bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ВИРУСНЫЕ ГЕПАТИТЫ ЭНТЕРАЛЬНЫЕ
Authors: Андрейчин М.А
Published: September 2015

Монографія охоплює проблему вірусних гепатитів (ВГ) А та Е. Гепатит А (ГА) зберігає свою актуальність у зв’язку з убіквітарним розповсюдженням, тісною взаємодією шляхів передачі зі соціально-економічними умовами регіону, стабільним рівнем захворюваності працездатного населення. На підставі багаторічних епідеміологічних спостережень за ГА, зокрема в країнах Східної Європи, виявлені еволюція епідемічного процесу, зміни циклічності, сезонності, вікової структури, ураженості різних соціальних груп. Підвищується суттєва роль осіб, які вживають наркотики, у поширеності цієї інфекції серед дорослих. Водночас проблемі ГА в останні роки приділяють безпідставно менше уваги, ніж іншим ВГ, попри те, що інфекція розповсюджена повсюдно та її частка в загальній захворюваності на ВГ у різних регіонах світу коливається в широких межах. Варто враховувати той факт, що клінічна картина ГА може змінитися при його нашаруванні на хронічні ВГ В і С та на захворювання печінки не вірусної етіології. Почастішання випадків автоімунних гепатитів після перенесеного ГА в осіб зі схильністю до автоімунних реакцій вказує на високу актуальність цієї інформації. Так що репутація ГА як відносно доброякісної інфекції на сьогодні вже не відповідає дійсності.
ВЗАЄМОДІЯ "ДЕРЖАВА-ГРОМАДА" ЗАРАДИ ЗДОРОВ’Я: ЗАРУБІЖНИЙ ДОСВІД БОРОТЬБИ З НЕІНФЕКЦІЙНИМИ ЗАХВОРЮВАННЯМИ
Authors: РИНГАЧ Н.О. , ДЗЮБА О.М. , СИТЕНКО О.Р. , КЕРЕЦМАН А.О.
Published: September 2015

Мета: викласти зарубіжний досвід взаємодії "держава-громада" у сфері боротьби з хронічними неінфекційними захворюваннями, виокремити прийнятні для України підходи та стратегії.

Матеріали і методи. Проаналізовано результати інтервенційних втручань зі зниження поширеності хронічних неінфекційних хвороб, що здійснювалися за співпраці держави і громади у різних країнах світу. Використано бібліосемантичний та метод контент-аналізу.

Результати. Концепцією «держави, що активує» по-новому визначаються стосунки між державою і громадянами: від опіки держава переходить до партнерських відносин і виступає як інститут, що забезпечує виробництво і надання певних послуг; створює необхідні умови для процесів суспільного активності і спонукає громадян до самостійного вирішення проблем; держава також є інститутом нагляду за суспільною та економічною діяльністю.

Висновки. Зарубіжний досвід може стати основою для розробки інноваційних втручань з метою покращення здоров’я і зниження передчасної смертності населення України.

Ключові слова: взаємодія, превентивні стратегії, чинники ризику, хронічні неінфекційні захворювання.
Influence of thiol antioxidants on manifestation of endothelial dysfunction in cerebral vessels in rats with disturbance of cerebral circulation
Authors: Horbachovа S. V. , Bielenichev I. F. , Abramov A. V.
Published: September 2015

Modelling of brain blood circulation violation by means of bilateral occlusion of the common carotid artery caused the development of stable endothelial dysfunction, which is manifested in the increased level of homocysteine and nitrotyrosine. At the same time there was observed an increase of production of stable metabolites of nitric oxide and increased expression of neuronal and inducible NO-synthase. Holding pharmacotherapy thiotriazoline, α-lipoic acid, tiocetam and angiolin showed the ability of medications in varying degrees depress the manifestations of the endothelial dysfunction of cerebral vessels. The positive influence of medications manifested in limiting nitrosative stress, normalize homocysteine levels and the expression of NO-synthase. Revealed pathobiochemical effects, caused by the presence in the structure of these neuroprotectors of the thiol group, what allowing these medicines abridge oxidative damage to molecules and increase the bioavailability of nitric oxide in ischemia.
The role of corvitin in disturbances of lipid peroxydations and activity enzymes of antioxidant systems indicators in blood of guineas pigs in conditions of bacterial keratitis on the background of bronchial asthma and pneumonia
Authors: Kravets B. B. , Reheda M. S.
Published: September 2015

In the research work there was set the dicreasing products of lipid peroxydation – malonic dialdehyde MDA,
diene conjugate and increasing of superoxyde dismutase (SO D) and catalase (KT ) in the blood of guinea pigs against
a group of untreated animals at the 21st day after experimental drug use “Сorvitin”.
O uso do tempo nas atividades cotidianas de crianças de classe popular de 9 a 12 anos
Authors: Nunes Ana Célia , Emmel Maria Luísa Guillaumon
Published: September 2015

