bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Role of ICU of Mugda Medical College Hospital in Patients with COVID 19 in Bangladesh
Authors: Ahmmed Dr. Mustaq , Tariquzzaman Dr. MD. , Shoman Dr. Mohammed Mohiuddin , Ul Haque Dr. Mohammad Mahbub- , Shahinoor Dr. Mohammad , Sultana Dr. Nargis , Sharmin Dr. Bedoura
Published: April 2023

Background: First outbreak of COVID 19 started in Wuhan, China at December 2019 and since then, it spread globally but information regarding critically ill COVID 19 patients is still limited. The role of Intensive care unit(ICU) has been described in several studies. But in Bangladesh, we have very limited research-based information regarding the role of ICU in the management of patients with COVID 19. Aim of the study: The aim of this study was to assess the role of ICU in the management of patients with COVID 19. Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted in the Department of Anesthesia & ICU, Mugda Medical College Hospital, Dhaka., Bangladesh during the period from 26 March 2021 to 21 July 2022. In total 67 ICU admitted COVID 19 patients were enrolled in this study as study subjects. Proper written consents were taken from all the participants before data collection. As per the inclusion criteria of this study, only RT-PCR confirmed COVID 19 patients were included. All the demographic and clinical information of the participants were recorded. All data were processed, analyzed and disseminated by using MS Excel and SPSS version 23.0 program as per necessity. Results: In this study, mean day from hospital to ICU admission of the participants was 1 day ranging from 0 to 3 days and mean day from symptoms to ICU admission was 5 days ranging from 3 to 7 days. During ICU care, for majority of the cases (51%) mechanical ventilation was used. As medicine, hydroxychloroquine was used in 72% cases and corticosteroids were used in 25% cases. The mean ICU length and hospital staying in day were 10.25 ±2.33 and 17.47 ±3.75 days respectively. Among total 67 cases 46% (n=31) survived whereas 54% (n=36) died. Conclusion: As per the procedure and findings of this study we can conclude that, adequate ventilation facilities along with ICU is necessary to manage such pandemic. Prompt hospitalization and diagnosis may safe more life and can reduce the sufferings ....
Management of Fractured Maxillary Incisors with Translucent Zirconia Crowns: A Case Report
Authors: Mahjoubi, Bouthaina , Nasri Sarra , Grira Ibtissem , Amor Adel , Douki Nabiha
Published: April 2023

Introduction: Traumatic dental injuries commonly occur to the maxillary incisors because of their position in the oral cavity. Depending on the event’s intensity, the teeth may be frequently fractured at different levels. Observation: This case report describes the clinical procedures involved in the treatment of a complicated fracture in the right maxillary incisors in a 40-year-old male patient, due to road traffic accident. After clinical and radiograph examination, endodontic treatment was decided to restore the complicated crowns fracture with fiber posts and cores followed by all ceramic crowns. The teeth were satisfactory both aesthetically and functionally. Discussion: Fiber post has better homogeneous tension distribution when loaded and advantageous optical properties. Therefore, a combined use of fiber posts and translucent zirconia provides satisfying esthetic results and improved mechanical properties.
Regarding “Burden of Comorbidities and Healthcare Resource Utilization Among Medicaid-Enrolled Extremely Premature Infants”
Authors: Tsapatsaris Ava , Bhima Miran , Sekhar Tejas C.
Published: April 2023

In their article, Mowitz et al investigated the burden of comorbidities and healthcare resource utilization among extremely premature infants enrolled in Medicaid, laying a foundation for further policy action.
TEKNIK PASCA PANEN PAPRIKA (Capsicum annum var. grossum L) DI AGROWISATA PUNCAK BUKITCATU BEDUGUL-BALI
Authors: Yasinta Wonga Ngandhe  , Rosiana Ulfa  , Bagus Setyawan
Published: April 2023

Fruit and vegetable commodities are very easily damaged when harvested because of the respiration and transpiration processes in the fruit. The most effective way to reduce respiration rate is by lowering the product temperature and packaging method. One way of packaging using plastic packaging. The selection of the thickness of the plastic packaging is critical because it is related to the permeability of the plastic to environmental conditions. The purpose of this fieldwork practice is to find out good post-harvest techniques for paprika plants in Agrowisata Puncak Bukit Catu Tabanan, Bali. The method used is a field study by collecting data through direct observation, namely direct interviews with all relevant parties, practice, and documentation, as well as literature study by taking data from the company and comparing it with theory. The result of this study are post-harvest handling of paprika commodities including sorting, namely separating damaged fruit, grading, namely separating paprika according to its size, washing, storing, packaging, and transporting.
ANALISA KANDUNGAN FORMALIN PADA PRODUK TAHU PUTIH DI KECAMATAN WONGSOREJO
Authors: Ahmad Bilhaqqi Nazal  , Rosiana Ulfa  , Restiani Sih Harsanti
Published: April 2023

Tofu is one source of protein from white soybeans by finely milling, boiling, and printing. The shelf life of tofu is very limited, under normal conditions (room temperature) the shelf life is on average 1-2 days, if more than this limit the taste of tofu will turn sour and give rise to a rotten aroma so it is not suitable for consumption. This makes foods such as tofu often added with chemicals or natural ingredients to make them last longer. One of the chemicals that is dangerous and often used is formalin, so there is a need for research on the content of formaldehyde in white tofu, especially in Wongsorejo District because white tofu is one of the foods that are often consumed by the community. This research was initiated by collecting tofu samples from four tofu factories in Wongsorejo District, namely Wongsorejo Village. The test was carried out qualitatively by using the Formalin Test Kit method. Based on the physical test and qualitative formalin test conducted on the four tofu samples taken from factories in the Districts of Wongsorejo, Sumberkencono, Bajulmati, and Sidodadi, it was found that all samples did not contain formalin.
ANALISIS KANDUNGAN PROTEIN DAN ORGANOLEPTIK TEMPE DENGAN MEDIA YANG BERBEDA
Authors: Supriyanto  , Bagus Setyawan  , Rosiana Ulfa
Published: April 2023

