bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Different facets of dryness/wetness pattern in southwestern China over the past 27,000 years
Authors: Liao Mengna , Li Kai , Sun Weiwei , Ni Jian
Published: June 2021

Abstract. Frequently happened meta-droughts have arisen broad social attention under current global climate change. A paleoclimatic perspective is expected to gain our understanding on the causes and manifestation more comprehensively. Southwestern China has been threatened by severe seasonal droughts. Our current knowledge of millennial-scale drying/wetting processes in this region is primarily based on the variability of the Indian Summer Monsoon. However, water availability over land does not always follow the monsoonal precipitation but also depends on water loss from evaporation and transpiration. Here, we reconstructed precipitation intensity, lake hydrological balance and soil water stress index (SWSI) covering the last 27,000 yr, based on grain size, geochemical and pollen records from Yilong Lake, to discuss the long-term nexus and discrepancies of dryness/wetness patterns in meteorological, hydrological and soil systems in central Yunnan region, SW China. Our results show that the long-term change trajectories among precipitation, hydrological balance and soil moisture were not completely consistent. During periods of low precipitation, hydrological balance and soil moisture were primarily controlled by temperature-induced evaporation change. This caused opposite status of precipitation with hydrological balance and soil moisture during the Last Glacial Maximum and Younger Dryas. During periods of high precipitation – the early to late Holocene, intensified evaporation from the lake surface offset the effects of increased precipitation on hydrological balance. But meanwhile, abundant rainfall and dense vegetation canopy avoided soil moisture deficit that might result from rising temperature. To sum up, hydrological balance in central Yunnan region was more vulnerable to temperature change while soil moisture could be further regulated by vegetation changes on millennial scale. As such, under future climate warming, surface water shortage in central Yunnan region can be even more serious. But for soil systems, efforts to reforestation may bring some relief to soil moisture deficit in this region.
Landslides as geological hotspots of CO2 emission: clues from the instrumented Séchilienne landslide, western European Alps
Authors: Nevers Pierre , Bouchez Julien , Gaillardet Jérôme , Thomazo Christophe , Charpentier Delphine , Faure Laëticia , Bertrand Catherine
Published: June 2021

Abstract. This study makes use of a highly instrumented active
landslide observatory (9 years of data) in the French Alps, the
Séchilienne slope. Here, we use a combination of major element chemistry
and isotopes ratios (87Sr / 86Sr, δ34S) measured in
different water types of the stable and unstable part of the Séchilienne
instability to assess the contribution of the different lithologies of the
slope and the chemical weathering mechanisms. Chemical and isotopic ratios
are used to characterize weathering processes and the origin of waters and
their flow paths through the massif. A mixing model allows us to allocate the
different major elements to different sources, to identify secondary
carbonate formation as a major process affecting solutes in the subsurface
waters of the instability, and to quantify the involvement of sulfuric and
carbonic acids as a source of protons. We show that the instability creates favorable and sustained conditions for
the production of sulfuric acid by pyrite oxidation, by opening new
fractures and supplying fresh reactive surfaces. We clearly identify the
contribution of the dissolution of each mineral phase to the chemistry of
the waters, with a clear role of remote gypsum dissolution to the sulfate
budget in the sampled waters. We are also able to refine the preexisting
hydrogeological views on the local water circulation and water flow paths in
the instability by showing the hydrological connectivity of the different
zones. Overall, our results show that the Séchilienne landslide, despite
its role in accelerating rock chemical and physical weathering, acts as a
geological source of CO2 to the atmosphere. If generalizable to other
large instabilities in mountain ranges, this study illustrates the complex
coupling between physical and chemical erosion and their impact on the
carbon cycle and global climate. The study also highlights the importance of
distinguishing between sulfite oxidation and gypsum dissolution as a source
of sulfate ions to rivers, particularly in mountain ranges.
A Longitudinal Study of Bone Mineral Accrual during Growth in Competitive Premenarcheal Rhythmic Gymnasts
Authors: Remmel Liina , Tillmann Vallo , Tamm Anna-Liisa , Mengel Eva , Jürimäe Jaak
Published: June 2021

The purpose of this investigation was to study whether prolonged competitive rhythmic gymnastics training influenced bone mineral accrual in premenarcheal girls. Eighty-nine girls (45 rhythmic gymnasts [RG] and 44 untrained controls [UC]) between 7 and 9 years of age were recruited and measured annually for four years (not all participants were measured at every occasion). Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry was used to assess the development of whole body (WB), femoral neck (FN) and lumbar spine (LS) bone mineral content (BMC). In addition, body composition, blood adipokine and jumping performance characteristics were obtained. For longitudinal analyses, hierarchical mixed-effects models were constructed to predict differences in the development of WB, FN and LS BMC between RG and UC groups, while accounting for differences in body composition, blood adipokine and jumping performance values. It appeared that from 8 years of age, RG had lower (p < 0.05) fat mass and leptin values, and higher (p < 0.05) jumping performance measures in comparison with UC girls. Hierarchical mixed-effects models demonstrated that RG had 71.9 ± 12.0, 0.23 ± 0.11 and 1.39 ± 0.42 g more (p < 0.05) WB, FN and LS BMC, respectively, in comparison with UC girls. In addition, WB, FN and LS BMC increased more (p < 0.05) between 7 to 12 years of age in RG girls in comparison with UC. In conclusion, these findings suggest that the prolonged exposure to competitive rhythmic gymnastics trainings in premenarcheal girls is associated with greater bone mineral accrual despite lower body fat mass and leptin values.
Tecnologías digitales carismáticas, imaginario sociotécnico y ambivalencia: un estudio cualitativo sobre el uso de tablets por parte de personas mayores en Minas, Uruguay
Authors: Castleton Flores Alexander
Published: June 2021

