bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MUSICALISING HISTORY
Authors: Champion Matthew S. , Stanyon Miranda
Published: November 2019

While there have been growing calls for historians to listen to the past, there are also significant barriers to integrating music in particular into broader historical practice. This article reflects on both the gains and difficulties of this integration, moving from an interrogation of the category of music to three case studies. These concern musical terms, compositional practices and cultures from the fifteenth to eighteenth centuries, revisiting some key debates in musicology: first, the highly charged language of sweetness deployed in the fifteenth century; second, connections discerned in nineteenth-century music history between medieval polyphony and contemporary attitudes towards time and authority; and, third, debate over the anti-Jewish implications of Handel's music, which we approach through hisDixit Dominusand a history of psalm interpretation stretching back to late antiquity. Through these case studies, we suggest the contribution of music to necessarily interdisciplinary fields including the study of temporality and emotions, but also explore how a historical hermeneutic with a long pedigree – ‘diversity of times’ (diversitas temporum) – might help to reframe arguments about musical interpretation. The article concludes by arguing that the very difficulty and slipperiness of music as a source can encourage properly reflective historical practice.
THE SELF AND SELF-HELP: WOMEN PURSUING AUTONOMY IN POST-WAR BRITAIN
Authors: Abrams Lynn
Published: November 2019

In the history of post-war womanhood in Britain, women's self-help organisations are credited with little significance save for ‘helping mothers to dotheirwork more happily’. This paper suggests that the do-it-yourself impetus of the 1960s and 1970s should be regarded as integral to understanding how millions of women negotiated a route towards personal growth and autonomy. Organisations like the National Housewives’ Register, the National Childbirth Trust and the Pre-School Playgroups Association emerged from the grass roots in response to the conundrum faced by women who experienced dissatisfaction and frustration in their domestic role. I argue that these organisations offered thousands of women the opportunity for self-development, self-confidence and independence and that far from being insufficiently critical of dominant models of care, women's self-help operating at the level of the everyday was to be one of the foundations of what would become, by the 1970s, the widespread feminist transformation of women's lives.
Introduction to the Theme: The Jerusalem Temple in History, Memory, and Ritual
Authors: Lapin Hayim , Lehman Marjorie
Published: November 2019

The following group of essays emerged out of a seminar held at the Association for Jewish Studies conference in 2015. As section heads of Jewish History and Culture in Antiquity and Rabbinic Literature and Culture, tasked to think about how to address gaps in our fields, we recognized that despite a large amount of scholarship available on the Jerusalem Temple and its priesthood, there was a dearth of cross-disciplinary scholarly exchange, especially between ancient Jewish historians and those of us who engage in literary analysis of rabbinic sources. As a result, our divisions joined together to create “The Jerusalem Temple in History, Memory, and Ritual,” taking advantage of the “seminar” format at the conference. Twelve scholars, each working with different source material and employing different methodological approaches, participated.
Imagining the Temple in Rabbinic Stone: The Evolution of the ʾEven Shetiyah
Authors: Koltun-Fromm Naomi
Published: November 2019

The mythical ʾeven shetiyah, often translated as the “foundation stone,” marks the physical place where the Jerusalem temples once stood in the rabbinic imagination. In its earliest incarnation it identified the place where the ark of the covenant resided in Solomon's Temple. Over the centuries it absorbed cosmogonic and eventually eschatological meaning. In later post-talmudic rabbinic literature, it adopted another mythic trope—the seal on thetehom. I argue that these two separate narrative strands of a seal on thetehomunderthe Temple and ʾeven shetiyahinthe Temple became intertwined, but only in late (post-talmudic) rabbinic midrash. I trace this evolutionary trend and argue that while the early rabbis both innovated and reinvigorated older biblical and ancient Near Eastern cosmogonic motifs with their ʾeven shetiyah, the later rabbinic texts were influenced by Christian and Muslim competition for spiritual and earthly Jerusalem. The stone that started as a means for rabbinic self-authorization became a reassertion of God's control of history and protection of Israel and the world, but in the process displaced priestly authority.
“Postscript: 1976”: E. P. Thompson and the River of Fire
Authors: Puckett Kent
Published: November 2019

This new section ofVictorian Literature and Culturefocuses on apparently minor works of criticism, works that have fallen out of view but that might deserve another look. I want to talk about an almost aggressively minor instance of very Victorian scholarship, minor not only because it isn't often read but also because minorness is built into its very design: E. P. Thompson's “Postscript: 1976,” a longish essay that followed the second and revised edition of his 1955 biography,William Morris: Romantic to Revolutionary. When seen in the reciprocal contexts of Thompson's career and the story of the British left (when, in other words, theory is seen not as opposed to but rather as a part of history), the apparently minor and belated qualities of Thompson's postscript emerge as a source of critical and even utopian promise. I want to argue that Thompson's lifelong engagement with the life of William Morris and with Morris's late conversion to socialism led him to a powerful and counterintuitive account of the lived threshold (what he and Morris call the “river of fire”) as essential to the methods of history and historical materialism.
Empire and Indifference
Authors: Chattopadhyaya Utathya
Published: November 2019

