bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hydrothermal Synthesis and Characterization of Single-Crystalline -Fe2O3Nanocubes
Authors: Qin Wenqing , Yang Congren , Yi Ran , Gao Guanhua
Published: August 2010

Single-crystalline - nanocubes were successfully obtained in large quantities through a facile one-step hydrothermal synthetic route under mild conditions. In this synthetic system, aqueous iron (III) nitrate () served as iron source and triethylamine served as precipitant and alkaline agent. By prolonging reaction time from 1 h to 24 h, the evolution process of -, from nanorhombohedra to nanohexahedron, and finally nanocube, was observed. The products were characterized by Powder X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), High-resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM), Selected-Area Electron Diffraction (SAED), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry (FTIR). The possible formation mechanism was discussed on basis of the experimental results.
CdS Nanotubes and Y-Branched Nanochannels in AAM Fabricated by a Double Diffusion Route
Authors: Lv Yong , Liu Weifeng , Huang Jianming , Yao Lianzeng
Published: August 2010

Polycrystalline CdS nanotubes and a novel partition nanostructure were prepared in an anodic alumina membrane (AAM) template using a double diffusion method at room temperature. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) investigations indicate that the nanotubes consisting of CdS grains have been synthesized in the AAM nanoholes. The influence of the reagent concentration on the morphology of the nanotubes has been systemically studied using a field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM). It is confirmed that the Y-branched nanochannels can only formed under certain concentrations of the reactants ( and solutions). This novel Y-branched nanostructure may have potential applications for preparation of complicated nanostructure materials.
Pulsed Current Activated Consolidation of Nanostructured Fe3Al and Its Mechanical Property
Authors: Kim Tae-Wan , Ko In-Yong , Doh Jung-Mann , Yoon Jin-Kook , Shon In-Jin
Published: August 2010

A nanopowder ofFe3Alwas synthesized from 3Fe and Al by high-energy ball milling. A dense nanostructuredFe3Alwas consolidated by pulsed current activated sintering method within 2 minutes from mechanically synthesized powders ofFe3Aland horizontally milled powders of 3Fe+Al. The grain size, sintering behavior, and hardness ofFe3Alsintered from horizontally milled 3Fe+Al powders and high-energy ball milledFe3Alpowder were compared.
Core-Shell Nanostructure ofα-Fe2O3/Fe3O4: Synthesis and Photocatalysis for Methyl Orange
Authors: Tian Yang , Wu Di , Jia Xiao , Yu Binbin , Zhan Sihui
Published: August 2010

Fe3O4nanoparticle was synthesized in the solution involving water and ethanol. Then,α-Fe2O3shell was produced in situ on the surface of theFe3O4nanoparticle by surface oxidation in molten salts, formingα-Fe2O3/Fe3O4core-shell nanostructure. It was showed that the magnetic properties transformed from ferromagnetism to superparamagnetism after the primaryFe3O4nanoparticles were oxidized. Furthermore, the obtainedα-Fe2O3/Fe3O4core-shell nanoparticles were used to photocatalyse solution of methyl orange, and the results revealed thatα-Fe2O3/Fe3O4nanoparticles were more efficient than the self-preparedα-Fe2O3nanoparticles. At the same time, the photocatalyzer was recyclable by applying an appropriate magnetic field.
Facile Synthesis of Monodisperse ZnO Nanocrystals by Direct Liquid Phase Precipitation
Authors: Chen Lan , Holmes Justin D. , Ramírez-García Sonia , Morris Michael A.
Published: August 2010

ZnO nanocrystals can be synthesized by a variety of methods. Among them, only a few nonhydrolytic methods have been successful at low synthesis temperatures in terms of size, crystallinity, morphology and surface-defect control. These methods require very careful control of conditions and carefully engineered precursors. A new methodology—direct liquid phase precipitation—is reported here that can produce nanocrystals (NCs) which are a little difficult to obtain for these complex synthesis techniques in a more facile and efficient way (i.e., at room temperature). This technique results in high quality ZnO nanocrystals of diameter 5–12 nm and different morphologies. Characterisation of ZnO products shows that both synthesis and ageing conditions have significant effects on the formation of the nanocrystals. Capping agents and ageing temperature/time can be used to control both size and crystallinity of the products. The use ofin situorex situageing conditions can result in different particle morphologies. Bothin situandex situageing shows that mild ageing conditions (e.g., 60–80∘Cand 24–48 hours) are required to produce the highest quality nanomaterials.
Atomic-Level Investigation ofCHxandC2HxAdsorption onβ-SiC (111) Surface for CVD Diamond Growth from DFT Calculations
Authors: Chen Naichao , Sun Fanghong
Published: August 2010

