bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Coupled cluster theory in the condensed phase within the singles‐T density scheme for the environment response
Authors: Caricato Marco
Published: January 2020

Reliable simulations of molecules in condensed phase require the combination of an accurate quantum mechanical method for the core region, and a realistic model to describe the interaction with the environment. Additionally, this combination should not significantly increase the computational cost of the calculation compared to the corresponding in vacuo case. In this review, we describe the combination of methods based on coupled cluster (CC) theory with polarizable classical models for the environment. We use the polarizable continuum model (PCM) of solvation to discuss the equations, but we also show how the same theoretical framework can be extended to polarizable force fields. The theory is developed within the perturbation theory energy and singles‐T density (PTES) scheme, where the environmental response is computed with the CC single excitation amplitudes as an approximation for the full one‐particle reduced density. The CC‐PTES combination provides the best compromise between accuracy and computational effort for CC calculations in condensed phase, because it includes the response of the environment to the correlation density at the same computational cost of in vacuo CC. We discuss a number of numerical applications for ground and excited state properties, based on the implementation of CC‐PTES with single and double excitations (CCSD‐PTES), which show the reliability and computational efficiency of the method in reproducing experimental or full‐CC data.

This article is characterized under:

Electronic Structure Theory > Ab Initio Electronic Structure Methods

Electronic Structure Theory > Combined QM/MM Methods

Software > Quantum Chemistry
β‐Diketiminato Rare‐Earth Metal Complexes: The Influence of Monoatomic Substituents in the N‐aryl Moieties on Structures and Properties
Authors: Zhuang Qingxiang , Mou Zehuai , Gu Jialu , Xie Hongyan , Luo Yunjie
Published: January 2020

Treatment of β‐diketiminate ligands bearing different N‐aryl monoatomic substituents [HLH = (C6H5)N = C(Me)CH=C(Me)NH(C6H5), HLF = (2,6‐F2C6H3)N=C(Me)CH=C(Me)NH(2,6‐F2C6H3), and HLCl = (2,6‐Cl2C6H3)N=C(Me)CH=C(Me)NH(2,6‐Cl2C6H3)] with Ln(CH2SiMe3)3(THF)2 (Ln = Y and Lu) afforded a variety of β‐diketiminato rare‐earth metal complexes depending on substituents, namely, phenyl ring C–H bond activated complexes (L')(LH)Lu(THF) (1b, L' = (C6H4)N = C(Me)CH=C(Me)N(C6H5)), six‐coordinate homoleptic complexes (LH)3Ln [Ln = Y (1aa), Lu (1bb)], five‐coordinate monoalkyl complexes (LF)2Ln(CH2SiMe3) [Ln = Y (2a), Lu (2b)], and four‐coordinate dialkyl complexes (LCl)Ln(CH2SiMe3)2 [Ln = Y (3a), Lu (3b)]. All these complexes were characterized with NMR spectroscopy, and lutetium complexes 1b, 1bb and 3b were structurally validated by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. Moreover, dialkyl complexes 3 promoted the polymerization of 2‐vinylpyridine (2‐VP) to produce atactic poly(2‐vinylpyridine) (P2VP) with quantitative yield. On activation with an equimolar amount of [Ph3C][B(C6F5)4], complexes 3 afforded highly isotactic P2VP with an mm value up to 94 %. Both 1H NMR spectrum and MALDI‐TOF mass analysis of an oligomer indicate that the polymerization was initiated by coordination insertion of 2‐VP into the Y‐CH2SiMe3 bond.
Metal and Substituent Influence on the Cytostatic Activity of Cationic Bis‐cyclometallated Iridium and Rhodium Complexes with Substituted 1,10‐Phenanthrolines as Ancillary Ligands
Authors: Graf Marion , Siegmund Daniel , Gothe Yvonne , Metzler‐Nolte Nils , Sünkel Karlheinz
Published: January 2020

Synthesis and characterization of the new cyclometalated complex salts [Rh(ptpy)2(5.6‐dimethyl‐1,10‐phenanthroline)]PF6 (1a) [Rh(ptpy)2(2.9‐dimethyl‐4.7‐diphenyl‐1,10‐ phenanthroline)]PF6 (2a), [Rh(ptpy)2(5‐amino‐1,10‐phenanthroline)] PF6 (3a), and [M(ptpy)2 (pyrazino‐[2.3‐f]‐1,10‐phenanthroline)]PF6 (M = Rh, 4a; M = Ir, 4b), (ptpy = 2‐(p‐tolyl)pyridinato) are described. The molecular structures of compounds 1b and 4a in the solid state were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. All these compounds and their already known Iridium counterparts 1b – 3b display significant cytotoxicity against human cancer cell lines MCF‐7 (human breast adenocarcinoma) and HT‐29 (colon adenocarcinoma) with IC50 values in the low micromolar range.
Aspects of nonlinear effect on black hole superradiance
Authors: Fukuda Hajime , Nakayama Kazunori
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Under some conditions, light boson fields grow exponentially around a rotating black hole, called the superradiance instability. We discuss effects of nonlinear interactions of the boson on the instability. In particular, we focus on the effect of the particle production and show that the growth of the boson cloud may be saturated much before the black hole spin is extracted by the boson cloud, while the nonlinear interactions also induce the boson emission. For application, we revisit the superradiant instability of the standard model photon, axion and hidden photon.
Scalar gauge dynamics and Dark Matter
Authors: Buttazzo Dario , Di Luzio Luca , Ghorbani Parsa , Gross Christian , Landini Giacomo , Strumia Alessandro , Teresi Daniele , Wang Jin-Wei
Published: January 2020

