bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A novel technique of non‐invasive ventilation: Pharyngeal oxygen with nose‐closure and abdominal‐compression—Aid for pediatric flexible bronchoscopy
Authors: Soong Wen‐Jue , Jeng Mei‐Jy , Lee Yu‐Sheng , Tsao Pei‐Chen , Harloff Morgan , Matthew Soong Yen‐Hui
Published: March 2014

Objective

To evaluate the safety, feasibility and efficacy of a novel non‐invasive ventilation (NIV) technique—pharyngeal oxygen with nose‐closure and abdominal‐compression (PhO2‐NC‐AC)—to aid pediatric flexible bronchoscopy (FB).

Design

A prospective 1 year study of patients who received FB. A basic PhO2 flow (0.5–1.0 L/kg/min, maximal 5.0 L/min) was routinely applied. Active NIV was initiated when the heart rate dropped <80 beats/min or desaturation was <80% for >10 sec. It was performed as follows: NC 1 sec for inspiration then released, followed by AC 1 sec for active expiration at a rate of 20–30 cycles/min until vital signs returned to acceptable levels for >10 sec. When the patients were stable, supplementary NIV was optionally given. Cardiopulmonary parameters were collected and analyzed.

Measurements and Main Results

Three hundred thirty‐seven FBs, including 188 therapeutic, were conducted in 286 patients with a mean age of 18.3 months (±14.4, 10 min to 12 years) and a mean body weight of 13.5 kg (±6.7, 0.5–35 kg). Three hundred thirty‐three active NIVs were executed with a mean duration of 87.8 sec (±40.4, 28–190 sec). A significantly longer FB duration (33.2 ± 16.7 min vs. 7.2 ± 2.8 min, P < 0.001) and a higher application rate of active NIV (1.44/FB vs. 0.42/FB) were noted in the therapeutic compared to the diagnostic group. Vital signs and blood gases (35 cases) improved rapidly and returned to baseline within 3 min. All FBs were safely and successfully completed without significant complications.

Conclusions

PhO2‐NC‐AC is a simple, safe and effective NIV technique for respiratory support and rescue during various pediatric FB procedures. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2015; 50:568–575. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Crack‐free GaN grown by using maskless epitaxial lateral overgrowth on Si substrate with thin SiC intermediate layer
Authors: Fang H. , Katagiri M. , Miyake H. , Hiramatsu K. , Oku H. , Asamura H. , Kawamura K.
Published: March 2014

With 100‐nm‐thick 3C‐SiC intermediate layer, GaN layer of relative high quality was obtained on Si substrate by using a maskless epitaxial lateral overgrowth (ELO). The three‐dimensional growth of maskless ELO process was investigated with wafer reflectance collected during growth. Low temperature cathodoluminescence observation confirmed the improvement of the GaN quality by ELO. An AlN interlayer was used to prevent crack of the GaN epilayer. As a result, the as‐grown GaN layer shows a crack‐free surface with long atomic steps. The threading dislocation density is lower than 1 × 109 cm−2 in GaN layer underneath AlN interlayer.
Effects of growth temperature on nonpolar a‐plane InN grown by molecular beam epitaxy
Authors: Rajpalke Mohana K. , Roul Basanta , Bhat Thirumaleshwara N. , Kumar Mahesh , Sinha Neeraj , Jali V. M. , Krupanidhi S. B.
Published: March 2014

Nonpolar a‐plane InN films were grown on r‐plane sapphire substrate by plasma assisted molecular beam epitaxy with GaN underlayer. Effect of growth temperature on structural, morphological, and optical properties has been studied. The growth of nonpolar a‐plane (1 1 ‐2 0) orientation was confirmed by high resolution X‐ray diffraction study. The film grown at 500 °C shows better crystallinity with the rocking curve FWHM 0.67° and 0.85° along [0 0 0 1] and [1 ‐1 0 0] directions, respectively. Scanning electron micrograph shows formation of Indium droplets at higher growth temperature. Room tem‐perature absorption spectra show growth temperature dependent band gap variation from 0.74–0.81 eV, consistent with the expected Burstein–Moss effect. The rectifying behaviour of the I–V curve indicates the existence of Schottky barrier at the InN and GaN interface. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Characterization of undoped and Si‐doped bulk GaN fabricated by hydride vapor phase epitaxy
Authors: Wang Baozhu , Yu Pingping , Kucukgok Bahadir , Melton Andrew G. , Lu Na , Ferguson Ian T.
Published: March 2014