The Caribbean's middleness within anthropological literature has been recognized and progressively untangled by scholars like Sidney Mintz and David Scott. The dialectics that figure the Caribbean as a perennially contingent space, always embodying too little and too much of the values that bound discourses of colonial modernity, frame the arguments in both Victorian Jamaica and Empire of Neglect. Both books respond to the problem of an ill-fitting Caribbean, especially after the formal abolition of slavery gave way to apprenticeships and inaugurated an uneven process of gaining political freedoms. Victoria's six-decade reign over the British Empire witnessed the expansion of liberal capitalism, reformulations of state and planter relationships, and movements for political rights under empire. Insurgencies and rebellions dotted the landscape of empire, from India (1857–59) and Jamaica (1865) to the Zulu territories (1879) and Alexandria in Egypt (1879–82). Empire responded to subjects who exposed its shaky footings through greater repression, social reform, and ballasting the civilizing mission from above. From below, colonized subjects inhabited empire in resistant, calculative, and often contradictory modes that revealed the undoing of imperial ambitions in practice. The Caribbean's marginalization in post-emancipation political economy, as the British Empire occupied more territory in Africa and Asia, produced many such complex habitations of empire that superficially may appear, pace Mintz, to be culturally midway between there and here.
Online-Peer-Suizidpräventionsprogramme bei Jugendlichen und jungen Erwachsenen: Eine systematische Übersichtsarbeit
Authors: Hildebrand Anja , Weiss Maren , Stemmler Mark
Published: November 2019

Zusammenfassung. Suizidalität ist ein ernstzunehmendes Gesundheitsproblem und weltweit die zweithäufigste Todesursache bei den 15- bis 25-Jährigen. Online-Peer-Beratungsangebote stellen einen vielversprechenden neuen Ansatz zur Suizidprävention gerade in dieser jungen Bevölkerungsgruppe dar. Die vorliegende systematische Übersichtsarbeit hat das Ziel, evaluierte Online-Peer-Beratungsangebote zur Suizidprävention bei Jugendlichen und jungen Erwachsenen zu identifizieren und die Ergebnisse bezüglich Berater_innen- und Nutzer_innen-Merkmalen, ihrer Implementierung und Wirksamkeit gesammelt und strukturiert darzustellen. Es konnten insgesamt 13 Studien identifiziert werden, welche den Einschlusskriterien entsprachen. Exemplarisch werden zwei der Online-Peer-Beratungsangebote genauer vorgestellt. Insgesamt zeigt die Studienlage positive Ergebnisse hinsichtlich der Implementierung, der Zufriedenheit und der Wirksamkeit verschiedener Online-Peer-Suizidpräventionsprogramme. Allerdings wiesen die Studien im Allgemeinen methodische Mängel auf. Die Ergebnisse können daher nur als vorläufig erachtet werden. Es ist ein Bedarf an Studien zur Online-Peer-Suizidpräventionsberatung ersichtlich, um den Nutzen dieser Programme differenzierter, z. B. hinsichtlich ihrer Zielgruppenerreichung und Wirksamkeit, bewerten zu können.
Akzeptanz, Durchführbarkeit und erste Hinweise auf die Wirksamkeit der neuen Version des sekundärpräventiven Anti-Stress-Trainings für Kinder
Authors: Hampel Petra , Schumacher Carmen , Petermann Franz
Published: November 2019

Zusammenfassung. Im Verlauf der Kindheit und Jugend nehmen die Belastungssituationen und Beanspruchungssymptome deutlich zu. Bislang wurde im deutschsprachigen Raum die Entwicklung und Evaluation insbesondere sekundärpräventiver Stressbewältigungsprogramme für das Kindes- und Jugendalter eher vernachlässigt. In der vorliegenden Pilotstudie wurde eine neue sekundärpräventive Version des Anti-Stress-Trainings für Kinder (AST; Hampel & Petermann, 2017 ) vor allem formativ evaluiert. Erste Effekte des Trainings wurden anhand eines quasi-experimentellen Ein-Gruppen-Prä-Post Designs bei 8 Sechstklässlern untersucht. Die Akzeptanz und Durchführbarkeit wurden bestätigt. Erste positive Befunde mit hohen Effektstärken ergaben sich für die psychische Stressreaktivität und Stressverarbeitung. Dagegen veränderte sich die körperliche Beanspruchungssymptomatik klinisch nur moderat und die Lebensqualität nicht signifikant. Die sekundärpräventive Version des AST verfügt über eine gute Akzeptanz und Durchführbarkeit. Insgesamt scheint sie bedeutsame Effekte insbesondere auf die ungünstige Stressverarbeitung auszuüben und somit zur Verbesserung der psychischen Gesundheit im Kindesalter beizutragen.
Förderung der emotionalen Entwicklung bei Jugendlichen: Langfristige Wirksamkeit des Präventionsprogrammes „Emotionstraining in der Schule“
Authors: Petersen Rieke , Petermann Ulrike , Petermann Franz , Diener Carsten , Nitkowski Dennis
Published: November 2019

