bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Postmaterialism in a Social Democratic State
Authors: LAFFERTY WILLIAM M. , KNUTSEN ODDBJØRN
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is to establish empirically the status of Ronald Inglehart's postmaterialist syndrome in Norway. As a prototypical social democratic state, and one of the only European countries yet to be adequately tested for postmaterialism, Norway represents a particularly interesting case for the Inglehart thesis. On the basis of a national sample survey carried out in 1981 (N = 1, 170), the analysis focuses on two major questions: the distinctness of postmaterialism in a left-right context, and the congruity between different value domains. Of particular importance is the finding that there exists a postmaterialist profile for democratic values that is much more distinct than the literature has allowed for up to now.
Forecasting Internal Conflict
Authors: GURR TED ROBERT , LICHBACH MARK IRVING
Published: March 2007

This article evaluates a formal theory of domestic political conflict using a forecasting approach. The theory, a mobilization of discontent model, argues that the extent of open political conflict within nations is a function of popular discontent, popular dispositions toward conflict, and the balance of organizational strengt between challengers and the regime. In order to examine the forecasting power of this argument, two competing and less elaborate models of domestic political conflict are also proposed. One, a model of the conflict process, forms linkages between the extent and intensity of conflict. The other is a truly naive model, which represents only a persistence of conflit argument. All three models are used to forecast conflict for 10 randomly selected nations in 1971-1975, and implications for the modelling of domestic political conflict are drawn.
The Church, Social Consciousness, and Protest?
Authors: LANGTON KENNETH P.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the relationship between participation in the Catholic Church and the consciousness and protest behavior of the most strategic sector of the Peruvian labor force. It explores two ideal models of church influence: traditional and liberation. Although Liberation Theology has some of its deepest roots in the writings and practice of Peruvian priests, the association between participation in church ritual in general in Peru and the consciousness and behavior of workers suggests that the overall influence of the Peruvian Church is best described by the traditional model. Participation in Church ritual and its associated religiosity increase fatalism, retards concientizacion, reduces protest participation, and integrates workers into the hierarchy and discipline of the industrial enterprise. The article agrees with Gramsci (1971) that the control of consciousness is as significant an area of political struggle as the control of production, and that the two are related. Through its influence on social consciousness, the church can indirectly affect political action and national patterns of production and distribution. Church acculturation may affect economic growth rate by reducing worker-management and worker-state conflict. It seems equally likely that the conservative effect of church acculturation increases distributional inequality.
Political Strength, Economic Structure, and the Debt Servicing Potential of Developing Countries
Authors: SNIDER LEWIS W.
Published: March 2007

The developing countries' need to reschedule their external debts is as much a consequence of the political weakness of their governments vis-á-vis their own societies and the international environment as it is a consequence of unfavorable structural changes in the international financial system. This study's original contribution is to treat the differentials in the political strengths of debtor governments as explicit variables in analyzing the probability of LDCs having to reschedule their external debt, rather than to treat political factors as residuals to an economic explanation.

A measure of a government's political strength, relative political capacity (RPC), is used to evaluate the impact of a government's political strength on the probability of debt rescheduling, controlling for the size of a country's debt service burden, the impact of external shocks from the global system, the structure of its domestic economy, and whether its principal exports are agricultural raw materials, minerals, or manufactured goods. Three probit models are used to analyze 48 developing countries for the years 1968 to 1983 (N = 768). The results suggest that political capacity does have a significant impact on the probability of a government rescheduling its external debt.
Women's Participation in Central American Revolutions
Authors: MASON T. DAVID
Published: March 2007

Evidence from Nicaragua and El Salvador indicates that substantial numbers of women from humble backgrounds have participated in those nations' guerrilla armies, and not simply in support roles but as combat soldiers as well. This article analyzes the dynamics of societal change by which nonelite women are mobilized for participation in guerrilla insurgencies. The rapid social, economic, and demographic changes that accompany dependent modes of development erode the stability of rural social structures and contribute to male spouse abandonment of the family. Impoverished female heads of households have become involved in grass roots organizations whose programs address their immediate economic distress and mobilize them for collective action in support of economic and political reforms. When the regime represses this political activism, it seldom discriminates between males and females in the application of repression. Faced with the threat of violence, women have joined insurgent organizations that promise, if nothing else, security from state repression.
Political Power and Judicial Review in Italy
Authors: VOLCANSEK MARY L.
Published: March 2007

