bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diagnosing mycobacterial lymphadenitis in children using fine needle aspiration biopsy: Cytomorphology, ZN staining and autofluorescence—Making more of less
Authors: Wright Colleen A. , van der Burg Mirjam , Geiger D. , Noordzij Jeroen G. , Burgess Steven M. , Marais Ben J.
Published: March 2008

Although the incidence of TB has stabilized or declined in most world regions, it is increasing in Africa, Southeast Asia, and the Eastern Mediterranean, fuelled by the HIV pandemic. More than 4,000 people died daily from TB‐related illnesses in 2005. TB is a major cause of childhood morbidity and mortality in these developing countries, and there is an urgent need for rapid and definitive modalities for mycobacterial diagnosis in children. This prospective study in Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa, evaluates the ability of fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) to diagnose mycobacterial lymphadenitis in children, using cytomorphology, autofluorescence on Papanicolaou stained smears, Ziehl‐Nielsen (ZN) staining and/or culture. FNABs were performed on 200 children, and 25 (12.5%) aspirates were inadequate. Cultures were positive in 79/175 (45%); Mycobacterium tuberculosis was identified in 61 and Mycobacterium bovis BCG in 18 cases. Using culture as the gold standard, the concordance of the different techniques was as follows: cytomorphology 70%, ZN staining 73%, and autofluorescence 68%. Using an alternative gold standard (culture positive and/or suggestive cytomorphology plus positive autofluorescence or ZN smear), the “true” diagnostic performance of the various techniques was as follows: cytomorphology—sensitivity 78%, specificity 91%, positive predictive value (PPV) 93%, ZN staining ‐ sensitivity 62%%, specificity 97%, PPV 97%; autofluorescence—sensitivity 67%, specificity 97%, PPV 97%; and culture—sensitivity 75%, specificity 100%, and PPV 100%. FNAB was shown to provide a rapid and definitive diagnosis in the majority of cases of suspected tuberculous lymphadenitis in children, based on cytomorphology and identification of the organism. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2008;36:245–251. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fine‐needle aspiration cytodiagnosis of endometriosis in cesarean section scar and rectus sheath mass lesions—A study of seven cases
Authors: Gupta Raj K.
Published: March 2008

The diagnosis of endometriosis is usually established by a biopsy. Since endometriotic lesions can present as a mass lesion, it seems feasible to investigate them by the noninvasive method of fine‐needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). In this study, seven cases (5 from a cesarean scar and 2 from rectus sheath) are presented in which FNAC was indicative of endometriosis. The aspirate was obtained using a disposable 10 ml syringe and 22 gauge needle. The material was collected as syringe and needle washings in a cytology container in which 30% ethyl alcohol was present. From half of this material, filter preparations were made on size 3 μm filters and stained by Papanicolaou method, while the remaining aspirate was spun and a cell block was made from the sediment and sections cut and stained with hematoxylin‐eosin stain. In all cases the cytologic preparations showed tubular structures indicative of endometrial tissue and stromal cells indicative of endometriosis. This was further confirmed on examination of cell blocks, which showed histologic features of endometriosis characterized by endometrial glands separated by endometrial stroma and rare siderophages. The seven cases described are interesting, since the cytohistological finding in FNAC sample and cell block not only were indicative of the diagnosis of endometriosis, but also obviated the need for an invasive surgical procedure. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2008;36:224–226. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intrapancreatic accessory spleen: Mimic of pancreatic endocrine tumor diagnosed by endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration biopsy
Authors: Schreiner Andrew M. , Mansoor Atiya , Faigel Douglas O. , Morgan Terry K.
Published: March 2008

Intrapancreatic accessory spleen forms a well‐defined nodule within the tail of the pancreas and is commonly mistaken by imaging studies as a neuroendocrine tumor. We report three cases of intrapancreatic accessory spleen diagnosed by endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)‐guided fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy. Imaging studies showed well‐circumscribed nodules in the tail of the pancreas. Two lesions were clinically suspicious for pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors and one appeared to be a cyst. EUS‐guided FNA revealed predominantly small lymphocytes with a subset of histiocytes, conspicuous eosinophils, and plasma cells. There was also characteristic CD8 positive immunostaining of endothelial cells in cell block sections. We report the first series of accessory spleen in the pancreas diagnosed by EUS‐guided FNA with the aid of CD8 immunostaining of splenic sinus endothelial cells. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2008;36:262–265. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of object concepts in macaque monkeys
Authors: Hall‐Haro Cynthia , Johnson Scott P. , Price Tracy A. , Vance Jayme A. , Kiorpes Lynne
Published: March 2008

One of the most interesting questions in cognitive development is how we acquire and mentally represent knowledge about objects. We investigated the development of object concepts in macaque monkeys. Monkeys viewed trajectory occlusion movies in which a ball followed a linear path that was occluded for some portion of the display while their point of gaze was recorded with a corneal‐reflection eye tracker. We analyzed the pattern of eye movements as an indicator of object representation. A majority of eye movements of adult monkeys were anticipatory, implying a functional internal object representation that guided oculomotor behavior. The youngest monkeys lacked this strong internal representation of objects. Longitudinal testing showed that this ability develops over time providing compelling evidence that object concepts develop similarly in monkeys and humans. Therefore, the macaque monkey provides an animal model with which to examine neural mechanisms underlying the development of object representations. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 50: 278–287, 2008.
Differences in early lineage segregation between mammals
Authors: Kuijk Ewart W. , Du Puy Leonie , Van Tol Helena T.A. , Oei Christine H.Y. , Haagsman Henk P. , Colenbrander Ben , Roelen Bernard A.J.
Published: March 2008