In this study, the optical, structural, electrical and thermoelectric properties of undoped and Si‐doped bulk GaN samples are investigated. The room temperature PL near band emission peaks of undoped and Si‐doped bulk GaN samples are 3.414 eV and 3.402 eV. The undoped and Si‐doped bulk GaN samples’ PL spectra have different defect emission bands which are green band and red band with the maximum at 2.4 eV and 2.0 eV, respectively. At low temperature, the PL spectrum of undoped bulk GaN has well‐defined excitonic emission lines, A0X, D0X, FXA (n = 1, 2), while the PL spectrum of Si‐doped bulk GaN has just broad emission peaks at the similar energy level. The low temperature PL spectra of both undoped and Si‐doped samples clearly show the first, second and third longitudinal‐optical phonon (1 LO, 2 LO and 3 LO) replicas. There are no donor‐acceptor pairs and electron‐acceptors’ emission in the PL spectra of the samples. The temperature dependence PL spectra of undoped GaN samples shows that the intensity ratio of the FXA to D0X decreases with the increase of the temperature. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) of D0X emission is about 4.7 meV. The carrier density of the undoped and Si‐doped bulk GaN are 4.58 × 1015 and 2.41 × 1018 cm–‐3, and the mobility of the undoped and Si‐doped bulk GaN are 1050 and 286 cm2V–1s–1. The FWHM of (0002) X‐ray diffraction rocking curve are 54 arcsec and 95 arcsec for the undoped and Si‐doped bulk GaN samples. The power factors of the undoped GaN sample and the Si‐doped GaN sample are 0.315 × 10–4W/mK2 and 0.35495 × 10–4 W/mK2, respectively. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Perspective on natural orbital functional theory
Authors: Piris Mario , Ugalde Jesus M.
Published: March 2014

The natural orbital functional (NOF) theory is briefly reviewed. The meaning of the top‐down and bottom‐up approaches for the construction of a NOF is analyzed. A particular reconstruction of the two‐particle reduced density matrix (2‐RDM) based on the cumulant expansion is discussed. The cumulant is expressed by two auxiliary matrices, which are constrained to certain bounds due to the N‐representabilty conditions of the 2‐RDM. Appropriate forms of these matrices lead to different implementations known in the literature as PNOFi (i = 1–5). The strengths and weaknesses of PNOF5 are assessed. Its main strength is its ability to deal with the intrapair electron correlation at a reasonable computational cost. Its main limitation is the absence of the interpair electron correlation. The inclusion of the missing correlation via a multiconfigurational perturbation theory is shortly described. The growing interest in methods based on NOF theory points to a promising future in this field. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Authenticated key exchange with synchronized state
Authors: Yang Zheng , Guo Fei
Published: March 2014

We study the problem on how to either prevent identity impersonation (IDI) attacks or limit its consequences by on‐line detecting previously unidentified IDI attacks, where IDI attacks are normally caused by the leakage of identity related long‐term key. Such problem has, up until now, lacked a provably good solution. We deal with this problem through the scenario on authenticated key exchange with synchronized state (AKESS). This work provides a security model for AKESS, in which we particularly formalize the security of synchronized state based on indistinguishability. We propose a two party execution state synchronization framework for symmetric case, based on which we propose a generic compiler for AKESS protocols. Our goal is to transform any existing passively secure KE protocols to AKESS protocols using synchronized state, without any modification on those KE protocols. The new generic compiler is probably secure in the standard model under standard assumptions. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fast anomaly detection using Boxplot rule for multivariate data in cooperative wideband cognitive radio in the presence of jammer
Authors: Moumena Ahmed , Guessoum Abdelrezzak
Published: March 2014

This work presents a new centralized cooperative compressive spectrum sensing scheme for wideband cognitive radios (CRs), which combines intelligent graphical Boxplot rule detector and compressive sampling technique. The received signal at each CR sensing receiver in the presence of jamming attack signal and adding white Gaussian noise is transformed into a digital signal using an analog‐to‐information converter via random‐demodulator. The proposed approach consists of the anomaly detection using Boxplot rule technique applied to the compressed measurements obtained from each CR user collected in matrix form called sampling matrix. Cooperation among CR users allows the CR users to detect anomalies or attacks in the presence of noise and jamming attack signal. Furthermore, as an important solution, cooperation makes it possible between all CRs to sample more compressively at every CR, that is, every CR user gives minimum number of samples denoted by Ns. Two hypotheses are proposed in this paper H0 and H1 to know if there is anomalies problem using one of the robust graphical techniques. The results show that the proposed technique performs well in addition to its low complexity. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An improved and provable remote user authentication scheme based on elliptic curve cryptosystem with user anonymity
Authors: Xu Lili , Wu Fan
Published: March 2014

Recently, Li proposed an authenticated key exchange (AKE) scheme based on elliptic curve cryptosystem with smart cards in two versions. We point out that the two versions of Li's scheme are not secure and then we present an improved authentication scheme to overcome general disadvantages. Also, we deem that the notion of forward security is old for modern AKE schemes based on smart cards and enhance it as strong forward security. We prove that our scheme is secure with a formal security model containing the feature of strong forward security. Then, via the concrete security analysis and comparison, our scheme resists common attacks and has general security characters. Compared with other schemes, our scheme has low time, storage, and communication cost. It is suitable for communicating applications in network. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lipid Bilayers on a Picoliter Microdroplet Array for Rapid Fluorescence Detection of Membrane Transport
Authors: Tonooka Taishi , Sato Koji , Osaki Toshihisa , Kawano Ryuji , Takeuchi Shoji
Published: March 2014

