bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Challenges Down the Road
Authors: Hertel Shareen
Published: April 2019

Chapter 5 analyzes the relative degrees of receptivity of local community members in Bonao (Dominican Republic) toward the practice of stakeholder consultation through a comparative case study explicitly designed in relation to the community analyzed in the preceding chapter. Chapter 5 draws on original qualitative interviews with residents of this manufacturing community where textiles are produced (many destined for the collegiate apparel market) and workers are paid a standard minimum wage. The main textile factory in Bonao (Hanes Brands) engages in corporate philanthropy along with worker training in partnership with state agencies. As in the companion case study, listening to people at the grassroots level illuminates the limits of business and human rights promotion strategies, the structural roots of poverty, and the inherent complexity of poor communities central to global supply chains.
Leibniz in Paris
Authors: Nachtomy Ohad
Published: April 2019

The first section of this chapter presents Leibniz’s rejection of infinite number in response to Galileo’s paradox. The next section presents a problem that arises from his resolution of the paradox. The problem is this: if Leibniz regards the notion of infinite number as inconsistent, how is it that he regards the notion of infinite being as consistent? In the third section, the author considers a semantic solution to this problem and concludes that it is appealing but ultimately inadequate. In the fourth section, the author considers a more promising solution—namely that Leibniz distinguishes between different senses of infinity. The chapter concludes with a discussion of Leibniz’s attitude toward infinity vis-à-vis his critique of Descartes’s distinction between the infinite and the indefinite.
Infinity and Unity
Authors: Nachtomy Ohad
Published: April 2019

This chapter explores the connection between infinity and unity. According to Leibniz, any living being admits of both infinite complexity and strict unity. The author develops an analogy between numerical and metaphysical unity: while substantial unities are presupposed by aggregates, a substantial unity is also presupposed by a substance’s infinite qualities, or by its sequence of states and perceptions. This point is exemplified and developed through Leibniz’s use of a law of a series to define an individual substance. The author seeks to show that Leibniz’s qualification of a substance as “one being” is primarily intended to emphasize the essential unity and indivisibility of a substance. This claim can also be expressed by noting that unity per se (or an indivisible unity) implies numerical oneness but not vice versa.
Neighborhood
Authors: Talen Emily
Published: April 2019

This book is written in support of those who believe that neighborhoods should be genuinely relevant in our lives, not as casual descriptors of geographic location but as places that provide an essential context for daily life. “Neighborhood” in its traditional sense—as a localized, place-based, delimited urban area that has some level of personal influence—seems a vanished part of the urban experience. This book explores whether 21st-century neighborhoods can once again provide a sense of caring and local participation and not devolve into enclaves seeking social insularity and separation.
That the localized, diverse neighborhood has often failed to materialize requires thorough exploration. While many factors leading to the decline of the traditional neighborhood—e-commerce, suburban exclusivity, internet-based social contact—seem to be beyond anyone’s control, other factors seem more a product of neglect and confusion about neighborhood definition and its place in American society. Debates about the neighborhood have involved questions about social mix, serviceability, self-containment, centeredness, and connectivity within and without. This book works through these debates and proposes their resolution.
The historical and global record shows that there are durable, time-tested regularities about neighborhoods. Many places outside of the West were built with neighborhood structure in evidence—long before professionalized, Western urban planning came on the scene. This book explores the compelling case that the American neighborhood can be connected to these traditions, anchored in human nature and regularities of form, and reinstated as something relevant and empowering in 21st-century urban experience.
Co-Enrollment Models of Preschool for Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Children in Israel
Authors: Ringwald-Frimerman Dalia , Ingber Sara , Most Tova
Published: April 2019

Studies exploring the effects of early intervention on the development of young deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) children have highlighted several important issues that should be taken into consideration in the design of early intervention programs to achieve optimal development. This chapter describes how the Israeli preschool co-enrollment system has been adapted to meet the multifaceted challenges of integrating preschool DHH children into regular educational environments during the very sensitive developmental period of early childhood. The first section describes the history of preschool co-enrollment classes in Israel and then discusses the unique challenges to DHH interventions in early childhood. The second section presents the preschool educational system for DHH children in Israel and the design and implementation of a range of preschool co-enrollment models.
Bilingual, Inclusive, Mixed-Age Schooling in Vienna
Authors: Kramreiter Silvia , Krausneker Verena
Published: April 2019

