bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Role of α‐Synuclein in Both Neuroprotection and Neurodegeneration
Authors: SIDHU ANITA , WERSINGER CHRISTOPHE , MOUSSA CHARBEL E‐H. , VERNIER PHILIPPE
Published: January 2005

Abstract: Although α‐synuclein is a central player in the pathophysiology of the dopaminergic neurodegeneration that occurs in Parkinson's disease (PD), emerging results suggest that the fundamental property of the wild‐type form of this protein may be one of neuroprotection, as it can inhibit apoptosis in response to various pro‐apoptotic stimuli. Such properties may be lost by its familial PD‐linked mutations upon alterations in its expression levels or clearance (overexpression of the gene, reduced protein degradation) or following exposure to certain neurotoxins. Moreover, converging observations suggest that a primary function for α‐synuclein in dopaminergic neurons may be the regulation of dopamine content and tone at the synapse. In this paper, we review how, indeed, α‐synuclein regulates both the synthesis of dopamine, its storage into vesicles, its release in the synapse, and its re‐uptake into the dopaminergic neurons. We also show how disruption of these events, and of the neuroprotective effects of α‐synuclein, can initiate the observed neurotoxicity of α‐synuclein in dopaminergic neurons and the genesis of the degenerative processes associated with PD.
Cooperative Ideas about Cooperative Strategies
Authors: BARGER STEVEN W.
Published: January 2005

Abstract: There is little precedence for rational design of pharmacological strategies that utilize multiple sites of action. However, such pharmaceutical and nutraceutical multitasking may be just the ticket to combat the multifactorial nature of neurodegeneration. This paper summarizes the discussion on several cooperative ideas, particularly on intellectual property issue, current research funding status, and limitations of public and private funding.
Outcome Predictors for the Increasing PSA State After Definitive External-Beam Radiotherapy for Prostate Cancer
Authors: Zelefsky Michael J. , Ben-Porat Leah , Scher Howard I. , Chan Heather M. , Fearn Paul A. , Fuks Zvi Y. , Leibel Steven A. , Venkatraman E.S.
Published: January 2005

Purpose

To identify predictors of distant metastases (DM) among patients who develop an isolated prostate-specific antigen (PSA) relapse after definitive external-beam radiotherapy for clinically localized prostate cancer.

Materials and Methods

A total of 1,650 patients with clinical stage T1 to T3 prostate cancer were treated with high-dose three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy. Of these, 381 patients subsequently developed three consecutive increasing PSA values and were characterized as having a biochemical relapse. The median follow-up time was 92 months from the completion of radiotherapy.

Results

The 5-year incidence of DM after an established PSA relapse was 29%. In a multivariate analysis, PSA doubling time (PSA-DT; P < .001), the clinical T stage (P < .001), and Gleason score (P = .007) were independent variables predicting for DM after established biochemical failure. The PSA-DT for favorable-, intermediate-, and unfavorable-risk patients who developed a biochemical failure was 20.0, 13.2, and 8.2 months, respectively (P < .001). The 3-year incidence of DM for patients with PSA-DT of 0 to 3, 3 to 6, 6 to 12, and more than 12 months was 49%, 41%, 20%, and 7%, respectively (P < .001). Patients with PSA-DT of 0 to 3 and 3 to 6 months demonstrated a 7.0 and 6.6 increased hazard of developing DM or death, respectively, compared with patients with a DT more than 12 months.

Conclusion

In addition to clinical stage and Gleason score, PSA-DT was a powerful predictor of DM among patients who develop an isolated PSA relapse after external-beam radiotherapy for prostate cancer. Patients who develop biochemical relapse with PSA-DT ≤ 6 months should be considered for systemic therapy or experimental protocols because of the high propensity for rapid DM development.
Changes in Body Fat and Weight After a Breast Cancer Diagnosis: Influence of Demographic, Prognostic, and Lifestyle Factors
Authors: Irwin Melinda L. , McTiernan Anne , Baumgartner Richard N. , Baumgartner Kathy B. , Bernstein Leslie , Gilliland Frank D. , Ballard-Barbash Rachel
Published: January 2005

Purpose

Obese women and women who gain weight after a breast cancer diagnosis are at a greater risk for breast cancer recurrence and death compared with lean women and women who do not gain weight after diagnosis. In this population-based study, we assessed weight and body fat changes from during the first year of diagnosis to during the third year after diagnosis, and whether any changes in weight and body fat varied by demographic, prognostic, and lifestyle factors in 514 women with incident Stage 0-IIIA breast cancer.

Methods

Patients were participants in the Health, Eating, Activity, and Lifestyle (HEAL) study. Weight and body fat (via dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scans) were measured during the baseline visit and 2 years later at a follow-up visit. Analysis of covariance methods were used to obtain mean weight and body fat changes adjusted for potential cofounders.

Results

Women increased their weight and percent body fat by 1.7 ± 4.7 kg and 2.1% ± 3.9%, respectively, from during their first year of diagnosis to during their third year of diagnosis. A total of 68% and 74% of patients gained weight and body fat, respectively. Greater increases in weight were observed among women diagnosed with a higher disease stage, younger age, being postmenopausal, and women who decreased their physical activity from diagnosis to up to 3 years after diagnosis (P for trend < .05).

