bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“At Least They’re Workin’ on My Case?” Victim Notification in Sexual Assault “Cold” Cases
Authors: Sulley Caitlin , Wood Leila , Cook Heffron Laurie , Westbrook Lynn , Levy Nicole , Donde Sapana D. , Busch-Armendariz Noël
Published: August 2018

Sexual assault is a significantly under-reported, -investigated, and -prosecuted crime in the United States, which criminal justice and advocacy actors across the country are working to address. Law enforcement procedures often involve providing crime victims, including sexual assault victims, with written notification by mail about the status of their case, but little is known about the best practices for victim notification in sexual assault “cold” cases. This qualitative research explored whether this standard law enforcement practice was appropriate for sexual assault victims in “cold cases” particularly when there had been no contact from law enforcement, despite forensic evidence having been tested. The research questions were what do sexual assault victims in cold cases have to say about victim notification protocols and practices? and What do sexual assault victims in cold cases have to say about hypothetical written victim notification protocols? Twenty-three sexual assault victims were asked in focus groups and individual interviews to respond to hypothetical written notification letters for content and the sending authority and to give input on alternative modes of communication. The data were analyzed using grounded theory. Themes related to trust, personal agency, and decision making from notification examples emerged. Recommendations on notification included respecting privacy, including specifics, identifying next steps, normalizing, translating, and providing resources. Implications for developing notification protocols include use of emerging evidence about neurobiology of trauma, use of victim input, and patience for the varying reactions and needs of sexual assault victims.
Negative Cognitions Following Distressing Unwanted Sex: The Role of Coercion Severity and Perceived Consent
Authors: Kern Sara G. , Peterson Zoë D.
Published: August 2018

Findings from past research suggest that unwanted sex (i.e., sex that is not fully desired) can result in a variety of outcomes, ranging from positive to negative. Some research has demonstrated that more severe coercion within unwanted sex is associated with more negative cognitions (particularly self-blame) following the unwanted sex, but findings are inconsistent. Previous research also has demonstrated that individuals’ perceptions of how much they consented to sex—regardless of the level of coercion—are associated with negative cognitions. In this study, we aimed to explore the potential moderating role of perceived consent in the relationship between sexual coercion severity and negative cognitions following unwanted sex. Participants ( N = 196) who had had a distressing unwanted sexual experience provided descriptions of their most distressing experience, rated their perceptions of how much they consented to this experience, and completed a questionnaire measuring the amount and content of negative cognitions they experienced following this experience. Two independent raters coded descriptions to determine coercion severity. Results demonstrated that perceived consent significantly moderated the relationship between coercion severity and two types of negative cognitions: characterological self-blame and negative thoughts about the world. This suggests that individuals’ perceptions of their consent are often as important as the level of coercion involved in predicting cognitive outcomes of unwanted sex.
Effect of the end-wall vortex generator jets on the performance of a high subsonic compressor cascade
Authors: Chen Cong , Liu Huaping , Chen Fu
Published: August 2018

This paper presents a numerical and experimental result of the end-wall vortex generator jets for controlling corner separation and enhancing the aerodynamic performance in a high subsonic (Ma = 0.7) compressor cascade. The experiments were carried out on a compressor cascade at design point ( i = 0°) and off-design points ( i = −2°, 2°, and 4°). At design point, the total pressure loss coefficient could be reduced up to 12.1%.With the increase in the incidence, the control effect is enhanced first and then reduced. The maximum total pressure loss reduction is up to 14.6% when the incidence is 2°. The numerical study is further conducted to analyze the flow pattern and the vortex structure. The jet vortex is formed downstream of the jet hole using the vortex generator jets, the cross flow on the end wall is also suppressed.
On a general structure for hazard-based regression models: An application to population-based cancer research
Authors: Rubio Francisco J , Remontet Laurent , Jewell Nicholas P , Belot Aurélien
Published: August 2018

The proportional hazards model represents the most commonly assumed hazard structure when analysing time to event data using regression models. We study a general hazard structure which contains, as particular cases, proportional hazards, accelerated hazards, and accelerated failure time structures, as well as combinations of these. We propose an approach to apply these different hazard structures, based on a flexible parametric distribution (exponentiated Weibull) for the baseline hazard. This distribution allows us to cover the basic hazard shapes of interest in practice: constant, bathtub, increasing, decreasing, and unimodal. In an extensive simulation study, we evaluate our approach in the context of excess hazard modelling, which is the main quantity of interest in descriptive cancer epidemiology. This study exhibits good inferential properties of the proposed model, as well as good performance when using the Akaike Information Criterion for selecting the hazard structure. An application on lung cancer data illustrates the usefulness of the proposed model.
A School- and Home-Based Intervention to Improve Adolescents’ Physical Activity and Healthy Eating: A Pilot Study
Authors: Robbins Lorraine B. , Ling Jiying , Clevenger Kimberly , Voskuil Vicki R. , Wasilevich Elizabeth , Kerver Jean M. , Kaciroti Niko , Pfeiffer Karin A.
Published: August 2018

