bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimization of Ion Assist Beam Deposition of Magnesium Oxide Template Films During Initial Nucleation and Growth
Authors: Groves James , Hammond Robert , Matias Vladimir , Stan Liliana , DePaula Raymond F , Clemens Bruce M
Published: October 2010

Recent efforts in investigating the mechanism of ion beam assisted deposition (IBAD) of biaxially textured thin films of magnesium oxide (MgO) template layers have shown that the texture develops suddenly during the initial 2 nm of deposition. To help understand and tune the behavior during this initial stage, we pre-deposited thin layers of MgO with no ion assist prior to IBAD growth of MgO. We found that biaxial texture develops for pre-deposited thicknesses < 2 nm, and that the thinnest layer tested, at 1 nm, resulted in the best qualitative RHEED image, indicative of good biaxial texture development. The texture developed during IBAD growth on the 1.5 nm pre-deposited layer is slightly worse and IBAD growth on the 2 nm pre-deposited layer produces a fiber texture. Application of these layers on an Al2O3 starting surface, which has been shown to impede texture development, improves the overall quality of the IBAD MgO and has some of the characteristics of a biaxially texture RHEED pattern. It is suggested that the use of thin (<2 nm) pre-deposited layers may eliminate the need for bed layers like Si3N4 and Y2O3 that are currently thought to be required for proper biaxial texture development in IBAD MgO.
Halogen Based Surface Chemistries for Graphene Synthesis
Authors: Raghavan Srikanth , Nelson Timothy C. , Denig Tobias , Stinespring C D
Published: October 2010

Halogen based (CF4 and Cl2) inductively coupled reactive ion etching (ICP-RIE) has been used to selectively etch silicon from 6H-SiC to produce a controlled number of carbon layers. After annealing at temperatures in the range of 550 °C to 1100 °C to reconstruct the near surface layers, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy has been used to characterize the composition of the films. For the Cl2 based ICP-RIE, two carbon species are observed. One is due to carbon bound as SiC in the substrate and a second which can be attributed to graphene. In the case of CF4 based etching the situation is similar except the second peak is most closely aligned with p-type graphene. This is most likely due to electron transfer from the graphene to the trace levels of fluorine remaining on the surface after annealing.
Nanomachining Graphene with Ion Irradiation
Authors: Kotakoski Jani , Lehtinen Ossi
Published: October 2010

We present molecular dynamics simulations using both empirical potentials (EP) and density functional theory (DFT) on ion irradiation of graphene. The comparison between the two methods shows that EP gives not only qualitatively but also quantitatively reasonable estimates of defect production during ion irradiation in carbon nanosystems. Ion irradiation is shown to give rise to a range of interesting defects e.g. single, double and triple vacancies, bond rotations, close-by Frenkel pairs and more complex defect structures. We show that the creation of these defects is related to the atomic processes upon the ion impact, and define the critical irradiation angles both for maximum damage and no penetration as a function of the ion mass.
Charge Carrier Transport in the Bulk and at the Surface of Nanoparticles: A Quasi-Solid-State Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell
Authors: Friedrich Dennis , Kunst Marinus
Published: October 2010

A quasi-solid-state dye-sensitized solar cell is presented, where the conventional liquid electrolyte is replaced by an electrolyte film, reaching a solar light-to-current conversion efficiency of 3%. Contactless transient photoconductance measurements were performed, revealing decay behavior of photoinduced charge carriers, dependent on external applied potential conditions. The measurements show that the decay is controlled by the injection of electrons into the front contact, hindered or enhanced by the field in the space charge region.
Hall Effect of Solution-crystallized and Vapor-deposited 2,7-Dioctylbenzothieno[3,2-b]Benzothiophene Field-effect Transistors
Authors: Yamagishi Masakazu , Uemura Takafumi , Takatsuki Yuichi , Soeda Junshi , Okada Yugo , Hirose Yuri , Nakazawa Yasuhiro , Shinamura Shoji , Takimiya K. , Takeya Jun
Published: October 2010

Gate-voltage dependent Hall coefficient RH is measured in high-mobility field-effect transistors of solution-crystallized and vapor-deposited 2,7-dioctylbenzothieno[3,2-b]benzothiophene. The value of RH evolves with density of accumulated charge Q, precisely satisfying the free-electron formula RH = 1/Q near room temperature. The result indicates that the intrinsic charge transport inside the grains is band-like in the high-mobility organic-semiconductor thin films that are of significant interest in industry. At lower temperature, even Hall-effect mobility averaged over the whole polycrystalline film decreases due to the presence of carrier-trapping levels at the grain boundaries, while the free-electron-like transport is preserved in the grains. With the separated description of the inter- and intra-grain charge transport, it is demonstrated that the reduction of mobility with decreasing temperature often shown in organic thin-film transistors does not necessarily mean mere hopping transport.
Novel Silylethynyl Substituted Pentacenes With High-temperature Thermal Transitions
Authors: Redinger David , Clough Robert S. , Novack James C. , Caldwell Gregg , Payne Marcia M. , Anthony John E.
Published: October 2010

Modifications to the p-type semiconductor TIPS-Pentacene can result in elimination of the solid-solid thermal transition at 124 °C. This new material has shown mobility higher than 1 cm2/Vs. Elimination of the solid-solid thermal transition leaves the melting point as the lowest temperature transition at 199 °C.
RewritingMoby-Dick: Politics, Textual Identity, and the Revision Narrative
Authors: Bryant John
Published: October 2010

