bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Risk of Subsequent Solid Tumors After Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma: Effect of Diagnostic Age and Time Since Diagnosis
Authors: Hemminki Kari , Lenner Per , Sundquist Jan , Lorenzo Bermejo Justo
Published: March 2008

Purpose

Quantitative data on subsequent cancers after primary cancers provide information on treatment-related risks on second cancers, with implications for therapeutic adverse effects and human susceptibility in general. Quantitative data on solid tumors are limited. We focus on survivors of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) because the disease is diagnosed at a wide range of ages and treated uniformly primarily with chemotherapy.

Patients and Methods

The nationwide Swedish Family-Cancer Database included 11.5 million individuals whose cancers were retrieved from the Swedish Cancer Registry. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) were calculated for subsequent neoplasms among 28,131 patients with NHL.

Results

The SIR for solid tumors after NHL was 1.65 (2,290 patients) and that for lymphohematopoietic neoplasms was 5.36 (369 patients). Among the 25 most common solid tumors, the SIRs were increased for all but nine sites; the highest SIR (40.8) was observed for spinal meningioma. The SIRs for solid tumors declined in an age-dependent manner from 4.52 in diagnostic age younger than 20 years to 1.12 in diagnostic age 70+ years. In the most common patient groups, the SIRs for solid tumors increased up to 30 years after NHL diagnosis. Because of the high incidence of solid tumors in these age groups, they contributed the largest numbers of therapy-related cases.

Conclusion

These data indicate that age at treatment determines both the magnitude of the initial relative risk and the time-dependent modulation of the response. Therapy-related damage persists at least 30 years and its toll of solid tumors is largest 21 to 30 years after diagnosis.
Immunoglobulin G Fragment C Receptor Polymorphisms and Clinical Efficacy of Trastuzumab-Based Therapy in Patients With HER-2/neu–Positive Metastatic Breast Cancer
Authors: Musolino Antonino , Naldi Nadia , Bortesi Beatrice , Pezzuolo Debora , Capelletti Marzia , Missale Gabriele , Laccabue Diletta , Zerbini Alessandro , Camisa Roberta , Bisagni Giancarlo , Neri Tauro Maria , Ardizzoni Andrea
Published: March 2008

Purpose

The anti–HER-2/neu monoclonal antibody trastuzumab has been shown to engage both activatory (fragment C receptor [FcγR]IIIa; FcγRIIa) and inhibitory (FcγRIIb) antibody receptors and FcγR polymorphisms have been identified that may affect the antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) of natural-killer cells/monocytes. In this study, we tested whether FcγR polymorphisms are associated with clinical outcome of patients with breast cancer who received trastuzumab.

Patients and Methods

Fifty-four consecutive patients with HER-2/neu–amplified breast cancer receiving trastuzumab plus taxane for metastatic disease were evaluated for genotype for the FcγRIIIa-158 valine(V)/phenylalanine(F), FcγRIIa-131 histidine(H)/arginine(R), and FcγRIIb-232 isoleucine(I)/threonine(T) polymorphisms. Trastuzumab-mediated ADCC of patients' peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was measured by chromium-51 release using a HER-2/neu–expressing human breast cancer cell line as a target. Controls comprised thirty-four patients treated with taxane alone.

Results

Our population was in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium except for the FcγRIIb polymorphism. The FcγRIIIa-158 V/V genotype was significantly correlated with objective response rate (ORR) and progression-free survival (PFS). Also, there was trend significance in ORR and PFS for the FcγRIIa-131 H/H genotype. The combination of the two favorable genotypes (VV and/or H/H) was independently associated with better ORR and PFS compared with the other combinations. The ADCC analysis showed that V/V and/or H/H PBMCs had a significantly higher trastuzumab-mediated cytotoxicity than PBMCs harboring different genotypes.

Conclusion

These data support for the first time the hypothesis that FcγR-mediated ADCC plays an important role in the clinical effect of trastuzumab. Prospective studies are needed to confirm the role of FcγR polymorphisms in predicting clinical outcome of patients with breast cancer treated with trastuzumab-based therapy.
Aeroelastic response of a swept wing with cubic structural non-linearities
Authors: Razi M , Ghadiri B
Published: March 2008

Linear and non-linear aeroelastic analyses of swept cantilever wings containing a cubic non-linearity in an incompressible flow are investigated. Expressions of aerodynamic forces and moments for an element of the swept wing are derived in the time domain using a relation between Theodorsen and Wagner's functions. Consequently, the governing aeroelastic equations of two degrees of freedom wings are derived for both swept backward and forward wings. Linear analysis is carried out via solving the governing equations with the standard fourth-order Runge—Kutta method. For the sake of verification of the derived formulas, the results of the numerical solution for a linear flutter boundary are compared with the experimental data in several cases. Considering softening and hardening cubic structural non-linearities, non-linear analysis of the swept wing is studied. For the wings containing hardening cubic non-linearities, the first- and third-order harmonic balance (HB) methods are employed to find the amplitude and frequency of limit cycle oscillations (LCOs). Comparison between results of the HB method and those of the numerical solution of the governing equations indicates a close agreement. Finally, few parameters on the linear and non-linear flutter boundaries and also the amplitude and frequency of the LCO are studied.
Observer-based digital tracker for the manoeuvring target described by the continuous-time non-linear dynamic system
Authors: Tsai J S H , Wang C T , Guo S M , Shieh L S , Liu C R
Published: March 2008