Two lineage segregation events in mammalian development form the trophectoderm, primitive endoderm, and pluripotent primitive ectoderm. In mouse embryos, Oct4, Cdx2, Nanog, and Gata6 govern these events, but it is unknown whether this is conserved between mammals. Here, the expression patterns of these genes and their products were determined in porcine oocytes and embryos and in bovine embryos. CDX2 and GATA6 expression in porcine and bovine blastocysts resembled that of mouse, indicating conserved functions. However, NANOG expression was undetectable in porcine oocytes and embryos. Some inner cell mass cells in bovine blastocysts expressed NANOG protein. OCT4 protein was undetectable in porcine morulae, but present in both the trophectoderm and the inner cell mass of blastocysts, suggesting that downregulation of OCT4 in the trophectoderm does not precede trophectoderm formation. Combined, the results indicate differences in lineage segregation between mammals. Developmental Dynamics 237:918–927, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The transmembrane inner ear (tmie) gene contributes to vestibular and lateral line development and function in the zebrafish (Danio rerio)
Authors: Shen Yu‐Chi , Jeyabalan Anandhi K. , Wu Karen L. , Hunker Kristina L. , Kohrman David C. , Thompson Deborah L. , Liu Dong , Barald Kate F.
Published: March 2008

The inner ear is a complex organ containing sensory tissue, including hair cells, the development of which is not well understood. Our long‐term goal is to discover genes critical for the correct formation and function of the inner ear and its sensory tissue. A novel gene, transmembrane inner ear (Tmie), was found to cause hearing‐related disorders when defective in mice and humans. A homologous tmie gene in zebrafish was cloned and its expression characterized between 24 and 51 hours post‐fertilization. Embryos injected with morpholinos (MO) directed against tmie exhibited circling swimming behavior (∼37%), phenocopying mice with Tmie mutations; semicircular canal formation was disrupted, hair cell numbers were reduced, and maturation of electrically active lateral line neuromasts was delayed. As in the mouse, tmie appears to be required for inner ear development and function in the zebrafish and for hair cell maturation in the vestibular and lateral line systems as well. Developmental Dynamics 237:941–952, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Primary cilia in osteoarthritic chondrocytes: From chondrons to clusters
Authors: McGlashan S.R. , Cluett E.C. , Jensen C.G. , Poole C.A.
Published: March 2008

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common joint disease characterized by articular cartilage degeneration. The etiology of OA is unknown. Because several previous studies have shown that primary cilia play critical roles in joint development, this study examined the incidence and morphology of primary cilia in chondrocytes during joint degeneration in a naturally occurring bovine model of OA. Primary cilia were detected using antibodies to acetylated α‐tubulin in normal cartilage as well as in mild and severe OA tissue. In normal cartilage, cilia number and length were lowest in the superficial zone and increased with distance from the articular surface. In OA tissue, the incidence and length of cilia increased at the eroding articulating surface, resulting in an overall increased proportion of cilia. This is the first study to show that primary cilia are present on chondrocytes throughout OA progression and that the overall percentage of ciliated cells within the degenerating cartilage increases with OA severity. Developmental Dynamics 237:2013–2020, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bioinspired Energy Conversion Systems for Hydrogen Production and Storage (Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 9/2008)
Authors: Fukuzumi Shunichi
Published: March 2008

The cover picture shows the photocatalytic production of hydrogen and the interconversion between hydrogen and formic acid with the use of catalysts. These processes have become important in the search for alternative energy resources that are renewable, in order to combat global environmental problems. Hydrogen is a clean energy source, and therefore its production and storage is a key to the future. Details are presented in the Microreview by S. Fukuzumi on p. 1351 ff.
Photochemical Arylation of Alkenols: Role of Intermediates and Synthetic Significance
Authors: Protti Stefano , Dondi Daniele , Fagnoni Maurizio , Albini Angelo
Published: March 2008

A one‐pot, tandem synthesis of cyclic ethers is obtained by addition of photogenerated phenyl cations to hydroxyalkenes. Thus, 2‐ (or 3‐) phenyl‐substituted tetrahydrofurans were prepared by irradiation of 4‐chloro‐N,N‐dimethylaniline, ‐anisole, and ‐phenol with β‐hydroxyalkenes and 2‐benzyltetrahydrofurans with γ‐hydroxyalkenes. With nonterminal alkenes [diastereomeric (E)‐ and (Z)‐3‐hexen‐1‐ols] trans‐2‐ethyl‐3‐aryltetrahydrofuran derivatives were stereoselectively formed from both isomers. The output of the photoreaction is structure and solvent dependent and is rationalized through the intermediacy of a phenonium ion from the addition of the primarily formed triplet phenyl cation to the alkenol double bond. Intramolecular addition of the OH group to form benzyl (aryl) tetrahydrofurans is favored inpolar protic solvents, where hydride shifts to form aryltetrahydropyrans also occur, whereas in ethyl acetate, intermolecular addition of the chloride anion to the phenonium ion takes place. The mechanism of the above reactions is also discussed on the basis of computational data.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Silica‐Immobilized NHC–CuI Complex: An Efficient and Reusable Catalyst for A3‐Coupling (Aldehyde–Alkyne–Amine) under Solventless Reaction Conditions
Authors: Wang Min , Li Pinhua , Wang Lei
Published: March 2008

