bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Repetitive Simulation Training on Emergency Medical Services Team Performance in Simulated Pediatric Medical Emergencies
Authors: Kothari Kathryn , Zuger Chelsea , Desai Neil , Leonard Jan , Alletag Michelle , Balakas Ashley , Binney Mike , Caffrey Sean , Kotas Jason , Mahar Patrick , Roswell Kelley , Adelgais Kathleen M.
Published: September 2020

Objective

Emergency medical services (EMS) professionals infrequently transport children leading to difficulty in recognition and management of pediatric critical illness. Simulation provides an opportunity to train EMS professionals on pediatric emergencies. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of serial simulation training over 6 months on EMS psychomotor and cognitive performance during team‐based care.

Methods

This was a longitudinal prospective study of a simulation curriculum enrolling EMS professionals over a 6‐month period during which they performed three high‐fidelity simulations at 3‐month intervals. The simulation scenarios included a 15‐month‐old seizure (T0), 1‐month‐old with hypoglycemia (T1), and 4‐year‐old clonidine ingestion (T2). All scenarios were standardized and required recognition and management of respiratory failure and decompensated shock. Scenarios were videotaped and two investigators scored EMS team interventions during simulations using a standardized scoring tool. Inter‐rater reliability was assessed on 30% of videos using kappa analysis. Volumes of administered intravenous fluid (IVF) and medications were measured to assess for errors in administration. The primary outcome was the change in scenario score from T0 to T2.

Results

A total of 135 team‐based simulations were conducted over the study period (48, 40, and 47 at T0, T1, and T2, respectively). Inter‐rater reliability between reviewers was very good (κ = 0.7). Median simulation score improved from T0 to T2 (24 vs 31, p < 0.001, maximum score possible = 42). The proportion of completed tasks increased across multiple categories including improved recognition of respiratory decompensation (19% vs. 56%), management of the pediatric airway (44% vs. 88%), and timeliness of vascular access (10% vs. 38%). Correct IVF administration varied by scenario (25% vs. 52% vs. 30%, p = 0.02).

Conclusion

Serial simulation improved EMS team‐based care in both recognition and management of pediatric emergencies. A standardized pediatric simulation curriculum can be used to train EMS professionals on pediatric emergencies and improve performance.
Growth differentiation factor‐15 is associated with age‐related monocyte dysfunction
Authors: Pence Brandt D. , Yarbro Johnathan R. , Emmons Russell S.
Published: September 2020

Objective

Age‐associated decreases in immune functions are precipitated by a variety of mechanisms and affect nearly every immune cell subset. In myeloid cells, aging reduces numbers of phagocytes and impairs their functional abilities, including antigen presentation, phagocytosis, and bacterial clearance. Recently, we described an aging effect on several functions in monocytes, including impaired mitochondrial function and reduced inflammatory cytokine gene expression during stimulation with lipopolysaccharide. We hypothesized that circulating factors altered by the aging process underly these changes. Growth differentiation factor‐15 (GDF‐15) is a distant member of the transforming growth factor‐β superfamily that has known anti‐inflammatory effects in macrophages and has been shown to be highly differentially expressed during aging.

Methods

We used biobanked plasma samples to assay circulating GDF‐15 levels in subjects from our previous studies and examined correlations between GDF‐15 and monocyte function.

Results

Monocyte interleukin‐6 production due to lipopolysaccharide stimulation was negatively correlated to plasma GDF‐15. Additionally, GDF‐15 was positively correlated to circulating CD16 + monocyte proportions and negatively correlated to monocyte mitochondrial respiratory capacity.

Conclusions

These results suggest that GDF‐15 is a potential circulating factor affecting a variety of monocyte functions and promoting monocyte immunosenescence and thus may be an attractive candidate for therapeutic intervention to ameliorate this.
Molecular tracking: A concept for side‐draw distillation column design
Authors: Nazemzadeh Nima , Udugama Isuru A. , Karcz Adam Paul , Andersson Martin Peter , Abildskov Jens , Mansouri Seyed Soheil
Published: September 2020

A simple approach is introduced to locate a side‐draw tray for ternary and multi‐component mixtures with middle boiling component(s) present in the system at trace levels. The concept is based on a probability function defined by the thermodynamic properties of the system. The advantage of this method over existing methods is the ability to quickly and efficiently provide a feasible configuration of the distillation unit without relying on rigorous optimization or trial and error approaches. Moreover, it provides an intuitive understanding of the movements of the middle boiling components in the column.
Assessing attitudes towards gorilla conservation via employee interviews
Authors: Robbins Martha M.
Published: September 2020

To determine the effectiveness of conservation strategies, not only should we monitor biological variables, such as population size and levels of illegal activity, but also we should examine changes in attitudes and behavior of local community members. Here, I use semistructured interviews of employees at two field sites, in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda and Loango National Park, Gabon, to understand if their employment influenced their attitude towards gorillas and conservation and led to behavior change. In contrast to western views of gorillas as “gentle giants,” staff viewed gorillas as dangerous animals before working for these projects. Overall, employment leads to viewing conservation and gorillas more positively, and in many cases, viewing the gorillas as kin. The most common value attributed to the gorillas was economic, yet intrinsic and non‐use existence values were frequently mentioned. Loango staff, but not Bwindi staff, reported behavior change related to hunting and bushmeat consumption, which likely is related to bushmeat consumption being commonplace in Gabon but not in Uganda. The Bwindi staff seemed to have a more positive and broader outlook toward conservation than the Loango staff, possibly because they had more years of formal education, they worked with gorillas longer, there is more history of conservation activities in Bwindi, and/or they have been less directly affected by negative consequences of conservation (e.g., crop raiding). This study shows the importance of explaining that gorillas are not dangerous if not provoked and using their human‐like characteristics as a means to change conservation values and interest of local communities, while concurrently recognizing that providing economic benefits and reducing negative effects of wildlife are a reality for conservation buy‐in.
Investigating Route to Chaos in Nonlinear Plasmonic Dimer
Authors: Ziani Zoheir , Lévêque Gaëtan , Coulibaly Saliya , Taki Abdelmajid , Akjouj Abdellatif
Published: September 2020