The current paper develops an effective and robust digital guidance law to intercept the highly manoeuvring target described by the continuous-time non-linear dynamic system. First, an optimal linearization model for the non-linear system is constructed at the operating point of interest on the trajectory. Then, high-gain optimal linear quadratic analogue tracker and observer are designed by utilizing the optimal linearization model and the optimal control theory, so that the effect of the unpredictable acceleration of the target can be substantially attenuated and even can be disregarded. For reducing the control effort without raising the prescribed interception time, and for practical implementation of the designed tracker, the prediction-based digital redesign method is utilized to obtain relatively low-gain digital tracker and observer from the well-designed high-gain optimal analogue tracker and observer. With the aid of the global positioning system, the proposed observer-based digital tracker is able to successfully intercept a highly manoeuvring target without the constraint on initial trajectory, and can effectively deal with various barriers during the interception. Illustrative examples are given to demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed digital guidance law.
Obtaining multi-loop pursuit-control pilot models from computer simulation
Authors: Hess R A
Published: March 2008

A method for generating simplified pursuit-control pilot models for computer simulation of multi-axis flight control tasks has been developed. The method involves a sequential loop closure synthesis procedure for creating the pilot model and includes handling qualities estimation. The original model formulation previously reported in the literature used frequency-domain techniques, primarily Bode diagrams to select model gains. The present research demonstrates how similar results can be obtained in the time-domain. This latter approach is particularly useful when complex, non-linear aircraft models are being used. The time-domain approach is exercised in a six-degree of freedom rotorcraft control simulation and in a six-degree of freedom tailless fighter simulation, both involving linear models.
Efficient prediction of damage resistance and tolerance of composite aerospace structures
Authors: Baaran J , Kärger L , Wetzel A
Published: March 2008

The present work introduces efficient methodologies based on the finite-element method for a quick evaluation of damage resistance and damage tolerance of composite aerospace structures. Monolithic, stringer-stiffened structures, and sandwich structures are considered. The presented methodologies cover the simulation of the dynamic response of a structure during a low velocity impact event including the prediction of the internal non-visible or barely visible damage that develops during the impact. Additionally, methods for the prediction of the compression-after-impact strength are presented. In order to permit an accurate and efficient calculation of deformations and stresses in sandwich structures, special finite-element formulations have been developed. A comparison of simulation results with experimental data is presented for a two-stringer monolithic panel and for a honeycomb sandwich plate. The examples demonstrate that the presented methodologies can be used to quickly assess the damage tolerance of composite structures.
Structural Features of Dinoflagellate Toxins Underlying Biological Activity as Viewed by NMR
Authors: Murata Michio , Matsumori Nobuaki , Konoki Keiichi , Oishi Tohru
Published: March 2008

Marine dinoflagellates are a rich source of structurally and biologically intriguing secondary metabolites. Among those, maitotoxin may be one of the best known examples, which is the largest natural product known to date and possesses the most potent toxicity known amongst non-proteinaceous compounds. Structural studies of maitotoxin are reviewed with a particular focus on the configuration and mode of action of this unique toxin. In addition, there are many marine natural products which bind to biomembranes to exert their biological activities. To gain a better understanding of their mode of action, conformation, and bimolecular interaction occurring in biomembranes are particularly important. Recent results from NMR studies of membrane systems in the authors’ group are reviewed briefly.
Creation of Cyclic π-Electron-Conjugated Systems through the Functionalization of Fullerenes and Synthesis of Their Multinuclear Metal Complexes
Authors: Matsuo Yutaka
Published: March 2008

This account article describes the synthesis of a cyclic benzenoid system, [10]cyclophenacene, using a one-step deca-fold addition reaction to [60]fullerene, and a double-decker buckyferrocene complex, [(FeCp)2(C60Me10)]. Luminescent and electronic communication properties for each material may give us new opportunities to study photo- and electrochemical functional materials. Theoretical studies on electronic structure of finite-length single-walled carbon nanotubes are also described with respect to the structure of cyclophenacenes.
Direct Conversion of Aromatic Ketones to Arenecarboxylic Esters via Carbon–Carbon Bond-Cleavage Reactions
Authors: Yin Guodong , Gao Meng , Wang Zihua , Wu Yandong , Wu Anxin
Published: March 2008

Aromatic methyl ketones, β-keto esters, and trifluoromethyl-1,3-diketones can be directly converted to arenecarboxylic esters via carbon–carbon bond cleavage of pyridinium iodide intermediates in the presence of copper(II) oxide, iodine, pyridine, and potassium carbonate in alcoholic media. The advantages of the present method in terms of good yields, mild reaction conditions, and inexpensive reagents should make this protocol a valuable alternative to the existing methods.
Enhanced Photocatalytic Water Splitting of Hydrous LiCa2Ta3O10 Prepared by Hydrothermal Treatment
Authors: Mitsuyama Tomohiro , Tsutsumi Akiko , Hata Takakazu , Ikeue Keita , Machida Masato
Published: March 2008

