bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relative Effects of Figural Noise and Rotation on the Visual Perception of Form
Authors: Alluisi Earl A. , Thurmond John B.
Published: September 2011

48 Ss responded in a paper-and-pencil figure-cancellation task to 4-by-4 metric histoforms. Both random and constrained or “Redundancy-I” figures were used with both rotated and nonrotated noisefree choice figures, and with nonrotated choice figures perturbed by 12.5% and 25.0% visual cell noise. In terms of both the speed and accuracy of cancellation, perceptual performance with random figures was better than with constrained, and increases in visual noise produced monotonic decrements in performance. Although choice-figure rotation had no significant effect on accuracy, it produced decrements in speed equivalent to dectements that might be expected with nonrotated choice figures perturbed by 3.6% and 9 4% visual noise in the random and constrained-figure conditions, respectively.
Repressor-Sensitizer Differences on Repeated Exposures to Pain
Authors: Davidson Park O. , Bobey Marie J.
Published: September 2011

A Hardy-Wolff-Goodell heat test and a pressure algometer test of pain tolerance were given to 72 female Ss divided into two groups on the basis of their R-S scores. Half the Ss received the heat test first while half received the pressure test first. 5 min. elapsed between the two trials. Analysis of the data indicated that repressors had a higher tolerance for pain than sensitizers on the first trial. However, repressors showed a significant decrease in their tolerance scores from Trial 1 to 2, but not sensitizers. These results were opposite to those expected, indicating that personality factors may have a different effect on the way an individual copes with repeated exposures to psychological stresses and with repeated exposure to pain.
Reading Improvement and its Correlates
Authors: Krippner Stanley
Published: September 2011

Over a 3-yr. period, 3 summer reading clinics were held at a diagnostic center. California Reading Test (Form X or W) was administered to the children during their first day at the clinic while an alternate form was administered on the last day. Ten additional variables were correlated with the improvement noted. During the first year of the clinic two significant correlations were observed between reading improvement and total percentile on the Mental Health Analysis and between reading improvement and the WISC Verbal IQ. During the second year, remediation strategies were shifted and a significant relationship emerged with WISC Performance IQ. For the third year, remediation strategies again shifted and another significant relationship with the Mental Health Analysis was noted.
Rate of Presentation as a Factor in Isolation
Authors: Wiener Yoash
Published: September 2011

80 Ss learned a serial list of 10 CVCs under four experimental conditions. Two rates of presentation (fast and slow) and two isolation conditions (isolation and no-isolation of the sixth item) were combined in a 2 × 2 factorial design. A significant interaction of isolation and rate of presentation was found. This supports the hypothesis derived from “differentiation” theory (Saltz, 1960) that the relative effect of isolation would be greater in a list with a little degree of differentiation (fast rate of presentation) than in a more differentiated one. Two additional hypotheses based on this theory were tested and discussed.
Field Dependence and Inner-other Directedness
Authors: Vaught Glen M. , Solomon Warren
Published: September 2011

Nonsignificant correlations ( n ♂ = 51; n ♀ = 49) were obtained between Kassarjian's Inner-Other-directed scale and the Rod-and-frame Test. Two separate factor analyses were performed on the scale matrices. The Rod-and-frame Test failed to correlate significantly with the factors that were extracted.
Interview Time, Interview Set, and Interview Outcome
Authors: Huguenard Timothy , Sager Eric B. , Ferguson Leonard W.
Published: September 2011

The authors demonstrate that the length of an interview (10 min., 20 min., or 30 min.) has little effect upon student interviewers' after-interview ratings of student interviewees. In contrast, interviewers given different initial sets about interviewees let those initial sets (to the effect that interviewees are cold or warm) affect significantly their after-interview ratings. These conclusions are based upon records secured from 377 two-person simulated employment interviews.
Functional and Attention-Getting Effects of Color on Graphic Communications
Authors: Dooley Roger P. , Harkins Larry E.
Published: September 2011

This experiment compared the learning and attention effects of color when the color was used either as an information code or decoration on bar charts. 3 groups of 15 Ss were given the opportunity to study either a functionally colored, decoratively colored or black and white chart which was placed in a room with each S while he was participating in another experiment. Ss were not instructed to study the chart, and a test on the content was administered at the conclusion of the other experiment. Results showed that the color, regardless of how it was used, increased the attention given the chart ( p < .05). While the learning scores were somewhat higher for the colored charts, the effect was not significant. It was concluded that, for these charts, at least, color's principal effect was motivational, and a black and white code was equally effective as an information transmitter.
Effects of Altering Stimulus Components upon Response Latency
Authors: Payne M. Carr
Published: September 2011

Two experiments are reported. In Phase 1, O responded by pressing the appropriate key when a light and a sound appeared at the same place and another key when they did not. In Phase 2, relations between location of the light and sound were altered. Phase 3 was identical to Phase 1. Time between presenting a signal and pressing the appropriate key (latency) was measured. Differences in latencies between Phase 1 and Phase 2 were significantly less when both sound and light appeared on the opposite side from the corresponding position of Phase 1 than when only the sound or the light was altered in position.
Context Effects in Person Perception as a Function of Dogmatism
Authors: Daves Walter F. , Griffin Julia W.
Published: September 2011

