bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studies on the Effect of Dose Size on the Absorption of beta-Carotene by the Rat in vivo
Authors: Chen  , Oace  , Wolf
Published: January 2006

This study was carried out to choose between two hypotheses with respect to the regulation of beta-carotene (BC) conversion to retinol in the whole animal: uptake of BC into intestinal mucosa is limited by saturation of an intestinal receptor; or the conversion to retinol is limited by saturation of the conversion enzyme(s). Groups of rats were given five different dose levels of labeled BC by stomach tube. Labeled and total BC and retinol were isolated from tissues and intestinal contents after 4 h. Results showed a positive linear relationship between BC in the intestinal wall and the dose administered, with no saturation level up to 1440 mug administered. Per cent formation of newly formed retinol from newly absorbed (i.e., labeled) BC was 20–26% of the three lower dose groups, 10% for the highest dose. No retinyl esters could be detected in the intestine. Most of the administered BC was in the intestinal contents, about 100-times more than in the intestinal wall and mucosa. Newly formed retinol in plasma was about 10-times that in liver. Small amounts of newly absorbed BC were found in liver, but no labeled retinyl esters. These results suggest that the absorption of BC is very inefficient; that it does not occur through an intestinal receptor; that the formation of retinol is regulated at the level of the conversion enzyme(s).
Relative Bioavailabilities of Natural and Synthetic Vitamin E Formulations Containing Mixed Tocopherols in Human Subjects
Authors: Chopra  , Bhagavan
Published: January 2006

There are several reports in the literature on the relative bioavailabilities of RRR (natural) vs. all-rac (synthetic) forms of vitamin E in humans and animal models but none on the bioavailability of alpha-tocopherol in mixed vitamin E formulations. In the present study we examined the bioavailability of alpha-tocopherol in a typical commercially available product containing mixed tocopherols. We also tested a formulation containing all-rac-alpha-tocopherol with mixed tocopherols for purposes of comparison along with straight RRR-and all-rac-alpha-tocopheryl acetate as reference products. Normal male subjects were given one of the four formulations of vitamin E (800 IU per day in softgel capsule form for 10 days): 1. All-rac-alpha-tocopheryl acetate, 2. RRR-alpha-tocopheryl acetate, 3. RRR-alpha-tocopherol with mixed tocopherols, and 4. all-rac-alpha-tocopherol with mixed tocopherols. Both serum alpha- and gamma-tocopherols were determined by HPLC at baseline, and at days 2, 4, 7 and 10. The values for alpha- at baseline and 10 days were 0.80, 0.80, 0.80 & 0.79 mg/dl and 1.67, 1.72, 1.76 & 1.62 mg/dl. The values for gamma- were 0.28, 0.29, 0.30 & 0.29 mg/dl and 0.11, 0.08, 0.10 & 0.10 mg/dl. Thus the data show that a) the bioavailability of RRR-and all-rac-alpha-tocopherols is not affected by other tocopherols, and b) both RRR-and all-rac-alpha-tocopherol (free or esterified) significantly suppress the serum gamma tocopherol to the same extent. Furthermore, since there was no difference in the serum values of alpha-tocopherol between RRR-and all-rac-vitamin E given the same dose as IUs, the data also support the currently accepted ratio of 1.36 for the biopotency of RRR- vs. all-rac-alpha-tocopheryl acetate.
The Impact of Antioxidants on Chronic Disease in Ageing and in Old Age
Authors: Stähelin
Published: January 2006

The antioxidant defense system is important in maintaining cellular homeostasis and preventing oxidative stress. Antioxidants are important dietary components contributing to a general slowing of ageing processes (e.g. cataract formation), but also in protecting particularly vulnerable sites from developing tissue injuries resulting in chronic diseases. This suggests that we should aim at certain minimum threshold concentrations of plasma antioxidants. In the near future, it is well possible that the amount of nutrients necessary to prevent or to reduce the risk for chronic diseases will be the more important issue than the amount it takes to prevent deficiencies. In order to achieve optimal nutritional levels, particularly elderly may benefit from the use of supplements during periods of stress or compromised nutrient intake. The highly interactive antioxidative system in the body strongly suggests that a well-balanced adequate intake of different antioxidants will be superior in its protective action to the supplementation with one single compound. It should be possible to resolve in the near future the question whether two days’ RDA’s are still adequate or whether the intake should be revised upwards.
Lowering of Homocysteine Concentrations in Elderly Men and Women
Authors: Brönstrup  , Hages  , Pietrzik
Published: January 2006

B-vitamin supplementation has previously been shown to lower the concentration of plasma total homocysteine, a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Little is known about the homocysteine-lowering effects of low-dose B-vitamins in elderly individuals, who are prone to higher homocysteine levels due to advanced age and a greater frequency of impaired vitamin status. We aimed to identify if and to what extent B-vitamins lower total homocysteine and its subfractions in elderly individuals. Men and women (>= 60 years) received either B-vitamins (400 mug folic acid +1.65 mg pyridoxine +3 mug cyanocobalamin) or a placebo daily for 4 weeks. Subjects in the vitamin group showed a significant decrease in plasma total homocysteine during the first 2 weeks; thereafter, total homocysteine only slightly decreased further resulting in a geometric mean reduction of –16.3% (95% CI: –11.3% to –21.0%) over the entire treatment period. Free homocysteine decreased as well. However, the observed higher ratio of free/total homocysteine after 4 weeks of supplementation suggest a more pronounced reduction in protein-bound homocysteine. Low-dose B-vitamin supplementation is effective in lowering homocysteine in elderly individuals. Further studies are needed to be able to depict the effect of B-vitamin supplementation on different homocysteine subfractions in plasma.
The Role of Vitamins in the Prevention of Osteoporosis – a Brief Status Report
Authors: Weber
Published: January 2006