This study evaluated feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy of a 12-week Guys/Girls Opt for Activities for Life (GOAL) intervention on 10- to 13-year-old adolescents’ body mass index (BMI), percent body fat, physical activity (PA), diet quality, and psychosocial perceptions related to PA and healthy eating. Parent–adolescent dyads from two schools were enrolled. Schools were assigned to either GOAL (38 dyads) or control (43 dyads) condition. The intervention included an after-school club for adolescents 2 days/week, parent–adolescent dyad meeting, and parent Facebook group. Intervention adolescents had greater autonomous motivation for PA and self-efficacy for healthy eating than control adolescents (both p < .05). Although between-group differences were not significant, close-to-moderate effect sizes resulted for accelerometer-measured moderate-to-vigorous PA and diet quality measured via 24-hr dietary recall ( d = .46 and .44, respectively). A trivial effect size occurred for percent body fat ( d = −.10). No differences emerged for BMI. Efficacy testing with a larger sample may be warranted.
Comparison of Anatomic Structures at Risk With 2 Lateral Lengthening Calcaneal Osteotomies
Authors: Ettinger Sarah , Sibai Kariem , Stukenborg-Colsman Christina , Yao Daiwei , Claassen Leif , Daniilidis Kiriakos , Plaass Christian
Published: August 2018

Background:

Lateral lengthening calcaneal osteotomies (LLCOT) are commonly used to treat flexible pes planovalgus deformity. Different operative techniques have been described. The aim of this study was to examine which anatomic structures were affected by 2 different osteotomy techniques.

Methods:

Two experienced foot and ankle surgeons each performed an Evans (E)- or Hintermann (H) osteotomy on 7 cadaver feet. The mean age of the donors was 80.4 ± 4.4 years. Eight left and 6 right feet were prepared. Previously identified structures at risk were prepared and evaluated.

Results:

After H-LLCOT, there was no damage of the peroneus longus tendon, whereas after E-LLCOT, damage was noted in 1 case (14.3%). The peroneus brevis tendon was once cut after H-LLCOT and eroded after E-LLCOT. In one cadaver, the sural nerve was partially damaged after H-LLCOT but in no case after E-LLOCT. The calcaneal anterior and medial articular facets were intact after H-LLCOT in 100% and 85.7% and after E-LLCOT in 42.9% and 71.4%, respectively. The posterior articular surface was not affected in any cadaver.

Conclusion:

Anatomic structures can be damaged after both osteotomies. With the Hintermann osteotomy, the calcaneal anterior and medial articular surface can be protected to a larger extent than with the Evans osteotomy.

Clinical Relevance:

The Hintermann osteotomy seems to be superior, regarding damage of the articular surfaces of the subtalar joint. These findings have to be correlated with biomechanical and clinical studies before a final recommendation can be given, which osteotomy is superior.
Instructional Choice: An Effective, Efficient, Low-Intensity Strategy to Support Student Success
Authors: Lane Kathleen Lynne , Menzies Holly M. , Ennis Robin Parks , Oakes Wendy Peia , Royer David James , Lane Katie Scarlett
Published: August 2018

Instructional choice is a practical strategy for increasing student engagement and decreasing challenging behavior. In this article, we describe a step-by-step process for incorporating instructional choice into classroom activities, with teaching tips to assist with successful implementation. Throughout the article, we offer lessons from the field featuring the perspectives of practitioners and students who have used instructional choice in classrooms that include students at risk for emotional and behavioral disorders.
Radioactive Heritage: The Universal Value of Chernobyl as a Dark Heritage Site
Authors: Hryhorczuk Nicholas
Published: August 2018

In 1986, the world witnessed the worst nuclear power accident in history at Chernobyl. Today, Chernobyl has become a popular site for dark tourism. This autoethnographic study seeks to determine whether Chernobyl has an outstanding universal value to merit designation as a UNESCO heritage site. Precedents for dark heritage sites include Auschwitz-Birkenau and Hiroshima. Their common elements are historic tragedy, the expression of strength and hope of humanity, and a symbol for change. Chernobyl is a historic tragedy. The heroism among first responders and liquidators provides hope in humanity. Chernobyl has led us to ponder the pros and cons of nuclear power. Chernobyl meets the criteria as a potential UNESCO dark heritage site, but would require the financial support of the Ukrainian government and a commitment to ensuring a safe and valuable tourism experience.
Young Mothers’ and Fathers’ Perceptions of Relationship Violence: A Focus Group Study
Authors: Herrman Judith W. , Palen Lori-Ann , Kan Marni , Feinberg Mark , Hill Jennifer , Magee Erin , Haigh Katherine M.
Published: August 2018

Teens and young adults who are pregnant or parenting are important targets for efforts to prevent intimate partner violence (IPV). To intervene appropriately and effectively, we need to fully understand the unique issues and contexts for IPV in this population. This focus group study examined young parents’ ( N = 28) perceptions of their relationships, stressors and sources of conflict, forms of IPV, and help-seeking behaviors. We examined data using template, content, thematic, and framework analyses. Findings about relationships and violence between young parents provide valuable insights for future intervention programs designed to prevent or address IPV among teen parents.
“Programmed Cell Death: A Process of Death for Survival” – How Far Terminology Pertinent for Cell Death in Unicellular Organisms
Authors: Pandey Shiv Shanker , Singh Samer , Pathak Chandramani , Tiwari Budhi Sagar
Published: August 2018