The route to chaos of a plasmonic dimer formed of two identical nanoparticles with Kerr‐type nonlinear response and illuminated by an external electric field is reported. It is shown that this system has a complex dynamical behavior with chaotic nature. This complexity is analyzed using Lyapunov exponents, the Kaplan–Yorke dimension, and correlation dimensions. The existence of familiar period‐doubling sequences route to chaos is pointed out, and domains corresponding to the onset of period doubling and chaos in the plane of parameters are evidenced.
Selective N‐Terminal BET Bromodomain Inhibitors by Targeting Non‐Conserved Residues and Structured Water Displacement**
Authors: Cui Huarui , Divakaran Anand , Pandey Anil K. , Johnson Jorden A. , Zahid Huda , Hoell Zachariah J. , Ellingson Mikael O. , Shi Ke , Aihara Hideki , Harki Daniel A. , Pomerantz William C. K.
Published: September 2020

Bromodomain and extra‐terminal (BET) family proteins, BRD2‐4 and T, are important drug targets; however, the biological functions of each bromodomain remain ill‐defined. Chemical probes that selectively inhibit a single BET bromodomain are lacking, although pan inhibitors of the first (D1), and second (D2), bromodomain are known. Here, we develop selective BET D1 inhibitors with preferred binding to BRD4 D1. In competitive inhibition assays, we show that our lead compound is 9–33 fold selective for BRD4 D1 over the other BET bromodomains. X‐ray crystallography supports a role for the selectivity based on reorganization of a non‐conserved lysine and displacement of an additional structured water in the BRD4 D1 binding site relative to our prior lead. Whereas pan‐D1 inhibitors displace BRD4 from MYC enhancers, BRD4 D1 inhibition in MM.1S cells is insufficient for stopping Myc expression and may lead to its upregulation. Future analysis of BRD4 D1 gene regulation may shed light on differential BET bromodomain functions.
Considerations for a More Accurate Evaluation Method for Photocatalytic Water Splitting
Authors: Cao Shuang , Piao Lingyu
Published: September 2020

Over the past decades, various photocatalysts have been developed and great progress has been achieved in the field of solar‐driven photocatalytic water splitting. However, the lack of an accurate and comprehensive evaluation method greatly hinders the meaningful comparison between different systems and becomes a serious impediment for the development of photocatalysts. Although many researchers are aware of this, there has been little work in this area. In this Viewpoint, we first analyze the insufficiencies of the existing evaluation methods and then make preliminary suggestions, aiming to stimulate discussion in the research community and hopefully lead to a widely accepted and authoritative evaluation system to assess photocatalyst performance.
Cross‐Electrophile C(sp2)−Si Coupling of Vinyl Chlorosilanes
Authors: Duan Jicheng , Wang Ke , Xu Guang‐Li , Kang Shaolin , Qi Liangliang , Liu Xue‐Yuan , Shu Xing‐Zhong
Published: September 2020

The cross‐electrophile coupling has become a powerful tool for C−C bond formation, but its potential for forging the C−Si bond remains unexplored. Here we report a cross‐electrophile Csp2‐Si coupling reaction of vinyl/aryl electrophiles with vinyl chlorosilanes. This new protocol offers an approach for facile and precise synthesis of organosilanes with high molecular diversity and complexity from readily available materials. The reaction proceeds under mild and non‐basic conditions, demonstrating a high step economy, broad substrate scope, wide functionality tolerance, and easy scalability. The synthetic utility of the method is shown by its efficient accessing of silicon bioisosteres, the design of new BCB‐monomers, and studies on the Hiyama cross‐coupling of vinylsilane products.
Coupled Vacancy Pairs in Ni‐Doped CoSe for Improved Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Production Through Topochemical Deintercalation
Authors: Zhong Wenwu , Wang Zongpeng , Gao Nan , Huang Liangai , Lin Zhiping , Liu Yanping , Meng Fanqi , Deng Jun , Jin Shifeng , Zhang Qinghua , Gu Lin
Published: September 2020

Vacancy engineering plays vital role in the design of high‐performance electrocatalysts. Here, we introduced coupled cation‐vacancy pairs in Ni‐doped CoSe to achieve boosted hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activity through a facile topochemical intercalation approach. Adjacent Co vacancy pairs and heteroatom Ni doping contribute together for the upshift of the Se 4pz orbital, which induces larger overlap between the Se 4p and H 1s orbitals. As a result, the free energy of H adsorption can be lowered significantly. With an advanced HER activity of 185.7 mV at 10 mA cm−2, this work provides new direction and guidance for the design of novel electrocatalysts.
Regulating Interfacial Chemistry in Lithium‐Ion Batteries by a Weakly Solvating Electrolyte**
Authors: Yao Yu‐Xing , Chen Xiang , Yan Chong , Zhang Xue‐Qiang , Cai Wen‐Long , Huang Jia‐Qi , Zhang Qiang
Published: September 2020

