bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The list of vascular plants for the city of Toronto
Authors: Cadotte Marc W.
Published: January 2021

1. Urban areas have become epicentres for applied ecological and conservation research and policy. Yet, most urban areas have surprisingly little consolidated information about their biota, including species‐at‐risk and invasive species.

2. I used multiple data sources to compile a list of vascular plants for the greater metropolitan Toronto region. This data not only includes taxonomic information but also global and national status ranks, growth from, native status, threatened status, abundance estimates and year of first observation for non‐indigenous species.

3. The list includes 1937 taxa from 146 families, of which 822 are non‐indigenous. The majority of native species were ranked as abundant and widespread both globally and provincially. However, non‐indigenous species ranks were bimodal, likely to be either extremely restricted in the province, or very widespread.

4. This database provides a robust list of plant taxa in Canada's largest city. It will inform global urban ecology analyses and local and regional management and policy.
Original Fe–Co–Ni–Ga–Nb Multicomponent Alloy with Soft Magnetic Properties
Authors: Cardoso Fábio Martins , Bormio-Nunes Cristina
Published: January 2021

Herein, the study of a multicomponent alloy comprising Fe, Co, Ni, Ga, and Nb is presented. The study begins with analysis of small samples, and these samples results conducted to the production of a laminated alloy with composition FeCoNi(GaNb)0.20, which has its magnetostriction roundly determined. This alloy is found to have longitudinal magnetostriction of less than 5 ppm. In addition, the material shows high values of initial and maximum relative permeabilities of 1160 and 1340, respectively. The saturation magnetization of the alloy is 97.4 Am2 kg−1, and the electrical resistivity is 88 μΩ cm. Moreover, it is demonstrated that this alloy has good mechanical workability. Overall, the studied FeCoNi(GaNb)0.20 alloy has potential to be used in electric machines and magnetic devices that work in the subkilohertz frequency range.
Multiscale Assembly of [AgS4] Tetrahedrons into Hierarchical Ag–S Networks for Robust Photonic Water
Authors: Wu Zhennan , Yao Qiaofeng , Liu Zhihe , Xu Hongyi , Guo Peng , Liu Lingmei , Han Yu , Zhang Kuo , Lu Zhongyuan , Li Xuke , Zhang Jiangwei , Xie Jianping
Published: January 2021

There is an urgent need to assemble ultrasmall metal chalcogenides (with atomic precision) into functional materials with the required anisotropy and uniformity, on a micro‐ or even macroscale. Here, a delicate yet simple chemistry is developed to produce a silver–sulfur network microplate with a high monodispersity in size and morphology. Spanning from the atomic, molecular, to nanometer, to micrometer scale, the key structural evolution of the obtained microplates includes 2D confinement growth, edge‐sharing growth mode, and thermodynamically driven layer‐by‐layer stacking, all of which are derived from the [AgS4] tetrahedron unit. The key to such a high hierarchical, complex, and accurate assembly is the dense deprotonated ligand layer on the surface of the microplates, forming an infinite surface with high negative charge density. This feature operates at an orderly distance to allow further hierarchical self‐assembly on the microscale to generate columnar assemblies composed of microplate components, thereby endowing the feature of the 1D photonic reflector to water (i.e., photonic water). The reflective color of the resulting photonic water is highly dependent on the thickness of the building blocks (i.e., silver–sulfur microplates), and the coexistent order and fluidity help to form robust photonic water.
Employing Cholesterol Copolymerization Strategy for a Thermally Processable Organic Room‐Temperature Phosphorescence Material
Authors: Li Xin‐Shun , Wu Yue , Zhao Yiran , Yu Zhen‐Qiang
Published: January 2021

Development of pure organic room‐temperature phosphorescent (RTP) materials with strong emission and decent processability is highly desirable. However, in the pursuit of high quantum yield (QY) of phosphorescence, the processability of RTP materials is suppressed unwarily. Here, a liquid crystalline (LC) copolymer is envisioned, NpA‐Chol, comprising bromonaphthalimide as the phosphor and cholesterol as the LC mesogen. NpA‐Chol exhibits LC flexibility at high temperatures, thus enabling the material to possess decent processability. In addition, the liquid crystallinity of NpA‐Chol could be improved remarkably after thermal annealing, making a 7.5‐fold increase in phosphorescence QY. This cholesterol copolymerization strategy paves a general avenue for addressing the major defect well: highly efficient RTP materials always suffer from suppression of thermal processability.
Tris(5‐phenyl‐1H‐1,2,4‐triazolyl)iridium(III) Complex and Its Use in Blue Phosphorescent Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes to Provide an External Quantum Efficiency of up to 27.8%
Authors: Ryu Chan Hee , Lim Junseob , Kim Moon Bae , Lee Ji Hye , Hwang Hyonseok , Lee Jun Yeob , Lee Kang Mun
Published: January 2021

