bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Pd(OAc)2 Without Added Ligand as an Active Catalyst for Mizoroki—Heck Reaction in Aqueous Media.
Authors: Amini Mojtaba , Bagherzadeh Mojtaba , Moradi‐Shoeili Zeinab , Boghaei Davar M.
Published: April 2013

The present new method provides internal E‐isomers exclusively, except the reaction with acrylonitrile (IV) gives a mixture of stereoisomers.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of New Nitrogen‐Bridged Heterocycles. Part 76. Reactions of 3‐[Bis(methylthio)methylene]‐2(3H)‐imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridinones with Quinolinium and Isoquinolinium N‐Unsubstituted Aminides.
Authors: Kakehi Akikazu , Abe Takashi , Suga Hiroyuki , Itoh Kennosuke
Published: April 2013

1,3‐Dipolar cycloaddition reactions of (I) with (II) or (IV) followed by elimination of methanethiol afford spirocompounds (III) or (V), respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Protonation‐Assisted Conjugate Addition of Axially Chiral Enolates: Asymmetric Synthesis of Multisubstituted β‐Lactams from α‐Amino Acids.
Authors: Kawabata Takeo , et al. et al.
Published: April 2013

β‐Lactams are prepared in a highly enantioselective manner from α‐amino acids via intermediary formed axially chiral enolates.
ChemInform Abstract: Diastereoselective Synthesis of Enantiopure γ‐Butenolide‐butyrolactones Towards Pseudopterogorgia Lactone Furanocembranoid Substructures.
Authors: Macabeo Allan Patrick G. , Lehmann Christian W. , Reiser Oliver
Published: April 2013

Vinylogous aldol addition of 2‐siloxyfurans to cyclopropane (I) followed by tin‐ catalyzed retroaldol—lactonization cascade affords the title compounds (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Synthesis of Spiroacetals via Silver(I)‐Promoted Alkylation of Hemiacetals: Total Synthesis of Cephalosporolides E and F.
Authors: Chang Stanley , Britton Robert
Published: April 2013

This novel spirocyclization yields spiroacetals, a common motif in natural products, e.
ChemInform Abstract: Dehydrogenative N‐Heterocyclization of 2‐(2‐Aminoaryl)ethyl Alcohols to Indole Derivatives Catalyzed by (μ‐Oxo)tetraruthenium Cluster/1,2‐Bis(diphenylphosphino)benzene.
Authors: Kondo Teruyuki , Kanda Takashi , Takagi Daisuke , Wada Kenji , Kimura Yu , Toshimitsu Akio
Published: April 2013

The novel title catalyst system enables a simple, selective, and practical synthesis of indoles from aminoalcohols.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydrogen‐Bond‐Driven Electrophilic Activation for Selectivity Control: Scope and Limitations of Fluorous Alcohol‐Promoted Selective Formation of 1,2‐Disubstituted Benzimidazoles and Mechanistic Insight for Rational of Selectivity.
Authors: Chebolu Rajesh , Kommi Damodara N. , Kumar Dinesh , Bollineni Narendra , Chakraborti Asit K.
Published: April 2013

Disubstituted benzimidazoles are selectively obtained by reaction of o‐phenylenediamine (I) with various (hetero)aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes using trifluoroethanol or hexafluoro‐2‐propanol as solvent.
ChemInform Abstract: Syntheses, Crystal Structures, and Spectral Characterization of Three New Asymmetrical Substituted Triaryltriazoles.
Authors: Zhao Jian , Shen Guo‐Ping , Zhang Yu , Shen Xuan , Zhu Dun‐Ru
Published: April 2013

Asymmetrical substituted triaryltriazoles (VI) are obtained in three steps starting from readily available 2‐picolinic acid (I).
ChemInform Abstract: Diastereoselective Reductive Ring Expansion of Spiroketal Dihydropyranones to cis‐Fused Bicyclic Ethers.
Authors: Zhu Liangyu , Song Liyan , Tong Rongbiao
Published: April 2013

The present new double cascade strategy to synthesize cis‐fused bicyclic ethers consists of Achmatowicz rearrangement/ spiroketalization and subsequent spiroketal reduction/ oxa—Michael cyclization.
ChemInform Abstract: Nano‐ZnO as Heterogeneous Catalyst for Three‐Component One‐Pot Synthesis of Tetrahydrobenzo[b]pyrans in Water.
Authors: Hosseini‐Sarvari M. , Shafiee‐Haghighi S.
Published: April 2013

A simple, efficient and environmentally benign three‐component one‐pot synthesis of tetrahydrobenzopyran derivatives is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient One‐Pot Synthesis of 1,4‐Dihydropyridines Catalyzed by Magnetic Nanocrystalline Fe3O4.
Authors: Yang Shu‐Hong , Zhao Fei‐Yang , Lue Hong‐Yan , Deng Jia , Zhang Zhan‐Hui
Published: April 2013

The use of Fe3O4 nanoparticles as magnetically separable catalyst for the three‐component, one‐pot synthesis of 1,4‐dihydropyridines is described.
ChemInform Abstract: An Effective Procedure to Promote Aza‐Prins Cyclization Reactions Employing a Combination of Ferric Chloride and an Imidazolium Salt in Benzotrifluoride.
Authors: Osawa Chika , Tateyama Minami , Miura Kensuke , Tayama Eiji , Iwamoto Hajime , Hasegawa Eietsu
Published: April 2013