Zusammenfassung. Es wird die langfristige Effektivität des Präventionsprogrammes „Emotionstraining in der Schule“ bei Fünft-, Sechst- und Siebtklässlern evaluiert. Es wurde erwartet, dass die Schülerinnen und Schüler direkt nach Abschluss des Trainings sowie über einen Zeitraum von sechs Monaten nach Trainingsende Verbesserungen in den Selbsteinschätzungen des Emotionsbewusstseins, der Empathiefähigkeit und der Anwendung von Emotionsregulationsstrategien zeigen. Zusätzlich wurde erwartet, dass sich die depressive Symptomatik im Selbsturteil in diesen Zeiträumen reduziert. Daten lagen von 149 Jugendlichen im Alter von 10 bis 13 Jahren ( M = 11.69 Jahre, SD = 0.73; 51.7 % weiblich) zu drei Erhebungszeitpunkten vor. Es wurden Varianzanalysen mit Messwiederholungen berechnet. Die Analysen zeigten, dass sich das Emotionsbewusstsein nach Trainingsende signifikant verbesserte, und dieser Effekt über einen Zeitraum von sechs Monaten stabil blieb. Die Schülerinnen und Schüler gaben direkt nach dem Training keine Verbesserung in der depressiven Symptomatik an, jedoch nahm die Symptomatik zum Follow-up-Zeitraum signifikant ab. Verbesserungen in der Empathiefähigkeit und in der adaptiven Emotionsregulation blieben auf den Trainingszeitraum beschränkt. Die Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin, dass sich die Teilnahme am Emotionstraining bis zu sechs Monate nach Trainingsende positiv auf das Emotionsbewusstsein auswirkt und dass erst deutlich nach Interventionsende ein Effekt auf die depressive Symptomatik auftritt.
Supply Considerations for Scaling Up Clean Cooking Fuels for Household Energy in Low‐ and Middle‐Income Countries
Authors: Puzzolo E. , Zerriffi H. , Carter E. , Clemens H. , Stokes H. , Jagger P. , Rosenthal J. , Petach H.
Published: November 2019

Promoting access to clean household cooking energy is an important subject for policy making in low‐ and middle‐income countries, in light of urgent and global efforts to achieve universal energy access by 2030 (Sustainable Development Goal 7). In 2014, the World Health Organization issued “Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality: Household Fuel Combustion”, which recommended a shift to cleaner fuels rather than promotion of technologies that more efficiently combust solid fuels. This study fills an important gap in the literature on transitions to household use of clean cooking energy by reviewing supply chain considerations for clean fuel options in low‐ and middle‐income countries. For the purpose of this study, we consider electricity, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), alcohol fuels, biogas, and compressed biomass pellets burned in high performing gasifier stoves to be clean fuel options. Each of the clean fuels reviewed in this study, as well as the supply of electricity, presents both constraints and opportunities for enhanced production, supply, delivery, and long‐term sustainability and scalability in resource‐poor settings. These options are reviewed and discussed together with policy and regulatory considerations to help in making these fuel and energy choices available and affordable. Our hope is that researchers, government officials and policy makers, and development agencies and investors will be aided by our comparative analysis of these clean household energy choices.
The Potential for Unifying Global‐Scale Satellite Measurements of Ground Displacements Using Radio Telescopes
Authors: Parker A. L. , McCallum L. , Featherstone W. E. , McCallum J. N. , Haas R.
Published: November 2019

The expansion of globally consistent satellite‐radar imagery presents new opportunities to measure Earth‐surface displacements on intercontinental scales. Yet global applications, including a complete assessment of the land contribution to relative sea‐level rise, first demand new solutions to unify relative satellite‐radar observations in a geocentric reference frame. The international network of Very Long Baseline Interferometry telescopes provides an existing, yet unexploited, link to unify satellite‐radar measurements on a global scale. Proof‐of‐concept experiments reveal the suitability of these instruments as high‐amplitude reflectors for satellite radar and thus provide direct connections to a globally consistent reference frame. Automated tracking of radar satellites is easily integrated into telescope operations alongside ongoing schedules for geodesy and astrometry. Utilizing existing telescopes in this way completely avoids the need for additional geodetic infrastructure or ground surveys and is ready to implement immediately across the telescope network as a first step toward using satellite radar on a global scale.
The Impact of Wind Forcing on the Thermal Wind Shear of A River Plume
Authors: Mazzini P. L. F. , Chant R. J. , Scully M. E. , Wilkin J. , Hunter E. J. , Nidzieko N. J.
Published: November 2019

A 38‐day long time series obtained using a combination of moored Wirewalkers equipped with conductivity‐temperature‐depth profilers and bottom‐mounted and subsurface acoustic Doppler current profilers provided detailed high‐resolution observations that resolved near‐surface velocity and vertical and cross‐shelf density gradients of the Chesapeake Bay plume far field. This unprecedented data set allowed for a detailed investigation of the impact of wind forcing on the thermal wind shear of a river plume. Our results showed that thermal wind balance was a valid approximation for the cross‐shelf momentum balance over the entire water column during weak winds (
0.075 Pa), and it was also valid within the interior during moderate downwelling (−0.125
0.075 Pa). Stronger wind conditions, however, resulted in the breakdown of the thermal wind balance in the Chesapeake Bay plume, with thermal wind shear overestimating the observed shear during downwelling and underestimating during upwelling conditions. A momentum budget analysis suggests that viscous stresses from wind‐generated turbulence are mainly responsible for the generation of ageostrophic shear.
Identifying Key Driving Processes of Major Recent Heat Waves
Authors: Wehrli Kathrin , Guillod Benoit P. , Hauser Mathias , Leclair Matthieu , Seneviratne Sonia I.
Published: November 2019

