bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Knowledge Production in the Dutch Republic: The Household Academy of Hugo Grotius
Authors: van Ittersum Martine J.
Published: February 2012

The household academy was an important center of knowledge production in the Dutch Republic. This article analyzes the workings of one of the premier political and learned families of Holland, centered on the jurist Hugo Grotius (1583–1645). His immediate relatives were actively involved in the process of writing and publication. They sought to steer him clear of certain political and scholarly debates, while helping him to engage in others. They liaised with Dutch printers, and served as research assistants, scribes, and translators. With his aid and encouragement, they also became authors themselves, including his wife, her sister and her daughter.
Liberalism and the Rhetorical Vision of Politics
Authors: Garsten Bryan
Published: February 2012

Visions of Politics, Quentin Skinner's impressive three-volume collection of essays, does not offer a systematic defense of any particular theory of politics. Skinner's vision is what I refer to as a "rhetorical" vision of politics. In this essay I do not want to criticize this fundamental vision of politics; instead I would like to spend time thinking about its political implications. I hope to suggest that we can acknowledge and even endorse the centrality of rhetorical contestation in political life without accepting the view that liberalism is an unhealthy Hobbesian or neo-Kantian project to "halt the flux of politics." In fact an important strand of liberalism was motivated by a desire to save republicanism from those who would use its language against its essence—those who would use republican rhetoric to stifle the sort of contestation important to republican politics.
Freedom, the Common Good, and the Rule of Law: Lippmann and Hayek on Economic Planning
Authors: Jackson Ben
Published: February 2012

This article examines the intellectual relationship between Friedrich Hayek and Walter Lippmann in the 1930s and 1940s, and argues that Lippmann's writings on economic planning were a neglected influence on the development of Hayek's political thought in this period. Lippmann's work provided a first approximation of arguments that Hayek would later make this own: that planning would destroy civil and political freedom; that a certain form of legal order was essential to the preservation of liberty; and that critics of planning should offer a positive liberal reform agenda that was compatible with this understanding of the law.
Fusing the Elements of "Circe": From Compositional to Textual Repetition
Authors: Crowley Ronan
Published: February 2012

The recovery of important consignments of Joyce's papers since 2000 makes "Circe" the most comprehensively documented of Ulysses 's eighteen episodes. This essay explores the prepublication archive to argue that the "Telemachiad" typescripts informed the epi­sode's signature play with quoting from other parts of the novel. In so doing, it takes textual recurrence as a thematization of how Joyce wrote Ulysses to initiate a critical trajectory that is independent of and perhaps anterior to the workings of the mind and psychologistic metaphors.
Enthroning Hirohito: Culture and Nation in 1920s Japan
Authors: Wilson Sandra
Published: February 2012

This essay examines the ceremonies surrounding the enthronement of Emperor Showa in 1928 and their implications for Japanese nationalism. The 1928 celebrations displayed the contours of official nationalism at the time and furthered national integration, principally because they took advantage of the great technological and cultural developments of the 1920s. Though official versions of nationalism were powerful, people participated in the celebrations for a variety of reasons. The enthronement events were intimately related to the mass culture and consumerism of the 1920s and were a reflection and expression of urban life in that decade, not a predictor of foreign aggression in the 1930s.
"Comedy" Can Be Deadly: Or, How Mark Twain Killed Hara Hōitsuan
Authors: Levy Indra
Published: February 2012

In the April 6, 1903, edition of the Tōkyō asahi shinbun , best-selling translator Hara Hōitsuan published "Shiizā sansatsu jiken," his rendition of a burlesque by Mark Twain titled "The Killing of Julius Caesar 'Localized.'" This minor translation of a minor text by a world-famous American author sparked a virulent public debate between Hara and Yamagata Iso'o, who was incensed by the translator's failure to grasp Twain's subtle sense of humor. This essay examines the 1903 Hara-Twain controversy for what it reveals about the status of literary laughter as an object of knowledge via translation in Meiji Japan.
Political Uses of Confucianism in North Korea
Authors: Kang Jin Woong
Published: February 2012

In this article, I challenge the existing cultural approach that assumes a virtual Confucian transformation in North Korea. We can understand North Korea’s modern revival of Chosŏn Confucianism as an ideological phenomenon, created by political elites who reinvent and manipulate forms of Confucianism to legitimate their domination. The image of the so-called family-state, for which the cultural approach has argued, actually comes from the regime’s political discourses. I focus on how North Korea has systemized and transformed its ruling idea, the Chuch’e ideology, through its uses of Confucianism. Kim Jong Il’s ideas of sociopolitical life and loyalty and filial piety (ch’ung-hyo) are a reinterpretation of Chuch’e ideology and are reflected in the regime’s extreme political discourses. I argue that North Korea’s political power is not a projection of Confucian culture, but that the reverse is true. Based upon this fundamental claim, I explore how North Korean political elites have used Confucianism in order to legitimate their political power and how modern discursive uses of Confucianism in politics have reinterpreted Chuch’e ideology.
Between Mysteries and Factions: Initiation Rituals, Student Groups, and Violence in the Schools of Late Antique Athens
Authors: DeForest Dallas
Published: February 2012