The focus of this paper is on the adsorption of unsaturated hydrocarbon molecules onβ-SiC (111) surfaces during diamond film growth. TheCHxandC2Hxmolecules have been investigated to obtain a specific insight into absorbing diamond processes on the atomic scale. Structural and electronic properties ofCHxandC2Hxadsorption on the Si- and C-terminated surfaces have been studied by first-principles calculations based on density functional theory (DFT). From the calculated energetics and geometries, we find thatC2Hxadsorption on the Si-terminated surfaces has six possible surface reconstructions. For the C-terminated surface, there exist eight possible surface reconstructions. Five surface reconstructions, includingCH2adsorption on the Si- and C-terminated surface, CH–CH2and CH=CH2adsorption on the C-terminated surface, andC2H5adsorption on the Si-terminated surface, have the largest hydrogen adsorption energies and more stability of surface reconstructions. Calculations demonstrate that the Si-terminated surface is energetically more favorable for fabricating CVD diamond coatings than the C-terminated surface.
Renal Cancer Resistance to Antiangiogenic Therapy Is Delayed by Restoration of Angiostatic Signaling
Authors: Bhatt Rupal S. , Wang Xiaoen , Zhang Liang , Collins Michael P. , Signoretti Sabina , Alsop David C. , Goldberg S. Nahum , Atkins Michael B. , Mier James W.
Published: August 2010

Treatment of metastatic renal cell cancer (RCC) with antiangiogenic agents that block vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor 2 signaling produces tumor regression in a substantial fraction of patients; however, resistance typically develops within 6 to 12 months. The purpose of this study was to identify molecular pathways involved in resistance. Treatment of mice bearing either 786-0 or A498 human RCC xenografts with sorafenib or sunitinib produced tumor growth stabilization followed by regrowth despite continued drug administration analogous to the clinical experience. Tumors and plasma were harvested at day 3 of therapy and at the time of resistance to assess pathways that may be involved in resistance. Serial perfusion imaging, and plasma and tumor collections were obtained in mice treated with either placebo or sunitinib alone or in combination with intratumoral injections of the angiostatic chemokine CXCL9. Sunitinib administration led to an early downmodulation of IFNγ levels as well as reduction of IFNγ receptor and downstream angiostatic chemokines CXCL9 to 11 within the tumor. Intratumoral injection of CXCL9, although producing minimal effects by itself, when combined with sunitinib resulted in delayed resistance in vivo accompanied by a prolonged reduction of microvascular density and tumor perfusion as measured by perfusion imaging relative to sunitinib alone. These results provide evidence that resistance to VEGF receptor therapy is due at least in part to resumption of angiogenesis in association with reduction of IFNγ-related angiostatic chemokines, and that this resistance can be delayed by concomitant administration of CXCL9. Mol Cancer Ther; 9(10); 2793–802. ©2010 AACR.
Association of Strength of Religious Adherence with Attitudes regarding Glaucoma or Ocular Hypertension
Authors: Stewart William C. , Sharpe Elizabeth D. , Kristoffersen Caroline J. , Nelson Lindsay A. , Stewart Jeanette A.
Published: August 2010

Background: To evaluate the impact of religious adherence on a patient’s outlook on disease in a glaucoma population. Methods: A prospective survey analysis of patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension evaluating self-reported global religious adherence, adherence to specific basic activities and knowledge of faith (‘maturity’) and ‘comfort’ (ability to cope, attitude toward glaucoma, motivation to take medication and God’s concern). This specific analysis was limited to self-professed Christians. Results: 248 patients were included and religious adherence was correlated to religious activity and knowledge (p < 0.0001). Patients who scored as adherent on at least 1 of 4 maturity questions had greater benefit than less adherent patients from each of the 5 comfort questions (p < 0.0001). We found an increased statistical separation on each of the 5 comfort questions between religiously adherent and less adherent individuals for patients who scored as adherent on any 2 (n = 40), 3 (n = 50) or all 4 (n = 57) of the maturity questions (p < 0.001). Conclusions: This study suggests, at least for the Christian faith, that religious patients are subjectively more prone to cope with treatment and that religiosity increases the self-confidence, and possibly the quality of life, of patients with glaucoma or ocular hypertension. Whether this necessarily translates into better glaucoma practices remains to be demonstrated by further studies.
Efficacy of S-1 in Patients with Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer: A Phase II Study
Authors: Akaza Hideyuki , Ikemoto Isao , Namiki Mikio , Usami Michiyuki , Kobayashi Mikio , Fujimoto Hiroyuki , Tsukamoto Taiji , Naito Seiji
Published: August 2010

