bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Land Use Functions Serve as a Critical Tool for Advancing the Settlements Quality Assessment in Traditional Villages: A Case Study of Guizhou Province
Authors: Wang Yan , Huang An , Wang Feier , Cheng Zhe , Wang Min
Published: February 2025

Enhancing the quality of human settlements in traditional villages is crucial for promoting sustainable development and achieving the broader objectives of rural revitalization. A key challenge in addressing current settlement issues is the development of a scientifically grounded assessment framework for evaluating the quality of the settlement in traditional villages. To fill this gap, this study systematically constructed a theoretical and methodological system of comprehensive assessment of the settlement quality in traditional villages based on land use functions. Specifically, first, a comprehensive framework for assessing the settlement quality in traditional villages is proposed by systematically deconstructing the interrelationships among the key dimensions and elements with the guiding by the objectives of livable community development, the social–ecological system (SES) framework, and the land use functions (encompassing production, living, and ecological functions, PLE function). Second, considering the multi-scalar effects of livable community development (15 min, 25 min, and 35 min living circles), an indicator system that enables a quantitative and refined assessment of settlement quality in traditional villages, as well as a method for identifying barriers indicators are proposed based on the critical tool of land use functions. Finally, an empirical analysis of 757 traditional villages in Guizhou Province, China, is conducted to validate the feasibility and applicability of the theoretical framework and methodological approach presented in this study. The findings reveal that the overall settlement quality in Guizhou’s traditional villages is relatively low, with numerous villages in Qiandongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture and Tongren City falling within a low-to-medium quality range, especially in the scale of 35 min living circle. To address these challenges, this study proposes classification-based improvement strategies to enhance the quality of the living environment in traditional villages. The results offer important theoretical, methodological, and empirical insights for the transformation and upgrading of settlements in traditional villages in Guizhou Province and other similar regions.
Urban Heat Island Effect in Different Sizes from a 3D Perspective: A Case Study in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Region
Authors: Li Borui , Zhang Yimin , Zhao Sitong , Zhao Lili , Wang Miao , Pei Hongwei
Published: February 2025

In the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei urban agglomeration—one of China’s three largest city clusters, the GDP reached CNY 950 billion with a population of approximately 110 million in 2021. While megacity expansion has slowed, rapid growth in small and medium-sized cities is expected to increase their vulnerability to urban heat island (UHI) effects. This necessitates urgent, size-differentiated studies of the UHI to inform sustainable urban planning. This study examines the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei urban agglomeration using Landsat 8 data to explore the UHI between different-sized cities and analyze the driving mechanisms of UHI intensity attributed to urban buildings. The results indicate the following: (1) Beijing displays the smallest temperature change (1.39 °C) and lower heating effect intensity (484.44 km2 °C) compared to Shijiazhuang (919.11 km2 °C); (2) a logarithmic relationship (R2 = 0.4261) exists between the building volume and heating effect intensity, and the specificity of megacities significantly influences the regional analysis results of the heat island effect; and (3) the total energy consumption power of the heating effect in 10 cities within the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region is 326.23 × 1012 KJ/h, which is equivalent to 11.14 × 109 kg/h of standard coal.
Recognising the Fourth Nature: A Case Study of Spontaneous Urban Vegetation in Southwest Australian Cities
Authors: Stewart Katherine , Ignatieva Maria
Published: February 2025

Urban nature exists in all cities, including spontaneous nature. Spontaneous vegetation has been well-documented in the broader ecological literature in the Northern Hemisphere in recent decades. However, the recognition of, and interest in, spontaneous nature in Australia is limited. Our study initiated research on spontaneous vegetation in Southwest Australia from a landscape architectural site analysis approach with vegetation surveys. This study created an inventory of plants in four biotope types (specific abiotic environments with associated plant communities), i.e., cracks, walls, margins, and vacant lots, in two cities. Twenty-four sites were surveyed four times over a calendar year, and 145 plant species were identified. More than 90% of the species were naturalised, with native ranges most common in the Mediterranean Basin (34 species), and predominantly annuals (73 species). Only eight species were native to Southwest Australia. Our analysis revealed some of the cultural and ecological characteristics of these sites and species, i.e., environmental histories, pollinator habitats, the temporary statuses of sites with spontaneous nature, and their potential, e.g., altering maintenance schedules to retain foraging resources. Therefore, this study recommends further exploration of spontaneous nature through small-scale site analysis approaches and at larger scales for a more detailed understanding of this, at present, overlooked part of nature in Southwest Australian cities.
Exploring Age, Gender and Pandemic Dynamics: A Retrospective Analysis of the Impact of SARS-CoV-2 on Human Health
Authors: Vrabie Diana , Abalașei Beatrice-Aurelia , Neculăeș Marius
Published: February 2025

