bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization and Organic Compounds in Peloids from Mongolia
Authors: Dolmaa G , Tserenpil Sh , Ugtakhbayar O , Shevchenko SG , Kliba LV , Voronkov MG
Published: May 2014

The peloids are the important natural remedy all over the world. The physicochemical properties and some organic matters of peloids from 12 lakes in Mongolia were examined. These peloids belong to the continental hydrosulfide sticky peloid except Gurvan nuur peloid. Peloid from Lake Gurvan nuur was classified as a sapropel with high ash content.The peloid organic matters were investigated using chemical analysis and several analytical techniques, such as IR, and 13C NMR spectroscopy, GC/MS, gas chromatography. The concentration of total organic carbon in all continental hydrosulfide sticky peloids is ranged from 0.4% to 3.1%, but 15.3% in the sapropel. It shows that the majority of the peloids in Mongolia are hydrosulfide sticky peloid with lower organic matters than the sapropel and peat. In this study, no significant difference of chemical composition was observed between dissoluble and insoluble organic matters from peloids. Some classes of biomolecules, including lipid and carbohydrate, were identified. Biogenic stimulator humic acid (HA) is the major part of the peloid organic matter. HA concentration varied between 11.2% and 55.9% of total organic matter of peloids. The macromolecule of the sapropel HA exhibited a lower aromatization degree and more functional groups than other HAs, as revealed by the 13C NMR data and C/H ratio. The genesis of peloid organic matter is discussed in this paper.Our results suggest that the presence of known bioactive organic compounds, such as humic acid, lipid, and carbohydrate, as well as hydrogen sulfide causes the balneological value of peloids in Mongolia.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/pmas.v0i4.42Proceedings of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences 2009 No 4 pp.3-21
Some Results of Applying DPSIR Analysis for Ulaanbaatar as Part of the Selenge River Basin Integrated Water Management System
Authors: Odontsetseg D , Janchivdorj L , Udvaltsetseg G , Frieden J
Published: May 2014

Nowadays, ecological problems are being caused by economic aspects, and other hand economic issues are arising from ecological and environmental problems. Therefore, it is important to consider both social and economic factors, and take a basin approach to solving environmental problems. To find a relationship between economy and ecology, complex study of river basins is extremely important in establishing conditions for sustainable development in our country. This paper shows the results of applying DPSIR (Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response) analysis for Ulaanbaatar city, undertaken as part of a project on Integrated Water Management for the Selenge River Basin. The DPSIR analysis looks at the linkage between the economy and environment for the water quality and water resources of Ulaanbaatar. We used mDSS4 software to evaluate a range of management responses suggested by these issues and found that charging for pollution and measuring water use would have the largest overall impact on water quality and water resources respectively. The analysis was carried out for Ulaanbaatar, because it was identified as one of the key hotspot areas in the Selenge River Basin, which is the main river basin in Mongolia, in terms of both the economy and natural systems.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/pmas.v0i4.43Proceedings of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences 2009 No 4 pp.22-31
Special Features of the Forming of Thermal Waters of the Eastern Part of the Khangay Neotectonic Uplift
Authors: Badminov PS , Ganchimeg D , Pisarsky BI , Oyuntsetseg D , Orgilyanov GI , Kryukova IG , Zundui-Osor Ch
Published: May 2014

Khangay neotectonic uplift is a large block of the earth’s crust confined to the area between two sublatitudinal deep faults (Bulnay and Goby-Altay). They are active faults accommodating main compression stresses in contract to the extension existed in the other area of the Khangay uplift. In contrast to continental rift zones of Khangay it is the region of compression. It is area with the increased values of the heat flux.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/pmas.v0i4.48 Proceedings of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences 2009 No 4 pp.64-70
Determination of Arsenic in Tuul River and in Drinking Water, using HG-AAS with Electrically Heated Atomizer
Authors: Tsetsegmaa T , Darjaa Ts , Dorj D
Published: May 2014

The electrothermal atomizer was installed in a Varian AA240FS AAS. This equipment was tested for determination of arsenic by hydride generation – atomic absorption method in water samples in the low μg/l range. Pre-reduction capability of KI investigated systematically and obtained as 2.5 %. Analytical parameters, that influencing for hydride formation NaBH4 and HCl concentrations are optimized and employed as 0.5 % and 8 mol/l accordingly.The detection limit for determination of arsenic by optimized HG-AAS with electrically heated atomizer was 0.3 μg/l. The accuracy is confirmed by optimized HG-AAS method with flame atomizer and by ICP-MS.Water samples were taken from the different places of Tuul river and from groundwater in the same area. It was found that the arsenic concentration in the river was low, around 3 ppb. The concentration of arsenic in groundwater was around the detection limit of method and no detectable amount of arsenic was found in the other. Concentration of arsenic in the Tuul river in these districts does not seem to be so high that it could affect the people living there. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/pmas.v0i4.50 Proceedings of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences 2009 No.4 pp.78-85
The Investigation on Preparation of Nano-Sized Raw Medicinal Material from the Natural Spar
Authors: Oyun J
Published: May 2014

