bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Consumer Acceptance of Pawpaw (Asimina Triloba) Fruit Puree as a Fat‐Reducing Agent in Muffins, Compared to Muffins Made with Applesauce and Fat
Authors: Duffrin Melani W. , Holben David H. , Bremner Matthew J.
Published: March 2007

This study determined the consumer acceptance of pawpaw pulp as a fat‐reducing agent in muffins as compared to muffins made with fat (regular) and muffins made with applesauce. No significant differences were noted between the applesauce and pawpaw muffins. Overall, the analysis of variance indicated the muffins made with pawpaw puree were equally acceptable to the other muffins for all characteristics, with the exception of appearance (color), in which regular muffins were preferred over the pawpaw variation. The muffins made with applesauce were equally acceptable to the other muffins, with the exception of texture and overall acceptability, in which the regular muffins were preferred. Given efforts to domesticate the pawpaw, family and consumer sciences professionals should be aware of this fruit and its potential use as a fatreducing agent.
Food Preferences of Men and Women by Sensory Evaluation Versus Questionnaire
Authors: Weaver Michelle R. , Brittin Helen C.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of the study was to determine food preferences of men and women by sensory evaluation versus questionnaire. Men and women university students (N = 110, mean age = 21.5 ± 2.5 years) used a questionnaire containing 54 foods to rate on a 9‐point hedonic scale and to indicate frequency of consumption. Two weeks later, they tasted 12 of the foods and rated them on a 9‐point hedonic scale. Preferences for most (69%) foods did not differ (p > .05) for men and women, although preferences for most of the other foods were greater (p < .05) for women. Preference and frequency of consumption were positively related (p < .05). Preferences for one half of the foods were the same (p >.05) for sensory evaluation and questionnaire, although preferences for most of the other foods were less (p < .05) for sensory evaluation.
Promotional Frames' Influence on Price Perceptions of Two Apparel Products
Authors: Stanforth Nancy , Lennon Sharron , Shin Jung Im
Published: March 2007

The way in which promotions are framed raises important questions about consumer price judgments. Promotional information may be presented or framed in many ways, each affecting consumers' behavioral responses differently. As promotions are costly, it is important to determine the effect of promotional frames on consumers' price perceptions both during and after the promotional period. This study explores the differences in price perceptions of two apparel products when promotions were framed as either a price discount or a gift‐with‐purchase. The majority preferred the off‐price promotion to the gift‐with‐purchase. Off‐price promotions lowered price perceptions more than did gifts‐with‐purchase, and participants with lower price perceptions were less likely to buy the apparel products at the original price after the promotional period ended. These results illustrate the importance of promotional framing in forming consumer price perceptions.
Satisfaction and Education: A New Approach to Understanding Consumption Patterns
Authors: Hafstrom Jeanne L. , Dunsing Marilyn M.
Published: March 2007

This study estimated the effect of education on the consumption patterns of urban families. This was done by determining education elasticities, using linear multiple regression equations with logarithmic transformations for appropriate independent variables, for total family living expenditures and for 19 different categories of expenditures for a representative group of families. The source of data was the Bureau of Labor Statistics' 1960‐61 Survey of Consumer Expenditures General Purpose Tape. Expenditure categories were classified into two groups based on the relative satisfaction derived from the consumption of the goods: (1) future‐oriented‐goods that create relatively more satisfaction in the future than in the present; and (2) present‐oriented—goods that create relatively more satisfaction in the present than in the future. The general hypothesis of this study is that the education of the father will affect the expenditures of families differently for various categories of goods and that these expenditures will vary on the basis of whether the goods are present‐ or future‐oriented in satisfying power. The results of this study give indication that education of the father does influence the expenditures of families, especially those for “future” goods.
Tissue Composition Changes in Mature Rats Fed a Cellulose Bulking Agent1
Authors: Ahrens Richard A. , Brown Ellen G. , Carlson Dawn E. , Porter Linda B. , Slowen Diane D.
Published: March 2007

Bulking agents such as cellulose have been explored in hopes of reducing the caloric concentration of baked goods. In the present study 30 male Sprague‐Dawley rats 300 days of age were fed ad libitum in three groups of 10 each for 28 days the following regimes: (1) a basal diet nutritionally adequate in all respects; (2) the basal diet and regular yellow cake; (3) the basal diet and yellow cake in which the calories were reduced by a 9.5 percent dilution with cellulose. After 28 days the animals were sacrificed and compared to an initial control group of 10 rats killed at the start of the study. Calorie intake was not different among groups but water drinking was higher on the basal diet than on the two cake supplemented regimes. Rats on the basal diet alone gained the most body fat and the two cakes did not differ in their effect on body fat content. Serum and carcass cholesterol gain was in direct proportion to the cellulose content of the diets as ingested and was, therefore, higher for the rats receiving the diluted rather than the regular cake.
Adolescents' Clothing Conformity, Awareness, and Peer Acceptance1
Authors: Smucker Betty , Creekmore Anna M.
Published: March 2007

