bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Research on Arc Extinguishing Characteristics of Single-Phase Grounding Fault in Distribution Network
Authors: Li Yan , Xu Jianyuan , Wang Peng , Li Guanhua
Published: January 2025

The development of a single-phase grounding fault arc is influenced by various environmental factors, which can result in the rapid extinction and reignition of the arc. This phenomenon can lead to accidents, such as resonant overvoltage. Current grounding arc models inadequately account for the effects of grounding current, arc length, environmental wind speed, and other variables on the characteristics of the arc. In response to this issue, this article establishes a three-dimensional single-phase grounding arc mathematical model grounded in magnetohydrodynamics. It simulates and analyzes the effects of arc length and environmental wind speed on both arc ignition and extinguishing. Furthermore, an artificial single-phase grounding test platform is constructed within the actual distribution network to validate the accuracy of the simulation model. Research has demonstrated that, under identical operating conditions for both simulation and experimentation, the error range between the simulated arc voltage and the measured data is within 8%. The three-dimensional single-phase grounding arc mathematical model effectively describes the dynamic development process of the grounding arc. At a gap of 12 cm, under windless conditions and with a grounding current of 40.0 A, the temperature of the arc column at the peak of the current reaches 2600 K, while the conductivity decreases to 2.1 × 10−4 S/m, resulting in the inability of the arc to sustain a burning state. At a gap of 2 cm and a wind speed of 7 m/s, the temperature of the arc column at the peak of the current reaches 2900 K, the conductivity drops to 4.3 × 10−3 S/m, leading to the extinction of the arc.
Flexible Reconfiguration for Optimal Operation of Distribution Network Under Renewable Generation and Load Uncertainty
Authors: Esmaeilnezhad Behzad , Amini Hossein , Noroozian Reza , Jalilzadeh Saeid
Published: January 2025

The primary objective when operating a distribution network is to minimize operating costs while taking technical constraints into account. Minimizing the operational costs is difficult when there is a high penetration of renewable resources and variability of loads, which introduces uncertainty. In this paper, a flexible, dynamic reconfiguration model is developed that enables a distribution network to minimize operating costs on an hourly basis. The model fitness function is to minimize the system costs, including power loss, voltage deviation, purchased power from the upstream network, renewable generation, and switching costs. The uncertainty of the load and generation from renewable energies is planned to use their probability density functions via a scenario-based approach. The suggested optimization problem is solved using a metaheuristic approach based on the coati optimization algorithm (COA) due to the nonlinearity and non-convexity of the problem. To evaluate the performance of the presented approach, it is validated on the IEEE 33-bus radial system and TPC 83-bus real system. The simulation results show the impact of dynamic reconfiguration on reducing operation costs. It is found that dynamic reconfiguration is an efficient solution for reducing power losses and total energy drawn from the upstream network by increasing the number of switching operations.
Wear Resistance of Ceramic Cutting Inserts Using Nitride Coatings and Microtexturing by Electrical Discharge Machining
Authors: Volosova Marina A. , Okunkova Anna A. , Kropotkina Elena Y. , Mustafaev Enver S. , Gkhashim Khasan I.
Published: January 2025

Today, the machining of heat-resistant alloys based on triple, quad, or penta equilibria high-entropy alloy systems of elements (ternary, quaternary, quinary iron-, titanium-, or nickel-rich alloys), including dual-phase by Gibb’s phase rule, steels of the austenite class, and nickel- and titanium-based alloys, are highly relevant for the airspace and aviation industry, especially for the production of gas turbine engines. Cutting tools in contact with those alloys should withstand intensive mechanical and thermal loads (tense state of 1.38·108–1.54·108 N/m2, temperature up to 900–1200 °C). The most spread material for those tools is cutting ceramics based on oxides, nitrides of the transition and post-transition metals, and metalloids. This work considers the wear resistance of the cutting insert of silicon nitride with two unique development coatings — titanium–zirconium nitride coating (Ti,Zr)N and complex quad nitride coating with TiN content up to 70% (Ti,Al,Cr,Si)N with a thickness of 3.8–4.0 µm on which microtextures were produced by the assisted electric discharge machining with the electrode-tool of ø0.25 mm. The microtextures were three parallel microgrooves of R0.13+0.02 mm at a depth of 0.025−0.05. The operational life was increased by ~1.33 when the failure criterion in turning nickel alloy was 0.4 mm.
Transformation of NO in Combustion Gases by DC Corona
Authors: Molchanov Oleksandr , Krpec Kamil , Horák Jiří , Kuboňová Lenka , Hopan František , Ryšavý Jiří , Bury Marcelina
Published: January 2025

