bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Statistical Equivalent Models for Computer Simulators with an Application to the Random Waypoint Mobility Model
Authors: Viswanath Kumar , Obraczka Katia , Kottas Athanasios , Sansó Bruno
Published: July 2007

Statistical Equivalent Models, or SEMs, have recently been proposed as a general approach to study computer simulators. By fitting a statistical model to the simulator's output, SEMs provide an efficient way to quickly explore the simulator's result. In this paper, we develop a SEM for random waypoint mobility, one of the most widely used mobility models employed by network simulators in the evaluation of communication protocols for wireless multi-hop ad hoc networks (MANETs). We chose the random waypoint mobility model as a case study of SEMs due to recent results pointing out some serious drawbacks of the model (e.g., [1]). In particular, these studies show that, under the random waypoint mobility regime, average node speed tends to zero in steady state. They also show that average node speed varies considerably from the expected average value for the time scales under consideration in most simulation analysis. In order to investigate further the behavior of the random waypoint model, we developed a SEM that captured speed decay over time under random waypoint mobility using maximum speed and terrain size as input parameters. A Bayesian approach to model fitting was employed to capture the uncertainty due to unknown parameters of the statistical model. The SEM is given by the posterior predictive distributions of the average node speed as a function of time. A direct result from our model is that, by characterizing average node speed as a function of time, our approach provides an accurate estimate of the “warm-up” period required by simulations using the random waypoint mobility model. Simulation data from the “warmup” period can then be discarded to obtain accurate protocol performance results. Given that random waypoint mobility is still, by far, the most widely used mobility model in the evaluation of MANETs, the contribution of this work is potentially significant as it allows network protocol designers to continue to use the original random waypoint mobility model and yet obtain accurate results characterizing MANET protocol performance.
Multivariate latent change modeling of developmental decline in academic intrinsic math motivation and achievement: Childhood through adolescence
Authors: Gottfried Adele Eskeles , Marcoulides George A. , Gottfried Allen W. , Oliver Pamella H. , Guerin Diana Wright
Published: July 2007

Research has established that academic intrinsic motivation, enjoyment of school learning without receipt of external rewards, significantly declines across childhood through adolescence. Math intrinsic motivation evidences the most severe decline compared with other subject areas. This study addresses this developmental decline in math intrinsic motivation, and also serves as a resource for applied researchers by providing exemplary illustrations of approaches to longitudinal modeling. Using a multivariate latent change model, the longitudinal relationship between academic intrinsic math motivation and math achievement among participants ( n = 114) aged 9—17 years was examined to explain this motivational decline. On average, both math motivation and achievement decreased over time. This study reveals that math achievement is a significant contributor to the developmental decline in intrinsic math motivation from childhood through adolescence. In addition, academic intrinsic math motivation was found to be related to initial and later levels of mathematics achievement. These findings enhance understanding of developmental processes whereby early motivation and achievement are related to subsequent declines in mathematics.
New developments in latent variable panel analyses of longitudinal data
Authors: Little Todd D. , Preacher Kristopher J. , Selig James P. , Card Noel A.
Published: July 2007

We review fundamental issues in one traditional structural equation modeling (SEM) approach to analyzing longitudinal data — cross-lagged panel designs. We then discuss a number of new developments in SEM that are applicable to analyzing panel designs. These issues include setting appropriate scales for latent variables, specifying an appropriate null model, evaluating factorial invariance in an appropriate manner, and examining both direct and indirect (mediated), effects in ways better suited for panel designs. We supplement each topic with discussion intended to enhance conceptual and statistical understanding.
Individual differences in adjustment to spousal loss: A nonlinear mixed model analysis
Authors: Burke Christopher T. , Shrout Patrick E. , Bolger Niall
Published: July 2007

The study of within-person change lies at the core of developmental research. Theory and empirical data suggest that many of these developmental processes are not linear. We describe a broad class of multilevel models that allows for nonlinear change — nonlinear mixed models. To demonstrate the utility of these models, we present a nonlinear mixed model analysis of adjustment to conjugal loss. Coming from a perspective of the individual as a regulatory system, our model predicts a faster rate of adjustment immediately following the loss and diminished adjustment as time since the loss increases, approaching an equilibrium level of well-being. This model allows us to estimate various aspects of the adjustment trajectory and individual differences in these trajectories, including multiple ways that pre- and post-loss factors can explain variability in the adjustment process. The model provides new insights into an important phenomenon that cannot be gleaned from linear models and other methods of trajectory analysis. We discuss the strengths and limitations of this type of analysis relative to other methods.
Beyond dyadic interdependence: Actor-oriented models for co-evolving social networks and individual behaviors
Authors: Burk William J. , Steglich Christian E.G. , Snijders Tom A.B.
Published: July 2007

