bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PASTURE FOR YOUNG DAIRY STOCK: I. EFFECT OF PREVIOUS NUTRITIONAL LEVEL AND AGE ON GROWTH OF AYRSHIRE AND HOLSTEIN HEIFER CALVES AND YEARLINGS ON PASTURE
Authors: Miles Vern , Logan V. S. , Pigden W. J. , Bozivich Helen
Published: March 2010

Holstein and Ayrshire heifer calves were barn-fed at high or moderate planes of nutrition from birth until 2, 4 or 6 months of age and then turned to pasture for 2 months. During the first 2 months of the initial barn feeding period body weight and heart girth increases were significantly greater on the high plane of nutrition but differences in withers heights were not significant. However, in the second 2 months increases for all three growth criteria were significant on the high plane of nutrition. During the 2-month pasture period calves in each group grew satisfactorily except Ayrshires on the moderate plane of nutrition. Two-month-old calves on the high plane of nutrition retained their weight advantage over the comparable age group on moderate nutrition. A highly significant trend indicated weight increase to be inversely proportional to age for the first month of the pasture season but the reverse was true for the next month on pasture. Growth patterns to the end of a second pasture season showed that treatment differences had largely disappeared and all animals had attained weight, heart girth, and withers height to within ± 4 per cent of Ragsdale standards.
PASTURE FOR YOUNG DAIRY STOCK: II. EFFECT OF PREVIOUS NUTRITIONAL LEVEL AND AGE ON GROWTH OF HOLSTEIN HEIFER CALVES ON PASTURE
Authors: Miles Vern , Logan V. S. , Pigden W. J.
Published: March 2010

Thirty-five Holstein heifer calves were assigned at birth to three ration schedules: moderate m; control c; high h. These three groups were weaned from whole milk during the 2nd, 7th and 9th weeks respectively with m and h calves receiving skim milk to 7 and 16 weeks of age respectively. m and c calves were allowed 4 pounds and h calves up to 6 pounds of meal daily with no limit on hay consumption. Moderate and high rationed calves were further sub-divided into three birth groups and were abruptly switched from the above feeding schedules and placed on pasture without supplementation at 56, 112, and 168 days. Treatment comparisons included live weight gain, withers height and heart girth measurements.High rationed calves made greater growth increases than m or c calves during the barn feeding period. These differences were greater for weight than for heart girth or withers increases. Pastured calves made smaller body gains during the first 28-day pasture period than barn-fed controls. This trend was reversed by the third pasture period with some pastured calves gaining over 2 pounds daily, h calves placed on pasture at 2 months of age made greater body weight gains and appeared to be thriftier than calves previously moderately rationed.
ENERGY DIGESTIBILITY AND NITROGEN RETENTION BY PIGS AND RATS FED DIETS CONTAINING NON-NUTRITIVE DILUENTS AND VARYING IN PROTEIN LEVEL
Authors: Likuski H. J. A. , Bowland J. P. , Berg R. T.
Published: March 2010

Diets containing gross energy levels of 3.9 and 3.2 Cal./gm. and crude protein levels of 14 and 18 per cent on an air-dry basis (4.4 and 3.5 Cal./gm and 15 and 20 per cent respectively on an oven-dry basis) were fed in a 2 × 2 factorial design to weanling rats and pigs. The lower energy level was achieved by adding 20 per cent of a fine aggregate of vermiculite. In the rat experiment the vermiculite was compared with a similar level or non-nutritive cellulose. Dry matter, apparent energy and apparent nitrogen digestibility and nitrogen retention were determined with 4- to 5-week-old rats weighing approximately 80 grams and with pigs averaging approximately 8, 20 and 50 kilograms liveweight.The apparent digestibility of energy and nitrogen by rats and pigs was similar. The percentage apparent nitrogen digestibility was reduced in both species fed lower energy diets. Dry matter and energy digestibilities were lowered in rats fed lower energy diets containing vermiculite but a similar effect was evident only in 8-kilogram pigs.Nitrogen retention varied between the two species. Percentage gross or digestible nitrogen retention in rats was increased with higher energy and with lower protein diets. Retention of digested nitrogen in Pigs was reduced with higher energy compared to lower energy diets. Higher protein improved nitrogen retention in 8-kilogram pigs but lowered retention in heavier pigs.
AN ECONOMICAL LABORATORY MOUSE COLONY
Authors: Miller J. R. , Wood A. J.
Published: March 2010

An economical and effective procedure for the production and maintenance of a laboratory mouse colony is described. It features the use of common and readily available structural materials which can be assembled and dismantled with minimal effort and skill. Ventilation, lighting, sanitation, feeding and watering techniques are described. Ten years of experience with this management procedure has shown that animals of high quality can be produced and maintained at minimal cost.
A COMPARISON OF FIXED VS. ADJUSTED STOCKING WITH YEARLING BEEF CATTLE ON PERMANENT EASTERN ONTARIO PASTURES
Authors: Jordan W. A. , Sylvestre P. E. , Pigden W. J.
Published: March 2010

A comparison of animal gain, total digestible nutrients (TDN) calculated from animal requirements for maintenance and gain, and dry matter (DM) production under fixed vs. adjusted stocking management of native pastures was carried out over a 4-year period, 1954 to 1957. Total gain, average daily gain (ADG) and TDN were markedly higher for the adjusted stocking treatment in all years. DM production (cage clippings) did not differ between treatments. Year differences were very marked in total gain, ADG and DM production. This appeared to be related to season, temperature and rainfall. Lowest total gain and ADG occurred during the two cooler seasons (1954 and 1956) which had the highest average rainfall. The relationship between DM production and total gain was very low. The highest DM production occurred in 1956 when the total gains were the second lowest. Calculations based on livestock response suggest that the nutritive quality of the herbage was higher for both treatments during the relatively warm dry years (1955 and 1957), and that forage consumed from plots stocked by the adjusted method was of higher quality than from those stocked by the fixed method. TDN was much more efficiently used for animal gain on the adjusted plots than on the fixed stock plots in 3 years out of 4. Treatment had no marked influence on sward composition over the 4-year period.
THE DETERMINATION OF CHROMIC OXIDE IN SAMPLES OF FEED AND EXCRETA BY ACID DIGESTION AND SPECTROPHOTOMETRY
Authors: Czarnocki Jadwiga , Sibbald I. R. , Evans E. V.
Published: March 2010

