bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dialoger om verdier i grunnskolens formålsparagraf – med minnematerialet fra 22. juli som læremiddel
Authors: Stubø Ingebjørg , Markeng Synnøve
Published: May 2017

In the aftermath of the shooting and killing of young people on Utøya island and the bombing of government buildings on July 22nd 2011, children and adolescents put down texts and drawings on spontaneous memorials in the Oslo area1..Love and togetherness, life and human worth are often the values these utterances focus on. These are values closely related to central values in the objects clause («formåls-paragrafen») of the Norwegian Education Act, such as respect for human worth, compassion, diversity, equality and solidarity. This article highlights how children’s memorial texts can be a good starting point for conversation when the theme of the teaching is preamble values. The article deals with two forms of dialogue, philosophical conversations and teacher-led dialogues. The article’s main theoretical perspective is taken from Laila Aase’s presentation of the literary conversation in school, supplemented by perspectives that underlie the philosophical conversations and teacher-led dialogues.   Nøkkelord: Verdier, læringsverdier, 22. juli 2011, dialog, filosofisk samtale
Dialog og omvendt klasseroms-undervisning
Authors: Thomas Andrew
Published: May 2017

Hva er omvendt klasse­romsundervisning? Hvordan kan det utvikles til et bedre redskap i undervis­ning i religion og filosofi? Nøkkelord: omvendt klasserom, flipped classroom, krle, religion og etikk, religionsdidaktikk
Orienteringas bakside: ”Indirekte undervisning” og mangelen på engasjement, interesse og motivasjon
Authors: Fuglseth Kåre Sigvald
Published: May 2017

Eg skal i denne refleksjonen kort presentere nokre funn frå undersøkinga som låg til grunn for boka “RLE i klemme” (2014), kva eg meiner dette indirekte forholdet prinsipielt er for noko, korleis det kjem til uttrykk og kva vi kan gjere for eventuelt å unngå det.Nøkkelord: KRLE, RLE, religionsdidaktikk, indirekte undervisning, engasjerende undervisning
Læreres profesjonsetikk i fokus
Authors: Schjetne Espen , Afdal Hilde , Johannesen Nina , Anker Trine , Afdal Geir
Published: May 2017

Lærere og ledere i barnehage og skole har talt. Profesjonsetikk er særdeles viktig, og følgende begrunnelser blir gitt. For det først er profesjonsetikken viktig for å utvikle profesjonell refleksjon, for det andre for å begrunne profesjonelle handlinger, og sist, men ikke minst, for ansvarliggjøring i det offentlige rom.
How to educate professionals for learning new knowledge? A comparison of learning approaches in Dutch and Norwegian pastor education.
Authors: Christiansen Ingrid Reite
Published: May 2017

Is there a way to know how to deal with and to act when unexpected challenges press on? In this article, I will explore how to educate for learning new knowledge in value-based professions. Taking a starting point in the sociomaterial learning theories of Paavola and Hakkarainen (2005) I analyse the course descriptions in the professional pastor education in the Netherlands and in Norway. The findings show unexpected and various practices of learning new knowledge in the Dutch and the Norwegian pastor education. Based on these findings I present a model for how professional education can develop learning new knowledge.Nøkkelord: Profesjonell læring, faglig utdanning, kunnskaping, endring av kunnskapssamfunn, pastorutdanning
Verdier og kryssende krav i barnehagen
Authors: Thoresen Ingeborg Tveter
Published: May 2017

Lovverk og samfunnsmandat.Om noen av forpliktelsene som myndighetene har påtatt seg ved å ratifisere internasjonale menneskerettsdokumenter som ble norsk lov med Menneskerettsloven i 2003. Nøkkelord: Verdier, verdipedagogikk, samfunnsmandat, grunnleggende verdier, rammeplan, formålsparagraf, barnehagens oppgaver, fagområdet etikk, religion og filosofi i barnehagen
Sturla Sagberg: Holistic Religious Education – is it possible? The complex web of religion, spirituality and morality. Research on Religious and Spiritual Education volume 8
Authors: Øystese Rune
Published: May 2017

Anmeldelse av Holistic Religious Education – is it possible? The complex web of religion, spirituality and morality av Sturla Sagberg. Anmeldt av Rune Øystese
RLE-lærere som bibellesere
Authors: Kjørven Ole Kolbjørn
Published: May 2017

In this article I present and discuss the findings from an empirical study on RE teachers as readers and interpreters of religious narratives, in this particular case, the biblical parable The Prodigal Son. I explore and describe the role of the RE teachers and the role of this particular text, and most importantly, the transaction between the two in the process of meaning-making (Rosenblatt, 1994). The main purpose is to expose the complexity in meaning-making processes and from that basis discuss what could be the implications for engaging in religious narratives, and also subject matters in general, in school and in teacher education.Keywords: Religious education, religious education research, religious literacy, literacy practices, religious education teachersNøkkelord: Religionsdidaktikk, religiøs literacy, tekstolkning, religionslærere
Estetikken og barna
Authors: Hellemo Geir
Published: May 2017

Artikkelen knytter resultat fra et forskningsprosjekt omkring estetikk til religionspedagogiske utfordringer. Tematikken er forankret i et kristent kildemateriale, men har en horisont som også innbefatter jødedom og islam. Skapelsesteologien som binder de tre religionene sammen, gir dem et fast, men forsømt feste i de allmennmenneskelige erfaringene. Nøkkelord: Estetikk, pedagogikk, religion, sanselighet og transcendens, fenomenologi, skapelsesteologi
Trosopplæring, åndelig utvikling og diapraksis. Arbeid i flerkulturelle lokalsamfunn
Authors: Haugen Hans Morten
Published: May 2017

