bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aberrant immunoglobulin class switch recombination and switch translocations in activated B cell–like diffuse large B cell lymphoma
Authors: Lenz Georg , Nagel Inga , Siebert Reiner , Roschke Anna V. , Sanger Warren , Wright George W. , Dave Sandeep S. , Tan Bruce , Zhao Hong , Rosenwald Andreas , Muller-Hermelink Hans Konrad , Gascoyne Randy D. , Campo Elias , Jaffe Elaine S. , Smeland Erlend B. , Fisher Richard I. , Kuehl W. Michael , Chan Wing C. , Staudt Louis M.
Published: March 2007

To elucidate the mechanisms underlying chromosomal translocations in diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL), we investigated the nature and extent of immunoglobulin class switch recombination (CSR) in these tumors. We used Southern blotting to detect legitimate and illegitimate CSR events in tumor samples of the activated B cell–like (ABC), germinal center B cell–like (GCB), and primary mediastinal B cell lymphoma (PMBL) subgroups of DLBCL. The frequency of legitimate CSR was lower in ABC DLBCL than in GCB DLBCL and PMBL. In contrast, ABC DLBCL had a higher frequency of internal deletions within the switch μ (Sμ) region compared with GCB DLBCL and PMBL. ABC DLBCLs also had frequent deletions within Sγ and other illegitimate switch recombinations. Sequence analysis revealed ongoing Sμ deletions within ABC DLBCL tumor clones, which were accompanied by ongoing duplications and activation-induced cytidine deaminase–dependent somatic mutations. Unexpectedly, short fragments derived from multiple chromosomes were interspersed within Sμ in one case. These findings suggest that ABC DLBCLs have abnormalities in the regulation of CSR that could predispose to chromosomal translocations. Accordingly, aberrant switch recombination was responsible for translocations in ABC DLBCLs involving BCL6, MYC, and a novel translocation partner, SPIB.
Lack of Foxp3 function and expression in the thymic epithelium
Authors: Liston Adrian , Farr Andrew G. , Chen Zhibin , Benoist Christophe , Mathis Diane , Manley Nancy R. , Rudensky Alexander Y.
Published: March 2007

Foxp3 is essential for the commitment of differentiating thymocytes to the regulatory CD4+ T (T reg) cell lineage. In humans and mice with a genetic Foxp3 deficiency, absence of this critical T reg cell population was suggested to be responsible for the severe autoimmune lesions. Recently, it has been proposed that in addition to T reg cells, Foxp3 is also expressed in thymic epithelial cells where it is involved in regulation of early thymocyte differentiation and is required to prevent autoimmunity. Here, we used genetic tools to demonstrate that the thymic epithelium does not express Foxp3. Furthermore, we formally showed that genetic abatement of Foxp3 in the hematopoietic compartment, i.e. in T cells, is both necessary and sufficient to induce the autoimmune lesions associated with Foxp3 loss. In contrast, deletion of a conditional Foxp3 allele in thymic epithelial cells did not result in detectable changes in thymocyte differentiation or pathology. Therefore, in mice the only known role for Foxp3 remains promotion of T reg cell differentiation within the T cell lineage, whereas there is no role for Foxp3 in thymic epithelial cells.
The cost of journal publishing: a literature review and commentary
Authors: KING Donald W.
Published: March 2007

This article begins by describing the concepts of fixed, variable, marginal, average, direct and indirect costs of journal publishing. Hypothetical examples are given, to avoid preconceived perceptions and controversies about levels of cost. The examples demonstrate the impact of the levels of fixed and variable cost on the average cost per subscription, which is often the basis for subscription prices. Examples are also given to illustrate the effect of indirect costs on average costs per subscription, and the effect of the number of articles published on average costs. Then the implications of the examples on libraries and on the author‐side payment model are examined. These hypothetical examples are followed by evidence in the literature of fixed costs, variable costs due to print reproduction and distribution, and indirect costs. Finally, the term ‘economies of scale’ is defined, and examples are given as to how economies of scale are achieved.
An innovation‐oriented publication system
Authors: OHTA Teruto
Published: March 2007

‘Innovation’ has become a keyword in many countries; to support innovation, a better publication system for academic articles is needed. In this article, a proposed new system is discussed. The current title‐based contract between publishers and libraries has caused a serious information gap, particularly in small institutes. In the new model, called the ‘beneficiary‐pays’ model, sales are at the individual article level, and not that of the journal as a whole. In addition, the publication cost of poorly accessed articles is borne mainly by authors, whereas that of frequently used articles is paid mainly by readers. The feasibility of the new model is discussed. The two currently practised models, ‘author‐pays’ and ‘reader‐pays’, are compared with the ‘beneficiary‐pays’ model. It is doubtful if journals operating under the ‘author–pays’ open access model can ever acquire the reputation based on quality that is needed to motivate authors to pay high enough fees to finance the entire publication cost. The new variant of the user‐pays model, in which libraries pay not for a subscription, but in proportion to the number of times the journal is accessed, is a fairer business model; however, the beneficiary‐pays model is more sensitive to high‐impact works.
Copyright: past, present and future
Authors: WILLIAMS Alan
Published: March 2007