The study of textual evolution, or revision as a textual phenomenon, requires a form of fluid-text editing that not only gives readers access to the textual identities that constitute the versions of a work but also makes the revision process witnessable by generating revision sequences and revision narratives for every revision event. Traditional editorial approaches that mix versions in the editing of a work compromise the integrity of textual identities, and the problem of mixing versions is demonstrated in three examples of the way editors and critics (in the context of orientalist and colonialist discourses) have changed the text of, or rewritten, Herman Melville'sMoby-Dick: Edward Said's mistaking John Huston and Ray Bradbury's film ending for Melville's, the British expurgations that modulate Queequeg's homosexuality to preclude the idea of homosexual domesticity and marriage, and the British editors' conversion of Queequeg's Christianity (and modern editors' perpetuation of the unwanted conversion). These historical and modern cases show that readers, sometimes despite themselves, revise texts materially in ways that mirror their desire and the ways of power. Editing the rewriting of a text likeMoby-Dickin a digital critical archive would preserve all versions and generate revision narratives that textualize the otherwise invisible dynamics of revision in a culture. With its capacity to edit fluid texts, digital humanities scholarship is well situated to expand the discourse on the dynamics of textual evolution into the literary and cultural criticism of the twenty-first century.
“Just Want to Say”: Performance and Literature, Jackson and Poirier
Authors: Phelan Peggy
Published: October 2010

In August 2009, when Richard Poirier died, I was mourning the death of Michael Jackson, with an intensity that surprised me. While I had admired Jackson's talent and followed his career with steady interest for decades, my grief was out of proportion to my feeling for him when he was alive. I felt caught up in a psychic complex that had hold of the wrong object but was determined, nonetheless, to play itself out. Puzzled by the intensity of my grief, I began reading everything about Jackson I could find—books, journalism, Web postings—while listening intently to his music, trying to hear something in it that would console me and justify my frenzied mourning. But instead of hearing that, I heard Poirier had also died.
Genetic Analysis of Maize (Zea mays L.) Endosperm Vitreousness and Related Hardness Traits in the Intermated B73 × Mo17 Recombinant Inbred Line Population
Authors: Gustafson T. J. , de Leon N.
Published: October 2010

Variation for maize (Zea mays L.) kernel vitreousness is of interest in the improvement of maize for human and ruminant nutrition based on its connection with starch degradability in the rumen as well as the concentration of lysine and other essential amino acids. In this trial, 199 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) from the intermated B73 and Mo17 (IBM) population and 133 testcrosses of the IBM RIL with inbred W604S were grown in two replications in two Wisconsin locations in 2007. Ears were harvested at physiological maturity and ground kernel samples were scanned using near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Samples representing the NIRS spectral range were scored for kernel vitreousness using a horizontal light box and for kernel hardness using the Stenvert hardness test. The RIL phenotypes for hardness and vitreousness followed a normal distribution, and transgressive segregation was seen for both traits. Correlations between inbreds and respective testcrosses for hardness and vitreousness were significant and positive. The correlation between hardness and vitreousness was also positive. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis of this population found 33 QTL for hardness and vitreousness with several QTL overlapping across traits. The IBM population represents a good model for the study of variation of kernel vitreousness in U.S. Corn Belt Dent germplasm and the genomic regions identified could be useful for the genetic improvement of maize varieties with enhanced nutritional composition.
Plant‐Based Diagnostic Tools for Evaluating Wheat Nitrogen Status
Authors: Ziadi Noura , Bélanger Gilles , Claessens Annie , Lefebvre Louis , Tremblay Nicolas , Cambouris Athyna N. , Nolin Michel C. , Parent Léon‐Étienne
Published: October 2010

The nitrogen nutrition index (NNI), based on critical plant N dilution curves, was developed to determine the in‐season N status of many species including wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). We assessed the relationship between wheat NNI and two simpler diagnostic tools; namely, leaf nitrogen (NL) concentration and chlorophyll meter (CM) readings. The study was conducted at six site‐years (2004−2006) in Québec, Canada, using four to eight N fertilizer rates (0−200 kg N ha−1). Leaf N concentrations and CM readings were determined from the uppermost collared leaf during the growing season along with NNI determinations. Generally, NNI, NL concentrations, and CM readings increased with increasing N rates. Leaf N concentrations and CM readings were significantly related to NNI during the growing season. Normalization of the CM values, relative to high N plots (relative chlorophyll meter [RCM] readings), improved the relationship with NNI by reducing site‐year differences. However, variation among sampling dates was observed in all relationships. By restricting the sampling dates to essentially the elongation stage, the relationship between NNI and NL (NNI = −0.43 + 0.035 NL; R2 = 0.52), CM (NNI = −0.64 + 0.039 CM; R2 = 0.68), or RCM (NNI = −1.31 + 2.45 RCM; R2 = 0.82) was generally improved. Nitrogen concentration, CM reading, or RCM reading of the uppermost collared leaf, preferably at the elongation stage, can therefore be used to assess the nutritional status of spring wheat.
Variability of Leaf Morphology and Stomatal Conductance in Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] Cultivars
Authors: Tanaka Y. , Fujii K. , Shiraiwa T.
Published: October 2010

