bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Maternal Knowledge and Attitudes Toward Influenza Vaccination: A Focus Group Study in Metropolitan Atlanta
Authors: Gazmararian Julie A. , Orenstein Walter , Prill Mila , Hitzhusen Hannah B. , Coleman Margaret S. , Pazol Karen , Oster Natalia V.
Published: August 2010

Objective. To explore the knowledge and attitudes of mothers of school-aged children toward influenza vaccination and assess what methods of communication about vaccination and its delivery work best among this audience. Methods. The authors conducted focus groups with mothers of school-aged children. Prior to the focus groups, investigators agreed on key themes and discussion points. They independently reviewed transcripts using systematic content analysis and came to an agreement on outcome themes. Results. Many study participants had misunderstandings about influenza vaccines and the definition of influenza. A common perception was that flu is a catch-all term for a variety of undefined illnesses, ranging from a severe cold to stomach upset. Few participants saw a societal benefit in vaccinating children to protect other populations (eg, the elderly). Conclusions. This study represents a first step in understanding how mothers perceive influenza vaccination and for crafting effective communication to increase vaccination among school-aged children.
Complications Associated With Outpatient Parenteral Antibiotic Therapy in Children
Authors: Le Jennifer , San Agustin Michael , Hernandez Elvin A. , Tran Tu T. , Adler-Shohet Felice C.
Published: August 2010

Background. The authors sought to determine the prevalence, risk factors, and clinical impact of complications associated with outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT) in children. Methods. A cohort of patients ≤18 years old with infections, who received OPAT were evaluated retrospectively. Antibiotic-associated complications (AACs), catheter-associated complications (CACs), and unplanned medical care visits were the main outcome measures. Results. Overall, 36 complications (25 CACs and 11 AACs) occurred in 32 of 98 patients. Mean age of patients, race, gender, and infecting organism did not differ between study groups. The use of OPAT for osteomyelitis was associated with complications (odds ratio = 2.69; 95% confidence interval = 0.99-7.35; P = .05). All patients, except for 4 who had complications, clinically improved by the end of OPAT. Unplanned medical visits occurred in 17 patients, 15 of which were because of CACs. Conclusion. Complications occurred commonly in children receiving OPAT and resulted in unplanned medical visits.
Cocooning: Influenza Vaccine for Parents and Caregivers in an Urban, Pediatric Medical Home
Authors: Cooper White P. , Baum David L. , Ross Holly , Falletta Lynn , Reed Michael D.
Published: August 2010

Objective. To determine the acceptance of influenza vaccination by caregivers of children at risk for complications of influenza, if their annual vaccination could be administered by their child’s pediatric caregivers during their child’s office visit. Results. During the 2008-2009 influenza season, 474 caregivers were approached, and 336 (70.9%) agreed to participate; 44 were excluded because they had already received their seasonal influenza vaccination, leaving 292 participants. Most were female (80.8%), the child’s mother (68.5%), and African American (58.6%). In all, 250 of the 292 participants agreed to receive the influenza vaccine in the pediatrician’s office. There were no clinically relevant demographic differences between those who received the vaccine and those who did not. The change in vaccination rate for the group of participants from the previous year was significant (23.7% to 85.6%; P < .001). Conclusion. Caregivers of at-risk pediatric patients are accepting of influenza vaccination from pediatric practitioners while attending their child’s pediatric clinic visit.
Bullous Henoch-Schönlein Purpura in Children: A Report of 6 Cases and Review of the Literature
Authors: Maguiness Sheilagh , Balma-Mena Alexandra , Pope Elena , Weinstein Miriam
Published: August 2010

Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP) is the most common vasculitis occurring in childhood. Clinical presentation involves the classic tetrad of abdominal pain, nonthrombocytopenic purpura, arthritis, and renal involvement. Dermatological manifestations of HSP are characteristic of the condition and consist of palpable purpura and edema of the lower extremities and buttocks. The clinical spectrum of HSP is highly variable; however, vesicles and bullae have rarely been reported as the presenting feature. To date, there are 14 case reports of bullous HSP in the literature in English. The authors report 6 additional cases of bullous HSP, including a recurrent case, presenting to the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, Canada.
Comparison of the Inverness Medical Acceava Strep A Test With the Genzyme OSOM and Quidel QuickVue Strep A Tests
Authors: Rogo Tanya , Schwartz Richard H. , Ascher David P.
Published: August 2010

Previous studies of the accuracy of rapid in-office tests for group A Streptococcus had disparate results, ranging from sensitivity of 70% to more than 90%. The sensitivity and specificity of 3 commercially available Strep A tests were determined in 2 private pediatric office settings. Acceava Strep A, Genzyme OSOM Strep A, and the Quidel QuickVue Strep A tests were the representative rapid tests for detection of Streptococcus pyogenes. Overnight culture on standard 5% sheep blood agar was the reference standard for this study. All 3 CLIA (Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments)-waived tests had sensitivities and specificities that exceeded 95%.
Morbidity and Discharge Timing of Late Preterm Newborns
Authors: Pulver Laurie S. , Denney Jeffrey M. , Silver Robert M. , Young Paul C.
Published: August 2010

