bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Metaheuristic layout design of a 2 billion euro science facility
Authors: Bentley P M , Filges U
Published: April 2020

A conceptual design process is described, whereby the layout of a modern, multi-MW spallation neutron source is optimised using metaheuristics. This was achieved by coupling several well-known analytical approximations of positive and negative performance metrics with a genetic algorithm (GA) and particle swarm optimisation (PSO). This will be contrasted with a parallel, manual study that was initiated immediately after. Overall, the metaheuristic method converged on superior results, and was generated with an order of magnitude reduction in total labour relative to the manual study. The baseline described in this report has become the real-world layout at the European Spallation Source (ESS), currently under construction in Sweden.
The Symptom and Domain Structure of Psychotic Disorders: A Network Analysis Approach
Authors: Peralta Victor , Gil-Berrozpe Gustavo J , Librero Julián , Sánchez-Torres Ana , Cuesta Manuel J
Published: April 2020

Little is understood about the symptom network structure of psychotic disorders. In the current study, we aimed to examine the network structure of psychotic symptoms in a broad and transdiagnostic sample of subjects with psychotic disorders (n = 2240) and to determine whether network structure parameters vary across demographic, sampling method and clinical variables. Gaussian graphical models were estimated for 73 psychotic symptoms assessed using the Comprehensive Assessment of Symptoms and History. A 7-cluster solution (reality distortion, disorganization, catatonia, diminished expressivity, avolition/anhedonia, mania, and depression) best explained the underlying symptom structure of the network. Symptoms with the highest centrality estimates pertained to the disorganization and, to a lesser extent, negative domains. Most bridge symptoms pertained to the disorganization domain, which had a central position within the network and widespread connections with other psychopathological domains. A comparison of networks in subgroups of subjects defined by premorbid adjustment levels, treatment response, and course pattern significantly influenced both network global strength and network structure. The sampling method and diagnostic class influenced network structure but not network global strength. Subgroups of subjects with less densely connected networks had poorer outcomes or more illness severity than those with more densely connected networks. The network structure of psychotic features emphasizes the importance of disorganization symptoms as a central domain of psychopathology and raises the possibility that interventions that target these symptoms may prove of broad use across psychopathology. The network structure of psychotic disorders is dependent on the sampling method and important clinical variables.
Decrease in the Risk of Posttransplant Hepatocellular Carcinoma Recurrence After the Conversion to Prestorage Leukoreduction for Transfused Red Blood Cells
Authors: Kwon Ji-Hye , Han Sangbin , Jang Jin Sung , Lee Kyo Won , Ahn Joong Hyun , Kim Kyunga , Jeon Suyong , Gwak Mi Sook , Ko Justin S. , Kim Gaab Soo , Joh Jae-Won , Cho Duck
Published: April 2020

Background.

Prestorage leukoreduction has the advantage over poststorage leukoreduction in reducing leukocyte-derived molecules in red blood cells (RBC) unit, which induce immunomodulation. Our institution newly introduced prestorage leukoreduction, instead of conventional poststorage leukoreduction, for liver transplant recipients since March 2012. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the risk of posttransplant hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) recurrence after the conversion of poststorage leukoreduction into prestorage leukoreduction for transfused allogeneic RBCs.

Methods.

Among 220 patients who underwent living-donor liver transplantation for HCC, 83 of 113 who received only poststorage-leukoreduced RBCs were matched with 83 of 107 who received only prestorage-leukoreduced RBCs using 1:1 propensity score matching based on factors like tumor biology. The primary outcome was overall HCC recurrence. Survival analysis was performed with death as a competing risk event.

Results.

In the matched cohort, recurrence probability at 1, 2, and 5 years posttransplant was 9.6%, 15.6%, and 18.1% in prestorage group and 15.6%, 21.6%, and 33.7% in poststorage group (hazard ratio [HR], 0.52; 0.28-0.97; P = 0.040). Multivariable analysis confirmed a significance of prestorage leukoreduction (HR, 0.29; 0.15-0.59; P < 0.001). Overall death risk was also lower with prestorage leukoreduction (HR, 0.51; 0.26-0.99; P = 0.049). In subgroup analysis for the unmatched cohort, recurrence risk was significantly lower in prestorage group within the patients who underwent surgery 2 years (HR, 0.24; 0.10-0.61; P = 0.002), 1 year (HR, 0.16; 0.03-0.92; P = 0.040), and 6 months (HR, 0.13; 0.02-0.85; P = 0.034), respectively, before and after the conversion to prestorage leukoreduction.

Conclusions.

Our findings suggest a potential benefit of prestorage leukoreduction in reducing the risk of HCC recurrence in liver transplant recipients who received allogeneic RBCs during the perioperative period.
Global shifts in mammalian population trends reveal key predictors of virus spillover risk
Authors: Johnson Christine K. , Hitchens Peta L. , Pandit Pranav S. , Rushmore Julie , Evans Tierra Smiley , Young Cristin C. W. , Doyle Megan M.
Published: April 2020

