bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Formulating Criteria and Standards
Authors: Donabedian Avedis
Published: October 2023

The fourth of the steps in monitoring clinical performance is the formulation of criteria and standards. Clearly, we cannot measure anything, the quality of care included, unless we have something to measure with - a meter stick, for example, or a balance, and a set of weights. Criteria and standards are the tools by which the quality of care is measured.
“A Woman Can Understand” :Dissidence in 1940s Public Housing
Authors: Williams Rhonda Y
Published: October 2023

Within years of the ﬁrst low-rent complexes’ openings, war descended on the nation, bringing changes and new problems to working-class people and subsidized housing. In 1943 in Gilmor Homes, the outspoken tenant council leader, Lottie Hall, registered numerous complaints on behalf of 587 fellow resident families, many of them war workers. Hall argued among other things that the complex’s heat level and hot water supply were insuﬃcient. What were war workers to do when they came home late at night, their bodies drenched in the sweat of their jobs and their muscles aching? Didn’t laborers deserve a hot bath without having to worry about heating pots of water on the stove?
“An Awakening Giant” : The Search for Poor People’s Political Power
Authors: Williams Rhonda Y
Published: October 2023

Within a couple of decades of moving into Lafayette Courts on December 10, 1955, Shirley Wise had married and separated from her children’s father, held several jobs, attended Cortez Peters Business School, and become a beautician. Possessing a sense of community belonging, she became active in the Parents-Teachers Association and Lafayette Courts Mothers’ Club. But Shirley Wise avoided controversy and “leadership” roles. While she was happy to serve as vice president or treasurer, she did not want to be head honcho. “In those days . . . I did not want to be the leader” or the person “who had to do, to make sure everything happened.”
How Dysthymia Is Diagnosed
Authors: Thase Michael E , Lang Susan S
Published: October 2023

Having read chapter 2, you know whether you might be dysthymic or suffering from another form of depression, and that we recommend that you consult a physician or mental health professional promptly. If you think you might be dysthymic, we have two other choices for you. Skip immediately to chapters 5 to 10 for strategies to relieve the symptoms of dysthymia and prevent relapse. Or, review this chapter to learn how dysthymia is diagnosed. But don’t get caught up in the technicalities of your diagnosis. The most important part of understanding a diagnosis is that it informs treatment.
Medications
Authors: Thase Michael E , Lang Susan S
Published: October 2023

If you have dysthymia, how do you know when or whether you should take an antidepressant medication? Here are some guidelines. Definitely consider medication if: You’ve had at least 2 major episodes of major depression in the past You’ve taken antidepressants before and they’ve been helpful You have a family history of depression You know you don’t want to try to help yourself or to seek therapy You are severely depressed: you have suicidal thoughts, are agitated, panicky, extremely indecisive, irritable, angry, can’t get out of bed Antidepressants work the first time they are tried about half the time. When a sequence of medication trials are used, particularly in combination with therapy, the rate of their effectiveness increases to about 80 percent.
The South African War and After, 1899-1906
Authors: Nym Mayhall Laura E
Published: October 2023

British involvement in the military conflict known to contemporaries alternately as the South African War and the Boer War seemingly brought the activities of organized suffragists to a halt. By and large, historians have accepted liberal suffragist Millicent Garrett Fawcett’s 1925 recollection that “the war naturally caused an almost complete suspension of work for Women’s Suffrage.” Yet evidence contemporary to the conflict in South Africa suggests that the great majority of women active in the organized suffrage movement believed in the necessity of continuing to press their claim. Delegates to the conference held in 1900 by the National Union of Women’s Suffrage Societies voted unanimously to continue its work to keep women’s suffrage before the legislature during the war. Other evidence suggests that activity on behalf of women’s suffrage actually increased during the war, as when, in December 1899, the North of England Society began to circulate a petition for women’s suffrage among women textile workers in Lancashire, expanding the suffrage organizing among working women that had begun in the early 189os. And while both the Women’s Emancipation Union and the Women’s Franchise League folded in 1899, many of their members remained active in progressive politics in the early years of the new century, including women’s suffrage, social reform, and agitation against the pending war in South Africa.
They Say
Authors: Davidson James West
Published: October 2023

Three deputy sheriffs shot. One of them will die, and another is very badly hurt. Thirteen negroes are immured in cells at the station house. It all resulted from the existence of a nest of turbulent and unruly negroes living in the neighborhood of the “Curve,” just outside the city line, where Mississippi Avenue merges into the Hernando road and the street-cars turn to go to Elmwood. For years the Curve has been notorious for the character of the negroes who reside nearby, and of late they have become more turbulent than ever.
Introduction: Dickens Browses the World Wide Web
Authors: Clayton Jay
Published: October 2023

