bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mistérios do Rio de Janeiro: em torno das Memórias de um sargento de milícias e seu público
Authors: Cano Jefferson
Published: August 2013

A representação fiel dos costumes no Brasil imperial é, em geral, a principal característica atribuída a este romance pelos estudiosos. Considerando a hipótese de um horizonte de expectativas comum a uma grande parcela de leitores do Rio de Janeiro de meados do século XIX, este artigo sugere a existência de outros significados relacionados ao romance e partilhados por seus primeiros leitores. Além da reprodução realista de personagens e situações típicas, a narrativa ofereceu também uma representação apaziguada da vida social, distante das tensões e contradições que deram sentido à experiência política de seus leitores.
Changes in Forage Quantity and Quality With Continued Late-Summer Cattle Grazing a Riparian Pasture in Eastern Oregon of United States
Authors: Darambazar Enkhjargal , DelCurto Timothy , Damiran Daalkhaijav
Published: August 2013

A pasture (45 ha) in northeastern Oregon was grazed with 30 yearlings (419 kg, Body Condition Score [BCS] = 5.05) and 30 mature cows with calves (499 kg, BCS = 4.65) during August of 2001 and 2002. Sampling dates were d 0, d 10, d 20, and d 30. Forage availability before grazing was 1,039.0 kg·ha-1 and declined to 332.6 kg·ha-1 after grazing (p < 0.10). Grasses dominated the pasture (44.5%), followed by forbs (30.7%), grasslikes (15.9%), and shrubs (8.9%). Due to grazing quackgrass (Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv.), western fescue (Festuca occidentalis Walt.), California brome (Bromus carinatus Hook.), and redtop (Agrostis alba L.) exhibited the greatest decline in quantity. Shrub utilization was high from d 20 to d 30 (49 to 58% for willow [Salix rigida {Hook.} Cronq.] and 58 to 74 % for alder [Alnus incana {L.} Moench.]). Forbs decreased (p < 0.10) in moisture late in the grazing period, while shrubs were (p > 0.10) still succulent (63%). Forbs and shrubs were higher (p < 0.10) than grasses in crude protein (11, 14, and 6%, respectively) and digestibility (59, 50, and 42%, respectively). In summary, our results suggest that cattle grazing late-summer riparian pastures will switch to intensive shrub utilization when grasses decline in quantity and quality, and forbs decline in quantity. Land managers need to know the effect of their management on vegetation and if a goal is to protect riparian woody vegetation, our data suggest that late-summer grazing should be light, or avoided when grasses have senesced.
A New Reliable Approach for Two-Dimensional and Axisymmetric Unsteady Flows Between Parallel Plates
Authors: Sushila  , Singh Jagdev , Shishodia Yadvendra S.
Published: August 2013

The main aim of this work is to present a new reliable approach to compute an approximate solution of the system of nonlinear differential equations governing the problem of two-dimensional and axisymmetric unsteady flows due to normally expanding or contracting parallel plates by the homotopy perturbation method, and the Sumudu transform is adopted in the solution procedure. The method finds the solution without any discretization or restrictive assumptions and avoids the roundoff errors. The numerical solutions obtained by the proposed technique indicate that the approach is easy to implement and computationally very attractive.
Palette of Problems – August 2013
Authors: Amidon Joel , Roscoe Matt
Published: August 2013

A monthly set of problems is aimed at a variety of ability levels.
Bird Boxes Build Content Area Knowledge
Authors: Cianca Sherri Ann
Published: August 2013

Communicating reasoning and constructing models fold nicely into a geometry activity involving the building of nesting boxes.
Develop Reasoning through Pictorial Representations
Authors: Ruchti Wendy P. , Bennett Cory A.
Published: August 2013

Solutions coupled with drawings can illustrate students' understandings or misunderstandings, particularly in the area of proportional reasoning.
What's the Big Deal about Vocabulary?
Authors: Dunston Pamela J. , Tyminski Andrew M.
Published: August 2013

Techniques for teaching mathematics terminology allow adolescents to expand their abstract reasoning ability and move beyond operations into problem solving.
Minorités majoritaires et majorités minoritaires : des oxymorons ?
Authors: Laur Elke
Published: August 2013

La situation du Canada est unique au monde : deux minorités et deux majorités linguistiques se servent mutuellement de raison d’être. Les communautés de langue française et celles de langue anglaise se retrouvent officiellement minoritaires ou majoritaires selon qu’elles sont situées au Québec ou ailleurs. La démolinguistique reste centrale pour les définir. Simple de prime abord, le critère numérique se révèle des plus périlleux puisque très élastique selon les variables retenues. De plus, il fait abstraction de tout critère sociolinguistique. L’article préconise la nécessité d’un modèle plus complexe pour cerner le statut de minorité ou de majorité linguistique.
Climate Report Points to Warming Earth
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: August 2013

The year 2012 was the eighth or ninth warmest on record since 1850 at Earth's surface and the eighth to eleventh warmest since 1979 in the troposphere, depending on the data sets used, according to the “State of the Climate in 2012” report, released on 6 August.
AGU Updates Climate Change Position Statement
Authors: Finn Carol
Published: August 2013

Following months of work by a panel of disciplinary experts with a wide range of viewpoints, input from the membership at large, and approval from the Council and Board, AGU has adopted an updated position statement on climate change.
Atmosphere's emission fingerprint affected by how clouds are stacked
Authors: Schultz Colin
Published: August 2013