Background: The deaths due to the SARS-CoV-2 virus increased rapidly over a short period of time. From the beginning of the pandemic until September 2024, the number of COVID-19 cases reached 776,205,140 cases, with 7,064,380 deaths worldwide. The total number of deaths recorded from the beginning of the pandemic until September 2024 represents a share of 0.09% of the total world population and 0.91% of the total infected population. Methods: The data in this study were collected from the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Romania, Eurostat, NIS and WHO sites, and analyzed using Microsoft Excel and SPSS 22 in order to detect the evolution trends during the state of emergency, the share of infection and deaths among the European countries and worldwide, differences between gender categories or age groups and to identify factors that can be related to the incidence of infection and mortality due to COVID-19. Results: Males registered a significant higher number of deaths compared to women in Romania, a trend that aligns with global tendencies (p < 0.05). Also, the 70–79 age group had the highest mortality rate, followed by the over 80 age group and the 60–69 age group. Therefore, the risk of death from COVID-19 increases significantly with age. A good health education may be essential in order to promote a high life expectancy. A higher life expectancy correlated with a lower rate of mortality. BMI can be a factor contributing to the increased comorbidities, and may influence the fatality levels of COVID-19.
Elastin Peptides as a Potential Disease Vector in the Pathogenesis of Pulmonary Emphysema: An Investigation of This Hypothesis
Authors: Cantor Jerome
Published: February 2025

The degradation of elastic fibers is a fundamental characteristic of pulmonary emphysema, resulting in the release of proinflammatory elastin peptides. The findings discussed in this paper support the hypothesis that these peptides act as carriers of disease, interacting with elastin receptor complexes that promote inflammation, elastic fiber damage, and airspace enlargement. Studies from our laboratory show that the breakdown of these fibers is significantly enhanced by intratracheal instillation of elastin peptides in a lipopolysaccharide-induced model of acute lung injury. This result is consistent with a mechanism of elastic fiber injury in which an expanding pool of elastin peptides generates further elastolysis. The accelerating release of the peptides results in a self-perpetuating disease process with the features of an epidemic, where self-replicating agents spread disease. As in the case of an epidemic, elastin peptides resemble disease vectors that transmit alveolar wall injury throughout the lung. This concept may provide a framework for developing novel therapeutic approaches specifically designed to protect elastic fibers from various enzymatic and oxidative insults, thereby slowing the progression of a disease with no robust treatment options.
Existence and Uniqueness of the Viscous Burgers’ Equation with the p-Laplace Operator
Authors: Zhapsarbayeva Lyailya , Wei Dongming , Bagymkyzy Bagyzhan
Published: February 2025

In this paper, we investigate the existence and uniqueness of solutions for the viscous Burgers’ equation for the isothermal flow of power-law non-Newtonian fluids ρ(∂tu+u∂xu)=μ∂x∂xup−2∂xu, augmented with the initial condition u(0,x)=u0, 0<x<L, and the boundary condition u(t,0)=u(t,L)=0, where ρ is the density, μ the viscosity, u the velocity of the fluid, 1
0, and T>0. We show that this initial boundary problem has an unique solution in the Buchner space L20,T;W01,p(0,1) for the given set of conditions. Moreover, numerical solutions to the problem are constructed by applying the modeling and simulation package COMSOL Multiphysics 6.0 at small and large Reynolds numbers to show the images of the solutions.
Advances in Prenatal Diagnosis of Placenta Accreta Spectrum
Authors: Chen Qiuming , Shen Kuifang , Wu Yating , Wei Jianling , Huang Jingrui , Pei Chenlin
Published: February 2025

Placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) involves abnormal placental attachment and can lead to severe complications such as postpartum hemorrhage and hysterectomy. Ultrasound is the main tool used to screen for PAS due to its non-invasive nature and convenience, although its accuracy depends on the skill of the operator. Magnetic Resonance Imaging has emerged as a supplementary tool, especially for complex cases or posterior placentas, providing more accurate anatomical detail and enabling the invasion depth and location to be assessed. This review summarizes recent advances in prenatal imaging for PAS, aiming to improve diagnostic accuracy and guide future research.
Optimization of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties in Al-Zn-Mg-Cu Alloys Through Multiple Remelting and Heat Treatment Cycles
Authors: Tang Peng , Pang Ronghui , Chen Hanbing , Ren Yulong , Tan Jun
Published: February 2025

This study explores the influence of multiple remelting and repeated T6 heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys. With the increase in remelting cycles, the alloy experiences structural alterations due to recovery, recrystallization, and grain growth during remelting, which enhances its mechanical properties. However, the continuous transformation of alloy phases during remelting leads to the deterioration of the morphology and size of α-Al dendrites and MgZn2 phase, causing a decline in mechanical properties. The results indicate that after three remelting cycles, the grain size of the alloy is significantly reduced, and the α-Al dendrites and MgZn2 phase maintain favorable morphology and size, thereby achieving the effects of grain refinement and strength enhancement. These findings offer a theoretical foundation for optimizing the properties of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys.
Rare Earth Metal Ion-Associates in Ln3+—CO32−—H2O System
Authors: Litvinova Tatiana , Gerasev Stepan , Sergeev Vasiliy , Lidanovskiy Egor
Published: February 2025