Imagine a Victorian novelist sitting before a computer browsing the World Wide Web. Watch this author click through research databases, follow links to commercial sites, send an e-mail to one of a multitude of correspondents, tap out an Instant Message, and enter an appointment in an electronic calendar. If you could picture such a thing, who would the novelist be? My choice is Charles Dickens.
The Grand Strategy of the Russian Empire, 1650-1831
Authors: LeDonne John P
Published: October 2023

At its height, the Russian empire covered eleven time zones and stretched from Scandinavia to the Pacific Ocean. Arguing against the traditional historical view that Russia, surrounded and threatened by enemies, was always on the defensive, John P. LeDonne contends that Russia developed a long-term strategy not in response to immediate threats but in line with its own expansionist urges to control the Eurasian Heartland. LeDonne narrates how the government from Moscow and Petersburg expanded the empire by deploying its army as well as by extending its patronage to frontier societies in return for their serving the interests of the empire. He considers three theaters on which the Russians expanded: the Western (Baltic, Germany, Poland); the Southern (Ottoman and Persian Empires); and the Eastern (China, Siberia, Central Asia). In his analysis of military power, he weighs the role of geography and locale, as well as economic issues, in the evolution of a larger imperial strategy. Rather than viewing Russia as peripheral to European Great Power politics, LeDonne makes a powerful case for Russia as an expansionist, militaristic, and authoritarian regime that challenged the great states and empires of its time.
Religion and the American Revolution
Authors: Bonomi Patricia U
Published: October 2023

On March 22, 1775, Edmund Burke addressed Parliament on the subject of the American rebellion. The “fierce spirit of liberty is stronger in the English Colonies probably than in any other people of the earth,” declared Burke, ascribing this feature of the American character to the colonists’ English origins, their popular assemblies, and their heritage of religious dissent. Expanding on the last point, Burke continued: “Religion, always a principle of energy, in this new people is no way worn out or impaired The people are Protestants; and of that kind which is most adverse to all implicit submission of mind and opinion.” Indeed, religion in “our Northern Colonies is a refinement on the principle of resistance.”
Introduction
Authors: Hudson Benjamin
Published: October 2023

Battles, Victories, And Gifts have occupied the thoughts of many writers, among them a tenth-century poet who declaimed, “Hold my horse, young man, and leave me be; the Irish and the Vikings are raiding, their horses are swift across Achall ... Olaf who seized the kingship of Dublin in a battle at Howth gave me a horse as the reward for my poem:’ Olaf is the typical Viking warrior, victorious in battle, exalted in status, and generous to his followers. But no Viking poet recited this verse; the author was an Irishman named Cinaed ua h Artacain-an unexpected choice of poet to recite lines of praise about an unusual patron.
Fossils and Ancient Artifacts
Authors: Tattersall Ian
Published: October 2023

How do we know about our ancient ancestors, our forerunners from before the time when written records began to be kept (which, in evolutionary terms, is virtually yesterday)? For the very beginning of this story, all we have is the fossil record—the petrified remains of ancient animals and plants—and associated geological evidence about the times and environments in which those extinct precursors lived. For later stages we also have the archaeological record, the partial archive of the activities of our ancestors.
Family Matters: Kin Networks and Asset Accumulation
Authors: Chiteji Ngina , Hamilton Darrick
Published: October 2023

Social science research has long recognized that the characteristics of an individual’s family and the relationships among family members can have important implications for an individual’s economic outcomes. For example, research has noted that the number of siblings a child has can influence the child’s life chances by affecting the amount of resources that parents are able to devote to the child during critical phases of his or her childhood. More siblings can mean poorer outcomes during adulthood due to resource dilution. Researchers also have investigated the relationships between parents and their adult children, revealing that the desire and ability to control children can affect bequests and that individuals’ labor market prospects and wealth outcomes are influenced by parental bequests and inter vivos transfers. The research in this area offers ample evidence to suggest that significant and transformative transfers are often made from parents to children when the children are adults—in the forms of “gifts” of tuition assistance, down payment assistance for home purchases, or transfers of wealth at death (e.g., Kotlikoff and Summers, 1981; Laitner and Juster, 1996; Oliver and Shapiro, 1995).
Assets and the Poor: Evidence from Individual Development Accounts
Authors: Schreiner Mark , Sherraden Michael , Clancy Margaret , Johnson Lissa , Curley Jami , Zhan Min , Beverly Sondra G , Grinstein-Weiss Michal
Published: October 2023

The question of how to help the poor get rich is, in essence, the question of how to help them build assets. Poverty is a trap because resources are needed to produce resources. Poor people must consume most of their incoming resources, so they cannot save much. With low savings, they do not produce enough to increase their income enough to break the cycle.
Going to Scale: Principles and Policy Options for an Inclusive Asset-Building Policy
Authors: Friedman Robert E , Boshara Ray
Published: October 2023