In the result of many years’ investigations we have developed a new version of medical mineral processing technology based on the Mongolian traditional technology. By this technology a nano-sized raw medicinal material has been derived from medical quality natural minerals without involving any kind of chemical reagents and grinder. The size, composition and structure of the resultant product are confirmed by CT microscope, IR spectrometer and X-ray refractometer analysis as being 98% calcium hydrate (Ca(OH2)) containing 13.09 nm lutetium, bounded with milk protein and amino-acid, and is being transformed to the co-ferment (metal-organic) form of 13.51 nm nano-cluster lactate calcium. This work is the kind of first in the field of nano-technology development in Mongolia and therefore describes some parts of investigations carried out for the derivation of nano-sized new raw medicinal material in more detail.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/pmas.v0i4.52 Proceedings of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences 2009 No.4 pp.90-100
Effects of Long-Term Administration of Freeze-Dried Chokeberry Juice to Rats
Authors: Teresa Adamska  , Małgorzata Ewertowska  , Ewa Ignatowicz  , Małgorzata Kujawska  , Marcin Kidoń  , Arleta Matuszewska  , Jan Oszmiański  , Hanna Szaefer  , Jadwiga Jodynis-Liebert
Published: May 2014

Polyphenolics can act as prooxidants leading to the generation of reactive oxygen species and electrophilic metabolites which bind to DNA, protein and glutathione. The aim of the present study was to evaluate potential adverse effects of the long-term dietary administration of freeze-dried chokeberry juice to rats.Groups of 8 males and 8 females were exposed via diet to 0; 2; 6; 10 g juice/kg feed for 90 days. Mean food consumption and mean body weight gain of treated animals were comparable with controls. Changes in some hematological parameters were sporadic and non-dose-responsive. Several statistically significant changes in clinical chemistry parameters were considered no toxicologically relevant since they were of small magnitude and lacked correlating findings in histopathology. Histopathological examination did not reveal any changes that could be attributed to chokeberry juice intake. Determination of oxidative damage markers in the liver demonstrated no damage of lipids, proteins and DNA. Chokeberry juice intake improved antioxidant status of rats as evidenced by a decrease in the level of lipid peroxidation, an increase in reduced glutathione concentration and an increase in some antioxidant enzymes activity.It could be concluded that freeze-dried chokeberry juice is safe at doses tested and can be used as a component of food supplements.
An Independent and External Validation of the ACC NCDR Bleeding Risk Score among a National Multi-Site Community Hospital Registry of Cardiac Interventions
Authors: Dobies David R. , Barber Kimberly R. , Cohoon Amanda L.
Published: May 2014

Background: An accurate tool with good discrimination for bleeding would be useful to clinicians for improved management of all their patients. Bleeding risk models have been published but not externally validated in independent clinical datasets. We chose the NCDR PCI score to validate within a large, multi-site community dataset. The aim of the study was to determine the diagnostic utility of this bleeding risk score tool.
Methods: This is a large-scale retrospective analysis utilizing American College of Cardiology data from a 37-hospital health system. The central repository of PCI procedures between 6-1-2009 and 6-30-2012 was utilized to validate the NCDR PCI bleeding risk score (BRS) among 4693 patients. The primary endpoint was major bleeding. Discriminant analysis calculating the receiver operating characteristic curve was performed.
Results: There were 143 (3.0%) major bleeds. Mean bleeding risk score was 14.7 (range 3 – 42). Incidence of bleeding by risk category: low (0.5%), intermediate (1.7%), and high risk (7.6%). Patients given heparin had 113 (3.7%) major bleeds and those given bivalirudin had 30 (2.1%) major bleeds. Tool accuracy was poor to fair (AUC 0.78 heparin, 0.65 bivalirudin). Overall accuracy was 0.71 (CI: 0.66-0.76). Accuracy did not improve when confined to just the intermediate risk group (AUC 0.58; CI: 0.55-0.67).
Conclusion: Bleeding risk tools have low predictive value. Adjustment for anticoagulation use resulted in poor discrimination because bivalirudin differentially biases outcomes toward no bleeding. The current state of bleeding risk tools provides little support for diagnostic utility in regards to major bleeding and therefore have limited clinical applicability.
Os principais desafios da TV Digital na Copa do Mundo e Olimpíadas
Authors: Angeluci Alan César Belo , Aranha Angelo Sottovia , Fernandes Danielle
Published: May 2014

A realização de grandes eventos esportivos no Brasil em 2014 e 2016 coincide com um período chave para a TV Digital no país: o do desligamento (switch-off) dos sinais de TV analógicos nos próximos anos. Os mercados da radiodifusão e das indústrias de TV têm investido altos montantes na consolidação de oportunidades de negócio para aproveitar a temática esportiva e a disposição de tecnologias inovadoras, capazes de agregar valor a seus produtos. Mas existem entraves na implantação do Sistema Brasileiro de TV Digital (ISDB-Tb) que podem provocar o atraso do switch-off e, consequentemente, a perda do timing para a execução de soluções que seriam beneficiadas pelo apelo da Copa do Mundo e das Olimpíadas. O objetivo deste texto é elencar alguns dos principais entraves e desafios, indicando possíveis ações que, se tomadas a tempo pelos atores envolvidos, podem manter o cronograma inicialmente previsto.
Editorial
Authors: Kaseker Mônica
Published: May 2014

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Revisão sistemática de literatura: contributo para a inovação na investigação em Ciências da Educação
Authors: Ramos Altina , M. Faria Paulo , Faria Ádila
Published: May 2014

