bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cleaning activity of two Caribbean cleaning gobies: intra‐ and interspecific comparisons
Authors: Whiteman E. A. , Côté I. M.
Published: April 2005

Sharknose cleaning gobies Elacatinus evelynae were found predominantly in male—female pairs at cleaning stations located almost exclusively on coral heads. By contrast, broadstripe cleaning gobies Elacatinus prochilos were found at cleaning stations on two distinct substrata: coral and sponge, which were linked to marked differences in social behaviour, cleaning activity and diet. Elacatinus prochilos at coral cleaning stations were more frequently solitary or found in small groups, while groups of up to 40 individuals were observed on sponge cleaning stations. Coral‐dwelling E. prochilos spent, on average, 25 times longer cleaning and took 16 times more bites on clients than those on sponge, which was reflected in the larger proportion of client‐gleaned material in their gut (40%v. <1%). These substratum‐linked differences may result from differences in availability of food items at different cleaning stations. Few differences in cleaning activity were found between E. evelynae and coral‐dwelling E. prochilos, although the latter contained a higher proportion of client‐gleaned items (40%v. 25%). Most coral‐dwelling cleaning gobies had ingested fish scales, although the variation among individuals was high (0–81 fish−1). Intra‐ and interspecific variability in cleaning activity of cleaner fishes implies that cleaning services for clients may vary significantly between cleaning stations.
Stable carbon and nitrogen ratios in the sand smelt from a Mediterranean coastal area: feeding habits and effect of season and size
Authors: Vizzini S. , Mazzola A.
Published: April 2005

Enriched δ13C values (annual average – 11.2‰) suggest that in the study site (Stagnone di Marsala, Italy) the sand smelt Atherina boyeri exploited benthic prey throughout the year. In particular, Mysidacea and Isopoda seemed to dominate the diet. Stomach content data from the literature was in partial agreement with the present isotopic analysis suggesting that, while Mysidacea and Isopoda are exploited by A. boyeri, Copepoda Harpacticoida and Amphipoda are the dominant food items of the sand smelt diet. Several hypotheses are proposed to explain such partially different results from the two techniques. Both season and size influenced the δ13C and δ15N values of A. boyeri. Although throughout the sampling year, A. boyeri showed very enriched δ13C and δ15N values consistent with a diet based on benthic resources, it showed significant seasonal differences in both nitrogen and carbon isotope ratios. Such a finding suggests that the food preferences of A. boyeri undergo small seasonal differences, probably as a consequence of prey availability. Size also affected the isotopic composition of the sand‐smelt indicating that this species shows ontogenetic diet shifts in the study site. Compared with other Mediterranean trophic data of the sand smelt these results substantiate the great adaptability of A. boyeri to the local environmental resources and its trophic plasticity.
Effects of a predator and prey on a foraging reef fish: implications for understanding density‐dependent growth
Authors: Connell S. D.
Published: April 2005

A temperate reef‐fish, magpie morwong Cheilodactylus nigripes, was more abundant in habitats (turfing algae) that supported larger numbers of prey at four different locations across >1000 km of continuous coastline. Cheilodactylus nigripes fed at greater rates in patches of turfing algae known to contain greater abundance of prey (primarily gammarid amphipods). In the presence of the piscivorous New Zealand fur seal Arctocephalus forsteri, however, these fish fed at a substantially reduced rate. These results have severe implications for understanding density‐dependent growth. If predators are attracted to larger numbers of prey (this study) and prey suffer slower rates of growth under heavier predation risk (previous studies), then experiments that manipulate densities of prey to test the effects of competition may confound the effects of predators and competitors on growth. Separation of the density‐dependent effects of foraging (predation) and rivalry over the acquisition of limited resources (competition) is needed.
Biometric analysis of Syngnathus abastev populations
Authors: Cakić P. , Lenhardt M. , Mićković D. , Sekulić N. , Budakov L. J.
Published: April 2005

Significant differences (ANOVA) in three out of six meristic characters and in 16 out of 18 morphometric characters were found among Syngnathus abaster caught in the River Danube at sites 900 km upwards from the mouth of the Black Sea, the fresh waters of Ukraine, the Black Sea and the Azov Sea. The Danube populations showed significantly greater values for antedorsal (aD) and anteanal (aA) distances, but considerably smaller values for postdorsal (pD) distance and head length (LH) than other populations analysed (Tukey‐Kramer's test). The relation of total length (LT) to standard length (Ls) for the Danube populations was Ls= 0–97. Lt, the length‐mass relationship was M=4.122. LT3.63 and the mean ± S.D. of Fulton condition factor was 0.34 ± 0.08.
Ovarian fluid enhances sperm movement in Arctic charr
Authors: Turner E. , Montgomerie R.
Published: April 2005

Like the spermatozoa of most other fish species spawning in fresh water, Arctic charr Sahelinus alpinus sperm were short‐lived (mean 42 s) after activation and their swimming speed declined rapidly during this period, e.g. from a mean speed of 106 um s−1 at 10 s after activation in fresh water to 21 μm s−1 only 20 s later. Ovarian fluid significantly influenced sperm longevity (duration of forward mobility), per cent motility, swimming speed and the linearity of sperm movement. All of these variables generally increased as the concentration of ovarian fluid increased from 0 to 50%, even though ovarian fluid is more than three times as viscous as fresh water. It is concluded that ovarian fluid enhances sperm movement in this species and thus has the potential to influence both fertilization success and the outcome of sperm competition.
Phylogenetic and evolutionary perspectives of the Indo‐Pacific grouper Plectvopomus species on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia
Authors: van Herwerden L. , Davies C. R. , CHOAT J. H.
Published: April 2005

