bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Medical face masks offer self-protection against aerosols: An evaluation using a practical in vitro approach on a dummy head
Authors: Sterr Christian M. , Nickel Inga-Lena , Stranzinger Christina , Nonnenmacher-Winter Claudia I. , Günther Frank
Published: March 2021

Since the appearance of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the question regarding the efficacy of various hygiene measures and the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) has become the focus of scientific and above all public discussion. To compare respirators, medical face masks, and cloth masks and determine if it is recommendable to wear face masks to protect the individual wearer of the mask from inhaling airborne particles, we challenged 29 different masks with aerosols and tested the pressure drop as a surrogate for breathing resistance owing to the mask material. We found that Type II medical face masks showed the lowest pressure drop (12.9±6.8 Pa/cm2) and therefore additional breathing resistance, whereas respirators such as the KN95 (32.3±7.0 Pa/cm2) and FFP2 (26.8±7.4 Pa/cm2) showed the highest pressure drops among the tested masks. The filtration efficacy of the mask material was the lowest for cloth masks (28±25%) followed by non-certified face masks (63±19%) and certified medical face masks (70±10%). The materials of the different respirators showed very high aerosol retentions (KN95 [94±4%] and FFP2 [98±1%]). For evaluating the as-worn filtration performance simulating real live conditions each mask type was also tested on a standardized dummy head. Cloth masks and non-EN-certified face masks had the worst as-worn filtration efficacies among the tested masks, filtering less than 20% of the test aerosol. Remarkably, certified type II medical face masks showed similar (p>0.5) as-worn filtration results (47±20%) than KN95 masks (41±4%) and FFP2 masks (65±27%), despite having a lower pressure drop. Face shields did not show any significant retention function against aerosols in our experiment. Our results indicate that it seems recommendable to wear face masks for providing base protection and risk reduction against inhaling airborne particles, in low-risk situations. In our study, especially EN 14683 type II certified medical face masks showed protective effectiveness against aerosols accompanied by minimal additional breathing resistance. FFP2 Respirators, on the other hand, could be useful in high-risk situations but require greater breathing effort and therefore physical stress for users.
Kearifan Lokal dan Gerakan Tolak Reklamasi Teluk Benoa
Authors:   Indonesian Institute Of Sciences, Warsilah Henny
Published: March 2021

Prediksi Eko Budihardjo soal “Urban Suicide” tampaknya sedikit banyak telah terbukti. Para pengelola kota-kota di Indonesia seringkali secara sadar justru membuat kebijakan pembangunan kota yang malah merusak keseimbangan hubungan antara manusia dan lingkungan. Begitu pun dengan apa yang terjadi di kawasan pesisir Teluk Benoa, Bali. Rencana reklamasi yang akan dilakukan di daerah tersebut dapat berakibat pada tergusurnya pura-pura yang menjadi sentral peribadatan umat Hindu, selain dampak kerusakan ekologis yang ditimbulkan. Buku ini akan mengulas persoalan-persoalan yang muncul terkait rencana reklamasi Teluk Benoa, dan respon seta aksi dari elemen masyarakat yang menentang rencana tersebut. Lebih lanjut, buku ini menawarkan solusi jitu untuk memecahkan persoalan ini melalui pendekatan pembangunan inklusif berkelanjutan. Kearifan lokal masyarakat Bali akan menjadi inti dari pendekatan yang dirancang di dalam buku ini. Buku ini sangat tepat dibaca bagi para pemerhati lingkungan serta masyarakat umum, agar dapat mengambil banyak pelajaran dari kasus penolakan reklamasi di Teluk Benoa. Sementara bagi para pengambil kebijakan, khususnya pengelola kota, dapat mengaplikasikan pendekatan pembangunan inklusif yang ditawarkan buku ini dalam berbagai kesempatan.
Idősek a pályán: fair a play? – Hogyan vélekednek az európai munkaadók az idősebb korosztályok helyéről a jövő munkaerő-piacán?
Authors: Adler Judit , Petz Raymund
Published: March 2021

Az EU minden tagországában megfigyelhető a népesség fokozatos öregedése, aminek számos negatív hatása közül kiemelhető a következő évtizedekben minden bizonnyal jelentkező munkaerőhiány, illetve a nyugdíjrendszerek stabilitásának problémái. E problémák makroszintű kezelése mellett ez idáig másodlagos volt ezek mikroszintű vizsgálata. Az európai munkáltatóknak az öregedéssel, az idősebb korosztályok foglalkoztatásával kapcsolatos helyzetértékeléseit, kilátásait és szándékait térképezte fel egy öt országban megvalósított kutatás az EU-ban és Magyarországon az OFA támogatásával. A jelen tanulmányban a verseny- és költségvetési szférában megvalósított felmérések legfontosabb eredményeit és az ezekből levonható következtetéseket adják közre a szerzők.
Comportamento capilar em siltes sedimentares usando modelo reduzido e altas cargas de sucção
Authors: Baldovino Jair De Jesus Arrieta , Izzo Ronaldo
Published: March 2021