This chapter presents some principles and policy options for achieving larger scale, progressive asset-building policies. This is not a theoretical chapter about policy development, the U.S. Congress, and the administration; rather, it reflects the Corporation for Enterprise Development (CFED)’s direct experience with practitioners, policy makers, and others in forging progressive asset-building policies for individual development accounts (IDAs) and other asset-building tools. Specifically, this chapter discusses principles and dimensions of asset-building policy, summarizes the status of current asset development policies, and offers a set of policy recommendations to reach scale.
Disrupted Dialogue
Authors: Veatch Robert M
Published: October 2023

Medical ethics changed dramatically in the past 30 years because physicians and humanists actively engaged each other in discussions that sometimes led to confrontation and controversy, but usually have improved the quality of medical decision-making. Before then medical ethics had been isolated for almost two centuries from the larger philosophical, social, and religious controversies of the time. There was, however, an earlier period where leaders in medicine and in the humanities worked closely together and both fields were richer for it. This volume begins with the 18th century Scottish Enlightenment when professors of medicine such as John Gregory, Edward Percival, and the American, Benjamin Rush, were close friends of philosophers like David Hume, Adam Smith, and Thomas Reid. They continually exchanged views on matters of ethics with each other in print, at meetings of elite intellectual groups, and at the dinner table. Then something happened, physicians and humanists quit talking with each other. In searching for the causes of the collapse, this book identifies shifts in the social class of physicians, developments in medical science, and changes in the patterns of medical education. Only in the past three decades has the dialogue resumed as physicians turned to humanists for help just when humanists wanted their work to be relevant to real-life social problems. Again, the book asks why, finding answers in the shift from acute to chronic disease as the dominant pattern of illness, the social rights revolution of the 1960’s, and the increasing dissonance between physician ethics and ethics outside medicine. The book tells the critical story of how the breakdown in communication between physicians and humanists occurred and how it was repaired when new developments in medicine together with a social revolution forced the leaders of these two fields to resume their dialogue.
Introduction
Authors: Winger Gail , Woods James H , Hofmann Frederick G
Published: October 2023

The terms are widely used: drug abuse, drug addiction, drug dependence. The images are sometimes stark and sad, but distant: groups of young men, hanging out on the corner in poorer sections of the city, selling bags of cocaine or heroin to all comers, rich and poor, brown, black, and white, male and female, most young but some not so young. Or the unkempt man of indeterminate age who panhandles to buy cheap alcohol and then sleeps off the effects huddled in a doorway off the street. Other images may come closer to home: youngsters who gather for all-night parties, dancing, taking drugs, and getting high with their friends; high school students who smoke marijuana every day before gym class; the popular, hard-working neighbor who drinks a six-pack of beer every night, or two martinis and three glasses of wine, and goes to bed as drunk as the homeless man on the street. Or the friend, brother, or spouse who has tried for years to stop smoking but has consistently failed. What these people have in common is that, to a greater or lesser extent, their behavior is controlled by a chemical substance.
Marijuana and Hashish
Authors: Winger Gail , Woods James H , Hofmann Frederick G
Published: October 2023

The hemp plant, Cannabis sativa, grows freely in the temperate and tropical zones of the world. For more than four centuries, humans have used this plant for numerous purposes. The most significant legal commercial use has been the conversion of its stalk fibers into rope, twine, and cord, and there is evidence that hemp was used for decorative purposes, if not for fabric or binding material, 10,000 years ago (Earleywine, 2002, Iversen, 2000). Hemp was one of the important cash crops in colonial Kentucky, where it was grown to make rope for the rigging of boats built in both England and New England (Earleywine, 2002; Iversen, 2000).
Drug Abuse and The Law
Authors: Winger Gail , Woods James H , Hofmann Frederick G
Published: October 2023

Drug Abuse and American Federal Law

Although the federal government has long been interested in regulating the public’s access to drugs, its enforcement powers have had to develop gradually. The laws that are ordinarily related to drug use and abuse; define moral behavior; define, restrict, and punish criminal acts; and regulate the medical profession are primarily limited by the Constitution to the states. Federal legislation restricting drug use has had to approach the problem obliquely, using the constitutionally defined powers of the U.S. government to generate tax revenue, to regulate interstate commerce, or to enforce international treaties in order to enact laws that limit drug availability. The federal government has had one important ally in its attempts to legislate access to drugs: the consistently strong antidrug sentiment of most Americans since before the turn of the nineteenth century.
The Making of a Radical
Authors: Foner Eric
Published: October 2023

The town of Thetford was one of the innumerable market centers which dotted the English countryside in the eighteenth century. Located in Norfolk, seventy miles northeast of London, Thetford had centuries before known a certain prominence as a center of rural manufacturing, and while most of its inhabitants in the eighteenth century were farmers, many still spun yarn in their homes for the thriving weaving industry of Norwich, only twenty miles away.
A Psychologist’s View
Authors: Laing R D
Published: October 2023

