bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The basalts of Mare Frigoris
Authors: Kramer G. Y. , Jaiswal B. , Hawke B. R. , Öhman T. , Giguere T. A. , Johnson K.
Published: September 2015

This paper discusses the methodology and results of a detailed investigation of Mare Frigoris using remote sensing data from Clementine, Lunar Prospector, and Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, with the objective of mapping and characterizing the compositions and eruptive history of its volcanic units. With the exception of two units in the west, Mare Frigoris and Lacus Mortis are filled with basalts having low‐TiO2 to very low TiO2, low‐FeO, and high‐Al2O3 abundances. These compositions indicate that most of the basalts in Frigoris are high‐Al basalts—a potentially undersampled, yet important group in the lunar sample collection for its clues about the heterogeneity of the lunar mantle. Thorium abundances of most of the mare basalts in Frigoris are also low, although much of the mare surface appears elevated due to contamination from impact gardening with the surrounding high‐Th Imbrium ejecta. There are, however, a few regional thorium anomalies that are coincident with cryptomare units in the east, the two youngest mare basalt units, and some of the scattered pyroclastic deposits and volcanic constructs. In addition, Mare Frigoris lies directly over the northern extent of the major conduit for a magma plumbing system that fed many of the basalts that filled Oceanus Procellarum, as interpreted by Andrews‐Hanna et al. (2014) using data from the Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory mission. The relationship between this deep‐reaching magma conduit and the largest extent of high‐Al basalts on the Moon makes Mare Frigoris an intriguing location for further investigation of the lunar mantle.
A novel data assimilation technique for the plasmasphere
Authors: Nikoukar Romina , Bust Gary , Murr David
Published: September 2015

We present a novel technique for imaging and data assimilation of the topside ionosphere and plasmasphere. The methodology is based upon the three‐dimensional variational technique (3DVAR), where an empirical background model is utilized. However, to prevent nonphysical vertical variation in density estimates, we devise statistical methods to enforce a roughness penalty in the traditional 3DVAR optimization. The upward looking total electron content (TEC) observations from the Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver on board Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate satellites are utilized in the assimilation algorithm. The estimation results show reasonable agreement with in situ density measurements of Defense Meteorological Satellite Program satellites and Van Allen Probes derived densities during geomagnetically quiet and severe storm time conditions, respectively. These preliminary results demonstrate great potential for the use of GPS TEC measurements from low‐Earth orbit satellites in monitoring and studying the morphology and dynamics of large‐scale structures of the electron density in the topside ionosphere and plasmasphere.
Daily precipitation in Northern Iberia: Understanding the recent changes after the circulation variability in the North Atlantic sector
Authors: Sáez de Cámara E. , Gangoiti G. , Alonso L. , Iza J.
Published: September 2015

Trends in the characteristics of daily precipitation over Northern Iberia (NIB) are analyzed after 14 daily records covering the last 40 years plus seven century‐length time series. Results reveal an evolution to drier conditions with subregional variations: in western and central subregions, the decrease in both the occurrence and the intensity of wet days results in a statistically significant decline of total precipitation. Contrary to other regions in the Iberian Peninsula, the lack of correlation between the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index and the observed rainfall anomalies within NIB suggests that the dominance of a positive NAO mode from the late 1970s to 2002 cannot explain the trends. The land‐sea and mountain distribution creates sharp rainfall transitions depending on the pathways of the moisture‐laden winds. Consequently, NIB and other mountainous regions in the margins of the European continental water divide are sensitive to small changes in the NAO pressure centers and can exhibit both positive and negative rainfall anomalies for each NAO mode. A novel methodology for identifying changes in the NAO modes, consistent with the observed pressure/precipitation anomalies at both continental and regional scales, is presented. After the disaggregation of each dominant NAO wet season into two categories, the main rainfall changes in the NIB region can be explained in the context of the NAO variability during the last decades. The reported (sub)regional rainfall differences stress the need of caution when using NAO reconstructions, based in site specific rainfall anomalies, for the interpretation of the past climate precipitation variability in areas of complex terrain.
Identity, National
Authors: Bechhofer Frank , McCrone David
Published: September 2015

National identity is how people understand themselves in cultural–territorial terms, whom they see as “like themselves,” and whose claims by others in this regard they accept or reject. A cultural concept, distinct from the political one of “citizenship,” national identity also differs from “ethnicity,” which usually lacks the territorial dimension of social and cultural difference. In Western Europe many residents prioritize national identity over citizenship. National identity requires active identification by the individual, albeit this process is usually implicit in daily life. Conceptions and repertoires of national identity are borne by institutional and organizational actors claiming to “speak for” the nation. Studying how people “do” national identity involves fieldwork widely defined: participant and nonparticipant observation, qualitative open‐ended or semistructured interviews, content analysis of contrasting texts, and quite complex, large‐scale survey methodologies. The more the “nation‐state” is threatened, the more problematic national identity becomes, and requires social–scientific enquiry and research.
M
andela,
N
elson (1918–2013) and Apartheid
Authors: Moodley Kogila
Published: September 2015

What was the role of Nelson Mandela in the transition of South Africa from apartheid to a nonracial inclusive South Africa? What were the formative influences in his early childhood, youth, and adulthood that led to making him the icon he became? In this entry significant milestones in the shaping of his leadership are traced.
Art and Nationalism
Authors: Leoussi Athena S.
Published: September 2015