48 Ss each judged 6 test photographs of adult males which had been previously judged to be neutral on the tense-relaxed dimension. Four Ss were assigned to each cell of the 2 × 3 × 2 experimental design, which included sex of S, level of dogmatism (high, middle, and low), and nature of the 6 anchor photographs which preceded the test photographs (tense or relaxed anchors). The neutral photos were judged to be more relaxed when preceded by the tense anchors and were judged more tense when preceded by the relaxed anchors. Dogmatism was not a significant source of variance. Female Ss tended to respond more strongly to the tense anchor and to judge the neutral photos as being more relaxed than did the male Ss.
Note on Perceived Personality of a Nude
Authors: Foster Jeremy J.
Published: September 2011

Separate sub-groups of 18 male and 18 female Ss rated either the face only or the whole torso of underclothed and nude stimulus persons on semantic differential scales. For the female respondents, the nude female SP was rated higher on activity and potency and lower on evaluation by Ss who saw the whole torso.
Geometric Correlates of Temporal Durations: Signs of the Times
Authors: Zelkind Irving , Bachhuber Mary
Published: September 2011

Each of 60 Ss chose geometric figures of 1, 2, or 3 dimensions as best representing the temporal durations of Second, Hour, Day, Year, Century, or Forever. Assignment of figures to time periods was significantly nonrandom (χ2 < .01) for 5 of the 6 intervals. Agreement among the judges was significant (Kendall Coefficient of Concordance W = .33, p < .05), and a generally monotonic, positive relationship, based on ordinal measurement of the variables, was indicated (Spearman rho = .808). Underlying factors of linear extension or complexity are suggested as the means of mediation between the variables.
Exhibitionistic M in Drama Majors: A Validation
Authors: Wagner Edwin E. , Hoover Thomas O.
Published: September 2011

8 student drama majors gave significantly more exhibitionistic M on the Rorschach than a matched control group. Results were construed as supporting Piotrowski's interpretation of the human movement response. Additional connotations of M were suggested.
Attentional Processes in Overtraining
Authors: Tempone Vincent J. , Capehart Jack , Decker Larry
Published: September 2011

The effects of overtraining were examined using two dependent variables, choice response and eye fixations. Although an overtraining reversal effect was nor found using choice-response, examinations of a number of eye fixations both before and after reversal suggest that the introduction of reversal training produces greater shifts in attention in the overtrained ( n = 6) as opposed to the criterion trained group ( n = 6). Results are interpreted as supporting a theory of discrimination learning which proposes that S is developing a plan in which inputs are tested or compared against some centrally organized process.
Arithmetical Estimation “Ad Absurdum”
Authors: Lieblich Amia , Lieblich Israel , Sevin Judith
Published: September 2011

An “absurd” arithmetical estimation task, which totally eliminated any skill facet, was used in an experiment designed to test the hypothesis that only when any application of known algorithms is clearly impossible, do Ss take into account shifts in payoff matrices in their decision processes. Ss' behavior in this absurd task was compared with that of Ss in a previously described arithmetical estimation task under severe time restrictions. Ten Ss comprised the experimental group while 6 Ss served as controls, each S performing 150 decisions. It was found that 50% of the Ss in the experimental group showed the expected rational shift in their behavior; there were no shifts by controls. Ritualistic skill-based strategy under adverse environmental conditions is discussed.
Tactile-Visual Perception and Cross-Modal Transfer
Authors: Schneiderman Della Z.
Published: September 2011

Observations of 12 young children suggested that by age 4 they were able to match tactually seen objects and to match visually objects explored tactually.
Preference for Consonant over Dissonant Tones in the Albino Rat
Authors: Fannin Henry A. , Braud William G.
Published: September 2011

It was demonstrated that 16 albino rats without prior exposure to consonant and dissonant tones prefer the former. This finding is discussed in relation to sensory reinforcement theory and to the well-known phenomenon of noxiousness of dissonant sounds in man.
Phoneme Perception in Two- and Three-Year-Old Children
Authors: Locke John L.
Published: September 2011

20 2- and 3-yr.-old children were given a phoneme perception task in which they were to point to one of two pictures whose labels differed by minimally discriminable phonetic features. Results suggested that picture identification testing can be used successfully to test phoneme perception in Ss as young as 2 yr., that place-of-articulation cues are not difficult for young children to distinguish, and that children's acquisition of expressive phonology must not be wholly dependent on their ability to process phonetic cues from the environment.
Advancement along a Complexity Gradient in Perceptual Level and Brain Damage
Authors: Pelc Robert E.
Published: September 2011

A comparison of human figure drawings of 40 brain-damaged, 40 psychiatric, and 40 normal Ss, employing a modification of the Goodenough Draw-A-Person test, suggested a regression in perceptual maturity along a complexity gradient for the brain-damaged while other cognitive processes were essentially unaffected. Bender-Gestalt scores, computed using the Pascal and Suttell method (1951), were compared with the complexity ratings for brain-damaged and psychiatric Ss. Reproduction of visual stimuli was significantly correlated to the level of complex form perception.
Pacing Stimulus Predifferentiation in Detection of Change
Authors: Franken Robert E. , Poole Glen G. , Grauer Leslie
Published: September 2011