Estudos de ascensão capilar em solos de granulometria fina são necessários para melhor compreensão de suas propriedades hidráulicas e não saturadas. Dois siltes sedimentares amarelo (A) e cinza (B) foram submetidos a ascensão capilar com cargas de sucção de 2 m usando tubos. Adicionalmente, o solo amarelo também foi submetido a ascensão capilar em modelo reduzido usando uma caixa de acrílico. Para os ensaios em tubos, os resultados evidenciaram que a água capilar foi capaz de saturar a coluna de ambos os solos até os 70 cm de altura, onde foi encontrado o ponto de entrada do ar. A água tardou 41 dias em alcançar os 200 cm de altura no solo A e 65 dias no solo B, enquanto, aproximadamente 1,6 kg de água entraram em ambos solos devido à carga de sucção. O coeficiente de permeabilidade medido (kc) durante o ensaio capilar passou de 0,0001 cm/s (solo A) e de 0,00008 cm/s (solo B) na altura de entrada de ar até 0,00002 cm/s aos 2 m de altura. A sucção matricial registrou valores maiores a 500 kPa na fase não saturada dos solos. Enquanto ao modelo reduzido para o solo amarelo, compactado em 3 densidades diferentes, os resultados demostraram que a velocidade de ascensão da água pelos capilares do solo aumentou quando o solo foi compactado com um peso específico seco maior. À medida que o tempo transcorreu, o kc diminuiu em todas as densidades desde 0,0005 cm/s até 0,0003 cm/s. A sucção matricial no solo registrou valores de 600-800 kPa para graus de saturação entre 90%-100%. Foi verificado, para os ensaios em tubo e na caixa, que a curva de altura de ascensão pelo tempo está influenciada principalmente pela porosidade de moldagem, coeficiente de permeabilidade em estado saturado e altura de entrada do ar.
Editor's introduction
Authors: Yalcin Tugce
Published: March 2021

In this Editorial, Tugçe Yalçin (Editor-in-Chief of ISLRev, Institute of Advanced Legal Studies, University of London) welcomes you to the COVID Special issue of the IALS Student Law Review (ISLRev) and introduces the articles featured in this issue of the journal.
Impact on Democracy of Emergency Measures Against Covid-19
Authors: Krasniqi Afrim
Published: March 2021

Whilst there is significant discussion globally on the thesis that the Coronavirus is emboldening autocrats the world over through vastly expanded emergency powers, extraordinary measures and reliance on enforcement rather than on expendable democratic subtleties, this paper focuses on the particular case of Albania to show that even though the level of illiberal thrust in this country is far from equalling that of authoritarian regimes, a host of key similarities are already there, and the substance behind those similarities is equally worrying.

In Albania, the operationalisation of the pandemic has made room for the relentless advancement of the government’s political agenda, giving rise to serious doubts about the sincerity of the government-sponsored measures, their end effects and their compatibility with public interest and constitutional framework.
Editorial Board and Associate Editors
Authors: Harave Narayana
Published: March 2021

Editorial Board and Associate Editors
Clinical experience of using denosumab in the treatment of hypercalcemia and oxalate osteopathy for a young patient with primary hyperoxaluria type 1.
Authors: Golounina Olga O. , Rozhinskaya Liudmila Ya. , Grebennikova Tatiana A. , Kovalevich Liliya D. , Gronskaia Sofya A. , Bogdanov Victor P. , Belaya Zhanna E.
Published: March 2021

Primary hyperoxaluria are a group of rare genetic diseases caused by defective glyoxylate metabolism leading to excessive oxalate production and deposition into the tissues (oxalosis). Clinical manifestations include recurrent nephrolithiasis and nephrocalcinosis, rapidly progressive chronic kidney disease subsequently leading to end-stage renal disease, systemic oxalosis, PTH-independent hypercalcemia, pancytopenia, oxalate osteopathy with osteosclerosis, pathological fractures and endocrinopathy. Regardless of the type of primary hyperoxaluria any conservative therapy is palliative and can only slow the progression of the disease but not prevent it completely. We report the case of a young male patient with genetically confirmed primary hyperoxaluria type 1 complicated by severe oxalate osteopathy and hypercalcemia, who received a combined liver/ kidney transplant after 10 years from the disease. Treatment with human monoclonal antibody to the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL) — denosumab allowed achieving normalization of calcium-phosphorus metabolism, significantly reduce the activity of bone resorption and improve clinical performance. Knowledge of the features of clinical manifestations, timely diagnosis and treatment of primary hyperoxaluria are important prognostic value for patients.
Modelo explicativo de las dimensiones del valor percibido de destinos turísticos oscuros
Authors:   Facultad de Psicología, Fundación Universitaria Konrad Lorenz, Bogotá, Colombia, Rivera-Eraso Álvaro , Sandoval-Escobar Marithza ,   Facultad de Psicología, Fundación Universitaria Konrad Lorenz, Bogotá, Colombia
Published: March 2021