The Counterpoint of Experience Dostoy evsky ‘ s g e n i u s is unmistakable in his grasp of the counterpoint of dreams, phantasy, imagination, and memory. All his novels reveal or imply simultaneous participation in these modalities. It is not easy to demonstrate this succinctly. We shall try to do so, by considering Dostoyevsky’s account of Raskolnikov at the beginning of Crime and Punishment in terms of dream, phantasy, imagination, reality, up to and including the murder.
“The Struggle between Noble Designs and Chaos” The Literary Tradition of Chaucer’s Knight’s Tale
Authors: Hanning Robert W
Published: October 2023

There is perhaps no better illustration of the processes of continuity and change in medieval literature than the relationship between Geoffrey Chaucer’s Knight’s Tale (1386?), first of The Canterbury Tales, and its literary antecedents, both proximate—Giovanni Boccaccio’s Teseida delle nozze d’Emilia (ca. 1340)—and remote—the Thebaid of Statius (ca. 92 a.d.). Moreover, a comparison of Chaucer’s poem with Statius’s epic and Boccaccio’s epic romance offers important clues to the meaning of one of the most problematic tales in the Canterbury collection.
Self-Determination for Whom?
Authors: Manela Erez
Published: October 2023

The USS George Washington, which carried President Woodrow Wilson across the Atlantic, steamed into the harbor of Brest on the coast of Brittany, France, at noon on Friday, December 13, 1918. It was the first time that a sitting American president had come to Europe and Wilson’s decision to go had been controversial at home. But the president, who believed thirteen was his lucky number, saw the date of arrival as a good omen for his mission. And he seemed to have every reason to think so as the cheering throngs that gathered at the docks to meet him came into view.
A Farmers’ Trust
Authors: Postel Charles
Published: October 2023

In the early spring of 1889, farmers gathered at a convention in Fulton County, Georgia, to discuss solutions for low cotton prices and hard times. The featured speaker was Farmers’ Alliance lecturer Ben Terrell of Texas, who spoke on the meaning of cooperation. “Here is how cooperation will work,” he explained. “Kentucky sells mules; you need them and buy them, paying $125 for a mule that can be bought in Kentucky for $60. You have no option. You must now buy in your home market. You should buy in Kentucky.” As for marketing their cotton crop, he told Georgia’s farmers that by pooling their resources they could “fight capital with capital” and leverage the price of cotton on the world market. “Keep cotton from Europe sixty days,” he said, “and the price will run up.” Through combination they could do more than resist their enemies, Terrell assured the assembled farmers; they could bring rational order to the commercial system. “Everything will be in proportion,” as he put it. The railroads made it cost-effective to purchase draft animals from out-of-state stock- breeders and supplant the local market in mules. The telegraph and steamship allowed for the organization of the nation’s cotton crop. By means of combination farmers could insert themselves more directly in regional, national, and global markets, putting commerce on efficient and proportional lines. To the accusation that a combination of farmers amounted to monopoly, Terrell replied: “If it is a monopoly we shall create a grand one. It will be a philanthropic monopoly. It will distribute wealth among the people.”
Conclusion: From Conflict to Transformation
Authors: Thompson J Phillip
Published: October 2023

Black mayors, like other big-city mayors, are confronted with revenue shortfalls needed to improve schools, deliver social and health services, and maintain and develop infrastructure. Part of their fiscal problems stem from reductions in federal aid to cities over the last two decades; another part comes from the fiscal isolation of wealthy suburbs from the urban poor and innercity problems. Big-city fiscal problems are traceable, above all, to the political isolation of the inner-city poor in the larger body politic. Because the suburbs are mostly populated by whites and most big cities are predominantly black and Latino, overcoming the political isolation of big cities requires the formation of multiracial coalitions that span current city-suburban boundaries.
The Rise of Specialties in Early Nineteenth-Century Paris
Authors: Weisz George
Published: October 2023

Medical specialization emerged in large cities. It first did so in Paris during the 1830s as a result of three processes: the unification of surgery and medicine, the rise of a novel sort of medical research community in the capital, and the spread of a new kind of administrative rationality within the municipal hospital system. The initial emergence of specialties is best understood as part of the process of professionalization in science that took place throughout Europe during this period.
Specialization in the German-Speaking World
Authors: Weisz George
Published: October 2023

In comparison with events in Britain, the development of specialization in the German-speaking world confronted relatively few intractable obstacles. Following their emergence in Paris medicine, specialties appeared in rich profusion in Vienna, capital of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and somewhat more slowly in the largest university cities of what would become the German Empire. Through out the German-speaking world, early specialties evolved around state systems of medical education. Even more than in France, specialization here was originally perceived and justified as an academic activity that was central to medical teaching and research.
The Rise of American Specialties
Authors: Weisz George
Published: October 2023

There are many similarities between the development of specialties in the United States and in Germany. In both countries, a decentralized political system combined with fierce professional competition to provoke medical elites to identify themselves closely with science and specialization. National professional associations responded to these conditions by taking on a central role in the reform of medical education and practice. The American Medical Association (AMA) was established, and became involved in issues of training, research, and specialization, well in advance of the comparable German medical association.
Regulating Specialists in National Medical Directories
Authors: Weisz George
Published: October 2023

