bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Have coffee producers benefited from the new domestic cherry market? Evidence using panel data from Rwanda
Authors: Murekezi Abdoul , Jin Songqing , Loveridge Scott
Published: December 2013

The article assesses the effects of the new domestic cherry market on coffee‐growing households in Rwanda using panel data. Findings from combined first differenced with instrumental variable specification and other estimation methods provide evidence that farmers who sell to the cherry market do not increase their expenditures compared to farmers selling to the traditional parchment market. The different time lags in terms of when farmers started selling to the new cherry market may explain the lack of statistically significant differences across the two groups. It is possible that farmers will adjust their expenditure patterns in subsequent periods after year‐over‐year market trends become more apparent to them.
The IQ‐CSRC Prospective Clinical Phase 1 Study: “Can Early QT Assessment Using Exposure Response Analysis Replace the Thorough QT Study?”
Authors: Darpo Borje , Sarapa Nenad , Garnett Christine , Benson Charles , Dota Corina , Ferber Georg , Jarugula Venkateswar , Johannesen Lars , Keirns James , Krudys Kevin , Ortemann‐Renon Catherine , Riley Steve , Rogers‐Subramaniam Danise , Stockbridge Norman
Published: December 2013

A collaboration between the Consortium for Innovation and Quality in Pharmaceutical Development and the Cardiac Safety Research Consortium has been formed to design a clinical study in healthy subjects demonstrating that the thorough QT (TQT) study can be replaced by robust ECG monitoring and exposure–response (ER) analysis of data generated from First‐in‐Man single ascending dose (SAD) studies. Six marketed drugs with well‐characterized QTc effects were identified in discussions with FDA; five have caused QT prolongation above the threshold of regulatory concern. Twenty healthy subjects will be enrolled in a randomized, placebo‐controlled study designed with the intent to have similar power to exclude small QTc effects as a SAD study. Two doses (low and high) of each drug will be given on separate, consecutive days to 9 subjects. Six subjects will receive placebo. Data will be analyzed using linear mixed‐effects ER models. Criteria for QT‐positive drugs will be the demonstration of an upper bound (UB) of the 2‑sided 90% confidence interval (CI) of the projected QTc effect at the peak plasma level of the lower dose above the threshold of regulatory concern (currently 10 ms) and a positive slope of ER relationship. The criterion for QT‐negative drug will be an UB of the CI of the projected QTc effect of the higher dose <10 ms. It is expected that a successful outcome in this study will provide evidence supporting replacement of the TQT study with ECG assessments in standard early clinical development studies for a new chemical entity.
ECG Diagnosis and Classification of Acute Coronary Syndromes
Authors: Birnbaum Yochai , Wilson James Michael , Fiol Miquel , de Luna Antonio Bayés , Eskola Markku , Nikus Kjell
Published: December 2013

In acute coronary syndromes, the electrocardiogram (ECG) provides important information about the presence, extent, and severity of myocardial ischemia. At times, the changes are typical and clear. In other instances, changes are subtle and might be recognized only when ECG recording is repeated after changes in the severity of symptoms. ECG interpretation is an essential part of the initial evaluation of patients with symptoms suspected to be related to myocardial ischemia, along with focused history and physical examination. Patients with ST‐segment elevation on their electrocardiogram and symptoms compatible with acute myocardial ischemia/infarction should be referred for emergent reperfusion therapy. However, it should be emphasized that a large number of patients may have ST‐elevation without having acute ST‐elevation acute coronary syndrome, while acute ongoing transmural ischemia due to an abrupt occlusion of an epicardial coronary artery may occur in patients with ST‐elevation less than the thresholds defined by the guidelines. Up‐sloping ST‐segment depression with positive T waves is increasingly recognized as a sign of regional subendocardial ischemia associated with severe obstruction of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Widespread ST‐segment depression, often associated with inverted T waves and ST‐segment elevation in lead aVR during episodes of chest pain, may represent diffuse subendocardial ischemia caused by severe coronary artery disease. In case of hemodynamic compromise, urgent coronary angiography has been increasingly recommended for these patients.
Stability of paramedian inserted palatal mini‐implants at the initial healing period: a controlled clinical study
Authors: Nienkemper Manuel , Pauls Alexander , Ludwig Björn , Drescher Dieter
Published: December 2013

Objectives

To assess the stability development of paramedian in comparison with midpalatal inserted mini‐implants.

Material and methods

The test group consisted of 21 consecutively treated patients (13.7 ± 4.6 years). In each patient, a mini‐implant was inserted paramedian in the anterior palate. Measurement of the insertion depth (ID), the maximum insertion torque (IT), and resonance frequency analysis (RFA) was performed at T0. RFA was repeated after 2 weeks (T1), 4 weeks (T2), and 6 weeks (T3). Correlations between measuring methods were calculated. RFA values at different times were tested for statistical differences. Data were compared with a group of patients who received median mini‐implants of the same size.

Results

Initial stability was 14.06 ± 4.35 Ncm (IT) and 26.60 ± 5.28 ISQ (RFA) with an ID of 7.02 ± 1.04 mm. RFA and IT (r = 0.49, P = 0.023) showed a moderate significant correlation. Stability remained relatively constant, showing no significant differences between measurement times. Overall, RFA values decreased non‐significantly by 2.25 ± 6.85 ISQ to a level of 24.35 ± 5.39 after 6 weeks. Comparing development of stability over time, it was found that significant differences were present at T0 and T1 (T0: −9.54 ISQ, P < 0.0001; T1: −3.69, P = 0.041).