Leaf epidermal structure is an important determinant of leaf gas exchange in soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] and can be used as an indirect criterion for the selection of gas exchange traits. The objective of this study was to assess the genetic variation of leaf morphology among soybean cultivars and to examine how U.S. and Japanese cultivars differ with respect to gas exchange. Over 70 cultivars, including U.S. and Japanese soybean, were grown in the field over 2 yr to determine stomatal density, guard cell length, and potential stomatal conductance, along with other morphological leaf traits. Among cultivars, stomatal density ranged from 148 to 334 mm−2 Large variation was found in potential stomatal conductance (gp), which was closely associated with stomatal conductance in the field for representative genotypes (r = 0.89, P < 0.01). United States cultivars had larger gp values than Japanese and other Asian cultivars. This potential may give a physiological and morphological basis for the greater productivity observed in U.S. cultivars. On the other hand, PI 416937 showed lower stomatal conductance, which is consistent with the ability to conserve water. This study indicates the importance of leaf structure in determining gas exchange and suggests that these characteristics may be optimized to enhance dry matter productivity and water use.
Genetic Markers and Leaf Rust Resistance of the Wheat Gene Lr32
Authors: Thomas J. , Nilmalgoda S. , Hiebert C. , McCallum B. , Humphreys G. , DePauw R.
Published: October 2010

Leaf rust (caused by Puccinia triticina Eriks.) is a worldwide and yield‐limiting disease of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The gene Lr32, which confers seedling resistance to leaf rust, was previously transferred from Aegilops tauschii Coss. (RL5497‐1) to chromosome 3DS of common wheat. Without exception, Lr32 conferred resistance to 616 diverse isolates of leaf rust sampled from Canadian wheat fields over the past decade (2000 to 2009). Marker alleles specific to chromosome 3DS of RL5497 were found in Lr32 backcross lines of both Katepwa (BW196R) and Thatcher (RL6086). These introgressions from A. tauschii had no adverse effects on either agronomic performance or end use quality. A map based on 338 doubled haploid lines (DHL) from the cross of BW196R × Thatcher showed that Lr32 was slightly distal (0.6 cM) to two simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci wmc43 and barc135, which cosegregated on chromosome 3DS. A survey of the fragments amplified in wheats of diverse origin showed that both wmc43 and barc135 were cross‐applicable as markers for stacking Lr32 with other broadly effective leaf rust resistance genes.
Evaluation of Blackberry Cultivars and Breeding Selections for Fruit Quality Traits and Flowering and Fruiting Dates
Authors: Lewers K.S. , Wang S.Y. , Vinyard B.T.
Published: October 2010

Consumer interest in blackberry (Rubus spp.) has increased, in part, due to reputed health‐conferring qualities. Reports of blackberry antioxidant capacity have used limited numbers of genotypes, so the objective of this research was to characterize a relatively large number of diverse blackberry cultivars and breeding selections from multiple breeding programs for important fruit quality traits, key flavor components, and season traits to better define ranges for and correlations between these traits. A collection of 113 blackberry genotypes was evaluated for fruit antioxidant capacity as measured by oxygen radical absorbance capacity, total phenolics, total anthocyanins, percentage of soluble solids, titratable acids, flowering dates, and fruiting dates. A wide range was observed for all traits: threefold variation in antioxidants, twofold range in percentage soluble solids and titratable acids, over 50‐d difference for start of flowering and fruiting, and a 30‐d difference in fruit development periods. Interestingly, the date of first flower was correlated with most other traits: late‐flowering genotypes tended to be higher in antioxidant capacity and higher in percentage of soluble solids.
Variation in Reaction to Fusarium spp. Identified in a Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Population Developed for Field‐Based Resistance to Root Rot and Wilt
Authors: Ronquillo‐López M. G. , Grau C. R. , Nienhuis J.
Published: October 2010

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli (FOP) and Fusarium solani f. sp. phaseoli (FSP) cause wilt and root rot symptoms in beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and frequently cause a reduction in pod yield. The objectives of this study were to determine the degree of phenotypic variation for reaction to FOP and FSP present in an ‘Eagle’ × Puebla 152 (EP) recombinant inbred line (RIL) population and to determine if previously identified quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with resistance to Aphanomyces euteiches were consistent with those associated with resistance to FOP and FSP. Transgressive segregation was observed among the EP RILs for reaction to FOP. The narrow sense heritabilities for resistance to FOP based on foliar and root symptoms were 0.25 ± 0.07 and 0.29 ± 0.07, respectively. Similarly, the narrow sense heritability for resistance to FSP was 0.23 ± 0.12. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers W13.350 on linkage group B6 and AG13.600 on linkage group B8 were associated with QTLs for root and foliar response to FOP; an additional RAPD marker, U12.500 on linkage group B2, was associated with foliar response to FOP. Selection for QTLs associated with resistance to FOP should result in bean lines with reduced severity to both foliar and root symptoms caused by FOP. Two QTLs, AM2.400 and U20.1150 on linkage groups B3 and B8, respectively, were identified as associated with resistance to FSP. The QTLs associated with FOP, FSP, and A. euteiches are independent, indicating that it may be possible to use RAPD markers to pyramid resistance to all three soil borne pathogens.
Molecular Markers Reveal Limited Genetic Diversity in a Large Germplasm Collection of the Biofuel Crop Jatropha curcas L. in Brazil
Authors: Rosado Tatiana B. , Laviola Bruno G. , Faria Danielle A. , Pappas Marilia R. , Bhering Leonardo L. , Quirino Betania , Grattapaglia Dario
Published: October 2010