New students who arrived in Athens for study were subjected to an initiation ritual that culminated within a bathhouse in the agora. To date, this ritual has been not been contextualized properly, nor has the abundant evidence been explored fully, despite the fact that it served as the formal means of entry into the student bodies and schools of Athens. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the evidence related to the ritual and a discussion of its structure. It details the ritual’s role in structuring student bodies hierarchically (creating the student “corps”), and it makes a connection between the ritual, paideia (as understood in Athens), and the Eleusinian mysteries. The exemption of Basil of Caesarea is also covered, and the Circus Factions are suggested as a parallel for understanding the nature of student violence in late antique Athens.
Kingdoms or Dynasties? Arabs, History, and Identity before Islam
Authors: Fisher Greg
Published: February 2012

This study examines the evidence for three small but prominent groups of Arabs in the fifth and sixth centuries—the Jafnids, allied to the Roman Empire, the Naṣrids, allied to the Sasanians, and the Ḥujrids, client rulers of the kingdom of Ḥimyar, but equally subject to pressure from the Romans and Sasanians. It explores the numerous problems that have impeded efforts to produce a balanced assessment of these peoples, including source-critical, historiographical, and ideological pressures. It also highlights the long-held attachment of each group to a “people,” the Jafnids to Ghassān, the Naṣrids to Lakhm, and the Ḥujrids to Kinda, connections that have produced a misleading impression of kingdoms or stable polities under each name. The evidence only allows us to describe family dynasties composed of small groups of individuals. Finally, highlighting the importance of the framework of imperial power in any analysis of the late antique east, it offers some thoughts on what the evidence discussed here suggests for our understanding of Arab identities before Islam.
Comparing the Arab Revolts: Is Saudi Arabia Immune?
Authors: Lacroix Stéphane
Published: February 2012

Abstract:
When protests started spreading throughout the Arab world in January 2011, numerous observers argued that Saudi Arabia’s turn would soon come. There was some truth to those expectations, as February and early March 2011 witnessed an unusual degree of protest activity by the Kingdom’s standards. And yet, by mid-March, the regime had regained complete control of the situation. Who were the activists who challenged the regime and what did they want? And how did the regime manage to silence their protests? Does this episode mean that revolution is impossible in Saudi Arabia?
Do New Democracies Support Democracy? Indonesia Finds a New Voice
Authors: Sukma Rizal
Published: February 2012

Abstract:
Throughout the 1990s, resisting international pressures to democratize was one of the dominant features of Indonesia’s foreign policy. Together with Singapore, Malaysia, and China, Indonesia strongly resisted the democracy-promotion agenda present in the foreign policies of Western countries, arguing that democracy was unsuitable for Asian societies. That position came to an end with the collapse of authoritarian rule in 1998. As the dust of domestic turmoil resulting from transition began to settle, Indonesia began to incorporate its democratic identity into foreign policy. Indonesia’s desire to establish its credential as a regional proponent of democracy in Southeast Asia, however, is still sought within the limits imposed by the precarious nature of Indonesia’s own democracy and the reality of regional politics. It also still registers a gap between its progressive outlook at regional level and conservative attitude in the international arena. Consequently, democracy can hardly function beyond an instrument to construct a new international identity for post-authoritarian Indonesia. In that context, the inclusion of democracy agenda in Indonesia’s foreign policy is still best described as an exercise in democracy-projection rather than democracy-promotion.
Peru’s 2011 Elections: A Vote for Moderate Change
Authors: Tanaka Martín
Published: February 2012

Abstract:
International and domestic observers alike were astonished by the results of Peru’s recent presidential election. In the 5 June 2011 runoff against Keiko Fujimori, Ollanta Humala, the 2006 runner-up, won office with 51.5 percent of the vote. The 2011 presidential contest—the third since the fall of fujimorismo —highlighted both the scope and limitations of the democratic gains made in the last ten years. Is it a contradiction to say that Humala’s victory stemmed from the volatility of the electorate even as the socioeconomic profile of the typical Humala voter remained remarkably similar from 2006 to 2011? Does the continuity of a humalista vote undermine an explanation based on the contingency of electoral volatility and sustain the thesis of a vote motivated by discontent with the system?
Do New Democracies Support Democracy? The Multilateral Dimension
Authors: Piccone Ted
Published: February 2012

Abstract:
When it comes to supporting democracy and human rights initiatives internationally, Brazil, India, Indonesia, South Africa, South Korea and Turkey present a range of behaviors. A review of voting patterns at the United Nations over six years, coupled with an analysis of each country’s behavior at other international organizations, reveals an enduring cleavage for and against external interference in internal affairs. South Korea and Turkey, anchored for decades in Western security alliances, are sympathetic to most multilateral human rights initiatives. Brazil positions itself as a fence-sitter as it seeks political autonomy and regional and global leadership. India, South Africa and Indonesia are squarely in the non-interventionist camp, though all three recently have taken some positive steps.
Comparing the Arab Revolts: The Role of the Military
Authors: Barany Zoltan
Published: February 2012