Conclusions

Paramedian inserted mini‐implants provided sufficient stability. Showing a lower primary stability, RFA values did not differ from the control group from week four on, as no significant decrease in stability occurred at the initial healing period.
Wide local extension and higher proliferation indices are characteristic features of symptomatic lobular neoplasias (LNs) and LNs with an early invasive component
Authors: Katsurada Yuka , Yoshida Masayuki , Maeshima Akiko Miyagi , Ikeda Katsuhide , Shibata Tatsuhiro , Kinoshita Takayuki , Matsubara Osamu , Tsuda Hitoshi
Published: December 2013

Aims

Lobular neoplasias (LNs) are typically small, clinically undetectable breast lesions, but some LNs are of clinical significance. The aim of this study was to clarify the histopathological characteristics of clinically overt (symptomatic) LNs and early invasive LNs.

Methods and results

Sixty‐two surgically resected LNs, including eight with early invasion (≤10 mm), were classified into the following groups: (i) symptomatic and occult; and (ii) early invasive and non‐invasive. Six histopathological factors, including the Ki67 labelling index (LI), were assessed and analysed by logistic regression models. On multivariate analysis, tumour size (P = 0.008), mitotic counts (P = 0.006) and Ki67 LI (P = 0.035) were risk factors for symptomatic features, and tumour size (P = 0.009) and Ki67 LI (P = 0.015) were risk factors for early invasive lesions. In the eight LNs with invasion, the symptomatic and occult subgroups showed differing nuclear atypia and structural patterns, but both lesions extended widely (22–96 mm).

Conclusions

Wide extension and higher proliferation activity were characteristic features of symptomatic LNs and LNs with early invasion.
A proliferation‐inducing ligand in atopic dermatitis and vitiligo
Authors: Ibrahim Zeinab A. , Ghaly Nahla R. , El‐Tatawy Rania A. , Khalil Shereen M. , El‐Batch Manal M.
Published: December 2013

Background

A proliferation‐inducing ligand (APRIL) is a tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily member ligand that stimulates B cells in vitro and in vivo. It also plays an important role in T cell activation and survival.

Objectives

This study was conducted to evaluate serum levels of APRIL in patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) and vitiligo and their correlation with disease activity.

Methods

A total of 100 subjects were included; these comprised 40 AD patients, 40 vitiligo patients, and 20 control subjects. Serum APRIL levels were measured and their relationships with the severity of AD and activity of vitiligo evaluated according to scores on the SCORAD (SCORing of Atopic Dermatitis) and VIDA (Vitiligo Disease Activity) indices, respectively.

Results

The serum level of APRIL was significantly higher in AD patients than in the control group. Serum APRIL in patients with severe AD showed a statistically significant difference with serum APRIL in patients with either mild or moderate AD. Serum APRIL was significantly higher in vitiligo patients than in the control group. Differences in serum APRIL among patients with different VIDA scores were significant only between patients with VIDA scores of +1 and +4. Statistically significant positive correlations emerged between serum APRIL and activity of AD (r = 0.939) and vitiligo (r = 0.740).

Conclusions

APRIL may play a role in the pathogeneses of AD and vitiligo and could be used as an objective marker for the assessment of AD severity and vitiligo activity. Further studies are required to clarify the precise mechanism of APRIL in the pathogeneses of AD and vitiligo and to test the possible use of APRIL inhibitors as novel modalities of therapy.
Microchimerism in Behçet's disease
Authors: Alp Ruken , Guney Aysequl U. , Tursen Umit , Kaya Tamer , Tursen Belma , Erdal Mehmet E.
Published: December 2013

Background

Behçet's disease (BD) is a multisystemic disorder of unknown etiology characterized by chronic relapsing oral aphthous lesions, genital ulcers, and uveitis. Immunological dysfunction is the most emphasized etiopathogenetic factor. Microchimerism is existence of an allogeneic DNA in a living creature. There are variable studies investigating the role of microchimerism on etiopathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. To our knowledge, no report has investigated the relationship between microchimerism and BD. We aimed to investigate the possible role of microchimerism on BD as an autoimmune disorder.

Methods

We analyzed the SRY gene as an indicator of fetal microchimerism in our patient and healthy control groups. The patients were 105 women with BD over 18 years old who had applied to multidisciplinary Behçet's disease clinic at Mersin University between 2005 and 2011. Patients were divided into two groups: group 1 consisted of 39 patients having a son, and group 2, 15 patients either nulliparous or having a daughter. Controls comprised two groups of women according to whether or not they had a son, i.e., group 3 (n = 51) and group 4 (n = 52), respectively. All patients with BD fulfilled International Study Group criteria for the diagnosis of BD.

Results

Forty‐one of 54 (75.9%) patients and four of 103 (3.9%) controls showed presence of the SRY gene. The difference between the patient and control groups was statistically significant (P < 0.001).