Este é um estudo transversal, descritivo e quantitativo, realizado em quatro escolas públicas estaduais de um município de médio porte localizado no interior do estado de São Paulo. O objetivo deste artigo é descrever como crianças de classe popular usam seu tempo em atividades cotidianas. Os dados foram coletados por meio do Diário de Atividades – versão infantil, instrumento elaborado pelas autoras para coletar informações sobre o uso do tempo da dessa população. Para as análises dos resultados foi utilizado o Software estatístico SPSS® versão 21, e esses apontaram que a maior parte do tempo das crianças durante a semana e nos finais de semana foi dedicada às atividades básicas diárias relacionadas ao cuidado com elas mesmas, com a casa e com outras crianças. Os resultados apontaram ainda equilíbrio entre os tempos de trabalho, os tempos livres e os tempos de dedicação aos cuidados consigo mesmas. Verificou-se neste estudo a necessidade de maiores investimentos em atividades de lazer, educação complementar e atividades esportivas, e os resultados encontrados reafirmaram o que a literatura da área tem apontado, ou seja, maior investimento e maior atenção das instâncias governamentais para a população infantil periférica e de baixo poder econômico.
O léxico da série Law and Order: uma análise inicial baseada em corpus paralelo
Authors: Murad Carla Regina R. O.
Published: September 2015

O objetivo deste trabalho foi examinar legendas do seriado Law and Order e suas spinoffs, com o intuito de explorar seu potencial terminológico e terminográfico. A principal hipótese é a de que a autenticidade da linguagem usada pelos personagens da série pode constituir um corpus rico tanto em especificidades jurídicas quanto em linguajar policial. Os pressupostos teóricos adotados foram a noção de legendas como corpora de ficção para extração de terminologia (FROMM 2011), a existência de termos emprestados de áreas de especialidade que conferem maior realidade às séries de ficção (FROMM 2011) e a elaboração de vocabulário de especialidade via Linguística de Corpus (FROMM 2007). Um corpus paralelo contendo legendas de 396 episódios em inglês americano e suas respectivas traduções para o português brasileiro foi estudado por meio do programa de análise lexical Wordsmith Tools 5.0 (SCOTT 2010). O estudo possibilitou a identificação da linguagem de especialidade jurídico-policial, a emergência do campo semântico Crimes e a verificação de equivalências.
Terminologia em seriados médicos: os procedimentos de tradução na legendagem
Authors: Collet Thaís , Emmel Ina
Published: September 2015

Este trabalho analisa os procedimentos de tradução da terminologia médica apresentada nas legendas em português do seriado ER, com base na Teoria Comunicativa de Cabré (1999), e os compara com os resultados de uma análise anterior do seriado House (COLLET 2012) com o objetivo de verificar qual o procedimento predominante. A análise, que se deteve a apenas um episódio do seriado ER e aos termos referentes a aparelhos e exames, revelou o predomínio de procedimentos de equivalência, assim como havia demonstrado a análise anterior de quatro episódios do seriado House (COLLET 2012), confirmando, portanto, a importância dos termos para representar o conhecimento especializado.
Sympathetic Reinnervation Is Required for Mammalian Cardiac Regeneration
Authors: White Ian A. , Gordon Julie , Balkan Wayne , Hare Joshua M.
Published: September 2015

Rationale:

Although mammalian cardiac regeneration can occur in the neonatal period, the factors involved in this process remain to be established. Because tissue and limb regeneration require concurrent reinnervation by the peripheral nervous system, we hypothesized that cardiac regeneration also requires reinnervation.

Objective:

To test the hypothesis that reinnervation is required for innate neonatal cardiac regeneration.

Methods and Results:

We crossed a Wnt1-Cre transgenic mouse with a double-tandem Tomato reporter strain to identify neural crest-derived cell lineages including the peripheral autonomic nerves in the heart. This approach facilitated the precise visualization of subepicardial autonomic nerves in the ventricles using whole mount epifluorescence microscopy. After resection of the left ventricular apex in 2-day-old neonatal mice, sympathetic nerve structures, which envelop the heart under normal conditions, exhibited robust regrowth into the regenerating myocardium. Chemical sympathectomy inhibited sympathetic regrowth and subsequent cardiac regeneration after apical resection significantly (scar size as cross-sectional percentage of viable left ventricular myocardium, n=9; 0.87%±1.4% versus n=6; 14.05±4.4%;
P
<0.01).

Conclusions:

These findings demonstrate that the profound regenerative capacity of the neonatal mammalian heart requires sympathetic innervation. As such, these data offer significant insights into an underlying basis for inadequate adult regeneration after myocardial infarction, a situation where nerve growth is hindered by age-related influences and scar tissue.
Maternal Obesity During Pregnancy Associates With Premature Mortality and Major Cardiovascular Events in Later Life
Authors: Lee Kuan Ken , Raja Edwin A. , Lee Amanda J. , Bhattacharya Sohinee , Bhattacharya Siladitya , Norman Jane E. , Reynolds Rebecca M.
Published: September 2015