This entry outlines the development in European art of a new genre, that of national art. The new artistic orientation was taken from the doctrine of nationalism, a philosophy that idealized the nation. National art engaged both with the civic, Enlightenment conceptions of nation and nationalism and with the Romantic, ethnocultural conceptions of nation and nationalism. This entry shows, first, that the visual arts have been potent vehicles of the national idea, and, second, that the creative transformation of the national experience into art transformed both art and the national experience.
Parental Employment in the
U
nited
S
tates
Authors: Parcel Toby L.
Published: September 2015

The massive movement of mothers into the labor force has prompted questions regarding how parental employment affects family life, particularly children. Parental earnings, work hours, and the complexity of their jobs are all consequential. Both paternal and maternal working conditions have implications for family life, with some positive as well as negative effects. While families have increased parental time at work, they have also increased their time with their children. Maternal work when children are young typically is not harmful. Some parental characteristics operate both to promote paid employment and to assist in childrearing.
Death and Families
Authors: Bodman Denise Ann
Published: September 2015

Death in families is universal; however, the experiences surrounding death and dying are not. The experience of death and dying is influenced by individual, family, social, religious, and cultural factors, both for the dying and for the survivors left behind. The scientific study of death, or thanatology, has provided much insight into death and dying, families, and culture.
Children's Rights
Authors: Holcomb Jeanne
Published: September 2015

The United Nations' Convention on the Rights of the Child is a widely ratified document that outlines children's rights. Countries that ratify the Convention agree to protect children's rights and to participate in a process that holds them accountable to the international community. Despite its widespread acceptance, there are serious concerns regarding children's rights, both in the global context and in the United States.
Filial Responsibility
Authors: Marks Nadine F. , Kang Sunwoo
Published: September 2015

Filial responsibility – the sense of obligation experienced by adult children to meet their older parents' physical and emotional needs – remains an important public interest in increasingly aging societies where the dependency and caregiving needs of elders are a growing concern. Endorsement of filial responsibility norms continues to be strong in contemporary societies, yet variations by age, gender, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and other structural and situational factors have been noted. Filial responsibility is associated with providing emotional and instrumental care to parents, but it is not the only motivator and predictor of caregiving, nor does it necessarily buffer the negative impact of filial care. Although adult children's behaviors tend to reflect ongoing acceptance of filial responsibility globally, there have been some recent efforts to further explore legally prescribing and enforcing filial responsibility.
Food Security
Authors: Hernandez Daphne C.
Published: September 2015

Food insecurity is the lack of availability or access to healthy food because of insufficient money and other resources. Approximately 20 percent of US children reside in households that experience food insecurity each year. A number of demographic characteristics are associated with the high food insecurity prevalence rates. This entry describes the negative consequences of experiencing food insecurity at each stage of child development, as well as adulthood. Policy recommendations to assist the health and well‐being of families at risk for food insecurity are provided.
War and Families
Authors: Myers‐Walls Judith A. , Myers‐Bowman Karen S.
Published: September 2015

War and armed conflict impact individuals and families in all countries, groups, and areas. The abilities of families to perform their expected functions can be negatively affected by war and political violence. Families can experience wars by being in a war zone, by being in countries that deploy military personnel to a war zone, by suffering from the consequences of military expenses and economic warfare, or by experiencing war and terrorism from a distance through media and suffering from indoctrination and the building of enemy images.
Nanoporous Anodic Alumina Surfaces Affect Fibro‐ and Osteoblasts in Opposite Ways
Authors: Taxis Juergen , Moest Tobias , Pedimonte Birgit Joana , Schlegel Karl Andreas , Neukam Friedrich Wilhelm , von Wilmowsky Cornelius
Published: September 2015

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of nanoporous anodic aluminum oxide (alumina) with pore diameters from 15 to 40 nm on osteoblasts (hFOB) and fibroblasts (HFF). After 7 days, a significantly higher proliferation of osteoblasts with a regular cell morphology is visible on the 40 nm samples compared to the 15 nm pore diameter (p = 0.003). Fibroblasts, on the other hand, have a significantly higher proliferation rate on the 15 nm pore diameter samples compared to the 40 nm samples (p = 0.000). The pore diameter of AAO affects fibroblasts and osteoblasts in opposite ways and makes it possible to cope in a perfect way with different requirements of cells on the implant surface.
Validity of self‐reported vitamin D deficiency among midlife Arab women living in Qatar
Authors: Gerber Linda M. , Giambrone Ashley E. , Al‐Ali Hala M. , Verjee Mohamud A.
Published: September 2015

Objectives

This study evaluates the level of agreement between self‐reported vitamin D deficiency and serum vitamin D measured within the previous calendar year.

Methods

In a study in which serum 25(OH)D levels were retrieved from electronic health records, 523 women were asked whether they considered themselves to have vitamin D deficiency. Serum vitamin D levels were categorized as vitamin D deficiency if serum 25(OH)D was <20 ng/ml and as insufficiency if <30 ng/ml. The kappa statistic was computed to assess the level of agreement between serum 25(OH)D level and self‐report responses.