The experiment was designed to evaluate (a) whether gradually adding new information to a display (pacing) is an efficient way to teach Ss to identify a complex display and (b) whether pacing would produce greater stimulus predifferentiation as measured by more accurate detections of a change when the change was made in a display containing the same matetial. The results for 16 Ss indicate there is positive transfer between steps in the pacing procedure and that pacing produces more accurate detection of change. It may be that an independent skill is acquired as the result of pacing which is responsible for the improved ability to detect change.
Cognitive Style, Attention, and Learning
Authors: Wachtel Paul L.
Published: September 2011

46 male college students were administered both the Rod-and-frame test (RFT) and a learning task, consisting of learning the nonsense-syllable “names” arbitrarily assigned to a series of complex designs. RFT performance was unrelated to learning the names of the over-all designs, but good performance on the RFT was associated with better ability to identify part-aspects of the designs. Results were discussed in terms of the greater ability of field-independent individuals to extract aspects of their experience from an embedding context, as well as their greater task orientation.
Perceptual-Motor Training and Improvement in Concentration in a Montessori Preschool
Authors: Cormick Clarence C. Mc , Schnobrich Janice N.
Published: September 2011

25 children in a morning class of a Montessori preschool were administered a program of perceptual-motor training which stressed control of impulsiveness and development of attentional skills. 24 children in the afternoon class were controls. All children were administered a battery of psychological tests prior to training and again 7 mo. later at the termination of the training. All the children (both groups) exhibited a mean 12- to 13-point gain in Peabody Picture Vocabulary IQ and a mean 13- to 14-point gain in Draw-A-Person IQ. In addition, experimental Ss exhibited mean gains on the Auditoryvocal and Visual-motor Sequential subtests of the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities and in Ego-control scores of the Arrow-Dot Test. Controls showed no such gains. It is concluded that the perceptual-motor training program might supply a useful adjunct to the regular Montessori curriculum.
Further Data on Effects of Aggressive Activation and Symbiotic Merging on Ego Functioning of Schizophrenics
Authors: Silverman Lloyd H. , Candell Peter , Pettit Tupper F. , Blum Elizabeth A.
Published: September 2011

This study reported further data on the effects of subliminally presented aggressive and symbiotic stimuli on the ego functioning of schizophrenics. The main positive findings were that the aggressive stimulus had an adverse effect on self-concept while the stimulation of the theme of symbiotic merging, as it had in earlier experiments, led to a reduction in pathological manifestations.
Effect of Sound Stimulation on Visual Afterimages
Authors: Anderson Robert H. , Deffenbacher Kenneth A.
Published: September 2011

This report describes the structure and operation of a device which provides reliable measurement of changes in the apparent size and brightness of achromatic negative afterimages. Utilizing this device two experiments were conducted to assess the effects of pure tone intensity and frequency on reported size and brightness of afterimages. Intense sound stimulation produced very pronounced increases in afterimage size and brightness. These results were discussed in light of previous Soviet findings.
Administration of Design Copying Tests to Large Groups of Children
Authors: Siebel Cynthia C. , Faust William L. , Faust Margaret S.
Published: September 2011

Through testing in over 250 classrooms during the past four years, efficient and effective procedures have been developed for the administration of design-copying tasks to groups of 24 to 35 children. The procedures have been used in Grades 1 to 4 and adapted (additional demonstration and discussion) for groups of Kindergarten children. An examining team of 2 to 4 persons gave the instructions and supervised the test. Designs were presented on large cards in the front of the classroom and were reproduced by the children in 81/2- × 11-in. paper booklets, using standard beginners' pencils. Model designs were not removed until all children indicated completion. Over-all length of administration varied from 10 to 35 min., depending upon the particular characteristics of different classrooms, their usual work habits, and individuals' awareness of their own errors.
Two-Point Discrimination: Asymmetry in Spatial Discrimination on the Two Sides of the Tongue, a Preliminary Report
Authors: McCall Gerald N. , Cunningham Nancy Morgan
Published: September 2011

25 young adult Ss were used in a study of asymmetry in spatial discrimination on the two sides of the tongue. 10 two-point limen values were established on the left and right tongue margins of each S. Analysis showed statistical evidence of asymmetry in spatial discrimination ability in 14 of the 25 Ss, supporting the concept that “sensory sidedness” in the tactile sensory system may be a normal neurological phenomenon.
Note on Emotionality of Item Wording as a Variable in a Personality Scale
Authors: Berger Wallace G.
Published: September 2011

Three forms of a personality scale were constructed with each form differing in its degree of rated emotionality of wording. The items in the three forms were randomized, combined, and administered to 77 college Ss. The findings indicated that although the variances, internal consistencies, and validities were not affected by emotionality of item wording, the mean endorsement scores of the forms did vary inversely with the forms' level of emotional wording.
On the Validity of the Portable Rod-and-Frame Test
Authors: Irving Doug , Henderson Don
Published: September 2011