An improved procedure for the title reaction of butenylamine (I) with aldehydes is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Synthesis of 4‐Substituted‐2‐quinolinone‐3‐carboxylic Acid Ethyl Esters
Authors: Zhang Lijuan , Luo Yu , Yu Shanbao , Lu Wei
Published: April 2013

via Suzuki and Sonogashira coupling reactions of 4‐chloroquinolinone (I)
ChemInform Abstract: A General Organocatalytic Approach Toward the Enantioselective Total Synthesis of Indolizidine Based Alkaloids.
Authors: Abels Falko , Lindemann Chris , Koch Eva , Schneider Christoph
Published: April 2013

Indolizidine based alkaloids (V), (XI) are synthesized in a highly enantioselective straightforward, and flexible manner.
ChemInform Abstract: Thermal [3 + 2] Cycloaddition of Aromatic Azomethine Imines with Allenoates.
Authors: Zhang Lei , Jing Chengfeng , Liu Honglei , Wang Bo , Li Zhen , Jiang Hui , Yu Hao , Guo Hongchao
Published: April 2013

The process affords dinitrogen‐fused tricyclic heterocyclic systems with good to excellent yields, but only poor diastereoselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot, Three‐Component Synthesis of Novel 4‐Phenyl‐2‐[3‐(alkynyl/alkenyl/aryl)phenyl]pyrimidine Libraries via Michael Addition, Cyclization, and C—C Coupling Reactions: A New MCR Strategy.
Authors: Reddy L. Srinivasula , Reddy T. Ram , Reddy N. C. Gangi , Mohan Reddy Bodireddy , Lingappa Y.
Published: April 2013

Phenyl‐substituted pyrimidines, prepared in situ via Michael addition, cyclization, isomerization, and dehydration, undergo Pd‐catalyzed couplings to give the required medicinal scaffolds.
ChemInform Abstract: A Diversified Approach to the Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Novel Azines and Azoles from 2H‐Pyran‐2‐ones.
Authors: Mishra Pushyamitra , Kumar Sandeep , Maurya Hardesh K. , Gautam Sanjay K. , Kumar Brijesh , Tandon Vishnu K. , Ram Vishnu Ji
Published: April 2013

The highly facile, efficient, economically viable, and regioselective one‐pot procedure provides a new route for construction of functionalized pyrimidines, pyridines, and pyrazoles.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of a Diverse Purine‐Scaffold Library via One‐Step Palladium Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling.
Authors: Taldone Tony , Zatorska Danuta , Patel Hardik J. , Sun Weilin , Patel Maulik R. , Chiosis Gabriela
Published: April 2013

A library of 6′‐substituted derivatives of Hsp90 inhibitor PU‐H71 (I) is synthesized by Suzuki, Stille, Heck, and Sonogashira cross‐coupling reactions (45 examples).
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of β‐Lactams and Cyclo‐β‐dipeptides.
Authors: Hernandez‐Vazquez Luis G. , Leyva Marco A. , Metta‐Magana Alejandro J. , Escalante Jaime
Published: April 2013

Under optimized reaction conditions, N‐substituted β‐amino acids (I) have the tendency to form cyclo‐β‐dipeptides (II), while β3‐substituted amino acids (III) form β‐lactams (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Synthesis of Both Enantiomers of Protected 5‐Hydroxynorvaline by Hetero‐Diels—Alder Addition of Ethyl 2‐Nitrosoacrylate to (R)‐ and (S)‐1‐Phenylbutyl Vinyl Ether.
Authors: Massen Zoe S. , Gallos John K.
Published: April 2013

A revised strategy for the enantioselective synthesis of 5‐hydroxynorvaline derivative (VII) is described.
ChemInform Abstract: A Facile and Efficient Method for the One‐Pot Synthesis of Per‐O‐Acetylated Thioglycosides from Unprotected Sugars.
Authors: Yan Shiqiang , Ding Ning , Zhang Wei , Wang Peng , Li Yingxia , Li Ming
Published: April 2013

Acetylation of various unprotected sugars, including 2‐deoxy‐2‐amino sugars, sialic acid, lactose, and maltose, with a stoichiometric amount of acetic anhydride followed by thioglycosidation with thiocresol furnishes the corresponding thioglycosides in good to high yield under solvent‐free conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Galloylbergenin from Bergenia crassifolia with anti‐Lipid Droplet Accumulation Activity.
Authors: Janar Jenis , Fang Liang , Wong Chin Piow , Kaneda Toshio , Hirasawa Yusuke , Shahamnovna Burasheva Gauhar , Abduahitovich Abilov Zharylkasyn , Morita Hiroshi
Published: April 2013

The new galloylbergenin (I) is isolated from Bergenia crassifolia together with four known related compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: New Aspidofractinine, Aspidospermatan and Akuamiline Indole Alkaloids from the Roots of Kopsia singapurensis Ridl.
Authors: Ahmad Kartini , Hirasawa Yusuke , Nugroho Alfarius Eko , Hadi A. Hamid. A. , Morita Hiroshi
Published: April 2013

Structures of three new aspidofractinines (I), (II), and (III), a new aspidospermatan (IV) and a new akuamiline (V) isolated from the roots of Kopsia singapurensis are elucidated.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Antineoplastic Analogues of Aplysiatoxin with Various Side Chain Structures.
Authors: Shu Yuki , Yanagita Ryo C. , Tokuda Harukuni , Suzuki Nobutaka , Irie Kazuhiro
Published: April 2013

A synthetic route to simplified analogues of aplysiatoxin (Ia‐c) is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: A Concise Synthesis of the AB‐Ring Fragment of (‐)‐Gambierol.
Authors: Fuwa Haruhiko , Hirota Kazuaki , Sasaki Makoto
Published: April 2013

via a silver‐catalyzed endo‐cyclization of hydroxy ynone (II) as a key step
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Synthesis of the Fused γ‐Lactone/δ‐Lactone Core of Ophiodilactones.
Authors: Matsubara Takaaki , Takahashi Keisuke , Ishihara Jun , Hatakeyama Susumi
Published: April 2013