This essay traces the development of the power of the Italian Constitutional Court, the political impact of its policies, and its reception by the public and the other institutions of government. The relationship between the Court and Parliament is presented as one characterized by a synchronization of powers, and the Court has demonstrated reluctance to interfere in conflicts among the various branches of the national government. That timidity has not, however, carried over into its treatment of referenda or of national versus regional prerogatives. The Constitutional Court is, according to this analysis, a part of the national governing elite, and its most controversial decisions have been ones safeguarding the interests of that elite. By carefully acting as “quasi-guardians,” the Constitutional Court judges have cemented a solidly positive reputation and nurtured an aura of legitimacy that is rare among Italian political actors.
Time to Talk?
Authors: KLEIBOER MARIEKE , 't HART PAUL
Published: March 2007

A crucial set of timing issues in international conflict management pertains to the moment and mode of entry to the conflict by a third party. Current middle-range theories on timing of third-party intervention focus on the identification of `ripe moments' in the evolution of a conflict when it can be most successfully dealt with by mediation. In contrast, it will be argued in this paper that one cannot treat time as an independent variable in international conflict. The role of temporal factors and the timing is embedded in a broader theory on the nature and importance of international mediation, which, in turn, rests on normative foundations and empirical assertions about the nature and study of international politics. The purpose of this paper is to lay the foundation for such theories on international mediation and in particular the role of temporal factors and timing herein. The mediation attempts in the Falklands/Malvinas conflict between Argentina and Great Britain will serve as an illustration of our theoretical argument.
Diners' Perceptions of Quality, Value, and Satisfaction
Authors: Oh Haemoon
Published: March 2007

Restaurant managers have recited the quality mantra and sought solace in satisfaction, but customers are motivated by value.
When Less is More: A Look at the Long Term in Building for Tourism
Authors: Kaplan Atid
Published: March 2007

A modest proposal for generating revenues and stimulating industrial development
Predicting Career Success and Satisfaction
Authors: Pizam Abraham , Lewis Robert
Published: March 2007

A recent survey produced both expected and surprising results-including the finding that certain performance measures looked on favorably by personnel departments and college-admissions committees were associated with low career progress
Purchasing for a New Hotel
Authors: Schnitzler Hans J.
Published: March 2007

Everything you'll need to know about par stocks, purchasing requirements, invoices, vendor bids, direct deliveries, and all the other minutiae associated with outfitting a new operation
Human-Ressources Development
Authors: Ference Eugene A.
Published: March 2007

The once-prevailing management philosophy of "my way or the highway" is being supplanted by the view that "employees are our most important resource." Accordingly, training programs focusing on the needs of employees are now viewed as the best means of achieving high organization-wide standards and retaining qualified personnel
Wholesalers and Caribbean Resort Hotels
Authors: Kimes Sheryl E. , Lord Douglas C.
Published: March 2007

Wholesale tour operators have an important role in the resorthotel industry, enabling hotels to reach potential clients in a lowcost manner. During the low season they can fill otherwise empty rooms. At the same time, hotels may run the risk of selling too many rooms at too low a price to wholesalers. During the high season hotels may displace high-paying transient guests with low-paying wholesaler guests. In areas heavily dependent on tourism, such as the Caribbean, the relationship between wholesalers and hotels is even more important because of the effect it can have on the region's economic health. This article assesses the relationship between wholesale-tour operators and Caribbean resort hotels. It includes an introduction to tourism in the Caribbean, a discussion of the structure and economics of the wholesale-tour industry, a presentation of the results of a survey of the members of the Caribbean Hotel Association, and a discussion of the implications for resort hotels and tourism.
The Franchisor—Franchisee Relationship
Authors: Brown James R. , Dev Chekitan S.
Published: March 2007

A study of 331 general managers with two major U.S. hotel chains found that a strong relationship between a franchisee and a franchisor meant better hotel performance compared to competing hotels and to other hotels in the chain. The properties with a strong relationship to headquarters had higher quality-assurance and guest-satisfaction ratings than did other hotels in the chain. Compared to competitors, hotels with a strong partnership with their franchisor enjoyed higher occupancy, room rates, and gross profit. The benefits to the franchisee are self-evident, and the franchisor also benefits from having a string of high-performing hotels.
Critical Issues Concerning Cultural Competence
Authors: Ridley Charles R. , Baker Debra Mollen , Hill Carrie L.
Published: March 2007

Sue’s contribution concerning cultural competence is reviewed and critiqued. General issues provoked by Sue and found in the emergent discourse on the topic are discussed, including concerns about its operationalization, its purpose, its parameters, issues pertaining to training, and considerations for evaluation. Specific issues related to Sue’s model are highlighted with suggestions for improvement and clarification. The specific issues critiqued include the following strengths: continued leadership in the field, inclusion of social justice, multidimensionality of cultural competence, and the tripartite conception of personal identity. Issues of concern include the lack of a solid rationale for the model, definitional difficulties, the lack of prescription, and limitations based on the race-based group perspective. Suggestions for future scholarship are offered.
Internship: The Applied Training of a Counseling Psychologist
Authors: Holloway Elizabeth L. , Roehlke Helen J.
Published: March 2007