Copyright has developed over the years from an instrument of taxation and censorship to a complex set of rules, primarily to protect the creator, but now having to grapple with cyberspace. This article examines that development, and looks at some of the arguments for and against the existence of copyright. It is argued that copyright is flexible enough to cope with the electronic world. The article examines the lessons learned from the past, and asks whether the Gowers Report helps or hinders. The author also raises the question ‘what is the future of copyright?’, given the intense interest not just of the UK government but also of the European Commission, which is determined to provide a ‘level playing‐field’ across the countries of the EU. Lastly, the author examines the five main pressure points relevant to the future of copyright and asks who the publisher of the future will be.
Double anonymity in peer review within the chemistry periodicals community
Authors: BROWN Richard J.C.
Published: March 2007

Surveys of the opinions of the scientific community on types of peer‐review system, especially the use of double anonymity, remain sparse. This work has canvassed the opinion of 1,439 editors‐in‐chief, editors and editorial board members of journals by all major publishers in chemistry, on the use of double anonymity in the peer‐review process. This is the first time such a survey has been conducted within the chemistry periodicals community. Data were gathered by means of an e‐mail questionnaire, the response rate to which was 25.7%. The results of the study are presented. Analysis of the data, with some supporting discussion, is provided.
Academic authors, scholarly publishing, and open access in Australia
Authors: KENNAN Mary Anne
Published: March 2007

This paper briefly describes the rapidly changing research evaluation and funding landscape in Australian universities, specifically in relation to open access and institutional repositories. Recent announcements indicate that funding and evaluation bodies are becoming increasingly concerned that publicly funded research be made publicly available. The paper then reports a survey of all levels of academic staff plus research students at one Australian university, conducted in May 2006, prior to the introduction of an institutional repository. The survey, in line with previously reported surveys, found that while there was a high level of engagement with scholarly publishing, there was a low level of awareness of, or concern with, either open access (‘green’ or ‘gold’) or the roles repositories can play in increasing accessibility of research. Practically, this indicates that much work needs to be done within this university to increase knowledge of, and change behaviours with regard to, open access and repositories if the university and its academics are to make the most of new funding requirements and research evaluation processes.
Book Reviews
Authors: Oppenheim Charles , Alexander Huw , Oppenheim Charles , Morgan Cliff
Published: March 2007

Open Access: Key Strategic, Technical and Economic Aspects Edited by Neil Jacobs Chandos Publishing, 2006. 250 pp. ISBN 1‐84334‐203‐0, £39.95, pbk ISBN 1‐84334‐204‐9, £57.00, hbk

Selling Rights, 5th edn Lynette Owen Routledge, 2006. 384 pp. ISBN 978‐0‐415‐36280‐1, £75.00 hbk ISBN 978‐0‐415‐38652‐4, £29.95 pbk

Bound by Law? Tales from the Public Domain by Keith Aoki, James Boyle and Jennifer Jenkins Duke Law School Center for the Study of the Public Domain, 2006. 76 pp. ISBN 0‐974‐15531‐4, $5.95, pbk. Freely available online at http://www.law.duke.edu/cspd

Digital Preservation Marilyn Deegan Simon Tanner Facet Publishing, 2006, Digital Futures Series. 288 pp. ISBN 978‐1‐85604‐485‐1, £39.95, hbk.
Clinical Evaluation of Perspiration Reducing Effects of a Kampo Formula, Shigyaku‐san, on Palmoplantar Hidrosis
Authors: Ninomiya Fumino
Published: March 2007

Palmoplantar hidrosis is common in patients who are susceptible to strains on the autonomic nervous system, and stress and mental strain have been proven to produce sweating in this population. Shigyaku‐san (Sini san, TJ‐35: Tsumura & Co.) is effective for relieving stagnation of ‘liver Qi and vital energy’ in traditional Chinese medicine theory; this brings about improvement of palmoplantar hidrosis. The effect of Shigyaku‐san on 40 patients was evaluated based on changes in palmoplantar sweat volume and skin temperature before and after stress loading. We also measured changes in the palmoplantar sweat volume and skin temperature due to stress load in 35 healthy controls who did not receive Shigyaku‐san. Before treatment, the pre‐stress sweat volume in patients was larger than that in healthy controls, however, after Shigyaku‐san treatment, their pre‐stress sweat volume decreased. With stress, the sweat volume increased in both patients and controls, but the net increase in the patients was larger than that in healthy controls. After Shigyaku‐san treatment, the net increase of sweat volume due to stress was smaller than that of pretreatment, however, it did not show a significant difference with that of healthy controls. The palmoplantar skin temperature of the patients before treatment was lower than that of healthy controls. Palmoplantar skin temperature rose with stress loading in healthy controls, but decreased in pretreatment patients. Shigyaku‐san treatment reduced the palmoplantar perspiration in palmoplantar hidrosis patients at rest and under stress. Furthermore, it also improved other serious complications, especially coldness of the extremities.
Goniothalamus Species: A Source of Drugs for the Treatment of Cancers and Bacterial Infections?
Authors: Wiart Christophe
Published: March 2007

Irrespective of the presence of cytotoxic acetogenins and styryl‐lactones in the genus Goniothalamus, only 22 species in the genus Goniothalamus, out of 160 species (13.7%) have so far been investigated. In an effort to promote further research on the genus Goniothalamus which could represent a source of drugs for the treatment of cancers and bacterial infections, this work offers a broad analysis of current knowledge on Goniothalamus species. Therefore, it includes (i) taxonomy (ii) botanical description (iii) traditional medicinal uses and (iv) phytochemical and pharmacological studies. We discuss the molecular mechanisms of actions of acetogenins and styryl‐lactones, with some emphasis on the possible involvement of protein kinase, Bax and TRAIL receptors in the cytotoxic effects of styryl‐lactones. We also report (v) the growth inhibition of several nosocomial bacteria by Goniothalamus. scortechinii. The crude methanol extract of G. scortechinii showed a good and broad spectrum of antibacterial activity against both Gram‐negative and Gram‐positive bacteria.
Antioxidant Activity of Leaves and Fruits of Iranian Conifers
Authors: Emami S. A. , Asili J. , Mohagheghi Z. , Hassanzadeh M. K.
Published: March 2007

