bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spin–phonon coupling and thermodynamic behaviour in YCrO3 and LaCrO3: inelastic neutron scattering and lattice dynamics
Authors: Gupta Mayanak K , Mittal Ranjan , Mishra Sanjay K , Goel Prabhatasree , Singh Baltej , Rols Stephane , Chaplot Samrath L
Published: September 2020

We report detailed temperature-dependent inelastic neutron scattering and ab initio lattice dynamics investigation of magnetic perovskites YCrO3 and LaCrO3. The magnetic neutron scattering from the Cr ions exhibits significant changes with temperature and dominates at low momentum transfer regime. Ab initio calculations performed including magnetic interactions show that the effect of magnetic interactions is very significant on the low- as well as high-energy phonon modes. We have also shown that the inelastic neutron spectrum of YCrO3 mimics the magnon spectrum from a G-type antiferromagnetic system, which is consistent with previously reported magnetic structure in the compound. The pressure-dependent ab initio lattice dynamics calculations are used to calculate the anisotropic thermal expansion behaviour in orthorhombic YCrO3, which is in excellent agreement with the available experimental data in the paramagnetic phase. We identify that the low energy anharmonic phonon modes involving Y vibrations contribute maximum to the thermal expansion behaviour.
Controllably facile design of electrophoretic-induced film-forming of nano tungsten oxide (VI) and their anti-wetting functionalization
Authors: Guo Xiaogang , Liang Taotao , Yuan Binfang , Wang Jing , Sun Qi
Published: September 2020

There is keen interest for designing promising tungsten oxide (VI, WO3) films or coatings due to their wide applications in fields of energy, engineering, etc. Thus, this paper firstly introduce a novel convenient method of electrophoretic assembly technique (EAT) in an optimal stable suspension of isopropyl alcohol, PEG-1000 and polyethyleneimine for designing the promising anti-wetting functional WO3(VI) films with relative rough structures and uniform distribution in mild conditions. The product possess a high crystallinity and pureness by x-ray powder diffraction analysis. The EAT dynamic behaviours of WO3(VI) nanoparticles are investigated in detail. Moreover, obtained films shows excellent anti-wetting properties after suface modification, and the hydrophobic studies results demonstrate that product have a high static water CA of approximate 169° and keep nearly stable even after ultralong exposure time (360 d), and show outstanding properties of anti-soaking, impacting-proof, and moisture resistance even in high relative humidity (90%). These breakthroughs will substantially push forward the convenient processing of other anti-wetting functional coatings with wide potential applications.
Development of a tomographic reconstruction method for axisymmetric Dα emission profiles in the ITER plasma boundary
Authors: Neverov Vladislav S , Khusnutdinov Radmir I , Alekseev Andrey G , Carr Matthew , De Bock Maarten , Kukushkin Alexander B , Lovell Jack , Meakins Alex , Pitts Richard , Polevoi Alexei R , Veshchev Evgeny
Published: September 2020

A tomographic method for reconstructing the axially symmetric Dα emission profile in the ITER scrape-off layer and divertor from Dα intensity measurements in the fields of view (FoV) of Vis/IR TV and Divertor Impurity Monitor diagnostics is under development. The method takes into account the strong background signal due to stray light from divertor produced by reflections from the metal wall of the vacuum chamber. The method allows to filter out the reflections in Dα signals measured in the main chamber. The accuracy of this method is tested within the framework of a synthetic diagnostic, which uses the Raysect and Cherab numerical codes for ray-tracing simulations. The Dα emission profiles, simulated with the SOLPS and OEDGE codes, are used as synthetic experimental data. Uncertainty in light reflection properties of the first wall (FW) is the major factor affecting the accuracy of the Dα emission reconstruction. The dependence on the uncertainty in the FW surface roughness and on the ratio of diffusive to specular reflection of the error in recovering useful Dα signals (the direct light without reflections) in the FoV of the ITER main chamber H-alpha and Visible Spectroscopy Diagnostic is obtained.
Identification and characterization of topological structures of turbulence in magnetic confined plasmas
Authors: García L , Carreras B A
Published: September 2020

Transport in turbulent magnetic plasmas is closely related to the flow topological structures. These are mainly filamentary vortices linked to the magnetic filed lines and zonal flows generated from turbulence. Their identification in the experiments is not yet clear. In this work, resistive magneto-hydrodynamics simulations are used to generate turbulent flows in a plasma. The topological structures obtained from the simulations are analyzed using three different techniques: long-distance correlations, transfer of entropy and intermittence. The combination of the results using these techniques allows us to identify and characterize vortex structures and zonal flows.
A novel magnetorheological elastomer-based adaptive tuned vibration absorber: design, analysis and experimental characterization
Authors: Rasooli Armin , Sedaghati Ramin , Hemmatian Masoud
Published: September 2020

