bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Periventricular lesions correlate with cortical thinning in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Jehna Margit , Pirpamer Lukas , Khalil Michael , Fuchs Siegrid , Ropele Stefan , Langkammer Christian , Pichler Alexander , Stulnig Franziska , Deutschmann Hannes , Fazekas Franz , Enzinger Christian
Published: June 2015

Objective

It has been suggested recently that cortical pathology in multiple sclerosis (MS) may, at least partly, be caused by factors in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). We thus hypothesized that MS‐related tissue changes in compartments close to the CSF, such as periventricular lesions, might correlate with cortical pathology.

Methods

We investigated a cohort of 160 patients, comprising 91 with a clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) and 69 with relapsing‐remitting MS (RRMS; mean age: CIS: 31.4 ± 9.0; RRMS: 33.0 ± 8.7 years; mean disease duration: CIS: 7.2 ± 15 months; RRMS: 8.0 ± 6.5 years, Expanded Disability Status Scale (median, min‐max): CIS: 1, 0–3.5; RRMS: 1.25, 0–4) with 3.0T magnetic resonance imaging. MS lesions were segmented semiautomatically on fluid‐attenuated inversion recovery images. To quantify periventricular lesion load (PV‐LL), we generated ventricle masks and dilated them by a voxel factor of 3. Lesions within the dilated ventricle margin were classified as periventricular. Cortical thinning was assessed by cortical mean thickness (CMT) and compared to data from 58 healthy controls (HCs; mean age: 29.1 ± 7.4 years).

Results

Compared to HC, CIS and (even more so) RRMS patients demonstrated significantly reduced CMT. Even after controlling for ventricular volume and total lesion load, increased periventricular lesion occupancy (percentage of PV‐LL) significantly correlated with decreased CMT in RRMS (r = –0.295; p = 0.015), but not in CIS (r = 0.032; p = 0.768) patients.

Interpretation

The correlation between increased periventricular lesion burden and decreased CMT indicative of subpial cortical pathology supports the concept that common CSF‐mediated factors might play a role in the accumulation of damage to gray and white matter in MS. Ann Neurol 2015;78:530–539
Casimir effect modified surface energy of a nanocavity in homogeneous media
Authors: Zheng Yi , Narayanaswamy Arvind
Published: June 2015

We determine the regularized van der Waals contribution to pressure within a spherical cavity of vapor in a homogeneous, isotropic, infinite medium. The spherical Hamaker function, , has been defined, for the first time, in contrast to the conventional Hamaker function for planar surfaces, . For the materials under consideration, the pressure inside the cavity varies as , where a is the radius of the cavity. For radii below a transition radius, the surface energy (or surface tension) becomes size dependent and could have important implications for homogeneous nucleation of nanosized bubbles in liquids, as well as cavitation of bubbles.

image
Olefin cis‐Dihydroxylation and Aliphatic CH Bond Oxygenation by a Dioxygen‐Derived Electrophilic Iron–Oxygen Oxidant
Authors: Chatterjee Sayanti , Paine Tapan Kanti
Published: June 2015

Many iron‐containing enzymes involve metal–oxygen oxidants to carry out O2‐dependent transformation reactions. However, the selective oxidation of CH and CC bonds by biomimetic complexes using O2 remains a major challenge in bioinspired catalysis. The reactivity of iron–oxygen oxidants generated from an FeII–benzilate complex of a facial N3 ligand were thus investigated. The complex reacted with O2 to form a nucleophilic oxidant, whereas an electrophilic oxidant, intercepted by external substrates, was generated in the presence of a Lewis acid. Based on the mechanistic studies, a nucleophilic FeII–hydroperoxo species is proposed to form from the benzilate complex, which undergoes heterolytic OO bond cleavage in the presence of a Lewis acid to generate an FeIV–oxo–hydroxo oxidant. The electrophilic iron–oxygen oxidant selectively oxidizes sulfides to sulfoxides, alkenes to cis‐diols, and it hydroxylates the CH bonds of alkanes, including that of cyclohexane.
Development and Optimization of Glaser–Hay Bioconjugations
Authors: Lampkowski Jessica S. , Villa Jordan K. , Young Travis S. , Young Douglas D.
Published: June 2015

The prevalence of bioconjugates in the biomedical sciences necessitates the development of novel mechanisms to facilitate their preparation. Towards this end, the translation of the Glaser–Hay coupling to an aqueous environment is examined, and its potential as a bioorthogonal conjugation reaction is demonstrated. This optimized, novel, and aqueous Glaser–Hay reaction is applied towards the development of bioconjugates utilizing protein expressed with an alkynyl unnatural amino acid. Unnatural amino acid technology provides a degree of bioorthognality and specificity not feasible with other methods. Moreover, the scope of the reaction is demonstrated through protein–small molecule couplings, small‐molecule–solid‐support couplings, and protein–solid‐support immobilizations.
Bor‐katalysierte regioselektive Desoxygenierung von terminalen 1,2‐Diolen zu 2‐Alkanolen durch die strategische Bildung eines cyclischen Siloxan‐Intermediates
Authors: Drosos Nikolaos , Morandi Bill
Published: June 2015

Die selektive Desoxygenierung von Polyolen begrenzt unsere Fähigkeit, die stereochemische und strukturelle Komplexität von natürlichen und synthetischen Rohstoffen zu nutzen. Wir berichten hier über ein hochaktives und selektives Bor‐basiertes Katalysatorsystem zur selektiven Desoxygenierung von terminalen 1,2‐Diolen an primärer Position, ein Verfahren, das auf der vorübergehenden Bildung eines cyclischen Siloxans beruht. Die Methode liefert eine ideale Ergänzung zu den bereits bekannten katalytischen asymmetrischen Reaktionen zur Herstellung von chiralen 2‐Alkanolen in nahezu vollständigem Enantiomerenüberschuss, wie hier anhand der kurzen Synthese des entzündungshemmenden Wirkstoffs (R)‐Lisofyllin aufgezeigt ist.
Basicity Limits of Neutral Organic Superbases
Authors: Leito Ivo , Koppel Ilmar A. , Koppel Ivar , Kaupmees Karl , Tshepelevitsh Sofja , Saame Jaan
Published: June 2015

