bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Contribution to the faunal study of the Tortricidae of Pelion Mountains (Greece) with description of Cydia magnesiae Trematerra & Colacci, sp. n. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
Authors: Trematerra P. , Colacci M.
Published: June 2024

The following contribution highlights an overview of the 50 species of Tortricidae captured on Pelion Mountain, in Central Greece, during several field trips by the authors. Eleven new species to the Greek fauna were recorded: Aethes margaritana, Eana incanana, Paramesia diffusana, Tosirips magyarus, Eudemis profundana, Ancylis badiana, Pelochrista modicana, Grapholita lathyrana, Grapholita tenebrosana, Dichrorampha alpigenana and Dichroranpha inconspiqua. Ceratoxanthis giansalottii, Endothenia apotomisana and Cydia pelionae are found to be endemic to Greece. Dichroranpha inconspiqua is reported for the first time in Europe. Cydia magnesiae Trematerra & Colacci, sp. n. is described as new.
Monitoring CO2 and SO2 Exhaust Gas Emissions on Tanker Ships With An IoT Based PLC Controller
Authors: Nur Fajar Iqbal , Prayogi Soni
Published: June 2024

This work discusses the development of a CO2 and SO2 exhaust emissions monitoring system on tankers using a PLC controller connected to the Internet of Things (IoT). The method for measuring gas emissions is carried out in real-time and is integrated with a control system that can optimize ship engine performance to reduce emissions that are detrimental to the environment. This study evaluates the effectiveness of the system in reducing emissions of these harmful gases by taking into account environmental and technical factors. Experimental results show that the use of an IoT-based PLC controller can increase the efficiency of monitoring and controlling gas emissions on tankers, with the potential to be widely applied in the shipping industry. This research contributes to the development of environmentally friendly and sustainable technology in the maritime transportation sector.
Technical Analysis of The Use of Shore Connection Services at Tanker Docks
Authors: Zapata Malvin , Prayogi Soni
Published: June 2024

The use of shore connection services at tanker berths is an important innovation to increase energy efficiency and reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the maritime sector. This research analyzes the technical aspects of implementing shore connections, including system configuration, integration with port infrastructure, as well as operational and economic challenges. This study uses a descriptive analysis method with data collected through field observations, interviews with port operators, and a review of related literature. The research results show that the implementation of shore connections is able to reduce fuel consumption and pollutant emissions significantly. However, there are obstacles such as high initial investment costs, the need for international technical standards, and adjustments to ship operations. Recommendations include increasing cooperation between ports and shipowners, as well as developing incentive policies to encourage the adoption of this technology. This research provides valuable insights for stakeholders in efforts to achieve more sustainable shipping.
DİJİTAL PAZARLAMA: WEB OF SCIENCE VERİ TABANININ BİBLİYOMETRİK ANALİZİ
Authors: Kayacan İlhan
Published: June 2024

Bu araştırmanın amacı, dijital pazarlama çalışmalarını bir bütün olarak ele alarak literatürün yoğunlaştığı noktaları belirlemektir. Bu amaca göre araştırmada Web of Science veri tabanından elde edilen; 2006-2022 yılları arasında yer alan; başlığında, özetinde veya anahtar kelimesinde “digital marketing” kavramını barındıran 1140 makale VOSviewer programı aracılığıyla bibliyometrik analiz kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Analizlerin sonucunda en fazla makale yayımlanan ve atıf alan ülkelerin ABD ve İngiltere olduğu, ayrıca en fazla atıf alan ilk 3 makalenin “Journal of Marketing” dergisinde yayımlandığı görülmüştür. En fazla kullanılan anahtar kelimeler ise dijital pazarlama ve sosyal medyadır. Çalışma, en fazla atıf alan ve makale yayımlanan ülkeler, kurumlar, dergiler ile en fazla atıf alan ve makalesi yayımlanan yazarları inceleyerek araştırmacılara çıkarım ve yorum yapmaları için önemli bilgiler sağlamaktadır.
IMPROVEMENT OF BELUGA WHALE OPTIMIZATION ALGORITHM BY DISTANCE BALANCE SELECTION METHOD
Authors: Paçacı Serdar
Published: June 2024

In this study, an improved version of the Beluga whale optimization (BWO) algorithm, which is a meta-heuristic optimization algorithm recently presented in the literature, is developed to provide better solutions for the problems. The fitness-distance balance (FDB) selection method was applied in the search processes in the BWO algorithm, which was developed by modeling the swimming, preying and falling characteristics of beluga whales. CEC2020 benchmark functions were used to test the performance of the BWO algorithm and the algorithm named FDBBWO. The algorithms were tested on these test functions for 30, 50 and 100 dimensions. Friedman analysis was performed on the test results and the performance ranks of the algorithms were determined. In addition, Wilcoxon rank sum test was used to analyze whether there were significant differences in the results. As a result of the experimental study, it is observed that the BWO algorithm improves the early convergence problem that may arise due to the lack of diversity in the search process. In this way, the possibility of getting stuck at local optimum points is reduced. In addition, the developed algorithm is compared with 3 different algorithms that have been recently presented in the literature. According to the comparison results, FDBBWO has a superior performance compared to other meta-heuristic algorithms.
Tarihi Yapılarda Kullanılan Harç ve Sıvaların Karakteristik Özelliklerinin Karşılaştırmalı Olarak İncelenmesi
Authors: Solak Adem , Çüçen Aslı
Published: June 2024

