bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dynamic Viral Glycoprotein Machines: Approaches for Probing Transient States That Drive Membrane Fusion
Authors: Garcia Natalie , Lee Kelly
Published: January 2016

The fusion glycoproteins that decorate the surface of enveloped viruses undergo dramatic conformational changes in the course of engaging with target cells through receptor interactions and during cell entry. These refolding events ultimately drive the fusion of viral and cellular membranes leading to delivery of the genetic cargo. While well-established methods for structure determination such as X-ray crystallography have provided detailed structures of fusion proteins in the pre- and post-fusion fusion states, to understand mechanistically how these fusion glycoproteins perform their structural calisthenics and drive membrane fusion requires new analytical approaches that enable dynamic intermediate states to be probed. Methods including structural mass spectrometry, small-angle X-ray scattering, and electron microscopy have begun to provide new insight into pathways of conformational change and fusion protein function. In combination, the approaches provide a significantly richer portrait of viral fusion glycoprotein structural variation and fusion activation as well as inhibition by neutralizing agents. Here recent studies that highlight the utility of these complementary approaches will be reviewed with a focus on the well-characterized influenza virus hemagglutinin fusion glycoprotein system.
Rhinoviruses and Respiratory Enteroviruses: Not as Simple as ABC
Authors: Royston Léna , Tapparel Caroline
Published: January 2016

Rhinoviruses (RVs) and respiratory enteroviruses (EVs) are leading causes of upper respiratory tract infections and among the most frequent infectious agents in humans worldwide. Both are classified in the Enterovirus genus within the Picornaviridae family and they have been assigned to seven distinct species, RV-A, B, C and EV-A, B, C, D. As viral infections of public health significance, they represent an important financial burden on health systems worldwide. However, the lack of efficient antiviral treatment or vaccines against these highly prevalent pathogens prevents an effective management of RV-related diseases. Current advances in molecular diagnostic techniques have revealed the presence of RV in the lower respiratory tract and its role in lower airway diseases is increasingly reported. In addition to an established etiological role in the common cold, these viruses demonstrate an unexpected capacity to spread to other body sites under certain conditions. Some of these viruses have received particular attention recently, such as EV-D68 that caused a large outbreak of respiratory illness in 2014, respiratory EVs from species C, or viruses within the newly-discovered RV-C species. This review provides an update of the latest findings on clinical and fundamental aspects of RV and respiratory EV, including a summary of basic knowledge of their biology.
Tracing Temporal Changes of Model Parameters in Rainfall-Runoff Modeling via a Real-Time Data Assimilation
Authors: Meng Shanshan , Xie Xianhong , Yu Xiao
Published: January 2016

Watershed characteristics such as patterns of land use and land cover (LULC), soil structure and river systems, have substantially changed due to natural and anthropogenic factors. To adapt hydrological models to the changing characteristics of watersheds, one of the feasible strategies is to explicitly estimate the changed parameters. However, few approaches have been dedicated to these non-stationary conditions. In this study, we employ an ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) technique with a constrained parameter evolution scheme to trace the parameter changes. This technique is coupled to a rainfall-runoff model, i.e., the Xinanjiang (XAJ) model. In addition to a stationary condition, we designed three typical non-stationary conditions, including sudden, gradual and rotational changes with respect to two behavioral parameters of the XAJ. Synthetic experiments demonstrated that the EnKF-based method can trace the three types of parameter changes in real time. This method shows robust performance even for the scenarios of high-level uncertainties within rainfall input, modeling and observations, and it holds an implication for detecting changes in watershed characteristics. Coupling this method with a rainfall-runoff model is useful to adapt the model to non-stationary conditions, thereby improving flood simulations and predictions.
Un milieu sud-alpin de glyptogénèse. Les ravins de Comall Escur, versant sud du Massif du Canigou (Pyrénées-Orientales )
Authors: Soutadé Gérard
Published: January 2016

Les pentes méridionales du massif du Canigou, taillées dans des gneiss très altérés, sont fréquemment érodées au niveau de l'étage sub-alpin. Comall Escur est un des secteurs les plus touchés. Décapages épidermiques et ravins, nommés chalades, évoluent sous l'action du gel et du ruissellement. Mais l'érosion accélérée n'agit qu'épisodiquement, lors de certaines averses automnales de forte intensité et de longue durée. Les forestiers ont entrepris d'importants travaux de restauration. Cependant, la cicatrisation est incomplète car elle ne s'est accompagnée nulle part de la végétalisation indispensable. Le danger d'une catastrophe identique à celle d'octobre 1940 demeure.
L'ostréiculture dans le bassin d'Arcachon
Authors: Latéoule Robert
Published: January 2016

L'ostréiculture arcachonnaise est le fait de plus de 1 900 parqueurs, qui exploitent 1600 concessions divisées en 8 000 parcelles. Avec une production de 12 000 t, soit environ 340 millions d'huîtres, le Bassin d'Arcachon vient au second rang des producteurs français et fournit 1/5 de la production. Gujan-Mestras est le centre le plus important. Le marché a tendance à se rétrécir ; la coexistence de l'ostréiculture et d'un tourisme estival très développé pose des problèmes délicats.
L'influence de la géographie physique et de la géographique naturelle sur les concepts et les méthodes de la géographie humaine
Authors: Claval Paul
Published: January 2016