One in 5 pregnant women is obese but the impact on later health is unknown. We aimed to determine whether maternal obesity during pregnancy associates with increased premature mortality and later life major cardiovascular events. Maternity records of women who gave birth to their first child between 1950 and 1976 (n=18 873) from the Aberdeen Maternity and Neonatal databank were linked to the National Register of Deaths, Scotland and Scottish Morbidity Record. The effect of maternal obesity at first antenatal visit on death and hospital admissions for cardiovascular events was tested using time-to-event analysis with Cox proportional hazard regression to compare outcomes of mothers in underweight, overweight, or obese body mass index (BMI) categories compared with normal BMI. Median follow-up was at 73 years. All-cause mortality was increased in women who were obese during pregnancy (BMI>30 kg/m
2
) versus normal BMI after adjustment for socioeconomic status, smoking, gestation at BMI measurement, preeclampsia, and low birth weight (hazard ratio, 1.35; 95% confidence interval, 1.02–1.77). In adjusted models, overweight and obese mothers had increased risk of hospital admission for a cardiovascular event (1.16; 1.06–1.27 and 1.26; 1.01–1.57) compared with normal BMI mothers. Adjustment for parity largely unchanged the hazard ratios (mortality: 1.43, 1.09–1.88; cardiovascular events overweight: 1.17, 1.07–1.29; and obese: 1.30, 1.04–1.62). In conclusion, maternal obesity is associated with increased risk of premature death and cardiovascular disease. Pregnancy and early postpartum could represent an opportunity for interventions to identify obesity and reduce its adverse consequences.
Role of the Paraventricular Nucleus of the Hypothalamus in the Sympathoexcitatory Effects of Leptin
Authors: Shi Zhigang , Li Baoxin , Brooks Virginia L.
Published: September 2015

Leptin binds to receptors in multiple hypothalamic nuclei to increase sympathetic nerve activity; however, the neurocircuitry is unclear. Here, using anesthetized male Sprague–Dawley rats, we investigated the role of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. Intracerebroventricular injection of leptin slowly increased lumbar sympathetic nerve activity (LSNA), heart rate, mean arterial pressure, and baroreflex control of LSNA and heart rate. Inhibition of the paraventricular nucleus with muscimol completely reversed leptin’s effects. Blockade of paraventricular melanocortin 3/4 receptors with SHU9119 or ionotropic glutamate receptors with kynurenate, alone or together, each partially reversed the effects of leptin, implicating increased activation of glutamate and melanocortin 3/4 receptors. Conversely, although blockade of neuropeptide Y Y1 receptors in the paraventricular nucleus increased LSNA, mean arterial pressure, and heart rate, these responses were prevented by intracerebroventricular or arcuate nucleus injections of leptin, suggesting that, at least in part, leptin also increases sympathetic nerve activity by suppression of tonic neuropeptide Y inhibitory inputs from the arcuate nucleus. Injection of the melanocortin 3/4 receptor agonist melanotan-II into the paraventricular nucleus increased LSNA, mean arterial pressure, and heart rate only after blockade of neuropeptide Y Y1 receptors. Therefore, we conclude that leptin increases LSNA in part via increased glutamatergic and α-melanocyte–stimulating hormone drive of paraventricular sympathoexcitatory neurons, the latter of which requires simultaneous withdrawal of tonic neuropeptide Y inhibition.
Adequate Selection of a Therapeutic Site Enables Efficient Development of Collateral Vessels in Angiogenic Treatment With Bone Marrow Mononuclear Cells
Authors: Nemoto Masaru , Koyama Hiroyuki , Nishiyama Ayako , Shigematsu Kunihiro , Miyata Tetsuro , Watanabe Toshiaki
Published: September 2015

Background

Induction of angiogenic mechanisms to promote development of collateral vessels is considered promising for the treatment of peripheral arterial diseases. Collateral vessels generally develop from preexisting arteriolar connections, bypassing the diseased artery. We speculated that induction of angiogenic mechanisms should be directed to such arteriolar connections to achieve efficient collateral development. The aim of this study was to verify this hypothesis using autologous transplantation of bone marrow mononuclear cells in the rabbit model of chronic limb ischemia.

Methods and Results

The left femoral artery was excised to induce limb ischemia in male rabbits. In this model, arteriolar connections in the left coccygeofemoral muscle tend to develop into collateral vessels, although this transformation is insufficient to alleviate the limb ischemia. In contrast, arteriolar connections in the closely located adductor muscle do not readily develop into collateral vessels. At 21 days after ischemia initiation, a sufficient number of automononuclear cells were selectively injected in the left coccygeofemoral muscle (coccygeo group) or left adductor muscle (adductor group). Evaluation of calf blood pressure ratios, blood flow in the left internal iliac artery, and angiographic scores at day 28 after injection revealed that collateral development and improvement of limb ischemia were significantly more efficient in the coccygeo group than in the adductor group. Morphometric analysis of the coccygeofemoral muscle at day 14 showed similar results.

Conclusions

Specific delivery of mononuclear cells to the coccygeofemoral but not the adductor muscle effectively improves collateral circulation in the rabbit model of limb ischemia and suggests that adequate site selection can facilitate therapeutic angiogenesis.
Read Capital: The First Sentence
Authors: Holloway John
Published: September 2015

Contrary to received opinion, Marx’s analysis inCapitaldoes not start from the commodity, it starts from wealth. This has enormous theoretical and political implications.
Ralph Kingston on the Bourgeoisie and Bureaucracy in France, 1789–1848
Authors: Miller Stephen
Published: September 2015

Ralph Kingston, inBureaucrats and Bourgeois Society, argues that government employees constituted the core of the French bourgeoisie in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The book lends support to the Marxist interpretation of the Revolution, not as a breakthrough of a capitalist bourgeoisie, but as a conflict originating in a social structure whose economic surplus was appropriated politically. This review posits that the peasants’ subsistence strategies constrained the economic evolution of the country and led well-to-do families to invest in shares of governmental authority and careers in the civil service rather than in private enterprises. The slow economic growth and pursuit of state offices represent underlying continuities between the Old Regime and the nineteenth century. The notable changes resulted from the popular uprisings of 1789–93 and the rationalisation of the state apparatus during the revolutionary decade.
“Storys, scalping and mohawking”
Authors: Hall Richard
Published: September 2015