Numerous aspects of the wet acidic digestion procedure for the assay of Cr2O3 in feed and excreta samples have been investigated; these included time and temperature of heating, the effects of sulphuric acid concentration, and the wavelengths at which optical densities are read. On the basis of the findings, modifications of the procedure have been adopted.As the optical densities of dichromate solutions, which are the end products of the digestion, are influenced by their sulphuric acid molarities, it is essential that such molarities be kept relatively constant. Reading of optical densities at 350 mμ permits a much greater sensitivity in the assay than does the use of a wavelength of 444 mμ. Standard curves with correlation coefficients of 1.000 between Cr2O3 concentration and optical density were obtained consistently, demonstrating a high degree of precision. When a 3-gram sample of feed and a 1-gram sample of excreta are employed, the observed ratio [Formula: see text] must be corrected as follows:Corrected ratio = (observed ratio × 1.110) − 0.045. This correction accounts for the background light absorption at 350 mμ attributable to the feed and excreta.The modified method was found to give comparable results to the sodium fusion technique with evidence of slight advantages over the latter.
EFFECT OF AGE AT WEANING OF SHROPSHIRE LAMBS ON WEIGHT GAINS AND CARCASS SCORE
Authors: Cameron C. D. T. , Hamilton L. S.
Published: March 2010

Differences in the rate of gain from birth to 140 and 170 days of age for lambs weaned on grass-white clover pasture, at average ages of 10, 15 and 20 weeks, were not significant (P < 0.05) as measured by the linear and quadratic regressions. The average weights at weaning were 39, 54 and 66 pounds respectively. The rates of gain of the lambs were affected by type of birth, sex and year of rearing.The age at weaning, type of birth and year of rearing had insignificant effects on the commercial grades of the carcasses from wether lambs.None of the interaction effects for any of the response criteria studied reached statistical significance.The results indicate that certain advantages from early weaning of lambs on pasture with ample immature forage were realized without adversely affecting the performance of carcass grades.
DIGESTIBILITY AND FEEDLOT STUDIES ON RAPESEED SCREENINGS FOR FEEDER LAMBS
Authors: Bell J. M. , Linton J. H.
Published: March 2010

Screenings from combine-harvested rapeseed were ground and incorporated as 50 per cent of a pelleted feed containing 36.5 per cent ground oat hulls, 4 per cent dehydrated alfalfa meal, 7 per cent cane molasses, 0.5 per cent urea, 1.0 per cent dicalcium phosphate and 0.5 per cent salt. These pellets composed 0, 33, 67 and 100 per cent of the total concentrate allowance fed with hay to four lots of 20 feeder lambs during a 67-day test. The hay allowance was limited to 1.5 pound/head/day. Grain and pellets were full-fed twice daily. In a parallel digestibility study pellets were substituted for concentrate (mixed wheat, oats and barley) at the following levels: 0, 16.7, 33.3, 50 and 100 per cent and with the hay allowance held constant at 50 per cent of the ration.The pelleted mixture was found to contain 51 per cent T.D.N, and 10.6 per cent D.C.P. (dry matter basis) and when included as one-third of the concentrate fed, the lambs gained 0.47 pound/day. Increasing levels of screenings pellets beyond one-third of the concentrate portion of the ration resulted in decreasing gains proportional to the decline in percentage T.D.N. in the entire ration. Tests for isothiocyanate and thiooxazolidone revealed only traces of these toxic factors.Rapeseed screenings contain 8 to 11 per cent crude protein, about 57 per cent T.D.N. (10 per cent moisture basis), and appear to be satisfactory as an ingredient in ruminant rations.
NOTE ON THE EFFECTS OF SELENIUM ON WOOL GROWTH AND BODY GAINS IN SHEEP
Authors: Slen S. B. , Demiruren A. S. , Smith A. D.
Published: March 2010

not available
NOTE ON THE VALUE OF FIRE- AND SMOKE-DAMAGED WHEAT FOR GROWING TURKEYS
Authors: MacGregor H. I. , Blakely R. M.
Published: March 2010

not available
ACID FISH OFFAL SILAGE AS A SOURCE OF PROTEIN IN GROWING AND FINISHING RATIONS FOR BACON PIGS
Authors: Cameron C. D. T.
Published: March 2010

Three factorially designed experiments, involving 136 growing-finishing Yorkshire pigs, were carried out to determine the feeding value of acid-ensiled cod and haddock offal. Rate of gain, feed efficiency and carcass characteristics indicated that this product was a satisfactory source of supplementary protein. However, a moderate off-flavor was detected in the meat from pigs fed fish silage to market weight. The intensity of the off-flavor was not affected by removal of fish silage from the ration of pigs at approximately 170 pounds body weight when slaughtered at 200 pounds. The results from discontinuing the feeding of fish silage when the pigs reached body weights of 100 and 150 pounds on off-flavor in the meat were not conclusive.
THE ADDITION OF BUFFERS TO RUMINANT RATIONS: II. ADDITIONAL OBSERVATIONS ON WEIGHT GAINS, EFFICIENCY OF GAINS AND CONSUMPTION BY STEERS OF ALL-CONCENTRATE RATIONS
Authors: Nicholson J. W. G. , Friend D. W. , Cunningham H. M.
Published: March 2010