Although studies have investigated various N‐heterocyclic‐based Ir(III)‐cyclometalates that exhibit high efficiency and electrochemical stability, blue‐phosphorescent Ir(III) complexes with further improved efficiency and blue‐emission purity are needed for use as emitters in organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs). Therefore, the preparation and comprehensive characterization of a phenyl‐1,2,4‐triazole‐based facial‐homoleptic iridium(III) complex, TzIr (fac‐tris(1‐(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)‐3‐methyl‐5‐phenyl‐1H‐1,2,4 triazolyl)iridium(III)) is herein described. The complex shows a definite blue‐emission band (λem = 456 nm) in the solution and film states at ambient temperature. Moreover, this complex exhibits considerably high phosphorescent quantum efficiency (80%) and thermal stability (Td5 = 362 °C). Multilayer phosphorescent OLEDs using TzIr as the emitter and 3,3‐di(9H‐carbazol‐9‐yl)biphenyl (mCBP)/ 9‐(3′‐(9H‐carbazol‐9‐yl)‐5‐cyano‐[1,1′‐biphenyl]‐3‐yl)‐9H‐carbazole‐3‐carbonitrile (CNmCBPCN) as the mixed host are fabricated. The devices exhibit outstanding performance, with a high external quantum efficiency (27.8%), current efficiency (38.7 cd A−1), and CIEy (y coordinate value of the Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage color space) less than 0.18. The results of this study indicate that this novel 1,2,4‐triazole‐based dopant, TzIr, is a promising candidate for developing highly efficient blue‐phosphorescent emitters for use in OLEDs.
Liquid‐Assisted Grinding Mechanochemistry in the Synthesis of Pharmaceuticals
Authors: Ying Ping , Yu Jingbo , Su Weike
Published: January 2021

Mechanochemical reactions by milling, grinding or other types of mechanical action have emerged as a salient green approach because of its wide applications towards academic and industrial chemical communities in sustainable solvent‐free/solvent‐less processes. Liquid‐assisted grinding (LAG) as an extension of traditional solvent‐free mechanochemical techniques by which a small amount of liquid is used as an additive to enhance and/or control reactivity, has been fruitfully applied in the screening of inclusion compounds, cocrystals, salts, solvates, and polymorphs. However, utilization of this important technique in the synthesis of pharmaceutically and biologically relevant targets was not adequately investigated. This review article summarizes an overview of the latest development of LAG mechanochemical approaches in the synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) and drug‐like fragments, highlights its superiority versus conventional syntheses.

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Catalytic Approach to Diverse α‐Aminoboronic Acid Derivatives by Iridium‐Catalyzed Hydrogenation of Trifluoroborate‐Iminiums
Authors: Šterman Andrej , Košmrlj Janez , Žigart Nina , Gobec Stanislav , Sosič Izidor , Časar Zdenko
Published: January 2021

A series of structurally diverse benzyl protected trifluoroborate‐ammoniums were prepared in good to high yields by an efficient hydrogenation of corresponding trifluoroborate‐iminiums using Crabtree's catalyst. Subsequent N‐ and B‐deprotections were demonstrated on selected examples to provide several α‐aminoboronic acids. Preliminary experiments on asymmetric version of the reaction indicated a correlation between E/Z‐ratio in the trifluoroborate‐iminium substrate and enantioselectivity. The broad scope, operational simplicity and efficiency of the presented method imply its high potential for a facile access to libraries of α‐aminoboronic acid derivatives that can be used in medicinal chemistry applications and beyond.

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Magnetic Hysteresis at 10 K in Single Molecule Magnet Self‐Assembled on Gold
Authors: Chen Chia‐Hsiang , Spree Lukas , Koutsouflakis Emmanouil , Krylov Denis S. , Liu Fupin , Brandenburg Ariane , Velkos Georgios , Schimmel Sebastian , Avdoshenko Stanislav M. , Fedorov Alexander , Weschke Eugen , Choueikani Fadi , Ohresser Philippe , Dreiser Jan , Büchner Bernd , Popov Alexey A.
Published: January 2021

Tremendous progress in the development of single molecule magnets (SMMs) raises the question of their device integration. On this route, understanding the properties of low‐dimensional assemblies of SMMs, in particular in contact with electrodes, is a necessary but difficult step. Here, it is shown that fullerene SMM self‐assembled on metal substrate from solution retains magnetic hysteresis up to 10 K. Fullerene‐SMM DySc2N@C80and Dy2ScN@C80are derivatized to introduce a thioacetate group, which is used to graft SMMs on gold. Magnetic properties of grafted SMMs are studied by X‐ray magnetic circular dichroism and compared to the films of nonderivatized fullerenes prepared by sublimation. In self‐assembled films, the magnetic moments of the Dy ions are preferentially aligned parallel to the surface, which is different from the disordered orientation of endohedral clusters in nonfunctionalized fullerenes. Whereas chemical derivatization reduces the blocking temperature of magnetization and narrows the hysteresis of Dy2ScN@C80, for DySc2N@C80equally broad hysteresis is observed as in the fullerene multilayer. Magnetic bistability in the DySc2N@C80grafted on gold is sustained up to 10 K. This study demonstrates that self‐assembly of fullerene‐SMM derivatives offers a facile solution‐based procedure for the preparation of functional magnetic sub‐monolayers with excellent SMM performance.
Solvent‐Free Coating of Organic Semiconductor Membranes with Centimetric Crystalline Domains
Authors: Xia Yu , Li Ruipeng , Tsai Esther , He Yaowu , Liu Tianran , Zhao Xiaoming , Gu Kaichen , Meng Hong , Loo Yueh‐Lin
Published: January 2021