This papers summarizes the main role vitamins are believed to play in the prevention of osteoporosis, a common disease which is anticipated to rapidly increase because of the aging of the population. Vitamin D, the classical vitamin related to bone health, improves bone strength mainly by increasing intestinal calcium absorption and reabsorption of calcium by the kidney. Several intervention studies demonstrated in humans that vitamin D can improve bone status as measured by bone density. Vitamin C is considered an essential cofactor of collagen formation. Epidemiological studies report a positive association between vitamin C intake and bone density. Intervention studies on the effect of vitamin C on bone status are missing. Vitamin B6 could function as a cofactor to build up cross-links. In humans, however, there is little evidence to support this. Vitamin K is required for the biological activity of several coagulation factors; the classical function of vitamin K. Recent research also points to a role of vitamin K in bone metabolism. Vitamin K mediates the ¨-carboxylation of glutamyl residues on several bone proteins, notably osteocalcin. Epidemiological studies and results from first intervention trials are consistently suggesting that vitamin K may improve bone health.
The Potential Preventive Effects of Vitamins for Cataract and Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Authors: Jacques
Published: January 2006

Age-related cataract and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are important public health problems. Approximately 50% of the 30 to 50 million cases of blindness worldwide result from unoperated cataract. In the US and other developed countries AMD is the leading cause of blindness, but age-related cataract remains the leading cause of visual disability. Age-related cataract and AMD represent an enormous economic burden. In the United States more than 1.3 million cataract extractions are performed annually at a cost of approximately $ 3.5 billion. Much of the experimental research on the etiology of cataract and AMD has focused on the role of nutritional antioxidants (vitamin C, vitamin E, and carotenoids). Evidence from epidemiologic studies support a role for nutritional antioxidants in delaying the onset of these age-related vision disorders. Although it is not yet possible to conclude that antioxidant nutrients have a role in prevention of cataract or AMD, a summary of the epidemiologic evidence suggests that it is prudent to consume diets high in vitamins C and E and carotenoids, particularly the xanthophylls, as insurance against the development of cataract and AMD.
Isolation and Identification of a Major Urinary Canthaxanthin Metabolite in Rats
Authors: Bausch  , Liechti  , Oesterhelt  , Kistler
Published: January 2006

The urinary metabolic pattern after administration of the radiolabeled non-provitamin A carotenoid canthaxanthin was investigated in rats. In the rather complex HPLC urinary metabolic pattern a fraction was found which was conjugated. Deconjugation of the polar conjugates with glusulase, purification of the metabolite with HPLC and identification with GC-MS and NMR revealed that it was 3-hydroxy-4-oxo-7,8-dihydro-beta-ionone. This structure was confirmed by comparisons with HPLC retention times, UV/VIS- and NMR-spectroscopy and GC-MS of the synthesized compound.
Dietary Fat and Triiodothyronine (T3) Interactions in the Broiler Chicken
Authors: Rosebrough
Published: January 2006

Male, Indian River, broiler chickens growing from 7 to 28 d were fed on diets containing 180 g crude protein, 300, 600 or 1200 kcal fat calories and 0 or 1 mg T3/kg diet. Birds were bled and sacrificed at d 28, 29 and 30. Measurements taken at these intervals included in vitro lipogenesis (IVL), growth and feed consumption and hepatic enzyme activities. Plasma metabolites as well as thyroid hormones were also determined. Dietary fat levels did not influence growth or feed intake. In contrast, T3 decreased growth and feed intake by 25% without altering the efficiency of feed utilization. Dietary T3 and additional fat decreased IVL and lipogenic enzyme activities. Dietary T3 increased plasma T3 and decreased plasma T4. Dietary fat energy levels had no effect upon plasma thyroid hormone levels. Although both additional dietary fat and T3 modify broiler lipid metabolism, there was no additional treatment effect when high-fat diets were supplemented with T3. In contrast to previous reports, T3 did not increase any parameter associated with lipid metabolism.
Determination of Retinol, Antioxidant Vitamins and Homocysteine in Skin Puncture Blood
Authors: Erhardt  , Heinrich  , Biesalski
Published: January 2006

For determination of the vitamin status via mass screening, simple and rapid methods are required. Additionally, blood samples should be obtained using simple and low invasive sampling techniques. To fulfill this existing methods have been modified to analyze retinol, tocopherols, beta-carotene, vitamin C and homocysteine in 20 mul plasma. Blood samples were obtained via skin punctures. HPLC measurements were carried out with isocratic separation and precolumn derivatization. Intra and interday variation coefficients were below 8% and regression coefficients better than 0.99 for all measurements. The difference between venous and capillary samples were < 5%. In conclusion, the methods employed proved satisfactory for the determination of important nutritional parameters in blood samples obtained via skin punctures. These methods are therefore well suited for mass screening, especially under field conditions in developing countries.
Effects of Dietary Crude Palm Oil, Fish Oil and their Association on Cholesterol and Lipoprotein Constants in Rats Which Could Be Beneficial in Humans
Authors: Niyongabo  , Youyou  , Léger  , Descomps  , Ammouche  , Bellal
Published: January 2006

