bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of Surgical Margins on the Outcome of Breast Cancer Patients: A Retrospective Analysis
Authors: Bernardi Sergio , Bertozzi Serena , Londero Ambrogio P. , Gentile Giuliana , Angione Vito , Petri Roberto
Published: May 2014

Objective

Breast‐conserving surgery has become the preferred treatment for early breast cancer. Yet the question of what constitutes a ‘safe margin’, in terms of impact on patient outcome, remains unanswered. Our aim was to address this knowledge gap by determining the prevalence of positive and narrow margins after breast‐conserving surgery, and evaluating how margin status impacted local recurrence and overall survival.

Materials and Methods

We collected data about all women who underwent breast‐conserving cancer surgery in our department between 2002 and 2011, focusing on patient and tumor characteristics, the distance from the tumor to the surgical margin, therapies administered, and outcome (measured in terms of local recurrence and overall survival). Data were analyzed by R (version 3.0.1), considering p < 0.05 as significant. Multivariate analyses were also performed.

Results

Of 1,192 women who received breast‐conserving surgery, 264 were considered for widening; 111 of these patients had positive margins and 153 narrow (where narrow was defined as less than 5 mm). Widening was performed for 38 % of these patients (99/264) and mastectomy for 27 % (70/264), while 36 % (95/264) had no further surgery and were simply followed‐up. Our multivariate analysis confirmed that local tumor recurrence and overall survival were not significantly influenced by margin status, either at initial surgery, or (for those patients with initially positive margins) at secondary margin‐widening surgery. However, the following were found to be significantly correlated with local recurrence: tumor multifocality, high expression of Ki‐67/Mib‐1, comedo‐like necrosis, and non‐axillary lymph node positivity (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

We found the status of resection margins and the management of infiltrated or narrow margins to have no significant influence on local tumor recurrence rates or on overall patient survival. Instead, biological factors connected with tumor aggressiveness seem to play the most important role in breast cancer prognosis, independent of surgical radicality.
Carbon source utilization and inhibitor tolerance of 45 oleaginous yeast species
Authors: Sitepu Irnayuli , Selby Tylan , Lin Ting , Zhu Shirley , Boundy-Mills Kyria
Published: May 2014

Conversion of lignocellulosic hydrolysates to lipids using oleaginous (high lipid) yeasts requires alignment of the hydrolysate composition with the characteristics of the yeast strain, including ability to utilize certain nutrients, ability to grow independently of costly nutrients such as vitamins, and ability to tolerate inhibitors. Some combination of these characteristics may be present in wild strains. In this study, 48 oleaginous yeast strains belonging to 45 species were tested for ability to utilize carbon sources associated with lignocellulosic hydrolysates, tolerate inhibitors, and grow in medium without supplemented vitamins. Some well-studied oleaginous yeast species, as well as some that have not been frequently utilized in research or industrial production, emerged as promising candidates for industrial use due to ability to utilize many carbon sources, including Cryptococcus aureus, Cryptococcus laurentii, Hannaella aff. zeae, Tremella encephala, and Trichosporon coremiiforme. Other species excelled in inhibitor tolerance, including Candida aff. tropicalis, Cyberlindnera jadinii, Metschnikowia pulcherrima, Schwanniomyces occidentalis and Wickerhamomyces ciferrii. No yeast tested could utilize all carbon sources and tolerate all inhibitors tested. These results indicate that yeast strains should be selected based on characteristics compatible with the composition of the targeted hydrolysate. Other factors to consider include the production of valuable co-products such as carotenoids, availability of genetic tools, biosafety level, and flocculation of the yeast strain. The data generated in this study will aid in aligning yeasts with compatible hydrolysates for conversion of carbohydrates to lipids to be used for biofuels and other oleochemicals.
Treatment of lysosomal storage disorders: successes and challenges
Authors: Hollak Carla E. M. , Wijburg Frits A.
Published: May 2014

Treatment options for a number of lysosomal storage disorders have rapidly expanded and currently include enzyme replacement therapy, substrate reduction, chaperone treatment, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and gene‐therapy. Combination treatments are also explored. Most therapies are not curative but change the phenotypic expression of the disease. The effectiveness of treatment varies considerably between the different diseases, but also between sub‐groups of patients with a specific lysosomal storage disorder. The heterogeneity of the patient populations complicates the prediction of benefits of therapy, specifically in patients with milder disease manifestations. In addition, there is a lack of data on the natural history of diseases and disease phenotypes. Initial trial data show benefits on relevant short‐term endpoints, but the real world situation may reveal different outcomes. Collaborative international studies are much needed to study the long‐term clinical efficacy of treatments, and to detect new complications or associated conditions of the diseases. This review summarizes the available treatment modalities for lysosomal storage disorders and the challenges associated with long term clinical care for these patients.
Changes in seed dormancy ofRosa multibracteataHemsl. & E. H. Wilson with increasing elevation in an arid valley in the eastern Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Zhou Zhiqiong , Bao Weikai
Published: May 2014

