bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The use of standardization in IT systems in health care
Authors: Czubek Andrzej , Szymańska Jolanta , Byczyński Edward , Skrzypek Mariusz ,   Chamber of Industry, Polish Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
Published: June 2013

Standardization is one of the important tools for the implementation of EU policies to ensure the competitiveness of enterprises and the elimination of barriers to trade within the EU. The European Commission “e-Health Action Plan” (2004) recognized the interoperability of information systems in health care as one of its priorities. Standardization, in turn, is a prerequisite to ensure interoperability.
The authors examined the extent to which standardization is reflectead in the key acts on the informatization of health care:
The Directives for Informatization “eHealth Poland” for 2011-2015, approved by the management of the Ministry of Health,
Act of 28 April 2011 on the information system in health care (Journal of Laws of 2011, No. 113, item. 657, as amended).
Lack of effective comprehensive legal solutions in the field of standardization, especially at the statutory level has been confirmed. This complicates the process of informatization in terms of interoperability. According to the authors this lack meant that in most of the implemented systems generally no valid standardization solutions were implemented and thus the interoperability. The standardization initiative under the responsibility of the Polish Committee for Standardization was not used either.
The contribution of EU funds in investments of the Independent Public Health Care Unit in Kraśnik
Authors: Kos Marek , Książek Piotr , Drop Bartłomiej ,   Independent Public Healthcare Unit in Kraśnik
Published: June 2013

Poland’s accession to the EU has opened unique opportunities for the development of our macroregion. The opportunities are created by, inter alia, the Structural Funds that balance the gap between different regions. In the whole country a significant number of operational programs providing financial support for the most important social problems of the regions have been implemented. Some of them concern a specific area dealing with health and social policy.
The authors present the relevance of targeting structural funds in the health care area on the example of poviat healthcare unit, namely Independent Public Health Care Unit in Krasnik (SPZOZ Kraśnik). A few years ago this unit had the old, worn-out hospital buildings and depleted medical equipment. With several EU projects implemented under the Integrated Regional Operational Programme, Infrastructure and Environment Operational Programme, the Regional Operational Programme of Lubelskie Province and the Lublin Foundation EKOFUNDUSZ, it acquired funds for the implementation of such tasks as thermal modernization of hospital buildings, reconstruction of the operating theater and specialist outpatient clinics, purchase of modern, medical specialized equipment, computerization of the unit and the implementation of the new information technologies (among others, e-health services). These actions resulted in nearly 18 million PLN obtained from the EU funds and the total amount of the investments held in this period was more than 25 million PLN. At present it is difficult to imagine SPZOZ Kraśnik without these necessary investments. Great involvement in these activities of the Poviat Starosty in Kraśnik should be noted here. Kraśnicki Poviat, as the founding body of SPZOZ in Kraśnik has allocated nearly 7.8 million PLN for investments co-financed by the EU funds as so called “own contribution” and constantly supervised the work in this field. At present, it can be seen that the lack of financial support from the European Union funds could result in lower level of provided health services, and even the elimination of health care units.
Dental implant treatment failures related to tobacco smoking
Authors: Szpak Piotr , Szymańska Jolanta , Koszuta Agnieszka ,   Non-Public Healthcare Unit Dent-Plast in Białystok, Poland
Published: June 2013

Tobacco smoking is one of the essential factors that may affect dental implant treatment. A great majority of studies on the relationship between smoking and dental implant failures indicate a clearly negative influence of the addiction, while only few papers do not report such a connection.
Basing on the implantology literature data, the paper presents the criteria of success and failure in dental implant treatment. The influence of tobacco smoking on implant treatment failure, and especially on implant survival as the main criterion of therapeutic success, was described.
The current status of knowledge on the effect of tobacco smoking on the crestal bone loss around implants was also presented. In addition, the paper describes in detail a possible pathomechanism of the influence of nicotinism on the crestal bone loss around implants as one of the factors leading to treatment failure. The necessity of a rational consensus, involving also the legal aspect of the problem, between a tobacco-smoking patient and a doctor providing implant treatment was emphasized.
Labor Market and Search through Personal Contacts
Authors: Chuhay Roman
Published: June 2013

In this article, we consider the impact of personal contacts on the labor market outcome. Unlike previous studies, we do not assume any particular network structure or vacancies communication protocol. Instead, we state three general properties of matching functions that allow us to establish the existence and uniqueness of equilibrium and characterize the impact of social ties on the labor market. In particular, we show that a monotonically increasing matching function in socialization level is a necessary and sufficient condition for having monotonically decreasing unemployment and increasing wage and market tightness. However, the same does not apply to vacancy rate. We establish a condition under which a monotonically increasing matching function produces a vacancy rate that first increases in socialization level, but then decreases.
Dictatorial Mechanisms in Constrained Combinatorial Auctions
Authors: Lerner Anat , Gonen Rica
Published: June 2013