The genetic diversity of a comprehensive germplasm collection involving 192 Jatropha curcas L. accessions collected throughout Brazil, spanning a wide latitudinal range from the states of Maranhão (1°49′ S, 44°52′ W) to Rio Grande do Sul (29°33′ S, 55°07′ W), was studied with 96 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers and six selected microsatellite markers. Only 23 of the 381 replicated RAPD markers and one microsatellite were polymorphic. Surprisingly, all accessions were homozygous at all but one microsatellite, in contrast with the outcrossing mating system reported for the species, suggesting that J. curcas not only supports selfing but possibly breeds by geitonogamy. Similarity based clustering revealed only 43 unique multilocus profiles in the 192 accessions. The probabilities of accessions with indistinguishable multilocus profiles being true duplicates varied between 83 and 99%. No relationship between clustering of accessions and geographic origin was observed, suggesting that J. curcas has experienced a widespread dispersion across regions by seeds and possibly vegetative propagules. The narrow genetic base and extent of potentially duplicated accessions likely reflects a recent common ancestry, drift, and intensive selection of the currently cultivated materials since the time of introduction. This result highlights an urgent need for the introduction of new and diverse accessions to this germplasm collection if Brazil is to drive and sustain successful breeding programs.
Physiological Role of Sodium in the Growth of the Halophyte Suaeda salsa (L.) Pall. under High‐Sodium Conditions
Authors: Mori Shinsuke , Akiya Masaki , Yamamura Kohji , Murano Hirotatu , Arao Tomohito , Kawasaki Akira , Higuchi Kyoko , Maeda Yoshiyuki , Yoshiba Masaaki , Tadano Toshiaki
Published: October 2010

It is well known that growth of Suaeda salsa (L.) Pall. is stimulated by NaCl application. However, the physiological role of sodium in the growth of Suaeda salsa has not been elucidated. We thus examined the physiological role of sodium in the growth of Suaeda salsa grown in nutrient solutions containing 5 mmol L−1 Cl− and graded concentrations of Na2SO4 Sodium concentrations in plant tissues increased as the growth medium salinity increased. The osmolality gradient between plant tissues and growth medium was maintained at constant levels despite the increase of osmolality in the growth medium. As a result, the amount of water absorbed by the plant tissues was not significantly affected by the salinity of the medium. The dry weight of the S. salsa plants did not increase significantly as sodium concentrations in plant tissues rose. As salinity of the medium increased, the contribution of water‐soluble sodium to the osmolality in the leaves, stems, and roots also rose. There was a significant positive correlation between sodium concentration and osmolality in plant tissues. These results suggest that sodium is the major cation contributing to the maintenance of high osmolality in plant tissues of S. salsa grown under the high‐salinity conditions. Therefore, under high‐salinity conditions, the physiological role of sodium may be to maintain water absorption by maintaining osmolality in the plant tissues, which would help explain the normal growth of S. salsa under high NaCl conditions.
Digestibility and Intake of Hays from Upland Switchgrass Cultivars
Authors: Sanderson Matt A. , Burns J.C.
Published: October 2010

Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) cultivars with improved forage quality would fill a forage gap during summer when hot dry weather reduces production of cool‐season forages on marginal lands of the northeastern United States. ‘Cave‐in‐Rock’, ‘Trailblazer’, ‘Shawnee’, and ‘Pathfinder’ switchgrass hays were harvested and baled from field plots at Rock Springs, PA, on 29 June 2007, 16 June 2008 (Cut 1), and 8 Aug. 2008 (Cut 2) and fed to mature wether sheep. In 2008, Trailblazer was unavailable so Pathfinder was substituted. Morphological development stage and leaf and stem proportions were determined at each harvest. In 2007, cultivars did not differ in digestion of dry matter (DM) or fiber constituents and sheep consumed switchgrass hays similarly. In 2008, sheep consumed hay of switchgrass cultivars similarly but consumed more of Cut 1 than Cut 2 hay. Cut 1 hay also had greater neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and hemicellulose digestibility than Cut 2 hay. Shawnee consistently had lower DM, fiber, and crude protein digestibility (CPD) than Pathfinder in both cuts. Switchgrass cultivars selected for improved DM disappearance in vitro did not have greater DM or fiber digestion compared with Cave‐in‐Rock when fed to sheep. Differences among cultivars in nutritive value and in vivo fiber and DM digestion mostly were due to differences in plant maturity and leaf‐to‐stem ratio.
An Overhead Irrigation Screening Technique for Salinity Tolerance in Cool‐Season Turfgrasses
Authors: Koch Matthew J. , Bonos Stacy A.
Published: October 2010