This paper describes picoliter‐sized lipid bilayer chambers and their theoretical model for the rapid detection of membrane transport. To prepare the chambers, semispherical aqueous droplets are patterned on a hydrophilic/hydrophobic substrate and then brought into contact with another aqueous droplet in lipid‐dispersed organic solvent, resulting in the formation of the lipid bilayers on the semispherical droplets. The proposed method implements the lipid bilayer chambers with 25‐fold higher ratio of lipid membrane area (S) to chamber volume (V) compared to the previous spherical droplet chambers. Using these chambers, we are able to trace the time‐course of Ca2+ influx through α‐hemolysin pores by a fluorescent indicator. Moreover, we confirm that the detection time of the substrate transport is inversely proportional to the S/V ratio of the developed chambers, which is consistent with the simulation results based on the developed model. Our chambers and model might be useful for rapid functional analyses of membrane transport phenomena.
Hierarchical 3D SERS Substrates Fabricated by Integrating Photolithographic Microstructures and Self‐Assembly of Silver Nanoparticles
Authors: Zhang Qi , Lee Yih Hong , Phang In Yee , Lee Choon Keong , Ling Xing Yi
Published: March 2014

Most of the surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates are 2D planar systems, which limits the SERS active area to a single Cartesian plane. Here, we fabricate 3D SERS substrates with the aim to break the traditional 2D SERS active area limitation, and to extend the SERS hotspots into the third dimension along the z‐axis. Our 3D SERS substrates are tailored with increased SERS hotspots in the z‐direction from tens of nanometers to tens of micrometers, increasing the hotspots in the z‐direction by at least an order of magnitude larger than the confocal volume (∼1 μm) of most Raman spectrometers. Various hierarchical 3D SERS‐active microstructures are fabricated by combining 3D laser photolithography with Langmuir‐Blodgett nanoparticle assembly. 3D laser photolithography creates microstructured platforms required to extend the SERS‐active area into 3D, and the self‐assembly of Ag nanoparticles ensures homogeneous coating of SERS‐active Ag nanoparticles over the entire microstructured platforms. Large‐area 3D Raman imaging demonstrates that homogeneous signals can be collected throughout the entire 3D SERS substrates. We vary the morphology, height, and inclination angles of the 3D microstructures, where the inclination angle is found to exhibit strong influence on the SERS signals. We also demonstrate a potential application of this hierarchical 3D SERS substrate in information tagging, storage and encryption as SERS micro‐barcodes, where multiple micro‐barcodes can be created within a single set of microstructures.
UNICORN: a unified approach for localizing non‐deadlock concurrency bugs
Authors: Park Sangmin , Vuduc Richard , Harrold Mary Jean
Published: March 2014

UNICORN is an automated dynamic pattern‐detection‐based technique that finds and ranks problematic memory access patterns for non‐deadlock concurrency bugs. It monitors pairs of memory accesses, combines the pairs into problematic patterns and ranks the patterns by their suspiciousness scores. It detects significant classes of bug types, including order violations and both single‐variable and multivariable atomicity violations, which have been shown to be the most important classes of non‐deadlock concurrency bugs. This paper describes the UNICORN approach, its implementations in Java and C++, and evaluates these implementations empirically. The evaluation shows that UNICORN can effectively compute and rank the patterns that represent concurrency bugs, and perform computation and ranking with reasonable efficiency. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Deferrable load scheduling under imperfect data communication channel
Authors: Dong Qiumin , Niyato Dusit , Wang Ping , Han Zhu
Published: March 2014

In smart grid, the real‐time pricing is implemented to motivate power consumers to change their consumption profile dynamically. With the real‐time pricing, a deferrable load can be scheduled by its scheduler optimally so that the power consumption cost will be minimized. However, when the data communication in smart grid suffers from interference, congestion, malfunction in devices, or even cyber attack, it is possible that the power price information cannot be transmitted successfully to the scheduler. As a result, the scheduling performance will be negatively affected by the suboptimal decision‐making because of incomplete power price information. To overcome this problem, a partially observable Markov decision process based deferrable load scheduling algorithm is proposed. Besides, the implementation of a standby alternative channel with the purpose to improve the reliability of the data communication in smart grid is also discussed in this paper. The numerical results show that the proposed partially observable Markov decision process based algorithm and the implementation of standby channel can effectively improve the scheduling performance when the scheduler lacks actual price information. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Four decades of multiyear targets in energy policy: aspirations or credible commitments?
Authors: Nemet Gregory F. , Braden Peter , Cubero Ed , Rimal Bickey
Published: March 2014

A look at the past 40 years of U.S. energy policy provides ample evidence of volatility, including rapidly changing budgets, moving targets, and shifting incentives. Changing policy too often is a serious criticism because systemic inertia—for example, due to the long lifetimes of capital stock and to the atmospheric residence time of CO2—implies a need for persistence in order to achieve social goals. Further, a pattern of failing to meet objectives may reduce the credibility of future targets, and thus reduce the incentives for investment and behavioral change. But changing policy has benefits as well: it allows for adaptive management, experimentation, policy learning, and assimilation of new information. Assembling data on the effectiveness, duration, and ambition of 63 energy policy initiatives with targets ≥5 years, we find: targets were met 64–77% of the time; median duration to target was 12 years; and median rate of change was 2% per year. Significant predictors of success in meeting targets are enforcement, duration, and ambition. These determinants are robust across multiple specifications and definitions of ambition and success. We find a significant decline in ambition over time. Binding targets are much more likely to be met than nonbinding ones, but discretionary clauses completely offset the effect of enforceable penalties on the likelihood of target attainment. WIREs Energy Environ 2014, 3:522–533. doi: 10.1002/wene.116

