bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A dual‐specific Glu‐tRNAGln and Asp‐tRNAAsn amidotransferase is involved in decoding glutamine and asparagine codons in Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans
Authors: Salazar Juan Carlos , Zúñiga Roberto , Raczniak Gregory , Becker Hubert , Söll Dieter , Orellana Omar
Published: July 2002

The gatC, gatA and gatB genes encoding the three subunits of glutamyl‐tRNAGln amidotransferase from Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, an acidophilic bacterium used in bioleaching of minerals, have been cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. As in Bacillus subtilis the three gat genes are organized in an operon‐like structure in A. ferrooxidans. The heterologously overexpressed enzyme converts Glu‐tRNAGln to Gln‐tRNAGln and Asp‐tRNAAsn to Asn‐tRNAAsn. Biochemical analysis revealed that neither glutaminyl‐tRNA synthetase nor asparaginyl‐tRNA synthetase is present in A. ferrooxidans, but that glutamyl‐tRNA synthetase and aspartyl‐tRNA synthetase enzymes are present in the organism. These data suggest that the transamidation pathway is responsible for the formation of Gln‐tRNA and Asn‐tRNA in A. ferrooxidans.
Photoactivation of the nitric oxide donor SIN‐1
Authors: Ullrich Thomas , Oberle Stefanie , Abate Aida , Schröder Henning
Published: July 2002

This study investigates whether nitric oxide (NO) release from linsidomine (SIN‐1), the active metabolite of the antianginal drug molsidomine, is light sensitive. A 9‐h irradiation with polychromatic visible light increased the formation of nitrite (NO index metabolite) from SIN‐1 (1 mM) by 61% as compared to control samples incubated in the dark. Under the same conditions (9‐h irradiation) the concentration of oxygen decreased to 2% of control. However, oxygen consumption was substantially reduced when light was excluded (35% recovery after 9 h). These results show that irradiation with visible light markedly enhances the oxygen‐dependent NO release from SIN‐1. Thus, sydnonimines appear to be suitable model compounds for the development of photoactivatable NO donors.
The 26‐mer peptide released from SNAP‐25 cleavage by botulinum neurotoxin E inhibits vesicle docking
Authors: Ferrer-Montiel Antonio V. , Gutiérrez Luis M. , Apland James P. , Canaves Jaume M. , Gil Anabel , Viniegra Salvador , Biser Jennifer A. , Adler Michael , Montal Mauricio
Published: July 2002

Botulinum neurotoxin E (BoNT E) cleaves SNAP‐25 at the C‐terminal domain releasing a 26‐mer peptide. This peptide product may act as an excitation‐secretion uncoupling peptide (ESUP) to inhibit vesicle fusion and thus contribute to the efficacy of BoNT E in disabling neurosecretion. We have addressed this question using a synthetic 26‐mer peptide which mimics the amino acid sequence of the naturally released peptide, and is hereafter denoted as ESUP E. This synthetic peptide is a potent inhibitor of Ca2+‐evoked exocytosis in permeabilized chromaffin cells and reduces neurotransmitter release from identified cholinergic synapses in in vitro buccal ganglia of Aplysia californica. In chromaffin cells, both ESUP E and BoNT E abrogate the slow component of secretion without affecting the fast, Ca2+‐mediated fusion event. Analysis of immunoprecipitates of the synaptic ternary complex involving SNAP‐25, VAMP and syntaxin demonstrates that ESUP E interferes with the assembly of the docking complex. Thus, the efficacy of BoNTs as inhibitors of neurosecretion may arise from the synergistic action of cleaving the substrate and releasing peptide products that disable the fusion process by blocking specific steps of the exocytotic cascade.
The endothelial monocyte‐activating polypeptide II (EMAP II) is a substrate for caspase‐7
Authors: Behrensdorf Heike A. , van de Craen Marc , Knies Ulrike E. , Vandenabeele Peter , Clauss Matthias
Published: July 2002

Endothelial monocyte‐activating polypeptide II (EMAP II) is a proinflammatory cytokine and a chemoattractant for leukocytes. The mature cytokine is formed in apoptotic cells by cleavage of the precursor proEMAP II. Here we show that caspase‐7 is capable of cleaving proEMAP II in vitro. A proEMAP II mutant, in which the ASTD cleavage site was changed to the sequence ASTA, was not processed by caspase‐7. The caspase‐7‐mediated generation and release of mature EMAP II may provide a mechanism for leukocyte recruitment to sites of programmed cell death, and thus may link apoptosis to inflammation.
Thyrotropin and prolactin responses to TRH in delusional (psychotic) and nondelusional depressed patients
Authors: Lykouras L , Markianos M , Papakostas Y , Malliaras D
Published: July 2002

The thyrotropin (TSH) and prolactin (PRL) responses to protirelin (TRH) were studied in 62 female unipolar depressive patients, 24 delusional (psychotic) and 38 nondelusional (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual [DSM]-III-R criteria). The TSH response to TRH was blunted (≤6 μlU/mL) in ten of the 24 delusional (41.6%) and in 18 of the 38 nondelusional (47.4%) patients, the difference being not significant. The TSH and PRL responses to TRH, calculated as area under the curve, were not different between the two groups. Similar results were obtained when the response patterns were compared by repeated measure analysis of covariance.
Chemoreflexsensitivity in chronic heart failure patients
Authors: Hennersdorf Marcus G. , Hillebrand Stefanie , Perings Christian , Strauer Bodo‐E.
Published: July 2002

Aims:

Patients with heart failure are characterised by a disturbed sympathovagal balance, as could be shown by analyses of heart rate variability and baroreflexsensitivity. Furthermore, the modulation of ventilation is disturbed in those patients with an increased ventilation volume following the inhalation of hypoxic gas. This study should evaluate, whether heart failure patients have a decreased hyperoxic chemoreflexsensitivity associated with an increased rate of ventricular arrhythmias.

