bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Job Satisfaction of Female Sex Workers Working in Licensed Brothels in Victoria, Australia
Authors: Bilardi Jade E. , Miller Amanda , Hocking Jane S. , Keogh Louise , Cummings Rosey , Chen Marcus Y. , Bradshaw Catriona S. , Fairley Christopher K.
Published: August 2010

Introduction

Previous studies have examined sex workers’ attitudes to work but not their levels of job satisfaction compared with other occupations.

Aim

The job satisfaction levels and standards of living of sex workers in licensed brothels in Victoria were compared with Australian women.

Main Outcome Measures

Responses to a questionnaire that included questions about sex work and their “most likely alternative job.” Survey data was compared with identical questions from the Households, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey.

Methods

A structured survey was undertaken with sex workers in Victoria attending a a sexual health service.

Results

Of the 112 sex workers who agreed to participate in the study, 85 (76%) completed the survey. The median years women had been working as sex workers was three (range 0.1–18). The main reasons women started sex work was because “they needed the money” (69%), were attracted to the flexible hours (44%) or had a particular goal in mind (43%). The two biggest concerns women had about sex work were their safety (65%) and the risk of sexually transmitted infections (65%). When compared with the median job satisfaction scores of Australian women working in sex workers’ “most likely alternative jobs,” 50% of sex workers reported a higher median satisfaction score for sex work in relation to hours worked, 47% in relation to flexibility, 43% in relation to total pay, 26% in relation to job security, 19% in relation to the work itself, and 25% in relation to overall job satisfaction.

Conclusions

Women reported that they primarily do sex work for financial gain although a significant minority prefer it to other work they would be likely to do. These results should be interpreted in the context that the presence of personality disorders that are common among sex workers were not measured in this study.
Replication of Psychometric Properties of the FSFI and Validation of a Modified Version (FSFI-LL) Assessing Lifelong Sexual Function in an Unselected Sample of Females
Authors: Burri Andrea , Cherkas Lynn , Spector Timothy
Published: August 2010

Introduction

The 19-item Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) is an easy-to-administer self-report questionnaire, allowing multidimensional assessment of female sexual function and female sexual dysfunction (FSD) over the past 4 weeks. However, studies aiming to dissect the underlying pathoetiology—especially biophysiological factors—often require assessment of sexual function over a broader time frame.

Aim

The purpose of this study was to develop a modified version of the widely used FSFI which allows assessment of women’s lifelong sexual function—the FSFI-LL—and to evaluate the psychometric properties and aptness of this new version.

Methods

A total of 1,589 unselected female twins from the TwinsUK registry completed both original and new versions of the FSFI. After applying exclusion criteria, 1,489 women were eligible for this study.

Main Outcome Measure

Reliability was tested using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. Construct validity was evaluated by exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Domain response differences between the original FSFI and the FSFI-LL were assessed using unpaired t-tests.

Results

The modified FSFI-LL showed adequate internal consistency reliabilities for all six dimensions and the total score (Cronbach’s α=0.79 − 0.92). Principal component analysis resulted in a best fitting five-factor solution. CFA confirmed the underlying domain structure to be same as for the FSFI, supporting the factorial validity of the modified questionnaire. In addition, successful replication of the psychometric properties of the original FSFI was demonstrated.

Conclusions

The results provide evidence of good reliability and validity of the FSFI-LL. This modified version therefore represents a suitable tool for screening lifelong sexual function in women and can be applied in trials investigating etiological factors contributing to more enduring patterns of FSD.
Increased Risk of Stroke Among Men with Erectile Dysfunction: A Nationwide Population-Based Study
Authors: Chung Shiu-Dong , Chen Yi-Kuang , Lin Hsiu-Chen , Lin Herng-Ching
Published: August 2010

Introduction

Previous cross-sectional studies have suggested that erectile dysfunction (ED) represents an independent risk factor for future cardiovascular events. However, very few studies have attempted to examine the association between ED and subsequent stroke.

Aim

The aim of this study is to estimate the risk of stroke during a 5-year follow-up period after the first ambulatory care visit for the treatment of ED using nationwide, population-based data and a retrospective case-control cohort design in Taiwan.

Methods

This study used data sourced from the “Longitudinal Health Insurance Database.” The study cohort comprised 1,501 patients who received a principal diagnosis of ED between 1997 and 2001 and 7,505 randomly selected subjects as the comparison cohort. Each patient (N = 9,006) was then individually tracked for 5 years from their index ambulatory care visit to identify those who had diagnosed episodes of stroke.

Main Outcome Measure

Stratified Cox proportional hazard regressions were performed as a means of comparing the 5-year stroke-free survival rate for the two cohorts.

Results

Of the sampled patients, 918 (10.2%) developed stroke within the 5-year follow-up period, that is, 188 individuals (12.5% of the patients with ED) from the study cohort and 730 individuals (9.7% of patients in the comparison cohort) from the comparison cohort. The log-rank test indicated that patients with ED had significantly lower 5-year stroke-free survival rates than those in the comparison cohort (P < 0.001). After adjusting for the patient’s monthly income, geographical location, hypertension, diabetes, coronary heart disease, peripheral vascular disease, atrial fibrillation, and hyperlipidemia, patients with ED were more likely to have a stroke during the 5-year follow-up period than patients in the comparison cohort (hazard ratio = 1.29, 95% confidence interval = 1.08 − 1.54, P < 0.01).