The present study aims at the development of a novel semi-active adaptive tuned vibration absorber (SATVA) capable of tuning its natural frequency adaptively in low frequency range. The absorber consists of a multilayer sandwich beam featuring magnetorheological elastomer (MRE) and integrated U-shaped electromagnets which are attached at the top and bottom layers of the sandwich beam. Electromagnets are designed to provide the required magnetic field to alter the stiffness of the MRE layers while also acting as the active mass of the absorber. Based on the characterization of the shear and loss modulus of the fabricated MRE samples, the finite element (FE) model of the proposed SATVA has been developed to analyze the absorber to meet the design requirements and also to evaluate its dynamic performance. The proposed SATVA is then fabricated and experimental set-ups are designed to validate the electromagnet and FE models. The frequency response function of the proposed SATVA is then investigated under different levels of the applied current to the electromagnets. It has been shown that good agreement exists between simulation and FE results. A frequency-shift of approximately 9% was achieved while maintaining a reasonable factor of safety for material constraints. Finally, using the validated FE mode, a parametric study has been conducted to investigate the effect of different design parameters.
Mesothelial Cysts
Authors: Karpathiou Georgia , Casteillo Francois , Dridi Maroa , Peoc’h Michel
Published: September 2020

Objectives

Peritoneal mesothelial cysts have been reported under various terms, including benign cystic mesothelioma, usually in the form of case reports/series, whereas extraperitoneal cases are rarely reported. Our objective was to report the detailed characteristics of cystic lesions of the serosal cavities.

Methods

We retrospectively examined the clinicopathologic findings of a series of mesothelial cystic lesions (n = 79).

Results

Most cases (n = 68, 86%) concerned the peritoneum, whereas 11 (14%) concerned the pericardium. No pleural cases were found. A total of 51 (64.5%) lesions were solitary, whereas 28 (35.5%) were multiple. Peritoneal lesions harbored a plump eosinophilic mesothelium and a loose connective stroma, whereas pericardial lesions showed a cuboidal/flattened mesothelium, collagenous stroma, intense inflammation, and other tissue types, like adipose and muscle tissue. Solitary peritoneal lesions are usually extrapelvic and found in older patients incidentally during other surgeries, whereas multiple lesions are found in younger patients and usually in the pelvis. The lesions show a benign clinical course with rare recurrences but no malignant transformation.

Conclusions

Most mesothelial cysts are peritoneal and rarely pericardial. Peritoneal cysts differ from pericardial cysts. Peritoneal solitary lesions differ from multiple lesions, also suggesting their pathogenetic differences.
Oral Glucocorticoids and Incident Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus, Hypertension, and Venous Thromboembolism in Children
Authors: Horton Daniel B , Xie Fenglong , Chen Lang , Mannion Melissa L , Curtis Jeffrey R , Strom Brian L , Beukelman Timothy
Published: September 2020

Rates of incident treatment were quantified in this study for diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and venous thromboembolism (VTE) associated with oral glucocorticoid exposure in children aged 1–18 years. The retrospective cohort included more than 930,000 children diagnosed with autoimmune diseases (namely, inflammatory bowel disease, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, or psoriasis) or a nonimmune comparator condition (attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder) identified using US Medicaid claims (2000–2010). Associations of glucocorticoid dose per age- and sex-imputed weight with incident treated diabetes, hypertension, and VTE were estimated using Cox regression models. Crude rates were lowest for VTE (unexposed: 0.5/million person-days (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.4, 0.6); currently exposed: 15.6/million person-days (95% CI: 11.8, 20.1)) and highest for hypertension (unexposed: 6.7/million person-days (95% CI: 6.5, 7.0); currently exposed: 74.4/million person-days (95% CI: 65.7, 83.9)). Absolute rates for all outcomes were higher in unexposed and exposed children with autoimmune diseases compared with those with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Strong dose-dependent relationships were found between current glucocorticoid exposure and all outcomes (adjusted hazard ratios for high-dose glucocorticoids: for diabetes mellitus, 5.93 (95% CI: 3.94, 8.91); for hypertension, 19.13 (95% CI: 15.43, 23.73); for VTE, 16.16 (95% CI: 8.94, 29.22)). These results suggest strong relative risks, but low absolute risks, of newly treated VTE, diabetes, and especially hypertension in children taking high-dose oral glucocorticoids.
Possible role for acetylcysteine as a treatment for acute liver failure secondary to antitubercular medication use
Authors: Fox Ashley N , Nation Brooke E , Autry Marcus Tad , Johnson Peter N
Published: September 2020

Purpose

Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) that progresses to acute liver failure (ALF) has a high mortality rate, and therapeutic options are limited. Acetylcysteine has a labeled indication for use as an antidote for acetaminophen toxicity and has also been used with limited success in treatment of non–acetaminophen-induced liver injury, with small clinical trials indicating an increase in transplant-free survival. Recommendations for management of non–acetaminophen-induced DILI include withdrawal of the offending agent and supportive care. Treatment guidelines generally discourage a rechallenge with an offending medication, except in cases where there are no other therapeutic options for management of a serious disease, such as active tuberculosis (TB).

This case report describes the reversal of ALF due to DILI in a patient receiving antitubercular agents for active TB. After withdrawal of initially prescribed antitubercular agents, the patient was switched to a less hepatotoxic anti-TB regimen and intravenous acetylcysteine pending results of antimicrobial susceptibility testing. After stabilization of the patient’s liver enzyme levels, intravenous acetylcysteine was discontinued and oral acetylcysteine was continued for 5 days without an increase in hepatic enzyme levels or clinical deterioration. After 5 days, oral acetylcysteine was discontinued due to patient-reported nausea and vomiting.

