bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CuI‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Propargyl Hydroperoxides Using Molec­ular Oxygen and Hydroxylamines
Authors: Miner Matthew R. , Woerpel K. A.
Published: March 2016

A CuI‐catalyzed oxidation of enynes using N‐hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBt) or N‐hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI) with molecular oxygen has been developed to yield propargyl hydroperoxides. The reaction occurs under O2 at 0 °C to afford hydroperoxides in 1–4 h. This method provides an alternative to H2O2 or tBuOOH by using molecular oxygen as the source of oxygen atoms. The resulting hydroperoxides can be protected prior to purification and converted into alkoxyamines upon treatment with hydrazine.
Exploring the Complexity‐Generating Features of the Pauson–Khand Reaction from a Synthetic Perspective
Authors: Shi Lili , Yang Zhen
Published: March 2016

The Pauson–Khand reaction (PKR) is used to construct a cyclopentenone framework from an alkene, an alkyne, and carbon monoxide, through a domino sequence of bond constructions. This microreview covers the synthetic application of the PKR in the total synthesis of a collection of structurally challenging natural products in the authors' laboratory over the past 10 years, beautifully exploring the complexity‐generating features of the PKR. Key to the success of these total syntheses is the implementation of the PKR to access complex target molecules containing numerous stereocenters.
A Platform of Regioselective Methodologies to Access Polysubstituted 2‐Methyl‐1,4‐naphthoquinone Derivatives: Scope and Limitations
Authors: Rodo Elena Cesar , Feng Liwen , Jida Mouhamad , Ehrhardt Katharina , Bielitza Max , Boilevin Jérémy , Lanzer Michael , Williams David Lee , Lanfranchi Don Antoine , Davioud‐Charvet Elisabeth
Published: March 2016

A platform of synthetic methodologies has been established to access a focused library of polysubstituted 3‐benzylmenadione derivatives functionalized on the aromatic ring of the naphthoquinone core. Two main routes were explored: 1) The naphthol route, starting from either an α‐tetralone or a propiophenone, and 2) the regioselective Diels–Alder reaction, starting from various dienes and two 2‐bromo‐5(or 6)‐methyl‐1,4‐benzoquinones. 6‐Substituted 2‐methylnaphthols were synthesized by using a xanthate‐mediated free‐radical addition/cyclization sequence for the construction of the 6‐substituted menadione subunit. Furthermore, an efficient and simple new pathway that allows the formation of 6‐ or 7‐substituted 3‐(substituted‐benzyl)menadione regioisomers from a common commercial scaffold has also been developed by the naphthol route, advantageous with regard to step economy. Our synthetic methodologies exemplified by 34 compounds have allowed structure–activity relationships to be deduced for use as the basis for the development of new antimalarial redox‐active polysubstituted benzylmenadione derivatives.
Numerical Analysis of the Effects of Selected Geometrical Parameters and Fluid Properties on MHD Natural Convection Flow in an Inclined Elliptic Porous Enclosure with Localized Heating
Authors: Adekeye T. , Adegun I. K. , Okekunle P. O. , Hussein A. K. , Oyedepo S. O. , Adetiba E. , Fayomi O.S. I.
Published: March 2016

Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) natural convection flow and associated heat convection in an oriented elliptic enclosure has been investigated with numerical simulations. A magnetic field was applied to the cylindrical wall of the configuration, the top and bottom walls of the enclosure were circumferentially cooled and heated, respectively, while the extreme ends along the cross‐section of the elliptic duct were considered adiabatic. The full governing equations in terms of continuity, momentum, and energy transport were transformed into nondimensional form and solved numerically using finite difference method adopting Gauss–Seidel iteration technique. The selected geometrical parameters and flow properties considered for the study were eccentricity (0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8), angle of inclination (0°, 30°, 60°, and 90°), Hartmann number (0, 25, and 50), Grashof number (104, 105, and 106), and Darcy number (10−3, 10−4, and 10−5). The Prandtl number was held constant at 0.7. Numerical results were presented by velocity distributions as well as heat transfer characteristics in terms of local and average Nusselt numbers (i.e., rate of heat transfer). The optimum heat transfer rate was attained at e value of 0.8. Also, the heat transfer rate increased significantly between the angles of inclination 58° and 90°. In addition, Hartmann number increased with decreased heat transfer rate and flow circulation. A strong flow circulation (in terms of velocity distribution) was observed with increased Grashof and Darcy numbers. The combination of the geometric and fluid properties therefore can be used to regulate the circulation and heat transfer characteristics of the flow in the enclosure.
Parallel reductions of IgE and exhaled nitric oxide after optimized anti‐inflammatory asthma treatment
Authors: Syk Jörgen , Malinovschi Andrei , Borres Magnus P. , Undén Anna‐Lena , Andreasson Anna , Lekander Mats , Alving Kjell
Published: March 2016

Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is crucial for the development of airway inflammation in atopic asthma, and inhibition of IgE using monoclonal antibodies is now part of asthma therapy. However, the impact of ordinary anti‐inflammatory treatment on IgE is unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate if optimization of treatment with inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) and leukotriene‐receptor antagonist (LTRA) according to symptoms or exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) levels over a one‐year period affects IgE concentrations. Altogether, 158 relatively well‐controlled but multi‐sensitized asthmatics (age 18–65 years), with ongoing ICS treatment at baseline, were included in this post hoc analysis of data from a randomized, controlled trial on FENO‐guided asthma therapy. Asthma control and quality of life (Juniper ACQ and mAQLQ), FENO, and serum IgE were measured at baseline and after one year. Concentrations of IgE antibodies to six common perennial aeroallergens were summed up (perennial IgE). We found that perennial and total IgE decreased by 10.2% and 16.0% (P < .001 both comparisons). This was not related to allergen exposure, whereas the total use of ICS and LTRA during the year correlated with the reduction in perennial IgE (P = .030 and P = .013). The decrease in perennial and total IgE correlated significantly with the reduction in FENO (P < .003 and P < .001), and with improvements in ACQ and mAQLQ scores (P < 0.05, all comparisons). We conclude that one year of optimization of treatment with ICS and LTRA in patients with persistent atopic asthma resulted in significant decreases in total IgE and IgE antibodies; these decreases correlated with a reduction in FENO and improvements in asthma control and quality of life. Thus, IgE is reduced by ordinary asthma controller medications and the effect on IgE seems to be clinically important.
Numerical analysis of corneal curvature dynamics based on Corvis tonometer images
Authors: Kasprzak Henryk , Boszczyk Agnieszka
Published: March 2016

The paper presents numerical analysis of corneal curvature distribution, based on Corvis ST images. It was shown that a new approach to analysis of corneal curvature from tonometer images enables a better description and understanding of processes during fast corneal deformation. Ten healthy volunteers participated in nine repeated measurements on one eye. 90 sequences of images were processed with software written in Matlab, with the use of the Image Processing Toolbox. Time‐spatial distribution of the local curvature distribution of the corneal profile was obtained for each and every measurement. Some new curvature parameters were proposed and analyzed. A high repeatability for individual subjects was obtained for the proposed parameters. For four of these new parameters, the ICC coefficients were higher than 0.85. The ICC value for the calculated curvature of the cornea before deformation reaches 0.989. Such high repeatability of the proposed new parameters can be useful in examination and differentiation of corneas due to their geometrical and biomechanical properties.

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Classification of Gemcitabine resistant Cholangiocarcinoma cell lines using synchrotron FTIR microspectroscopy
Authors: Wongwattanakul Molin , Hahnvajanawong Chariya , Tippayawat Patcharaporn , Chio‐Srichan Sirinart , Leelayuwat Chanvit , Limpaiboon Temduang , Jearanaikoon Patcharee , Heraud Philip
Published: March 2016

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), a cancer of bile duct epithelium, is a major health problem in Thailand especially in the northeast. Overall treatment outcomes have not shown much improvement because the disease is usually detected at an advanced stage and often shows chemotherapeutic resistance. High‐throughput Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) microspectroscopy can be used for cell classification and has the potential to diagnose cancer and possibly predict chemo‐response. This study was aimed to differentiate gemcitabine‐sensitive and gemcitabine‐resistant induction in two CCA cell lines (KKU‐M139 and KKU‐M214) and xenograft tissues using synchrotron‐FTIR microspectroscopy. Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (PLS‐DA) could discriminate between chemo‐sensitive and chemo‐resistant cells in the FTIR fingerprint spectral region (1800–1000 cm–1) with more than 90% sensitivity and specificity. The chemo‐resistant and chemo‐sensitive phenotypes were different in protein (amide I, amide II), lipids (carbonyl group and CH3 deformation) and phosphodiester from nucleic acids. Additionally, spectra from xenograft tissues showed similar results to the cell line study with marked differences between chemo‐resistant and chemo‐sensitive CCA tissues, and PLS‐DA could discriminate the chemotherapeutic response with 98% sensitivity and specificity. This is the first study to demonstrate the use of FTIR microspectroscopy to assess chemo‐response both in vitro and in vivo.

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Serum Bilirubin and Their Association With C‐Reactive Protein in Patients With Migraine
Authors: Peng You‐Fan , Xie Li‐Qiu , Xiang Yang , Xu Gui‐Dan
Published: March 2016

Background

Increased levels of C‐reactive protein (CRP) have been considered as a marker in assessing neurogenic inflammation of migraine patients. An inverse relationship between serum bilirubin and CRP has been observed in various diseases. Therefore, we analyzed serum bilirubin levels in migraine patients, and investigated the relationship between serum bilirubin and CRP in migraineurs.

Methods

A total of 86 newly diagnosed migraine patients were consecutively recruited to this study.

Results

Significantly lower median serum total bilirubin, conjugated bilirubin (CB) and unconjugated bilirubin were found in patients with migraine than healthy controls, and the levels of CRP were significantly higher in migraine patients than healthy controls. A negative correlation between CRP and CB was observed in patients with migraine (r = −0.255, P = 0.018). In a multiple linear regression model, the concentrations of CRP remained negatively correlated with CB.