Abstract:
The support of the armed forces is a necessary condition for a revolution to succeed. The 2011 Arab uprisings support this contention. The military’s role is examined in the six Arab states where significant bloodshed had taken place: Bahrain, Egypt, Libya, Syria, Tunisia, and Yemen. They can be grouped into three categories defined by how the regular military responded to the revolt. In Tunisia and Egypt the soldiers backed the revolution, in Libya and Yemen they split, and in Syria and Bahrain they turned their guns against the demonstrators. These different stances by the armed forces largely explain the different outcomes of the revolutions.
Turkey Under the AKP: The Era of Dominant-Party Politics
Authors: Müftüler-Baç Meltem , Keyman E. Fuat
Published: February 2012

Abstract:
The paper analyzes the main factors leading to the Justice and Development Party’s 2011 electoral victory and proposes that the party’s ability to engage with the Turkish public and its effective governance are the main reasons behind its electoral successes. The AKP’s position could be characterized by “electoral hegemony,” yet it seems that the AKP’s power—which stems from its transformative role in Turkey’s modernization and foreign policy—has not yet paved the way to the consolidation of democracy. The AKP’s ability to put together a societal consensus is thus critical in a Turkish politics characterized by a dominant party and a weak opposition.
Turkey Under the AKP: Civil-Military Relations Transformed
Authors: Aydınlı Ersel
Published: February 2012

Abstract:
Recent years have seen a transformation in Turkish civil-military relations—away from the traditional picture of weak elected officials overseen by a strong military, to one of a strengthened civilian government and a military with decreased influence. This article explores the questions of how this transformation has occurred, whether it will last, and what it indicates about prospects for democratic consolidation in Turkey. It includes suggestions for ensuring the institutionalization of these changes, and discusses possible stumbling blocks to further advancement.
Democracy Assistance: What Recipients Think
Authors: Barkan Joel D.
Published: February 2012

Abstract:
Although the efficacy of democracy assistance (DA) has long been the subject of critical debate, there have been few systematic efforts to evaluate the impact of this complex form of foreign aid. How and why has such assistance helped recipients and the organizations that they lead in their efforts to advance democratization in their respective countries? What are the greatest strengths of DA? What are its principal shortcomings? What about the personnel of the international donor agencies and NGOs that provide DA? Are they competent in their dealings with recipients? How knowledgeable are they about the countries in which they work? And most important, what has been the overall impact of DA, both for the individual recipient organizations and at the societal level?
Healthy Vocations: Field Nursing and the Religious Overtones of Public Health
Authors: Hancock Christin L.
Published: February 2012

This article argues that the Office of Indian Affairs (OIA) field nursing program of the 1930s, which continued much of the same assimilation-style health care practices begun generations earlier by missionaries and field matrons, perpetuated the nineteenth-century link between religion and health care. Following in the footsteps of their female predecessors, field nurses targeted native women for health education, emphasizing personal hygiene and individual responsibility at the expense of socioeconomic causes of illness. Native women nonetheless appear to have maintained agency and power in negotiating health and health care. Peaking during the era of OIA Commissioner John Collier's Indian New Deal, the history of field nursing problematizes this period, particularly with regard to women's experiences. The article is significant for its exploration of field nursing as a contested site of cultural negotiation, revealing issues of power and difference in the lives of American women.
“Pictures with a Purpose”: The Birth Control Debate on the Big Screen
Authors: Parry Manon
Published: February 2012

In the first half of the twentieth century, birth control advocates used the mass media to reframe contraception from a private, secret matter to an acceptable part of life fit for public discussion. Although their campaign began in print, they quickly embraced the more far-reaching medium of film to deliver their message. This article argues that birth control advocates circumvented the Comstock Act in the early decades of the twentieth century by taking up this new medium as part of a long-running strategy to publicize the birth control movement. Their efforts shaped both the public debate on the topic and the development of motion picture censorship.
Death Twice over: Dualism of Metaphor and Realia in 12th-Century Hebrew Crusading Accounts
Authors: Shepkaru Shmuel
Published: February 2012

This article analyzes the peculiar phrase "being killed a second time" referring to the Jews, which is found in the Hebrew accounts of the First Crusade in 1096. Through a comparison with and analysis of Christian hagiography and medieval Latin documents using the same phrase, the study shows that there is a dual meaning of this metaphor. On the one hand, the phrase conveys the Jewish martyrs' strong commitment to their God by showing their willingness to die twice at the hands of crusaders; on the other hand, it alludes to ambiguous and questionable behavior of forced converts or to indecisive Jewish behavior in the face of forced conversion. Converts were perceived as dead once they left Judaism. Their first "death" could have been reversed either by martyrdom or by returning to their original creed. Second death, therefore, could refer to martyrdoms of converts. Through a second death these Jews achieved their atonement and exoneration. Most of the converts, however, "came back to life" upon their return to Judaism. The metaphor reveals that conversion to Christianity constituted a far more serious and common problem than the Jewish authors could admit openly. At the same time, "being killed a second time" discloses the sources' polemical and apologetic tone. Despite the rigid image held of the Ashkenazic community in several modern studies, the analysis of the metaphor reveals a compassionate community, with a sympathetic attitude and realistic approach toward the converts.
Auerbach's Scars: Judaism and the Question of Literature
Authors: Shahar Galili
Published: February 2012

