bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of a delayed diagnosis of caffeine poisoning in the emergency department of a Japanese hospital
Authors: Komagamine Junpei , Kurihara Tomohiro
Published: December 2024

Background

Most cases of acute caffeine poisoning are easily diagnosed at initial hospital visits. Nonetheless, accurate diagnosis is sometimes delayed in some patients with this condition. Therefore, our aim was to determine the prevalence of delayed diagnosis of acute caffeine poisoning in the emergency department (ED).

Methods

A single‐center retrospective observational study was conducted. All consecutive patients with acute caffeine poisoning who were admitted to our hospital from January 2016 to March 2024 were included. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients who did not receive a correct diagnosis initially in the ED.

Results

A total of 30 patients were included. The median age was 23 years (IQR 19–27), 24 (80%) were women, and 18 (60%) had psychiatric disorders. The diagnosis of acute caffeine poisoning was delayed in three patients (10%, 95% CI 0%–21%), among whom the initial diagnoses were encephalitis (n = 1), epileptic seizures (n = 1), and altered consciousness for unknown reasons (n = 1). Patients with delayed diagnoses experienced seizures more frequently during their ED stay than patients without delayed diagnoses did (p < 0.001).

Conclusion

The initial diagnosis is missed in 1 of every 10 patients with acute caffeine poisoning. The presence of seizure as the initial sign was associated with delayed diagnosis of acute caffeine poisoning.
Disease modifying osteoarthritis drug discovery using a temporal phenotypic reporter in 3D aggregates of primary human chondrocytes
Authors: Cruz Maria A. , Gronowicz Scott , Karimzadeh Makan , Martyniak Kari , Medam Ramapaada , Kean Thomas J.
Published: December 2024

Our aim was to develop a novel approach to identify disease‐modifying drugs for osteoarthritis (OA), focusing on stimulating type II collagen anabolism in chondrocytes. As ELISA or western blot are destructive, laborious and time consuming, primary human chondrocytes expressing Gaussia luciferase under the control of the type II collagen promoter were developed and used. We cultured them in 3D cartilage aggregates under physioxia, to temporally screen a natural product library over 3‐weeks. Hit compounds were analyzed for their potential targets in silico, first by structure, then by RNA‐Seq. Two hit compounds were then further analyzed using biochemical assays, dose‐response curves, and histological analyses to confirm their effects on type II collagen expression and chondrogenesis. Aromoline shows promise as a potential disease modifying compound, demonstrating an increase in type II collagen expression within cartilage sourced from chondrocytes of three distinct donors. Aromoline is a bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid that has been studied for its antiproliferative, anti‐inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties, and we are the first to explore its effects on chondrocytes and chondrogenesis. In silico analysis revealed the dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) as a potential target, confirmed by type II collagen upregulation after aromoline treatment and with DRD4‐specific agonist ABT‐724. This novel approach combining in silico and in vitro methods provides a platform for drug discovery in a challenging and under‐researched area. In conclusion, a novel drug (aromoline) and target receptor (DRD4) were identified as stimulating type II collagen, with the future goal of treating or preventing OA.
Chronology of Late Pleistocene glacial advances in a Mount Mercedario catchment, Subtropical Andes of Argentina (32° S)
Authors: Jeanneret Pilar , Moreiras Stella Maris , Merchel Silke , Preusser Frank , May Jan‐Hendrik , Gärtner Andreas , Orgeira María Julia
Published: December 2024

Glacial fluctuations leave distinct imprints on the landscapes of mountain environments, such as moraines and outwash terraces, that allow the reconstruction of past environmental changes. Unraveling the environmental history of the valleys of the Subtropical Andes of Argentina poses challenges due to the complex interplay of various surficial processes driven by both climatic and tectonic forces, which affects the preservation of glacial deposits. Consequently, there are few studies on past glaciations in this region compared to the rest of the Andes. This study focused on the lower section of the Blanco River Basin and the piedmont of the Frontal Cordillera in the south of San Juan Province, Argentina. A comprehensive geomorphological map of glacial landforms was created, along with sedimentological studies of outwash terraces. Additionally, numerical ages were obtained for both landforms using terrestrial cosmogenic nuclides for moraine boulders and luminescence dating for sandy layers in the outwash terraces. Our findings reveal at least two glacial advances since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), each associated with distinct outwash levels. The Río Blanco Advance occurred during the LGM, and the Laguna Advance is assigned to the late stages of the LGM, both with their corresponding outwash terraces. Additionally, the Amarillo Advance is believed to have occurred during the Holocene period and an older Marine Istope Stage 5 d named Guanaquito Advance. The provided data add valuable numerical information about glacial fluctuations since the LGM and also reveal the impact of glacial downwasting on piedmont landforms.
Assessing the sustainability of Pacific walrus harvest in a changing environment
Authors: Johnson Devin L. , Eisaguirre Joseph M. , Taylor Rebecca L. , Andersen Erik M. , Garlich‐Miller Joel L.
Published: December 2024