Programmed cell death (PCD) is genetically regulated phenomenon of selective elimination of target cells that are either under pathological conditions or unwanted for organism’s normal growth and development due to other reasons. The process although being genetically controlled is physiological in nature that renders some hallmarks like blebs in the cell membrane, lobe formation in nuclear membrane, DNA nicks resulting to DNA ladder of 200 bp, and downstream activation of caspases. Moreover, as the process refers to the death of “targeted cell”, the term is exclusively suitable for multicellular organisms. Number of reports advocate similar type of cell death process in unicellular organisms. As cell death in unicellular organisms is also reflected by the signature of PCD obtained in metazoans, such cell death has been grouped under the broad category of PCD. It is pertinent to mention that by definition a unicellular organism is made of a single cell wherein it carries out all of its life processes. Using the term “Programmed Cell Death” with a preset “survival strategy of the organism” for unicellular organisms looks misnomer. Therefore, this correspondence argues and requests recommendation committee on cell death to revisit for the nomenclature of the cell death process in the unicellular organisms.
Granular Cell Tumor Imaging Using Optical Coherence Tomography
Authors: Tes David , Aber Ahmed , Zafar Mohsin , Horton Luke , Fotouhi Audrey , Xu Qiuyun , Moiin Ali , Thompson Andrew D , Moraes Pinto Blumetti Tatiana Cristina , Daveluy Steven , Chen Wei , Nasiriavanaki Mohammadreza
Published: August 2018

Background:

Granular cell tumor (GCT) is a relatively uncommon tumor that may affect the skin. The tumor can develop anywhere on the body, although it is predominately seen in oral cavities and in the head and neck regions. Here, we present the results of optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging of a large GCT located on the abdomen of a patient. We also present an analytical method to differentiate between healthy tissue and GCT tissues.

Materials and methods:

A multibeam, Fourier domain, swept source OCT was used for imaging. The OCT had a central wavelength of 1305 ± 15 nm and lateral and axial resolutions of 7.5 and 10 µm, respectively. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of the tumor and healthy skin are reported.

Results:

Abrupt changes in architectures of the dermal and epidermal layers in the GCT lesion were observed. These architectural changes were not observed in healthy skin.

Discussion:

To quantitatively differentiate healthy skin from tumor regions, an optical attenuation coefficient analysis based on single-scattering formulation was performed. The methodology introduced here could have the capability to delineate boundaries of a tumor prior to surgical excision.
Validation of the preference-based multiple sclerosis index
Authors: Kuspinar Ayse , Mayo Nancy E
Published: August 2018

Background:

Preference-based measures of health-related quality of life (HRQL) are used as primary or secondary endpoints in multiple sclerosis (MS) research.

Objective:

The purpose of this paper was to evaluate the structural, convergent, and known-groups validity of the preference-based multiple sclerosis index (PBMSI) of HRQL in people with MS.

Methods:

Participants were recruited from three MS clinics in Montreal. Structural validity was assessed using polychoric correlation coefficients and factor analysis. To assess convergent validity, hypotheses were formulated about the strength of correlations between the PBMSI and other HRQL measures. Known-groups validity was assessed against different measures of disability.

Results:

The average age of the sample was 46 and 77% were women. Factor analysis supported the structural validity of the PBMSI; the items collectively were measuring one underlying construct. The PBMSI showed convergent validity against generic measures of HRQL, and known-groups validity between persons with different levels of disability.

Conclusion:

The results of this study support the construct validity of the PBMSI as an outcome measure of HRQL in MS. The PBMSI overcomes limitations observed with currently used HRQL measures in MS and may be used to contrast different interventions for people with MS.
Research and education to understand fire risks associated with dementia: A collaborative case study (innovative practice)
Authors: Heward Michelle , Kelly Fiona
Published: August 2018

This article reports on outcomes from the evaluation of a collaborative project between a University and a Fire and Rescue Service where research and education were developed to inform understanding of fire risks associated with dementia. Project outcomes were determined using a mixed-methods approach (survey, reports, statistics, case studies, course evaluation forms). Main outputs were a research report that identified dementia-specific fire risks and safety strategies, and an education package for Fire and Rescue Service staff and volunteers. The evaluation demonstrates the value of collaborative partnerships to develop understanding of risks pertinent to particular vulnerable groups and research-informed education.
Health Literacy in Adult Education Centers: Exploring Educator and Staff Needs
Authors: Champlin Sara , Hoover Diana Stewart , Mackert Michael
Published: August 2018