This study focused on the nature of rare earth metal complex compounds that can form during the carbonate–alkaline processing of industrial waste materials, such as phosphogypsum and red mud, at 70–100 °C and 1–10 atm. Experimental findings revealed that the dissolution of synthetic carbonates of rare earth elements (REEs) in a concentrated carbonate-ion medium (3 mol/L) leads to the formation of ion-associates of varying strengths. Light (lanthanum, praseodymium, and neodymium) and medium (samarium) REE groups exhibited a tendency to form loose ion-associates, whereas heavy REEs (terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, lutetium, and yttrium) formed close ion-associates. To confirm the existence of these ion-associates, the specific conductivity of solutions was measured after dissolving thulium (III) and samarium (III) carbonates at phase ratios ranging from 1:2000 g/mL to 1:40 g/mL in a potassium carbonate medium. The decay of ion-associates, leading to the precipitation of rare earth metal (III) carbonates, was tested in an ammonium carbonate medium. Thermal decomposition of ammonium carbonate at 70–75 °C during 1–4 h was accompanied by full rare earth carbonates’ sedimentation and its in-the-way separation into groups because of the varied strength of ion-associates. The results of this study provide a basis for developing processes to separate rare earth metals into groups during their carbonate–alkaline extraction into solution.
Associations Between Birth Characteristics, Weaning Practices, and the Metabolic Syndrome in Children: A Descriptive Study
Authors: Bizerea-Moga Teofana Otilia , Moga Tudor Voicu , Stroescu Ramona , Chisavu Lazar , Mărginean Otilia , Chisavu Flavia
Published: February 2025

Background: Childhood obesity has seen an important rise in recent decades, in both the pediatric and adult populations. Excess weight can cause various health complications, such as the metabolic syndrome (MetS), a cluster of medical conditions linked to adverse cardiometabolic outcomes. Although MetS may be attributed mainly to adults, early life factors, such as birth characteristics and feeding practices, may influence its development in obese children. Aim: This study aims to investigate the relationships between birth metrics, early feeding practices, and the prevalence of MetS and its components among obese children. Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted on 800 obese patients aged 0–18 years, admitted to the “Louis Țurcanu” Children’s Clinical and Emergency Hospital in Timișoara, Romania, from 1 January 2013 to 31 December 2023. Patients were divided according to gestational age: small for gestational age (SGA), appropriate for gestational age (AGA), and large for gestational age (LGA). Results: Type 2 diabetes (18.2%), hypercholesterolemia (24.6%), IR (41.3%), and MetS (39.2%) were more prevalent among oSGA patients included in the study. These patients were breastfed for longer periods but weaned at a younger age. oLGA patients had the highest BMI values (28.4 ± 4.2) and, in this study group, hypertriglyceridemia (29.4%), arterial hypertension (26.8%), and lower HDL-C (41.7 ± 6.3 mg/dL) were more prevalent. The incidence of MetS increased with age (12.6 ± 3.1 years). Among these patients, IR (52.3%) was more prevalent. The introduction of flour-based energy-dense foods before six months was more frequent in MetS patients, but not statistically significant. Logistic regression showed oSGA patients had a 4.49-fold higher MetS risk (p < 0.001). Older age at diagnosis increased the risk of developing MetS by 37%, a diagnosis of impaired glucose tolerance by 19-fold, and a family history of diabetes by 2.7-fold. ROC analysis showed strong predictability (AUC = 0.905, sensitivity = 82%, specificity = 88%). Conclusions: Obese children born SGA had a higher risk for developing MetS. The incidence of MetS and its components increases with age among obese patients. Monitoring growth patterns and dietary habits in early life is paramount to mitigate future metabolic complications
Cardiovascular Manifestations of Patients with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Authors: Pădureanu Vlad , Forțofoiu Mircea Cătălin , Pîrșcoveanu Mircea , Pădureanu Rodica , Rădulescu Dumitru , Donoiu Ionuț , Pîrșcoveanu Denisa Floriana Vasilica
Published: February 2025

Background: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), more recently redefined as metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), is now recognized as the most prevalent cause of chronic liver disease. Its strong association with cardiovascular disease (CVD) underscores its emerging role in global morbidity and mortality. Objective: This review critically examines the pathophysiological mechanisms that link NAFLD/MAFLD with CVD. It focuses on shared metabolic disturbances, inflammatory pathways, and alterations in the gut microbiota that contribute to hepatic and cardiovascular pathology. Review and Gaps: Current evidence highlights insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, systemic inflammation, and gut dysbiosis as pivotal factors connecting NAFLD/MAFLD to CVD. Despite these insights, inconsistencies in diagnostic criteria and a lack of validated non-invasive biomarkers hinder a clear understanding of the causal relationship between liver and cardiovascular diseases. Conclusions: Addressing these knowledge gaps through standardized diagnostic protocols and large-scale longitudinal studies is essential. Improved biomarker validation and clearer delineation of the underlying mechanisms will improve cardiovascular risk stratification and enable more personalized therapeutic strategies for patients with NAFLD/MAFLD.
Fasting Mimicking Diet for Metabolic Syndrome: A Narrative Review of Human Studies
Authors: Popa Alina Delia , Gherasim Andreea , Mihalache Laura , Arhire Lidia Iuliana , Graur Mariana , Niță Otilia
Published: February 2025

