bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Divergence Insufficiency Associated with Hereditary Spinocerebellar Ataxia
Authors: Morrison David G , Donahue, Sean P , Lavin Patrick J M
Published: October 2023

Unfortunately, the terms divergence insufficiency (DI) and divergence paralysis (DP) are used interchangeably, despite the fact that the definition of “paralysis” is “the complete loss of function of one or more muscle groups.” In 1935, Brucedistinguished between “divergence insufficiency,” in which otherwise healthy patients develop sudden-onset esotropia at distance, and “divergence paralysis,” which is associated with underlying neurological diseases. DI can be distinguished from DP, which occurs as a result of bilateral abducens palsies in patients with severe head injuries, intracranial hypertension from other causes, intracranial hypotension, brainstem tumors, craniocervical junction abnormalities, and Fisher’s syndrome.Patients with DP usually have bilateral abduction defects, horizontal diplopia at distance, and quantitatively slowed abducting saccades. Occasionally, DI can be difficult to distinguish from DP, particularly in those patients recovering from DP who go through a phase during which the esotropia becomes comitant with full ductions, mimicking DI; however, abducting saccades are quantitatively slowed.
Prologue
Authors: Post David G
Published: October 2023

If the explorer of the past is wise, he will . . . attack his subject in unexpected places; he will fall upon the flank and the rear; he will shoot a sudden revealing searchlight into obscure recesses, hitherto undivined. He will row out over the great ocean of material, and lower down into it, here and there, a little bucket, which will bring up to the light of day some characteristic specimen, from those far depths, to be examined with a careful curiosity.
Language I
Authors: Post David G
Published: October 2023

Remember agar, from high school biology class? Agar is the name given to the class of disgusting nutrient-rich gelatinous slops (consisting mostly of simple sugars) used in laboratories throughout the world as a medium for growing bacteria and other microbial organisms. Put some agar into a dish and leave it out on the windowsill overnight, and in the morning you ‘ll have a dazzling stew of dozens of different kinds of microbes that have fallen out of the air and into the soup and started multiplying.

The TCP/IP network is like that—it ‘s an agar, not for growing the little bits of code we call microbes but for growing the little bits of code we call computer applications and computer languages.
Hungary: Trends in Hungarian E-Commerce Taxation and Administration
Authors: Servigny Jacques Bernard de , Erdős Szabolcs
Published: October 2023

This chapter aims to provide a general overview of current tendencies in Hungary toward e-commerce and an Internet-friendly taxation environment, as well as their underlying legal framework. The authors wish to outline the major electronic procedures available in Hungary for taxation purposes, and to provide the reader with some insight from a Hungarian taxation perspective into a few typical transactions that are carried out by electronic means.
Colombia: Value-Added Tax on Online Content
Authors: Gomez Carmen Sanabria
Published: October 2023

The analysis of value-added tax (VAT) on online content is relevant for two reasons. First, e-commerce has and will continue to have a tremendous growth during the coming years, especially direct e-commerce or online commerce, with the online supply of intangible products expected to have the greatest growth. Second, an increase in e-commerce results in a decrease in tax collection derived therefrom, to such a point that it has been said that the main tax problem originated from the online supply is the decrease of tax collection, especially regarding VAT. This decrease in tax collection is caused by existing difficulties, such as qualification of the revenues obtained, as well as the difficulty in controlling the operations carried out through the use of e-mail and the Internet.
Turkey: Development of E-Commerce Legislation and Taxation of Revenues from Online Content in Turkey
Authors: MIavioğu Orhan Yavuz , Ulusakarya Onur
Published: October 2023

Activities such as production, presentation, sales, insurance, distribution, and payment of goods and services are possible via computer networks with e-commerce. E-commerce presents major physical differences from conventional commerce, and therefore many arguments have been raised regarding the problems of regulating and taxing e-commerce under the old commercial and tax regimes applicable.
United States: Sales and Use Taxation of Telecommunications Services Including Voice-Over Internet Protocol
Authors: Carpenter Raymond P
Published: October 2023

The sales and use tax on telephone calls and telecommunications services provides significant tax revenues for state, county, and municipal governments to fund infrastructure projects and other general revenue obligations. The value of this tax as a revenue source can be illustrated by the fact that some states that do not impose a sales tax on general retail transactions in the state impose a special sales tax on telecommunications services. Some states that do impose a general sales tax impose a special sales tax with a higher tax rate on telecommunications services. As a result, governmental entities become very concerned when new technology is introduced that threatens to erode the base of telephone calls or telecommunications services subject to tax in their jurisdictions. The advent of voice communication over Internet technology is the latest innovation in the manner in which telecommunications services are provided to a broad range of customers. This technology and the next generation of technological change (Wi-Fi, for example) will challenge the ability of governments to continue to capture these transactions in their jurisdictions and may well see reductions in the amount of tax revenues that can be expected from these types of services.
United States: E-Commerce Tax Administration and Compliance
Authors: Duke J Richard
Published: October 2023

