bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genomic Similarity and Kernel Methods II: Methods for Genomic Information
Authors: Schaid Daniel J.
Published: July 2010

Measures of genomic similarity are often the basis of flexible statistical analyses, and when based on kernel methods, they provide a powerful platform to take advantage of a broad and deep statistical theory, and a wide range of existing software; see the companion paper for a review of this material [1]. The kernel method converts information – perhaps complex or high-dimensional information – for a pair of subjects to a quantitative value representing either similarity or dissimilarity, with the requirement that it must create a positive semidefinite matrix when applied to all pairs of subjects. This approach provides enormous opportunities to enhance genetic analyses by including a wide range of publically-available data as structured kernel ‘prior’ information. Kernel methods are appealing for their generality, yet this generality can make it challenging to formulate measures of similarity that directly address a specific scientific aim, or that are most powerful to detect a specific genetic mechanism. Although it is difficult to create a cook book of kernels for genetic studies, useful guidelines can be gleaned from a variety of novel published approaches. We review some novel developments of kernels for specific analyses and speculate on how to build kernels for complex genomic attributes based on publically available data. The creativity of analysts, with rigorous evaluations by applications to real and simulated data, will ultimately provide a much stronger array of kernel ‘tools’ for genetic analyses.
Overweight in Midlife Is Related to Lower Cognitive Function 30 Years Later: A Prospective Study with Longitudinal Assessments
Authors: Hassing Linda B. , Dahl Anna K. , Pedersen Nancy L. , Johansson Boo
Published: July 2010

Aim: To examine if the body mass index (BMI) in midlife is related to cognitive function 30 years later in a dementia-free sample. Methods: BMI was reported in 1963 at age 50–60 years, and cognitive abilities were examined 30 years later in a longitudinal design with 5 measurement occasions at 2-year intervals (n = 417). The cognitive abilities examined included tests of long-term memory, short-term memory, speed, verbal and spatial ability. Results: Multilevel modeling adjusting for demographic and lifestyle factors, and relevant diseases showed that a higher BMI in midlife predicted lower test performance 30 years later. Significant associations between BMI and level of performance were found in all cognitive abilities; however, a higher midlife BMI was not associated with steeper cognitive decline. Conclusion: Our results indicate that midlife overweight is related to lower overall cognitive function in old age. The fact that BMI-related effects were noted in mean-level cognitive performance, whereas only one ability showed differences in slopes, suggests that the negative effect of overweight has an onset before the entry into very old age.
Drug-Drug Interactions between Oral Antiepileptics and Oral Anticancer Drugs: Implications to Clinicians
Authors: Cheung Yin Ting , Yap Kevin Yi-Lwern , Chui Wai Keung , Chan Alexandre
Published: July 2010

Background: Existing research has suggested that there can be potential drug-drug interaction (DDI) between antiepileptic drugs (AED) and anticancer drugs (ACD). However, information on the prevalence of patients on concurrent oral AED and oral ACD is limited. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted at the National Cancer Centre Singapore. Prevalence was calculated by identifying prescriptions with both oral AED and oral ACD from the outpatient prescription database over three years. Prevalence and physicians’ prescribing patterns were evaluated. Co-prescription was defined as medications that were prescribed by the same physician on the same day. Potentially interacting combinations were further detected using an existing database, OncoRx (www.onco-informatics.com). Results: 42,810 prescriptions that contained at least one oral ACD were identified from the database. The number and prevalence of prescriptions that had a combination of oral ACD and AED were 274 and 0.64%, respectively, with the majority (82.8%) of the AED-oral ACD pairs being co-prescribed. Per patient, the average number of exposure days to the AED-oral ACD pair was 19.5 days annually. Fifty-one (18.6%) prescriptions were identified as containing potentially interacting AED-oral ACD pairs. Discussion: There is a relatively low prevalence of AED-oral ACD combined exposure in the population we sampled; however, the combined exposure is long enough to produce clinically important DDI effects.
Asymmetric Involvement in Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease: Clinical, Brain Imaging, and Electroencephalographic Studies
Authors: Wu Hung-Ming , Lu Chin-Song , Huang Chin-Chang , Lyu Rong-Kuo , Chen Rou-Shayn , Wu Yih-Ru , Chen Yi-Chun , Lai Szu-Chia , Hung June , Tsai Yu-Tai , Toh Cheng-Hong , Kuo Hung-Chou
Published: July 2010

