bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Dimensional Arrow: Agreement in Directional Mapping of Dimensions among Mandarin Chinese- and English-Speakers
Authors: Evans Laurel , Tsai Pei-Shu , Wu Denise H. , Lien Yunn-Wen , Gattis Merideth
Published: January 2013

We present evidence that English- and Mandarin-speakers agree about how to map dimensions (e.g., size and clarity) to vertical space and that they do so in a directional way. We first developed visual stimuli for four dimensions—size, clarity, complexity, and darkness—and in each case we varied the stimuli to express a range of the dimension (e.g., there were five total items expressing the range covering big, medium, and small). In our study, English- and Mandarin-speakers mapped these stimuli to an unlabelled vertical scale. Most people mapped dimensional endpoints in similar ways; using size as a standard, we found that the majority of participants mapped the clearest, most complex, and darkest items to the same end of the vertical scale as they mapped the biggest items. This indicates that all four dimensions have a weighted or unmarked end (i.e., all are directional or polar). The strong similarities in polarity across language groups contrasted with group differences on a lexical task, for which there was little cross-linguistic agreement about which comparative words to use to describe stimulus pairs (e.g., “bigger” vs. “smaller”). Thus, we found no evidence in this study that the perception of these dimensions is influenced by language.
Wavelet characterization of external magnetic sources as observed by CHAMP satellite: evidence for unmodelled signals in geomagnetic field models
Authors: Kunagu Praveen , Balasis Georgios , Lesur Vincent , Chandrasekhar E. , Papadimitriou C.
Published: January 2013

We apply continuous wavelet transform technique to the full decade (2001–2010) of CHAMP vector magnetic data from 55417 tracks, to search for evidences of external source field signatures that are either misunderstood or ignored in modern magnetic field models. We show that satellite magnetic time-series, after subtracting the main and lithospheric field contributions, exhibit several external source signals. Other than the diurnal, 27-day, and annual periodicities, we also have observed the 210-day periodicity, in the external magnetic field. Central to these observations is the local time dependency of 27-day variations, which suggests that the purely zonal source model, generally considered for the estimation of electromagnetic induction response is inadequate. We discuss the origin and characteristics of 210-day periodicity, although its geophysical significance needs to be fully ascertained. A better understanding of the external fields as seen at satellite altitude is a prerequisite for an optimum exploitation of Swarm multi-satellite mission, which is scheduled for launch in 2013.
Six closely related 4,6-disubstituted 2-amino-5-formylpyrimidines: different ring conformations, polarized electronic structures, and hydrogen-bonded assembly in zero, one, two and three dimensions
Authors: Acosta Lina M. , Yepes Andrés F. , Palma Alirio , Cobo Justo , Glidewell Christopher
Published: January 2013

In each of ethylN-{2-amino-5-formyl-6-[methyl(phenyl)amino]pyrimidin-4-yl}glycinate, C16H19N5O3, (I),N-{2-amino-5-formyl-6-[methyl(phenyl)amino]pyrimidin-4-yl}glycinamide, C14H16N6O2, (II), and ethyl 3-amino-N-{2-amino-5-formyl-6-[methyl(phenyl)amino]pyrimidin-4-yl}propionate, C17H21N5O3, (III), the pyrimidine ring is effectively planar, but in each of methylN-{2-amino-6-[benzyl(methyl)amino]-5-formylpyrimidin-4-yl}glycinate, C16H19N5O3, (IV), ethyl 3-amino-N-{2-amino-6-[benzyl(methyl)amino]-5-formylpyrimidin-4-yl}propionate, C18H23N5O3, (V), and ethyl 3-amino-N-[2-amino-5-formyl-6-(piperidin-4-yl)pyrimidin-4-yl]propionate, C15H23N5O3, (VI), the pyrimidine ring is folded into a boat conformation. The bond lengths in each of (I)–(VI) provide evidence for significant polarization of the electronic structure. The molecules of (I) are linked by paired N—H...N hydrogen bonds to form isolated dimeric aggregates, and those of (III) are linked by a combination of N—H...N and N—H...O hydrogen bonds into a chain of edge-fused rings. In the structure of (IV), molecules are linked into sheets by means of two hydrogen bonds, both of N—H...O type, in the structure of (V) by three hydrogen bonds, two of N—H...N type and one of C—H...O type, and in the structure of (VI) by four hydrogen bonds, all of N—H...O type. Molecules of (II) are linked into a three-dimensional framework structure by a combination of three N—H...O hydrogen bonds and one C—H...O hydrogen bond.
Schaurteite, Ca3Ge(SO4)2(OH)6·3H2O
Authors: Origlieri Marcus J. , Downs Robert T.
Published: January 2013

This report presents the first crystal structure determination of the mineral schaurteite, ideally Ca3Ge(SO4)2(OH)6·3H2O, tricalcium germanium bis(sulfate) hexahydroxide trihydrate. This single-crystal X-ray diffraction study investigated a natural sample from the type locality at Tsumeb, Namibia. Schaurteite is a member of the fleischerite group of minerals, which also includes fleischerite, despujolsite, and mallestigite. The structure of schaurteite consists of slabs of Ca(O,OH,H2O)8polyhedra (site symmetrymm2) interleaved with a mixed layer of Ge(OH)6octahedra (-3m.) and SO4tetrahedra (3m.). There are two H atoms in the asymmetric unit, both located by full-matrix refinement, and both forming O—H...O hydrogen bonds.
(7aR)-1-[(2R,5S,E)-6-Hydroxy-5,6-dimethylhept-3-en-2-yl]-7a-methylhexahydro-1H-inden-4(2H)-one
Authors: Rivadulla Marcos L. , Sene Massene , González María , Covelo Berta
Published: January 2013

