bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Potential of Inactivated Bifidobacterium Strain in Attenuating Benzo(A)Pyrene Exposure-Induced Damage in Colon Epithelial Cells In Vitro
Authors: Xu Mengfan , Fu Lili , Zhang Junwen , Wang Tao , Fan Junfeng , Zhu Baoqing , Dziugan Piotr , Zhang Bolin , Zhao Hongfei
Published: February 2020

Long-term exposure to benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) poses a serious genotoxic threat to human beings. This in vitro study investigated the potential of inactivated Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BI-04 in alleviating the damage caused by BaP in colon epithelial cells. A concentration of BaP higher than 50 μM strongly inhibited the growth of colon epithelial cells. The colon epithelial cells were treated with 50 μM BaP in the presence or absence of inactivated strain BI-04 (~5 × 108 CFU/mL). The BaP-induced apoptosis of the colon epithelial cells was retarded in the presence of B. lactis BI-04 through activation of the PI3K/ AKT signaling pathway, and p53 gene expression was decreased. The presence of the BI-04 strain reduced the intracellular oxidative stress and DNA damage incurred in the colon epithelial cells by BaP treatment due to the enhanced expression of antioxidant enzymes and metabolism-related enzymes (CYP1A1). The data from comet assay, qRT-PCR, and western blot analysis showed that the cytotoxic effects of BaP on colon epithelial cells were largely alleviated because the bifidobacterial strain could bind to this carcinogenic compound. The in vitro study highlights that the consumption of commercial probiotic strain BI-04 might be a promising strategy to mitigate BaP cytotoxicity.
Use of Botulinum Toxin in Orofacial Clinical Practice
Authors: Serrera-Figallo Maria-Angeles , Ruiz-de-León-Hernández Gonzalo , Torres-Lagares Daniel , Castro-Araya Alejandra , Torres-Ferrerosa Omar , Hernández-Pacheco Esther , Gutierrez-Perez Jose-Luis
Published: February 2020

Introduction: Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) is a potent biological toxin and powerful therapeutic tool for a growing number of clinical orofacial applications. BoNT relaxes striated muscle by inhibiting acetylcholine’s release from presynaptic nerve terminals, blocking the neuromuscular junction. It also has an antinociceptive effect on sensory nerve endings, where BoNT and acetylcholine are transported axonally to the central nervous system. In dentistry, controlled clinical trials have demonstrated BoNT’s efficiency in pathologies such as bruxism, facial paralysis, temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders, neuropathic pain, sialorrhea, dystonia and more. Aim: This study’s aim was to conduct a systematic literature review to assess the most recent high-level clinical evidence for BoNT’s efficacy and for various protocols (the toxin used, dilution, dosage and infiltration sites) used in several orofacial pathologies. Materials and methods: We systematically searched the MedLine database for research papers published from 2014 to 2019 with randomly allocated studies on humans. The search included the following pathologies: bruxism, dislocation of the TMJ, orofacial dystonia, myofascial pain, salivary gland disease, orofacial spasm, facial paralysis, sialorrhea, Frey syndrome and trigeminal neuralgia. Results: We found 228 articles, of which only 20 met the inclusion criteria: bruxism (four articles), orofacial dystonia (two articles), myofascial pain (one article), salivary gland disease (one article), orofacial spasm (two articles), facial paralysis (three articles), sialorrhea (four articles) or trigeminal neuralgia (three articles). Discussion: The clinical trials assessed showed variations in the dosage, application sites and musculature treated. Thus, applying BoNT can reduce symptoms related to motor muscular activity in the studied pathologies efficiently enough to satisfy patients. We did not identify the onset of any important side effects in the literature reviewed. We conclude that treatment with BoNT seems a safe and effective treatment for the reviewed pathologies.
Changes in the Transmission Dynamic of Chikungunya Virus in Southeastern Senegal
Authors: Sow Abdourahmane , Nikolay Birgit , Faye Oumar , Cauchemez Simon , Cano Jorge , Diallo Mawlouth , Faye Ousmane , Sadio Bakary , Ndiaye Oumar , Weaver Scott C. , Dia Anta T. , Sall Amadou Alpha , Malvy Denis
Published: February 2020

In Senegal, chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is maintained in a sylvatic cycle and causes sporadic cases or small outbreaks in rural areas. However, little is known about the influence of the environment on its transmission. To address the question, 120 villages were randomly selected in the Kedougou region of southeastern Senegal. In each selected village, 10 persons by randomly selected household were sampled and tested for specific anti-CHIKV IgG antibodies by ELISA. We investigated the association of CHIKV seroprevalence with environmental variables using logistic regression analysis and the spatial correlation of village seroprevalence based on semivariogram analysis. Fifty-four percent (51%–57%) of individuals sampled during the survey tested positive for CHIKV-specific IgG. CHIKV seroprevalence was significantly higher in populations living close to forested areas (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Odds Ratio (OR) = 1.90 (1.42–2.57)), and was negatively associated with population density (OR = 0.76 (0.69–0.84)). In contrast, in gold mining sites where population density was >400 people per km2, seroprevalence peaked significantly among adults (46% (27%–67%)) compared to all other individuals (20% (12%–31%)). However, traditional gold mining activities significantly modify the transmission dynamic of CHIKV, leading to a potential increase of the risk of human exposition in the region.
The Action Mechanism of Rotor–Stator Interaction on Hydraulic and Hydroacoustic Characteristics of a Jet Centrifugal Pump Impeller and Performance Improvement
Authors: Guo Rong , Li Rennian , Zhang Renhui , Han Wei
Published: February 2020