El objetivo de l a investigación fue desarrollar un modelo para identificar las dimensiones del valor percibido de destinos turísticos oscuros, con una muestra de 821 participantes. Se analizaron diferentes estructuras a través de un análisis factorial confirmatorio, centrándose en los índices de ajuste absoluto. Los resultados muestran que un modelo con cuatro dimensiones correlacionadas presenta los índices más altos de bondad de ajuste. Dentro del nuevo modelo es posible evidenciar una fuerte correlación entre el componente hedónico y el componente de búsqueda de sensaciones, con una correlación de .97, seguida por una correlación de .76 entre el componente hedónico y el componente utilitario; también entre el componente de búsqueda de sensaciones y el componente hedónico, cuyo coeficiente es de .57. Así, el interés por el turismo oscuro se relaciona en primera instancia con la búsqueda de sensaciones y en un grado menor, pero consistente, con el valor hedónico y utilitario percibido. Finalmente, no se encuentran diferencias significativas intergeneracionales, ni diferencias significativas entre sexos en la forma de percibir el valor de los destinos turísticos oscuros.
Die gesellschaftliche Funktion von Diskriminierung und Diskriminierungskritik
Authors: Scherr Albert
Published: March 2021

Das Verbot jeder Form von Diskriminierung ist in der Allgemeinen Erklärung des Menschenrechte verankert. Gleichwohl aber ist die Annahme unzutreffend, dass moderne, demokratisch verfasste und den Menschenrechten verpflichtete Gesellschaften alle Formen von Diskriminierung konsequent ablehnen. Damit stellt sich die Frage, warum bestimmte Formen von Diskriminierung auch gegenwärtig noch akzeptiert werden. Der Beitrag akzentuiert darauf bezogenen den Nutzen von Diskriminierung für die Aufrechterhaltung bestimmter Ordnungsstrukturen und Ungleichheitsverhältnisse. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird akzentuiert, dass eine Aufspaltung in Diskriminierungskritik einerseits und Ungleichheitskritik andererseits wissenschaftlich nicht tragfähig sowie politisch kontraproduktiv ist.
Rechtliche Wege zur Anerkennung geschlechtlicher Vielfalt
Authors: Niedenthal Katrin
Published: March 2021

Katrin Niedenthal erläutert in ihrem Beitrag, welche Bedeutung der Geschlechtseintrag eines Menschen hat und welche rechtlichen Verfahren es gibt, um diesen zu ändern. Sich aus der aktuellen Rechtslage ergebende Rechtsunsicherheiten und offene Handlungsbedarfe werden beispielhaft ebenso aufgezeigt wie grundsätzliche höchstgerichtliche Erwägungen zur Anerkennung der selbstempfundenen Geschlechtsidentität.
Plattform versus Lebensmitteltafel
Authors: Ruesch Eliane
Published: March 2021

Eliane Ruesch untersucht in ihrem Beitrag zwei Formen der organisierten Verteilung von unverkauften Lebensmittelüberschüssen. Dafür nutzt sie Literatur zu Plattformorganisationen sowie das Konzept der partiellen Organisation von Ahrne und Brunsson. Tafeln, klassische Hilfsorganisationen, versorgen Bedürftige mit Nahrung. Sie sind lokal stark verankert, träge bei der Ausdehnung ihrer Tätigkeiten und karitativ motiviert. Plattformen indes haben keinen lokalen Bezug und wachsen schnell. Über eine digitale Infrastruktur verkuppelt die Plattform Konsumenten und Lebensmittelläden. Erstere «retten» gerne preisreduzierte Lebensmittelüberschüsse, letztere stärken ihr Image als «grüne» Unternehmen. Die Plattform als Vermittler und der Laden als Verkäufer profitieren dabei. Es zeigt sich, dass sich das karitativ motivierte Verteilen von Lebensmittelüberschüssen im Zuge des Aufkommens von Plattformen so verändert, dass es die Grundlage für die Entstehung von neuen digitalen Märkten liefert.
Wertzuschreibungen durch Food-Waste-Apps
Authors: Martin Sabrina
Published: March 2021

Sabrina Martin widmet sich in ihrem Beitrag der Frage, welche Werte Food-Waste-Apps konstruieren und hervorheben, um den Verkauf von Nahrungsmittelabfällen zu ermöglichen. Indem die Marktintermediäre »wertlosen« Lebensmittelabfällen neue Werte zuschreiben, lösen sie das Wertproblem und schaffen so einen Onlinemarkt für das Verteilen von Food Waste mittels wirtschaftlicher Transaktionen. Die empirische Untersuchung von zwölf Food-Waste-Apps zeigt, dass sie multiple Werte miteinander verbinden: den Wert der Verantwortung, den ökonomischen, ökologischen und sozialen Wert sowie den Genusswert. Der Artikel leistet einen wesentlichen Beitrag für das Verständnis der zentralen Rolle, welche die Marktintermediäre mit der Valorisierung von Lebensmittelabfällen übernehmen. Indem sie die Werte der Nahrungsmittelabfälle bereits vor der eigentlichen Markttransaktion formen, schaffen sie eine wesentliche Grundlage für wirtschaftliche Transaktionen zwischen unterschiedlichen Marktakteur*innen.
»Und die Eimer füllen sich mit Unmengen an Essen, die der Gast nicht konsumierte«
Authors: Klee Catrina
Published: March 2021

