bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fiscalidad real y renta feudal. La martiniega, la fonsadera y el yantar a mediados del siglo XIV en la Castilla de las merindades
Authors: Clemente Ramos Julián
Published: April 2020

L' analyse des similitudes, des différences et des frontières qui existent entre la fiscalité royale et le revenu féodal n'a pas encore éveillé toute l'attention qu'elle mérite. C’est la raison pour laquelle des apports, comme ceus que nous offre C. Sánchez Albornoz, sont encore en vigueur plus de soixante-dix ans après. Le Becerro de las Behetrías (Livre des bienfaisances), grâce à la profusion d'informations qui concernent aussi bien tout ce qui est en rapport avec la fiscalité comme ce qui traite des impôts seigneuriaux, est une source idéale pour montrer un échantillonnage sur ce thème, bien que ces renseignements se limitent au XIVeme siècle. Nous avos choisi trois charges en raison de leur relation avec les prérogatives étatiques (fonsadera: ancien tribut pour les dépenses de guerre), leur profonde signification seigneuriale (el yantar: impôt payé en espèces au seigneur de passage: pain et plat de feves ou de lentilles, généralement), ou pour leur généralisation (martiniega: impôt payé pour la Saint Martin). Les particularités très apparentes de chacune d'elles ne peuvent pas être séparées de celles que présentent les différentes juridictions. L'ancien tribut pour les dépenses de guerre, la fonsadera, est une charge typiquement de l'état, tout à fait indépendante de la juridiction. La martiniega, cet impôt payé pour la Saint Martin, ce sont les seigneurs qui la reçoivent, sauf dans le cas de la «behetría», -c'est-à-dire dans le cas d'un village qui n'a pas de seigneur et dont les habitants, par ce fait, peuvent élire qui bon leur semble- où c'est alors le roi qui le perçoit et, de ce fait, en devient un des principaux percepteurs. L'impôt sur la nourriture, el yantar, a un caractère tout à fait seigneurial: le roi le perçoit principa­lement par le biais du patrimoine royal. Quant aux juridictions, et en tenant compte des charges déjà mentionnées, le contrôle de seigneurs terriens et, en moindre mesure, des abbayes sur ceux qui en dépendent est largement supérieur à celui qui existe dans le cas de la «bienfaisance», la behetría, cas dans lequel le roi détourne de substantiels revenus.
La xarxa viària catalana a l’Alta Edat Mitjana. Una aproximació des de la cartografia
Authors: Bolós Jordi , Hurtado Víctor
Published: April 2020

Après avoir exposé quels étaient les principaux types de voies existant entre le IX et le XIIeme siècles et les principales caractéristiques de ces chemins, les auteurs tentent d'aborder ce que l'on sait au sujet des différents aspects du réseau de voirie du Haut Moyen-Age en Catalogne. Cela se fait à partir de l'analyse des sources diverses et presque toujours grâce a l'aide complémentaire de la carro­graphie. Les auteurs font mention de voies qui portent des noms différents (vies francisques, vies cardoneses, etc.) et parlent aussi des chemins les plus importants en relation avec les marchés de l'époque et l'activité mercantile. De même, ils ratta­chent l'existence des voies a la répartition des domaines monastiques, aux itinérai­res que suivaient ceux qui portaient les clochettes mortuaires, à l’existence de for­tifications des premiers siècles médiévaux (les cluses) et a la manière dont s'organisait le peuplement dans les différents villages. Ils essaient aussi de mieux connaître les caractéristiques et l'ancienneté des chemins a l'aide des limites des paroisses, des affrontements au sujet de terrains, de la distribution, sur un terri­toire donné, des lieux où vivaient les membres d'une confrérie et finalement a tra­vers l’analyse des caractéristiques et de la réparation des patronymes avant l’an 1000.
"Per lo Pont d'Inca novament fahedor". Ruina y reconstrucción de un puente mallorquín (1465)
Authors: Barceló Crespí María
Published: April 2020

Parmi les constructions civiles d'intérêt public au Moyen-Age, il faur remar­quer d'une manière toute particulière les ponts. Ils jouent un rôle prédominant en tant qu'endroit clé dans le contexte des voies de communication. Une des principales voies de communication dans la Majorque du XVeme siècle était le chemin d'Inca qui reliait la ville à cette localité, la seconde de l'Ile en importance. Le fameux Pont d’Inca, sur le torrent Gros, était démoli depuis un certain temps ce qui provoquait des difficultés pour franchir la rivière. Après plusieurs tentatives, en 1465, on tente de trouver une solution au problème en adjudicant les travaux de réparation a l'un des maçons les plus prestigieux du moment: Guillem Vilasclar. Cette solution permettrait de surmonter les obstacles que provoquaient l'était du pone, tour a fait en ruine, problèmes qui se faisaient plus manifestes par temps de pluie, quand le torrent particulièrement forci, les passants ne pouvaient le franchir qu'au péril de leur vie et de celle de leurs bêtes. Grâce aux charges accordées entre Guillem Vilasclar et le Grand Conseil Général, nous connaissons les détails de la construction du nouveau pont, de même que ses dimensions, sa structure, sa forme, les matériaux utilisés, la durée des travaux et son prix, qui s'éleva a 51O livres.
Los sistemas de comunicación en Aragón en la Edad Media: una revisión
Authors: Iranzo Muñío María Teresa
Published: April 2020

