bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EFFECT OF HYDROGEN CYANAMIDE (DORMEX) SPRAYS ON PEACH TREES SUFFERING FROM LACK OF WINTER CHILLING.
Authors: Powell Arlie A. , Tunnell Ed
Published: February 2019

Lack of winter chilling (480 hrs. at or below 7.2°C by 02/28/89) occurred along Alabama's Gulf Coast in the winter of 1988-89. Varieties requiring 650 hours of chilling or more were under stress. To evaluate hydrogen cyanamide (HC), a product used world wide to replace part of some fruit plants chilling req., a study was conducted along the Gulf Coast using Bicentennial (700 hr.), Sentinel (850 hr.) and Loring (900 hr.) peach varieties. Full tree sprays (applied to drip with handgun) using 0, .5 and 1% a.i. plus .25% × 77 were applied 03/01/89. Fruit buds were dormant to slight swell when sprayed. HC greatly enhanced rate and % of leaf bud break at the 1% conc., for all varieties. Rate and % of flowering were significantly increased at 1% conc. in Loring and Sentinel but nearly all fruit dropped. Flowering, yield and fruit size of Bicentennial-were significantly improved at .5 and 1% conc. HC was effective in replacing lack of chilling in this variety.
DOUBLE-CROPPING CUCUMBER AND TOMATOES TO REDUCE THE COST OF STAKING CUCUMBER
Authors: Hanna H. Y. , Edling R. J. , Adams A. J.
Published: February 2019

Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) double-cropped with tomato (Lycoperscum esculentum Mill.) and staked with the double-cropping system needed less than half the man-hours to stake than the standard system. Tomato rods and tomato plants were not removed which could result in further cost reduction. Glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethly) glycine] was used to kill all the vegetation at a cost of $45-$50/acre. Double-cropped cucumber produced comparable yields of high quality fruits to cucumber staked by the standard system. The standard system produced more No. 2 fruits resulting in more marketable yield. The 2 systems produced an equal percentage of culls or rots. In-row spacing of 22.5 or 30 cm appeared to be the best choice when cucumber was staked by the double-cropping system. The side of the row where cucumber was planted did not affect the yield significantly. However, planting cucumber on both sides gave the highest yield. It appears that there was enough residual fertilizer left over after tomatoes to produce the cucumber crop.
TEMPERATURE REGIMES UNDER ROW COVERS IN OVERWINTER ONION TRANSPLANT PRODUCTION
Authors: Bender David A.
Published: February 2019

Two cultivars of onions, `New Mexico Yellow Grano' and `Midstar' were seeded in single bed plots in mid-October 1985 and 1987 for overwinter transplant production. Plots were covered with spunbonded polyester (POL) or tunnels of clear polyethylene (CLR) or microperforated polyethylene (PER) (1985 only) in early November and compared to uncovered controls. Temperatures were monitored 5 cm above the soil surface under the covers in each plot with three parallel-wired thermocouples. Heat unit (HU) accumulation (number of degrees by which the daily mean temp exceeded 0°C) was recorded for each plot and compared with onion plant size. HU accumulation by mid-February 1986 under CLR, POL and PER was 139%, 131% and 113%, respectively, of that over bare ground. In mid-March 1988 cumulative HU under CLR and POL were 192% and 125% of those over bare ground. Plant diameter varied with variety but increased linearly with cumulative HU for all varieties. `New Mexico Yellow Grano' reached the minimum 4 mm size for transplanting at about 1800 HU while `Midstar' required only 1500 HU. CLR produced useable transplants by early March and the other covers by late March. Numbers of useable transplants per meter of bed in mid-March ranged from 3-6 in uncovered plots to 102-153 under PER tunnels, 185-203 under POL and 263-301 under CLR tunnels. CLR tunnels appear to provide sufficient HU accumulation to produce onion plants for transplanting in early March in West Texas.
PHOSPHORUS RATE AND PLACEMENT METHODS WITH DOUBLE ROW RAISED BEDS
Authors: Roberts Warren
Published: February 2019

Corn planted to originally acidic grassland soils with a low phosphorus (P) content and fertilized at normal rates produced low yields. A factorial study was designed with three application methods (banded, broadcast, tilled) at four rates (34, 67, 101, 134 kg/ha) P2O5. Sweet corn (Zea mays (L.) was planted in double rows on raised beds (0.9 m wide, 1.8 m centers) with 30 cm spacing in and between rows. Most yield parameters increased linearly with increasing rates of P. Banded P produced best yields, but growth was variable between the two double rows per bed. In a second study, P2O5 ranging from 0 to 403 kg/ha was applied by conventional methods. There was a positive response of most yield parameters to increasing rates of P. In a third study, soil plugs (2 cm diam., 10 cm depth) were removed 5 cm to the side of each plant. Rates of P2O5 ranging from 0 to 202 kg/ha were placed in the plugs. Yield responded positively to increasing rates of P. P applied in the plugs produced yield responses similar to P applied conventionally.
A “WATER-DRIP” CONTAINER FOR PRECOOLING, SHIPPING, AND STORING FRUITS AND VEGETABLES
Authors: Magee Charles , Carter Johnny , Johnson Clarence
Published: February 2019

During the summer of 1988, a study was conducted to determine the effect of an inexpensive reusable styrofoam container on the percent weight loss in collards (bunch and head) after 30 days in a walk-in cooler. This container was designed and constructed for precooling, shipping, and storing fruits and vegetables. The insulated container was provided with a lid-mounted ice cavity that was removable and could be replaced through an access door without removing the lid. The ice cavity melted and was dispersed throughout the container onto the collards. The three treatments used in this study were (1) no top (2) top without ice, and (3) top with ice. Results indicated that both the bunches and heads responded similarly to treatments. The top with ice treatment significantly reduced percent weight loss when compared to the other treatments (top no ice and no top).
Inheritance of Shortened Fruit Maturation Period in Tomato and its Relation to Fruit Size.
Authors: Kemble Joseph. M. , Gardner Randolph G.
Published: February 2019

