion to characterize the achievement of the antebellum generation of Harvard Unitarian leaders that Walker represented. “They were much more than mere denominationalists or founders of a sect,” Foote declared. “The whole tone of their teaching was profoundly positive in its moral and religious quality. Trained at our American Cambridge, they were really the legitimate heirs of that noble group of men nurtured at the Cambridge of England–the Latitude Men, as they were called–who blended culture and piety and rational thought in their teaching.” Building upon Foote's perceptive characterization, this article will explore the significance of the seventeenth-century Cambridge Platonists for the Harvard Unitarians of the mid-nineteenth century. In so doing it may illuminate other forms of New England religious thought that also drew upon Platonic or Neoplatonic sources, including Edwardseanism, Hopkinsianism, and the progressive orthodoxy of Horace Bushnell. In particular, I hope to shed light on the relationship between Unitarianism and Transcendentalism.
Defending the Pious: Melanchthon and the Reformation in Albertine Saxony, 1539
Authors: Keen Ralph
Published: April 2006

With the death of Duke George of Saxony on 17 April 1539, the Reformation lost one of its fiercest enemies, a leader of great prestige who not only resisted the Reformation, but actively campaigned against it.1With the accession of his brother Heinrich, the Reformers gained an important ally, for the new duke had converted to Lutheranism in 1537. The union of Saxony, which had been divided a half-century before, under the banner of Protestantism would have been one of the great political triumphs of the new religious movement.2The Reformers themselves certainly considered it a good sign.3
The African Orthodox Church: An Analysis of Its First Decade
Authors: Platt Warren C.
Published: April 2006

The African Orthodox church, an expression of religious autonomy among black Americans, had its genesis in the work and thought of George Alexander McGuire, a native of Antigua, whose religious journey and changing ecclesiastical affiliation paralleled his deepening interest in and commitment to the cause of Afro-American nationalism and racial consciousness. Born in 1866 to an Anglican father and a Moravian mother, George Alexander McGuire was educated at Mico College for Teachers in Antigua and the Nisky Theological Seminary, a Moravian institution in St. Thomas, Virgin Islands (then the Danish West Indies). In 1893 McGuire, having served a pastorate at a Moravian church in the Virgin Islands, migrated to the United States, where he became an Episcopalian. In 1897 he was ordained a priest in that church and, in the succeeding decade, served several parishes, including St. Thomas Church in Philadelphia, which was founded by Absalom Jones. His abilities and skills were recognized, and in 1905 he became the archdeacon for Colored Work in the Episcopal Diocese of Arkansas. Here he became involved with various plans—none of which bore fruit—which would have provided for the introduction of black bishops in the Episcopal church to assist in that church's work of evangelization among black Americans. It is believed, however, that McGuire was influenced by the different schemes which were advanced, and that he “almost certainly carried away from Arkansas the notion of a separate, autonomous black church, and one that was episcopal in character and structure, as one option for black religious self-determination and one avenue for achieving black independence.”
American Religious History in the Eighties: A Decade of Achievement
Authors: Marty Martin E.
Published: April 2006

What follows is a bibliography that is long on titles and short on adjectives; it seemed out of place for one commentator to try to discuss the pluses and minuses of so many books, not all of which he had seen; reviews of which he could not possibly all have remembered or trusted; most of which he could not have had time or occasion yet to read. Nevertheless, this endeavor should be helpful in locating and classifying hundreds of books.
Puritan Church Architecture and Worship in a Dutch Context
Authors: Sprunger Keith L.
Published: April 2006

English Puritans have only a small reputation for aesthetic contributions to architecture. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, they worshiped God without making a show of buildings or beautiful ceremonies; consequently, there are few grand Puritan architectural monuments. Nonseparating Puritans, blending into the larger church, put their emphasis on the pure preaching and practice of biblical religion, not on outward appearances. And the Separatists, the strictest of the Puritans, gathered in disguised house-churches. Because of this artistic silence it is easy to downplay the importance of architectural concerns in the early history of Puritanism. Whenever historians mention “Puritan” architecture or “nonconformist” architecture, they are likely to describe it as simple, plain, functional, humble, austere, and practical. While true as far as it goes, this description is not the whole story. An examination of Puritan discussions about architecture in early seventeenth-century Netherlands reveals the interplay of theological and practical factors in creating the “proper” church architecture.
“We Speak to God with our Thoughts”: Abelard and the Implications of Private Communication with God
Authors: Kramer Susan R.
Published: April 2006