Conclusions

These results suggest that ED is a surrogate marker for future stroke in men.
Impact of Varicocelectomy on Gonadal and Erectile Functions in Men with Hypogonadism and Infertility
Authors: Zohdy Wael , Ghazi Sherif , Arafa Mohamad
Published: August 2010

Introduction

Previous reports linked varicocele in infertile males with Leydig cell dysfunction and hypogonadism.

Aim

The aim of this study was to determine the impact of varicocelectomy on serum total testosterone (TT) level and erectile function in men with infertility and clinical varicocele.

Methods

This study included 141 heterosexual infertile men diagnosed to have clinical varicocele. They were divided into two groups: group 1 (103 men), who had microsurgical varicocelectomy, and group 2 (38 patients), who decided to pursue assisted reproduction procedures. All participants completed the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF)-5 questionnaire and underwent semen analysis. Serum levels of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin, and TT were measured both at recruitment time and 6 months later.

Main Outcome Measure

Changes in serum TT and IIEF-5 following varicocelectomy.

Results

In group 1, the mean TT level increased significantly post-varicocelectomy (379.1 ± 205.8 to 450.1 ± 170.2 ng/dL, P < 0.0001). No similar change was found in group 2. Out of the 49 patients in group 1 with hypogonadism at baseline assessment (TT < 300 ng/dL), 37 (75.5%) exhibited a postoperative normalization of TT. However, only 3/15 hypogonadal men (20%) in group 2 had normal testosterone levels at the second visit. IIEF-5 scores improved significantly postoperatively in patients with hypogonadism (17.1 ± 2.6 to 19.7 ± 1.8, P < 0.001). Neither operating vein diameter 3.6 ± 0.57 mm nor testicular size 10.46 ± 3.3 mL correlated with the mean change in TT (71.1 ± 101.2 ng/dL) (r = 0.162, P = 0.183 and r = −0.077, P = 0.536, respectively).

Conclusions

Varicocele is associated with hypogonadism in some infertile patients. Varicocelectomy significantly improves serum testosterone in infertile men, especially those with hypogonadism. This improvement in TT level may be reflected in the IIEF score.
Nitric Oxide-Induced Vasorelaxation in Response to PnTx2-6 Toxin fromPhoneutria nigriventerSpider in Rat Cavernosal Tissue
Authors: Nunes Kenia P. , Cordeiro Marta N. , Richardson Michael , Borges Marcia N. , Diniz Simone O.F. , Cardoso Valbert N. , Tostes Rita , De Lima Maria Elena , Webb Robert Clinton , Leite Romulo
Published: August 2010

Introduction

Priapism is one of several symptoms observed in accidental bites by the spider Phoneutria nigriventer. The venom of this spider is comprised of many toxins, and the majority has been shown to affect excitable ion channels, mainly sodium (Na+) channels. It has been demonstrated that PnTx2-6, a peptide extracted from the venom of P. nigriventer, causes erection in anesthetized rats and mice.

Aim

We investigated the mechanism by which PnTx2-6 evokes relaxation in rat corpus cavernosum.

Main Outcome Measures

PnTx2-6 toxin potentiates nitric oxide (NO)-dependent cavernosal relaxation.

Methods

Rat cavernosal strips were incubated with bretylium (3 × 10−5 M) and contracted with phenylephrine (PE; 10−5 M). Relaxation responses were evoked by electrical field stimulation (EFS) or sodium nitroprusside (SNP) before and after 4 minutes of incubation with PnTx2-6 (10−8 M). The effect of PnTx2-6 on relaxation induced by EFS was also tested in the presence of atropine (10−6 M), a muscarinic receptor antagonist, N-type Ca2+ channel blockers (ω-conotoxin GVIA, 10−6 M) and sildenafil (3 × 10−8 M). Technetium99m radiolabeled PnTx2-6 subcutaneous injection was administrated in the penis.

Results

Whereas relaxation induced by SNP was not affected by PnTx2-6, EFS-induced relaxation was significantly potentiated by this toxin as well as PnTx2-6 plus SNP. This potentiating effect was further increased by sildenafil, not altered by atropine, however was completely blocked by the N-type Ca2+ channels. High concentrated levels of radiolabeled PnTx2-6 was specifically found in the cavernosum tissue, suggesting PnTx2-6 is an important toxin responsible for P. nigriventer spider accident-induced priapism.

Conclusion

We show that PnTx2-6 slows Na+ channels inactivation in nitrergic neurons, allowing Ca2+ influx to facilitate NO/cGMP signalling, which promotes increased NO production. In addition, this relaxation effect is independent of phosphodiesterase enzyme type 5 inhibition. Our data displays PnTx2-6 as possible pharmacological tool to study alternative treatments for erectile dysfunction. Nunes KP, Cordeiro MN, Richardson M, Borges MN, Diniz SOF, Cardoso VN, Tostes R, De Lima ME, Webb RC, and Leite R. Nitric oxide-induced vasorelaxation in response to PnTx2-6 toxin from Phoneutria nigriventer spider in rat cavernosal tissue.
Medicinal Plants as Alternative Treatments for Female Sexual Dysfunction: Utopian Vision or Possible Treatment in Climacteric Women?
Authors: Mazaro-Costa Renata , Andersen Monica L. , Hachul Helena , Tufik Sergio
Published: August 2010

Introduction

Female sexual dysfunction (FSD) is a complex and multifactorial condition. An increased incidence of FSD is especially associated with the decline of estrogen. Thus, menopause is a critical phase for FSD complaints. In this context, medicinal plants may be a therapeutic option.