The performance of Li‐ion batteries (LIBs) is highly dependent on their interfacial chemistry, which is regulated by electrolytes. Conventional electrolyte typically contains polar solvents to dissociate Li salts. Herein we report a weakly solvating electrolyte (WSE) that consists of a pure non‐polar solvent, which leads to a peculiar solvation structure where ion pairs and aggregates prevail under a low salt concentration of 1.0 M. Importantly, WSE forms unique anion‐derived interphases on graphite electrodes that exhibit fast‐charging and long‐term cycling characteristics. First‐principles calculations unravel a general principle that the competitive coordination between anions and solvents to Li ions is the origin of different interfacial chemistries. By bridging the gap between solution thermodynamics and interfacial chemistry in batteries, this work opens a brand‐new way towards precise electrolyte engineering for energy storage devices with desired properties.
Nanocomposite‐based inorganic‐organocatalyst Cu(II) complex and SiO2‐ and Fe3O4 nanoparticles as low‐cost and efficient catalysts for aniline and 2‐aminopyridine oxidation
Authors: Adam Mohamed Shaker S. , Al‐Omair Mohammed A.
Published: September 2020

Bis‐imino Cu(II) complex (CuLAn2), in which the imine ligand (HLAn) acts as a bidentate chelating ligand, was synthesized. The catalytic potential of the inorganic‐organocatalyst was studied homogeneously and heterogeneously in the oxidation of aniline and 2‐aminopyridine by H2O2 or tBuOOH. Two heterogeneous inorganic‐organocatalysts, CuLAn2@Fe3O4 and CuLAn2@SiO2@Fe3O4, were synthesized by the successful immobilization of CuLAn2 on the Fe3O4 surface and the composited Fe3O4 with SiO2, respectively. The heterogeneous structure of those inorganic‐organocatalysts was confirmed using Fourier‐transform infrared, scanning electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and magnetic properties. The adsorption–desorption isotherms revealed respectable adsorption parameters (SBET, Vp, and rp). All catalysts exhibited high potential in the oxidation of aniline (with phenylhydroxylamine as the main product) and good potential in the oxidation of 2‐aminopyridine, in the first attempt (with 2‐nitropyridine‐N‐oxide and 2‐nitrosopyridine‐N‐oxide as main products), at room temperature. Acetonitrile was found to be the best solvent compared to ethanol, dimethyl sulfoxide, chloroform, and water. The homogeneous catalyst exhibited reusability for three times. The heterogeneous catalysts, CuLAn2@Fe3O4 and CuLAn2@SiO2@Fe3O4, were active for five and seven times, respectively. A mechanism was proposed within electron and oxygen transfer processes.
Melting Curves of Triolein Polymorphs
Authors: Porde Annette , Roßbach André , Ferstl Peter , Gillig Sebastian , Werr Ferdinand , de Ligny Dominique , Wierschem Andreas
Published: September 2020

High‐pressure treatment is a promising option for improving mechanical properties and processing parameters of fat‐containing products. To identify optimum processing windows, melting curves, crystallization kinetics, and pathways for transferring the optimized structures to atmospheric pressure need to be known. Here, we provide melting curves of different polymorphic forms of triolein in the industrially relevant pressure range. The melting points of different polymorphic forms are detected optically in thin samples during stepwise changes of pressure or temperature. For cross‐nucleated spherulites, this method allows determining the respective melting points of nuclei and overgrown structures. Tracing the melting curves to atmospheric pressure confirms previous identification of the polymorphic forms at high pressure and enables identifying a previously reported but undefined structure as the β2‐form. Employing Raman spectroscopy, it is confirmed that the polymorph remained unaltered during the pressure release. With increasing pressure, the melting curves of the different polymorphic forms approach each other until they successively merge at the highest pressure levels studied.
Understanding the role of d‐Allulose and soy protein addition in pectin gels
Authors: Ates Elif Gokcen , Ozvural Emin Burcin , Oztop Mecit H.
Published: September 2020

d‐Allulose (a monosaccharide and C3 epimer of fructose), one of the common rare sugars is getting attention due to its low caloric values. In this study, d‐Allulose was used as a replacement of sucrose at different ratios (d‐Allulose/Sucrose: 35/0, 20/15, 10/25, 0/35) to formulate pectin‐based soft confectionery gels. Soy protein isolate was also added to increase the protein content. Physical properties, such as hardness, moisture content, pH, and color, were measured for the gels. Higher hardness values were obtained for the soy protein containing gels due to pectin–soy protein interaction (p < 0.05). Also, higher moisture content was observed in soy protein containing gels (p < 0.05). In addition, nuclear magnetic resonance T2 relaxation times were measured at low field (~0.5 T) to determine how the water distribution in the samples changed and to observe how d‐Allulose affected the polymer–water interactions. The study also showed that the presence of d‐Allulose increased the crystallization tendency (% crystallinity of 7.9) of the pectin gels. X‐ray diffraction results showed the d‐allulose peaks at 33.76 and 48.68oθ. Morphologies of the gels were also examined by scanning electron microscope. Sugar type and soy protein isolate addition were found to have significant impact on the gel formulations.
Characterization of Apo‐Form Selective Inhibition of Indoleamine 2,3‐Dioxygenase**
Authors: Ortiz‐Meoz Rodrigo F. , Wang Liping , Matico Rosalie , Rutkowska‐Klute Anna , De la Rosa Martha , Bedard Sabrina , Midgett Robert , Strohmer Katrin , Thomson Douglas , Zhang Cunyu , Mebrahtu Makda , Guss Jeffrey , Totoritis Rachel , Consler Thomas , Campobasso Nino , Taylor David , Lewis Tia , Weaver Kurt , Muelbaier Marcel , Seal John , Dunham Richard , Kazmierski Wieslaw , Favre David , Bergamini Giovanna , Shewchuk Lisa , Rendina Alan , Zhang Guofeng
Published: September 2020