The potential limits of superbasicity achievable with different families of neutral bases by expanding the molecular framework are explored using DFT computations. A number of different core structures of non‐ionic organosuperbases are considered (such as phosphazenes, guanidinophosphazenes, guanidino phosphorus ylides). A simple model for describing the dependence of basicity on the extent of the molecular framework is proposed, validated, and used for quantitatively predicting the ultimate basicities of different compound families and the rates of substituent effect saturation. Some of the considered bases (guanidino phosphorus carbenes) are expected to reach gas‐phase basicity around 370 kcal mol−1, thus being the most basic neutral bases ever reported. Also, the classical substituted alkylphosphazenes were predicted to reach pKa values of around 50 in acetonitrile, which is significantly higher than previously expected.
Copper Nitrate Mediated Regioselective [2+2+1] Cyclization of Alkynes with Alkenes: A Cascade Approach to Δ2‐Isoxazolines
Authors: Gao Mingchun , Li Yingying , Gan Yuansheng , Xu Bin
Published: June 2015

An efficient method for the regioselective synthesis of pharmacologically relevant polysubstituted Δ2‐isoxazolines is based on the copper‐mediated direct transformation of simple terminal alkynes and alkenes. The overall process involves the formation of four chemical bonds with inexpensive and readily available copper nitrate trihydrate as a novel precursor of nitrile oxides. The reaction can be easily handled and proceeds under mild conditions.
Spectroscopy of Ethylenedione
Authors: Dixon Andrew R. , Xue Tian , Sanov Andrei
Published: June 2015

The long sought‐after, intrinsically short‐lived molecule ethylenedione (OCCO) was observed and investigated by anion photoelectron spectroscopy. The adiabatic electron affinity of its quasi‐bound 3Σg− state is 1.936(8) eV. The vibrational progression with a 417(15) cm−1 frequency observed within the triplet band corresponds to a trans‐bending mode. Several dissociative singlet states are also observed, corresponding to two components of the 1Δg state and the 1Σg+ state. The experimental results are in agreement with theoretical predictions and constitute the first spectroscopic observation and characterization of this elusive compound.
Reductive Cleavage of Carbon Monoxide by a Disilenide
Authors: Majumdar Moumita , Omlor Isabell , Yildiz Cem B. , Azizoglu Akin , Huch Volker , Scheschkewitz David
Published: June 2015

The complete reductive cleavage of the triple bond in carbon monoxide was achieved using a lithium disilenide at room temperature. The CC‐coupled product can be regarded as a silanone dimer with pending alkyne and silirene moieties and incorporates two equivalents of CO per disilenide unit. A formation mechanism via ketenyl intermediates is proposed on the basis of DFT calculations and elucidated experimentally by employing Group 6 metal carbonyls as both stabilizing entity and source of CO in the reaction with disilenide. The isolation of cyclic silylene complexes with weakly donating ketenyl donor groups further supports the mechanistic scenario.
Combination of 1,2,4‐Oxadiazole and 1,2,5‐Oxadiazole Moieties for the Generation of High‐Performance Energetic Materials
Authors: Wei Hao , He Chunlin , Zhang Jiaheng , Shreeve Jean'ne M.
Published: June 2015

Salts generated from linked 1,2,4‐oxadiazole/1,2,5‐oxadiazole precursors exhibit good to excellent thermal stability, density, and, in some cases, energetic performance. The design of these compounds was based on the assumption that by the combination of varying oxadiazole rings, it would be possible to profit from the positive aspects of each of the components. All of the new compounds were fully characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, 1H, 13C, and (in some cases) 15N NMR spectroscopy, and thermal analysis (DSC). The structures of 2–3 and 5‐1⋅5 H2O were confirmed by single‐crystal X‐ray analysis. Theoretical performance calculations were carried out by using Gaussian 03 (Revision D.01). Compound 2‐3, with its good density (1.85 g cm−3), acceptable sensitivity (14 J, 160 N), and superior detonation pressure (37.4 GPa) and velocity (9046 m s−1), exhibits performance properties superior to those of 1,3,5‐trinitroperhydro‐1,3,5‐triazine (RDX).
Organization and Energy Transfer of Fused Aromatic Hydrocarbon Guests within Anion‐Confining Nanochannel MOFs
Authors: Noh Tae Hwan , Lee Haeri , Jang Jaeseong , Jung Ok‐Sang
Published: June 2015

The self‐assembly of ZnII ions with 1,3,5‐tris(isonicotinoyloxyethyl)cyanurate produces new topological (42⋅124)3(43)4 2D metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) with anion‐confining cages. The eclipsed assembly of each 2D MOF by π–π stacking of cyanurate moieties (3.352(5) Å) forms 3D MOFs consisting of nanochannels (10.5 Å). Two of the three anions are confined in each peanut‐type cage, resulting in hydrophobicity of the nanochannels. The hydrophobic nanochannel effectively adsorbs a wide range of fused aromatic hydrocarbons (FAHs) as monomers or dimers, rendering it potentially highly useful as an energy‐transfer material.
Selenium‐Mediated Dehalogenation of Halogenated Nucleosides and its Relevance to the DNA Repair Pathway
Authors: Mondal Santanu , Manna Debasish , Mugesh Govindasamy
Published: June 2015

Halogenated nucleosides can be incorporated into the newly synthesized DNA of replicating cells and therefore are commonly used in the detection of proliferating cells in living tissues. Dehalogenation of these modified nucleosides is one of the key pathways involved in DNA repair mediated by the uracil‐DNA glycosylase. Herein, we report the first example of a selenium‐mediated dehalogenation of halogenated nucleosides. We also show that the mechanism for the debromination is remarkably different from that of deiodination and that the presence of a ribose or deoxyribose moiety in the nucleosides facilitates the deiodination. The results described herein should help in understanding the metabolism of halogenated nucleosides in DNA and RNA.
Designing a Highly Active Metal‐Free Oxygen Reduction Catalyst in Membrane Electrode Assemblies for Alkaline Fuel Cells: Effects of Pore Size and Doping‐Site Position
Authors: Lee Seonggyu , Choun Myounghoon , Ye Youngjin , Lee Jaeyoung , Mun Yeongdong , Kang Eunae , Hwang Jongkook , Lee Young‐Ho , Shin Chae‐Ho , Moon Seung‐Hyeon , Kim Soo‐Kil , Lee Eunsung , Lee Jinwoo
Published: June 2015