Conclusion

Given the limited number of therapeutic interventions shown to be beneficial in ALF and data suggesting a protective effect against DILI with initiation of acetylcysteine at the start of treatment with anti-TB medications, acetylcysteine can be considered for patients with anti-TB – associated DILI.
Organized crime in cyberspace: How traditional organized criminal groups exploit the online peer-to-peer lending market in China
Authors: Wang Peng , Su Mei , Wang Jingyi
Published: September 2020

How do traditional organized criminal groups run their offline businesses on the internet? Drawing on interview data, news reports and interactions with illegal moneylenders, this article examines how loan sharks use the online peer-to-peer lending market to lend money to Chinese students at exorbitant interest rates. Illegal lenders employ techniques of deception, the sharing of compromising information (e.g. social contacts and nude photos) and professional legal services to develop internet-based loan scams to trap student borrowers. To enforce loan repayment, lenders have developed a new strategy: relational repression, which is the use of cyberviolence and the threat of revealing damaging information to clients’ social contacts. This puts enormous pressure on clients and their families to make payments. The use of relational repression reduces the need to resort to physical violence and bribe police officers.
Serotonergic Modulation of Spontaneous and Evoked Transmitter Release in Layer II Pyramidal Cells of Rat Somatosensory Cortex
Authors: Agahari Fransiscus Adrian , Stricker Christian
Published: September 2020

As axons from the raphe nuclei densely innervate the somatosensory cortex, we investigated how serotonin (5-HT) modulates transmitter release in layer II pyramidal cells of rat barrel cortex. In the presence of tetrodotoxin and gabazine, 10 μM 5-HT caused a waxing and waning in the frequency of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSC) with no effect on amplitude. Specifically, within 15 min of recording the mEPSC frequency initially increased by 28 ± 7%, then dropped to below control (−15 ± 3%), before resurging back to 27 ± 7% larger than control. These changes were seen in 47% of pyramidal cells (responders) and were mediated by 5-HT2C receptors (5-HT2CR). Waxing resulted from phospholipase C activation, IP3 production, and Ca2+ release from presynaptic stores. Waning was prevented if PKC was blocked. In contrast, in paired recordings, the unitary EPSC amplitude was reduced by 50 ± 3% after 5-HT exposure in almost all cases with no significant effect on paired-pulse ratio and synaptic dynamics. This sustained EPSC reduction was also caused by 5-HT2R, but was mediated by presynaptic Gβγ subunits likely limiting influx through CaV2 channels. EPSC reduction, together with enhanced spontaneous noise in a restricted subset of inputs, could temporarily diminish the signal-to-noise ratio and affect the computation in the neocortical microcircuit.
Right ventricular myocardial work: proof-of-concept for non-invasive assessment of right ventricular function
Authors: Butcher Steele C , Fortuni Federico , Montero-Cabezas Jose M , Abou Rachid , El Mahdiui Mohammed , van der Bijl Pieter , van der Velde Enno T , Ajmone Marsan Nina , Bax Jeroen J , Delgado Victoria
Published: September 2020

Aims

Right ventricular myocardial work (RVMW) is a novel method for non-invasive assessment of right ventricular (RV) function utilizing RV pressure–strain loops. This study aimed to explore the relationship between RVMW and invasive indices of right heart catheterization (RHC) in a cohort of patients with heart failure with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (HFrEF), and to compare values of RVMW with those of a group of patients without cardiovascular disease.

Methods and results

Non-invasive analysis of RVMW was performed in 22 HFrEF patients [median age 63 (59–67) years] who underwent echocardiography and invasive RHC within 48 h. Conventional RV functional measurements, RV global constructive work (RVGCW), RV global work index (RVGWI), RV global wasted work (RVGWW), and RV global work efficiency (RVGWE) were analysed and compared with invasively measured stroke volume and stroke volume index. Non-invasive analysis of RVMW was also performed in 22 patients without cardiovascular disease to allow for comparison between groups. None of the conventional echocardiographic parameters of RV systolic function were significantly correlated with stroke volume or stroke volume index. In contrast, one of the novel indices derived non-invasively by pressure–strain loops, RVGCW, demonstrated a moderate correlation with invasively measured stroke volume and stroke volume index (r = 0.63, P = 0.002 and r = 0.59, P = 0.004, respectively). RVGWI, RVGCW, and RVGWE were significantly lower in patients with HFrEF compared to a healthy cohort, while values of RVGWW were significantly higher.

Conclusion

RVGCW is a novel parameter that provides an integrative analysis of RV systolic function and correlates more closely with invasively measured stroke volume and stroke volume index than other standard echocardiographic parameters.
How does embedded implementation research work? Examining core features through qualitative case studies in Latin America and the Caribbean
Authors: Varallyay N Ilona , Bennett Sara C , Kennedy Caitlin , Ghaffar Abdul , Peters David H
Published: September 2020