Cupressus semipervirens var. horizontalis, Cupressus semipervirens var. semipervirens, Cupressus semipervirens cv. Cereifeormis, Juniperus communis subsp. hemisphaerica, Juniperus excelsa subsp. excelsa, Juniperus excelsa subsp. polycarpos, Juniperus foetidissima, Juniperus oblonga, Juniperus sabina, Platycladus orientalis and Taxus baccata are Iranian conifers. The antioxidant activity of leaves and fruits of these 11 different taxons were evaluated. The leaves of both male and female, and fruits of these plants were collected from different areas of the country. Methanol extract of leaves and fruits of these taxons were prepared. Antioxidant activity of each extracts was measured using two different tests of the ferric thiocyanate method and thiobarbituric acid. Results indicated that the methanol extracts of leaves, of male and female, and fruits of all these species (27 samples) possessed antioxidant activity when tested with both methods. The antioxidant activity was then compared with those of α‐tocopherol (a natural antioxidant) and butylated hydroxytoluene (a synthetic antioxidant). Methanol extract of fruits of C. semipervirens cv. Cereifeormis showed the highest antioxidant activity while the methanol extract of leaves of C. semipervirens var. semipervirens possessed the lowest antioxidant activity. However, our finding showed that most of the tested extracts were showing strong antioxidant activity even higher than α‐tocopherol.
Ki: A Key to Transform the Century of Death to the Century of Life
Authors: Ohnishi S. Tsuyoshi
Published: March 2007

This is my response to the commentary written by Mr James Flowers with the title of ‘What is Qi?’ in the issue 4 of Vol.3 (2006) of eCAM. I will explain my opinions regarding the importance of Ki research, philosophical aspects of Ki and a possible role of Ki now and in the future.
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: An Update, Part II
Authors: Palmieri Beniamino , Sblendorio Valeriana
Published: March 2007

Although the cloning of the dystrophin gene has led to major advances in the knowledge of the genetic, molecular basis of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD), Becker Muscular Dystrophy (BMD), and other muscular dystrophies, with mutations of genes encoding the dystrophin-associated glycoprotein complex (DGC), effective therapies are still lacking. This review reports some of the most promising pharmacological, molecular, and cellular approaches to DMD/BMD. Altogether, these exciting developments are just puzzling work hypotheses whose clinical developments are on the way.
Postoperative Sciatic Neuropathies: A Report of 2 Cases
Authors: Chuang Wen-Li , Kuo Hung-Chou , Huang Chin-Chang , Kau Yi-Chuan , Lee Yu-Hao
Published: March 2007

We report 2 patients with sciatic neuropathy immediately after hemorrhoidectomy and free gracilis muscle transfer operations, respectively. We compare the nerve conduction study and electromyography of the 2 patients and discuss the possible pathogenesis. We emphasize that postoperative sciatic neuropathies may occur in an inappropriate position and a prolonged duration of operation. The nerve conduction study and electromyography are useful in evaluating the severity and prognosis. The best way to avoid this complication is to prevent an inappropriate position and a prolonged duration under proper anesthesia.
The Prevalence of Depression in Myasthenia Gravis
Authors: Stewart Suzanne B , Robertson Kevin R , Johnson Kimberly M , Howard James F
Published: March 2007

Conflicting results are reported regarding the prevalence of depression in myasthenia gravis (MG) compared to the general population. One suggestion is that the psychiatric instruments used to assess depression confounded symptoms of disease activity with common features of depression.

Objectives:

We investigated the prevalence of depression in MG using psychiatric instruments that allowed for delineation between a patient's medical and psychological state.

Methods:

Thirty-six patients with MG and 20 patients with neurologic and neuromuscular diseases (NNMD) were evaluated with 3 self-administered depression scales and a psychiatric interview.

Results:

Patients with MG had a similar prevalence of depression as that of patients with NNMD. Both groups showed a higher prevalence of depression compared to the general population, which was a frequency similar to a population with chronic illness. No difference was observed between the 2 groups in the physical symptoms of depression.

Conclusion:

This suggests the physical symptoms of depression do not influence the depression rates in MG when compared to NNMD.
Birth weight is nongenetically associated with glucose intolerance in elderly twins, independent of adult obesity
Authors: Grunnet L. , Vielwerth S. , Vaag A. , Poulsen P.
Published: March 2007

Objectives.  Using a unique twin approach, we examined the extent to which birth weight is determined by genetic and nongenetic factors and whether associations between birth weight and measures of glucose metabolism are of genetic or nongenetic origin.

Setting/subjects.  An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed in a population‐based cohort of twins including 138 same‐sex monozygotic (MZ) and 214 dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs aged 55–73 years whose birth weight was known. Heritability of birth weight was determined and regression analyses with intra‐twin pair differences of birth weight and measures of glucose metabolism, with and without adjustment for adult obesity, were performed.

