bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Potencial agroclimático para a cultura da acerola no Estado de Minas Gerais
Authors: Souza Maria J. H. de , Guimarães Marilaine C. A. , Guimarães Carlos D. L. , Freitas Wallisson da S. , Oliveira Ângelo M. S.
Published: October 2006

Objetivou-se realizar o zoneamento agroclimático do Estado de Minas Gerais, visando dar subsídios à seleção de locais para a implantação da cultura da acerola (Malpighia glabra L.). Utilizaram-se dados de temperatura média e precipitação de 110 estações meteorológicas de Minas Gerais e de Estados circunvizinhos; com base nesses dados calculou-se o índice de umidade de Thornthwaite & Mather para uma capacidade de armazenamento de água no solo de 125 mm. Elaboraram-se mapas de aptidão térmica e hídrica, a partir da temperatura média e do índice de umidade, para essa cultura, com a sobreposição dos mapas, obteve-se o mapa de aptidão agroclimática do Estado para a cultura da acerola. Cerca de 12,6% do território de Minas Gerais, região sul, e uma pequena parte da região central, são inaptos para o cultivo da aceroleira, devido à ocorrência de baixas temperaturas. Em 55,8% do Estado observam-se condições favoráveis para o cultivo da aceroleira enquanto em 4,5% as condições são regulares. Áreas com aptidão restrita compreendem 27% do Estado, sendo que em 18% o cultivo é recomendado somente com o emprego de irrigação, devido à restrição hídrica, enquanto nos outros 9% o cultivo é limitado pelo excedente hídrico.
Compostagem de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar triturado utilizado como material filtrante de águas residuárias da suinocultura
Authors: Magalhães Marcos A. de , Matos Antonio T. de , Denículi Wilson , Tinoco Ilda de F. F.
Published: October 2006

A suinocultura moderna, de produção animal confinada, em virtude de ser concentradora de dejetos em pequenas áreas, gera vultosos volumes de águas residuárias de grande potencial poluidor para o solo, o ar e a água, já que se trata de efluente rico em sólidos em suspensão e, dissolvidos, matéria orgânica, nutrientes (nitrogênio e fósforo, dentre outros), agentes patogênicos, metais pesados e sais diversos. No presente trabalho avaliou-se o processo de compostagem de resíduo orgânico (bagaço de cana-de-açúcar triturado), utilizado como material filtrante para águas residuárias de suinocultura, imediatamente após este material perder a capacidade filtrante e ter sido descartado da coluna filtrante. Os resultados obtidos permitiram concluir-se que o composto de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar corresponde ao fertilizante obtido por processo bioquímico, natural e controlado com mistura de resíduos de origem vegetal ou animal, contendo um ou mais nutrientes de plantas. Na avaliação da composição química do composto maturado, as pilhas de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar mais dejeto de suínos apresentaram concentração total de metais pesados que pode ser considerada segura, sob o ponto de vista de uso na adubação de culturas agrícolas, desde que obedecidos os critérios de taxa máxima de aplicação acumulativa.
Uso do penetrômetro eletrônico na avaliação da resistência do solo cultivado com cana-de-açucar
Authors: Iaia Antonio M. , Maia João C. S. , Kim Michely E.
Published: October 2006

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a resistência do solo a penetração, por meio de um penetrógrafo eletrônico de velocidade constante, em dois solos: Latossolo Vermelho distrófico Típico, textura argilosa e Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo distrófico Típico, textura média, submetidos aos processos de mecanização e transporte na cultura de cana-de-açúcar, em função de diferentes números de corte e diferentes profundidades de trabalho. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente sob dois formatos: (a) pela estatística convencional, comparando-se as médias dos tratamentos pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade e (b) pela geoestatística, utilizando-se a semivariância para produzir modelos que representassem dependência espacial dos dados. Os resultados de resistência do solo a penetração, mostraram-se diferenciados nas profundidades estudadas, indicando que o peso dos veículos e máquinas e a pressão dos rodados provocaram alterações no perfil do solo.
Efeito da técnica de curtimento e do método utilizado para remoção da pele da tilápia-do-nilo sobre as características de resistência do couro
Authors: Souza Maria Luiza Rodrigues de , Casaca Jorge de Matos , Nakaghi Laura Satiko Okada , Franco Nilson do Prado , Silva Leocília Oliveira da , Dourado Doroty Mesquita , Viegas Elisabete Maria Macedo
Published: October 2006

Um estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos do método de remoção da pele do filé (com alicate e com máquina) e da técnica de curtimento (com ou sem sais de cromo, bioleather) sobre a resistência da pele de tilápia-do-nilo (Oreochromis niloticus). Foram retiradas as peles de 40 tilápias (450 g), 20 com uso de alicates e 20 com auxílio de máquina. Após o curtimento e a retirada dos corpos-de-prova, as peles foram encaminhadas a um laboratório aclimatizado (23ºC e 50% de umidade relativa do ar) para realização dos testes de resistência em dinamômetro EMIC, com velocidade de afastamento entre cargas de 100 ± 20 mm/mm. O método de retirada da pele do filé não afetou os resultados dos testes de tração e rasgamento progressivo. A pele retirada com a máquina apresentou elongação superior (88,48%) à removida com alicate (71,09%). Peles curtidas com sais de cromo (25,54 N/mm; 12,18 N/mm²) foram mais resistentes que as curtidas sem sais de cromo (bioleather) (13,11 N/mm; 9,89 N/mm²). Peles curtidas por estas técnicas (com cromo e bioleather) podem ser utilizadas na confecção de vestuários, pois as médias dos testes de tração, alongamento e rasgamento progressivo foram superiores a 9,80 N/mm², 60% e 14,72 N/mm, respectivamente, valores mínimos recomendados para couros curtidos ao cromo.
Inclusão de farelo de gérmen de milho desengordurado na alimentação de frangos de corte
Authors: Brunelli Sandra Regina , Pinheiro João Waine , Silva Caio Abércio da , Fonseca Nilva Aparecida Nicolao , Oliveira Dássia Daiane de , Cunha Gianne Evans , Souza Lílian Francisco Arantes de
Published: October 2006