Variations in levels of seed dormancy among conspecific populations are poorly understood. We aim to determine the variations in the level of dormancy inRosa multibracteataalong an elevational gradient, and to analyze the mechanisms underlying seed dormancy. The study was conducted in an arid valley in the eastern Tibetan Plateau at five elevations: 1700, 1900, 2100, 2300 and 2500 m. Achene traits were measured and physiological levels of dormancy were determined by measuring germination percentages of achenes treated with H2SO4scarification, warm stratification and cold stratification and combinations of those treatments. Achene size, mass and pericarp thickness increased with increasing elevation, but embryo width decreased with increasing in the arid valley. The level of dormancy generally increased with increasing elevation. The level of dormancy of the rose achenes is intermediate from sites at elevations of 1700, 1900 and 2100 m and deep at elevations of 2300 and 2500 m. Comprehensive analysis suggests that the elevational pattern of level of seed dormancy could be ascribed to intrinsically thicker pericarp and deeper physiological dormancy in the embryo, and extrinsically decreased temperature, increased precipitation and soil moisture at the higher elevations. The great variations of achene traits and levels of seed dormancy across elevations suggest a phenotypic differentiation exists within this rose species. Thus, habitat conditions and achene traits should be considered when selecting roses as materials used to propagate seedlings for ornamental purposes or plant restoration.
Post-operative delay in return of function following guided growth tension plating and use of corrective physical therapy
Authors: Fillingham Yale A. , Kroin Ellen , Frank Rachel M. , Erickson Brandon , Hellman Michael , Kogan Monica
Published: May 2014

Purpose

Guided growth has long been used to treat growth deformities, but the Eight-Plate® system has recently become more widely used by pediatric orthopaedists. Because the current literature lacks evaluation of functional status in the immediate post-operative period, we investigated functional status following use of the Eight-Plate® system.

Methods

We evaluated post-operative delay in return of function following treatment with the Eight-Plate® system at two weeks after surgery. Fifty-one consecutive patients with a growth deformity were treated with the Eight-Plate® system. Patients were comprised of 32 male and 19 female patients with an average age of 11 years (range 2–17.9 years).

Results

Among study participants, 19 patients (37.3 %) had post-operative delay of function. The rate of delayed function for patients 10 years of age or younger and 11 years of age or older was respectively 11.8 and 50 % ( P = 0.002). Six of the 19 patients were treated with four or more plates, of which five patients (83.3 %) developed delayed return of function. The rate of delayed function in patients with at least one femoral plate compared to no femoral plate was respectively 45 and 9.1 % ( P = 0.006). Bilateral operations were associated with a 66.7 % rate of delayed function compared to 25 % with unilateral operations ( P = 0.004). When patients with delay of function were treated with physical therapy, 12 of 13 patients (92.3 %) had complete resolution of their symptoms.

Conclusion

Statistical significance demonstrated that patients at the greatest risk were 11 years of age or older, with four or more plates, with femoral plates, or with bilateral operations. Patients with delayed function were readily corrected by physical therapy.
Optimal choice and consumption of cost cap tariffs: theory and empirical evidence
Authors: Köhler Philip , Krämer Jan , Krüger Lars
Published: May 2014

Cost cap tariffs are pay-per-use tariffs for which costs cannot exceed a predefined cost limit. They were recently introduced to telecommunications markets, but were previously also applied in the insurance industry as deductibles or in the rental industry as day rates. This paper develops and empirically validates a consumer surplus model that explains the optimal consumption pattern under cost cap tariffs and the conditions under which cost cap tariffs are chosen over pure pay-per-use and flat rate tariffs by a rational consumer. We find that cost cap tariffs are an optimal tariff choice only if the level of uncertainty is sufficiently high. Our theoretical predictions are supported by survey data.
The triangulated category of K-motives
Authors: Garkusha Grigory , Panin Ivan
Published: May 2014

For any perfect field k a triangulated category of K-motives is constructed in the style of Voevodsky's construction of the category . To each smooth k-variety X the K-motive is associated in the category and

where pt = Spec(k) and K(X) is Quillen's K-theory of X.
The Russian prefix pod- from the viewpoint of lexical concepts
Authors: VIIMARANTA JOHANNA
Published: May 2014

abstract

The Russian prefix pod- has several meanings, both concrete ones having to do with approaching or being under or down, and a series of seemingly unrelated abstract meanings such as imitating, ingratiating, or doing in secret. This paper approaches the polysemy of pod- from the viewpoint of the Theory of Lexical Concepts and Conceptual Models (LCCM) that sees word meaning not as a permanent property of words, but as a dynamic process in which context and accessed non-linguistic knowledge representation play an important role. This approach uses the notion of lexical concepts to describe the mediating unit between concrete linguistic examples and cognitive models that these examples are connected to. The 505 verbs analyzed bring up the lexical concepts [UNDER], [VERTICAL MOVEMENT], [CLOSE], and [CONTACT]. The connection of these lexical concepts with certain metaphorical and metonymical models is also discussed. Twelve of the 505 verbs are examined more closely in different contexts with the help of twenty-nine illustrative examples from the spoken corpus of the Russian National Corpus.
SOME INEQUALITIES OF JENSEN TYPE FOR ARG-SQUARE CONVEX FUNCTIONS OF UNITARY OPERATORS IN HILBERT SPACES
Authors: DRAGOMIR S. S.
Published: May 2014