The desired compound (V) is prepared via an iodolactonization of intermediate carboxylic acid and an intramolecular epoxide‐opening reaction of ester (IV) as key steps.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereocontrolled Total Synthesis of (‐)‐FR901483.
Authors: Ieda Shigeru , Masuda Akitaka , Kariyama Mami , Wakimoto Toshiyuki , Asakawa Tomohiro , Fukuyama Tohru , Kan Toshiyuki
Published: April 2013

A stereocontrolled total synthesis of (‐)‐FR901483 (I) is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Cation Exchange on the Nanoscale: An Emerging Technique for New Material Synthesis, Device Fabrication, and Chemical Sensing
Authors: Rivest Jessy B. , Jain Prashant K.
Published: April 2013

Review: tutorial review; 59 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Orthogonality in Organic, Polymer, and Supramolecular Chemistry: From Merrifield to Click Chemistry
Authors: Wong Chun‐Ho , Zimmerman Steven C.
Published: April 2013

Review: 206 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Precursor‐Directed Biosynthesis of Polyketide and Nonribosomal Peptide Natural Products
Authors: Harvey Colin J. B. , Khosla Chaitan
Published: April 2013

Review: 60 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Semi‐Synthesis of Labeled Proteins for Spectroscopic Applications
Authors: De Rosa Lucia , Russomanno Anna , Romanelli Alessandra , D'Andrea Luca Domenico
Published: April 2013

Review: 121 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic Approaches to Bioactive Carbohydrates
Authors: Guinchard Xavier , Picard Sebastien , Crich David
Published: April 2013

Review: 196 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Spirocyclic Nucleosides in Medicinal Chemistry: An Overview
Authors: Soengas Raquel G. , Silva Sandrina
Published: April 2013

Review: 175 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Biologically Active Bridged Diazabicycloheptanes
Authors: Murineddu G. , Asproni B. , Pinna G. , Curzu M. M. , Dore A. , Pau A. , Deligia F. , Pinna G. A.
Published: April 2013

Review: 73 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal‐Catalyzed C‐Heteroatom Cross‐Coupling Reactions
Authors: De Figueiredo Renata Marcia , Campagne Jean Marc , Prim Damien
Published: April 2013

Review: 167 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Ionic Discotic Liquid Crystals
Authors: Chen Shuai , Eichhorn S. Holger
Published: April 2013

Review: 80 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Thermodynamics and Binding Properties of Surfactant—Protein Interactions
Authors: Moosavi‐Movahedi Ali A.
Published: April 2013

Review: 125 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Bacterial Second Messenger C‐di‐GMP: Probing Interactions with Protein and RNA Binding Partners Using Cyclic Dinucleotide Analogues.
Authors: Shanahan Carly A. , Strobel Scott A.
Published: April 2013

Review: 106 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Aquasomes: A Promising Nanobiopharmaceutical Drug Delivery System for Proteins and Peptides
Authors: Rathore Priyanka , Duggal Shipra , Swami Gaurav
Published: April 2013

Review: 18 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Ionic Liquid as Novel Solvent for Extraction and Separation in Analytical Chemistry
Authors: Li Zaijun , Sun Xiulan , Liu Junkang
Published: April 2013

Review: 135 refs.
Carbenium‐Ionen als reaktive Zwischenstufen
Authors: Schmitt Catharina , Wißner Oliver , Schween Michael
Published: April 2013

Für das Verständnis der Mechanismen organisch‐chemischer Reaktionen kommen Strukturbetrachtungen von reaktiven Zwischenstufen eine besondere Bedeutung zu. Für den Chemieunterricht spielen vor allem Carbenium‐Ionen eine große Rolle. Mit der Betrachtung ihrer Stabilitäten anhand elektronischer Effekte und der Verknüpfung von Strukturaussagen mit den reaktionskinetischen Kernaussagen des Hammond‐Postulats und des Bell‐Evans‐Polanyi‐Prinzips werden beispielhaft didaktische Basiskonzepte miteinander verknüpft. Daraus ergibt sich die Möglichkeit, Beziehungen zwischen Struktureigenschaften, der Energetik von Reaktionsverläufen und deren Kinetiken herzustellen und zu verstehen. Mit den hier vorgestellten experimentellen Arrangements lassen sich mit kommerziell erhältlichen Chemikalien Carbenium‐Ionen als repräsentative Vertreter reaktiver Zwischenstufen erzeugen. Diese werden anhand der Farbänderung und der mit schulischen Mitteln messbaren Änderung der elektrischen Leitfähigkeit der Reaktionslösungen nachgewiesen und können so in die Deutung von Reaktionsverläufen eingebunden werden.

Reactive intermediates are very important for the understanding of mechanisms and kinetics of organic reactions and especially carbenium ions can be used as a starting point for various didactical purposes in chemical education. Using this approach, the discussion of stabilities of intermediate structures with the core issues of Hammond’s postulate and the Bell‐Evans‐Polanyi‐Principle leads to the connection of the basic didactic concepts of structure‐property relationships, energy and kinetics. By using commercially available precursors and reagents the generation of carbenium ions as a representative of such intermediates succeeds in very simple experimental set‐ups. A change in colours acts as an indicator for the existence of this species and the shift of the electrical conductivity can be regarded as suitable evidence under school conditions and can be used for the interpretation of reactions and their mechanisms.
Von der Mikro‐ zur Makrowelt
Authors: Maulbetsch Christoph , Habekost Achim
Published: April 2013

Die didaktische Kontroverse um das Verhältnis zwischen Mikro‐ und Makrowelt wird aufgegriffen. Es wird gezeigt, dass sich die Eigenschaften von Stoffen nicht emergent, sondern aus den Eigenschaften der sie aufbauenden Teilchen experimentell und theoretisch bestimmen lassen. Cluster stellen die Bindeglieder zwischen Einzelteilchen‐ und Vielteilchensystemen dar. Anhand ausgewählter Eigenschaften von Clustern wird gezeigt, dass die Änderung der Eigenschaften als Funktion der Clustergröße kontinuierlich (und nicht sprunghaft) erfolgt. Einzelne Teilchen können mittlerweile präpariert und spektroskopiert werden. Dabei zeigt es sich, dass sich die Absorption von Mehrteilchenensembles nicht prinzipiell von der einzelner Teilchen unterscheidet.