This article is categorized under:

Energy Policy and Planning > Economics and Policy

Energy Policy and Planning > Climate and Environment
Polymeric nanoparticles for molecular imaging
Authors: Srikar R. , Upendran Anandhi , Kannan Raghuraman
Published: March 2014

Conventional imaging technologies (X‐ray computed tomography, magnetic resonance, and optical) depend on contrast agents to visualize a target site or organ of interest. The imaging agents currently used in clinics for diagnosis suffer from disadvantages including poor target specificity and in vivo instability. Consequently, delivery of low concentrations of contrast agents to region of interest affects image quality. Therefore, it is important to selectively deliver high payload of contrast agent to obtain clinically useful images. Nanoparticles offer multifunctional capabilities to transport high concentrations of imaging probes selectively to diseased site inside the body. Polymeric nanoparticles, incorporated with contrast agents, have shown significant benefits in molecular imaging applications. These materials possess the ability to encapsulate different contrast agents within a single matrix enabling multimodal imaging possibilities. The materials can be surface conjugated to target‐specific biomolecules for controlling the navigation under in vivo conditions. The versatility of this class of nanomaterials makes them an attractive platform for developing highly sensitive molecular imaging agents. The research community's progress in the area of synthesis of polymeric nanomaterials and their in vivo imaging applications has been noteworthy, but it is still in the pioneer stage of development. The challenges ahead should focus on the design and fabrication of these materials including burst release of contrasts agents, solubility, and stability issues of polymeric nanomaterials.

This article is categorized under:

Diagnostic Tools > Diagnostic Nanodevices

Diagnostic Tools > In Vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging
A proof on eigenfrequencies of a special linear vibration system
Authors: Weber W. , Anders B. , Müller P.C.
Published: March 2014

In this contribution the eigenfrequencies of a special linear vibration system are investigated. Based on the properties of the corresponding mass and stiffness matrices of the chain structured mass‐spring vibration system with arbitrary n degrees of freedom an algebraic proof for the determination of the eigenfrequencies is given.
Emergence of Financial Intermediaries in Electronic Markets: The Case of Online P2P Lending
Authors: Berger Sven C. , Gleisner Fabian
Published: March 2014

We analyze the role of intermediaries in electronic markets using detailed data of more than 14,000 originated loans on an electronic P2P (peer-to-peer) lending platform. In such an electronic credit market, lenders bid to supply a private loan. Screening of potential borrowers and the monitoring of loan repayment can be delegated to designated group leaders. We find that these market participants act as financial intermediaries and significantly improve borrowers’ credit conditions by reducing information asymmetries, predominantly for borrowers with less attractive risk characteristics. Our findings may be surprising given the replacement of a bank by an electronic marketplace.
The Role of Adrenal Scintigraphy in the Diagnosis of Subclinical Cushing’s Syndrome and the Prediction of Post‐surgical Hypoadrenalism
Authors: Ricciato Maria Pia , Di Donna Vincenzo , Perotti Germano , Pontecorvi Alfredo , Bellantone Rocco , Corsello Salvatore M.
Published: March 2014

Background

Management of subclinical Cushing’s syndrome (SCS) remains controversial; it is not possible to predict which patients would benefit from adrenalectomy. In the present study we aimed to evaluate the role of adrenocortical scintigraphy (ACS) in the management of patients with SCS.

Methods

The medical records of 33 consecutive patients with adrenal “incidentaloma” and proven or suspected SCS who underwent 131I‐19‐iodocholesterol ACS between 2004 and 2010 were reviewed. Sixteen underwent laparoscopic adrenalectomy (surgical group—S‐group) and 17 were medically managed (medical group—M‐group). Follow‐up evaluation was obtained by outpatient consultation.

Results

Overall 25 patients (15 in the S‐group and 10 in the M‐group) had concordant unilateral uptake at ACS (ACS+). In the S‐group, the mean follow‐up duration was 30.9 ± 16.1 months and, irrespective of the presence of hormonal diagnosis of SCS, in patients who were ACS+ adrenalectomy resulted in a significant increase in HDL cholesterol and decreases in body mass index, glycemia, and blood pressure (BP). One patient reduced antihypertensive medication and three others were able to discontinue it altogether. Prolonged postoperative hypoadrenalism (PH) occurred in 14 patients in the S‐group. The overall accuracy in predicting PH was 93.7 % for ACS and 68.7 % for laboratory findings. In the M‐group, the mean follow‐up duration was 31.5 ± 26.3 months and no patient developed overt Cushing’s syndrome, although ACS+ patients experienced a worsening in glycemia and diastolic BP.

