bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
L’enfant est-il un adulte en plus petit ? Anthropologie et psychologie de l’enfance à partir de Spinoza
Authors: Sévérac Pascal
Published: November 2018

Cet article s’interroge sur la figure de l’enfant chez Spinoza : peu de commentateurs se sont attachés à analyser cette thématique, certes excentrée, dans le cadre de la philosophie spinoziste, à l’exception notable de François Zourabichvili, dont il s’agit à la fois de reprendre les grandes conclusions, mais aussi d’en tester la validité. Dans cette perspective, la question est alors de savoir s’il existe une nature spécifique de l’enfant : celui-ci est-il un être en devenir sans nature spécifique ? n’est-il qu’un adulte en plus petit ? Nous soutenons que cette nature existe, et que son analyse peut fonder à la fois une anthropologie et une psychologie de l’enfance à partir de Spinoza. Une condition est toutefois requise pour penser cette nature en rapport avec celle de l’adulte : concevoir une progressive, quoique réelle, transformation dans le passage de la petite enfance à l’âge adulte. Une telle transformation est ce que doit accompagner une éducation entendue comme éthique, qui s’adresse à la fois à l’enfant dans son devenir adulte, et à l’adulte ignorant dans son devenir actif.
The Conundrum of Falling Participation of Women in Math and Computing Jobs
Authors: Layton Roslyn
Published: November 2018

The USA and Denmark are leading information communications technologies (ICT)-enabled economies and have a variety of policies to promote women in ICT occupations, but both report that just roughly 25% of math and computing jobs in their respective countries are held by women, a number that continues to decline. The trend is odd given that the ICT industry globally notes a growing shortage of workers as well as a potential for lost revenue if positions go unfilled. Given the situation and a significant evidence that women's participation in companies is associated with greater profitability, one would assume ICT companies to be profit-maximizing and thus do more to attract and retain women. The trends are also odd given that the participation of women in scientific occupations in the life, physical, and social sciences are increasing overall. This chapter briefly reviews the situation and recommendations to address it, including increasing mentorship for women and recognizing and addressing bias in the workplace.
Women's Employment in Turkey's ICT Sector
Authors: Gorkey Selda
Published: November 2018

Women constitute one of the risk groups vulnerable to poverty; therefore, enabling their participation in the labor force is crucial to promoting social inclusion in a society. Employment in the information and communication technology (ICT) sector is widely known for being male-dominated, and recently women's participation has become an important subject. This chapter aims to examine women's employment in Turkey's ICT sector from 2009 to 2016, from a social inclusion perspective, by using various indicators. Comparisons with European Union (EU) countries provide perspective on tracking the progress of employment structure and education choices for ICT by gender. All indicators signify the existence of a gender gap resulting in low rates of inclusion of women in Turkey's ICT employment during the period. Examination of the reasons leads to making some policy recommendations to promote social inclusion of women in Turkey's ICT employment.
Gender Differences in Preferences and Proclivities for ICT Tools and Online Services
Authors: Yaokumah Winfred , Totimeh Fred , Kumah Peace
Published: November 2018

Gender essentialism is often used to excuse gender-based biases in the use of ICT tools and online services encouraging gender inequalities in opportunities for both males and females. This chapter aims at exploring ICT tools and online services currently being used by university students. The chapter investigates gender differences in preferences and proclivities for ICT tools and online services. Data collected from 618 university students were analyzed. The results show that males significantly differ in the use and preferences of ICT tools and devices (smart phones and tablets) from females. Conversely, females significantly differ in the use and preferences for online services (WhatsApp, text messaging, and library search engines) from males. The study also finds that smartphone and laptop computers are the most frequently used ICT tools and WhatsApp and Facebook are the most preferred online services. Gender studies in ICT to understand gender differences and proclivities are importance for policy direction towards an effort to bridge the gender gap.
Personality and ICT Adoption
Authors: Williams Idongesit
Published: November 2018

Globally, the gender gap still exists. An interesting reason for this is the passive usage or non-adoption of ICT by women who have access to ICTs and can also afford ICTs. In order to understand this phenomenon, an exploratory research was conducted to identify why women adopt current ICTs. The most used ICTs are social media platforms and mobile internet services. An exploratory study was conducted to observe four women: three from South America and one from the Middle East who subscribe to WhatsApp. The major outcome was the plausible influence of a woman's personality on her usage of WhatsApp. The women with high extroversion used social media and mobile phones more than women at the opposite end of the spectrum. The women with very low extroversion almost rejected social media platforms and recorded low mobile phone usage. This implies that women with very low extroversion may not find ICTs appealing. Based on these outcomes, the chapter advocates for a more concrete research to understanding this trend.
Gender and Use of E-Government Services in Turkey
Authors: Kose Tekin
Published: November 2018