Results.  The heritability of birth weight was estimated to be 38%. We demonstrated significant nongenetic associations between birth weight and measures of glucose homeostasis in MZ twins, with a reduction in fasting plasma glucose, 120 min post‐OGTT plasma glucose, fasting plasma insulin and HOMA‐IR index of 15.7%, 25.5%, 26.4% and 37.2%, respectively, for every 1 kg increase in birth weight. The nongenetic negative associations between birth weight and measures of glucose intolerance were independent of adult obesity, whereas the nongenetic association between birth weight and insulin resistance persisted, although not as strongly, after adjusting for current body size.

Conclusions.  We demonstrated a genetic component to birth weight in elderly twins. When adjusting for this influence, we found a nongenetic negative association between birth weight and glucose tolerance as well as insulin resistance that was partially independent of adult obesity. This implies that the foetal environment influences glucose homeostasis in elderly twins.
Polymorphisms in cytokine genes influence long‐term survival differently in elderly male and female patients
Authors: Cederholm T. , Persson M. , Andersson P. , Stenvinkel P. , Nordfors L. , Madden J. , Vedin I. , Wretlind B. , Grimble R. F. , Palmblad J.
Published: March 2007

Objectives.  We asked if single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in inflammatory cytokine genes related to 3‐year survival in ill elderly subjects and if genotypes differed between the elderly and a younger control population.

Design.  Prospective observational study.

Setting.  Two geriatric departments at a university hospital.

Subjects.  Eighty three acutely admitted geriatric patients (83 ± 7 year, 70% women) and 207 young healthy subjects (40 ± 1 year, 37% women) were included.

Outcome measures.  Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the genes of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α–308 G/A, interleukin (IL)‐1β–511 C/T, IL‐6–174 G/C and IL‐10–1082 A/G were analysed. In the geriatric patients SNP in lymphotoxin (LT)‐α +252 G/A and serum levels of TNF‐α, IL‐6, IL‐10, soluble IL‐I receptor(R)II were also determined, as well as the 3‐year mortality.

Results.  The allele distribution did not differ significantly between the elderly and the young. In the female elderly, 3‐year survival was doubled (P < 0.05) in those with the high‐producing genotypes of IL‐6 –174 GG and TNF‐α ‐308 GA compared with those with low‐producing alleles. In contrast, men with high‐producing LT‐α +252 AA and IL‐1β–511 CT&TT genotypes displayed halved 3‐year survival (P < 0.05) compared with those with low‐producing genotypes, whereas possession of the high‐producing IL‐10 –1082 GG genotype favoured survival. Serum IL‐10 was higher in the high‐producing IL‐10 genotype in females.

Conclusion.  As high‐producing IL‐6 –174 genotype favoured 3‐year survival in women, whereas the likewise high‐producing LT‐α +252 and IL‐1β ‐511 genotypes were associated with poor survival in men, we conclude that the specific genotypes, in association with gender, may act as determinants for survival in elderly patients.
Chronic intestinal pseudo‐obstruction: manifestations, natural history and management
Authors: Stanghellini V. , Cogliandro R. F. , De Giorgio R. , Barbara G. , Salvioli B. , Corinaldesi R.
Published: March 2007

Abstract  Chronic intestinal pseudo‐obstruction (CIPO) is a rare pathological condition characterized by a marked derangement of gut propulsive motility mimicking mechanical obstruction, in the absence of any lesion occluding the gut lumen. This disease is often associated with a disabling and potentially life‐threatening complications and is still too often unrecognized even in referral centres. As a result, patients receive neither appropriate care nor recognition of their severe health condition. Medical and surgical therapies are often unsatisfactory and long‐term outcome turns out to be poor in the vast majority of cases. This article focuses on the main clinical features, the management and long‐term outcome of patients affected by CIPO, with particular emphasis on those aspects which remain a matter of debate.
Intensive care of the elderly in Finland
Authors: Reinikainen M. , Uusaro A. , Niskanen M. , Ruokonen E.
Published: March 2007

Background:  The ageing of the population will increase the demand for health care resources. The aim of this study was to determine how age affects resource consumption and outcome of intensive care in Finland.

Methods:  Data on 79,361 admissions to 26 Finnish intensive care units (ICUs) during the years 1998–2004 were analysed. The severity of illness was measured using Simplified Acute Physiology II scores and the intensity of care using Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System scores.

Results:  The median age was 62 years; 8.9% of patients were aged 80 years or over. The hospital mortality rate was 16.2% in the overall patient population, but 28.4% in patients aged 80 years or over. Old age was an independent risk factor for hospital mortality. The mean intensity of care was at its highest in the age groups 60–69, 70–74 and 75–79 years. It was notably lower for patients aged 80 years or over. If the need for intensive care remains unchanged in each age group, the change in the age distribution of the Finnish population will increase the demand for ICU beds by 19% by the year 2020 and by 25% by the year 2030.