Conclusion

As a result of our study, microchimerism may be associated with the etiopathogenesis of BD. However, we think there is a need for a larger series of studies to support this hypothesis.
Intraday Liquidity and Central Bank Credit in Gross Payment Systems
Authors: Callado Muñoz Francisco J. , Utrero González Natalia
Published: December 2013

The aim of this paper is to compare modern gross payment systems and emphasize their implications on the availability of intraday liquidity and credit from the central bank. We introduce the risk of default involved in extending intraday credit to determine the implications on consumer and bank behaviour. The results show that the non‐marketable collateral assets model, which provides greater flexibility to banks but does not completely eliminate credit risk, is superior to other models. To minimize the remaining credit risk, financial authorities should analyse the financial condition of banks, establish higher credit standards for collateral and specify particular criteria to accept non‐marketable assets. These actions will improve the performance of this model and reinforce the role of the financial authorities in providing intraday liquidity.
Influence of the Eu2+ on the Silver Aggregates Formation in Ag+–Na+ Ion‐Exchanged Eu3+‐Doped Sodium–Aluminosilicate Glasses
Authors: Li Longji , Yang Yong , Zhou Dacheng , Yang Zhengwen , Xu Xuhui , Qiu Jianbei
Published: December 2013

Europium‐doping sodium–aluminosilicate glasses are prepared by melt‐quenching method, in which europium ions were spontaneously reduced from their trivalent to divalent state. The silver was introduced into glasses by Ag+–Na+ ion exchange and the interactions between europium ions and silver species were investigated. Owing to energy transfer (ET) from Ag+/silver aggregates to Eu3+, significant enhancements of Eu3+ emission were observed for 285/350‐nm excitation, respectively. The divalent europium ions promote the formation of silver aggregates in the process of ion exchange.
Fabrication of a Novel Biocompatible Magnetic Biomaterial with Hyperthermia Potential
Authors: Karunamoorthi Rajavel , Suresh Kumar Govindan , Prasad Amresh Ishwar , Vatsa Rajesh Kumar , Thamizhavel Arumugum , Girija Easwaradas Kreedapathy
Published: December 2013

Preparation and characterization of a novel biocompatible magnetic biomaterial having hyperthermia potential is reported in this study. Fe3+ and Ni2+ (2:1) cosubstituted hydroxyapatite nanoparticles were synthesized by simple wet precipitation method followed by freeze‐drying which on heat treatment at 1150°C yielded the above mentioned biocompatible magnetic biomaterial composed of hydroxyapatite and β‐tricalcium phosphate along with nickel ferrite. The product was characterized by X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscope along with composition analysis. The magnetic behavior was analyzed by vibrating sample magnetometer and biocompatibility was assessed by testing the toxicity on Hela cells using MTT assay. The hyperthermia potential of the material was studied using induction heating. The prepared material has the potential to generate sufficient heat that could be easily controlled by magnetic field parameters and amount of sample. Hence, it can be a potential candidate for making implantable thermoseed for hyperthermia treatment.
Timing and tempo of evolutionary diversification in a biodiversity hotspot: Primulaceae on Indian Ocean islands
Authors: Strijk Joeri S. , Bone Ruth E. , Thébaud Christophe , Buerki Sven , Fritsch Peter W. , Hodkinson Trevor R. , Strasberg Dominique
Published: December 2013

Aim

We examined phylogenetic relationships and spatio‐temporal diversification in Indian Ocean Primulaceae, assessing correlations between speciation rates, geographical expansion and ecomorphological specialization.

Location

Madagascar and Indian Ocean Islands.

Methods

We conducted phylogenetic analyses with plastid and nuclear DNA sequences of Primulaceae using maximum likelihood and Bayesian algorithms, and estimated divergence times using a Bayesian relaxed molecular clock. Temporal changes in diversification rate and possible correlations with the biogeographical history of the group were examined. We performed parametric ancestral area reconstruction incorporating a stratified palaeogeographical model that reflects changes in terrestrial configuration and the presence of phytogeographical connections through time in the western Indian Ocean Basin. Shifts in diversification rate were compared with ancestral area assignments and divergence age estimates.

Results

Indian Ocean Primulaceae were recovered as monophyletic with a sister relationship to Asian Ardisia. Oncostemum, a genus confined to Madagascar and the Comoros, was resolved as paraphyletic by the inclusion of a monophyletic Mascarene Badula group consisting of single‐island endemics. We found evidence for diversification bursts early in the history of Indian Ocean Primulaceae that correspond closely to the sequence of dispersal and the appearance of newly formed Mascarene Islands. Age estimates suggest a dispersal to Rodrigues that is older than the estimated geological age of the island.

Main conclusions

Results suggest a Madagascan origin of Indian Ocean Primulaceae with subsequent dispersal to the Mascarenes in the middle to late Miocene, with initial establishment on either Mauritius or Rodrigues and subsequent stepping‐stone dispersal to the other two Mascarene islands within the last 2 Myr. Analyses suggest that diversification has slowed over time, with significant rate changes following dispersal to new geographical areas. Onset of diversification in species‐rich Oncostemum appears to have been recent, with major cladogenesis commencing in the early Pliocene.
The Age‐Related Hemodynamic Changes of Blood Pressure and Their Impact on the Incidence of Cardiovascular Disease and Stroke: New Evidence
Authors: Chrysant Steven G. , Chrysant George S.
Published: December 2013

There is a linear change in blood pressure (BP) with the advancement of age from predominantly diastolic BP (DBP) in the young to predominantly systolic BP (SBP) in the old. This change is caused by the stiffening of the large arteries and the loss of elastic recoil as a result of replacement of the elastic fibers with collagen fibers. The result of this ageing process leads to an increase in pulse wave velocity and widening of pulse pressure. These hemodynamic changes are associated with an increased incidence in cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and strokes. Recently, an inverse relationship with stroke risk was noted when the DBP was <71 mm Hg in persons older than 60 years. Accordingly, when treating SBP in the elderly, care should be taken not to lower the DBP below this level in order to minimize the risk for CVD and stoke.
Matrix metalloproteinases and myeloperoxidase in gingival crevicular fluid provide site‐specific diagnostic value for chronic periodontitis
Authors: Leppilahti Jussi M. , Hernández‐Ríos Patricia A. , Gamonal Jorge A. , Tervahartiala Taina , Brignardello‐Petersen Romina , Mantyla Paivi , Sorsa Timo , Hernández Marcela
Published: December 2013

Aim

To identify the diagnostic accuracy of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) candidate biomarkers to discriminate periodontitis from the inflamed and healthy sites, and to compare the performance of two independent matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐8 immunoassays.