Conclusions

Our study demonstrates that serum bilirubin concentrations are decreased in migraineurs, and CB levels were found to be positively correlated with CRP in migraine patents. However, larger cross‐sectional and prospective studies are needed to establish whether serum bilirubin may be a useful biomarker for assessing neurogenic inflammation in migraine patients and eventually guiding the therapy.
Evolutionary patterns of shape and functional diversification in the skull and jaw musculature of triggerfishes (Teleostei: Balistidae)
Authors: McCord Charlene L. , Westneat Mark W.
Published: March 2016

The robust skull and highly subdivided adductor mandibulae muscles of triggerfishes provide an excellent system within which to analyze the evolutionary processes underlying phenotypic diversification. We surveyed the anatomical diversity of balistid jaws using Procrustes‐based geometric morphometric analyses and a phylomorphospace approach to quantifying morphological transformation through evolution. We hypothesized that metrics of interspecific cranial shape would reveal patterns of phylogenetic diversification that are congruent with functional and ecological transformation. Morphological landmarks outlining skull and adductor mandibulae muscle shape were collected from 27 triggerfish species. Procrustes‐transformed skull shape configurations revealed significant phylogenetic and size‐influenced structure. Phylomorphospace plots of cranial shape diversity reveal groupings of shape between different species of triggerfish that are mostly consistent with phylogenetic relatedness. Repeated instances of convergence upon similar cranial shape by genetically disparate taxa are likely due to the functional demands of shared specialized dietary habits. This study shows that the diversification of triggerfish skulls occurs via modifications of cranial silhouette and the positioning of subdivided jaw adductor muscles. Using the morphometric data collected here as input to a biomechanical model of triggerfish jaw function, we find that subdivided jaw adductors, in conjunction with a unique cranial skeleton, have direct biomechanical consequences that are not always congruent with phylomorphospace patterns in the triggerfish lineage. The integration of geometric morphometrics with biomechanical modeling in a phylogenetic context provides novel insight into the evolutionary patterns and ecological role of muscle subdivisions in triggerfishes. J. Morphol. 277:737–752, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The postnatal ontogeny of the sexually dimorphic vocal apparatus in goitred gazelles (Gazella subgutturosa)
Authors: Efremova Kseniya O. , Frey Roland , Volodin Ilya A. , Fritsch Guido , Soldatova Natalia V. , Volodina Elena V.
Published: March 2016

This study quantitatively documents the progressive development of sexual dimorphism of the vocal organs along the ontogeny of the goitred gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa). The major, male‐specific secondary sexual features, of vocal anatomy in goitred gazelle are an enlarged larynx and a marked laryngeal descent. These features appear to have evolved by sexual selection and may serve as a model for similar events in male humans. Sexual dimorphism of larynx size and larynx position in adult goitred gazelles is more pronounced than in humans, whereas the vocal anatomy of neonate goitred gazelles does not differ between sexes. This study examines the vocal anatomy of 19 (11 male, 8 female) goitred gazelle specimens across three age‐classes, that is, neonates, subadults and mature adults. The postnatal ontogenetic development of the vocal organs up to their respective end states takes considerably longer in males than in females. Both sexes share the same features of vocal morphology but differences emerge in the course of ontogeny, ultimately resulting in the pronounced sexual dimorphism of the vocal apparatus in adults. The main differences comprise larynx size, vocal fold length, vocal tract length, and mobility of the larynx. The resilience of the thyrohyoid ligament and the pharynx, including the soft palate, and the length changes during contraction and relaxation of the extrinsic laryngeal muscles play a decisive role in the mobility of the larynx in both sexes but to substantially different degrees in adult females and males. Goitred gazelles are born with an undescended larynx and, therefore, larynx descent has to develop in the course of ontogeny. This might result from a trade‐off between natural selection and sexual selection requiring a temporal separation of different laryngeal functions at birth and shortly after from those later in life. J. Morphol. 277:826–844, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Four‐week exercise program does not change rotator cuff muscle activation and scapular kinematics in healthy subjects
Authors: Lin Yin‐Liang , Karduna Andrew
Published: March 2016

Rotator cuff and scapular muscle strengthening exercises are an essential part of shoulder rehabilitation and sports training. Although the effect of exercise training on pain and function have been widely investigated, few studies have focused on the changes in shoulder kinematics and muscle activity after exercise training. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of rotator cuff and scapular strengthening exercises on shoulder kinematics and the activation of rotator cuff and scapular muscles in healthy subjects. Thirty‐six healthy subjects were recruited and randomly assigned into either a training or control group. Subjects in the training group were trained with rotator cuff and scapular strengthening exercises for 4 weeks. Scapular kinematics and shoulder muscle activity during arm elevation were measured before and after exercise training. After the 4‐week training protocol, there was an increase in strength and a decrease in upper trapezius activation in the training group, which is consistent with previous studies. However, no difference was found in scapular kinematics and activation of rotator cuff muscles between the control and training groups after the training protocol. Although the exercise protocol resulted in strength gains for the rotator cuff, these gains did not transfer to an increase in muscle activation during motion. These results demonstrate the difficulty in changing activation patterns of the rotator cuff muscles. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:2079–2088, 2016.
Fermentation of rapeseed meal, sunflower meal and faba beans in combination with wheat bran increases solubility of protein and phosphorus
Authors: Poulsen Hanne Damgaard , Blaabjerg Karoline
Published: March 2016

BACKGROUND

To increase self‐supply of protein and phosphorus (P) in European pig and poultry diets and reduce nitrogen (N) and P excretion, attention is directed to approaches increasing protein and P digestibility of rapeseed, sunflower and faba beans. Wheat bran is rich in enzymes degrading and solubilizing protein and phytate. Herein, solubilization of protein, N and P was investigated when increasing ratios of wheat bran were fermented with rapeseed meal (RSM), sunflower meal (SFM), faba beans (FB) or a combination of these (RSM/SFM/FB).