Conclusion:  The hospital mortality rate increases with increasing age. The mean intensity of care is lower for the oldest patients than for patients aged less than 80 years. The ageing of the population will probably cause a remarkable increase in the need for intensive care in the near future.
Management of persistent post‐dural puncture headache after repeated epidural blood patch
Authors: Ho K.‐Y. , Gan T. J.
Published: March 2007

We report a case of persistent post‐dural puncture headache (PDPH) in a patient despite two epidural blood patches (EBPs). Successful resolution of headache was achieved with a third EBP performed under computed tomography (CT) guidance. A 38‐year‐old female had a total abdominal hysterectomy under combined spinal‐epidural anesthesia with no complications. After surgery, she developed a postural headache consistent with PDPH. The first EBP was performed by injecting autologous blood through the epidural catheter that was in situ. The second EBP was performed under fluoroscopy. The patient continued to have a persistent headache. A computed tomography (CT) myelogram demonstrated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak at L3–4 level. A ‘directed’ CT‐guided blood patch was then performed successfully with resolution of the headache.
Posaconazole susceptibility testing against Candida species: comparison of broth microdilution and E‐test methods
Authors: Sóczó G. , Kardos G. , McNicholas P. M. , Falusi E. , Gergely L. , Majoros L.
Published: March 2007

Posaconazole (POS) is a newer triazole with activity against yeasts and moulds. POS and fluconazole were tested in vitro against 32 Candida albicans, 30 C. glabrata, 21 C. tropicalis, 29 C. krusei, 28 C. parapsilosis, 50 C. inconspicua, 13 C. kefyr and 5 C. famata isolates using CLSI broth microdilution method (BMD). We compared E‐test and a modified BMD using polyethylene–glycol (PEG) as solvent to the CLSI method. BMDs and E‐test were performed according to CLSI and the manufacturer's instructions respectively. Geometric means of POS MICs using BMD were 0.71, 0.22 and 0.21 μg ml−1 against C. glabrata, C. krusei and C. inconspicua, respectively, and remained below 0.1 μg ml−1 against all other species tested. One of two C. albicans and two of three C. glabrata isolates resistant to fluconazole showed MICs above 8 μg ml−1 to POS. The impact of using PEG instead of DMSO had only a minor effect (agreements above 95% with the exception of C. parapsilosis). E‐tests read after 24 h showed good agreement with the BMD. POS exhibited excellent in vitro activity against Hungarian Candida strains. E‐test showed good correlation with the CLSI method, but to facilitate the comparability of results we believe that DMSO should be used as solvent in the BMD.
Comparison between fluconazole and ketoconazole effectivity in the treatment of pityriasis versicolor
Authors: Yazdanpanah Mohammad Javad , Azizi Hoda , Suizi Behnaz
Published: March 2007

Topical drugs are often effective in limited lesions of pityriasis versicolor; but in extensive cases, systemic drugs are more suitable. Previous studies have shown that ketoconazole and fluconazole are effective in 42–97% and 74–100% of lesions respectively. Our purpose was to compare the effectiveness of a single dose of 400 mg ketoconazole with two doses of 300 mg of fluconazole with 2 weeks interval. Ninety patients with extensive pityriasis versicolor (body involved area ≥25%) were randomly assigned to treatment with either a single dose of 400 mg of ketoconazole or with two doses of 300 mg of fluconazole with 2 weeks interval. One month after the treatment, the improvement rate and side effects were evaluated by clinical examination and questionnaire. Sixty cases (66.7%) completed the study. They were 51 males and nine females, with a mean age of 30 years. At the follow‐up visit (1 month after the end of treatment), the improvement rate for ketoconazole (87.9%) was not significantly different from fluconazole (81.5%), (Fisher test: P = 0.37). Due to the hepatotoxicity of ketoconazole, fluconazole appears to be more suitable in the treatment of extensive pityriasis versicolor.
Identification of Microsporum canis from dermatophytic pseudomycetoma in paraffin‐embedded veterinary specimens using a common PCR protocol
Authors: Nardoni Simona , Franceschi Alberto , Mancianti Francesca
Published: March 2007

The effectiveness of a simple PCR protocol performed on paraffin‐embedded tissues, obtained from histopathologically and culturally diagnosed cases of dermatophytic pseudomycetoma DPM was tested. The specimens were investigated using previously described primers (DH1L and DH1R) targeting the 18S rDNA gene and amplifying a 183‐bp fragment. Microsporum canis was identified from all samples. The PCR protocol described in the present work demonstrated a 100% concordant result comparing the molecular characterisation with phenotypic characterisation of dermatophytes. Molecular biology could represent a valid identification tool in dermatophytic deep infections, when diagnosis cannot be achieved by cultural methods.
Numerical simulation of fatigue crack propagation in compressive residual stress fields of notched round bars
Authors: GARDIN C. , COURTIN S. , BÉZINE G. , BERTHEAU D. , HAMOUDA H. BEN HADJ
Published: March 2007

In this paper, the influence of the residual compressive stresses induced by roller burnishing on fatigue crack propagation in the fillet of notched round bar is investigated. A 3D finite element simulation model of rolling has allowed to introduce a residual stress profile as an initial condition. After the rolling process, fatigue loading has been applied to three‐point bending specimens in which an initial crack has been introduced. A numerical predictive method of crack propagation in roller burnished specimens has also been implemented. It is based on a step‐by‐step process of stress intensity factor calculations by elastic finite element analyses. These stress intensity factor results are combined with the Paris law to estimate the fatigue crack growth rate. In the case of roller burnished specimens, a numerical modification concerning experimental crack closure has to be considered. This method is applied to three specimens: without roller burnishing, and with two levels of roller burnishing (type A and type B). In all these cases, the computational finite element predictions of fatigue crack growth rate agree well with the experimental measurements. The developed model can be easily extended to crankshafts in real operating conditions.
Plasma adipocyte and epidermal fatty acid binding protein is reduced after weight loss in obesity
Authors: Haider D. G. , Schindler K. , Bohdjalian A. , Prager G. , Luger A. , Wolzt M. , Ludvik B.
Published: March 2007

Aim:  Plasma adipocyte fatty acid binding protein (A‐FABP) and epidermal fatty acid binding protein (E‐FABP) concentrations have been linked to obesity and the metabolic syndrome. In this study, we investigated whether plasma A‐FABP and E‐FABP concentrations are altered by weight loss in obese patients.