This essay explores Erich Auerbach's work and discusses its origins and implications as a German-Jewish project which reflects the dialectic of modernism and tradition, literature and theology, Judaism and Christianity. According to this essay Auerbach's book Mimesis, his concept of literature and his understanding of realistic representation should not be separated from his views on Jewish monotheism and from his modernist negotiation with its heritage. Mimesis thus attests to the ambiguous structure of identity and it shows the differences and similarities, the gaps and the belonging-together of the Jewish, the Christian, and the Greek. It is the structure of a cut and a stitch, the structure of a scar, which reflects the dialectics of representation in Auerbach's project. The scar is the sign of German-Jewish writing that was charged with an experience of pain, crisis, and exile—Europe 1942.
The " Budalo jedna! "-Type Construction in Contemporary Serbian
Authors: Mel'cuk Igor , Milicevic Jasmina
Published: February 2012

This paper describes the qualifying exclamatory construction in Serbian exemplified by Budalo jedna! 'What a fool you are!'. This construction belongs to non-descriptive (or SIGNALATIVE ) linguistic expressions which cannot be questioned, negated, or freely modified. The lexicographic description of such expressions has received insufficient attention. We argue that in the above construction the adjective JEDAN intensifies the speaker's negative feelings such that the construction means: 'You are a fool and I feel very negatively about it'. Extensions of the construction include the use of JEDAN with a positive evaluative noun, which produces an ironic effect (e.g., Genije jedan! 'You are the opposite of a genius, and I feel very negatively about it') and with a non-evaluative noun, which results in the "transfer" of negativeness to the noun (e.g., Profesore jedan! 'You act as a typical professor [which is bad], and I feel very negatively about it'). Since all these effects are attributable to JEDAN, we describe the qualifying exclamatory construction in the lexical entry for JEDAN.
Middle Object Scrambling
Authors: Mykhaylyk Roksolana
Published: February 2012

This paper discusses syntactic and semantic aspects of direct object scrambling in Ukrainian. Given the complex nature of scrambling, the investigation is narrowed to only one of its types: the change SVO→SOV, defined as Middle Object Scrambling (MOS). This strategy affords a detailed examination of this phenomenon at a micro-level. MOS is scrutinized with regard to its syntactic aspects (e.g., position of a moved element) and semantic properties (e.g., possible interpretations of a direct object). The semantic features of definiteness, referentiality, and partitivity are particularly emphasized, as previous studies have claimed they play an important role in the process. This research demonstrates that the most relevant feature in Ukrainian MOS is specificity in the sense of partitivity/presuppositionality. The implication of this is that Slavic data provide further support for the universality of interpretational properties of the v P edge, in line with Chomsky 2001.
The Transcendent Metrosexual: Affirmations of Hegemonic Masculinity in Press Coverage of the Birth of Tom Brady's Son
Authors: Bishop Ronald
Published: February 2012

A textual analysis was performed on articles from major U.S. newspapers about Tom Brady and actress Bridget Moynahan, her pregnancy, and the birth of their son with hegemonic masculinity is the theoretical backdrop. Recent reevaluation of the concept (Connell & Messerschmidt, 2005) has not drastically changed its core idea: the "social ascendancy of a particular version or model of masculinity that, operating on the terrain of 'common sense' and conventional morality, defines 'what it means to be a man'" (Hanke, 1990, p. 232). As Harris and Clayton (2007) suggest, journalists covering Brady deployed the concept of metrosexuality to "explain and disparage" behaviors "that fall outside of the circle of legitimacy of patriarchy" (p. 160). It was a "misdirection play," a single dimension of Brady's masculinity inserted by journalists to direct attention away from Brady's foibles and to reinforce a more conventional construction of masculinity. Brady seems to embrace the metrosexual trappings that come with his global celebrity, but for journalists he is a man's man.
Just Like One of the Guys?: Perceptions of Male and Female Sportscasters' Voices
Authors: Etling Laurence W. , Young Raymond W. , Faux William V. , Mitchell Joseph C.
Published: February 2012

This study measured the influence of a sportscaster's vocal pitch on listeners' perceptions of authoritativeness from a constructivist theoretical perspective. College students heard sportscasts read by a low- or high-pitched male or female and completed questionnaires measuring authoritativeness and sexist attitudes toward women. Male sportscasters were considered more authoritative than females, but male sportscasters with higher-pitched voices were rated more authoritative than those with lower pitches.
International Reformation of Swedish History Education 1927–1961: The Complexity of Implementing International Understanding
Authors: Nygren Thomas
Published: February 2012