This work examines an often underappreciated factor in the defeat of General Edward Braddock’s infamous expedition against Fort Duquesne of 1755. This, of course, was the influence of the frontier tales, narratives and other stories (or the ‘rhetoric of fear’) fed to the regular British soldiery by their provincial allies—and indeed the colonial civilian population—as they marched across Western Maryland and Virginia on the long and arduous route to the Monongahela. These frequently exaggerated rumors and tales, evoking what many British colonists considered the almost mystical martial prowess (at least in North America’s backcountry) and merciless brutality of American Indian warriors, large numbers of whom were allied to the French, severely undermined morale among Old World soldiers advancing through what was a foreboding and unfamiliar country. This paper establishes that such literature and stories were factors of far greater significance than is recognized in traditional accounts of the Braddock defeat.
Resolving Tiarosporella spp. allied to Botryosphaeriaceae and Phacidiaceae
Authors: Crous PEDRO W. , Müller Michael M. , Sánchez Romina M. , Giordano Lucrecia , Bianchinotti M. Virginia , Anderson Freda E. , Groenewald Johannes Z.
Published: September 2015

The type species of the genus Tiarosporella, T. paludosa, is epitypified and confirmed as a member of the Botryosphaeriaceae. Based on morphology and DNA sequence data of the large subunit nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (LSU, 28S) and the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) and 5.8S rRNA gene of the nrDNA operon, the genus Tiarosporella is shown to be poly- and paraphyletic. A group of isolates morphologically similar to T. paludosa cluster to the Phacidiaceae (Phacidiales, Leotiomycetes) and we accommodated them in Darkera, a genus associated with needle diseases of conifers, with D. picea introduced as a novel taxon. This new taxon includes isolates occurring on needles of Picea spp. in Europe (Finland, Norway and Switzerland) and differs from D. parca according to a five-locus alignment consisting of ITS, LSU, partial 18S nuclear ribosomal RNA, translation elongation factor 1-alpha and beta-tubulin genes. Four novel genera are introduced for tiarosporella-like fungi, namely Eutiarosporella based on E. tritici on Triticum aestivum from South Africa, Marasasiomyces based on M. karoo on Eriocephalus sp. from South Africa, Mucoharknessia based on M. cortaderiae on Cortaderia selloana from Argentina, and Sakireeta based on S. madreeya on Aristida setacea from India. Together with the genus Botryobambusa, these genera represent a subclade in the Botryosphaeriaceae that is ecologically diverse, occurring on Poaceae, as well as woody hosts, including endophytes, saprobes, and plant pathogens.
New species of Eidmanacris Chopard, 1956 from Brazil (Orthoptera: Phalangopsidae: Luzarinae)
Authors: CAMPOS LUCAS DENADAI DE , SOUZA-DIAS PEDRO G. B. , NIHEI SILVIO SHIGUEO , MELLO FRANCISCO DE A. G. DE
Published: September 2015

With 15 described species, Eidmanacris is one of the largest Luzarinae genera from South America. In Brazil, 12 species occur in two large biomes, the Atlantic Forest and Cerrado. Here, we describe four new species of Eidmanacris from Brazil: E. bernardii Nihei & de Mello, n. sp., E. papaveroi Nihei & de Mello, n. sp., E. simoesi Nihei & de Mello, n. sp., and E. eliethae Nihei & de Mello, n. sp., from Cerrado (E. bernardii n. sp.), and the other from Atlantic Forest. The type material is deposited in the Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo (MZSP) and the Zoology Department Insect Colletion (Coleção de Insetos do Departamento de Zoologia), Botucatu campus of São Paulo State University, UNESP.
Extratropical Cyclones in Idealized Simulations of Changed Climates
Authors: Pfahl Stephan , O’Gorman Paul A. , Singh Martin S.
Published: September 2015

Cyclones are a key element of extratropical weather and frequently lead to extreme events like wind storms and heavy precipitation. Understanding potential changes of cyclone frequency and intensity is thus essential for a proper assessment of climate change impacts. Here the behavior of extratropical cyclones under strongly varying climate conditions is investigated using idealized climate model simulations in an aquaplanet setup. A cyclone tracking algorithm is applied to assess various statistics of cyclone properties such as intensity, size, lifetime, displacement velocity, and deepening rates. In addition, a composite analysis of intense cyclones is performed. In general, the structure of extratropical cyclones in the idealized simulations is very robust, and changes in major cyclone characteristics are relatively small. Median cyclone intensity, measured in terms of minimum sea level pressure and lower-tropospheric relative vorticity, has a maximum in simulations with global mean temperature slightly warmer than present-day Earth, broadly consistent with the behavior of the eddy kinetic energy analyzed in previous studies. Maximum deepening rates along cyclone tracks behave similarly and are in agreement with linear quasigeostrophic growth rates if the effect of latent heat release on the stratification is taken into account. In contrast to moderate cyclones, the relative vorticity of intense cyclones continues to increase with warming to substantially higher temperatures, and this is associated with enhanced lower-tropospheric potential vorticity anomalies likely caused by increased diabatic heating. Moist processes may, therefore, lead to the further strengthening of intense cyclones in warmer climates even if cyclones weaken on average.
Asymmetric Estuarine Responses to Changes in River Forcing: A Consequence of Nonlinear Salt Flux
Authors: Chen Shih-Nan
Published: September 2015