Bu çalışmada Muğla ili Milas ilçesinde bulunan Beçin antik kentindeki Yelli Medresesi ile Denizli ili içerisinde yer alan İlbade Mezarlığı’nda bulunan Osmanlı döneminde inşa edilen Namazgah yapısının inşasında kullanılmış olan duvar örgü ve sıva harçlarının fiziksel, mekanik, kimyasal ve mineralojik özelliklerinin karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu kapsamda yapılardan alınan harç ve sıva numunelerinin; kütlece ve hacimce su emme değerlerinin, birim hacim kütlesi, özgül kütlelerinin, porozite ve kompasite değerlerinin, tek eksenli basınç dayanımlarının, termogravimetrik, elementel ve kimyasal kompozisyon ile mineralojik özelliklerinin belirlenmesine yönelik deneysel çalışmalar gerçekleştirilmiştir. Deneysel çalışmalar sonucunda her iki yapıda kullanılan harçların fiziksel, mekanik, kimyasal ve mineralojik özelliklerinin benzerlik gösterdiği belirlenmiştir. Hidrolik özellik açısından sıva harçlarının hidrolik olduğu, duvar örgü harçlarının ise hidrolik olmadığı tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca yapılarda kullanılan sıva harçlarının mekanik dayanımlarının duvar örgü harçlarına göre daha büyük olduğu belirlenmiştir.
Investigation of the Usability of Recycled Asphalt Pavements as Concrete Aggregate
Authors: Erten Kemal Muhammet
Published: June 2024

Today, due to the increasing construction activities, the evaluation of waste materials has also accelerated. Recycling concrete and road materials provides environmental benefits as well as economic benefits.
In this experimental study, it was aimed to use the scraped asphalt pavement as aggregate in the concrete mix. Different proportions of limestone, basalt and scraped asphalt were used as aggregates in the produced concrete samples. CEM I 42.5 R type cement and a certain amount of replacement fly ash were used as binder, and a polycarboxylate based chemical additive was used to ensure easy workability and appropriate molding of the concrete.
Pressure test was applied on the produced samples, and the results showed that the use of scraped asphalt material as aggregate reduces the compressive strength of the concrete, but its use in appropriate proportions can be promising.
ISM 2450MHZ CİVARINDA DAİRESEL MİKROŞERİT ANTENLERDE EŞ DÜZLEMSEL ÇERÇEVE YAPININ YANSIMA KATSAYISI, EN BÜYÜK KAZANÇ, BANT GENİŞLİĞİ VE HÜZME GENİŞLİĞİ ÜZERINE ETKİSİ
Authors: Armağan Orhan , Kahriman Mesud
Published: June 2024

ÖZET
Bu çalışmada ISM bandı 2,45GHz çalışma frekanslı mikroşerit dairesel yama anten tasarımı yapılmış ve antenin S11 yansıma katsayısı ile PHI ve THETA açılarındaki maksimum anten kazancı belirlenmiş, Bant genişliği ve HPBW değerleri hesaplanmıştır. Daha sonra bu dairesel yama etrafına eş düzlemsel yapı yerleştirilerek farklı eş düzlemsel yapı genişlikleri için değerler tekrar elde edilmiş ve bu yapının PHI ve THETA açılarındaki maksimum Anten Kazancı ve HPBW değerlerine etkisi karşılaştırılmıştır. Bu işlemler için Ansoft HFSS simulasyon programı kullanılmıştır. Buna göre 110x112mm boyutundaki eş düzlemsel yapı bulunmayan mikroşerit dairesel yama anten için s11=-14,83dB, En Büyük Kazanç değeri -0,31dB iken Bant Genişliği 41,90MHz, HPBW değeri de 63⁰ elde edilmiştir. Antene boyutları değiştirilmeden eş düzlemsel yapı eklenerek bu değerler tekrar elde edildiğinde s11=-15,6dB, En Büyük Kazanç değeri 0,3034dB, Bant Genişliği 42,90MHz, HPBW değerleri de 64⁰ elde edilmiştir. Bu değerlerden de anlaşılacağı gibi eş düzlemsel yapı eklenmesinin anten parametrelerinden En Büyük Kazanç ve Bant Genişliğinde büyüme, s11 yansıma katsayısında küçülme şeklinde olumlu etkiler oluşturduğu ve benzer olumlu etkinin farklı anten boyutlarında da oluştuğu gözlenmiştir.
FUTBOLCULARIN SOSYAL GÜVENLİKLERİ İLE İLGİLİ FARKINDALIKLARININ BAZI DEĞİŞKENLER AÇISINDAN İNCELENMESİ
Authors: Pepe Osman , Arısoy Abdullah
Published: June 2024