This study shows how the international efforts for reforming history teaching, by the League of Nations, UNESCO, and the Council of Europe, were both neglected and implemented before and after World War II. International interest in the promotion of international understanding and discouragement of nationalism was interpreted and influenced by teachers’ and students’ views of history. International understanding and non-European history—but not intercultural history—became a dominant theme in the Swedish curriculum in a complex top-down and bottom-up process.
The Spiritual Journey of an Independent Thinker: The Conversion of Li Zhizao to Catholicism
Authors: Yu Liu
Published: February 2012

Li Zhizao (d. 1630) was one of the most famous early Chinese Roman Catholics intimately associated with Matteo Ricci (1552-1610), the founder of the Jesuit mission in China. In spite of his fame, Li's religious experience has not so far been adequately investigated. To understand this crucially important aspect of his life and the related early modern East-West intellectual interaction, this article looks closely into ques­tions about his conspicuously late formal entry into the Church, the peculiar circum­stances of his agreement to receive baptism in 1610, and the complex implications of his logically deduced theistic belief for both Confucianism and Christianity.
"That Grand Primeval and Fundamental Religion": The Transformation of Freemasonry into a British Imperial Cult
Authors: Fozdar Vahid
Published: February 2012

In light of recent research on the role of Protestant Christianity in the British Empire, this article explores the possibility that the British actually carried to India a "religion" besides Protestantism, something that mimicked a religion so closely that it could vir­tually serve as an alternative to Christianity for purposes of imperial consolidation—namely, Freemasonry. The article posits that British Freemasonry, although it emerged from a Christian environment, progressively de-Christianized itself in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and increasingly espoused a religious universalism, which in turn allowed it to serve as an institutionalized, quasi-official, and de facto "civil reli­gion" for the British Empire in India.
What It Takes to Defend Deceptive Placebo Use
Authors: Barnhill Anne
Published: February 2012

A complete defense of deceptive placebo use must address this ethical objection: deceptive placebo use violates patient autonomy, because deceiving a patient about the placebo nature of a proposed treatment prevents her from giving informed consent to the treatment. Unfortunately, this objection isn’t always recognized and clearly disambiguated from other ethical concerns. I consider how well several bioethicists who write about placebo use have responded to, or evaded, this objection. I conclude that defenders of deceptive placebo use should, following the lead of Onora O’Neill, argue that deceptive placebo use is compatible with informed consent.
Books and Reading in the Connecticut Western Reserve: The Small-Settlement Social Library, 1800–1860
Authors: Stiffler Stuart A.
Published: February 2012

Encouraged by the Puritan emphasis on literacy and mission, and energized by sociocultural needs and frontier voluntarism, New Englanders and others founded 107 small-settlement proprietary and subscription libraries in the Connecticut Western Reserve (part of present-day northern Ohio) before 1860. This article discusses the background context, organization, administration, patronage, and content of a representative number of these libraries as well as their evolution as predecessors of the tax-supported public library in nineteenth-century Ohio.
Modelización de escenarios de cambio potencial en la vegetación y el uso de suelo en la Sierra Madre Oriental de San Luis Potosí, México
Authors: Sahagún-Sánchez Francisco Javier , Reyes-Hernández Humberto , Flores Flores José Luis , Vargas Leonardo Chapa
Published: February 2012

Here the dynamics of land use change in the "Sierra Madre Oriental" portion of the state of San Luis Potosi, considered an important site for conservation of biodiversity in México are studied. Satellite images from 1989 to 2005 are studied, during which period a total of 65,000 ha. suffered some type of land use or land cover change. A probability map of change and modeled future scenarios based on cellular automates was prepared. It is estimated that almost 13% of natural vegetation is susceptible to change. By 2025 the amount of surface transformed could triple. The principal factors affecting such changes are population density, marginalization and poverty of the population, and distance to roads. The main threat for the ecosystems is the increase in the extent of the areas devoted to livestock grazing and to crop agriculture.
Dimensions of Peri-Urban Maize Production in the Toluca-Atlacomulco Valley, Mexico
Authors: Lerner Amy M. , Appendini Kirsten
Published: February 2012

En la medida en que el campo latinoamericano se transforma por los procesos de globalización y cambios en los modos de vida, se cuestiona lo que convencionalmente se entiende por rural y urbano. En México, todavía persiste una cultura de reforma agraria y producción de maíz junto con el crecimiento urbano e industrial que impacta el uso del suelo y las estrategias económicas de los hogares rurales. En este artículo se utilizan fuentes estadísticas nacionales así como entrevistas a funcionarios públicos y organizaciones de productores para desentrañar los diversos impactos consecuentes en la producción de maíz en el valle de Toluca-Atlacomulco, Estado de México. La acelerada urbanización así como la política agraria que ha socavado a los pequeños productores ha llevado a que los productores de maíz se modernicen, o cultiven para la subsistencia y/o se involucren en ocupaciones alternativas fuera del predio.
Unequal Partners, Unequal Exchange: Goldcorp, the Mexican State, and Campesino Dispossession at the Peñasquito Goldmine
Authors: Garibay Claudio , Boni Andrew , Panico Francesco , Urquijo Pedro , Klooster Dan
Published: February 2012

