bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CONSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL VALUES AND STANDARDIZED MECHANISMS IN COMBATING ILLEGAL ENCROACHMENT ON THE CONSTITUTIONAL SYSTEM
Authors: Миц Денис , Mits Denis
Published: February 2016

The problem of preservation of states’ sovereignty and protection of their constitutional system is topical and demands careful scientific judgment. Undoubtedly, the leading role in the solution of the specified problem belongs to constitutional legal support in combating illegal infringement on the constitutional system which is an integral part of the constitutional system’s protection system and acts as an indicator of the level of constitutionalism and realization of constitutional and legal values. Steady integrative tendencies of the international extremism and terrorism development compel states to form consolidated approaches to combating infringement on the constitutional system. Development of theoretical aspects, and also conceptual provisions of development and improvement of constitutional legal support in combating illegal infringement on the constitutional system in the context of developing the constitutional system’s protection system is of particular importance, and the existing shortcomings in the reviewed sphere predetermine relevance of such work. The theoretical importance of the article is in systematization of knowledge about the content and implementation of constitutional legal support in combating illegal infringement on the constitutional system of the state. The practical importance of article is in defining and justifying of the prerogative directions of development of constitutional and legal values whose realization promotes the increase in the safety level for individuals, society and the state, and the creation of the relevant preventive complexes.
PROSPECTS FOR CIVIL LAW IMPROVEMENT IN THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN IN THE SPHERE OF GOODS DELIVERY
Authors: Камалов Ойбек , Kamalov Oybek
Published: February 2016

The present article gives the analysis of the legal basis for a contract of supply of goods, taking into account the expansion of the coverage of delivery (export) of goods by entrepreneurs in the domestic market of other states on the basis of the prevailing current economic and socio-political factors. The feasibility of improving the standards of international legal acts and national legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan, regulating the above legal relationships is grounded and that will convergence the national law of the states, which subjects interact on the basis of contracts of delivery of goods. The attention is focused on improving the special rules of the Civil Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan governing the supply of goods. On the basis of the controversy with the views of the author of scientists the proposals to improve the legal institution of the supply of goods are formulated.
ON OVERCOMING CORRUPTION RISKS IN ACTIVITY OF STATE COMPANIES AND CORPORATIONS
Authors: Цирин Артем , Tsirin Artem
Published: February 2016

The article contains the analysis of applying corruption risks assessment in the activity of state companies and corporations. The author proceeds from the previously expressed scientific hypothesis that only a clear bridging of anti-corruption policy with continuous corruption detection and monitoring of anti-corruption measures’ efficiency will permit to avoid formalistic approach to fighting corruption and its imitation. In the article the author justifies his definition of corruption risks and suggests the assessment algorithm for such risks in relation to the activity of state companies and corporations. Besides, the technique of corruption risks’ identification in state companies and state corporations should take into account peculiarities of legal statuses of these organizations and their employees. The author investigates the procedure of critical points’ identification – those stages of the function implementation when commission of corruption offenses is most probable, and also proposes the list of possible results of applying this technique of corruption risks’ identification. In the end the author makes the conclusion that efficiency of corruption risks’ prevention or minimization can be provided only by simultaneous impact on all elements of corruption risks.
COMMERCIAL ORGANIZATIONS IN THE CIVIL CODE OF HUNGARY
Authors: Меркулова Тамара , Merkulova Tamara
Published: February 2016

The article is about the forms of joint commercial activities, contained in Book 3 “Legal Entities” of the Civil Code of Hungary, which came into force in March, 2014. The Code does not divide legal entities into commercial and non-profit organizations. On the basis of the analysis of the list of legal forms of commercial organizations the author distinguishes legal entities, whose activities are aimed at receiving profits. These forms are: business partnerships, cooperatives, business combinations and groups of enterprises. The article describes general conditions, which are typical for all forms of commercial legal units. The article pays much attention to business partnerships and their types, such as simple partnerships, limited partnerships, limited liability partnerships and joint – stock companies. The article describes some important changes in the field of commercial legal entities. For example, according to the Civil Code of Hungary simple partnerships and limited partnerships are vested with the right of legal entities. Besides, the Civil Code introduces a new for the Hungarian legislation form of commercial activities between organizations which is called a group of enterprises.
INTERRELATION BETWEEN RESTITUTION AND UNJUST ENRICHMENT: LESSONS LEARNED FROM THE EXPERIENCE OF ANGLO-AMERICAN LEGAL SYSTEM
Authors: Джанаева Анна , Dzhanaeva Anna
Published: February 2016