Aim

To identify and describe the popular and clinical uses of medicinal plants for FSD treatment in climacteric women. We highlighted the majority of the plants commonly involved with the female reproductive system including: Angelica sinensis, Cimicifuga racemosa, Ferula hermonis, Ginkgo biloba, Humulus lupulus, Lepidium meyenii, Tribulus terrestris, Trifolium pratense, and Vitex agnus-castus.

Methods

This study is a narrative review of studies of plants that are possible alternative treatments for FSD. The species described have clinical and popular uses in different cultures as well as medical indications for female reproductive disturbances, mainly in climacteric women. We have also analyzed the evidence level of clinical studies.

Main Outcome Measures

The main outcome assessed is the efficacy of plants in improving the symptoms of FSD.

Results

There is little evidence from the literature to recommend the use of medicinal plants when treating FSD. The majority of studies with a strong level of evidence are associated with the treatment of the vasomotor symptoms of menopause. Ferula hermonis, Angelica sinensis, and Gingko biloba may be suggested for arousal disorder studies. Cimicifuga racemosa, Trifolium pratense, and Vitex agnus-castus may be recommended for several FSD. Humulus lupulus and Tribulus terrestris may help with desire disorder studies. Lepidium meyenii should be studied further.

Conclusions

Studies of these plants indicate that they may be useful as a possible alternative and/or complementary approach for studies aimed at the treatment of FSD. At this time, however, this review cannot recommend a plant that has a strong enough level of evidence for treatment of FSD. Thus, there is a need for clinical (double-blinded and randomized) studies to evaluate the efficacy and safety of several plants that can exert a positive effect on the management of FSD.
Simple Strategies for Vaginal Health Promotion in Cancer Survivors
Authors: Carter Jeanne , Goldfrank Deborah , Schover Leslie R.
Published: August 2010

Introduction

With the population of cancer survivors nearing 12 million, an ever-increasing number of women will face vaginal health issues related to their disease and/or treatment. Abrupt menopause triggered by cancer treatment, for example, can cause intense and prolonged estrogen deprivation symptoms, including vaginal dryness and discomfort. Simple strategies to promote vaginal health are available.

Aims

To provide a comprehensive overview of vaginal health issues caused by estrogen deprivation in female cancer patients/survivors and provide recommendations to identify, treat, and promote vaginal health.

Methods

We describe a treatment algorithm, based on scientific literature and supported by clinical experience, found to be effective in treating these patients at two major cancer centers. We also provide examples of handouts for patient education on vaginal health promotion.

Main Outcome Measures

Evidence-based medicine and psychosocial literature, in addition to clinical experience at two major cancer centers.

Results

Simple, non-hormonal interventions for sexual dysfunction are often overlooked. Several studies show that education on vaginal lubricants, moisturizers, and dilator use (as needed) can decrease the morbidity of vaginal atrophy. These studies also provide support for our clinical treatment recommendations. Our goal in this article is to increase awareness of these strategies and to provide assistance to general gynecologists and oncologists caring for cancer patients and survivors.

Conclusion

Dedicating a small amount of time to educate female cancer survivors about methods to promote vaginal health can result in the reduction or elimination of vaginal discomfort. Non-hormonal vaginal health strategies often appear sufficient to remedy these issues. However, large randomized trials are needed, varying the format and components of the treatment program and exploring efficacy in various groups of female cancer survivors.
Parturition After Vestibulectomy
Authors: Burrows Lara J. , Sloane Maryn , Davis Gordon , Heller Debra S. , Brooks Joe , Goldstein Andrew T.
Published: August 2010

Introduction

Provoked vestibulodynia is the most common cause of sexual pain in premenopausal women. Vulvar vestibulectomy has been shown to be an effective treatment.

Aim

To determine the optimum route of parturition in women who become pregnant after vulvar vestibulectomy.

Methods

All women who underwent a complete vulvar vestibulectomy by one of four surgeons were contacted between 12 and 72 months after surgery. For all women who had a term pregnancy and subsequent delivery, the research assistant abstracted data from the charts. Descriptive statistics were applied.

Main Outcome Measures

The number of women who underwent a delivery after a vestibulectomy, mode of delivery, and rate of perineal lacerations.

Results

Of 109 women, 44 (40%) had undergone at least one term pregnancy and delivery; 23 (52%) were vaginal, and 21 (48%) were cesarean deliveries. Of the vaginal deliveries, 11 (48%) were over an intact perineum. Three (13%) women had a midline episiotomy, none of which extended into third or fourth degree lacerations and one woman (4.4%) sustained a spontaneous fourth degree perineal laceration.

