bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Association of Human Papilloma Virus in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Samad K. A. Fabi , Chandra Jagadish , Sequeira Joyce P.
Published: March 2022

Introduction: Oral squamous cell carcinoma is the most common malignant epithelial neoplasm affecting the oral cavity.it is commonly seen in the lip, oral cavity, salivary glands. Worldwide, oral cancer accounts for 2%–4% of all cancer cases. Although tobacco and alcohol are the main etiologic factors in majority of these cancers, the etiological factor in 1/4th of the cases remains unidentified. There is a growing evidence that human papilloma virus (HPV) may act as a cocarcinogen along with tobacco which eventually results in oral cancers.

Hence, this study is focused on evaluating the expression of HPV in OSCC and to correlate the association of HPV in OSCC patients.

Aim: The aim of this study is to analyze the presence of human papilloma virus in oral squamous cell carcinoma using p16 tumor biomarker and to compare the presence of human papilloma virus in tobacoo related and non tobacoo related oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Methodology: A 100 histologically diagnosed OSCC patients were selected for the study and sections were made to evaluate the presence of HPV using P16 tumor marker.

Results: Out of the total 100 patients the presence of HPV was seen in only 3 patients. Tongue was the common site with a male predilection. Even though non smokers were more in the study, the presence of HPV was seen in patients with smoking habit. Thus correlating the relationship between presence of HPV and smoking habit.

Conclusion: There is no significant association between OSCC and HPV in our study. Our study also proves that there is an association between HPV and smoking habit. However considering our sample size, a larger sample size can be consider to prove the association between OSCC and HPV.
Frequency of Aids Defining Opportunistic Infections in Hospitalized HIV Infected Patients
Authors: Bano Saliha , Ali Gohar , Sandeelo Nabiya , Talib Abu , Lal Hari , Lakho Mumtaz Ali , Shah Syed Zulfiquar Ali
Published: March 2022

Background: Human Immunodeficiency virus patients with AIDS defined opportunistic infections with Pneumocystis jiroveci, cryptoccocal, disseminated TB, cytomegalovirus, and cytomegalovirus associated retinitis, and cryptospordiasis.

Objective: To determine the frequency of AIDS defining opportunistic infections in hospitalized HIV infected patients.

Methodology: This cross sectional study was conducted from 21st October 2018 to 20th April 2019 at Department of Medicine, Civil Hospital, Karachi. Total 154 diagnosed patients of HIV were included. For diagnosis of various AIDS defining illness, clinical, radiological and bacteriological evidence of disseminated tuberculosis chronic cough, and weight loss diagnosed by AFB smear/ gene experts. Pneumocystis jiroveci was diagnosed by bronchoalveolar lavage and CD4 counts. Cryptosporidiosis with watery diarrhea and stool sample microscopy, cerebral toxoplasmosis with headache, hemiparesis, vomiting, diagnosed by serology and cytomegalovirus retinitis with blurred vision diplopia, vision impairment and Cryptococcal meningitis with fever >98.6oF. Headache, stiff neck, photophobia diagnosed by microscopy, culture, or antigen was done. Descriptive statistics were calculated and stratification was done. Post stratification chi square test was applied. P value ≤0.05 was taken as significant.

Results: There were 71.4% male and 28.6% female patient. The mean HIV duration was 15.25±5.09 months. The overall mean CD4 count was 174.17±12.85/cumm. 18.8% patient were found with disseminated tuberculosis, 31.2% with pneumocystis pneumonia, 12.3% with cerebral toxoplasmosis, 18.2% with cryptococcal meningitis, 3.9% with cryptospordiasis and 14.9% with cytomegalovirus retinitis.

Conclusion: Pneumocystis pneumonia was the most prevalent infection followed by disseminated tuberculosis, cryptococcal meningitis, cytomegalovirus retinitis, cerebral toxoplasmosis, and cryptospordiasis.
2021 American College of Rheumatology/Vasculitis Foundation Guideline for the Management of Kawasaki Disease
Authors: Gorelik Mark , Chung Sharon A. , Ardalan Kaveh , Binstadt Bryce A. , Friedman Kevin , Hayward Kristen , Imundo Lisa F. , Lapidus Sivia K. , Kim Susan , Son Mary Beth , Sule Sangeeta , Tremoulet Adriana H. , Van Mater Heather , Yildirim‐Toruner Cagri , Langford Carol A. , Maz Mehrdad , Abril Andy , Guyatt Gordon , Archer Amy M. , Conn Doyt L. , Full Kathy A. , Grayson Peter C. , Ibarra Maria F. , Merkel Peter A. , Rhee Rennie L. , Seo Philip , Stone John H. , Sundel Robert P. , Vitobaldi Omar I. , Warner Ann , Byram Kevin , Dua Anisha B. , Husainat Nedaa , James Karen E. , Kalot Mohamad , Lin Yih Chang , Springer Jason M. , Turgunbaev Marat , Villa‐Forte Alexandra , Turner Amy S. , Mustafa Reem A.
Published: March 2022

Objective

To provide evidence‐based recommendations and expert guidance for the management of Kawasaki disease (KD), focusing on clinical scenarios more commonly addressed by rheumatologists.

Methods

Sixteen clinical questions regarding diagnostic testing, treatment, and management of KD were developed in the Patient/Population, Intervention, Comparison, and Outcomes (PICO) question format. Systematic literature reviews were conducted for each PICO question. We used the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation method to assess the quality of evidence and formulate recommendations. Each recommendation required consensus from at least 70% of the Voting Panel.