The objectives of this article were (I) to provide a comprehensive view of the predoctoral internship, (2) to delineate relevant issues in intern training, (3) to stimulate the field of counseling psychology to examine critically the effectiveness of internship training programs; section 3 compares the major types of internship provide direction for future practices and research in internship programs. The article is organized into five primary areas. Section 1 provides a brief history and definition of the internship; section 2 describes the organization and management of internship training programs; section 3 compares the major types of internship settings chosen by counseling psychology students and includes the results of a national survey conducted by the authors; section 4 addresses the influence and impact of pressures from within and outside the profession on internship training; finally, section 5 summarizes questions and concerns relevant to the internship of the future.
Alternate Research Paradigms
Authors: Hoshmand Lisa L. S. Tsoi
Published: March 2007

This article reviews the major paradigms that are different from the positivistic research tradition of reductive experimentation and presents an approach to teaching these paradigms in graduate counseling psychology programs. Arguments and issues related to broadening reductive-positivist conceptions of research are first summarized. Three alternate paradigms, (a) the naturalistic-ethnographic, (b) the phenomenological, and (c) the cybernetic, as well as other high-context approaches are described. Each paradigm is presented in terms of its conceptual base, methodological characteristics, applications, types of research questions it can address, and its strengths and limitations. A curriculum for teaching these alternate paradigms as an extension of standard research courses is proposed. The teaching philosophy, teaching-learning mechanisms, instructional resources, and observations from past experiences of implementation are given. It is argued that such teaching would promote students 'epistemic development and more informed method choices, as well as facilitate the integration of theory, research, and practice.
The Hidden Minority
Authors: Fassinger Ruth E.
Published: March 2007

This article provides an overview of salient issues related to scientific and therapeutic work with lesbian women and gay men. It is presented in five sections which provide the reader with a review of terms and concepts; a sense of the social context (historically and currently) faced by gay people, a discussion of psychology s approach to gay/lesbian issues, an overview of gay identity development; and an outline of roles and responsibilities of counseling psychologists in working with these populations. Resources are indicated for those wishing further information and direction.
A Fulbright Counseling Psychologist in a Rebellious Soviet Republic
Authors: Hood Albert B.
Published: March 2007

In this article, challenges met in living and lecturing as a Fulbright scholar in the Soviet Republic of Estonia are described Requested topics for lectures included counseling techniques, psychological testing, and career development. Insights gained about important influences in Soviet psychology are described. Also reported are certain current conditions and trends in Soviet society related to counseling psychology.
Acculturative Stress
Authors: Smart Julie F. , Smart David W.
Published: March 2007

Acculturative stress is the psychological impact of adaptation to a new culture. For Hispanics who come to the United States, there are a number of significant stressors that are likely to be pervasive, intense, and lifelong. Counselors need to learn the reality of the Hispanic immigrants and help them adapt to these stressors. This article defines and describes these aspects of acculturative stress.
Attachment to Parents and Adjustment in Late Adolescent College Students
Authors: Kenny Maureen E. , Rice Kenneth G.
Published: March 2007

The attachment model holds considerable promise for understanding the challenges and adjustment vicissitudes of late adolescent college students. The model is potentially valuable for counseling psychologists, further more, in linking knowledge of developmental theory with counseling intervention and prevention. Existing research supports an association between secure parental attachment and adjustment for first-year college students. A variety of methodological challenges, however, need to be addressed in order to fully assess the validity of attachment-based developmental and intervention models, especially for women and culturally and racially diverse college students.
Review of the Counseling Self-Efficacy Literature
Authors: Larson Lisa M. , Daniels Jeffrey A.
Published: March 2007

This article provides an integrative review of the counseling self-efficacy (CSE) literature conducted from 1983 to the present. First, the content, structure, and psychometric properties of the four most common constructs across the 32 studies are reviewed. Second, the findings from the literature are integrated into the larger theory by relating CSE to the major components of social cognitive theory, namely, counselor characteristics, personal agency, counselor performance, and the supervision/counseling/work environment. Third, the intervention studies that have been targeted at increasing either CSE estimations or counselor performance are presented. Fourth, studies that have examined and identified significant predictors of CSE are discussed. Fifth, the practical implications for supervisors are discussed. Finally, conclusions and recommendations for future research are presented.
Mentoring Ethnic Minority Students for Careers in Academia
Authors: Hill Robert D. , Castillo Linda G. , Ngu Le Quyen , Pepion Ken
Published: March 2007