Kato (1965) and Morris (1967) have reported correlations between stationary Rod-and-frame Tests (RFT; Witkin, Lewis, Hertzman, Machover, Meissner, & Wapner, 1954) and portable versions of their own design of .77 and .74, respectively. However, Vaught (1969) reports a correlation between a commercially available version and a stationary RFT of .44 for men, .41 for women, and .46 over-all.
Field Independence and Academic Achievement of Engineering Students
Authors: Brilhart Barbara Lieb , Brilhart John K.
Published: September 2011

The Hidden-figures Test was used as a group measure of field independence with 184 male engineering students. Scores did not correlate significantly with cumulative grade average or with freshman aptitude scores. Aptitude scores were a better predictor of success in an engineering program than the field-independence scores.
Effects of Instructions and Training on Shape Constancy
Authors: Gregg Claudette Lasseigne , Pasnak Robert
Published: September 2011

16 Ss were instructed to judge both the true shapes and the retinal images of tilted triangles in reduced cue viewing conditions and were given feedback on the correctness of their responses. They were able to change their judgments in accordance with the instructions; the correction procedure itself had only a small effect.
Social Interaction and Emotional Adjustment among the Blind
Authors: De M. Klich Beatriz , Wierig George J.
Published: September 2011

To test the hypothesis that the level of a blind person's adjustment to his handicap is positively related to his involvement with a group of other blind persons, 41 blind veterans attending a VA rehabilitation program for the visually handicapped were rated by the staff psychologist and the director of mobility training as satisfactorily, fairly, or poorly adjusted to their blindness. Each S completed a questionnaire concerning his choice of friends from within the program and was designated as either having or not having membership in a group. Group members did have the highest level of judged adjustment.
Correcting Two-Alternative Forced-Choice Data for Response Bias
Authors: Auerbach Carl
Published: September 2011

A method for correcting two-alternative forced-choice data for response bias is presented which requires only a table of integrals of a normal distribution.
Sophistication of Body Concept in Process-Reactive Schizophrenia
Authors: Cancro Robert
Published: September 2011

The underlying basis for the process-reactive classification is unclear, although some authors offer differences in psychological differentiation as an explanation. This study examined the relationship between the degree of differentiation of the body concept and the process-reactive continuum, which was measured by the Prognostic Rating Scale and the subsequent total number of nights of hospitalization over a 3-yr. period for 51 Ss. There was no significant relationship—linear or curvilinear—between these variables in this sample of acute schizophrenics in whom drug ingestion, chronicity, and length of current hospitalization were controlled.
Relation between Intelligence and Personality
Authors: Eysenck Hans J.
Published: September 2011

398 trainee male nurses were administered two intelligence tests and a personality inventory. Nurses were found more extraverted and less neurotic than the general population. Intelligence was independent of extra-version and neuroticism but correlated negatively with the Lie scale.
Video Feedback in Learning Beginning Trampoline
Authors: James Pamela E.
Published: September 2011

This study explored (i) the effect of visual feedback (supplied by video-tape) compared with verbal feedback in learning beginning trampoline; (ii) the effect of verbal ability on Ss' interpretation of feedback. 18 11 to 12-yr.-old boys were assigned to 2 groups: Group V (visual), N = 8; Group NV (non-visual), N = 10, matched for performance on beginning trampoline, general physical ability, and verbal ability as measured by the Mill-Hill Vocabulary Test, Form 1, Junior (1948). Results showed some superiority of Group V over Group NV (p > .05). However, Ss at all levels of verbal ability benefitted from visual feedback, while only Ss in Group NV with high verbal ability achieved a high performance score (r = 0.6, p < 0.05).
Acoustic Imagery in Children's Phonetically Mediated Recall
Authors: Locke John L.
Published: September 2011

In previous work (Locke, in press) 4-yr.-old Ss who were presented pictorial stimuli recalled pictures whose labels rhymed more accurately than pictures with nonrhyming labels. Failure to observe similar list differences in the recall of 3- to 5-yr.-old children in other work (Conrad, in press) was attributed to an absence of speech mediation. The present study questioned whether young Ss' absence of phonetic mediation effects also was explainable as the result of a specific inability to match whatever acoustic images might be elicited by pictorial stimuli. Of the 20 Ss seen previously, 16 were seen again 24 days later, this time being asked to identify which of the task (pictorial) stimuli “sounded alike.” Ss with superior recall of pictures with rhyming labels also were significantly more accurate in identifying rhymes than Ss whose recalls of rhyming and nonrhyming series were essentially equal, suggesting that children's phonetic mediation may be a function, at least in part, of their ability to form acoustic (phonetic) images to nonphonetic stimuli and to detect similarities among the images.
Relation of Holtzman Scores to Rigidity
Authors: Kidd Aline H. , Kidd Robert M.
Published: September 2011