[God] sees there where no man sees, because in punishing sin he considers not the deed but the mind, just as conversely we consider not the mind which we do not see but the deed which we know.… God is said to be the prover and the judge of the heart… that is, of all the intentions which come from an affection of the soul or from a weakness or a pleasure of the flesh.
Madame Guyon and Experiential Theology in America
Authors: Ward Patricia A.
Published: April 2006

Jeanne-Marie Bouvier de la Motte Guyon (1648–1717) has been best known for her role in the Quietist controversy of late-seventeenthcentury France, leading to the public debate that pitted her defender, Fenelon, against Bossuet. Madame de Maintenon, the wife of Louis XIV, also became an opponent, adding her influence to that of Bossuet, so that Madame Guyon was imprisoned in the Bastille from 1698 to 1703.
Structural modification of expandable polystyrene. II. Copolymerization with silicone acrylate
Authors: Taşkıran Isa , Ezdeşir Ayhan , Sunal Gürkan , Uyanık Nurseli
Published: April 2006

Conventional expandable polystyrene (EPS) was modified by the preparation of copolymers containing 0.10%, 0.25%, and 0.50% silicone acrylate. Copolymeric expandable polystyrene (CEPS) samples were characterized with various techniques. 1H‐NMR spectroscopy was used for the determination of composition, and gel permeation chromatography was used for the determination of molecular weight and molecular weight distribution. Differential scanning calorimetry showed that the glass‐transition temperatures of the CEPS samples increased with an increasing silicone acrylate content. The surface properties of the copolymers were investigated by contact angle measurement and SEM imaging. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 128–132, 2006
Thermal behavior and phase morphology of miscible hydrogen‐bonded blends of poly(ϵ‐caprolactone) and enzymatically polymerized polyphenol
Authors: Li Jianchun , Fukuoka Tokuma , He Yong , Uyama Hiroshi , Kobayashi Shiro , Inoue Yoshio
Published: April 2006

Enzymatically prepared novel polyphenol poly(4,4′‐dihydroxydiphenyl ether) (PDHDPE) is blended to modify the properties of biodegradable polyester poly(ϵ‐caprolactone) (PCL). Since the differential scanning calorimetry data show single composition‐dependent glass transition for each blend, PCL and PDHDPE are found to be miscible in the amorphous phase. The crystallization of PCL is depressed by PDHDPE because PDHDPE reduces the molecular mobility and the flexibility of molecular chains of PCL. The Fourier transform infrared spectra clearly indicate that PCL and PDHDPE interact through strong intermolecular hydrogen bonds formed between the carbonyl groups of PCL and the hydroxyl groups of PDHDPE. The increase of the long period, calculated on the basis of Bragg's law with the measurement of small‐angle X‐ray scattering, is found because the peak position of the profiles of Lorentz‐corrected intensity shifts to smaller angle. With the help of lamellar stack model and one‐dimensional correlation function, the accurate lamellar parameters are calculated. The increase of long period is induced by the increase of crystal thickness. The thermal treatment can effectively modify the thermal stability of PCL/PDHDPE blends with the introduction of an intermolecular coupling of the polymer to give crosslinked and/or branched products. It is also found that the addition of PDHDPE to PCL would obviously increase the Young's modulus of PCL. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 149–160, 2006
Evaluation of processing effects in injection‐molded amorphous and crystalline thermoplastics using an excimer laser
Authors: Sancaktar E. , Negandhi N. , Adwani S.
Published: April 2006

The ablation behavior of amorphous [polystyrene (PS), polycarbonate (PC)] and crystalline [PET, glass‐filled poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT)] polymers by 248‐nm KrF excimer laser irradiation were investigated for different injection‐molding conditions, namely, injection flow rate, injection pressure, and mold temperature, as a possible method for evaluating processing effects in the specimens. For this purpose, dumbbell‐shaped samples were injection‐molded under different sets of processing conditions, and weight loss measurements were carried out for the different injection‐molding conditions. Some of the crystalline (PET) samples were annealed at different annealing times and temperatures. For PET, the weight loss decreased with increasing mold temperature and remained insensitive to injection flow rate. Annealing time and temperature significantly reduced weight loss in PET. For PBT, the weight loss due to laser ablation decreased with increasing material packing due to pressure, and it also showed some sensitivity to flow rate variation. The major effect was seen with glass‐filled PBT samples. The weight loss decreased drastically with increasing glass fiber content. Laser ablation allowed us to observe process‐induced fiber orientation by scanning electron microscopy in PBT samples. For PS and PC, the weight loss increased with increasing injection flow rate and mold temperature and decreased with increasing injection pressure. The position near the gate showed higher ablation than the position at the end for all the conditions. A decrease in the material orientation with injection speed and mold temperature led to an increase in the weight loss, whereas an increase in the injection pressure, and consequently orientation, led to a lower weight loss for PS and PC. Higher residual stress samples showed higher weight losses. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2006
Influence of protein content on the physicochemistry of poly(ϵ‐caprolactone) microparticles
Authors: Celestin Youan Bi‐Botti
Published: April 2006

