bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Mount Kare Python and His Gold: Totemism and Ecology in the Papua New Guinea Highlands
Authors: Biersack Aletta
Published: November 2004

Lying between the Huli and Paiela peoples of the Papua New Guinea highlands, Mt. Kare, the site of a gold rush from 1988 to 1990, presently inspires millenarian speculations about an imminent cosmic revolution. Mt. Kare was traditionally a ritual site where pigs were sacrificed to Taiyundika, a totemic python, to promote the fertility of plant, animal, and human species. Today it is where gold is mined in pursuit of unprecedented riches and millenarian transformations. Although sacrifices are no longer conducted at Mt. Kare, the python still has some salience for Paielas, who consider the gold to be the flesh of the totemic python. Blending Christianity with traditional cosmology, Paielas interpret the finding of the gold as a millenarian sign. As an ancestral figure who guarantees the continuing fertility of the earth in exchange for pork sacrifices, the python stands at the core of Paiela constructions of nature and humanity's position within it. Paiela totemism is explored for what it can teach us about an indigenous symbolic ecology and how “local knowledge” or a “cognized model” can inflect capital‐intensive resource development at a time of ostensible globalization. The ecology of Mt. Kare gold mining must be sensitive to intercultural processes and how global flows (of ideologies, technologies, and capital) are mediated by vernacular constructions. [Papua New Guinea, mining, totemism, symbolic ecology, place]
Metamorphosis in the Culture Market of Niger
Authors: Davis Elizabeth A.
Published: November 2004

The banner of authenticity is falling in the contemporary market for non‐Western culture. Taking Tuareg artisanry in Niger as a case study, I show that the neocolonial Western habit of collecting “exotic” art objects is giving way to a more collaborative proclivity toward Western objects produced in “traditional” Tuareg style. While Tuareg artisans—adjusting to social and cultural upheavals attending the urbanization of their practice and the recent Tuareg separatist rebellion—are producing such hybrid “modern” objects, some Tuareg nobles, impoverished by those same changes, have begun painting representational images of a more “authentic” Tuareg culture. The nature of the competition between Tuareg artisans and nobles, as well as the complex cross‐identification between Tuaregs and their Western expatriate customers, illuminate a general perplexity about modernity in the contemporary Third World and indicate a transformation in the terms of its encounter with the West. [Tuaregs, art and artisanry, authenticity, expatriates, and modernity and tradition]
Tempus de Baristas
Authors: Salzman Philip Carl
Published: November 2004

Tempus de Baristas. 1992 (released in 1993). 141 minutes, color. video directed by David MacDougall. Produced by the Istituto Superiore Regionale Etnografico di Sardegna (Italy). For more information contact the Center for Media and Independent Learning, University of California Extension, Berkeley, CA 94704, or the Royal Anthropological Institute Video Sales, London, UK.
After Writing Culture
Authors: Clifford James
Published: November 2004

After Writing Culture: Epistemology and Praxis in Contemporary Anthropology. Allison James. Jenny Hockey. and Andrew Dawson. eds. New York: Routledge, 1997. 274 pp.
Statistics for Anthropology
Authors: Read Dwight
Published: November 2004

Statistics for Anthropology. Lorena Madrigal. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998. 238 pp.
Color Categories in Thought and Language
Authors: Saunders Barbara A. C.
Published: November 2004

Color Categories in Thought and Language. C. Hardin and Luisa Maffi. eds. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997. 404 pp.
Subversions of the International Order: Studies in the Political Anthropology of Culture
Authors: Ross Marc H.
Published: November 2004

Subversions of the International Order: Studies in the Political Anthropology of Culture. John Borneman .Albany: State University of New York Press, 1998. 342 pp.
Social Perceptions of People with Disabilities in History
Authors: Fitzgerald Maureen H.
Published: November 2004

Social Perceptions of People with Disabilities in History. Herbert C. Covey. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas. 1998 306 pp.
Art and Life in Bangladesh
Authors: Kirkpatrick Joanna
Published: November 2004

Art and Life in Bangladesh. Henry Glassie. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1997. 512 pp.
Color Appearance and the Emergence and Evolution of Basic Color Lexicons
Authors: Kay Paul , Maffi Luisa
Published: November 2004

Various revisions of the Berlin and Kay (1969) model of the evolution of basic color term systems have been produced in the last thirty years, motivated by both empirical and theoretical considerations. On the empirical side, new facts about color naming systems have continually come to light, which have demanded adjustments in lhe descriptive model. On the theoretical side, lhere has been a sustained effort to find motivation in the vision science literature regarding color appearance for the synchronic and diachronic constraints observed to govern color terminology systems. The present paper continues the pursuit of both of these goals. A new empirical question is addressed with data from the World Color Survey (WCS), and a revised model is proposed, which both responds to recently raised empirical questions and provides new motivation from the field of color vision for the observed constraints on color naming, [color, evolution, language, perception, semantics, universals]
A History of Research on Warfare in Anthropology
Authors: Otterbein Keith F.
Published: November 2004

