bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Generation of synthetic Kinect depth images based on empirical noise model
Authors: Iversen T.M. , Kraft D.
Published: May 2017

The development, training and evaluation of computer vision algorithms rely on the availability of a large number of images. The acquisition of these images can be time‐consuming if they are recorded using real sensors. An alternative is to rely on synthetic images which can be rapidly generated. This Letter describes a novel method for the simulation of Kinect v1 depth images. The method is based on an existing empirical noise model from the literature. The authors show that their relatively simple method is able to provide depth images which have a high similarity with real depth images.
Analytical characterisation of magnetic field generated by ICPT wireless charger
Authors: Triviño‐Cabrera A. , Aguado J. , González J.M.
Published: May 2017

The analytical characterisation of the magnetic field generated by a wireless charger based on the inductively coupled power transfer technique is presented. With this tool, the magnetic field could be computed in any spatial position and no dipolar approximation is necessary to be taken. The model is contrasted with measurements performed in a 3.7 kW prototype for electric vehicle. The comparison shows that there is a good agreement between the measurements and the model.
Metal-Free Mediated C-3 Methylsulfanylation of Imidazo[1,2-a]-pyridines with Dimethyl Sulfoxide as a Methylsulfanylating Agent
Authors: Chen Zhengkai , Cao Gangjian , Zhang Fengjin , Li Hongli , Xu Jianfeng , Miao Maozhong , Ren Hongjun
Published: May 2017

A simple approach is described for the regioselective C-3 methylsulfanylation of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines through diiodine-­mediated, acetone-promoted, C–S bond construction with dimethyl sulfoxide as both the source of the methylsulfanyl moiety and the solvent. Preliminary mechanistic investigations indicated that three different reaction mechanisms might be involved in the transformation.
A Convenient Strategy for Remote C–H Bond Halogenation of 8-Aminoquinolines in the C5 Position
Authors: Chen Xiang-Xiang , Wang Jia-Xin , Ren Jiang-Tao , Xie Hu , Zhao Yanxia , Li Ya-Min , Sun Meng
Published: May 2017

A highly efficient and convenient strategy has been developed for remote C–H bond halogenation of 8-aminoquinolines in good to excellent yields under transition-metal-free conditions. The reaction tolerates a variety of functional groups and can potentially be scaled up.
Thieme Chemistry Journals Awardees – Where Are They Now? Synthesis of a Dinuclear Copper NHC Complex Bearing a Rigid π-Conjugated Cyclic Framework
Authors: Inamori Daiki , Miwa Takuya , Fujihara Tetsuaki , Tsuji Yasushi , Terao Jun
Published: May 2017

Macrocyclic dinuclear complexes have been gaining popularity in the design of homogeneous catalysts. Herein, we report the design of such a complex featuring catalytically active sites fixed inside the ring and its synthesis using a cross-coupling reaction.
Chemo- and Regioselective Asymmetric Friedel–Crafts Reaction of Furans and Thiophenes with α,β-Unsaturated Aldehydes through Dual Activation
Authors: Zhang Xiao-Ru , Zhou Su-Lan , Yuan Yi , Du Wei , Chen Ying-Chun
Published: May 2017

A highly chemo- and regioselective Friedel–Crafts alkylation reaction of furans and thiophenes has been developed, which relies on the activation from the remote conjugated Mukaiyama silyl enol ether motif. Excellent enantioslectivity is generally obtained in reactions with α,β-unsaturated aldehydes under the well-established iminium ion catalysis of a chiral secondary amine.
Hauptstadtkongress 2017: Gesundheitswesen im Wandel
Authors: Dorner Carola
Published: May 2017

Innovativ, politisch, nah am Klinikalltag, so präsentieren sich die Themen beim Hauptstadtkongress 2017. kma hat Dr. Ingrid Völker und Ulf Fink gefragt, worauf sie sich auch beim 20. Hauptstadtkongress noch freuen wie beim ersten Mal – und inwiefern die Kongressplanung auch das Privatleben betrifft.
Interview mit Prof. Stefan Schönberg: Radiomics – die Zukunft beginnt jetzt
Authors: Mau Jens
Published: May 2017

In der Radiologie findet gerade eine mathematische Revolution statt: Medizinische Bilddaten können so mit Informationen aus der Genetik, der Labormedizin und der Klinik verknüpft und ausgewertet werden, dass eine gute Prognoseabschätzung möglich ist. kma sprach mit Prof. Stefan Schönberg über das Potenzial von Radiomics.
Sicherheit: Alles unter Kontrolle
Authors: Kohrs Jens
Published: May 2017

Sie schlagen Pflegekräfte, werfen mit Geschirr oder haben Wutausbrüche am Empfang – aggressive und gewalttätige Patienten und Besucher machen Krankenhäusern zu schaffen. Da auch die Zahl der Diebstähle in Patientenzimmern sowie von teurer Medizintechnik steigt, rücken Sicherheitskonzepte vielerorts auf die Tagesordnung.
2. Fachmesse Krankenhaus Technologie mit BuFaTa 2017: Wir müssen reden
Authors: Thalmayr Maria
Published: May 2017