Actor-oriented models are described as a longitudinal strategy for examining the co-evolution of social networks and individual behaviors. We argue that these models provide advantages over conventional approaches due to their ability to account for inherent dependencies between individuals embedded in a social network (i.e., reciprocity, transitivity) and model interdependencies between network and behavioral dynamics. We provide a brief explanation of actor-oriented processes, followed by a description of parameter estimates, model specification, and selection procedures used by the Simulation Investigation for Empirical Network Analyses (SIENA) software program (Snijders, Steglich, Schweinberger, & Huisman, 2006). To illustrate the applicability of these models, we provide an empirical example investigating the co-evolution of friendship networks and delinquent behaviors in a longitudinal sample of Swedish adolescents with the goal of simultaneously assessing selection and influence processes. Findings suggest both processes play a substantive role in the observed dynamics of delinquent behaviors, with influence having a relatively stronger role than selection (especially in reciprocated friendships).
State space grids: Analyzing dynamics across development
Authors: Hollenstein Tom
Published: July 2007

Developmentalists are generally interested in systems perspectives and this is reflected in the theoretical models of the past decade. However, the methodological tools to test these models are either nonexistent or difficult for many researchers to use. This article reviews the state space grid (SSG) method for analyzing synchronized event sequences based on dynamic systems (DS) principles. Following a review of these DS concepts and the basics of the SSG method, several studies are reviewed. Greater emphasis and detail are provided for three longitudinal studies that relate real-time socioemotional dynamics to processes of developmental change and stability. The concluding sections provide guidelines for researchers interested in using the SSG method and some suggestions for future SSG studies.
The People's Peace? Peace Agreements, Civil Society, and Participatory Democracy
Authors: Bell Christine , O'Rourke Catherine
Published: July 2007

This article, drawing on an extensive collection of peace agreements dating from 1990 until the present day, analyzes peace agreement provisions for civil society involvement and considers the extent to which peace agreements proffer new models of participatory democracy. We begin with some background and a short overview of political theory on participatory democracy, identifying key dilemmas. The body of the article sets out a comprehensive analysis of peace agreement provisions for civil society, indicating how peace agreements negotiate the dilemmas identified in theory. We then evaluate this negotiation in the context of post-agreement implementation difficulties. In conclusion, we discuss the implications for future research.
Alignments and Realignments in Central Asia: The Rationale and Implications of Uzbekistan's Rapprochement with Russia
Authors: Fumagalli Matteo
Published: July 2007

The eviction of the USA from the military base at Khanabad-Qarshi and the signing of an alliance treaty between Uzbekistan and Russia in November 2005 marked one of the most dramatic turnarounds in international alliances in the post-cold-war era. This article shows that regime survival is a driving force behind Uzbekistan's realignment. It also argues that a full account of Uzbekistan's turnaround needs to take into consideration systemic factors, namely, an external environment in which Russia provided a viable strategic and economic alternative. The article concludes by suggesting how the “normative competition” in the region between Russia (and China) and the USA helps account for the timing of Uzbekistan's realignment.
Should Economists Rule the World? Trends and Implications of Leadership Patterns in the Developing World, 1960—2005
Authors: Hira Anil
Published: July 2007

This article examines more carefully the oft-made hypotheses that (1) “technocrats” or politicians with an economics background are increasingly common and (2) that this “improvement” in qualifications will lead to improvements in economic policy. The article presents a database on the qualifications of leaders of the world's major countries over the past four decades. The article finds that while there is evidence for increasing “technification,” there are also distinct and persistent historical patterns among Asian, African, Middle Eastern, and Latin American leaders. Using statistical analysis, the article finds that we cannot conclude that leadership training in economics leads to better economic outcomes.
Theory of Reasoned Action
Authors: Belleau Bonnie D. , Summers Teresa A. , Yingjiao Xu  , Pinel Raul
Published: July 2007

The approximately 60 million members of Generation Y are a major force in the consumer marketplace and represent a significant behavioral shift. To develop the broad, multifaceted advertising strategy necessary to reach them, more information is needed to characterize their purchase intentions. This study determines whether the theory of reasoned action can be used as a prediction tool in examining the purchase intention of a selected consumer group and product, Generation Y consumers and fashion merchandise made of emu leather. Respondents' attitudes significantly influenced their purchase intention: The more favorable the respondent's attitude, the higher the purchase intention. Subjective norm and other external variables had no influence on this group's purchase intention. The results partially support the theory of reasoned action as a prediction tool in examining purchase intention of a consumer product. This information is important to the emu leather industry, which may want to target Generation Y consumers.
Pattern/Patron
Authors: Jennings Tracy
Published: July 2007

Pattern/Patron was designed in response to consumers' desire for garment customization. As technology becomes increasingly sophisticated, but affordable, more and more customized products become possible. The garment combines both computer patternmaking and textile design technology to create customized textile designs on customized pattern pieces. The pattern was produced on the PAD system of computer-aided pattern design. It was then exported to Adobe Illustrator, where the graphic design was added. The embellished pattern pieces were digitally printed on paper-backed ecru silk tussah.
Oxygen and carbon isotope composition of authigenic carbonate from an Ethiopian lake: a climate record of the last 2000 years
Authors: Lamb Henry F. , Leng Melanie J. , Telford Richard J. , Ayenew Tenalem , Umer Mohammed
Published: July 2007