Clouds, which can absorb or reflect incoming radiation and affect the amount of radiation escaping from Earth's atmosphere, remain the greatest source of uncertainty in global climate modeling.
Downregulation of miR‐15a due to LMP1 promotes cell proliferation and predicts poor prognosis in nasal NK/T‐cell lymphoma
Authors: Komabayashi Yuki , Kishibe Kan , Nagato Toshihiro , Ueda Seigo , Takahara Miki , Harabuchi Yasuaki
Published: August 2013

Nasal NK/T‐cell lymphoma (NNKTL) is an Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV)‐associated malignancy and has distinct clinical and histological features. However, its genetic features are hitherto unclear. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of several malignancies via regulating gene expression. In this study, we investigated whether the specific microRNAs were related to the tumor behaviors in NNKTL. MiRNA array and Quantitative RT‐PCR analyses revealed that miR‐15a was expressed at a much lower level in NNKTL cells (SNK‐1, SNK‐6, and SNT‐8) than in normal peripheral NK cells and EBV‐negative NK cell line KHYG‐1. Quantitative PCR and western blot analyses showed that the expression of MYB and cyclin D1, which are validated targets of miR‐15a, was higher in NNKTL cells. Transfection of NNKTL cells (SNK‐6 and SNT‐8) with a miR‐15a precursor decreased MYB and cyclin D1 levels, thereby blocking G1/S transition and cell proliferation. Knockdown of EBV‐encoded latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) significantly increased miR‐15a expression in SNK‐6 cells. In NNKTL tissues, we found that reduced miR‐15a expression, which correlated with MYB and cyclin D1 expression, was associated with poor prognosis of NNKTL patients. These data suggest that downregulation of miR‐15a, possibly due to LMP1, implicates in the pathogenesis of NNKTL by inducing cell proliferation via MYB and cyclin D1. Thus, miR‐15a could be a potential target for antitumor therapy and a prognostic predictor for NNKTL. Am. J. Hematol. 89:25–33, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Vasculopathy, inflammation, and blood flow in leg ulcers of patients with sickle cell anemia
Authors: Minniti Caterina P. , Delaney Kara‐Marie H. , Gorbach Alexander M. , Xu Dihua , Lee Chyi‐Chia Richard , Malik Nitin , Koroulakis Antony , Antalek Matthew , Maivelett Jordan , Peters‐Lawrence Marlene , Novelli Enrico M. , Lanzkron Sophie M. , Axelrod Karen C. , Kato Gregory J.
Published: August 2013

Chronic leg ulcers are frequent and debilitating complications of sickle cell anemia. Inadequate blood supply has been postulated to be an important factor in their occurrence and delayed healing. Little is known about their microcirculatory and histopathological changes. We evaluated the microcirculation of lower extremity ulcers with laser speckle contrast imaging and infrared thermography and obtained clinical and laboratory characteristics in 18 adults with sickle cell anemia and chronic leg ulcers. Skin biopsies were obtained in four subjects. Subjects had markers of severe disease, anemia, high degree of hemolysis, inflammation, and thrombophilia. The highest blood flow was present in the ulcer bed, progressively less in the immediate periwound area, and an unaffected control skin area in the same extremity. Microscopic examination showed evidence of venostasis, inflammation, and vasculopathy. Blood vessels were increased in number, had activated endothelium and evidence of thrombosis/recanalization. High blood flow may be due to chronic inflammation, cutaneous vasodilatation, venostasis, and in situ thrombosis. These changes in skin microcirculation are similar to chronic venous ulcers in the non‐sickle cell disease (SCD) population, thus suggesting that leg ulcers may be another end‐organ complication with endothelial dysfunction that appears in patients with SCD at a younger age and with higher frequency than in the general population. Am. J. Heamtol. 89:1–6, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of plasticizer and curing system on freezing resistance of rubbers
Authors: Oh Jaeho , Yoo Yong Hwan , Yoo Il‐Sou , Huh Yang‐Il , Chaki Tapan Kumar , Nah Changwoon
Published: August 2013

At glass transition temperature, Tg the rubber compound becomes stiff and brittle and it loses all its rubbery characteristics. This article deals with the changes in Tg of rubber blends based on natural rubber and polybutadiene rubber of varying vinyl content having different types and content of plasticizers, different curing systems and its effect on physico‐mechanical properties to improve its freezing resistance. The plasticizers used were dioctylphthalate (DOP), tricrecylphosphate (TCP), dioctyladipate (DOA), and oil type plasticizers like parafinic oil (P#2) and aromatic oil (A#2). Among the plasticizers, when DOP and DOA content was high, an appreciable decrease of Tg was found compared to TCP. Moreover, there was a remarkable decrease of Tg using DOA plasticizer, which shows more effective on freezing resistance. However, there was not much change in Tg with oil‐type plasticizers with high oil content compared to TCP plasticizer. The effect of cross‐linking systems such as conventional sulfur vulcanization (CV), efficient sulfur vulcanization (EV), and dicumyl peroxide (DCP) and rubber blends with varying vinyl content in polybutadiene rubber were also carried out. It was found that Tg in different cross‐linking system decreased in this order: CV < EV < DCP. It reveals that DCP cross‐linking system affect more for improving freezing resistance. Physico‐mechanical properties such as tensile strength, tear strength, hardness were also measured. The ratio of initial slope (M0) to steady‐state slope (M1), M0/M1 in tensile curves of different blends were verified, which in turn related to the physico‐mechanical properties and freezing resistance of rubber compounds. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39795.
Abraham colles and his contributions to anatomy
Authors: Shayota Brian J. , Oelhafen Kim , Shoja Mohammadali , Tubbs R. Shane , Loukas Marios
Published: August 2013