The article deals with the interrelation between restitution and unjust enrichment in the Russian and Anglo-American legal systems. The analysis is based on theoretical scientific opinions, as well as on the legislation and judicial practice. The article notes that in the Russian law the “absence of grounds” principle is used for unjust enrichment (which means that if there is no legal basis for enrichment, the rules on unjust enrichment should be applied), and in order to apply the restitution rules one must prove the “unfair factor” in the form of an invalid transaction (the basis for the application of legal rules is specified). The first approach is typical for unjust enrichment in the continental law system, the second one — in the Anglo-American legal system. The Russian legislation thereby simultaneously uses two criteria — most situations are covered by the “absence of ground” principle, and restitution as a consequence of transaction invalidation is set aside, in this situation the “unjust factor” principle is applied. Mixing two different approaches seems unjustified. In addition, the author notes that legal consequences and the nature of restitution and unjust enrichment in the Russian law are basically the same — both institutions have the aim to restore the legal status that existed before the person who unjustly enriched himself breached the law. The author concludes that there is a need to avoid duplication of legal institutions of unjust enrichment and restitution in the Russian law, and to make restitution a universal protection measure for any event of unjust enrichment.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE MARRIAGE IN FACT INSTITUTE IN RUSSIA AND THE USA
Authors: Назарова Анна , Nazarova Anna
Published: February 2016

This article is devoted to the comparative analysis of the history of development of the marriage in fact Institute in Russia and the USA. The purpose of the analysis of the development of the marriage in fact Institute is conditioned by the increase in the number of marriages in fact at the present time. The results of the National population census in 2010 showed that 13,2% of the adult population are in de facto marriages. Historical analysis allows studying the experience of the actual development of the marriage in fact institution in the past and gives the opportunity to predict the development of this Institute in future. In order to obtain the best results of the investigation, the author uses a comparative law method that allows considering the experience of not only Russia, but also foreign countries. In the article the author examines the causes and approaches to legal recognition and regulation of de facto relations in different historical periods. As a result of the conducted research the author concludes that the original form of marriage was simple cohabitation of men and women. Legal marriage appeared when the state introduced regulations for marriage registration. At the same time in certain historical periods the cohabitation of men and women had legal value due to the social need that had arisen in the society. Based on the above, there are prerequisites for legal recognition of marriages in fact in future, since in 1926 registration of a much smaller number of marriages in fact (7%) resulted in the fact that RSFSR recognized the rights of de facto spouses similar to legal spouses.
INTEGRATION AND HARMONIZATION WITHIN THE EURASIAN AND LATIN-AMERICAN LEGAL FRAMEWORK: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
Authors: Залоило Максим , Zaloilo Maksim , Рафалюк Елена , Rafalyuk Elena
Published: February 2016

The article deals with the formation of harmonized legal framework as part of integration associations of Eurasia and Latin America. The article states that harmonization and unification of private international law is of particular importance for achieving the objectives of economic integration. The authors analyze the methods of harmonization of law in Mercosur. Harmonization of law is achieved in various ways, for example, through unification of law which permits to develop a uniform enactment for all States. Meanwhile, the method of simple convergence, coordination of national legislation of the Mercosur member states is used. The authors distinguish between the sources of primary and secondary law of the Eurasian Economic Union. The authors conclude that unlike the Commonwealth of Independent States where unification and harmonization cover private and public law, the convergence of legal systems of the member States of the Eurasian Economic Union deals mainly with public law issues. Along with strict public law regulation within the Eurasian Economic Union, the authors propose the formation of flexible private law rules contained in the soft law, and the Principles of the Eurasian private law can serve the basis for that. The authors note that one of the objectives of harmonization and unification of the law of integration associations is the formation of the community law – an autonomous legal system which is applied on the basis of the direct action principles, direct application and the supremacy over domestic law. Following the results of study the authors conclude that the majority of the integration associations in Latin America and Eurasia are only on the way toward the community law formation.
REGULATORY MEASURES AGAINST “DRUNK DRIVING”: CHINA’S EXPERIENCE
Authors: Трощинский Павел , Troshchinskiy Pavel
Published: February 2016

The subject of this research includes legal regulations imposed by the Chinese government to combat alcohol (drug-)-impaired driving, and the most high-profile cases containing the elements of the offence at hand are listed as well. The author analyzes the current legislation of the People’s Republic of China that sets out criminal, administrative and disciplinary liability for “drunk drivers”. The research also includes provisions of the PRC Criminal Code, the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Road Traffic Safety, several regulatory instruments adopted by various national authorities, the PRC’s Supreme People’s Court’s elucidation on applying the existing legal regulations in the analyzed sphere. Special attention is paid to the statistical data that confirm the high degree of public danger of the offence at hand, as well as its influence on the overall criminal situation in the country. The conducted research is based on the comparative law methodology; a systematic approach, technical, historical and statistical methods are used to achieve objectives stated in the article. The academic novelty of the research is that comprehensive analysis of the Chinese government’s fight against “drink driving” (its regulatory aspect) has been carried out for the first time in the Russian Jurisprudence and Chinese studies. It is worth mentioning that Chinese law-makers have chosen to include into the Criminal Law a provision criminalizing the alcohol-(drug-) impaired driving regardless of the consequences. This step was preceded by a considerable increase in the number of road accidents caused by drunk drivers. Should two or more people die, Chinese courts impose harsh criminal liability measures on the perpetrator, up to life imprisonment or, in certain cases, even to capital punishment. Moreover, the “drunk driver” is to be dismissed from the civil service and expelled from the ruling party, if he was convicted of the offence at hand. Measures imposed by Chinese law-makers resulted in drastic decrease in the number of road accidents caused by drunk drivers, as well as in considerable decrease in the number of people killed on the Chinese roads.
INSTITUTIONAL AFFILIATION OF AN INVESTIGATOR IN THE FORMER USSR REPUBLICS: COMPARATIVE LAW ASPECT
Authors: Трефилов Александр , Trefilov Aleksandr , Бочинин Сергей , Bochinin Sergey
Published: February 2016

