bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Seasonal Insecticide Evaluations, 1989
Authors: Horsburgh R. L. , Cobb L. J.
Published: March 2022

Experimental insecticide treatments were applied in a comparative test to 7 yr old Lawspur Red Rome trees. A randomized block design was used and each treatment was replicated 4 times. Trees were sprayed to runoff using a Bean hydraulic sprayer operating at 400 psi. Treatments were applied on 25 May (PF), 19 Jun, 7-10 Jul and 9 Aug. All trees were sprayed on 4 Apr and 17 Apr with Pounce 3.2 E. Mite populations were evaluated by randomly selecting 10 leaves/replicate, brushing onto a sticky glass plate and counting all motile forms and viable eggs with a binocular microscope. Stethorus punctum and Orius insididuous were evaluated during a 3 minute observation of each tree. Effects on the PLH were evaluated by counting terminals with visible damage on each tree. AA populations were evaluated in late Jun by examining 10 randomly selected terminals/tree to determine the number of terminals infested. Each tree was then rated 0-5 to account for the severity of the infestation. The severity rating was then multiplied by the number of infested terminals to arrive at an overall treatment effect. All drops were examined for damage by direct pests and discarded periodically from mid-Aug until harvest. Harvest samples were collected (50/rep) on 9 Oct and visually inspected for fruit feeding insect damage. Fruit finish was rated from 0-5 on each apple.
Control on Sweet Corn, 1989
Authors: Whalen J. , Spellman M.
Published: March 2022

Sweet corn was planted on 4 May near Georgetown, DE. Single row plots, 20 ft long on 30-inch centers, were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer using 2 nozzles/row delivering 52 gal/acre at 40 psi. Silk sprays were applied on 12, 14, 18, 21, 25 and 28 Jul. At harvest maturity (31 Jul), all ears from each plot were husked and evaluated for damage as “fresh market” (clean ears, no damage evident) and “processing” (evidence of tip feeding, but less than 3.6 cm tip damage). All worms found were identified, counted and recorded.
Insect Control in Fall Cucumbers, 1989
Authors: Zehnder Geoffrey W. , Speese John
Published: March 2022

Cucumbers were planted on 2 Aug at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Experiment Station, Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of a 25 ft row bordered on each side by an untreated row. Plants were spaced 12 inches apart with 5 ft spacing between rows. Treatments were replicated 4 times on a randomized complete block design. Sprays were applied with a propane compressed-gas backpack sprayer using 3 hollow-cone nozzles per row and delivering 70 gal water/acre at 40 psi. Applications were made weekly beginning 16 Aug through 26 Sep. Evaluation criteria consisted of direct visual counts of the number of striped cucumber beetle (SCB), spotted cucumber beetle (SCRW), and squash bug (SB). Counts were taken on 10 randomly chosen plants/plot on 16 and 22 Aug. On the remaining sampling dates after the vines began to run, counts were taken in two randomly chosen 6 ft sections/plot. On 28 Sep, the percent wilted vines/treatment was calculated to determine the extent of cucumber beetle-transmitted bacterial wilt.
Eggplant, Colorado Potato Beetle Control, 1989
Authors: Linduska James J.
Published: March 2022

‘Classic’ eggplant transplants were planted in 15 foot rows on 22 May with a 2-row Holland transplanter. Plots consisted of a single treatment row. The distance between rows was 64 inches and the distance between plants within the row was 24 inches. The plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. All spray treatments were mixed in one gal of water and applied with a custom built compressed air row crop sprayer. Each row was covered by 6 drop nozzles delivering 50 gal/acre at 36 psi. Treatments were applied 22 and 27 Jun, 3, 11, 19 and 25, Jul, 2 and 9 Aug. In evaluating the treatments, direct counts of the number of Colorado potato beetle adults and larvae/5 plants and the % defoliation were recorded. Yields were taken on 14, 20 and 26 Jul, 1 and 11 Aug from 5 plants.
Larval Control, Fall 1988
Authors: Rethwisch Michael D. , Sherwood Winans S.
Published: March 2022

Six treatments were applied to commercial head lettuce near harvest on 23 Nov at a Bruce Church Inc. of Arizona ranch near Poston, AZ. Treatments were of randomized complete block design over 4 40-inch wide lettuce beds by a backpack sprayer calibrated to apply 25 gal/acre at 30 psi using a single T-Jet 8004 nozzle. Plots were 25 ft long. Samples were collected by removing wrapper leaves at 2 DAT, placing in plastic bags and holding at room temperature. Samples consisted of the uppermost leaf with noticeable mining and the next 4 leaves beneath it (5 leaves/sample). Leafminers were allowed to exit. Samples were evaluated by counting the number of larvae and pupae that had exited the leaves. One head/plot was sampled. Samples were counted 1 and 5 d after collection (3 and 7 DAT). Lettuce tissues were deteriorating at 5 d after collection.
Cherry Pepper, Corn Earworm and European Corn Borer Control, 1988
Authors: Sorensen K. A. , Kidd K. A.
Published: March 2022

Sweet Red Cherry’ pepper was transplanted 18 May, near Benson, NC. Single row plots, 10 ft long on 60 inch centers were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Alleys of 5 ft separated replicates. Treatments were applied using a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer with a single hollow cone nozzle (18 X) operating at 60 psi to apply 54 gal/ acre. Treatments were applied 23 Jun, 1, 7, 14, 21, 28 Jul, 4, 11, 18, 25 Aug, 2 and 13 Sep. When Orthene 75 SP and Asana XL were sprayed alternate weeks, Orthene was applied 23 Jun, 7, 21, 28 Jul, 11, 25 Aug and 13 Sep. Asana was applied on the remaining dates. Fruit was harvested 4, 11, 18, 25 Aug, 1, 12, and 21 Sep, and scored for earworm and corn borer damage. Counts were combined, and the percent damaged fruit determined.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control, Systemic Insecticides, 1988
Authors: Bishop B. , Grafius E. , Henry P. , Roragen K. , Maier R. , Rattlingourd P.
Published: March 2022