Abraham Colles is known among the medical community for his detailed description of Colles' fracture, one of the most common occurring skeletal injuries. It is remarkable that something as seemingly simple as the diagnosis of Colles' fracture had not been established until nearly 200 years ago. While that may have been his most well known accomplishment, Colles made several other contributions to medicine across multiple fields of practice. In the field of anatomy, he is also credited for his discovery and description of Colles' fascia and Colles' ligament. Less commonly known, however, are his clinical observations and offered treatment regimens for syphilis, as well as his achievement in performing the first surgery for axillary artery aneurysm. The current paper will review the life and contributions of this early surgeon and anatomist. Clin. Anat. 27:670–674, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The tori of the mouth and ear: A review
Authors: Loukas Marios , Hulsberg Paul , Tubbs R. Shane , Kapos Theodoros , Wartmann Christopher T. , Shaffer Kitt , Moxham Bernard J.
Published: August 2013

There is a great deal of literature regarding the tori of the mouth and ear. However, there is controversy regarding the etiology and prevalence of each. The torus palatinus is generally agreed to be the most common oral exostosis and is more frequently found in females. The torus mandibularis is also quite common, is more prevalent in males, and occurs bilaterally in 80% of cases. Far less data have been presented regarding the torus maxillaries primarily due to the lack of consensus regarding its nomenclature and classification. These oral tori are thought to be inherited in an autosomal dominant manner with a relatively high penetrance; however, environmental and functional factors have been postulated that may account for a more complex etiology than simply genetics. The torus auditivus is rarely acknowledged in clinical papers and most data are found in anthropological journals. Although there is an abundance of literature that addresses these traits individually, there is a lack of research that collectively acknowledges these. Therefore, the aim of this study was to present a composite review of the tori with regards to their anatomical features, prevalence, etiology and clinical relevance. Clin. Anat. 26:953–960, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Three‐dimensional computer graphics‐based ankle morphometry with computerized tomography for total ankle replacement design and positioning
Authors: Kuo Chien‐Chung , Lu Hsuan‐Lun , Leardini Alberto , Lu Tung‐Wu , Kuo Mei‐Ying , Hsu Horng‐Chaung
Published: August 2013

Morphometry of the bones of the ankle joint is important for the design of joint replacements and their surgical implantations. However, very little three‐dimensional (3D) data are available and not a single study has addressed the Chinese population. Fifty‐eight fresh frozen Chinese cadaveric ankle specimens, 26 females, and 32 males, were CT‐scanned in the neutral position and their 3D computer graphics‐based models were reconstructed. The 3D morphology of the distal tibia/fibula segment and the full talus was analyzed by measuring 31 parameters, defining the relevant dimensions, areas, and volumes from the models. The measurements were compared statistically between sexes and with previously reported data from Caucasian subjects. The results showed that, within a general similarity of ankle morphology between the current Chinese and previous Caucasian subjects groups, there were significant differences in 9 out of the 31 parameters analyzed. From a quantitative comparison with available prostheses designed for the Caucasian population, few of these designs have both tibial and talar components suitable in dimension for the Chinese population. The current data will be helpful for the sizing, design, and surgical positioning of ankle replacements and for surgical instruments, especially for the Chinese population. Clin. Anat. 659–668, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
BAY 87‐2243, a highly potent and selective inhibitor of hypoxia‐induced gene activation has antitumor activities by inhibition of mitochondrial complex I
Authors: Ellinghaus Peter , Heisler Iring , Unterschemmann Kerstin , Haerter Michael , Beck Hartmut , Greschat Susanne , Ehrmann Alexander , Summer Holger , Flamme Ingo , Oehme Felix , Thierauch Karlheinz , Michels Martin , Hess‐Stumpp Holger , Ziegelbauer Karl
Published: August 2013

The activation of the transcription factor hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1 (HIF‐1) plays an essential role in tumor development, tumor progression, and resistance to chemo‐ and radiotherapy. In order to identify compounds targeting the HIF pathway, a small molecule library was screened using a luciferase‐driven HIF‐1 reporter cell line under hypoxia. The high‐throughput screening led to the identification of a class of aminoalkyl‐substituted compounds that inhibited hypoxia‐induced HIF‐1 target gene expression in human lung cancer cell lines at low nanomolar concentrations. Lead structure BAY 87‐2243 was found to inhibit HIF‐1α and HIF‐2α protein accumulation under hypoxic conditions in non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell line H460 but had no effect on HIF‐1α protein levels induced by the hypoxia mimetics desferrioxamine or cobalt chloride. BAY 87‐2243 had no effect on HIF target gene expression levels in RCC4 cells lacking Von Hippel–Lindau (VHL) activity nor did the compound affect the activity of HIF prolyl hydroxylase‐2. Antitumor activity of BAY 87‐2243, suppression of HIF‐1α protein levels, and reduction of HIF‐1 target gene expression in vivo were demonstrated in a H460 xenograft model. BAY 87‐2243 did not inhibit cell proliferation under standard conditions. However under glucose depletion, a condition favoring mitochondrial ATP generation as energy source, BAY 87‐2243 inhibited cell proliferation in the nanomolar range. Further experiments revealed that BAY 87‐2243 inhibits mitochondrial complex I activity but has no effect on complex III activity. Interference with mitochondrial function to reduce hypoxia‐induced HIF‐1 activity in tumors might be an interesting therapeutic approach to overcome chemo‐ and radiotherapy‐resistance of hypoxic tumors.
Low‐Pt Loaded on a Vanadium Nitride/Graphitic Carbon Composite as an Efficient Electrocatalyst for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Yin Jie , Wang Lei , Tian Chungui , Tan Taixing , Mu Guang , Zhao Lu , Fu Honggang
Published: August 2013

