bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Further studies of plankton ecosystems in the eastern Indian Ocean. III. Numerical abundance and biomass
Authors: Tranter DJ , Kerr JD
Published: November 2005

The numerical abundance of 13 zooplankton taxa in the eastern Indian Ocean (meridian 110�E.) was examined in relation to some factors likely to control their distribution. Regression analysis showed that season, latitude (and their interaction), and time of day were frequently significant sources of variance. Decapoda, Amphipoda, fish eggs and larvae, Coelenterata and, sometimes, Copepoda and Euphausiacea were more abundant by night than by day. Numbers were generally high in late winter (June-September) and low in early summer, with a secondary peak, in some cases, in early autumn (March). Numbers were generally high at low latitudes (9-15�S.) and low at high latitudes (25-32�S.), one exception being fish eggs and larvae whose centre of abundance lay at 24-25�S.
Seasonal periodicity was frequently in phase along the study section, numerical abundance reaching a peak 1-2 months after a general phytoplankton bloom at the onset of the south-east monsoon. There is no ready explanation why the subtropical regime should be in synchrony with that prevailing in the tropics, no subtropical source of nutrient enrichment being known which could match, for example, the Java Dome. An explanation for the observed tropical-subtropical synchrony was therefore sought in terms of interzonal advection.
Data from a variety of sources showed that between May and August there was considerable enrichment not only at the Java Dome but also on the north-west Australian shelf. The area between North-West Cape and Port Hedland is the place where (plankton-feeding) humpback whales are known to gather. Sperm whales, on the other hand, congregate 1100-1300 km further to the south- west where the waters are rich in micronekton. The mass transport of upper waters during the south- east monsoon season suggests that these phenomena constitute a trophic sequence. The second zooplankton peak, in March, is the result of a summer algal bloom generated, perhaps, by remineralization of organic matter produced during the previous south-east monsoon season.
Further studies of plankton ecosystems in the eastern Indian Ocean. IV. Numerical treatment of site-species data
Authors: Carpenter SM
Published: November 2005

In the analysis of the eastern Indian Ocean data various numerical classification methods are used. This paper describes the main techniques used in the series of papers, to provide a common reference for the individual authors in the series. Common terminology and notation for the numerical techniques are given. Two methods of numerical classification, based on presence-absence data and on numerical data, are described. The use of species-site group association tables is introduced with consistent notation, and a short description of diagnostic methods is given. Where possible, reasons for, and consequences of, a particular strategy being taken are stated.
Further studies of plankton ecosystems in the eastern Indian Ocean. V. Ecology of the Copepoda
Authors: Tranter DJ
Published: November 2005

Seasonal changes in 82 species of epiplanktonic copepods along a longitudinal section in the eastern Indian Ocean (meridian 110°) were studied so that the main structural features of the pelagic ecosystem could be identified. Counts were made of 46 species of Eucalanidae, Euchaetidae, and Sapphirinidae, and the presence or absence of the remainder was recorded. This mixture of qualitative and quantitative data was used to identify the major niche complexes ('biocenoses') and habitat complexes (geocenoses') in the study area.
Many species were ubiquitous. The greatest proportion of endemic species occurred in a narrow
fringe to the south of Java; these included neritic species such as Acartia erythraea and Eucalanus
dentatus, upwelling species such as Calanoides carinatus, and other species of less certain origin (e.g. Eucalanus crassus, Euchaeta concinna, and Candacia catula). The best indicator of tropical water was Candacia pachydactyla, and the best indicator of its mixtures with subtropical water was Euchneta wolfendeni.
Whereas presence-absence data were sufficient to group many tropical species which had a
limited range, numerical data were needed to classify subtropical species such as Eucalanus subtenuis, Euchaeta longicornis, and Copilia mediterranea. Diurnally separate, as well as seasonally separate, biocenoses could be recognized; these were characterized, in particular, by species of the genus Pleuromamma.
The agglomerative program MULTCLAS, using quantitative as well as qualitative data, defined
plankton geocenoses more clearly than did the simple divisive program DIVINF using qualitative
(presence-absence) data alone. Six systems could be recognized. Their latitudinal and seasonal
distribution, and their temperature-salinity properties showed that two were tropical, two were
subtropical, and two were tropical-subtropical mixtures.
The tropical geocenoses were early and late phases of the 'Java Dome', a south-east monsoon
upwelling system. The subtropical geocenoses corresponded to the central water mass and the west wind drift transition zone. The tropical-subtropical mixtures were seasonal phases, the south-east monsoon phase being generally richer than its successor, due probably to lateral advection from the north, possibly from coastal upwelling off the north-west Australian shelf. The west wind drift transition zone had unusual biological properties due, apparently, to its characteristic turbulence and deep mixed layer.
Using the scaled exponent of the Shannon-Wiener entropy function H, a diversity maximum was
located at about 20�S. in the tropical convergence. Eucalanus subtenuis was responsible for diversity minima in the subtropics. A variety of species was responsible for diversity minima in the tropics, in particular Rhincalanus cornutus and Euchaeta russelli, the latter swarming in the upper layers in midsummer and reducing diversity to practically zero.
Further studies of plankton ecosystems in the eastern Indian Ocean. VI. Ecology of the Euphausiacea
Authors: McWilliam PS
Published: November 2005