Molecular tools were used to investigate relationships between species of Plectropomus, an Indo‐Pacific group with a potentially recent evolutionary history on the Great Barrier Reef. Plectropomus laevis appeared to be basal, with evidence of hybridization between P. leopardus/maculatus and P. maculatusllaevis.
Behaviour of a sharptail mola in the Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Seitz A. C. , Weng K. C. , Boustany A. M. , Block B. A.
Published: April 2005

A sharptail mola Masturus lanceolatus was tagged and released with a pop‐up satellite archival tag in the Gulf of Mexico and tracked for 61 days. The fish travelled a horizontal distance of 594 km while generally staying in water <200 m depth and >20° C. Occasionally the sharptail mola dived to depths >700 m and experienced water colder than 6° C.
The exotic American eel in Taiwan: ecological implications
Authors: Han Y.‐S. , Yu C.‐H. , Yu H.‐T. , Chang C.‐W. , Liao I‐C. , Tzeng W.‐N.
Published: April 2005

Six American eels Anguilla rostrata were identified in the Kaoping River of south‐western Taiwan by sequencing the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (mtCyt‐b). This was the first record of an exotic eel species in the natural waters of Taiwan. The exotic eels may have been imported from North America at the elver stage for aquaculture and escaped from culture ponds.
Energetics of early development in the viviparous yellowtail rockfish
Authors: Eldridge M. B. , Norton E. C. , Jarvis B. M. , Macfarlane R. B.
Published: April 2005

Total mean gestation period of all female yellowtail rockfish Sebastes flavidus, from fertilization to parturition, was 29.2 days. Hatching occurred 23 days after fertilization, followed by 6 days of larval incubation. Eggs varied in dry mass and energy content with lipid concentrations contributing the greatest amount of energy per egg. The endogenous energy of the yolk and oil globule declined throughout gestation resulting in limited yolk and oil reserves at parturition.
Acoustic observation of diel vertical migration and shoaling behaviour in Atlantic redfishes
Authors: Gauthier S. , Rose G. A.
Published: April 2005

Acoustic methods were used to study Atlantic redfishes Sebastes spp. vertical migration and shoaling behaviour in Newfoundland waters. Redfishes exhibited consistent patterns of vertical migration in winter, spring and summer, but pelagic shoals were not observed in winter. Pelagic daytime aggregations were generally in close proximity to dense patches of redfishes along the sea floor. Pelagic shoals exhibited high degrees of variability in size, shape and density. Attempts to explain variations in shoal density and area with features of shoal position and structure were unsuccessful. Nearest neighbour distance between fish in shoals had a lower limit near one body length. During the night, fishes were dispersed in the water column and distributions were more homogenous. Diel vertical migration appeared to be a foraging strategy, in which redfishes followed the migration of their euphausiid prey.
Morphological development and allometric growth patterns in hatchery‐reared California halibut larvae
Authors: Gisbert E. , Merino G. , Muguet J. B. , Bush D. , Piedrahita R. H. , Conklin D. E.
Published: April 2005

Morphological development, allometric growth and behaviour of hatchery‐reared California halibut Paralichthys californicus were studied from hatching to metamorphosis (42 days post hatch, dph) at 187° C. Mean standard length (LS) of larvae and juveniles increased from 2.1 mm at hatching to 10.5 mm at metamorphosis with the increase in length being approximately linear. Stages of morphological development were described using the alphabetic staging (A–I) used for other flatfish species. Organogenesis and differentiation were more rapid and complex in yolk‐sac (hatching, stage A–3 dph, stage B), preflexion (3–19 dph, stages B–C), and flexion larvae (from 20 to 23 dph, stages D–E), as larvae developed most of their sensory, feeding, respiratory and swimming systems. After notochord flexion at 24–25 dph (stage F), most morphological changes were related to the progressive transformation from a bilateral symmetrical larva to an asymmetrical benthic juvenile (42 dph, stages G–I).
Rule of age and size at maturity: individual variation in the maturation history of resident white‐spotted charr
Authors: Morita K. , Morita S. H.
Published: April 2005

Individual growth and maturation histories, age, and size at maturity of resident white‐spotted charr Salvelinus leucomaenis were examined in a tag‐recapture study in a natural river over 3 years. Slow‐growing fish reached sexual maturity not only at an older age, but also at a smaller size than fast‐growing fish, although females had a larger threshold size at maturity than males at each age. It is suggested that these patterns result from adaptive phenotypic plasticity that depends on individual growth conditions.
Shadow competition in wild juvenile sea‐trout
Authors: Elliott J. M.
Published: April 2005