Ce travail prétend être une révision critique du thème, objet, jusqu’à ce jour, d'une attention fort limitée. Il y est prêté une considération spéciale aux facteurs historiques qui affectent le tracé des voies de communication, en particulier aux phénomènes de peuplement et de développement urbain. On y expose brièvement les antécédants de l'infrastructure des voies médiévales, en signalant la rupture qu'a supposé la formation de la société musulmane entre les VIIIeme et XIeme siècles, ainsi que la division du terri toire de l'Aragon actuel en deux aires socio-culture­lles très différenciées, la chrétienne et l'islamique. On y décrit, en détail, les prin­cipaux chemins des trois grandes zones géographiques: le nord, en prêtant une attention toute particulière à la portion aragonèse du Chemin de Santiago; la Vallée de l'Ebre; et la zone orientale sud. En guise de conclusion, on y propose une réflexion sur la relation entre les systèmes de communication et le pouvoir public, à partir des normes juridiques relatives aux privilèges ainsi que d'autres textes officiels.
La cronología de la “Historia Wambae”
Authors: García López Yolanda
Published: April 2020

Les interprétations historiques et littéraires de l'«Historia Wambae» partent toujours du principe que l'oeuvre a été écrite peu après les faits qu'elle relate, autour de 673-4 après J.C. Le seul justificatif de cette date est le composant panégyrique qui est attribué au texte, mais ce qu'il y a de certain c'est que ce composant n'est concrété dans aucune des formes reconnues par la tradition litté­raire ancienne. Tout au contraire, des éléments beaucoup plus objectifs qui ratta­chait la pièce à des mesures juridico-politiques que Julien prétend imposer quand il monte sur le trône en 681, et précisément afin d'éviter les chemins par lesquels s'étaient défait le royaume de Wamba, ont passé inaperçus. Cet enchaînement se vérifie (tant du point de vue forme} comme idéologique bien que ce soit ce deu­xième point que nous exploiterons en premier lieu): 1) en comparant l'Histoire ave les actes du concile XII de Tolède et avec la législation de Erwigius, 2) en analysant les contradictions entre la monographie et les sources qui, en toute sûre­té, furent rédigées au fur et à mesure des événements de 673: la loi militaire pro­mulguée par Wamba et le nommé Indicium, cette même année, un document qui avalise l’esprit de ce décret royal et qui fut rédigé par le propre Julien. Le report de l'oeuvre a l'an 681 (au moins) ouvre à nouveau la question sur les raisons qui conduisirent à sa rédaction -on trouvera quelques suggestions à ce propos-, apporte un nouvel élément de jugement autour des circonstances obscures qui entourèrent la déposition de Wamba, et, en dernier ressort, place l'écrit de Julien dans cette vaste tradition historiogaphique du Haut Moyen-Age qui a utilisé la manipulation du passé pour justifier et faire la propagande du présent.
Austeridad versus lujo. El vestido y los freiles de la Orden de Santiago durante la Edad Media
Authors: Echániz Sans María
Published: April 2020

Cet article traite de la création et de la transformation des signes d'identité à travers les vêtements dans l'Ordre Militaire de Santiago (ou Ordre de Saint Jacques de l'Epée) pendant l'époque qui couvre sa fondation en 1171 jusqu’à la fin du Moyen âge. Dans l'introduction l'auteur analyse l'utilisation des couleurs, le genre de vêtements, la forme et les signes emblématiques qui forment les structures de l'identité monastique. Les ordres militaires qui apparaissent au XIIeme siècle, ont hérité de cette tradition monastique et l'utilisent pour établir leur identité de moine-soldat. Les fondateurs de l'ordre de Santiago -un groupe de chevaliers- marquent leur conversion religieuse en adoptant une croix rouge en forme d'épée sur la poitrine, et en renonçant à arborer des couleurs voyantes et des tissus précieux. Mais leur code, qui se manifeste à travers les vêtements, change vers la fin du Moyen-âge en accord avec la transformation du sens que prend le fait d’être membre de l'Ordre. La dernière partie de l'article tente d'interpréter ces changements, en analysant à la fois le règlement du Chapitre Général de Santiago et les sources littéraires en relation avec l'Ordre.
Les abbayes cisterciennes de Suisse
Authors: Cocheril Maur
Published: April 2020

Ce travail étudie l'ordre cistercien en Suisse suivant le schéma suivant: A - Un résumé de l'histoire suisse. B - Le milieu géographique. C - L'implantation des abbayes de religieux et de religieuses. D - L'évolution de l'ordre entre 1131 et 1966. E - Les trappistes. L' étude se termine sur un catalogue géographique détaillé et chronologique des abbayes cisterciennes en Suisse.
Ordini religiosi e politica regia Nella Sardegna catalano-aragonese della prima metà del XIV secolo
Authors: Meloni Maria Giuseppina
Published: April 2020