Heat waves lead to major impacts on human health, food production, and ecosystems. To assess their predictability and how they are projected to change under global warming, it is crucial to improve our understanding of the underlying processes affecting their occurrence and intensity under present‐day climate conditions. Beside greenhouse gas forcing, processes in the different components of the climate system—in particular the land surface, atmospheric circulation, and the oceans—may play a key role in changing the odds for a particular event. This study aims to identify the role of the individual drivers for five heat waves (and, in some cases, of concurrent droughts) in the recent decade. Simulations are performed with the Community Earth System Model using nudging of horizontal atmospheric circulation and prescription of soil moisture. The fully constrained model accurately reproduces how anomalous an event was. Factorial experiments, which force the model toward observations for one or several key components at a time, allow us to identify how much of the observed temperature anomaly of each event can be attributed to each driver. Considering all analyzed events, atmospheric circulation and soil moisture play similarly important roles, each contributing between 20% and 70% to the events' anomalies. This highlights that the role of thermodynamics can be just as important as that of the dynamics for temperature extremes, a possibly underestimated feature. In addition, recent climate change amplified the events and contributed between 10% and 40% of the events' anomalies.
Trends and Variability in Vertical Winds in the Southern Hemisphere Summer Polar Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere
Authors: Vincent R. A. , Kovalam S. , Murphy D. J. , Reid I. M. , Younger J. P.
Published: November 2019

Direct measurement of mean vertical velocities in the mesosphere‐lower thermosphere (60–110 km) is not possible due to their small values. Here we derive vertical velocities using the divergence of the mean meridional wind over the Antarctic summer pole using MF radar wind measurements made at Davis Station (69°S, 78°E) between 1994 and 2018. Estimates of vertical velocity are restricted to a 21‐day period centered just after solstice when the equatorward wind reaches its maximum value of about 15 m s−1 at heights near 90 km. The Medium Frequency (MF) radar winds are calibrated against colocated meteor wind radar observations. Neutral densities required for the vertical wind calculations are obtained from zonally averaged temperature measurements obtained by the MLS instrument aboard the AURA satellite. The estimated vertical velocities have peak values varying between 2 and 6 cm s−1 with significant interannual variability. While the peak values do not show significant long‐term change, there is a long‐term decrease in the mean height of maximum winds of about 0.6 km per decade that is statistically significant. The interannual variability is linked to the date of transition in the stratospheric zonal circulation from winter eastward to summer westward flow. Meridional and vertical velocities are smaller and peak at lower altitudes during early transitions (20–30 days prior to solstice) than is the case for late transitions that occur at solstice or later.
Deterministic Skill of Subseasonal Precipitation Forecasts for the East Africa‐West Asia Sector from September to May
Authors: Vigaud N. , Tippett M. K. , Robertson A.W.
Published: November 2019

The East Africa‐West Asia (EA‐WA) sector is a region where the skill in forecasting rainfall is unusually high in the subseasonal‐to‐seasonal (S2S) time range and where ENSO and MJO signals have significant impacts. Much of regional rainfall intra‐seasonal variability is related to tropical‐temperate interactions on synoptic time scales, and we examine whether the skill of dynamical S2S forecasts for the region exceeds the predictability associated with ENSO and the MJO. Deterministic skill (Spearman's rank correlation) of multimodel ensemble forecasts of weekly and Week 3–4 precipitation averages is examined for starts in September–April, based on three ensemble prediction systems (EPS) from the S2S prediction project over the common 1999–2010 reforecasts period. The skill of weekly forecasts decreases with increasing lead but remains statistically significant out to Week 3 and Week 4, a level of skill that has not been previously reported at such leads. The skill of Week 3–4 forecasts is higher than that of Week 3 or Week 4 forecasts. The prediction skill of weekly and 2‐week precipitation averages from ENSO and the MJO is estimated using a multiple linear regression and found to be less than that achieved by the dynamical forecasts for Week 3, Week 4, and Week 3–4 targets. This is evidence for achievable forecast skill that extends beyond typical weather‐scale lead times and that is not simply related to ENSO or MJO signals. The opportunity for skillful predictions is illustrated through successful forecasts up to 4 weeks in advance of extreme rainfall over the Arabian peninsula related to strong tropical‐temperate interactions during weak ENSO and MJO conditions.
Determination of Global Mean Eddy Diffusive Transport in the Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere From Atomic Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Climatologies
Authors: Swenson G. R. , Salinas C. C. J. H. , Vargas F. , Zhu Y. , Kaufmann M. , Jones M. , Drob D. P. , Liu A. , Yue J. , Yee J. H.
Published: November 2019

Quantifying the eddy diffusion coefficient profile in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) is critical to the constituent density distributions in the upper mesosphere and thermosphere. Previous work by Swenson et al. (2018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2018.05.014) estimated the global mean eddy diffusion (kzz) values in the upper mesosphere using atomic oxygen (O), derived from Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) hydroxyl (OH). In this study, vertical eddy diffusive transport velocities of O were determined from continuity of mass in the mesopause region (80–97 km), primarily via the HOx chemistry. Global average constituent climatology from previously deduced SABER ozone (O3) and atomic hydrogen (H) was applied. Furthermore, we extended the global mean eddy transport velocities to new heights (105 km) in the MLT using the newly available global mean Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Chartography (SCIAMACHY) data. The combined method of determining O3 loss and O density climatology from SCIAMACHY, as well as an improved global mean background atmosphere from SABER, provides new information for eddy diffusion determination in the MLT. Three prominent results to emerge from this study include (i) global mean kzz profiles between 80 and 105 km derived from MLT constituent climatologies, SABER, and SCIAMACHY global mean O density profiles averaged for approximately one solar cycle, (ii) determination of O eddy diffusion velocities in the MLT consistent between two satellite measurements and the thermosphere‐ionosphere‐mesosphere‐electrodynamics general circulation model, and (iii) resolution of historically large differences between deduced kzz determined from O versus CO2 by analysis of SABER and SCIAMACHY measurements.
Mineral Weathering and Bedrock Weakening: Modeling Microscale Bedrock Damage Under Biotite Weathering
Authors: Shen Xianda , Arson Chloe , Ferrier Ken L. , West Nicole , Dai Sheng
Published: November 2019

