bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Soil Applied Insecticides for Control of Nantucket Pine Tip Moth in Kentucky, 1985
Authors: Johnson Douglas W. , Appleton Bonnie
Published: March 2022

A stand of (ca 2.5 cm diam) Virginia pine on a commercial plantation was used for evaluation. Fifteen single tree replicates were treated 10 Apr at the drip line with either 70 g of 15% granular carbofuran or 70 g of 15% granular disulfoton or 1-150 g Jobe's 16-4-4 tree spike with 1% carbofuran or 1-150 g Jobe's 15-3-3 tree spike with 1% disulfoton or no treatment. One half of the replicates for each treatment were retreated 4 Jun with equivalent original treatments. Once each month trees were examined and the no of damaged tips per tree was recorded. Data from 2 examination dates, corresponding to peaks of larval activity, were chosen for analysis.
Repellency and Toxicity of Eastern Red Cedar to Cockroaches and the Firebrat, 1986
Authors: Appel A. G.
Published: March 2022

Freshly made, 7 mm thick, 100% cedar particle board was evaluated for repellency in standard Ebeling choice boxes and for toxicity by continuous exposure. Three surface areas of particle board were evaluated: 250, 400, and 469 cm2, as well as untreated control (masonite panel). Each treatment was replicated 6 times. Water and food (Purina Dog Chow) was provided ad libitum only in the light side of the choice box. Twenty adult male German cockroaches, (American Cyanamid Co., Clifton, NJ, susceptible strain), brownbanded cockroaches, American cockroaches, smokybrown cockroaches, or firebrats, were placed into the light side of each box. The insects were allowed access to the treated side after 2 h. Position and mortality were recorded daily for 14 days. Toxicity of cedar paneling was accessed by confining 5 groups of 6 males of each cockroach species or large firebrats to the paneling. The insects were confined under inverted 9 cmdiam petri dish bottoms that had been lightly coated on the vertical sides with petroleum jelly. No food or water was provided and mortality was recorded daily. Control mortality was determined for each species by confinement to masonite paneling.
Evaluation of Amitraz Collars and Pour-On Applications of Young'S® Poron 20, GX-118™, and Dursban® 44 for Lice Control on Beef Cattle, 1986
Authors: Lloyd J. E. , Kumar R. , Watson D. W.
Published: March 2022

Experimental steer and heifer calves were of mixed breeds and originated in eastern WY. They were housed in separate pens in groups of 7 animals each at Torrington, WY. The cattle were naturally infested with the cattle biting louse, Bovicola bovis, the longnosed cattle louse, Linognathus vituli, and the little blue cattle louse, Solenopotes capillatus Enderlein. Lice density was estimated by observing and recording the number of each species at sample sites on the host. One 15-cm sample site was located across the occipital area directly behind the poll. The equivalent of 3, 15-cm sample sites were located on the head, shoulder, and topline. Sample sites on the head were 1, 15-cm hairpart on either side of the face from the corner of the mouth toward the base of the ear and 2, 7.5-cm hairparts on either side of the muzzle. Sample sites on the shoulder were 3, 15-cm vertical parts on the right side of the body. Sample sites on the topline were located on the right side of the animal ca. 25 cm posterior to the withers and 25 cm anterior to the hip bone. These sites consisted of 3 vertical 15-cm hairparts ca. 15 cm apart. For the evaluation of amitraz collars and Dursban 44 pour-on, pretreatment lice populations were estimated on 14 Jan. Each of 3 pens heavily infested with biting lice and 3 pens heavily infested with sucking lice were randomly assigned to one of the 3 treatments. For the evaluation of Poron 20 at 2 dosages and GX-118, pretreatment lice populations were estimated on 20 Jan. Six pens of cattle infested with sucking lice were randomly assigned one of 4 treatments. Two 9% amitraz dog collars, each 62.5 cm in length and 1.5 cm in width, were joined end to end through the buckle, and placed around the neck of the bovine. Several layers of filament tape were placed over the buckle. Pour-on treatments were applied according to label directions for lice control. Young's Poron was applied also at 5 ml/50 kg, the grub control dose.
Methoprene Bolus for Horn Fly Control in Wyoming, 1986
Authors: Watson D. W. , Lloyd J. E. , Kumar R.
Published: March 2022

Two herds of experimental cattle were used. A herd of Hereford cattle was divided into 3 groups and treated on 27 Jun. The 3 groups were: (1) an untreated group of 13 cows, 2 heifers, and 13 calves; (2) a treated group of 39 cows, 7 heifers, and 35 calves in which cows and heifers received "bolus 1"; and (3) a group of 41 cows, 12 heifers, and 36 calves in which cows and heifers received "bolus 2." The second herd consisted of 76 yearling steers of mixed breeds, and was treated on 10 Jun. This herd was divided into: (1) an untreated group of 16 steers; (2) a group of 30 steers which received "bolus 1;" and (3) a group of 30 steers that received "bqlus 2." All treated animals weighed ^ 660 lb and received one of two formulations of a 3% methoprene bolus. The cow/calf groups as well as the steers were pastured in adjacent fields. Pasture size of the untreated, bolus 1, and bolus 2 groups were 58, 192, and 210 ha for the cow/calf groups, and 23.1, 63.6, and 63.6 ha for the steers, respectively. Horn fly numbers on one side of each of 15 untreated and 30 treated steers and 14 untreated and 15 treated cows were recorded on days 3, 7, 14, and every 2 weeks thereafter.
Laboratory Evaluations of Igr's and Toxicants Against the Larvae of the Oriental Rat Flea, 1986
Authors: Chamberlain W. F.
Published: March 2022