To promote the oxygen reduction reaction of metal‐free catalysts, the introduction of porous structure is considered as a desirable approach because the structure can enhance mass transport and host many catalytic active sites. However, most of the previous studies reported only half‐cell characterization; therefore, studies on membrane electrode assembly (MEA) are still insufficient. Furthermore, the effect of doping‐site position in the structure has not been investigated. Here, we report the synthesis of highly active metal‐free catalysts in MEAs by controlling pore size and doping‐site position. Both influence the accessibility of reactants to doping sites, which affects utilization of doping sites and mass‐transport properties. Finally, an N,P‐codoped ordered mesoporous carbon with a large pore size and precisely controlled doping‐site position showed a remarkable on‐set potential and produced 70 % of the maximum power density obtained using Pt/C.
Single‐Molecule Spectroscopy, Imaging, and Photocontrol: Foundations for Super‐Resolution Microscopy (Nobel Lecture)
Authors: Moerner W. E. (William E.)
Published: June 2015

The initial steps toward optical detection and spectroscopy of single molecules in condensed matter arose out of the study of inhomogeneously broadened optical absorption profiles of molecular impurities in solids at low temperatures. Spectral signatures relating to the fluctuations of the number of molecules in resonance led to the attainment of the single‐molecule limit in 1989 using frequency‐modulation laser spectroscopy. In the early 90s, many fascinating physical effects were observed for individual molecules, and the imaging of single molecules as well as observations of spectral diffusion, optical switching and the ability to select different single molecules in the same focal volume simply by tuning the pumping laser frequency provided important forerunners of the later super‐resolution microscopy with single molecules. In the room temperature regime, imaging of single copies of the green fluorescent protein also uncovered surprises, especially the blinking and photoinduced recovery of emitters, which stimulated further development of photoswitchable fluorescent protein labels. Because each single fluorophore acts a light source roughly 1 nm in size, microscopic observation and localization of individual fluorophores is a key ingredient to imaging beyond the optical diffraction limit. Combining this with active control of the number of emitting molecules in the pumped volume led to the super‐resolution imaging of Eric Betzig and others, a new frontier for optical microscopy beyond the diffraction limit. The background leading up to these observations is described and current developments are summarized.
Influence of plasticizers on the mechanical and barrier properties of cast biopolymer films
Authors: Jost Verena , Stramm Cornelia
Published: June 2015

The potential of biopolymers for packaging application is often limited due to their poor processability. In this study, the effect of commonly used plasticizers on the properties of different cast biopolymer films is investigated. This enables a valuation of the potential of different biopolymers as packaging materials and an estimation of the effectiveness of plasticizers for certain biopolymer systems. Polysaccharides (corn starch and alginate) and plant proteins (wheat gluten and pea protein) were tested as film materials. To improve the processability by decreasing the brittleness of these cast biopolymer films, glycerol (Gly), sorbitol (Sor), and triethanolamine (TEA) were added as plasticizers. The structural, mechanical, and barrier properties to water vapor and oxygen were characterized in order to study the effectiveness of the plasticizers and their respective influence on the film properties. The mechanical results show there was a plasticizing effect with all the plasticizers, but the influence on the barrier properties depends on the specific plasticizer: While glycerol (Gly) leads to an increase in water vapor and oxygen permeability (OP), Sor leads to almost constant, and TEA even to decreased OP of the biopolymer films. Therefore, careful selection of the plasticizer allows biopolymer films with improved processability and high or low permeabilities to be manufactured. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 42513.
Optimization of comb‐shaped polycarboxylate cement dispersants to achieve fast‐flowing mortar and concrete
Authors: Lange Alex , Plank Johann
Published: June 2015

Concretes and mortars possessing a low water‐to‐cement (w/c) ratio (<0.40) liquefied with comb‐shaped polycarboxylate (PCE) copolymers commonly exhibit a sticky, honey‐like consistency, and slow flow behavior. The stickiness is owed to high plastic viscosity of the suspension. In this study, different PCE comb polymers based on methacrylate ester, allyl, vinyl, and isoprenyl ether macromonomers were synthesized and analyzed. It was found that their hydrophilic–lipophilic balance (HLB) value, i.e., the balance between the hydrophilic and lipophilic parts in these PCE molecules determines their effect on the plastic viscosity of a concrete. PCE copolymers mainly composed of hydrophilic parts, i.e., such possessing high HLB values, impart low plastic viscosity. Allyl ether—maleic acid based PCEs exhibit especially high HLB values and thus impart low plastic viscosity. Higher viscosities were recorded for isoprenylether PCEs, while methacrylate‐ester and vinyl ether PCEs possess particularly low HLB values and hence produce a pronounced sticky concrete. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42529.
Carbon nanotubes/chitin nanowhiskers aerogel achieved by quaternization‐induced gelation
Authors: Garcia Ignacio , Azcune Itxaso , Casuso Pablo , Carrasco Pedro M. , Grande Hans‐J. , Cabañero Germán , Katsigiannopoulos Dimitrios , Grana Eftychia , Dimos Konstantinos , Karakassides Michael A. , Odriozola Ibon , Avgeropoulos Apostolos
Published: June 2015

Organic aerogels from polysaccharides such as cellulose and chitin are of particular importance because they utilize renewable feedstocks. In this article, the aerogels were prepared through the self‐assembly of chitin nanowhiskers previously modified. The surface of chitin nanowhiskers was rendered cationic through two reactions. A first reaction between hydroxyl groups of chitin and 2‐chloroethyl isocyanate and a second reaction between the chloride groups of isocyanate anchored to the surface and 1‐methylimidazole. This modification led to stable aqueous suspensions of the chitin nanowhiskers with gelation and rheological properties. Additionally, chitin nanowhiskers aerogels containing modified carbon nanotubes were obtained. The addition of modified carbon nanotubes provoked a change in the morphology of the hydrogels and as a consequence, the rheological properties of the hydrogel are modified as well. In contrast from previous procedures, this method has not required any kind of solvent exchange or high pressure in order to obtain the final materials. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42547.
Persistent luminescence of CaMgSi2O6:Eu2+,Dy3+ and CaMgSi2O6:Eu2+,Ce3+ phosphors prepared using the solid‐state reaction method
Authors: Chandrakar P. , Baghel R. N. , Bisen D. P. , Chandra B. P.
Published: June 2015

