bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Average Coverage of Sprayed Objects Depending on the Coefficient of Spray Surface for the Selected Nozzles
Authors: Dereń Katarzyna , Cieniawska Beata , Szewczyk Antoni
Published: August 2016

The primary objective of the experiment was to determine the average coverage of the sprayed liquid on the plant surface according to the adopted coefficient of the spray surface of plants (Wpo). Examinations were performed under laboratory conditions, using a sprayer, which was moving with a constant operating speed, at various operating pressures. During the study four types of nozzles were used: standard and ejector. They sprayed objects, which were artificial plants, equipped with probes in the form of water-sensitive papers. Probes were placed on the horizontal and vertical surfaces of the plants. The degree of coverage was determined by computer image analysis. The analysis of obtained results showed that the coefficient of the surface spray has a significant impact on the size of the average surface coverage of sprayed objects. It was found that in case where the Wpo <1, standard nozzles are better for spraying, and when Wpo > 1, ejector nozzles and standard double may be used more successfully.
The Influence of Steam Cold Trap in the Vacuum Chamber Installation on the Ice Sublimation Speed
Authors: Diakun Jarosław , Dolik Kamil , Kopeć Adam
Published: August 2016

This work is a continuation of research on the differences in the sublimation speed of free ice and ice contained in the porous material. The results of previous research were published in Technica Agraria 12(1-2)/2013 (Diakun, Dolik, Kopec “The sublimation speed of free ice and ice in the sprat carcass”). A test stand used in studies was supplemented by a cold trap to prevent the steam flow into the vacuum pump and for the intensification of the ice sublimation process. The comparative tests: with the cold trap and without were performed. The research material (samples) was in the form of ice nugget, frozen sprat carcasses and ice frozen within the sponge (porous material model). The aim of the study was to examine the cold trap impact on the conditions within the vacuum chamber during sublimation and the speed of the process. The differences in the sublimation speed for the free ice, the ice from the frozen sprat and from the model were rated. The results showed a significant increase in the sublimation speed during the process with the active cold trap.
The Change in Spectrum of Drops in the Exploitation Process of Agricultural Nozzles
Authors: Subr Alaa Kamel , Sawa Józef , Parafiniuk Stanisław
Published: August 2016

Agricultural nozzles usually produce a different drops size depending on the pressure and the physical condition (work life) of the nozzle besides producing a wide range of the drops spectrum in the spray cloud. In this paper the standard flat fan nozzles were investigated regarding the effect of the working pressure and the nozzle physical condition (new and worn nozzles). The size of drops and the spectrum of drops across the long axis of the spray pattern were examined by using Sympatec GmbH Laser Diffraction. Reducing the working pressure from 3 to 2 and then to 1 caused production of larger drops, also using worn nozzles (especially with lower pressure) changed the drops size which is expected to be produced from the new nozzles. The standard flat fan nozzles produced a wide range of the drops spectrum inside the spray cloud, generally small drops (less than 150 µm) concentrated in the middle of the spray pattern while the big drops (250-350µm) were situated on the edge positions (70 cm from the centerline) of the spray pattern.
The Impact of Dr Green Foliar Fertilization on Plant Health During the Growing Period as well as on the Potato Yield and Quality (Jelly Variety)
Authors: Witek Grzegorz , Gorzelany Józef , Matłok Natalia
Published: August 2016

The potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the four major crops in Poland. In 2013 the area used for potato cultivation in Poland reached 270 thousand hectares. Among the important factors influencing the potato yield and quality are: soil cultivation and protection of plants. One of the most essential factors affecting the potato yield and quality is fertilization. The aim of the field trials carried out in 2014 on experimental potato plots was to determine the effect of dr Green foliar feed nutrients on plant health and on potato quality and yield (Jelly variety). The results of the studies and observations revealed that the application of Dr Green Ziemniak, Dr Green Start and Dr Green Energy foliar feeds favourably affected the quality, yield and structure of Jelly potato tuber crop.
Migratory connectivity of Golden-crowned Sparrows from two wintering regions in California
Authors: Cormier Renée L , Humple Diana L , Gardali Thomas , Seavy Nathaniel E
Published: August 2016

Knowledge of migratory connectivity is critical
to understanding the consequences of habitat loss and
climate change on migratory species. We used light-level
geolocators to determine breeding locations and migratory
routes of wintering Golden-crowned Sparrows (Zonotrichia
atricapilla) in two regions of California, USA. Eight out of
9 birds tagged at coastal-wintering sites in Marin County
went to breeding sites along the Gulf Coast of Alaska, while
7 out of 8 inland-wintering birds in Placer County migrated
to interior sites in the Yukon, Northwest Territories, and
British Columbia, Canada. Our estimate of the strength
of migratory connectivity was relatively high (rm = 0.66).
Coastal-wintering birds followed a coastal migration route
while inland-wintering birds migrated inland. Coastalwintering
birds migrated significantly farther than inland
birds (3,624 km versus 2,442 km). Coastal birds traveled
at a greater rate during spring migration (179 km/d) than
did inland birds (118 km/d), but there was no statistical
difference in the rate of fall migration (167 km/d and
111 km/d, respectively). Dates of arrival and departure,
and duration of spring and fall migration, did not differ
between groups, nor did return rates. Rates of return
also did not differ between tagged and control birds. The
distinct migration routes and breeding areas suggests that
there may be more structuring in the migratory geography
of the Golden-crowned Sparrow than in a simple panmictic
population.
Closed form evaluation of sums containing squares of Fibonomial coefficients
Authors: Kiliç Emrah , Prodinger Helmut
Published: August 2016