The aim of this study was to investigate the action mechanism of the rotor–stator interaction (RSI) on the transient flow field and hydrodynamic noise field inside the impeller of jet centrifugal pumps (JCPs) and optimize effects of the guide vane on the hydraulic and hydroacoustic characteristics of the impeller. The numerical method of CFD (computational fluid dynamics) coupled with CFA (computational fluid acoustics) was used to analyze the correlation between the guide vane and the flow/sound performances of the impeller. The orthogonal test method, with the hydroacoustic performance of the impeller taken as the objective, was used to optimize the structural parameters of the guide vane for the stability of the hydraulic performance of the JCP. The results show that the RSI leads to a significant increase in the hydroacoustic level of the impeller, but it is indispensable for improving the hydraulic performance of the pump. The RSI effect on the fluctuation intensity of the transient flow field inside the impeller is much more sensitive than the time-average, and the fluctuation intensity of the flow field is positively correlated with the vortex intensity inside the impeller. When the impeller geometry is constant, the evolution processes of the flow field inside the impeller are mainly related to the blade number of the guide vane; when the number of guide vanes is given, the RSI effect on the hydroacoustic characteristic of the impeller is characterized by a positive correlation between the total sound pressure level (SPL) and the fluctuation intensity of the flow field. The frequency spectrum characteristics of the hydroacoustic SPL of the impeller are not consistent with the pressure fluctuation characteristics inside the impeller. The pressure fluctuation characteristics are related not only to the blade number and speed of the impeller but also to its wake characteristics determined by the guide vane. The optimization scheme for the stable hydraulic performance of the JCP significantly reduced the total SPL of the impeller compared with the original scheme, which verifies the feasibility of using the weight matrix optimization method to obtain the global optimization scheme.
Improved Planning of Energy Recovery in Water Systems Using a New Analytic Approach to PAT Performance Curves
Authors: Pérez-Sánchez Modesto , Sánchez-Romero Francisco Javier , Ramos Helena M. , López-Jiménez P. Amparo
Published: February 2020

The use of pumps working as turbines (PATs) to improve the energy efficiency of water networks has been studied in the last years. This recovery system is justified due to a low investment contrasting with the capacity to take advantage in certain points with low and medium recoverable heads. Analyses of water systems using simulation software and/or optimization algorithms need the characteristic curves (head and efficiency) of the machines, which should be known with minor error by the water managers. The knowledge of the best efficiency point (BEP) as a turbine is one of the major limitations when the user wants to choose PATs. In this sense, the present research defines new approach equations to estimate the BEP of the PAT, as well as to predict the characteristic curves, comparing the results with the rest of the published methods. The comparison demonstrated that the new proposal reduced the error indexes, improved the R2 and increased the accuracy of the error ellipse using an experimental database of 181 different PATs.
Drought Trends in Balochistan
Authors: Naz Falak , Dars Ghulam Hussain , Ansari Kamran , Jamro Shoaib , Krakauer Nir Y.
Published: February 2020

Drought is a severe threat, especially in the arid regions of Pakistan, such as the Balochistan Province. The aim of this study is to analyze drought trends in Balochistan using Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) at the 3-month accumulation timescale. The monthly rainfall data of 10 stations were collected from the Pakistan Meteorological Department (PMD) for 37 years (1980–2017). Drought trends were analyzed at each station using the Mann-Kendall test. The SPI identified extreme drought events in 1996, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2009, and 2014. Barkhan was the station that most frequently experienced extreme to severe drought events, as defined using SPI. A statistically significant decreasing precipitation trend was found in four stations (Dalbandin, Jiwani, Quetta, and Zhob). The analysis of drought characteristics showed Barkhan faced the most prolonged drought, of 22 months from 1999 to 2001. The findings from the present study can give guidance on how strategies of water management should be adjusted based on the changing patterns of droughts in the Balochistan Province.
Mapping of Groundwater Potential Zones in Crystalline Terrain Using Remote Sensing, GIS Techniques, and Multicriteria Data Analysis (Case of the Ighrem Region, Western Anti-Atlas, Morocco)
Authors: Benjmel Khalid , Amraoui Fouad , Boutaleb Said , Ouchchen Mohammed , Tahiri Amine , Touab Amine
Published: February 2020

This research work is intended as a contribution to the development of a multicriteria methodology, combining several factors to control the availability of groundwater resources, in order to optimize the choice of location of future drilling and increase the chances to take water from productive structures which will satisfy the ever-increasing water demand of local population (Arghen basin in the Western Anti-Atlas chain of Morocco). The geographic information system is used to develop thematic maps describing the geometry and the hydrodynamic functioning of the aquifer. In this study, 11 factors including geology, topography, and hydrology, influencing the distribution of water resources were used. Based on the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) model, GIS, and remote sensing, the study mapped and classified areas according to their hydrogeological potential. The favorable potential sectors cover 17% of the total area of the basin. The medium potential sectors account for 64%, while the unfavorable areas cover 18% of the basin area. The groundwater potential map of the study area has been validated by comparing with data from 159 boreholes scattered throughout the basin.
Head Losses of Horizontal Bar Racks as Fish Guidance Structures
Authors: Meister Julian , Fuchs Helge , Beck Claudia , Albayrak Ismail , Boes Robert M.
Published: February 2020

Horizontal bar racks have been used as trash racks at hydropower plants since the 1920s. With the installation of the first horizontal bar rack bypass system at a hydropower plant as a downstream fish passage facility in 2006, these racks rapidly gained importance as fish protection measures. Since then, they have been installed at more than 100 small- to medium-sized hydropower plants in Europe. Despite the large number of installed racks, systematic investigations of the head losses and velocity fields were missing. On the basis of detailed hydraulic experimentation with a large number of rack parameters and including up-to-date foil-shaped bars, the layout of horizontal bar racks and their hydraulic performance were assessed in the current study. This paper reports the results of the rack head loss investigation, whereas the accompanying paper entitled Velocity Fields at Horizontal Bar Racks as Fish Guidance Structures focuses on the up- and downstream velocity fields. By applying foil-shaped bars instead of rectangular bars, the loss coefficient was reduced by more than 40%, depending on the rack configuration. Bottom and top overlays are used to increase the guidance efficiency for fish, sediments, and floating debris. However, the altered flow field results in increased head losses. A new set of equations is proposed to predict head losses for current horizontal bar racks, including overlays for various hydropower plant layouts. The predictions are compared to literature data.
An Engineering Perspective of Water Sharing Issues in Pakistan
Authors: Tariq Muhammad , van de Giesen Nick , Janjua Shahmir , Shahid Muhammad , Farooq Rashid
Published: February 2020