Indoleamine‐2,3‐dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is a heme‐containing enzyme that catalyzes the rate‐limiting step in the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan (TRP) metabolism. As it is an inflammation‐induced immunoregulatory enzyme, pharmacological inhibition of IDO1 activity is currently being pursued as a potential therapeutic tool for the treatment of cancer and other disease states. As such, a detailed understanding of the mechanism of action of IDO1 inhibitors with various mechanisms of inhibition is of great interest. Comparison of an apo‐form‐binding IDO1 inhibitor (GSK5628) to the heme‐coordinating compound, epacadostat (Incyte), allows us to explore the details of the apo‐binding inhibition of IDO1. Herein, we demonstrate that GSK5628 inhibits IDO1 by competing with heme for binding to a heme‐free conformation of the enzyme (apo‐IDO1), whereas epacadostat coordinates its binding with the iron atom of the IDO1 heme cofactor. Comparison of these two compounds in cellular systems reveals a long‐lasting inhibitory effect of GSK5628, previously undescribed for other known IDO1 inhibitors. Detailed characterization of this apo‐binding mechanism for IDO1 inhibition might help design superior inhibitors or could confer a unique competitive advantage over other IDO1 inhibitors vis‐à‐vis specificity and pharmacokinetic parameters.
Photocaged Hoechst Enables Subnuclear Visualization and Cell Selective Staining of DNA in vivo
Authors: Lämmle Carina A. , Varady Adam , Müller Thorsten G. , Sturtzel Caterina , Riepl Michael , Mathes Bettina , Eichhorst Jenny , Sporbert Anje , Lehmann Martin , Kräusslich Hans‐Georg , Distel Martin , Broichhagen Johannes
Published: September 2020

Selective targeting of DNA by means of fluorescent labeling has become a mainstay in the life sciences. While genetic engineering serves as a powerful technique and allows the visualization of nucleic acid by using DNA‐targeting fluorescent fusion proteins in a cell‐type‐ and subcellular‐specific manner, it relies on the introduction of foreign genes. On the other hand, DNA‐binding small fluorescent molecules can be used without genetic engineering, but they are not spatially restricted. Herein, we report a photocaged version of the DNA dye Hoechst33342 (pcHoechst), which can be uncaged by using UV to blue light for the selective staining of chromosomal DNA in subnuclear regions of live cells. Expanding its application to a vertebrate model organism, we demonstrate uncaging in epithelial cells and short‐term cell tracking in vivo in zebrafish. We envision pcHoechst as a valuable tool for targeting and interrogating DNA with precise spatiotemporal resolution in living cells and wild‐type organisms.
Characterization of a Mo‐Nitrogenase Variant Containing a Citrate‐Substituted Cofactor
Authors: Liedtke Jasper , Lee Chi Chung , Tanifuji Kazuki , Jasniewski Andrew J. , Ribbe Markus W. , Hu Yilin
Published: September 2020

Nitrogenase converts N2 to NH3, and CO to hydrocarbons, at its cofactor site. Herein, we report a biochemical and spectroscopic characterization of a Mo‐nitrogenase variant expressed in an Azotobacter vinelandii strain containing a deletion of nifV, the gene encoding the homocitrate synthase. Designated NifDKCit, the catalytic component of this Mo‐nitrogenase variant contains a citrate‐substituted cofactor analogue. Activity analysis of NifDKCit reveals a shift of CO reduction from H2 evolution toward hydrocarbon formation and an opposite shift of N2 reduction from NH3 formation toward H2 evolution. Consistent with a shift in the Mo K‐edge energy of NifDKCit relative to that of its wild‐type counterpart, EPR analysis demonstrates a broadening of the line‐shape and a decrease in the intensity of the cofactor‐originated S=3/2 signal, suggesting a change in the spin properties of the cofactor upon citrate substitution. These observations point to a crucial role of homocitrate in substrate reduction by nitrogenase and the possibility to tune product profiles of nitrogenase reactions via organic ligand substitution.
HER2‐positive metastatic, parotid salivary duct carcinoma treated with a trastuzumab/pertuzumab‐based chemotherapy: A case report
Authors: Longo Raffaele , Legros Pierre‐Olivier , Talbi Marouane , Wagner Marc , Paraschiv Elena‐Adinisia , Campitiello Marco , Plastino Francesca , Rozzi Antonio
Published: September 2020

This case highlights the rare entity, salivary duct carcinoma (SDC), which is difficult to diagnose and manage. It is the first published case of a metastatic, HER2‐positive parotid SDC successfully treated by a dual anti‐HER2 treatment associated to a chemotherapy.
A case report of eosinophilic gastroenteritis misdiagnosed as cholelithiasis
Authors: Li QianLong , He SuYu , Liu TianYu , He Lianfen , Jia Yingdong , Wu Hang , Yan Gaowu
Published: September 2020

Eosinophilic gastroenteritis is not only easy to ignore in clinical practice, but also easy to miss in the process of pathological diagnosis. There is a need to consider it in the differential diagnosis of alimentary disease.
Renal impairment in Alport syndrome pregnant woman: Case report and review of the literature
Authors: Pepe Franco , Di Guardo Federica , Zambrotta Elisa , Di Gregorio Luisa Maria , Insalaco Giulio , Cutello Silvia , La Rosa Valeria , Pepe Pietro
Published: September 2020