Experiments were conducted in 1989 to determine the heritability of shortened fruit maturation (SFM) period in 871213-1, an inbred cherry tomato line (Lycopersicon esculentum var. cerasiforme (Dunal.) A. Gray), and to determine the relationship between this trait and fruit size. In the first study, a cross was made between 871213-1 and NC 21C-1, an inbred cherry line. NC 21C-1 had a mean maturation period of 40.8 days compared to 32.0 days for 871213-1. A mean maturation period for the F1 hybrid of 32.9 days and 32.2 days was found using 871213-1 as the female and male parent, respectively. Analysis of the data from parental, F1, F2 and backcross generations yielded estimates of broad-sense and narrow-sense heritabilities for SFM as 0.72 and 0.56, respectively. Further analysis indicated that genetic control of SFM was quantitative in nature and highly dominant. A test for epistatic interaction showed significance. In the second study, an F2 population from the cross 871213-1 x NC 309-1, a large-fruited tomato line (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), was evaluated to determine if any correlations existed between fruit size and SFM. Two fruit characteristics, locule number and fruit weight, were used as estimates of fruit size. Correlations between SFM and these two characteristics were +0.28 and +0.61, respectively. Broad-sense heritability of SFM was estimated as 0.64.
SUB-OPTIMUM TEMPERATURE GERMINATION OF 15 WATERMELON CULTIVARS
Authors: Pee K.C. , Johnson C.E. , Bush E.W. , Drummond E.A.
Published: February 2019

Seed of 15 watermelon cultivars were evaluated for germinating ability at sub-optimum temperatures. Seeds of each cultivar were exposed to 12.8, 15.6, 18.3, 21.1, and 30.0°C for 8 days in a germinator in accordance to standard seed testing rules. Radical emergence was evaluated on day 5 and day 8. None of the cultivars germinated at 12.8C after 8 days exposure. At 15.6°C, 'Red-N-Sweet' and `Blackstone' had germinations of 54 and 40 percent respectively on day 5, and both increased to over 80 percent on day 8. At 18.3°C `Red-N-Sweet' and `Blackstone' exhibited at least 90 percent germination after 5 days while the other 14 cultivars ranged from 2.5 to 86 percent. At 21.1°C all cultivars except `Black Diamond' and `Allsweet' had germinations of 80 percent or higher on day 5. Germination increased to 90 percent or above by day 8 except for `Black Diamond' at 83 percent. There were no significant differences among cultivars at the 30°C optimum germinating temperature with cultivars having 89.5 percent or higher germination.
CALCIUM, MAGNESIUM, AND SODIUM UPTAKE IN RABBITEYE BLUEBERRIES
Authors: Spiers James M.
Published: February 2019

In a sand culture study, increasing Na levels increased leaf concentration of Na, Mg, Ca, Mn, and Zn, and reduced leaf K and plant dry weight. Magnesium fertilization did not affect leaf concentration of Ca, K, Mn, Fe, or Zn. High Ca fertilization increased leaf Ca. At high Mg levels, Ca fertilization had a synergistic influence on Mg uptake. Ca and Mg fertilization did not independently influence plant vigor, chlorosis symptoms, or dry weight production of leaves and stems. As levels of Na fertilization increased, plant vigor and leaf production decreased and chlorosis symptoms increased. With low Na fertilization levels, high Mg fertilization reduced leaf production but with high Na fertilization, plants receiving high Mg levels produced twice the weight of leaves as those with low Mg fertilization. High Mg fertilization reduced the detrimental effects of high Na fertilization on plant growth. This effect may be due to the antagonistic influence of Mg fertilization on Na uptake at high Na fertilization levels.
SPECIFIC ION SELECTIVITY OF `FORMOSA' AZALEA IRRIGATED WITH SALINE WATER SOURCES
Authors: Bush E.W. , Payne J.T.
Published: February 2019

Container-grown `Formosa' azalea plants were affected by irrigation water quality. Sodium (200 ppm), supplied by NaHCO3 and NaCl, inhibited plant growth and diminished plant quality. Observable symptoms were tip-burn, marginal necrosis, leaf curling, and eventual defoliation. There was a negative relationship between leaf tissue calcium and magnesium and higher rates of sodium from NaHCO3. Leaf tissue Cl levels were higher in the higher NaCl treatments. Sodium treatments inhibited root growth. Plants in NaHCO3 treatments accumulated more Na than did plants in NaCl treatments. Media pH and sodium levels following 12 months of sodic irrigation far exceeded acceptable levels for producing marketable container-grown `Formosa' azalea plants.
ETHYLENE INDUCED RIPENING OF GREEN MATURE PASSION FRUIT (PASSIFLORA EPULIS, SIMS)
Authors: Arjona Harvey E. , Matta Frank B.
Published: February 2019

Passion fruit has become a popular addition to our diet and is currently grown in the United States. Passion fruit shelf life could be extended if green mature fruit can be induced to ripen after exposure to ethylene. Greenhouse grown purple passion fruits were harvested in a green mature stage 55 and 60 days after anthesis (DAA) and stored for 10 days at 10°C. After storage half of the fruits were treated with 10 ppm ethylene for 35 hours and stored at room temperature (21°C) for 48 hours. The juice of treated and non-treated fruit was analyzed for comparison with juice of vine-ripened fruit. Total soluble solids and pH of the juice did not differ in green mature fruits harvested 55 and 60 DAA.. compared to vine-ripened fruits (70-80 DAA). Sucrose content decreased and fructose and glucose increased after storage, regardless of ethylene treatment. Fruits harvested 55 and 60 DAA, with or without ethylene and stored for 10 days, developed the same sugar content, soluble solids and pH as those that ripened on the vine.
ENZYMATIC CHANGES IN REFRIGERATED SHELLED SOUTHERN PEAS
Authors: Bardwell Tonda , Garner James O. , Xing Huang Jin , Silva Juan L.
Published: February 2019