Some inequalities of Jensen type for Arg-square-convex functions of unitary operators in Hilbert spaces are given.
Molecular and morphological variability within theAphidius colemanigroup with redescription ofAphidius platensisBrethes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae)
Authors: Tomanović Ž. , Petrović A. , Mitrović M. , Kavallieratos N.G. , Starý P. , Rakhshani E. , Rakhshanipour M. , Popović A. , Shukshuk A.H. , Ivanović A.
Published: May 2014

We have identified the following three taxa related to theAphidius colemanispecies group, which are important biological control agents:Aphidius colemani, Aphidius transcaspicusandAphidius platensis. Using partial sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (mtCOI) gene and geometric morphometric analysis of the forewing shape, we have explored the genetic structure and morphological variability of theA. colemanigroup from different aphid host/plant associations covering a wide distribution area. The topology of the maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood trees were identical with 98–100% bootstrap support, clusteringA. colemani, A. platensisandA. transcaspicusinto separate species. The distances among the taxa ranged from 2.2 to 4.7%, which is a common rate for the between-species divergence within the subfamily Aphidiinae. Differences in the shape of the forewing investigated within the biotypes ofA. colemanigroup are congruent with their genetic diversification. BothA. platensisandA. colemanishare a common host range pattern, and it would be interesting to estimate and compare the role of these two species in future biological control strategies against aphids of economic importance. Our results indicate that ‘genetic screening’ is a reliable approach for identification within theA. colemanigroup. The high variation in the wing shape among species, including a significant divergence in the wing shape among specimens that emerged from different hosts, makes the forewing shape and wing venation less reliable for species determination.Aphidius platensisis diagnostified and redescribed, and the key for theA. colemanigroup is presented.
External Rebel Sponsorship and Civilian Abuse: A Principal-Agent Analysis of Wartime Atrocities
Authors: Salehyan Idean , Siroky David , Wood Reed M.
Published: May 2014

Although some rebel groups work hard to foster collaborative ties with civilians, others engage in egregious abuses and war crimes. We argue that foreign state funding for rebel organizations greatly reduces incentives to “win the hearts and minds” of civilians because it diminishes the need to collect resources from the population. However, unlike other lucrative resources, foreign funding of rebel groups must be understood in principal-agent terms. Some external principals—namely, democracies and states with strong human rights lobbies—are more concerned with atrocities in the conflict zone than others. Multiple state principals also lead to abuse because no single state can effectively restrain the organization. We test these conjectures with new data on foreign support for rebel groups and data on one-sided violence against civilians. Most notably, we find strong evidence that principal characteristics help influence agent actions.
Patulous eustachian tube after percutaneous balloon microcompression for trigeminal neuralgia: case report
Authors: Cresswell M , Buckland J , West P , Sparrow O
Published: May 2014

Objective:

To report a case of patulous eustachian tube which occurred after percutaneous balloon microcompression of the Gasserian ganglion.

Method:

Retrospective case review.

Results:

A 41-year-old man was referred to our audiovestibular medicine department following episodes of autophony. These symptoms appeared two weeks after percutaneous balloon microcompression performed to treat severe trigeminal neuralgia secondary to multiple sclerosis. A diagnosis of patulous eustachian tube was indicated by clinical examination and tympanometry. The symptoms were present for less than six months and improved without any specific treatment.

Conclusion:

Percutaneous balloon microcompression is a procedure used for refractory trigeminal neuralgia that can cause transient sensory and motor deficits of any of the trigeminal nerve branches. It is proposed that injury to the mandibular division in this case caused temporary tensor veli palatini dysfunction with consequent patulous eustachian tube.
Dictyonema coppinsii, a new name for the European species known asDictyonemainterruptum(Basidiomycota:Agaricales:Hygrophoraceae), with a validation of its photobiontRhizonema(Cyanoprokaryota:Nostocales:Rhizonemataceae)
Authors: LÜCKING Robert , BARRIE Fred R. , GENNEY David
Published: May 2014

The lichenized basidiomycete known asDictyonemainterruptumis a widely distributed but rare, oceanic, western European species known from the British Isles, the Pyrenees, the Azores, and Madeira. Unfortunately, the name has never been validly published. The species was first described in the cyanobacterial genusCalothrixin 1833, which predates the starting point of heterocystous bacterial nomenclature, 1 January 1886. The epithet was never subsequently included in a validly published binomial and its combination intoDictyonemawas therefore invalid as well. There was also controversy about whether the epithet applied to the cyanobacterial photobiont (as originally intended) or to the lichen fungus (as proposed later). Because of the lack of a valid description for this epithet, we have chosen to establish a new name,Dictyonema coppinsiiLücking, Barrie & Genney, for the lichenized fungus at hand, whereas the cyanobacterial photobiont is validated with the genus nameRhizonemaLücking & Barrie, adopting the epithetinterruptumfor it, and placed in a separate family,RhizonemataceaeBüdel & Kauff ex Lücking & Barrie.
Brianaria (Psoraceae), a new genus to accommodate the Micarea sylvicola group
Authors: EKMAN Stefan , SVENSSON Måns
Published: May 2014