RESULTS

Protein, N and P solubility was greater, for all mixtures, the more wheat bran was included and the longer the mixtures were fermented. The increase in N (FB > RSM/SFM/FB > SFM > RSM) and protein solubility (RSM/SFM/FB > RSM > SFM > FB) was greatest from day 0 to day 3 and thereafter limited, whereas P solubility increased during the whole period (5 days; FB > RSM/SFM/FB > SFM > RSM). In general, FB showed the highest solubility and highest increase in N and P solubility, while RSM showed the highest protein solubility and RSM/SFM/FB the highest increase in protein solubility.

CONCLUSION

Fermentation of RSM, SFM, FB and RSM/SFM/FB without or with wheat bran uncovers a potential for increased protein and P digestibility and thereby reduced N and P excretion from pigs and poultry. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Effects of pulsed light treatments and pectin edible coatings on the quality of fresh‐cut apples: a hurdle technology approach
Authors: Moreira María R , Álvarez María V , Martín‐Belloso Olga , Soliva‐Fortuny Robert
Published: March 2016

BACKGROUND

Pulsed light (PL) treatments stand as an alternative for the shelf‐life extension of fresh‐cut products. The antimicrobial effects of PL are well known; however, its influence on quality attributes needs to be assessed. This study was aimed at evaluating the application of PL treatments in combination with pectin‐based edible coatings enriched with dietary fiber for the preservation of fresh‐cut apples.

RESULTS

Dipping of fresh‐cut apples in ascorbic acid/calcium chloride solution prior to pectin coating and PL treatments was effective to minimize browning and softening of apple surfaces. Incorporation of fiber in the pectin coating did not cause any change in microbial loads and sensory acceptability of apple cubes. Pectin‐coated PL‐treated apple pieces exhibited significantly higher antioxidant activity values than fresh and PL control samples. At the end of storage, the combination of both treatments resulted in an almost 2 log CFU g−1 reduction of microbial counts. Sensory attribute scores did not fall below the rejection limit throughout 14 days, although the presence of off‐odors limited the acceptability of the pectin‐coated samples.

CONCLUSION

The results demonstrate that PL treatments applied to pectin‐coated fresh‐cut apples may be used to maintain quality attributes, thus conferring prebiotic potential and extending the shelf‐life of the product. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
The association between non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: A hospital based case‐control study
Authors: Kinoshita Masahiko , Kubo Shoji , Tanaka Shogo , Takemura Shigekazu , Nishioka Takayoshi , Hamano Genya , Ito Tokuji , Tanaka Sayaka , Ohsawa Masahiko , Shibata Toshihiko
Published: March 2016

Background

This study aimed to investigate the association between non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC).

Methods

This was a case control study of patients who underwent surgical resection either for ICC or for a metastatic liver tumor (the control group). We assessed their clinical characteristics, pathological findings, and the prevalence of known ICC risk factors. For patients without known risk factors, we compared other factors including the prevalence of NASH.

Results

In the patients without known risk factors, 15 of 34 patients in the ICC group and 13 of 69 patients in the control group were diagnosed with NASH. Univariate analysis showed significantly higher values in the ICC group for age (P = 0.0478), prevalence of obesity (P = 0.0365) and NASH (P = 0.0078), and serum levels of albumin (P = 0.0051), and gamma‐glutamyl transpeptidase (γ‐GTP) (P = 0.0006) compared with the control group. Multivariate analysis showed that age and serum levels of γ‐GTP and NASH were independent risk factors for ICC. In patients with NASH, the proportion of patients with hepatic fibrosis was significantly higher in the ICC group than in the control group (P = 0.0014).

Conclusion

NASH is a possible risk factor for ICC development. J. Surg. Oncol. 2016;113:779–783. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Optimal extent of lymphadenectomy for gastric adenocarcinoma: A 7‐institution study of the U.S. gastric cancer collaborative
Authors: Randle Reese W. , Swords Douglas S. , Levine Edward A. , Fino Nora F. , Squires Malcolm H. , Poultsides George , Fields Ryan C. , Bloomston Mark , Weber Sharon M. , Pawlik Timothy M. , Jin Linda X. , Spolverato Gaya , Schmidt Carl , Worhunsky David , Cho Clifford S. , Maithel Shishir K. , Votanopoulos Konstantinos I.
Published: March 2016

Background and Objectives

The optimal extent of lymphadenectomy in the treatment of gastric adenocarcinoma is debated. We compared gastrectomy outcomes following limited (D1) or extended (D2) lymphadenectomy.

Methods

Using the multi‐institutional US Gastric Cancer Collaborative database, we reviewed the morbidity, mortality, recurrence, and overall survival (OS) of patients receiving D1 or D2 lymphadenectomies.