On the basis of regulatory and doctrinal sources the authors consider the issue about which procedural subject possesses the status of an investigator in the states of the former USSR. The authors prove that the problems that are facing the CIS and the Baltic states in the sphere of organizing pre-trial proceedings, in particular, that of institutional affiliation of an investigator, are inherited from the Soviet time, since it was during this period that investigation ceased to be judicial. It is justified that the majority of the CIS countries have preserved the model of organizing pre-trial proceedings that existed in the Soviet times; and only four countries – Kazakhstan, Russia, Belarus and Ukraine attempted to create a body authorized exclusively for the conduct of preliminary investigation. It is justified that due to this fact it is impossible to consider the creation of investigative committees in the former USSR states as a universal trend. The authors demonstrate that some countries from this group have created investigative committees while others have not. At the same time in none of the legal orders preliminary investigation
has become judicial.
PECULIARITIES OF CRIMINAL-PROCEDURAL ACTIVITY OF THE PUBLIC PROSECUTOR IN PRE-TRIAL PROCEEDINGS IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES
Authors: Таболина Ксения , Tabolina Kseniya
Published: February 2016

This article is dedicated to peculiarities of criminal-procedural activity of the Public Prosecutor in pre-trial proceedings in foreign countries. In this regard, the author studied the provisions of the constitutional and criminal procedure legislation of all member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States (the Azerbaijan Republic, the Republic of Armenia, the Republic of Belarus, the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Ukraine), Georgia, and Federal Republic of Germany, and presented in the article foreign experience of the French Republic and the United States of America. According to the results of the analysis the conclusion is drawn concerning the role of public prosecution in foreign countries, the main activities of the Public Prosecutor in pre-trial criminal procedure of these countries and the scope of the powers of the Public Prosecutor in pre-trial proceedings in foreign countries and its relationship with the form of the preliminary investigation.
PROBLEMS OF LEGAL REGULATION OF LEGAL ENTITIES IN KAZAKHSTAN
Authors: Сулейменов Майдан , Suleymenov Maydan
Published: February 2016

This article deals with the issues related to the establishment of the legislation on legal entities in Kazakhstan, beginning with the 1991 Law on Enterprises and ending with the Laws enacted on the basis of the Civil Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Further, the article resolves most topical issues regarding legal regulation of legal entities. Considerable attention is paid to the concept of corporation and corporate relations. On the basis of the analysis of disputable viewpoints the author arrives at the conclusion that corporate relations constitute a part of the in-house relations regulated by civil standards. This is possible in virtue of the fact that the General Meeting is not a corporate body; rather it serves as an expression of the incorporators’ will. The article also tackles the issues on regulation of the activities of state legal entities, in relation to which the Law on the State Property is adopted in the Republic of Kazakhstan.
REVIEW OF THE JOINT SEMINAR OF YOUNG SCIENTISTS FROM THE INSTITUTE OF LEGISLATION AND COMPARATIVE LAW UNDER THE GOVERNMENT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND PETROZAVODSK STATE UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF LAW
Authors: Мамцев Г. , Mamtsev G. , Лещенков Феликс , Leshchenkov Feliks
Published: February 2016

The present publication provides the review of the joint seminar of young scientists from the Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation and Petrozavodsk State University faculty of law which took place on April 29, 2015 in Petrozavodsk. During the event the main activities of the Institute were presented. Particular attention was paid to such areas as scientific legal support of activities of the Government of the Russian Federation, carrying out basic and applied scientific researches in legal sphere, examination of legal experience of foreign states and international associations, realization of functions of the interdisciplinary center for coordinating scientific and educational methodological support in combating corruption, realization of policy in education and professional development, performance of functions of the Secretariat of the Russian Federation delegation in the European Commission for democracy through law, activities of the Council of young scientists and the Council of graduate students, etc. At the same time, special attention was also paid to the questions of participation of youth in the Institute’s scientific life and involvement of young scientists-lawyers in joint research projects. During the seminar the foundation was laid for the main areas of interaction between the young scientists of the Institute and the University, including publishing of the results of joint scientific researches in publications of the Institute and the University, participation in the events held by the Institute and the University, involvement of the University graduates in the Institute’s Master programs, exchange in educational and scientific literature, etc. The seminar proceeded in a friendly businesslike atmosphere; its participants recognized the efficiency of the held meeting.
YOUTH POLICY IN MODERN FOREIGN STATES
Authors: Трещетенкова Наталья , Treshchetenkova Natalya , Касаткина Наталья , Kasatkina Natalya , Чурсина Татьяна , Chursina Tatyana , Тимошенко Ирина , Timoshyenko Irina , Пилипенко Анатолий , Pilipyenko Anatoliy , Лещенков Феликс , Leshchenkov Feliks
Published: February 2016