The new genus Brianaria S. Ekman & M. Svensson is introduced for the Micarea sylvicola group, with the new combinations Brianaria bauschiana (Körb.) S. Ekman & M. Svensson, B. lutulata (Nyl.) S. Ekman & M. Svensson, B.sylvicola (Flot. ex Körb.) S. Ekman & M. Svensson and B. tuberculata (Sommerf.) S. Ekman & M. Svensson. The new genus is characterized by a chlorococcoid, non-micareoid photobiont, small, convex apothecia without an excipulum, an ascus of the ‘Psora-type’, 0–1-septate ascospores, dimorphic paraphyses, and immersed pycnidia containing bacilliform conidia. Brianaria is shown to form a monophyletic group in the Psoraceae, where it is probably the sister group to Psora and Protoblastenia.
A new species of Micarea (Pilocarpaceae) from Madeira growing on Usnea
Authors: VAN DEN BOOM Pieter P. G. , ERTZ Damien
Published: May 2014

The new species Micarea usneae is described from Madeira. It has been found at two localities where it grew on epiphytic Usnea thalli. Micarea usneae is distinguished by a very thin pale brownish thallus, pallid to greyish black or bluish subglobose apothecia of 0·1–0·3 mm diameter, very narrow (1·5–2·5 µm) ascospores, black pycnidia and strongly curved to sigmoid macroconidia. Phylogenetic analyses using mtSSU sequences place the new species in the Micarea peliocarpa group. Catillaria usneicola and Cladonia parasitica are recorded for the first time from Madeira. A key to the lichenicolous species on Usnea in Macaronesia is provided.
Developing monitoring protocols for cost-effective surveillance of lichens
Authors: BRITTON Andrea J. , MITCHELL Ruth J. , POTTS Jacqueline M. , GENNEY David R.
Published: May 2014

The criteria set out by the International Union for Conservation of Nature to identify threatened species requires information on population trends which, for priority lichen species within Scotland, is lacking. Collecting such data is problematic as there is a lack of empirical information on the performance of different sampling designs and survey methodologies. Using Pseudocyphellaria norvegica as an example species, we tested differences in the efficiency of 3 transect patterns and a 20 minute search for surveying 100×100 m cells of potentially suitable habitat. The methods were not intended to census the total population of the cells but, rather, to provide a standardized, repeatable estimate of the population density to allow detection of trends through time. We also tested the repeatability of the methods between surveyors. The results provided no evidence to suggest that controlled survey methodologies using fixed transect patterns were any better in terms of consistency between surveyors or numbers of occupied trees found than 20 minute searches of the areas within each 100×100 m cell deemed suitable for the target species by an experienced surveyor. Given that following the fixed transect patterns took approximately twice as long as a 20 minute search, the search method would clearly be more cost-effective when there are large numbers of cells to survey. For all survey methods variability between surveyors was high, meaning that it would be extremely difficult to detect temporal changes in populations, and hence identify population trends. We also examined the extent to which recording presence/absence at the 1 ha scale might improve consistency between surveyors and found that it reduced, but did not eliminate, the surveyor variability. Recording only presence/absence would allow greater numbers of cells to be surveyed using the same level of resources, but would reduce the amount of information available per cell for use in analysis of population trends. We conclude that controlling inter-surveyor variability while collecting adequate data for population trend analysis is a major issue when planning and implementing any large-scale survey of lichen species.
Porpidia irrigua, a new species related to P. contraponenda
Authors: ORANGE Alan
Published: May 2014

Porpidia irrigua is described as a new species; it has a white thallus, sessile apothecia, contains the depside methyl 2'-O-methylmicrophyllinate, and grows on damp siliceous rocks. It was previously included in a wide concept of P. contraponenda, but that species differs in the thicker thallus, partly immersed apothecia, and the possession of an unidentified depside in addition to methyl 2′-O-methylmicrophyllinate, which can be separated by thin-layer chromatography using Solvent System G.
The recovery of a population of the Vulnerable tarukaHippocamelus antisensisnear La Paz, Bolivia: opportunities for conservation and education
Authors: Rechberger Josef , Pacheco Luis F. , Nuñez A. , Roldán A. I. , Martínez O. , Mendieta Geovanna
Published: May 2014

The tarukaHippocamelus antisensis, a species of deer categorized as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List, was thought to be locally extinct in the environs of La Paz, Bolivia. However, local people from Mecapaca municipality reported seeing tarukas at their former community establishment, which had been abandoned several years previously. After confirming the presence of taruka we conducted intensive surveys from which we estimated minimum abundance, and then calibrated relative abundance indices (faecal and track counts) to the abundance estimate. Using these calibrated indices we carried out a preliminary estimate of the total abundance of the species in the municipality of Mecapaca. We also carried out conservation education activities with teachers and students at local schools, which we discuss here in terms of the long-term conservation of this threatened species.
Will protection of 17% of land by 2020 be enough to safeguard biodiversity and critical ecosystem services?
Authors: Larsen Frank W. , Turner Will R. , Mittermeier Russell A.
Published: May 2014