Desde 2015 Uruguay ha desarrollado el Plan Ibirapitá, un programa que consiste en la entrega de tablets a personas mayores de bajos ingresos a quienes también se les ofrece capacitación. Este artículo enmarca este programa como un ‘imaginario sociotécnico’, basado en ‘tecnologías carismáticas’, y presenta un estudio cualitativo de cómo un grupo de personas mayores negocian la presencia de la tablet en sus vidas. Los datos fueron recogidos por medio de entrevistas semi-estructuradas en la ciudad de Minas (la capital del Departamento de Lavalleja, el más envejecido del país) y analizados con codificación temática. La categoría central es ‘ambivalencia generalizada’, que está interrelacionada con otras categorías entre las que se incluyen ‘los recursos de capacitación’, ‘la paciencia necesaria para operar la tablet’, ‘la falta de internet’, ‘las tablets se rompen y que requieren actualizaciones’, y que ‘las personas mayores entrevistadas llevan una vida ajetreada que incide en su uso’. De acuerdo con hallazgos empíricos y abordajes teóricos recientes, el artículo sugiere la posibilidad de que sea inadecuado presuponer necesidades tecnológicas preexistentes y abstractas de las personas mayores, y que estas sean identificadas y traducidas en su bienestar por medio de intervenciones tecnológicas carismáticas.
HARMONISASI POLA ASUH ORANG TUA DENGAN PENGAJARAN SEKOLAH MINGGU TERHADAP PEMBENTUKAN KARAKTER ANAK USIA DINI BERDASARKAN NILAI-NILAI SPIRITUAL DI GKPB JEMAAT GALANG NING SABDA CICA BALI
Authors: Wangania Judith , Takaliuang Jammes Juneidy
Published: June 2021

Pertumbuhanan dan perkembangan karakter anak tidak terlepas dari tanggunjgawab orang tua dalam menerapkan pola asuh dalam keluarga dan juga pengajaran yang diberikan disekolah, termasuk sekolah minggu.  Orang tua sebagai penanggungjawab utama dari pertumbuhan dan karakter anak, maupun guru-guru sekolah minggu, sama berperan penting dalam pembentukan karakter anak.  Tetapi kenyataan yang terjadi adalah tidak adanya harmoni (Dishamorni) antara orang tua dan guru sekolah minggu.  Tidak adanya harmoni ini terlihat dari sikap acuhnya orang tua terhadap pengajaran sekolah minggu yang diterima oleh anak-anak mereka.  Disisi lain, kurangnya komunikasi guru-guru sekolah minggu dengan orang tua juga menjadi salah satu satu penyebab disharmoni. 

Tujuan penulisan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pola asuh orang tua dengan pengajaran sekolah minggu, menentukan karakter anak usia dini berdasarkan nilai-nilai spiritual, menghasilkan model harmonisasi pola asuh orang tua dengan pembelajaran sekolah minggu pada pembentukan karakter anak usia dini berdasarkan nilai-nilai spiritual yang ada di GKPB Jemaat Galang Ning Sabda Cica Bali.

Metode penelitian yang digunakan peneliti dalam penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif, yaitu penelitian yang bertujuan untuk memperoleh pemahaman yang lebih luas dan mendalam tentang Model Harmonisasi Pola Asuh Orang Tua dan Pengajaran Sekolah Minggu Terhadap Pembentukan Karakter Anak Usia Dini Berdasarkan Nilai Spiritual di GKPB Galang Ning Jemaat Sabda Cica Bali.

Hasil dari penelitian ini memperlihatkan bahwa Model Harmonisasi antara Pola Asuh Orang Tua di rumah dengan Pengajaran sekolah minggu yang dapat diterapkan adalah model komunikasi, model kerja sama, model sharing of life dan model pertemuan rutin.
YUDAISME IBU KEKRISTENAN: STUDI ANALISIS LITERATUR TERHADAP PENGAJARAN YUDAISME, PENGAJARAN YESUS DAN KITAB-KITAB YUDAISME
Authors: Simorangki Rully M. , Sabdono Erastus , Santoso Sugeng , Siowardjaja Benaditus
Published: June 2021

Pengajaran Yudaisme sering dipandang sebelah mata, seolah-olah sebagai suatu pengajaran yang tidak memiliki nilai-nilai yang baik sama sekali. Sedangkan pengajaran Yesus yang hari ini dikenal sebagai kekristenan menganggap dirinya sebagai pengajaran yang jauh lebih mulia daripada pengajaran Yudaisme. Sikap yang seperti itu adalah sikap intoleran, bahkan sombong. Sikap seperti itu membutakan mata banyak orang Kristen sehingga mereka tidak menyadari bahwa sesungguhnya Yudaisme mewariskan banyak kebenaran yang menjadi fondasi yang kuat bagi kekristenan. Bahkan sesungguhnya yang diajarkan oleh Yesus adalah Yudaisme. Kitab-kitab Yudaismelah yang memberikan pengharapan kepada orang Kristen hari ini tentang akan datangnya hari kemenangan Allah. Di mana nantinya setelah kemenangan itu, orang Kristen akan tinggal bersama dengan Allah. Kitab-kitab mereka pula yang pada akhirnya akan memperkenalkan kepada orang Kristen bahwa Yesus adalah Mesias, Yang Diurapi, yang penuh dengan Roh dan kerajaanNya akan berlangsung selamanya. Kajian ini menjawab pertanyaan : “Apakah memang benar bahwa pengajaran Yudaisme pasti berbeda dengan pengajaran Yesus? Apa saja kitab-kitab Yudaisme dan ajaran apa yang diwariskan?”
FORMULASI LULUR KRIM DARI EKSTRAK AGAROSA Gelidium sp SEBAGAI ANTIOKSIDAN YANG DIUJI DENGAN DENGAN METODE DPPH
Authors: Sopianti Densi Selpia
Published: June 2021