Harvest sustainability is a primary goal of wildlife management and conservation, and in a changing world, it is increasingly important to consider environmental drivers of population dynamics alongside harvest in cohesive management plans. This is particularly pertinent for harvested species that acutely experience effects of climate change. The Pacific walrus (Odobenus rosmarus divergens), a crucial subsistence resource for Indigenous communities, is simultaneously subject to rapid habitat loss associated with diminishing sea ice and an increasing anthropogenic footprint in the Arctic. We developed a theta‐logistic population modeling‐management framework to evaluate various harvest scenarios combined with 4 potential climate and disturbance scenarios (ranging from optimistic to pessimistic, based largely on sea ice projections from general circulation models) to simulate Pacific walrus population dynamics to the end of the twenty‐first century, focusing on the independent‐aged female subset of the population. We considered 2 types of harvest strategies: 1) state‐dependent harvest scenarios wherein we calculated harvest as a percentage of the population and updated annual harvests at set intervals as the population was reassessed, and 2) annually consistent harvest scenarios wherein annual harvest levels remain consistent into the future. All climate and disturbance scenarios indicated declines of varying severity in Pacific walrus abundance to the end of the twenty‐first century, even in the absence of harvest. However, we found that a state‐dependent annual harvest of 1.23% of the independent‐aged female subset of the population (e.g., 1,280 independent‐aged females harvested in 2020, similar to contemporary harvest levels) met our criterion for sustainability under all climate and disturbance scenarios, considering a medium risk tolerance level of 25%. This indicates that the present rate of Pacific walrus harvest is sustainable and will continue to be—provided the population is assessed at regular intervals and harvest is adapted to match changes in population dynamics. Our simulations indicate that a sustainable annually‐consistent harvest is also possible but only at low levels if the population declines as expected. Applying a constant annual harvest of 1,280 independent‐aged females failed to meet our criterion for sustainability under 3 of the 4 climate and disturbance scenarios we evaluated and had a higher probability of quasi‐extinction than an equivalent state‐dependent harvest scenario (1.23%). We highlight the importance of state‐dependent management strategies and suggest our modeling framework is useful for managing harvest sustainability in a changing climate.
Predictive analysis of economic and clinical outcomes in total knee arthroplasty: Identifying high‐risk patients for increased costs and length of stay
Authors: Maman David , Liba Guy , Hirschmann Michael Tobias , Ben Zvi Lior , Fournier Linor , Steinfeld Yaniv , Berkovich Yaron
Published: December 2024

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to predict high‐risk patients who experience significant increases in hospital charges and length of stay (LOS) following specific postoperative complications.

Methods

This study analyzed over two million patients from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample database undergoing elective total knee arthroplasty (TKA) for primary osteoarthritis. Baseline demographics, clinical characteristics and incidence of postoperative complications were examined. A neural network model was utilized to predict high‐risk patients who fall into the top 25% for both LOS and total hospital charges after complications such as sepsis or surgical site infection (SSI).

Results

The most common complications were blood loss anaemia (14.6%), acute kidney injury (1.6%) and urinary tract infection (0.9%). Patients with complications incurred significantly higher total charges (mean $66,804) and longer LOS (mean 2.9 days) compared to those without complications (mean $58,545 and 2.1 days, respectively). The neural network model demonstrated strong predictive performance, with an area under the curve of 0.83 for the training set and 0.78 for the testing set. Key complications like sepsis and SSIs significantly impacted hospital charges and LOS. For example, a 57‐year‐old patient with diabetes and sepsis had a 100% probability of being in the top 25% for both total charges and LOS.

Conclusion

Postoperative complications in TKA patients significantly increase hospital charges and LOS. The neural network model effectively predicted high‐risk patients after specific complications occurred, offering a potential tool for improving patient management and resource allocation.

Levels of Evidence

Level III.
Learning sites for health systems research: Reflections on five programs in Africa, Asia, and Central America
Authors: Witter Sophie , Regmi Shophika , Raven Joanna , Nzinga Jacinta , van der Merwe Maria , Flores Walter , D'Ambruoso Lucia
Published: December 2024

Introduction

Learning sites have supported intervention development and testing in health care, but studies reflecting on lessons relating to their deployment for health policy and system research (HPSR) in low‐ and middle‐income settings are limited.

Methods

This experience report draws from learning over three continents and five research and community engagement programs—the oldest starting in 2010—to reflect on the challenges and benefits of doing embedded HPSR in learning sites, and how those have been managed. Its objective is to generate better understanding of their potential and constraints. The report draws from team members' experiential insights and program publications.

Results

Challenges relating to initial engagement in the sites included building and maintaining trust, managing partner expectations, and negotiating priority topics and stakeholders. Once the embedded research was underway, sustaining engagement, and managing power dynamics within the group, supporting all participants in developing new skills and managing rapidly changing settings were important. Finally, the complexity of reflecting on action and assessing impact are outlined, along with potential approaches to managing all of these challenges and the variety of gains that have been noted across the programs.