Objective. Incorporating health content into adult education courses is promising for increasing health literacy skills among “hard-to-reach” populations. The purpose of this study was to gain previously untapped knowledge of adult education personnel (i.e., educators, staff) about the strategies and programs that would be beneficial for helping students learn about health. Method. Personnel ( N = 53) from three literacy coalitions completed an online survey that assessed interest and preferences for developing a health literacy curriculum. Results. Personnel indicated general concepts such as health services and insurance as those of greatest priority. Additionally, tools designed for general use (completion of forms) were favored. Personnel preferred programs that focused on general skills over those designed to address specific health topics, χ2(1) = 11.52, p = .001. Conclusions. Adult education personnel find greatest value in health literacy programs aimed at increasing general skills rather than disease-/topic-specific content. There were several mismatches in topics noted as a “priority” and those for which personnel felt comfortable teaching. A focus on fostering general health skills will help all students—not just those with specific health concerns such as diabetes and asthma. Teaching health literacy through general skill development could make health programs exciting, engaging, and accessible for students.
Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Current Trends and Controversies
Authors: Schaub Stephanie K. , Hartvigson Pehr E. , Lock Michael I. , Høyer Morten , Brunner Thomas B. , Cardenes Higinia R. , Dawson Laura A. , Kim Edward Y. , Mayr Nina A. , Lo Simon S. , Apisarnthanarax Smith
Published: August 2018

Hepatocellular carcinoma is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Depending on the extent of disease and competing comorbidities for mortality, multiple liver-directed therapy options exist for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Advancements in radiation oncology have led to the emergence of stereotactic body radiation therapy as a promising liver-directed therapy, which delivers high doses of radiation with a steep dose gradient to maximize local tumor control and minimize radiation-induced treatment toxicity. In this study, we review the current clinical data as well as the unresolved issues and controversies regarding stereotactic body radiation therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma: (1) Is there a radiation dose–response relationship with hepatocellular carcinoma? (2) What are the optimal dosimetric predictors of radiation-induced liver disease, and do they differ for patients with varying liver function? (3) How do we assess treatment response on imaging? (4) How does stereotactic body radiation therapy compare to other liver-directed therapy modalities, including proton beam therapy? Based on the current literature discussed, this review highlights future possible research and clinical directions.
A Review of Distribution of Atherosclerosis in the Lower Limb Arteries of Patients With Diabetes Mellitus and Peripheral Vascular Disease
Authors: Lowry Danielle , Saeed Mujahid , Narendran Parth , Tiwari Alok
Published: August 2018

Objective:

There is a generally accepted hypothesis that patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) have a higher burden of atherosclerotic disease below the knee compared to patients without DM (NDM). The aim of this review was to summarize the evidence regarding this hypothesis.

Methods:

The literature was searched for papers that compared the anatomical distribution of atherosclerotic disease in patients with DM and those without using radiological imaging. Search terms used included “diabetes mellitus,” “peripheral vascular disease,” “distribution of disease,” “angiography,” “computed tomography angiography,” and “magnetic resonance angiography.” Where possible, the number of patients with disease in each arterial segment was extracted and included in a forest plot. A descriptive approach was taken when this was not possible or a scoring system was used.

Results:

Fourteen studies were included in the review and it was possible to summarize data from 9 of these in a forest plot. Fifteen different arterial segments were described; however, the most commonly used segments that differentiated between proximal and distal disease were aortoiliac (A-I; DM = 466 patients, NDM = 458), femoropopliteal (F-P; DM = 568, NDM = 585), tibial (DM = 306, NDM = 417). The resulting forest plot showed that those with DM were significantly less likely to have disease in the A-I segment (odds ratio [OR]: 0.25 [0.15-0.42]) and significantly more likely to have disease in the tibial segment (OR 1.94 [1.27-2.96]). In the DM group, there was a trend toward relative sparing in the F-P segment, but this does not reach significance (0.66 [0.33-1.31]).

Conclusions:

These results support the hypothesis that patients with DM are more likely to have atherosclerotic disease in the tibial vessels than NDM. There is however limited information on how individual vessels are affected. Further information on this and a greater understanding of why the distal vessels are more affected are avenues for future research.
Prosthetic Arthroplasty of Proximal Interphalangeal Joints for Treatment of Osteoarthritis and Posttraumatic Arthritis: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Comparing the Three Ulnar Digits With the Index Finger
Authors: Milone Michael T. , Klifto Christopher S. , Hacquebord Jacques H.
Published: August 2018

Background: It is common teaching that treatment of index finger alone is a relative contraindication for arthroplasty of the proximal interphalangeal joint (PIPJ). However, limited data exist reporting the digit-specific complication of PIPJ arthroplasty for the treatment of osteoarthritis or posttraumatic arthritis. The purpose of this article is to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature to assess whether the 3 ulnar digits may bear a similar instability and complication profile. Methods: Systematic searches of the MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane computerized literature databases were performed for PIPJ arthroplasty specifying by digit. We reviewed both descriptive and quantitative data to: (1) report aggregate instability and instability-related complications after non-index digit PIPJ arthroplasty; and (2) perform statistical testing to assess relative rates by digit and compared with index digits. Results: Computerized search generated 385 original articles. Five studies reporting digit-specific instability-related outcomes of silicone, pyrocarbon, or metal surface arthroplasty on 177 digits were included in the review. Meta-analysis demonstrated a 29% instability rate for long digits (n = 65), 6% for ring digits (n = 53), and 6% for small digits (n = 17), compared with 33% for index digits (n = 42). There was no difference in the overall deformity, instability, and complication rates of long versus index fingers ( P = .65). Conclusions: Instability-related deformity and complication rates of long finger PIPJ arthroplasty may not be different from that of the index finger. Treatment of the long finger may be a relative contraindication to PIPJ arthroplasty. Future biomechanical and clinical studies are needed.
Study on bond selection under intuitionistic fuzzy conditions
Authors: Zhou Xiao-Guang , Ding Yang-Fan , Lu Mi
Published: August 2018