La nueva geografía de la minería de tajo a cielo abierto en América Latina se extiende al México rural, con efectos drásticos sobre la tierra, el agua y otros recursos de subsistencia de las sociedades campesinas. Este estudio muestra cómo una empresa minera canadiense ganó el control de la tierra y agua necesaria para operar la mina Peñasquito en el norte de Zacatecas; cómo desactivó las protestas campesinas posteriores, y como ha logrado tomar grandes volúmenes de riqueza mineral a cambio de compensaciones minúsculas a la sociedad local. El papel de los agentes del Estado en la negociación y la interpretación de los contratos legales resultantes es particularmente significativo. Los investigadores debieran examinar las tácticas que las corporaciones mineras utilizan para tomar territorialidades campesinas y acallar la protesta campesina, porque éstas dan forma a un proceso más general de un desigual intercambio económico y ecológico.
Productivity is the Key: Morphophonology and the Riddle of Alternating Diphthongs in Spanish
Authors: Carlson Matthew T. , Gerfen Chip
Published: February 2012

One of the most enduring problems in Spanish phonology has been the appearance of unstressed diphthongs in words with derivational suffixes. Despite robust conditioning of the diphthong alternation by stress, which predicts monophthongs in such words, derivational suffixes exhibit gradient tolerance for diphthongs. Moreover, speakers' intuitions appear to be keenly sensitive to this variability among suffixes. In this article we present corpus data identifying productivity as a crucial property of suffixes predicting the occurrence of diphthongs in extant Spanish derivations. This finding allows us to link the distribution of diphthongs to a more general, crosslinguistic tendency for words with productive morphology to be phonologically marked. We then present experimental results from lexical decision showing that this relationship between phonology and morphology drives not only Spanish speakers' intuitions but also their real-time processing of novel derivations. In addition to offering a solution to a long-standing problem in Spanish phonology, these findings have profound implications for our understanding of the phonology-morphology interface. Our corpus and experimental results conceptually motivate an argument that the contrasting demands of compositional and holistic processing of polymorphemic words play a crucial role in the increased incidence of marked phonology in particular morphological contexts.
Contrastive focus vs. discourse-new: Evidence from phonetic prominence in English
Authors: Katz Jonah , Selkirk Elisabeth
Published: February 2012

The results of a production experiment show that English speakers distinguish elements under contrastive focus from elements that are merely new in the discourse. A novel paradigm eliciting both contrastively focused and merely discourse-new elements in the same sentence avoids differences in information structure and pitch accenting in the context surrounding the target elements that were confounds in previous studies on the topic. Elements under contrastive focus show greater duration, relative intensity, and F0 movement with respect to other elements in the utterance than elements that are new in the discourse but not under contrastive focus. We argue that the phonetic differences revealed here cannot be explained in terms of systematic manipulation of pitch-accent type or phrasal boundaries, and should instead be analyzed as differences in phrase-level phonological prominence for contrastively focused and merely discourse-new elements.
Grammars leak: Modeling how phonotactic generalizations interact within the grammar
Authors: Martin Andrew
Published: February 2012

I present evidence from Navajo and English that weaker, gradient versions of morpheme-internal phonotactic constraints, such as the ban on geminate consonants in English, hold even across prosodic word boundaries. I argue that these lexical biases are the result of a maximum entropy phonotactic learning algorithm that maximizes the probability of the learning data, but that also contains a smoothing term that penalizes complex grammars. When this learner attempts to construct a grammar in which some constraints are blind to morphological structure, it underpredicts the frequency of compounds that violate a morpheme-internal phonotactic. I further show how, over time, this learning bias could plausibly lead to the lexical biases seen in Navajo and English.
Between Passion and Repression: Medical Views of Demon Dreams, Demonic Fetuses, and Female Sexual Madness in Late Imperial China
Authors: Chen Hsiu-fen
Published: February 2012

This article argues that early Chinese physicians had already related female ailments to their sexual frustration. Moreover, many physicians paid more attention to non-reproductive women – nuns, widows, and unmarried women – as if they were more prone to suffer from unfulfilled desires and sexual frustration and, as a result, produce the sexual dreams and monstrous births that were described in the medical literature of medieval China as physical ailments. The earlier body-oriented etiology of these female illnesses gradually shifted to emotion-oriented perspectives in late imperial China. In particular, the sixteenth- and seventeenth-century doctors began to categorize women's sexual frustration as " yu disorders" or "love madness." In this article I will show not only the changing medical views of female sexual madness throughout the ages, but how these views were shaped by the societies in which both the doctors and patients were situated.
H.D. and the Victorian Spectres of White Rose and the Red
Authors: Halsall Alison
Published: February 2012