Emerging infectious diseases in humans are frequently caused by pathogens originating from animal hosts, and zoonotic disease outbreaks present a major challenge to global health. To investigate drivers of virus spillover, we evaluated the number of viruses mammalian species have shared with humans. We discovered that the number of zoonotic viruses detected in mammalian species scales positively with global species abundance, suggesting that virus transmission risk has been highest from animal species that have increased in abundance and even expanded their range by adapting to human-dominated landscapes. Domesticated species, primates and bats were identified as having more zoonotic viruses than other species. Among threatened wildlife species, those with population reductions owing to exploitation and loss of habitat shared more viruses with humans. Exploitation of wildlife through hunting and trade facilitates close contact between wildlife and humans, and our findings provide further evidence that exploitation, as well as anthropogenic activities that have caused losses in wildlife habitat quality, have increased opportunities for animal–human interactions and facilitated zoonotic disease transmission. Our study provides new evidence for assessing spillover risk from mammalian species and highlights convergent processes whereby the causes of wildlife population declines have facilitated the transmission of animal viruses to humans.
Genetic architecture of a key reproductive isolation trait differs between sympatric and non-sympatric sister species of Lake Victoria cichlids
Authors: Feller Anna F. , Haesler Marcel P. , Peichel Catherine L. , Seehausen Ole
Published: April 2020

One hallmark of the East African cichlid radiations is the rapid evolution of reproductive isolation that is robust to full sympatry of many closely related species. Theory predicts that species persistence and speciation in sympatry with gene flow are facilitated if loci of large effect or physical linkage (or pleiotropy) underlie traits involved in reproductive isolation. Here, we investigate the genetic architecture of a key trait involved in behavioural isolation, male nuptial coloration, by crossing two sister species pairs of Lake Victoria cichlids of the genusPundamiliaand mapping nuptial coloration in the F2 hybrids. One is a young sympatric species pair, representative of an axis of colour motif differentiation, red-dorsum versus blue, that is highly recurrent in closely related sympatric species. The other is a species pair representative of colour motifs, red-chest versus blue, that are common in allopatric but uncommon in sympatric closely related species. We find significant quantitative trait loci (QTLs) with moderate to large effects (some overlapping) for red and yellow in the sympatric red-dorsum × blue cross, whereas we find no significant QTLs in the non-sympatric red-chest × blue cross. These findings are consistent with theory predicting that large effect loci or linkage/pleiotropy underlying mating trait differentiation could facilitate speciation and species persistence with gene flow in sympatry.
Predicting the short-term success of human influenza virus variants with machine learning
Authors: Hayati Maryam , Biller Priscila , Colijn Caroline
Published: April 2020

Seasonal influenza viruses are constantly changing and produce a different set of circulating strains each season. Small genetic changes can accumulate over time and result in antigenically different viruses; this may prevent the body’s immune system from recognizing those viruses. Due to rapid mutations, in particular, in the haemagglutinin (HA) gene, seasonal influenza vaccines must be updated frequently. This requires choosing strains to include in the updates to maximize the vaccines’ benefits, according to estimates of which strains will be circulating in upcoming seasons. This is a challenging prediction task. In this paper, we use longitudinally sampled phylogenetic trees based on HA sequences from human influenza viruses, together with counts of epitope site polymorphisms in HA, to predict which influenza virus strains are likely to be successful. We extract small groups of taxa (subtrees) and use a suite of features of these subtrees as key inputs to the machine learning tools. Using a range of training and testing strategies, including training on H3N2 and testing on H1N1, we find that successful prediction of future expansion of small subtrees is possible from these data, with accuracies of 0.71–0.85 and a classifier ‘area under the curve’ 0.75–0.9.
ProteinGCN: Protein model quality assessment using Graph Convolutional Networks
Authors: Sanyal Soumya , Anishchenko Ivan , Dagar Anirudh , Baker David , Talukdar Partha
Published: April 2020

Blind estimation of local (per-residue) and global (for the whole structure) accuracies in protein structure models is an essential step in many protein modeling applications. With the recent developments in deep-learning, single-model quality assessment methods have been also advanced, primarily through the use of 2D and 3D convolutional deep neural networks. Here we explore an alternative approach and train a graph convolutional network with nodes representing protein atoms and edges connecting spatially adjacent atom pairs on the dataset Rosetta-300k which contains a set of 300k conformations from 2,897 proteins. We show that our proposed architecture, ProteinGCN, is capable of predicting both local and global accuracies in protein models at state-of-the-art levels. Further, the number of free parameters in ProteinGCN is almost 1-2 orders of magnitude smaller compared to the 3D convolutional networks proposed earlier. We provide the source code of our work to encourage reproducible research.1
The ossicular chain of Cainotheriidae (Mammalia, Artiodactyla)
Authors: Assemat Alexandre , Mourlam Mickaël J. , Weppe Romain , Maugoust Jacob , Antoine Pierre‐Olivier , Orliac Maeva Judith
Published: April 2020

This work describes an unparalleled sample of isolated fossil auditory ossicles of cainotheriid artiodactyls from the Paleogene karstic infillings of Dams (Tarn‐et‐Garonne, Quercy, France). This collection comprises a total of 18 mallei, 28 incudes and three stapedes. It allows the documentation of both intra‐ and interspecific variability of ossicular morphology within Cainotheriidae. We show that despite considerable intraspecific variability, the malleus, the incus and the stapes appear to be taxonomically informative at the Cainotheriidae scale. This work further provides the first description of a reconstructed ossicular chain of a terrestrial Paleogene artiodactyl species, found in a basicranium of the late Oligocene cainotheriine Caenomeryx filholi (Pech Desse locality).
Classifying varices in cirrhosis: Who's got the best look?
Authors: Cardenas Andres , Abraldes Juan G.
Published: April 2020