Fresh shelled southern peas were dipped in solutions of 15 ppm chlorine, 1.0% Ca, cold H2O or a combination of 15 ppm chlorine and 1.0% Ca. These treatments were compared to a no dip treatment and branching for 70 sec. at 205°F. Polyphenoloxidase (PPO) activity of pea extracts were determined in 5 day intervals for 20 days. Quality evaluations for color changes and texture were also made. PPO activity was the only enzyme that showed an increase in activity with refrigeration time. The blanched peas were lower in quality for a fresh refrigerated product.
FOLIAR NITROGEN EFFECTS ON ONION PRODUCTION AND DAMAGE BY THRIPS AND PURPLE BLOTCH
Authors: Wiedenfeld Robert , Scully B. , Miller Marvin , Edelson Jonathan , Wang Jiandong
Published: February 2019

Purple blotch (Alternari a porri) and thrips (Thrips tabaci) can seriously reduce yields of short day onions in South Texas. The level of injury caused by these organisms is influenced by the concentration of nitrogen in leaf tissue. Lower levels of tissue nitrogen increase susceptibility to A. porri but decrease susceptibility to thrips. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of tissue N levels on joint susceptibility of 4 onion cultivars to A. porri and thrips. Foliage was fertilized at 0, 4, 8, 12 or 16 lbs N/ac/wk for 6 weeks. Nitrogen concentrations in onion leaves varied over time and by leaf age, but showed very little effect due to foliar fertilization. Significant differences in thrips were noted among cultivars, but not among leaf N concentrations with cultivars. Purple blotch outbreak occurred late in the growing season and was not related to leaf N levels. Total N uptake failed to respond to foliar fertilization, therefore overall use efficiency of the foliar N applied averaged only about 10% relative to the amount taken up in the check plots.
Apple Tree Vigor Influences Flowering and Dry Weight after Paclobutrazol Application
Authors: Lehman Laura J. , Young Eric , Unrath C.R.
Published: February 2019

Spur-type or nonspur `Delicious' apple scions on either Malus domestica Borkh. (seedling) or M.26 rootstocks received paclobutrazol foliar sprays in one or two `consecutive years or a soil drench in the year of planting. For each scion, total shoot, root shank, and tree dry weights measured in the 3rd year after planting were suppressed by all treatments. Trees on M.26 put less dry weight into rootstock wood after foliar sprays, but trees on seedling were not similarly affected. No treatment influenced fibrous root dry weight of the spur-type scion on seedling, while all treatments suppressed dry-weight gain of the same scion on M.26. All trees had higher root: shoot ratios and blossom densities 3 years after the soil drench and several had higher ratios after foliar sprays. Chemical name used: ß-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl] (l,l-dimethylethyl)-l-H-1,2,4-triazole-l-ethanol (paclobutrazol, PB).
BIENNIAL BEARING IN CRANBERRY. HOW EXTENSIVE IS IT?
Authors: Strik B.C. , Roper T.R. , DeMoranville C.J. , Davenport J.R. , Poole A.P.
Published: February 2019

Biennial bearing has long been thought to occur in cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait). Researchers have shown that percent return bloom on fruiting uprights can range from 12% to 65% depending on year, bed vigor and cultivar. Resource limitation and/or hormonal factors in a fruiting upright may be related to flower bud initiation and, thus, percent return bloom the following year. This research was undertaken to determine the extent of biennial bearing by cranberry cultivar and growing region. Seven cultivars were studied; three found in all states (MA, NJ, WI, OR), two common to MA and NJ, and two different cultivars in WI and OR representing cultivars commercially grown in these areas. In the fall or winter of 1989/1990 six 2-m transects were randomly selected within a cranberry bed for each cultivar. Along the transect, 60 uprights that fruited in 1989 were tagged. In the summer of 1990, fifty of the uprights will be sampled to determine percent return bloom and percent set.
SEASONAL CHANGES IN NONSTRUCTURAL CARBOHYDRATES IN CRANBERRY
Authors: Roper Teryl R. , Hagidimitriou Marianna
Published: February 2019

Carbohydrate concentration may be important for flower initiation and fruit set in cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.). Fruit set has been shown to be a major limiting factor in yield component analysis. The objective of this research was to identify carbohydrate concentrations in cranberry tissues at various stages of development under field conditions. Samples of two cranberry cultivars, `Stevens' and `Searles' were collected during the 1989 season using a 13 cm diameter probe. Samples were divided into fruit, uprights, woody stems and roots. Carbohydrates were quantified by HPLC. Nonstructural carbohydrates were primarily sucrose, glucose, fructose and starch. Soluble carbohydrate concentration was stable throughout the season in tissues analyzed, while starch content was high early in the season then decreased during blossom and fruit set. This work shows that starch reserves in leaves and stems apparently are remobilized to support fruit set in cranberry.
ORGANELLE SEGREGATION FOLLOWING CAULIFLOWER PROTOPLASM FUSION
Authors: Walters Thomas , Earle Elizabeth
Published: February 2019