Materials and Methods

Cross sectional study. GCF (N = 58 sites) was collected from healthy, gingivitis and chronic periodontitis volunteers and analysed for levels of azurocidin, chemokine ligand 5, MPO, TIMP‐1 MMP‐13 and MMP‐14 by ELISA or activity assays. MMP‐8 was assayed by immunofluorometric assay (IFMA) and ELISA. Statistical analysis was performed using linear mixed‐effects models and Bayesian statistics in R and Stata V11.

Results

MMP‐8, MPO, azurocidin and total MMP‐13 and MMP‐14 were higher in periodontitis compared to gingivitis and healthy sites (p < 0.05). A very high correlation between MPO and MMP‐8 was evident in the periodontitis group (r = 0.95, p < 0.0001). MPO, azurocidin and total levels of MMP‐8, MMP‐13 and MMP‐14 showed high diagnostic accuracy (≥0.90), but only MMP‐8 and MPO were significantly higher in the periodontitis versus gingivitis sites. MMP‐8 determined by IFMA correlated more strongly with periodontal status and showed higher diagnostic accuracy than ELISA.

Conclusions

MPO and collagenolytic MMPs are highly discriminatory biomarkers for site‐specific diagnosis of periodontitis. The comparison of two quantitative MMP‐8 methods demonstrated IFMA to be more accurate than ELISA.
Coronally advanced flap with and without connective tissue graft for the treatment of multiple gingival recessions: a comparative short‐ and long‐term controlled randomized clinical trial
Authors: Zucchelli Giovanni , Mounssif Ilham , Mazzotti Claudio , Stefanini Martina , Marzadori Matteo , Petracci Elisabetta , Montebugnoli Lucio
Published: December 2013

Aim

The aim of this study was to compare short‐ and long‐term root coverage and aesthetic outcomes of the coronally advanced flap (CAF) alone or in combination with a connective tissue graft (CTG) for the treatment of multiple gingival recessions.

Methods

Fifty patients with multiple (≥2) adjacent gingival recessions (≥2 mm) in the upper jaw were enrolled. Twenty‐five patients were randomly assigned to the control group (CAF), and the other 25 patients to the test group (CAF + CTG). Clinical outcomes were evaluated at 6 months, 1 and 5 years. The aesthetic evaluations were made 1 and 5 years after the surgery.

Results

No statistically significant difference was demonstrated between the two groups in terms of Rec Red and complete root coverage (CRC) at 6 months and 1 year. At 5 years, statistically greater recession reduction and probability of CRC, greater increase in buccal KTH and better contour evaluation made by an independent periodontist were observed in the CAF + CTG group. Better post‐operative course and better colour match were demonstrated in CAF‐treated patients both at 1 and 5 years.

Conclusions

CAF + CTG provided better CRC at 5 years; keloid formation due to graft exposure was responsible for the worse colour match evaluation.
Variation in male effects on female fecundity in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Tennant H. M. , Sonser E. E. , Long T. A. F.
Published: December 2013

In many species, males have the capacity to directly influence (either positively or negatively) the fitness of their mates and offspring, not only via parental care contributions and/or precopulatory resource provisioning, but also via the post‐copulatory activity of those substances passed on to their mates in their ejaculates. Here, we examine how an individual male's identity may be related to phenotypic variation in short‐term female fecundity in the model species, Drosophila melanogaster. The effect of male identity on short‐term fecundity stimulation of females was repeatable across time and accounted for over a fifth of the total observed phenotypic variation in fecundity in two independent populations. The functional explanations for these results and the implications for our understanding of the factors that contribute to the adaptive significance of mating preferences and/or sexual conflict are discussed.
Self‐processing of ribozyme‐flanked RNAs into guide RNAs in vitro and in vivo for CRISPR‐mediated genome editing
Authors: Gao Yangbin , Zhao Yunde
Published: December 2013

CRISPR/Cas9 uses a guide RNA (gRNA) molecule to execute sequence‐specific DNA cleavage and it has been widely used for genome editing in many organisms. Modifications at either end of the gRNAs often render Cas9/gRNA inactive. So far, production of gRNA in vivo has only been achieved by using the U6 and U3 snRNA promoters. However, the U6 and U3 promoters have major limitations such as a lack of cell specificity and unsuitability for in vitro transcription. Here, we present a versatile method for efficiently producing gRNAs both in vitro and in vivo. We design an artificial gene named RGR that, once transcribed, generates an RNA molecule with ribozyme sequences at both ends of the designed gRNA. We show that the primary transcripts of RGR undergo self‐catalyzed cleavage to generate the desired gRNA, which can efficiently guide sequence‐specific cleavage of DNA targets both in vitro and in yeast. RGR can be transcribed from any promoters and thus allows for cell‐ and tissue‐specific genome editing if appropriate promoters are chosen. Detecting mutations generated by CRISPR is often achieved by enzyme digestions, which are not very compatible with high‐throughput analysis. Our system allows for the use of universal primers to produce any gRNAs in vitro, which can then be used with Cas9 protein to detect mutations caused by the gRNAs/CRISPR. In conclusion, we provide a versatile method for generating targeted mutations in specific cells and tissues, and for efficiently detecting the mutations generated.
Oestradiol Alters Central 5‐HT1A Receptor Binding Potential Differences Related to Psychosocial Stress but not Differences Related to 5‐HTTLPR Genotype in Female Rhesus Monkeys
Authors: Michopoulos V. , Perez Diaz M. , Embree M. , Reding K. , Votaw J. R. , Mun J. , Voll R. J. , Goodman M. M. , Wilson M. , Sanchez M. , Toufexis D.
Published: December 2013