A novel silica‐immobilized NHC–CuI complex was developed and used as a highly efficient catalyst in the three‐component coupling reactions of aldehydes, alkynes and amines (A3‐coupling). The reactions were applicable to aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes, alkynes and amines, and generated the corresponding propargylamines in good yields only in the presence of SiO2–NHC–CuI (2 mol‐%) at room temp. under solvent‐free reaction conditions. Moreover, the catalyst was quantitatively recovered from the reaction mixture by a simple filtration and reused for ten cycles with almost consistent activity.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Solar photocatalytic degradation of dye wastewater in the presence of heat‐treated anatase TiO2 powder
Authors: Wang Jun , Li Ronghe , Zhang Zhaohong , Sun Wei , Xie Yingpeng , Xu Rui , Xing Zhiqiang , Zhang Xiangdong
Published: March 2008

The phase transformation from anatase to rutile of titanium dioxide (TiO2) was attempted by heat‐treatment and a novel TiO2 catalyst with high photocatalytic activity under sunlight irradiation was obtained. The heat‐treated anatase TiO2 powders at various transition stages were characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The tests of photocatalytic activities of the heat‐treated anatase TiO2 powders were conducted by the photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B in aqueous solution under sunlight irradiation. The results reveal that the anatase TiO2 powder heat‐treated at 700°C for 60 min shows the highest photocatalytic activity, which can effectively degrade rhodamine B in aqueous solution under sunlight irradiation. The remarkable improvement of photocatalytic activity of the anatase TiO2 powders was mainly elucidated by the formation of special interphase between rutile and anatase phases, which can limit the recombination of photogenerated electrons and holes efficiently. Therefore, this method may be envisaged as a technology for treating dye wastewaters using solar energy. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2008
A nonlinear time series analysis using two‐stage genetic algorithms for streamflow forecasting
Authors: Chen Chang‐Shian , Liu Chin‐Hui , Su Hui‐Chen
Published: March 2008

Streamflow forecasting is very important for the management of water resources: high accuracy in flow prediction can lead to more effective use of water resources. Hydrological data can be classified as non‐steady and nonlinear, thus this study applied nonlinear time series models to model the changing characteristics of streamflows. Two‐stage genetic algorithms were used to construct nonlinear time series models of 10‐day streamflows of the Wu‐Shi River in Taiwan. Analysis verified that nonlinear time series are superior to traditional linear time series. It is hoped that these results will be useful for further applications. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Processing, characterization, andin vitro/in vivoevaluations of powder metallurgy processed Ti‐13Nb‐13Zr alloys
Authors: Bottino Marco C. , Coelho Paulo G. , Henriques Vinicius A. R. , Higa Olga Z. , Bressiani Ana H. A. , Bressiani José C.
Published: March 2008

This article presents details of processing, characterization andin vitroas well asin vivoevaluations of powder metallurgy processed Ti‐13Nb‐13Zr samples with different levels of porosity. Sintered samples were characterized for density, crystalline phases (XRD), and microstructure (SEM and EDX). Samples sintered at 1000°C showed the highest porosity level (∼30%), featuring open and interconnected pores ranging from 50 to 100 μm in diameter but incomplete densification. In contrast, samples sintered at 1300 and 1500°C demonstrated high densification with 10% porosity level distributed in a homogeneous microstructure. The different sintering conditions used in this study demonstrated a coherent trend that is increase in temperature lead to higher sample densification, even though densification represents a drawback for bone ingrowth. Cytotoxicity tests did not reveal any toxic effects of the starting and processed materials on surviving cell percentage. After an 8‐week healing period in rabbit tibias, the implants were retrieved, processed for nondecalcified histological evaluation, and then assessed by backscattered electron images (BSEI‐SEM) and EDX. Bone growth into the microstructure was observed only in samples sintered at 1000°C. Overall, a close relation between newly formed bone and all processed samples was observed. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2009
Retention and biodistribution of microspheres injected into ischemic myocardium
Authors: Anderl Jeff N. , Robey Thomas E. , Stayton Patrick S. , Murry Charles E.
Published: March 2008

Intramyocardial injection of therapeutic agents may enhance heart repair after infarction. Incomplete retention of intramyocardial injections has been reported, but modes of loss are undefined. We determined the fate of neutron‐activated microspheres injected into acutely ischemic rat myocardium using saline, Pluronic F127, or Matrigel as vehicle. Twenty minutes after injection in saline, 63% ± 12% of 10‐μm microspheres was retained in the heart. Similar retention was observed after 6 days. Injection site leakage accounted for 14% ± 5% of the microspheres, whereas exit via coronary veins resulted in 11.2% ± 9.5% collecting in the lungs. Microspheres distribution to other organs was minimal. Retention of 40‐μm microspheres was similar to that observed with the 10‐μm microspheres. Pluronic F127 and Matrigel reduced immediate leakage to 4% ± 1% and 2% ± 1%, respectively. Surprisingly, microsphere retention in the heart was not improved at 20 min using either gelling vehicle, suggesting that leakage occurs over a prolonged period. Thus, most injected particles are retained in the ischemic rat heart following direct injection, but significant fractions are lost from the injection site and through coronary veins. Gelling agents reduced short‐term leakage, but failed to enhance longer‐term retention. Hydrogels with stiffer mechanical properties might enhance retention and reduce variability. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2009
Immunohistochemical identification of MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 in human dentin: Correlative FEI‐SEM/TEM analysis
Authors: Mazzoni Annalisa , Pashley David H. , Tay Franklin R. , Gobbi Pietro , Orsini Giovanna , Ruggeri Alessandra , Carrilho Marcela , Tjäderhane Leo , Di Lenarda Roberto , Breschi Lorenzo
Published: March 2008