Nos últimos anos, movimentos de investigadores da área das Ciências da Educação na Europa têm manifestado um interesse crescente por questões metodológicas e epistemológicas sobre a Revisão Sistemática de Literatura. Nesse sentido, é nossa intenção contribuir para uma aproximação ao longo caminho já percorrido por outras áreas de investigação, como as Ciências Médicas. Neste artigo é apresentado o conceito de Revisão Sistemática de Literatura e a sua operacionalização através da explicitação do processo de pesquisa a partir de um protocolo e de um exemplo de resultados obtidos e respetiva análise. A seleção de dados assenta na definição de critérios rigorosos e objetivos, pautando-se por procedimentos o mais afastado possível de convicções pessoais ou de avaliações subjetivas, influenciadas por coordenadas geográficas ou pela pertença a uma determinada comunidade académica (BRINER; DENYER, 2012). Recursos digitais, como bases de dados online para a pesquisa bibliográfica e software de gestão de referências bibliográficas e de análise de dados qualitativos, como EndNote e NVivo, ou outros similares, apoiam todo o processo de conceção e realização de uma Revisão Sistemática de Literatura.
História das disciplinas escolares: reflexão sobre aspectos teórico-metodológicos de uma prática historiográfica
Authors: Bertoni Pinto Neuza
Published: May 2014

A história das disciplinas escolares, uma das mais recentes ramificações da história da educação, vem proporcionando um novo olhar ao ensino dos conteúdos escolares. Um de seus principais representantes, o historiador francês André Chervel, considera que as disciplinas são produções escolares configuradas para transformar o ensino em aprendizagem. Estreitamente articulada à cultura escolar, a constituição de uma disciplina é permeada por momentos de estabilidade e transformação, seja por impacto de reformas educacionais, de reorganização curricular, de alteração do público, seja por mudança de método de ensino. Com o objetivo de refletir sobre a base teórico-metodológica dessa prática historiográfica, o estudo analisa a estreita articulação das disciplinas escolares com a cultura escolar, em termos de relações entre normas e finalidades que regem a escola, profissionalização docente, formas de apropriação dos conteúdos. Analisa também conceitos que possibilitam compreender o funcionamento interno das disciplinas escolares concebendo-as como entidades autônomas, produzidas no interior da escola.
Profissão e carreira: Relações entre escolhas por cursos de graduação e âncoras de carreira
Authors: Novaes Luna Iúri , Michelena Santos Mariana
Published: May 2014

O estudo teve como objetivo principal caracterizar as relações existentes entre as âncoras de carreira de estudantes universitários e suas escolhas por cursos de graduação. Buscou-se verificar se pessoas que escolhem o mesmo curso superior compartilham âncoras de carreira semelhantes.Participaram da pesquisa 855 estudantes dos primeiros ou segundos semestres de 16 cursos de graduação de duas universidades, os quais responderam a um questionário composto por perguntas sobre dados biográficos e pelo Inventário de Orientação de Carreira, baseado nas âncoras de carreira indicadas por Edgar Schein. As informações coletadas foram submetidas à análise estatística descritiva e inferencial, mediante o teste qui-quadrado, com o intuito de verificar associações entre as variáveis investigadas. Os resultados apontaram associações significativas de nove cursos de graduação com determinadas âncoras de carreira, o que permite afirmar que, quando comparados aos demais alunos, os estudantes de tais cursos tendem a compartilhar aspirações específicasno que se refere à carreira profissional. Assim sendo, conclui-se que um número expressivo de sujeitos, ao escolherem determinada profissão de nível superior, provavelmente a associam a tipos específicos de carreira.
Efeitos da Consultoria Colaborativa com familiares na prevenção de problemas comportamentais infantis
Authors: Silva Aline Maria da , Gonçalves Mendes Enicéia
Published: May 2014

As intervenções voltadas para a prevenção de problemas comportamentais desenvolvidas no ambiente escolar nem sempre são suficientes quando os determinantes dos problemas estão relacionados também ao contexto familiar. Este relato é baseado em um estudo cujo objetivo foi desenvolver, implementar e avaliar um programa de intervenção baseado no modelo de Consultoria Colaborativa Escolar, voltado para prevenir problemas comportamentais. O estudo envolveu professores, alunos e familiares, mas no presente relato enfocamos a intervenção desenvolvida com os 18 familiares participantes. O local do estudo foi uma escola municipal de Ensino Fundamental, localizada no interior do estado de São Paulo. Foram conduzidas três etapas: 1) aplicação do Inventário de Estilos Parentais (IEP); 2) programa de intervenção; 3) avaliação do programa (reaplicação do IEP e reunião de grupo focal). Após a intervenção houve aumento estatisticamente significativo nas práticas de monitoria positiva e comportamental moral, e diminuição estatisticamente significativa na disciplina relaxada e na monitoria negativa. Conclui-se que a Consultoria Colaborativa pode ser um modelo promissor para basear intervenções voltadas para melhorar práticas parentais e, consequentemente, prevenir problemas comportamentais.
Depressão em oncologia: Um olhar da psicologia
Authors: Villaça Duarte Itala , Rodicz Aline Mariana
Published: May 2014

A depressão representa um problema de saúde pública e pode aparecer associada a uma doença clínica como, por exemplo, o câncer. A depressão na oncologia tem sido cada vez mais relatada, no entanto, seu diagnóstico ainda representa um desafio aos profissionais devido às semelhanças da depressão com os sintomas da doença oncológica, os efeitos adversos que a quimioterapia possivelmente causa nos pacientes e as repercussões emocionais vivenciadas pelo processo de adoecimento. Com isso, há probabilidade de o diagnóstico ser realizado com imprecisão e o manejo terapêutico muitas vezes se torna inadequado. A proposta mais apropriada seria aquela que contempla o tratamento psiquiátrico e farmacológico em conjunto com o acompanhamento psicológico. Em relação a esse acompanhamento, especificamente, é por meio da relação terapeuta-paciente que se torna possível favorecer ao paciente a expressão de experiências e sentimentos, permitindo que sejam assimilados, compreendidos e vivenciados, e que, consequentemente, o paciente possa encontrar formas adaptativas e conciliatórias para aderir e continuar o tratamento oncológico.
Estresse e síndrome de burnout em professores: Prevalência e causas
Authors: Mesquita Alex Andrade , Gomes Dayanna Santos , Lobato Juliana Lima , Gondim Ludmilla , Batista de Souza Simone
Published: May 2014