Results

Between 2000 and 2012, 266 and 461 patients received a D1 and D2 lymphadenectomy, respectively. ASA class, mean number of comorbidities, grade, and stage were similar between groups. While major morbidity was similar (P = 0.85), mortality was worse for those receiving a D1 lymphadenectomy (4.9% vs. 1.3%, P = 0.004). D2 lymphadenectomy was associated with improved median OS in stage I (4.7 years for D1 vs. not reached for D2, P = 0.003), stage II (3.6 years for D1 vs. 6.3 for D2, P = 0.42), and stage III patients (1.3 years for D1 vs. 2.1 for D2, P = 0.01). After adjusting for predictors of OS, D2 lymphadenectomy remained a significant predictor of improved survival (HR 1.5, 95%CI 1.1–2.0, P = 0.008).

Conclusions

D2 lymphadenectomy can be performed without increased risk of morbidity and mortality. Additionally, D2 lymphadenectomy is associated with improved survival especially in early stages, and should be considered for gastric adenocarcinoma patients. J. Surg. Oncol. 2016;113:750–755. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Distribution of transmission eigenvalues and inverse spectral analysis with partial information on the refractive index
Authors: Xu Xiao‐Chuan , Xu Xin‐Jian , Yang Chuan‐Fu
Published: March 2016

In this work, we consider the interior transmission eigenvalue problem for a spherically stratified medium, which can be formulated as y′′(r) + k2η(r)y(r) = 0 endowed with boundary conditions
, where the refractive index η(r) is positive and real. We obtain the distribution of transmission eigenvalues under assumptions that
and one of these conditions that (i) η(1) ≠ 1, (ii) η(1) = 1,η′(1) ≠ 0, and (iii) η(1) = 1,η′(1) = 0,η″(1) ≠ 0, respectively. Moreover, in the case a = 1, we prove that if partial information on η(r) is known on subdomain, then only a part of eigenvalues can uniquely determine η(r) on the whole interval, and the relationship between the proportion of the missing eigenvalues and the subinterval of the known information on η(r) is revealed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polysulfone–poly(Orthotoluidine) nanocomposite membrane with an improved separation performance
Authors: Alhoshan Mansour , Alam Javed , Khan Aslam , Surur Al Shabouna Fahad , Sasivarnam Senthivel , Arockiasamy Dass Lawrence , Shukla Arun Kumar
Published: March 2016

In the current study, poly(orthotoluidine) (POT), which is a polyaniline derivative, was used as a novel organic nanoadditive for the preparation of a polysulfone–POT nanocomposite membrane with an improved separation performance. The effect of different concentrations of POT (0.5, 1, and 1.5 wt%) on the membrane properties was investigated using scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, tensile measurement, thermogravimetric analysis, contact angle meter, and zeta potential. The performance of the membranes was evaluated in terms of the water flux and bovine serum albumin (BSA) rejection and adsorption. The irreversible flux decline ratio (Rir) and the flux recovery rate (FRR%) were calculated to evaluate the fouling‐resistant ability of the prepared membranes. All of the membranes that consisted of the POT nanomaterials exhibited improved membrane performances (i.e., water flux, BSA adsorption resistance, rejection, and mechanical and thermal properties) compared with the neat polysulfone membrane. A considerable improvement in the membrane performance was observed for the nanocomposite membrane that had a POT content of 1 wt% because of its membrane morphology, which has a typical asymmetric structure and suitable surface characteristics, including surface roughness and charge. The 1 wt% POT‐added nanocomposite membrane, which exhibited the highest FRR value of 87.95% and the lowest irreversible fouling resistance (Rir) value of 12.04%, could be used as a preferential membrane in ultrafiltration applications. POLYM. COMPOS., 38:E157–E166, 2017. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers
Rheology characterization, dynamic mechanical, thermal, and mechanical properties of LGF/TPU/PBT/PTW composites
Authors: Zhang Daohai , He Min , Qin Shuhao , Yu Jie
Published: March 2016

Long glass fibers reinforced thermoplastic polyurethane and poly(butylene terephthalate) with the compatibilizer of poly(ethylene‐butylacrylate‐glycidyl methacrylate copolymer) (LGF/TPU/PBT/PTW) composites were prepared by using self‐designed impregnation device. Various rheological plots including viscosity curve, storage modulus, loss modulus, loss angle, Cole‐Cole plot, and relaxation spectrum were used to characterization of rheological properties. Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMA) results indicated that “double tan δ behavior” of composites is observed. The activation energies of α and β‐relaxation process of loss modulus and tan δ of the LGF/TPU/PBT/PTW composites gradually increased with long glass fibers content. Moreover, activation energies for the glass transition relaxation determined from loss tangent peaks are more reliable than using loss modulus criterion. Thermal properties of composites are studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analyses (TGA). Mechanical properties of composites are studied. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:794–806, 2018. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers
Synthesis of a novel polysiloxane containing phosphorus, and boron and its effect on flame retardancy, mechanical, and thermal properties of epoxy resin
Authors: Wang Qiuping , Xiong Lei , Liang Hongbo , Chen Liang , Huang Shengmei
Published: March 2016