The basic directions of youth policy of foreign countries, which in recent years has become one of the priority directions of the state policy in general are considered in the article. In the overall context of demographic change in the world, high unemployment among young people, negative impact on the youth of military conflicts, the radicalization of the society in the number of countries it is particularly acute vulnerability of youth part of society. Young people have to look for ways to adapt, socialize, provide a decent standard and increase quality of life. The reaction of some youth to these negative developments is the emergence of extremist youth teams, growth of alcoholism, drug abuse and youth crime that puts the state to the need for the development of an effective system of measures aimed at the prevention of these social phenomena, the protection of political, labor, social and cultural rights of young people. In foreign practice there are two basic approaches to the implementation of youth policy. The first is based on the recognition of the State’s responsibility for the successful entry of young people into society. The second approach assumes that the main emphasis in the practical implementation of youth policy, the basic grounds of which are defined by the state, should be emphasised on non-governmental organizations whose activities are carried out mainly by attracting funding from various nongovernmental sources.
THE UN ANTI-CORRUPTION CONFERENCE IN 2015 IN RUSSIA: NEW APPROACHES AND IDEAS
Authors: Хабриева Талия , Khabriyeva Taliya
Published: February 2016

The present article is devoted to the analysis of the main approaches and ideas in the field of partnership between the state and business in countering corruption pronounced at the side-event of VI session of the United Nations Anti-Corruption Conference which took place on November 2—6, 2015 in St. Petersburg. The side-event was co-organized by the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of the Russian Federation, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) and the Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation which performs functions of coordinating scientific and methodological support in fighting corruption. Participants of the side-event elaborated decisions which determine the trajectory of international and national efforts in the sphere of corruption and criminalization of corruption offenses’ prevention, recovery of stolen assets and rendering anti-corruption technical assistance.
CONTENT OF INTERNATIONAL LEGAL RESPONSIBILITY IN WTO LAW: THE GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND APPROACHES
Authors: Капустин Анатолий , Kapustin Anatoliy
Published: February 2016

The present article discusses the main features of the content of international legal responsibility of the law of the World Trade Organization (WTO). Analysis of the concept of “content” of international legal responsibility is based on the Draft articles on responsibility of states for internationally wrongful acts, prepared by the UN International Law Commission in 2001, as well as the differences in the conceptual underpinnings of the responsibility, which is held on the various speakers’ issue. The author shares the view that the specificity of the institute of responsibility in WTO law in comparison with the general international law (Draft of UN International Law Commission), can be explained in terms of the fact that WTO law serves a lex specialis in relation to general international law. Review and comparison of the provisions of the Draft of UN International Law Commission and the Dispute Settlement Understanding of the WTO has allowed to conclude that the philosophy of the basic principles of the content of the international responsibility in these documents are very close to or even in the ground is the same. The article investigated the basic concept of a “violation of obligations” in WTO law and obligations of the members of the organization to terminate the offense. It is concluded that in spite of the individual features of the implementation requirements to provide “assurances and guarantees” prohibiting further violations of the WTO agreements, in general, WTO law ensures compliance with the obligation to cease the wrongful conduct.
LEGAL REGULATION OF POWER INDUSTRY WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF INTERNATIONAL AND REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
Authors: Курбанов Рашад , Kurbanov Rashad , Белялова Асия , Belyalova Asiya
Published: February 2016

At the present stage of the modern society development energy security becomes increasingly important for both individual states and the whole world. Therefore it is logical that states are establishing increasingly close cooperation to ensure energy security in the framework of existing regional organizations. The article describes examples of cooperation in the energy sector within the framework of major regional associations that exist in North and South America, such as North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the Organization of American States, the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC). This study is particularly relevant as the analyzed organizations unite both developed and developing countries. The cooperation experience of the American States in the energy sector may also be useful in the context that there are a number of regional organizations in the Eurasian region which also pay considerable attention to the issues of energy security, energy efficiency and environmental protection.
LAW AND ECONOMIC ACTIVITY: MODERN CHALLENGES (REVIEW OF X ANNUAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE IN MEMORY OF PROFESSOR S. N. BRATUS)
Authors: Символоков Олег , Simvolokov Oleg , Белякова Анна , Belyakova Anna , Смирнова Валерия , Smirnova Valeriya , Золотова Олеся , Zolotova Olesya , Цомартова Фатима , Tsomartova Fatima , Муратова Ольга , Muratova Olga , Шелютто Марина , SHyelyutto Marina
Published: February 2016

The review reflects main ideas expressed in the reports of the participants of X conference in memory of Professor S. N. Bratus, a famous civil lawyer and legal theorist. The conference is held annually in the Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation. During the conference the participants discussed controversial issues of the development of legislation on the law of things, status and activities of legal entities in the sphere of intellectual property, power industry, use of natural resources and ecology, labor legislation, the problem of Russia’s simultaneous participation in WTO and EAEU.
What determines the reforms of employment protection legislation? A global perspective
Authors: Pilc Michał
Published: February 2016