Results

We present 1 good practice statement, 11 recommendations, and 1 ungraded position statement to guide the management of KD and clinical scenarios of suspected KD. These recommendations for KD are focused on situations in which input from rheumatologists may be requested by other managing specialists, such as in cases of treatment‐refractory, severe, or complicated KD. The good practice statement affirms that all patients with KD should receive initial treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG). In addition, we developed 7 strong and 4 conditional recommendations for the management of KD or suspected KD. Strong recommendations include prompt treatment of incomplete KD, treatment with aspirin, and obtaining an echocardiogram in the setting of unexplained macrophage activation syndrome or shock. Conditional recommendations include use of IVIG with other adjuvant agents for patients with KD and high‐risk features of IVIG resistance and/or coronary artery aneurysms. These recommendations endorse minimizing risk to the patient by using established therapy promptly at disease onset and identifying situations in which adjunctive therapy may be warranted.

Conclusion

These recommendations provide guidance regarding diagnostic strategies, use of pharmacologic agents, and use of echocardiography in patients with suspected or confirmed KD.
Output feedback control of stochastic nonlinear systems based on extended state observer
Authors: Wang Chunxiao , Zhang Zhongcai , Wu Yuqiang
Published: March 2022

In this article, we study the controller design and stability analysis for a class of stochastic cascade nonlinear systems with external disturbances. The unmeasurable external disturbance is viewed as an extended state. In order to estimate the unmeasurable system states and the external disturbance, a new extended state observer (ESO) based on the Riccati differential equation is constructed. The stochastic inverse dynamics, the error dynamics of observer, and the ESO constitute new stochastic nonlinear systems. Based on these new systems, an adaptive output feedback controller is proposed by combining stochastic input‐to‐state stability with backstepping design technique. In stability analysis, it has been shown that the designed controller can guarantee that all closed‐loop system signals are almost surely bounded and the original system states are globally asymptotically stable in probability. Finally, a simulation example is given to the validity of the proposed method.
Low‐Temperature Physical Vapor Deposition TiAlCrSiN Coated High‐Speed Steel: Comparison Between Shot‐Peened and Polished Substrate Condition
Authors: Bobzin Kirsten , Kalscheuer Christian , Carlet Marco , Hoffmann Dennis Christopher , Bergs Thomas , Uhlmann Lars
Published: March 2022

To increase the tool life of fine blanking punches, this work investigates a combined solution approach consisting of increasing the mechanical strength of the substrate material by shot peening and deposition of physical vapor deposition (PVD) hard coatings. A powder metallurgical high‐speed steel (HSS) is used as a substrate material. First, the temperature‐dependent relaxation behavior of residual stresses and strain‐hardening of the shot‐peened substrate is analyzed. Subsequently, the coating process for deposition of the wear‐resistant hard coating TiAlCrSiN is adjusted regarding the substrate temperature to prevent the heat input from causing significant relaxation of the shot peening effects. After shot peening, the substrate exhibits an increased hardness of ΔH
IT ≈+10% and compressive residual stresses of σ ≈−1700 MPa. Significant relaxation after heat treaent occurs between T = 300 and T = 400 °C. Thus, the substrate temperature does not exceed T
S ≈ 300 °C during coating deposition due to process adjusents. Shot peening leads to an increased substrate and coating roughness as well as a slightly higher indentation hardness of the TiAlCrSiN coating. Moreover, the coatings deposited on shot‐peened substrate exhibit enhanced adhesion strength to the substrate and improved impact resistance.
Antibacterial Property of Oxygen‐Terminated Carbon Bonds
Authors: Yang Yong , Zhang Yaozhong , Wang Lirui , Miao Zemeng , Zhou Kexin , Yang Qiangzhen , Yu Jian , Li Xinhong , Zhang Yafei
Published: March 2022

Inspired by the antibacterial agents, such as ethylene oxide, anacardic acid, and salicylic acid, oxygen‐terminated carbon bonds may take the major responsibility in antibacterial properties, a layer of oxygen‐terminated carbon bonds is fabricated on nanodiamond as an immobilized coating for the investigation of the antibacterial activity. The results demonstrate comparable antibacterial activities on oxygen‐terminated nanodiamond coating (NDC) against two kinds of probe bacteria, Gram‐negative Escherichia coli and Gram‐positive Staphylococcus aureus, and the annealing method as a proper method for the improvement of the antibacterial performance of the NDC. The concentration of oxygen‐terminated carbon bonds, especially CO and CO, and the ratio of CO to CO, are found to determine the antibacterial performance of NDCs. The antibacterial behavior performed through the surface interaction is revealed and the abnormal expression of cell wall‐related proteins are identified, where a potential antibacterial mechanism is proposed: the oxygen‐terminated carbon bonds damaged the cell wall through the blockage and the electrostatic repulsive force, which aggravated the abnormal metabolism of bacteria and lead to its death. The antibacterial property of oxygen‐terminated carbon bonds is confirmed and its application, NDC, provides a new idea for antibacterial research and opens the door to antibacterial coatings for medical devices.
A Living Material Constructed from Stem Cells for Tumor‐Tropic Oncotherapy with Real‐Time Imaging
Authors: Hao Min , Xia He , Duan Jiazhi , Zhou Hengxing , Zhang Gaorui , Li Dong , Chen Xin , Wang Wenhan , Sang Yuanhua , Feng Shiqing , Liu Hong
Published: March 2022