This article draws on others’ findings on the spiritual development of children and adolescents. Acknowledging that spiritual development can promote tolerance of other religions and renewed interest in one’s own religion, the article specifies the overlaps between religiousity and sprituality. This insight is then applied on Christian education in Church of Norway, identifying how such education can promote inclusive communities. A particular diaconal project in an Oslo suburb titled ‘Youth Meet Elders’ exemplifies a method termed ‘diapraxis’, by coming together and working together. Diaconia and Christian education can be mutually reinforcing, and congregations are capable of playing a greater role in their local community.Keywords: Church of Norway • Conviviality • Diapraxis • Interreligious dialogue • Spiritual development • Youth Meet EldersNøkkelord: Den norske kirke • Behagelighet • Diapraxis • Interreligiøs dialog • Åndelig utvikling • Unge Møter Eldre (UME)-prosjektet
I skjæringspunktet mellom kirke og samfunn
Authors: Wagle Finn
Published: May 2017

Hilsen til IKOs 70 årsjubileumSommerfest i Collettsgate 43, 26. august 2015
Teologi som ulike biter og deler. Ti år med trosopplæring i Den norske kirke
Authors: Johnsen Elisabeth Tveito
Published: May 2017

This article analyzes how «theology» has been understood and practised in discussions taking place in relation to the implementation of the Christian Education Reform in Church of Norway. One of the main findings is that previous research has been discursive in their way of approaching theology as an authoritative discourse. Seeking to establish theology as an internally persuasive discourse, this article argues that activities beyond what has traditionally been understood as particularly Christian practices should be included as a constituting part of the educational programs taking place in Church of Norway. Being the first article to analyze the ten first years of the Christian Education Reform, its main theoretical contribution is to demonstrate how an ANT approach can question conceptions of theology often taken for granted in this empirical field.Keywords: Actor-Network-Theory (ANT) • Bruno Latour • John Law • Modes of Syncretism • Self-Ethnography • Conceptions of Theology • The Christian Education Reform in Church of Norway.Nøkkelord: Aktør-nettverk-teori (ANT) • Bruno Latour • John Law • Synkretismemoduser • Selv-etnografi • Teologibegreper • Trosopplæringsreformen i Den norske kirke.
Noen refleksjoner fra grasrota
Authors: Fjeldstad Siw
Published: May 2017

Jeg skal her med utgangspunkt i egen praksis og egne erfaringer reflektere over faget religion og etikk og noen av dets utfordringer. Jeg vil først kort oppsummere faget religion og etikk, slik vi tilnærmer oss det på den skolen jeg nå arbeider, så reflektere over noen sider av forholdet mellom RLE og religion og etikk. Deretter ønsker jeg å peke på noen utfordringer til det holdningsskapende i faget, og til slutt vil jeg kort drøfte noen problemstillinger i møtet med faget som identitetsskapende, sett i forhold til en kristen tradisjon.
På fremmed terreng: religion i andre fag
Authors: Thomas Andrew
Published: May 2017

Det er ikke bare i religion- og etikk-faget at elever tar stilling til religiøse temaer på videregående skole. Allerede fra VG1 er det forventet at elever skal kunne «diskutere korleis religiøs, etnisk og kulturell variasjon skaper moglegheiter og utfordringar» (Samfunnsfag 2006, min kursiv) og det er uavhengig av at faglæreren velger å bruke religion for å illustrere samfunnsvitenskapelige analyser. Vi finner liknende mål i andre læreplaner også. I det følgende vil jeg presentere ett eksempel på hvordan religion kan behandles i andre fag, utenom «religion og etikk». I dette tilfellet dreier det seg om en tur til et sted med stor historisk og religiøs betydning. I tillegg til eksempelets pedagogiske nytteverdi, vil det forhåpentlig belyse religionens plass i skoleverket på tvers av fagene.
Mineral Content as a Tool for the Assessment of Honey Authenticity
Authors: Jovetić Milica , Trifković Jelena , Stanković Dalibor , Manojlović Dragan , Milojković-Opsenica Dušanka
Published: May 2017

The present work aims to provide a contribution to the overall investigation of European unifloral honeys with regard to authentication according to botanical and geographical origins. The mineral content of 206 monofloral honey samples of five botanical origins from six different regions in Serbia was investigated by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. Chemometric techniques were applied for the classification and differentiation of acacia, sunflower, and linden honey according to botanical origin, as well as acacia honey samples according to regional origin. The highest influence on the differentiation of acacia honey samples was the presence of siderophile and chalcophile elements, whereas sunflower and linden honeys were determined by the presence of lithophile elements, indicating their origin from soil. However, due to the different bioaccumulation properties of plants, the presence of elements is not necessarily directly correlated to their presence in soil, which is confirmed by the results of the authentication of geographical origin of acacia honey.
Interdisciplinary work satisfaction at a multidisciplinary fast track oncology clinic
Authors: Tytgat Kristen M , Basta Yara L , Vogel Jantien A , Klinkenbijl Jean H , Fockens Paul , Molenaar Sjaak
Published: May 2017