Bedrock weakening is of wide interest because it influences landscape evolution, chemical weathering, and subsurface hydrology. A longstanding hypothesis states that bedrock weakening is driven by chemical weathering of minerals like biotite, which expand as they weather and create stresses sufficient to fracture rock. We build on recent advances in rock damage mechanics to develop a model for the influence of multimineral chemical weathering on bedrock damage, which is defined as the reduction in bedrock stiffness. We use biotite chemical weathering as an example application of this model to explore how the abundance, aspect ratio, and orientation affect the time‐dependent evolution of bedrock damage during biotite chemical weathering. Our simulations suggest that biotite abundance and aspect ratio have a profound effect on the evolution of bedrock damage during biotite chemical weathering. These characteristics exert particularly strong influences on the timing of the onset of damage, which occurs earlier under higher biotite abundances and smaller biotite aspect ratios. Biotite orientation, by contrast, exerts a relatively weak influence on damage. Our simulations further show that damage development is strongly influenced by the boundary conditions, with damage initiating earlier under laterally confined boundaries than under unconfined boundaries. These simulations suggest that relatively minor differences in biotite populations can drive significant differences in the progression of rock weakening. This highlights the need for observations of biotite abundance, aspect ratio, and orientation at the mineral and field scales and motivates efforts to upscale this microscale model to investigate the evolution of the macroscale fracture network.
Englacial Pore Water Localizes Shear in Temperate Ice Stream Margins
Authors: Haseloff M. , Hewitt I. J. , Katz R. F.
Published: November 2019

The margins of fast‐moving ice streams are characterized by steep velocity gradients. Some of these gradients cannot be explained by a temperature‐dependent viscosity alone. Laboratory data suggest that water in the ice‐grain matrix decreases the ice viscosity; we propose that this causes the strong localization of shear in temperate ice stream margins. However, the magnitude of weakening and its consequences for ice stream dynamics are poorly understood. Here we investigate how the coupling between temperate ice properties, ice mechanics, and drainage of melt water from the ice stream margin alters the dynamics of ice streams. We consider the steady‐state ice flow, temperature, water content, and subglacial water drainage in an ice stream cross section. Temperate ice dynamics are modeled as a two‐phase flow, with gravity‐driven water transport in the pores of a viscously compacting and deforming ice matrix. We find that the dependence of ice viscosity on meltwater content focuses the temperate ice region and steepens the velocity gradients in the ice stream margin. It provides a possible explanation for the steep velocity gradients observed in some ice stream shear margins. This localizes heat dissipation there, which in turn increases the amount of meltwater delivered to the ice stream bed. This process is controlled by the permeability of the temperate ice and the sensitivity of ice viscosity to meltwater content, both of which are poorly constrained properties.
Impact of Chronic and Massive Resuspension Mechanisms on the Microphytobenthos Dynamics in a Temperate Intertidal Mudflat
Authors: Savelli R. , Bertin X. , Orvain F. , Gernez P. , Dale A. , Coulombier T. , Pineau P. , Lachaussée N. , Polsenaere P. , Dupuy C. , Le Fouest V.
Published: November 2019

Microphytobenthos (MPB) resuspension is a key mechanism in the transfer of organic matter from productive intertidal mudflats to terrestrial and marine systems. In this study, we infer on the contribution of physical and biological factors involved in the MPB resuspension. We use a physical‐biological coupled model forced by realistic meteorological and hydrodynamical forcings to simulate chronic (without any concomitant sediment resuspension) and massive (driven by bed failure) resuspension over a year. The model simulates mud surface temperature, MPB growth, and grazing by the gastropod Peringia ulvae. The model suggests that MPB resuspension is the highest in spring tides and at the flood beginning due to high current velocity and low water heights that promote waves‐sea bottom interactions. The seasonal export of MPB biomass is the highest in spring, up to threefold higher than in summer when the export is the lowest. The simulated seasonal dynamics of MPB resuspension results from the MPB biomass concentration in the sediment, physical disturbances, and the bioturbation activity by P. ulvae. Annually, 43% of the simulated MPB primary production is resuspended. The MPB resuspension (60.8 g C·m−2·yr−1) exceeds the loss by P. ulvae grazing (41.1 g C·m−2·yr−1). The model suggests that chronic and massive resuspension events are important in the synoptic to seasonal MPB dynamics in temperate intertidal mudflats. Accounting for such processes in the carbon budget assessment in the land‐ocean interface could bring new insights to our understanding of the role played by MPB in the coastal carbon cycle.
Inhibition of immune checkpoints prevents injury-induced heterotopic ossification
Authors: Kan Chen , Yang Jiazhao , Na Ding , Xu Yuanhong , Yang Baixia , Zhao Haodong , Lu Huadong , Li Yuyun , Zhang Keqin , McGuire Tammy L. , Kessler John A. , Kan Lixin
Published: November 2019