Cauliflower protoplasts with male fertile and Ogura male sterile cytoplasm were fused. Organelle reassortment and recombinant mitochondria were found in calli and plants regenerated from the fused protoplasts. Pretreatment (gamma-irradiation or iodoacetate) and protoplasm source (leaf or hypocotyl tissue) were manipulated in a series of fusions to determine their effects on organelle segregation. Some regenerated plants appear to combine Ogura male sterile mitochondria with normal Brassica chloroplasts. Plants with this organelle combination should be free of the cold temperature chlorosis due to incompatibility between the Brassica nucleus and the radish chloroplasts of the Ogura cytoplasm. These plants may have potential for improved cauliflower hybrid production.
ABOVE-GROUND SCREENING FOR GENETIC VARIATION IN CUCUMBER ROOT GROWTH
Authors: Grumet Rebecca , Barczak Mary , Tabaka Chris
Published: February 2019

An above ground screening method to study cucumber root growth was developed using the herb icicle banding technique of Robertson et al. (Crop Sci 25:1084, 1985). Those roots that grow deeper or faster, sooner reach the herbicide, and sooner exhibit herbicide damage symptoms. Greenhouse pot trials showed that 1/4-1/2 lb/A atrazine could be used to produce distinctive symptoms, differentiate between depths of banding, and among different genotypes. Based on root washing experiments of a few cultivars, root length and/or mass correlated with herbicide symptom expression. One hundred diverse cucumber genotypes were tested in the greenhouse. Time to symptom expression was normally distributed among the genotypes; analysis of variance indicated significant genotypic differences. The herbicide banding technique was also useful for monitoring cucumber root growth in the field. Response time and severity varied with herbicide concentration, depth, and distance from the seed row. The diverse cucumber genotypes are now being tested in the field to further determine if there are significant genotypic differences and to compare greenhouse and field behavior.
SEASONAL PATTERN OF VEGETATIVE GROWTH IN OKRA
Authors: Singh Bharat P. , Sutton James D.
Published: February 2019

Little is known about the morphology of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus Moench) plant. This information is critical to understanding of plant growth and possible factors limiting yield. Therefore, a field study was conducted during 1989 to determine the changes in leaf number, leaf dry weight and stem dry weight in okra during the fruiting period. Four okra genotypes, PI-178818, PI-211573, Lee and Clemson spineless, were planted in randomized complete block design with four replications. All four genotypes had similar stem dry weight, but differed significantly in leaf number and leaf dry weight. During the reproductive period, 42% of new leaves, 61% of leaf dry weight and 82% of stern dry weight were formed. PI-178818 had highest leaf number and maximum leaf dry weight, but produced lowest fruit yield. The results suggested that since vegetative growth and fruiting proceeds simultaneously in okra, partitioning of dry weight to pod maybe critical for high okra yields.
THE EFFECTS OF MICROGRAVITY ON THE CONCENTRATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID IN CORN SEEDLINGS
Authors: Reiss-Bubenheim Debra , Winget Charles , Bandurski Robert S.
Published: February 2019

The gravity-sensing mechanism in plants end transduction of the gravity stimulus to re-orientating plant growth has not been ascertained. By removing the everpresent influence of the 1 g terrestrial environment on plant growth and development, information maybe obtained about the gravity detection mechanism in plants. The Space Life sciences Payloads Office at NASA-ARC processed the secondary Payloads flight experiment “Growth Hormone Concentration and Distribution in Plants” (GHCD). The experiment occupied two middeck lockers in the crew compartment onboard the space shuttle Atlantis (STS-34) in October 1989. The payload's Principal Investigator was Dr. S. Bandurski, Professor of Botany at Michigan State University. dr. Bandurski's experiment was designed to investigate concentration, distribution, and turnover rates of indole-3 acetic acid (IAA) in dark-grown corn seedlings exposed to the microgravity environment. The flight data may provide valuable information for long-term crop production in space as well as terrestrial agriculture. This poster will present the flight payload processing procedures necessary to successfully conduct a space shuttle flight experiment.
GENERATING TETRAPLOID MELONS FROM TISSUE CULTURE
Authors: Adelberg Jeffrey , Rhodes B.B. , Skorupska Halina
Published: February 2019

Watermelon (Citrullus Lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum and Nakai) and muskmelon (Cucumis melo) were regenerated from immature cotyledons cultured on MS medium containing 10 μM BA. Small population of watermelon and muskmelon regenerants contained tetraploids as variants. The tetraploid individuals were recognized by morphological features including enlarged leaves, tendrils, male flowers, and variable pollen grains. After self-pollination, seed lots reflected differences in size expected from tetraploid parents.. Cytological data from root tips of R1 populations will be presented.
PLANT REGENERATION FROM LEAF PROTOPLASTS OF LYCOPERSICON HIRSUTUM AND ITS INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDS WITH L. ESCULENTUM.
Authors: Montagno T.J. , Berry S.Z. , Jourdan P.S.
Published: February 2019

L. hirsutum has been previously reported as recalcitrant to culture and plant regeneration. We have modified tomato protoplasm culture protocols and obtained high frequencies of plant regeneration from leaf protoplasts of L. hirsutum PI 126445, LA 94, and LA 1393, as well as from 8 interspecific hybrids of PI 126445 (male parent) with L. esculentum `Floradade', `Marglobe', `Tropic', `OH7870', `OH7983', `OH832', `OH8243', and `OH8245'. Protoplasts were isolated from 3-week old low light pretreated seedlings and cultured in modified LCM containing 1 mg/L NAA 0.5 m /L BA, and 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D. Cultures were kept in the dark at 30 C, diluted every 3 days with LCM containing only 0.75 mg/L BA and gradually moved to the light. After 2-3 weeks, colonies of 1-2 mm were transferred to solid MS medium containing 0.5 mg/L BA and 0.05 mg/L NAA. Calli containing dark green bud primordia were then placed on MS with 2% sucrose and 2 mg/L zeatin riboside for shoot production.
WATER AND CARBON USE BY DEVELOPING FRUIT OF GRAPEFRUIT
Authors: Huang Tzu-Bin , Koch Karen E.
Published: February 2019