In this paper, a novel polysiloxane containing phosphorus and boron (PSPB) has been successfully synthesized. The chemical structure of PSPB was characterized by means of FT‐IR, XRD, and NMR. The resulted PSPB was used as flame retardant and incorporated into the epoxy (EP) resin to prepare PSPB/EP composites. The effect of PSPB content on the mechanical properties, thermal stability and flame retardancy of composites was studied by impact and bending test, TGA, DMA, and limiting oxygen index (LOI) test. The results revealed that the incorporation of PSPB increased the mechanical properties and thermal stability of composites. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of the composites was decreased with the increasing of PSPB content. The morphology of the fracture surface of PSPB/EP composites was studied by SEM, indicating that the PSPB had good compatibility with epoxy resin. Moreover, the LOI results indicated that the incorporation of PSPB could significantly enhance the flame retardancy of composites. The LOI value of PSPB/EP composites with 20 wt% PSPB was about 28.4%, whereas the neat epoxy resin had a LOI of 20.8%. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:807–814, 2018. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers
Effect of coupling agent modified intumescent flame retardant on the mechanical properties, thermal degradation behavior, and flame retardancy of wood‐flour/polypropylene composites
Authors: Wang Wen , Peng Yao , Dong Youming , Wang Kaili , Li Jianzhang , Zhang Wei
Published: March 2016

In this study, the silane coupling agent modified intumescent flame retardant (K‐IFR) were used in the wood‐flour/polypropylene composites (WPCs). The tests showed that the mechanical properties of the WPCs contained K‐IFR were better than those of the WPCs contained the unmodified IFR. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that K‐IFR could endow the WPCs with higher thermal stability. The incorporation of it increased the limiting oxygen index by 23%, decreased the heat release rate by about 55%, and left much more charred residues at the end of cone calorimetry tests when compared with the WPCs without flame retardant. In addition, K‐IFR had better water resistance in the composite matrix than the unmodified one. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:826–834, 2018. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers
Optically and electrically excited emissions from organic semiconducting oligomer crystals
Authors: Hotta Shu
Published: March 2016

This paper reviews optically and electrically excited emissions from organic semiconducting oligomers in the form of their single crystals. Of the semiconducting oligomers, the review focuses on thiophene/phenylene co‐oligomers (TPCOs). The topics cover crystal growth and laser oscillation along with related spectrally narrowed emissions of TPCO crystals. Aside from the strong excitation with a laser beam, weak excitation using a mercury lamp produces optical fringes superimposed on broadband emission spectra. The laser oscillation spectra accompanied by longitudinal multimode and optical fringes observed from the weak excitation have the same origin. This enables us to determine optical constants (i.e. refractive indices) and their dispersion of the crystals and provides sufficient information for the construction of optoelectronic devices based on the organic crystals. As a typical example, the review outlines the improved device constitution and performance as well as device operation methods with light‐emitting field‐effect transistors (LEFETs), because the device configuration is suited for cutting‐edge devices including lasers. Finally the review presents device performance of LEFETs having a diffraction grating. These devices are suited for exploring the possibility of constructing a next‐generation current‐injected laser device. © 2016 The Authors. Polymer International published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
EXAMINING POTENTIAL BIAS IN SCREENING MEASURES FOR MIDDLE SCHOOL STUDENTS BY SPECIAL EDUCATION AND LOW SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS SUBGROUPS
Authors: Stevenson Nathan A. , Reed Deborah K. , Tighe Elizabeth L.
Published: March 2016

To provide timely and effective supports for students reading below grade level, schools require methods for quickly and accurately identifying those students in need. One method for identifying those students is through universal screening. Assessments such as oral reading fluency (ORF) and Maze reading comprehension are commonly used as screening assessments in middle grades. The current study examined ORF and Maze for evidence of bias across two subgroups known to be at increased risk for failure in reading: (a) students with learning disabilities and (b) students from low‐income households. Data from 4,215 students in the sixth (n = 1,126), seventh (n = 1,361), and eighth grades (n = 1,728) were analyzed. Results indicate no significant differences in predictive validity for students from low‐income households compared to students from middle and upper income households. For students with learning disabilities only 8th grade scores showed any evidence of bias compared to students without diagnosed disabilities. Implications and recommendations for future research are discussed.
Linear (k,n) secret sharing scheme with cheating detection
Authors: Liu Yanxiao
Published: March 2016

Linear (k,n) secret sharing scheme with the capability of detecting cheating is considered in this paper. Linear (k,n) secret sharing scheme is a class of (k,n) secret sharing, where all the n shares of a secret satisfy a linear relationship. It plays an important role in other cryptographic systems, such as multi‐party computation and function sharing schemes. On the other hand, cheating problem in (k,n) secret sharing is an important issue, such that cheaters (dishonest players) submit forged shares during secret reconstruction to fool honest players. During decades of research on cheating prevention, vast (k,n) secret sharing schemes against cheating have been proposed. However, most of these schemes are not linear schemes because it contains redundant information in their shares to achieve cheating detection. Because linear (k,n) secret sharing is an important primitive in threshold cryptography, linear (k,n) secret sharing scheme with the capability of cheating detection is also worthwhile to be discussed. In this paper, we propose a linear (k,n) secret sharing scheme against cheating based on Shamir's original scheme, which possesses the following merits: (1) Our scheme is just a combination of two Shamir's schemes. Therefore, our scheme can be used in other threshold cryptographic systems, which are based on Shamir's scheme. (2) The size of share in the proposed scheme almost reaches its theoretic lower bound in (k,n) secret sharing with cheating detection. (3) In the phase of cheating detection, only one honest player can detect the cheating from other k − 1 cheaters, which achieves a stronger detection effective than the previous linear secret sharing schemes against cheating. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Outsourcing secure two‐party computation as a black box
Authors: Carter Henry , Mood Benjamin , Traynor Patrick , Butler Kevin
Published: March 2016