In 1993 Austrian law established the option of co-enrollment of pupils with and without disabilities. Simultaneously, the first endeavors with bimodal bilingual schooling of deaf and hard-of-hearing pupils started. This chapter summarizes Austrian experiences with bimodal bilingual education since the 1990s and offers information about its legal and political backdrop. Various models in different regions are summarized, with a focus on Vienna. The current model practiced in Vienna is described in detail: it is bilingual and inclusive, encompasses pupils of mixed ages, and has a progressive teaching philosophy. In Austria, these models always include two teachers per classroom. Mixed-age classes are the answer to low numbers of DHH pupils, and the resulting group inclusion is an alternative to the (socially and linguistically problematic) practice of individual placement of one deaf, sign language-using pupil. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the benefits of and prerequisites for successful bimodal bilingual co-enrollment.
Willie Ross School for the Deaf and Partnership Campus: A Dual-Campus Model of Co-Enrollment
Authors: Abbate Louis
Published: April 2019

This chapter describes a special form of co-enrollment, functioning across classrooms rather than within individual classrooms. The Willie Ross School for the Deaf and Partnership Campus combines a center-based school for the deaf with programming in local public schools, acknowledging the benefits of both. Within the Partnership’s elementary, middle, and high schools, deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) students can be taught either in a Willie Ross School for the Deaf (WRSD) classroom by a teacher of the deaf or a mainstream classroom, with both DHH and hearing peers, taught by a general education teacher with the support of WRSD staff. This model allows DHH students to move among the center-based campus, WRSD classrooms in the Partnership schools, and mainstream classrooms in those schools, as appropriate. The model thus emphasizes that inclusive education should be defined by the services provided, not by the location in which they are provided.
The Growth and Expansion of a Co-Enrollment Program: Teacher, Student, Graduate, and Parent Perspectives
Authors: Kreimeyer Kathryn H. , Drye Cynthia , Metz Kelly
Published: April 2019

In 1995 a principal and a small group of teachers committed to full inclusion for students who are deaf or hard of hearing (DHH) founded a co-enrollment program at a small public school in the Southwestern United States. Established with nine DHH children, this co-enrollment program has expanded to include 49 DHH students from preschool through eighth grade. Information obtained through interviews with teachers, current and former hearing and DHH students, classroom interpreters, and parents of current and former students will describe the components of this program and how it has benefited and impacted participating students, their families, and the school community. The chapter concludes with essential components of a successful co-enrollment program and challenges that may be encountered working toward a successful program.
The Tucker Maxon Story: Mainstreaming in Place
Authors: Hoofard Jennifer M. , Gilbert Glen C. , Goodwin Linda , Selke Bradham Tamala
Published: April 2019

This chapter chronicles the 70-year history of the Tucker Maxon School in Portland, Oregon, as a reflection of the evolution of the field of oral deaf education, including advances in hearing technology, as well as legal and social changes, with a focus on the school’s decision to co-enroll students with hearing loss with their typically hearing peers beginning in the early 1980s and more formally in 2002. As of 2018, more than 65% of the school’s students have typical hearing, creating a mainstream environment for their deaf and hard-of-hearing peers. While a minority of students at the school have hearing loss, Tucker Maxon provides many supports for these students to help them achieve their full potential, including on-site audiology, speech therapy, and teachers of the deaf.
The German Awakening
Authors: Kloes Andrew
Published: April 2019

Historians of modern German culture and church history refer to “the Awakening movement” (die Erweckungsbewegung) to describe a period in the history of German Protestantism between the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815 and the Revolution of 1848. The Awakening was the last major nationwide Protestant reform and revival movement to occur in Germany. This book analyzes numerous primary sources from the era of the Awakening and synthesizes the current state of German scholarship for an English-speaking audience. It examines the Awakening as a product of the larger social changes that were reshaping German society during the early decades of the nineteenth century. Theologically, awakened Protestants were traditionalists. They affirmed religious doctrines that orthodox Protestants had professed since the confessional statements of the Reformation era. Awakened Protestants rejected the changes that Enlightenment thought had introduced into Protestant theology and preaching since the mid-eighteenth century. However, awakened Protestants were also themselves distinctly modern. Their efforts to spread their religious beliefs were successful because of the new political freedoms and economic opportunities that the Enlightenment had introduced. These social conditions gave German Protestants new means and abilities to pursue their religious goals. Awakened Protestants were leaders in the German churches and in the universities. They used their influence to found many voluntary organizations for evangelism, in Germany and abroad. They also established many institutions to ameliorate the living conditions of those in poverty. Adapting Protestantism to modern society in these ways was the most original and innovative aspect of the Awakening movement.
Theories of Representation
Authors: Alexander Robert M.
Published: April 2019

This chapter details applicable theories of representation relative to the Electoral College. It examines how representation has been operationalized over time, paying specific attention to Hannah Pitkin’s seminal work on the topic. Using her concepts of formalistic, descriptive, symbolic, and substantive representation provides a common framework to evaluate how the Electoral College performs relative to these standards. Edmund Burke’s distinction between delegate representation and trustee representation further aids the objective assessment of the Electoral College relative to expectations regarding representation. An examination of how electoral rules affect different dimensions of representation is undertaken in a comparative context. Analyzing how different nations use different electoral systems provides greater insight into what the Electoral College process emphasizes regarding representation. Acknowledging the importance and potential tension among popular sovereignty, federalism, and legitimacy is essential in evaluating the merits of the Electoral College.
Federalism and the Electoral College
Authors: Alexander Robert M.
Published: April 2019