We study the possibility space of deterministic, dominant-strategy incentive compatible, individually rational, and Pareto efficient combinatorial auctions in a model with two players and two nonidentical items (four outcomes). Our model has multidimensional types, private values, nonnegative prices, and quasilinear preferences for the players with one relaxation – the players are subject to publicly known budget constraints. We show that the space we study essentially includes one type of mechanisms: autocratic mechanisms (a form of dictatorship). Furthermore, we prove that there are families of autocratic mechanisms that uniquely fulfill the basic properties of deterministic, dominant-strategy incentive compatible, individually rational, and Pareto efficient. The mechanisms in the autocratic families are identical except for two to three price parameters that differentiate them.
Neural Network-Based Sensor Fault Accommodation in Flight Control System
Authors: Singh Seema , Murthy T. V. Rama
Published: June 2013

This article deals with detection and accommodation of sensor faults in longitudinal dynamics of an F8 aircraft model. Both the detection of the fault and reconfiguration of the failed sensor are done with the help of neural network-based models. Detection of a sensor fault is done with the help of knowledge-based neural network fault detection (KBNNFD). Apart from KBNNFD, another neural network model is developed in this article for the reconfiguration of the failed sensor. A model-based approach of the neural network (MBNN) is developed, which uses the radial basis function of the neural network. MBNN successfully does the task of providing analytical redundancy for the aircraft sensor. In this work, both detection and reconfiguration of a fault is done using neural networks. Hence, the control system becomes robust for handling sensor failures near steady state and reconfiguration is also faster. A generalized regression neural network (GRNN), which is a type of radial basis network, is used for MBNN, which gives very efficient results for function approximation. An F8 aircraft model and C-Star controller, which improves its handling quality, are used for validation of the method involved. Models of F8 aircraft, C-Star controller, KBNNFD, and MBNN were developed using MATLAB/Simulink. Successful implementation and simulation results are shown and discussed using Simulink.
Differences and similarities in the transcriptional profile of peripheral whole blood in early and late-onset preeclampsia: insights into the molecular basis of the phenotype of preeclampsiaa
Authors: Chaiworapongsa Tinnakorn , Romero Roberto , Whitten Amy , Tarca Adi L. , Bhatti Gaurav , Draghici Sorin , Chaemsaithong Piya , Miranda Jezid , Hassan Sonia S.
Published: June 2013

Objective: Preeclampsia (PE) can be sub-divided into early- and late-onset phenotypes. The pathogenesis of these two phenotypes has not been elucidated. To gain insight into the mechanisms of disease, the transcriptional profiles of whole blood from women with early- and late-onset PE were examined.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted to include women with: i) early-onset PE (diagnosed prior to 34 weeks, n=25); ii) late-onset PE (after 34 weeks, n=47); and iii) uncomplicated pregnancy (n=61). Microarray analysis of mRNA expression in peripheral whole blood was undertaken using Affymetrix microarrays. Differential gene expression was evaluated using a moderated t-test (false discovery rate <0.1 and fold change >1.5), adjusting for maternal white blood cell count and gestational age. Validation by real-time qRT-PCR was performed in a larger sample size [early PE (n=31), late PE (n=72) and controls (n=99)] in all differentially expressed genes. Gene ontology analysis and pathway analysis were performed.

Results: i) 43 and 28 genes were differentially expressed in early- and late-onset PE compared to the control group, respectively; ii) qRT-PCR confirmed the microarray results for early and late-onset PE in 77% (33/43) and 71% (20/28) of genes, respectively; iii) 20 genes that are involved in coagulation (SERPINI2), immune regulation (VSIG4, CD24), developmental process (H19) and inflammation (S100A10) were differentially expressed in early-onset PE alone. In contrast, only seven genes that encoded proteins involved in innate immunity (LTF, ELANE) and cell-to-cell recognition in the nervous system (CNTNAP3) were differentially expressed in late-onset PE alone. Thirteen genes that encode proteins involved in host defense (DEFA4, BPI, CTSG, LCN2), tight junctions in blood-brain barrier (EMP1) and liver regeneration (ECT2) were differentially expressed in both early- and late-onset PE.

Conclusion: Early- and late-onset PE are characterized by a common signature in the transcriptional profile of whole blood. A small set of genes were differentially regulated in early- and late-onset PE. Future studies of the biological function, expression timetable and protein expression of these genes may provide insight into the pathophysiology of PE.
New thermally stable poly(amide-imide)/montmorillonite reinforced nanocomposite based on N,N′-pyrromellitoyl-bis-l-valine: synthesis and characterization
Authors: Faghihi Khalil , Dehnavi Narges , Hajibeygi Mohsen
Published: June 2013