Heterotopic ossification (HO), true bone formation in soft tissue, is closely associated with abnormal injury/immune responses. We hypothesized that a key underlying mechanism of HO might be injury-induced dysregulation of immune checkpoint proteins (ICs). We found that the earliest stages of HO are characterized by enhanced infiltration of polarized macrophages into sites of minor injuries in an animal model of HO. The non-specific immune suppressants, Rapamycin and Ebselen, prevented HO providing evidence of the central role of the immune responses. We examined the expression pattern of ICs and found that they are dysregulated in HO lesions. More importantly, loss of function of inhibitory ICs (including PD1, PD-L1, and CD152) markedly inhibited HO, whereas loss of function of stimulatory ICs (including CD40L and OX-40L) facilitated HO. These findings suggest that IC inhibitors may provide a therapeutic approach to prevent or limit the extent of HO.
Phospholipase D2 in prostate cancer: protein expression changes with Gleason score
Authors: Noble Amanda R. , Hogg Karen , Suman Rakesh , Berney Daniel M. , Bourgoin Sylvain , Maitland Norman J. , Rumsby Martin G.
Published: November 2019

Background

Phospholipases D1 and D2 (PLD1/2) are implicated in tumorigenesis through their generation of the signalling lipid phosphatidic acid and its downstream effects. Inhibition of PLD1 blocks prostate cell growth and colony formation. Here a role for PLD2 in prostate cancer (PCa), the major cancer of men in the western world, is examined.

Methods

PLD2 expression was analysed by immunohistochemistry and western blotting. The effects of PLD2 inhibition on PCa cell viability and cell motility were measured using MTS, colony forming and wound-healing assays.

Results

PLD2 protein is expressed about equally in luminal and basal prostate epithelial cells. In cells from different Gleason-scored PCa tissue PLD2 protein expression is generally higher than in non-tumorigenic cells and increases in PCa tissue scored Gleason 6–8. PLD2 protein is detected in the cytosol and nucleus and had a punctate appearance. In BPH tissue stromal cells as well as basal and luminal cells express PLD2. PLD2 protein co-expresses with chromogranin A in castrate-resistant PCa tissue. PLD2 inhibition reduces PCa cell viability, colony forming ability and directional cell movement.

Conclusions

PLD2 expression correlates with increasing Gleason score to GS8. PLD2 inhibition has the potential to reduce PCa progression.
Transcriptome sequencing assisted discovery and computational analysis of novel SNPs associated with flowering in Raphanus sativus in-bred lines for marker-assisted backcross breeding
Authors: Kim Jinhee , Manivannan Abinaya , Kim Do-Sun , Lee Eun-Su , Lee Hye-Eun
Published: November 2019

The sequencing of radish genome aids in the better understanding and tailoring of traits associated with economic importance. In order to accelerate the genomics assisted breeding and genetic selection, transcriptomes of 33 radish inbred lines with diverse traits were sequenced for the development of single nucleotide polymorphic (SNP) markers. The sequence reads ranged from 2,560,543,741 bp to 20,039,688,139 bp with the GC (%) of 47.80–49.34 and phred quality score (Q30) of 96.47–97.54%. A total of 4951 polymorphic SNPs were identified among the accessions after stringent filtering and 298 SNPs with efficient marker assisted backcross breeding (MAB) markers were generated from the polymorphic SNPs. Further, functional annotations of SNPs revealed the effects and importance of the SNPs identified in the flowering process. The SNPs were predominantly associated with the four major flowering related transcription factors such as MYB, MADS box (AG), AP2/EREB, and bHLH. In addition, SNPs in the vital flowering integrator gene (FT) and floral repressors (EMBRYONIC FLOWER 1, 2, and FRIGIDA) were identified among the radish inbred lines. Further, 50 SNPs were randomly selected from 298 SNPs and validated using Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR genotyping system (KASP) in 102 radish inbred lines. The homozygosity of the inbred lines varied from 56 to 96% and the phylogenetic analysis resulted in the clustering of inbred lines into three subgroups. Taken together, the SNP markers identified in the present study can be utilized for the discrimination, seed purity test, and adjusting parental combinations for breeding in radish.
Autophagy is inhibited by ubiquitin ligase activity in the nervous system
Authors: Crawley Oliver , Opperman Karla J. , Desbois Muriel , Adrados Isabel , Borgen Melissa A. , Giles Andrew C. , Duckett Derek R. , Grill Brock
Published: November 2019

Autophagy is an intracellular catabolic process prominent in starvation, aging and disease. Neuronal autophagy is particularly important, as it affects the development and function of the nervous system, and is heavily implicated in neurodegenerative disease. Nonetheless, how autophagy is regulated in neurons remains poorly understood. Using an unbiased proteomics approach, we demonstrate that the primary initiator of autophagy, the UNC-51/ULK kinase, is negatively regulated by the ubiquitin ligase RPM-1. RPM-1 ubiquitin ligase activity restricts UNC-51 and autophagosome formation within specific axonal compartments, and exerts effects broadly across the nervous system. By restraining UNC-51 activity, RPM-1 inhibits autophagosome formation to affect axon termination, synapse maintenance and behavioral habituation. These results demonstrate how UNC-51 and autophagy are regulated subcellularly in axons, and unveils a mechanism for restricting initiation of autophagy across the nervous system. Our findings have important implications beyond nervous system development, given growing links between altered autophagy regulation and neurodegenerative diseases.
Retinoid X receptor agonist LG100268 modulates the immune microenvironment in preclinical breast cancer models
Authors: Leal Ana S. , Zydeck Kayla , Carapellucci Sarah , Reich Lyndsey A. , Zhang Di , Moerland Jessica A. , Sporn Michael B. , Liby Karen T.
Published: November 2019