Progress in targeted drug delivery has changed the landscape of tumor therapy. An efficient drug delivery system with real‐time monitoring will boost the therapeutic effect. This study reports a novel living material constructed from living stem cells, nanocarriers, and drugs to achieve targeted delivery with real‐time monitoring. The nanocarriers of mesoporous silica‐coated super‐paramagnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles (Fe3O4@MSNPs) are connected to human adipose‐derived stem cells (hADSCs) by anti‐CD44 antibody bioconjugation. The inherent tumor tropism of hADSCs provides targeting ability. Drug delivery can be performed without endocytosis for drug loading based on antibody bioconjugation and high drug loading. This method also reduces the drug effect on hADSCs and results in long troop migration toward tumors for doxorubicin delivery. Successful doxorubicin delivery induces the apoptosis of Michigan Cancer Foundation‐7 (MCF‐7) tumor cells. Magnetic resonance imaging of super‐paramagnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles shows the real‐time monitoring ability of the proposed living material, which can confirm targeted drug delivery. This study provides a living material design strategy for oncotherapy.
Upcycling Silicon Photovoltaic Waste into Thermoelectrics
Authors: Cao Jing , Sim Ying , Tan Xian Yi , Zheng Jie , Chien Sheau Wei , Jia Ning , Chen Kewei , Tay Yeow Boon , Dong Jin‐Feng , Yang Le , Ng Hong Kuan , Liu Hongfei , Tan Chee Kiang Ivan , Xie Guofeng , Zhu Qiang , Li Zibiao , Zhang Gang , Hu Lei , Zheng Yun , Xu Jianwei , Yan Qingyu , Loh Xian Jun , Mathews Nripan , Wu Jing , Suwardi Ady
Published: March 2022

Two decades after the rapid expansion of photovoltaics, the number of solar panels reaching end‐of‐life is increasing. While precious metals such as silver and copper are usually recycled, silicon, which makes up the bulk of a solar cells, goes to landfills. This is due to the defect‐ and impurity‐sensitive nature in most silicon‐based technologies, rendering it uneconomical to purify waste silicon. Thermoelectrics represents a rare class of material in which defects and impurities can be engineered to enhance the performance. This is because of the majority‐carrier nature, making it defect‐ and impurity‐tolerant. Here, the upcycling of silicon from photovoltaic (PV) waste into thermoelectrics is enabled. This is done by doping 1% Ge and 4% P, which results in a figure of merit (zT) of 0.45 at 873 K, the highest among silicon‐based thermoelectrics. The work represents an important piece of the puzzle in realizing a circular economy for photovoltaics and electronic waste.
Self‐Co‐Electrolysis for Co‐Production of Phosphate and Hydrogen in Neutral Phosphate Buffer Electrolyte
Authors: Xu Heng , Xu Guanxing , Chen Lisong , Shi Jianlin
Published: March 2022

The spontaneous reaction between Zn and H2O is of critical importance and could plausibly be used to produce H2 gas, especially under neutral conditions. However, this reaction has long been overlooked owing to its sluggish kinetics and Zn consumption. Herein, a unique self‐co‐electrolysis system (SCES) is reported, which uses a Zn anode, a CoP‐based catalytic cathode, and a neutral phosphate buffer solution (PBS) as the electrolyte. In this SCES, Zn is not only a sacrificial anode but also an important precursor of high‐value‐added NaZnPO4. Additionally, the composition and phase structure of NaZnPO4 can be well regulated. In this study, a high‐performance N,Cu‐CoP/carbon cloth (CC) catalyst is synthesized to catalyze the cathodic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) at an especially low overpotential of 64.7 mV at 10 mA cm−2. H2 gas (13.7 mL cm−2 h−1) and NaZnPO4 (3.73 mg cm−2 h−1) are obtained at the cathode and anode, respectively, in the N,Cu‐CoP/CC||Zn SCES spontaneously. Moreover, the SCES has a favorable open‐circuit voltage (OCV) of 0.79 V and a maximum power density of 1.83 mW cm−2. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations are performed to elucidate the electronic structure and HER catalytic mechanism of the N and Cu co‐doped CoP catalysts.
Construction of Mixed Ionic‐Electronic Conducting Scaffolds in Zn Powder: A Scalable Route to Dendrite‐Free and Flexible Zn Anodes
Authors: Zhang Min , Yu Peifeng , Xiong Kairong , Wang Yongyin , Liu Yingliang , Liang Yeru
Published: March 2022

Zn powder (Zn‐P)‐based anodes are considered ideal candidates for Zn‐based batteries because they enable a positive synergistic integration of safety and energy density. However, Zn‐P‐based anodes still experience easy corrosion, uncontrolled dendrite growth, and poor mechanical strength, which restrict their further application. Herein, a mixed ionic‐electronic conducting scaffold is introduced into Zn‐P to successfully fabricate anti‐corrosive, flexible, and dendrite‐free Zn anodes using a scalable tape‐casting strategy. The as‐established scaffold is characterized by robust flexibility, facile scale‐up synthesis methodology, and exceptional anti‐corrosive characteristics, and it can effectively homogenize the Zn2+ flux during Zn plating/stripping, thus allowing stable Zn cycling. Benefiting from these comprehensive attributes, the as‐prepared Zn‐P‐based anode provides superior electrochemical performance, including long‐life cycling stability and high rate capability in practical coin and flexible pouch cells; thus, it holds great potential for developing advanced Zn‐ion batteries. The findings of this study provide insights for a promising scalable pathway to fabricate highly efficient and reliable Zn‐based anodes and will aid in the realization of advanced flexible energy‐storage devices.
Reducing Contact Resistance and Boosting Device Performance of Monolayer MoS2 by In Situ Fe Doping
Authors: Li Hui , Cheng Mo , Wang Peng , Du Ruofan , Song Luying , He Jun , Shi Jianping
Published: March 2022