Two new samples of poly(amide-imide) (PAI)/nanocomposites reinforced montmorillonite containing N,N′-pyrromelitoyl-bis-l-valine moiety in the main chain were synthesized by a solution intercalation technique. PAI 3 as a source of polymer matrix was synthesized by the direct polycondensation reaction of N,N′-pyrromelitoyl-bis-l-valine 1 with 4,4′-diamino diphenyl ether 2 in the presence of triphenyl phosphite, CaCl2, pyridine and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. The morphology and structure of the resulting PAI-nanocomposite films 4a and 4b with 5% and 10% silicate particles were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The effect of clay dispersion and the interaction between clay and polymeric chains on the properties of nanocomposites films were investigated by using UV-visible spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry.
Influence of ceramic particle features on the thermal behavior of PPO-matrix composites
Authors: Lombardi Mariangela , Fino Paolo , Montanaro Laura
Published: June 2013

Thermoplastic poly(phenylene oxide) (PPO)-matrix composites were prepared and characterized in order to evaluate the effect of different ceramic fillers on the thermal and combustion behavior of the matrix. In particular, ceramic particles having three different shapes were exploited as fillers, particles showing a platelet-like, a needle-like or an equiaxial morphology. The composite materials were produced through a melt blending method, which yielded a homogeneous distribution of the ceramic particles in the organic matrix. It was demonstrated that the presence of the inorganic particles influenced the temperature range in which the degradation processes of the polymer occurred. In addition, the three fillers modified the thermal behavior of PPO differently in terms of enthalpy. Finally, the presence of the filler induced a change in combustion behavior of the polymeric matrix; in particular, sepiolite was able to increase the charring ability of the PPO/polystyrene blend with the development of a visible carbonaceous layer.
Effect of single-walled carbon nanotube on the physical, rheological and mechanical properties of thermoplastic elastomer based on PP/EPDM
Authors: Narimani Amir , Hemmati Mahmood
Published: June 2013

The effect of the incorporation of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) on the morphological, physical, rheological and mechanical properties of thermoplastic elastomer based polypropylene (PP)/ethylene propylene diene (EPDM) (80/20) is reported. The morphological study showed that the size of the dispersed phase decreased by the addition of SWNT, this effect being more appreciable with 0.5 wt.% of SWNT. The results of differential scanning calorimetry showed that the addition of SWNT increased the crystallinity of PP/EPDM/SWNT nanocomposites. This effect was not linearly dependent on SWNT content, particularly at high SWNT concentrations. The rheological results revealed that addition of SWNT increased the storage modulus and complex viscosity at low frequencies. The Izod impact strength and tensile strength improved when 0.5 wt.% of SWNT was used. Furthermore, the tensile modulus increased remarkably by increasing the SWNT content, but the elongation at break of the material decreased.
A solution for transverse thermal conductivity of composites with quadratic or hexagonal unidirectional fibres
Authors: Xiao Xueliang , Long Andrew
Published: June 2013

A solution for the transverse thermal conductivity (K

e
) of unidirectional fibre arrays, quadratic and hexagonal, is developed analytically. The solution integrates the thermal conductivity of fibre (K

f
) and fluid (K

m
) based on electricity analogy without thermal contact resistance (R

c
) at the fibre/fluid interface. The expression K

e
is a function of K

f
and K

m
, as well as of the fibre volume fraction (V

f
). In this article, K

e
values of four composites were predicted and verified by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. The results showed good agreement when the ratio of K

f
/K

m
is close to 1. An increase in the ratio or V

f
gives poorer agreement owing to the local temperature gradient at the fibre/fluid interface. CFD simulation also showed that K

e
is decreasing as the R

c
value increases.
Circumferential waves in pre-stressed functionally graded cylindrical curved plates
Authors: Yu Jiangong , Zhang Chuanzeng , Zhang Xiaoming
Published: June 2013

Initial stress (pre-stress) in functionally graded material (FGM) structures is often inevitable because of the limitation of available manufacturing technology. On the basis of the “mechanics of incremental deformations”, the circumferential wave characteristics in FGM cylindrical curved plates under uniform initial stresses in the radial and axial directions are investigated. The Legendre polynomial series method is used to solve the coupled wave equations with variable coefficients. Through numerical examples, the convergence of the polynomial method is discussed. The influences of the initial stresses on the circumferential Lamb-like and the circumferential SH waves are investigated, respectively. Numerical results show that they are quite distinct. Moreover, the influences of the initial stress in the axial direction are very different from those in the radial direction, both on the dispersion curves and on the displacement and stress distributions.
Wonders in the Academy
Authors: Bycroft Michael
Published: June 2013

What happened to wondrous phenomena during the European Enlightenment? A familiar answer is that the learned elites of the period, and especially those linked to the Royal Academy of Sciences in Paris, either ignored wonders or debunked them. Historians of science who have challenged this answer have so far paid little attention to one of the main sources of evidence usually invoked in its favor, namely the experimental reports of the chemist Charles Dufay (1698–1739). This paper considers Dufay’s published articles, especially those on phosphorescence and electricity, and argues that far from disdaining wonders he valued them as a means of discovering new regularities and of correcting and confirming hypotheses. Moreover, his interest in wonders was due partly to three concerns that he shared with other members of the Academy, and especially with chemists such as Claude-Joseph Geoffroy and Jean Hellot. These concerns were the production of a large amount of empirical data, the practice of alchemy, and the need to write for an audience of non-academicians. One moral of this study is that Dufay had more in common with two of his seventeenth-century sources, Robert Boyle and Athanasius Kircher, than historians have so far supposed. Another is that the difference between lay and learned attitudes to wonders, insofar as it existed in the eighteenth century, lay not in the ejection of wonders from serious inquiry but in the shifting background of expectations against which different groups judged which facts were wondrous and which were mundane or unsurprising.
Familial Hypercholesterolemia in Children: Treatment With p-Aminosalicylic Acid
Authors: Malloy M. J. , Kane J. P. , Rowe J. S.
Published: June 2013