Results

Agreement between self‐reported and measured 25(OH)D levels was poor. The kappa statistic was −0.041 when using a cutpoint of <20 ng/ml and −0.008 using the cutpoint of <30 ng/ml. Among women with levels ≥20 ng/ml, 82.4% believed that they were vitamin D deficient, while 13.3% who were below <20 ng/ml did not self‐report deficiency. Among women who did not report vitamin D deficiency, 46.3% (37/80) had levels <20 ng/ml while 82.5% (66/80) had levels <30 ng/ml.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that, although the prevalence of 25(OH)D <20 and <30 ng/ml was quite high (53.2% and 84.7%, respectively), there was little agreement between measured levels and self‐report of vitamin D deficiency. This may be due to belief in this region that low levels of serum vitamin D is widespread. Better communication is needed between healthcare providers and patients regarding transmission of laboratory results. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 28:181–185, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Geographic variation in nasal cavity form among three human groups from the Japanese Archipelago: Ecogeographic and functional implications
Authors: Fukase Hitoshi , Ito Tsuyoshi , Ishida Hajime
Published: September 2015

Objectives

Geographic variation in human nasal form has often been interpreted as a climatic adaptation, owing to the nasal air‐conditioning function. The aim of this study was to further address morphofunctional issues of the nasal cavity, using three human groups from subarctic, temperate, and subtropical regions of the Japanese Archipelago: prehistoric Okhotsk, early‐modern Honshu and Okinawa groups.

Methods

Using three‐dimensional coordinates of craniometric landmarks surrounding the nasal cavity, we compared linear measurements regarding nasal cavity form among the three groups and also conducted 3D geometric morphometrics.

Results

Both linear measurements and morphometric analyses corroborate the previously reported covariation pattern of nasal cavity shape with climate, where humans from a cold/dry climate tend to possess a relatively tall, narrow, and deep nasal cavity compared with those from a warm/humid environment. The northern Okhotsk group had overall larger cranial airways, which may be attributable to their large facial skeleton. However, the ratio of nasal/bimaxillary breadth was significantly lower in the Okhotsk group, indicating that maxillary size does not necessarily constrain the nasal breadth. In addition, despite the presence of obvious geographic clines in anterior nasal shape, posterior choanal shape lacked the north‐south geographic cline. This suggests a certain level of morphofunctional independence between the anterior and posterior nasal openings.

Conclusions

The observed geographic variations must, however, be partly considered as a reflection of different ancestral traits and population histories of the three groups. Nevertheless, the results indicate that intergroup variations in nasal cavity morphology can be largely explained by climatic conditions. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 28:343–351, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An analogue of the quantum Hall conductivity for a magnetic quadrupole moment
Authors: Fonseca Itallo Costa , Bakke Knut
Published: September 2015

The quantum dynamics of a moving particle with a magnetic quadrupole moment that interacts with electric and magnetic fields is introduced. Then, it is discussed which conditions the external fields must satisfy so that an analogue of the Landau quantization can be obtained. Finally, by dealing with the lowest Landau level associated with the magnetic quadrupole system, an analogue of the quantum Hall conductivity is obtained.

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Chemical Synthesis of the 20 kDa Heme Protein Nitrophorin 4 by α‐Ketoacid‐Hydroxylamine (KAHA) Ligation
Authors: He Chunmao , Kulkarni Sameer S. , Thuaud Frédéric , Bode Jeffrey W.
Published: September 2015

The chemical synthesis of the 184‐residue ferric heme‐binding protein nitrophorin 4 was accomplished by sequential couplings of five unprotected peptide segments using α‐ketoacid‐hydroxylamine (KAHA) ligation reactions. The fully assembled protein was folded to its native structure and coordinated to the ferric heme b cofactor. The synthetic holoprotein, despite four homoserine residues at the ligation sites, showed identical properties to the wild‐type protein in nitric oxide binding and nitrite dismutase reactivity. This work establishes the KAHA ligation as a valuable and viable approach for the chemical synthesis of proteins up to 20 kDa and demonstrates that it is well‐suited for the preparation of hydrophobic protein targets.
Structural Properties and Stereochemically Distinct Folding Preferences of 4,5‐cis and trans‐Methano‐L‐Proline Oligomers: The Shortest Crystalline PPII‐Type Helical Proline‐Derived Tetramer
Authors: Berger Gilles , Vilchis‐Reyes Miguel , Hanessian Stephen
Published: September 2015

The synthesis, structural properties, and folding patterns of a series of L‐proline methanologues represented by cis‐ and trans‐4,5‐methano‐L‐proline amides and their oligomers are reported as revealed by X‐ray crystallography, circular dichroism measurements, and DFT calculations. We disclose the first example of a crystalline tetrameric proline congener to exhibit a polyproline II helical conformation. Experimental evidence of PPII‐type helical arrangement (both in solution and in the solid state) of cis‐4,5‐methano‐L‐proline oligomers is supported by theoretical calculations reflecting the extent of n→π* stabilization of the trans‐amide conformation.
Resolution of Stepwise Cooperativities of Copper Binding by the Homotetrameric Copper‐Sensitive Operon Repressor (CsoR): Impact on Structure and Stability
Authors: Jacobs Alexander D. , Chang Feng‐Ming James , Morrison Lindsay , Dilger Jonathan M. , Wysocki Vicki H. , Clemmer David E. , Giedroc David P.
Published: September 2015