Tempe is made from fermentation which generally uses soybeans. Soybean as a raw material for tempeh is a vegetable protein food that reaches 30.20% in a wet state and 34.90% in a dry state. The high consumption of tempeh by the Indonesian people encourages the tempe industry to innovate or look for soybean substitutes. The raw material in the form of imported soybeans causes dependence on imported soybeans to increase. The high price of imported soybeans is a major problem for the tempe industry and this problem is very dilemmatic because on the one hand the community still needs it. The results of the study indicate that the raw material for imported soybean tempeh can be substituted/replaced with beans as an alternative to reduce the number of Indonesian soybean imports. This study aims to determine the chemical characteristics of tempe and to determine the acceptability of tempe consumers with different media materials, the media used are soybeans, green beans, peanuts, and koro swords. The analytical method used in this study is a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of 4 treatments and 4 replications so that a sample of 16 samples is obtained, with the materials used are soybeans, green beans, peanuts, sword beans (B1, B2, B3, B4). The results showed that the average protein content of green beans was 20.61%, soybeans 17.45%, koro swords 10.81%, and peanuts 9.97%. Meanwhile, the results of the organoleptic test in terms of color, aroma, taste, and texture of tempe from soybeans were still the most preferred tempe by the panelists.
Improving in quality of products during extrusion of parts type of cups made of sintered iron-based powder preforms
Authors: Dmitriev A.M. , Korobova N.V.
Published: April 2023

Large-scale production of parts made of iron powders and powder steels, in which parts are shaped in presses, is considered. Preforms are formed from the powder, then are sintered and the items are punched from the sintered preforms. The advantage of cold forging is demonstrated. The durability of the tool during cold forming is not sufficient to produce parts from powder steels. The way to reduce stress in the tool is described. The items had large porosity due this process. The method of porosity reduction of the parts as they are formed is described. The design of stamp is given.
„Modlitwa dziewicy”. Kicz i seksizm dziewiętnastowiecznej muzyki salonowej
Authors: Golianek Ryszard Daniel
Published: April 2023

Opublikowana po raz pierwszy w 1856 r. przez Teklę Bądarzewską-Baranowską (1829–61) miniatura fortepianowa Modlitwa dziewicy odniosła niebywały sukces komercyjny (już w 1860 roku szacowano liczbę sprzedanych egzemplarzy na ponad milion) i rozsławiła nazwisko polskiej pianistki na świecie. Jednak przypadek ten należy traktować wyłącznie jako szczególny fenomen społeczny, a nie jako osiągnięcie artystyczne. Kompozycja Bądarzewskiej stanowiła bowiem idealne odwzorowanie dziewiętnastowiecznych wyobrażeń o kobiecie i kobiecości, wpisując się w kanony ówczesnej kultury. Przywołanie kontekstu muzyki salonowej tego czasu trzeba uznać za oczywisty i adekwatny punkt odniesienia dla prezentowanych ocen i poglądów, jako że omawiany utwór stał się wręcz ikonicznym przykładem twórczości z kręgu kultury dziewiętnastowiecznego salonu. Z tego też względu zaprezentowane wnioski mogą być przydatne dla rozumienia sytuacji całego repertuaru muzyki salonowej, którego ogrom ilościowy stanowi jeden z fenomenów tej epoki.

Przedstawione w artykule dwa spojrzenia interpretacyjne na Modlitwę dziewicy – rozpatrywanie tego dzieła jako przejawów kiczu i seksizmu – stanowią przykład zastosowania współczesnej metodologii (z kręgu nowej muzykologii) do dzieła z przeszłości. Oba zaproponowane ujęcia są swoistą interpretacją adaptacyjną przeprowadzoną ze współczesnej perspektywy. Dla określenia pozycji estetycznej utworu Bądarzewskiej jako dzieła będącego przejawem kiczu została wykorzystana teoretyczna koncepcja Abrahama Moles’a. Autor ten  wyróżnił pięć zasad kiczu, których przejawy można bez trudu odnaleźć w omawianym utworze lub jego odbiorze i które zostają w artykule poddane interpretacji estetycznej. Z kolei doszukiwanie się w Modlitwie dziewicy przejawów seksizmu wynika z sytuacji społecznej utworu: omawiana kompozycja jest dziełem twórczyni-kobiety, dodatkowo zaś określona tytułem i stylem muzycznym problematyka wiązała się z toposem przedstawień kobiecości w muzyce, silnie zdominowanym stereotypami odnoszącymi się do społecznej pozycji płci. Jak się okazuje, swoją sztuką Bądarzewska artystka wpisała się w mainstream seksistowskiego postrzegania kobiet i ich aktywności, a Modlitwa dziewicy stała się wzorcowym przykładem utworu, którego cechy stylistyczno-ekspresyjne doskonale odpowiadały wyobrażeniom o wtórnej, niesamodzielnej i banalnej sztuce kobiecej.
Por uma abordagem problematizada dos Teoremas Fundamentais do Cálculo na formação inicial de professoras e professores de matemática
Authors: Batista Guse Hygor , Da Silva Knopp Ivo , Cardoso Mendes Luísa , Linder Vinicius
Published: April 2023

Este trabalho enseja propor abordagens que tentem problematizar os Teoremas Fundamentais do Cálculo (TFC), em Cálculo, na formação inicial de professores(as) de matemática. Nossa tentativa se dá em três frentes: (i) debruçar-se sobre a questão conceitual acerca da integral e sua relação com a área; (ii) tensionar o motivo de as operações de diferenciação e integração poderem ser consideradas como inversas uma da outra; (iii) tratar sobre formas intuitivas de se abordar os TFC anteriores à formalização. Esperamos que as discussões aqui feitas apontem para abordagens problematizadas não somente dos TFC, mas também do Cálculo e de outras disciplinas de conteúdo matemático, como Análise Real, Álgebra Abstrata, Álgebra Linear, dentre outras.
Desafios do Novo Ensino Médio
Authors: Giordano Cassio Cristiano
Published: April 2023

Ser professor na Educação Básica brasileira significa ser testado a todo instante, adaptar-se a contínuas modificações nas diretrizes educacionais, à precária formação inicial e continuada e às cobranças por melhoraria dos indicadores educacionais, a despeito da falta de recursos disponíveis. Iniciamos o ano letivo de 2023 impactados pelos efeitos da pandemia de COVID-19, como defasagens, lacunas formativas e baixo nível de engajamento discente, vivenciando uma ampla reforma curricular, desencadeada pela Base Nacional Comum Curricular, em meio à turbulência política, com trocas de governantes em nível federal e estadual, ministros e secretários, bem como de políticas públicas na Educação, Cultura, Ciência e Tecnologia, Meio Ambiente e áreas afins. No Novo Ensino Médio, vivemos a implantação e implementação dos Itinerários Formativos, Temas Contemporâneos Transversais, e a consequente reestruturação da grade curricular. Atuando há 30 anos no Ensino Médio, essa é a maior mudança que já presenciei. É disso que trata esse artigo.