To stem the loss of biodiversity and ensure continued provision of essential ecosystem services world leaders adopted the 20 Aichi Biodiversity Targets in 2010, to be fulfilled by 2020. One key target (Target 11) prescribes an expansion of the global protected area system to at least 17% of land surface and 10% of oceans by 2020. Given that these targets are predominantly based on political feasibility rather than scientific evidence, it remains unclear whether fulfilment of Target 11 will suffice to safeguard biodiversity and ensure continued provision of essential ecosystem services. Despite many data gaps, in particular for ecosystem services, we can use existing global data to estimate the required protected area on land for biodiversity (a minimum of c. 17%) and biomass carbon storage (a minimum of c. 7–14% additional area to protect 75–90% of the unprotected carbon stock), which illustrates that the target of 17% of land will probably fall short in meeting these goals. As crossing thresholds or tipping points in ecosystems could trigger non-linear, abrupt change in delivery of ecosystem services, we need a science-driven understanding of how much protected, intact nature is needed to avoid unforeseen transgression of planetary boundaries.
Intergovernmental climate change mitigation policies: theory and outcomes
Authors: Nelson Hal T. , Rose Adam , Wei Dan , Peterson Thomas , Wennberg Jeffrey
Published: May 2014

This paper develops a framework for analysing intergovernmental relationships around greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation policies along a cooperation-conflict spectrum that affects the probability of their enactment. Cooperative policies, such as federal fiscal transfers to sub-national governments, facilitate enactment. Coordination policies, including enabling and funding mechanisms, promote interdependence between jurisdictions. Competitive policies, such as federal performance standards and price mechanisms, increase political conflict over authority. We categorise 23 policies developed by over 1,500 state stakeholders into the cooperation/coordination/conflict taxonomy. If scaled to the national level, these policies could reduce GHG emissions by over 3 billion tonnes by 2020 and generate nearly 2.2 million jobs (1.19 per cent above baseline projections). Nearly two-thirds of the job gains are from coordinated and cooperative policy options that are unlikely to occur under thestatus quopolicy process. We recommend a national climate action planning process to reduce GHG emissions while increasing aggregate economic efficiency.
Communication lower bounds and optimal algorithms for numerical linear algebra
Authors: Ballard G. , Carson E. , Demmel J. , Hoemmen M. , Knight N. , Schwartz O.
Published: May 2014

The traditional metric for the efficiency of a numerical algorithm has been the number of arithmetic operations it performs. Technological trends have long been reducing the time to perform an arithmetic operation, so it is no longer the bottleneck in many algorithms; rather, communication, or moving data, is the bottleneck. This motivates us to seek algorithms that move as little data as possible, either between levels of a memory hierarchy or between parallel processors over a network. In this paper we summarize recent progress in three aspects of this problem. First we describe lower bounds on communication. Some of these generalize known lower bounds for dense classical (O(n3)) matrix multiplication to all direct methods of linear algebra, to sequential and parallel algorithms, and to dense and sparse matrices. We also present lower bounds for Strassen-like algorithms, and for iterative methods, in particular Krylov subspace methods applied to sparse matrices. Second, we compare these lower bounds to widely used versions of these algorithms, and note that these widely used algorithms usually communicate asymptotically more than is necessary. Third, we identify or invent new algorithms for most linear algebra problems that do attain these lower bounds, and demonstrate large speed-ups in theory and practice.
What Was the Role of Nurses During the 2011 Great East Earthquake of Japan? An Integrative Review of the Japanese Literature
Authors: Kako Mayumi , Ranse Jamie , Yamamoto Aiko , Arbon Paul
Published: May 2014

Background

An earthquake and tsunami hit the east coast of Japan on March 11, 2011. Nurses were actively involved in the health response to this disaster and, subsequently, many authors have reported on the role nurses played in these efforts in Japanese nursing professional journals.

Aim

To describe the role of nurses who assisted in the 2011 Great East Earthquake of Japan by reviewing Japanese literature and reporting the findings in English.

Method

This research used an integrative literature review methodology. Manuscripts were obtained from the Japanese database Ichushi Ver. 5 (Japan Medical Abstracts Society, Tokyo, Japan). A total of 44 manuscripts were identified and included in a thematic analysis.

Results

Three main themes were identified: (1) nursing roles, (2) specialized nursing roles, and (3) preparedness education. Nurses fulfilled different roles in the period after the disaster (ie, as a clinician, a communicator, a leader, and a provider of psychosocial support). Additionally, the specialized nurse role was identified, along with the need for preparedness education to support the nurse's role in a disaster.

Conclusion

The understanding of the role of nurses in disasters is expanding. There is a need to further explore the roles of specialized nurses in disasters. Further disaster education opportunities should be available as a part of continuing education for all nurses. Radiation aspects of disaster assistance should be included in disaster education programs where there are radio-nuclear hazards present in the environment.