This essay analyzes the "shadows of myth" that enshroud legendary Pre-Raphaelite icon, Elizabeth Siddal. The casting of the spectral Siddal as Dante Gabriel Rossetti's model, muse, and wife are roles about which H. D. speculates in her novelized biography, White Rose and the Red (1948). This essay examines the Victorian legacy that so preoccupied H.D. in the 1940s through the act of literary haunting. Siddal, as it turns out, is an especially provoking spectre that H.D. uses to embody the modernist repudiation and appropriation of their nineteenth-century predecessors.
Bourdieu, The Chimes , and the Bad Economist: Reading Disinterest
Authors: Breton Rob
Published: February 2012

This paper reads Charles Dickens's The Chimes through the lens of Pierre Bourdieu's study of class ethics and his problematization of working-class disinterest. Arguing that nineteenth-century British literature tends to characterize working people as either obsessed by financial schemes or economically disinterested, it suggests that Bourdieu's non-dualistic epistemology can change the way we understand class in literature, and indeed in any discipline that offers images of working people along the lines of an economic/ethical split. Bourdieu's way of seeing economic practices in ostensibly non-economic activity, while seeing in that economic activity a deep stratum of ethics, rectifies representations or interpretations of class where a simple working-class pragmatism that capitulates to the economic alternates with an inherent working-class moral superiority. Dickens's Christmas story, The Chimes , is interpreted using Bourdieu's materialist ideas so as to model how other representations of class can be rethought.
Biodrama: Sobre el teatro de la vida y la vida del teatro
Authors: Cornago Óscar
Published: February 2012

The evolution of modern art can be understood as a search for a dialogue increasingly associated with a non-intellectualized reality, at the same time that an excess of fictions suggests certain insufficiencies. The cycle of biodramas sponsored by Viviana Tellas through the public theatre of Buenos Aires represented an invitation to different theatre practitioners to work on living people in Argentina. The interesting thing is that, to talk about life in the raw sense, these works were obligated to reflect on their own theatrical functions, thus manifesting the theatricality implicit in life itself. This essay reflects on the concept of theatricality through these works, suggestive of the new directions of scenic creation in the search for a greater sense of reality.
Governing Juana: Madness and the Manipulation of Power in Three Spanish American Plays on Juana la Loca
Authors: López Kimberle S. , Segura Angela Marino
Published: February 2012

This article examines the representation of Juana of Castile in three twentieth-century Spanish American plays — Zavalía's El corazón extraviado — (Argentina, 1957), Sabido's Falsa crónica de Juana la Loca (Mexico, 1985), and Rueda's Retablo de la pasión y muerte de Juana la Loca (Dominican Republic, 1996) — that portray the queen sympathetically as the victim of elaborate plots to usurp her authority. While the plays expose her madness as a pretext used by her father King Fernando and her son Emperor Carlos V to confine her for nearly half a century in the palace of Tordesillas, they do not deny the basic premises of the official history of "Juana la loca." Thus, the captive queen is represented on stage as not only unable to govern Spain, but also as unable to control herself, leading others to "govern Juana."
"La Pista 4's Cadáveres : Radiophonics and the Argentinean Staging of Disappearance"
Authors: Graham-Jones Jean
Published: February 2012

Post-dictatorship Buenos Aires performance of disappearance has largely relied upon mimetic embodiment. One striking exception is La Pista 4's late 1990s Cadáveres , based on six poems by Néstor Perlongher, performed in a wide range of venues, and described in the production handbill as "kind of a radiphonic piece; like one of those we'll never hear on FM." In seeking alternatives to representing the absent-yet-present bodies of the disappeared, the production revisited three cultural phenomena of Argentinean redemocratization: post-post-avant-garde poetry, the theatrical staging of disappearance, and FM radio. The result not only materially resituated the performance of disappearance but also constructively responded to the tyranny of the visual in contemporary cultural production.
Ancient Ceramic Beekeeping Equipment at the University of Ottawa
Authors: Francis Jane
Published: February 2012

Le Musée d’antiquités gréco-romaines de l’Université d’Ottawa possède trois fragments de contenants en céramique pour l’apiculture. Ces tessons avaient été recueillis dans les années 70 par S. Van de Maele lors de travaux de prospection en Mégaride. Comme seuls témoignages sur l’apiculture antique à provenir de la Mégaride, ils contribuent de manière significative à notre connaissance de l’exploitation des ressources naturelles dans cette région. Après avoir étudié la forme et la composition des fragments conservés à l’Université d’Ottawa, on peut conclure qu’ils sont typiques de cette catégorie de contenants, mais qu’ils ont probablement été fabriqués ailleurs qu’en Mégaride.
The Fieldwork of the Canadian Institute in Greece, 2008
Authors: Rupp David W.
Published: February 2012

Durant sept années consécutives, le Directeur a bénéficié de l’occasion de présenter une version condensée du procès-verbal de la réunion publique annuelle de l’Institut, afin de permettre aux lecteurs canadiens en particulier de prendre connaissance du travail de fouilles archéologiques conduites sous les auspices de l’Institut en 2008. Les travaux de recherche de l’Institut (fig. 1) incluent des excavations (Argilos et Ayia Sotira), une prospection pédestre (Béotie orientale) et des saisons d’études (Antikythera et Karystos, Euboea).
Acts of Writing and Authority in Bəgwəna-Lasta between the Fifteenth Century and the Eighteenth Century: A Regional Administration Comes to Light
Authors: Bosc-Tiessé Claire , Derat Marie-Laure
Published: February 2012