The aim of this research was to identify the determinants of the employment protection legislation reforms in the global perspective. The study was based on the Labor Freedom index published by the Heritage Foundation, which allowed to include 179 countries in the research that were observed in the period 2003–2013. The conducted study has indicated that changes in GDP and the level of employment in industry may induce the introduction of labor reforms. The changes in the labor law also occurred to be correlated with the number of the nearly excluded from the labor market (the long-term unemployed and youth not in education, employment or training) and also with changes in the government expenditure. However, all these factors may lead to substantially various reform programs in particular countries due to the heterogeneous political pressure of the labor market interest groups and different governmental determination in introduction of the reforms.
The economic competitiveness of Lithuanian-Polish border region’s cities: the specific of urban shrinkage
Authors: Bruneckiene Jurgita , Sinkiene Jolita
Published: February 2016

The topic of “urban shrinkage” is receiving increasing attention in the political urban agendas of many countries. In the global market, cities, which suffer from consequences of urban decline, confront with new challenges in finding and applying creative solutions to strengthen their economic development and competitiveness. Shrinkage processes are especially widespread in the cities which are smaller and less attractive to live and work. The same tendencies are seen at national border regions. The article explains the general causes and consequences of urban shrinkage process emphasizing problems that have a direct impact on the improvement of urban economic competitiveness. The urban economic competitiveness evaluation methodology under the context of shrinkage is developed and its practical applicability is verified on the example of border cities. Various strategies of solving problems of shrinkage are overlooked. Recommendations to improve the economic development and competitiveness of Lithuanian-Polish cross border cities Alytus and Ełk in the context of urban shrinkage are introduced.
Approaches to learning
Authors: Wiltshire Monica
Published: February 2016

There are many different ways of working with children and various curriculums, this article examines an important process in a key area of the High/Scope approach that has resonance for all early learning.
Doing the fundamental things
Authors: Jarvis Pam
Published: February 2016

Have we forgotten what makes us human and what our needs really are? Have we become so focused on the economy that we have lost sight of the human investment needed to create a fair society for all?
The decision is yours
Authors: Brown Paula
Published: February 2016

Children's interests, preferences and choices are the driving force for building knowledge, skills and aptitudes. The child-centred practitioner understands the importance of this and provides accordingly.
Going on flights of fancy
Authors: Cruickshank Sarah
Published: February 2016

Aeroplanes and journeys fascinate young children, and any activities linked to these concepts will encourage them to think about the world they live in, and science, maths, design and engineering.
A ‘phenomenal’ crop
Authors: Mackeown Sal
Published: February 2016

Teaming up with charity Trees for Cities to create a growing area in the playground is a great way to teach children about healthy eating and create a sense of wellbeing.
Comunidad gitana: la persistencia de una discriminación histórica
Authors: Arza-Porras Javier , Carrón José
Published: February 2016

A partir de un exhaustivo análisis de los estudios disponibles sobre la discriminación sufrida por la comunidad gitana, se realiza una revisión en cuanto a su incidencia y evolución, para establecer una comparación respecto a la sufrida por otros grupos sociales, definir los ámbitos en los que más se produce y analizar el perfil de la población potencialmente discriminadora. A partir de las conclusiones de las diferentes áreas analizadas, se avanzan algunas propuestas sobre las líneas prioritarias de intervención en la promoción de la igualdad y la lucha contra la discriminación.
La consulta prelegislativa y la participación de los titulares de derechos colectivos: ¿mito o realidad? Análisis del caso de la Ley de Aguas
Authors: Martínez Moscoso Andrés , Aguilar Feijó Víctor G.
Published: February 2016

El presente artículo tiene por objeto analizar la consulta prelegislativa ecuatoriana como mecanismo de participación de los titulares de derechos colectivos, para lo cual estudia los instrumentos internacionales de derechos humanos, la jurisprudencia de la Corte IDH, la normativa interna ecuatoriana, así como la jurisprudencia constitucional. El trabajo toma como caso de estudio el proceso de aplicación de la consulta prelegislativa realizado por la Asamblea Nacional durante la aprobación de la L.O.R.H.U.A.A. (2014). El artículo además analiza cuantitativamente los datos de participación generados durante el proceso, con el propósito de comprobar si la opinión de los consultados fue tomada en cuenta a la hora de redactar la Ley.
La protesta en España y Brasil: crisis económica y crisis política
Authors: Penalva Verdú Clemente , Rodrigues Ferraz Ana Targina
Published: February 2016