The aim of this work was to determine the influence of protein content on the physicochemical properties of protein‐loaded poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL). To achieve this goal, bovine serum albumin (BSA), an example of protein was encapsulated within PCL matrix by emulsion solvent evaporation method. The polymer matrix's rheological properties, hydrophobicity, molecular weight (MW), and thermal behavior were determined. Particle characteristics such as BSA loading, surface area, mean size, morphology, and in vitro release profile were also assessed. After encapsulation process, the polymer crystallinity and crystallization point were markedly increased suggesting that a nucleation phenomenon occurred. The increase in PCL MW (from 46. 7 to 179.4 kDa) led to an increase of both particle size and encapsulation efficiency that was consistent with rheological data. The increase of protein content from 1.6 to 11.5% (w/w) influenced considerably particle's specific surface area and decreased the rate of protein release. Together, these results suggest that beside the nature of the carrier polymer, protein content may have implication on their controlled release, the coating of particle by protein, and on the carrier polymer chemistry and degradation. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 1042–1050, 2006
Effect of styrene–isopren–styrene addition on the recycled polycarbonate/acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene polymer blends
Authors: Taşdemi̇r Münir , Karatop Şener
Published: April 2006

Interfacial agents as compatibilizers have recently been introduced into polymer blends to improve microstructure and mechanical properties of thermoplastics. In this way, it is possible to prepare a mixture of polymeric materials that can have superior mechanical properties over a wide temperature range. In this study, an incompatible blend of Polycarbonate (PC) and Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) Copolymer were made compatible by addition of 5, 10, and 20% Styrene–Isopren–Styrene Copolymer (SIS). The mixing operation was conducted using a twin‐screw extruder. The morphology and the compatibility of the mixtures were examined by SEM and DSC techniques. Furthermore, the elastic modulus, tensile and yield strengths, percentage elongation, hardness, melt flow index, Izod impact resistance, heat deflection temperature (HDT), Vicat softening point values of polymer alloys of various ratios were determined. It was found that addition of SIS to the structures decreased the tensile strength, yield strength, elastic modulus, and hardness, whereas it increased Izod impact strength and percentage elongation values. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 559–566, 2006
Synthesis and characterization of maleated ionomers via ring‐opening reaction of epoxidized styrene‐butadiene rubber with potassium hydrogen maleate and study of their behavior as compatibilizer
Authors: Xie Hong‐Quan , Chen Yong , Yang Wei , Xie Dong
Published: April 2006

A novel method for synthesizing maleate ionomer of (styrene‐co‐butadiene) rubber (SBR) from epoxidized SBR was developed. The epoxidized SBR was prepared via epoxidation of SBR with performic acid formed in situ by H2O2 and formic acid in cyclohexane. The maleated ionomer was obtained by ring‐opening reaction of the epoxidized SBR solution with an aqueous solution of potassium hydrogen maleate. The optimum conditions were studied. It was found that it is necessary to use phase transfer catalyst and ring‐opening catalyst for enhancing the epoxy group conversion. To obtain 100% conversion addition of dipotassium maleate is important. The product was characterized by FTIR spectrophotometry and transmission electron microcroscopy (TEM). The results showed that the product was really an ionomer with domains of maleate ionic groups. Some properties of the ionomer, such as water absorbency, oil absorbency and dilute solution behavior were studied. With increasing ionic groups, the water absorbency of the ionomer increases, whereas the oil absorbency decreases. The dilute solution viscosity of the ionomer increases abruptly with increasing ionic group content. The ionomer can be used as a compatibilizer for the blends of SBS and chlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSPE). Addition of a small amount of the ionomer to the blend can enhance the mechanical properties of the blends. 3 wt % ionomer based on the blend can increase the tensile strength and ultimate elongation of the blend nearly twice. The compatibility of the blends enhanced by adding the ionomer was shown by scanning electron microscopy. The blend of equal parts of SBS and CSPE compatibilized by the ionomer behaves as an oil resistant thermoplastic elastomer. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 792–798, 2006
Toughened composites prepared from castor oil based polyurethane and soy dreg by a one‐step reactive extrusion process
Authors: Chen Yun , Zhang Lina , Deng Rui , Liang Hui
Published: April 2006

