bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CONSUMO ENERGÉTICO DE UM SISTEMA DE PRÉ-SECAGEM DE PARTÍCULAS PARA A PRODUÇÃO DE PAINÉIS DE MADEIRA AGLOMERADA
Authors: De Albuquerque Carlos Eduardo Camargo
Published: August 2014

Este trabalho foi realizado com o propósito de desenvolver um equipamento destinado à pré-secagem de partículas de madeira, utilizadas na produção de chapas de madeira aglomerada, onde foram analisados os efeitos dos parâmetros de secagem e o consumo energético do equipamento. O equipamento de pré-secagem mostrou-se viável sob os pontos de vista da eficiência e do consumo energético, sendo indicada à adoção deste sistema de pré-secagem pelas indústrias de chapas de partículas. Development and energy consumption analysis of wood particles to particleboard production Abstract This experience has the main purpose of developing an equipment destinated to the pre-drying of wood particles used in the production of particleboards, where the drying effects have been analised and the equipment energy consumption. The equipment of pre-drying showed to be accomplishable by the points of view of efficiency and energetic consumption, being indicated the adoption of this pre-drying system by particleboard industries.
COLEÓPTEROS COLETADOS EM PLANTIO DE EUCALYPTUS UROPHYLLA NA REGIÃO DE TRÊS MARIAS, MINAS GERAIS
Authors: Holtz Anderson Mathias , Zanuncio Teresinha Vinha , Zanuncio José Cola , Pratissoli Dirceu
Published: August 2014

O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar as famílias e espécies da ordem Coleóptera, assim como determinar a flutuação populacional das mesmas na região de Três Marias, Estado de Minas Gerais, em plantios de Eucalyptus urophylla. Os insetos foram coletados com auxílio de cinco armadilhas luminosas, ativadas a cada quinze dias, de julho de 1992 a junho de 1993. Foram coletados 4733 indivíduos da ordem Coleóptera, os quais foram identificados a nível de família ou espécie de acordo com a literatura e coleçõ es entomológicas. As espécies mais abundantes foram Epicauta escavata (Meloidae) com 68 indivíduos; Selenophorus ventralis (Carabidae) com 36 indivíduos e Premnobius cavipennis (Scolytidae) com 27 indivíduos, com 37,5%, 19,9% e 14,9% do total de indivíduos identificados por espécie, respectivamente. A família com maior número de indivíduos e de espécies foi Elateridae, representando 42,1% dos indivíduos, seguida por Carabidae e Scarabaeidae com 26,4 e 16,4%, respectivamente. Os picos populacionais dos coleópteros se deram nos meses de outubro de 1992 a janeiro de 1993. Coleoptera collected in a plantation of Eucaliptus urophylla in the region of Tres Marias, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil Abstract The objective of this work was to study population fluctuation of Coleoptera species in a plantation of Eucalyptus urophylla in the region of Três Marias, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. These insects were collected with five light traps, every fifteen days, from July 1992 to June 1993. A total of 4733 individuals of this order was collected, which were identified at family or species level according to the literature and entomological collections. Most abundant species were Epicauta escavata (Meloidae) with 68 individuals; Selenophorus ventralis (Carabidae) with 36 individuals and Premnobius cavipennis (Scolytidae) with 27 individuals, representing 37.5%, 19.9% and 14.9% of total number of individuals identified at species levels, respectively. Families with higher number of individuals and of species was Elateridae, representing 42.1% of the individuals collected followed by Carabidae and Scarabaeidae with 26.4 and 16.4% of the individuals of this group, respectively. Population peaks of Coleoptera species were registered from October 1992 to January 1993 in the region of Três Marias, State of Minas, Brazil.
A LEI DOS EFEITOS ACELERADOS DA ENTROPIA E O LIMITE NO USO DE RECURSOS ENERGÉTICOS DA BIOSFERA
Authors: Hosokawa Roberto T. , Hosokawa Edson G.
Published: August 2014

O presente texto pretende demonstrar o comportamento da lei dos efeitos acelerados da entropia provocado pela economia antrópica, enfocando principalmente o uso indiscriminado dos recursos energéticos da biosfera e as suas conseqüências para a espécie humana. The law of the entropy accelerated effects and the limit in the use of the biosphere energetics resources Abstract The present text intends to demonstrate the behavior of the law of the entropy accelerated effects provoked by the human economy, foccusing the indiscriminated use of the biosphere energetics resources and its consequences mainly for the human species.
EVOLUÇÃO DA ÁREA BASAL E DO VOLUME EM BRACATINGAIS NATIVOS SUBMETIDOS À DIFERENTES DENSIDADES INICIAIS E EM DIFERENTES SÍTIOS
Authors: Machado Sebastião Do Amaral , N. Tonon Ana Elizabete , Figueiredo Filho Afonso , Oliveira Edilson Batista
Published: August 2014