We give a systematic approach to compute certain sums of squares of Fibonomial coefficients with finite products of generalized Fibonacci and Lucas numbers as coefficients. The technique is to rewrite everything in terms of a variable q, and then to use generating functions and Rothe's identity from classical q-calculus.
Rejecting Racism in Any Form: Latter-day
Saint Rhetoric, Religion, and Repatriation
Authors: Murphy Thomas W , Baca Angelo
Published: August 2016

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints issued an online statement in February 2012
rejecting all racism, in any form. The statement followed nearly two centuries of tortured struggles with
racism promulgated by church leaders, instituted in everyday practices, and integrated into Latter-day
Saint scriptures. While rhetoric renouncing racism from the LDS Church is a welcome step, religions need
to compliment language undoing racism with concrete actions. This article examines ways that the LDS
Church may work towards actually ending various forms of racism. It focuses attention on the role of settler
colonial grave robbery, the loot from which was used in the production of Mormon scriptures advocating
white privilege. These acts of violence against Native people continue into the present, as illustrated by
the recent occupation of the Malheur Wildlife Refuge by Mormon militiamen, extensive trade networks in
antiquities in Mormon communities, unethical uses of Native American DNA, and ongoing efforts by Utah
legislators to undermine tribal sovereignty. Current rhetoric condemning racism appears to serve as a mask
for the continued imbalance of power in a land-rich institution in which the highest positions of authority
remain exclusively in the hands of white men. Reciprocal acts of repatriation, initiated but never finished
by early LDS Church leaders, need to be re-activated if Mormons are to effectively repudiate racism in its
many forms.
The connections between postural reactions, scoliosis postures and scoliosis in girls aged 12-15 years old examined using the Spearman’s Rank OrderCorrelation
Authors: Wilczyński Jacek , Karolak Przemysław , Karolak Joanna , Wilczyński Igor , Pedrycz Agnieszka
Published: August 2016

The aim of the research was to analyse the Spearman's Rank Order Correlation between the postural reactions, scoliosis postures and scoliosis in girls aged 12-15 years old. Throughout the whole group of girls, positive correlations between attitude parameters in the frontal plane and the postural reactions were observed: The angle of primary curvature/anteroposterior speed with which eyes closed, angle of primary curvature /average speed with which eyes closed, angle of primary curvature /path length eyes closed, absolute value shoulders angle line/mean loading point X eyes closed, absolute value pelvic inclination angle/lateral speed eyes closed. Negative correlations occurred in cases: absolute value angle of secondary curvature/ mean loading point X eyes open, depth of secondary curvature/mean loading point X eyes open, length of secondary curvature/mean loading point X eyes open, angle of secondary curvature/mean loading point X eyes closed. Statistically significant correlations occurred more frequent when the Romberg’s test was held with eyes closed (CE): angle of primary curvature/anteroposterior speed, torso inclination angle/mean loading point X, angle of primary curvature/average speed, angle of primary curvature/path length, absolute value shoulders angle line/mean loading point X, absolute value pelvic inclination angle/ lateral speed, angle of secondary curvature/mean loading point Y. Among the correlations with eyes closed six were positive: angle of primary curvature/anteroposterior speed, torso inclination angle/mean loading point X, angle of primary curvature/ average speed, angle of primary curvature/ path length, absolute value shoulders angle line/mean loading point X, absolute value pelvic inclination angle/lateral speed, and one was negative: angle of secondary curvature/ mean loading point Y. Among the correlations with eyes open (OE) only three negative correlations occurred: absolute value angle of secondary curvature/mean loading point X, depth of secondary curvature/ mean loading point X, length of secondary curvature/mean loading point X.
Rogue Wave and Breather Structures with “High Frequency” and “Low Frequency” in 𝒫𝒯-Symmetric Nonlinear Couplers with Gain and Loss
Authors: Yu Dang-Jun , Zhang Jie-Fang
Published: August 2016

Based on the modified Darboux transformation method, starting from zero solution and the plane wave solution, the hierarchies of rational solutions and breather solutions with “high frequency” and “low frequency” of the coupled nonlinear Schrödinger equation in parity-time symmetric nonlinear couplers with gain and loss are constructed, respectively. From these results, some basic characteristics of multi-rogue waves and multi-breathers are studied. Based on the property of rogue wave as the “quantum” of pattern structure in rogue wave hierarchy, we further study the novel structures of the superposed Akhmediev breathers, Kuznetsov-Ma solitons and their combined structures. It is expected that these results may give new insight into the context of the optical communications and Bose-Einstein condensations.
Expression of the psbA Gene in E. coli
Authors: Johanningmeier Udo
Published: August 2016

A psbA gene fragment has been cloned into an expression vector in frame with the 3′end of the beta-galactosidase gene. Expression of this construct in E. coli results in an overproduction of a hybrid protein consisting of part of the herbicide binding protein and beta-galactosidase. An antiserum raised against this fusion protein specifically detects a 34 kDa polypeptide within the complex mixture of spinach thylakoid membrane proteins.
A Temporal Phase Mutation of Chlorophyll Fluorescence in Triazine-Resistant Brassica napus
Authors: Dekker Jack , Westfall Barbara
Published: August 2016