Organic semiconductors (OSCs) have shown great promise in a variety of applications. Although solution processing of OSCs has resulted in high‐quality films, exquisite control of structural development to minimize defect formation during large‐scale fabrication remains formidable. Compounding this challenge is the use of halogenated organic solvents, which poses significant health and environmental hazards. However, the solvent‐free techniques introduced thus far impose additional limitations on solidification kinetics; the resulting OSC thin films are often more defective than those processed from solution. Here, a solvent‐free technique is reported to prepare OSC membranes with centimetric crystalline domains. Leveraging the tendency for liquid crystalline materials to preferentially orient, OSCs are “prealigned” by depositing them from the melt over a metal frame to form a freely suspended membrane. Crystallization from this prealigned phase affords membranes with unprecedented structural order across macroscopic distances. Field‐effect transistors comprising membranes of dioctyl[1]‐benzothieno[3,2‐b][1]benzothiophene (C8BTBT) and didodecyl[1]‐benzothieno[3,2‐b][1]benzothiophene (C12BTBT) having centimeter‐sized domains as active layers exhibit a hole mobility of ≈8.6 cm2 V−1 s−1, superseding the mobility of any transistors whose active layers are deposited from melt. This technique is scalable to yield membranes with large crystalline domains over wafer dimensions, making it amenable for broad applications in large‐area organic electronics.
Epsilon‐Negative Carbon Aerogels with State Transition from Dielectric to Degenerate Semiconductor
Authors: Xie Peitao , Sun Wei , Du Ai , Hou Qing , Wu Guangming , Fan Runhua
Published: January 2021

Aerogels with negative parameters have become a research hotspot since the discovery of negative Poisson's ratio and negative thermal expansion coefficient in aerogels. The negative parameters are originally brought up and studied in electromagnetic metamaterials, leaving a question that whether aerogels can be used to construct metamaterials with negative electromagnetic parameters. Here, the authors show that negative permittivity (epsilon‐negative) property can be achieved in carbon aerogels, and its value is adjusted continuously by changing the composition of carbon aerogels but keeping their microstructure unchanged. This is a novel strategy different from the typical array‐structure‐containing metamaterials. Moreover, a physical state transition is found when increasing the carbonization temperature, where the initial low‐loss dielectric state evolves into a high‐loss one upon increasing the temperature from 400 to 700 °C followed by a final degenerate semiconductor state when increasing the temperature to 800 °C and above. This work can provide a new method toward the design of electromagnetic metamaterials, starting by choosing the component materials with optimal composition.
Biomass potential of drill interseeded cover crops in corn in Kentucky
Authors: Stanton Victoria L. , Haramoto Erin R.
Published: January 2021

Drill interseeding is an alternative method for establishing annual cover crops (CCs), but regional weather and management practices, including soil‐residual herbicides, could impact its success. Split‐plot field experiments in Princeton, KY, assessed establishment and biomass of drill‐interseeded annual ryegrass [Lolium perennessp.multiflorum(Lam.) Husnot] and orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerataL.) following different soil‐residual herbicide rates (subplot factor) in corn (Zea maysL.); these treatments (whole plot factor) were compared to cereal rye (Secale cerealeL.) sown after corn harvest and a no CC control. The herbicide did not affect establishment of either interseeded species in either year. Orchardgrass plants survived both summers, but density before tillering was only 8 and 25% of initial density in 2016 and 2017, respectively. Biomass by corn harvest (3.3 and 26.4 g m–2in 2016 and 2017, respectively) was similar across all herbicide treatments. Most annual ryegrass plants died before corn harvest, possibly due to heat stress. Corn yield was not affected by interseeded orchardgrass, but corn was unacceptably weedy in 1 yr as grass weeds could not be controlled chemically after orchardgrass emergence. By the following spring, cereal rye planted after corn harvest produced more biomass (360 and 289 g m–2in 2016–2017 and 2017–2018, respectively) than interseeded orchardgrass (48 and 130 g m–2in 2016–2017 and 2017–2018, respectively). Orchardgrass was better suited to interseeding than annual ryegrass, but biomass was limited by low plant survival. Southern producers must weigh potential benefits of interseeding against those provided by cereal rye planted after harvest.
Variation of the cormic index since the onset of summer school camps in Spain (1887) up to present days
Authors: Herráez Angel , Marrodán Maria Dolores , González‐Montero de Espinosa Marisa
Published: January 2021

Objectives

To assess a secular change in proportion between lower limbs and torso, we analyzed the evolution of cormic index in schoolchildren attending summer camps organized by the Spanish National Pedagogic Museum between 1887 and 1924, also comparing to later studies up to the present.

Subjects and methods

Unpublished primary data for height and sitting height were collected from 805 individuals of both sexes. Data were pooled in cohorts according to age and year of measurement. Additionally, the analysis included comparison with published data from both national and international populations.

Results

Among males, a noteworthy decrease of the cormic index is perceived from the first to the last camps, while in females this is only seen for the group under 11 years old. With data from published Spanish references (1900–2019) a decrease is observed for the male series but is not evident for females. Cormic index values from the camps overlap among the international references, despite the former being from much earlier years.