A 10-g sample of a mixture of fine sand and flea larval diet was placed in a 25-ml screw-capped vial. An appropriate concentration of technical IGR or toxicant in 500 u.1 of acetone was added to the mix; after stirring, the acetone was evaporated at room temperature. Twenty-four h later, 200 u.1 of water was added and stirred into the mix. Twenty-five laboratory-reared, 2nd-stage larvae were added. Vials were covered with 0.3-mm mesh marquisette cloth and held in separate chambers at 75% RH, 26731° ± 1°C and corresponding 8/16 dark/light cycle. Each test was replicated 2 to 4 times. Control vials containing the sand-diet mix were treated with the acetone only and handled in the same manner as test vials. At 30 days after establishment the vials were examined. Any emerged fleas were killed with a drop of chloroform, and the number of cocoons and emerged fleas were counted. The highest concentration of toxicant tested was 100 ppm; dilutions to 0.0001 ppm were tested, as needed to obtain reduced mortality.
Apple, Rosy Apple Aphid Test, 1986
Authors: Swift Fred C. , Herman Elizabeth J. , Starner Van
Published: March 2022

A 16 year-old apple orchard variety ‘Rome’ was used in this test. Single tree plots replicated twice in a randomized complete block design were sprayed to runoff (ca 5 gal/tree) with a hydraulic sprayer equipped with a handgun and operated at 300 psi. Treatments were applied on either 14 Apr, tight cluster (TC) or 25 Apr, pink (P). For disease control the entire orchard was sprayed with Captan and Polyram as needed. RAA control was evaluated by counting all colonies on test trees.
Pear, Pear Psylla Control, 1986
Authors: Burts Everett
Published: March 2022

Five-year-old pear trees were sprayed with handguns operating at 600 psi to evaluate pesticides for control of PP. Plots consisted of unreplicated blocks 2 rows wide containing ca. 48 trees. In the standard program trees were sprayed as follows: 18 Mar—Pydrin 2.4 lb/gal EC .075 lb (AI)/100 gal plus superior oil 1 gal/100 gal; 7 Apr—Morestan 25% WP .25 lb (AI) plus Pydrin 2.4 EC .075 lb (AI) plus Parathion 4F .25 lb (AI)/100 gal; 28 May and 19 Jun—Guthion 50% WP .25 lb (AI)/100 gal; and 17 Jul— Mitac 50% WP .375 lb (AI) plus Guthion .25 lb (AI)/100 gal. The 3 insect growth regulators (IGR's) (first 3 treatments in tables) were applied 7 Apr, 30 Apr, 28 May, 19 Jun and 17 Jul. PP eggs, nymphs and adults were counted at 2-week intervals. Adults were counted on 25 limb taps/plot. Eggs and nymphs were counted on 2 samples of 5 fruiting spurs/plot from 8 Apr through 8 May and 2 50-leaf samples/plot thereafter. All spur tissues were examined under a dissecting microscope; leaf samples were processed using the standard leaf brushing technique. Adults were counted by the limb-tap method. Phytophagous mites were also counted on brushed-leaf samples. AA infestations were rated by determining percent infested terminals and average number of infested leaves/terminal by examining all terminals in plots. PP, PRM russets and CM damage were rated according to US grade standards for fresh market pears on 2 samples of 25 fruit/rep.
Pear, Early Season Pear Psylla Control, 1986
Authors: Hull Larry A.
Published: March 2022

Experimental sprays were applied to replicated 3-tree plots of 8-year-old Bartlett trees. Each treatment was replicated 5 times. Trees were planted to a spacing of 7.4 x 7.4 m. Treatments were applied with a handgun from a truck-mounted hydraulic sprayer at 375 psi. Dates of application were: bud burst (3 Apr), white bud (19 Apr), and petal fall (6 May). Approximately 2 gal of spray was applied per tree. Treatments were evaluated for PP control by counts of eggs and nymphs at 1 to 2 week intervals. Counts were made by sampling 10 mid-terminal or spur leaves from the middle tree in each replicate. The count on 30 May was made by sampling 5 mid-terminal and 5 distal leaves from each tree. PP pressure was moderate through the experiment.
Pear, Insect Control with Abamectin, 1986
Authors: Riedl H. , Shearer P. W.
Published: March 2022

Sprays were applied by handgun operating at 200 psi to 13-year old pear trees. Test plots consisted of 4 single-tree replicates in a randomized block. Trees did not receive any prebloom sprays to allow PP to build. Experimental sprays were applied 24 Apr (petal fall), 17 Jun and 31 Jul. PP populations were sampled at 2-week intervals through the season. At petal fall (21 Apr) nymphs were counted on 5 spurs/tree. During May nymphs were counted on 20 spur leaves/tree (2 leaves/spur). In the 2nd generation and later, sampling shifted to terminals. A top, middle and bottom leaf were collected from each of 6 terminals/tree. Leaves were examined under a stereo microscope. Besides nymphs, the proportion of leaves with PP eggs was also recorded. Fruit was evaluated for PP russet at harvest (10 Sep) using US grade standards. Where possible, 25 fruits were examined/tree. Some trees had fewer pears due to poor set.
Pear, Prebloom Control of Pear Psylla with Pyrethroid Insecticides, Commercial Test, 1986
Authors: Riedl H. , Shearer P. W.
Published: March 2022

One half of a 1.25 acre 35-eyar old commercial pear orchard was treated with Pydrin, the other half with Pounce. Sprays were applied dilute at ‘delayed dormant’ by an Aerofan sprayer delivering 200 gal/acre. Otherwise, the entire orchard received a standard commercial insect and mite control program before and after bloom: Superior oil and flowable sulfur at ‘dormant’ (26 Feb), Morestan at ‘white bud’ (31 Mar), and Guthion at ‘1st cover’ (27 May). Cyprex and Bayleton were applied as needed for disease control. PP populations in the test plots were sampled by beating tray counts of adults (1 tray/tree from 25 trees) and by nymph counts on spur (6 May) and shoot (23 Jun) leaves (108/treatment). Leaves were examined under a stereo microscope. In addition, the proportion of leaves with PP eggs as well as TSSM was also recorded.
Pear, Comparison of Superior Spray Oils, 1986
Authors: Riedl H. , Shearer P. W.
Published: March 2022