See Article on Page 905
Quantification of soil erosion and sediment yield for ungauged catchment using the RUSLE model: Case study for Lake Basaka catchment in Ethiopia
Authors: Dinka Megersa Olumana
Published: April 2020

Soil erosion is a monumental land degradation problem in many parts of the world, threatening the well‐being of humans and ecosystems. The Lake Basaka catchment is heavily affected by serious land degradation problems related to land use–land cover changes (LULC), population dynamics and settlement, introduction of large‐scale irrigation schemes, etc. Accordingly, the objective of the present study was to quantify the magnitude of soil lost from the Lake Basaka catchment and the sediment subsequently delivered to the lake on the basis of the limited available dataset in a distributed manner using the RUSLE model in a GIS environment. The results indicated about 36 million m3 of soil were lost from the catchment between 1973 and 2007. Soil erosion and sedimentation in the lake catchment continue to increase from time to time, being attributed to the significant LULC occurring in the catchment. About 23 cm of the economically productive top soil in the catchment was lost during the study period (1960–2015), which translates into a significant degradation of the catchment (e.g. further reduction of infiltration capacity, thereby accelerating run‐off and erosion rates). Similarly, about a 1.3 m deep sediment layer was deposited in the lake during the same period. The computed sediment yield indicates about 14% of the lake incremental volume and depth in recent periods (post‐2000s) is attributable to sedimentation. Certain coincidental changes are also occurring in the catchment, including organic matter declines, soil nutrient depletion and soil depth decrement, which may lead to decreased production and productivity and associated ecosystem imbalances. The present study identified the potential areas that contribute significantly to erosion and sedimentation, thereby providing guidance regarding where land use/cover practices must be implemented to limit/reduce, if not avoid, the impacts of erosion and subsequent sedimentation in Lake Basaka.
Network dynamics with a nested node set: Sociability in seven villages in Senegal
Authors: Snijders Tom A.B. , Faye Malick , Brailly Julien
Published: April 2020

We propose two complementary ways to deal with a nesting structure in the node set of a network—such a structure may be called a multilevel network, with a node set consisting of several groups. First, within‐group ties are distinguished from between‐group ties by considering them as two distinct but interrelated networks. Second, effects of nodal variables are differentiated according to the levels of the nesting structure, to prevent ecological fallacies. This is elaborated in a study of two repeated observations of a sociability network in seven villages in Senegal, analyzed using the Stochastic Actor‐oriented Model.
Fast I(n)dentification of Pathogens in Neonates (FINDPATH-N): protocol for a prospective pilot cohort study of next-generation sequencing for pathogen identification in neonates with suspected sepsis
Authors: Klowak Jennifer Ann , el Helou Salhab , Pernica Jeffrey M , Parker Melissa J , Surette Michael , Poinar Hendrik , Fox-Robichaud Alison E
Published: April 2020

Introduction

Sepsis is a major source of morbidity and mortality in neonates; however, identification of the causative pathogens is challenging. Many neonates have negative blood cultures despite clinical evidence of sepsis. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) is a high-throughput, parallel sequencing technique for DNA. Pathogen-targeted enrichment followed by NGS has the potential to be more sensitive and faster than current gold-standard blood culture. In this pilot study, we will test the feasibility and pathogen detection patterns of pathogen-targeted NGS in neonates with suspected sepsis. Additionally, the distribution and diagnostic accuracy of biomarkers cell-free DNA and protein C levels at two time points will be explored.

Methods and analysis

We will conduct a prospective, pilot observational study. Neonates over 1 kg with suspected sepsis from a single tertiary care children’s hospital will be recruited for the study. Recruitment will be censored at 200 events or 6 months’ duration. Two blood study samples will be taken: the first simultaneous to the blood culture (time=0 hour, for NGS and biomarkers) via an exception to consent (deferred consent) and another 24 hours later after prospective consent (biomarkers only). Neonates will be adjudicated into those with clinical sepsis, culture-proven sepsis and without sepsis based on clinical criteria. Feasibility parameters (eg, recruitment) and NGS process time will be reported.

For analysis, NGS results will be described in aggregate, compared with the simultaneous blood culture (sensitivity and specificity) and reviewed via expert panel for plausibility. Pilot data for biomarker distribution and diagnostic accuracy (sensitivity and specificity) for distinguishing between septic and non-septic neonates will be reported.

Ethics and dissemination

Ethics approval has been granted by the Hamilton Integrated Research Ethics Board. We will seek publication of study results in peer-reviewed journals.
Sequence stratigraphy of the late Carboniferous Clifton Formation, New Brunswick
Authors: Keough Brandon M. , King Olivia A. , Stimson Matthew R. , Quinton Page C. , Rygel Michael C.
Published: April 2020