A series of water‐resistant composites were successfully prepared from a mixture of soy dreg (SD), castor oil, and 2,4‐toluene diisocyanate (TDI) by a one‐step reactive extrusion (REX) process. The structure and properties of the composites were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic mechanical analysis, tensile testing, and swelling experiments. The results indicated that the toughness of the composites prepared from castor oil based polyurethane and SD was significantly improved. In this case, TDI played an in situ compatibilization role through the crosslinking reaction of NCO groups with NH2, NH, and OH groups in SD and castor oil. With an increase in the molar ratio of NCO groups of TDI and OH groups of castor oil, the degree of crosslinking, tensile strength, glass‐transition temperature, water resistivity, and solvent resistivity of the composites increased. With an increase in the SD content of the composites, the tensile strength and solvent resistivity of the composites increased because of the reinforcement of the cellulose component in SD. This work provided a simple and effective way of preparing SD‐based composites by a REX process. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 953–960, 2006
Study on the suppression mechanism of water mist on poly(methyl methacrylate) and poly(vinyl chloride) flames
Authors: Weng W. G. , Qin J. , Chow W. K.
Published: April 2006

In this study, the action of water mists on poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) in a confined space under different external radiant heat fluxes was studied. Water mist was generated by a downward‐directed single pressure nozzle. Physical characteristics of the water mist were measured by laser doppler velocimetry and the adaptive phase doppler velocimetry system. The heat release rate, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide concentrations, and other important parameters of the interaction under various experimental conditions were measured with cone calorimeter. To explain experimental results, the chemical suppression mechanisms of water mist extinguishing PMMA and PVC flames are investigated from literatures, and the corresponding proposed chemical reactions with water mist are presented. The investigation shows that aromatic compounds are formed by light hydrocarbon products with water mist for PMMA flame. Otherwise, for PVC flame, the decrease of temperature with water mist prevents aromatic compounds from oxidation and degradation. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 1130–1139, 2006
A Theoretical Study of the Ion—Molecule Chemistry of K+×X Complexes (X: O, O2, N2, CO2, H2O): Implications for the Upper Atmosphere.
Authors: Plane John M. C. , Plowright Richard J. , Wright Timothy G.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Local Structure and Chemical Bonding of Protonated LixMn2O4 Spinels from First Principles.
Authors: Fang C. M. , de Wijs G. A.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
An Experimental Proof for Negative Oxidation States of Platinum: ESCA‐Measurements on Barium Platinides.
Authors: Karpov Andrey , Konuma Mitsuharu , Jansen Martin
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Regioseletive Indium(III) Trifluoromethanesulfonate‐Catalyzed Hydrothiolation of Non‐Activated Olefins.
Authors: Weiwer Michel , Coulombel Lydie , Dunach Elisabet
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Sulfenyl Halides in the Synthesis of Heterocycles. Part 2. Cyclization in Reactions of Hetarenesulfenyl Chlorides with 3,3‐Dimethyl‐1‐butene.
Authors: Borisov A. V. , Belsky V. K. , Goncharova T. V. , Borisova G. N. , Osmanov V. K. , Matsulevich Zh. V. , Frolova N. G. , Savin E. D.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Novel Reduction of Perfluoroalkyl Ketones with Lithium Alkoxides.
Authors: Sokeirik Yasser S. , Sato Kazuyuki , Omote Masaaki , Ando Akira , Kumadaki Itsumaro
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Efficient Synthesis of β‐Aminoacrylates and β‐Enaminones Catalyzed by Zn(OAc)2×2H2O.
Authors: Vohra Ramandeep Kaur , Renaud Jean‐Luc , Bruneau Christian