This study investigates the performance of DC corona discharge electrostatic precipitators (ESPs) for NO conversion to increase DeNOx technologies’ efficiency for small-scale biomass combustion systems. Experiments were conducted using a 5 kW automatic wood pellet domestic heat source with combustion gas treated in a specially designed ESP operated in both positive and negative corona modes, resulting in a reduction in NO concentrations from 130 mg/m3 to 27/29 mg/m3 for positive/negative polarities (at 0 °C and 101.3 kPa). NO conversion efficiency was evaluated across a range of specific input energies (SIEs) from 0 to 50 J/L. The results demonstrate that DC corona ESPs can achieve up to 78% NO reduction, with positive corona demonstrating a greater energy efficiency, requiring a lower SIE (35 J/L) compared to the negative corona mode (48 J/L). A detailed analysis of reaction pathways revealed distinct conversion mechanisms between the two modes. In positive corona, dispersed active species distribution led to more uniform NO conversion, while negative corona exhibited concentrated reaction zones with about 20% higher ozone production. The reactions involving O and OH radicals were more important in positive corona, whereas ozone-mediated oxidation dominated in negative corona. The research results demonstrate that ESP technology with DC corona offers a promising, energy-efficient solution for NOx control in small-scale combustion systems.
New Evidence for the Contemporary Presence of Juvenile White Sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) in the Adriatic Sea
Authors: Jambura Patrick L. , Ugarković Pero , Pavičić Mišo , Ćetković Ilija , Niedermüller Simone , Kriwet Jürgen , Türtscher Julia
Published: January 2025

The presence of the white shark (Carcharodon carcharias) in the Mediterranean Sea is well documented, but mainly through historical and opportunistic records. Historically, the Adriatic Sea, particularly its eastern coastline, was considered a hotspot for white sharks, with relatively frequent reports of juvenile specimens suggesting a potential nursery area. However, since the second half of the 20th century, the abundance of white sharks in the Adriatic has experienced a dramatic decline, with the last confirmed sighting recorded in 2011. In this study, we report the recent capture of a young-of-the-year (YOY) white shark off the Croatian coast, previously misidentified as a porbeagle shark (Lamna nasus). In addition, we revisit historical records of white sharks in the Adriatic Sea to assess whether this region can be considered a nursery area. Our findings highlight significant gaps in the understanding of white shark spatial ecology and reproductive biology in the Mediterranean Sea. Furthermore, this study emphasizes the critical role citizen science and public engagement can play in documenting occurrences of these elusive and endangered predators, offering valuable insights for future conservation efforts.
Valorization of Oil Cakes in Two-Pot Lactone Biosynthesis Process
Authors: Małajowicz Jolanta , Fabiszewska Agata , Zieniuk Bartłomiej , Bryś Joanna , Kozłowska Mariola , Marciniak-Lukasiak Katarzyna
Published: January 2025

Oil cakes are biomass wastes created by pressing oil from oilseeds. Their chemical composition (including high fat or protein content, a favorable fatty acid profile, and a high proportion of unsaturated acids) makes them valuable raw materials not only in animal feeding but are increasingly gaining popularity in biotechnological processes. This article examines the possibility of valorizing oil cakes using the lipid fraction extracted from them or their raw form in a two-pot biosynthesis process of GDDL—a cyclic ester with a creamy-peach aroma. This study tested five types of oil cakes (hemp seeds, rapeseed, safflower, camelina, and flax), analyzing their physicochemical composition and the fatty acid profile of their lipid fraction. Due to the high content of oleic acid (over 62% lipid fraction) and the wide availability, rapeseed cake was used in the biotransformation process. The synthesis of GDDL involved a three-step process: hydrolysis of triacylglycerols, hydration of oleic acid (via lactic acid bacteria in anaerobic conditions), and β-oxidation (via Yarrowia yeast, aerobic process). The analysis showed that it is possible to produce because of the two-pot biotransformation of approximately 1.7 g of GDDL/dm3. These results highlight the process’s potential and justify the feasibility of waste valorization. The proposed biotransformation requires optimization and is a good example of the application of the circular economy in food processing and waste management.
The Germination and Growth of Two Strains of Bacillus cereus in Selected Hot Dishes After Cooking
Authors: Kameník Josef , Dušková Marta , Zouharová Alena , Čutová Michaela , Dorotíková Kateřina , Králová Michaela , Macharáčková Blanka , Hulánková Radka
Published: January 2025

The aim of this study was to assess the germination and growth of two strains of Bacillus cereus following the artificial inoculation of six selected hot dishes with spores which were then stored at temperatures of 40, 50, and 60 °C for 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, and 4.0 h. The water activity of the prepared meals varied between 0.967 and 0.973 and the salt content between 0.74 and 1.40%. The pH value of four dishes exceeded 6.0, but for two (tomato sauce and ratatouille) it was 4.6. The tested strain DSM 4312 showed good growth abilities and attained a population exceeding 6.0 log CFU/g within 4 h at 40 °C in foods with pH values > 6.0. The study demonstrated that a drop in food temperatures to 40 °C is risky, while no growth of B. cereus was detected within 4 h at 50 and 60 °C. The growth rate of B. cereus is conditioned not merely by environmental conditions (temperature, pH values, food composition), but also by the bacterial strain.
Effect of Methane Gas Hydrate Content of Marine Sediment on Ocean Wave-Induced Oscillatory Excess Pore Water Pressure and Geotechnical Implications
Authors: Miadonye Adango , Amadu Mumuni
Published: January 2025