The observed similarity in the clothing and appearance of adolescents from the same school led to the hypothesis that awareness of and conformity to the modal pattern of dress would be associated with social acceptance by peers. Filmed observations of the clothing of 121 boys and 110 girls from a high school sophomore class and reactions from a questionnaire concerning what “most were wearing” were analyzed and related to general peer acceptance. Significant positive relationships were found to exist between awareness of and conformity to the clothing mode and peer acceptance. Awareness of the mode and conformity to the mode were significantly related to each other. These findings indicate that clothing and adornment may serve a strategic function in the socialization of high school students.
Toward a Definition of Freedom in Dress
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth D. , Anspach Karlyne A.
Published: March 2007

Much clothing research examines conformity in dress as if the antithesis, freedom in dress, were possible. While conforming behavior has been documented, no research on social interaction has shown that a continuum occurs from conformity through varying degrees of conformity ‐freedom to complete freedom in dress; before freedom in dress can be measured it must first be defined.

When definitions of freedom from various disciplines are applied to dress, it is difficult to derive testable hypotheses from the resulting concepts. All concepts of freedom state that freedom is relative, that it involves some degree of individual control over choice or the decisionmaking process, plus a feeling of self‐satisfaction or reward. It is in the area of satisfaction, involving a nebulous state of mind, that testing becomes truly difficult. For purposes of research, three hypotheses concerning freedom in dress are presented.
Moderator Effects on Attitude Scale Construction1
Authors: Warren Richard D. , Mulford Charles L. , Winkelpleck Judy M.
Published: March 2007

Data from a study on smoking and health are used to examine three methodological questions: (1) Does the method of scale construction influence the items in the resultant scales? (2) Do alternative subgroup delineations influence the formulation of scales? (3) If different scales are formed, what is the influence on measurement criteria, such as reliability, inter‐item and item‐total correlations, and statistical testing?

Attitude scales were formed for subgroups based on smoking behavior, sex, and area of residence. Cluster analysis and theory were used to formulate the scales. The data provide empirical support that: (1) the method used to construct scales and (2) the moderators or subgroups do influence items in the scales, measurement criteria, and statistical testing.
Home Economics Research Supported by SAES‐OCI Funds, 1970‐71
Authors: Paul Pauline C.
Published: March 2007

The addition of coding, based on the home economics research goals and problem areas, to the SAES‐OCI (State Agricultural Experiment Stations and other Cooperating Institu tions) reports in CRIS (Current Research Information Service) makes possible computer identification of the portion of the research program conducted in home economics departments. The information can also be analyzed for the amount of effort being devoted to each area within a fiscal year. Analysis reported in this paper of the 1970‐71 data shows the areas of greatest and least emphasis in the portion of the total home economics research supported by such funds.
Work Time Estimation for Private Household Workers: Dusting
Authors: Schaurer Dorothy L. , Manning Sarah L.
Published: March 2007

This research was designed to help establish private household work standards useful to the home maintenance industry, and was part of a larger project concerned with standard izing time estimates and quality of tasks in household employment. Objectives were to derive a work time estimation technique for household dusting and to investigate the effects of selected factors on household dusting time. Eight workers dusted floor and nonfloor items twice in eight theoretical living rooms. Workers spent 67 percent of their time on basic work processes, 21 percent on facilitating processes, and 12 percent on pretasks and posttasks.

Analysis of variance, split‐plot in time and space, was used to test hypotheses that there were no time differences for replications, workers, ornate and plain ornamentation, low and high density of floor items, low and high density of nonfloor items, and cleaning processes. Factors found statistically independent and additive were ornamentation, floor item den sity, and nonfloor item density.

The derived work time estimation formula for dusting a laboratory living room was: estimated time = C + X1 + X2 + X3; where C = a constant of 34 minutes mean time, X1 = ornamentation factor, X2 = floor item density factor, and X3 = nonfloor item density factor. The derived estimates approximated actual average times for dusting.
Fire Resistance, Strength, and Spectrum of a Phenolic Fabric Exposed to Weather and to Sunlight Behind Glass
Authors: Crews Patricia C. , Stevens Hazel T.
Published: March 2007