This chapter investigates the relationship between gender and use of e-government services in Turkey. Based on household surveys, probit regression models are estimated to quantify determinants of e-government use for Turkish citizens. Empirical findings imply that there is a gender gap in use of e-government services. Turkish females are less likely to employ e-government tools compared to Turkish males. Household income, education level, being employed, and frequency of internet use are positively correlated with probability of e-government use for Turkish individuals. Finally, age demonstrates negative association with use of online government services. As the individual gets older, probability of using e-government platforms decreases. Thus, the digital divide prevails among Turkish citizens and should be addressed by policymakers.
Sustainable Development With the Digitalization of Women
Authors: Özçelik Tijen Över
Published: November 2018

There is no single field that is unaffected by the developments experienced in information and communication technologies today. However, the questions, Have women been affected by these intensive technological developments and technology utilization—which are efficient in every field—as much as men have? If not, how may this be reversed? and how may technology be made effective in making women economic? arouse curiosity. Therefore, the study was shaped by answering these questions. Another reason why the study took these questions as the basis is that women and technology are of profound importance in the sustainable development and growth of societies. Women's efficient use of technology is a must to turn the changes and developments experienced in information and communication technologies into opportunities and to reach the standards of the information society. Women's economic empowerment and technology were examined, the importance of the subject was emphasized, and recommendations were made within the scope of the study.
Internet Addiction and Fear of Missing Out
Authors: Wireko Joseph Kofi
Published: November 2018

Smartphones and the evolution of new ICTs have enabled people, especially the youth, to stay connected to their social and professional network. This has resulted in compulsive checking for status updates and messages, for fear of missing out (FOMO). FOMO, which is a form of internet addiction, has its downside among students. This chapter is an empirical study that seeks to examine the disruptive effect of FOMO on the academic performance of students. Four hundred twenty-two university students were surveyed on their use of internet (social media services) and its result on their academic activities. A Likert scale was used to measure their use of the internet (social media) and its relationship with their academic performance. Chi-square and factor analysis were conducted. The results showed that continuous use of internet had negative effect on students' academic performance and it affected the female students more than their male counterparts. Tertiary institutions should intensify guidance and counselling sessions for students in order to mitigate the negative effects of use of internet on students.
HRM Practices in Human Capital-Intensive Firms
Authors: Loufrani-Fedida Sabrina
Published: November 2018

This chapter focuses on examining the human resource management (HRM) practices that are used in human capital-intensive firms (HCIFs). In the specialized literature on HCIFs, human resources (HR) are recognized as constituting an infinite value potential. Nevertheless, we know little in the literature about “how to manage” these HR in the specific context of HCIFs. First of all, in this chapter, a literature review provides a clarification of the HR's key concepts (human capital, competence, and talent) on the one hand and introduces the relevance to study HRM practices underlying human capital management on the other hand. Then, based on the case study of IBM Corporation, a synthesis of the wide variety of HRM practices is proposed into three processes: identifying, assessing and developing, and finally, motivating and retaining human capital. The IBM case is representative of the HCIFs insofar as the company puts its human capital at the heart of its overall strategy and, in order to do this, provides a sophisticated HRM policy and, in addition, has implemented formalized HRM practices. For IBM, the aim is to improve resource assets of its employees necessary to generate innovation, value, and performance.
The Governance of Human Capital-Intensive Firms
Authors: Cézanne Cécile
Published: November 2018

For the past 30 years, the organization and functioning of firms have considerably changed, especially with the growing importance of human capital. In parallel, the primacy of the shareholder governance model has maintained. The aim of this chapter is to review the main theoretical and empirical elements of this paradox and to propose a renewed model of firm governance that takes into account the intrinsic nature of critical human capital incorporated by key employees. The chapter shows that the inalienable residual rights of control inherent to specific human capital are inconsistent with traditional disciplinary models of corporate governance. They rather call for a model of regulation of economic power exercising based on work motivation. This original model that the author calls the “multi-resource model” aims to encourage, retain, and collectively enrich critical resources by using an original operational device based on complementary instruments of incentive and coordination.
Semantic-Based Indexing Approaches for Medical Document Clustering Using Cognitive Search
Authors: Shanmugam Logeswari , Premalatha K.
Published: November 2018

Biomedical literature is the primary repository of biomedical knowledge in which PubMed is the most absolute database for collecting, organizing and analyzing textual knowledge. The high dimensionality of the natural language text makes the text data quite noisy and sparse in the vector space. Hence, the data preprocessing and feature selection are important processes for the text processing issues. Ontologies select the meaningful terms semantically associated with the concepts from a document to reduce the dimensionality of the original text. In this chapter, semantic-based indexing approaches are proposed with cognitive search which makes use of domain ontology to extract relevant information from big and diverse data sets for users.
Side Channel Attacks in Cloud Computing
Authors: Elangovan Ramanujam , Prianga M.
Published: November 2018