Methane gas hydrate-bearing sediments hold substantial natural gas reserves, and to understand their potential roles in the energy sector as the next generation of energy resources, considerable research is being conducted in industry and academia. Consequently, safe and economically feasible extraction methods are being vigorously researched, as are methods designed to estimate site-specific reserves. In addition, the presence of methane gas hydrates and their dissociation have been known to impact the geotechnical properties of submarine foundation soils and slopes. In this paper, we advance research on gas hydrate-bearing sediments by theoretically studying the effect of the hydromechanical coupling process related to ocean wave hydrodynamics. In this regard, we have studied two geotechnically and theoretically relevant situations related to the oscillatory wave-induced hydromechanical coupling process. Our results show that the presence of initial methane gas pressure leads to excessively high oscillatory pore pressure, which confirms the instability of submarine slopes with methane gas hydrate accumulation originally reported in the geotechnical literature. In addition, our results show that neglecting the presence of initial methane gas pressure in gas hydrate-bearing sediments in the theoretical description of the oscillatory excess pore pressure can lead to improper geotechnical planning. Moreover, the theoretical evolution of oscillatory excess pore water pressure with depth indicates a damping trend in magnitude, leading to a stable value with depth.
Role of Ionizing Radiation Techniques in Polymeric Hydrogel Synthesis for Tissue Engineering Applications
Authors: Călina Ion , Demeter Maria , Scărișoreanu Anca , Abbas Awn , Raza Muhammad Asim
Published: January 2025

Hydrogels are widely utilized in industrial and scientific applications owing to their ability to immobilize active molecules, cells, and nanoparticles. This capability has led to their growing use in various biomedical fields, including cell culture and transplantation, drug delivery, and tissue engineering. Among the available synthesis techniques, ionizing-radiation-induced fabrication stands out as an environmentally friendly method for hydrogel preparation. In alignment with the current requirements for cleaner technologies, developing hydrogels using gamma and electron beam irradiation technologies represents a promising and innovative approach for their biomedical applications. A key advantage of these methods is their ability to synthesize homogeneous three-dimensional networks in a single step, without the need for chemical initiators or catalysts. Additionally, the fabrication process is controllable by adjusting the radiation dose and dose rate.
Natural Bletilla striata Polysaccharide-Based Hydrogels for Accelerating Hemostasis
Authors: Lin Hui-Fang , Wang Yue-Yue , Liu Feng-Zhen , Yang Zi-Wei , Cui Hao , Hu Si-Yu , Li Feng-He , Pan Pei
Published: January 2025

Most of the existing hydrogel dressings have inadequacies in mechanical performance, biological activities, compatibility, or versatility, which results in the development of rapid, green, and cost-effective approaches for hydrogels in biochemical and biomedical applications becoming a top-priority task. Herein, inspired by the inherent bioactivity, water retention properties, and biocompatibility of natural polysaccharide hydrogels, we have prepared self-healing gels. Using Bletilla striata polysaccharide (BSP), carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS), and borax via borate ester linkages, we created hemostatic and self-healing Chinese herbal medicine hydrogels in varying concentrations (2.5%, 3.0%, and 4.0%). A rotational rheometer was used to describe the hydrogels’ shape and rheological characteristics. At all concentrations, it was found that the hydrogels’ elastic modulus (G′) consistently and significantly outperformed their viscous modulus (G″), suggesting a robust internal structure. All of the hydrogels had cell viability levels as high as 100% and hemolysis rates below 1%, indicating the hydrogels’ outstanding biocompatibility. Furthermore, the hydrogels demonstrated superior hemostatic qualities in an in vivo mouse tail amputation model, as well as in in vitro coagulation tests. The results show that the hydrogel possesses excellent self-healing properties, as well as a good biocompatibility and hemostatic performance, thus paving the way for the development of a potential hemostatic green hydrogel.
Application of the Rainfall–Runoff–Inundation Model for Flood Risk Assessment in the Mekerra Basin, Algeria
Authors: Afra Abdallah , Berrezel Yacine Abdelbaset , Abdelbaki Cherifa , Megnounif Abdeslam , Saber Mohamed , Benabdelkrim Mohammed El Amin , Kumar Navneet
Published: January 2025

The Mekerra Basin in northern Algeria is highly vulnerable to severe flood events, such as those in October 1986 and September 1994, which caused significant damage to infrastructure and the environment. To address flood risk, this study applied the Rainfall–Runoff–Inundation (RRI) model to simulate hydrological processes and flood extents. The model was calibrated and validated using discharge data from these historical events. The sensitivity analyses identified hydraulic conductivity, suction head, and channel roughness as key parameters influencing flood peaks. The RRI model demonstrated a strong performance, achieving correlation coefficients of 0.97 and 0.94 for the 1986 and 1994 events, respectively. The model also produced R2 values of 0.94 (calibration) and 0.89 (validation), with Percent Bias (PBIAS) values of 0.006 and 0.013, indicating minimal bias. Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) scores of 0.93 (calibration) and 0.86 (validation) confirmed its robustness in simulating event flows. This study represents the first application of the RRI model in the Mekerra Basin and highlights its utility for flood risk assessment in arid and semi-arid regions, offering critical insights for flood management and mitigation strategies.
Enhancing Safety in U.S. Coal Mines Through a Rib Support Recommendation Tool
Authors: Kirmaci Alper , Wijesinghe Dakshith Ruvin , Guner Dogukan , Karadeniz Kutay E. , Mitchell Cameron , Sherizadeh Taghi
Published: January 2025

