bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Herbicide Evaluations for No-Till Soybean (Glycine max) Production in Corn (Zea mays) Residue
Authors: Moomaw Russell S. , Martin Alex R.
Published: May 2019

Weed control in no-till soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Wells’] planted into shredded corn (Zea maysL.) residue was evaluated at Concord, NE, over a 3-yr period. Herbicide factors evaluated were time of herbicide application for no-till soybeans, efficacy of glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] relative to paraquat (1,1’-dimethyl-4,4’-bipyridinium ion) for control of emerged weeds, and the efficacy of alachlor [2-chloro-2’,6’-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)acetanilide], metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide], oryzalin (3,5-dinitro-N4,N4-dipropylsulfanilamide), and pendimethalin [N-(1-ethylpropyl)-3,4-dimethyl-2,6-dinitrobenzenamine] for residual weed control. Combination residual and contact herbicide treatments were applied either as a preplant surface application or preemergence after no-till-planted soybeans. Removal of existing weed growth was not consistently better with the preplant surface application compared to later removal after soybean planting. Paraquat and glyphosate gave nearly equal control of emerged weeds. Addition of 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] with paraquat in the tank mix did not improve weed control. Use of narrow, ripple coulters on the no-till planter resulted in minimal disturbance of the preplant surface herbicide so that additional preemergence herbicide at planting was seldom beneficial.
Crop Losses in Wheat (Triticum aestivum) as Determined Using Weeded and Nonweeded Quadrats
Authors: Hume Larry
Published: May 2019

The importance of including crop density in studies of weed-wheat competition and in making estimates of crop losses due to weeds was demonstrated. Wheat density in adjacent quadrats of 1 m2varied by an average of 25 plants in the farm fields and research plots examined. Differences between adjacent quadrats were in the same range for fields sown with different implements. Yield per plant, dry weight per plant, and tillering per plant decreased with increasing wheat density. For weed-crop competition studies in small-grain crops, the yields of weed-free and weedy quadrats are normally compared to estimate crop loss caused by competition. It was demonstrated that such estimates can be highly distorted if crop density is not taken into account. Current procedures used widely in agronomic competition studies are inadequate to properly define the relationship between crops and weeds. A more accurate method for performing such investigations is described in which both weed and crop abundance are determined. These variables are related to crop loss using multiple regression.
Characterization of Herbicide Degradation Under Field Conditions
Authors: Cheng H. H. , Lehmann R. G.
Published: May 2019

Among the numerous research reports on the fate of herbicides in soils, the literature dealing with the degradation of herbicides under field conditions is probably most difficult to interpret. Few have attempted to evaluate critically the purposes of these studies. This review will not be a comprehensive recitation of previous studies on herbicide degradation under field conditions, but is aimed at pointing out certain problem areas in the approach to research on this subject. The problems relate both to a lack of clear understanding of the degradation process and a lack of appropriate methodology for studying degradation under field conditions.
Detoxification of Herbicide Residues in Soil
Authors: Shea Patrick J.
Published: May 2019

Much of the success of modern agriculture is due to pesticide technology. Because weeds pose the greatest threat to crop yields, the largest class of pesticides used today is herbicides. Herbicides include products whose active ingredients represent a wide range of chemical families; yet most constitute a minimal potential hazard to man and the environment. Criteria typically used to determine potential hazard are mammalian and piscine toxicity, persistence, and bioaccumulation. By evaluating these criteria and assigning numerical values it is possible to devise a ranking of pesticides such as that developed by Weber (51). This list identifies those pesticides most likely to have some undesirable activity, either before or after they are applied. All herbicides ranked well below organochlorine insecticides in hazard rating and most were less hazardous than the organophosphate and carbamate insecticides. However, any substance, when used improperly, has the potential to cause problems, and for this reason all chemicals should be handled with caution.
Absorption, Translocation, and Metabolism of14C-Chlorsulfuron in Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense)
Authors: Petersen Phil J. , Swisher Beth A.
Published: May 2019

Absorption of14C-chlorsulfuron {2-chloro-N-[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino] carbonyl] benzenesulfonanide} by Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense(L.) Scop. # CIRAR] was 39% following foliar treatment and 16% when added to a nutrient solution in which the plants were growing. Translocation from the treated organ was limited regardless of treatment method; 10% of the applied14C moved out of the treated leaf and 10% moved from the roots to other parts of the plant following absorption from the nutrient solution. When applied as a foliar treatment,14C-chlorsulfuron had not been metabolized by Canada thistle 48 h later. However, when14C-chlorsulfuron was added to the nutrient solution and absorbed by the roots, nearly 25% of the14C in the plants was present as a polar product(s), 13% had an Rf value identical to benzenesulfonamide standards, and the remaining 62% was chlorsulfuron. Chlorsulfuron was not transformed similarly in a nutrient solution after 6 days in the absence of plants. Suppression of regrowth was the primary injury symptom observed following chlorsulfuron application. Chlorsulfuron also reduced whole plant weight and root bud number and weight.
Difenzoquat Effectiveness as Influenced by Time of Day at Application
Authors: Retzinger E. James , Nalewaja John D.
Published: May 2019