This study investigated the effects of sunlight (both outdoors and indoors, behind glass) on a fabric made from a phenolic fiber. Following exposure for various lengths of time, three evaluations were made to determine the fabric's resistance to photochemical degradation. The evaluations included fire resistance, strength, and infrared spectrum. Analysis of the fire resistance data revealed that the inherent fire resistance of the phenolic fiber is relatively unaffected by weather or sunlight for periods up to 12 weeks. The breaking strength of the test fabric decreased approximately 45 percent by the final exposure. Following the initial exposure of 3 weeks, the spectrum of the phenolic fiber changed perceptibly, indicating changes within the polymer. However, after this initial exposure, the spectra of the irradiated samples remained unchanged except for intensity of absorptions.
Pre‐Engel Studies and the Work of Engel: The Origins of Consumption Research
Authors: Monroe Day
Published: March 2007

The first systematic collection of family receipts and expenditures was the work of Davies, published in 1795; Eden's three‐volume work on the state of the poor appeared in 1797. More than 50 years later, Belgium was the first country to undertake collection of family accounts. These accounts provided a sound basis for development of techniques for collecting household expenditures data. At about the same time, the family monographs of Le Play were published in France.

Ernst Engel saw the need for methods of statistical measurement applicable to social phenomena. Using the Belgian data and Le Play's data, Engel computed averages and derived generalizations concerning food expenditures in relation to family well‐being. Engel's “laws” of consumption have often been misstated by writers in languages other than German.

The work of Engel and Le Play and the Belgian study provided a statistical basis for the analysis of family expenditures; by the end of the nineteenth century four different ways of collecting such data were recognized. The early investigators faced basic problems in selecting families, defining income, and classifying expenditures. Engel's contributions to methods of analysis were fundamental.
Performance and Attitude of Student Teachers as Affected by Two Gradin Systems
Authors: Clawson Barbara N. , Scruggs M. Marguerite
Published: March 2007

This experiment tested the effect of method of grading, the letter (A ‐F) and satisfactoryfail (S ‐F) grading systems, on performance and attitudes of home economics education student teachers at Iowa State University. Dependent variables were factor scores derived from instru ments administered to the student teachers and their cooperating teachers and ratings on 15 dimensions of two audiotaped class sessions taught by the student teachers. Responses of the 117 student teachers and their cooperating teachers were used in the factor analysis in which general and specific factors were extracted. Data from 50 student teachers and their 16 cooperating teachers were used in the tests for differences between groups. A control for response set variance was utilized. Analyses of variance revealed that method of grading did not affect performance and that student teachers were, in general, less anxious and more positive about their relationships with their cooperating teachers under S‐F than under A‐F grading.
Concept Versus Expository Method of Teaching Family Relationships
Authors: Hoover Helene , Cauble Ann
Published: March 2007

Experimental comparison was made of the effect of the concept and expository methods of teaching family relationships on the acquisition, transfer, and retention of knowledge of college students enrolled in a family relationships course. One‐half of the sections of the course were taught during the fall semester and the remaining half were taught the following spring semester. Subjects included sophomores, juniors, and seniors, both male and female.

Teaching procedures for both expository and conceptual methods were developed jointly by the investigators. Learning experiences were organized for both teaching methods about four concepts: (1) respect, (2) empathy, (3) communication, and (4) love. A pretest measured the students' entering knowledge of the concepts. Two posttests were used, one to measure concept acquisition and retention, and the other to measure transfer of knowledge. A 2 × 2 × 2 (method × teacher × semester) analysis of covariance procedure with the pretest as a covariate and a comparable analysis of variance procedure were used to analyze the data.

Compared with students in the expository classes, students taught by the conceptual method were not significantly different in test scores for concept attainment, transfer, or retention of knowledge.
Baker's Yeast as a Protein Supplement in Corn Meal Muffins1
Authors: Zabik Mary E. , Garrison Trudy
Published: March 2007

Quality characteristics of corn meal muffins supplemented with 10, 20, and 30 percent baker's yeast protein (BYP), based on the levels of corn meal in the formulation, were compared to those of control muffins. These characteristics included volume; percentage of moisture; tenderness determined with a shear press; and sensory evaluations for surface appearance, interior color, texture, tenderness, moistness, and flavor.

The volume index of the muffins was slightly improved with higher levels of BYP supplementation. Shear values were similar for all four muffin variables; however, the percentage of moisture was progressively lower with increasing BYP supplementation. Sensory evaluations indicated that all muffins possessed similar characteristics of texture, tenderness, and moistness. Surface appearance of the muffins improved with 20 percent BYP supplementation, but color and flavor scores decreased. All muffins, however, received scores of 4 or higher on a 7‐point descriptive score card, with 7 the optimum score.