Palavras-chave: Novo Ensino Médio. Itinerários Formativos. Base Nacional Comum Curricular. Reforma Curricular. Ensino de Matemática.
بناء مقياس الدافعية لدى اللاعبين الشباب بأعمار (17-19) سنة بالكرة الطائرة
Authors: رعد أياد , حكمت أسماء
Published: April 2023

هدفت البحث الى بناء مقياس الدافعية على عينة من اللاعبين الشباب بالكرة الطائرة بأعمار (17-19) سنة، واستخدم الباحثان المنهج الوصفي بالأسلوب المسحي، وتم اختيار مجتمع البحث بالطريقة العمدية وهم اللاعبين الشباب بالكرة الطائرة أعمار 17-19 سنة، وبعد استخراج القدرة التميزية والاتساق الداخلي والتحليل العاملي، تبين ان فقرات مقياس الدافعية  يلائم العينة وان اللاعبين لديهم مستوى عالٍ من الدافعية، وتم التوصل الى بناء مقياس الدافعية والذي تم بناءه لأول مرة من قبل الباحثان على اللاعبين، ويوصي الباحثان بوجوب استخدام هذا المقياس وتطبيقه على مختلف اللاعبين وذلك للتعرف الدافعية لديهم لتمكنهم من الوصول الى اعلى المستويات.
تأثير تمرينات خاصة مقترحة بالأسلوب الدائري في بعض أنواع القوة العضلية والإنجاز لدى رباعي المنتخب العراقي ذوي الإعاقة
Authors: الجوراني علي
Published: April 2023

هدفت الدراسة إلى التعرف على تأثير التمرينات الخاصة الموضوعة من الباحث بالأسلوب الدائري في بعض أنواع القوة العضلية (القوة النسبية والقوة المميزة بالسرعة ومطاولة القوة) والإنجاز، لدى الرباعين ذوي الإعاقة، إذ استخدم الباحث المنهج التجريبي بأسلوب العينتين الضابطة والتجريبية، وتكونت عينة البحث من (4) رباعين للمجموعة الضابطة و(4) رباعين للمجموعة التجريبية، والتي تشكل نسبة (80%) من مجتمع البحث البالغ (10) رباعين، من المشاركين في بطولة القطر للعام (2021). واستخدم الباحث تمرينات خاصة للعضلات العاملة والعضلات المساعدة والمقابلة والمثبتة، وذلك بطريقة التدريب الفتري المنخفض الشدة والمرتفع الشدة والتكراري بالأسلوب الدائري، وفي ضوء النتائج توصل الباحث إلى بعض الاستنتاجات منها: ظهور فروق ذوات دلالة إحصائية بين نتائج الاختبارات القبلية والبعدية للمجموعة الضابطة في الإنجاز فقط ولصالح الاختبار البعدي، وللمجموعة التجريبية في القوة النسبية ومطاولة القوة والإنجاز إلا في متغير القوة المميزة بالسرعة لم تكن الفروق معنوية، إلا أن نسب التطور كانت عالية للمجموعتين الضابطة والتجريبية ولكن نسب تطور المجموعة التجريبية كانت أعلى من المجموعة الضابطة، وكذلك استنتج أن فاعلية التمرينات الخاصة المقترحة بالأسلوب الدائري في تنمية بعض انواع القوة العضلية والإنجاز بالشكل الفعال ولها الأفضلية على التمرينات بأسلوب المحطات.
تأثـــير تمرينــات مركبة في بعض المهارات الأساسية لحراس المرمى الشباب بكرة القدم
Authors: صدام حسين , سامي يوسف مالك فارس
Published: April 2023

هدف البحث الى اعداد تمرينات مركبة لتطوير بعض المهارات الأساسية لحراس المرمى الشباب، فضلا عن التعرف على تأثير التمرينات المركبة لتطوير بعض المهارات الأساسية لحراس المرمى الشباب بكرة القدم، واستخدم الباحثان المنهاج التجريبي بتصميم المجموعة الواحدة ذو الاختبار القبلي والبعدي، اختيرت العينة بالطريقة العمدية وهم (4) حراس مرمى فئة الشباب من الاندية المشاركة دوري محافظة صلاح الدين للشباب للموسم (2021-2022)، خضعت الوحدات التدريبية للإشراف المباشر من قبل الباحثين وبمساعدة مدرب الفريق، اذ تضمن المنهاج التدريبي (8 أسابيع) اثناء مرحلة الاعداد الخاص، بواقع (3) وحدات تدريبية في الأسبوع، وبلغت مجموع الوحدات التدريبية الكلي (24) وحدة تدريبية وتم استخدام أسلوب (CrossFit) على شكل محطات وكل محطة (تمرين) لها زمن ثابت ويطلب اكثر عدد ممكن من التكرارات يؤديه حارس المرمى لينتقل الى المحطة (التمرين) التالية دون اخذ فترات راحة وعند الانتهاء من اداء مجموعة التمارين يأخذ حارس المرمى راحة (3) دقيقة وكانت الشدة المستخدمة من (75ـ95%) من اقصى مقدرة لحارس المرمى وقد استخدم الباحث النبض لتحديد الشدة في التمرين، وبلغ زمن الوحدة التدريبية الواحدة (14ـ 20) دقيقة واستخدم الباحثان جزء من القسم الرئيس من الوحدة التدريبية والخاص بالجانب المهاري. وتم استخدام البرنامج الاحصائي (SPSS) لمعالجة البيانات احصائيا، واستنتج الباحثان تحقق عينة البحث تطورا معنوياً في مهارات (مسك الكرات العالية الارتفاع من فوق الراس، ابعاد (لكم) الكرات العالية الارتفاع من فوق الراس)، كذلك ان الية بناء التمرينات المركبة وتنظيمها كان له دو إيجابي لتطوير المهارات لدى عينة البحث، ويوصي الباحثان تعميم التمرينات المعدة بأسلوب (CrossFit) على الأندية الرياضية لغرض الإفادة منه في اعداد الاعبين الشباب في رياضة كرة القدم.
Perfuração de reto secundária a obstrução em alça fechada após retossigmoidectomia perineal (Cirurgia de Altemeier)
Authors: Contarin Thabata Galvão , Contarin Nicole Galvão , Alves Júnior Antônio José Tiburcio
Published: April 2023