Systemic insecticides were evaluated for control of first generation larvae at the Michigan State University Montcalm Potato Research Farm, Entrican, MI. Potatoes were planted on 13 May 1988. Plots were 3 rows wide by 50 ft long (34 inch row spacing), and treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications/treatment. Adjacent plots were separated by 2 rows of plants treated with Temik 15 G in furrow (normal field rate). For in-furrow applications, the insecticides were sprinkled into the furrow directly over the seed piece before closing the row, at planting. For the Temik banded treatment, an 8 inch band in the center of the furrow was leveled and the chemical applied within this band directly over the seed piece, before closing the row. The Thimet sidedress treatment was applied on 26 May, just prior to hilling. Insects were counted on 2 randomly-selected plants in the center row of each plot on 14, 21, and 28 Jun, 7 and 21 Jul, 2 and 15 Aug. Insect damage was assessed on a per plant basis (2 plants/plot) on 7 Jul and 15 Aug. Per plot damage ratings were made on 19 Jul and 15 Aug. The center row of each plot was harvested on 5 Oct. Potatoes were sorted by size and weighed.
Wireworm Control on Potato, 1988
Authors: Jansson R. K. , Lecrone S. H. , Daigle C. F.
Published: March 2022

Certified ‘La Rouge’ seed pieces were planted on 17 Dec in a Perrine marl soil and spaced 4 inches apart in rows that were 3 ft apart. Sixteen treatments were arranged into a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Treatment plots were 4 rows by 30 ft long. Insecticide treatments were applied on dates. Dyfonate was applied with a 10 ft long gandy applicator and incorporated into the soil with a disc harrow on 17 Dec. Thimet (3.6 lb [AI]/acre) was applied directly to the seed pieces in the furrow at planting on 17 Dec with a planter-mounted gandy applicator. Thimet (1.8 lb [AI]/acre) and Force (0.1 and 0.3 lb [AI]/acre) were applied in the furrows 1 d after planting. Post-emergence applications of Vydate and Di-Syston were made on 14 Jan using fumigator knives that delivered 150 gal/acre at 3 mph directly to the root zone 8 inches off center on both sides of each hill. Post-emergence applications of Thimet were also made 8 inches off center to both sides of each hill using a tractor-mounted, chain-driven gandy and incorporated into the soil with a rolling cultivator after plant emergence on 14 Jan. Vines were killed on 13 Mar with Paraquat Plus (1 qt/acre; 29.1% [AI]). Two 20 ft sections of row/treatment plot were harvested on 4 Apr. Tubers were washed, graded for wireworm injury (holes less than 3/4 inch in depth), damage (holes greater than 3.4 inch in depth), cracking, sunburn, disease, etc., and weighed fresh. Data for injury, damage, sunburn, and cracking are presented as a percentage of total fresh weight/section of row.
Wireworm Control on Potato, 1989
Authors: Walgenbach J. F. , Palmer C. R.
Published: March 2022

Potatoes were planted on 26 May 1989, at the Mountain Horticultural Crops Research Station, Fletcher, NC. Soil type was a Hayseville loam. Soil insecticide treatments were applied in the furrow at planting. Plots consisted of two 30 ft rows on 3.5 ft centers with an untreated row separating treatment rows. Each treatment was replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. PLH populations were monitored by recording the number of nymphs observed on 15 mid-plant leaves per treatment on 14 and 24 Jul, and 7 Aug. Tubers were harvested on 13 Oct, weighed for yield and examined for wireworm damage. Soil moisture was high throughout the study period with a total of 11.8, 7.2, 6.1 and 8.5 inches of rainfall occurring during Jun, Jul, Aug and Sep, respectively.
Control in Potatoes, 1989
Authors: Whalen J. , Spellman M.
Published: March 2022

'Superior' white potatoes were planted on 14 Apr near Middletown, DE. Two-row plots, 25 ft long on 36-inch centers, were replicated 5 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied with a CO2-pressurized ATV 4-wheeled sprayer delivering 34 gal/acre at 40 psi. Treatments were applied on 22, 25 and 30 May; 5, 12, 19 and 26 Jun; and 10 Jul. CPB defoliation ratings were recorded on 30 Jun and 13 Jul. Defoliation injury ratings ranged from 1-5 and were indexed as follows: 1) 1-20% damage; 2) 21-40% damage; 3) 41-60% damage; 4) 61-80% damage; 5) 81-100% damage. The number of early instar (first and second) and late instar (third and fourth) CPB larvae/5 hills was recorded on 8 and 15 Jun. Ten main stems per plot were evaluated for ECB damage on 30 Jun. Plots were harvested and yield recorded (cwt/acre) on 16 Aug.
Aphid Suppression on Spinach, 1989
Authors: McLeod Paul
Published: March 2022

Six rows of spinach, each separated by 1 ft, were planted in 7-ft wide beds on 15 Oct 1988, 3 mi south of Muldrow, OK. Plots consisted of 1 bed (5 rows) × 25 ft. Plots were separated by 1 ft of bare ground on each side and 3 ft of spinach separated plots within the same row. Experimental design was a randomized complete block (11 treatments × 4 replications). Sprays were applied 6 Apr with a hand held CO2 sprayer equipped with 3 Spraying Systems 8003 nozzles and calibrated to deliver 16 gal/acre. The number of aphids was counted on 1 lower leaf from each of 10 randomly selected plants from each plot at 3 and 7 d after spraying.
Sweetpotato Soil Insect Control, Lenoir County, 1988
Authors: Sorensen K. A. , Kidd K. A.
Published: March 2022