Professores mantêm contato direto com o público e muitas vezes trabalham em condições inadequadas, constituindo um grupo de risco sujeito a apresentar alto nível de estresse e burnout. O principal objetivo do estudo foi verificar estresse, burnout e suas causas em um grupo de professores. Os instrumentos utilizados foram o Inventário de Sintomas de Stress Adulto de Lipp (ISSL) e o Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), além de uma folha de registro de fatores causadores de estresse. Participaram do estudo 357 professores de Ensino Médio e Fundamental de escolas públicas. Os resultados mostraram que a maior parte dos professores apresenta estresse, porém, em fase de resistência. Os professores, em sua maioria, se consideram altamente realizados com seu trabalho, apesar de apresentarem níveis medianos de exaustão emocional e despersonalização. A causa mais comum de estresse relatado foi indisciplina/ violência dos alunos. Os escores obtidos foram inferiores comparados a estudos anteriores.
Meaning, spirituality, and health: a brief introduction Sentido, espiritualidade e saúde: uma breve introdução
Authors: Park Crystal L.
Published: May 2014

Spirituality is receiving increased research attention in the context of physical health and wellbeing. In this paper, I use a specific theoretical framework — the meaning making model — to briefly review theory and empirical findings regarding the links between spirituality and health in the context of general health and illness. In particular, I discuss the links between meaning and health both generally and in the context of illness. Spirituality is then considered in detail as an exemplar of meaning. Studies are reviewed that illustrate the multiple ways that spirituality is related to physical health. I conclude with suggestions for future research.
Instrumentos de mensuração da religiosidade/ espiritualidade (R/E) e seus construtos
Authors: Marques Luciana Fernandes , Arruda Aguiar Ana Paula
Published: May 2014

Iniciativas no sentido de mensurar a espiritualidade e a religiosidade vêm sendo desenvolvidas, com alguns instrumentos construídos e validados para a utilização em diferentes contextos. Esses temas têm sido estudados em vários âmbitos, como nas inter-relações com a saúde física, saúde mental, como fator de risco/proteção e coping. As associações encontradas podem estar relacionadas aos vários construtos utilizados e aos instrumentos delineados com base nesses conceitos. Geralmente a construção de escalas e instrumentos de mensuração parte de reflexões teóricas e pesquisas. Alguns estudos preferem partir de observações de populações para construir os instrumentos. Atualmente várias medidas estão disponíveis, principalmente na língua inglesa, para que se possa investigar e aprofundar a extensão da influência da religiosidade e da espiritualidade na vida de indivíduos e grupos. No Brasil, são poucos os instrumentos desenvolvidos e/ou validados que mensurem diferentes dimensões da religiosidade, bem como construtos correlatos. Este é um trabalho de cunho teórico, cujo objetivo é explorar a variedade de instrumentos de mensuração da espiritualidade e religiosidade analisando os construtos presentes.#]
Análise teológica da dependência, do alcoolismo e da recuperação
Authors: Farris James
Published: May 2014

Esta pesquisa propõe uma análise teológica da dependência, do alcoolismo, e da recuperação a partir de diversas perspectivas teológicas. Há muitas pesquisas nos campos da Medicina, da Sociologia, da Antropologia e assim por diante a respeito deste campo de pesquisa. Também existem muitos textos de meditação e espiritualidade, no sentido amplo, sobre estes fenômenos. No entanto, falta uma análise crítica teológica sobre a dependência, o alcoolismo e a recuperação. Esta pesquisa vai oferecer uma delimitação dos termos relacionados ao campo e uma análise teológica baseada na Teologia Narrativa, da Libertação, dos recursos proferidos pelas tradições históricas protestantes e da hermenêutica bíblica. Especificamente, a pesquisa vai discutir a relação entre o entendimento do alcoolismo como doença, segundo o modelo médico, e pecado, segundo diversas tradições religiosas. Serão destacados os conflitos metodológicos e filosóficos entre as Teologias Moralistas, Narrativas e da Libertação e os modelos médicos de doença.
Religião, política e Teologia da Libertação: trajetória e desafios [I]
Authors: Baptista Paulo Agostinho Nogueira
Published: May 2014

A relação entre religião e política acompanhou a história do cristianismo desde o seu início. Da perseguição dos primeiros séculos se forja a cristandade com Constantino e a entrada do Estado como mediador da relação Igreja/sociedade. Poucos séculos depois, a Igreja ocupa lugar central de poder coroando reis. Disputa poder, é reformada, vive a crise medieval e enfrenta cismas e a mudança moderna, considerada anátema. No contexto das mudanças do Vaticano II e Medellín, na década de 1960 e na América Latina, surge a Teologia da Libertação (TdL). Outra história surge para a relação entre religião e política, com implicações e transformações na sociedade do continente e do mundo. Situar essa trajetória, com suas articulações, especialmente com o surgimento da TdL, ajuda a pensar as perspectivas e os desafios atuais para a relação entre religião e política, com outra consciência e horizonte de direitos, no espaço público ampliado, especialmente para as novas gerações.
A morte: abordagem interdisciplinar a partir da teologia e da pastoral
Authors: Murad Afonso
Published: May 2014