Foram analisados os efeitos de quatro densidades iniciais (2, 4, 8 e 25,15 mil plantas por hectare) e de 3 classes de sítio, cujos índices de sítios são 10,2; 13,5 e 16,8 m de altura dominante aos 7 anos de idade, sobre a área basal e volume por hectare em povoamentos nativos de bracatinga (Mimosa scabrella Benth.) na região metropolitana de Curitiba. Os dados provieram de um experimento de densidades em blocos ao acaso medidos nas idades de 4,1; 5,1; 6,3 e 7,6 anos. Os efeitos da densidade inicial e do sítio sobre a área basal (G) e volume (V) por hectare foram verificados através de análise de variância seguida do teste de Tukey, quando pertinente. A densidade inicial de 4 mil plantas por hectare gerou maiores valores de G e V nas últimas idades de medição. A área basal/ha não sofreu efeitos significativos do sítio em nenhuma das medições, enquanto que o volume/ha foi afetado por este fator (sítio) até a idade de 6,3 anos. Evolution of Basal Area and Volume per Hectare in Native "Bracatingais" Submited to Different Initial Densities and Different Sites Abstract The objectives of this research were to study the effects of four initial densities (2000, 4000, 8000 and 25150 plants/ha) and three site classes (site index 10.2, 13.5 and 16.8 m of dominant height at age seven) on basal area (G) and volume per hectare (V) for native stands of bracatinga (Mimosa scabrella Benth.) in the Metropolitan Region of Curitiba, Brazil. The data set came from permanent sample plots of a density trial established in a random blocks design. These plots were measured at ages 4.1, 5.1, 6.3, and 7.6 years of age. The effects of initial density and site on basal area and volume per hectare were verified through graphics and analysis of variance followed by the Tukey test when necessary. The initial density of 4,000 plants/ha generated the highest values of basal area and volume in the last ages of measurement. The basal area/ha did not sufered significative effects of site at any one of the measurement ages, while volume/ha was affected by this factor (site) until the age of 6.3 years.
SISTEMA DE INVENTÁRIO FLORESTAL PARA SERINGAL NATIVO
Authors: Silva José de Arimatéa , Péllico Netto Sylvio
Published: August 2014

Este trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver um Sistema de Inventário Florestal para seringal nativo. Aplicou-se a Amostragem Inteiramente Aleatória (AIA), em dois estágios: colocação de seringa, no primeiro, e estrada de seringa, no segundo. Foram estimados: número de seringueiras por estrada (N), área basal das seringueiras da estrada (G) e volume da porção explorada do fuste (V). Realizou-se uma pós-estratificação, considerando-se estradas de centro e de margem, aplicando-se a Amostragem Estratificada (AE). Comparou-se a AIA com a AE, com base na eficiência relativa. Os resultados revelaram as seguintes estimativas para as médias estratificadas: N=100; G=19,00 m², V= 62,8 m³. Concluiu-se que a AE revelou-se mais eficiente que a AIA para estimar as variáveis analisadas. Propõe-se que um sistema de inventário para seringal nativo deve combinar: informações de um censo das colocações; um processo de amostragem estratificada; e um método de amostragem cuja unidade de amostra é a estrada de seringa. Forest Inventory System for Rubber Trees Abstract Forest Inventory System for rubber trees. This work had as objective to develop an Inventory System for native rubber tree areas. The Simple Random Sampling (SRS) was applied in two stages: the setting, in the first, and the rubber trees tracks, in the second stage. Number of rubber trees per track (N), basal area of the rubber trees track (G) and volume of the stem portion explored (V) were the parameters estimated. A post-stratification was become fulfilled, considering itself center tracks and river side tracks, applying itself it Stratified Random Sampling (STRS). It was compared SRS with the STRS, on the basis of the relative efficiency. The results showed the following estimates for the stratified means: N=100; G=19,00 m², V = 62,8 m³. It was concluded that the STRS showed more efficient than the SRS to estimate the analyzed variables. It is considered that an Inventory System for native rubber tree areas must match: information of a census of the settings; a process of Stratified Random Sampling; and a sampling method whose unit of sample is the rubber tree track.
CARACTERIZAÇÃO FLORÍSTICA E ESTRUTURAL DE UM FRAGMENTO DE FLORESTA OMBRÓFILA MISTA, EM CURITIBA, PR – BRASIL
Authors: Rondon Neto Rubens Marques , Kozera Carina , De Andrade Regina do Rocio , Cecy Adriana Trippia , Hummes Ana Paula , Fritzsons Elenice , Caldeira Marcos Vinicius Winckler , Maciel Maria de Nazaré M. , De Souza Melissa Koch Fernandes
Published: August 2014

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo conhecer a composição florística e a estrutura dos indivíduos arbóreos com DAP ³ 5cm presentes em um fragmento de Floresta Ombrófila Mista (Floresta com Araucária), denominado “Capão do Tigre”, situado em Curitiba - PR. Em dezoito parcelas de 10 x 20m foram inventariados 710 indivíduos, distribuídos em 77 espécies, pertencentes a 36 famílias e 55 gêneros. O valor do índice de diversidade Shannon para as espécies foi de 3,437. A densidade total estimada foi de 1.972 indivíduos/ha e os valores médios de DAP e altura encontrados foram 11,6 cm e 8,2 m, respectivamente. De acordo com o parâmetro valor de importância ampliado, as espécies mais importantes foram Casearia sylvestris, Allophylus edulis, Luehea divaricata, Araucaria angustifolia, Cupania vernalis, Ocotea corymbosa, Ocotea nutans, Jacaranda puberula, Mollinedia clavigera e Solanum sanctae-catharinae. FLORISTIC AND STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION OF A FRAGMENT OF MIXED OMBROPHYLOUS FOREST IN CURITIBA, PR - BRAZIL Abstract The aim of this paper was to know the floristic composition and the structureof a Mixed Ombrophylous Forest fragment (Araucaria Forest), named “Capão do Tigre”, situated in Curitiba - PR. It was inventoried 710 trees individuous in eighteen 10 x 20 m plots with DBH ³ 5cm, distributed in 77 species from 55 gender and 36 families. The Shannon diversity index value was 3,437 for the species. The total density found was 1.972 individuous/ha, and the medium DBH and height was 11,6 cm and 8,2 m, respectively. Acording to the parameters of Amplieted Importance Value, the most important species are: Casearia sylvestris, Allophylus edulis, Luehea divaricata, Araucaria angustifolia, Cupania vernalis, Ocotea corymbosa, Ocotea nutans, Jacaranda puberula, Mollinedia clavigera e Solanum sanctae-catharinae.
De aanvulling en verbetering van uitspraken – een onderzoek naar het toepassingsbereik van art. 31 en 32 Rv
Authors: Fruytier P.A. , van Gardingen L.V.
Published: August 2014