Experiments were conducted in the field and controlled-environment chambers to determine wild oat (Avena fatuaL. # AVEFA) control with difenzoquat (1,2-dimethyl-3,5-diphenyl-1H-pyrazolium) as influenced by applications at 4-h intervals during the day. Difenzoquat phytotoxicity was significantly higher in four of the six field experiments when applied at 1300 and 1700 h than at other times and was increased in the other two experiments. Difenzoquat phytotoxicity increased with temperature at treatment in the field experiments. Wild oat control was not increased by 8 h of 28 C before or after difenzoquat application compared to a constant 18 C in controlled-environment chambers. In controlled-environment chambers, wild oat control with difenzoquat was not influenced by the time of application during the day when humidity and temperature were kept constant.
RELAZIONE FRA ELEZIONI E REFERENDA NEGLI ANNI SETTANTA
Authors: Arculeo Antonella , Marradi Alberto
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Questo saggio riporta i risultati di una ricerca che, iniziata con interessi esclusivamente politologici, si è trovata a dover affrontare problemi metodologici che, oltre a presentare rilevante interesse di per sé, condizionavano in modo decisivo le risposte agli interrogativi sostanziali.
GOVERNI DI MINORANZA E DEMOCRAZIE PARLAMENTARI
Authors: Strøm Kaare
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

I governi di minoranza sono soluzioni anomale nelle democrazie parlamentari. Tale tipo di governo può essere definito come un governo composto da rappresentanti di partiti che, in totale, controllano meno della metà dei seggi parlamentari. Le alternative ai governi di minoranza sono due: 1) governi di maggioranza, 2) amministrazioni non-partitiche.
L'ATTIVITÀ LEGISLATIVA DEI GOVERNI (1948–83)
Authors: Motta Riccardo
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

L'attività legislativa dei governi che si sono succeduti nella quinta (1968–72), sesta (1972–76), settima (1976–79) e ottava (1979–83) legislatura è già stata parzialmente analizzata in alcune ricerche (specie in riferimento alla quinta e alla settima legislatura), ma ancora manca un quadro di insieme che ricomponga i vari problemi emersi nel corso di questo quindicennio. La presente ricerca cerca di colmare, per alcuni aspetti, questa lacuna e costituisce una prima indagine sugli aspetti quantitativi più rilevanti delle quattro legislature attraverso l'analisi dei disegni di legge governativi (d'ora in avanti ddl) approvati e di quelli non approvati.
È POSSIBILE PREDIRE I RISULTATI ELETTORALI? ILLUSTRAZIONE DI UN METODO
Authors: Budge Ian
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Predizioni accurate possono essere avanzate sulla base di estrapolazioni molto semplici: per esempio anticipando che ciò che è successo nell'ultima occasione si ripeterà in questa; oppure che ciò che è successo più frequentemente nel passato avverrà di nuovo. Queste estrapolazioni sono insoddisfacenti da un punto di vista teorico, in quanto non dicono alcunché sui fattori ed i processi che determinano il risultato e, soprattutto, perché non è possibile sapere se, nella specifica occasione, l'estrapolazione sia lo strumento predittivo appropriato o se, al contrario, ci condanni a cattivi risultati. Per questi motivi è necessario disporre di un modello esplicativo per giustificare e sostenere una procedura predittiva.
POPULISMO: DESTRA O SINISTRA?
Authors: Curtis Michael
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

L'obiettivo della chiarezza è un problema professionale che non riguarda solo gli studiosi di politica. Come ha osservato Mary Douglas, infatti, «l'esigenza di criteri ben definiti e di concetti chiari fa parte della condizione umana. Ma quando ne entriamo in possesso, siamo costretti a constatare che alcuni fatti continuano a sfuggire loro, oppure a chiudere un occhio sull'inadeguatezza dei nostri concetti». La mancanza di esattezza, chiarezza, o precisione della terminologia politica è un fenomeno fin troppo noto agli studiosi. Sin da Aristotele, molti convengono che il rigore della matematica mal si attaglia alla filosofia morale e politica. Eppure, l'analisi politica richiede definizioni di termini e classificazioni motivate di idee e di sistemi, anche se tali sforzi sono controverse e devono procedere cautamente quando riguardano parole che — diceva Bacone — «retroagiscono sulla nostra comprensione».
LE DETERMINANTI POLITICHE DELLA DISOCCUPAZIONE
Authors: Schmidt Manfred G.
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Fra gli anni settanta e ottanta, i governi dell'occidente si sono trovati di fronte a una sfida senza precedenti. Il declino della crescita economica, un forte aumento delle aspettative inflazionistiche, bilance dei pagamenti in deficit, pressioni da costi e tendenze deflazionistiche hanno reso difficile la coesistenza fra il bisogno di flessibilità delle economie miste, il mantenimento della stabilità monetaria, la salvaguardia dell'occupazione e alti livelli di welfare. In confronto agli anni sessanta e ai primi anni settanta, la possibilità di compiere scelte pubbliche indolori si è molto ridotta.
COME SPIEGARE LA MOBILITÀ ELETTORALE IN ITALIA
Authors: Mannheimer Renato
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Specialmente a partire dalla metà degli anni ‘70, la mobilità elettorale è stata una delle tematiche su cui maggiormente si è concentrata l'attenzione di studiosi e osservatori del sistema politico italiano. Uno dei principali motivi di questa particolare attenzione sta nel fatto che proprio il fenomeno del mutamento della scelta di voto è stato da molti considerato all'origine degli incrementi — o dei decrementi —, assai più consistenti in questi ultimi anni che nei periodi precedenti, della quota di voti di alcuni partiti da una elezione all'altra.
LE CONSEGUENZE DEL PLURALISMO POLARIZZATO PER LA COMPETIZIONE
Authors: Powell G. Bingham
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