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is an association of risk factors that share insulin resistance (IR), exerting a super cumulative effect on the risk of developing cardiometabolic diseases. Lifestyle optimization is a key element in the prevention and non-pharmacological therapy of MetS. Certain studies have concluded that some dietary patterns could be more beneficial as an adjunctive treatment for MetS. Fasting mimicking diet (FMD) is a form of periodic fasting in which caloric intake is restricted for 5 days each month. It has been studied for its beneficial effects not only in patients with neoplasia and neurodegenerative diseases but also for its effects on IR and metabolism. In this narrative review, the effects of FMD in patients with MetS were analyzed, focusing on its impact on key metabolic components and summarizing findings from human studies. FMD has demonstrated beneficial effects on MetS by reducing BMI and waist circumference, preserving lean mass, and improving the metabolic profile. Moreover, individuals with a higher BMI or a greater number of MetS components appear to derive greater benefits from this intervention. However, limitations such as high dropout rates, small sample sizes, and methodological constraints restrict the generalizability of current findings. Further large-scale studies are needed to confirm these effects and establish FMD as a viable non-pharmacological strategy for managing MetS.
Construction of a Plasmid-Free Escherichia coli Strain with Enhanced Heme Supply to Produce Active Hemoglobins
Authors: Zhang Zihan , Hu Baodong , Zhou Jingwen , Li Jianghua , Chen Jian , Du Guocheng , Zhao Xinrui
Published: February 2025

Background: Heme is an important cofactor and plays crucial roles in the correct folding of hemoproteins. The synthesis of heme can be enhanced by the plasmid-based expression of heme biosynthetic genes. However, plasmid-based expression is genetically unstable and requires the utilization of antibiotics to maintain high copy numbers of plasmids. Methods: The rate-limiting steps in heme biosynthesis were first analyzed based on previous studies and the accumulation of heme intermediates was achieved by adding heme precursor (5-aminolevulinic acid, ALA). Next, the intracellular accumulation of porphyrin was increased by deleting the porphyrin transporter TolC. Finally, the heme synthetic genes were modified by integrating the hemA and hemL genes into the cheW and yciQ locus, assembling the rate-limiting enzymes HemC and HemD with RIAD-RIDD tags, replacing the promoters of hemE/hemH genes with the constitutive promoter PJ23100, and deleting the heme degradation gene yfeX. Results: An enhanced heme supply HEME2 strain was obtained with a heme titer of 0.14 mg/L, which was 4.60-fold higher than that of the C41(DE3) strain. The HEME2 strain was applied to produce human hemoglobin and leghemoglobin. The titer and peroxidase activity of human hemoglobin were 1.29-fold and 42.4% higher in the HEME2-hHb strain than the values in the control strain C41-hHb. In addition, the peroxidase activity and heme content of leghemoglobin were increased by 39.2% and 53.4% in the HEME2-sHb strain compared to the values in the control strain C41-sHb. Conclusions: A plasmid-free Escherichia coli C41(DE3) strain capable of efficient and stable heme supply was constructed and can be used for the production of high-active hemoglobins.
NMR-Based Metabolomics Analysis of Metabolite Profiles in Two Species of Boletes Subjected to Different Drying Methods
Authors: Zhuoma Yangzong , Yang Minghong , Chen Yijie , Zhang Xiangxi , Duan Xingyan , Cui Hongwei , Fang Xin , Hu Xujia
Published: February 2025

Background: Wild boletes are famous for their exceptional flavor and nutritional value. Due to their susceptibility to decay and spoilage, dry storage is a common method for processing and preservation. However, few studies have reported on the alterations of metabolites of boletes resulting from different drying methods. This paper aims to investigate the metabolic changes in two species of boletes, Butyriboletus roseoflavus and Lanmaoa asiatica, subjected to three drying methods: hot-air drying, microwave drying, and freeze drying. Method and Result: Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) metabolomics was utilized for multivariate data analysis. In total, 27 metabolites were identified from the two species of boletes, including amino acids such as glutamate and leucine, sugars like glucose and sucrose, and alkaloids like choline. Among these, 17 metabolites were classified as differential metabolites, comprising 12 amino acids, 4 sugars, and 1 alkaloid. Differential metabolites were quantified by quantitative NMR (qNMR), and these metabolites were subsequently analyzed using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database for pathway enrichment analysis. KEGG pathway analysis revealed that the different drying methods resulted in significantly distinct metabolic pathways for these differential metabolites, resulting in the enrichment of amino acid metabolism and starch and sucrose metabolism pathways. Conclusions: This metabolomics study elucidates the differences in metabolite composition and abundance between the two species of boletes, providing a theoretical foundation for selecting appropriate drying methods for their preservation.
Effects of Aerodynamic Parameters on Performance of Galloping Piezoelectric Energy Harvester Based on Cross-Sectional Shape Evolutionary Approach
Authors: Yang Xiaokang , Xu Bingke , Shang Zhendong , Tian Junying , Cai Haichao , Hu Xiangyi
Published: February 2025