The need for academic mentoring of ethnic minority doctoral students in counseling psychology has resulted in a call for training programs to build environments that not only provide financial assistance, but also work toward enhancing qualitative aspects of training that may be important in the students’preparations for future academic careers. This article describes the Western Interstate Commission of Higher Education’s (WICHE) Doctoral Scholars Program that provides both external funding and strategies designed to encourage faculty-student mentoring. The extent to which WICHE has influenced doctoral training in the counseling psychology program at the University of Utah is described from the perspective of the WICHE director, a WICHE faculty mentor, and two WICHE doctoral scholars. The importance of the faculty mentor as a facilitative agent in the training of ethnic minority students and in helping them to prepare for careers in academia is highlighted.
A Historical Perspective on the Use of Randomized Trials in Social Science Settings
Authors: Oakley Ann
Published: March 2007

Similar to medicine, social science has historically grappled with controlling for chance and bias in assessing the effectiveness of interventions. Questions about what works and how to evaluate the evidence underlie all areas of policy intervention. In the early years of the 20th century, social science in North America developed an established tradition of quantitative sociology that included experimental studies. This was followed by a number of social experiments from the 1960s to the 1980s. The history of prospective experimental studies with control groups applied to the social domain contains important lessons for experimental social science in the 21st century.
Toward a Structural Theory of Crime, Race, and Gender: The Canadian Case
Authors: Hagan John
Published: March 2007

This article outlines and explores a structural theory of race, gender, and crime. We address past concerns about the use of official data to test theories of crime, and we advocate the renewed use of these data to test such theories. Three structural hypotheses are proposed and tested. Each hypothesis focuses in a different way on the interaction of race, gender, and crime, and the third hypothesis adds a crucial fourth variable—age. Our results support the structural approach proposed and encourage further comparative research.
The Impact of Victimization on Fear
Authors: Skogan Wesley G.
Published: March 2007

This report examines the relationship between criminal victimization and fear of crime. Past research has been surprisingly inconclusive about this issue, and some people's fears have been branded “irrational” because the two did not appear to be tightly linked. However, the data analyzed here indicate that victimization affects both fear-related attitudes and behavior in a clear and consistent manner. This report also suggests that the impact of victimization is relatively uniform. Some research has indicated that certain groups are especially affected by crime, a claim that might be used to justify special treatment for selected victims and has been used to support demands for special “treatment” of selected offenders. However, the strong effects of victimization registered in these data were not differentially distributed across subgroups. In sum, most people do learn from their experiences, although other kinds of learning are rational as well.
Studying the Effects of Services for Victims in Crisis
Authors: Davis Robert C.
Published: March 2007

Crisis intervention programs for victims have grown rapidly, but with little hard data to demonstrate their effectiveness. This study attempted to examine the effects of services on victims' psychological and material adjustment. Although substantial recovery occurred for all victims in the first three months postcrime, there was no evidence that recovery was any greater for victims who received services than for those who did not.
The Intangible Rewards from Crime: The Case of Domestic Marijuana Cultivation
Authors: Weisheit Ralph A.
Published: March 2007

With revenues as high as $60 billion a year, domestic marijuana is easily America's largest cash crop. Economics alone, however, cannot explain why many growers adopt techniques and practices far more elaborate than necessary to only make money. This article uses interviews with commercial marijuana growers to examine the intangible rewards from growing marijuana. For many growers, the process of growing is rewarding in itself and provides pleasure beyond money or the intoxicating effects of marijuana. For these growers, policies designed to take the profit out of the drug business probably would not deter them from growing.
Effects of Ignition Interlock Devices on DUI Recidivism: Findings from a Longitudinal Study in Hamilton County, Ohio
Authors: Morse Barbara J. , Elliott Delbert S.
Published: March 2007

As demands for more effective legal remedies for drunk driving escalate, a number of states have authorized judges to use breath analyzer ignition interlock devices as an optional sanction in drunk driving cases. This research presents initial findings from a quasi-experimental study designed to evaluate the effectiveness of interlock devices as a deterrent to a repeated drunk driving arrest in a sample of persons convicted of DUI. Survival rates across a 30-month risk period, during which interlock installation, license suspension, and probation sanctions were in effect, indicate that interlock devices significantly reduced the likelihood of a repeated DUI arrest as compared to license suspension.
Projecting the Future of Corrections: The State of the Art
Authors: Austin James , Cuvelier Steve , McVey Aaron
Published: March 2007