2D semiconductors are emerging as plausible candidates for next‐generation “More‐than‐Moore” nanoelectronics to tackle the scaling challenge of transistors. Wafer‐scale 2D semiconductors, such as MoS2 and WS2, have been successfully synthesized recently; nevertheless, the absence of effective doping technology fundamentally results in energy barriers and high contact resistances at the metal–semiconductor interfaces, and thus restrict their practical applications. Herein, a controllable doping strategy in centimeter‐sized monolayer MoS2 films is developed to address this critical issue and boost the device performance. The ultralow contact resistance and perfect Ohmic contact with metal electrodes are uncovered in monolayer Fe‐doped MoS2, which deliver excellent device performance featured with ultrahigh electron mobility and outstanding on/off current ratio. Impurity scattering is suppressed significantly thanks to the ultralow electron effective mass and appropriate doping site. Particularly, unidirectionally aligned monolayer Fe‐doped MoS2 domains are prepared on 2 in. commercial c‐plane sapphire, suggesting the feasibility of synthesizing wafer‐scale 2D single‐crystal semiconductors with outstanding device performance. This work presents the potential of high‐performance monolayer transistors and enables further device downscaling and extension of Moore's law.
Laser‐Engraved Boron‐Doped Diamond for Copper Catalyzed Non‐Enzymatic Glucose Sensing
Authors: Gao Qian , Zhang Wangyang , Zhao Chaopeng , Yan Weishan , Han Suqin , Li Yanyan , Liu Qiao , Li Xi , Liu Duo
Published: March 2022

Robust and high‐performance electrochemical electrodes for non‐enzymatic glucose sensing are in constant demand. Herein, a hierarchical nonenzymatic glucose sensing electrode on boron‐doped diamond (BDD) is fabricated using high‐speed laser engraving and pulsed electrodeposition of Cu nanostructures. The obtained electrode contains a densely packed Cu nanoflake (CuNF) array periodically decorated on the laser‐engraved BDD. The hierarchical nanoarchitecture combines the d‐band catalytic activity of the CuNFs with the low capacitive background current of the engraved BDD substrate, thus enabling fast, precise, and high signal‐to‐noise ratio detection of trace glucose. Outstanding performances that combine high sensitivity of 2119 µA cm–2 mm–1, ultrafast response time of <1 s, and low detection limit of 0.2 × 10−6 m are experimentally demonstrated. Furthermore, the electrode exhibits excellent cyclicality and anti‐interference ability, and maintains 90% of its initial responsivity after being stored in air for >8 months, indicating great stability for practical usage.
High‐Mobility Fungus‐Triggered Biodegradable Ultraflexible Organic Transistors
Authors: Yang Yahan , Sun Hongying , Zhao Xiaoli , Xian Da , Han Xu , Wang Bin , Wang Shuya , Zhang Mingxin , Zhang Cong , Ye Xiaolin , Ni Yanping , Tong Yanhong , Tang Qingxin , Liu Yichun
Published: March 2022

Biodegradable organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs) have drawn tremendous attention for potential applications such as green electronic skins, degradable flexible displays, and novel implantable devices. However, it remains a huge challenge to simultaneously achieve high mobility, stable operation and controllable biodegradation of OFETs, because most of the widely used biodegradable insulating materials contain large amounts of hydrophilic groups. Herein, it is firstly proposed fungal‐degradation ultraflexible OFETs based on the crosslinked dextran (C‐dextran) as dielectric layer. The crosslinking strategy effectively eliminates polar hydrophilic groups and improves water and solvent resistance of dextran dielectric layer. The device with spin‐coated 2,7‐dioctyl[1]benzothieno[3,2‐b][1]benzothiophene (C8‐BTBT) semiconductor and C‐dextran dielectric exhibits the highest mobility up to 7.72 cm2 V−1 s−1, which is higher than all the reported degradable OFETs. Additionally, the device still maintains high performance regardless of in an environment humidity up to 80% or under the extreme bending radius of 0.0125 mm. After completion of their mission, the device can be controllably biodegraded by fungi without any adverse environmental effects, promoting the natural ecological cycles with the concepts of “From nature, for nature”. This work opens up a new avenue for realizing high‐performance biodegradable OFETs, and advances the process of the “green” electrical devices in practical applications.
The 10th anniversary of the scientific description of the black snub‐nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus strykeri): It is time to initiate a set of new management strategies to save this critically endangered primate from extinction
Authors: Yang Yin , Lin Aung Ko , Garber Paul A. , Huang Zhipang , Tian Yinping , Behie Alison , Momberg Frank , Grueter Cyril C. , Li Weibiao , Lwin Ngwe , Xiao Wen
Published: March 2022