Dois ensaios foram realizados para avaliação do uso de farelo de gérmen de milho desengordurado (FGMD) na alimentação de frangos de corte. No primeiro ensaio, para determinação do valor nutricional pelo método de coleta total de excretas, foram utilizados 120 pintos de corte com 19 dias de idade, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com três tratamentos e quatro repetições de dez aves por unidade experimental. As dietas experimentais, à base de milho e farelo de soja, variaram de acordo com os níveis de FGMD (0, 20 e 40%). Os valores médios dos coeficientes de metabolização de MS, FB, PB, EE e energia metabolizável aparente corrigida pelo balanço de nitrogênio (EMAn) foram, com base na matéria natural (MN), 60,99; 16,73; 53,80 e 82,71% e 2.413 kcal/kg, respectivamente. No segundo ensaio, foram utilizados 480 pintinhos de quatro dias de idade, distribuídos em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos e oito repetições (quatro de cada sexo) de 12 aves por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos consistiram de dietas experimentais à base de milho e farelo de soja, com 0, 5, 10, 15 e 20% de FGMD. Foram observados efeitos linear crescente do FGMD para ganho de peso (GP) e consumo de ração (CR) e linear decrescente para conversão alimentar (CA). A inclusão de 20% de FGMD proporcionou efeitos positivos nas características de desempenho de frangos de corte e não alterou as características de carcaça.
Inclusão de fontes de óleo na dieta de cabras em lactação: digestibilidade dos nutrientes e parâmetros ruminais e sangüíneos
Authors: Maia Fábio José , Branco Antonio Ferriani , Mouro Gisele Fernanda , Coneglian Sabrina Marcantonio , Santos Geraldo Tadeu dos , Minella Tathiane Fernanda , Macedo Francisco de Assis Fonseca de
Published: October 2006

Os objetivos neste trabalho foram avaliar o efeito da inclusão de fontes de óleo na dieta de cabras em lactação sobre o consumo, a digestibilidade total dos nutrientes, a concentração de NDT e os parâmetros da fermentação ruminal. Foram utilizadas quatro cabras (54±1,02 kg PV) Saanen canuladas no rúmen aos 80 dias em lactação. Os tratamentos consistiram de dietas suplementadas com diferentes fontes de óleo (canola, arroz e soja) e de uma dieta controle. Os dados foram analisados em um delineamento quadrado latino 4 x 4 utilizando-se o procedimento MIXED do SAS (2001), de modo que as diferenças entre as médias dos tratamentos foram determinadas por contrastes ortogonais, a 5% de significância. A inclusão de óleos vegetais na dieta reduziu a digestibilidade da FDN e a digestão total dos CNF, mas não influenciou o conteúdo de NDT. A utilização de óleos vegetais também não provocou mudanças na concentração de N-NH3 ruminal (valor médio de 23,00 mg/dL), porém elevou o pH ruminal. Do mesmo modo, as fontes de óleo adicionadas às dietas não provocaram alterações na concentração de N-uréico no plasma (NUP), mas promoveram redução na concentração de N uréico no leite (NUL). A inclusão de 5,1% de óleos vegetais e de níveis de extrato etéreo superiores a 7% na MS da dieta não altera a digestibilidade dos nutrientes e os parâmetros de fermentação ruminal de cabras em lactação.
Desempenho de vacas em lactação recebendo dietas com diferentes teores de amido total, acrescidas ou não de levedura (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
Authors: Santos Flávio Augusto Portela , Carmo Carolina de Almeida , Martinez Júnio Cesar , Pires Alexandre Vaz , Bittar Carla Maris Machado
Published: October 2006

Trinta e seis vacas da raça Holandesa (258 dias em lactação) foram utilizadas para se avaliar a suplementação com levedura (Levucell SC 20 da Lallemand) em dietas para vacas leiteiras com dois teores de amido (22 vs 32%). O mais baixo teor de amido foi obtido com a substituição parcial (50:50) de milho finamente moído por polpa de cítrus peletizada. Utilizou-se quadrado latino 4 x 4 repetido, com quatro períodos de 24 dias. Os primeiros 20 dias foram destinados à adaptação dos animais e os últimos quatro, à coleta de dados. Os parâmetros avaliados foram a ingestão de matéria seca, a produção e composição do leite e as concentrações de glicose e nitrogênio uréico no plasma sangüíneo. A ingestão de matéria seca, a produção e composição do leite e a concentração de glicose plasmática não foram afetadas pelos tratamentos. O nitrogênio uréico no leite foi maior nos animais sob suplementação com aditivo microbiológico. O nitrogênio uréico no plasma foi reduzido com a substituição parcial do milho pela polpa cítrica, que não teve efeito negativo sobre o desempenho de vacas produzindo, em média, 19 kg de leite/dia.
Religiousness and mental health: a review
Authors: Moreira-Almeida Alexander , Lotufo Neto Francisco , Koenig Harold G
Published: October 2006