Shadow competition occurs in a group of sit‐and‐wait predators when those closer to a source of mobile prey reduce the feeding success of those further from the prey source. It was examined in territorial juvenile sea troutSalmo truttain a small stream. The fry formed groups of two to six fish with adjacent territories and a social hierarchy within each group. It was hypothesized that: (i) as group size increased, the mean number of prey eaten per fish within a group decreased and the variability in prey consumption between fish increased; (ii) prey consumption by individual fish decreased with increasing distance from the food source; (iii) group size increased as the mean water velocity immediately upstream from a group, and hence potential drifting food, increased. Five groups of fry were fed on small shrimps released upstream from each group at a rate of one every 15 s over a 10 min period, this procedure being repeated over 5 days to provide five replicates per group. Experiments were performed three times in 1967, 1969 and 1974 to provide information on 45 groups of fry. The first and third hypotheses were supported, but the second was only partially supported. In 1967 and 1969, territory size and shrimp consumption by individual fry decreased with increasing distance from the food source. This also occurred in 1974, except during a critical period for survival when fry density was exceptionally high with large numbers of sea trout lacking territories. This resulted in sea trout fry with the largest territories eating fewer shrimps than those with medium‐sized territories because they spent more time defending their territories against sea trout lacking territories. This study is the first to demonstrate shadow competition in a vertebrate species, but has also shown that territorial defence may modify the consequences of shadow competition when densities are high and there is strong competition for the acquisition of a territory.
Lack of effect of moderate hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetics of oral oseltamivir and its metabolite oseltamivir carboxylate
Authors: Snell Paul , Dave Nisha , Wilson Katie , Rowell Lucy , Weil Angelica , Galitz Lawrence , Robson Richard
Published: April 2005

Aims

To compare the pharmacokinetics of oseltamivir and oseltamivir carboxylate in hepatically impaired patients and healthy subjects.

Methods

Hepatically impaired patients (n = 11) and healthy subjects (n = 11) were individually paired on the basis of gender, age (±10 years) and body weight (±20%) and administered a single dose of oseltamivir (75 mg).

Results

Oseltamivir and oseltamivir carboxylate Cmax were ≤6% and ≤19% lower, and their AUC(0,∞) 33% higher and ≤19% lower, respectively, in hepatically impaired patients compared with healthy subjects. These changes are within the safety limits for the drug.

Conclusions

The metabolism of oseltamivir is not compromised minimally in hepatically impaired patients. No dose adjustment is required in these patients when receiving oseltamivir.
Persistence and determinants of statin therapy among middle‐aged patients for primary and secondary prevention
Authors: Perreault S. , Blais L. , Lamarre D. , Dragomir A. , Berbiche D. , Lalonde L. , Laurier C. , St‐Maurice F. , Collin J.
Published: April 2005

Aims

Statins have been shown to significantly reduce morbidity and mortality in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), and also in patients with dyslipidaemia when statins are taken regularly. Middle‐aged patients have the highest level of forecasting benefit and little is known about persistence rate of these therapies in a real‐life setting. The objective was to evaluate the persistence rate of middle‐aged patients initiating a statin therapy and its relation with several determinants for primary and secondary prevention.

Methods

A cohort was reconstructed using the RAMQ databases. All patients aged 50–64 years‐old who received at least one statin prescription between 1 January, 1998 and 31 December, 2000 for a new intention of treatment for dyslipidaemia were included in the cohort and followed up until 30 June, 2001. The date of the first prescription of statin was defined as the index date. There were 4316 patients in the secondary prevention (CAD diagnosis) and 13 642 patients in primary prevention cohort. The cumulative persistence rate was estimated using Kaplan‐Meier, and Cox regression models were used to estimate the hazard ratio of ceasing statins.

Results

We found that persistence with statins had fallen to 71% after 6 months of treatment, and had declined to 45% after 3 years in the secondary prevention cohort; the corresponding figures were 65% and 35% in the primary prevention cohort. Our results suggest that patients with dyslipidaemia in primary prevention compared with those in secondary prevention (HR: 1.18; 1.11–1.25) are less likely to be persistent. Patients with other cardiovascular risk factors such as age (HR: 0.99; 0.98–0.99), diabetes (HR: 0.84; 0.79–0.90), hypertension (HR: 0.76; 0.72–0.80) were most likely to be persistent with statins. We observed lower persistence in patients who have used the greatest number of pharmacies and prescribing physicians.

Conclusion

This analysis indicates that barriers to persistence occur early in the therapeutic course. Overall persistence with statins is low, and particularly among patients with few other cardiovascular risk factors.
Is INR between 2.0 and 3.0 the optimal level for Chinese patients on warfarin therapy for moderate‐intensity anticoagulation?
Authors: You J. H. S. , Chan F. W. H. , Wong R. S. M. , Cheng G.
Published: April 2005

Aim

To examine the optimal range of International Normalized Ratio (INR) for Chinese patients receiving warfarin for moderate‐intensity anticoagulation.

Methods

This was a retrospective cohort study conducted at the ambulatory setting of a 1400‐bed public teaching hospital in Hong Kong. The INR measurements and occurrence of serious or life‐threatening haemorrhagic and thromboembolic events among patients newly started on warfarin from 1 January 1999 to 30 June 2001 for indications with target INR 2–3 were analysed. The INR‐specific incidence of bleeding and thromboembolism were calculated.