'Jewel' sweetpotatoes were transplanted 16 Jun near Kinston, NC. Single row plots, 20 ft long on 42 inch centers were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Preplant incorporated materials were applied immediately before transplanting, with either a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer with a single flat fan nozzle or a shaker jar. Materials were incorporated 2 to 3 inches deep with a hand rake. Granular layby treatments were applied in an 18 inch band over the row on 2 Aug, with shaker jars. Visual estimates of plant vigor were made on 2 Aug. Sweet potatoes were harvested 28 Oct, and 25 roots/plot were evaluated for insect damage.
Impact of Insecticides on Lepidopterous Larvae and Leafminers on Tomatoes, 1989
Authors: Carson W. G. , Nakakihara H. , Trumble J. T.
Published: March 2022

Seedlings were transplanted in a sandy loam type soil on 6 Jul at the University of California's South Coast Field Station in Santa Ana, California. Experimental plots were 4 rows wide (5-ft centers) by 40 ft long and separated by a 5-ft buffer. The tomato transplants were sprinkle irrigated for 1 wk, and drip irrigated thereafter (water pH 7.2— 7.5). Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Weekly applications were initiated at first fruiting. Application dates included 15, 22, 29 Aug and 6, 12, 19, 26 Sep. A tractor-mounted boom sprayer with 4—6 nozzles/row (as plant height and density increased) incorporated D-3 orifice disks, #23-25 cores, and 50 mesh screens. Operating pressure was 100 psi delivering 100 gal/acre. Spreader sticker (Leaf Act 80) was included for some treatments at 0.04%. Leafminer populations were evaluated by weekly counts of leafminer prepupae and pupae in four 9 by 11 inch trays/replicate from 21 Aug through 25 Sep, inclusive. On 2 Oct, 200 mature-green to ripe fruit were harvested from the center 2 rows of each replicate (800/treatment) and examined for internal damage (primarily H. zea) and external damage (primarily S. exigua and K. lycopersicon). Leafminer populations were low throughout this test. Some insecticides increased leafminer density as compared to the control plots. Beet armyworm populations were moderate, tomato pinworm populations were low and tomato fruitworm populations were low. No phytotoxicity was observed in any treatment.
Leafminer Control on Tomato in West-Central Florida, Fall 1987
Authors: Schuster David J.
Published: March 2022

Transplants were set 3 Sep, 18 inches apart on 2.5 ft wide by 6 inches high beds of Eau Gallie fine sand covered with white polyethylene mulch. Plots consisted of 10 plants and treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Foliar treatments were made 13, 20, 27 Oct, 4, 10, 17 and 24 Nov with a 2.5 gal hand-held CO2 powered sprayer which was operated at 40 psi and delivered 110-135 gal/acre (gallonage increased as the plants grew). Experimental treatments requiring soil application were made 21 Sep by removing the plastic mulch, applying the treatment at 70 gal/acre, recovering the soil beds with plastic mulch and transplanting. All plots were sprayed with Lahnate 1.8 L at 0.45 lb (AI)/acre on 23, 27 Oct, 5, 9 and 18 Nov for control of armyworms. On 30 Oct and 16 Nov, the numbers of large (greater than 0.5 inch in length) and small (0.5 inch or less) leafmines were counted during a 2 min search per plot. From 30 Nov to 4 Dec, the number of living and dead leafminer larvae were counted on the terminal three leaflets of the seventh leaf from the top of one branch/plant/plot. Fruit were harvested from all plots on 1 Dec and again from soil treatment plots on 14 Dec. The number and weight of fruit were determined and yield data for the 2 harvest dates for the soil treatments were combined.
Tomato Fruitworm Control, 1988
Authors: Sorensen K. A. , Kidd K. A.
Published: March 2022

'Sunny' tomatoes were transplanted 11 May, near Benson, NC on 60 inch centers. Plots consisted of single rows 10 ft long, separated by 5 ft alleys, and replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Black plastic mulch and trickle irrigation were used in all plots. Treatments were applied with a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer using a single hollow cone nozzle (18 X). Application rate was 54 gal/acre delivered at 60 psi. Applications were made 23 Jun, 1, 7, 14, 21, 28 Jul, 11, 18, 25 Aug, 1, 8, and 15 Sep. Fruit was harvested and the percent damaged or infested determined on 11, 20, 27 Jul, 3, 17, 25, 30 Aug, 6, 13, and 21 Sep.
Alfalfa Weevil Control, 1989
Authors: Chen Chien-Chung , Radcliffe E. B. , Hutchison W. D.
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted on 2-yr-old alfalfa stand at the University of Minnesota Rosemount Agricultural Experiment Station. Plots measuring 22 by 75 ft were replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied 27 May with a tractor-drawn 22 ft boom sprayer delivering 23 gal/acre at 40 psi. Insects were sampled at 4, 9, and 16 DAT by taking 40 pendulum sweeps/plot with a 38- cm-diam sweep net. All treatments were applied between 0900-1200 hrs with temperature averaging 60°F and a windspeed <5 mph. Pretreatment AW counts on 27 May averaged 121 larvae/40 sweeps.
Alfalfa Insect Control—2nd Crop, 1989
Authors: Hutchison W. D. , Lee J. J.
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted in a 2-yr-old alfalfa stand on the University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station at Rosemount. Plots measuring 40 by 35 ft were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied 15 Jul with a tractor-drawn 22-ft boom sprayer delivering 23 gal/acre at 40 psi. At the time of application, between 0900-1200 h, temperature averaged 78°F and windspeed <5 mph.
Alfalfa Weevil Control, 1989
Authors: Parr J. C. , Pass B. C.
Published: March 2022