OBJECTIVE: The relationship between religiosity and mental health has been a perennial source of controversy. This paper reviews the scientific evidence available for the relationship between religion and mental health. METHOD: The authors present the main studies and conclusions of a larger systematic review of 850 studies on the religion-mental health relationship published during the 20th Century identified through several databases. The present paper also includes an update on the papers published since 2000, including researches performed in Brazil and a brief historical and methodological background. DISCUSSION: The majority of well-conducted studies found that higher levels of religious involvement are positively associated with indicators of psychological well-being (life satisfaction, happiness, positive affect, and higher morale) and with less depression, suicidal thoughts and behavior, drug/alcohol use/abuse. Usually the positive impact of religious involvement on mental health is more robust among people under stressful circumstances (the elderly, and those with disability and medical illness). Theoretical pathways of the religiousness-mental health connection and clinical implications of these findings are also discussed. CONCLUSIONS: There is evidence that religious involvement is usually associated with better mental health. We need to improve our understanding of the mediating factors of this association and its use in clinical practice.
Sealing ability of cements in root canals prepared for intraradicular posts
Authors: Nakamura Dirce Haruko , Garcia Roberto Brandão , Bramante Clóvis Monteiro , Moraes Ivaldo Gomes de , Bernadineli Norberti
Published: October 2006

This research evaluated the sealer ability of 2 temporary filling materials (white Cimpat and IRM) and 1 restorative cement (glass ionomer), in canals prepared for root posts. Sixty human palatal roots of maxillary first molars were used. They were divided into 3 groups, according to the cements used: Group I (Cimpat), Group II (IRM) and Group III (glass ionomer). The roots were rendered impermeable, filled with the respective cements and soon after immersed into 0.2% Rhodamine B dye and maintained for 72 hours in an oven for 37°C. Microleakage was measured with a light microscope, cutting the roots longitudinally in buccolingual direction. The results showed that Group I presented significantly more leakage than Groups II and III, which were not significantly different from each other.
Fracture resistance and failure pattern of teeth submitted to internal bleaching with 37% carbamide peroxide, with application of different restorative procedures
Authors: Bonfante Gerson , Kaizer Osvaldo Bazzan , Pegoraro Luiz Fernando , Valle Accácio Lins do
Published: October 2006

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the compressive fracture strength and failure pattern in premolars submitted to endodontic treatment and internal bleaching with 37% carbamide peroxide for 21 days, with application of different restorative procedures. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Six groups were employed (n = 10): 1) non-bleached teeth and pulp chamber sealed with IRM; 2) bleached teeth and pulp chamber sealed with IRM; 3) bleached teeth and pulp chamber filled with light cured composite resin; 4) bleached teeth, root canals prepared at 10mm, filling of the root canal and pulp chamber with IRM; 5) bleached teeth, root canals prepared at 10mm, luting of prefabricated metallic post with zinc phosphate and pulp chamber sealed with composite resin; 6) bleached teeth, root canals prepared at 10mm, luting of glass fiber post with resin cement and pulp chamber sealed with composite resin. After 24-hour storage in distilled water, the specimens were submitted to compressive fracture strength testing in a universal testing machine. RESULTS: The following values were found: Group 1 - 56.23kgf; Group 2 - 48.96kgf; Group 3 - 53.99kgf; Group 4 - 45.72kgf; Group 5 - 54.22kgf; Group 6 - 60.12kgf. The analysis of variance did not reveal statistically significant difference between groups (p<0.05), suggesting that internal bleaching with 37% carbamide peroxide did not weaken the dental tissues. The largest number of unfavorable fractures was observed for Groups 2 (50%), 4 (40%), and 5 (30%). Group 6 exhibited the most favorable failure pattern. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that internal bleaching with 37% carbamide peroxide did not significantly weaken the teeth. Among the bleached teeth, those with temporary IRM restorations or metallic posts demonstrated the most unfavorable fracture pattern, whereas the most favorable fracture pattern occurred in teeth restored with composite resin and glass fiber posts.
Dental mineralization and salivary activity are reduced in offspring of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR)
Authors: Elias Gracieli Prado , Santos Otoniel Antonio Macedo dos , Sassaki Kikue Takebayashi , Delbem Alberto Carlos Botazzo , Antoniali Cristina
Published: October 2006

Several pathologies have been diagnosed in children of hypertensive mothers; however, some studies that evaluated the alterations in their oral health are not conclusive. This study analyzed the salivary gland activity and dental mineralization of offsprings of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Thirty-day-old SHR males and Wistar rats were studied. The salivary flow was evaluated by injection of pilocarpine, the protein concentration and salivary amylase activity, by the Lowry method and kinetic method at 405 nm, respectively. Enamel and dentin mineralization of the mandibular incisors was quantified with aid of the microhardness meter. The results were analyzed by the ANOVA or Student's t test (p<0.05). It was noticed that the salivary flow rate (0.026 mL/min/100 g ± 0.002) and salivary protein concentration (2.26 mg/mL ± 0.14) of SHR offspring were reduced compared to Wistar normotensive offspring (0.036 mL/min/100 g ± 0.003 and 2.91 mg/mL ± 0.27, respectively), yet there was no alteration in amylase activity (SHR: 242.4 U/mL ± 36.9; Wistar: 163.8 U/mL ± 14.1). Microhardness was lower both in enamel (255.8 KHN ± 2.6) and dentin (59.9 KHN ± 0.8) for the SHR teeth compared to the Wistar teeth (enamel: 328.7 KHN ± 3.3 and dentin: 67.1 KHN ± 1.0). These results suggest that the SHR offspring are more susceptible to development of pathologies impairing oral health, once they presented lesser flow and salivary protein concentration and lower dental mineralization.
PCNA and p53 expression in oral leukoplakia with different degrees of keratinization
Authors: Lawall Melaine de Almeida , Crivelini Marcelo Macedo
Published: October 2006