Conclusion

Weight and body fat increased in the postdiagnosis period. Future research should focus on the effect of physical activity on weight and fat loss and breast cancer prognosis.
Molecular Classification of Tamoxifen-Resistant Breast Carcinomas by Gene Expression Profiling
Authors: Jansen Maurice P.H.M. , Foekens John A. , van Staveren Iris L. , Dirkzwager-Kiel Maaike M. , Ritstier Kirsten , Look Maxime P. , Meijer-van Gelder Marion E. , Sieuwerts Anieta M. , Portengen Henk , Dorssers Lambert C.J. , Klijn Jan G.M. , Berns Els M.J.J.
Published: January 2005

Purpose

To discover a set of markers predictive for the type of response to endocrine therapy with the antiestrogen tamoxifen using gene expression profiling.

Patients and Methods

The study was performed on 112 estrogen receptor–positive primary breast carcinomas from patients with advanced disease and clearly defined types of response (ie, 52 patients with objective response v 60 patients with progressive disease) from start of first-line treatment with tamoxifen. Main clinical end points are the effects of therapy on tumor size and time until tumor progression (progression-free survival [PFS]). RNA isolated from tumor samples was amplified and hybridized to 18,000 human cDNA microarrays.

Results

Using a training set of 46 breast tumors, 81 genes were found to be differentially expressed (P ≤ .05) between tamoxifen-responsive and -resistant tumors. These genes were involved in estrogen action, apoptosis, extracellular matrix formation, and immune response. From the 81 genes, a predictive signature of 44 genes was extracted and validated on an independent set of 66 tumors. This 44-gene signature is significantly superior (odds ratio, 3.16; 95% CI, 1.10 to 9.11; P = .03) to traditional predictive factors in univariate analysis and also significantly related with a longer PFS in univariate (hazard ratio, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.31 to 0.94; P = .03) as well as in multivariate analyses (P = .03).

Conclusion

Our data show that gene expression profiling can be used to discriminate between breast cancer patients with progressive disease and objective response to tamoxifen. Additional studies are needed to confirm if the predictive signature might allow identification of individual patients who could benefit from other (adjuvant) endocrine therapies.
Validation and Extension of the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Prognostic Factors Model for Survival in Patients With Previously Untreated Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Mekhail Tarek M. , Abou-Jawde Rony M. , BouMerhi Gabriel , Malhi Sareena , Wood Laura , Elson Paul , Bukowski Ronald
Published: January 2005

Purpose

To validate the Motzer et al prognostic factors model for survival in patients with previously untreated metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and to identify additional independent prognostic factors.

Patients and Methods

Data were collected on 353 previously untreated metastatic RCC patients enrolled onto clinical trials between 1987 and 2002.

Results

Four of the five prognostic factors identified by Motzer were independent predictors of survival. In addition, prior radiotherapy and presence of hepatic, lung, and retroperitoneal nodal metastases were found to be independent prognostic factors. Using the number of metastatic sites as surrogate for individual sites (none or one v two or three sites), Motzer’s definitions of risk groups were expanded to accommodate these two additional prognostic factors. Using this expanded criteria, favorable risk is defined as zero or one poor prognostic factor, intermediate risk is two poor prognostic factors, and poor risk is more than two poor prognostic factors. According to Motzer’s definitions, 19% of patients were favorable risk, 70% were intermediate risk, and 11% were poor risk; median overall survival times for these groups were 28.6, 14.6, and 4.5 months, respectively (P < .0001). Using the expanded criteria, 37% of patients were favorable risk, 35% were intermediate risk, and 28% were poor risk; median overall survival times of these groups were 26.0, 14.4, and 7.3 months, respectively (P < .0001).

Conclusion

These data validate the model described by Motzer et al. Additional independent prognostic factors identified were prior radiotherapy and sites of metastasis. Incorporation of these additional prognostic factors into the Motzer et al model can help better define favorable risk, intermediate risk, and poor risk patients.
Review of Exercise Intervention Studies in Cancer Patients
Authors: Galvão Daniel A. , Newton Robert U.
Published: January 2005

Purpose

To present an overview of exercise interventions in cancer patients during and after treatment and evaluate dose-training response considering type, frequency, volume, and intensity of training along with expected physiological outcomes.

Methods

The review is divided into studies that incorporated cardiovascular training, combination of cardiovascular, resistance, and flexibility training, and resistance training alone during and after cancer management. Criteria for inclusion were based on studies sourced from electronic and nonelectronic databases and that incorporated preintervention and postintervention assessment with statistical analysis of data.

Results

Twenty-six published studies were summarized. The majority of the studies demonstrate physiological and psychological benefits. However, most of these studies suffer limitations because they are not randomized controlled trials and/or use small sample sizes. Predominantly, studies have been conducted with breast cancer patients using cardiovascular training rather than resistance exercise as the exercise modality. Recent evidence supports use of resistance exercise or “anabolic exercise” during cancer management as an exercise mode to counteract side effects of the disease and treatment.