The cooperativity of ligand binding is central to biological regulation and new approaches are needed to quantify these allosteric relationships. Herein, we exploit a suite of mass spectrometry (MS) experiments to provide novel insights into homotropic Cu‐binding cooperativity, gas‐phase stabilities and conformational ensembles of the D2‐symmetric, homotetrameric copper‐sensitive operon repressor (CsoR) as a function of CuI ligation state. CuI binding is overall positively cooperative, but is characterized by distinct ligation state‐specific cooperativities. Structural transitions occur upon binding the first and fourth CuI, with the latter occurring with significantly higher cooperativity than previous steps; this results in the formation of a holo‐tetramer that is markedly more resistant than apo‐, and partially ligated CsoR tetramers toward surface‐induced dissociation (SID).
Nanoscale Surface Modification of Lithium‐Rich Layered‐Oxide Composite Cathodes for Suppressing Voltage Fade
Authors: Zheng Fenghua , Yang Chenghao , Xiong Xunhui , Xiong Jiawen , Hu Renzong , Chen Yu , Liu Meilin
Published: September 2015

Lithium‐rich layered oxides are promising cathode materials for lithium‐ion batteries and exhibit a high reversible capacity exceeding 250 mAh g−1. However, voltage fade is the major problem that needs to be overcome before they can find practical applications. Here, Li1.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13O2 (LLMO) oxides are subjected to nanoscale LiFePO4 (LFP) surface modification. The resulting materials combine the advantages of both bulk doping and surface coating as the LLMO crystal structure is stabilized through cationic doping, and the LLMO cathode materials are protected from corrosion induced by organic electrolytes. An LLMO cathode modified with 5 wt % LFP (LLMO–LFP5) demonstrated suppressed voltage fade and a discharge capacity of 282.8 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C with a capacity retention of 98.1 % after 120 cycles. Moreover, the nanoscale LFP layers incorporated into the LLMO surfaces can effectively maintain the lithium‐ion and charge transport channels, and the LLMO–LFP5 cathode demonstrated an excellent rate capacity.
Rapid, On‐Command Debonding of Stimuli‐Responsive Cross‐Linked Adhesives by Continuous, Sequential Quinone Methide Elimination Reactions
Authors: Kim Hyungwoo , Mohapatra Hemakesh , Phillips Scott T.
Published: September 2015

Adhesives that selectively debond from a surface by stimuli‐induced head‐to‐tail continuous depolymerization of poly(benzyl ether) macro‐cross‐linkers within a poly(norbornene) matrix are described. Continuous head‐to‐tail depolymerization provides faster rates of response than can be achieved using a small‐molecule cross‐linker, as well as responses to lower stimulus concentrations. Shear‐stress values for glass held together by the adhesive reach 0.51±0.10 MPa, whereas signal‐induced depolymerization via quinone methide intermediates reduces the shear stress values to 0.05±0.02 MPa. Changing the length of the macro‐cross‐linkers alters the time required for debonding, and thus enables the programmed sequential release of specific layers in a glass composite material.
Synthesis and Thermal Behavior of a Fused, Tricyclic 1,2,3,4‐Tetrazine Ring System
Authors: Chavez David E. , Bottaro Jeffery C. , Petrie Mark , Parrish Damon A.
Published: September 2015

This study presents the synthesis and characterization of a fused, tricyclic 1,2,3,4‐tetrazine ring system. The molecule is synthesized in a three‐step process from 5,5′‐dinitro‐bis,1,2,4‐triazole via a di‐N‐amino compound. Oxidation to form the azo‐coupled fused tricyclic 1,2,3,4‐tetrazine is achieved using tert‐butyl hypochlorite as the oxidant. The di‐N‐amino compound and the desired fused tricyclic 1,2,3,4‐triazine display interesting thermal behavior and are predicted to be high‐performance energetic materials.
Isomerization of Secondary Phosphirane into Terminal Phosphinidene Complexes: An Analogy between Monovalent Phosphorus and Transition Metals
Authors: Wong Jonathan , Li Yongxin , Hao Yanwei , Tian Rongqiang , Mathey François
Published: September 2015

Secondary phosphirane complexes isomerize above 100 °C to give the corresponding terminal phosphinidene complexes, which can be trapped by alkenes and alkynes. This reaction is a rare instance of the isomerization of a PIII derivative into a PI derivative. It appears to mimic the reductive elimination of alkanes from transition‐alkylmetal hydrides.
Multicolor Caged dSTORM Resolves the Ultrastructure of Synaptic Vesicles in the Brain
Authors: Lehmann Martin , Gottschalk Benjamin , Puchkov Dmytro , Schmieder Peter , Schwagerus Sergej , Hackenberger Christian P. R. , Haucke Volker , Schmoranzer Jan
Published: September 2015

The precision of single‐molecule localization‐based super‐resolution microscopy, including dSTORM, critically depends on the number of detected photons per localization. Recently, reductive caging of fluorescent dyes followed by UV‐induced recovery in oxidative buffer systems was used to increase the photon yield and thereby the localization precision in single‐color dSTORM. By screening 39 dyes for their fluorescence caging and recovery kinetics, we identify novel dyes that are suitable for multicolor caged dSTORM. Using a dye pair suited for registration error‐free multicolor dSTORM based on spectral demixing (SD), a multicolor localization precision below 15 nm was achieved. Caged SD‐dSTORM can resolve the ultrastructure of single 40 nm synaptic vesicles in brain sections similar to images obtained by immuno‐electron microscopy, yet with much improved label density in two independent channels.
Matrix effect of mixed‐matrix membrane containing CO2‐selective MOFs
Authors: Kim Jiyoung , Choi Jiyoung , Soo Kang Yong , Won Jongok
Published: September 2015