O prolapso retal é uma patologia relativamente rara que consiste na saída parcial ou completa do reto através do ânus (neste caso, também chamado prolapso retal), mais comum na sétima década de vida de pacientes do sexo feminino. Esta condição apresenta sintomas clínicos variados, tais como proctalgia, incontinência fecal, obstipação, sangramento, descarga de muco, protuberância anal, entre outros. O tratamento desta patologia é cirúrgico, contudo, as terapias não cirúrgicas podem ser utilizadas para combater os sintomas associados. Existem diferentes técnicas cirúrgicas para a correcção do prolapso retal descritas na literatura. Estas técnicas podem ser realizadas pela via perineal ou abdominal, escolhendo a abordagem de acordo com o tipo de prolapso e as condições clínicas do paciente. Este relato pretende apresentar uma complicação que ocorreu após a rectosigmoidectomia perineal com reparação de esfíncteres (técnica de Altemeier) em uma paciente no Hospital PUC-Campinas, SP.
Evaluation of the Reality of the Intangible Assets of Some Companies Listed in the Iraq Stock Exchange
Authors: Majeed Manal Hameed
Published: April 2023

The modern business environment witnessed many transformations during the nineties of the last century, most notably the increasing importance of the intangible elements represented in knowledge, technology, individual skills and other factors that have become the main source of wealth and income and the enhancement of the competitive advantages owned by business enterprises that help them survive and grow. This was accompanied by an increase in the market value of business establishments in a manner that exceeds many times its book value, especially in knowledge and technology-intensive sectors such as communications, medicine and software. This made the financial statements lose a lot of their solvency and comparability. Intangible assets are one of the contributing factors in determining the discrepancy between the company's value according to its accounting records, and the company's value according to its market value. With that argument in mind, it is necessary to understand the true nature of intangible assets from the point of view of financiers. Intangible assets are important for many establishments in most industrial sectors such as patents, goodwill, and service sectors such as computer software development work.
Reading About Indo-Pakistani Relations
Authors: Assim Faiq Dr. Tala
Published: April 2023

The South Asian region occupies a great strategic importance due to the nature of regional and international interactions in the region, especially that India has always sought to strengthen relations with the great powers, including the United States of America, and at the same time Pakistan sought to strengthen relations with international powers, including China, and India set out to enhance its strength and international standing To confront Pakistan and the regional powers represented by China from a group of factors that explained the nature of Indo-Pakistani relations. These factors were represented at the internal and external levels by political, economic, social and military factors.
The Role of Environmental Analysis in Reducing Strategic Anxiety: Analytical Research in the Iraqi Airways Company
Authors: Jassim Mohammed Prof. Dr. Nasreen , Obaid Adel Naima
Published: April 2023

The current research aims to test the effect of environmental analysis in reducing the Strategic Anxiety of the Iraqi Airways Company. Given the importance of the two variables for the company from the perspective of society and the sample resulting from directing various organizational phenomena to reduce its strategic anxiety as a goal that should be viewed from multifaceted perspectives(Not sure, relational disorder, competitive disorder, resources). It was embodied by choosing the exploratory analytical method as the most appropriate in that aspect, To prepare the research questionnaire from solid scientific standards adopted by previous studies, with the introduction of some expert professors and arbitrators to it with appropriate modifications, As the research sample was intentional stratification from the community of leaders, who numbered by comprehensive enumeration, to be distributed to a sample (98) of the company's leaders (General manager and department managers, and officials of the people). As it was retrieved (83) questionnaire subject to analysis in addition to the use of some statistical programs (SMART PLS V.3.4 , SPSS V.28) and use appropriate statistical methods K (normal distribution tests, Testing the scale's validity, stability and confirmation after it has been explored, Descriptive and inferential statistical analysis through the weighted arithmetic mean, standard deviation, Relative importance, Relative coefficient of difference, Pearson correlation coefficient, Multiple regression by regressive elimination method, And test the influence of the mediator by the method of Barron and Kenny, and Sobel's touchstone, and structural modeling), The practical analysis, through the data obtained by the researcher from the sample answers, reached the most prominent result (Enabling Iraqi Airways to adopt environmental analysis to reduce its level of strategic Anxiety)
Improving person re-identification based on two-stage training of convolutional neural networks and augmentation
Authors: Ihnatsyeva S. A. , Bohush R. P.
Published: April 2023

Objectives. The main goal is to improve person re-identification accuracy in distributed video surveillance systems.

Methods. Machine learning methods are applied.

Result. A technology for two-stage training of convolutional neural networks (CNN) is presented, characterized by the use of image augmentation for the preliminary stage and fine tuning of weight coefficients based on the original images set for training. At the first stage, training is carried out on augmented data, at the second stage, fine tuning of the CNN is performed on the original images, which allows minimizing the losses and increasing model efficiency. The use of different data at different training stages does not allow the CNN to remember training examples, thereby preventing overfitting.

Proposed method as expanding the training sample differs as it combines an image pixels cyclic shift, color  exclusion and fragment replacement with a reduced copy of another image. This augmentation method allows to get a wide variety of training data, which increases the CNN robustness to occlusions, illumination, low image resolution, dependence on the location of features.

Conclusion. The use of two-stage learning technology and the proposed data augmentation method made it possible to increase the person re-identification accuracy for different CNNs and datasets: in the Rank1 metric  by 4–21 %; in the mAP by 10–31 %; in the mINP by 39–60 %.
Penfigoide ampolloso en paciente masculino de 9 meses de edad. Reporte de caso y revisión
Authors: Alvarez Saltos Miguel David , Ortiz Serran Iliana Verenice , Guerra Flores Daniela Luisangie , Llivisupa Malla Roberto Carlos , Jiménez Guerrero Juan Carlos
Published: April 2023

El penfigoide ampolloso es una enfermedad cutánea ampollar subepidérmica autoinmunitaria que es común en los pacientes ancianos, pero también pueden existir casos raros en pacientes en su primera etapa de vida. Se caracteriza por presentar ampollas tensas, grandes en piel normal o eritematosa, con o sin prurito. La enfermedad se manifiesta como prurito generalizado sin lesiones visibles, placas urticarianas, placas eritematosas, parches de eccema y dishidrosis, lesiones tipo prúrigo nodular, eritrodermia y lesiones vegetantes. Su diagnóstico se establece con la combinación de características clínicas, histológicas e inmunopatológicas.