Results

A total of 491 patients were included, contributing to 453 patient‐years of observation period. Forty‐seven of the 491 patients experienced 25 haemorrhagic events (5.5 per 100 patient‐years) and 27 thromboembolic events (6.0 per 100 patient‐years). The percentage of patient‐time spent within therapeutic INR range (2–3), INR <2 and INR >3 were 50, 44 and 6%, respectively. The incidence of either haemorrhagic or thromboembolic events was lowest (≤4 events per 100 patient‐years) at INR values between 1.8 and 2.4.

Conclusions

An INR of 1.8–2.4 appeared to be associated with the lowest incidence rate of major bleeding or thromboembolic events in a cohort of Hong Kong Chinese patients receiving warfarin therapy for moderate‐intensity anticoagulation.
Spironolactone reduces brachial pulse wave velocity and PIIINP levels in hypertensive diabetic patients
Authors: Davies J. , Gavin A. , Band M. , Morris A. , Struthers A.
Published: April 2005

Aims

To assess whether spironolactone has beneficial effects on blood pressure (BP), N‐terminal propeptide of type III procollagen (PIIINP) and pulse wave velocity (PWV) in hypertensive, type II diabetics.

Methods

Ten patients with type II diabetes and hypertension were enrolled in a randomized, double‐blind crossover study comparing 4 months’ treatment with spironolactone and placebo with a 4‐week washout phase. BP, PIIINP and carotid‐radial PWV were measured at the end of each treatment phase.

Results

Compared with placebo, spironolactone reduced systolic BP by 15.6 ± 46.1 mmHg (P = 0.005, 95% CI 2.7–28.5 mmHg), PIIINP by 0.6 ± 0.3 µg l−1 (P = 0.04, 95% CI 0.02–1.1 µg l−1) and PWV by 0.6 ± 0.2 m s−1 (P = 0.008, 95% CI 0.18–1.02 m s−1).

Conclusions

Spironolactone is effective at reducing systolic BP and brachial artery stiffness as indicated by PWV. It also reduces PIIINP in type II diabetic patients with hypertension.
Rheumatoid arthritis and pigmented villonodular synovitis: comparative analysis of cell polyploidy, cell cycle phases and expression of macrophage and fibroblast markers in proliferating synovial cells
Authors: Berger I , Weckauf H , Helmchen B , Ehemann V , Penzel R , Fink B , Bernd L , Autschbach F
Published: April 2005

Aims : Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS) are aggressive diseases with progressive joint destruction. The present study aims to define cell cycle phases, polyploidy and the immunophenotype of proliferating synovial cells in both diseases.

Methods and results : Synovial tissues from patients with proliferative‐active RA, localized and diffuse PVNS were analysed by DNA flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry and double immunofluorescence with confocal laser scan microscopy. Expression of macrophage markers (CD68/CD163), fibroblast markers (h4Ph/CD55) and Ki67 antigen was examined. Synovial cells positive for either macrophage or fibroblast markers as well as double‐labelled cells were found in both RA and PVNS. In RA, CD68/CD163+ synoviocytes were preferentially located in the vicinity of the synovial lining layer, while they were more randomly distributed in PVNS. Of cases with diffuse PVNS, 20% showed an aneuploid cell pattern. All samples of localized PVNS and RA were diploid. Proliferative activity was significantly higher in aneuploid PVNS.

Conclusions : In spite of their histologically homogeneous appearance, proliferating synovial cells display a heterogeneous immunophenotype in both RA and PVNS, indicating functional properties of both macrophages and fibroblasts. Aneuploidy seems to be a special feature of diffuse PVNS.
Bone marrow changes in chronic myelogenous leukaemia after long‐term treatment with the tyrosine kinase inhibitor STI571: an immunohistochemical study on 75 patients
Authors: Thiele J , Kvasnicka H M , Schmitt‐Graeff A , Kriener S , Engels K , Staib P , Ollig E S , Keller C , Fokkema S , Griesshammer M , Waller C F , Ottmann O G , Hansmann M L
Published: April 2005

Aims:  To carry out an immunohistochemical study on bone marrow (BM) biopsy specimens in 75 patients with chronic myelogenous leukaemia (CML) on long‐term STI571 therapy.

Methods and results:  Sequential BM specimens taken at intervals of 21 ± 6 months were investigated by enzyme‐ and immunohistochemistry including proliferating cell nuclear antigen and apoptosis. Evaluation was performed either by semiquantitative scoring or by morphometry (CD61+ megakaryopoiesis). In 41 patients with chronic phase CML, treatment resulted in a significant decrease in cellularity and neutrophil granulopoiesis contrasting with an accumulation of erythroid precursor cells. Morphometry showed a reduction of abnormal micromegakaryocytes consistent with normalization. Regression of myelofibrosis was identified in eight of 15 patients, whereas progression occurred in 17 patients; mostly in those with acceleration and blastic crisis. The increased post‐treatment incidence of reactive lymphoid nodules was remarkable. Myeloblasts, CD34+ progenitors and immature myelomonocytic cells initially decreased, but recurred in 14 patients who later developed a relapse. STI571 exerted an inhibitory effect on cell proliferation associated with enhanced apoptosis in responding patients.