A linear theory for estuarine adjustment to river forcing as put forth by MacCready is extended to allow for quantification of nonlinear salt flux induced by gravitational exchange flow. It has been shown that, under a steplike change of river forcing, the estuarine responses are asymmetric, with the salinity field adjusting faster during the rising discharge. The asymmetry arises because the up-estuary salt flux due to exchange flow is a nonlinear function of estuarine length ∝ L−3. During the rising discharge, the estuary is longer, and the salt flux is comparatively less sensitive to the length variations. As a result, the up-estuary salt transport cannot keep pace with the rate of discharge changes, leading to a larger net salt flux and thus a shorter response time. A simple theory accounting for the nonlinear effect is then applied to Hudson-like systems and shown to capture the asymmetric response. The asymmetry is generalizable to other estuarine regimes where up-estuary salt fluxes are expressed as nonlinear power laws.
Small Intestinal Submucosa Implantation for the Possible Treatment of Vocal Fold Scar, Sulcus, and Superficial Lamina Propria Atrophy
Authors: Pitman Michael J. , Cabin Jonathan A. , Iacob Codrin E.
Published: September 2015

Objectives:

Evaluate the histologic effects of grafting porcine-derived small intestinal submucosa (SIS) into the vocal fold superficial lamina propria (SLP) layer for the potential treatment of vocal fold scar, sulcus and superficial lamina propria atrophy.

Methods:

Small intestinal submucosa was implanted into the right vocal fold SLP of 6 mongrel dogs. The left vocal fold served as a sham surgical control. At 2, 4, and 6 weeks postoperative, bilateral vocal fold specimens were evaluated histologically.

Results:

At 2 and 4 weeks, respectively, SIS-implanted vocal folds demonstrated moderate and mild inflammation and acute and chronic inflammation. At 6 weeks, inflammation was minimal and chronic. The 6-week specimens showed copious amounts of newly generated hyaluronic acid (HA) within the graft. There was no reactive fibrosis at 6 weeks.

Conclusions:

In the canine model, SIS appears safe for SLP grafting. Inflammation is similar to that of sham surgery. Small intestinal submucosa results in newly generated HA without concomitant fibrosis. Small intestinal submucosa has potential to be used in treatment of disorders with SLP, including vocal fold scar, sulcus, and atrophy. Studies evaluating the effect of SIS implantation on vocal fold function, as well as the ultimate fate of the graft, are required.
Vocabulary Word Instruction for Students Who Read Braille
Authors: Savaiano Mackenzie E. , Compton Donald L. , Hatton Deborah D. , Lloyd Blair P.
Published: September 2015

The association made between the meaning, spelling, and pronunciation of a word has been shown to help children remember the meanings of words. The present study addressed whether the presence of a target word in Braille during instruction facilitated vocabulary learning more efficiently than an auditory-only instructional condition. The authors used an adapted alternating treatments single-case experimental design with three students with visual impairments who read Braille, collecting data on definition recall and spelling during each session. Data on definition recall were used to determine mastery. The results of this study are not consistent with previous findings with students who read print. Visual analyses of the data indicated that participants reached mastery in both conditions, but all three reached mastery on definition recall in fewer sessions in the auditory-only condition. Spellings of words were learned in the flashcard condition only, and possible implications of this are discussed. The difference in the unit of recognition and working memory load between reading Braille and reading print is discussed as one possible explanation.
The Culture of Silencing Child Victims of Sexual Abuse
Authors: Caprioli Sarah , Crenshaw David A.
Published: September 2015

This article describes the insidious impact of the cultural silencing of child victims of sexual abuse. Children exposed to sexual violence encounter a multitude of factors that force them to experience and respond to their victimization in silence. Those children able to break their silence in the form of disclosure are often thrust into a parallel process of silencing perpetuated in the United States by the current design of our criminal justice and court systems. Child witnesses within these systems are silenced in both subtle and overt ways throughout the judicial process and are expected to function under conditions of extremely high stress and anxiety. This intense and adversarial atmosphere overwhelms children’s resources and shuts down their ability to effectively communicate on the stand, leading to repeated experiences of silencing that can ultimately have devastating long-term consequences. In addition, secondary wounding is often inflicted because of the insensitivity of our institutional practices to both developmentally and trauma-sensitive treatment of these vulnerable children. This article describes an application of humanistic psychology to the court system in the United States as well as an attempt at building a coordinated community response to address the problem of silencing. Recommendations for addressing inequities in the child justice process and mobilizing professionals and agencies are offered in the humanistic tradition.
Dignity for the Enemy
Authors: Eigen Daryl J.
Published: September 2015