O artigo visa apresentar um panorama comtemporâneo sobre o tema da morte, em perspectiva cristã. Dirige-se sobretudo às lideranças eclesiais das igrejas (agentes de pastoral, presbíteros, pastores, encarregados do ministério das exéquias). É um ensaio de caráter teórico-prático. Inicialmente, aponta as grandes mudanças culturais que influenciam a percepção da morte nas sociedades urbanas. Morrer se torna algo privado, banalizado, ou transforma-se em espetáculo. A seguir, elabora-se uma reflexão teológica sobre a morte, em relação ao Deus da Vida. O núcleo reside em apontar como a morte de Jesus ilumina o término da existência de seus seguidores. A terceira parte, de caráter existencial, apresenta resumidamente as cinco etapas do processo de morrer, sugerindo atitudes e posturas convenientes para cada fase. Desenvolve-se também a reflexão sobre o itinerário de elaboração da perda (o luto). A quarta parte apresenta sugestões de caráter prático, visando ao acompanhamento espiritual de pacientes terminais e a pastoral de exéquias.
Atoh1-dependent rhombic lip neurons are required for temporal delay between independent respiratory oscillators in embryonic mice
Authors: Tupal Srinivasan , Huang Wei-Hsiang , Picardo Maria Cristina D , Ling Guang-Yi , Del Negro Christopher A , Zoghbi Huda Y , Gray Paul A
Published: May 2014

All motor behaviors require precise temporal coordination of different muscle groups. Breathing, for example, involves the sequential activation of numerous muscles hypothesized to be driven by a primary respiratory oscillator, the preBötzinger Complex, and at least one other as-yet unidentified rhythmogenic population. We tested the roles of Atoh1-, Phox2b-, and Dbx1-derived neurons (three groups that have known roles in respiration) in the generation and coordination of respiratory output. We found that Dbx1-derived neurons are necessary for all respiratory behaviors, whereas independent but coupled respiratory rhythms persist from at least three different motor pools after eliminating or silencing Phox2b- or Atoh1-expressing hindbrain neurons. Without Atoh1 neurons, however, the motor pools become temporally disorganized and coupling between independent respiratory oscillators decreases. We propose Atoh1 neurons tune the sequential activation of independent oscillators essential for the fine control of different muscles during breathing.
Differentiation of the South Pole–Aitken basin impact melt sheet: Implications for lunar exploration
Authors: Hurwitz Debra M. , Kring David A.
Published: May 2014

We modeled the differentiation of the South Pole–Aitken (SPA) impact melt sheet to determine whether noritic lithologies observed within SPA formed as a result of the impact. Results indicate differentiation of SPA impact melt can produce noritic layers that may accommodate observed surface compositions but only in specific scenarios. One of nine modeled impact melt compositions yielded layers of noritic materials that account for observations of noritic lithologies at depths of ~6 km. In this scenario, impact occurred before a hypothesized lunar magma ocean cumulate overturn. The 50 km deep melt sheet would have formed an insulating quenched layer at the surface before differentiating. The uppermost differentiated layers in this scenario have FeO and TiO2contents consistent with orbital observations if they were subsequently mixed with the uppermost quenched melt layer and with less FeO‐ and TiO2‐enriched materials such as ejecta emplaced during younger impacts. These results verify that noritic lithologies observed within SPA could have formed as a direct result of the impact. Therefore, locations within SPA that contain noritic materials represent potential destinations for collecting samples that can be analyzed to determine the age of the SPA impact. Potential destinations include central peaks of Bhabha, Bose, Finsen, and Antoniadi craters, as well as walls of Leibnitz and Schrödinger basins. Additionally, potential remnants of the uppermost quenched melt may be preserved in gabbroic material exposed in “Mafic Mound.” Exploring and sampling these locations can constrain the absolute age of SPA, a task that ranks among the highest priorities in lunar science.
Mapping global seasonal forest background reflectivity with Multi‐angle Imaging Spectroradiometer data
Authors: Jiao Tong , Liu Ronggao , Liu Yang , Pisek Jan , Chen Jing M.
Published: May 2014

Forest background reflectivities with seasonal and spatial variations are critically important in the estimation of canopy biophysical parameters of the forest canopy. In this paper, seasonal background reflectivity for global forested areas was mapped at 1.1 km resolution using four‐scale model and Multi‐angle Imaging Spectroradiometer data of the nadir and 45° forward directions. The largest seasonal variation of forest background reflectivities was observed in middle and high latitudes of Northern Hemisphere. The background reflectivity differs between deciduous broadleaf forest and coniferous forest in the near‐infrared band and varies with increasing canopy leaf area index. The partial validation of forest background reflectivity with adjacent grassland in the Northern Hemisphere and the comparison of understory leaf area index on leaf appearance day for larch forest in North Asia both indicate the relative reliability of results. The nearly 70% spatial coverage of retrieval with high‐quality flags makes it eligible for applications over global coniferous and deciduous broadleaf forest areas.
Sensitivity of stoichiometric ratios in the Mississippi River to hydrologic variability
Authors: Leong D. N. S. , Donner S. D. , Hassan M. A. , Gabor R. , Drummond J. D.
Published: May 2014