The oxygen and carbon isotope composition of sedimentary carbonates formed in Lake Hayq, a closed-basin lake in northern Ethiopia, suggests marked variation in the balance between precipitation and evaporation during the last 2000 years. Diatom stratigraphy shows that the lake remained deep enough to support planktonic taxa, and was never saline. The record suggests that rainfall was higher than that of the twentieth century during most of this time, especially during two short intervals centred on AD 700 and AD 1300. Climate was drier only around AD 800, and from AD 1750—1900. Similar, but slightly moister climate than today, with high interdecadal variability, prevailed from AD 800 to AD 1200, equivalent to the European `Mediaeval Warm Period'. A period of high effective precipitation followed, from AD 1200 to AD 1700, during the `Little Ice Age'. Pollen evidence suggests that increased forest cover from AD 1400 to AD 1750 was a response to higher rainfall; forest cover may have increased evaporative loss from the catchment, contributing to a subsequent trend of increasing lakewater δ18O values.The record shows similarities in the timing and direction of changes in proxy-climatic records from Lake Naivasha (Kenya) and from the Nile.
Abrupt and consistent responses of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems to the 8200 cal. yr cold event: a lacustrine record from Lake Arapisto, Finland
Authors: Sarmaja-Korjonen Kaarina , Seppä Heikki
Published: July 2007

A 8400—7700 yr cal. BP section of the sediments of a small lake in southern Finland was studied by high-resolution pollen and cladoceran analyses to examine the response of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems to the 8200 cal. yr BP cold event. Furthermore, a pollen-based Tann reconstruction and proportions of chydorid ephippia were used to determine changes in temperature and in the length of open-water season during the event. The pollen data, with abrupt decreases of the early-flowering Alnus, Corylus and Ulmus at c. 8350 cal. yr BP, may partly reflect vegetation dynamics but possibly also decreased pollen productivity and reproduction caused by cold winters and springs. The reconstructed Tann indicated a rapid temperature fall and a subsequent recovery. Proportions of chydorid ephippia suggested a considerable reduction in the length of open-water season at the beginning of the event, followed by periodically shorter open-water seasons. In the aquatic ecosystem only one species, the dominant planktonic cladoceran Bosmina longirostris, responded by decreasing dramatically and almost became extinct during the coldest period. However, we were unable to reconstruct the causative link between the inferred climate change and its decrease. The response of both aquatic and terrestrial proxies at c. 8350 cal. yr BP was consistent, indicating an abrupt start of the event and also an abrupt end at c. 8100 cal. yr BP.
Effects of estrogen against LPS-induced inflammation and toxicity in primary rat glial and neuronal cultures
Authors: Tenenbaum Meytal , Azab Abed N. , Kaplanski Jacob
Published: July 2007

Several lines of evidence link inflammation with neurodegenerative diseases, which are aggravated by the age-related decline in estrogen levels in postmenopausal women. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is used widely to stimulate glial cells to produce pro-inflammatory mediators such as NO, PGE2, and TNF-α, and was found to be toxic in high doses. We examined the effects of a physiological dose of 17β-estradiol (E2) against LPS-induced inflammation and toxicity (cell death) in rat primary glial and neuronal cultures. Cultures were treated with 0.1 nM E2 for 24 h and then exposed to LPS 0.5—200 µg/ml for another 24 h. Levels of NO, PGE2, and TNF-α in the culture medium were determined by the Griess reaction assay, radio-immunoassay, and enzyme-linked immunoassay, respectively. Cell death was quantified by measuring the leakage of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) into the medium from dead or dying cells using the non-radioactive cytotoxicity assay. E2 significantly reduced the LPS-induced increase in NO and TNF-α (but not PGE2) production in glial cells. PGE 2 and TNF-α were undetectable in neuronal cultures, while only basal levels of NO were detected, even after stimulation with LPS. Moreover, pretreatment with E2 significantly reduced LPS-induced cell death, as measured by the release of LDH, in both glial and neuronal cultures. These results suggest that the neuroprotective effects attributed to E2 are derived, at least in part, from its anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective effects in both glial and neuronal cells.
Invited review: NOD2 and defensins: translating innate to adaptive immunity in Crohn's disease
Authors: Peyrin-Biroulet Laurent , Chamaillard Mathias
Published: July 2007

The nucleotide-binding oligomerisation protein 2 (NOD2) is a sensor for bacterial muramyl dipeptide, which ensures ileal expression of antimicrobial peptides (so-called α-defensins) and promotes cytokine and chemokine production by immunocytes and enterocytes. Defective NOD2 signaling pathway and impaired expression of defensins were inextricably linked to the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease, a common form of inflammatory bowel disease. NOD2 and defensin deficiency at the level of the epithelial barrier and gut-associated lymphoid tissue may favour Crohn's disease by failing to protect from enteropathogens and to instruct adaptive immune response in the gut micro-environment. Herein, we provide an overview on the key role of NOD2 and defensins in antigen-presenting function of dendritic cells and antigen-specific immunity. We also outline the urgent need for a better understanding of the regulators of NOD2 function and defensin biogenesis to support the development of a rational immunostimulatory treatment for restoring long-lasting immunity in Crohn's disease.
IEIIS Meeting minireview: Chemical synthesis of peptidoglycan fragments for elucidation of the immunostimulating mechanism
Authors: Fujimoto Yukari , Inamura Seiichi , Kawasaki Akiko , Shiokawa Zenyu , Shimoyama Atsushi , Hashimoto Takashi , Kusumoto Shoichi , Fukase Koichi
Published: July 2007