El presente estudio es producto de la reflexión desarrollada por los autores a partir de a) la observación de las manifestaciones del Movimiento 15M y de las Jornadas de Junho en España y Brasil, respectivamente y b) el análisis de fuentes secundarias procedentes de estadísticas y de mecanismos de comunicación y difusión de actividades (websites y mass media). El principal objetivo del estudio es realizar un análisis comparativo entre los dos movimientos, revisando similaridades y diferencias en relación a los contextos de origen y sus desarrollos. Aunque se observan diferencias entre ambas protestas en cuanto a la coyuntura económica y política, así como al detonante de las protestas, si atendemos a los repertorios, contenidos y marcos de interpretación, se podrían observar ambas protestas como manifestaciones de un ciclo de protesta global que tiene sus raíces en la actual fase del capitalismo internacional.
Espiritualidad líquida. Secularización y transformación de la religiosidad juvenil
Authors: Vizcaíno Cruzado Eduardo
Published: February 2016

El objeto de este artículo es investigar las creencias religiosas juveniles en un nuevo contexto de tardo-posmodernidad y tras determinados procesos secularizadores, para determinar en qué creen nuestros jóvenes, cómo viven y construyen sus creencias y qué características tiene el objeto de su fe. Nos interesa saber cuáles son los principales posicionamientos de los jóvenes ante la Trascendencia, así como conocer qué imagen o representación de Dios tienen estos jóvenes. Por último, es preciso saber si estos grupos de creyentes son homogéneos en sus cualidades o bien presentan cierta pluralidad en relación a la moral, los ritos, los dogmas/creencias, cuestiones comunitarias/eclesiales, etc.
On the Use of Conventional Dough Extension Tests in Characterising Flours for Dough Sheetability. I. Experiments
Authors: Patel Milan J. , Chakrabarti-Bell Sumana
Published: February 2016

The Brabender Extensigraph is commonly used to measure dough strength by stretching a strand of dough until it tears. Data for extension and force are used to rate flours for strength, baking and processing qualities of doughs. The present study was carried out to examine how dough strength relates to dough sheetability. The latter was measured using an instrumented dough sheeter which provided data for dough thickness and roll-closing forces as a pad of dough was sheeted by passing back and forth through a set of rollers with reducing roll-gaps. Doughs were tested fresh and after 45 min of resting for a range of flours. The correlations between dough strength and dough sheetability were poor at all times. The roll forces were affected by dough thickness at each pass indicating dough elasticity affected dough stretchability. Doughs were found to become more elastic following resting.
Classification of Ordered Semigroups in Terms of Generalized Interval-Valued Fuzzy Interior Ideals
Authors: Khan Hidayat Ullah , Sarmin Nor Haniza , Khan Asghar , Khan Faiz Muhammad
Published: February 2016

Several applied fields dealing with decision-making process may not be successfully modeled by ordinary fuzzy sets. In such a situation, the interval-valued fuzzy set theory is more applicable than the fuzzy set theory. Using a new approach of “quasi-coincident with relation”, which is a central focused idea for several researchers, we introduced the more general form of the notion of (α,β)-fuzzy interior ideal. This new concept is called interval-valued$( \in ,{\rm{ }} \in \; \vee \;{{\rm{q}}_{\tilde k}})$-fuzzy interior ideal of ordered semigroup. As an attempt to investigate the relationships between ordered semigroups and fuzzy ordered semigroups, it is proved that in regular ordered semigroups, the interval-valued$( \in ,{\rm{ }} \in \; \vee \;{{\rm{q}}_{\tilde k}})$-fuzzy ideals and interval-valued$( \in ,{\rm{ }} \in \; \vee \;{{\rm{q}}_{\tilde k}})$-fuzzy interior ideals coincide. It is also shown that the intersection of non-empty class of interval-valued$( \in ,{\rm{ }} \in \; \vee \;{{\rm{q}}_{\tilde k}})$-fuzzy interior ideals of an ordered semigroup is also an interval-valued$( \in ,{\rm{ }} \in \; \vee \;{{\rm{q}}_{\tilde k}})$-fuzzy interior ideal.
Activity, movement, home range and habitat use of an adult gray wolf in a Mediterranean landscape of northern Greece
Authors: Karamanlidis Alexandros A. , de Gabriel Hernando Miguel , Georgiadis Lazaros , Kusak Josip
Published: February 2016

We present the results of a study on the activity patterns of a wolf in northwestern Greece (2011–2012). The home range of the wolf was 460.5 km
Gross anatomy of the stomach and intestine of an Antarctic minke whale (Balaenoptera bonaerensis)
Authors: Pérez William , Lima Martin , Büker Markus , Clauss Marcus
Published: February 2016

The gastrointestinal tract of a female, immature (2400 kg body mass, 6.6 m body length) southern minke whale (
Crystal structure of trans-tetraaqua-bis(4,4′-sulfonyldipyridine-κN)zinc(II) diperchlorate dihydrate, C20H28Cl2ZnN4O18S2
Authors: Zhou Rong , Liu An Jie
Published: February 2016

C20H28Cl2Zn4O18S2, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 8.0835(16) Å, b = 17.389(4) Å, c = 11.576(2) Å, β = 106.59(3)°, V = 1559.4(6) Å3, Z = 2, R
gt
(F) = 0.0505, wR
ref
(F
2
) = 0.1511, T = 296 K.
The crystal structure of 1-(2-(4-chlorophenoxy)-4-chlorophenyl)ethanone, C14H10Cl2O2
Authors: Jianlong Wang , Lizhen Chen
Published: February 2016