Conclusion:  Long‐term treatment with STI571 exerts pronounced changes on BM histopathology that not only involve haematopoiesis and stromal constituents, but also proliferation and apoptosis.
Expression of S100A2 and S100A6 in thyroid carcinomas
Authors: Ito Y , Yoshida H , Tomoda C , Uruno T , Miya A , Kobayashi K , Matsuzuka F , Kakudo K , Kuma K , Miyauchi A
Published: April 2005

Aims:  S100 calcium‐binding proteins are known to play multiple roles in carcinoma development. In this study, we focused on two kinds of these proteins, S100A2 and S100A6, and investigated their expression in thyroid neoplasms.

Methods and results:  We investigated S100A2 and S100A6 expression in 141 thyroid neoplasms by immunohistochemistry. S100A2 was not expressed in normal follicles or follicular tumours, with one exception. Although 89.5% of papillary carcinoma were positive for S100A2, the expression was heterogeneous except in two cases. In anaplastic carcinoma, 78.5% of cases expressed S100A2 diffusely, while the remaining cases were negative. In normal follicles, S100A6 expression was always low, while 8.3% of follicular adenomas and 39.5% of follicular carcinomas showed increased expression. In papillary carcinomas, S100A6 expression was increased in 75% of cases, but in anaplastic carcinomas it was decreased, with only 14.3% showing high expression.

Conclusions:  The expression patterns of S100A2 and S100A6 in thyroid neoplasms are unique compared with those of other carcinomas, suggesting that: (i) S100A2 and S100A6 contribute to certain events in papillary carcinoma progression, and (ii) S100A2 expression is one of the biological characteristics of anaplastic carcinoma.
Fruit‐bearing branchlets are carbon autonomous in mature broad‐leaved temperate forest trees
Authors: HOCH GÜNTER
Published: April 2005

In order to evaluate the degree of carbon autonomy for fruit development, the carbon source‐sink relationship in fruit‐bearing branchlets of mature deciduous forest trees was manipulated in situ. The tests included half and complete defoliation, girdling or the combination of both treatments, which were applied on fruiting branchlets by using a canopy crane. Concentrations of non‐structural carbohydrates (NSC) were analysed in different branchlet tissues and fruits, to identify situations of carbon imbalances induced by the treatments. NSC concentrations of branchlets were generally lower under treatments resulting in decreased fruit growth. All three investigated species (Carpinus betulus, Fagus sylvatica and Tilia platyphyllos) exhibited complete carbon autonomy of fruiting at the level of whole, undisturbed branchlets, since neither a decrease of total infructescence biomass, nor of individual fruit mass occurred on girdled, un‐defoliated branchlets. On girdled, 100% defoliated branchlets, fruit biomass relative to controls decreased by approximately 50% in Carpinus and Tilia, but by almost 80% in Fagus, which can be explained by different proportions of photosynthetically active infructescence tissues among the species. In contrast to the other two species, Tilia branchlets did not import carbon to compensate for assimilate loss after defoliation.
The effect of ozone on the emission of carbonyls from leaves of adult Fagus sylvatica
Authors: COJOCARIU CRISTIAN , ESCHER PETER , HÄBERLE KARL‐HEINZ , MATYSSEK RAINER , RENNENBERG HEINZ , KREUZWIESER JÜRGEN
Published: April 2005

Under the site conditions of a temperate forest, the exchange of short‐chained oxygenated carbonyls (aldehydes, ketones) was assessed from leaves of adult European beech trees. The crowns of the trees were either exposed to an elevated O3 regime as released by a free‐air fumigation system (2 × O3) or to the unchanged O3 regime at the site (1 × O3, ‘control’). Daily fluctuations of oxygenated carbonyls were quantified in relation to environmental and physiological factors. In particular, the effect of O3 on carbonyl exchange was studied. Measurements of leaf gas exchange were performed with a dynamic cuvette system, and carbonyl fluxes were determined using 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH)‐coated silica gel cartridges. Leaves mainly emitted acetaldehyde, formaldehyde and acetone. Acetaldehyde dominated the emissions, amounting up to 100 nmol m−2 min−1, followed by formaldehyde (approximately 80 nmol m−2 min−1) and acetone (approximately 60 nmol m−2 min−1). Carbonyl emissions were highest during midday and significantly lowered at night, irrespective of the O3 exposure regime. Trees exposed to 2 × O3 emitted acetaldehyde and acetone at enhanced rates. The findings are of particular significance for future climate change scenarios that assume increased O3 levels.
Functional diversity in arbuscular mycorrhizas: exploitation of soil patches with different phosphate enrichment differs among fungal species
Authors: CAVAGNARO T. R. , SMITH F. A. , SMITH S. E. , JAKOBSEN I.
Published: April 2005