Traditionally, the genusRhinopithecus(Milne‐Edwards, 1872, Primates, Colobinae) included four allopatric species, restricted in their distributions to China and Vietnam. In 2010, a fifth species, the black snub‐nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus strykeri) was discovered in the Gaoligong Mountains located on the border between China and Myanmar. Despite the remoteness, complex mountainous terrain, dense fog, and armed conflict that characterizes this region, over this past decade Chinese and Myanmar scientists have begun to collect quantitative data on the ecology, behavior and conservation requirements ofR. strykeri. In this article, we review the existing data and present new information on the life history, ecology, and population size ofR. strykeri. We discuss these data in the context of past and current conservation challenges faced byR. strykeri, and propose a series of both short‐term and long‐term management actions to ensure the survival of this Critically Endangered primate species. Specifically, we recommend that the governments and stakeholders in China and Myanmar formulate a transboundary conservation agreement that includes a consensus on bilateral exchange mechanisms, scientific research and monitoring goals, local community development, cooperation to prevent the hunting of endangered species and cross‐border forest fires. These actions will contribute to the long‐term conservation and survival of this Critically Endangered species.
Differences in nutritional status between rural and urban Yucatec Maya children: The importance of early life conditions
Authors: Veile Amanda , Christopher Lauren , Azcorra Hugo , Dickinson Federico , Kramer Karen , Varela‐Silva Inês
Published: March 2022

Early‐life conditions shape childhood growth and are affected by urbanization and the nutritional transition. To investigate how early‐life conditions (across the “first” and “second” 1000 days) are associated with rural and urban children's nutritional status, we analyzed anthropometric data from Maya children in Yucatan, Mexico. We collected weight, height and triceps skinfold measures, then computed body mass and fat mass indices (BMI/FMI), in a cross‐sectional sample of 6‐year‐olds (urbann= 72, ruraln= 66). Demographic, socioeconomic and early‐life variables (birthweight/mode, rural/urban residence, household crowding) were collected by maternal interview. We statistically analyzed rural‐urban differences in demographic, socioeconomic, early‐life, and anthropometric variables, then created linear mixed models to evaluate associations between early‐life variables and child anthropometric outcomes. Two‐way interactions were tested between early‐life variables and child sex, and between early‐life variables and rural‐urban residence. Results showed that rural children were shorter‐statured, with lower overweight/obesity and cesarean delivery rates, compared to urban children. Household crowding was a negative predictor of anthropometric outcomes; the strongest effect was in boys and in urban children. Birthweight positively predicted anthropometric outcomes, especially weight/BMI. Birth mode was positively (not statistically) associated with any anthropometric outcome. Cesarean delivery was more common in boys than in girls, and predicted increased height in urban boys. In conclusion, urbanization and household crowding were the most powerful predictors of Maya 6‐year‐old anthropometry. The negative effects of crowding may disproportionately affect Maya boys versus girls and urban versus rural children. Early‐life conditions shape Maya children's nutritional status both in the “first” and “second” 1000 days.
Enantioselective Intermolecular C−H Silylation of Heteroarenes for the Synthesis of Acyclic Si‐Stereogenic Silanes
Authors: Chen Shuyou , Zhu Jiefeng , Ke Jie , Li Yingzi , He Chuan
Published: March 2022

Intermolecular C−H silylation for the synthesis of acyclic silanes bearing a silicon‐stereogenic center in one enantiomeric form remains unknown to date. Herein, we report the first enantioselective intermolecular C−H silylation of heteroarenes for the synthesis of acyclic silicon‐stereogenic heteroarylsilanes. This process undergoes a rhodium‐catalyzed direct intermolecular dehydrogenative Si−H/C−H cross‐coupling, giving access to a variety of acyclic heteroarylated silicon‐stereogenic monohydrosilanes, including bis‐Si‐stereogenic silanes, in decent yields with excellentchemo‐,regio‐, andstereo‐control, which significantly enlarge the chemical space of the optically active silicon‐stereogenic monohydrosilanes.
A High‐Throughput Approach to Repurposing Olefin Polymerization Catalysts for Polymer Upcycling
Authors: Cannavacciuolo Felicia D. , Yadav Rinku , Esper Alec , Vittoria Antonio , Antinucci Giuseppe , Zaccaria Francesco , Cipullo Roberta , Budzelaar Peter H. M. , Busico Vincenzo , Goryunov Georgy P. , Uborsky Dmitry V. , Voskoboynikov Alexander Z. , Searles Keith , Ehm Christian , Veige Adam S.
Published: March 2022

Efficient and economical plastic waste upcycling relies on the development of catalysts capable of polymer degradation. A systematic high‐throughput screening of twenty‐eight polymerization catalyst precursors, belonging to the catalyst families of metallocenes, ansa‐metallocenes, and hemi‐ and post‐metallocenes, in cis‐1,4‐polybutadiene (PB) degradation reveals, for the first time, important structure–activity correlations. The upcycling conditions involve activation of the catalysts (at 0.18 % catalyst loading) with tri‐iso‐butyl aluminum at 50 °C in toluene. The data indicate the ability to degrade PB is a general reactivity profile of neutral group 4 metal hydrides. A simple quantitative‐structure activity relationship (QSAR) model utilizing two descriptors for the distribution of steric bulk in the active pocket and one measuring the metal ion electrophilicity reveals the degradation ability improves with increased but not overbearing steric congestion and lower electrophilicity.
Carbon‐Confined Indium Oxides for Efficient Carbon Dioxide Reduction in a Solid‐State Electrolyte Flow Cell
Authors: Wang Zhitong , Zhou Yansong , Liu Dongyu , Qi Ruijuan , Xia Chenfeng , Li Mingtao , You Bo , Xia Bao Yu
Published: March 2022