Conclusions

Vaginal delivery after vulvar vestibulectomy appears to be a safe option, with no increased perineal morbidity above the general population. Furthermore, it is not an indication for a cesarean delivery.
Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour of the spleen: A case report and literature review
Authors: Chen Zhi‐Yuan , Wei Wei , Guo Rong‐Ping
Published: August 2010

Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour (IMT) is a benign lesion consisting of myofibroblastic spindle cells with an inflammatory cells infiltration. Their behaviour is generally not aggressive, but in some cases they can simulate malignant neoplasms, from which they are impossible to be distinguished before excision. We report a case of IMT originating from the spleen in a 65‐year‐old woman. She underwent splenectomy with the diagnosis of lymphoma, whereas the final pathological diagnosis was IMT. By referring to previously diagnosed IMT cases in our hospital and relevant literature, we conclude that, as a result of a lack of clinical and imaging features, surgical excision is the primary choice of IMT, in order to obtain a definitive diagnosis as well as to avoid recurrence and metastasis, and the subsequent follow up is necessary.
Biogeography and microhabitat variation in temperate algal‐invertebrate symbioses: zooxanthellae and zoochlorellae in two Pacific intertidal sea anemones, Anthopleura elegantissima and A. xanthogrammica
Authors: Secord David , Augustine Leon
Published: August 2010

Abstract. Temperate sea anemones in the genus Anthopleura are unique among cnidarians in harboring two phylogenetically distinct symbiotic algae, zooxanthellae (golden‐brown dinophytes, Symbiodinium) and zoochlorellae (green chlorophytes). To determine whether their physiological differences generate patterns in anemone habitat and biogeographic distribution, we sampled symbiotic algae in the small clonal A. elegantissima and the large solitary A. xanthogrammica at 8 field sites (and the other large solitary Anthopleura species at one site) spanning 18° of latitude along 2500 km of the Pacific coast of North America. We found that zoochlorellae predominate in low intertidal habitats and northerly latitudes and in A. xanthogrammica, while zooxanthellae constitute the majority of symbionts in high intertidal habitats and more southerly latitudes and in A. elegantissima. These data are consistent with published predictions based on photosynthetic efficiency of the two algae under varied temperature and light regimes in the laboratory. This anemone‐algal system provides a potential biological signal of benthic intertidal communities' responses to El Niño events and long‐term climate changes in the Pacific.
Is there sperm storage in the clam shrimp Eulimnadia texana?
Authors: Weeks Stephen C. , Crosser Bobbi R. , Gray Melissa M. , Matweyou Julie A. , Zucker Naida
Published: August 2010

Abstract. Androdioecy is a rare form of mating system in which species comprise males and hermaphrodites. One recently described case of androdioecy is the freshwater crustacean Eulimnadia texana. A mathematical model of the mating system of this shrimp suggests that males and hermaphrodites should only coexist under limited circumstances. One possible factor not considered in this model would extend the conditions for coexistence: the possibility of sperm storage in the hermaphrodites. Here we use genetically marked matings between males and hermaphrodites to determine if hermaphrodites can store male sperms. Eggs were collected from hermaphrodites both in the presence of a male and after the male was removed. A total of 30 of these matings had successful hatches, but only 14 of these 30 could be used to test for sperm storage. In these 14 cases, an average of 35% of the eggs were outcrossed when males were present, but only 0.4% were outcrossed after males were removed. Thus, sperm storage by hermaphrodites was an insignificant factor in the production of offspring. These data suggest that sperm storage cannot help explain the coexistence of males and hermaphrodites in natural populations of this crustacean.
Anatomical features of the euryalid snake star Astrobrachion constrictum (Ophiuroidea: Asteroschematidae)
Authors: Stewart Brian
Published: August 2010

Abstract. The morphology of Astrobrachion constrictum, a representative of the little known Euryalida, was examined by light and electron microscopy. The tegument is smooth and lacks calcified elements. Many features of A. constrictum were found to conform to the usual pattern of ophiuroid anatomy. The skeletal elements are generally composed of uniform labyrinthic stereom. The radial shields, however, consist of overlapping stereom plates. The 5 oral shields serve as madreporites, each with a U‐shaped canal leading into an axial sinus. A 3‐lobed axial organ is associated with each madreporite and may play some sensory or secretory role.
Larval budding, metamorphosis, and the evolution of life‐history patterns in echinoderms
Authors: Lacalli Thurston C.
Published: August 2010

Abstract.The oral surface and mouth of juvenile asteroids and echinoids with indirect development forms on the lower left side of the larval body, thus establishing a new axis of body symmetry. In contrast, the juvenile mouth of ophiuroids and holothuroids develops from the larval one, and the larval and adult body axes roughly coincide. Explaining how two such disparate modes of development arose in evolution has been a perennial problem for echinoderm biologists, but recent observations on larval budding in asteroids may provide an answer. The juvenile mouth of asteroids forms near the base of the left posterolateral lobe. The posterolateral lobes are also the principal site of bud formation in asteroid larvae that propagate asexually, and buds form mouths. By accelerating the development of oral and ectodermal structures belonging to the bud, and combining these with internal organs derived from the parent larva, a composite individual could be constructed with the same orientation and positioning as the juvenile rudiment in asteroids. Whether this also explains the position of the juvenile rudiment in echinoids is a more complex question, depending in part on whether asexual propagation is derived, and restricted to asteroids and ophiuroids, or is more primitive and hence widespread among stem echinoderms.
Inflated protoconchs and internally dissolved, coiled protoconchs of nudibranch larvae: different developmental trajectories achieve the same morphological result
Authors: Pagea Louise R.
Published: August 2010