This chapter examines federalism as it relates to the Electoral College. While the Framers sought to create a system safeguarding federalism, they also wanted a process that yielded a leader who could command supermajorities across the country. The Electoral College process has become increasingly democratized, as have many other features in American politics. The emergence of political parties has emphasized differences based on ideology rather than one’s location. Moreover, the protections afforded to less populated states by the Electoral College are largely exaggerated due to the attention given to swing states. Candidates limit their resources to a handful of states and rarely visit most states, including both the most populated and least populated states. This suggests the failure of the Electoral College to (1) produce campaigns appealing to smaller states and (2) produce candidates with broad national appeal.
Reform Efforts and Thoughts on the Electoral College
Authors: Alexander Robert M.
Published: April 2019

This chapter evaluates how the Electoral College performs relative to norms associated with representation. While Electoral College practices have changed considerably, many arguments applied to the body rely on original expectations of the institution. This study reveals that the Electoral College performs poorly along many dimensions associated with norms of representation. Not surprisingly, many reforms have been proposed to the body. These include making electoral votes automatic, adopting some form of proportional representation to award electoral votes, and abolishing the Electoral College in favor of a national popular vote. These reforms are discussed and evaluated relative to the criteria associated with norms of representation. Although the institution often fails to perform in many of the ways its proponents suggest, it has been resistant to change. Absent pressure from large numbers of citizens from across the political spectrum, wholesale change to the institution is unlikely to occur in the near future.
Substance and Force
Authors: Jorgensen Larry M.
Published: April 2019

This chapter summarizes some of the important elements of Leibniz’s theory of substance, identifying how Leibniz conceived of his theory of substance as providing a foundation for a fully natural. Leibniz provides a naturalized account of causally active finite substances within the theoretical constraints described in Part I of the book. There are two aspects of substance that will take center stage: substances are active and representational. Force and activity derive ultimately from simple substances, and substances bear meaningful relations with their histories, their futures, and all other substances. This chapter argues that Leibniz aims to provide a clear and coherent metaphysic that involves created natures that have powers in their own right. The principal maneuver made by Leibniz is to revive Aristotelian substantial forms in a modified fashion, which, he thinks, will provide an intelligible account of the individual, causally active natures of things.
Rational Beings and Animal Souls
Authors: Jorgensen Larry M.
Published: April 2019

This book has been arguing that Leibniz provides a fully natural account of the mind. Some have argued that there is an unbridgeable gap between non-rational and rational minds, which would require violations of the naturalizing constraints argued for in previous chapters. However, there is a strong sense that Leibniz at least considered himself as offering a naturalized theory for even rational beings. This chapter shows that Leibniz sought to support the infinite privilege of minds within a naturalized theory of the mind. Leibniz’s writings on the generation of rational minds provides a preformation theory that would support this sort of natural theory. Therefore, the gap between non-rational and rational animals should not be regarded as an exception to naturalism.
Rethinking the Traditional Interpretation of Anti-Positivist Theories
Authors: Himma Kenneth Einar
Published: April 2019

This chapter challenges the traditional interpretation of classical natural law theories and Dworkinian interpretivism. It argues that these theories are best construed as explicating a different concept of law than the one positivism seeks to explicate. The concept that positivism seeks to explicate is a purely descriptive concept that applies to any norm that has been recognized, applied, or enforced in something that counts as a legal system. In contrast, the concept that classical natural law theories and interpretivism seek to explicate is more aptly construed as grounded in the descriptive concept that positivism seeks to explicate but also has evaluative content that applies only to valid norms that can be characterized as law “in the fullest sense.” Thus construed, these theories complement rather than rival positivism and are hence misleadingly characterized as “anti-positivist.”
Opening Strategy
Authors: Whittington Richard
Published: April 2019

Opening Strategy recounts the origins and development of Strategy as a profession from the middle of the last century to the present day. In particular, it focuses on how strategic planning superseded long-range planning, and the more recent rise of strategic management and open strategy. Together, these practices have contributed to growing inclusiveness and transparency in contemporary organizations. Informed by interviews with corporate strategists at leading companies around the world, eminent consultants at firms such as Bain, the Boston Consulting Group, and McKinsey & Co., and the internal archives of strategic innovators such as General Electric and Shell, this book provides vivid insights into the trials and tribulations of practice innovation in Strategy, and stresses the hard work of the little-recognized and sometimes eccentric innovators within the profession. By building on a wide range of illustrations, covering both successes and failures, the book draws out general lessons for practice innovation in Strategy. Those studying the topic will be able to set standard strategy techniques in historical and social context and develop new areas for investigation, while practising executives and consultants should gain a sense of how to innovate in Strategy—and how not to.
Alexander the Great from Britain to Southeast Asia
Authors: Ng Su Fang
Published: April 2019