Intuitionistic fuzzy preference relations can take membership degrees, non-membership degrees, and hesitancy degrees into account during decision making. It has good practicability and flexibility in dealing with fuzzy and uncertain information. As for analytic network process, it is performed by thinking over the interaction and feedback relationships between criteria and indices, so that an effective method is provided for multi-criteria decision making. An index system with network structure for evaluating the bonds is presented, and a comprehensive method by combining the advantages of intuitionistic fuzzy preference relations and analytic network process is proposed to select and rank the bonds. A case study is given by the proposed method as well.
Matrix metalloproteinase 28 is regulated by TRIF- and type I IFN-dependent signaling in macrophages
Authors: Long Matthew E. , Gong Ke-Qin , Volk Joseph S. , Eddy William E. , Chang Mary Y. , Frevert Charles W. , Altemeier William A. , Gale Michael , Liles W. Conrad , Manicone Anne M.
Published: August 2018

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are transcriptionally regulated proteases that have multiple roles in modifying the extracellular matrix (ECM) and inflammatory response. Our previous work identified Mmp28 as a key regulator of inflammation and macrophage polarization during experimental models of pulmonary infection, fibrosis, and chronic smoke exposure. However, the signaling pathways responsible for regulation of macrophage Mmp28 expression remain undefined. This study utilized murine macrophages obtained from wild type, Tlr2−/−, Tlr4−/−, MyD88−/−, Ticam1 Lps2 ( Trifmutant), and Ifnar1−/− mice to test the hypothesis that macrophage Mmp28 expression was dependent on TRIF and type I IFN. Our results support the hypothesis, demonstrating that increased macrophage Mmp28 expression was dependent on type I IFN after LPS and poly(I:C) stimulation. To gain further insight into the function of MMP28, we explored the inflammatory response of macrophages derived from wild type or Mmp28−/− mice to stimulation with poly(I:C). Our data support a role for MMP28 in regulating the macrophage inflammatory response to poly(I:C) because expression of Ccl2, Ccl4, Cxcl10, and Il6 were increased in Mmp28−/− macrophages. Together, these data support a model in which macrophages integrate TRIF- and type I IFN-dependent signaling to coordinate regulation of proteins with the capacity to modify the ECM.
Emotions and the Body in Early Modern Medicine
Authors: Stolberg Michael
Published: August 2018

Drawing on Latin treatises, letters, and autobiographical writings, this article outlines the changes in the—thoroughly somatic—learned medical understanding of the emotions (or “affectus/passiones animi”) between 1500 and 1800 and their impact on lay experience. The mixture of the four natural humors explained individuals’ different propensity to certain emotions. The emotions as such, however, were described primarily as movements of the spirits and the blood towards or away from external objects. The term “e(s)motion” emerged. The final part highlights the 18th-century shift from spirits and blood to the nerves as the principal site of the emotions. Physicians and laypersons alike now associated the emotions closely with the peculiar nervous sensibility and irritability of individuals and groups.
Patch Pumps for Insulin
Authors: Ginsberg Barry H.
Published: August 2018

Newly developed patch pumps are starting to occupy a noticeable fraction of the insulin delivery market. New entrants, using novel technologies, promise accurate, flexible insulin delivery at lower costs. In the section, we review the currently available devices, discuss some of the devices on the horizon, and speculate about some fascinating new approaches. In this first article, we provide an overview of the simplified devices—V-Go, PAQ, and One Touch Via—and of the more complex devices—Omnipod, Cellnovo, JewelPump, Solo, SFC Fluidics pump, Libertas, Medtronic pump, and EOPatch. We also discuss controllers, smartphones, and cybersecurity.
News Media as Gatekeepers, Critics, and Initiators of Populist Communication: How Journalists in Ten Countries Deal with the Populist Challenge
Authors: Wettstein Martin , Esser Frank , Schulz Anne , Wirz Dominique S. , Wirth Werner
Published: August 2018

In the wake of the recent successes of populist political actors and discussions about its causes in Europe, the contribution of the media has become an issue of public debate. We identify three roles—as gatekeepers, interpreters, and initiators—the media can assume in their coverage of populist actors, populist ideology, and populist communication. A comparative content analysis of nine thousand stories from fifty-nine news outlets in ten European countries shows that both media factors (e.g., tabloid orientation) and political factors (e.g., response of mainstream parties) influence the extent and nature of populism in the media. Although newspapers in most countries do not overrepresent populist actors and tend to evaluate them negatively, we still find abundant populist content in the news. Several media outlets like to present themselves as mouthpieces of the people while, at the same time, cover politicians and parties with antiinstitutional undertones.
Populism as an Expression of Political Communication Content and Style: A New Perspective
Authors: de Vreese Claes H. , Esser Frank , Aalberg Toril , Reinemann Carsten , Stanyer James
Published: August 2018