Le roi catalan Jacques II et son fils, l’Infant Alphonse, en entrepre­nant la conquête de la Sardaigne pisane, croyèrent de fondamentale impor­tance obtenir l'appui du clergé local. La documentation retrouvée dans les Archives de la Couronne d'Aragon met en évidence le considérable rôle attribué par les souverains catalano-aragonais aux Ordres Mendiants, sur­tout Franciscains et Dominicains, comme véhicule pour la catalanization de l’île, et les efforts faits pour s'en assurer la fidélité. La documentation démontre, en outre, comme l'occupation catalano-aragonaise marque le déclin définitif des Ordres Monastiques Bénédictins, dépuis longtemps en grave décadence, même si encore propriétaires de vastes extensions territo­riales.
Tradición clásica, politica y humanismo en la Castilla del Cuatrocientos. Las Glosas de Alonso de Cartagena a "De Providentia"
Authors: Fernández Gallardo Luis
Published: April 2020

La formation de l'État Moderne modifie les valeurs de l'Ordre de la Chevalerie: l'ethos guerrier incorpore une dimension savante. Clercs et lettrés facilitèrent aux laiques l'accès aux textes antiques leur donnant une direction moralisante. Les traductions sénéquistes de Alonso de Cartagena sont un témoin éloquent de ce phénomène. Son appréciation sur Sénèque révèle la subordination de l'eloquence à la morale. Les gloses dirigent la lecture dans une stricte orthodoxie: on distingue trois types: 1) Celles qui informent sur des personnages historiques et mytholo­giques, ses sources (Platon, Orose, Valerio Máximo, Cicéron, Ovide, Bible et un ouvrage intitulé Romulion) révèlent une vaste culture classique. Ce qui l'interesse n'est pas la precision historique, mais la morale exemplaire. Face à la mythologie, il manifeste une méfiance avertie. 2) Celles qui discutent des aspects doctrinaux: suicide et libre arbi­tre. Pleine profession d'orthodoxie qui ne cache pas certaines tensions. 3) Celles qui font allusion aux problèmes de traduction justifient la version offerte. Parfois, on fait allusion à l'actualité: la glose prend une pleine valeur historique et -étant adressée au roi-, politique.
Ports, tràfics, vaixells, productes: italians i catalans a la Mediterrània baixmedieval
Authors: Cuadrada Coral , Orlandi Angela
Published: April 2020

Cet article considère des aspects relatifs à la meilleure compréhen­sion de l'économie catalanne du XIVc siècle en un sens concret; de façon plus génerique son rol au marc des inter-relations avec les centres portuai­res italiens de la même èpoque, tous dans un espace plus large que serait capable de penser un monde méditerranéen d'échanges, même l'atlantique. C'est un travail conjoint, mais pas redactée à quatre mains, sinon complementaire; c'est à dire, il est conçu à travers de deux points de vue et à travers du travail de recherche de deux historiennes, même si les objectifs ont été coincidents: De cette façon, nous trouvons à la fin que une situation historique unique peut être considerée, en dependance des fonts d'archive, de manière sincronique et diacronique, en pensant à la fois en l'évolution et en le temps concret. En plus, c'est un intent de confrontation de résultats, d'interpretation et de constatation des événements.
Un marché rural: Corleone en Sicile, 1375-1420
Authors: Bresc Henri
Published: April 2020

Le dépouillement de seize registres notariés de Corleone, gros bourg isolé de la Sicile centrale, entre 1370 et 1420, complétés par le re­cueil des coutumes et réglements municipaux, permet d'étudier un marché rural et son intégration au grand commerce international par l’achat de drap, principalement catalan, et la vente réguliere de grandes quantités de froment et de fromage aux marchands de Palerme, de définir ses acteurs, des notables, notaires, prêtres, chirurgiens, tanneurs et drapiers juifs, et de préciser enfin les mécanismes de l'achat anticipé et de la vente à crédit qui le fondent. Absence de professionnalité marchande, capacités techniques des Juifs, participation de tous à l'entreprise agricole caractérisent le mar­ché local sicilien, Corleone se distinguant encore par la filature d'une laine médiocre et le tissage d'un orbace grossier. La conjoncture difficile des années qui suivent le seconde peste favorise en effet l'élevage semi-sauvage et l'exportation de ses produits.
La marea en la navegació comercial mediterrania (segles XIV-XVI)
Authors: Garcia i Sanz Arcadi
Published: April 2020

L'article étudie la difficulté que les navigateurs méditerranéens trouvèrent dans les marées quand ils arrivèrent aux rivages atlantiques aux dernières décades du XIIIe siècle et surtout pendant le XIVe siècle. Ils n'é­taient pas acoutumés a ce phénomeme naturel parce que il est presque ina­preciable dans les côtes méditerranéennes. Ils furent donc obligés a connaî­tre et apprendre le comput chronologique des marées, moyennant la rose des vents. L'article explique le fonctionnement de ce méthode et démontre qu'il fut découvert par les venitiens autour de 1317 et 1337 quand ils fai­saient la route de Flandre.
La Extremadura musulmana (1142-1248). Organización defensiva y sociedad
Authors: Ramos Julián Clemente
Published: April 2020