The aim was first to examine the differential effects of crude and refined palm oil (CPO and RPO) on the lipid and lipoprotein constants of plasma in rats and to compare the effect of crude palm oil to that of fish oil. Secondarily, it was to know whether one can take advantage from the association of CPO with FO. Twenty-four-day-old weaning rats were divided into five experimental groups, each receiving a purified diet containing 10% oil as either a single oil or an equal amount of two oils. After a feeding period of 36 days, the main results were as follows. As compared to the rats fed the RPO diet, those fed the CPO diet had lower total cholesterol, LDL-C, VLDL-C and apoB and higher HDL-C/LDL-C and apoA1/apoB ratios. Those fed the FO diet had only lower VLDL-C and triglycerides and higher HDL-C and HDL-C/LDL-C ratio. Whereas FO associated with RPO in the same diet had the same effect as FO alone, FO associated with CPO tends to reinforce the effect of CPO. This is particularly true for the effects on apoB and apoA1 which were found to be synergistically depressed and enhanced, respectively. Given the role played by these biological constants as predictors of CVD in humans, and in spite of the fact that these predictors are not relevant in rats, these results would suggest the potential interest of CPO or the association of CPO with FO in human nutrition.
North-South Differences in some Indices of Vitamin B6 Nutritional Status in Older British People
Authors: Pentieva  , Bates  , Prentice  , Cole
Published: January 2006

The National Diet and Nutrition Survey, nationally representative for the British population aged 65 years and over, has revealed a north-south geographical gradient, with a decline from south to north of vitamin B6 status indices. The present study further explores the possible explanatory factors (dietary intake of vitamin B6 and riboflavin, alcohol consumption, smoking habits and some other lifestyle determinants) on the difference of vitamin B6 indices – plasma concentrations of pyridoxal phosphate (pPLP) and pyridoxic acid (pPA), between older people living in the north (Scotland, North of England) and the south (Southern England, Wales and Midlands). The results showed that older people living in the northern half of Britain are at greater risk of poor vitamin B6 status, mainly as a result of low intakes of this vitamin, than the people living in the southern half of the country. Riboflavin intake, alcohol consumption, smoking and socio-economic status also correlated with the north-south gradient of pPLP and pPA. Other potential determinants such as use of vitamin B6 supplements, medicines probably affecting vitamin B6 metabolism, were not independent correlates of the north-south gradient in vitamin B6 status indices. This may have important implications for disease-risk geographical gradients in the UK.
Effects of Intramuscular Injection of alpha-Tocopheryl Acetate on Fatty Acid Profile in Lamb Liver
Authors: Oriani  , Salvatori  , Maiorano  , Manchisi  , Brienza  , Pantaleo  , Di Caterina  , Rotunno
Published: January 2006

The effects of intramuscularly administrated vitamin E on total lipids, fatty acid profile, and lipid stability to oxidation was investigated in lamb liver. Twenty-four 5-day-old lambs were allotted to 4 groups of 6 each and given respectively 0 (control), 125, 200, 300 mg dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate weekly from day 5 to 33. alpha-Tocopherol stored in lamb liver at the end of experiment showed linear correlation with the level of injected vitamin E. No effect on total lipids was found. A decrease in the level of liver thiobarbituric-acid reactive substances (TBARS), significantly correlated with liver alpha-tocopherol content, was found in vitamin E groups. The amount of linoleic and linolenic acids significantly increased in the vitamin E groups as compared to control group, and were correlated with the liver alpha-tocopherol content. TBARS were negatively correlated with the concentration of unsaturated fatty acids. Finally, in the liver of the treated groups, vitamin E concentrations in the range 30–50 mug/g showed adequate for an efficient protection from peroxidation of membrane lipids, and determined an increase in the unsaturated to saturated fatty acid ratio.
Effects of Multivitamin/Mineral Supplementation, at Nutritional	Doses, on Plasma Antioxidant	Status and DNA Damage	Estimated by Sister Chromatid	Exchanges in Lymphocytes in	Pregnant Women
Authors: Park  , Wagenbichler  , Elmadfa
Published: January 2006

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of multivitamin/mineral-supplementation during pregnancy on plasma levels of antioxidants and sister chromatid exchange (SCE) rate – an indicator of damage to DNA. A controlled, semi-randomized, prospective trial was performed comparing the supplement group, who received multivitamin/mineral tablet once daily for 10 weeks, to the control group. Plasma levels of antioxidants and SCE in lymphocytes were measured initially (20 wk gestation) and at the end of the intervention (34 wk gestation). In the control group, SCE rates increased significantly at 34 wk gestation compared to 20 wk gestation, whereas there was no change in the supplement group. Plasma retinol, beta-carotene and ascorbate decreased significantly in the control group. In the supplement group, a significant increase in plasma beta-carotene (55.6%), coenzyme Q10 (40.2%), folic acid (15.9%) and zinc (24.2%) was observed after 10 weeks of supplement. Increased plasma levels of antioxidants in the supplement group could not decrease SCE rates, however, they could prevent an increase in SCE rates which may be induced by reactive oxygen species generated from the enhanced steroid hormones in the last trimester, suggesting that multivitamin/mineral-supplement during pregnancy may prevent DNA damage due to the altered hormonal profile.
Lipid and Glucose Utilization in Hypercholesterolemic Rats Fed a Diet Containing Heated Chickpea (Cicer Aretinum L.): A Potential Functional Food
Authors: Zulet  , Macarulla  , Higueret  , Martínez
Published: January 2006