The chiral title compound, C19H32O2, contains a [4.3.0]-bicyclic moiety in which the shared C—C bond presents atransconfiguration and a side chain in which the C=C double bond shows anEconformation. The conformations of five- and six-membered rings are envelope (with the bridgehead atom bearing the methyl substituent as the flap) and chair, respectively, with a dihedral angle of 4.08 (17)° between the idealized planes of the rings. In the crystal, the molecules are self-assembledviaclassical O—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming chains along [112]; these chains are linked by weak non-classical C—H...O hydrogen bonds, giving a two-dimensional supramolecular structure parallel to (010). The absolute configuration was established according to the configuration of the starting material.
4-Hydroxy-1-methyl-3-phenylquinolin-2(1H)-one
Authors: Kafka Stanislav , Pevec Andrej , Proisl Karel , Kimmel Roman , Košmrlj Janez
Published: January 2013

In the title compound, C16H13NO2, the quinoline system is approximately planar with a maximum deviation from the least-squares plane of 0.059 (1) Å for the N atom. The phenyl ring is rotated by 62.16 (4)° with respect to the plane of the quinoline system. In the crystal, O—H...O hydrogen bonds link molecules into infinite chains running along theb-axis direction.
3,5-Diphenyl-1,2,4-dithiazolium tetrabromidoferrate(III)
Authors: Shotonwa Ibukun O. , Boeré René T.
Published: January 2013

The cation of the title salt, (C14H10NS2)[FeBr4], contains a flat central NC2S2ring (r.m.s. deviation = 0.005 Å), with two attached phenyl rings that are almost coplanar [the dihedral angles between the mean planes are 2.4 (1) and 7.7 (1)° for the two phenyl rings]. The [FeBr4]−anion makes short Br...S contacts [Br...S = 3.4819 (8), 3.6327 (9) and 3.5925 (9) Å] and also bridges by way of short contacts to ring H atoms of a second cation held parallel to the first by π-stacking, with a separation between the mean 1,2,4-dithiazolium rings of 3.409 Å. The closest contacts are between a phenyl ring centroid of one cation and theipsoC atom of the phenyl ring of another cation, for which the distance is 3.489 Å. The discrete dimers are linked laterally by further Br...H short contacts, resulting in double sheets located parallel to thebaxis and to the bisector ofaandc.
meso-4,4′-Difluoro-2,2′-{[(3aR,7aS)-2,3,3a,4,5,6,7,7a-octahydro-1H-1,3-benzimidazole-1,3-diyl]bis(methylene)}diphenol
Authors: Rivera Augusto , Quiroga Diego , Ríos-Motta Jaime , Kučeraková Monika , Dušek Michal
Published: January 2013

In the crystal structure of the title compound, C21H24F2N2O2, there are two intramolecular O—H...N hydrogen bonds involving the N atoms of the imidazolidine ring and the hydroxy groups. The crystal studied was amesocompound obtained by the reaction of the aminal (2S,7R,11S,16R)-1,8,10,17-tetraazapentacyclo[8.8.1.18,17.02,7.011,16]cosane with 4-fluorophenol. The imidazolidine ring has a twisted conformation with a CH—CH—N—CH2torsion angle of 44.99 (14)° and, surprisingly, the lone pairs of the N atoms are disposed in asynisomerism, making the title compound an exception to the typical `rabbit-ear effect' in 1,2-diamines. In the crystal, molecules are linkedviaC—H...F hydrogen bonds, forming chains along thec-axis direction. These chains are linkedviaanother C—H...F hydrogen bond, forming a three-dimensional network.
(S)-2,2′-Dihydroxy-N,N′-(6-hydroxyhexane-1,5-diyl)dibenzamide
Authors: Wilbrand Sabine , Neis Christian , Hegetschweiler Kaspar
Published: January 2013

In the title compound, C20H24N2O5, the dihedral angle between the two roughly planar salicylamide fragments [r.m.s. deviations = 0.043 (2) and 0.149 (2) Å] is 25.50 (5)°. The molecular conformation is stabilized by intramolecular O—H...O hydrogen bonds involving phenol –OH groups and amide O atoms. Intermolecular hydroxymethyl–amide O—H...O and amine–hydroxymethyl N—H...O hydrogen bonds form infinite chains along thebaxis. These chains are further interlinked by amine–amide N—H...O and phenol–phenol O—H...O interactions, thus giving layers parallel to (001).
[(1R,3S)-2,2-Dichloro-3-(hydroxymethyl)cyclopropyl]methanol
Authors: Kailani Mohammed H.
Published: January 2013

The title compound, C5H8Cl2O2, represents amesoisomer crystallizing in a chiral space group with two molecules per asymmetric unit. The molecules form helical associates with a pitch of 6.31 Å along theaaxisviaO—H...O hydrogen bonds. The overall three-dimesional supramolecular architecture is stabilized by C—Cl...O halogen bonding, with a Cl...O separation of 3.139 (3) Å and a C—Cl...O angle of 162.5 (2)°.
MethylN-hydroxy-N-(2-methylphenyl)carbamate
Authors: Zhang Binbin , Wang Yifeng , Dong Kun , Xu Danqian
Published: January 2013