The test area was a 2-yr-old stand of'Cimarron' variety alfalfa. The plots were 34 ft by 36 ft, and all treatments and the untreated control were replicated 3 times in a completely randomized design. Sprays were mixed to apply the proper rates in 20 gal total vol/acre. Treatments were applied Apr 21 with a low-pressure low-volume Hahn field sprayer equipped with 21 SS8003 Teejet nozzles and operated at 35 psi. Population densities of AW larvae were determined 3, 7, 11, 17, and 21 DAT by collecting 10 sweeps from each plot with a standard 15-inch-diam beating net. A standard treatment of Furadan 4 F was applied at the rate of 0.5 lb (AI)/acre for comparison.
Alfalfa Weevil Control, 1989
Authors: Oloumi-Sadeghi Hassan , Kinney Karl , Steffey Kevin
Published: March 2022

Treatments were evaluated on a 3-yr-old stand during the first alfalfa growth period at the University of Illinois Phillips Tract Farm. Plots were 40 by 45 ft with 4 replications of treatments in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied 3 May from a tractor-mounted sprayer delivering 20.7 gal/acre at 30 psi through a 20-ft boom equipped with flat fan nozzles (Teejet XR8002) spaced 20 inches apart. Nufllm adjuvant was mixed with MYX 5092. AW abundance was estimated by taking 10 pendulum sweeps and 10 individual stems in each plot at 3, 7, 14, and 21 DAT. Alfalfa stem length and plant maturity (n = 30) were recorded at 14, 22, 40 DAT and 16 d after harvest. Forage yield was determined from a 3.2 by 45 ft swath taken from each plot on 14 Jun. Subsamples of the strip-harvested hay were used for weed yield and crude protein determinations. Before analysis, AW counts were transformed by log (x + 0.5).
Alfalfa Weevil Control, 1989
Authors: Whalen J. , Spellman M.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were evaluated on a 4-yr-old alfalfa stand at the Delaware State College farm in Dover. Plots were 10 by 25 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block design, and replicated 4 times. Treatments were applied on 20 Apr with a CO2-pressurized ATV 4-wheeled sprayer delivering 17 gal/acre at 40 psi on 12-inch-tall alfalfa. AW density was evaluated prior to treatment and at 4, 7 and 14 DAT by collecting 10 stems from each plot and counting the larvae per stem.
Sod Webworm Prevention in Corn, 1987
Authors: Bing James W. , Foster D. E.
Published: March 2022

Yellow field corn was slot-planted in atrazine/2,4-D treated sod using 38-inch rows and a seed drop of 22,000 seeds/acre. The sod was dead at the time of insecticide application. Fields in the vicinity of the study area, 1 mile south of Delphos, Ringgold Co. IA, had a history of sod webworm infestations. Plots were planted on 3 May. Test 1 utilized a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Plots measured 12 rows by 75 ft. Broadcast applications were made on 5 May using a 10-ft boom sprayer mounted on a Honda ACT 110 and equipped with Tee-Jet 8004 LP nozzles spaced 20 inches apart. Spray was delivered at 21 psi and 20 gal/acre using CO2 as a propellant. Banded applications differed only in that Tee-Jet 8003 E nozzles were spaced 38 inches apart to deliver a 12-inch band centered over each row. Stand and damage counts were taken from 18.0 row ft in the center of each of the 2 middle rows in each plot. Damage determinations were made as in Test 2. All data were normalized before analysis with a SQRT (x = 1.0) transformation. Test 2 used Magnum slurried onto Pioneer 3377 at 8 oz/bu. Magnum treated seed was placed in 4 adjacent boxes of an 8-row planter. Ten rounds were planted, resulting in 20 alternating treated and untreated strips each 8 rows wide. Data were collected by measuring 300 ft into the field then examining plants in the next 18 row ft of the 2 center rows in each strip. Stand counts taken on 11 May showed no significant differences. Efficacy data taken on 21 May were determined by counting the number of sod webworm damaged plants per sampling area.
Bran Bait Efficacy for Control of Grasshoppers in South Dakota, 1989
Authors: Boetel M. A. , Fuller B. W. , Bergland D. R. , Walgenbach D. D.
Published: March 2022

Two bran bait studies were conducted in 1 m2 screen field cages. Bran bait at a 2.0 lb/acre rate was placed uniformly within cages on 29 Jul. The first study used 20 twostriped grasshoppers/cage on 29 Jul with 4 seedling corn plants (20 cm). In the second study, 20 redlegged grasshoppers were placed in cages on 18 Aug containing freshly mowed Kentucky bluegrass. Treatment mortality counts were made 5 and 4 d postapplication in cages containing corn and bluegrass, respectively. The second study evaluated Dimilin, and live grasshoppers were counted 14 d postapplication. A completely random design with 4 samples/treatment was used for both studies. Data were analyzed using the General Linear.
Miticide Efficacy Trial, 1989
Authors: Dick G. L. , Sloderbeck P. E. , Buschman L. L.
Published: March 2022

This experiment was conducted in a furrow-irrigated corn field at the Southwest Research-Extension Center. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Plots were 4 rows wide (10 ft), 50 ft long with a 10 ft border of untreated corn on each side and a 10 ft alley between plots. Prior to treatment, 2 plants in each of the 2 center rows of each plot were flagged. The natural field population of spider mites was augmented by attaching small sections of corn leaves infested with BGM from a nearby corn field to these 4 flagged plants on 27 Jul. Pretreatment counts in the untreated check and Avid plots were made on 4 Aug. All other pre-treatment counts were made on 8 Aug by visually searching all leaves (whole plant) on the flagged plants for large (adult female) mites. Treatments were applied on 10 Aug (except Avid which was applied on 7 Aug) with a high clearance sprayer using a 10 ft boom with 3 nozzles directed at each row (one nozzle directly over the row and one on each side of the row on 18 inch drop hoses). The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 20 gal/acre using a ground speed of 2.3 mph and 30 psi. Posttreatment counts were made on 15 and 28 Aug by searching one half of every other leaf (one quarter plant) on the flagged plants. Mite counts were converted to mites/plant for analyses and presentation. Efficacy was evaluated by comparing the mean number of mites/plant among treatments using SAS Proc ANOVA and by comparing pretreatment means with post-treatment means using the Henderson and Tilton formula. The spider mite species composition which was present during the test was evaluated by collecting several mites from the flagged plants in each plot with a vacuum sampler on 18 Aug and mounting them on glass slides for microscopic determination of species.
Corn Rootworm Control, Reduced Rates, 1987
Authors: Jarvi Keith
Published: March 2022