Two experiments, involving a total of 60 beef steers fed all-concentrate rations, were conducted to determine the effect of additions of sodium bicarbonate, sodium propionate and cod liver oil on rates of gain, feed intake, feed efficiency and carcass grades of the steers. The basal ration consisted of the following ingredients in percentages: barley 40; oats 40; linseed oil meal 10; molasses 8.5; dicalcium phosphate 1.0; trace-mineralized salt 0.5; plus vitamins A and D. The addition of 5.7 per cent sodium bicarbonate to this all-concentrate ration, composed of either ground or rolled grains, did not improve gains, feed efficiency or carcass grades. The addition of 3.6 per cent sodium propionate to the bicarbonate-containing ration did not have any significant effect on animal gains, feed efficiency or carcass grades. When 75 milliliters of cod liver oil was fed once daily with a ration containing 5.7 per cent sodium bicarbonate, carcass grade, dressing percentage, feed consumption and rate of gain, but not feed efficiency, were significantly reduced. The rolled-grain rations gave more satisfactory results than the ground-grain rations. A high incidence of kidney lesions was observed among some of the ration groups.
THE ADDITION OF BUFFERS TO RUMINANT RATIONS: III. THE EFFECT OF ADDITIONS OF SODIUM BICARBONATE, SODIUM PROPIONATE, LIMESTONE AND COD LIVER OIL ON APPARENT DIGESTIBILITY AND NITROGEN RETENTION OF AN ALL-CONCENTRATE RATION
Authors: Nicholson J. W. G. , Friend D. W. , Cunningham H. M.
Published: March 2010

Rumen-fistulated yearling steers were used in two 4 × 4 latin square design experiments to determine the digestibility and nitrogen retention of all-concentrate rations with various supplements. The inclusion of 5.7 per cent sodium bicarbonate in either a ground- or dry-rolled-grain ration resulted in an increase in urine excretion. Digestibility of organic matter and nitrogen or nitrogen retention were not affected. The addition of 60 milliliters of cod liver oil (1200 I.U. vitamin A, 150 I.U. vitamin D per gram) per day to the bicarbonate supplemented, ground-grain ration tended to decrease organic matter digestibility while the addition of 3.6 per cent sodium propionate tended to increase organic matter digestibility. Differences between these rations and the bicarbonate ration were not statistically significant; however, the percentage of nitrogen retained on the cod liver oil supplemented ration was significantly (P < 0.05) lower than on the propionate supplemented ration.The inclusion of 5.7 per cent ground limestone significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the digestibility of dry matter, and nitrogen, but the digestibility of organic matter was not significantly lower at this probability level.
NOTE ON THE MOVIE CAMERA USED AS A PHOTO RECORDER
Authors: Voisey Peter W.
Published: March 2010

not available
NOTE ON LIVER VITAMIN A STORES AND WEIGHT GAINS IN BEEF CATTLE FOLLOWING ENTRARUMINAL INJECTION OR ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF VITAMIN A
Authors: Roberts W. K. , Stringam E. W.
Published: March 2010

not available
NOTE ON A FECES FRACTION-COLLECTOR FOR SHEEP
Authors: Dodds M. E. , Troelsen J. E.
Published: March 2010

not available
NOTE ON THE EFFECT OF CAGE HOUSING ON FERTILITY, BODY WEIGHT AND MORTALITY OF COCKERELS
Authors: Crawford R. D.
Published: March 2010

not available
A TEST OF THE RECIPROCAL RECURRENT SELECTION TECHNIQUE WITH CHICKEN BROILERS
Authors: Griesbach L.
Published: March 2010

The reciprocal recurrent selection technique for improving combining ability was tested with two strains of chickens. Body weight of broilers was the criterion. Selection was based on the 10-week body weights of crossbred progeny but only selected individuals from the purebred strains were used as parents of succeeding generations. Random-bred control strains, in which no selection was practised, were also maintained and reproduced to assist in evaluating genetic change in the selected strains.Reciprocal recurrent selection brought about a progressive increase in the body weight of both purebred and crossbred broilers from the strains under selection. Broilers from the selected strains were 11.3 per cent heavier at 10 weeks of age than those from their unselected counterparts at the end of the experiment. Broilers from the control strains maintained a nearly constant weight. Purebred broilers from the selected strains increased in weight as the experiment progressed, at approximately the same rate as crossbreds from the same strains. Selection apparently resulted in an accumulation of genes having an additive favorable effect on body weight, but it failed to improve combining ability. Over-dominance and/or epistasis did not appear to be important factors in heterosis for body weight in these populations.
THE EFFECT OF AGE, BODY WEIGHT, FEED INTAKE AND ADAPTABILITY OF PIGS ON THE DIGESTIBILITY AND NUTRITIVE VALUE OF CELLULOSE
Authors: Cunningham H. M. , Friend D. W. , Nicholson J. W. G.
Published: March 2010