Most terrestrial plant species form associations with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) that transfer soil P to the plant via their external hyphae. The distribution of nutrients in soils is typically patchy (heterogeneous) but little is known about the ability of AMF to exploit P patches in soil. This was studied by growing symbioses of Linum usitatissimum and three AMF (Glomus intraradices, G. mosseae and Gigaspora margarita) in pots with two side‐arms, which were accessible to hyphae, but not to roots. Soil in one side‐arm was either unamended (P0) or enriched with P; simultaneous labelling of this soil with 32P revealed that G. intraradices responded to P enrichment both in terms of hyphal proliferation and P uptake, whereas the other AMF did not. Labelling with 33P of P0 soil in the other side arm revealed that the increased P uptake by G. intraradices from the P‐enriched patch was paralleled by decreased P uptake by other parts of the mycelium. This is the first demonstration of variation in growth and nutrient uptake by an AMF as influenced by a localized P enrichment of the soil. The results are discussed in the context of functional diversity of AMF.
Response of Arabidopsis thaliana to 22 ALS inhibitors: baseline toxicity and cross‐resistance of csr1‐1 and csr1‐2 resistant mutants
Authors: ROUX F , MATEJICEK A , REBOUD X
Published: April 2005

The baseline toxicity of 22 acetolactate synthase (ALS)‐inhibiting herbicides and the cross‐resistance patterns of chlorsulfuron‐ and imazapyr‐resistant (R) lines on these 22 ALS‐inhibiting herbicides were investigated using the model species Arabidopsis thaliana. The 22 herbicides consisted of 18 sulfonylureas (SU), three imidazolinones (IMI) and one triazolopyrimidine (TP). The ED50 values (doses of herbicides required to reduce dry matter by 50%) of the post‐emergence‐treated Col and Ler susceptible (S) lines ranged from 22 to 4822 mg ha−1 and from 17 to 3143 mg ha−1 respectively. The csr1‐1 chlorsulfuron‐resistant line (substitution of Pro197 to Ser) conferred a high resistance to the only TP tested as well as to nine SU herbicides (R:S ratio ≥30), a low resistance to two SU herbicides (R:S≥5 and <30) and little or no resistance to the three IMI and seven other SU herbicides (R:S <5). This result contradicts the expectation that an ALS mutation selected by an SU herbicide confers high cross‐resistance to other SU herbicides. We found that the efficacy of specific ALS inhibitors was different for different species and therefore could not be predicted from our results with A. thaliana; however, the cross‐resistance patterns in A. thaliana were highly correlated with cross‐resistance patterns in unrelated species with the same resistance mutation. These results have implications for resistance management.
Can an integrated management approach provide a basis for long‐term prevention of weed dominance in Australian pasture systems?
Authors: HUWER R K , BRIESE D T , DOWLING P M , KEMP D R , LONSDALE W M , MICHALK D L , NEAVE M J , SHEPPARD A W , WOODBURN T L
Published: April 2005

Broad‐leaved weeds in pasture, such as Carduus nutans, Onopordum spp. and Echium plantagineum are a major problem for graziers in southern Australia. Previous attempts to combat these weeds with a single technique have only resulted in short‐term success. An approach to long‐term control, combining biological control with different grazing and herbicide strategies, was evaluated in an integrated weed management (IWM) programme, in south‐eastern Australia. This IWM study was one of the few that has focused on biological control agents. During the field trials, the impacts of grazing and herbicide treatments on the weed and biological control agents, as well as on pasture composition, were monitored. This paper concentrates on the part of the study that focuses on the role and importance of pasture composition as part of weed management. The main pasture components were monitored using botanal, a sampling technique for estimating species composition and pasture yield in the field. IWM is a long‐term ecological approach and after 3 years, major trends were just becoming apparent. This study shows that pasture composition can be manipulated to increase productivity and sustainability. It demonstrates that broad‐leaved weeds can be reduced when high level pasture background management and chemical control are combined.
Macro Models and Poverty Analysis: Theoretical Tensions and Empirical Practice
Authors: Robinson Sherman , Lofgren Hans
Published: April 2005

This article reviews economy‐wide, multisectoral models and the issues involved when using them to analyse macro‐poverty linkages in developing countries. It explores the theoretical underpinnings for simple SAM multiplier models, real‐economy CGE models, and real‐financial CGE models. The latter represent an ‘eclectic’ approach, which strives to build models that integrate elements from CGE and macro‐financial models, the alternative, more applied, ‘ecumenical’ approach being to keep these models separate but specify ways through which they can communicate. Due to limited knowledge about the data and processes, the ability of analysts to address short‐run distributional issues is limited; we therefore expect most progress in the analysis of medium‐ and long‐run issues, using both eclectic and ecumenical approaches.
Poverty and Inequality Analysis within a CGE Framework: A Comparative Analysis of the Representative Agent and Microsimulation Approaches
Authors: Savard Luc
Published: April 2005

Two approaches have emerged in the use of CGE models in poverty and income distribution analysis: the traditional representative agent and the microsimulation approach using a large number of households to capture more heterogeneity. This article uses three simple CGE models with representative agent and microsimulation approaches to verify whether the two methods produce compatible results. The use of microsimulation does not appear to lead to different results or contribute significant value‐added in impact analysis at the macroeconomic and sectoral levels. However, when poverty and inequality are the focus, the results produced by the two approaches are inverted, revealing that the choice of approach is crucial when the objective of the analysis relates to poverty and inequality.
Built Space as Story
Authors: Yanow Dvora
Published: April 2005

Policy analysis, both of a positivist and of an interpretivist bent, often focuses on the explicit, formal language of legislation. But policy meanings are also communicated through agency acts that take place in settings. In this essay I explore what we might learn for policy analysis in seeing built spaces–that is, policy settings–as texts, and specifically as stories.
Beyond NIMBY
Authors: Hunter Susan , Leyden Kevin M.
Published: April 2005