In this brief history of warfare research, I identify four major periods: Foundation Period, Classical Period, Golden Age, and Recent Period. The myth of the peaceful savage arose in the Classical Period rather than in the later periods, as argued by Lawrence Keeley. The myth has its origins in an early evolutionary approach as well as in cultural relativism. It continues to play a major role in warfare research with some anthropologists arguing for the peaceable nature of man, while others argue that man has engaged in warfare from the beginning of prehistory, [war, theories of warfare, history of warfare research, myth of peaceful savage]
Climate Change and Human Behavior On The Southwest Coast of Ecuador
Authors: Bogin Barry
Published: November 2004

Predictable and reliable agricultural production, industrial output, and, in general, environments that promote human well‐being depend on climatic stability. But the prehistoric and historic record indicate that climate change is a recurring feature of the environment. In this paper the climate history of the southwest coast of Ecuador is presented and discussed in relation to its influence on prehistoric and contemporary human populations living in this region. A recent case of climate change during the year 1971 is described. Patterns of land use and water management described for prehistoric peoples continue to be followed by the current population. Understanding the history of human responses to climate change may be necessary in order to make rational decisions about how to adapt our behavior to future climates.
The Sanctity of Sunday Football: Why Men Love Sports
Authors: Hartmann Douglas
Published: November 2004

The American male's obsession with sports seems to suggest that the love affair is a natural expression of masculinity. But sociologists have found that, conversely, sports teach men how to be manly, and studying sports reveals much about masculinity in contemporary America.
Made in the PRC: Consumers in China
Authors: Hanser Amy
Published: November 2004

Over the past two decades, the People's Republic of China (PRC) has transformed from a society of shortage into one of plenty. Shopping is now an activity ostensibly free from government control. But what kind of freedom is this, and will it be limited to those who can afford it?
The Black-White Test Score Gap
Authors: Farkas George
Published: November 2004

The Supreme Court's 2003 decision to uphold affirmative action in college admissions suggests that special treatment may be unnecessary in 25 years. But achieving equality without affirmative action will require overcoming a black-white test score gap that appears as early as preschool and is rooted in child-rearing practices.
Targeting HMO's: Stalemate in the U.S. Health Care Debate
Authors: Mechanic David
Published: November 2004

Americans love to hate Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs). But popular opinion of managed care is based more on myth than performance. More important, Americans fail to realize the inevitable clash between what they want and what they are willing to pay for.
Do Media Monsters Devour Diversity?
Authors: Gamson Joshua , Latteier Pearl
Published: November 2004

Politicians and critics have long lamented that the rise of huge media conglomerates means the death of diversity in newspapers and on the airwaves. But research suggests that media conglomeration, however distasteful, does not necessarily reduce diversity.
Learning the “Special Note”: Evidence for a Critical Period for Absolute Pitch Acquisition
Authors: RUSSO FRANK A. , WINDELL DEBORAH L. , CUDDY LOLA L.
Published: November 2004

Children (3–6 years old) and adults were trained for 6 weeks to identify a single tone, C5. Test sessions, held at the end of each week, had participants identify C5 within a set of seven alternative tones. By the third week of training, identification accuracy of children 5–6 years old surpassed the accuracies of children 3–4 years old and adults. Combined with an analysis of perceptual strategies, the data provide strong support for a critical period for absolute pitch acquisition. Received July 12, 2003, accepted August 1,2003
Catalogs from the Wheelwright
Authors: Schevill Margot Blum
Published: November 2004

Bernstein. Bruce D. and Susan Brown McGreevy 1988 Anil Anáádaalyaa'igíí (Recent Ones That Are Made): Continuity & Innovation in Recent Navajo Art. Exhibition Catalog. Santa Fe: The Wheelwright Museum of the American Indian. PO. Box 5153, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87502. 20.5. 20.5 cm. 47 pages. 35 black‐and‐white photographs, one map, wrap‐around cover, paperback, exhibition objea list, selected Navajo arts bibliography and references, end notes.

Baizerman. Suzanne 1989 Ramona Sakiestewa. Patterned Dreams: Textiles of the Southwest. Exhibition Catalog. Santa Fe: The Wheelwright Museum of the American Indian. 9.5. 21.5 cm. 59 pages, 21 color plates,. black‐and‐white photographs, footnotes, references.
Australian Art Exhibition Catalog
Authors: Berlo Janet Catherine
Published: November 2004

Peter Sutton. editor 1988 Dreamings; The Art of Aboriginal Australia. Exhibition catalog. New York: George Braziller and The Asia Society Galleries. 266 pages, 274 Ggures (155 in color), footnotes, artists' biographies, bibliography.
Very Old Artifact Descriptions, Material Culture in Old Mesoamerican Dictionaries.
Authors: Feldman Lawrence H.
Published: November 2004