Alga merah Gelidum sp merupakan rumput laut yang berasal dari kelas Rhodophyta yang mengandung  agarose, antioksidan,  vitamin  B12,  asam amino,  asam aspartat, dan lain-lain. Alga merah Gelidum sp diketahui dapat meningkatkan kualitas kulit dengan meregenerasi sel, merangsang penumbuhan sel kulit baru, memperkuat kulit dalam menangkas paparan sinar UV, radiasi dan toksin, menangkal radikal bebas karena kandungan antioksidan, melembabkan sel kulit, mencegah penuaan dini, mencegah keriput, mendetoksi dan mengoksigenasi sel kulit dengan kandungan mineralnya, dan membantu membuka pori-pori kulit untuk meningkatkan kinerja pembersih kulit. Pembuatan ekstrak dilakukan dengan metode maserasi. Sediaan lulur krim dari ekstrak agarosa dilakukan evaluasi meliputi uji organoleptis, uji homogenitas, Uui pH, uji daya sebar, uji daya lekat, uji konsistensi/viskositas, uji tipe krim, uji hedonik, dan uji kualitatif antioksidan, ekstrak kemudian diformulasi menjadi lulur krim dan dievaluasi selama 3 minggu. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis dalam bentuk grafik dan angka.Hasil evaluasi lulur krim didapat data uji organoleptis, uji homogenitas menunjukkan semua formula baik, hasil uji pH asam, hasil uji daya sebar, daya lekat memenuhi syarat, hasil uji, konsistensi/viskositas memenuhi syarat, uji tipe krim didapat krim tipe M/A, uji hedonik hampir semua panelis menyukai F3, dan hasil uji kualitaif antioksidan menunjukan bahwa sediaan lulur krim mengandung antioksidan.
FORMULASI SEDIAAN SABUN PADAT DARI MINYAK ATSIRI SEREH WANGI (Cymbopogon nardus L)
Authors: Dewi Betna
Published: June 2021

Sabun merupakan salah satu sediaan kosmetik yang digunakan untuk perawatan dan pembersih kulit, Penggunaan serai wangi sebagai obat dan pewangi dapat meningkatkan estetika sabun. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian mengenai minyak atsiri Sereh Wangi ( Cymbopogon nardur L )yang  dibuat menjadi sediaan sabun padat.Zat aktif yang digunakan adalah minyak atsiri sereh wangi, dengan konsentarsi 0% ( formula F0), konsentrasi 1% ( formula F1 ), konsentari 3% ( formula F2), dan konsentrasi 5% ( formula F3 ). Prosedur kerja pembuatan sabun padat dengan metode dingin. Evaluasi sediaan meliputi uji organoleptis, uji pH, uji tinggi busa, uji stabilitas busaMinyak atsiri Sereh Wangi ( Cymbopogon nardur L )dapat dibuat menjadi formulasi sabun padat. Variasi konsentrasi minyak atsiri Sereh Wangi (Cymbopogon nardur L) formula F0,F1,F2 dan F3 dapat mempengaruhi sifat fisik sabun padat
Characterization of Phage Obtained from Methicillin -Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
Authors: Ulusan Bağcı Özlem , Şahin Fikret , Kıyan Mehmet
Published: June 2021

Objective: The emergence of Staphylococcus aureus strains resistant to all antimicrobials and failure to discover new antibiotics have led researchers to phage therapy, which lost popularity after the discovery of antibiotics. The development of recombinant technology introduced the idea of creating lysogenic recombinant phages that provide controlled bacterial death and this required small- sized phages that were easy to manipulate. Our aim is to identify small-sized lysogenic bacteriophages that can be used safely in therapy. Method: The gene and protein map of the phage was created by analysis of sequencing after extracting a phage from the MRSA strain that is known to contain a small phage. Results: The phage was classified in Caudovirales spp. as it contains genes encoding tail proteins, and in Podoviridae spp. due to its genomic size and arrangement. Conclusion: To date, there are only sixteen phages from Podoviridae family uploaded on NCBI, and the phage described in this study is the seventeenth one. Only 41.4% of the ORFs (Open Reading Frames) in the genome could be matched with proteins using the NCBI BLAST. Recent studies suggest that 50-75% of bacteriophage ORFs do not correspond to any organism in GenBank. For better understanding of bacteriophages and their utilization in phage therapy, it is essential to sequence greater number of phages, and to discover their genomes and corresponding proteins. Since the genes and proteins of a lysogenic phage that can be used safely in recombinant phage therapies have been identified in our study, it will contribute to the relevant literature.
Microbiological Diagnostic Methods in COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Temel Aybala , Ateş Ayşegül , Eraç Bayrı
Published: June 2021

COVID-19 pandemic that caused the death of more than one million people worldwide, has clearly demonstrated the critical importance of microbiological diagnostic methods in preventing infectious diseases and controlling outbreaks. The most effective way for combating SARS-CoV-2, is reducing the spread of the virus as much as possible. To decrease the spread of the virus is only possible with diagnostic methods that enable the detection of all symptomatic or asymptomatic patients infected with the virus accurately and as early as possible. Various microbiological methods (serological tests, nucleic acid amplification methods) recommended by international health authorities are widely used in the diagnosis and follow-up of COVID-19 disease. The challenges experienced in application of diagnostic methods, including real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method, which is specified as the gold standard method in the diagnosis of COVID-19 by the World Health Organization, were once again acknowledged during the pandemic. To achieve higher success rates in combating infections, it is necessary to better determine the application and evaluation standards in current microbiological diagnostic methods, to develop new cost-effective methods that are easily applicable and yielding results within a short time.
The Dark Matter of Human Microbiota: Virobiota and Virome
Authors: Bozdayı Gülendam , Fidan Işıl
Published: June 2021