Late preterm newborns (LPNs), those with gestational ages (GAs) between 34 weeks and 36 weeks 6 days, account for 70% of preterm births. Because they have a mature appearance and are often cared for in a well baby nursery (WBN), parents may anticipate that the nursery course will be similar to that of a term infant and that their newborn will be discharged with his/her mother. How frequently their hospitalizations are prolonged beyond that of their mothers and the morbidities associated with prolonged hospitalization (PH) have not been well described. The objectives of the study were to (1) determine the proportion of LPNs with a PH and (2) describe the most common morbidities in LPNs and identify those associated with PH. The authors conducted retrospective chart reviews of the neonatal courses of LPNs born between December 2002 and April 2007 at the University of Utah Hospital. They compared maternal and newborn discharge dates to determine the proportion of LPNs with a PH and calculated frequencies of conditions and interventions indicating morbidity and identified associations between each of the conditions/interventions and PH. Of 235 LPNs, 94 (40%) had a PH; 75% of 34-week LPNs had a PH compared with 50% of those with GAs of 35 weeks and 25% of those with GAs of 36 weeks. The most common conditions/interventions were an oxygen need, phototherapy for jaundice, and hypothermia requiring an isolette. A need for nasogastric feeding and antibiotic administration for >3 days was consistently associated with a PH. LPNs whose only intervention was phototherapy for jaundice or IV antibiotics for <3 days did not have a PH. As a group, two thirds of LPNs experienced one or more conditions/interventions indicating morbidity, and 40% had a PH. Both were much more common in LPNs with GAs of 34 weeks compared with LPNs with GAs of 36 weeks. Nursery clinicians should counsel parents of LPNs regarding the likely possibility of morbidity and PH.
The Utility of Alkaline Phosphatase Measurement as a Screening Test for Rickets in Breast-fed Infants and Toddlers: A Study From the Puget Sound Pediatric Research Network
Authors: Taylor James A. , Richter Monica , Done Stephen , Feldman Kenneth W.
Published: August 2010

To determine if alkaline phosphatase (AP) levels are a useful screening test for rickets, the authors measured serum AP levels in children 6 to 15 months old who were predominantly breast-fed for >" xbd="1702" xhg="1679" ybd="1238" yhg="1210"/>6 months without vitamin D supplementation. Radiographs were obtained on children with elevated AP levels to determine the presence of rickets. AP levels were obtained on 246 children; levels were elevated in 33 (13.4%). Rickets was present in 4 of 18 children with elevated levels on whom radiographs were obtained. The sensitivity and specificity of AP levels as a test for rickets was maximal at a cutoff value of 552 U/L. Using this cutoff value, the specificity of AP levels as a test for rickets was 97.4%, and the positive predictive value (PPV) was 40.0%. These results suggest that AP levels may be a useful screening test for rickets in children who are breast-fed for prolonged periods without vitamin D supplementation.
Some Infants With Down Syndrome Spontaneously Outgrow Their Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Authors: Rosen Dennis
Published: August 2010

Introduction. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is commonly seen in children with Down syndrome (DS). Though some infants with DS spontaneously outgrow their OSA, it is not clear how often this occurs or how this should affect the choice between surgical and nonsurgical treatment. Methods. Retrospective chart review of all infants with DS younger than 2 years referred over a 66-month period to Children’s Hospital Boston for sleep study because of suspected OSA. Results. A total of 16 of 29 children studied were diagnosed with OSA; 6 were treated with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), 3 of whom were found 5, 5, and 10 months later on repeat sleep study to have no further evidence of OSA. Conclusion. A significant number of infants with DS and OSA may outgrow it within several months. This has implications for treatment choice, especially between CPAP and tracheostomy, because it may only be needed for a short time.
Younger Asthmatics Are Less Likely to Receive Inhaled Corticosteroids and Asthma Education After Admission for Exacerbation
Authors: Lintzenich Annie , Teufel Ronald J. , Basco William T.
Published: August 2010