Innovative strategies are needed to improve the delivery of evidence-informed health interventions. Embedded implementation research (EIR) seeks to enhance the generation and use of evidence for programme improvement through four core features: (1) central involvement of programme/policy decision-makers in the research cycle; (2) collaborative research partnerships; (3) positioning research within programme processes and (4) research focused on implementation. This paper examines how these features influence evidence-to-action processes and explores how they are operationalized, their effects and supporting conditions needed. We used a qualitative, comparative case study approach, drawing on document analysis and semi-structured interviews across multiple informant groups, to examine three EIR projects in Bolivia, Colombia and the Dominican Republic. Our findings are presented according to the four core EIR features. The central involvement of decision-makers in EIR was enhanced by decision-maker authority over the programme studied, professional networks and critical reflection. Strong research–practice partnerships were facilitated by commitment, a clear and shared purpose and representation of diverse perspectives. Evidence around positioning research within programme processes was less conclusive; however, as all three cases made significant advances in research use and programme improvement, this feature of EIR may be less critical than others, depending on specific circumstances. Finally, a research focus on implementation demanded proactive engagement by decision-makers in conceptualizing the research and identifying opportunities for direct action by decision-makers. As the EIR approach is a novel approach in these low-resource settings, key supports are needed to build capacity of health sector stakeholders and create an enabling environment through system-level strategies. Key implications for such supports include: promoting EIR and creating incentives for decision-makers to engage in it, establishing structures or mechanisms to facilitate decision-maker involvement, allocating funds for EIR, and developing guidance for EIR practitioners.
Snow crab (Chionoecetes opilio), a new food item for North-east Arctic cod (Gadus morhua) in the Barents Sea
Authors: Holt Rebecca E , Hvingel Carsten , Agnalt Ann-Lisbeth , Dolgov Andrey V , Hjelset Ann Merete , Bogstad Bjarte
Published: September 2020

The snow crab (Chionoecetes opilio) is a newly established species in the Barents Sea, increasing in both distribution and abundance in recent years. We explore the potential importance of North-east Arctic cod (Gadus morhua) predation in structuring the snow crab population expansion in the Barents Sea, through an analysis of cod stomach content data from 2003 to 2018. Spatio-temporal patterns of snow crab within cod diet are assessed across years, between seasons, as well as ontogenetic trends, including predator–prey size relationships. Snow crab represents a new prey item for cod and in recent years the most dominant demersal crustacean species in cod diet. The proportion of snow crab within cod diet increases over time. Primarily 60–110 cm cod prey upon snow crab, mainly during the summer/autumn season. Our results support the idea that the snow crab is still expanding, shifting distribution north and westwards. Cod has the potential to regulate the snow crab population but is unlikely to be in direct competition with the fishery in the Barents Sea. This work suggests that cod can be used as biological sampling tools together with other monitoring programmes to elucidate how new species may affect predator–prey and food-web dynamics within an ecosystem context.
Repair of traumatic ventricular septal defect and left ventricular aneurysm after blunt chest trauma
Authors: Shi Tao , Liu Rui , Zhang Changwei , Guo Shaoxian
Published: September 2020

Blunt chest trauma can cause a variety of cardiac injuries, either immediately or days after the trauma. We report a case of traumatic ventricular septal defect and ribbonlike left ventricular aneurysm, which was diagnosed 15 years after the initial blunt chest trauma. It was successfully repaired using the endoventricular patch technique with a satisfactory 1-year follow-up result.
Conversion from video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) to thoracotomy during major lung resection: how does it affect perioperative outcomes?
Authors: Seitlinger Joseph , Olland Anne , Guinard Sophie , Massard Gilbert , Falcoz Pierre-Emmanuel
Published: September 2020

OBJECTIVES

Since video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) was first performed in the early 1990s, there have been many developments, and the conversion rate has decreased over the years. This article highlights the specific outcomes of patients undergoing conversion to thoracotomy despite initially scheduled VATS lung resection.

METHODS

We retrospectively reviewed 501 patients who underwent thoracoscopic anatomic lung resection (i.e. lobectomy, segmentectomy or bilobectomy) between 1 January 2012 and 1 August 2017 at our institution. We explored the risk factors for surgical conversion and adverse events occurring in patients who underwent conversion to thoracotomy.

RESULTS

A total of 44/501 patients underwent conversion during the procedure (global rate: 8.8%). The main reasons for conversion were (i) anatomical variation, adhesions or unexpected tumour extension (37%), followed by (ii) vascular causes (30%) and (iii) unexpected lymph node invasion (20%). The least common reason for conversion was technical failure (13%). We could not identify any specific risk factors for conversion. The global complication rate was significantly higher in converted patients (40.9%) than in complete VATS patients (16.8%) (P = 0.001). Postoperative atrial fibrillation was a major complication in converted patients (18.2%) [odds ratio (OR) 5.09, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.80–13.27; P = 0.001]. Perioperative mortality was higher in the conversion group (6.8%) than in the VATS group (0.2%) (OR 33.3, 95% CI 3.4–328; P = 0.003).

CONCLUSIONS

Through the years, the global conversion rate has dramatically decreased to <10%. Nevertheless, patients who undergo conversion represent a high-risk population in terms of complications (40.9% vs 16.8%) and perioperative mortality (6.8% vs 0.2%).
Breast Cancer Screening Recommendations: African American Women Are at a Disadvantage
Authors: Rebner Murray , Pai Vidya R
Published: September 2020