The viral component of the human microbiome is referred as ‘virobiota’. The virobiota is the sum of all viruses found in or on humans. The set of all genes of virobiota is referred as ‘virome’. The human virome consists of virus-derived genetic elements found in human genome constituted of viruses that infect eukaryotic cells, bacteriophages, prokaryotic cells, and, endogenous retroviruses. The development of new sequencing technologies, such as high-throughput sequencing techniques allowed the analysis of the human virome. Many new viruses have been discovered lately, using new generation sequencing technology. In recent years, there has been an increase in the studies of the human virome as changes in virome have been observed in diseases. The alterations in the human virome may be associated with infectious, inflammatory diseases, cancer and autoimmunity. The understanding of how the virome affects human health and disease can provide the development of potential therapeutic approaches that target the members of the virome.
Anxieties and Fears: A Sociological Study of Mental Health of Students in COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Bhargava Rashi , Borgohain Nayana , Naidu I. L. Prathyusha , Bhatnagar Samiksha , Lakra Shipra , Shukla Vani
Published: June 2021

This paper aims to explore the impact of COVID-19 and the implications of pandemic
induced changes on the mental health of students. The study was conducted amongst currently
enrolled college (undergraduate) and 12th-grade students in Delhi-NCR. Apart from this,
parents and professionals were also consulted. This paper approaches the issue of mental
health from a sociological perspective to create a comprehensive understanding of the factors
which create anxieties and fears amongst students in times of COVID-19 induced pandemic.
The study began with the assumption that mental health is not only a biological and
psychological issue but needs to be contextualized in societal structures and societyindividual relationship. Students as a social group are primarily affected by institutions of
education and family, the study thus explores how the three are intertwined. The paper ends
with the contention that social integration and regulation are primary concepts through which
individual resilience can be studied, understood and theorised. It also highlights that despite
the commonsensical belief that the current times are different from the societal normal, a
study like this offers a window to understand the structural continuities of the pre-pandemic
period into the pandemic period.
The Equation of the Set of Natural Numbers Just to Sum
Authors: Nadapdap Tulus , . Tulus , Salim Opim
Published: June 2021

Systems of equations of the form X = Y + Z and X = C, in which the unknowns are sets of integers,”+” denotes pairwise sum of sets S + T = m + n m S, n T , and C is an ultimately periodic constant. When restricted to sets of natural numbers, such equations can be equally seen as language equations over a one-letter alphabet with concatenation and regular constants, and it is shown that such systems are computationally universal, in the sense that for every recursive set S N there exists a system with a unique solution containing T with S = n 16n + 13 T. For systems over sets of all integers, both positive and negative, there is a similar construction of a system with a unique solution S = {n|16n ∈ T} representing any hyper-arithmetical set S ⊆ N.

Keywords: Language equations, Natural numbers, Equations of natural number.
AMBIVALENSI KEBIJAKAN LUAR NEGERI AMERIKA SERIKAT TERHADAP PROGRAM PENGEMBANGAN NUKLIR IRAN
Authors: Rokhayati Rokhayati
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT Nuclear energy is an alternative source of natural resources are scarce existence. Iran is one of the countries that develop nuclear energy since 1957, but today, more and more nuclear issue has been raised internationally for the use of energy as a mass destruction weapon, Iran as a country which has nuclear development has judged violating peaceful nuclear proliferation. This research will discuss about Foreign Policy of USA which connected with Iran’s nuclear enrichment program and also about factors that influencing USA in implementing their foreign policy and what Iran does to anticipate the pressure from USA and its alliances in order to stop Iran’s nuclear program as the focus of this research. At the end, this research will try to figure out why Iran’s nuclear enrichment program got so much confrontation from USA. This research is using qualitative method with literature study technique. Key words: Nuclear Proliferation, Foreign Politics, Ahmadinejad ABSTRAK Nuklir merupakan sumber energi alternatif pengganti sumberdaya alam yang mulai langka keberadaannya. Iran merupakan salah satu negara yang mengembangkan energi nuklir sejak tahun 1957, namun dewasa ini, isu nuklir semakin diangkat di dunia internasional atas penggunaan energi tersebut sebagai senjata pemusnah massal, Iran yang sebagai negara pengembang nuklir dianggap telah melakukan pelanggaran proliferasi nuklir damai.. Tulisan  ini akan membahas mengenai kebijakan luar negeri Amerika Serikat berkenaan dengan program pengembangan nuklir Iran dan faktor-faktor apa saja yang mempengaruhi pemerintah Amerika Serikat dalam mengeluarkan kebijakan luar negerinya dan pada akhirnya tulisan ini akan mencari jawaban mengapa Program pengembangan nuklir Iran begitu ditentang oleh Amerika Serikat. Kata kunci: Proliferasi Nuklir, Politik Luar negeri, Ahmadinejad.
Kerjasama Asean Menangani Kejahatan Lintas Negara : Terorisme
Authors: Polii Restilia
Published: June 2021