Kraft und Aufwand in Maßnahmen zu stecken, die nachweislich Erfolg bringen, hilft – nicht zuletzt bei der Hygiene. Alle Krankenhausmitarbeiter sind hier gefordert. Einen engen Schulterschluss aller Beteiligten verlangt auch die IT-Sicherheit. Die BuFaTa 2017 greift viele brisante Themen auf, die nur im interdisziplinären Austausch gelöst werden können. Die 2. Fachmesse Krankenhaus Technologie bietet dafür den praktischen Rahmen.
Dr. Asu Timurkaev: Fortbildung ist ein Muss, um das hohe medizinische Niveau zu halten
Authors: Sickinger Nina
Published: May 2017

AUSLÄNDISCHE MITARBEITER BERICHTEN AUS DEUTSCHEN KLINIKEN Dr. Asu Timurkaev (39) lebte bis 1997 in Tschetschenien. Danach zog er für sein Medizinstudium nach Litauen um und arbeitete dort auch nach Abschluss des Studiums – unter für ihn nicht tragbaren Bedingungen. Der Facharzt für Augenheilkunde war nach seinem Neustart in Deutschland sehr beeindruckt von den hiesigen technischen Möglichkeiten.
The Impact of Radiation and Its Timing on Donor Internal Mammary Vessel Histopathology at the Time of Autologous Microvascular Breast Reconstruction
Authors: Odom Elizabeth , Qureshi Ali , Mull Aaron , Rao Yuan , Min Caroline , Hunter Daniel , Zoberi Imran , Myckatyn Terence
Published: May 2017

Background We evaluate the impact of radiation and its early versus late effects on internal mammary vessel histomorphometry and implications for autologous breast reconstruction.

Methods Patients received no radiation or radiation within the previous 6 weeks (early) or at least 6 months prior to biopsy (late) of the internal mammary vessels during free flap surgery. Clinical outcomes, and vessel measurements and markers for macrophages, smooth muscle actin (SM-ACTIN), elastin, and collagen were analyzed.

Results We analyzed 36 internal mammary arteries (IMAs) and veins (IMV) in 22 patients. Six had no radiation, 12 had radiation less than 6 weeks, and 18 had radiation more than 6 months ago. Demographics, surgical variables, and cardiovascular comorbidity did not differ between groups. Macrophage counts were higher in patients who had radiation (p < 0.001) and in the early group when compared with the late group (p = 0.03). There were similar findings in the IMV. Intimal thickness of the IMA increased significantly after radiation (p < 0.001), particularly in the late group when compared with the early group (p = 0.007). Intima–media thickness of the IMV was significantly elevated (p = 0.02) after radiotherapy. Radiation decreased percentage of SM-ACTIN in the IMA (p = 0.05). Other histomorphometric parameters did not differ significantly.

Conclusion Higher macrophage counts but less intimal thickening of the IMA differentiates donor vessels utilized within 6 weeks of radiotherapy and those performed after 6 months or more. Although the timing of reconstruction is based on several other factors, histologic parameters support reconstruction within 6 weeks of radiation therapy.
Microstructure of the Distal Radius and Its Relevance to Distal Radius Fractures
Authors: Bain Gregory , McNaughton Tom , Williams Ruth , MacLean Simon
Published: May 2017

Background There is a paucity of information on the microstructure of the distal radius, and how this relates to its morphology and function.

Purpose This study aims to assess the microanatomical structure of the distal radius, and relate this to its morphology, function, and modes of failure.

Methods Six dry adult skeletal distal radii were examined with microcomputed tomography scan and analyzed with specialist computer software. From 3D and 2D images, the subchondral, cortical, and medullary trabecular were assessed and interpreted based on the overall morphology of the radius.

Results The expanded distal radial metaphysis provides a wide articular surface for distributing the articular load. The extrinsic wrist ligaments are positioned around the articular perimeter, except on the dorsal radial corner. The subchondral bone plate is a 2 mm multilaminar lattice structure, which is thicker below the areas of the maximal articular load. There are spherical voids distally, which become ovoid proximally, which assist in absorbing articular impact. It does not have Haversian canals. From the volar aspect of the lunate facet, there are thick trabecular columns that insert into the volar cortex of the radius at the metaphyseal–diaphyseal junction. For the remainder of the subchondral bone plate, there is an intermediate trabecular network, which transmits the load to the intermediate trabeculae and then to the trabecular arches. The arches pass proximally and coalesce with the ridges of the diaphyseal cortex.

Conclusion The distal radius morphology is similar to an arch bridge. The subchondral bone plate resembles the smooth deck of the bridge that interacts with the mobile load. The load is transmitted to the rim, intermediate struts, and arches. The metaphyseal arches allow the joint loading forces to be transmitted proximally and laterally, providing compression at all levels and avoiding tension. The arches have a natural ability to absorb the impact which protects the articular surface. The distal radius absorbs and transmits the articular impact to the medullary cortex and intermediate trabeculae. The medullary arches are positioned to transmit the load from the intermediate trabeculae to the diaphysis.