Catrina Klee widmet sich in ihrem Beitrag der Food-Waste-Problematik in Gastronomiebetrieben. Im Zuge der gegenwärtigen Nachhaltigkeitsdebatte sind Gastronomiebetriebe zunehmend mit der Erwartung konfrontiert, die durch sie produzierten Lebensmittelabfälle drastisch zu reduzieren. Gleichzeitig sind Gastronomiebetriebe jedoch Wirtschaftsunternehmen, die auf die Befriedigung ihrer Kund*innen abzielen und Gewinne erzielen wollen. Wie das Servicepersonal mit diesem Spannungsfeld umgeht, untersucht die Autorin im Rahmen einer qualitativen Studie in einem Schweizer Traditionshaus. Die Resultate zeigen, wie das Servicepersonal das Thema Food Waste auf eigenmächtige Weise und ohne Anweisungen in ihre Alltagsarbeiten auf der Hinterbühne übersetzt. Abfälle sind aber nicht nur auf Hinterbühne von Gastronomiebetrieben zu verorten, denn zeigt die Studie ebenso, dass Abfälle auf der Vorderbühne durch die konsumierenden Gäste produziert werden. Um die verschwenderische Rolle der Gäste so zu adjustieren, dass weniger Lebensmittelabfälle anfallen, identifiziert das Servicepersonal verschiedene Lösungsvorschläge. Diese Vorschläge fasst die Autorin zusammen und plädiert dafür, dass immer auch der Gast in die Übersetzungsarbeit von Food Waste einzubinden ist. Denn ihre Beobachtungen zeigen, dass diejenigen Individuen, die die Lebensmittelabfälle vor Augen geführt kriegen und wort-wörtlich damit in Berührung kommen, Sensibilitäten für die Lebensmittelverschwendung entwickeln und eigenständig beginnen dagegen anzukämpfen.
Epilog
Authors: Winterberger Franziska
Published: March 2021

Franziska Winterberger beschreibt im Epilog die Folgen eines Seminars über Food Waste. Der persönliche Beitrag handelt von wachsender Aufmerksamkeit für die Thematik im Alltag, der Entstehung eines Sammelbandes über die Organisation und Bewertung von Lebensmittelabfällen und der Hoffnung, die Welt zu verbessern.
More Than Machines?
Authors: Voss Laura
Published: March 2021

We know that robots are just machines. Why then do we often talk about them as if they were alive? Laura Voss explores this fascinating phenomenon, providing a rich insight into practices of animacy (and inanimacy) attribution to robot technology: from science-fiction to robotics R&D, from science communication to media discourse, and from the theoretical perspectives of STS to the cognitive sciences. Taking an interdisciplinary perspective, and backed by a wealth of empirical material, Voss shows how scientists, engineers, journalists - and everyone else - can face the challenge of robot technology appearing »a little bit alive« with a reflexive and yet pragmatic stance.
Estrategias y dispositivos comunitarios en procesos de desarrollo territorial en Aldea Beleiro; Chubut, Argentina.
Authors: Diez Tetamanti Juan Manuel , Heredias Tamara , Martínez Nadia
Published: March 2021

Aldea Beleiro es una de las tres localidades foco de investigación entre 2018-2019, con el PICT “Estrategias y dispositivos comunitarios y estatales en procesos de desarrollo territorial de pequeñas localidades y zonas rurales dispersas del sudoeste de la provincia de Chubut”. El objetivo es analizar estrategias y dispositivos, tanto estatales como comunitarios, que en función de los escenarios de aislamientos e integraciones, contribuyan a procesos de desarrollo territorial en pequeñas localidades y espacios rurales dispersos del sudoeste de la provincia de Chubut. La metodología se aborda desde la pesquisa cartográfica y articula una serie de herramientas en desarrollo y experimentales. El proceso de investigación pone en diálogo permanente los textos producidos, las conclusiones parciales y las ideas producidas con la población local para pensar las diferentes estrategias y dispositivos puestos en marcha desde la comunidad activando así micro-procesos de desarrollo territorial.
Kraj Saary a początki integracji europejskiej
Authors: Koźbiał Krzysztof
Published: March 2021

Po zakończeniu II wojny światowej terytorium Kraju Saary stało się problemem spornym między Francją a Niemcami. Francja z powodów ekonomicznych (złoża węgla kamiennego i rozwinięty przemysł) próbowała uzależnić ten obszar od siebie, czego wyrazem była najpierw okupacja, później unia gospodarcza i walutowa, wreszcie próba politycznego uniezależnienia Saary od RFN.

Działania te zakończyły się fiaskiem. Powodem było nieprzyjęcie przez mieszkańców Kraju Saary tzw. statutu Saary w referendum w 1955 r. Od 1957 r. obszar został włączony do RFN w wyniku tzw. małego zjednoczenia. Zapewne nie byłoby to możliwe bez pozytywnie postępującej integracji zachodniej Europy (utworzenie EWWiS i EWG).
The Cyprus Talks 2015–2017: Their Course, the Outcome, and Consequences for the European Union
Authors: Osiewicz Przemysław
Published: March 2021

The main aim of the article is to present political consequences of the failure of the Cyprus talks 2015–2017 for the European Union. Although its institutions and representatives were engaged in the negotiation process there, the issue seems to be more complex when it comes to defining what their role was. One can find the answer to such a question analysing the course and the final outcome of the negotiation process in Cyprus.