Objectives: This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of S-1, an oral fluoropyrimidine derivative, in Japanese patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). The primary endpoint was prostate-specific antigen (PSA) response. Methods: In this open-label phase II study, S-1 was started at a dose of 80, 100 or 120 mg daily based on body surface area (BSA) for 28 days, followed by 14 days of rest. Patients with histological proof of prostate cancer refractory to hormonal therapies were eligible. Patients who received prior chemotherapy were excluded. All patients provided written informed consent. To observe 20% confirmed PSA response, 33 assessable patients were needed. Treatment was continued until disease progression or the development of intolerable toxicity. Results: A total of 35 eligible patients were enrolled. The median number of treatment cycles was 3. PSA response was observed in 8 patients (22.9%, 90% CI 11.9–37.5), including 3 in which (8.6%) the PSA level normalized. The median overall survival was 25.4 months. The most common treatment-related grade 3 toxicity was anorexia (14.3%). There was no death during the study. Conclusion: S-1 monotherapy is active against castration-resistant prostate cancer and has acceptable toxicity.
The Problem of King Louis IX of France: Biography, Sanctity, and Kingship
Authors: Davis Jennifer R.
Published: August 2010

Medieval historians composing biographies of kings often have no recourse but to rely on hagiography when other sources about their subjects are lacking. Given this constraint, the most successful medieval biographies tend to concentrate on matters of rulership rather than personality. Yet, two recent books—Gaposchkin's The Making of Saint Louis and Le Goff's Saint Louis—reverse this trend, illuminating Louis IX of France as man and saint but not fully as king. A careful look at the scholarship, as well as the available primary sources, about Louis underscores the need for more study of his kingship and provides a test case for the benefits and limits of medieval biography.
The Problem of Delimitation of Bangladesh’s Maritime Boundaries with India and Myanmar: Prospects for a Solution
Authors: Shah Alam M. , Al Faruque Abdullah
Published: August 2010

The sea areas of Bangladesh are reportedly rich in straddling fish stocks and mineral resources, including hydrocarbons. But a long-standing dispute over maritime boundary delimitation with India and Myanmar remains a major stumbling block in exploration of these resources. The overlapping claims of these three countries over the maritime zones in the Bay of Bengal need to be settled for peaceful exploration of natural resources. While India and Myanmar want to delimit the maritime boundary on the basis of the equidistance principle, Bangladesh demands that delimitation should be based on the equitable method. The special geographical circumstances of the coastal zones of these countries warrant that any delimitation, whether agreed or determined by a third party, must result in an equitable solution. The decisions of the international courts and tribunals, state practice, and the Law of the Sea Convention clearly demonstrate that there has been a shift from the equidistance principle to the equitable principle of delimitation and strongly indicate that the equitable principle is the preferred method of delimitation.
Whose European Citizenship in the Stockholm Programme? The Enactment of Citizenship by Third Country Nationals in the EU
Authors: Wiesbrock Anja , Carrera Sergio
Published: August 2010

The Stockholm Programme and the European Commission’s Action Plan implementing it have positioned the freedom, security and justice of ‘European citizens’ at the heart of the EU’s political agenda for the next five years. Yet, who are the ‘citizens’ about whom the Council and the European Commission are so interested? At first sight it would appear as if only those individuals holding the nationality of a Member State would fall within this category. This paper challenges this assumption, however, and argues that as a consequence of litigation by individuals before EU courts and of the growing importance given to the act of mobility in citizenship and immigration law, the personal scope of the freedoms accorded to European citizenship already covers certain categories of third-country nationals (TCNs). Through an examination of selected landmark rulings of the Court of Justice in Luxembourg, the paper demonstrates how the requirement of being a national of an EU Member State is progressively becoming less important when defining the boundaries of the European citizenry. TCNs already enjoy and benefit from a number of European citizenship-related and citizenship-like freedoms, rights, benefits and general principles, which are subject to protection and scrutiny at the EU level. This development, we argue, is not only an indication of a continuing loss of discretionary power by the nation-state with respect to European citizenship, but may also constitute a clear signal that a new European citizenship of TCNs is in the making in the Union. This citizenship places the freedom to move and non-discrimination on the basis of nationality at the core of its identity.
Phylogenetic analysis of the druid flies (Diptera: Schizophora: Clusiidae) based on morphological and molecular data
Authors: Fu Jinzhong , Lonsdale Owen , Wiegmann Brian , Marshall Stephen
Published: August 2010