Les géographes reçoivent une formation multivalente qui les initie aux problèmes physiques comme aux problèmes humains. Ils croient généralement à l'unité du domaine dans lequel ils se sont engagés. On pourrait croire que les rapports entre les divers chapitres de la géographie ont été très étroits et qu'ils se sont influencés mutuellement. Il n en est rien : la géographie humaine n'a guère emprunté aux géographies naturelles qu'un vocabulaire et des analogies. L'influence n'est pourtant pas négligeable, mais elle a été indirecte, inconsciente presque : elle se traduit par le souci de tout ramener au paysage, par la prédilection pour les analyses menées à échelle moyenne.
Cryokarsts et chimie des neiges en zone polaire
Authors: Corbel Jean , Gallo Gilbert
Published: January 2016

Ces notes publiées par l'équipe de recherches n° 29 du C. N. R. S. présentent :

1° les ressemblances entre les formes observées dans les karsts et les glaces ;

2° les problèmes de terminologie relatifs à des karsts non calcaires ;

3° la découverte de dépôts de gypse sur la neige ;

4° l'exploration et la description d'une cavité glaciaire au Spitsberg.
Quelques aspects récents de l'élevage dans le Bas-Pays limousin
Authors: Genty Michel
Published: January 2016

L'élevage dominant dans le Bas-pays limousin est celui des bovins. La production de lait a progressé, mais le veau reste la principale spéculation. Nourri avec le lait des vaches de la ferme, il donne une viande blanche ou rose d'excellente qualité. Pour lutter contre la concurrence des veaux de batterie, un groupement de producteurs de veau de lait fermier s'est constitué. La laiterie coopérative de Brive vend surtout du lait et son rôle de grossiste grandit. Les veaux de lait sont vendus aux foires de Brive et d'Objat. Les bouchers expéditeurs du Bas-pays, très dynamiques, expédient de forts tonnages vers Paris, l'Est et la Cote d'Azur, une S. I. C. A. de viande leur dispute encore timidement le marché.
Précipitations d'automne et perturbations méditerranéennes dans les Pyrénées orientales
Authors: Vigneau Jean-Pierre
Published: January 2016

Dans les Pyrénées orientales, l'automne est la saison la plus arrosée. L'étude des dix années 1959-1968 montre que la part de cette saison dans le régime pluviométrique, l'irrégularité saisonnière et annuelle, l'intensité des précipitations décroissent du rivage méditerranéen vers l'intérieur de la montagne. Pour cette région très compartimentée, une classification des types de temps perturbés doit tenir compte de la direction du flux d'altitude car l'orientation des grands reliefs est décisive dans la répartition des précipitations. Il est possible de distinguer un certain nombre de types de perturbations méditerranéennes qui déterminent des précipitations d'abondance, de durée, d'étendue différentes. La plaine du Roussillon a le régime le plus brutal parce que ces perturbations y constituent l'élément essentiel des épisodes pluvieux.
L'émigration portugaise de 1960 à 1969
Authors: Poinard Michel
Published: January 2016

La majorité des émigrants portugais se dirige désormais vers l'Europe industrielle (notamment la France). Ils sont plus jeunes qu'autrefois et le nombre des départs familiaux augmente ce qui retentit diversement sur les conditions démographiques des différentes régions du pays.
Caractères morphologiques de la dépression d'El Pobo (Monts Celtibériques orientaux)
Authors: Pailhé Pierre
Published: January 2016

Reconnaissance morphologique d'une dépression intérieure des Monts Celtibériques Orientaux évidée au tertiaire aux dépens de terrains tendres du Crétacé (wealdien), puis comblée par les dépôts corrélatifs de l'édification d'une surface d'érosion tranchant les calcaires plissés. L'évidement de la dépression a été de nouveau réalisé au Quaternaire, son modelé étant dominé par' deux séries de glacis et l'action d'incision d'une période froide récente.
Une politique d'isolement communal : Toulouse
Authors: Coppolani Jean
Published: January 2016

En raison de la grande superficie de la commune, les municipalités de Toulouse ont mené depuis 1945 une politique qui se proposait de réaliser entièrement sur son territoire les équipements (zones industrielles, bâtiments administratifs et universitaires) et les logements nécessités par l'expansion de la ville. Mais l'absence d'un plan et d'une autorité commune, ainsi que la spéculation foncière, ont conduit certaines communes proches à entreprendre des programmes concurrents, qui ont provoqué l'installation hors de Toulouse d'un quart des nouveaux habitants et de la moitié des emplois industriels apparus depuis 25 ans.
Difficultés et promesses de modernisation d'un canton du Ségala : le Naucellois (Aveyron)
Authors: Béteille R.
Published: January 2016

Agriculture which sustains most of the Naucelle county's economy still relies on a family farms basis. Though actually successful it will meet in a near future many uneasy problems related to depopulation : out migration from agriculture, marked relative excess of single males amongst adults, a growing number of holdings without expected heirs. The present trend has given rise to the large village of Naucelle (department of Aveyron) which has recently received such an inflow of young households, crafts'men, trades'men and retired people that it actually looks like a small town. Naucelle wishes to energize its whole rural district in order to boost its development. Nevertheless it is not easy to launch there new non farming enterprises in order to increase non agricultural employment. The late progress of tourism had no incentive effect yet.
Microsatellite markers for Senna spectabilis var. excelsa (Caesalpinioideae, Fabaceae)
Authors: López‐Roberts M. Cristina , Barbosa Ariane R. , Paganucci de Queiroz Luciano , van den Berg Cássio
Published: January 2016

Premise of the study:

Senna spectabilis var. excelsa (Fabaceae) is a South and Central American tree of great ecological importance and one of the most common species in several sites of seasonally dry forests. Our goal was to develop microsatellite markers to assess the genetic diversity and structure of this species.