Abstract. Light and scanning electron microscopy were used to examine protoconch form in eight species of planktotrophic heterobranch larvae, including four nudibranch species with a coiled (type 1) protoconch, two nudibranch species with an inflated (type 2) protoconch, and two cephalaspid species with a coiled protoconch. The coiled protoconchs of the cephalaspids and nudibranchs have a similar form at hatching, and shell growth up to metamorphic competence is hyperstrophic. Shell added to coiled protoconchs during the larval stage overgrows all but the left wall of the initial protoconch that exists at hatching. The entire protoconch of cephalaspids, including overgrown areas, is retained through metamorphosis. However, during later larval development in nudibranchs with a coiled protoconch, overgrown shell is completely removed by dissolution. As a result, regardless of whether nudibranch larvae hatch with an inflated or coiled protoconch type, the protoconch is a large, hollow cup at metamorphic competence. The protoconch of nudibranchs is shed at metamorphosis and absence of a post‐metamorphic shell is correlated with absence of visceral coiling in this gastropod group. Internal dissolution of the coiled protoconch in nudibranchs allows the left digestive gland to uncoil prior to metamorphic shell loss. Retention of overgrown protoconch whorls in cephalaspids allows the attachment plaque of the pedal muscle to migrate onto the parietal lip of the post‐metamorphic shell. Release from this constraint in nudibranchs, in which the larval pedal muscles and the entire protoconch are lost at metamorphosis, may have permitted internal protoconch dissolution and precocious uncoiling of the visceral mass, as well as evolutionary emergence of the inflated larval shell type.
Effects of cryopreservation on the ultrastructural anatomy of 3‐segment Nereis virens larvae (Polychaeta)
Authors: Wang W. B. , Olive P. J. W.
Published: August 2010

Abstract. A transmission electron microscope study of fresh and cryopreserved Nereis virens larvae at the three chaetiger stage is described with special emphasis on examining the structure of the photoreceptors and surface ciliation of the head, the midgut epithelium, and muscle cells. Complex ectodermal structures such as the developing rhabdomeric adult eyes were unaffected by the cryopreservation procedure. Some loss of surface cilia on the prostomium was observed but is not life‐threatening though it may restrict ciliary swimming in the recovered larvae. Loss of pigment from the prostomium is caused by osmotic stress. Structural damage was observed in the digestive tissues of the larvae cryopreserved before or after the optimum stage of development. This damage is potentially more serious and may account for the relatively short time period during development where cryopreservation can be successfully applied.
Form, function, and embryonic migration in large gelatinous egg masses of arenicolid worms
Authors: Strathmann Richard R.
Published: August 2010

Abstract. Attachment and gas exchange are design problems for the spheroidal egg masses that annelids and molluscs tether in sediments. At an intertidal site in Bodega Harbor, a high proportion of masses of arenicolid worms became detached, but they were not stranded higher than attached masses, and the embryos developed to advanced stages. The large masses, weighing 100–200 g, challenge predictions on limiting size for oxygen supply by diffusion. The estimated concentrations of embryos and thickness of the embryo layer exceed the limits predicted by a simple model for oxygen supply by diffusion from the surrounding water, but several features may enhance oxygen supply to embryos. (1) There is an internal cavity. Distal tears in the gel layer admit pulses of water into the center, thus adding an inner surface for gas exchange. (2) The motile embryos aggregate near the outer and sometimes inner surfaces of the gel layer. Embryos migrate in the gel toward regions of greater oxygen concentration. (3) Pennate diatoms colonize the masses, coating the surfaces and penetrating into the gelatinous matrix. Photosynthesis can exceed respiration when a mass is in the light. The pH in gel changes diurnally from a low of ∼7 to as much as 9.5, indicating an excess of respiration over photosynthesis at night and at least sometimes an excess of photosynthesis over respiration by day.
Sexual reproduction in the tropical corallimorpharian Rhodactis rhodostoma
Authors: Chadwick‐Furman Nanette E. , Spiegel Michael , Nir Ilana
Published: August 2010

Abstract. Polyps of the tropical corallimorpharian Rhodactis rhodostoma segregate sexes between center and edge positions within aggregations produced by clonal replication. On a reef flat at Eilat, northern Red Sea, infertile polyps and males occur mainly along the edges of clonal aggregations, while females mostly occupy central positions within each aggregation. In addition, on the inner to middle reef flat where polyps of this species are abundant, aggregations consist mostly of females. On the outer reef flat, where polyps are rare, a sampled aggregation consisted mostly of males and infertile polyps. Male polyps are significantly smaller than females, and the smallest polyps are infertile. Fecundity increases significantly with polyp size in females, but testis size and number do not vary with body size in males. Oocytes are present in polyps during most of the year and gradually increase in size until annual spawning in June‐July during the period of maximum day length. Testes do not vary significantly in size during the year and remain a small proportion of body mass (>8%). In contrast, females invest up to 30% of their body mass into gonads during the months immediately before spawning. The annual spawning of gametes coincides with a temporary drop in the frequency of clonal replication by polyps. We estimate that each female polyp of R. rhodostoma may release up to 3000 large eggs (500 μm in maximum diameter) each summer. The high investment of this corallimorpharian in sexual production of planktonic propagules may allow rapid dispersal to reef habitats distant from parent populations.
Larval settlement of the green sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, in the southern Gulf of Maine
Authors: Lambert Debra M. , Harris Larry G.
Published: August 2010

