bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recent Developments in WTO Jurisprudence: Has the Appellate Body Resolved the Issue of an Appropriate Standard of Review in SPS Cases?
Authors: Epps Tracey
Published: August 2013

A critical issue in World Trade Organization (WTO) dispute settlement is what standard of review dispute panels ought to apply to questions of fact when assessing the consistency of a country’s measures with trade rules. This question has arisen most acutely in the context of the SPS Agreement which requires countries to ensure that any SPS measure not based on international standards is not maintained without scientific evidence and is based on a risk assessment. This article explores how WTO dispute panels and the Appellate Body can strike a balance between a standard of review that, on the one hand, affords countries a degree of deference or flexibility and, on the other, ensures that they do not have open rein to justify any trade-restrictive measure on health-related grounds. Looking at recent cases, it finds that the Appellate Body has moved towards a balanced approach that requires panels to undertake a primarily procedural review and scrutinize the method by which the member reaches the decision in question, rather than focusing on the outcome of the decision.
Why Compare? Comments on Kevin Jon Heller and Markus D Dubber’s The Handbook of Comparative Criminal Law
Authors: Zaibert Leo
Published: August 2013

In this review essay, I welcome the publication of this much-needed Handbook. Comparative criminal law has not received, in the anglophone traditions, the attention that it deserves, and this Handbook is an important corrective. But I also take the opportunity to discuss some dangers inherent in any comparativist enterprise, and suggest that some of these dangers are present in the editor approach to comparative criminal law.
Bilateral subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation for refractory total body dystonia secondary to metabolic autopallidotomy in a 4-year-old boy with infantile methylmalonic acidemia
Authors: Chakraborti Santo , Hasegawa Harutomo , Lumsden Daniel E. , Ali Wisam , Kaminska Margaret , Lin Jean-Pierre , Ashkan Keyoumars
Published: August 2013

The methylmalonic acidemias (MMAs) are a group of inborn errors of metabolism resulting in the accumulation of methylmalonic acid in body tissues and fluids. A recognized complication of MMA is bilateral liquefaction of the globus pallidi, resulting in a fulminant total body dystonia of childhood often refractory to medical treatment. This case of total body dystonia due to MMA in a 4-year-old boy had been medically refractory for 15 months. Complete metabolic destructive liquefaction of the pallidi, that is, autopallidotomy, necessitated an alternative, bilateral subthalamic nucleus (STN) target for deep brain stimulation (DBS) with a marked improvement in dystonia and reduction in pain. The case illustrates the efficacy of STN DBS in this condition and the technical challenges in targeting the STN in a small child.
Medulloblastoma invading the transverse sinus
Authors: Nadi Mustafa , Khezri Navid , Ahmad Tahani , Ellis Michael , Bouffet Eric , Rutka James T. , Taylor Michael D.
Published: August 2013

Medulloblastoma is a highly malignant brain tumor of childhood. Although craniospinal dissemination within the subarachnoid space is common, invasion of the dural sinuses is rare. Here, the authors report on a 15-year-old girl who presented with a right cerebellar mass, obstructive hydrocephalus, and radiographic evidence of tumor invasion into the right transverse–sigmoid sinus junction. The patient underwent posterior fossa craniotomy, gross-total resection of the intraparenchymal component of the right cerebellar tumor, and coagulation of the tumor invading the transverse sinus. After pathological confirmation of anaplastic medulloblastoma, the patient underwent craniospinal radiation therapy and high-dose chemotherapy. At 2 years posttreatment, the child was neurologically intact with no radiographic evidence of residual disease or recurrence. The implications for disease prognosis and management are discussed.
The use of cooled saline during bone drilling to reduce the incidence of upper-limb palsy after cervical laminoplasty
Authors: Takenaka Shota , Hosono Noboru , Mukai Yoshihiro , Miwa Toshitada , Fuji Takeshi
Published: August 2013

Object

No previous hypothesis has attempted to fully account for the occurrence of upper-limb palsy (ULP) after cervical laminoplasty. The authors propose that friction-generated heat from a high-speed drill may cause thermal injury to the nerve roots close to the drilled bone, which may then lead to ULP. The authors investigated the effect of cooling the saline used for irrigation during the drilling on the incidence of upper-limb (C-5) palsy following cervical laminoplasty.

Methods

The irrigation saline for drilling was used at room temperature (RT, average temperature of 25.6°C) in operations of 79 patients (the RT group) and cooled to an average of 12.1°C in operations of 80 patients (the low-temperature [LT] group). The authors used a hand-held dynamometer to precisely assess muscle strength presurgery and 2 weeks postsurgery.

Results

There was a 7.6% and 1.9% decrease in the strength of the deltoid muscle, a 10.1% and 4.4% decrease in the strength of the biceps brachii, a 1.3% and 0.6% decrease in the strength of the triceps brachii, and a 7.6% and 3.1% decrease in grip strength in the RT and LT groups, respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed that a significant predictor for decreased deltoid muscle strength was the use of irrigation saline at RT.