Partial structures of peptidoglycan were chemically synthesized for elucidation of their precise biological activities. By using an efficient synthetic strategy, mono-, di-, tetra- and octasaccharide fragments of peptidoglycan were synthesized in good yields. The biological activity of synthetic fragments of peptidoglycan was evaluated by induction of TNF-α from human monocytes, and TLR2 and NOD2 dependencies by using transfected HEK293 cells, respectively. We revealed that TLR2 was not stimulated by the series of synthetic peptidoglycan partial structures, whereas NOD2 recognizes the partial structures containing the MDP moiety. We also synthesized potent NOD1 agonists, which showed several hundred-fold stronger activity than γ-D-glutamyl- meso-diaminopimelic acid (iE-DAP). Interaction of PGRPs with synthetic peptidoglycan fragments is also described.
Lipopolysaccharide enhances interferon-γ-induced nitric oxide (NO) production in murine vascular endothelial cells via augmentation of interferon regulatory factor-1 activation
Authors: Koide Naoki , Mya Mya Mu  , Hassan Ferdaus , Islam Shamima , Tumurkhuu Gantsetseg , Dagvadorj Jargalsaikhan , Naiki Yoshikazu , Mori Isamu , Yoshida Tomoaki , Yokochi Takashi
Published: July 2007

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) enhances the production of nitric oxide (NO) in interferon (IFN)-γstimulated vascular endothelial cells. We studied the mechanism by which LPS enhances IFN-γ-induced NO production by using the murine vascular endothelial cell line, END-D. LPS enhanced IFN-γinduced NO production via augmented expression of inducible type NO synthase (iNOS) mRNA. LPS significantly augmented the activation of interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-1 in IFN-γ-stimulated END-D cells, although it did not affect the activation of either MyD88-dependent nuclear factor (NF)-κB or MyD88-independent IRF-3. SB203580, an inhibitor of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), prevented the nuclear translocation of IRF-1 in LPS and IFN-γ-stimulated END-D cells, and inhibited the iNOS expression and NO production in those cells. Therefore, it is proposed that LPS enhanced NO production in IFN-γ-stimulated END-D cells via augmenting p38 MAPKmediated IRF-1 activation.
Exploring the Performance Differences on the Flicker Task and the Conners' Continuous Performance Test in Adults With ADHD
Authors: Cohen Andrew L. , Shapiro Steven K.
Published: July 2007

Objective: To examine the ability of the flicker task to demonstrate greater utility in discriminating performance in young adults with and without ADHD compared to the Conners' CPT (CCPT). Method: Flicker task and CCPT performance were compared between an ADHD ( n = 28) and control ( n = 30) group of college students. Results: This study replicated previous flicker task findings, providing support for using the flicker task to demonstrate the robust nature of change blindness. However, the flicker task did not demonstrate better discriminative utility than the CCPT. Task-dependent measures correlated with ADHD rating scale indices of inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity, indicating that CPTs lack symptom domain specificity. Conclusion: Results support the growing evidence that CPTs currently provide only modest utility for discriminating performance in adults with and without ADHD. Recommendations are provided regarding the future study of CPTs as a valid measure of ADHD performance and the potential utility of the flicker task. (J. of Att. Dis. 2007; 11(1) 49-63)
Forecasting Three-Month Outcomes in a Laboratory School Comparison of Mixed Amphetamine Salts Extended Release (Adderall XR) and Atomoxetine (Strattera) in School-Aged Children With ADHD
Authors: Faraone Stephen V. , Wigal Sharon B. , Hodgkins Paul
Published: July 2007

Objective: Compare observed and forecasted efficacy of mixed amphetamine salts extended release (MAS-XR; Adderall) with atomoxetine (Strattera) in ADHD children. Method: The authors analyze data from a randomized, double-blind, multicenter, parallel-group, forced-dose-escalation laboratory school study of children ages 6 to 12 with ADHD combined or hyperactive/impulsive type. Primary efficacy measures are attention and deportment scores on the SKAMP behavioral rating scale, and secondary efficacy measures are academic performance scores from the PERMP test. Results: MAS-XR elicits greater improvements than atomoxetine in each domain within 3 weeks of treatment, including attention, number of math problems attempted and correct, and overall clinical functioning. Treatment differences in each outcome measure at subsequent weeks are projected from generalized estimating equations to become greater with the duration of extension of the treatment regimen. Conclusion: This study suggests that relative advantages of MAS-XR seen in the first 3 weeks are likely to be maintained in subsequent weeks. (J. of Att. Dis. 2007; 11(1) 74-82)
Literature Review: Update on Amphetamine Neurotoxicity and Its Relevance to the Treatment of ADHD
Authors: Advokat Claire
Published: July 2007