Conclusions

Adrenal scintigraphy seems the most accurate diagnostic test for SCS. It is able to predict the metabolic outcome and the occurrence of PH, identifying the patients who could benefit from adrenalectomy irrespective of hormonal diagnosis.
Informing the Gestalt: An Ethical Framework for Allocating Scarce Federal Public Health and Medical Resources to States During Disasters
Authors: Knebel Ann R. , Sharpe Virginia A. , Danis Marion , Toomey Lauren M. , Knickerbocker Deborah K.
Published: March 2014

During catastrophic disasters, government leaders must decide how to efficiently and effectively allocate scarce public health and medical resources. The literature about triage decision making at the individual patient level is substantial, and the National Response Framework provides guidance about the distribution of responsibilities between federal and state governments. However, little has been written about the decision-making process of federal leaders in disaster situations when resources are not sufficient to meet the needs of several states simultaneously. We offer an ethical framework and logic model for decision making in such circumstances. We adapted medical triage and the federalism principle to the decision-making process for allocating scarce federal public health and medical resources. We believe that the logic model provides a values-based framework that can inform the gestalt during the iterative decision process used by federal leaders as they allocate scarce resources to states during catastrophic disasters. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2014;0:1–10)
Patterns of a creeping water-spout flow
Authors: Herrada Miguel , Shtern Vladimir
Published: March 2014

This paper explains a mechanism of eddy formation in a slow air–water motion, driven by the rotating top disk, in a vertical sealed cylinder. The numerical simulations reveal nine changes in the flow topology as water volume fraction $H_{w}$ varies from 0 to 1. At $H_{w}$ around 0.8, there are two large regions of the clockwise meridional circulation, one in air and one in water. These regions are separated by two small cells of the anticlockwise circulation adjacent to the interface near the sidewall in water and near the axis in air. The air cell is a thin layer and topologically is a bubble–ring for $0.745 < H_{w} < 0.785$. Alterations of this flow pattern are explored as (i) pressure increases, (ii) the bottom disk co-rotates and (iii) the top-disk rotation speeds up. This paper provides the physical reasoning behind the flow transformations; the results are of fundamental interest and can be utilized in bioreactors.
A microstructural approach to bed load transport: mean behaviour and fluctuations of particle transport rates
Authors: Ancey C. , Heyman J.
Published: March 2014

This paper concerns a model of bed load transport, which describes the advection and dispersion of coarse particles carried by a turbulent water stream. The challenge is to develop a microstructural approach that, on the one hand, yields a parsimonious description of particle transport at the microscopic scale and, on the other hand, leads to averaged equations at the macroscopic scale that can be consistently interpreted in light of the continuum equations used in hydraulics. The cornerstone of the theory is the proper determination of the particle flux fluctuations. Apart from turbulence-induced noise, fluctuations in the particle transport rate are generated by particle exchanges with the bed consisting of particle entrainment and deposition. At the particle scale, the evolution of the number of moving particles can be described probabilistically using a coupled set of reaction–diffusion master equations. Theoretically, this is interesting but impractical, as solving the governing equations is fraught with difficulty. Using the Poisson representation, we show that these multivariate master equations can be converted into Fokker–Planck equations without any simplifying approximations. Thus, in the continuum limit, we end up with a Langevin-like stochastic partial differential equation that governs the time and space variations of the probability density function for the number of moving particles. For steady-state flow conditions and a fixed control volume, the probability distributions of the number of moving particles and the particle flux can be calculated analytically. Taking the average of the microscopic governing equations leads to an average mass conservation equation, which takes the form of the classic Exner equation under certain conditions carefully addressed in the paper. Analysis also highlights the specific part played by a process we refer to ascollective entrainment, i.e. a nonlinear feedback process in particle entrainment. In the absence of collective entrainment the fluctuations in the number of moving particles are Poissonian, which implies that at the macroscopic scale they act as white noise that mediates bed evolution. In contrast, when collective entrainment occurs, large non-Poissonian fluctuations arise, with the important consequence that the evolution at the macroscopic scale may depart significantly that predicted by the averaged Exner equation. Comparison with experimental data gives satisfactory results for steady-state flows.
Spin-up of a two-component superfluid: self-consistent container feedback
Authors: van Eysden Cornelis A. , Melatos A.
Published: March 2014

The coupled dynamic response of a rigid container filled with a two-component superfluid undergoing Ekman pumping is calculated self-consistently. The container responds to the back-reaction torque exerted by the viscous component of the superfluid and an arbitrary external torque. The resulting motion is described by a pair of coupled integral equations for which solutions are easily obtained numerically. If the container is initially accelerated impulsively then set free, it relaxes quasi-exponentially to a steady state over multiple time scales, which are a complex combination of the Ekman number, superfluid mutual friction coefficients, the superfluid density fraction, and the varying hydrodynamic torque at different latitudes. The spin-down of containers with relatively small moments of inertia (compared with that of the contained fluid) depends weakly on the above parameters and occurs faster than the Ekman time. When the fluid components are initially differentially rotating, the container can ‘overshoot’ its asymptotic value before increasing again. When a constant external torque is applied, the superfluid components rotate differentially and non-uniformly in the long term. For an oscillating external torque, the amplitude and phase of the oscillation are most sensitive to the driving frequency for containers with relatively small moments of inertia. Applications to superfluid helium experiments and neutron stars are also discussed.
Healthcare Providers’ Views on Digital Smoking Cessation Interventions for Pregnant Women
Authors: Tombor Ildiko , Neale Joanne , Shahab Lion , Ruiz Milagros , West Robert
Published: March 2014

Introduction: Digital smoking cessation aids may benefit pregnant smokers who do not wish to receive face-to-face behavioural support. Healthcare providers (HCPs) who interact with pregnant smokers may have valuable insights into their development and use.