Background: Recommended care prior to discharge from an asthma hospitalization includes prescribing controller medications, providing asthma education, and scheduling a follow-up appointment. Objective:To identify factors associated with receipt of recommended preventive care among children hospitalized for asthma. Methods: Retrospective chart review of patients 2-18 years with primary diagnosis of asthma admitted to MUSC Children’s Hospital in 2005. Gender, race, age (2-6 yrs v. 7-18 yrs), primary payer, and season of admission were recorded. Outcome variables were: prescription for inhaled corticosteroids (ICS), asthma education, and scheduling a follow-up appointment. Results: Of the 146 subjects analyzed, 59% were male, 69% non-white, 64% 2-6 years old, 73% Medicaid/other, and 66% were admitted between Oct-March. 73% were prescribed ICS, 71% got asthma education, and 66% had a follow-up appointment scheduled. Bivariate analyses showed that 2-6 year olds were less likely to get ICS (65% v. 88% p < .01) and asthma education (64% v. 84% p < .05). Multivariable analyses demonstrated that younger children were less likely to get ICS (OR= 0.27 95% CI 0.10 - 0.70), younger children were less likely to get asthma education (OR 0.29 95% CI 0.11- 0.74), and commercial payer patients were less likely to get follow-up appointments scheduled (OR 0.39 95% CI 0.18 -0.87) (all models, p < .05). Conclusions: Among children hospitalized for asthma at our institution, younger patients are significantly less likely to receive inhaled steroids and asthma education. Targeting younger asthmatics may be a way to efficiently and effectively improve delivery of recommended preventive care in the hospital.
Pediatrician-Psychiatrist Collaboration to Care for Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Depression, and Anxiety
Authors: Ross Wendy J. , Chan Eugenia , Harris Sion Kim , Goldman Stuart J. , Rappaport Leonard A.
Published: August 2010

Objective: To describe pediatrician experiences collaborating with psychiatrists when caring for children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), depression, and anxiety. Method: A random sample of Massachusetts primary care pediatricians completed a mailed self-report survey. Results: Response rate was 50% (100/198). Most pediatricians preferred psychiatrists to initiate medications for anxiety (87%) or depression (85%), but not ADHD (22%). Only 14% of respondents usually received information about a psychiatry consultation. For most (88%), the family was the primary conduit of information from psychiatrists, although few (14%) believed the family to be a dependable informant. Despite this lack of direct communication, most pediatricians reported refilling psychiatry-initiated prescriptions for ADHD (88%), depression (76%), and anxiety (72%). Conclusions: Pediatricians preferred closer collaboration with psychiatrists for managing children with anxiety and depression, but not ADHD. The communication gap between psychiatrists and pediatricians raises concerns about quality of care for children with psychiatric conditions.
Pioneering Orientation and Firm Growth
Authors: Mueller Brandon A. , Titus Varkey K. , Covin Jeffrey G. , Slevin Dennis P.
Published: August 2010

An extensive amount of research has been conducted regarding the various advantages and disadvantages posed by engaging in market pioneering behavior at the product level. However, relatively little research examines factors that facilitate the relationship between a firm’s overall pioneering orientation and firm growth. This article investigates pioneering as an orientation that a firm adopts in pursuing a proactive introduction of new products to the market across product lines. In doing so, this study examines organizational and industry factors that impact the relationship between pioneering orientation and firm growth and proposes that this main effect relationship will be curvilinear (inverted U shaped). Further, this study hypothesizes that an organization’s ability to strategically learn will positively moderate the relationship between pioneering orientation and firm growth. Additionally, this study hypothesizes that the greater the technological sophistication of the industry, the more positive the relationship between pioneering orientation and firm growth. Hierarchical regression analysis was utilized to examine the hypotheses as observed within a grouping of 101 select firms. Findings indicate that all hypotheses are supported, except for that regarding strategic learning, which is shown to negatively moderate the relationship between pioneering orientation and firm growth. The authors conclude with a discussion of the findings and the potential implications of the study.
Elderly Asian and Hispanic Foreign- and Native-Born Living Arrangements: Accounting for Differences
Authors: Gurak Douglas T. , Kritz Mary M.
Published: August 2010

This study examines the relative importance of demographic, resource, and assimilation statuses in explaining the living arrangements of foreign- and native-born Asian and Hispanic elders from 11 origins in 2000 and accounting for why these groups have higher levels of extended living than native-born Whites. Drawing on the 2000 Public Use Microdata 5% Sample (PUMS) files and using logistic regression, the findings show that demographic characteristics are the major determinants of elderly extended living, followed by resource availability, assimilation, and group origin. Assimilation, on the other hand, is the major determinant of group differences between native White and Asian and Hispanic elders. While findings provide support for assimilation theory, the persistence of differentials across Asian and Hispanic groups after controlling for model covariates, and modest increases in extended living for most native-born Asian and Hispanic groups as well as native Whites in the 1990s underscores the enduring nature of ethnic diversity in living arrangements.
The collaborative invention of meaning: A short history of evolving ideas
Authors: Bamberger Jeanne
Published: August 2010

In this paper I trace moments of spontaneous insight occurring among a group of young children in an environment where they are encouraged and supported in their efforts to collaboratively interrogate their own and one another’s ideas. I argue that noticing, confronting, and responding to enigmas, surprises, and evolving meanings as they are happening, enhances learning while also revealing musical structures that are often hidden in the assumptions that inform our notations and analytic categories, thus influencing our teaching. The examples focus particularly on young children at work learning to transform the elusiveness of organized actions — clapping a rhythm, walking a line, drumming — into explanations and descriptions that hold still to be looked at and upon which to reflect.
Helping with inquiries or helping with profits? The trials and tribulations of a technology of forensic reasoning
Authors: Lawless Christopher J. , Williams Robin
Published: August 2010