De aanvulling en verbetering van uitspraken – een onderzoek naar het toepassingsbereik van art. 31 en 32 Rv

In dit artikel zoeken de auteurs aan de hand van de systematiek van art. 31 en 32 Rv en de daaraan ten grondslag liggende beginselen naar de grenzen van deze bepalingen. Zij gaan vervolgens in op een aantal grensgevallen: (a) reparatie van apparaatsfouten, (b) verbetering van eigen rechtsoverwegingen door de Hoge Raad en (c) aanvulling door de rechter van gemiste gronden en weren. Voor fatale apparaatsfouten pleiten de auteurs voor aanvaarding van een termijn van veertien dagen na de uitspraak waarbinnen partijen de rechter op de fout kunnen wijzen. De andere grensgevallen kunnen volgens hen deels onder de werking van art. 31 Rv en/of art. 32 Rv gebracht worden.
De gevolgtrekking die hij geraden acht
Authors: Seinen C.J-A.
Published: August 2014

De gevolgtrekking die hij geraden acht

In deze bijdrage worden uitspraken van na 1 januari 2012 besproken waarin schending van de waarheidsplicht aan de orde is. Na een korte schets van de visies van wetgever, Hoge Raad en literatuur op de sanctionering van de waarheidsplicht worden de in de feitenrechtspraak opgelegde sancties op een rij gezet. Duidelijk wordt dat rechters de waarheidsplicht zeer actief gebruiken en dat flinke verschillen bestaan in de op schending gestelde sancties. Hoewel de wetgever geen voorstander was van het uitdelen van sancties door de civiele rechter, bepleit de auteur dat sancties onder omstandigheden (vooral ten aanzien van repeat players) verdedigbaar zijn.
Effects of aerial strip spraying on mixedwood stand structure and tree growth
Authors: Comeau Phil
Published: August 2014

Herbicide application in strips offers a cost-effective way to accelerate spruce growth in young mixedwood stands, while also retaining the mixedwood character of the stand. In June of 2006 data were collected to evaluate the effects of aerial strip spraying on subsequent growth of treated stands. These blocks had been planted in 1991 and treated in 2000 with Triclopyr ester herbicide applied in strips. Treated and untreated strips averaged 5.8 m and 8.4 m in width, respectively, with 38% of the block area being effectively treated. In 2006 aspen density, DBH, and height were significantly lower in the treated strips compared to either untreated strips or completely untreated blocks. Spruce growth was significantly larger in treated strips with diameter growth responses beginning in the first and height growth responses in the second growing season following treatment. Yield estimates from the Mixedwood Growth Model (MGM) indicate that the strip spray treatments result in the highest spruce yields. However, when understory protection (harvesting aspen at age 70 and spruce at 120) is applied, the untreated blocks provided higher total yield and net present value.
An exploration of residents’ intended wildfire evacuation responses in Mt. Lorne, Yukon, Canada
Authors: Cote Doug W. , McGee Tara K.
Published: August 2014

Wildfire evacuations disrupt people’s lives, create an additional hazard for emergency responders and residents, and are expensive to execute. Alternatives to evacuation are used in Australia and a few jurisdictions in the United States. Numerous studies have examined the “stay and defend” option during a wildfire in Australia, and evacuation alternatives have also been examined in the US. However, evacuation alternatives have not yet received scholarly attention in Canada. This study focused on the community of Mt. Lorne, Yukon, and explored residents’ perceptions of alternatives to evacuation due to wildfires, their evacuation intentions, and factors that influenced their intentions. Focus group participants planned to stay on their property despite a wildfire evacuation order because of the perceived safety of their property, and concerns about evacuating including leaving their property unprotected, losing harvested meat or other food stocks due to spoiling, and not knowing what to do with sled dog teams or livestock. However, some of these residents lacked the knowledge about how to stay on their property safely.
Conducting self‐assessments under the revised Total Coliform Rule
Authors: Lechevallier Mark W.
Published: August 2014

This overview of coliform occurrence in potable water systems is intended as a guide for water utilities as they combat coliform bacteria contamination.
The crude MCHM chemical spill in Charleston, W.Va.
Authors: Rosen Jeffrey S. , Whelton Andrew J. , McGuire Michael J. , Clancy Jennifer L. , Bartrand Timothy , Eaton Andrew , Patterson Jacqueline , Dourson Michael , Nance Patricia , Adams Craig
Published: August 2014

The Elk River spill is a call to action for all water utilities with hazardous chemicals in close proximity to their source water. Regardless of the regulations and responsibilities of state and federal regulators, water utilities have responsibilities and liabilities that should prompt action to identify possible chemical threats.
A Spatio-Temporal Assessment of Green Turtle Habitat at Hawkes Bay, Karachi through Geo-Informatics Techniques
Authors: Farheen Khanum  , Syed Jamil H. Kazmi  , Saima Shaikh
Published: August 2014