Aims: To explore HCPs’ views of using digital smoking cessation interventions with pregnant women in order to inform the design and delivery of digital smoking cessation interventions.

Methods: Two structured focus groups were conducted with HCPs (n = 16) who provided smoking cessation support for pregnant women in England. Discussions covered participants’ general views about digital smoking cessation interventions, the potential of such interventions for smoking cessation support for pregnant smokers, and recommendations for future intervention development. Transcripts were analysed thematically.

Results: HCPs identified a variety of ways in which digital interventions could benefit pregnant smokers, such as by providing anonymity, offering consistent quality of advice, and being available on demand. The identified limitations of digital smoking cessation interventions included lack of access among those most economically disadvantaged, the need for high levels of self-motivation, and lack of human contact. Addressing pregnant smokers’ negative perceptions of smoking cessation support, providing rewarding experiences, and tailoring the intervention to smokers’ level of confidence were among HCPs’ recommendations.

Conclusions: HCPs indicated that digital interventions offer a range of potential benefits that could make them useful for pregnant smokers. Nonetheless, important limitations and recommendations regarding their design and delivery were identified and these need to be addressed in intervention development.
Coated inclusions of finite conductivity neutral to multiple fields in two-dimensional conductivity or anti-plane elasticity
Authors: KANG HYEONBAE , LEE HYUNDAE
Published: March 2014

We consider the problem of neutral inclusions for two-dimensional conductivity and anti-plane elasticity. The neutral inclusion, when inserted in a matrix having a uniform field, does not disturb the field outside the inclusion. The inclusion consists of a core and a shell. We show that if the inclusion is neutral to two linearly independent fields, then the core and the shell are confocal ellipses.
An analysis of monthly home range size in the critically endangered California CondorGymnogyps californianus
Authors: RIVERS JAMES W. , JOHNSON J. MATTHEW , HAIG SUSAN M. , SCHWARZ CARL. J. , BURNETT L. JOSEPH , BRANDT JOSEPH , GEORGE DANIEL , GRANTHAM JESSE
Published: March 2014

Condors and vultures comprise the only group of terrestrial vertebrates in the world that are obligate scavengers, and these species move widely to locate ephemeral, unpredictable, and patchily-distributed food resources. In this study, we used high-resolution GPS location data to quantify monthly home range size of the critically endangered California CondorGymnogyps californianusthroughout the annual cycle in California. We assessed whether individual-level characteristics (age, sex and breeding status) and factors related to endangered species recovery program efforts (rearing method, release site) were linked to variation in monthly home range size. We found that monthly home range size varied across the annual cycle, with the largest monthly home ranges observed during late summer and early fall (July–October), a pattern that may be linked to seasonal changes in thermals that facilitate movement. Monthly home ranges of adults were significantly larger than those of immatures, but males and females used monthly home ranges of similar size throughout the year and breeding adults did not differ from non-breeding adults in their average monthly home range size. Individuals from each of three release sites differed significantly in the size of their monthly home ranges, and no differences in monthly home range size were detected between condors reared under captive conditions relative to those reared in the wild. Our study provides an important foundation for understanding the movement ecology of the California Condor and it highlights the importance of seasonal variation in space use for effective conservation planning for this critically endangered species.
REVISITING THE “IRISH DIMENSION” IN OSCAR WILDE'STHE PICTURE OF DORIAN GRAY
Authors: Haslam Richard
Published: March 2014

The concept of “The Irish Wilde”achieved considerable prominence during the 1990s, due to the advocacy and scholarship of Davis Coakley, Owen Dudley Edwards, Declan Kiberd, Jerusha McCormack, Richard Pine, and David Upchurch, among others. However, as the decade drew to a close, the scholarly calibration of distinctively Irish elements in Wilde's literary works began to become a matter of dispute. In his 2000 survey of emerging trends, Ian Small listed “The Irish Wilde,” along with “The Gay Wilde” and “Wilde & Consumerism,” as significant “recent paradigms” (Recent38, 37-78). Nonetheless, he cautioned that such thematic pigeonholes as Irishness and gayness may “rely upon highly selective details of the life which in turn are used to instruct us in how to read the works” (7). Small's wariness resurfaced in his judgment that some contributions in McCormack's anthologyWilde the Irishman“are highly speculative and seem to strain to make connections,” so that “the ‘Irish dimension’ (for the want of a better term) seems rather gratuitously tacked on” (67). These reservations about methodology were subsequently echoed by Bruce Bashford, who critiqued the strategy of “reasoning by analogy” employed by Kiberd and Pine in their attempts to Hibernicize Wilde's works (617).
Thickness Measurements Using Photonic Modes in Monochromated Electron Energy-Loss Spectroscopy
Authors: Yurtsever Aycan , Couillard Martin , Hyun Jerome K. , Muller David A.
Published: March 2014