KakoM, RanseJ, YamamotoA, ArbonP. What was the role of nurses during the 2011 Great East Earthquake of Japan? An integrative review of the Japanese literature. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2014;29(3):1-5.
MARKOV SWITCHING AND THE TAYLOR PRINCIPLE
Authors: Murray Christian J. , Nikolsko-Rzhevskyy Alex , Papell David H.
Published: May 2014

Early research on the Taylor rule typically divided the data exogenously into pre-Volcker and Volcker–Greenspan subsamples. We contribute to the recent trend of endogenizing changes in monetary policy by estimating a real-time forward-looking Taylor rule with endogenous Markov switching coefficients and variance. The response of the interest rate to inflation is regime-dependent, with the pre- and post-Volcker samples containing monetary regimes where the Fed did and did not follow the Taylor principle. Although the Fed consistently adhered to the Taylor principle before 1973 and after 1984, it followed the Taylor principle from 1975 to 1979 and did not follow the Taylor principle from 1980 to 1984. We also find that the Fed only responded to real economic activity during the states in which the Taylor principle held. Our results are consistent with the idea that exogenously dividing postwar monetary policy into pre- and post-Volcker samples is misleading. The greatest qualitative difference between our results and recent research employing time-varying parameters is that we find that the Fed did not adhere to the Taylor principle during most of Paul Volcker's tenure, a finding that accords with the historical record of monetary policy.
ENDOGENOUS MARKET STRUCTURE, OCCUPATIONAL CHOICE, AND GROWTH CYCLES
Authors: Varvarigos Dimitrios , Gil-Moltó Maria José
Published: May 2014

We model an industry that supplies intermediate goods in a growing economy. Agents can choose whether to provide labor or to become firm owners and compete in the industry. The idea that entry is determined through occupational choice has major implications for the economy's dynamics. Particularly, the results show that economic dynamics are governed by endogenous volatility in the determination of both the number of industry entrants and in the growth rate of output. Consequently, we argue that occupational choice and the structural characteristics of the endogenous market structure can act as both the impulse source and the propagation mechanism of economic fluctuations.
Diet quality among Iranian adolescents needs improvement
Authors: Azadbakht Leila , Akbari Fahime , Esmaillzadeh Ahmad
Published: May 2014

Objective

Diet in adolescence is important not only because of adolescents’ rapid growth but also due to its influence on future chronic diseases. On the other hand, dietary quality indices are noteworthy and useful approaches to evaluate dietary intakes. Thus the present study was conducted to assess dietary quality indices in adolescents.

Design

Cross-sectional.

Settings

The data were collected from schools in Isfahan, Iran.

Subjects

Female students (n 265) aged 11–13 years were enrolled using systematic cluster-random sampling in Isfahan (Iran). Dietary intakes were assessed by a validated FFQ. Diet quality indices including dietary diversity score (DDS), the Healthy Eating Index (HEI) and mean adequacy ratio (MAR) across ten nutrients were calculated.

Results

Mean DDS, HEI score and MAR were 6·15 (sd 1·61) out of 10 points, 63·90 (sd 19·86) out of 100 points and 1·32 (sd 0·61), respectively. Mean nutrient adequacy ratio of all nutrients was above 1 except for vitamin D (0·53 (sd 0·51)). Those in the highest tertile of DDS had the most favourable anthropometric variables in comparison to the lowest tertile. There were no significant associations between HEI score and BMI, central or abdominal obesity and blood pressure. Those in the highest tertile of MAR had higher BMI, waist circumference and hip circumference.

Conclusions

Diet quality of Isfahani adolescents needs improvement. It may imply the necessity of implementing nutritional instructive policies in this age group and their parents.
Zinc supplement use and contribution to zinc intake in Australian children
Authors: Rangan Anna , Jones Aimee , Samman Samir
Published: May 2014

Objective

The aims of the present study were to examine the Zn intake and characteristics of Zn supplement users and non-users and to survey Zn supplements that are commercially available.

Design

Cross-sectional national nutrition survey (2007 Australian Children’s Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey) and a review of commercially available Zn supplements.

Setting

Australia.

Subjects

Children (n4834) aged 2–16 years.

Results

Zn supplement use was associated with younger age, being female, having a lower BMI and consuming a vegetarian or modified diet. Supplement users had significantly higher intakes of Zn than non-users in all age and gender subgroups. Adolescent boys aged 14–16 years who did not use Zn supplements were at highest risk of inadequate Zn intake (15 % compared with 1 % of users). Conversely, children aged 2–3 years were at highest risk of exceeding the recommended upper limit of Zn intake (86–87 % of users and 64–71 % of non-users), followed by children aged 4–8 years (9–29 % of users and 3–12 % of non-users). The most common sources of Zn supplements consumed by children were multi-vitamin and mineral preparations (92 %), followed by Zn-only supplements (5 %) and Zn-containing cold and flu, or cold sore supplements (3 %). A survey of commercially available Zn supplements revealed that the median elemental Zn content was 2 and 25 mg for multi-vitamin and mineral preparations and Zn-only supplements, respectively.

Conclusions

Based on these data, widespread Zn supplement use among young children is unlikely to be warranted. The impact of exceeding the upper limit of Zn intake on biomarkers of Zn toxicity requires further investigation.
EXPOSE-R cosmic radiation time profile
Authors: Dachev Tsvetan , Horneck Gerda , Häder Donat-Peter , Schuster Martin , Lebert Michael
Published: May 2014