Transpiration, respiration, dry weight gain, and water accumulation were measured to quantify the total carbon balance, total water utilization, carbohydrate cost for fruit growth, and water use efficiency in developing fruit of grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf). Rate of net carbon loss and net water loss (mg g-1FW hr-1) both decreased during fruit development. On a whole fruit basis, total carbon demand was reduced during the period of peak expansion, then increased rapidly during fruit maturation. In contrast, whole fruit rates of water loss and water utilization (loss plus accumulation) peaked at about 100 days after anthesis, then decreased toward fruit maturation. Carbohydrate cost for fruit growth was greatest (3.49 g sucrose g-1DW) at the early stage of fruit development (immediately following anthesis), whereas water use efficiency peaked (193 mg DM g-1 H2O) at the final stage of fruit development. The thickness of albedo and pectin content in fruit may contribute to the observed water conservation. Total estimated carbon cost of grapefruit development indicates approximately 120 g of sucrose would be necessary for production of a 450 g fruit (77 g DW) at 22 C.
TEMPORAL PATTERN OF GROWTH IN ALSTROEMERIA
Authors: Aker Scott , Healy William
Published: February 2019

Alstroemeria `Regina' and A. `Orchid' Linn. plants were grown in rhizotrons to facilitate non-destructive observation of shoot, rhizome, and storage root growth. In plants grown at 21/11 C or 21/21 C day/night temperatures under either 8 hr night interruption or an 8 hour short days, storage root growth was favored by cool (11 C) night temperatures and long days. The seasonal patterns of storage root and rhizome growth were inversely related to the seasonal pattern of shoot growth. Growth of shoots and rhizomes followed a cyclic pattern. The cycles of shoot and rhizome growth were in phase with each other until the plants resumed vegetative growth due to high soil temperature. At this point, the cycles of shoot and rhizome growth were shifted out of phase with each other. Thinning shoots by 60% resulted in delay and damping out of the peak of storage root growth; the cyclic growth of storage roots was disrupted when plants were thinned by 60% such that the cycles of active storage root growth were delayed by 1 week.
OBJECTIVE MEASURES OF CHILLING INJURY IN GRAPEFRUIT
Authors: McCollum T. G. , McDonald R. E.
Published: February 2019

Storage of `Marsh' white seedless grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) for 2 weeks at 5C resulted in the development of chilling injury (CI). Electrolyte leakage from chilled fruit did not increase significantly until CI had become severe, and was therefore considered to be a poor index of CI. In contrast to electrolyte leakage, respiration and ethylene evolution were consistently higher in chilled than in nonchilled fruit, even prior to the onset of visual symptoms of CI. Respiratory rates ranged from 8.0 to 10.7 and 4.6 to 6.7 ml/kg/hr in chilled and nonchilled fruit, respectively. Ethylene evolution was not detected from nonchilled fruit, whereas chilled fruit produced from 45.6 to 249.3 ml/kg/hr ethylene. Ethylene production was maximum following 2 weeks at 5C. Results of this study indicate that increases in electrolyte leakage do not occur until considerable tissue damage has occurred, whereas stimulation of respiration and ethylene evolution occur early in the development of CI.
SEASONAL CHANGE IN FREEZING TOLERANCE OF RED RASPBERRY CLONES IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST
Authors: Hummel Rita L. , Moore Patrick P.
Published: February 2019

Seasonal changes in freezing tolerance of stems and buds of Rubus idaeus L. `Chilliwack', `Comox', `Meeker', `Skeena' and `Willamette' clones were measured from November through March of 1988-1989 and 1989-1990. Eight additional clones were tested in 1989-1990. Canes were harvested from the field, cut into two-bud samples and subjected to controlled freezing tests. Samples were seeded with ice, held at -2°C overnight and then frozen at 3°C/hour. Viability was estimated by visual browning. Vascular tissue at the base of the buds was the least freeze tolerant tissue in these samples. Results of both the 1988-1989 and 1989-1990 freezing tests, indicated `Meeker' and `Willamette' cold acclimated more slowly in the fall than `Chilliwack', `Comox' and `Skeena'. However, in the spring, `Willamette' and `Meeker' were slower to lose freeze tolerance than the other three clones.
SHOOT PROLIFERATION OF CERCIS CANADENSIS L. IN VITRO USING THIDIAZURON AND BENZYLADENINE.
Authors: Burkhart Len , Meyer Martin
Published: February 2019

Selected cultivars of redbud (Cercis canadensis L.) and related Cercis species are usually propagated by grafting, but the success rate is low and other problems can be associated with the rootstock. Micropropagation would solve many of these problems. Shoots from a 25 year-old redbud were collected during July 1989 and established in vitro on modified MS medium. Shoots proliferated poorly with lower concentrations of Benzyladenine (BA) and high concentrations of BA caused shoot tip abortion. Similar problems with red-silver hybrid maples were solved by the use of Thidiazuron (TZ) in the medium. Established 2 cm redbud shoots were treated with TZ (0, 0.05, and 0.1 uM) and BA (0, 1 and 5 uM) in a factorial arrangement to test for shoot proliferation. After 4 weeks of the treatment with 0.1 uM TZ and 5 uM BA, mean shoot number was 4.6 compared to 1.1 shoots with no BA or TZ in the medium. Further experiments with rooting treatments will be presented.
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN GRAVIMETRIC WATER LOSS MEASUREMENTS AND PLANT WATER STRESS RESPONSES
Authors: Lownds N.K , White M.G. , Berghage R.D.
Published: February 2019