Hydration behavior of A′Ca2Ta3O10 (A′ = Cs, Rb, K, Na, and Li) was studied focusing on the photocatalytic activity for overall water splitting under UV-irradiation. Interlayer hydration was only observed for A′ = Na and Li, which possess a large enthalpy of hydration (ΔHh°). A Na phase readily yielded a stable hydrous phase even at ambient temperature, whereas a Li phase required hydrothermal treatment at ≥160 °C. This is consistent with the fact that the Na phase kept its space group (I4⁄mmm) unchanged during hydration, whereas the Li phase changed from I4⁄mmm to P4⁄mmm. Hydration of the Li phase doubled the rate of photocatalytic gas evolution (≥700 μmol-H2 h−1) in the presence of 0.5 wt % Ni load, which was the highest in the series of A′Ca2Ta3O10. It was demonstrated that the hydrated interlayer is an efficient structural modification to enhance the photocatalytic activity of the ion-exchangeable layered perovskite-type oxides.
Preparation of Mesoporous Silica with Well-Defined Hexagonal Array of Pores by Using Octyltrimethylammonium Chloride
Authors: Sawada Takuya , Yano Toshihiro , Isshiki Nobuyuki , Isshiki Toshiyuki , Iwamoto Masakazu
Published: March 2008

Hexagonally ordered mesoporous silica MCM-41 was successfully prepared by using titled (OTMA) chloride at OTMA/SiO2=2.8–3.5. The BJH pore diameters were 1.4–1.5 nm which was on the prolongation of the correlation line between the chain length of surfactant and the pore diameter.
One-dimensional Halogen-bridged NiIII Compounds: Chemistry and Physics in Strongly Correlated Electron Systems
Authors: Takaishi Shinya , Yamashita Masahiro
Published: March 2008

In this review, we describe the structure, physical properties, and electronic structure of halogen-bridged one-dimensional (1D) NiIII compound [Ni(chxn)2Br]Br2, which is one of the mostly studied 1D strongly correlated electron compounds. We also introduce recent progress of our study of NiIII compounds.
Novel Oxidative Generation of Ammonium Ylides and the Subsequent Silicon Polonovski Reaction
Authors: Honda Kiyoshi , Shibuya Hiromasa , Hoshino Yujiro , Inoue Seiichi
Published: March 2008

We have demonstrated a novel oxidative generation of ammonium ylides by employing allylic amines having a silyl group. Treatment of N-(α-silylmethyl)-N-allylic amines with an oxidant, followed by acetic anhydride, brought about a tandem Brook rearrangement/silicon Polonovski reaction via the generation of ammonium ylides to give the corresponding amides, whereas the reaction of N-(α-cyano-α-silylmethyl)-N-allylic amines with an oxidant afforded the corresponding formamides.
Metal-mediated Supramolecular Coordination Polyelectrolyte Films of Bisterpyridine Ligand at the Air–Water Interface
Authors: Zhang Chao-Feng , Liu An , Chen Meng , Qian Dong-Jin
Published: March 2008

Metal-mediated poly(viologen)-like coordination poly-electrolytes were prepared at the air–water interface via an interfacial coordination reaction of a multitopic bisterpyridine ligand with inorganic salts. By using anionic polymer as alternative support layer, organized organic–inorganic hybrid films were assembled and characterized.
Self-assembly-directed Spin Conversion of Iron(II) 1,2,4-Triazole Complexes in Solution and Their Effect on Photorelaxation Processes of Fluorescent Counter Ions
Authors: Matsukizono Hiroyuki , Kuroiwa Keita , Kimizuka Nobuo
Published: March 2008

Lipophilic, linear iron(II) 1,2,4-triazole complexes with 9,10-dimethoxyanthracene-2-sulfonate and 1-pyrenesulfonate counter ions are newly developed. These complexes are dispersed in toluene as nanofibers and display dynamic spin conversion characteristics. Photorelaxation process of 1-pyrenesulfonate accumulated on the complex is regulated depending on the spin state of iron(II) triazole complexes.
A Thiacalix[3]pyridine Copper(I) Complex as a Highly Active Catalyst for the Olefin Aziridination Reaction
Authors: Tsukahara Yuhei , Hirotsu Masakazu , Hattori Shin-ichi , Usuki Yoshinosuke , Kinoshita Isamu
Published: March 2008

A copper(I) complex with thiacalix[3]pyridine, [Cu(Py3S3)]2(PF6)2, is a competent catalyst for aziridination of olefins. The reaction of styrene (1 equiv) with PhI=NTs (1 equiv) at 20 °C produced N-(p-toluenesulfonyl)-2-phenylaziridine (71%, turnover number = 55) in the presence of 1.2 mol % catalyst under aerobic conditions. The turnover number increased up to 350 with a 0.12 mol % catalyst and a 5:1 styrene/PhI=NTs ratio in 41% yield.
Gender differences in cardiovascular disease prevention
Authors: Jackson Graham
Published: March 2008

Risk factors are generally shared between men and women with the major differences being hormonal. Nine modifiable risk factors account for over 90% of the risk of a coronary event in men and women – smoking, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, diabetes, abdominal obesity, lack of exercise, alcohol excess, reduced intake of fruit and vegetables, and psychosocial issues. Approximately half the decline in deaths from coronary heart disease (CHD), between 1980 and 2000, can be attributed to a reduction in the major risk factors and the other half to the use of evidence-based management. As educational efforts to increase awareness of cardiovascular disease (not cancer) to be the leading cause of death and disability in women are also associated with preventative action, it is important that health-care professionals educate themselves about CHD in women and communicate with women themselves, so that women can come forward for advice and evaluation.
Metabolic syndrome and the menopause
Authors: Kaaja Risto J
Published: March 2008