Conclusion

The cormic index decreased among Spanish male children along the decades.
The effect of pelage, background, and distance on predator detection and the evolution of primate color vision
Authors: de Moraes Pedro Z. , Diniz Pedro , Spyrides Maria Helena C. , Pessoa Daniel M. A.
Published: January 2021

Primates' predators, such as carnivore mammals, usually rely on camouflage to increase proximity to prey and start a predatory attempt. Camouflage depends not only on the color pattern presented by a predator's pelage but also on the background scene in which the hunting takes place. Another factor that influences camouflage effectiveness is prey's color vision since a given camouflage strategy might not work for all visual phenotypes. Still, little research has been made on the effect of primate visual phenotype on predator detection. Here, we investigate the effects of natural pelages, background scenarios, visual phenotypes, and detection distances on predator detection. We used photographs of taxidermized carnivores (ocelots, cougars, and lesser grisons) as detection stimuli, taken in three different natural scenarios (forest, savanna, and grassland), and at two viewing distances (near and far). On a touchscreen monitor, sets of four images (only one containing a hidden animal) were randomly presented to 39 human males (19 dichromats and 20 trichromats). We found that trichromats, when compared to dichromats, present a lower latency and a higher accuracy of carnivore detection for some conditions tested. We also found that pelage color, background scenario, and detection distance interact to influence the effectiveness of camouflage. Our results suggest that trichromacy might be even more advantageous for carnivore detection than thought before, since it facilitates detection of mammals with diverse pelage colorations, in environments with different phytophysiognomies, and at longer distances. We also propose that the higher rates of dichromacy found in modern human societies could have resulted from a relaxation in predation.
Genetic structure ofOrbicella faveolatapopulation reveals high connectivity among a marine protected area and Varadero Reef in the Colombian Caribbean
Authors: Alegría‐Ortega Angela , Sanín‐Pérez María José , Quan‐Young Lizette Irene , Londoño‐Mesa Mario H.
Published: January 2021

The protection of ecosystems with high diversity, such as coral reefs, is not an approach that guarantees their conservation. Thus, maintaining connectivity among coral populations over the long term is a strategy that should be adopted in order to protect diversity and ecological processes. Although coral reefs in Colombia are highly diverse, the population genetics baseline data of keystone species such asOrbicella faveolataare limited.

To provide current information about the connectivity between populations ofO. faveolatain the Colombian Caribbean, the genetic diversity and distribution ofO. faveolatawas evaluated with analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA), principal components, and migration estimations using 113 genets distributed in six populations. Also, a genetic structure analysis that included the available data for the Caribbean population was conducted, seeking to understand how the Colombian populations relate to the broader region.

According to the global fixation index (FST) for the Colombian Caribbean, there was no genetic structure (FST= 0.002). Discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) showed that Corales del Rosario Archipelago (CR), Este de Isla Fuerte (EIF), San Bernardo Archipelago (SB), and Varadero Reef (VR) were grouped with Oeste de Isla Fuerte (OIF), with Bushnell (BS) representing the most divergent cluster. Migration analysis showed relatively high migration from VR to CR and SB, highlighting the importance of VR as a genetic reservoir for the region. Structure analysis showed that the Colombian population presented a specific genetic identity (FST= 0.254), suggesting that the Colombian Caribbean population could be a peripheral population that contributes significantly to genetic variation and is connected through a complex connectivity process.

In conclusion, the estimated genetic connectivity reflects the influence of sea surface dynamics over the interpopulation exchange dynamics and the role of protected and nonprotected coral reef in the Colombian Caribbean. Thus, the Colombian Caribbean population ofO. faveolatacould be relevant to the conservation of genetic diversity on a larger scale.
Evolution of force‐free field parameter in active regions with major eruptive events
Authors: Dumitru Liliana
Published: January 2021

Using a nonlinear force‐free field (NLFFF) method to extrapolate photospheric magnetic fields, we compute the force‐free field parameter (α), which is a measure of torsion of the magnetic field lines. We calculated the α parameter for 62 active regions that produced major eruptive events in solar cycle 24. We verified statistically how the 62 studied active regions obey the hemispheric rule of helicity. In agreement with previous studies, we found that 67% of active regions located in the northern hemisphere have a negative sign for the global alpha parameter αg, and 69% of the active regions situated in the southern hemisphere have a positive sign. We have identified and analyzed five cases of evolution of αg at times when eruptive phenomena occurred in the selected active regions. We find that 52% of cases show an increase of torsion during flares, while only 22% show a decrease. This shows that increasing torsion plays an important role in flare ignition. For the other cases, a definitive conclusion cannot be reached because of multiple variations.
Carbonbeton – Eine neue Verstärkungsmethode für Massivbrücken
Authors: Steinbock Oliver , Pelke Eberhard , Ost Oliver
Published: January 2021

Im Rahmen von Ertüchtigungsmaßnahmen eines Brückenzuges über die Nidda wurden im Jahr 2020 erstmals zwei Spannbetonbrücken mit Carbonbeton verstärkt. Bei den im Jahr 1971 errichteten Teilbauwerken wurde sogenannter Sigma‐Oval Spannstahl verbaut, der als spannungsrisskorrosionsgefährdet gilt. Die Straßenbrücken zeigten rechnerisch kein ausreichendes Ankündigungsverhalten im Sinne der Handlungsanweisung Spannungsrisskorrosion, sodass ein plötzliches Versagen den Verkehrsteilnehmer gefährdete. Um dieses Defizit zu beheben, wurde eine Verstärkung notwendig. Im Hinblick auf die exponierte Lage im Verkehrsnetz am Westkreuz Frankfurt a. M. stellte sich die Verstärkung mit Carbonbeton als die wirtschaftlichste und minimalinvasivste Verstärkungsmöglichkeit heraus. Nachfolgender Beitrag ist Bestandteil eines dreiteiligen Aufsatzes, der die notwendigen Planungsschritte und erste Erfahrungen aus der Ausführung zusammenträgt. Im vorliegenden Teil 1 werden neben den Grundlagen zur Spannungsrisskorrosion das Konzept und die Planungsschritte erläutert. Der zweite Teil stellt die Besonderheiten des Carbonbetons im Brückenbau dar. Teil 3 wird detaillierte Angaben zur Verstärkungsmaßnahme und erste Erfahrungen aus der baulichen Umsetzung umfassen.
Dynamic changes in chemical compositions and anti‐acetylcholinesterase activity associated with steaming process of stem‐leaf saponins of Panax notoginseng
Authors: Ma Chao , Guan Huida , Lin Qiyan , Liu Chang , Ju Zhengcai , Xue Yafu , Cheng Xuemei , Wang Changhong
Published: January 2021