The didactic controversy regarding the relationship between the micro‐ and macro‐cosmos is re‐examined. It is shown that the properties of macroscopic matter are not emergent: they can be determined by experimental measurements and theoretical estimations of the properties of the microscopic particles composing the matter. Clusters link single particle‐ to many‐particle systems. In this paper, several properties of clusters are examined to show that they vary continuously (not discretely) as a function of cluster size. The spectra of single particles have been measured. It has been seen that, in general, the absorption features are not different from those of many‐particle ensembles.
Eucalyptus Trees – Ageratina adenophora Complex System: A New Eco‐environmental Protection Model
Authors: Yu Fuke , Huang Xinhui , Duan Changqun , Zhang Guosheng , Lu Shugang , Liu Chang'e , Fu Denggao , Shao Hongbo
Published: April 2013

Eucalyptus trees and Ageratina adenophora complex system, a new ecological phenomenon that is worthy of attention, was proposed firstly in this paper, and some scientific problems were summarized from the new phenomenon. Causes of the new phenomenon were analyzed tentatively from the perspective of ecology. It was pointed out that ecological degradation of Eucalyptus plantation and strong invasiveness of A. adenophora are two apparent reasons for formation of Eucalyptus trees and A. adenophora complex system. Basic view of the authors on causes of the new phenomenon was put forward that resistance unbalance between chemical defensive potential of Eucalyptus trees and chemical invasive potential of A. adenophora might be the fundamental reason for formation of Eucalyptus trees and A. adenophora complex system, based on the two apparent reasons respectively connected with allelopathic effects of Eucalyptus trees and A. adenophora as dominant species of the complex system. Some proofs from studies on chemical components and biological activities of Eucalyptus species and A. adenophora have proved the basic view of the authors. It was discussed that formation of the complex system would influence some environmental elements such as soil environment, hydrology environment, and biology environment. It was proposed that three key scientific issues, namely chemical mechanism of formation of the complex system, ecological effects of formation of the complex system, and succession trends and impact factors of the complex system should be mainly studied as special researches to probe ecological relationship of exotic species because of absence study on the complex system and objective requirements of production practice in future. It was emphasized that the proposed researches might be of guidance significance to scientific management and sustainable operation of Eucalyptus plantation under the condition of biological invasion.
Prostate cancer screening in black men—new questions, few answers
Authors: Brooks Durado D.
Published: April 2013

A report in this issue of Cancer on disparate follow‐up of abnormal prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) levels among younger black men in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian cancer screening trial raises new concerns regarding the adequacy of evidence available to assess the balance of risk and harms of PSA‐based screening for these men. Clinicians should analyze published screening recommendations with an understanding of the data gaps regarding this population, and shortcomings in the existing evidence base must be addressed.
Association between race and follow‐up diagnostic care after a positive prostate cancer screening test in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian cancer screening trial
Authors: Barocas Daniel A. , Grubb Robert , Black Amanda , Penson David F. , Fowke Jay H. , Andriole Gerald , Crawford E. David
Published: April 2013

BACKGROUND

Follow‐through of a positive screening test is necessary to reap the potential benefits of cancer screening. Racial variation in follow‐through diagnostic care may underlie a proportion of the known disparity in prostate cancer mortality. The authors used data from the screening arm of the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian (PLCO) cancer screening trial to determine whether race is associated with the use of follow‐up diagnostic testing after a positive initial screening evaluation.

METHODS

Men who had a prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) level >4 ng/mL at any time during the study were included. The proportion of men who underwent follow‐up evaluation with a repeat PSA, a prostate biopsy, or either test within 9 months was determined, and the authors tested for differences in follow‐through according to race using mixed‐effects multivariate models with a random effect for accrual site to account for clustering. Models were stratified according to age (<65 years and ≥65 years).

RESULTS

Among 6294 men who had a PSA elevation during the study period, 70% underwent a repeat PSA or prostate biopsy within 9 months. Non‐Hispanic black men aged <65 years had 45% lower odds of undergoing a repeat PSA test or prostate biopsy compared with non‐Hispanic white men (odds ratio, 0.55; 95% confidence interval, 0.37‐0.82), whereas there was no racial difference in follow‐through among older men.