There are three independent molecules in the asymmetric unit of the title compound, C9H11NO3, which are connected by O—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming anR33(15) ring. The dihedral angles between the planes of the benzene and amide groups are 75.16 (3), 71.47 (3) and 70.56 (3)°. The hydroxy O atom lies 0.912 (3), 1.172 (2) and 1.339 (2) Å from the mean plane of the corresponding benzene ring in the three molecules.
EthylN-(2-benzoyl-3-oxo-3-phenylpropanoyl)carbamate
Authors: Akkurt Mehmet , Sarıoğlu Ahmet Oral , Sönmez Mehmet , Tahir Muhammad Nawaz
Published: January 2013

In the title compound, C19H17NO5, the dihedral angle between the phenyl groups is 79.55 (15)°. The terminal ethoxy group is disordered over two orientations in a 0.873 (6):0.127 (6) ratio. In the crystal, molecules are linked by N—H...O and C—H...O hydrogen bonds into [001] chains which incorporateR12(6) loops. A very weak C—H...π contact also occurs.
5-(2,5-Dioxooxolan-3-yl)-8-methyl-3,3a,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-naphtho[1,2-c]furan-1,3-dione
Authors: Guo Y. Z. , Liu J. G. , Yang S. Y.
Published: January 2013

In the title compound, C17H14O6, the dihedral angle between the two anhydride rings is 76.01 (8)°while the dihedral angles between the benzene and anhydride rings are 42.60 (7) and 68.94 (7)°. The cyclohexene ring of the tetrahydronaphthalene unit exhibits an envelope conformation.
Dimethyl 2-[(acridin-9-yl)methylidene]malonate
Authors: Almeida Sinara M. V. de , Pitta Ivan R. , Lima Maria do Carmo A. de , Mendonça Junior Francisco J. B. , Simone Carlos A. de
Published: January 2013

In the title compound, C19H15NO4, the acridine system is essentially planar (r.m.s. deviation = 0.015 Å). The crystal packing exhibits π–π interactions between pairs of centrosymmetric molecules, one of them between the central heterocyclic rings and others between the outer benzene rings of the acridine systems, with centroid–centroid distances of 3.692 (1) and 3.754 (1) Å, respectively. These pairs are further linked by additional π–π interactions along thea-axis direction through one of the two outer benzene ring of neighboring molecules, with a centroid–centroid distance of 3.642 (2) Å.
Hexaaquacobalt(II) 2,2′-[naphthalene-1,8-diylbis(oxy)]diacetate dihydrate
Authors: Shi Hui Fang , Wu Tao , Jiang Peng Gang , Hao Zhi , Zhang Miao Miao
Published: January 2013

In the title compound, [Co(H2O)6](C14H10O6)·2H2O, the 2,2′-[naphthalene-1,8-diylbis(oxy)]diacetate dianionLis not coordinated to the CoIIion. The asymmetric unit contains half of theLdianion, half of a [Co(H2O)6]2+cation (both molecules being completed by inversion symmetry), and one water molecule. The crystal packing features O—H...O hydrogen bonding between the carboxylate groups, the aqua ligands and the hydrate water molecules.
Bis{2-[(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)iminomethyl]pyrrol-1-ido}palladium(II)
Authors: Imhof Wolfgang
Published: January 2013

The title compound, [Pd(C14H15N2)2], is a square-planar palladium complex composed of two deprotonated pyrrole-2-carbaldimine ligands coordinating a central PdIIatom. In the crystal, three crystallographically independent complex molecules are observed, one of which is located in a general position, whereas the PdIIatoms of the other molecules are situated on crystallographic inversion centers. The aromatic substituents at the imine N atoms in the three molecules show dihedral angles of 87.6 (7)/83.64 (7), 74.3 (7) and 88.3 (7)° with respect to the corresponding PdN4plane.
N-(4,4′-Dibromo-[1,1′-biphenyl]-2-yl)benzamide
Authors: Novina J. Josephine , Vasuki G. , Baheti Abhishek , Thomas K. R. Justin
Published: January 2013

In the title compound, C19H13Br2NO, the dihedral angle between the rings of the biphenyl group is 53.59 (14)°. The ring of the benzamide group is inclined to the phenyl rings of the biphenyl group by 23.87 (15) and 75.89 (15)°. There are no significant intermolecular interactions in the crystal structure.
Prefabricated Metal Nanorods on Biaxially-Textured Templates on Flexible Substrates for REBCO Superconductors
Authors: Khatri Narayan , Majkic Goran , Wang Renjie , Sundaram Aarthi , Sambandam Senthil , Selvamanickam Venkat
Published: January 2013

As an alternative to the introduction of flux pinning centers in RE-Ba-Cu-O (REBCO, RE = rare earth) films by the self-assembly process, we have explored prefabrication of metal nanorods on biaxially-textured templates on flexible substrates followed by REBCO film deposition. This approach provides an opportunity to control nanorod features such as size, shape, density, and orientation, which are difficult to achieve using self-assembly of nanoscale defects during in-situ growth. Successful growth of various metal nanorods such as Ni and Co on biaxially-textured substrates has been accomplished using high-energy ion bombardment of polycarbonate films for template formation followed by metal electrodeposition and polycarbonate removal. Ni nanorods of length up to 2 μm, diameter as small as 10-20 nm, variable orientation and density as high as 5 × 1010/cm2have been grown successfully on biaxially textured templates on flexible metal substrates. In order to provide a suitable interface between the metal nanorods and the subsequently deposited REBCO film, a strontium titanate (SrTiO3) film was deposited to the nanorods by solution spin coating, which was also (200) textured on the substrate surface.
A Note on Voicing Alternation In The Tibetan Verbal System
Authors: Hill Nathan W.
Published: January 2013