A total of 88 metabolism trials were conducted with eight 65-kilogram pigs. Four pigs received a control ration and four received the same amount of control ration plus 40 per cent wood cellulose (solka-floc). A 4-week early growing, a 6-week maintenance and a 3-week late growing period were followed by a 2-week changeover period in which all pigs received solka-floc. The reduction of feed intake to a maintenance level caused an increase in the apparent digestibility of crude fiber and crude protein in both groups. This resulted in a higher digestible energy intake, carbon retention and body weight gain in the solka-floc group. The digestibility of crude fiber and crude protein of the solka-floc ration decreased in the late growing period but still remained higher than in the early growing period. The data indicated that digestibility was influenced more by the level of feeding and changes in body weight than by age. Pigs fed solka-floc for 15 weeks were no better adapted to digest it than those which received it for 1 week. Fecal protein was doubled by the addition of solka-floc. The solka-floc was 5.0, 29.1, and 18.3 per cent digested during the early-growing, maintenance and late-growing periods respectively, while the extra fecal protein resulting from feeding the supplemental cellulose was equivalent to 9.0, 6.7 and 8.1 per cent of the solka-floc intake. The relationship of dry matter content of the feces to digestibility and rate of passage is discussed.
EFFICIENCY OF CONVERSION OF PROTEIN, ENERGY AND CARBON IN PIGS RESTRICTED LATE IN THE FATTENING PERIOD
Authors: Cunningham H. M. , Friend D. W. , Nicholson J. W. G.
Published: March 2010

Three treatments, HB — a high level of a basal ration, LB — a low level of the basal ration, and HP — a low level of a high-protein ration, were tested in each of two experiments with pigs at 65 kilograms liveweight. Carbon-nitrogen balance methods were used to compare the treatments in the first experiment with 6 pigs while weight gain and carcass analysis were used with 24 pigs in the second experiment.In Experiment 1, the LB group, which was restricted to approximately 1600 grams of feed per day, retained the same percentage of ingested protein but deposited a lower percentage of the digestible calories as fat. The HP group grew at the same rate as the LB group and retained more total nitrogen but this represented a lower percentage of the ingested nitrogen. There was little difference in fat storage of the HP and the LB groups. Carcass measurements and analysis of carcasses in Experiment 2 confirmed the findings in Experiment 1. The HP group required an average of 73 days to reach 87 kilograms in body weight, compared to 66 days for the LB group and 27 days for the HB group. Restricted feeding of the basal ration increased the protein in the carcasses by 7.0 per cent and decreased the fat by 3.9 per cent. A restricted intake of the high protein ration resulted in a further 3.1 per cent increase in carcass protein and a 1.8 per cent decrease in fat.
B-COMPLEX VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTATION OF PIG RATIONS BASED ON BARLEY GROWN ON GREY WOODED SOILS
Authors: Owen B. D. , Reddon A. , Whiting F.
Published: March 2010

Ninety-two sows and two hundred and sixteen pigs were employed in four gestation-lactation and three growing-finishing experiments to determine the adequacy of barley grown on the Grey Wooded soils of the Peace River region in northwestern Canada, as a source of riboflavin, pantothenic and nicotinic acid in swine rations. Vitamin B12 was assessed as a dietary essential in the all-plant rations. In the gestation-lactation experiments sow gains during gestation were greater in the B-vitamin supplemented lot and a trend toward heavier weaning weights of pigs was evident. Vitamin supplementation increased the level of vitamin B12 in sow’s milk collected 1 week post-partum and of both riboflavin and pantothenic acid collected 1 week and 6 weeks post-partum. Nicotinic acid content of sows’ milk was unaffected by supplementation. There was a highly significant decrease in riboflavin level in both control and supplemented lots between 1 and 6 weeks following parturition. The decrease was greatest in the unsupplemented lot.B-vitamin supplementation did not affect growing period gains or pig carcass quality in the growing-finishing experiments. However, certain significant growth responses were noted in the finishing period.The data indicate that the basal rations employed contained adequate riboflavin, pantothenic and nicotinic acid to support normal gestation, lactation and growth in Yorkshire swine.
EFFECT OF SELECTION FOR GROWTH AND FOR BREAST DEVELOPMENT ON KEEL DEFECTS IN BROILERS
Authors: Merritt E. S. , Zawalsky M. , Crawford R. D. , Slen S. B.
Published: March 2010

Data from the third and fourth generations of a number of lines selected exclusively for growth, and of a number selected solely for breast angle, showed that selection for these traits had an effect on the incidence of crooked keels and breast blisters in 63-day-old broilers. The base population of these selected lines was a meat-control strain and a sample of this strain was reared with each hatch of the selected lines.Lines selected for growth had the highest incidence of both crooked keels and breast blisters. The lines selected for breast angle had a lower incidence of these defects than the controls, even though they did not differ from the controls in 63-day weight. It was concluded that there is a definite relationship between rate of growth, breast development and the incidence of keel defects. Market grading data on a sample of birds from these lines reflected these differences in keel defects. The market grades for conformation were lowest in the growth lines and highest in the breast lines.
NOTE ON LINEAR TRENDS IN BROILER WEIGHTS AND MEASUREMENTS TAKEN OVER A 10-HOUR PERIOD
Authors: Merritt E. S.
Published: March 2010

not available
VITAMIN A AND CAROTENE STUDIES WITH FATTENING BEEF CATTLE
Authors: Roberts W. K. , Phillips G. D.
Published: March 2010

Three feeding trials were conducted to study the effect of feeding various levels of vitamin A or carotene on weight gains, feed conversion and changes in liver vitamin A stores of fattening steers. The daily intake of 6,000 I.U. of vitamin A did not prevent vitamin A deficiency during a 126-day feeding period, when average initial liver vitamin A stores of the steers were 6.8 micrograms per gram of fresh liver. On the other hand, steers with liver vitamin A stores of 51.8 micrograms per gram of fresh liver, and receiving no supplemental vitamin A or carotene, showed no vitamin A deficiency symptoms and gained approximately the same as steers receiving 17,958 or 35,875 I.U. of vitamin A daily during a 133-day feeding period. Steers receiving the vitamin A-carotene free rations did not require significantly more feed per 100 pounds gain than steers receiving similar rations and supplemented with various levels of vitamin A or carotene. Initial liver vitamin A stores of 73.4 micrograms per gram of fresh liver were not maintained in fattening steers receiving 72,100 I.U. of vitamin A daily during 112 days. Steers consuming 63.3 milligrams of B-carotene or 25,000 I.U. of vitamin A daily showed similar losses in initial liver vitamin A stores during 133 days, suggesting a conversion ratio of carotene to vitamin A of approximately 8.4:1, on a weight basis.
STUDIES ON THE INTRAMAMMARY PRESSURE OF DAIRY GOWS
Authors: Kitts W. D. , Merriman M. , Berry J. C.
Published: March 2010