A 4.4 acre 60-year-old commercial pear block was subdivided into 4 equal-sized plots to accommodate 3 different oil treatments and a check where no oil was applied. Volck Supreme was compared to 2 experimental spray oils which differed in terms of viscosity and emulsifiers. Oils were applied 28 Feb (dormant) together with flowable sulfur at 1 gal/acre; 14 Mar (delayed dormant) together with Ambush 2EC at 12 oz/acre and Lorsban 4E at 20 oz/acre; 29 May (1st cover) together with Guthion 50WP at 1.25 lb/acre. Otherwise, a standard insecticide and fungicide program was used throughout the test block. Sprays were applied dilute by an Aerofan sprayer delivering 200 gal/acre. Treatments were evaluated for PP control by beating tray counts of adults (25 trays/treatment) and nymph counts on spur (19 May) and shoot (24 Jun) leaves (108/treatment). Leaves were examined under a stereo microscope.
Pear, Pest Control with IGR CME 13406, 1986
Authors: Riedl H. , Shearer P. W.
Published: March 2022

Trees in a 25-year-old pear orchard were sprayed by handgun operating at 200 psi. Test plots consisted of 4 single-tree replicates (2 of each variety) arranged in a randomized block. All treatments except the untreated check received a ‘delayed dormant’ spray of Pydrin 2.4EC at 4 oz/100 gal plus 1.5% superior oil and a ‘white bud’ spray of Morestan 2.5WP at 1 lb/100 gal. Three cover sprays of Guthion were timed according to codling moth development (see Washington State University Extension Bull. 1072). Each spray of CME 13406 was applied about 150 to 250 degree-days (base 50°F) earlier than Guthion to coincide with the beginning and peak of egg laying. PP populations were sampled at 2- to 4-week intervals. During May, nymphs were counted on 20 spur leaves/tree (2 leaves/spur). In the 2nd generation and later, terminal leaves were sampled. A top, middle and bottom leaf were collected from each of 6 terminals/tree. Leaves were examined under a stereo microscope. Fruit was evaluated for PP russet and CM damage at harvest. Mite counts were taken by brushing 100 leaves/treatment (25/tree). Leaves were sampled on 3 scaffold limbs from the center to the periphery of the canopy.
Control of Mountain Leafhopper on Cherry, 1986
Authors: Steenwyk R. A. Van , Freeman R.
Published: March 2022

Two tests were conducted on 5-year-old ‘Bing’ cherry trees in a commercial orchard near Lodi, CA. Both tests were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Each replicate consisted of a single tree. Treatments in both tests were applied with a hand-held orchard sprayer operating at 270 psi and delivering 250 gal water/acre. Treatments were applied on 15 May in Test A and on 5 Aug in Test B. Control in both tests was evaluated by caging 20 laboratory-cultured adult mountain leafhoppers on the foliage of treated trees. In Test A the leafhoppers were placed on the foliage for 24 h at 2-week intervals for 10 weeks after treatment. In Test B the leafhoppers were placed on the foliage for 12 h (6:00 p.m. to 6:00 a.m., to reduce leafhopper mortality in the untreated check) at Vi, 2V2, 7%, 14V4, 28V2 and 42Vi days after treatment.
Peach, All Season Insecticide Test, 1986
Authors: Swift Fred C. , Herman Elizabeth J. , Starner Van
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted in an 11 year-old peach orchard on the variety ‘Red Haven'. Single tree plots, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design, were sprayed to runoff (ca 3 gal/tree) with a hydraulic sprayer equipped with a handgun and operated at 300 psi. Treatments were applied on 28 Apr (PF), 7 May (SS), 27 May (IC), 13 Jun (2C), and 11 Jul (3C). For disease control, the entire orchard was sprayed with sulfur as needed. ERM counts were made by randomly picking 25 leaves per tree, brushing the mites onto glass plates coated with Triton B-1956, and counting the number of motile mites. Mite-days were calculated as follows: MD = MD1 + [(Ml + M2)/2 x Y], where MD1 = mite-days already accumulated, Ml = avg ERM/leaf on a given counting date, M2 = avg ERM/leaf on the next counting date after Ml and Y = number of days between Ml and M2. Sampling methods for the other insects were as follows: GPA = avg no. GPA colonies/tree; OFMa = avg no. OFM - damaged terminals/tree; OFMb = avg no. OFM - damaged fruit/100 fruit/tree; TPB = avg no. TPB - injured fruit/100 fruit/tree.
Blueberry, Flea Beetle Adult Control, 1986
Authors: Forsythe H. Y. , Collins J. A.
Published: March 2022

Test materials were applied on 26 Jun to 23 x 23-ft plots in a lowbush blueberry field at Gray, Maine. There were 4 replications for each treatment in a randomized complete block design with 10-ft untreated buffer strips around each plot. Insecticides were applied at a rate of 25 gal/acre with a C02-propelled, 30-inch boom sprayer with 4 flat-spray 800067 teejet nozzles and at 35 psi. Plants showed 1 to 2% blue berries at treatment. On dates indicated in table, 10 sweeps with a standard 12-inch sweep net were taken from the center of each plot; the adults were counted and then released into the same plot. A rain of 0.4 inch occurred 1 day after treatment.
Bioassay Evaluation of Insecticides on Blueberries, 1986
Authors: Williams R. N. , Fickle D. S. , Ellis M. A.
Published: March 2022

A 11-year-old experimental blueberry planting at Wooster, Ohio was used. Plots consisted of one blueberry bush, with 4 replications per treatment in a randomized block design. Treatments were applied as foliar sprays at a rate of 100 gal/acre (379 1/ha) on 23 May, 9 Jun, 13 Jul and 22 Jul, using a hand-held CO2 sprayer at 45 psi (3.2 kg2/cm2) and with a 9505-E-TeeJet nozzle. On 9 Jun, after insecticides had dried, 5 leaves were sampled from each replicate and placed in ventilated plastic containers. Ten tarnished plant bug and dried fruit beetle adults were then placed in each container. Twenty-four h later the number of dead insects was counted. On 14 Jul, a second bioassay was set up in a similar manner. However, in addition to the leaves, we also placed 5 ripe berries in each container. Ten adult Japanese beetles were set up per replicate on 0 and 3 days. The number of dead beetles was recorded 24 h after exposure to treated fruit and foliage. On 22 Jul, the final bioassay was begun using the same procedure and all 3 insects.
Performance of Insecticides for Grape Berry Moth, (GBM) 1985
Authors: Dennehy Timothy J. , Taft Theodore N. , Crowe Harold J.
Published: March 2022