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of peptidases trapped within mineralized dentin matrix and involved with degradation of the extracellular matrix components in hybrid layers and caries. Despite their identification through indirect evidences and biochemical assays, MMP‐2 and ‐9 have not been localized within the human dentin extracellular organic matrix. Thus, this study aimed to assess the localization and distribution of MMP‐2 and ‐9 in human dentin organic matrix by employing a correlative field emission in‐lens‐scanning electron microscopy (FEI‐SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) immunohistochemical approach. Dentin specimens were submitted either to a preembedding or to a postembedding immunolabeling technique using primary monoclonal antibodies anti‐MMP‐2 and anti‐MMP‐9 and exposed to a secondary antibody conjugated with gold nanoparticles. MMP‐2 and ‐9 labelings were identified in the demineralized dentin matrix as highly electron‐dense gold particles dispersed on the collagen fibrils. Correlative FEI‐SEM/TEM observations confirmed that MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 are endogenous components of the human dentin organic matrix and revealed the three‐dimensional relationship between these proteinases and the collagen fibrils, showing that both antibodies yielded a similar labeling pattern. In conclusion, the results of the study contribute to reveal distinct distribution pattern of gelatinases and support the hypothesis that these enzymes are intrinsic constituents of the dentin organic matrix after decalcification. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2009
Effects of fabrication parameters on viscoelastic shear modulus of 2,3‐dialdehydecellulose membranes—Potential scaffolds for vocal fold lamina propria tissue engineering
Authors: RoyChowdhury Priyanka , Klemuk Sarah , Titze Ingo , Kumar Vijay
Published: March 2008

Porous 2,3‐dialdehydecellulose (2,3‐DAC) membranes were investigated for use as a synthetic scaffold for engineering vocal fold‐like tissues. Two criteria of this application are (i) the viscoelastic shear properties of the scaffold should be controllable in the range of vocal fold tissues and (ii) scaffolds should remain biomechanically stable to withstand vibrational stresses in a bioreactor. Porous 2,3‐DAC membranes were fabricated from methylolcellulose by water‐induced cellulose regeneration, with or without sodium chloride leaching, followed by periodate oxidation. They were freeze‐dried and ethylene oxide‐sterilized. Different degrees of oxidation were obtained on reacting with sodium metaperiodate for different time points. Rheological studies were performed to investigate the effect of freeze‐drying, porosity, degree of oxidation, sterilization, and incubation time on elastic and viscous shear moduli, G′ and G″, respectively, for frequencies 0.01–10 Hz. Freeze drying increased G′ and G″, while increased porosity and degree of oxidation reduced G′ and G″. Sterilization had no effect on viscoelasticity. When incubated in Dulbecco's minimum essential medium at 37°C, membranes with 6–7% and 19–20% oxidation disintegrated after 7 and 3 days, respectively, while membranes with 3–4% oxidation showed little viscoelastic change over a period of 42 days. The upper frequency limit of rheologic measurement was a limitation of the study and should be addressed in future investigations. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2009
Effects of gold coating on experimental implant fixation
Authors: Zainali Kasra , Danscher Gorm , Jakobsen Thomas , Jakobsen Stig S. , Baas Jørgen , Møller Per , Bechtold Joan E. , Soballe Kjeld
Published: March 2008

Insertions of orthopedic implants are traumatic procedures that trigger an inflammatory response. Macrophages have been shown to liberate gold ions from metallic gold. Gold ions are known to act in an antiinflammatory manner by inhibiting cellular NF‐κB–DNA binding and suppressing I‐κ B‐kinase activation. The present study investigated whether gilding implant surfaces augmented early implant osseointegration and implant fixation by its modulatory effect on the local inflammatory response. Ion release was traced by autometallographic silver enhancement. Gold‐coated cylindrical porous coated Ti6Al4V implants were inserted press‐fit in the proximal part of tibiae in nine canines and control implants without gold inserted contralateral. Observation time was 4 weeks. Biomechanical push‐out tests showed that implants with gold coating had ∼50% decrease in mechanical strength and stiffness. Histomorphometrical analyses showed gold‐coated implants had a decrease in overall total bone‐to‐implant contact of 35%. Autometallographic analysis revealed few cells loaded with gold close to the gilded implant surface. The findings demonstrate that gilding of implants negatively affects mechanical strength and osseointegration because of a significant effect of the released gold ions on the local inflammatory process around the implant. The possibility that a partial metallic gold coating could prolong the period of satisfactory mechanical strength, however, cannot be excluded. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2009
The bone‐derived collagen containing mineralized matrix for the loading of collagen‐binding bone morphogenetic protein‐2
Authors: Zhao Yannan , Chen Bing , Lin Hang , Sun Wenjie , Zhao Wenxue , Zhang Jing , Dai Jianwu
Published: March 2008