Leukoplakias are oral lesions that may have many clinical and histological aspects and they are usually associated with malignancy when dysplastic alterations are shown. However, these transformations may occur in non-dysplastic lesions that show harmless clinical aspect. For this reason, the proposal was to study the p53 and PCNA immunohistochemical expression in non-dysplastic leukoplakias, trying to correlate the results only with the epithelial keratinization degree. For this, 24 leukoplakias degrees I, II and III of Grinspan were used, all of them located in oral mucosa. Most of the leukoplakias showed p53 and PCNA expression in their different keratinization degrees. The p53 marking was confined to the basal and parabasal layers, while the PCNA marking occurred in practically all epithelial layers. The expression pattern of these markers was histologically and statistically similar between the lesions with these keratinization variations. It was evident that non-dysplastic epithelium of leukoplakias showed submicroscopical signs of alterations that lead to malignant transformation, and that the keratinization degree did not correlate to a greater risk of this event.
The compatibility of denture cleansers and resilient liners
Authors: Oliveira Luciana Valadares , Mesquita Marcelo Ferraz , Henriques Guilherme Elias Pessanha , Consani Rafael Leonardo Xediek , Fragoso Wagner Sotero
Published: October 2006

PURPOSE: Difficulty in cleaning resilient denture liners remains a material disadvantage. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of denture cleansers on hardness of resilient liner materials. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three resilient liners, Luci Sof® (Dentsply), Molloplast-B® (Dentax), and Sofreliner® (Tokuyama), and two denture cleansers, Efferdent® (Warner-Lamber), and 0.5% alkaline hypochlorite preparation were used. Twenty specimens of each material were prepared, measuring 25X15X3mm. Two denture cleansing approaches were used: 1) alkaline hypochlorite, for 20 minutes; 2) alkaline peroxide, for 30 minutes. This procedure was repeated 8 times a day, during 90 days. The specimens were evaluated before and after 360 and 720 cycles, to simulate 1 and 2 years of clinical cleaning procedures, respectively. The Shore A hardness was evaluated in a durometer (Teclock GS-709A), with a penetrating load of 10N for 1 second. Any macroscopic changes, such as loss of color or alteration in surface texture were recorded by one observer. All numeric data were subject to ANOVA with repeated measures followed by Tukey's test (alpha= 0.05). RESULTS: All materials were significantly different, independently to time and treatment. Initially, Luci Sof® and Sofreliner® immersed in either hypochlorite or peroxide increased the hardness mean values significantly. These hardness mean values decreased significantly after 720 cycles. Molloplast-B® showed no significant difference after the treatments, in any time. CONCLUSIONS: Denture cleansers had no effect on hardness of the resilient denture liners evaluated after 2 years of in vivo simulated conditions of hygiene. Sofreliner® was the smoothest material before and after all treatments.
Effect of Carbamazepine Initiation and Discontinuation on Antithrombotic Control in a Patient Receiving Warfarin: Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Parrish Richard H. , Pazdur Danielle E. , O'Donnell Philip J.
Published: October 2006

A 72‐year‐old Caucasian woman with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation had been taking warfarin therapy for 5 years with a stable international normalized ratio (INR). Her dentist then prescribed carbamazepine 200 mg/day to control facial nerve pain. At her next physician visit about 2 weeks after the start of the carbamazepine, the patient's INR had dropped from 3.3 to 1.3; she reported no contributing changes in her diet or warfarin dosage, nor had she taken other interacting drugs. Her warfarin dosage was increased, and the INR returned to the target range of 2.0–3.0 approximately 2 months later. The patient's INR remained stable for approximately 6 more months, until she had facial surgery. During that time, her warfarin was discontinued for 5 days, and the patient had stopped taking the carbamazepine because she had no pain. One month later, her INR increased from 2.2 to 3.6. She did not experience any thrombotic or hemorrhagic episodes. Warfarin undergoes hepatic metabolism through cytochrome P450 2C9, and carbamazepine induces this isoenzyme. Inducing warfarin metabolism necessitates an increase in the warfarin dosage to maintain the INR in the therapeutic target range. To our knowledge, this is the first report documenting the effect of the carbamazepine initiation and discontinuation in a patient receiving anticoagulation therapy with warfarin. In patients taking warfarin, clinicians should monitor the INR closely when carbamazepine is started or discontinued, or when either dosage is changed.
Erythema Multiforme After Meningitis Vaccine: Patient Safety Concerns with Repeat Immunization
Authors: Studdiford James , Oppenheim Laura , McCann Edward , Altshuler Marc
Published: October 2006

A 20‐year‐old college student developed an immunologic hypersensitivity reaction, erythema multiforme minor, 1–2 weeks after receiving a meningococcal conjugate vaccine. He had no history of erythema multiforme, nor had he received any other vaccine or drug therapy. The temporal relationship between the development of erythema multiforme and the vaccination suggests that the meningitis vaccine probably was the causal agent. The occurrence of this distinct cutaneous reaction, with the potential for a serious complication such as erythema multiforme major or Stevens‐Johnson syndrome on rechallenge, should serve as a warning against repeated booster vaccinations in patients who develop reactions such as this one.
Chondrogenic Differentiation Alters the Immunosuppressive Property of Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells, and the Effect Is Partially due to the Upregulated Expression of B7 Molecules
Authors: Chen Xi , McClurg Angela , Zhou Guang-Qian , McCaigue Mervyn , Armstrong Marilyn Ann , Li Gang
Published: October 2006