The successful use of alternative water sources on urban landscapes and golf courses will require salinity tolerant turfgrasses. The objectives of this study were to develop a greenhouse screening method using overhead irrigation, determine useful measurements for screening germplasm, and determine whether perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) genotypes with salinity tolerance can be identified. A greenhouse irrigation chamber system was developed to apply salinity treatments (1 [control], 5, 10, or 15 dS m−1) for 10 wk. Eight genotypes of each of five perennial ryegrass cultivars (Palmer III, Paragon GLR, Applaud, Brightstar SLT, and Nui) were arranged in a combined split plot design with three replications in 100% sand trays. For all genotypes, relative percent green ratings, clipping yields, and root and shoot weights were significantly reduced with each level of increased salinity. Significant differences between perennial ryegrass genotypes were also observed. Relative percent green ratings were highly correlated to clipping yields (r2 = 0.95; p < 0.001), shoot weights (r2 = 0.89; p < 0.001), and root weights (r2 = 0.93; p < 0.001), indicating percent green ratings may be used to predict more intensive measurements. This method is a novel technique utilizing overhead irrigation and should be useful in developing improved turfgrass cultivars with salinity tolerance.
Comparative Analysis of Drought Responsive Proteins in Kentucky Bluegrass Cultivars Contrasting in Drought Tolerance
Authors: Xu Chenping , Huang Bingru
Published: October 2010

Knowledge of drought‐responsive proteins is critical for further understanding of molecular mechanisms of drought tolerance. The objective of this study was to identify drought‐responsive proteins associated with drought tolerance in Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) by comparing proteomic responses to drought stress in two cultivars differing in drought tolerance. Plants of drought‐tolerant ‘Midnight’ and drought‐sensitive ‘Brilliant’ were subjected to drought stress by withholding irrigation for 15 d in growth chambers. Midnight maintained significantly higher relative water content and photochemical efficiency and lower membrane leakage than Brilliant under drought stress. Difference gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry analyses detected 88 drought‐responsive proteins in both cultivars. Many proteins involved in amino acid or energy metabolism were downregulated under drought stress in both cultivars, but most of those proteins had higher abundance in Midnight than in Brilliant. Several heat shock proteins and chaperons exhibited differential accumulation between the two cultivars, with an increase in the abundance of 70 kDa proteins in Midnight and decreases of 60 kDa chaperonin and FtsH proteins in Brilliant under drought stress. The differential accumulation of those proteins involved in amino acid and energy metabolism, as well as for protein chaperons, could be associated with drought tolerance in Kentucky bluegrass.
Genetic Analysis of New Sources of Soybean Resistance to Brown Stem Rot
Authors: Perez Paola T. , Diers Brian W. , Lundeen Peter , Tabor Girma M. , Cianzio Silvia R.
Published: October 2010

Brown stem rot (BSR) of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], caused by Phialophora gregata (Allington & D.W. Chamb.) W. Gams 1971, is an economically important disease prevalent in soybean producing regions of the north‐central United States and Canada. To date, all BSR resistant genes identified are located on chromosome 16 (formerly molecular linkage group J). The objective of this study was to determine if four plant introductions from south‐central China identified as BSR resistant have resistance genes mapping to the same location on chromosome 16 as previously mapped BSR resistance genes. The four plant introductions, PI 594637, PI 594638B, PI 594650A, and PI 594858B, were crossed to the BSR‐susceptible cultivar ‘Century 84’ to develop four F2 populations. Each segregating population and the parental lines were screened for BSR resistance in growth chamber conditions. The F2:3 individual plants of each population were tested with the simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers Satt431 or Satt547, which map closely to BSR resistance quantitative trait loci (QTL) on chromosome 16. Associations between molecular data and phenotypic data used to validate QTL were analyzed using single factor ANOVA. Three of the four populations had markers on chromosome 16 significantly associated with BSR resistance with R2 values from 24 to 48%. However, when marker Satt547 was regressed on BSR resistance in population PI 594637 × Century 84, no significant association was observed. This result suggests that PI 594637 could have a new BSR resistance gene. Transgressive segregation also was observed in this population, and highly BSR resistant progeny could be used in the development of BSR resistant cultivars. Additional research and testing in this population will be conducted to identify resistance QTL(s) from this source.
Identification of Japonica Chromosome Segments Associated with Heterosis for Yield in Indica × Japonica Rice Hybrids
Authors: Bian Jianmin , Jiang Ling , Liu Longling , Xiao Yuehua , Wang Zhiquan , Zhao Zhigang , Zhai Huqu , Wan Jianmin
Published: October 2010

To exploit the heterosis for yield and yield‐related traits expressed in indica × japonica F1 hybrids of rice (Oryza sativa L.), a set of 64 chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSLs) was constructed, with each line selected to carry one or a few chromosome segments of the japonica cv. C418 in a genetic background of indica cv. 9311. The CSSLs were crossed one by one with the recipient parent to generate a set of 64 corresponding F1 hybrids (CSSLHs). These materials were field tested over 2 yr for six yield and yield‐related traits. A total of 48 (in 2008) and 55 (in 2009) quantitative trait loci (QTL) were detected, with most individually explaining only a modest proportion of the phenotypic variance. In 2008, 72.9% of the QTL were overdominant, whereas in 2009, this proportion was only 54.5%, indicating that overdominance is important in determining heterosis in japonica × indica rice hybrids, and chromosome segments substitute technology is effective in the utilization of heterosis from intersubspecific cross between indica and japonica rice. Moreover, some of the CSSLs harbored QTL associated with heterosis in both years; these should represent potential candidates as parents of F1 hybrids along with cv. 9311 or other indica lines.
Developing Aerobic Rice Cultivars for Water‐Short Irrigated and Drought‐Prone Rainfed Areas in the Tropics
Authors: Zhao D. L. , Atlin G. N. , Amante M. , Cruz Ma. Teresa Sta , Kumar A.
Published: October 2010