Abstract

We consider theories with one gauge group (SU, SO or Sp) and one scalar in a two-index representation. The renormalizable action often has accidental symmetries (such as global U(1) or unusual group parities) that lead to one or more stable states, providing Dark Matter candidates. We discuss the confined phase(s) of each theory and compute the two Higgs phases, finding no generic dualities among them. Discrete gauge symmetries can arise and accidental symmetries can be broken, possibly giving pseudo-Goldstone Dark Matter. Dark Matter candidates can have a complicated sub-structure characteristic of each group and can be accompanied by extra dark radiation.
Spin Me Right Round Rotational Symmetry for FPGA-Specific AES: Extended Version
Authors: Wegener Felix , De Meyer Lauren , Moradi Amir
Published: January 2020

The effort in reducing the area of AES implementations has largely been focused on application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) in which a tower field construction leads to a small design of the AES S-box. In contrast, a naive implementation of the AES S-box has been the status-quo on field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). A similar discrepancy holds for masking schemes—a well-known side-channel analysis countermeasure—which are commonly optimized to achieve minimal area in ASICs. In this paper, we demonstrate a representation of the AES S-box exploiting rotational symmetry which leads to a 50% reduction in the area footprint on FPGA devices. We present new AES implementations which improve on the state-of-the-art and explore various trade-offs between area and latency. For instance, at the cost of increasing 4.5 times the latency, one of our design variants requires 25% less look-up tables (LUTs) than the smallest known AES on Xilinx FPGAs by Sasdrich and Güneysu at ASAP 2016. We further explore the protection of such implementations against side-channel attacks. We introduce a generic methodology for masking anyn-bit Boolean functions of degreetwith protection orderd. The methodology is exact for first-order and heuristic for higher orders. Its application to our new construction of the AES S-box allows us to improve previous results and introduce the smallest first-order masked AES implementation on Xilinx FPGAs, to date.
In silico MS/MS spectra for identifying unknowns: a critical examination using CFM-ID algorithms and ENTACT mixture samples
Authors: Chao Alex , Al-Ghoul Hussein , McEachran Andrew D. , Balabin Ilya , Transue Tom , Cathey Tommy , Grossman Jarod N. , Singh Randolph R. , Ulrich Elin M. , Williams Antony J. , Sobus Jon R.
Published: January 2020

High-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) enables rapid chemical annotation via accurate mass measurements and matching of experimentally derived spectra with reference spectra. Reference libraries are generated from chemical standards and are therefore limited in size relative to known chemical space. To address this limitation, in silico spectra (i.e., MS/MS or MS2 spectra), predicted via Competitive Fragmentation Modeling-ID (CFM-ID) algorithms, were generated for compounds within the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) Distributed Structure-Searchable Toxicity (DSSTox) database (totaling, at the time of analysis, ~ 765,000 substances). Experimental spectra from EPA’s Non-Targeted Analysis Collaborative Trial (ENTACT) mixtures (n = 10) were then used to evaluate the performance of the in silico spectra. Overall, MS2 spectra were acquired for 377 unique compounds from the ENTACT mixtures. Approximately 53% of these compounds were correctly identified using a commercial reference library, whereas up to 50% were correctly identified as the top hit using the in silico library. Together, the reference and in silico libraries were able to correctly identify 73% of the 377 ENTACT substances. When using the in silico spectra for candidate filtering, an examination of binary classifiers showed a true positive rate (TPR) of 0.90 associated with false positive rates (FPRs) of 0.10 to 0.85, depending on the sample and method of candidate filtering. Taken together, these findings show the abilities of in silico spectra to correctly identify true positives in complex samples (at rates comparable to those observed with reference spectra), and efficiently filter large numbers of potential false positives from further consideration.
Regulatory systems for gene expression control in cyanobacteria
Authors: Till Petra , Toepel Jörg , Bühler Bruno , Mach Robert L. , Mach-Aigner Astrid R.
Published: January 2020

As photosynthetic microbes, cyanobacteria are attractive hosts for the production of high-value molecules from CO2 and light. Strategies for genetic engineering and tightly controlled gene expression are essential for the biotechnological application of these organisms. Numerous heterologous or native promoter systems were used for constitutive and inducible expression, yet many of them suffer either from leakiness or from a low expression output. Anyway, in recent years, existing systems have been improved and new promoters have been discovered or engineered for cyanobacteria. Moreover, alternative tools and strategies for expression control such as riboswitches, riboregulators or genetic circuits have been developed. In this mini-review, we provide a broad overview on the different tools and approaches for the regulation of gene expression in cyanobacteria and explain their advantages and disadvantages.
New targets for therapy: antigen identification in adults with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
Authors: Jordaens Stephanie , Cooksey Leah , Freire Boullosa Laurie , Van Tendeloo Viggo , Smits Evelien , Mills Ken I. , Orchard Kim H. , Guinn Barbara-ann
Published: January 2020

Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) in adults is a rare and difficult-to-treat cancer that is characterised by excess lymphoblasts in the bone marrow. Although many patients achieve remission with chemotherapy, relapse rates are high and the associated impact on survival devastating. Most patients receive chemotherapy and for those whose overall fitness supports it, the most effective treatment to date is allogeneic stem cell transplant that can improve overall survival rates in part due to a ‘graft-versus-leukaemia’ effect. However, due to the rarity of this disease, and the availability of mature B-cell antigens on the cell surface, few new cancer antigens have been identified in adult B-ALL that could act as targets to remove residual disease in first remission or provide alternative targets for escape variants if and when current immunotherapy strategies fail. We have used RT-PCR analysis, literature searches, antibody-specific profiling and gene expression microarray analysis to identify and prioritise antigens as novel targets for the treatment of adult B-ALL.
Appropriate Source Control and Antifungal Therapy are Associated with Improved Survival in Critically Ill Surgical Patients with Intra‐abdominal Candidiasis
Authors: Yan Ting , Li Shuang‐Ling , Ou Hai‐Li , Zhu Sai‐Nan , Huang Lei , Wang Dong‐Xin
Published: January 2020

Background

Intra‐abdominal candidiasis (IAC) is the predominant type of invasive candidiasis with high mortality in surgical intensive care patients. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of appropriate source control and antifungal therapy on the outcomes of critically ill surgical patients with IAC.

Methods

This was a retrospective single‐center cohort study. Adult surgical patients who were admitted to the intensive care unit and diagnosed with IAC from January 1, 2003, to December 31, 2016, were enrolled. The patients’ data including risk factors of IAC, infection‐related information, antifungal treatment and 30‐day outcomes were collected. The primary endpoint was 30‐day mortality. A COX proportional hazards model was used to analyze the association between appropriate treatment and 30‐day survival.

Results

A total of 82 patients were included in the analysis. Of these, 45 (54.9%) were complicated with septic shock at IAC diagnosis. Types of IAC included peritonitis (61.0%), intra‐abdominal abscesses (23.2%) and biliary tract infections (15.9%). Of the included patients, 53 (64.6%) received appropriate source control and 44 (53.7%) appropriate antifungal therapy. Compared with patients with neither of these treatments, appropriate source control (HR 0.08, 95% CI 0.02–0.30; P < 0.001), appropriate antifungal therapy (HR 0.14, 95% CI 0.04–0.55; P = 0.005), and a combination of these treatments (HR 0.02, 95% CI 0.00–0.08; P < 0.001) were associated with reduced risk of death within 30 days after IAC diagnosis.

Conclusion

For critically ill surgical patients with IAC, both appropriate source control and appropriate antifungal therapy were associated with reduced risk of 30‐day mortality, and the protective effects of the two appropriate treatments were additive.
Mosquito counting system based on optical sensing
Authors: Wang Jinlei , Zhu Shiming , Lin Yueyu , Svanberg Sune , Zhao Guangyu
Published: January 2020

Mosquitos, sometimes carrying deadly diseases such as malaria, zika, and dengue fever, cause much concern. To control mosquitos, it is important to effectively monitor their presence and behavioral trends. We have constructed two optical sensing systems for insects based on light attenuation and light backscattering, respectively. The systems, which were tested with the potentially dangerousAedes albopictusandCulex pipiens,were able to extract the wing-beat frequency, when they passed impinging light, derived from light-emitting diodes. We could achieve distinction between the sexes ofA. albopictusandC. pipiensbased on the wing-beat frequency. Finally, we propose a statistical method suitable for the system to improve the accuracy of counting.
Neuro-SERKET: Development of Integrative Cognitive System Through the Composition of Deep Probabilistic Generative Models
Authors: Taniguchi Tadahiro , Nakamura Tomoaki , Suzuki Masahiro , Kuniyasu Ryo , Hayashi Kaede , Taniguchi Akira , Horii Takato , Nagai Takayuki
Published: January 2020

This paper describes a framework for the development of an integrative cognitive system based on probabilistic generative models (PGMs) called Neuro-SERKET. Neuro-SERKET is an extension of SERKET, which can compose elemental PGMs developed in a distributed manner and provide a scheme that allows the composed PGMs to learn throughout the system in an unsupervised way. In addition to the head-to-tail connection supported by SERKET, Neuro-SERKET supports tail-to-tail and head-to-head connections, as well as neural network-based modules, i.e., deep generative models. As an example of a Neuro-SERKET application, an integrative model was developed by composing a variational autoencoder (VAE), a Gaussian mixture model (GMM), latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA), and automatic speech recognition (ASR). The model is called VAE + GMM + LDA + ASR. The performance of VAE + GMM + LDA + ASR and the validity of Neuro-SERKET were demonstrated through a multimodal categorization task using image data and a speech signal of numerical digits.
Besov Spaces Induced by Doubling Weights
Authors: Reijonen Atte
Published: January 2020

Let $$1\leqslant p<\infty $$

1
⩽
p
<
∞

, $$0<q<\infty $$

0
<
q
<
∞

, and $$\nu $$
ν
be a two-sided doubling weight satisfying $$\begin{aligned} \sup _{0\leqslant r<1}\frac{(1-r)^q}{\int _r^1\nu (t)\,dt}\int _0^r\frac{\nu (s)}{(1-s)^q}\,ds<\infty . \end{aligned}$$

sup

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⩽
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<
1

(
1
-
r
)

q

∫
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1

ν

(
t
)

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t

∫
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ν
(
s
)

(
1
-
s
)

q

d
s
<
∞
.