CaMgSi2O6:Eu2+,Dy3+ and CaMgSi2O6:Eu2+,Ce3+ phosphors were synthesized using the solid‐state reaction method. X‐Ray diffraction (XRD) and photoluminescence (PL) analyses were used to characterize the phosphors. The XRD results revealed that the synthesized CaMgSi2O6:Eu2+,Dy3+ and CaMgSi2O6:Eu2+,Ce3+ phosphors were crystalline and are assigned to the monoclinic structure with a space group C2/c. The calculated crystal sizes of CaMgSi2O6:Eu2+,Dy3+ and CaMgSi2O6:Eu2+,Ce3+ phosphors with a main (221) diffraction peak were 44.87 and 53.51 nm, respectively. Energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX) confirmed the proper preparation of the sample. The PL emission spectra of CaMgSi2O6:Eu2+,Dy3+ and CaMgSi2O6:Eu2+,Ce3+ phosphors have a broad band peak at 444.5 and 466 nm, respectively, which is due to electronic transition from 4f65d1 to 4f7. The afterglow results indicate that the CaMgSi2O6:Eu2+,Dy3+ phosphor has better persistence luminescence than the CaMgSi2O6:Eu2+,Ce3+ phosphor. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sc2O@Td(19151)‐C76: Hindered Cluster Motion inside a Tetrahedral Carbon Cage Probed by Crystallographic and Computational Studies
Authors: Yang Ting , Hao Yajuan , Abella Laura , Tang Qiangqiang , Li Xiaohong , Wan Yingbo , Rodríguez‐Fortea Antonio , Poblet Josep M. , Feng Lai , Chen Ning
Published: June 2015

A new cluster fullerene, Sc2O@Td(19151)‐C76, has been isolated and characterized by mass spectrometry, UV/Vis/NIR absorption, 45Sc NMR spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The crystallographic analysis unambiguously assigned the cage structure as Td(19151)‐C76, which is the first tetrahedral fullerene cage characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. This study also demonstrated that the Sc2O cluster has a much smaller ScOSc angle than that of Sc2O@Cs(6)‐C82 and the Sc2O unit is fully ordered inside the Td(19151)‐C76 cage. Computational studies further revealed that the cluster motion of the Sc2O is more restrained in the Td(19151)‐C76 cage than that in the Cs(6)‐C82 cage. These results suggest that cage size affects not only the shapes but also the cluster motion inside fullerene cages.
ChemInform Abstract: Cu11In9 — Revised Crystal Structure and Its (Physicochemical) Relation to Cu10In7.
Authors: Mueller Carola J. , Lidin Sven
Published: June 2015

Cu11In9 (I) and Cu10In7 (II) are prepared by melting an 11:9 molar mixture of Cu and In (evacuated silica tubes, 1173 °C, 3 d) prior to 2 different annealing procedures (553 K, 18 d (short) or 523 K, 691 d (long)).
ChemInform Abstract: Layered Oxychlorides [PbBiO2] An+1BnO3n—1Cl2 (A: Pb/Bi, B: Fe/Ti): Intergrowth of the Hematophanite and Sillen Phases.
Authors: Batuk Maria , Batuk Dmitry , Tsirlin Alexander A. , Filimonov Dmitry S. , Sheptyakov Denis V. , Frontzek Matthias , Hadermann Joke , Abakumov Artem M.
Published: June 2015

The title compounds are prepared by solid state reaction of stoichiometric mixtures of PbO, PbCl2, Bi2O3, BiOCl, Fe2O3, and TiO2 (evacuated quartz tubes, 650 °C, 7 h; annealing at 750 °C, 20 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Structural, Optical and Electrical Properties of Cu2FeSnX4 (X: S, Se) Thin Films Prepared by Chemical Spray Pyrolysis.
Authors: Khadka Dhruba B. , Kim JunHo
Published: June 2015

Polycrystalline Cu2FeSnX4 (X: S, Se) thin films are prepared by chemical spray pyrolysis of a 2:1:1:10 molar solution of Cu(OAc)2, FeCl3, SnCl2, and CS(NH2)2 in DMSO/EtOH (1:1) on bare and Mo‐coated soda lime glass substrates (450 °C) followed by annealing in S or Se vapors (500—520 °C, 25 min), which results in improved surface texture and crystallinity.
ChemInform Abstract: Topotactic Solid‐State Metal Hydride Reductions of Sr2MnO4.
Authors: Hernden Bradley C. , Lussier Joey A. , Bieringer Mario
Published: June 2015

The reactivity and mechanism of the solid state topotactic reduction of Sr2MnO4 using the series of metal hydrides LiH, NaH, CaH2, MgH2, SrH2, and BaH2 are characterized by powder XRD and TGA/DTA.
ChemInform Abstract: Tl2C2O4·H2C2 O4: A New Crystalline Form of Thallium(I) Oxalate.
Authors: Piro Oscar E. , Echeverria Gustavo A. , Gonzalez‐Baro Ana C. , Baran Enrique J.
Published: June 2015

The title compound is synthesized by addition of solid Tl2CO3 to a boiling solution of H2C2O4 in H2O (10 min, 75% yield) and characterized by single crystal XRD, FTIR, and FT Raman spectroscopy.
ChemInform Abstract: Chloride Derivatives of Lanthanoid(III) ortho‐Oxidotungstates(VI) with the Formula LnCl[WO4] (Ln: Gd—Lu): Syntheses, Crystal Structures and Spectroscopic Properties.
Authors: Schustereit Tanja , Schleid Thomas , Hoeppe Henning A. , Kazmierczak Karolina , Hartenbach Ingo
Published: June 2015

A phase pure series of LnCl[WO4] (Ln: Gd—Lu) is prepared by solid state reaction of Ln2O3, LnCl3, and WO3 in the molar ratio 1:5:3 (evacuated silica tubes, 950 °C, 7 d) with LnCl3 acting as reactive flux.
ChemInform Abstract: 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloadditions of α‐Diazo Ketones Derived from N‐Protected (S)‐Proline with Aromatic and Cycloaliphatic Thioketones.
Authors: Mloston Grzegorz , Pipiak Paulina , Linden Anthony , Heimgartner Heinz
Published: June 2015