Conclusion

Evidence underlines the preliminary positive physiological and psychological benefits from exercise when undertaken during or after traditional cancer treatment. As such, other cancer groups, in addition to those with breast cancer, should also be included in clinical trials to address more specifically dose-response training for this population. Contemporary resistance training designs that provide strong anabolic effects for muscle and bone may have an impact on counteracting some of the side effects of cancer management assisting patients to improve physical function and quality of life.
Molecular and Clinical Analysis of Locally Advanced Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans Treated With Imatinib: Imatinib Target Exploration Consortium Study B2225
Authors: McArthur Grant A. , Demetri George D. , van Oosterom Allan , Heinrich Michael C. , Debiec-Rychter Maria , Corless Christopher L. , Nikolova Zariana , Dimitrijevic Sasa , Fletcher Jonathan A.
Published: January 2005

Purpose

The cutaneous malignant tumor dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is typically associated with a translocation between chromosomes 17 and 22 that places the platelet-derived growth factor–B (PDGFB) under the control of the collagen 1A1 promoter. The purpose of this study was to evaluate molecular, cytogenetic, and kinase activation profiles in a series of DFSPs and to determine whether these biologic parameters are correlated with the clinical responses of DFSP to imatinib.

Patients and Methods

We analyzed the objective radiologic and clinical response to imatinib at 400 mg twice daily in eight patients with locally advanced DFSP and two patients with metastatic disease.

Results

Each of eight patients with locally advanced DFSP had evidence of t(17;22) and showed a clinical response to imatinib. Four of these patients had complete clinical responses. The two patients with metastatic disease had fibrosarcomatous histology and karyotypes that were substantially more complex than those typically associated with localized DFSP. One patient with metastatic DFSP and an associated t(17;22) had a partial response to imatinib but experienced disease progression after 7 months of therapy. In contrast, the other patient with metastatic disease had a tumor lacking t(17;22), and there was no clinical response to imatinib. Unexpectedly, there was minimal platelet-derived growth factor receptor–beta phosphorylation in the untreated DFSP, despite the documented presence of a PDGFB autocrine mechanism.

Conclusion

Imatinib has clinical activity against both localized and metastatic DFSP with t(17;22). However, fibrosarcomatous variants of DFSP lacking t(17;22) may not respond to imatinib.
Evaluation of Tamoxifen and Anastrozole in the Prevention of Gynecomastia and Breast Pain Induced by Bicalutamide Monotherapy of Prostate Cancer
Authors: Boccardo F. , Rubagotti A. , Battaglia M. , Di Tonno P. , Selvaggi F.P. , Conti G. , Comeri G. , Bertaccini A. , Martorana G. , Galassi P. , Zattoni F. , Macchiarella A. , Siragusa A. , Muscas G. , Durand F. , Potenzoni D. , Manganelli A. , Ferraris V. , Montefiore F.
Published: January 2005

Purpose

To determine whether tamoxifen or anastrozole prevents gynecomastia and breast pain caused by bicalutamide (150 mg) without compromising efficacy, safety, or sexual functioning.

Patients and Methods

A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was performed in patients with localized, locally advanced, or biochemically recurrent prostate cancer. Patients (N = 114) were randomly assigned to either bicalutamide (150 mg/d) plus placebo or in combination with tamoxifen (20 mg/d) or anastrozole (1 mg/d) for 48 weeks. Gynecomastia, breast pain, prostate-specific antigen (PSA), sexual functioning, and serum levels of hormones were assessed.

Results

Gynecomastia developed in 73% of patients in the bicalutamide group, 10% of patients in the bicalutamide-tamoxifen group, and 51% of patients in the bicalutamide-anastrozole group (P < .001); breast pain developed in 39%, 6%, and 27% of patients, respectively (P = .006). Baseline PSA level decreased by ≥ 50% in 97%, 97%, and 83% of patients in the bicalutamide, bicalutamide-tamoxifen, and bicalutamide-anastrozole groups, respectively (P = .07); and adverse events were reported in 37%, 35%, and 69% of patients, respectively (P = .004). There were no major differences among treatments in sexual functioning parameters from baseline to month 6. Elevated testosterone levels occurred in each group; however, free testosterone levels remained unchanged in the bicalutamide-tamoxifen group because of increased sex hormone–binding globulin levels.

Conclusion

Anastrozole did not significantly reduce the incidence of bicalutamide-induced gynecomastia and breast pain. In contrast, tamoxifen was effective, without increasing adverse events, at least in the short-term follow-up. These data support the need for a larger study to determine any effect on mortality.
Lymphatic Vessel Invasion As a Prognostic Factor in Patients With Primary Resected Adenocarcinomas of the Esophagogastric Junction
Authors: von Rahden Burkhard H.A. , Stein Hubert J. , Feith Marcus , Becker Karen , Siewert J. Rüdiger
Published: January 2005

Purpose

To evaluate the value of lymphatic vessel invasion (LVI) as a predictor of survival in patients with primary resected adenocarcinomas of the esophagogastric junction (AEG).

Patients and Methods

We prospectively evaluated 459 patients undergoing primary surgical resection for tumors of the esophagogastric junction at our institution between 1992 and 2000 (180 adenocarcinomas of the distal esophagus, AEG I; 140 carcinomas of the cardia, AEG II; and 139 subcardial gastric cancers, AEG III). Median follow-up was 36.8 months. The prevalence of LVI was evaluated by two independent pathologists. Univariate and multivariate analysis of prognostic factors was performed.

Results

The total rate of LVI was 49.9%, with a significant difference between AEG I (38.9%) and AEGII/III (57.0%, P = .0002). Univariate analysis showed a significant correlation between LVI and T category (P < .0001), N category (P < .0001), and resection status (R [residual tumor] category; P < .0001). This was shown for the group of all AEG tumors, as well as for the subgroups AEG I and AEG II/III. On multivariate analysis, LVI was identified as a significant and independent prognostic factor (P = .050) in the population of all patients and in patients with AEG II/III, but not in the subgroup with AEG I.