Stem‐leaf saponins (SLSs), the total saponins from aerial part of P. notoginseng, are by‐products of notoginseng, a famous traditional Chinese medicine. SLSs have been used as a health functional food in China, but its mild effects limited clinical applications in diseases. Inspired by steaming of notoginseng to enhance its pharmacological activity, a steaming protocol was developed to treat SLSs. SLSs were steamed at 100, 120, and 140°C for 1, 2, 3, and 4 h, respectively. The ultra‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time‐of‐flight MS and ultra‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry were applied to analyze the dynamic changes in chemical compositions. The anti‐acetylcholinesterase activity of steamed SLS were assessed in vitro by directly determining the metabolic product of acetylcholine/choline. The components of SLSs were significantly changed by steaming. A total of 117 saponins and aglycones were characterized, and 35 of them were newly generated. The anti‐acetylcholinesterase activity of steamed SLSs gradually increased with the extension of steamed time and the increase of steamed temperature and reached the maximum after 140°C for 3 h. Furthermore, ginsenosides Rk1 and Rg5, the main components of steamed SLSs, showed dose‐dependent anti‐acetylcholinesterase activities with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 26.88 ± 0.53 μm and 22.41 ± 1.31 μm that were only 1.8‐ and 1.5‐fold higher than that of donepezil with IC50 values of 14.93 ± 4.17 μM, respectively.
Efficient Shortcut Method for Determining the Process Window in Stirred‐Pulsed Extraction Columns
Authors: Schmalenberg Mira , Frede Timothy Aljoscha , Mathias Christopher , Kockmann Norbert
Published: January 2021

Recent studies showed the superior separation performance of stirred‐pulsed columns of different diameters in liquid‐liquid extraction processes. Here, an efficient shortcut method will be presented, which is time and resource‐efficient as well as cost‐effective to determine the operational window of these columns for industrial separation tasks. Savings in time of less experiments and costs of materials consumption can be estimated with up to 30 %. The presented method is particularly suitable before the application of new chemical systems, which are particularly cost‐intensive and scarce in material supply.
Iron‐Catalyzed Intramolecular C—H Amidation of N‐Benzoyloxyureas
Authors: Zhong Dayou , Wu Lin‐Yang , Wang Xing‐Zhen , Liu Wen‐Bo
Published: January 2021

Main observation and conclusion

A redox‐neutral Fe‐catalyzed intramolecular C—H amidation of N‐benzoyloxyureas is described. This methodology employs a simple iron complex in situ generated from Fe(OTf)2 and bipyridine as the catalyst and N‐benzoyloxyureas as the nitrene precursors without using exogenous oxidants. An array of cyclic ureas were synthesized via aliphatic C(sp3)—H amidation in excellent yields. In addition, this catalytic system is also amenable to aryl C(sp2)—H nitrene insertion to provide benzimidazolones in moderate yields.
Variable selection and structure estimation for ultrahigh‐dimensional additive hazards models
Authors: Liu Li , Liu Yanyan , Su Feng , Zhao Xingqiu
Published: January 2021

We develop a class of regularization methods based on the penalized sieve least squares for simultaneous model pursuit, variable selection, and estimation in high‐dimensional additive hazards regression models. In the framework of sparse ultrahigh‐dimensional models, the asymptotic properties of the proposed estimators include structure identification consistency and oracle variable selection. The computational process can be efficiently implemented by applying the blockwise majorization descent algorithm. Simulation studies demonstrate the performance of the proposed methodology, and the primary biliary cirrhosis data analysis is provided for illustration.
Physical evidence on desmin–lamin B interaction
Authors: Kural‐Mangıt Ecem , Dinçer Pervin Rukiye
Published: January 2021

Desmin is a muscle specific intermediate filament protein located in cytoplasm. Lamin B, on the other hand, is a nuclear intermediate filament protein. There are studies suggesting a possible interaction between desmin and lamin B yet there is no physical evidence. In the present study, we have shown for the first time a physical interaction between desmin and lamin B via reciprocal co‐immunoprecipitation from muscle tissue of wild type AB zebrafish (Danio rerio, Hamilton). The interaction between desmin and lamin B might be a lead on a novel nucleocytoplasmic communication network.
If you build it, promote it, and they trust you, then they will come: Diffusion strategies for science gateways and cyberinfrastructure adoption to harness big data in the science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) community
Authors: Kee Kerk F. , Le Bethanie , Jitkajornwanich Kulsawasd
Published: January 2021