The main research question are as follows: What was the course of bicommunal negotiations? What brought the negotiations to a halt in 2017? How did the European Union engage in the process? What are political consequences of the talks failure for the European Union? The selected method is sources analysis and the technique is qualitative content analysis. On this basis one can study, for example, selected speeches, declarations as well as official documents. As regards the main sources, these are selected EU and UN documents, monographs, and academic articles.
A case of newly diagnosed autoimmune diabetes in pregnancy presenting after acute onset of diabetic ketoacidosis
Authors: DiNobile Charissa , Fuchs Anna , Herrera Kimberly
Published: March 2021

Objectives

We present a case of immune-mediated diabetes mellitus, diagnosed in pregnancy upon presentation with diabetic ketoacidosis, found to have normal glucose control postpartum.

Case presentation

A 28-year-old medically uncomplicated G1P0 presented in diabetic ketoacidosis at 28.2 weeks gestation. Workup for pancreatic autoantibodies revealed indeterminate anti-islet cell antibodies and positive anti-glutamic acid antibodies. She was stabilized with intravenous fluids and insulin, and transitioned to long and short acting subcutaneous insulin. Her insulin requirements decreased over the course of her pregnancy. Spontaneous vaginal delivery occurred at 37 weeks. Her postpartum glucose control was normal without re-initiation of insulin.

Conclusions

The diagnosis of diabetic ketoacidosis during pregnancy should prompt further investigation into an underlying diagnosis of immune mediated diabetes. These patients should be followed closely in the postpartum period.
Maximum power point tracking algorithm for photovoltaic systems considering error minimization and power derivative
Authors: Lopes Filho Gilberto , Franco Ricardo Augusto Pereira , Vieira Flávio Henrique Teles
Published: March 2021

In this work, a new maximum power point tracking algorithm (MPPT) for photovoltaic systems is proposed. The considered system is composed of a photovoltaic panel charging a battery using a buck-type DC–DC converter. Computational simulations are carried out to compare the performances of the MPPT algorithms, therein analyzing the output voltage and output power behavior at the photovoltaic panel. Three evaluation scenarios are considered: with constant irradiance and temperature, randomly chosen conditions and using real data. The results of the simulations show that the proposed algorithm applied to the photovoltaic system achieves a better performance than the main MPPT algorithms in the literature.
Wordform-specific frequency effects cause acoustic variation in zero-inflected homophones
Authors: Luef Eva Maria , Sun Jong-Seung
Published: March 2021

The frequency with which a word appears in the lexicon has implications for its pronunciation. Numerous studies have shown that high-frequency lemma are characterized by more phonetic reduction than lower-frequency lemma. These findings have proven to be particularly useful in the study of homophones where frequency-related reduction processes can give insights into lexical access theories. The majority of research on homophones and frequency effects has focused on heterographic and semantically unrelated homophones (e.g., Englishtime – thyme) or investigated zero-derived homophones (e.g., Englishthe cut, noun –to cut, verb). Here, zero inflection in German pluralization (e.g.,ein Würfel‘one die’–zwei Würfel‘two dice’) was investigated to determine if and how frequency effects impact on the acoustic realization of the homophonous singular-plural word pairs. The findings indicate that the number-specified wordforms show acoustic variation related to wordform frequency and the relative frequency of the singular to plural inflected forms. Results differ for durations of wordforms, stem vowels, and final phonemes. Our findings have implications for lexical access theories and can inform about ‘frequency inheritance’ across the singular and plural homophones of the zero-inflected plurals.
Linear transformations of tropical matrices preserving the cyclicity index
Authors: Guterman Alexander , Kreines Elena , Thomassen Carsten
Published: March 2021

We combine matrix theory and graph theory methods to give a complete characterization of the surjective linear transformations of tropical matrices that preserve the cyclicity index. We show that there are non-surjective linear transformations that preserve the cyclicity index and we leave it open to characterize those.
Borderline and schizotypal traits in college students: Relationship and personality profiles
Authors: Chabrol Henri , Bronchain Jonathan , Debbané Martin , Chassagne Jean , Raynal Patrick
Published: March 2021

The relationships between borderline and schizotypal traits are still debated. Borderline traits, schizotypal traits, and several psychopathological symptoms were assessed among 2,341 college students. A factor analysis was performed on borderline and schizotypal personality measures, leading to 10 factors. Borderline factors were largely intercorrelated, as were schizotypal factors. Moreover, borderline factors were weakly to largely correlated to schizotypal factors. Five factors were very strongly correlated (r > .50). Dissociation was strongly related to Odd Beliefs/Unusual Perceptive Experiences and Anxious-Depressive factors. Social Anxiety was strongly related to Suspiciousness. Based on these 10 factors, a cluster analysis was conducted, and resulted in four clearly distinct groups: a Low Traits cluster, a Narcissistic cluster, a Social Anxiety cluster, and a High Traits cluster. This High Traits cluster had the lowest levels of academic achievement and the highest levels of internalizing behaviors and externalizing behaviors. The clinical implications of the results are discussed.
Affirming Solutions: Using Solution-Focused Brief Therapy With Transgender, Gender Nonconforming, and Gender Questioning Youth
Authors: Rottnek James P.
Published: March 2021