The commercialization of forensic scientific provision in the UK over the last two decades has had a major role in shaping a changing epistemic identity for forensic scientists working within this jurisdiction. Efforts to match the presumed epistemological standards of the ‘pure’ sciences have been brought together with concerns about value for money in a new approach to the interpretation of evidence, an activity that lies at the heart of criminal investigative practice. A study of the Case Assessment and Interpretation method developed by members of the UK Forensic Science Service is used to show how a technical innovation in the delivery of forensic science services to the police has instantiated these two recent social processes.
Cartilage Intermediate Layer Protein Gene is Associated with Lumbar Disc Degeneration in Male, but Not Female, Collegiate Athletes
Authors: Min Seok-Ki , Nakazato Koichi , Yamamoto Yosuke , Gushiken Koji , Fujimoto Hideo , Fujishiro Hitone , Kobayakawa Yuri , Hiranuma Kenji
Published: August 2010

Background

The authors previously identified a significant association between lumbar disc degeneration (LDDG) and cartilage intermediate layer protein (CILP) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in collegiate male judokas.

Hypothesis

A significant association between LDDG and the CILP SNP is observed in Japanese collegiate athletes.

Study Design

Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods

The participants were 601 trained collegiate athletes (male, 403; female, 198) from 7 different sports. Lumbar disc degeneration was evaluated using T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Genotyping of the CILP gene (1184T/C) was performed by using DNA sequencing.

Results

Among the 601 collegiate athletes, the odds ratio (OR) for the occurrence of LDDG with the CILP C allele was 1.4 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.05-1.86). By using logistic regression analysis concomitant with the interaction term and the Wald test, the authors found that weight (OR, 1.04; 95% CI, 1.02-1.06), CILP genotype (CT: OR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.24-3.15; CC: OR, 2.9; 95% CI, 1.09-7.74), and gender (OR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.21-3.67) were significant risk factors for LDDG. These analyses also indicated that there was no effect of the CILP genotype on LDDG in female athletes.

Conclusion

The CILP SNP 1184T/C is a risk factor for male collegiate athletes. Information regarding the CILP gene polymorphism may be important for preventing and managing lumbar disc diseases, especially in male athletes.
Time to Ditch AD-AS?
Authors: Grieve Roy H.
Published: August 2010

Complementing previous, often ignored criticism of the AD-AS model - to the effect that this widely-used construction is inherently inconsistent - this note argues that a (rare) defence of the model by Peter Kennedy fails to convince and that the model does indeed, as alleged, give rise to confusing and misleading expositions of the working of the macroeconomy.

JEL classification: A22, B22, E10.
Processing and mechanical characterization of titanium-graphite hybrid laminates
Authors: Le Bourlegat LR , Damato CA , da Silva DF , Botelho EC , Pardini LC
Published: August 2010

Titanium/carbon fiber/epoxy (CF—E) laminates offer many advantages when compared to the traditional metal—fiber laminates and polymer matrix composites for use on aerospace structures. They have many of the advantages of traditional composites such as good strength and stiffness-to-weight ratios. This article displays the mechanical experimental results demonstrating the advantageous influence of titanium/CF—E laminates on specific characteristics of CFRP materials, GLARE® and CARALL®. This hybrid laminate was produced with CF—E prepreg and by titanium foil inside of autoclave system. According to this study, the tensile stress, tensile modulus, shear stress, and shear modulus values for titanium/CF—E laminates are superior when compared with GLARE® and CARALL® laminates, showing the superiority of this laminate in aerospace applications.
The Role of Confucian Cultural Values and Politics in Planning Educational Programs for Adults in Korea
Authors: Ryu Kiung , Cervero Ronald M.
Published: August 2010

Program planning activities are not culturally neutral but are replete with various cultural values and affected by them. This qualitative study was conducted in Korea and examines how cultural values influence educational planning in Korea. Specifically, the study was to examine how Confucian cultural values play out in educational planning in terms of negotiating power and interests. In-depth interviews were held in a variety of settings with 13 program planners. There were two primary categories of findings: (a) planners’ embedded Confucian values, such as group harmony, respect of hierarchy, propriety, face, bond of affection ( jeong), and distinctive gender roles, were reflected in the everyday actions of planners and (b) these Confucian values, especially those of age, gender, and group harmony, influenced the exercise of power and negotiation of power and interests.
Increased occupational coal dust toxicity in blood of central heating system workers
Authors: Tuluce Yasin , Ozkol Halil , Koyuncu Ismail , Ine Hatice
Published: August 2010