Methods and Results:

We designed and assessed 53 loci obtained from a microsatellite‐enriched library and an intersimple sequence repeat library. Fourteen loci were polymorphic, and they presented a total of 39 alleles in a sample of 61 individuals from six populations. The mean values of observed and expected heterozygosities were 0.355 and 0.479, respectively. Polymorphism information content was 0.390 and the Shannon index was 0.778.

Conclusions:

Polymorphism information content and Shannon index indicate that at least nine of the 14 microsatellite loci developed are moderate to highly informative, and potentially useful for population genetic studies in this species.
Effects of electronic coupling and electrostatic potential on charge transport in carbon-based molecular electronic junctions
Authors: McCreery Richard L
Published: January 2016

Molecular junctions consisting of 2–20 nm thick layers of organic oligomers oriented between a conducting carbon substrate and a carbon/gold top contact have proven to be reproducible and reliable, and will soon enter commercial production in audio processing circuits. The covalent, conjugated bond between one or both sp2-hybridized carbon contacts and an aromatic molecular layer is distinct from the more common metal/molecule or silicon/molecule structures in many reported molecular junctions. Theoretical observations based on density functional theory are presented here, which model carbon-based molecular junctions as single molecules and oligomers between fragments of graphene. Electronic coupling between the molecules and the contacts is demonstrated by the formation of hybrid orbitals in the model structure, which have significant electron density on both the graphene and the molecule. The energies of such hybrid orbitals correlate with tunneling barriers determined experimentally, and electronic coupling between the two graphene fragments in the model correlates with experimentally observed attenuation of transport with molecular layer thickness. Electronic coupling is affected significantly by the dihedral angle between the planes of the graphene and the molecular π-systems, but is absent only when the two planes are orthogonal. Coupling also results in partial charge transfer between the graphene contacts and the molecular layer, which results in a shift in electrostatic potential which affects the observed tunneling barrier. Although the degree of partial charge transfer is difficult to calculate accurately, it does provide a basis for the “vacuum level shift” observed in many experiments, including transport and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy of molecular layers on conductors.
Solving the puzzling competition of the thermal C2–C6 vs Myers–Saito cyclization of enyne-carbodiimides
Authors: Rana Anup , Cinar Mehmet Emin , Samanta Debabrata , Schmittel Michael
Published: January 2016

The mechanism of the thermal cyclization of enyne-carbodiimides 7a–c has been studied computationally by applying the DFT method. The results indicate that enyne-carbodiimides preferentially follow the C2–C6 (Schmittel) cyclization pathway in a concerted fashion although the Myers–Saito diradical formation is kinetically preferred. The experimentally verified preference of the C2–C6 over the Myers–Saito pathway is guided by the inability of the Myers–Saito diradical to kinetically compete in the rate-determining trapping reactions, either inter- or intramolecular, with the concerted C2–C6 cyclization. As demonstrated with enyne-carbodiimide 11, the Myers–Saito channel can be made the preferred pathway if the trapping reaction by hydrogen transfer is no more rate determining.
Effect of indirect interband transitions on terahertz conductivity in “decorated” graphene bilayer heterostructures
Authors: Ryzhii Victor , Otsuji Taiichi , Ryzhii Maxim , Mitin Vladimir , Shur Michael S.
Published: January 2016

We demonstrate that the indirect interband generation of photons in the optically or injection pumped graphene bilayer (GBL) heterostructures with an array of metal particles (GBLs “decorated” by metal particles) with population inversion can surpass their intraband (Drude) absorption. This can result in rather large absolute values of the negative dynamic terahertz (THz) conductivity in a wide range of frequencies at room temperature. This effect enables the creation of novel THz lasers based on the decorated GBLs.
Terahertz emission from GaInAs p-i-n diodes photoexcited by femtosecond laser pulses
Authors: Nevinskas Ignas , Stanionytė Sandra , Pačebutas Vaidas , Krotkus Arūnas
Published: January 2016

Lattice-matched GaInAs p-i-n diodes of different i-region thicknesses have been MBE grown on n-type InP (100) and (111) crystallographic orientation substrates. It has been found that terahertz emission from such structures when illuminated with femtosecond laser pulses can be more efficient than that from the known to date best surface terahertz emitter (111) p-InAs. The explanation of the terahertz generation mechanism from p-i-n diodes is based on ultrafast photocurrent effects. Anisotropic transient photocurrents causing the 3ϕ azimuthal angle dependence are observed in the sample on (111) substrate. These p-i-n structures allow covering a technologically important 1.55 μm range and may provide controllability and compactness of a THzTDS system when biased with an external voltage source.
Metal oxide gas sensors decorated with carbon nanotubes
Authors: Aroutiounian Vladimir M.
Published: January 2016