Examination of 26 427 euphausiids from 175 samples taken by vertical hauls in the upper 200-m
stratum along the 110°E. meridian during 1962-63 indicated that day samples contained mainly
larvae and juveniles whereas night samples contained more adults.
The following six species of small euphausiids were the most abundant and ubiquitous: Euphausia
mutica, E. tenera, E. brevis, Stylocheiron carinatum, S. suhmii, and S. Affine. Their distribution
overlapped according to the distribution, in the upper 150 m, of the tropical and subtropical water
masses and their mixtures. These species were commonly observed in breeding condition. Their
larval distribution was related to the distribution of the breeding adults.
The rarer and less ubiquitous species, which were mainly younger stages and deeper living species,
showed more pronounced relationships with seasonal water movements.
Food resources appeared more important than temperature and salinity in influencing distribution,
abundance, and association of species.
Further studies of plankton ecosystems in the eastern Indian Ocean. VII. Ecology of the Amphipoda
Authors: Tranter HA
Published: November 2005

Hyperiid amphipods (64 species) taken in 215 samples along a north-south section (9-32� S., 110�E.) over a period of 1 year were identified, counted and the distribution studied. This study extends the range of several species. Numerical analyses (divisive and agglomerative) were carried out on the data to determine sampling site groups, species groups and their relationship to each other. A relationship was found between one species group (Phronimella elongata, Anchylomera blossevillei and Hyperietta stephenseni) and low-temperature, high-salinity subtropical waters, and between three other groups (Vibilia armata, Eupronoe armata, E. minula; Platyscelus serratulus, Paratyphis maculatus; and Paraphronima gracilis, Eupronoe laticarpa, Amphithyrus bispinosus) and the higher-temperature, low-salinity tropical waters.
Further studies of plankton ecosystems in the eastern Indian Ocean. VIII. Seasonal, diurnal, and latitudinal variations in abundance of Euthecosomata along the 110°E. meridian
Authors: Sakthivel M
Published: November 2005

A number of tropical euthecosomes reached peak abundance in the northern tropical water mass between 9 and 20� s. during the south-east monsoon (May-September), with the maximum abundance north of 14� N. Creseis virgula, Hyalocylis striata, Diacria quadridentata and Cavolinia longirostris were typical of this water mass. A few species such as Limacina lesueuri, Styliola subula, Cuvierina columnella and Cavolinia inflexa reached their maximum abundance at other times of the year in the subtropical water mass (south of 20�S.). Limacina bulimoides was at a maximum around 14�S. during September-November and there was a second maximum around 23�S. (in different months). Nocturnal increase in occurrence and abundance was observed in Limacina leseuri, L. helicina rangii, Clio pyramidata, C.p. lanceolata, Styliola subula, Cuvierina columnella, Diacria quadridentata and Cavolinia inflexa.
Studies of the relationships between the ascidian Diplosoma virens and its associated microscopic algae. I. Photosynthetic characteristics of the algae.
Authors: Thinh LV , Griffiths DJ
Published: November 2005

The microscopic algae contained within the cloacal cavity of the ascidian Diplosoma virens have a high photosynthetic capacity [up to 5.3 �gC (�g chl a)-1 h-1], giving thecolony a high photosynthesis: respiration ratio (maximum 8.0-8 5). Photosynthesis is saturated at a quantum flux density of 120 × 1015 quanta cm-2 s-1 (400-700 nm) and occurs at its maximum at temperatures between 30 and 35� C. The photosynthetic capacity is inhibited by chloramphenicol but not by cycloheximide. This is interpreted as indicating an affinity of these algae with the prokaryotes rather than the Chlorophyta, in spite of their possession of chlorophyll b (chlorophyll a : b ratio = 6.0) as an accessory pigment. In this and other respects the algae resemble those (Prochloron) described from other didemnid ascidians. Use of a buffered extraction medium has allowed separation from the animal tissue of photosynthetically active algal cells.
Some aspects of the biology of Peponocephala electra (Cetacea : Delphinidae). I. General and reproductive biology
Authors: Bryden MM , Harrison RJ , Lear RJ
Published: November 2005

The very limited literature concerning the biology of P. electra is reviewed briefly, and a stranding of 53 individuals on Moreton Island, south-eastern Queensland, in August 1976 is described. A description of schools of animals observed at sea is given. Limited observations of body dimensions, growth, and relationship of body length and weight are reported. The anatomy of the reproductive tract of three female melon-headed whales is described, including detailed descriptions of the ovaries, and the histological appearance of the testes of four males is summarized. Tentative conclusions from available data are: sexual maturity in females is reached at a body length greater than 225 cm but probably considerably less than 257 cm, and after four laminations, but before 12 laminations are deposited in the dentine. Sexual activity in males seems to develop at a length of 260 cm, when approximately seven tooth laminations are present. Birth occurs from August to December in the southern hemisphere, and the gestation period is probably approximately 1 year.
Some aspects of the biology of Peponocephala electra (Cetacea : Delphinidae). II. Parasites
Authors: Cannon LRG
Published: November 2005