Coal dust causes lung diseases in occupational exposure. Reactive oxygen species have been implicated in the pathogenesis of its toxicity. In this study, serum enzymes, lipid profile and other biochemical values with oxidant/antioxidant status in whole blood and serum of central heating system workers (CHSW; the persons responsible for heating the apartment with coal) were determined to reflect the cell injury. Blood samples were obtained from CHSW (n = 25) and healthy individuals (n = 25). All values were measured in whole blood and serum. ANOVA was used for the estimation of statistical data. In the group of CHSW, creatinine, ferritin, alanin aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, creatine phosphokinase, gamma glutamyl transferase, lactate dehydrogenase and glutathione reductase activities as well as triglyceride, very low density lipoprotein, protein carbonyl and malondialdehide were significantly higher, while transferrin, high density lipoprotein and catalase (CAT) activities were lower than the group of healthy individuals. This result is consistent with hypothesis that respirable coal dust generates lipid and protein oxidation and induces leakage of serum enzymes by cell damage. It also leads to imbalance in antioxidant defense system, lipid profile and other biochemical parameters.
Early Cranial Ultrasound Lesions Predict Microcephaly at Age 2 Years in Preterm Infants
Authors: Krishnamoorthy Kalpathy S. , Kuban Karl C. K. , O'Shea T. Michael , Westra Sjirk J. , Allred Elizabeth N. , Leviton Alan ,   ELGAN Study Co-investigators
Published: August 2010

To assess how well early ultrasound lesions in preterm newborns predict reduced head circumference at 2 years, the investigators followed 923 children born before the 28th week of gestation who were not microcephalic at birth. Six percent of children who had a normal ultrasound scan were microcephalic compared with 15% to 20% who had intraventricular hemorrhage, an echolucent lesion, or ventriculomegaly. The odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for microcephaly associated with different ultrasound images were intraventricular hemorrhage, 1.5 (0.8-3.0); ventriculomegaly, 3.3 (1.8-6.0); an echodense lesion, 1.6 (0.7-3.5); and an echolucent lesion, 3.1 (1.5-6.2). Ventriculomegaly and an echolucent lesion had very similar low positive predictive values (24% and 27%, respectively) and high negative predictive values (91% and 90%, respectively) for microcephaly. Ventriculomegaly had a higher sensitivity for microcephaly than did an echolucent lesion (24% vs 16%, respectively). Focal white-matter lesion (echolucent lesion) and diffuse white-matter damage (ventriculomegaly) predict an increased risk of microcephaly.
Sex Disparities in Arrest Outcomes for Domestic Violence
Authors: Hamilton Melissa , Worthen Meredith G. F.
Published: August 2010

Domestic violence arrests have been historically focused on protecting women and children from abusive men. Arrest patterns continue to reflect this bias with more men arrested for domestic violence compared to women. Such potential gender variations in arrest patterns pave the way to the investigation of disparities by sex of the offender in domestic violence arrests. This study utilizes data from a quantitative dataset that includes responses by police officers who completed a specially mandated checklist after responding to a domestic dispute. The results showed that while females are arrested quite often in domestic disputes, there remains a significant difference in the arrest outcome whereby male suspects were more likely to be arrested than female suspects. Regression models further indicated differences based on sex and certain predictors of arrest, which supported sex-based rationales in arrests for domestic violence.
Sexual Revictimization and Mental Health: A Comparison of Lesbians, Gay Men, and Heterosexual Women
Authors: Balsam Kimberly F. , Lehavot Keren , Beadnell Blair
Published: August 2010

Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) has several deleterious effects on health and well-being, including increased risk for rape in adulthood. Such revictimization experiences are linked to negative mental health outcomes. The vast majority of literature on prevalence and impact of sexual revictimization has focused on heterosexual women. In an effort to extend this research to lesbians and gay men, who are known to face higher rates of both CSA and adult rape, we conducted a study ( N = 871) comparing adult lesbians, gay men, and heterosexual women on prevalence and mental health correlates of sexual revictimization. Results indicated that CSA is associated with elevated rates of adult rape for all three groups. In addition, revictimization showed comparable associations with mental health variables for all three groups. Participants with both CSA and adult rape had higher levels of psychological distress, suicidality, alcohol use, and self-harm behaviors relative to those with only one type of victimization and those with no victimization, and those with any victimization were more likely to report recent use of drugs compared to those with no victimization.
Easy Access to Firearms: Juveniles’ Risks for Violent Offending and Violent Victimization
Authors: Ruback R. Barry , Shaffer Jennifer N. , Clark Valerie A.
Published: August 2010

Keeping firearms at home may increase personal safety but it may also increase the risk of injury. This study uses data from three waves of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health to assess the extent to which adolescents’ easy access to firearms at home increases the risk of violent offending and violent victimization. Access to firearms was higher for males, Whites, and adolescents having two parents, especially fathers. Current access to firearms at home significantly increased the odds of both violent offending and violent victimization, even after controlling for prior access, prior offending, and prior victimization. This relationship persisted into early adulthood; access to firearms still significantly increased the odds of violent offending and violent victimization.
People, Places, and Things: How Female Ex-Prisoners Negotiate Their Neighborhood Context
Authors: Leverentz Andrea
Published: August 2010