Introduction: Work satisfaction experiencedby physiciansand nursescorrelatespositively with patientsatisfaction.There appear to be nostudies thatfocus onthesatisfactionofphysicians andnurses working togetherwithin a multidisciplinary cancer team. Our aim wastoevaluate the experiences and differences in work satisfactionofthemedical specialists, residentsand nursesat a fast track clinic (FTC) for patients with gastrointestinal malignancies. Methods: A novel questionnaire wasdeveloped basedon structured interviews. Thequestionnairewas sentto all physiciansand nurses (n=77)who worked atthe FTC. Answers weregiven on a5-pointLikertscale.Datawereanalysed using non-parametric tests.Results: The questionnairewas answered by 73respondents (95%overallresponserate).Overallsatisfactionwith the working conditions of our fasttrackoutpatientclinic was high for allgroups, although residents reported a higher emotional strain than specialists. Theimportanceofa multidisciplinary one day diagnosticsoutpatientclinicwas invariably ratedas high to very high byall.Conclusion: Working in a multidisciplinary patient-centredfasttrackoutpatientclinic forgastrointestinalmalignancies wasconsidered an important addition to modern healthcare according to theinvolved physicians andnurses.
Co-production to inform clinical commissioning in COPD: an evaluation of Working Together for Change
Authors: Early Frances , Winders Sarah-Jane , Reddy Snigdha , Ralphs Jonathan , Fuld Jonathan
Published: May 2017

Rationale, aims and objectives: Patient involvement in healthcare decision-making is often limited to consultation. Co-production is an approach that empowers patients to work collaboratively with providers as agents of change.  The objective of this study was to explore participants’ experiences and satisfaction with a co-production process, Working Together for Change (WTfC), used to inform the commissioning of services for people living with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Method: Mixed methods developmental service evaluation drawing primarily on qualitative data from semi-structured interviews. Setting and participants: Community-based intervention with COPD patients, carers, commissioners and providers of COPD services. Intervention: One-to-one reviews with 45 patients identified what was working, not working and what was important for the future regarding COPD management. In 2 one-day workshops attended by 14 patients and carers and 17 professionals this information was analysed to inform commissioning priorities.Results: Participant satisfaction was high. Thematic analysis identified 3 themes: (1) an engaging experience, (2) a constructive process enabled by strong patient presence, real patient experiences, collaboration, sense of freedom, a range of contributions and commitment & (3) personal gains from the patient and carer voice being counted, mutual understanding, seeing the value of patient involvement and learning and sharing. Some concerns were raised about the process and suggestions made for improvement.Conclusions: WTfC was an acceptable process to inform COPD commissioning activity and resulted in an agreed and priorities action plan for COPD service commissioning. It supported collaborative working, egalitarian relationships and mutual learning between patients, carers and professionals. As a standalone activity it was not possible to evaluate the value of the outputs to commissioners or the objective impact but it provided a powerful introduction to co-production methods. WTfC can be an impactful starting point for embedding co-production into the commissioning process.
Revision of Saurorhynchus (Actinopterygii: Saurichthyidae) from the Early Jurassic of England and Germany
Authors: Maxwell Erin E. , Stumpf Sebastian
Published: May 2017

Saurichthyidae is a speciose group of fishes, ranging from the Late Permian to the Middle Jurassic. Early Jurassic saurichthyids are usually considered morphologically less disparate and taxonomically less diverse than their Triassic counterparts, consisting of only two valid species. These were historically differentiated almost entirely based on cranial ratios, and both had stratigraphic ranges spanning the Early Jurassic. Here, we revise the Early Jurassic saurichthyid fishes of Europe based on restudy of the type material of Saurorhynchus brevirostris (Woodward, 1895) and S. acutus (Agassiz, 1844). We identify four species based on cranial osteology: S. acutus, S. brevirostris, S. anningae sp. nov., and S. hauffi sp. nov. Saurorhynchus brevirostris and S. anningae sp. nov. are known from the Sinemurian of England only, whereas S. acutus and S. hauffi sp. nov. share a broad European distribution during the Toarcian, from southwestern Germany to England. Saurorhynchus anningae sp. nov. and S. brevirostris, in particular, show disparity in such ecomorphologically important traits as cranial fineness, and tooth and jaw morphology. In contrast, S. acutus and S. hauffi sp. nov. show much lower levels of disparity, differing from each other in nostril morphology, dermal ornamentation, and position of the lateral extrascapular. The new species do not increase diversity estimates for Saurorhynchus in either the Sinemurian or Toarcian interval.
Learning to Teach, Imaginatively: Supporting the Development of New Teachers Through Cognitive Tools
Authors: Egan Kieran , Bullock Shawn Michael , Chodakowski Anne
Published: May 2017

We propose that teacher candidates need to have extended experiences with learning to teach imaginatively, which is to say that teacher candidates need to have experiences that enable them to consider new possibilities in education. We first attend to the general theoretical framework offered by imaginative education before moving on to consider the implications of imaginative education for teacher education programs. We conclude with some provocations to the field that we hope will be of use for those who might wish to join us in considering how we might teach teachers to teach in imaginative ways — a complex sentence with an even more complicated set of implications.
The Best of Both Worlds: A Proposal for Hybrid Teacher Education
Authors: Vininsky Hayley , Saxe Amanda
Published: May 2017