Bone tissue‐derived biomaterials have often been applied for bone repair because of their similarity to human bone in structure and composition. When combined with growth factors, they could accelerate bone formation. Here, we explore a collagen containing mineralized bone‐derived matrix (CCMBM) from bovine bone tissues, which not only maintains proper mechanical strength but also binds to the collagen‐binding recombinant human collagen‐binding bone morphogenetic protein‐2 (CBD‐BMP2). By analyzing its morphology and composition, we found that CCMBM was porous and mainly composed of calcium compounds. CCMBM could provide mechanical support for bone injury repair. It also showed good biocompatibility and proper degradation rate that would be helpful for bone regeneration. In addition, the intentionally preserved collagen allowed the specific binding of CBD‐BMP2 to CCMBM, and resulted in significantly increased osteogenesis in vivo. The results indicated that the combination of CCMBM with collagen‐binding BMP2 could be emerged into an effective medical device for bone repair. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2009
Antimicrobial activity and local release characteristics of chlorhexidine diacetate loaded within the dental copolymer matrix, ethylene vinyl acetate
Authors: Arnold Roland R. , Wei Hong Hong , Simmons Eric , Tallury Padmavathy , Barrow David A. , Kalachandra Sid
Published: March 2008

In vitro results are presented for a novel oral drug‐delivery system ultimately intended for treatment of oral infections in immunocompromised patients. Test samples of ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) containing chlorhexidine diacetate (CDA) showed desirable antimicrobial properties and steady, slow release into aqueous and other media after an initial burst of drug release in the first day of liquid exposure. By washing away this initial burst, the proposed mouthguard device should be capable of sustained delivery of locally effective CDA concentrations far below systemically toxic levels. A prolonged room temperature shelf‐life of at least 1 year, and effectivity against a wide range of oral bacteria and Candida species was demonstrated. Drug loaded films showed a top‐to‐bottom asymmetry in drug release, but good lateral homogeneity, and a linear relationship between initial CDA loading concentration (from 0.63 to 10 wt %) and days 3–14 release rates in a static aqueous environment. The EVA matrix containing CDA appears to possess many suitable properties for localized oral delivery of sustained antimicrobial activity. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2008
Effect of porosity and pore size on microstructures and mechanical properties of poly‐ε‐caprolactone‐ hydroxyapatite composites
Authors: Yu Haiying , Matthew Howard W. , Wooley Paul H. , Yang Shang‐You
Published: March 2008

The influence of variant pore‐size and porosity on the microstructure and the mechanical properties of poly‐ε‐caprolactone (PCL) and hydroxyapatite (HA) composite were examined for an optimal scaffold in bone tissue engineering. Three various amounts of sodium chloride (NaCl, as porogens) with two distinct particle size ranges (212–355 μm and 355–600 μm) were blended into PCL and HA mixture, followed by a leaching technique to generate PCL‐HA scaffolds with various pores and porosity. The porosities of the scaffolds were correlated with the porogen size and concentration. The morphological properties of the resulting scaffolds were assessed by micro‐computerized tomography (μCT), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X‐ray analysis (EDX). Extensive PCL‐HA pore interconnections with thinner pore walls were present in scaffolds with higher concentration (4:1 w/w) and larger particulate of porogen used in the fabrication process. Embedding of HA particles in the scaffold resulted in rough surfaces on the composites. Instron actuator testing indicated that the tensile strengths and Young's moduli of scaffolds were influenced by both the porosities and pore sizes of the scaffold. It was apparent that increasing the concentration of porogen compromised the mechanical properties; and a larger porogen particle size led to increased tensile strength but a reduction in Young's modulus. Overall, the data indicated that modification of the concentration and particle size of porogen altered the porous features and mechanical strength of HA‐PCL scaffolds. This provided means to manipulate the properties of biocompatible cell‐supporting scaffolds for use as bone graft substitutes. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2008
Evaluation of a flexible collagen surgical patch for reinforcement of a fascial defect: Experimental study in a sheep model
Authors: Sullivan Eileen K. , Kamstock Debra A. , Turner A. Simon , Goldman Scott M. , Kronengold Russell T.
Published: March 2008

There is a need for a surgical mesh that can be used in general surgical procedures for reinforcement or repair of soft tissue. Collagen based surgical meshes may possess the appropriate qualities. In this study, the potential of a collagen product BioBlanket™ Surgical Mesh to facilitate soft tissue repair in an ovine fascial defect model in vivo was evaluated. BioBlanket Surgical Mesh facilitated soft tissue repair in an ovine fascial defect model in vivo. Superficial fascial surgical sites were evaluated grossly, histologically, and mechanically at 6 and 12 week time points. BioBlanket Surgical Mesh and the predicate device Restore® Orthobiologic Implant both performed favorably when implanted in superficial fascial defects compared with the negative control empty defect. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2008
A Doppler waveform index to characterize hepatic vein velocity pattern and evaluate hepatic fibrosis
Authors: Pedersen Jan Fog , Madsen Lone Galmstrup , Larsen Vibeke Andrée , Hamberg Ole , Horn Thomas , Federspiel Birgitte , Bytzer Peter
Published: March 2008

Purpose.

To describe a Doppler waveform index representing the hepatic vein flow velocity pattern and to examine its relationship to the degree of hepatic fibrosis.

Methods.

Doppler waveforms were obtained in 66 patients scheduled for percutaneous liver needle biopsy and categorized as normal (with a retrograde flow phase) or abnormal (without retrograde flow). Waveforms were also characterized using a hepatic vein waveform index (HVWI): (maximum − minimum velocity)/(maximum velocity). Biopsy specimens were graded for fibrosis.

Results.