Three nematodes, Anisakis simplex, A. typica, and Stenurus globiocephalae, are reported for the first time from Peponocephala electra and an immature tapeworm, Phyllobothriurn chamissonii, is reported for the first time from Australian waters.
Variation in the body shape of three species of Australian mullets (Pisces : Mugilidae) during the course of development
Authors: Grant CJ , Spain AV
Published: November 2005

The body forms of three species of Australian mullet are compared within and between species at the querimana, juvenile and adult stages. Results of this are related to allometric and temporal growth and to other sources of phenotypic variation.
Recruitment of postlarval penaeid prawns to nursery areas in Morton Bay, Queensland
Authors: Young PC , Carpenter SM
Published: November 2005

The recruitment of postlarval Penaeus plebejus Hess to nursery areas in Moreton Bay, Qld, was examined in detail. The distribution and annual recruitment of postlarval immigrants of this species and that of P. esculentus Haswell and Metapenaeus bennettae Racek & Dall in Moreton Bay were also studied. Pelagic postlarval P. plebejus entering the Nerang River mouth showed no regular significant difference in vertical or horizontal stratification. Entry occurred substantially at night, was completed within the first 3 h of the flood tide, and the number decreased as the water velocity reached a maximum. Epibenthic P. plebejus immigrants settled upon the substrate in inverse proportion to their distance from the river mouth, their numbers decreased as the salinity decreased, and more settled in shallow than in deep areas. Water temperature showed no significant effect on their distribution, and similar numbers settled on seagrasses as on bare substrate. The annual recruitment pattern showed a seasonal cycle for P. esculentus and M. bennettae with maxima in January-February and March-May respectively. P. plebejus showed at least two peaks in the annual cycle with a maximum usually from July to September, suggesting that when the three species coexist in a habitat a temporal partitioning may occur. Generally, differences in the form of recruitment were seen between geographic areas, but not on different habitats within the areas. P. plebejus recruits were no more abundant on seagrassed than on bare substrates, but there were fewer at stations with a freshwater influence. In contrast, consistently greater numbers of P. esculentus recruits were obtained from seagrass meadows and most occurred adjacent to river mouths near the ocean. M. bennettae occurred over the whole study area but more were present at stations with a greater freshwater influence. When present in large numbers more were found on seagrassed areas. These differences in recruitment were considered to be a result of the reproductive biology of the species concerned, tidal currents, and distance between the spawning areas and each study site.
Numerical simulation of circulation in Gulf St Vincent due to an idealized storm.
Authors: Sharobeam AH , Sag TG
Published: November 2005

A three-dimensional model was developed using the primitive equation of motion and continuity equation and allowing for vertical surface displacements to occur. Actual depths were used and observed values for the temperature and salinity were used to calculate the density. Four vertical grid layers were used in the numerical simulation of the circulation. The wind speed and directions were based on a theoretical form for the wind stream function. This form was similar to that for observed storm patterns in the gulf area. The simulation was carried out over a period of about 60 h and displays of mass transports, horizontal velocities at each layer and surface elevations were produced at regular intervals throughout the simulation. In the wake of the storm there was a complete reversal of the directions of the flow after the first 6 h followed by a return to the original directions after the next 6 h and then a return to the initial steady state during the next 12 h. The elevations were found to increase rapidly with the increase in the wind velocity in the shallow parts of the gulf and the lines of constant elevations settled to a direction perpendicular to the wind direction.
Effects of a total solar eclipse on stream drift
Authors: Suter PJ , Williams WD
Published: November 2005

Stream drift was recorded in the Acheron River, Victoria, on 23 October 1976. A total solar eclipse occurred at 1640-1643 h (Eastern Standard Time). No noticeable effect on the number or types of animals drifting was observed.
Observations on the Embryonic Development of Octopus tetricus (Mollusca : Cephalopoda)
Authors: Joll LM
Published: November 2005

The development of O. tetricus embryos reared in the laboratory is described. The course of embryo-genesis is similar to that of O. vulgaris but the shape of stage-time plots differs. Most embryos undergo two reversions during development but failure to reverse does not prevent continued development. Both naturally and artificially hatched embryos still have the internal yolk sac, which is not fully absorbed until 4 or 5 days after hatchnig. Records of egg-laying in the laboratory and of the presence of larvae and juveniles in the wild population indicate that O. tetricus has a prolonged breeding season.
Moreton Bay, Queensland: A Nursery Area for Juvenile Penaeid Prawns
Authors: Young PC
Published: November 2005

Moreton Bay was separated into groups of similar areas using three different sets of environmental parameters. These were (1) salinity-temperature (S-T), (2) sediments, and (3) seagrasses. Five seagrass communities were present, although only one was found in areas influenced by river outflow. Their abundance showed no distinguishable seasonal patterns, but differences were observed between the same communities at different locations. Multivariate classification on S-T and sediments distinguished two major areas : (i) where oceanic influences predominate, typically in the north and east areas of the bay, and (ii) where river outflows predominate, typically in the south and west. The distribution of four species of penaeid prawns, Penaeus plebejus, P. esculentus, Metapenaeus bennettae and M. macleayi, are described in relation to the differences in S-T regime, sediment type, seagrass community type, and overall geographic range. These four species utilize all available littoral areas. Their distributions differ but are related to the prevailing S-T regimes, the presence of seagrass communities, and most were in littoral rather than infralittoral sites. It is concluded that any destruction of littoral areas in Moreton Bay will be accompanied by a corresponding decrease in the commercial prawn fishery. This decrease will be magnified greatly where seagrasses are included in the destruction.
New Water Mites (Hydrachnellae : Acari) from Australia
Authors: Viets KO
Published: November 2005