A recent paper on the prehistory of the Tibetan verbal system by Guillaume Jacques (2012), in keeping with many previous authorities, presents Tibetan verbs as occurring in pairs, with a voiced intransitive and a voice‐alternating transitive member. However, as noticed by Uray, Tibetan verbs occur in triplets with no relationship between voicing and transitivity.
Demographic variables and fathers' involvement with their child with disabilities
Authors: Brągiel Józefa , Kaniok Przemysław E.
Published: January 2013

The main purpose of this study is to examine whether fathers' involvement with their child with disabilities is correlated with some of the demographic variables. Data were collected from 243 Polish fathers who were married and who had at least one child with disabilities. The issue was assessed by two measures: a Questionnaire and the Father Involvement Scale. The results of the multiple regression show that fathers' involvement is significantly (P < 0.05) correlated with the level of fathers' concentration on the needs of their child with disabilities, the level of fathers' cooperation with their wives, the number of years during which parents cared for a child with disabilities, time devoted by fathers daily for their child with disabilities, fathers' self‐esteem, fathers' education, the level of disability of a child, the level of fathers' skills in dealing with their child with disabilities and the level of fathers' knowledge about their child with disabilities.

A video abstract of this article can be viewed at: http://youtu.be/XpTojch0j9Y
Common laboratory tests predict imminent medical emergency team calls, intensive care unit admission or death in emergency department patients
Authors: Loekito Elsa , Bailey James , Bellomo Rinaldo , Hart Graeme K , Hegarty Colin , Davey Peter , Bain Christopher , Pilcher David , Schneider Hans
Published: January 2013

Objective

To estimate the ability of commonly measured laboratory variables to predict imminent (within the same or next calendar day) medical emergency team (MET) calls, ICU admission or death.

Methods

We performed a retrospective observational study of ED patients. We estimated the ability of each laboratory variable or combination of variables together with patient age to predict imminent MET calls, ICU admission or death. We externally validated our findings in patients from a different hospital.

Results

We studied 160 341 batches in 71 453 ED patients (average age: 59.9 ± 22.1 years) for a total of 1 million individual measurements. There were 341 MET calls, 160 ICU admissions from the wards and 858 deaths. Multivariable modelling achieved a receiver operating characteristic area under the curve (ROC‐AUC) of 0.69 (95% CI 0.63–0.74) for imminent MET call with prediction occurring a mean of 11.9 h before the call. Additionally, it achieved a ROC‐AUC of 0.82 (95% CI 0.73–0.87) for imminent ICU admission. Finally, it achieved a ROC‐AUC of 0.90 (95% CI 0.87–0.91) for imminent death. When tested using an additional 37 367 batches from a cohort of 21 430 ED patients from a second teaching hospital, the multivariate model achieved a ROC‐AUC of 0.70 (95% CI 0.66–0.73) for imminent MET call, a ROC‐AUC of 0.84 (95% CI 0.78–0.90) for imminent ICU admission. Finally, it achieved a ROC‐AUC of 0.89 (95% CI 0.86–0.91) for imminent death.

Conclusions

Commonly performed laboratory tests can help predict imminent MET calls, ICU admission or death in ED patients. Prospective investigations of the clinical utility of such predictions appear desirable.
Whole‐body computed tomography in the initial assessment of trauma patients: Is there optimal criteria for patient selection?
Authors: Hsiao Kai Hsun , Dinh Michael M , McNamara Kylie P , Bein Kendall J , Roncal Susan , Saade Charbel , Waugh Richard C , Chi Kee Fung
Published: January 2013

Objective

To describe the use of whole‐body computed tomography (WBCT) at this Major Trauma Centre; to determine independent predictors of multi‐region injury; and to evaluate the accuracy of the decision to perform WBCT in detecting multi‐region injury.

Methods

A prospective cohort study was performed at a single Major Trauma Centre in New South Wales, Australia. All adult patients who triggered trauma team activation and required an initial CT scan were studied. Primary outcome was the presence of multi‐region injury. Logistic regression with stepwise selection was used to derive a prediction model for the need for WBCT based on our primary outcome. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to compare the accuracy of the derived model and the clinical decision to perform WBCT.

Results

Six hundred and sixty patients were studied. WBCT scanning rate was 9.3% of all trauma activations. Of the patients who underwent WBCT, 31/98 (32.0%) had multi‐region injury compared with 31/562 (5.5%) who underwent selective CT scanning (P < 0.001). Predictors of multi‐region injuries were GCS <9 (OR 3.0, 95% CI 1.3–7.0, P = 0.01), full trauma activation (OR 2.9, 95% CI 1.5–5.3, P = 0.001), fall >5 m (OR 4.8, 95% CI 1.8–13.4, P = 0.003) and pedal cyclist (OR 3.0, 95% CI 1.2–7.5, P = 0.02). Area under ROC curve for the clinical decision to perform WBCT was 0.70 (95% CI 0.63–0.76) compared with 0.74 (95% CI 0.67–0.80) for the prediction model.

Conclusion

The decision to perform WBCT scans in trauma should be at the discretion of the treating clinician. Applying a prediction rule would increase the number of WBCT scans performed without improving overall accuracy.
‘Registrar in charge shifts’: Learning how to run a busy emergency department
Authors: Craig Simon , Dowling Jonathan
Published: January 2013

Objectives

In Australasia, emergency registrars usually gain experience ‘running’ an ED overnight – without supervision. This paper describes the introduction of FACEM‐supervised daytime ‘registrar in charge’ (RIC) shifts into a tertiary adult ED over a 6 month period.