Social subordination in female macaques represents a well‐described model of chronic psychosocial stress. Additionally, a length polymorphism (5‐HTTLPR) in the regulatory region of the serotonin (5‐HT) transporter (5‐HTT) gene (SLC6A4) is present in rhesus macaques, which has been linked to adverse outcomes similar to that described in humans with an analogous 5‐HTTLPR polymorphism. The present study determined the effects of social status and the 5‐HTTLPR genotype on 5‐HT1A receptor binding potential (5‐HT1A BPND) in brain regions implicated in emotional regulation and stress reactivity in ovariectomised female monkeys, and then assessed how these effects were altered by 17β‐oestradiol (E2) treatment. Areas analysed included the prefrontal cortex [anterior cingulate (ACC); medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC); dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; orbitofrontal prefrontal cortex], amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus and raphe nucleui. Positron emission tomography using p‐[18F]MPPF was performed to determine the levels of 5‐HT1A BPND under a non‐E2 and a 3‐week E2 treatment condition. The short variant (s‐variant) 5‐HTTLPR genotype produced a significant reduction in 5‐HT1A BPND in the mPFC regardless of social status, and subordinate s‐variant females showed a reduction in 5‐HT1A BPND within the ACC. Both these effects of 5‐HTTLPR were unaffected by E2. Additionally, E2 reduced 5‐HT1A BPND in the dorsal raphe of all females irrespective of psychosocial stress or 5‐HTTLPR genotype. Hippocampal 5‐HT1A BPND was attenuated in subordinate females regardless of 5‐HTTLPR genotype during the non‐E2 condition, an effect that was normalised with E2. Similarly, 5‐HT1A BPND in the hypothalamus was significantly lower in subordinate females regardless of 5‐HTTLPR genotype, an effect reversed with E2. Taken together, the data indicate that the effect of E2 on modulation of central 5HT1A BPND may only occur in brain regions that show no 5‐HTTLPR genotype‐linked control of 5‐HT1A binding.
Multi‐Market Collusion with Demand Linkages and Antitrust Enforcement
Authors: Choi Jay Pil , Gerlach Heiko
Published: December 2013

This paper analyzes dynamic cartel formation and antitrust enforcement when firms operate in demand‐related markets. We show that cartel prosecution can have a knock‐on effect: bringing down a cartel in one market reduces profits and cartel stability and leads to the break‐up of the cartel in the adjacent market. Cartel prosecution can also have a waterbed effect: disrupting a cartel increases cartel stability in the adjacent market and induces cartel formation in previously competitive markets. We discuss the impact of dynamic cartel formation on consumer surplus, explore antitrust spillovers, the optimal scope of antitrust interventions and cartel formation with local firms.
Prevalence of whiplash trauma in TMD patients: a systematic review
Authors: Häggman‐Henrikson B. , Rezvani M. , List T.
Published: December 2013

The purpose of this systematic review was to describe the prevalence of whiplash trauma in patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) and to describe clinical signs and symptoms in comorbid TMD/whiplash compared with TMD localised to the facial region. A systematic literature search of the PubMed, Cochrane Library and Bandolier databases was carried out for articles published from 1 January 1966 to 31 December 2012. The systematic search identified 129 articles. After the initial screening of abstracts, 32 articles were reviewed in full text applying inclusion and exclusion criteria. Six studies on the prevalence of neck trauma in patients with TMD met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. Two of the authors evaluated the methodological quality of the included studies. The reported prevalence of whiplash trauma ranged from 8·4% to 70% (median 35%) in TMD populations, compared with 1·7–13% in the non‐TMD control groups. Compared with patients with TMD localised to the facial region, TMD patients with a history of whiplash trauma reported more TMD symptoms, such as limited jaw opening and more TMD pain, and also more headaches and stress symptoms. In conclusion, the prevalence of whiplash trauma is higher in patients with TMD compared with non‐TMD controls. Furthermore, patients with comorbid TMD/whiplash present with more jaw pain and more severe jaw dysfunction compared with TMD patients without a history of head–neck trauma. These results suggest that whiplash trauma might be an initiating and/or aggravating factor as well as a comorbid condition for TMD.
Antiplatelet drugs reduce the immunoinflammatory response in a rat model of periodontal disease
Authors: Coimbra L. S. , Steffens J. P. , Muscará M. N. , Rossa C. , Spolidorio L. C.
Published: December 2013

Background and Objective

After activation, platelets express mediators that modulate inflammation. We hypothesized that drug‐induced platelet inactivation may interfere in the inflammatory process in experimental periodontal disease by suppressing the release of biological mediators to the injury site.