An established vineyard of Concord grapes comprising 12 acres was used for insecticide evaluation. Rows were 9 ft apart and vines 8 ft apart within the row. Each treatment was replicated 4 x in a completely randomized block design. Each replication consisted of ca 45 vines (3 rows x 15 vines per row). Insecticide applications were made as foliar sprays on 15 Jun, 26 Jun, and 20 Aug, with the exception of Danitol which was applied 4 times—14 Jun, 26 Jun, 7 Aug, and 21 Aug. All plots were treated with triademefon (Bayleton) at 1 oz AI/A to control powdery mildew. Commercial application conditions were used. Materials were applied with a hooded boom over the row sprayer operated at 500 psi, equipped with 7 nozzles per boom on each side with No. 2% (mm) discs and 3-hole whirl plates. Spray volumes are noted on the table. Counts made on 12 Sep 1985 were based on number of berries injured by GBM larvae in 100 clusters from each replication. Ten clusters were sampled from throughout the canopy of 10 vines per plot. Carbaryl 50WP, 2 lb AI/A, and parathion 15WP, 1.5 lb AI/A, were standards.
Insecticide Evaluation For the Early Control of Foliar form of Grape Phylloxera, 1986
Authors: Williams R. N. , Fickle D. S.
Published: March 2022

A test was conducted and evaluated for early control of grape phylloxera at Wooster, Ohio. This test consisted of 5 treatments applied on 2, 12, 23, 29 May and 5 Jun. Plots consisted of 1 vine, 4 replications per treatment in a randomized block design. Vine spacing was 2.7 m between rows and 2.4 m within the row. Treatments were applied as foliar sprays using a hand-operated C02 sprayer operated at 45 psi (3.2 kg/cm2) equipped with a 9509-E-TeeJet nozzle. Sprays were applied at the rate of 200 gal/acre (757 liters/ha). The spreader sticker Triton-B was added to each treatment at the rate of 1 oz per 25 gal of water. Readings of the total number of galls present per replicate were taken on 8, 15, 21, 27 May, 3, 11, 17, 23 Jun, and 1, 7, 14 Jul. At the time of first treatment (2 May), no galls were present. On 2 May growth was very irregular. Some buds were still not open, other buds had broken and the small shoots were 2 to 3 inches (5 to T/t cm) long. A small percentage of these were normal but most had been burned back due to heavy frost in late Apr.
Bioassay and Avoidance (Repellency) Evaluation of Japanese Beetle Adulticides on Grapes, 1986
Authors: Williams R. N. , Fickle D. S.
Published: March 2022

Four insecticides were evaluated for efficacy against Japanese beetle adults in an experimental vineyard of Clinton grapes at Wooster, Ohio. Plots consisted of one grape vine, with 4 replications per treatment in a randomized block design. Treatments were applied as foliar sprays at rate of 100 gal/acre (379 1/ha) on 21 Jul using a hand-held CO2 sprayer at 45 psi (3.2 kg/cm2) with a 9505-E-TeeJet nozzle. After treated foliage was dry, 5 grape leaves were removed at random from the outside canopy of each treated plant. Leaves were brought into the laboratory and placed in a ventilated 1-gal ice cream container with 10 Japanese beetles. The containers were modified by placing plastic liners inside and cheese cloth over the top. A mortality count was made after holding beetles on treated foliage for 24 h. The insect holding room was maintained at 75°F (23°C) with ca. 75% RH. In addition to the bioassay, a reading of the number of live Japanese beetles present in the field plots was taken 24 h after initial application of the insecticides. The number of live beetles present on the grape foliage of each plot were counted. All treatments in the bioassay were statistically better than the check in both the lab and the field. None of the treatments was phytotoxic to the grape foliage.
Apple, Insect and Mite Control, 1985
Authors: Forsythe H. Y.
Published: March 2022

Test materials were applied to 19- to 29-year-old apple trees at Monmouth, Maine, as dilute sprays using a hand gun and a hydraulic sprayer operating at 250 psi at 300 gal/acre. Trees were sprayed on 16 May (pink, P), 28-29 May (petal fall, PF), 14 Jun (first cover, 1C), 25-26 Jun (second cover, 2C), 9 Jul (third cover, 3C), 23-24 Jul (fourth cover, 4C), 6 Aug (fifth cover, 5C), 20 Aug (sixth cover, 6C), as noted in the table; the Rotacide treatment (3C-9C) was applied only on 9 Jul, 17 Jul, 25 Jul, 2 Aug, 8 Aug, 15 Aug, and 22 Aug. The fungicide program consisted of Difolatan 4F (5 qt/100) on 24-28 Apr and Polyram 80W (2 lb) which was mixed with each insecticide treatment at each spray date; no Polyram mixtures were made with the Rotacide treatment (3C-9C). There were 3-4 single tree applications for each treatment. A randomized complete block design was used with 2 ‘Mcintosh’ and 2 ‘Cortland’ cultivars in Test 1 and 4 ‘Mcintosh’ in Test 2. Except for test trees, the orchards were not sprayed with insecticides. On 28 Aug, 0.5 box of apples was picked from each tree (only 3 trees were sampled in Test 2), and about 520 (Test 1) or 180-370 (Test 2) apples were examinee1 per treatment on 7 to 14 Sep for external egg punctures (AM), egg-laying scars (PC), and typical feeding injuries (CM, LAW, and TPB). ERM were counted on 31 Jul and 15-16 Aug on 25 leaves collected at chest-height around the periphery of each tree. Leaves were brought into the laboratory and brushec onto glass plates coated with a Tween 20 and alcohol mixture; mites were counted the same day. Aphid counts are based on 10 randomly selected vegetative terminals around each tree. Numbers of live aphids on the distal 4 unfurled and 1 furled leaves and on the stem included by these leaves were recorded or 18 Jul and 1 Aug (Test 2). May and Jun were cool, the first half of Jul was wet (3.9 inches rain), and Aug was wetter (3.4 inches rain) and cooler than normal.
Cabbage, Beet Armyworm Control, Test 2, Hidalgo County, Tex., 1986
Authors: Royer Tom A. , Edelson J. V.
Published: March 2022