Methods and results:

Into this study, 49 consecutive patients were enrolled. Of these, 23 suffered from heart failure; the remaining had no evidence of heart failure and a normal left ventricular ejection fraction. All patients were investigated by analysing the reduction of heart rate following inhalation of pure oxygen. The difference of RR‐interval divided by the difference of the venous oxygen partial pressure both before and after oxygen inhalation resulted in the chemoreflexsensitivity. Patients with heart failure showed a significantly decreased chemoreflexsensitivity compared to those without (2.62±1.85 vs. 5.80±6.37 ms/mmHg, P<0.05). Of patients with heart failure, 69.6% had a decreased chemoreflexsensitivity below 3 ms/mmHg, in contrast to only 38.5% of the control group. Patients with decreased chemoreflexsensitivity showed significantly more non‐sustained ventricular tachycardias (46 vs. 4%, P<0.05) during Holter ECG.

Conclusion:

Patients with heart failure show a significantly decreased hyperoxic chemoreflexsensitivity. A decreased chemoreflexsensitivity is associated with an increased rate of non‐sustained ventricular tachycardias. This may be related to an increased sympathetic tone in these patients. The chemoreflexsensitivity may be important in arrhythmic risk stratification of patients with heart failure.
Photoresponsive Luminescence Switching of Metal‐Free Organic Phosphors Doped Polymer Matrices
Authors: Zang Lixin , Shao Wenhao , Kwon Min Sang , Zhang Zhiguo , Kim Jinsang
Published: October 2020

A new type of luminescence switching behavior based on phosphorescence enhancement from a series of metal‐free organic phosphors doped polymers by UV‐irradiation is investigated. This phenomenon is observed only from pairs of organic phosphors and polymer matrices having a combination of appropriate triplet exciton lifetime and oxygen permeability. Systematic investigation reveals that the luminescence switching behavior of organic phosphors embedded in a specific polymeric matrix stems from the conversion of triplet oxygens to singlet oxygens by UV‐irradiation, leading to the unique phosphorescence enhancement of organic phosphors. Visualization of latent information by UV‐irradiation is demonstrated toward novel secure information communication applications.
Solar‐Driven Electrochemical CO2 Reduction with Heterogeneous Catalysts
Authors: Creissen Charles E. , Fontecave Marc
Published: October 2020

The simultaneous mitigation of CO2 emissions and direct generation of value‐added chemicals has motivated research in solar‐driven electrochemical CO2 reduction. Here, devices incorporating heterogeneous catalysts that operate under bias‐free aqueous conditions are categorized and compared, encompassing photoelectrochemical (PEC), photovoltaic‐electrochemical (PV‐EC), and combined approaches (PV‐PEC). The best‐performing PEC systems are currently those based on integrated photoelectrodes featuring protective layers. However, the highest overall performances in terms of current density and solar‐to‐carbon efficiency are exhibited by PV‐EC cells that make use of gas‐fed flow cell technology. The advantages of individual components in each device type are assessed to provide future directions for research in solar‐driven CO2 reduction.
Synthetic DNA for Cell‐Surface Engineering
Authors: Shi Peng , Wang Yong
Published: October 2020

The cell membrane is not only a physical barrier, but also a functional organelle that regulates the communication between a cell and its environment. The ability to functionalize the cell membrane with synthetic molecules or nanostructures would advance cellular functions beyond what evolution has provided. The aim of this Minireview is to introduce recent progress in using synthetic DNA and DNA‐based nanostructures for cell‐surface engineering. We first introduce chemical conjugation and physical binding methods for monovalent and polyvalent surface engineering. We then introduce the application of these methods for either the promotion or inhibition of cell–environment communication in numerous applications, including the promotion of cell–cell recognition, regulation of intracellular pathways, protection of therapeutic cells, and sensing of the intracellular and extracellular microenvironments. Lastly, we summarize current challenges existing in this area and potential solutions to solve these challenges.
Towards Understanding the Reactivity and Optical Properties of Organosilicon Sulfide Clusters
Authors: Hanau Katharina , Schwan Sebastian , Schäfer Moritz R. , Müller Marius J. , Dues Christof , Rinn Niklas , Sanna Simone , Chatterjee Sangam , Mollenhauer Doreen , Dehnen Stefanie
Published: October 2020

We report the extension of the class of organotetrel sulfide clusters with further examples of the still rare silicon‐based species, synthesized from RSiCl3 with R=phenyl (Ph, I), naphthyl (Np, II), and styryl (Sty, III) with Na2S. Besides known [(PhSi)4S6] (IV), new compounds [(NpSi)4S6] (1) and [(StySi)4S6] (2) were obtained, the first two of which underwent reactions with [AuCl(PPh3)] to form ternary complexes. DFT studies of cluster dimers helped us understand the differences between the habit of {Si4S6}‐ and {Sn4S6}‐based compounds. Crystalline 1 showed a pronounced nonlinear optical response, while for intrinsically amorphous 2, the chemical damage threshold seems to inhibit a corresponding observation. Calculations within the independent particle approximation served to rationalize and compare electronic and optical excitations of [(RSi)4S6] clusters (R=Ph, Np). The calculations reproduced the measured data and allowed for the interpretation of the main spectroscopic features.
Selective Synthesis of Single‐Handed Helical Polymers from Achiral Monomer and a Mechanism Study on Helix‐Sense‐Selective Polymerization
Authors: Zhou Li , Xu Xun‐Hui , Jiang Zhi‐Qiang , Xu Lei , Chu Ben‐Fa , Liu Na , Wu Zong‐Quan
Published: October 2020