Gas sensors made from carbon nanotubes without their doping and functionalization have serious shortcomings. Analysis of physics and techniques of decoration (functionalization) of carbon nanotubes using organic polymers, doping with impurities, metallic nanoparticle/nanoclusters is carried out. The development of metal oxide nanocomposite sensors decorated with carbon nanotubes is very promising for realization of detectors of different important gases with dramatically improved response, better time characteristics and smaller consumed power.
Disordered small defect clusters in silicon
Authors: Žąsinas Ernestas , Vaitkus Juozas Vidmantis
Published: January 2016

The ionizing radiation induced disordered defect clusters and their relaxation in silicon were simulated by the density functional method. It was found that a non-relaxed disordered cluster gives rise to a great number of localized states having their energy levels within the semiconductor forbidden band gap. After the relaxation, however, the density of these states significantly decreases leaving only several relatively shallow donor and acceptor state levels that may contribute to trapping of free carriers and shrinkage of an effective band gap.
La economía moral del asilo. Reflexiones críticas sobre la «crisis de los refugiados» de 2015 en Europa
Authors: Fassin Didier
Published: January 2016

Este artículo plantea una reflexión crítica sobre la llamada «crisis de los refugiados» de 2015 en Europa a partir de una reformulación del concepto de economía moral que problematiza discursos y prácticas de asilo. Propone primero una concepción histórica del uso y significado de las categorías de refugio y asilo que nos permita además explorar los cambios en la representación de los individuos involucrados y en la legitimidad social de sus reivindicaciones. Para ello se analiza la evolución del derecho al asilo en Europa desde una multiplicidad de lentes —etimológica, histórica y geográfica— como preámbulo al estudio de su declive en las últimas décadas. El artículo concluye que las decenas de miles de personas que cruzan el Mediterráneo desde África y el Oriente Medio en búsqueda de protección no han creado una «crisis», sino que revelan una situación que ya existe desde hace varias décadas: el retiro progresivo de los países europeos de sus compromisos adquiridos con la Convención de Ginebra de 1951.
Los problemas de las fronteras humanitarias
Authors: Ticktin Miriam
Published: January 2016

Este texto plantea un análisis crítico del papel de los discursos y prácticas humanitaristas en nuestra concepción de la migración y en las políticas públicas desarrolladas en relación a la movilidad poblacional a través de las fronteras internacionales. Se parte de la premisa de que el humanitarismo, aunque fuera bien intencionado, puede tener efectos perniciosos sobre la situación que se vive en las fronteras, especialmente si acaba por sustituir a la justicia y a los derechos que tienen los emigrantes. Para estudiar esta paradoja, el texto analiza, sucesivamente, varios problemas asociados a la acción humanitaria: el problema con la inocencia —la victimización de refugiados les hace objeto de compasión humanitaria—; el problema con la emergencia —con dinámicas de ‘acción inmediata’ que impiden la comprensión contextualizada e histórica de los fenómenos—; y, finalmente, el problema de la compasión —el humanitarismo se asocia más con sentimientos que con derechos. El análisis de estas tres categorías claves en las retóricas humanitaristas tanto en Europa como en Estados Unidos permite, a fin de cuentas, un sano escepticismo frente a nuevas formas de legitimación de la exclusión. La autora explora también estrategias políticas y discursivas alternativas que sientan las bases de nuevos imaginarios más allá de las fronteras y de humanitarismos que reproducen la desigualdad global eludiendo enfrentar la justicia como horizonte de acción.
Narrar historias, desbordar fronteras
Authors: Pérez Marta
Published: January 2016

Este artículo narra la experiencia etnográfica de la autora como investigadora independiente para el proyecto «The Human Cost of Border Control» de la Universidad Libre de Ámsterdam. Más en concreto, la línea argumental se basa en su participación en la construcción de una base de datos de defunción de las personas que perdieron la vida en su viaje a Europa, y cuyos cuerpos se habían rescatado en el mar o encontrado en las costas de España, Malta, Italia, Grecia y Gibraltar. A partir de su participación en este proyecto, nos desvela algunos de los agujeros negros de la emigración, incluyendo las burocracias de la muerte, los vacíos estadísticos, y los silencios públicos.
Culto y profanación de la Santa Duda de Ivorra (La Segarra, Lleida)
Authors: Delgado Manuel
Published: January 2016

En el verano de 1936 se produjo en Ivorra, un pequeño pueblo de la Segarra (Lleida), uno de los numerosos episodios de violencia religiosa que conocieron los primeros momentos de la guerra civil española. Un piquete de milicianos procedentes de la capital de la comarca llegó para la habitual destrucción de objetos de culto, pero se encontró con la negativa del comité antifascista local de entregarle uno de especial valor: el relicario en que se conserva todavía hoy el vestigio del Santa Duda (Sant Dubte), un milagro registrado más de nueve siglos atrás en relación con la verdad mística de la transubstanciación eucarística. La historia de ese intento de profanación y la suerte posterior de la reliquia permiten reconocer los términos en que se prolonga en el siglo XX español la vieja querella de los sacramentos y, más allá, la lucha de la modernidad por desactivar el poder del ritual para trascender el plano de lo simbólico y devenir eficaz.
De la represión al patrimonio: vestigios de la violencia de estado en Madrid y Santiago de Chile
Authors: Bianchini Maria Chiara
Published: January 2016