Facilitated mixed‐matrix membranes (MMMs) containing Cu‐metal organic frameworks (Cu‐MOFs) with high CO2 selectivity on an asymmetric polysulfone support were fabricated and examined the effect of gas separation performance using different matrices. An amorphous poly(2‐ethyl‐2‐oxazoline) (POZ) and semicrystalline poly(amide‐6‐b‐ethylene oxide) (PEBAX®MH 1657) block copolymer were chosen as the polymeric matrix and the effect of the matrix on CO2 separation for MMMs containing Cu‐MOFs was investigated. The interaction of CO2 in different matrix was investigated theoretically using the density functional theory method, and it was found that the amide segment in PEBAX would contribute more to the CO2 solubility than ether segment. The morphological changes were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry, field emission scanning electron microscope and X‐ray diffractometer. The ideal selectivity of CO2/N2 was enhanced significantly with the addition of a Cu‐MOF, and the values are higher in the Cu‐MOF/PEBAX MMM compared with that in a POZ based asymmetric MMM. Improvement in the CO2/N2 selectivity of a Cu‐MOF/PEBAX MMM was achieved via facilitated transport by the CO2‐selective Cu‐MOFs due to both their high adsorption selectivity of CO2 over N2 and the decreased crystallinity of PEBAX due to the presence of the Cu‐MOFs, which would provide a synergic effect on the CO2 separation. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 132, 42853.
Fabrication of polymer/drug‐loaded hydroxyapatite particle composite fibers for drug sustained release
Authors: Song Botao , Xu Qing , Wang Cuiyu , Xu Shichen , Zhang Hongxin
Published: September 2015

The aim of this study is to fabricate polymer/hydroxyapatite (HA) particle composite fibers for drug encapsulation and sustained release. Firstly, drug‐loaded hydroxyapatite particles are synthesized in one step, then by electrospinning of the blends of drug‐loaded hydroxyapatite particles and polymer solution the drug‐loaded polymer/hydroxyapatite particle composite fibers are successfully prepared. Effect of loading ratio of drug‐loaded hydroxyapatite particles in the fibers and pH value of the release medium on the drug release kinetics are both investigated, and the results demonstrate that, as compared with the polymer/drug electrospun fibers, the drug in the polymer/drug‐loaded hydroxyapatite particle composite fibers shows a sustained release manner, and the drug release rate can be regulated by both the loading ratio of drug‐loaded hydroxyapatite particles in the composite fibers and pH value of the buffer solution. The results indicate that the developed drug‐loaded polymer/hydroxyapatite particle composite fibers show great potential in bone regeneration and other related biomedical fields. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2016,133, 42871.
Conservation of freshwater biodiversity in key areas of the Colombian Amazon
Authors: Portocarrero‐Aya Marcela , Cowx Ian G.
Published: September 2015

Little has been done to identify key conservation areas in the Amazonian freshwater ecosystems of Colombia.

This research constitutes the first attempt to systematically identify important conservation areas in the freshwater ecosystems of the South of the Colombian Amazonian Trapezium. This effort considered not only fine filter targets (species) as central elements of decision making, but coarse filter targets (habitats), ecosystem services and social benefits, and threats. Owing to the complexity of the study area, a multi‐criteria assessment constituted a good approach to tackle the issues affecting a complex ecological, cultural, social, economic and political territory.

Five sites stood out and were considered important as areas for targeted management: the Tarapoto Lakes System, Yahuarcaca Lakes System, Loreto‐Yacu River, and Mocagua Island (Colombia) and Caballo Cocha Lake (Peru). Biodiversity conservation initiatives as well as livelihood improvement projects are currently in motion in the area aiming to find a balance between resource use and local development.

Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhanced photo‐bioelectrochemical energy conversion by genetically engineered cyanobacteria
Authors: Sekar Narendran , Jain Rachit , Yan Yajun , Ramasamy Ramaraja P.
Published: September 2015

Photosynthetic energy conversion using natural systems is increasingly being investigated in the recent years. Photosynthetic microorganisms, such as cyanobacteria, exhibit light‐dependent electrogenic characteristics in photo‐bioelectrochemical cells (PBEC) that generate substantial photocurrents, yet the current densities are lower than their photovoltaic counterparts. Recently, we demonstrated that a cyanobacterium named Nostoc sp. employed in PBEC could generate up to 35 mW m−2 even in a non‐engineered PBEC. With the insights obtained from our previous research, a novel and successful attempt has been made in the current study to genetically engineer the cyanobacteria to further enhance its extracellular electron transfer. The cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 was genetically engineered to express a non‐native redox protein called outer membrane cytochrome S (OmcS). OmcS is predominantly responsible for metal reducing abilities of exoelectrogens such as Geobacter sp. The engineered S. elongatus exhibited higher extracellular electron transfer ability resulting in approximately ninefold higher photocurrent generation on the anode of a PBEC than the corresponding wild‐type cyanobacterium. This work highlights the scope for enhancing photocurrent generation in cyanobacteria, thereby benefiting faster advancement of the photosynthetic microbial fuel cell technology. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 675–679. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
PAMAM Dendrimer Conjugated with Cell‐penetrating Peptide‐derived Oligopeptides for Enhanced Cell Uptake and Gene Delivery
Authors: Yang Bong Suk , Mallick Sudipta , Kwon Yong‐Eun , Kim Youn‐Joong , Kim Geon Hee , Choi Joon Sig
Published: September 2015