In the big data era, for science gateways (SG) and cyberinfrastructure (CI) projects to have the greatest impacts, they need to be widely adopted in the scientific community. However, diffusion activities, or activities aimed to spread SG/CI in the science, technology, engineering, and mathematics community, are often an afterthought in projects. We warn against the fallacy of “If You Build It, They Will Come.” Projects could be intentional in promoting tool adoption. Based on an analysis of 83 interviews with 66 administrators, developers, scientists/users, and outreach educators of SG/CI, we identified seven external communication practices—raising awareness, personalizing demonstrations, providing online and offline training, networking with the community, building relationships with trust, stimulating word‐of‐mouth persuasion, and keeping reliable documentation. With these strategies, we revised the pop culture line to “If You Build It, Promote It, and They Trust You, Then They Will Come.” We also observed the beliefs that external communication is mainly necessary when seeking continuous funding, and it belongs to the skillset of nontechnical staff. These two beliefs may explain why external communication is underemphasized in many SG/CI projects. The article serves as evidence to justify a bigger budget in funding proposals for diffusion strategies to increase adoption and broader impacts.
Tailor: Targeting heavy tails in flow cytometry data with fast, interpretable mixture modeling
Authors: Ionita Matei , Schretzenmair Richard , Jones Derek , Moore Jonni , Wang Li‐San , Rogers Wade
Published: January 2021

Automated clustering workflows are increasingly used for the analysis of high parameter flow cytometry data. This trend calls for algorithms which are able to quickly process tens of millions of data points, to compare results across subjects or time points, and to provide easily actionable interpretations of the results. To this end, we created Tailor, a model‐based clustering algorithm specialized for flow cytometry data. Our approach leverages a phenotype‐aware binning scheme to provide a coarse model of the data, which is then refined using a multivariate Gaussian mixture model. We benchmark Tailor using a simulation study and two flow cytometry data sets, and show that the results are robust to moderate departures from normality and inter‐sample variation. Moreover, Tailor provides automated, non‐overlapping annotations of its clusters, which facilitates interpretation of results and downstream analysis. Tailor is released as an R package, and the source code is publicly available atwww.github.com/matei-ionita/Tailor.
Take advantage of assistive technology available free of charge
Authors: Hope Joan
Published: January 2021

When people think about assistive technology, they often think of expensive items such as motorized wheelchairs, said Wendy Torres, Senior Instructional Technologist at Coppin State University. But AT is any tool that allows someone to do something they couldn't do before or to do it to the best of their ability, said Torres, speaking at the Online Learning Consortium's Accelerate conference. It enables people to be independent or to reach a goal, she added.
Foster campus resilience in this time of COVID‐19
Authors: Bedrossian Louise
Published: January 2021

News outlets overflow with grim information about the COVID‐19 pandemic and its dire effects. Divisive and conflicting political opinions have further inflamed stress, fear, anger, loss, hopelessness, boredom, and other negative emotions. Students are experiencing social isolation and major life disruptions at a time when resilience is most needed and hardest to employ.
Leverage software accessibility features for ADA‐compliant communication
Authors: Taylor Z. W.
Published: January 2021

Communication technologies have made significant advances over the past several decades, including assistive technologies created to help people with disabilities access digital content. In recent years, software developers have updated many common content‐creation software programs to include accessibility options. However, these features are available across several popular software programs only if updates are installed or if users know where to find them, and many of them are tucked away behind several layers of menus. Of the most widely used, affordable, and powerful tools available to content creators working for higher education institutions, the Microsoft Office suite and Adobe Acrobat Pro have the capacity to increase the accessibility of digital content and can help you comply with the Americans with Disabilities Act.
Report highlights enrollment patterns of students with disabilities
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: January 2021

A new report on the outcomes of students with a disability enrolled in college may have implications for potential ways for colleges and universities to best serve students with disabilities. The report from Regional Educational Laboratories Southwest examined cohorts of Texas public high school graduates, both with and without disabilities, and evaluating their enrollment and completion outcomes. The data came from cohorts who graduated from high school in Texas between 2006 and 2010.
Admissions
Authors: Lyerly Eric
Published: January 2021

An overview of the key topics faced by disability services providers with citations to noteworthy cases, statutes, regulations, and additional sources.
Chinese clinical practice guidelines for perioperative blood glucose management
Authors: Jinjing Wang , Kang Chen , Xufei Luo , Xueqiong Li , Xinye Jin , Miao Yu , Jinping Zhang , Zhaohui Lv , Jingtao Dou , Yaolong Chen , Linong Ji , Yiming Mu ,   Guideline Steering Group,   the Guideline Development Group,   Chinese Society of Endocrinology of Chinese Medical Association
Published: January 2021