Methods

Each registrar was allocated at least one RIC shift during their 13 week ED term. Structured questionnaires gathered data regarding the educational impact of the shifts, any adverse effects on departmental function, changes to work practices, and perceptions of teaching and learning. Data were analysed using thematic analysis.

Results

During the study period, 16 senior ED registrars were rostered for 26 RIC shifts. Questionnaires were completed by 16/16 registrars and 13/16 emergency physicians. The RIC shifts were viewed positively by the emergency registrars – 93% reported useful feedback, felt that the shifts provided a good insight into their workplace behaviour, and that they should be rolled out across other departments. FACEMs were also positive in their evaluation, and reported little negative impact on departmental function. Major themes identified by both registrars and emergency physicians included communication skills, knowledge and experience, delegation, professionalism and organisational skills. Additional themes that were more prominent in FACEM responses included multitasking, dealing with interruptions, managing patient flow and being aware of the whole department.

Conclusions

RIC shifts are a feasible and acceptable method to teach running the floor in the ED. Further study should assess impact on patient outcomes.
Head injury: Audit of a clinical guideline to justify head CT
Authors: Haydon Nicholas B
Published: January 2013

Introduction

Head injury causes significant morbidity and mortality, and there is contention about which patients to scan. The UK National Health Service Clinical Guideline (CG) 56 provides criteria for selecting patients with clinically important brain injury who may benefit from a head CT scan, while minimising the radiation and economic burden of scanning patients without significant injury. This study aims to audit the documentation of the use of these guidelines in a busy UK trauma hospital and discusses the comparison with an Australian (New South Wales (NSW) ) head injury guideline.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study of 480 patients presenting with head injury to the emergency department over 2 months was performed. The patient notes were assessed for documentation of each aspect of the clinical guidelines. Criteria were established to assess the utilisation of the CG 56. A database of clinical data was amalgamated with the head CT scan results for each patient.

Results

For the UK CG 56, 73% of the criteria were documented, with the least documented being ‘signs of basal skull fracture’ and ‘amnesia of events’. Thirty‐two per cent of patients received head CT and of these, 24% (37 patients) were reported to have pathology. Twenty‐four patients underwent head CT without clinical justification being documented, none of which had reported pathology on CT.

Conclusion

The study shows that the head injury guidelines are not being fully utilised at a major UK trauma hospital, resulting in 5% of patients being exposed to ionising radiation without apparent documented clinical justification. The NSW guideline has distinct differences to the CG 56, with a more complex algorithm and an absence of specific time frames for head CT completion. The results suggest a need for further education and awareness of head injury clinical guidelines.
DNAbarcode reference data for the Korean herpetofauna and their applications
Authors: Jeong Tae Jin , Jun Jumin , Han Sanghoon , Kim Hyun Tae , Oh Kyunghee , Kwak Myounghai
Published: January 2013

Recently, amphibians and reptiles have drawn attention because of declines in species and populations caused mainly by habitat loss, overexploitation and climate change. This study constructed a DNA barcode database for the Korean herpetofauna, including all the recorded amphibians and 68% of the recorded reptiles, to provide a useful, standardized tool for species identification in monitoring and management. A total of 103 individuals from 18 amphibian and 17 reptile species were used to generate barcode sequences using partial sequences of the mitochondrialcytochrome c oxidase subunit I(COI) gene and to compare it with other suggested barcode loci. Comparing 16SrRNA,cytochrome b(Cytb) andCOIfor amphibians and 12SrRNA,CytbandCOIfor reptiles, our results revealed thatCOIis better than the other markers in terms of a high level of sequence variation without length variation and moderate amplification success. Although theCOImarker had no clear barcoding gap because of the high level of intraspecific variation, all of the analysed individuals from the same species clustered together in a neighbour‐joining tree. High intraspecific variation suggests the possibility of cryptic species. Finally, using this database, confiscated snakes were identified asElaphe schrenckii, designated as endangered in Korea and a food contaminant was identified as the lizardTakydromus amurensis.
A 34KSNPgenotyping array forPopulus trichocarpa: Design, application to the study of natural populations and transferability to otherPopulusspecies
Authors: Geraldes A. , DiFazio S. P. , Slavov G. T. , Ranjan P. , Muchero W. , Hannemann J. , Gunter L. E. , Wymore A. M. , Grassa C. J. , Farzaneh N. , Porth I. , McKown A. D. , Skyba O. , Li E. , Fujita M. , Klápště J. , Martin J. , Schackwitz W. , Pennacchio C. , Rokhsar D. , Friedmann M. C. , Wasteneys G. O. , Guy R. D. , El‐Kassaby Y. A. , Mansfield S. D. , Cronk Q. C. B. , Ehlting J. , Douglas C. J. , Tuskan G. A.
Published: January 2013

Genetic mapping of quantitative traits requires genotypic data for large numbers of markers in many individuals. For such studies, the use of large single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping arrays still offers the most cost‐effective solution. Herein we report on the design and performance of aSNPgenotyping array forPopulus trichocarpa(black cottonwood). This genotyping array was designed withSNPs pre‐ascertained in 34 wild accessions covering most of the species latitudinal range. We adopted a candidate gene approach to the array design that resulted in the selection of 34 131SNPs, the majority of which are located in, or within 2 kb of, 3543 candidate genes. A subset of theSNPs on the array (539) was selected based on patterns of variation among theSNPdiscovery accessions. We show that more than 95% of the loci produce high quality genotypes and that the genotyping error rate for these is likely below 2%. We demonstrate that even among small numbers of samples (n = 10) from local populations over 84% of loci are polymorphic. We also tested the applicability of the array to other species in the genus and found that the number of polymorphic loci decreases rapidly with genetic distance, with the largest numbers detected in other species in section Tacamahaca. Finally, we provide evidence for the utility of the array to address evolutionary questions such as intraspecific studies of genetic differentiation, species assignment and the detection of natural hybrids.
Molecular identification of dipteran pests (Diptera: Sciaroidea) from shiitake mushroom
Authors: Shin Seunggwan , Jung Sunghoon , Lee Heungsik , Lee Seunghwan
Published: January 2013