Cloud computing is used for storing and managing information using the remote servers, which is hosted on the internet instead of storing it in a normal server or personal computer. The main purpose of why most of the companies use the cloud for storing and managing data is to not have to pay money for storing data. The main aim is to allow users to benefit from all technologies. Virtualization is considered to be the main technology of cloud computing. Several privacy concerns are caused by the cloud because the service provider can access the data at any time. Cloud providers can also share the information for the purpose of law and order. The information gathered from the physical implementation is called a side channel attack. Some technical knowledge is required for side channel attacks and these attacks are based on statistical methods. It works by monitoring the security critical operations. The side channel attack is based on the information which is leaking and the information which is kept secret.
Privacy Information Leakage Prevention in Cognitive Social Mining Applications
Authors: Murugan Suriya , Anandakumar H.
Published: November 2018

Online social networks, such as Facebook are increasingly used by many users and these networks allow people to publish and share their data to their friends. The problem is user privacy information can be inferred via social relations. This chapter makes a study and performs research on managing those confidential information leakages which is a challenging issue in social networks. It is possible to use learning methods on user released data to predict private information. Since the main goal is to distribute social network data while preventing sensitive data disclosure, it can be achieved through sanitization techniques. Then the effectiveness of those techniques is explored, and the methods of collective inference are used to discover sensitive attributes of the user profile data set. Hence, sanitization methods can be used efficiently to decrease the accuracy of both local and relational classifiers and allow secure information sharing by maintaining user privacy.
A Detailed Study on Security Concerns of VANET and Cognitive Radio VANETs
Authors: Manikandakumar M. , Sri Subarnaa D. K.  , Monica Grace R.
Published: November 2018

Wireless ad hoc networks are dynamic networks in which nodes can move freely in the network. A new type of Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) that allows smart transport system to provide road security and reduces traffic jams through automobile-to-automobile and automobile-to-roadside communication. In this, vehicles rely on the integrity of received data for deciding when to present alerts to drivers. Because of wireless network the VANET messages are vulnerable to many attacks and the security concerns are also major issues. So, with respect to these methods, this article will discuss the Denial of Service (DoS) attack, masquerading, and their vulnerabilities. Also, it classifies the securities and their prevention mechanisms in overcoming these security issues in VANET and Cognitive Radio VANET perspectives.
An Exploratory Study of Cross Border E-commerce (CBEC) in China: Opportunities and Challenges for Small to Medium Size Enterprises (SMEs)
Authors: Fan Qiuyan
Published: November 2018

Development of cross border e-commerce (CBEC) is one of the major enablers of SMEs access to overseas market opportunities. The boom in China's cross border e-commerce has been exponential. It has made China the world's largest cross-border market with over 200 million cross-border online consumers. This article explores the opportunities and the challenges for SMEs to leverage the China's CBEC to find and develop new customers in markets outside their domestic ones. It aims to help small to medium enterprises understand the unique Chinese e-commerce ecosystem and develop an appropriate e-commerce strategy that enables them to enter the Chinese e-commerce ecosystem. This research reveals that the significant growth opportunities and challenges for those SMEs poised for business expansion into Chinese market via CBEC and offers a detailed understanding of the China's cross border ecommerce system. SMEs are a major and important part of the world economy in terms of making contribution to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and employment. It is important to help SMEs to understand the significance of cross border e-commerce ecosystem and develop an appropriate e-commerce strategy that enables them to engage with CBEC and empower them to maximize the opportunities offered by CBEC in China. This article recommends that SMEs take a proactive approach to developing effective digital marketing strategies to engage with Chinese online consumers and keep up with new policies, programs and regulatory changes introduced by Chinese governments in a fast changing digital environment. It also suggests that SMEs consider cooperation with an online retailer who is present on China's cross border B2C platforms to yield better results for brand building and direct sale.
The Effect of Service Innovation on E-government Performance
Authors: Iranmanesh Hossein , Keramati Abbas , Behmanesh Iman
Published: November 2018

Research on public sector innovation has gained momentum recently as electronic government performance has been met with criticism. The ambiguity comes from the lack of deep understanding of the intervening variables through which service innovation affects e-government performance. Therefore, this article presents a conceptual framework to better understand the impact of service innovation on e-government performance. The role of stakeholder involvement and stakeholder perceived value of innovation in the relationship between service innovation and e-government performance is examined. The data came from a survey of 120 Iranian government organizations. Reliability and validity of the measurement instrument were confirmed and statistical analysis was performed to test the framework. The results confirm the moderating effect of stakeholder involvement and the mediating role of stakeholder perceived value of innovation. It was also revealed that citizens are not actively engaged in the innovation process and their perceived value of innovative e-government services remains low.
The Impact of Similarity and Self-Esteem on Facebook Behaviors, Perceptions, and Attitudes
Authors: Balint Bryon
Published: November 2018