Laughlin. Robert M. with John B. Haviland 1988 The Great Tzotzil Dictionary of Santo Domingo Zinacantán, with Grammatical Analysis and Historical Commentary, Washington DC; Smithsonian Institution Press. Volume I: Tzotzil‐English, pps. 1‐356. Volume 2: English‐Tzotzil, pps. 357‐654. Volume 3: Spanish‐Tzotzil, pps. 656‐1119. Illustrations, charts, black‐and‐white photographs, appendices, bibliography.
From the Land of the Silk Dragon: An Ancient and Exquisite Art Tradition of Textiles and Silver Adornment at the Mingei International Museum of World Folk Art.
Authors: Schein Louisa
Published: November 2004

From the Land of the Silk Dragon: An Ancient and Exquisite Art Tradition of Textiles and Silver Adornment. Guizhou Province, Peoples' Republic of China. Mingei International Museum of World Folk Art, La Jolla, CA. (September. December, 1992)
Creativity is Our Tradition at the Institute of American Indian Arts Museum.
Authors: Mercer Bill
Published: November 2004

Creativity is Our Tradition. The Institute of American Indian Arts Museum, Santa Fe, NM. (Permanent Installation).
The Early Years of Native American Art History: The Politics of Scholarship and Collecting
Authors: Bol Marsha C.
Published: November 2004

The Early Years of Native American Art History: The Politics of Scholarship and Collecting. Edited by Janet Catherine Berlo. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1992. 244 pp., 39 b/w Illustrations. $30.00 (cloth).
Foreign Bodies: Performance, Art, and Symbolic Anthropology
Authors: Webb Virginia‐Lee
Published: November 2004

Foreign Bodies: Performance, Art, and Symbolic Anthropology, A. David Napier. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992. 223 pp., 47 b/w Illustrations,. color plates. $35.00 (cloth).
Cannibal Tours and Glass Boxes: The Anthropology 89 of Museums
Authors: Jonaitis Aldona
Published: November 2004

Cannibal Tours and Glass Boxes: The Anthropology of Museums. Michael M. Ames. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1992. 212 pp. $39.95 (cloth).
Big Eyes: The Southwestern Photographs of Simeon Schwemberger, 1902‐1908
Authors: Jacknis Ira
Published: November 2004

Big Eyes: The Southwestern Photographs of Simeon Schwemberger, 1902‐1908. Paul V. Long. with an essay by Michele M. Penhall. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1992. 204 pp., 129 b/w photographs, notes, photo sources, bibliography. $32.50 (cloth).
Paracas Art and Architecture: Object and Context in South Coastal Peru
Authors: Wise Karen
Published: November 2004

Paracas Art and Architecture: Object and Context In South Coastal Peru. Edited by Anne Paul. iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1991.445 pp., map, figures, b/w illustrations, references, index. $29.95 (cloth).
Arkansas Indians: Roots, Removal and Rebirth. Arkansas Museum of Science and History
Authors: Baer Hans A.
Published: November 2004

Arkansas Indians: Roots, Removal and Rebirth. Arkansas Museum of Science and History, Little Rock, AR (Permanent exhibit opened in October 1992).
Woven by the Grandmothers: Nineteenth‐Century Navajo Textiles from the National Museum of the American Indian
Authors: Schevill Margot Blum
Published: November 2004

Woven by the Grandmothers: Nineteenth‐Century Navajo Textiles from the National Museum of the American Indian. Edited by Eulalie H. Bonar. Washington, D.C. and London: Smithsonian Institution Press and the National Museum of the American Indian. 1996. xiii. 214 pp., 20 black‐and‐white and 10 color photographs, 80 color plates, catalogue, notes, references, index. $29.95 (paper).
Goddess Religion, Postmodern Jewish Feminism, and the Complexity of Alternative Religious Identities
Authors: Raphael Melissa
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACT: This paper argues that Jewish Goddess feminism illustrates the complexity of alternative religious identities and their fluid, ambiguous, and sometimes intimate historical, cultural, and religious connections to mainstream religious identities.1 While Jewish Goddess feminists find contemporary Judaism theologically and politically problematic, thealogy (feminist discourse on the Goddess and the divinity of femaleness) can offer them precisely the sacralization of female generativity that mainstream Judaism cannot. And yet the distinctions between present/former, alternative/mainstream religious identities are surely ambiguous where the celebration of the Goddess can at once reconstruct Jewish identity and deconstruct the notion of religious identity as a single or successive affiliation. It would seem that Jewish Goddess feminism epitomizes how late or postmodern religious identity may be plural and inclusive, shifting according to the subject's context and mood and according to the ideological perspective of the observer.
Snapshots of Tradition: Apparitions of the Virgin Mary in Georgia
Authors: Britt Brian
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACT: On the thirteenth of each month, from October 1990 until May 1994, Nancy Fowler appeared on the porch of a farmhouse in Conyers, Georgia, to deliver the message she had received from an apparition of the Virgin Mary. On apparition days, up to 80,000 people brought rosaries and cameras to the grounds of the farm. This essay analyzes the use of traditional religious discourse and modern technologies such as photography by participants in the Conyers gatherings. Participants have also employed electronic mail and electromagnetic wave measurements to verify and legitimate the monthly apparitions. My analysis suggests that Conyers brings together traditional Marian discourse and modern technology to create a dynamic and popular religious setting.
Saviors and Scientists: North American Protestant Missionaries and the Development of Anthropology
Authors: HIGHAM C. L.
Published: November 2004