On shiitake farms, mycophagous maggots can cause serious damage by preventing formation of the fruiting body. Recently, these pests have significantly reduced shiitake production in Korea. However, larvae and female adults cannot be identified due to their lack of morphological characteristics. Therefore, farmers and applied entomologists are unable to determine which species is the primary cause of the shiitake damage. In this study, mycophagous flies (colonized larvae) were collected from damaged shiitake farms and subsequently identified by matching identified males with the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) sequences from the larvae. Divergences of the COI sequences among the species discriminated the clusters clearly, and the mycophagous pests were identified as Camptomyia corticalis and C. heterobia. Interestingly, these two species coexisted under the bark of shiitake oak bed logs.
msap: a tool for the statistical analysis of methylation‐sensitive amplified polymorphism data
Authors: Pérez‐Figueroa A.
Published: January 2013

In this study msap, an R package which analyses methylation‐sensitive amplified polymorphism (MSAP or MS‐AFLP) data is presented. The program provides a deep analysis of epigenetic variation starting from a binary data matrix indicating the banding pattern between the isoesquizomeric endonucleases HpaII and MspI, with differential sensitivity to cytosine methylation. After comparing the restriction fragments, the program determines if each fragment is susceptible to methylation (representative of epigenetic variation) or if there is no evidence of methylation (representative of genetic variation). The package provides, in a user‐friendly command line interface, a pipeline of different analyses of the variation (genetic and epigenetic) among user‐defined groups of samples, as well as the classification of the methylation occurrences in those groups. Statistical testing provides support to the analyses. A comprehensive report of the analyses and several useful plots could help researchers to assess the epigenetic and genetic variation in their MSAP experiments.

msap is downloadable from CRAN (http://cran.r-project.org/) and its own webpage (http://msap.r-forge.R-project.org/). The package is intended to be easy to use even for those people unfamiliar with the R command line environment. Advanced users may take advantage of the available source code to adapt msap to more complex analyses.
Prasugrel Reduces Agonists′ Inducible Platelet Activation and Leukocyte–Platelet Interaction more efficiently than Clopidogrel
Authors: Gremmel Thomas , Eslam Roza Badr , Koppensteiner Renate , Lang Irene M. , Panzer Simon
Published: January 2013

Aims

The antiplatelet effects of clopidogrel and prasugrel have mainly been compared using different platelet reactivity tests. Further, data on the impact of both drugs on thrombin‐inducible platelet activation are scarce. We therefore investigated the influence of clopidogrel and prasugrel on different flow cytometric parameters of platelet activation as well as on platelet function assessed by leukocyte–platelet interaction.

Methods

Baseline, ADP and thrombin receptor‐activating peptide (TRAP)‐6 inducible P‐selectin expression, activation of glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa and monocyte–platelet aggregate (MPA) formation were determined by flow cytometry in 84 clopidogrel‐ and 21 prasugrel‐treated patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention with stent implantation.

Results

Baseline expressions of P‐selectin and activated GPIIb/IIIa did not differ significantly between clopidogrel‐ and prasugrel‐treated patients (both P > 0.2). After activation with ADP or TRAP‐6, patients with clopidogrel therapy exhibited significantly higher platelet surface expressions of P‐selectin and activated GPIIb/IIIa than prasugrel‐treated patients (all P ≤ 0.001). Further, high P‐selectin and high GPIIb/IIIa were significantly more frequent in clopidogrel‐treated patients than in patients on prasugrel therapy (all P = 0.01). Likewise, the formation of MPA without addition of agonists did not differ significantly between patients receiving clopidogrel and patients on prasugrel therapy (P = 0.2). After activation with ADP or TRAP‐6, clopidogrel‐treated patients showed a significantly more pronounced formation of MPA than patients‐receiving prasugrel (both P = 0.02).

Conclusions

Prasugrel reduces ADP and TRAP‐6 inducible platelet activation, and leukocyte–platelet interaction more efficiently than clopidogrel.
Age and Sex Effects on the Single‐ and Multiple‐Dose Safety and Pharmacokinetics of the New Renin Inhibitor ACT‐178882
Authors: Dingemanse Jasper , Nicolas Laurent
Published: January 2013

Aim

To investigate the effect of age and sex on the single‐ and multiple‐dose safety and pharmacokinetics of ACT‐178882, a new direct renin inhibitor.

Methods

In the single‐dose, open‐label part of the study, healthy young and elderly male and female subjects received a dose of 300 mg ACT‐178882. In the multiple‐dose, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled part of the study, healthy elderly male and female subjects received ACT‐178882 (300 or 600 mg) or placebo once‐a‐day for 14 days.