CONCLUSIONS

The current results suggest that limitations in access to care among non‐Hispanic black men under the age of Medicare eligibility may underlie the paradoxically low use of follow‐through diagnostic care among non‐Hispanic black men in the United States. Cancer 2013;119:2223–2229. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Muscarinic cholinergic receptor M1 in the rat basolateral amygdala: Ultrastructural localization and synaptic relationships to cholinergic axons
Authors: Muller Jay F. , Mascagni Franco , Zaric Violeta , McDonald Alexander J.
Published: April 2013

Muscarinic neurotransmission in the anterior basolateral amygdalar nucleus (BLa) mediated by the M1 receptor (M1R) is critical for memory consolidation. Although knowledge of the subcellular localization of M1R in the BLa would contribute to an understanding of cholinergic mechanisms involved in mnemonic function, there have been no ultrastructural studies of this receptor in the BLa. In the present investigation, immunocytochemistry at the electron microscopic level was used to determine which structures in the BLa express M1R. The innervation of these structures by cholinergic axons expressing the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) was also studied. All perikarya of pyramidal neurons were labeled, and about 90% of dendritic shafts and 60% of dendritic spines were M1R+. Some dendrites had spines suggesting that they belonged to pyramidal cells, whereas others had morphological features typical of interneurons. M1R immunoreactivity (M1R‐ir) was also seen in axon terminals, most of which formed asymmetrical synapses. The main targets of M1R+ terminals forming asymmetrical synapses were dendritic spines, most of which were M1R+. The main targets of M1R+ terminals forming symmetrical synapses were M1R+ perikarya and dendritic shafts. About three‐quarters of VAChT+ cholinergic terminals formed synapses; the main postsynaptic targets were M1R+ dendritic shafts and spines. In some cases M1R‐ir was seen near the postsynaptic membrane of these processes, but in other cases it was found outside of the active zone of VAChT+ synapses. These findings suggest that M1R mechanisms in the BLa are complex, involving postsynaptic effects as well as regulating release of neurotransmitters from presynaptic terminals. J. Comp. Neurol. 521:1743–1759, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Electronic Properties and Field‐Effect Transistors of Oligomers End‐Capped with Benzofuran Moieties
Authors: Mallet Charlotte , Didane Yahia , Watanabe Takeshi , Yoshimoto Noriyuki , Allain Magali , Videlot‐Ackermann Christine , Frère Pierre
Published: April 2013

Three new oligomers bearing furan, thiophene, or bithiophene units end‐capped by benzofuran moieties were synthesized and studied with respect to their structural, optical, electrochemical, and electrical properties. A comparison of the electronic properties performed by theoretical calculation, absorption and emission spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry revealed a strong influence of the spacer unit with a predominant impact on the emission spectra. Although both compounds with thiophene or bithiophene as central units presented relatively low quantum yields of 30 and 17 %, respectively, a maximum yield up to 71 % was measured for the compound based on a central furan core. High‐vacuum‐evaporated thin films were investigated by X‐ray diffraction and AFM, before implementation as p‐type semiconducting layers in organic field‐effect transistors. Only derivatives with thiophene or bithiophene as central units presented a transistor activity, with mobilities up to approximately 1×10−2 cm2 V−1 s−1.
Awareness and Coping with Emotion in Schizophrenia: Acceptability, Feasibility and Case Illustrations
Authors: Caponigro Janelle M. , Moran Erin K. , Kring Ann M. , Moskowitz Judith T.
Published: April 2013

Although current treatments help to alleviate some of the symptoms of schizophrenia, people with schizophrenia often continue to experience residual symptoms. An emotion‐focused treatment approach may help to improve well‐being in this population by increasing positive experiences and resources. In this article, we discuss the feasibility and acceptability of a skills‐based group treatment for people schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. As part of the Awareness and Coping with Emotion in Schizophrenia (ACES) intervention, group members learned eight empirically supported cognitive and behavioural skills covering emotional awareness and coping. Group member feedback and three case illustrations illuminate participants' experiences with the group, as well as the potential benefits and challenges of this treatment approach. These data suggest that ACES is a feasible and acceptable group intervention. Future research is needed to examine whether ACES has a selective impact on well‐being, but these initial findings point to the promise of this intervention to improve quality of life for individuals with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder, thus filling a void in existing treatments options. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key Practitioner Message

There is a void in existing treatments for schizophrenia with few interventions focusing on increasing well‐being in this population.

Awareness and Coping with Emotion in Schizophrenia (ACES) is a skills‐based group intervention that teaches cognitive and behavioural interventions to promote awareness and coping with emotion.

Preliminary evidence demonstrates the feasibility and acceptance of the ACES group intervention in increasing well‐being in those with schizophrenia.

Future studies should extend this work by systematically evaluating the efficacy of this treatment approach.
IL‐12‐mediated STAT4 signaling and TCR signal strength cooperate in the induction of CD40L in human and mouse CD8+T cells
Authors: Stark Regina , Hartung Anett , Zehn Dietmar , Frentsch Marco , Thiel Andreas
Published: April 2013

CD40L is one of the key molecules bridging the activation of specific T cells and the maturation of professional and nonprofessional antigen‐presenting cells including B cells. CD4+ T cells have been regarded as the major T‐cell subset that expresses CD40L upon cognate activation; however, we demonstrate here that a putative CD8+ helper T‐cell subset expressing CD40L is induced in human and murine CD8+ T cells in vitro and in mice immunized with antigen‐pulsed dendritic cells. IL‐12 and STAT4‐mediated signaling was the major instructive cytokine signal boosting the ability of CD8+ T cells to express CD40L both in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, TCR signaling strength modulated CD40L expression in CD8+ T cells after primary differentiation in vitro as well as in vivo. The induction of CD40L in CD8+ T cells regulated by IL‐12 and TCR signaling may enable CD8+ T cells to respond autonomously of CD4+ T cells. Thus, we propose that under proinflammatory conditions, a self‐sustaining positive feedback loop could facilitate the efficient priming of T cells stimulated by high affinity peptide displaying APCs.
Self‐Assembling Multivalency – Supramolecular Polymers Assembled from Monovalent Mannose‐Labelled Discotic Molecules
Authors: Petkau‐Milroy Katja , Brunsveld Luc
Published: April 2013