The effect of p-aminosalicylic acid (PAS) on the content of cholesterol and triglycerides in serum and in three lipoprotein classes was determined in 20 children and adolescents with severe familial hypercholesterolemia. Dietary cholesterol and saturated fats were restricted throughout the study. Patients received 150 mg/kg/day of PAS (as PAS-C) or placebo in a single-blind random assignment pattern with crossover at six months. A composite index of compliance was generated for each patient based on interviews, tacit drug inventories, and tests for PAS metabolites. Mean serum cholesterol levels decreased significantly during drug treatment. Cholesterol levels in low-density lipoproteins (LDL) decreased from 273 to 208 mg/100 ml in eight patients whose lipoproteins were fractionated by ultracentrifugation, whereas levels of cholesterol in high-density lipoproteins were unchanged by PAS. Serum triglyceride levels decreased significantly, suggesting that the decrease in LDL with PAS treatment may result in part from inhibition of secretion of lipoprotein precursors. The effect of PAS was sustained for 24 months. No significant toxicity was observed. The lack of effect of PAS on thyroid stimulating hormone suggests that thyroid hyperplasia will not occur at a dose of 150 mg/kg/day. These studies indicate that PAS combined with diet may be useful in the management of familial hypercholesterolemia in childhood.
Surgical Advances in the Treatment of Lesions of the Pediatric Airway: The Role of the Carbon Dioxide Laser
Authors: Healy Gerald B. , McGill Trevor , Strong M. Stuart
Published: June 2013

Transoral microsurgery of the larynx has now made it possible to treat multiple lesions heretofore only treatable by external approach. The introduction of the surgical carbon dioxide laser has been the single greatest advance in transoral surgery of the airway in the past 15 years. This modality of therapy offers many features not found in any other known form of surgery. It is especially useful in the pediatric airway where the avoidance of edema and the need for minimal scarring is most critical. Its unique aspects make this form of treatment most desirable in the pediatric laryngotracheal region.
COMMUNITY HEALTH TEAM
Authors: Mahler H.
Published: June 2013

... Today the health manpower situation leaves much to be desired as regards both quality and quantity. In the past, this problem has always prompted the same type of reaction; to step up the training of the "classical" types of health worker. It can be said with some certainty that to produce more of the same (usually disease- and hospital-oriented) type of health worker will not solve health service problems—nor, which is more important, the health problems of the people.

During the past two or three decades, it has become abundantly clear that if we want to do something for the health of entire populations, and, even more important, if we want them to do the things necessary for their own health, we must leave the well-trodden paths. We must create new, well-planned services, staffed where necessary by new categories of health personnel, such as primary health workers and their mentors, with practitioners of traditional medicine as an important reserve. It is not enough, however, to develop new categories of health personnel. Every health worker—including part-time workers drawn from the community itself—should be equipped by training to serve on the community health team, ready to cope with people's priority health problems not only today and tomorrow but well into the future.
THE RIGHT TO BE WRONG
Authors: Solzhenitsyn A.
Published: June 2013

If a man was called a scientist during his lifetime and an honored one at that, it was the end of him as a doctor.

The honor and glory of it would get in the way of his treatment of patients, just as elaborate clothing hinders a mans movements.

These honored scientists went about with a suite of followers, like some new Christ with his apostles. They completely lost the right to make mistakes or not to know something, they lost the right to be allowed to think things over.

The man might be self-satisfied, half-witted, behind the times, and trying to conceal the fact, and yet everyone would expect miracles from him.
Clinical Diagnosis of the Inborn Errors of Metabolism in the Neonatal Period
Authors: Burton Barbara K. , Nadler Henry L.
Published: June 2013

The first step in the evaluation of any sick neonate, and clearly the most important one, is a thorough clinical assessment including history and physical examination. In the case of metabolic disorders, the family history is critical, particularly if it reveals previously poorly explained neonatal deaths. The physical examination may alert the clinician to the possibility of a specific diagnosis and then appropriate laboratory tests may be performed in an attempt to verify that diagnosis. Such is the case in the neonate who has jaundice, hepatomegaly, vomiting, diarrhea, failure to thrive, and cataracts. Most pediatricians would immediately think of galactosemia, test the urine for reducing substances, and institute a galactose-free diet pending the results of definitive enzyme assays. The same is true of Pompe's disease where the findings of macroglossia, hypotonia, hepatomegaly, cardiomegaly, and congestive heart failure without evidence of structural heart disease are rarely associated with any other diagnosis. When the clinical findings are not so distinctive, the diagnosis may, on rare occasions, be suggested by the observation of an unusual feature such as the odor of maple syrup in the urine of infants with maple syrup urine disease.