The objectives of this study were to determine if there were variations in triazine-resistant and -susceptible Brassica napus leaf disc chlorophyll fluorescence (LCF) intensity in terms of: age of leaf on the plant and time of day. In growth room and field experiments triazine-susceptible B. napus cv. “Tower”, and triazine-resistant B. napus cv. “OAC Triton” were used. Chlorophyll fluorescence intensity measurements were made 30 min after disc removal. In both environments, two periods of reduced photosynthetic efficiency occurred in the diurnal. The times that these periods occurred during the diurnal differed between biotypes. A phase shift in LCF maxima between resistant and susceptible biotypes resulted in two periods, early and late in the light period of the diurnal, of increased LCF in resistant tissue. This differential pattern in LCF is support for the hypothesis that triazine resistance chloroplast alterations could imply an alteration in the temporal organization of chloroplast physiological function.
Photosynthetic Properties and Cross-Resistance to Some Urea Herbicides of Triazine-Resistant Conyza canadensis Cronq (L.)
Authors: Pölös E. , Laskay G. , Szigeti Z. , Pataki Sz. , Lehoczki E.
Published: August 2016

A comparison of the photosynthetic activities, chloroplast ultrastructures and sensitivities to some urea herbicidcs of atrazine-resistant (R) and suspectible (S) biotypes of Conyza canadensis Cronq (L.) (horseweed) in the rosette stage showed that: 1) The light-intensitv dependences of the rates of CO: reduction in intact leaves of the R and S plants are very similar. 2) The rate of the Hill reaction of the R chloroplasts at 25 °C is 15 - 20% lower at all light intensities than that of the S chloroplasts. 3) The rates of the Hill reactions of the R and S chloroplasts exhibit different temperature-dependences. The activation energy for the S chloroplasts in the temperature range 10-40 °C was found to be 15.3 kJ mol-1. For the R chloroplasts. the discontinuity in the Arrhenius plot was found at around 20 °C; the activation energy was 20.1 kJ mol-1 at below 20 °C. and decreased to 8.2 kJ mol-1 at higher temperatures. 4) The R plants have a better adaptive capacity than the S plants at low temperatures. 5) The chloroplast ultrastructure in the R plants was not reminiscent of that of plants grown under low light intensity. 6) The R biotvpe exhibited cross-resistance to chlorbromuron and metobromuron. and tolerance to linuron. The R and S biotypes, however, were equally sensitive to diuron. The results permitted conclusions on the properties of the triazine-resistance and urea cross-resistance.
Interconversion of Prenyl Pyrophosphates and Subsequent Reactions in the Presence of FMC 57020
Authors: Sandmann Gerhard , Böger Peter
Published: August 2016

In vitro studies of the influence of FMC 57020 on terpenoid biosynthesis have shown that this herbicide acts at an early stage. It affects the conversion of isopentenyl pyrophosphate to geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate catalyzed by isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase and prenyl transferase. An inhibition of the carotenogenic enzymes phytoene desaturase, ζ-carotene desaturase, and lycopene cyclase could be excluded.

Comparison of I50 values for in vivo chlorophyll, carotenoid, ergosterol and gibberellin biosynthesis as well as in vitro formation of phytoene. phytol and kaurene in various autotrophic and heterotrophic organisms have shown that terpenoid biosynthesis in the chloroplast is much stronger affected than extraplastidic terpenoid formation.
Structure-Function-Relationship in Thylakoids Influenced by the Pyridazinone BAS 13—338 (SAN 9785)
Authors: Graf Josef A. , Strasser Reto J. , Kuli Ulrich
Published: August 2016

The pyridazinone BAS 13-338 (SAN 9785|) inhibits the desaturation sequence leading to polyunsaturated fatty acids, mainly of glycolipids. Parallel to the inhibition of fatty acid desaturation in the presence of the pyridazinone, changes in energy-distribution parameters have been observed. These data indicate that the amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids in glycolipids is strongly correlated with excitation, trapping, grouping and dissipation, but not with spillover. Functional changes in energy distribution induced by BAS 13-338 are interpreted as a consequence of structural changes in the lipid matrix, which may imply a structure-function relationship between pigment protein complexes and the surrounding lipid environment in thylakoids.
A Non-Metabolic Model of Acifluorfen Activity
Authors: Duke Stephen O. , Kenyon William H.
Published: August 2016

The para-nitro substituted diphenyl ether herbicides which cause rapid plant pigment photo-bleaching can be divided into two categories: 1. those that have a photosynthetic requirement for activity (e.g. oxyfluorfen) and 2. those that have no apparent metabolic requirement for activity (e.g. acifluorfen). A model is presented for the latter category, in which the diphenyl ether herbicide interacts with carotenoids and/or chlorophyllide in plastid membranes to form a complex which photochemically generates singlet oxygen or lipid-peroxidizing radicals.
Bryoflavone and Heterobryoflavone, Two New Isoflavone-flavone Dimers from Bryum capillare
Authors: Geiger Hans , Stein Wolfgang , Mues Rüdiger , Zinsmeister H. Dietmar
Published: August 2016

From the moss Bryum capillare (Bryaceae) two new biflavonoids-bryoflavone and hetero ­ bryoflavone - have been isolated. They are the first examples of a new class of biflavonoids formed by oxidative coupling of a flavone and an isoflavone moiety. The structures of both compounds are proved spectroscopically.
Ascorbic Acid and Glutathione Contents of Spruce Needles from Different Locations in Bavaria
Authors: Osswald W. F. , Senger H. , Elstner E. F.
Published: August 2016

Spruce Decline, Ascorbic Acid, Glutathione Green and bleached needles or needle segments were analyzed for their ascorbic acid and glutathione contents. All bleached needles or segments exhibited higher amounts of both sub­ stances as com pared to green controls.