Objetivo: Diagnosticar de manera temprana el penfigoide ampolloso para evitar una evolución clínica con complicaciones.

Descripción del caso:  Se realiza una revisión científica y presentación de caso clínico con el fin de conocer un diagnostico temprano de penfigoide ampolloso. Paciente masculino de 9 meses de edad es traído por su madre quien refiere desde hace una semana presentar prurito mas ampollas tensas, localizadas en región periférica de miembros superiores, tórax, abdomen y región pélvica. Es ingresado al servicio de Pediatría donde se identifican además placas eritematosas pruriginosas con secreción amarillenta compatible con diagnóstico de penfigoide ampolloso, el cual recibe tratamiento y evoluciona clínicamente favorable.

Conclusiones: El Penfigoide Ampolloso en Ecuador representa una enfermedad infrecuente, en la región amazónica se han diagnosticado casos seguidos de esta enfermedad. Es preciso decir que en la parte Rural ya que existen múltiples factores ambientales y bajos recursos en muchos hogares.
Paradoja del título valor. De la incertidumbre del átomo a la certeza de los bits
Authors: Steele Ardila Bannezza Leonor
Published: April 2023

Así como la paradoja del diamante y el agua, busca explicar la razón por la que a pesar de ser el agua más útil y necesaria que los diamantes, tiene un valor muchísimo menor, el presente artículo pretende revelar por qué un título valor aportado de manera digital, determinado y determinable, en que convergen los requisitos de claridad, expresividad y exigibilidad, pese a gozar de la misma presunción legal de aquel que se aporta con la demanda de manera física o corporal, ve menguada su idoneidad, utilidad, necesidad y pertinencia ante la mirada incrédula del operador judicial. Apoyados en la romántica percepción judicial de Calamandrei, 1973 y el discurso metódico de Cappelletti, 1976, trataremos de identificar cuál es el papel de la ley en la abrumadora tarea de romper paradigmas frente a el uso de las tecnologías de la información en la administración de justicia y, con algo de ayuda doctrinal y jurisprudencial  reinterpretaremos conceptos clásicos como literalidad, incorporación, legitimación y autonomía, con el fin de demostrar que el “fumus bonis juri” puede ser atizado por: el principio de buena fe en los negocios celebrados por un particular, todo esto bajo un análisis cualitativo y una línea metodológica correlativa.
Efecto Larvicida de Gliricidia sepium sobre Aedes aegypti L. y Aedes albopictus
Authors: Cortés-Guzmán Antonio Juan , Miranda-Zamora Eivar Yumil , Mendoza-Benjamin Deifilia , Maruris-Reducindo Mireya , Miranda-Juárez Sofía , Godínez-Jaimes Flaviano , Valle-De la Paz Mairel , Reyes Ríos Roxana
Published: April 2023

Se evaluó in vitro el efecto larvicida del extracto etanólico de Gliricidia sepium (Cacahuananche) sobre larvas del tercer estadio de Aedes aegypti y Aedes albopictus. Las variables de estudio fueron: mortalidad de larvas de tercer instar con concentración del extracto al 4 y 5%. Se obtuvo 60% de mortalidad en larvas de Ae. aegypti y 64% en Ae. albopictus en la concentración de 4%, mientras que con la concentración del 5% se obtuvo 100% de mortalidad en ambas especies.  En el presente estudio no se analizaron las variables de precio, residualidad y toxicidad de los extractos.
Desempeño de algoritmos de inteligencia artificial (IA) en problemas cognitivos con enfermos de alzheimer (EA)
Authors: Chávez Orovio Luis Eduardo , Delgado Togra Danny Santiago , Lozana Astudillo Diana Elizabeth , Astudillo García María Luisa , Alcivar Mora Alicia Edith
Published: April 2023

El presente estudio aborda el análisis del Desempeño de algoritmos basados en Inteligencia Artificial (IA) para la ayuda de problemas cognitivos en enfermos de Alzheimer (EA), el estudio se lo realizo con a 5 adultos mayores de la Fundación Clemencia, Asilo “Sofía Ratinoff” situada al norte de la ciudad de Guayaquil. La metodología empleada fue mixta de tipo cualitativo y cuantitativo de carácter descriptivo y exploratorio al contexto ecuatoriano. El instrumento de medición fue el Test cognitivo “Mini Mental State Example” de los autores Folstein y McHugh (1975) con la respectiva adaptación por al contexto de parte del Ministerio de Inclusión Económica y Social (MIES, 2018) en base a la traducción de los autores Beaman, García, Villa (2003) el cual cuenta con cuatro dimensiones Orientación, Memoria inmediata, Atención, cálculo Lenguaje y praxis constructiva.  Mediante el análisis del promedio por individuo obtenido en el Test se halló que el 60% de los pacientes presente un diagnóstico de tipo demencia grabe, y el 40% restante de pacientes está en un nivel de deterioro cognitivo leve o DCL. Tomando como criterio de validez el grado de aplicabilidad en áreas de memoria operativa e instantánea, cálculo, orientación y lenguaje, se tomó como referencia los siguientes softwares basados en algoritmo de IA siendo estos: Gradior, Smart Brain, Proyecto ELENA (Electronic cognitive stimulation). En base a estos resultados se elaboró la propuesta aplicando una Estrategia metodológica de intervención alternativa para enfermos con Alzheimer mediante el uso de Inteligencia Artificial (Gradior).
EVALUASI KESESUAIAN PENYIMPANAN VAKSIN COVID-19 DI PUSKESMAS PABUARAN KABUPATEN CIREBON
Authors: Bachtiar Arsyad , Setyaningsih Indah , Rohadi Didi , Rahmadanela Galih Sukma
Published: April 2023

Vaksin adalah suatu produk biologi yang terbuat dari kuman dan telah dilemahkan, dimatikan berguna untuk merangsang kekebalan tubuh. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui jenis vaksin COVID-19 yang dipakai dan mengevaluasi kesesuaian penyimpanan vaksin COVID-19 di Puskesmas Pabuaran Kecamatan Pabuaran Kabupaten Cirebon dengan CDOB tahun 2020 dan SK Dirjen Pencegahan Dan Pengendalian Penyakit Tahun 2021. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif yang menggunakan teknik Accidental Sampling. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai kesesuaian pada kategori Petugas dan Pelatihan sebesar 100%, Bangunan 87,5%, fasilitas bangunan 80%, operasional penyimpanan 86,67%, pemeliharaan penyimpanan 76,92%, dan kualifikasi, kalibrasi dan validasi 100%. Penyimpanan vakisn COVID-19 di Puskesmas Pabuaran Kabupaten Cirebon secara keseluruhan sudah 84,61% sesuai dengan CDOB tahun 2020 dan SK Dirjen Pencegahan Dan Pengendalian Penyakit Tahun 2021 dan termasuk Baik.