No figure has had a more global impact than Alexander the Great, whose legends have encircled the globe and been translated into a dizzying multitude of languages, from Indo-European and Semitic to Turkic and Austronesian. This book examines parallel traditions of the Alexander Romance in Britain and Southeast Asia, demonstrating how rival Alexanders—one Christian, the other Islamic—became central figures in their respective literatures. In the early modern age of exploration, both Britain and Southeast Asia turned to literary imitations of Alexander to imagine their own empires and international relations, defining themselves as peripheries against the Ottoman Empire’s imperial center: this shared classical inheritance became part of an intensifying cross-cultural engagement in the encounter between the two, allowing a revealing examination of their cultural convergences and imperial rivalries and a remapping of the global literary networks of the early modern world. Rather than absolute alterity or strangeness, the narrative of these parallel traditions is one of contact—familiarity and proximity, unexpected affinity and intimate strangers.
The Limits of Promise
Authors: Saprai Prince
Published: April 2019

This chapter critically assesses three ways in which promise might plausibly claim to play a ‘foundational’ or special justificatory role in contract. According to ‘justificatory necessity’, promise plays an essential or necessary role in the justification of each and every contract doctrine. According to ‘justificatory primacy’, promise defeats all conflicting principles in contract. And, finally, according to ‘justificatory presumptiveness’, the divergence of contract from promissory morality justifies an epistemic presumption that contract law is prima facie unjustified. This chapter shows how these interpretations are insufficiently sensitive to the fact of ‘normative pluralism’ in contract, and how this leads them to seriously mishandle contract doctrine. They end up either repudiating perfectly justified contract law doctrines, upholding problematic doctrines, or, finally, offering the wrong explanation of contract law rules. This chapter argues that the truth about contract law depends on reaching beyond the promise theory and its foundationalist assumptions.
Psycho-Technicians and Greedy Institutions
Authors: Mutsaers Paul
Published: April 2019

Chapter 4 focuses on police discrimination and ethnic boundaries within the police organization. A number of ethnographic cases are discussed that help to understand how biocracy—the inclusion of the whole person in the workplace—works as a holistic type of power that makes it almost impossible for officers with a migration background to combat discrimination. More specifically, the chapter approaches diversity management, personal development plans, and other psychological instruments as forms of ‘identity control’ that stretch the outer bounds of labour control. Linguistic anthropological methods are used to study how psychological discourses traverse the Dutch police and undergo metamorphosis when they move from production to consumption sites.
Plan Governance: A Hybrid Model with Both a Democratic and a Judicial Component
Authors: Tollenaar Nicolaes
Published: April 2019

Chapter 4 starts by setting out that a plan provides a mechanism for democratic decision-making. In other words, the legal subjects determine the matter themselves by majority decision. In purely democratic form, it further argues, a plan is not suitable as an insolvency instrument. To be effective as an instrument for dealing with insolvency, a plan mechanism needs to be supplemented by non-democratic coercive measures imposed by judicial decision. The chapter then looks at the advantages of democratic decision-making. These include the power of self-determination, the fact that a democratic system enables a distribution in non-cash through restructuring, and the ability to obtain a certain degree of deal certainty by reaching an agreement with the requisite majorities. The chapter then discusses the rationale and system of voting in classes in more detail.
Consequences of the Nature of the Parody Exception
Authors: Jacques Sabine
Published: April 2019

This chapter examines the consequences of the nature and function of the parody exception in copyright law. It first explains the ‘mechanics’ behind the parody exception, particularly as a defence to copyright infringement, before discussing the legal nature of copyright exceptions and in relation to copyright and contract laws. It then addresses the question of whether copyright exceptions, especially the parody exception, amount to rights or are more akin to interests. It also considers the principle of strict interpretation as a rule of interpretation for the parody exception and reviews recent decisions that illustrate whether the user rights approach resulted in any noticeably broader interpretation of copyright exceptions. Finally, it explores the principles underpinning freedom of contract and how judges, notwithstanding the parody exception’s procedural label as a defence, assess fair use, fair dealing, or rules of the genre in light of the right to freedom of expression.
Introduction: Six Paradigmatic Cases
Authors: Pascoe Daniel
Published: April 2019