Material and Methods

To evaluate the effects of antiplatelet drugs on experimental periodontal disease, 60 rats were randomly assigned to six groups (n = 10) and ligatures were placed around lower first molars in three groups. The other three groups were not subjected to the induction of periodontal disease and were used as negative controls. During the experimental period, animals were given aspirin (30 mg/kg) or clopidogrel (75 mg/kg) intragastrically once daily for 3 d. On day 3, they were killed and gingival tissue were used to evaluate myeloperoxidase activity and the expression of the chemokine CXCL4. Hemi‐mandibles were used for microscopic evaluation.

Results

Clopidogrel significantly reduced the inflammatory infiltrate and increased the amount of collagen fibers. Histometric analysis showed that clopidogrel impaired alveolar bone loss. Expression of CXCL4 was significantly increased (p < 0.001) in rats subjected to periodontal disease. Systemic administration of aspirin and clopidogrel induced a significant decrease ( p < 0.05) in the expression of CXCL4. Treatment with antiplatelet drugs resulted in a significant reduction of myeloperoxidase activity when compared to saline‐treated animals with periodontal disease.

Conclusion

Clopidogrel but not aspirin showed the ability of preventing bone loss in experimental periodontitis.
The relationship between matrix metalloproteinases (MMP‐3, ‐8, ‐9) in serum and peripheral lymphocytes (CD8+,CD56+) in Down syndrome children with gingivitis
Authors: Tsilingaridis G. , Yucel‐Lindberg T. , Concha Quezada H. , Modéer T.
Published: December 2013

Background and Objective

Altered immune response may be a major contributor to periodontal disease in Down syndrome. This study investigated the relationship between peripheral lymphocytes and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in serum in Down syndrome children with gingivitis.

Material and Methods

Children with Down syndrome (n = 10) and healthy controls (n = 10) were clinically and radiographically examined during dental treatment under general anaesthesia. Peripheral blood and gingival crevicular fluid were collected from each subject and concentrations were determined: serumMMP‐2, ‐3, ‐8 and ‐9; serum tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP) ‐1, ‐2 and ‐3; andgingival crevicular fluid. Leukocytes were isolated from peripheral blood and the relative amounts (%) of the various cell phenotypes were analysed using flow cytometry. In addition, peripheral blood cells were treated withPorphyromonas gingivalislipopolysaccharide and levels ofMMPs andTIMPs measured.

Results

Concentrations ofMMP‐3,MMP‐8 andTIMP‐1 in serum were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the Down syndrome group compared to the controls. When peripheral blood leukocytes were cultured in the presence or absence ofP. gingivalislipopolysaccharide,MMP‐8 levels were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the Down syndrome group compared to controls. Children with Down syndrome exhibited significant positive correlations betweenCD8+T cells andMMP‐8 (r = 0.630;p = 0.050), betweenCD8+T cells andMMP‐9 (r = 0.648;p = 0.043), and betweenCD56+NKcells andMMP‐3 (r = 0.828;p = 0.003) compared to controls.

Conclusions

The positive relationship of serumMMP‐3, ‐8 and ‐9 with immune cells in children with Down syndrome may facilitate migration ofCD8+T cells andCD56+NKcells into the periodontal tissue, which may contribute to the increased degradation of periodontal tissue in individuals with Down syndrome.
Iron status and C‐reactive protein in canine leishmaniasis
Authors: Silvestrini P. , Zoia A. , Planellas M. , Roura X. , Pastor J. , Cerón J. J. , Caldin M.
Published: December 2013

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the iron status, its relationship with C‐reactive protein and the prognostic value of both in canine leishmaniasis.

METHOD

Eighty‐six dogs with leishmaniasis and two control groups (healthy dogs and dogs with diseases other than leishmaniasis) were selected. Iron status indicators and C‐reactive protein were compared between the three groups. Correlations between C‐reactive protein and iron, ferritin and total iron‐binding capacity were evaluated in dogs with leishmaniasis. Iron, total iron‐binding capacity and ferritin were compared between dogs stratified according to similar C‐reactive protein concentrations. The mortality rate at 30 days post‐diagnosis was compared between groups. Iron status indicators and C‐reactive protein were compared between survivors and non‐survivors.

RESULTS

Dogs with leishmaniasis had lower iron and total iron‐binding capacity and higher ferritin and C‐reactive protein. There was a significant but low correlation of C‐reactive protein with iron, ferritin and total iron‐binding capacity. Dogs with leishmaniasis had decreased iron and total iron‐binding capacity and increased ferritin compared to other ill patients with similar C‐reactive protein concentrations. Mortality was not significantly different between groups but non‐survivor dogs with leishmaniasis had higher C‐reactive protein and lower total iron‐binding capacity.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

Inflammation contributes to the iron status alterations found in canine leishmaniasis but other mechanisms are likely involved. Low total iron‐binding capacity and increased C‐reactive protein are risk factors for outcome in canine leishmaniasis.
Probiotic gut effect prevents the chronic psychological stress‐induced brain activity abnormality in mice
Authors: Ait‐Belgnaoui A. , Colom A. , Braniste V. , Ramalho L. , Marrot A. , Cartier C. , Houdeau E. , Theodorou V. , Tompkins T.
Published: December 2013

Background

A probiotic formulation (Lactobacillus helveticus R0052 and Bifidobacterium longum R0175 combination, Probio'Stick®) displays anxiolytic‐like activity and reduces apoptosis in the lymbic system in animal models of depression. Based on the hypothesis that modulation of gut microbiota by this probiotic formulation has beneficial effects on brain activity in stress conditions, we report a set of probiotic‐evoked physiological, cellular, and molecular events in the brain of Probio'Stick® pretreated mice submitted to chronic psychological stress.