Despite ongoing efforts to enhance coal rib stability, the underground coal mining sector continues to face incidents of rib failure, leading to injuries and fatalities. The development and validation of effective rib support systems are crucial for mitigating these risks. Unfortunately, a standardized design methodology that accommodates the diverse geological conditions of U.S. coal mines is missing. Current practices are often based on trial-and-error or outdated methods, yielding unreliable outcomes. This research aims to fill this gap by creating a comprehensive methodology for designing rib support systems suitable for U.S. underground mines. It encompasses in situ pull-out tests of coal rib bolts, numerical model validations, and parametric studies on variables affecting rib stability. A significant achievement of this study is the creation of the rib support recommendation tool (RSR), a user-friendly application that offers site-specific rib support advice. This tool leverages the results from parametric studies and improved Coal Pillar Rib Rating (CPRR) system values to recommend effective rib support. Validated by field data, the RSR tool promises to significantly improve mining safety and efficiency by providing a systematic and reliable method for rib support design, with ongoing efforts to further validate its effectiveness.
Integration and Application of a Fabric-Based Modified Cam-Clay Model in FLAC3D
Authors: Wang Xiao-Wen , Cui Kai , Ran Yuan , Tian Yu , Wu Bo-Han , Xiao Wen-Bin
Published: January 2025

In order to consider the effect of fabric anisotropy in the analysis of geotechnical boundary value problems, this study proposes a modified model based on a fabric-based modified Cam-clay model, which can account for the anisotropic response of soil. The major modification of the original model aims to simplify the equations for numerical implementation by replacing the SMP strength criterion with the Lade’s strength criterion. This model comprehensively considers the inherent anisotropy, induced anisotropy, and three-dimensional strength characteristics of soil. The model is first numerically implemented using the elastic trial–plastic correction method, and then it is encapsulated into the FLAC3D 6.0 software, and tested through conventional triaxial, embankment loading, and tunnel excavation experiments. Numerical simulation results indicate that considering anisotropy and three-dimensional strength in geotechnical engineering analysis is necessary. By accounting for the interaction between microstructure and macroscopic anisotropy, the model can more accurately represent soil behavior, providing significant advantages for geotechnical analysis.
Dysregulation of FURIN and Other Proprotein Convertase Genes in the Progression from HPV Infection to Cancer
Authors: Izaguirre Gonzalo , Zirou Natalia , Meyers Craig
Published: January 2025

Productive infections of oncogenic human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are closely linked to the differentiation of host epithelial cells, a process that the virus manipulates to create conditions favorable to produce virion progeny. This viral interference involves altering the expression of numerous host genes. Among these, proprotein convertases (PCs) have emerged as potential oncogenes due to their central role in cellular functions. Using RT-qPCR, aberrant PC gene expression was detected across the progression from early HPV infection stages to cancer. These findings demonstrated a progressive disruption of normal PC expression profiles, with FURIN consistently downregulated and other PCs upregulated, transitioning from the episomal stage to neoplastic and carcinoma phenotypes. This pattern of dysregulation was distinct from the broader trends observed in a variety of cancer types through bioinformatic analysis of publicly available transcriptomic datasets, where FURIN expression was predominantly upregulated compared to other PCs. Further bioinformatic investigations revealed a correlation between PC gene expression and cancer phenotype diversity, suggesting a potential link between the loss of normal PC gene expression patterns and the progression of HPV infections toward malignancy.
The Scent of Lily Flowers: Advances in the Identification, Biosynthesis, and Regulation of Fragrance Components
Authors: Chen Yiwei , Lu Xiaoxuan , Gao Ting , Zhou Yiwei
Published: January 2025

Lilies (Lilium spp.) are renowned for their diverse and captivating floral scents, which are highly valued both commercially and ornamentally. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in the identification, biosynthesis, and regulation of fragrance components in lily flowers. Various volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that contribute to the unique scents of different lily species and cultivars, including terpenoids, benzenoids/phenylpropanoids, and fatty acid derivatives, are discussed. The release patterns of these compounds from different floral tissues and at different developmental stages are examined, highlighting the significant role of tepals. Detection methods such as gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and sensory analysis are evaluated for their effectiveness in fragrance research. Additionally, the biosynthetic pathways of key fragrance compounds are explored, focusing on the terpenoid and benzenoid/phenylpropanoid pathways and the regulatory mechanisms involving transcription factors and environmental factors. This review also addresses the influence of genetic and environmental factors on fragrance production and proposes future research directions to enhance the aromatic qualities of lilies through selective genetic and breeding approaches. Emphasis is placed on the potential applications of these findings in the floral industry to improve the commercial value and consumer appeal of lily flowers.
Overview and Prospects of DNA Sequence Visualization
Authors: Wu Yan , Xie Xiaojun , Zhu Jihong , Guan Lixin , Li Mengshan
Published: January 2025