Eight new species, five new genera and one new family of water mites from Australia are described: Tubophorella amoena, sp, nov. (Limnesiidae), Omartacarus australicus, sp, nov. (Omartacaridae), Australiobates mutatus, sp. nov. (Hygrobatidae), Kallimobates australicus, gen. et sp. nov. (Hygro- batidae), Caenobates acheronius, gen. et sp. nov. (Hygrobatidae), Australorivacarus multiscutatus gen. et sp, nov. (Hygrobatidae), Austraturus tumidipalpis, gen, et sp. nov. (Aturidae), Gretacarus australicus, gen. et sp. nov. (Gretacaridae, fam. nov.).
A Revison of the Genus Paragalaxias Scott (Salmoniformes : Galaxiidae)
Authors: McDowall RM , Fulton W
Published: November 2005

Paragalaxias dissimilis (Regan), which has not been reported since description from 'New South Wales' in 1905, is shown to be a senior synonym of P. shannonensis Scott, 1935, from Great Lake, Tasmania. Two new species of Parugalaxias, one from Great Lake and another from Arthurs Lake nearby, are described.
A Description of a New Species of Galaxias (Pisces : Galaxiidae) from Tasmania
Authors: Fulton W
Published: November 2005

A new species of galaxiid, Galaxias tanycephalus, is described from the Arthurs Lake region of Tasmania's Central Plateau. It is suggested that G. tanycephalus evolved from a G. truttaceus-like stock as a result of land-locking. Morphometric and meristic variation in G. tanycephalus, G. auratus and G. truttaceus are given.
A Review of Goondnomdanepa Lansbury (Heteroptera : Nepidae)
Authors: Lansbury I
Published: November 2005

A resume of the endemic Australian nepid genus Goondnomdanepa Lansbury, 1974 is given. Two new species are described (prominens and brittoni) and a form of weiri Lansbury from Western Australia is described and compared with the form from the type locality, Mt Cahill, Northern Territory.
Pinnotheres hickmani (Guiler) in Wild and Cultured Mytilus edulis in Port Phillip Bay, Victoria
Authors: Pregenzer Jr C
Published: November 2005

Populations of pea crabs, P. hickmani, from wild and cultured mussels within Port Phillip Bay are compared. The post-planktonic life cycle is found to be similar to that of P. pisum. Crabs from cultured mussels mature more rapidly than those from wild mussels. The growth of the crab is directly related to the growth of the host. It is suggested that a two-host life cycle may be necessary, that the soft adult male form is an intermoult condition, and that the crabs show no tidal preference in invading hosts.
Benthos of the Port of Melbourne : The Yarra River and Hobsons Bay, Victoria
Authors: Poore GCB , Kudenov JD
Published: November 2005

The distribution of soft-bottom macrobenthos in the Yarra River and Hobsons Bay, Vic.,is examined in terms of temporal changes in abundance and diversity, and related to selected environmental variables. Hierarchical classification was used to divide the stations into three zones: upstream river stations; downstream river stations with muddy bay stations; and sandy bay stations. The faunas of the river and the central muddy basin of Port Phillip Bay are similar although several common Bay species were absent in the river, probably as a result of competition and lowered salinity and dissolved oxygen. Faunal diversity of the Yarra River was lower than that of Hobsons Bay and is lower than that of equivalent areas in the northern hemisphere. Seasonality in species composition or diversity was not observed. The dominant river species, Theora fragilis (Bivalvia), was more abundant in the lower river than anywhere in Port Phillip Bay. Its life expectancy and density were lowest at stations further up the river. Species diversity seems more predictable in highly diverse communities lacking dominant species than in communities of low diversity dominated at all times by one or two species.
Benthos around an Outfall of the Werribee Sewage-treatment Farm, Port Phillip Bay, Victoria
Authors: Poore GCB , Kudenov JD
Published: November 2005

A 2-km2 area adjacent to the 145W outfall of the Werribee sewage-treatment farm was sampled for sediment, water chemistry and macrobenthos. Sediments nearshore were more sandy and more uniform than those offshore. Water salinity and nutrient concentrations (particularly ammonia) in overlying and interstitial water decreased rapidly with increasing distance from shore. The fauna was rich and contained several euryhaline and opportunistic species. Classification analysis revealed an offshore and a nearshore group of stations, and possibly a third group around the outfall. The distributions of common species were correlated with depth, sediment parameters or interstitial phosphate concentrations. The benthos of the 145W drain was distributed patchily but the station closest to the outfall (within 300 m) had high densities, high proportions of scavengers and deposit-feeders, high sediment organic fraction and high interstitial nutrient concentrations. The effect of the drain on the macrobenthos is exerted through particulate organic matter, dissolved nutrients and freshwater inputs.
Feeding Ecology of a Scorpaenid Fish, the Fortescue Centropogon australis, from a Posidonia Seagrass Habitat in New South Wales
Authors: Bell JD , Burchmore JJ , Pollard DA
Published: November 2005