Bu çalışmanın amacı amatör futbolcuların sahip oldukları sosyal güvenceleri hakkındaki farkındalıklarını araştırmaktır. Çalışmanın evrenini, Isparta ilinde amatör futbol liglerindeki takımlar bünyesinde mücadele eden 259 amatör futbolcu, örneklem grubunu ise, bu evren içinden rastgele yöntemle seçilmiş 116 sporcu oluşturmuştur. Katılımcılardan kişisel bilgi formu yanında sosyal güvenlikle ilgili farkındalık ölçeğini doldurmaları istenmiştir. Veriler, bilgisayar ortamında IBM SPSS 22.0 (Statistics for Windows) adlı program aracılığıyla analiz edilmiştir. Çoklu karşılaştırmalarda Tek Yönlü Varyans Analizi kullanılmış olup; farklılığın belirlenmesi için LSD Testi uygulanmıştır.
Sonuç olarak, amatör futbolcuların sosyal güvenlikle ilgili farkındalık düzeylerinin ortalamanın altında olduğu, yaş ve eğitim durumuna göre farklılaşmazken, spor yaşı, ücret ve lig seviyesine göre farklılaştığı tespit edilmiştir. Bu durumun özellikle amatör futbolcuların sosyal güvenlikle ilgili farkındalıklarının son birkaç yıllık sürede yaygınlaşmaya başladığından kaynaklandığı düşünülmektedir.
Juridical Analysis of the Republic of Indonesia Police Code of Ethics
Authors: Supriyanto Supriyanto , Barthos Megawati , Farhan Haris
Published: June 2024

Indonesian National Police Regulation No. 7 of 2022 contains guidelines for ethical behavior known as the Indonesian National Police Code of Ethics. A juridical analysis of the Polri Code of Ethics is important to understand the legal basis, principles, and values that govern the behavior of Polri members in carrying out their duties as law enforcers and protectors of society. This juridical research highlights several important aspects. First, the Polri Code of Ethics is based on the principles of State Ethics, Institutional Ethics, Community Ethics, and Personal Ethics, which emphasize integrity, professionalism, and commitment to moral values in every action of Polri members. Secondly, in a legal context, the Polri Code of Ethics requires compliance with applicable regulations and laws, with the Indonesian National Police Regulation No. 7 of 2022 as the legal basis for the values, standards, and behaviors that must be upheld by members of the National Police. Third, enforcement of the Polri Code of Ethics relies heavily on the Polri Code of Ethics Commission, which is responsible for overseeing and investigating violations of the code in accordance with applicable legal procedures. The legal analysis of the Polri Code of Ethics emphasizes the importance of deeply understanding the values, norms, and ethical obligations of every Polri member to create a professional, clean, and integrity work environment in order to maintain public trust in the police institution.
Giat Literasi Sains Melalui Metode Eksperimen Sederhana Pada Siswa SD dan SMP
Authors: Nurfahurrahmah Nurfahurrahmah , Ariyansyah Ariyansyah , Suryani Erni , Herman Herman
Published: June 2024

Hasil studi PISA (Programme for International Student Assessment) terbaru tahun 2018 Indonesia berada pada peringkat 70 dari 78 negara peserta dengan skor rata-rata 396. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa literasi sains peserta didik Indonesia tergolong rendah, hal inilah yang melatar belakangi pelaksanaan giat literasi sains melalui metode eksperimen pada siswa SD dan SMP. Kegiatan ini sebagai wujud untuk meningkatkan literasi sains khususnya pada mata pelajaran Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam (IPA) agar mampu memahami konsep dan proses sains serta mengaplikasikan  pengetahuan sains yang telah dipelajarinya dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Berdasarkan tujuan tersebut giat literasi sains sangat penting dilakukan baik melalui metode eksperimen sederhana ataupun dengan metode dan teknik lainnya yang disesuaikan dengan kebutuhan belajar siswa, sarana dan prasarana maupun daya dukung yang ada di lingkungan sekolah. Sebab jika siswa dilatih untuk memiliki literasi sains maka keterampilan abad 21 seperti berpikir kritis, kreatif, berkolaborasi, komunikatif serta memiliki sikap dan karakter akan dapat terlatih juga.
Narrare la valutazione: il taccuino nella formazione dei futuri docenti
Authors: Botes Philipp , Ricci Carlotta , Angelini Gianluca
Published: June 2024

La dimensione della valutazione richiede un accurato accompagnamento per tutti gli stakeholder della scuola: i docenti necessitano di un solido bagaglio epistemologico, al fine di adempiere al processo valutativo in maniera adeguata ed efficace; gli studenti devono assumere un ruolo attivo e non rimanere oggetto passivo del voto/giudizio; le famiglie vanno guidate nel complesso itinerario verso la consapevolezza della sfera docimologica. Il contributo presenta il percorso di tirocinio indiretto erogato agli studenti del secondo anno del corso di laurea in Scienze della Formazione Primaria, centrato sull’importanza della scrittura grazie allo strumento del taccuino, mediante il quale riconfigurare il costrutto e le pratiche della valutazione.
Potenziare il Giudizio Descrittivo nella Scuola Primaria con l’uso dell’IA generativa
Authors: di Padova Marilena , Tinterri Andrea , Basta Angelo , Amatori Gianluca , Dipace Anna
Published: June 2024

L’articolo si propone di indagare il processo di valutazione delle prestazioni degli studenti della scuola primaria con le potenzialità offerte dall’utilizzo dell’intelligenza artificiale (IA) generativa per la costruzione delle valutazioni finali. L’IA, in particolare i large language models (LLM) come ChatGPT, può assistere gli insegnanti come assisted intelligence e come automated intelligence, facilitando il processo di valutazione oggettiva e personalizzata. L’articolo discute una nuova prospettiva di valutazione, potenziata dall’IA, da un punto di vista critico, etico e pragmatico e invita alla ricerca finalizzata al monitorare l’impatto dell’IA sulle dinamiche didattiche, garantendo un uso efficace ed etico nell’istruzione.
Feedback e valutazione: il contributo dei social robots
Authors: Forliano Raffaella , Di Grassi Annamaria
Published: June 2024