Due to advances in big data technology, deep learning, and knowledge engineering, biological sequence visualization has been extensively explored. In the post-genome era, biological sequence visualization enables the visual representation of both structured and unstructured biological sequence data. However, a universal visualization method for all types of sequences has not been reported. Biological sequence data are rapidly expanding exponentially and the acquisition, extraction, fusion, and inference of knowledge from biological sequences are critical supporting technologies for visualization research. These areas are important and require in-depth exploration. This paper elaborates on a comprehensive overview of visualization methods for DNA sequences from four different perspectives—two-dimensional, three-dimensional, four-dimensional, and dynamic visualization approaches—and discusses the strengths and limitations of each method in detail. Furthermore, this paper proposes two potential future research directions for biological sequence visualization in response to the challenges of inefficient graphical feature extraction and knowledge association network generation in existing methods. The first direction is the construction of knowledge graphs for biological sequence big data, and the second direction is the cross-modal visualization of biological sequences using machine learning methods. This review is anticipated to provide valuable insights and contributions to computational biology, bioinformatics, genomic computing, genetic breeding, evolutionary analysis, and other related disciplines in the fields of biology, medicine, chemistry, statistics, and computing. It has an important reference value in biological sequence recommendation systems and knowledge question answering systems.
AuIII Acyclic (Amino)(N-Pyridinium)carbenoids: Synthesis via Addition of 2-PySeCl to AuI-Bound Isonitriles, Structures, and Cytotoxicity
Authors: Repina Olga V. , Kubasov Alexey S. , Vologzhanina Anna V. , Borisov Alexander V. , Kritchenkov Ilya S. , Voroshilkina Ksenia M. , Nazarov Alexey A. , Shchevnikov Dmitriy M. , Grudova Mariya V. , Gomila Rosa M. , Frontera Antonio , Nenajdenko Valentine G. , Kritchenkov Andreii S. , Tskhovrebov Alexander G.
Published: January 2025

In this study, we report the first example of acyclic (amino)(N-pyridinium)carbenoid gold(III) complexes synthesized via a coupling reaction between 2-pyridylselenyl chloride and Au(I)-bound isonitriles. The reaction involves an initial oxidative addition of the Se–Cl moiety to Au(I), followed by the nucleophilic addition of the pyridine fragment to the isonitrile’s C≡N bond, furnishing a metallacycle. Importantly, this is the first example of the pyridine acting as a nucleophile towards metal-bound isonitriles. Arguably, such an addition is due to the chelate effect. The structures of the gold(III) carbenoid complexes were unambiguously established using X-ray diffraction and NMR spectroscopy. Theoretical calculations, including DFT, Natural Resonance Theory (NRT), and Meyer bond order (MBO) analyses, were used to analyze the different resonance forms. The reaction mechanism was further elucidated using DFT calculations, which identified the oxidative addition as the rate-determining step with a barrier of 29.7 kcal/mol. The nucleophilic addition proceeds with a minimal barrier, making the reaction highly favorable. The antiproliferative activity of new compounds 2a–2e was tested against two human cancer cell lines: A2780 ovarian adenocarcinoma and the A278Cis cisplatin-resistant variant.
Functional Characterization of OsCSN1 in the Agronomic Trait Control of Rice Seedlings Under Far-Red Light
Authors: Liu Yanxi , Zeng Hua , Shang Yuqing , Zhang Hexin , Jiao Tongtong , Yin Le , Yang Jinyuan , Xu Miao , Lu Jingmei , Wu Ming , Guo Liquan
Published: January 2025

The COP9 signalosome (CSN) is a highly conserved multi-subunit protein complex, with CSN1 being its largest and most conserved subunit. The N-terminal function of CSN1 plays a pivotal and intricate role in plant photomorphogenesis and seedling development. Moreover, CSN is essential for far-red light-mediated photomorphogenesis in seedlings, but the function of OsCSN1 in seedling growth and development under far-red light conditions has not been determined. This study investigates the function of OsCSN1 under far-red light through phenotypic analysis of wild type and OsCSN1 mutant seedlings. Additionally, the effect of the N-terminal region of OsCSN1 on rice seedling growth and development was examined. The addition of exogenous hormone gibberellin (GA3) and gibberellin synthesis inhibitor paclobutrazol (PAC) resulted in notable changes in phenotypes and the expression of key proteins, including CUL4 and SLR1. The findings indicate that OsCSN1 functions as a positive regulator of plant height under far-red light and inhibits root elongation. Under far-red light, OsCSN1 integrates into the COP9 complex and regulates the nuclear localization of COP1. Through its interaction with CUL4 in the CULLIN-RING family, OsCSN1 facilitates the ubiquitin-mediated degradation of SLR1, thereby influencing the growth of rice seedlings. The regulatory function of OsCSN1 in seedling growth and development under far-red light predominantly relies on the 32 amino acids of its N-terminal region. The results of this study can provide new ideas for rice breeding and genetic improvement. Based on the study of key regulatory factors such as OsCSN1, new varieties that can make better use of far-red light signals can be cultivated to enhance crop adaptability and productivity.
Multi-Criteria Assessment of Flood Risk on Railroads Using a Machine Learning Approach: A Case Study of Railroads in Minas Gerais
Authors: Oliveira de Sousa Fernanda , Ariza Flores Victor Andre , Cunha Christhian Santana , Oda Sandra , Xavier Ratton Neto Hostilio
Published: January 2025