Methods

Water avoidance stress (WAS) was applied or not (sham). Hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis and autonomic nervous system (ANS) responses to the chronic stress were assessed through plasma corticosterone and catecholamine measurements. Specific markers for neuronal activity, neurogenesis, and synaptic plasticity were used to assess brain activity. In addition, gut permeability and tight junction (TJ) proteins levels were also determinated.

Key Results

We observed that a pretreatment with the probiotic formulation attenuated HPA axis and ANS activities in response to WAS, and reduced cFos expression in different brain areas but Lactobacillus salivarius (a negative control) treatment was ineffective on these parameters. Moreover, probiotic pretreatment prevented the WAS‐induced decrease hippocampal neurogenesis and expression changes in hypothalamic genes involved in synaptic plasticity. These central effects were associated with restoration of TJ barrier integrity in stressed mice.

Conclusions & Inferences

These data suggest that chronic stress‐induced abnormal brain plasticity and reduction in neurogenesis can be prevented by a pretreatment with the Probio'Stick® formulation, suggesting that probiotics modulate neuroregulatory factors and various signaling pathways in the central nervous system involved in stress response.
End‐of‐Dose Pain in Chronic Pain: Does it Vary with the Use of Different Long‐Acting Opioids?
Authors: Zimmermann Michael , Richarz Ute
Published: December 2013

A large percentage of patients with chronic pain on around‐the‐clock (ATC) opioids may experience increased pain occurring at the end of a scheduled dose, also known as end‐of‐dose pain. Despite the significant prevalence and impact of end‐of‐dose pain in patients using extended‐release (ER) opioids, there are no detailed analyses examining how the frequency of end‐of‐dose pain is linked to the formulations of long‐acting opioids. Consequently, we performed a systematic review to evaluate how many published studies on patients with chronic cancer or noncancer pain identified end‐of‐dose pain. As only a few studies mentioned end‐of‐dose pain explicitly, we used breakthrough pain (BTP) as a surrogate parameter. We determined if any opioid formulation had a greater association with the frequency of BTP, the use of rescue medication for BTP, and the frequency of end‐of‐dose pain. Of the 39 studies entered in the final analysis, 14 studies across different formulations showed that ER opioids were effective in the prevention of BTP. The opioids most frequently studied were hydromorphone (26%), followed by morphine (23%), and transdermal buprenorphine (23%). Only 5% of the studies used immediate‐release preparations. Overall, most studies showed that patients using ER preparations experienced fewer episodes of BTP compared with patients on placebo or an active comparator. This could reflect the favorable duration of action of these opioids compared with short‐acting formulations. Future studies should examine the incidence of end‐of‐dose pain and use of rescue medicine in a longitudinal manner in patients with chronic pain taking short‐ vs. long‐acting ATC opioids.
High‐dose chemotherapy followed by autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation for recurrent primary mediastinal malignant germ cell tumor: A case report
Authors: Keino Dai , Kondoh Kensuke , Murata Shunsuke , Ohyama Ryo , Morimoto Mizuho , Muto Shinji , Fukuda Miho , Wakisaka Munechika , Kitagawa Hiroaki , Kinoshita Akitoshi
Published: December 2013

A 15‐yr‐old boy presented with an anterior mediastinal mass, multiple lung metastases and obstruction of the left brachiocephalic vein, the superior vena cava and the subclavian vein. Tumor biopsy by CT guidance confirmed a diagnosis of GCT. Five courses of BEP therapy were performed, and CT of the chest revealed reduction in the anterior mediastinal mass and disappearance of the multiple lung metastases. We performed the anterior mediastinal mass extraction followed by adjuvant chemotherapy consisting of ICE and TIP. However, the AFP levels became elevated soon after. Abnormal accumulation was observed in the right upper lung by DW‐MRI. After the operation, two courses of TI chemotherapy and two courses of HDCT followed by auto‐PBSCT were performed. He was complicated with auditory disorder and renal dysfunction. Although HDCT followed by auto‐PBSCT was effective for the relapsed primary mediastinal GCT, a treatment strategy avoiding late complications is warranted.
Intestinal transplantation in children with multiple intestinal atresias and immunodeficiency
Authors: Fischer Ryan T. , Friend Brian , Talmon Geoffrey A. , Grant Wendy J. , Quiros‐Tejeira Ruben E. , Langnas Alan N. , Coccia Peter F.
Published: December 2013