This feeding trial evaluated the influence of a diet containing heated chickpea in a dietary induced rat model of hypercholesterolemia in order to assess some possible protective and therapeutic effects on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism disorders as found with other legumes. Rats fed a diet enriched with coconut oil (25%) and cholesterol (1%) for 42 days (HH) showed a situation of type IIa hyperlipoproteinemia. However, these lipid alterations were improved in the hypercholesterolemic rats receiving control (HC) and legume (HL) diets for 16 days. Moreover, results confirm that the chickpea was more effective than the control diet containing casein in the normalization of triglycerides as well as total and LDL-cholesterol levels. On the other hand, the HH group showed a marked reduction in the liver glycogen content and Glucose-6-Phase activity (involved in glyconeogenesis) and an increase in Glucokinase (GK) activity (involved in glucose utilization). In contrast, the rats receiving chickpea re-established the liver glycogen deposition as compared to the HH group. Also, the chickpea intake increased the GK activity as compared to the control diet. The overall results support that chickpea intake may be recommended in humans with altered lipid profile such as type IIa hyperlipoproteinemia. Additionally, data concerning carbohydrate utilization indicated its potential positive effects in diabetes therapy and their role as biological active food supplements.
Lack of Effect of Dietary Chromium Supplementation on Glucose Tolerance, Plasma Insulin and Lipoprotein Levels in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Trow Liam , Lewis John , Greenwood Richard , Sampson Michael , Self Kerrie , Crews Helen , Fairweather-Tait Susan
Published: January 2006

Chromium is essential for the regulation of insulin action, thereby influencing carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. An uncontrolled pilot study was designed to measure the habitual daily intake of chromium in a group of healthy individuals with type 2 diabetes and to monitor the effect of daily supplementation with high chromium yeast on glucose tolerance, plasma insulin and lipoproteins. Twelve free-living adults with type 2 diabetes underwent a glucose tolerance test (GTT) on recruitment, at 4 weeks (after a 7-d duplicate diet collection) and at 12 weeks (following 8 weeks daily supplementation with 100 mug of chromium). Urine samples were collected on the day before and the day of each GTT. Blood samples were taken at half hourly intervals for 3 hours during the GTT and the plasma glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL, LDL and insulin concentration measured. The chromium content of diets and urine samples was determined. Fasting glucose concentrations and glucose area under the curve profiles did not alter significantly post supplementation with the chromium rich yeast. No significant changes in insulin and lipoprotein concentrations were observed. The results of this study do not support the hypothesis that individuals with type 2 diabetes benefit from yeast-based chromium supplements (100 mug/day).
Precaecal Digestibility of Niacin and Pantothenic Acid from Different Foods
Authors: Roth-Maier Dora , Wauer Andrea , Stangl Gabriele , Kirchgessner Manfred
Published: January 2006

This study was conducted to investigate the apparent precaecal digestibilities of niacin and pantothenic acid from human nutrient related foods including wheat, coarse whole-meal bread, boiled potatoes and boiled pork and beef. Therefore, pigs were subjected to an end-to-end ileo-rectal anastomosis, so digesta passed straight from ileum to rectum, eliminating endogenous vitamin synthesis. Excreted chyme was collected over 5-days periods, and concentrations of niacin, and pantothenic acid in the food and chyme samples were determined microbiologically. The intestinal bioavailability of niacin and pantothenic acid was affected differently by the food administered. The digestibility values of niacin deriving from the wheat-, potato- and the meat-based meals ranged from 59 to 69%. Wholemeal bread exerted a nutritionally important negative effect on the apparent intestinal availability of dietary niacin relative to the other foods, which averaged by 40%. Food-related differences of the pantothenic acid digestibility values were greater than that observed with niacin. The digestibility values of pantothenic acid from wheat, potatoes and the meat meals ranged between 65 and 81% and were of the order wheat diet > pork diet > potato diet > beef diet, although differences were not statistically significant. The digestibility of pantothenic acid from the coarse wholemeal bread diet was lower than 30%.
Vitamin Intake of 1- to 18-Year-Old German Children and Adolescents in the Light of Various Recommendations
Authors: Kersting Mathilde , Alexy Ute , Sichert-Hellert Wolfgang
Published: January 2006

Data on the vitamin intake during childhood and adolescence are rare in Europe. Here, age and sex specific percentiles of the absolute intakes and relative densities (per MJ) of retinol, carotenoids, vitamins A, E, C, B1, B2, B6, niacin and folate in a sample of 627 subjects between the age of 1 and 18 years are reported and compared to the actual recommendations from Germany, the EC and the USA. The evaluation of the intakes clearly depends on the reference value chosen. In total, the vitamin intake can be assessed to range between satisfactory and generous with the exception of folate which ranged consistently below the references.
Changes in Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, beta-carotene, Vitamins C, A, D and E Status of French Elderly Subjects during the First Year of Institutionalization
Authors: Essama-Tjani Jeanne Chantal , Guilland Jean-Claude , Fuchs Françoise , Lombard Marie , Richard Dominique
Published: January 2006