The Maritimes Basin of Atlantic Canada contains a rich record of Pennsylvanian cyclothems. Previous studies have focused on rapidly subsiding depocenters in the central part of the basin where Carboniferous successions feature cyclic alternations between terrestrial and marginal marine strata. In contrast, the Pennsylvanian Clifton Formation was deposited on the relatively stable New Brunswick platform and contains almost entirely terrestrial strata. Although early studies of the Clifton Formation noted a cyclic architecture, particularly within Member B, this unit has remained understudied. We provide a sedimentological and sequence stratigraphic framework for the lower 85 m of Member B and interpret our results relative to a broader regional framework. Near the base of the study interval, the highstand systems tract is composed of red floodplain mudrocks; overlying sequence boundaries are composed of calcretes and (or) channels. The transgressive systems tract and maximum flooding surface are represented by coals and aquatic bivalve-bearing mudrocks. Moving upward through the section, the architecture of the highstand systems tract remains largely unchanged while sequence-bounding paleosols become less well developed, the transgressive systems tract becomes thinner and eventually not preserved, and the maximum flooding surface is only occasionally preserved, possibly represented by carbonaceous shales. These changes in cyclic architecture may be attributed to changes in the magnitude of glacioeustatic fluctuations, climate, and (or) the accommodation/sediment supply ratio. The results of this study show that the Clifton Formation represents the terrestrial/proximal endmember for cyclicity in the Maritimes Basin and provide new insight into paleotopography as a possible control on cyclothem architecture.
Mutations inMycobacterium tuberculosisIsolates with Discordant Results for Drug-Susceptibility Testing in Peru
Authors: Solari L. , Santos-Lazaro D. , Puyen Z. M.
Published: April 2020

Evaluation of resistance to antituberculosis drugs is routinely performed with genotypic or phenotypic methods; however, discordance can be seen between these different methodologies. Our objective was to identify mutations that could explain discordant results in the evaluation of susceptibility to rifampicin and isoniazid between molecular and phenotypic methods, using whole genome sequencing (WGS). Peruvian strains showing sensitive results in the GenoType MTBDRplusv2.0 test and resistant results in the proportions in the agar-plaque test for isoniazid or rifampin were selected. Discordance was confirmed by repeating both tests, and WGS was performed, using the Next Generation Sequencing methodology. Obtained sequences were aligned “through reference” (genomic mapping) using the program BWA with the algorithm “mem”, using as a reference the genome of theM. tuberculosisH37Rv strain. Discordance was confirmed in 14 strains for rifampicin and 21 for isoniazid, with 1 strain in common for both antibiotics, for a total of 34 unique strains. The most frequent mutation in the rpoB gene in the discordant strains for rifampicin was V170F. The most frequent mutations in the discordant strains for isoniazid were katG R463L, kasA G269S, and Rv1592c I322V. Several other mutations are reported. This is the first study in Latin America addressing mutations present in strains with discordant results between genotypic and phenotypic methods to rifampicin and isoniazid. These mutations could be considered as future potential targets for genotypic tests for evaluation of susceptibility to these drugs.
RENTHENOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF HIV-INFECTION COMBINED WITH TUBERCULOSIS. MAIN CAUSES OF MORTALITY
Authors: Moskaliuk V. D. , Kolotylo T. R.
Published: April 2020

The purpose of the work is to analyze the X-ray and some laboratory changes of the groups of patients with HIV-infection combined with tuberculosis (TB) and TB monoinfection, as well as to determine the main causes of the mortality of such patients.

Patients and methods. We examined 351 patients, in particular 217 HIV/TB-related infections and 134 cases of tuberculosis only. The HIV/TB group was divided into 3 subgroups depending on the time of TB attachment to HIV infection.

Results. The most striking clinical symptomatology is typical for HIV/TB infected patients, compared to patients with TB alone. Persons with associated HIV/TB infection also differed from patients with TB only with a lack of changes in the X-ray of the thoracic cavity.

Drug resistance to one anti-TB drug is significantly more commonly found in the group with the associated infection. The same pattern is noted for subgroup 1 and 3 of HIV/TB.

The percentage of mortality from infiltrative TB for all those who died from the primary TB for associated HIV/TB infection is significantly higher than for patients with TB alone. With focal TB, caseous pneumonia, disseminated, generalized and extrapulmonary TB there is a tendency towards higher mortality in case of concomitant HIV infection. Probably this is due to the prescription of TB and a fairly large affection of the pulmonary tissue. In general, patients with HIV/TB died significantly more often than patients with TB monoinfection.

Conclusions. Individuals with associated HIV/TB infection differed from patients with TB only with brighter clinical symptoms, a significantly greater absence of changes in the X-ray of the chest cavity, drug resistance to one anti-TB drug and significantly higher mortality.
ОКРЕМI ЕПIДЕМIОЛОГIЧНI РИЗИКИ ДЛЯ БIОЛОГIЧНОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ УКРАЇНИ
Authors: Krushelnytskyi O. D. , Ivachevska N. S. , Kozlova K. V. , Shpak M. O.
Published: April 2020

Розглянуті питання епідеміологічних ризиків для біологічної безпеки України та інші актуальні воєнні загрози. Авторами спрогнозовані напрямки можливих змін біологічної ситуації щодо інфекційної захворюваності в Україні та біотероризму, порушені питання необхідності проведення протиепідемічних і профілактичних заходів.
МЕДИЧНІ КАДРИ – НАЙГОЛОВНІШИЙ РЕСУРС ЗАКЛАДІВ ОХОРОНИ ЗДОРОВ’Я ЗАПОРІЗЬКОЇ ОБЛАСТІ ПЕРВИННОГО РІВНЯ
Authors: Klymenko V. I. , Kremsar I. M. , Korogod N. O.
Published: April 2020

Мета: провести аналіз кадрового потенціалу лікарів і середнього медичного персоналу центрів первинної медико-санітарної допомоги Запорізької області.