In the vast majority of instances, the clinician is not so fortunate. Although the same may not be true for older children, the majority of inborn errors of metabolism that occur in the neonatal period are characterized by nonspecific signs and symptoms which in themselves are not useful in making a diagnosis but when observed in combination, without a known cause, are suggestive of such a diagnosis.

It is hoped that the guidelines presented here will assist the physician in the evaluation of such infants. It has not been our purpose to discuss the definite diagnostic studies leading to a precise diagnosis or to outline specific therapeutic measures. These are best left within the province of those experienced in the management of these disorders. Astute clinical diagnosis and some simple laboratory studies may provide the assurance that affected infants will receive the benefits of further evaluation and treatment.

If death appears imminent in a newborn suspected of having a metabolic disorder, we would recommend that the following samples be collected and stored: urine, frozen; plasma, separated from whole blood and frozen; and a small snip of skin obtained by sterile technique and stored at room temperature or 37 C in tissue culture medium, if available, or in 5% dextrose in normal saline solution. If an autopsy is performed, a sample of unfixed liver tissue should also be frozen at -20 C. These samples subsequent can be transported to a diagnostic center for studies that appear to be indicated.
Effect of Ampicillin and Chloramphenicol Against Haemophilus influenzae
Authors: Feldman William E.
Published: June 2013

Synergy, determined by isobolograms constructed from the minimal inhibitory concentrations of combinations of ampicillin and chloramphenicol, was observed against six of 13 ampicillin-susceptible Haemophilus influenzae type b isolates and against five of eight ampicillin-resistant strains by using a small inoculum of 104 colony forming units (CFU) per milliliter. Synergy occurred against nine of 13 ampicillin-susceptible and against two of eight ampicillin-resistant strains using a large inoculum of 107 CFU/ml. When synergy was not observed, additive effects occurred against the remainder of isolates. Additive effects were also observed against single strains of chloramphenicol-resistant, nontypeable H. influenzae and H. parainfluenzae. No antagonism was observed. These data indicate that ampicillin and chloramphenicol may be synergistic against a significant number of H. influenzae strains depending on inoculum size, but the effect is unpredictable for a given isolate. These data support the recommendation that ampicillin and chloramphenicol both be used as initial therapy for patients with suspected bacterial meningitis.
Familial Nonobstructive Cardiomyopathy With Endocardial Fibroelastosis Beyond Infancy
Authors: Singh Amarjit , Doyle Eugenie F. , Danilowicz Delores A. , Finegold Milton J.
Published: June 2013

A 10-year-old boy with congestive heart failure died in five months in spite of comprehensive medical treatment. Autopsy showed patchy areas of endocardial fibroelastosis of the left ventricle. The sister of this patient had followed a similar course at 13 years of age with death within six months of the onset of congestive failure. Her postmortem examination also showed endocardial fibroelastosis. The clinical presentation of familial endocardial fibroelastosis in the preteen and teenage years is a rare event. Probably the endocardial fibroelastosis was secondary to a familial nonobstructive cardiomyopathy.
A Case of Short Rib Polydactyly
Authors: Bidot-López Pascual , Ablow Ronald C. , Ogden John A. , Mahoney Maurice J.
Published: June 2013

A patient with neonatal dwarfism had many characteristics of the Majewski syndrome, except for a cleft lip and abnormalities of internal organs. Absence of these anomalies and presence of more severe pathological changes in bone suggest either a wider spectrum for this disorder or a separate entity.
CONTROVERSY IN THE DETECTION OF DISEASE
Authors: Sackett David L. , Holland Walter W.
Published: June 2013

The advocates of screening, usually for impeccable motives, conclude that the pre-existing evidence plus commonsense—in the face of the ongoing toll of disability and untimely death—demand massive screening programmes for the detection of citizens with risk factors for these disorders now, even in the absence of experiments to determine whether the alteration of many risk factors will, in fact, alter risk. In "keeping the faith", screening advocates may find themselves forced to accept or reject evidence not so much on the basis of its scientific merit as on the extent to which it supports or rejects the stand that screening is good.

The methodologists, on the other hand, are wed not to a conclusion but to a series of criteria and strategies which if rigorously applied they believe will maximise the likelihood that the ultimate conclusion is correct. They insist that screening, like any other untested health manoeuvre, may do more harm than good and must meet scientific as well as political criteria before it is implemented. In "maintaining objectivity" methodologists will be forced to offer tentative conclusions and to change their minds as more valid evidence appears.... The decision to apply an unproven remedy to a single patient costs relatively little and limits the human risk of toxicity and side-effects, should the remedy later be shown to be useless or harmful. The opportunity for waste and harm is greatly magnified if this remedy is proposed for all such patients identified through a screening programme.