In a climate change scenario where extreme precipitation events occur more frequently and intensely, risk assessment plays a critical role in ensuring the safety and operational efficiency of facilities. This case study uses a combination of the multi-criteria analysis approach and hydrological studies that use machine learning algorithms to simulate new rainfall events in order to estimate the risk of flooding on railroads. Risk variables, including terrain, drainage capability, accumulated flow, and land use and land cover, will be weighed using the multicriteria approach. A methodical evaluation of the most vulnerable locations on the railroad network will be possible thanks to the analysis of these parameters based on the geographic information system (GIS) approach. In the meantime, historical precipitation, flow, and hydrological balance data will be used to calibrate and validate hydrological models. The database required for the machine learning model can be created with these hydrological data. The research regions are situated in the densely rail-networked state of Minas Gerais. The geographical and climatic diversity of Minas Gerais makes it the perfect place to test and validate the suggested approaches. The models evaluated included linear regression, random forest, decision tree, and support vector machines. Among the evaluated models, Linear Regression emerged as the best-performing model with an R2 value of 0.999998, a mean squared error (MSE) of 0.018672, and a low tendency to overfitting (0.000011).
Comparing the Saturation Flow Rate on the Exit Lane Between Urban Multilane Roundabouts and Urban Signalized Intersections Through Field Data
Authors: Alshabibi Nawaf Mohamed
Published: January 2025

Urban multilane roundabouts and signalized intersections are two major roadway devices used for controlling and managing traffic flow. This paper presents a comparative analysis of the saturation flow rate between urban multilane roundabouts and multilane signalized intersections using field data from the Dammam Metropolitan Area (DMA) in Saudi Arabia. The data of this study were collected at four roundabouts and four signalized intersections in Dammam metropolitan area (DMA), Saudi Arabia. A total of 7028 saturation headways at the roundabouts and 2626 saturation headways at the signalized intersections were included. The results indicated that the signalized intersections had a higher saturation flow rate at the exit lane than the roundabouts at about 1046 vehicles per hour. These findings emphasize that signalized intersections outperform roundabouts in terms of the vehicular movement rate during green lights. Moreover, when the light is green, it takes 1.82 s for a car to move through the middle lane of a traffic light intersection. This study draws a unique connection between speed fluctuations in roundabouts with energy consumption, concluding how vehicles consume more energy this way. Thus, single-lane roundabouts are recommended for optimal traffic flow management in all directions.
Analysis of Risk Factors for Augmented Vertebral Refracture After Percutaneous Kyphoplasty in Osteoporotic Vertebral Compression Fractures
Authors: Wu Yonghao , Zhu Shuaiqi , Li Yuqiao , Zhang Chenfei , Xia Weiwei , Zhu Zhenqi , Wang Kaifeng
Published: January 2025

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of vertebral refractures following percutaneous kyphoplasty (PKP) and to explore risk factors for augmented vertebral refractures, thereby assisting spinal surgeons in clinical practice. Methods: We analyzed the records of 495 patients with single-segment osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (OVCFs) who were treated with single-entry PKP at our institution from March 2016 to August 2022. Univariate analysis, binary logistic regression, and ROC curve analysis were performed to determine potential risk factors, independent risk factors, and discrimination ability. Results: A total of 168 patients were included in the study, with a median follow-up duration of 7.00 months. In total, 143 patients did not experience vertebral refracture after surgery, while 25 patients did, including 22 augmented vertebral fractures and 3 adjacent vertebral compression refractures. The correction rate of the Cobb angle (p < 0.001; OR = 1.070) and postoperative anti-osteoporosis treatment (p = 0.002; OR = 0.021) were independently associated with augmented vertebral refracture. The ROC curves showed that these variables demonstrated satisfactory predictive values for augmented vertebral refracture. Conclusions: A high degree of restoration of the Cobb angle was the factor contributing to vertebral refracture after PKP. Conversely, postoperative anti-osteoporosis treatment was observed to be a protective factor against subsequent vertebral refracture.
Prevention and Management of Postoperative Infection After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Narrative Review
Authors: Konstantinou Efstathios , Pfeiffer Thomas , Rocca Michael S. , Grandberg Camila , Dias Karina , Musahl Volker
Published: January 2025

Background: Postoperative infection following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) is a rare yet severe complication that can compromise patient outcomes, leading to prolonged recovery, graft failure, and knee dysfunction. Although infection rates are reported to be less than 2%, it remains essential to implement strategies to reduce infection risk and improve surgical outcomes. Methods: This review explores current evidence on the prevention of infections in ACLR, emphasizing the importance of timely antibiotic prophylaxis and vancomycin presoaking of grafts, which has been associated with a substantial reduction in infection rates. Results: Empirical antibiotic therapy should be started immediately after joint aspiration when infection is suspected. Treatment must prioritize culture-specific antibiotic regimens to optimize patient outcomes. Surgical intervention with arthroscopic debridement and irrigation needs to occur as soon as the diagnosis of infection is made. Often, this is performed with a focus on retaining the graft in order to preserve knee stability, if possible. Careful intraoperative management, along with the aid of infectious disease specialists, is paramount to help optimize outcomes following infection after ACLR. Conclusions: This review emphasizes the need for treatment protocols and highlights areas for future research to establish clear guidelines on infection after ACLR, especially with decisions of graft retention versus removal.
Micro-Scale Numerical Simulation for Residual Strength of CFRP After Cyclic Tensile or Out-of-Plane Shear Loadings Fatigue
Authors: Sekino Takumi , Kudo Natsuko , Koyanagi Jun
Published: January 2025