Water sharing within the states/provinces of a country and cross-border is unavoidable. Conflicts between the sharing entities might turn more severe due to additional dependency on water, growing population, and reduced availability as a result of climate change at many locations. Pakistan, being an agricultural country, is severely water stressed and heading toward a worsening situation in the near future. Pakistan is heading toward water scarcity as water availability in the Indus basin is becoming critical. Being a downstream riparian of India and Afghanistan in the Indus basin, water availability depends on the releases of water from both countries. The Indus Water Treaty is governing the water distribution rights between India and Pakistan. However, there exists no proper agreement between Pakistan and Afghanistan and the construction of new dams on the Kabul River is another threat to water availability to Pakistan. Correct implementation of the Indus Water Treaty with India is required, together with an effective agreement with Afghanistan about the water sharing. In addition to water shortage, poor management of water resources, inequitable sharing of water, lack of a systematic approach, old-fashioned irrigation practices, and growing agricultural products with large water footprints are all exacerbating the problem. The water shortage is now increasingly countered by the use of groundwater. This sudden high extraction of groundwater is causing depletion of the groundwater table and groundwater quality issues. This water shortage is exacerbating the provincial conflicts over water, such as those between Punjab and Sindh provinces. At one end, a uniform nationwide water allocation policy is required. At the same time, modern irrigation techniques and low-water-footprint agricultural products should be promoted. A fair water-pricing mechanism of surface water and groundwater could be an effective measure, whereas a strict policy on groundwater usage is equally important. Political will and determination to address the water issues are required. The solutions must be based on transparency and equity, by using engineering approaches, combined with comprehensive social support. To develop a comprehensive water strategy, a dedicated technopolitical institute to strengthen the capabilities of nationwide expertise and address the issues on a regular basis is required to overcome the complex and multidimensional water-related problems of the country.
Effect of Hydraulic Retention Time on the Treatment of Real Cattle Slaughterhouse Wastewater and Biogas Production from HUASB Reactor
Authors: Musa Mohammed Ali , Idrus Syazwani
Published: February 2020

Anaerobic digestion technology provides an alternative route for sustainable management of organic waste. In this study, the performance of the hybrid upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (HUASB) reactor consisting of synthetic grass media as attached growth surface was investigated for the treatment of cattle slaughterhouse wastewater under mesophilic (35 ± 1 °C) condition. After acclimatization with synthetic wastewater, the reactor was loaded up to OLR 10 g L−1d−1, corresponding to 20 g COD/L at a varying hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 24, 30, 36, 42, and 48 h. The system attained a maximum COD removal efficiency of 97% total suspended solids (TSS), volatile suspended solids (VSS), fats, oil, and grease (FOG), color removal, and turbidity were found as 97%, 284 mg/L, 79%, 78%, and 91% respectively. The biogas production after 48 h was found as 38 L/d, with about 85% methane and specific methane production of 0.24 LCH4/gCODadded. The ratio of alkalinity was 0.22, while ammonia nitrogen concentration reached a maximum of 839 mg/L at a steady state. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analysis revealed a predominance of Methanosarcina bacteria with the coccoidal shape at the end of the performance study. Therefore, the results of the experiment showed that increasing HRT significantly affects the performance of the system.
GPs’ role in caring for children and young people with life-limiting conditions: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Jarvis Stuart , Parslow Roger C , Hewitt Catherine , Mitchell Sarah , Fraser Lorna K
Published: February 2020

Background

GPs are rarely actively involved in healthcare provision for children and young people (CYP) with life-limiting conditions (LLCs). This raises problems when these children develop minor illness or require management of other chronic diseases.

Aim

To investigate the association between GP attendance patterns and hospital urgent and emergency care use.

Design and setting

Retrospective cohort study using a primary care data source (Clinical Practice Research Datalink) in England. The cohort numbered 19 888.

Method

CYP aged 0–25 years with an LLC were identified using Read codes (primary care) or International Classification of Diseases 10 th Revision (ICD-10) codes (secondary care). Emergency inpatient admissions and accident and emergency (A&E) attendances were separately analysed using multivariable, two-level random intercept negative binomial models with key variables of consistency and regularity of GP attendances.

Results

Face-to-face GP surgery consultations reduced, from a mean of 7.12 per person year in 2000 to 4.43 in 2015. Those consulting the GP less regularly had 15% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 10% to 20%) more emergency admissions and 5% more A&E visits (95% CI = 1% to 10%) than those with more regular consultations. CYP who had greater consistency of GP seen had 10% (95% CI = 6% to 14%) fewer A&E attendances but no significant difference in emergency inpatient admissions than those with lower consistency.

