bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of Cryopreservation on Caprine Fetal Adnexa Derived Stem Cells and Its Evaluation for Growth Kinetics, Phenotypic Characterization, and Wound Healing Potential in Xenogenic Rat Model
Authors: Somal Anjali , Bhat Irfan A. , B. Indu , Singh Anuj P. , Panda Bibhudatta S.K. , Desingu Perumal A. , Pandey Sriti , Bharti Mukesh K. , Pal Amar , Saikumar Guttula , Chandra Vikash , Sharma Guttula Taru
Published: December 2016

This study was conducted to know the impact of cryopreservation on caprine fetal adnexa derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on the basic stem cell characteristics. Gravid caprine uteri (2–3 months) were collected from local abattoir to derive (amniotic fluid [cAF], amniotic sac [cAS], Wharton's jelly [cWJ], and cord blood [cCB]) MSCs and expanded in vitro. Cells were cryopreserved at 3rd passage (P3) using 10% DMSO. Post‐thaw viability and cellular properties were assessed. Cells were expanded to determine growth kinetics, tri‐lineage differentiation, localization, and molecular expression of MSCs and pluripotency markers; thereafter, these cells were transplanted in the full‐thickness (2 × 2cm2) rat skin wound to determine their wound healing potential. The post‐thaw (pt) growth kinetics study suggested that cWJ MSCs expanded more rapidly with faster population doubling time (PDT) than that of other fetal adnexa MSCs. The relative mRNA expression of surface antigens (CD73, CD90, and CD 105) and pluripotency markers (Oct4, KLF, and cMyc) was higher in cWJ MSCs in comparison to cAS, cAF, and cCB MSCs post‐thaw. The percent wound contraction on 7th day was more than 50% for all the MSC‐treated groups (pre and post‐thaw), against 39.55% in the control group. On day 28th, 99% and more wound contraction was observed in cAF, cAF‐pt, cAS‐pt, cWJ, cWJ‐pt, and cCB, MSCs with better scores for epithelization, neovascularization, and collagen characteristics at a non‐significant level. It is concluded that these MSCs could be successfully cryopreserved without altering their stemness and wound healing properties. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 2186–2200, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Identification of MSX1 and DCLK1 as mRNA Biomarkers for Colorectal Cancer Detection Through DNA Methylation Information
Authors: Sun Ai‐Jun , Gao Hai‐Bo , Liu Gao , Ge Heng‐Fa , Ke Zun‐Ping , Li Sen
Published: December 2016

Colorectal cancer is the second most deadly malignancy in the United States. However, the currently screening options had their limitation. Novel biomarkers for colorectal cancer detections are necessary to reduce the mortality. The clinical information, mRNA expression levels and DNA methylation information of colorectal cancer were downloaded from TCGA. The patients were separated into training group and testing group based on their platforms for DNA methylation. Beta values of DNA methylation from tumor tissues and normal tissues were utilized to figure out the position that were differentially methylated. The expression levels of mRNA of thirteen genes, whose CpG islands were differentially methylated, were extracted from the RNA‐Seq results from TCGA. The probabilities whether the mRNA was differentially expressed between tumor and normal samples were calculated using Student's t‐test. Logistic regression and decision tree were built for cancer detection and their performances were evaluated by the area under the curve (AUC). Twenty‐four genomic locations were differentially methylated, which could be mapped to eleven genes. Nine out of eleven genes had differentially expressed mRNA levels, which were used to build the model for cancer detection. The final detection models consisting of mRNA expression levels of these nine genes had great performances on both training group and testing group. The model that constructed in this study suggested MSX1 and DCLK1 might be used in colorectal cancer detection or as target of cancer therapies. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 1879–1884, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Role of Exercise and TFAM in Preventing Skeletal Muscle Atrophy
Authors: Theilen Nicholas T. , Kunkel George H. , Tyagi Suresh C.
Published: December 2016

Skeletal muscle atrophy is the consequence of protein degradation exceeding protein synthesis. This arises for a multitude of reasons including the unloading of muscle during microgravity, post‐surgery bedrest, immobilization of a limb after injury, and overall disuse of the musculature. The development of therapies prior to skeletal muscle atrophy settings to diminish protein degradation is scarce. Mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with skeletal muscle atrophy and contributes to the induction of protein degradation and cell apoptosis through increased levels of ROS observed with the loss of organelle function. ROS binds mtDNA, leading to its degradation and decreasing functionality. Mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) will bind and coat mtDNA, protecting it from ROS and degradation while increasing mitochondrial function. Exercise stimulates cell signaling pathways that converge on and increase PGC‐1α, a well‐known activator of the transcription of TFAM and mitochondrial biogenesis. Therefore, in the present review we are proposing, separately, exercise and TFAM treatments prior to atrophic settings (muscle unloading or disuse) alleviate skeletal muscle atrophy through enhanced mitochondrial adaptations and function. Additionally, we hypothesize the combination of exercise and TFAM leads to a synergistic effect in targeting mitochondrial function to prevent skeletal muscle atrophy. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 2348–2358, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Workplace ostracism and deviant and helping behaviors: The moderating role of 360 degree feedback
Authors: Peng Ann Chunyan , Zeng Wei
Published: December 2016

Drawing on sociometer theory, we argue that when 360 degree feedback is used in a work setting, being ostracized by coworkers has a stronger negative influence on employees' state self‐esteem, which promotes interpersonal deviance and demotivates helping directed toward coworkers, as compared to settings in which 360 feedback is not used. We tested our hypotheses using data collected from North American employees (Study 1) and a two‐wave survey of employees in China (Study 2). Results from both studies support the hypothesized interaction between workplace ostracism and 360 degree feedback on interpersonal deviance and helping behavior. Results from Study 2 further show that lower state self‐esteem accounts for the stronger negative association of ostracism with helping behavior among employees who are exposed to 360 degree feedback. Ostracism is not related to subsequent state self‐esteem or behavior when 360 degree feedback is absent. We discuss the implications for theory and research concerning employee exclusion. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transgenic modification of potato pectic polysaccharides also affects type and level of cell wall xyloglucan
Authors: Huang Jie‐Hong , Jiang Rui , Kortstee Anne , Dees Dianka CT , Trindade Luisa M , Gruppen Harry , Schols Henk A
Published: December 2016