Hawkes Bay site is one of the major favorable nesting sites for green turtles (Chelonia mydas) in Pakistan. Many environmental factors influence the nesting patterns of green turtles at this beach. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the importance of monitoring habitat of wildlife with the help of GIS and remote sensing. Seasonal influence on nesting pit density is quite noticeable on high resolution imageries. Pearson’s correlation coefficient analysis was used to highlight the strong relation of temperature and nesting pits. As a result of this research monitoring of spatio-temporal variation and impacts of temperature rise on nesting grounds observed.
Vocabularies of Legitimation: Understanding Normative Killings
Authors: Costeloe Michael , Alvarez Alex
Published: August 2014

This paper argues that while criminal forms of homicide have been the focus of extant research, little attention has been given to normative forms of killing. We argue that this omission is unfortunate and precludes a complete understanding of the contexts and consequences of killing. In this paper, we refer to three metaphors that are called into play when legitimizing certain forms of killing: Differential Life Value, Conservatism, and Justification. We call these “vocabularies of legitimation” and suggest that such normalization may serve to increase the prevalence of violence within society. Finally, we recommend some promising avenues for continuing research and possible directions for public policy.
Exchange Rate Flexibility and the Integration of the Securities Market in East Asia
Authors: Kinkyo Takuji , Hamori Shigeyuki
Published: August 2014

This paper discusses the time-varying degree of flexibility in exchange rate regimes and assesses the extent to which securities markets are integrated in East Asia. The dynamic conditional correlation model developed by Engle (2002) is used to analyze the time-varying characteristics of the conditional correlations of exchange rates as well as of bond and equity returns in emerging Asian economies. First, the presented analyses find that the flexibility of Asia's exchange rate regimes increased substantially after the Asian crisis of 1997-98. Second, we show that Asia's equity markets are becoming more globally and regionally integrated, whereas the bond markets in the region are still divided by national borders. These results suggest the existence of more scope for policymakers to promote financial integration in Asia, particularly in its bond markets.
Genre, parenté et techniques de reproduction assistée : bilan et perspectives après 30 ans de recherche
Authors: Courduriès Jérôme , Herbrand Cathy
Published: August 2014

Ce numéro d’Enfances Familles Générations propose de se pencher sur les problématiques actuelles soulevées par les techniques de reproduction assistée (TRA) au regard des questions de parenté et de genre. Si, dans un monde globalisé, diverses possibilités reproductives sont désormais accessibles, celles-ci soulèvent de nombreuses questions socioanthropologiques du point de vue des rapports de pouvoir qu’elles engendrent, des pratiques et des régulations parfois très différentes dont elles font l’objet, ainsi que des significations individuelles et culturelles qui leur sont attribuées. Ces questions ont donné lieu à une littérature riche et abondante au cours des trente dernières années, en particulier dans le monde anglo-saxon. Cet article introductif est ainsi l’occasion de faire dialoguer davantage, en soulignant leurs apports respectifs, des travaux relevant de traditions différentes, en particulier dans les mondes francophones et anglophones. À partir de ce bilan des questionnements majeurs qu’a suscités l’étude des TRA dans les domaines du genre et de la parenté, nous soulignons les enjeux qui restent en suspens et qui mériteraient selon nous de faire l’objet de plus amples investigations. Le fil conducteur de notre propos, sur la base de la littérature disponible et des enquêtes menées jusqu’ici en sciences sociales, est d’insister sur la dimension du genre comme inextricable de l’expérience et de l’étude des techniques de reproduction assistée.
Ovules vieillissants, mères sans âge? Infertilité féminine et recours au don d’ovocytes en Suisse
Authors: Bühler Nolwenn
Published: August 2014

Cette contribution1examine l’impact des possibilités d’extension de la fertilité féminine ouvertes par le don d’ovocytes sur les significations de l’« âge limite de la maternité », dans le contexte suisse où cette technique est interdite. En me focalisant sur les expériences de femmes recourant au don d’ovocytes en cas d’infertilité liée à l’âge, je montrerai comment cette technique ouvre un espace de contestation et de négociation des limites biologiques de la fertilité. La première partie examine l’utilisation des normes biologiques et statistiques du déclin de la fertilité dans le cadre du diagnostic; la deuxième montre comment les significations des limites d’âge se transforment au fil du parcours de procréation médicalement assistée (PMA); la troisième met en lumière quelques stratégies utilisées pour reconfigurer l’« horloge biologique ».
Bifurcations biographiques : l’expérience du dévoilement du diagnostic du point de vue d’adolescents infectés par le VIH en période périnatale
Authors: Proulx-Boucher Karène , Fernet Mylène , Blais Martin , Lévy Joseph  Josy , Otis Joanne , Thériault Jocelyne , Samson Johanne , Morin Guylaine , Lapointe Normand , Trottier Germain
Published: August 2014