Objective: To ascertain the characteristics of patients with sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) and to determine the findings of electroencephalography (EEG) and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Methods: We pooled patients at a hospital from 2000 to 2008, and classified them according to WHO diagnostic criteria as having probable or possible CJD. We retrospectively analyzed their clinical manifestations, brain MRI, and EEG findings to evaluate correlations among them. Results: In this study, 12 probable and 4 possible CJD patients were identified. Ten patients with probable CJD had asymmetric manifestations with hemiparesis, focal myoclonus, dystonia or apraxia; 9 had clinical manifestations mimicking the corticobasal syndrome. In contrast, neurological examinations did not show asymmetric signs in 4 patients with possible CJD. EEG showed a typical periodic sharp wave complex (PSWC) in 12 patients with probable CJD; most of them had bright signal intensity on diffusion-weighted imaging of the cortex and/or basal ganglia. There was a high tendency for asymmetric clinical manifestations that correlated with the presentation of PSWC and cortical lesions observed on the brain MRI scan. Conclusions: Our study indicates that asymmetric extrapyramidal symptoms/signs, in clinical features with characteristic abnormalities on MRI and EEG findings, might contribute to early diagnosis of sporadic CJD.
Comparison of 30-Day Mortality between Anterior-Wall versus Inferior-Wall ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Complicated by Cardiogenic Shock in Patients Undergoing Primary Coronary Angioplasty
Authors: Tsai Tzu-Hsien , Chai Han-Tan , Sun Cheuk-Kwan , Leu Steve , Fan Chang-Qing , Zhang Ze-Hong , Fang Hsiu-Yu , Youssef Ali A. , Hussein Hisham , Yang Cheng-Hsu , Wu Chiung-Jen , Yip Hon-Kan
Published: July 2010

Objectives: In this study, 30-day mortality from cardiogenic shock caused by left anterior descending artery (LAD) occlusion was compared with that caused by left circumflex (LCX) or right coronary artery (RCA) occlusion after primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Methods: Between May 2001 and December 2009, 212 consecutive patients with anterior-wall ST-elevation myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock due to LAD (n = 97) occlusion (group 1) and LCX or RCA (n = 115) occlusion (group 2) undergoing primary PCI were enrolled. Results: The results showed a higher mean peak level of creatine phosphokinase and incidence of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in group 1 than group 2 (all p < 0.01). However, no significant difference was noted in the achievement of normal blood flow in the infarct-related artery (p = 0.461) and 30-day morality (p = 0.338). Univariate analysis demonstrated a significant association of 30-day morality with age, lower left-ventricular ejection fraction, advanced congestive heart failure and unsuccessful reperfusion (all p < 0.02). Multivariate analysis revealed unsuccessful reperfusion as the most independent predictor of 30-day mortality (p = 0.002). Conclusion: No significant difference was noted in 30-day mortality between patients with acute myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock caused by LAD occlusion and by either RCA or LCX occlusion undergoing primary PCI.
Preventive Effect of High-Fluoride Dentifrice (5,000 ppm) in Caries-Active Adolescents: A 2-Year Clinical Trial
Authors: Nordström A. , Birkhed D.
Published: July 2010

There is a lack of clinical studies comparing dentifrices with high fluoride (F) concentration. The aim was to evaluate a dentifrice containing 5,000 ppm F compared to a dentifrice containing 1,450 ppm F in caries-active adolescents. The design was a 2-year, single-blind randomized controlled trial and 211 adolescents of 279 (76%) completed the trial. The subjects were divided into two groups and were given one of the assigned F dentifrices for daily unsupervised toothbrushing: (1) Duraphat 5,000 ppm F and (2) Pepsodent Superfluor 1,450 ppm F, both as NaF. The outcome variables were caries incidence and progression of proximal and occlusal caries. The subjects were asked to fill in a questionnaire to evaluate their compliance and they were divided into two subgroups: subgroup A, excellent compliance, and subgroup B, poor compliance. The latter group (28%) comprised the subjects who did not brush twice a day or did not use the dentifrice regularly. Adolescents using 5,000 ppm F toothpaste had significantly lower progression of caries compared to those using 1,450 ppm F toothpaste (A: p < 0.01, B: p < 0.001), with a prevented fraction of 40%. Subjects using 5,000 ppm F toothpaste had significantly lower caries incidence for compliance B compared to those using 1,450 ppm F toothpaste (p < 0.05); the prevented fraction was 42%. This may indicate that 5,000 ppm F toothpaste has a greater impact on individuals who do not use toothpaste regularly or do not brush twice a day. Thus, 5,000 ppm F toothpaste appears to be an important vehicle for caries prevention and treatment of adolescents with a high caries risk.
Factors Associated With Adverse Outcomes in Outpatients Presenting With Pulmonary Embolism
Authors: Spencer Frederick A. , Goldberg Robert J. , Lessard Darleen , Reed George , Emery Cathy , Gore Joel M. , Pacifico Luigi , Weitz Jeff I.
Published: July 2010

Background—

Data from clinical trials suggest that short-term mortality in outpatients presenting with pulmonary embolism (PE) is low and that outpatient therapy may be appropriate. However, subjects enrolled in these studies may not be representative of patients seen in the community setting.

Methods and Results—

The medical records of residents from Worcester, Mass, with
International Classification of Disease, Ninth Edition
, codes consistent with potential venous thromboembolism during 1999, 2001, and 2003 were independently validated and reviewed by trained abstractors. A total of 305 patients presented with PE from the outpatient setting. The rates of recurrent PE, major bleeding, mortality, or occurrence of any 1 of these end points at 90 days were 1.4%, 9.5%, 11.1%, and 20.1%, respectively. Patients with a history of congestive heart failure, recent intensive care unit discharge, cancer, severe infection, systolic blood pressure <100 mm Hg, and male sex were at increased risk for the composite end point.