The Sanford-Gough Rigidity Test, the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale, a group Holtzman Inkblot Test, and an experimenter-designed Perceptual Rigidity test were given to 116 college girls to investigate determinants of responses to projective tests and to clarify the relationship between personality and perception. Significant positive correlations between the rigidity measure, the Sanford-Gough, and the Holtzman Location, Anatomy, and Hostility scales were obtained and a similarity between these results and descriptions of the authoritarian personality was noted. Significant negative correlations between the rigidity measure and the Holtzman Color and Movement scales were found. The lack of significant correlations between the rigidity measure and the Taylor and the Holtzman Anxiety scales was considered in terms of specific needs of further research into the relation of anxiety to perceptual rigidity.
Correlates of Greenberg and Jenkins' S-Scale across Languages
Authors: Koutstaal C. W. , Smith O. W. , Knops L.
Published: September 2011

Mean scale values of ratings of effort in subvocalizing CCVCs from Greenberg and Jenkins' (1964) List 1 were obtained for 5 groups of Ss ( ns = 17, 21, 23, 18, 22). Their native languages were not English. The hypothesis was that the scale values would correlate substantially and consistently with the S values of the CCVCs as is the case for 25 Ss whose native tongue is English. The hypothesis remains tenable. Another prediction was that phonetic contrast and strangeness values based on associations in Dutch to the CCVCs would not correlate subtantially with S values of the CCVCs for American English. The prediction was confirmed. A factor analysis yielded one S scale factor and one for associations in Dutch.
Reading Time and Error Rates for Normal and Retarded Readers
Authors: Deich Ruth F.
Published: September 2011

55 Ss were asked to read aloud a series of words varying in familiarity and length. Retarded readers from the sixth grade and of average intelligence were matched on the basis of WRAT scores to second graders of average intelligence. Another group of less retarded readers, also from the sixth grade, were WRAT-matched to second graders of above-average intelligence. It was shown that the retarded groups read at the same speed as their reading-grade-level peers and that the more retarded group made significantly more errors.
Incidence of Rotations of Bender-Gestalt Figures in Three Age Groups of Normal Israeli School Children
Authors: Weiss A. A.
Published: September 2011

Data on incidence of rotations on the Bender-Gestalt test in 3 groups of non-clinical Israeli school children, mean ages 9:0, 10:10, and 13:2 respectively, are reported. Separate scoring of rotations from 30° to 45° showed these to be quite rare in this population. Incidence of rotations in the different Bender figures was unequal. Rotations at Grade 3 level were much more frequent in Figures A, 2, 3, 4, 7, and 8 than in Figures 1, 5, 6. Drop of incidence over age was also unequal, with Figures A, 3, and 4 retaining rotational pull longest. Rotation is assumed to be a developmental phenomenon not necessarily linked to brain damage. Its suitability in general, and of Figures A, 3, and 4 in particular, to serve as indicators of brain damage is questioned. Particular caution should be exercised in the diagnosis of brain damage in the individual case.
Effect of Body Tilt on Auditory Localization
Authors: Comalli Peter E. , Altshuler Morton W.
Published: September 2011

The location of the position of a sound source that appears as directly above the midline of S's head was measured under conditions of erect, 30°, and 60° left body tilt, and 30° and 60° right body tilt. Results showed that with increase in body tilt the apparent auditory midline is progressively displaced in a direction opposite the tilt of the body. This finding was compared with studies on visual and tactual-kinesthetic modes of localization.
Effects of Diazepam and Meclizine Hydrochloride on Emotional Upset Due to Perceptual Dissonance and Motion
Authors: Grumpelt Howard R. , Maddex Barbara E. , Nebus Esther J. , Rattner Judith C.
Published: September 2011

Predictions concerning inter-sense perceptual dissonance effects associated with motion by 180 rats were again largely confirmed with ambulation scores as the dependent variable, however, replication was not substantial for the defecation measure. Anticipated interactions between drugs and motion-dissonance procedures were absent.
Conditioning the Connotative Meanings of Color Names to Human Figures
Authors: Filler John W. , Williams John E.
Published: September 2011

Previous studies have demonstrated that color names have distinctive evaluative meanings and it has been hypothesized that the designation of racial groups by color names may serve to condition the meanings of the color names to the racial groups, thus contributing to the development and maintenance of racial attitudes. The results of two studies are reported. In Study I 99 Caucasian Ss' evaluative ratings of color names were shown to be highly consistent with the findings of earlier studies. Study II was designed to provide a direct test of the “color coding” hypothesis. Data are reported which indicate that the distinctive evaluative connotations of race-related color names systematically modified 96 Caucasian Ss' evaluative ratings of human figures with which the color names had been paired, so that, e.g., figures associated with “white” were rated significantly more positively than were the same figures when they were associated with “black.”
Effect of Body Tilt on Auditory Lateralization
Authors: Comalli Peter E. , Altshuler Morton W.
Published: September 2011