Pregnant women affected by Alport syndrome often struggle with worsening of renal function during pregnancy. We focused the attention on the optimal management of the kidney disease in these women in order to avoid maternal‐fetal complications.
Clinically mild encephalitis/encephalopathy with reversible splenial lesion (MERS) associated with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia: An adult case and review of the literature
Authors: Sadohara Michito , Arai Tatsuya , Matsuura Kou
Published: September 2020

Mycoplasma pneumonia with mild CNS involvements should be considered of MERS, even in adult. From the case series, splenial single lesions by MRI and prodromal fever with varied neurological manifestations recovered completely by antibiotics were seen.
Acute biliary pancreatitis caught in the act
Authors: Zimmer Vincent
Published: September 2020

Endoscopic ultrasound is instrumental in biliary pancreatitis for stratifying patients for invasive ERCP, given high rates of spontaneous stone passage. This is reflected in this report illustrating “triple detection” of stones above, at, and below the papilla.
COVID‐19 and thalassemia beta major in splenectomized patient: Clinical case progression and literature review
Authors: Okar Lina , Ali Mohammad , Parengal Jabeed , Yassin Mohamed A.
Published: September 2020

Although the possibility of asymptomatic course for COVID‐19 infection in splenectomized thalassemia beta major patients is present, screening them for COVID‐19 is important as the progression is still not clear.
Ultrasmall TiOx Nanoparticles Rich in Oxygen Vacancies Synthesized through a Simple Strategy for Ultrahigh‐Rate Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Ma Zhong , Gao Xiguang , She Zimin , Pope Michael A. , Li Yuning
Published: September 2020

Ultrasmall particle size (<10 nm) and rich oxygen vacancies are two sought‐after characteristics for titanium dioxide (TiO2) to achieve high performance, namely, high rate and high storage capacity, when being used as an anode in lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). However, free TiO2 particles simultaneously possessing both characteristics have not been reported, owing to the synthetic challenges. In this study, we report novel TiO2 nanoparticles with ultrasmall size (ca. 5–8 nm) as well as rich oxygen vacancies synthesized through a simple strategy. Specifically, porous carbon nanoparticles were used to confine the TiO2 precursor in the nanosized pores in the carbon nanoparticles, which were annealed at a high temperature in argon to produce the TiO2 nanoparticles with ultrasmall size and rich oxygen vacancies and subsequently annealed in air to burn away the carbon nanoparticles to afford the so‐called TiOx nanoparticles in a quantitative yield. The obtained anatase TiOx nanoparticles showed an exceptional ultrahigh‐rate lithium storage capability. A record reversible specific capacity of 235 mAh g−1 was achieved at the current density of 0.1 A g−1. Even at an ultrahigh rate of 10 A g−1 (ca. 59 C), it still delivered a specific capacity of 90 mAh g−1, which is five times that of the electrode made with the commercial anatase TiO2 nanoparticles. Furthermore, this electrode also showed an excellent cycling performance with capacity retentions of 87 % and 90 % at high rates of 1 A g−1 and 5 A g−1, respectively, after 1000 cycles. The strategy reported in this work can potentially be a universal method for synthesis of other metal oxides with ultrasmall particle size and rich oxygen vacancies.
Research Progress of Silicon/Carbon Anode Materials for Lithium‐Ion Batteries: Structure Design and Synthesis Method
Authors: Li Xinzhi , Zhang Meng , Yuan Shuxia , Lu Chunxiang
Published: September 2020

Silicon has been considered as one of the best alternatives to replace widely used graphite anodes for lithium‐ion batteries, owing to its high theoretical capacity, proper working voltage, abundant availability, and environmental friendliness. Nevertheless, there are many obstacles that hamper the practical applications of silicon anode materials such as huge volume change, low electrical and ionic conductivity, and unstable solid electrolyte interface (SEI), which lead to the pulverization of silicon and severe attenuation of capacity. Among numerous solutions, compounding with carbon is a promising and effective one that attracts more and more attention. In silicon/carbon (Si/C) hybrid anodes, Si acts as the active material that provides high capacity and carbon improves the conductivity as well as alleviates the expansion of Si. In this review, research progresses and developments of Si/C anode materials are summarized mainly from the point of structure design and synthesis methods. Issues and possible solutions are also discussed.
Visible‐Light‐Enabled C−H Functionalization by a Direct Hydrogen Atom Transfer Uranyl Photocatalyst
Authors: Yu Jipan , Zhao Chongyang , Zhou Rong , Gao Wenchao , Wang Shuai , Liu Kang , Chen Siyu , Hu Kongqiu , Mei Lei , Yuan Liyong , Chai Zhifang , Hu Hanshi , Shi Weiqun
Published: September 2020

The development of the uranyl cation as a powerful photocatalyst is seriously delayed in comparison with the advances in its fundamental and structural chemistry. However, its characteristic high oxidative capability in the excited state ([UO2]2+* (+2.6 V vs. SHE; SHE=standard hydrogen electrode) combined with blue‐light absorption (hv=380–500 nm) and a long‐lived fluorescence lifetime up to microseconds have reveals that the uranyl cation approaches an ideal photocatalyst for visible‐light‐driven organic transformations. Described herein is the successful use of uranyl nitrate as a photocatalyst to enable C(sp3)−H activation and C−C bond formation through hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) under blue‐light irradiation. In particular, this operationally simple strategy provides an appropriate approach to the synthesis of diverse and valuable diarylmethane motifs. Mechanistic studies and DFT calculations have provided insights into the detailed mechanism of the photoinduced HAT pathway. This research suggests a general platform that could popularize promising uranyl photocatalytic performance.
High‐Z Metal–Organic Frameworks for X‐ray Radiation‐Based Cancer Theranostics
Authors: Neufeld Megan J. , Lutzke Alec , Pratx Guillem , Sun Conroy
Published: September 2020