Clinical Relevance The microstructure of the distal radius is likely to be important for physiological loading of the radius. The subchondral bone plate is a unique structure that is different to the cancellous and cortical bone. All three bone types have different functions. The unique morphology and microstructure of the distal radius allow it to transmit load and protect the articular cartilage.
Determining Nt-proBNP Levels with Diastolic Dysfunction in Thalassemia Major Patients
Authors: Singh Mable , Kumar Ravindra , Tewari Satyendra , Agarwal Sarita
Published: May 2017

Beta thalassemia is an autosomal, recessive disorder, characterized by ineffective erythropoiesis. Chronic transfusions and inability of body to eliminate iron lead to an iron overload, thereby causing damage to heart. Natriuretic peptides (NPs) are produced within the heart, which are then released into the circulation in response to ventricular wall stress. We, therefore, aimed to study the relation between ventricular dysfunction and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptides (NT-proBNPs). We enrolled 105 patients with increased serum ferritin levels and echocardiography was performed. We collected blood samples and NT-proBNP levels were measured in them. Though we found that the studied group had no significant difference in the mean serum NT-proBNP levels, in patients with or without hypertrophy (n = 37, p = 0.992), the NT-proBNP levels were found to be significantly increased in patients with diastolic dysfunction (n = 24, p < 0.0001 with mean values of 577.67 ± 122.01 and 456.50 ± 48.40 pg/mL in patients with and without diastolic dysfunction, respectively). The NT-proBNP levels correlated well with the echocardiography indices, such as left ventricular end-systolic diameter (LVESD), ratio between early mitral inflow velocity and mitral annular early diastolic velocity (E/E' ratio), and ratio of the early (E) to late (A) ventricular filling velocities (E/A ratio), and were found to have significant positive correlation with the serum ferritin levels. The NT-proBNP levels correlated significantly with diastolic dysfunction; thus, serum ferritin levels could be useful for assessing the diastolic dysfunction in patients with beta thalassemia.
Effect of Anatomical and Developmental Factors on the Risk of Unplanned Extubation in Critically Ill Newborns
Authors: Grubb Peter , Markham Melinda , Scott Theresa , Walsh William , Slaughter James , Stark Ann , Ely E. , Hatch L.
Published: May 2017

Objective To quantify the daily risk of unplanned extubation (UE) in newborns based on developmental and anatomical factors.

Methods Prospective cohort of ventilated newborns over an 18-month period in a level IV neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). We captured UEs through four data streams. We generated multivariable logistic regression models to assess the association of UE with chronological age, birth weight, and postmenstrual age.

Results During the study, 718 infants were ventilated for 5,611 patient days with 117 UEs in 81 infants. The daily risk of UE had a significant, nonlinear relationship (p < 0.01) with chronological age, decreasing until day 7 (odds ratio [OR]: 0.5; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.17–1.47) and increasing after day 7 (day 7–28, OR: 1.36, 95% CI: 1.06–1.75; and >28 days, OR: 1.06, 95% CI: 1.0–1.14). Birth weight and postmenstrual age were not associated with UE. Adverse events occurred in 83/117 (71%) UE events. Iatrogenic causes of UE were more common in younger, smaller infants, whereas older, larger infants were more likely to self-extubate.

Conclusion The daily risk and causes of UE change over the course of an infant's NICU hospitalization. These data can be used to identify infants at the highest risk of UE for whom targeted proactive interventions can be developed.
Faktoren des Zahlungsausfalls: Eine empirische Analyse von Unternehmen des Gesundheitssektors in
Deutschland
Authors: Lohmann Christian , Ohliger Thorsten
Published: May 2017

Zielsetzung Unternehmen des Gesundheitssektors unterscheiden sich in einer Vielzahl an leistungswirtschaftlichen sowie
betriebswirtschaftlichen Merkmalen von anderen Wirtschaftsunternehmen. Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht den Zusammenhang
zwischen bilanziellen Strukturmerkmalen und dem Zahlungsausfall von Unternehmen des Gesundheitssektors.

Methodik Die Analyse basiert auf Jahresabschlussdaten von deutschen Gesundheitsunternehmen der Jahre 2005 bis 2009 sowie
zugehöriger Zahlungsausfalldaten. Unter Verwendung des Propensity Score Matching werden insgesamt 61 Zahlungsausfälle (18
Krankenhäuser sowie 43 sonstige Gesundheitsunternehmen) mit Hilfe der logistischen Regressionsanalyse statistisch ausgewertet.

Ergebnisse Ein hoher Eigenkapitalanteil sowie ein großes Umlaufvermögen reduziert die Wahrscheinlichkeit des
Zahlungsausfalls eines Unternehmens des Gesundheitssektors. Im Gegensatz zu anderen Wirtschaftsunternehmen hat die Rentabilität
eines Unternehmens des Gesundheitssektors keinen empirisch nachweisbaren Einfluss auf die Wahrscheinlichkeit des
Zahlungsausfalls.

Schlussfolgerung Eine solide Finanzausstattung sowie eine zum großen Anteil auch kurzfristig liquidierbare Vermögensstruktur
schützen die Unternehmen des Gesundheitssektors vor einem Zahlungsausfall. Die Rentabilität hat für die Unternehmensfortführung
keine empirisch nachweisbare Aussagekraft. Dies resultiert möglicherweise aus der Regulierung des Gesundheitssektors in Bezug auf
die medizinischen Leistungen sowie die damit einhergehenden Erlöse.
An improved model for N2 adsorption on graphitic adsorbents and graphitized thermal carbon black—The importance of the anisotropy of graphene
Authors: Prasetyo Luisa , Tan Shiliang (Johnathan) , Zeng Yonghong , Do D. D. , Nicholson D.
Published: May 2017