A pulsed 1000-Hz pure tone was dichotically presented to 16 Ss in a “lateralization” task under body positions of erect, 30° left and right tilt, and 60° left and right tilt. With the method of limits no significant effect of body tilt on the perception of auditory midline or on the difference limen was found. Significant effects were found for ascending and descending trials on perception of the auditory midline as well as an interaction effect between body positions and left and right ears. The findings were contrasted with those of studies dealing with the effect of body tilt on auditory “localization.”
Long-Term Retention of a Pursuitmeter Skill
Authors: Smith Nathaniel C.
Published: September 2011

Number of errors for 1 S on a pursuitmeter by 3 3.81-min. cycles separated by 9-min. rests during 12 practice days, occurring every other day during acquisition and by 1 month periods over 1 ½ yr., over 1 yr. for 2 yr., and after 1 ½ yr. are presented and remarked upon.
Use of the Adjective Check List to Elicit Description of Self-Ideal Discrepancy
Authors: Graves William H. , Shearer Robert A.
Published: September 2011

The study sought to identify adjectives which discriminated between Ss reporting high and low discrepancies between self and ideal-self. Responses of 200 Ss, administered the Adjective Check List, indicate different descriptive adjectives from those identified in previous research.
Children's Drawings and Reasons for Anticipating Progressive Changes in Successive Stimuli
Authors: Schnall Melvyn
Published: September 2011

60 Ss in Grades 1, 3, and 5 attempted to anticipate in drawings the successive pictures of a series and verbalized their reasons for each anticipation. Successful anticipations of critical pictures involved detecting the progressive position change of a figure in earlier pictures of the series and drawing it further along the dimension of change. Presence in the reasons of an active verb predicating change or movement of the figure or a reference to some previous state of the figure were invariably associated with successful anticipations. Successful anticipations increased with age.
Sex as a Factor Influencing Sensitivity to Delayed Auditory Feedback
Authors: Timmons Beverly A.
Published: September 2011

30 men and 30 women read paragraphs under no DAF and 5 different DAF conditions. No differences were found in reactions of men and women when DAF conditions were randomized. When DAF conditions were ordered, women tended to adapt significantly more than men.
Effects of Angle, Sex, and Cue on Adults' Perception of the Horizontal
Authors: Morris B. B.
Published: September 2011

This study required adult Ss to draw a line to indicate the water level on drawings of tilted glasses. It was a repetition of the Rebelsky (1964) work on horizontality with the addition of a cue-noncue variable. Women, being more field-dependent than men, were expected to make greater use of the additional line cue. The field dependency hypothesis was not substantiated. Results further indicated significant differences associated with S's sex, the angle of tilt, and a direction by cue interaction. Differences in techniques of scoring and data analysis which precluded precise comparisons of studies using these stimuli were noted.
Effects of Anchor Stimuli on Category and Ratio Scaling
Authors: Huckabee Malcom W.
Published: September 2011

Two experiments compared the influence of an anchor stimulus on judgments of size using a category-scaling procedure and two ratio-scaling procedures—Stevens' magnitude estimation and direct size estimation. Using an anchor stimulus smaller than any of the judged series stimuli (Exp. I) produced slight contrast effects for category scaling, assimilation for size estimation and no anchoring effects with magnitude estimation. The downward concave relationship between the category scale and the ratio scales was not obtained under any anchoring condition. Use of an anchor stimulus larger than the judged series (Exp. II) produced similar results, with the exception that size estimation did not show consistent assimilation effects.
Correlations between Oral Form Recognition and Lingual Touch Sensitivity
Authors: Williams William N. , La Pointe Leonard L.
Published: September 2011

25 normally speaking Ss were tested on tasks of oral stereognosis, lingual light-touch detection and lingual two-point discrimination. No significant (p > .05) correlations were found among these three tasks. Several factors are discussed that might account for the lack of significant relationships.
Relation between Spiral Aftereffect Duration and Rod-and-Frame Test Performance in Early Childhood
Authors: Andersson Alf L. , Ruuth Egil
Published: September 2011

A group of 38 preschool children, aged 63 to 82 mo., were divided into subgroups of short, long and intermediate spiral aftereffect duration. The group with an intermediate score was assumed to have reached a stage of relative autonomy from both extraceptive (nonself) and intraceptive (self) factors of perception. As predicted, this group was neither as dependent on the visual field in the Rod-and-frame Test as the other two groups, nor did it score as extremely independent of that field.
An Analysis of Situational Dimensions
Authors: Magnusson David
Published: September 2011

In order to study the dimensionality of 3 individuals' judgments of situations matrices for individual and group data consisting of similarity judgments of situations from a certain domain were factor analyzed. The results indicated: (a) judgments of perceived similarity between situations have a considerable degree of consistency over time, (b) the dimensionality of these judgments shows great agreement among individuals in a homogeneous group, and (c) dimensional analyses both of average and individual similarity matrices provide a clear and interpretable structure. The potentials for further work with the methodology used were discussed.
Reactions to Novelty following Differential Postweaning Rearing and Handling
Authors: Hughes R. N.
Published: September 2011