Recent advances in technology have created a surge in online educational opportunities, increasing accessibility to education. However, online learning suffers from criticism that these courses are substandard in comparison to traditional classes, despite research that suggests otherwise. We discuss our personal experiences with traditional and online education, highlighting their advantages and disadvantages. Guided by the Universal Design for Learning (UDL) framework, we propose the development of a hybrid teacher education program that utilizes the best facets of both traditional and online education.
Looking Inward to 21st Century Pedagogy
Authors: Doerksen Rose
Published: May 2017

Through the lens of a student, this Note from the Field responds to a historical research project which engages pre-service teachers in critical citizenship and social imagination. Looking inward facilitates a personal learning experience of identity that is applied to learning in the 21stcentury. When 21stcentury pre-service teacher education looks inward rather than forward and outward, we learn to live in the 21stcentury rather than envision it.
Calcium dynamics regulating the timing of decision-making in C. elegans
Authors: Tanimoto Yuki , Yamazoe-Umemoto Akiko , Fujita Kosuke , Kawazoe Yuya , Miyanishi Yosuke , Yamazaki Shuhei J , Fei Xianfeng , Busch Karl Emanuel , Gengyo-Ando Keiko , Nakai Junichi , Iino Yuichi , Iwasaki Yuishi , Hashimoto Koichi , Kimura Koutarou D
Published: May 2017

Brains regulate behavioral responses with distinct timings. Here we investigate the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the timing of decision-making during olfactory navigation in Caenorhabditis elegans. We find that, based on subtle changes in odor concentrations, the animals appear to choose the appropriate migratory direction from multiple trials as a form of behavioral decision-making. Through optophysiological, mathematical and genetic analyses of neural activity under virtual odor gradients, we further find that odor concentration information is temporally integrated for a decision by a gradual increase in intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i), which occurs via L-type voltage-gated calcium channels in a pair of olfactory neurons. In contrast, for a reflex-like behavioral response, [Ca2+]i rapidly increases via multiple types of calcium channels in a pair of nociceptive neurons. Thus, the timing of neuronal responses is determined by cell type-dependent involvement of calcium channels, which may serve as a cellular basis for decision-making.
Causes of Grade Nine Students’ Grade Retention in General Secondary Schools of Dabat Woreda in North Gondar, Ethiopia
Authors: Eyasu Nahom
Published: May 2017

One of the great problems of Ethiopia for the educational arena is retention. Averagely 8.07% of each year of the secondary education students is repeated due to lack of achievement in this country. The percentage of retention in a country shows what proportion of students is regularly repeated in the same grade and who are, therefore, committing different crimes and misbehaved behaviors. Grade retention predicts many negative student outcomes: the frustration and humiliation associated with repeating the curriculum, combined with one’s physical size, may result in an increase in aggression and oppositional behavior. The main purpose of this study was to investigate some of the causes that contribute to grade nine students’ grade retention in general secondary schools of Dabat district. It has attempted to identify the major factors under two headings: in-school and out-of-school factors to present separate area of intervention. In order to attain the objectives, the study was carried out in two general secondary schools which were selected using comprehensive sampling techniques. The study involved 264(M=106 & F=158) grade repeaters and 44 teachers and 2 principals. The data gathered were analyzed using percentage, mean, Spearmen rank order correlation coefficient and t-test. Based on the result of the analysis, among the in-school factors, the highest percentages were observed for difficulty of language of instruction, students’ failure to study hard, poor quality of teaching, lack of guidance and counseling and frequent absenteeism of students were in-school related. On the other hand, low level of family income, parent (pupils) health problem, lack of parents support and child labor were identified as the major out-of-school causes for grade retention in grade nine secondary schools. It was also found out that the combined effect of both in-school and out-of-school factors was important in explaining students’ grade retentions in the secondary schools of the district. The incidence of the problem is relatively higher among girls than among boys.
Effects of arginine vasopressin on the urine proteome in rats
Authors: An Manxia , Ni Yanying , Li Xundou , Gao Youhe
Published: May 2017

Biomarkers are the measurable changes associated with a physiological or pathophysiological process. The content of urine frequently changes because it is not controlled by homeostatic mechanisms, and these alterations can be a source of biomarkers. However, urine is affected by many factors. In this study, vasoconstrictor and antidiuretic arginine vasopressin (AVP) were infused into rats using an osmotic pump. The rats’ urinary proteome after one week of infusion was analyzed by label-free LC-MS/MS. A total of 408 proteins were identified; among these proteins, eight and 10 proteins had significantly altered expression in the low and high dose groups, respectively, compared with the control group using the one-way ANOVA analysis followed by post hoc analysis with the least significant difference (LSD) test or Dunnett’s T3 test. Three differential proteins were described in prior studies as related to AVP physiological processes, and nine differential proteins are known disease biomarkers. Sixteen of the 17 differential proteins have human orthologs. These results suggest that we should consider the effects of AVP on urinary proteins in future urinary disease biomarker researches. The study data provide clues regarding underlying mechanisms associated with AVP for future physiological researches on AVP. This study provide a sensitive changes associated with AVP. However, the limitation of this result is that the candidate biomarkers should be further verified and filtered. Large clinical samples must be examined to verify the differential proteins identified in this study before these proteins are used as biomarkers for pathological AVP increased diseases, such as syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH).
Construct validity and test–retest reliability of the International Fitness Scale (IFIS) in Colombian children and adolescents aged 9–17.9 years: the FUPRECOL study
Authors: Ramírez-Vélez Robinson , Cruz-Salazar Sandra Milena , Martínez Myriam , Cadore Eduardo L. , Alonso-Martinez Alicia M. , Correa-Bautista Jorge E. , Izquierdo Mikel , Ortega Francisco B. , García-Hermoso Antonio
Published: May 2017

Background

There is a lack of instruments and studies written in Spanish evaluating physical fitness, impeding the determination of the current status of this important health indicator in the Latin population, especially in Colombia. The aim of the study was two-fold: to examine the validity of the International Fitness Scale (IFIS) with a population-based sample of schoolchildren from Bogota, Colombia and to examine the reliability of the IFIS with children and adolescents from Engativa, Colombia.