Objective: A review of amphetamine treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) was conducted, to obtain information on the long-term neurological consequences of this therapy. Method: Several databases were accessed for research articles on the effects of amphetamine in the brain of laboratory animals and ADHD diagnosed individuals. Results: In early studies, high doses of amphetamine, comparable to amounts used by addicts, were shown to damage dopaminergic pathways. More recent studies, using therapeutic regimens, appear contradictory. One paradigm shows significant decreases in striatal dopamine and transporter density after oral administration of “therapeutic” doses in primates. Another shows morphological evidence of “trophic” dendritic growth in the brains of adult and juvenile rats given systemic injections mimicking “therapeutic” treatment. Imaging studies of ADHD-diagnosed individuals show an increase in striatal dopamine transporter availability that may be reduced by methylphenidate treatment. Conclusion: Clarification of the neurological consequences of chronic AMPH treatment for ADHD is needed. (J. of Att. Dis. 2007; 11(1) 8-16)
Developmental and Subtype Differences in Behavioral Assets and Problems in Children Diagnosed with ADHD
Authors: Short Elizabeth J. , Fairchild Lynn , Findling Robert L. , Manos Michael J.
Published: July 2007

Objective: Developmental and subtype differences in behavioral assets and problems were examined in 318 children newly diagnosed with ADHD. Method: Three age groups were compared: 4 to 6.9 years ( n = 95), 7 to 9.9 years ( n = 136), and 10 to 15 years ( n = 87); with two subtypes examined: inattentive ( n = 151), and hyperactive/combined ( n = 167). Data on assets and problems were obtained from parental questionnaires. Analyses were conducted for the assets and problems data with subtype and age as between group factors. Results: Younger children had more problems with hyperactivity, and the eldest group had more externalizing problems. The hyperactive/combined subtype exhibited more problems than the inattentive subtype. Also the younger group had more assets than the eldest group. Conclusion: Children who possessed greater assets had fewer behavioral problems, with assessment of assets and problems important in the diagnosis of ADHD. ( J. of Att. Dis. 2007; 11(1) 28-36)
Reproducibility and reliability of the ankle—brachial index as assessed by vascular experts, family physicians and nurses
Authors: Holland-Letz Tim , Endres Heinz G. , Biedermann Stefanie , Mahn Matthias , Kunert Joachim , Groh Sabine , Pittrow David , von Bilderling Peter , Sternitzky Reinhardt , Diehm Curt
Published: July 2007

The reliability of ankle—brachial index (ABI) measurements performed by different observer groups in primary care has not yet been determined. The aims of the study were to provide precise estimates for all effects influencing the variability of the ABI (patients' individual variability, intra- and inter-observer variability), with particular focus on the performance of different observer groups. Using a partially balanced incomplete block design, 144 unselected individuals aged ≥ 65 years underwent double ABI measurements by one vascular surgeon or vascular physician, one family physician and one nurse with training in Doppler sonography. Three groups comprising a total of 108 individuals were analyzed (only two with ABI < 0.90). Errors for two repeated measurements for all three observer groups did not differ (experts 8.5%, family physicians 7.7%, and nurses 7.5%, p = 0.39). There was no relevant bias among observer groups. Intra-observer variability expressed as standard deviation divided by the mean was 8%, and inter-observer variability was 9%. In conclusion, reproducibility of the ABI measurement was good in this cohort of elderly patients who almost all had values in the normal range. The mean error of 8—9% within or between observers is smaller than with established screening measures. Since there were no differences among observers with different training backgrounds, our study confirms the appropriateness of ABI assessment for screening peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and generalized atherosclerosis in the primary case setting. Given the importance of the early detection and management of PAD, this diagnostic tool should be used routinely as a standard for PAD screening. Additional studies will be required to confirm our observations in patients with PAD of various severities.
Distinguishing distress from disorder as psychological outcomes of stressful social arrangements
Authors: Horwitz Allan V.
Published: July 2007

Some studies in the sociology of stress conceptualize their outcome variables as distress, while others treat the same outcomes as mental disorder. This article focuses on the importance of distinguishing between the two. It argues that there are fundamental differences between distress that arises in non-disordered persons and genuine mental disorder but that studies of stress typically fail to distinguish between these conditions. The article outlines the historical developments that led the field to conflate distress and disorder. Finally, it indicates some advantages for research, treatment and policy that can accrue when distress that is initiated and maintained by social conditions is distinguished from mental disorders that are dysfunctions of internal psychological mechanisms.
Acute compartment syndrome of the limb
Authors: Shears E. , Porter K.
Published: July 2007

Acute compartment syndrome of the limb is an orthopaedic surgical emergency. Delay in its recognition and treatment can result in serious morbidity. The aetiology, diagnosis and management of this condition are discussed in this review article.
Lower limb tendinopathy in athletes
Authors: Bains Baldeep S. , Porter Keith
Published: July 2007