From their inception, electronic social networks (ESNs) have held the potential to either (1) expose individuals to a greater diversity of beliefs and interests by removing geographical barriers to communication; or (2) act as “feedback loops” by facilitating relationships and communication among like-minded individuals. In this survey study, the author will examine changes in communication behaviors and perceptions on Facebook from 2013 to 2017. The findings conclude that individuals with lower self-esteem have become less willing to share their views on Facebook, perceive a higher number of negative experiences, and spend less time communicating and more time passively consuming content. The same behavioral changes are found when individuals believe that fewer of their online “friends” have similar beliefs, and when individuals are more prone to “unfriending” others. General comfort in sharing views online is associated with a higher willingness to share views and communicate on Facebook, but also more negative experiences.
Assessment on Different Classification Algorithms Used in Internet of Things Applications
Authors: Bansal Akhil , Ahirwar Manish Kumar , Shukla Piyush K.
Published: November 2018

The past few years have witnessed the Internet of Things (IoT) has evolved a lot and continues to evolve in various fields such as healthcare, agriculture, smart city, education, industries, automation, home care, etc. This advancement is caused by the development of sensor-enabled devices called IoT devices. The data collected from such devices will be used to identify and manage complex environment around us that will reduce the human intervention and also escalate efficiency, productivity, accuracy and economic benefits of the devices. In this survey article, the authors analyze how the datasets of different applications of the IoT such as agriculture, healthcare, smart city are processed and classified. The article also outlines the recent review of more common classification algorithms such as Support Vector Machine, Naïve Byes, Decision Tree, etc., that were used to classify the dataset with different parameters applied to the Internet of Things applications. In addition, this article also gives a brief review of the applications of the Internet of Things.
A Review on Various Features and Techniques of Crop Yield Prediction Using Geo-Spatial Data
Authors: Tiwari Preeti , Shukla Piyush Kumar
Published: November 2018

Geospatial information, including satellite information, is a vital part of crop yield prediction since it can give normal, predictable, target data. Distinguishing geospatial designs and measure changes that happen require exceptional systems to be used. Different monetary and organic variables impact the yield production and variables prompt losses to farmers. These dangers can be evaluated when proper numerical or measurable strategies are connected with soil, climate and past yield data. This article reviews different models utilized for crop yield forecasting. The focus of this problem is the increasing size of the data. Here, various approaches adopted by researchers are detailed with their field of accuracy for prediction. Some of issues related to the papers are also discussed. The techniques of knowledge extraction and storage were also discussed in this work.
Opinion on Different Classification Algorithms Used in Internet of Things Environment for Large Data Set
Authors: Bansal Akhil , Shukla Piyush Kumar , Ahirwar Manish Kumar
Published: November 2018

Nowadays, IoT is an emerging technique and has evolved in many areas such as healthcare, smart homes, agriculture, smart city, education, industries, automation, etc. Many sensor and actuator-based devices deployed in these areas collect data or sense the environment. This data is further used to classify the complicated problem related to the particular environment around us, which also increases efficiency, productivity, accuracy and the economic benefit of the devices. The main aim of this survey article is how the data collected by these sensors in the Internet of Things-based applications are handled and classified by classification algorithms. This survey article also identifies various classification algorithms such as KNN, Random forest logistic regression, SVM with different parameters, such as accuracy cross validation, etc., applied on the large dataset generated by sensor-based devices in various IoT-based applications to classify it. In addition, this article also gives a brief review on advance IoT called CIoT.
Clustering Approach Using Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm for Healthcare Waste Disposal Facility Location Problem
Authors: Gergin Zeynep , Tunçbilek Nükhet , Esnaf Şakir
Published: November 2018

In this study, an Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) based clustering algorithm is proposed for solving continuous multiple facility location problems. Unlike the original version applied to multivariate data clustering, the ABC based clustering here solves the two-dimensional clustering. On the other hand, the multiple facility location problem the proposed clustering algorithm deals with is aimed to find site locations for healthcare wastes. After applying ABC based clustering algorithm on test data, a real-world facility location problem is solved for identifying healthcare waste disposal facility locations for Istanbul Municipality. Geographical coordinates and healthcare waste amounts of Istanbul hospitals are used to decide the locations of sterilization facilities to be established for reducing the medical waste generated. ABC based clustering is performed for different number of clusters predefined by Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality, and the total cost—the amount of healthcare waste produced by a hospital, multiplied by its distance to the sterilization facility—is calculated to decide the number of facilities to be opened. Benchmark results with four algorithms for test data and with two algorithms for real world problem reveal the superior performance of the proposed methodology.
From Learning Management Systems to a Social Learning Environment
Authors: Alsaif Suleiman Ali , Li Alice S. , Soh Ben , AlZain Mohammed A. , Masud Mehedi
Published: November 2018