Computer simulations of N2 adsorption on graphite frequently use the 10-4-3 equation with Steele’s molecular parameters to describe the dispersive-repulsive interaction between a molecule and graphite. This model assumes that graphite is a uniformly homogeneous continuum solid, and its derivation implies the following assumptions: (1) the solid is built from stacked, equally spaced graphene layers, (2) there is an infinite number of layers, and (3) the carbon atom molecular parameters are invariant for all layers (collision diameter of 0.34 nm and reduced well depth of interaction energy of 28 K). Despite the fact that this model can give an acceptable description of experimental data for this system, there are experimental observations that simulation results fail to account for. First, the isotherm does not exhibit a step in the sub-monolayer coverage region at 77 K, which is attributed to a transition from the supercritical state of the adsorbate to the commensurate state, and therefore fails to reproduce the cusp and heat spike in the experimental isosteric heat curve versus loading at close to monolayer coverage. Second, the simulation results overpredict the experimental data in the multilayer region. These discrepancies suggest that (1) the absence of lateral corrugation in the 10-4-3 potential misses the commensurate to incommensurate transition and (2) the long-range solid-fluid potential, experienced by the second and higher layers onwards, is too strong. Here we examine a revised graphite potential model that incorporates three features absent from the 10-4-3 model: (1) an energetic corrugation of the potential arising from the discrete atom structure of the adsorbent, (2) the unequal spacing of the graphene layers due to the anisotropic force field acting on graphene layers at the surface, and (3) the different polarizabilities of carbon atoms in graphite, parallel and normal to the graphene surface. These features are corroborated by a number of experimental measurements and quantum-mechanical calculations: (1) the Low-Energy Electron Diffraction (LEED) and Surface-Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (SEXAFS) experiments show that the first adsorbate layer is smaller than predicted by the 10-4-3 model with the traditional molecular parameters suggested by Steele, and (2) the potential well depth for atoms in graphene is stronger than for C-atoms in graphite. The simulation results using this revised graphite model give an improved description of the fine features of adsorption of N2 on graphite: the sub-step in the first layer of the isotherm, the spike in the isosteric heat curve versus loading, and the coverage at higher loadings.
Theoretical study of photoinduced proton coupled electron transfer reaction using the non-perturbative hierarchical equations of motion method
Authors: Song Kai , Shi Qiang
Published: May 2017

Photoinduced proton coupled electron transfer (PCET) reactions, in which the charge transfer process is initiated by light absorption, are of special interest to both theoretical and experimental studies. In this work, by employing the non-perturbative hierarchical equation of motion method, we investigate several aspects of concerted photoinduced PCET based on an extended spin-boson model where the correlation between the electron and proton baths is considered explicitly. It is found that the vibrational relaxation on the donor state plays an important role in the initial stage of the non-equilibrium PCET dynamics after photon excitation, and the equilibrium rate dynamics is recovered at times longer than the vibrational relaxation time scale. The numerically exact results are compared with those obtained from the non-equilibrium Fermi’s golden rule, which is found to be less accurate for the non-equilibrium dynamics in the case of large electronic couplings. The isotope effect in photoinduced PCET is also investigated, where the non-equilibrium dynamics and equilibrium rate dynamics show very different isotope effects.
Thermally induced anchoring of a zinc-carboxyphenylporphyrin on rutile TiO2 (110)
Authors: Jöhr Res , Hinaut Antoine , Pawlak Rémy , Zajac Łukasz , Olszowski Piotr , Such Bartosz , Glatzel Thilo , Zhang Jun , Muntwiler Matthias , Bergkamp Jesse J. , Mateo Luis-Manuel , Decurtins Silvio , Liu Shi-Xia , Meyer Ernst
Published: May 2017

Functionalization of surfaces has become of high interest for a wealth of applications such as sensors, hybrid photovoltaics, catalysis, and molecular electronics. Thereby molecule-surface interactions are of crucial importance for the understanding of interface properties. An especially relevant point is the anchoring of molecules to surfaces. In this work, we analyze this process for a zinc-porphyrin equipped with carboxylic acid anchoring groups on rutile TiO2 (110) using scanning probe microscopy. After evaporation, the porphyrins are not covalently bound to the surface. Upon annealing, the carboxylic acid anchors undergo deprotonation and bind to surface titanium atoms. The formation of covalent bonds is evident from the changed stability of the molecule on the surface as well as the adsorption configuration. Annealed porphyrins are rotated by 45° and adopt another adsorption site. The influence of binding on electronic coupling with the surface is investigated using photoelectron spectroscopy. The observed shifts of Zn 2p and N 1s levels to higher binding energies indicate charging of the porphyrin core, which is accompanied by a deformation of the macrocycle due to a strong interaction with the surface.
Information geometry and local asymptotic normality for multi-parameter estimation of quantum Markov dynamics
Authors: Guta Madalin , Kiukas Jukka
Published: May 2017

This paper deals with the problem of identifying and estimating dynamical parameters of continuous-time Markovian quantum open systems, in the input-output formalism. First, we characterise the space of identifiable parameters for ergodic dynamics, assuming full access to the output state for arbitrarily long times, and show that the equivalence classes of undistinguishable parameters are orbits of a Lie group acting on the space of dynamical parameters. Second, we define an information geometric structure on this space, including a principal bundle given by the action of the group, as well as a compatible connection, and a Riemannian metric based on the quantum Fisher information of the output. We compute the metric explicitly in terms of the Markov covariance of certain “fluctuation operators” and relate it to the horizontal bundle of the connection. Third, we show that the system-output and reduced output state satisfy local asymptotic normality, i.e., they can be approximated by a Gaussian model consisting of coherent states of a multimode continuous variables system constructed from the Markov covariance “data.” We illustrate the result by working out the details of the information geometry of a physically relevant two-level system.
Broad ion energy distributions in helicon wave-coupled helium plasma
Authors: Woller K. B. , Whyte D. G. , Wright G. M.
Published: May 2017