The isolated products (III), (V), and (VII) are optically active and therefore the multistep processes occur with retention of the stereogenic center.
ChemInform Abstract: [4 + 2]‐Annulations of Aminocyclobutanes.
Authors: Perrotta Daniele , Racine Sophie , Vuilleumier Jeremy , de Nanteuil Florian , Waser Jerome
Published: June 2015

The first [4 + 2]‐annulation between aminocyclobutanes and aldehydes to access tetrahydropyranyl amines is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Base‐Mediated Cascade Rearrangements of Aryl‐Substituted Diallyl Ethers.
Authors: Reid Jolene P. , McAdam Catherine A. , Johnston Adam J. S. , Grayson Matthew N. , Goodman Jonathan M. , Cook Matthew J.
Published: June 2015

Selective Wittig‐oxy‐Cope and isomerization‐Claisen rearrangements of diallylethers are investigated.
ChemInform Abstract: Mild and Selective Et2Zn‐Catalyzed Reduction of Tertiary Amides under Hydrosilylation Conditions.
Authors: Kovalenko Oleksandr O. , Volkov Alexey , Adolfsson Hans
Published: June 2015

A range of tertiary aryl, hetaryl, and alkyl amides equipped with a variety of functional groups is reduced in good to excellent yields.
ChemInform Abstract: C—H Functionalization of Phenols Using Combined Ruthenium and Photoredox Catalysis: In situ Generation of the Oxidant.
Authors: Fabry David C. , Ronge Meria A. , Zoller Jochen , Rueping Magnus
Published: June 2015

A combined photoredox and metal catalyst is used for the ortho‐selective C—H functionalization of (2‐pyridyl)phenols with activated olefins.
ChemInform Abstract: Cobalt‐Catalyzed Directed Alkylation of Olefinic C—H Bond with Primary and Secondary Alkyl Chlorides.
Authors: Yamakawa Takeshi , Seto Yuan Wah , Yoshikai Naohiko
Published: June 2015

The reaction succeeds using a 2‐pyridyl group as the directing group, but is delivered with low or no yield when switching to a pyrazole or imine group.
ChemInform Abstract: Domino Reaction of N‐(Cyanomethyl)‐1,3‐azolium Quaternary Salts with O‐Hydroxybenzaldehydes: Scope and Limitations.
Authors: Voskressensky L. G. , Festa A. A. , Storozhenko O. A. , Le T. A. , Nguyen V. T. , Varlamov A. V.
Published: June 2015

A series of imidazo[5,1‐c][1,4]thiazine derivatives is prepared.
ChemInform Abstract: Merging Photoredox and Nickel Catalysis: Decarboxylative Cross‐Coupling of Carboxylic Acids with Vinyl Halides.
Authors: Noble Adam , McCarver Stefan J. , MacMillan David W. C.
Published: June 2015

A broad spectrum of carboxylic acids can be used in the reactions with iodides and bromides.
ChemInform Abstract: Organo‐Manganese η2‐Auxiliary Directed Reactions: A Diastereoselective Approach to 2,3‐Allenols.
Authors: Roy Animesh , Bhat Bilal A. , Lepore Salvatore D.
Published: June 2015

The recently published complexation of chiral allenyl aldehydes with methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl efficiently addresses the weak stereoinduction of the allenic moiety by transmitting the chiral information closer to the aldehyde group.
ChemInform Abstract: Reactions of Organozinc Reagents with Potassium Bromodifluoroacetate.
Authors: Levin Vitalij V. , Zemtsov Artem A. , Struchkova Marina I. , Dilman Alexander D.
Published: June 2015

A method is presented for the synthesis of gem‐difluorinated compounds from organozinc reagents.
ChemInform Abstract: Studies on N‐Activation for the Lipase‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Preparation of β‐Amino Esters from 4‐Phenylazetidin‐2‐one.
Authors: Sundell Riku
Published: June 2015

Kinetic resolution of azetidinones (I) with methanol and candida antarctica lipase B provides β‐amino esters with excellent enantiomeric excess.
ChemInform Abstract: Functionalized α,α‐Dibromo Esters Through Claisen Rearrangements of Dibromoketene Acetals.
Authors: Dupper Nathan J. , Kwon Ohyun
Published: June 2015

Title compounds are obtained in a two‐step process which consists of a formation of a bromal‐derived mixed acetal, followed by tandem dehydrobromination/Claisen rearrangement.
ChemInform Abstract: Selective Trifluoromethylthiolation of Heteroaromatic sp2 C—H Bonds with the 2nd Generation of Trifluoromethanesulfenamide Reagent.
Authors: Alazet Sebastien , Zimmer Luc , Billard Thierry
Published: June 2015

The selective trifluoromethylthiolation of heteroaromatic compound is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Regiocontrol in Catalytic Reductive Couplings Through Alterations of Silane Rate Dependence.
Authors: Jackson Evan P. , Montgomery John
Published: June 2015

A method is investigated which governs the regioselectivity in Ni‐catalyzed alkyne—aldehyde coupling and allows the access to the regioisomer which is normally formed as the minor one.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Development of Chiral Alkenylboranes from Chiral Diynes for Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Silyl Enol Ethers.
Authors: Ren Xiaoyu , Li Gen , Wei Simin , Du Haifeng
Published: June 2015

The metal—free asymmetric hydrogenation of silyl enol ethers is carried out using in situ generated chiral borane with the combination of tBu3P as catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: (E)‐α,β‐Unsaturated Amides from Tertiary Amines, Olefins and CO via Pd/Cu‐Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidative N‐Dealkylation.
Authors: Shi Renyi , Zhang Hua , Lu Lijun , Gan Pei , Sha Yuchen , Zhang Heng , Liu Qiang , Beller Matthias , Lei Aiwen
Published: June 2015