X‐ray radiation is commonly employed in clinical practice for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Over the past decade, developments in nanotechnology have led to the use of high‐Z elements as the basis for innovative new treatment platforms that enhance the clinical efficacy of X‐ray radiation. Nanoscale metal–frameworks (nMOFs) are coordination networks containing organic ligands that have attracted attention as therapeutic platforms in oncology and other areas of medicine. In cancer therapy, X‐ray activated, high‐Z nMOFs have demonstrated potential as radiosensitizers that increase local radiation dose deposition and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This minireview summarizes current research on high‐Z nMOFs in cancer theranostics and discusses factors that may influence future clinical application.
Dual Crosslinking Photo‐Switches for Orthogonal Photo‐Control of Hybridization Between Serinol Nucleic Acid and RNA
Authors: Yamano Yuuhei , Murayama Keiji , Asanuma Hiroyuki
Published: September 2020

Wavelength‐selective photo‐regulation by multiple chromophores responding to different wavelengths can expand the variation of photo‐manipulating systems. Herein, we report the orthogonal photo‐regulation of duplex formation between serinol nucleic acid (SNA) and RNA using light‐induced crosslinking reactions mediated by a new photo‐reactive nucleobase 8‐naphthylvinyladenine (NVA) and previously described 8‐pyrenylvinyladenine (PVA). An intrastrand crosslink was induced in an SNA strand containing two adjacent NVA residues by irradiation with 340–405 nm light; the crosslink was reversed by irradiation with ≤300 nm light. In an SNA strand with adjacent NVA and PVA residues, an intrastrand crosslink resulted from irradiation with 405–465 nm light that was reversed by irradiation with ≤340 nm light. Intrastrand photo‐crosslinking caused severe destabilization of an SNA/RNA duplex, resulting in dissociation to single strands. Cycloreversion resulted in duplex formation. With these NVA/NVA and NVA/PVA photo‐switches, four hybridization states of two SNA/RNA duplexes could be orthogonally photo‐controlled by irradiation with a suitable wavelength of light.
Brønsted Acid‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Cycloisomerization of Arylalkynes
Authors: Gicquiaud Julien , Abadie Baptiste , Dhara Kalyan , Berlande Murielle , Hermange Philippe , Sotiropoulos Jean‐Marc , Toullec Patrick Y.
Published: September 2020

The first example of an enantioselective carbocyclization of an alkyne‐containing substrate catalyzed by chiral Brønsted acids was achieved. The use of the 2‐hydroxynaphthyl substituent on the alkyne as a directing group constituted the key parameter enabling both efficient regioselective protonation of the carbon–carbon triple bond and chiral induction. The key cationic intermediate could be depicted either as a cationic vinylideneortho‐quinone methide or a stabilized vinyl cation. Atropoisomeric phenanthrenes derivatives were produced in high yields and good enantioselectivities under mild, metal‐free reaction conditions in the presence of chiralN‐triflylphosphoramide catalysts. The carbenic nature of the cationic intermediate was also exploited to describe an example of alkyne/alkane cycloisomerization.
Alcohols as Fluoroalkyl Synthons: Ni‐catalyzed Dehydrogenative Approach to Access Polyfluoroalkyl Bis‐indoles
Authors: Arun V. , Roy Lisa , De Sarkar Suman
Published: September 2020

An acceptorless dehydrogenative strategy for the synthesis of polyfluoroalkylated bis‐indoles is described by employing an earth‐abundant nickel‐based catalytic system under air. The notable feature of the present transformation is the use of bench stable and easily affordable polyfluorinated alcohols without any pre‐functionalization for the introduction of precious polyfluoroalkyl groups. The developed straightforward protocol accomplished biologically relevant fluoroalkyl bis‐indoles in a sustainable fashion. Extensive DFT study predicts the unique role of indole molecules which stabilizes the transition states during the dehydrogenation process of polyfluorinated alcohols, presumably through non‐covalent π⋅⋅⋅π and H‐bonding interactions.
Selenium and Tellurium Derivatives of Corannulene: Serendipitous Discovery of a One‐Dimensional Stereoregular Coordination Polymer Crystal Based on Te‐O Backbone and Side‐Chain Aromatic Array
Authors: Barát Viktor , Stuparu Mihaiela C.
Published: September 2020

Monobromo‐, tetrabromo‐, and pentachloro‐corannulene are subjected to nucleophilic substitution reactions with tolyl selenide and phenyl telluride‐based nucleophiles generated in situ from the corresponding dichalcogenides. In the case of selenium nucleophile, the reaction provides moderate yields (52–77 %) of the targeted corannulene selenoethers. A subsequent oxidation of the selenium atoms proceeds smoothly to furnish corannulene selenones in 81–93 % yield. In the case of tellurides, only monosubstitution of the corannulene scaffold could be achieved albeit with concomitant oxidation of the tellerium atom. Unexpectedly, this monotelluroxide derivative of corannulene (RR'Te=O, R=Ph, R’=corannulene) is observed to form a linear coordination polymer chain in the crystalline state. In this chain, Te‐O constitutes the polymer backbone around which the aromatic groups (R and R’) arrange as polymer side‐chains. The polymer crystal is stabilized through intramolecular π–π stacking interactions of the side‐chains and intermolecular hydrogen and halogen bonding interactions with the solvent (chloroform) molecules. Interestingly, each diad of the polymer chain is racemic. Therefore, in terms of stereoregularity, the polymer chain can be described as syndiotactic.
Variations and model of the rheological parameters of low damage BCG − CO2 fracturing fluid
Authors: Luo Xiangrong , Li Jianshan , Pan Qianhong , Qi Yin , Huang Penggang , Zhang Pengfei , Wang Shuzhong , Ren Xiaojuan
Published: September 2020