Abstract. Settlement timing and differential settlement for the larval stage of the green sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, in the southern Gulf of Maine was studied during the summer of 1996. Settlement densities on astroturf panels were highest in June and early July (13 to 37 m −2 d−1), and peaked in mid‐June (199 m−2 d−1). Settlement was low to nonexistent from mid‐July through August (0 to 2 m−2 d−1). During the peak in settlement, no selection for substrate type was observed. In the remainder of the settlement period, differential settlement occurred, with a preference for substrate covered with live coralline algae. Test diameter of newly settled urchins varied among the substrates, with urchins settling on live coralline algae having the largest test diameter (0.43 ± 0.01 mm). There were no differences in test diameter among the different weeks in which sampling was done. Sustained onshore winds occurred only during peak settlement, suggesting that wind drift currents may concentrate larvae and influence patterns of larval settlement.
Effects of low salinity on metamorphosis in estuarine colonial ascidians
Authors: Vázquez Elsa , Young Craig M.
Published: August 2010

Abstract. We studied the effects of brackish water on larval attachment, events of metamorphosis, and juvenile mortality in three colonial ascidian species that live in a Florida coastal lagoon. Eudistoma olivaceum and Eudistoma hepaticum are restricted in their adult distribution to areas of relatively high and constant salinity near inlets, whereas Ecteinascidia turbinata extends more than 20 km into the Indian River, where salinity can be much more variable. In all three species, metamorphosis proceeded more quickly at 33 ppt than at lower salinities. The thresholds for successful metamorphosis differed among species in a manner that corresponded to the adult distributions, with E. turbinata being capable of completing metamorphosis at salinities as low as 22 ppt, E. hepaticum as low as 24 ppt, and E. olivaceum as low as 26 ppt. Larvae of both Eudistoma species delayed settlement in very low salinity water, whereas those of E. turbinata settled very quickly, then failed to complete metamorphosis. Juvenile mortality at salinities lower than 22 ppt was 100% for all three species. Survival in salinities higher than 22 ppt was strongly correlated with salinity in E. olivaceum and E. hepaticum, but not E. turbinata.
Evidence from a protein‐coding gene that acanthocephalans are rotifers
Authors: Welch David B. Mark
Published: August 2010

Abstract. Rotifera and Acanthocephala are generally regarded as separate phyla sharing a basal position among triploblast protostomes. This paper presents the first molecular phylogenetic examination of the relationship of Acanthocephala to all three rotifer classes, Seisonidea, Monogononta, and Bdelloidea. Inclusion of Acanthocephala within Rotifera, probably as a sister‐taxon to a clade composed of Bdelloidea and Monogononta (the Eurotatoria), is strongly supported by both parsimony and distance methods, using a region of the nuclear coding gene hsp82. Previous molecular evidence for the inclusion of Acanthocephala in the Rotifera suggested that Acanthocephala is a sister‐taxon of Bdelloidea, forming the clade Lemniscea. No support is found for this clade, and evidence is presented that the monogonont rotifer used in those analyses, Brachionus plicatilis, may be evolving in an anomalous manner.
Calcium dynamics of hemocytes of the gastropod Biomphalaria glabrata: effects of digenetic trematodes and selected bioactive compounds
Authors: Hertel Lynn A. , Stricker Stephen A. , Loker Eric S.
Published: August 2010

Abstract. Two fluorescent calcium indicators, Calcium Green AM (CG) and Fura Red AM (FR), were used in conjunction with confocal microscopy to monitor hemocyte calcium dynamics following exposure to digenetic trematode larvae or relevant bioactive compounds. Changes in intracellular calcium levels, as measured by fluctuations in the CG/FR ratio, were correlated with hemocyte morphological changes. Hemocytes exposed to culture medium remained spread and had few calcium transients. However, following exposure to sporocysts, sporocyst secretory‐excretory products, or small rediae of Echinostoma paraensei in culture medium, significantly more hemocytes both rounded up and exhibited calcium transients, though some hemocytes showed one response or the other but not both. Hemocytes did not respond significantly to large rediae, to sporocysts of another digenean (Schistosoma mansoni), or to bacterial lipopolysaccharides. Exposure to either zymosan particles or mannose BSA provoked responses similar to those seen with sporocysts of E. paraensei Caffeine caused rounding but no calcium transients, and phorbol myristate acetate provoked calcium transients but no rounding. The results show that sporocysts and small rediae of E. paraensei have pronounced effects on hemocyte rounding and calcium dynamics, and that these two events can occur independently of one another. This suggests that parasites may influence hemocytes in at least two separate ways.
Behavioral responses to a change in stimulus: transport vs. attack behavior in a carnivorous land snail, Haplotrema concavum
Authors: Atkinson James W.
Published: August 2010

Abstract. Haplotrema concavum, a carnivorous land snail, responds differently to the same prey when hunting versus when transporting food. The ability of these animals to distinguish between fresh, unmanipulated or uneaten prey and manipulated or partially eaten prey was tested by switching prey items while the predator was in the process of transporting the prey. Predators responded to a switch from a manipulated egg of Anguispira alternata to an unmanipulated egg by suspending transport behavior while the new egg was manipulated. Seven of ten predators responded to a switch from an egg of A. alternata to a conspecific (H. concavum) egg by stopping transport and abandoning the less‐preferred food. Predators responded to a switch from partially eaten hatchlings of A. alternata to fresh but injured hatchlings by stopping transport after the retrieval stage to eat the new hatchling, after which transport was resumed. Predators which were not engaged in transport behavior attacked rather than retrieved fresh, injured hatchling prey. These results suggest that by manipulating its prey, the predator alters the sensory stimulus of the prey by marking the prey with predator mucus which, in turn, elicits the transport behavior by the predatory snail.
Contrasting scaling of ciliary filters in swimming larvae and sessile adults of fan worms (Annelida: Polychaeta)
Authors: Henderson Scottie Y. , Strathmann Richard R.
Published: August 2010