Dans le cas de la transmission de la mère à l’enfant du VIH, l’un des principaux enjeux concerne le dévoilement du diagnostic aux jeunes infectés (Champion et al., 1999; Murphy et al., 2002; Wiener et al., 2007), qui pourrait être vécu comme un point de bifurcation biographique. L’objectif est d’explorer l’expérience du dévoilement du diagnostic du point de vue d’adolescents vivant avec le VIH depuis la naissance. Vingt-neuf jeunes (10-18 ans) VIH+ ont accordé une entrevue individuelle semi-dirigée portant sur le dévoilement du statut sérologique. Les données recueillies ont fait l’objet d’une analyse de contenu (Paillé et Mucchielli, 2005; Sabourin, 2008). Le dévoilement du statut sérologique s’inscrit dans une trajectoire en trois temps : 1) une réalité cachée où les adolescents ignorent leur statut sérologique; 2) une réalité enfin dévoilée où ils apprennent, vers l’âge de 11 ans, qu’ils sont infectés par le VIH et; 3) une réalité à intégrer progressivement où le dévoilement participe à leur construction identitaire personnelle et sociale. Le dévoilement s’inscrit dans une continuité biographique en légitimant les traitements ARV reçus alors qu’une transformation progressive semble être envisagée par les jeunes quant à leur intimité et leur sexualité.
Designing Woman!: Space, Affect and Femininity in Postwar American Public Affairs TV
Authors: Goldstein Leigh
Published: August 2014

This essay examines the introduction of public affairs programming to the gendered space of US daytime television at the end of the 1950s. The two series I analyse, Woman! and Purex Specials for Women, addressed their audiences as a collective of ‘trapped housewives’, conflating isolation and depression and offering the medium of television as solace for both. I argue that the primetime news and public affairs' imperative to inform and educate became, by virtue of being transplanted to daytime, a commitment to cure and comfort.
HIV multi‐drug resistance at first‐line antiretroviral failure and subsequent virological response in Asia
Authors: Jiamsakul Awachana , Sungkanuparph Somnuek , Law Matthew , Kantor Rami , Praparattanapan Jutarat , Li Patrick CK , Phanuphak Praphan , Merati Tuti , Ratanasuwan Winai , Lee Christopher KC , Ditangco Rossana , Mustafa Mahiran , Singtoroj Thida , Kiertiburanakul Sasisopin ,   on behalf of the TREAT Asia Studies to Evaluate Resistance – Monitoring Study (TASER‐M)
Published: August 2014

Introduction

First‐line antiretroviral therapy (ART) failure often results from the development of resistance‐associated mutations (RAMs). Three patterns, including thymidine analogue mutations (TAMs), 69 Insertion (69Ins) and the Q151M complex, are associated with resistance to multiple‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and may compromise treatment options for second‐line ART.

Methods

We investigated patterns and factors associated with multi‐NRTI RAMs at first‐line failure in patients from The TREAT Asia Studies to Evaluate Resistance – Monitoring study (TASER‐M), and evaluated their impact on virological responses at 12 months after switching to second‐line ART. RAMs were compared with the IAS‐USA 2013 mutations list. We defined multi‐NRTI RAMs as the presence of either Q151M; 69Ins; ≥2 TAMs; or M184V+≥1 TAM. Virological suppression was defined as viral load (VL) <400 copies/ml at 12 months from switch to second‐line. Logistic regression was used to analyze (1) factors associated with multi‐NRTI RAMs at first‐line failure and (2) factors associated with virological suppression after 12 months on second‐line.

Results

A total of 105 patients from 10 sites in Thailand, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Malaysia and Philippines were included. There were 97/105 (92%) patients harbouring ≥1 RAMs at first‐line failure, 39/105 with multi‐NRTI RAMs: six with Q151M; 24 with ≥2 TAMs; and 32 with M184V+≥1 TAM. Factors associated with multi‐NRTI RAMs were CD4 ≤200 cells/µL at genotyping (OR=4.43, 95% CI [1.59–12.37], p=0.004) and ART duration >2 years (OR=6.25, 95% CI [2.39–16.36], p<0.001). Among 87/105 patients with available VL at 12 months after switch to second‐line ART, virological suppression was achieved in 85%. The median genotypic susceptibility score (GSS) for the second‐line regimen was 2.00. Patients with ART adherence ≥95% were more likely to be virologically suppressed (OR=9.33, 95% CI (2.43–35.81), p=0.001). Measures of patient resistance to second‐line ART, including the GSS, were not significantly associated with virological outcome.

Conclusions

Multi‐NRTI RAMs at first‐line failure were associated with low CD4 level and longer duration of ART. With many patients switching to highly susceptible regimens, good adherence was still crucial in achieving virological response. This emphasizes the importance of continued adherence counselling well into second‐line therapy.
Selection of chromosomal DNA libraries using a multiplex CRISPR system
Authors: Ryan Owen W , Skerker Jeffrey M , Maurer Matthew J , Li Xin , Tsai Jordan C , Poddar Snigdha , Lee Michael E , DeLoache Will , Dueber John E , Arkin Adam P , Cate Jamie HD
Published: August 2014

The directed evolution of biomolecules to improve or change their activity is central to many engineering and synthetic biology efforts. However, selecting improved variants from gene libraries in living cells requires plasmid expression systems that suffer from variable copy number effects, or the use of complex marker-dependent chromosomal integration strategies. We developed quantitative gene assembly and DNA library insertion into the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome by optimizing an efficient single-step and marker-free genome editing system using CRISPR-Cas9. With this Multiplex CRISPR (CRISPRm) system, we selected an improved cellobiose utilization pathway in diploid yeast in a single round of mutagenesis and selection, which increased cellobiose fermentation rates by over 10-fold. Mutations recovered in the best cellodextrin transporters reveal synergy between substrate binding and transporter dynamics, and demonstrate the power of CRISPRm to accelerate selection experiments and discoveries of the molecular determinants that enhance biomolecule function.
Management of Ionizing Radiation Injuries and Illnesses, Part 4: Acute Radiation Syndrome
Authors: Christensen Doran M. , Iddins Carol J. , Parrillo Steven J. , Glassman Erik S. , Goans Ronald E.
Published: August 2014