To investigate the immunosuppressive properties of MSCs, in the present study we examined the immunogenicity of undifferentiated and trilineage-differentiated (chondrocytes, osteoblasts, and adipocytes) rat bone marrow-derived MSCs under xenogeneic conditions. After chondrogenic differentiation, rat bone marrow-derived MSCs stimulated human dendritic cells (hDCs) derived from peripheral blood monocytes, leading to eight- and fourfold higher lymphocyte proliferation and cytotoxicity than that of undifferentiated MSCs. The chondrogenic-differentiated MSCs were chemotactic to hDCs in Dunn chamber chemotaxis system and were rosetted by hDCs in rosette assays. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that chondrogenic-differentiated MSCs had promoted hDC maturation, causing higher CD83 expression in hDCs, whereas undifferentiated MSCs and osteogenic- and adipogenic-differentiated MSCs showed an inhibitory effect on hDC maturation. The costimulatory B7 molecules were upregulated only in the chondrogenic-differentiated MSCs. After blocking B7 molecules with specific monoclonal antibodies in the chondrogenic-differentiated MSCs, CD83 expression of cocultured hDCs was greatly reduced. In conclusion, chondrogenic differentiation may increase the immunogenicity of MSCs, leading to stimulation of dendritic cells. The upregulated expression of B7 molecules on the chondrogenic-differentiated MSCs may be partially responsible for this event.
Identifying Reservoir Fluids by Wavelet Transform of Well Logs
Authors: Yue Wenzheng , Tao Guo , Liu Zhengwu
Published: October 2006

The wavelet-transform (WT) method has been applied to logs to extract reservoir-fluid information. In addition to the time (depth)/frequency analysis generally performed by the wavelet method, we also have performed energy spectral analysis for time/frequency-domain signals by the WT method. We have further developed a new method to identify reservoir fluid by setting up a correlation between the energy spectra and reservoir fluid. We have processed 42 models from an oil field in China using this method and have subsequently applied these rules to interpret reservoir layers. It is found that identifications by use of this method are in very good agreement with the results of well tests.

Introduction

An important log-analysis application is determining reservoir-fluid properties. It is common practice to calculate the water and oil saturations of reservoir formations by use of electrical logs. With the development of well-logging technology, a number of methods have been developed for reservoir-fluid typing with well logs (Hou 2002; Geng et al. 1983; Dahlberg and Ference 1984). A recent report has also described reservoir-fluid typing by the T2 differential spectrum from nuclear-magnetic-resonance (NMR) logs (Coates et al. 2001). However, because of the interference from vugs, fractures, clay content, and mud-filtrate invasion, the reservoir-fluid information contained in well logs is often concealed. The reliability of these log interpretations is thus limited in many cases. Therefore, it is desirable to find a more reliable and consistent way of reservoir-fluid typing with well logs. In this paper, we present a new method using the WT for fluid typing with well logs.

The WT technique was developed with the localization idea from Gabor's short-time Fourier analysis and has been expanded further. Wavelets provide the ability to perform local analysis (i.e., analyze a small portion of a larger signal) (Daubechies 1992).This localized analysis represents the next logical step: a windowing technique with variable-sized regions. Wavelet analysis allows the use of long time intervals, where more-precise low-frequency information is wanted, and shorter intervals, where high-frequency information is needed. Wavelet analysis is capable of revealing aspects of data that other signal-analysis techniques miss: aspects such as trends, breakdown points, discontinuities in higher derivatives, and self-similarity. In well-logging-data processing, wavelet analysis has been used to identify formation boundaries, estimate reservoir parameters, and increase vertical resolution (Lu and Horne 2000; Panda et al. 1996; Jiao et al. 1999; Barchiesi and Gharbi 1999). For data interpretation, however, the identification of hydrocarbon-bearing zones by wavelet analysis is still under investigation. In this study, we have developed a technique of wavelet-energy-spectrum analysis (WESA) to identify reservoir-fluid types. We have applied this technique to field-data interpretation and have achieved very good results.
Condensate Bank Characterization from Well Test Data and Fluid PVT Properties
Authors: Bozorgzadeh Manijeh , Gringarten Alain C.
Published: October 2006

Published well-test analyses in gas/condensate reservoirs in which the pressure has dropped below the dewpoint are usually based on a two- or three-region radial composite well-test interpretation model to represent condensate dropout around the wellbore and initial gas in place away from the well. Gas/condensate-specific results from well-test analysis are the mobility and storativity ratios between the regions and the condensate-bank radius. For a given region, however, well-test analysis cannot uncouple the storativity ratio from the region radius, and the storativity ratio must be estimated independently to obtain the correct bank radius. In most cases, the storativity ratio is calculated incorrectly, which explains why condensate bank radii from well-test analysis often differ greatly from those obtained by numerical compositional simulation.

In this study, a new method is introduced to estimate the storativity ratios between the different zones from buildup data when the saturation profile does not change during the buildup. Application of the method is illustrated with the analysis of a transient-pressure test in a gas/condensate field in the North Sea. The analysis uses single-phase pseudo pressures and two- and three-zone radial composite well-test interpretation models to yield the condensate-bank radius. The calculated condensate-bank radius is validated by verifying analytical well-test analyses with compositional simulations that include capillary number and inertia effects.