Abstract. Both larval and adult fan worms capture particles with opposed bands of cilia. While the larvae use one of the opposed bands (the prototroch) for both feeding and swimming, the sessile adults rely partly on ambient currents to bring food particles to the ciliary bands. The scaling of length of prototrochal cilia with larval body size contrasts with scaling of the opposed latero‐frontal cilia with adult body size. In the larva of the serpulid Hydroides elegans, the length of prototrochal cilia increased from 28 to 42 μm in early to late‐stage larvae. In contrast, latero‐frontal cilia did not increase in length (23 μm) during postlarval development of H. elegans. Among adults of 5 fan‐worm species, lengths of latero‐frontal cilia ranged from 22 to 35 μm and were weakly correlated with body size. The total area of ciliary filter nevertheless increased with increasing body dry weight of worms with an allometric exponent similar to exponents reported for gill and lophophore areas vs. body weight within species of suspension‐feeding bivalves, brachiopods, and gastropods. The similar scaling was remarkable given the striking differences in distribution and function of the ciliary filters. In adult fan worms, increases in filter area depended largely on increases in number and length of radioles; differences in branching of radioles had little effect. Radioles were commonly in 2 or more rows in series, implying refiltration in still water by downstream radioles. Since the allometry of worms' filter area with body size depends on filters in series, it depends on ambient currents that overwhelm ciliary currents.
A triple bacterial endosymbiosis in a gutless oligochaete (Annelida): ultrastructural and immunocytochemical evidence
Authors: Giere Olav , Krieger Jens
Published: August 2010

Abstract. The gutless marine oligochaete, Olavius crassitunicatus
finogenova 1986 (Tubificidae), from suboxic to sulfidic sediments off Peru, consistently harbored 3 structurally distinct types of extracellular bacterial symbionts. Large, oval bacteria were labeled immunocytochemically, proving their nature as autotrophs. Spectroscopical analysis documented storage of sulfur in this numerically dominant morphotype. Small, rod‐shaped bacteria attained a more peripheral position adjacent to the cuticle. The third bacterial type was represented by long, filamentous forms which were often in close contact to the oval bacteria. With their curved or undulate cells, these filiform bacteria resembled spirochetes. They were clearly distinguishable and consistently found in all investigated host specimens.

While molecular analyses could not be performed, structural and immunocytochemical evidence indicated that the oval bacteria seemed equivalent to the γ‐proteobacteria in related gutless oligochaetes. On the basis of morphological similarity and indications from closely related symbiotic tubificids, the possible relationship of the two other morphoptypes must remain unsolved and needs further molecular analysis. The three bacterial morphotypes live in a consistent, elaborate, and apparently obligate coexistence with a host that has completely reduced its digestive and excretory organs.
Discrimination of conspecific‐built chimneys from human‐built ones by the burrowing crayfish, Fallicambarus fodiens (Decapoda, Cambaridae)
Authors: Punzalan David , Guiaşu Radu Cornel , Belchior Dulcie , Dunham David W.
Published: August 2010

Abstract. The vast majority of tested juvenile crayfish of Fallicambarus fodiens consistently preferred conspecific‐built mud chimneys over similar‐looking human‐built chimneys. When the chimneys were surrounded by transparent acetate sheets, the crayfish no longer discriminated between conspecific‐built and human‐built chimneys. This suggests that visual cues were not important in allowing the crayfish to discriminate between the two chimney types. In the absence of chimneys, significantly more crayfish showed an initial preference for mud saturated with water that had contained conspecifics, over similar mud saturated with distilled water. This indicates that chemical cues play a role in allowing these crayfish to discriminate between the conspecific‐conditioned mud and the control wet mud. The preference of F. fodiens individuals for conspecific‐built chimneys appears to be based, at least in part, on chemical cues, possibly in addition to tactile cues.
Morphology and ultrastructure of the swimming larvae of Crambe crambe (Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida)
Authors: Uriz María J. , Turon Xavier , Becerro Mikel A.
Published: August 2010

Abstract. We describe the morphology and ultrastructure of the free‐swimming larvae of the sponge Crambe crambe, one of the most abundant encrusting sponges on shallow rocky bottoms of the western Mediterranean. Larvae of C. crambe are released in July and August. The larva is uniformly flagellated except at the posterior zone. Flagellated cells are extraordinarily slender, elongate, and sinuous and form a pseudo‐stratified layer. Their distal zone contains abundant mitochondria, some small vesicles, a Golgi complex, and the basal apparatus of the flagellum. Abundant lipid droplets are present throughout the cell. The nucleus is most often in a basal position. The flagellum projects from the bottom of an asymmetrical socket formed by cytoplasmic expansions. The basal body extends in a conical tuft and a laminar rootlet in close association with the Golgi system. The cells at the posterior pole are flat and polygonal on the surface, with long overlapping pseudopodia in the typical shape of a pinacoderm. Sparse collagen is present throughout the whole larva including the flagellated layer. Archeocytes and sclerocytes are abundant in the posterior region. Typical collencytes and spherulous cells seem to be absent. Intracellular and extracellular rod‐like bacteria with conspicuous fimbria occur exclusively in the posterior region of the larva. The asymmetrical cytoplasmic prolongations, which surround the flagellum, and the basal apparatus of the flagellum are suggested as the sites of stimulus reception and triggering of locomotor responses, respectively. This ultrastructural study of the larva of C. crambe has shown features directly linked to its behavior and ecology.
Widespread hermaphroditism in freshwater gastrotrichs
Authors: Weiss Mitchell J.
Published: August 2010