To provide proper medical care for patients after a radiation incident, it is necessary to make the correct diagnosis in a timely manner and to ascertain the relative magnitude of the incident. The present article addresses the clinical diagnosis and management of high-dose radiation injuries and illnesses in the first 24 to 72 hours after a radiologic or nuclear incident. To evaluate the magnitude of a high-dose incident, it is important for the health physicist, physician, and radiobiologist to work together and to assess many variables, including medical history and physical examination results; the timing of prodromal signs and symptoms (eg, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, transient incapacitation, hypotension, and other signs and symptoms suggestive of high-level exposure); and the incident history, including system geometry, source-patient distance, and the suspected radiation dose distribution.
“No Dejes tus Valores en Casa”: Un Estudio Sobre los Valores de Adultos Emergentes Italianos y sus Padres
Authors: Alfieri Sara , Barni Daniela , Rosnati Rosa , Marta Elena
Published: August 2014

Los objetivos del trabajo, en el que participó una muestra intencionada de 184 jóvenes y sus padres, reclutados en universidades y cooperativas de trabajadores y fábricas del norte de Italia, fueron: (a) comparar los valores de jóvenes y padres, para descubrir especificidades generacionales y de género; (b) medir la similitud entre los valores de los jóvenes y sus padres y entre padre y madre y (c) examinar la importancia de la calidad de las relaciones familiares en la similitud de los valores en la familia. Los participantes completaron el Cuestionario de Identificación de Valores Personales y el Network of Relationship Inventory (3 subscalas). A través de análisis de varianza, correlaciones y análisis de dominancia, los resultados relevaron diferencias intergeneracionales y de género en la importancia dada a diferentes valores. En la diada familiar se encontró, en promedio, una moderada similitud entre el perfil de valores de los jóvenes y el de su padre y madre, pero menor que el grado de similitud que se dio entre padre y madre. La calidad de las relaciones familiares explicó solo una pequeña proporción de la variación de valores entre padres e hijos y un poco mayor de la que se dio entre madre y padre. Se discuten las implicaciones de los resultados para la transmisión de valores y su posible desarrollo.
Evaluación del Perdón en Relaciones de Pareja: Propiedades Psicométricas del Transgression-Related Interpersonal Motivations Inventory (TRIM-18) en un Contexto Chileno
Authors: Guzmán González Mónica , Tapia Bugueño María José , Tejada Opazo Marcelo , Valenzuela González Katherine
Published: August 2014

El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la consistencia interna y validez de la versión en español del TransgressionRelated Interpersonal Motivations Inventory (TRIM-18) para medir el perdón en el ámbito de las relaciones de pareja en contexto chileno. El TRIM-18 es un cuestionario de auto-reporte que evalúa la motivación hacia la evitación, la venganza y la benevolencia frente a una transgresión relacional. A fin de examinar las propiedades psicométricas de este instrumento, se evaluaron 3 muestras independientes no probabilísticas de la ciudad de Antofagasta, Chile: 2 de estudiantes universitarios (N = 181 y 394) y 1 de la comunidad general (N = 552), con edades entre los 18 y 65 años. Los resultados permiten concluir que el TRIM-18 es un instrumento confiable y válido para su uso en el contexto chileno, presentando buenos índices de consistencia interna y buen ajuste a los datos en una estructura factorial tridimensional. Asimismo, se observaron asociaciones con constructos teóricamente vinculados al perdón, tales como el auto-reporte global del perdón, la satisfacción con la relación y el ajuste socioemocional.
Global patterns of ecosystem carbon flux in forests: A biometric data‐based synthesis
Authors: Xu Bing , Yang Yuanhe , Li Pin , Shen Haihua , Fang Jingyun
Published: August 2014

Forest ecosystems function as a significant carbon sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide. However, our understanding of global patterns of forest carbon fluxes remains controversial. Here we examined global patterns and environmental controls of forest carbon balance using biometric measurements derived from 243 sites and synthesized from 81 publications around the world. Our results showed that both production and respiration increased with mean annual temperature and exhibited unimodal patterns along a gradient of precipitation. However, net ecosystem production (NEP) initially increased and subsequently declined along gradients of both temperature and precipitation. Our results also indicated that ecosystem production increased during stand development but eventually leveled off, whereas respiration was significantly higher in mature and old forests than in young forests. The residual variation of carbon flux along climatic and age gradients might be explained by other factors such as atmospheric CO2 elevation and disturbances (e.g., forest fire, storm damage, and selective harvest). Heterotrophic respiration (Rh) was positively associated with net primary production (NPP), but the Rh‐NPP relationship differed between natural and planted forests: Rh increased exponentially with NPP in natural forests but tended toward saturation with increased NPP in planted forests. Comparison of biometric measurements with eddy covariance observations revealed that ecosystem carbon balance derived from the latter generated higher overall NEP estimates. These results suggest that the eddy covariance observations may overestimate the strength of carbon sinks, and thus, biometric measurements need to be incorporated into global assessments of the forest carbon balance.
Impact fragmentation of Lonar Crater, India: Implications for impact cratering processes in basalt
Authors: Senthil Kumar P. , Prasanna Lakshmi K. J. , Krishna N. , Menon R. , Sruthi U. , Keerthi V. , Senthil Kumar A. , Mysaiah D. , Seshunarayana T. , Sen M. K.
Published: August 2014