Calculated protein and amino acid composition data indicated that protein quantity increased with increasing levels of BYP supplementation. The protein score for lysine increased from 70 for the control muffin to over 100 for the muffin with 30 percent BYP supplementation.
Apartment Environments and Socialization of Young Children
Authors: Thornburg Kathy R.
Published: March 2007

Interaction between the physical environment, parental attitudes, and socialization settings of young children were investigated. The specific problem related apartment residence on the first versus second floor to spatial location and supervision of children, as well as to maternal attitudes about housing and child rearing. Respondents were 67 mothers who lived in student apartments and who had children aged 30 to 66 months. Each mother kept records of child activity, location, and supervision and also completed a questionnaire that investigated child‐rearing attitudes and satisfaction with housing.

Children living in second‐floor apartments were more restricted than those who lived on the first floor, especially during afternoon hours. Although the amount of parental supervision did not vary by floor level, first‐floor children had more contacts with other children and adults. These and other findings suggest that designers and owners of apartments as well as parents living in apartments need to consider possible effects of apartment living on the development of young children.
Identifying Food‐Related Values of Low‐Income Mothers
Authors: Suter Carol B. , Barbour Helen F.
Published: March 2007

The major purpose of this research was to create a forced‐choice value instrument for determining hiorarchal rankings of food‐rolated values by low‐income mothers. Card‐sort interviews with 42 of these low‐income mothers had very high reliability. For each value, statements ranked highest by the interviewees were incorporated within a forced‐choice value instrument administered to the same subjects. Respective rankings of the values using the instrument and the interview schedule were: family life (1, 1), economy (2, 4), health (3, 3), friendship (4, 5), work efficiency (5, 2), and education (6, 6). The instrument appears to have potential for providing insight helpful in effecting improvement in food‐related behaviors of low‐income women.
Complexity of Homemaking Tasks
Authors: Steidl Rose E.
Published: March 2007

The cognitive demands of homemaking tasks were studied by asking young wives to name tasks high and low in certain cognitive requirements and to provide explanatory information, ratings, and rankings. Their explanations of the cognitive factors (attention, judgment, planning) concerned most often the content of the work and less often the environmental context and more general cognitive and affective factors. For the high cognitive tasks, the homemakers often noted quality and quantity considerations, timing, and procedural activities. For the low cognitive tasks, the homemakers indicated less demanding aspects of timing, effort, and procedural matters.

Through their ratings and rankings of the tasks, the wives consistently indicated that high cognitive tasks were complicated and low cognitive tasks uncomplicated. Their responses to direct questions asking what made homemaking tasks complicated or uncomplicated supported the working definition that the cognitive factors were dimensions of complexity.

Results can be used in planning educational programs to help young consumers choose and control their personal effort levels in managing homemaking tasks and to assist manufacturers, product designers, architects, and builders in providing more humane options for consumers.
Alternative Family Forms: Preferences of Nonparticipants
Authors: Jurich Anthony P. , Jurich Julie A.
Published: March 2007

This study explored the preferences for different types of family forms of people who were not practicing alternative life styles. A Q sort of 10 family forms was given to 128 subjects. Each subject ranked in order the 10 family forms according to which family form he believed would afford him the maximum personal growth as an individual striving to live up to his full human potential. Then each subject ranked in order the 10 family forms according to which family form he believed he could most feasibly adopt in his present social context and with his present relationships. Subjects differed according to sex, marital status, university affiliation, and geographical region. Results indicated that the most important variable was university affiliation. Female, married, and nonuniversity subjects chose more traditional family forms, while male, single, and university‐ affiliated subjects chose more extreme family forms. The subjects' feasibility rankings of the 10 alternative family forms were more traditional than were their maximum growth rankings.
Sex‐Role Orientation and Creativity in Young Females
Authors: Cohen Stewart , Gault Jan Vance
Published: March 2007

In their professional attainment, men achieve to a significantly greater degree than do women. In examining this disparity, it has been argued that one important element in the comparison is the influence of early sex‐role development in women. This study investigated cross sex‐typing, one facet of sex‐role development, as a possible correlate of creative thought and productive thinking. The subjects for this study were 47 fifth‐grade girls. Participants completed a standardized measure of sex‐typing and were tested on standardized tests of creativity. All data were subjected to analysis of variance. The results indicated that creative performance was associated with high masculine and low feminine interests. These findings support those of previous investigators who have observed that the development of problem‐solving skills and the perpetuation of creativity in women appear to be related to sex‐role orientation.
Construct Validity of Creekmore's Clothing Questionnaire
Authors: Gurel Lois M. , Deemer Eunice M.
Published: March 2007