Secure multiparty computation (SMC) offers a technique to preserve functionality and data privacy in mobile applications. Current protocols that make this costly cryptographic construction feasible on mobile devices securely outsource the bulk of the computation to a cloud provider. However, these outsourcing techniques are built on specific secure computation assumptions and tools, and applying new SMC ideas to the outsourced setting requires the protocols to be completely rebuilt and proven secure. In this work, we develop a generic technique for lifting any secure two‐party computation protocol into an outsourced two‐party SMC protocol. By augmenting the function being evaluated with auxiliary consistency checks and input values, we can create an outsourced protocol with low overhead cost. Our implementation and evaluation show that in the best case our outsourcing additions execute within the confidence intervals of two servers running the same computation and consume approximately the same bandwidth. In addition, the mobile device itself uses minimal bandwidth over a single round of communication. This work demonstrates that efficient outsourcing is possible with any underlying SMC scheme and provides an outsourcing protocol that is efficient and directly applicable to current and future SMC techniques. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Traditional herbal (kampo) medicine for musculoskeletal symptoms in menopausal women
Authors: Kogure Toshiaki , Harada Naoyuki , Yamamoto Kanoko , Tatsumi Takeshi
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT

Case

Traditional herbal (kampo) medicine has been used since ancient times to treat various types of musculoskeletal pain. The aim of this report was to describe the successful treatment of menopausal musculoskeletal symptoms (MMS) with kampo medicine, and to discuss its application to MMS. We observed the clinical course of three patients with MMS using kampo medicines: keishikaryojutsubuto and boiogito, or keishikaryojutsubuto alone.

Outcome

The three female patients (average age, 52.3 years; range, 50–54 years) did not fulfill the diagnostic criteria for any rheumatic or connective tissue diseases involving joint or muscle pain. They were diagnosed with MMS based on clinical feature. The kampo treatment ameliorated arthralgia, myalgia, and stiffness in the hands, markedly improving quality of life.

Conclusion

Kampo medicine is safe, and useful as an additional treatment for MMS, in the field of rheumatology, in addition to primary health care.
Toxicological evaluation of silver nanoparticles and silver nitrate in rats following 28 days of repeated oral exposure
Authors: Qin Guangqiu , Tang Song , Li Shibin , Lu Haoliang , Wang Yanwu , Zhao Peng , Li Bin , Zhang Jiehong , Peng Liang
Published: March 2016

The increasing application of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has been raising concerns about their potential adverse effects to human and the environment. However, the knowledge on the systemic toxicity of AgNPs in mammalian systems is still limited. The present study investigated the toxicity of PVP‐coated AgNPs in rats treated with repeated oral administration, and compared that with equivalent dose of AgNO3. Specifically, one hundred male and female rats were orally administrated with particulate or ionic forms of silver (Ag) separately at doses of 0.5 and 1 mg kg−1 body weight daily for 28 days. The results reveal no significant toxic effects of AgNPs and AgNO3 up to 1 mg kg−1 body weight, with respect to the body weight, organ weight, food intake, and histopathological examination. Ag distribution pattern in organs of rats treated with AgNPs was similar to that of AgNO3 treated rats, showing liver and kidneys are the main target organs followed by testis and spleen. The total Ag contents in organs were significantly lower in the AgNPs treated rats than those in the AgNO3 treated rats. However, the comparisons between AgNPs and AgNO3 treatments further indicated more potent of AgNPs in biochemical and hematological parameters in rats, including red blood cell count (RBC), platelet count (PLT), white blood cell count (WBC) and aspartate transaminase (AST). Results of this study suggested that particulate Ag at least partially contributed to the observed toxicity of AgNPs, and both ionic and particulate Ag should be taken into consideration in toxicological evaluation of AgNPs. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 609–618, 2017.
Models of visual categorization
Authors: Serre Thomas
Published: March 2016

Visual categorization refers to our ability to organize objects and visual scenes into discrete categories. It is an essential skill as it allows us to distinguish friend from foe or edible versus poisonous food. Understanding how the visual system categorizes objects and scenes is a challenge because it requires bridging the gap between different levels of understanding–from the level of neural circuits and neural networks to the level of information processing and, ultimately, behavior. Computational models have become powerful tools for integrating knowledge across these levels of analysis. We review recent progress in our understanding of the computational mechanisms underlying visual categorization and discuss some of the remaining challenges. WIREs Cogn Sci 2016, 7:197–213. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1385

This article is categorized under:

Psychology > Perception and Psychophysics

Neuroscience > Computation
Electrostatic Filter Ash from Silane Production as Silicate Substitute in Zeolite Chemistry
Authors: Hartmann Andrea , Petrov Valeriy , Buhl Josef‐Christian , Rübner Katrin , Lindemann Matthias
Published: March 2016