The physiological significance of the increase in ascorbic acid and in glutathione is discussed in content with their roles as antioxidants.
Uptake and Utilization of Sulfonic Acids in the Cyanobacterial Strains Anabaena variabilis and Plectonema 73110
Authors: Biedlingmaier Susanne , Schmidt Ahlert
Published: August 2016

Growth of several cyanobacteria was examined on ethane sulfonate and taurine as only sulfur source. Comparing two strains with differential utilization of sulfonic acids (Anabaena variabilis and Synechococcus 6301) demonstrated that actual growth was coupled to the presence of an active sulfonate transport system due to species specific properties and nutritional conditions. Sulfonate uptake in Anabaena variabilis was characterized by a pH optimum of 6.5, a structural specificity for sulfonates, missing Na+ dependence, and phosphate stimulation. Radiolabeled ethane sulfonate and taurine was metabolized to products of normal sulfur metabolism. Also considerable amounts of 35S-labeled volatiles (mercaptanes and sulfide) could be detected, suggesting a degradation mechanism via reduction to mercaptanes and cleavage of the C-S bond.
Comparing Short-Term Effects of Ammonia and Methylamine on Nitrogenase Activity in Anabaena variabilis (ATCC 29413)
Authors: Reich Sabine , Almon Helmar , Böger Peter
Published: August 2016

Cyanobacterium . Anabaena variabilis, Nitrogenase Regulation, Ammonia, Methylamine Using the heterocystous cyanobacterium A nabaena variabilis (ATCC 29413) in an alkaline environment its nitrogenase activity is rapidly inhibited by ammonia and methylamine. Nitro­genase inhibition by ammonia is probably caused by a mechanism comparable to the switch-off effect, which has been described for several species of the Rhodospirillaceae, whereas methyl-amine-induced inhibition is caused by an uncoupling effect only. Evidence for these different effects is obtained by comparing nitrogenase activity in cell-free extracts of filaments pretreated by ammonia or methylamine. In addition, ammonia-dependent nitrogenase inhibition is shown to be dependent on protein synthesis and on light intensity.
On the Possible Relation between Morphology and Precursors of the Crystallities in Calcified Tissues
Authors: Driessens F.C.M. , Terpstra R.A. , Bennema P. , Wöltgens J.H.M. , Verbeeck R.M.H.
Published: August 2016

Crystal structure data on hydroxyapatite, octocalcium phosphate and brushite have been used in order to predict their crystal morphology on the basis of the Hartman-Perdok theory. The predicted forms are pencil-like for hydroxyapatite, board-like for octocalcium phosphate and flattened needle-like for brushite. Although the biominerals in bone, dentine and tooth enamel have an apatite structure, their form is nbt pencil-like. This may partially be due to the fact that precursor phases are nucleated first in these tissues during mineralization and that these precursor phases are transformed later by topotactical reactions into compounds with apatite structure or that they serve as nuclei for ongrowth of apatite. The form of the mineral particles in mature bone and dentin is board-like which indicates that octocalcium phosphate might be their precursor phase. However, the form of the crystals in mature enamel is flattened needle-like which indicates that brushite is their precursor phase. It is argued that a possible difference in the nature of the precursor phase may be due primarily to differences in the cellular activities of the odontoblasts and osteoblasts as compared to those of the ameloblasts, and secondarily to matrix effects. In both cases, however, the main effect of the matrix seems to be that it acts as a mechanical barrier leading to a limited form and size and, of course, a certain orientation of the crystals, rather than as an agent for heterogeneous nucleation. The validity of the present considerations depends as yet on the assumption that the ions and molecules occurring in body fluids do not dominate the habit of calcium phosphate crystals.
Transmission of Hormonal Imprinting in Tetrahymena Cultures by Intercellular Communication
Authors: Csaba G. , Kovács P.
Published: August 2016

The primary interaction of cultured Tetrahymena cells with a hormone (insulin in the present case) gives rise to hormonal imprinting, which accounts for a considerable increase in the later hormone binding capacity of the cells. Mixed culturing of imprinted and not imprinted (virgin) cells results in transmission to the latter of the information mediated by imprinting and thereby in a considerable increase in hormone binding capacity over that of pure hormone-preexposed cell cultures. The material substrate of intercellular information transmission is a cellular secretion which appears in the nutrient medium, and is increasingly released in presence of not imprinted (virgin) cells in the mixed culture.
MTD Calculations on Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships of Steroids Binding to the Progesterone Receptor
Authors: Bohl Martin , Simon Zeno , Vlad Aurel , Kaufmann Günter , Ponsold Kurt
Published: August 2016

The minimal topological difference (MTD) method is used to describe quantitative structure-activity relationships (OSAR) for the progesterone-receptor binding affinity including 59 proge-stational steroids. Multiple correlation coefficients of r = 0.962 and r = 0.955 are obtained by use of the MTD variable and a measure of hydrophobicity for the series of progesterone and ethisterone derivatives, respectively. Hydrophobic effects are found to strongly influence receptor binding. In accordance with the hydrogen bonding concept, the optimized MTD receptor maps indicate cavity vertices in the regions of oxygen functions at C3 and in the 17β position. Receptor wall vertices are attributed in the areas of 4, 10β, and 13β substituents of 4-en-3-one steroids while 17α side chains additionally contain receptor cavity vertices. A comparison of corresponding receptor maps suggests in accord with X-ray crystal structure data that progesterone and ethisterone derivatives are bound in somewhat different orientations relative to the receptor surface.
Reversed Light Reaction of the Screening Pigment in a Compound Eye Induced by Noradrenaline
Authors: Juse Achim , Höglund Gunnar , Hamdorf Kurt
Published: August 2016