Supramolecular synthesis, the “bottom‐up” construction of higher‐order structures from monomeric building blocks, represents a flexible approach for the generation of multivalent materials. Here, monovalent building blocks decorated with a single bioactive ligand were synthesized. In water, these supramolecular elements self‐assemble into columnar polymers that display multiple ligands. The supramolecular effect on the binding affinity was evaluated by using an enzyme‐linked lectin assay, and the self‐assembled architecture exhibited a stronger inhibitory power than that of the monovalent bioactive ligand. This so‐called self‐assembling multivalency enables the rapid and flexible generation of multivalent polymers from monovalent building blocks.
Stereoselective Organocatalytic Approach to α,β‐Disubstituted‐β‐amino Acids: A Short Enantioselective Synthesis of Cispentacin
Authors: Pou Ana , Moyano Albert
Published: April 2013

α‐Branched α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes have been tested in the organocatalytic tandem Michael addition/cyclization with N‐(benzyloxycarbonyl)hydroxylamine, a reaction which until now has been restricted to α‐unsubstituted enals. Starting from cyclopentene‐2‐carbaldehyde, and using diphenylprolinol trimethylsilyl ether as a chiral amine catalyst, this approach has led to the development of a practical, high yielding (93–98 % overall yield, three steps), and highly enantioselective (up to 98:2 er) route to the cyclic β‐amino acid cispentacin, which compares favourably with previously described asymmetric syntheses of this biologically active natural product. When using acyclic α‐branched α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes as substrates, the reaction yields depend on the substitution pattern of the aldehydes, and mixtures of cis‐ and trans‐isomers are obtained. Nevertheless, this strategy has proved to be successful in some instances, and (3R,4R)‐benzyl 3‐ethyl‐4‐methyl‐5‐oxoisoxazolidin‐2‐carboxylate could be obtained in 70 % overall yield (two steps) from the reaction of 2‐ethylcrotonaldehyde and N‐(benzyloxycarbonyl)hydroxylamine under catalysis with diphenylprolinol trimethylsilyl ether, and with high enantiomeric purity (99:1 er).
Multi‐photon structuring of native polymers: A case study for structuring natural proteins
Authors: Gebinoga Michael , Katzmann Julia , Fernekorn Uta , Hampl Jörg , Weise Frank , Klett Maren , Läffert Annette , Klar Thomas A. , Schober Andreas
Published: April 2013

The trend of mimicking the real biological world has created an intensive search for methods that are able to engineer 3D‐structured biological environments using nano‐ and micro‐system technologies. Recently published methods show the design of 3D structures by multi‐photon induced polymerization of artificial polymers, such as chemically modified natural polymers. However, limitations of this approach are the long processing time and the fact that no native polymers have been used up to date. In this communication, a case study of multi‐photon structuring of unmodified, native proteins (e.g. collagen and fibrinogen) and liquids, such as natural human blood, or cell culture medium supplements, such as fetal calf serum, is presented. Based on a computer‐assisted process, the structures are polymerized precisely. Even adhesion and gluing of cells with this technique are possible. These encouraging results open new avenues for further inquiry, which are discussed in the paper.
Geostatistical analysis of binomial data: generalised linear or transformed Gaussian modelling?
Authors: Stanton Michelle C. , Diggle Peter J.
Published: April 2013

When fitting a binomial geostatistical model to data obtained by spatially discrete sampling, techniques such as Markov chain Monte Carlo, which are computationally intensive and require careful tuning to each application, need to be employed. As a result, this approach is often infeasible when computational resources are scarce or statistical expertise is unavailable. A practical solution to this problem is to transform the binomial samples such that the conditional distribution of the transformed data can be assumed to be approximately Gaussian. Likelihood‐based inference can then be performed analytically, whereas Bayesian inference requires only routine Monte Carlo simulation. In this paper, the predictive performance of the binomial model‐fitting method is compared with that of the approximate transformed Gaussian method. A simulation experiment is undertaken in which data are simulated from a binomial geostatistical model, and both methods are then used to make predictive inference. Predictions are assessed using the empirical root mean square prediction error and empirical coverage probabilities of nominal prediction intervals obtained for the approximate method. As expected, the comparative performance of the approximate method deteriorates as the denominator decreases and, to a lesser extent, as the overall proportion of successes in the simulated data deviates from 0.5. Our results provide guidance on when the approximate method can safely be used. We demonstrate the two methods on village‐level prevalence data pertaining to the tropical eye diseaseLoa loa. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Copula‐Based Quantile Risk Measure Approach to Estimate the Optimal Hedge Ratio
Authors: Barbi Massimiliano , Romagnoli Silvia
Published: April 2013

We propose an innovative theoretical model to determine the optimal hedge ratio (OHR) with futures contracts as the minimizer of a quantile risk measure. This class of measures is very large and allows to recover the minimum‐VaR and the minimum‐expected shortfall hedge ratios as special cases. The copula representation of quantiles yields an accurate and flexible estimation of the dependence structure between the spot and the futures position. Employing data for the main UK and US indices, and EUR/USD and EUR/GBP exchange rates, we investigate the hedging effectiveness of our model compared to that of existing approaches. We document that our model improves upon the hedging performance of minimum‐VaR and minimum‐expected shortfall hedge ratios, provided that the copula shows an acceptable fit to the data. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 34:658–675, 2014
Observations of exosphere variations during geomagnetic storms
Authors: Bailey J. , Gruntman M.
Published: April 2013