The high cost of platinum electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) has hindered the commercialization of fuel cells. An effective support can reduce the usage of Pt and improve the reactivity of Pt through synergistic effects. Herein, the vanadium nitride/graphitic carbon (VN/GC) nanocomposites, which act as an enhanced carrier of Pt nanoparticles (NPs) towards ORR, have been synthesized for the first time. In the synthesis, the VN/GC composite could be obtained by introducing VO3− and [Fe(CN)6]4− ions into the polyacrylic weak‐acid anion‐exchanged resin (PWAR) through an in‐situ anion‐exchanged route, followed by carbonization and a subsequent nitridation process. After loading only 10 % Pt NPs, the resulting Pt‐VN/GC catalyst demonstrates a more positive onset potential (1.01 V), higher mass activity (137.2 mA mg−1), and better cyclic stability (99 % electrochemical active surface area (ECSA) retention after 2000 cycles) towards ORR than the commercial 20 % Pt/C. Importantly, the Pt‐VN/GC catalyst mainly exhibits a 4 e−‐transfer mechanism and a low yield of peroxide species, suggesting its potential application as a low‐cost and highly efficient ORR catalyst in fuel cells.
Bone mineral density following surgical oophorectomy and tamoxifen adjuvant therapy for breast cancer
Authors: Love Richard R. , Young Gregory S. , Laudico Adriano V. , Van Dinh Nguyen , Uy Gemma B. , Quang Le Hong , De La Peña Arturo S. , Dofitas Rodney B. , Bisquera Orlino C. , Siguan Stephen S. S. , Salvador Jonathan D. S. , Mirasol‐Lumague Maria Rica , Navarro Narciso S. , Linh Nguyen Dieu , Jarjoura David
Published: August 2013

BACKGROUND

In premenopausal women treated for breast cancer, loss of bone mineral density (BMD) follows from menopause induced by chemotherapy or loss of ovarian function biochemically or by surgical oophorectomy. The impact on BMD of surgical oophorectomy plus tamoxifen therapy has not been described.

METHODS

In 270 Filipino and Vietnamese premenopausal patients participating in a clinical trial assessing the impact of the timing in the menstrual cycle of adjuvant surgical oophorectomy on breast cancer outcomes, BMD was measured at the lumbar spine and femoral neck before this treatment, and at 6, 12, and 24 months after surgical and tamoxifen therapies.

RESULTS

In women with a pretreatment BMD assessment and at least 1 other subsequent BMD assessment, no significant change in femoral neck BMD was observed over the 2‐year period (−0.006 g/cm2, −0.8%, P = .19), whereas in the lumbar spine, BMD fell by 0.045 g/cm2 (4.7%) in the first 12 months (P < .0001) and then began to stabilize.

CONCLUSIONS

Surgically induced menopause with tamoxifen treatment is associated with loss of BMD at a rate that lessens over 2 years in the lumbar spine and no significant change of BMD in the femoral neck. Cancer 2013;119:3746–3752. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Integration of cancer genomics with treatment selection
Authors: Ow Thomas J. , Sandulache Vlad C. , Skinner Heath D. , Myers Jeffrey N.
Published: August 2013

The field of cancer genomics is rapidly advancing as new technology provides detailed genetic and epigenetic profiling of human cancers. The amount of new data available describing the genetic make‐up of tumors is paralleled by rapid advances in drug discovery and molecular therapy currently under investigation to treat these diseases. This review summarizes the challenges and approaches associated with the integration of genomic data into the development of new biomarkers in the management of cancer. Cancer 2013;119:3914–3928. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Incidence and prognosis of gastroesophageal cancer in rural, urban, and metropolitan areas of the United States
Authors: Wang Zhensheng , Goodman Michael , Saba Nabil , El‐Rayes Bassel F.
Published: August 2013

BACKGROUND

The objective of this study was assess differences in the incidence, late‐stage diagnosis, and prognosis of squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus (SCCE), adenocarcinoma of the esophagus (AE), and adenocarcinoma of the gastric cardia (AGC) in metropolitan, urban, and rural areas in the United States.

METHODS

The authors identified 29,527 patients with SCCE, AE, or AGC who were reported to the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program between 2004 and 2009. Incidence estimates for each malignancy were compared across metropolitan, urban, and rural areas. Multivariable logistic regression models were applied to evaluate the association between residential setting and late (distant‐stage) diagnosis, and the results were reported as adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Cox proportional hazard models were used to examine the association between residential setting and cause‐specific survival.