BACKGROUND

Genes encoding pectic enzymes were introduced into wild‐type potato Karnico. Cell wall materials were extracted from Karnico and transgenic lines expressing β‐galactosidase (β‐Gal‐14) or rhamnogalacturonan lyase (RGL‐18). Pectic polysaccharides from the β‐Gal‐14 transgenic line exhibited rhamnogalacturonan‐I structural elements with shorter galactan side chains, whereas the RGL‐18 transgenic line had less rhamnogalacturonan‐I structures than Karnico. Xyloglucan in primary cell walls interacts with pectin and other cell wall polysaccharides and controls cell growth.

RESULTS

Xyloglucan extracts from transgenic lines had different levels of monosaccharides compared to wild‐type. Most XXGG‐type xyloglucans from Karnico and RGL‐18 alkali‐extractable extracts predominantly consisted of XXGG and XSGG building blocks. Karnico and RGL‐18 4 mol L−1 extracts had small proportions of the XXXG‐type xyloglucan, whereas β‐Gal‐14 extracts also contained the XXXG‐type xyloglucan. The peak ratios of XSGG/XXGG were 1.9, 2.4 and 1.1 for 4 mol L−1 extracts of Karnico, RGL‐18 and β‐Gal‐14 lines, respectively.

CONCLUSION

After transgenic modification on pectin, the xyloglucan building blocks may have been changed. The β‐Gal‐14 lines mostly present XXXG‐type repeating units instead of the XXGG‐type in 4 mol L−1 extracts. The ratio of XSGG/XXGG repeating units also changed, indicating that the transgenic modification of pectin altered xyloglucan structure during plant development. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Comparative community structure of archaea in rumen of buffaloes and cattle
Authors: Paul Shyam S , Dey Avijit , Baro Daoharu , Punia Balbir S
Published: December 2016

BACKGROUND

Detailed knowledge of the community structure of methanogens is essential for amelioration of methane emission from livestock species. Several studies have indicated that predominant methanogens of buffalo rumen are different from those in cattle. However, predominant genera of methanogens reported by individual studies varied primarily because of limited scope of sampling, sequencing of limited number of sequences and potential PCR bias in individual studies. In this study, the collective comparative diversity of methanogenic archaea in the rumen of cattle and buffaloes was examined by performing a meta‐analysis of all the 16S rRNA (rrn) sequences deposited in GenBank.

RESULTS

Ruminal methanogen sequences of buffalo were clustered into 900 species‐level operational taxonomic units (OTUs), and ruminal methanogen sequences of cattle were clustered into 1522 species level OTUs. The number of species‐level OTUs shared between cattle and buffaloes was 229 (10.4% of all OTUs), comprising 1746 sequences (27% of the total 6447 sequences). According to taxonomic classification by three different classifiers, Methanobrevibacter was found to be the most predominant genus both in cattle (69–71% of sequences) as well as buffaloes (65.1–68.9% of sequences). Percentage of Methanomicrobium was much higher (P < 0.05) in the case of buffalo (18%) than that of cattle (4.5%). On the other hand, percentages of Methanosphaera‐ and Methanomassiliicoccus‐like methanogens were much higher (P < 0.05) in cattle than in buffaloes.

CONCLUSION

This study indicated that there is a substantial difference in community structure of ruminal methanogens of cattle and buffaloes. The study has also indicated that the percent of species‐level operational taxonomic units shared between cattle and buffalo is very low, and thus host species‐specific methane mitigation strategies need to be developed for cattle and buffaloes. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Combined effect of carnosol, rosmarinic acid and thymol on the oxidative stability of soybean oil using a simplex centroid mixture design
Authors: Saoudi Salma , Chammem Nadia , Sifaoui Ines , Jiménez Ignacio A , Lorenzo‐Morales Jacob , Piñero José E , Bouassida‐Beji Maha , Hamdi Moktar , L Bazzocchi Isabel
Published: December 2016

BACKGROUND:

Oxidation taking place during the use of oil leads to the deterioration of both nutritional and sensorial qualities. Natural antioxidants from herbs and plants are rich in phenolic compounds and could therefore be more efficient than synthetic ones in preventing lipid oxidation reactions. This study was aimed at the valorization of Tunisian aromatic plants and their active compounds as new sources of natural antioxidant preventing oil oxidation.

RESULTS:

Carnosol, rosmarinic acid and thymol were isolated from Rosmarinus officinalis and Thymus capitatus by column chromatography and were analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance. Their antioxidant activities were measured by DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays. These active compounds were added to soybean oil in different proportions using a simplex–centroid mixture design. Antioxidant activity and oxidative stability of oils were determined before and after 20 days of accelerated oxidation at 60 °C.