Conclusions

Using cooled irrigation saline during bone drilling significantly decreased the incidence of ULP and can thus be recommended as a simple method for the prevention of ULP.
Er3+/Ho3+-Codoped Fluorotellurite Glasses for 2.7 µm Fiber Laser Materials
Authors: Ma Yaoyao , Huang Feifei , Hu Lili , Zhang Junjie
Published: August 2013

This work reports the enhanced emission at 2.7 µm in Er3+/Ho3+-codoped fluorotellurite glass upon a conventional 980 nm laser diode. The significantly reduced green upconversion and 1.5 µm emission intensity in Er3+/Ho3+-codoped samples are observed. The results suggest that the Er3+: 4I13/2 state can be efficiently depopulated via energy transfer from Er3+ to Ho3+ and the detailed energy transfer mechanisms are discussed qualitatively. The energy transfer efficiency from Er3+: 4I13/2 to Ho3+: 5I7 is calculated to be as high as 67.33%. The calculated emission cross-section in Er3+/Ho3+-codoped fluorotellurite glass is 1.82 × 10−20 cm2. This suggests that Er3+/Ho3+-codoped fluorotellurite glass is a potential material for 2.7 µm fiber laser.
Rural-Urban Transition in Central Java: Population and Economic Structural Changes Based on Cluster Analysis
Authors: Handayani Wiwandari
Published: August 2013

In Central Java, in addition to the traditional view of urban transition as an aspect of urban industrialization, rural industrialization based on small- to medium-sized enterprises has become a concern, at least since the Indonesian economic crisis in 1997. Combinations of typical urban and rural activities have resulted in certain features of rural-urban transition as the urban population has continued to increase notably. The intention of this paper is to examine how rural-urban transition characterizes the industrialization of Central Java. Multivariate cluster analysis is applied to create a typology, with the district as the unit of analysis, to better understand the transition phenomenon in terms of the population and economic structure. The cluster solution shows that rural-urban transition occurs on at least two different paths. The first path could be described as industrialization from above, in which the transition takes place as a part of the urban growth process. The second path could be described as industrialization from below, in which rapid industrialization occurs far from the highest hierarchy of the urban center.
Formaldehyde—A Key Monad of the Biomolecular System
Authors: Noe Christian , Freissmuth Jerome , Richter Peter , Miculka Christian , Lachmann Bodo , Eppacher Simon
Published: August 2013

Experiments will be presented and reviewed to support the hypothesis that the intrinsic reactivity of formaldehyde may lead to the formation of a rather comprehensive set of defined biomolecules, including D-glucose, thus fostering concepts of evolution considering the existence of a premetabolic system as a primordial step in the generation of life.
Study of the Effect of Nanoparticles and Surface Morphology on Reverse Osmosis and Nanofiltration Membrane Productivity
Authors: Fang Yuming , Duranceau Steven
Published: August 2013

To evaluate the significance of reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) surface morphology on membrane performance, productivity experiments were conducted using flat-sheet membranes and three different nanoparticles, which included SiO2, TiO2 and CeO2. In this study, the productivity rate was markedly influenced by membrane surface morphology. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis of membrane surfaces revealed that the higher productivity decline rates associated with polyamide RO membranes as compared to that of a cellulose acetate NF membrane was due to the inherent ridge-and-valley morphology of the active layer. The unique polyamide active layer morphology was directly related to the surface roughness, and was found to contribute to particle accumulation in the valleys causing a higher flux decline than in smoother membranes. Extended RO productivity experiments using laboratory grade water and diluted pretreated seawater were conducted to compare the effect that different nanoparticles had on membrane active layers. Membrane flux decline was not affected by particle type when the feed water was laboratory grade water. On the other hand, membrane productivity was affected by particle type when pretreated diluted seawater served as feed water. It was found that CeO2 addition resulted in the least observable flux decline, followed by SiO2 and TiO2. A productivity simulation was conducted by fitting the monitored flux data into a cake growth rate model, where the model was modified using a finite difference method to incorporate surface thickness variation into the analysis. The ratio of cake growth term (k1) and particle back diffusion term (k2) was compared in between different RO and NF membranes. Results indicated that k2 was less significant for surfaces that exhibited a higher roughness. It was concluded that the valley areas of thin-film membrane surfaces have the ability to capture particles, limiting particle back diffusion.
Click Chemistry in Peptide-Based Drug Design
Authors: Li Huiyuan , Aneja Rachna , Chaiken Irwin
Published: August 2013

Click chemistry is an efficient and chemoselective synthetic method for coupling molecular fragments under mild reaction conditions. Since the advent in 2001 of methods to improve stereochemical conservation, the click chemistry approach has been broadly used to construct diverse chemotypes in both chemical and biological fields. In this review, we discuss the application of click chemistry in peptide-based drug design. We highlight how triazoles formed by click reactions have been used for mimicking peptide and disulfide bonds, building secondary structural components of peptides, linking functional groups together, and bioconjugation. The progress made in this field opens the way for synthetic approaches to convert peptides with promising functional leads into structure-minimized and more stable forms.
ADIBO-Based “Click” Chemistry for Diagnostic Peptide Micro-Array Fabrication: Physicochemical and Assay Characteristics
Authors: Prim Denis , Rebeaud Fabien , Cosandey Vincent , Marti Roger , Passeraub Philippe , Pfeifer Marc
Published: August 2013