Early Round Dutch' cabbage was seeded on 15 Sep into double-row beds (10-inch rows, 40-inch beds) at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Weslaco, Tex. Soil type was a Raymondville clay loam. Plots measured 25 ft by 2 rows, were bordered by 1 row of grain sorghum, and were replicated 5 times in a randomized complete block design. Insecticide treatments were applied on 4 Nov through a COa-powered boom sprayer calibrated to deliver 10 gal/acre (40 psi, 4 TX-4 Hollow cone nozzles per plot, 2 mph). Three to 5 h following each treatment application, 10 second- and third-instar beet armyworm larvae were caged on each of 2 randomly selected plants within each plot. Efficacy was evaluated 3 and 6 days following each application by counting larvae that remained alive in the cage. Additionally, cabbage looper were counted on 3 randomly selected plants/plot.
Diamondback Moth Control on Cabbage in Louisiana, 1987
Authors: Story R. N. , Black L. L. , Gatti J. M.
Published: March 2022

The study was conducted at the Burden Research Plantation, Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, La. Seedling cabbage was transplanted onto 48-inch rows on 24 Mar with 15-inch spacing between plants. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications of 15-ft plots 3 rows in width. Pesticides were applied with a tractor-drawn boom-type sprayer with 3 TX-26 hollow-cone nozzles, the middle nozzle directed down and the 2 outer nozzles angled in at 90°. The sprayer applied 100 gal/acre at 100 psi. Applications were made on 15 Jun. Evaluations of diamondback moth larval populations were made on 22 Jun by counting the number of diamondback moth larvae on 10 plants in each plot.
Control of the Corn Lepidoptera by a Full-Season Program of Aerial Applications of Baythroid, 1987
Authors: Shelton A. M. , Wilsey W. T.
Published: March 2022

Two adjacent commercial fields, located near Le Roy, N.Y., were used for this test. Each field was divided into 2 sections, 1 section simulating the normal processor spray program and the other using Baythroid as a comparison. One section of 1 field was treated with 0.5 lb (AI)/acre EPN on 18 and 26 Aug, 0.125 lb (AI)/acre Ambush on 1 Sep, and 0.025 lb (AI)/acre Asana on 9 Sep; the other section of that same field was treated with Baythroid 0.45 lb (AI)/acre on the same 4 dates as above. One section of the second field was treated with 0.5 lb (AI)/acre EPN on 18 and 26 Aug and 1 Sep and 0.025 lb (AI)/acre Asana on 9 Sept; the other section of the second field was treated with Baythroid 0.45 lb (AI)/acre on the same four dates. Insecticides were applied with a Cessna Ag Truck delivering 3 gal/acre at 35-40 psi and 115-120 mph air speed and D8-46 nozzles. On 11 Sep a sample of 100 ears per section of each field was evaluated for insect injury.
Fall Armyworm Control in Fall Planted, Whorl Stage Sweet Corn, 1986
Authors: Teague T. G.
Published: March 2022

Sweet corn was planted in Hidalgo fine sandy loam soil on 17 Sep on the Agricultural Research Farm of Rio Farms in Monte Alto. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block with 12 treatments and 4 replications. Plots were four 40-ft rows (40-inch spacing) with 15-ft borders separating plots on the same row. Two sprays (16 and 20 Oct) were applied to 6- to 8-leaf-stage corn using a tractor-mounted CO2-pressurized sprayer. A spray volume of 11 gal/acre was applied through one 8003 nozzle/' row at 40 psi in a 10-inch band and with tractor speed at 3 mph. Treatment effectiveness was determined by comparing insect densities in preapplication (16 Oct) and 2 postapplication (23 and 27 Oct) samples and by use of plant damage ratings made during the last sample date. FAW density was determined by dissecting 10 randomly selected plants/plot and recording numbers and sizes of larvae observed. Larval size was estimated as small (<1 cm), medium (1-2 cm), or large (>2 cm). Plant damage was rated using a damage index calculated as follows: 1, very little to no damage; 2, slight damage to outside leaves and whorl; 3, moderate damage to outside leaves with whorl damage fresh and very apparent; 4, heavy damage throughout plant; 5, complete decimation of plant. All data were subjected to ANOVA, and means were separated using LSD.
Apple, Full Season Insecticide Evaluations, 1987
Authors: Horsburgh R. L. , Cobb L. J.
Published: March 2022

Experimental insecticide treatments were applied in a comparative test to Red Yorking and Redspur Delicious trees. A randomized block design was used, and each treatment was replicated 4 times on each variety. Trees were sprayed to runoff using a Bean 35 gal/min hydraulic sprayer operating at 400 psi. ERM populations were evaluated on Yorks throughout the season. Due to a shortage of fruit on the Yorks, postbloom applications were included on Redspur Delicious. Mites and eggs were counted by randomly selecting 25 leaves/replicate, brushing onto glass plates with a modified Henderson-McBurnie brushing machine, and counting all motile forms and viable eggs with a binocular microscope. RAA populations were evaluated on 28 May by counting all colonies found in 3 min/tree. Foliage was visually rated on a scale of 0 - 4 for WALH damage on 8 Sep. On 21 Sep 100 apples were collected from each replicate and evaluated for damage by fruit-feeding pests and for fruit finish on a scale from 1 to 5, 1 being the best.
Control of Colorado Potato Beetle on Eggplant, 1987
Authors: Linduska James J.
Published: March 2022