Previous work has shown that container grown landscape plants use, and likely need, much less water than is typically applied. Therefore, studies were conducted to quantify the relationships between water loss and water stress responses using several drought tolerant (Cassia corymbosa, Leucophyllum frutescens, Salvia greggii) and traditional landscape plants (Euonymus japonicus, Pyracantha coccinea). Water stress was induced by withholding water and water loss measured gravimetrically. The shape of the water loss curve was similar for all species being, Y = a + bx + cx2 (r2 > 0.95). The rate of ethylene production began to increase 24 hr after irrigation, reaching a maximum 36-48 hr after irrigation and then decreasing. Maximum ethylene production occured at 35-47% water loss irrespective of species or rate of water loss. Stress symptoms (wilting leaf discoloration and abscission) followed a similar pattern. The potential for monitoring gravimetric water loss to schedule container irrigation will be discussed.
VARIABLE ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURES ACCELERATE POST-HARVEST GAS TRANSFER IN BULKY PLANT MATERIALS
Authors: Jolliffe Peter A.
Published: February 2019

Effective gas flow between plant materials and their surrounding atmosphere is necessary to enable controlled atmospheres to act on stored produce and maintain produce quality. Gas flow can be motivated in two ways: by component gas concentration (i.e. partial pressure) gradients and by total as pressure gradients. Varying the total gas pressure about stored plant material should cause gas flow which supplements that induced by concentration gradients alone. Novel measurement techniques were developed to explore the effects of varying atmospheric pressure and gas composition on gas transfer rates. In apple fruit, gas transfer rate undergoes a several-fold increase with small pressure fluctuations. There is a direct increase in gas transfer rate as the amplitude of pressure variation increases, and optimum periods of oscillation fall in the range of 20 to 60 seconds. Apples, onions, and other commodities with large internal gas volume and intermediate peripheral resistance to bulk gas flow, seem to be most responsive to total pressure variation.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TEMPERATURE AND COLOR DEVELOPMENT IN THREE RED DELICIOUS APPLE STRAINS.
Authors: Singha S. , Baugher T. A. , Townsend E. C.
Published: February 2019

The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between temperature and color development in 3 strains of Red Delicious apple (Malus domestica Borkh). The strains `Scarlett Spur', `Ultrastripe' and `Starkrimson' were chosen based on variation in coloration. Chromaticity values (L* a* b*) were measured with a Minolta CR-200b calorimeter on 5 tagged apples on each of 4 trees of each strain. Measurements were made at approximately the same location on each fruit 23 times from July 11 through September 25, 1989. Differences in a*/b* ratio among strains were observed as early as the first sampling date; with `Scarlet Spur' having the highest ratio and `Starkrimson' the lowest. These differences were maintained for most the growing season. Temperature below 21C tended to enhance color development, whereas temperature above 21C reduced coloration. Temperature affected all 3 strains similarly.
POTTED GERANIUM (PELARGONIUM × HORTORUM) GROWTH WITH LEACHING FRACTIONS OF O to 0.4
Authors: Ku Catherine S.M. , Hershey David R.
Published: February 2019

Geranium `Yours Truly' in 15-cm diameter plastic pots were greenhouse-grown as single pinched plants in a completely randomized design. Plants were irrigated with 300 mg/liter N from 20N-4.4P-16.6K with leaching fractions (LF) of 0, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4. There were 24 irrigations during the 8-week study. Plants with LF of 0.2 and 0.4 had 46% greater leaf area, 40% greater top fresh weight, and 37% greater top dry weight than plants with LF of 0 and 0.1. By week 5 the leachate electrical conductivity (EC) for LF of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 had increased from about 3 dS/m initially to 12, 8, and 4 dS/m, respectively. At harvest, medium ECe was 7, 4, 3, and 2 dS/m for LF of 0, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4, respectively. At harvest, medium pH was the same in the top, middle, and bottom thirds of the pot. At harvest medium ECe with LF of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 was 47, 68, and 60% lower in the bottom two-thirds of the pot than in the top third. With a LF of 0 the medium ECe was not lower in the bottom of the pot. Minimizing the LF for potted geraniums substantially reduced plant growth.
RESPONSES OF FOUR PRUNUS PERSICA CULTIVARS BUDDED ON `NEMAGUARD' AND THE BRAZILIAN ROOTSTOCK `A82'.
Authors: Aldrich J. H. , French W. J.
Published: February 2019

Trees budded on the Brazilian rootstock `A-82' have a lower feeding preference by the primary vector of Phony peach disease over trees on `Nemaguard'; the southeastern industry standard rootstock. `A-82' budded trees have lower levels of infection of the xylem-limited bacteria Xylella fastidios a compared to `Nemaguard' budded trees.

The feasibility of using `A-82' in the industry was evaluated by budding `Flordaking' and `Flordaglobe' peach and `Sungem' and `Armking' nectarine to `A-82' and `Nemaguard'. Vegetative and fruiting responses of these trees will be discussed.
SPUNBONDED FABRIC COVERS ALTER EARLY SEASON GROWTH AND FRUIT SET IN CRANBERRY
Authors: Stang Elden J. , Klueh John
Published: February 2019