Several azide-derivatized and fluorescently-labeled peptides were immobilized on azadibenzocyclooctyne (ADIBO)-activated slide surfaces via a strain-promoted alkyne-azide cycloaddition (SPAAC) reaction revealing excellent immobilization kinetics, good spot homogeneities and reproducible fluorescence signal intensities. A myc-peptide micro-array immunoassay showed an antibody limit-of-detection (LOD) superior to a microtiter plate-based ELISA. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) and dextran covalently attached via “click” chemistry more efficiently reduced non-specific binding (NSB) of fluorescently-labeled IgG to the microarray surface in comparison to immobilized hexanoic acid and various types of polyethylene glycol (PEG) derivatives. Confirmation of these findings via further studies with other proteins and serum components could open up new possibilities for human sample and microarray platform-based molecular diagnostic tests.
New Transfection Agents Based on Liposomes Containing Biosurfactant MEL-A
Authors: Nakanishi Mamoru , Inoh Yoshikazu , Furuno Tadahide
Published: August 2013

Nano vectors are useful tools to deliver foreign DNAs, oligonucleotides, and small interfering double-stranded RNAs (siRNAs) into mammalian cells with gene transfection and gene regulation. In such experiments we have found the liposomes with a biosurfacant mannosylerythriol lipid (MEL-A) are useful because of their high transfer efficiency, and their unique mechanism to transfer genes to target cells with the lowest toxicity. In the present review we will describe our current work, which may contribute to the great advance of gene transfer to target cells and gene regulations. For more than two decades, the liposome technologies have changed dramatically and various methods have been proposed in the fields of biochemistry, cell biology, biotechnology, and so on. In addition, they were towards to pharmaceutics and clinical applications. The liposome technologies were expected to use gene therapy, however, they have not reached a requested goal as of yet. In the present paper we would like to present an approach using a biosurfactant, MEL-A, which is a surface-active compound produced by microorganisms growing on water-insoluble substrates and increases efficiency in gene transfection. The present work shows new transfection agents based on liposomes containing biosurfactant MEL-A.
Correction: Atzberger, C. Advances in Remote Sensing of Agriculture: Context Description, Existing Operational Monitoring Systems and Major Information Needs. Remote Sens. 2013, 5, 949–981
Authors: Atzberger Clement
Published: August 2013

The author mistakenly spelt Nadine Brisson as Nadine Gobron in the Acknowledgements of [1]. [...]
Light-Addressed Electrodeposition of Enzyme-Entrapped Chitosan Membranes for Multiplexed Enzyme-Based Bioassays Using a Digital Micromirror Device
Authors: Huang Shih-Hao , Wei Lu-Shiuan , Chu Hsiao-Tzu , Jiang Yeu-Long
Published: August 2013

This paper describes a light-addressed electrolytic system used to perform an electrodeposition of enzyme-entrapped chitosan membranes for multiplexed enzyme-based bioassays using a digital micromirror device (DMD). In this system, a patterned light illumination is projected onto a photoconductive substrate serving as a photo-cathode to electrolytically produce hydroxide ions, which leads to an increased pH gradient. The high pH generated at the cathode can cause a local gelation of chitosan through sol-gel transition. By controlling the illumination pattern on the DMD, a light-addressed electrodeposition of chitosan membranes with different shapes and sizes, as well as multiplexed micropatterning, was performed. The effect of the illumination time of the light pattern on the dimensional resolution of chitosan membrane formation was examined experimentally. Moreover, multiplexed enzyme-based bioassay of enzyme-entrapped chitosan membranes was also successfully demonstrated through the electrodeposition of the chitosan membranes with various shapes/sizes and entrapping different enzymes. As a model experiment, glucose and ethanol were simultaneously detected in a single detection chamber without cross-talk using shape-coded chitosan membranes entrapped with glucose oxidase (GOX), peroxidase (POD), and Amplex Red (AmR) or alcohol oxidase (AOX), POD, and AmR by using same fluorescence indicator (AmR).
Assessing Temporal Stability for Coarse Scale Satellite Moisture Validation in the Maqu Area, Tibet
Authors: Bhatti Haris , Rientjes Tom , Verhoef Wouter , Yaseen Muhammad
Published: August 2013

This study evaluates if the temporal stability concept is applicable to a time series of satellite soil moisture images so to extend the common procedure of satellite image validation. The area of study is the Maqu area, which is located in the northeastern part of the Tibetan plateau. The network serves validation purposes of coarse scale (25–50 km) satellite soil moisture products and comprises 20 stations with probes installed at depths of 5, 10, 20, 40, 80 cm. The study period is 2009. The temporal stability concept is applied to all five depths of the soil moisture measuring network and to a time series of satellite-based moisture products from the Advance Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR-E). The in-situ network is also assessed by Pearsons’s correlation analysis. Assessments by the temporal stability concept proved to be useful and results suggest that probe measurements at 10 cm depth best match to the satellite observations. The Mean Relative Difference plot for satellite pixels shows that a RMSM pixel can be identified but in our case this pixel does not overlay any in-situ station. Also, the RMSM pixel does not overlay any of the Representative Mean Soil Moisture (RMSM) stations of the five probe depths. Pearson’s correlation analysis on in-situ measurements suggests that moisture patterns over time are more persistent than over space. Since this study presents first results on the application of the temporal stability concept to a series of satellite images, we recommend further tests to become more conclusive on effectiveness to broaden the procedure of satellite validation.
Stressful Life Events Antedating Chronic Childhood Arthritis
Authors: Neufeld Kate M. , Karunanayake Chandima P. , Maenz Lynn Y. , Rosenberg Alan M.
Published: August 2013

Objective.