Conclusions—

In the present population-based study, morbidity and mortality after outpatient PE were much higher than what was observed in clinical studies. Our findings raise questions about broad-based outpatient treatment of PE in the community setting. In our study, comorbid conditions and recent illness were important determinants of adverse outcomes, suggesting that these variables should be carefully considered before embarking on outpatient therapy of PE.
Oxidative Stress and Endothelial Dysfunction in Aortas of Aged Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats by NOX1/2 Is Reversed by NADPH Oxidase Inhibition
Authors: Wind Sven , Beuerlein Knut , Armitage Melanie E. , Taye Ashraf , Kumar Arun H.S. , Janowitz Daniel , Neff Christina , Shah Ajay M. , Wingler Kirstin , Schmidt Harald H.H.W.
Published: July 2010

Arterial hypertension is associated with increased levels of reactive oxygen species, which may scavenge endothelium-derived NO and thereby diminish its vasorelaxant effects. However, the quantitatively relevant source of reactive oxygen species is unclear. Thus, this potential pathomechanism is not yet pharmacologically targetable. Several enzymatic sources of reactive oxygen species have been suggested: uncoupled endothelial NO synthase, xanthine oxidase, and NADPH oxidases. Here we show that increased reactive oxygen species formation in aortas of 12- to 14-month–old spontaneously hypertensive rats versus age-matched Wistar Kyoto rats is inhibited by the specific NADPH oxidase inhibitor VAS2870 but neither by the xanthine oxidase inhibitor oxypurinol nor the NO synthase inhibitor
N
G
-nitro-
l
-arginine methyl ester. NADPH oxidase activity, as well as protein expression of its catalytic subunits, NOX1 and NOX2, was increased in the aortas of spontaneously hypertensive rats, whereas the expression of NOX4 protein, the most abundant NOX isoform, was not significantly changed. Impaired acetylcholine-induced relaxation of spontaneously hypertensive rat aortas was significantly improved by VAS2870. In conclusion, NOX1 and NOX2 but not NOX4 proteins are increased in aged spontaneously hypertensive rat aortas. Importantly, these NOX isoforms, in particular, ectopic expression of NOX1 in endothelial cells, appear to affect vascular function in an NADPH oxidase inhibitor-reversible manner. NADPH oxidases may, thus, be a novel target for the treatment of systemic hypertension.
On Grotius's Mare Liberum and Vitoria's De Indis, Following Agamben and Schmitt
Authors: Thumfart Johannes
Published: July 2010

The idea of free trade in Grotius's Mare liberum and his legal opinion De iure praedae has a strong theological basis. Grotius called the right to travel and trade freely a ius sanctissimum, a 'sacrosanct law'. He also perceived the Freedom of the Seas as being a direct result of the will of God. This theological background was strategically necessary because Grotius developed the Mare liberum and the De iure praedae to argue against Spanish-Portuguese claims to a trade monopoly that also had theological underpinnings. But the theological aspect of Grotius's theory was also emphasized by the references he made to the Dominican friar Francisco de Vitoria's ius communicationis. This precursor to Grotius's Freedom of the Seas, which Vitoria had developed in his De indis, is connected to the legal justification of Christian mission and so has a clear theological connotation. In Grotius's work, Vitoria's concept of a universal right to Christian mission supervised by the pope was transformed into a theologically supported right to free trade. With this transformation of the ius communicationis into the principle of the Mare liberum, Grotius develops a theological basis not for politics but for economics. One can speak therefore, following Giorgio Agamben, of an 'economic theology' in regard to Grotius, a term that is, in turn, derived from Carl Schmitt's notion of 'political theology'.
The Dutch Miracle, Modified. Hugo Grotius's Mare Liberum, Commercial Governance and Imperial War in the Early-Seventeenth Century
Authors: Thomson Erik
Published: July 2010

This paper examines the reception of Dutch commercial ideas and institutions in continental Europe during the first half of the seventeenth century. Using printed and archival sources from France, Sweden and Denmark, it argues that it is more useful to examine how statesmen and thinkers adapted Dutch material to different local circumstances and changing political conditions than to search for a mercantilist approach to political economy. Dutch arguments were particularly important, because they focused attentions upon the just and expedient relations between sovereignty and commerce. Replacing Hugo Grotius's Mare liberum in the contexts of the broader debate about the governance of commerce and of the politics of the Thirty Years War allows us to recover part of its further significance, for its polemical clarity allowed statesmen and scholars to refine more sharply their notion of commerce's relation to the state.
De Groot – A Founding Father of the Law of the Sea, Not the Law of the Sea Convention
Authors: Oude Elferink Alex
Published: July 2010