Introduction and Background

When the bottomhole flowing pressure falls below the dewpoint in a gas/condensate reservoir, retrograde condensation occurs, and a bank of condensate builds up around the producing well. This process creates concentric zones with different liquid saturations around the well (Fevang and Whitson 1996; Kniazeff and Nvaille 1965; Economides et al. 1987). The zone away from the well, where the reservoir pressure is still above the dewpoint, contains the original gas. The condensate bank around the wellbore contains two phases, reservoir gas and liquid condensate, and has a reduced gas mobility, except in the immediate vicinity of the well at high production rates, where the relative permeability to gas is greater than in the bank because of capillary number effects (Danesh et al. 1994; Boom et al. 1995; Henderson et al. 1998; Mott et al. 1999).
RuO4-mediated oxidation of N-benzylated tertiary amines. 3. Behavior of 1,4-dibenzylpiperazine and its oxygenated derivatives
Authors: Petride Horia , Drăghici Constantin , Florea Cristina , Petride Aurica
Published: October 2006

1,4-Dibenzylpiperazine (1),-2-piperazinone (7),-2,6-piperazinedione (9), and 1-benzoyl-4-benzylpiperazine (30) were oxidized by RuO4 (generated in situ) by attack at their endocyclic and exocyclic (i.e., benzylic) aminic N-α-C-H bonds to afford various oxygenated derivatives, including acyclic diformamides, benzaldehyde, and benzoic acid. The reaction outcome was complicated by (i) the hydrolysis of diformamides, occurred during the work-up, and (ii) the reaction of benzaldehyde with the hydrolysis-derived amines giving imidazolidines and/or Schiff bases. Benzoic acid resulted from benzaldehyde only. Compounds 7, 30, and 1-benzylpiperazine, but not 9, were transiently formed during the oxidation of 1. In the same reaction conditions, 1,4-dibenzyl-2,3-(or 2,5)-piperazinedione, 1,4-dibenzyl-2,3,6-piperazinetrione, 4-benzyol-1-benzyl-2-piperazinone, and 1,4-dibenzoylpiperazine were inert. The proposed oxidation mechanism involves the formation of endocyclic and exocyclic iminium cations, as well as of cyclic enamines. The latter intermediates probably result by base-induced deprotonation of the iminium cations, provided an N
+−β-proton is available. In the case of 1, the cations were trapped with NaCN as the corresponding α-aminonitriles. The statistically corrected regioselectivity (endocyclic/exocyclic) of the RuO4-induced oxidation reaction of 1, 7, and 30 was 1.2–1.3.
Spectroscopic methods of studying enzyme action in wool fibre
Authors: Fogorasi Magdalena , Heine Elisabeth
Published: October 2006

Enzymes may be used to develop an environmentally friendly alternative to the conventional polluting technologies in textile finishing. The action of the unlabeled and fluorescent labeled proteolytic enzymes subtilisin and trypsin on wool was examined. Scanning electron micrographs and a diffusion study, based on fluorescence microscopy, localized the enzymatic attack on the fiber. A kinetic study was carried out by monitoring the amino acid content of the treatment liquor.

Enzymatic action is not confined to the fiber surface. To limit attack to the surface and reduce wool damage new treatment methods such as enzyme immobilization onto a solid carrier must be investigated.
Synthesis of Hexagonal‐Phase NaYF4:Yb,Er and NaYF4:Yb,Tm Nanocrystals with Efficient Up‐Conversion Fluorescence
Authors: Yi G. S. , Chow G. M.
Published: October 2006

IR‐to‐visible up‐conversion fluorescent nanocrystals of hexagonal‐phase NaYF4:20 %Yb,2 %Er and NaYF4:20 %Yb,2 %Tm have been synthesized by decomposition of multiprecursors of CF3COONa, (CF3COO)3Y, (CF3COO)3Yb, and (CF3COO)3Er/(CF3COO)3Tm in oleylamine at 330 °C. The average particle size is 10.5 ± 0.7 nm (from random measurements of 200 particles from five transmission electron microscopy images) and 11.1 ± 1.3 nm (from dynamic‐light‐scattering measurements). The up‐conversion fluorescence intensity of the hexagonal nanocrystals in this work is much higher than that of other cubic‐phase NaYF4:Yb,Er nanocrystals, including the ones in this work (by a factor of 7.5). Mechanisms for nucleation and growth of the hexagonal‐phase nanoparticles are proposed. These nanocrystals are easily dispersed in organic solvents, producing a transparent colloidal solution. The hydrophobic surfaces of the particles are made hydrophilic using a bipolar surfactant. These nanoparticles and their dispersions in various media have potential applications in optical nanodevices and bioprobes.
Hydrate plug dissociation
Authors: Davies S. R. , Selim M. S. , Sloan E. D. , Bollavaram P. , Peters D. J.
Published: October 2006

It was shown that flowline hydrate plugs dissociate radially not horizontally; this has significant implications for the remediation of a hydrate blockage, a major flow assurance problem. Over a decade of measurements has enabled models to estimate the dissociation time for hydrate plugs in flowlines, using radial heat transfer with two moving boundaries. Three different plug dissociation scenarios were modeled: single‐sided depressurization, two‐sided depressurization, and dissociation by radial electrical heating. The models were able to replicate the experimental observations with no fitted parameters. Structure I hydrate was found to dissociate faster than structure II; this was attributed to the different latent heats between the structures. These results indicate that hydrate dissociation in these systems is limited by heat transfer. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Processing of polypropylene–clay nanocomposites: Single‐screw extrusion with in‐line supercritical carbon dioxide feed versus twin‐screw extrusion
Authors: Treece Mark A. , Oberhauser James P.
Published: October 2006