The ratio of key elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and silica determines nutrient limitations that are important to regulating primary productivity and species composition in aquatic ecosystems. The flux of these nutrients in streams, as dissolved constituents or as particulate matter, is sensitive to variability in flow conditions. Most previous research on nutrient flux and hydrologic variability has focused on the response of individual elements, especially nitrogen, to changes in flow over time. This study examines how the ratios of total nitrogen to total phosphorus (N:P) and total nitrogen to dissolved silica (N:Si) respond to hydrologic variability in the Mississippi‐Atchafalaya River Basin. A doubling of the discharge by the Mississippi and Atchafalaya Rivers to the Gulf of Mexico is found to increase the N:P by 10% and the N:Si by 4%. Analysis of data from upstream stations indicates that the N:P increases with discharge in subbasins with intensive row crop agriculture and high fertilizer application rates but is less predictable in other subbasins. Conversely, the response of N:Si to discharge does not vary predictably with the land use characteristics of the subbasin. The response of the nutrient ratios to variability in flow may be linked to the different sources and sinks of each nutrient, as well as the difference between the dominant transport pathways of each nutrient. High‐resolution data and models that describe the dissolved and particulate nutrient cycling are needed to assess the relative contribution of different drivers to these observed patterns and to identify the response of nutrient ratios to hydrologic variability under future land use and climate change.
Lowermost mantle anisotropy and deformation along the boundary of the African LLSVP
Authors: Lynner Colton , Long Maureen D.
Published: May 2014

Shear wave splitting of SK(K)S phases is often used to examine upper mantle anisotropy. In specific cases, however, splitting of these phases may reflect anisotropy in the lowermost mantle. Here we present SKS and SKKS splitting measurements for 233 event‐station pairs at 34 seismic stations that sample D″ beneath Africa. Of these, 36 pairs show significantly different splitting between the two phases, which likely reflects a contribution from lowermost mantle anisotropy. The vast majority of discrepant pairs sample the boundary of the African large low shear velocity province (LLSVP), which dominates the lower mantle structure beneath this region. In general, we observe little or no splitting of phases that have passed through the LLSVP itself and significant splitting for phases that have sampled the boundary of the LLSVP. We infer that the D″ region just outside the LLSVP boundary is strongly deformed, while its interior remains undeformed (or weakly deformed).
High‐resolution local gravity model of the south pole of the Moon from GRAIL extended mission data
Authors: Goossens Sander , Sabaka Terence J. , Nicholas Joseph B. , Lemoine Frank G. , Rowlands David D. , Mazarico Erwan , Neumann Gregory A. , Smith David E. , Zuber Maria T.
Published: May 2014

We estimated a high‐resolution local gravity field model over the south pole of the Moon using data from the Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory's extended mission. Our solution consists of adjustments with respect to a global model expressed in spherical harmonics. The adjustments are expressed as gridded gravity anomalies with a resolution of 1/6° by 1/6° (equivalent to that of a degree and order 1080 model in spherical harmonics), covering a cap over the south pole with a radius of 40°. The gravity anomalies have been estimated from a short‐arc analysis using only Ka‐band range‐rate (KBRR) data over the area of interest. We apply a neighbor‐smoothing constraint to our solution. Our local model removes striping present in the global model; it reduces the misfit to the KBRR data and improves correlations with topography to higher degrees than current global models.
Increase in the intensity of postmonsoon Bay of Bengal tropical cyclones
Authors: Balaguru Karthik , Taraphdar Sourav , Leung L. Ruby , Foltz Gregory R.
Published: May 2014

The postmonsoon (October–November) tropical cyclone (TC) season in the Bay of Bengal (BoB) has spawned many of the deadliest storms in recorded history. Here it is shown that the intensity of major TCs (wind speed > 49 m s−1) in the postmonsoon BoB increased during 1981–2010. It is found that changes in environmental parameters are responsible for the observed increases in TC intensity. Increases in sea surface temperature and upper ocean heat content made the ocean more conducive to TC intensification, while enhanced convective instability made the atmosphere more favorable for the growth of TCs. The largest changes in the atmosphere and ocean occurred in the eastern BoB, where nearly all major TCs form. These changes are part of positive linear trends, suggesting that the intensity of postmonsoon BoB TCs may continue to increase in the future.
Evaluating the diffusive equilibrium models: Comparison with the IMAGE RPI field‐aligned electron density measurements
Authors: Ozhogin P. , Song P. , Tu J. , Reinisch B. W.
Published: May 2014

The diffusive equilibrium models that are widely used by the space physics community to describe the plasma densities in the plasmasphere are evaluated with field‐aligned electron density measurements from the radio plasma imager (RPI) instrument onboard the IMAGE satellite. The original mathematical form of the diffusive equilibrium model was based on the hydrostatic equilibrium along the magnetic field line with the centrifugal force and the field‐aligned electrostatic force as well as a large number of simplifying approximations. Six free parameters in the mathematical form have been conventionally determined from observations. We evaluate four sets of the parameters that have been reported in the literature. The evaluation is made according to the equatorial radial distance dependence, latitudinal dependence at a given radial distance, and the combined radial and latitudinal dependences. We find that the mathematical form given in the diffusive equilibrium model is intrinsically incompatible with the measurements unless another large number of free parameters are artificially introduced, which essentially changes the nature of a theoretical model to an empirical model.
Effects of land use/land cover and climate changes on terrestrial net primary productivity in the Yangtze River Basin, China, from 2001 to 2010
Authors: Zhang Yulong , Song Conghe , Zhang Kerong , Cheng Xiaoli , Band Lawrence E. , Zhang Quanfa
Published: May 2014