RESULTS

When residential setting was analyzed using metropolitan population centers as the reference category, the incidence of AE was higher in urban areas (rate ratio [RR], 1.13; 95% CI, 1.06‐1.20) and rural areas (RR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.05‐1.25), whereas the incidence of SCCE was lower in rural areas (RR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.70‐0.91). Rural patients were less likely to be diagnosed with stage IV AE compared with patients residing in metropolitan areas (odds ratio, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.65‐0.97). No differences in prognosis were observed when patients from large metropolitan centers were compared with their rural counterparts.

CONCLUSIONS

The current findings indicated that preconceptions regarding disparities in the time of diagnosis and survival between patients from metropolitan and rural areas in the United States are either unwarranted or out of date, at least with respect to gastroesophageal cancers. Cancer 2013;119:4020–4027. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
The cumulative risk of false‐positive results in the Norwegian Breast Cancer Screening Program: Updated results
Authors: Roman Marta , Hubbard Rebecca A. , Sebuodegard Sofie , Miglioretti Diana L. , Castells Xavier , Hofvind Solveig
Published: August 2013

BACKGROUND

Some false‐positive results are inevitable in mammographic screening, but the impact of false‐positive findings on the program and the participants is a disadvantage of screening. The objective of the current study was to estimate the cumulative risk of a false‐positive result over 10 biennial screening examinations and the cumulative risk of undergoing an invasive procedure with a benign outcome in women screened between the ages of 50 years to 69 years.

METHODS

A retrospective cohort study was performed in 231,310 women aged 50 years to 51 years at the time of first mammography screening who underwent 715,311 screening mammograms in the Norwegian Breast Cancer Screening Program from 1996 through 2010. Generalized linear mixed models were used to estimate the probability of a false‐positive screening result and to compute the cumulative false‐positive risk for up to 10 biennial screening examinations.

RESULTS

The cumulative false‐positive risk after 20 years of biennial screening for women who initiated screening aged 50 years to 51 years was 20.0% (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 19.7%‐20.4%). The cumulative risk of undergoing an invasive procedure with a benign outcome for the same group of women was 4.1% (95% CI, 3.9%‐4.3%). The cumulative risk of undergoing a fine‐needle aspiration cytology, core needle biopsy, or open biopsy with a benign outcome was 1.4% (95% CI, 1.3%‐1.5%), 2.0% (95% CI, 1.9%‐2.1%), and 0.16% (95% CI, 0.13%‐0.19%), respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

One in every 5 women will be recalled for further assessment with a negative outcome if they attend biennial mammographic screening between ages 50 years to 69 years. The risk of an invasive procedure with a benign outcome is approximately 4%. It is important to communicate the existence and extent of this risk to the target group and to reduce to a minimum the waiting times between screening and further assessment. Cancer 2013;119:3952–3958. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Level Anti‐Crossings are a Key Factor for Understanding para‐Hydrogen‐Induced Hyperpolarization in SABRE Experiments
Authors: Pravdivtsev Andrey N. , Yurkovskaya Alexandra V. , Vieth Hans‐Martin , Ivanov Konstantin L. , Kaptein Robert
Published: August 2013

Various hyperpolarization methods are able to enhance the sensitivity of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) by several orders of magnitude. Among these methods are para‐hydrogen‐induced polarization (PHIP) and signal amplification by reversible exchange (SABRE), which exploit the strong nuclear alignment of para‐hydrogen. Several SABRE experiments have been reported but, so far, it has not been possible to account for the experimentally observed sign and magnetic‐field dependence of substrate polarization. Herein, we present an analysis based on level anti‐crossings (LACs), which provides a complete understanding of the SABRE effect. The field‐dependence of both net and anti‐phase polarization is measured for several ligands, which can be reproduced by the theory. The similar SABRE field‐dependence for different ligands is also explained. In general, the LAC concept allows complex spin dynamics to be unraveled, and is crucial for optimizing the performance of novel hyperpolarization methods in NMR and MRI techniques.
Letter to the Editor ‐ responses to Weisntein D, Simon M, Yehezkel E, Laron Z, Werner H. Insulin analogues display IGF‐I‐like mitogenic and antiactivity in cultured cancer cells
Authors: Weinstein Doron , Simon Meital , Yehezkel Einat , Laron Zvi , Werner Haim
Published: August 2013

We thank the team of Eli Lilly and Company for their critical appraisal of our study and for giving us the opportunity to clarify a number of points [1]. We agree with Kazda et al. that randomized clinical trials will best address any direct relationship between insulin analogues and cancer in man. We do not question the fact that tight control of blood glucose has dramatically advanced the lives of patients with diabetes. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
A General Analytical Method for a Three‐Phase Line‐Start Permanent‐Magnet Synchronous Motor
Authors: Tsuboi Kazuo , Takegami Tsuneo , Hirotsuka Isao , Nakamura Masanori
Published: August 2013

A line‐start permanent‐magnet synchronous motor (LSPMM) consists of a stator with symmetrical three‐phase armature windings and a salient pole rotor with a permanent magnet for excitation and a starting winding similar to the squirrel‐cage winding of an induction motor.