Conclusion

There is an association between GP attendance patterns and use of urgent secondary care for CYP with LLCs, with less regular GP attendance associated with higher urgent secondary healthcare use. This is an important area for further investigation and warrants the attention of policymakers and GPs, as the number of CYP with LLCs living in the community rises.
A coroação de Reis Negros e a tradição Congadeira: um elo entre o Velho e o Novo Mundo
Authors: Rabello Kelly
Published: February 2020

Entre os séculos XVI a XIX, negros de origem Banto foram escravizados e transportados à força para o Brasil. Apesar de perderem muitos dos seus costumes originais, através de instrumentos como a linguagem, a dança e a música, conseguiram dar continuidade a certas práticas culturais, especialmente àquelas que associavam o divertimento à religião. Esses elementos se tornavam vivos especialmente nas festividades associadas às Irmandades religiosas, nas quais negros e negras praticavam bailados próprios, cantos e danças em homenagem ao santo padroeiro daquela confraria e entronizavam os seus próprios reis. Composto por esse conjunto de rituais, o Congado apresentava características de um catolicismo negro peculiar. Realizado ainda nos dias de hoje, o Congado e o Reinado muito nos dizem sobre a dinâmica pós-diaspórica e sobre os meios de adaptação e resistência dos negros no Brasil. Neste viés, o objetivo deste trabalho é refletir sobre a relevância dos Congados e dos Reinados como manifestações que resguardam uma memória ancestral. A metodologia consiste em uma revisão bibliográfica sobre as temáticas do Catolicismo Africano, Catolicismo Negro, Irmandades negras e Congado.
Africa’s influence on European culture: conditions, impact and pathways of reception and Placide Tempels’ Bantu Philosophy
Authors: Relebogilwe Kleinhempel Ullrich
Published: February 2020

Placide Tempels was a pioneer in presenting Bantu philosophy in the mid-20th century as a serious ontological and metaphysical system. His book stands in the context of Europe’s discovery of African art and of its aesthetics. In this article the conditions for this reception and the resonance of key motifs of Bantu philosophy with developments in European culture are discussed. Fields of cultural and epistemic difference which persist are identified for further consideration and suggestions for further reception are indicated.
SPESIFIKASI BENTUK DAN DIMENSI RUMAH LIMAS SUMATERA SELATAN.
Authors: Amiwarti Amiwarti
Published: February 2020

Rumah tradisional Sumatera Selatan yang terkenal yaitu Rumah Limas . Sebagai suatu warisan budaya, rumah Limas memiliki karakter yang kuat dan nilai filosofi yang tinggi. Namun banyak rumah limas sudah berumur sangat tua sehingga perlu dipeliharabagar tidak rusak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuat suatu spesifikasi  bentuk dan dimensi rumah Limas sebagai panduan bagi yang ingin membuat rumah Limas baru. Ada tiga objek yang dipilih dengan sistem acak. Rumah Limas terletak dijalan Srijayanegara, dijalan Jendral Sudirman dan dijalan KH. Azhari. Penelitian ini menggunakan pengumpulan data secara deskriptif. Data diharapkan dapat menjawab beberapa pertanyaan tentang dimensi rumah limas. Hasil Penelitian  dari ketiga objek dapat menyimpulkan  tentang karakteristik dari rumah tradisional Limas, sehingga dapat dibuat suatu spesifikasi bentuk dan dimensi rumah limas yang berguna untuk pemeliharaan rumah limas sebagai aset budaya yang harus dijaga dan perlu untuk disosialisasikan pada masyarakat  Sumatera Selatan khususnya dan seluruh masyarakat Indonesia pada umumnya. 

Kata Kunci : Spesifikasi, Bentuk, Dimensi
BENTUK DAN KECEPATAN PUTARAN POROS BATANG PENYAYAT YANG TEPAT PADA MESIN PENYAYAT DAGING
Authors: Novarini Novarini
Published: February 2020

Bentuk batang penyayat dan putaran poros penyayat berpengaruh terhadap waktu dan hasil daging tersayat pada proses di mesin penyayat daging. Penelitian  ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa penggunaan penyayat berbentuk round dan square bar. Penelitian ini dilakukan menggunakan mesin hasil rancang bangun berdimensi 670 mm x 350 mm x 800 mm, bertransmisi sabuk dengan putaran poros penggerak 1.400 rpm serta putaran poros batang penyayat 560 rpmdan 700 rpm di Laboratorium Perawatan Mesin Politeknik Jambi. Data yang diambil adalah persentase daging yang tersayat dalam interval waktu 4 menit, 8 menit, 12 menit, 16 menit hingga 20 menit  untuk mendapatkan persentase daging yang tersayat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan  bahwa pada putaran poros batang penyayat 560 rpm menggunakan penyayat berbentuk round bar dihasilkan daging yang tersayat maksimum sebesar 94% dalam waktu 20 menit sedangkan bila menggunakan penyayat berbentuk square bar dihasilkan daging yang tersayat 98% pada waktu 20 menit.  Pada putaran poros batang penyayat 700 rpm menggunakan batang penyayat berbentuk round dan square bar  dihasilkan daging yang tersayat maksimum sebesar 100% hanya dalam waktu 4 menit.  Disimpulkan bahwa penyayat  yang tepat adalah berbentuk square bar dan putaran motor penyayat adalah 700 rpm. 

Kata Kunci: mesin penyayat daging, batang penyayat, putaran poros, persentase daging tersayat
PERENCANAAN PROSES FABRIKASI ALAT PENUKAR KALOR TYPE SHELL AND TUBE DI PT. ABC
Authors: Husni Tarmizi
Published: February 2020

Dengan semakin berkembangnya industri manufaktur nasional, maka peralatan penunjang produksi di tanah air semakin berkembang, slah satunya adalah alat penukar kalor yang banyak digunakan oleh kalangan industri di tanah air. Alat Penukar Kalor (APK) merupakan suatu peralatan produksi yang dipakai dalam rangka proses perpindahan panas/kalor dari medium yang satu ke medium yang lain dengan menggunakan prinsif-prinsif thermodinamika atau secara paksa. Untuk menghasilkan sebuah APK maka diperlukan adanya rujukan-rujukan yang mengacu kepada standar atau kode-kode yang berlaku sehingga alat penukar kalor yang dihasilkan memenuhi persyaratan-persyaratan yang diperlukan. Dalam proses pabrikasi APK ini keterampilan dalam proses pengelasan memegang peranan penting karena alat penukar kalor merupakan peralatan yang identik dengan bejana bertekanan. Dalam penelitian ini dibahas proses produksi dengan alur produksi yang terjadi dalam menghasilkan sebuah alat penukar kalor secara standar, serta proses-proses yang terjadi dalam menghasilkan setiap momponen-komponen atau bagian-bagian dari alat penukar kalor tersebut. Penelitian ini, berusaha menyajikan gagasan spesifik dari teknik fabrikasi yang terpadu dan dapat diterapkan dalam berbagai kasus fabriksi, yang diharapkan dapat menjadi acuan para praktisi dilapangan serta dapat membantu teknik dan pemahaman yang  praktis. 