Vitamin status was assessed in 26 recently institutionalized elderly subjects by combining dietary and biochemical measurements of thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, beta-carotene, vitamins C, A, D and E at admission (P1), and 1.5 (P2), 3.0 (P3), 4.5 (P4), 6.0 (P5), 12 (P6) months later. At admission, except for vitamin A, mean vitamin intakes were lower than the 1992 French Recommended Dietary Allowance. Thiamin, vitamins C, A and E status seemed nearly satisfactory as less than one-fourth of the population sample had blood values lower than the cut-off point for thiamin (erythrocyte thiamin pyrophosphate < 0.17 mumol/l), vitamin A (serum retinol < 1.05 mumol/l), vitamin C (serum vitamin C < 11.3 mumol/l) and vitamin E (serum alpha-tocopherol < 9.3 mumol/l) or higher than the cut-off point for thiamin (erythrocyte transketolase activity coefficient > 1.19). Almost half of the subjects for riboflavin, and almost all non supplemented subjects for vitamin D were in risk of vitamin deficiency (46% had an erythrocyte glutathione reductase activity coefficient > 1.19 and 72% had a plasma 25(OH)D3 < 25 nmol/l). During the study, vitamins status remained unchanged for riboflavin, niacin, vitamins A, D and E, improved for vitamin C (P = 0.004) or impaired for thiamin (P = 0.008). Thus, institutionalization seemed to have no effect on riboflavin, niacin, vitamins A, D and E status and a slight effect on thiamin and vitamin C status.
Comparison of the Water-Holding Capacity of Wheat Bran Products Prepared by Wet and Dry Smashing Methods in vitro and Effect on the Gastrointestinal Retention Time in Rats in vivo
Authors: Hori Tetsuji , Matsumoto Keisuke , Ikeda Masakazu , Moriyama-Ebina Rika , Sakaitani-Kado Yukiko , Morotomi Masami
Published: January 2006

Microfibril wheat bran (MFW) prepared by wet smashing of wheat bran using a colloidal mill has the advantages of being more palatable than other wheat bran and easier to apply to various foods. In this study, we investigated water-holding capacity (WHC) and physiological effects of a novel food material, MFW, focusing on shortening of the retention time of the gastrointestinal contents compared to those of dry smashing of wheat bran (DWB) prepared by conventional method, and wheat bran (WB), which is the raw materials. The mean particle size of MFW was 35mum, and WHC was 5.1 g/g. In contrast, those of DWB were 61 mum and 3.0 g/g, respectively. Those of WB were 420 mum and 5.0 g/g, respectively. The WHC of MFW was 1.7 times greater than that of DWB and comparable to that of WB. The dietary fiber content in MFW, DWB, and WB were 73.5, 66.9 and 70.2%, respectively. Six-week-old Fisher rats were divided into three groups, and fed for 20 days with AIN-76 chow supplemented with MFW, DWB, or WB to a dietary fiber content of 10%. On days 14–16 of the experimental period, the mean retention time (MRT) of gastrointestinal content and fecal weight were measured using solid phase and liquid phase markers. On day 20 of the experimental period, animals were killed, and the water content, pH, composition of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the cecal content and total amounts of SCFAs in the cecum were investigated. MRT in the MFW group was 15.2 ± 0.8 h in the solid phase, which was significantly shorter than that in the DWB group (18.0 ± 0.9 h) (p < 0.05), and comparable to that in the WB (15.5 ± 2.4 h). MRT in the liquid phase was almost the same as that in the solid phase: 14.7 ± 1.0, 18.4 ± 0.8, and 16.0 ± 2.5 h in the MFW, DWB, and WB groups, respectively. The fecal weight, pH, the concentration of SCFA in the cecal content and total amounts of SCFAs in the cecum did not differ among the groups, but the cecal water content was in the order of MFW > WB > DWB, showing a significant difference between each group (p > 0.05). The above finding suggested that MFW is a novel food material with a greater WHC and the ability of shortening the retention time of the gastrointestinal contents compared to DWB.
The Lowering Effect of Dietary Glucose Versus Starch on Fat Digestibility in Rats is Dependent on the Type of Fat in the Diet
Authors: Vissia Geertruida , Beynen Anton
Published: January 2006

The aim of the study was to determine whether the type of dietary fat influences the effect of dietary glucose on lipid digestibility. Earlier work had shown that glucose, when compared with starch, reduced fat digestibility in rats fed rations containing animal fat as fat source. Male rats (n = 6/group) were fed for two weeks on purified diets containing either 62% (w/w) starch or glucose and either 8% (w/w) palm oil, coconut fat, soybean oil or medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) as the main source of fat. The diets had no differential effect on growth. Glucose significantly depressed apparent lipid digestibility in rats fed the diets containing either palm oil or coconut fat, but not in rats given the diets containing either soybean oil or MCT. Thus, the inhibitory effect of glucose on lipid digestibility in rats is dependent on the dietary lipid source. This observation may contribute to understanding the mechanism by which dietary glucose inhibits fat digestion.
Dietary Short-Chain Fructooligosaccharides Increase Calbindin-D9k Levels Only in the Large Intestine in Rats Independent of Dietary Calcium Deficiency or Serum 1,25 Dihydroxy Vitamin D Levels
Authors: Takasaki Misao , Inaba Hiromi , Ohta Atsutane , Motohashi Yasuko , Sakai Kensuke , Morris Howard , Sakuma Keiko
Published: January 2006