 Kata kunci : Evaluasi, Vaksin COVID-19, Penyimpanan, Puskesmas.
Delik Penyertaan Dalam Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP)
Authors: Siswantari Pratiwi
Published: April 2023

Penelitian ini meneliti dan mengkaji tentang penyertaan (deelneming) yang antara lain meliputi bentuk turut serta/terlibatnya seseorang baik secara psikis maupun fisik dengan melakukan suatu perbuatan sehingga terjadinya suatu perbuatan tindak pidana. Delik penyertaan diatur dalam Pasal 55 dan Pasal 56 KUHP yang berarti bahwa ada dua orang atau lebih yang melakukan suatu perbuatan tindak pidana. Penelitian ini merupakan jenis penelitian normatif dengan menggunakan sumber bahan hukum sekunder serta menggunakan analisis deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil penelitian ini, bahwa bentuk-bentuk dari delik penyertaan dapat dibagi menjadi dua bagian, yaitu: pertama, pembuat yang terdiri atas: pelaku (pleger), yang menyuruh lakukan (doenpleger), yang turut serta (madepleger) dan penganjur (uitlokker); kedua, pembantu yang terdiri atas: pembantu pada saat kejahatan dilakukan dan pembantu sebelum kejahatan dilakukan. Sedangkan dalam pemidanaan terhadap delik penyertaan pada suatu tindak pidana ialah sebagai berikut. Pertama sistem yang berasal dari Romawi dan kedua, sistem yang berasal dari parajurist Italia dalam abad pertengahan.
Pernikahan Agama Antara Muslim dan Kristen di Indonesia
Authors: Valentina Anggriani Watowai
Published: April 2023

Perkawinan beda agama adalah suatu bentuk komunikasi antar agama yang didasarkan pada dua prinsip yang menjiwai: para anggota agama yang berbeda dapat dan harus saling mendengarkan tanpa merasa terdorong untuk mempertahankan keunggulan tradisi mereka sendiri, dan tujuan utama dari latihan semacam itu bukanlah untuk belajar, tetapi dari satu sama lain. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah kualitatif, dengan pendekatan deskriptif. Pengambilan data pada penelitian ini adalah studi literatur review, dengan teknik analisis data yang digunakan ada kualitatif. Penulis menceritakan bagaimana suami dan istri mencoba menerapkan nilai-nilai ini dalam pernikahan mereka sendiri, bergabung untuk merayakan bersama melalui berbagi (tidak membubarkan) latar belakang liturgi dan teologis pernikahan yang berbeda. Membuat keputusan seperti itu bertentangan dengan naluri kesukuan untuk melindungi batas-batas pengakuan yang ketat, tetapi di dunia yang semakin terhubung, komitmen yang teguh terhadap supremasi agama sendiri dapat menghambat pelaksanaan perintah untuk peduli pada kemanusiaan yang diajarkan oleh semua agama termasuk agama Islam dan Kristen.
Implikasi Pandemi Covid-19 Terhadap Pemenuhan Hak Hukum Pekerja yang Diputuskan Hubungan Kerja Oleh Pengusaha
Authors: M. Rikhardus Joka
Published: April 2023

Covid-19 (corona virus disease 19) adalah sebuah jenis virus yang menyerang sistem pernapasan manusia dan menular hanya pada manusia. Saat ini jenis virus ini telah mewabah ke seluruh dunia dan tidak terkecuali Indonesia, dampaknya sangat luar biasa karena telah mengorbankan nyawa ratusan manusia di Indonesia dan juga puluhan ribu manusia di dunia. Selain berdampak pada aspek kesehatan, virus ini pun berdampak pada aspek ekonomi yakni telah menurunkan produktivitas perusahaan secara drastis bahkan menghentikan kegiatan usaha pada beberapa sektor usaha seperti sektor perhotelan, transportasi, ritel, restoran dan lainnya. Karena dampaknya terhadap kegiatan usaha yang luar biasa sehingga mengakibatkan jutaan pekerja/buruh kehilangan penghasilan akibat dirumahkan dan diputuskan hubungan kerja oleh pengusaha. Karena pekerja/buruh telah dirumahkan dan/atau diputuskan hubungan kerja oleh pengusaha maka diperlukan perlindungan hukum atas hak-haknya agar pekerja yang bersangkutan tetap memperoleh penghasilan selama masa pandemi covid-19. Menurut Surat Edaran Menteri Ketenagakerjaan Nomor 05/M/BW/1998 tahun 1998 tentang upah pekerja yang dirumahkan bukan ke arah pemutusan hubungan kerja maka bagi pekerja tersebut akan mendapatkan upah penuh untuk setiap bulannya dan apabila pengusaha tidak mempunyai kemampuan membayar secara penuh maka perlu dirundingkan dengan pekerja mengenai besarnya upah, cara pembayarannya dan lamanya waktu dirumahkan. Sedangkan bagi pekerja yang diputuskan hubungan kerja maka berdasarkan Pasal 164 ayat (1) Undang-Undang Nomor 13 tahun 2003 tentang Ketenagakerjaan, pekerja/buruh tersebut dapat diputuskan hubungan kerja oleh pengusaha dengan alasan karena keadaan memaksa (force majeure) dengan ketentuan bahwa pekerja/buruh tersebut berhak atas uang pesangon sebesar 1 (satu) kali ketentuan Pasal 156 ayat (2), uang penghargaan masa kerja sebesar 1 (satu) kali ketentuan Pasal 156 ayat (3) dan uang penggantian hak sesuai dengan ketentuan Pasal 156 ayat (4). Selain itu pekerja yang bersangkutan juga dapat diputuskan hubungan kerja oleh Pengusaha dengan alasan efisiensi sesuai dengan ketentuan Pasal 164 ayat (3) dengan ketentuan bahwa pekerja/buruh tersebut akan mendapatkan hak pesangon sebesar 2 (dua) kali ketentuan Pasal 165 ayat (2), uang penghargaan masa kerja sebesar 1 (satu) kali sesuai ketentuan Pasal 165 ayat (3) dan uang penggantian hak sesuai dengan ketentuan Pasal 165 ayat (4) Undang-Undang Nomor 13 tahun 2003 tentang Ketenagakerjaan.
Sisi Positif dan Negatif Demonstrasi Pada Negara Demokrasi Dimasa Pandemi
Authors: Abdul Rohman
Published: April 2023