To investigate associations between antecedent stressful life events and occurrence of juvenile arthritis (JA).

Methods.

The study population comprised patients with JA referred to a pediatric rheumatology clinic between 1981 and 2010. A questionnaire, which was developed as a screening tool by the clinic, was completed at the first clinic visit by patients’ parents and, for comparison, by parents of unrelated age, sex, geographically, and temporally matched healthy controls. The entire questionnaire captured a broad array of clinical, demographic, psychosocial, and environmental data, including questions about stressful life events from 686 patients with JA and from 1042 controls.

Results.

Patients were more likely to have experienced a serious upset (OR 4.81; p < 0.0001), a currently ill family member (OR 2.29; p < 0.0001), separated parents (OR 1.96; p < 0.0001), or difficulties with interpersonal relationships (OR 2.54; p < 0.0001) prior to first clinic presentation compared to controls. Children with oligoarticular JA were more likely than controls to have experienced a serious upset (OR 3.46; p = 0.008), an ill family member (OR 3.79; CI 2.02, 7.11; p < 0.0001), or problems with interpersonal interactions (OR 3.32; p < 0.0001). Children with polyarticular JA were more likely to have experienced a serious upset (OR 5.68; p < 0.0001), separated parents (OR 2.66; p = 0.001), a deceased parent (OR 6.75, p = 0.017), or problems with interpersonal relationships (OR 2.39; p = 0.009). No significant differences were observed when comparing systemic JA patients to controls.

Conclusion.

Strong associations between stressful life events antedating the first clinic visit of patients with JA indicate that life event stresses should be identified and addressed when first encountering and managing children with JA.
High Doses of Infliximab in the Management of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Authors: Tambralli Ajay , Beukelman Timothy , Weiser Peter , Atkinson Thomas Prescott , Cron Randy Quentin , Stoll Matthew Laurence
Published: August 2013

Objective.

To review our experiences with high-dose infliximab (IFX) to treat juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). We routinely use high doses of IFX (10–20 mg/kg) in children with recalcitrant or highly active JIA. Although biologics have revolutionized treatment of JIA, many patients have active disease despite therapy. Studies have shown benefits of high-dose IFX in several conditions, including inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis, and idiopathic uveitis. The safety and effectiveness of high-dose IFX have not been evaluated in JIA.

Methods.

We performed a retrospective review of children with JIA who received IFX ≥ 10 mg/kg. We recorded all serious adverse events (SAE), medically important infections, and infusion reactions. We also recorded the physician global assessment of disease activity (MD global) and active joint count (AJC) at initiation of high-dose IFX and 3, 6, and 12 months thereafter.

Results.

Fifty-eight subjects received a total of 1064 infusions over 95 person-years. There were a total of 9 SAE (9.5/100 person-yrs), 7 of which were potentially related to therapy, and 6 infusion reactions (0.5%), none constituting anaphylaxis. Statistically significant improvements were observed in the AJC (median 0, range 0–31, vs 2, 0–39) and MD global (12, 2–31, vs 22, 5–80) over the first year.

Conclusion.

High-dose IFX appears safe in the management of JIA. Future prospective controlled studies are necessary to evaluate its safety and efficacy.
Comparison of Student Learning Among Three Teaching Methodologies in the Pediatric Clinical Setting
Authors: Kubin Laura , Fogg Niki , Wilson Cecilia Elaine , Wilson Jennifer
Published: August 2013

Facilitating effective clinical learning for pediatric nursing students is becoming increasingly challenging and limited in opportunities. Hospital leaders are concerned about the critical thinking and prioritization skills of new graduates and believe that inpatient clinical experiences are the only way to develop these skills. This study sought to compare the effectiveness of three different clinical teaching schedules in preparing nursing students to care for children and their families. Teaching methodology was randomly assigned to various amount of times in acute care inpatient settings. Student knowledge, clinical decision making, and student satisfaction and perception of learning were measured. No statistically significant differences among groups for either knowledge scores or clinical reasoning scores were noted. Student satisfaction results did not reveal differences among groups. Study findings will help educators to better plan clinical experiences and more effectively utilize an array of settings to optimize the clinical learning of pediatric nursing content. [
J Nurs Educ.
2013;52(9):501–508.]
Les formations en alternance : quels défis pour l’enseignement des langues de spécialité en Europe ?
Authors: Haramboure Françoise
Published: August 2013

Les formations en alternance ont connu un succès croissant au cours des dernières décennies en Europe. Leur mise en œuvre a entraîné une reconfiguration de l’apprentissage en termes d’espace et de temporalité. Dans un premier temps, j’étudierai les formes plurielles que prend l’alternance dans les formations courtes post-baccalauréat dans trois pays européens, la Roumanie, l’Allemagne et la France. Ensuite, j’analyserai les effets éventuels de cette reconfiguration temporelle et spatiale sur l’enseignement des langues de spécialité en m’appuyant sur les réponses à un questionnaire complété par des enseignants dans ces trois pays. Cette étude se situe dans le prolongement de mes travaux précédents sur les représentations des étudiants et des enseignants de langue de spécialité dans les formations en alternance, niveau IUT et BTS en France. Elle s’inscrit dans une perspective située de l’apprentissage des langues.
Considering cultural content in Language for Specific Purposes: Business Spanish curricula
Authors: Buendía Cambronero María
Published: August 2013