Since the advances in information and communication technologies, educational technology has been a priority research topic for academics, technology specialists and educational system developers. The objective of the study in this article is to evaluate the current learning systems and to shed the light on applications of social networking sites in higher education environment. To this end, the authors review the available alternative learning models with a view to achieving the most appropriate comprehensive and integral learning model. This article explores and compares the current advanced web-based educational services. It then demonstrates and discourses on the available Web 2.0 tools and social networking applications that can be used to foster learning activities and informal learning environments.
Quantitative Data Analysis on Student Centered Learning
Authors: Kumar Santhosh K.P. , Gangadharan Shija
Published: November 2018

This article examines the results of a survey conducted to students in which we identify the student centered learning (SCL) activities which are designed to be co-related with the defined course learning outcomes (CLO) that are required to perform the innovative teaching methods. Using statistical analysis, it examines whether-and to what extent, relationships exist between different categories of SCL activities and CLO. Survey results are then presented regarding to the methods by which students acquire the needed job-related skills and knowledge. This article applies systematic review to summarize the research by performing synthesis on the activities. Results of the review are presented and discussed in the article. The quantitative analysis finds that SCL activities generally shows statistically significant relationship with defined CLO included in this analysis.
Machine Learning Techniques for Analysis of Human Genome Data
Authors: Hiremath Neelambika Basavaraj , Dayananda P.
Published: November 2018

Human genome data analysis is one of the molecular level information in health informatics, which enables genetic epidemiological analysis of complex data sets. The recent studies of the genomic sequence, a part of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have led to understand the genetic architecture to identify the area of focus i.e. interactions with single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) is linked to causing complex diseases. The study and identification of these interactions and splicing of nucleic acids involves complexity in processing and computation. This article reviews current methods and trends in various machine learning and data mining approaches which are very complex and challenging to model and evaluate the performances.
Analysis of Factors Affecting China's Cargo Insurance Demand Based on E-commerce Background
Authors: Liu Xiaoping , Zheng Hui , Yang Yi , Wang Qing
Published: November 2018

This article uses the time-series data of China from 2000 to 2014 to analyze the influencing factors of cargo insurance demand in the context of e-commerce by using multiple linear regression models. The authors discuss the influence of economic development, cargo insurance supply and environmental factors on cargo insurance income, insurance depth, and insurance density. The results show that the risk situation, e-commerce development and the development of the logistics industry have a significant positive impact on the demand for cargo insurance; price is proportional to cargo insurance demand; and GDP has negative impact on the depth of cargo insurance.
The Policy Challenge of High Skills Vocational Education and Training in the Future Social Changes
Authors: Lim Jung-Yeon , Lee Young-Min
Published: November 2018

The article aims to analyze the cases of high skills human resources development (HRD) vocational training programs in future strategic industries. This article analyzes the cases of ongoing HRD training programs for strategic industries in Korea. The results of the analysis are as follows. First, the strategic industry training, carried out in specialized industrial training institutions in Korea, are mostly focused on the environmental, weather, and robotics industries, in addition to bio-industry. Second, the key drivers of future high skills strategy training turned out to be industrial convergence and globalization. Third, many experts were invited to be instructors to manage the quality of the high skills training programs. Based on the findings of these case studies, this article suggests the promotion of high skill vocational training for strategic industries in Korea.
The prayers, tears and joys of Don Cupitt: Non-realist, post-Christian spirituality under scrutiny
Authors: Biernot David , Lombaard Christoffel
Published: November 2018

In this contribution, the authors describe the theological contribution of Don Cupitt, initially in stronger relation to Jacques Derrida and also contextualising his insights through the work of some of his predecessors, contemporaries and those who write in his wake; also, in relation to his times and the trends on which he reacts. The latter is also transposed to some currently unfolding theological, ecclesial and societal trends internationally. The main emphases on Cupitt highlighted here may well, different to what initial reactions might be, be of value for certain groups of Christian believers.
Faith-based action and urban regeneration
Authors: De Beer Stephan F.
Published: November 2018