È stato convincentemente sostenuto che, una volta consolidati, alcuni sistemi partitici sono in grado di modificare, talvolta con effetti destabilizzanti, i modelli della competizione politica. Questi non dipendono dunque soltanto dai fenomeni di alienazione, dalle ideologie o dal mutamento delleissuespresenti nella società, ma sono anche il risultato degli incentivi e delle opportunità offerti ai partiti e agli elettori dalle condizioni create dallo stesso sistema partitico. La teoria del pluralismo polarizzato di Giovanni Sartori è senz'altro l'analisi piò sofisticata e piò ampiamente citata al proposito.
COME CAMBIANO I GOVERNANTI DI PARTITO
Authors: Calisee Mauro , Mannheimer Renato
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

La forma di governo in Italia sta cambiando. Da almeno un decennio si fanno sempre più frequenti i segnali che il governo repubblicano sta uscendo da quella sindrome di « parlamentarismo integrale » che aveva caratterizzato il primo trentennio di instaurazione di un regime democratico di massa in questo paese. Una maggiore autonomia e capacità decisionale dell'esecutivo si manifesta su più piani. Anche a voler tralasciare i mutamenti nello stile di leadership, alcune modifiche rilevanti hanno investito la struttura e la forma medesima dell'iter decisionale del governo: basta pensare al ruolo sempre più determinante della decretazione d'urgenza e ad alcune importanti modifiche organizzative come il Consiglio di Gabinetto e il tanto atteso varo della riforma della Presidenza prevista dall'articolo 95 della Costituzione. Senza peraltro dimenticare quel rafforzamento del potere di intervento della Presidenza del Consiglio che investe ambiti operativi forse meno visibili sotto il profilo istituzionale, ma che toccano gangli vitali del sistema politico, quali imediae i servizi diintelligence.
Obama, SCUBA or gift?
Authors: van der Meulen Marten
Published: May 2019

On 22 May 2013, programmer Steve Wilhite was honoured with a Lifetime Achievement Award at the 17th Annual Webby Awards in New York. Wilhite received this award chiefly in recognition of the Graphics Interchange Format, popularly known as GIF, which was developed by him and his team at CompuServe in the 1980s. This format is best known for the short animations that it enables, which have become a staple of the Internet, especially since platforms such as Facebook and WhatsApp started providing support for the format in their messaging services.
The River Tay: ecological changes from source to estuary
Authors: Maitland Peter S. , Smith Ian R.
Published: May 2019

Synopsis

The River Tay and its estuary is one of Britain's largest and most important aquatic systems. Rising at 625 m and flowing for 148 km the River Tay is the largest by flow in Great Britain and has a catchment area of 5031 km2. There are considerable ecological changes from source to estuary. These take the form of transitions, but four main aquatic communities can be recognised: an upper, base-poor, swift-flowing alpine section, then an oligotrophic section with moderate flows at lower altitude, next a much richer, slower flowing, more lowland stretch and finally the upper estuary itself. The problems of classifying and conserving running water systems are discussed and the importance of the Tay system is emphasised. The linear form and catchment size of larger rivers makes it difficult to give them—particularly their lower reaches and estuaries—full conservation protection. The River Tay is sufficiently unique, both physically and biologically, to warrant further scientific investigation and nature conservation protection.
Climatic conditions over the estuary and Firth of Forth, Scotland
Authors: Harrison S. J.
Published: May 2019