'Classic' eggplant transplants were planted in 35-ft rows on 28 May with a 2-row Holland transplanter. Plots consisted of a single treatment row. The distance between rows was 64 inches, and the distance between plants within the row was 24 inches. The plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The soil was a Norfolk A loamy sand. All spray treatments were mixed in 10 gal of water and applied with a custom-built row crop sprayer. Each row was covered by 6 drop nozzles delivering 50 gal/acre at 90 psi. Treatments were applied 9, 23, and 30 Jun; 7 and 22, Jul; and 12, 19, and 26 Aug. In evaluating the treatments, direct counts of the number of Colorado potato beetle adults and larvae/10 plants and the percent defoliation were recorded. Yields were taken on 17, 23, and 30 Jul and on 3 Aug from 10 plants.
Efficacy of Insecticides for Control of Western Flower Thrips on Onions, 1987
Authors: Cartwright B. , Royer T. , Ede J. V.
Published: March 2022

Seven insecticides were tested for control of western flower thrips (WFT) in onions grown on a Rio Grande silty clay loam near McAllen, Tex. Plots measuring 1 double-row bed by 20 ft (0.0015 acre) were arranged in a randomized block design with 4 replications. An unsprayed buffer area of 1 bed was maintained on each side of all plots. Thrips populations were assessed by counting all thrips larvae and adults on 5 plants/plot. Insecticides were applied with a COa-powered backpack sprayer that delivered 60 gal/acre at 50 psi. Applications were made on 1 and 3 Apr. Adult thrips were collected for identification before the study was initiated and after its completion and were determined to be 100% WFT prior to initiation and 95% WFT and 5% onion thrips at the end of the test. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA, SAS 1982) and means were separated using Duncan's New Multiple Range Test.
Onion Thrips Control, 1987
Authors: Royer T. A. , Edelson J. V. , Cartwright B.
Published: March 2022

The test was conducted at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Weslaco, Tex. 'Texas Grano 1105 Y' onions vere direct seeded 3 Dec '86 into single-row beds (40-inch centers) on a Willacy fine sandy loam soil and furrow irrigated as needed. All plots received 1 application of idoprodine at 0.75 lb (AI)/acre, for control of purple blotch (Alternaria porri (Ell.) Cif.). The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications and overlaid on plots measuring 20 ft by 2 beds. Treatments were applied on 21 and 24 Apr as foliar sprays delivered through a CO2-powered ground sprayer at a rate of 30 gal/acre finished formulation. Adult and immature thrips were counted on 5 randomly selected plants per plot on 24 and 28 Apr. Data were subjected to analysis of variance, and treatment means were separated by Duncan's New Multiple Range Test (P = 0.05). Percent control was calculated using Henderson's 1955 formula.
Control of Thrips and the Pepper Weevil on Pepper, Spring 1987
Authors: Schuster David J.
Published: March 2022

Transplants were set 26 Feb on 2.5-ft-wide by 8-inch-high beds of EauGallie fine sand covered with black polyethylene mulch. Plots consisted of 15 plants set in a single row on 12-inch centers. Each treatment was replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied 8, 15, 22, 29, 6, 14, 21, and 28 Apr and 3 Jun with a 2.5-gal hand-held CO2-pressured sprayer, which was operated at 40 psi and delivered 50-100 gal/acre (gallonage increased as the plants grew). On 7 May, the thrips were counted in 10 flowers from each plot. Marketable fruit were harvested and abscised fruit were collected on 18 May and 2 and 11 Jun and were examined for internal pepper weevil feeding damage. All abscised fruit were damaged internally by the pepper weevil; thus, counts of abscised fruit were combined with counts of harvested, internally damaged fruit. One, 2, 3, and 5 days after the last application, the numbers of adult weevils were counted during a 5-minute examination of flower and vegetative buds on each plot. The percentages of damaged and undamaged fruit were calculated, and analyses of variance were performed on all data
Foliar Sprays for Control of Colorado Potato Beetle in Potatoes, 1987
Authors: Ghidiu Gerald M.
Published: March 2022

‘Superior’ white potatoes were planted on 14 Apr in a Sassafras sandy loam soil field. Plots consisted of 3 rows of potatoes, each row 25 ft long and 3 ft wide, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied with a self-propelled, high-clearance sprayer with 1 drop nozzle on each side of the row and 1 over the center of each row calibrated to deliver 75 gal/acre at 40 psi. Treatments were applied on 3, 8, 15, 19, and 26 Jun. Plant percent defoliation was recorded on 22 and 29 Jun. Number of CPB larvae per 5 hills was recorded on 12 Jun. Plots were harvested and yields were recorded (cwt./acre) on 5 Aug.
Insecticide Resistance in New York Populations of the Colorado Potato Beetle, 1986 and 1987
Authors: Goh K. S. , Tingey W. M. , Gibson R. L. , Semel M. , Clarke T. , Moyer D. , MacNeil C. , Young D. , Kubecka J. , Lemarie R.
Published: March 2022

Adults were field collected from 11 potato-producing areas in New York State: (1) Upstate commercial fields: Savannah (Wayne County), Kirkville (Onondaga County), Chittenango and Canastota (Madison County), New Hampton and Montgomery (Orange County); (2) Long Island (Suffolk County): Riverhead, Mattituck, and Water Mill; (3) Long Island Horticultural Research Laboratory (LIHRL), Riverhead, (Suffolk County); and (4) the reference strain from a field where minimal insecticides have been applied for the past 15 yr at the Cornell Vegetable Research Farm, Freeville (Tompkins County). Chemicals tested were serial dilutions of technical Pydrin®, Vydate®, and Ambush® in acetone and formulated rotenone and Thiodan® in water. They were applied at 2 u.l/beetle topically on the ventral abdominal segments using a manual microapplicator. Before treatment, beetles were anesthetized with CO2 . After treatment, 10 beetles were held in 800-ml ventilated cups with a slice of potato and maintained in a growth chamber at 78°F, 75% RH, and 16:8 L:D. The control groups were treated with acetone or water as appropriate. Beetle mortality was evaluated after 5 days. Fresh potato pieces were provided during the trial. Dosemortality regressions were estimated by exposing test insects to a minimum of 4 or 5 concentrations of each insecticide. Each dose was replicated a minimum of 3 times at 10 adults/replicate. Data were analyzed by probit analysis. Mortality in untreated controls for each strain was <6%.
Apple Insect Control At the Fennville Experiment Station in Michigan, 1987
Authors: Howitt A. J. , Olsen L. G.
Published: March 2022