Helium ion energy distributions were measured in helicon wave-coupled plasmas of the dynamics of ion implantation and sputtering of surface experiment using a retarding field energy analyzer. The shape of the energy distribution is a double-peak, characteristic of radiofrequency plasma potential modulation. The broad distribution is located within a radius of 0.8 cm, while the quartz tube of the plasma source has an inner radius of 2.2 cm. The ion energy distribution rapidly changes from a double-peak to a single peak in the radius range of 0.7–0.9 cm. The average ion energy is approximately uniform across the plasma column including the double-peak and single peak regions. The widths of the broad distribution, ΔE, in the wave-coupled mode are large compared to the time-averaged ion energy, ⟨E⟩. On the axis (r = 0), ΔE/⟨E⟩ ≲ 3.4, and at a radius near the edge of the plasma column (r = 2.2 cm), ΔE/⟨E⟩ ∼ 1.2. The discharge parameter space is scanned to investigate the effects of the magnetic field, input power, and chamber fill pressure on the wave-coupled mode that exhibits the sharp radial variation in the ion energy distribution.
Cs/CsPbX3 (X = Br, Cl) epitaxial heteronanocrystals with magic-angle stable/metastable grain boundary
Authors: Zhang Yumeng , Fan Baolu , Wu Wenhui , Fan Jiyang
Published: May 2017

Metal-semiconductor heteronanostructures are crucial building blocks of nanoscale electronic and optoelectronic devices. However, the lattice misfit remains a challenge in constructing heteronanostructures. Perovskite nanocrystals are superior candidates for constructing nanodevices owing to excellent optical, ferroelectric, and superconducting properties. We report the epitaxial growth of lattice-matched Cs/CsPbBr3 metal-semiconductor heteronanocrystals in a liquid medium. The well-crystallized ultrathin Cs layers grow epitaxially on the surfaces of colloidal CsPbBr3 nanocrystals, forming heteronanocrystals with interface diameters of several nanometers. Most of them are pseudomorphic with coherent interfaces free from dislocations, and the others exhibit discrete high-angle grain boundaries. The model based on the calculation of the elastic potential energy of the epilayer and analysis of the near-coincidence sites explains well the experimental result. The analysis shows that the excellent lattice match between the metal and the semiconductor ensures the ideal epitaxial-growth of both Cs/CsPbBr3 and Cs/CsPbCl3 heteronanocrystals. Such metal/semiconductor heteronanocrystals pave the way for developing perovskite-based nanodevices.
Trench formation and corner rounding in vertical GaN power devices
Authors: Zhang Yuhao , Sun Min , Liu Zhihong , Piedra Daniel , Hu Jie , Gao Xiang , Palacios Tomás
Published: May 2017

Trench formation and corner rounding are the key processes to demonstrate high-voltage trench-based vertical GaN devices. In this work, we developed a damage-free corner rounding technology combining Tetramethylammonium hydroxide wet etching and piranha clean. By optimizing the inductively coupled plasma dry etching conditions and applying the rounding technology, two main trench shapes were demonstrated: flat-bottom rounded trench and tapered-bottom rounded trench. TCAD simulations were then performed to investigate the impact of trench shapes and round corners on device blocking capability. GaN trench metal-insulator-semiconductor barrier Schottky rectifiers with different trench shapes were fabricated and characterized. A breakdown voltage over 500 V was obtained in the device with flat-bottom rounded trenches, compared to 350 V in the device with tapered-bottom rounded trenches and 150 V in the device with non-rounded trenches. Both experimental and simulation results support the use of rounded flat-bottom trenches to fabricate high-voltage GaN trench-based power devices.
Improving community access to terminal phase medicines in Australia: identification of the key considerations for the implementation of a ‘core medicines list’
Authors: Tait Paul A. , Cheung Weng Hou , Wiese Michael , Staff Kirsten
Published: May 2017

During the terminal phase, access to medicines is critical for people wishing to spend their last days of life at home. Yet, access to medicines can be problematic. The aim of this study was to report the perspectives of specialist and generalist health professionals (HPs) on the issues of community access to medicines for this vulnerable group. A qualitative descriptive study design investigated the views of HPs working in palliative care roles in South Australia. Nurses, doctors and pharmacists described their experiences of accessing medicines for management of terminal phase symptoms during semi-structured focus group discussions. Content analysis identified six themes including: ‘Medication Supply’, ‘Education and Training’, ‘Caregiver Burden’, ‘Safety’, ‘Funding’ and ‘Clinical Governance’. Future projects should aim to address these themes when developing strategies for the management of people wishing to die at home.
A comprehensive vicariant model for Southwest Pacific biotas
Authors: Ung V. , Michaux B. , Leschen R. A. B.
Published: May 2017