Este artículo investiga las prácticas sociales que se desarrollan en torno a dos lugares de represión de dos dictaduras del siglo XX: Villa Grimaldi en Santiago de Chile y la Cárcel de Carabanchel en Madrid, España. La conservación y memorialización de «sitios de memoria» es una práctica difundida en el mundo actual. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar críticamente algunos aspectos de la cultura memorial en la que estas prácticas nacen y se despliegan, mostrando la existencia de intercambios y procesos de mímesis entre comunidades de distintos contextos. Adoptando esta perspectiva transnacional, se investigan los actores, los lenguajes, los rituales y los tiempos de los procesos de valorización patrimonial que han afectado a estos sitios en el siglo XXI, evidenciando algunas similitudes y diferencias que indican el desarrollo de una cultura memorial común. Este diálogo sugiere una reflexión sobre algunos aspectos críticos de la cultura de memoria en la que se enmarcan ambos procesos.
«Consonancia cultural»: una teoría y un método para el estudio de la cultura y la salud
Authors: Dressler William W. , González-Faraco J. Carlos , Murphy Michael D. , Dos Santos José Ernesto
Published: January 2016

La consonancia cultural, como concepto teórico y método para el estudio de la cultura, tiene ya una sólida trayectoria en la literatura antropológica norteamericana de orientación cognitiva, con apreciables ejemplos también en la antropología latinoamericana, aunque muchos menos en la europea. Por ahora, la consonancia cultural ha sido empleada mayoritariamente en la investigación sobre las relaciones entre cultura y salud, pero podría ser perfectamente aplicable a otros dominios culturales. Tiene su fuente teórica primordial en la teoría del consenso cultural y trata como ésta de resolver, operativamente, algunos de los dilemas clásicos del concepto de cultura. Este artículo pretende mostrar su utilidad teórica y metodológica, y dar cuenta del estado en que se encuentra su desarrollo científico, a través de diversas investigaciones en el campo de la antropología médica. En otras palabras, queremos poner de relieve y difundir las potencialidades de la consonancia cultural para el estudio de la cultura, tanto en ése como en otros campos de la investigación antropológica.
Sexo sin reproducción y reproducción sin sexo. Sexualidad y salud reproductiva de los donantes de semen y óvulos
Authors: Álvarez Plaza Consuelo
Published: January 2016

Las técnicas de reproducción humana asistida (TRHA) surgen en los años 70 para solucionar problemas de esterilidad. Los avances en este campo abrieron múltiples opciones para parejas heterosexuales con problemas de fertilidad y para otros grupos que vieron cubrir sus expectativas para acceder a la maternidad/paternidad en cualquier momento de su ciclo vital y/u obviando el coito reproductivo. El acceso de nuevos grupos (parejas homosexuales, mujeres y hombres sin pareja, acceso tardío a la maternidad), ha provocado un aumento de la necesidad de gametos de donantes. Esta propuesta presenta una investigación llevada a cabo en clínicas de reproducción asistida de la Comunidad de Madrid (España). Se mostrará cómo se ejerce un control sobre los y las donantes quedando sus cuerpos disociados como meros reproductores al servicio de las necesidades y deseos de maternidad y/o paternidad de otros. Se pondrá de manifiesto las consecuencias para el donante de semen y la donante de óvulos relacionadas con la modificación de sus hábitos sexuales y las repercusiones en la salud reproductiva en el caso de las donantes.
Transexualidad y transgenerismo. Una aproximación teórica y etnográfica a dos paradigmas enfrentados
Authors: Mas Grau Jordi
Published: January 2016

En este artículo analizamos los dos grandes paradigmas desde los que se ha conceptuado el fenómeno trans en las sociedades occidentales: la transexualidad y el transgenerismo. Basándonos en los datos obtenidos de dos investigaciones cualitativas realizadas en Cataluña (España), mostraremos la existencia de conflictos entre personas y grupos cercanos a uno y otro paradigma. Algunas personas que se sitúan en la órbita de la transexualidad critican a aquellas cuyos cuerpos y subjetividades no se ajustan a la lógica binaria porque consideran que comprometen su proyecto de integración social, mientras que algunas activistas transgeneristas lamentan que desde ciertos sectores se reniegue de lo trans y se busque la normalización social. El artículo concluye con una problematización sobre la capacidad de las personas trans para reforzar o subvertir el sistema de sexo/género.
Galería de asustaniños de carne y hueso. Miedo y fascinación en torno a las categorías de la anormalidad en Andalucía
Authors: Del Campo Tejedor Alberto , Ruiz Morales Fernando C.
Published: January 2016