Матеріали і методи. Проведено викопіювання даних щодо фактичної та штатної чисельності лікарів і середнього медичного персоналу за період 2015–2017 рр. у 32 центрах первинної медико-санітарної допомоги Запорізької області (генеральна сукупність), їх вікова структура, стаж роботи за спеціальністю, наявність категорії. Для проведення порівняльного аналізу в динаміці нами за допомогою програми Statistic 10.0 розраховано відносні та середні величини. Оцінку достовірності різниці отриманих даних у різних групах спостереження та перевірку нульової гіпотези здійснювали шляхом розрахунку критерію відповідності хі-квадрат (χ2).

Результати. Встановлено, що в 2017 р. укомплектованість сімейними лікарями по Запорізькій області в середньому становила 66,1 %, майже кожен третій з них досяг пенсійного віку або має вік до 45 років, що є позитивним досягненням за останнє десятиріччя. Незважаючи на той факт, що більшість як лікарів первинної ланки, так і середнього медичного персоналу мають стаж роботи понад 10 років, третина всіх працюючих не мають кваліфікаційної категорії, а один раз на 5 років проходять курси стажування за фахом із метою продовження роботи в системі охорони здоров’я, що свідчить про відсутність мотивації до підвищення рівня кваліфікації і в подальшому може вплинути на якість медичної допомоги. Зміна організаційно-правової форми роботи закладів охорони здоров’я, що надають первинну медичну допомогу в Запорізькій області, призвела до дзеркальних змін у навантаженні на лікарів за адміністративно-територіальним принципом на кінець 2019 р.: збільшення чисельності лікарів по містах області та зменшення в сільській місцевості, але наявна їх кількість повністю забезпечує потребу по області, навіть залишається в наявності резерв щодо підписання декларацій з населенням або поступового заміщення тих, хто досяг пенсійного віку.

Висновки. Встановлено потребу як у підвищенні рівня кадрового укомплектування лікарями первинної ланки, особливо в сільській місцевості, так і в мотивації мати відповідні кваліфікаційні категорії до стажу роботи і серед практикуючих лікарів, і серед середнього медичного персоналу.
ОБҐРУНТУВАННЯ ВИБОРУ МЕТОДУ ПРОВЕДЕННЯ САНАЦІЇ ПОРОЖНИНИ РОТА В ДІТЕЙ РАННЬОГО ВІКУ
Authors: Koval O. I.
Published: April 2020

Мета: встановити безпечний проміжок часу проведення різних стоматологічних маніпуляцій в дітей віком до 3-х років на амбулаторному стоматологічному прийомі. Визначити показання для проведення санації порожнини рота під загальним знеболюванням.

Матеріали і методи. Стоматологічне обстеження та проведення стоматологічних маніпуляцій різного ступеня складності проведено 110 дітям віком до 3-х років (проліковано 432 зуба) на базі Стоматологічного медичного центру при Національному медичному університеті імені О. О. Богомольця.

Дітей поділено на дві групи залежно від вибору методу лікування: І групу склали діти, санацію порожнини рота яким проводили за умов загального знеболювання (38 дітей); ІІ групу склали діти, санацію порожнини рота яким здійснювали без загального знеболювання (72 дитини).

З метою визначення насичення киснем головного мозку застосовували метод церебральної оксиметрії. Для прогнозу когнітивних змін на фоні органічних порушень головного мозку ми використовували результати досліджень J. Meixensberger et al. (1998), де головним завданням стоматолога було не допустити зниження показників церебральної оксиметрії більше ніж на 20 %.

Результати. Показання до проведення санації порожнини рота за умов загального знеболювання:

– поверхневий карієс незалежно від його перебігу при кп ≥6;

– середній карієс незалежно від його перебігу при кп ≥2;

– глибокий карієс, хронічний перебіг при кп ≥2;

– глибокий карієс, гострий перебіг при кп ≥1;

– хронічний фіброзний пульпіт при кп ≥1;

– хронічний періодонтит.

Висновки. Вибір методу санації порожнини рота у дітей віком до 3-х років не залежить від виду темпераменту та типу фобій.
O novo e o velho mundo na antiguidade, uma síntese comparativa dentro do debate teórico da história do urbanismo para a arqueologia
Authors: Figueiredo Marcio Luis Bauso de
Published: April 2020

Este trabalho busca uma síntese do estado da arte das discussões teóricas sobre o desenvolvimento cultural do chamado processo civilizatório, em relação ao processo do fenômeno urbano no mundo antigo. Visa debater a relação entre a proposta da Revolução Neolítica, a partir da lista qualitativa produzida pelo arqueólogo Gordon Childe no início do século XX, e sua relação intrínseca com o surgimento das cidades e dos processos de urbanização. Para tal, como apresentado, utilizaremos comparativamente vários modelos de ocupações referidas como urbanas referentes ao Mediterrâneo, a Mesoamérica e aos Andes; discutindo as principais visões na historiografia de alguns pontos específicos dos desenvolvimentos urbanos dos períodos, formativo e tardio andinos e das cidades gregas.
A Review of Social Economy Research in Canada
Authors: Mook Laurie , Quarter Jack
Published: April 2020

Canada is a federal parliamentary democracy, officially bilingual (English and French), and one of the most multicultural countries in the world. Indeed, more than one-fifth of Canada’s population consists of first-generation immigrants, and a similar percentage classify themselves as visible minorities. According to the 2016 census there are more than 250 distinct ethnic origins, often with distinct languages (Statistics Canada, 2016, 2017a). A confederation of ten provinces and three territories, Canada has a current population of over 36 million people who live across an expansive geographic area that constitutes the second largest country in the world. Most of its population live in urban settings (83%), with the largest cities being Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver (Statistics Canada, 2017b). Toronto is classified as the third-most cosmopolitan city in the world following Dubai and Brussels (World Atlas, 2018).