The present article examines if the principle of freedom of the high seas as formulated by Hugo de Groot still plays a significant role in international law. The article starts from an analysis of De Groot's ideas on the law of the sea and then turns to the freedom of the high seas in the modern law of the sea. In both cases, the legal framework is assessed against the background of the activities that require(d) regulation. Freedom of the high seas, although it has lost ground to other ordering principles, remains significant at the level of principles. However, at the level of designing an effective regime for current problems in oceans management, which to a large extent are caused by deficiencies in the enforcement scheme implicit in freedom of the high seas, the writings of De Groot, in whose time those activities did not require any significant measure of international coordination and cooperation, offer little assistance.
Retlige Synspunkter Paa De Forenede Nationers Aktion i cOngo1)
Authors: Schachter Oscar
Published: July 2010

Den fØlgende Artikel falder i tre Afdelinger: I) De Bestemmelser i Pagten, der danner Basis for De forenede Nationers Aktion i Congo, II) De Principper, der har været ledende for De forenede Nationers Styrke under UdfØrelsen af dens Opgave i Congo, og III) De Beslutninger, der i Forbindelse med Congo-Sporgsmaalet er vedtaget af Generalforsamlingens specielle Hastemode. Undersogelsen vil hovedsagelig blive af retlig Karakter og gaar ikke ind paa eller udtrykker nogen Mening om Sagens politiske Side.
The Limits of State Jurisdiction '
Authors: Jennings R.Y.
Published: July 2010

It is well known that the American Law Institute is engaged upon a project of great importance and interest to international lawyers : a restament of the Foreign Relations Law of the United States. In May 1958 there appeared their so-called Tentative Draft No. 2, (hereafter culled the Draft) a work of 278 pages covering all aspects of the problem of jurisdiction.1) The purpose of the present article is to attempt a critical study of some of the problems raised by what is in many ways the most important item of that tentative draft, namely section 8, which appears under »Title B. Scope of Jurisdiction Based on Territory«, and would provide as follows:
A World Movement in Favour of Human Rights
Authors: Biörklund Admiral E.
Published: July 2010

For more than ten years I have been systematically studying all aspects of the borderline between policy and military high strategy, which is now called Grand Strategy. Many times I have been astonished to see that Western democratic leaders did not better utilize the advantages of Western psychological attitude in the silent struggle of the human mind all over the world. A clever and widespread Communist propaganda was allowed to gain ground in many countries, practically without being contradicted by the democratic Governments. Often I asked myself: But do not the political leaders in those countries understand that the dictatorial way of treating human rights is the Achilles-heel of Communism? In order to prove this statement, I have found it logical to begin with a short investigation of the actual world situation, of which principles should be the basis for an international, psychological policy and how to synchronize their practical application. Only after this can we understand better the general development of the problem of Human Rights, the democratic and dictatorial ideas on this subject, ideological current aspects for the near future and how the democracies should utlize their advantages better than they do now.
Den Europeiska Kol- Och Stålgemenskapens Politiska Institutioner
Authors: Essén Eric
Published: July 2010

Ett intressant drag i folkrättens utveckling efter andra världskriget har varit den väldiga ökningen av antalet mellanfolkliga organ. Me-dan mellankrigstidens folkrättsarbeten bara redovisade en handfull internationella organisationer, kan dagens specialister pÅ den nya folkrättsdisciplin, som sysslar med »the law of international institutions«, räkna upp över hundratalet dylika organ, varav över ett dussin i Europa. Bland de europeiska organisationerna brukar man skilja mellan tvÅ huvudkategorier, nämligen Å ena sidan samarbetsorgan sãsom OEEC och dess efterträdare OECD, EuroparÅdet och Västeuropeiska Unionen, samt Å andra sidan integrationsorgan vartill räknas den Europeiska kol- och stÅlgemenskapen (Communauté Européenne du Charbon et de l'Acier - CECA), Europeiska atomenergigemenskapen (Euratom) och den Europeiska ekonomiska gemenskapen (i Skandinavien i allmänhet Återgiven med förkortningen EEC efter den engelska termen European Economic Community).
Joint Ventures Under U.S. and E.E.C. Antitrust Laws
Authors: Lind Henrik
Published: July 2010

The case law supports the proposition that joint ventures are illegal under the Sherman Act only if unresonable restraints of competition are proven to exist. Put differently, joint ventures are of neutral effect under the Sherman Act: Joint subsidiaries do not of themselves infringe the Act, but on the other hand the formation of a joint venture does not save an otherwise unreasonable restraint of competition. An exception to the abovementioned conclusion may be joint ventures between actual competitors, at least as far as horizontal integration is concerned. In this case a per se rule may apply. Finally, the competitive impact of a foreign joint venture may in some cases be such as to validate it under the Sherman Act where its domestic counterparts would have been struck down.
Første asylland
Authors: Sørensen Søren W.
Published: July 2010