Characteristic energies of photonic modes are a sensitive function of a nanostructures’ geometrical parameters. In the case of translationally invariant planar waveguides, the eigen-energies reside in the infrared to ultraviolet parts of the optical spectrum and they sensitively depend on the thickness of the waveguide. Using swift electrons and the inherent Cherenkov radiation in dielectrics, the energies of such photonic states can be effectively probed via monochromated electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS). Here, by exploiting the strong photonic signals in EELS with 200 keV electrons, we correlate the energies of waveguide peaks in the 0.5–3.5 eV range with planar thicknesses of the samples. This procedure enables us to measure the thicknesses of cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy samples over a 1–500 nm range and with best-case accuracies below ±2%. The measurements are absolute with the only requirement being the optical dielectric function of the material. Furthermore, we provide empirical formulation for rapid and direct thickness estimations for a 50–500 nm range. We demonstrate the methodology for two semiconducting materials, silicon and gallium arsenide, and discuss how it can be applied to other dielectrics that produce strong optical fingerprints in EELS. The asymptotic form of the loss function for two-dimensional materials is also discussed.
‘Transnational civil dis/obedience’ in the Danish family unification dispute
Authors: Wagner Rikke
Published: March 2014

This article develops a concept of transnational civil dis/obedience. It provides a framework for interpreting and evaluating practices of cross-border movement by citizens and migrants, who mobilize international or supranational law to sidestep and challenge domestic rules deemed illegitimate. Such acts are made possible by, but also enact, complex, overlapping and competing legal orders in Europe and elsewhere. In contrast to analyses stressing the private and market-based nature of these actions, the conceptual lens introduced here draws out their potentially civic and political character. To construct and illustrate my argument, I engage with an in-depth case study of EU citizenship and cross-border movement in the area of marriage migration, where individual liberty and political membership are fiercely contested. The paper draws on narrative interviews with Danish-international couples who in response to Denmark’s restrictive family unification rules have used EU-law to protest against what they see as unjust interference in their private lives.
Introducing the new wideband small plate antennas with engraved voids to form new geometries based on CRLH MTM-TLs for wireless applications
Authors: Alibakhshi Mohammad
Published: March 2014

In this paper, four new wideband small antennas based on the composite right/left-handed transmission line (CRLH-TL) structures are designed, tooled, and made. The proposed antennas are introduced with best in size, bandwidth, and radiation patterns. The physical size and the operational frequency of the antennas depend on size of the unit cells and the equivalent transmission line model parameters of the CRLH-TLs, including series inductance, series capacitance, shunt inductance, and shunt capacitance. To define characteristics of the antennas, the engraved J- and I-formed voids on the radiation patches are used. The physical sizes of the CRLH antennas are 0.45λ0 × 0.175λ0 × 0.02λ0, 0.428λ0 × 0.179λ0 × 0.041λ0, 0. 564λ0 × 0.175λ0 × 0.02λ0, and 0.556λ0 × 0.179λ0 × 0.041λ0 in terms of free-space wavelengths at the 7.5, 7.7, 7.5, and 7.7 GHz, respectively. These metamaterial antennas can be used for frequency bands from 7.5–16.8 GHz, 7.7–18.6 GHz, 7.25–17.8 GHz, and 7.8–19.85 GHz for VSWR < 2, which correspond to 74.4, 82.88, 84.23, and 87.16% practical bandwidths, respectively. Also, the ranges of the measured gains and radiation efficiencies of the recommended antennas are 0.1 dBi < G < 2.1 dBi and 20% < eff < 44.3%, and 0.8 dBi < G < 2.35 dBi and 23% < eff < 48.2%, for J-shaped antennas, whereas 0.1.15 dBi < G < 3.11 dBi and 30.24% < eff < 58.6%, and 1.2 dBi < G < 3.4 dBi and 32.4% < eff < 68.1% for I-shaped antennas, respectively.
Radiographic visualization of magma dynamics in an erupting volcano
Authors: Tanaka Hiroyuki K. M. , Kusagaya Taro , Shinohara Hiroshi
Published: March 2014

Radiographic imaging of magma dynamics in a volcanic conduit provides detailed information about ascent and descent of magma, the magma flow rate, the conduit diameter and inflation and deflation of magma due to volatile expansion and release. Here we report the first radiographic observation of the ascent and descent of magma along a conduit utilizing atmospheric (cosmic ray) muons (muography) with dynamic radiographic imaging. Time sequential radiographic images show that the top of the magma column ascends right beneath the crater floor through which the eruption column was observed. In addition to the visualization of this magma inflation, we report a sequence of images that show magma descending. We further propose that the monitoring of temporal variations in the gas volume fraction of magma as well as its position in a conduit can be used to support existing eruption prediction procedures.
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering on a zigzag microfluidic chip: towards high-sensitivity detection of As(iii) ions
Authors: Qi Nan , Li Bowei , You Huiyan , Zhang Wei , Fu Longwen , Wang Yunqing , Chen Lingxin
Published: March 2014

A quantitative sensitivity analysis for trace As(iii) ions was proposed based on the SERS technique on a zigzag microfluidic chip.
Novel Gemini cationic lipids with carbamate groups for gene delivery
Authors: Zhao Yi-Nan , Qureshi Farooq , Zhang Shu-Biao , Cui Shao-Hui , Wang Bing , Chen Hui-Ying , Lv Hong-Tao , Zhang Shu-Fen , Huang Leaf
Published: March 2014