Artikel ini membahas sisi positif dan negatif demonstrasi pada masa pandemi, yang terjadi di tahun 2020. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif, yang menyajikan data maupun fakta berdasarkan kajian kepustakaan. Demonstrasi di negara-negara dunia merupakan implikasi dari sistem demokrasi negara itu sendiri. Indonesia yang merupakan negara demokrasi, pada 2020 ini terjadi demonstrasi penolakan Undang-Undang Omnibus Law Cipta Kerja. Sisi positif dari aksi ini adalah masih adanya semangat nasionalisme dan patriotisme pada masyarakat Indonesia dalam rangka menegur pemerintah agar menciptakan kesejahteraan rakyat meskipun Covid-19 menjadi musuh yang harus ditaklukkan juga saat menjalankan aksi mereka. Sisi negatifnya yaitu terhambatnya pertumbuhan perekonomian Indonesia apabila akibat dari aksi ini masyarakat Indonesia kembali tertular Covid-19, dan didapatkan data adanya beberapa peserta aksi yang terkena virus ini setelah melakukan aksi. Selain itu, Surat Edaran Kemendikbud menimbulkan kecaman dari BEM SI dan Asosiasi Akademisi. Serta, aksi demonstrasi yang diikuti oleh para pelajar, yang rentan dengan provokasi.
A Application of G. Polya’s Problem-Solving Process in Teaching High-School Physics
Authors: Nguyen Le Chi , Thuan Hoang Trung , Giang Ta Thi Huong
Published: April 2023

The study investigates the application of G. Polya’s four-step problem-solving process in teaching Physics. This teaching method helps students form and develop problem-solving skills in learning, including (1) Understanding the problem; (2) Making a plan; (3) Executing the plan; (4) Looking back and reflecting. An experimental teaching session on “some forces in practice” for 300 tenth graders in two high schools (grade 10) was conducted as part of this study. Experimental results at first show that more than 80% of students have significantly improved their problem-solving skills. These experimental results are expected to enable teachers and students to teach and learn Physics effectively, meeting the expected outcomes of the General Education Program.
Toward Adaptive and Scalable Topology in Distributed SDN Controller
Authors: Virakwan Hai Kelian  , Mohd Nazri Mohd Warip  , R. Badlishah Ahmad  , Phaklen Ehkan  , Fazrul Faiz Zakaria  , Mohd Zaizu Ilyas
Published: April 2023

The increasing need for automated networking platforms like the Internet of Things, as well as network services like cloud computing, big data applications, wireless networks, mobile Internet, and virtualization, has driven existing networks to their limitations. Software-defined network (SDN) is a new modern programmable network architectural technology that allows network administrators to control the entire network consistently and logically centralized in software-based controllers and network devices become just simple packet forwarding devices. The controller that is the network's brain, is mostly based on the OpenFlow protocol and has distinct characteristics that vary depending on the programming language. Its function is to control network traffic and increase network resource efficiency. Therefore, selecting the right controllers and monitoring their performance to increase resource usage and enhance network performance metrics is required. For network performance metrics analysis, the study proposes an implementation of SDN architecture utilizing an open-source OpenDaylight (ODL) distributed SDN controller. The proposed work evaluates the deployment of distributed SDN controller performance on three distinct customized network topologies based on SDN architecture for node-to-node performance metrics such as delay, throughput, packet loss, and bandwidth use. The experiments are conducted using the Mininet emulation tool. Wireshark is used to collect and analyse packets in real-time. The results obtained from the comparison of networks are presented to provide useful guidelines for SDN research and deployment initiatives.
Thực trạng đau vai gáy và đặc điểm chứng trạng Và chứng hậu theo Y học cổ truyền của sinh viên trường Đại Học Y Dược Huế
Authors: Tran Minh
Published: April 2023

TÓM TẮT

Đặt vấn đề: Đau vai gáy là một bệnh lý thường gặp và có ảnh hưởng tiêu cực đến sức khỏe cũng như chất lượng cuộc sống thanh thiếu niên, trong đó có sinh viên (SV) Y khoa. Nghiên cứu này mô tả thực trạng đau vai gáy và khảo sát đặc điểm chứng trạng theo Y học cổ truyền (YHCT) trên SV trường Đại học Y Dược, Đại học Huế.

Đối tượng, phương pháp: Nghiên cứu mô tả cắt ngang trên 458 SV hệ chính quy trường Đại học Y Dược, Đại học Huế bằng bộ câu hỏi được thiết kế sẵn để đánh giá tình trạng đau vai gáy theo Y học hiện đại và các chứng trạng theo YHCT. Số liệu khảo sát được mã hóa và phân tích bằng SPSS.

Kết quả: Tỷ lệ hiện mắc đau vai gáy là 20,01%. Chất lượng cuộc sống của SV theo thang đo EQ-5D-5L là 0,8298 ± 0,1064, mức độ đau theo thang điểm VAS là 4,16 ± 1,303. Về chứng trạng YHCT, đa số đối tượng đau tại đường kinh Thủ thái dương Tiểu trường (44,6%) và Túc thái dương Bàng quang (40,2%). Đau tại đường kinh Thủ thiếu dương Tam tiêu có liên quan với tư thế ngủ nghiêng (OR = 0,617; KTC 95% = 0,479 - 0,795). Hai thể lâm sàng chiếm tỷ lệ cao là thể Phong hàn (53,3%) và thể Phong hàn thấp (42,4%).