1. Danish legislation contains no provision on the rule of first country of asylum. In administrative practise however, an alien who applies for asylum in Denmark, but who has stayed in another country after departure from his home country may be refused asylum. Normally, it is accepted however, that the refugee may be "en route" for approximately 2 weeks. Even in cases where the rule of first country of asylum applies, is the substance of the claim for asylum normally tried. In certain cases, e.g. where there is a certain connection with Denmark or if the alien cannot legally enter another country, has asylum been granted even if the rule of first country of asylum has been violated. 2. a) A refugee who applies for asylum at the passport control is not legally in Denmark and may be rejected. This rejection can take place without any trial of the substantive claim for asylum if the refugee can be sent back to a country, which is a signatury to the Geneva-convention of 1951. b) According to agreement between Denmark and Germany, people who illegaly cross the Danish-German border can be returned within 6 months if they have spent at least 2 weeks in Germany. c) The Nordic passport control Agreement provides in art. 10 § 1 that the Nordic country, which an alien has entered first, must take him if he is legally rejected in another Nordic country. 90 % of travel to the Nordic countries goes by way of Denmark, and an alien can be returned no matter how shortly he has stayed in Denmark. The other Nordic countries apply a strict rule of first country of asylum ,without any "en route" modification in relation to Denmark. 3. The background of the rule of first country of asylum is: - administrative reasons, - the fact that the risk of constructed explanations is greater with people who have spent some time in another country on their way, - relations to the ordinary restrictive aliens policy. 4. "Refugees in orbit" emerge because of: a) The lack of a legal right to asylum in international law, combined with the non-refoulement provisions. b) The variation of practice in different countries in relation to determining whether or not a person is a genuine refugee. c) Time-limits to the possibility of presenting a claim for political asylum. d) The fact that countries who ophold the limits in relation to geography and time of the 1951-convention may nevertheless liberally admit people, who fall outside these limitations. e) In a number of cases refugees do not, for some reason, apply for asylum at all, and in others the application is turned down on procedual grounds. f) De facto refugees. 5. It is submitted that a regional European refoulement agreement is a better solution to the problem than a direct convention on "refugees in orbit" as suggested by Melander.
Grotius and Stobaeus
Authors: Miller Jon
Published: July 2010

This paper examines Grotius's knowledge of Stobaeus's magnificent anthology of classical literature. After summarizing the contents and significance of that anthology, it shows that Grotius had a life-long interest in and extensive knowledge of the work. Despite this, and even though Grotius made important contributions to the revitalization of Stoicism in the seventeenth century, he never once mentions the material in Chapter Seven of Book II of Stobaeus's work, material which is widely regarded nowadays as a vital source for the ethical views of ancient Stoics. The paper concludes by exploring the implications of this omission for the broader revival of Stoicism in the early modern period.
The Patristic Context in Early Grotius
Authors: Bergjan Silke-Petra
Published: July 2010

The use of patristic texts was tightly bound up with the needs of the contemporary discussion which provided Grotius with sources for his patristic citations. His use of ancient texts especially in Ordinum Hollandiae ac Westfrisiae pietas proved to be highly controversial.Grotius's advocacy of tolerance with respect to various forms of Christianity determines his use of patristic texts as well. He looks for examples of moderation in the Early Church and by this accomplishes a significant shift of perspective. He points out the diversity of expressions in the Early Church and therefore replaces questions of dogmatic definition with the question of how to handle orthodoxy and heresy in society. In doing so, he implies requirements for the proper reading of patristic texts in his own times. Grotius's notion of Christian liberty is connected to awareness of context and intrinsically linked to a historical understanding. In his writings, contextualisation involves both religious-historical comparison and the integration of general sources from antiquity. With regard to early Christian sources, this means that Grotius understands them as deeply rooted in the broader ancient context. This approach to early Christian literature is already visible in De Iure Praedae. His sensibility for cultural variation, his comparative method and historical interest in ancient institutions are outstanding, and Grotius has these characteristics in common with legal humanists like François Baudouin.
Introduction
Authors: Blom Hans
Published: July 2010

In this introduction, the meaning and relevance of the study of De iure praedae, as one of the juvenilia of Grotius, is discussed and the contending approaches are described. A survey of the volume is provided.
On the Ancient Background of Grotius's Notion of Natural Law
Authors: Brouwer René
Published: July 2010

Grotius's notion of natural law is, as he himself makes clear, founded upon two demands of nature, which are to be connected with what is now known as the Stoic doctrine of appropriation. However, Grotius's understanding of the notion of natural law as a set of rules is not Stoic, but rather goes back to an interpretation that can be ascribed to Antiochus of Ascalon. By moving away from the Stoics Grotius could not only easily accommodate the Aristotelian doctrine of equity, otherwise rejected by the Stoics, but he could also formulate a minimalistic interpretation of human dispositions or 'rights', in contrast to the Stoics' maximalistic understanding of these dispositions as virtues.
Grotius Resurgens⊕
Authors: Van Eysinga Jonkheer W.J.M.
Published: July 2010

The doctrine of international law, while proclaiming Grotius to be its Founding Father, has deviated on some important issues from the latter's teachings. However, the development of international law itself may force writers on international law to renew acquaintance with Grotius' own conceptions. This article tries to illustrate these conclusions by giving some examples.
Improved Middle Atmosphere Climate and Forecasts in the ECMWF Model through a Nonorographic Gravity Wave Drag Parameterization
Authors: Orr Andrew , Bechtold Peter , Scinocca John , Ern Manfred , Janiskova Marta
Published: July 2010