40 male albino rats were reared in either enriched or deprived cages, with or without daily handling, for 10 wk. prior to observation in a 4-cell exploration box. Significant interactions between cage environment and handling suggested that handling increased preferences for the novel half of the apparatus and frequencies of sniffing the floor, walls, and ceiling of both halves in rats reared in deprived cages, but decreased both these measures of exploration in rats reared in enriched cages. Deprived rats also weighed more than enriched rats. It was concluded that the exploration results could be accounted for by an inverted-U relationship between total amount of postweaning stimulation and frequency of exploratory behavior if one assumed that handling and the cage environment had summated in effect.
Effects of Redundancy on Performance under Overload Stress
Authors: Hurst Paul M. , McKendry James M.
Published: September 2011

The focus of this study was a transducing task in which various information items (stimulus elements) are sequentially presented and S is required to make the appropriate response for a set of such elements. The goal was to determine the role of redundancy (one to two surplus elements) in ameliorating or heightening the sharp performance decrement previously found to result when input rates exceed a crucial range. Results showed an optimum level of redundancy for this task, which could be analyzed as a resultant of a facilitative influence and a detrimental one. Practice at various levels of redundancy seemed to transfer equally to posttest conditions when the levels of redundancy in the latter were crossed over.
Interior-Exterior Bodily Awareness following Poliomyelitis
Authors: Johnson Frank A.
Published: September 2011

16 permanently paralyzed patients and 17 recovered patients were asked “to name 20 parts of the body.” All Ss were tested late in the first year following the onset of poliomyelitis. The paralyzed patients showed statistically fewer interior responses while the recovered patients showed significantly fewer exterior responses than control groups matched on 7 variables. All groups made many more exterior responses (81%) than interior responses. This has been reported by others and should be kept in mind when investigating bodily attention patterns.
Reliability and Correlates of a Three-Phase Code Transformation Task (3P-Cotran)
Authors: Coates Glynn D. , Alluisi Earl A.
Published: September 2011

In a further experimental test of a three-phase code transformation task, 84 Ss solved 6 blocks of 3 problems, and later spent 6 hr. in responding to paper-and-pencil tests of intelligence and certain personality characteristics. A factor analysis of 75 measures led to the identification of 8 factors, 5 of which represent 3P-COTRAN performances, 1 verbal intelligence, and 2 personality characteristics. Analyses based on 9 selected measures indicated differential practice effects, with the problem-solving third phase of the task being more slowly learned. Reliability of the measures and correlates of the task were computed and discussed.
Effects of Task, Interval and Order of Presentation on Time Estimations
Authors: Cohen Stewart
Published: September 2011

60 male adults estimated time passage for achievement-oriented and unfilled tasks. Significant task, interval, and order effects were associated with trial and total temporal estimations.
An Analysis of the Reliability and Validity of the Ishihara Color Plates with Mentally Retarded Males
Authors: Salvia John , Ysseldyke James
Published: September 2011

The Ishihara Color Plates were administered to 69 institutionalized mentally retarded boys to determine the test's reliability and validity. The results indicated the test has high internal consistency, but the diagnostic stability and validity are too low for accurate screening.
Acquisition of Disliking for Persons Associated with Punishment
Authors: Frakes Forrest Val
Published: September 2011

To determine whether disliking would be acquired for neutral persons associated with punishment, 17 male undergraduates were administered a bogus test of leadership skills and given feedback indicating poor performance in the presence of unknown test partners. A rewarded group of 17 Ss also took the same “test” and received feedback indicating high performance. Attraction for test partners was assessed before and after feedback. Attraction decreased significantly among punished Ss (p < .005) but remained unchanged for rewarded Ss. Decreased attraction in the punished group was interpreted as a conditioned emotional response.
Subvocalization: Aural and Emg Feedback in Reading
Authors: Aarons Louis
Published: September 2011

Speech is a complex skill with auditory and kinesthetic components—sensory and motor—coordinated inter- and intramodally. In reading, vision joins these modalities. Functional relations of variables in reading for arithmetic problem-solving were explored for individuals who show much (HVs) compared with those who show little (LVs) speech-muscle activity (subvocalization) during silent reading. Higher relative sound intensities were used by LVs than by HVs in normal reading aloud but not when reading with delayed auditory feedback (DAF). Feedback training for the self-regulated reduction of electromyographic activity of speech muscle during silent reading was effective for both HVs and LVs. After feedback training the difference in relative sound intensities between HVs and LVs was eliminated in normal reading aloud and HVs showed smaller increases than LVs when reading with DAF. Latency to correct answer in silent problem-solving was shorter for LVs than for HVs before but not after feedback training. Variations in heart rate, eye-movement rate, regressive eye movements, reading speed, rate of integrated speech peaks, syllable rate, eye-voice span, eye movements per syllable, and correct answers were related to experimental conditions but not different for HVs and LVs. Data on the interrelations of variables are presented to suggest some tentative hypotheses. The correlation of eye-voice span with speech-muscle activity was related to levels of subvocalization in normal reading aloud but modified by DAF and feedback training. The measurement of speech-muscle activity, feedback training, general and developmental differences in the use of auditory versus kinesthetic cues by HVs and LVs, and implications of subvocalization for speech, memory, thought, and reading are discussed.
Stutter-Like Behavior in Manual Communication of the Deaf
Authors: Silverman Franklin H. , Silverman Ellen-Marie
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to determine whether behavior comparable to stuttering ever occurs in the manual communication of the deaf. Letters were sent to 78 teachers of the deaf at residential schools inquiring whether they had ever observed such behavior in manual communicators. 13 gave positive responses. Descriptions of the stutter-like behaviors provided by these teachers are summarized. Implications are discussed for Bloodstein's hypothesis that stuttering is not unique but one member of a class of behavioral phenomena.
Race Differences in Children's Responses to “Black” and “White”
Authors: Farber Richard , Schmeidler Gertrude
Published: September 2011