CONCLUSION:

Results showed that bioactive compounds are effective in maintaining oxidative stability of soybean oil. However, the binary interaction of rosmarinic acid and thymol caused a reduction in antioxidant activity and oxidative stability of soybean oil. Optimum conditions for maximum antioxidant activity and oxidative stability were found to be an equal ternary mixture of carnosol, rosmarinic acid and thymol. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Authentic sheep meat in the European Union: Factors influencing and validating its unique meat quality
Authors: Erasmus Sara W , Muller Magdalena , Hoffman Louwrens C
Published: December 2016

Authentic meat products are gaining attention through their unique quality characteristics linked to their origin. Various factors are known to influence the quality of fresh meat. This review describes the different Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) and Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) lamb types and discusses the factors which influences its unique sensory and chemical characteristics. Flavour, aroma, texture and colour play an integral part in the sensory quality of denomination of origin fresh meat products. For authentic fresh sheep meat the sensory (as well as chemical) quality is largely influenced by diet followed by breed, age and gender. However, diet forms the link with the geographical area of origin, which together with the traditional production system and sheep breeds used, lends the product its authentic nature. This review shows how diet linked to origin can affect the quality of the meat and furthermore how other factors such as breed can also have an effect. Research relating to the authentic lamb types were evaluated and the shortcomings highlighted in order to assist with the development of PDO and PGI specifications in the future. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
A new method to address unmeasured confounding of mortality in observational studies
Authors: Tannen Richard , Yu Menggang
Published: December 2016

Introduction

The prior event rate ratio (PERR) overcomes “unmeasured confounding” by adjusting study outcomes for all confounding (measured and unmeasured) by comparing exposed to unexposed cohort outcomes prior to study entry when neither group is receiving treatment. However, PERR cannot address “unmeasured confounding” of death since prior events cannot occur.

Methods

This study's goal is to determine whether a new method, built on the concepts that led to the PERR development, reliably overcomes unmeasured confounding for death. In contrast to the PERR, which precedes study onset, the new mortality analysis uses exposed and unexposed cohorts, not taking the treatment medication, at the end of the study. It is called the post‐treated event rate ratio (PTERR).

Results

Theoretical and simulation studies were used to evaluate the likelihood for reliable results using of this new analytic strategy. Also, prior empiric studies, which used both the UK GPRD and THIN databases to examine and validate the PERR method, were used to ascertain the validity of the PTERR method.

Conclusion

In the aggregate the results provide strong evidence that the PTERR method to evaluate unmeasured confounding will be a valuable analytic tool.
Fluorescent Labeling and Biodistribution of Latex Nanoparticles Formed by Surfactant‐Free RAFT Emulsion Polymerization
Authors: Poon Cheuk Ka , Tang Owen , Chen Xin‐Ming , Kim Byung , Hartlieb Matthias , Pollock Carol A. , Hawkett Brian S. , Perrier Sébastien
Published: December 2016

The authors report the preparation of a novel range of functional polyacrylamide stabilized polystyrene nanoparticles, obtained by surfactant‐free reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) emulsion polymerization, their fluorescent tagging, cellular uptake, and biodistribution. The authors show the versatility of the RAFT emulsion process for the design of functional nanoparticles of well‐defined size that can be used as drug delivery vectors. Functionalization with a fluorescent tag offers a useful visualization tool for tracing, localization, and clearance studies of these carriers in biological models. The studies are carried out by labeling the sterically stabilized latex particles chemically with rhodamine B. The fluorescent particles are incubated in a healthy human renal proximal tubular cell line model, and intravenously injected into a mouse model. Cellular localization and biodistribution of these particles on the biological models are explored.

image
Electrospun Nanofibers of Curdlan (β‐1,3 Glucan) Blend as a Potential Skin Scaffold Material
Authors: Basha Rubaiya Yunus , Sampath Kumar T. S. , Doble Mukesh
Published: December 2016

Curdlan (β‐1,3 glucan) (7 wt%) with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) (10 wt%) is blended at 1:2 weight ratio and electrospun to get nanofibers and is crosslinked with glutaraldehyde vapor to make it insoluble in water. It has a fiber diameter of less than 100 nm and is hydrophilic (contact angle = 35°). It is biodegradable (10% in 14 d) and also has a good swelling behavior (≈170%). More than 100% of L6 cells are viable on this scaffold after 3 d. The scanning electron microscope images also reveal that cells are able to attach and spread in the nanofibrous scaffolds. In vitro scratch assay indicates that the wound closure rate of curdlan/PVA scaffold is better than PVA scaffold probably due to the immunomodulatory properties of the biopolymer. Thus our results indicate that curdlan/PVA scaffold can be an ideal material for wound healing applications.

image
Manganese‐enhanced MRI (ME MRI) in evaluation of the auditory pathway in an experimental rat model
Authors: Tang Zuohua , Wu Lingjie , Xiao Zebin , Feng Xiaoyuan , Sun Xinghuai , Tang Weijun , Wang Jie , Jin Lixin
Published: December 2016

This study aimed to explore the optimal dose and manner of administration for visualization of the auditory pathway on manganese‐enhanced MRI (ME MRI). Twenty‐four healthy male Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly divided into three experimental groups (n = 8 for Groups A, B and C). The rats in Groups A, B and C were subjected to MnCl2 injection through the tympanum, inner ear endolymph and perilymph, respectively (0.2 M for four rats and 0.4 M for the others in each group) and observed at 1, 2, 3, 4, 7 and 10 days after the operation with 3.0 T MRI. The signal intensity (SI) and dynamic changes of the auditory pathways at various times, and at two doses through three injection routes, were compared by statistical analysis. Administration of MnCl2 through the perilymph best showed the complete auditory pathway (P < 0.01), whereas administration though the tympanum only demonstrated part of the pathway. The SI was highest at 24 h after administration of the tracer and began to decline at 48 h. The SI of the auditory cortex was higher after the injection of 0.4 M MnCl2 than that of 0.2 M MnCl2. ME MRI best demonstrated the whole auditory pathway at 24 h after the injection of 0.4 M MnCl2 through the perilymph in the rat, which provided an optimal method for the study of ME MRI of the auditory pathway in the animal model.
Molecular Fingerprint Comparison of Closely Related Rose Varieties based on UHPLC‐HRMS Analysis and Chemometrics
Authors: Riffault‐Valois Ludivine , Blanchot Lucille , Colas Cyril , Destandau Emilie , Pasquier Laure , André Patrice , Elfakir Claire
Published: December 2016

Introduction

The “Jardin de Granville” modern rose variety not only combines the morphological properties of its two parental cultivars, but also possesses better agronomic characteristics (abundant blooms, strong growth and vitality, high resistance to common rose diseases). In addition, it shows remarkable biological properties such as a high ability to decrease inflammatory and oxidative stress on skin cells. That is why Parfums Christian Dior selected this rose variety to be an active ingredient in luxury cosmetics.