GVHD has been reported in 8–10% of children after small bowel transplant (SBTx). Immunodeficient children may be predisposed to aggressive, steroid‐resistant GVHD. There exists a unique association of immunodeficiency in children with MIA (MIAI). We report on our SBTx experience in patients with the diagnosis of MIAI, their high incidence of GVHD, and the possible role of stem cell transplantation in these patients. We performed a review of records from children that underwent SBTx or that we evaluated for SBTx at our institution. We focused on the diagnoses of atresia, multiple intestinal atresia, immunodeficiency, and GVHD in our patient population. Children with MIAI are likely to experience severe GVHD following SBTx. MIAI correlated with a 100% incidence of GVHD in these patients. Of the five patients with MIAI that underwent SBTx, three succumbed to severe GVHD within 1–6 months after SBTx. One patient received stem cell transplant prior to SBTx and did not develop severe GVHD, but died from influenza nine months after SBTx. Our unique patient survives long‐term, with engraftment of donor γ δ T cells. He has mild, persistent chronic GVHD. Atresia is a common referral diagnosis for SBTx. Patients with multiple atresias, especially MIAI, are at significant risk for the complication of GVHD following SBTx. We recommend careful immunologic assessment and antecedent stem cell transplant in children with MIAI prior to SBTx.
p‐Coumaroyl‐CoA:monolignol transferase (PMT) acts specifically in the lignin biosynthetic pathway in Brachypodium distachyon
Authors: Petrik Deborah L. , Karlen Steven D. , Cass Cynthia L. , Padmakshan Dharshana , Lu Fachuang , Liu Sarah , Le Bris Philippe , Antelme Sébastien , Santoro Nicholas , Wilkerson Curtis G. , Sibout Richard , Lapierre Catherine , Ralph John , Sedbrook John C.
Published: December 2013

Grass lignins contain substantial amounts of p‐coumarate (pCA) that acylate the side‐chains of the phenylpropanoid polymer backbone. An acyltransferase, named p‐coumaroyl‐CoA:monolignol transferase (OsPMT), that could acylate monolignols with pCA in vitro was recently identified from rice. In planta, such monolignol‐pCA conjugates become incorporated into lignin via oxidative radical coupling, thereby generating the observed pCA appendages; however p‐coumarates also acylate arabinoxylans in grasses. To test the authenticity of PMT as a lignin biosynthetic pathway enzyme, we examined Brachypodium distachyon plants with altered BdPMT gene function. Using newly developed cell wall analytical methods, we determined that the transferase was involved specifically in monolignol acylation. A sodium azide‐generated Bdpmt‐1 missense mutant had no (<0.5%) residual pCA on lignin, and BdPMT RNAi plants had levels as low as 10% of wild‐type, whereas the amounts of pCA acylating arabinosyl units on arabinoxylans in these PMT mutant plants remained unchanged. pCA acylation of lignin from BdPMT‐overexpressing plants was found to be more than three‐fold higher than that of wild‐type, but again the level on arabinosyl units remained unchanged. Taken together, these data are consistent with a defined role for grass PMT genes in encoding BAHD (BEAT, AHCT, HCBT, and DAT) acyltransferases that specifically acylate monolignols with pCA and produce monolignol p‐coumarate conjugates that are used for lignification in planta.
COMPARISON OF DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHY, ULTRASONOGRAPHY, AND POSITIVE CONTRAST VAGINOURETHROGRAPHY FOR DETERMINING REPRODUCTIVE STATUS OF FEMALE CATS
Authors: Woodland Meghan , Pack LeeAnn , Rist Paul , Crane Bronwyn
Published: December 2013

It is not always possible to identify female cats that have undergone previous ovariohysterectomy based on physical examination alone. An easy, cost‐effective method for screening female cats for reproductive status would be helpful for avoiding unnecessary exploratory laparotomies. The purpose of this prospective study was to compare diagnostic sensitivities of digital radiography, ultrasonography, and positive contrast vaginourethrography for determining reproductive status in female cats. Sixty‐seven recently euthanized female cats of unknown medical history and reproductive status were randomly selected and included in the study. Digital abdominal radiography, digital abdominal radiography with compression, abdominal ultrasonography, and positive contrast vaginourethrography were performed in sequence by a board‐certified veterinary radiologist and a second‐year radiology resident. Immediately following diagnostic imaging procedures, necropsy was performed. Ultrasonography of the uterus had the highest sensitivity (86%) for determining reproductive status of all the imaging modalities tested. The specificity was 88%, and the positive predictive value and negative predictive value were 96% and 68%, respectively. The calculated sensitivities and specificities of other modalities were as follows: digital radiographs (28%, 100%), digital compression radiographs (58%, 100%), and vaginourethrography (32%, 100%). Based on McNemar's test statistic, there was a significant difference in the sensitivity of ultrasound compared to digital radiographs (P ≤ 0.05), compression radiographs (P ≤ 0.05), and vaginourethrogram (P ≤ 0.05). Findings from the current study indicated that ultrasonography is a sensitive diagnostic test for determining reproductive status in female cats. Although more readily available in private practice and shelters, digital radiography and vaginourethrography are not reliable predictors of reproductive status.
Step-Rate Thresholds for Physical Activity Intensity in Persons With Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Agiovlasitis Stamatis , Motl Robert W.
Published: December 2013

This study examined whether the relationship between metabolic equivalent units (METs) and step-rate is altered in persons with multiple sclerosis (MS) and developed step-rate thresholds for activity intensity for these persons. Participants were 24 persons with MS (20 women; age = 44 ± 12) and 24 healthy persons without MS (20 women; age = 41 ± 11). The MS group was divided using the 12-item MS Walking Scale (MSWS-12) into two walking impairment subgroups: (a) minimal (n = 13, MSWS-12 ≤ 12.5) and (b) mild-moderate (n = 11, MSWS-12 > 12.5). METs were measured with spirometry and step-rate with hand-tally. Steprate, height, group, the step-rate by group interaction, and the square of step-rate significantly predicted METs. At a given height, the step-rate thresholds at 3 and 6 METs were lower for persons with minimal impairment than persons without MS and even lower for persons with mild-moderate impairment. The relationship between METs and step-rate is altered in persons with MS, lowering their step-rate thresholds for activity intensity, especially for persons with MS who have higher levels of walking impairment.