With the increased incidence of diabetes, the number of diabetic patients who require surgical treatment is also increasing. Unfortunately, practices in this area lack standardisation. The purpose of this multidisciplinary, evidence‐based guidelines for perioperative blood glucose management is to provide a comprehensive set of recommendations for clinicians treating diabetes with different types of surgery. The intended audience comprises Chinese endocrinologists, surgeons, anaesthetists, clinical pharmacists, nurses and professionals involved in perioperative blood glucose management. The guidelines were formulated as follows. First, a multidisciplinary expert group was established to identify and formulate key research questions on topics of priority according to the Population, Intervention, Comparator and Outcomes (PICO) process. We conducted a meta‐analysis of available studies using Review Manager version 5.3, as appropriate. We pooled crude estimates as odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals using a random‐effects model, and used the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation methods to assess the quality of the retrieved evidence. Finally, 32 recommendations were gathered that covered 11 fields—management and coordination, endocrinologists' consultation, diabetes diagnosis, surgery timing and anaesthesia method, blood glucose target values and monitoring frequency, hypoglycaemia treatment, oral administration of blood glucose lowering drugs, use of insulin, enteral and parenteral nutritional, postoperative treatment and medication and education and training. Twenty‐five systematic reviews and meta‐analyses were conducted for these guidelines to address the PICO questions. These guidelines are intended to improve perioperative blood glucose management and help doctors in specifying medical diagnosis and treatment, and will be implemented / disseminated extensively in China.
Are bison movements dependent on season and time of day? Investigating movement across two complex grasslands
Authors: McMillan Nicholas A. , Fuhlendorf Samuel D. , Luttbeg Barney , Goodman Laura E. , Davis Craig A. , Allred Brady W. , Hamilton Robert G.
Published: January 2021

The American plains bison (Bison bison) is an iconic herbivore on North American grasslands, yet many questions surrounding their basic biology remain unanswered. We analyzed fine‐resolution movement data (12 minute) from two of the largest remaining prairie tracts in the Great Plains of North America to address whether bison movement and distance travelled are affected by seasonal or diurnal rhythms. We fit binomial movement and movement distance data to generalized linear mixed models to test whether site, season, or time of day affected movement. Our top models included season‐site and season‐time of day interactions as fixed effects. Overall, bison were more likely to move during the day than at night regardless of season or site. There was considerable overlap between our sites across most seasons, with the strongest divergence occurring in autumn for movement probability and distance. During the summer, daytime bison movement declined in favor of nighttime movement, potentially in response to high temperatures. Day and nighttime movement distance and probability both were lowest in the winter. That site alone was not a significant predictor of bison movement or movement distance may suggest that their response to seasonal and diurnal rhythms is biologically innate. Therefore, we conclude that season and time of day should be considered in future bison movement analyses. Here, we present the first replicated analysis of fine‐resolution, seasonal, and diurnal bison movements across two large complex landscapes using a long‐term dataset. As ungulate behavior changes in response to the Anthropocene, filling the knowledge gaps in their basic biology is critical to their continued conservation.
Density‐dependent variability in an eruptive bark beetle and its value in predicting outbreaks
Authors: McNichol Bailey H. , Sullivan Brian T. , Munro Holly L. , Montes Cristián R. , Nowak John T. , Villari Caterina , Gandhi Kamal J. K.
Published: January 2021

Several species of aggressive bark beetle in the genus Dendroctonus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) undergo large fluctuations in population density with distinct outbreak and non‐outbreak phases. We investigated attributes we hypothesized as subject to density‐dependent variation (in particular, those likely to express phenotypic plasticity) in the southern pine beetle (SPB), Dendroctonus frontalis, as possible indicators of population fluctuations. These traits were morphology (body size and hindwing shape) and the sex ratio of trap‐captured, dispersing SPB populations. We compared attributes of beetles from locations that ranged from having zero to high numbers (>1500) of SPB infestations (spots) at the county level for two summers. Southern pine beetle were obtained from six states in the southeastern USA and had been collected during a springtime, region‐wide trapping survey used for forecasting outbreaks annually. Although we detected an expected but weak sexual dimorphism in both size and shape‐related traits, no morphological differences were found between SPB collected from traps in counties with low or high densities of spots (≤10 or >10 per county, respectively). We found no relationship between numbers of SPB spots per county and trapped sex ratios in 2016, but we observed a strong trend in 2017, with about three times higher proportions of females trapped in counties with low compared with high numbers of spots. This implies that one or more known or possible factors influencing trapped sex ratios (e.g., disparities between the sexes in their responses to semiochemicals or in their propensity to disperse) can be density‐dependent. Including trap‐captured sex ratios in prediction models may improve current forecasting of SPB outbreaks in the southeastern USA, informing more timely and effective management of one of the most economically and ecologically important beetle species of this region.
Broadcast spawning of Pocillopora verrucosa across the eastern and western coast of the central Red Sea
Authors: Bouwmeester Jessica , Coker Darren J. , Sinclair‐Taylor Tane H. , Berumen Michael L.
Published: January 2021

Coral spawning is a fundamental process in the preservation of coral reef systems. However, reproductive information is still rare for many coral species and across a number of locations. No reproductive information is yet available from the western coast of the central and southern Red Sea. We document here the daytime spawning of Pocillopora verrucosa across the two coasts of the central Red Sea, in Saudi Arabia on the eastern side and in Sudan on the western side. In both sites, P. verrucosa released its gametes in the morning, 1–2 d before the new moon, within a 25‐day window between mid‐May and mid‐June, matching other known observations from the east coast of the central Red Sea. Spawning followed a period of rapidly changing sea surface temperature. We here propose that given the reproductive synchrony of P. verrucosa across both coasts, the timing of coral spawning from other species is likely to be similar as well.
Carbon storage in vegetation and soil in Chinese ecosystems estimated by carbon transfer rate method
Authors: Wang Li‐xia , Gao Ji‐xi , Shen Wen‐ming , Shi Yuan‐li , Zhang Hong‐wei
Published: January 2021