The aim of the paper is to present the time profile of cosmic radiation exposure obtained by the radiation risks radiometer-dosimeter (R3DR) during the ESA exposition facility for EXPOSE-R mission (EXPOSE-R) in the EXPOSE-R facility outside the Russian Zvezda module of the International Space Station (ISS). Another aim is to make the obtained results available to other EXPOSE-R teams for use in their data analysis. R3DR is a low mass and small dimensions automated device, which measures solar radiation in four channels and in addition cosmic ionizing radiation. The main results of cosmic ionizing radiation measurements are: three different radiation sources were detected and quantified: galactic cosmic rays (GCR), energetic protons from the inner radiation belt (IRB) in the region of the South Atlantic anomaly and energetic electrons from the outer radiation belt (ORB). The highest daily averaged absorbed dose rate of 506 μGy day−1 came from IRB protons; GCR delivered much smaller daily absorbed dose rates of 81.4 μGy day−1 on average, and ORB source delivered on average a dose rate of 89 μGy day−1. The IRB and ORB daily averaged absorbed dose rates were higher than those observed during the ESA exposition facility for EXPOSE-E mission (EXPOSE-E), whereas the GCR rate was smaller than that measured during the EXPOSE-E mission. The reason for this difference is much less surrounding constructions shielding of the R3DR instrument in comparison with the R3DE instrument.
EXPECTED TOPOLOGY OF RANDOM REAL ALGEBRAIC SUBMANIFOLDS
Authors: Gayet Damien , Welschinger Jean-Yves
Published: May 2014

Let$X$be a smooth complex projective manifold of dimension$n$equipped with an ample line bundle$L$and a rank$k$holomorphic vector bundle$E$. We assume that$1\leqslant k\leqslant n$, that$X$,$E$and$L$are defined over the reals and denote by$\mathbb{R}X$the real locus of$X$. Then, we estimate from above and below the expected Betti numbers of the vanishing loci in$\mathbb{R}X$of holomorphic real sections of$E\otimes L^{d}$, where$d$is a large enough integer. Moreover, given any closed connected codimension$k$submanifold${\it\Sigma}$of$\mathbb{R}^{n}$with trivial normal bundle, we prove that a real section of$E\otimes L^{d}$has a positive probability, independent of$d$, of containing around$\sqrt{d}^{n}$connected components diffeomorphic to${\it\Sigma}$in its vanishing locus.
Genetic variability in trait-specific rice germplasm groups based on coefficient of parentage, SSR markers and fertility restoration
Authors: Khera Pawan , Singh Akhilesh Kumar , Priyadarshi Rahul , Khandekar Durga , Allu Rajani K , Hiremath Chitkale , Kumar Raj , Mohan Rashmi , Ulaganathan K. , Shenoy Vinay
Published: May 2014

To maximize heterosis, it is important to understand the genetic diversity of germplasm and associate useful phenotypic traits such as fertility restoration for hybrid rice breeding. The objectives of the present study were to characterize genetic diversity within a set of rice germplasm groups using coefficient of parentage (COP) values and 58 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers for 124 genotypes having different attributes such as resistance/tolerance to various biotic and abiotic stresses. These lines were also used for identifying prospective restorers and maintainers for wild abortive-cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) line. The mean COP value for all the lines was 0.11, indicating that the genotypes do not share common ancestry. The SSR analysis generated a total of 268 alleles with an average of 4.62 alleles per locus. The mean polymorphism information content value was 0.53, indicating that the markers selected were highly polymorphic. Grouping based on COP analysis revealed three major clusters pertaining to the indica, tropical japonica and japonica lines. A similar grouping pattern with some variation was also observed for the SSR markers. Fertility restoration phenotype based on the test cross of the 124 genotypes with a CMS line helped identify 23 maintainers, 58 restorers and 43 genotypes as either partial maintainers or partial restorers. This study demonstrates that COP analysis along with molecular marker analysis might encourage better organization of germplasm diversity and its use in hybrid rice breeding. Potential restorers identified in the study can be used for breeding high-yielding stress-tolerant medium-duration rice hybrids, while maintainers would prove useful for developing new rice CMS lines.
Impact of marketing channels on perceptions of quality of life and profitability for Wisconsin's organic vegetable farmers
Authors: Silva Erin , Dong Fengxia , Mitchell Paul , Hendrickson John
Published: May 2014

A recent increase in programs supporting the entry of organic farmers into direct market channels, such as farmers' markets and community-supported agriculture has occurred in the USA. In order to better implement these programs and to design better outreach and educational support activities for direct market farmers, understanding farmers’ perceptions of success in these marketing channels is valuable. To this goal, Wisconsin-certified organic vegetable farmers were surveyed in order to investigate the relationships between farm characteristics, marketing strategies, and farmer's perceptions of their profitability and quality of life. The data collected from this survey indicate that farmers selling into farmers' markets and through community-supported agriculture tend to be more likely to be dissatisfied with their profitability. Conversely, however, the survey data indicated that farmers selling into other markets, particularly wholesale markets and restaurants/institutions, are significantly more likely to be dissatisfied with their quality of life. Thus, it appears that farmers are making trade-offs with respect to entering markets that allow for greater financial rewards but may lead to a lower quality of life. These results point to the potential benefit of outreach efforts to assist farmers to increase their profitability in market channels that also provide a higher quality of life.
TAKING THE TOOL ANALOGY SERIOUSLY: FORMS AND NAMING IN THECRATYLUS
Authors: Smith Imogen
Published: May 2014