This study explores the potential effects of the aerodynamic parameters on the performance of the galloping piezoelectric energy harvester. By considering the geometric configurations, a bluff body cross-sectional shape evolution approach is proposed using Boolean operations on the polygons and forty-eight different cross-sectional shapes with the protruding and depressed features are considered. Computational fluid dynamics is employed to perform a time-varying simulation of the aerodynamic characteristics. The effects of the aerodynamic parameters on performance are investigated computationally using a distributed parameter electromechanical coupling model. The critical wind speed, maximum output power, and the slope of the power versus wind speed curve are introduced as the performance evaluation parameters. The results show that the rear-side protruding feature and the top-side and bottom-side depressed feature have significant potential to enhance the performance. Furthermore, a symmetrical structure of the cross-sectional shape in the downstream direction should be prioritized over asymmetric designs.
Development and Validation of Two Cell-Based Reporter-Gene Assays for Determining the Bioactivity of Recombinant Human Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Pharmaceutical Products
Authors: Wang Lyuyin , Gao Jing , Xu Kaixin , Li Jing , Liang Chenggang
Published: February 2025

To develop a cell-based in vitro thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) biological activity assay that can simulate in vivo pharmacodynamic mechanisms, we constructed two HEK293-TSHR cell lines based on two main cell signaling pathways (Gαs-cAMP-PKA and Gαq/11-PLC-Ca2+) that TSH depends on for its in vivo physiological function. These cell lines stably expressed the luciferase reporter driven by the cAMP response element (CRE) and nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) response element, and two reporter-gene assays (RGAs) were correspondingly established and validated. The two transgenic genes could measure signals produced from the simulation of the in vivo effects of TSH from the Gαs-cAMP and Gαq/11-PLC pathways after TSH activation. TSH showed a good dose–response relationship in these two cell lines and conformed to the four-parameter model. We optimized the critical experimental parameters of these two methods and performed comprehensive methodological validation according to the International Council for Harmonization (ICH) Q2 (R1) guidelines, the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, and the United States Pharmacopoeia. The two methods showed good specificity, accuracy, precision, and linearity and can be used to aid in assessments of the biological activity of TSH drugs, product characterization, final product release, stability studies, and comparability studies for biosimilar applications.
Advanced Pt/Ti(1−x)SnxO2–C Composite Supported Electrocatalyst with Functionalized Carbon for Sustainable Energy Conversion Technologies
Authors: Silva Cristina , Pászti Zoltán , Salmanzade Khirdakhanim , Olasz Dániel , Dodony Erzsébet , Sáfrán György , Szegedi Ágnes , Sebestyén Zoltán , Tompos András , Borbáth Irina
Published: February 2025

Sn-doped TiO2–carbon composites were identified as promising multifunctional supports for Pt electrocatalysts, in which the oxide component enhances resistance against corrosion and strong metal–support interactions at the Pt-oxide boundary ensure high stability for the Pt nanoparticles. This work is devoted to the study of the influence of preliminary functionalization of the carbon on the properties of Pt/Ti0.9Sn0.1O2–C catalysts. The structural, compositional and morphological differences between the samples prepared using functionalized or unmodified carbon, as well as the effect of carbon pre-modification on the electrocatalytic behavior of the synthesized Pt catalysts, were investigated using TEM, XRD, XPS, nitrogen adsorption and electrochemical measurements. The presence of oxygen-containing functional groups on carbon treated with HNO3 and glucose leads to the formation of a homogeneous coating of the carbon with dispersed crystallites of mixed oxide. Elemental mapping revealed the proximity of Sn species with highly dispersed (2–3 nm) Pt particles. Notably, the electrochemical results indicated enhanced activity in CO electrooxidation for both functionalized and unmodified carbon-containing catalysts. An improvement in the 10,000-cycle long-term stability of the catalyst prepared using functionalized carbon was evident compared to the catalyst with untreated carbon or reference Pt/C.
Nanomaterials Applied to Fuel Cells and Catalysts
Authors: Tompos András
Published: February 2025

Hydrogen and fuel cell technologies are accepted by consensus as being part of the future energy system, especially in hard-to-abate segments where electrification is not an efficient solution [...]
Natural–Synthetic Hybrid Nanostructures Formed Through the Interaction of Chitosan with Carboxylate-Ended PNIPAM: Structure and Curcumin Encapsulation
Authors: Lotos Elena-Daniela , Karayianni Maria , Vasiliu Ana-Lavinia , Mihai Marcela , Pispas Stergios
Published: February 2025

Chitosan is widely used in drug delivery applications, due to its biocompatibility, bio-degradability, and low toxicity. Nevertheless, its properties can be enhanced through the physical or chemical modification of its amino and hydroxyl groups. This work explores the electrostatic complexation of two chitosan samples of differing lengths with two poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) homopolymers of different molecular weight carrying a chargeable carboxyl end group. This interaction enables the electrostatic binding of PNIPAM side chains onto the chitosan backbone through the amino groups, and could be considered as an alternative grafting method. Dynamic and electrophoretic light scattering techniques were employed in order to study the solution/dispersion properties of the formed complexes as a function of the PNIPAM concentration, or, equivalently, the molar/charge ratio of the two components. The obtained results revealed that their mass, size, and charge mostly depend on the length of the two individual constituents, as well as their mixing ratio. Furthermore, their response to changes in their environment, namely temperature and ionic strength, was also examined, demonstrating the effect of either the thermoresponsiveness of PNIPAM or the electrostatic charge screening, respectively. Fluorescence spectroscopy, utilizing pyrene as a probe, provided information regarding the hydrophobicity of the formed complexes, while images from scanning transmission electron and atomic force microscopies further elucidated their morphology, which was found to be closely related to that of the corresponding chitosan molecule. Finally, their potential as drug delivery vehicles was also investigated, utilizing curcumin as a model drug at various loading concentrations.
Enhanced CO2 Capture Using TiO2 Nanoparticle-Functionalized Solvent: A Study on Absorption Experiments
Authors: Chillè Alice , Verdone Nicola , Micciancio Mattia , Vilardi Giorgio
Published: February 2025