The weighted Besov space $$\mathcal {B}_{\nu }^{p,q}$$

B

ν

p
,
q

consists of those $$f\in H^p$$

f
∈

H
p

such that $$\begin{aligned} \int _0^1 \left( \int _{0}^{2\pi } |f'(re^{i\theta })|^p\,d\theta \right) ^{q/p}\nu (r)\,dr<\infty . \end{aligned}$$

∫
0
1

∫

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2
π

|

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(
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e

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θ

)

|

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θ

q
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(
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Our main result gives a characterization for $$f\in \mathcal {B}_{\nu }^{p,q}$$

f
∈

B

ν

p
,
q

depending only on |f|, p, q, and $$\nu $$
ν
. As a consequence of the main result and inner-outer factorization, we obtain several interesting by-products. For instance, we show the following modification of a classical factorization by F. and R. Nevanlinna: If $$f\in \mathcal {B}_{\nu }^{p,q}$$

f
∈

B

ν

p
,
q

, then there exist $$f_1,f_2\in \mathcal {B}_{\nu }^{p,q} \cap H^\infty $$

f
1

,

f
2

∈

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ν

p
,
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∩

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such that $$f=f_1/f_2$$

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=

f
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/

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. Moreover, we give a sufficient and necessary condition guaranteeing that the product of $$f\in H^p$$

f
∈

H
p

and an inner function belongs to $$\mathcal {B}_{\nu }^{p,q}$$

B

ν

p
,
q

. Applying this result, we make some observations on zero sets of $$\mathcal {B}_{\nu }^{p,p}$$

B

ν

p
,
p

.
Is debridement beneficial for focal cartilage defects of the knee: data from the German Cartilage Registry (KnorpelRegister DGOU)
Authors: Weißenberger Manuel , Heinz Tizian , Boelch Sebastian P. , Niemeyer Philipp , Rudert Maximilian , Barthel Thomas , Reppenhagen Stephan
Published: January 2020

Introduction

Focal cartilage defects of the knee are often treated with arthroscopic debridement. Existing literature discussing the benefit of debridement for small articular cartilage lesions is scarce, especially if the debridement was not part of a combined operative cartilage procedure including meniscal and ligament repair. The purpose of this study was to examine the patients´ benefit after arthroscopic debridement for the treatment of isolated focal chondral defects with or without partial meniscus resection.

Materials and methods

Baseline (preoperative data) and 12-month follow-up of the five Knee Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) subscores and the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) for pain were analyzed in 126 patients undergoing debridement for focal chondral defects of the knee from the German Cartilage Registry. Sub-analysis for patients receiving isolated debridement and debridement with concomitant partial resection of meniscal pathologies was performed. Thus, four subgroups were created according to the treated defect size and presence of meniscal pathologies: “debridement-only < 2 cm2”, “debridement-only > 2 cm2”, “debridement and partial meniscus resection < 2 cm2” and “debridement and partial meniscus resection > 2 cm2”.

Results

KOOS-subscores showed a significant increase from baseline to follow-up evaluation (p = 0.017–0.037) within the 126 patients. Sub-analysis showed significant improvement of all five KOOS-subscores in all three subgroups, except for the “debridement and partial meniscus resection > 2 cm2”—group: in this group the KOOS subscores symptoms and sports showed no significant improvement. The NRS scores revealed no significant changes from baseline to 12-month follow-up within the four subgroups.

Conclusion

An overall benefit of arthroscopic debridement for focal cartilage lesions of the knee could be conducted. Isolated cartilage defects seem to benefit from debridement irrespectively of size. In patients with large cartilage defects (> 2 cm2) and concurrent meniscal pathology expectation to improvement should be humbled. Effective reduction of pain by arthroscopic debridement remains unclear.
The impact of p16ink4a positivity in invasive vulvar cancer on disease-free and disease-specific survival, a retrospective study
Authors: Gensthaler Lisa , Joura Elmar A. , Alemany Laia , Horvat Reinhard , de Sanjosé Silvia , Pils Sophie
Published: January 2020

Purpose

To evaluate HPV and p16ink4a status as prognostic factors in patients with invasive vulvar cancer.

Methods

Retrospective analysis of disease-free (DFS) and disease-specific survival (DSS) of patients with invasive vulvar cancer at a single tertiary care center. Histology, HPV and p16ink4a status were evaluated in the context of a global multicenter trial. Logistic regression models were performed to identify the impact of p16ink4a positivity.

Results

135 patients were included in the analysis. 32 (23.7%) showed a p16ink4a expression of over 25%. Disease-free and disease-specific survival was longer in p16ink4a positive patients (23 vs. 10 months, p = 0.004, respectively, 29 vs. 21 months, p = 0.016). In multivariate analysis, p16ink4a positivity was an independent parameter for DFS (p = 0.025, HR: 2.120 (1.100–4.085)), but not for DSS (p = 0.926, HR: 1.029 (0.558–1.901), in contrast to age and tumor stage.