In model cycle 35r3 (Cy35r3) of the ECMWF Integrated Forecast System (IFS), the momentum deposition from small-scale nonorographic gravity waves is parameterized by the Scinocca scheme, which uses hydrostatic nonrotational wave dynamics to describe the vertical evolution of a broad, constant, and isotropic spectrum of gravity waves emanating from the troposphere. The Cy35r3 middle atmosphere climate shows the following: (i) an improved representation of the zonal-mean circulation and temperature structure; (ii) a realistic parameterized gravity wave drag; (iii) a reasonable stationary planetary wave structure and stationary wave driving in July and an underestimate of the generation of stationary wave activity in the troposphere and stationary wave driving in January; (iv) an improved representation of the tropical variability of the stratospheric circulation, although the westerly phase of the semiannual oscillation is missing; and (v) a realistic horizontal distribution of momentum flux in the stratosphere. By contrast, the middle atmosphere climate is much too close to radiative equilibrium when the Scinocca scheme is replaced by Rayleigh friction, which was the standard method of parameterizing the effects of nonorographic gravity waves in the IFS prior to Cy35r3. Finally, there is a reduction in Cy35r3 short-range high-resolution forecast error in the upper stratosphere.
L’Anno Santo (Holy Year) in Fascist Italy 1933—34
Authors: Bosworth R.J.B.
Published: July 2010

Between Easter 1933 and Easter 1934, Rome was the venue for two major and potentially rival efforts to seize history for popular use. The Roman Catholic Church, under the rule of Pope Pius XI, held a supernumerary Anno Santo, Holy Year or Jubilee, the first since the signature of the Lateran pacts with the Fascist regime in 1929. That agreement had formally ended the Pope’s ‘imprisonment in the Vatican’, permitting the Church publicly to deploy a greater array of Rome’s religious pasts than had been possible since the Risorgimento. Meanwhile, in October 1932, Mussolini’s dictatorship had opened its Exhibition of the Fascist Revolution, there making with stridently modernist dynamism its own claims to carry Rome’s histories in its hands. Many ‘pilgrims’ in 1933—34 attended both Catholic and Fascist events. What, then, does this coincidence illustrate of the Fascist version of totalitarianism, to some historians a ‘political religion’ of span and depth, but one that was never able fully to master a Church that was at least as determined to claim that it best expressed transcendence and eternity?
Hunger and the Consolidation of the Francoist Regime (1939-1951)
Authors: del Arco Blanco Miguel Ángel
Published: July 2010

After the end of the Civil War, the Franco regime tried to consolidate itself in the tragic socioeconomic context of the post-war years. How was it possible for a regime to establish and implant itself in spite of an economic crisis and a desperate and undernourished population? As this article demonstrates, a brutal policy of autarky underpinned the consolidation of Francoism. Through the daily mechanisms of autarky and the black market to which it gave rise, the ‘New State’ and its local representatives repressed their Civil War opponents on a daily basis. At the same time, the regime secured the consent of its local supporters by offering them the chance to feather their own nests. In this way, hunger formed the ballast of the new ship of state because the regime was able to force some into starvation while allowing others to profit through the control of much needed resources.
The Global Corporate Elite and the Transnational Policy-Planning Network, 1996-2006
Authors: Carroll William K. , Sapinski Jean Philippe
Published: July 2010

This article presents a network analysis of elite interlocks among the world’s 500 largest corporations and a purposive sample of transnational policy-planning boards. The analysis compares the situation in 1996 with 2006 and reveals a process of transnational capitalist class formation that is regionally uneven. Network analysis points to a process of structural consolidation through which policy boards have become more integrative nodes, brokering elite relations between firms from different regions, especially Europe and North America. As national corporate networks have thinned, the global corporate-policy network’s centre of gravity has shifted towards Europe, both at the level of individuals and organizations. Although this study finds a modest increase in participation of corporate elites from the Global South, a North Atlantic ruling class remains at the centre of the process of transnational capitalist class formation.
Invisible Palestinian Women
Authors: Cohen Orna , Leichtentritt Ronit D.
Published: July 2010

One of the outcomes of the ongoing Israeli—Palestinian conflict has been the phenomenon of hasty marriages of convenience between Palestinian women from the Occupied Territories and Israeli Arab men. The children of these couples are Israeli citizens, while their mothers find themselves living in Israel illegally for years on end, ineligible for services that are provided to legal residents and in constant fear of deportation. This article is based on semi-structured interviews with 30 such women about the issues surrounding their situation. Findings were analysed using Lukes’ three-dimensional theory of power. Mann’s concept of organizational outflanking is cited as a possible explanation for the way in which the women are kept silent. Recommendations for practice are made.
Evidence on physiotherapeutic interventions for adults with cerebral palsy is sparse. A systematic review
Authors: Jeglinsky I. , Surakka J. , Carlberg E. Brogren , Autti-Rämö I.
Published: July 2010

Objectives: To identify evidence evaluating the effectiveness of physiotherapy in adolescents (>16 years of age) and adults with cerebral palsy.

Data sources: Systematic literature search from the earliest available time until March 2009. Additional studies were identified through reference and citation tracking.