Using survey data, this study tests competing hypotheses about the nature of opposition to a hazardous waste incinerator. Using a multivariate model, we challenge some of the basic assumptions of the Not In My Backyard (NIMBY) label typically used to characterize opposition. We find little evidence for components of the NIMBY label such as concern about property values and aesthetics, but find instead that opposition is related primarily to trust in government, fear of health consequences, and other ideological or demographic factors. We conclude with a discussion urging facility proponents to gain a better understanding of the nature of opposition and of the complexities of public opinion.
Using Public‐Private Partnerships to Develop Local Economies
Authors: Watson Sheilah S.
Published: April 2005

Throughout the 1980s, states experimented with enterprise zone programs aimed at alleviating fiscal distress in urban areas, by promoting the growth of private business. Together, public and private sectors supposedly function as partners to improve employment opportunities, especially for disadvantaged residents in designated zone areas. Today, however, questions continue to be raised regarding the impact of enterprise zone programs on financially depressed areas. This research provides a detailed investigation of the economic activities undertaken in the Kansas City and Cuba, Missouri enterprise zones to determine if a comparative employment advantage exists, and whether zone businesses fulfill their responsibilities with respect to hiring and training disadvantaged workers. The types of businesses attracted to the Kansas City and Cuba enterprise zones are identified to determine if either community has engaged in smokestack chasing. Finally, an urban‐rural comparison is offered to help illuminate various factors affecting enterprise zone functions, including job creation capacity, in different socioeconomic settings.
Immigration as a Political Dilemma in Britain
Authors: Messina Anthony M.
Published: April 2005

Informed by evidence drawn from the British case, this article assesses three competing explanations for how and why political elites in Western Europe lost control of postwar immigration and immigrant policy: the liberal thesis, the political‐historical perspective, and the political institutional breakdown explanation. The British case casts doubt on the assumption that West European elites did lose control of policy, although, to the extent that perfect control was not exercised, the political‐historical argument best explains this phenomenon.
Forest Service Budget Requests and Appropriations
Authors: Farnham Timothy J.
Published: April 2005

In spite of recent arguments that significant changes are occurring in the United States Department of Agriculture's Forest Service, to date little empirical evidence exists demonstrating that this is indeed the case and whether these presumed changes are impacting upon substantive policy outcomes. Most of the current evidence available is from studies that have inferred change by measuring attitudinal change in Forest Service employees. None to date has examined changes in quantitative indicators of agency policy efforts or outcomes.

In this article, we analyze trends in the budget requests of the Forest Service, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), and the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), and appropriations made by Congress, to ascertain whether priorities of these actors concerning the commodity and non‐commodity programs of the National Forests have changed since the passage of the National Forest Management Act. The data reveal shifting priorities for the Forest Service, USDA, and OMB. However, although the shifts have been greater for the Forest Service than for the other two agencies, they have been significantly less than the shifts in congressional appropriations. This fact suggests that Congress is changing its view of how the Forest Service should manage its lands more quickly than the Forest Service is changing itself, and that, as some have argued, Congress has been an important external agent of change concerning the agency and its policies.
National Forest Timber Management Over the Past Decade
Authors: Farnham Timothy J. , Mohai Paul
Published: April 2005

Timber output, the major commodity use of the National Forests, was tracked from 1981 to 1993, to assess changes that have occurred in the amount of timber offered, sold, and harvested. In addition, changes in the method of harvest used on the National Forests were examined to view trends in the management practices of the Forest Service. Although trends regarding changes in timber harvest methods varied from region to region, data on timber offered, sold, and harvested showed a dramatic decrease both nationally and in important timber‐producing regions since the late 1980s. This reduction, when seen in the light of other recent studies, suggests that the Forest Service is changing the emphasis of its management practices, placing less priority on the traditional high level of timber output.
A Shift in Values
Authors: Farnham Timothy J. , Taylor Cameron Proffitt , Callaway Will
Published: April 2005

Quantitative indicators of change for non‐commodity resource management were examined, to assess whether the United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service has been changing its on‐the‐ground management practices to give more emphasis to non‐commodity resources. Specifically, data on recreation management and on wildlife and fish habitat management were analyzed to determine whether any shifts in the agency's management priorities had occurred. All data examined indicate that the Forest Service has been increasing its activities in non‐commodity resource management over historic levels. When viewed in context with other recent studies suggesting that the Forest Service is moving away from traditional commodity production, the results of this study provide evidence that a significant shift has occurred, or presently is occurring, in Forest Service management practices.
Ronald Reagan's Indian Policy in Retrospect
Authors: Cook Samuel R.
Published: April 2005

This article examines presidential politics during the Reagan era with regard to the formulation, implementation, and aftermath of Reagan's Indian policy. Indian affairs proved to be a formidable testing ground for the drastic administrative budget cuts that transpired in the 1980s. Although the ill‐effects of this policy were felt immediately in Indian Country, economic crisis inspired some tribes to seize control of their own political and economic destinies, ultimately influencing federal policy in their favor.
Local Control Wasting Away
Authors: Wilt Catherine A. , Davis Gary A.
Published: April 2005