The growing amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere significantly contributes to global warming and climate change. This study focuses on the use of aqueous potassium carbonate (K2CO3) solutions as a solvent for CO2 absorption, emphasizing the role of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles in enhancing performance. A detailed understanding of reaction kinetics and the dynamic behavior of the absorber is crucial for optimizing the process. However, critical parameters such as the rate constant kOH of the reaction between CO2 and OH- in K2CO3 solutions are rarely found in existing studies. This work investigates the kinetics of CO2 absorption in 25 wt% K2CO3 solutions at three temperatures (40, 55, and 70 °C), varying concentrations of TiO2 nanoparticles to identify optimal conditions. Reaction rates were measured in a stirred cell reactor, and the data were interpreted using Danckwerts theory. The results revealed a notable improvement in absorption efficiency with the addition of nanoparticles, and the study also pinpointed optimal operational parameters to prevent sedimentation issues. The presence of TiO2 nanoparticles was found to enhance the solution’s physical properties, such as diffusivity and surface tension, which facilitated an improved mass transfer. The best performance was achieved with a TiO2 concentration of 0.06 wt% at 70 °C, leading to an increase of diffusivity value equal to 1.5 times and, as a consequence, the same increase has been observed for the overall reaction rate. In contrast, higher or lower concentrations negatively impacted efficiency due to poor dispersion or nanoparticle agglomeration. These results provide practical insights for developing more efficient and sustainable CO2 capture methods, contributing to solutions for the climate crisis.
Ultrasound-Guided Percutaneous Nerve Stimulation in Post-Stroke Spasticity: A Case Report
Authors: Sartori Francesco , Puig-Diví Albert , Picañol Javier
Published: February 2025

Introduction: Post-stroke spasticity (PSS) significantly impacts the quality of life for stroke survivors. While various treatments exist, options for refractory cases are limited. Ultrasound-guided percutaneous peripheral nerve stimulation (pPNS), commonly used in pain management, has not been studied for its potential use in spasticity management. This case report aims to evaluate the sensorimotor effects of pPNS in a patient with severe PSS. Case description: A 38-year-old male with severe PSS and functional limitations post-ischemic stroke in the middle cerebral artery underwent a six-week pPNS protocol (12 sessions). Low-frequency (2 Hz) stimulation targeted the median, musculocutaneous, and anterior interosseous nerves, while medium-frequency (10 Hz) stimulation targeted the posterior interosseous and radial nerves. Spasticity was assessed using the Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) and Tardieu Scale (TS). Somatosensory assessments included tactile thresholds, pressure pain thresholds, and conditioned pain modulation (CPM). Outcomes: Spasticity decreased significantly, with reductions of 60.4% and 67.0% in elbow and wrist MAS scores, respectively, and a 49.5% reduction in TS scores. However, spasticity levels returned to baseline between sessions. Somatosensory assessments revealed increased tactile thresholds, decreased pressure pain thresholds, and an 81.3% reduction in CPM. The intervention was well tolerated, with minor transient effects, and the patient preferred pPNS over botulinum toxin injections. Conclusions: pPNS may effectively reduce spasticity and modulate somatosensory thresholds in PSS. These preliminary findings highlight its potential as an alternative treatment for refractory PSS, warranting further research with larger sample sizes and control groups to assess its broader clinical applicability.
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections in Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices: Insights from a Retrospective Analysis of Multidrug-Resistant and Non-Multidrug-Resistant Isolates
Authors: Schinas Georgios , Koros Rafail , Ntalakouras Ioannis , Sideris Skevos , Perperis Angelos , Leventopoulos Georgios , Davlouros Periklis , Akinosoglou Karolina
Published: February 2025

Cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria are uncommon but potentially life-threatening. This study examined patients with Gram-negative CIED infections, investigating the clinical characteristics of patients harboring multidrug-resistant (MDR), versus non-MDR, isolates. A retrospective observational analysis was conducted at two tertiary Greek University Hospitals from 2015 to 2020. Patients were identified through microbiological cultures from device-related sites (pocket, lead, generator), with infections classified as MDR or non-MDR based on antimicrobial susceptibility profiles. Comprehensive data were collected, including demographic characteristics, clinical parameters, procedural details—on both the last device procedure and subsequent extraction procedure—infection-related findings, and microbiological profiles. In total, 18 patients were identified, with an equal distribution of 9 MDR and 9 non-MDR cases. The study population had a median age of 78 years, with 33.3% female patients, and a median Charlson Comorbidity Index of four. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most prevalent isolated species. Comparative analysis revealed that MDR patients had higher median SOFA (Sequential Organ Failure Assessment) scores (2 vs. 0, p = 0.07), longer time to device extraction (50% vs. 88.9% extracted within one month, p = 0.079), and higher blood culture positivity (80% vs. 37.5%, p = 0.135). Despite similar demographic characteristics, MDR infections demonstrated more complex clinical profiles, with a trend towards increased disease severity.
Efficacy and Safety of Sotrovimab Versus Oral Antiviral for Early Treatment in High-Risk Patients in Omicron Era: A Multicenter Retrospective Study
Authors: Russo Antonio , Pisaturo Mariantonietta , Cacace Chiara , Troise Augusta , Granata Gabriele , Grimaldi Pierantonio , Allegorico Enrico , Ambrisi Francesca , Papillo Martina , Numis Fabio Giuliano , Coppola Nicola
Published: February 2025