Migration of the screening pigment in the compound eye of the sphingid moth Deilephila elpenor is altered by noradrenaline, as shown by microreflectometric measurements on eyes of intact moths and by transmission microscopy on preparations consisting of the screening pigment cells and dioptric structures. Local application of noradrenaline inverts the reaction of the pigment to light stimulation; light causes a contraction of the pigment instead of the normal dispersion. It is suggested that catecholamines are involved in the normal regulation of pigment migration.
Inhibition of cAMP Phosphodiesterase by Some Phototherapeutic Agents
Authors: Bovalini Lucia , Lusini Paola , Simoni Sandra , Vedaldi Daniela , Andreassi Lucio , Dall’Acqua Francesco , Martelli Paola
Published: August 2016

The behaviour of cyclic-3′,5′-AMP phosphodiesterase has been studied in the presence of psoralen, 8-methoxy-psoralen (8-MOP), 4,5′,8-trimethylpsoralen (TMP) (usu­ ally used in PUVA therapy), 4.6,4′-trimethylangelicin (TMA) and khellin recently proposed for the same thera­ peutical use. TMP and TMA exhibit a significant inhibitory effect on cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase; a light inhibition is produced by khellin at rather high concentration.
Control of light-dependent keto carotenoid biosynthesis inNostoc7120 by the transcription factor NtcA
Authors: Sandmann Gerhard , Mautz Jürgen , Breitenbach Jürgen
Published: August 2016

InNostocPCC 7120, two different ketolases, CrtW and CrtO are involved in the formation of keto carotenoids from β-carotene. In contrast to other cyanobacteria, CrtW catalyzes the formation of monoketo echinenone whereas CrtO is the only enzyme for the synthesis of diketo canthaxanthin. This is the major photo protective carotenoid in this cyanobacterium. Under high-light conditions, basic canthaxanthin formation was transcriptionally up-regulated. Upon transfer to high light, the transcript levels of all investigated carotenogenic genes including those coding for phytoene synthase, phytoene desaturase and both ketolases were increased. These transcription changes proceeded via binding of the transcription factor NtcA to the promoter regions of the carotenogenic genes. The binding was absolutely dependent on the presence of reductants and oxo-glutarate. Light-stimulated transcript formation was inhibited by DCMU. Therefore, photosynthetic electron transport is proposed as the sensor for high-light and a changing redox state as a signal for NtcA binding.
Preparation and Characterization of Al2O3 Doped TiO2 Nanocomposites Prepared from Simple Sol-Gel Method
Authors: Sriharan N. , Muthukumarasamy N. , Senthil T.S.
Published: August 2016

Al2O3 doped TiO2 samples were prepared by the simple sol-gel method. The prepared samples were annealed at 400°C for 1 h in an open air atmosphere. The dielectric properties, AC electrical conductivity (σac), dielectric constant (ε′), dielectric loss (ε″) and the loss tangent (tan δ) of the prepared Al2O3 doped TiO2 nanocomposites were studied under a wide frequency and temperature range. The dielectric loss values of the prepared samples were measured at 50 Hz and 5 MHz and the values were found to be in the range of 0.11–1.73 at 40°C and 0.13–4.39 at 100°C. The microstructures of the prepared samples were also studied using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) analysis.
Relaxation of Multiple Quantum NMR Coherences in Quasi-One-Dimensional Spin Systems
Authors: Bochkin Georgy A. , Fel’dman Edward B. , Vasil’ev Sergey G.
Published: August 2016

Dynamics and relaxation of the multiple quantum (MQ) NMR coherences of the zeroth and second orders are studied experimentally and theoretically in a quasi-one-dimensional chain of nuclear spins 19F in calcium fluorapatite. The dependencies of the intensities of those coherences on the time of the preparation period of the MQ NMR experiment is obtained. A good agreement of the experiment with theoretical predictions is demonstrated. Dipolar relaxation of the MQ NMR coherences is investigated on the evolution period of the MQ NMR experiment. A theory of dipolar relaxation of the MQ NMR coherences is developed for the model in which only the ZZ part of the secular dipole–dipole interactions is taken into account (ZZ model). It is shown that the MQ NMR coherence of the zeroth order is not subject to dipolar relaxation in the ZZ model. The experimental data qualitatively agree with the results of the developed theory for the MQ NMR coherence of the second order.
Risk Factors for Hip Osteoarthritis: Insight for the Strength and Conditioning Professional
Authors: Kolber Morey J. , Hanney William J. , Cheatham Scott W. , Salamh Paul A.
Published: August 2016

HIP OSTEOARTHRITIS (OA) WILL AFFECT APPROXIMATELY 25% OF THE POPULATION AT SOME POINT IN THEIR LIFETIME. ALTHOUGH THE ETIOLOGY OF HIP OA IS MULTIFACTORIAL, RISK FACTORS SEEM TO HAVE A ROLE IN BOTH THE INCIDENCE AND ESCALATION OF SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS. THIS ARTICLE PRESENTS AN OVERVIEW OF RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH HIP OA. EVIDENCE UNDERPINNING AND REFUTING SOME OF THE COMMONLY PURPORTED RISK FACTORS IS DISCUSSED WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF PROVIDING THE STRENGTH AND CONDITIONING PROFESSIONAL WITH EVIDENCE-BASED RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THEIR CLIENTS.
The Split Alternating Foot Snatch
Authors: Hedrick Allen
Published: August 2016

THE SNATCH IS ONE OF 2 LIFTS IN THE SPORT OF WEIGHTLIFTING. THE SPLIT CATCH POSITION WAS THE TECHNIQUE OF CHOICE IN THE PAST. HOWEVER, VIRTUALLY ALL WEIGHTLIFTING ATHLETES NOW CATCH THE SNATCH IN A SQUAT POSITION. WITH ATHLETES IN SPORTS OTHER THAN WEIGHTLIFTING THERE MAY BE ADVANTAGES IN CATCHING IN AN ALTERNATING SPLIT POSITION.
Statistical Use in Applied Sport Research: Methodological and Ethical Challenges
Authors: Shalfawi Shaher A. I.
Published: August 2016