Examination of the stomach contents of 153 predominantly sub-adult (modal standard length c. 40 mm) fortescues, C. australis, collected from an estuarine Posidonia aulstralis seagrass meadow near Sydney showed that these fish were macrophagic carnivores. Crustaceans (mainly grapsid crabs and penaeid and carid shrimps) made up 90% of the diet by estimated volume; other major food types included polychaete worms and gastropod molluscs. Minor food items included seagrass, algae and foraminiferans. This predominantly crustacean diet was found to be generally similar to that of a number of other scorpaenid species. No obvious seasonal differences in diet were detected apart from slight changes in the composition of the crustacean component. The morphology of the alimentary tract of C. australis is of a typical carnivorous type. Fortescues were found to be relatively abundant in the Posidonia habitat, representing, on average, 11 .5 % of the fish community by numbers and occurring at an average density of 1 fish per 14 m2. Sub-adult fortescues appear to be highly dependent on the Posidonia habitat and its invertebrate community as a food source.
Some Surface Circultion Features off Western Australia during 1973-1976
Authors: Golding TJ , Symonds G
Published: November 2005

Well defined eddies were frequently observed during cruises by R.V. Sprightly off Western Australia during 1973-76. Mean normalized scalar products of all pairs of the surface current vectors recorded on these cruises indicated that eddies with diameters of about 140 km were dominating the surface circulation during the three summers for which data were available. Eddies were only occasionally observed during the winter months and appeared to be less influential on the surface circulation structure.
Southern Australian Species of Ceramium Roth (Rhodophyta)
Authors: Womersley HBS
Published: November 2005

Fifteen species of Ceramium are recognized from the coast of southern Australia, and their distri- bution and ecology are outlined. Two species (C. rubrum and C. flaccidum) are of widespread distribution in other parts of the world, but the remaining species appear to be largely confined to southern Australia. The species are separated mainly on the development of the nodal cortication from the ring of periaxial cells at the upper end of each axial cell; other useful taxonomic features are the dimensions of the filaments, the branching pattern, and the arrangement of the tetrasporangia. The pattern of cortical development at the nodes is usually readily followed after aniline blue staining and mounting in corn syrup, since slight contraction of the cells in this process renders the pit-connections visible. Each periaxial cell typically cuts off two cells both acropetally and basipetally and in most species these branch further in a similar pattern; in some species three cells may occasionally be cut off, and in one species (C. flaccidum) only one cell is cut off basipetally. In a few species no cells (or only odd ones) are cut off basipetally, and in many species cortical development is greater acropetally than basipetally. The margin of the nodal cortication (whether straight through synchronous cell development or irregular) may be characteristic of certain species. A variation giving a distinctive pattern in a few species is where the periaxial cells cut off one or two pseudoperiaxial cells which interpose in the periaxial ring (e.g. C. shepherdii, C. australe and C. macilentum). In many species the cortical development is limited and soon reaches a stage which is then consistent throughout the thallus. In some species (e.g. C. tasmanicum) an extending cortex later develops which may largely or completely close the internodal space; in fully corticated species (C. rubrum and C. pusillum) the cortex extends from an early stage and maintains complete cover of the axial cell. Heavily corticated species usually have an outer cortex of small cells lying outside the larger inner cortical cells. Gland cells may be characteristic of certain species but are usually variable in frequency and not always present. The nature of the branch apices, while characteristic in some species, depends on the activity of the apical growth. Carposporophytes and spermatangial plants provide little help in taxonomic distinctions. VThe European species C. gracillimum sensu Harvey is now recognized as a very widely distributed species distinct from C. gracillimum Kuetzing. The oldest name is apparently C. flaccidum (Kuetzing) Ardissone, for which there are many synonyms. It is characterized by the formation of only a single cell basipetally from each of the periaxial cells and also by having unicellular rhizoids; the single basipetal cell may produce one or two further cells and commonly itself divides into 2-4 cells.
The Phosphorus Status of the Sediments of three Eutrophic Lakes in Victoria
Authors: Slater SJE , Boag AJ
Published: November 2005

The analysis of phosphorus, iron, and aluminium forms in the sediments of three eutrophic lakes in Victoria (Lakes Burrumbeet, Learmonth, and Colac) is reported. The phosphorus sorption and release characteristics of the sediments were also studied. It was found that the Lake Colac sediments contained the highest levels of all forms of phosphorus and also possessed by far the greatest potential for the release of dissolved reactive phosphorus to the overlying water. It appears that correlations between the sediment parameters amorphous iron and inorganic phosphorus, which have been noted in studies on lakes in Wisconsin, U.S.A., are not applicable to the lakes of this study. This and other difficulties in comparing sediment data between lakes are discussed.
Uptake of Zinc by the Aquatic Larvae of Simulium ornatipes (Diptera : Nematocera)
Authors: Carter JGT , Nicholas WL
Published: November 2005