Synopsis

The pattern of climatic variation over estuaries and their environs is, to a considerable extent, controlled by aspect, slope and elevation in addition to orientation of the major relief features with respect to the movement of principal weather systems. Data from the few climatological stations within the immediate vicinity of the estuary and Firth of Forth demonstrate the essentially maritime nature of climate, and indicate also that there is a dominantly west–east gradient of change in most climatological variables. Below the high water mark the movement of water in tidal ebb and flow and river inflow modify atmosphere–surface interactions over relatively short spatial and temporal scales. Observations from a fixed instrument tower on Skinflats in the middle estuary and from Inchkeith Lighthouse indicate that tidal water movements exert varying degrees of control over sub-surface heat fluxes, air movement in the atmospheric boundary layer and the inland penetration of coastal weather systems such as the typical east coast haar.
Microbial measurements in relation to sewage pollution of the Firth of Forth, Scotland
Authors: Buchanan James S.
Published: May 2019

Synopsis

The history of Edinburgh's sewage disposal to the sea from the open ditch system of the 17th century to the present day, together with the changes in legislation affecting sewage discharges to the firth, are reviewed. During the last thirty years sewage discharges have been monitored monthly for levels of faecal coliform bacteria at approximately thirty-four shore sites and twenty offshore sites. These coliform counts are used as bacteriological indicators of sewage pollution, in order to assess the risk to humans of infections that might result from the consumption of contaminated shellfish or from bathing in sewage-polluted waters. Most of the areas sampled from the inner firth were shown to be grossly polluted, particularly in late summer, and regularly to exceed guideline levels throughout the year. Since the commissioning of the new Seafield sewage works in 1979, a general improvement in bacterial and viral counts has been recorded on the south shore of the inner firth. In the last decade two European Community directives relating to the quality of seawater for bathing and shellfish growing have been promulgated, which set guideline and mandatory levels for the number of faecal coli in seawater. The Scottish Development Department has recently designated five beaches as bathing beaches and two areas on the north and south shores of the firth as shellfish growing areas. These areas have been regularly monitored by the Forth River Purification Board and the published results of both surveys are analysed. The virological studies carried out by the Forth Pollution Group of Napier College before and after the major change in the sewage discharge pattern into the Firth of Forth are reviewed.
The breeding seabirds of the Firth of Forth, Scotland
Authors: Harris M. P. , Wanless S. , Smith R. W. J.
Published: May 2019

Synopsis

The seabird colonies in the Firth of Forth are spectacular. Although the total numbers of individual birds of most species are relatively small, the populations of gannet, herring and lesser black-backed gulls, sandwich, roseate, little and common terns make up more than 10% of the Scottish total. Numbers of fulmar, shag, cormorant, great black-backed gull, kittiwake, guillemot, razorbill and puffin have all increased, the rates varying from 4% per annum (kittiwake) to 20% p.a. (puffin). The numbers of cormorants stabilised soon after the species colonised the Forth in 1957. The period of rapid increase in guillemot numbers may now be over. Numbers of little terns have probably increased, but roseate and common terns have both declined and the number of sandwich terns is more-or-less stable. Herring and lesser black-backed gulls both increased dramatically up to 1972, since when breeding birds have been culled. The herring gull then decreased significantly, but the situation is less clear in the lesser black-backed gull. We set these changes in a wider context and discuss some possible reasons for the observed population trends.
The availability of coal
Authors: Moses K.
Published: May 2019

Synopsis

Since the assessment of coal reserves for the Royal Commission on the coal industry of Great Britain made nearly a century ago, up to assessments made by geologists of the National Coal Board, it has been evident that the coalfields of Scotland contain considerable quantities of coal. Throughout the past two decades the presence of hydrocarbons in the rocks beneath the North Sea, the general abundance of oil in various parts of the world, and the development of nuclear power, has meant that coal is only one of several sources of energy readily available to us. The coalfields of Scotland contain seams of varying quality and energy content and so can be compared with other fuels. Consequently it is the cost of the energy to the consumer that is often the controlling factor in the choice of which fuel to use. The very nature of coal as a bulky and not-too-easily-handled fuel has meant that only the generation of electricity offers the scope for substantial consumption of coal.

The paper examines these factors and also the location of the coal reserves in Scotland, particularly in the light of the geological factors that affect the cost of the energy. The National Coal Board's deep mining exploration programme in Great Britain has sought opportunities for new ventures and developments, some of which have been in Scotland. The market for the coal and the competition for that market clearly indicates that the productivity of coal mining operations is paramount in determining the future size of the coal industry in Scotland. About half of the coal can be provided from low-cost opencast operations, with the other half obtained from the mines with the highest productivities—productivities that result in energy costs similar to those obtained from oil and nuclear power.
Risk assessment
Authors: Gittus J. H. , Hayns M. R.
Published: May 2019

Synopsis

Risk involves consideration both of the consequences of accidents and the frequency with which the accidents occur. Indeed formally risk is equal to the product of frequency and consequences. The important question of the perception of risk by the public and by the professional is first addressed. Two tenets are proposed as being a suitable summary of the public requirement:

1. If it can happen, then it must not matter.

2. If it matters, then it must not happen.

A mathematical interpretation is placed upon these tenets and is shown to be consistent with various professional safety targets. The tenets do not indicate what numerical values for risk would be acceptable to the public but they do show how the consequences of accidents should diminish as the frequency or likelihood of a particular accident increases. It is argued that the best way of determining what level of risk the public accepts is to be guided by statistics for man-caused accidents. These, it transpires, pose risks which are considerably greater than those implied, for example, by the professional targets for nuclear reactors. The risk posed to the public by two energy installations is summarised. The one installation, situated on Canvey Island, exports energy in the form of gas, some of which (methane) is pumped into a national gas grid. The other installation, the Sizewell “B” Pressurised Water Reactor nuclear power station has not yet been constructed, but a comprehensive risk assessment has been undertaken, the results of which are summarised. The two installations are comparable in the sense that each exports a power of the order of a million kilowatts (in the form of gas in the one case and electricity in the other). Both have been the subject of Public Inquiries. The risks posed by the Canvey installations are accepted, since they only constitute a small fraction of the risks which the public run in any case during the course of their everyday lives. The predicted risks for the PWR are smaller still. The form taken by the risks posed by both installations corresponds broadly with the two tenets. That is to say the greater the consequences the lower should be the frequency of a particular accident.
The public's view of the costs and benefits of alternative energy systems
Authors: Lee T. R.
Published: May 2019

Synopsis

The collective expression of attitudes towards energy systems governs demand and hence cost, which combines with other factors to shape energy policy. For example, in the national debate over nuclear power, where decision makers either share the public's anxieties about costs and safety or are expediently responsive to them, there is a constant threat to political acceptance. The paper describes how perceived risks are one of the costs of all technologies and a brief summary is made of research on comparative risk perception. This confirms the wide disparities often observed between lay and expert risk assessments and provides some explanations. When attention is focussed on particular hazards, the concept of attitude becomes more appropriate than risk perception because choice behaviour is determined by overall evaluations and these are a trade off between perceived risks and benefits. Each of the latter is acquired from two overlapping classes of received knowledge, i.e. factual information (e.g. nuclear power comes from the fission of uranium atoms), and beliefs (e.g. nuclear power will create/reduce employment). In addition, the attitude acquires emotional associations and behavioural dispositions, forming an organised complex based on the environmental object. This structural approach facilities the “unpacking” of public attitudes towards energy systems into their constituents and this is essential for understanding, for consultation and for inducing attitude change.
The Origins of the 17-Point Agreement of 23 May 1951 between the Chinese Central Government and the Tibetan “Local Government”
Authors: Raymond Alex
Published: May 2019

Immediately following the Battle of Chamdo in October 1950, during the period between November 1950 and April 1951, the leaders of the new People's Republic of China (PRC) had two priorities in regard to Tibet. The first was to persuade the Tibetan government to send delegates to Beijing as soon as possible in order to start “negotiations,” and the second was to prevent the Dalai Lama from fleeing Tibet. Using Chinese documents that offer a new version of the process that led to these “negotiations,” this study, without addressing the international issues in detail, illustrates how the leaders of the PRC, either with promises, threats or even by bluff, were able to attain their goals.
Income effects of limiting soil erosion under organic, conventional, and no-till systems in eastern Pennsylvania
Authors: Domanico Jean L. , Madden Patrick , Partenheimer Earl J.
Published: May 2019

A 294-acre Pennsylvania crop and livestock farm was modeled under alternative management practices using linear programming. The management practices included conventional, organic, and no-till production, with and without the use of overseeding and cover crops. For each of the management practices, soil erosion was estimated using the Universal Soil Loss Equation. Profitability was compared across the options with and without constraints on soil erosion. Prior to constraining soil erosion, no-till was found to be the most profitable option. The conventional option was next most profitable, followed closely by the organic option. The use of cover crops or overseeding was found to be unprofitable when high levels of soil erosion were allowed. When soil erosion was constrained, the relative profitability of the options changed. It was found that practices that can control erosion with the least reduction in the intensity of rotation, such as planting cover crops, overseeding and no-till, are the most profitable options when soil is constrained to below 5 tons per acre. No-till remained the most profitable option at low levels of soil erosion. The economic advantage of conventional over organic production diminished as soil erosion was constrained. Below 5 tons per acre of soil erosion, the organic system became more profitable than the conventional system. It was found that use of overseeding or cover crops makes a more profitable rotation possible at low levels of soil erosion.
Site Characteristics and Revealed Preferences for Outdoor Recreation
Authors: Milon J. Walter
Published: May 2019