ONE OF THE MAJOR ISSUES IN THE FIELD OF APPLIED SPORT SCIENCE RESEARCH IS ASSOCIATED WITH RESEARCHERS DRAWING BIASED CONCLUSIONS CAUSED BY INCORRECT DATA ANALYSIS AND/OR EXPLANATIONS OF THE RESULTS. THE PURPOSE OF THIS ARTICLE IS INTENDED TO ADDRESS THE ISSUE FROM THE RESEARCHER'S METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH AND ETHICAL STANDPOINT.
The Impact of Laterality on Soccer Performance
Authors: Petro Bela , Szabo Attila
Published: August 2016

THE PURPOSE OF THIS ANALYSIS IS TO DETERMINE WHETHER THERE IS A LEFT FOOT ADVANTAGE IN SOCCER PERFORMANCE. THE OUTCOME OF THE REVIEWED ARTICLES SUGGESTS THAT THERE IS A LEFT FOOT ADVANTAGE IN SOCCER, NO MATTER HOW SMALL THAT MAY BE. NEVERTHELESS, THIS CONCLUSION MAY BE TENTATIVE BECAUSE LITTLE WORK WAS CONDUCTED IN THIS AREA AND THE FOCUS IS VERY DIVERSE. THE CURRENT REVIEW RAISES IMPORTANT QUESTIONS FOR FUTURE WORK. THE EXAMINATION OF THE TEMPORAL OCCLUSION PARADIGM AND THE COMPARISON OF SPATIAL ORIENTATIONS AND THE ATTENTIONAL ABILITIES OF RIGHT- AND LEFT-FOOTED SOCCER PLAYERS MAY GENERATE EMPIRICAL WORK IN THE FIELD.
Prevalence of Student Dissection-Choice Policies in U.S. Schools
Authors: Suiter Samantha , Oakley Jan , Goodman Justin
Published: August 2016

Although animal dissection is common in classrooms, growing concerns for animal welfare and advances in nonanimal teaching methods have prompted the creation of policies that allow students to choose humane alternatives to classroom animal use. We assessed the prevalence and content of policies that allow students to opt out of animal dissection in states and large public school districts across the United States – data that have not previously been collected or analyzed. We found that such policies exist at the state level in 22 states (plus the District of Columbia) and in many large public school districts in the other remaining states. These data illustrate that at least 63% of students in U.S. public schools have access to some kind of dissection choice, although the content of these policies varies widely. We discuss these results and recommend components of a comprehensive student dissection-choice policy.
Lights, Chemicals, Action: Studying Red Worms’ Responses to Environmental Contaminants
Authors: Weber Daniel N. , Hesselbach Renee A. , Petering David H. , Petering Louise P. , Berg Craig A.
Published: August 2016

We have developed an experimental module that introduces high school students to guided scientific inquiry. It is designed to incorporate environmental health and ecological concepts into the basic biology or environmental-science content of the high school curriculum. Using the red worm, a familiar live species that is amenable to classroom experimentation, students learn how environmental agents affect the animal's locomotion by altering sensory neuron–muscle interactions and, as a result, influence its distribution in nature. In turn, the results of these experiments have direct application to human-caused environmental disruptions that cause changes in species distribution and indirectly increase the recognition that environmental chemicals affect human health. Students undertake a series of explorations to identify how red worms sense their environment and then apply that knowledge to understand the effects of chemical exposure on locomotor behavior. The activities are designed to generate critical thinking about neuromuscular processes and environmental pollutants that affect them.
Using Twitter for Student Learning & Connecting with Scientists
Authors: Taylor Adam , Weigel Emily G.
Published: August 2016

Class discussion can be a valuable way to meet educational standards and make student ideas visible. Tools like Twitter can be used to encourage discussion both in and outside of class. In this article, we provide (1) a concise explanation of Twitter and its use (including a comparison to similar digital communication tools); (2) a brief overview of educational gains and experiences in using Twitter; and (3) a step-by-step introduction to conducting Twitter discussions using hashtags. We conclude with an introduction to #scistuchat, a monthly Twitter discussion between scientists and students that addresses many of the core ideas in the biological sciences. We invite instructors to join this ongoing discussion series or use the ideas within this paper to begin their own discussion groups on social media.
Schütz's Saul, Saul, was verfolgst du mich? and the Politics of the Thirty Years War
Authors: Stauff Derek
Published: August 2016

For early modern Lutherans Heinrich Schütz's Saul, Saul, was verfolgst du mich? would have evoked fears of religious persecution. Its text, from the narrative of Paul's conversion in Acts 9, appears in seventeenth-century devotional writings and confessional polemics about persecution. Moreover, recently uncovered archival evidence shows that Schütz performed his concerto in 1632 at a state-sponsored political festival marking the first anniversary of the Battle of Breitenfeld, a major Protestant victory in the Thirty Years War. Here Schütz's concerto clearly stoked fears of persecution, because the celebrations touted the battle as a victory over Catholic oppression. The political context in 1632 might also explain some of the piece's most notable features. Its unusually brief text and vivid music do not illustrate the whole story of Saul's conversion but solely the moment at which Christ intervened to put a stop to persecution. Schütz's listeners would have heard in Saul's example a parallel to the victory they were celebrating in 1632 and the persecution they feared from their Catholic and imperial adversaries. This performance of Saul, the only one known from Schütz's lifetime, shows how his music partook in a broader campaign of Protestant propaganda designed to reinforce the confessional and political divisions that fueled this phase of the war.
Recomposing National Identity: Four Transcultural Readings of Liszt's Marche hongroise d'après Schubert
Authors: Loya Shay
Published: August 2016