After describing the challenges, myths, exclusions and opportunities of urban regeneration, this article explores the potential interface between faith-based action and different forms of urban regeneration. Focusing on different South African cities, it considers how faith-based action could participate in regenerative urban work. Faith-based action will refer to the varied responses of churches and faith-based organisations to urban challenges and transitions. It interrogates whether faith-based action only represents many similar approaches that address urban problems superficially without mediating long-term, systemic change, or whether it indeed contributes to urban transformation in the sense of radical inclusivity and socio-structural spatial justice. Finally, it considers socio-theological sources that could potentially ground urban faith-based action theologically – such as an urban spirituality, an understanding of regeneration as integral liberation and mobilising socio-spiritual capital – whilst making a distinctive contribution to the processes of socially inclusive urban regeneration.
Comparative Validation Study to Demonstrate the Equivalence of an Alternate Next-Day Enrichment Protocol for VIP® Gold for Salmonella Method to Culture Methods for the Detection of Salmonella in Selected Foods and Environmental Surfaces
Authors: Kerr David E , Shen George , Lienau Andrew H , Kaur Mandeep , Immermann Amy L , Feldsine Philip T , John Lisa , Chen Yi , Brodsky Michael , Ziemer Wayne
Published: November 2018

Background: VIP® Gold for Salmonella is a lateral flow immunodetection device that was validated by AOAC in 1999 as Official Method of Analysis 999.09. It was improved upon in 2009 by introducing gold colloid as the detection method. Objective: A simple next-day enrichment protocol using modified enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli media was developed for the VIP Gold for Salmonella to improve the time-to-results and laboratory work flow. Methods: We tested 128 Salmonella strains, representing all serotypes from A to Z and 51 to 66 as well as 50 non-Salmonella strains for inclusivity/exclusivity. Performance of the VIP using the new enrichment protocol was compared with the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Microbiology Laboratory Guidebook reference culture procedure for the detection of Salmonella in ready-to-eat poultry, roast beef, and chicken carcass rinsate. VIP performance was also compared with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Bacteriological Analytical Manual (BAM) for the detection of Salmonella from raw spinach, raw almonds, raw pasta, and environmental surfaces (stainless steel, rubber, and plastic). Results: The VIP detected all 128 of Salmonella strains and none of the 50 non-Salmonella strains. There was no statistically significant difference in the numbers of positive results with VIP Gold for Salmonella protocol compared with appropriate USDA-Food Safety and Inspection Service or FDA-BAM reference methods for any of these matrixes. Conclusions: This new enrichment protocol has met all the requirements to be approved as a Performance Tested MethodSM. Highlights: The new enrichment protocol will improve the time-to-results and allow quicker decisions about the contamination of food products.
The Rapid Detection of Sage Adulteration Using Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) Spectroscopy and Chemometrics
Authors: Galvin-King Pamela , Haughey Simon A , Montgomery Holly , Elliott Christopher T
Published: November 2018

Background: Sage, a common term for the various species of the genus Salvia L., is an herb that is mainly used as a seasoning, or for medicinal purposes. Valuable herbs such as sage, are under constant threat from criminalsdealing in economically motivated adulteration. Objective: In this study, the development of a rapid screening technique to detect adulteration in sage was developed using FTIR and chemometrics. Method: A range of sage sampleswere collected, along with possible known adulterants, olive leaves, myrtle leaves, sumac, hazelnut leaves, cistus and phlomis, strawberry tree leaves and sandalwood. The samples were analyzed on the Thermo Nicolet iS5 FTIR with iD7 attenuated total reflectance accessory and diamond crystal. Chemometric techniques were applied to convert this raw spectral data obtained from the instrument into qualitative models.The qualitative chemometricmodels for adulteration detection were obtained using principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis following preprocessing of the spectra.Results: The orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis models had a measurement of fit of 0.978 and 0.952 and a measurement ofprediction of 0.975 and 0.936 for binary and multiclass models, respectively. The receiver operating curves following external validation had an area under the curve of 1, indicating excellent method performance. Conclusions: The use of FTIR and chemometrics can potentially screen unknown sage samples for adulteration and can be used in the fight against fraud in the herb and spice industry.
Uncommon properties of lipid biosynthesis of isolated plastids in the unicellular red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae
Authors: Mori Natsumi , Moriyama Takashi , Sato Naoki
Published: November 2018