Oggi emergono nuove opportunità per riformulare il processo di valutazione nella scuola primaria, accogliendo l’innovazione e servendosi dei robot sociali come mediatori nei contesti educativi. Questa pratica, attraverso il monitoraggio costante delle prestazioni degli studenti nel corso del tempo, consente ai robot di fornire una visione dettagliata delle competenze in continua evoluzione. Dalla risoluzione di problemi alla creatività, ogni aspetto dell’apprendimento è sottoposto a un’analisi dettagliata, consentendo agli insegnanti di tracciare il percorso di crescita di ciascun individuo. La presenza fisica, la persuasione e il feedback emotivo dei robot contribuiscono a creare un ambiente educativo coinvolgente e adattato alle esigenze individuali degli studenti.
Cosa c’è dietro a un voto?
Authors: Zanolla Giovanna , Petrucci Franck
Published: June 2024

L’obiettivo di questo lavoro è quello di individuare le caratteristiche degli allievi, della classe frequentata e del docente in grado di incidere sul voto di fine anno di Matematica e Italiano dell’intero gruppo degli allievi delle quinte elementari del Canton Ticino nell’anno scolastico 2020/2021 (circa 2.200 allievi). I modelli multilivello elaborati includono variabili socio-anagrafiche, oltre all’abilità degli allievi in Matematica e Italiano espressa attraverso i punteggi riportati in due test standardizzati. Le analisi evidenziano che i voti nelle due discipline dipendono in gran parte dall’abilità dell’allievo nella materia, ma fattori extra-cognitivi, quali il sesso dell’allievo, l’origine sociale, la madrelingua, l’età, il voto di condotta e l’abilità media della classe nella disciplina, se considerati complessivamente, incidono in maniera consistente sui voti.
La valutazione nella scuola primaria. Ricerca, innovazione e buone pratiche
Authors: Baldassarre Michele , Tamborra Valeria
Published: June 2024

L’introduzione, a partire dall’anno scolastico 2020-2021, del giudizio descrittivo quale modalità di valutazione periodica e finale degli apprendimenti nella Scuola Primaria (L. 6 giugno 2020, n. 41) rappresenta un passo significativo verso l'integrazione delle pratiche della valutazione degli apprendimenti e delle competenze. Prendendo le mosse dagli orientamenti del Quadro Europeo delle Qualificazioni EQF, la valutazione assume prospettive diverse dalla sola di attività di verifica e accertamento. Essa si basa sulla descrizione dettagliata delle abilità e delle conoscenze acquisite dagli alunni, mettendo in evidenza il processo di apprendimento e le competenze sviluppate assumendo una visione olistica dell'apprendimento. Nell’elaborazione del giudizio, infatti, non sono sufficienti gli esiti di apprendimento in rapporto agli obiettivi, ma è necessario considerare le tappe e i processi che gli studenti attraversano durante tutto il percorso.
Unicentric Mesenteric Castleman Disease in an Adolescent: A Case Report
Authors: Khazaei Nasirabadi Elaheh , Akbari Mahsa , Soltani Ehsan
Published: June 2024

Introduction: Castleman's disease is a rare nonclonal lymphoproliferative disorder of unknown etiology that most commonly affects the mediastinum. It is classified into two clinical subtypes: A localized (unicentric) subtype and a multifocal (multicentric) subtype. This case report presents an adolescent with unicentric mesenteric Castleman's disease, which is very rare. Case Presentation: A 14-year-old girl presented to our center with chronic left flank pain. She also reported frequent episodes of small-volume vaginal bleeding outside her menstrual period. Initially, she was treated for several weeks with a possible diagnosis of dysmenorrhea due to an ovarian cyst. However, due to the lack of response to treatment and persistent symptoms, further investigation was conducted. Abdominal and pelvic ultrasonography revealed a round, hypoechoic, and heterogeneous mass measuring 22 × 35 mm in the left mesentery with regular margins. Pathological examination confirmed Castleman's disease of the hyaline-vascular type. The patient was discharged in good general condition and with stable vital signs. During follow-up, her abdominal symptoms and bleeding resolved, and no lesions were detected on ultrasonography and CT scans at 6 and 12 months. Conclusions: Mesenteric Castleman's disease is rare and presents a diagnostic challenge. This disease should be included in the differential diagnosis of abdominal tumors, even in symptomatic cases. The treatment of choice for unicentric cases is surgery.
Birth certificates of bridges – reference condition of new bridges
Authors:   Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen (BASt) / Federal Highway Research Institute, Hindersmann Iris ,   Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen (BASt) / Federal Highway Research Institute, Puttkamer Lydia ,   Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen (BASt) / Federal Highway Research Institute, Müller Matthias
Published: June 2024