Electronic commerce (e-commerce) presents unique tax problems under the U.S. Internal Revenue Code (I.R.C.) but traditional tax laws can be applied to e-commerce transactions in most cases. Tax issues, as well as tax compliance issues, include Some form of verifiable digital identification (ID) must be presented when the identity of a party to a transaction is required. One ID system uses trusted intermediaries to issue verified digital IDs. The intermediary identifies the identity of the person seeking the digital ID, and, once verified, the digital ID is issued in a form that can be independently verified and is not subject to tampering. The U.S. Treasury anticipates the use of digital IDs that will permit tax returns to be filed electronically. Congress passed a law requiring the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) to develop such a system.
1Introductory overview: Ankylosing spondylitis
Authors: Khan Muhammad Asim
Published: October 2023

Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic systemic inflammatory disease that shows a predilection for involvement of the axial skeleton: the sacroiliac joints, vertebral column, chest wall, and hip and shoulder girdles (Fig. 1.1).1–3 Its name is derived from the Greek angkylos, meaning “bent” (but now it has come to imply fusion), and spondylos, meaning “spinal vertebrae.” It is the predominant member or prototype and often the main outcome of a family of related diseases termed the spondyloarthropathies (SpA), a group of overlapping inflammatory rheumatologic diseases that show a tendency for inflammation of the axial skeleton, entheses (bony insertions of ligaments and tendons; singular is enthesis), and peripheral joints.4,5 They may also involve extraskeletal structures such as the eyes, skin, gut, and genitourinary tract.
Losing Ground
Authors: Shorter Edward
Published: October 2023

In Sweden in the early 1950s, Arvid Carlsson, a recent MD from Lund and graduate student in pharmacology, needed a thesis topic. He chose one of the least exciting subjects in the field: calcium metabolism. He sent a draft of the thesis to one of the experts in the subject, asking him to be a member of his jury.
Genetic Technologies and Medicine Privacy, Identity, And Informed Consent
Authors: Hanen Marsha
Published: October 2023

In the roughly ten years since the announcement of the sequencing of the human genome, we have seen an increasing number of articles in the popular press reporting various medically related genetic breakthroughs. In recent months, we have heard claims that scientists have found a gene contributing to Alzheimer’s disease, a gene for spina bifida, and a gene related to long-term memory recall, among others. There are genetic tests for certain cancers, which are, in some cases, highly controversial. Companies aim to match the genetic makeup of individuals with pharmaceutical nutrient formulations—nutraceuticals—to enhance health and ward off disease, leading to assertions that the science of nutrigenomics is the way of the future. And we have the announcement of the sequencing of Craig Venter’s personal genome, together with urgings that others do the same, so as to create a massive augmentation of the research database. In light of all this, it is understandable if people believe that the ability to tailor medical treatment to each individual is with us already.
Identity Cards and Identity Romanticism
Authors: Froomkin A Michael
Published: October 2023

“National ID cards” are scare words in the United States, in England, and to a degree throughout the common-law world. If the instinctively negative reaction to ID cards were only an American phenomenon, one might dismiss it as yet another example of American exceptionalism—or, perhaps, another example of the U.S. failure to learn from foreign experience. But this powerful popular distaste for government-issued ID cards is not limited to the U.S. Similar and powerful reactions are found in England, Australia, and Canada. Indeed, in 2000, one could say that only four common-law countries had adopted ID cards in peacetime: Cyprus, Hong Kong, Malaysia, and Singapore. Meanwhile, however, ID cards are a routine and often uninteresting fact of life in the democracies of the civil-law world. That difference deserves exploration. (Some might argue that ID cards are inescapable, and that even the U.S. has them although it does not admit it, but this makes the difference in popular attitudes even more difficult to understand.) This chapter suggests that the U.S. hostility to ID cards is based on a romantic vision of free movement, and that the English view is tied to a related concept of “the rights of Englishmen.” I then suggest that these views distract from the real issues raised by contemporary national ID plans in the common and civil-law worlds. Today’s issues, I suggest, involve a complex set of data protection issues that have little to do with romantic stories of cowboys and motorists talking back to policemen, and a great deal to do with data storage and access.
Life in the Fish Bowl Feminist Interrogations of Webcamming
Authors: Bailey Jane
Published: October 2023

Inspired by, among other things, a coffee pot and a fishbowl, on April 14, 1996, Jennifer Ringley launched Jennicam. In a self-described “social experiment,” whose diverse objectives included connecting with family and friends and challenging mainstream media images of women with “perfect hair and perfect friends,” regularly refreshed still images of Ringley’s home were uploaded to Thanks to Lisa Feinberg, Bridget McIlveen, and Sharon Marcushamer for their wonderful research and editorial assistance on this chapter, as well as to the students whose opinions and ideas have been inspirational in this and other projects, including Julie Shugarman, Louisa Garib, Brad Jenkins, Rafael Texidor Torres, and José Laguarta Ramirez. Thanks also to an anonymous peer reviewer and to my colleagues on the ID Trail project—George Tomlinson, Mary O’Donoghue, Shoshana Magnet, Ian Kerr, and Michael Froomkin for their extremely insightful commentary and suggestions on earlier versions of this chapter. All errors, of course, remain my own.
Ubiquitous Computing, Spatiality, And the Construction of Identity: Directions For Policy Response
Authors: Phillips David J
Published: October 2023