L'Extrémadure almohade se configure dans la partie occidentale de la péninsule à la façon d'une avancée musulmane. Le Tajo délimite norma­lement, pendant tout ce période, la frontière entre les musulmans et les chrétiens, après la conquête définitive de Coria par Alphonse VII. De cette façon, l'Extrémadure musulmàne devient un authentique repère frontalière, même si elle ne présente pas un profit homogène. La zone qui correspond au versant méridional du Tajo possède un caractère tout à fait défensif (il n'apparait que des forteresses mais aucun village) et possiblement avait une population et une activité économique peu abondante. Des lieux comme Cáceres, facilement conquis par Geraldo Sempavor, deviennent inexpugna­bles, grâce à l'activité constructive almohade. La vallée du Guadiana main­tient une certaine continuité dans sa structure économique, d'apres les abon­ndants villages, ainsi qu'une importante activité agraire. Il s'établie, donc, une dichotomie entre une première zone entièrement frontalière et une deu­xième que nous pouvons dénommer, dans un sens rélatif, d'arrière-garde. Les almohades ne passent pas de représenter en Extrémadure une concep­tion simplement défensive et jamais ils n'ont conçu la fortification du lieu comme une étape dans la récupération de la Transierra chrétienne.
Las servidumbres prediales en el Derecho foral valenciano medieval
Authors: Febrer Romaguera Manuel Vicent
Published: April 2020

Les Furs Valence furent le droit en vigueur à l'ancien règne de Valencie pendant l’époque apcellée “foral” (1238-1707). De toute cette legislation apellée “foral”, nous étudions ici dans nôtre article les servitudes agricoles comme une institution du droit agrarien qui réglait les relations entre fonds limitrophea à fin d'aider la protection del 'agriculture. La méthodologie employée dans nôtre étude consiste en l'analyse de la législation des Fun de Valence sur la matière des servitudes agricoles, tout completant cettes informations légals avec la documentation des archives, et la doctrine "classique" des commentateurs du droit romain (Baldo, Bartola ... ) et commentateurs des Furs de Valencia (Alabanya, Guillem Jáffer, Rabaces, Johan, Mascó, Bonifaci Ferrer, Belluga... ).
La terra davant del monarca. Una contribució per a una tipología de l'assemblea estamental catalana
Authors: Oleart Oriol
Published: April 2020

Quelques aspects se rattachant à des elements qui deviennent essentiels pour la constitution de la cort general de Catalunya (c'est à dire, l’assemblée représentative dela Catalogne) sont traités pour contribuer au débat sur sa typologie. Les réunions de cette assemblée, laquelle dans quelques aspects devient ou se comporte comme un limite ou contrôle sur les politiques du monarque, doivent accomplir quelques conditions requises pour pouvoir être appellées proprement une cort general, formellement fóndées sur l'adminis‛ration de justice (comme on est fait à noter dans l'article).
Cos místic
Authors: Iglesia Ferreirós Aquilino
Published: April 2020

Cet étude porte sur l'apparution du cos místic (le corps mystique) de la conception antropomorphique de la société catalane médiévale et ses relations avec le cap (la tête) en partant du point de vue de l'histoire du droit, laquelle, prenant en considération les lois médiévales, analyse et propose une réflexion sur la manière d'articuler et consolider juridicoinstitutionellement la nació catalane et la res publica catalane.
Healthcare System in Namibia
Authors: Nuuyoma Vistolina , Ashipala Daniel Opotamutale
Published: April 2020

Primary health care is an approach adopted for the delivery of health services to the Namibian population. In terms of this approach, these services are made universally available, accessible, affordable, acceptable, and appropriate to meet the needs of communities. The health care delivery system in Namibia comprises services provided by both the Ministry of Health and Social Services (MoHSS) and the private sector. In addition to these services, some people consult traditional health care providers. All in all, health care comprises a combination of promotive, preventive, curative, and rehabilitative services. In addition to government funding, donations and technical support are also provided by non-governmental organisations. The MoHSS health care delivery system is coordinated at national, regional and district levels. This chapter elaborates on the Namibian health care delivery system, the structure and functions of each coordinating level, primary health care services in Namibia, as well as successes and challenges experienced.
Mental Health
Authors: Ali Shazia , Samie Amat Us , Ali Asma , Bhat Aashiq Hussain , Mir Tariq , Prasad Barre V.
Published: April 2020

Global health issues are a global burden and are relatively common in industrialized societies. The World Health Organization and researchers have developed and rebuilt tools to report the burden of disease affecting mortality and health of the people. Apart from America and Europe, which are at an average of global burden for mental health disease, in some regions it is a major priority to be addressed globally. In South East Asia, one of the affected regions is Kashmir, Northern Indian. Disasters have manifested in various forms encompassing the natural calamities of earthquake, flood, landslides and manmade calamities of violence. Trauma due to manmade calamities has taken over as a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among the most productive working age group of 12-35 years. The chapter aims to understand the patterns of resilience in people surviving war and conflict in Kashmir over last 60 years. The focus is on the young population of society. Generations in Kashmir have faced the psychosocial impact of ongoing political conflict since the 1980's.
Smoking
Authors: Ashipala Daniel , Tomas Nestor , Medusalem Joel M. H.
Published: April 2020

Smoking involves inhaling, exhaling, holding or otherwise having control over an ignited tobacco product. This practice remains a global budden and deaths caused by smoking-related conditions is believed to have escalated. Many countries in the world have policies in place that regulate the production, transportation, handling and utilization of tobacco products in order to compact this budden of smoking. Despite these effort, various contributing factors of smoking amongst which peer-pressure forms part, are believed to be cause of an increase in the number of new smokers. Nicotine is one of the constituents of tobacco smoke which causes a pleasant feelings which in return contributes to addiction. Cigarette smoke contains thousands of chemicals with some known to be carcinogens. Smoking during pregnancy poses danger to a pregnant mother and her unborn babe as they exchange blood. The public needs to be educated on the danger of smoking, and exposure to second-hand smoke as well as on strategies that one can follow to quit smoking.
Stress and Trauma
Authors: Branson Dana C.
Published: April 2020