Cell‐penetrating peptides (CPPs), originated from membrane translocating sequences of viruses, can deliver biomolecules effectively into cells. Research on natural and synthetic CPPs, for delivering drugs and genes reveals that this process requires cellular uptake independent of receptors and endosomes to minimize damage to the cell membrane. To this end, we conjugated CPP‐derived oligopeptides to the surface of polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers to develop novel nanocarriers that improve cellular uptake transfection efficiency. PAMAM generation 4 (G4) was conjugated with oligopeptides composed of lysine and phenylalanine (KFF, FFK). The DNA condensation efficiency of PAMAM G4‐KFF and PAMAM G4‐FFK was determined using an agarose gel retardation assay. The sizes of the polyplexes were determined using dynamic light scattering as well as scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Cytotoxicity and transfection efficiency were evaluated using the HeLa and HepG2 cells. The transfection efficiencies of PAMAM G4‐KFF and PAMAM G4‐FFK were comparable with that of the gold‐standard transfection reagent polyethylenimine (PEI25 kDa). These results suggest that these nanocarriers will serve as efficient non‐viral vehicles for gene therapy.
The value of in vitro studies in a case of neonatal diabetes with a novel Kir6.2‐W68G mutation
Authors: O'Connell Susan M. , Proks Peter , Kramer Holger , Mattis Katia K. , Sachse Gregor , Joyce Caroline , Houghton Jayne A. L. , Ellard Sian , Hattersley Andrew T. , Ashcroft Frances M. , O'Riordan Stephen M. P.
Published: September 2015

Key Clinical Message

In infants, especially with novel previously undescribed mutations of the KATP channel causing neonatal diabetes, in vitro studies can be used to both predict the response to sulphonylurea treatment and support a second trial of glibenclamide at higher than standard doses if the expected response is not observed.
Aggregation Processes of Perylene Bisimide Diimidazolium Salts
Authors: D'Anna Francesca , Marullo Salvatore , Lazzara Giuseppe , Vitale Paola , Noto Renato
Published: September 2015

The supramolecular aggregation of three diimidazolium‐functionalized perylene bisimides, differing in the alkyl chain length was investigated. These salts form aggregates in solvents like chloroform, dichloromethane, and glycerol. Solvent‐, concentration‐, and temperature‐dependent spectroscopic studies were carried out, evidencing the occurrence of an isodesmic, enthalpy‐driven aggregation process, underpinned by π–π stacking and hydrogen bonding. Moreover, dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements and SEM images revealed that these salts aggregate in chloroform into elongated structures.
Construction of Cluster Organic Frameworks with bnn Hexagonal BN Topologies
Authors: Fang Wei‐Hui , Zhang Lei , Zhang Jian , Yang Guo‐Yu
Published: September 2015

Two sandwiched cluster organic frameworks, Eu6(OH)2Cu9I6L12(ox)3⋅H2O⋅ClO4 (FJ‐23, HL=4‐pyridin‐ 4‐yl‐benzonic acid, ox=oxalate) and Eu6Cu7I7L12(OAc)6(H2O)2⋅2 H2O (FJ‐24, OAc=acetate) with bnn hexagonal BN topologies have been successfully made; these frameworks were assembled by nanosized graphene‐like lanthanide wheel clusters and nanoscale trigonal prism metalloligands. The cooperation of small equatorial ligands and axially trigonal prism metalloligands plays a key role in the construction of such 5‐connected nets. Furthermore, the thermal stabilities and chiral characteristics were also studied.
Catalytic Asymmetric Construction of α‐Quaternary Cyclopentanones and Its Application to the Syntheses of (−)‐1,14‐Herbertenediol and (−)‐Aphanorphine
Authors: Zhu Dao‐Yong , Xu Ming‐Hui , Tu Yong‐Qiang , Zhang Fu‐Min , Wang Shao‐Hua
Published: September 2015

A novel and efficient strategy to build α‐benzylic quaternary cyclopentanones with excellent enantioselectivities (up to 96 % ee) and high yields (up to 99 % yield) has been developed, and its application demonstrated by the first catalytic asymmetric total synthesis of (−)‐1,14‐herbertenediol and the formal synthesis of (−)‐aphanorphine.
Cu‐Catalyzed Alkylative Carboxylation of Ynamides with Dialkylzinc Reagents and Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Takimoto Masanori , Gholap Sandeep Suryabhan , Hou Zhaomin
Published: September 2015

Alkylative carboxylation of ynamides with CO2 and dialkylzinc reagents using a N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC)–copper catalyst has been developed. A variety of ynamides, both cyclic and acyclic, undergo this transformation under mild conditions to afford the corresponding α,β‐unsaturated carboxylic acids, which contain the α,β‐dehydroamino acid skeleton. The present alkylative carboxylation formally consists of Cu‐catalyzed carbozincation of ynamides with dialkylzinc reagents with the subsequent nucleophilic carboxylation of the resulting alkenylzinc species with CO2. Dialkylzinc reagents bearing a β‐hydrogen atom such as Et2Zn and Bu2Zn still afford the alkylated products despite the potential for β‐hydride elimination. This protocol would be a desirable method for the synthesis of highly substituted α,β‐ dehydroamino acid derivatives due to its high regio‐ and stereoselectivity, simple one‐pot procedure, and its use of CO2 as a starting material.
Deciphering Photoluminescence Dynamics and Reactivity of the Luminescent Metal–Metal‐Bonded Excited State of a Binuclear Gold(I) Phosphine Complex Containing Open Coordination Sites
Authors: Ma Chensheng , Chan Chris Tsz‐Leung , To Wai‐Pong , Kwok Wai‐Ming , Che Chi‐Ming
Published: September 2015