Key-Words: Head Exchanger, Shall and Tube,  Manufacturing; Production
ANALISA PENGARUH VARIASI KATALIS BaCO3, NaCO3 dan CaCO3 PADA PROSES KARBURASI BAJA KARBON SEDANG DENGAN PENDINGINAN TUNGGAL
Authors: Afriany Reny , Asmadi Asmadi , Nuryanti Siti Zahara
Published: February 2020

Proses karburasi adalah proses perlakuan panas yang bertujuan untuk mendifusikan unsur karbon  ke dalam logam khususnya pada bagian permukaan logam sehingga kekerasan permukaan logam meningkat. Pada penelitian ini logam yang digunakan adalah baja karbon sedang dengan paduan rendah AISI 4340 berbentuk silinder berdiameter 20 mm yang dikarburasi menggunakan arang batok kelapa dengan variasi campuran BaCO3, NaCO3 dan CaCO3 sebagai katalis sebanyak 30% pada temperatur 950⁰C selama 5 jam dan dilanjutkan dengan proses pendinginan cepat dengan oli SAE 20. Kemudian dilakukan pengujian kekerasan vickers sesuai ASTM E 384 dan foto struktur mikro. Hasil pengujian kekerasan rata-rata raw material adalah 615,8 HV. Sedangkan nilai kekerasan rata-rata spesimen karburasi dengan katalis BaCO3 adalah 1018,7 HV, spesimen dengan katalis NaCO3 adalah 972,9 HV dan dengan katalis CaCO3 adalah 708,2 HV. Dari penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa nilai kekerasan tertinggi didapat dari penggunaan katalis BaCO3.

Kata Kunci: karburasi, pendinginan tunggal, baja AISI 4340
PENGARUH GERAK MAKAN TERHADAP KEKASARAN PERMUKAAN BAJA SS 316L PADA PROSES BUBUT
Authors: Afriany Reny , Ilmi Bahrul , Asmadi Asmadi , Effendi Imam
Published: February 2020

Pada proses pemotongan logam banyak parameter pemesinan yang akan mempengaruhi hasil produksi suatu benda kerja. Penulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh gerak pemakanan terhadap kekasaran permukaan benda kerja hasil proses bubut. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimen. Populasi yang diambil adalah baja tahan karat SS 316L sebagai bahan poros turbin air crossflow. Baja dibubut dengan memvariasikan gerak makan pada 0,0472 mm/put, 0,0945 mm/put dan 0,1700 mm/put. Kecepatan potong dan putaran spindel merupakan variabel tetap. Kekasaran spesimen diukur dengan menggunakan mesin uji kekasaran. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kekasaran permukaan semakin meningkat seiring kenaikan gerak makan. Kekasaran yang paling kecil dihasilkan pada variasi penggunaan gerak pemakanan 0,0472 mm/put yaitu sebesar 1,295 µm. Walaupun terkadang permukaan yang halus terkadang tidak menjadi spesifikasi khusus untuk suatu pekerjaan, penelitian ini menunjukkan gerak makan sangat berpengaruh terhadap nilai kekasaran.

Kata kunci: gerak makan, kekasaran permukaan, baja SS 316L, proses bubut
ANALISA DISAIN MESIN PENCACAH PLASTIK DENGAN PISAU PEMOTONGAN LURUS DAN BERPENGGERAK TANGAN
Authors: Ilmi Bahrul
Published: February 2020

Penelitian terhadap disain mesin pencacah plastik yang banyak dilakukan saat ini adalah untuk mesin dengan desain menggunakan motor penggerak listrik. Begitu juga mesin-mesin pencacah plastik yang saat ini banyak dijual di pasaran adalah mesin yang yang berkapasitas cukup besar dan menggunakan penggerak mesin bensin atau diesel dan menggunakan motor listrik berdaya listrik diatas 750 watt. Mesin-mesin ini tidak cocok dipakai untuk usaha skala mikro misalnya untuk dipakai para pemulung dan juga usaha skala rumah tangga. Berangkat dari latar belakang permasalahan tersebut maka tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisa suatu disain mesin pencacah sampah plastik yang berkapasitas kecil dan hanya digerakkan oleh tangan, sehingga dapat dipergunakan dalam usaha skala rumah tangga dan mikro. Sebagai batasan penelitian, mesin yang dianalisa ini menggunakan pisau pemotong lurus dan sampah plastik yang dicacah berupa cup kemasan air minum. Dilakukan perhitungan dan analisa elemen mesin seperti poros dan bantalan untuk melihat kekuatan dan keamanan komponen mesin. Analisa persentase cup plastik tercacah dan kapasitas mesin per jam dilakukan untuk melihat apakah mesin cukup efektif untuk dipergunakan. Dari penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa disain mesin sudah cukup baik karena mudah digunakan, umpan plastik dapat dicacah dengan baik dengan kapasitas pencacahan mesin sebesar 0,46 kg per jam

Kata Kunci: pencacah plastik, pisau pemotongan lurus, berpenggerak tangan
PERHITUNGAN TEKANAN DAN DEBIT ALIRAN AIR DALAM PIPA : APLIKASI METODE ELEMEN HINGGA DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN PERSAMAAN LINIER SIMULTAN
Authors: Pusvyta Yeny
Published: February 2020

Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian awal yang mengarah kepada penyelesaian dengan metoda komputasi. Dimana kasus yang terjadi merupakan kasus yang mempunyai model matematika dengan variabel yang banyak.  Pada instalasi pipa yang bercabang, debit aliran pipa diatur dengan menetapkan batasan nilai tekanan masuk dan keluar. Instalasi pipa kemudian dibagi menjadi beberapa elemen. Metode elemen hingga digunakan  untuk menentukan titik-titik acuan yang akan ditinjau tekanannya, sehingga tekanan pada tiap elemen pipa dapat diketahui. Pada tiap elemen dihitung tahanannya. Perhitungan tekanan pada rangkaian pipa dilakukan dengan metode eliminasi  Gauss matrik segitiga atas dan bawah. Analisa dan komparasi dari hasil perhitungan penurunan tekanan dan debit aliran menunjukkan  perhitungan tekanan memenuhi hukum Poiseuille dan mempunyai trend nilai yang sama dengan perbedaan nilai tekanan terbesar di elemen 5 sebesar 73 N/m2 atau sekitar 6,06% dan  perbedaan tekanan terkecil di elemen 6 sebesar 9,73 N/m2 atau sekitar 0,81%. Perbedaan nilai debit terbesar terdapat pada elemen 1 yaitu sebesar 13,25 m3/s dan yang terkecil sebesar 1,27 m3/s pada elemen pipa 2, 3, dan 4. Pada perhitungan debit masuk keluar pipa bercabang, didapat hasil bahwa  tidak seluruh pipa majemuk pada instalasi tersebut memenuhi hukum kontinuitas.

Kata Kunci: Elemen pipa, eliminasi Gauss, matrik segitiga atas dan bawah, perubahan tekanan, debit aliran
PENGARUH PUTARAN MESIN TERHADAP EMISI GAS BUANG PADA KENDARAAN MITSUBISHI LANCER TAHUN 2003
Authors: Husni Tarmizi
Published: February 2020

Kendaraan bermotor merupakan suatu alat transfortasi yang dipergunakan manusia dalam menunjang aktivitas kegiatan sehari-hari. Semakin hari tingkat pertumbuhan kendaraan motor ini menunjukkan peningkatan yang sangat tinggi, keadaan ini akan  menjadi sumber penyebab terjadinya pencemaran di kota-kota besar.   Oleh karena itu gas buang yang ditimbulkan dari kendaraan bermotor harus dapat diminimalkan atau dikontrol sedemikian rupa.   Salah satu cara untuk mengetahui volume dari emisi gas buang pada kendaraan bermotor adalah dengan meneliti sejauh mana keterkaitan antara suatu putaran mesin kendaraan bermotor terhadap emisi gas buang pada kendaraan  tersebut, sehingga penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan yang terjadi antara putaran mesin kendaraan Mitsubishi Lancer terhadap emisi gas buangnya. Pengujian ini dilakukan terhadap kendaraan Mitsubishi Lancer  Model Engine 4G93 tahun 2003 yang dilakukan pada bengkel mobil PT. Lautan Berlian Utama Motor Palembang, dengan alat uji Exhaust Analyzer TechnometerType G530-OM00140cNET. Proses penelitian ini dilakukan dengan mengamati besarnya volume emisi gas buang CO (%), CO2 (%) dan HC (ppm) dengan variasi putaran mesin 500 rpm, 1000 rpm, 1500 rpm, 2000 rpm, 2500 rpm dan 3000 rpm. Dari  pengujian yang dilakukan didapatkan hasil bahwa semakin tinggi putaran  mesin kendaraan akan menyebabkan volume emisi gas buang CO dan HC yang dihasilkan akan semakin tinggi.  Disamping itu juga dapat diketahu kondisi dan kinerja dari kendaraan yang dipergunakan masih dalam kondisi prima.

Kata Kunci : Pencemaran, Emisi Gas Buang, Karbondioksida, Hidrokarbon, karbon monoksida, Kinerja.
PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN POLYPROPILENE FIBRE DAN SUPERPLASTICIZER TERHADAP KUAT TEKAN BETON MUTU Fc’-25 MPa
Authors: Riwayati RR Susi , Bolon F Fernando T.
Published: February 2020

Kemampuan beton dalam mendukung tegangan –tegangan seperti aksial, lentur dan geser, serta ketahanan terhadap kelelahan (fatigue life), dan ketahanan terhadap  susut (shrinkage). Dapat diperbaiki dengan penambahan fitur dalam campuran beton , dalam hal ini Polypropilene Fiber dan superplasticizer yang akan digunakan dalam campuran beton. Dengan pertimbangan serat sintetis, hal ini dikarenakan serat sintesis dapat mendukung kemampuan beton lebih besar daripada serat alami, dan ditinjau dari daya tahan (durability), serat sintetis merupakan pilihan terbaik dibanding serat alami. Perpaduan dua jenis addictive dapat menambah kekuatan beton dan memperbaiki sifat beton tersebut. Benda uji yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini berupa :  48 silinder uji tekan yang di uji laboratorium pada umur 7,14,21,28 hari. Mutu beton yang dibahas yaitu beton fc’ -22,5 MPa. Persentase serat yang ditambahkan bervariasi terhadap berat semen yaitu 0%, 0,5% , 1% dan 1,5%. Hasil akhir penelitian menunjukkan kuat tekan beton yang menggunakan Polypropilene Fibres dan Superplasticizer mengalami peningkatan dengan beton normal. Persentase kenaikan pada beton mutu fc’ 22,50 MPa sebesar 0,048%

 Kata kunci : Serat Polypropilene, volume fraksi 0,5% - 1,5%, kuat tekan
RANCANG BANGUN ALAT PIROLISIS UNTUK DAUR ULANG SAMPAH KANTONG PLASTIK
Authors: Sukadi Sukadi , Novarini Novarini
Published: February 2020