Aerobic rice is a production system in which rice is direct seeded and grown in nonpuddled and nonflooded aerobic soils. Aerobic rice varieties need to be developed to cope with the increasing water scarcity in tropical Asia. Advanced breeding lines were evaluated in 24 yield trials under both nonstressed and stressed aerobic soil conditions in 4 yr (2005–2008) to assess the efficacy of the two‐stress‐level screening protocol and selection strategies for developing aerobic rice and to identify genotypes that are high yielding and drought tolerant. Twenty‐six genotypes outyielded the reference varieties Apo and UPLRi‐7 by more than 10% under both nonstress and stress conditions. High harvest index (HI) and vegetative vigor accounted for the increased yield of the newly developed genotypes. On average, the drought stress reduced grain yield by 60%, HI by 50%, and plant height by 12 cm and delayed flowering by 3 d. There was a low genetic correlation for yield across the two stress levels, and indirect selection under one stress level was not predicted to be effective in improving grain yield under the other, suggesting that screening genotypes under both nonstress and stress conditions for yield is needed to develop aerobic‐adapted varieties combining high yield potential with drought tolerance. The elite germplasm identified in this study is likely to be useful to farmers in water‐short irrigated and rainfed areas in the tropics.
Other-Regarding Behavior and Taxpayer Preferences for Farm Policy
Authors: Ellison Brenna , Lusk Jayson L , Briggeman Brian
Published: October 2010

Changes in the structure of agriculture have led some to rethink the purpose and nature of farm support programs, yet taxpayers are often left unheard in this debate. This paper determines how people would vote on particular farm policies and identifies the determinants of support/opposition to farm programs. Our results show the majority of people support farm subsidies, but voting outcomes are sensitive to the costs of the policy and the magnitude of the payouts to farmers. We find people act altruistically toward small farmers and that people are averse to inequality. Furthermore, we found the publics attitude toward maintaining a secure food supply is a significant determinant of support for farm programs. Finally, we found that information about farmers average incomes and average production levels across different farm sizes had little effect on peoples willingness to subsidize small or large farmers.
Optimal Dynamic Policies for Influenza Management
Authors: Ludkovski Michael , Niemi Jarad
Published: October 2010

Management policies for influenza outbreaks balance the expected morbidity and mortality costs versus the cost of intervention policies. We present a methodology for dynamic determination of optimal policies in a completely observed stochastic compartmental model with parameter uncertainty. Our approach is simulation-based and searches the full set of sequential control strategies. For each time point, it generates a policy map describing the optimal intervention to implement as a function of outbreak state and Bayesian parameter posteriors. As a running example, we study a stochastic SIR model with isolation and vaccination as two possible interventions. Numerical simulations based on a classic influenza outbreak are used to explore the impact of various cost structures on management policies. Comparisons demonstrate the realized cost savings of choosing interventions based on the computed dynamic policy over simpler decision rules.
Exchange rate and interest rate distribution and volatility under the Portuguese target zone
Authors: Portugal Duarte , Andrade Sousa , Duarte Adelaide
Published: October 2010

The aim of this study is to analyse the exchange rate and interest rate distribution and volatility under the participation of the Portuguese economy in the Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) of the European Monetary System (EMS) based on some of the main predictions of the target zone literature. Portugal adopted this exchange rate target zone from April 6 1992 until December 31 1998. During this period, the exchange rate distribution reveals that the majority of the observations lie close to the central parity, thus rejecting one of the key predictions of the Paul Krugman (1991) model. The analysis of the data also shows that exchange rate volatility tended to increase as the exchange rate approached the edges of the band, contrary to the predictions of the basic model. Interest rate differential volatility, on the other hand, seemed to behave in line with theoretical predictions. This suggests an increase in the credibility of monetary policy, allowing us to conclude that the adoption of a target zone has contributed decisively to the creation of the macroeconomic stability conditions necessary for the participation in the European Monetary Union (EMU). The Portuguese integration process should therefore be considered as an example to be followed by other small open economies in transition to the euro area.
Economic development and foreign direct investment: How to create sustainable development an analysis of the potential for sustainable development on the Indian subcontinent
Authors: Homlong Nathalie , Springler Elisabeth
Published: October 2010

Focusing critically on the effects of the conditions for foreign direct investment on sustainable growth in the recipient country, this paper analyzes the potential for investments in environmental innovations in India. The definition of sustainability applied in this paper incorporates economic development and investment which promotes environmentally and socially friendly production and innovation. As the Indian economy experienced strong growth in GDP in recent years, but is still lagging behind in providing the basic needs of clean water, clean air and proper waste management for households and companies, the necessity for sustainable development exists. From a methodological point of view this paper uses macroeconomic data to evaluate quantitatively the potentials and needs of Indian states. This results in a state ranking showing the potential for sustainable development in selected Indian states, based on economic and environmental indicators.
Construction of self in children's daydreaming narratives: Story of two generations
Authors: Pavlovic Jelena , Sefer Jasmina , Stankovic Dejan
Published: October 2010