Conclusions

We highlight the potential of learning sites to develop relationships, capacities, and local innovations which can strengthen health systems in the long term and some lessons in relation to how to do that, including the importance of stable, long‐term funding as well as developing and recognizing facilitation skills among researchers. Supporting spaces for learning is particularly important when health systems face resource constraints and everyday or acute stressors and shocks.
Leucencephalopathy in Patients with Parkinson's Disease and Deep Brain Stimulation
Authors: Jarski Pawel , Gasimov Turab , Dragaescu Cristina , Sixel‐Döring Friederike , von Eckardstein Kajetan , Mollenhauer Brit , Trenkwalder Claudia , Mielke Dorothee , Rohde Veit , Malinova Vesna
Published: December 2024

Background

Leucencephalopathy (LE) is often detected on magnetic resonance imaging in elderly patients. These white matter lesions may interfere with lead trajectories for deep brain stimulation (DBS) in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and are associated with complications after DBS surgery.

Objective

This study was conducted to assess the incidence of LE in PD patients and to evaluate correlations with complications after DBS surgery.

Methods

A consecutive cohort of PD patients who underwent DBS surgery in the subthalamic nucleus (STN‐DBS) was retrospectively analyzed. The presence and extent of LE were quantified using the Fazekas scale. Postoperative complications were extracted from the medical records. DBS efficacy was calculated using the side‐specific motor symptom ratio (Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale, Part III, postoperative stimulation ON/medication off divided by preoperative medication off) at 1‐year follow‐up.

Results

A total of 135 PD patients were included in the study. LE was detected in 35.6% (48/135) of the patients. In 87.7% (57/65), LE was mild, in 10.7% (7/65) moderate, and in 1.6% (1/65) severe. A higher incidence of mild to moderate LE did not correlate with postoperative hemorrhage or postoperative infection. There was no correlation of LE with stimulation efficacy (r = −0.05, P = 0.69) or with surgical index (r = −0.10, P = 0.35).

Conclusions

Neither was the presence of mild to moderate LE associated with an increased risk for surgical complications, nor did it negatively impact the long‐term improvement in motor function after DBS surgery in PD patients. Therefore, mild to moderate LE should not be considered a contraindication for DBS.
Polyphenols and Their Biogenic Nano‐Formulations Targeting BACE1 as Anti‐Amyloid Therapies; Meeting the Challenges of Bioavailability, Safety, and Specificity for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Elawad Mohammed Ahmed , Ayaz Muhammad , Mosa Osama F. , Usman Assad , Hamdoon Alashary Adam Eisa , Almawash Saud , Salim Liga Hasan Mohammed , Ahmed Alshebli , Elkhalifa Modawy Elnour Modawy
Published: December 2024

Alzheimer's disease (AD), a progressiveneurodegenerative condition is marked by extensive damage in the brain and dementia. Among the pathological hallmarks of AD is beta‐amyloid (Aβ). Production of toxic Aβ oligomers production and accumulation in the brain is among the characteristic features of the disease. The abnormal accumulation Aβ is initiated by the catalytic degradation of Amyloid Precursor Proteins (APP) by Beta Amyloid Cleaving Enzyme 1 (BACE1) to generate insoluble amyloid plaques. The abnormal proteins are mitochondrial poison which disrupt the energy production and liberate excessive free radicals causing neuronal damage and mutations. Consequently, targeting Aβ‐associated pathways has become a focus in the pursuit of developing effective AD treatments. An obstacle faced by many medications used to treat neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) is the restricted permeability across the blood‐brain barrier (BBB). Unfortunately, no anti‐amyloid drug is clinically approved till now. Recent advancements in nanotechnology have provided a possible solution for delivering medications to specific targets. By integrating natural products with nano‐medicinal approaches, it is possible to develop novel and highly efficient therapeutic strategies for the treatment of AD.
Polyaromatic Cyclophanes Design and their Related Optical Properties
Authors: Diallo Oumou , Audibert Jean‐Frédéric , Leray Isabelle , Kreher David , Bertrand Guillaume H. V.
Published: December 2024

In this article, we present several organic synthetic way to synthesize a family of five polyaromatic molecules based on a cyclophane core. Our strategies revolves around palado‐catalyzed substitution on a [2.2]paracyclophane (pCp) building block. Direct formation of a cyclophane was also employed for two molecules. The polyaromatic nature of the cyclophane library we synthetized made them good fluorophores candidate, we hence performed full photophysical characterization (Absorption, Emission, TCSPC) in different solvent as well as embed in polystyrene films. We evaluate how the cyclophane moiety influence their photo physical properties compared to their corresponding homologues without pCp core, demonstrating greater stoke shift and intramolecular exciplex behavior. The general behavior among cyclophanes was also compared and show solvent dependent properties as well as consistency of the photophysics between toluene and polystyrene matrix.
Nature loofah network‐inspired rapid thermal‐conductive and thermochromic‐based nanocomposites for efficient heat management in advanced electronic devices
Authors: Yan Junbao , Zhang Hanwen , Bai Ying , Wei Xuejing , Zheng Xueling , She Mengting , Cheng Cui , Lei Tong , Ming Ruidong , Wang Luoxin , Jia Yingbin , Xiong Siwei
Published: December 2024

The development of 5G technology has raised concerns about the heat buildup in microelectronic components, which can hinder device performance and integration. Inspired by the structure of loofah, we designed thermally conductive substrates using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and graphene oxide (GO) incorporated into copper foam (F‐Cu). We also created nano‐thermal management composites with organic thermochromic material‐GO/PDMS/F‐Cu. The composites had a thermal conductivity of 1.02 Wm−1 K−1 with 15 wt% content of (35‐, 45‐, and 65‐) organic thermochromic materials (OTM), showing efficient heat dissipation. Practical testing showed significantly improved cooling effects compared to pure copper foam, with a CPU temperature drop of 9.6°C. Additionally, the surface color changes at specific temperature thresholds, offering an innovative way to determine the temperature range of electronic devices. This material also provides a solution for monitoring the temperature of densely integrated electronic devices.