Negro and Caucasian 7th graders made line drawings and semantic differential responses to 7 color names, including black and white. Caucasian semantic differential scores were similar to those found earlier by Williams; Negro scores were less similar. As hypothesized, Negroes evaluated black (compared to white) more favorably than Caucasians. Caucasians with better reading ability evaluated black less favorably. Negroes drew white with significantly simpler, heavier, more downward lines than did Caucasians and drew black with significantly smaller, lighter, more upward lines. It is suggested that for some groups (nonverbal) line drawings may provide a more appropriate measure of attitude than verbal responses.
Comparative Extension of Personal and Social-Political Future Time Perspective
Authors: Lessing Elise E.
Published: September 2011

Measures of personal future time perspective (FTP) and social-political FTP and an endorsement of Negro rights militancy scale were administered to 119 white and 221 black high school students, of whom 103 and 188 respectively produced usable data. The two racial subgroups did not differ in capacity to take a long-range point of view in regard to their personal futures; however, the black students organized their attitudes about black liberation in terms of a much briefer future time span than that considered appropriate by whites. Militancy was not associated with any deficiency in the ability to anticipate the future.
Apparatus for Operant Measure of Sexual Behavior in Female Rats
Authors: Fitzpatrick David , French David , Fobes James
Published: September 2011

An apparatus for the operant evaluation of sexual behavior in female rats is presented. When a female rat presses either of two levers, one of two sexually active male rats is released from a holding cage into an area where mating can occur.
Trends in Problem-Solving Research: Twelve Recently Described Tasks
Authors: Coates Glynn D. , Alluisi Earl A. , Morgan Ben B.
Published: September 2011

Descriptions of the 12 problem-solving tasks developed since the last review (Ray, 1955) of chis topic indicate that the newer tasks are more sophisticated in design and provide for better experimental control than those used prior to 1953. Validity, reliability, sensitivity, trainability, problem structure, and problem difficulty are discussed as criteria for the selection of tasks to be used in studies of skilled problem-solving performance.
Effects of Stimulus Characteristics on Recognition Memory in Elementary School Children
Authors: Hutko Paul , Smothergill Daniel
Published: September 2011

An exploratory study was conducted to determine how certain stimulus characteristics affect recognition memory in 8- and 9-yr.-old children. 40 Ss were shown 15 letter-like forms for inspection. Later, the original stimuli were shown along with 15 new letter-like forms in a recognition test. Memory was a function of the stimulus characteristics. Prototypes which did not appear on the Inspection series were often responded to incorrectly. It is suggested that these prototypes had been abstracted from transformations of themselves which were present on the Inspection series.
Relationship between Depth Perception and Hand-Eye Dominance and Free-Throw Shooting in College Women
Authors: Shick Jacqueline
Published: September 2011

32 Ss took a total of 50 free throws, with 10 shots on each of five days. Depth perception measures used were the stereopsis test for the Bausch and Lomb Master Ortho-Rater and a modified version of the Howard-Dohlman apparatus. Eye dominance was determined by the “hole-in-card-test”; handedness by the preferred hand for performing basketball skills. No statistically significant results were found when comparing free-throw records with either measure of depth perception. With reference to dominance, no significant difference was found in free-throw success between unilaterally dominant Ss and those of mixed dominance. Although no statistically significant difference was found between the groups for percentage of errors toward the dominant hand; toward the non-dominant, a significant F resulted. The mixed dominance group had the higher percentage.
Children's Learning of Unfamiliar Phonological Sequences
Authors: Kuusinen Jorma , Salin Eero
Published: September 2011

4 groups of 15 4-, 6-, 8-, and 10-yr.-old children learned nonsense phonological sequences that varied in grammaticality by violating 0, 1, or 2 phonological rules of Ss' native language. The youngest age group made fewer errors in learning the most nongrammatical phonological sequences than in learning grammatical ones. With the 10- and 8-yr.-olds an opposite trend was found. The differences were not statistically significant. Implications for second language learning were discussed.
CPI Descriptions of Alcoholics Differing in Alienation
Authors: Kish George B. , Timmons Frank
Published: September 2011

61 male hospitalized alcoholics were tested on a measure of alienation and the CPI to examine the relationship between feelings of alienation and perceived social behavior. Alienation was negatively correlated with most of the scales of the CPI, suggesting that feelings of alienation may be detrimental to an individual's over-all social relationships.