Conclusion

These data demonstrate the prognostic significance of LVI in patients with AEG tumors, with marked differences between the subgroups AEG I versus AEG II/III. The lower prevalence and lack of prognostic significance of LVI in AEG I might be explained by inflammation involved in the pathogenesis of this entity.
Individualized Predictions of Disease Progression Following Radiation Therapy for Prostate Cancer
Authors: Taylor Jeremy M.G. , Yu Menggang , Sandler Howard M.
Published: January 2005

Purpose

Following treatment for localized prostate cancer, men are monitored with serial prostate-specific antigen (PSA) measurements. Refining the predictive value of post-treatment PSA determinations may add to clinical management, and we have developed a model that predicts future PSA values and the time to future clinical recurrence for individual patients.

Patients and Methods

Data from 934 patients treated between 1987 and 2000 were used to develop a comprehensive statistical model to fit the clinical recurrence events and patterns of PSA data. A logistic model was used for the probability of cure, mixed models were used for serial PSA measurements, and a proportional hazards model was used for recurrences. Data available through February 2001 were fit to the model, and data collected between February 2001 and September 2003 were used for validation.

Results

T-stage, baseline PSA, and radiotherapy dosage are all associated with probability of cure. The risk of clinical recurrence in those not cured is strongly affected by the slope of PSA values. We show how the model can be used for individual monitoring of disease progression. For each patient the model predicts, based on baseline characteristics and all post-treatment PSA values, the probability of future clinical recurrences and future PSA values. The model accurately predicts risk of recurrence and future PSA values in the validation data set.

Conclusion

This predictive information on future PSA values and the risk of clinical relapse for each individual patient, which can be updated with each additional PSA value, may prove useful to patients and physicians in determining post-treatment salvage strategies.
High-Throughput Mitochondrial Genome Screening Method for Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer Using Multiplexed Temperature Gradient Capillary Electrophoresis
Authors: Girald-Rosa Willie , Vleugels Ruth A , Musiek Amy C , Sligh James E
Published: January 2005

Background:We explored the utility of multiplexed temperature gradient capillary electrophoresis (TGCE) as a screening tool for identifying genetic changes in the human mitochondrial genome. We examined changes in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in nonmelanoma skin cancers (NMSCs), using TGCE to resolve genetic differences contained within the tumors compared with the control DNA.

Methods: The entire mtDNA from NMSC tissue samples was amplified in 17 overlapping amplicons averaging 1.1 kb in size. Fourteen of these amplicons were digested with restriction endonucleases into as many as five smaller analyzable fragments. Digested tumor mtDNA amplicons were annealed with digested amplicons from the control DNA to form heteroduplexes in regions of DNA mismatch. TGCE was performed in a 96-well parallel format to detect mtDNA changes in a high-throughput fashion.

Results: TGCE resolved heteroduplexes from homoduplexes in singlet reactions and in multiplexed assays. Using a single programmed temperature gradient, we detected 18 of 20 mtDNA changes contained within the specimens. This system was also able to detect a single nucleotide change in a fragment as large as 2 kb.

Conclusion: Multiplexed TGCE is a sensitive and high-throughput screening tool for identifying mtDNA variations.
Prediction of Liver Fibrosis and Cirrhosis in Chronic Hepatitis B Infection by Serum Proteomic Fingerprinting: A Pilot Study
Authors: Poon Terence CW , Hui Alex Y , Chan Henry LY , Ang Irene Ling , Chow Shuk Man , Wong Nathalie , Sung Joseph JY
Published: January 2005

Background: Most noninvasive predictive models of liver fibrosis are complicated and have suboptimal sensitivity. This study was designed to identify serum proteomic signatures associated with liver fibrosis and to develop a proteome-based fingerprinting model for prediction of liver fibrosis.

Methods: Serum proteins from 46 patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) were profiled quantitatively on surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization (SELDI) ProteinChip arrays. The identified liver fibrosis-associated proteomic fingerprint was used to construct an artificial neural network (ANN) model that produced a fibrosis index with a range of 0–6. The clinical value of this index was evaluated by leave-one-out cross-validation.

Results: Thirty SELDI proteomic features were significantly associated with the degree of fibrosis. Cross-validation showed that the ANN fibrosis indices derived from the proteomic fingerprint strongly correlated with Ishak scores (r = 0.831) and were significantly different among stages of fibrosis. ROC curve areas in predicting significant fibrosis (Ishak score ≥3) and cirrhosis (Ishak score ≥5) were 0.906 and 0.921, respectively. At 89% specificity, the sensitivity of the ANN fibrosis index in predicting fibrosis was 89%. The sensitivity for prediction increased with degree of fibrosis, achieving 100% for patients with Ishak scores >4. The accuracy for prediction of cirrhosis was also 89%. Inclusion of International Normalized Ratio, total protein, bilirubin, alanine transaminase, and hemoglobin in the ANN model improved the predictive power, giving accuracies >90% for the prediction of fibrosis and cirrhosis.