Highlights

Enables temperature visualization in microelectronics.

The nanocomposite achieves a value of 1.08 Wm−1 K−1.

Nanocomposites predict heat source temperature via thermochromic coating.

The cyclic test exhibits commendable stability and reliability.
Influence of fly ash and waste tire rubber particles on mechanical and tribological properties of composite brake linings
Authors: Adsoy Abdülhamit , Kurt Serpil , Topuz Ahmet
Published: December 2024

To investigate the influence of waste tire rubber (WTR) and fly ash (FA) on mechanical and tribological properties of composite brake linings, 8 different formulations of 8–40 wt% FA and 10–12 wt% WTR were selected. The mechanical tests showed that high amounts of resin and FA result in the highest hardness. The inclusion of WTR, decreased hardness and internal shear strength; however, increased the acetone extraction and resistance to coefficient of friction (COF) fluctuations. With the use of WTR, steady COF fluctuations with the temperature changes are achieved. The tribological properties were evaluated with both a drum‐type and disc‐type dynamometer by the SAE‐J661 standard. Reduced COF fluctuations were observed in <15 wt% FA and 10 wt% WTR containing samples. The highest COF was obtained for the 14 wt% FA and the lowest wear rate for the samples containing 8 wt% FA. The brake composites exhibited consistent COF in the range of 0.34–0.52, and wear rates lower than 7 wt%. Two compositions containing 40 and 25 wt% FA (no WTR), and one containing 10 wt% WTR and 8 wt% FA provided the best results. Finally, four best compositions were selected and worn surfaces were analyzed with SEM after full‐scale dynamometer tests.

Highlights

Three composites with high waste percentage were successfully manufactured

Fly ash and waste rubber are used without any post‐processing to cut costs

Waste rubber increased resistance to COF fluctuations with temperature change

Full‐scale dynamometer tests are performed for friction and wear properties

Worn surfaces were analyzed with SEM method
Wave transmittance performance prediction of curved radome prefabricated with continuous fibers plain weave fabric
Authors: Yin Jianjun , Wu Yilan , Sun Yong , Yang Jun , Xiong Ziliu , Wu Kang
Published: December 2024

The plain weave fabric made of special fibers was characterized by low density, lightness, ease of co‐planarity, and strong designability, widely used in the production of radar covers, stealth fighter skin, and shielding walls, among other complex electromagnetic shielding components. However, high‐performance fibers, influenced by weaving processes and the interlacing patterns of yarns, possess significant flexibility. Under external loads, fibers are prone to relative slippage, leading to uncertain geometric distortions. Furthermore, changes in their electromagnetic wave transmission properties make it difficult to accurately predict the electromagnetic performance of fiber radar covers. This study primarily focuses on the macro deformation behavior of plain weave fabrics, establishes the geometric mapping relationship for covering curved surface radar covers using plain weave fabrics, and ultimately develops a predictive model for the electromagnetic wave transmittance performance of plain weave fabrics. The research examines the impact of macro and micro geometric structural parameters of plain weave fabrics on electromagnetic wave transmission properties, ultimately enabling quantitative analysis of the electromagnetic wave transmission properties of woven radar covers. The conclusions indicated that changes in the plain weave fabric's pitch directly affect the fiber volume fraction, thereby affecting the transmittance. The greater the shear deformation of plain weave fabric laid on a curved surface, the thicker the fabric and the higher the fiber volume fraction. At the higher curvature ends of curved surfaces, the transmittance was lower than at the lower curvature base.

Highlights

Explained the deformation behavior of plain weave fabric.

A wave transmission model for radome made of plain weave fabric was established.

The influence mechanism of fabric deformation on wave transmission was revealed.
Online assessment in young children: Challenges and considerations
Authors: McBride Catherine , Ho Jana Chi‐San , McQuade Maria , Ngan Vince Siu Hin , Ng Melody Chi Ying , Cheah Zebedee Rui En , Maurer Urs
Published: December 2024