In this multifaceted context, the social economy of Canada plays an important role in bridging the public and private sectors to form a strong social infrastructure (Quarter, Mook, & Armstrong, 2018). It constitutes a vast range of organizations guided by social objectives including nonprofit organizations such as charities, foundations, and social enterprises; and cooperatives both non-financial, in fields such as housing, childcare, healthcare, and farm marketing, and financial such as credit unions and caisses populaires.

There are distinct traditions of the social economy in anglophone and francophone parts of Canada. There are also traditions specific to particular populations, such as the Black social economy (Hossein, 2013); and the Indigenous social economy (Restoule, Gruner, & Metatawabin, 2012; Sengupta, Vieta, & McMurtry, 2015; Wuttunee, 2010). In this review, we look at the anglophone research on the social economy, noting that there are also French-language research institutions and educational programs focusing on the social economy; however, a review of these is beyond the scope of this paper.

After providing an overview of the concept of the social economy in Canada, we go on to summarize research on its scope and size in the Canadian context. Using a Venn diagram, we highlight the interactions between the different sectors in society and emphasize that the social economy is an integral part of a mixed economy that serves in many ways as its social infrastructure. We find four different types of social economy organizations: social economy businesses, community economic development organizations, public sector nonprofits, and civil society organizations. From there, we focus on voluntaristic behaviors of giving, volunteering (formal and informal), and participating. Our focus shifts to describing the infrastructure supporting research of the sector, including key academic and umbrella associations and networks, as well as formal and informal education programs. Finally, we describe key funders of social economy research including government and foundations.
Current status of cell-based therapies for respiratory virus infections: applicability to COVID-19
Authors: Khoury Maroun , Cuenca Jimena , Cruz Fernanda F. , Figueroa Fernando E. , Rocco Patricia R.M. , Weiss Daniel J.
Published: April 2020

The severe respiratory consequences of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic have prompted urgent need for novel therapies. Cell-based approaches, primarily using mesenchymal stem (stromal) cells (MSCs), have demonstrated safety and possible efficacy in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), although they are not yet well studied in respiratory virus-induced ARDS. Limited pre-clinical data suggest that systemic MSC administration can significantly reduce respiratory virus (influenza strains H5N1 and H9N2)-induced lung injury; however, there are no available data in models of coronavirus respiratory infection.

There is a rapidly increasing number of clinical investigations of cell-based therapy approaches for COVID-19. These utilise a range of different cell sources, doses, dosing strategies and targeted patient populations. To provide a rational strategy to maximise potential therapeutic use, it is critically important to understand the relevant pre-clinical studies and postulated mechanisms of MSC actions in respiratory virus-induced lung injuries. This review presents these, along with consideration of current clinical investigations.
A rare case of recurrent primary anorectal melanoma emphasizing the importance of postoperative follow-ups
Authors: Li Zhihao , Šandera Peter , Beer Marc , Weber Markus
Published: April 2020

Background

Primary anorectal melanoma can be a rare differential diagnosis of anorectal mass. Due to the low case number reported in the literature, physicians are not aware of this aggressive disease. Although no consensus exists, wide local excision and abdominoperineal resection are considered the mainstay therapy.

Case presentation

An 85-year-old female patient presented with fecal incontinence 5 years after local resection of a primary anorectal melanoma. In the rectoscopy, a tumor proximal to the dentate line was identified and later confirmed as a recurrent primary anorectal melanoma. There were no signs of locoregional or distant metastasis on the MRI and PET/CT. She underwent another wide local excision and regained fecal continence postoperatively.

Conclusions

Primary anorectal melanoma should belong to the differential diagnosis of anorectal mass. If technically feasible, wide local excision represents a less invasive treatment than abdominoperineal resection, retaining the anal sphincter and patient’s quality of life. Even though wide local excision has a higher recurrence rate than abdominoperineal resection, there is no difference in survival between the two procedures. This is only under the premise that patients are followed-up regularly after wide local excision so that recurrence can be spotted early on and locally excised.
A pilot study on locomotion training via biomechanical models and a wearable haptic feedback system
Authors: Demircan Emel
Published: April 2020