Since 1990, breast cancer mortality has decreased by 40% in white women but only 26% in African American women. The age at diagnosis of breast cancer is younger in black women. Breast cancer diagnosed before age 50 represents 23% of all breast cancers in African American women but only 16% of all breast cancers in white women. White women have a higher incidence of breast cancer over the age of 60. Tumor subtypes also vary among racial and ethnic groups. The triple-negative (TN) subtype, which has a poorer outcome and occurs at a younger age, represents 21% of invasive breast cancers in black women but only 10% of invasive breast cancers in white women. The hormone receptor–positive subtype, which is more common in older women and has the best outcome, has a higher incidence in white women (70%) than in black women (61%). The BRCA2 mutation is also more common in black women than in white women (other than those who are of Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry). There are also many barriers to screening. Major ones include the lack of contact with a primary health care provider as well as a decreased perceived risk of having breast cancer in the African American population. Given the younger age of onset and the higher incidence of the TN molecular subtype, following breast cancer screening guidelines that do not support screening before the age of 50 may disadvantage black women.
An overview of the medical-physics-related verification system for radiotherapy multicenter clinical trials by the Medical Physics Working Group in the Japan Clinical Oncology Group–Radiation Therapy Study Group
Authors: Nishio Teiji , Nakamura Mitsuhiro , Okamoto Hiroyuki , Kito Satoshi , Minemura Toshiyuki , Ozawa Shuichi , Kumazaki Yu , Ishikawa Masayori , Tohyama Naoki , Kurooka Masahiko , Nakashima Takeo , Shimizu Hidetoshi , Suzuki Ryusuke , Ishikura Satoshi , Nishimura Yasumasa
Published: September 2020

The Japan Clinical Oncology Group–Radiation Therapy Study Group (JCOG-RTSG) has initiated several multicenter clinical trials for high-precision radiotherapy, which are presently ongoing. When conducting multi-center clinical trials, a large difference in physical quantities, such as the absolute doses to the target and the organ at risk, as well as the irradiation localization accuracy, affects the treatment outcome. Therefore, the differences in the various physical quantities used in different institutions must be within an acceptable range for conducting multicenter clinical trials, and this must be verified with medical physics consideration. In 2011, Japan’s first Medical Physics Working Group (MPWG) in the JCOG-RTSG was established to perform this medical-physics-related verification for multicenter clinical trials. We have developed an auditing method to verify the accuracy of the absolute dose and the irradiation localization. Subsequently, we credentialed the participating institutions in the JCOG multicenter clinical trials that were using stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) for lungs, intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) and volumetric-modulated arc therapy (VMAT) for several disease sites, and proton beam therapy (PT) for the liver. From the verification results, accuracies of the absolute dose and the irradiation localization among the participating institutions of the multicenter clinical trial were assured, and the JCOG clinical trials could be initiated.
Evolution of the United States Military Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Transport Team
Authors: Read Matthew D , Nam Jason J , Biscotti Mauer , Piper Lydia C , Thomas Sarah B , Sams Valerie G , Elliott Bernadette S , Negaard Kathryn A , Lantry James H , DellaVolpe Jeffry D , Batchinsky Andriy , Cannon Jeremy W , Mason Phillip E
Published: September 2020

Introduction

The use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) for the care of critically ill adult patients has increased over the past decade. It has been utilized in more austere locations, to include combat wounded. The U.S. military established the Acute Lung Rescue Team in 2005 to transport and care for patients unable to be managed by standard medical evacuation resources. In 2012, the U.S. military expanded upon this capacity, establishing an ECMO program at Brooke Army Medical Center. To maintain currency, the program treats both military and civilian patients.

Materials and methods

We conducted a single-center retrospective review of all patients transported by the sole U.S. military ECMO program from September 2012 to December 2019. We analyzed basic demographic data, ECMO indication, transport distance range, survival to decannulation and discharge, and programmatic growth.

Results

The U.S. military ECMO team conducted 110 ECMO transports. Of these, 88 patients (80%) were transported to our facility and 81 (73.6%) were cannulated for ECMO by our team prior to transport. The primary indication for ECMO was respiratory failure (76%). The range of transport distance was 6.5 to 8,451 miles (median air transport distance = 1,328 miles, median ground transport distance = 16 miles). In patients who were cannulated remotely, survival to decannulation was 76% and survival to discharge was 73.3%.

Conclusions

Utilization of the U.S. military ECMO team has increased exponentially since January 2017. With an increased tempo of transport operations and distance of critical care transport, survival to decannulation and discharge rates exceed national benchmarks as described in ELSO published data. The ability to cannulate patients in remote locations and provide critical care transport to a military medical treatment facility has allowed the U.S. military to maintain readiness of a critical medical asset.
Black hole, neutron star, and white dwarf merger rates in AGN discs
Authors: McKernan B , Ford K E S , O’Shaughnessy R
Published: September 2020

Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo are detecting a large number of binary stellar origin black hole (BH) mergers. A promising channel for accelerated BH merger lies in active galactic nucleus (AGN) discs of gas around supermasssive BHs. Here, we investigate the relative number of compact object (CO) mergers in AGN disc models, including BH, neutron stars (NS), and white dwarfs, via Monte Carlo simulations. We find the number of all merger types in the bulk disc grows ∝ t1/3 which is driven by the Hill sphere of the more massive merger component. Median mass ratios of NS–BH mergers in AGN discs are $\tilde{q}=0.07\pm 0.06(0.14\pm 0.07)$ for mass functions (MF) M−1(− 2). If a fraction fAGN of the observed rate of BH–BH mergers (RBH–BH) come from AGN, the rate of NS–BH (NS–NS) mergers in the AGN channel is ${R}_{\mathrm{ BH}\!-\!\mathrm{ NS}} \sim f_{\mathrm{ AGN}}[10,300]\, \rm {Gpc}^{-3}\, \rm {yr}^{-1},({\mathit{ R}}_{NS\!-\!NS} \le \mathit{ f}_{AGN}400\, \rm {Gpc}^{-3}\, \rm {yr}^{-1}$). Given the ratio of NS–NS/BH–BH LIGO search volumes, from preliminary O3 results the AGN channel is not the dominant contribution to observed NS–NS mergers. The number of lower mass gap events expected is a strong function of the nuclear MF and mass segregation efficiency. CO merger ratios derived from LIGO can restrict models of MF, mass segregation, and populations embedded in AGN discs. The expected number of electromagnetic (EM) counterparts to NS–BH mergers in AGN discs at z < 1 is $\sim [30,900]\, {\rm {yr}}^{-1}(f_{\mathrm{ AGN}}/0.1)$. EM searches for flaring events in large AGN surveys will complement LIGO constraints on AGN models and the embedded populations that must live in them.
The environmental dependence of X-ray AGN activity at z ∼ 0.4
Authors: Noordeh E , Canning R E A , King A , Allen S W , Mantz A , Morris R G , Ehlert S , von der Linden A , Brandt W N , Luo B , Xue Y Q , Kelly P
Published: September 2020

We present an analysis of the X-ray active galactic nucleus (AGN) population in a sample of seven massive galaxy clusters in the redshift range 0.35 < z < 0.45. We utilize high-quality Chandra X-ray imaging to robustly identify AGN and precisely determine cluster masses and centroids. Follow-up VIsible Multi-Object Spectrograph optical spectroscopy allows us to determine which AGN are cluster members. Studying the subset of AGN with 0.5–8 keV luminosities >6.8 × 1042 erg s−1, within r ≤ 2r500 (approximately the virial radius), we find that the cluster AGN space density scales with cluster mass as $\sim M^{-2.0^{+0.8}_{-0.9}}$. This result rules out zero mass dependence of the cluster X-ray AGN space density at the 2.5σ level. We compare our cluster X-ray AGN sample to a control field with identical selection and find that the cluster AGN fraction is significantly suppressed relative to the field when considering the brightest galaxies with V < 21.5. For fainter galaxies, this difference is not present. Comparing the X-ray hardness ratios of cluster member AGN to those in the control field, we find no evidence for enhanced X-ray obscuration of cluster member AGN. Lastly, we see tentative evidence that disturbed cluster environments may contribute to enhanced AGN activity.
Gravitational waves from SGRs and AXPs as fast-spinning white dwarfs
Authors: Sousa Manoel F , Coelho Jaziel G , de Araujo José C N
Published: September 2020

In our previous article we have explored the continuous gravitational waves (GWs) emitted from rotating magnetized white dwarfs (WDs) and their detectability by the planned GW detectors such as Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA), Deci-hertz Interferometer Gravitational wave Observatory (DECIGO), and Big Bang Observer (BBO). Here, GWs’ emission due to magnetic deformation mechanism is applied for soft gamma repeaters (SGRs) and anomalous X-ray pulsars (AXPs), described as fast-spinning and magnetized WDs. Such emission is caused by the asymmetry around the rotation axis of the star generated by its own intense magnetic field. Thus, for the first time in the literature, the GW counterparts for SGRs/AXPs are described as WD pulsars. We find that some SGRs/AXPs can be observed by the space detectors BBO and DECIGO. In particular, 1E 1547.0−5408 and SGR 1806−20 could be detected in 1 yr of observation, whereas SGR 1900+14, CXOU J171405.7−381031, Swift J1834.9−0846, SGR 1627−41, PSR J1622−4950, SGR J1745−2900, and SGR 1935+2154 could be observed with a 5-yr observation time. The sources XTE J1810−197, SGR 0501+4516, and 1E 1048.1−5937 could also be seen by BBO and DECIGO if these objects have $M_{\mathrm{ WD}} \lesssim 1.3 \, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$ and $M_{\mathrm{ WD}} \lesssim 1.2 \, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$, respectively. We also found that SGRs/AXPs as highly magnetized neutron stars are far below the sensitivity curves of BBO and DECIGO. This result indicates that a possible detection of continuous GWs originated from these objects would corroborate the WD pulsar model.
A deep learning view of the census of galaxy clusters in IllustrisTNG
Authors: Su Y , Zhang Y , Liang G , ZuHone J A , Barnes D J , Jacobs N B , Ntampaka M , Forman W R , Nulsen P E J , Kraft R P , Jones C
Published: September 2020

The origin of the diverse population of galaxy clusters remains an unexplained aspect of large-scale structure formation and cluster evolution. We present a novel method of using X-ray images to identify cool core (CC), weak cool core (WCC), and non-cool core (NCC) clusters of galaxies that are defined by their central cooling times. We employ a convolutional neural network, ResNet-18, which is commonly used for image analysis, to classify clusters. We produce mock Chandra X-ray observations for a sample of 318 massive clusters drawn from the IllustrisTNG simulations. The network is trained and tested with low-resolution mock Chandra images covering a central 1 Mpc square for the clusters in our sample. Without any spectral information, the deep learning algorithm is able to identify CC, WCC, and NCC clusters, achieving balanced accuracies (BAcc) of 92 per cent, 81 per cent, and 83 per cent, respectively. The performance is superior to classification by conventional methods using central gas densities, with an average ${\rm BAcc}=81{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$, or surface brightness concentrations, giving ${\rm BAcc}=73{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$. We use class activation mapping to localize discriminative regions for the classification decision. From this analysis, we observe that the network has utilized regions from cluster centres out to r ≈ 300 kpc and r ≈ 500 kpc to identify CC and NCC clusters, respectively. It may have recognized features in the intracluster medium that are associated with AGN feedback and disruptive major mergers.
On the road to per cent accuracy IV: ReACT – computing the non-linear power spectrum beyond ΛCDM
Authors: Bose Benjamin , Cataneo Matteo , Tröster Tilman , Xia Qianli , Heymans Catherine , Lombriser Lucas
Published: September 2020