The Pd/Cu‐catalyzed reaction of alkenes (I) with CO and tributylamine leads to a series of (E)‐α,β‐unsaturated amides (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Traceless Directing Groups in Radical Cascades: From Oligoalkynes to Fused Helicenes Without Tethered Initiators.
Authors: Pati Kamalkishore , dos Passos Gomes Gabriel , Harris Trevor , Hughes Audrey , Phan Hoa , Banerjee Tanmay , Hanson Kenneth , Alabugin Igor V.
Published: June 2015

Diynes of type (I) and (III) containing methoxy groups as traceless directing groups undergo radical‐initiated cascades to form fused naphthalenes.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2‐Aryl‐3‐(2‐cyanoethyl)aziridines and Their Chemical and Enzymatic Hydrolysis Towards γ‐Lactams and γ‐Lactones.
Authors: Mollet Karen , Decuyper Lena , Vander Meeren Saskia , Piens Nicola , De Winter Karel , Desmet Tom , D'hooghe Matthias
Published: June 2015

The title compounds (IV) are transformed into variable mixtures of 4‐[aryl(alkylamino)methyl]butyrolactones and 5‐[aryl(hydroxy)methyl]pyrrolidin‐2‐ones by KOH‐mediated hydrolysis of the cyano group, followed by ring expansion.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioconvergent Synthesis of Functionalized γ‐Butyrolactones via (3 + 2)‐Annulation.
Authors: Goodman C. Guy , Walker Morgan M. , Johnson Jeffrey S.
Published: June 2015

A chiral N‐heterocyclic carbene‐catalyzed a3 → d3‐umpolung addition of α,β‐enals to racemic α‐keto esters gives access to γ‐butyrolactones with high regio‐, diastereo‐, and enantiocontrol.
ChemInform Abstract: Iridium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation of 2‐Pyridyl Cyclic Imines: A Highly Enantioselective Approach to Nicotine Derivatives.
Authors: Guo Cui , Sun Dong‐Wei , Yang Shuang , Mao Shen‐Jie , Xu Xiao‐Hua , Zhu Shou‐Fei , Zhou Qi‐Lin
Published: June 2015

A substituent adjacent to the pyridine N atom is crucial to block the coordination ability of the pyridine moiety, an effect which is evidently overturned by the proximate second N atom in substrate (Vb).
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Rhodium‐Catalyzed Isomerization of 4‐Iminocrotonates: Asymmetric Synthesis of a Unique Chiral Synthon.
Authors: Zhang Wen‐Zhen , Chu John C. K. , Oberg Kevin M. , Rovis Tomislav
Published: June 2015

A broad spectrum of iminocrotonates bearing N‐alkyl substituents is transformed to pyrrolin‐2‐one structures bearing an 5‐alkoxy residue.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Divergent Synthesis of 3H or 1H Pyrroles by [3 + 2] Cyclization of Allenoates with Activated Isocyanides.
Authors: Liao Jia‐Yu , Shao Pan‐Lin , Zhao Yu
Published: June 2015

In the presence of silver catalyst/cinchona alkaloid phosphine, a highly enantioselective synthesis of a broad spectrum of multisubstituted 3H‐pyrrole structures becomes possible.
ChemInform Abstract: Expedient Synthesis of Tetrasubstituted Pyrroles via a Copper‐Catalyzed Cascade Inter‐/Intramolecular Cyclization of 1,3‐Enynes Carry a Nitro Group with Amines.
Authors: Bharathiraja Ganesan , Sengoden Mani , Kannan Masanam , Punniyamurthy Tharmalingam
Published: June 2015

A wide range of tetrasubstituted pyrroles/pyrazoles are efficiently synthesized via a copper‐catalyzed cascade aza‐Michael addition, cyclization, and aromatization using air as oxidant under mild and eco‐friendly reaction conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Alkylarylation of Activated Alkenes Using AIBN and Beyond: An Access to Cyano‐Containing Oxindoles.
Authors: Zhou Dong , Li Zi‐Hao , Li Jie , Li Shu‐Hua , Wang Ming‐Wei , Luo Xiao‐Ling , Ding Guo‐Liang , Sheng Rui‐Long , Fu Mei‐Jun , Tang Shi
Published: June 2015

Copper‐catalyzed oxidative radical alkylarylation using N‐arylacrylamides and azo compounds (II) or (VIII) produces oxindoles through a cascade addition/C(sp2)—H cyclization process.
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalytic Asymmetric Cascade Reactions of 7‐Vinylindoles: Diastereo‐ and Enantioselective Synthesis of C7‐Functionalized Indoles.
Authors: Shi Feng , Zhang Hong‐Hao , Sun Xiao‐Xue , Liang Jing , Fan Tao , Tu Shu‐Jiang
Published: June 2015

A slight excess of 7‐vinylindole substrate reacts with isatin‐derived 3‐indolylmethanols in the presence of chiral phosphoric acid BNPA to produce the desired C‐7 functionalized structures combined with cyclopenta[b]indole/spirooxindole frameworks.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxidation Strategy for the Synthesis of Regioisomeric Spiroisobenzofuranopyrroles: Facile Entries to Spiro[isobenzofuran‐1,2′‐pyrrole] and Spiro[isobenzofuran‐1,3′‐pyrrole] Derivatives.
Authors: Fan Yefeng , Liu Song , Chen Nanyang , Shao Xusheng , Xu Xiaoyong , Li Zhong
Published: June 2015

Operationally simple and mild approaches to the title compounds based on either two‐ or one‐step procedures are elaborated which display good functional group tolerance and provide the desired regioisomeric products in moderate to excellent yields.
ChemInform Abstract: An Iron‐Catalyzed Cascade Approach to Benzo[b]carbazole Synthesis Followed by 1,4‐Sulfonyl Migration.
Authors: Boominathan Siva Senthil Kumar , Senadi Gopal Chandru , Vandavasi Jaya Kishore , Chen Jeff Yi‐Fu , Wang Jeh‐Jeng
Published: June 2015

The biologically interesting N‐heterocyclic scaffold is readily obtained under conditions A).
ChemInform Abstract: Cu‐Promoted Sydnone Cycloadditions of Alkynes: Scope and Mechanism Studies.
Authors: Comas‐Barcelo Julia , Foster Robert S. , Fiser Bela , Gomez‐Bengoa Enrique , Harrity Joseph P. A.
Published: June 2015