A BCG − CO2 fracturing fluid composed of a new thickener and CO2 causes low amounts of formation damage, and it can be used to stimulate low‐permeability gas reservoirs with water sensitivity. However, at present the rheological properties of this foam fracturing fluid are unclear, which has limited its field application to some degree. The main purpose of this study was to ascertain the rheological parameters and a model of the BCG − CO2 fracturing fluid. The rheological properties of the BCG − CO2 fracturing fluid were evaluated by using a foam rheological test system. The unfoamed condition test results showed that when the shear rate was lower than 1000 s−1, the effective viscosity exhibited a rapid decreasing trend. The effective viscosity of the BCG − CO2 fracturing fluid was 4 to 26 mPa · s under foamed conditions. The comparison results showed that the viscosity of the BCG − CO2 foam was suitable as a low damage fracturing fluid. The measured data were fitted using the H‐B and power law models in this study. The power law model, by contrast, was fit for describing the relationship between shear rate and shear stress. The foamed condition rheological index n′ first decreased and then increased with increasing foam quality, and the rheological coefficient k′ first increased and then decreased with increasing foam quality. For the different foam qualities, the rheological index n′ first increased and then decreased with increasing temperature. The rheological coefficient k′ showed a decreasing trend with increasing temperature. When an exponential function, in which the foam quality and temperature were independent, was used for fitting, it was not accurate in predicting the rheological properties. The fitting results based on a quadratic polynomial surface model were better. The average calculation errors of the rheological parameters were all less than 3.32%. The findings of this study can help develop a better understanding of the heat transfer and flow coupling process in wellbore and fracture in fracturing treatment.
Synthesis of Two‐dimensional Metallic Nanosheets: From Elemental Metals to Chemically Complex Alloys
Authors: Yu Qing , Yang Yong
Published: September 2020

Ultrathin two‐dimensional (2D) metallic materials with single‐ or few‐atom thickness, emerging as one new class of 2D materials, have attracted extraordinary interest due to their fantastic physical and chemical properties, and great potential applications in catalysis, biomedicine, electronics/optoelectronic devices, sensing, and energy storage. In contrast with graphene‐like 2D layered materials, facile fabrication of ultrathin 2D metallic materials remains a great challenge owing to their intrinsic tendency of metals to form three‐dimensional (3D) close‐packed structures. This article reviews and summarizes the recent progress‐both experimental and theoretical‐ in the synthesis of 2D metallic nanosheets from mono‐elemental metals to chemically complex alloys and offers perspectives and challenges on the future developments in this field.
Highly Symmetrical Rh Nanonail Flowers
Authors: Fu Weichu , Lu Ying , Fang Yuan , Su Manman , Zhao Yanxi , Huang Tao
Published: September 2020

Uniform and well‐defined Rh nanonail flowers were successfully prepared by a facile solvothermal approach. The as‐prepared Rh nanonail flower with a crown diameter of about 90 nm consisted of twelve uniform nanonails originated from the same center with highly symmetrical distribution, in which each nanonail bounded with {111} facets was about 45 nm in length comprised of a pentaprism‐shaped nail stem of 10 nm in cross section and a pentapyramid‐shaped nail cap of 20 nm in diameter. The volume ratio of ethylamine (EA)/oleamine (OAm) was essential for the formation of the highly symmetrical Rh nanonail flowers. The selective adsorption of EA and OAm on (111) and (100) planes of the dodecahedral seeds, followed by the lateral epitaxial growth and the axial growth of pentagonal surfaces, drove to form the pentapyramid caps and pentaprism stems, respectively. The as‐prepared Rh nanonail flowers demonstrated significantly enhanced electrocatalytic activity and higher stability than commercial Rh black.
A Randomized, Double‐Blind, Placebo‐ and Positive‐Controlled, 4‐Period Crossover Study of the Effects of Solriamfetol on QTcF Intervals in Healthy Participants
Authors: Zomorodi Katie , Chen Dan , Lee Lawrence , Swearingen Dennis , Carter Lawrence P.
Published: September 2020

Solriamfetol, a dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, is approved (United States and European Union; Sunosi) to treat excessive daytime sleepiness associated with narcolepsy (75‐150 mg/day) or obstructive sleep apnea (37.5‐150 mg/day). A thorough QT/QTc study assessed solriamfetol effects on QT interval (Fridericia correction for heart rate; QTcF). This randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐ and positive‐controlled, 4‐period crossover study compared single doses of 300 and 900 mg solriamfetol, 400 mg moxifloxacin, and placebo in healthy adults. Placebo‐ and predose‐adjusted mean differences in QTcF (ddQTcF; primary end point) were analyzed, and solriamfetol pharmacokinetics were characterized. Fifty‐five participants completed all periods. Upper bounds of 2‐sided 90% confidence intervals (CIs) for ddQTcF for both solriamfetol doses were <10 milliseconds at all postdose time points. Assay sensitivity was demonstrated with moxifloxacin; lower bounds of 2‐sided 90%CIs for ddQTcF > 5 milliseconds at 1, 2, and 3 hours postdose. There were no QTcF increases > 60 milliseconds or QTcF values > 480 milliseconds at either solriamfetol dose. Solriamfetol median tmax was 2‐3 hours; exposure was dose‐proportional. More participants experienced adverse events (AEs) after solriamfetol 900 versus 300 mg (70% vs 29%); none were serious (all mild/moderate), and there were no deaths. Common AEs were nausea, dizziness, and palpitations. Neither solriamfetol dose resulted in QTcF prolongation > 10 milliseconds.
Evaluating intrusion sensitivity allocation with supervised learning in collaborative intrusion detection
Authors: Li Wenjuan , Tian Fei , Li Jin , Xiang Yang
Published: September 2020