Methods:  In a prospective study, fasting plasma A‐FABP and E‐FABP concentrations were measured before and 6 months after gastric banding in 33 morbidly obese patients, with a body mass index (BMI) of 46 ± 5 kg/m2. Eleven healthy subjects with a BMI < 25 kg/m2 served as controls.

Results:  A‐FABP and E‐FABP plasma concentrations were higher in obese subjects (36.7 ± 6.7 and 3.7 ± 0.7 ng/ml, respectively) than in controls (18.1 ± 0.6 and 2.6 ± 0.5, respectively, p < 0.01). Gastric banding reduced BMI to 40 ± 5 kg/m2, A‐FABP to 32.6 ± 5.4 ng/ml and E‐FABP to 1.9 ± 0.7 ng/ml (all p < 0.05) after 6 months. Insulin sensitivity as estimated by the Homeostasis Model Assessment insulin resistance index was unchanged. A‐FABP concentrations were significantly associated with BMI before and 6 months after surgery (p < 0.05, r = 0.42 and r = 0.37 respectively).

Conclusions:  Elevated plasma A‐FABP and E‐FABP concentrations in morbidly obese subjects are reduced after gastric banding–induced weight loss. This suggests that FABP may be associated with improvement of metabolic conditions over time.
A longitudinal observational study of preference for elective caesarean section among nulliparous Hong Kong Chinese women
Authors: Pang MW , Lee TS , Leung AKL , Leung TY , Lau TK , Leung TN
Published: March 2007

Objective  To establish whether women’s preference for elective caesarean section (ELCS) changes as gestation advances.

Design  A prospective longitudinal observational study.

Setting  Two units providing obstetric care in Hong Kong, one public and one private.

Sample  Five hundred and one nulliparous Chinese pregnant women attending their routine fetal anomaly scan in either unit.

Methods  Consented subjects had two interviews using a structured questionnaire at 18–22 weeks and 35–37 weeks of gestation, respectively. Multivariate analysis was performed to identify determinants for preferring ELCS at the two gestational ages.

Main outcome measure  The preferences for the mode of delivery at the two gestational ages.

Results  The prevalence of maternal preference for ELCS in the study cohort was 17.2% (95% CI 13.9–20.5) and 12.7% (95% CI 9.6–15.8) at mid‐trimester and at term, respectively. Significantly more women who preferred ELCS at mid‐trimester changed to a trial of vaginal delivery (VD) at term than vice versa (42.0 versus 3.8%). The partner’s preference for ELCS was a significant determinant for women preferring ELCS throughout the antenatal period. Among the women booked in the public sector, more women who preferred ELCS at term changed to deliver in private hospitals than those who preferred VD (46.2 versus 9.7%).

Conclusions  Many women changed from preferring ELCS to preferring VD as their pregnancy approached term. The partner’s preference was a significant determinant for the women’s choice. If a decrease in the proportion of women preferring ELCS is desired, the intervention programme should target the women and their partners who hold such a preference at 20 weeks.
Cost‐effectiveness of antenatal screening for neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia
Authors: Killie MK , Kjeldsen‐Kragh J , Husebekk A , Skogen B , Olsen JA , Kristiansen IS
Published: March 2007

Objectives  To estimate the costs and health consequences of three different screening strategies for neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (NAIT).

Design  Cost–utility analysis on the basis of a decision tree that incorporates the relevant strategies and outcomes.

Setting  Three health regions in Norway encompassing a 2.78 million population.

Population  Pregnant women (n= 100,448) screened for human platelet antigen (HPA) 1a and anti‐HPA 1a antibodies, and their babies.

Method  Decision tree analysis. In three branches of the decision tree, pregnant women entered a programme while in one no screening was performed. The three different screening strategies included all HPA 1a negative women, only HPA 1a negative, HLA DRB3*0101 positive women or only HPA 1a negative women with high level of anti‐HPA 1a antibodies. Included women underwent ultrasound examination and elective caesarean section 2–4 weeks before term. Severely thrombocytopenic newborn were transfused immediately with compatible platelets.

Main outcome measurements  Quality‐adjusted life years (QALYs) and costs.

Results  Compared with no screening, a programme of screening and subsequent treatment would generate between 210 and 230 additional QALYs among 100 000 pregnant women, and at the same time, reduce health care costs by approximately €1.7 million. The sensitivity analyses indicate that screening is cost effective or even cost saving within a wide range of probabilities and costs.

Conclusion  Our calculations indicate that it is possible to establish an antenatal screening programme for NAIT that is cost effective.
Biosynthesis of Wdr16, a marker protein for kinocilia‐bearing cells, starts at the time of kinocilia formation in rat, andwdr16gene knockdown causes hydrocephalus in zebrafish1
Authors: Hirschner Wolfgang , Pogoda Hans‐Martin , Kramer Carina , Thiess Ulrike , Hamprecht Bernd , Wiesmüller Karl‐Heinz , Lautner Matthias , Verleysdonk Stephan
Published: March 2007