While many prisoners share the public and policy makers’ concerns about returning to their former neighborhood when they are released from prison, recently released ex-prisoners often do not have the resources to move to a new neighborhood. Using multiple in-depth interviews with female ex-prisoners in Chicago, the author addresses how these women frame their often disadvantaged and racially segregated neighborhood contexts so that they are consistent with their desire to desist from offending. While some women believed they should avoid old neighborhoods, many reframed their neighborhood context as a neutral or positive force, both for them and the community. Three common frames emerged in the data, all of which emphasize the women’s self-efficacy and agency: drugs are unavoidable and so neighborhood is irrelevant, there is comfort in familiarity, and their pasts can be used to help and inspire others in their community. In addition, the author addresses the ways in which these frames are influenced by their involvement in drug treatment programming and by race, class, and gender. These findings suggest a need to expand how research and policy address the neighborhood context of prisoner reentry.
From Normal Conflict to Normative Deviance: The Micro-Politics of Trouble in Close Relationships
Authors: Emerson Robert M.
Published: August 2010

When people experience trouble in their relations with others, they may come to define the problem in nonjudgmental ways as a conflict to be resolved or in moralistic terms as a product of the other’s deviant intentions or character. Empirical materials on troubles among college roommates reveal an initial preference for the former, with the latter typically emerging if and when initial response efforts fail and the trouble escalates. These findings force a revision of analyses that take up consideration of the conflict/deviance alternative only with the entrance of a third party into dyadic troubles.
Practicing Power and Gender in the Field: Learning from Interview Refusals
Authors: Koivunen Tuija
Published: August 2010

This article considers the ways in which power and gender are practiced in the interactional situations of interview refusals in organizational research. The research draws on two episodes of male telemarketers’ refusals in the context of call centers. Utilizing an ethnographic approach together with nonparticipant observations enabled the analysis of the interview refusals while providing valid and informative data. By arguing that gender is filtered into the interaction particularly through power negotiations and actualized for the most part in conflict between the female researcher and the male participants, the article offers an example of how gender can shape and influence the data collection process.
Birth of a brain disease: science, the state and addiction neuropolitics
Authors: Vrecko Scott
Published: August 2010

This article critically interrogates contemporary forms of addiction medicine that are portrayed by policy-makers as providing a ‘rational’ or politically neutral approach to dealing with drug use and related social problems. In particular, it examines the historical origins of the biological facts that are today understood to provide a foundation for contemporary understandings of addiction as a ‘disease of the brain’. Drawing upon classic and contemporary work on ‘styles of thought’, it documents how, in the period between the mid-1960s and the mid-1970s, such facts emerged in relation to new neurobiological styles of explaining and managing social problems associated with drug abuse, and an alliance between a relatively marginal group of researchers and American policy-makers who were launching the ‘War on Drugs’. Beyond illustrating the political and material conditions necessary for the rise of addiction neuroscience, the article highlights the productivity of neurobiological thought styles, by focusing on the new biological objects, treatments and hopes that have emerged within the field of addiction studies over the last several decades.
Modeling Ideational Creativity in Groups: Connecting Cognitive, Neural, and Computational Approaches
Authors: Paulus Paul B. , Levine Daniel S. , Brown Vincent , Minai Ali A. , Doboli Simona
Published: August 2010

Many creative activities take place in a group context, whether in short-term meetings, work teams, or by means of electronic interaction. The group creative process necessarily involves the exchange of ideas or information. Recent models of group creativity have focused on the cognitive underpinnings of this type of group creative process, primarily based on the group brainstorming literature. The authors describe an elaborated computational version of their cognitive model of group creativity and related computational models, and highlight some plausible neural bases for various involved processes. The major findings and theoretical perspectives in this literature are summarized and some potentially fruitful empirical and theoretical directions are highlighted. It is hoped that this comprehensive treatment can be a basis for integrating the present literature and providing useful predictions for further research on this topic.
Understanding the Motivational Contingencies of Team Leadership
Authors: DeRue D. Scott , Barnes Christopher M. , Morgeson Frederick P.
Published: August 2010

Despite increased research on team leadership, little is known about the conditions under which coaching versus directive forms of team leadership are more effective, or the processes through which team leadership styles influence team outcomes. In the present study, the authors found that coaching leadership was more effective than directive leadership when the team leader was highly charismatic and less effective than directive leadership when the team leader lacked charisma. Directive leadership was more effective than coaching leadership when team members were high in self-efficacy and less effective than coaching leadership when team members lacked self-efficacy. The moderating effects of leader charisma and team member self-efficacy were mediated through motivational pathways involving team member effort.
Deliberation and Diversity: Perceptions of Small Group Discussions by Race and Ethnicity
Authors: Abdel-Monem Tarik , Bingham Shereen , Marincic Jamie , Tomkins Alan
Published: August 2010