In the years following the COVID‐19 pandemic, online assessment has emerged as an increasingly popular method for testing children. This review aims to review key advantages and disadvantages of online assessment in young children, specifically in the area of literacy and mathematics assessment. We first consider the recent history of online assessment and give evidence from our own experiences with online assessments in both Cebu, Philippines and Hong Kong. We then discuss the benefits of conducting assessments online. One of the key strengths of online assessments is the efficient use of resources, such as ease of staff training, increased participation and decreased costs for both participants and researchers. Difficulties related to testing environment, parental interference and exclusion of certain populations are also highlighted as focal challenges that must be considered when designing and implementing online assessment. The reliability and validity of online assessments are then specifically discussed in relation to the question of how to best ensure that online measures function as intended, stressing the importance of establishing separate norms for the various administration modes. Notably, online assessments delivered via phone screen must have separate norms than those delivered on a computer screen, as device differences may account for differences in performance. Finally, we present broader considerations for designing online assessments with young children. This includes practical tips for pilot testing, user interface design, data confidentiality and automatic scoring, both to enhance the efficiency of future online assessments and increase participation. Specifically, online assessments for children must account for their developing attentional abilities, meaning assessments should be brief, engaging and contain clear task instructions. The implementation of these considerations will support the development of more reliable, valid and inclusive assessments which will allow researchers and practitioners to support equitable and feasible online testing moving forward.
Analysis of the Photoluminescence Bandgap Temperature Dependence to Investigate the Doping of Micrometric Size GaAs Crystals Grown on Silicon for Tandem Solar Cells Applications
Authors: Mencaraglia Denis , Jaffré Alexandre , Chau Guillaume , Alvarez Jose , Connolly James Patrick , Dentz Laurie , Hallais Geraldine , Renard Charles
Published: December 2024

This work presents and discusses the extraction of the active dopants density of GaAs layers from the modeling of the bandgap temperature dependence derived from photoluminescence measurements.
MOF‐Derived MoC/WC Heterostructure as Bidirectional Catalyst for Lithium Polysulfide Enables High‐Performance Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Zhang Xingxing , Zhang Fang , Su Qingmei , Hou Xuehan , Chen Rui , Chen Zhuo , Du Gaohui , Shi Weihao , Shi Yang , Lv Yujie , Huang Wenhuan , Xu Bingshe
Published: December 2024

Since lithium‐sulfur (Li‐S) batteries have high energy density and environmental friendliness, they have garnered a lot of attention as a new type of energy storage technology. However, the shuttle effect of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) and low utilization of sulfur (S) in Li‐S batteries reduce the cycle stability and energy efficiency and limit their practical application. Therefore, it is urgent to achieve simultaneous immobilization and conversion of LiPSs utilizing catalysts. Herein, a metal–organic framework (MOF)‐derived MoC/WC@NC heterojunction is synthesized as a bidirectional catalyst for LiPSs in high‐performance Li‐S batteries. Experimental and theoretical calculations indicate that the catalyst is expected to improve the catalytic activity for reduction and oxidation reactions of LiPSs, thereby accelerating the kinetics of Li‐S batteries. In conclusion, with the incorporation of the novel catalyst between the cathodes and separators in Li‐S batteries, the assembled batteries demonstrate excellent rate performance, with an initial discharge capacity of 1752.1 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C, and a discharge‐specific capacity of 783.2 mAh g−1 even at 2 C. More significantly, the coulombic efficiency stayed above 99% and the capacity of 589.1 mAh g−1 after 1000 cycles at 1 C with a decay rate of only 0.062% each cycle.
Evolving Risk Management Frameworks for Complex Systems—An Empirically Grounded Systems Thinking Approach
Authors: Luther Benjamin , Gunawan Indra , Nguyen Nam
Published: December 2024

The increasing complexity of systems is demanding a paradigm shift in risk management frameworks (RMFs). This study adopts a systems thinking approach to conduct an empirically grounded analysis (EGA) of the risk management practices of Flight Test crews operating in a dynamic environment with catastrophic consequences. Extending upon qualitative research that elicited the unique RMF of Flight Test crews, the EGA examines the academic theory underlying why the Flight Test crew approach to applying multiple mitigations to system hazards is effective. Grounded in risk and utility theory, this research then presents a novel RMF that aligns effective risk management tools with the intricacy level (dynamism, determinism and latency) of the underlying system, categorized using a Cynefin ontological framework. This novel RMF accommodates the attributes of complexity exhibited by socio‐technical systems, enabling effective (and therefore efficient) resource allocation when mitigating risk in complex systems. Using the systems thinking approach of the Flight Test crews, this EGA contributes a validated, generalized RMF to support decision‐making in organizations operating complex systems.
Harnessing Ruthenium and Copper Catalysts for Formate Dehydrogenase Reactions
Authors: Mishra Aman , Kumar Padhi Sumanta
Published: December 2024

Formic acid (HCOOH) is a promising source of hydrogen energy that can be used to produce hydrogen in a more economical and ecological way. Formic acid is a simple carboxylic acid with a high hydrogen concentration and is generally stable, making it useful as a hydrogen transporter. Catalytic dehydrogenation is usually used to extract hydrogen from formic acid; this process releases hydrogen gas and yields carbon dioxide as a byproduct. Comparing this technology to conventional hydrogen generation methods, there are several benefits, such as the utilization of the formic acid handling infrastructure already in place and the possibility of a simpler integration into different energy systems. Notwithstanding, several obstacles persist, including enhancing the effectiveness of the dehydrogenation procedure and reducing the ecological consequences of the correlated carbon dioxide discharges. Catalysts, reaction conditions, and carbon collection and utilization methodologies are all being researched further. The development of Ru and Cu‐based catalysts for the catalytic breakdown of HCOOH into CO2 and H2 is the main topic of this account. Herein, the focus is on the kinetic studies of HCOOH dehydrogenation, encompassing mechanistic investigations that consider intermediate studies and DFT calculations.
Global Englishes and TESOL: An Editorial Introduction to Innovating Research and Practice
Authors: Rose Heath , McKinley Jim
Published: December 2024