Municipal solid waste management and planning traditionally have been regarded as the responsibility of local government. However, the legal climate surrounding solid waste management has become more constrained, placing local government at the mercy of the private waste management industry, and eroding the effectiveness of local waste planning efforts. This article provides an overview of recent court decisions impacting local government solid waste management. It also discusses current congressional activity relating to interstate waste transport and flow control, and assesses the potential effects of such legislation on public solid waste management and on privatization issues raised by critics of local control.
Consistency or Change in Women's Politicization in South Korea
Authors: Lee Aie‐Rie
Published: April 2005

Using 1982 and 1990 survey data, this paper examines the extent to which the gender gap in politicization has persisted and/or changed in South Korea. The core emphasis of the paper is on whether economic development and generational turnover hove reduced gender inequality in some altitudes–psychological involvement, protest potential, system trust–that are important for political activity. The findings indicate that both economic development and generational shift have narrowed the gender gap in politicization over an eight‐year period. It should be emphasized, however, that the socio‐political structure has not caught up with Korean women's attitudinal changes, thus resulting in a phenomenon of “institutional lag.”
Dueling Decisions
Authors: Hicks D. Bruce
Published: April 2005

In a government of divided powers, the respective roles of the president and Congress in determining American foreign policy often are disputed. Rival Supreme Court decisions on this matter, U.S. v. Curtiss‐Wright Export Corporation (1936), and Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co. v. Sawyer (1952), were resurrected and argued with renewed vigor following the Iran‐contra affair. Despite attempts by the defenders of each decision to discredit or reinterpret the rival case, both decisions stand as reasonable, if incompatible, interpretations of constitutional meaning.
Problem Definitions and Policy Agendas
Authors: Portz John
Published: April 2005

Problem definition is a key part of the policy process. Policy problems can be defined in different ways, and different definitions often compete for the attention of policymakers and for privileged status on the governmental agenda. This article uses different problem definitions of public education in Boston, Massachusetts as a case study of how different definitions vie for acceptance. Problem definitions that received the most attention—weak governance, inadequate school programs, and limited finances—achieved agenda status due to their high visibility, strong political sponsorship, and availability of viable solutions.
Integration and Europe's Defense Industry
Authors: Guay Terrence R.
Published: April 2005

The European Union's influence on defense industry mailers has increased in recent years. This is plaiting because the Treaty of Rome permits member stales to maintain armaments production and trade issues at the national level. The argument presented in this paper is that the predominant theories of European integration cannot adequately explain this shift in policymaking from the national to the regional level. Reactive spillover combines an appreciation of international environmental pressures with the concept of spillover.
Advocacy Coalitions, Policy Entrepreneurs, and Policy Change
Authors: Mintrom Michael , Vergari Sandra
Published: April 2005

The advocacy coalition framework (AC) explains policy stability The policy entrepreneurship model (PE) explains dynamic policy change. Thus, augmenting the AC with insights from the PE provides a method of explaining a common empirical phenomenon: policy stability punctuated by dynamic policy change. This analytical strategy could be used to explore stability and change in many policy arenas. Here, we use it to interpret the background lo and dynamics of recent education policy reform in Michigan.
Optimizing Productivity Through Privatization and Entrepreneurial Management
Authors: Van Johnston R.
Published: April 2005

Efficiency and economy have become the forces driving both, public and private organizations in the 1990s. Competition and legal mandates constrict managers' abilities to use their traditional options in delivering goods and services to their citizens and customers. Privatization and entrepreneurial management are being utilized increasingly to improve productivity. This is creating a genuine transformation in the way we manage our organizations, it also changes the nature of the relationship between our organizations and their citizens, clients, and customers.

In this article we explore this unfolding transformation and analyze its significance. An entrepreneurial management productivity optimization model is also developed. Productivity is explored in terms of efficiency and effectiveness. The mechanisms for improving productivity, privatization, and entrepreneurial management are then examined. After noting the changing rotes that public policy and competition now play, the more prominent managerial models are explored, including reinventing and reengineering.

The article then presents examples of federal, state, and local entrepreneurial strategies and innovations. It concludes by alerting us to endangered public policy priorities and sets forth significant public management caveats to which we increasingly should become sensitive. The entrepreneurial management productivity optimization model has been developed to assist in clarifying and analyzing the issues involved in this article. It should also help those working in this arena to formulate optimal choices when building entrepreneurial management models for their own organizations or for those of their citizens, clients, or customers.
Privatization
Authors: Seidenstat Paul
Published: April 2005

The privatization of government services, especially by utilizing the contracting‐out mode, has accelerated in recent years in the United States, particularly at the state and local level. Shifts in the relative strength of forces in a political coalition model underlay the trend. There have been several benefits of privatization, especially cost containment and quality enhancement. The recent history of privatization provides a number of lessons to guide future privatization policy.
Public or Private Operation of Publicly Owned Railroads
Authors: Nice David C.
Published: April 2005

Railroads are now owned by state or local governments in most of the American states. Public ownership does not necessarily bring public operations; indeed, most of the publicly owned lines are privately operated. Public operation is more likely to be found in states with noncompetitive political parties, relatively low population density, higher levels of political corruption, and a higher proportion of public lines that serve port or terminal facilities.