Introduction: High-risk patients with COVID-19 benefit from early treatment to prevent severe outcomes. Sotrovimab, a monoclonal antibody, and oral antivirals such as nirmatrelvir/ritonavir and molnupiravir have been used for early intervention, but their comparative efficacy and safety, particularly during the Omicron-dominant phase, require further evaluation. Methods: A multicenter, retrospective study performed in southern Italy including all adult patients who received early antiviral treatment (sotrovimab or nirmatrelvir/r or molnupiravir) between January 2022 and February 2024 (omicron phase). Demographic, clinical, and treatment-related data were analyzed to assess primary endpoints of 28-day mortality and hospitalization. Logistic regression models identified predictors of key outcomes. Results: A total of 668 high-risk patients treated with sotrovimab (n = 326) or oral antivirals (n = 342: 69 with molnupiravir and 273 with nirmatrelvir/ritonavir) were included. There was no significant difference in 28-day mortality between groups (0.8% sotrovimab vs. 1.8% oral antivirals; p = 0.679). However, patients treated with sotrovimab exhibited a longer median time to SARS-CoV-2 negativization (13 vs. 11 days; p = 0.008) and higher non–COVID-19-related hospitalizations (2.45% vs. 0%; p = 0.003). Multivariable analysis identified cardiovascular or cerebrovascular diseases as the sole significant predictor of prolonged viral positivity (OR 1.585, 95% CI 1.072–2.345; p = 0.021). Additionally, immunocompromised status (OR 16.929, 95% CI 1.835–156.170; p = 0.013) and chronic non-COVID-19 oxygen therapy (OR 10.714, 95% CI 1.623–70.725; p = 0.014) were strongly associated with mortality. Conclusions: Sotrovimab and oral antivirals demonstrated similar efficacy in preventing mortality and hospitalization among high-risk patients. Patient-specific factors, particularly cardiovascular comorbidities and immunosuppression, significantly influenced outcomes and should guide treatment choices.
Process Analytical Technology Obtained Metastable Zone Width, Nucleation Rate and Solubility of Paracetamol in Isopropanol—Theoretical Analysis
Authors: Ranjbar Mahmoud , Vashishtha Mayank , Walker Gavin , Kumar K. Vasanth
Published: February 2025

Background: Metastable zone width (MSZW) and solubility are crucial for developing crystallization procedures in the purification of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). Traditionally, determining these properties involves labor-intensive methods that can take weeks or even months. With advancements in process analytical technologies (PAT) and the increasing focus on quality by design (QbD) in pharmaceutical manufacturing, more efficient and reliable protocols are needed. In this study, we employ in situ Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Focused Beam Reflectance Measurement (FBRM) to establish protocols for measuring solubility at different temperatures and MSZW at varying cooling rates. Methods: We experimentally determined MSZW and solubility using FTIR spectroscopy and FBRM. IR spectra were analyzed to obtain solubility concentrations, while FBRM counts were used to extract MSZW and supersolubility concentrations. The collected data were assessed using four theoretical models, including a newly developed model based on classical nucleation theory. By fitting experimental MSZW data to these models, we determined nucleation kinetics and thermodynamic parameters. Results: Our novel model exhibited excellent agreement with experimental MSZW data across different cooling rates, demonstrating its robustness. The nucleation rate constant and nucleation rate ranged between 10²¹ and 10²² molecules/m³·s. The Gibbs free energy of nucleation was calculated as 3.6 kJ/mol, with surface energy values between 2.6 and 8.8 mJ/m². The estimated critical nucleus radius was in the order of 10⁻³ m. Conclusions: The protocols we developed for predicting MSZW and solubility of paracetamol using PAT can serve as a guideline for other APIs. Our theoretical model enhances the predictive accuracy of nucleation kinetics and thermodynamics, contributing to optimized crystallization processes.
Ilex Guayusa Tea Improves Glycaemia and Autonomic Modulation in Female Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats
Authors: Mello Tafne Coelho , Dias Danielle da Silva , Bernardes Nathalia , Araujo Amanda Aparecida do , dos Santos Camila Paixão , Llesuy Susana , De Angelis Kátia , Stoyell-Conti Filipe F.
Published: February 2025