The changes of intramammary pressure (I.M.P.) that occur in the udder of the lactating cow were studied. Results show marked and rapid fluctuations in the I.M.P. at the time of milking. Stimulation by hand manipulation of the udder caused an abrupt increase in pressure, followed by a drop in pressure as milking proceeded. The greater the quantity of milk contained m the udder, the greater the I.M.P. A fall in the I.M.P. of a milked quarter had no effect on the I.M.P. of the unmilked quarters. The I.M.P. rose progressively after milking as measured during milking intervals of 15 and 18 hours.
THE EFFECT OF MOLDY WHEAT ON GROWTH, LIVABILITY AND THE INCIDENCE OF MYCOTIC INFECTION IN TURKEY POULTS
Authors: Blakely R. M. , MacGregor H. I. , Chandra P. , Connell R. , Timonin M. I.
Published: March 2010

Four experiments are reported in which six moldy wheats were incorporated into the rations of turkey poults for a 6-week period.In only one of these did moldy wheat, used as the sole source of cereal grain in the starter, significantly (P < 0.05) lower body weights below those of the control rations.Assays of 40 samples of moldy wheats showed that only two (5 per cent) carried Aspergillus fumigatus, whereas Candida albicans was not found on any of them.Mortality was low in all experiments and could not be attributed to the dietary treatments.Pathological examination of 5 birds from each replicate (600 birds in all) showed that 58 carried minor lesions which were suspected of being mycotic. Isolates from these, which were incubated at 39 to 41 °C., produced some mold growth, but only one bird produced growth of A. fumigatus. None produced growth of C. albicans.
THE EFFECT OF ESTROGENIC PLAINT EXTRACTS ON THE UTERUS OF THE LABORATORY RAT
Authors: Ostrovsky D. , Kitts W. D.
Published: March 2010

The effects of estrogenic substances from various plant sources and of diethylstilbestrol on uterine weight and histology of intact, ovariectomized, hypophysectomized, and hypophysectomized-ovariectomized albino rats have been studied. Unpurified and partially purified extracts of estrogenic plant material as well as chemically known estrogenic compounds brought about marked uterine responses. The absence of the hypophysis and/or the ovary did not appear to interfere with the rate or degree of uterine response. Method of administration of the extracts influenced the physiological effectiveness of a given dose. When incorporated in the diet the effect of the extract is more marked in terms of uterine response than when the same quantity is administered orally by means of a rubber catheter. The probable relationships of the various findings to infertility are discussed.
LITTER SIZE AND PRE- AND POST-WEANING PERFORMANCE IN SWINE
Authors: Fredeen H. T. , Plank R. N.
Published: March 2010

Analysis of performance data from 209 barrows and 222 gilts, representing 135 gilt litters, indicated an important inverse relationship between litter size at birth and weaning and individual pig weights at both ages. Differences in litter size at weaning had no measurable influence on the post-weaning traits of average daily gain during the weight-constant growth period of 50 to 195 ± 3 pounds or on the carcass traits of length and loin area. There was reasonably consistent evidence of a small effect on total back fat, with females from small litters producing a greater amount of fat than expected in relation to their contemporary test barrows. These relationships were confirmed by analysis of a further sample of 149 barrows and 147 gilts from 82 litters. The significance of these findings in relation to R.O.P. testing is discussed briefly.
THE PRODUCTION OF ORGANIC ACIDS IN THE PIG: II. THE EFFECT OF DIET ON THE LEVELS OF VOLATILE FATTY ACIDS AND LACTIC ACID IN SECTIONS OF THE ALIMENTARY TRACT
Authors: Friend D. W. , Cunningham H. M. , Nicholson J. W. G.
Published: March 2010

Two experiments were conducted to measure volatile fatty acids and lactic acid in the alimentary tract of pigs. The animals had been fed either a cellulose-, bran- or dried whey-supplemented diet before slaughter.The cellulose-supplemented diet generally gave a lower total organic acid content than did the control diet, for each section of the tract examined. A high concentration and large quantity of organic acid characterized the colon of the pig.In the second experiment, where the control diet was supplemented with either bran or dried whey, formic acid was found only in the stomach and small intestine of each pig. Lactic acid in the large intestine was found less often in the bran-fed pigs than it was in the pigs fed the other two diets.The digesta of the small intestine gave the lowest (P < 0.01) total concentration (meq./100 ml.) of organic acid. The concentration of acid in the caecum of the control pigs was nearly twice that reported for the caecum of cattle.The proportion of lactic acid decreased progressively as the digesta passed along the tract, the differences being highly significant (P < 0.01) between the upper sections (stomach and small intestine) and lower sections (caecum and colon). There was a tendency for the bran-fed pigs to have a greater proportion of acetic acid in the digesta than the controls. Acetic, propionic and butyric acids were found in the caecum of the bran-fed pigs in the proportions of 60, 32 and 7.5 per cent, respectively. The type of diet and the locality of the digesta affected significantly the proportion of acids found in the alimentary tract.The largest quantity of organic acid (gm.) was found in the stomach and slightly less in the proximal portion of the colon. The total quantity of organic acid present in the alimentary tract at the time of examination was calculated to be 45, 60 and 49 grams for the control, whey- and the bran-fed pigs respectively.
GROWTH DEPRESSING FACTORS IN RAPESEED OIL MEAL: V. THE EFFECTS OF MYROSINASE ACTIVITY ON THE TOXICITY OF THE MEAL
Authors: Belzile R. , Bell J. M. , Wetter L. R.
Published: March 2010