Demand measurement for outdoor recreation has developed on a course that reflects trends in both theoretical economics and recreation policy. The early insights of Hotelling and Clawson and Knetsch express a dominant concern with estimating the demand for a single recreation site and the economic value of publicly provided, new recreation sites. Their theoretical framework was consistent with the emerging public goods theory which viewed recreation sites as homogeneous public goods demanded by homothetic consumers. In light of the emphasis on expanding leisure opportunities and public acquisition of recreational parkland in the national recreation policy of this period, their analysis was timely and an important benchmark for further refinements in measuring the economic value of recreation sites (Burt and Brewer; Cicchetti, Fisher and Smith).
The Northeast and Interregional Competition for Broilers
Authors: Wu Hui-Yuan Chen , Jack Robert L. , Colyer Dale
Published: May 2019

An interregional model which minimizes production and transportation costs for broilers was developed and tested. Ten production and 22 consumption regions were defined. The results indicate that current flow patterns are relatively efficient given the existing production capacities. As demand increases the increased production will tend to be in the Southwest (Texas) and to a lesser extent in the Southeast (North Carolina). Shadow prices indicate that in the longer run production in the Northeast will continue to decline in relative terms and perhaps in absolute terms.
Recent Changes in Federal Welfare Legislation and the Impact of Regional Economic Growth on Poverty, Dependency and Work Incentives: Some Findings
Authors: Bieker Richard F.
Published: May 2019

Regional economic growth based on private sector job creation is often proposed as a policy for reducing the incidence of regional unemployment, poverty and dependency. One factor that could limit the impact of economic growth on the employment and poverty status of an area's indigenous population is the area's public assistance system. This study evaluates the impact of recent changes in federal welfare legislation (HR 3982) on the work incentives and the poverty and dependency status of Delaware female household heads receiving Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) assistance. Specifically, the study estimates the implicit marginal tax rates that such household heads would face by accepting employment in private sector jobs to which they are potential entrants under the pre and post HR 3982 conditions. In addition, the study examines the effect of the HR 3982 changes on the poverty and dependency status of such households.
Optimal Agricultural Pest Management with Multiple Species
Authors: Wetzstein Michael E. , Szmedra Philip , Musser Wesley N. , Chou Charlene C. J.
Published: May 2019

Increased concern for the environmental effects of pesticides has led to considerable interest in optimal management strategies for controlling pest populations affecting agricultural production. This issue has been considered by a number of researchers (Feder and Regev; Hall and Norgaard; Hueth and Regev; Lazarus and Swanson; Marsolan and Rudd; and Talpaz and Frisbie). With the exception of Feder and Regev, these studies considered only one species. This approach involves serious limitations since a grower is generally confronted with multiple species during the production period For example, insect prey-predator relationships may exist in the field (Feder and Regev). Alternatively, as an insect pest develops through a number of growth stages, multiple pests in effect exist (Reichelderfer and Bender).
An Econometric Model of the Market for New England Groundfish
Authors: Crutchfield Stephen R.
Published: May 2019

This paper develops an economic model of the New England groundfish market. A multi-sector, multi-level econometric model is estimated using data from 1970 to 1982. The parameters of the estimated model are used to characterize consumer demand for groundfish and related products. Retail and exvessel demands for fresh and frozen groundfish fillets are found to be highly elastic. Fresh fillets especially show high income elasticity of demand, reflecting their status as a luxury good. Only a very small and statistically weak relationship was found between the prices of imported groundfish and domestic ex vessel prices indicating that proposals to assist the domestic industry via tariffs may be ineffectual.
Industrial Development in a Depressed Area: Male-Female Differences in Attitudes
Authors: Stout-Wiegand Nancy , Smith Dennis K. , Jallow Saba
Published: May 2019

The primary objective of this research was to examine attitudes toward industrial development activities in a depressed rural county, and to document differences in those attitudes between men and women residents of the area.
Trade-offs Between Severance Tax Revenues and Coal Mining Employment
Authors: Findeis Jill L. , Shortle James S.
Published: May 2019

A severance tax can provide local jurisdictions with additional revenues to finance economic development, yet the imposition of a tax may create coal industry employment losses. This research analyzes this issue by examining the demand for Pennsylvania steam coal, providing estimates of the unconditional own price elasticities of demand for coal in each of two demand regions. These estimates in conjunction with labor/output coefficient estimates are used to determine the extent to which coal employment in a region already witnessing slow mining industry growth will be negatively affected.
Agriculture's Stake in Rural Economic Development
Authors: Henry Mark S.
Published: May 2019

This paper considers the effect of economic progress in the nonfarm sectors of urban-industrial areas on the viability of the current farm structure in the United States. These urban-industrial areas may be located in nonmetropolitan counties that are often considered part of “rural America” (Bender, et al.) Furthermore, they are best defined as those areas of nonmetropolitan America that have clusters of employment opportunities. These clusters are increasingly dominated by an array of trade and service activities although they are of lower order in the central place hierarchy than found in metropolitan areas. For example, basic medical services may be provided but there is an insufficient local market to justify many specialized medical services.
The Demand for Sweet Spreads: Demographic and Economic Effects for Detailed Commodities
Authors: Heien Dale , Willett Lois Schertz
Published: May 2019