Conclusions

Age and tumor stage negatively affect survival. However, disease-free survival is significantly longer in patients with p16ink4a positive invasive vulvar cancer.
The association of HFE gene H63D polymorphism with endurance athlete status and aerobic capacity: novel findings and a meta-analysis
Authors: Semenova Ekaterina A. , Miyamoto-Mikami Eri , Akimov Egor B. , Al-Khelaifi Fatima , Murakami Haruka , Zempo Hirofumi , Kostryukova Elena S. , Kulemin Nikolay A. , Larin Andrey K. , Borisov Oleg V. , Miyachi Motohiko , Popov Daniil V. , Boulygina Eugenia A. , Takaragawa Mizuki , Kumagai Hiroshi , Naito Hisashi , Pushkarev Vladimir P. , Dyatlov Dmitry A. , Lekontsev Eugene V. , Pushkareva Yuliya E. , Andryushchenko Liliya B. , Elrayess Mohamed A. , Generozov Edward V. , Fuku Noriyuki , Ahmetov Ildus I.
Published: January 2020

Purpose

Iron is an important component of the oxygen-binding proteins and may be critical to optimal athletic performance. Previous studies have suggested that the G allele of C/G rare variant (rs1799945), which causes H63D amino acid replacement, in the HFE is associated with elevated iron indexes and may give some advantage in endurance-oriented sports. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between the HFE H63D polymorphism and elite endurance athlete status in Japanese and Russian populations, aerobic capacity and to perform a meta-analysis using current findings and three previous studies.

Methods

The study involved 315 international-level endurance athletes (255 Russian and 60 Japanese) and 809 healthy controls (405 Russian and 404 Japanese). Genotyping was performed using micro-array analysis or by PCR. VO2max in 46 male Russian endurance athletes was determined using gas analysis system.

Results

The frequency of the iron-increasing CG/GG genotypes was significantly higher in Russian (38.0 vs 24.9%; OR 1.85, P = 0.0003) and Japanese (13.3 vs 5.0%; OR 2.95, P = 0.011) endurance athletes compared to ethnically matched controls. The meta-analysis using five cohorts (two French, Japanese, Spanish, and Russian; 586 athletes and 1416 controls) showed significant prevalence of the CG/GG genotypes in endurance athletes compared to controls (OR 1.96, 95% CI 1.58–2.45; P = 1.7 × 10–9). Furthermore, the HFE G allele was associated with high V̇O2max in male athletes [CC: 61.8 (6.1), CG/GG: 66.3 (7.8) ml/min/kg; P = 0.036].

Conclusions

We have shown that the HFE H63D polymorphism is strongly associated with elite endurance athlete status, regardless ethnicities and aerobic capacity in Russian athletes.
Congenital diaphragmatic eventration and hernia sac compared to CDH with true defects: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Heiwegen Kim , van Heijst Arno FJ , Daniels-Scharbatke Horst , van Peperstraten Michelle CP , de Blaauw Ivo , Botden Sanne MBI
Published: January 2020

Congenital diaphragmatic eventration (CDE) and congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) with or without hernia sac are three different types of congenital diaphragmatic malformations, which this study evaluates. All surgically treated patients with CDE or Bochdalek type CDH between 2000 and 2016 were included in this retrospective analysis. Demographics, CDH-characteristics, treatment, and clinical outcome were evaluated. In total, 200 patients were included. Patients with an eventration or hernia sac had no significant differences and were compared as patients without a true defect to patients with a true defect. The 1-year survival of patients with a true defect was significantly lower than patients with no true defect (76% versus 97%, p = 0.001). CDH with no true defect had significantly better short-term outcomes than CDH with true defect requiring patch repair. However, at 30 days, they more often required oxygen supplementation (46% versus 26%, p = 0.03) and had a higher recurrence rate (8% versus 0%, p = 0.006) (three eventration and two hernia sac patients). Conclusion: Patients without a true defect seem to have a more similar clinical outcome than CDH patients with a true defect, with a better survival. However, the recurrence rate and duration of oxygen supplementation at 30 days are higher than CDH patients with a true defect.What is Known:• Congenital diaphragmatic hernia with or without hernia sac and congenital diaphragmatic eventration (incomplete muscularization) are often treated similarly.• Patients with hernia sac and eventration are thought to have a relatively good outcome, but exact numbers are not described.What is New:• Congenital diaphragmatic eventration and patients with hernia sac seem to have a more similar clinical outcome than Bochdalek type CDH with a true defect.• Patients without a true defect (eventration or hernia sac) have a high recurrence rate.
Free 25-hydroxyvitamin-D concentrations are lower in children with renal transplant compared with chronic kidney disease
Authors: Preka Evgenia , Wan Mandy , Price Karen L , Long David A , Aitkenhead Helen , Shroff Rukshana
Published: January 2020

Background

Total serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] is considered the best marker of vitamin D status and used routinely in clinical practice. However, 25(OH)D is predominantly bound to vitamin D-binding protein (VDBP), and it has been reported that the free-25(OH)D and 25(OH)D loosely bound to albumin fraction correlates better with clinical outcomes.

Methods

We assessed total-25(OH)D, measured free-25(OH)D, and calculated free-25(OH)D and their relationship with VDBP and biomarkers of mineral metabolism in 61 children (22 CKD 2–3, 18 dialysis, and 21 post-transplant).

Results

Total-25(OH)D concentrations were comparable across the three groups (p = 0.09), but free- and bioavailable-25(OH)D (free- and albumin-25(OH)D) were significantly lower in the transplant group (both: p = 0.01). Compared to CKD and dialysis patients, the transplant group had significantly higher VDBP concentrations (p = 0.03). In all three groups, total-25(OH)D concentrations were positively associated with measured free-, calculated free-, and bioavailable-25(OH)D. Multivariable regression analysis showed that total-25(OH)D was the only predictor of measured free-25(OH)D concentrations in the dialysis group (β = 0.9; R2 = 90%). In the transplant group, measured free-25(OH)D concentrations were predicted by both total-25(OH)D and VDBP concentrations (β = 0.6, − 0.6, respectively; R2 = 80%). Correlations between parathyroid hormone with total-25(OH)D and measured and calculated free-25(OH)D were only observed in the transplant group (all: p < 0.001).