In this study, micro-scale numerical simulations were performed to evaluate the residual strength of carbon fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRPs) subjected to cyclic transverse and out-of-plane shear loading fatigue. The simulations utilized a finite element method, incorporating an entropy-based damage criterion for the matrix resin. This method aimed to link entropy generation to strength degradation, with the parameter αo(s) determined as a function of entropy. Cyclic tensile and shear analyses were conducted to correlate residual strength with entropy accumulation, establishing a linear relationship for αo(s). The results demonstrated meso-scale strength degradation based on micro-scale numerical simulations. Material constants for the epoxy resin matrix were determined through creep and tensile tests, and a generalized Maxwell model with 15 elements was used to represent viscoelastic behavior. Numerical simulations employed the Abaqus/Standard 2020 software, with the epoxy resin matrix behavior implemented via a UMAT subroutine. The analysis revealed a linear relationship between entropy and residual strength for both cyclic tensile and out-of-plane shear loading. This approach enhances experimental insights with numerical predictions, offering a comprehensive understanding of CFRP strength degradation under fatigue loading. This study represents the first numerical approach to link the entropy of the matrix resin at the micro-scale with macro-scale residual strength in CFRP, providing a novel and comprehensive framework for understanding and predicting strength degradation under cyclic loading.
Effects of the Rate Dependency of a Matrix Material on the Tensile Response of Plain Weave Carbon Fabric Reinforced Epoxy Composites
Authors: Choi Taeseong , Ji Wooseok
Published: January 2025

Textile composites are extensively used in structures subjected to both static and dynamic loads. However, research on how loading rates influence performance remains limited. A better understanding of how the rate dependency of matrix materials affects the mechanical behavior of textile composites could facilitate more accurate performance predictions and the efficient selection of components based on loading rates. This study investigates the effect of the rate dependency of epoxy on the overall rate dependency of a plain weave carbon fabric-reinforced epoxy composite. Specimens were prepared using only epoxy resin, and tensile tests were conducted at four loading rates (5 mm/min, 50 mm/min, 200 mm/min, and 800 mm/min) to evaluate changes in the tensile properties of epoxy with varying loading rates. Composite specimens were fabricated using the same epoxy, and tensile tests were performed under identical conditions. The results demonstrated that both materials became more brittle at higher loading rates while their stiffness remained largely unaffected. Furthermore, the failure process of the composite at different loading rates was analyzed through micro-scale finite element analysis. The analysis revealed that the onset of failure in textile composites shifted owing to the rate-dependent brittleness of epoxy. To mitigate the high computational cost of explicit simulations accounting for time dependency, a modified Johnson–Cook model and an acceleration model were newly developed and incorporated into the analysis.
Metabolomics and Transcriptomics Reveal the Effects of Different Fermentation Times on Antioxidant Activities of Ophiocordyceps sinensis
Authors: He Min , Wang Tao , Tang Chuyu , Xiao Mengjun , Pu Xiaojian , Qi Jianzhao , Li Yuling , Li Xiuzhang
Published: January 2025

Ophiocordyceps sinensis is a fungus that is cultured through fermentation from wild Chinese cordyceps. While studies have examined its metabolites, the evaluation of its antioxidant capacity remains to be conducted. The antioxidant results of O. sinensis indicate that the ferric ion-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), antioxidant capacity (2.74 ± 0.12 μmol Trolox/g), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) free radical scavenging rate (60.21 ± 0.51%), and the hydroxyl free radical scavenging rate (91.83 ± 0.68%) reached a maximum on day 30. Using LC-MS/MS to measure the metabolites on D24, D30, and D36, we found that the majority of the differential accumulated metabolites (DAMs) primarily accumulate in lipids, organoheterocyclic compounds, and organic acids and their derivatives. Notably, the DAMs exhibiting high peaks include acetylcarnitine, glutathione, linoleic acid, and L-propionylcarnitine, among others. The transcriptome analysis results indicate that the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) exhibiting high expression peaks on D30 primarily included lnaA, af470, and ZEB1; high expression peaks on D24 comprised SPBC29A3.09c and YBT1; high expression peaks on D36 included dtxS1, PA1538, and katG. The combined analysis revealed significant and extremely significant positive and negative correlations between all the DAMs and DEGs. The primary enriched pathways (p < 0.05) included glutathione metabolism, tryptophan metabolism, carbon metabolism, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, and phenylalanine metabolism. The metabolic pathway map revealed that the DAMs and DEGs influencing the antioxidant activity of O. sinensis were significantly up-regulated on D30 but down-regulated on D36. The correlation analysis suggests that an increase in the content of DEGs and DAMs promotes an increase in the levels of enzyme and non-enzyme substances, ultimately enhancing the antioxidant capacity of O. sinensis. These findings serve as a reference of how DAMs and DEGs affect the antioxidant activity of O. sinensis. This may contribute to the enhanced development and application of O. sinensis.
Podcast—The Remediation of Radio: A Media Theoretical Framework for Podcast Research
Authors: Andok Mónika
Published: January 2025