ABSTRAK 

Sampah merupakan masalah nasional yang belum terselesaikan sampai saat ini. Khususnya di kota Jambi penumpukan sampah cenderung meningkat dan tidak terkendali. Sampah plastik merupakan sampah yang tidak bisa teruarai sehingga dapat memberikan dampak yang buruk bagi lingkungan. Perlu adanya teknologi untuk mengolah sampah plastik sehingga pencemaran terhadapa lingkungan dapat diminimalkan. Salah satu metode yang bisa dilakukan adalah metode pirolisis. Disini akan dibuat rancang bangun alat pirolisis dimana sampah yang digunakan sebagai bahan pirolisis  adalah sampah kantong plastik yang tidak memiliki nilai ekonomis. Hasil dari pembuatan alat setelah dilakukan pengujian dengan sampah kantong plastic sebanyak 0,5 kg menghasilkan minyak pirolisis 46,67 ml. dan setelah dilakukan pengujian didaapatkan nilai kalor : 45,17, nilai densitas yaitu 1 dan viskositas 174,43. Berdasakan standar mutu BBM Indonesia maka minyak pirolisis yang dihasilkan memenuhi standar untuk menjadi bahan bakar.

Kata Kunci : alat Pirolisis, Kantong plastik, , Bahan Bakar.
ANALISA PENGARUH PENGAMPELASAN TERHADAP PERMUKAAN KAYU KULIM (SCORODOCARPUS BORNEENSIS BAILLON BEEC) DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN RESPONE SURFACE METHODOLOGY
Authors: Asmaun Asmaun
Published: February 2020

ABSTRAK 

Kayu Kulim (Scorodocarpus Borneensis Baillon Beec) merupakan jenis tanaman lokal yang terdapat didaerah pulau Sumatera dan Kalimantan yang diambil sebagai bahan  untuk penelitian dalam  menganalisa pengaruh dari proses pemesinan dalam hal pengampelasan pada permukaan  kayu Kulim (Scorodocarpus Borneensis Baillon Beec) dengan menggunakan response surface methodology. Kajian ini dibatasi pada pengaruh laju pemakanan dan ukuran grit amplas yang digunakan untuk mendapatkan nilai- nilai berupa parameter kekasaran Ra, Rq dan Rk. Dengan menggunakan  Central Composite Design (CCD), yang dilakukan 13 kali pengujian dengan 5 kali pengulangan dititik pusatnya. Proses pengampelasan sendiri dilakukan dengan menggunakan mesin frais yang sudah dimodifikasi dengan penambahan motor listrik sebagai penambah kecepatan putarnya. Data hasil pengujian dianalisa dengan menggunakan bantuan software Design Expert 9.0 dan didapatkan bahwa laju pemakan memberikan pengaruh positif pada nilai kekasaran Ra, Rq dan Rk. Dimana semakin besar laju pemakanan, maka kekasaran permukaan yang dihasilkan akan semakin kasar. Sedangkan pengaruh ukuran grit amplas yang digunakan menunjukkan pengaruh negative. Sehingga semakin besar ukuran grit amplas yang digunakan, maka kekasaran permukaan yang dihasilkan akan semakin halus.
PENGARUH ADITIF BAWANG PUTIH TERHADAP KARAKTERISTIK DAN BIODEGRADASI BIOPLASTIK DARI BIJI DURIAN
Authors: Sisnayati Sisnayati , Hatina Surya , Rahmi Ani
Published: February 2020

Dewasa ini penggunaan plastik memiliki peranan penting dalam industri modern. Plastik sering digunakan sebagai pengemas makanan. Akan tetapi, penggunaaan plastik dapat mencemari lingkungan, karena sulit didegradasi secara alami. Salah satu cara menguranginya yaitu dengan penggunaan plastik biodegradable. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengkaji pengaruh banyaknya penambahan ekstrak bawang putih dan gliserol pada tepung biji durian dalam pembuatan bioplastik. Bioplastik ini dibuat dengan melarutkan tepung biji durian dengan aquades ditambah dengan gliserol dan ekstrak bawang putih. Selanjutnya variasi rasio ekstrak bawang putih (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%), dengan gliserol (25%, 35%, 45%, dan 55% dari berat tepung biji durian). Karakteristik biodegradable ditandai dengan adanya uji biodegradasi, uji kuat tarik dan elongasi. Hasil karakterisasi plastik biodegradable yang memiliki kinerja optimal diperoleh dari plastik biodegradable dengan kuat tarik 0,71 Mpa, persen elongasi 16,38%, dan waktu degradasi 14 hari.

Kata Kunci: biji durian, gliserol, bawang putih dan plastik biodegradable
HUBUNGAN PERSEN LEMAK TUBUH DAN ASUPAN ZAT BESI DENGAN KEBUGARAN JASMANI PADA REMAJA DI SMK WIDYA PRAJA UNGARAN
Authors: Suciani Indah , Maryanto Sugeng , Mulyasari Indri
Published: February 2020

Latar Belakang : Kebugaran jasmani pada remaja setiap tahun menurun.  Kebugaran jasmani merupaka indikator kesehatan yang penting untuk remaja karena dapat memprediksi dampak kesehatan dan berhubungan dengan peningkatan derajat kesehatan.  Persen lemak tubuh yang berlebih  dan asupan zat besi yang kurang merupakan salah satu faktor yang dapat mempengaruhi kebugaran jasmani pada remaja.

Tujuan : Untuk mengetahui hubungan persen lemak tubuh dan asupan zat besi dengan kebugaran jasmani pada remaja di SMK Widya Praja Ungaran.