Toxic stress and trauma are common occurrences that can create physiological and psychological changes with negative short- and long-term effects. Research has clearly established a correlation between adversity and negative outcomes. However, there are a number of factors involved in the development, intensity, and severity of outcomes, specifically the type of stress or trauma experiences, temperament, personality type, repertoire of coping skills, and level of resiliency. This chapter reviews the definitions of different types of stress, the neurological changes that can occur as a result of adversity, common and paradoxical reactions to trauma, and the ability of coping skills and resilience to change the trajectory from negative outcomes to opportunities for positive growth.
Role of Spices Beyond a Flavouring Agent
Authors: Patel Anuradha , Tiwari Sanjesh , Pandey Neeraj , Gupta Divya , Prasad Sheo Mohan
Published: April 2020

Plants, principally spices and herbs, have been given much more attention because they are considered important for flavoring and coloring foods and their use as condiments. Herbs and spices have been used for generations by humans as food and also to treat ailments since they are full of medicinal and antioxidant properties and contain bioactive compounds like tannins, alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids, polyphenols, and vitamins, which help in healing diseases. Spices and herbs contain biomolecules that play a crucial role in healthcare and fitness levels. Spices and herbs have been considered as esoteric food adjuncts as they play numerous roles like being coloring agents, flavoring agents, preservatives, food additives, and having uses in the medicinal and pharmaceutical industries.
Spices
Authors: Nisha  , Deepika
Published: April 2020

The term “spices” has been derived from the word “species,” which was connected to the group of exotic foods in medieval times. Spices and herbs have a long history of culinary use, medicinal properties, and as additives and thus have a distinct place in Ayurveda. Exhibiting the merits of spices by scientific methods still remains a challenge. This review investigates the anti-diabetic properties in preventing and managing diabetics and associated complications with commonly used spices. The bioactive compounds in these spices are additionally discussed. The major aim and object of the present work is to investigate the customary therapeutic usage of basic Indian spices and to corelate their observed pharmacological activities with the presence of explicit bioactive compounds present for the treatment or counteractive action of diabetes. This includes the basic underlying mechanism of their blood glucose lowering property including exploratory experimental evidence from proposed animal and human trials.
Elucidating the Phytochemical and Pharmacological Potential of Myristica fragrans (Nutmeg)
Authors: Gupta Ena
Published: April 2020

Myristica fragrans or nutmeg is a ground spice of the family Myristicaceae. Its tree has dark leaves mainly cultivated in Grenada, Malaysia, and Kerala. It is majorly a source of two spices derived from its fruit: nutmeg (jaiphal) from its seed and mace (javitri) from the covering of seed. The important bioactive constituents present in nutmeg include macelignan, carvacrol, myristicin, β-caryophyllene, β-pinene, α-pinene, p-cymene, and eugenol. Low doses of nutmeg do not cause any side effects whereas after consuming 5g toxic overdose occurs, and central nervous system (CNS) effects were induced after consuming 1 to 2 mg/kg b.wt. of nutmeg. Various therapeutic or medicinal applications were shown by nutmeg such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, aphrodisiac, anticancer, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antidepressant, and cardioprotective activity. This review chapter focuses on ethnobotany, phytochemistry, acceptable daily intake, and different pharmacological actions of this medicinal plant.
Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacological Properties of Zingiber officinale Essential Oil and Extracts
Authors: Ashokkumar Kaliyaperumal , Murugan Muthusamy , Dhanya M. K. , Sathyan Thiravidamani , Raj Surya , Mathews Nimisha
Published: April 2020

Ginger (Zingiber officinale) has been traditionally employed in south East Asia as well as India and China for treatment of nausea, asthma, fever, vomiting, cough, constipation, pain, arthritis, inflammation, etc. This chapter discusses the phytochemical composition and pharmacological studies of ginger extracts, ginger essential oil (GEO), and active bioactive constituents. The essential oil of fresh and dry ginger was ranged between 0.2% - 2.62% and 0.72% - 4.17% respectively. The bioactive constituent zingiberene, β-sesquiphellandrene, curcumene, β-bisabolene, β-farnesene, camphene, and gingerol and shogal are the major constituents in ginger extracts. These compounds are chief bioactive substances responsible for pharmacological activities such antioxidant, antidiabetic, anticancer, anticoagulant, antiradiation, anti-inflammatory, gastrointestinal, antimicrobial, cardiovascular, anti-obesity, and weight loss effects. Future research needs to investigate the suitable duration, maximum dosage of ginger, concerns of overdosage, and its side effects in animal models and humans.
Therapeutic and Pharmaceutical Potential of Cinnamon
Authors: Mishra Neha , Srivastava Rashmi
Published: April 2020