In this paper, a general analytical method based on tensor analysis is proposed for practical performance calculation of a three‐phase LSPMM. The general equation for the currents of the three‐phase LSPMM is derived from the transient impedance tensor expressed in polyphase symmetry axes, and the general equation for vibratory and nonvibratory torques is derived from the current equation. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 185(4): 60–68, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21284
Design of Sensitivity Function of Multirate VCM Control System
Authors: Kisaka Masashi
Published: August 2013

A method for designing a sensitivity function for a multiple‐input single‐output servo system is proposed. The method does not require weighting or weighting functions, unlike linear‐quadratic (LQ) or H∞ design. First, a controller candidate is derived by taking into consideration the robustness specification for the plant system. Then, the sensitivity function is derived from the gain specification of the sensitivity function. As the design of a multirate controller can be shown to be equivalent to a multiple‐input single‐output system, the method is employed to design a multirate VCM position control system. The multirate controller is designed such that at frequencies higher than the Nyquist frequency, the desired robustness is achieved. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 185(4): 53–59, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.22296
Influence of High‐Frequency Leakage Current on Motor Position Control in PWM Inverter‐Fed Servo Drives
Authors: Tagami Kotaro , Ogasawara Satoshi
Published: August 2013

Advances in power semiconductor devices have contributed to the realization of high‐performance power converters and high‐precision motor positioning. However, high‐speed switching of power devices leads to a high‐frequency leakage current and/or electromagnetic interference (EMI). On the other hand, it has been considered that the leakage current has no relation to motor position control in servo drive systems. This paper analyzes the influence of high‐frequency leakage current on motor positioning and describes its mechanism. Experimental and simulation results show that high‐frequency leakage current may cause variations in the motor position with a frequency that is twice the line frequency. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 185(4): 33–43, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.22479
Propagation of IG Current Underground Elucidated by Remanent Magnetization
Authors: Sakai Hideo , Nagata Shoichi , Masugata Katsumi
Published: August 2013

In our previous studies, we showed that the remanent magnetization of materials could be used to analyze lightning currents at ground level. In this study, using an IG (Impulse Generator) current as a model of lightning, we used remanent magnetization to investigate the underground propagation of IG currents. For this purpose, we dug a square hole with a side length of 80 cm and a depth of 13 cm and placed in it magnetic samples prepared using sea sand. After injecting an IG current of 530 A underground, the magnetization of these samples was measured.

The directional distribution of magnetization was successfully used to analyze the circular magnetic field induced by the IG current and its transit point. Then the underground path of the IG current was determined to a depth of 12 cm. The current path was inclined by approximately 9° from the vertical direction, which may be attributed to a ground conductor being located east of the experimental area. To relate the magnetization intensity and the distance from the IG current, an inverse square relation was applied outside the area close to the transit point of the current.

From the results obtained in this study, we conclude that the method using the remanent magnetization is useful for elucidating the polarity, intensity, and path of both IG and lightning currents underground. Further, the method of using remanent magnetization as a record of lightning currents may contribute to the development of an effective earth conductor for limiting damage caused by lightning. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 185(4): 1–8, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.22484
Characterization of the human CD4+T‐cell repertoire specific for major histocompatibility class I‐restricted antigens
Authors: Legoux François , Gautreau Laetitia , Hesnard Leslie , Leger Alexandra , Moyon Melinda , Devilder Marie‐Claire , Bonneville Marc , Saulquin Xavier
Published: August 2013

While CD4+ T lymphocytes usually recognize antigens in the context of major histocompatibility (MHC) class II alleles, occurrence of MHC class‐I restricted CD4+ T cells has been reported sporadically. Taking advantage of a highly sensitive MHC tetramer‐based enrichment approach allowing detection and isolation of scarce Ag‐specific T cells, we performed a systematic comparative analysis of HLA‐A*0201‐restricted CD4+ and CD8+ T‐cell lines directed against several immunodominant viral or tumoral antigens. CD4+ T cells directed against every peptide‐MHC class I complexes tested were detected in all donors. These cells yielded strong cytotoxic and T helper 1 cytokine responses when incubated with HLA‐A2+ target cells carrying the relevant epitopes. HLA‐A2‐restricted CD4+ T cells were seldom expanded in immune HLA‐A2+ donors, suggesting that they are not usually engaged in in vivo immune responses against the corresponding peptide‐MHC class I complexes. However, these T cells expressed TCR of very high affinity and were expanded following ex vivo stimulation by relevant tumor cells. Therefore, we describe a versatile and efficient strategy for generation of MHC class‐I restricted T helper cells and high affinity TCR that could be used for adoptive T‐cell transfer‐ or TCR gene transfer‐based immunotherapies.
Aerobic Multicomponent Tandem Synthesis of 3‐Sulfenylimidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines from Ketones, 2‐Aminopyridines, and Disulfides
Authors: Ge Wenlei , Zhu Xun , Wei Yunyang
Published: August 2013

An aerobic CeCl3·7H2O/NaI‐catalyzed C–H functionalization reaction was developed for the synthesis of 3‐sulfenylimidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines from easily available ketones, 2‐aminopyridines, and disulfides without DMSO or peroxide as an oxidant. This three‐component tandem reaction process involves the formation of imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines followed by Friedel–Crafts sulfenylation in one pot under mild conditions. Both aryl and alkyl ketones afforded the desired products in good to excellent yields without the presence of other additives.
Redox‐Filled Carbon‐Fiber Microelectrodes for Single‐Cell Exocytosis
Authors: Cox Jonathan T. , Gunderson Christopher G. , Zhang Bo
Published: August 2013