Tulisan ini akan membahas mengenai Kerjasama ASEAN dalam menangani kejahatan  lintas Negara, khususnya dalam menangani masalah Terorisme di Asia Tenggara. Melalui literature review ini, penulis menggunakan tiga buku utama sebagai referensi, yang didalamnya terdapat penjelasan mengenai terorisme sebagai bagian dalam kejahatan lintas negara di Asia Tenggara, dan bagaimana kerjasama negara-negara anggota ASEAN menangani isu terorisme ini. Tiga buku tersebut adalah “Hubungan Internasional di Asia Tenggara (Teropong terhadap dinamika, Kondisis riil dan Masa depan)” tulisan Bambang Cipto, “Southeast Asia in Search of an ASEAN Community” tulisan Rudolfo C. Severino, dan “ASEAN dan Tantangan Satu Asia Tenggara” yang disunting Bantarto Bandoro dan Ananta Gondomono. Masing-masing buku terbit pada tahun yang berbeda, dengan penulis yang memiliki pemikiran dan latarbelakang yang berbeda pula.Tulisan ini dimulai dengan bagian pendahuluan yang menjelaskan secara umum mengenai kerjasama ASEAN dalam menangani kejahatan lintas negara dan terorisme termasuk didalamnya, serta sedikit menyinggung mengenai istilah kejahatan lintas negara (Transnational Crime) dilanjutkan dengan perbandingan dan analisis ketiga buku diatas, dan kemudian kesimpulan. Pada akhirnya tulisan ini bertujuan untuk memahami, membandingkan, dan menganalisis perkembangan kerjasama ASEAN dalam menangani masalah terorisme dari ketiga penulis diatas, dan mencoba melihat kelebihan dan kekurangannya.katakunci: ASEAN, Transnasional, Kejahatan
PENGARUH IMF TERHADAP KEBANGKITAN EKONOMI RUSIA PADA KEPEMIMPINAN VLADIMIR V. PUTIN TAHUN (2000-2008)
Authors: Devina Theresia
Published: June 2021

Abstrak Penulis menggunakan teori Ekonomi Politik untuk menganalisa hubungan IMF dan kebangkitan ekonomi Rusia. Teori ini dapat menjelaskan masalah kehidupan ekonomi yang diliputi oleh kontroversi dan ketidakpastian, dimana saat itu isu-isu dasar ekonomi-politik bermunculan , yaitu bagaimana hubungan antara negara dengan ekonomi dan antara ekonomi dan politik. Konsep ekonomi politik juga dapat terlihat dari hubungan IMF yang merupakan organisasi moneter internasional dengan negara Rusia dimana masalah ekonomi yang menjadi dasar dari kerjasama mereka, namun ada kepentingan politik yang diperjuangkan oleh kedua pihak. Kepemimpinan Vladimir V. Putin menjadi pertimbangan lain bahwa konsep ekonomi politik tidak dapat dipisahkan dalam proses kebangkitan ekonomi Rusia, karena kebangkitan ekonomi Rusia dapat berjalan karena kebijakan-kebijakan politik presiden Vladimir V. Putin.  Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat memberi gambaran proses kebangkitan ekonomi Rusia yang terjadi dalam waktu delapan tahun. Pembaca dapat mempelajari bahwa kebijakan pemerintah dan pelaku birokrasi yang nasionalis dapat membawa suatu negara keluar dari krisis besar. Pelunasan hutang Rusia terhadap IMF menjadi bukti nyata. Kata Kunci : Ekonomi Politik, IMF, Rusia, Vladimir V. Putin
STRATEGI DIPLOMASI PEMERINTAH INDONESIA DALAM MENINGKATKAN KUNJUNGAN WISATAWAN ARAB SAUDI PADA TAHUN 2014-2016
Authors: Qomaria Elda Agustina
Published: June 2021

Sektor Pariwisata adalah salah satu sektor yang mengalami peningkatan sangat pesat dalam hal penerimaan devisa setelah komoditi minyak dan gas bumi. Sehingga Pemerintah Indonesia yang dipimpin oleh Presiden Joko Widodo memberikan tugas kepada Kementerian Pariwisata untuk giat mencari strategi dan upaya untuk meningkatkan arus wisatawan mancanegara, khusus dalam penelitian ini wisatawan Arab Saudi karena Arab Saudi adalah negara pengunjung terbesar sekitar 87,33% dari total kunjungan wisatawan Timur Tengah.Sehingga rumusan masalah penelitian ini adalah bagaimana strategi yang digunakan Pemerintah Indonesia untuk meningkatkan kunjungan wisatawan Arab Saudi ke Indonesia pada tahun 2014-2016. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui strategi diplomasi yang digunakan Pemerintah Indonesia meningkatkan wisatawan Arab Saudi.Strategi yang digunakan Pemerintah Indonesia dalam hal ini Kementerian Pariwisata yaitu Diplomasi yang digunakan oleh Pemerintah Indonesia dalam meningkatkan wisatawan Arab Saudi dengan menggunakan Paradiplomasi dan  Multi Track Diplomacy: 9 Track Diplomacy yang lebih fokus pada track Pemerintah, track non-Pemerintah, track bisnis, track warga negara, track penelitian/pelatihan dan pendidikan serta track media. Dari kegiatan yang dijalankan Kementerian Pariwisata yaitu Pameran, Misi Penjualan/Sales Mission, Familiarization Trip (FamTrip) dan Festival. Penerapan strategi Pemerintah Indonesia dalam meningkatkan kunjungan wisatawan Arab Saudi telah dilakukan dengan baik. Pemerintah Indonesia menjalin diplomasi secara efektif untuk menciptakan saling pengertian dalam menjembatani informasi tentang pariwisata Indonesia serta melaksanakan kegiatan-kegiatan yang meningkatkan kunjungan wisatawan Arab Saudi.Metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu deskriptif kualitatif dengan menggunakan teknik wawancara dan liberary research dengan panduan interview staff khusus kajian Timur Tengah Kementerian Pariwisata. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang peneliti dapatkan, maka penerapan strategi Paradiplomasi dan 9 track diplomacy dalam mempublikasi pariwisata Indonesia telah dilakukan melalui tahap yang telah direncanakan melalui kerjasama dengan Pemerintah Daerah hingga pihak swasta untuk mengikuti berbagai event-event di Arab Saudi hingga Timur Tengah, sehingga memperluas pengetahuan masyarakat Arab Saudi tentang pariwisata Indonesia.Kata Kunci : Indonesia-Arab Saudi, Peningkatan kunjungan wisatawan Arab Saudi ke Indonesia, Paradiplomasi, Multi Track Diplomacy.
Poverty, Deprivation, and Social Exclusion as Source of Violent Conflict: Case Study of West Papua Post-New Order Era
Authors: Padmi Made Fitri Maya
Published: June 2021