In the present paper, we develop a new biogeographic model for the biota of the Southwest Pacific, using 76 published phylogenies for a range of island endemics or near-endemic organisms. These phylogenies were converted to areagrams by substituting distributions for taxa. Paralogy-free subtrees (3-item statements) were derived from these areagrams and used as input data into LisBeth that uses compatibility analysis and an exhaustive branch and bound algorithm to produce optimal trees. A general areagram is derived from all three-item statements common to the optimal trees. The results of the analysis show that the Melanesian Rift is not a natural biogeographic area; the islands of the Southwest Pacific are more closely related to each other than they are to Australia; and New Caledonia has had a long history of biological isolation. There is support for a general period of mobilism during the mid-Cenozoic when the biota as a whole expanded its range in response to regional uplift. By comparing the general areagram with what is known about the tectonic development of the region, it is possible to both calibrate the nodes of the areagram, and to identify points of conflict between the geological and biological data.
Track analysis of agaricoid fungi of the Patagonian forests
Authors: Romano Gonzalo M. , Ruiz Erica V. , Lechner Bernardo E. , Greslebin Alina G. , Morrone Juan J.
Published: May 2017

Agaricoid fungi from Patagonia have been vastly studied taxonomically since 1887, and more recently ecologically. We found five generalised tracks and three nodes for a selection of nine ectomycorrhizal and nine saprophytic species. Two areas are supernodes, complex areas supported by many nodes. One of these supernodes could be a result of a lack of sampling in the Strait of Magellan area. The other could imply a biotic radiation and a differential tolerance to more arid climate conditions in the Andes mountain chain around 44.3°S, 71.5°W. Two important areas to focus future sampling of agaricoid fungi are suggested. Generalised tracks obtained match those found for weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and oribatid mites (Acari: Oribatida) distributed along the Magellanic Forest and Magellanic Moorland provinces of the Andean region. Overlap of generalised tracks among unrelated taxa supports the idea that common processes might have caused the observed patterns. The most significant and undeniable fact is that fungal species present ecological traits that can be vital for studying geological events that have marked the biotic development.
Biogeographic relationships between Macaronesia and the Americas
Authors: Grehan John R.
Published: May 2017

A vicariance model is presented for the origin of Macaronesian endemics and their allopatric American relatives. Trans-Atlantic relationships are identified for 21 taxa in which an endemicMacaronesian clade either has a sister group in the New World or is part of a larger monophyletic group that includes representatives in the New World. Historical implications of this pattern are discussed in relation to current tectonic and geological models for the Central Atlantic and theMacaronesian Islands. The proposed vicariance model identifies a local origin for theMacaronesian endemics from ancestral distributions that already encompassed ancestralMacaronesia and parts of the New and Old World before formation of the Atlantic. The present-day existence of Macaronesian endemics is attributed to sequential colonisation of newly formed islands within the Atlantic from Mesozoic time.
Sugar cane straw left in the field during harvest: decomposition dynamics and composition changes
Authors: de A. Sousa José G. , Cherubin Maurício R. , Cerri Carlos E. P. , Cerri Carlos C. , Feigl Brigitte J.
Published: May 2017

The understanding of sugar cane straw decomposition dynamics is essential for defining a sustainable rate of straw removal for bioenergy production without jeopardising soil functioning and other ecosystem services. Thus, we conducted a field study in south-east Brazil over 360 days to evaluate sugar cane straw decomposition and changes in its composition as affected by increasing initial straw amounts and management practices. The sugar cane straw amounts tested were: (1) 3.5 Mg ha–1 (i.e. 75% removal); (2) 7.0 Mg ha–1 (i.e. 50% removal); (3) 14.0 Mg ha–1 (i.e. no removal); and (4) 21.0 Mg ha–1 (i.e. no removal plus 50% of the extra straw left on the field). In addition, two management practices were studied for the reference straw amount (14 Mg ha–1), namely straw incorporation into the soil and irrigation with vinasse. The findings showed that dry mass (DM) loss increased logarithmically as a function of the initial amount left on the soil surface. An exponential curve efficiently described straw DM and C losses, in which more readily decomposable compounds are preferably consumed, leaving compounds that are more recalcitrant in the late stages of decomposition. After 1 year of decomposition, net straw C and N losses reached approximately 70% and 23% respectively for the highest initial straw amounts. Straw incorporation in the soil significantly accelerated the decomposition process (i.e. 86% DM loss after 1 year) compared with maintenance of straw on the soil surface (65% DM loss after 1 year), whereas irrigation with vinasse had little effect on decomposition (60% DM loss after 1 year). We conclude that straw decomposition data are an essential starting point for a better understanding of the environmental effects caused by straw removal and other management practices in sugar cane fields. This information can be used in models and integrated assessments towards a more sustainable sugar cane straw management for bioenergy production.
Evaluation of the Canadian Precipitation Analysis (CaPA) to improve forest fire danger rating
Authors: Hanes Chelene C. , Jain Piyush , Flannigan Mike D. , Fortin Vincent , Roy Guy
Published: May 2017