The metabolic syndrome consists of a combination of risk factors that include abdominal obesity, atherogenic dyslipidaemia, hypertension and insulin resistance. It increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. The increased risk of cardiovascular disease is higher in women than in men. The first manifestation of metabolic syndrome may occur in pregnancy presenting as gestational diabetes or preeclampsia. Both conditions are associated with increased insulin resistance. Also metabolic syndrome is more common in polycystic ovarian syndrome. It has been suggested that there is a metabolic syndrome resulting from the menopause due to estrogen deficiency, as many of the risk factors are more prevalent in postmenopausal women. Also estrogen replacement improves insulin sensitivity and reduces the risk of diabetes. The key elements in managing the metabolic syndrome are weight reduction, increasing physical activity and diet modification. If blood pressure, lipid and glycaemic control are not achieved through these interventions then pharmacological therapy will be required.
Isoform of Fibronectin Mediates Bone Loss in Patients With Primary Biliary Cirrhosis by Suppressing Bone Formation
Authors: Kawelke Nina , Bentmann Anke , Hackl Norman , Hager Hans-Dieter , Feick Peter , Geursen Anne , Singer Manfred V , Nakchbandi Inaam A
Published: March 2008

Osteoporosis is a major cause of morbidity and decreased quality of life in patients with chronic cholestatic liver disease. It is established that this osteoporosis results from decreased bone formation, but the mechanisms for the interaction between liver and bone remain elusive. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that an increase in the production of cellular fibronectins during liver disease may result in decreased osteoblast-mediated mineralization and thus explain the decrease in bone formation. We performed a prospective cross-sectional study in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis and matched controls, followed by experiments on human and mouse osteoblasts in culture and injections in mice in vivo. In patients with primary biliary cirrhosis, the oncofetal domain of fibronectin correlated significantly with the decrease in osteocalcin, a marker of bone formation (r = −0.57, p < 0.05). In vitro, amniotic fluid fibronectin (aFN) containing mainly the oncofetal domain and EIIIA domain resulted in decreased osteoblast-mediated mineralization in human osteoblasts (69% decrease at 100 μg/ml; p < 0.01) and mouse osteoblasts (71% decrease; p < 0.05). Removing the EIIIA domain from aFN similarly suppressed mineralization by osteoblasts (78% decrease; p < 0.05). Injection of labeled aFN in mice showed that it infiltrates the bone, and its administration over 10 days resulted in decreased trabecular BMD (17% drop; p < 0.05), mineralizing surface (30% drop; p < 0.005), and number of osteoblasts (45% drop; p < 0.05). Increased production of a fibronectin isoform containing the oncofetal domain and its release in the circulation in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis is at least partially responsible for the decrease in bone formation seen in these patients. This establishes that a molecule that has thus far been viewed as an extracellular matrix protein exerts hormone-like actions.
Tamoxifen Impairs Both Longitudinal and Cortical Bone Growth in Young Male Rats
Authors: Karimian Elham , Chagin Andrei S , Gjerde Jennifer , Heino Terhi , Lien Ernst A , Ohlsson Claes , Sävendahl Lars
Published: March 2008

Tamoxifen (Tam) has been used experimentally to treat boys with gynecomastia and girls with McCune-Albright syndrome. This drug was recently shown to inhibit the growth of cultured fetal rat metatarsal bones and thus might also affect bone growth in vivo. Four-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats were gavaged daily with vehicle alone (peanut oil), Tam (40 mg/kg/d; 1 or 4 wk), or estradiol (40 μg/kg/d; 4 wk). Five of the 10 rats in each group were killed after 4 wk and the other five after 14 wk of recovery. Bone growth was followed by repeat DXA scans, whereas other bone parameters and spine length were evaluated by pQCT and X-ray at the time of death. Four-week Tam treatment significantly decreased body weight, nose-anus distance, spinal and tibial bone lengths, trabecular BMD, cortical periosteal circumference, and bone strength and also reduced serum IGF-I levels (424 ± 54 versus 606 ± 53 ng/ml in control; p < 0.05). Analysis of the tibial growth plate of treated rats showed elevated chondrocyte proliferation (BrdU) and apoptosis (TUNEL), as well as decreases in the number of hypertrophic chondrocytes and in the size of terminal hypertrophic chondrocytes. Despite a complete catch-up of body weight after 14 wk of recovery, the tibia was still shorter (p < 0.001) and its cortical region was smaller. We conclude that, when administered at a clinically relevant dose, Tam causes persistent retardation of longitudinal and cortical radial bone growth in young male rats. Our findings suggest that this inhibition results from local effects on the growth plate cartilage and systemic suppression of IGF-I production. Based on these rat data, we believe that Tam, if given to growing individuals, might compromise cortical bone growth, bone strength, and adult height.
Overexpression of Human Hydroxysteroid (17β) Dehydrogenase 2 Induces Disturbance in Skeletal Development in Young Male Mice
Authors: Shen ZhongYi , Peng ZhiQi , Sun Yi , Väänänen H Kalervo , Poutanen Matti
Published: March 2008