Spunbonded polypropylene fabric covers were applied over mature `Searles' cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait. in the field during dormancy in 1989. Covers were selectively removed at 3 week intervals in April, May and early June after onset of growth. Plant canopy air temperatures under fabric were 5 to 6C higher than in exposed controls. Temperature differences up to 17C were measured in early June. Soil temperatures did not differ from the control until late May. Earlier greening of leaf tissue resulted in increased photosynthetic rates earlier in the growing season under fabric covers. Subsequent shoot dry weight was increased 5%; leaf size was not affected. A trend to increased fruit set (4 to 6%) with fabric cover treatments was observed when covers were applied for 6 or 9 weeks. Total fruit yield and anthocyanin content were not appreciably influenced by fabric covers.
INCREASED YIELDS AND ETHYLENE PRODUCTION OF MECHANICALLY STRESSED WITLOOF CHICORY
Authors: Corey K.A. , Tan Zhi Yi
Published: February 2019

Yields and quality of witloof chicory are often low when roots are forced following several months storage or when forced at high temperatures. A technique was developed to improve the yield and quality of the chicons forced hydroponically and a method developed to determine the rates of respiration and ethylene production during the application of the technique. The technique involves the use of a resilient material (polyurethane) combined with the application of pressure to the developing chicons. Marketable yields and density of `Faro' and `Bea' chicons increased with increasing pressure applied. Increasing pressure also resulted in a significant decrease in the length to diameter ratio of chicons, an indicator of improved quality. Mechanical pressure resulted in a 3 to 4 fold greater increase in ethylene production than the control. Respiration rate increased to about twice that of the control after 10 days forcing and thereafter declined slightly. The technique provides a tool for improving economic yields of hydroponically forced witloof chicory. A possible physiological explanation for the technique is provided.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE URBAN FORESTRY NOTEBOOK
Authors: Funk Sue Ann , Wott John A. , Clark James R. , Bradley Gordon A.
Published: February 2019

Decisions regarding the selection and care of trees on public lands often are delegated to public employees with limited knowledge of tree care. To provide a technical resource for the municipal employee, the Urban Forestry Notebook was developed through sponsorship by Puget Power (a major Pacific Northwest utility company), Washington State Department of Natural Resources, and the Center. The unique focus of this Notebook provided the municipal employee with information on the selection and care of 65 of the most important urban trees. It also can be used as a model by other communities who wish to improve the care of their urban trees by providing an informational resource for the public employee.
THE EFFECT OF SEVERE PRUNING ON THE NEW GROWTH OF TWO TREE SPECIES.
Authors: Rose Mary Ann , Kuhns Larry J.
Published: February 2019

Large bare-root liners of Gleditsia triacanthos `Moraine' and Pyrus calleryana `Aristocrat' were planted in spring, 1989. Five trees of each species were pruned by removing 50% of the length of each shoot at planting; 5 control trees were not pruned. After 4 months the trees were harvested and the following measurements were taken on the season's new growth increment: total number of elongated shoots and unelongated shoots (< 1 cm in length), total and average length of elongated new shoots, stem and leaf dry weights.

Growth responses of the 2 species to treatments were nearly identical. Pruned trees had fewer shoots than controls but a much higher proportion of elongated to unelongated shoots. This could be the result of a release of apical dominance. The average new shoot length of pruned trees was 2-3 times that of controls, and the total new shoot length was significantly greater. New stem dry weights of the pruned trees were also greater than the controls, but leaf dry weights were not significantly different. Total shoot weights (stems plus leaves) were not different. In this study there was no difference between treatments in the total seasonal growth increment as measured by weight. An equivalent amount of new growth was distributed on fewer, but more rapidly-elongating branches in the pruned trees.
VEGETABLE TILLAGE METHODS AND WATER QUALITY
Authors: Mullins C.A. , Mote C. R. , Straw R. A. , Coffey D.L. , Lessman G. M. , Graveel J. G. , Adams V. D.
Published: February 2019

Tomatoes and sweet corn grew and produced equally well under no-tillage and conventional tillage methods in 1989. Simulated rainfall was applied through an overhead irrigation system four times during the growing period with 2.8 cm of water applied during each event. Total solids in collected runoff water were higher with conventional tillage than with no-tillage. Residue levels of atrazine, metolachlor, mancozeb, esfenvalerate, metribuzin, and metalaxyl and concentrations of N, P, and K in runoff water were determined and varied with runoff event, pesticide, nutrient, crop, and tillage method.
INFLUENCE OF GENOTYPE AND ENVIRONMENT ON YIELD COMPONENTS OF PRIMOCANE-FRUITING RED RASPBERRIES WITH EMPHASIS ON TEMPERATURE AND DAY LENGTH.
Authors: Privé Jean-Pierre , Sullivan J.A. , Proctor J.T.A.
Published: February 2019

`Autumn Bliss', `Heritage' and `Redwing' were grown in a controlled environment setting at three day/night temperature regimes (30/25, 25/20, 20/15C) at either 12 or 16 hour photo periods. Vegetative (height, diameter, node number, leaf area, leaf, cane and root dry weight) and reproductive (precocity, numbers of fruiting laterals, flower number and dry weight) parameters were analyzed. Optimum vegetative growth was obtained when plants were subjected to short photoperiods (12 hrs) and cool (20/15C) or moderate (25/20C) day/night temperatures. Reproductive characteristics were enhanced when grown under long photoperiods (16 hrs) and moderate temperatures. High temperatures (30/25) reduced cane height due to a decrease in internode length with the greatest reduction occurring under long photo periods. Precocity and flowering was enhanced by long photoperiods especially at cool and moderate temperatures. This may have implications for the reproductive potential of these cultivars when grown in north temperate areas where high temperatures are common for most of the summer.
TOMATO MATURITY IN RELATION TO PRUNING AND CULTURE
Authors: Nicklow Clark W. , Wenning Bruce
Published: February 2019