The function of the Introduction is to set up the puzzle that the book will solve: why Thailand grants clemency to so many death row prisoners (95 per cent or more), why Singapore grants clemency to so few (0.6 per cent), and why Indonesia and Malaysia fall at points somewhere in between. The Introduction briefly describes the origins of this research project, states why it is necessary and important to compare death penalty clemency among these four jurisdictions, and ends with six short vignettes of paradigmatic cases symbolizing Southeast Asian clemency practice since 1991. These are the cases of Tong Chieng Mun in Singapore (an eighteen-year-old female rejected for clemency and executed in 1995); fishermen Leung Chi Fai, Ng Shun Wa, and Leung Kam Chuen in Thailand (each granted royal pardon in 2013); Kenneth Lee Fook Mun and Michael McAuliffe in Malaysia (providing examples of prisoners granted and denied clemency, respectively); and finally Asep Suryaman and Rodrigo Gularte in Indonesia (likewise providing examples of contrasting outcomes). These six vignettes are an important means of introducing the reader to the legal and political issues involved in death penalty clemency, through human interest stories representative of each state’s recent practice.
Sources and Methods
Authors: Pascoe Daniel
Published: April 2019

Chapter 1 details the comparative methodology employed throughout the book (comparing and contrasting national case studies), the challenges of comparing across national borders and legal systems, and project design choices such as the number of jurisdictions, time limits, and the substance of comparison. Moreover, given the semi-secretive criminal justice policies of the four jurisdictions under analysis (Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, and Indonesia), Chapter 1 also outlines the data collection methods employed—including ‘elite’ interviews conducted during fieldwork in Southeast Asia, triangulated alongside NGO documents and media reports—and their various shortcomings. Among the significant methodological challenges addressed in Chapter 1 are how to conduct quantitative analysis (e.g. calculating clemency rates) given patchy statistical data, and deducing the true reasons for clemency and pardon grants when the executive decision maker is not required to publicly provide them, and rarely does so.
Kingdom of Thailand
Authors: Pascoe Daniel
Published: April 2019

Chapter 3, the first of the book’s four case study chapters, provides an outline of the death penalty laws and practice of Thailand during the period 1991–2016, describes Thailand’s clemency laws and accumulated practice in death penalty cases over the same period, and most importantly provides several theoretically supported hypotheses potentially explaining Thailand’s extremely ‘high’ clemency rate of 95 per cent or more. This structure is reprised in each of the four case study chapters, leading to a comparative analysis of the respective explanatory factors in Chapter 7. In Thailand’s case, suggested factors explaining the overwhelming likelihood of capital prisoners to obtaining capital clemency over the aforementioned twenty-six-year period are the following: Thailand’s Buddhist monarchy, headed from 1946 until October 2016 by King Bhumibol Adulyadej; the drawn-out royal pardon process leading to excessively long stays on death row; the practice of arbitrary and extrajudicial executions against criminal suspects over the years; and the special treatment enjoyed by foreign prisoners to safeguard Thailand’s international relations.
Federation of Malaysia
Authors: Pascoe Daniel
Published: April 2019

As with Chapters 3 and 4, the case study on Malaysia begins with a thorough description of the country’s death penalty laws and practice, and Malaysia’s publicly known clemency practice over the period under analysis (1991–2016). Thereafter, for both the Malaysian (Chapter 5) and Indonesian (Chapter 6) cases, the potential explanatory factors for clemency incidence are more complex than for Thailand and Singapore, given these two jurisdictions’ more moderate rates of capital clemency and fluctuating political policies on capital punishment over time. Available statistics suggest that Malaysia’s clemency rate is moderately high, at between 55 and 63 per cent of finalized capital cases. Malaysia is a federal state where pardons are granted by the hereditary rulers or appointed state governors in state-based cases, or by the Malaysian king (Yang di-Pertuan Agong) in federal and security cases, all on the advice of specially constituted Pardons Boards. Chapter 5 presents the following two explanations for Malaysia’s restrictions on death penalty clemency: prosecutorial/judicial discretion and detention without trial in capital cases, and the Federal Attorney-General’s constitutional role on the State and Federal Pardons Boards. As to why Malaysia’s clemency rate has not then fallen to the miniscule level seen in neighbouring Singapore (with both nations closely comparable, as they were once part of the same Federation of Malaya), Chapter 5 points to the relevant paperwork placed before each Pardons Board, the merciful role played by the Malay monarchy, and the impact of excessively long stays on death row before clemency decisions are reached.
Real American Writers
Authors: Fox Brian
Published: April 2019

Chapter 3 focuses on Joyce’s allusions to American literature. It will look to historicize precisely Joyce’s use of American literature within contemporary perceptions of that writing and the canon; clarifying those perceptions is the aim of the first part of this chapter. Walt Whitman was, the following section argues, an important but ultimately compromised model of a decolonized, national poet for the young Joyce. My argument in the next section, focusing on Bret Harte, emphasizes the point that Harte’s reputation in Ireland in the early twentieth century when Joyce wrote Dubliners was significantly more literary than it is today and that Joyce, like Yeats, was drawn to what appeared as a decolonized literary culture with obvious appeal for Irish writers. Finally, Washington Irving provides another focus for a discussion of allusions to writing marked by colonial histories and revolutions.
Mathematical legacy
Authors: Abeles Francine F.
Published: April 2019