To understand the function of human hydroxysteroid (17β) dehydrogenase 2 (HSD17B2) in the peripheral tissues in vivo, we studied the bone development in transgenic male mice ubiquitously expressing human HSD17B2. Bones of HSD17B2TG and WT males (26 days and 2 and 6 mo old) were analyzed by pQCT and histomorphometry, and data were correlated with serum testosterone (T), IGF-I, and osteocalcin concentrations. At the age of 26 days, the body weight of HSD17B2TG males was significantly lower, and the lengths of the tibia and femur of the HSD17B2TG males were significantly shorter. Histomorphometric and pQCT analyses showed lower trabecular and cortical BMD, a markedly smaller area of cortical bone at both of the diaphyses, and a smaller percentage of trabecular bone volume and thickness in the HSD17B2TG males. The data suggested slower osteoblast differentiation and a slower bone formation rate of femoral diaphysis on the periosteum but faster on the endocortical surface in HSD17B2TG males. The altered bone parameters were correlated with low serum T, IGF-I, and osteocalcin concentrations at the prepubertal age. Interestingly, after puberty, the bone parameters analyzed in the adult HSD17B2TG males were mostly normal, consistent with the normal body weight and normalized serum concentrations of IGF-I and T. In conclusion, HSD17B2TG males presented with growth retardation and a decreased bone formation rate at prepubertal age. These changes were associated with lower serum IGF-I, osteocalcin, and T concentrations. It is concluded that the enforced constitutive expression of HSD17B2 disturbs the coordinated action of IGF-I and sex steroids essential for pubertal bone growth.
Mesothelin Expression in the Leptomeninges and Meningiomas
Authors: Johnson Mahlon D. , Vito Fran , O'Connell Mary J.
Published: March 2008

The identity and functions of surface proteins on human leptomeningeal and meningioma cells are incompletely characterized. Some structural and functional similarities between the leptomeninges and pleura suggest that proteins important to pleural function and tumorigenesis might also be relevant to leptomeningeal disease. Mesothelin is a recently described, 40-kDa membrane protein expressed in pleura. Its functions in this tissue are under investigation. Sections of 20 normal adult brains with leptomeninges and 49 World Health Organization (WHO) grade I, 21 grade II, and 2 grade III meningiomas were analyzed using an extensively characterized monoclonal antibody to mesothelin and streptavidin-biotin complex immunohistochemistry. Five meningiomas were also evaluated by Western blot. Mesothelin immunoreactivity was detected in the arachnoid in 6 of 20 cases and in 23 of 49 WHO grade I meningiomas. It was also detected in 7 of 21 WHO II tumors and 1 of the 2 anaplastic meningiomas. By Western blot, all five meningiomas exhibited mesothelin precursor protein, including one where notable immunoreactivity was not identified in a formalin-fixed tissue section. These findings suggest that mesothelin is expressed in at least some arachnoid and meningioma cells. Future studies may clarify its role in the development of meningiomas, meningeal seeding of gliomas, and metastases to the leptomeninges.
Calibration Chamber Modeling of Compaction Grouting
Authors: El-Kelesh Adel M. , Matsui Tamotsu
Published: March 2008

Compaction grouting, despite its many applications, has some problems that are basically attributed to the minimal guidelines to predict treatment effectiveness and the relatively little understanding of grouting mechanisms. To physically model and investigate compaction grouting in the laboratory under controlled conditions, large-scale calibration chamber, sand deposition, and injection systems have been developed. The chamber that has been developed is of the double-wall type and can independently control the sample stresses and deformations and impose different boundary conditions. Compared to the available double-wall chambers, the developed chamber has several innovative features. It is larger in size and self-reacting, applies the vertical stress at the top of the sample, provides for a rigid boundary at the base of the sample, and provides for upheave of the sample surface. The developed sand deposition system adopts the principles of pluvial deposition through air to prepare uniform soil samples at controlled relative densities. The developed injection system can inject actual compaction grouts. The developed systems are described in this paper. Some typical testing results are also presented and discussed to assess the chamber performance and illustrate the corresponding grouting mechanisms. The results reveal satisfactory performance of the developed systems and proper modeling of compaction grouting.
Use of Nasal Continuous Positive Airway Pressure During Retrieval of Neonates With Acute Respiratory Distress
Authors: Murray Philip G. , Stewart Michael J.
Published: March 2008

OBJECTIVE. Although nasal continuous positive airway pressure is widely used in neonatal units, its use in neonatal transport is not yet established. Previous reports have been limited to small numbers of primary road transports and larger numbers of return transports while its use in air transportation has not been reported. The aim of this study was to assess the safety and effectiveness of transporting neonates and infants by road or air while treated with nasal continuous positive airway pressure.

METHODS. We conducted a retrospective review of the records of all infants transported between January 1, 2004, and November 1, 2005.

RESULTS. A total of 220 infants were treated with nasal continuous positive airway pressure; of these, 13 infants (6%) were intubated before transport, leaving 207 infants transported on a median nasal continuous positive airway pressure of 7 cm H2O. Thirty infants were transported by fixed or rotary wing aircraft and 190 by road. No infants required intubation or bag and mask ventilation during transport. Twenty-eight infants (13%) required intubation within 24 hours of arrival at the receiving hospital, 4 infants (2%) were intubated >24 hours after arrival, 11 infants (5%) were intubated for surgery, and 164 infants (73%) were never intubated. A total of 111 infants (50%) were preterm and <72 hours old at transport, and 32 infants (15%) were ≤32 weeks' gestational age and <72 hours old at transport. Fraction of inspired oxygen was significantly lower at the end of transport (0.45 vs 0.34).