This work investigates two different melt‐blending strategies for preparing compatibilized polypropylene‐clay nanocomposites, specifically: (1) conventional twin‐screw extrusion, and (2) single‐screw extrusion capable of direct supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) feed to the extruder barrel. Proportional amounts (3 : 1) of maleic anhydride functionalized polypropylene compatibilizer and organically modified montmorillonite clay at clay loadings of 1, 3, and 5 wt % are melt‐blended with a polypropylene homopolymer using the two approaches. The basal spacing, degree of exfoliation, and dispersion of organoclay is assessed using X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and rheology. In terms of the latter, both steady shear and small‐amplitude oscillatory shear provide information about the apparent yield stress and solid‐like terminal behavior respectively. Finally, nanoindentation is performed to determine the room temperature modulus of each melt‐blended nanocomposite. The results reveal unequivocally that the high shear of the twin‐screw process is vastly superior to the single‐screw with in‐line scCO2 addition in generating well‐exfoliated, percolated polypropylene‐clay nanocomposites. It is likely that increased contact time between clay and scCO2 is necessary for scCO2 to positively affect exfoliation. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 884–892, 2007
Isothermal decomposition behavior and dynamic mechanical properties of in situ‐reinforcing elastomer composites based on thermoplastic elastomers and thermotropic liquid crystalline polymer
Authors: Saikrasun Sunan , Amornsakchai Taweechai
Published: October 2006

In situ‐reinforcing composites based on two elastomer matrices very different in melt viscosity, styrene–(ethylene butylene)–styrene triblock copolymer (Kraton G1650), and styrene–(ethylene propylene) diblock copolymer (Kraton G1701), and a thermotropic liquid crystalline polymer (TLCP), Rodrun LC3000, were prepared using a twin‐screw extruder. The isothermal decomposition behavior and dynamic mechanical properties of the extruded strands were investigated by means of thermogravimetry (TG) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), respectively. No significant change in the shape of TG curves for the neat matrices and their LC3000‐containing blends was observed under isothermal heating in nitrogen. In air, G1650 and G1701 showed a single weight‐loss stage and rapid decomposition whereas their blends with 30 wt % LC3000 showed different profiles of weight loss depending on isothermal temperatures. The calculated kinetic parameters indicated that the thermal stability of the polymers is much higher in nitrogen than in air and suggested an enhancement of thermal resistance of the elastomer matrices by addition of TLCP. DMA results showed a great enhancement in dynamic moduli for the blend with 10 wt % LC3000 when compared with the neat matrix. The tan δ peaks corresponding to the elastic and hard phases in both matrices mostly shifted to the lower temperature with LC3000 loading. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 917–927, 2007
Preparation and characterization of new photoactive polyamides containing 4‐(4‐dimethylaminophenyl)urazole units
Authors: Mallakpour Shadpour , Rafiee Zahra
Published: October 2006

4‐(4‐dimethylaminophenyl)‐1,2,4‐triazolidine‐3,5‐dione (DAPTD) was prepared from 4‐dimethylaminobenzoic acid in five steps. The compound DAPTD was reacted with excess acetyl chloride in N,N‐dimethylacetamide (DMAc) solution and gave 1,2‐bisacetyl‐4‐[4‐(dimethylaminophenyl)]‐1,2,4‐triazolidine‐3,5‐dione as a model compound. Solution polycondensation reactions of monomer with succinyl chloride (SucC), suberoyl chloride (SubC), and sebacoyl chloride (SebC) were performed under conventional solution polymerization techniques in the presence of triethylamine and pyridine as a catalyst in N‐methylpyrrolidone (NMP) and led to the formation of novel aliphatic polyamides. These novel polyamides have inherent viscosities in the range of 0.09–0.21 dL/g in N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) at 25°C. Fluorimetric studies of the model compound as well as polymers were performed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 947–954, 2007
Affinity adsorption of recombinant human interferon‐α on monosize dye‐affinity beads
Authors: Altıntaş Evrim B. , Denizli Adil
Published: October 2006

Monosize, nonporous poly(glycidyl methacrylate) [poly(GMA)] beads were prepared by dispersion polymerization. Cibacron Blue F3GA was covalently attached onto the poly(GMA) beads for adsorption of recombinant interferon‐α (rHuIFN‐α). Monosize poly(GMA) beads were characterized by scanning electron microscopy. Dye‐carrying beads (1.73 mmol/g) were used in the adsorption–elution studies. The effect of initial concentration of rHuIFN‐α, pH, ionic strength, and temperature on the adsorption efficiency was studied in a batch system. Nonspecific adsorption of rHuIFN‐α on the beads was 0.78 mg/g. Dye attachment significantly increased the rHuIFN‐α adsorption up to 181.7 mg/g. Equilibrium adsorption of rHuIFN‐α onto the dye‐carrying beads increased with increasing temperature. Negative change in free energy (ΔG0 < 0) indicated that the adsorption was a thermodynamically favorable process. ΔS and ΔH values were 146.1 J/mol K and −37.39 kJ/mol, respectively. Significant amount of the adsorbed rHuIFN‐α (up to 97.2%) was eluted in the elution medium containing 1.0M NaCl in 1 h. To determine the effects of adsorption conditions on possible conformational changes of rHuIFN‐α structure, fluorescence spectrophotometry was employed. We concluded that dye‐affinity beads can be applied for rHuIFN‐α adsorption without causing any significant conformational changes. Repeated adsorption–elution processes showed that these beads are suitable for rHuIFN‐α adsorption. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 975–981, 2007
Functionalization of psyllium with methacrylic acid through grafting and network formation for use of polymers in water treatment
Authors: Kumar Kiran , Verma Monika
Published: October 2006