There is an ongoing and obvious problem of reintegrating war veterans into family, community, and society. A selective review of the supporting literature provides a foundation for the offered solution: “dignity for the enemy” (DFTE). DFTE is a method for retraining the mind to be calm, transforming the perception of who the enemy is, and thereby altering the combat veteran’s negative thinking and behavior. The DFTE practice is based on ancient sources and is offered as a specific solution to some difficult combat veteran reintegration issues generally related to violence. The “DFTE” practice emerges from the combination of the “enemy to friend spectrum” and the “elements of dignity.” The enemy to friend spectrum allows the combat veteran to identify feelings toward pertinent relationships. The elements provide choices of appropriate higher attitude(s) or emotions toward identified groups of people along the spectrum from negative to positive, enemy to friend. Through the application of the practice, relationships are transformed. Positive changes in relationships can reduce agitation, anger, and lower a heightened sense of danger. The result for the combat veteran is calmness and for the enemy is dignity. With calmness comes a reduction in violent and abusive behavior.
A Longitudinal Study of Academic Identification Among African American Males and Females
Authors: McMillian M. Monique , Carr Marvin , Hodnett Gentry , Campbell Frances A.
Published: September 2015

Disidentification hypothesis researchers have proposed that African American students start school academically identified; however, over time, African American boys tend to disidentify while girls tend to remain identified. This is the first report to follow up a disidentification study of a group of children first examined during elementary school. The current study aimed to determine whether gender differences in discounting, devaluing, and full-blown disidentification had developed among these 94 African Americans by midadolescence. Multiple regression analyses revealed no gender differences in either discounting or full-blown disidentification; however, the evidence indicated that girls valued academics more than boys.
Chinese Ghosts and Tibetan Buddhism
Authors: Esler Joshua
Published: September 2015

This article examines three narratives about ghost beliefs in China, including those of ancestral time, the state, and certain Tibetan Buddhist masters. It focuses on the ghost experiences of Chinese Tibetan Buddhist practitioners and examines how their conceptualizations of ghosts may both overlap with and differ from those of the state and their Tibetan Buddhist masters. Just as ghosts have traditionally symbolized both a fear of being forgotten and of malevolent reprisals after death, these respective narratives also selectively remember and forget elements of ghost beliefs and stories in order to propagate a wider agenda. Chinese practitioners, who have often been exposed to the state and modernist Tibetan Buddhist narratives, as well as a narrative of ghosts according to ancestral time, appear to mark out a space between these three narratives, revealing their own ambivalence, caught between “tradition” and “progress,” and “superstition” and “scientific rationalism.”
The Foundation of Racial Disparities in the Standardized Testing Era
Authors: Brunn-Bevel Rachelle J. , Byrd W. Carson
Published: September 2015

We present a historical outline of racial inequality in Virginia’s kindergarten through 12th grade educational system focusing on de jure school desegregation and subsequent massive resistance following Virginia’s role in Brown v. Board of Education. Currently, standardized tests are used to evaluate students’ educational progress and knowledge, evaluate teacher and administrative effectiveness, and measure states’ educational efforts. In this article, we use school district-level data to examine racial disparities between black and white students in Virginia in 2010. We find widespread disparities in standardized test score passing rates with the exception of black students’ performance in history and social science before high school. Black students are consistently less likely than white students to earn passing scores in all subject areas at each grade level. We use state-level education data such as school district size, teacher–student ratio, and school funding to contextualize the standardized test data. We find that the locale of schools and their close links to white financial advantage and black student segregation can impact school resources and influence black students’ performance on standardized tests. We argue that the historic denial of equal educational opportunities to black Virginians is related to current educational inequality. We discuss our analyses in relation to policy implications for black student academic achievement.
(Dys) Functional Diagnosing
Authors: Dewey Jodie M. , Gesbeck Melissa M.
Published: September 2015

This article contributes to the burgeoning literatures on the sociology of diagnosis and transgender studies by examining the relationship between diagnostic processes and the legitimation of gender identity—the medicalization of transgender people. In order for trans-identified people to access medical and surgical services, they must submit to a complex mental health diagnostic process that relies on criteria set by the American Psychiatric Association and the World Professional Association of Transgender Health (WPATH). By focusing on provider experiences of using the Gender Identity Disorder (GID) diagnosis in the Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Health Disorders, Fourth edition, text revision (DSM-IV-TR) to meet the requirements of WPATH’s Standards of Care (SOC-6), we show that diagnostic processes can both support and inhibit a transpatient’s abilities to access services. Participants reveal how deeply held cultural views pertaining to gender, mental health, and patient competency are entrenched in diagnostic categories. While the new DSM-5 has relabeled GID as Gender Dysphoria and the SOC-7 has somewhat lessened the requirements for accessing hormone treatments, our data suggest that these changes will not be enough to alter the underlying structure of social control and power that diagnostic categories have over transpeople and their providers.
HIV Treatment and Prevention
Authors: Juusola Jessie L. , Brandeau Margaret L.
Published: September 2015