Inspired by the exquisite helices in Nature, fabrication of helical materials with controlled handedness has attracted considerable attention. Herein, we report on precis synthesis of single left‐ and right‐handed helical polyisocyanides through living polymerization of achiral monomers using chiral palladium catalysts under helix‐sense‐selective manner. Mechanism study revealed that the yielded helices with opposite handedness showed different activity of the living chain end. The helix with unfavored handedness was self‐terminated, while the one with favored handedness showed high activity and could undergo chain propagation to form a high molecular weight polymer with maintained single‐handed helicity.
A Tandem Solar Biofuel Cell: Harnessing Energy from Light and Biofuels
Authors: Riedel Marc , Höfs Soraya , Ruff Adrian , Schuhmann Wolfgang , Lisdat Fred
Published: October 2020

We report on a photobioelectrochemical fuel cell consisting of a glucose‐oxidase‐modified BiFeO3photobiocathode and a quantum‐dot‐sensitized inverse opal TiO2photobioanode linked to FAD glucose dehydrogenase via a redox polymer. Both photobioelectrodes are driven by enzymatic glucose conversion. Whereas the photobioanode can collect electrons from sugar oxidation at rather low potential, the photobiocathode shows reduction currents at rather high potential. The electrodes can be arranged in a sandwich‐like manner due to the semi‐transparent nature of BiFeO3, which also guarantees a simultaneous excitation of the photobioanode when illuminated via the cathode side. This tandem cell can generate electricity under illumination and in the presence of glucose and provides an exceptionally high OCV of about 1 V. The developed semi‐artificial system has significant implications for the integration of biocatalysts in photoactive entities for bioenergetic purposes, and it opens up a new path toward generation of electricity from sunlight and (bio)fuels.
Cellulose acetate ultrafiltration membranes customized with copper oxide nanoparticles for efficient separation with antifouling behavior
Authors: Vetrivel Selvaraj , Saraswathi Meenakshi Sundaram Sri Abirami , Rana Dipak , Divya Kumar , Nagendran Alagumalai
Published: October 2020

Cellulose acetate (CA) nanocomposite ultrafiltration membranes are fabricated with copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles with the aim of improving efficient protein separation and antifouling performance. CuO nanoparticles are synthesized from cupric nitrate using a wet precipitation method and characterized by FTIR and XRD. CA/CuO nanocomposite membranes fabricated using 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 wt% of CuO nanoparticles individually by simple phase inversion technique. The CA nanocomposite membrane with 0.5 wt% of hydrophilic CuO exhibited enhanced PWF of 118.6 Lm−2 h−1 due to the improvement in porosity and water uptake. This is in good agreement with the enhanced hydrophilicity of the CA/CuO nanocomposite membranes results observed in surface contact angle and morphological investigations. Further, 95.5% of BSA separation and 94.7% of flux recovery ratio (FRR) indicates its superior antifouling potential caused due to the presence of the hydration layer at the CA/CuO membrane surface. Among all the fabricated membranes, the CA‐0.5 nanocomposite membrane with 0.5 wt% of CuO exhibited superiorly improved hydrophilicity, water permeation, BSA separation, and antifouling performance indicates its potential use in water and wastewater treatment applications.
pH and magnetic field responsive protein‐inorganic nanohybrid conjugated with biotin: A biocompatible carrier system targeting lung cancer cells
Authors: Purushothaman Bindhya K , Maheswari P Uma , Sheriffa Begum K M Meera
Published: October 2020

Multi‐stimuli responsive carrier systems, specifically targeting tumor cells are of high significance to improve the efficacy of cancer chemotherapy. In the present study, we have developed, characterized, and biologically evaluated magnetic casein‐calcium ferrite hybrid biopolymeric carrier conjugated with biotin for targeted delivery of cinnamaldehyde to lung carcinoma. The dual stimuli‐responsive carrier was successfully synthesized with small size, good stability, and high drug encapsulation efficiency. Natural drug cinnamaldehyde was encapsulated in the hybrid carrier, on which biotin was conjugated to facilitate selective cellular uptake. The prepared drug‐carrier system exhibited pH‐responsive drug release behavior with a higher release rate under acidic conditions, which can be effectively applied in targeted cancer chemotherapy. The superparamagnetic nature of calcium ferrite enabled magnetically‐modulated drug delivery with faster drug release, reaching 85.5% within 4 h, in response to magnetic field stimulus. Kinetic modeling of drug release projected the diffusion‐controlled release mechanism. Cell viability assay performed on L929 fibroblast and A549 lung cancer cells verified the biocompatibility and cytotoxicity of the developed formulation, respectively. The nanohybrid carrier significantly increased the anticancer potential of cinnamaldehyde with an 18‐fold reduction in the IC50 value, signifying the biotin‐functionalized protein‐inorganic nanohybrid as an efficient multifunctional platform for targeted drug delivery.
Disparities in mortality‐to‐incidence ratios by race/ethnicity for female breast cancer in New York City, 2002‐2016
Authors: Nobel Tamar B. , Asumeng Charles K. , Jasek John , Van Beck Kellie C. , Mathur Ruchi , Qiao Baozhen , Brown Jennifer J.
Published: October 2020

Background

Racial disparities in New York City (NYC) breast cancer incidence and mortality rates have previously been demonstrated. Disease stage at diagnosis and mortality‐to‐incidence ratio (MIR) may present better measures of differences in screening and treatment access. Racial/ethnic trends in NYC MIR have not previously been assessed.