This editorial introduction to the special issue on Global Englishes and TESOL (Teaching English to speakers of other languages) explores the shifting landscape of English language teaching in response to English's role as a global lingua franca. The increasing diversification of English speakers and contexts challenges traditional TESOL practices, which have long centered on native speaker norms. This special issue includes 15 articles that critically examine the theoretical foundations of Global Englishes, the integration of these concepts into curricula, and the need for innovative research designs to support their implementation. These articles discuss how Global Englishes can address linguistic inequities, promote social justice, and reshape English language education by focusing on real‐world language use. The collection emphasizes the need for collaboration between researchers and practitioners to ensure that pedagogical approaches reflect the diverse linguistic realities of English learners today. Additionally, it highlights the barriers posed by standardized testing, textbook content, and entrenched native speaker ideologies. By advancing empirical research and showcasing diverse global perspectives, this special issue aims to push the boundaries of Global Englishes scholarship and inspire meaningful, practical innovations in TESOL.
Metastatic haemangiosarcoma in conjunction with polycystic kidney disease in a 20‐year‐old jenny donkey
Authors: Egli Patricia , Lambert Jessica , Yin Ji‐Hang , Cole Robert C. , Hobbs Kallie J.
Published: December 2024

A 20‐year‐old female donkey was referred for further investigation of anaemia, weight loss and lethargy. Ultrasound scanning revealed multiple rounded, well‐delineated, anechoic nodules of varying size (up to 3 cm diameter) within the cortex of both kidneys. Splenic parenchyma demonstrated mixed echogenic complex mass lesions (up to 5 cm diameter) involving the splenic capsule. Bloodwork revealed a severe anaemia and leukopenia. Histopathological analysis of the lesion revealed splenic haemangiosarcoma with metastatic involvement of other organs in combination with polycystic kidney disease. This case details two previously underreported diseases in donkeys that should be considered as differential diagnoses in donkeys admitted with anaemia, weight loss and lethargy.
Commentary on Part III - Classification
Authors: Pousadela Inés M.
Published: December 2024

Rutherford, LePere-Schloop and Perai highlight the challenges of establishing a classification system for CSOs and applying it consistently even after reaching agreement around a definition of civil society as a sector and laying out criteria for determining which organizations are in and which are out. In countries in which the sector is regulated and where there are registries available, classification may be driven by existing online datasets, even though it is often the case that not all data is publicly available. Such information may be useful for policymakers, while posing additional challenges for researchers seeking comparability across countries and regions. Variety therefore suggests the need to strike a balance between standardization and localization. This resonates strongly when it comes to classifying CSOs in Latin America.
Commentary on Part IV - Data Aggregation
Authors: Appe Susan
Published: December 2024

At first glance, some might find it odd that a qualitative researcher like me would be commenting on a section about data aggregation. However, data aggregation as it is called here, or elsewhere called “mapping” the Third Sector has emerged as an important component to my research. As a practice, mapping can georeference information (a literal map). As a metaphor, mapping can signal the gathering and collating of standardized information about the third sector. As an outcome, mapping can facilitate sampling frames and encourage comparative research. . This commentary considers the section of ‘data aggregation’ in this volume.
Commentary on Part VI - Ways Forward
Authors: Yamauchi Naoto
Published: December 2024

I am pleased to write a commentary on this excellent chapter on Third Sector research. While nonprofit or Third Sector research has a history of more than half a century, until the 1980s, it focused primarily on nonprofit organizations and philanthropy in the United States. Since the 1990s, however, the Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project (CNP) has been launched, and the question has been raised as to whether research on U.S. nonprofits is equally applicable to the nonprofit sector outside the U.S. In this chapter, Stefan Toepler and Helmut K. Anheier, who have led CNP, address the definition, classification, and causes of international differences in the nonprofit sector based on the research findings of the CNP. They also suggest a set of research agendas for next-generation scholars. Based on my experience as one of the country experts of CNP, I would like to examine critically (1) how to define and explain the cross-national difference in the Third Sector and (2) how to build sustainable core data infrastructure.
Riyadh’s Urban Greenwave: Fostering City Resilience Through Large-Scale Greening
Authors: Habiby Anne , Yaseen Lama
Published: December 2024