For much of the nineteenth century, I have argued, specialization was primarily about research and teaching. Sometime during the 1880s, specialist medical practice began to expand at a vertiginous rate, generating numerous problems in its wake. The medical history of the next half-century was in large measure about coming to terms with and exerting regulatory control over this relatively new form of practice. I begin this chapter by examining briefly the expansion of specialist practice from the 1880s to the mid-1930s.
Regulating Specialists in Germany
Authors: Weisz George
Published: October 2023

Germany was the first of the four nations under discussion to organize a national system of specialist certification. It was preceded by Sweden and Denmark, whose medical associations introduced specialty regulation in 1911 and 1918, respectively. The grave problems facing the German medical profession, the existence of an active national medical association, and uniquely difficult political conditions made a relatively early resolution of the issue both desirable and possible. But it was above all the tactics chosen that allowed the profession to overcome massive differences of opinion and conflicts of interest.
Regulating Specialists the American Way
Authors: Weisz George
Published: October 2023

Interest in specialty training and certification emerged in the United States a few years after its appearance in Germany. Unlike the system of regulation that emerged in the latter nation after many years of debate and that was associated with a single national set of guidelines introduced in 1924, American doc tors began almost immediately to implement certification in a piecemeal way. Consequently, a comprehensive system of specialist certification was gradually introduced over a period of two decades. As was the case in Germany, a national medical association preoccupied with all aspects of medical practice played a central role in these developments.
From Divisions of Medicine to Specialties
Authors: Weisz George
Published: October 2023

For much of this book, nations have served as our fundamental units of analysis. We have discussed specific specialties insofar as they played a particularly significant role or illustrated particular themes of national medical development. I should like in this chapter and the next to change focus by examining a number of specialties in an explicitly comparative framework. My starting point will be the medical directories that I have cited so frequently in this book. The quantitative data for the mid-1930s calculated from these sources provide a very rough estimate of the general distribution of specialists and specialties in the countries under examination.
Electing Justice
Authors: Davis Richard
Published: October 2023

The nomination and confirmation of Supreme Court justices has, in recent years, become a battleground like no other. Bruising Senate confirmation hearings for failed nominee Robert Bork and successful nominee Clarence Thomas left the reputation of all branches of government in disarray and the participants--and the nation--exhausted. The Senate's Constitutional prerogative to provide advice and consent to the President's nominations to the highest court in the land has given rise to political grandstanding and ideological battles. Less well known is how other players--interest groups, the news media, and, through their involvement, the general public--also affect the conduct and outcome of the Supreme Court nomination process. Electing Justice reveals how from the late 1960s on, the role of these other players grew in intensity to the point that the nomination process would be unrecognizable to its original devisers, the Framers of the Constitution. Over the past quarter century, live television coverage of Senate hearings, "murder boards" in preparation for those hearings, a flood of press releases, television and radio advertisements, and public opinion polls all characterize nominations. Unlike earlier, more elite-governed processes, the involvement of outside groups has become highly public and their effect on the outcome of some nominations is now widely accepted. How should we respond to this informal democratization of the selection process? The genie, Davis contends, cannot be put back into the bottle and we cannot return to a non-political, elite-driven ideal. Davis concludes with several controversial recommendations that preserve the public role while avoiding the excesses of past controversial nominations. By embracing the public's new role in the examination of nominees we can ensure a democratic process and secure an independent and accountable judicial branch.
Destitution
Authors: de Waal Alex
Published: October 2023

The previous chapter presented a paradox which strikes right to the centre of how we think of famines. Famine victims had exchange entitlements to ‘esh which they did not fully utilize. This paradox is partly resolved by looking at the consumption of wild foods, and partly by the observation that people simply went very hungry. Two questions remain. One is: if people were not spending their money on grain, what were they spending it on, and why? That is the concern of this chapter. The concept of famine held in Darfur has a focus on destitution. People see famine primarily not as a threat to their lives but as a threat to their way of life. Their central aim during the famine was to preserve the base of their livelihood, so that they could return to a normal or acceptable way of life after the famine. This leads to the second question: were people struggling to preserve their way of life at a risk to their lives, were they really choosing to starve? That is the concern of the next chapter.
Relief
Authors: de Waal Alex
Published: October 2023

The famine in Darfur became most visible to outsiders during the first half of 1985. Journalists began to visit Darfur, and relief agencies began their operations (although there was to be no sign of major UN agencies such as UNICEF and World Food Programme for many months). Aid agency officials, journalists, politicians, and other sundry disaster tourists flocked to Darfur. Disaster tourism reached its peak shortly after the EEC relief programme launched an airlift of grain in May 1985, making it possible to visit Darfur with relative ease.
Other Famines
Authors: de Waal Alex
Published: October 2023