This chapter argues that ubiquitous computing has the potential to profoundly affect our ability to inhabit and create our identities. Thus the infrastructure of ubiquitous computing—the symbiotic interrelations of laws, techniques, economic arrangements, and cultural practices that structure its use—is a profoundly important object of public policy.
Pentecostalism: Holy Spirit Empowerment and Politics
Authors: Swindle Stephen M
Published: October 2023

More than half a billion people throughout the world adhere to Pentecostalism in some form, and today the movement is often referred to as the “third force” of Christendom, with Roman Catholicism and Protestantism. Adherents can be found in almost every traditional denomination, they are widespread in the emerging nondenominational congregations, and some subset of them ascribe to almost every other Christian doctrine that we have. In addition, though its expansion in the United States has been significant, Pentecostalism has enjoyed its widest popularity and most explosive growth overseas. Understanding how this pervasiveness and diversity will affect the role of the church in modern politics is therefore essential.
Introduction
Authors: Mcgeough Kevin M
Published: October 2023

Something about Roman civilization still captivates people today. North Americans and Europeans frequently encounter images of ancient Rome or images derived from Roman times. Everybody knows what a gladiator is and most people can recognize Roman images without having had formal education on the topic. Most people know that Julius Caesar was a famous Roman leader, even if they do not know much about Roman history per se. As any History Channel viewer could attest, documentaries abound on the subject of Rome. Likewise, movies about Rome have been popular since the days of the silent film. The success of the recent film Gladiator is further proof that films about the Roman era still appeal to a broad audience. There is probably no single reason that Roman civilization has remained a popular topic, but it is worth identifying the aspects of Roman civilization that have seemed relevant in modern times.
Historical and Chronological Setting
Authors: Mcgeough Kevin M
Published: October 2023

The history of research on Rome cannot be understood as the development of one discipline. From its earliest days, Roman scholarship has been multidisciplinary, involving philology, literary studies, archaeology, and many other methods of analysis. The vast amount of evidence available for the study of Rome, as well as the fact that Roman civilization was never lost or forgotten, has meant that many methods have developed for using the vast amount of available information. What follows is an overview of the main themes in the history of Roman research, from the dissolution of Rome to the present.
Social Organization and Social Structure
Authors: Mcgeough Kevin M
Published: October 2023

Geographic organization and social organization are often thought of as two distinct categories. But in actual practice, these two types of organization, although manifested differently, are closely related. This discussion of Roman social history begins, then, with an acknowledgment of the important role of the physical environment in the way people interacted with one another. Certainly for the Romans, the nature of a person’s everyday life was directly related to the particular kind of region or settlement in which they lived. There is a lot of evidence on this subject, archaeological and literary, that can help reconstruct the internal, physical organization of Roman society.
Introduction
Authors: Guthrie Graeme
Published: October 2023

We begin this book the way we will end it—by discussing three case studies that demonstrate the range of problems to which real options analysis can be applied. In the first one, a land owner needs to decide when to harvest a forest. The owner has considerable flexibility regarding the harvest date. Timber prices are highly volatile, so if the owner can get the harvest timing right there is potential to add considerable value to the forest. The second case considers the problem of whether, and how, to develop a natural gas field. Completing the process will be expensive and time consuming, and most of the development expenditure cannot be recovered if the project is abandoned prior to completion. The developer’s problem is complicated by the volatility of natural gas prices and the uncertainty surrounding the actual development time required. The developer needs to decide when to begin developing the field and, once development is underway, whether to continue. In the third case, the owner of an ethanol plant confronted by falling ethanol prices and rising corn prices is considering temporarily suspending production, mothballing the plant, or shutting it down permanently. While suspending production can reduce losses in the short run, mothballing the plant will reduce them further—but at the cost of making it more difficult to resume production when market conditions improve. The owner needs to decide how long to wait before mothballing the plant, and then how long to wait before reactivating it in the future.
Valuing Single-period Cash Flows
Authors: Guthrie Graeme
Published: October 2023

This chapter introduces the valuation approach that is used throughout the remainder of the book. By the time we have finished working through its contents we will be able to estimate the market value of a risky cash flow that will be received after one period of time elapses. In the next chapter we see how to use this approach to value a stream of cash flows that will be received in many future periods. Then, in Chapter 5, we modify the approach so that we can simultaneously calculate the market value and identify policies that maximize the market value. For now, though, we focus on the simplest case of valuing a cash flow to be received one period in the future.
Forestry Management and Valuation
Authors: Guthrie Graeme
Published: October 2023