Few historians of anthropology and missionary work examine the relationship of Protestant missionaries with nineteenth-century anthropologists and its effect on anthropological portrayals of Indians. This paper poses the question: Does it make a difference that early anthropologists in Canada and the United States also worked as Protestant missionaries or relied on Protestant missionaries for data? Answering yes, it shows how declining support for Indian missions led missionaries to peddle their knowledge of Indians to scholarly institutions. These institutions welcomed missionaries as professionals because of their knowledge, dedication, and time in the field. Such relationships helped create a transnational image of the Indian in late nineteenth-century North American anthropology.
Employers and Exceptionalism: A Cross-Border Comparison of Washington State and British Columbia, 1890–1935
Authors: YARMIE ANDREW
Published: November 2004

Based on Sanford M. Jacoby's “American Exceptionalism Revisited: The Importance of Management,” this article tests his hypotheses about differences between American and Canadian employers. First, is “exceptionalism” useful for examining cross-national differences in capital/state/labor relations? Second, do Jacoby's independent and dependent variables make American employers different? Third, were American employers more individualistic, wealthy, aggressive, and hence effective in countering trade unions and socialism than employers elsewhere? This case study of Washington state and British Columbia employers and their organizations examines whether the two national groups differed in economic and social background, ideology, values, objectives, and tactics. This regional study reveals more similarities than differences “in kind.” It finds that socially and politically constructed factors, especially the extent of state interventions, created divergent cross-border industrial relations systems, rather than exceptionalism.
Doing Money Work in a Door‐to‐Door Sales Organization
Authors: Schweingruber David , Berns Nancy
Published: November 2004

Previous sociological accounts of money have focused on meanings that attach to types of money but have given insufficient attention to how these meanings arise out of and are sustained by their use in interpersonal interactions. In this case study of a door‐to‐door sales company, we use a “cultural toolkit” conception of money meanings to show how managers and salespersons draw on these meanings to get things done. We examine how money meanings are used in three settings: (1) the salesperson–sales prospect interaction, wherein the presentation of self takes center stage, (2) the managerial relationship between the salesperson and his or her manager, and (3) salespersons' time “between doors,” when they attempt to make sense of their situation and motivate themselves to continue. We show how money work is used for persuasion, worker control, decision making, and impression management.
Book Reviews
Authors: Fleming Robin
Published: November 2004

Render Me, Gender Me: Lesbians Talk Sex, Class, Color, Nation, Studmuffins… Kath Weston. New York: Columbia University Press, 1996. 215pp.
Introduction: Environmental History as Public History
Authors: Christen Catherine , Mighetto Lisa
Published: November 2004

“History ought to be more than knowledge chasing its own tail. Environmental history ought to have a few ideas to offer the public.”--Donald Worster
Terminal Signs: Computers and Social Change in Africa
Authors: Poster Mark
Published: November 2004

Terminal Signs: Computers and Social Change in Africa. Bennetta Jules‐Rosette. New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 1990; pp.424. xvi.
O Say Can You See: American Photographs 1839‐1939: One Hundred Years of American Photographs from the George Rinhart Collection
Authors: Ruby Jay
Published: November 2004

. Say Can You See: American Photographs 1839‐1939: One Hundred Years of American Photographs from the George Rinhart Collection. Thomas Weston Fels. Preface by George R. Rinhart Forward by Debra Bricker Balken. Cambridge: The Berkshire Museum and The MIT Press, 1989. 143 pages. 100 color and black and white photographs. $50.00 Hardcover edition only.
Ethnographic Film and the Politics of Difference: A Review of Film Festivals
Authors: Harvey Penny
Published: November 2004

The IV American Festival of Indigenous Cinema held in Peru (Lima and Cusco) June 1992,Organized by the Latin American Commission for Indigenous Cinema (CLACPI)

The III International Festival of Ethnographic Film held in Britain (Manchester) September 1992,Organized by the Royal Anthropological Institute
Combining advice: the weight of a dissenting opinion in the consensus
Authors: Harries Clare , Yaniv Ilan , Harvey Nigel
Published: November 2004

We present two studies that evaluate how people combine advice and how they respond to outlying opinions. In a preliminary study, we found that individuals use discounting strategies when they encounter an extreme opinion in a small sample of opinions taken only once (a one‐shot advice‐taking situation). The main study examines the influence of outlying opinions (which may or may not be accurate) within a learning paradigm with feedback. This study shows that it is easy to reinforce a discounting strategy (with feedback) whereas it is more difficult to counteract this default strategy. In the discussion we consider cognitive, statistical, and strategic justifications for discounting opinions, from both theoretical and practical points of view. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MINERVA‐DM and subadditive frequency judgments
Authors: Neil Bearden J. , Wallsten Thomas S.
Published: November 2004