This chapter re-examines Dodgson’s achievements during his lifetime, and how some of them resurfaced in the 20th century. The chapter is divided into subject areas: geometry (including his alternative version of Euclid’s parallel postulate), trigonometry (for which he devised a new set of symbols), algebra (his work on determinants), logic (where the work of Bartley and others has led to a significant re-evaluation of Dodgson’s involvement), voting theory (on which he was in contact with a number of senior politicians), and probability, and concludes with a section on ciphers and cryptology. There has been a growing interest by scholars in Dodgson’s serious mathematical work since the third quarter of the 20th century, particularly as more of it has been published.
Space and Subject as Historically Contingent
Authors: Shtutin Leo
Published: April 2019

Chapter 1 serves as a kind of overture, introducing the book’s recurring themes and motifs: spatiality, subjecthood, embodiment, dynamics of spectatorship and reading, and so on. My purpose here is threefold: to contextualize the work of my four principal authors in relation to the fin-de-siècle period; to situate the fin de siècle itself in a broader historico-philosophical context; and, finally, to demonstrate that said practices reflect a particular, historically contingent understanding of space and subject. Opening the chapter with a discussion of Newtonian absolute space, the Cartesian ego, and the dualisms of subject/object and self/world, I evaluate the fin-de-siècle problematization of these notions with reference to my quartet of authors, and to the period’s scenographic and typographic practices generally. The aforementioned recorporealization of reader and spectator is then examined in this light.
Space Subjectivized
Authors: Shtutin Leo
Published: April 2019

The separate discussions of page and stage in Chapters 2 and 3 are followed in Chapters 4 and 5 by a more abstract investigation of parallel inverse processes—the subjectivization of space and the spatialization of the subject—manifest in both the poetry and drama of the period. As already made clear, space is presented in the works to be discussed not as objective outside but as emanation of character; by the same token, the subject does not remain fully demarcated from its surroundings, and exhibits varying degrees of spatial dispersion. Exploring various types of subjectivization and associated formal techniques such as collage, montage, and temporal telescoping, Chapter 4 focuses on Maeterlinck’s one-acts, Apollinaire’s ‘Zone’ and ‘Lundi Rue Christine’, and Jarry’s Ubu roi.
Spatialized Subjects
Authors: Shtutin Leo
Published: April 2019

Chapter 5 is a grand synthesis of the principal themes of the book. The previous chapter’s investigation of the blurring of boundaries between subject and space is reprised, but this time from the opposite angle (focusing on spatialization rather than subjectivization) and presented in tandem with a final discussion of the dialogue between page and stage, and between poetry, drama, and narrative, that takes place across the oeuvres of my four principal authors. The chapter consists of close readings of ‘Zone’ and ‘Lettre-Océan’ (Apollinaire), Igitur (Mallarmé), and Intérieur (Maeterlinck). Spatialization is taken to the furthest possible extreme in the Acte héraldique of Jarry’s César-Antechrist, whose dramatis personae are segments of the two-dimensional field of an escutcheon (shield).
Conclusion
Authors: Shtutin Leo
Published: April 2019

The book concludes with broader, more speculative reflections on subjecthood, spatiality, and humanism. Fin-de-siècle modes of literary, dramatic, and pictorial representation are frequently anti-humanistic in character, challenging as they do the centrality of the human form and the anthropocentric world view that elevated it to pre-eminence. But anti-humanism must not be equated with the anti-human. The relative marginalization of the human figure does not, contrary to what José Ortega y Gasset argues in The Dehumanization of Art (1925), necessarily entail a flight from ‘human contents’; as the work of Mallarmé, Apollinaire, Maeterlinck, and Jarry bears witness, those contents can be distributed into space, expressed as gaps, fragments, and fissures.
Dynamics and Optimal Control of Road Vehicles
Authors: Limebeer D. J. N. , Massaro Matteo
Published: April 2019

The broad aim of this book is to provide a comprehensive coverage of the modelling and optimal control of both two‐ and four‐wheeled road vehicles. The first focus of this book is a review of classical mechanics and its use in building vehicle and tyre dynamic models. The second is nonlinear optimal control, which is used to solve a range of minimum‐time, minimum‐fuel, and track curvature reconstruction problems. As is known classically, all thismaterial is bound together by the calculus of variations and stationary principles. The treatment of this material is supplemented with a large number of examples that highlight obscurities and subtleties in the theory. A particular strength of the book is its unified treatment of tyre, car, and motorcycle dynamics and the application of nonlinear optimal control to vehicle‐related problems within a single text. These topics are usually treated independently, and can only be found in disparate texts and journal articles. It is our contention that presentday vehicle dynamicists should be familiar with all of these topic areas. The aim in writing this book is to provide a comprehensive and yet accessible text that emphasizes particularly the theoretical aspects of vehicular modelling and control.
The Whipple Bicycle
Authors: Limebeer David J. N. , Massaro Matteo
Published: April 2019