C14H10Cl2O2, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 13.448(7) Å, b = 7.6635(5) Å, c = 13.638(6) Å, β = 117.14(6)°, V = 1250.7(9) Å3, Z = 4, R
gt
(F) = 0.0318, wR
ref
(F
2
) = 0.0738, T = 104.8 K.
Crystal structure of (Z)-5-(4-chlorobenzylidene)-2-thioxothiazolidin-4-one —dimethylsulfoxide (1:1), C12H12ClNO2S3
Authors: Barakat Assem , Ghabbour Hazem A. , Al-Majid Abdullah Mohammed , Said Mohamed M. , El Tamany El Sayed H. , Fun Hoong-Kun
Published: February 2016

C12H12ClNO2S3, triclinic, P1̅ (no. 2), a = 4.4065(7) Å, b = 12.326(2) Å, c = 13.399(2) Å, β = 96.032(6)°, V = 718.2(2) Å3, Z = 2, R
gt
(F) = 0.0668, wR(
F
2
) = 0.164, T = 100 K.
Crystal structure of trans-dibromidodi(pyridine-κN)palladium(II), PdBr2(C5H5N)2
Authors: Ha Kwang
Published: February 2016

C10H10Br2N2Pd, triclinic, P1̅ (no. 2), a = 5.6549(3) Å, b = 7.0210(3) Å, c = 7.7723(4) Å, α = 80.031(3)°, β = 84.601(2)°, γ = 89.222(2)°, V = 302.58(3) Å3, Z = 1, R
gt
(F) = 0.0309, wR
ref
(F
2
) = 0.0841, T = 223(2) K.
Weldability of pipe grade polyethylenes as realized from thermal and mechanical properties assessments
Authors: Goodarzi Vahabodin , Ahmadi Zahed , Saeb Mohammad Reza , Hemmati Farkhondeh , Ghaffari Mehdi , Formela Krzysztof
Published: February 2016

Since polyethylene (PE) has been widely accepted for the production of high-pressure fluid conveying pipelines, studies devoted to weldability of PE connections were always of major importance. In this study, two industrial PE grades designed for pipe production, namely PE80 and PE100, were injection molded, cut, and then welded as PE100-PE100, PE100-PE80, and PE80-PE80. The heat-welded joints were assessed by differential scanning calorimetry and tensile measurements. The results obtained from thermal and mechanical analyses were compared with equivalents for aged samples. Thermal analysis revealed that the melting point of the PE100-PE100 sample is obviously larger than the one for the PE80-PE80 joint, for the PE80 chains deteriorate the crystallization of PE100. Further, the PE80-PE80 sample showed the lowest lamellar thickness and crystalline molecular weight among the studied joints. The aging process was found to increase lamellar thickness and molecular weight, though in the PE100-PE100 sample such quantities very limitedly increased. The yield stress of aged joints was higher than that for just-prepared samples, while an inverse trend was seen for strain at break. From a practical viewpoint, the PE100-PE100 welds offer better properties.
Removal of cobalt from aqueous solution containing EDTA under UV-C irradiation by antimony oxide
Authors: Malinen Leena , Koivula Risto , Harjula Risto
Published: February 2016

Antimony oxide was synthesized by a simple method involving the mixing of
6 M HCl and antimony pentachloride, adjusting the synthesis pH with
25% ammonia. The obtained material was characterized using X-ray
diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and surface area and
pore size analysis. The material structure resembled that of
Sb6O13. The cobalt sorption efficiency of the synthesized antimony
oxide was tested in the dark and under UV-C irradiation. The 0.01 M
NaNO3 test solution contained varying concentrations of Co2+ and
EDTA and was traced with 57Co. The cobalt concentration in the
solutions was determined by gamma spectroscopy. The synthesized material
proved to have a high cobalt uptake. In the presence of 20 μM EDTA, 99.7% of cobalt was removed from the solution after
2 h of UV-C irradiation.
The use of differential evolution algorithm for solving chemical engineering problems
Authors: Dragoi Elena Niculina , Curteanu Silvia
Published: February 2016

Differential evolution (DE), belonging to the evolutionary algorithm class, is a simple and powerful optimizer with great potential for solving different types of synthetic and real-life problems. Optimization is an important aspect in the chemical engineering area, especially when striving to obtain the best results with a minimum of consumed resources and a minimum of additional by-products. From the optimization point of view, DE seems to be an attractive approach for many researchers who are trying to improve existing systems or to design new ones. In this context, here, a review of the most important approaches applying different versions of DE (simple, modified, or hybridized) for solving specific chemical engineering problems is realized. Based on the idea that optimization can be performed at different levels, two distinct cases were considered – process and model optimization. In both cases, there are a multitude of problems solved, from different points of view and with various parameters, this large area of successful applications indicating the flexibility and performance of DE.
An Economic Assessment of Criminal Behaviour
Authors: Cain Michael
Published: February 2016