This paper reports on the research results regarding children's positioning in their daydreaming narratives. A special feature of the research was its cross-generational character, i.e. we have collected and analyzed written accounts of primary school children's daydreams in grade 4, which were produced in the year 1984 and the year 2009. One of the major insights from our research is that children's daydreaming narratives broadly belong to the category of 'preferred self' constructions. We classified these preferred self-constructions in three categories, namely 'fictional selves', 'future selves' and 'actual selves', which emerged from repetitive themes in children's narratives. Each of these broad categories was further 'unpacked' into more specific constructions of preferred selves. Based on the qualitative data we developed hypotheses about generational shifts in preferred self constructions and used nonparametric statistical tests to evaluate these hypotheses.
The degree of coronary atherosclerosis as a marker of insulin resistance in non-diabetics
Authors: Parapid Biljana , Saponjski Jovica , Ostojic Mladen , Vukcevic Vladan , Stojkovic Sinisa , Obrenovic-Kircanski Biljana , Lalic Katarina , Pavlovic Sinisa , Dikic Miodrag , Bubanja Dragana , Kostic Nada , Dragicevic Svetomir , Milic Natasa , Lalic Nebojsa , Ostojic Miodrag
Published: October 2010

Introduction. The metabolic syndrome and its influence on coronary artery disease development and progression remains in focus of international research debates, while insulin resistance, which represents its core, is the key component of hypertension, dyslipidaemias, glucose intolerance and obesity. Objective. The aim of this study was to establish relationship between basal glucose and insulin levels, insulin sensitivity and lipid panel and the degree of coronary atherosclerosis in nondiabetic patients. Methods. The coronary angiograms were evaluated for the presence of significant stenosis, insulin sensitivity was assessed using the intravenous glucose tolerance test with a minimal model according to Bergman, while baseline glucose (G0), insulin (I0) and lipid panel measurements (TC, HDL, LDL, TG) were taken after a 12-hour fasting. Results. The protocol encompassed 40 patients (19 men and 21 women) treated at the Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases of the Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade. All were non-diabetics who were divided into 3 groups based on their angios: Group A (6 patients, 15%, with no significant stenosis), Group B (18 patients, 45%, with a single-vessel disease) and Group C (16 patients, 40%, with multi-vessel disease). Presence of lower insulin sensitivity, higher I0 and TC in the group of patients with a more severe degree of coronary atherosclerosis (insulin sensitivity: F=4.279, p=0.023, A vs. C p=0.012, B vs. C p=0.038; I0: F=3.461 p=0.042, A vs. B p=0.045, A vs. C p=0.013; TC: F=2.572, p=0.09), while no significant difference was found for G0, LDL, HDL and TG. Conclusion. Baseline insulinaemia, more precisely, fasting hyperinsulinaemia could be a good predictor of significant coronary atherosclerosis in non-diabetic patients, which enables a more elegant cardiometabolic risk assessment in the setting of everyday clinical practice.
Main morphological characteristics of the vascular pedicle of latissimus dorsi muscle and their relevance in operative treatment
Authors: Ilic Marko , Lesic Aleksandar , Bumbasirevic Marko
Published: October 2010

Introduction. Considering operative treatment of various pathological conditions and traumatic injuries of extremities latissimus dorsi flap presents the most frequently used flap in reconstructive surgery. Objective. The aim of this paper was to analyze anatomical characteristics of the vascular pedicle of the latissimus dorsi muscle followed by morphometric analyzes of vascular elements. Methods. This paper was carried out in cooperation with the Institute of Anatomy of the School of Medicine, University of Belgrade. The study was based on 40 cadaver dissections followed by anatomical and morphometric analyzes. The first analysis included the determination of thoracodorsal artery (TDA) origin and its lateral and terminal branches, and the second one the observation of artery path. Furthermore the same features were analyzed on the thoracodorsal vein. During morphometric analyzes artery and vein length and diameter were recorded. Results. Our results showed that TDA always contains one lateral branch, while three other lateral branches were inconstant. In most cases TDA terminated in two branches, upper and lower, with average distance of 3.4 cm from the muscle. The mean recorded pedicle length was 9.9 cm. The average inner diameter of TDA was 1.85 mm. In further analyses the average observed thoracodorsal vein length was 10.5 cm with mean diameter of 2.93 mm. The result showed that vein origin was usually represented with two branches. Conclusion. The thoracodorsal artery is a blood vessel of considerable length and diameter which represents a great advantage in reconstructive flap surgery.
Hypothermia as the cause of death in forensic pathology: Autopsy study
Authors: Nikolic Slobodan , Zivkovic Magdalena , Zivkovic Vladimir , Jukovic Fehim
Published: October 2010