A study was made of the effects of adding 0.1 per cent myrosinase (a thioglucoside-splitting enzyme) to mouse diets containing Swedish or Polish type rapeseed oil meal and hot water-treated fractions of the meal. The latter were devoid of active enzyme but contained known quantities of the thioglucosides, precursors of the toxic isothiocyanates (I) and thiooxazolidones (T).Hot water extraction of the meals resulted in about 20 per cent of the dry matter being extracted and in significant alteration in the proportions and amounts of I and T.The addition of myrosinase to untreated rapeseed oil meals failed to increase the toxicity, presumably because there was already sufficient enzyme in the meals to reduce gains to about 25 per cent of normal. Addition of enzyme to the extracted residue (containing about one-third of the original thioglucosides of the meal) also failed to increase the toxicity. Enzyme addition to diets containing the water-soluble components resulted in significant growth depression but the full potential toxicity was not obtained.It is concluded that the enzyme myrosinase is an important factor affecting the toxicity of rapeseed oil meal in animal feeding, although conditions for its optimum activity were not achieved in this experiment where semi-purified enzyme was employed as a dietary supplement.
NATIVE LOWLAND HAY IN PELLETED AND NON-PELLETED RATIONS FOR SHEEP: II. EFFECTS ON RATE OF FERMENTATION IN THE RUMEN
Authors: Grieve C. M. , Robblee A. R. , McElroy L. W.
Published: March 2010

Gas and acid production by homogenized samples of rumen contents incubated in a Warburg apparatus were employed as measures of relative rates of fermentation in rumen contents of fattening lambs and mature wethers fed rations, in either pelleted or non-pelleted form, containing varying levels of poor quality native lowland hay. Pelleting of the rations had no effect on rates of fermentation in the samples, so that the in vitro results did not reflect the large differences that existed in feed consumption and rate of gain of the lambs.In samples of rumen contents obtained just before the morning feeding (0 hour) from lambs fed rations containing 45 or 60 per cent of the test hay, rates of fermentation were much lower than in similar samples obtained 1.5, 3 or 6 hours after feeding. Rates of fermentation, at all sampling intervals, were highest in samples obtained from lambs and wethers fed the control alfalfa-barley ration and were lowest in those obtained from lambs and wethers fed the rations containing 90 per cent of lowland hay.
NATIVE LOWLAND HAY IN PELLETED AND NON-PELLETED RATIONS FOR SHEEP: III. EFFECTS ON PRODUCTION OF VOLATILE FATTY ACIDS IN THE RUMEN
Authors: Grieve C. M. , Robblee A. R. , McElroy L. W.
Published: March 2010

Concentrations and proportions of volatile fatty acids (VFA) were determined chromatographically in samples of rumen contents from 27 lambs and 5 mature wethers fed a control ration of alfalfa and barley or non-pelleted and pelleted test rations containing 45, 60 or 90 per cent of poor quality lowland hay in the case of lambs, and 60 or 90 per cent of test hay in the case of wethers.When the rations were fed in pelleted form, concentrations of VFA increased in rumen contents from lambs receiving 45 and 60, but not 90 per cent levels of lowland hay. In the case of the wethers, pelleting resulted in higher levels of the acids in rumen contents when either 60 or 90 per cent of test hay was fed. Pelleting had no effect on the proportions of VFA in the rumen fluid. Differences in concentration of VFA in rumen fluid were not of sufficient magnitude to account for more than a small fraction of the differences observed in feed consumption and rate and efficiency of gain of the fattening lambs fed the pelleted vs. non-pelleted rations.Concentrations of VFA were lower in rumen fluid from animals fed lowland hay than in that from animals fed the alfalfa-barley ration. As the level of lowland hay in the rations was increased the proportion of acetic acid increased, and the proportions of propionic and/or butyric acids decreased.
EFFECT OF SELENIUM ON CERTAIN MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WOOL FIBER
Authors: Demiruren A. S. , Slen S. B.
Published: March 2010

Wool samples taken from sheep supplemented with dietary selenium were compared with wool from unsupplemented sheep. Fibers from the selenium-treated sheep contracted less (P <.01) in both length and diameter than those from the controls when treated in 50 per cent LiBr solution at 100 °C. for 3 hours. Probably the molecular structure of the selenium-treated fibers was modified by the formation of new (possibly selenium containing) cross-linkages between the peptide chains. The mechanical properties of the selenium wool fibers tested, i.e., dry tenacity, extension at break, and work required to break individual fibers, were not affected when compared with the controls.
SOLVENT-EXTRACTED RAPESEED OIL MEAL AS A PROTEIN SOURCE FOR PIGS AND RATS: I. GROWTH, CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS AND REPRODUCTION
Authors: Manns J. G. , Bowland J. P.
Published: March 2010

Solvent-extracted rapeseed oil meal (R.O.M.) was substituted on an equivalent protein basis for 0 to 100 per cent of the soybean oil meal (S.O.M.) in diets for pigs and rats from weaning through reproduction. R.O.M. and/or S.O.M. represented 66 to 76 per cent of the total supplemental protein and R.O.M. accounted for up to 15.6 per cent of the total diet.Replacement of 25 per cent of the S.O.M. by R.O.M. did not influence rate of gain or efficiency of food utilization in rats between 3 and 12 weeks of age or in pigs from 16 to 210 pounds liveweight. Rate of gain and efficiency of food utilization up to 8 weeks of age for rats or 110 pounds in weight for pigs were poorer when 50 or 100 per cent of the S.O.M. in the diet was replaced by R.O.M. Ad libitum-fed pigs were more severely affected by R.O.M. in the ration than were those fed at a restricted level. There were no sex × ration interactions in either species.Carcass quality of pigs was not significantly influenced by R.O.M. in the ration. Conception rate in pigs and reproductive performance in both species were adversely influenced by feeding the two highest levels of R.O.M. Addition of 0.2 per cent L-lysine to the diet containing the highest level of R.O.M. had no influence on gain, efficiency of food utilization or reproduction.
OVULATION RATES IN THE LACOMBE BREED OF PIGS
Authors: Newman J. A.
Published: March 2010