This paper is a case study of complete substitution of sodium‐metasilicate in zeolite Na‐A synthesis by an electrostatic filter ash (FA) arising in high amounts during silane waste incineration process. The silicate abundant FA is a suitable material for reinsertion in zeolite chemistry. This is shown in the presented investigation by the development of a model reaction process at low temperatures (50–60 °C) and short times (1.5–4 h). The experiments were performed under addition of NaAlO2 and variation of the alkalinity and the reaction period. Characterization and fine tuning of the process was mainly done by studying the kinetics of FA digestion and zeolite crystallization by XRD and chemical analyses (ICP‐OES) of solutions and solids. It could be shown that pure FA was mostly dissolved (98 %) in 8 M NaOH already after 1 h. Addition of NaAlO2 and crystallization for further 60 min under optimized conditions at 50 °C yielded to a suitable product. It consists of zeolite Na‐A (92 % by mass) beside some hydrosodalite (8 % by mass). According to this low temperature short time process this study is a contribution for the development of energy efficient recycling solutions.
Syntheses, Structures, and Properties of Two Dicyanamide‐Bridged Polymers with a Schiff‐base Ligand
Authors: Zhang Yu , Zhang Wan‐Xin , Zheng Ji‐Min
Published: March 2016

The dicyanamide‐bridged polymers with Schiff‐base ligand, [CoNaL(dca)]n (1) and [Mn2L(dca)2]n (2) [H2L = bis(3‐methoxysalicylidene)benzene‐1,2‐diamine, dca = dicyanamide] were synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses, IR spectrroscopy and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The solid‐state structures reveal that polymer 1 has double dca bridged loop‐like 1D chains, in which the heterodinuclear Co2+‐Na+ units (LCoNa) are bridged by dca with coordination mode μ1,3,5. In polymer 2, homodinuclear Mn2+‐Mn2+(LMnMn) units are linked by dca in μ1,5‐bridging mode to form 2D planes. Magnetic susceptibility studies on 2 reveals antiferromagnetic coupling interactions between the adjacent Mn2+ ions in the LMnMn unit.
Outcomes of Laparoscopic Liver Resection for Patients with Large Colorectal Liver Metastases: A Case‐Matched Analysis
Authors: Nomi Takeo , Fuks David , Louvet Christophe , Nakajima Yoshiyuki , Gayet Brice
Published: March 2016

Background

Despite the expansion of laparoscopic approach in the treatment of liver tumors, limited data have been reported regarding large colorectal liver metastases (CRLMs). This study aimed at assessing the short‐ and long‐term outcomes after laparoscopic liver resection (LLR) for large (≥5 cm) CRLMs.

Methods

This was a case‐matched study (1:2) comparing patients with large (group L; ≥5 cm) and small (group S; <5 cm) CRLMs using demographic, tumor, and surgical characteristics as matching variables. Postoperative outcomes and survival data were compared in the 2 groups.

Results

Forty patients who underwent LLR for large CRLMs were matched with 80 patients with tumors <5 cm. Major hepatectomy was performed with 75.0 % of patients in Group L and 66.3 % in group S (p = 0.403). Operative time was 300 min in group L and 240 min in group S (p = 0.059). The postoperative mortality and overall morbidity rates were comparable in the 2 groups (p = 1.000 and 0.170, respectively). Postoperative major complication (Dindo–Clavien ≥3) was similar between the two groups (p = 0.072). R0 resection was achieved in 92.5 % in the group L and in 95.0 % in the group S (p = 1.000). The 5‐year overall survival and recurrence‐free survival were better for group S than for group L (47.3 vs. 35.4 %, p = 0.044 and 27.3 vs. 14.9 %, p = 0.042, respectively). Multivariate analysis identified positive surgical margins and synchronous presentation as prognostic factors.

Conclusion

Since LLR was performed safely with favorable oncological adequacy in selected patients with large CRLMs, tumor size should not modify the surgical approach.
Characterization of a salt-activated protease with temperature-dependent secretion in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia FF11 isolated from frozen Antarctic krill
Authors: Wang Qingling , Ji Fangling , Wang Jingyun , Jiang Bo , Li Lu , An Lijia , Li Yachen , Bao Yongming
Published: March 2016

Seafood is sometimes wasted due to the growth of psychrotolerant microbes which secrete proteases and break down proteins. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia FF11, isolated from frozen Antarctic krill, grows at a wide range of temperatures and secretes more proteases at low temperatures. According to zymogram analysis, two kinds of proteases were produced from this strain. A major protease was produced largely at 15 °C, but not at 37 °C. The temperature-dependent secreted protease was purified to homogeneity. Its molecular mass was determined at 37.4 kDa and its amino acid sequence was also obtained. This protease is a member of the subtilase group according to the NCBI blast analysis. The enzyme was highly stable at high salt concentration (4 M). Interestingly, its activity increased about 1.6-fold under high salt condition. The enzyme remains active and stable in different organic solvents (50 %, v/v) such as dimethylsulfoxide, dimethyl formamide, dioxane and acetone. These properties may provide potential applications in quality control for sea foods, in protein degradation at high salt concentration, in biocatalysis and biotransformation within non-aqueous media, such as detergent and transesterification.