Liszt's Mélodies hongroises d'après Schubert, a solo piano transcription of Schubert's four-hand Divertissement à l'hongroise, provides an interesting example of the complex relationship between centers and peripheries, and between personal patriotism and public nationalism. The first transcription (S. 425, 1838–39) stands at the very beginning of Liszt's career as a “national composer,” the most significant aspect of this rather overlooked fact being Liszt's transformation of the second movement—a naive, dance-like march—into “republican” heroic music driven toward an apotheosis à la Beethoven. This heralded a new type of national genre, and Liszt deemed the march movement important enough to be published on its own in numerous versions between 1838 and 1883. Yet this Marche hongroise was not merely nationalist: it related to other, non-Hungarian identities, most notably French and Austrian. Later versions (from 1859 onward) allowed Liszt to express a progressive, liberal Hungarian identity in the face of a rising tide of chauvinism. Four transcultural readings of the work, both complementary and conflicting, follow Liszt's revisions in roughly chronological order, interpreting the work as, in turn, a nationalist reclamation of Hungarian music, a republican response to the political status quo, the construction of an Austro-Hungarian identity, and a discontinuous text in which new, modernist ideas often merge or conflict with older ones, forcing a fresh renegotiation of national identity.
Training Doctors to Manage Patients with Multimorbidity: A Systematic Review
Authors: Lewis Cliona , Wallace Emma , Kyne Lorraine , Cullen Walter , Smith Susan M.
Published: August 2016

Background

Patients with multimorbidity (two or more chronic conditions) are now the norm in clinical practice, and place an increasing burden on the healthcare system. Management of these patients is challenging, and requires doctors who are skilled in the complexity of multiple chronic diseases.

Objective

To perform a systematic review of the literature to ascertain whether there are education and training formats which have been used to train postgraduate medical doctors in the management of patients with multimorbidity in primary and/or secondary care, and which have been shown to improve knowledge, skills, attitudes, and/or patient outcomes.

Methods

Overall, 75,110 citations were screened, of which 65 full-text articles were then independently assessed for eligibility by two reviewers, and two studies met the inclusion criteria for the review.

Results

The two included studies implemented and evaluated multimorbidity workshops, and highlight the need for further research addressing the learning needs of doctors tasked with managing patients with multimorbidity in their daily practice.

Conclusion

While much has been published about the challenges presented to medical staff by patients with multimorbidity, published research regarding education of doctors to manage these problems is lacking. Further research is required to determine whether there is a need for, or benefit from, specific training for doctors to manage patients with multimorbidity. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42013004010.
Stress hormone release is a key component of the metabolic response to lipopolysaccharide: studies in hypopituitary and healthy subjects
Authors: Bach Ermina , Møller Andreas B , Jørgensen Jens O L , Vendelbo Mikkel H , Jessen Niels , Pedersen Steen B , Nielsen Thomas S , Møller Niels
Published: August 2016

Objective

Acute and chronic inflammatory and metabolic responses are generated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) during acute illness and in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, but whether these responses depend on intact pituitary release of hormones are not clearly identified. We compared the metabolic effects of LPS in hypopituitary patients (HPs) (in the absence of growth hormone (GH) and ACTH responses) and healthy control subjects (CTR) (with normal pituitary hormone responses).

Design

Single-blind randomized.

Methods

We compared the effects of LPS on glucose, protein and lipid metabolism in eight HP and eight matched CTR twice during 4-h basal and 2-h hyperinsulinemic–euglycemic clamp conditions with muscle and fat biopsies in each period during infusion with saline or LPS.

Results

LPS increased cortisol and GH levels in CTR but not in HP. Also, it increased whole-body palmitate fluxes (3-fold) and decreased palmitate-specific activity (SA) 40–50% in CTR, but not in HP. G(0)/G(1) Switch Gene 2 (G0S2 – an inhibitor of lipolysis) adipose tissue (AT) mRNA was decreased in CTR. Although LPS increased phenylalanine fluxes significantly more in CTR, there was no difference in glucose metabolism between groups and intramyocellular insulin signaling was unaltered in both groups.

Conclusions

LPS increased indices of lipolysis and amino acid/protein fluxes significantly more in CTR compared with HP and decreased adipocyte G0S2 mRNA only in CTR. Thus, in humans intact pituitary function and appropriate cortisol and GH release are crucial components of the metabolic response to LPS.
Entendiendo los factores que determinan la actividad física en el entorno escolar desde la perspectiva de los niños y niñas
Authors: Álvarez Bogantes Carlos
Published: August 2016

Este estudio explora las percepciones de los niños sobre las barreras y los facilitadores para realizar actividad física durante los recreos, con el fin de ofrecer el insumo necesario para las autoridades e investigadores educativos para el desarrollo de intervenciones y de políticas que promuevan la actividad física en este grupo de edad en el entorno educativo. Métodos: Se utilizó un diseño cualitativo con grupos focales y entrevistas a profundidad. Los datos fueron recolectados a través de 6 grupos focales, con un total de 90 niños (50 niños y 40 niñas) de tercer grado y las tres maestras del grado. Resultados: Las barreras más frecuentemente identificadas por los niños y las niñas fueron: falta de apoyo social, matonismo, falta de espacio y barreras organizativas. El espacio para jugar y el tiempo fue una barrera para todos niños, generando conflicto y exclusión de participar en actividades físicas en las niñas y en parte de los niños. Conclusión: Los participantes percibenque los entornos escolares no favorecen la actividad física; sin embargo, siguiendo su naturaleza y necesidad de moverse, una gran mayoría encuentra las formas de llenar esa gran necesidad de jugar y divertirse. Conbase en los resultados de este estudio, se recomienda promover la actividad física a través del receso escolar, considerando las barreras en el entorno natural, social, físico y organizativo.
Diversidad de Polychaeta (Annelida) en el intermareal de los esteros del Santuario Nacional los Manglares de Tumbes, Perú
Authors: Cabanillas Rossana Cabanillas , Advíncula Orlando , Gutiérrez Carlos
Published: August 2016