Despite numerous therapeutic advances in the past decade, breast cancer is expected to cause over 42,000 deaths in the United States in 2019. Breast cancer had been considered an immunologically silent tumor; however recent findings suggest that immune cells play important roles in tumor growth even in the breast. Retinoid X receptors (RXRs) are a subclass of nuclear receptors that act as ligand-dependent transcription factors that regulate a variety of cellular processes including proliferation and differentiation; in addition, they are essential for macrophage biology. Rexinoids are synthetic molecules that bind and activate RXRs. Bexarotene is the only rexinoid approved by the FDA for the treatment of refractory cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Other more-potent rexinoids have been synthesized, such as LG100268 (LG268). Here, we report that treatment with LG 268, but not bexarotene, decreased infiltration of myeloid-derived suppressor cells and CD206-expressing macrophages, increased the expression of PD-L1 by 50%, and increased the ratio of CD8/CD4, CD25 T cells, which correlates with increased cytotoxic activity of CD8 T cells in tumors of MMTV-Neu mice (a model of HER2-positive breast cancer). In the MMTV-PyMT murine model of triple negative breast cancer, LG268 treatment of established tumors prolonged survival, and in combination with anti-PD-L1 antibodies, significantly (p = 0.05) increased the infiltration of cytotoxic CD8 T cells and apoptosis. Collectively, these data suggest that the use of LG268, a RXR agonist, can improve response to immune checkpoint blockade in HER2+ or triple-negative breast cancer.
Resequencing of 414 cultivated and wild watermelon accessions identifies selection for fruit quality traits
Authors: Guo Shaogui , Zhao Shengjie , Sun Honghe , Wang Xin , Wu Shan , Lin Tao , Ren Yi , Gao Lei , Deng Yun , Zhang Jie , Lu Xuqiang , Zhang Haiying , Shang Jianli , Gong Guoyi , Wen Changlong , He Nan , Tian Shouwei , Li Maoying , Liu Junpu , Wang Yanping , Zhu Yingchun , Jarret Robert , Levi Amnon , Zhang Xingping , Huang Sanwen , Fei Zhangjun , Liu Wenge , Xu Yong
Published: November 2019

Fruit characteristics of sweet watermelon are largely the result of human selection. Here we report an improved watermelon reference genome and whole-genome resequencing of 414 accessions representing all extant species in theCitrullusgenus. Population genomic analyses reveal the evolutionary history ofCitrullus, suggesting independent evolutions inCitrullus amarusand the lineage containingCitrullus lanatusandCitrullus mucosospermus. Our findings indicate that different loci affecting watermelon fruit size have been under selection during speciation, domestication and improvement. A non-bitter allele, arising in the progenitor of sweet watermelon, is largely fixed inC. lanatus. Selection for flesh sweetness started in the progenitor ofC. lanatusand continues through modern breeding on loci controlling raffinose catabolism and sugar transport. Fruit flesh coloration and sugar accumulation might have co-evolved through shared genetic components including a sugar transporter gene. This study provides valuable genomic resources and sheds light on watermelon speciation and breeding history.
Dynamic behaviours of a flame as plasma in a strong electric field
Authors: Fukuyama Takao , Mukai Nodoka , Togawa Gaku
Published: November 2019

Dynamic behaviours of a flame are experimentally examined via applying an electric potential difference between two parallel electrodes and placing a flame of ethanol between them. Given that a flame behaves as a weakly ionised plasma, the shape of the flame is affected by an external strong electric field. When a strong ac electric field is applied horizontally, i.e., transverse field, and as the applied ac voltage increases, the shape of the flame becomes flat and the width of the inner flame expands and saturates at a specific value. When a strong ac electric field is applied vertically, i.e., axial field, the frequency of the self-excited oscillation is affected by a specific value of the applied frequency. When the frequency of the applied ac voltage changes, temperature and light emission of flame are significantly affected by the applied ac voltage. Furthermore, when the strength of the horizontally applied electric field is further increased, a discharge occurs in the flame, and it is reshaped into an arc plasma. The current signals exhibit background troughs and sudden peaks in the form of spikes. The spectrophotometric curve includes the spectra of both the flames and arc plasma under the arc discharge.
Three cooperative mechanisms required for recovery after brain damage
Authors: Berger D. , Varriale E. , van Kessenich L. Michiels , Herrmann H. J. , de Arcangelis L.
Published: November 2019

Stroke is one of the main causes of human disabilities. Experimental observations indicate that several mechanisms are activated during the recovery of functional activity after a stroke. Here we unveil how the brain recovers by explaining the role played by three mechanisms: Plastic adaptation, hyperexcitability and synaptogenesis. We consider two different damages in a neural network: A diffuse damage that simply causes the reduction of the effective system size and a localized damage, a stroke, that strongly alters the spontaneous activity of the system. Recovery mechanisms observed experimentally are implemented both separately and in a combined way. Interestingly, each mechanism contributes to the recovery to a limited extent. Only the combined application of all three together is able to recover the spontaneous activity of the undamaged system. This explains why the brain triggers independent mechanisms, whose cooperation is the fundamental ingredient for the system’s recovery.
Highly efficient ex vivo lentiviral transduction of primary human pancreatic exocrine cells
Authors: Balak Jeetindra R. A. , de Graaf Natascha , Zaldumbide Arnaud , Rabelink Ton J. , Hoeben Rob C. , de Koning Eelco J. P. , Carlotti Françoise
Published: November 2019