Background: Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among diabetic patients, with their incidence rising globally. Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats, untreated with insulin, exhibit human-like symptoms such as hyperglycemia, polydipsia, polyuria, weight loss, cardiomyopathy, neuropathy, and oxidative stress. Thus, this study evaluated the effects of Ilex guayusa tea on cardiovascular, autonomic, metabolic, and oxidative stress parameters in diabetic rats, as well as its antioxidant and phytochemical properties. Methods: Thirteen female Wistar rats were divided into two groups: diabetic (D; n = 7) and diabetic + Ilex guayusa (DG; n = 6). Diabetes was induced by a single STZ injection (50 mg/kg, i.v.), and guayusa tea was provided ad libitum for 21 days (3.0 g/L). Results: Glycemia and body mass were initially similar between the groups; however, throughout the protocol, the D group showed an increase in glycaemia and a decrease in body mass when compared to initial values. While no differences in arterial pressure, heart rate, linear heart rate variability, and oxidative stress were observed, the D group showed reduced vascular sympathetic modulation (LF-SAP and VAR-SAP) compared to the DG group. This reduced vascular sympathetic modulation, which was a poor prognostic marker in this model, was inversely correlated with glycemia (VAR-SAP and final glycemia, r: −0.81, p = 0.002). Conclusions: These findings suggest that Ilex guayusa tea consumption may mitigate metabolic and autonomic dysfunction in diabetes, highlighting its potential therapeutic role in managing diabetic complications.
Association Between Reporting Antimicrobial Use and Clostridioides difficile Standardized Infection Ratios in South Carolina Hospitals
Authors: Abo-Hamzy Maya , Antosz Kayla , Battle Sarah E. , Bailey Pamela , Winders Hana R. , Bookstaver P. Brandon , Al-Hasan Majdi N.
Published: February 2025

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have been encouraging hospitals in the United States to report antimicrobial use (AU) to the National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN). This retrospective cohort study examines the association between reporting AU and the Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) standardized infection ratio (SIR) in South Carolina hospitals. Student’s t-test was used to examine the mean difference in the change in CDI SIRs from 2017 to 2021 between hospitals reporting AU for ≥3 years and those reporting AU for <3 years during the study period. Among 65 hospitals in South Carolina, 43 reported AU for <3 years, and 22 reported AU for ≥3 years. There was significantly greater decline in the CDI SIR from 2017 to 2021 in hospitals reporting AU for ≥3 years compared to those reporting AU for <3 years (mean difference of the change in the CDI SIR −0.33 [95% CI −0.57, −0.06]; p = 0.016). The results of a steeper decline in the CDI SIR in hospitals consistently reporting AU during the majority of the study period compared to other hospitals encourages hospitals to report AU to the NHSN and promotes antimicrobial stewardship efforts at the state and national level.
Single Scattering Dynamics of Vector Bessel–Gaussian Beams in Winter Haze Conditions
Authors: Yang Yixiang , Cao Yuancong , Jiang Wenjie , Guo Lixin , Cheng Mingjian
Published: February 2025

This study investigates the scattering dynamics of vector Bessel–Gaussian (BG) beams in winter haze environments, with a particular emphasis on the influence of ice-coated haze particles on light propagation. Employing the Generalized Lorenz–Mie Theory (GLMT), we analyze the scattering coefficients of particles transitioning from water to ice coatings under varying atmospheric conditions. Our results demonstrate that the presence of ice coatings significantly alters the scattering and extinction efficiencies of BG beams, revealing distinct differences compared to particles coated with water. Furthermore, the study examines the role of Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM) modes in shaping scattering behavior. We show that higher OAM modes, characterized by broader energy distributions and larger beam spot sizes, induce weaker localized interactions with individual particles, leading to diminished scattering and attenuation. In contrast, lower OAM modes, with energy concentrated in smaller regions, exhibit stronger interactions with particles, thereby enhancing scattering and attenuation. These findings align with the Beer–Lambert law in the single scattering regime, where beam intensity attenuation is influenced by the spatial distribution of radiation, while overall power attenuation follows the standard exponential decay with respect to propagation distance. The transmission attenuation of BG beams through haze-laden atmospheres is further explored, emphasizing the critical roles of particle concentration and humidity. This study provides valuable insights into the interactions between vector BG beams and atmospheric haze, advancing the understanding of optical communication and environmental monitoring in hazy conditions.
Acceleration of Heavy Ions by Ultrafast High-Peak-Power Lasers: Advances, Challenges, and Perspectives
Authors: Badziak Jan , Domański Jarosław
Published: February 2025

Laser-driven ion acceleration is a new, rapidly developing field of research and one of the important applications of ultrafast high-peak-power lasers. In this acceleration method, extremely strong electric fields, induced by an ultrafast laser in the plasma generated by the laser–target interaction, enable the acceleration of ions to relativistic velocities on picosecond time scales and at sub-millimetre distances. This opens the prospect of constructing a fundamentally new type of high-energy ion accelerator—less complex, more compact, and cheaper than the ion accelerators operating today. This paper briefly discusses the basic mechanisms of heavy ion acceleration driven by an ultrafast high-peak-power laser and summarises the advances in experimental and numerical studies of laser-driven heavy ion acceleration. The main challenges facing this research and the prospects for the application of laser-accelerated heavy ion beams are outlined.