Developing robust electrocatalysts and advanced devices is important for electrochemical carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction toward the generation of valuable chemicals. We present herein a carbon‐confined indium oxide electrocatalyst for stable and efficient CO2 reduction. The reductive corrosion of oxidative indium to the metallic state during electrolysis could be prevented by carbon protection, and the applied carbon layer also optimizes the reaction intermediate adsorption, which enables both high selectivity and activity for CO2 reduction. In a liquid‐phase flow cell, the formate selectivity exceeds 90 % in a wide potential window from −0.8 V to −1.3 V vs. RHE. The continuous production of ca. 0.12 M pure formic acid solution is further demonstrated at a current density of 30 mA cm−2 in a solid‐state electrolyte mediated reactor. This work provides significant concepts in the parallel development of electrocatalysts and devices for carbon‐neutral technologies.
Polar and nonpolar iron (II) complexes of isatin hydrazone derivatives as effective catalysts in oxidation reactions and their antimicrobial and anticancer activities
Authors: El‐Sayed Nehal Mamdouh A. , Elsawy Hany , Adam Mohamed Shaker S.
Published: March 2022

Two iron (II) complexes of various derivatives (polar with 5‐sodium sulfoante group and nonpolar with di‐tertbutyl groups, HLSO3Na and HLDBu, respectively) of isatin hydrazones were synthesized within 1:2 molar ratios of Fe2+ion to the isatin hydrazone ligand giving Fe (LSO3Na)2and Fe (LDBu)2, respectively. The polar and nonpolar isatin hydrazone derivatives behaved asO,N,O‐tridentate pincer chelating agents with Fe2+ions. The variation in polarity of the two Fe2+‐complexes controlled their catalytic action in the oxidation of alcohols usingtBuOOH (tert‐butyl hydroperoxide). The polar catalyst showed more enhanced catalytic behavior than that of the nonpolar one. The optimized conditions for Fe (LDBu)2was found to be better at 70°C after 4 h with 86% of benzaldehyde than that with Fe (LSO3Na)2(at 90°C after 2 h with 84% of benzaldehyde). Their kinetic studies were used to derive the thermodynamic parameters ofEaand ΔG#for the catalytic processes.

Biologically, based on their high reactivity toward some bacterial and fungal strains and some human cancer cell lines, the calf thymus‐DNA (ctDNA) interaction of the current compounds were studied. The nonpolar Fe2+‐complex (Fe (LDBu)2) assigned more reactivity withctDNA more than that of the polar reagent (Fe (LSO3Na)2) and also more than that of their uncoordinated ligands depending on their lipophilicity. Their reactivities towardctDNA was established spectrophotometrically and within the changes in the DNA solution viscosity. The binding strength was evaluated with the magnitudes of the binding constant (Kb = 3.03, 3.21, 9.79, and 11.51 × 108 mol−1 dm3for HLDBu, HLSO3Na, Fe (LDBu)2, and Fe (LSO3Na)2, respectively), which supported by the Gibbs' free energy values −3.12, −31.42, −34.18, and −34.58 kJ mol−1, respectively.
Preparation and characterization of TiO2‐coated polymerization of methyl methacrylate (PMMA) for biomedical applications: In vitro study
Authors: Amirabad Leila Mohammadi , Tahriri Mohammadreza , Zarrintaj Payam , Ghaffari Reza , Tayebi Lobat
Published: March 2022

Low surface energy and hydrophobicity of polymethyl methactylate (PMMA) are the main disadvantages of this biomaterial. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a new coating process on the surface characteristics and properties of PMMA. A combination of temperature and pressure was used for deposition of titanium dioxide (TiO2) on the surface of PMMA. The PMMA coated with TiO2 thin films and prepared by sputtering and noncoated PMMA were considered as control groups. The surface wettability, functional group, and roughness were determined by contact angle measurement, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and 3D laser scanning digital microscopy, respectively. The flexural strength of coated and noncoated samples was measured using three‐point bending test. The cell proliferation, attachment, and viability were determined using 3‐(4,5‐dimethyldiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyl tetrazolium bromide, live and dead assay, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and DAPI (4′,6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole) staining. The antifungal activity of TiO2 was also determined by examining the biofilm attachment of Candida albicans. The obtained results showed that TiO2 was successfully coated on PMMA. The contact angle measurement shows a significant increase of hydrophilicity in TiO2‐coated PMMA. FTIR and roughness analysis revealed no loss of TiO2 from coated specimens following sonication. The cell viability after 7 days culturing on TiO2‐coated specimens was more than the cell viability on the control groups. SEM images and DAPI staining showed that the total number of the cells increased after 7 days of seeding on TiO2‐coated group, whereas it decreased gradually in both control groups. C. albicans attachment also decreased by 63% to 77% on the coated PMMA surface. Overall, this research suggested a new way for developing surface energy of PMMAs for biomedical applications.
Locating the work of artificial intelligence ethics
Authors: Slota Stephen C. , Fleischmann Kenneth R. , Greenberg Sherri , Verma Nitin , Cummings Brenna , Li Lan , Shenefiel Chris
Published: March 2022