There is considerable evidence that frequency (and probability) judgments are often subadditive. That is, the frequency judgment assigned to an event is often less than the sum of the frequency judgments assigned to the mutually exclusive component events that together form it. Explanations for subadditive judgments have typically relied on relatively high‐level cognitive constructs such as the availability and representativeness heuristics. A lower‐level explanation of subadditivity is presented in this paper through a model of memory and judgment processes, MINERVA‐DM. Under MINERVA‐DM, subadditivity is influenced by the similarity of the representations of the judged component events in memory to one another and by the placement of decision criteria. Results from two experiments support the model predictions. The first examines the effects of component event similarity on subadditivity. The second replicates the first and also provides support for the model's prediction of the effects of payoffs on similarity criteria. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effects of rational and experiential information processing of expert testimony in death penalty cases
Authors: Krauss Daniel A. , Lieberman Joel D. , Olson Jodi
Published: November 2004

Past research examining the effects of actuarial and clinical expert testimony on defendants' dangerousness in Texas death penalty sentencing has found that jurors are more influenced by less scientific pure clinical expert testimony and less influenced by more scientific actuarial expert testimony (Krauss & Lee,2003; Krauss & Sales,2001). By applying cognitive–experiential self‐theory (CEST) to juror decision‐making, the present study was undertaken in an attempt to offer a theoretical rationale for these findings. Based on past CEST research, 163 mock jurors were either directed into a rational mode or experiential mode of processing. Consistent with CEST and inconsistent with previous research using the same stimulus materials, results demonstrate that jurors in a rational mode of processing more heavily weighted actuarial expert testimony in their dangerousness assessments, while those jurors in the experiential condition were more influenced by clinical expert testimony. The policy implications of these findings are discussed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gravity‐induced convective flow in microfluidic systems: Electrochemical characterization and application to enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay tests
Authors: Morier Patrick , Vollet Christine , Michel Philippe E. , Reymond Frédéric , Rossier Joël S.
Published: November 2004

A way of using gravity flow to induce a linear convection within a microfluidic system is presented. It is shown and mathematically supported that tilting a 1 cm long covered microchannel is enough to generate flow rates up to 1000 nL·min‐1, which represents a linear velocity of 2.4 mm·s‐1. This paper also presents a method to monitor the microfluidic events occurring in a covered microchannel when a difference of pressure is applied to force a solution to flow in said covered microchannel, thanks to electrodes inserted in the microfluidic device. Gravity‐induced flow monitored electrochemically is applied to the performance of a parallel‐microchannel enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of the thyroid‐stimulating hormone (TSH) with electrochemical detection. A simple method for generating and monitoring fluid flows is described, which can, for instance, be used for controlling parallel assays in microsystems.
Immobilized microfluidic enzymatic reactors
Authors: Křenková Jana , Foret František
Published: November 2004

The use of enzymes for cleavage, synthesis or chemical modification represents one of the most common processes used in biochemical and molecular biology laboratories. The continuing progress in medical research, genomics, proteomics, and related emerging biotechnology fields leads to exponential growth of the applications of enzymes and the development of modified or new enzymes with specific activities. Concurrently, new technologies are being developed to improve reaction rates and specificity or perform the reaction in a specific environment. Besides large‐scale industrial applications, where typically a large processing capacity is required, there are other, much lower‐scale applications, benefiting form the new developments in enzymology. One such technology is microfluidics with the potential to revolutionize analytical instrumentation for the analyses of very small sample amounts, single cells or even subcellular assemblies. This article aims at reviewing the current status of the development of the immobilized microfluidic enzymatic reactors (IMERs) technology.
Parallel isoelectric focusing II
Authors: Zilberstein Gleb V. , Baskin Emmanuil M. , Bukshpan Shmuel , Korol Leonid E.
Published: November 2004

A miniature electrophoretic device is developed on the basis of a new isoelectric focusing (IEF) method, namely parallel isoelectric focusing. We report here the theory and the results of operation of a new parallel isoelectric device (PID). The main advantages and limitations of the method are discussed for miniaturization purposes. It is shown that the method guarantees the fast and complete separation of any complex protein mixtures under acceptable conditions, such as voltage source, temperature, size of the device, and separation process duration. It is shown that the main problem of PID miniaturization is the buffer design, and the relation between Immobiline buffer capacity and solution buffer capacity. The main experimental limitation of PID resolution is protein sensitivity to pH changes.
Editorial: Electrophoresis 21‐22/2004
Authors: Foret František
Published: November 2004

No abstracts.
The persistence in international real interest rates
Authors: Rapach David E. , Wohar Mark E.
Published: November 2004

In this paper, we investigate the degree of persistence in quarterly postwar tax‐adjusted ex post real interest rates for 13 industrialized countries using two recently developed econometric procedures. Our results show that international tax‐adjusted real interest rates are typically very persistent, with the lower bound of the 95% confidence interval for the sum of the autoregressive coefficients very close to 0.90 for nearly every country. A highly persistent real interest rate has important theoretical implications. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Measurement of industry conduct with a latent structure
Authors: McCluskey Jill J. , Quagrainie Kwamena K.
Published: November 2004