In the Spanish context of teaching languages for specific purposes, it seems a consensus has been reached on the fact that teaching a specialized language and teaching a language for specific purposes are two sides of the same coin. The first is a theoretical perspective on how language works in a specific environment. The second is a practical approach that provides learners with the necessary tools to manage communicative situations in a specific context with specific aims. Culture and other extra-linguistic features play a key role in the practical approach, when handling a range of specialized vocabulary and a thorough knowledge of syntax is not enough to achieve communicative goals.
Genre et « conscience éthique » en classe de langue : un « droit au savoir » pour l’anglais à visée professionnelle
Authors: Perry Véronique
Published: August 2013

Le genre (traduction de gender) entendu comme système de catégorisation des êtres et de reproduction du dualisme sexué (Sapir 1921 ; Lapaire & Rotgé 1991) n’est pas une problématique suffisamment prise en compte dans la formation enseignante en France (Perry 2009 & 2011). Pourtant, le Cadre Européen Commun de Référence pour les Langues (CECRL) recommande le développement d’un « savoir agir » intégrant des « stratégies discursives » adaptées à la langue-culture cible : comprendre le genre est un « droit au savoir » (Sudo 2007). On peut considérer comme un premier frein au développement plus large d’une « conscience éthique » l’absence d’information sur les stratégies de contournement (gender-neutral English) ou d’inclusion (gender-inclusive English) du genre en anglais. La (mé-)connaissance de ces aspects formels se répercute alors dans les jeux de rôle et les simulations proposées en classe pour l’utilisation de l’anglais en milieu professionnel, comme le montre l’analyse de productions orales filmées entre 2008 et 2012.
Production écrite autour de questions éthiques en langue de spécialité
Authors: Rémon Joséphine
Published: August 2013

Dans le cadre d’une interrogation sur la place de l’éthique dans l’apprentissage d’une langue de spécialité, nous nous penchons sur l’utilisation de questions éthiques en pratique de la langue, à la lumière de la notion de prise de risque langagière. Nous faisons l’hypothèse que l’utilisation de questions éthiquement vives lors d’activités de production langagière peut contribuer à cette prise de risque, elle-même synonyme d’engagement dans la tâche. Nous menons une étude de corpus qualitative de productions écrites provenant de séances avec des étudiants en Master Communication humanitaire et en Master Sciences de l’éducation. La prise de risque langagière apparaît à travers des marques énonciatives d’engagement dans la tâche telles que l’humour ou la modalité et à travers la complexité du propos des étudiants, malgré leurs moyens linguistiques limités.
Entre fermeture et perméabilité, analyse des contrôles d’accès des résidences sécurisées en France
Authors: Billard Gérald
Published: August 2013

Le déploiement d’un arsenal sécuritaire (grille, portail, digicode, caméra, etc.) est devenu depuis quelques années en France un élément central de nombreux produits mis sur le marché par les promoteurs immobiliers. Des travaux collectifs réalisés par Billard, Madoré (dir.), Chevalier, Raulin, Taburet et Vuaillat – dans le cadre d’un contrat de recherche financé par l’Institut National des Hautes Études de Sécurité (2008) – montrent à la fois la diffusion nationale de ces offres immobilières sécurisées et leur banalisation dans certaines régions (Ile de France, Couloir rhodanien, Midi-Pyrénées, Côte d’Azur). Dans ces conditions, il apparaît légitime de s’interroger sur la fragmentation urbaine induite par la multiplication des enclaves fermées. Entre production de frontières imperméables, barrières symboliques ou partielles, et pragmatisme des résidents, le gradient de fermeture oscille d’une opération résidentielle à l’autre, complexifiant indéniablement la vision d’un espace urbain de plus en plus carcéral.
« Être-noir » (Blackness) : une pratique collective à Salvador de Bahia. Faire de la sociologie urbaine après le « cultural turn »
Authors: Löw Martina
Published: August 2013

Chacune des villes du Brésil portent en elles des contributions singulières à la production d’une identité nationale, bien qu’elles n’échappent pas aux influences homogénéisantes de la globalisation. Cette co-construction d’une identité partagée n’empêche toutefois pas que se structurent distinctement les actes et les sensations des habitants des métropoles concernées, générant des pratiques collectives – mais spécifiques – d’interprétation de la réalité. À Salvador de Bahia, l’« être-noir » et l’« être-aussi-noir » constituent deux opérateurs d’une identité partagée. Ce notamment en raison du rôle spécifiquement échu à la ville de Salvador dans le cadre du projet national, à savoir celui d’un lieu-témoin de la mixité des origines. Ainsi la ville est-elle le théâtre d’une triple mise en scène : celle des pratiques typiques de formations identitaires des individus ; celle de la revendication d’une culture alimentaire ; celle de la promotion d’un urbanisme particulier. Toutes trois ouvrent, à Salvador, un champ du possible autre que celui ayant cours dans les autres métropoles brésiliennes.
Pour une géographie des espaces poreux. Polymorphie et polysémie des communautés fermées
Authors: Mager Christophe , Matthey Laurent
Published: August 2013