Se estudia la diversidad de anélidos poliquetos asociados al biotopo intermareal del manglar del Santuario Nacional los Manglares de Tumbes, Perú. El muestreo se realizó en dos sitios, uno cercano a la desembocadura y el otro distante aproximadamente 6 km rio arriba. En cada lugar se establecieron dos estaciones fijas, una asociada a zonas bajas del intermareal con presencia de Anadara tuberculosa (ZBI) y otra asociada a la zona altas del intermareal con presencia de Ucides occidentalis (ZBI). Los muestreos se repitieron en diciembre del 2012 y marzo del 2013. El número total de especies de poliquetos registrado fue 57, la composición de especies no fue similar entre las asociaciones y entre las estaciones fijas. Las estaciones asociadas a ZBI tuvieron un mayor número de especies, abundancias e índices de diversidad mayores que las estaciones asociadas a ZAI. En cuanto a los grupos tróficos, las estaciones asociadas a ZAI tuvieron 4 grupos mientras que las estaciones asociadas a ZBI tuvieron 6 grupos tróficos. En la poliquetofauna asociada a ZBI dominaron, en número de especie los carnívoros mientras que en la asociada a ZAI, fueron los carnívoros y los alimentadores de depósito superficial, asimismo dominaron en abundancia los alimentadores de depósito sub superficial. El análisis multivariado demostró diferencia significativa en la estructura y composición trófica de las asociaciones, con mayor dispersión y variabilidad en el ZAI.
Spirit Piagam Jakarta Dalam Undang-Undang Dasar 1945
Authors: Syarif Mujar Ibnu
Published: August 2016

Abstract: In the second trial BPUPKI, both nationalist and Islamic groups consensual that the future of Indonesia's independence will be based on the principle "godhood by running Shari'ah obligation for adherents". The consensus seems to be built on the foundation is not solid. Therefore it is not surprising that one day after the proclamation of independence, the agreement re-questioned. That same day, PPKI held a hearing to review the deal. As a result, the clause contained in the Preamble of the 1945 Constitution was changed to "Based on Belief in God Almighty". After the issuance of a Presidential Decree, began the debate about the existence of the spirit of the Jakarta Charter in 1945 which is applicable in the context of Indonesian politics in this contemporary age.  Abstrak: Spirit Piagam Jakarta dalam Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 Pasca Lahirnya Dekrit Presiden 5 Juli 1959. Pada sidang kedua Badan Penyelidik Usaha-Usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia (BPUPKI / Dokuritsu Zyunbi Tyosakai) yang berlangsung sejak tanggal 10 hingga 16 Juli 1945, baik golongan nasionalis maupun golongan Islam berkonsensus bahwa masa depan Indonesia merdeka akan didasarkan pada sila "Ketuhanan dengan kewajiban menjalankan syari'at Islam bagi pemeluk-pemeluknya".  Penting dicatat, konsensus tersebut agaknya dibangun di atas landasan yang tidak kokoh. Karena itu, tidak aneh bila satu hari setelah proklamasi Kemerdekaan RI, tepatnya tanggal 18 Agustus 1945, kesepakatan tersebut kembali dipersoalkan. Pada hari itu juga, Panitia Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia (PPKI) yang dibentuk tanggal 7 Agustus 1945 dan diketuai oleh Soekarno, menyelenggarakan sidang untuk meninjau kembali kesepakatan tersebut. Dalam sidang tersebut, anak kalimat  yang terdapat dalam Pembukaan UUD 1945 (Piagam Jakarta), yakni: "Berdasarkan kepada Ketuhanan, dengan kewajiban menjalankan syari'at Islam bagi pemeluk-pemeluknya" diubah menjadi "Berdasar atas Ketuhanan Yang Maha Esa".  Setelah penerbitan Dekrit Presiden 5 Juli 1959, dimulailah perdebatan yang masih terus berlanjut hingga detik ini, mengenai ada atau tidak adanya semangat Piagam Jakarta dalam UUD 1945 yang berlaku dalam konteks politik Indonesia di masa kontemporer ini.  DOI: 10.15408/jch.v4i1.3568
STUDY OF LACTIC ACID BACTERIA AS A BIO-PROTECTIVE CULTURE FOR MEAT
Authors: Vinnikova, L. , Kishenya A. , Strashnova I. , Gusaremko A.
Published: August 2016

Loss prevention and food quality maintenance are primarily associated with protection against the negativeimpact of microorganisms and their metabolites during manufacture and storage. In this regard, in recent years, the issue of thegoods safety is of the top- priority in the food production. Meat and meat products are the most labour-intensive and expensiveto manufacture. Their main components (protein, fat, etc.) are a favourable environment for development of a variety of microorganisms.This paper presents the results of the biotechnological property research of the Lactobacillus genus collection strains,their effect on the microorganisms directly isolated from meat and on the collection strains (saprophytic, conditionally pathogenicand pathogenic microorganisms). In particular, the antagonistic activity regarding the indicator and collection microorganisms,acid activity and ability to survive at high salt concentrations and low above-zero temperatures have been studied.Based on the experimental results, the most active strains for further study and use in the me