There was a highly significant decrease in HVWI with increasing fibrosis score in the biopsy (p < 0.001, Jonckheere trend test). The biopsy showed cirrhosis in 14 of 29 patients (48%) with absent retrograde flow and 5 of 37 patients (14%) with a normal flow pattern. Using HVWI as the criterion, cirrhosis was present in 13 of 21 (62%) patients with HVWI < 0.75, in 6 of 31 (19%) patients with 0.75 < HVWI < 1.50, and in none of 14 (0%) patients with HVWI > 1.50.

Conclusions.

HVWI is inversely correlated to the degree of liver fibrosis and may be more efficient than the presence or absence of retrograde flow in diagnosing and grading hepatic fibrosis. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2008.
Alleviating the consequences of marginalisation? EU aid policy towards the Caribbean ACPs
Authors: Clegg Peter L.
Published: March 2008

The article reviews the EU's development policy in relation to the Caribbean members of the African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) group. It considers the particular challenges faced by these small economies before assessing their trade and aid relationship with the EU. The article evaluates both the regional assistance programme and the particular experiences of Guyana and Jamaica. Both countries are singled out because of the breadth and depth of their aid relationship with the EU. Finally, the article provides an analysis of EU aid policy within the context of EU–Caribbean relations more generally. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nonmotor symptoms in Parkinson's disease: Investigating early‐phase onset of behavioral dysfunction in the 6‐hydroxydopamine‐lesioned rat model
Authors: Branchi Igor , D'Andrea Ivana , Armida Monica , Cassano Tommaso , Pèzzola Antonella , Potenza Rosa Luisa , Morgese Maria Grazia , Popoli Patrizia , Alleva Enrico
Published: March 2008

To investigate the psychiatric symptoms accompanying the early phases of Parkinson's disease (PD), we injected adult rats with 10.5 μg 6‐hydroxydopamine (6‐OHDA) bilaterally into the dorsal striatum. The resulting neurodegeneration led, 12 weeks after injection, to a mild (36%) reduction of striatal dopamine. We tested the behavioral response of sham and 6‐OHDA‐lesioned animals at different time points after injection to evaluate the onset and progression of behavioral abnormalities. The results showed that such a mild reduction of dopamine levels was associated with a decrease in anxiety‐like behavior, an increase in “depression”‐like behavior, and a marked change in social behavior. Learning and memory abilities were not affected. Overall, the PD rat model used here displays behavioral alterations having face validity with psychiatric symptoms of the pathology and thus appears to be a valuable tool for investigating the neural bases of the early phases of PD. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role of protein kinase Cδ in paraquat‐induced glial cell death
Authors: Kim Sangseop , Hwang Jaegyu , Lee Won‐Ha , Hwang Dae Youn , Suk Kyoungho
Published: March 2008

Paraquat (1,1′‐dimethyl‐4,4′‐bipyridinium) is structurally similar to the neurotoxin 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐4‐phenylpyridium ion (MPP+), the active metabolite of the parkinsonism‐inducing agent 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), which can induce the parkinsonism property in rodents, nonhuman primates, and human. In contrast to the neurotoxic effects of paraquat, little is known about its effects on glial cells. Here, we examined the mechanisms of paraquat toxicity in glial cells in culture. Paraquat treatment also reduced the viability of C6 glial cells in primary astrocyte cultures, and cell death was mostly apoptotic in nature. PKCδ played a central role in the paraquat‐induced glial cell death: (1) the PKCδ‐specific inhibitor rottlerin blocked paraquat‐induced glial cell death; (2) paraquat induced tyrosine and threonine phosphorylation of PKCδ; and (3) transfection of the dominant‐negative mutant of PKCδ attenuated paraquat toxicity. PKCδ was also involved in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which mediated the paraquat toxicity. The nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (reduced form) oxidase (NADPH oxidase) inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium blocked the paraquat‐induced ROS production and subsequent cell death, indicating the involvement of NADPH oxidase in the cytotoxic action of paraquat in glia. PKCδ was also important in glial cell death induced by MPP+ but not in that induced by rotenone. Last, Rac1 appeared to antagonize paraquat toxicity in glia. These results indicate a gliotoxic effect of paraquat and an opposing role of PKCδ and Rac1 in paraquat‐induced glial cell death. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Immune or inflammatory response by the host brain suppresses neuronal differentiation of transplanted ES cell–derived neural precursor cells
Authors: Ideguchi Makoto , Shinoyama Mizuya , Gomi Masanori , Hayashi Hideki , Hashimoto Nobuo , Takahashi Jun
Published: March 2008

Embryonic stem (ES) cells are a promising donor source for transplantation therapy, but several problems must be solved before they can be clinically useful. One of these is the host immune reaction to allogeneic grafts. In this article, we examine the effect of the host immune reaction on survival and differentiation of grafted ES cell–derived neural precursor cells (NPCs). We induced NPCs from mouse ES cells by stromal cell–derived inducing activity and then transplanted them into mouse brains with or without administering the immunosuppressant cyclosporine A (CsA). Two and 8 weeks following transplantation, the accumulation of host‐derived microglia/macrophages and lymphocytes was observed around the graft. This effect was reduced by CsA treatment, although no significant difference in graft volume was observed. These data suggest that an immune response occurs in allografts of ES cell–derived NPCs. Intriguingly, however, the ratio of neurons to astrocytes in the graft was higher in immunosuppressed mice. Because inflammatory or immune cells produce various cytokines, we examined the effect of IL‐1β, IL‐6, IFN‐γ, and TNF‐α on the differentiation of NPCs in vitro. Only IL‐6 promoted glial cell fate, and this effect could be reversed by the addition of an IL‐6 neutralizing antibody. These results suggest that allogeneic ES cell–derived NPCs can cause an immune response by the host brain, but it is not strong enough to reject the graft. More important, activated microglia and lymphocytes can suppress neuronal differentiation of grafted NPCs in vivo by producing cytokines such as IL‐6. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
MBNL1 associates with YB‐1 in cytoplasmic stress granules
Authors: Onishi Hayato , Kino Yoshihiro , Morita Tomoko , Futai Eugene , Sasagawa Noboru , Ishiura Shoichi
Published: March 2008