The recent increases in all forms of correctional control have dramatized the need to better anticipate future criminal justice resources. There have been significant technical advances in the development of policy simulation models. These models are especially well suited to provide policymakers with accurate information on the consequences of proposed innovative sentencing and administrative reforms on correctional population growth. However, for them to be fully used, policymarkers must assume a more proactive stance in policy formation and researchers must develop a more comprehensive body of knowledge of how reforms can be best implemented by criminal justice agencies.
Substance Abuse Problems among High-Risk Youth and Potential Interventions
Authors: Greenwood Peter W.
Published: March 2007

Although drug use among teenagers has declined significantly over the past decade, adolescents raised in impoverished urban communities continue to be at high risk for involvement in drug use and sales and for serious delinquency. Such youth often exhibit behavioral problems at school, associate with delinquent peers, have inadequate supervision at home, and are typically not helped by regular school-based drug resistance training programs. Findings from recent longitudinal studies and interactional theory suggest that preventive interventions with such youth must address a wide array of problems and service needs. One of the critical problems facing any program intended to serve such youth is getting them involved.
Confronting Problems Faced by Pregnant Inmates in State Prisons
Authors: Wooldredge John D. , Masters Kimberly
Published: March 2007

Very little is known about the types of services currently available in state prisons to combat the physical and psychological problems faced by pregnant inmates. Such services are extremely important for the physical and psychological well-being of these women as well as their subsequently born children. This article presents results from a study of the prevalence and types of policies being implemented voluntarily for the care and support of pregnant inmates in state prisons throughout the United States. The implications of these results for policies designed to reduce the problems faced by pregnant inmates are also presented.
Philosophical, Legal, and Systemic Aspects of Juvenile Court Plea Bargaining
Authors: Sanborn Joseph B.
Published: March 2007

Despite indications of its existence, plea bargaining in juvenile court remains largely unexplored. Despite the absence of research, numerous state legislatures and national commissions have formulated divergent positions regarding juvenile court plea negotiation. This article presents the results of interviews conducted with 100 workers from three juvenile courts. The data suggest that caution should be exercised in accepting conclusions that have been drawn concerning plea bargaining in juvenile court and that some policy decisions in this area are unnecessary and possibly even harmful to juvenile court operations.
The Incapacitation of Criminal Opiate Users
Authors: Greenberg David F. , Larkin Nancy J.
Published: March 2007

Data on daily self-reported criminality for 201 adult opiate users in Harlem were used to ascertain the predictability of high levels of criminal law violation. Estimates of regression parameters for criminality were used to determine the efficiency and falsepositive ratios that would be obtained were a policy of selective incapacitation based on these predictions to be adopted for this or similar populations of illegal drug users.
Income Inequality and Economic Growth in Rich Countries: A Reconsideration of the Evidence
Authors: Smith Michael R.
Published: March 2007

Inequality has been a major focus of sociological interest. This interest seems to be animated by a general disapproval of it. But to transform this disapproval into intelligent commentary on policy it is necessary to assess the sources of changes in the level of inequality and in its association with outcomes that might also be sought. One such outcome is the rate of economic growth. In this article I review theories that associate economic growth to inequality - negatively or positively - and what the available evidence tells us about the plausibility of those theories.
Women in Extended Roles in the Military: Legal Issues
Authors: Harries-Jenkins Gwyn
Published: March 2007

The cases of Tanja Kreil v. Germany and Angela Maria Sirdar v. The British Army Board recently negotiated at the European Court of Justice are instructive not only regarding the arguments put forward by all sides, but also because of a fundamental question of constitutional law involved, namely whether national or Community law governed the extension of military roles in European armed forces. The issue then assumes an international or, more precisely, a European dimension. Both women complained about workplace discrimination in the military based on their sex. The Court accepted Tanja Kreil's charge and ruled that national provisions did not override Community law. Accordingly, Germany was called to give women access to further classifications and trades within the Bundeswehr, and, in the end, the Ministry of Defence decided to open the military to women without any restrictions, meaning that they would be able to enter every classification and trade they wanted to. The Sirdar case is different because, here, it was not the generic issue of female recruitment, but the specific question of their exclusion from certain specialties, in particular from special forces, that was at stake. In the end, the Court followed the argument detailed by the British Royal Marines and confirmed the legality of Sirdar's exclusion. The two cases lead the author to develop a very useful scheme of categories of military roles for research purposes in which he distinguishes and defines six categories: non-combatant, combat service, combat support, combat, direct ground combat and special forces. Western armed forces currently recruit women in the first four categories, some do so with regard to direct ground combat, but none allows women to serve in special forces.
In Dispraise of Existential Humanism in Educational Administration
Authors: Popper Sammuel H.
Published: March 2007