Carbon‐fiber microelectrodes (CFEs) are the primary electroanalytical tool in single‐cell exocytosis and in vivo studies. Here we report a new study on the kinetic properties of electrolyte‐filled CFEs in single‐cell measurements and demonstrate that the addition of outer sphere redox species, such as Fe(CN)63− and Ru(NH3)63+, in the backfill electrolyte solution can greatly enhance the kinetic response of CFEs. We show that at 750 mV, a voltage normally applied for detection of dopamine, the presence of fast outer sphere redox species in the backfilling solution significantly enhances the kinetic response of CFEs toward fast dopamine detection at single PC12 cells. Moreover, we also demonstrate that the use of Fe(CN)63− in the backfilling solution has enabled direct measurement of dopamine at applied voltages as low as 200 mV. This kinetic enhancement is believed to be due to faster electron‐transfer kinetics on the coupling pole as compared to the sluggish reduction of oxygen. We anticipate that such redox‐filled CFE ultramicroelectrodes will find many useful applications in single cell exocytosis and in vivo sensing.
Nanostructured Alpha‐Nickel Hydroxide Electrodes for High Performance Hydrogen Peroxide Sensing
Authors: Martins Paulo Roberto , Gonçalves Nery Motta Alessandra , Nakamura Marcelo , Araki Koiti , Angnes Lúcio
Published: August 2013

Nanostructured alpha‐nickel hydroxide (α‐Ni(OH)2) immobilized on a Fluorine‐doped Tin Oxide (FTO) surface was explored for the construction of hydrogen peroxide amperometric Flow Injection Analysis (FIA) sensors. Their notable electrocatalytic activity and heterogeneous electron‐transfer rate were confirmed by the appearance of a broad and intense peak associated with the oxidation of hydrogen peroxide and the enhancement of sensibility in hydrodynamic conditions. The α‐Ni(OH)2 electrodes exhibited a broad dynamic range (5×10−6 to 1×10−3 mol L−1), low detection limit (2×10−7 mol L−1), good repeatability (RSD=1.29 % for 20 successive analyses), and a sensitivity greater than 500 µA mmol−1 L−1 cm−2.
Global variation of COSMIC precipitable water over land: Comparisons with ground‐based GPS measurements and NCEP reanalyses
Authors: Huang Ching‐Yuang , Teng Wen‐Hsin , Ho Shu‐Peng , Kuo Ying‐Hwa
Published: August 2013

Radio occultation (RO) observations of precipitable water (PW) from the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) are compared with ground‐based Global Positioning System (GPS) PW for 6 years (2007–2012). From comparisons of more than 120,000 collocated samples, differences in PW between RO and GPS exhibit a standard deviation of less than 3 mm with a global correlation of 0.96 to 0.97. The monthly mean RO PW is also compared to the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalyses. PWs over land for RO, GPS, and reanalyses are highly correlated in each hemisphere. We also used the RO data to explore the variation of the monthly mean PW in four regions (Tibetan Plateau, central Australia, Amazon Basin, and central Africa) where ground stations are few. This study highlights the characteristics of these PW climatologies, suggesting that the RO data are useful complements to global reanalyses and other data sets.
Mergers and Acquisitions in Japan: An Update
Authors: Metwalli Ali M. , Tang Roger Y. W.
Published: August 2013

Since 2008, Japan's economy has been faltering due to an aging population, deflation, weak consumer spending, and low investor confidence. These factors have had some impact on Japanese mergers and acquisitions (M&As) in recent years. In this article, the authors provide an overview of Japan's M&A for the decade from 2000 to 2010, and also review recent M&A trends for 2011 and 2012. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Can Accountants Understand Derivatives?
Authors: Le Guyader Louis P.
Published: August 2013

Derivatives are the Mata Hari of the global capital markets, says the author of this article. That's because derivatives are mysterious, possibly dangerous, and yet invitingly attractive. When derivatives fail, many people believe it is because accountants do not understand derivatives—despite the pitched battle that has raged over many years between accountants and the derivatives community. Is there clear evidence that accountants do not understand derivatives? And if so, what knowledge is lacking? The author takes a close look at these issues, and also gives you a chance to test your own knowledge of derivatives with a quick quiz. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Auditing and Accounting for the Consolidation of Variable Interest Entities
Authors: Reinstein Alan , Churyk Natalie Tatiana
Published: August 2013

In 2009, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. (SFAS) 167 (ASC 810), which broadens the number of entities that will consolidate formerly unconsolidated offbalance sheet assets and liabilities, and otherwise greatly changes the framework for consolidated financial statements. While the literature provides some examples of accounting for Variable Interest Entities (VIEs), little discussion examines how to audit such VIEs, which is important in light of some related audit failures. In this article, the authors summarize the provisions of SFAS 167 and discuss the auditing implications. They also discuss how recent International Financial Reporting Standards affect how entities should account for and audit VIEs. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Traditional food: A better compatibility with industry requirements
Authors: Cotillon Christophe , Guyot Anne‐Clothilde , Rossi Daniel , Notarfonso Maurizio
Published: August 2013