An apple insect control experiment was initiated in western Michigan at the MSU Entomology Experiment Station near Fennville. The purpose of the test was to compare the performance and crop tolerance of 3 Guthion formulations (50 WP, 35 WP, 3 F at 1 lb [AI]/acre) and the effectiveness of pyrethroids for early-season insect control. The test orchard consisted of >40-yr-old standard trees. The experimental design was completely randomized, using single trees replicated 4 times. Treatments were sprayed with a Bean orchard airblast concentrated at 100 gal/acre. Treatments were applied on 23 Apr (pink); 15 May (petal fall); 28 May; 10 and 22 Jun; 2, 16, and 28 Jul; and 10 and 20 Aug. On 21 Aug, 100 leaves were picked per tree and old and new STLM mines were counted. On 31 Aug, 100 fruit per tree were examined for insect damage. Data were analyzed and means separated by the Student Newman Kuels test at P = 0.05 level.
Colorado Potato Beetle Insecticide Trial, 1987
Authors: Mayer D. F. , Britt R.
Published: March 2022

Plots were established in a commercial field of 'Norgold' potatoes planted near Harrah, Wash. Plant spacing was 9 inches with 34 inches between rows. Plot size was 3 rows × 12 ft and arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Standard planting, fertility, and weed control practices were followed. Spray applications were done 7 Jun with an R&D CO2-pressurized sprayer at a rate of 35 gal/acre using a hand-held boom with 2 nozzles. Evaluations were made on 8, 15, 22, and 29 Jun by counting the live larvae and adult beetles on 10 plants in each plot.
Soil Systemics Applied At-Plant and Emergence for Potato Insect Control in Irrigated Potato, 1987
Authors: Noetzel David , Ricard Michele , Stevens Dale
Published: March 2022

A trial was placed in an irrigated potato field on the Hubbard prairie, 8 miles southwest of Park Rapids, Minn. The specific site of the experiment was 30 yards from the field edge, 12 rows from the pivot road, and between pivot wheel tracks. The plot area was planted with a commercial 6-row planter at the same time as the main field. Insecticide applicators were turned off through the plot area and then turned on to apply Thimet (3 lb [AI]/acre) in the main field. Fertilizer, etc., was not changed. The soil was a sandy loam. Individual plots were 4 36-inch rows 30 ft long, replicated 4 times, and arranged in a randomized complete block design. The field was planted on 18 Apr. At-plant treatments were applied on 22 Apr, and emergence treatments were applied on 18 May. Foliars were applied on 20 Jun, 10 and 24 Jul, and 21 Aug. Six applications of fungicide were applied to the entire pivot. Yields were taken by harvesting 12.5 ft from the center of the second row in each plot. Nonreplicated samples from untreated border buffer rows of the same sample row length were also collected and are included in the summary. Yields of #ls and total yield are reported.
Apple, Dilute Test of Insecticides, 1987
Authors: Hull Larry A.
Published: March 2022

Experimental sprays were applied to run-off to single-tree plots in a randomized block design consisting of 2 replicates of'Golden Delicious' and 2 replicates of'York Imperial.' Treated single trees were separated by others not sprayed with insecticides. The trees were planted to a spacing of 6.1 × 10.7 m. Sprays were applied with a John Bean sprayer, 35 gal/min pump, equipped with a spray mast carrying 7 spray guns arranged to wet the uniformly trimmed trees. Approximately 6.3 gal of spray was applied to each replicate tree. Dates of application were 21 May; 3 and 18 Jun; 1, 15, and 29 Jul; and 12 and 26 Aug. For the DPX-42372 treatments, Guthion 50WP was substituted on 3 Jun (high rate only), 1 and 15 Jul, and 12 and 26 Aug. For the RH-7988 treatment, Guthion 50WP was substituted on 21 May, 1 and 15 Jul, and 12 and 16 Aug. General sprays ol fungicides (Benlate, Manzate, Bayleton, Dithane M-45) were made at 1-2-wk intervals throughout the experiment with a Friend Airmaster sprayer at 50 gal/acre. Effectiveness of treatments on AA was evaluated by counting aphid-infested leaves/10 top terminals, and aphids/most infested leaf. Effect of treatments on WALH was evaluated by counting nymphs/25 leaves/tree. Effectiveness of treatments on ERM, twospotted spider mite, and predatory mites was evaluated by counting the mites several times during the season on samples of 25 leaves/tree, 100 leaves/treatment. Effect of treatments on the predator S. punctum was evaluated by 3-min counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of the test trees. STLM was evaluated by a 5-min count of mines around the periphery of the test trees. Effectiveness of treatments on fruit feeders was assessed by scoring for injury all drops after 1 Jul and two picked samples on 19 Aug and 15 Sep. Apple samples averaged 187 fruit/replicate and 748/treatment. Pest pressure was heavy throughout the season. Russet ratings were based i on 30 'Golden Delicious' apples/replicate, 60/treatment. Fruit were rated as 1 (no russeting), 2 (light russeting), 3 (moderate russeting), or 4 (severe russeting). Possible ranges were 30-60 (none to light), 60-90 (light to moderate), 90-120 (moderate to severe).
Irish Potato, Control of Colorado Potato Beetle, 1987
Authors: Sewell Gary H. , Storch Richard H.
Published: March 2022

The experiments were randomized complete block designs with 6 replicates. Experiment CPB-A was planted 8 May, and experiments CPB-B and CPB-C were planted 11 May at Presque Isle, Maine, on land that was in clover in 1986. The 3.0-m space between blocks was bare soil and the 4-row plots were separated by 2 rows of untreated potatoes. All rows were planted with an assisted-feed planter 0.9 m apart and 15.0 m long, and the healthy seed pieces (75 g) were 30 cm apart. Fertilization and hilling practices were normal for the area. Late blight was controlled by 7 foliar applications of Dithane F-45 (2338 ml/ha the weeks of 6, 13, and 20 Jul; 2806 ml/ha the weeks of 27 Jul and 3, 10, and 17 Aug). Foliar insecticide applications were made with a Century boom sprayer, 3 nozzles/row at 7.0 kg/cm2 pressure and 1.2 kl/ha. Numbers of larvae and adults were counted on 25 whole plants in the middle rows of each plot. When dates of count and application were the same, beetle counts were made prior to application of insecticides. Analyses of variance were calculated following transformations of data using log10(x + 1). Means of the sum of larvae and adult beetles were compared using DMRT and then reconverted. The soil was classified as Caribou Loam, pH 5.2. Total monthly rainfall for June, July, and August was 8.8, 7.6, and 4.4 cm, respectively. The average temperature for each of the same 3 months was 16.5, 19.0, and 19.1°C.
Insect Control on Fresh Market Tomatoes in West-Central Florida, Fall 1986
Authors: Schuster David J.
Published: March 2022