In this paper we estimate the price and income elasticities for five sweet spreads using a two-stage budgeting procedure. The first stage modeled the consumer's budget decision as a Tobit model, where total sweet spread expenditures are based on income and demographic variables. The second stage, including only those households with nonzero first stage expenditures, was treated as a standard consumer allocation problem using the AIDS model. To incorporate population demographics, the AIDS model was expanded by specifying the constant term as a linear function of demographic variables. The coefficients for the prices and expenditures are highly significant and demand is elastic for all five goods. The most significant demographic effects are due to household size, and female food shopper. The theoretical restrictions of homogeneity and symmetry were tested and rejected for the complete system.
Level of Structural Aggregation and Predictive Accuracy of Milk Supply Response Estimates
Authors: Smith Blair J. , Scott Donald R.
Published: May 2019

Milk supply response was estimated for Pennsylvania using three different levels of structural aggregation. The base level involved the estimation of milk production in a single equation. Under the second method, production was the product of two equations: milk per cow and number of milk cows. The third method factored production into three equations: milk per cow, number of dairy farms, and number of cows per farm. As expected, the greater the degree of disaggregation the more was learned about the structural aspects of milk production. At the same time, predictive accuracy generally decreased, but the differences among models was slight.
A Household Production Analysis of Fuelwood Demand in Rhode Island
Authors: MacKenzie John , Weaver Thomas F.
Published: May 2019

A model analyzing household substitution of fuelwood for other heating fuels is needed to clarify the relationship between energy prices and patterns of forest resource utilization. This paper employs the household production methodology to model fuelwood demand in Rhode Island. Data from a cross-sectional survey of 515 households are employed to test a discrete-choice model of household participation in wood-burning and a four-equation system modeling household production of heat and aesthetic benefits from fuelwood and stove capital. Control of selection bias via inclusion of an appropriate instrument allows analysis of aggregate demands. Some broad policy prescriptions applicable to the Northeast generally are presented.
The Effect of Interstate Banking on Farm Lender Market Shares in New York State
Authors: LaDue Eddy L. , Carraro Kenneth C.
Published: May 2019

Commercial bank loans to New York farmers are significantly overestimated in the reported USDA statistics due to out-of-state lending and reporting of some agribusiness loans as agricultural loans by New York State banks. Correcting for this distortion lowers the 1978–84 average New York agricultural credit market share held by banks from 36 to 24 percent. As deregulation allows more interstate banking activity, the overestimate of agricultural loan volume in states with money center banks and the corresponding underestimate of loan levels and market shares in nonmoney center states could cause increased distortion of state level farm debt statistics.
Duty, Empathy, and Hierarchy: Healing “Difficult Patients”
Authors: ZAIDI DANISH
Published: May 2019

Anthony is a fourth-year medical student, currently on service during an away surgery rotation. He is rounding with a first-year intern, Dr. Lovett, and the attending, Dr. Todd. They stop outside the room of Mr. Turpin, a 54-year-old male who has recently had a toe amputation due to uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. His chart lists him as a drug-seeker managed for chronic pain. As such, his analgesics are being closely monitored. Before entering the room, Dr. Lovett mentions that the patient had been irritated the night prior, complaining of uncontrolled pain, and upset at staff for refusing increased pain medication. Dr. Todd knows this, remarking that Mr. Turpin has a history of being a “difficult patient.”
The ‘untimely’ demise of a successful institution: the ItalianMonti di pietàin the nineteenth century
Authors: Carboni Mauro , Fornasari Massimo
Published: May 2019

Recent literature has clearly charted the growth of pawn credit in nineteenth-century developing countries in Europe. Such expansion has frequently been associated with governments’ concerns to prevent malpractice and promote the establishment of public agencies that mirrored the ItalianMonti di pietà. Precisely at the time modernizing European societies adopted the model of Italian public pawn banks,Montiwere being dismissed as a relic of a bygone age in their home country. Assembling and comparing data from an 1896 national survey, we conclude that, contrary to traditional assumptions, Italian pawn banks were not obsolete or out of place in the European context of nineteenth-century pawn credit. However, ideology and hostile legislation did hamper the access to credit of those most in need, and the choice hardly assisted the modernizing spurt of Italian society.
Social Interaction and Acceptance of Mildly Retarded Children in a Mainstream Special Educational Setting
Authors: Espiner Debbie , Wilton Keri , Glynn Ted
Published: May 2019

The social acceptance (by non-handicapped children) and classroom and playground social behaviour of the five former special class pupils was studied. Six months prior to the study the pupils had been transferred to an experimental mainstream special educational programme within the same school. At the time of the study, the mainstreamed children were all maintaining or surpassing the rates of academic progress they had shown in the special class and they were well accepted by their classmates. Their social behaviour during unstructured classroom and playground activities closely approximated that of their classmates, but in the case of playground activities differed markedly from that of pupils who had remained in the special class. The results indicate that mainstream special educational facilities can work effectively — i.e., academically and socially, for at least some mildly retarded children. Where resources permit and the support of regular class teachers is available, there would appear to be some advantages for the children concerned.
A Review of Attitudes and Disability
Authors: Warren Robert A. J.
Published: May 2019

The aim of this paper is to bring together recent research that illustrates society’s attitudes towards disabled people. In so doing historical and traditional attitudes — and consequent service provisions are examined briefly both to draw comparisons and to exemplify changes that have occurred. Specific mention is also made of research that has sought to analyse techniques utilised (consciously or otherwise) in affecting change- in order to consider the implications both for organisations promoting the interests of disabled people and for research in this area.