The uptake and loss of zinc by the aquatic larvae of the blackfly S. ornatipes was investigated using radioactive 65Zn. Larvae may absorb significant quantities of zinc from solution, and a substantial proportion remains in the body when larvae are transferred to zinc-free water. Uptake is assisted by metabolism, but an increase of the calcium ion concentration, although reducing toxicity, has no effect on uptake, exchange or the loss of zinc. Larvae may be fractionated into 'cuticle', 'high-' and 'low-molecular-weight' fractions, based on solubility in water and 80% (v/v) ethanol. In the cuticle and high-molecular-weight fractions two 'pools' may be identified by dialysis against Na3EDTA -a pool in which zinc is weakly held and exchanges rapidly with the zinc in solution, and one where zinc is held and exchanges slowly. Exposure time, temperature, and external concentration influence the quantity of zinc entering these pools. Washing the cuticle and high-molecular-weight fractions with a series of buffers suggests that zinc is bound by phenolic groups in the cuticle fraction, and by phosphonic acids in the high-molecular-weight fraction. Sulfhydryl groups did not bind a major portion of the zinc.
The Inpact of River Discharge on Distribution and Production of the School Prawn Metapenaeus macleayi (Haswell) (Crustacea : Penaeidae) in the Clarence River Region, Northern New South Wales
Authors: Glaister JP
Published: November 2005

Relationships between river discharge and production (catch) of the school prawn M. macleayi were examined as part of an ecological study of this species in the Clarence River region. Schooling behaviour of juvenile M. macleayi exhibited a lunar periodicity and mean daily abundance peaked 5 days after full moon. This was followed 7 days later by a peak in mean daily abundance of emigrating juvenile M. macleayi. Fluctuations in the magnitude of the oceanic component of the total annual catch were found to determine the difference between high and low production seasons. During the period examined there was a direct relationship between Clarence River discharge and the oceanic component of total production of M. macleayi, for various time periods. The absence of a persistent trend in total annual production and annual catch per unit effort of M. macleayi in the Clarence River region suggests that the stock has not been overfished. Common peaks in mean monthly oceanic production of M. macleayi off the Clarence, Evans and Richmond Rivers suggest a common enhancement of the seasonal emigration of M. macleayi from the three estuaries in November due to increased river discharges. Successive troughs and peaks in mean monthly oceanic production suggest a northwards migration of M. macleayi from the Clarence and Evans Rivers and subsequent recruitment to the Evans and Richmond ocean fisheries respectively. Results indicate the importance of river discharge to production of M. macleayi and suggest that modification of discharges by restriction of freshwater flow could adversely effect production.
Currents and Water Properties in the North-central Great Barrier Reef during the South-east Trade Wind Season
Authors: Cresswell GR , Greig MA
Published: November 2005

Current meter recordings were made for 18 days at a site near Low Islets in the Great Barrier Reef lagoon and at another site in the nearby Trinity Opening. Hydrological data were collected inside the Barrier Reef and in the adjacent Coral Sea at the start of the experiment. The current records were analysed to gauge the effects of tides, wind, and open ocean circulation features. The lagoon flow was northward with a slight modulation due to the tides. The flow was reduced for several days at a time when there was enhanced eastward flow through Trinity Opening and out to the Coral Sea. The relatively low salinity, cool water in the lagoon is believed to have come from farther south and to have been diluted en route by river runoff.
Chemistry of the Bogan River, New South Wales, with Special Reference to the Sources of Dissolved Material
Authors: Muir GL , Johnson WD
Published: November 2005

The chemistry of the Bogan River was studied, and the chemical variation along the river and the origin of the ions are discussed. Ionic dominances were: Na+ ≈ Ca2+ ≈ Mg2+; HCO3- > Cl- > SO42-. The contribution of salt from the sea, from dust and from soils has been assessed using a residual method. Atmospheric precipitation appears to be the main source of salts.
Age, Growth of Snoek, Leionura atun (Euphrasen), in South-eastern Australian Waters
Authors: Grant CJ , Cowper TR , Reid DD
Published: November 2005

Investigation of the age and growth of snoek, L. atun, from south-eastern Australian waters indicates differences in growth rates of fish taken in Bass Strait and eastern Tasmania. These findings add support to earlier suggestions, based on other evidence, that there are at least three populations of this species inhabiting, respectively, Bass Strait, eastern Tasmanian, and eastern Victorian and southern New South Wales waters.
A Statistical Analysis of Storm Surges in Torres Strait
Authors: Amin M
Published: November 2005

Tidal harmonic constituents were obtained from analysis of one year of simultaneous sea level observations at each of six stations in Torres Strait and the subsequent tidal residuals were computed. Examination of the residuals showed that Frederick Point and Twin Island have similar responses to meteorological effects; likewise Booby Island, Goods Island and Turtle Head have common characteristics. It was found that the east-west component of surface winds is mainly responsible for the generation and propagation of surges, and winds of velocity less than 12 m/s are insignificant in the generation of surges. Winds from the west develop positive surges west of Ince Point and negative surges east of Ince Point. The reverse is true for winds from the east. A regression technique was used to develop a system for forecasting surges using meteorological data available from nearby meteorological stations. Variations in mean sea level with periods of 3-4 days were observed. These oscillations were not simply related to any local meteorological effects and are considered to have their origin either in the Indian Ocean or in the Coral Sea. It is suggested that a mechanism exists whereby surges generated outside Torres Strait may affect surge levels within the Strait.
Scientific Report on the Belgian Expedition to The Great Barrier Reef in 1967. Nematodes XII. Ecological Notes on the Nematode Fauna in and around Mangroves on Lizard Island
Authors: Decraemer W , Coomans A
Published: November 2005