Methods

The sample comprised 1,873 Colombian youths (54.5% girls) aged 9–17.9 years. We measured their adiposity markers (waist-to-height ratio, skinfold thickness, percentage of body fat and body mass index), blood pressure, lipids profile, fasting glucose, and physical fitness level (self-reported and measured). A validated cardiometabolic risk index score was also used. An age- and sex-matched subsample of 229 schoolchildren who were not originally included in the sample completed the IFIS twice for reliability purposes.

Results

Our data suggest that both measured and self-reported overall physical fitness levels were inversely associated with percentage of body fat indicators and the cardiometabolic risk index score. Overall, schoolchildren who self-reported “good” or “very good” fitness had better measured fitness levels than those who reported “very poor/poor” fitness (allp < 0.001). The test-retest reliability of the IFIS items was also good, with an average weighted kappa of 0.811.

Discussion

Our findings suggest that self-reported fitness, as assessed by the IFIS, is a valid, reliable, and health-related measure. Furthermore, it can be a good alternative for future use in large studies with Latin schoolchildren from Colombia.
The metabolic profile of a rat model of chronic kidney disease
Authors: Tanada Yohei , Okuda Junji , Kato Takao , Minamino-Muta Eri , Murata Ichijiro , Soga Tomoyoshi , Shioi Tetsuo , Kimura Takeshi
Published: May 2017

Background

The kidney is always subjected to high metabolic demand. The aim of this study was to characterize metabolic profiles of a rat model of chronic kidney disease (CKD) with cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) induced by prolonged hypertension.

Methods

We used inbred male Dahl salt-sensitive (DS) rats fed an 8% NaCl diet from six weeks of age (high-salt; HS group) or a 0.3% NaCl diet as controls (low-salt; LS group). We analyzed function, pathology, metabolome, and the gene expression related to energy metabolism of the kidney.

Results

DS rats with a high-salt diet showed hypertension at 11 weeks of age and elevated serum levels of creatinine and blood urea nitrogen with heart failure at 21 weeks of age. The fibrotic area in the kidneys increased at 21 weeks of age. In addition, gene expression related to mitochondrial function was largely decreased. The levels of citrate and isocitrate increased and the gene expression of alpha-ketoglutaratedehydrogenase and succinyl-CoA synthetase decreased; these are enzymes that metabolize citrate and isocitrate, respectively. In addition, the levels of succinate and acetyl Co-A, both of which are metabolites of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, decreased.

Conclusions

DS rats fed a high-salt diet were deemed a suitable model of CKD with CRS. Gene expression and metabolites related to energy metabolism and mitochondria in the kidney significantly changed in DS rats with hypertension in accordance with the progression of renal injury.
Factors affecting genotyping success in giant panda fecal samples
Authors: Zhu Ying , Liu Hong-Yi , Yang Hai-Qiong , Li Yu-Dong , Zhang He-Min
Published: May 2017

Fecal samples play an important role in giant panda conservation studies. Optimal preservation conditions and choice of microsatellites for giant panda fecal samples have not been established. In this study, we evaluated the effect of four factors (namely, storage type (ethanol (EtOH), EtOH −20 °C, 2-step storage medium, DMSO/EDTA/Tris/salt buffer (DETs) and frozen at −20 °C), storage time (one, three and six months), fragment length, and repeat motif of microsatellite loci) on the success rate of microsatellite amplification, allelic dropout (ADO) and false allele (FA) rates from giant panda fecal samples. Amplification success and ADO rates differed between the storage types. Freezing was inferior to the other four storage methods based on the lowest average amplification success and the highest ADO rates (P < 0.05). The highest microsatellite amplification success was obtained from either EtOH or the 2-step storage medium at three storage time points. Storage time had a negative effect on the average amplification of microsatellites and samples stored in EtOH and the 2-step storage medium were more stable than the other three storage types. We only detected the effect of repeat motif on ADO and FA rates. The lower ADO and FA rates were obtained from tri- and tetra-nucleotide loci. We suggest that freezing should not be used for giant panda fecal preservation in microsatellite studies, and EtOH and the 2-step storage medium should be chosen on priority for long-term storage. We recommend candidate microsatellite loci with longer repeat motif to ensure greater genotyping success for giant panda fecal studies.
Clonidine or remifentanil for adequate surgical conditions in patients undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery: a randomized study
Authors: Bairy Laurent , Vanderstichelen Marie , Jamart Jacques , Collard Edith
Published: May 2017

Background

Deliberate hypotension is one way to achieve a bloodless surgical field in endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS). We compared two anaesthesia regimens to induce deliberate hypotension and attempted to determine the most efficient one.