In this article, the introduction to a special International Journal of Press/Politics ( IJPP) issue on populism, we articulate and define populism as a communication phenomenon. We provide an overview of populist political communication research and its current foci. We offer a framework for ongoing research and set the boundary conditions for a new generation of research on populist political communication, with an aim to push the research agendas and design toward a more interactive, systematic, and in particular, comparative approach to the study of populist political communication.
Primary Endoscopic Closure of Duodenal Perforation Secondary to Biliary Stent Migration: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Ferm Samson , Fisher Constantine , Hassam Akil , Rubin Moshe , Kim Sang-Hoon , Hussain Syed Ahsan
Published: August 2018

Duodenal perforation due to biliary stent migration is rare, and it often requires surgical repair; however, endoscopic closure has recently become a viable option in the appropriate patients. We present the case of a 79-year-old female who underwent biliary stent placement for a common bile duct stricture, who subsequently was found to have a duodenal wall perforation secondary to stent migration. The stent was extracted endoscopically with successful defect closure using a ConMed® repositional DuraClip™. We aim to contribute to the limited body of literature that describes endoscopic repair of duodenal perforation secondary to biliary stent migration using through-the-scope endoclips.
Patient Involvement in Decision-Making: An Important Parameter for Better Patient Experience—An Observational Study (STROBE Compliant)
Authors: Makkar Namrata , Jain Kanika , Siddharth Vijaydeep , Sarkar Siddharth
Published: August 2018

Background and Aim:

Preferences of service users is an important consideration for developing health-care services. This study aimed to assess the experiences of the patients with substance use disorders who were admitted to a tertiary health-care facility in India.

Method:

This cross-sectional sectional study recruited adult inpatients who stayed for a period of 7 days or more. The Picker Patient Experience questionnaire (PPE-15) was used to gather information about the views of the patients about the care received at the center.

Results:

Responses were available from 113 inpatients. Majority of the participants were males and were dependent on opioids. The experience was generally positive about being treated with respect and dignity and access to information. The participants were most satisfied with opportunity being given to discuss anxiety and fear about the condition or treatment (91.2% positive response) and least satisfied with differences in responses from doctors and nurses (43.4% positive response). Further attention seemed desired about communication with the staff and patients’ involvement in their own treatment-related decision-making.

Conclusion:

Efforts need to be made to involve patients in their own treatment-related decision-making and to improve communication with the treatment team. This might lead to better involvement in treatment process, which could enhance the treatment outcomes in this vulnerable population.
Pharmacometabolic response to pirfenidone in pulmonary fibrosis detected by MALDI-FTICR-MSI
Authors: Sun Na , Fernandez Isis E. , Wei Mian , Witting Michael , Aichler Michaela , Feuchtinger Annette , Burgstaller Gerald , Verleden Stijn E. , Schmitt-Kopplin Philippe , Eickelberg Oliver , Walch Axel
Published: August 2018

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fatal condition that reduces life expectancy and shows a limited response to available therapies. Pirfenidone has been approved for treatment of IPF, but little is known about the distinct metabolic changes that occur in the lung upon pirfenidone administration.

Here, we performed a proof-of-concept study using high-resolution quantitative matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-FTICR-MSI) to simultaneously detect, visualise and quantifyin situendogenous and exogenous metabolites in lungs of mice subjected to experimental fibrosis and human patients with IPF, and to assess the effect of pirfenidone treatment on metabolite levels.

Metabolic pathway analysis and endogenous metabolite quantification revealed that pirfenidone treatment restores redox imbalance and glycolysis in IPF tissues, and downregulates ascorbate and aldarate metabolism, thereby likely contributing toin situmodulation of collagen processing. As such, we detected specific alterations in metabolite pathways in fibrosis and, importantly, metabolic recalibration following pirfenidone treatment.

Together, these results highlight the suitability of high-resolution MALDI-FTICR-MSI for deciphering the therapeutic effects of pirfenidone and provide a preliminary analysis of the metabolic changes that occur during pirfenidone treatmentin vivo. These data may therefore contribute to improvement of currently available therapies for IPF.
Changes in feeding habits promoted the differentiation of the composition and function of gut microbiotas between domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) and gray wolves (Canis lupus)
Authors: Lyu Tianshu , Liu Guangshuai , Zhang Huanxin , Wang Lidong , Zhou Shengyang , Dou Huashan , Pang Bo , Sha Weilai , Zhang Honghai
Published: August 2018

Wolves (Canis lupus) and their domesticated and close relatives, dogs (Canis lupus familiaris), have great differences in their diets and living environments. To the best of our knowledge, the fundamental question of how the abundance and function of the gut microbiota of domestic dogs evolved to adapt to the changes in host feeding habits has yet to be addressed. In this study, our comparative analyses of gut metagenomes showed that the abundance of gut microbiota between the two species have some significant differences. Furthermore, a number of taxa observed in higher numbers in domestic dogs are related to carbohydrate metabolism, which may be because that there were more complicated polysaccharides in dogs diets than that in wolves diets. A significant difference in the abundance of genes encoding glycosyltransferase family 34 (GT34), carbohydrate-binding module family 25 (CBM25), and glycoside hydrolase family 13 (GH13) between the gut microbiota metagenomes of domestic dogs and gray wolves also supported this observation. Furthermore, the domestic dog gut microbiota has greater valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis and nitrogen metabolism. This result showed that compared with wolves, the domestic dog diet contains a smaller amount of animal protein, which is consistent with the dietary composition of wolves and dogs. Our results indicate that the function and abundance of gut microbiota of domestic dogs has been adapted to domestication, which is of great significance for the ability of domestic dogs to adapt to changes in food composition.
Management of epistaxis in patients with ventricular assist device: A retrospective review
Authors: Brown Clifford Scott , Abi-Hachem Ralph , Jang David Woojin
Published: August 2018

Background

Patients with a ventricular assist device (VAD) are at risk for epistaxis due to the need for anticoagulation. Additionally, these patients develop acquired von Willebrand syndrome (AvWS) due to these devices. Management is complicated by the risk of thrombosis if anticoagulation is reversed. This study sought to characterize the clinical features and management of epistaxis in this high-risk population.