Tendinopathy is a common and debilitating problem especially affecting athletes. Understanding of the disease has increased over the past two decades with the most notable change being in the perception that the pathology of tendinopathy is of a noninflammatory origin. The most prevalent aetiological factors implicated in the development of tendinopathy in athletes are overuse and training errors. The commonest lower limb tendinopathy affects the achilles tendon closely followed by patella tendinosis. Achilles tendinopathy is usually seen in running sports whereas patella tendinopathy is commoner in sports that involve jumping. The diagnosis can be confirmed by taking a good history and clinical examination and supported by appropriate radiological imaging. The investigations of choice are ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging with each of the investigations having some benefit over the other depending on the questions needing to be answered for the clinician. Treatment of lower limb tendinopathy is mainly conservative and includes activity modification, correction of training errors and eccentric exercises. To date, there have not been any conclusive studies to prove the benefits of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and steroids which are currently used to help in the management of pain. Surgical treatment has a variable success rate (45—100%) and is normally reserved as the last option if conservative modalities fail. Novel therapies like infection of sclerosing agent, Traumeel®, platelet-derived growth factors (PDGF) or autologous blood injections into diseased tendons are showing promising results but need more multicentre clinical trials to evaluate their efficacy.
Process Evaluation in an Intervention Designed to Improve Rates of Colorectal Cancer Screening in a VA Medical Center
Authors: Fitzgibbon Marian L. , Ferreira M. Rosario , Dolan Nancy C. , Davis Terry C. , Rademaker Alfred W. , Wolf Michael S. , Dachao Liu  , Gorby Nicolle , Schmitt Brian P. , Bennett Charles L.
Published: July 2007

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in the United States. Although CRC screening is recommended for individuals 50 years and older, screening completion rates are low. This can be attributed to provider and patient barriers. We developed an intervention to improve provider recommendation and patient screening among noncompliant male veterans in a 2-year randomized controlled trial and examined the relationship between participation and study outcomes among patients and providers. Overall, providers who attended intervention sessions recommended CRC screening during 64% of patient visits and providers who did not attend any intervention sessions recommended screening during 54% of visits (p < .01). Patients of providers who attended intervention sessions also were more likely to be screened (42% versus 29%, p < .05). The patient intervention did not have the desired impact. The subgroup of patients in the patient intervention was not more likely to complete CRC screening.
Networking for Career-Long Success: A Powerful Strategy for Health Education Professionals
Authors: Rojas-Guyler Liliana , Murnan Judy , Cottrell Randall R.
Published: July 2007

Networking is a proven strategy to enhance professional recognition and skills while promoting career development. Through a variety of techniques and for a multitude of reasons, health educators can enrich their professional endeavors by interacting and engaging in formal and informal networking with others. Through networking, health education professionals can offer each other assistance and support while establishing long-lasting mutually beneficial relationships. This article provides an overview of the basics of networking, reasons that networking is important, persons who can benefit from networking, and strategies on how to network and how to develop, maintain, and nurture a network.
Gender Differences in the Decision to Run for School Board
Authors: Deckman Melissa
Published: July 2007

Proponents of the political pipeline theory argue that when more women fill the ranks of locally elected positions, the number of qualified female candidates will increase and more women will eventually be elected statewide and nationally. Given that women are elected at the school board level at higher rates than any other political office, do women run for school board in hopes of using it as a stepping stone for a larger career in politics? This article analyzes whether there are gender differences among school board members with respect to the reasons they run for office. Men are more likely than women to be motivated to run to shape education policy and for religious or moral reasons. However, relatively few school board members run with the express purpose of gaining political experience, regardless of gender.
Nonlegislative Debate in the U.S. House of Representatives
Authors: Rocca Michael S.
Published: July 2007

To date, most empirical analyses of position taking in Congress have focused on roll call voting, where members of Congress (MCs) regularly cast votes, thereby regularly taking positions. Left largely unstudied has been position taking outside the domain of roll call voting. This article takes a closer look at who utilizes one popular non–roll call forum in the House of Representatives—nonlegislative debate (NLD)—and why. The analysis expands on extant research by examining multiple Congresses (101st to 106th), both types of NLD (1-minute speeches and special-order addresses), and determinants not explicitly accounted for in previous research. Among other things, I argue that institutional variation across the NLD forums leads to important differences in participation. The results show that more individualistic, institutionally disadvantaged MCs tend to favor 1-minute speeches, whereas those in the parties' mainstream frequent the special-order period.
The Consequences of Campaign Agendas
Authors: Sides John
Published: July 2007

Theories of candidate agendas suggest two potentially conflicting imperatives for candidates: focus on issues that their party “owns” or on issues that are salient to the public. The implication is that candidates may ultimately lose votes for ignoring either or both of these imperatives. However, no systematic test of either theory exists. This article provides a fuller test using candidate advertising data from the 1998, 2000, and 2002 House and Senate elections and finds that neither theory is supported. Candidates did not consistently emphasize owned or salient issues in any of these elections. Moreover, candidate agendas have little effect on electoral outcomes. These results highlight the need for more nuanced theories of candidate strategy.
Quality of Life in Dementia: Do Professional Caregivers Focus on the Significant Domains?
Authors: Gerritsen Debby L. , Ettema Teake P. , Boelens Ellen , Bos Joke , Hoogeveen Frans , de Lange Jacomine , Meihuizen Lucinda , Schölzel-Dorenbos Carla J. M. , Dröes Rose-Marie
Published: July 2007