The process is significantly accelerated in the presence of copper salts: the reaction time can be reduced from <12h to a few hours or even 20 min.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Structural Studies of Novel Fused Seven‐Membered Carbocycles Derived from exo‐2‐Oxazolidinone Dienes Through (4 + 3) Cycloadditions.
Authors: Alcazar Patricia , Cruz Indira , Gonzalez‐Romero Carlos , Cuevas‐Yanez Erick , Diaz Eduardo , Tamariz Joaquin , Jimenez‐Vazquez Hugo A. , Corona‐Becerril David , Toscano Ruben A. , Fuentes‐Benites Aydee
Published: June 2015

While (Ia) gives the exo‐adduct (IIIa) as the single product, (Ib)—(Id) and (V) give exo/endo mixtures.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemoselective Activation of sp3 vs sp2 C—H Bonds with Pd(II).
Authors: Curto John M. , Kozlowski Marisa C.
Published: June 2015

For the first time, the chemoselective coupling of a carbon nucleophile with methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl arenes in the absence of a directing group is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Direct Amination of 1,2,3‐Triazole N‐Oxides by C—H Activation and C—N Coupling.
Authors: Zhu Jiayi , Kong Yubo , Lin Feng , Wang Baoshuang , Chen Zhengwang , Liu Liangxian
Published: June 2015

This facile protocol allows the synthesis of a wide range of 2‐aryl‐4‐amino triazoles.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Enantioselective Synthesis of 3,4‐Dihydropyrans Through a Phosphine‐Catalyzed [4 + 2] Annulation of Allenones and β,γ‐Unsaturated α‐Keto Esters.
Authors: Yao Weijun , Dou Xiaowei , Lu Yixin
Published: June 2015

A novel [4 + 2] annulation process is developed employing β,γ‐unsaturated α‐keto esters as C4 building blocks and allene ketones as C2 synthons.
ChemInform Abstract: Pericyclic Reactions of Azafulvenium Methides Bearing Internal Dipolarophiles — Synthesis of Chromene and Chromane Derivatives.
Authors: Ribeiro Laia Fernanda M. , Soares Maria I. L. , Gomes Clara S. B. , Pinho e Melo Teresa M. V. D.
Published: June 2015

The reactivity of azafulvenium methides with internal dipolarophiles is explored as an approach to new chromene derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Approach to 3‐(Cyclo)alkylpiperidines Through ′sp3—sp3 via sp2—sp3′ Coupling.
Authors: Subota Andrii I. , Grygorenko Oleksandr O. , Valter Yevheniia B. , Tairov Maxim A. , Artamonov Oleksiy S. , Volochnyuk Dmitriy M. , Ryabukhin Sergey V.
Published: June 2015

A two‐step procedure providing the title compounds on a multigram scale is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Mediated Reductive Heck Cyclization for the Formation of Tricyclic Sultams.
Authors: Joardar Soumen , Chakravorty Santanu , Das Saktipada
Published: June 2015

The reaction forms the exo‐cyclized products regioselectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Efficient Dehydrogenative Coupling of Hydrosilanes with Amines or Amides Using Supported Gold Nanoparticles.
Authors: Mitsudome Takato , Urayama Teppei , Maeno Zen , Mizugaki Tomoo , Jitsukawa Koichiro , Kaneda Kiyotomi
Published: June 2015

Hydroxyapatite‐supported gold nanoparticles with a mean diameter of 3.0 nm are found to be optimal for the preparation of monoaminesilanes or ‐silylamides using equimolar ratio of reactants.
ChemInform Abstract: Cyclopentenone Derivatives and Polyhydroxylated Steroids from the Soft Coral Sinularia acuta.
Authors: Zhang Nai‐Xia , Tang Xu‐Li , van Ofwegen Leen , Xue Lei , Song Wen‐Juan , Li Ping‐Lin , Li Guo‐Qiang
Published: June 2015

Four new polyhydroxylated steroids and the racemic form of cyclopentanone, sinularone J (IV), are isolated along with four known steroids, one known cyclopentanone derivative, and one known butenolide derivative from the soft coral Sinularia acuta.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in Controlled Synthesis of Two‐Dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenides via Vapor Deposition Techniques
Authors: Shi Yumeng , Li Henan , Li Lain‐Jong
Published: June 2015

Review: 65 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Cerium Intermetallics with ZrNiAl‐Type Structure — A Review
Authors: Poettgen Rainer , Chevalier Bernard
Published: June 2015

Review: 189 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Construction of Multiferrocenyl Metallacycles and Metallacages via Coordination‐Driven Self‐Assembly: From Structure to Functions
Authors: Xu Lin , Wang Yu‐Xuan , Chen Li‐Jun , Yang Hai‐Bo
Published: June 2015

Review: 50 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances and Perspectives in the Synthesis of Heterocycles via Carbenes
Authors: Krishnan K. Keerthi , Thankachan Amrutha P. , Anilkumar Gopinathan
Published: June 2015

Review: [101 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of Planar‐Chiral Transition‐Metal Complexes
Authors: Arae Sachie , Ogasawara Masamichi
Published: June 2015

Review: [47 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Cycloparaphenylenes and Related Nanohoops
Authors: Lewis Simon E.
Published: June 2015

Review: synthesis, properties and applications; 134 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Transition Metal‐Catalyzed Reactions of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives with Hydrosilanes and Hydrosiloxanes, Afforded by Catalyst Design and the Proximity Effect of Two Si—H Groups
Authors: Nagashima Hideo
Published: June 2015

Review: [89 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in Catalytic Asymmetric C—C Bond‐Forming Reactions to Ketimines Promoted by Metal‐Based Catalysts
Authors: Kumagai Naoya , Shibasaki Masakatsu
Published: June 2015

Review: [61 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Molecular Structure and Dynamics of Water at the Water‐Air Interface Studied with Surface‐Specific Vibrational Spectroscopy
Authors: Bonn Mischa , Nagata Yuki , Backus Ellen H. G.
Published: June 2015

Review: 164 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Microscopic Studies of Nonlocal Spin Dynamics and Spin Transport (Invited)
Authors: Adur Rohan , Du Chunhui , Cardellino Jeremy , Scozzaro Nicolas , Wolfe Christopher S. , Wang Hailong , Herman Michael , Bhallamudi Vidya P. , Pelekhov Denis V. , Yang Fengyuan , et al.
Published: June 2015