There are two levels of conclusion for this book. One is at an abstract level. This is that English-speakers have consistently misunderstood famines because we have been misled by an inappropriate concept of what famine is. Instead we must recognize that ‘famine’ is not a single, cohesive concept, and famines are not a natural kind. Analysis of individual famines must precede attempts to understand the general phenomenon of famine. This analysis emphatically must take into account the understandings of the famine articulated by the people who are suffering it.
False Hope
Authors: Rettig Richard A , Jacobson Peter D , Farquhar Cynthia M , Aubry Wade M
Published: October 2023

In the late 1980s, a promising new treatment for breast cancer emerged: high-dose chemotherapy with autologous bone marrow transplantation or HDC/ABMT. By the 1990s, it had burst upon the oncology scene and disseminated rapidly before having been carefully evaluated. By the time published studies showed that the procedure was ineffective, more than 30,000 women had received the treatment, shortening their lives and adding to their suffering. This book tells of the rise and demise of HDC/ABMT for metastatic and early stage breast cancer, and fully explores the story's implications, which go well beyond the immediate procedure, and beyond breast cancer, to how we evaluate other medical procedures, especially life-saving ones. It details how the factors that drove clinical use - patient demand, physician enthusiasm, media reporting, litigation, economic exploitation, and legislative and administrative mandates - converged to propel the procedure forward despite a lack of proven clinical effectiveness. It also analyses the failure of the technology assessments and randomised clinical trials that evaluated the procedure and the ramifications of this flawed system on healthcare today. Sections of the book consider the initial conditions surrounding the emergence of the new breast cancer treatment, the drivers of clinical use, and the struggle for evidence-based medicine. A concluding section considers the significance of the story for our healthcare system.
Court Trials
Authors: Rettig Richard A , Jacobson Peter D , Farquhar Cynthia M , Aubry Wade M
Published: October 2023

It is not surprising that the controversy over high-dose chemotherapy with autologous bone marrow transplantation (HDC/ABMT) ended up in the courts. Regardless of their institutional capacity to resolve such disputes, the courts have long been central to resolving contentious social policy debates. In fact, it would have been quite unexpected if an alternative forum had emerged to settle the matter. This is illustrated clearly by the following account by Musa Mayer: Nine years ago this spring [2003], I sat in a Long Island courtroom with the rest of my breast cancer support group. We had come in solidarity for our friend Pat, whose insurance company had refused coverage for a second bone marrow transplant, after the first had failed, on the basis that this was an experimental treatment.
Clinical Trials
Authors: Rettig Richard A , Jacobson Peter D , Farquhar Cynthia M , Aubry Wade M
Published: October 2023

During most of the 1990s, insufficient evidence existed to support claims that highdose chemotherapy with autologous bone marrow transplantation (HDC/ABMT) was superior to conventional treatment for patients with either metastatic or highrisk breast cancer. The evidence that did exist came from single-site, phase 2 studies involving small numbers of highly selected patients compared to historical or no controls. Decisive evidence about the effectiveness of the procedure required data from phase 3 randomized clinical trials. In contrast to the rapid diffusion of HDC/ABMT in the 1990s described in previous chapters, the evaluation of the procedure in randomized trials required a long, slow process of accruing sufficient numbers of patients, conducting the trials, following up patients over an adequate period, analyzing the data, and reporting results. When, in 1999, the trials reported “no benefit,” the news would come like a thunderclap.
The (Occasional) Power of Numbers
Authors: Sunstein Cass R
Published: October 2023

Suppose that we want to answer a disputed question of fact. The question might involve past events: When was Calvin Coolidge elected president? How tall is the Eiffel Tower? How many home runs did Babe Ruth hit? Or the issue might involve a prediction about the future: Will Iran or North Korea pose a genuine threat to U.S. security? Is global warming a serious problem? Will the poverty rate, or concentrations of specified air pollutants, increase in the next year? Will a particular product sell? What will be the effect of a hurricane? Is a flu pandemic going to strike Europe? Will an endangered species recover?
The Surprising Failures of Deliberating Groups
Authors: Sunstein Cass R
Published: October 2023

Let us begin with three examples of deliberation in action. In the summer of 2005, a small experiment in democracy was held in Colorado. Sixty American citizens were brought together and assembled into ten groups, each consisting of five to seven people. Members of each group were asked to deliberate on three of the most controversial issues of the day: Should states allow same-sex couples to enter into civil unions? Should employers engage in “affirmative action” by giving a preference to members of traditionally disadvantaged groups? Should the United States sign an international treaty to combat global warming? As the experiment was designed, the groups consisted of either “liberal” and “conservative” members, the former from Boulder, the latter from Colorado Springs. In the parlance of election years, there were five Blue State groups and five Red State groups: five groups whose members initially tended toward liberal positions on the three issues, and five whose members tended toward conservative positions on those issues. People were asked to state their opinions anonymously both before and after fifteen minutes of group discussion.
Implications and Reforms
Authors: Sunstein Cass R
Published: October 2023