Ovulation rates were estimated by corpora lutea counts made after slaughter at 50 ± 4 or 100 ± 4 days of gestation. Mean corpora lutea counts of 14.5 ± 3.2 for gilts and 21.4 ± 4.4 for sows of the Lacombe breed are reported. The evidence suggested that ovulation rate was subject to a high degree of genetic control, but was not highly correlated with litter size at the stages of pregnancy examined.
A COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT PROCEDURES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF VEAL CALVES
Authors: Stone J. B. , Rennie J. C. , Ingram R. H.
Published: March 2010

Thirty-two male Holstein calves were fed from 3 days of age to market weight on four experimental diets: whole milk, a regular commercial milk replacer, and two experimental replacers made by incorporating 10 and 15 per cent added fat. Half of the calves on each treatment were marketed on reaching a liveweight of 225 pounds and the rest were marketed at 275 pounds.The whole milk treatment resulted in higher daily gains, dressing percentage, fat per cent in the carcass, and returns over feed costs, when milk was valued at less than $3.00 per hundred. The experimental replacer with 10 per cent fat (9 parts tallow, 1 part soybean lecithin) did not improve performance over the commercial milk replacer, except for the amount of fat in the carcass. This was due, at least in part, to a health problem encountered on two occasions with the calves on the 10 per cent fat replacer. The addition of 15 per cent fat improved performance, as compared to the commercial milk replacer, and no health problems were encountered. Growth rate on the 15 per cent fat treatment, dressing percentage and returns over feed costs were higher than for the 10 per cent fat treatment. In addition, both of the experimental replacers gave higher fat in the carcass than the regular milk replacer. Calves marketed at 275 pounds as compared to 225 pounds had a higher average daily gain and yielded more fat in the carcass.
CANNON BONE AND RIBEYE MEASUREMENTS OF SHORTHORN COMPARED WITH CROSSBRED BEEF STEERS
Authors: Hidiroglou M.
Published: March 2010

Shorthorn, Angus, Hereford and Charolais bulls were mated to Shorthorn cows, for the production of four different groups of cattle. At approximately 22 months of age, 63 of these steers were slaughtered, following a uniform feeding period in which all groups received the same roughage and grain ration. At this age all crossbreds weighed significantly (P < 0.01) more than the Shorthorn × Shorthorn. The cannon bone weight, length, circumference and thickness of the Charolais × Shorthorn steers was larger (P < 0.01) than those for all other breeds, except Hereford × Shorthorn for circumference and thickness. The Hereford × Shorthorn were superior (P < 0.05 or < 0.01) to the Angus × Shorthorn and Shorthorn × Shorthorn for the four cannon bone measurements when compared on the basis of the observed live weight but not always when compared on the basis of covariance adjusted live weight. Ribeye area was larger (P < 0.05 or < 0.01) for the Charolais × Shorthorn than for all other breeds. Ribeye area of individual breeds and breeds treated together was not associated with cannon bone measurements, when either observed or constant live weight was used.
THE EFFECT OF LENGTH OF DAY AND TEMPERATURE ON THE DEPOSITION OF SUBCUTANEOUS FAT BY MARKET TURKEYS
Authors: Blakely R. M. , MacGregor H. I.
Published: March 2010

A 2 × 2 × 2 factorial experiment, involving a total of 400 21-week-old Broad Breasted Bronze turkey males, was undertaken, using two buildings differing in temperature, two lengths of day (9 and 14 hours), and two finishing diets (low and high efficiency). Feed consumption, gain in weight, feed-gain ratio, and carcass score were all higher for the lower temperature location. Ambient temperature differences had a greater effect on the high efficiency diet than on the low efficiency diet. Length of day had no overall effect on the above criteria. Interactions between the low and high efficiency diets, and day length, were demonstrated.
DICOUMAROL STUDIES: II. THE PROTHROMBIN TIME RESPONSE OF SHEEP TO VARIOUS LEVELS OF CONTAMINATION IN LOW COUMARIN SWEETCLOVER VARIETIES
Authors: Linton J. H. , Goplen B. P. , Bell J. M. , Jaques L. B.
Published: March 2010

Experimental 500-pound samples of alfalfa and Cumino sweetclover were contaminated with Arctic sweetclover, a common high coumarin variety, and were severely spoiled. Continuous temperature recordings during 26 days of spoilage revealed that high spoilage temperatures were associated with high moisture contents of the forage. Subsequent feeding trials with yearling ewes indicated that high levels of dicoumarol had been formed at contamination levels of 50 per cent and over as determined by prothrombin time tests. It was concluded from these studies that low coumarin varieties with up to 25 per cent contamination with coumarin-bearing plants may be, safely fed to sheep, even when severely spoiled, without incurring "Sweetclover Disease".Because of a pronounced variation among sheep in prothrombin time response to dicoumarol, it is suggested that future studies should involve preliminary screening of the animals into reactor and non-reactor classes, as has been done for rabbits.
EFFECT OF ESTROGENIC HORMONE IMPLANTS ON RATES OF GAIN IN CATTLE ON FRESH FORAGE
Authors: Hironaka R. , Clark R. D.
Published: March 2010