Methods

Mammogram rates were compared using the NYC Community Health Survey, 2002‐2014. Breast cancer diagnosis, stage, and mortality were from the New York State Cancer Registry, 2000‐2016. Primary outcomes were MIR, the ratio of age‐adjusted mortality to incidence rates, and stage at diagnosis. Joinpoint regression analysis identified significant trends.

Results

Mammogram rates in 2002‐2014 among Black and Latina women ages 40 and older (79.9% and 78.4%, respectively) were stable and higher than among White (73.6%) and Asian/Pacific‐Islander women (70.4%) (P < .0001). There were 82 733 incident cases of breast cancer and 16 225 deaths in 2000‐2016. White women had the highest incidence, however, rates among Black, Latina, and Asian/Pacific Islander women significantly increased. Black and Latina women presented with local disease (Stage I) less frequently (53.2%, 57.6%, respectively) than White (62.5%) and Asian/Pacific‐Islander women (63.0%). Black women presented with distant disease (Stage IV) more frequently than all other groups (Black 8.7%, Latina 5.8%, White 6.0%, and Asian 4.2%). Black women had the highest breast cancer mortality rate and MIR (Black 0.25, Latina 0.18, White 0.17, and Asian women 0.11).

Conclusions

More advanced disease at diagnosis coupled with a slower decrease in breast cancer mortality among Black and Latina women may partially explain persistent disparities in MIR especially prominent among Black women. Assessment of racial/ethnic differences in screening quality and access to high‐quality treatment may help identify areas for targeted interventions to improve equity in breast cancer outcomes.
Interpretation of the color due to the ubiquitous nonenzymatic browning phenomena in foods
Authors: Pepa Lorena S. , Rodríguez Silvio D. , dos Santos Ferreira Cristina , Buera María del Pilar
Published: October 2020

bstract

Many foods are subject to browning by heat treatment or long storage times. Either if it is a sign of quality decrease or a desirable feature, it is necessary to characterize fully the color of what is perceived as “brown.” In this paper, we define three stages of browning in foods, ranging from yellow, reddish‐brown to dark brown, showing that the commonly employed indexes are not sufficient to describe the later stages of browning, corresponding to the darker colors. Frequently absorbance at a single wavelength, two‐dimensional (2D) diagrams, browning index depending on one chromatic coordinate or just L* are employed to describe color in the browning processes in food systems. While these tools are adequate enough to define the evolution of the reaction, they fail to properly characterize the brown color quality: they evaluate either lightness (1D) or the chromatic aspects (2D). In this work, we fully characterized browning in 3D color spaces. The limits for the appropriate use of the different indexes were also defined, according to the browning stage.
Endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine needle aspiration cytology diagnosis of upper gastrointestinal tract mesenchymal tumors: Impact of rapid onsite evaluation and correlation with histopathologic follow‐up
Authors: Gilani Syed M. , Muniraj Thiruvengadam , Aslanian Harry R. , Cai Guoping
Published: October 2020

Background

Mesenchymal tumors (MTs) of upper gastrointestinal tract (UGIT) can show morphologic overlap thus posing a diagnostic challenge. This study evaluated the role of endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine needle aspiration (EUS‐FNA) cytology in the diagnosis of UGIT‐MTs and impact of rapid onsite evaluation (ROSE).

Methods

We retrospectively search our electronic database between January 2001 and August 2019 for cases that underwent EUS‐FNA for a submucosal/or intramural upper GI tract mass forming lesions. Data pertinent to immunostain expression in UGIT‐MTs was also collected.

Results

We identified 139 cases, of which 72 cases had subsequent surgical resection. The cytologic diagnoses included nondiagnostic, negative, atypical, suspicious for neoplasm and positive for neoplasm (PFN) in 11, 7, 11, 10, and 100 cases, respectively. Diagnosis of PFN was rendered in 51 of 69 cases with ROSE (74%) and in 49 of 70 cases without ROSE (70%). However, the cases with ROSE had a higher percentage of cases being precisely classified than without ROSE (86% vs 61%, P < .05). On comparison of cytologic cases with cell block (CB) (n = 118) and without CB (n = 21), ROSE was performed in 67 (57%) and 2 (10%) cases, respectively (P < .01). All the cases with diagnosis of PFN were confirmed on subsequent surgical resection.