Conceptions of "humanism" and "freedom," it is argued, evolve within the value matrix of an indigenous culture and, therefore, each society fashions its own definitions of them as well as its own institutional sanctions for their enforcement. This constitutes the major premise of a "response" to Professor Harry J. Hartley's chapter, "Humanistic Existentialism and the School Administrator," in Toward Improved Urban Education.
Organizational Structure and Student Alienation
Authors: Odetola Theophilus O. , Erickson Edsel L. , Bryan Clifford E. , Walker Lewis
Published: March 2007

This study examines the relationship between two types of student alienation and the organization of middle schools with teaching teams and traditional junior high schools. The findings do not support notions that teacher teams under middle school organization enhance student identification with their school or reduce feelings of powerlessness any more than do typical junior high school programs.
Religion, Education, and the Constitution: The Doctrine of Neutrality
Authors: Katz Wilbur G.
Published: March 2007

This paper was adapted by Professor Katz from an address he delivered before the Purdue Conference on Religion and Education in October, 1963, and has been brought up to date in a postscript by the author. Professor Katz treats the newly significant neutrality principle in U. S. Supreme Court cases dealing with religion and education. He is professor of law at the University of Wisconsin Law School in Madison.
The Sources of Dissatisfaction in Educational Administration: A Role-Specific Analysis
Authors: Bacharach Samuel B. , Mitchell Stephen M.
Published: March 2007

Arguing that those factors that hinder task completion will relate to dissatisfaction, dissatisfaction with agents, and dissatisfaction with pay in superintendents and principals. The authors believe that this approach to the study of satisfaction, when applied to specific roles, provides a detailed picture of the constraints of a given role. The results of the studylend support to this line of argument.
Career Dynamics of Educators: Research and Policy Issues
Authors: Greenfield William D
Published: March 2007

The author presents a view of the self-development, work, and nonwork elements shaping the career of one upwardly mobile educator with the intention of calling attention to the multifaceted character of the forces influencing teachers and administrators at work.
Androcentric Bias in the Educational Administration Quarterly
Authors: Shakeshaft Charol , Hanson Marjorie
Published: March 2007

To demonstrate that social science research has generally ignored the role of women, articles appearing in the EAQ throughout the decade of the '70s are analyzed for and rocentric bias. Content analysis across six categories was conducted using criteria developed for gender-related issues in educational administration research. Instances of androcentric bias discovered using these criteria are enumerated.
The Politics of Favoritism: A Qualitative Analysis of the Teachers' Perspective
Authors: Blase Joseph J.
Published: March 2007

In recent years, theoretical work focusing on alternative models of organization and specific new formulations of organizational power and politics has emerged in the professional literature. Notwithstanding, little theoretical or empirical research related to power and politics in educational settings has been produced, particularly from a qualitative perspective. The study reported in this article investigated teachers 'perceptions of politics in schools. An open-ended questionnaire gathered data from 902 teachers. The data were analyzed according to guidelines for grounded theory inquiry. Of the 902 teachers, 348 explicitly discussed favoritism as apolitical phenomenon. This article describes the meaning of favoritism from the perspective of teachers, with descriptive statements, themes, and hypotheses drawn directly from the data. There is a brief discussion of the study data regarding implications for organizational theory and further research employing an "everyday"political perspective.
Dissatisfaction Theory: Policy Change as a Function of School Board Member-Superintendent Turnover
Authors: Weninger Terence A. , Stout Robert T.
Published: March 2007

This study, a historical case study of the Scottsdale School District in Arizona, examined the degree to which school governance was democratic, using the dissatisfaction theory of democracy as the theoretical framework. The turning point election period indicators were traced for the years 1896 to 1986, with particular attention to the 1956-1986 period. Implications include suggestions for more effective ways to use the dissatisfaction theory.
Cognitive Learning Theory and the Preparation of Educational Administrators: Implications for Practice and Policy
Authors: Prestine Nona A. , LeGrand Barbara F.
Published: March 2007

Using concepts grounded in situated cognition theory and a cognitive apprenticeship model, this article examines an alternative approach for the preparation of educational administrators. First, the traditional premises undergirding the development of educational administration programs and the history of professional knowledge creation and transmission are explored and then reframed and redefined through the conceptual lens of cognitive learning theory. These traditional premises are then integrated with concepts of situated cogntition and cognitive apprenticeship to yield a new model for professional preparation of educational administrators. The concepts of reflective practice, professional expertise, and critical theory for preparatory programs are incorporated as vital compontents of this new model. Finally, the implications of the proposed model and its application to educational administration preparation courses and programs are explored.
Developing a Typology of Litigation in Education and Determining the Frequency of Each Category
Authors: Imber Michael , Thompson Gary
Published: March 2007