Review methods: Two reviewers independently agreed on eligibility, methodological quality and quality of evidence assessment. Standard methods were used for quality assessments.

Results: Included were 13 studies, two of which were randomized controlled trials. No article met the criteria for high methodological quality. Evidence of moderate quality was found on gait after strength training. Evidence of low quality was found on balance after strength training and workstation interventions. Low-quality evidence was also found on functionality after strength training in four studies evaluating gross motor capacity. There was very low-quality evidence on increased muscle strength and in outcome measures used to evaluate range of motion.

Conclusion: Evidence for the effect of physiotherapy on adolescents and adults with cerebral palsy is sparse, and therefore there is an urgent need for well-designed physiotherapeutic trials for these people.
Regulating private affairs in contemporary China: Private investigators and the policing of spousal infidelity
Authors: Jeffreys Elaine
Published: July 2010

This article examines the recent emergence of China’s private investigation industry, focusing on investigators of spousal infidelity. It outlines the professed business rationales of private investigators that target women experiencing marital crises, including claims that they provide a necessary social service, protect women’s rights, promote anti-corruption measures, and uphold Chinese law. It also details growing criticisms of China’s “infidelity sleuths” for violating Chinese law and citizens’ rights. Finally, the article examines some of the proposed responses to the problems associated with private investigators and the policing of infidelity. The demand for such services highlights the laissez-faire position that economic reform has increasingly forced China’s governmental authorities to assume with regard to regulating the private affairs of Chinese citizens.
The impact of rural-urban migration: Case study on the Loess Plateau of Central China
Authors: Mei Zhang
Published: July 2010

As a result of China’s marketization in recent years there has been an enormous number of rural—urban migrants. Based on a case study in poor villages on the Loess Plateau of central China, and referring to the overall framework of migration theories, this article examines the social and economic characteristics of migrants and their households, and discusses to what extent rural— urban migration contributes to the social and economic development of the migrant-sending areas, especially in reducing poverty.
Are women with lupus at higher risk of HPV infection?
Authors: Klumb EM , Pinto AC , Jesus GR , Araujo M. , Jascone L. , Gayer CR , Ribeiro FM , Albuquerque EMN , Macedo JMB
Published: July 2010

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the etiological agent of cervical cancer, the second most prevalent neoplasia among women. Although it has been proven that systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients have higher frequency of cervical dysplasia, few studies have focused on HPV prevalence among them. This study aimed to investigate HPV prevalence among SLE patients and to evaluate associated risk factors, including the use of immunosuppressors (IM). Total DNA extracted from cervical samples of 173 SLE patients and 217 women (control group) submitted to routine cervical cytopathology was used as template in polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assays for detection of HPV DNA. HPV genotyping was performed by type-specific PCR, PCR-RFLP and/or DNA sequencing. Statistical methods included univariate analysis and logistic regression. Despite presenting significantly fewer HPV risk factors, SLE patients were found to have a threefold increase in HPV infection, mostly genotypes 53, 58, 45, 66, 6, 84, 83, 61, as compared with controls, who presented types 6, 18 and 61 more frequently. The higher rate of HPV infection was associated with immunosuppressive therapy. This study provides evidence that SLE patients have a high prevalence of HPV infection, which is even higher with the use of IM, a condition that might necessitate a more frequent cervical cancer screening program for these women.
First- and third-year student nurses’ perceptions of caring behaviours
Authors: Mlinar Suzana
Published: July 2010

The aim of this study was to investigate significant differences in the mean scores for the Caring Behaviors Inventory between first-year and third-year nursing students. There were two sample groups: group A comprised 117 first-year nursing students and group B included 49 third-year nursing students (n = 166). All participants were from one Slovenian university. Data were collected by questionnaire and ana- lysed using SPSS v. 17.0. Independent sample t-tests were used for the comparison of means for each item in both groups. The results showed that the students in group B (third year) often agreed more significantly with Caring Behaviors Inventory items than the students in group A (first year). Principles of right action indicate how nurses must behave in order to provide good nursing care. Nursing educators can prepare students through demonstrations of their own behaviour in practice
Gendering Humanoid Robots: Robo-Sexism in Japan
Authors: Robertson Jennifer
Published: July 2010

In humans, gender is both a concept and performance embodied by females and males, a corporeal technology that is produced dialectically. The process of gendering robots makes especially clear that gender belongs both to the order of the material body and to the social and discursive or semiotic systems within which bodies are embedded. This article explores and interrogates the gendering of humanoid robots manufactured today in Japan for employment in the home and workplace. Gender attribution is a process of reality construction. Roboticists assign gender based on their common-sense assumptions about female and male sex and gender roles. Whereas the relationship between human bodies and genders is a contingent one, I argue that gendered robots render that relationship a necessary one by conflating bodies and genders. Humanoid robots are the vanguard of posthuman sexism, and are being developed within a reactionary rhetorical climate.
How to Look Good (Nearly) Naked: The Performative Regulation of the Swimmer’s Body
Authors: Scott Susie
Published: July 2010