A wrong community decision now, subsequently revealed, makes the implementation of later community decisions, however valid, much more difficult.
THE SOLDIER-POET LUIGI TANSILLO'S POEM ABOUT THE IMPORTANCE OF BREAST-FEEDING
Authors: C. T. E.
Published: June 2013

Luigi Tansillo (1510-1569) was not a physician but a soldier. His didactic pediatric poem La Balia (The Nurse) was discovered in manuscript in 1767, so that its publication had to wait more than two centuries after his death.1

Tansillo's poem, translated into English by William Roscoe in 1798, is an impassioned appeal for breast-feeding. This is an example of his plea-written more than 500 years ago-for mothers to nurse their infants.2

What fury hostile to the human kind

First led from Nature's path the female mind

Th' ingenuous sense by fashion's law represt

And to a babe denied its mother's breast?

O Crime! with herbs and drugs of essence high

The sacred fountains of the breast to dry

To seek a nurse ye trace the country round

At length the mercenary aid is found-

Some wretch of vulgar birth and conduct frail;

Some known offender, flagrant from the jail;

In mind an idiot, or depraved of life,

A shameless strumpet or impoverished wife.

Not half a mother, she, who pride denies

The streaming beverage to her infant's cries.
Renal Transplantation in Children Ages 1 to 5 Years
Authors: Hodson Elisabeth M. , Najarian John S. , Kjellstrand Carl M. , Simmons Richard L. , Mauer S. Michael
Published: June 2013

Renal transplantation was carried out in 21 children ages 1 to 5 years. Eighteen received grafts from a living, related donor (LRD). Four children died, one following rejection, and three because of infection. Five children lost their initial grafts and two have received new transplants. Cumulative patient survival two and four years following LRD transplantation was 94% and 76%, respectively. This was similar to results found in children ages 6 to 14 years.

Accelerated growth rates were seen in the first posttransplant year in those small children who were severely growth-retarded at the time of transplantation and who achieved normal graft function. However, only one of these children ultimately reached the tenth percentile for height for chronological age.

We conclude that renal transplantation is warranted in the very young child with renal failure.
Factors Influencing Kanamycin Resistance in Gram-Negative Enteric Neonatal Sepsis
Authors: Crosson Francis J. , Moxon E. Richard
Published: June 2013

Gram-negative enteric organisms are responsible for at least 50% of cases of neonatal septicemia.1,2 Because of the emergence of kanamycin-resistant organisms, gentamicin has become the aminoglycoside agent of choice in many neonatal intensive care units.1 Increased use of gentamicin, however, favors the development of gentamicin resistance,3 which has prompted interest in reducing reliance on gentamicin.

Baker et al.4 have suggested that the incidence of kanamycin resistance among Escherichia coli isolates from neonates is low if illness begins during the first few days of life but is greater among isolates from infants with illnesses of later onset. They demonstrated a correlation between pretreatment with kanamycin and subsequent recovery of kanamycin-resistant organisms from these same infants.
Use of Transtelephonic Electrocardiography in Patients With Symptoms Suggesting Cardiac Arrhythmia
Authors: Williams Robert L.
Published: June 2013

Fast or irregular heartbeats in childhood may be described as palpitations or fluttering in the chest or throat; they may or may not represent true arrhythmias. Documentation of these symptoms as true arrhythmias is imperative before treatment can be instituted but is difficult if these symptoms occur less than once a day or for a duration of less than one hour. No therapy is indicated if the symptoms arise from occasional ectopic beats or variations of sinus rhythm, and selection of those patients for whom therapy is indicated, as well as the selection of antiarrhythmic medication, is dependent on demonstration that the arrhythmia originates from a supraventricular or ventricular focus.
LYRICAL FLUIDS
Authors: Hendrickse R. G. , Hervade Arturo R.
Published: June 2013

1. Babies who have D. and V. Shrivel up and fail to wee. When this happens, then we ought a Fill them up with salt and water.

2. When they're shocked they'll only last if you give them plasma fast. After that you must proceed According to your patient's need.

3. If salt is high and water low Keep your I. V. weak and slow. Play it cool, don't lose your wits, For rushing things will bring on fits.

4. But, when sodium's rather low, That's the time to have a go, With stronger stuff at greater speed, To make up losses and daily need.
Triple Dye and Staphylococcal Infections
Authors: Kornblum Robert , Wang Stephen F. , Hedrick Eddie
Published: June 2013

We would like to mention an alternative method for the prevention of colonization of the umbilicus by staphylococcal organisms to the one proposed by Johnson et al. (Pediatrics 58:354, September 1976).