A utility maximising framework for criminal behaviour is developed and a number of precise functional forms considered for the utility function of a representative criminal. The Kahneman–Tversky form seems to fit current empirical evidence, expressed mainly as the ratio of certain elasticities, better than some other candidates but a more general Markowitz function, centred at current wealth, is another possibility. The criminal’s optimal level of crime is obtained and comparative statics derived to help suggest how crime might be controlled. The solution involves an upper limit on the odds against detection of the criminal. Further empirical work is encouraged to ascertain if crime is a favourable bet and to elicit the utility function of a representative criminal in this analytical framework.
Debye function analysis of nanocrystalline gallium oxide γ-Ga2O3
Authors: Nikulina Olga , Yatsenko Dmitriy , Bulavchenko Olga , Zenkovets Galina , Tsybulya Sergey
Published: February 2016

The metastable nanocrystalline γ-Ga2O3 with the particles’ dimensions about 2 nm was prepared by coprecipitation method and its structure was studied using X-ray powder diffraction. The corresponding diffraction pattern is characterized by a strong broadening of diffraction peaks. The Debye function analysis method (DFA) was applied to calculate the full profile of the XRD pattern for the first time. Earlier reported structural models of the γ-Ga2O3 were examined with respect to experimental diffraction data. The influence of crystallite sizes on the diffraction pattern was considered. The obtained structure of the disordered γ-Ga2O3 has vacancies in 8a and 16d spinel positions and additional atoms in 8b, 16c and 48f non-spinel positions. The proposed structure differs from those reported by the ratio between occupancies of the tetrahedral and octahedral gallium positions.
Investigation of Thermal Expansion and Physical Properties of Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Nanocrystalline Aluminum Nanocomposite
Authors: Sharma Manjula , Sharma Vimal
Published: February 2016

Carbon nanotube (CNT) reinforced nanocrystalline aluminum matrix composites are fabricated by a simple and effective physical mixing method with sonication. In this study, the microstructural characterisations and property evaluations of the nanocomposites were performed. The structural characterisations revealed that CNTs were dispersed, embedded, and anchored within the metal matrix. A strong interfacial adhesion appeared between CNTs and nanocrystalline aluminum as a result of the fabrication process. Raman and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic studies also confirmed the surface adherence of CNTs with nanocrystalline aluminum matrix during the fabrication process. Thermal expansion behaviour of CNT-reinforced aluminum matrix composites was investigated up to 240°C using a dilatometer. The coefficient of thermal expansion of the nanocomposites decreased continuously with the increasing content of CNTs. The maximum reduction of 82% was found for 4 wt% CNTs in the nanocomposite. The coefficient of thermal expansion variation with CNTs was also compared with the predictions from the thermoelastic models. The expansion behaviour of the nanocomposites was correlated to the microstructure, internal stresses, and phase segregations. The electrical and thermal conductivity was also studied and was observed to decrease for all reinforced CNT weight fractions.
Ab Initio Calculations on the Structural, Mechanical, Electronic, Dynamic, and Optical Properties of Semiconductor Half-Heusler Compound ZrPdSn
Authors: Çiftci Yasemin Ö. , Çoban Cansu
Published: February 2016

The structural, mechanical, electronic, dynamic, and optical properties of the ZrPdSn compound crystallising into the MgAgAs structure are investigated by the ab initio calculations based on the density functional theory. The lattice constant, bulk modulus, and first derivative of bulk modulus were obtained by fitting the calculated total energy-atomic volume results to the Murnaghan equation of state. These results were compared to the previous data. The band structure and corresponding density of states (DOS) were also calculated and discussed. The elastic properties were calculated by using the stress-strain method, which shows that the MgAgAs phase of this compound is mechanically stable. The presented phonon dispersion curves and one-phonon DOS confirms that this compound is dynamically stable. In addition, the heat capacity, entropy, and free energy of ZrPdSn were calculated by using the phonon frequencies. Finally, the optical properties, such as dielectric function, reflectivity function, extinction coefficient, refractive index, and energy loss spectrum, were obtained under different pressures.
Multi-Soliton Solutions of the Generalized Sawada–Kotera Equation
Authors: Zuo Da-Wei , Mo Hui-Xia , Zhou Hui-Ping
Published: February 2016

Korteweg–de Vries (KdV)-type equations can describe the nonlinear phenomena in shallow water waves, stratified internal waves, and ion-acoustic waves in plasmas. In this article, the two-dimensional generalization of the Sawada–Kotera equation, one of the KdV-type equations, is discussed by virtue of the Bell polynomials and Hirota method. The results show that there exist multi-soliton solutions for such an equation. Relations between the direction of the soliton propagation and coordinate axes are shown. Elastic interaction with the multi-soliton solutions are analysed.
Total π-Electron Energy of Conjugated Molecules with Non-bonding Molecular Orbitals
Authors: Gutman Ivan
Published: February 2016

Lower and upper bounds for the total π-electron energy are obtained, which are applicable to conjugated π-electron systems with non-bonding molecular orbitals (NBMOs). These improve the earlier estimates, in which the number of NBMOs has not been taken into account.