Terrestrial carbon storage is split predominantly between vegetation and soils. However, the spatial distribution of terrestrial carbon and its presence in each carbon pool remains unclear. This study explored the spatial distribution of terrestrial carbon in these two carbon pools across Chinese ecosystems, which differ in vegetation types. Carbon storage was estimated using the carbon transfer rate method, which uses net primary productivity (NPP) and the turnover rate to estimate vegetation and soil carbon pools under the assumption of steady state. The distribution of carbon storage per unit area (carbon density) was shown based on the latest vegetation map (2008). Compared with recent estimates of 89.27 Pg C, our results showed that a total of only 55.46 Pg C have been stored over recent decades. Of this total, 18.19 and 37.27 Pg C were stored, respectively, in vegetation and in soil carbon pools. Among the eleven vegetation types in this study, needleleaf forest had the largest carbon storage (13.57 Pg C). The eleven vegetation types were classified into four major vegetation classes (forest, scrub, grass, and cultivated), of which forests had the higher carbon storage (21.7 Pg C) and the highest carbon density. Our estimates of the spatial distribution of carbon were consistent with previous studies. Both terrestrial and soil carbon pools exhibited higher carbon density in northeast China and the southeastern part of the Tibetan Plateau. Vegetation exhibited a high carbon density in eastern China but low carbon density in western China. Furthermore, our results had a higher spatial resolution of carbon distribution (75,000 polygon patches of the latest vegetation map) than previous studies. These results contribute to understanding carbon accumulation in different ecosystems.
Variables of the Analytical Electrochemical Data Acquisition for Boron Subphthalocyanines
Authors: Bukuroshi Esmeralda , Mizrahi Amir , Gross Zeev , Bender Timothy P.
Published: January 2021

The electrochemical behavior of boron subphthalocyanines (BsubPcs) has been investigated using cyclic voltammetry in the presence of various solvents, internal standards, supporting electrolytes, working electrodes, and sweep voltage scan rates. We have focused on halogenated BsubPcs (Cl−Cl6BsubPc, Cl−Cl12BsubPc, F−F6BsubPc, F−F12BsubPc) and a non‐halogenated baseline (Cl−BsubPc). Halogenated BsubPcs are of interest to the field due to their promising advances as organic electronic materials for applications based on redox or electron transfer processes. We had pre‐established a standard operating procedure (SOP) for electrochemical data acquisition, but it was timely to consider alternative variables, their impact on the electrochemical data and re‐establish an alternative SOP. We observed modest shifts (up to 49 mV) of the BsubPc redox potentials when changing the internal standard, working electrode and/or the electrolyte concentration. In scan rate range between 20 and 250 mV s−1, the peak (ir)reversibility for F−F6BsubPc and F−F12BsubPc remained unchanged and the electron transfers at the surface electrode remained diffusion‐controlled.
Influence of pressure on the formation process of CH4 hydrate in porous media below the freezing point
Authors: Zhang Xuemin , Li Jinping , Wu Qingbai , Wang Jiaxian , Wang Yingmei , Li Yang
Published: January 2021

Natural gas hydrates are mainly stored in the pores of the sedimentary layer in permafrost regions, and the formation characters in porous media were particularly important for the exploitation and utilization of natural gas hydrates. So, it is essential to understand the formation process of methane hydrate in porous media below freezing point. In this study, the formation process of methane hydrate was studied in a closed system in porous media below freezing point. The results indicated that the initial pressure played an important role in the formation characteristics of methane hydrate in porous media below freezing point. The higher the initial pressure was, the larger the formation rate of methane hydrate. And the maximum formation rate attained 6.46 × 10−4 mol/h when the initial pressure was 9.0 MPa under the same temperature and particle size conditions. Furthermore, the final conversion rate was larger at higher initial pressure and the final conversion rate attained 56.5% at an initial pressure of 9.0 MPa. Furthermore, the pressure disturbance could improve the formation process of methane hydrate and the final conversion rate was larger to some extent. The relevant results will provide a theoretical reference for natural gas hydrates exploitation.
Structural health monitoring of a 32‐storey steel‐frame building using 50 years of seismic monitoring data
Authors: Rahmani Mohammadtaghi , Todorovska Maria I.
Published: January 2021

The case study, Los Angeles 32‐storey residential building, has an exceptionally long seismic observation history, spanning 50 years (1971‐2020), during which it has experienced many earthquakes, some causing extensive damage in the metropolitan area. Records of 13 earthquakes are analyzed, including San Fernando of 1971, to find out if permanent loss of stiffness occurred in the structure since 1971 and to describe statistically its nonlinear elastic behavior, not related to damage. It is a rare example of an instrumented pre‐San Fernando earthquake steel‐frame building, constructed with some on‐site welded column‐beam connections, type of construction that exhibited weaknesses after the Northridge, 1994 earthquake. The identification method consists of fitting equivalent uniform and four‐layer Timoshenko beams models by waveform inversion of bandpass filtered impulse responses, which results in piecewise constant profiles of shear wave velocity (the damage sensitive parameter) and the elastic moduli ratio, reflecting the distribution of structural stiffness along the height. The nonlinear elastic behavior derived from the smaller amplitude data constitutes strain‐dependent baseline for future structural health monitoring of this building. This behavior reveals more prominent strain dependency in the longitudinal direction and stronger variation with strain toward the base of the structure.