The rat ortholog of the WD40 repeat protein Wdr16 is abundantly expressed in testis and cultured ependymal cells. Low levels are found in lung and brain, respectively, while it is absent from kinocilia‐free tissues. In testis and ependymal primary cultures, Wdr16 messenger RNA appears concomitantly with the messages for sperm‐associated antigen 6, a kinocilia marker, and for hydin, a protein linked to ciliary function and hydrocephalus. In testis, ependyma and respiratory epithelium, the Wdr16 protein is up‐regulated together with kinocilia formation. Thewdr16gene is restricted to genera in possession of kinocilia, and it is strongly conserved during evolution. The human and zebrafish proteins are identical in 62% of their aligned amino acids. On the message level, the zebrafish Wdr16 ortholog was found exclusively in kinocilia‐bearing tissues byin situhybridisation. Gene knockdown in zebrafish embryos by antisense morpholino injection resulted in severe hydrocephalus formation with unaltered ependymal morphology or ciliary beat. Wdr16 can be considered a differentiation marker of kinocilia‐bearing cells. In the brain, it appears to be functionally related to water homeostasis or osmoregulation.
Treating hepatitis C in African Americans
Authors: Jeffers Lennox J.
Published: March 2007

Background:The epidemiology, natural history and response to therapy of chronic hepatitis C differs significantly between African Americans and other ethnic populations. The reasons for these differences are not entirely clear but include mode of transmission, viral kinetics, immune responsiveness, and demographics.

Objective:Review of the peer‐reviewed literature and expert opinion from 1990 to 2005 regarding features of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in African Americans, differences in presentation and response to therapy, and treatment recommendations.

Results:The epidemiology of HCV infection in African Americans appears to be predominantly associated with socio‐economic status and high‐risk behaviors. However, disease course, response to treatment, and virologic outcome may be a function of race. African Americans may clear HCV less efficiently than other ethnic groups, although impaired immune responsivity may also lead to decreased necro‐inflammatory activity and progression to cirrhosis. Therapy‐naive African Americans have lower sustained virologic response rates to this treatment than other populations.

Conclusions:Strategies to improve outcomes in African Americans include higher doses of current medications, medications with fewer adverse events, and new experimental molecular therapies.
Prevention of liver cirrhosis in rats by curcumin
Authors: Bruck Rafael , Ashkenazi Michal , Weiss Sigal , Goldiner Ilana , Shapiro Haim , Aeed Hussein , Genina Olga , Helpern Zamir , Pines Mark
Published: March 2007

Background and Aim: Curcumin, the major polyphenolic compound in turmeric, has been shown to attenuate hepatic damage in several animal models of liver injury. The aim of the present study was to examine the efficacy of curcumin in preventing thioacetamide‐induced cirrhosis and to unravel the mechanism of curcumin's effect on hepatic fibrosis in rats.

Methods: Liver cirrhosis was induced by thioacetamide (TAA; 200 mg/kg, i.p.) twice weekly for 12 weeks. One group of rats concomitantly received curcumin (300 mg/kg/day, by gavage for 12 weeks); the control group received the solvent at identical amounts and duration.

Results: TAA administration induced liver cirrhosis, which was inhibited by curcumin. Liver histopathology, hydroxyproline levels and spleen weights were significantly lower in the rats treated with TAA+curcumin compared with TAA only (P<0.001). Immunohistochemical studies and in situ hybridization demonstrated inhibition of hepatic stellate cell (α smooth muscle actin‐positive) activation and collagen αI (I) gene expression in the livers of the TAA+curcumin‐treated rats. Curcumin reduced oxidative stress as shown by the decreased hepatic nitrotyrosine staining in the curcumin+TAA‐treated rats. Curcumin treatment had no effect on pre existing liver cirrhosis. As determined by in vitro studies using the rat HSC‐T6 cell line, curcumin had no direct inhibitory effect on collagen α1 (I) messenger RNA expression. Further studies in these cells using reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction demonstrated that curcumin had no effect on the expression of PDGF‐induced TIMP‐1 and TIMP‐2, TGFβ1, TGFβ2 and MCP‐1 but significantly inhibited tumor necrosis factor alpha expression. Curcumin had no effect on hepatic stellate cells proliferation. Zymography showed that curcumin had no effect on matrix metalloproteinase‐2 activity.

Conclusions: Curcumin inhibited the development of TAA‐induced liver cirrhosis mainly due to its anti‐inflammatory activities and not by a direct anti‐fibrotic effect. As curcumin ingestion is safe in humans, it may be reasonable to assess in clinical studies the beneficial effect of curcumin in slowing the development of liver cirrhosis.
Antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of Ginkgo biloba phytosomes in carbon tetrachloride‐induced liver injury in rodents
Authors: Naik Suresh R. , Panda Vandana S.
Published: March 2007

Aim: The protective effects of Ginkgo biloba phytosomes (GBP) on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)‐induced hepatotoxicity and the probable mechanism(s) involved in this protection were investigated in rats.

Methods: Liver damage was induced in Wistar rats by administering a 1:1 (v/v) mixture of CCl4 and olive oil (1 ml/kg, i.p.) once daily for 7 days. GBP at 25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg, i.p. and reference drug silymarin (200 mg/kg, p.o.) were administered for 10 days to CCl4‐treated rats, this treatment beginning 3 days prior to the commencement of CCl4 administration. The degree of protection was evaluated by determining the marker enzymes (SGOT, SGPT and SALP), albumin (Alb) and total proteins (TP). Further, the effects of GBP on lipid peroxidation (LPO), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and glutathione reductase (GR) were estimated in liver homogenates to evaluate antioxidant activity.