Several years ago, as a response to recommendations by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to discontinue routine total bathing of newborns with hexachlorophene, we studied alternative methods for the care of newborn infants. Despite the use of plain or green soap for infant bathing and scrupulous attention to hand washing with hexachlorophene by nursery personnel, an increased incidence of staphylococcal colonization and infection was seen in our nursery.
In Reply: Comment on Soy Protein Intolerance
Authors: Whitington Peter F.
Published: June 2013

Kuitunen et al. published a comprehensive report of the clinical findings in 54 patients with cow's milk intolerance.1 This report included four patients who reacted to soy-containing formula. I am embarrassed that I failed to note this in our work. After submitting our paper for publication, another report appeared in which G. K. Powell discussed two infants with combined cow's milk and soy protein intolerance and whose disease simulated necrotizing enterocolitis.2 Surely other authors have mentioned similar patients, if not by name then by symptoms.
In Reply: Comment on Renal Anomalies and Pneumothorax
Authors: Balfe J. Williamson
Published: June 2013

I am pleased to respond to Dr. Rucker's letter. He is concerned that our report of a 19% incidence of urinary tract anomalies associated with lung rupture is too high. Our study population of 6,236 infants showed a 0.75% incidence of pneumothorax, which is in the reported range. The diagnosis of lung rupture was made by roentgenography. The films would have been requested because of respiratory signs or symptoms. Dr. Rucker rightfully wonders about the babies with asymptomatic pneumothorax and whether they would have fewer renal anomalies.
IMAGE OF OUR LIFE
Authors: Kennan Geo. F.
Published: June 2013

. . . the way things are proceeding at present produces on the surface of our national life a number of depressing and discreditable phenomena which are visible to the world at large and are genuinely important from the standpoint of our relationships with other peoples. Blighted areas, filthy streets, community demoralization, juvenile delinquency, chaotic traffic conditions, utter disregard for aesthetic and recreational values in urban development, and an obviously unsatisfactory geographic distribution of various facilities for home-life and work and recreation and shopping and worship: these things may not mark all our urban communities in conspicuous degree, but they mark enough of them to put a definite imprint on the image of our life that is carried to the world around us, and this is an imprint that leads others to feel that we are not really the masters of our own fate, that our society is not really under control, that we are being helplessly carried along by forces we do not have the courage or the vitality to master.
On the variety of strict pseudosemilattices
Authors: Auinger K. , Oliveira L.
Published: June 2013

A new model, in terms of finite bipartite graphs, of the free pseudosemilattice is presented. This will then be used to obtain several results about the variety SPS of all strict pseudosemilattices: (i) an identity basis for SPS is found, (ii) SPS is shown to be inherently non-finitely based, (iii) SPS is shown to have no irredundant identity basis, and (iv) SPS is shown to have no covers and to be ∩-prime in the lattice of all varieties of pseudosemilattices. Some applications to e-varieties of locally inverse semigroups are also derived.
The complements in an affine group
Authors: Hegedűs Pál
Published: June 2013

In this paper we analyse the natural permutation module of an affine permutation group. For this the regular module of an elementary Abelian p-group is described in detail. We consider the inequivalent permutation modules coming from nonconjugate complements. We prove their strong structural similarity well exceeding the fact that they have equal Brauer characters.
On the csáki-vincze transformation
Authors: Hajri Hatem
Published: June 2013

Csáki and Vincze have defined in 1961 a discrete transformation T which applies to simple random walks and is measure preserving. In this paper, we are interested in ergodic and asymptotic properties of T. We prove that T is exact: ∩k≧1σ(Tk(S)) is trivial for each simple random walk S and give a precise description of the lost information at each step k. We then show that, in a suitable scaling limit, all iterations of T “converge” to the corresponding iterations of the continuous Lévy transform of Brownian motion.
On the Móri-Székely conjectures for the Borel-Cantelli lemma
Authors: Feng Chunrong , Li Liangpan
Published: June 2013

The purpose of this note is to show by constructing counterexamples that two conjectures of Móri and Székely for the Borel-Cantelli lemma are false.
An Image of Europe: Yinka Shonibare's Postcolonial Decadence
Authors: Stilling Robert
Published: June 2013

In 1891 Oscar Wilde argued that “Lying, the telling of beautiful untrue things, is the proper aim of art.” A hundred years later, the Anglo-Nigerian artist Yinka Shonibare MBE takes up where Wilde left off, arguing that “[t]o be an artist you have to be a good liar.” This essay explores how Shonibare reinvents Wilde's antirealism for a globalized, postcolonial world. Building on Leela Gandhi's notion of “interested autonomy,” I argue that in works such as his 2001 photo seriesDorian Gray, Shonibare turns to Wilde's aestheticism as a means of upending the relation between realism and politics found in Chinua Achebe's critique of Joseph Conrad'sHeart of Darkness, rediscovering the disparate racial and sexual geographies at stake in Wilde's novelThe Picture of Dorian Grayand in Albert Lewin's 1945 film version of it. Shonibare's post-colonial decadence, I argue, demonstrates how decadent aestheticism may become central to postcolonial imaginings of the real.
Cross-Colonial Poetics:Souffles-Anfasand the Figure of Palestine
Authors: Harrison Olivia C.
Published: June 2013