Conclusions: A unique serum proteomic fingerprint is present in the sera of patients with fibrosis. An ANN fibrosis index derived from this fingerprint could differentiate between different stages of fibrosis and predict fibrosis and cirrhosis in CHB infection.
Effect of Adiponectin Gene Polymorphisms on Circulating Adiponectin and Insulin Resistance Indexes in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Authors: Xita Nectaria , Georgiou Ioannis , Chatzikyriakidou Anthoula , Vounatsou Maria , Papassotiriou Gerasimos-Peter , Papassotiriou Ioannis , Tsatsoulis Agathocles
Published: January 2005

Background: We examined the possible association of adiponectin gene polymorphisms with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and their influence on serum adiponectin and insulin resistance indexes in Greek women with PCOS.

Methods: We genotyped samples from 100 women with PCOS characterized with respect to body mass index (BMI), glucose and insulin concentrations during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), lipid profile, and serum adiponectin concentrations and from 140 healthy controls for the 45T>G and 276G>T polymorphisms in the adiponectin gene.

Results: The distributions of genotypes and alleles of both polymorphisms were no different in women with PCOS and controls, indicating that the individual polymorphisms are not associated with increased risk for PCOS. However, the two polymorphisms were found to be associated with insulin resistance indexes among women with PCOS and to influence adiponectin production. In particular, carriers of the TG genotype at position +45 had greater hyperinsulinemia, as estimated by the area under the curve for insulin (AUCinsulin) during the OGTT, than those with the TT genotype (P <0.05), and this was independent of age and BMI. In addition, women with PCOS with the GG or GT genotypes at position +276 had a higher BMI (P = 0.01) and greater AUCinsulin (P = 0.01) than carriers of the TT genotype. The latter genotype was found less frequently among overweight/obese women with PCOS than in normal-weight individuals (P = 0.002). In addition, the presence of the GG or GT genotype was associated with lower serum adiponectin than the TT genotype, independent of age, BMI, and insulin concentrations (P = 0.03). Serum adiponectin was negatively correlated with serum triglycerides and insulin resistance indexes and positively with HDL-cholesterol.

Conclusions: Adiponectin gene polymorphisms at positions +45 and +276 are not associated with PCOS. However, these genomic variants may influence production of adiponectin and the metabolic variables related to insulin resistance/metabolic syndrome in patients with PCOS.
Provocations of European Ethnology
Authors: Asad Talal , Fernandez James W. , Herzfeld Michael , Lass Andrew , Rogers Susan Carol , Schneider Jane , Verdery Katherine
Published: January 2005

What is the relevance of Europeanist ethnography for anthropological theory generally? Considering a region usually regarded as the source rather than an object of anthropology and colonialism alike, seven anthropologists reflexively address, inter alia, the implications of studying spaces already deeply explored by other disciplines, the potential of economic history to defamiliarize Eurocentric models and of recent events to illuminate such concepts as state and market, the meaning of "West" as a specific locus of power and reification, the limits of the "local" as the focus of ethnography, and the tensions among politically and culturally disparate entities within emergent ideologies of cultural unity.
Turks in the New Germany
Authors: White Jenny B.
Published: January 2005

The Turkish community in Germany is fractured along ethnic, class, religious, and generational lines, although the practice of reciprocity provides stability and continuity in ethnic identification. Turks are also categorized by German discourses, which shifted after reunification, incorporating Turks into an anxiety‐laden east‐west problematic. Turkish responses to antiforeigner violence reflect ethnicity both as category and as practice: withdrawal behind communal boundaries or creation of a transnational creole ethnic self around the practice of reciprocity.
Chto Delat'? Ethnography in the Post‐Soviet Cultural Context
Authors: Rethmann Petra
Published: January 2005

The article takes up issues of doing ethnography in the post‐Soviet context. Exploring some of the pressing questions revolving around post‐Soviet ethnography such as nationalism and identity, it also touches on problems of gender and sexuality. This article is offered as an overview of challenges to post‐Soviet ethnography and intends to furnish new ideas for anthropological studies in the post‐Soviet context.
The State of the Discipline in Russia: Interviews with Russian Anthropologists
Authors: Elfimov Alexei
Published: January 2005

Interviews with four Russian anthropologists during the fall of 1995 reveal that the discipline in Russia is undergoing a crisis of identity. Due to changing political and cultural realities, there has been growing uncertainty about the aims, methods, and object of the discipline, as well as about its place within the human sciences. The author believes that Russian anthropology is at the moment unable to situate itself safely in the face of the changes and uncertainties.
Ethnic Minorities and the Case for Collective Rights
Authors: Thompson Richard H.
Published: January 2005

This essay reviews current debates in philosophical liberalism and international law concerning "collective" or group rights and argues that, under certain circumstances, they should be recognized as a means of protecting and preserving ethnic minority cultures from various actions and policies pursued by the states in which they reside. A classification of different ethnic minorities and the rights that adhere to them are suggested. Anthropologists are urged to address rights issues in their writings and provide the ethnographic grounding that is often lacking in discourses on collective rights.
Dislocating Ethnographic Film: In and Out of Africa and Issues of Cultural Representation
Authors: Nichols Bill
Published: January 2005

In and Out of Africa. 1992. 59 minutes, color. Produced and directed by Ilisa Barbash and Lucien Taylor. Original research by Christopher Steiner. Featuring Gabai Baaré. University of California Extension, Center for Media and Independent Learning, 2000 Center St., 4th Floor, Berkeley, CA 94704. (510) 642‐0460.
Telling the Truth in Difficult Times: Malaysian Anthropologists and Orang Asli
Authors: Dentan Robert Knox , Charles Ismail
Published: January 2005

Tradisi lisan masyarakat semai. Juli Edo. Monograf Fakulti Sains Kemasyarakatan dan Kemanusiaan, 16. Bangi: Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. 1990. 136 pp.