The study aims to investigate, describe, and contextualize the media theoretical characteristics of podcasts. Initially, it examines the media technological advancements that facilitated the emergence of podcasts, followed by an exploration of the parallel innovations in content production. Subsequently, the analysis focuses on key dimensions relevant to defining podcasts as a medium: the evolution of audio technology, the heterogeneity of content, and the patterns of individual and collective usage. The transition of podcasts from a novel cultural form to a recognized medium was a gradual process spanning approximately two decades. The aim of this study is to examine how podcasts emerged as a distinct medium, combining the characteristics of traditional radio with modern digital technologies, using Bolter and Grusin’s remediation concept as a media theoretical framework. This paper posits that the most suitable theoretical framework for understanding podcasts as a medium is Bolter and Grusin’s theory of remediation. According to this framework, media are defined through processes of remediation. In the case of podcasts, however, a unique form of convergent remediation emerges, wherein the medium integrates elements of traditional radio with the distinctive characteristics of networked communication.
Monitoring Soil Salinity in Arid Areas of Northern Xinjiang Using Multi-Source Satellite Data: A Trusted Deep Learning Framework
Authors: Zhang Mengli , Fan Xianglong , Gao Pan , Guo Li , Huang Xuanrong , Gao Xiuwen , Pang Jinpeng , Tan Fei
Published: January 2025

Soil salinization affects agricultural productivity and ecosystem health in Xinjiang, especially in arid areas. The region’s complex topography and limited agricultural data emphasize the pressing need for effective, large-scale monitoring technologies. Therefore, 1044 soil samples were collected from arid farmland in northern Xinjiang, and the potential effectiveness of soil salinity monitoring was explored by combining environmental variables with Landsat 8 and Sentinel-2. The study applied four types of feature selection algorithms: Random Forest (RF), Competitive Adaptive Reweighted Sampling (CARS), Uninformative Variable Elimination (UVE), and Successive Projections Algorithm (SPA). These variables are then integrated into various machine learning models—such as Ensemble Tree (ETree), Random Forest (RF), Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), and LightBoost—as well as deep learning models, including Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), Residual Networks (ResNet), Multilayer Perceptrons (MLP), and Kolmogorov–Arnold Networks (KAN), for modeling. The results suggest that fertilizer use plays a critical role in soil salinization processes. Notably, the interpretable model KAN achieved an accuracy of 0.75 in correctly classifying the degree of soil salinity. This study highlights the potential of integrating multi-source remote sensing data with deep learning technologies, offering a pathway to large-scale soil salinity monitoring, and thereby providing valuable support for soil management.
Effects of Rising Rural Labor Prices on Land Use Pattern: Evidence from Grain Production in China
Authors: Gu Tianyu , Liu Xinyi , Cao Ziqi , Lu Wencong
Published: January 2025

As rural labor prices have risen constantly over the last two decades, Chinese grain production that relies heavily on manual labor has been subjected to considerable challenges and has experienced profound changes in land use patterns. Using a fixed effect model and translog profit function model, this paper investigates the effects of rising rural labor prices on land use patterns in Chinese grain production. The empirical results from 2004–2022 province-level panel data showed that the rising rural labor prices provided significant incentives to adjust the land use patterns of three staple grain crops. The increase in labor prices had a negative effect on the share of the planting area of rice and maize, while wheat experienced a substantial increase in its proportion of planting area in the context of rising labor prices. A further mechanism test based on 2004–2012 farm-level panel data revealed that the factor substitutions, especially labor substitution with fertilizer and machinery, were a significant contributor to the changes in land use patterns. In the spatial–temporal analysis, changes in land use patterns were found to be more pronounced in regions with more rolling terrain conditions but remained relatively stable across years. These findings highlight the importance of the development and promotion of labor-saving technologies in grain production, especially enhanced-efficiency fertilizer and small-sized agricultural machinery. In addition, agricultural subsidies targeted at farmers in hilly and mountainous regions might be a good way to mitigate potential land abandonment in the context of rising labor prices.
The Trade-Offs and Constraints of Watershed Ecosystem Services: A Case Study of the West Liao River Basin in China
Authors: Lyu Ran , Yuan Meng , Fu Xiao , Tang Mingfang , Qu Laiye , Yin Zheng , Wu Gang
Published: January 2025

Clarifying the spatiotemporal trade-offs between the supply and demand of ecosystem services is critical for regional ecological security and sustainable development. This paper focused on the West Liao River Basin, a crucial ecological barrier in Inner Mongolia, and quantified the supply and demand of ecosystem services by utilizing the InVEST model. A coupled coordination model is established to evaluate the supply–demand trade-offs, while a decoupling index model is used to analyze the dynamic changes in coordination. The influencing factors on the supply–demand relationship are also explored by using a geographically and temporally weighted regression (GTWR) model. The results from 2005 to 2020 indicated a decrease in carbon storage and an increase in carbon emissions. Water yield, food, and meat supply increased, while their demand decreased. Soil retention supply and demand both increased. Basin-scale coordination improved from low to moderate levels, with significant gains in both coordination and matching degrees. Decoupling indices fluctuated, with the central region showing a significantly higher decoupling index. The GTWR model showed that the spatial and temporal impacts of eight driving factors, including land use, on CD differed significantly, with precipitation having the most significant impact. The research results provided a theoretical basis for the future development of regional ecological restoration and sustainable development policies.