Information on changes in the structure and deviations from normal behavior is important for the predictive maintenance of engineering structures. Changes can be detected by using monitoring and structure inspection. The determination of changes, requires that these changes be compared with a reference condition. The determination of the reference condition currently takes place when changes and damage to the structure are already present.
This is where the idea of the birth certificate begins. The birth certificate of a bridge describes the zero measurement of the bridge, which determines the reference condition and the load-bearing behavior of a bridge after its completion on the basis of suitable parameters. Measurements can be repeated at appropriate intervals to detect changes. The concept of birth certificate does not require continuous measurements over the entire life cycle. Relevant parameters are:
- Physical: Determination is carried out by equipping the bridge with sensors and performing measurements possibly supported by test loads with the aim of mapping the static and dynamic behavior of the bridge.
- Geometric: Creation of a three-dimensional, geo-referenced model of the actually built structure in sufficient detail.
- Chemical: Detection of changes that lead to a reduction in durability via investigations of building materials technology.
The main objective is to identify a reference condition for detecting and evaluating changes in the behavior and condition of the bridge.
In the paper, the background to the creation of the birth certificate, the objectives and the approach in other countries or disciplines are presented. Furthermore, the importance of the reference measurement for the monitoring application in new construction and ideas of a concept for the implementation of birth certificates via the derivation of indicators, are described.
Urban Dark Fiber Distributed Acoustic Sensing for Bridge Monitoring
Authors:   Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Rodet Julie ,   Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Tauzin Benoit ,   Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Amin Panah Mohammad ,   University of Grenoble (UJF)-Alpes, Guéguen Philippe ,   University of Grenoble (UJF)-Alpes, Nziengui Bâ Destin ,   University of Grenoble (UJF)-Alpes, Coutant Olivier ,   Ménard - VINCI Construction, Brule Stéphane
Published: June 2024

Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) technology applied to telecommunication fiber optic networks offers new possibilities for Structural Health Monitoring (SHM). The dynamic responses of five bridges are extracted along a 24 km long optical fiber crossing the Lyon metropolitan area in France. From their characteristic seismic signatures, three physical parameters informing on the health of structures have been determined: vibration frequencies, damping and modal shapes. The fiber measurements are in agreement with velocimetric data serving as reference. The telecom optical fiber records the dynamic response of bridges in several directions and thus allows the reconstruction of 3D deformation modes using their orthogonality properties. Time tracking of frequencies, commonly used to assess structural integrity, shows that the average values of natural frequencies vary cyclically between day and night. The increase in frequencies during the night does not exceed 2% and probably reflects an overall stiffening of the structures due to the drop in temperature. The telecom fiber allows to obtain deformation and damping identity of structures, highlighting soil-structure coupling between the bridge and underlying soil. This study shows that it is possible to assess the spatial and temporal variability of bridge dynamic response from DAS data using existing fiber networks.
Application of artificial neural networks for indirect load measurements on bridges from vibration measurements
Authors:   Technische Universität (TU) Berlin, Kähler Philipp ,   Technische Universität (TU) Berlin, Petryna Yuri
Published: June 2024

The German Research Foundation (DFG) has launched in September 2022 the priority program SPP 2388 100+ to develop new methods for digital representation, SHM and lifetime management of complex structures, due to the continuously increasing amount of old infrastructure buildings. The present contribution is prepared within the LEMOTRA project as a part of SPP 2388 100+.
The data assimilation techniques present a potential SHM approach and presume a permanent update of a computational model by use of continuous measurements. System changes resulting from damage or aging processes can be detected and localized, provided the measurement and model prediction share the same cause. Thus, the load identification is a necessary prerequisite for data assimilation methods. In this paper an approach using artificial neural networks is developed to determine the main parameters of the traffic load associated with vehicles crossing a bridge.
Simple feed forward neural networks have already been used for predicting structural displacements or discovering system anomalies. However, a more sophisticated network structure is necessary for the purpose of extracting features from time history measurement data. Therefore, a cluster structure of convolutional neural networks (CNN) was developed to gain knowledge about load characteristics such as load magnitudes, load velocities or the number of vehicles on the bridge. The developed approach has been tested on a numerical example. For this purpose, a finite element model of a bridge is created and loaded by various moving loads with variable relevant parameters. Simulated acceleration data at multiple locations on the bridge are considered as artificial measurements and then used in the training process. The impact of different measurement noise levels on the quality of the CNNs is being investigated as well.
The obtained results allow for some conclusions on advantages and drawbacks which should be a matter of discussion during the conference.
Vector-autoregressive based vibration monitoring of wind energy turbines using laser scanner profile measurements
Authors:   Leibniz University Hannover, Omidalizarandi Mohammad
Published: June 2024

Structural health monitoring of wind energy turbines (WET) is crucial due to the potential presence of an imbalanced rotor, leading to adverse centrifugal forces. In this research, non-contact vibration monitoring of a WET is conducted using a terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) of the type Zoller+Fröhlich IMAGER 5016 in a two-dimensional (2D) profile mode, and with a rotation speed of 55 revolutions per second. The TLS profile measurements cover the entire pillar up to a height of 100 meter. Therefore, the challenges imposed by conventional measurement systems, such as accelerometers or inductive displacement transducers, are tackled through the high spatial resolution of the TLS measurements and non-contact measurement methods. Additionally, both time and cost are reduced regarding the sensor installation. In general, the WET is measured in two different directions to account for significant movements, both in the direction of the wind and perpendicular to it. To initiate the analysis, time series are generated from the profile measurements for various positions covering the entire pillar. A robust time-domain modal parameter identification approach based on the Vector-autoregressive (VAR) process with multivariate t-distributed random deviations (VAR-RT-MPI) is proposed to estimate modal parameters, including eigenfrequencies, eigenforms, and modal damping. Besides, it allows estimating unknown auto- and cross-correlation coefficients of the VAR process, the cofactor matrix, and the degrees of freedom of the t-distribution. The VAR-RT-MPI algorithm enables to jointly estimate the eigenfrequencies and damping ratio coefficients considering multiple time series. Additionally, the spatio-temporal model of the pillar is characterised based on the estimates of the amplitudes (in a submillimetre range) and phase shifts at different positions. Vibration monitoring was conducted on a WET located in Hannover, Germany, and the results were compared with a well-known covariance driven stochastic subspace identification (SSI-COV) approach.
Analysis of PZT Piezoelectric Sensors in Buckling Mode for Dynamic Strain Measurement
Authors:   Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Ghaderiaram Aliakbar ,   Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Schlangen Erik ,   Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Fotouhi Mohammad
Published: June 2024