Steers implanted with an estrogenic hormone or with diethylstilbestrol (D.E.S.) had a higher daily body weight gain than non-implanted steers for about 10 weeks in three trials and at least 14 weeks in a fourth- In the three trials, gains after 10 weeks by the implanted and controls were similar. Re-implanting with D.E.S. after 12 weeks was ineffective in maintaining the stimulation in rate of body weight gain. Since steers of similar age and weight that had not been implanted previously responded to the implants the lack of response to a second implant indicates development of a resistance to stilbestrol.
THE EFFECT OF DIETHYLSTILBESTROL AND ESTRADIOL-TESTOSTERONE IMPLANTS ON RATE AND EFFICIENCY OF GAIN AND ON CARCASS QUALITY OF MARKET PIGS FED DIFFERENT FINISHING DIETS
Authors: Beacom S. E.
Published: March 2010

The interactions between hormone implant, sex and ration for finishing Yorkshire pigs are reported. Three replicates involved a total of 192 self-fed pigs. Barrows received diethylstilbestrol, gilts a combination of testosterone propionate-estradiol benzoate implanted in the ear. The four test rations were based on wheat and barley, with or without added protein and with or without 30 per cent ground alfalfa as a diluent.Implantation of the barrows had marked beneficial effects on feed efficiency, area of loin and R.O.P. score when they were fed the undiluted basal ration with added protein. On the diluted ration with no added protein, implantation of the barrows doubled the percentage of A grade carcasses. Implantation of barrows fed the diluted ration with added protein improved rate of gain, feed efficiency and carcass quality. Hormone implantation of the gilts was not beneficial.Administration of diethylstilbestrol to the barrows, especially when fed the diluted rations, increased net returns. This, coupled with the beneficial effect on carcass grades and no adverse effect on rate of gain, indicates the economic significance of the findings.
NOTE ON PROPHYLAXIS OF POST-CATHETERIZATION URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS
Authors: Frederick G. L.
Published: March 2010

not available
NOTE ON CHROMIC OXIDE PAPER PELLETS FOR ADMINISTRATION TO RUMINANTS
Authors: Troelsen J. E.
Published: March 2010

not available
NOTE ON A BATTERY-TYPE DIGESTION-METABOLISM UNIT FOR SHEEP
Authors: Beacom S. E. , Thompson J. L.
Published: March 2010

not available
PASTURE FOR YOUNG DAIRY STOCK: III. EFFECT OF PREPASTURE RATION, AGE, AND GRAIN SUPPLEMENTATION ON GROWTH OF CALVES ON PASTURE
Authors: Winter K. A. , Logan V. S. , Miles Vern , Pigden W. J.
Published: March 2010

The growth of pastured calves, as affected by supplementary grain feeding, moderate and high prepasture planes of nutrition, and age on going to pasture (56, 112, or 168 days), was compared with growth of calves on a standard barn feeding regime. Seventy-two Holstein heifer calves were involved with treatment comparisons based on gains in body weight, withers height, heart girth, and barrel circumference.Over-all gains of pastured calves were not affected by either prepasture plane of nutrition or age to pasture and were similar to gains of barn-fed controls. Calves fed supplemental grain (crushed oats) showed no increase m growth rate. This was attributed to a lower intake of forage by the supplemented animals and the relatively high quality of the forage as indicated by chemical composition and digestibility.Seasonal growth patterns of pastured calves showed a depression during the initial period on pasture. However, this was overcome by greater gains than barn-fed controls during the later pasture periods.
THE EFFECTS OF VARIATIONS IN VOLUME OF INOCULA ON THE IN VITRO CELLULOSE DIGESTION BY RUMEN MICROORGANISMS SUPPORTED BY NUTRITIONALLY INADEQUATE MEDIA
Authors: Marquardt R. R. , Asplund J. M.
Published: March 2010

The effects of increasing volumes of inocula on the rate of cellulose digestion supported by various nutritionally inadequate media were studied. Cellulose digestion increased as the volume of inoculum increased. A comparison of additions of fresh vs. autoclaved inocula indicated that this increase was largely due to a larger bacterial population. It is suggested that, unless the nutrient medium used in artificial rumen studies is completely adequate, standardization of inocula or statistical control is necessary.
THE METABOLISM OF CAROTENE AND VITAMIN A FOLLOWING INGESTION OF THE HERBICIDE MCPA
Authors: Phillips W. E. J.
Published: March 2010

The liver storage of vitamin A following oral administration of carotene and vitamin A was studied in the rat following ingestion of the herbicide MCPA. The feeding of relatively large amounts of MCPA did not impair storage, nor did it alter the rate of decrease of hepatic stores of vitamin A.
COMPARATIVE DIETARY VALUE OF SOYBEAN OIL, SUNFLOWER OIL, RAPESEED OIL, AND ANIMAL TALLOW FOR TURKEY POULTS
Authors: Joshi Shyam K. , Sell J. L.
Published: March 2010

The effects of including soybean oil, sunflower oil, rapeseed oil, or animal tallow in turkey poult starting rations were studied. Male, broad-breasted Bronze poults were used and the fat sources were tested at 5% and 10% of the ration.The inclusion of soybean oil, sunflower oil, or animal tallow in the starting rations stimulated weight gain from 1 day to 6 weeks of age and improved efficiency of feed utilization. However, the addition of rapeseed oil to the ration depressed weight gain as compared to the basal (low-fat) ration. The magnitude of growth depression was directly related to the rapeseed oil content of the ration. The comparative ration metabolizable energy data indicate that dietary energy supplied by rapeseed oil was as available to poults as energy supplied by other fat sources. Poults consuming rations containing 5% or 10% rapeseed oil consumed less feed than did poults consuming all other rations. Decreased feed consumption was apparently responsible for the depressed weight gains of the rapeseed oil-fed birds.