Locomotion is a fundamental human skill. Real-time sensing and feedback is a promising strategy for motion training to reconstruct healthy locomotion patterns lost due to aging or disease, and to prevent injuries. In this paper, we present a pilot study on locomotion training via biomechanical modeling and a wearable haptic feedback system. In addition, a novel simulation framework for motion tracking and analysis is introduced. This unified framework, implemented within the Unity environment, is used to analyze subject’s baseline and performance characteristics, and to provide real-time haptic feedback during locomotion. The framework incorporates accurate musculoskeletal models derived from OpenSim, closed-form calculations of muscle routing kinematics and kinematic Jacobian matrices, dynamic performance metrics (i.e., muscular effort), human motion reconstruction via inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensors, and real-time visualization of the motion and its dynamics. A pilot study was conducted in which 6 healthy subjects learned to alter running patterns to lower the knee flexion moment (KFM) through haptic feedback. We targeted three gait parameters (trunk lean, cadence, and foot strike) that previous studies had identified as having an influence on reducing the knee flexion moment and associated with increased risk of running injuries. All subjects were able to adopt altered running patterns requiring simultaneous changes to these kinematic parameters and reduced their KFM to 30–85% of their baseline values. The muscular effort during motion training stayed comparable to subjects’ baseline. This study shows that biomechanical modeling, together with real-time sensing and wearable haptic feedback can greatly increase the efficiency of motion training.
Veterinary antibiotic oxytetracycline’s effect on the soil microbial community
Authors: Danilova Natalia , Galitskaya Polina , Selivanovskaya Svetlana
Published: April 2020

Background

Antibiotics are widely used to treat animals from infections. After fertilizing, antibacterials can remain in the soil while adversely affecting the soil microorganisms. The concentration of oxytetracycline (OTC) in the soil and its effect on the soil microbial community was assessed. To assess the impact of OTC on the soil microbial community, it was added to the soil at concentrations of 50, 150, and 300 mg kg–1 and incubated for 35 days.

Results

The concentration of OTC added to the soil decreased from 150 to 7.6 mg kg–1 during 30 days of incubation, as revealed by LC-MS. The deviations from the control values in the level of substrate-induced respiration on the 5th day of the experiment were, on average, 26, 68, and 90%, with OTC concentrations at 50, 150, and 300 mg kg–1, respectively. In samples with 150 and 300 mg kg–1 of OTC, the number of bacteria from the 3rd to 14th day was 2–3 orders of magnitude lower than in the control. The addition of OTC did not affect the fungal counts in samples except on the 7th and 14th days for the 150 and 300 mg kg–1 contaminated samples. Genes tet(M) and tet(X) were found in samples containing 50, 150, and 300 mg kg–1 OTC, with no significant differences in the number of copies of tet(M) and tet(X) genes from the OTC concentration.

Conclusions

Our results showed that even after a decrease in antibiotic availability, its influence on the soil microbial community remains.
Hard-threshold neural network-based prediction of organic synthetic outcomes
Authors: Hu Haoyang , Yuan Zhihong
Published: April 2020

Retrosynthetic analysis is a canonical technique for planning the synthesis route of organic molecules in drug discovery and development. In this technique, the screening of synthetic tree branches requires accurate forward reaction prediction, but existing software is far from completing this step independently. Previous studies attempted to apply a neural network to forward reaction prediction, but the accuracy was not satisfying. Through using the Edit Vector-based description and extended-connectivity fingerprints to transform the reaction into a vector, this study focuses on the update of the neural network to improve the template-based forward reaction prediction. Hard-threshold activation and the target propagation algorithm are implemented by introducing mixed convex-combinatorial optimization. Comparative tests were conducted to explore the optimal hyperparameter set. Using 15,000 experimental reaction data extracted from granted United States patents, the proposed hard-threshold neural network was systematically trained and tested. The results demonstrated that a higher prediction accuracy was obtained than that for the traditional neural network with backpropagation algorithm. Some successfully predicted reaction examples are also briefly illustrated.
Improving the use of evidence in legislatures: the case of the UK Parliament
Authors: Rose David Christian , Kenny Caroline , Hobbs Abbi , Tyler Chris
Published: April 2020

Despite claims that we now live in a post-truth society, it remains commonplace for policy makers to consult research evidence to increase the robustness of decision making. Few scholars of evidence-policy interfaces, however, have used legislatures as sites of study, despite the fact that they play a critical role in modern democracies. There is thus limited knowledge of how research evidence is sourced and used in legislatures, which presents challenges for academics and science advisory groups, as well as to others interested in ensuring that democratic decisions are evidence-informed. Here, we present results from an empirical study into the use of research in the UK Parliament, obtained through the use of a mixed methodology, including interviews and surveys of 157 people in Parliament, as well as an ethnographic investigation of four committees. Here we are specifically interested in identifying the factors affecting the use of research evidence in Parliament with the aim of improving its use. We focus on providing advice for the Higher Education Sector, which includes improving knowledge of, and engagement in, parliamentary processes, reform of academic incentives to stimulate the production of policy-relevant information and to assist engagement, and working with trusted knowledge brokers. Implementing this advice should improve the chances that parliamentary decision making is informed by research evidence.
A Lock Free Approach To Parallelize The Cellular Potts Model: Application To Ductal Carcinoma In Situ
Authors: Tomeu Antonio J. , Salguero Alberto G.
Published: April 2020

In the field of computational biology, in order to simulate multiscale biological systems, the Cellular Potts Model (CPM) has been used, which determines the actions that simulated cells can perform by determining a hamiltonian of energy that takes into account the influence that neighboring cells exert, under a wide range of parameters. There are some proposals in the literature that parallelize the CPM; in all cases, either lock-based techniques or other techniques that require large amounts of information to be disseminated among parallel tasks are used to preserve data coherence. In both cases, computational performance is limited. This work proposes an alternative approach for the parallelization of the model that uses transactional memory to maintain the coherence of the information. A Java implementation has been applied to the simulation of the ductal adenocarcinoma of breast in situ (DCIS). Times and speedups of the simulated execution of the model on the cluster of our university are analyzed. The results show a good speedup.
Obsolete, Extraneous, or Pertinent? Philosophy of Science and Historical Studies in the Physical (Natural) Sciences
Authors: Schickore Jutta
Published: April 2020