From the mid-1960s onward, Moroccan, Algerian, and Tunisian writers have turned to the question of Palestine as a model of political and aesthetic innovation. Taking the Moroccan cultural journalSouffles-Anfasas an early, paradigmatic example of the literary turn to Palestine in the Maghreb, I argue that writers such as Abdellatif Laâbi and Abdelkebir Khatibi used Palestine as a springboard for “cultural decolonization,” reactivating global anticolonial discourses in order to articulate a relational, cross-colonial Maghrebi identity. Focusing on discussions of language, poetic form, and cultural autonomy, I show that Palestine served as a point of reference in debates on postcolonial Maghrebi culture. Without muting the ethical pitfalls inherent in representing a heterogeneous anticolonial struggle in a postcolonial context, I take this example of cross-colonial poetics as an invitation to rethink along multidirectional, transnational lines the way we approach Maghrebi and, more generally, postcolonial literature and culture.
The Meaning of the Digital Humanities
Authors: Liu Alan
Published: June 2013

This question of disciplinary meaning—which I ask from the viewpoint of the humanities generally—is larger than the question of disciplinary identity now preoccupying “DH” itself, as insiders call it. Having reached a critical mass of participants, publications, conferences, grant competitions, institutionalization (centers, programs, and advertised jobs), and general visibility, the field is vigorously forming an identity. Recent debates about whether the digital humanities are a “big tent” (Jockers and Worthey), “who's in and who's out?” (Ramsay), whether “you have to know how to code [or be a builder]” (Ramsay, “On Building”), the need for “more hack, less yack” (Cecire, “When Digital Humanities”; Koh), and “who you calling untheoretical?” (Bauer) witness a dialectics of inclusion and exclusion not unlike that of past emergent fields. An ethnographer of the field, indeed, might take a page from Claude Lévi-Strauss and chart the current digital humanities as something like a grid of affiliations and differences between neighboring tribes. Exaggerating the differences somewhat, as when a tribe boasts its uniqueness, we can thus say that the digital humanities—much of which affiliates with older humanities disciplines such as literature, history, classics, and the languages; with the remediation of older media such as books and libraries; and ultimately with the value of the old itself (history, archives, the curatorial mission)—are not the tribe of “new media studies,” under the sway of the design, visual, and media arts; Continental theory; cultural criticism; and the avant-garde new. Similarly, despite significant trends toward networked and multimodal work spanning social, visual, aural, and haptic media, much of the digital humanities focuses on documents and texts in a way that distinguishes the field's work from digital research in media studies, communication studies, information studies, and sociology. And the digital humanities are exploring new repertoires of interpretive or expressive “algorithmic criticism” (the “second wave” of the digital humanities proclaimed in “The Digital Humanities Manifesto 2.0” [3]) in a way that makes the field not even its earlier self, “humanities computing,” alleged to have had narrower technical and service-oriented aims. Recently, the digital humanities' limited engagement with identity and social-justice issues has also been seen to be a differentiating trait—for example, by the vibrant #transformDH collective, which worries that the digital humanities (unlike some areas of new media studies) are dominantly not concerned with race, gender, alternative sexualities, or disability.
Centrifuge modelling of combined anchors for slope stability
Authors: Zhao Xiaoyan , Salgado Rodrigo , Prezzi Monica
Published: June 2013

The use of combined anchoring systems for slope stability enhancement is becoming more frequent. In combined anchoring systems, active anchors (e.g. prestressed tiebacks) and passive anchors (e.g. soil nails) are used simultaneously to stabilise a slope. Although stability analysis of slopes with either active or passive anchors used separately is routine in engineering practice, experience with slopes in which these two types of anchoring systems are used in combination is considerably more limited. For example, there are questions concerning the load sharing between active and passive anchors. In this study, centrifuge tests are designed to investigate the contribution of passive anchors to the overall stability of a slope by monitoring the deformation and stress distributions in anchored slope models. Centrifuge model tests are carried out on six model slopes at the same acceleration of 100 g with different types of reinforcement: active anchors for four models and a combined anchoring system for two models. The experimental results show that the passive anchors in the combined anchoring system make an important contribution to the overall stability of the slopes. The tests are then used to verify a slope stability program that can consider both types of anchors acting together.
Effect of aggregate coating thickness on pore structure features and properties of porous ecological concrete
Authors: Yan Xiaobo , Gong Chenchen , Wang Shoude , Lu Lingchao
Published: June 2013

The coating thickness of coarse aggregate to some extent determines pore structure features and the properties of porous ecological concrete. In this paper, analyses of pore structure features and properties are carried out by designing different coating thicknesses. The porosity of porous ecological concrete is determined by volumetric and area fraction methods. Stereology and mathematical-morphology-based methods are used to extract the pore structure features. Results showed that the pore structure features using two methods related well to each other. The extracted pore structure features were found to be linearly related to the coating thickness. The porous ecological concrete with thinner coating thickness possessed better pore structure features and worse mechanical property. When the coating thickness was 590 μm, the porosity of the porous ecological concrete was above 26%, the 28-day pH value was 9·72, the 28-day compressive strength was 12·1 MPa and the effective pore size was more than 4·6 mm.