Nine soil insecticides were applied at the fully labeled rate at planting time and 2 reduced rates at first cultivation time at Concord, NE. The test plot was planted 8 May in a continuous corn field with a silty clay loam type. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replicates. Each treatment consisted of a single 50-ft-long row; rows were 30 inches apart. Treatments were applied in a 7-inch band by a Noble granular metering unit mounted on a hand-powered bicycle applicator equipped with incorporation tines on 12 May. Cultivation treatments were applied 5 Jun over the row followed immediately by a tractor mounted cultivator. Feeding damage was evaluated 6 Jul. Five roots were dug from each treatment row and rated by the Iowa 1-6 scale (1, no damage; 6, 3 or more nodes of roots completely destroyed).
Seedcorn Maggot Control, 1989
Authors: Oleson J. D. , Gilford J. M. , Spike B. P. , Tollefson J. J.
Published: March 2022

Planting-time insecticides for seedcorn maggot control were tested at Ames, IA. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Treatments were applied to 40-ft length rows with 30-inch row spacing. The test was conducted in a field that had been planted to alfalfa. During the previous winter and again in the spring, large amounts of cattle manure were applied to the test plot area. The area was spring moldboard plowed, followed by additional applications of manure, and then secondary tillage was done prior to planting. The manure along with the alfalfa provided decaying organic matter to attract ovipositing female flies. Granular insecticide formulations were applied with modified Noble metering units that had been laboratory-calibrated to accurately deliver material at a tractor speed of 4 mph. The applicators were mounted on a 4-row John Deere Max-Emerge 7100 integral planter. Each row was constantly monitored to insure that insecticide was being correctly applied at all times. Drag chains were used for incorporation. Examination of the seeds in the untreated check rows 16 d after planting revealed no damage. At that time, adult emergence traps designed by Funderburk and Pedigo were placed over the rows. The galvanized steel traps, a rectangular bottomless box, had the following dimensions: length 1.0 m, width 0.2 m, and height 0.1 m. Fastened to the top of the trap were two 0.25-liter Mason jars with Tack Trap applied to the inside bottom. Two of these traps were placed over each treatment row. On June 2, the number of seedcorn maggot adults were counted in the collection jars and stand counts were taken. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance procedures.
Black Cutworm Control in Field Corn, 1989
Authors: Oloumi-Sadeghi Hassan , Kinney Karl , Levin Eli
Published: March 2022

Registered and experimental insecticides applied at planting-time and as rescue treatments were evaluated for control of BCW in a cornfield in Champaign, IL. A randomized complete block design was used with each treatment replicated 5 times. Each plot was 4 rows by 40 ft. Corn was planted in rows 30 inches wide on 7 Jun with ca. 26,100 seeds/acre. Planting-time granular insecticides were metered through Noble applicators and were applied in-furrow or in a 7-inch band. The single planting-time liquid insecticide (Capture 2 EC) was applied in a 10-inch band at 30 psi and a speed of 5 mph with 8004E even-flat fan nozzles in 39.6 gpa. After plants had reached the one-leaf stage, a 36-ft2 barrier was placed around a portion of the middle two rows of each plot. Plant counts were recorded on 14 Jun. Ten 4th-instar laboratory reared BCW larvae were placed in each arena on 15 Jun. Rescue treatments were broadcast using a 10-foot boom mounted to the rear of a 3020 John Deere tractor. Single XR8004 flat fan nozzles were spaced 20 inches apart on the boom. A compressed-air system was calibrated to deliver 23.4 gpa at a pressure of 40 psi and a speed of 3 mph. The cumulative number of cut plants in each barrier was determined on 16, 18, 20, 22, and 28 Jun. Plant recovery was also recorded on 28 Jun for the planting-time treatments. Data were transformed by arcsine (percentage/100) prior to analysis.
Efficacy of Insecticides and Acaricides Applied to Spider Mites on Blister Stage Field Corn in West Central Nebraska, 19S6
Authors: Seymour Ronald C. , Campbell John B.
Published: March 2022

Apollo, Savey, Comite, Thuringensin, Danitol, Capture 2 EC, and Cygon 400 were applied 30 Jul with a CO2-charged back pack sprayer at 30 psi in a total volume of 24 gal/acre. Each treatment was applied to 10 by 24 ft plots, replicated 4 times in a completely random design. Four plants were artificially infested with Banks grass mite and 4 plants with twospotted spider mites by tying 2 infested leaves to each plant. Plots treated with Thuringensin, Danitol, Capture 2 EC and Cygon 400 were infested 8 d prior to application. Plots treated with Apollo, Savey, and Comite were infested 2 d after application. Banks grass mite colony size was rated on the under surface of 7 leaves beginning with the lowest live leaf. Twospotted spider mite colonies and size was rated on the under surface of seven leaves beginning with the third leaf below the ear leaf. These ratings were made using a 0-6 scale where 0 equaled no mites on the leaf, 1 equaled individual mites present, 2 equaled well formed colonies present ... up to 6 where mite colonies were so large that the under side of the leaf was completely covered and the leaf had died due to mite feeding. Plots treated with Thuringiensin, Danitol, Capture 2 EC, and Cygon 400 were also evaluated 1 d pretreatment. All treatments were evaluated at 7, 14 and 21 d post-application. Percent control was determined by using Henderson’s formula which takes into account changes in the treated plots compared to changes in the check plots. Spider mite infestation levels for these trials was low for each species. The average pretreatment rating for Banks grass mite was 0.87 and 0.54 for the twospotted mite. The low mite populations could be due to cool, damp weather that occurred shortly after plant infestations. Even though colony conditions were not ideal, treatment differences were detected.
Residual Activity of Granular Insecticides, 1986
Authors: Seymour Ronald C. , Campbell John B.
Published: March 2022