Objectives

To identify the characteristic molecular signature of “Jardin de Granville” compared with its parents “Annapurna” and “John Clare”, by the mean of a non‐targeted metabolomic comparison.

Material and Methods

Wood, flower and leaf hydro‐alcoholic extracts were analysed by UHPLC‐ESI‐HRMS. The fingerprints were then submitted to unsupervised multivariate analyses involving principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical ascendant classification (HAC). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was finally performed to highlight the significant differences in each group of organs.

Results

The extracts were composed of phenolic compounds such as hydrolysable and condensed tannins and flavonol derivatives. Three groups of extracts were clustered as a function of the variety. The compounds overexpressed in “Jardin de Granville” variety were highlighted thanks to ANOVA test. Flower was the most discriminative organ with 15 overexpressed molecules. Auto MS/MS analyses led to their tentative identifications.

Conclusion

The non‐targeted metabolomic approach revealed the importance of tannins to discriminate close rose varieties. The overexpressed hydrolysable tannins characteristic of “Jardin de Granville” can be responsible for the antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory properties of the rose cosmetic ingredients. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fast Sampling, Analyses and Chemometrics for Plant Breeding: Bitter Acids, Xanthohumol and Terpenes in Lupulin Glands of Hops (Humulus lupulus)
Authors: Killeen Daniel P. , Watkins Oliver C. , Sansom Catherine E. , Andersen David H. , Gordon Keith C. , Perry Nigel B.
Published: December 2016

Introduction

The valuable secondary metabolites in hops (bitter acids, xanthohumol, volatile monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes) are sequestered in lupulin glands (extracellular trichomes) which can be collected and analysed with little or no sample preparation.

Objectives

To determine whether high throughput screening of lupulin glands composition, by fast analyses and chemometrics, could be used for breeder selection of hops with key flavour attributes.

Methods

Lupulin glands from 139 plants (39 cultivars/advanced selections) were analysed by Raman and 1H NMR spectroscopy, and head‐space solid‐phase microextraction (HS‐SPME) GC‐FID. The digital X,Y‐data were subjected to principal component analysis (PCA) and the results compared with conventional analyses of extracts of whole hops from the same plants. Quantitative 1H NMR analyses were also done for the bitter acids.

Results

Raman spectroscopy rapidly identified hops cultivars with high xanthohumol concentrations and high α:β bitter acid ratios. 1H NMR spectroscopy was slower, requiring a solvent extraction, but distinguished cultivars by cohumulone content as well as α:β acid ratios. HS‐SPME‐GC rapidly distinguished aroma hops with high myrcene and farnesene contents, and pinpointed a novel selection with unusual sesquiterpenes. The quantitative NMR analyses showed correlations between bitter acid concentrations related to biosynthetic pathways.

Conclusions

Analysis of lupulin glands gave reliable results for the main quality indicators used by hops breeders, potentially avoiding harvesting, drying and solvent extracting whole hops. PCA of digital X,Y‐data rapidly discriminated different hops chemotypes, and highlighted plants with potential for new flavourcultivars. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Why Does Frustration Predict Psychopathology? Multiple Prospective Pathways over Adolescence: A Trails Study
Authors: Jeronimus Bertus F. , Riese Harriëtte , Oldehinkel Albertine J. , Ormel Johan
Published: December 2016

Adolescents’ temperamental frustration is a developmental precursor of adult neuroticism and psychopathology. Because the mechanisms that underlie the prospective association between adolescents’ high frustration and psychopathology (internalizing/externalizing) have not been studied extensively, we quantified three pathways: stress generation [mediation via selection/evocation of stressful life events (SLEs)], cross–sectional frustration–psychopathology overlap (‘carry–over’/common causes), and a direct (non–mediated) vulnerability effect of frustration, including moderation of SLE impact. Frustration and psychopathology were assessed at age 16 with the Early Adolescent Temperament Questionnaire and the Youth Self–Report. No gender differences in frustration were observed. At age 19, psychopathology was reassessed by using the Adult Self–Report, while occurrence of endogenous (self–generated) and exogenous (not self–generated) SLEs during the interval (ages 16–19) were ascertained with the Life Stress Interview, an investigator–based contextual–stressfulness rating procedure (N = 957). Half of the prospective effect of frustration on psychopathology was explained by baseline overlap, including effects of ‘carry–over’ and common causes, about 5% reflected stress generation (a ‘vicious’ cycle with the environment adolescents navigate and shape), and 45% reflected unmediated association: a direct vulnerability effect including stress sensitivity or moderation of SLE impact. After adjustment for their overlap, frustration predicted the development of externalizing but not internalizing symptoms. Copyright © 2016 European Association of Personality Psychology
Phytoecdysteroids as antifeedants towards several beetles that include polyphagous and monophagous feeding guilds
Authors: Jurenka Russell , Russell Kathryn , O'Neal Matthew
Published: December 2016

BACKGROUND

Plants are thought to produce ecdysteroids as a means of protection from insect herbivores. Some insects will not feed on plants containing high amounts of phytoecdysteroids, and this response could be limited to monophagous and oligophagous insects. The aim of this study was to determine whether phytoecdysteroids could inhibit feeding in several species of beetles that range from monophagous to polyphagous.