Impact fragmentation is an energetic process that has affected all planetary bodies. To understand its effects in basalt, we studied Lonar Crater, which is a rare terrestrial simple impact crater in basalt and analogues to kilometer‐scale simple craters on Mars. The Lonar ejecta consists of basaltic fragments with sizes ranging from silt to boulder. The cumulative size and mass frequency distributions of these fragments show variation of power index for different size ranges, suggesting simple and complex fragmentation. The general shape of the fragments is compact, platy, bladed, and elongated with an average edge angle of 100°. The size distribution of cobble‐ to boulder‐sized fragments is similar to the fracture spacing distribution in the upper crater wall, indicating the provenance of those large fragments. Its consistency with a theoretical spallation model suggests that the large fragments were ejected from near surface of the target, whereas the small fragments from deeper level. The petrophysical properties of the ejecta fragments reflect the geophysical heterogeneity in the target basalt that significantly reduced the original size of spall fragments. The presence of Fe/Mg phyllosilicates (smectites) both in the ejecta and wall indicates the role of impact in excavating the phyllosilicates from the interior of basaltic target affected by aqueous alteration. The seismic images reveal a thickness variation in the ejecta blanket, segregation of boulders, fractures, and faults in the bedrock beneath the crater rim. The fracturing, fragmentation, and fluvial degradation of Lonar Crater have important implications for Mars.
Acceleration of West Antarctic glacier discharge
Authors: Schultz Colin
Published: August 2014

The glaciers that flow from the West Antarctic Ice Sheet into the Amundsen Sea are some of the fastest on the continent. Together they account for roughly a third of the flow from the west part of the ice sheet. Over the past few decades these glaciers have only gotten faster: From 1973 to 2013 their combined rate of discharge increased 77%, report Mouginot et al. As much as half of this increase took place in a burst from 2003 to 2009, and in recent years the combined discharge of these glaciers has accounted for nearly 10% of global sea level rise.
Project provides new look at Saharan low‐level jet streams
Authors: Wendel JoAnna
Published: August 2014

Hot, dusty Saharan winds are known to influence atmospheric processes in the greater Atlantic region, but the desert's harsh environment makes meteorological observations of weather patterns originating in the Sahara nearly impossible. In the last few years, with the help of the multinational terrestrial, satellite, and modeling endeavor called the Fennec project, scientists have begun to quantify atmospheric phenomena over the remote central Sahara.
Extended triple collocation: Estimating errors and correlation coefficients with respect to an unknown target
Authors: McColl Kaighin A. , Vogelzang Jur , Konings Alexandra G. , Entekhabi Dara , Piles María , Stoffelen Ad
Published: August 2014

Calibration and validation of geophysical measurement systems typically require knowledge of the “true” value of the target variable. However, the data considered to represent the “true” values often include their own measurement errors, biasing calibration, and validation results. Triple collocation (TC) can be used to estimate the root‐mean‐square‐error (RMSE), using observations from three mutually independent, error‐prone measurement systems. Here, we introduce Extended Triple Collocation (ETC): using exactly the same assumptions as TC, we derive an additional performance metric, the correlation coefficient of the measurement system with respect to the unknown target, . We demonstrate that is the scaled, unbiased signal‐to‐noise ratio and provides a complementary perspective compared to the RMSE. We apply it to three collocated wind data sets. Since ETC is as easy to implement as TC, requires no additional assumptions, and provides an extra performance metric, it may be of interest in a wide range of geophysical disciplines.
In situ properties of small and large flux ropes in the solar wind
Authors: Janvier M. , Démoulin P. , Dasso S.
Published: August 2014

Two populations of twisted magnetic field tubes, or flux ropes (hereafter, FRs), are detected by in situ measurements in the solar wind. While small FRs are crossed by the observing spacecraft within few hours, with a radius typically less than 0.1 AU, larger FRs, or magnetic clouds (hereafter, MCs), have durations of about half a day. The main aim of this study is to compare the properties of both populations of FRs observed by the Wind spacecraft at 1 AU. To do so, we use standard correlation techniques for the FR parameters, as well as histograms and more refined statistical methods. Although several properties seem at first different for small FRs and MCs, we show that they are actually governed by the same propagation physics. For example, we observe no in situ signatures of expansion for small FRs, contrary to MCs. We demonstrate that this result is in fact expected: small FRs expand similar to MCs, as a consequence of a total pressure balance with the surrounding medium, but the expansion signature is well hidden by velocity fluctuations. Next, we find that the FR radius, velocity, and magnetic field strength are all positively correlated, with correlation factors than can reach a value >0.5. This result indicates a remnant trace of the FR ejection process from the corona. We also find a larger FR radius at the apex than at the legs (up to 3 times larger at the apex), for FR observed at 1 AU. Finally, assuming that the detected FRs have a large‐scale configuration in the heliosphere, we derived the mean axis shape from the probability distribution of the axis orientation. We therefore interpret the small FR and MC properties in a common framework of FRs interacting with the solar wind, and we disentangle the physics present behind their common and different features.
An analytical approach for calculating energy spectra of relativistic runaway electron avalanches in air
Authors: Cramer E. S. , Dwyer J. R. , Arabshahi S. , Vodopiyanov I. B. , Liu N. , Rassoul H. K.
Published: August 2014