The Fire Weather Index (FWI) System is the basic method of fire danger rating for fire management agencies in Canada. The spatial interpolation of this weather-based system can be difficult in areas where weather stations are sparse. Previous studies have shown that interpolation of precipitation is especially problematic owing to the isolated nature of convective summer storms. Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC) has recently developed the Canadian Precipitation Analysis (CaPA), a gridded precipitation product that integrates forecast data, station observations and Doppler radar, to improve precipitation estimates. The objective of the present study was to evaluate whether CaPA is indeed superior to the currently used interpolation method (thin-plate spline), and to assess the impact of the two precipitation estimates on the FWI System for the province of Ontario. Overall, the results showed the CaPA had increased skill in areas of radar coverage. In non-radar areas, where the ECCC station network was much sparser, there were less significant differences between the methods. Precipitation estimates from the CaPA also significantly improved the estimation of the Fine Fuel Moisture Code, Initial Spread Index and FWI in areas of radar coverage, improving estimates of potential fire danger.
Evidence from Fermi surface analysis for the low-temperature structure of lithium
Authors: Elatresh Sabri F. , Cai Weizhao , Ashcroft N. W. , Hoffmann Roald , Deemyad Shanti , Bonev Stanimir A.
Published: May 2017

Significance

Metals often take on simple close-packed structures. For what is arguably the simplest metal, lithium, there has been a controversy as to its low-temperature equilibrium structure, with a certain close-packed structure,
9R
, long suggested. We propose a way to get further information about the structure when the most useful crystallographic methods are for one or another reason not applicable. This is to measure oscillations of the crystal magnetic moment of a material, the de Haas–van Alphen effect. The resulting spectrum of resonances relates directly to the Fermi surface of the metal and is quite distinctive for different structures. Using this methodology, we reason that the low-temperature crystal structure of lithium is not the heretofore assigned
9R
structure.
Development of an optimized synthetic Notch receptor as an in vivo cell–cell contact sensor
Authors: He Li , Huang Jiuhong , Perrimon Norbert
Published: May 2017

Significance

Direct cell–cell contacts are critical to diverse biological processes in multicellular organisms, including stem cell differentiation, tissue morphogenesis, neurotransmission, tumorigenesis, and immunological responses. However, identifying interacting cells in vivo is still a challenging task in complex tissues. Here, we introduce a new genetic tool, synthetic Notch receptor (synNQ), for efficient visualization and genetic manipulation of neighboring cells in vivo. This tool is functional in most fly tissues and can be easily applied using the widely adapted UAS/Gal4 system. Using both randomly generated clones and tissue-specific Gal4 lines, we demonstrate the applications of the synNQ system.
Examining political efficacy among Malaysian voters
Authors: Idid Syed Arabi , Ahmed Ismail Sheikh Yusuf , Souket Rizwanah
Published: May 2017

The technological advancement and political situations have dramatically impacted the way traditional and new media have played their role in society, especially in the political development of the country. Studying media use and credibility have been a major concern among scholars to understand audience perceptions and attitudes towards the media and their role in politics. This study investigated the level of media use and credibility among voters and their perception of political efficacy. Drawing on a nationwide quota sampling of 2030 respondents, the findings found voter perception on the media as credible, with the highest trust being on television, followed by newspapers and radio. Internet was found to be the least credible. A factor analysis performed on the political efficacy items extracted three dimensions: Voter Efficacy, Internal Efficacy and External Efficacy. The results of hierarchical regression suggested that traditional and new media use as well as media trust dimensions were significantly correlated with political efficacy but different media use and credibility contributed differently to the various efficacy dimensions. Implications and recommendations are further discussed.
Do important questions demand respectful replies?
Authors: Feldman Ofer , Kinoshita Ken
Published: May 2017

This paper examines the attributes of questions asked during televised political interviews in Japan. It details the type, style, and mode of questions posed during broadcast programs to national- and local-level politicians, and nonpoliticians, including experts in different areas. Based on data gathered during 2012–2013 from three interview programs, the paper provides criteria for identifying questions and distinguishing them from other expressions, differentiates the diverse types of questions, and proposes new criteria to analyze interviewers’ questions. Furthermore, the paper replicates and modifies the “Theory of Equivocation” to examine how Japanese interviewees cope with the communicative problems posed to them during televised political interviews and the effects of these questions on the interviewees’ replies.
High confidence in falsely recognizing prototypical faces
Authors: Sampaio Cristina , Reinke Victoria , Mathews Jeffrey , Swart Alexandra , Wallinger Stephen
Published: May 2017

We applied a metacognitive approach to investigate confidence in recognition of prototypical faces. Participants were presented with sets of faces constructed digitally as deviations from prototype/base faces. Participants were then tested with a simple recognition task (Experiment 1) or a multiple-choice task (Experiment 2) for old and new items plus new prototypes, and they showed a high rate of confident false alarms to the prototypes. Confidence and accuracy relationship in this face recognition paradigm was found to be positive for standard items but negative for the prototypes; thus, it was contingent on the nature of the items used. The data have implications for lineups that employ match-to-suspect strategies.
Congressing kinetochores progressively load Ska complexes to prevent force-dependent detachment
Authors: Auckland Philip , Clarke Nicholas I. , Royle Stephen J. , McAinsh Andrew D.
Published: May 2017