Indigenous Minorities of Peninsular Malaysia: Selected Issues and Ethnographies. Razha Rashid. ed. Kuala Lumpur: Intersocietal and Scientific Sdn. Bhd. (INAS), 1995. 183 pp.

Pathway to Dependence: Commodity Relations and the Dissolution of Semai Society. Colin Nicholas. Monash Papers on Southeast Asia, 33. Clayton, Australia: Centre of Southeast Asian Studies, Monash University, 1994. 130 pp.

Regional Development in Rural Malaysia and the "Tribal Question." Zawawi Ibrahim. Hull, Canada: University of Hull Centre for South‐East Asian Studies, 1995. 60 pp.

Kami bukan anti‐pembangunan! (Bicara Orang Asli menuju wawasan 2020). Zawawi Ibrahim. ed. Bangi: Jabatan Antropologi dan Sociology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 1996. 145 pp.
Changing Fortunes: Biodiversity and Peasant Livelihood in the Peruvian Andes
Authors: Chibnik Michael
Published: January 2005

Changing Fortunes: Biodiversity and Peasant Livelihood in the Peruvian Andes. Karl S. Zimmerer. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996. 308 pp.
Gulf Coast Soundings: People and Policy in the Mississippi Shrimp Industry
Authors: Meltzoff Sarah Keene
Published: January 2005

Gulf Coast Soundings: People and Policy in the Mississippi Shrimp Industry. E. Paul Durrenberger. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1996.170 pp.
Merit and Blessing in Mainland Southeast Asia in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Mahmood Cynthia
Published: January 2005

Merit and Blessing in Mainland Southeast Asia in Comparative Perspective. Cornelia Ann Kammerer and Nicola Tannenbaum. eds. Yale Southeast Asia Studies, 45. New Haven, CT: Yale University Southeast Asia Studies, 1996. 263 pp.
Communities of Faith: Sectarianism, Identity, and Social Change on a Danish Island
Authors: Linde‐Laursen Anders
Published: January 2005

Communities of Faith: Sectarianism, Identity, and Social Change on. Danish Island. Andrew Buckser. New Directions in Anthropology, 5. Providence, RI, and Oxford, England: Berghahn Books, 1996. 264 pp.
Traces behind the Esmeraldas Shore: Prehistory of the Santiago‐Cayapas Region, Ecuador
Authors: Isbell William H.
Published: January 2005

Traces behind the Esmeraldas Shore: Prehistory of the Santiago‐Cayapas Region, Ecuador. Warren R. DeBoer. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1996. 234 pp.
Feminist Dilemmas in Fieldwork
Authors: Gordon Deborah A.
Published: January 2005

Feminist Dilemmas in Fieldwork. Diane Wolf. ed. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1996. 226 pp.
Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, History, and Literature
Authors: Khayatt Didi
Published: January 2005

Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, History, and Literature. Stephen O. Murray and Will Roscoe. with additional contributors. New York and London: New York University Press, 1997. 331 pp.
Cultural Dialectics of Knowledge and Desire
Authors: Keller Janet Dixon
Published: January 2005

Cultural Dialectics of Knowledge and Desire. Charles Nuckolls. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1996. 306 pp.
Remembering the Present: Painting and Popular History in Zaire
Authors: Jules‐Rosette Bennetta
Published: January 2005

Remembering the Present: Painting and Popular History in Zaire. Johannes Fabian. Narrative and paintings by Tshibumba Kanda Matulu. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1996. 348 pp.
Things as They Are: New Directions in Phenomenological Anthroplogy
Authors: Schlesinger Lee I.
Published: January 2005

Things as They Are: New Directions in Phenomenological Anthroplogy. Michael Jackson. ed. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1996. 278 pp.
Moments of Hierarchy: Constructing Social Stratification by Means of Language, Food, Space, and the Body in Pohnpei, Micronesia
Authors: Keating Elizabeth
Published: January 2005

In this paper I examine relationships between multiple semiotic modes used to construct hierarchy, and I show the importance of going beyond our traditional notion of language to look at how social actors employ a range of semiotic resources in organizing and interpreting social relations. Using examples from Pohnpei, Micronesia, I show how notions of superior and inferior are compounded through several sign systems—spatial relations, food sharing, the body, and language. These systems act oppositionally as well as cooperatively to produce situated ideas of social inequality, ideas built out of disequilibrium of bodies in space, of referents in language, and distribution of resources, as well as contradictions in the interactions of these signs. The compounding of signs not only recruits multiple sensory modes and perspectives in the exposition of hierarchical relations, but entails a notion of the contradictory nature of status relations. Using examples from a Pohnpeian feast, I explore the creative interplay of sign systems in the construction of "moments" of hierarchy in a large, public setting and discuss how through the practice of title‐giving, which virtually every adult member of the society participates in, a particular idea of social inequality, built out of multiple sign systems, is mapped onto each body,[language, interaction, politics, Oceania, social stratification, hierarchy]
Katsa Baba: Humorous Dramas
Authors: Conklin Beth A.
Published: January 2005