Furadan 15 G, Counter 15 G, Thimet 20 G, and Lorsban 15 G were applied 25 Jun at 1.0 lb (AI)/acre to whorl stage corn with & whirlybird applicator. Each treatment was replicated 4 times on 10 by 24 ft plots in a completely randomized experimental design. Sixty flrst-instar larvae were applied with a bazooka applicator to 10 plants in each replication at 1-, 2-, and 3-wk post-treatment. Residual control efficacy for the treatments was determined by counting all live corn borers in stocks split from the root to the tassel on 6 Aug.
Evaluation of Foliar-Applied Fenoxycarb for Tabm Control, 1989
Authors: Hull L. A. , Barrett B. A. , Rajotte E. G.
Published: March 2022

Experimental sprays were applied to 4-tree plots arranged in a randomized complete block design. Each plot contained the following cultivars: Delicious, Golden Delicious, Stayman, and Rome Beauty. Each treatment was replicated 4 times. Each plot was surrounded by an adjacent 4-tree plot that was treated twice during each brood with a combination of Lannate 1.8 L plus Asana XL to prevent TABM larvae from dispersing onto the treated trees. The trees were planted to a spacing of 12 × 35 ft. Treatments were applied with a truck-mounted John Bean sprayer, 35 gal/min pump, equipped with a handgun to thoroughly wet the trees. Approximately 4.2 gal of spray was applied/replicate tree (ca. 430 gal/acre). Dates of application for the fenoxycarb treatments were: 19 May, 8 Jun, 27 Jul, 16 Aug; for the Guthion treatment: 5 and 19 Jun, 3 Jul, 1, 14, and 28 Aug. During the experiment, general maintenance sprays of the fungicides Rubigan and Dithane M-45 and calcium chloride as well as 4 alternate-row applications (9, 14, and 23 Jun, 5 Jul) of Swat 8 E (for aphid control) were applied to all plots. Three alternate-row middle applications of Carzol 92 SP, Vendex 4 L and Omite 6 E were made on 26 May, 11 Jul, and 4 Aug, respectively. The effect of the treatments on mites was evaluated by counting the mites several times during the season on samples of 25 leaves/tree (cv Delicious only), 100 leaves/treatment. The effect of sprays on the mite predator S. punctum was evaluated by 3-min counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of the test trees. Effectiveness of chemicals on the tufted apple bud moth was assessed by scoring for injury all drops after 1 Jul and one picked sample of approximately 300 apples/tree on all cultivars in late Sep and early Oct. Apple samples averaged 331 apples/tree, 1324 apples/treatment. Pest pressure was heavy.
Cotton Aphid Control, 1989
Authors: Elzen Gary W.
Published: March 2022

Twenty treatments were tested for relative efficacy against cotton aphid in nonirrigated cotton planted 23 May. Plots of 8 rows (40 inch) centers by 30 ft, separated by 15 ft alleys, were located on the Delta Branch Experiment Station, Stoneville, MS. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block with 4 replicates. Treatments were applied by a high-clearance spray machine equipped with a compressed-air spray system. Trial 1 was applied on 5 Jun and Trial 2 was applied on 21 Jun. Total spray volume was 5 gal/acre at 5 mph and 40 psi using 2 TX6 nozzles/row. Plots within a replicate were sprayed consecutively with the boom rinsed twice and blown clear between plots. Efficacy of treatments was evaluated 72-h post-treatment by counting aphids within one square inch at the terminal and one square inch on the under surface of the third leaf from the terminal on 40 randomly chosen plants/treatment.
Ovicide, Larvicide Trials, 1989
Authors: Hopkins S. W. , Hopkins H. B. , Pickel S. L. , Benedict J. H.
Published: March 2022

A greenhouse study was conducted at the Texas A&M University Research and Extension Center in Corpus Christi, TX, to measure the efficacy of binary mixtures combining Orthene and 3 pyrethroids against cypermethrin-susceptible (S) and -resistant (R) eggs/ neonates of TBW. Treatment efficacy was evaluated on eggs obtained from S and R strains of TBW (from ICI Americas). Cotton was planted in 1 gal pots on 4 Feb. Eggs (less than 24 h old) were placed on the upper surface of separate leaves (16-25 eggs/leaf) located near the shoot terminal of 4 flowering cotton plants/treatment (4 leaves with S eggs, 4 leaves with R eggs) with a camel's hair brush moistened with distilled water. The plants were placed in a row and spray application of each treatment was made 15 min after placement of eggs on leaves. Insecticide treatments were made with a CO2-pressurized (40 psi) backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 4.4 gal/acre through 2, size 3X hollow-cone nozzles/row. All leaves that contained eggs were collected immediately after treatment and placed in covered plastic Petri dishes containing moistened filter paper. The eggs were held for 72-h in the laboratory, then inspected for unhatched eggs and dead or live larvae. Each treatment was replicated 4 times in a randomized block design. A replicate consisted of 1 leaf and 16-25 eggs, depending upon the number of eggs remaining on the leaf after removal from the plant and placement in the dish.
Dipel Es and Javelin Combination with Ovicides, 1988
Authors: Langston William C. , Schuster M. F.
Published: March 2022