The muscleblind‐like (MBNL) protein family is thought to be involved in the molecular mechanism of myotonic dystrophy (DM). Although it has been shown to have splicing activity, a broader function in cellular RNA metabolism has been implicated. In this study, we attempted to find the binding proteins of MBNL1 in order to elucidate its physiological function. First, we performed a GST pull‐down assay using GST‐MBNL1‐6xHis as bait. Several proteins were identified, including YB‐1, a multifunctional DNA/RNA‐binding protein, and DDX1, a DEAD box RNA helicase. MBNL1 formed an RNP complex with YB‐1 and DDX1 in binding assays. YB‐1 also showed a weak but significant effect on α‐actinin splice site selection. Interestingly, in response to stress, MBNL1 moved to cytoplasmic stress granules, where it colocalized with YB‐1, which was previously reported to be a component of stress granules. We found that DDX1 also colocalized with MBNL1 at stress granules. These results provide new insight into the dynamics of MBNL1 in response to stress, and they suggest a role for MBNL1 in mRNA metabolism in the cytoplasm. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Changes in antioxidant properties and their relationship to paclobutrazol‐ induced flooding tolerance in Welsh onion
Authors: Yiu Jinn‐Chin , Liu Cheng‐Wei , Kuo Chun‐Teh , Tseng Menq‐Jiau , Lai Yu‐Shen , Lai Wan‐Jun
Published: March 2008

BACKGROUND: Flooding is an important factor affecting Welsh onion production, because under such stress the production and quenching of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plants will fail to be kept in a balanced state. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of paclobutrazol (PBZ) on the growth and development of Welsh onion plants (Allium fistulosum L.), particularly to evaluate changes in antioxidant properties.

RESULTS: Welsh onion plants were treated with 0 and 2 ppm per plant of PBZ, subsequently subjected to non‐flooding and flooding‐stress conditions for 0, 1, 5, 9 and 13 days, followed by a 4‐day drainage period. Flooding stress was judged by any decrease in biomass production and chlorophyll content. The results indicated that PBZ applied to plants was able to protect Welsh onion from flooding stress. The increased levels of antioxidant activity in different systems, including α,α‐diphenyl‐β‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)‐radical scavenging activity, superoxide anion radical scavenging, metal chelating activities and reducing power observed on flooding, afforded the Welsh onion improved flooding tolerance. Under non‐flooding conditions, the antioxidative activity of Welsh onion was regulated and elevated by PBZ pretreatment.

CONCLUSION: It seems that the PBZ‐induced flooding tolerance of Welsh onion is mediated through increased activities of various antioxidative systems. Thus, pre‐applying 2 ppm per plant of PBZ 24 h prior to flooding could mitigate flooding stress. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Fruit quality and volatile fraction of ‘Pink Lady’ apple trees in response to rootstock vigor and partial rootzone drying
Authors: Bianco Riccardo Lo , Farina Vittorio , Avellone Giuseppe , Filizzola Felice , Agozzino Pasquale
Published: March 2008

BACKGROUND: Partial rootzone drying (PRD) is a novel deficit irrigation technique consisting in the alternated wetting of only one side of the rootzone, which induces partial stomatal closure and increased water use efficiency. The effect of PRD and rootstock vigor on ‘Pink Lady’ apple fruit quality and aroma profile was studied using solid‐phase micro‐extraction in headspace and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.

RESULTS: PRD irrigation generally did not affect quality attributes, whereas it influenced the aroma of the apple fruit. In particular, PRD improved the aroma of the fruit flesh, while it decreased the volatile fraction in the peel, where most of the compounds are concentrated. Taking into account the relative contribution of the flesh and peel (w/w) to the apple fruit, the volatile content of the entire fruit was increased by PRD irrigation in less vigorous trees on M.9 rootstock, but reduced in more vigorous trees on MM.106 rootstock.

CONCLUSIONS: Differences between the two rootstocks were probably due to different ability to extract soil water by the two types of trees. A combination of the less vigorous rootstock and PRD irrigation may induce an improvement in the aroma composition of the apple fruit. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Erratum: Primary and recurrent retroperitoneal soft tissue sarcoma: Prognostic factors affecting survival
Authors: Chiappa Antonio , Zbar Andrew P. , Bertani Emilio , Biffi Roberto , Luca Fabrizio , Crotti Cristiano , Testori Alessandro , Lazzaro Gianluca , De Pas Tommaso , Pace Ugo , Andreoni Bruno
Published: March 2008

When this article was originally published in J Surg Oncol. 2006 May 1;93(6):456–63 (2006), Ugo Pace's name appeared reversed in the byline. The correct name appears above.
The frontal bone skull post for image guided surgery of the nasopharynx
Authors: Vlantis Alexander C. , Chan H.S. , Hung Terry , Tong Michael C.F. , van Hasselt C. Andrew
Published: March 2008

Background and Objectives

To describe the use of the mastoid skull post of a surgical image guidance system for image guided surgery and intraoperative navigation of the nasopharynx. This adaptation overcomes the limitations of a headset frame or head clamp and can be applied to open and closed surgery of the nasal cavities, sinuses, orbits, midface and anterior skull base.