Objective. To create a simple model to help public health decision makers determine how to best invest limited resources in HIV treatment scale-up and prevention. Method. A linear model was developed for determining the optimal mix of investment in HIV treatment and prevention, given a fixed budget. The model incorporates estimates of secondary health benefits accruing from HIV treatment and prevention and allows for diseconomies of scale in program costs and subadditive benefits from concurrent program implementation. Data sources were published literature. The target population was individuals infected with HIV or at risk of acquiring it. Illustrative examples of interventions include preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP), community-based education (CBE), and antiretroviral therapy (ART) for men who have sex with men (MSM) in the US. Outcome measures were incremental cost, quality-adjusted life-years gained, and HIV infections averted. Results. Base case analysis indicated that it is optimal to invest in ART before PrEP and to invest in CBE before scaling up ART. Diseconomies of scale reduced the optimal investment level. Subadditivity of benefits did not affect the optimal allocation for relatively low implementation levels. The sensitivity analysis indicated that investment in ART before PrEP was optimal in all scenarios tested. Investment in ART before CBE became optimal when CBE reduced risky behavior by 4% or less. Limitations of the study are that dynamic effects are approximated with a static model. Conclusions. Our model provides a simple yet accurate means of determining optimal investment in HIV prevention and treatment. For MSM in the US, HIV control funds should be prioritized on inexpensive, effective programs like CBE, then on ART scale-up, with only minimal investment in PrEP.
The state, the police and the judiciary in the miners’ strike: Observations and discussions, thirty years on
Authors: Buckley Sheryl Bernadette
Published: September 2015

The miners’ strike of 1984-85 was a brutal clash between the miners’ union, which was defending jobs, and the Thatcher government, committed to destroying ‘militant’ trade unionism. This article argues that due to the divisions within the miners’ union about the way the strike was started, the Thatcher government was able to exploit this disunity to mobilise criminal sanctions against the miners. This was a ‘lucky accident’, since the government’s preparation for an eventual showdown with strong trade unions had been based on civil legislation. The article combines a range of primary and secondary sources to analyse the extent to which fear over the erosion of civil and trade union liberties was brought to fruition by the strike.
Deaf Victims’ Experiences With Intimate Partner Violence: The Need for Integration and Innovation
Authors: Mastrocinque Jeanna M. , Thew Denise , Cerulli Catherine , Raimondi Christina , Pollard Robert Q , Chin Nancy P.
Published: September 2015

While in recent years, intimate partner violence (IPV) has attracted considerable research attention, the experiences of IPV affecting the Deaf community have been understudied. As a linguistic and cultural minority, Deaf victims of IPV encounter significant barriers in accessing information and services designed to address the medical and legal consequences of victimization. The number of Deaf Americans who communicate via American Sign Language (ASL) may well exceed a half-million, yet little is known about Deaf IPV victims’ experiences and the characteristics of persons who perpetrate IPV with ASL users. This study addressed both topics.

The current study is based on interviews in ASL with 14 Deaf IPV victims (participants). We explored: the types of abuse participants experienced; characteristics of victims and perpetrators; participants’ help-seeking behaviors; and the availability, use, and helpfulness of various resources. These findings were compared to what is known about IPV in the hearing community.

Our findings include that lack of information regarding IPV and lack of access to specialized IPV services were pervasive problems affecting Deaf victims. For some victims, the close-knit nature of the Deaf community was a barrier for discussing IPV and accessing information and support. It was common for Deaf victims to receive services or information about IPV from providers who were not IPV specialists. Communication abuse was prevalent in our study. The nature of communication abuse is unique for Deaf victims compared to hearing victims.
‘If my sister was here’ – The narrative in-between space in young children’s photography process
Authors: Kinnunen Susanna , Puroila Anna-Maija
Published: September 2015

This article explores a photography project that was implemented with two groups of children in Finnish day care centres. The aim of the project was to learn about children’s experiences of their daily lives in day care. Based on the premises of recent visual and narrative research with children, we approached the children’s photography process in terms of multimodal narration. Our research material consisted of photographs, observations from the photography process and narratives around the pictures. The material was analysed holistically in order to seek answers to the research question: What kind of narrative space is formed for young children during the photography process? As a result, we identified five intertwined dimensions that were relevant to our research question. Photography emerged as a process that provided children (1) a space for narrating differently, (2) a space for multisensory and emotional discoveries, (3) a space for breaking cultural limits, (4) a space for encounters and (5) a space for spontaneous cache-stories. The theoretical, methodological and ethical aspects, as well as the pedagogical implications of the study, are discussed.
Comparative Toxicity of Tapentadol and Tramadol Utilizing Data Reported to the National Poison Data System
Authors: Tsutaoka Ben T. , Ho Raymond Y. , Fung Stacey M. , Kearney Thomas E.
Published: September 2015

Background: Tapentadol (TAP) and tramadol (TRA) provide pain relief through similar monoaminergic and opioid agonist properties. Objective: To compare clinical effects and medical outcomes between TAP and TRA exposures reported to the National Poison Data System of the American Association of Poison Control Centers. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted analyzing national data for single medication TAP or TRA cases reported from June 2009 through December 2011. Case outcomes, dichotomized as severe versus mild; clinical effects; and use of naloxone were compared. Results: There were 217 TAP and 8566 TRA cases. Significantly more severe outcomes were associated with TAP exposures for an all-age comparison (relative risk [RR] = 1.24; 95% CI = 1.04-1.48), and for the <6-year-old age group (RR = 5.76; 95% CI = 2.20-15.11). Patients with TAP exposures had significantly greater risk of respiratory depression (RR = 5.56; 95% CI = 3.50-8.81), coma (RR = 4.16; 95% CI = 2.33-7.42), drowsiness/lethargy (RR = 1.38; 95% CI = 1.15-1.66), slurred speech (RR = 3.51; 95% CI = 1.98-6.23), hallucination/delusion (RR = 7.25; 95% CI = 3.61-14.57), confusion (RR = 2.54; 95% CI = 1.56-4.13) and use of naloxone (RR = 3.80; 95% CI = 2.96-4.88). TRA exposures had significantly greater risk of seizures (RR = 7.94; 95% CI = 2.99-20.91) and vomiting (RR = 1.96; 95% CI = 1.07-3.60). Conclusion: TAP was associated with significantly more toxic clinical effects and severe outcomes consistent with an opioid agonist. TRA was associated with significantly higher rates of seizures and vomiting.
Brain Injury and Development in Preterm Infants Exposed to Fentanyl
Authors: McPherson Christopher , Haslam Matthew , Pineda Roberta , Rogers Cynthia , Neil Jeffrey J. , Inder Terrie E.
Published: September 2015