We have seen that there are multiple ways of aggregating information—of taking advantage of the widely dispersed knowledge that individuals have. If groups want to make better decisions, they ought to try to take advantage of that knowledge. Under what circumstances should one or another approach be chosen? For the prices of commodities, the answer is absurdly easy: Markets are best. It would be extremely foolish to set prices by taking the average judgment of a large group of people. Compared to the choices of statistical groups, deliberation might be better, but it might well be worse.
The Oxford Guide to Library Research
Authors: Mann Thomas
Published: October 2023

With all of the new developments in information storage and retrieval, researchers today need a clear and comprehensive overview of the full range of their options, both online and offline, for finding the best information quickly. In this third edition of The Oxford Guide to Library Research, Thomas Mann maps out an array not just of important databases and print sources, but of several specific search techniques that can be applied profitably in any area of research. From academic resources to government documents to manuscripts in archives to business Web sites, Mann shows readers how best to exploit controlled subject headings, explains why browsing library shelves is still important in an online age, demonstrates how citation searching and related record searching produce results far beyond keyword inquiries, and offers practical tips on making personal contacts with knowledgeable people. Against the trendy but mistaken assumption that "everything" can be found on the Internet, Mann shows the lasting value of physical libraries and the unexpected power of traditional search mechanisms, while also providing the best overview of the new capabilities of computer indexing. Throughout the book Mann enlivens his advice with real-world examples derived from his experience of having helped thousands of researchers, with interests in all subjects areas, over a quarter century. Along the way he provides striking demonstrations and powerful arguments against those theorists who have mistakenly announced the demise of print. Essential reading for students, scholars, professional researchers, and laypersons, The Oxford Guide to Library Research offers a rich, inclusive overview of the information field, one that can save researchers countless hours of frustration in the search for the best sources on their topics.
Hidden Treasures
Authors: Mann Thomas
Published: October 2023

Five types of resources contain an incredible wealth of information in all subject areas, but are so neglected by most conventional databases and indexes that they are virtually unknown to most researchers. Discovering any one of them, however, can provide you with the reader’s equivalent of tapping into Alaska’s north-shore oil reserves. The five are: Microform sets (some of which have Web or CD-ROM counterparts) Web collections of documents (both subscription and free sites) Government documents Archives, manuscripts, and public records Special collections CD-ROMs sets of documents are analogous to microform collections but are fading into obsolescence, being largely superseded by subscription Web sites. The advantage of either CD or Web collections, of course, is that they allow keyword searching of the full texts of their component documents. Migration to the Web is not happening with the majority of microform sets, however; and libraries that opt for online versions, where available, have to accept the trade-off that increased keyword access is probably being achieved at the expense of losing long-term preservation capability.
The Squire and the Widow: 1750-1795
Authors: Nagel Paul C
Published: October 2023

The deaths of Thomas and Henry Lee, masters of Stratford and Lee Hall, opened a new era in the family’s story. Thanks to another generation, the Lees’ world would soon extend beyond Potomac plantation society and Williamsburg politics, reaching to faraway places like Philadelphia, Edinburgh, London, Paris, and even Berlin. Four youngsters were born to Henry and Mary Bland Lee at Lee Hall. The first, John Lee, arrived in 1724, making him senior among the fourth generation of Lees along the Potomac. Next was Richard Lee, born in 1726. In 1729, Henry and Mary named a third infant Henry, whose greatest fame would be as grandfather of Robert E. Lee. In 1730, while she was yet only twenty-six, Mary Bland Lee produced her last child, a daughter Laetitia, named after her grandmother Lee.
Refuge in Alexandria: 1794-1858
Authors: Nagel Paul C
Published: October 2023

While Harry and Richard Lee were heaping calamity upon themselves and others in the Lee family, their wives sought to keep their marriages intact. In doing so, Elizabeth Collins Lee and Ann Carter Lee made the town of Alexandria a refuge. By the 1790s, Alexandria was an attractive and bustling river port. While the town was placed for a time within the newly created District of Columbia, it remained Virginian in spirit. Alexandria was a plausible rallying place for the Lees. Beginning with the first Richard, the clan had patented much property along that section of the Potomac. By the late eighteenth century, Lees were taking up residence on family plots in the town, producing many relatives to greet Elizabeth Collins when she arrived in July 1794, the bride of Congressman Richard Bland Lee. The city-bred Elizabeth was delighted when she and Richard spent winters in Alexandria. It was difficult for them to resist the hospitality of kinsmen whose large houses seemed always to have room for more Lees.
Longing for Arlington: 1829-1846
Authors: Nagel Paul C
Published: October 2023