A study was made of the nematode fauna of two small mangrove swamps and adjacent sandy beaches on Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef (Australia). Species diversity of the different sampling sites was compared and the degree of affinity of the nematode fauna was established.
Scientific Report on the Belgian Expedition to the Great Barrier Reef in 1967. Nematodes XIII. A Description of Four New Species and a Redescription of Four Known Species from in and around Mangroves on Lizard Island
Authors: Decraemer W , Coomans A
Published: November 2005

Four new nematode species are described: Theristus quadripapillatus, sp. nov., distinguished from all known species of the genus in possessing four genital supplements, in the structure and shape of the gubernaculum, and in possessing a glandular tube parallel with the anterior testis and opening into the vesicula seminalis; Acanthopharynx distechei, sp. nov., characterized by its head shape with smooth helmet bearing 24 subcephalic setae, by the elongated loop-shaped amphids, and in males by possessing only one pre-anal papilla; Ptycholaimellus lizardiensis, sp. nov., characterized in males by the shape of the gubernaculum with two lateral pieces with an enlarged, dentated distal end, and by the presence of a small pre-anal papilla; and Paracanthonchus parahartogi, sp. nov., characterized by having an outer circle of 10 minute setose sense organs, by having a very small tooth, and in males by the shape of the copulatory apparatus and the six pre-anal supplements. For four known species additional information is given: Paracomesoma dubium (Eilipjev, 1918) Stekhoven, 1950; Actinonema longicaudatum (Steiner, 1918) Wieser, 1954 ; Halichoanolaimus quattuordecimpapillata Chitwood, 1951; and Bathylaimus australis Cobb, 1894.
The Introduction and Distribution of the Carp, Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, in Australia
Authors: Shearer KD , Mulley JC
Published: November 2005

The introduction and distribution of the carp, C. carpio, in Australia are examined. Historical
reports, standard taxonomic techniques, and rote in electrophoresis indicate that at least three
distinct populations of carp exist in Australia and that one population has hybridized with the
goldfish Carassius auratus.
Cyclomorphosis in Daphnia carinata King (Crustacea : Cladocera) from Two Adjacent Sewage Lagoons in South Australia
Authors: Mitchell BD
Published: November 2005

Seasonal changes in morphology are described for D. carinata from two adjacent sewage lagoons in South Australia. Carapace width to body length ratios of a variety of developmental stages showed carapace expansion in adults larger than 2 mm during times of the year when water temperature was decreasing. Carapace expansion was primarily dorsal in aspect. Several forms occurred concurrently during periods of morphological change. Cyclomorphosis in D. carinata is discussed in relation to studies on Holarctic Daphnia.
Reproductive Behaviour and Early Development of the Empire Fish Hypseleotris compressus (Eleotridae)
Authors: Auty EH
Published: November 2005

H. compressus is a small Australian freshwater eleotrid which is sexually dimorphic. The colourful male is involved in aggressive and courtship displays throughout a protracted breeding season and also guards the eggs during their short development. The female is capable of spawning repeatedly throughout the breeding season and it is estimated that she may produce at least 40000 eggs per season. The eggs are very small, being approximately 0.32 mm on the longest axis, and are transparent and adhesive. Hatching usually occurs between 10 and 14 h after fertilization. The newly hatched prolarvae are poorly developed, without rayed fins or an alimentary tract. Their development was observed for 10 days by which time the yolk had been lost but no larvae survived beyond this point.
Accumulation of Heavy Metals by the Marine Diaton Ditylum brightwellii (West) Grunow
Authors: Canterford GS , Buchanan AS , Ducker SC
Published: November 2005

The accumulation of copper, zinc, cadmium, and lead by the marine planktonic diatom D. brightwellii cultured under laboratory conditions is described. With the exception of copper, the concentration of metal taken up by D. brightwellii generally increased with increasing concentration of the metal in the medium. From calculated biological concentration factors (BCF), metal uptake was in the order Zn > Pb > Cu > Cd. For each metal, the BCF value and percentage uptake generally decreased with increasing metal concentration in the medium.
Movement and Growth of Tagged School Prawns, Metapenaeus macleayi (Haswell) (Crustacea : Penaeidae), in the Clarence River Region of Northern New South Wales
Authors: Glaister JP
Published: November 2005

Movement and growth of M. macleayi in the Clarence River region were investigated during tagging studies using Atkins-type tags. Although some tagged prawns released into the estuary showed a marked susceptibility to developing lesions and skeletal necroses at the tag wound site, the majority were able to moult, bury and behave normally. Movement of tagged prawns suggested that M. macleayi from the Clarence River undertake limited northwards migrations which are possibly assisted by currents. Such movement may therefore contribute to the Evans Head fishery. Growth of tagged prawns appeared to be unusually rapid in the first 2 weeks after release but in subsequent weeks was found to be comparable with that recorded in other similar studies.
Primary Productivity of a Hypersaline Antarctic Lake
Authors: Campbell PJ
Published: November 2005