Cette huitième livraison d’Articulo - Journal of Urban Research – qui regroupe des communications issues du colloque titré « Les communautés fermées, entre innovation et fortification résidentielles » organisé en 2011 à l’initiative de la Fondation Braillard Architectes (Genève), de l’Institut de géographie de l’Université de Lausanne et de l’Institut des sciences de l’environnement de l’Université de Genève – construit une lecture délibérément paradoxale des espaces clos. Se pourrait-il que ceux-ci, à la fois réservés à l’entre-soi et enchâssés dans des enveloppes spatiales dont ils captent les ressources les plus à même de diminuer leur entropie, procèdent d’une logique appelant une théorie des porosités liminales ? Les six monographies rassemblées ici ont ainsi pour propos de travailler à une lecture des communautés fermées qui, tout en les soumettant à la critique, tendent à dépasser l’usuel rejet qu’elles inspirent pour mieux comprendre et discuter l’urbanité incertaine qui s’y dessine. Elles cherchent surtout à dessiner les voies possibles d’une réarticulation de ces espaces susceptibles de faire de la frontière un élément de porosité.
“Turning pumpkins into carriages”: sustainable urban development and the financialization of ‘green’ commercial real estate in France
Authors: Attuyer Katia , Guironnet Antoine , Halbert Ludovic
Published: August 2013

There is increasing pressure from political circles and citizens’ groups to ensure the production of urban built forms that can address both social and economic needs while respecting long-term environmental goals. This has resulted in new legislative and policy frameworks aimed at encouraging the adoption of sustainable development practices. This paper analyzes how professionals investing finance capital in commercial real estate properties in France are responding to such pressure. It raises the theoretical question of how sustainability goals may be internalized by investors in a context of financialization of urban production. Based on a qualitative analysis, the paper questions how property investors engage with the sustainability agenda and how this affects their organizational charts, business strategies, investment processes and day-to-day management of commercial real estate. The results show that FCIs have to internalize potentially contradictory objectives, i.e., countering the capital depreciation arising from new legislation by upgrading their portfolios and, at the same time, limiting their investments to maintain their profit margins. To achieve this, they both encourage their tenants to reduce energy consumption and adopt spatially selective ‘green’ investments that favor a limited number of ‘established’ markets at both intra and inter-urban levels.
Simulation of Flexural Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Beams under Impact Loading
Authors: Rouchette Arnaud , Zhang Wei Ping , Chen Hui
Published: August 2013

This paper focuses on the numerical simulation of the flexural behavior of reinforced concrete beams under impact loading by the LS-DYNA finite element code. An enhanced version of the Concrete Damage Model Release 3 (K&C) was used for the concrete materials and a Plastic Kinematic Model was adopted for steel reinforcement, both material models used parameters to cope with the effects of strain rate. The simulation also took the bond between concrete and steel bar into consideration, and its behavior model was based on high strain rate experimental results. The simulation of the mid span drop tests, both with and without bond consideration, were compared to experimental results to investigate the influence of bond consideration and the reliability of the overall simulation model. Compared with experimental results, the calculated mid-span deflections with the bond model agreed much better than those without the bond model, and a simplified formulation was drawn from the trend on deformation depending on the impact velocity.
Experimental Study on Behavior of RC Beam Strengthened with Ridged Aramid Fiber Plate Strip
Authors: Kim Seong Soo , Park Chan Hong
Published: August 2013

In this study, to evaluate the bending performance and the shear performance of Aramid Fiber Plate Strip with enhanced attachment, 8 specimens were made for experiment. Most flexural failure specimens showed AFPS rip-off failure or separation failure. In the shear failure specimens, the specimens showed a brittle failure in which the concrete compression edge was broken. Compared with the control beam, the maximum ultimate strength increased by 164~193% for the flexural failure specimen, and by 218~259% for the shear failure specimen. The ductility, however, decreased steeply in the shear-failure specimen as the amount of reinforcement grew.
Application of Strain Mode Difference in the Damaged Beam Damage Detection
Authors: Wang Yu , Wu Jia Quan , Ye Fei , Ma Kun
Published: August 2013

For the beam with certain degree, it was difficult to reflect by displacement modal and natural frequency. The present paper first derived nodal strain modal through its corresponding displacement modal, and then evaluates the strain modal, both prior and post damage, the difference between the strain mode was used as a criterion to assess the damage experienced, based on a simple beam element damage localization method. The formulated method had been demonstrated through ANSYS numerical modeling to be capable of effectively identifying the damage.
Theoretical Research on Two Improved Optimal Sensor Placement Methods
Authors: Liu Wei , Gao Wei Cheng , Li Hui
Published: August 2013