Empirical industrial organization economists have long been concerned with measuring the degree of competition in markets and understanding its underlying determinants, but they have faced serious difficulties, including data requirements and misspecification issues. This paper offers an alternative method of estimating market power and industry conduct. Market power is estimated for the fresh apple industry with a latent modelling structure. Specifically, variations of the MIMIC model are adapted to this problem. These variations are the multiple‐indicators (MI) and the filtered‐measure (FM) approaches. The results suggest that although the Washington apple industry has a large market share, it does not exercise market power. Factors that mitigate the exertion of market power in the fresh apple market include competitor shipments and retailer power. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of substrate bias and argon flux on the structure of titanium nitride films deposited by filtered cathodic arc plasma
Authors: Zhang Y. J. , Yan P. X. , Wu Z. G. , Zhang W. W. , Zhang G. A. , Liu W. M. , Xue Q. J.
Published: November 2004

High‐quality titanium nitride (TiN) films with nano‐structure were prepared at ambient temperature on (111) silicon substrates by filtered cathodic arc plasma (FCAP) technology with an in‐plane “S” filter. The effects of substrate bias and argon flux on the crystal grain size, roughness and preferred orientation were systematically investigated. It was found that the substrate bias and argon flux can affect the properties of TiN films effectively. Transmission electron microscope images showed that the crystal grain size was uniform and ranged from 10 nm to 5 nm. The results of X‐ray diffraction and electron diffraction indicated that the degree of preferred orientation was more evident under high substrate bias and high argon flux. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Weg mit dem Silodenken
Authors: Füser Karsten , Bopp Robert E.
Published: November 2004

Banken sind derzeit mit tief greifenden Veränderungen ihres Wettbewerbsumfelds konfrontiert. Bedeutend sind hierbei vor allem drei Entwicklungen: Outsourcing, Securitization und Basel II. Im Folgenden wird aufgezeigt, welche Schnittstellen diese drei Themen aufweisen und wie sich durch die integrierte Behandlung Synergiepotenziale realisieren lassen. Der erste Teil der Serie charakterisiert dabei die Herausforderungen, die mit der Auslagerung von Geschäftsprozessen (Outsourcing) verbunden sind. Im zweiten Teil (erscheint in der RISKNEWS 01/2005) werden zunächst die entsprechenden Fragestellungen diskutiert, die sich durch die Forderungsverbriefung (Securitization) sowie im Zusammenhang mit Basel II ergeben. Außerdem wird ein Ansatz zur integrierten Behandlung dieser drei Fragestellungen beschrieben werden.
How much you know versus how well I know you: selecting a supplier for a technically innovative component
Authors: Hoetker Glenn
Published: November 2004

How do firms select a supplier for an innovative component? Three literatures speak to this question. Transaction cost economics focuses on the value of internalization, the literature on inter‐firm relationships on the value of past relationships, and the firm capabilities literature on the value of superior capabilities. Choosing a supplier means choosing a bundle of these characteristics—internal vs. external, amount of prior transactions, and capabilities—but no study has integrated all three characteristics, making it impossible to understand the trade‐offs involved either theoretically or managerially. I propose and test a model integrating all three factors, allowing us to understand the trade‐offs involved. I find that when uncertainty is low, the decision is made primarily on the basis of differences in technical capabilities. As uncertainty increases, prior relationships and a supplier being internal take on greater positive significance relative to the importance of technical capabilities. At extreme levels of uncertainty, the value of internal supply relationships becomes very high and past relationships lose their significance. While adherents of each literature have criticized the others for what they omit, this model moves beyond this mutual recrimination by incorporating the key concerns of each literature, setting the stage for future research that draws upon the strength of each. The model provides guidance for any situation where a firm must chose a partner under uncertainty. Lastly, it addresses the strategic question of how companies should organize in the long run to access the capabilities needed for competitive success. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Minimising inbreeding in small populations by rotational mating with frozen semen
Authors: SHEPHERD ROSS K. , WOOLLIAMS JOHN A.
Published: November 2004

Mating plans are investigated in order to minimize inbreeding in small populations when frozen semen is available. For a single dam line it was found that specific sire rotations minimized the asymptotic level of inbreeding when semen is used repeatedly from certain generations. When semen of N foundation (G0) sires is used rotationally over generations it is shown that the inbreeding level asymptotes to 1/(2N+1−2). However, if only G0 sires are used then all genes will eventually descend from the founder sires. Inbreeding can be reduced further by using sires from generation one (G1) and later as this retains genes from the founder dams in the long-term gene pool. If semen from NG0 sires and N unrelated G1 sons is used rotationally then inbreeding asymptotes to (2N−1+1)/(22N+1−2). When there are more founder dams than sires, the asymptotic inbreeding can be reduced even further by using the semen of half-sib G1 sires in rotation. Optimal rotations using full-sib G1 sires or generation 2 (or later) sires will lower the asymptotic inbreeding also, but generally not by much. It was found that when unlimited frozen semen from a specified group of sires was available, the optimal mating plan was achieved by selecting each generation the sire with the least co-ancestry with the current female of the dam line.
Ionospheric Data Assimilation Three‐Dimensional (IDA3D): A global, multisensor, electron density specification algorithm
Authors: Bust G. S. , Garner T. W. , Gaussiran T. L.
Published: November 2004