This article reports the findings of a research project designed to contribute both qualitatively and quantitatively to understanding the magnitude and variety of litigation in education. The first section presents a typology of lawsuits against schools with categories designed to reflect the reality of educational practice. The second uses a computer data base search to determine which categories of litigation have been increasing over time and which have been decreasing in recent years. The next section uses a survey of school district litigation experience to determine which areas of educational practice entail the greatest exposure to potential litigation. The final section discusses implications of the findings for the practice of preventive law.
Still Another Approach to Administration: Chaos Theory
Authors: Griffiths Daniel E. , Hart Ann Weaver , Blair Billie Goode
Published: March 2007

This article examines one approach to theory and research that has recently cut across a number of different fields of inquiry in physical and social sciences, linguistics, and literature. The literature on chaos theory or chaotic systems modeling was reviewed, and some general concepts that characterize this research approach developed from the review. Chaotic systems concepts then were used to analyze a case study of rapid growth and conflict in a school district in search of insight into the utility of chaotic modeling for research in educational administration. The authors conclude that difficulties arising from the need for very precise initial measurements, data in forms that lend themselves to pattern modeling, and precise meanings for chaotic systems concepts limit its application to research in educational administration.
Principles of Reform and Reforming Principal Training: A Theoretical Perspective
Authors: Bjork Lars G. , Ginsberg Rick
Published: March 2007

This article examines reform debates in educational administration training programs using a theoretical framework derived from Thomas Kuhn 's notion of paradigm. Most educational administration training programs in the United States are characterized as hybrid/preparadigm departments, unlikely to undertake fundamental changes. Based on an example of a collaborative school leadership preparation program, it is argued that true restructuring as called for in the American reform debates is most likely in developing or emerging settings. Based on the assumption that fundamental reconceptualization of educational administration training is necessary today, the article derives implications from the theoretical argument for means to actualize the kinds of changes depicted by reformers critical of current training.
Professional Community in Chicago Elementary Schools: Facilitating Factors and Organizational Consequences
Authors: Bryk Anthony , Camburn Eric , Louis Karen Seashore
Published: March 2007

Professional community is receiving markedly increased attention as part of both practitioner and scholarly efforts to promote improvements in instruction and student learning. Interest in this area joins two previously distinct literatures, one dealing with the benefits of communal school organization and another with enhanced teacher professionalism, to formulate a theoretical framework for a school-based professional community. Using data from a large urban school district, this article tests the impact of structural, human, and social factors on the emergence of school-based professional community and examines the extent to which such developments in turn promote learning and experimentation among faculty.
Self-Actualization and Entrepreneurial Orientation Among Small Business Owners: a Validation Study of the POI
Authors: Lessner Milton , Knapp Robert R.
Published: March 2007

Merchandising-oriented entrepreneurs have been hypothesized to be more self-actualizing than craft-oriented entrepreneurs (Smith, 1967). To test this hypothesis the Personal Orientation Inventory (POI), a measure of self-actualization, was administered to samples of small business owners who were identified as merchant or craft-oriented. Since significant differences were obtained on the major Inner Directed (I) scale, the hypothesis was supported. Results are interpreted in terms of the significant differences obtained between entrepreneurial orientation on four out of nine POI scales considered.
An Empirical Comparison of the Anova F-Test, Normal Scores Test and Kruskal-Wallis Test Under Violation of Assumptions
Authors: Feir-Walsh Betty J. , Toothaker Larry E.
Published: March 2007

The present research compares the ANOVA F-test, the Kruskal-Wallis test, and the normal scores test in terms of empirical alpha and empirical power with samples from the normal distribution and two exponential distributions. Empirical evidence supports the use of the ANOVA F-test even under violation of assumptions when testing hypotheses about means. If the researcher is willing to test hypotheses about medians, the Kruskal-Wallis test was found to be competitive to the F-test. However, in the cases investigated, the normal scores test was not consistently better than the F-test or the Kruskal-Wallis test and could not be recommended on the basis of this research.
The 27 Percent Rule Revisited
Authors: D'Agostino Ralph B. , Cureton Edward E.
Published: March 2007

The problem of selecting the size of the tails from a sample drawn from a distribution of test scores for item analysis study is discussed. In the past the selected tails were viewed as independent samples. However, this is not the case. The tails are dependent. Given this we find that each tail should contain about 21% of the sample and not the traditional 27%. Use of 27%, however, is not far from optimal.
The Analysis of Multivariate Group Differences
Authors: Gross Alan L.
Published: March 2007

A computer program for evaluating the differences between k ≥ 2 groups on p ≥ 1 dependent variables is described. The statistical rationale for this program is based upon the Roy Union Intersection approach. A useful feature of the program is the computation of simultaneous confidence intervals for comparing the groups on each dependent variable and each discriminant function.
A Fortran Program for Simulating Educational Growth With Varying School Impact
Authors: Richards James M. , Karweit Nancy , Prevatt Truman W.
Published: March 2007