Cinnamon has been used as a spice, condiment, and aromatic plant since centuries ago. Cinnamon is a small evergreen tree belonging to the genus Cinnamomum in the family Lauraceae. There are more than 250 species of cinnamon worldwide. In India, Cinnamomum verum and Cinnamomum cassia are the most common species grown in the Himalaya region. They have been used as folk medicine for the treatment of nausea, flatulent dyspepsia, coughs, diarrhea, malaria, gastric disorder, and to alleviate pain and inflammation in rheumatic arthritis. Therapeutic properties of cinnamon are due to the presence of bioactive constituents such as p-coumaric, cinnamaldehyde, cinnamic acid, and eugenol. Cinnamaldehyde and eugenol are the major active constituents responsible for its characteristic flavor, aroma, and therapeutic properties. Pharmacological studies found that it could be a promising candidate with potential for designing new drugs. This review is aimed to summarize the ethanomedicinal importance, phytochemistry, and wide spectrum of pharmacological and therapeutic applications of cinnamon.
Potential Health Benefits of Fenugreek With Multiple Pharmacological Properties
Authors: Srivastava Akanksha , Singh Zoomi , Verma Vandana , Choedon Tashi
Published: April 2020

Fenugreek is one of the familiar spices found in human food and has been used extensively for curing numerous disorders. It provides natural food fibers and other nutrients required in the human body. It is used in functional foods, traditional foods, and nutraceuticals as well as in physiological uses such as antidiabetic agent, antibacterial, hypocholesterolemic, hypoglycemic, antioxidant, enzymatic pathway, and modifier gastric stimulant. It has a valuable influence on digestion and also has the capability to modify food texture. In modern food technology, it is used as a food stabilizer, adhesive, and emulsifying agent due its fiber, protein, and gum content. Recent pharmocological exploration of the seed extract of this plant discovered anticancer properties. Although it has many potential effects, there are some side effects as well; therefore, there is a greater need to study the pharmacological and toxicological effects of fenugreek to examine its clinical efficacy and safety.
Turmeric
Authors: Ahmed Mazia , Srivastava Urvashi , Gupta Chitra
Published: April 2020

Turmeric (Curcuma longa) is a rhizomatous crop found in tropical regions and belongs to the family Zingiberaceae. It was used in the form of a spice, flavoring substance, coloring agent, and as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of several human ailments for centuries. Turmeric, along with its extracts, has a very broad and diverse field of application. It is an exclusive and versatile naturally occurring plant product having properties of not only a spice but also food colorant, medicine or drug, and cosmetics. In ethnic delicacies, turmeric is a commonly used flavoring ingredient. It is also a popularly used natural food color. It exhibits several biological activities such as having antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, antimutagenic, antimicrobial, antiviral, and antiparasitic properties. It is well known as a skincare product and a healthy food ingredient. It is found to have the capability to prevent or retard a wide range of ailments.
Importance of Pest and Pathogen Control System With Special Emphasis on Coriander Crop on the Indian Subcontinent
Authors: Rao Sunita , Garg Gajra
Published: April 2020

India is a country known for its status as the largest producer and consumer for the crop Coriandrum sativum (L.). Improvement and alteration of cultivation techniques is highly required as the crop is highly susceptible to various diseases that are responsible for crop loss with small and marginal farmers every year. Proper guidance for soil preparation and nutritional fulfillment can result in a better yield of the spice crop. Integrated efforts for soil fertility with on-time pest management will enhance both productivity and profit. Therefore, a concise approach for pest-crop- pathogen management systems of coriander crops have been vividly presented in the present review chapter.
Chili
Authors: Pandit Manas Kumar , Pandit Ritoban , Bairagi Sanjay
Published: April 2020

Chili is a unique and popular spice in the majority of the countries of the world and is well known for its hot, pungent flavor. Capsaicin is the bio-active compound that binds to pain receptors and causes an intense burning sensation. Capsanthin, a powerful antioxidant, is responsible for the red color of ripe fruits. Chili has its origin in Central America extending further south. This crop is of high commercial importance and huge genetic diversity exists. A systematic description of the crop with respect to its origin, distribution, botanical description, standard crop husbandry, and protection cum management of biotic stresses is given.
Educational Data Mining
Authors: Tüfekci Aslıhan , Güzeldereli Yılmaz Esra Ayça
Published: April 2020

The education-training process and all activities related to it have the power to direct the future of societies. From this point of view, the process should be analyzed frequently in terms of input, output, and other process elements. Educational data mining is a multidisciplinary research area that develops methods and techniques for discovering data derived from various information systems used in education. It contributes to the understanding of the learning styles of learners and enables data-driven decision making to develop existing learning practices and learning materials. The number of academic and technical research on educational data mining is on the rise, and this has led to the need to systematically categorize the existing practices. This systematic mapping study was conducted to provide an overview of the current work on educational data mining and its results are based on 153 primary sources including journal papers, articles published in magazines, conference and symposium papers, theses, and others.
Culture
Authors: Udok Mbosowo Bassey
Published: April 2020

Human existence as a whole is attached to a culture. Every human is a member of a group that acts within the framework of patterns of behavior that is unique or peculiar to the group. Each group determines the component of her culture, and culture builds an identity for the group. This chapter is poised to examine definitions of culture across cultural backgrounds to show similarities and differences in articulating the subject matter. It explicates the components of culture which include the product and technical knowledge of human beings in a given environment. The work plunges into the characteristics of culture as socially based. Here, culture is seen as a creation of society and shared among members of the same society and learned through associations with others in the group. The work concludes that though there is no universally acceptable definition of culture, the impact of culture cannot be undermined as its influence is felt across disciplines and communities.
Culture in Conflict With Childhood Training and Religious Leadership in Nigeria
Authors: Udofia Sylvester Dan
Published: April 2020