To effectively exploit large-scale structure surveys, we depend on accurate and reliable predictions of non-linear cosmological structure formation. Tools for efficient and comprehensive computational modelling are therefore essential to perform cosmological parameter inference analyses. We present the public software package ReACT, demonstrating its capability for the fast and accurate calculation of non-linear power spectra from non-standard physics. We showcase ReACT through a series of analyses on the DGP and f(R) gravity models, adopting LSST-like cosmic shear power spectra. Accurate non-linear modelling with ReACT has the potential to more than double LSST’s constraining power on the f(R) parameter, in contrast to an analysis that is limited to the quasi-linear regime. We find that ReACT is sufficiently robust for the inference of consistent constraints on theories beyond ΛCDM for current and ongoing surveys. With further improvement, particularly in terms of the accuracy of the non-linear ΛCDM power spectrum, ReACT can, in principle, meet the accuracy requirements for future surveys such as Euclid and LSST.
Observing protoplanetary discs with the Square Kilometre Array – I. Characterizing pebble substructure caused by forming planets
Authors: Ilee John D , Hall Cassandra , Walsh Catherine , Jiménez-Serra Izaskun , Pinte Christophe , Terry Jason , Bourke Tyler L , Hoare Melvin
Published: September 2020

High-angular-resolution observations of discs at mm wavelengths (on scales of a few au) are now commonplace, but there is a current lack of a comparable angular resolution for observations at cm wavelengths. This presents a significant barrier to improving our understanding of planet formation, in particular how dust grains grow from mm to cm sizes. In this paper, we examine the ability of the Square Kilometre Array (SKA) to observe dust substructure in a young, planet-forming disc at cm wavelengths. We use dusty hydrodynamics and continuum radiative transfer to predict the distribution and emission of 1-cm dust grains (or pebbles) within the disc, and simulate continuum observations with the current SKA1-MID design baseline at frequencies of 12.5 GHz (Band 5b, ∼2.4 cm) on 5–10 au scales. The SKA will provide high-fidelity observations of the cm dust emission substructure in discs for integration times totalling hundreds of hours. Radial structure can be obtained at a sufficient resolution and S/N from shorter (tens of hours) integration times by azimuthal averaging in the image plane. By modelling the intensity distribution directly in the visibility plane, it is possible to recover a similar level of (axisymmetric) structural detail from observations with integration times one to two orders of magnitude lower than required for high-fidelity imaging. Our results demonstrate that SKA1-MID will provide crucial constraints on the distribution and morphology of the raw material for building planets, the pebbles in protoplanetary discs.
Systematic Review of Electronic Cigarette Use (Vaping) and Mental Health Comorbidity Among Adolescents and Young Adults
Authors: Becker Timothy D , Arnold Melanie K , Ro Vicky , Martin Lily , Rice Timothy R
Published: September 2020

Introduction

The prevalence of electronic cigarette (EC) use has risen dramatically among adolescents and young adults (AYA, ages 12–26) over the past decade. Despite extensive established relationships between combustible cigarette use and mental health problems, the mental health comorbidities of EC use remain unclear.

Aims and Methods

To provide a systematic review of existing literature on mental health comorbidities of EC use among AYA. Database searches using search terms related to EC, AYA, and mental health identified 1168 unique articles, 87 of which prompted full-text screening. Multiple authors extracted data, applied the Effective Public Health Practice Project Quality Assessment Tool to evaluate the evidence, and synthesized findings.

Results

Forty articles met eligibility criteria (n = 24 predominantly adolescent and 16 predominantly young adult). Analyses yielded three main categories of focus: internalizing disorders (including depression, anxiety, suicidality, eating disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder), externalizing disorders (attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder), and transdiagnostic concepts (impulsivity and perceived stress). Significant methodological limitations were noted.

Conclusions

Youth EC use is associated with greater mental health problems (compared with nonuse) across several domains, particularly among adolescents. Because many existing studies are cross-sectional, directionality remains uncertain. Well-designed longitudinal studies to investigate long-term mental health sequelae of EC use remain needed.

Implications

Forty recent studies demonstrate a variety of mental health comorbidities with AYA EC use, particularly among adolescents. Mental health comorbidities of EC use generally parallel those of combustible cigarette use, with a few exceptions. Future EC prevention and treatment strategies may be enhanced by addressing mental health.
Anti-inflammatory effects of oral supplementation with curcumin: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Ferguson Jessica J A , Abbott Kylie A , Garg Manohar L
Published: September 2020

Context

Chronic inflammation is a major contributor to the development of noncommunicable diseases. Curcumin, a bioactive polyphenol from turmeric, is a well-known anti-inflammatory agent in preclinical research. Clinical evidence remains inconclusive because of discrepancies regarding optimal dosage, duration, and formulation of curcumin.