At the beginning of 2008 the owner of a 35-year-old Douglas-fir forest in the Pacific Northwest wishes to know when to harvest his forest and how much it is currently worth. The owner estimates that ongoing forest management costs are$6 per acre per year and that regenerating the land after harvest and replanting trees will cost $350 per acre. It will cost approximately $175 to harvest each thousand board feet (Mbf) of timber and transport it to a mill. The forest currently contains 10 Mbf of merchantable timber per acre; this is expected to increase to 20 Mbf by the time the trees are 50 years old.
Where to from Here?
Authors: Guthrie Graeme
Published: October 2023

Although this chapter marks the end of this book, it should really be just the “end of the beginning” of our development of real options analysis. The case studies in Chapters 15–17 have shown the potential of real options analysis and how to put the components of that analysis together. However, they have also suggested some areas where we might wish to develop or extend the tools we have available. In this chapter we make some very brief comments about how our real options toolkit might be expanded.
Deterring World War III Essential Irrelevance
Authors: Mueller John
Published: October 2023

Although many people concluded after Hiroshima that the continued existence of nuclear weapons promised eventual calamity, not to mention apocalypse, Armageddon, annihilation, and doomsday, others, in very distinct contrast, came to argue that the historical impact of the weapons could actually be supremely beneficial. This perspective is reflected in the confident assertion by a group of prominent foreign policy experts in 2007 that nuclear weapons proved to be “essential to maintaining international security during the cold war because they were a means of deterrence.”
Apocalyptic Visions, Worst-Case Preoccupations, Massive Expenditures
Authors: Mueller John
Published: October 2023

Although nuclear weapons seem to have had at most a quite limited substantive impact on actual historical events, as argued in the previous two chapters, they have had a tremendous influence on our agonies and obsessions. They have deeply affected international atmospherics, inspiring desperate rhetoric, extravagant theorizing, and frenetic diplomatic posturing. And they—or their attendant atmospherics—have had a severe and mostly wasteful effect on defense spending and planning, sometimes to a preposterous degree.
Arms Races Positive and Negative
Authors: Mueller John
Published: October 2023

The technological fixation on nuclear weapons and the concomitant assumption, or assertion, that weapons are a crucial cause of war have led to decades of focused anguish over nuclear arms control and disarmament issues. There have been two streams of endeavor. One, the concern of this chapter, is the quest to control “vertical proliferation”—to reduce the number of, or at least to bring some degree of control over, nuclear weapons in the arsenals of countries that already have them. The other, focusing on what has been called “horizontal proliferation,” seeks to prevent countries that do not have nuclear weapons from obtaining them, and is the subject of the following chapters.
Proliferation Slow and Substantially Inconsequential
Authors: Mueller John
Published: October 2023

Over the last several decades, forecasts about horizontal proliferation have shown a want of prescience that approaches the monumental—even the pathological. Since 1945, we’ve been regularly regaled with predictions about the impending and rampant diffusion of nuclear weapons to new states and about the dire consequences that would inevitably flow from such a development. This endlessly and urgently repeated wisdom continues to flourish despite the fact that it has thus far proven to be almost entirely wrong.
Costs of the Proliferation Fixation
Authors: Mueller John
Published: October 2023

Foreign policy analysts and advocates urgently and routinely argue that nonproliferation—”no new nuclear weapons states”—must be a prime foreign policy principle or a “supreme” or “number one” national security priority, and that, if lesser measures fail, the United States has somehow acquired a “duty” to use military force unilaterally to stop unpleasant regimes from developing nuclear, or even lesser, “weapons of mass destruction.”1 Although seeking to dissuade additional countries from becoming nuclear weapons states may be at base quite a good idea, the antiproliferation quest, following such policy logic, has sometimes been pushed to an extreme, especially after the end of the cold war and even more so after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, and the results have been disastrous.
Reconsidering Proliferation Policy
Authors: Mueller John
Published: October 2023

Not only has the proliferation fixation cost lives and imposed a number of other foreign policy and economic costs, as argued in the previous chapter, it has also sometimes been counterproductive by effectively encouraging countries to consider going nuclear. This chapter assesses this issue, and it also evaluates current proliferation policy toward Iran and North Korea and proposes substantial changes.
Adherence and the societal burden of mental illness
Authors: Buckley Peter F , Foster Adriana , Patel Nick C , Wermert Anastasia
Published: October 2023

Failing to complete a simple course of antibiotics or forgetting to take medications as prescribed by the doctor is a remarkably common human experience. This experience and its impact on disease management are magnified in chronic illnesses. For people with chronic medical illnesses, nonadherence with treatment substantially adds to the burden and leads to poorer long-term outcomes in these conditions. For people with mental illness, the frequency and impact of poor adherence to treatment are even more pronounced than in other medical conditions. Adherence to treatment is further undermined by the impairments in insight that often accompany mental illness.
Freedom of Association
Authors: Guiora Amos N
Published: October 2023