Introduction. The body cooling process goes through few clinical phases. These are followed by some morphological thanatological changes such as frost erythema and Wischnewsky's spots, which are used in diagnosis of death due to hypothermia. In such cases there is no any specific autopsy finding. Objective. To establish the frequency of hypothermia as the cause of death for a ten-year-period, and to analyze the sample according to gender and age, risk factors and autopsy findings of subjects. Methods. A retrospective autopsy study was performed for a ten-year-period (total of 12,765 forensic autopsies). The relevant data were collected from autopsy records, police reports and heteroanamnestic interviews. The sample was analyzed according to gender, age, scene of death, blood alcohol concentration, risk factors, and autopsy findings of all observed subjects. Results. The sample included 67 subjects, 42 males and 25 females (?2=4.31; p<0.05), of average age 63.9?14.7 years (min=27, max=92; med=65, mod=55). Nineteen of subjects were found at in-door places. In 13 subjects blood alcohol concentration ranged from 0.50 to 3.32 promille (average 1.81?0.93). The younger the observed subject was, the higher the blood alcohol concentration (?=-0.251; p=0.04). One third of the observed subjects were chronic alcohol abusers. Thirteen persons had psychiatric diseases. In 43 observed subjects the concomitant appearance of frost erythema and Wischniewsky's spots were established (?2=49.59; df=3; p<0.001). Conclusion. In the analyzed ten-year period hypothermia was not often the cause of death; it was disclosed only in 0.5% of the total number of the studied autopsies. The most of the deceased were older males with cardiovascular problems found in unprotected open-air places. The most frequent thanatological findings in the analyzed subjects were frost erythema and Wischnewsky's spots.
Treatment of open tibial shaft fracture with soft tissue and bone defect caused by aircraft bomb: Case report
Authors: Golubovic Zoran , Vidic Goran , Trenkic Srbobran , Vukasinovic Zoran , Lesic Aleksandar , Stojiljkovic Predrag , Stevanovic Goran , Golubovic Ivan , Visnjic Aleksandar , Najman Stevo
Published: October 2010

Introduction. Aircraft bombs can cause severe orthopaedic injuries. Tibia shaft fractures caused by aircraft bombs are mostly comminuted and followed by bone defects, which makes the healing process extremely difficult and prone to numerous complications. The goal of this paper is to present the method of treatment and the end results of treatment of a serious open tibial fracture with soft and bone tissue defects resulting from aircraft bomb shrapnel wounds. Case Outline. A 26-year-old patient presented with a tibial fracture as the result of a cluster bomb shrapnel wound. He was treated applying the method of external bone fixation done two days after wounding, as well as of early coverage of the lower leg soft tissue defects done on the tenth day after the external fixation of the fracture. The external fixator was removed after five months, whereas the treatment was continued by means of functional plaster cast for another two months. The final functional result was good. Conclusion. Radical wound debridement, external bone fixation of the fracture, and early reconstruction of any soft tissue and bone defects are the main elements of the treatment of serious fractures.
Sociologist in the total institution
Authors: Krstic Zeljko
Published: October 2010

On the basis of empirical experience from practical work this paper discusses the real place and role of the sociologist in the prison, as a total institution, where sociologists are employed as educators, along with other professions (psychologists, educationalists, social workers, etc.), and usually closely cooperating with lawyers. According to the current work regulations, and on the basis of practice so far, the sociologist can work as classical educator, to be in charge of educational groups of inmates, work in the reception department on assessing incoming inmates, and to organize inmates' leisure time by directing them towards pro-social and creative activities (music, painting, reading, etc.). New reform trends in working with inmates suggest new work methods, such as creative workshops, counselling in the sphere of substance abuse and dependency, or expert teams in working with minors. In the prison, the sociologist is indispensable as a researcher of criminal activities.
Preparation of gradient Ni-SDC anode by tape casting and co-sintering
Authors: Li X.B. , Wang H.Y. , Gu H.X. , Wang J. , Zhang W.J. , Wang T.G.
Published: October 2010

Gradient Ni-SDC anode and anode-supported SDC electrolyte were produced by
tape casting method with laminating and co-sintering process. The best
co-sintering temperature of gradient Ni-SDC anode and SDC electrolyte was
1300?C for 3 h. The open porosity of gradient Ni-SDC anode sintered at
1300oC was 36%, which offered sufficient open porosity of more than 30%. By
adjusting the composition of Ni in gradient anode, the thermal expansion
coefficient (TEC) of Ni-SDC anode could be adjusted close to that of SDC
electrolyte, which improve the compatibility of anode and electrolyte. The
bending strength of gradient Ni-SDC anode was 134 MPa. The electrical
conductivity of gradient Ni-SDC anode was better than that of non-gradient
Ni-SDC anode at 650 - 800?C.
Granulation of coke breeze fine for using in the sintering process
Authors: Mohamed F.M. , El-Hussiny N.A. , Shalabi M.E.H.
Published: October 2010

Coke breeze is the main fuel used in the sintering process. The value of -3+1
mm. represents the most favorable particle size for coke breeze in the
sintering process. About 20% of total coke fines (-0.5 mm) are produced
during different steps of preparation. Introducing these fines during the
sintering process proves to be very harmful for different operating
parameters. Thus ,this study aims at investigating the production of granules
resulting from these fines using molasses as organic binder and its
application in sintering of an iron ore. The results showed that the granules
having the highest mechanical properties were obtained with 14.5 wt %
molasses addition. The sintering experiments were performed by using coke
breeze in different shapes (-3+1 mm in size, coke breeze without sieving and
coke breeze granules -3+1 mm). The reduction experiments, microscopic
structure and X-ray analysis for the produced sinter were carried out. The
results revealed that, all sinter properties (such as shatter test,
productivity of sinter machine and blast furnace, reduction time and chemical
composition) for produced sinter by using coke breeze with size -3+1 mm and
coke breeze granules were almost the same. The iron ore sinter which was
produced by using coke breeze without sieving yielded low productivity for
both sinter machine and blast furnace. Furthermore, using coke breeze without
sieving in sintering of an iron ore decreases the vertical velocity of sinter
machine and increases the reduction time.