Una investigación llevada a cabo en Andalucía sobre los asustaniños revela que los menores no solo han temido al Sacamantecas, al Hombre del saco y otros personajes ficticios, sino que sus progenitores utilizaron a individuos de carne y hueso para incitarles a la obediencia, a través del miedo. La producción social de asustaniños reales se asienta sobre la categorización estereotípica de ciertos individuos marginales, bajo unos pocos arquetipos de anormalidad: el borracho, el drogadicto, el delincuente, el loco, la bruja, el gitano, pero también el lisiado, el mendigo, el vagabundo, incluso el vendedor ambulante. Centrándonos en el recuerdo de los que fueron niños entre los años 30 y el final del siglo XX, este trabajo relaciona los discursos sobre estos asustaniños y el universo simbólico en torno a estas categorías de anormales, rastreable en leyendas, cuentos, supersticiones, bulos y otros relatos, entre la ficción y la realidad. Se comprende así cómo se gestan las ambivalentes imágenes sobre quienes sin dejar de ser considerados anómalos, desviados, extraños, monstruosos, pervertidos y peligrosos, luego censurables y temibles, también son cercanos, familiares, y despiertan tanto el rechazo como la curiosidad y la fascinación, viviendo en los márgenes de nuestra cotidianeidad.
Validation Task for Solution of Optimal Slotted Flap Position Using Fluent Software
Authors: Doupník Petr , Koutník Tomáš
Published: January 2016

CFD solvers are commonly used in optimization problems in aerodynamics. Typical task is the search for optimal position of slotted flap. On the example is shown that the optimum predicted by CFD software can differ significantly from that found in the wind tunnel. Then the focus is on the optimal position of slotted flaps. It was examined with ANSYS Fluent CFD code with both 2D and 3D structured meshes and three different models of turbulence. Results from CFD and those of wind tunnel were compared with relevant disagreement found. Possible sources of the error are discussed and topics for further investigation in this field are suggested in conclusion.
Modelling the Effects of a Vegetation Barrier on Road Dust Dispersion
Authors: Šíp Viktor , Beneš Luděk
Published: January 2016

Atmospheric particulate matter (PM) is a well known risk to human health. Vehicular traffic is one of the major sources of particulates in an urban setting.We study a problem of road dust dispersion. Using CFD solver based on RANS equations, we investigate the effect of a vegetation barrier on the concentration of airborne PM induced by road traffic. Simplified 2D model of a porous obstacle adjacent to a road source of two classes of particles serves as an idealization of a real-world situation.Filtering efficiency of the barrier is investigated under varying atmospheric conditions. Our model indicate that the efficiency decreases for increasing wind speed. Effect of atmospheric stratification on~the~air quality behind the barrier is shown to be highly dependent on the wind speed.
Innovation of the Experimental Facility for the Study of Flutter in the Institute of Thermomechanics AS CR and Some Results Obtained from Initial Experiments
Authors: Vlček V. , Štěpán M. , Zolotarev Igor , Kozánek Jan
Published: January 2016

Experimental facility situated in the test section of the wind tunnel suction type was adjusted both in the total construction and in the construction of the fluttering body, the methodology of the measurement and evaluation of the flow and dynamic parameters during flutter were also changed. Preserved was the conception of the NACA0015 profile with two degrees of freedom, rotational and translational. Torque elasticity was now realized by the coil spring and changed by different length of this spring or by different diameter of the spring wire. The pitch angle of the profile was now measured by the magnetic rotary encoder. The translational position was indicated by the magnetic linear encoder and was centered by plane springs situated on both ends of the shiftable frame. With this model the testing measurement was realized by its self-excited vibration of flutter type in the range of Mach numbers M=0.20-0.215 and Reynolds numbers 263 000 – 283 000. Results obtained with M=0.21 and Re=276 000 are presented.
Numerical Simulation of Flows through Labyrinth Seals
Authors: Fürst Jiří
Published: January 2016

A numerical code for calculation of leakage flowand rotordynamic coefficients of labyrinth seals has beendeveloped. The code is based on the solution of Reynolds-averagedNavier-Stokes equations combined with a two-equation turbulencemodel. The numerical solution is achieved with finite volume methodand the rotordynamic coefficients are evaluated from severalsimulations with different rotor precessions. The solution iscompared to single control volume based bulk flow method[Williams, 1998] and to the experimental results for look-throughlabyrinth seal [Schettel, 2004].
Computer Simulation of the Behavior of the Piston Ring Pack of Internal Combustion Engines
Authors: Raffai Peter , Novotný Pavel , Dlugoš Jozef
Published: January 2016

The continuously tightening regulations limiting the amount of exhaust gas components of internal combustion engines force the manufacturers to further increase the effectivity of their power units. Due to the already relatively highly-developed state of engines result in the need of research and development of even smaller engine parts – e.g. piston rings. The main aim of this project was to develop a tool for the computer simulation of the behavior of the piston ring pack, which could aid the optimization process of the piston ring pack towards lowered friction losses.
Overview Study of the Analytical Analysis of the Internal Dynamics of Nonlinear Time Heteronymous Planetary Differential Systems
Authors: Hortel Milan , Škuderová Alena
Published: January 2016

The light high-speed transmission systems with minimum dimensions and weights may show a wide spectrum of properties extending from the regular - periodic solutions to irregular ones of chaotic character. The method of transformation of differential boundary value problems to equivalent nonlinear integro-differential equations with solving kernels of Green’s type and the method of successive approximations are applied for analytical analysis of dynamic phenomena. The paper contains the concise summary of the long-term studies in the given area of basic research.
Approximate Determination of Eigen-Values of Classically Damped System with Added Viscous Damper
Authors: Hračov Stanislav
Published: January 2016