The practice of public religion requires both the freedom of speech and the freedom of association. Previously, we have discussed possible limits the state can implement regarding speech. Now we turn to the freedom of association; similar to freedom of speech it must be subject to limits for the state to preserve public order in the face of religious extremism.
Confronting the Storm
Authors: Guiora Amos N
Published: October 2023

This book has been unsettling to conceive, research, write, edit, and re-read. I have communicated with hundreds of people from different walks of life, cultures, societies, countries, and viewpoints. The picture painted by these individuals of the danger of religious extremism was most unsettling. What clouds the picture is the unwillingness of many of these same people to support a theory whereby the government would act forcefully against religious extremists. My proposal to address religious extremism, which admittedly requires limiting otherwise guaranteed rights, was largely met with skepticism and concern.
I494-I640: Translating into Print
Authors: Lennard John
Published: October 2023

When putting in question the historical meaning of a typographical sign there are two areas of investigation: the process by which the sign appears on the page, and consequently the authority which may either in general or in particular instances be accorded to it; and the establishment of the meanings likely to have been ascribed to, or inferred from, the sign by contemporary readers.
Marvell in the Middle:Genre, Religion, and the Modes of Reading
Authors: Lennard John
Published: October 2023

During the 1630s the use of conventions employing lunulae declined in frequency, and the u/v graph became standardized, like the i/j graph twenty years before, to the two letters of modern usage. Both events remain puzzling: explanations, such as increased compositorial mobility, circumstantial pressure on the patterns of use, and the establishment of a tradition of secular reading, remain speculative: but the sparer punctuation resulting from the decline in the use of conventions grants to those lunulae that are employed greater visual distinction.
Ancestors
Authors: Makin Peter
Published: October 2023

In the beginning there was poetry: a need to respond aurally to aural stimuli. Robert Creeley records this from Bunting’s conversation: ‘He said, too, that the possibilities of poetry for himself had become most evident when he first realized that the modulation of sounds in a poem might be agent of emotions as actually as any other.’ So some poets are born. Some poets are alive to the world as voices, a play in which things, distinctly themselves, ‘speak’ as note chiming in aptly against note. In this way the boy poet in Bunting’s Briggfiatts hears it, as he lies with his girl on the bumping waggon carrying the tombstone to Stainmore.
Villon in Paris
Authors: Makin Peter
Published: October 2023

Bunting’S early life was marked by an extraordinary independence, or bolshiness. It is a condition that may have much to do with poethood in general, and probably had a great deal to do with Bunting’s particular way of being a poet.
Visionary Deconstruction
Authors: Otto Peter
Published: October 2023

The first two copies of Milton begin with a rousing call to the Painters, Sculptors, Architects, and ‘Young Men of the New Age’ to ‘Rouze up’ and set their foreheads against the ‘ignorant Hirelings’ who are in possession of the ‘Camp, the Court, & the University’ (E95).
Beginning
Authors: Otto Peter
Published: October 2023

There is, as Foucault suggests, something enigmatic about themoments in which a culture. or discursive space, is founded or transformed. Many writers speak of an analogous difficulty in philosophy, where beginnings are peculiarly elusive. Part of the reason for this difficulty is, no doubt, that we limit our world 'To the Time & Space fixed by the Corporeal Vegetative Eye⌘ (VLJ, E563); we see only the Locke an time that is constituted by the reasoning memory.
The Geography of the Present
Authors: Otto Peter
Published: October 2023

We normally think of the present as a moment of time which is pressed between the competing claims of the past and future. The present in this sense can be simply defined as the now; however, its position at the point of fracture between the continents of what has been and what is to come already prefigures the difficulty experienced in any attempt to grasp thisfleeting phantom.
Did Grendel’s Mother Sit on Beowulf?
Authors: Robinson Fred C
Published: October 2023

Admirers of Professor Stanley’s learned and witty textual studies of Old English prose and verse will recognize in my title an echo of ‘Did Beowulf Commit “Feaxfang” against Grendel’s Mother?’ - the title of one of his masterly analyses of a disputed reading in Old English.’ My respectfully imitative title does not, alas, promise in the text of the article the range of learning and depth of insight that distinguish the work of the man we salute in this volume.
An Early English Entführung: A Note on Floris and Blauncheflur
Authors: Gray Douglas
Published: October 2023

The attractive Middle English romance of Floris and Blauncheflur has always had its admirers, but has usually been considered simply as an early example of an important genre. It can be argued that its interest for the literary historian is greater than has been recognized. This may seem a surprising claim, since it is (a) an adaptation of a twelfth-century French original, and (b) apparently something of an oddity, or at least unusual, in that it is an ‘idyllic’ romance, celebrating love and passion in an extreme form. Nor can its date be fixed exactly, although there seems to be general agreement that it comes from about the middle of the thirteenth century-and thus may be taken to represent the chronological endpoint of the present volume.
A Grammarian’s Greek-Latin Glossary in Anglo-Saxon England
Authors: Gneuss Helmut
Published: October 2023