CONCLUSIONS. Nasal continuous positive airway pressure is effective and has an acceptable safety margin for the road-based transportation of infants with acute respiratory distress. Air transport is feasible but larger studies are required to assess safety.
Blue photoluminescent properties of pure nanostructured γ–Al2O3
Authors: Yu Zhong Qing , Chang Dao , Li Cun , Zhang Ning , Feng Yu Ying , Dai You Yuan
Published: March 2008

Blue photoluminescent emission was observed in pure nanometer-sized γ–Al2O3 powders prepared by the sol-gel process, with aluminum alkoxide as the precursor. The photoluminescent excitation spectrum detected at »em = 422 nm showed four peaks located at 238, 255, 278.5, and 348.5 nm, respectively, the first having the strongest intensity. The photoluminescent emission spectra were made up of a broad band with four peaks located at 404.5, 422, 447, and 484.5 nm. The emission band of 422 nm had the intensity. We suggest that the defect level in the nanometer alumina powder also is the main reason for the appearance of new luminescent emission bands.
Influence of antiphase boundaries on critical current densities in Yba2Cu3O7−ysingle crystals
Authors: Shibata Junko , Oka Akihiro , Izumi Teruo , Shiohara Yuh , Hirayama Tsukasa , Ikuhara Yuichi
Published: March 2008

Twinned and detwinned Yba2Cu3O7−y (Y123) single crystals were observed by transmission electron microscopy to investigate the influences of the lattice defects on the peak effect for Y123 single crystals. Twin boundaries with the spacing of 0.2–0.5 μm were seen only in the twinned Y123 single crystals. Antiphase boundaries (APBs) along the (110)Y123 plane were observed in both twinned and 0.5h-detwinned samples, which showed the peak effect in high magnetic field over 3 T at 70 K. In contrast, APBs were not found in 100h-detwinned sample. Critical current densities of this sample were small all over the range of the applied magnetic field. In conclusion, we suggest that APBs have a significant influence on the peak effect of Y123 single crystals in the high magnetic field.
Microstructural analysis of high-pressure compressed C60
Authors: Miyazawa K. , Satsuki H. , Kuwabara M. , Akaishi M.
Published: March 2008

The structure and hardness of C60 bulk specimens compressed under 5.5 GPa at room temperature to 600 °C are investigated by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, and micro-Vickers hardness tests. A strong accumulation of the [1 1 0]tr orientation of high-pressure-treated C60 specimens was developed along the compression axis, and stacking faults and nano-sized deformation twins were introduced into the C60 specimens compressed at 450–600 °C. Curved lattice planes indicating a polymerization of C60 were observed by high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The polymerization of the high-pressure-compressed C60 is also supported by the computer simulation of HRTEM images.
Increased fracture toughness in nanoporous silica–polyimide matrix composites
Authors: Ruan Shiling , Lannutti John J. , Prybyla Stan , Seghi Robert R.
Published: March 2008

Silica–polyimide nanocomposites were prepared by hot-pressing mixtures of polyimide and highly porous silica powder. The silica powder was produced using a sol-gel process that generates pores as small as 15 Å. The effects of loading, cure, and post-cure temperature on fracture toughness were investigated. The addition of silica particles improved the fracture toughness from 0.5 to a maximum of 1.9 MPa m0.5. However, fracture toughness dropped at silica weight percentages ≥30%. The cure and post-curing temperatures have a strong influence on toughness; post-curing exposure ≥400 °C reduced toughness. Transmission electron microscopy examination of the fracture surfaces indicated that the toughness improvements may occur at the nanometer scale due to crack pinning and branching induced by the nanoporous silica particles.
Growth behavior and defects in conductive SrRuO3 thin films grown on a Si(100) substrate by sputtering
Authors: Oh Sang Ho , Park Chan-Gyung
Published: March 2008

The microstructural characteristics of ion-beam-sputtered conductive SrRuO3 films, such as interfacial reactions, which govern growth behavior, defects, and thermal stability, were investigated using transmission electron microscopy. On a Si substrate, two binary constituents of SrRuO3, i.e., SrO and RuO2 were shown to have quite different reaction behaviors. The reduction of the RuO2 constituent to elemental Ru by Si led to an unstable contact of SrRuO3 on the Si substrate. Possible reaction thermodynamics are suggested, which are based on the formation energies of the corresponding reactions. In the case of films grown in an oxygen-deficient atmosphere, stacking faults were observed. The stacking faults originated from twinning on the {111}pc plane to accommodate the oxygen deficiency in the growth atmosphere by changing the arrangement of RuO6 octahedra from corner to one of face sharing.
Effect of annealing on microstructure, residual stress, and hardness of Al–Ti multilayered films
Authors: Mitra R. , Madan A. , Hoffman R. A. , Chiou W- A. , Weertman J. R.
Published: March 2008

Al–Ti multilayered films (12 at.% Ti) with bilayer period of 16 nm were deposited by magnetron sputtering. The films were annealed in vacuum at 350 or 400 °C between 2 and 24 h. During annealing, a diffusion-controlled chemical reaction between Al and Ti layers led to Al3Ti precipitation. Differential thermal analysis studies showed an exothermic reaction associated with Al3Ti formation, taking place between 320 and 390 °C, depending on the heating rate. The evolution of microstructure with annealing was examined with transmission electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction. The hardness and residual stress of the films in the as-deposited and annealed conditions were studied in relation to the microstructural changes on annealing.
Growth of epitaxial GaN on LiGaO2 substrates via a reaction with ammonia
Authors: Kisailus David , Lange F. F.
Published: March 2008