This test was designed to evaluate ovicide combination with Bacillus thuringiensis formulations and compare control of Heliothis damage in cotton. The cotton cultivar 'G&P 3774' was grown in the manner customary for the region. Plots were 8 rows wide and 40 ft long. Chlordimeform plots were separated from other plots and down wind from prevailing winds to preclude volatile effects of chlordimeform. The chlordimeform plots were arranged in the same block in which they were compared. Other than this exception, the experiment was in a randomized complete block design of 3 replications. Application was by highboy with cone tips on 20 inch centers and applying 10 gal/ acre. Applications were made on 1, 8, 15 and 22 Jul. Damaged squares of bolls were evaluated on 7, 14, 21, 28 Jul and 4 Aug by examining 50 forms/plot. Yields were determined on 6 Sep by stripping 2 center rows with a brush stripper.
Heliothis Control with Javelin and Ovicides, 1988
Authors: Langston William C. , Schuster M. F.
Published: March 2022

This test was established to determine the efficiency of control of Javelin and Javelin combined with ovicides, feeding stimulants, and a growth regulator for control of Heliothis sp. Cotton was planted on 28 Apr. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications with the exception of the chlordimeform (CDF) plots which were separated at least 30 ft downwind from the other treatments. Isolation was necessary to minimize the volatile effects of CDF. Treatments were applied with a standard high-boy with tips 20 inches apart on the boom and delivering 10 gal/acre applied on 28 Jun, 7, 14, and 21 Jul. Damaged squares were estimated by examining 50 squares in each plot on 5, 13, and 20 Jul. Damaged bolls were estimated by examining 50 bolls per plot on 13, 20, 27 Jul, and 3 Aug. Plots were harvested on 31 Aug using a 2 row brush stripper and harvesting the center 2 rows of each plot.
Early-Season Insecticides and Spider Mite Resurgence, 1988
Authors: Langston William C. , Schuster M. F.
Published: March 2022

This test was set up to determine the effectiveness of several insecticides with different modes of action to cotton fleahoppers and to evaluate their subsequent action on spider mite increase following treatment. Cotton was grown with normal cultural practices in plots 8 rows wide and 40 ft long in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. TSSM were used to infest the plots on 1 Jul by placing one infested bean seedling every 5-6 steps in the middle of each plot. The insecticides were applied with a hi-boy sprayer with tips every 20 inches, calibrated to apply 10 gal/acre. One application was made 5 Jul. On 6 and 13 Jul, D-vac samples were taken on 40 ft of row and counted to determine cotton fleahopper numbers. On 12, 18, and 25 Jul, 25 leaves at the 6—8 node position were examined per plot to determine the presence or absence of TSSM.
Dilute Acaricide Evaluation Experiment, 1989
Authors: Hull L. A. , Barrett B. A.
Published: March 2022

Plots consisted of single trees in a randomized block design with 1 replicate of'Golden Delicious' and 3 replicates of 'Yorking'. The trees were planted to a spacing of 20 × 20 ft. and were 16-yr-oldv Experimental sprays were applied to run-off with a handgun from a truck-mounted John Bean sprayer equipped with a 35 gal/min pump. Approximately 4.8 gal of spray were applied/replicate tree (ca. 500 gal/acre). Spray dates were as follows: 6 Apr (Oil treatment only), 25 May (Andalin treatments only), 14 Jul (Kelthane treatment only), 27 Jul (Omite and Kelthane treatments only). Omite 6 E was substituted for Andalin on 27 Jul. General sprays of fungicides (Nova, Dithane M-45), insecticides (Guthion, Sevin, Asana), and calcium chloride were made at ca. 1- to 2-wk intervals throughout the experiment with a Friend Airmaster at 50 gal/acre. Effectiveness of the materials on the mites was evaluated by making several counts on random samples of 25 leaves/tree, 100 leaves/treatment. The effect of sprays on the mite predator S. punctum was evaluated by 3 min counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of the test trees. Mite population pressure was moderate throughout the summer. Russet ratings are based on 30 Golden Delicious apples/replicate, 60/treatment. Fruits were rated as 1 (no russeting), 2 (light russeting) 3 (moderate russeting), or 4 (severe russeting). Possible ranges were 30-60 (none to light), 60-90 (light to moderate), 90-120 (moderate to severe).
Evaluation of Pyrethroid Combinations for Control Of Heliothis Spp. on Cotton, 1988
Authors: Reed Jack T. , Grant Robert R.
Published: March 2022

Twelve treatments were tested for relative efficacy against a Heliothis sp. population (approximately 70% H. virescens (F.) based on pheromone trap catches) in irrigated cotton planted 5 Jun at the Plant Science Research Farm, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS. Plots were 8 rows by 50 ft and were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Treatments were applied to the 4 center rows of each plot by high clearance spray tractor equipped with a compressed air plot spray system calibrated for 5 gal/acre using 2 TX-4 nozzles/row. Insecticide applications were made on 8, 17 and 23 Aug. All plots received insecticide treatments for nontarget pests as needed during the season. Data were collected by examination of 25 terminals and 25 squares within the center 2 rows of each plot.
Southern Corn Rootworm Control in Peanuts, North Carolina, 1989
Authors: Brandenburg R. L. , Hertl P. T.
Published: March 2022