Luminescent metal complexes having open coordination sites hold promise in the design of sensory materials and photocatalysts. As a prototype example, [Au2(dcpm)2)]2+ (dcpm = bis(dicyclohexylphosphanyl) is known for its intriguing environmental sensitive photoluminescence. By integrating a range of complementary ultrafast time‐resolved spectroscopy to interrogate the excited state dynamics, this study uncovers that the events occurring in extremely rapid timescales and which are modulated strongly by environmental conditions play a pivotal role in the luminescence behavior and photochemical outcomes. Formed independent of the phase and solvent property within ∼0.15 ps, the metal–metal bonded 35dσ*6pσ state is highly reactive possessing strong propensity toward increasing coordination number at AuI center, and with ∼510 ps lifetime in dichloromethane is able to mediate light induced C–X bond cleavage.
The modification of Ag/Al2O3 catalyst and application of combined catalysts in methanol‐SCR of NO
Authors: Zou Sha , Cao Yi , Lan Li , Sun Mengmeng , Chen Sijie , Yang Zhengzheng , Xu Baoqiang , Chen Yaoqiang
Published: September 2015

In this paper, a series of Wx/Ag/Al2O3 catalysts with different tungsten contents (0, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, and 0.10 g/g) and 0.03 g/g silver for selective catalytic reduction of NO with methanol under excess oxygen (methanol‐SCR), were prepared with a traditional impregnation method. At a gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) of 30 000 h−1, the operating window of NO conversion (NO conversion above 50 %) shifted to a higher temperature region as the tungsten content increased. Importantly, the operating window of NO conversion over combined catalysts containing W8/Ag/Al2O3 in the front and Ag/Al2O3 in the rear (W8/Ag/Al2O3 + Ag/Al2O3), was wider (65 °C) than that of the single W8/Ag/Al2O3 catalyst (50 °C) or Ag/Al2O3 catalyst (41 °C). Further, the CO concentration over the combined catalyst was lower than the single W8/Ag/Al2O3 catalyst. The characterization results demonstrated that there are strong interactions between tungsten and silver which contribute to the formation and stabilization of oxidized silver species.
Targeting the Notch pathway: A potential therapeutic approach for desmoid tumors
Authors: Shang Hui , Braggio Danielle , Lee Ya‐Jung , Al Sannaa Ghadah A. , Creighton Chad J. , Bolshakov Svetlana , Lazar Alexander J. F. , Lev Dina , Pollock Raphael E.
Published: September 2015

BACKGROUND

Desmoid tumors (DTs) are rare mesenchymal lesions that can recur repeatedly. When it is feasible, DTs are surgically resected; however, this often results in high recurrence rates. Recently, treatment with PF‐03084014, a potent γ‐secretase inhibitor, has been shown to have antitumor activity in several tumor types by affecting the WNT/β‐catenin pathway. Consequently, Notch pathway inhibition by PF‐03084014 might be a promising approach for DT treatment.

METHODS

The expression of Notch pathway components was analyzed in DT tissues and cell strains with immunohistochemistry and Western blotting, respectively. A panel of DT cell strains was exposed to PF‐03084014 and evaluated for cell proliferation. Antitumor effects were assessed via cell cycle, apoptosis, and migration and invasion analysis. Cells treated with PF‐03084014 were characterized with a gene array analysis combined with Ingenuity Pathway Analysis.

RESULTS

The results showed that Notch pathway components were expressed at different levels in DTs. Hes1 (Hes Family BHLH Transcription Factor 1) was overexpressed in DT tumors versus dermal scar tissue, and PF‐03084014 caused significant decreases in Notch intracellular domain and Hes1 expression in DT cell strains. PF‐03084014 decreased DT cell migration and invasion and also caused cell growth inhibition in DT cell strains, most likely through cell cycle arrest. Gene array analysis combined with Ingenuity Pathway Analysis showed that Wnt1‐inducible signaling pathway protein 2 possibly regulated Notch and WNT pathways after treatment with PF‐03084014 through integrin.

CONCLUSION

Our findings suggest that the Notch pathway is an important DT therapeutic target. Furthermore, PF‐03084014 has significant antitumor activity against DTs, and it may be an alternative strategy for DT treatment. Cancer 2015;121:4088–4096. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Patient navigation as a targeted intervention: For patients at high risk for delays in cancer care
Authors: Freeman Harold P.
Published: September 2015

Research indicates that patient navigators can improve the timeliness of diagnostic resolution after an abnormal finding in low‐income individuals. Patient navigation should be targeted to assist those at highest risk for delays in cancer care.
Stereotactic body radiation therapy versus no treatment for early stage non–small cell lung cancer in medically inoperable elderly patients: A National Cancer Data Base analysis
Authors: Nanda Ronica H. , Liu Yuan , Gillespie Theresa W. , Mikell John L. , Ramalingam Suresh S. , Fernandez Felix G. , Curran Walter J. , Lipscomb Joseph , Higgins Kristin A.
Published: September 2015

BACKGROUND

Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) has demonstrated high rates of local control with low morbidity and has now emerged as the standard of care for medically inoperable, early stage non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the impact of lung SBRT on survival in the elderly population is less clear given competing comorbid conditions. An analysis of the National Cancer Data Base (NCDB) was undertaken to determine whether definitive SBRT improves survival relative to observation alone patients ages 70 years and older.