Methods

Fifty-nine patients undergoing ESS were minimized into two groups. In the CLO group, patients received I.V. sufentanil 0.15 µg/kg together with I.V. clonidine 2–3 µg/kg. In the REMI group, patients received remifentanil at a rate of up to 1 µg/kg/min. Fromme scores were collected 15 min after the incision and at the end of the procedure. Mean arterial pressure readings (MAP), heart rate readings, time to eyes opening, time to extubation, pain scores, analgesic requirements, and oxygen needs were collected and compared.

Results

There were no significant differences in Fromme scores between the two groups. The averaged MAP from 15 min to the end of the procedure was significantly lower in the REMI group; these patients also received more ephedrine. Significantly fewer patients in the CLO group needed oxygen therapy to keep their Pulse Oximeter Oxygen Saturation within 3% of their preoperative values. Patients in this group also needed less piritramide in the recovery room, and their pain scores were lower at discharge from the recovery room.

Discussion

Although both anaesthesia regimens offered a similar quality of surgical field, this study suggests that clonidine had a better average safety profile. Furthermore, patients who received this regimen required fewer painkillers immediately after surgery.
Hypothalamic lipid‐laden astrocytes induce microglia migration and activation
Authors: Kwon Yoon‐Hee , Kim Jiye , Kim Chu‐Sook , Tu Thai Hien , Kim Min‐Seon , Suk Kyoungho , Kim Dong Hee , Lee Byung Ju , Choi Hye‐Seon , Park Taesun , Choi Myung‐Sook , Goto Tsuyoshi , Kawada Teruo , Ha Tae Youl , Yu Rina
Published: May 2017

Obesity‐induced hypothalamic inflammation is closely associated with various metabolic complications and neurodegenerative disorders. Astrocytes, the most abundant glial cells in the central nervous system, play a crucial role in pathological hypothalamic inflammatory processes. Here, we demonstrate that hypothalamic astrocytes accumulate lipid droplets under saturated fatty acid‐rich conditions, such as obese environment, and that the lipid‐laden astrocytes increase astrogliosis markers and inflammatory cytokines (TNFα, IL‐1β, IL‐6, MCP‐1) at the transcript and/or protein level. Medium conditioned by the lipid‐laden astrocytes stimulate microglial chemotactic activity and upregulate transcripts of the microglia activation marker Iba‐1 and inflammatory cytokines. These findings indicate that the lipid‐laden astrocytes formed in free fatty acid‐rich obese condition may participate in obesity‐induced hypothalamic inflammation through promoting microglia migration and activation.
Sand supply to the Lake Albert Basin (Uganda) during the Miocene‐Pliocene: A multiproxy provenance approach
Authors: Gagnevin D. , Tyrrell S. , Morton A.C. , Leather J. , Lee N. , Bordas‐Le Floch N. , Frei D. , Lukaye J.
Published: May 2017

A multiproxy provenance approach (heavy mineral analysis, U‐Pb zircon geochronology, and Pb isotopic analysis of K‐feldspar) has constrained sediment supply within the Upper Nile drainage system in the Miocene‐Pliocene. Provenance data from sandstones were obtained from three exploration wells, two situated on the north‐eastern margin and one on the eastern flank of the Lake Albert Basin, NW Uganda. Data suggest that high‐grade to low‐grade metamorphic rocks and granitoids have variably supplied the heavy mineral assemblages around the Lake Albert Basin during the Miocene‐Pliocene, with contributions from the isotopically heterogeneous Archean Cratons (including the local Ugandan Craton, Tanzanian, and Congo Cratons) and the Pan‐African rocks (the Mozambique Belt) with possible contributions from the Neoproterozoic and Paleoproterozoic rocks. These data also highlight clear differences between supply to the eastern basin margin, compared with the northeast, which is reconcilable with current models for Miocene‐Pliocene drainage in the region. Supply to northeastern Lake Albert during the Miocene‐Pliocene appears to have been through a proto‐Albert Nile (draining from NE to SW) and from a proto‐Victoria Nile or similarly oriented palaeo‐river systems draining from the east. In contrast, the eastern flanks of the basin were likely supplied via the palaeo‐Nkusi river, tapping local hinterland sources and more distal basement to the far‐east (Mozambique Belt). This study highlights the importance of utilizing a multiproxy approach in provenance analysis as no one signal is capable of distinguishing the different source lands and constraining the evolving drainage patterns.
Halogen variations through the quenched margin of a MORB lava: Evidence for direct assimilation of seawater during eruption
Authors: Broadley Michael W. , Burgess Ray. , Kumagai Hidenori. , Curran Natalie M. , Ballentine Chris J.
Published: May 2017