Conclusion

EUS‐FNA has a diagnostic yield of 72% for UGIT‐MTs. ROSE could improve diagnostic performance by further classifying MTs, probably via securing adequate lesional material for cell block for additional ancillary testing and precise diagnosis.
Macrosystems EDDIE teaching modules significantly increase ecology students' proficiency and confidence working with ecosystem models and use of systems thinking
Authors: Carey Cayelan C. , Farrell Kaitlin J. , Hounshell Alexandria G. , O'Connell Kristin
Published: October 2020

Simulation models are increasingly used by ecologists to study complex, ecosystem‐scale phenomena, but integrating ecosystem simulation modeling into ecology undergraduate and graduate curricula remains rare. Engaging ecology students with ecosystem simulation models may enable students to conduct hypothesis‐driven scientific inquiry while also promoting their use of systems thinking, but it remains unknown how using hands‐on modeling activities in the classroom affects student learning. Here, we developed short (3‐hr) teaching modules as part of the Macrosystems EDDIE (Environmental Data‐Driven Inquiry & Exploration) program that engage students with hands‐on ecosystem modeling in the R statistical environment. We embedded the modules into in‐person ecology courses at 17 colleges and universities and assessed student perceptions of their proficiency and confidence before and after working with models. Across all 277 undergraduate and graduate students who participated in our study, completing one Macrosystems EDDIE teaching module significantly increased students' self‐reported proficiency, confidence, and likely future use of simulation models, as well as their perceived knowledge of ecosystem simulation models. Further, students were significantly more likely to describe that an important benefit of ecosystem models was their “ease of use” after completing a module. Interestingly, students were significantly more likely to provide evidence of systems thinking in their assessment responses about the benefits of ecosystem models after completing a module, suggesting that these hands‐on ecosystem modeling activities may increase students’ awareness of how individual components interact to affect system‐level dynamics. Overall, Macrosystems EDDIE modules help students gain confidence in their ability to use ecosystem models and provide a useful method for ecology educators to introduce undergraduate and graduate students to ecosystem simulation modeling using in‐person, hybrid, or virtual modes of instruction.
Comparing environmental DNA metabarcoding and underwater visual census to monitor tropical reef fishes
Authors: Polanco Fernández Andrea , Marques Virginie , Fopp Fabian , Juhel Jean‐Baptiste , Borrero‐Pérez Giomar Helena , Cheutin Marie‐Charlotte , Dejean Tony , González Corredor Juan David , Acosta‐Chaparro Andrés , Hocdé Régis , Eme David , Maire Eva , Spescha Manuel , Valentini Alice , Manel Stéphanie , Mouillot David , Albouy Camille , Pellissier Loïc
Published: October 2020

Environmental DNA (eDNA) analysis is a revolutionary method to monitor marine biodiversity from animal DNA traces. Examining the capacity of eDNA to provide accurate biodiversity measures in species‐rich ecosystems such as coral reefs is a prerequisite for their application in long‐term monitoring. Here, we surveyed two Colombian tropical marine reefs, the island of Providencia and Gayraca Bay near Santa Marta, using eDNA and underwater visual census (UVC) methods. We collected a large quantity of surface water (30 L per filter) above the reefs and applied a metabarcoding protocol using three different primer sets targeting the 12S mitochondrial DNA, which are specific to the vertebrates Actinopterygii and Elasmobranchii. By assigning eDNA sequences to species using a public reference database, we detected the presence of 107 and 85 fish species, 106 and 92 genera, and 73 and 57 families in Providencia and Gayraca Bay, respectively. Of the species identified using eDNA, 32.7% (Providencia) and 18.8% (Gayraca) were also found in the UVCs. We further found congruence in genus and species richness and abundance between eDNA and UVC approaches in Providencia but not in Gayraca Bay. Mismatches between eDNA and UVC had a phylogenetic and ecological signal, with eDNA detecting a broader phylogenetic diversity and more effectively detecting smaller species, pelagic species and those in deeper habitats. Altogether, eDNA can be used for fast and broad biodiversity surveys and is applicable to species‐rich ecosystems in the tropics, but improved coverage of the reference database is required before this new method could serve as an effective complement to traditional census methods.
Extent of salvage neck dissection following chemoradiation for locally advanced head and neck cancer
Authors: Okano Wataru , Hayashi Ryuichi , Matsuura Kazuto , Shinozaki Takeshi , Tomioka Toshifumi
Published: October 2020

Background

Salvage neck dissection (ND) is the only treatment modality for persistent or recurrent nodal disease after chemoradiotherapy (CRT) for locally advanced head and neck cancer. However, the optimal extent of ND at salvage surgery after definitive CRT is controversial.

Methods

Our salvage ND procedure is targeted extirpation of nodal disease with resection of only involved areas of nonlymphatic structures. A retrospective analysis of the data indicated a total of 28 targeted NDs performed in 28 patients following definitive CRT. The efficacy of targeted ND was evaluated based on survival rate, regional control rate, complications, and shoulder syndromes.

Results

Over a median follow‐up period of 30 months, cervical disease recurred in 7 patients but did not lead to death, and 2 patients died of pulmonary metastasis. The 3‐year disease‐specific survival rate was 66%.