RESULTS

Here we demonstrate that phytoecdysteroids, including 20‐hydroxyecdysone, prevent several beetle species from feeding on preferred host plants, including the polyphagous Japanese beetle Popillia japonica (Scarabaeidae). Phytoecdysteroids prevented feeding damage when sprayed onto soybean plants in no‐choice and choice assays in a dose‐dependent manner. Laboratory assays indicate that other plants could be protected from Japanese beetle herbivory, including linden, wild grape, elm, Virginia creeper and rose leaves. Additional beetle species tested in the family Chrysomelidae included the oligophagous Cerotoma trifurcata and Diabrotica virgifera virgifera and the monophagous Trirhabda canadensis. All species were prevented from feeding when their preferred host plants were treated with phytoecdysteroids.

CONCLUSION

This study demonstrates that beetles, representing polyphagous and monophagous feeding guilds, can be prevented from feeding when phytoecdysteroids are applied to the leaf surface. The phytoecdysteroids could be utilized in pest management towards a variety of beetles, including the more pestiferous polyphagous species, if the compounds are placed on the leaf surface. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Basis of ACCase and ALS inhibitor resistance in Hordeum glaucum Steud
Authors: Shergill Lovreet S , Malone Jenna , Boutsalis Peter , Preston Christopher , Gill Gurjeet
Published: December 2016

BACKGROUND

Acetyl coenzyme‐A carboxylase (ACCase) and/or acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitor resistance has been identified by herbicide resistance screening in eight populations obtained from cropping regions of South Australia. This study aimed to quantify the level of resistance and characterise the molecular basis of resistance to ACCase and ALS inhibitors in these H. glaucum populations.

RESULTS

H. glaucum populations from the Upper‐North region were highly resistant (resistance index RI > 12) to the aryloxyphenoxypropionate (APP) herbicides quizalofop and haloxyfop and less resistant (RI = 2–12) to cyclohexanedione (CHD) herbicide clethodim, and some Mid‐North populations had a low level of resistance (RI = 2–6) to the sulfonylurea (SU) herbicide mesosulfuron. Gene sequencing confirmed the presence of Ile‐1781‐Leu, Ile‐2041‐Asn and Gly‐2096‐Ala mutations in the ACCase gene, with no mutation found in the ALS gene. The use of the known metabolic inhibitor malathion in combination with mesosulfuron enhanced the activity of this herbicide. These populations were also susceptible to SU herbicide sulfometuron.

CONCLUSION

This study has documented APP‐to‐CHD herbicide cross‐resistance, the first case of ACCase inhibitor resistance due to Ile‐2041‐Asn mutation, and characterised the resistance to ALS inhibitors in H. glaucum. Resistance to ACCase inhibitors is due to a target‐site mutation. The reversal of SU resistance by malathion and susceptibility to sulfometuron suggests that non‐target‐site mechanisms confer resistance to ALS inhibitors. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Chance and design in proinsecticide discovery
Authors: Salgado Vincent L , David Michael D
Published: December 2016

Many insecticides are inactive on their target sites in the form that is sold and applied, needing first to be bioactivated. This proinsecticide strategy has often been achieved by design, through systematic derivatization of intrinsically active molecules with protecting groups that mask their toxic effects until their selective removal in target insects by metabolic enzymes generates the toxiphore. Proinsecticides can be designed to gain selectivity between target and non‐target organisms, or to improve bioavailability by enhancing plant or insect uptake. In most cases, however, chance trumps design in proinsecticide discovery: most first‐in‐class products that we now know to be proinsecticides were only discovered a posteriori to be such, often after having been on the market for years. Knowing the active form of an insecticide is essential to mode of action identification, and early mode of action studies on novel chemotypes should take into account the possibility that the compounds might be proinsecticides. This paper reviews examples of proinsecticides in the marketplace, strategies for making proinsecticides and techniques for unmasking proinsecticides in mode of action studies. Our analysis of global agrochemical sales data shows that 34% of the dollar value of crop insecticides used in 2015 were proinsecticides. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Sensitivity of an apparently hurricane‐like polar low to sea‐surface temperature
Authors: Kolstad E. W. , Bracegirdle T. J.
Published: December 2016

Polar lows are intense, small‐scale cyclones in the high latitudes. Typically, polar lows are initiated through baroclinic processes, but they sometimes evolve into a post‐baroclinic mature stage where air–sea interaction becomes more important. In this stage some polar lows have developed hurricane‐like cloud structures, and idealized axisymmetric hurricane models have indicated that air–sea interaction‐fuelled pressure drops of up to 50 hPa are theoretically possible in polar environments. Here we study a polar low that formed in an extreme marine cold air outbreak over the Barents Sea and which had cloud structures with similarities to hurricanes. Using a high‐resolution weather model, we artificially modified the sea‐surface temperatures (SSTs) to assess if the polar low was close to developing into a true hurricane‐like system, with air–sea interaction processes leading to intensification in the post‐baroclinic, mature phase of its life cycle. The polar low simulations with SSTs augmented by 2–6 K produced more intense mature phases than the control experiment (with unmodified SSTs). The intensity of the polar low in the last of these, which it must be pointed out was unrealistic with an SST increase of 6 K, surpassed the intensity in the earlier baroclinic phase. The experiment where the SSTs were reduced by 2 K did not produce a much weaker polar low than the control run. Broadly speaking, our experiments suggest that in this case large and unrealistic SST increases would be needed for apparently hurricane‐like polar lows to exhibit true hurricane‐like behaviour, but nevertheless air–sea interaction did drive a more intense and prolonged mature phase.
A Review of Cognitive Models in Human Reliability Analysis
Authors: Pan Xing , Lin Ye , He Congjiao
Published: December 2016