Three different cultural methods were utilized in the evaluation of 150 indeterminate tomato hybrids. This study was conducted over a two year period. The hybrids were planted in the field through 1.52 m wide black plastic; (1) 30.5 cm apart in rows, trained upright end pruned to one growing point (1gp); (2) 91.4 cm apart in rows, trained upright end pruned to three growing points (3gp); and (3) 91.4 cm apart in rows end permitted to grow prostrate end unpruned (up). Accumulated total harvest patterns were different: August 5 (early yield) of the first year, the yield of all ripe or turning fruit was 2.43, 0.36 and 0.24 kg/m2 respectively; the yield resulting from pruning to 1gp was 6.75 X the yield of the plants with 3gp. Yields of plants with 1gp were 3.6 X and 2.6 X the yield of plants with 3gp, 20 and 40 days later respectively. The yield of the plants up were the lowest in early maturity but 40 days later surpassed the yield from plants with 1gp by 2.6 kg/m2.
USE OF FORCING SOLUTIONS TO STUDY PLANT GROWTH REGULATOR EFFECTS ON VANHOUTTE'S SPIRAEA CULTURED IN VITRO
Authors: Yang Guochen , Read P. E.
Published: February 2019

Vanhoutte's spiraea has been propagated in vitro using explants from softwood growth of dormant stems forced in a solution containing 200 mg/l 8-hydroxyquinoline citrate (8-HQC) and 2% sucrose (Yang and Read, 1989). Objectives to further utilize this system were to determine the feasibility of applying plant growth regulators (PGR) via the forcing solution to softwood growth from forced dormant stems and to study the resulting influence on in vitro culture. BA and GA3 were placed in the forcing solution at various concentrations, including a zero PGR control. Explants were cultured on Linsmaier and Skoog (LS) medium containing zero PGR or different amounts of BA or thidiazuron (TDZ) or combinations of BA and IAA. Control explants placed on LS medium supplemented with 5uM BA with or without 1 or 5uM IAA, or with 0.5 or 0.75 uM TDZ alone produced the best shoot proliferation. BA in the forcing solution stimulated micropropagation, while GA3 caused less proliferation than explants from control solutions. Forcing solutions containing PGR are useful for manipulating responses of plant tissues cultured in vitro and for studying PGR influence on woody plant physiology.
DEVELOPING ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS WITH YOUNG PEOPLE
Authors: Midden Karen Stoelzle
Published: February 2019

Developing public awareness of the intricate relationship between people and their environment is critical to effectively deal with the increasing demands of population growth and man's ability to manipulate the environment. A holistic and practical understanding of these concerns should be introduced to young people. Evaluations of an environmental gaming/simulation for young people indicate that it offers a creative method of heightening awareness and insights into the value of master planning. This gaming/simulation (EGS) simulates the development of a subdivision in which the participants are the planners. Each participant assumes a different role with differing interest, but they must work together as decision-makers. EGS does not give the “correct” answers to living in an environmentally perfect world. It is simply a tool to increase the participants awareness of environmental concerns, to teach the value of planning, exploring alternatives, and to give an understanding of the relationships between the elements in the game.
DRAWING AS A MEANS OF ALTERNATIVE EDUCATION IN PUBLIC BOTANICAL GARDENS
Authors: Bull Rebecca , Haque Mary
Published: February 2019

Increased interest in nature over the past three decades has generated a need for better educational programming in public botanical gardens. The purpose of this study was to develop stronger educational programming for public botanical gardens. Garden programs which have been most successful are those which incorporate interaction and the multi-media. Eight different programs, which conveyed the same information, were developed to test the impact of drawing on learning. The 240 volunteers observed six native plant either in the field or as slides in the classroom. A 3×4 Factorial Manova was used to evaluate if drawing had any effect on learning. It was concluded that drawing alone improves learning by 12.37%,
EFFECTS OF LOW-TEMPERATURE ON THE QUALITY OF TURNIP ROOTS
Authors: Shattuck V.I. , Kakuda Y. , Shelp B.J. , Kakuda N.
Published: February 2019

The influence of low-temperature on the starch, sugar and glucosinolate content was studied in the mature roots of field and greenhouse-grown turnip. A decrease in both starch and sugar levels was recorded in roots after storage at 0°C for 4 weeks. On the other hand, when plants were exposed to a series of cold treatments, the starch level remained constant but the level of sugars increased in roots. In our studies, turnip roots exhibited the capacity to synthesize and degrade specific glucosinolates at low temperatures. The implications of these findings on the sensory characteristics of the root will be discussed.
APPLE TREE LIGHT INTERCEPTION, PHOTOSYNTHESIS, GROWTH, AND YIELD AS AFFECTED BY DIFFERENT ROOTSTOCKS
Authors: Schechter Ido , Elfving D.C. , Proctor J.T.A.
Published: February 2019

Mature apple (Malus domestic a Borkh.) trees with “Starkspur Supreme Delicious” as the scion grafted on nine different rootstocks were studied in 1987 and 1988. Canopy seasonal development and its light interception were examined using fisheye (hemispherical) photographs Rootstock affected the amount of structural wood, the rate of canopy development and the final leaf area. However, rootstock did not affect the sigmoidal pattern of canopy development. Photosynthesis (Pn) was measured under field conditions. Shoot leaves, spur leaves on spurs without fruits (S-F), and spur leaves on spurs with fruit (S+F) from trees on M.26 EMLA and OAR 1 showed no differences in Pn rates. However, for both rootstock, shoot leaves had the highest Pn rate, S+F the lowest, and S-F leaves had intermediate values Growth and yield components were assessed by leaf separation into shoot and spur leaves while harvesting them. Rootstock strongly affected the canopy leaf distribution as well as leaf number, dry weight, area, number of spurs and yield PCLC. Yield efficiency was mainly dependent upon spur leaf dry weight. OAR 1 performed uniquely in this study