Dietary short-chain fructooligosaccharides (Sc-FOS) increase mucosal calbindin-D9k (CaBP) levels in the large intestine whereas levels in the small intestine are decreased in rats. In the present study, we investigated the mechanism by which Sc-FOS induce this increase in CaBP in the large intestine by measuring intestinal CaBP levels in rats fed normal and calcium-deficient diets. Dietary groups included a calcium-containing (0.5%) diet with or without Sc-FOS (100 g/kg diet) and a calcium-deficient (abt. 0.01%) diet with or without Sc-FOS (100 g/kg diet). The rats were fed these diets for 10 days following which they were killed and the intestine removed for collection of the entire mucosa which was divided into four segments, i.e., proximal and distal segments of the small intestine, the cecum and the colorectum. Mucosal CaBP and plasma calcium (Ca), 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25(OH)2D3), 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25(OH)D3), parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin levels were measured. Feeding of calcium deficient diet resulted in an increase in CaBP levels in the small intestine, but did not influence levels in the large intestine. Moreover, a significant positive correlation between plasma 1,25(OH)2D3 and CaBP levels in the case of both small intestinal segments (proximal, r = 0.77012, p < 0.00007; distal, r = 0.75056, p < 0.00014) was observed, but not in the case of the large intestinal segments. Sc-FOS increased CaBP levels in the large intestine. These results suggest that the large intestinal CaBP levels do not change in response to dietary calcium conditions and are not regulated by circulating 1,25(OH)2D3 indicating that the effect of Sc-FOS on CaBP levels in the large intestine is independent of the action of 1,25(OH)2D3.
Status of Calcium and VitaminD of Different Population Groups in Austria
Authors: Koenig Jürgen , Elmadfa
Published: January 2006

Vitamin D and calcium are essential for bone metabolism and the status of both nutrients is discussed in relation to osteoporosis and osteoporosis-related disorders. Thus, it is important to monitor the status of these nutrients in the population to early recognise insufficiences and to establish preventive measures. Intakes of calcium and vitamin D have been evaluated in different Austrian population groups (pre-school children, school children, adolescents, adults, elderly, pregnant and lactating women) by dietary records (3 d and 7 d weighed records, 24 h recalls). From pre-school children, school children, elderly, pregnant and lactating women fasting blood and spontaneous urine samples were collected and analysed on concentrations of calcium in serum and urine (adjusted to creatinine) and of 25-OH-cholecalciferol in serum. Average calcium intake (834 ± 422 mg/d) below the specific recommended allowances of the according age group were found for 58% of the total population with the highest incidence of low supply in adolescents at 15–19 years of age and adults at 46–65 years of age. Vitamin D intakes (2.1 ± 1.4 mug/d) were even lower with 68% of the total population being not able to meet the recommendations. Again, adolescents at 15–19 years showed the highest incidence of insufficient vitamin D intakes. Calcium concentrations in serum were satisfying for children and adolescents. Vitamin D status was found below the reference range (15 nmol/l) for 50% of all samples with the highest frequency in elderly people. Basing on the applied method for the determination of 25-OH-cholecalciferol concentrations a reference range for the Austrian population is suggested. The results show that low intakes of calcium and vitamin D lead to decreased status of these nutrients especially for adolescents, elderly, pregnant and lactating women, indicating the highest risk for the development of disorders of bone metabolism in these groups.
Vitamin B-6 Intakes and Plasma B-6 Vitamer Concentrations of Men and Women, 19–50 Years of Age
Authors: Driskell Judy , Giraud David , Mitmesser Susan
Published: January 2006

The vitamin B-6 intakes and plasma B-6 vitamer levels of healthy nonsupplemented men and women, 19–24 and 25–50 years, were compared. The subjects did not take nutrient supplements or medications or use tobacco products. Subjects were grouped as follows: eight, 19–24 y men; nine, 25–50 y men; 11, 19–24 y women; and 13, 25–50 y women. The estimated vitamin B-6 intakes, obtained via 24-h recalls followed by 2-d food records, of the two groups of men were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those of the two groups of women. Thirty-five percent of the women reported consuming less than the Estimated Average Requirement for vitamin B-6. The four gender: age groups had similar B-6 vitamer concentrations of plasma pyridoxal-5’-phosphate, 4-pyridoxic acid, pyridoxine, pyridoxamine, and pyridoxamine-5’-phosphate. Males 25–50 y had significantly higher (P < 0.05) plasma pyridoxal concentrations than the two groups of females. All subjects had pyridoxal-5’-phosphate concentrations indicative of vitamin B-6 adequacy. Generally the plasma B-6 vitamer concentrations of these men and women, 19–24 and 25–50 years of age, all having adequate vitamin B-6 status, were similar.
Serum Parathyroid Hormone in Healthy Japanese Women in Relation to Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D
Authors: Nakamura Kazutoshi , Nashimoto Mitsue , Hori Yasushi , Yamamoto Masaharu
Published: January 2006

The aim of this work was to clarify levels of serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) in healthy adult women and to study the relationship between PTH and 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D]. One hundred sixty-nine healthy women aged 40 years or older in a community were studied. The average age of the subjects was 65.3 years (SD 8.2). All subjects had normal serum creatinine levels. Serum intact PTH and 25(OH)D were measured in these subjects. The mean intact PTH concentration was 2.19 pmol/A (SD 1.02). High intact PTH levels above the reference range were observed in four women (2.4%), all of whom were aged 70 years or older. Intact PTH increased with age with a correlation coefficient of 0.192 (p = 0.013). However, there was no correlation (r = –0.125, p = 0.105) between intact PTH and 25(OH)D whose concentrations were more than 37.5 nmol/l. In conclusion, PTH levels of healthy adult Japanese women are lower than previous reports from Western countries, which may be due to the high 25(OH)D levels of the present subjects and/or an ethnic difference. In addition, there is no association between serum 25(OH)D and PTH levels in this Japanese population, supporting a cutoff level of 25(OH)D less than 37.5 nmol/l for the elevated PTH level.
Comparative Effects of Vitamin K2 and Estradiol on Experimental Arteriosclerosis with Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Seyama Yoshiyuki , Kimoto Shinzi , Marukawa Yasuhiro , Horiuchi Masako , Hayashi Mikio , Usami Eiji
Published: January 2006