Human error behavior is determined by both environmental and human factors. In particular, psychological and spiritual factors have a decisive impact on human errors. The human cognitive model not only makes a sound exposition of the generation process and mechanism of human erroneous actions but also improves the accuracy and credibility of human reliability analysis (HRA). Therefore, it helps effectively avoid and prevent human errors in industrial fields. This paper highlights the significant role that the cognitive model has played in HRA. Then, based on an analysis of the nature of human behavior and the classifications of common human errors, several typical cognitive models are summarized in the areas of ergonomics, behavioral science, and cognitive engineering, including a cognitive model related to process, an information‐processing model, a decision‐making and problem‐solving process model, and a cognitive simulation model based on computer technology. Then, cognitive models and the corresponding HRA methods that are applied in the fields of reliability engineering, safety engineering, and risk assessment are reviewed. Finally, some directions and challenges are proposed for the future research of cognitive models applied in HRA methods based on the discussion of current cognitive models used in HRA methods. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A global convergent outlier robust adaptive predictor for MIMO Hammerstein models
Authors: Filipovic Vojislav Z.
Published: December 2016

The paper considers the outlier‐robust recursive stochastic approximation algorithm for adaptive prediction of multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) Hammerstein model with a static nonlinear block in polynomial form and a linear block is output error (OE) model. It is assumed that there is a priori information about a distribution class to which a real disturbance belongs. Within the framework of these assumptions, the main contributions of this paper are: (i) for MIMO Hammerstein OE model, the stochastic approximation algorithm, based on robust statistics (in the sense of Huber), is derived; (ii) scalar gain of algorithm is exactly determined using the Laplace function; and (iii) a global convergence of robust adaptive predictor is proved. The proof is based on martingale theory and generalized strictly positive real conditions. Practical behavior of algorithm was illustrated by simulations. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A conservation assessment of Canada's boreal forest incorporating alternate climate change scenarios
Authors: Powers Ryan P. , Coops Nicholas C. , Tulloch Vivitskaia J. , Gergel Sarah E. , Nelson Trisalyn A. , Wulder Michael A.
Published: December 2016

Ecologically based strategies for climate change adaptation can be constructively integrated into a terrestrial conservation assessment for Canada's boreal forest, one of Earth's largest remaining wilderness areas. Identifying solutions that minimize variability in projected vegetation productivity may represent a less risky conservation investment by reducing the amount of anticipated environmental change. In this study, we assessed hypothetical protected area networks designed for future vegetation variability under a range of different climate conditions to provide relevant recommendations of conservation requirements that support ongoing boreal conservation and land‐use planning. We constructed a boreal conservation assessment using both a conventional (Marxan) and a new probabilistic site‐selection approach (Marxan with probability) with projected 2080 vegetation variability probability (VVP) for least change (B1), business as usual (A1B) and most extreme change (A2) climate scenarios. We then assessed (1) reserve network performance (cost and area), (2) high conservation priority areas and (3) the influence and implications of VVP on reserve networks. We found that including VVP dramatically increased the relative cost and total area of reserve networks. Many low‐cost sites with high VVP values were given higher conservation priority over fewer sites with low VVP values. Reserve networks designed for A1B and A2 climate scenarios contained more sites with very high VVP values. The ratio of sites with high and very high VVP values changes dramatically for reserve networks designed for current and least change (B1) climate scenarios when under more severe A1B and A2 conditions. We conclude that introducing additional complexity and realism into national or boreal‐wide conservation assessments, that include, for example, elements of climate change, will increase the total area and cost of a reserve network. Moreover, reserve networks designed for current or least change (B1) climate scenarios will likely not achieve conservation targets when faced with more severe conditions, and will require additional sites. The adaptive strategies presented are well suited for a boreal conservation assessment and may improve long‐term effectiveness of biodiversity conservation objectives.
Die Energieverluste an Lichtbogen‐Elektrostahlöfen
Authors: Kriz St.
Published: December 2016

Art und Zweck der durchgeführten Untersuchungen. Ermittlung der Energieverluste und deren Größenordnung bei Lichtbogen‐ Elektroöfen. Transformatorverluste. Stromzuführungsverluste. Kühlwasserverluste. Wärmeleitungs‐ und Ausstrahlungsverluste des Ofengefäßes. Verluste durch Oeffnungsstrahlung. Verluste durch abziehende Ofengase. Anteil der einzelnen Verlustquellen am Gesamtverlust. Vergleich mit nach Großzahlforschung ermittelten Betriebswerten.
Die Eigenschaften der Magnesitsteine
Authors: Hirsch Hans , Seger H. , Cramer E.
Published: December 2016

Prüfungsergebnisse an einer Reihe von Magnesitsteinen verschiedener Zusammensetzung. Zusammenhang zwischen den Eigenschaften der verschiedenen Gruppen und ihrem Gehalt an Fremdstoffen. Röntgenographische Untersuchung von Magnesitsteinen.
Untersuchungen über den Zusatz von Karburierungsmitteln bei mit Mischgas beheizten Siemens‐Martin‐Oefen
Authors: Stein Friedrich
Published: December 2016

Beschreibung der Anlage und der Betriebsweise. Durchführung der Versuche. Untersuchungsergebnisse beim Arbeiten mit Mischgas ohne Karburierungszusätze, mit Teerölzusatz, mit Zusatz von einem Gemisch aus gleichen Teilen Teeröl und Kokereiteer, mit nur Kokereiteer und mit nur zeitweiligem Zusatz von Karburierungsmitteln. Einfluß verschiedener Ofenbauarten. Folgerungen.
Ueber das Beizen von Feinblechen
Authors: Eisenkolb Fritz
Published: December 2016

Verzunderung der Bleche. Verwendung von Salz‐ und Schwefelsäure. Reaktionen beim Beizvorgang. Einfluß des Zusatzes von Salzen und hemmenden Mitteln zur Beizflüssigkeit. Erklärung der Beizvorgänge. Einfluß der Geschwindigkeit beim Beizen und Wirkung der Säurekonzentration.
Ueber die Verfestigung von Kohlenstoffstählen bei Verformung in Abhängigkeit von Temperatur, Zeit und Gefüge
Authors: Sauerwald F. , Michalsky L. , Kraiczek R. , Neuendorff G.
Published: December 2016