A field on the Morrell Jones farm in Halifax Co. was chosen to test several insecticide treatments for control of the southern corn rootworm. Peanuts were planted on 30 May (90 lb seed/acre), and standard agronomic practices were used in the production as recommended by the N.C. Agricultural Extension Service. Thimet was applied in the seed furrow at 1 lb (AI)/acre by the cooperator. Soil humic matter was 0.9% and soil temperature was 71°F at 3 inches. Plots were 4 rows (36 inch centers) × 20 ft with 4 replicates/treatment, and treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block. Most treatments were applied at pegging time; however, some insecticides had other application timings as indicated in the table below. The pre-plant incorporated Lorsban treatment was applied just prior to planting by spraying the insecticide as a broadcast treatment over the plot area and immediately incorporating the material with a hand rake. Sprays were applied using a CO2- pressurized backpack sprayer delivering 30 gal/acre at 40 psi using boom-mounted 8002 flat-fan nozzles. The Lorsban at plant application of granular insecticide was applied immediately after planting with a bicycle-wheel granular applicator utilizing a Noble metering unit and placing the insecticide in a 16-inch band. This insecticide was also lightly incorporated with a rake. At-flower treatments were applied on 27 Jun using the same bicycle-wheel granular applicator to apply a 16-inch wide band. At-pegging treatments were applied on 11 Jul, using the same granular applicator. A delayed treatment of Lorsban and one of Mocap were applied 1 Aug. In addition, 2 treatments consisted of foliar sprays applied on 25 Jul and again on 1 Aug. Growing conditions were unusually wet all season long which greatly enhanced the potential for rootworms and increased the potential for leaching of the soil-applied insecticides. Peanuts were sampled for rootworm damage on 11 Sep by collecting 100 pods at random-from plants in the 2 left-hand rows of the plots. Pods were placed in plastic' bags and returned to the laboratory and examined for rootworm damage. Peanuts were dug 7 Oct and harvested 16 Oct. Yield was determined by harvesting and weighing all pods in the two right-hand rows of the plots. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and means separated by Duncan's New Multiple Range Test. All data were transformed X + 0.5 prior to analysis, but actual means were reported.
Corn Earworm Control of Peanuts, North Carolina, 1989
Authors: Brandenburg R. L. , Hertl P. T.
Published: March 2022

Foliar applications of insecticides were evaluated for corn earworm control in Chowan County near Edenton. Plots were established in peanuts grown (36 inch centers) under standard production practices in a light sandy soil. Each plot was 20 ft × 4 rows with plot ends separated by a 5 ft barren strip. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block with 4 replicates. Treatments were applied on 22 Aug using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer delivering 30 gal/acre at 40 psi using 8002 flat-fan nozzles. Conditions at time of application were sunny and 80°F. Caterpillars were sampled on 24 Aug (48 h posttreatment) and 31 Aug (9 d posttreatment) by taking 3 standard 3 ft beat cloth counts/plot. Pretreatment counts determined the caterpillar population to be 85% corn earworms and all instars were present. Only live corn earworms were counted for analysis. All data were transformed X + 0.5 prior to analysis. Actual means are presented.
Toracco Thrips and Potato Leafhopper Control in Peanut in Virginia, 1989
Authors: Herbert D. A.
Published: March 2022

Efficacy of selected insecticides was evaluated against TT injury and PL in peanut. Peanuts were planted 15 May with 36-inch row spacing. Dyfonate II 20 G at 2.0 lb (AI)/acre was applied in 14-inch bands over rows for southern corn rootworm control on 13 Jul; Asana XL at 0.01 lb (AI)/acre was applied on 28 Aug for corn earworm control. Treatments for TT and PL were applied on 13 Jun and 4 Aug, respectively, using a CO2 compressed-air backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 13 gal formulation/acre at 25 psi using 3, D2-13 disc-core cone spray nozzles/row. A randomized complete block experimental design was used with 4 replicates; plots were 4 rows by 40 ft. TT treatments were evaluated before and 6, 14 and 20 DAT by determining plant injury based on a 0—10 scale, where 0 = no injury and 10 = dead due to TT injury. PL treatments were evaluated by comparing number of adults and nymphs/10 sweeps with a 15-inch diam sweep net before and 1, 5 and 10 DAT.
Control of Southern Corn Rootworm Injury in Peanut, 1989
Authors: Herbert D. A.
Published: March 2022

Selected insecticides were evaluated for control of SCR pod injury. Peanuts were planted on 12 May with 36-inch row spacing. Super Six, Benlate and Rovral 4 F were applied during Jul and Aug for management of fungal diseases. Test treatments were applied at planting (IF) and at pegging (Peg) time. IF treatments were applied in the seed furrow with a Nobel applicator. Peg treatments were applied on 12 Jul in 14-inch bands over rows with a Nobel applicator, then lightly incorporated with cultivator sweeps in row middles. A randomized complete block experimental design was used with 4 replicates; plots were 4 rows by 40 ft. Pod injury was determined on 29 Aug from 100 randomly selected pods/plot, taken from 5 plants/plot (20 pods/plant). Yield was based on digging (4 Oct), drying, combining and weighing peanuts from 2 center rows (80 row-ft)/plot.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Suppression of Sorghum Midge on Sorghum, 1989
Authors: Anderson R. M. , Teetes G. L.
Published: March 2022

One organophosphate, a pyrethroid and 2 carbamate insecticides were evaluated for sorghum midge control at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Farm near College Station, TX. Grain sorghum was planted 23 May on rows spaced 40 inches apart. Insecticide treatments were compared in 8-row × 75 ft long plots arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied using a self-propelled, high clearance sprayer to the inner 6 sorghum rows through TX-6 hollow cone nozzles at 40 psi with a spray volume of 8 gal/acre. Insecticide applications were begun when 20-50% of the panicles were flowering. Treatments were applied on 14, 18, 21, and 24 Jul. Data on kernel loss and grain yield were collected from the middle 2 rows of each plot. Adult sorghum midge abundance was determined just prior to each application by randomly selecting 100 individual sorghum panicles and then enclosing these with clear plastic bags. Panicles were cut from the plant and returned to the laboratory for examination and determination of numbers of adult midges. Visual estimates of midge damage were made by 2 independent observers on 9 Aug, with each observer rating damage to 10 panicles/plot on a 1-9 scale where 1 = 0-10% and 9 = 90% kernel loss. Panicles were hand-harvested from 2 randomly selected 13 ft sections of row/plot and mechanically threshed.