Land use/land cover change (LULCC) and climate change are among the primary driving forces for terrestrial ecosystem productivity, but their impacts are confounded. The objective of this paper is to decouple the effects of LULCC and climate change on terrestrial net primary productivity (NPP) in China's Yangtze River Basin (YRB) during 2001–2010 using a light use efficiency model through different scenario designs. During the study period, the YRB witnessed tremendous LULCC and climate changes. A prominent LULCC was the conversion of shrub land to forests as a result of a series of forest restoration and protection programs implemented in the basin. At the same time, notable warming and drying trends were observed based on ground and satellite measurements. Prescribed model simulations indicated that LULCC alone had a significantly positive effect on total NPP (up to 6.1 Tg C yr−1, p < 0.01) mainly due to reforestation and forest protection, while climate change alone showed an overall negative effect in the basin (as much as −2.7 Tg C yr−1, p = 0.11). The ensemble effect of LULCC and climate change on total NPP is approximately 3.9 Tg C yr−1 (p = 0.26) during 2001–2010. Our study provides an improved understanding of the effects of LULCC and climate change on terrestrial ecosystem productivity in the YRB. We found that reforestation and forest protection could significantly enhance terrestrial ecosystem productivity, a strategy that could mitigate global warming. It also suggests that NPP models with static land use/land cover could lead to increasingly large errors with time.
Ultrasmall Phosphorescent Polymer Dots for Ratiometric Oxygen Sensing and Photodynamic Cancer Therapy
Authors: Shi Huifang , Ma Xing , Zhao Qiang , Liu Bin , Qu Qiuyu , An Zhongfu , Zhao Yanli , Huang Wei
Published: May 2014

A series of semiconducting polymer dots (Pdots) composed of phosphorescent Ir(III) complexes and polyfluorene units in the main polymer chains are designed, synthesized, and applied in ratiometric oxygen sensing and photodynamic cancer therapy. The ultrasmall Pdots with particle size less than 10 nm are fabricated in aqueous solution on account of amphiphilic nature of the polymers. The Pdots possess fine photostability, biocompatibility, and efficient energy transfer from the polymer main chain to the Ir(III) complex. By utilizing the excited‐state energy transfer from phosphorescent Pdots to the ground state molecular oxygen, these Pdots are applied in the optical sensing of oxygen with ratiometric and naked‐eye detection as well as high sensitivity in aqueous solution. The Pdots also show low cytotoxicity and can pass across the cell membrane to enter into the cytoplasm. The singlet oxygen photo‐generated from the Pdots under irradiation at 488 nm can effectively induce the apoptosis and death of tumor cells for photodynamic cancer therapy in vitro.
Microfluidic Strategies for Design and Assembly of Microfibers and Nanofibers with Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Applications
Authors: Daniele Michael A. , Boyd Darryl A. , Adams André A. , Ligler Frances S.
Published: May 2014

Fiber‐based materials provide critical capabilities for biomedical applications. Microfluidic fiber fabrication has recently emerged as a very promising route to the synthesis of polymeric fibers at the micro and nanoscale, providing fine control over fiber shape, size, chemical anisotropy, and biological activity. This Progress Report summarizes advanced microfluidic methods for the fabrication of both microscale and nanoscale fibers and illustrates how different methods are enabling new biomedical applications. Microfluidic fabrication methods and resultant materials are explained from the perspective of their microfluidic device principles, including co‐flow, cross‐flow, and flow‐shaping designs. It is then detailed how the microchannel design and flow parameters influence the variety of synthesis chemistries that can be utilized. Finally, the integration of biomaterials and microfluidic strategies is discussed to manufacture unique fiber‐based systems, including cell scaffolds, cell encapsulation, and woven tissue matrices.
Surface Engineering of ZnO Nanostructures for Semiconductor‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Xu Jun , Chen Zhenhua , Zapien Juan Antonio , Lee Chun‐Sing , Zhang Wenjun
Published: May 2014

Semiconductor‐sensitized solar cells (SSCs) are emerging as promising devices for achieving efficient and low‐cost solar‐energy conversion. The recent progress in the development of ZnO‐nanostructure‐based SSCs is reviewed here, and the key issues for their efficiency improvement, such as enhancing light harvesting and increasing carrier generation, separation, and collection, are highlighted from aspects of surface‐engineering techniques. The impact of other factors such as electrolyte and counter electrodes on the photovoltaic performance is also addressed. The current challenges and perspectives for the further advance of ZnO‐based SSCs are discussed.
The Configurational Space of Rocksalt‐Type Oxides for High‐Capacity Lithium Battery Electrodes
Authors: Urban Alexander , Lee Jinhyuk , Ceder Gerbrand
Published: May 2014

A unifying theory is presented to explain the lithium exchange capacity of rocksalt‐like structures with any degree of cation ordering, and how lithium percolation properties can be used as a guideline for the development of novel high‐capacity electrode materials is demonstrated. The lithium percolation properties of the three most common lithium metal oxide phases, the layered α‐NaFeO2 structure, the spinel‐like LT‐LiCoO2 structure, and the γ‐LiFeO2 structure, are demonstrated and a strong dependence of the percolation thresholds on the cation ordering and the lithium content is observed. The poor performance of γ‐LiFeO2‐type structures is explained by their lack of percolation of good Li migration channels. The spinel‐like structure exhibits excellent percolation properties that are robust with respect to off‐stoichiometry and some amount of cation disorder. The layered structure is unique, as it possesses two different types of lithium diffusion channels, one of which is, however, strongly dependent on the lattice parameters, and therefore very sensitive to disorder. In general it is found that a critical Li‐excess concentration exists at which Li percolation occurs, although the amount of Li excess needed depends on the partial cation ordering. In fully cation‐disordered materials, macroscopic lithium diffusion is enabled by ≈10% excess lithium.
Cerebrospinal fluid β‐amyloid and phospho‐tau biomarker interactions affecting brain structure in preclinical Alzheimer disease
Authors: Fortea Juan , Vilaplana Eduard , Alcolea Daniel , Carmona‐Iragui María , Sánchez‐Saudinos María‐Belén , Sala Isabel , Antón‐Aguirre Sofía , González Sofía , Medrano Santiago , Pegueroles Jordi , Morenas Estrella , Clarimón Jordi , Blesa Rafael , Lleó Alberto ,   for the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: May 2014