Our knowledge of Anglo-Saxon culture and learning largely depends on the surviving manuscripts known to have been written or owned in early England; their close study remains a rewarding subject. Among them, books containing grammatical treatises and glossary materials are of particular interest as they yield valuable insights into the study and teaching of language in this period.’ In the present article I propose to edit and discuss a glossary of literary, grammatical, and metrical terms, preserved in MS BL Harley 3826-into which it was copied at about the time when .1£lfric wrote his Grammar-and hitherto almost completely ignored by Anglo-Saxonists. I have chosen the title ‘Grammarian’s Glossary’ in view of the nature and range of Roman and medieval grammar, and of the close links between this discipline and poetics, rhetoric, and prosody.
When Is a Character Not a Character? Desdemona, Olivia, Lady Macbeth, and Subjectivity
Authors: Sinfield Alan
Published: October 2023

Desdemona is not usually regarded as a problem.1 Traditionally, she has been celebrated as one of Shakespeare’s great women characters—celebrated mainly, of course, by men, since they have dominated the discourses of criticism. But surely there is a great mystery. On her first appearance, Desdemona is spectacularly confident, bold, and un-conventional.
Religion
Authors: Bennett S H
Published: October 2023

Chaucer’S England was Catholic England, and if we wish to understand much of Chaucer’s poetry we must know something of the religious beliefs and observances of his time. The majority of people were believers, for although there may have been many like Chaucer’s Doctor, whose ‘studie was but litel on the Bible’, yet few would have been bold enough to declare themselves non-believers, prepared to die without the fold, and in a more desperate state than were infidels or Jews. The world in which Chaucer grew up accepted the Church and its teaching, and such men as Wyclif, however great their ultimate effect, made but little impression on the vast mass of their contemporaries. To most people attendance at church and dependence on their parish priest were axiomatic, and the size and position of the church building, towering over the villagers’ petty houses of daub and wattle, or even the larger structures in the towns, served to emphasize the important central position which the Church held in men’s lives.
The Literary Scene In 1815
Authors: Jack Ian
Published: October 2023

When Wellington defeated Napoleon in 1815 England was already beginning to suffer from the reaction that seems to be inevitable after a great war. As the publisher Charles Knight put it in his Passages of a Working Life: The great Captive had scarcely sailed from Plymouth to his rock in the Atlantic, when thoughtful when began to feel that the millenium of universal peace and love was not quite close at hand. France could only be kept quiet by foreign occupation; Spain was trodden down under the feet of a drivelling idiot called a king; Poland was manacled to Russia; the dream of Italian independence was at an end when Austria was to rule over four millions of the Lombardo-Venetian Kingdom. Promises made in the hour of danger had been violated when Peoples had won safety for Crowns. Twenty years of war appeared to have produced little real and imperishable good. Such were my thoughts at that crisis, and they were those of many who would willingly have given themselves up to the general exultation at the prospect that peace had at last been securely won. (i. 167.)
John Galt and the Minor Writers Of Prose Fiction
Authors: Jack Ian
Published: October 2023

AS Miss Tompkins has pointed out in her admirable study, The Popular Novel in England, 1770-1800, ‘during the years that follow the death of Smollett… the two chief facts about the novel are its popularity as a form of entertainment and its inferiority as a form of art’. In the first two decades of the new century the achievements of Maria Edgeworth, Jane Austen, and Sir Walter Scott greatly increased the prestige of prose fiction.
Lamb
Authors: Jack Ian
Published: October 2023

Lamb’s early letters to Coleridge reflect a personality very [ different from that of Elia.1 The first of them reveals that he has recently recovered from a fit of insanity. ‘I am got somewhat rational now’, Lamb writes, ‘and don’t bite any one. But mad I was.’ In Coleridge’s letters Lamb finds the qualities of Rousseau’s Confessions, ‘the same frankness, the same openness of heart, the same disclosure of all the most hidden and delicate affections of the mind’, and the tone of his own letters is correspondingly intimate. This ‘faithful journal of all that passes within me’ is highly un-Elian. It is astonishing to find Lamb, of all men, opening a letter with the words ‘My brother, my Friend’, and saying in another that he is ‘heartily sick of the every-day scenes of life’. His literary taste at this point differs from that of his maturity as much as his manner of writing. ‘Coleridge’, another letter begins, ‘I love you for dedicating your poetry to Bowles.’ In Rosamund Gray, a tale of unfortunate love that borders on simplesse, one character lends another Julia de Roubigne, and this novel that so delighted Shelley is not the only sign in Lamb’s early writings of the influence of Henry Mackenzie and the Sentimental Movement.
Introduction: Going Down the Anti-Formalist Road
Authors: Fish Stanley
Published: October 2023