This article explores the discursive construction, regulation and performance of the body in the context of the swimming pool. The near-naked state of the swimmer’s body presents a potential threat to the interaction order, insofar as social encounters may be misconstrued as sexual, and so rituals are enacted to create a ‘civilized’ definition of the situation. The term ‘performative regulation’ is introduced to theorize this process, as a synergy of the symbolic interactionist models of dramaturgy (Goffman) and negotiated order (Strauss) and the post-structuralist concept of disciplinary power (Foucault). The regulation and representation of the swimmer’s body can be understood as mutually constitutive mechanisms, enforced by the pool-as-institution but enacted through the embodied practices of individual actors in the pool-as-interaction. Crossley’s notion of reflexive body techniques is applied to interpret this dualistic process in relation to communicative gestures and facework rituals, which implicates both individual and social bodies in the somatization of the interaction order.
Obesity Epidemic Entrepreneurs: Types, Practices and Interests
Authors: Monaghan Lee F. , Hollands Robert , Prtichard Gary
Published: July 2010

This article explores the enterprising act of socially constructing fatness, or overweight and obesity, as an individual and collective problem. We argue that this process is complex and hence draw liberally on and extend an eclectic range of scholarship (e.g. the sociology of the body, moral panic theory, critical weight studies) when presenting a typology of obesity epidemic entrepreneurs, that is, those who actively make fatness into a correctable health problem. Using a variety of data, we consider six main ideal typical entrepreneurs: creators, amplifiers/moralizers, legitimators, supporters, enforcers/administrators and the entrepreneurial self. We conclude with a critique of obesity epidemic entrepreneurship and underscore the broader salience of our work for the sociology of the body/embodiment. The relevance of social studies of the body for the obesity debate and critical weight studies is also highlighted.
Is attachment transmitted across generations? The plot thickens
Authors: Shah Prachi E. , Fonagy Peter , Strathearn Lane
Published: July 2010

Studies have demonstrated a strong relation between adult attachment security, using the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI), and infant security, using the Strange Situation Procedure (SSP). This suggests that a mother’s representations of attachment may influence the development of her infant’s attachment to her. This study both confirms and modifies that finding in a cohort of 47 first-time mothers and their infants. The AAIs were administered during the third trimester of pregnancy and the SSPs were performed when the infant was 14 months of age. The AAIs were classified using Crittenden’s Dynamic-Maturational Model (DMM) and the SSPs using both the DMM and also Main and Solomon’s ABC+D methods. There was a significant match of patterns for secure mothers and babies, but a tendency for inversion of insecure patterns of attachment, that is Type A mothers often had infants with a Type C pattern and vice versa. No significant relation was seen between the DMM adult and ABC+D infant patterns of attachment. A significant, but modest, association was found between the DMM and ABC+D infant SSP classifications. These findings may help guide treatment of insecure mother—infant dyads by individualizing interventions to include a focus on maternal representations of the infant and maternal responses to infant behavior.
Quality of attachment in St Petersburg (Russian Federation): A sample of family-reared infants
Authors: Pleshkova Natalia L. , Muhamedrahimov Rifkat J.
Published: July 2010

The study aimed to describe the quality of attachment in the sample of children living in St Petersburg (Russian Federation). Up to the present there were no studies on quality of attachment relationship among infants living in families in the Russian Federation (RF), including families living in St Petersburg. The study results have an important value for understanding of development of attachment patterns in a changing society with a previous history of being a totalitarian state. The St Petersburg sample consisted of 130 children, living in families, aged 11—16 months old (mean = 13.3 months). Children were living in largely normative low-risk families. The Strange Situation Procedure was used (Ainsworth Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978). The attachment categories were classified according to the criteria of the DMM model (Crittenden, 2002). Results presented show that 50% of children showed the complex strategies (pre-A3—4 compulsive caregiving and compliant, pre-C3—4 aggressive and feigned helpless, A/C). It was found that among a St Petersburg sample of families there was small number of children with secure attachment pattern and many children with complex attachment strategies.
‘I Don’t Think They Knew We Could Do These Sorts of Things’
Authors: Murray Michael , Crummett Amanda
Published: July 2010

As people age the character of their social relationships change. There is evidence that older people who reside in disadvantaged communities often experience social isolation, which in turn has been found to be associated with a variety of health problems. This article reports the initial findings from a participatory arts project with a group of older residents of a disadvantaged urban community. It describes how the older residents represented their community and how they perceived the community arts intervention.
Gender Differences in Social Network Size and Satisfaction in Adults in Their 70s
Authors: McLaughlin Deirdre , Vagenas Dimitrios , Pachana Nancy A. , Begum Nelufa , Dobson Annette
Published: July 2010

Strong social support is associated with lower mortality and morbidity and better self-rated health in later life. The aim of this study was to compare social network size and satisfaction in men ( N = 2589) and women ( n = 3152), aged 72—78 years. Women reported significantly larger networks (Difference 1.36, 95% CI 0.89, 1.83) than men. However, being separated, divorced or single had a significantly greater impact on men’s social networks (Difference 0.92, 95% CI 0.17, 1.68). Poor mental health and sensory impairments were associated with smaller networks and lower satisfaction with support for both men and women.