Fatigue Life Monitoring is crucial to ensure engineering structures' safety and durability. This paper introduces an innovative approach for fatigue life monitoring using a soft PZT (Lead Zirconate Titanate) piezoelectric sensor operating in buckling mode to measure applied cyclic strains. A particular emphasis is on the utilization of a 3D-printed 'Extension' that serves as the platform upon which the PZT sensor is installed and operates in buckling mode while subjected to cyclic strains. An analytical framework is presented, which encompasses the development of the governing equations to establish a direct relationship between dynamic strain values and the sensor's output. Critical strain attributes, such as amplitude and occurrence strain rate also taken into account. The analytical solutions are validated by a series of experimental tests under various dynamic loading conditions. The PZT sensor, when integrated with the 3D-printed extension and operated in buckling mode, exhibits high sensitivity and functions as a passive dynamic strain measurement sensor, with high potential to be used as self-powered sensor nodes for fatigue life monitoring of engineering structures.
Bridge Monitoring with the Help of Local Distance Correlation
Authors:   Helmut-Schmidt-University / University of the Federal Armed Forces Hamburg, Beering Carina
Published: June 2024

When analyzing sensor data, it is important to distinguish between environmental effects and actual defects of the structure. Ideally, sensor data behavior can be explained and predicted by environmental effects, for example via regression. However, this is not always the case, and explicite formulas are often missed. Then, comparing the behavior of environmental and sensor data can help to identify similarities. To do so, a classical approach is observing the correlation. Nevertheless, this only captures linear dependencies. Here, the concept of distance correlation as introduced by Székely et al. (2007) comes into play. It is not only not restricted to linear dependence, but it is also able to detect independence and does not require normality. To respond to another particularity of sensor data, that is local stationarity, we use the extension of Jentsch et al. (2020) of this concept, the so-called local distance correlation. We show different examples of application in the field of bridge monitoring from finding similarities and anomalies in sensor outputs over the determination of time spans for temperature transfer up to possible alarm concepts for long term surveillance.
Predictive-Cognitive Maintenance for Advanced Integrated railway Management
Authors:   Tecnalia Research and Innovation, Araquistain Ivan ,   Tecnalia Research and Innovation, Garcia David ,   Tecnalia Research and Innovation, Zamora Diego ,   Tecnalia Research and Innovation, Armijo Alberto ,   Tecnalia Research and Innovation, Fernández-Navamuel Ana ,   Tecnalia Research and Innovation, Jimenez Jose Carlos ,   The University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Beristain Unai
Published: June 2024

Railway systems play a vital role in modern transportation and Predictive-Cognitive Maintenance (PCM) has emerged as a transformative approach in the context of Advanced Integrated Railway Management for ensuring the safety, reliability, and efficiency of these systems. PCM leverages data analytics and machine learning to optimize railway system maintenance. This requires effective structural health monitoring (SHM) using low-cost sensor devices. This paper presents a prototype solar-powered wireless sensor node with a 3-axis MEMS accelerometer and energy-harvesting features for monitoring rail track vibrations. The node contains a microcontroller that runs embedded machine-learning models to preprocess the vibration data after train crossing. Abnormal vibrations, indicative of defects, were detected in real time using the TinyML inference at the edge. Instead of raw data, only the model results were wirelessly transmitted to a digital twin in the cloud. The digital twin aggregates data across the rail network for system-level assessment of the RUL and maintenance planning. This edge computing approach minimizes wireless transmission and cloud storage compared to raw sensor streaming. Embedded ML enables real-time damage detection, whereas the cloud digital twin enables system-level prognosis insights. The solar-powered platform enables long-term remote monitoring at low cost without wiring or battery changes. A full-scale physical model was used to validate the edge node prototypes against calculation models and wired accelerometers for impulse loads. The results demonstrate that these nodes can provide a sensor layer for cost-effective PCM in railway systems. In summary, this work proposes an edge computing and embedded ML approach for SHM that integrates cloud-based digital twins to enable the predictive-cognitive maintenance of railway infrastructure. Wireless nodes demonstrate potential for low-cost, convenient, and automated rail health monitoring.
Damage detection in wind turbine blades using embedded radar networks
Authors:   University of Magdeburg (OVGU), Huemmer Tobias ,   Goethe University of Frankfurt am Main, Simon Jonas ,   University of Magdeburg (OVGU), Kurin Thomas ,   Goethe University of Frankfurt am Main, Moll Jochen ,   University of Magdeburg (OVGU), Lurz Fabian
Published: June 2024

To ensure the availability and operational safety of wind turbine blades, regular inspections are required according to specified maintenance intervals. As with all periodic inspections, damage that develops between two inspection dates remains undetected until the next inspection. In recent years, monitoring systems have therefore been developed that enable independent structural health monitoring (SHM) with permanently installed sensors. The most important representatives here include vibration analysis, acoustic emission testing and ultrasonic methods. In addition, it is necessary for an SHM system to distinguish between signal changes resulting from damage or changing environmental and operating conditions.