The objective of this research was to investigate construct validity of a clothing interest scale. Factor analysis of Creekmore's Importance of Clothing questionnaire, a multidi mensional measure containing nine subscales, resulted in an extraction of eight factors, interpreted to represent the basic dimensions of clothing interest as measured by the instru ment. Factor and subscale scores were compared by means of product‐moment correla tions. Significant correlations indicated strong associations between the two sets of scores. Items assigned to factors and to subscales were compared by means of phi coefficients and point‐biserial correlations. Highly significant correlations indicated strong associations. The null hypothesis, that there was no association between factors and subscales, was rejected. This close proximity between factor and subscale scores was interpreted as an indication of construct validity for the instrument.
Reliability of Value Orientation Scales
Authors: Firebaugh Francille M. , Weaver C.R. , Warren Richard D.
Published: March 2007

Data originating from an interregional project concerned with patterns of living of dis advantaged families were examined with two purposes: 1) to estimate internal reliability of value orientation scales as a basis for further analysis, and 2) to consider differences in the selection of scale items for single states or for all states included in the study. Scales for four value orientations (abstractness‐concreteness, control‐fatalism, equalitarianism authoritarianism, and integration‐alienation) were developed for both an education and a job focus. Data consisting of five items for each of the eight scales were available from 12 states. To check reliability, a Guttman's lambda 2 was computed for each scale using 26 combinations of individual items. Combinations were ranked by magnitude of the lambda 2 value. Items consistently appearing in combinations of highest reliability were selected for further study. The reliability check yielded scales of three or four items for each value orientation except equalitarianism‐authoritarianism:education. Reliabilities varied among the 12 states as well as between groups of rural and urban states. Differences between maximum and minimum reliabilities were generally reduced when samples were grouped. It is suggested that identifiable population parameters may be associated with varying reliability.
Consumer Types Based on Evaluative Cri teria Underlying Clothing Decisions1
Authors: Jenkins Martha C. , Dickey Lois E.
Published: March 2007

The focus of the study was on evaluative criteria underlying clothing decisions of lower and middle socioeconomic level consumers. The objectives were to (1) classify consumers into segments based on evaluative criteria used in making clothing choices and (2) de scribe the resulting segments in terms of product‐ and person‐related life‐style variables. Data were obtained from questionnaires completed by 224 consumers who were mothers of children enrolled in private, government, and church‐supported preschool facilities during the spring, 1973, in Bowling Green, Kentucky. Data were analyzed using factor analysis, multiple discriminant analysis, and multiple classification analysis.

Segmentation was effected on the basis of two dimensions underlying evaluative criteria—appearance and practicality‐derived by factor analysis. Resulting segments were labeled as Fashion Advocates, Quality Seekers, Frugal Aesthetes, and Concerned Pragmat ics. Descriptive profiles of the four segments were developed using factor scores for six eval uative criteria, five general‐value, four information‐related, five activity‐interest, and two personality factors plus selected demographic variables.
Western Dress Styles Adopted by Korean Women
Authors: Anspach Karlyne A. , Kwon Yoon Hee
Published: March 2007

The association between various forms of a product—13 styles of western dress for women introduced into Seoul, Korea, before 1972—and the quantity adopted by 495 Korean women, grouped by age, education, and occupation, was delineated in this study. Three garments—the blouse, overcoat, and separate gathered skirt—were owned by over 80 percent of all women.

Of the Korean women over 60 years of age, born in the Yi era prior to 1910, over half owned three western styles: the gathered skirt, separate blouse, and overcoat; of women 30 to 60 years of age, born during the Japanese Colonialism period (1910 to 1945), over half in addition owned the one‐piece beltless dress and the spring coat; of women 18 to 30 years of age, educated in western‐type democracy, over half owned 10 styles of dress.

Age and education were significantly associated with the quantity and variety of 12 western styles owned, while occupation was significantly associated with only three styles—suits, pants or shorts, and tight skirts.

Quantity plus variety of western styles owned by Korean women can be called “levels of adoption” and may be used to identify three levels of acculturation with western ideas.
Sex and Power of Preschool Teachers and Children's Sex Role Preferences
Authors: Sugawara Alan I. , Philip O'Neill J. , Edelbrock Craig
Published: March 2007

The relationship between sex and power of preschool teachers and children's sex role preferences was investigated using the It Scale for Children with 19 matched pairs of chil dren in two preschools. Results indicated boys were more masculine in their sex role prefer ences than girls were feminine. While boys tended to increase in their masculinity from 3½ to 4½ years of age, girls' femininity showed no increase. In addition, as predicted by social power theory, boys in the preschool with powerful male teachers were more masculine than boys with powerful female teachers. Power referred to the degree to which teachers con trolled and dispensed resources valued by the children. No significant difference was found between the femininity of girls with powerful male or female teachers. The presence of female aides in the preschool with powerful male teachers may have minimized the effects of the powerful male teachers. These findings suggest that a combination of male and female teachers may be the optimal classroom arrangement for children's learning of sex‐ typed behaviors.
The Professionalization of Home Economics
Authors: Weigley Emma Seifrit
Published: March 2007