The objective of this article is to summarise the main results of the TRUEFOOD Integrated project, which is supported by the European Commission in the European Framework Program 6 (FP6). This project started in 2006 and ended in 2010. TRUEFOOD aimed to improve quality and safety and introduce innovation into Traditional European Food production systems through research, demonstration, dissemination and training activities. It focuses on increasing value to both consumers and producers and on supporting the development of realistic business plans for all components of the food chain, using a farm‐to‐fork approach. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Future development, innovation and promotion of European unique food: An interdisciplinary research framework perspective
Authors: Byrne Derek V , Waehrens Sandra S , O'Sullivan Maurice G
Published: August 2013

Unique food products constitute a very important element of European food business, culture, identity and heritage. Understanding the uniqueness of food in Europe from a research‐based interdisciplinary perspective will be a critical factor in promoting the competitiveness of artisanal food industries going forward both locally and internationally. Success will support the competitiveness of the European food industry, in particular, small and medium enterprises, by enabling substantial product differentiation potential for producers and providing ample variety in food choice for the consumer. In addition, it will contribute to promotion of sustainable agriculture and development of rural areas, protecting them from depopulation. In order to meet the demands of a developing fundamental shift in European Union agricultural focus to greener, sustainable farming practices and wider rural development and to ensure success for local small‐scale producers, this paper discusses the future direction of research in the field of unique European foods. The paper presents a perspective which promotes optimisation and innovation in unique food products in Europe through the integration of advanced knowledge and technologies. A framework is presented covering location, identity, perception and well‐being as research areas needing synergy to bridge the research knowledge deficit in determination and specification of food identity in the European Union. The ultimate aim being promotion of sustainable agriculture and rural development, particularly in territories across the European Union where unique food is strategically and scientifically under‐defined. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Mental health affects the quality of life and recovery after liver transplantation
Authors: Miller Lisa Renee , Paulson Daniel , Eshelman Anne , Bugenski Mary , Brown Kimberly A. , Moonka Dilip , Abouljoud Marwan
Published: August 2013

There has been little research examining the effects of mental health before liver transplantation on quality of life (QOL) and recovery after transplantation. Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to examine how pretransplant depression and anxiety affect mental health, QOL, and recovery after transplantation. Eighty-two transplant recipients provided data when they were listed for transplantation and 6 months after transplantation. Pretransplant anxiety predicted posttransplant anxiety (P < 0.001), and there was a trend in predicting posttransplant depression (P = 0.06). Pretransplant depression predicted posttransplant depression (P = 0.03), and there was a trend in predicting posttransplant anxiety (P = 0.06). Additionally, pretransplant anxiety predicted posttransplant QOL for several domains, including Body Pain, Role Limitations Due to Emotional Problems, and Mental Health, as well as the Mental Health Composite Score (P < 0.05). However, in comparison with anxiety, pretransplant depression independently predicted outcomes for more QOL domains, which included Physical Functioning, Role Limitations Due to Physical Problems, General Health, Vitality, and Social Functioning, as well as the Physical Composite Score (P < 0.05). Patients with depression at the baseline were more likely to report incomplete recovery 6 months after transplantation (P < 0.001). With respect to baseline anxiety, there was a trend suggesting that these patients were also more likely to report incomplete recovery (P = 0.09). These findings highlight the importance of evaluating transplant candidates both before and after transplantation for anxiety and depressive symptoms. Once patients with these symptoms are identified, they can be referred for treatment, which may lead to better posttransplant outcomes for mental health, QOL, and recovery. Liver Transpl 19:1272–1278, 2013. © 2013 AASLD.
Sex influences the effect of body mass index on the vascular response to angiotensin II in humans
Authors: Zalucky A. A. , Nicholl D. D. M. , Mann M. C. , Hemmelgarn B. R. , Turin T. C. , MacRae J. M. , Sola D. Y. , Ahmed S. B.
Published: August 2013

Objective

Sex influences the cardiorenal risk associated with body mass index (BMI). The role of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system in adiposity‐mediated cardiorenal risk profiles in healthy, non‐obese men and women was investigated.

Methods

Systemic and renal hemodynamic responses to angiotensin‐II (AngII) as a function of BMI, waist and hip circumference, waist–hip ratio, as well as fat and lean mass were measured in 18 men and 25 women in high‐salt balance, stratified by BMI (<25 kg/m2 (ideal body weight (IBW)) vs. ≥25 kg/m2 overweight)).

Results

In men (n = 7, BMI 23 ± 1 kg/m2) and women (n = 14, BMI 22 ± 2 kg/m2) of IBW, BMI was not associated with the systolic blood pressure (SBP) response to AngII. In contrast, overweight men (n = 11, 29 ± 2 kg/m2) demonstrated a progressively more blunted vasoconstrictor SBP response to AngII challenge as BMI increased (P = 0.007), even after adjustment for covariates. Women maintained the same relationship between BMI and the SBP response to AngII irrespective of weight status (P = 0.2, IBW vs. overweight women). Compared to BMI, other adiposity measures showed similar associations to systemic AngII responsiveness in men but not in women. Increasing BMI was associated with a blunted renovasoconstrictor response to AngII in all subjects, but was more pronounced in men.

Conclusion

Sex influences the effect of adiposity on vascular angiotensin‐responsiveness.