The domains of quality of life that are considered important by people with dementia and professional caregivers are not in agreement. This explorative study addresses the question, “To what degree do professional caregivers, in their daily working routine, focus on the quality-of-life domains that people with dementia consider essential?” Study participants were nursing assistants who work in 24-hour nursing home care and professionals who offer daytime activities. Three hundred and seventy-four caregivers working on 29 units and 3 day care facilities of 13 nursing homes and in 12 meeting centers filled out a questionnaire. The caregivers reported to focus at least to some degree on most domains considered important by people with dementia. However, relatively little attention was paid to “financial situation” and “being useful/giving meaning to life.” Professionals who offer daytime activities focused more than 24-hour care staff on “attachment,” “enjoyment of activities,” “sense of aesthetics,” and “being useful/giving meaning to life.”
The Closing Group: Therapeutic Recreation for Nursing Home Residents with Dementia and Accompanying Agitation and/or Anxiety
Authors: Putman Laraine , Wang Jen-Ting
Published: July 2007

Long-term care residents who have a dementia diagnosis could account for as much 50% of a nursing home's population. Often residents with dementia experience a distressing behavioral symptom that affects the resident experiencing the symptom(s), other nursing home residents, visitors, and staff. The Closing Group intervention was developed as a nonpharmacological alternative that aims to reduce agitation and anxiety, increase socialization, decrease restraint use, and decrease antipsychotic drug use for selected residents with a dementia diagnosis. The program was based on an understanding of the contributing factors to agitation and anxiety, the nursing home environment as it relates to behavior, and the offering of resident-driven recreational activities. The purpose of this 2-year study was, with use of multiple measures, to examine the extent to which the Closing Group intervention has met its goals. A sample of 16 long-term care residents was offered attendance at the group. Findings in the area of reducing agitation and anxiety were encouraging to the extent that further study with larger samples is needed.
Toward Pax Terra-Humana
Authors: Goulah Jason
Published: July 2007

In this critical instrumental case study, the author examines an application of O'Sullivan's transformative learning theory to foreign language (FL) education. Specifically, he examines such application within the context of national FL standards for culture in secondary-level Japanese FL learning. Findings suggest that transformative learning is possible in the discipline of FL and among adolescents. Findings also suggest that discussions about transformative learning topics in relation to Japanese pop culture media resulted in increased student awareness of the transformative learning themes of cosmology and ecospiritual selfhood that can lead to a deep cultural and planetary literacy of peace.
On First Contact and Apotheosis: Manitou and Men in North America
Authors: Haefeli Evan
Published: July 2007

To understand the significance of stories of first contact in which native peoples around the world are said to have mistaken Europeans (or their goods) as gods or godlike, this article examines written and oral accounts of such encounters in the context within which they were transmitted. Noting that the source of many of these ideas is often native peoples, it suggests moving beyond the tendency to say they did or did not see Europeans as gods. Focusing in particular on a close reading of Henry Hudson's 1609 voyage up the river that now bears his name, it argues that the perceived disparity between native credulity and subsequent disenchantment is a function of misunderstandings and misinterpretations of the terminology employed. The native accounts never claimed the Europeans were gods in any Christian sense of the term. Instead, their words (in this case Manitou) reflected an understanding of the power and danger of the encounter that the actual experience confirmed. In this, it reminds us that there are several layers of interpretation—linguistic, religious, and ideological—that need to be taken into account when assessing these encounters. Also by incorporating what the native accounts have to say, a deeper understanding of its cultural significance in native terms can be created.
Cornichon regulates transport and secretion of TGFα-related proteins in metazoan cells
Authors: Castro Carolina Perez , Piscopo Denise , Nakagawa Takatoshi , Derynck Rik
Published: July 2007

Cornichon proteins are structurally related transmembrane proteins that have been studied in and Drosophila and yeast. In Drosophila, Cornichon (Cni) is involved in embryo polarization by the TGFα-related Gurken. In yeast, the Cni-related Erv14 is required for axial budding. A cargo receptor function has been proposed for Erv14 and Cni. Four mammalian Cni-like sequences have been identified. We carried out parallel functional analyses of the human Cni ortholog CNIH and Drosophila Cni in the processing and presentation of TGFα family proteins. Human CNIH complements the loss of Erv14 in yeast. Human CNIH and Drosophila Cni are primarily localized in the endoplasmic reticulum and associate with immature TGFα family proteins. Alterations of cornichon expression result in changes in transport, processing and secretion of TGFα proteins. In particular, increased cornichon expression retains TGFα proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum, whereas cornichon is required for their transport and secretion. Thus, cornichon proteins represent a functionally conserved protein family that acts in the selective transport and maturation of TGFα family proteins.
Structure and function analysis of the CMS/CIN85 protein family identifies actin-bundling properties and heterotypic-complex formation
Authors: Gaidos Gabriel , Soni Shefali , Oswald Duane J. , Toselli Paul A. , Kirsch Kathrin H.
Published: July 2007