Review: 25 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: New Approaches in the Design and Development of Cannabinoid Receptor Ligands: Multifunctional and Bivalent Compounds
Authors: Nimczick Martin , Decker Michael
Published: June 2015

Review: [114 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Lipopeptides: From Self‐Assembly to Bioactivity
Authors: Hamley Ian W.
Published: June 2015

Review: [85 refs.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Antileukemic Properties of Naphthoquinone Derivatives of Lawsone
Authors: Inagaki Ryuta , Ninomiya Masayuki , Tanaka Kaori , Koketsu Mamoru
Published: June 2015

Naphthoquinones are considered privileged structures for anticancer drug molecules. The Heck reaction of 2‐hydroxy‐1,4‐naphthoquinone (lawsone) with 1‐bromo‐3‐methyl‐2‐butene offered easy access to lapachol. Several naturally occurring linear and angular heterocyclic quinoids (α‐lapachone, β‐lapachone, dunnione, and related analogues) were prepared from lapachol. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the synthetic naphthoquinones inhibit cell proliferation in human leukemia HL‐60 cells. In particular, angular‐type derivatives were found to possess moderate cytotoxicity and to elevate the levels of intracellular glutathione disulfide (GSSG). Our work highlights the significant potential of naturally occurring angular‐series naphthoquinones as antileukemic agents.
Catalytic Oxidative Carbonylation of Amino Moieties to Ureas, Oxamides, 2‐Oxazolidinones, and Benzoxazolones
Authors: Mancuso Raffaella , Raut Dnyaneshwar S. , Della Ca' Nicola , Fini Francesco , Carfagna Carla , Gabriele Bartolo
Published: June 2015

The direct syntheses of ureas, oxamides, 2‐oxazolidinones, and benzoxazolones by the oxidative carbonylation of amines, β‐amino alcohols, and 2‐aminophenols allows us to obtain high value added molecules, which have a large number of important applications in several fields, from very simple building blocks. We have found that it is possible to perform these transformations using the PdI2/KI catalytic system in an ionic liquid, such as 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, as the solvent, the solvent/catalyst system can be recycled several times with only a slight loss of activity, and the product can be recovered easily by crystallization.
Role of Exposed Surfaces on Zinc Oxide Nanostructures in the Catalytic Ethanol Transformation
Authors: Morales María V. , Asedegbega‐Nieto Esther , Iglesias‐Juez Ana , Rodríguez‐Ramos Inmaculada , Guerrero‐Ruiz Antonio
Published: June 2015

For a series of nanometric ZnO materials, the relationship between their morphological and surface functionalities and their catalytic properties in the selective decomposition of ethanol to yield acetaldehyde was explored. Six ZnO solids were prepared by a microemulsion‐precipitation method and the thermal decomposition of different precursors and compared with a commercial sample. All these materials were characterized intensively by XRD and SEM to obtain their morphological specificities. Additionally, surface area determinations and IR spectroscopy were used to detect differences in the surface properties. The density of acid surface sites was determined quantitatively using an isopropanol dehydration test. Based on these characterization studies and on the results of the catalytic tests, it has been established that ZnO basal surfaces seem to be responsible for the production of ethylene as a minor product as well as for secondary reactions that yield acetyl acetate. Furthermore, one specific type of exposed hydroxyl groups appears to govern the surface catalytic properties.
N‐Derivatives of peri‐Substituted Dichalcogenide [FeFe]‐Hydrogenase Mimics: Towards Photocatalytic Dyads for Hydrogen Production
Authors: Figliola Carlotta , Male Louise , Horswell Sarah L. , Grainger Richard S.
Published: June 2015

Synthetic strategies towards molecular dyads based on peri‐substituted dichalcogenide (S,Se) [FeFe]‐hydrogenase synthetic mimics covalently linked to a ZnTPP photosensitizer are described. Dithiolate and diselenolate model systems 2–5 are prepared through condensation of 2‐naphthaldehydes with p‐methoxyaniline, reduction of the resulting Schiff base and oxidative insertion of Fe2(CO)6 into the dichalcogen bond of the imine or amine. Diselenolate‐based [FeFe] complexes (imine 3 and amine 5) are more efficient in electrocatalysis of proton reduction than their sulfur analogues 2 and 4 with increasing concentrations of pTsOH. Molecular dyad 1 containing a peri‐substituted naphthalene dithiolate Fe2(CO)6 cluster covalently linked via an amine to ZnTPP is prepared through sequential zinc insertion into the porphyrin followed by iron insertion into the disulfide bond.
Experimental paradigm for in-laboratory proxy aquatic studies under conditions of static, non–flow-through chemical exposures
Authors: Reddy Tirumuru V. , Flick Robert , Lazorchak James M. , Smith Mark E. , Wiechman Barry , Lattier David L.
Published: June 2015

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) such as 17α-ethynylestradiol, 17β-estradiol, estrone, and para-nonylphenol have been measured in wastewater-treatment plant effluents, surface waters, sediments, and sludge and have been shown to induce liver-specific vitellogenin (vtg) messenger RNA in male fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas). The purpose of the present study was to establish minimal concentrations of select EDCs necessary to induce transcription of vtg in 48-h static renewal exposures, as measured by quantitative real-time thermal cycle amplification. Adult males were exposed to 17α-ethynylestradiol, 17β-estradiol, estrone, and para-nonylphenol. Dose-dependent increases in vtg expression were significant with all chemicals tested. The lowest concentrations of these chemicals to induce measurable vtg expression, with significant difference from respective controls, were 17α-ethynylestradiol, 2.2 ng L−1; para-nonylphenol, 13.9 μg L−1; 17β-estradiol, 42.7 ng L−1; and estrone, 46.7 ng L−1, measured as 48-h average concentrations. The present experiments were designed to frame a commonly acceptable approach for investigators who conduct static, in-laboratory proxy environmental aquatic exposures. The present study highlights the need for investigators to report in peer-reviewed submissions the observed concentration values for minimal induction levels when measuring molecular responses to chemical exposures by means of real-time polymerase chain reaction, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, or other “omic” technologies. Environ Toxicol Chem 2015;34:2796–2802. Published 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the United States of America.