METHODS

The NCDB, a retrospective national database that captures approximately 70% of all patients treated for cancer, was queried for patients aged 70 years or older with early stage (T1‐T3N0M0) NSCLC from 2003 to 2006. Overall survival was compared between patients who received stereotactic body radiotherapy alone and those who received no treatment. An extended Cox proportional hazards model was applied to estimate the treatment effect of SBRT.

RESULTS

In total, 3147 patients met the selection criteria for this analysis. SBRT was delivered to 258 patients (8.2%), and 2889 patients (91.8%) received no treatment. There was no significant difference in the distribution of Charlson/Deyo comorbidity index scores between the 2 groups (P = .076). Multivariable analysis revealed improved overall survival with SBRT compared with observation for the entire cohort (hazard ratio, 0.64; P < .001).

CONCLUSIONS

SBRT is associated with improved survival in elderly patients with early stage NSCLC who have concurrent comorbid conditions compared with observation alone. The current data support the use of SBRT for the treatment of elderly patients with early stage NSCLC who have limiting comorbid conditions. Cancer 2015;121:4222–4230. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy of a technology‐assisted psychosocial intervention for racially diverse men with advanced prostate cancer
Authors: Yanez Betina , McGinty Heather L. , Mohr David C. , Begale Mark J. , Dahn Jason R. , Flury Sarah C. , Perry Kent T. , Penedo Frank J.
Published: September 2015

BACKGROUND

The utility of psychosocial interventions in reducing symptom burden and improving health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) for men with localized prostate cancer has been demonstrated. However, studies have yet to demonstrate the efficacy of interventions in advanced prostate cancer (APC). This study examined the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy of a technology‐assisted, 10‐week, group‐based psychosocial intervention for diverse men with APC.

METHODS

The participants were 74 men (mean age, 68.84 years; non‐Hispanic white, 57%; black, 40.5%) who were randomized to a cognitive‐behavioral stress management (CBSM) treatment or health promotion (HP) attention‐control condition. The participants were assessed at the baseline, weekly throughout the 10‐week program, and 6 months after the baseline. Outcomes were assessed with the Patient‐Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System along with established measures of HRQOL, CBSM intervention targets (eg, relaxation skills), and patient‐reported acceptability.

RESULTS

Feasibility was demonstrated through good retention rates (>85%) and acceptable average attendance rates (>70%), and acceptability was demonstrated through very favorable weekly session evaluations (mean score, 4/5) and exit surveys (mean score, 3.6/4). Men randomized to the CBSM condition reported significant reductions (P < .05) in depressive symptoms and improvements in relaxation self‐efficacy (P < .05) at the 6‐month follow‐up. CBSM participants reported trends for improvement in distress and functional well‐being (P < .08) in comparison with those in the HP condition. Effect sizes ranged from medium (0.54) to large (1.87) and, in some instances, were clinically meaningful.

CONCLUSIONS

Technology‐based CBSM interventions among diverse men with APC may be feasible, acceptable, and efficacious. Cancer 2015;121:4407–15. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Adolescents' preferences for treatment decisional involvement during their cancer
Authors: Weaver Meaghann S. , Baker Justin N. , Gattuso Jami S. , Gibson Deborah V. , Sykes April D. , Hinds Pamela S.
Published: September 2015

BACKGROUND

This qualitative study investigated the medical decision‐making preferences of adolescent oncology patients and the parental and clinician behaviors that adolescents report to be supportive of their preferred level of decision‐making involvement.

METHODS

Interviews were conducted with 40 adolescents between the ages of 12 and 18 years who were undergoing cancer treatment in Memphis, Tenn or Washington, DC. Role preferences were converted into a predetermined Likert scale decisional preference score. A semantic content analysis was used to analyze patient reports of parental behaviors, attitudes, knowledge levels, and relational interactions that facilitated their preferred level of involvement in decision making. Clinician behaviors described as supportive of decisional processes were also categorized thematically. A teen advisory council validated study findings. Data reporting followed strict adherence to Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research guidelines.

RESULTS

Adolescents indicated a spectrum of preferred decisional roles, with the most common being an actively involved role (26 of 40 or 65%), although a shared decision‐making approach was still valued. There was no statistically significant difference in the preferred decisional role with respect to demographic or medical characteristics, including the relapse status, although adolescents who preferred autonomous interview settings were more likely to prefer active decisional roles (P < .001). Adolescents recognized that situational and social contexts might shift their preferred level of involvement in medical decisions. Although adolescents wanted to be involved in decisions, they also expressed an appreciation of family insight, parental presence, and clinician guidance.

CONCLUSIONS

Adolescents with cancer are able to retrospectively identify their preferences for inclusion in medical decision making, and even when preferring involvement, they value the input of trusted others. Cancer 2015;121:4416–24. © 2015 American Cancer Society.