It is becoming generally accepted that child development is culturally constructed. Cultural values and attitudes regulate child rearing values, developmental expectations, and emotional orientations. Employing descriptive methods in studying this problem, the chapter observes that leadership style in many societies have been plagued with greed, violence, indiscipline, and corruption. This study places blame on poor home foundation as it reasons with the Hebrew sage that nothing serious can be built on a faulty foundation (Ps. 11:3). Consequent upon this, the study upholds that if children who are Nigeria's future leaders are groomed in families that have religion and morality as the bedrock of their education, then God fearing leaders would be produced. To achieve this, the chapter further suggests that adapting and combining lessons from traditional African families and those of ancient Israel in the home training of Nigerian children would result in producing leaders like the biblical Daniel who remained incorruptible even in the face of serious challenges.
Impacts of Culture and Cultural Differences on Conflict Prevention and Peacebuilding in Multicultural Societies
Authors: Ogharanduku Victor Ikechukwu , Tinuoye Adekunle Theophilus
Published: April 2020

Multicultural societies have become sites of violent conflicts following predictions at the end of the Cold War that culture would be a causative of future conflict. However, conflicts have not necessarily been caused by the presence of the different cultures that inhabit these communities, but cultural differences in these societies is observed to become embedded in conflict dynamics inducing escalation, aiding the easy mobilisation and motivation of conflict parties to utilise violence, eventually inducing intractability. Cultural differences impact conflict prevention and peacebuilding in multicultural settings by constituting a barrier and a times instigating failures of these processes. At the same time, it is a culture resource that can be harnessed for conflict prevention and peacebuilding if it is well understood, but its impacts seems less well understood. Successful conflict prevention and peacebuilding in multicultural societies is tied to in-depth understanding of cultural differences.
Culture of Global Terrorism
Authors: Israel Ubongabasi Ebenezer
Published: April 2020

Terrorism has become one of the most recurring decimals across the globe, creating tension in every quarter. This anomaly has necessitated both state and non-state actors to engage in concerted efforts to curtail it. Hence, this study seeks to evaluate the prevalent acts of terror perpetrated by the Islamic State group across their area of jurisdiction for about a decade now. The work traces its emergence, linking it with its spread and recent plethora of activities. The research makes use of secondary sourced materials. The chapter suggests a global cultural re-orientation, especially among young people, good governance in the Middle East, commitment over terror war by stakeholders, etc. The author believes that this essay would serve as an invaluable resource to enhance scholars of conflict in the war against terror as well as serve as a stimulating factor for further studies on the issue.
Religio-Cultural Contributions to Conflict Prevention and Peacebuilding
Authors: Umoren Gerald E.
Published: April 2020

In the face of incessant conflict in today's society, coupled with the recurrent difficulty at attaining the needed peace building, this chapter seeks to examine the impact of a Judeo-Christian culture in conflict resolution. Building on the interpretation of Exodus 23:5, this chapter proposes not only to project the findings of its exegesis as a cultural perspective, but also to weigh how much this religio-cultural perspective has already impacted on, or could currently and hitherto contribute to peace building and conflict resolution. Employing the historical critical method from an analytical point of view, this chapter progresses from a simple exegetical analysis of the text to an evaluation that leaves useful recommendations for the future. The conclusions of the chapter would hold a lot of relevant implications for conflict resolution and peace studies today and beyond.
Culture of Corruption in Nigeria
Authors: Lot Enobong
Published: April 2020

The work examines the culture of corruption in Nigeria: admonishing the citizens in the light of 2Peter 1:3-11. It sees corruption as improper and unlawful conduct intended to secure a benefit for oneself or another and a degradation of human life through the power of sin. It examines the notion that corruption has deeply soaked the fiber of Nigerian people, and as well threatens its nationhood in all ramifications even in religious circle. Apostle Peter in his second Epistle (2Peter 1:3-11) admonishes Christians in particular and the Nigerian citizens as a whole against the culture of corruption, and further recommends the utilisation of the divine resources and cultivation of the basic ethical virtues provided by God as the sure way of escape from corruption.
Beyond Prosperity Gospel and Socio-Economic Insecurity in Africa
Authors: Eyo Ubong , Essien Essien , Ekong Gabriel
Published: April 2020

Prosperity gospel is increasingly becoming a salient feature of Christianity in contemporary societies and especially on the African continent. Many consider it a supernatural alternative offering existential hope amidst insecurities of present life, rather than eschatological heavenly life yet to come. Its popularity is premised on the fact that the doctrine presents itself as holding the key to material prosperity, as well as the promise to provide followers with the weapons to overcome witchcraft, demonic forces and other malignant spirits through the power of the Holy Spirit. Drawing upon an extensive contemporary research on prosperity doctrine and based on content analysis, this chapter examines prosperity teachings and claims and identifies ethical issues that relate to the doctrine. Findings reveal that what makes prosperity gospel unique among religions is its overt promise of temporal, material rewards. In the absence of “natural” opportunity, prosperity gospel offers a supernatural means to material advancement.
Enhancing Innovation in Higher Education Institutions
Authors: Bercu Ana-Maria , Cigu Elena , Nestian Stefan Andrei
Published: April 2020