The dominant neutral constituent in Earth's upper exosphere, atomic hydrogen (H), resonantly scatters solar Lyman‐alpha (121.567 nm) radiation, observed as the geocorona. We report here observations of an exospheric response to geomagnetic storms obtained using measurements of the geocorona by Lyman‐alpha detectors on the Two Wide‐angle Imaging Neutral‐atom Spectrometers mission. We introduce a new parameter, NH, the number of H atoms in the spherical shell from a geocentric distance of 3 to 8 Earth radii, to quantitatively characterize in a simplified way global exospheric conditions. Five geomagnetic storms observed during three months in the second half of 2011 are accompanied by abrupt temporary increases, spikes, of NH from 6% to 17%, lasting not longer than a day. These increases seem to show some correlation with the minimum Dst index reached during the peak of each storm.
Empirical relationship between entrainment rate and microphysics in cumulus clouds
Authors: Lu Chunsong , Niu Shengjie , Liu Yangang , Vogelmann Andrew M.
Published: April 2013

The relationships between fractional entrainment rate and key microphysical quantities (e.g., liquid water content, droplet number concentration, volume mean radius, and standard deviation of cloud droplet size distributions) in shallow cumuli are empirically examined using in situ aircraft observations from the Routine Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Aerial Facility Clouds with Low Optical Water Depths Optical Radiative Observations (RACORO) field campaign over the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Southern Great Plains site. The results show that the microphysical quantities examined generally exhibit strong relationships with entrainment rate and that the relationships collectively suggest the dominance of homogeneous entrainment mixing, which is unfavorable to the formation of large droplets and the initiation of warm rain in the clouds. The dominance of the homogeneous mixing mechanism is further substantiated by the dependency on entrainment rate of relationships among various microphysical variables and of cloud droplet size distributions. The dominance of this mechanism is also quantitatively confirmed by examining the degree of homogeneous mixing in the clouds. The dominance of homogeneous mixing may be an important reason why none of the cumulus clouds studied was drizzling.
Relationship between nicotine dependence and the endophenotype‐related trait of cognitive function but not acoustic startle reponses in Japanese patients with schizophrenia
Authors: Kishi Taro , Fukuo Yasuhisa , Okochi Tomo , Kawashima Kunihiro , Moriwaki Masatsugu , Furukawa Osamu , Musso Giovanna M. , Fujita Kiyoshi , Correll Christoph U. , Iwata Nakao
Published: April 2013

Objectives

We investigated whether nicotine dependence affects these endophenotypes in Japanese schizophrenia patients and whether alpha4 and beta2 subunits of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor genes (alpha4 subunit of the nAChR gene (CHRNA4)/beta2 subunit of the nAChR gene (CHRNB2)) were associated with nicotine dependence in patients (n = 100) and healthy controls (n = 107).

Methods

First, in patients, we evaluated cognitive function, using the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia, and acoustic startle responses. Second, we evaluated the severity of nicotine dependence, using the Tobacco Dependence Screener, the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence, and the Brinkman index in current smokers in both groups. Third, we evaluated the relationship between acoustic startle responses, cognitive function, and severity of nicotine dependence. Finally, using 12 tagging single‐nucleotide polymorphisms in each the CHRNA4/CHRNB2, we used multiple linear regression analysis to examine the association between nicotine dependence measures and each selected single‐nucleotide polymorphism.

Results

The presence and severity of nicotine dependence were associated with verbal memory and executive function in schizophrenia patients. However, nicotine dependence was not correlated with any acoustic startle response. In addition, rs755203 and rs1044397 in CHRNA4 were associated with nicotine dependence in healthy controls.

Conclusions

Nicotine dependence might influence the level of verbal memory and executive function in schizophrenia patients. In addition, rs755203 and rs1044397 in CHRNA4 might play a role in the pathophysiology of nicotine dependence in healthy controls in the Japanese population. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Women's Spirituality Across the Life Span: Implications for Counseling
Authors: Briggs Michele Kielty , Dixon Andrea L.
Published: April 2013

Women's spirituality has unique characteristics that are often ignored within the spirituality literature. The authors review the literature on women's spirituality to reveal the major themes women have identified as relevant to their spiritual journeys across the life span. Implications for counseling and ideas for practice are included after major themes are examined.
Bone marrow fat composition as a novel imaging biomarker in postmenopausal women with prevalent fragility fractures
Authors: Patsch Janina M , Li Xiaojuan , Baum Thomas , Yap Samuel P , Karampinos Dimitrios C , Schwartz Ann V , Link Thomas M
Published: April 2013

The goal of this magnetic resonance (MR) imaging study was to quantify vertebral bone marrow fat content and composition in diabetic and nondiabetic postmenopausal women with fragility fractures and to compare them with nonfracture controls with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus. Sixty-nine postmenopausal women (mean age 63 ± 5 years) were recruited. Thirty-six patients (47.8%) had spinal and/or peripheral fragility fractures. Seventeen fracture patients were diabetic. Thirty-three women (52.2%) were nonfracture controls. Sixteen women were diabetic nonfracture controls. To quantify vertebral bone marrow fat content and composition, patients underwent MR spectroscopy (MRS) of the lumbar spine at 3 Tesla. Bone mineral density (BMD) was determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) of the hip and lumbar spine (LS) and quantitative computed tomography (QCT) of the LS. To evaluate associations of vertebral marrow fat content and composition with spinal and/or peripheral fragility fractures and diabetes, we used linear regression models adjusted for age, race, and spine volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD) by QCT. At the LS, nondiabetic and diabetic fracture patients had lower vBMD than controls and diabetics without fractures (p = 0.018; p = 0.005). However, areal bone mineral density (aBMD) by DXA did not differ between fracture and nonfracture patients. After adjustment for age, race, and spinal vBMD, the prevalence of fragility fractures was associated with −1.7% lower unsaturation levels (confidence interval [CI] −2.8% to −0.5%, p = 0.005) and +2.9% higher saturation levels (CI 0.5% to 5.3%, p = 0.017). Diabetes was associated with −1.3% (CI –2.3% to −0.2%, p = 0.018) lower unsaturation and +3.3% (CI 1.1% to 5.4%, p = 0.004) higher saturation levels. Diabetics with fractures had the lowest marrow unsaturation and highest saturation. There were no associations of marrow fat content with diabetes or fracture. Our results suggest that altered bone marrow fat composition is linked with fragility fractures and diabetes. MRS of spinal bone marrow fat may therefore serve as a novel tool for BMD-independent fracture risk assessment.
Proline/arginine-rich end leucine-rich repeat protein N-terminus is a novel osteoclast antagonist that counteracts bone loss
Authors: Rucci Nadia , Capulli Mattia , Ventura Luca , Angelucci Adriano , Peruzzi Barbara , Tillgren Viveka , Muraca Maurizio , Heinegård Dick , Teti Anna
Published: April 2013