The psyllium husk, a natural polysaccharide, was modified to develop novel green polymeric materials for use in wastewater treatment technologies. Graft copolymers and three‐dimensional interpenetrating networks (IPNs) of psyllium (Psy) and methacrylic acid (MAAc) were prepared using ammonium persulphate (APS) as initiator. Network formation was carried out using N,N‐methylenebisacrylamide (N,N‐MBAAm) as crosslinker. The hydrogels, thus formed, were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), FTIR spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to derive the structure–property correlation. Swellability of these hydrogels was analyzed in distilled water and aqueous NaCl solution as a function of time, temperature, pH, and [NaCl]. Flocculation efficiency of graft polymers was analyzed against aqueous kaolin suspension of known concentration as a function of settling time, temperature, amount of polymer, and pH. Novel polymeric materials were also used for the treatment of total hardness in tap water. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 1025–1034, 2007
Aberrant branch of the superior laryngeal artery passing through the thyroid foramen
Authors: Liu Jia‐Lin , Liang Chuan‐Yu , Xiang Tao , Wang Fan , Wang Li‐Hong , Liu Si‐Xi , Yang Hui‐Jun
Published: October 2006

The above article, published online on 27 October 2006 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com), has been retracted by agreement between the journal Editor‐in‐Chief, R. Shane Tubbs, and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. The retraction has been agreed due to overlap with an article published in the Chinese Journal of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery (Liu et al., 2005).
A portrait of Aristotle as an anatomist: Historical article
Authors: Crivellato Enrico , Ribatti Domenico
Published: October 2006

Aristotle is principally known as a theoretical philosopher and logician but he was also an eminent natural scientist. In particular, he should be considered probably the first anatomist in the modern sense of this term and the originator of anatomy as a special branch of knowledge. Although it seems certain that he did not perform dissections of human adult cadavers, he examined human fetal material and, above all, made systematic analysis of animal bodies. His contribution to comparative anatomy, as well as to human anatomy, was enormous. He founded the anatomical discipline on precise descriptive and scientific ground. He also coined a series of technical terms, which are still in use in the modern nomenclature. His observational skill was astounding. Although many of his physiological concepts turned out to be wrong, still his structural description of organs and body parts was often first‐rank. The present study will chiefly focus on Aristotle's anatomical work and will provide only essential mention of his complex physiological and philosophical doctrine. The main purpose of this article is indeed to offer to today's anatomists a systematic account of the extraordinary achievements of this great pioneer of our discipline. Clin. Anat. 20:477–485, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Branches of the petrous and cavernous segments of the internal carotid artery
Authors: Tubbs R. Shane , Hansasuta Ake , Loukas Marios , Louis Jr Robert G. , Shoja Mohammadali M. , Salter E. George , Oakes W. Jerry
Published: October 2006

Microsurgical approaches to the skull base require a thorough knowledge of the microvasculature of this region. Interestingly, most standard texts of anatomy do not mention the branches of the internal carotid artery as it travels through the temporal bone and cavernous sinus. Although small and with often conflicting descriptions, these arterial branches may be of significance when contributing to the vascular supply of such pathological entities as meningiomas and vascular malformations. Furthermore, multiple anastomoses exist between these branches and branches of the external carotid artery, thus providing a potentially important collateral circulation between these two systems and thus retrograde flow needed to maintain the patency of the distal internal carotid artery (ICA) when this vessel is obstructed proximally. We review the literature regarding these branches of the internal carotid artery and their clinical significance. Clin. Anat. 20:596–601, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomical investigations and their ethical dilemmas
Authors: Jones D. Gareth
Published: October 2006

The multi‐faceted nature of modern anatomy comes as a surprise to many, especially when confronted by such seemingly different topics as cadavers and human embryo research. However, even these disparate facets of anatomy are linked by common underlying ethical considerations. This article traces historical views of anatomy and places them alongside the more contemporary dimensions of whole‐body plastination, use of human material obtained under unethical circumstances, and human embryo research. These dimensions introduce issues of respect, human dignity, consent, scientific integrity, and societal expectations. Clin. Anat. 20:338–343, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cryoprotection with L‐ and meso‐Trehalose: Stereochemical Implications
Authors: Seo Seung‐Kee , McClintock Michael L. , Wei Alexander
Published: October 2006

Two unnatural stereoisomers of α,α‐trehalose (L‐ and meso‐trehalose) were synthesized and evaluated as cryoprotectants in order to determine the functional consequences of relative or absolute stereochemistry on their physicochemical properties. Adherent yeast cell cultures were frozen in 10 % solutions of D‐, L‐, and meso‐trehalose for periods of 7–28 days, then evaluated by a MTT viability assay. D‐ and L‐trehalose were equally effective in maintaining high rates of cell survival, thus demonstrating the absence of chiral discrimination at the carbohydrate–lipid interface, whereas meso‐trehalose was inferior in cryoprotection efficacy. Differential scanning calorimetry revealed a difference in the glass transition temperatures (Tg) of D‐ and meso‐trehalose of nearly 75 °C. This can be attributed to differences in conformational behavior, as portrayed by torsional energy maps for rotation about the glycosidic bonds of D‐ and meso‐trehalose. We conclude that the biostabilizing properties of α,α‐trehalose depend on relative stereochemical factors, but are independent of absolute stereochemical configuration.