This presentation of a project for editing and translating documents that can be used to write the history of Bəgwəna-Lasta from the twelfth till the eighteenth century seeks to study the sorts of documents set down in writing as a function of the type of power exercised at the time and the means for writing and recording documents. Following a brief description of the corpus, the question of how these documents came to be kept in manuscripts in Bəgwəna-Lasta is examined. Through these documents, a regional administration comes to light, along with changes in it from the fifteenth till the eighteenth century. These changes are reflected in the production of written documents, which varies as a function of the powers-that-were in the region.
Realism and Trompe-l'œil in Le Père Goriot
Authors: Walton James
Published: February 2012

This essay consists in an extended gloss on Balzac's paradoxical claim that " All is true ." Author and audience (figured as guide and mentor, degraded avatars of Virgil and Dante), descend into a merely material underworld constructed as an illusion of depth upon the flat field of the text. A symbol of Balzac's art appears as a trompe l'œil arch over a plaster figure of Eros. The allegory of "realism" proceeds from a low-mimetic temptation scene to the Diorama as model of the factitious 'reality' shared by artist and spectator and to the materialist reduction of Shakespeare's tragedy into a Lear -orama. Balzac's tragedy manqué lacks a Cordelia, representing reality's third dimension or the apex of the triangle identified in Louis Lambert as symbol of transcendence. In the end Rastignac, Bildungsroman hero, confronts the mere pan orama of Paris and resumes the trompe l'œil "descent."
Linguistic Science and Mystification in Prosper Mérimée's "Lokis"
Authors: Fudeman Kirsten A.
Published: February 2012

Throughout "Lokis," Mérimée evokes relationships between languages and their irregularities, death and disappearance, translation, and evolution over time. He also places an emphasis on the transition from spoken tongues to literary languages. It is argued that all of these topics refl ect major themes in "Lokis." Emphasis is placed on the way in which nineteenth-century linguistic science, infl uenced by Darwin's theory of evolution, is used by Mérimée to explain the violent actions of the protagonist, Michel Szémioth, and to account for human violence more generally. Just as the Indo-European languages descend from a common ancestor, so do man and beast.
Accommodating Religious Beliefs in the ICU: A Narrative Account of a Disputed Death
Authors: Smith Martin L. , Flamm Anne Lederman
Published: February 2012

Conflicts of interest. None to report.

Despite widespread acceptance in the United States of neurological criteria to determine death, clinicians encounter families who object, often on religious grounds, to the categorization of their loved ones as “brain dead.” The concept of “reasonable accommodation” of objections to brain death, promulgated in both state statutes and the bioethics literature, suggests the possibility of compromise between the family’s deeply held beliefs and the legal, professional and moral values otherwise directing clinicians to withdraw medical interventions. Relying on narrative to convey the experience of a family and clinical caregivers embroiled in this complex dilemma, the case analyzed here explores the practical challenges and moral ambiguities presented by the concept of reasonable accommodation. Clarifying the term’s meaning and boundaries, and identifying guidelines for its clinical implementation, could help to reduce uncertainty for both health care professionals and families and, thereby, the incremental moral distress such uncertainty creates.
Dilemmas of Conscience in the Practice of Medicine: A Phenomenological Study
Authors: Badro Valerie
Published: February 2012

This article presents an interpretive phenomenological study that explores how physicians experience dilemmas of conscience in their day-to-day practice. Eighteen physicians of various ages and professional backgrounds were interviewed and asked to identify and discuss three instances when they experienced a dilemma of conscience. Preliminary findings from narrative analyses of these physician interviews suggest that dilemmas of conscience are ubiquitous, temporal and context-dependent; they cannot be reduced and understood as a focal phenomenon. Moral development appears to parallel acquisition of medical knowledge; participants' specific concerns and their clinical contexts evolved as they gained experience and insight. Participants learned how to negotiate dilemmas of conscience through time, mistakes, examples, actualization, rehearsals and struggles. Remaining engaged in care, developing partnerships and protecting spaces for dialogue can help create practices of accountability when dilemmas of conscience occur.
Character and Ideology: The Case of Cold War Liberalism
Authors: Anderson Amanda
Published: February 2012

This essay reexamines liberalism as a body of thought and as a lived political commitment, arguing for a more differentiated understanding of both the history of liberalism and its ethos, or character. Throughout its history, liberalism has been animated by a dialectic of hope and skepticism, and its particular forms of pessimism, or sober realism, derive from a keen awareness of those forces and conditions that threaten the realization of liberal ambitions, and that remind us of reason’s limits. Taking the case of Cold War liberalism as a central instance of what we might term a bleak liberalism, the essays argues that historically liberalism dwells as much in the existential register of crisis and repair as it does in the normative regions of principle and procedure. To begin to recognize the shaping tensions of liberalism can prompt new ways of thinking not only about the liberal ethos, but also about the liberal aesthetic.