With the advent of the Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements (from both ground‐based and satellite‐based receivers), the number of available ionospheric measurements has dramatically increased. Total electron content (TEC) measurements from GPS instruments augment observations from more traditional ionospheric instruments like ionospheric sounders and Langmuir probes. This volume of data creates both an opportunity and a need for the observations to be collected into coherent synoptic scale maps. This paper describes the Ionospheric Data Assimilation Three‐Dimensional (IDA3D), an ionospheric objective analysis algorithm. IDA3D uses a three‐dimensional variational data assimilation technique (3DVAR), similar to those used in meteorology. IDA3D incorporates available data, the associated data error covariances, a reasonable background specification, and the expected background error covariance into a coherent specification on a global grid. It is capable of incorporating most electron density related measurements including GPS‐TEC measurements, low‐Earth‐orbiting “beacon” TEC, and electron density measurements from radars and satellites. At present, the background specification is based upon empirical ionospheric models, but IDA3D is capable of using any global ionospheric specification as a background. In its basic form, IDA3D produces a spatial analysis of the electron density distribution at a specified time. A time series of these specifications can be created using past specifications to determine the background for the current analysis. IDA3D specifications are able to reproduce dynamic features of electron density, including the movement of the auroral boundary and the strength of the trough region.
Tropospheric cooling and summer monsoon weakening trend over East Asia
Authors: Yu Rucong , Wang Bin , Zhou Tianjun
Published: November 2004

A distinctive strong tropospheric cooling trend is found in East Asia during July and August. The cooling trend is most prominent at the upper troposphere around 300 hPa. Accompanying this summer cooling the upper‐level westerly jet stream over East Asia shifts southward and the East Asian summer monsoon weakens, which results in the tendency toward increased droughts in northern China and flood in Yangtze River Valley. The observational evidences raise the possibility that the East Asian summer tropospheric cooling links to the stratosphere temperature changes and the interaction between the troposphere and stratosphere.
Analysis of process controls in land surface hydrological cycle over the continental United States
Authors: Syed Tajdarul Hassan , Lakshmi Venkat , Paleologos Evan , Lohmann Dag , Mitchell Kenneth , Famiglietti James S.
Published: November 2004

The paper uses two years (1997–1999) of data from the North American Land Data Assimilation System at National Centers for Environmental Prediction to analyze the variability of physical variables contributing to the hydrological cycle over the conterminous United States. The five hydrological variables considered in this study are precipitation, top layer soil moisture (0–10 cm), total soil moisture (0–200 cm), runoff, and potential evaporation. There are two specific analyses carried out in this paper. In the first case the principal components of the hydrological cycle are examined with respect to the loadings of the individual variables. This helps to ascertain the contribution of physical variables to the hydrological process in decreasing order of process importance. The results from this part of the study had revealed that both in annual and seasonal timescales the first two principal components account for 70–80% of the variance and that precipitation dominated the first principal component, the most dominant mode of spatial variability. It was followed by the potential evaporation as the secondmost dominant process controlling the spatial variability of the hydrologic cycle over the continental United States. In the second case each hydrological variable was examined individually to determine the temporal evolution of its spatial variability. The results showed the presence of heterogeneity in the spatial variability of hydrologic variables and the way these patterns of variance change with time. It has also been found that the temporal evolution of the spatial patterns did not resemble white noise; the time series of the scores of the principal components showed proper cyclicity at seasonal to annual timescales. The northwestern and the southeastern parts of the United States had been found to have contributed significantly toward the overall variability of potential evaporation and soil moisture over the United States. This helps in determining the spatial patterns expected from hydrological variability. More importantly, in the case of modeling as well as designing observing systems, these studies will lead to the creation of efficient and accurate land surface measurement and parameterization schemes.
Concurrent OH imager and sodium temperature/wind lidar observation of a mesopause region undular bore event over Fort Collins/Platteville, Colorado
Authors: She C. Y. , Li Tao , Williams Bifford P. , Yuan Tao , Picard R. H.
Published: November 2004