Simplified equations describing the transport and energy spectrum of runaway electrons are derived from the basic kinematics of the continuity equations. These equations are useful in modeling the energy distribution of energetic electrons in strong electric fields, such as those found inside thunderstorms. Dwyer and Babich (2011) investigated the generation of low‐energy electrons in relativistic runaway electron avalanches. The paper also developed simple analytical expressions to describe the detailed physics of Monte Carlo simulations of relativistic runaway electrons in air. In the current work, the energy spectra of the runaway electron population are studied in detail. Dependence of electron avalanche development on properties such as the avalanche length, radiation length, and the effective Møller scattering efficiency factor are discussed in detail. To describe the shapes of the electron energy spectra for a wide range of electric field strengths, the diffusion term responsible for random deviation of electron energy ionization loss from the mean value is added to the kinetic equation. We find that the diffusion in energy space helps maintain an exponential energy spectrum for electric fields that approach the runaway electron threshold field.
Drivers of variability in Arctic sea‐ice drift speed
Authors: Olason Einar , Notz Dirk
Published: August 2014

We explore the main drivers of seasonal and long‐term variations in basin‐scale Arctic sea‐ice drift speed. To do so, we examine the relationship between the observed time‐varying area‐mean ice drift speed in the central Arctic and observed thickness and concentration as well as surface wind stress. Drift speeds are calculated from the positions of drifting buoys, thickness is based on submarine observations, concentration on satellite observations, and the wind stress comes from a global reanalysis. We find that seasonal changes in drift speed are correlated primarily with changes in concentration when concentration is low and with changes in thickness otherwise. The correlation between drift speed and concentration occurs because changing concentration changes how readily the ice responds to the synoptic‐scale forcing of the atmosphere. Drift speed is correlated with neither concentration nor thickness in April and May. We show this behavior to be correlated with a decrease in the localization of deformation. This indicates that the increase in drift speed is caused by newly formed fractures not refreezing, leading to an overall reduced ice‐cover strength without a detectable change in ice concentration. We show that a strong long‐term trend exists in months of relatively low ice concentration. Using our analysis of the seasonal cycle, we show that the trend in concentration drives a significant portion of the drift‐speed trend, possibly reinforced by a trend in cyclone activity. Hence, the trend in drift speed in this period is primarily caused by increased synoptic‐scale movement of the ice pack.
Further development of a parameterization for convective turbulent dust emission and evaluation based on field observations
Authors: Klose Martina , Shao Yaping , Li Xiaolan , Zhang Hongsheng , Ishizuka Masahide , Mikami Masao , Leys John F.
Published: August 2014

Further developments of a parameterization scheme for convective turbulent dust emission (CTDE) are presented. The scheme is advanced by including (1) a new statistical description of instantaneous momentum flux, (2) a correction function for cohesive force to account for the effect of soil moisture, and (3) a correction function for lifting force to consider the effect of vegetation roughness elements. The probability density function describing instantaneous momentum flux is now derived from large‐eddy simulations for different atmospheric stabilities. The vegetation correction function is based on a drag partition theory. Additional improvements on the representations of interparticle cohesive force and particle size distribution are introduced. The new CTDE scheme is tested against the field data obtained at a sand storm monitoring station in the Horqin Sandy Land in China in 2011 and during the Japan‐Australia Dust Experiment in Australia in 2006.
Hydrogen implantation in silicates: The role of solar wind in SiOH bond formation on the surfaces of airless bodies in space
Authors: Schaible Micah J. , Baragiola Raúl A.
Published: August 2014

Hydroxyl on the lunar surface revealed by remote measurements has been thought to originate from solar wind hydrogen implantation in the regolith. The hypothesis is tested here through experimental studies of the rate and mechanisms of OH bond formation due to H+ implantation of amorphous SiO2 and olivine in ultrahigh vacuum. The samples were implanted with 2–10 keV H+, in the range of solar wind energies, and the OH absorption band at ~2.8 µm measured by transmission Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. For 2 keV protons in SiO2, the OH band depth saturated at fluences F ~5 × 1016 H+/cm2 to a maximum 0.0032 absorption band depth, corresponding to a column density ηs = 1.1 × 1016 OH/cm2. The corresponding values for 5 keV protons in olivine are >2 × 1017/cm2, 0.0067, and 4.0 × 1016 OH/cm2. The initial conversion rate of implanted H+ into hydroxyl species was found to be ~90% and decreased exponentially with fluence. There was no evidence for molecular water formation due to proton irradiation. Translating the laboratory measurements in thin plate samples to the granular lunar regolith, it is estimated that the measurements can account for a maximum of 17% relative OH absorption in reflectance spectroscopy of mature soils, consistent with spacecraft observations in the infrared of the Moon.
The WFDEI meteorological forcing data set: WATCH Forcing Data methodology applied to ERA‐Interim reanalysis data
Authors: Weedon Graham P. , Balsamo Gianpaolo , Bellouin Nicolas , Gomes Sandra , Best Martin J. , Viterbo Pedro
Published: August 2014

The WFDEI meteorological forcing data set has been generated using the same methodology as the widely used WATCH Forcing Data (WFD) by making use of the ERA‐Interim reanalysis data. We discuss the specifics of how changes in the reanalysis and processing have led to improvement over the WFD. We attribute improvements in precipitation and wind speed to the latest reanalysis basis data and improved downward shortwave fluxes to the changes in the aerosol corrections. Covering 1979–2012, the WFDEI will allow more thorough comparisons of hydrological and Earth System model outputs with hydrologically and phenologically relevant satellite products than using the WFD.