In order to further investigate the radical scavenging and anti-arteriosclerotic activities of vitamin K2 and estradiol, the comparative effects of vitamin K2 and estradiol on aortic calcium (Ca) and inorganic phosphorus (P) levels in the aorta and the elastin fraction (fr.) were investigated in male rats after experimental arteriosclerosis with diabetes mellitus was induced by vitamin D2 and radical producing substance, streptozotocin (STZ). Pharmacological dose of vitamin K2 (100 mg/kg b.w.) and medical dose of estradiol (83 mug/kg b.w.) suppressed the increased serum glucose, and vitamin K2 and estradiol increased the decrease in serum insulin. Moreover, vitamin K2 and estradiol inhibited the increase of Ca and P in the aorta and the elastin fr. Vitamin K2 and estradiol decreased the increase in serum lipid peroxide (LPO). It is suggested that both the pharmacological dose of vitamin K2 and medical dose of estradiol suppressed development of arteriosclerosis associated with diabetes mellitus, owing to radical scavenging activity of vitamin K2, and estradiol.
Lipid Peroxidation in Nicotinamide-Deficient and Nicotinamide-Supplemented Rats
Authors: Melo Sandra Soares , Meirelles Mônica , Jordão Jr Alceu Afonso , Vannucchi Helio
Published: January 2006

Supplementation or deficiency of nicotinamide in rats may interfere with the oxidative balance, with excess leading to greater lipid peroxidation, measured by TBARS, and deficiency causing a greater consumption of antioxidants such as vitamin E and glutathione. Urinary N-methylnicotinamide excretion was much more marked in the supplemented group, whereas the difference between deficient and control animals was non-significant.
Vitamin E and the Prevention of Atherosclerosis
Authors: Bron Denis , Asmis Reto
Published: January 2006

Successful strategy for the prevention of coronary heart disease (CHD) in particular of atherosclerosis, require a detailed understanding of the underlying mechanism. It is now being recognised that dietary antioxidants, in particular vitamin E, will play an important role in designing future strategies. Although more and more beneficial effects of vitamin E on atherosclerosis are being described, the biochemical and cell biological mechanism underlying these benefits are not yet fully understood, preventing the use of vitamin E as therapeutic agent. Recent new findings have shed new light on the physiological role of vitamin E and suggest that it has a much broader array of biological activities than originally expected. In addition to its well described role as an antioxidant, it is becoming evident that vitamin E also can modulate the immune system, suppress local and chronic inflammation, reduce blood coagulation and thrombus formation, and enhance cell function and survival. This review summarises new findings from in vitro studies and discusses their potential relevance in human atherosclerosis.
Are the Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations in Winter Associated with Forearm Bone Mineral Density in Healthy Elderly Japanese Women?
Authors: Nakamura Kazutoshi , Nashimoto Mitsue , Yamamoto Masaharu
Published: January 2006

The objective of this study was to investigate whether the serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) concentrations in winter are associated with the BMD in elderly Japanese women. The subjects were 117 healthy elderly Japanese women. Serum 25(OH)D concentrations were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Forearm BMD in the non-dominant arm was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) using a DTX-200 Osteometer. The mean age of the subjects was 66.1 (SD 6.5) years (range: 46–80). The average 25(OH)D concentration was 59.1 nmol/L (SD 16.1), and five of the subjects had low 25(OH)D concentrations (< 30 nmol/L). Forearm BMD decreased linearly with age (r2 = 0.275). There was no linear association between the serum 25(OH)D concentrations and the forearm BMD (p = 0.9483). Multiple regression analysis did not reveal any association between the two (p = 0.5318) when age (p < 0.0001, r2 = 0.271) and weight (p < 0.0001, r2 = 0.153) were taken into account. Our cross-sectional study failed to reveal any association between the serum 25(OH)D concentrations and the forearm BMD in elderly Japanese women, suggesting that 25(OH)D does not play an important role in the determination of BMD. A follow-up study should be conducted to confirm the results of our cross-sectional study.
Vitamin B-12-Deficiency Affects Immunoglobulin Production and Cytokine Levels in Mice
Authors: Funada Ulala , Wada Masahiro , Kawata Tetsunori , Mori Kazumi , Tamai Hiroko , Isshiki Tomoko , Onoda Junko , Tanaka Nobuo , Tadokoro Tadahiro , Maekawa Akio
Published: January 2006

To clarify the role of B-12 in the immunological function, serum C3, IgM, IgG, IgE contents, splenocytes expression of CD4, CD8, and CD4 positive intracellular IFN-gamma and IL-4 were examined in B-12-deficient mice, and the effect of the administration of CH3-B-12 was also studied. Serum C3, IgM and IgG contents were lower in B-12-deficient mice than in the control mice. On the other hand, serum IgE content was sinificantly higher in B-12-deficient mice, and the value in CH3-B-12 administered mice, administered CH3-B-12 to B-12-deficient mice for 48 h before the end of feeding period, showed a tendency to recovery. CD4+CD8– cells and CD4+CD8–/CD4–CD8+ ratio in splenocytes were significantly higher in B-12-deficient mice than in control mice. CD4+IFN-gamma+ cells was significantly lower in B-12-deficient mice than in control mice, and CD4+IL-4+ was significantly higher in B-12-deficient mice than in control mice. These results suggest that B-12-deficiency causes CD4+CD8–T cells shift from the T helper type 1 to the T helper type 2, which participate in the IgE production and elevates CD4+CD8–/CD4–CD8+ ratio. Thus, B-12 plays a role in maintaining the immune function in mice.
Effects of transient neonatal Hyperthyrotropinemia on Intellectual quotient and psychomotor performance
Authors: Azizi Fereidoun , Afkhami Mohamed , Sarshar Aezam , Nafarabadi Mahtalat
Published: January 2006