Oriented GaN and LixGa(2−x)O2xN2(1−x) thin films were found to grow on LiGaO2 single-crystal (001) substrates via a reaction between ammonia (or reactive ammonia species) and substrate components at temperatures between 700 and 1000 °C. The compound LixGa(2−x)O2xN2(1−x), where x was determined to be ≈0.35, is a solid solution formed from a partial reaction of ammonia with the LiGaO2 substrate. Negligible lithium (i.e., x ≈ ≈ 0) was detected in the films formed with a constant high flow rate (164 cm3/min) of ammonia, indicating a complete reaction with the LiGaO2 single crystal. The growth of a partial surface film and surface pitting suggests a vapor reaction (via loss of LiNH2 or LiOH, and nitridation of Ga2O) similar to that observed when semiconductor grade reacts with N2 to form Si3N4. The resultant films have either a wurtzite structure or one approaching the wurtzite structure. Both films form on the substrate with the same orientation as the LiGaO2.
Two Texts on Children and Christian Education
Authors: Stewart Maria W. , Gardner Eric
Published: March 2008

The known biography of the early african american writer and lecturer Maria W. Stewart (1803–79) is as brief as it is fascinating. After the childhood loss of her parents, she married James W. Stewart, a Boston shipping agent, in 1826. The Stewarts had close ties with the black radical David Walker, whose fiery 1829 Appeal kindled fears of slave rebellion and was in its third edition when Walker died under suspicious circumstances in August 1830. After James Stewart's own untimely death, in December 1829, his executors swindled Maria Stewart out of her inheritance, and she turned to the church and to writing and lecturing. Revising Walker's combination of jeremiad and Enlightenment-influenced political argument to reflect her own sense of faith, racism and racial uplift, and gender politics, Stewart became one of the first American women to address “promiscuous” audiences. She published a series of probing meditations as well as a set of her lectures—texts still startling for their power and bluntness—in pamphlets and, later, as Productions of Mrs, Maria Stewart (1835).
Who Reads Poetry?
Authors: Jackson Virginia
Published: March 2008

My title is meant to pose a real question. It's an old question, but it is worth asking why the anxiety betrayed by the question has been around for so long, and especially why it has spiked in recent years. The question expresses a worry that nobody reads much poetry, or that few people do, or that the right people don't at the right times or in the right ways. So it's a real question to which it's difficult to give a real answer, since the sane response to such anxiety tends to be either “You're right to worry, since nobody reads poetry these days” or “Don't worry; lots of people do. You just haven't noticed.” In her 2006 address as outgoing president of the MLA, Marjorie Perloff gave a little of both responses. “Out in the world beyond the academy, individual poets are warmly celebrated …,” Perloff told her audience (654). Don't worry, in other words. On the other hand, do worry, since that “beyond” means that those gathered—that is, literary critics, members of the MLA, all of us in that room or reading this journal—have not noticed such warm popular celebrations because we are the ones who don't read poetry these days or who don't read it in the right ways. “A specter is haunting the academy, the specter of literature,” Perloff warned us, turning worry into revolutionary foreboding (658). We sat back in our seats, reassured. Oh good, we thought, poetry is about to make a comeback.
The Specter of Interdisciplinarity
Authors: Edwards Brent Hayes
Published: March 2008

Marjorie Perloff's 2006 presidential address may be most striking in its call for a return to a conventional definition of the literary as the ground of disciplinary training. If the profession of literary study in the contemporary academy is in a state of crisis, Perloff argues, it is largely a result of the ways literary scholars have undermined and contaminated the core of the discipline, adopting a “governing paradigm” for scholarship and teaching from other fields, including anthropology and history (654). “It is time to trust the literary instinct that brought us to this field in the first place,” she counsels, “and to recognize that, instead of lusting after those other disciplines that seem so exotic primarily because we don't really practice them, what we need is more theoretical, historical, and critical training in our own discipline” (662). One could respond that this position, with its suggestion that the solution is mostly a matter of self-fashioning in the discipline, understates the broader pressures in the university as a social institution. But in what follows I would like to take up a different, smaller concern: Perloff's hostility to interdisciplinarity.
After the Critique of Lyric
Authors: Terada Rei
Published: March 2008

Lyric studies has been new before. Many students of lyric will remember Chaviva Hošek and Patricia Parker'S 1985 COLlection of essays, Lyric Poetry beyond New Criticism, as a previous occasion for reevaluating the course of lyric studies. Hošek and Parker's ambitious volume measured the distance between New Critical and later theories of interpretation: “structuralist and post-structuralist, feminist, psychoanalytic, Marxist, semiotic, reader-response” (7). Features highlighted by then-recent theory—the difference dramatized by intertextuality, for example, or the impossibility, as opposed to transparency, of many putative forms of address in lyric—revealed what had been repressed and implied by Western academic assumptions about poetry earlier in the twentieth century; Hošek and Parker gathered an ambitious representation of such modifications of canonical lyric reading. Familiar units of Western literary vocabulary such as “apostrophe” continued to be used, but observation of their destabilizing causes and effects and reflection on their inner contradictions helped to break the illusion of the verbal icon's centripetal force. Parker notes in her introduction that the question “What would enable future work on the lyric?” remains as open as ever at the end of their project (16). So now that another twenty-two years have passed, how is lyric studies differently new, as gauged by the 2006 MLA convention's focus on lyric?
Introduction: Exiles at Home—Questions for Turkish and Global Literary Studies
Authors: Adak Hülya
Published: March 2008

Replacing truth with nontruth was difficult but fun at the same time. Crossing the borders of truth …, words assume a talismanic spell. Only then does the word know that it is much more than a word.