Results: GBP (25 and 50 mg/kg) and silymarin elicited significant hepatoprotective activity by decreasing the activities of serum marker enzymes and lipid peroxidation and elevated the levels of GSH, SOD, CAT, GPX, GR, Alb and TP in a dose‐dependent manner.

Conclusion: The present findings indicate that the hepatoprotective effects of GBP against CCl4‐induced oxidative damage may be due to its antioxidant and free radical‐scavenging activity.
Anticonvulsive Effect of a Selective mGluR8 Agonist (S)‐3,4‐Dicarboxyphenylglycine (S‐3,4‐DCPG) in the Mouse Pilocarpine Model of Status Epilepticus
Authors: Jiang Feng Li , Tang Yong Cheng , Chia Shwn Chin , Jay Therese M. , Tang Feng Ru
Published: March 2007

Summary: Purpose:We sought to investigate the anticonvulsive and neuroprotective effect of a selective metabotropic glutamate receptor 8 (mGluR8) agonist (S)‐3,4‐dicarboxyphenylglycines (S‐3,4‐DCPG) on pilocarpine‐induced status epilepticus (PISE) and subsequent loss of hilar neurons in the dentate gyrus after systemic (intravenous) or local (intracerebroventricular) administration. We compared the difference in granular cell responses after paired‐pulse stimulation of the perforant pathway and the sensitivity to local injection ofS‐3,4‐DCPG into the stratum granulosum in the control and mice at 2 months after PISE.

Methods:We used intravenous, intracerebroventricular, or intrahippocampal administration ofS‐3,4‐DCPG to mice with status epilepticus or temporal lobe epilepsy and neurophysiologic recording of somatic field excitatory postsynaptic potential (sfEPSP) and population spike (PS) of granular cells in response to perforant‐pathway stimulation orS‐3,4‐DCPG treatment.

Results:Intracerebroventricular (1.91 μmol) but not systemic administration ofS‐3,4‐DCPG (at doses of 12.5, 50, 100, 200, 400, 800, and 1,200 mg/kg) could control PISE with no neuroprotective effect. In epileptic mice, mGluR8‐mediated inhibition of fEPSPs was reduced significantly in granular cell bodies.

Conclusions:At doses ranging from 12.5 to 1,200 mg/kg, intravenous administration ofS‐3,4‐DCPG may not be effective in controlling status epilepticus. Down‐regulation of mGluR8 may be related to reducedS‐3,4‐DCPG–mediated inhibition and the subsequent occurrence of spontaneously recurrent seizures.
Bilateral White Matter Diffusion Changes Persist after Epilepsy Surgery
Authors: Concha Luis , Beaulieu Christian , Wheatley B. Matt , Gross Donald W.
Published: March 2007

Summary:  Purpose: Bilateral white matter diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) abnormalities have been reported in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and unilateral mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS), but it is unknown whether these are functional or structural changes. We performed a longitudinal study in patients with unilateral MTS who were seizure‐free for 1 year after surgery to determine whether the observed presurgical white matter diffusion abnormalities were reversible.

Methods: Eight TLE patients with unilateral MTS who were seizure‐free after anterior temporal resection and 22 healthy subjects were recruited. DTI was performed before surgery and at 1‐year follow‐up. Tractography and region‐of‐interest (ROI) analyses were performed in the fornix, cingulum, genu, and splenium of the corpus callosum and external capsules. Diffusion tensor parameters were compared between groups and before and after surgery in the patient group.

Results: The fornix, cingulum, and external capsules showed preoperative bilateral abnormal diffusion parameters (i.e., decreased diffusion anisotropy and increased mean and perpendicular diffusivities). The fornix and cingulum ipsilateral to the resected mesial temporal structures showed signs of wallerian degeneration at 1‐year follow‐up. The contralateral tracts of the fornix, cingulum, and external capsules, as well as the genu of the corpus callosum, failed to show a normalization of their diffusion parameters.

Conclusions: The irreversibility of the white matter DTI abnormalities on seizure freedom suggests underlying structural abnormalities (e.g., axonal/myelin degradation) as opposed to functional changes (e.g., fluid shifts due to seizures) in the white matter.
Neocortical Gliosis in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: Gender‐Based Differences
Authors: Doherty Michael J. , Rostad Steven W. , Haltiner Alan M.
Published: March 2007

Summary:  Objective: Sex hormones can influence the timing and frequency of seizure activity. In addition, gender may influence the age of epilepsy onset and hemispheric location of focal epilepsy. Whether gender alters temporal lobe pathologies differentially is not clear. In this study, we assess if neocortical or hippocampal pathologies from patients who underwent en bloc anteriomedial temporal lobectomy (AMTR) for medically refractory epilepsy differ by gender.

Method: Consecutive en bloc AMTR resections (n = 128), including hippocampal tissues, were systematically studied. Cortical and intracortical gliosis from a standardized location, 1.5 cm from the temporal lobe tip, was assessed for quantifiable gliotic change. Corresponding hippocampal sections were characterized according to Watson grade. These outcomes were then compared by gender. Other correlates such as age of epilepsy onset, age of risk exposure, and duration of epilepsy were similarly compared.

Results: Subpial and intracortical gliosis was more pronounced in women (p = 0.02, p < 0.01). Cortical thickness was reduced in women compared to men (p < 0.05). No similar gender effects were seen in Watson grade of hippocampal sclerosis or CA1‐4 neuronal dropout.

Conclusions: Gender may differentially influence neocortical pathologies in patients with refractory temporal lobe epilepsy. No gender effect was seen when studying hippocampal pathologies.