AbstrakTulisan ini akan membahas mengenai kompleksitas hubungan antara kemiskinan dan konflik kekerasan. Konflik kekerasan selalu mengakibatkan kerugian dalam hal nyawa manusia, ekonomi dan kehidupan social, dan juga merupakan sumber utama dari kemiskinan dan keterbelakangan pembangunan. Tulisan ini juga membahas tentang keterkaitan antara keterbatasan sumber daya, keterkucilan dalam kehidupan social dan kemiskinan akan meningkatkan rasa ketidaksetaraan yang dapat menimbulkan kekerasan. Kemiskinan membuat suatu masyarakat menjadi lebih rentan terhadap provokasi-provokasi untuk melakukan tindak kekerasan; kerentanan ini disebabkan oleh rasa ketidakadilan dan bahwa kekerasan dapat memberikan solusi yang lebih terhadap permasalahan yang ada. Tulisan ini mengambil contoh kasus di Papua Barat dimana kondisi kemiskinan dan keterkucilan social saling berkaitan. Dan dalam konflik ini dapat terlihat bahwa kekerasan struktural dapat menghasilkan dan melanggengkan kemiskinan.Kata kunci: Deprivasi, Kemiskinan, Keterkucilan Sosial, Konflik Kekerasan, Papua. AbstractThis article discuses about the complexity of causal relation between poverty and violent conflict. Violent conflicts have huge human, economic, and social costs and are a major cause of poverty and underdevelopment. The article suggests that the coupling between deprivation, social exclusion and poverty increases the significance of inequality and may contribute to violence. Poverty conditions make the victims more vulnerable to being provoked into committing violent actions; this vulnerability is due to the grievance of deprivation and the incentives that the violence offers given the misery of the present condition. This paper takes the West Papua conflict as an example in which the conditions of poverty and social exclusion are entrenched. The violent conflict in West Papua, Indonesia has shown the pattern that structural violence can produce and sustain poverty.Keywords: Deprivation, Papua, Poverty, Social Exclusion, Violent Conflict
Analisis Produktivitas Tenaga Kerja Pemasangan Ubin Keramik Pada Proyek Makassar New Port
Authors: Patanduk Acen , Latupeirissa Josefine Ernestine , Tiyouw Herby Calvin Pascal
Published: June 2021

The aim of this study is to investigate the productivity capacity of the ceramic tile installation workforce at the Makassar New Port project, based on field data and the Indonesian National Standard (SNI). This research was conducted for ± 10 days in the Makassar New Port project. The objects to be studied as a source of data in this research are workmen who work on ceramic tile installation, regarding the factors that affect the performance of human resources in the field, especially on their work skills, speed, and accuracy. The observations were made per square meter of ceramic tile installation for each work item on 1 working day, while data recording was carried out per day for 6 working days. The research method used in this research is the work study method, which is a research conducted by collecting data directly from observations in the field. This research was conducted by collecting primary data which is directly examined in the field related to the research carried out as secondary data, which is called the work study method because the observational data is taken while conducting the field work. The result of this research is that the production capacity in the ceramic tile installation of the Makassar New Port project is bigger than the Indonesian National Standard (SNI), this shows that the hired workmen in the work of the retaining stone installation work is very productive.
Pengaruh Penambahan Abu Cangkang Kelapa Sawit Pada Tanah Lempung Paccinongang Kabupaten Gowa
Authors: Sanderan Leonard Felix Widyo , Wong Irwan Lie Keng , Palinggi Monika Datu Mirring
Published: June 2021

Soil has an important role in a highway construction planning that serves to pass the load from the top layer, but not always the basic soil layer is able to function properly. Therefore, in this study was conducted to find out the effect of the addition of oil palm shell ash on clay soil to UCT (Unconfined Compression Test). The type of soil that will be usedfor penelitian is clay soil taken in Paccinongang area, Gowa Regency. The methodology in this study conducted several    soil physical properties testing then Kompaksi testing to obtain optimum moisture content value, and Unconfined Compression Test to get strong press value (qu). The results of the study showed that the soil meets the physical properties of clay soil. From The Free Press Strong test on the ash content of the palm shell 0%, 3%, 6%, 9%, 12% and 15% at point 1 the free press strength value decreased from 0% by 0.362% and increased at 9% by 0.424%. Meanwhile, at point 2, it decreased by 0% by 0.445% and increased at 12% by 0.423%.  From the Unconfined Compression Test on Paccinongang clay, Gowa Regency with the addition of oil palm shell ash from both samples, there was an increase in the addition of 9% and 12% of normal clay soil.
Effect of Mild Treatments on Some Physicochemical and Pasting Characteristics of Flour from Two Cocoyam Cultivars
Authors: Bode Daramola
Published: June 2021

Effect of mild treatments namely; one-step annealing (AN), partial-nixtamalization (NIX) and phenolic-admixture (VAN) on some physicochemical and pasting characteristics of flour prepared using two cocoyam cultivars was studied. Both annealing treatment and phenolic admixture resulted in high peak viscosities (PVANwhite = 322.50 RVU; PVVAN             = 306.67 RVU) of samples comparative to low peak viscosity white = 227.25 RVU) of the control for white cultivar. Similarly, the peak viscosities (PV red =   310.70; PVVANred  = 296.45) of samples were higher than the peak viscosity (PVred         = 225.42 RVU) of the control for red cultivar. Assessment revealed positive set back viscosities (SBVAN = + 9.30 RVU; SBVAN                = + 21.33 RVU) for both the varieties after annealing treatment. Partial- NIX treatment showed molecular depolymerization. Interaction of treatments at levels employed in this study showed no synergistic effect. The pH of treated and control samples were within low acid range for foods. Mild treatment could be useful for tempering cocoyam flour for preparation of bakery and similar pasta products.
Effect of Different Temperatures and Host Plants on the Biology of the Long-Tailed Mealy Bug Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni and Tozzetti) (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae)
Authors: Raja Shazia , Gillani Waseem , Copland Mike
Published: June 2021