One of the challenges facing public deliberation scholars and practitioners is to identify deliberative processes that address inequities in interaction and foster active participation among all members of ethnically or racially diverse groups. This study draws from cocultural communication theory and uses mixed methodology to examine the experiences of citizens assigned to racially/ ethnically diverse small groups who participated in “By the People: Dialogues in Democracy”—a national/local initiative and public deliberation event. One hundred participants in a local deliberation in Omaha, Nebraska, completed a postevent questionnaire and 20 participants were subsequently interviewed. Data were analyzed to compare the perceptions of White participants and participants of color (African American, Hispanic, Native American, Asian American). Analysis of variance indicated that participants of color perceived greater communication quality and group effectiveness and experienced more satisfaction with their small groups than did Whites. Both White interviewees and interviewees of color said they valued being exposed to diverse group members and perspectives, the respectful tone of the group interaction, the facilitators’ ability to guide the interaction, and the opportunity to learn. Consistent with cocultural communication theory, participants of color specially praised the equal opportunity to speak in their groups and the experience of being heard. The results fortify the importance for public deliberation practitioners to take concerted steps to ensure racial/ethnic diversity and egalitarian interaction of members in deliberative small groups.
Members’ Openness to Experience and Teams’ Creative Performance
Authors: Schilpzand Marieke C. , Herold David M. , Shalley Christina E.
Published: August 2010

Team composition based on personality has been found to have important effects on team outcomes. However, little is still known about the effect of team personality composition on team creativity. To this end, this study examined the relationship of team members’ openness to experience and team creativity. Results from a study with 31 graduate student teams suggest that openness to experience is significantly related to team creativity. Furthermore, teams that are diverse on openness to experience have the highest levels of team creativity, as long as they have some team members that are low on openness and others that have a moderate level of openness to experience.
Newspaper Reporters’ Priorities and Beliefs About Environmental Journalism: An Application of Q-Methodology
Authors: Giannoulis Christos , Botetzagias Iosif , Skanavis Constantina
Published: August 2010

This article assesses the variety of discourses articulated by journalists reporting on environmental issues. In particular, it investigates how environmental journalists perceive their role and function as reporters of environmental issues as well as the problems they face while reporting. The authors interviewed 23 newspaper reporters covering environmental issues for the nine largest (in terms of daily circulation) daily Greek newspapers, by employing Q-methodology, a qualitative statistical approach specially adjusted for small samples. The subsequent analysis reveals three “factors,” or distinct discourses, labeled “scientifically objective, environmentally responsible journalist,” “environmental crusaders,” and “objective-pure journalists.” By analyzing factors’ discourses, the authors concluded that these groups are highly similar to the “disseminator,” “interpreter/investigator,” and “populist mobilize” categories identified in previous research for journalists with different field orientations. However, the last category (“adversarial”) did not appear in our sample. The authors encourage the replication of this research study in other countries as an effective method of obtaining a broader understanding of the practices and impacts of environmental journalism at a global level.
One or Many? The Influence of Episodic and Thematic Climate Change Frames on Policy Preferences and Individual Behavior Change
Authors: Hart Philip Solomon
Published: August 2010

Drawing from framing theory, this study examines how describing the impact of climate change on polar bears with an episodic or thematic frame may affect predispositions for individual behavior change and support for policies to address climate change. The study finds that participants exposed to a thematic frame had more support for policies that address climate change than participants exposed to an episodic frame. There was no framing effect for predispositions for individual behavior change. Implications for communicating climate change to the general public are discussed.
A Metaphor Made in Public
Authors: Bostanci Adam
Published: August 2010

The preliminary results of human genome research have become widely known as “drafts of the human genome.” Drawing on the interaction theory of metaphor, this article shows that take-up of the notion of a draft and its elaboration as a scientific metaphor was contingent on interactions with broader audiences.The notion of a draft was thus not merely a metonym of the popular but often-criticized Book of Life metaphor for the human genome.
Aesthetics and Astronomy: Studying the Public’s Perception and Understanding of Imagery From Space
Authors: Smith Lisa F. , Smith Jeffrey K. , Arcand Kimberly K. , Smith Randall K. , Bookbinder Jay , Keach Kelly
Published: August 2010

This study examined the scientific understanding of astronomical pictures by experts and nonexperts. It explored how both groups perceive astronomical images and their understanding of both what they are seeing and the science that underlies the images. Data comprised n = 8,866 responses from a survey linked to the NASA Astronomical Picture of the Day website and four focus groups held at the Harvard—Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. Results indicated that variations in presentation of color, explanation, and scale affect comprehension of astronomical imagery. With those who are more expert, shorter, more technical explanations are effective; however, scales are still necessary for complete comprehension. Experts tend to look at the images from a more scientific, data-oriented perspective while nonexperts are more likely to focus, especially initially, on the aesthetic or emotional values of the images. Results provide suggestions for educational outreach to the public.
Non-ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction in a Patient With Essential Thrombocythemia Treated With Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibitor
Authors: Zhang Zhiyong , Wan Xinhong , Liu Yuanyuan , Lin Xiangmin , Ni Zhuhua , Yang Xinchun , Zhang Lin
Published: August 2010