Kết luận: Đau vai gáy là một bệnh thường gặp ở sinh viên Y khoa, phần lớn ở mức độ đau vừa và nhẹ, không ảnh hưởng nhiều đến chất lượng cuộc sống. Theo YHCT, thể bệnh thường gặp là Phong hàn và Phong hàn thấp, và sinh viên chủ yếu đau ở đường kinh Thủ thái dương Tiểu trường và Túc thái dương Bàng quang.
Đặc điểm cắt lớp vi tính ngực ở bệnh nhân Covid-19
Authors: Trần Phương
Published: April 2023

Mục tiêu: Mô tả các đặc điểm tổn thương và các biến chứng của viêm phổi do COVID-19 trên CT ngực.

Đối tượng, phương pháp: Tất cả bệnh nhân điều trị tại bệnh viện Trưng Vương từ tháng 6/2021 đến tháng 3/2022 có xét nghiệm realtime RT-PCR dương tính khẳng định COVID-19 và được chụp CT ngực. Thiết kế nghiên cứu mô tả cắt ngang, hồi cứu thu thập số liệu. Hình ảnh CT ngực được chụp bởi máy CT scanner Hitachi 128 Slice. Các biến số nghiên cứu bao gồm: Kiểu phân bố; Các dạng tổn thương; Các hình ảnh biến chứng bệnh COVID.

Kết quả: Các tổn thương thường gặp: Hình kính mờ (98,1%). Đông đặc (72,1%). Lát đá không đều (58,7%). Bệnh lý hạch lympho xuất hiện với tỉ lệ 52,9%, trong đó hạch trung thất là 39,4%, hạch nách là 13,5%. Dãy xơ dưới màng phổi (12,5%). Tràn dịch màng phổi (8,7%). Dãn phế quản (3,8%). Dày vách liên thùy (2,9%). Các dạng tổn thương ít gặp: Đông đặc khu trú thùy phổi (1,9%). Nốt đông đặc (1,9%). Xẹp phổi (1,9%). Dãn mạch máu (1,9%). Dày màng phổi (1,9%). Khí phế thủng (1%). Kính mờ hình tròn đa ổ (1,9%). Các biến chứng: Tổn thương ARDS (5,8 %). Tràn dịch màng tim (6,7%), Viêm phổi bội nhiễm (8,7%). Tràn khí trung thất (3,8%). Tràn khí màng phổi (1%).

Kết luận: CT ngực là phương tiện được lựa chọn trong chẩn đoán viêm phổi do COVID-19, nhất là ở giai đoạn sớm.Ở giai đoạn muộn CT ngực giúp tiên lượng và theo dõi điều trị

ABSTRACT

CHARACTERISTICS OF CHEST CT SCAN IN COVID-19 PATIENTS

Purpose: To characterize the lesions of COVID-19 pneumonia and its complications on chest CT imaging.

Methods: A cross - sectional study was carried out on patients with positive RT-PCR test results for SARS-CoV-2 were treated at Trung Vuong hospital from June 2021 to March 2022. All patients wereexamined with chest CT scan. Chest CT imagings were taken by CT scanner Hitachi 128 Slice. The variables were the ways of distribution, the types of lesions and imagings of complications of COVID-19 disease.

Results: Frequent abnormalities (lesions): ground - glass opacities (98,1%), consolidation (72,1%), Crazy - paving pattern (58,7%). Lymadenopathy appears 52,9%, in that, mediastinal lymph nodes 39,4%, axillary lymph nodes 13,5%. Subplueral fibrous band 12,5%. Plueral effusion 8,7%. Bronchiectasis 3,8%. Interlobular septal thickening 2,9%. Infrequent abnormalities: localized consolidation 1,9%, consolidated nodule 1,9%, collapsed lung 1,9%, vascular thickening 1,9%, pleural thickening 1,9%, emphysema 1%, multi ground - glass opacities nodules 1,9%. Chest CT of COVID-19 Complications: ARDS 5,8 %, pericardial effusion 6,7%, superimposed pneumonia 8,7%, pneumomediastinum 3,8%, pneumo pleural 1%

Conclusion: Chest CT scan should be performed in the diagnosis of COVID-19 pneumonia, especially in the early stage. In the late stage, chest CT helps to predict and monitor treatment.
Analysis of the Influence of Managerial Ownership, Collateralizable Assets, and Sales Growth on Dividend Policy
Authors: SUHARMADI Suharmadi , SURIPTO Suripto
Published: April 2023

This study aims to determine the effect of Managerial Ownership (MO), Collateralizable Assets (CA) and Sales Growth (SG) on Dividen Policy (DPR). The population of this research are manufacturing companies in the consumer goods sector which are listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) in the period 2015 – 2019. Company samples obtained from the selection are 18 companies so that the sample is 72 data. The result found that Managerial Ownership (MO), Collateralizable Assets (CA) and Sales Growth (SG) are simultaneous effect on Dividen Policy (DPR). Partially Managerial Ownership (MO) and Collateralizable Assets (CA) have no effect on Dividen Policy (DPR). Meanwhile Sales Growth (SG) has a positive and significant effect on Dividen Policy (DPR).
Ethnographic Communications of the Ngaben Ritual of Bali Hindus in Jakarta
Authors: PATERA Ketut , RONDA Mirza , DUA Mikhael
Published: April 2023

Hindus believe that Ngaben facilitates and speeds up the process of liberating the soul of the sarira (smooth body) and the stula of the sarira (rough body). The Ngaben held in DKI Jakarta is different from Hindus in Bali. The aim of the research is to reveal the values contained in each pitra yadnya/Ngaben ceremony, especially for Hindus in North Jakarta. That its implementation is based on Vedic teachings, very flexible/adjustable to local conditions (Village, Kala, Patra). The Ngaben ceremony is a ritual that must be carried out even in overseas areas, according to local conditions and alignment of intent communications. The research was planned using a constructivist paradigm with a qualitative research methodology and an ethnographic research design of communication. In this approach, the researcher collects data and information through in-depth interviews and participatory observation from various sources who have knowledge and experience in implementing Ngaben in North Jakarta. The main focus is related to the use of verbal and non-verbal symbols used in the Ngaben ritual. The theoretical basis used by researchers is ritual communication and socio- cultural theory. The Ngaben ceremony held by the Banjar Hindu community in North Jakarta has a very high social aspect. The number of stages and series of ceremonies and the number of ceremonial equipment used to create social interaction in the ritual.