Within society generally the terms ‘disability’ and ‘handicap’ are often used in an interchangeable manner — the context of their usage being dependent upon the user’s particular background, interests, and experience. This ambivalence has been reflected in Australian legislation and statutory rules (for a fuller discussion see Smith, 1980). However, within specific interest groups of disabled people and those who work with them, distinctions are being clarified. The term ‘disability’ is seen to refer to the reduction or loss of physical (i.e. motor, sensory or mental) structure or function while ‘handicap’ includes the personal, environmental and social consequences of a disability. Indeed perceptions held by others may create more difficulties for the individual than the disability itself.

For the purposes of this review the term ‘attitudes’ is used in a broad sense to refer to an “individual’s predisposed thoughts, feelings and actions towards others” (Cho, 1981, p.21), without differentiating between beliefs and values. It is readily recognised that individual attitudes are formed from a wide base of variables such as economic, social and cultural factors; family attitudes; religious groups; past experiences; peer groups and specific personality traits. Similarly the complexity of interacting factors which contribute to change of attitudes is also recognised. Therefore, in order to put indications of change in perspective, an overview of critical factors affecting attitudes towards the disabled is first attempted.
Must Historians of Economics Apologize Presidential Address History of Economics Society May, 1984
Authors: Whitaker John K.
Published: May 2019

The body of enquiry known as economics grew out of the practical needs of economic life and statesmanship, and also out of philosophical speculation on the nature of man and society. Adam Smith reflects both aspects, but I would locate him predominantly in the philosophical wing. When he switched from considering the theory of moral sentiments to dealing with the causes of the wealth of nations, I don't believe that he saw himself as engaging in a fundamentally different mode of enquiry. He was, of course, concerned with practical questions--of ethical behaviour in the one case and of economic policy in the other--but discussion of both was from a broad philosophic viewpoint. Ricardo, on the other hand, seems to me to exemplify, and at a high level, someone who falls predominatly in the other wing. Although his thought was abstract, it was much more an attempt to deal pragmatically with important issues of practice than it was an attempt, in the philosophical tradition, to understand the general nature of men's interaction in society. Indeed, utilitarianism by then offered a strictly philosophic rationale for concern with practice (albeit a piggish one in some eyes) which did much to confound and confuse the dual origins of economics. Mill and Sidgwick, among others, maintained the tradition of a close connection between philosophical and economic enquiry, within the framework of a broadened utilitarianism, and the continuing affinity of the two disciplines has been exemplified more recently in the work of writers such as Rawls and Sen, not to mention the recent upsurge in discussion of economic methodology.
Co-Operation with the Police, Fire Brigade and Rescue Organizations
Authors: Fisher Brian E.
Published: May 2019

If the best intervention is to be achieved at any incident, be it an aircraft disaster or not, there must be the utmost co-operation between all the intervention services attending or connected with the disaster. Such co-operation cannot be guaranteed to happen overnight or on the day of the disaster, but must be the result of lengthy pre-planning. It is necessary for all involved organizations to decide their area of responsibility on the occasion of a disaster, and contingency plans must clearly set out such responsibilities in order to avoid confusion and duplication of effort on the day of the event. Chaos will surely result if the various responsible officers of each organization do not personally meet during the planning stages, if only so as to be able to readily identify those in charge of each service at an incident. More importantly, each leader can learn of the mannerisms, shortcomings and attributes of his colleagues in other services and thus, when the incident occurs, be in a position to readily appreciate what is likely to be the approach of his fellow officers and services.
Medical Equipment for Disasters at Airports
Authors: Bergot G.P.
Published: May 2019

One of the most important aspects of disaster planning is providing for early availability of medical equipment, partly stored at the airport and partly brought from outside. The first priority is obviously to evaluate what is required.

Correct Medical Strategy. This is based on the concept that the first priority is to care for the injured whose life is in immediate danger. The activity on site will include: triage, simple at the beginning, based on first aid concepts, but more sophisticated as more experienced personnel become available; on site care, ranging from first aid to resuscitation; and a rational dispatching of patients to hospitals, using resuscitation ambulances, specially equipped helicopters, or standard ambulances.

Classification of Victims. Priority I or red tag. Priority II or yellow tag. Priority III or green tag. Priority IV or black tag (dead).