Essential thrombocythemia (ET) can cause systemic vascular thrombosis but rarely cause obstruction of coronary arteries or acute myocardial infarction (MI). Treatment of acute MI in patients with ET may be a problem due to the important role of platelets in the pathogenesis of infarction. In this report, a 63-year-old man presented with acute chest pain and a greatly increased platelet count. The patient was successfully treated with intravenous tirofiban, a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor blocker. Essential thrombocythemia was diagnosed based on bone marrow findings, clinical presentation, and laboratory analysis. Thrombocythemia had been controlled with hydroxyurea.
Letters to a Young Baller: Exploring Epistolary Criticism
Authors: Chawansky Megan
Published: August 2010

This article explores the possibilities of epistolary criticism within the realm of sport studies and aspires to encourage scholars to consider the use of non-traditional sport memorabilia and source materials when telling emotive stories about sport and sport practices. The use of letters and the letter-writing format to tell a personal narrative of recruitment and to examine larger issues within athletic recruitment allows readers to intimately engage with the varied feelings and emotions that are a part of the athletic recruiting process. By using personal recruiting letters as source material and to structure the paper, readers examine recruiting on an intimate level and are called into the text in unique and unfamiliar ways.
Computer-Assisted Instruction for Teaching Academic Skills to Students With Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of Literature
Authors: Pennington Robert C.
Published: August 2010

Although legislation mandates that students with autism receive instruction linked to the general education core content, there is limited research supporting the effectiveness of interventions for teaching core content to these students. In this study, the author reviewed research conducted between the years 1997 and 2008 using computer-assisted instruction (CAI) to teach academic skills to students with autism. The author concluded that CAI was effective for teaching a limited set of academic skills to individuals with autism; however, functional relations were found in few of the single-case designs and none of the group designs included a control group. Future researchers should explore the use of CAI in various instructional arrangements, identify critical technology components, and evaluate commercially available software.
A Survey of Personnel Preparation Practices in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Barnhill Gena P. , Polloway Edward A. , Sumutka Bianca M.
Published: August 2010

Researchers indicate that special education is grappling with many issues and challenges that point to the need to examine the nature and type of personnel preparation for educators working with individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). The purpose of this study was to survey teacher educators at colleges and universities to (a) determine the prevalence of programs training teachers in this area; (b) identify the nature of the autism-specific coursework and programs currently being offered (e.g., the motivation for developing these courses, the number of such courses offered); and (c) ascertain the topics included in ASD coursework and the depth at which these topics are addressed. Survey forms were mailed to personnel at 184 institutions of higher education (IHEs) in 43 states; responses were received from faculty members at 87 IHEs in 34 states. Current patterns in personnel preparation are discussed and followed by recommendations for future action.
Preventing injury in children and adolescents
Authors: Kirkwood Graham , Parekh Nikesh , Pollock Allyson M
Published: August 2010

Injury is a leading cause of death among children and adolescents and accounts for around 16% of the world’s burden of disease reflecting the disproportionate burden of injuries among young people and added years of life lived with disability. It is the poorest children in every country in the world that are at greatest risk of injury and the majority of deaths due to child injury occur in low-income and middle-income countries. The majority of injuries can be prevented or at least controlled and the costs of prevention are much lower than the costs of the consequences of injuries. But injury prevention requires good quality data monitoring and surveillance systems. This article provides an overview of child and adolescent injuries and their risk factors including socioeconomic inequality. Drawing on an original UK case study of data, it illustrates the crucial lack of data and injury surveillance systems to inform prevention.
Direction of arrival estimation of Lamb waves using circular arrays
Authors: Engholm Marcus , Stepinski Tadeusz
Published: August 2010

Uniform circular arrays (UCAs) with 360° azimuthal coverage are very useful for structural health monitoring (SHM) of large planar structures. Difficulties encountered when working with Lamb waves include their dispersive and multi-modal nature. In this article three different methods for estimating the direction-of-arrival (DOA) of incoming Lamb waves are compared and verified using simulated and experimental data. The previously proposed phase-mode excitation-based beamformer is compared with two high-resolution spectral estimation techniques, the Capon method and the multiple signal classification method. Design consideration and guidelines for UCAs are presented. To experimentally evaluate the performance of the considered DOA methods a prototype array consisting of 16 separate pinducers arranged in a ring was constructed. The array was provided with an analog multiplexer that enabled recording signals received by the individual elements using a digital oscilloscope. The array was used for the reception of ultrasonic pulses sent by broadband piezoelectric transmitters and propagating in an aluminum plate. A selection of simulation and experimental results is presented showing the superior performance of the Capon beamformer.