The scale and complexity of the data and algorithms used in artificial intelligence (AI)‐based systems present significant challenges for anticipating their ethical, legal, and policy implications. Given these challenges, who does the work of AI ethics, and how do they do it? This study reports findings from interviews with 26 stakeholders in AI research, law, and policy. The primary themes are that the work of AI ethics is structured by personal values and professional commitments, and that it involves situated meaning‐making through data and algorithms. Given the stakes involved, it is not enough to simply satisfy that AI will not behave unethically; rather, the work of AI ethics needs to be incentivized.
Biocompatible phospholipid‐based nanovesicular drug delivery system of ketoprofen: Systematic development, optimization, and preclinical evaluation
Authors: Bimbrawh Senha , Chopra Shruti , Ansari Mohammad Javed , Alrobaian Majed , Almalki Waleed H , Alharbi Khalid S , Alenezi Sattam K , Kaur Ripandeep , Beg Sarwar , Bhatia Amit
Published: March 2022

The present work involved development of phospholipid‐based permeation enhancing nanovesicles (PENVs) for topical delivery of ketoprofen. Screening of phospholipids and process parameters was performed. Central composite design was used for optimization of factors, that is, amount (%, w/w) of phospholipid and ethanol at three levels. The optimized nanovesicles (NVs) were loaded with different terpenes and then incorporated into a gel base. Optimized NVs exhibited 69% entrapment efficiency, 51% transmittance, 328 nm mean vesicle size, and polydispersity index of 0.25. In vitro release kinetics evaluation indicated best fitting as per Korsemeyer–Peppa's model and drug release via Fickian‐diffusion mechanism. The optimized NVs loaded with mint terpene showed minimal degree of deformability and maximal elasticity as compared with the conventional NVs and liposomes. Rheology and texture analysis indicated pseudoplastic flow and smooth texture of the vesicle gel formulation. Ex vivo permeation studies across Wistar rat skin indicated low penetration (0.43‐fold decrease) and high skin retention (4.26‐fold increase) of ketoprofen from the optimized PENVs gel vis‐à‐vis the conventional gel. Skin irritancy study indicated lower scores for PENVs gel construing its biocompatible nature. Stability studies confirmed cold storage is best suitable for vesicle gel, and optimized PENVs were found to be suitable for topical delivery of ketoprofen.
Reconstruction and analysis of genome‐scale metabolic model for thermophilic fungus Myceliophthora thermophila
Authors: Liu Defei , Xu Zixiang , Li Jingen , Liu Qian , Yuan Qianqian , Guo Yanmei , Ma Hongwu , Tian Chaoguang
Published: March 2022

Myceliophthora thermophila, a thermophilic fungus that can degrade and utilize all major polysaccharides in plant biomass, has great potential in biotechnological industries. Here, the first manually curated genome‐scale metabolic model iDL1450 for M. thermophila was reconstructed using an autogenerating pipeline with thorough manual curation. The model contains 1450 genes, 2592 reactions, and 1784 unique metabolites. High accuracy was shown in predictions related to carbon and nitrogen source utilization based on data obtained from Biolog experiments. Besides, metabolism profiles were analyzed using iDL1450 integrated with transcriptomics data of M. thermophila at various growth temperatures. The refined model provides new insights into thermophilic fungi metabolism and sheds light on model‐driven strain design to improve biotechnological applications of this thermophilic lignocellulosic fungus.
The Varied Frustrated Lewis Pair Reactivity of the Germylene Phosphaketene (CH{(CMe)(2,6‐iPr2C6H3N)}2)GePCO
Authors: Wu Yile , Zhao Zhao , Chen Ting , Tan Jingjie , Qu Zheng‐Wang , Grimme Stefan , Zhao Yufen , Stephan Douglas W.
Published: March 2022

The germylene species (CH{(CMe)(2,6‐iPr2C6H3N)}2)GePCO 1 is shown to react with the Lewis acids (E(C6F5)3 E=B, Al). Nonetheless, 1 participates in FLP chemistry with electron deficient alkynes or olefins, acting as an intramolecular FLP. In contrast, in the presence of B(C6F5)3 and an electron rich alkyne, 1 behaves as Ge‐based nucleophile to effect intermolecular FLP addition to the alkyne. This reactivity demonstrates that the reaction pathway is controlled by the nature of the electrophile and nucleophile generated in solution, as revealed by extensive DFT calculations.
Slow‐varying batch process monitoring based on canonical variate analysis
Authors: Zhang Shumei , Bao Xiaoli
Published: March 2022

Most industrial batch processes display normal slow changes over batches because of the influence of external factors. The question of how to take this slow‐varying behaviour into account during dynamic process monitoring remains a challenge for researchers. To address the above issue, a slow‐varying batch process monitoring method is proposed for multiphase batch processes. It makes subtraction between two different batches with a certain interval for pre‐treating the original data and subsequently utilizes a canonical variate analysis (CVA) algorithm with kernel density estimation (KDE) for fault detection. For each subphase, the proposed method can extract a variable‐wise dynamic characteristic with the time evolution for every single batch and capture statistical features of slow variations along batch direction simultaneously. It is less sensitive to normal gradual changes with a low false‐positive rate. The performance of the proposed method for batch process monitoring was tested on a numerical simulation system and penicillin fermentation production process with comparison to multiphase CVA, multiphase slow feature analysis (SFA), multiphase principal component analysis (PCA), and traditional CVA without phase division. The achieved results clearly demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method, which is a remarkable and promising tool for modelling and monitoring batch processes with regular slow‐varying characteristics.
Fabrication of Human Skin Equivalents Using Decellularized Extracellular Matrix
Authors: Sarmin Atiya M. , Connelly John T.
Published: March 2022