Optimal sensor placement technique plays a key role in structural health monitoring and structural vibration control. Based on the advantages and disadvantages of effective independence (EI) and modal kinetic energy (MKE) methods, two improved optimal sensor placement methods which are Effective Independence - Average Acceleration Amplitude (EI-AAA) method and Effective Independence - Modal Kinetic Energy (EI-MKE) method are proposed in this paper. Firstly the formulas are deduced from modal expansion of multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) displacement frequency response function matrix. Then a computational simulation of steel cross beam structure has been implemented to demonstrate the feasibility of the two improved methods above. The obtained optimal sensor locations using the two improved methods are compared with those gained by EI method and MKE method. Finally six classical comparison criteria are employed to demonstrate the advantage and disadvantage of these four methods. The results showed that some innovations proposed in this paper are effective and reliable. The two improved optimal sensor placement methods (EI-AAA method and EI-MKE method) can not only make the truncated mode shapes as linearly independent as possible but also enable the measured modal kinetic energy to maintain the maximum value.
Identification of Fracture Damage of the Space Truss Structure Based on the Combined Application of Wavelet Analysis and Strain Mode Method
Authors: Wang Qian , Liu Hui , Wang Qian
Published: August 2013

The space truss structure is difficult to avoid damage in service. There are so many nodes and bars in the structure that damage identification could not be achieved, if sensors are putted on all nodes to obtain response of the structure. Therefore, wavelet analysis method is proposed in the paper, which uses limited information of measuring points to measure acceleration response of the nodes. Damage of a bar will lead to the singularity of the acceleration high-frequency signals by wavelet transformation. According to singularity value, the range of influence of damaged structural bar is determined, then structural sub regions are divided and accelerators are distributed. The first step damage detection methods is identifying damaged bar occurrence region; the second step damage detection methods is locating damaged bar in the region using strain mode method. At last, taking the space truss structure as numerical example, it shows the method has the capability to detect the fracture damage of bars successfully.
Research of Vertical Prestressed Losses during Construction Process of PC Continuous Box Girder Bridge
Authors: Zhang Ke Chao , Chen Jian Zhang , Liu Hai Qiang , Zheng Yi
Published: August 2013

Based on a box girder bridge in an actual highway project, in-situ tests are carried out to understand the real stress state of vertical prestressed tendon. Researches of vertical prestressed losses during construction have been made in this paper. What is more, the regular pattern between the effective stress and time is proposed. Meanwhile, an efficient method which could control the prestressed losses is introduced. Eventually, it is aimed to conduct the construction of vertical prestressed tendons and improve the quality of tensioning. It also could provide a reference for design and quality control of vertical prestressed tendons in the similar type of bridges.
Deformation Monitoring and Evaluating Technology for Subgrade of Unballasted Track on Lan-Xin Passenger Dedicated Line
Authors: Su Qian , Zhang Wen Chao , Zhang Li Song , Zhang Jian
Published: August 2013

Lanzhou-Xinjiang passenger dedicated line is the first high speed railway on chinas northwestern Gobi where the temperature range is large and the wind is huge. Most road section of Lan-Xin passenger dedicated line is subgrade. This paper researches the ballastless track subgrade settlement observation scheme and assessment method on area where climatic conditions is harsh and geologic conditions is complex. The result shows that: the observation accuracy of subgrade settlement tests satisfies the requirement by using Layered settlement instrument, intelligent static force level and high-accuracy Hydraulic settlement instrument; Subgrade lies upon bedrock or Gobi soil with great bearing capacity in gale area, and distance between observation sections could be increased seemly. The space between observation sections generally should be less than 100m in areas where bedrock exposed, thick gravel soil distribute commonly; the distance between observation sections should be less than 50m in pre-mountain Alluvial-pluvial plain areas; hyperbolic method adapt the estimate of subgrade settlement on Gobi area, and the correlation coefficient is 0.97; Subgrade settlement deformation curve converges quickly and the settlement value after 40 days reaches 85% of ultimate settlement.
In Situ Monitoring Early-Age Properties of Concrete Retaining Wall by Fiber Bragg Grating Monitoring System
Authors: Zhang Guang Jun , Wang Li , Su Ying Zhi
Published: August 2013

In this paper, FBG temperature sensor and strain sensor have been used to monitor shrinkage and temperature of concrete retaining wall in construction site within its casting early age. As FBG senses both strain and temperature simultaneously, thermal shift of FBG strain senor is compensated by FBG temperature sensor. The test results indicate that this FBG monitoring system is feasible for monitoring concrete properties at its early age. The dual FBG monitoring technique applied in this research could be extended to monitor shrinkage and temperature for other concrete structures.
Nondestructive Testing and Static/Dynamic Loading Detection of a Diseased Fabricated Hollow Slab Bridge
Authors: Li Xiao Ke , Wang Zhi Hao , Yang Zhu Lin , Zhao Shun Bo
Published: August 2013

Combined with a repaired project, an old twin decks bridge by simply supported the fabricated prestressed concrete hollow slabs with 16m span was detected in-site. The two decks were built separately in 1987 and 1997 because of economic reasons and demands of traffic flow. The aim of test was to decide whether the bridge can be further used or should be strengthened to meet the demands according to the current design code. Firstly, the damaged and corroded situations of whole bridge were investigated. Then the nondestructive testing methods were adopted to detect the concrete strength and carbonation depth of slabs and piers. The static loading test was conducted to make sure the service behaviors such as crack and mid-span deflection of the whole bridge. Finally, whole bridge was detected by dynamic loading test. The results show that the bridge has enough flexural stiffness to prevent larger deflection and most of slabs are in good service performance. But attacked by the environmental factor such as acid rain, CO2 and winds erosion etc., part of slabs, all railings and sidewalk flats should be replaced. Based on service conditions, the suggestions are given to recover the strength and durability of the bridge. The conclusions would serve as a reference for similar engineering structures.
Monitoring Data Analysis of Piezometer in Xiao Langdi Sediment Tunnels
Authors: Wang Xiao Zhe , Kang Jing Fu , Sui Chu Ne , Xu Xiao Ping
Published: August 2013