Kinetochores mediate chromosome congression by either sliding along the lattice of spindle microtubules or forming end-on attachments to their depolymerizing plus-ends. By following the fates of individual kinetochores as they congress in live cells, we reveal that the Ska complex is required for a distinct substep of the depolymerization-coupled pulling mechanism. Ska depletion increases the frequency of naturally occurring, force-dependent P kinetochore detachment events, while being dispensable for the initial biorientation and movement of chromosomes. In unperturbed cells, these release events are followed by reattachment and successful congression, whereas in Ska-depleted cells, detached kinetochores remain in a futile reattachment/detachment cycle that prevents congression. We further find that Ska is progressively loaded onto bioriented kinetochore pairs as they congress. We thus propose a model in which kinetochores mature through Ska complex recruitment and that this is required for improved load-bearing capacity and silencing of the spindle assembly checkpoint.
Neurosurgical Randomized Controlled Trials—Distance Travelled
Authors: Azad Tej D , Veeravagu Anand , Mittal Vaishali , Esparza Rogelio , Johnson Eli , Ioannidis John P A , Grant Gerald A
Published: May 2017

BACKGROUND

The evidence base for many neurosurgical procedures has been limited. We performed a comprehensive and systematic analysis of study design, quality of reporting, and trial results of neurosurgical randomized controlled trials (RCTs).

OBJECTIVE

To systematically assess the design and quality characteristics of neurosurgical RCTs.

METHODS

From January 1961 to June 2016, RCTs with >5 patients assessing any 1 neurosurgical procedure against another procedure, nonsurgical treatment, or no treatment were retrieved from MEDLINE, Scopus, and Cochrane Library.

RESULTS

The median sample size in the 401 eligible RCTs was 73 patients with a mean patient age of 49.6. Only 111 trials (27.1%) described allocation concealment, 140 (34.6%) provided power calculations, and 117 (28.9%) were adequately powered. Significant efficacy or trend for efficacy was claimed in 226 reports (56.4%), no difference between the procedures was found in 166 trials (41.4%), and significant harm was reported in 9 trials (2.2%). Trials with a larger sample size were more likely to report randomization mode, specify allocation concealment, and power calculations (all P < .001). Government funding was associated with better specification of power calculations (P = .008) and of allocation concealment (P = .026), while industry funding was associated with reporting significant efficacy (P = .02). Reporting of funding, specification of randomization mode and primary outcomes, and mention of power calculations improved significantly (all, P < .05) over time.

CONCLUSION

Several aspects of the design and reporting of RCTs on neurosurgical procedures have improved over time. Better powered and accurately reported trials are needed in neurosurgery to deliver evidence-based care and achieve optimal outcomes.
Layers of Activism
Authors: McConnaughy Corrine M.
Published: May 2017

The women’s movement of the nineteenth century emerged within a context of proliferating civic organizations making demands on the American state. This chapter considers how this era of activism shaped the development of social movements for women’s rights and policy demands, arguing that social identities were influential determinants of the paths that women’s activism took through a web of organizational possibilities. The chapter first discusses how membership, organizational structure, and repertoires of activism were produced by the layers of identities and organizations from which they were built. It then turns to how coalitional strategies emerged, including the importance of bridge actors across layers of interest organizations. Finally, it highlights how the varied policy outcomes of women’s activism across both time and states within the layered era have enabled conditional explanations of activism’s effectiveness, including new understandings of when gender worked as a constraint and when it facilitated success.
Sexuality, Gender Identity, Fluidity, and Embodiment
Authors: Miller Shae
Published: May 2017

Social movement activists have frequently used a variety of embodied tactics to negotiate cultural conceptions of gender and sexuality, which are in constant flux. This chapter attends to the ways that new social formations of gender and sexuality—including the recent emphases on gender and sexual fluidity—have impacted the politics, goals, tactics, and identities of contemporary women’s movements. Incorporating queer, transgender, critical race, and disability studies, this chapter emphasizes the ways that women seeking to attain gender and sexual justice have used the body both as a site of everyday resistance against repressive gender and sexual norms and as a tool for performing overt political protests. It illustrates how gender and sexual fluidity have gained new traction within social movements and discusses the implications for conceptualizing women’s activism.
Protest Events and Direct Action
Authors: Costain Anne N. , Costain W. Douglas
Published: May 2017

This chapter reviews literature that asks the following: How do women protest? Are their protests successful? And which is more successful for women, protest or conventional politics? The distinction between protest and conventional politics is less straightforward than it first appears, since the public roles of American men and women have long been gender specific. To look at changes in the way women have used direct action and protest, the chapter examines the anti-slavery, suffrage, civil rights, and second and third wave women’s movements. Context appears to play a large role in shaping the tactics women use within these movements. Scholarship finds that, in general, protest is a necessary component of women’s efforts to achieve their goals. Future research on movements that examines the context of women’s participation across a range of issues should provide a clearer picture of the tactics open to them in specific eras.
From Ink to Web and Beyond
Authors: Hurwitz Heather McKee
Published: May 2017

Mainstream media ignores the breadth and diversity of women’s activism and often features sexist, racist, and sexualized portrayals of women. Also, women hold disproportionately fewer jobs in media industries than men. Despite these challenges, women activists protest gender inequality and advocate a variety of other goals using traditional and new social media. This chapter examines the history of women’s media activism in the United States from women activists’ use of mainstream and alternative newspapers, magazines, radio, and television, to how activists adopted Internet technologies and new digital media strategies starting in the 1990s, to how contemporary feminists protest with Facebook and hashtag activism today. I argue that women activists’ use of new social media may necessitate significant shifts in how we research continuity and diversity in women’s and feminist movements, and how we conceptualize resources, micromobilization, and leadership in social movements broadly. I conclude with several suggestions for future research.