We reported the observation of a mesospheric front with the properties of an undular bore by an OH imager, over the Fort Collins/Platteville area on 6/7 October 2002. Unlike the earlier bore observations, a Na lidar capable of measuring mesopause region temperature, zonal, and meridional winds was in operation concurrently. The lidar data confirm, for the first time, the existence of a collocated temperature inversion layer to serve as the ducting region for bore propagation, as required by the simple theory proposed by Dewan and Picard 6 years ago. In addition, the lidar data in principle provide sufficient information for the determination of all parameters of the bore as suggested by the simple theory. The parameters so determined are compared to two bores previously studied. Like the earlier cases, the horizontal wavelength estimated from the theory is in good agreement with the observation. The lifetime of this undular bore, ∼120 min, was considerably shorter than the other two. Continued lidar observation after the bore event reveals that the ducting region may be controlled by a long‐period wave, most likely related to a semidiurnal tide, and that atmospheric dynamic instability occurs simultaneously with the destruction of the wave train associated with the bore. It is possible that this constitutes, for the first time, the observation of the transition from an undular to a turbulent, or foaming, internal bore predicted by the theory.
Hemolymph melanization and alterations in hemocyte numbers in Lymantria dispar larvae following infections with different entomopathogenic microsporidia
Authors: Hoch Gernot , Solter Leellen F. , Schopf Axel
Published: November 2004

Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) larvae can be infected in the laboratory with a variety of entomopathogenic microsporidia. In many cases, however, L. dispar is only a semi‐permissive host for such infections. In this study, we analyzed changes in the melanization of hemolymph and hemocyte numbers in L. dispar larvae after inoculation with various entomopathogenic microsporidia. We compared the infections produced by microsporidia isolated from L. dispar and infections produced by isolates from other Lepidoptera to which L. dispar is only a semi‐permissive host. Microsporidiosis induced a significant activation of the prophenoloxidase system leading to melanization; activation was highest when the pathogen caused heavy infections of the fat body, which was the case with two microsporidia originally isolated from L. dispar. Infection of only the silk glands or light infection of the fat body by two Vairimorpha spp. from other lepidopteran hosts elicited a lower response. Very light infections caused by a microsporidium isolated from Malacosoma americanum were not accompanied by elevated hemolymph melanization activity. Heavy infections by Endoreticulatus spec. that remained restricted to the gut tissue likewise did not elicit melanization. One Vairimorpha spec. from L. dispar induced a significant increase in total hemocyte numbers; the other infections led to temporarily decreased numbers. Microscopic examinations showed that parts of infected tissue were encapsulated by hemocytes. We conclude that measured alterations in hemolymph melanization and hemocyte numbers were likely to be induced by the damaging effects of heavy infections. Observed defense responses did not prevent the progression of infections.
Trichome‐based host plant resistance of Lycopersicon species and the biocontrol agent Mallada signata: are they compatible?
Authors: Simmons Aaron T. , Gurr Geoff M.
Published: November 2004

Trichome‐based host plant resistance of Lycopersicon (Solanaceae) species offers the potential to reduce pesticide use in tomato production, but its compatibility with biocontrol agents is largely unknown. The effect of trichome‐based host plant resistance on the lacewing biocontrol agent, Mallada signata, was assessed for five accessions of L. cheesmanii, four accessions of Lycopersicon hirsutum, two accessions of Lycopersicon pennellii, and one Lycopersicon esculentum cultivar. An intact leaf was isolated from the whole plant using Tangletrap to coat the petiole and 20 green peach aphids [Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Homoptera: Aphididae)] were placed on the leaf surface. After 24 h, 10 lacewings were placed on the leaf. The numbers of dead, trapped by exudates, untrapped and predated lacewings and aphids, and the numbers that had left the leaf were recorded a further 24 h later. Differences in insect designations between accessions were analysed using ANOVA. A General Linear Model (GLM), consisting of the densities of each trichome type and leaf area, was fitted to the data to determine the role of trichomes on the observed effects on lacewings and aphids. Lacewing mortality was greater on one accession of L. pennellii and one accession of L. hirsutum than on L. esculentum. The GLM indicated that type IV trichomes decreased the numbers of aphids predated, and increased cannibalism and, along with type III trichomes, increased entrapment‐related predator mortality. Although there were no differences in the numbers of predated aphids, with the majority predated for all accessions, the compatibility of trichome‐based host plant resistance of Lycopersicon species and the biocontrol of aphids by lacewings is questionable.
Apolipoprotein E polymorphism and lipoprotein compositions in patients with Behçet's disease
Authors: Tursen Umit , Eskandari Gulcin , Kaya Tamer Irfan , Tamer Lulufer , Ikizoglu Guliz , Atik Ugur
Published: November 2004

Background  Behçet's disease (BD) is a multisystemic disease of unknown etiology characterized by chronic relapsing oral–genital ulcers and uveitis. Some abnormalities in lipoprotein metabolism have been described in patients with BD.

Methods  In this study, apolipoprotein E (apo E) polymorphism and lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations in 30 patients with BD were compared with those of 27 control subjects.

Results  Both patients and controls were found to be normolipidemic. Patients with BD had significantly higher concentrations of high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol than those of controls (P < 0.05); however, there was no difference in serum triglyceride, low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) and very low‐density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol concentrations. The distribution of apo E genotypes and alleles was the same in both groups. There were slight differences in allele frequency between the groups, but this was not statistically significant.

Conclusions  The high HDL cholesterol levels observed in our patients were not related to abnormalities in apo E alleles.