Metode : Jenis penelitian ini merupakan studi kolerasi menggunakan pendekatan cross sectional di SMK Widya Praja Ungaran. Sampel sebanyak 122 siswa diambil dengan metode total sampling. Persen lemak tubuh di ukur dengan menggunakan BIA  Hand to Foot electrode, asupan zat besi menggunakan FFQ semikuantitatif. Kebugaran jasmani di ukur dengan menggunakan Multistage Fitness Test. Analisis data dengan menggunakan uji kolerasi Spearman Rank (α = 0,05).

Hasil : Rerata persen lemak tubuh responden 19,73% ± 7,28%. Rerata asupan zat besi resonden dibandingkan dengan kebutuhan sehari sebesar 47,27%, ± 31,49%. Rerata kebugaran jasmani responden 26,74 ml/kg/menit ± 6,0 ml/kg/menit. Terdapat hubungan persen lemak tubuh dan asupan zat besi dengan kebugaran jasmani (p=0,0001, p=0,0001)

Simpulan : Ada hubungan persen lemak tubuh dan asupan zat besi dengan kebugaran jasmani pada remaja di SMK Widya Praja Ungaran.
Расcпросные речи и челобитные «полоняников» как источник о рабстве в Османской империи в XVII в
Authors: Lavrov A.S.
Published: February 2020

Abstract The article is based on Archival Documents connected to the former Ottoman Captives. The Russians who returned to the Muscovite State either prepared CaptivesPetitions to get certain benefits (particularly monetary support an Exit benefit) or dictated vast Questioning Words. These were personal autobiographies given in those Petitions and Questioning Words from this Social Groups Collective Biography. Though the reliability of the information is mostly doubtful often a character ready to sacrifice foreign land Home, Status and wealth for homecoming described through a Discourse from Oral Tales of Legends. Analyses of sources show that both social institutions slavery in the Ottoman Empire and serfhood in the Muscovite State were at a constant distant interaction, often acting simultaneously. Slavery in the Ottoman Empire is addressed as a transnational and open institution, wh ere slaves could have utterly different social and political practices. Former captives are considered to be cultural transferees. They are regarded to show the social status and role of the enslaved population. Captives, slaves, freemen, and returnees being integrated to a Foreign Society imported their own practices and beliefs.

Аннотация Статья построена на основе анализа сохранившихся в архивах документов, относящихся к русским, побывавшим в османском плену. Полоняники, вернувшиеся в Московское государство, либо подавали челобитные, в которых просили о тех или иных милостях (чаще всего о денежном пожаловании за выход ) или надиктовывали обширные распросные речи (показания или допросы). Автобиографические данные, сообщаемые в челобитных и в распросных речах, составляют, своего рода, коллективную биографию этой социальной группы. Достоверность многих сообщений сомнительна. Полоняники словно используют топосы из рассказа сказочного героя, приобретшего на чужбине семью, дом, благосостояние и некоторое положение в обществе, но готового все это отдать за возвращение домой. Анализ источников показывает, что оба института рабство в Османской империи и холопство в Московском государстве, находясь в своего рода дистанционном взаимодействии, часто действовали параллельно. Османское рабовладение рассматривается, прежде всего, в качестве транснационального, открытого института, где в качестве рабов выступали носители совершенно иного социального и политического опыта, а сами полоняники как агенты культурных трансфертов, основной сущностью которых было положение и роль зависимого населения. Оказываясь интегрированным в чужое для них общество, военнопленные, рабы, вольноотпущенники и репатрианты привносили в него свои практики и свои представления.
Energy Efficient Retrofit Model for Unconditioned Buildings Set in the Composite Climatic Region of India
Authors:   Associate Professor, Department of Architecture and Design, DIT University Dehradun, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India., Sharma* Aanchal , Chani P.S. ,   Associate Professor, Department of Architecture and Planning, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
Published: February 2020

The potential of energy efficient retrofitting of existing unconditioned buildings to save associated building energy consumption makes it an area of great interest. A questionnaire survey conducted amongst the architecture and civil stream students of Indian institute of Technology (IIT) Roorkee, based upon the questions related to high performance buildings parameters revealed that, energy efficiency is one of the areas which needs greatest attention. The outcome of this survey strengthens the need of such research. Therefore, this research intends to convert an existing unconditioned building to an energy efficient building. For doing so, energy savings opportunities in existing unconditioned buildings are identified and devised into a four – fold energy efficient retrofit model. This paper, evaluates the significance of the proposed four- fold energy efficient model using case studies and energy simulation modeling as a tool.
Physicochemical Performance of Wood Chips Char and Wheat Husk Char for Utilisation as an Alternate Source of Energy
Authors:   Department of Mechanical Engineering, Meerut Institute of Engineering & Technology, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India., Suman* Swapan , Gautam Shalini ,   Department of Fuel & Mineral Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM) Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India.
Published: February 2020

This paper explores the characteristics of biomass waste (wood chips and wheat husk) experimentally. Wood has been the primary and cheap fuel for cooking in many households of different countries because it is easily accessible whereas wheat husk is also produced parallely in huge amount but its handling and proper utilisation also needs to be considered and energy generation. This study aims at providing an alternative to wood chips and wheat husk converted to be biochar for more energy generation. This biomass waste remains unutilised and consumes a lot of effort on its disposal; causes environmental problems such as air pollution from partially combust suspended particles and unwanted addition of gases and heat to the atmosphere along with health hazard. This study takes an attempt to reduce the requirements of fossils fuels reserves using biochar. On the basis of Gross Calorific Value (GCV) and percentage of Carbon, biochar is compared with coal. The biochar derived from biomass were analysed by proximate analysis, ultimate analysis, Heating Value, pH, BET surface area, yield percentage, functional group analysis through FT-IR and microscopic analysis by FE-SEM. The outcomes indicate a quantitative change in the volatile matter, carbon percentage, BET surface area, pH and their functional groups with increase in pyrolysis temperature. The moisture content and yield percentage decrease with increase in temperature.