Objective

To assess the relationships between core cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers and cortical thickness (CTh) in preclinical Alzheimer disease (AD).

Methods

In this cross‐sectional study, normal controls (n = 145) from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative underwent structural 3T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and lumbar puncture. CSF β‐amyloid1–42 (Aβ) and phospho‐tau181p (p‐tau) levels were measured by Luminex assays. Samples were dichotomized using published cutoffs (Aβ+/Aβ− and p‐tau+/ptau−). CTh was measured by Freesurfer. CTh difference maps were derived from interaction and correlation analyses. Clusters from the interaction analysis were isolated to analyze the directionality of the interaction by analysis of covariance.

Results

We found a significant biomarker interaction between CSF Aβ and CSF p‐tau levels affecting brain structure. Cortical atrophy only occurs in subjects with both Aβ+ and p‐tau+. The stratified correlation analyses showed that the relationship between p‐tau and CTh is modified by Aβ status and the relationship between Aβ and CTh is modified by p‐tau status. p‐Tau–dependent thinning was found in different cortical regions in Aβ+ subjects but not in Aβ− subjects. Cortical thickening was related to decreasing CSF Aβ values in the absence of abnormal p‐tau, but no correlations were found in p‐tau+ subjects.

Interpretation

Our data suggest that interactions between biomarkers in AD result in a 2‐phase phenomenon of pathological cortical thickening associated with low CSF Aβ, followed by atrophy once CSF p‐tau becomes abnormal. These interactions should be considered in clinical trials in preclinical AD, both when selecting patients and when using MRI as a surrogate marker of efficacy. Ann Neurol 2014;76:223–230
Controlling Interfacial Recombination in Aqueous Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells by Octadecyltrichlorosilane Surface Treatment
Authors: Dong Cunku , Xiang Wanchun , Huang Fuzhi , Fu Dongchuan , Huang Wenchao , Bach Udo , Cheng Yi‐Bing , Li Xin , Spiccia Leone
Published: May 2014

A general and convenient strategy is proposed for enhancing photovoltaic performance of aqueous dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSCs) through the surface modification of titania using an organic alkyl silane. Introduction of octadecyltrichlorosilane on the surface of dyed titania photoanode as an organic barrier layer leads to the efficient suppression of electron recombination with oxidized cobalt species by restricting access of the cobalt redox couple to the titania surface. The champion ODTS‐treated aqueous DSCs (0.25 mM ODTS in hexane for 5 min) exhibit a Voc of 821±4 mV and Jsc of 10.17±0.21 mA cm−2, yielding a record PCE of 5.64±0.10 %. This surface treatment thus serves as a promising post‐dye strategy for improving the photovoltaic performance of other aqueous DSCs.
Three Roles for the Fluoride Ion in Palladium‐Catalyzed Hiyama Reactions: Transmetalation of [ArPdFL2] by Ar′Si(OR)3
Authors: Amatore Christian , Grimaud Laurence , Le Duc Gaëtan , Jutand Anny
Published: May 2014

From the kinetic data on the transmetalation/reductive elimination in fluoride‐promoted Hiyama reactions, obtained using electrochemical techniques, it has been established that fluoride ions play three roles. F− reacts with trans‐[ArPdBrL2] (L=PPh3) to form trans‐[ArPdFL2], which reacts with Ar′Si(OMe)3 in the rate‐determining transmetalation, whereas trans‐[ArPdBrL2] does not react with Ar′Si(OMe)3. F− reacts with Ar′Si(OMe)3 to deliver the unreactive silicate Ar′SiF(OMe)3−, thus leading to two antagonistic kinetic effects. In addition, F− catalyzes the reductive elimination from intermediate trans‐[ArPdAr′L2].
Conjugated‐Polyelectrolyte‐Based Polyprodrug: Targeted and Image‐Guided Photodynamic and Chemotherapy with On‐Demand Drug Release upon Irradiation with a Single Light Source
Authors: Yuan Youyong , Liu Jie , Liu Bin
Published: May 2014

Nanomaterials that combine diagnostic and therapeutic functions within a single nanoplatform are highly desirable for molecular medicine. Herein we report a novel theranostic platform based on a conjugated‐polyelectrolyte (CPE) polyprodrug that contains functionality for image, chemo‐ and photodynamic therapy (PDT), and on‐demand drug release upon irradiation with a single light source. Specifically, the PEGylated CPE serves as a photosensitizer and a carrier, and is covalently conjugated to doxorubicin through a linker that can be cleaved by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Under appropriate light irradiation, the CPE can generate ROS, not only for PDT, but also for on‐demand drug release and chemotherapy. This nanoplatform will offer on‐demand PDT and chemotherapy with drug release triggered by one light switch, which has great potential in cancer treatment.