Results

Mild headache and diarrhea were the most common adverse events in the single‐ and multiple‐dose parts, respectively. The frequency of diarrhea increased dose dependently, and no placebo subjects reported this adverse event. Administration of ACT‐178882 did not result in any clinically relevant changes in ECG, vial signs, clinical laboratory, body weight, or physical examination. In the single‐dose part and independent of sex, values for Cmax and AUC0–∞ were about 85% higher in elderly compared with young subjects, and t1/2 was about 5 h longer (29.3 vs. 24.1 h). In both age groups, plasma ACT‐178882 concentrations were slightly higher in female versus male subjects. Following multiple‐dose administration to elderly subjects, accumulation of ACT‐178882 was moderate, about 1.8‐fold, t1/2 was unchanged as compared with single‐dose administration, sex effects were minimal, and the increase in the exposure with increasing dose appeared less than dose proportional.

Conclusion

Overall, single‐ and multiple‐dose administration of ACT‐178882 was well tolerated. No dose adaptation based on sex is necessary, whereas a dose reduction based on age could be considered.
Prioritizing conservation areas around multispecies bat colonies using spatial modeling
Authors: Rainho A. , Palmeirim J. M.
Published: January 2013

Bats and other vertebrates form large colonies concentrating key populations of multiple endangered species. Their foraging ranges are of critical importance for the colony but can be too vast to preserve in full extent. We evaluated an approach to prioritize areas within this range that conciliates the distinct needs of various species.

Our model colony was a large cave‐bat nursery harboring Rhinolophus mehelyi, Myotis myotis and Miniopterus schreibersii located in Southern Portugal. With radio‐tracking data of foraging bats and spatially explicit modeling, we generated habitat suitability maps for each species. Models incorporated both habitat variables and distance to the roost. The resulting maps were then used separately or in combinations to identify the areas with greatest multispecies conservation value.

The best results were obtained by combining individual suitabilities in a single value, weighting each species by its threat risk. Although the overall range of the colony was very extensive, this approach identified the areas that had most multispecies value; more than half of the foraging sites are included in the best 13% of the range, and adding the next best 12% includes almost all sites of the most threatened study species, R. mehelyi. The efficiency of the prioritization can be evaluated not only for the species ensemble, but also for individual species.

The concentration of most multispecies conservation value in a small area is partly due to the importance of distance to roost as a determinant of foraging habitat selection in all species, so this factor is essential in suitability models used for prioritization. This prioritization process successfully minimizes the amount of land required for protection, while maximizing the quality of the habitat to protect. Such prioritizations should spur the preservation of foraging areas of large multispecies colonies, thus improving the chances of survival of populations of great conservation value.
Protected areas and insect conservation: questioning the effectiveness ofNatura 2000 network for saproxylic beetles inItaly
Authors: D'Amen M. , Bombi P. , Campanaro A. , Zapponi L. , Bologna M. A. , Mason F.
Published: January 2013

Read the Commentaries on this Feature Paper:Institutional vertebratism hampers insect conservation generally; not just saproxylic beetle conservation;Knowledge gaps in protected area effectiveness

Response from the authors:Possible directions in the protection of the neglected invertebrate biodiversity
Aortic Surgery After Previous Procedure of Congenital Aortic Stenosis
Authors: Tirilomis Theodor , Coskun K. Oguz , Popov Aron‐Frederik , Ruschewski Wolfgang
Published: January 2013

Irrespective of previous procedure in congenital aortic stenosis, aortic surgery later in life may be indicated. The aim of the present study was the analysis of indications, risks, and outcomes of aortic surgery after previous aortic valve procedure. The data of patients who underwent aortic surgery after previous treatment of congenital aortic stenosis in a 10‐year period (from 2000 to 2009) were retrospectively analyzed. Thirty‐two patients (23 male and 9 female) underwent redo aortic surgery. The mean age at surgery was 13.5 ± 11.3 years. Seventeen patients had undergone initial aortic balloon valvuloplasty (BVP) and 15 patients open commissurotomy (COM). Nine cases had undergone the primary procedure at neonatal age and two patients had undergone cardiac surgery before the initial aortic valve procedure. Seven of the patients with previous COM (43.8%) had undergone concomitant surgery along with initial commissurotomy. A reintervention within the first year after the primary procedure was performed in seven patients (seven after BVP and none after COM; P < 0.05). The interval between the last intervention and the first redo aortic surgery was 7.5 ± 9.5 years (3.1 ± 3.5 years after BVP vs. 12.5 ± 11.7 years after COM; P < 0.05). A second redo surgery was performed in nine patients (four after initial BVP and five after COM). Congenital aortic stenosis is very often presented in combination with additional pathologies. These concomitant diseases along with the underlying disease give the indication for reoperation. Reinterventions are more often indicated after primary BVP. Long follow‐up in specialized centers is mandatory.
Pediatric Single‐Lumen Cannula Venovenous Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: A French Center Experience
Authors: Léger Pierre‐Louis , Guilbert Julia , Isambert Ségolène , Le Saché Nolwenn , Hallalel Fazia , Amblard Alain , Chevalier Jean‐Yves , Renolleau Sylvain
Published: January 2013