Red algae are a large group of photosynthetic eukaryotes that diverged from green algae over one billion years ago, and have various traits distinct from those of both green algae and land plants. Although most red algae are marine species (both unicellular and macrophytic), the Cyanidiales class of red algae includes unicellular species which live in hot springs, such as Cyanidioschyzon merolae, which is a model species for biochemical and molecular biological studies. Lipid metabolism in red algae has previously been studied in intact cells. Here, we present the results of radiolabeling and stable isotope labeling experiments in intact plastids isolated from the unicellular red alga C. merolae. We focused on two uncommon features: First, the galactose moiety of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol was efficiently labeled with bicarbonate, indicating that an unknown pathway for providing UDP‐galactose exists within the plastid. Second, saturated fatty acids, namely, palmitic and stearic acids, were the sole products of fatty acid synthesis in the plastid, and they were efficiently exported. This finding suggests that the endoplasmic reticulum is the sole site of desaturation. We present a general principle of red algal lipid biosynthesis, namely, ‘indigenous C18 fatty acids are neither desaturated nor directly utilized within the plastid'. We believe that this is valid in both C. merolae lacking polyunsaturated fatty acids and marine red algae with a high content of arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acids.
Rhodium(I)‐Catalyzed Regioselective Azide‐internal Alkynyl Trifluoromethyl Sulfide Cycloaddition and Azide‐internal Thioalkyne Cycloaddition under Mild Conditions
Authors: Song Wangze , Zheng Nan , Li Ming , He Junnan , Li Junhao , Dong Kun , Ullah Karim , Zheng Yubin
Published: November 2018

A regioselective method to access fully substituted 5‐trifluoromethylthio‐1,2,3‐triazoles and 5‐thio‐1,2,3‐triazoles from the internal alkynyl trifluoromethyl sulfides and internal thioalkynes by a rhodium(I)‐catalyzed azide‐alkyne cycloaddition (RhAAC) reaction under mild conditions has been developed. This approach features good compatibility with water and air, a broad substrate scope, good functional group tolerance, high yields and excellent regioselectivities. The high 1,5‐regioselectivities were controlled by the strong coordination between the sulfur atom and the π‐acidic rhodium. The advantages of this method further include its applicability to gram‐scale preparation, the use of solid‐phase synthesis technique, and the mutually orthogonal CuAAC‐RhAAC reaction.

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Slick, Stretchy Fascia Underlies the Sliding Tongue of Rorquals
Authors: Werth Alexander J. , Lillie Margo A. , Piscitelli Marina A. , Wayne Vogl A. , Shadwick Robert E.
Published: November 2018

The tongue of rorqual (balaenopterid) whales slides far down the throat into the expanded oral pouch as an enormous mouthful of water is engulfed during gulp feeding. As the tongue and adjacent oral floor expands and slides caudoventrally, it glides along a more superficial (outer) layer of ventral body wall musculature, just deep to the accordion‐like ventral throat pleats. We hypothesize that this sliding movement of adjacent musculature is facilitated by a slick, stretchy layer of loose areolar connective tissue that binds the muscle fibers and reduces friction: fascia. Gross anatomical examination of the gular region of adult minke, fin, and humpback whales confirms the presence of a discrete, three‐layered sublingual fascia interposed between adhering fasciae of the tongue and body wall. Histological analysis of this sublingual fascia reveals collagen and elastin fibers loosely organized in a random feltwork along with numerous fibroblasts in a watery extracellular matrix. Biomechanical testing of tissue samples in the field and laboratory, via machine‐controlled or manual stretching, demonstrates expansion of the sublingual fascia and its three layers up to 250% beyond resting dimensions, with slightly more extension observed in anteroposterior (rather than mediolateral or oblique) stretching, and with the most superficial of the fascia's three layers. Anat Rec, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Anat Rec, 302:735–744, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Monocyte‐Derived Interleukin‐1β As the Driver of S100A12‐Induced Sterile Inflammatory Activation of Human Coronary Artery Endothelial Cells: Implications for the Pathogenesis of Kawasaki Disease
Authors: Armaroli Giulia , Verweyen Emely , Pretzer Carolin , Kessel Katharina , Hirono Keiichi , Ichida Fukiko , Okabe Mako , Cabral David A. , Foell Dirk , Brown Kelly L. , Kessel Christoph
Published: November 2018

Objective

Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute vasculitis of childhood, predominantly affecting the coronary arteries. S100A12, a granulocyte‐derived agonist of both the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR‐4), is strongly up‐regulated in KD. This study was undertaken to investigate the potential contributions of S100A12 to the pathogenesis of KD.

Methods

Serum samples from patients with KD (n = 30) at different stages pre– and post–intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) treatment were analyzed for the expression of S100A12, cytokines, chemokines, and soluble markers of endothelial cell activation. Primary human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs) were analyzed for responsiveness to direct stimulation with S100A12 or lipopolysaccharide (LPS), as assessed by real‐time quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction analysis of cytokine and endothelial cell adhesion molecule messenger RNA expression. Alternatively, HCAECs were cultured in conditioned medium obtained from primary human monocytes that were stimulated with LPS or S100A12 in the absence or presence of IVIG or cytokine antagonists.