It is one of the theses of this book that many of the issues in interpretive theory can be reduced to a few basic questions in the philosophy of language. Consider, for example, the discussion of “presupposition” in Ruth Kempson’s Presupposition and the Delimitation of Semantics (Cambridge, 1975). Kempson begins by observing that presupposition can be defined “in one of two ways-either as a relation between statements (parallel to entailment, synonymy, etc.) or as a property of the speaker’s belief in uttering a sentence” (p. 2). The difference is between a formal notion of presupposition in which it is a feature of sentences as they exist in the abstract apart from any particular occasion of use, and presupposition as a fact about what is in a speaker’s mind-his understanding of the world and of the situation in which he now finds himself-at the moment of utterance. As Kempson observes, the possibility of deriving meaning from the formal properties of sentences can not survive the serious assertion of a speaker-based theory of presupposition, for “if presuppositions in terms of speaker-belief are considered to be a part of the semantic interpretation of sentences, then it seems that the meaning of sentences must be in terms of speaker-hearer relations and not … in terms of the relation between a symbol or set of symbols and the object or state described” (pp. 2-3). And if that is so, “one must give up the standard claim that the meaning of a sentence is a function of the meaning of its constituent parts” (p. 60).
Why No One’s Afraid of Wolfgang I ser
Authors: Fish Stanley
Published: October 2023

At a time when we are warned daily against the sirens of literary theory, Wolfgang I ser is notable because he does not appear on anyone’s list. He is not included among those (Derrida, de Man, Bloom, Miller, Fish) who are thought of as subverting standards, values, and the rule of common sense; nor do we find him cited as one of those (Abrams, Hirsch, Booth, Graff, Crews, Shattuck) who are fighting the good fight against the forces of deconstructive nihilism. His absence from the field of pitched battle does not mean that he goes unread; on the contrary, his two major works, The Implied Reader and The Act of Reading, out sell all other books on the prestigious list of the Johns Hopkins University Press with the exception of Derrida’s Of Grammatology (a book that is, I suspect, more purchased than read).
Short People Got No Reason to Live: Reading Irony
Authors: Fish Stanley
Published: October 2023

Not too many years ago Randy Newman wrote and recorded a popular song that quickly became notorious. It was called “Short People” and began by declaring that “short people got no reason, short people got no reason, short people got no reason to live.” The song went on to re hearse in detail the shortcomings of short people, which included small voices, beady little eyes, and the inconvenience of having to pick them up in order to say “hello.” It wasn’t long before groups of short people were organizing to lobby against the song; it was banned in Boston, and there was a bill to the same effect introduced into the Maryland legislature.
Anti-Professionalism
Authors: Fish Stanley
Published: October 2023

I Every so often one hears the story of the editor who is sent a relatively minor Shakespeare sonnet or an early poem by Keats and rejects it as mannered and artificial. The story is usually tagged by one of two morals. Either it indicates that we have been deceived by custom and critical orthodoxy into venerating something without value, or, alternatively, it indicates how easy it is for something of value to go unrecognized by those whose judgments are in bondage to this or that critical fashion. It would seem that these morals are contradictory and are drawn from opposing positions; but, in fact, the positions are finally the same in one important respect: they both affirm, although in different ways and with different emphases, the independence of value from the judgments delivered by the agencies of professional authority, whether that authority is seen as supported only by unexamined tradition or as representing nothing more than the partisan opinion of the most recent victor in the struggle for institutional power. Both the moralist who thinks that a poem of little intrinsic worth has been kept afloat by the vested interests of an entrenched elite and the moralist who thinks that a great work of art is in danger of being sacrificed to the ever-changing interests of academic opportunists make the very same assumption about the relationship between a socially organized activity and the objects of its attention-the assumption that questions of merit have nothing essentially to do with the acts of description and judgment that have their source in the largely political machinery of professional bureaucracies.
Transmuting the Lump: Paradise Lost, 1942-1979
Authors: Fish Stanley
Published: October 2023

In 1972 Raymond Waddington began an article on books XI and XII of Paradise Lost in a way that is remarkable both for what it reveals and for what it conceals. What it reveals is that something has changed: “Few of us today could risk echoing C. S. lewis’s condemnation of the concluding books of Paradise Lost as an ‘untransmuted lump of futurity.’ ” Waddington is taking note of the fact that lewis’s judgment has apparently been reversed and the concluding books of the poem are now held in more esteem than they once were. His view of that reversal (in sofar as he could be said to have one) is not directly stated, but emerges inadvertently, as it were, in a footnote where the bibliographical reference to Lewis’s book gives the date of publication as 1969. In fact, A Preface to “Paradise Lost” was published in 1942. It is not that Waddington is inaccurate in any narrow technical sense; the edition he was consulting is a reprint or reissue, and he commits no scholarly error by citing its date. One can say, then, that it really doesn’t matter, and obviously for Waddington it doesn’t; but that is just the fact that calls out for explanation (the French would term it a “scandal”), because in this and other sentences Waddington is reporting on the history of recent criticism, and it is, at the very least, a curious history that displays an unconcern with the dates of its events.
Popular Entertainers 1n Medieval Wales
Authors: Edwards Huw M
Published: October 2023