Chapter 5 provides a comprehensive review of the bicycle model presented inWhipple’s seminal 1899 paper.The set of nonlinear differential equations that describe the general motion of a bicycle and rider are derived and then linearized to study the smallmotions about a straight-running trim condition at a given constant speed.The stability of the Whipple model is discussed and some of the handling characteristics of bicycles are analysed using control-theoretic ideas. Extensions relating to accelerating and braking vehicles, tyred vehicles, and vehicles with flexible frames are also considered.
China’s Outward Investment
Authors: Wang Hui Yao , Miao Lu
Published: April 2019

After the steep downturn of 2008–2009, since 2013, the world economy has continued its slow recovery. However, this growth has been uneven. Among developed countries, the US economy grew quickly while growth in the Eurozone remained sluggish. Emerging economies have also encountered headwinds as the growth momentum in most of these countries was insufficient to fuel more rapid expansion. Over this time, global cross-border investment enjoyed a period of robust growth before declining in recent years. From 2012 to 2015, global FDI inflows rose from US$ 1.33 trillion to US$ 1.92 trillion according to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). However, in 2016, FDI flows contracted to US$ 1.87 trillion and fell further to US1.43 trillion in 2017. Amidst a slow global economic recovery, the Chinese economy continued to grow strongly. Economic restructuring and industrial upgrading contributed to China’s endogenous growth momentum. This ongoing transformation also drove continuous growth of overseas direct investment (ODI) by Chinese enterprises, supported by the government’s ‘Go Global’ strategy which was accelerated following the CPC’s Eighteenth National Congress in 2012.
Chinese SOE Investments and the National Security Protection under IIAs
Authors: Wang Lu
Published: April 2019

The rapid rise of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and their cross-border investment activities in recent years has raised considerable concerns, particularly in relation to the potential detrimental impacts such investments may have on national security of host states. SOE investments are mostly from emerging economies, especially China, and are prominent in the critical or ‘strategic’ industries, such as energy, infrastructure and telecommunication sectors, and financial services. In this context, certain national security considerations in relation to foreign SOE investments have been accentuated in an increasing number of states. Here a very important issue is the role of international investment agreements (IIAs) in respect of national security protections. China’s investment treaties will be reviewed in respect of the treatment of SOEs with the objective of assessing the extent to which state capitalism has affected and contributes to the design of international treaties. The analysis will consider the period, partners, and typology of provisions. Most IIAs only provide protections in respect of the post-establishment phase. Thus, hypothetically after the Hinkley C project is established, the UK government could decide to close down the nuclear power station or divest the project for environmental or energy safety reasons. A similar situation did occur in the Vattenfall case, where the Swedish state-owned energy company brought cases in both the German Constitutional Court and ECT tribunals. Nevertheless, comparable scenarios may arise again in future SOE investments, and the problem is whether international investment agreements provide any scope for states to address their national security concerns over SOE investments.
Nationwide Regulatory Reform Starting from China’s Free Trade Zones
Authors: Huang Jie (Jeanne)
Published: April 2019

Before conducting profound reforms of the trade and investment legal framework, China often implements the reform on a small scale, generally in specified geographic zones as testing grounds. After these testing grounds generate fruitful results, the reform may be implemented nationwide. A typical example is the five special economic zones established in the 1980s. After the Cultural Revolution, the first round of Chinese regulatory reform in trade and investment took place in 1978. Led by the late Premier Deng Xiaoping, China implemented the opening-up policy. Deng established five special economic zones to attract foreign investment by allowing a greater role for individual autonomy and Western-style market forces. Lessons learned from the special economic zones were implemented nationwide. For example, the corporate Sino-foreign joint venture was first tested in special economic zones and, after it proved successful, was adopted nationwide. These zones are also the pioneers in China to use tax holidays to attract foreign investment and many regions in inland China followed their example. In the 1990s, special economic zones gradually ended their mission as testing grounds. Among all the regulatory reforms conducted in the free trade zones (FTZs), adopting a negative list to regulate the foreign investment market access is important, because it significantly departs from China’s long-time domestic practice and aims to bridge China’s investment law with high-standard international agreements. This chapter focuses on the negative list adopted by China’s FTZs to regulate access to foreign investment markets and explores its significance, analyses its insufficiencies, and proposes suggestions for improvement.
Issues on SOEs in BITs
Authors: Tu Xinquan , Sun Na , Dai Zhen
Published: April 2019