Whether the leakage taking place is an important basis for the safety evaluation of the hydraulic tunnels that the concrete liner was pre-stressed with tendons. Based on the long-term monitoring data of piezometers in Xiao Langdi pre-stressed sediment tunnels over operation period, the influence factors on the monitoring data of piezometer and the development of measured water pressure were analyzed. The results show that the variation of water level in the tunnel has no impact on the monitoring data of piezometers when the sediment tunnels were in service state; The variation of piezometers monitoring data closely related to the seasonal variation,it increased in rainy season and returned to normal in the dry season. The main reason resulting in the increase of water pressure measured by piezometer is the arising of external water level in rainy season. No leakage phenomenon was observed in Xiao Langdi sediment tunnels over operation period. Based on the monitoring results a conclusion can be made that the design requirements of anti-cracking and anti-leakage were satisfied in Xiao Langdi sediment tunnels.
Concrete Damage Detection Based on Embedded Acoustic Emission Sensors
Authors: Sha Fei , Xu Dong Yu , Huang Shi Feng , Cheng Xin
Published: August 2013

A new kind of embedded acoustic emission (AE) sensor has been developed and it was made up of 1-3 cement-based piezoelectric composites. Compared with those sensors which were traditionally affixed to concrete structures, the embedded AE sensors could minimize the leakage of AE hits and improve the accuracy of data acquisition. The AE thresholds of the sensors are 45dB and they can perceive the position of source and crack extending areas in concrete. Because of the low operation cost, the admirable compatibility with concrete and the excellent durability, the sensors could be widely used in the monitoring of civil structure.
The Stability Research of Highway Bedded Rock Slope Based on the Stress Monitoring
Authors: Guo Yong Jian
Published: August 2013

Research on the problem to process the stability of bedded rock slope of monitoring, deformation monitoring were carried out difficulty .This paper carrying out the stress monitoring method to evaluate it. Use the strength reduction FEM to reach the slope failure location with different structure planes distance, and use the theory and project test of blot stress monitoring to verify. The result of the project test shows that the slope stress were tend to stability about 60 days after cut,the bolt maximum force value were 57.6 MPa,meet the requirement of reinforced design tensile strength,the test result shows that this slope tend to stability.
Time-Domain Analysis for Structure Dynamic Response Induced by Human
Authors: Wang Yi He , Yang Na
Published: August 2013

Structure vibration response induced by human has become an important problem which draws more attention. This paper is concerned with the calculation of human-induced vibration. Based on the summary and analysis of numerical integration technique, we choice one more suitable method to model the floor vibration submitted to human. According to the representative continuous walking load time history, large calculation was made. Through the analysis of floor vibration response and regular pattern, the research in this paper can provide references and suggestions on human-induced vibration problems in practical engineering.
Theoretical Calculation and Experimental Study on Sung Torque and Angle for the Injector Clamp Tightening Bolt of Engine
Authors: Xie Bang Hua , Fu Min Fu , Li Ai Min
Published: August 2013

This paper demonstrated the importance of bolt tightening in engineering application, and given the injector clamp tightening of engine model. We given the calculation method of snug torque and angle of torque-angle tightening of bolt, and this calculation method of bolt tightening has an important control function. In addition, the torque and angle Adjustment method was given. We introduced the Experimental Study. Finally, the injector clamp tightening bolt M8×1 of JX4D30X engine as an example, Examples proved that the results of theoretical calculation and experimental study uniform. These studies have not been involved in other papers.
Back Analysis on Deformation of Concrete Faced Rockfill Dam Based on Prototype Monitoring
Authors: Ji Shun Wen , Jiang Lei , Shi Qi Huan
Published: August 2013

Material properties, calculation models and parameters are the main factors affect the simulation results of concrete face rockfill dams. According to the Baixi project, a 3D numerical model was built including the concrete face, filled rock, rock foundation and peripheral joint. Then, based on the deformation monitoring data during the construction and water storage period, the Duncan E-B model parameters were back analyzed. Finally, the sedimentation of dams, stress and strain of concrete face was simulated, and the actual working performance of concrete face and filled rock was studied.
Research on Dam Deformation Analysis Model Considering Multi-Factors
Authors: Wen Hong Yan , Zhou Lv , Chen Guan Yu , Hu Ji Yuan , He Mei Lin
Published: August 2013

This paper introduced the stepwise regression analysis principle, grey correlation analysis and Kalman filter. Aiming at the situation of more impact factors on a certain dam deformation, a new algorithm for Kalman filter based on grey correlation analysis is given. It takes the horizontal deformation of a certain dam for example, through the grey correlation analysis to discuss the correlation degree of various impact factors and establish grey correlation Kalman filter model, and carry out comparison analysis of stepwise regression model. The results show that both two kinds of models have a better precision, but the grey relational Kalman filter presents higher synthesis accuracy and can provide more accurate prediction results.