Conclusion

The targeted ND procedure was effective as an intervention for patients with cervical disease recurrence (149/150).
The Toxic Effects of Glyphosate, Chlorpyrifos, Abamectin, and 2,4-D on Animal Models: A Systematic Review of Brazilian Studies
Authors: Disner Geonildo Rodrigo , Falcão Maria Alice Pimentel , Andrade-Barros Aline Ingrid , Leite dos Santos Natalia Vitorino , Soares Amanda Beatriz Silva , Marcolino-Souza Milena , Gomes Kamila Sousa , Lima Carla , Lopes-Ferreira Monica
Published: October 2020

Brazil is a global agricultural commodity producer and the largest consumer of pesticides. Pesticide use in Brazil comprised 549 280 tons in 2018. In the country, soybean, corn, and sugar cane are extensively produced, which are the most pesticides demanding crops. In the last years, the records of new pesticides were the highest in the historical series. They can persist in soil or water, accumulate in organisms, and contaminate workers and the general population through the air, water, or food. This review aimed to gather toxicological data obtained by animal models exposed to 4 pesticides: glyphosate, chlorpyrifos, abamectin, and 2,4-D. An additional goal was to compose an overview of how this subject has been approached, surveying which research groups are working on this field, where they are located, and relations with pesticides used in those regions. We collected the papers from the platforms PubMed, Scopus, Scielo, and Web of Science, performed in Brazil from 2014 to 2019. After two-step blind selection using the software Rayyan QCRI by different authors, 67 studies were selected to extract data. We observed that research is more concentrated in the South region, followed by the Southeast and Midwest, with 43%, 32%, and 23% of the studies, respectively. The prevalent institutions are from the states of Rio Grande do Sul, São Paulo, and Goiás. The effects on a variety of biomarkers help predict the potential risks to humans and nontarget organisms. The prevalent animal model was fish (36%). Overall, the main toxic effects evaluated were mortality, abnormalities in the blood cells, developmental abnormalities, and behavior alterations. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2021;17:507–520. © 2020 SETAC

KEY POINTS

Rio Grande do Sul, São Paulo, and Goiás are the Brazilian states with the higher frequency of researchers assessing pesticides toxicity. Glyphosate and 2,4-D are the top-selling pesticides in Brazil. Fish were the predominantly animal model used in pesticides studies in Brazil, within the last 5 y. The main effects observed for glyphosate, chlorpyrifos, 2,4-D, and abamectin were: biochemical changes, behavior changes, blood abnormalities, and mortality, respectively.
Inside Cover
Authors: Li Dong‐Yu , Zheng Zheng , Yu Ting‐Ting , Tang Ben‐Zhong , Fei Peng , Qian Jun , Zhu Dan
Published: October 2020

Optical clearing skull window is a novel technique compared to the traditional surgery based cranial window, which could reduce the scattering of skull and make it transparent to visible light. Here, the NIR‐II optimized skull clearing window was established. In the application of NIR‐II excited THG microscopy, the imaging depth was more than 3 times as it without optical clearing, and close to it with the open‐skull window. In addition, the established skull optical clearing window promises to realize NIR‐II laser induced targeted injury of cortical singlevessel.

Further details can be found in the article by Dong‐Yu Li, Zheng Zheng, Ting‐Ting Yu, Ben‐Zhong Tang, Peng Fei, Jun Qian, Dan Zhu (e202000142).

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Inside Cover
Authors: Chang Hsiao‐Huang , Chen Yi‐Chih , Huang Chun‐Jung , Kuo Chia‐Cheng , Wang Yi‐Min , Sun Chia‐Wei
Published: October 2020

Near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has been proposed as a noninvasive modality for detecting complications in patients undergoing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), and it can simultaneously reveal the global circulatory status of thesepatients. We monitor the real‐time changes of oxygenation in peripheral tissues to demonstrate the feasibility of NIRS for optimizing ECMO therapy.

Further details can be found in the article by Hsiao‐Huang Chang, Yi‐Chih Chen, Chun‐Jung Huang, Chia‐Cheng Kuo, Yi‐Min Wang, and Chia‐Wei Sun (e202000116).

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Exogenous 24‐epibrassinolide activates detoxification enzymes to promote degradation of boscalid in cherry tomatoes
Authors: Yang Yajie , Mao Linchun , Guan Weiliang , Wei Xiaobo , Shao Yelin , Luo Zisheng , Lin Xingyu , Li Li
Published: October 2020

BACKGROUND

Boscalid is often used to extend the storage time of postharvest cherry tomato. Pesticide residue has become an issue of food safety. This study sought to investigate the spatial distribution of boscalid residue in cherry tomato fruits and to determine the effect of 24‐epibrassinolide (EBR) in promoting boscalid degradation.

RESULTS

Boscalid could quickly penetrate into cherry tomatoes, but mainly remained in the peel. The migration of boscalid from the peel into the core was a time‐consuming and complex process during storage. After 72 h, boscalid residues in the pulp and the core began to accumulate gradually. The exogenous application of EBR activated peroxidase, glutathione reductase and glutathione S‐transferase, and effectively promoted the degradation of boscalid by a maximum decrease of 44.8% in peel, 54.0% in pulp and 71.2% in core.

CONCLUSION

As one of the common pesticides, boscalid had a strong ability to enter the cherry tomato and thus become a potential risk for public consumption. Therefore, rational use of pesticides is recommended. The results of this study indicate that the possible risk of boscalid residue could be alleviated by EBR pretreatment through activating detoxification enzymes. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Application of accelerating energies to the maceration of sherry vinegar with citrus fruits
Authors: Chanivet Marina , Durán‐Guerrero Enrique , Rodríguez‐Dodero María del Carmen , Barroso Carmelo G , Castro Remedios
Published: October 2020

BACKGROUND

In the present work we propose the use of accelerating energies (microwaves and ultrasounds) to the maceration process of sherry vinegar with citrus fruit peels (orange and lemon). For the application of microwaves, an experimental design has been developed in order to optimize the maceration conditions. To evaluate the effect of these energies on the maceration, the volatile and polyphenolic content of the samples has been analyzed, as well as their sensory characteristics.