There is a growing demand for in vitro models of human tissues that recapitulate the complex structures and functions found in vivo, and the biomaterials that support these physiologically relevant models are essential underpinning technologies. Here, we present an optimized protocol for generating human skin equivalents (HSEs) using a dermal matrix isolated from decellularized porcine skin. The decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) contains a complex mixture of fibrillar collagens and matrisomal proteins that mimic native skin and can be produced in large quantities. The procedure for decellularization, digestion, and solubilization of the dECM is described in detail. In addition, we provide instructions for how to construct a three‐dimensional HSE model using the dECM as the dermal support matrix for human keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts. Recent studies from our laboratory have shown that HSEs generated using porcine dECM display improved epidermal differentiation and stratification compared to existing protocols using type I collagen gels. Thus, dECM‐based biomaterials are a useful tool for replicating human skin physiology in vitro and developing advanced human skin models for therapeutic discovery and testing. © 2022 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Basic Protocol 1: Preparation of decellularized extracellular matrix from porcine skin

Basic Protocol 2: Generation of human skin equivalents
Dentin contamination during repair procedures: A threat to universal adhesives?
Authors: Lührs Anne‐Katrin , Brachmann Cosima , Jacker‐Guhr Silke
Published: March 2022

Objective

This study examined the influence of surface contamination during repair procedures with hydrofluoric acid, silane, or ammonium polyfluoride on the bond strength of universal adhesives to dentin using different etching modes before and after thermocycling.

Materials and Methods

Dentin surfaces of human molars were contaminated in different ways (silane, hydrofluoric acid, ammonium polyfluoride, and no pretreatment as control) followed by application of a universal adhesive (etch & rinse or self‐etch mode). After a composite build‐up was placed onto each tooth, sticks for the microtensile bond strength (MTBS) test were sectioned. Half of the sticks were tested after water storage for 24 h, the other half after thermocycling (15,000 cycles, 5/55°C). The MTBS data were analyzed statistically by using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, one‐way analysis of variance, and Tukey HSD test (p < 0.05). The fracture patterns of all specimens were evaluated and analyzed using a χ2 test.

Results

Dentin contamination with a multifunctional silane does not influence microtensile bond strength irrespective of aging. Contamination with hydrofluoric acid or an ammonium polyfluoride primer leads to a significantly lower bond strength after aging, irrespective of the etch mode.

Conclusion

Dentin contamination with hydrofluoric acid or ammonium polyfluorides during repair procedures should be avoided, as they appear to decrease the bond strength of universal adhesives.
Mixed interactions among life history stages of two harvested related species
Authors: Bellier Edwige
Published: March 2022

Climate change and harvesting can affect the ecosystems' functioning by altering the population dynamics and interactions among species. Knowing how species interact is essential for better understanding potentially unintended consequences of harvest on multiple species in ecosystems. I analyzed how stage‐specific interactions between two harvested competitors, the haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) and Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), living in the Barents Sea affect the outcome of changes in the harvest of the two species. Using state‐space models that account for observation errors and stochasticity in the population dynamics, I run different harvesting scenarios and track population‐level responses of both species. The increasing temperature elevated the number of larvae of haddock but did not significantly influence the older age‐classes. The nature of the interactions between both species shifted from predator‐prey to competition around age‐2 to ‐3. Increased cod fishing mortality, which led to decreasing abundance of cod, was associated with an increasing overall abundance of haddock, which suggests compensatory dynamics of both species. From a stage‐specific approach, I show that a change in the abundance in one species may propagate to other species, threatening the exploited species' recovery. Thus, this study demonstrates that considering interactions among life history stages of harvested species is essential to enhance species' co‐existence in harvested ecosystems. The approach developed in this study steps forward the analyses of effects of harvest and climate in multi‐species systems by considering the comprehension of complex ecological processes to facilitate the sustainable use of natural resources.
Bee Tracker—an open‐source machine learning‐based video analysis software for the assessment of nesting and foraging performance of cavity‐nesting solitary bees
Authors: Knauer Anina C. , Gallmann Johannes , Albrecht Matthias
Published: March 2022

The foraging and nesting performance of bees can provide important information on bee health and is of interest for risk and impact assessment of environmental stressors. While radiofrequency identification (RFID) technology is an efficient tool increasingly used for the collection of behavioral data in social bee species such as honeybees, behavioral studies on solitary bees still largely depend on direct observations, which is very time‐consuming. Here, we present a novel automated methodological approach of individually and simultaneously tracking and analyzing foraging and nesting behavior of numerous cavity‐nesting solitary bees. The approach consists of monitoring nesting units by video recording and automated analysis of videos by machine learning‐based software. This Bee Tracker software consists of four trained deep learning networks to detect bees that enter or leave their nest and to recognize individual IDs on the bees’ thorax and the IDs of their nests according to their positions in the nesting unit. The software is able to identify each nest of each individual nesting bee, which permits to measure individual‐based measures of reproductive success. Moreover, the software quantifies the number of cavities a female enters until it finds its nest as a proxy of nest recognition, and it provides information on the number and duration of foraging trips. By training the software on 8 videos recording 24 nesting females per video, the software achieved a precision of 96% correct measurements of these parameters. The software could be adapted to various experimental setups by training it according to a set of videos. The presented method allows to efficiently collect large amounts of data on cavity‐nesting solitary bee species and represents a promising new tool for the monitoring and assessment of behavior and reproductive success under laboratory, semi‐field, and field conditions.