Given the growing number of young people presenting to therapy for gender-related concerns, and the growing social awareness of non-binary understandings of gender, it is incumbent upon therapists to improve their own understandings of gender, to gain familiarity with research on gender identity, and to learn to work with clients who present for gender-related concerns. One model of working with transgender, gender nonconforming, and gender questioning adolescents and children, is affirming solutions therapy. This article reviews previously suggested models of therapy for working with gender minorities and discusses the appropriateness of solution-focused brief therapy (SFBT) with affirmative therapy.
Linguistic Evidence for the Dissociation Between Impurity and Harm: Differences in the Duration and Scope of Contamination Versus Injury
Authors: Niemi Laura , Leone Cristina , Young Liane
Published: March 2021

Previous research has shown that harm and impurity are relevant to a different extent across individuals and transgressions. However, the source of these differences is still unclear. Here, we combine language analysis and social-moral psychology to articulate the core defining features of impurity versus harm. In Study 1 (a–c), we found systematic variation in language use, indicating that people infer that contamination, unlike injury, affects a target completely and irreversibly, rendering them a transmitter of contamination. In Study 2 (a–b), we investigated how evoking intuitions about these core features of contamination—completeness, irreversibility, and transferability—influences judgments of impurity and harm. We found that implying effects on a target were complete and irreversible altered judgments of impurity, but not harm. Overall, our research supports the conclusion that impurity and harm are substantially distinct in cognition and moral judgment; unlike harm, impurity connotes negative effects that spread continually across space and time.
A Cooperation Advantage for Theory of Mind in Children and Adults
Authors: Tsoi Lily , Hamlin J. Kiley , Waytz Adam , Baron Andrew Scott , Young Liane Lee
Published: March 2021

Three studies test whether people engage in mental state reasoning or theory of mind (ToM) differently across two fundamental social contexts: cooperation and competition. Study 1 examines how children with an emerging understanding of false beliefs deploy ToM across these contexts. We find that young preschool children are better able to plant false beliefs in others' minds in a cooperative versus competitive context; this difference does not emerge for other cognitive capacities tested (e.g., executive functioning, memory). Studies 2a and 2b reveal the same systematic difference in adults' ToM for cooperation and competition, even after accounting for relevant predictors (e.g., preference for a task condition, feelings about deception). Together, these findings provide initial evidence for enhanced ToM for cooperation versus competition in early development and also adulthood.
New EU Initiatives against Terrorism
Authors:   Institute of Europe, Russian Academy of Sciences, Potemkina Olga
Published: March 2021

The article examines the EU’s response to a series of terrorist attacks in European cities in the autumn of 2020, after which the topic of terrorism once again came to the fore on the EU political agenda. The author analyses the new Counter-Terrorism Action Plan and the Regulation on the removal of terrorist content from the Internet adopted after a protracted inter-institutional dialogue between the EU Council and the European Parliament. The article also looks at the problem of expanding the mandate of the Europol agency in the field of big data analysis, while the author emphasises that member states still doubt the need to grant the agency access to data encryption. The author comes to the conclusion that the European Union quite adequately fulfills the tasks outlined in the documents to respond to terrorist attacks, but has not been very successful in preventing them. It is noted that in the plans of international anti-terrorist cooperation, the European Union, as before, does not include Russia, which can not but reduce the effect of global and regional confrontation with new security challenges.
Post-Crisis Protest: European Features
Authors:   Institute of Europe, Russian Academy of Sciences, Lunkin Roman
Published: March 2021

The article analyzes the phenomenon of modern post-crisis protests. The frame theory is the most effective method for evaluating the modern protest movement, which allows analyzing any action from the point of view of its context, its representation in the public space, its organization and original worldview. The article examines the European specifics of the protests and possible ideological divisions within the framework of mass demonstrations. It is concluded that the post-crisis protests in Europe are characterized, first of all, by a more or less clear division into supporters of neoliberal ideology and traditionalists (identists). The neoliberals opposed the traditionalism of the leadership of Poland, Hungary, and Russia, but the traditionalists more often protested against strict quarantine measures and uncontrolled immigration. Secondly, one of the widespread factors was distrust of the government, which, while proclaiming democratic norms to which does not follow. From this point of view, both the identists and the neoliberals alike demanded more democracy and justice during the protests
Finland’s Africa Strategy
Authors:   Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Boldyreva Elena
Published: March 2021

The article analyzes Finland’s strategy towards Africa. The relevance of this topic does not raise doubts in the light of the growing interest not only of Finland, but also of the European Union as a whole in Africa, especially the countries of the Sahel. Finland’s strategy was adopted almost simultaneously with the EU’s strategy and can be considered as an integral part of it. The article analyzes the publicly available documents of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Finland, which are relevant both to the policy of this northern country in relation to the continent as a whole and to individual African countries. The aim of the strategy is to set realistic but ambitious goals for Finland’s policy towards Africa, based on the common interests of Finland and African countries, to define the main directions of Finland’s policy towards Africa and to define concrete actions to achieve them. In addition, it is necessary to pay special attention to strengthening political and economic relations and expand cooperation in various forms. Thus, the research carried out can be useful for a better understanding of one of the most important directions of Finnish foreign policy today.
Ukraine, Quo Vadis? Mirages of the Third Republic
Authors:   Institute of Europe, Russian Academy of Sciences, Mironenko Viktor
Published: March 2021