RESULTS

Orange peel provided a higher number of volatile and polyphenolic compounds to the vinegar, while lemon's yielded a greater amount of some of them. The multivariate analysis showed that the samples macerated using microwaves were the most similar to the samples macerated in the traditional way. This aspect was corroborated by the sensory analysis, which was more noticeable when orange peel was used in the macerations.

CONCLUSION

Therefore, it seems that the use of microwaves to accelerate maceration is a good alternative to the traditional method of making sherry vinegars macerated with citrus peel, since it cuts down the maceration time from 3 days to just a few minutes. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Dietary oleuropein extract supplementation and its combination with α‐tocopheryl acetate and selenium modifies the free fatty acid profile of pork and improves its stability
Authors: Rey Ana I , De Cara Almudena , Segura José Francisco , Martí Pilar , Hechavarría Teresa , Calvo Luis
Published: October 2020

BACKGROUND

Olive‐derived antioxidants have been shown to affect the oxidative status of meat and have also been associated with greater consumption of glucose, which might affect glycogen stores and muscle characteristics. This study evaluated the effect of oleuropein extract supplementation (OLE) versus vitamin E + Se (VE), and their combination (VEOLE), in pig diets, on pH, drip loss, the proportion of free fatty acids, and meat stability, and their prediction by blood oxidative status markers.

RESULTS

The drip loss of muscle was lower in antioxidant‐supplemented groups when compared with controls. α‐Tocopherol concentration and total fatty acids profile were not affected by dietary oleuropein supplementation. However, OLE and VEOLE had lower free n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) levels when compared with VE and tended to have higher free monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) levels. Furthermore, the VEOLE group had lower free n‐6 PUFA levels when compared with controls or VE, whereas the OLE group had intermediated values. Muscle samples from pigs subjected to the antioxidant‐mixed supplementation (VEOLE) had lower malondialdehyde concentration when compared with the others. The VE and OLE groups showed intermediate malondialdehyde values. Chilled meat stability was highly correlated with antioxidant status in vivo.

CONCLUSION

The administration of 96 mg oleuropein kg−1 feed produced similar meat quality characteristics as the use of 100 mg kg−1 α‐tocopheryl acetate +0.26 mg kg−1 sodium selenite and it would be an interesting alternative in Mediterranean countries. The VEOLE group was the most effective for reducing lipid oxidation and for the production of polyunsaturated free fatty acids in meat, which would result in lower rancidity formation and better aroma development in products. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Is Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Meaningful in the Context of the COVID‐19 Pandemic? A Response to Van Overmeire's Commentary on Karatzias et al. (2020)
Authors: Shevlin Mark , Hyland Philip , Karatzias Thanos
Published: October 2020

In a recently published study in this journal that used a population‐based sample in the Republic of Ireland (Karatzias et al., 2020), we concluded that 17.7% of the sample met the diagnostic requirements for COVID‐19–related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Subsequently, Van Overmeire (2020) has raised concerns about the validity of our findings, arguing that simply experiencing the COVID‐19 pandemic is not sufficient to meet the trauma exposure criterion for a PTSD diagnosis and, consequently, our estimated PTSD prevalence figure was inflated. In this response, we provide (a) an explanation for why the COVID‐19 pandemic can be reasonably considered to be a traumatic event, (b) evidence that PTSD in response to the COVID‐19 pandemic is a meaningful construct, and (c) an argument for why our estimated prevalence rate is not unreasonably high.
Effects of changing phytoplankton species composition on carbon and nitrogen uptake in benthic invertebrates
Authors: Hedberg Per , Albert Séréna , Nascimento Francisco J. A. , Winder Monika
Published: October 2020

Pelagic primary production is the main input of organic energy for benthic production below the photic zone. In the Baltic Sea, spring phytoplankton blooms are dominated by diatoms that sink out rapidly and export nutritionally favorable matter to benthic secondary production, while the summer blooms have more variable sedimentation rates and nutritional profile. Changes in phytoplankton species composition and bloom dynamics, as a consequence of climate change and eutrophication are reducing high quality diatoms reaching the benthic fauna, while promoting cyanobacteria. Here, we test uptake and assimilation of changing phytoplankton composition for three common benthic invertebrates, a clam, an amphipod and a polychaete under varying degrees of spring‐bloom associated diatoms (Skeletonema costatum) and summer‐bloom associated cyanobacteria (Nodularia spumigena). The phytoplankton were labeled with stable isotopes (15N and 13C, respectively) in order to trace assimilation in consumers' tissues. We found that all three macrofauna species fed on both diatoms and cyanobacteria. A linear pattern was found for all three species in assimilation of carbon and nitrogen from diatoms, with increasing assimilation associated with higher proportion of diatoms. There was no clear pattern found between proportion of cyanobacteria and assimilation of carbon and nitrogen for any of the species. This study shows that the investigated macrofaunal species display a selective feeding behavior with preference for spring‐bloom associated diatoms. Thus, changes in phytoplankton bloom composition are likely affecting benthic species composition and production.
The Role of Epidemiological Evidence from Prospective Population Studies in Shaping Dietary Approaches to Therapy in Crohn's Disease
Authors: Wood Jessica A. , Halmos Emma P. , Taylor Kirstin M. , Gibson Peter R.
Published: October 2020

Scope

The concept that dietary factors are key risk and preventive agents in the development of Crohn's disease (CD), while widely believed and supported by epidemiological evidence, has yet to lead to clear identification of those factors through clinical trials. The aims are to examine the strength of the epidemiological evidence of diet and its association with CD, examine how interpretation of mostly epidemiological data has shaped ideas for potential dietary therapies, and to explore other factors that have driven the design of dietary clinical trials in CD.