Methods

A sterile mastoid skull post of a surgical image guidance system was securely screwed into the outer table of the frontal bone and a passive reference frame fixed to it. The position of the reference frame relative to the patient's head remained constant during surgery.

Results

Between August 2002 and November 2006, 22 patients underwent a surgical nasopharyngectomy using an image guidance system and frontal bone skull post. No surgical complications or complications of the frontal bone skull post occurred.

Conclusion

Using the skull post of a surgical image guidance system anchored to the frontal bone to carry a passive reference frame provides real‐time visual information about the relationship of relevant anatomy to the surgical field on a fully mobile head in open or closed procedures of the midface and anterior skull base while accuracy and sterility are maintained. J. Surg. Oncol. 2008;97:551–552. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Separation of ternary systems of hydrophilic ionic liquid with miscible organic compounds by RPLC with refractive index detection
Authors: Zhang Dongli , Deng Yuefeng , Li Chuanbi , Chen Ji
Published: March 2008

A rapid and simple analytical method was developed for the simultaneous and quantitative determination and separation of hydrophilic imidazolium ionic liquids (ILs) (1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride, [C4mim]Cl; 1‐hexyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride, [C6mim]Cl; 1‐octyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride, [C8mim]Cl; 1‐allyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride, [Amim]Cl; or 1‐allyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bromide, [Amim]Br) with miscible ethyl acetate and EtOH and their mixtures using reverse phase liquid chromatography coupled with refractive index detection (RPLC–RI). The influence of 60 to 100% (volume percentage) methanol in the mobile phase on the IL systems ([C4mim]Cl, [C6mim]Cl, [C8mim]Cl, [Amim]Br, or [Amim]Cl)‐ethyl acetate‐EtOH was investigated. The optimum mobile phase for the system [C8mim]Cl‐ethyl acetate‐EtOH, [C4mim]Cl‐ethyl acetate‐EtOH, [Amim]Br‐ethyl acetate‐EtOH and [Amim]Cl‐ethyl acetate‐EtOH was methanol/water (60:40, v/v), and methanol/water (70:30, v/v) for [C6mim]Cl‐ethyl acetate‐EtOH. Under optimum mobile phase conditions for each system, the RSD of the retention time ranged from 0.02 to 0.04%, and the RSDs of the peak area percent ranged from 0.23 to 1.85%, which showed good reproducibility of the RPLC‐RI method. The RPLC‐RI method can determine IL, ethyl acetate, and EtOH simultaneously in 5 min, and the analytes, especially IL, can be eluted completely. The results show that the RPLC‐RI method can be used to separate and determine ILs in mixtures with organic compounds simultaneously and quantitatively.
Macromol. Mater. Eng. 3/2008
Authors: Tran Michael Q. , Shaffer Milo S. P. , Bismarck Alexander
Published: March 2008

Cover: Carbon nanotube reinforced thermoplastic poly‐(vinylidine difluoride) powders are useful precursors for a variety of nanocomposite structures. The schematic highlights the importance of both colloidal stabilization concepts and polymer‐nanotube interactions during the powder preparation process. Further details can be found in the article by M. Q. Tran, M. S. P. Shaffer, and A. Bismarck* on page 188.
Polyaniline/Maleic Acid Copolymers Composites: Synthesis and Characterization
Authors: Grigoras Mircea , Chitanu Gabrielle‐Charlotte , Popescu Irina , Pelin Irina‐Mihaela , Rimbu Gimi‐Aurelian
Published: March 2008

Summary: Polyaniline/maleic acid copolymers composites were synthesized by chemical in situ polymerization of aniline using ammonium peroxidisulfate as oxidant, in the presence of water soluble copolymers containing carboxylic groups. Fine dispersions of composite materials, soluble in N,N‐dimethylformamide or dimethyl sulfoxide were obtained which can be processed as thin films and membranes for application as proton‐conductive materials for electrolyte membranes of fuel cells. The composites were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy and thermal methods.
(Hetero) Arylene Polymers Having Polystyrene Chains as Branches
Authors: Grigoras Mircea , Mercore(Teodor) Viorela‐Mihaela , Cianga Ioan , Yagci Yusuf
Published: March 2008

Summary: Four monomers; 1,4‐bis(1‐naphthyl) benzene (5 and 7) and 1,4‐bis(2‐ thienyl)benzene (6 and 8) containing one or two polystyrene short chains substituted in 2 or 2, 5 positions of central phenylene ring were synthesized by Suzuki coupling reaction of two polystyrene based macromonomers (3 and 4) with 1‐naphthalene‐ and 2‐thiophene boronic acid, respectively. By chemical oxidative polymerization using FeCl3 as oxidant, copolymers containing alternating phenylene and binaphthyl (9, 11) or phenylene and bithienyl groups (10, 12) and polystyrene as side chains have obtained. The exact control of polystyrene branch length was performed by atom transfer radical polymerization of styrene using as initiators 1,4 dibromo‐2‐(bromomethyl)benzene (1) and 1,4‐dibromo‐2,5 di(bromomethyl)benzene (2). Polymers were characterized by FT‐IR, 1H‐NMR, UV and fluorescence spectroscopy and thermal methods.