Transient neonatal hyperthyrotropinemia (TNH) occurs frequently in areas of iodine deficiency. To evaluate the effect of TNH in intellectual function and psychomotor performance, a historical cohohrt study was performed in 9 years old children with documented TNH at birth. 18 children with TNH who had been born in Mahdieh Hospital were studied at age 9 and compared to 19 matcheal children born at the same time, but having normal thyroid function at birth. Global intelligence (IQ) and psychomotor performance were evaluated with Raven and Bender-Gestalt tests, respectively. Total serum T4 and T3 by commercial RIA and TSH by IRMA. Urine was tested for iodine content by digestion method. Height and weight were similar in two groups at birth and at 9 years of age. Thyroid function tests were similar in the two groups except for TSH at birth which was higher in TNH than in control group (23.4 ± 8.3 vs 3.6 ± 1.0 mU/L, P < 0.001). Results of T4, T3, resine uptake, and urinary iodine at 9 years of age were not different between two groups. Mean IQ was 98 ± 11 and 106 ± 8 in TNH and normal children, respectively (P < 0.01). There was no significant difference between psychomotor performance in the two groups. There was no correlation between TSH at birth and IQ at 9 years of age. The present finding suggests that TNH can adversely affect longterm intellectual development.
Serum Leptin and Lipid Profiles in Thai Obese and Overweight Subjects
Authors: Tungtrongchitr Rungsunn , Pongpaew Praneet , Phonrat Benjaluck , Tribunyatkul Siriwan , Viroonudomphol Duangkamol , Supawan Venus , Jintaridhi Pornrutsami , Lertchavanakul Ariya , Vudhivai Niyomsri , Schelp Frank Peter
Published: January 2006

The weight, height, body mass index (BMI), waist/hip ratio, serum leptin and lipid profiles of 48 overweight (BMI _ 25.00) Thai males and 166 overweight Thai females, compared with 26 males and 81 females in a control group (BMI = 18.5–24.9 kg/m2), were investigated. Subjects for the study were those persons who turned up regularly for physical check-ups at the out-patient department, general practice section of the Rajvithi Hospital, Bangkok. The study was conducted between March–October, 1998. Statistically significantly higher levels of serum leptin, cholesterol, LDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C ratio and triglyceride were found in the overweight compared with the control subjects. The median serum leptin concentration in overweight subjects was 19.6 (2.0–60.0 ng/ml) compared with 9.0 (range 1.0–30.0 ng/ml) in the control subjects (p < 0.001). The median values of leptin serum concentrations in the overweight and obese males were significantly higher than those of the overweight and obese females. A total of 66.7% (32 out of 48) of the overweight and obese males had elevated leptin levels, while elevated leptin levels were found in 87.3% (145 out of 166) of the overweight and obese females. A total of 18.8% and 21.1% of the overweight and obese males and females respectively had cholesterol concentrations of _ 6.48 mmol/l. However, the prevalence of low HDL-C (HDL-C _ 0.91 mmol/l) was found to be 41.7% in the overweight and obese males and 4.2% in the overweight and obese females. Statistically significant associations were found between weight, height, BMI, waist, hip, waist/hip ratio, HDL-C, and serum leptin in both overweight male and female subjects. A negative correlation was found between serum leptin and LDL-C/HDL-C ratio in both the overweight and obese subjects.
Effect of Supplemental Methionine on Plasma Homocysteine Concentrations in Healthy Men: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Ward Mary , McNulty Helene , McPartlin Joseph , Strain J. J. , Weir Donald G. , Scott John M.
Published: January 2006

Hyperhomocysteinaemia is an established risk factor for vascular disease. The only source of homocysteine in humans is the amino acid methionine found in dietary protein. In an 8-week study, fasting plasma homocysteine concentrations were examined in a group of healthy male subjects (n = 6) under usual dietary conditions (weeks 1–4) and in response to weekly graded (25, 50 and 75mg/kg/d) supplementary methionine (weeks 5, 6, 7). Nutrient intakes, including methionine, were calculated from 4¥3 day food records. Under usual dietary conditions (mean methionine intake; 0.95 ± 0.51 mg/d) weekly mean plasma homocysteine concentrations for the group were not significantly different (ANOVA) from each other ranging from 6.82 ± 1.77 to 9.42 ± 2.73 mmol/l. Doubling (supplementing with 25 mg/kg/d; + 2.04 g/d) or quadrupling (50 mg/kg/d; + 4.08 g/d) methionine intakes did not result in a significant increase in plasma homocysteine (8.56 ± 3.68 mmol/l and 13.37 ± 5.09 mmol/l respectively). A significant increase, however, was achieved when diets were supplemented with methionine at the highest level of 75 mg/kg/d (+ 6.14 g/d) resulting in a mean plasma homocysteine concentration of 18.05 ± 11.8 mmol/l. Mean plasma homocysteine concentration returned to baseline (8.76 ± 3.42 mmol/l), 10 days post-supplementation. The results of this study indicate that an increased dietary methionine will only cause elevated fasting homocysteine concentrations if ingested at intakes equivalent to five times usual intake. Because it is very unlikely that such levels could be achieved through dietary means alone we conclude that plasma homocysteine is unlikely to be affected by longer-term changes in food methionine intake.