Methods

Retrospective review of adults with VAD and epistaxis necessitating inpatient consultation with the otolaryngology service were included.

Results

49 patients met inclusion criteria. All patients had a presumed diagnosis of AvWS. An elevated INR (> 2.0) was present in 18 patients (36.7%). Anticoagulation was held in 14 (28.6%) patients, though active correction was not necessary. Multiple encounters were required in 16 (32.7%) patients. Spontaneous epistaxis was associated with multiple encounters ( p = 0.02). The use of hemostatic material was associated with a lower likelihood of bleeding recurrence ( p = 0.05), whereas cauterization with silver nitrate alone was associated with a higher likelihood of re-intervention (p = 0.05). Surgery or embolization was not required urgently for any patient. Endoscopy under general anesthesia was performed for one patient electively. Mean follow up time was 16.6 months (σ = 6.3). At six months, 18 (36.7%) patients were deceased.

Conclusion

While these patients are at risk for recurrent spontaneous epistaxis, nonsurgical treatment without active correction of INR or AvWS was largely successful. Placement of hemostatic material, as opposed to cautery with silver nitrate, should be considered as a first-line treatment in this group. Multidisciplinary collaboration is critical for successful management.
Effects of SGLT2 Inhibitors on Circulating Stem and Progenitor Cells in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Bonora Benedetta Maria , Cappellari Roberta , Albiero Mattia , Avogaro Angelo , Fadini Gian Paolo
Published: August 2018

Context

Reduction in the levels of circulating stem cells (CSCs) and endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) predicts development or progression of microangiopathy and macroangiopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D).

Objective

We tested whether treatment with sodium glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors affected the levels of CSCs and EPCs.

Design

A randomized trial of dapagliflozin vs placebo with open-label extension, and an open-label observational study of empagliflozin treatment.

Setting

Tertiary referral diabetes outpatient clinic.

Patients

Patients with T2D aged 18 to 75 years.

Intervention

Dapagliflozin at 10 mg vs placebo (n = 31); empagliflozin at 10 mg (n = 15).

Main Outcome Measures

We measured CSCs (CD34+) and EPCs (CD34+KDR+) by flow cytometry at baseline, at 12 weeks, and after the extension period.

Results

After 12 weeks, CSCs declined nonsignificantly in the dapagliflozin group, remained stable in the placebo group, and the change from baseline was not significantly different between the two groups. EPCs declined nonsignificantly in the dapagliflozin group, increased nonsignificantly in the placebo group, and the change from baseline was significantly different between the two groups. After an open-label extension period of about 1.5 years, CSCs remained stable over time, whereas EPCs significantly increased in patients who received dapagliflozin. In all patients, irrespectively of treatment, EPCs increased significantly from baseline to the end of observation, concomitantly with improvement in HbA1c. In a cohort of 15 patients who received open-label empagliflozin for 12 weeks, CSCs declined nonsignificantly, whereas EPCs remained stable.

Conclusion

SGLT2 inhibitors do not significantly increase CSCs or EPCs. Thus, cardiovascular protection by SGLT2 inhibitors may not directly involve stem/progenitor cells.
Cardiometabolic Biomarkers and Their Temporal Patterns Predict Poor Outcome in Chronic Heart Failure (Bio-SHiFT Study)
Authors: Brankovic Milos , Akkerhuis K Martijn , Mouthaan Henk , Brugts Jasper J , Manintveld Olivier C , van Ramshorst Jan , Germans Tjeerd , Umans Victor , Boersma Eric , Kardys Isabella
Published: August 2018

Purpose

Multiple hormonal and metabolic alterations occur in chronic heart failure (CHF), but their proper monitoring during clinically silent progression of CHF remains challenging. Hence, our objective was to explore whether temporal patterns of six emerging cardiometabolic biomarkers predict future adverse clinical events in stable patients with CHF.

Methods

In 263 patients with CHF, we determined the risk of a composite end point of heart failure hospitalization, cardiac death, left ventricular assist device implantation, and heart transplantation in relation to serially assessed blood biomarker levels and slopes (i.e., rate of biomarker change per year). During 2.2 years of follow-up, we repeatedly measured IGF binding proteins 1, 2, and 7 (IGFBP-1, IGFBP-2, IGFBP-7), adipose fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP-4), resistin, and chemerin (567 samples in total).