Halogens and noble gases within submarine basaltic glasses are critical tracers of interactions between the surface volatile reservoirs and the mantle. However, as the halogens and noble gases are concentrated within seawater, sediments, and the oceanic crust this makes the original volatile signature of submarine basaltic lavas susceptible to geochemical overprinting. This study combines halogen (Cl, Br, and I), noble gas, and K concentrations within a single submarine basaltic quenched margin to quantify the amount of seawater assimilation during eruption, and to further elucidate the mechanisms of overprinting. The outer sections of the glass rim are enriched in Cl compared to the interior of the margin, which maintains mantle‐like Br/Cl, I/Cl, and K/Cl ratios. Low Br/Cl and K/Cl in the outer sections of the basaltic glass margin indicate that the Cl enrichment in the outer glass is derived from the assimilation of a saline brine component with up to 70% of the Cl within the glass being derived from brine assimilation. Atmospheric noble gas contamination is decoupled from halogen contamination with contaminated outer sections maintaining MORB‐like 40Ar/36Ar, suggesting seawater‐derived brine assimilation during eruption is not the dominant source of atmospheric noble gases in submarine basalts. Volatile heterogeneities in submarine basalts introduced during and after eruption, as we have shown in this study, have the potential to expand the range of mantle halogen compositions and only by better understanding these heterogeneities can the Br/Cl and I/Cl variance in mantle derived samples are determined accurately.
Development of branching brittle and ductile shear zones: A numerical study
Authors: Meyer Sven Erik , Kaus Boris J. P. , Passchier Cees
Published: May 2017

Continental collision zones are usually associated with large‐scale strike‐slip shear zones. In most cases, these shear zones are complex and consist of multiple strands, varying in width, length, and total displacement. Here we present 2‐D numerical models to simulate the formation of such shear zones at different depth levels within the crust, under either brittle (frictional/plastic) or ductile conditions. Localization of shear zones is initiated by a material contrast (heterogeneity) of the material parameters. We systematically test the rate of strain weakening in brittle and in ductile regimes to understand its influence on the development of shear zone networks. Our simulations suggest that the development of antithetic faults in a brittle shear zone system is closely linked to a decrease in the angle of friction during deformation. In general, variation of the strain weakening also has a significant influence on ductile shear zones. Numerical results show that the geometry and thickness of the localized high strain zone are especially affected by weakening mechanisms during deformation. Furthermore, the interconnection and interaction of the shear strands lead to a more complex kinematic pattern, which lead to a local change in the maximum principal stress axis. These interaction of shear strands may explain the occurrence of shear‐related structures (e.g., folds) or differing characteristics of shear zones, such as the thickness of shear zones or the orientation of the faults to the stress field, which are consistent with field observations.
The impact of alkenone degradation on paleothermometry: A model‐derived assessment
Authors: Freitas Felipe S. , Pancost Richard D. , Arndt Sandra
Published: May 2017

The
proxy for past sea surface temperature (SST) is based on the unsaturation ratio of C37 alkenones. It is considered a diagenetically robust proxy, but biases have been invoked because the index can be altered by preferential degradation of the C37:3 alkenone, resulting in higher reconstructed SST. However, alkenone degradation rate constants are poorly constrained, making it difficult to evaluate the plausibility of such a bias. Therefore, we quantitatively assessed the effect of (1) different alkenone degradation rate constants; (2) differential degradation factors between diunsaturated and triunsaturated C37 alkenones; (3) and initial
values on the
paleothermometer for two depositional environments (shelf and upper slope), by means of a reaction‐transport model (RTM). RTM results reveal that preferential degradation of C37:3 can potentially alter the original signal of the
paleothermometer, but SST biases (ΔSST) are largely within
calibration error (ΔSST <1.5°C) assuming realistic model parameters. The magnitude of ΔSST is largely determined by the degradation rate constant, but it also increases with higher differential degradation factors. Additionally, initial
values exert a nonlinear influence on the extent of potential SST bias, with midrange values (0.4 <
< 0.6) being most sensitive. The most significant changes occur in the shallowest sediment layers and are attenuated with burial time/depth. Scenarios where ΔSST >1.5°C are associated with marked downcore decreases in alkenone concentration. Consequently, we caution against the interpretation of
indices when extensive degradation results in very low alkenone concentrations (<5 ng g−1).
A CO2‐gas precursor to the March 2015 Villarrica volcano eruption
Authors: Aiuppa Alessandro , Bitetto Marcello , Francofonte Vincenzo , Velasquez Gabriela , Parra Claudia Bucarey , Giudice Gaetano , Liuzzo Marco , Moretti Roberto , Moussallam Yves , Peters Nial , Tamburello Giancarlo , Valderrama Oscar. A. , Curtis Aaron
Published: May 2017

We present here the first volcanic gas compositional time‐series taken prior to a paroxysmal eruption of Villarrica volcano (Chile). Our gas plume observations were obtained using a fully autonomous Multi‐component Gas Analyser System (Multi‐GAS) in the 3 month‐long phase of escalating volcanic activity that culminated into the 3 March 2015 paroxysm, the largest since 1985. Our results demonstrate a temporal evolution of volcanic plume composition, from low CO2/SO2 ratios (0.65‐2.7) during November 2014‐January 2015 to CO2/SO2 ratios up to ≈ 9 then after. The H2O/CO2 ratio simultaneously declined to <38 in the same temporal interval. We use results of volatile saturation models to demonstrate that this evolution toward CO2‐enriched gas was likely caused by unusual supply of deeply sourced gas bubbles. We propose that separate ascent of over‐pressured gas bubbles, originating from at least 20‐35 MPa pressures, was the driver for activity escalation toward the 3 March climax.
Rock magnetic and geochemical evidence for authigenic magnetite formation via iron reduction in coal‐bearing sediments offshore Shimokita Peninsula, Japan (IODP Site C0020)
Authors: Phillips Stephen C. , Johnson Joel E. , Clyde William C. , Setera Jacob B. , Maxbauer Daniel P. , Severmann Silke , Riedinger Natascha
Published: May 2017