Experiments were done to determine the effects of different temperature levels and three host plants namely, Cucurbita moschata (butternut squashes), Solanum tuberosum var. Desiree (red potato), and Solanum tuberosum var. Cara (white potato) on the biology of mealy bug Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni and Tozzetti). It was found that the temperature had a significant effect on the development period of both male and female mealy bugs. For males the period decreased with increasing temperatures up to 28 °C, but increased thereafter and host plant had no effect, except at 24 °C. All the aspects of females including total pre-adult, prelarviposition, larviposition period, life span, fecundity and sex ratio were affected by the fluctuating temperatures, but host plant produced no effect on fecundity and sex ratio.
The Payment by Results (PbR) national tariff severely penalises efficiency and early hospital discharge
Authors:   GIM Airedale General Hospital, Alam Syed Munawer , Brown Alex , Moreea Sulleman ,   Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust Bradford Royal Infirmary
Published: June 2021

The system of Payment by Results (PbR) was instituted in 2005 to reimburse secondary care for its activity. One of the features of PbR is the short stay tariff (SST), in which only 20-50% of the national tariff is paid if patients have a length of stay (LoS) of less than 2 days in hospital for certain Healthcare Resource Groups (HRGs) – or conditions. We analysed the admissions under Acute Medicine at Bradford Teaching Hospitals over a period of one year and identified the HRGs to which the SST applied. We used the 2007 PbR national tariff to calculate the additional income that would have been generated if these patients were kept in hospital for at least 2 days in order to avoid SST. We calculated an extra theoretical income of approximately £5 million if all these patients had a length of stay (LoS) more than 2 days to avoid the SST. Sixteen additional beds (assuming 85% occupancy) would have been required at a cost of around £1million per year to accommodate these patients. We show that the current PbR system is flawed and penalises hospitals with a higher turnover of patients.
An unexpected cause of sepsis in a patient with dental decay (Answers)
Authors:   Care Reinier de Graafweg 3 2625 AD Delft, The Netherlands, Zwinkels Rob LJ , van der Sar – van der Brugge Simone ,   Care Reinier de Graafweg 3 2625 AD Delft, The Netherlands, Sleeswijk Visser Steven J ,   Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, The Netherlands
Published: June 2021

The patient underwent transthoracic echocardiography which confirmed the presence of a calcified intracardiac mass in the right atrium, with significant tricuspid insufficiency and compression of the left atrium (Figure 2). CT angiography of the thorax revealed the tumour was 7.2×5.3×4.4 cm. Initially, no pulmonary vascular abnormalities were seen.
A Successful Case of Repeat Thrombolysis in Acute Prosthetic Valve Thrombosis
Authors:   Whipps Cross University Hospital Leytonstone London, Naleem Shairana , Patel Muhammad Abdulmajid ,   Whipps Cross University Hospital Leytonstone London, Basavarajaiah Sandeep ,   Whipps Cross University Hospital Leytonstone London, Aggarwal Rajesh ,   Basildon & Thurrock University Hospital
Published: June 2021

Acute heart failure is an important presentation in the Acute Medical Unit. We describe a case of successful repeat thrombolysis in an elderly woman presenting as an emergency with severe pulmonary oedema, due to acute prosthetic mitral valve thrombosis. The diagnostic imaging and therapeutic modalities available are also described.This case highlights the need for acute physicians to consider prosthetic valve thrombosis in the differential for patients with metallic heart valves who present with acute heart failure or cardiogenic shock.
The Rebirth of General, ‘Acute’ Medicine: will the baby survive?
Authors:   Senior Research Investigator, Imperial College, London President, Royal College of Physicians of London, Alberti Professor Sir George
Published: June 2021

During the 1980s and 1990s general medicine was progressively displaced by medical specialties as the major focus of a consultant physician’s career. Fewer and fewer people were appointed as ‘general physicians with a specialist interest’, which had been the norm prior to this. Specialists whose main focus was their ‘ology’ were continuing to be expected to take their share of acute medical “takes”. Training for most medical specialties still encompassed training in General Internal Medicine (GIM). However, this often was truncated in favour of the main specialty and was even resented, by some, as interfering with their “proper” training. None of this was surprising: medical specialties were becoming more complex & many more treatments, interventions and diagnostic tools were becoming available. Simultaneously, working hours were decreasing, and training was taking place within a much more formalised structure.
Not just a ‘simple stroke’
Authors:   General Internal Medicine (Acute). Monklands Hospital, Airdrie, Russell Wendy , Davidson S ,   Southern General Hospital, Glasgow, Ray Gautamanada ,   Royal Alexandra Hospital, Paisley, Taylor William ,   Southern General Hospital, Glasgow, Gravil Jane ,   Royal Alexandra Hospital, Paisley
Published: June 2021

A 51-year-old man presenting with left arm weakness and slurred speech was referred to the acute medical team. Admission chest X-ray showed a cavitating lesion, which had not been present 2 weeks earlier. Systemic enquiry elicited a 2 month prodromal illness and back pain. Urgent CT of his head and chest revealed evidence of thoracic discitis spreading anteriorly into a pleural-based lung abscess and an intracerebral abscess causing his neurological deficit. He was transferred for urgent craniotomy and evacuation of a Streptococcus milleri abscess. Following several weeks of neurosurgical care and antibiotics he made a near full recovery.
Trainee Section: Introduction
Authors:   St. James University Hospital Leeds, Heaps Tom
Published: June 2021