This essay is part of a special issue entitled “Looking Backward, Looking Forward: HSNS at 50,” edited by Erika Lorraine Milam.
O Psicodrama clínico on-line: uma conexão possível
Authors: Pereira Vidal Gabriela , Castro Amanda
Published: April 2020

Este artigo tem por objetivo refletir sobre as possibilidades de atuação em psicoterapia da relação, psicodrama bipessoal e psicodrama interno, por meio de atendimentos on-line. Foram utilizados relatos de experiência para ilustrar as possibilidades em relação a etapas, instrumentos e técnicas. Ao longo da discussão, é clarificado que a ação espontânea do psicodramatista frente ao cliente é imprescindível. Portanto, no atendimento on-line, é possível a manutenção do aquecimento, a aplicação das técnicas e o manejo das cenas, considerando a necessidade do reconhecimento de cenário do paciente e do diretor, bem como da possibilidade do recurso da realidade suplementar para o alcance de cenas, objetos ausentes e personagens.
CATEGORY «OWN – ALIEN» IN THE SWEDISH FOLKLORE ABOUT THE SAMI NOAIDIS
Authors: Safron Elena , Merenova Alena
Published: April 2020

The article is devoted to the search and analysis of the category «our – alien» in Swedish folklore about Sami noaidis a specific category of people with supernatural powers. We have selected Swedish folklore texts, recorded in the second half of the twentieth century, which had never before been translated into Russian. The idiographic, cultural-historical and thematic generalization method are used. It turns out that noaidis were partly «aliens» to the members of their tribe: the Saami believed that noaidis possessed two souls, one of which could be sent to the world of spirits. We establish that the noaidis, as the informal leaders of their tribe, seemed to the Swedes, claiming to have Sami territories, the greatest threat. The Swedes could not classify the Sami sorcerers as «their own» because of their rejection of their claim to possessing abilities that were contrary to the Christian worldview, but easily overcame their prejudice when they were forced to turn to the medicaster skills of the noaidis. Despite the high level of tension, the noaidis allowed the Swedes to be present during their autochthonous sacred rites and rather willingly made contact with people oriented assimilative politics towards them.
Isa Al-Masih 'inda Al-Qadiyaniyat: Dirasat Tahliliyat Naqdiyat
Authors: Rusnadi Rusnadi
Published: April 2020

This paper aims to conduct a study of Isa al Masih in the view of al-Qadiyaniah. Islam believes that the prophet Isa al-Masih was appointed by Allah to rise from the pursuit of the Jews who wanted to crucify and kill him and then be lowered at the end of time. This belief is opposed by followers of al-Qodiyaniyah, they consider that the belief of Muslims and Christians is a distorted belief. Al-Qodiyaniah believes that Isa al-Masih did not die and was not taken up to heaven. This study is using a library research method with a qualitative approach. Research results show that Jesus was crucified and did not die on the cross, but Isa al-Masih was lowered from the cross and then migrated to Kasymir until his death and was buried there. And as for the purpose of the appointment of Jesus according to Qodiyaniyah is the departure of Jesus to Kasymir after being crucified, and another purpose of the appointment of Jesus is to elevate the degree and praise for Jesus, not appointed his body. as well as the purpose of the fall of Jesus for the second time is the rise of Islam and Mirza Ghulam Ahmad is a person who is trying to revive that religion of Islam. And among al-Qodiyaniyah's beliefs is that Mirza Ghulam Ahmad is as Isa al-Masih and also as Imam al-Mahdi in one body.
Recensiones
Authors: Facultad de Teologío Facultad de Teologío
Published: April 2020

Recensiones
Recensiones
Authors: Graf Roy , Iparraguirre Joel , Campbell Michael
Published: April 2020

Recensiones
Uso de plantas medicinais na Umbanda e Candomblé em associação cultural no município de Puxinanã, Paraíba
Authors: Arruda Deliane Andrade de , Souza Bruna Dos Santos , Santos Viviane Galdino dos , Lima Laura Ana Alves de , Santos Vanderláeia Galdino dos
Published: April 2020

A utilização das plantas medicinais em práticas ritualísticas é algo bastante comum nas religiões existentes no Brasil, diante disso, o presente estudo apresenta uma pesquisa sobre o uso das plantas medicinais na Associação Cultural de Umbanda e Candomblé localizada em Puxinanã, Paraíba. Foram realizadas 50 entrevistas com pessoas que frequentam o terreiro, no qual mostra o uso intenso das ervas naturais nos rituais, sendo as três mais citadas: a jurema preta (Mimosa tenuiflora), liamba (Vitex agnus castus L.) e Pião roxo (Jatropha gossypiifolia L.), constatou-se também que todos os entrevistados acham importante a utilização das ervas, evidenciando a necessidade das mesmas se fazerem presentes nas ritualísticas da Umbanda e Candomblé. Os resultados confirmam que os frequentadores de terreiro possuem um grande conhecimento e fazem uso nos rituais com as plantas medicinais, preservando a cultura popular na religião.