Schlag‐Stauchversuche an Kohlenstoffstählen unterhalb des Perlitpunktes und im γ‐Gebiet. Messung der Verfestigung durch Bestimmung der Härtesteigerung. Ermittlung der spezifischen Verdrängungsarbeit. Statische Zerreißversuche im γ‐Gebiet. Festlegung der Grenzen zwischen Kalt‐ und Warmverformung
Messung und Errechnung der Druckverluste insbesondere in Siemens‐Martin‐Oefen
Authors: Heil Werner
Published: December 2016

Die auftretenden Widerstände. Druckverluste in technischen Rohrleitungen und kritische Betrachtung der Untersuchungsergebnisse. Die Druckverluste in verschiedenen Abschnitten des Siemens‐Martin‐Ofens und Kritik der Untersuchungsergebnisse. Graphische Darstellung des Druckverlaufs. Vergleich der Meß‐ und Rechnungsergebnisse. Folgerungen.
Die elektrische Kaltschweißung von schweren Gußstücken in Hüttenbetrieben
Authors: Kochendörffer H.
Published: December 2016

Ankerschweißung mit Stiftesetzen und Einlegen schmiedeiserner Stücke nach verschiedenen Ausführungsarten. Auffüllverfahren. Art des Elektrodenwerkstoffes. Verschiedene Anwendungsbeispiele.
Das Lochkartenverfahren
Authors: Lehmann G.
Published: December 2016

Technik, Anwendungsformen und Anwendungsmöglichkeiten des Lochkartenverfahrens in gemeinfaßlicher Darstellung.
Neuere Untersuchungsverfahren zur Erkennung des Schlackenaufbaues
Authors: Glaser Otto
Published: December 2016

Die Bestimmung der physikalischen und physikalisch‐chemischen Eigenschaften der Schlacken. Die für die Schlacken wichtigsten Zustandsdiagramme der Systeme Kieselsäure‐Tonerde‐Kalk, Manganoxydul‐ bzw. Eisenoxydul‐Tonerde‐Kieselsäure, Kalk‐Magnesia‐Tonerde‐Kieselsäure, Mangansulfid‐ bzw. Kalziumsulfid‐Kieselsäure. Die Entschwefelung im Kuppelofen, Siemens‐Martin‐Ofen und Elektroofen und die Einwirkung von Flußspat auf sie. Der Aufbau der Thomasschlacke.
Beitrag zur Frage der Zitronensäurelöslichkeit und Härte der Thomasschlacke
Authors: Weiß Helmut
Published: December 2016

Einfluß des Silizierungsfaktors auf die Zitronensäurelöslichkeit. Zusammensetzung der in der Thomasschlacke enthaltenen Verbindungen. Wege zur Erhöhung des Silizierungsfaktors. Sandzusatz im Konverter. Abhängigkeit der Zitronensäurelöslichkeit vom Feinmehlgehalt. Grenzen für die Wirtschaftlichkeit eines weitgehenden Ausmahlens. Einfluß des Kalkgehaltes und der Schmelztemperatur auf die Löslichkeit. Zusammenhang zwischen Roheisensorte und Härte der Schlacke. Feststellung eines höheren Gehaltes an Eisenoxydul und Mangan bei harten Schlacken.
Die Berechnung von Wärmespeichern
Authors: Heiligenstaedt W.
Published: December 2016

Ueber die Art des Wärmeaustausches. Die Wärmeaustauschzahl und ihre Berechnung. Der Temperaturabfall des vorgewärmten Gases. Hilfstafeln für die Berechnung und Anwendung der Rechnung und Rechnungsbeispiel.
Versuche zur Bestimmung der Wärmeübergangszahl von Luft und Rauchgas in technischen Rohren
Authors: Schulze Erich
Published: December 2016

Bisherige Messungen und deren Geltungsbereich, Schwierigkeiten bei den Messungen der wahren Gastemperatur. Kritischer Vergleich der Ergebnisse. — Durchführung der Versuche: Versuchsplan. Meßverfahren. Mengenmessung mit Stauscheiben, Temperaturmessung: Fehlermöglichkeilen (Fremdströme, Isolierungsfehler). Bestimmung der wahren Gastemperatur (Durchflußpyrometer, Röhrenkörperelement, Temperaturverteilung über den Rohrquerschnitt, Eichung der Innenelemente). Oberflächentemperaturmessung. — Ergebnis der Versuche: Einfluß der Geschwindigkeit, des Durchmessers, der Gasart, der Rohrlänge, der Temperaturhöhe, des Temperaturunterschieds Gas — Wand, des Druckes, Endformel für Heißwind. Zusammenfassung.
Die Eignung dynamischer Werkstoffprüfmaschinen für die Untersuchung bildsamer Verformungen
Authors: Geller J.
Published: December 2016

Fehlen einer allgemein gülligen Verformungstheorie. Berücksichtigung des Geschwindigkeitseinflusses. Die Theorie von Hencky und ihr Ergebnis hinsichtlich des Geschwindigkeitseinflusses bei sehr kleinen dynamischen Zug‐, Druck‐ und Verdrehungsverformungen. Durchrechnung eines Zahlenbeispiels. Kritische Betrachtung der Ergebnisse.
Der physikalische und wirtschaftliche Zusammenhang von Wärmeübergang und Druckverlust
Authors: Schack A.
Published: December 2016

Innerer Zusammenhang zwischen Reibungswiderstand und Wärmeübergang. Umformung der Formel von Fritzsche. Die für einen Wärmeaustauscher erforderliche Heizfläche und Rohrlänge. Der Gesamtdruckverlust und die Gesamtkosten der Wärmeübertragung. Der wirtschaftlich günstigste Rohrdurchmesser und der wirtschaftliche Bestwert der Geschwindigkeit. Störungen der Strömung. Der Ausnutzungsgrad des Druckabfalls. Die günstigste Strömungsform.
Temperaturmessungen an Siemens‐Martin‐Oefen
Authors: Schack Alfred
Published: December 2016