The process of professionalization is studied and the attributes an occupation acquires as it becomes professionalized are enumerated. These characteristics include establishment of a professional association with membership requirements designed to keep out the unqualified; control over education for and admission to the profession by current practi tioners, often working through the professional association; possible licensure or certifica tion as a requirement to practice; a name change to give status and prestige to the occupa tion; and development of a code of ethics with an altruistic or service orientation. Factors in the history and development of home economics are studied and compared to this model. Progress has been made and is continuing to be made in the foregoing areas as the professionalization of home economics continues.
Sex Knowledge, Birth Control, and Marital Attitudes of a Rural Population
Authors: Lind Robert W.
Published: March 2007

Most human research in rural areas has been problem‐oriented, focused on poverty, health, lack of education, and inadequate housing. This study deals with a random sample of rural Montanans who fit a pattern of relative affluence and education.

Sex knowledge of rural Montanans, their attitudes toward birth control, their marriage role expectations, and marital communication were investigated. Respondents were 134 males and 198 females aged 18 or older who lived in 12 randomly selected counties, repres enting all six geographic regions of the state. The survey instrument included data related to personal background, birth control attitudes, sex knowledge, marriage role expecta tions, and marital communication.

As age decreased, attitudes toward birth control were more favorable and sex knowledge was more extensive. Favorable attitudes toward birth control were also associated with more years of education, smaller family size, and better marital communication. Mean scores for the sample revealed generally favorable attitudes toward birth control, rather strong equalitarian views of marriage roles, and a relatively high level of marital communi cation. A majority responded correctly to more than half of the items on thesex knowledge inventory, indicating a fair, but by no means extensive, grasp of information relating to human reproduction.
Two Methods of Implementing a Home Economics Competency‐Based Education Course
Authors: Bell Camille G. , Cummings Merrilyn Niederwerfer
Published: March 2007

Two strategies for implementing a competency‐based course in home economics education were compared. Sixty‐three senior students were alternately assigned to a teacher‐directed or student‐directed class for attainment of specified competencies. Nine modules were developed to be used in the student‐directed class and as the basis for instruc tion in the teacher‐directed class. Criterion tests measured the extent to which compe tencies were attained for each group, and a Likert‐type scale indicated students' attitudes toward competency‐based education. Data were also analyzed to determine if student teach ing affected achievement of competencies.

No significant difference in gain scores appeared between students who achieved com petencies through the student‐directed and teacher‐directed methods except in the competency area of program planning involving state standards. Significantly higher gain scores were attained by students who took the course before student teaching as opposed to those who took the course after student teaching in the competency areas of personal man agement, teaching skills, and motivation. No significant differences were found in gain scores between students who took the course before and after student teaching in the com petency areas of evaluation, departmental management, unit planning, program stan dards, or professionalism. No significant difference was found in attitude scores between individuals in the student‐directed and teacher‐directed sections.
Laundering Practices and Results of Homemakers Using Coin‐Operated Laundries
Authors: Badenhop Suzanne B. , Purchase Mary E.
Published: March 2007

This research examined factors that influenced the laundering results of homemakers using the coin‐operated laundry. Data were obtained by personal interview with 243 home makers at coin‐operated laundries and from reflectance measurements on soiled and laun dered pillowcases and standard soil cloth. Interrelationships were examined using step wise multiple regression analysis.

Whiteness values for the laundered pillowcases covered a wide range; most values were much lower than for new pillowcases. On the average, the laundered pillowcases were ten units whiter than the soiled ones.

The laundering results were related to the extent of soiling prior to washing, the change in whiteness of standard soil cloth, color index of the wash load, household size, age of the homemaker, and socioeconomic position of the household.
Racial Preferences Expressed for Peers and Adults by Preschool Children
Authors: Kliman Deborah S.
Published: March 2007

Twenty‐four black and 24 white 4‐ to 5‐year‐old children in four child care centers were questioned with a semistructured, doll‐play interview about theirskin color preferences for peer and adult dolls. The white children chose white dolls significantly more often than black dolls on every question. Black children preferred b lack peer dolls, but showed no sig nificant difference in their choice of black or white adult dolis. The results were discussed in terms of the increasingly favorable perceptions shown by black children for others of like skin color and the implications for selection of adult role‐models.
Consumer Reaction to Color Performance in Textiles
Authors: Wylie M.J. , Crown E.M. , Morris M.A.
Published: March 2007