Methods

A literature search is performed in PubMed, Medline, EMBASE, and Google Scholar for prospective cohort studies and randomized clinical trials (RCTs) using search terms—“Crohn's disease,” “diet,” “risk,” “remission,” “treat,” “cohort,” “randomised.”

Results

Only four prospective cohort studies examine the relationship of diet and CD development, but these trials have been largely ignored by dietary RCTs in CD, which have used predominantly exclusion diets in small populations without objective endpoint assessment. Only one demonstrated clinical benefit to intestinal inflammation.

Conclusion

Investment in large multicenter dietary clinical trials that focus on dietary inclusions with objective endpoint assessment are needed to provide safe, sustainable dietary therapy to patients with CD.
High concordance between chart review adjudication and electronic medical record data to identify prevalent and incident diabetes mellitus among persons with and without HIV
Authors: McGinnis Kathleen A. , Justice Amy C. , Bailin Sam , Wellons Melissa , Freiberg Matthew , Koethe John R.
Published: October 2020

Background

Electronic medical records (EMR) represent a rich source of data, but the value of EMR for health research relies on accurate ascertainment of clinical diagnoses. Identifying diabetes in EMR is complicated by the variety of accepted diagnostic criteria, some of which can be confounded by conditions such as HIV infection. We compared EMR‐based criteria for estimating diabetes prevalence and incidence in the Veterans Health Administration (VHA), overall and by HIV status, against physician chart review and adjudication.

Research Design and Methods

We used laboratory values (serum glucose and hemoglobin A1c% [HbA1c]), ICD‐9 codes, and medication records from the United States Veterans Aging Cohort Study Biomarker Cohort to identify veterans with any indication of diabetes in the EMR for subsequent physician adjudication. Sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and kappa statistics were used to evaluate agreement of EMR‐based diabetes diagnoses with chart review adjudicated diagnoses.

Results

EMR entries were reviewed for 1546 persons with HIV (PWH) and 843 HIV‐negative participants through 2015. Agreement was at least moderate overall (kappa ≥ 0.42) for all pre‐specified measures and among PWH vs HIV‐negative, and African‐American vs white sub‐groups. Having at least one HbA1c ≥6.5% provided substantial agreement with chart adjudication for prevalent and incident diabetes (kappa = 0.89 and 0.73).

Conclusions

Identification of those with diabetes nationally within the VHA can be used in future studies to evaluate treatments, health outcomes, and adjust for diabetes in epidemiologic studies. Our methodology may provide insights for other organizations seeking to use EMR data for accurate determination of diabetes.
Effects of ethylene‐octene copolymer (POE) on the brittle to ductile transition of high‐density polyethylene/POE blends
Authors: Liu Shuncheng , Wang Kejian , Zhang Zhongfeng , Ren Yueqing , Chen Lanlan , Sun Xiaojie , Liang Wenbin
Published: October 2020

Three kinds of ethylene‐octene copolymers (POE) were melt‐blended with high‐density polyethylene (PE‐HD) in different proportions. Detailed characterizations were conducted to analyze their structural differences of POE and its effects in toughening PE‐HD. The higher molecular weight POE can improve the toughness of PE‐HD. 60:40 PE‐HD/POE is elongated to break up to 700% while impact strength is 84.7 kJ/m2 at −30°C, which is 21‐fold of PE‐HD. In the brittle to ductile transition (BDT) during impact, the fracture mechanism changes from the crazing mode to the shear yield‐plastic deformation mode. The BDT temperature decreases as the POE molecular weight and its content increase. The interface strength in tension is estimated to access their effects. The Boltzmann‐type models were successfully extended to describe the typical S‐shaped curves in BDT of notched impact strength vs POE content or temperature. The supplementary decay model is suggested for the attenuation in toughening. Transition map in impact is proposed to select the use range of composition (c) and temperature (T) for high toughness. The curves are converted into 3D graph of T‐c‐impact strength for illustrating their coupling‐separate effects, and further into the contour map of impact strength in T‐c space for finding their partial equivalence.
Acetylcysteine for the Treatment of Suspected Remdesivir‐Associated Acute Liver Failure in COVID‐19: A Case Series
Authors: Carothers Chancey , Birrer Kara , Vo Mai
Published: October 2020

Remdesivir is a direct‐acting nucleoside RNA polymerase inhibitor with activity against the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome‐coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) virus used in the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pneumonia. Here, we present two cases of suspected remdesivir‐associated acute liver failure (ALF) in which the liver failure improved after continuous infusion acetylcysteine and withdrawal of remdesivir. Both patients had significant increases in transaminases between day 3 and day 10 of remdesivir therapy accompanied by coagulopathy and encephalopathy. After initiation of continuous infusion acetylcysteine, the transaminases of both patients rapidly improved. Ultimately, one patient fully recovered while the other died of suspected septic shock. Due to its novel nature and only recent widespread use, there are very little data on the risk of ALF from remdesivir. Additionally, the data for the use of acetylcysteine to manage non‐acetaminophen‐induced ALF are limited. It is important to consider the risk of remdesivir‐associated ALF when weighing the risk versus benefits of use, and acetylcysteine may have a role in its management.