Single‐lumen cannula venovenous (VV) extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a special extracorporeal life support (ECLS) technique used for neonatal and pediatric refractory hypoxemia. This is an alternative flow rate ECLS that consists of successive clamping on the drainage and the injection lines. Currently, the Armand‐Trousseau's pediatric intensive care unit remains the only pediatric ECMO center proposing this partial assistance. This article details a technical note and a retrospective analysis of our experience in refractory hypoxemia. The retrospective study, from 2007 to 2011, included all pediatric and neonatal patients treated by single‐lumen cannula VV ECMO. The study was focused on pre‐ECMO patient characteristics and complications during ECMO course. During the last 5 years, 67 pediatric patients were assisted by this single‐lumen cannula VV ECMO. Sixty‐one patients (91%) were newborns. Thirty‐nine patients presented with meconium aspiration syndrome (58%), which was the most frequent etiology. Before cannulation, mean oxygenation index (OI) was 32 ± 11, alveolar‐arterial oxygen difference was 604 ± 47 mm Hg, and partial pressure arterial oxygen/fraction inspired oxygen ratio was 59.2 ± 35.8. Forty‐eight patients (72%) presented pulmonary hypertension, and 66 patients were treated by nitric oxide (98%). Fifty patients (75%) were treated by vasopressors or inotropic drugs. Average duration of ECMO was 13.2 ± 7.8 days. There were forty‐six survivors (69%). The worst prognosis was for respiratory syncytial virus pneumonia. Complications like acute renal injury and hematologic and transfusion acts were not so different than those observed in classical ECMO techniques. Nevertheless, 19 patients presented a stroke (28% of the overall population), but this high rate did not seem to be due to the ECLS technique used. Single‐lumen cannula VV ECMO is a partial and efficient ECMO support. Our experience shows that this technique is as efficient and less invasive than two cannulas ECMO. The single‐lumen cannula VV ECMO is a simple and safe ECLS support used for neonatal or pediatric refractory hypoxemia. Because this is a partial assistance, it is a promising ECLS support.
Myocardial Protection in Pediatric Cardiac Surgery
Authors: Turkoz Rıza
Published: January 2013

The combination of hypothermia and potassium cardioplegic arrest has become the most common method of myocardial protection in the evolution of myocardial protection. This review focuses on myocardial protection in pediatric cardiac surgery. In the 1980s, blood was added to cardioplegia solution in order to supply the myocardium with oxygen, nutrients, and for buffering purposes. Similar myocardial protection methods have been used in adult and pediatric groups for many years. However, the immature heart in the pediatric group differs in many ways from the mature hearts in adults. Low cardiac output is more often observed in pediatric patients. Most cardiac operations are performed under cardioplegic arrest in pediatric cardiac surgery. Today there are a lot of different types of cardioplegia solutions and methods used in pediatric cardiac surgery. Soon after normothermic perfusion was used in the adult cardiac surgery in the beginning of the 1990s, normothermic perfusion and cardioplegia began to be used in pediatric myocardial protection. Myocardial protection is more challenging in particular cases such as: (i) long and complex cases in which repetitive cardioplegia administration through the aortic root is difficult; (ii) newborn patients; and (iii) cases with preoperative damaged myocardium. If the mortality and morbidity rates of the centers in complex and long procedures are higher than the reported rates in literature, the myocardial protection method must be suspected and reorganized.
Low‐Output Is Not the Cause of Death of Neonatal Piglets Early After Cardiopulmonary Bypass
Authors: Tirilomis Theodor , Bensch Marc , Nolte Lars , Steinke Katja , Schoendube Friedrich A.
Published: January 2013

The mortality rate of neonatal piglets after heart surgery is high. Searching for a possible explanation for the death of neonatal piglets early after cardiopulmonary bypass, we analyzed hemodynamic parameters regarding survival and non‐survival. Initially, 10 neonatal piglets (younger than 7 days) were connected to cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). The mean body weight was 2.98 ± 0.44 kg. Exposure of the heart was performed through a median sternotomy. After connection to the CPB, the piglets were cooled to 32°C core temperature before the ascending aorta was cross‐clamped and the heart arrested (90 min). Thereafter, piglets were re‐warmed to 37°C and separated from CPB. During follow‐up, the piglets did not receive inotropic support or vasopressors. Piglets who survived at least 2 h after termination of CPB were included in the study for further data analysis (n = 9). Five piglets died 2.5 to 4.0 h (median: 3.5 h) after CPB; these piglets formed the non‐survivors group. Four animals survived the complete follow‐up of 6 h after CPB and formed the survivors group. Regarding contractility (dP/dtmax, dP/dtmax/P, and wall thickening) there were not statistically significant differences between the groups. Non‐survivors showed prolonged decrease of mean arterial pressure of more than 20% of baseline values, corresponding with a value of below 30 mm Hg. In conclusion, the death of neonatal piglets early after cardiopulmonary bypass was not determined by low output.
Reduction of Driveline Infections Through Doubled Driveline Tunneling of Left Ventricular Assist Devices
Authors: Fleissner Felix , Avsar Murat , Malehsa Doris , Strueber Martin , Haverich Axel , Schmitto Jan D.
Published: January 2013

The durability of ventricular assist device (VAD) therapy improved steadily over the past years. However, driveline infections remain a challenge. To test whether an improved surgical implantation technique may lower the incidence of infections, we analyzed all patients receiving a VAD implantation in the years 2008 and 2009 (group 1) and compared them with all patients who received a VAD in 2011 (group 2) after we changed our implantation method. The new technique involves tunneling of the driveline into the fascia of the musculus rectus abdominis, resulting in a longer, intrafascial run to achieve a better resistance against ascending infections. We retrospectively analyzed 40 patients in group 1 and 41 patients in group 2. One year after implantation, the infection rate was markedly reduced (22.5% [n = 9] group 1 vs. 4.9% [n = 2] group 2, P < 0.001) by the new implantation method. There was, however, no significant improvement in overall mortality. The Cox regression model identified the implantation method as an independent risk factor for 1 year after implantation driveline infection (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the new tunneling technique marks a great leap forward in long‐term VAD treatment. However, overall mortality remains high and needs further improvement.