Results

In the serum of patients with KD, pretreatment S100A12 levels were associated with soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 titers in the course of IVIG therapy (rs = −0.6, P = 0.0003). Yet, HCAECs were not responsive to direct S100A12 stimulation, despite the presence of appropriate receptors (RAGE, TLR‐4). HCAECs did, however, respond to supernatants obtained from S100A12‐stimulated primary human monocytes, as evidenced by the gene expression of inflammatory cytokines and adhesion molecules. This response was strictly dependent on interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) signaling (P < 0.001).

Conclusion

In its role as a highly expressed mediator of sterile inflammation in KD, S100A12 appears to activate HCAECs in an IL‐1β–dependent manner. These data provide new mechanistic insights into the contributions of S100A12 and IL‐1β to disease pathogenesis, and may therefore support current IL‐1–targeting studies in the treatment of patients with KD.
“That's what they talk about when they talk about epiphanies”: An invitation to engage with the process of developing found poetry to illuminate exceptional human experience
Authors: Amos India
Published: November 2018

This paper illuminates some of the journey taken by me, the researcher, whilst completing my doctoral research into the lived experience of epiphanies. The research journey is conceptualised as one of the discoveries into the task of qualitative research to “carry forward” the meaning of human experience, that is, considered “more than words can say.” Six participants took part in an unstructured interview aimed at exploring how they made sense of their epiphanic experiences. Following the application of an interpretative phenomenological analysis, an arts‐based representation of the research findings, in the form of found poetry, was chosen to supplement the emerging interpretation. Six found poems are dispersed throughout the paper. The aim is to offer the reader the crucial opportunity to simultaneously engage responsively and rationally with an exploration of the value of found poetry. Moreover, this style of presentation may offer the reader more space and time to notice, observe and reflect on the impact of research poetry as they move through the paper. An evaluation of the utility of found poetry is also offered. By providing an insight into the process of constructing found poetry, it is intended that the merits of its integration within qualitative enquiry are highlighted as successfully being able to bring the meaning of exceptional human experience alive to the reader. Furthermore, the experiential knowledge offered here is considered particularly relevant to professionals working in caring or therapeutic roles.
Α very rare case of De Garengeot’s hernia: Acute appendicitis within a femoral hernia
Authors: Filippou Nikolaos G. , Fanidou Domna , Alvanos Georgios , Papadopoulos Georgios Ouilson , Filippou Dimitrios , Skandalakis Panagiotis
Published: November 2018

Key Clinical Message

De Garengeot's hernia is a rare clinical entity. Appropriate and acute diagnosis in emergency basis is challenging (usually misdiagnosed as incarcerated femoral hernia), and the surgical management varies from case to case. This report emphasizes the importance of including De Garengeot's hernia in the differential diagnosis of incarcerated groin hernias and the need to establish a well‐defined strategy regarding surgical management options.
Molecular‐Based Design of Microporous Carbon Nanosheets
Authors: He Lei , Li Wen‐Cui , Xu Shuang , Lu An‐Hui
Published: November 2018

Microporous carbons afford high surface areas, large pore volumes, and good conductivity, and are fascinating over a wide range of applications. Traditionally synthesized microporous carbon materials usually suffer from some limitations, such as poor accessibility and slow mass transport of molecules due to the micrometer‐scale diffusion pathways and space confinement imposed by small pore sizes. Two‐dimensional microporous carbon materials, denoted as microporous carbon nanosheets (MCNs), possess nanoscale thickness, which allows fast mass and heat transport along the z axis; thus overcoming the drawbacks of their bulk counterparts. Herein, recent breakthroughs in the synthetic strategies for MCNs are summarized. Three typical methods are discussed in detail with several examples: pyrolysis of organic precursors with 2D units, a templating method that uses wet chemistry, and the molten salt method. Among them, molecular‐based assembly of MCNs in the liquid phase shows more controllable morphology, thickness, and pore size distribution. Finally, challenges in this research area are discussed to inspire future explorations.
Divergent Total Syntheses of C3 a−C7′ Linked Diketopiperazine Alkaloids (+)‐Asperazine and (+)‐Pestalazine A Enabled by a Ni‐Catalyzed Reductive Coupling of Tertiary Alkyl Chloride
Authors: Luo Long , Zhai Xiao‐Yong , Wang Ya‐Wen , Peng Yu , Gong Hegui
Published: November 2018

Short gram‐scale asymmetric syntheses of asperazine, pestalazine A, and their unnatural congeners thereof, have been achieved in ≈10 steps by using readily accessible starting materials. The nickel‐catalyzed reductive coupling protocol was utilized as a key step for the direct construction of C3asp3−C7′sp2 bond furnishing the diaryl‐substituted quaternary carbon centers with remarkable steric hindrance. The streamlined access to this core structure of heterodimeric tryptophans under the mild reaction conditions, makes this strategy hold a great promise in the concise synthesis of other relevant oligomeric pyrroloindoline alkaloids with unique C3a−C7′ linkages.