Ukraine has completed a long period of transformation of its political regime. On the occasion of the thirtieth anniversary of State sovereignty, a discussion of its outcome is envisaged. One can look back on the road travelled. For 30 years it has been determined by the continuation of nation-building and the search for the right integrationist vector. With the formal completion of the former and the uncertainty of the latter, the danger of a continuing transformational crisis emerged.The article is devoted to the analysis of its nature and possible ways out of it. The nature of the «second transformative crisis» in Ukraine ambivalent. It can be both a factor of destabilization and degradation and an indication of the path to exit, stabilization and growth. Much, if not all, will depend on the elite’s willingness to rise above personal and corporate interests and its ability to learn from its own experiences, to consider external conditions and to offer development goals that can consolidate society. In the opinion of the author, the Association Agreement with the EU, in the process of its further implementation, could become a basis for targeting and a tool for achieving the objectives set. If successful, Ukraine’s experience of nation-building in the context of globalization may prove useful to other newly independent Eastern European States.
France: Republic against «Political Islam» (Part I)
Authors:   Institute of Europe, Russian Academy of Sciences, Shumilin Aleksandr
Published: March 2021

On February 16, 2021, the French National Assembly (lower house of parliament) approved a draft law on countering separatism. On March 30, this document is to be discussed by members of the Senate. The degree of public discussions around him began to grow immediately after the speech of President E. Macron on October 2, 2020 and the subsequent publication in the press of the main provisions of the project. In fact, the document is aimed at preventing the radicalization of the Muslim community of France, at its more thorough adaptation to the socio-political conditions and basic values of the Republic. Most of the Muslim community and the clergy of France approved the proposals of the president and the government, while about a third of Muslim organizations opposed them. The last, as a rule, are linked to the international Islamist association «Muslim Brotherhood», which seeks to expand its cells and network in France, and in Europe as a whole. Organizations operating legally in the Turkish communities of the Old World articulate especially clearly the attitudes of the «brothers». In fact, at the religious level, they reproduce and continue the loud verbal confrontation between Macron and Turkish President R.T. Erdogan in October-November last year. The article examines the strategy of the French government to counter the attempts of radical Islamists to legalize the phenomenon of «political Islam». This problem, aggravated after the terrorist attacks in a number of European countries in October 2020, has become no less acute for France today than the fight against the pandemic.
On the prospects of European periphery parties
Authors:   Institute of Europe, Russian Academy of Sciences, Guseletov Boris
Published: March 2021

This article presents an analysis of the activities of three European parties: the European democratic party, the European Free Alliance, and the European Christian political movement, which currently occupy marginal positions in the political forefront of Europe. A brief historical overview of the emergence and formation of each of these parties is given, as well as their ideological platforms and membership base. The results of their participation in the European elections are considered and it is noted with which parties factions in the European Parliament the MEPs elected from these parties cooperate. In conclusion, an analysis of the future development prospects of these parties, including their possible coalitions with other European parties, is presented.
Nuclear Dilemma in Czech-Russian Relations
Authors:   Institute of Europe, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vedernikov Mikhail
Published: March 2021

The article discusses the issue of construction of two additional power units of the Dukovany NPP which gained widespread attention in the second half of 2020. The author's attention is focused on the discussion of Czech politicians and entrepreneurs regarding the participation of the Russian company Rosatom in this project. The opposition to Prime Minister A. Babiš takes an irreconcilable position, demanding to exclude it under the pretext of a geopolitical threat from the Russian Federation. As shown in the work, the head of government has to balance between the interests of big business, whose representatives demand to speed up the project development process, and anti-Russian politicians, whose support, as shown by recent polls, is increasing. It is likely that in the fall of 2021, after the next parliament elections, they will form a new government. In such circumstances, one should not count on an improvement in Czech-Russian relations.
Development of Critical Infrastructures in Germany: Out of the Shadow
Authors:   Institute of Europe, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kotov Alexander
Published: March 2021

The coronavirus epidemic has redefined the importance of critical infrastructure for economic development. In Germany, formally, the Strategy for the Protection of Critical Infrastruc1 EU grants €38 million for the protection of critical infrastructure against cyber threats there has been in effect since 2009, but it was 2020 that became a turning point. The article analyzes the reflection of the concept of critical infrastructure in various sectoral strategies of Germany. The paper demonstrates that the Coronavirus has become a catalyst for the folding of new regulations in the information and communication industry. It is emphasized that ensuring the protection of critical investments opens up opportunities for the further development of digital infrastructure. The author concludes that the development of critical infrastructures and the achievement of technological sovereignty in key areas will be one of the priorities of Germany`s economic policy. Most likely, an active proposal of new initiatives by Germany and stimulation of further cooperation of European states with each other in
Effects of Optogenetic Suppression of Cortical Input on Primate Thalamic Neuronal Activity during Goal-Directed Behavior
Authors: Suzuki Tomoki W. , Inoue Ken-Ichi , Takada Masahiko , Tanaka Masaki
Published: March 2021