To facilitate empirical investigations of longitudinal methodology, a computer procedure was developed to generate artificial data in which true growth scores are known. This procedure simulates the results of the Educational Testing Service Growth Study that pertain to the relationships among scores on a test of academic potential and scores on a test of educational attainment administered on four occasions. Similarly, the procedure simulates the results of Project TALENT that pertain to the correlation of community per capita income with average academic potential of students and with school resources. It is also assumed in the program that school resources determine school impact. The program user is allowed to specify the correlation between resources and impact and the extent to which schools vary in impact. Student scores and school means generated by this program are entered on separate output tapes.
Itana-III: a Fortran Iv Program for Multiple-Choice Tests and Item Analysis
Authors: Nevo Barukh , Shor Eli , Ramraz Rachel
Published: March 2007

A two-phase FORTRAN IV program called ITANA—III for an IBM 1130 computer is described that permits computation of psychometric characteristics of multiple-choice examinations including test statistics (phase I) and item statistics (phase II). Consisting of 280 statements, the program can handle up to 200 items with not more than 9 alternatives from samples of examinees not exceeding 2000.
The Calculation of Correlation Matrices Using Single Subscript Notation
Authors: Jaspen Nathan
Published: March 2007

A method is presented of calculating correlation matrices using single subscript rather than double subscript notation. This saves time and space, and permits the calculation of larger matrices in the space available.
Item-Analysis Programs: a Comparative Investigation of Performance
Authors: Schnittjer Carl J. , Cartledge Carolyn M.
Published: March 2007

This study was designed to describe and to compare five selected computer programs performing item analysis. A single set of data was processed by each of five item-analysis programs. Detailed comparisons were then tabulated using the following criteria: Run Characteristics, Limitations, and Analysis Features and Options. No one program was best for all applications. The comparisons provided should aid the researcher in choosing the program best suited to his analysis requirements.
Characteristics of the Treatment Environment: A Factor Analytic Study
Authors: Silverstein A.B. , McLain Richard E. , Hubbell Mimi , Brownlee Linda
Published: March 2007

Intercorrelations among the 72 items of the CTE—Characteristics of the Treatment Environment—were factored for three samples of attendants at institutions for the mentally retarded. The results differed from those of previous factor analytic studies of the CTE, which also conflicted with one another. A two-factor oblique solution was finally accepted, and the items were grouped into scales corresponding to the two factors, which were identified as Autonomy and Activity.
The Development and Validation of a Scale for School Observation of Characteristics Associated with Learning Disabilities and Minimal Brain Dysfunction in Elementary School Boys
Authors: Wright William H. , Michael William B.
Published: March 2007

A description is provided of the development and validation of an instrument entitled School Observation Scale (SOS) that elementary school teachers can use to record their observations of pupil behavioral characteristics associated with Learning Disabilities (LD) and Minimal Brain Dysfunction (MBD) syndromes. The 63 item variables of the current SOS form are organized in five logical domains: motor coordination and activity (15 items), lack of attention and distraction (10 items), learning and cognition difliculties (10 items), emotionality (14 items) and personal social response (14 items). Every one of the 63 items reliably differentiated between behaviors of one sample of 171 normal (N) boys and those of a second group of 107 educationally handicapped (EH) boys. Factor analyses of intercorrelations of the 63 item variables yielded for the EH sample factors of conduct disorder, cognitive dysfunction, lack of attention combined with heightened activity, and anxiety state; for the N sample, factors of conduct disorder, cognitive confusion, and lack of integration of social response. The five a priori scales for both samples were typically represented by two or three empirical dimensions that in turn cut across at least two domain scales. Furnishing internal consistency estimates of reliability ranging between .69 and .88 for the N sample and between .78 and .92 for the EH sample, the five a priori scales of the SOS provide adequate reliability and promising concurrent validity in differentiating EH and N boys. The SOS is a factorially complex instrument, the a priori scales of which exhibit limited correspondence with empirically derived dimensions.
A Concise Method for Computing Normal Curve Areas Using a Calculator
Authors: Coons David F.
Published: March 2007

A concise method for computing areas under the normal curve using only functions typically found on desk and hand calculators (TANH, ex, or yx) is given. One version of this method will give three-decimal-place accuracy, and a second, simpler version gives accuracy to two places.
Job Involvement as a Predictor of Academic Performance
Authors: Batlis Nick C.
Published: March 2007

A job involvement measure was altered to reflect academic involvement and was employed as a predictor of academic performance. Although contrary to the findings of prior industrial research, job involvement was found to be correlated neither with age nor with course satisfaction; however, it did prove an efficacious predictor of performance as defined by course grade.