Network intrusions are a big security threat to current computer networks. For protection, collaborative intrusion detection networks (CIDNs) are developed attempting to reach better detection performance than a single detector, by allowing a set of detectors to switch data or information with each other. However, there is a need to implement suitable trust management schemes, with the aim to safeguard such distributed detection networks against insider threats. In the literature, previous studies have indicated that the notion of intrusion sensitivity can be used to enhance the effectiveness of trust management, by highlighting the feedback from expert nodes. In addition, machine learning can be used to assign the value of intrusion sensitivity automatically. In this work, we evaluate the performance of typical supervised learning classifiers in allocating the value of intrusion sensitivity, and figure out some limitations under different data sets. Then we investigate the impact of intrusion sensitivity in a real network environment under adversarial conditions. The results demonstrate that a wrongly assigned sensitivity value may greatly degrade the detection effectiveness of insider attacks. There is a significant need to choose a suitable classifier in allocating the value of intrusion sensitivity in practice.
Selective Enrichment Coupled with Proteomics to Identify S‐Acylated Plasma Membrane Proteins in Arabidopsis
Authors: Zhou Lijuan , Zhou Mowei , Gritsenko Marina A. , Stacey Gary
Published: September 2020

Protein S‐acylation, predominately in the form of palmitoylation, is a reversible lipid post‐translational modification on cysteines that plays important roles in protein localization, trafficking, activity, and complex assembly. The functions and regulatory mechanisms of S‐acylation have been extensively studied in mammals owing to remarkable development of high‐resolution proteomics and the discovery of the S‐acylation‐related enzymes. However, the advancement of S‐acylation studies in plants lags behind that in mammals, mainly due to the lack of knowledge about proteins responsible for this process, such as protein acyltransferases and their substrates. In this article, a set of systematic protocols to study global S‐acylation in Arabidopsis seedlings is described. The procedures are presented in detail, including preparation of Arabidopsis seedlings, enrichment of plasma membrane (PM) proteins, ensuing enrichment of S‐acylated proteins/peptides based on the acyl‐biotin exchange method, and large‐scale identification of S‐acylated proteins/peptides via mass spectrometry. This approach enables researchers to study S‐acylation of PM proteins in plants in a systematic and straightforward way. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Basic Protocol 1: Preparation of Arabidopsis seedling materials

Basic Protocol 2: Isolation and enrichment of plasma membrane proteins

Support Protocol 1: Determination of protein concentration using BCA assay

Basic Protocol 3: Enrichment of S‐acylated proteins by acyl‐biotin exchange method

Support Protocol 2: Protein precipitation by methanol/chloroform method

Basic Protocol 4: Trypsin digestion and proteomic analysis

Alternate Protocol: Pre‐resin digestion and peptide‐level enrichment
Review of cool‐season turfgrasses for salt‐affected roadsides in cold climates
Authors: Friell Joshua , Watkins Eric
Published: September 2020

Turfgrass is often planted along roadsides because of its adaptability and capacity to perform a wide range of functions. Like other roadside vegetation, it must withstand a wide range of biotic and abiotic stresses while persisting long term with minimal management inputs. In cold‐weather climates, snow and ice management practices on roads include the use of deicing salts. Deicing salts can have negative impacts on infrastructure and the environment including soil structure degradation, surface and ground water contamination, and reduction of vegetation quality along roadsides. Insights from past evaluations of turfgrass response to stresses experienced on roadsides can provide perspective for future approaches. This review provides historical context for the establishment of turfgrasses as roadside vegetation in cold‐weather climates where deicing salts are used. Adaptability of species for roadside applications as well as field and controlled environment evaluations of salt tolerance are discussed. In future studies, improved characterization of roadside stress and broader collaborative evaluation programs can enhance testing and result in improved specifications for roadside turfgrass species and mixtures.
Maltreatment exposure across childhood and low‐grade inflammation: Considerations of exposure type, timing, and sex differences
Authors: Ehrlich Katherine B. , Miller Gregory E. , Rogosch Fred A. , Cicchetti Dante
Published: September 2020

Links between child maltreatment and low‐grade inflammation in adulthood are well documented, but these studies often rely on adults to report retrospectively on experiences of childhood abuse. Furthermore, these findings raise questions about whether exposure to childhood maltreatment needs time to “incubate,” only giving rise to nonresolving inflammation in adulthood, or whether heightened inflammation may be observable in childhood, closer in time to the maltreatment exposure. The present study examined this question in a sample of 155 low‐income children (ages 8–12), half of whom had been exposed to maltreatment. Trained coders evaluated case reports to classify maltreatment based on timing and exposure type. Blood samples from children assessed C‐reactive protein and cytokines, which were used to form a composite of low‐grade inflammation. Analyses revealed a marginally significant Maltreatment Exposure × Sex interaction, which suggested that maltreatment exposure was associated with higher inflammation for girls but not boys. Additionally, analyses focused on the accumulation of maltreatment experiences (through multiple forms of maltreatment or across multiple time points) revealed that girls with greater diversity in their maltreatment experiences and those who experienced maltreatment at multiple time points were at greatest risk. Finally, examination of timing of first onset of maltreatment suggested that girls whose exposures occurred before the age of 5 had the highest low‐grade inflammation. These findings add new evidence linking maltreatment to inflammation in childhood, which could increase the risk for mental and physical health problems across the lifespan.