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Fluorination of Fluoro‐cyclobutene with High‐Valency Metal Fluoride.
Authors: Mizukado Junji , Matsukawa Yasuhisa , Quan Heng‐dao , Tamura Masanori , Sekiya Akira
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Efficient Synthesis of o‐Alkynyl‐N‐pivaloylanilines from o‐Acyl‐N‐pivaloylanilines and Lithium Trimethylsilyldiazomethane.
Authors: Hari Yoshiyuki , Kanie Tomoki , Aoyama Toyohiko
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
L‐Prolinamide‐Catalyzed Direct Nitroso Aldol Reactions of α‐Branched Aldehydes: A Distinct Regioselectivity from that with L‐Proline.
Authors: Guo Hai‐Ming , Cheng Li , Cun Lin‐Feng , Gong Liu‐Zhu , Mi Ai‐Qiao , Jiang Yao‐Zhong
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Room‐Temperature Cannizzaro Reaction under Mild Conditions Facilitated by Magnesium Bromide Ethyl Etherate and Triethylamine.
Authors: Abaee M. Saeed , Sharifi Roholah , Mojtahedi Mohammad M.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Catalytic Aldol‐Type Reaction of Aldehydes with Ethyl Diazoacetate Using Quaternary Ammonium Hydroxide as the Base.
Authors: Varala Ravi , Enugala Ramu , Nuvula Sreelatha , Adapa Srinivas R.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Phosphorus Pentasulfide: A Mild and Versatile Reagent for the Preparation of Thioamides from Nitriles.
Authors: Kaboudin Babak , Elhamifar Dawood
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Regioselective Synthesis of 1‐Arylnaphthalenes from N‐Tosylaziridine Derivatives.
Authors: Lee Ka Young , Kim Seung Chan , Kim Jae Nyoung
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Azetidin‐2,3‐dione Synthon for Stereoselective Synthesis of cis‐ and trans‐C‐3‐Alkyl/Aryl Azetidin‐2‐ones.
Authors: Tiwari Dharmendra Kumar , Gumaste Vikas K. , Deshmukh Abdul Rakeeb A. S.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Stereoselective Synthesis of Amino Acid‐Derived β‐Lactams. Experimental Evidence for TADDOL as a Memory of Chirality Enhancer.
Authors: Bonache M. Angeles , Lopez Pilar , Martin‐Martinez Mercedes , Garcia‐Lopez M. Teresa , Cativiela Carlos , Gonzales‐Muniz Rosario
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed Intramolecular [4 + 2] Cycloadditions of Alkynyl Halides.
Authors: Yoo Woo‐Jin , Allen Anna , Villeneuve Karine , Tam William
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Formation of Highly Ordered Porphyrin Adlayers Induced by Electrochemical Potential Modulation.
Authors: Yoshimoto Soichiro , Yokoo Nozomi , Fukuda Takamitsu , Kobayashi Nagao , Itaya Kingo
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Strong Red Fluorescent Probes Suitable for Detecting Hydrogen Peroxide Generated by Mice Peritoneal Macrophages
Authors: Xu Kehua , Tang Bo , Huang Hui , Yang Guiwen , Chen Zhenzhen , Li Ping , An Liguo
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of ortho‐Cyanopyridylboronic Acids and Esters Toward Cyano‐Functionalized Bipyridines.
Authors: Cailly Thomas , Fabis Frederic , Bouillon Alexandre , Lemaitre Stephane , Sopkova Jana , de Santos Olivieira , Rault Sylvain
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Enantioselective Addition of Terminal Alkynes to Isolated Isoquinoline Iminiums.
Authors: Taylor Alexander M. , Schreiber Stuart L.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Acetonitrile‐Mediated Synthesis of 2,4‐Dichloroquinoline from 2‐Ethynylanilines and 2,4‐Dichloroquinazoline from Anthranilonitrile.
Authors: Lee Jae Hak , Lee Byoung Se , Shin Hyunik , Nam Do Hyun , Chi Dae Yoon
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
cis‐Dihydroxylation of Unsaturated Potassium Alkyl‐ and Aryltrifluoroborates.
Authors: Molander Gary A. , Figueroa Ruth
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Novel Diethyl Indolylphosphonates and Tetraethyl Indolyl‐1,1‐bisphosphonates by Michael Addition.
Authors: Couthon‐Gourves Helene , Simon Gaelle , Haelters Jean‐Pierre , Corbel Bernard
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Isolation, Synthesis, and Antitumor Activities of a Novel Class of Podocarpic Diterpenes.
Authors: Xiong Yi , Wang Kuiwu , Pan Yuanjiang , Sun Hongxiang , Tu Jue