In this paper, an approximate method for determining the complex eigen-values of non-classically damped linear system is presented. Only the systems consisting of a linear classically damped system to which one viscous damper is attached are assumed. The proposed method reflects the difference in the eigen-values of classically and non-classically damped systems using the first-order perturbation technique. The procedure is easy to code and avoids using a numerically demanding state-space approach. It operates in the original dimension of the physical problem and requires only the knowledge of eigen-modes and eigen-values of the classically damped and undamped systems. Numerical example is given to demonstrate application and accuracy of the method.
A Computational Model of ATV Vehicle for Real-Time Simulation
Authors: Kučera Pavel , Píštěk Václav
Published: January 2016

The paper deals with the description of a computational model of an ATV vehicle in Simulink software. This computational model is created using the basic elements of own library and represents the main driveline parts for the simulation of longitudinal and lateral vehicle dynamics. The article describes the design and function of the computational model and demonstrates the usage of an ATV model in the NI VeriStand software. It can be simulated on the hardware for real-time testing. A simulation of drive is then done to verify the functionality of the assembled model.
Dynamics of Simple Gearing Model with Flexible Planetary Pins
Authors: Půst Ladislav , Pešek Luděk , Radolfová Alena
Published: January 2016

The influence of flexible pins of planet gears on the dynamic properties of planetary gearing box is investigated by means of a general analysis with some alternative values of parameters. For discovering of basic dynamic behaviour of planetary gear system the simplest planetary gear set with neglected compliance of teeth contacts, fixed axes of central sun wheel and fixed planetary carrier, etc is used One mode of free vibration with eigenfrequency Ω proportional to and zero frequency mode Ω→0 corresponding to the rotation with constant angular velocity were analysed. Forced vibrations, analysed by means of response curves, were oriented on ascertaining of influence of driving aggregate characteristic on frequency spectrum of the whole set.
Investigations of Transient Oscillations of Rotors Supported by Magnetorheological Squeeze Film Dampers Using Bilinear Material to Model the Lubricant
Authors: Zapoměl Jaroslav , Kozánek Jan , Ferfecki Petr
Published: January 2016

Unbalance of rotors is one of the principal causes of their lateral vibration. A technological solution frequently used to its suppression consists in placing damping devices to the rotor supports. To achieve their optimum performance their damping effect must be controllable. This is offered by squeeze film dampers utilizing the magnetorheological phenomenon to control the damping force. In mathematical models magnetorheological oils are usually represented by Bingham or Herschel-Bulkley theoretical materials. Here the magnetorheological oil is modeled by bilinear material with the yielding shear stress depending on magnetic induction. Its flow curve is continuous which contributes to reducing nonlinear character of the motion equations. The new mathematical model was applied to investigate several operating regimes of rotating machines.
Measuring of a Nose Landing Gear Load during Take-Off and Landing
Authors: Jebáček Ivo , Horák Marek
Published: January 2016

This article provides information about in-flight measurement of a small sport aircraft. The strain gauges were used as sensors for load monitoring on the nose landing gear structure. To obtain overall forces it was necessary to do the calibration procedure. After the calculation of strain gauge coefficients the equations for calculating of total force, total force direction and individual force components were determined. During test flights the data acquisition system was installed into the aircraft. The data from strain gauges were collected together with other flight parameters like speed, altitude and data from inertial measurement unit which determined the exact movements of the aircraft before landing. The data recorded during fifty-six flights were analysed to obtain loads acting in the aircraft structure. These results were compared with calculated values.
Detailed Topometry FEM Optimization of Wing Structural Panel
Authors: Katrňák Tomáš , Juračka Jaroslav
Published: January 2016

The detailed topometry optimization of the critical part of an aircraft wing is presented in this article. The integral lower wing structural panel of aircraft in the Commuter category of the CS-23 regulation standard is selected for optimization. The first case demonstrates significant weight savings using modern Finite Element (FE) optimization methods for determined structural constraints. A practical aircraft operation and additional regulation requirements affect optimization constraints in the second case. This detailed optimization also consists of FE model validation, stress analyses and complex load capacity analyses, which are necessary for designed structural modifications with an optimal stress distribution.
Finite Elements Modeling of Mechanical and Acoustic Properties of a Ceramic Metamaterial Assembled by Robocasting
Authors: Kruisová Alena , Seiner Hanuš , Sedlák Petr , Landa Michal , Román-Manso Benito , Miranzo Pilar , Belmonte Manuel
Published: January 2016

Finite element modeling (FEM) was used for numerical simulations of mechanical performance of aperiodic silicon-carbide scaffold manufactured by robocasting. The FEM approach enabled reliable calculation of theeffective anisotropic elastic properties of the scaffold at the macro-scale, as well as of the acoustic band structureindicating the metamaterial-like behavior of the material at the micro-scale. In addition, the micromechanics of thescaffold was discussed based on the outputs of the model: the mechanisms of the extremely soft shearing modes wereidentified and the corresponding stress concentrations arising at the contact points in the scaffold were analyzedwith respect to the possible failure modes of the robocast structure.
Acoustic Emission Localization in Testing of Composite Structures
Authors: Weis Martin , Cejpek Jakub , Juračka Jaroslav
Published: January 2016