hbdPRELP is a peptide corresponding to the N-terminal heparin binding domain of the matrix protein proline/arginine-rich end leucine-rich repeat protein (PRELP). hbdPRELP inhibits osteoclastogenesis entering pre-fusion osteoclasts through a chondroitin sulfate– and annexin 2–dependent mechanism and reducing the nuclear factor-κB transcription factor activity. In this work, we hypothesized that hbdPRELP could have a pharmacological relevance, counteracting bone loss in a variety of in vivo models of bone diseases induced by exacerbated osteoclast activity. In healthy mice, we demonstrated that the peptide targeted the bone and increased trabecular bone mass over basal level. In mice treated with retinoic acid to induce an acute increase of osteoclast formation, the peptide consistently antagonized osteoclastogenesis and prevented the increase of the serum levels of the osteoclast-specific marker tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase. In ovariectomized mice, in which osteoclast activity was chronically enhanced by estrogen deficiency, hbdPRELP counteracted exacerbated osteoclast activity and bone loss. In mice carrying osteolytic bone metastases, in which osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption were enhanced by tumor cell–derived factors, hbdPRELP reduced the incidence of osteolytic lesions, both preventively and curatively, with mechanisms involving impaired tumor cell homing to bone and tumor growth in the bone microenvironment. Interestingly, in tumor-bearing mice, hbdPRELP also inhibited breast tumor growth in orthotopic sites and development of metastatic disease in visceral organs, reducing cachexia and improving survival especially when administered preventively. hbdPRELP was retained in the tumor tissue and appeared to affect tumor growth by interacting with the microenvironment rather than by directly affecting the tumor cells. Because safety studies and high-dose treatments revealed no adverse effects, hbdPRELP could be employed as a novel biological agent to combat experimentally induced bone loss and breast cancer metastases, with a potential translational impact.
Methanogenic pathways, 13C isotope fractionation, and archaeal community composition in lake sediments and wetland soils on the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Liu Yongqin , Yao Tandong , Gleixner Gerd , Claus Peter , Conrad Ralf
Published: April 2013

Lakes are a significant source of atmospheric CH4 and play an important role in the global carbon cycle. Little information on methane production in high‐altitude lakes is available. We determined the methanogenic archaeal community composition, the methanogenic pathways, and carbon isotope fractionation in lake sediments and wetland soils on the Tibetan Plateau at about 4000 m above sea level (asl). We measured CH4 production rates and the δ13C of CO2, CH4, and acetate in the presence and absence of methyl fluoride, an inhibitor of acetotrophic methanogenesis, in sediments of five lakes (Awong Co, Bangong Co, Gongzhu Co, Daze Co, and Ranwu) and wetland soils adjacent to Bangong Co and Ranwu. Methane in Bangong Co sediment and in the wetland soil near Ranwu was mainly produced by acetotrophic methanogenesis, whereas methane in the sediments of the two saline lakes Awong Co and Gongzhu Co was mainly generated by hydrogenotrophic methanogensis; chemolithotrophic acetogenesis and methanol‐dependent methanogenesis may also have played a role. The stable carbon isotope fractionation during CH4 production from CO2 was relatively large (average ε = −78‰). The methanogenic communities were similar to those found in lowland lake sediments, but those of saline and nonsaline Tibetan lakes differed. Hydrogenotrophic methanogens were dominant in lake sediments, while acetotrophic methanogens were dominant in wetland soils. Our results revealed diversity in the methanogenic communities and their methanogenic pathways and indicated that they are affected by sediment characteristics, such as salinity. However, the CH4 production rates ranging from 6 to 122 nmol day−1 g dry weight−1 showed no relationship to environmental characteristics and were not limited by microbial abundance.
Magnesium Bromide and Magnesium Chloride Hexahydrate Catalyzed One‐Pot Synthesis of Dihydropyrimidines viaBiginelli Reaction under Solvent‐Free Conditions
Authors: Gülten Şirin
Published: April 2013

Biologically important 12 new important 3,4‐dihydropyrimidin‐2‐(1H)‐ones (‐thiones) were synthesized with in one‐pot three‐component Biginelli reaction from the corresponding aromatic aldehydes (5‐methyl‐2‐thiophenecarboxaldehyde and 2‐chloro‐5‐nitrobenzaldehyde), β‐keto esters (ethylacetoacetate, allylacetoacetate, and t‐butylacetoacetate), and urea/thiourea in the presence of catalytic amount of magnesium bromide and magnesium chloride hexahydrate as nontoxic, inexpensive, and easily available catalysts under solvent‐free conditions at 80 and 100°C. Compared with the catalyst‐free three‐component Biginelli reaction conditions, this method consistently has the advantage of short reaction time (45–100 min) and good to excellent yields (75–91%).