This edition of the journal sees the launch of a new regular trainee-orientated section. Over the course of a rolling five-year cycle we will be publishing a series of articles which will cover the ‘Emergency Presentations’, ‘The Top 20 Common Medical Presentations’, ‘Other Important Presentations’ and ‘Practical Procedures’ outlined in the curriculum for Acute Internal Medicine 2009. Articles will take the form of a problem-based review that uses a brief clinical case (real or fictional) and its development to illustrate the assessment, differential diagnosis and management of the common presentations to Acute Medicine. We hope these reviews will highlight recent evidence-based guidelines and provide readers with clinically useful ‘pearls and pitfalls’ from specialist experience that can be easily applied to future practice. Although many of these reviews will be commissioned directly by the editors of the journal, if you do have a particular interest in producing a review relating to a specific curriculum topic, please contact me at tomheaps@hotmail.co.uk. Similarly, I would welcome any early feedback relating to the content and format of this new journal section. This edition features reviews of the management of GI bleeding and paraplegia which I hope will be of interest to readers of various levels of seniority. Dr Joe Wileman has also produced a ‘Journal Watch’ section, which we plan to repeat in future editions (again contact me directly if you are interested in undertaking this for a future edition) and there is a ‘trainee update’ from Alice Miller.
Journal Watch
Authors:   Acute Medicine Queen Alexandra Hospital Cosham Portsmouth PO6 3LY, Wileman Joe
Published: June 2021

Journals were reviewed between August and December 2010. The journals reviewed include: The lancet, Lancet Neurology, New England Journal of Medicine, British Medical Journal, Heart, Gut, Thorax, Circulation, Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), American Journal of Medicine, Archives of Internal Medicine, and Annals of Internal Medicine. The articles chosen are those which have particular relevance to Acute Physicians.
Mucositis, Conjunctivitis but no rash – The “Atypical Stevens –Johnson syndrome”
Authors:   Department of Medicine, Hutt Valley Hospital, Lower Hutt, New Zealand, McGouran DCR , Petterson T ,   Department of Medicine, Hutt Valley Hospital, Lower Hutt, New Zealand, McLaren JM ,   Department of Medicine, Hutt Valley Hospital, Lower Hutt, New Zealand, Wolbinski MP ,   Department of Medicine, Hutt Valley Hospital, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
Published: June 2021

The Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) classically involves a rash, conjunctivitis and mucositis. We describe the case of a young adult male with isolated mucositis and conjunctivitis . Previous rare reports of severe SJS like syndromes without a rash are confined to children, usually with mycoplasma pnemoniae infection.1 Terminology for this syndrome includes – “Stevens-Johnson Syndrome without skin lesions”, or “Atypical Stevens – Johnson Syndrome”.2 This case highlights the importance of maintaining an open mind when a “full house” of clinical features is absent. It also illustrates the use of a rapid electronic literature review as a clinical tool. The importance of updating records when a drug has been cleared of causing harm is highlighted.
Meeting the challenges of Acute Care Quality Indicators
Authors:   Derriford Hospital (Plymouth Hospitals NHS Trust), Derriford Road, Plymouth, UK, Evans Kate , Fulton Ben ,   Derriford Hospital (Plymouth Hospitals NHS Trust), Derriford Road, Plymouth, UK
Published: June 2021

The Royal College of Physicians and Society of Acute Medicine have proposed the introduction of Acute Care Quality Indicators. These include the need for rapid initial patient assessment and instigation of a management plan.1 Reductions in junior doctor working hours may impact on our ability to meet these standards. We present the result of a service review of 297 consecutive admissions to a large acute medical unit. This has identified a marked dichotomy between waiting times during daytime and out-of-hours, despite appropriate response to initial triage. We conclude that further service redevelopment is required to reach the standards proposed in the current Acute Care Quality Indicators.
The clinician’s responsibility in relation to DVLA guidance
Authors:   Acute Medicine, Medical Assessment Unit, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth, Hill Stephen
Published: June 2021

The article “The impact of education on the knowledge and documentation of Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency (DVLA) driving restrictions by doctors”1 was interesting and I agree that doctors (especially those working in the acute / emergency setting) should have a good knowledge on when to advise a person to refrain from driving.
Acute Medicine Trainee Update
Authors:   Society for Acute Medicine Trainee representatives, Daniel Amy , Miller Alice ,   Trainee Representative Society for Acute Medicine
Published: June 2021

We have been aware for a while that there are disparities in specialist skill provision both between and within deaneries – and the SAC is working hard to identify problems in this area. More recently, the issue of funding for specialist skills has been raised. It seems that some deaneries are happy and able to contribute towards the cost of training in a particular skill, while others are not; in at least one deanery, part-funding has now been withdrawn, leaving trainees to cover the entire cost of their chosen skills training. As specialist skill training is now a mandatory part of the Acute Medicine curriculum, we need to find a way to eliminate disparity both between different deaneries and between different skills. However, there is no easy solution, and for the time being, trainees will have to factor in the potential financial implications of a particular skill when they are considering their options. On a brighter note, the list of recognised specialist skills has increased over the past year. Palliative Care has been authorised as a suitable skill, and Medical Ethics and Law will soon also be added to the list. If you would like to propose a skill that is not currently listed in the Acute Medicine curriculum, you should discuss it with your training programme director, who can bring the proposal to the Acute Medicine Specialty Advisory Committee (SAC).
Picture Quiz Answer: A young man with palpitations
Authors:   Plymouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Shaukat Aadil , Grey Martin C ,   East and North Hertfordshire NHS Trust
Published: June 2021

A 17 year old male was referred to the Accident and Emergency department (A&E) by his GP after he had experienced an episode of palpitations associated with dyspnoea whilst attempting exercise. He did not have any past cardiac history.