This chapter is focused on the case study of Romania enhancing innovation in higher education institutions being structured theoretically and empirically. First, at the theoretical level, we intend to highlight the role and importance of innovations for higher education, taking into account literature. Second, we intend to explore the current state of innovativeness in higher education in Romania, taking into account the strategy and legal framework developed at a national level based on international guidelines. The main finding is the interactive effect of innovation will determine a positive evolution of Romanian higher education.
Higher Education Financial Sources and Models
Authors: Grbić Milka , Jakšić Milena , Todorović Violeta
Published: April 2020

The objective of the chapter is to evaluate trends in higher education funding using the example of EU countries and their comparative analysis, and to look at possible directions for improving higher education institution funding in the Republic of Serbia. In accordance with the defined objective, after the introductory notes, the chapter points to the importance of investing in higher education. What follows is an elaboration of the characteristic funding models and their (possible) effects on higher education, in particular the European model. The following segment focuses in particular on a comparative analysis of higher education funding in selected European countries. Then, in accordance with the process of higher education reforms, the current state and directions of future changes in the higher education financing system in the Republic of Serbia are examined.
PhD Schools as an Innovative Model of Education at Universities of Life Sciences
Authors: Franc-Dąbrowska Justyna Agnieszka , Gołębiewska Barbara , Gołębiewski Jarosław , Drejerska Nina
Published: April 2020

Doctoral studies can play a key role in creating knowledge and doctoral students are supposed to be important contributors to innovation, research, and development opportunities. The aim of this chapter is to investigate the PhD educational model of universities of life sciences in Poland on the example of Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW). Single case study method with theoretical sampling was applied for it. The analysis of key stakeholders and their role within the previous as well as the currently developed model is also presented. Statistical data on PhD education are used to describe the general background. WULS-SGGW has a natural potential to provide interdisciplinary doctoral education of high quality as life sciences are a common area for research. The doctoral school is an independent organizational unit with its own budget offering education in all disciplines entitled to award the doctoral degree at the university. This model allows to move away from a very narrow specialization, which was a characteristic feature of previous doctoral student education.
Project-Based Intercultural Collaborative Learning for Social Responsibility
Authors: Brin Pavlo , Krasnokutska Nataliia , Polančič Gregor , Kous Katja
Published: April 2020

The purpose of the chapter is to study the history of collaborative learning, its personal and social benefits for all participants, basic tools and to share the experiences in the area of project-based collaborative learning. Additional positive characteristics of intercultural interaction in the process of collaborative learning are also described in the chapter. As a successful example of project-based intercultural collaborative learning, the authors analyze the learning outcomes of an interdisciplinary educational project being run at NTU KhPI and the University of Maribor. The obtained results show that dealing with a set of common tasks Ukrainian and Slovenian undergraduate students have wider opportunities to use various forms of interaction during the learning process.
Comparative Critical Analysis of Artificial Intelligent Technique and Conventional Control Technique Applied in Series Filter for Harmonic Reduction
Authors: Kumar Niraj , Mishra Vishnu Mohan
Published: April 2020

Series active filters, besides the dc voltage regulators, incorporate controller such as voltage controller and hysteresis band controllers, etc.. The conventional PI controller suffers from the significant drawback of having a high content of ripples and the low speed due to variable switching frequency caused by the usage of hysteresis controllers. In order to overcome this shortcoming, two different control strategies (i.e., sinusoidal fryze voltage control and adaptive tabu search-sinusoidal fryze voltage control strategy) have been developed in this research work. The performance of SAFs has been analyzed by using these current control strategies. The proposed ATS-SFV control strategy based voltage controller yielded better performance as compared to those obtainable from the SFV control strategy. The comparisons of the proposed strategies among themselves facilitate a need-based selection of them for the supply system. To realize these control strategies, MATLAB/Simulink-based models have been developed for simulation.
Machine Learning With R
Authors: Gaurav Kumar Abhishek , Patel Ladly
Published: April 2020

In this chapter, the author explained the importance of the R language in machine learning and steps to the installation of R in a different environment like Windows and Linux. The author also describes the basic concepts of R like its syntax, data types, variables, function, operator, etc. with examples in detail. In advanced R, the author explained different charts to plot different data using a barplot function. Using barplot, different graphs like histograms, pie charts can be drawn. The author has also shown how to label the axis of the graph and how to plot a different color. The chapter also consists of some basic R programming examples like a program to make a calculator, checking Armstrong's number, etc. The author also describes the steps and process to install tensor flow.
A Brief Overview on Intelligent Computing-Based Biological Data and Image Analysis
Authors: Roy Mousomi
Published: April 2020

Biological data analysis is one of the most important and challenging tasks in today's world. Automated analysis of these data is necessary for quick and accurate diagnosis. Intelligent computing-based solutions are highly required to reduce the human intervention as well as time. Artificial intelligence-based methods are frequently used to analyze and mine information from biological data. There are several machine learning-based tools available, using which powerful and intelligent automated systems can be developed. In general, the amount and volume of this kind of data is quite huge and demands sophisticated tools that can efficiently handle this data and produce results within reasonable time by extracting useful information from big data. In this chapter, the authors have made a comprehensive study about different computer-aided automated methods and tools to analyze the different types of biological data. Moreover, this chapter gives an insight about various types of biological data and their real-life applications.