Objective

The aim of this systematic review, conducted and reported in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines and checklist, was to evaluate the efficacy of curcumin supplementation on systemic inflammatory mediators, comparing dose, duration, and bioavailability status of interventions.

Data Sources

The Medline, CINAHL, EMBASE, Scopus, and Cochrane literature databases were searched from 1980 to May-end 2019. Randomized controlled trials investigating effects of dietary curcumin on inflammatory mediators in humans not receiving anti-inflammatory treatment were eligible for inclusion. Two authors independently assessed titles and abstracts of identified articles for potential eligibility and respective, retrieved, full-text articles; disagreements were resolved by a third author. Evidence quality was critically appraised using the Quality Criteria Checklist for Primary Research.

Data Extraction

Thirty-two trials (N = 2,038 participants) were included and 28 were meta-analyzed using a random-effects model; effect sizes were expressed as Hedges’ g (95%CI).

Data Analysis

Pooled data (reported here as weighted mean difference [WMD]; 95%CI) showed a reduction in C-reactive protein (−1.55 mg/L; −1.81 to −1.30), interleukin-6 (−1.69 pg/mL, −2.56 to −0.82), tumor necrosis factor α (−3.13 pg/mL; −4.62 to −1.64), IL-8 (−0.54 pg/mL; −0.82 to −0.28), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (−2.48 pg/mL; −3.96 to −1.00), and an increase in IL-10 (0.49 pg/mL; 0.10 to 0.88), with no effect on intracellular adhesion molecule-1.

Conclusion

These findings provide evidence for the anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin and support further investigation to confirm dose, duration, and formulation to optimize anti-inflammatory effects in humans with chronic inflammation.

Systematic Review Registration

PROSPERO registration no. CRD42019148682.
Presenteeism among workers: health-related factors, work-related factors and health literacy
Authors: Goto E , Ishikawa H , Okuhara T , Ueno H , Okada H , Fujino Y , Kiuchi T
Published: September 2020

Background

Presenteeism is an important factor in workers’ health. However, few studies have examined how variables such as socio-economic status, health status, workplace status and health literacy correlate with and affect presenteeism.

Aims

To assess the correlates of presenteeism with a focus on health-related factors, work-related factors and health literacy.

Methods

We conducted a cross-sectional study of 2914 Japanese workers from one company. We used a self-administered questionnaire to assess socio-demographic characteristics, health status, work environment, presenteeism and health literacy.

Results

Forty-one per cent of participants were under 40 years of age and 70% were male. We found that 59% of the participants were at high risk of presenteeism. Presenteeism was associated with sex, age, household income, marital status, health-related factors (i.e. self-rated health status, dietary choices, exercise habits), work-related factors (i.e. workplace support, job demands, job control) and health literacy. Logistic regression analyses indicated that presenteeism was associated with self-rated health status, overtime hours, workplace support, job demands, job control and health literacy after adjusting for sex, age and income.

Conclusions

Health-related factors, work-related factors and health literacy are all associated with presenteeism. Improving the workplace environment, especially factors such as overtime working hours, workplace support, job demands and job control, and increasing health literacy may reduce presenteeism among general office workers.
Musculoskeletal disorders and level of physical activity in welders
Authors: Weyh C , Pilat C , Krüger K
Published: September 2020

Background

Welders demonstrate a high prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs), as indicated by high rates of illness-related absenteeism. Leisure time physical activity (LTPA) could be a preventive strategy. However, little is known about LTPA prevalence and its association with MSDs among welders.

Aims

The aim of this study was to analyse the prevalence of MSD and LTPA levels among welders and to identify risk factors for the main disorder of low back pain (LBP).

Methods

The following data were collected from 145 welders from 34 companies in the German steel industry: individual factors (demographics, health behaviour), job-related factors (welding process, welding hours per day, employment years, shift work, ergonomic tools) and MSD (Nordic questionnaire). LTPA (International Physical Activity Questionnaire) was calculated to determine the metabolic equivalent of task (MET) per week as an objective measure of energy expenditure. Prevalence and multivariate regression analysis were calculated to determine odds ratios (ORs).

Results

The 12-month prevalence of LBP was 71%, for neck pain 61% and for shoulder pain 55%. Forty-two per cent of the participants accumulated <600 MET/week. The multivariate regression model revealed LTPA <600 MET/week (OR 3.4, 95% CI 1.05–10.85) and neck pain in the previous 12 months (OR 5.2, 95% CI 2.02–13.56) to be significantly associated with LBP.

Conclusions

The results show a high prevalence of MSDs and thus a strong requirement for intervention. Therefore, LTPA should be prioritized and employers should encourage access to regular activity.
Information Dispersion across Employees and Stock Returns
Authors: Agrawal Ashwini , Hacamo Isaac , Hu Zhongchen
Published: September 2020

Rank-and-file employees are becoming increasingly critical for many firms, yet we know little about how their employment dynamics matter for stock prices. We analyze new data from the individual CV’s of public company employees and find that rank-and-file labor flows can be used to predict abnormal stock returns. Accounting data and survey evidence indicate that workers’ labor market decisions reflect information about future corporate earnings. Investors, however, do not appear to fully incorporate this information into their earnings expectations. The findings support the hypothesis that rank-and-file employees’ entry and exit decisions reveal valuable insights into their employers’ future stock performance.