Sediments recovered at Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Site C0020, in a fore‐arc basin offshore Shimokita Peninsula, Japan, include numerous coal beds (0.3–7 m thick) that are associated with a transition from a terrestrial to marine depositional environment. Within the primary coal‐bearing unit (∼2 km depth below seafloor) there are sharp increases in magnetic susceptibility in close proximity to the coal beds, superimposed on a background of consistently low magnetic susceptibility throughout the remainder of the recovered stratigraphic sequence. We investigate the source of the magnetic susceptibility variability and characterize the dominant magnetic assemblage throughout the entire cored record, using isothermal remanent magnetization (IRM), thermal demagnetization, anhysteretic remanent magnetization (ARM), iron speciation, and iron isotopes. Magnetic mineral assemblages in all samples are dominated by very low‐coercivity minerals with unblocking temperatures between 350 and 580°C that are interpreted to be magnetite. Samples with lower unblocking temperatures (300–400°C), higher ARM, higher‐frequency dependence, and isotopically heavy δ56Fe across a range of lithologies in the coal‐bearing unit (between 1925 and 1995 mbsf) indicate the presence of fine‐grained authigenic magnetite. We suggest that iron‐reducing bacteria facilitated the production of fine‐grained magnetite within the coal‐bearing unit during burial and interaction with pore waters. The coal/peat acted as a source of electron donors during burial, mediated by humic acids, to supply iron‐reducing bacteria in the surrounding siliciclastic sediments. These results indicate that coal‐bearing sediments may play an important role in iron cycling in subsiding peat environments and if buried deeply through time, within the subsequent deep biosphere.
Daytime ionospheric longitudinal gradients seen in the observations from a regional BeiDou GEO receiver network
Authors: Huang Fuqing , Lei Jiuhou , Dou Xiankang
Published: May 2017

Many studies have devoted to the longitudinal variations of the ionosphere globally. However, the ionospheric longitudinal variations in a small region are rarely reported. In this paper, we for the first time use total electron content (TEC) data from a BeiDou geostationary orbit (GEO) receiver network to observe and investigate ionospheric longitudinal variations within the zonal scale of 1000 km over Central China (112°–122°E, 27°–31°N; 20°–24°N magnetic latitudes) during the period from June 2015 to December 2016. The BeiDou GEO TEC provides a good data set to study longitudinal variations, compared with non‐GEO TEC, without contaminating the spatial variations and elevation changes due to satellite motion. Pronounced daytime longitudinal gradients within the distance of 1000 km are present in BeiDou GEO TEC. It was found that the TEC is generally larger in the west than in the east. The maximum TEC longitudinal gradient can reach 45 total electron content unit (TECU; 1 TECU = 1016 el m−2). For most events, the obvious daytime longitudinal gradients are accompanied by the TEC enhancement. The occurrence rate of daytime longitudinal gradients under different geomagnetic activities is similar, whereas strong daytime longitudinal gradients mainly occur under the moderate and strong disturbance geomagnetic activities. These observations suggest that the electric field disturbances could have significant effects on producing the observed ionospheric longitudinal gradients.
Periodic sediment shift in migrating ripples influences benthic microbial activity
Authors: Zlatanović Sanja , Fabian Jenny , Mendoza‐Lera Clara , Woodward K. Benjamin , Premke Katrin , Mutz Michael
Published: May 2017

Migrating bedforms have high levels of particulate organic matter and high rates of pore water exchange, causing them to be proposed as hot spots of carbon turnover in rivers. Yet, the shifting of sediments and associated mechanical disturbance within migrating bedforms, such as ripples, may stress and abrade microbial communities, reducing their activity. In a microcosm experiment, we replicated the mechanical disturbances caused by the periodic sediment shift within ripples under oligotrophic conditions. We assessed the effects on fungal and bacterial biomass ratio (F:B), microbial community respiration (CR), and bacterial production (BCP) and compared with stable undisturbed sediments. Interactions between periodic mechanical disturbance and sediment‐associated particulate organic matter (POM) were tested by enriching sediments collected from migrating ripples with different qualities of POM (fish feces, leaf litter fragments and no addition treatments). F:B and BCP were affected by an interaction between mechanical disturbance and POM quality. Fish feces enriched sediments showed increased F:B and BCP compared to sediments with lower POM quality and responded with a decrease of F:B and BCP to sediment disturbance. In the other POM treatments F:B and BCP were not affected by disturbance. Microbial respiration was however reduced by mechanical disturbance to similar low activity levels regardless of POM qualities added, whereas fish feces enriched sediment showed short temporary boost of CR. With the worldwide proliferation of migrating sand ripples due to massive catchment erosion, suppressed mineralization of POM will increasingly affect stream metabolism, downstream transport of POM and carbon cycling from reach to catchment scale.
On the Indentation Resistance of a PC Layer on PVC Foam Substrate
Authors: Boyce Adam M. , Deshpande Vikram S. , Fleck Norman A.
Published: May 2017

The indentation response of a polycarbonate face sheet bonded to a PVC foam substrate is investigated experimentally and numerically. The deformation mode involves foam crushing, and membrane stretching of the PC layer at large indenter displacements; this is quantified using optical strain measurement techniques. The bottom corners of the foam substrate lifts off its underlying support when the foam layer is sufficiently thin. Peak load is dictated by tensile failure of the foam on the bottom face. Finite element simulations suggest that a deep foam core prevents this lift‐off and results in a greater load carrying and energy absorption capacity.