Although his birthplace was Stratford, Robert E. Lee was from the Leesylvania side of the family. Yet neither of these ancestral locations meant to him what Arlington would. This was not surprising since Robert kept only a vague and often confused understanding of his family background. He called himself the “reverse” of a genealogist. Once, Robert asked cousin Cassius Lee to locate the Lee coat of arms for him. He inquired because he remembered seeing a family tree at Uncle Edmund Jennings Lee’s house in Alexandria. As a result, Cassius Lee soon found himself explaining to Robert such elementary family facts as who Colonel Phil was, as well as assuring him that since the Stratford Lees could claim a family crest, it belonged as well to the Leesylvania branch. But these were trivial interests for Robert. His consuming concern was always the physical and moral well-being of his wife, children, and other relatives. The unhappy careers of his father Light-Horse Harry and his half-brother Henry must have strengthened Robert’s determination that duty, self-denial, and discipline should characterize his life and those of his dear ones. He preached these attributes with an intensity unmatched by other Lees.
Escape and Revolt in Black and White
Authors: Mcpherson James M
Published: October 2023

Among The Bitter Conflicts that divided North and South and led to war in 1861 were those associated with escaping slaves and Southern at- tempts to recapture them, which produced the Fugitive Slave Law in 1850. Resistance to capture by fugitives, sometimes aided by Northerners, fanned the flames of Southern anger. In their ordinances of secession, several Southern states cited Northern help to fugitives as one of the grievances that provoked them to leave the Union. The Fugitive Slave Law inspired Harriet Beecher Stowe to write Uncle Tom’s Cabin. The episode of Eliza escaping with her son across the Ohio River on ice floes to prevent his capture by slavecatchers is one of the most unforgettable images in American letters. And a real-life escaped slave became one of the most famous heroines in American history. Surveys of freshmen at the State University of New York in Buffalo who registered for the introductory U.S. history course in the 1970s and 1980s revealed that more of them knew of Harriet Tubman than of any other woman who lived before 1900 except Betsy Ross. Tubman also ranked higher on this recognition scale than Thomas Edison, Benjamin Franklin, Patrick Henry, and a host of other prominent persons.
“We Stand by Each Other Always”: Grant and Sherman
Authors: Mcpherson James M
Published: October 2023

Many People With A Casual Interest in American history think they know four things about Ulysses S. Grant: He was a drunk; he failed at everything he tried before the Civil War; he managed to overcome Robert E. Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia only by blunt, hammering tactics at enormous human cost; and his two presidential terms were riddled with corruption and cronyism. Though he was hailed in his own time as savior of the re- public, Grant’s reputation in the next half century sank more precipitously than that of any other major figure in our history. Countless historians have quoted Henry Adams’s quip that “the progress of evolution from President Washington to President Grant was alone evidence enough to upset Darwin.” As Brooks D. Simpson noted with wry understatement in his biography of the general: “Grant has not fared well as a biographical subject.” There have been exceptions.
The Hard Hand of War
Authors: Mcpherson James M
Published: October 2023

In 1994, One Hundred And Thirty Years after General William T. Sherman’s army set forth on its march from Atlanta to the sea, Sherman’s legacy remained vivid and bitter in the South. A proposed monument to Sherman’s soldiers at Bentonville, North Carolina, where one of the last battles of the Civil War took place, ran into a firestorm of local opposition. Sherman was “more evil than Ivan the Terrible or Genghis Khan,” declared the secretary of cultural resources for North Carolina. His soldiers deserved no monument, agreed the state commander of the Sons of Confederate Veterans. “Monuments should be erected to heroes. These were no heroes. They were thieves, murderers, rapists,arsonists, trespassers.”
“As Commander-in-Chief I Have a Right to Take Any Measure Which May Best Subdue the Enemy”
Authors: Mcpherson James M
Published: October 2023

On The Fourth Of July 1864, Senator Zachariah Chandler of Michigan hovered anxiously near Abraham Lincoln as the president signed last- minute bills passed by the just-adjourned session of Congress. When Lincoln put aside the Wade-Davis bill that stipulated stringent terms for reconstruction of Confederate states—including the abolition of slavery therein—Chandler urged the president to sign it. The most important provision in the bill, said the senator, “is the one prohibiting slavery in the reconstructed states.” Lincoln replied, “That is the point on which I doubt the authority of Congress to act.” Chandler was indignant. Alluding to the Emancipation Proclamation, he said: “It is no more than you have done yourself.” Quite true, responded Lincoln, but “I conceive that I may in an emergency do things on military grounds which cannot be done constitutionally by Congress.”
Revelationism and Contemporary Film Theory
Authors: Turvey Malcolm
Published: October 2023

Not long after the publication of Kracauer’s Theory of Film in 1960, a new type of flim theory emerged that was dominated by two theoretical paradigms: semiotics and psychoanalysis. Due to the influence of the New Left as well as various political and social upheavals during the 1960s, the new semioticpsychoanalytical flim theory was preoccupied with a question about the cinema that, while asked to some extent by earlier flim theorists, was less important to them than questions about the cinema’s nature and artistic value: how does the cinema propagate ideology? Before the 1960s, flim theorists for the most part viewed the cinema as morally and politically benign, at least when it was being used to create art.