Zweck der Messungen. Beschreibung des Durchflußpyrometers für hohe Temperaturen. Versuchsergebnisse. Der Temperaturabfall der Abgase vom Kopf bis zur Kammer. Einfluß falscher Luft, Gasübertritt in die Luftkammer, Nachverbrennungen. Temperaturmessungen im Bad. Zugmessungen.
Warmfeste Stähle
Authors: Houdremont Eduard , Ehmcke Viktor
Published: December 2016

Prüfverfahren zur Bestimmung des Verhaltens der Stähle in der Wärme. Einteilung der warmfesten Stähle nach der Höhe der Arbeitstemperatur. Beeinflussung der Warmfestigkeitseigenschaften von Stählen im Temperaturgebiet unterhalb 650° durch Legierung und Warmbehandlung. Zusammenhang zwischen Warmfestigkeit und Anlaßbeständigkeit sowie Rekristallisationsvermögen. Gesichtspunkte für die Schaffung warmfester Stähle für Temperaturen von 650 bis 1000°. Schmelzpunkt, Rekristallisationstemperatur, Formänderungswiderstand. Vergleich des dynamischen und statischen Formänderungswiderstandes warmfester Stähle.
Ein Beitrag zur Frage des Rotbruches
Authors: Niedenthal Alfred
Published: December 2016

Herstellung der Versuchswerkstoffe. Versuche zur Ermittlung des Rotbruchgrades und der Rotbruchgebiete. Einfluß des Schwefels und Sauerstoffes auf den Blaubruch. Untersuchungen über Ursache und Beseitigung des durch Schwefel oder Sauerstoff hervorgerufenen Rotbruches. Einfluß des Schwefels oder Sauerstoffes auf die Festigkeitseigenschaften.
Der Einfluß der Tonerde auf die Eigenschaften der Schlacken in den Stahlschmelzöfen
Authors: Mars Georg
Published: December 2016

Beschreibung von Schmelzungen im Siemens‐Martin‐Ofen und im Elektroofen mit tonerdereichen Schlacken. Vergleich der Ergebnisse mit solchen üblicher Arbeitsweise. Schlechte Entphosphorung, aber gute Entschwefelung und Desoxydation mit Tonerde. Darstellung der zugrunde liegenden Reaktionen.
Beitrag zu den Verfahren der rechnerischen Nachprüfung von Generatorgasanalysen
Authors: Brodmann L. , Schrader H.
Published: December 2016

Kurzer Ueberblick über die in Frage kommenden Verfahren von Hoffmann und von der Wärmestelle des Vereins deutscher Eisenhüttenleute. Theoretischer Nachweis der Uebereinstimmung. Vergleich beider Verfahren an Beispielen aus dem Schrifttum. Kritische Betrachtung der praktischen Verwendbarkeit.
Festigkeits‐ und Gefügeuntersuchungen an kaltgewalzten und geglühten Bandstählen verschiedener Vorbehandlung
Authors: Pomp Anton , Poellein Hermann
Published: December 2016

[Einfluß des Kaltwalzens mit verschiedenen Druckeinteilungen und Stichzahlen auf die Verfestigung (Zugfestigkeit, Dehnung und Zeithärte) sowie das Gefüge von Bandstählen steigenden Kohlenstoffgehaltes und verschiedener Gefügeausbildung (körniger und streifiger Zementit, Sorbit). Einfluß verschiedener Glühbehandlung auf die Einformung kaltzertrümmerten Zementits sowie auf die Streckgrenze, Zugfestigkeit und Dehnung. Folgerungen für die Praxis.]
Beitrag zur Kenntnis des Systems Schwefel‐Eisen‐Kohlenstoff
Authors: Hanemann Heinrich , Schildkötter Artur
Published: December 2016

Uebersicht über das bisherige Schrifttum. Festlegen der Entmischungslinie im flüssigen System Eisen‐Eisenkarbid‐Eisensulfid. und Bestimmung der Konzentration und der Erstarrungstemperatur des temären Eutektikums. Besprechung der Erstarrungsvorgänge in den wichtigsten Feldern des temären Teilschaubildes Eisen‐Eisenkarbid‐Eisensulfid. Beschreibung eines Verfahrens zur Kohlenstoffbestimmung bei Anwesenheit großer Mengen Schwefel.
Die Feuchtigkeit in technischen Gasen
Authors: Lüth Friedrich
Published: December 2016

Im Gegensatz zur Meteorologie sind hei Berücksichtigung der Feuchtigkeit in technischen Gasen eine Reihe anderer Gesichtspunkte zu beachten, die durch die höheren Sättigungstemperaturen. Gastemperaturen und Drücke bedingt sind. Aufstellung der Gleichungen bei Feuchtigkeitsrechnungen.
Ueber die Stahlhärtung
Authors: Esser Hans , Eilender Walter
Published: December 2016

Die Wasserabschreckung von Eisen‐Kohlenstoff‐Legierungen. Die Vorgänge bei der Gasabschreckung von Eisen‐Kohlenstoff‐Legierungen. Die Verdoppelung der Haltepunkte beim Abschrecken und das Härtungsschaubild der reinen Eisen‐Kohlenstoff‐Stähle bei kritischer Abschreckung. Härtungstheoretische Betrachtungen.
Läßt sich die Rückstandsanalyse durch Chloraufschluß auf legierte Stahlsorten anwenden?
Authors: Wasmuht Roland
Published: December 2016

Untersuchungen über die Aufschlußfähigkeit verschiedener Legierungen und der entsprechenden Karbide sowie die Beständigkeit der betreffenden Oxyde. Auswertung der Ergebnisse. Vergleichende Untersuchungen an Chromstählen. Stückförmige oder spanförmige Probenform.