Novel Gemini cationic lipids were investigated to show superior gene delivery properties and promising applications in the future.
Use of Doehlert design in the optimization of extraction conditions in the determination of organochlorine pesticides in bovine milk samples by HS-SPME
Authors: Merib Josias , Nardini Giuliana , Carasek Eduardo
Published: March 2014

The extraction of pesticides lindane, heptachlor, aldrin, dieldrin and endrin from milk by HS-SPME was investigated followed by separation/detection of these compounds by GC-ECD.
Six-coordinate high-spin iron(ii) complexes with bidentate PN ligands based on 2-aminopyridine – new Fe(ii) spin crossover systems
Authors: Holzhacker Christian , Calhorda Maria José , Gil Adrià , Carvalho Maria Deus , Ferreira Liliana P. , Stöger Berthold , Mereiter Kurt , Weil Matthias , Müller Danny , Weinberger Peter , Pittenauer Ernst , Allmaier Günter , Kirchner Karl
Published: March 2014

Octahedral 18e iron(ii) complexes of the type [Fe(PNR-Ph)2X2] are prepared and characterized.
Extra virgin olive oil polyphenolic extracts downregulate inflammatory responses in LPS-activated murine peritoneal macrophages suppressing NFκB and MAPK signalling pathways
Authors: Cárdeno A. , Sánchez-Hidalgo M. , Aparicio-Soto M. , Sánchez-Fidalgo S. , Alarcón-de-la-Lastra C.
Published: March 2014

Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) is obtained from the fruit of the olive treeOlea europaeaL. Phenolic compounds present in EVOO have recognized anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
In situ U–Pb dating of bastnaesite by LA-ICP-MS
Authors: Yang Yue-Heng , Wu Fu-Yuan , Li Yang , Yang Jin-Hui , Xie Lie-Wen , Liu Yan , Zhang Yan-Bin , Huang Chao
Published: March 2014

Bastnaesite, a common accessory mineral in REE ore deposits, is ideal for U–Pb isotopic dating because of its relatively high U and Th contents.
The significance of the origin of physical chemistry for physical chemistry education: the case of electrolyte solution chemistry
Authors: de Berg Kevin Charles
Published: March 2014

Physical Chemistry's birth was fraught with controversy, a controversy about electrolyte solution chemistry which has much to say about how scientific knowledge originates, matures, and responds to challenges. This has direct implications for the way our students are educated in physical chemistry in particular and science in general. The incursion of physical measurement and mathematics into a discipline which had been largely defined within a laboratory of smells, bangs, and colours was equivalent to the admission into chemistry of the worship of false gods according to one chemist. The controversy can be classified as a battle betweendissociationistson the one hand andassociationistson the other; between theEuropeanson the one hand and theBritishon the other; between theionistson the one hand and thehydrationistson the other. Such strong contrasts set the ideal atmosphere for the development of argumentation skills. The fact that a compromise position, first elaborated in the late 19th century, has recently enhanced the explanatory capacity for electrolyte solution chemistry is challenging but one in which students can participate to their benefit.
Noncentrosymmetric chalcohalide NaBa4Ge3S10Cl with large band gap and IR NLO response
Authors: Feng Kai , Kang Lei , Lin Zheshuai , Yao Jiyong , Wu Yicheng
Published: March 2014

A large band gap and moderate NLO response was observed in a new IR NLO chalcohalide, NaBa4Ge3S10Cl.
Relative compensation method for degradation of visible detectors using improved direct histogram specification
Authors: Seo Seok‐Bae
Published: March 2014

The group mapping law was invented to improve the accuracy of the direct histogram specification; however, some peculiar results from visible channel detectors used in meteorological imaging from the communication, ocean and meteorological satellite (COMS) exhibit worse performance than the general direct histogram specification. A hybrid mapping law is proposed, which combines the group‐mapping and single‐mapping laws to improve accuracy. The proposed hybrid mapping law was applied to a relative compensation method for the degradation of visible channel detectors rather than the histogram specification. Comparative experiments show that the direct histogram specification results based on the hybrid‐mapping law result in improved accuracy compared with other relative compensation activities for images of the Moon using visible channel detectors.
Diffusion Studies of Phenylenediamine Isomers in Water-Monohydric-Alcohol Systems
Authors: Codling Dale J. , Zheng Gang , Stait-Gardner Tim , Price William S.
Published: March 2014

The study of isomer diffusion provides useful information regarding solvent effects for mixture analysis. Isomers, particularly those with similar hydrodynamic radii, provide a mechanism for probing solute–solvent interactions. Here nuclear magnetic resonance was used to measure the self-diffusion of phenylenediamine isomers in various water–monohydric-alcohol (i.e. methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, and tert-butanol) solvents. These systems allowed the effect of solvent modulation on isomer diffusion to be examined. It was found that the resonances of phenylenediamine isomers in a mixture were separable via diffusion, with the separation becoming greater at higher concentration of monohydric-alcohols. Unlike previously shown for dihydroxybenzene isomers, all three phenylenediamine isomers were differentiable via diffusion.