The major objective of this study was to evaluate consumers' perception of color change in fabrics and to determine at what stage consumers judge the fabrics to be unacceptable for intended use because of color change. Colored fabrics representing varying amounts of col or change were shown to consumers at six different geographic locations. The majority of the consumers were able to perceive a color change equal to Step 4–5 on the Gray Scale for most samples. Color changes greater than Step 4 were not acceptable if the samples repre sented fabric in one garment. If the change was uniform throughout the garment, color changes up to Step 2 were acceptable to the consumer. There were no differences in the con sumers' perception or acceptance due to age or social status. There was some indication of differences in acceptance due to geographic locations.
Teachin Consumer Selection of Market Quality Beef by Observable Characteristics
Authors: Halvorson Dorothy , Jacobson Marion
Published: March 2007

Selection of beef is a constant concern to consumers. To meet the need of young or inex perienced consumers, a slide‐tape presentation for identification of beef quality was devel oped. This presentation consists of 30 slides with a synchronized explanatory tape that was tested for the value of its content as well as its effectiveness as a teaching tool. The devel opment of a slide‐tape presentation has come through a series of five tests. The historical development of the tests is discussed and the results of the fifth test analyzed. The tests involved 89 panelists, all but six of whom were students. Panelists scored the characteristics of raw and cooked beef. The characteristics of raw beef that were scored are fiber size, visible connective tissue, firmness to touch, and degree of marbling. The raw beef muscle samples were evaluated on score cards, after which each was cooked on a hot grill at 191°C. Each panelist then scored the cooked sample for flavor, tenderness, juiciness, and overall quality. Correlations were calculated to determine significant relationships between characteristics of the raw and the cooked meat as well as overall quality for each muscle. These values were calculated for sensory panels 1 and3 to determine thevalue of instruction in panel 2. On the basis of the evaluations before and after the slide tape presentation, it was determined that instruction did enable consumers to score more accurately characteristics of raw beef in relation to the characteristics of cooked beef. The authors believe that the consumers could use the information from this educational tool in choosing meat at the supermarket.
Variables Related to Probable Success in Teaching
Authors: Stiffler Elizabeth J.
Published: March 2007

This research investigated the influence of a teacher education program on students' affective or humanistic personality growth. The purpose of the study was: 1) to determine whether graduates of the home economics education program were significantly more self‐ actualizing and open‐minded as seniors than as sophomores; and 2) to determine whether the level of self‐actualization and the degree of open‐mindedness were related to cognitive predictors of success in teaching. Significant changes in self‐actualization and dogmatism, measures of affective growth, were obtained from the sophomore to senior year. Regression models were developed combining selected affective and conventional cognitive indices of teaching success. Both affective and cognitive measures proved to be significant predictors of probable success in teaching home economics.
Food Shopping Efficiency Among the Rural Poor: An Exploratory Inquiry
Authors: Block Carl E. , Kellerman Bert J.
Published: March 2007

The research reported here deals with the development and application of a measure of food shopping efficiency. The measure is based upon the relationship between household dietary adequacy and household food expenditures.

In the empirical application, attention is focused on the food shopping efficiency within a sample of approximately 300 rural poor households in Missouri. As the basis for analy sis, a measure of shopping efficiency was developed and labeled Daily Recommended Food Servings Efficiency (DRSE). The DRSE includes provisions for relating the servings of specific foods consumed by household members to recommended servings of the four basic food groups. It further provides for determining the household's efficiency of financial re source usage by relating these dietary data to dollars spent on food. The DRSE was consid ered the dependent variable, and the directional influence on it of 12 independent variables was hypothesized and tested using multiple regression analysis. The independent variables include: the age, education, and broadcast and print media exposure of the individual principally responsible for meal planning and food preparation, as well as householdsize, income, medical expenditures, home food production, freezer ownership, price as a store selection criterion, and shopping frequency. Three of these independent variables—household size, income per person, and shopping frequency—were found to have a statistically significant influence on DRSE.
Creativity and Preschool Children
Authors: Fu Victoria R.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the creative performance of 48 preschool children from middle and lower income homes. The Picture Construction, The Unusual Uses, and The Product Improvement Tests of the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking (1966b, 1966c) were used for measuring performance. A significant sex difference (F= 5.32, p <.05) was noted in creative originality. The boys produced more original ideas than the girls. A social class difference (F= 4.00, p <.05) was found in favor of the middle class chil dren in creative fluency ability.
Family Employment Intensity and Income Adequacy‐ A Multi‐Sample Analysis
Authors: Helmick Sandra A. , Metzen Edward J.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this analysis was to investigate the relationship between the intensity of the family's work effort, both market and nonmarket, and the adequacy of the family's income in eight diverse samples. The simple correlation coefficient was positive in all samples, but varied from .21 in the small‐town sample to .59 in an urban low‐income sample. A multiple regression model that incorporates factors that intervene in this relationship—wage rates, family size, and income from sources other than earnings—pro duced coefficients of determination (R2) ranging from .27 to .77. In five samples, one or more of the intervening variables contributed more to explained variance in income adequacy than did work effort.
Exchange of Conjugal Power in the Control of Family Food Consumption
Authors: Schafer Robert B. , Bohlen Joe M.
Published: March 2007