Katsa Baba: Humorous Dramas. 1999. 28 minutes, color. video by Marcelo Fiorini. For more information, contact Marcelo Fionni, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Hofstra University, 104 Heger Hall, Hempstead, NY 11549, Tel. (516)463‐2423.
African‐American Pioneers in Anthropology
Authors: Baker Lee D.
Published: January 2005

African‐American Pioneers in Anthropology. Ira E. Harrison and Faye V. Harrison. eds. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1999. 296 pp.
The Material Life of Human Beings: Artifacts, Behavior, and Communication
Authors: Byrne Bryan
Published: January 2005

The Material Life of Human Beings: Artifacts, Behavior, and Communication. Michael Brian Schiffer with Andrea R. Miller. New York: Routledge, 1999. 158 pp.
An Anthropology for Contemporaneous Worlds
Authors: Studstill John D.
Published: January 2005

An Anthropology for Contemporaneous Worlds. Marc Augé. Translated by Amy Jacobs. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1999. 144 pp.
Using Methods in the Field: A Practical Introduction and Casebook; Creative Problem Solving in the Field
Authors: Fry Christine L.
Published: January 2005

Using Methods in the Field:. Practical Introduction and Casebook. Victor C. de Munck and Elisa J. Sobo. eds. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press, 1998. 288 pp.

Creative Problem Solving in the Field. William Foote Whyte. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press. 1997. 162 pp.
The Gift of Life: Female Spirituality and Healing in Northern Peru
Authors: Larme Anne C.
Published: January 2005

The Gift of Life: Female Spirituality and Healing in Northern Peru. Bonnie Glass‐Coffin. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1998. 256 pp.
Economic Anthropology
Authors: Bell Duran
Published: January 2005

Economic Anthropology. Stephen Gudeman. ed. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing, Inc., 1998.576 pp.
Postcolonial Developments: Agriculture in the Making of Modern India
Authors: Khare R. S.
Published: January 2005

Postcolonial Developments: Agriculture in the Making of Modern India. Akhil Gupta. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1998. 410 pp.
Sex, Sexuality, and the Anthropologist
Authors: Khandelwal Meena
Published: January 2005

Sex, Sexuality, and the Anthropologist. Fran Markowitz and Michael Ashkenazi. eds. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1999.230 pp.
Gender, Law, and Resistance in India
Authors: Marriott McKim
Published: January 2005

Gender, Law, and Resistance in India. Erin P. Moore. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1998. 206 pp.
New Traditions from Nigeria: Seven Artists of the Nsukka Group
Authors: Jegede Dele
Published: January 2005

New Traditions from Nigeria: Seven Artists of the Nsukka Group. Simon Ottenberg. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1998. 302 pp.
Being There: Fieldwork in Anthropology
Authors: Huang Shu‐Min
Published: January 2005

Being There: Fieldwork in Anthropology. C. W. Watson. ed. Sterling, VA: Pluto Press, 1999. 169 pp.
Morality and Cultural Differences
Authors: Rethmann Petra
Published: January 2005

Morality and Cultural Differences. John W. Cook. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. 204 pp.
Splitting the Difference: Gender and Myth in Ancient Greece and India
Authors: McGrath Kevin
Published: January 2005

Splitting the Difference: Gender and Myth in Ancient Greece and India. Wendy Doniger. Chicago, EL: University of Chicago Press, 1999. 376 pp.
An African Classical Age: Eastern and Southern Africa in World History, 1000 B.C. to A.D 400
Authors: Håkansson N. Thomas
Published: January 2005

An African Classical Age: Eastern and Southern Africa in World History, 1000 B.C. to A.D 400. Christopher Ehret. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1998. 354 pp.
Numbers from Nowhere: The American Indian Contact Population Debate
Authors: Wesson Cameron B.
Published: January 2005

Numbers from Nowhere: The American Indian Contact Population Debate. David Henige. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1998. 532 pp.
The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: Africa
Authors: Turino Thomas
Published: January 2005

The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: Africa. Ruth Stone. ed. New York: Garland, 1998. 852 pp., scores, and CD.
Social Identity and Craft Specialization among Toro Iron Workers in Western Uganda
Authors: Childs S. Terry
Published: January 2005

This ethnographic case study focuses on part‐time independent specialists who mined iron ore, smelted ore into raw iron, and forged raw iron into objects in the pre‐colonial and early colonial polity of Toro in western Uganda. Since a small sub‐set of these iron workers were also attached to the Toro omukdma, or king, the social identities of Toro iron workers in different contexts are explored. Essential to both the effective practice of their craft and to their social identities, however, was the use of esoteric, non‐technical knowledge. Details of the rules and rituals practiced during iron working, as well as the possible archaeological manifestations of such activities, are also examined.
Introduction: Craft and Social Identity
Authors: Costin Cathy Lynne
Published: January 2005

Crafting and craft objects intersect with all cultural domains: economic, social, political, and ritual. Craft goods are social objects that assume an importance beyond household maintenance and reproduction. They signify and legitimize group membership and social roles, and become reserves of wealth, storing intrinsically valuable materials and the labor invested in their manufacture. Specialized craft producers are actors involved in the creation and maintenance of social networks, wealth, and social legitimacy. Artisans and consumers must accept, create or negotiate the social legitimacy of production and the conditions of production and distribution, usually defined in terms of social identity. The nature of that process defines the organization of production and the social relations of production that characterize the relationships between producers and consumers. Without attention to artisan identity, our reconstructions of production systems and explanations for their form and dynamic are destined to be unidimensional and unidirectional, lacking in key elements of social process and social behavior. It is this deficiency in the extant literature we hope to address in this volume.
Craft Production and Social Identity in Northwest Mesopotamia
Authors: Wattenmaker Patricia
Published: January 2005