This chapter examines the crucial role of nature-based development and urban afforestation, including parks and connected green corridors, in boosting city climate resilience and fostering green mobility. It highlights the strategic value of green spaces in protecting urban areas from climate change effects like rising temperatures and severe weather. As cities in regions with rising temperatures face climate change impacts, green areas are increasingly seen not just as recreational spaces but as vital elements of urban climate strategies. Saudi Arabia, one of the world’s hottest countries, and the broader Arabian Peninsula have warmed 50% faster than other northern hemisphere land masses (Climate Futures Report, 2023, KAUST, AEON Collective, KAPSARC). Saudi Arabia is making large-scale investments in urban green infrastructure, developing Riyadh as a leading city with sustainable arid climate. Riyadh’s strategies appear to be creating a Greenwave, a comprehensive, climate-positive movement through extensive citywide greening, with green corridors to support sustainable transportation. The fundamental aspects of this emerging Greenwave—urban greening and decarbonized mobility—are poised for transformative, large-scale change. A comparative spatial analysis of Riyadh suggests that new parks will extend green space across the city into nearly all residential and commercial areas, linking them via tree-lined boulevards to the newly established Riyadh Metro. This nature-based planning exemplifies Riyadh’s commitment to sustainability and may represent one of the most comprehensive urban adaptations to a warming world.
Climate-Resilient Cities—Priorities for the GCC Countries Resilient Power Systems
Authors: Hayat Muhammad Adnan , Mouchaweh Moamar Sayed
Published: December 2024

Historically, power generation and transmission systems remained centralized and less prone to extreme events. However, with many countries aiming to achieve net-zero emissions including in the power sector. The future power system brings new challenges for the power system security, reliability, and resiliency. The emerging power grid is comprised of a greater mix of inverter based intermittent renewable generation resources which are heavily reliant on weather conditions. Additionally, the electricity sector is becoming more and more digitized and integrated with other sectors like health, transport, and industry. Therefore, even a short blackout can disrupt the whole city and halt emergency services which makes the resilient power system more important than ever. Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries similar to other countries are projecting similar trends in terms of grid transformation and modernization. On top of it, GCC countries are projected to experience significant growth in power demand driven by urbanization, industrial activities, and population growth. This chapter discusses in detail how emerging power systems can be made more resilient against severe weather events and digital disasters. This chapter concludes by outlining key considerations for the GCC countries to enable resilient power system.
Proactive Distributed Renewable Energy Resources (DRER) for Powering Tomorrow
Authors: Gautier Luis , Fikru Mahelet G.
Published: December 2024

The production and consumption of cleaner energy by distributed renewable energy resource (DRER) owners, sometimes referred to as prosumers, is expected to increase over the next few decades. With energy storage still remaining a costly investment, DRERs are actively looking for ways to match their peak onsite renewable generation with increased consumption to enhance their self-consumption rate. Despite a growing economics literature presenting energy production–consumption decisions by prosumers, there are not many studies characterizing DRER owners that proactively manage their energy accordingly. Building on past studies, we present a model of a DRER owner that maximizes utility to determine her rate of self-consumption after making energy production and consumption decisions. Our results suggest that a proactive DRER owner exhibits a relatively higher level of self-consumption if she cares enough about the carbon footprint coming from her energy consumption decisions. This points to the need for designing customized policy interventions based on how DRER owners view carbon emissions, ranging from no intervention with higher degrees of carbon disutility to using price incentives to encourage production and consumption of energy by the DRER owner.
Three-leg form factor on Coulomb branch
Authors: Belitsky A. V. , Bork L. V. , Grumski-Flores J. M. , Smirnov V. A.
Published: December 2024

Abstract

We study the form factor of the lowest component of the stress-tensor multiplet away from the origin of the moduli space in the spontaneously broken, aka Coulomb, phase of the maximally supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory for decay into three massive W-bosons. The calculations are done at two-loop order by deriving and solving canonical differential equations in the asymptotical limit of nearly vanishing W-masses. We confirm our previous findings that infrared physics of ‘off-shell observables’ is governed by the octagon anomalous dimension rather than the cusp. In addition, the form factor in question possesses a nontrivial remainder function, which was found to be identical to the massless case, upon a proper subtraction of infrared logarithms (and finite terms). However, the iterative structure of the object is more intricate and is not simply related to the previous orders in coupling as opposed to amplitudes/form factors at the origin of the moduli space.
A new solution to the Callan Rubakov effect
Authors: Brennan T. Daniel
Published: December 2024

Abstract

In this paper we study the scattering of massive fermions off of smooth, spherically symmetric monopoles in 4d SU(2) gauge theory. We propose a complete physical picture of the monopole-fermion interaction which encompasses all angular momentum modes. We show that as an in-going fermion scatters off a monopole, it excites trapped W-bosons in the monopole core by a version of the Witten effect so that the monopole can accrue charge and transform into a dyon at parametrically low energies. The imparted electric charge is then protected from decay by an emergent ℤN generalized global symmetry, creating a stable dyon. At sufficiently low energies, the scattered fermion can be trapped by the dyon’s electrostatic potential, forming a bound state, which can decay into spherically symmetric fermion modes subject to the preserved ℤN global symmetry. We propose that monopole-fermion scattering can be described in this way without needing to add “new” states to the Hilbert space, thereby eliminating a long standing confusion in the Callan Rubakov effect.
Gauge-fixing local H symmetry in supergravities
Authors: Kallosh Renata , Samtleben Henning , Van Proeyen Antoine
Published: December 2024