Results

Serially measured IGFBP-1, IGFBP-2, IGFBP-7, and FABP-4 levels predicted the end point [univariable hazard ratio (95% CI) per 1-SD increase: 3.34 (2.43 to 4.87), 2.86 (2.10 to 3.92), 2.45 (1.91 to 3.13), and 2.46 (1.88 to 3.24), respectively]. Independently of the biomarkers’ levels, their slopes were also strong clinical predictors [per 0.1-SD increase: 1.20 (1.11 to 1.31), 1.27 (1.14 to 1.45), 1.23 (1.11 to 1.37), and 1.27 (1.12 to 1.48)]. All associations persisted after multivariable adjustment for patient baseline characteristics, baseline N-terminal pro-hormone brain natriuretic peptide and cardiac troponin T, and pharmacological treatment during follow-up.

Main Conclusions

The temporal patterns of IGFBP-1, IGFBP-2, IGFBP-7, and adipose FABP-4 predict adverse clinical outcomes during outpatient follow-up of patients with CHF and may be clinically relevant as they could help detect more aggressive CHF forms and assess patient prognosis, as well as ultimately aid in designing more effective biomarker-guided therapy.
Ectopic otoconial formation in the lagena of the pigeon inner ear
Authors: Malkemper E. Pascal , Mason Matthew J. , Kagerbauer Daniel , Nimpf Simon , Keays David A.
Published: August 2018

The vertebrate inner ear contains vestibular receptors with dense crystals of calcium carbonate, the otoconia. The production and maintenance of otoconia is a delicate process, the perturbation of which can lead to severe vestibular dysfunction in humans. The details of these processes are not well understood. Here, we report the discovery of a new otoconial mass in the lagena of adult pigeons that was present in more than 70% of birds. Based on histological, tomographic and elemental analyses, we conclude that the structure likely represents an ectopically-formed otoconial assembly. Given its frequent natural occurrence, we suggest that the pigeon lagena is a valuable model system for investigating misregulated otoconial formation.

This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
Immunometabolism in cancer at a glance
Authors: Singer Katrin , Cheng Wan-Chen , Kreutz Marina , Ho Ping-Chih , Siska Peter J.
Published: August 2018

The scientific knowledge about tumor metabolism has grown at a fascinating rate in recent decades. We now know that tumors are highly active both in their metabolism of available nutrients and in the secretion of metabolic by-products. However, cancer cells can modulate metabolic pathways and thus adapt to specific nutrients. Unlike tumor cells, immune cells are not subject to a ‘micro-evolution’ that would allow them to adapt to progressing tumors that continuously develop new mechanisms of immune escape. Consequently, immune cells are often irreversibly affected and may allow or even support cancer progression. The mechanisms of how tumors change immune cell function are not sufficiently explored. It is, however, clear that commonly shared features of tumor metabolism, such as local nutrient depletion or production of metabolic ‘waste’ can broadly affect immune cells and contribute to immune evasion. Moreover, immune cells utilize different metabolic programs based on their subtype and function, and these immunometabolic pathways can be modified in the tumor microenvironment. In this review and accompanying poster, we identify and describe the common mechanisms by which tumors metabolically affect the tumor-infiltrating cells of native and adaptive immunity, and discuss how these mechanisms may lead to novel therapeutic opportunities.
An assessment of PCV13 vaccine coverage using a repeated cross-sectional household survey in Malawi
Authors: Bondo Austin , Nambiar Bejoy , Lufesi Norman , Deula Rashid , King Carina , Masache Gibson , Makwenda Charles , Costello Anthony , Rhoda Dale , McCollum Eric D. , Colbourn Tim
Published: August 2018

Background: The 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) was introduced in Malawi from November 2011 using a three dose primary series at 6, 10, and 14 weeks of age to reduce Streptococcus pneumoniae-related diseases. To date, PCV13 paediatric coverage in Malawi has not been rigorously assessed.  We used household surveys to longitudinally track paediatric PCV13 coverage in rural Malawi.

Methods: Samples of 60 randomly selected children (30 infants aged 6 weeks to 4 months and 30 aged 4-16 months) were sought in each of 20 village clinic catchment ‘basins’ of Kabudula health area, Lilongwe, Malawi between March 2012 and June 2014. Child health information was reviewed and mothers interviewed to determine each child’s PCV13 dose status and vaccine timing. The survey was completed six times in 4-8 month intervals. Survey inference was used to assess PCV13 dose coverage in each basin for each age group. All 20 basins were pooled to assess area-wide vaccination coverage over time, by age in months, and adherence to the vaccination schedule.

Results: We surveyed a total of 8,562 children in six surveys; 82% were in the older age group. Overall, in age-eligible children, two-dose and three-dose coverage increased from 30% to 85% and 10% to 86%, respectively, between March 2012 and June 2014.  PCV13 coverage was higher in the older age group in all surveys. Although it varied by basin, PCV13 coverage was consistently delayed: median ages at first, second and third doses were 9, 15 and 21 weeks, respectively.

Conclusion: In our rural study area, PCV13 introduction did not meet the Malawi Ministry of Health one-year three-dose 90% coverage target, but after 2 years reached levels likely to reduce the prevalence of both invasive and non-invasive paediatric pneumococcal diseases. Better adherence to the PCV13 schedule may reduce pneumococcal disease in younger Malawian children.