Conclusions

In transplanted patients, VDBP concentrations were significantly higher compared to CKD and dialysis patients, and consequently, free-25(OH)D concentrations were lower, despite a comparable total-25(OH)D concentration. We suggest that free-25(OH)D measures may be required in children with CKD, dialysis, and transplant, with further research required to understand its association with markers of mineral metabolism.
Extreme intracranial pressure elevation > 90 mmHg in an awake patient with primary CNS lymphoma—case report
Authors: Cederberg David , Marklund Niklas , Nittby Redebrandt Henrietta
Published: January 2020

We describe a patient with primary CNS lymphomas, awake despite an extreme ICP elevation. A 48-year-old woman presented with headache since 1 month, and bilateral papillary edema was observed. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed diffuse infiltration around the petrous bone. Following external ventricular drainage (EVD) placement, ICP levels of > 90 mmHg were recorded while the patient was fully awake. Cytology revealed an aggressive primary CNS lymphoma. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage at high opening pressure levels was required. We conclude that extreme ICP elevations, treatable by CSF drainage, can be observed without a reduced level of consciousness.
Why do children and adolescents (not) seek and access professional help for their mental health problems? A systematic review of quantitative and qualitative studies
Authors: Radez Jerica , Reardon Tessa , Creswell Cathy , Lawrence Peter J. , Evdoka-Burton Georgina , Waite Polly
Published: January 2020

Mental health disorders in children and adolescents are highly prevalent yet undertreated. A detailed understanding of the reasons for not seeking or accessing help as perceived by young people is crucial to address this gap. We conducted a systematic review (PROSPERO 42018088591) of quantitative and qualitative studies reporting barriers and facilitators to children and adolescents seeking and accessing professional help for mental health problems. We identified 53 eligible studies; 22 provided quantitative data, 30 provided qualitative data, and one provided both. Four main barrier/facilitator themes were identified. Almost all studies (96%) reported barriers related to young people’s individual factors, such as limited mental health knowledge and broader perceptions of help-seeking. The second most commonly (92%) reported theme related to social factors, for example, perceived social stigma and embarrassment. The third theme captured young people’s perceptions of the therapeutic relationship with professionals (68%) including perceived confidentiality and the ability to trust an unknown person. The fourth theme related to systemic and structural barriers and facilitators (58%), such as financial costs associated with mental health services, logistical barriers, and the availability of professional help. The findings highlight the complex array of internal and external factors that determine whether young people seek and access help for mental health difficulties. In addition to making effective support more available, targeted evidence-based interventions are required to reduce perceived public stigma and improve young people’s knowledge of mental health problems and available support, including what to expect from professionals and services.
Deposit insurance and the coexistence of commercial and shadow banks
Authors: LeRoy Stephen F. , Singhania Rish
Published: January 2020

We investigate how deposit insurance affects the structure of the financial system in a general equilibrium setting in which a government insurer guarantees deposits at commercial banks, but not at shadow banks. With deposit-based or risky-asset-based insurance premia, price distortions induced by subsidized deposit insurance benefit shadow banks, by allowing these banks to trade to their advantage. Insured commercial banks and uninsured shadow banks coexist under subsidized deposit insurance. Capital requirements on commercial banks make shadow banking more attractive. The asset price distortion is eliminated when the aggregate subsidy to unsuccessful commercial banks equals the aggregate penalty to successful banks.
Investigating populations in generalized Darwinism
Authors: Baraghith Karim
Published: January 2020

Darwinian evolution is a population-level phenomenon. This paper deals with a structural population concept within the framework of generalized Darwinism (GD), resp. within a generalized theory of evolution. According to some skeptical authors, GD is in need of a valid population concept in order to become a practicable research program. Populations are crucial and basic elements of any evolutionary explanation—biological or cultural—and have to be defined as clearly as possible. I suggest the “causal interactionist population concept” (CIPC), by R. Millstein for this purpose, and I will try to embed the approach into a generalized evolutionary perspective by mathematically formalizing its key definitions. Using graph-theory, (meta-) populations as described in theCIPCcan serve as proper clusters of evolutionary classification based on the rates of interactions between their elements. I will introduce the concept of acohesion index(CI) as a measurement of possible population candidates within a distribution of elements. The strength of this approach lies in its applicability and interactions are relatively easy to observe. Furthermore, problems of clustering tokens (e.g. of cultural information) via typicality, e.g. their similarity in intrinsic key characteristics, can be avoided, because CIPC is a (mainly) external approach. However, some formal problems and conceptual ambiguities occur within a simple version of this CI, which will be addressed in this paper as well as some possible applications.
Molecular stratifications, biomarker candidates and new therapeutic options in current medulloblastoma treatment approaches
Authors: Menyhárt Otília , Győrffy Balázs
Published: January 2020

Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common malignant childhood tumor of the brain. Multimodal treatment consisting of surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy reduced cumulative incidence of late mortality but increased the incidence of subsequent neoplasms and severe, incapacitating chronic health conditions. Present treatment strategies fail to recognize heterogeneity within patients despite wide divergence in individual responses. The persistent mortality rates and serious side effects of non-targeted cytotoxic therapies indicate a need for more refined therapeutic approaches. Advanced genomic research has led to the accumulation of an enormous amount of genetic information and resulted in a consensus distinguishing four molecular subgroups, WNT-activated, SHH-activated, and Group 3 and 4 medulloblastomas. These have distinct origin, demographics, molecular alterations, and clinical outcomes. Although subgroup affiliation does not predict response to therapy, new subgroup-specific markers of prognosis can enable a more layered risk stratification with additional subtypes within each primary subgroup. Here, we summarize subgroup-specific genetic alterations and their utility in current treatment strategies. The transition toward molecularly targeted interventions for newly diagnosed MBs remains slow, and prospective trials are needed to confirm stratifications based on molecular alterations. At the same time, numerous studies focus at fine-tuning the intensity of invasive radio- and chemotherapies to reduce intervention-related long-term morbidity. There are an increasing number of immunotherapy-based treatment strategies including immune checkpoint-inhibitors, oncolytic viruses, CAR-T therapy, and NK cells in recurrent and refractory MBs. Although most trials are in early phase, there is hope for therapeutic breakthroughs for advanced MBs within the next decade.
Perceptions and Health-Seeking Behaviour for Mental Illness Among Syrian Refugees and Lebanese Community Members in Wadi Khaled, North Lebanon: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Al Laham Dana , Ali Engy , Mousally Krystel , Nahas Nayla , Alameddine Abbas , Venables Emilie
Published: January 2020

This is a qualitative exploration of the perceptions of mental health (MH) and their influence on health-seeking behaviour among Syrian refugees and the Lebanese population in Wadi Khaled, a rural area of Lebanon bordering Syria. Eight focus group discussions and eight key informant interviews were conducted with male and female Syrian refugees and Lebanese community members from March to April 2018. MH illness was associated with stigma, shame and fear among both populations. Beliefs surrounding mental illness were strongly linked to religious beliefs, including Jinn. Religious healers were considered the first line of help for people with mental illnesses, and were perceived as culturally acceptable and less stigmatizing than MH professionals. It is essential for MH professionals to build trust with the communities in which they work. Collaboration with religious healers is key to identifying MH symptoms and creating referral pathways to MH professionals in this context.
Reconciliation of Privacy with Preventive Cybersecurity: The Bright Internet Approach
Authors: Lee Jae Kyu , Chang Younghoon , Kwon Hun Yeong , Kim Beopyeon
Published: January 2020

The emergence of a preventive cybersecurity paradigm that aims to eliminate the sources of cybercrime threats is becoming an increasingly necessary complement to the current self-defensive cybersecurity systems. One concern associated with adopting such preventive measures is the risk of privacy infringement. Therefore, it is necessary to design the future Internet infrastructure so that it can appropriately balance preventive cybersecurity measures with privacy protections. This research proposes to design the Internet infrastructure using the preventive cybersecurity measures of the Bright Internet, namely preventive cybersecurity protocol and identifiable anonymity protocol, and ten privacy rights derived from Europe’s General Data Protection Regulations (GDPR). We then analyze the legitimacy of the five steps of the preventive cybersecurity protocol and the four features of the identifiable anonymity protocol from the perspectives of ten privacy rights. We address the legitimacy from the perspective of potential victims’ self-defense rights. Finally, we discuss four potential risks that may occur to the innocent senders and proposed resilient recovery procedures.
Phloem Metabolites of Prunus Sp. Rather than Infection with Candidatus Phytoplasma Prunorum Influence Feeding Behavior of Cacopsylla pruni Nymphs
Authors: Gallinger Jannicke , Gross Jürgen
Published: January 2020

Phytoplasmas are specialized small bacteria restricted to the phloem tissue and spread by hemipterans feeding on plant sieve tube elements. As for many other plant pathogens, it is known that phytoplasmas alter the chemistry of their hosts. Most research on phytoplasma-plant interactions focused on the induction of plant volatiles and phytohormones. Little is known about the influence of phytoplasma infections on the nutritional composition of phloem and consequences on vector behavior and development. The plum psyllidCacopsylla prunitransmits ‘CandidatusPhytoplasma prunorum’, the causing agent of European Stone Fruit Yellows (ESFY). While severalPrunusspecies are susceptible for psyllid feeding, they show different responses to the pathogen. We studied the possible modulation of plant-insect interactions by bacteria-induced changes in phloem sap chemistry. Therefore, we sampled phloem sap from phytoplasma-infected and non-infectedPrunus persicaandPrunus insititiaplants, which differ in their susceptibility to ESFY and psyllid feeding. Furthermore, the feeding behavior and development ofC. pruninymphs was compared on infected and non-infectedP. persicaandP. insititiaplants. Phytoplasma infection did not affect phloem consumption byC. pruninymphs nor their development time. In contrast, the study revealed significant differences betweenP. insititiaandP. persicain terms of both phloem chemistry and feeding behavior ofC. pruninymphs.Phloem feeding phases were four times longer onP. insititiathan onP. persica, resulting in a decreased development time and higher mortality of vector insects onP. persicaplants. These findings explain the low infestation rates of peach cultivars with plum psyllids commonly found in field surveys.
Self-employment and reason for migration: are those who migrate for asylum different from other migrants?
Authors: Kone Zovanga L. , Ruiz Isabel , Vargas-Silva Carlos
Published: January 2020