Transplants were set 4 Sept, 18 inches apart on 2.5-ft-wide by 8-inch-high beds of EauGallie fine sand covered with black polyethylene mulch. Plots consisted of 10 staked plants and treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied 25 Sept; 2, 9, 16, 23, and 30 Oct; and 6 Nov with a 2.5-gal, handheld CO2-powered sprayer operated at 40 psi and delivering 80-140 gal/acre (volume increased as plants grew). On 10 Nov, the numbers of leafminers were counted in a 2-minute visual search of each plot. The numbers of undamaged fruit and the numbers of fruit damaged by noctuid larvae (principally the southern armyworm, S. eridania (Cramer)) were determined in a single harvest taken on 13 Nov.
Potato Leafhopper Control, 1987
Authors: Arne C. N. , Bailey W. C. , Munson R. E.
Published: March 2022

Experimental plots measuring 20 × 40 ft were established in a 1-yr-old stand of alfalfa at the University of Missouri's Wurdack Farm in Crawford County. Eleven treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied July 30 at 16.5 gal/acre using 8002 flat-fan nozzles, 50-mesh screens, and 20 psi on a 20-ft tractor-mounted boom. The alfalfa was 11 inches tall at the time of treatment. Temperature was near 90°F and winds were 0-4 mph. Potato leafhopper (PLH) populations were estimated by 10 180-degree sweeps with a 15-inch-diam sweep net at 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days posttreatment. The data were transformed by × + 0.5 for analysis, but actual counts of PLH nymphs and adults were combined and expressed as means in the table.
Apple, Concentrate Airblast Insecticide Test, 1987
Authors: Hull Larry A.
Published: March 2022

Experimental sprays were applied to 3 tree plots in a randomized block design consisting of 3 replicates of'York Imperial' and 2 replicates of Golden Delicious.' Experimental sprays were applied with a Friend Airmaster sprayer at 25 gal/acre, alternate-side-spray-driven at 2 mph. Rates for treatments are listed as amount/acre, both sides spray. Spray dates for the alternate-side treatments were 22 Apr (Danitol treatments only, complete spray); 12, 18, and 27 May; 5, 12, 19, and 26 Jun; 6, 14, 22, and 31 Jul; 10, 17, 24 Aug; and 2 Sep. Apollo 50SC was added to Danitol treatments on 27 May; 6, 14, 22, and 31 Jul; and 24 and 31 Aug. Phosphamidon 8EC was added to the Larvin treatment on 19 and 26 Jun. Kelthane 4F (1.89 liters/acre), Plictran 50WP (454 gal/acre), and Omite 30WP (2.27 kg/acre) were added to all treatments except Danitol on 6 Jun and 14 Jul, respectively, as alternate-side applications. General sprays of fungicides (Benlate, Dithane M-45) were made at 1-2-wk intervals throughout the experiment with a Myers Mity Mist sprayer at 50 gal/acre. Effectiveness of treatments on AA was evaluated by counting aphid-infested leaves/10 terminals. Effect of treatments on WALH was evaluated by counting nymphs/25 leaves/tree. Effectiveness of treatments on ERM was evaluated by counting the mites several times during the season on samples of 25 leaves/tree, 125 leaves/treatment. Effect of treatments on the predator S. punctum was evaluated by 3-min counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of test trees. Effectiveness of treatments on fruit feeders was assessed by scoring for injury all drops after 1 Jul and 2 picked samples on 21 Aug and 22 Sep. Apple samples averaged 140 fruit/replicate and 700/treatment. Pest pressure was heavy throughout the season. Russet ratings are based on 30 'Golden Delicious' apples/replicate, 60/treatment. Fruit were rated as 1 (no russeting), 2 (light russeting), 3 (moderate russeting), or 4 (severe russeting). Possible ranges were 30-60 (none to light), 60-90 (light to moderate), 90-120 (moderate to severe).
Alfalfa Weevil Control in Louisiana, 1987
Authors: Whitford Fred , Quisenberry Sharron
Published: March 2022

The test was conducted on a 2-yr-old stand of ‘Fla. 77’ alfalfa located at the Dean Lee Research Station near Alexandria. Treatments were applied to 20- × 20-ft plots arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Insecticide treatments were applied on 2 Mar using a CO2 backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 20.6 gal/acre at 33 psi and equipped with a 7-ft boom fitted with 4 brass 8002 flat-fan nozzles. The alfalfa was 16 inches tall when it was treated. Air temperature was 66°F, and winds were less than 5 mph. Pretreatment and 3-, 7-, and 14-day posttreatment counts were made by taking 10 sweeps with a standard sweep net (15-inch diam).
Barley Thrips Control, Trial 2, 1986
Authors: Noetzel David M. , Ricard Michele , Holen Carlyle
Published: March 2022

Plots were located in a commercial field near Fosston, Minn. Plots were 15 × 30 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block and replicated 3 times. Applications were broadcast with a hand-held C02 sprayer using 40 psi pressure in a final volume of 20 gal/acre. The stage of barley at application time (12 Jul) was early milk. Forty-eight-hour posttreatment counts of adults and nymphs were taken from 20 stems/plot. Yields were taken from 3 1-sq-yard samples/plot, adjusted to a standard moisture, the 3 samples were averaged, and treatment means were compared. Three subsamples of 3 1-sq-yard samples each were collected in the main field for a second untreated comparison.