The motor thalamus relays signals from subcortical structures to the motor cortical areas. Previous studies in songbirds and rodents suggest that cortical feedback inputs crucially contribute to the generation of movement-related activity in the motor thalamus. In primates, however, it remains uncertain whether the corticothalamic projections may play a role in shaping neuronal activity in the motor thalamus. Here, using an optogenetic inactivation technique with the viral vector system expressing halorhodopsin, we investigated the role of cortical input in modulating thalamic neuronal activity during goal-directed behavior. In particular, we assessed whether the suppression of signals originating from the supplementary eye field at the corticothalamic terminals could change the task-related neuronal modulation in the oculomotor thalamus in monkeys performing a self-initiated saccade task. We found that many thalamic neurons exhibited changes in their firing rates depending on saccade direction or task event, indicating that optical stimulation exerted task-specific effects on neuronal activity beyond the global changes in baseline activity. These results suggest that the corticothalamic projections might be actively involved in the signal processing necessary for goal-directed behavior. However, we also found that some thalamic neurons exhibited overall, non-task-specific changes in the firing rate during optical stimulation, even in control animals without vector injections. The stimulation effects in these animals started with longer latency, implying a possible thermal effect on neuronal activity. Thus, our results not only reveal the importance of direct cortical input in neuronal activity in the primate motor thalamus, but also provide useful information for future optogenetic studies.
Formation of Communicative Competence of Future Teachers in the Process of Practice-Oriented Training
Authors:   North Ossetian State Pedagogical Institute, Vanieva Victoria Yurievna , Techieva Victoria Zaurbekovna ,   North Ossetian State Pedagogical Institute
Published: March 2021

The modern social order is the education of a teacher of a new formation who is able not only to carry out professional activities at a high level, but also to do it in the most communicative and appropriate way, in line with humanistic pedagogy and psychology. The purpose of the article is to determine the potential of practice-oriented learning in the formation of communicative competence of future teachers. Methodology and methods of research. The research was based on the fundamental theories of communication by A. A. Bodalev, B. F. Lomov, V. N. Myasishchev, views of A.V. Mudrik on the key role of communication in the process of education, research of socio-psychological phenomen of pedagogical communication by V. A. Kan-Kalik, G. A. Kovalev. Research methods: analysis of pedagogical and psychological literature, questionnaires, observation, conversation, methods of mathematical processing of experimental data. The main methods and techniques for forming the communicative competence of future teachers were active and interactive technologies inherent in practice-oriented training. Conclusion. It is concluded that the formation of communicative competence of future teachers is carried out on the basis of a practice-oriented orientation of training and through the use of active and interactive pedagogical technologies.
Functional-predictive Model Environments of Students in Graduate School as a Means of Scientific and Scientific-pedagogical Training of Highly Qualified Personnel
Authors:   St. Tikhon’s Orthodox humanitarian university, Malyshev Vladimir Sergeevich
Published: March 2021

Introduction to the problem. The relevance of the analysis of the environment of a graduate student from the position of searching for a pedagogical means of managing his formation as a highly qualified specialist is due to the multidimensional goals and objectives of postgraduate training, which are based on the conditions of real life. The purpose of the article is to identify and justify the functional and predictive model of the environment of students in graduate school as a means of scientific and scientific-pedagogical training of highly qualified personnel. The methodology of the study. Theoretical bases of the description of a model of students in graduate school made presentation on environmental design, as part of a technology of the environmental approach in education, as well as theoretical and practical experience of understanding the way of life as a condition of personality during the educational process. An important role was played by the results of the study of the use of information and communication technologies as a system-forming factor in the training of highly qualified personnel in graduate school, conducted by the author since 2017. Results and conclusion. The environment of students in graduate school is presented as an integral tool that includes the parameters of the possibility, probability and reliability of achieving an educational goal in the environment and with the help of the environment. These parameters are revealed in the course of a sequential solution of nine tasks to describe the environment of students in graduate school, based on the rules of combining parts of the environmental approach in order to realize the educational potential inherent in it. The way of life of a graduate student is considered as a condition for becoming a highly qualified specialist with scientific and scientific-pedagogical training as a result of the interaction of the student with the environment.
Professional Communicative Competence of the Future Interpreters in View of Regional Specifications
Authors:   Nizhny Novgorod State Pedagogical University named after K. Minin, Tsvetkova Svetlana Yevgenyevna , Ermakova Yuliya Igorevna ,   Novgorod State University named after N. I. Lobachevsky
Published: March 2021

The professional activity of a modern translator is characterized by participation in various spheres of intercultural interaction. Successful translation is about acquiring background knowledge of the culture of a particular region. The topical issue of language and translation training in a linguistic university is the formation of the proper level of foreign language communicative and intercultural competence of future translators in view of the regional specifications of professional activity. The purpose of the article is to substantiate and describe the component composition and essential characteristics of the professional communicative competence of future translators, considering the regional specifics, to clarify and expand the fundamental concept of the study. The review of scientific literature considers research data on the problem of teaching foreign language communication; the formation of foreign language communicative / intercultural competence among university students, determining the structure and essential characteristics of communicative competence. The methodology sets out theoretical and empirical research strategies. The research results formulated the pragmatic goal of language and translation training; the regional specificity is characterized, the composition and essential characteristics of the professional communicative competence of the translator are determined; the fundamental concept of the study is clarified and expanded. In the conclusion, the scientific novelty and theoretical significance of the article are formulated.