This paper explores differences in the likelihood of engaging in self-employment among migrants who moved for different reasons to the UK. The results suggest that, conditional on being in employment, those who initially migrated for asylum reasons are six percentage points more likely to engage in self-employment than the UK-born, while those who migrated for work reasons are not significantly different from UK-born workers in this regard. We also find that mediating factors, such as the presence of networks and years since migration, relate differently to the likelihood of self-employment for each group of migrants. Finally, there are also differences when looking at the number of persons employed by the self-employed and the skill level associated with the activity of self-employment. Those who migrated for asylum are not significantly different from the UK-born in their likelihood of employing someone else, while those who migrated for work are two percentage points less likely to employ others relative to the UK-born.
Radial Evolution of Sunward Strahl Electrons in the Inner Heliosphere
Authors: Macneil Allan R. , Owens Mathew J. , Lockwood Mike , Štverák Štěpán , Owen Christopher J.
Published: January 2020

The heliospheric magnetic field (HMF) exhibits local inversions, in which the field apparently “bends back” upon itself. Candidate mechanisms to produce these inversions include various configurations of upstream interchange reconnection; either in the heliosphere, or in the corona where the solar wind is formed. Explaining the source of these inversions, and how they evolve in time and space, is thus an important step towards explaining the origins of the solar wind. Inverted heliospheric magnetic field lines can be identified by the anomalous sunward (i.e. inward) streaming of the typically anti-sunward propagating, field-aligned (or anti-aligned), beam of electrons known as the “strahl”. We test if the pitch angle distribution (PAD) properties of sunward-propagating strahl are different from those of outward strahl. We perform a statistical study of strahl observed by the Helios spacecraft, over heliocentric distances spanning $\approx 0.3$≈0.3 – 1 AU. We find that sunward strahl PADs are broader and less intense than their outward directed counterparts; particularly at distances 0.3 – 0.75 AU. This is consistent with sunward strahl being subject to additional, path-length dependent, scattering in comparison to outward strahl. We conclude that the longer and more variable path from the Sun to the spacecraft, along inverted magnetic field, leads to this additional scattering. The results also suggest that the relative importance of scattering along this additional path length drops off with heliocentric distance. These results can be explained by a relatively simple, constant-rate, scattering process.
Reasoning Continuously: A Formal Construction of Continuous Proofs
Authors: Brunet T. D. P. , Fisher E.
Published: January 2020

We begin with the idea that lines of reasoning are continuous mental processes and develop a notion of continuity in proof. This requires abstracting the notion of a proof as a set of sentences ordered by provability. We can then distinguish between discretestepsof a proof and possibly continuousstages, defining indexing functions to pick these out. Proof stages can be associated with the application of continuously variable rules, connecting continuity in lines of reasoning with continuously variable reasons. Some examples of continuous proofs are provided. We conclude by presenting some fundamental facts about continuous proofs, analogous to continuous structural rules and composition. We take this to be a development on its own, as well as lending support to non-finitistic constructionism.
Where the wild things are! Do urban green spaces with greater avian biodiversity promote more positive emotions in humans?
Authors: Cameron Ross W. F. , Brindley Paul , Mears Meghann , McEwan Kirsten , Ferguson Fiona , Sheffield David , Jorgensen Anna , Riley Julie , Goodrick Jon , Ballard Liz , Richardson Miles
Published: January 2020

Urban green space can help mitigate the negative impacts of urban living and provide positive effects on citizens’ mood, health and well-being. Questions remain, however, as to whether all types of green space are equally beneficial, and if not, what landscape forms or key features optimise the desired benefits. For example, it has been cited that urban landscapes rich in wildlife (high biodiversity) may promote more positive emotions and enhance well-being. This research utilised a mobile phone App, employed to assess people’s emotions when they entered any one of 945 green spaces within the city of Sheffield, UK. Emotional responses were correlated to key traits of the individual green spaces, including levels of biodiversity the participant perceived around them. For a subsample of these green spaces, actual levels of biodiversity were assessed through avian and habitat surveys. Results demonstrated strong correlations between levels of avian biodiversity within a green space and human emotional response to that space. Respondents reported being happier in sites with greater avian biodiversity (p < 0.01, r = 0.78) and a greater variety of habitats (p < 0.02, r = 0.72). Relationships were strengthened when emotions were linked to perceptions of overall biodiversity (p < 0.001, r = 0.89). So, when participants thought the site was wildlife rich, they reported more positive emotions, even when actual avian biodiversity levels were not necessarily enhanced. The data strengthens the arguments that nature enhances well-being through positive affect, and that increased ‘engagement with nature’ may help support human health within urban environments. The results have strong implications for city planning with respect to the design, management and use of city green spaces.
Approximations of Cumulants of the Stochastic Power Law Logistic Model
Authors: Nåsell Ingemar
Published: January 2020

Asymptotic approximations of the first three cumulants of the quasi-stationary distribution of the stochastic power law logistic model are derived. The results are based on a system of ODEs for the first three cumulants. We deviate from the classical moment closure approach by determining approximations without closing the system of equations. The approximations are explicit in the model’s parameters, conditions for validity of the approximations are given, magnitudes of approximation errors are given, and spurious solutions are easily detected and eliminated. In these ways, we provide improvements on previous results for this model.