For the professional poets of medieval Wales the fourteenth century was a time of redefinition and innovation. The cywydd poetry of this period owes its remarkable richness to a happy fusion of creative genius and a variety of formative influences, not the least of which is likely to have been an indigenous undercurrent of popular verse. Before going on to evaluate the nature of the early Cywyddwyr’s debt to the sub-literary verse tradition of their time, it will be useful to establish what exactly we mean when we speak of the popular poets of medieval Wales. The present chapter will be concerned with the evidence relating to the existence of a class of entertainers of infe rior status who, unlike their bardic counterparts, have been doomed to an almost unbroken, but deceptive silence until the close of the Middle Ages.
Art Commentaries (i): 1840-1848
Authors: Tooke Adrianne
Published: October 2023

Flaubert’s travel writing plays a major role in his literary development, and the same is true of the art commentaries contained within it. Description of paintings and other art forms has been associated with travel writing from the days of early religious pilgrimages. In nineteenth-century travel writing, the emphasis had simply shifted to art for its own sake, but the sense of duty remained. The great public and private collections began to open their doors more liberally to the travelling public. Flaubert cites the ‘musee’ as a ‘must’, at least as important as details of breakfast and the meditations on ruins, which were a staple feature of travel accounts of the first decades of the century:
Bouvard et Pécuchet: ‘Teinture’, the Missing Chapter
Authors: Tooke Adrianne
Published: October 2023

The contemporary art world is a major theme of LÉducation sen­timentale. What is not generally known, however, is that Flaubert considered taking up the subject again in Bouvard et Pecuchet, only this time focusing on artists of the past rather than the present. Amidst the mass of preparatory material collected in the dossiers for Bouvard et Pécuchet is a substantial file headed L’Esthetique, which contains, among other things, a separate dossier entitled Peinture. Though the existence of this dossier has been noted, it has not hitherto been examined, nor have its contents been identified. The text is transcribed in full in Appendix B, for ease of reference for what follows in this chapter.
Dissident Voices before the Revolution: Ridicule (Leconte, I996)
Authors: Rosello Mireille
Published: October 2023

In France, Patrice Leconte is probably best known for his popular comedies such as Les Bronzes (1978) and its sequel Les Bronzes font du ski (1979). Abroad, and especially in the United States, his name was perhaps not as familiar until the end of the 1980s when he directed Monsieur Hire (1988) and Le Mari de la coiffeuse (1990), the two films most often mentioned by Anglo-Saxon critics. Ridicule is one of his most recent films and it is his first incursion into the genre of the period film. It is set at the end of the eighteenth century, six years before the French Revolution, and its plot is linear and straightforward:
Revisiting the Myth of the French Nation: Les Visiteurs (Poir é, I 99 3)
Authors: Danan Martine
Published: October 2023

Comedy has been the most popular genre in France since the earliest days of sound films. Today, it is also the genre most capable of resisting the onslaught of American blockbusters (which have recently secured up to 60 per cent of the French market) and of challenging the new wave of globally oriented French super productions. French comedies, for the most part, compete with American films on the list of best-sellers of the French market since 1956, as published by the CNC (Centre National de la Cin ématographie). Among the newest additions to the list were two French comedies, Herv é Palud’s Un Indien dans la ville (1994) and Didier Bourdon/Bernard Campan’s Les Trois fr éres (1995), with 7.8 and 6.6 million spectators respectively (CNC 1997: 11).
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Authors: Sherzer Dina
Published: October 2023

LAND of asylum or garbage can (‘terre d’asile ou poubelle’) are two labels given to France depending on one’s point of view on immigration. Since the nineteenth century and until the 1950s, with the influx of Italians, Poles, Spaniards, Portuguese, and Yugoslavs, France has been a land of asylum, absorbing and integrating these European populations. During the 1960s a new wave of immigration displaced men from the former colonies, mainly the Maghreb and black Africa, to the French mainland, where they were imported to work in road and building construction, car factories, and garbage collection. These men lived in communal lodgings with fellow workers, met in cafes, sent money back home to their families whom they visited once or twice a year, and kept to them selves, apart from the French population.
Which Mapping of the City? La Haine (Kassovitz, I995) and the cin éma de banlieue
Authors: Konstantarakos Myrto
Published: October 2023

A New type of film has emerged in France, which, for the first time since the Western, takes its name from a geographical feature: the banlieue film. Banlieues are at the outskirts of large cities, but the term cannot be translated by ‘suburb’, because it lacks the bourgeois cosiness of the English term. Although banlieue only means any area at the periphery of town, in recent years it has come to designate more specifically the working-class parts of it (Thorns 1972: 71). Many attempts have been made by British and American journalists to translate into English the emotionally charged French terms of cite and banlieue: paradoxically, the banlieue’s spatial opposite, ‘inner cities’-which is the translation one of these films, Etat des lieux, was given in America-would better render the deprivation of some housing estates at the periphery of big French towns such as Paris, Lyons, and Marseilles which have seen a number of very violent riots between youth and police since the 1980s.