Background: Fentanyl is commonly used in preterm infants. Relatively little is known regarding the neurodevelopmental outcomes of preterm infants exposed to fentanyl. Objective: To investigate the association between cumulative fentanyl dose and brain injury and diameters in a cohort of preterm infants. Methods: Data on demographics, perinatal course, and neonatal course, including total fentanyl exposure prior to term equivalent age, were retrospectively evaluated for 103 infants born at ≤30 weeks gestational age (mean gestational age 26.9 ± 1.8 weeks) who underwent magnetic resonance imaging at term equivalent age. Magnetic resonance images were evaluated for brain injury and regional brain diameters. Developmental testing was conducted at term equivalent and 2 years of age. Results: Seventy-eight infants (76%) received fentanyl (median cumulative dose 3 µg/kg, interquartile range 1-441 µg/kg). Cumulative fentanyl dose in the first week of life correlated with the incidence of cerebellar hemorrhage after correction for covariates (odds ratio 2.1, 95% confidence interval 1.1-4.1). Cumulative fentanyl dose before term equivalent age correlated with reductions in transverse cerebellar diameter after correction for covariates, including the presence of cerebellar hemorrhage ( r = 0.461, P = 0.002). No correlation was detected between cumulative fentanyl dose and development at 2 years of age. Conclusions: Higher cumulative fentanyl dose in preterm infants correlated with a higher incidence of cerebellar injury and lower cerebellar diameter at term equivalent age. Our findings must be taken with caution, but emphasize the need for future prospective trials examining the risks and benefits of commonly used analgesic agents in preterm infants.
Circles of Support and Accountability for Sex Offenders: A Systematic Review of Outcomes
Authors: Clarke Martin , Brown Susan , Völlm Birgit
Published: September 2015

We conducted a systematic review of studies reporting on the effectiveness of Circles of Support and Accountability (Circles). Circles use volunteers to provide support for sex offenders living in the community. We searched 10 databases up to the end of 2013 and identified 3 relevant outcome studies. An additional 12 papers or reports were identified by searching reference lists, Google, and contacting key authors and Circles providers to obtain unpublished data. These 15 studies comprised one randomized controlled trial, three retrospective cohorts with matched controls, and 11 case series. The majority reported measures of recidivism, particularly reconviction. The 4 studies with controls generally reported that participation in Circles was associated with lower recidivism although there were few statistically significant differences. Few studies examined changes in risk or psychosocial outcomes. A number of methodological issues are discussed. Longer term, prospective follow-up studies with control groups are required to address these issues.
The coupling interaction of a piezoelectric screw dislocation with a bimaterial containing a circular inclusion
Authors: Chai Hui , Jiang Chiping , Song Fan , Yan Peng
Published: September 2015

The coupling interaction of a piezoelectric screw dislocation with a bimaterial containing a circular inclusion is investigated by the complex potential method and conformal mapping technique. Explicit series solutions are obtained and then cast into new expressions with the coupling interaction effects separated. The new expressions converge much more rapidly and their one-order approximation formulae have satisfactory accuracy in many cases. According to the generalized Peach–Koehler formula, the image force acting on the screw dislocation is explicitly obtained and numerically studied to reveal the coupling interaction arising from multiple material properties as well as the geometry of inhomogeneous phases. In all regions, the coupling interaction has a significant influence on the number, location and stability of dislocation equilibrium points. In particular, the inclusion can reverse the image force within a region in the material on the other side of the interface.
Geometric nonlinear thermoelasticity and the time evolution of thermal stresses
Authors: Sadik Souhayl , Yavari Arash
Published: September 2015

In this paper we formulate a geometric theory of nonlinear thermoelasticity that can be used to calculate the time evolution of temperature and thermal stress fields in a nonlinear elastic body. In particular, this formulation can be used to calculate residual thermal stresses. In this theory the material manifold (natural stress-free configuration of the body) is a Riemannian manifold with a temperature-dependent metric. Evolution of the geometry of the material manifold is governed by a generalized heat equation. As examples, we consider an infinitely long circular cylindrical bar with a cylindrically symmetric temperature distribution and a spherical ball with a spherically-symmetric temperature distribution. In both cases we assume that the body is made of an arbitrary incompressible isotropic solid. We numerically solve for the evolution of thermal stress fields induced by thermal inclusions in both a cylindrical bar and a spherical ball, and compare the linear and nonlinear solutions for a generalized neo-Hookean material.