Abstract

We discuss known maximal D-dimensional supergravities of two types: type I with G/H coset spaces and type II derived by compactification from higher dimensions without dualization, these have less manifest symmetries. In 4D and 6D in type I models we perform explicit gauge-fixing of local H symmetries in unitary gauges: symmetric, Iwasawa and partial Iwasawa. In 4D supergravity I in symmetric gauge global H-invariance and nonlinearly realized G-symmetry are valid on shell, classically. The global H-symmetry and G-symmetry in Iwasawa-type gauges in type I and in type II supergravities are not manifest, if at all present. This fact raises the issue of the gauge equivalence of the S-matrix of various gauge-fixed D-dimensional supergravities and its relation to the ones computable using superamplitude methods.
Das Erlernen digitaler Gesundheitskompetenz im schulischen Kontext: Ergebnisse einer repräsentativen Befragung von Schülerinnen und Schülern in Deutschland
Authors: Renninger Denise , Stauch Lisa , Fischer Lisa , Hartmann Anja , Rangnow Pia , Dadaczynski Kevin , Okan Orkan
Published: December 2024

Hintergrund

Digitale Informationsquellen bieten Jugendlichen schnellen Zugang zu gesundheitsbezogenen Informationen. Schulen sind ideal, um die digitale Gesundheitskompetenz (dGK) zu fördern und Schülerinnen und Schülern (SuS) einen sicheren Umgang mit solchen Informationen zu ermöglichen. Ziel dieses Beitrags ist es, erste Ergebnisse einer repräsentativen Studie zum Erlernen von dGK in Schulen mit Blick auf soziodemografische und sozioökonomische Unterschiede vorzustellen.

Methoden

Durchgeführt wurde eine Querschnittsstudie mit 1448 SuS (9 bis 18 Jahre) in Deutschland im Rahmen des Projekts DURCHBLICKT!. Über bivariate und multivariate Analysen wurden Unterschiede und Zusammenhänge im Erlernen der dGK und Geschlecht, Alter, Migrationshintergrund sowie subjektiven Sozialstatus überprüft.

Ergebnisse

Etwa 50 % der SuS gaben an, dGK (eher) nicht in der Schule erlernt zu haben. Der Chi-Quadrat-Test zeigt signifikante Unterschiede in Bezug auf Geschlecht, Alter, Migrationshintergrund und Sozialstatus. Regressionsanalysen zeigen, dass besonders das Alter und der subjektive Sozialstatus bedeutende Faktoren für das Erlernen der dGK sind.

Diskussion

Die hohe Zahl der SuS, die dGK nicht in der Schule erlernen, ist besorgniserregend, vor allem im Hinblick auf ihre oft geringe dGK. Die Ergebnisse verdeutlichen die Notwendigkeit gezielter Bildungsstrategien – insbesondere solche, die auf Geschlecht und sozioökonomischen Status abgestimmt sind –, um dGK zu fördern und soziale Ungleichheiten zu verringern.
SK609, a novel dopamine D3 receptor agonist and norepinephrine transporter blocker with putative pro-cognitive actions, does not induce psychostimulant-like increases in risky choice during probabilistic discounting
Authors: Knapp Christopher P. , Fallon Brooke , Kortagere Sandhya , Waterhouse Barry D. , Floresco Stan B. , Navarra Rachel L.
Published: December 2024

Rationale

Psychostimulants, such as amphetamine (AMPH) and methylphenidate (MPH), non-selectively elevate extracellular concentrations of the catecholamine neurotransmitters, dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE), and are common pharmacological strategies used to improve prefrontal cortex (PFC)-dependent cognitive dysfunction. However, this approach can be problematic given AMPH has been shown to increase preference for risky choices in a rodent assay of risk/reward decision making. SK609 is a novel NE reuptake blocker that selectively activates DA D3 receptors without affinity for the DA transporter. SK609 has been shown to improve cognitive performance without increasing psychostimulant-like spontaneous locomotor activity, suggesting SK609 may benefit neurocognitive function without psychostimulant-like side effect liability.

Objectives

We compared AMPH, MPH, and SK609 within dose ranges that display their cognitive enhancing properties in a probabilistic discounting task (PDT) of risk/reward decision making behavior to assess their potential to increase risky choice preference.

Methods

Rats chose between small/certain rewards delivered with 100% certainty and large/risky rewards delivered with descending probabilities across a session (100 − 6.25%) following administration of AMPH (0.25-1 mg/kg), MPH (2–8 mg/kg), and SK609 (4 mg/kg).

Results

AMPH and MPH increased risky choice behavior at doses previously reported to enhance cognition, whereas SK609 did not. AMPH and MPH also reduced sensitivity to non-rewarded risky choices.

Conclusions

These data highlight the combination of NE transporter blockade and selective D3 activation in pro-cognitive action without psychostimulant-like side effect liability. The absence of DA transporter blockade and non-selective dopaminergic activation are beneficial properties of SK609 that differentiates it from the traditional pro-cognitive psychostimulants.