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Application of RCM Reaction in the Construction of ABC Ring (II) of Micrandilactone A (III).
Authors: Zhang Yan‐Dong , Tang Ye‐Feng , Luo Tuo‐Ping , Shen Juan , Chen Ji‐Hua , Yang Zhen
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Cholestane‐Based Liquid Crystals Containing a Difluorooxymethylene Bridge.
Authors: Kirsch Peer , Mergner Thomas
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Efficient Enantioselective Synthesis of α‐Hydroxy‐β‐amino Acids Using the Claisen and Curtius Rearrangements.
Authors: Jung Doo Young , Kang Sol , Chang Sukbok , Kim Yong Hae
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Short Synthesis of Lennoxamine via Ynamides.
Authors: Couty Sylvain , Meyer Christophe , Cossy Janine
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Lycoperine A, a Novel C27N3‐Type Pentacyclic Alkaloid from Lycopodium hamiltonii, Inhibiting Acetylcholinesterase.
Authors: Hirasawa Yusuke , Kobayashi Jun'ichi , Morita Hiroshi
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Concise Approach to the “Higher Sugar” Core of the Nucleoside Antibiotic Hikizimycin (I).
Authors: Fuerstner Alois , Wuchrer Margarita
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
η4‐Pyrone Iron(0)carbonyl Complexes as Effective CO‐Releasing Molecules (CO‐RMs).
Authors: Fairlamb Ian J. S. , Duhme‐Klair Anne‐Kathrin , Lynam Jason M. , Moulton Benjamin E. , O'Brien Ciara T. , Sawle Philip , Hammad Jehad , Motterlini Roberto
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Template‐Guided Organization of Chromonic Liquid Crystals into Micropatterned Anisotropic Organic Solids.
Authors: Tam‐Chang Suk‐Wah , Helbley Jennifer , Carson Travis D. , Seo Wonewoo , Iverson Isaac K.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Highly Potent and Selective Zwitterionic Agonists of the δ‐Opioid Receptor. Part 1.
Authors: Middleton Donald S. , Maw Graham N. , Challenger Clare , Jessiman Alan , Johnson Patrick S. , Million William A. , Nichols Carly L. , Price Jenny A. , Trevethick Michael
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Meaning of Activation Energy Values for Solid State Reactions Obtained from Thermogravimetric Measurements
Authors: Howell Bob A.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Molecular Beam Experiments on Model Catalysts
Authors: Libuda J. , Freund H.‐J.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
From Carbenes to Allenes and Coordination Polymers. Part 1. Ever Present Never Twice the Same
Authors: Saalfrank Rolf W. , Maid Harald
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
2‐Pyridylsilyl Group: A Useful Multifunctional Group in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Itami Kenichiro , Yoshida Jun‐ichi
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Asymmetric Mannich‐Type Addition of Ketene Silyl Acetals and Thioacetals to N,N‐Dialkylhydrazones
Authors: Diez Elena , Prieto Auxiliadora , Simon Monika , Vazquez Juan , Alvarez Eleuterio , Fernandez Rosario , Lassaletta Jose Maria
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Benzo[b]naphthyridines
Authors: Ivanov A. S. , Tugusheva N. Z. , Granik V. G.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Tropinone Reductases, Enzymes at the Branch Point of Tropane Alkaloid Metabolism
Authors: Draeger Birgit
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Metal Cation Recognition and Lanthanoid Luminescence Sensing Systems via Ligand Chirality Approach
Authors: Shinoda Satoshi , Kataoka Yumiko , Tsukube Hiroshi
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Formation and Repair of Interstrand Cross‐Links in DNA
Authors: Noll David M. , McGregor Mason Tracey , Miller Paul S.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
ISFET Source Separation: Foundations and Techniques
Authors: Bermejo Sergio , Jutten Christian , Cabestany Joan
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Impact of age on outcome of pediatric acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Razzouk Bassem I. , Estey Elihu , Pounds Stanley , Lensing Shelly , Pierce Sherry , Brandt Mark , Rubnitz Jeffrey E. , Ribeiro Raul C. , Rytting Michael , Pui Ching‐Hon , Kantarjian Hagop , Jeha Sima
Published: April 2006