The lack of efficient gene transfer methods into primary human pancreatic exocrine cells hampers studies on the plasticity of these cells and their possible role in beta cell regeneration. Therefore, improved gene transfer protocols are needed. Lentiviral vectors are widely used to drive ectopic gene expression in mammalian cells, including primary human islet cells. Here we aimed to optimize gene transfer into primary human exocrine cells using modified lentiviral vectors or transduction conditions. We evaluated different promoters, viral envelopes, medium composition and transduction adjuvants. Transduction efficiency of a reporter vector was evaluated by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. We show that protamine sulfate-assisted transduction of a VSV-G-pseudotyped vector expressing eGFP under the control of a CMV promoter in a serum-free environment resulted in the best transduction efficiency of exocrine cells, reaching up to 90% of GFP-positive cells 5 days after transduction. Our findings will enable further studies on pancreas (patho)physiology that require gene transfer such as gene overexpression, gene knockdown or lineage tracing studies.
Light at night disrupts diel patterns of cytokine gene expression and endocrine profiles in zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata)
Authors: Mishra Ila , Knerr Reinhard M. , Stewart Alexander A. , Payette Wesley I. , Richter Melanie M. , Ashley Noah T.
Published: November 2019

Increased exposure to light pollution perturbs physiological processes through misalignment of daily rhythms at the cellular and tissue levels. Effects of artificial light-at-night (ALAN) on diel properties of immunity are currently unknown. We therefore tested the effects of ALAN on diel patterns of cytokine gene expression, as well as key hormones involved with the regulation of immunity, in zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata). Circulating melatonin and corticosterone, and mRNA expression levels of pro- (IL-1β, IL-6) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines were measured at six time points across 24-h day in brain (nidopallium, hippocampus, and hypothalamus) and peripheral tissues (liver, spleen, and fat) of zebra finches exposed to 12 h light:12 h darkness (LD), dim light-at-night (DLAN) or constant bright light (LLbright). Melatonin and corticosterone concentrations were significantly rhythmic under LD, but not under LLbright and DLAN. Genes coding for cytokines showed tissue-specific diurnal rhythms under LD and were lost with exposure to LLbright, except IL-6 in hypothalamus and liver. In comparison to LLbright, effects of DLAN were less adverse with persistence of some diurnal rhythms, albeit with significant waveform alterations. These results underscore the circadian regulation of biosynthesis of immune effectors and imply the susceptibility of daily immune and endocrine patterns to ALAN.
Author Correction: Digital soil mapping including additional point sampling in Posses ecosystem services pilot watershed, southeastern Brazil
Authors: Silva Bárbara Pereira Christofaro , Naves Silva Marx Leandro , Avalos Fabio Arnaldo Pomar , Duarte de Menezes Michele , Curi Nilton
Published: November 2019

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
An assessment of tropical cyclones rainfall erosivity for Taiwan
Authors: Janapati Jayalakshmi , Seela Balaji Kumar , Lin Pay-Liam , Wang Pao K. , Kumar Utpal
Published: November 2019

Rainfall erosivity (or water erosion) has severe implications on agriculture, water, and land use management. Though, there were Rainfall erosivity studies on regional and global scale, tropical cyclones’ Rainfall erosivity is poorly assessed and have not been documented for one of the most cyclones affecting regions of the world like Taiwan. Here, using 15-years of raindrop size distributions (RSD) and 60-years of hourly rain gauges data, we estimated cyclones (also called typhoons) rainfall erosivity over Taiwan, and establish that typhoons’ mean rainfall erosivity is higher than the global mean rainfall erosivity. Moreover, regional variability of typhoons rainfall erosivity showed an increasing pattern from north to south (Taipei to Pingtung), with relatively higher values over eastern and southern parts of Taiwan. The annual mean erosivity of typhoons rainfall showed raising trends over eastern and southern Taiwan during 1958–2017. Our results provide an insight in assessing the land use and agricultural management for Taiwan.
Tunable graduated filters based on electrochromic materials for spatial image control
Authors: Hein Alexander , Kortz Carsten , Oesterschulze Egbert
Published: November 2019

Passive graduated filters with fixed absorption profile are currently used in image recording to avoid overexposure. However, a whole set of filters with prescribed gradients is required to cope with changing illumination conditions. Furthermore, they demand mechanical adjustment during operation. To overcome these deficiencies we present a microfabricated active electrochromic graduated filter which combines multiple functionalities: The overall absorbance, the position of medium transmission as well as the magnitude of its gradient can be tuned continuously by electrical means. Live image control is possible using low operation voltages in the range of ±2 V to reach a high change in optical density ΔOD of 1.01 (400 nm to 780 nm) with a coloration and bleaching time 1.3 s and 0.2 s, respectively. Owing to their low volume and power consumption they are suitable for widespread applications like in smartphones, surveillance cameras or microscopes.