The objective of this investigation was to examine the process involved in decision making in regard to family food behavior. One hundred and sixteen young married couples were asked to respond to a questionnaire designed to elicit the different types of power used by husbands and wives with regard to family food preferences. The study centered around two dimensions: (1) the type of power used by husbands to control or influence food preferences and (2) the wives' counter to husbands' power usage. The results indicate that the majority of wives perceived they would comply with their husbands' desires regarding family meals. The husbands tended to gain compliance with their wishes through usage of a “referent” or personal power tactic. When wives countered their husbands' responses, the wives typically utilized “coercive” or “legitimate” power.
Follow‐Up of Pararofressionals Working With Low‐Income Families
Authors: Engelbrecht Iscan Walda , Nelson Helen Y.
Published: March 2007

To provide guidelines for selection and recruitment of paraprofessionals in New York State Cooperative Extension's Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP), an investigation was undertaken to: (1) determine significant differences between aides presently employed and aides who had left EFNEP, (2) ascertain the number of former aides reentering the labor market and their later success on other jobs, (3) analyze procedures followed to recruit and select aides. The sample consisted of employed and former aides in eight upstate New York counties. Data were collected through interview schedules designed for the study.

There were significant differences between the two aide groups. The group most likely to stay in EFNEP employment was made up of older women, married, from nuclear families, homeowners, and whose husband and children favored the aide's pursuit. Most former aides had dropped out of employment for personal or family reasons. Approximately one‐ half reentered the labor market and were rated as doing satisfactory work. Agencies with which Extension agents had a close working relationship or which were in a situation to know the occupational needs of low‐income job seekers provided the best referral sources. A significant difference of opinion existed among former aides, employed aides, and agents as to the most important characteristics for an aide to possess; the greatest difference existed between the two aide groups and agents.
Service Life of Appliances: Variations by Selected Characteristics of Owner Households
Authors: Tippett Katherine S. , Magrabi Frances M. , Gray Brucy C.
Published: March 2007

The objective of this study was to develop estimates of the service life under one owner of selected major appliances according to selected characteristics of owner households. Data from a national sample of approximately 12,000 households on ownership and discard of five selected appliances were standardized and pooled. Actuarial tables were constructed using the pooled data, and esti mates of service life were computed for households classified by income, age of head, and whether the household had moved in the 18 months prior to the survey. Differences among subgroups in the pooled service‐life estimates for appliances were generally not significant except for appliances acquired in a used condition by households classified by age of head and whether or not they had recently moved. The estimates of service life of appliances owned by younger families, and by families with higher incomes, were consistently shorter than estimated service life of appliances owned by all households surveyed or those owned by older families or those with lower incomes. The estimated service life of appliances owned by families that had moved within 18 months prior to the survey was considerably shorter than for all families or for families that had not moved.
Morphostatic and Morphogenic Planning Behavior in Families: Development of a Measurement Instrument
Authors: Beard Doris , Firebaugh Francille M.
Published: March 2007

A total of 252 homemakers responded to 86 planning behavior statements. They indicated how much like their own or their family's planning they perceived each statement to be, using a five‐point Likert‐type scale with choices ranging from Exactly Like to Not Like.

Factor analysis was used to determine whether or not hypothesized characteristics of morphostatic and morphogenic behavior could be substantiated. Five of the eight factors appeared to be useful in identifying dimensions on which the two characteristics might be differentiated. The hypothesized categories of characteristics did not separate out into factors.
A Longitudinal Study of Laterality Expression and Teacher Evaluation of Elementary School Children
Authors: Van Camp Sarah S.
Published: March 2007

A three‐year longitudinal study conducted to assess the incidence of mixed laterality in elementary school children showed 37 percent of the 82 subjects followed had mixed laterality, with a higher rate for black subjects (45 percent), although this was not found to be statistically significant. There was a shift in laterality expression in 8 percent of the subjects over three years. A Teacher Rating Scale designed to evaluate perceptual motor levels and academic achievement was developed. No statistically significant relationship was found between mixed laterality and the variables of sex, race, age, and grade. Teacher rating showed a lower mean score for black subjects than for white subjects; however, as most of the black subjects were enrolled in one of the three schools participating in the study, other factors may have accounted for the lower teacher rating.