BACKGROUND

The prognostic significance of age among pediatric patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) was investigated.

METHODS

The authors reviewed the outcome of 424 patients who were ≤21 years of age at the time of diagnosis of AML (excluding acute promyelocytic leukemia) between 1983 and 2002 at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital (n= 288) or the M. D. Anderson Cancer Center (n= 136). Two treatment eras (1983‐1989 and 1990‐2002) were examined because of the greater intensity of treatment during the recent era.

RESULTS

After controlling for the effects of cytogenetics, white blood cell (WBC) count, French–American–British (FAB) subtype, and treatment era, they observed that age and treatment era interacted significantly in relation to event‐free survival (EFS) (P= .033). Patients 10 years of age or older were at greater risk of an adverse event than younger patients in the recent era (hazard ratio = 1.8; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.3‐2.6;P= .005) but not in the early era. The rate of adverse events (death or recurrence) increased significantly with each year of age in the recent era (4.3%/year; 95% CI: 1.9‐6.8%;P= .001) but not in the early era. The rate of death increased significantly with each year of age in both eras (4.4%/year; 95% CI: 2.3‐6.5%;P<.001). EFS and survival showed no association with study site, and the effects of age were similar at the 2 sites.

CONCLUSIONS

These results suggest that age is an independent prognostic factor in childhood AML and that children younger than 10 years benefit more than older children from newer intensive therapies. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Evidence for the early onset of aberrant promoter methylation in urothelial carcinoma
Authors: Dhawan D , Hamdy FC , Rehman I , Patterson J , Cross SS , Feeley KM , Stephenson Y , Meuth M , Catto JWF
Published: April 2006

There is evidence that carcinoma in situ (CIS) is the precursor of invasive urothelial carcinoma, a tumour characterized by frequent gene promoter methylation. The timing of altered DNA methylation is unknown in this pathway. Here we investigate gene methylation in 196 consecutive samples of normal urothelium, CIS, and tumours from 104 patients with both CIS and invasive urothelial carcinoma using quantitative methyl‐sensitive polymerase chain reaction for six genes (p16, p14, E‐cadherin, RARβ2, RASSF1a, and GSTP1). Control normal urothelial samples from 15 patients with no history of urothelial carcinoma were also analysed. Immunohistochemistry established the expression of well‐characterized CIS markers p53 and cytokeratin 20. Promoter methylation occurred frequently in both normal urothelium and CIS samples from patients with urothelial carcinoma, and increased with progression from normal to invasive urothelial carcinoma, at both specific loci (χ2 test: E‐cadherin, p = 0.0001; RASSF1a, p = 0.003, RARβ2, p = 0.007, p16, p = 0.024) and in general (methylation indices [t‐test, p < 0.0001]). Methylation was associated with cytokeratin 20 expression (t‐test, p = 0.004) and poor prognosis, and with increased progression to tumour death in patients whose CIS samples showed methylation, in comparison with those without methylation (log rank p < 0.03). Promoter methylation occurs early in the urothelial carcinogenic pathway and appears to be a good biomarker of the invasive urothelial carcinoma phenotype. Copyright © 2006 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
FORUM COMMENT
Authors: WRIGHT JOHNSON KENT
Published: April 2006

Is there any work by a modern author that inspires the range of comparisons that Rousseau's Second Discourse does? Looking backward, the quartet of scholars writing above—leading figures of anglophone scholarship on Rousseau—finds echoes of the book of Genesis, the Histories of Tacitus, Ovid's Metamorphoses, and Pelagius. Others have been reminded of Lucretius and more than one of Plato's dialogues. Looking forward, the names of Hegel, Marx, and Heidegger are cited here; comparisons with The Genealogy of Morals and Civilization and Its Discontents spring as easily to mind. If the Second Discourse thus serves as a kind of intense philosophical echo-chamber, this no doubt has something to do with its author's singular position in modern intellectual history, standing not just at the crossroads of the Enlightenment and Romanticism, but at that of antiquity and modernity themselves. It also owes much to the sheer internal complication of the text, whose relatively few pages feature a bewildering variety of moving parts: the extended Dedication to Rousseau's native city of Geneva; the Preface, with its preliminary presentation of Rousseau's philosophical anthropology; the prize question that inspired the Second Discourse: “What is the origin of inequality among men, and whether it is authorized by natural law”; the Exordium, announcing Rousseau's scandalous intention to “set aside the facts”; the analysis of the “state of nature” in Part One, with its excoriating attack on previous natural-law thinkers; the account, in Part Two, of the various “revolutions” that gradually established and deepened social inequality, before sealing it with political tyranny; and last, but certainly not least, Rousseau's trenchant endnotes, conjuring up a fabulous range of philosophical, cultural, and scientific reference, as essential to the Second Discourse as Gibbon's footnotes are to his History.
THE BIRTH OF MODERN MEMORY
Authors: LEVINGER MATTHEW
Published: April 2006

John Edward Toews, Becoming Historical: Cultural Reformation and Public Memory in Early Nineteenth-Century Berlin. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. pp. xxiv + 466.

George S. Williamson, The Longing for Myth in Germany: Religion and Aesthetic Culture from Romanticism to Nietzsche. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004. pp. xiv + 428.

Peter Fritzsche, Stranded in the Present: Modern Time and the Melancholy of History. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2004. pp. 268.