Acoustic emission (AE) is current trend of non-destructive monitoring methods. It suits perfectly for supporting of fatigue tests. The method is also applicable in monitoring of quasi-static tests. AE helps the engineers to understand the degradation process in the tested object and also keep track of the failures. This article offers an insight into the practical experience with acoustic emission. Tests of three different composite structures (wing, fuselage and hull panel) were chosen to illustrate the application of AE monitoring system during fatigue and quasi-static tests. These tests have shown that accuracy of localization is sufficient to identify damaged areas. Moreover, the system may offer an early warning of upcoming failure.
Calibration of Hypoplastic Models for Soils
Authors: Kadlíček Tomáš , Janda Tomáš , Šejnoha Michal
Published: January 2016

The paper is concerned with hypoplastic models for both coarse and fine grained soils. It concentrates on the description of models parameters and presents procedures for their evaluation based on actual laboratory tests. The sample of sand for the calibration of the hypoplastic model for coarse grained soil comes from the Třeboň basin. The sample was classified as Sa. The second sample was classified as saCl. This sample comes from the street Evropská in Prague and was used for the calibration of the hypoplastic model for fine grained soils. The classification was performed according to ČSN EN ISO 14688-2.
Keywords: hypoplasticity, fine grained soils, coarse grained soils, calibration, parameters.
Theoretical Method of Calculation to Determination the Change of Axial Force in a Reinforcing Bar during the Destruction of the Support Zone of the Central Column in the RC Structures
Authors: Wieczorek Barbara
Published: January 2016

The behaviour of reinforced concrete slab-column structures under the impact of accidental loading is very significant due to safety reasons. The failure of the support zone by punching and lack of proper structural integrity reinforcement can lead to a progressive collapse. However, the instructions on how to prevent such situations are not very detailed. According to the guidelines of standard EC2, the structural integrity reinforcement should be continuous throughout the length and consist of at least two bars above the column in every perpendicular direction. EC2 does not state the amount of necessary reinforcement. The article presents a theoretical model of calculation that permits a more detailed analysis of internal forces in reinforcing bars located directly above the column. Adopting a solution in the form of exact equations makes it possible to take into account the influence of a non-linear change of the bar rigidity and considerable deflections. The calculation model was verified on the basis of the results of experimental investigations. It enables to estimate the tensile force of the bar at which it is ruptured during the destruction of the support zone.
Influence of Geometrical Parameters on Simplified Models of the Slab-Beam Connection of Joist Structures
Authors: Wieczorek Mirosław
Published: January 2016

A great advantage of computer calculations is the opportunity to map the whole floor, including the supporting beams, columns and walls, in one model, with the members fully cooperating with one another. In this way the need for strenuous compiling of the loads on supporting members and independent searching for extreme values becomes eliminated. As a separate part of a floor, in this case a beam appears occasionally. The mapping of a beam in a model can have various forms. The paper presents a comparison of the influence of the way in which a rib is modelled on the results of statistical calculations. As a reference point for substitute shell models a solid spatial model was adopted.
Evaluation of Fracture Tests of Concrete Specimens via Advanced Tool for Experimental Data Processing
Authors: Havlikova Ivana , Frantik Petr , Masek Jan , Sobek Jakub , Šimonová Hana , Vesely Vaclav , Kersner Zbynek , Seitl Stanislav , Merta Ildikó , Schneemayer Andreas
Published: January 2016

Cement-based composites are traditionally used building materials. Concrete is the basic representative of this type of materials which exhibit the so called quasi-brittle response. Quantification of mechanical fracture parameters is performed using fracture tests on specimens with a stress concentrator. Load versus crack mouth opening displacement (P–CMOD) diagrams are recorded during these tests. In order to correctly evaluate these diagrams, an advanced own developed software tool was used for the data filtering and appropriate modifications. In this paper, the programmed Java utility is generally introduced and its utilization demonstrated on the set of recorded P–CMOD diagrams, which are further evaluated using Double-K fracture model.
Reduction of Pneumatic Tyred Roller Fuel Consumption
Authors: Panáček Tomáš , Klapka Milan
Published: January 2016

This article deals with optimization of operational parameters of an energy regeneration module for a heavy vehicle. Recently, there was developed an energy regeneration module for a pneumatic tyred roller with hydrostatic drive. It was necessary to optimize its operational parameters to achieve good results in experimental tests on the actual vehicle. The optimization process was based on a numerical model of the vehicle using a parallelized modification of the differential evolution algorithm as an optimizer. Suggested parameter values were subsequently verified experimentally on the vehicle by analysis of the fuel consumption.
Deformation Behaviour of Gellan Gum Based Scaffold Subjected to Compression Loading
Authors: Kytyr Daniel , Doktor Tomáš , Adorna Marcel , Neuhauserova Michaela , Sleichrt Jan , Fenclova Nela , Gantar Ana , Novak Saša
Published: January 2016

This work presents deformation behaviour of gellan gum and gellan gum - bioactive glass composites as novel hydrophilic materials for production of scaffolds in the field of bone-tissue engineering. According to recent studies such materials are attractive for personalized design of implants thanks to their biocompatibility and wide range of available fabrication methods. Batch of samples was subjected to uni-axial compression loading in a custom designed loading device to obtain their elastic and plastic characteristics. However the testing procedure was challenging because of very low stiffness of the material acquired results show a significant reinforcement effect of bioactive glass and its influence to the elastic modulus.