The present work presents a new approach for the in-situ assessment of wind turbine blades via embedding radar networks in the frequency band from 58 to 63.5 GHz. Therefore, 40 FMCW (frequency-modulated continuous wave) radar sensors have been embedded into a wind turbine blade during manufacturing. This contribution provides additional information related to the hardware design of the sensor nodes, its preliminary testing and the specific implementation of the radar network during a fullscale fatigue test of a 31m long wind turbine blade [1]. Damage indicators can be formulated relative to baseline conditions to see the development of fatigue damage over time.

Reference:

[1] Simon, J.; Kurin, T.; Moll, J.; Bagemiel, O.; Wedel, R.; Krause, S.; Lurz, F.; Nuber, A.; Issakov, V. & Krozer, V., Embedded Radar Networks for Damage Detection in Wind Turbine Blades: Validation in a Full-scale Fatigue Test, Structural Health Monitoring, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1177/14759217231152815
In-situ monitoring of an offshore wind turbine blade using acceleration and strain measurements
Authors:   Leibniz University Hannover, Bonilla David ,   Leibniz University Hannover, Jonscher Clemens ,   Leibniz University Hannover, Wolniak Marlene ,   Leibniz University Hannover, Jauken Helge ,   Leibniz University Hannover, Liesecke Leon ,   Leibniz University Hannover, Grießmann Tanja ,   Leibniz University Hannover, Rolfes Raimund
Published: June 2024

One of the most critical components of wind turbines is the blades. As blades are constantly exposed to weather and high loads, they can wear and become damaged. Performing in-situ continuous monitoring can help detect sudden damages and prevent further degradation, which is imperative to avoid economic losses and fatal accidents. However, monitoring a rotating rotor blade presents some challenges. One challenge is the consideration of lightning protection. Hence, a non-conductor measurement system must be used. Another challenge is system identification and modal tracking considering environmental and operational conditions (EOCs). Furthermore, vibration-based monitoring results from actual and operational rotor blades are scarce in the existing literature.

This study centres on operational modal analysis (OMA) using covariance-

driven stochastic subspace identification (SSI-COV) of an offshore wind turbine blade

in operation employing eight months of data from fibre optic accelerometers (FOA)

and fibre Bragg grating (FBG) strain gauges. The identification focuses on the first

two bending modes in flapwise and edgewise directions and the first torsional mode.

The study aims to determine which fibre optic sensor delivers better results.

Furthermore, it addresses the effect of EOCs on the modal parameters, where system

identification and modal tracking are discussed.

It was found that tracked modes showed similar trends with respect to time, and a high connection was observed between wind speed, rotor speed, and pitch angle with frequency and damping. Additionally, acceleration and strain measurements deliver the same frequency and damping values. FBG better identified the first flapwise mode. On the other hand, FOA was superior in almost all other modes. This study points towards employing FOA for vibration-based monitoring of wind turbine blades using modal parameters.
Wave Propagation for Structural Health Monitoring (WaveProSHM): open software with GUI
Authors:   Polish Academy of Sciences (PAS), Kudela Pawel ,   Polish Academy of Sciences (PAS), Fiborek Piotr ,   Polish Academy of Sciences (PAS), Ostachowicz Wieslaw M.
Published: June 2024

Guided wave–based SHM methods have been explored extensively in recent decades. The wave propagation modelling including piezoelectric transducers and various damage types helps understand intricacies of guided wave behavior and for designing a robust SHM system. However, modelling aspects are still challenging. Moreover, commercially available software for the modelling of guided waves often lacks appropriate high-order elements and code optimization for fast GPU computations. This research aimed to develop and disseminate to the SHM community the open software based on highly efficient vectorised code of the time domain spectral element method which can be run on GPU. The developed code is written in MATLAB with Graphical User Interface (GUI) and communicates with GMSH – open source finite element mesh generator. It can model signals of propagating guided waves in structures which are excited and registered by an array of piezoelectric transducers. The capabilities of the software are shown in an example of a large-scale problem of interacting guided waves with delamination.
Detecting Cracks in Intelligent Carbon-Based TRC Elements Through Wetting Events
Authors:   Technion- Israel Institute of Technology, Gaben Mahdi ,   Technion- Israel Institute of Technology, Goldfeld Yiska
Published: June 2024

Textile reinforced concrete (TRC) technology enables to construct sustainable and environmentally friendly thin-walled structural elements with self-sensory capabilities. The self-sensory concept is based on using high-strength and electrically conductive yarns that are simultaneously used as the main reinforcement system and as the sensory agent. By connecting the two ends of the yarns to either direct current (DC) or alternating current (AC) electrical circuits, it is possible to measure changes in the electrical readings and to further correlate them to the structural health. Studies in the literature validated the concept by using carbon yarns as hybrid monitoring agents. Most of them provided integrated assessments of global structural health but lacked the capability to pinpoint individual cracks.