The issue on state-owned enterprises (SOEs) has never gone away once China began sitting around the negotiating table, especially with the United States. Sixteen years ago, when China was expecting to enter the multi-lateral trading system, there were special sections for state trading enterprises in its accession protocol in accordance with Article XVII in GATT1994. While in bilateral investment treaty (BIT) negotiation with the US, which was reignited in 2008 and has undergone twenty-nine rounds of talks, the issue of SOEs was brought up to the table again and seemingly became a key point blocking the negotiation. However, with uprising economy scale and front-ranking position in global trade and investment, it seems unsatisfying of China to give the same commitments concerning SOEs as it did in WTO negotiation which was sixteen years ago. To put the BIT negotiation forward on the SOE issue needs new solutions
Towards a Fourth Generation of Chinese Treaty Practice
Authors: Levine Matthew
Published: April 2019

If China is not a rule-maker, does it follow that it is a rule-taker? Certain facts appear to point in this direction, i.e. the acute influence of North American treaty practice, especially that of the United States, and Beijing’s reluctance to update its own model treaty. However, research into China’s participation at the World Trade Organization (WTO) and negotiation of regional trade agreements (RTAs) points to an alternative conceptualization. Beijing is neither a rule-maker nor a rule-taker but, rather, increasingly acts a ‘rule-shaker’. This is important for understanding China’s most recent IIAs. In particular, it helps to make sense of specific provisions that other commentators have described as ‘puzzling’ and allows us to move away from labelling Beijing’s most recent treaties as ‘incoherent’. The first section reviews the categories that have been devised by scholars for China’s voluminous investment treaty practice, which leads to consideration of Chinese IIAs concluded from 2008 onwards as forming a protean Fourth Generation. This includes various changes to substantive investment protection provisions. And many of these novel formulations are indicative of a broader trend whereby states are seeking to balance investment protection against non-investment objectives. A leading explanation for the growth of balancing mechanisms in China’s Fourth Generation is the ‘NAFTA-ization thesis’. In examining the specific provisions in detail, however, it becomes clear that this offers only a partial explanation that is complimented by a selective adaptation lens.
G20 Guiding Principles for Global Investment Policy-making
Authors: Joubin-Bret Anna , Chiffelle Cristian Rodriguez
Published: April 2019

One of the most important and concrete outcomes of China’s G20 presidency was the establishment of a Trade and Investment Working Group (TIWG), recognizing that robust and sustainable trade and investment reinforces economic growth and calling for enhanced G20 trade and investment cooperation. The Chinese presidency’s renewed approach was not only to bring stand-alone investment issues to the G20 table, but also to re-spark the conversation on investment and trade policy-making by bringing them closer together again, acknowledging the complementarity of trade and investment as the engines of economic growth. This has paved the way for coherent, integrated discussions on trade and investment for the first time in fifteen years in the global political arena. On the investment side, the TIWG delivered the G20 Guiding Principles for Global Investment Policy-Making (G20 Guiding Principles), a key outcome of the Chinese presidency. These were endorsed by trade ministers in Shanghai in July 2016 and then by heads of state at the Hangzhou Summit in September 2016, with the objective of fostering an open, transparent, and conducive global policy environment for investment; promoting coherence in national and international investment policy-making; and promoting inclusive economic growth and sustainable development. The G20 Guiding Principles are introduced in the chapter. It begins with a background review of their crafting and various attempts at devising guiding principles on international investment, and identifies some of the guidelines that have paved the way for the Principles. The chapter then focuses on the objectives, scope, and content of the G20 Guiding Principles and considers their potential impact on policy-making at the domestic and international levels. Finally, the chapter addresses the broader work of the G20 TIWG, including the trade and investment linkage, analyses the general state of play of G20 countries’ investment agreements, and offers some preliminary conclusions and ways forward.
Investment Disputes under China’s BITs
Authors: Willems Jane
Published: April 2019

This chapter first examines and compares the decisions rendered by arbitral tribunals and state courts, on the scope of the consent clauses contained in the Chinese bilateral investment treaties (BITs) of the first generation, with decisions rendered under other BITs with similar wordings. The decisions relating to Chinese BITs have contributed to the debate on the interpretation of treaties contained in arbitral awards that have extended the subject matter of the arbitral jurisdiction and the subsequent state court decisions that have reviewed, and on notable occasions have sanctioned these awards. These decisions contain more particulars pertaining to BITs emanating from socialists’ countries than characteristics specific to China’s BITs. The situation is different for other jurisdictional issues. The territorial jurisdiction of arbitral tribunals under the Chinese BITs—and whether they apply to a special administrative region (SAR)—was examined under the interpretation of the territorial scope of treaties and under the moving frontier rule and the exceptions to these principles, in particular the intent expressed by China. The question of the nationality of the investor seeking the protection of a Chinese BITs also raised Chinese characteristics, as it allowed for the first-time arbitral tribunals to apply, at an international level, the nationality test for both individuals and corporations established in the SARs contained in the municipal law.