Members of the CMS/CIN85 protein family participate in clathrin-mediated endocytosis and play a crucial role in maintaining the kidney filtration barrier. The CMS protein structure includes three Src homology 3 (SH3) domains and a proline-rich (PR) region that is connected by a `linker' sequence to a coiled-coil (CC) domain. We show that CMS is a component of special actin-rich adhesion structures – podosomes – and demonstrate specific actin-binding properties of CMS. We have found that the entire C-terminal half of CMS is necessary for efficient binding to filamentous actin (F-actin). CMS and CIN85 can crosslink F-actin into bundles, a function that depends on the PR region and the CC domain. Removal of these domains reduces migration. CMS can also form heterotypic complexes with CIN85. CIN85 is expressed as multiple isoforms that share the CC domain, suggesting that heterotypic interactions with CMS provides a mechanism to regulate CMS binding to F-actin and thus for modulating dynamic rearrangements of the cytoskeleton.
Conditional targeting of plectin in prenatal and adult mouse stratified epithelia causes keratinocyte fragility and lesional epidermal barrier defects
Authors: Ackerl Reinhard , Walko Gernot , Fuchs Peter , Fischer Irmgard , Schmuth Matthias , Wiche Gerhard
Published: July 2007

Plectin, a widespread intermediate filament-based cytolinker protein capable of interacting with a variety of cytoskeletal structures and plasma membrane-bound junctional complexes, serves essential functions in maintenance of cell and tissue cytoarchitecture. We have generated a mouse line bearing floxed plectin alleles and conditionally deleted plectin in stratified epithelia. This strategy enabled us to study the consequences of plectin deficiency in this particular type of tissues in the context of the whole organism without plectin loss affecting other tissues. Conditional knockout mice died early after birth, showing signs of starvation and growth retardation. Blistering was observed on their extremities and on the oral epithelium after initial nursing, impairing food uptake. Knockout epidermis was very fragile and showed focal epidermal barrier defects caused by the presence of small skin lesions. Stratification, proliferation and differentiation of knockout skin seemed unaffected by epidermis-restricted plectin deficiency. In an additionally generated mouse model, tamoxifen-induced Cre-ERT-mediated recombination led to mice with a mosaic plectin deletion pattern in adult epidermis, combined with microblister formation and epidermal barrier defects. Our study explains the early lethality of plectin-deficient mice and provides a model to ablate plectin in adult animals which could be used for developing gene or pharmacological therapies.
SUUR joins separate subsets of PcG, HP1 and B-type lamin targets inDrosophila
Authors: Pindyurin Alexey V. , Moorman Celine , de Wit Elzo , Belyakin Stepan N. , Belyaeva Elena S. , Christophides George K. , Kafatos Fotis C. , van Steensel Bas , Zhimulev Igor F.
Published: July 2007

Drosophila melanogaster Suppressor of Under-Replication (SuUR) gene encodes a protein that modulates replicative properties of heterochromatin in endocycles of polytene cells. The SuUR mutation abolishes underreplication of intercalary heterochromatin and results in partial underreplication of pericentric heterochromatin. We performed a genome-wide mapping of SUUR target genes in non-polytenic Drosophila Kc cells by using the DamID approach. We show that SUUR preferentially binds genes that are transcriptionally silent and late-replicated. Distinct subsets of SUUR targets are associated with PcG proteins (Pc and Esc; Polycomb and Extra sexcombs), heterochromatic proteins [HP1 and SU(VAR)3-9] and B-type lamin. The SUUR binding profile negatively correlates with the DNA polytenization levels of salivary gland polytene chromosomes. Finally, SUUR target genes are repressed in Drosophila embryos and gradually activated later in development. Together these results suggest that SUUR is a ubiquitous marker of heterochromatin in different cell types.
Possible roles of the endocytic cycle in cell motility
Authors: Traynor David , Kay Robert R.
Published: July 2007

Starving, highly motile Dictyostelium cells maintain an active endocytic cycle, taking up their surface about every 11 minutes. Cell motility depends on a functional NSF (N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor) protein - also essential for endocytosis and membrane trafficking generally - and we, therefore, investigated possible ways in which the endocytic cycle might be required for cell movement. First, NSF, and presumably membrane trafficking, are not required for the initial polarization of the leading edge in a cyclic-AMP gradient. Second, we can detect no evidence for membrane flow from the leading edge, as photobleached or photoactivated marks in the plasma membrane move forward roughly in step with the leading edge, rather than backwards from it. Third, we find that the surface area of a cell - measured from confocal reconstructions - constantly fluctuates during movement as it projects pseudopodia and otherwise changes shape; increases of 20-30% can often occur over a few minutes. These fluctuations cannot be explained by reciprocal changes in filopodial surface area and they substantially exceed the 2-3% by which membranes can stretch. We propose that the endocytic cycle has a key function in motility by allowing adjustment of cell surface area to match changes in shape and that, without this function, movement is severely impaired.