Abstract. Freshwater members of the phylum Gastrotricha were long thought to lack male gametes and to exist exclusively as parthenogenetic females. The surprising 1978 discovery of sperm in the common species Lepidodermella squamata raised the question of how many other freshwater gastrotrichs might likewise be hermaphroditic. In a comparative study of species from across both major families, sperm have been found in every species examined intensively. They were detected in 19 species of Chaetonotidae (from Aspidiophorus, Chaetonotus, Heterolepidoderma, Ichthydium, Lepidodermella, and Polymerurus) and 3 species of Dasydytidae (from Haltidytes, Setopus, and Stylochaeta), characteristically occurring ventrally in single unilateral or (more often) 2–12 bilateral packets. Their shape ranges from filiform (length in Chaetonotus bisacer, ∼40 μm) to rodlike, spindlelike, oval, and possibly spherical (some in Stylochaeta scirtetica measure only 1 μm). With light microscopy, a dense nucleus appears to fill the entire volume of these aflagellate cells. Spermatogenesis within cysts (maximally, 16 sperm/clone) is evidently characteristic of both families, each cyst generating one large residual body. Sperm‐bearers display oocytes with sometimes distinctive cytoplasmic elements and a posterior X‐organ whose organization can be complex. Evidence supports an unusual life cycle in which parthenogenesis is followed by simultaneous hermaphroditism. These findings may illuminate the reproductive characters as well as ancestry of marine and brackish‐water taxa of Chaetonotida.
Ciliary ultrastructure of neomeniomorphs (Mollusca, Neomeniomorpha = Solenogastres)
Authors: Lundin Kennet , Schander Christoffer
Published: August 2010

Abstract. The ultrastructure of the ciliary apparatus of multiciliated epidermal cells of the trochophore of Epimenia babai and the adult of Strophomenia scandens was studied. The trochal cirri of E. babai consists of long cilia with unspecialized tips. The surfaces between the trochs are sparsely covered with shorter cilia of similar structure except for length. In the adult of S. scandens, the foot is covered by a dense mat of cilia with blunt electron‐dense tips. In both E. babai and S. scandens, all cilia have two perpendicularly orientated rootlets. This condition is similar to that of the Chaetodermomorpha (=Caudofoveata) and Polyplacophora. In other molluscs studied to date, the cilia of multiciliated epidermal cells have a single rootlet or a derivative thereof. The presence of two ciliary rootlets likely represents the basal plesiomorphic state for the Bilateria. The existence of this character in the Neomeniomorpha, Chaetodermomorpha, and Polyplacophora is congruent with the hypothesis of a basal position of these taxa within the Mollusca.
Temperature‐induced changes in the locomotor capacity of juveniles of Marenzelleria viridis (Polychaeta, Spionidae)
Authors: Hubley Mark J. , Parks Christopher D.‐A. , Lin Juan
Published: August 2010

Abstract. Populations of Marenzelleria viridis in the Chester River (Kent County, Maryland) experience temperatures ranging from over 30°C in summer to near freezing in winter. Interestingly, M. viridis swims actively in winter. This observation led us to examine the relationship between locomotor capacity and temperature in individuals of M. viridis. Juvenile specimens were collected in February (“cold animals”) and June (“warm animals”). Video analysis revealed that swimming is achieved by flexing the body in cyclic, helical waves. Wave frequencies were measured as an index of locomotor capacity at 5°C, 15°C, and 25°C. The mean wave frequencies of cold animals were 5.4 Hz at 5°C and 7.1 Hz at 15°C (Q10= 1.3); the mean wave frequencies of warm animals were 6.1 Hz at 15°C and 7.8 Hz at 25°C (Q10= 1.3). The effects of changes in water viscosity on wave frequency between 5–25°C were not significant. These results demonstrate that the temperature sensitivity of locomotor capacity in juvenile M. viridis is quite low. We conclude that low temperature sensitivity enables M. viridis to be active throughout the year.
Early post‐metamorphic ontogenesis of deep‐sea spatangoids (Echinoidea, Spatangoida) of the NE Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Sumida Paulo Y.G. , Tyler Paul A. , Thurston Michael H. , Gage John D.
Published: August 2010

Abstract. The early juvenile development of 3 species of irregular deep‐sea echinoids of the NE Atlantic was examined using scanning electron microscopy. Although the post‐metamorphic development of these 3 spatangoids is very similar, the morphology and development of fascioles (specialized bands of heavily ciliated minute spines) facilitates distinguishing the species. In Hemiaster expergitus and Spatangus raschi, the fascioles present in the early juvenile develop to form adult fascioles. In Brissopsis lyrifera, a juvenile fasciole of unknown function disappears during ontogenesis, and new adult subanal and periproct fascioles arise. Fascioles of S. raschi and B. lyrifera are present at a very early stage of development (∼0.7 mm test length), whereas in H. expergitus the fasciole appears much later (∼3 mm test length). Animals smaller than 0.8 mm test diameter have not yet developed a functional mouth and are still considered as endotrophic postlarval stages. Mouth development is similar for all spatangoids examined.