Although viable unicellular green algae are found in Deep Lake (a perenially ice-free hypersaline lake in Antarctica, 68� 34'S., 78� 11'E.), attempts made throughout a year to detect primary production using 14C failed. It is concluded that the rate of production in the limnetic zone does not exceed 0.15 mg C m-3 h-1. Only one positive measurement of carbon fixation was obtained: a sample collected near the bottom after the sediments had been disturbed gave a value of 0.18 mg C m-3 h-1. It was calculated that the upper limit of phytoplankton production was 3.3 g C m-1 year-1 and that total primary production could not exceed 10 g C m-2 year-1. Thus Deep Lake is one of the least productive lakes yet recorded. The combined effects of nutrient deficiency, hypersalinity, low temperatures and annual extremes in the availability of light in restricting the species diversity, population and productivity are stressed. One experiment in the nearby freshwater Watts Lake indicated a primary productivity in the limnetic zone ranging from 0.20 to 0.94 mg C m-3 h-1.
Zooplankton Distribution in Relation to the Hydrology of the Derwent River Estuary
Authors: Taw N , Ritz DA
Published: November 2005

The zooplankton of the Derwent River estuary was sampled during periods of high freshwater flow (October) and low freshwater flow (April). Zooplankton distribution was found to be similar at both times with only minor shifts in location. Observed plankton distribution is shown to correlate well with a hydrologically established zonation scheme. Despite continual exchange between oceanic, coastal and inshore coastal waters, there is only occasional estuarine penetration into the inshore region and little penetration of inshore plankton into the estuary. The tidal zone is shown to be stable, well defined and characterized by estuarine and marine species. It is suggested that in a similar estuarine system, where the zooplankton distribution is well known, the hydrological zones can be inferred. The estuary of the Werribee River, Victoria, contains most of the same copepod species and is similar in other ways to the Derwent River estuary. But the occurrence of indicator species in the marine region of the Derwent estuary suggests that it is subject to a stronger influence of open coastal and oceanic waters.
Nutrient Cycling and Primary Production in Port Hacking, New South Wales
Authors: Scott BD
Published: November 2005

The changes in the concentrations of nitrate, phosphate and silicate in a marine-dominated estuarine basin are described and related to the changes in the physical properties of the water and the primary production. The consumption of oxygen and nutrient regeneration in the lower water column were directly related to density differences in the lower water column, and to the primary production.
The regeneration of nutrients was related to the consumption of oxygen, with seasonal differences
in the regeneration of nitrate and silicate. Increased rates of nutrient regeneration during salinity
stratification after heavy rain were attributed to increased sedimentation rates.
The Occurence of Paralabidocera antarctica (I. C. Thomson) (Copepoda : Calanoida : Acartiidae) in an Antarctic Saline Lake
Authors: Bayly IAE
Published: November 2005

The systematic position and phylogenetic derivation of Paralabidocera is discussed. The female urosome and most of the appendages of a lacustrine form of P. antarctica are figured, as are the female urosome and male fifth legs of the paratypes of a synonym (P. hodgsoni Wolfenden). The significance of the tolerance of a broad range of salinities by P. antarctica for concepts of evolution of euryhalinity within the Acartiidae is pointed out.
A Review of Caddis Flies from Three Coastal Islands of South-eastern Queensland (Insecta : Trichoptera)
Authors: Neboiss A
Published: November 2005

Material from three coastal islands of south-eastern Queensland-North Stradbroke, Moreton and Fraser Islands-has been analysed, and the distributions of species are recorded and discussed. In total 22 species representing six families are recorded from the surveyed area. Six new species are described.
a Successful Marking Method for the Saucer Scallop Amusium balloti (Bernardi)
Authors: Heald D
Published: November 2005

Wired-on Petersen discs, tags of monel metal, titanium and plastic attached with δ-cyanoacrylate adhesive, Epitar patches over plastic tags, and Epitar numbers were tested in the search for a suitable field method by which to mark the scallop A. balloti for growth and movement studies. A plastic tag stuck on with δ-cyanoacrylate, an adhesive which hardens in sea water, had the lowest mean probability of loss in recoveries up to 17 months after release. The other advantages of this method were: (1) there was no damage to the shell or organism, (2) the method was quick, which minimized exposure to air, (3) the colour range available in the tags enabled coding of release date and area and the option of either blending or contrasting with the scallop's natural shell colours, and (4) there was no need to record shell height at release (experiments 7-11). The short lifespan of this scallop (about 4 years) prevented the attainment of information over longer periods.
Age and Growth of Jack Mackerel, Trachurus declivis (Jenyns), from South-eastern Australian Waters
Authors: Webb BF , Grant CJ
Published: November 2005

Jack mackerel data were collected between October 1973 and February 1976 from south-eastern Australian waters. Otoliths were read using reflected light on (1) the surface of the whole otolith and (2) the broken and burnt transverse sections of the same otolith. Growth rings were read to 13 years in the first method and to 16 years in the second. Otolith radius (R, nucleus to posterior margin) measured along the concave surface was related to fish length (L) in a curvilinear form: R = 2.39L0.6635. Otolith intermediate radii (rn) plotted against fish length for ages 1 to 10 years indicated a regular deposition of growth rings. Growth according to the von Bertalanffy equation was slow (L∞ = 46.3, K = 0.23). No significant difference between the mean lengths was apparent between sexes at most ages. The geometric mean regressions of length on weight indicated differences between fish in spawning and non-spawning condition.