The current study offers a new identification procedure to locate cracks and to estimate their severity by combining two advanced monitoring procedures, that is by adopting the Time Domain Reflectometer (TDR) analysis; and by conceptually using the smart water leakage detection method. Both methods take advantage that a pair of carbon yarns can be positioned parallel to each other and connected to the DAQ system. In case of TDR method, one yarn functions as the signal transmitter and the other as insulation. In case of water leakage detection method, the electrical linkage between the two yarns changes the electrical characterization of the electrical circuit and enables the monitoring capabilities. The proposed study argues that a new identification procedure that benefits from each method can be developed and yields to smart identification procedure that has the capability to locate the crack and estimate its severity.

The study will demonstrate the feasibility of the new procedure by experimental study. Results from this study will take a significant step toward developing reliable smart carbon-based TRC structures.
Operational modal characterisation for long-term monitoring in offshore structures
Authors:   University of Edinburgh, Reid Sam ,   Fugro GB Marine Limited, Logan Alasdair ,   Fugro GB Marine Limited, Miller Euan ,   University of Edinburgh, Garcia Cava David
Published: June 2024

In the effort to increase sustainability and help drive the energy sector to support oil and gas decarbonisation, the importance of identifying and characterising the current state of assets is becoming ever more crucial for operators, especially with regards to life extension and repurposing. Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) offers a promising and forward-thinking methodology for tracking asset integrity. In particular, Operational Modal Analysis (OMA) presents a proven, output only method for structure characterisation and modal tracking. However, Environmental and Operational Variations (EOV) can influence the modal properties of the structure making modal parameter estimation and tracking less reliable in the short- and long-term. This study employs an Automated Operational Modal Analysis (AOMA) methodology based on the combination of stochastic subspace identification and natural frequency histogram bin analysis for robust parameter extraction. The methodology is implemented in a complex of three bridge linked offshore platforms. Structural complexity, operational loading and significant modal couplings require sophisticated analysis. The preliminary results show discontinuity of the operational modes over a 6-month long monitoring period. The findings demonstrate the need of further analysis to understand the time-variant parameters which determine structural response across the asset lifetime.
Potential and Limitations of Anomaly Detection via Tower-Radar Monitoring of Wind Turbine Blades in Regular Operation with Convolutional Networks
Authors:   University of Siegen, Alipek Sercan ,   Goethe University of Frankfurt am Main, Mälzer Moritz ,   Goethe University of Frankfurt am Main, Beck Sebastian ,   University of Siegen, Kexel Christian ,   University of Siegen, Moll Jochen ,   Goethe University of Frankfurt am Main, Krozer Viktor ,   IMST GmbH, Kassner Jürgen ,   Cp.max Rotortechnik GmbH & Co. KG, Heinecke Thomas ,   Cp.max Rotortechnik GmbH & Co. KG, Rose Jonas ,   BOREAS Energie GmbH, Berger Martin
Published: June 2024

The authors have already presented a first analysis of a field study on radar-

based structural health monitoring of rotor blades on two operational wind turbines.

This analysis will now be extended with measurements from a third operational wind

turbine used as a case study for structural monitoring of individual rotor blades over

different time intervals and blade modifications.

More precisely, a sensor box with a 35 GHz FMCW radar and a highspeed

camera was positioned at 90m height on the turbine tower, collecting radar data for

structural information and videos for automatic ground truth labelling. After two

months of collecting data, each individual rotor blade of that turbine was differently

modified and measured again. The radar-facing surface of one rotor blade was

partially coated with a microwave absorber foil, while an equivalent foil was applied

to the backside of the second rotor blade. The third rotor blade was intentionally left

unchanged for the sake of comparability.

This study investigates potential limitations like general dataset complexity in

radar-based anomaly detection for operational wind turbines.

Furthermore, the discriminative ability of a convolutional neural network for

classifying moving rotor blades is discussed when encountering feature drift through

changing environmental and operational conditions, i.e. metadata like nacelle

orientation, rotor blade pitch and rotation speed.
I-SUM: Integrated Smart Ultrasonic Monitoring
Authors:   ISATI Engineering Solutions SL, Alcaide Angel ,   Technical University of Madrid (UPM), Azuara Guillermo ,   ISATI Engineering Solutions SL, Romero Francisco ,   Technical University of Madrid (UPM), Barrera Eduardo ,   Technical University of Madrid (UPM), Ruiz Mariano
Published: June 2024

iSUM (Integrated Smart Ultrasonic Monitoring) System is an integrated embedded ultrasonic guided-waves-based system consisting of methodologies and algorithms performed over data obtained by iSUM_ES devices to obtain damage detection, positioning, and characterization . i_SUM_ES device ruled by ISUM_SW performs tests and transmits the collected data to the controller device where it is processed . Through algorithms and AI models developed “ad-hoc” for each field of application, iSUM_APP provides clear, concise, and easily interpretable information of the current state of structures. iSUM System allows structural integrity inspection tests to be carried out by a minimally trained operator. It can also run scheduled tests autonomously and deliver alerts, reports, data raw on-demand or in the case of structural damage detection . This system aims to provide useful information about the most typical damages on engineering structures, reducing the time of inspection, and avoiding systems of complex installation and operation. Moreover, their use is intended to reduce inspection costs during manufacturing and operation, increasing the quality, safety, and durability of the systems composed of the target structures. This paper presents the industry needs that motivate this development, the system architecture, and the applications for which it has been conceived.