Each generation chooses its own objects of historical inquiry. Over the past decade or two, many historians have moved away from perennial topics in social and political history, turning their gaze on more ethereal questions in the realm of “memory studies.” The three splendid books under review here examine elusive phenomena in nineteenth-century Europe: the transformation of historical consciousness, the invention of national myths, and the emergence of nostalgia as a prominent element of European culture after the French Revolution and the Napoleonic age. Taken together, these works vividly illustrate both the value and the challenges of scholarship on the modern historical imagination.
Evidence for the Usefulness of in vitro Dialyzability, Caco-2 Cell Models, Animal Models, and Algorithms to Predict Zinc Bioavailability in Humans
Authors: Hotz Christine
Published: April 2006

Low bioavailability of zinc in certain diet types may contribute to zinc deficiency and its consequences in populations. As a result, several experimental models including animal models, in vitro dialyzability models, and Caco-2 cells, have been used to study these factors and estimate their impact on human zinc absorption. For the most part, consistency has been observed between the latter models and human absorption studies to identify factors that enhance or inhibit zinc bioavailability. However, dialyzability methods are limited to modeling luminal interactions among the factors as they affect zinc availability while Caco-2 cells can model luminal effects and uptake by intestinal cells. Neither animal nor in vitro methods can predict the magnitude of zinc absorption at the level of the human organism. Caco-2 cells will be useful models for understanding the mechanisms of intestinal zinc absorption. The in vitro methods are also limited to modeling absorption and the interactions that occur. Algorithms to estimate zinc absorption, based on dietary content of zinc absorption modifiers, have been derived from human studies. An algorithm derived from studies of zinc retention from radioactive zinc-labeled test meals underestimates zinc absorption compared to that derived from measurement of true zinc absorption from total diets using isotopic tracer methods. Based on the latter, phytate appears to be the only major inhibitor of zinc absorption from typical diets. Ultimately, population-based studies are needed to determine the impact of dietary factors that modulate zinc absorption on the adequacy of zinc status.
Equivalent transmissivity of heterogeneous leaky aquifers for steady state radial flow
Authors: Copty Nadim K. , Sarioglu Murat Savas , Findikakis Angelos N.
Published: April 2006

The purpose of this study is to estimate the equivalent transmissivity for two‐dimensional steady state radial flow toward a fully penetrating well in a heterogeneous leaky aquifer. The log transmissivity of the pumped aquifer is modeled as a multivariate random spatial function with stationary mean and exponential semivariogram, while the aquitard conductance is assumed to be spatially uniform. An approximate expression for the upscaled or block transmissivity, defined as the transmissivity of an equivalent homogeneous leaky aquifer system with the same pumping, is proposed. The proposed relation expresses the upscaled transmissivity as a weighted average of the log transforms of the point transmissivity values. Monte Carlo simulations are used to numerically validate the proposed upscaling expression for wide ranges of aquifer parameters. The relation of the weighing function to the statistical parameters of the transmissivity field is discussed. The first and second moments of the upscaled transmissivity are also estimated as a function of the problem parameters. The expected value of the equivalent transmissivity is shown to increase from the geometric mean to the arithmetic mean as the aquitard conductance increases from zero to infinity.
Reducing the fitness cost of antibiotic resistance by amplification of initiator tRNA genes
Authors: Nilsson Annika I. , Zorzet Anna , Kanth Anna , Dahlström Sabina , Berg Otto G. , Andersson Dan I.
Published: April 2006

Deformylase inhibitors belong to a novel antibiotic class that targets peptide deformylase, a bacterial enzyme that removes the formyl group from N-terminal methionine in nascent polypeptides. Using the bacterium
Salmonella enterica
, we isolated mutants with resistance toward the peptide deformylase inhibitor actinonin. Resistance mutations were identified in two genes that are required for the formylation of methionyl (Met) initiator tRNA (tRNAi)
fMet
: the
fmt
gene encoding the enzyme methionyl-tRNA formyltransferase and the
folD
gene encoding the bifunctional enzyme methylenetetrahydrofolate-dehydrogenase and -cyclohydrolase. In the absence of antibiotic, these resistance mutations conferred a fitness cost that was manifested as a reduced growth rate in laboratory medium and in mice. By serially passaging the low-fitness mutants in growth medium without antibiotic, the fitness costs could be partly ameliorated either by intragenic mutations in the
fmt/folD
genes or by extragenic compensatory mutations. Of the extragenically compensated
fmt
mutants, approximately one-third carried amplifications of the identical, tandemly repeated
metZ
and
metW
genes, encoding tRNAi. The increase in
metZW
gene copy number varied from 5- to 40-fold and was accompanied by a similar increase in tRNAi levels. The rise in tRNAi level compensated for the lack of methionyl-tRNA formyltransferase activity and allowed translation initiation to proceed with nonformylated methionyl tRNAi. Amplified units varied in size from 1.9 to 94 kbp. Suppression of deleterious mutations by gene amplification may be involved in the evolution of new gene functions.