It has been suggested that the so-called tool analogy passage of Plato'sCratyluspresents us with a moderate linguistic naturalism that can stand or fall independently of the more unpalatable etymological and mimetic theories advanced later in the dialogue. This paper offers a reading of the tool analogy which argues that Socrates' employment of Forms (and in particular Species-Forms), together with a careful distinction between the types of knowledge associated with making and using tools, aims to establish a radical linguistic naturalism that constrains the intrinsic properties of names. This should be clear if we take Socrates' claim seriously that names are tools: tools in general can only function successfully if they exhibit the relevant structural, compositional and (to some extent) material properties. Since Socrates claims that names are a class of tools and not merely like tools in some respects, as many have supposed, then what holds for tools in general must also hold for names.
Spirulina-Templated Metal Microcoils with Controlled Helical Structures for THz Electromagnetic Responses
Authors: Kamata Kaori , Piao Zhenzi , Suzuki Soichiro , Fujimori Takahiro , Tajiri Wataru , Nagai Keiji , Iyoda Tomokazu , Yamada Atsushi , Hayakawa Toshiaki , Ishiwara Mitsuteru , Horaguchi Satoshi , Belay Amha , Tanaka Takuo , Takano Keisuke , Hangyo Masanori
Published: May 2014

Microstructures in nature are ultrafine and ordered in biological roles, which have attracted material scientists. Spirulina forms three-dimensional helical microstructure, one of remarkable features in nature beyond our current processing technology such as lithography in terms of mass-productivity and structural multiplicity. Spirulina varies its diameter, helical pitch, and/or length against growing environment. This unique helix is suggestive of a tiny electromagnetic coil, if composed of electro-conductive metal, which brought us main concept of this work. Here, we describe the biotemplating process onto Spirulina surface to fabricate metal microcoils. Structural parameters of the microcoil can be controlled by the cultivation conditions of Spirulina template and also purely one-handed microcoil can be fabricated. A microcoil dispersion sheet exhibited optically active response attributed to structural resonance in terahertz-wave region.
Non-iridescent Transmissive Structural Color Filter Featuring Highly Efficient Transmission and High Excitation Purity
Authors: Shrestha Vivek Raj , Lee Sang-Shin , Kim Eun-Soo , Choi Duk-Yong
Published: May 2014

Nanostructure based color filtering has been considered an attractive replacement for current colorant pigmentation in the display technologies, in view of its increased efficiencies, ease of fabrication and eco-friendliness. For such structural filtering, iridescence relevant to its angular dependency, which poses a detrimental barrier to the practical development of high performance display and sensing devices, should be mitigated. We report on a non-iridescent transmissive structural color filter, fabricated in a large area of 76.2 × 25.4 mm2, taking advantage of a stack of three etalon resonators in dielectric films based on a high-index cavity in amorphous silicon. The proposed filter features a high transmission above 80%, a high excitation purity of 0.93 and non-iridescence over a range of 160°, exhibiting no significant change in the center wavelength, dominant wavelength and excitation purity, which implies no change in hue and saturation of the output color. The proposed structure may find its potential applications to large-scale display and imaging sensor systems.
Estimating the number and size of phloem sieve plate pores using longitudinal views and geometric reconstruction
Authors: Bussières Philippe
Published: May 2014

Because it is difficult to obtain transverse views of the plant phloem sieve plate pores, which are short tubes, to estimate their number and diameters, a method based on longitudinal views is proposed. This method uses recent methods to estimate the number and the sizes of approximately circular objects from their images, given by slices perpendicular to the objects. Moreover, because such longitudinal views are obtained from slices that are rather close to the plate centres whereas the pore size may vary with the pore distance from the plate edge, a sieve plate reconstruction model was developed and incorporated in the method to consider this bias. The method was successfully tested with published longitudinal views of phloem of Soybean and an exceptional entire transverse view from the same tissue. The method was also validated with simulated slices in two sieve plates from Cucurbita and Phaseolus. This method will likely be useful to estimate and to model the hydraulic conductivity and the architecture of the plant phloem and it could have applications for other materials with approximately cylindrical structures.
Label-free cell phenotypic profiling decodes the composition and signaling of an endogenous ATP-sensitive potassium channel
Authors: Sun Haiyan , Wei Ying , Deng Huayun , Xiong Qiaojie , Li Min , Lahiri Joydeep , Fang Ye
Published: May 2014

Current technologies for studying ion channels are fundamentally limited because of their inability to functionally link ion channel activity to cellular pathways. Herein, we report the use of label-free cell phenotypic profiling to decode the composition and signaling of an endogenous ATP-sensitive potassium ion channel (KATP) in HepG2C3A, a hepatocellular carcinoma cell line. Label-free cell phenotypic agonist profiling showed that pinacidil triggered characteristically similar dynamic mass redistribution (DMR) signals in A431, A549, HT29 and HepG2C3A, but not in HepG2 cells. Reverse transcriptase PCR, RNAi knockdown and KATP blocker profiling showed that the pinacidil DMR is due to the activation of SUR2/Kir6.2 KATP channels in HepG2C3A cells. Kinase inhibition and RNAi knockdown showed that the pinacidil activated KATP channels trigger signaling through Rho kinase and Janus kinase-3 and cause actin remodeling. The results are the first demonstration of a label-free methodology to characterize the composition and signaling of an endogenous ATP-sensitive potassium ion channel.