—Murat Uyurkulak, Har (96; my trans.)

In the consolidation of the nation-state, literature has served as one of the most prominent “representational machineries” of national culture (Prasad 72), but claiming that all or most Third World fiction writers articulate the national defeats the most important attribute of literature—its political and aesthetic autonomy. The articles in this cluster all discuss authors who, in Orhan Pamuk's term, do not feel “at home” at home. These authors' literary and philosophical expressions of alienation illustrate the necessity to challenge the universalisms of global literary studies, particularly the way Third World literatures are nationalized. Global literary studies has categorized Third World literatures as enunciations of the national, reserving the moment of emancipatory critique too easily for diasporic, exilic, immigrant, or postcolonial literatures produced in the West, with the underlying assumption that exposure to the West, through a Western language, literary tradition, or audience, is a precondition for critique. Concomitantly, latent in this “modernist conception of exile as a privileged state of consciousness” is the belief that a critique of the national is only possible outside the Third World nation-state (Giles 31). Jale Parla's and Nergis Ertürk's articles illustrate that many of the writers who felt not at home were indeed at home and in Turkey did not leave home to voice their critique of or reluctance to participate in linguistic engineering.
Lyric Commodity Critique, Benjamin Adorno Marx, Baudelaire Baudelaire Baudelaire
Authors: Kaufman Robert
Published: March 2008

So how important is modern lyric poetry?

Answers will depend on who's answering—and what they understand by modern, lyric, and poetry. Academic and other cultural institutions will hardly have the only say; the most significant testimonies often come from poets themselves, who in relation to matters academic and institutional may have feet in more than one camp but who perhaps finally have, in proportion to the intensity and overall achievement of their art, no camp at all. Yet an at least century-long critical tradition, which Marjorie Perloff's 2006 MLA Presidential Address joins, has salutarily maintained that for all academia's evident weaknesses—including an often fatal distance from the realities of artistic making and audience engagement—it can still contribute crucially to the life of poetry. In that light, it's worth reconsidering a body of work that for decades has resonated in the larger poetry world but has also known academic prominence: Frankfurt school—and the wider spectrum of Marxian and Marxian-inflected—critical theory. What if, in ways that have mostly escaped notice, a signal exchange between Frankfurt school critics demonstrates (with lessons aplenty for poetry, criticism, and theory today) that, far from merely illustrating theoretical and sociohistorical dynamics, the development of modern lyric animates or generates the theory in the first place, locating itself at the heart of Frankfurt school and related attempts to take history's measure and to enable reflective judgment and critical agency?
Modernity and Its Fallen Languages: Tanpιnar's Hasret, Benjamin's Melancholy
Authors: Ertürk Nergis
Published: March 2008

A comparative study of the politics and theory of language in the writings of Ahmet Hamdi Tanpιnar and Walter Benjamin, this article suggests that a rethinking of the discursive commensurability and incommensurability of modern Turkish language and literature with western European representational practices has crucial implications for critical comparative methodology today. I leave behind conventional accounts based on models of European literary influence, emphasizing instead changes in writing practices that accompanied the development of modern literature and comparatism. Of particular significance for my analysis are the intensification of print culture and language reforms. I examine Tanpιnar's writings as a special archive registering the problematic of representational writing, while exploring their continuities and discontinuities with Benjamin's work. I configure an alternative critical comparative framework, troubling the uneven epistemological categories of modernity through which “East” and “West” continue to structure even the transnationalist critical discourse that interrogates them.
Nitrogen-nitrate exposure from drinking water and colorectal cancer risk for rural women in Wisconsin, USA
Authors: McElroy Jane A. , Trentham-Dietz Amy , Gangnon Ronald E. , Hampton John M. , Bersch Andrew J. , Kanarek Marty S. , Newcomb Polly A.
Published: March 2008

One unintentional result of widespread adoption of nitrogen application to croplands over the past 50 years has been nitrate contamination of drinking water with few studies evaluating the risk of colorectal cancer. In our population-based case-control study of 475 women age 20–74 years with colorectal cancer and 1447 community controls living in rural Wisconsin, drinking water nitrate exposure were interpolated to subjects residences based on measurements which had been taken as part of a separate water quality survey in 1994. Individual level risk factor data was gathered in 1990–1992 and 1999–2001. Logistic regression models estimated the risk of colorectal cancer for the study period, separately and pooled. In the pooled analyses, an overall colorectal cancer risk was not observed for exposure to nitrate-nitrogen in the highest category (≥10 ppm) compared to the lowest category (<0.5 ppm). However, a 2.9 fold increase risk was observed for proximal colon cancer cases in the highest compared to the lowest category. Statistically significant increased distal colon or rectal cancer risk was not observed. These results suggest that if an association exists with nitrate-nitrogen exposure from residential drinking water consumption, it may be limited to proximal colon cancer.