This paper examines the relationships among the high demand for specialist‐produced goods in early urban society, the roles of those goods in negotiating social identities, the organization of craft production, and the status of craft workers. Textual and archaeological data from mid‐third millennium B.C. northwest Mesopotamia provide insights into three categories of craft goods that were produced by specialists: pottery, textiles and metal objects. Results suggest that the organization of production varied, depending on factors such as the scarcity of the raw materials, the degree of skilled labor required, and the social and political uses of the goods. Similarly, the status of craft workers was highly variable, depending on factors such as who they worked for and the kinds of crafts they produced. The high demand for specialist‐produced craft goods in early urban society, stemming from the importance of goods in negotiating social identities, gave craft workers a vital role in the political economies of early urban societies.
Crafting Social Identity in Ur III Southern Mesopotamia
Authors: Wright Rita P.
Published: January 2005

During the Ur III period in southern Mesopotamia, artisans were engaged in the production of crafts that required enormous technical skill and yet craft production appears not to have been an avenue to prestige and power. This paper draws on archival records from artisan workshops and literary sources to demonstrate the intricate fusion of a powerful political ideology and a rigidly controlled economy in which rulers legitimated their authority at the same time that they suppressed the mobility of craft producers. The establishment of a wide range of economic, social and legal differentiation was based on a state strategy designed to promote efficiency and to achieve control of artisan production. Craft producers during this period negotiated their social identity in a variety of domains that were legal, kinship, ethnic and gender based.
Crafting Cultural Identity in Hunter‐Gatherer Economies
Authors: Sassaman Kenneth E.
Published: January 2005

All economic action is a moment of cultural creation and interpretation. This process occurs, according to classic political‐economic theory, when productive labor is applied to transform matter into socially valued resources. Lacking the material resources so conspicuous in food‐producing economies, hunter‐gatherers are not usually considered transformational, but rather appropriative. This is an unfortunate dichotomy from the standpoint of cultural identity, because the intentionality of labor‐action embodies histories of socially valued relations, if not material resources, that link particular people to land and to one another. Cultural identities are created and transformed in craft production and exchange, among other actions. Although intention cannot be inferred from craft items alone, variation in the context and scale of craft production attests to multivocal expressions of individual and group identity. The crafting of pottery and bannerstones among members of the fourth millennium Stallings Culture of the American Southeast illustrates how gender and kinship may have been manipulated for purposes of alliance building and ethnic identity. Crafting was among the actions used to assert egalitarian relations in Stallings Culture, but judging from the divergent histories of alternative crafts, identities along lines gender, kinship, and ethnicity were routinely contested.
To Defend Our Water with the Blood of Our Veins: The Struggle for Resources in Colonial Puebla
Authors: Perkins Stephen M.
Published: January 2005

To Defend Our Water with the Blood of Our Veins: The Struggle for Resources in Colonial Puebla. Sonya Llpsett‐Rlvera. University of New Mexico Press, 1999.
The Land that Could Be: Environmentalism and Democracy in the Twenty‐First Century
Authors: Johnson Benjamin H.
Published: January 2005

The Land that Could Be: Environmentalism and Democracy in the Twenty‐First Century. William A. Shutkln. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, 2000.
Redesigning Life? The Worldwide Challenge to Genetic Engineering
Authors: Anderson Jan
Published: January 2005

Redesigning Life? The Worldwide Challenge to Genetic Engineering. Brian Tokar. ed. London: Zed Books, 2001.
We Are What We Eat: Ethnic Food and the Making of Americans
Authors: Andreatta, Susan L.
Published: January 2005

We Are What We Eat: Ethnic Food and the Making of Americans. Donna R. Gabaccia. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998.
From the Ground Up: Rethinking Industrial Agriculture
Authors: Imbruce Valerie
Published: January 2005

From the Ground Up:Rethinking Industrial Agriculture. Helena Norberg‐Hodge. Peter Groeing. and John Page. London: Zed Books, 2001.
Shady Practices: Agroforestry and Gender Politics in The Gambia
Authors: Tamir Orit
Published: January 2005

Shady Practices: Agroforestry and Gender Politics in The Gambia. Richard A. Schroeder. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999.
Coming Home At Last: Reunification and Repatriation in Germany
Authors: Feest Christian F.
Published: January 2005

Museum Anthropology, vol. 14, no. 3, p. 27, contained the translation of what must be considered a highly garbled account of one of the most unusual stones in the history of anthropology museums: the impending return to the Museum fur Volkerkunde in Berlin of approximately 45,000 objects that were believed to have perished in the final days of World War II. Here is a more accurate and updated version of what has happened.
The Artist's Complete Health and Safety Guide (1990)
Authors: Anderson Duane
Published: January 2005

The Artist's Complete Health and Safety Guide (1990). Allsworth Press, New York. Distributed by North light Books. 328 pp. 14 figures, 28 tables, bibliography, index, ISBN 0‐927629‐10‐0, $16.95 (paper). North Light Books, 1507 Dana Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45207 (Tel. 800‐289‐0963).