In this paper, the Clusiidae (Diptera: Schizophora) is analyzed phylogenetically using morphological and molecular data sets, and then redefined on the basis of derived morphological characters. The biology and distribution of the Clusiidae are also reviewed, a key is provided to the World genera, the status of the genus Craspedochaeta Czerny is reevaluated and the type of Heterochroa pictipennis Wulp is discussed. Molecular data sets include genomic DNA sequences from the mitochondrial genes COI (cytochrome oxidase subunit I) and COII (cytochrome oxidase subunit II), the large ribosomal nuclear subunit 28S, and the nuclear protein-coding carbomoylphosphate synthase (CPS) domain of CAD (or “rudimentary”). Genes were analyzed separately, in combination with each other, and in combination with a morphological data set. Although individual molecular data sets often provided conflicting phylogenetic signals, the topologies of the cladograms produced from each data set alone or in combination were largely similar. Most genus-level relationships and several basal divergences were unresolved, but Apiochaeta was very strongly and consistently supported as Sobarocephalinae, not Clusiinae. The Clusiinae and Sobarocephalinae are subsequently redefined using an adjusted morphological tree — retaining Apiochaeta in the Sobarocephalinae — that is only slightly longer (8.4%, or seven steps) than the most parsimonious tree. Our results illustrate the benefits of multiple independent data sets for phylogenetic reconstruction in order to verify and refine existing classifications.
Tropopause Folding, Upper-Level Frontogenesis, and Beyond
Authors: Bosart Lance F.
Published: August 2010

No Abstract available.
Polar Lows
Authors: Rasmussen Erik A.
Published: August 2010

No Abstract available.
Islam and Large-Scale Political Violence: Is There a Connection?
Authors: Fish M. Steven , Jensenius Francesca R. , Michel Katherine E.
Published: August 2010

Are Muslims especially prone to large-scale political violence? From Montesquieu to Samuel Huntington, prominent modern analysts of politics have regarded Muslims as unusually inclined to strife. Many other observers have portrayed Islam as a peace-loving faith and Muslims as largely pacific.Yet scholars still lack much hard evidence on whether a relationship between Islam and political violence really exists. Precious few studies adduce empirical evidence on whether Islamic societies are actually more or less violent. This article assesses whether Muslims are more prone to large-scale political violence than non-Muslims. The authors focus neither on terrorism nor on interstate war. Instead, they investigate large-scale intrastate violence. The article makes three contributions. First, it offers useful data on Islam and political strife. Second, it investigates whether Muslims are especially violence prone. Relying on cross-national analysis, the authors find no evidence of a correlation between the proportion of a country’s population that is made up of Muslims and deaths in episodes of large-scale political violence in the postwar period. Third, the authors investigate whether Islamism (the ideology), as opposed to Muslims (the people), is responsible for an inordinate share of the world’s large-scale political violence. They find that Islamism is implicated in an appreciable but not disproportionate amount of political violence.
A Cautionary Note on the Use of Matching to Estimate Causal Effects: An Empirical Example Comparing Matching Estimates to an Experimental Benchmark
Authors: Arceneaux Kevin , Gerber Alan S. , Green Donald P.
Published: August 2010

In recent years, social scientists have increasingly turned to matching as a method for drawing causal inferences from observational data. Matching compares those who receive a treatment to those with similar background attributes who do not receive a treatment. Researchers who use matching frequently tout its ability to reduce bias, particularly when applied to data sets that contain extensive background information. Drawing on a randomized voter mobilization experiment, the authors compare estimates generated by matching to an experimental benchmark. The enormous sample size enables the authors to exactly match each treated subject to 40 untreated subjects. Matching greatly exaggerates the effectiveness of pre-election phone calls encouraging voter participation. Moreover, it can produce nonsensical results: Matching suggests that another pre-election phone call that encouraged people to wear their seat belts also generated huge increases in voter turnout. This illustration suggests that caution is warranted when applying matching estimators to observational data, particularly when one is uncertain about the potential for biased inference.
Words, Woods, Woyds: Variation and Accommodation in Schwar Realization among African American, White, and Houma Men in Southern Louisiana
Authors: Strand Thea R. , Wroblewski Michael , Good Mary K.
Published: August 2010

This study examines variation in the schwar realization for an area of rural Louisiana where local French varieties previously dominated and some bilingualism persists. A generational GoldVarb analysis of African American, white, and Houma (Native American) men’s speech reveals significant variation in r-ful, r-less, and diphthongal realizations by ethnoracial identity, age, and education. Apparent-time change suggests long-term, contact-influenced accommodation in which younger generations of African American men with Creole French ancestry increasingly use the dominant nondiphthongal and r-ful variants. In addition, effects of accommodation to dominant regional patterns found in the South today are observed in increasing levels of r-fulness across ethnoracial groups.
Emergency bypass post percutaneous atrial ablation: a case report
Authors: Hargrove M. , Marshall CB , Jahanjir S. , Hinchion J.
Published: August 2010

A 34-year-old male undergoing percutaneous atrial ablation procedure for paroxysmal fibrillation required emergency sternotomy for cardiac tamponade. The patient had been anticoagulated and had received plavix and aspirin prior to and during the ablation procedure. Seven units of red cell concentrate had been transfused in the cardiac catherisation laboratory. On arrival in theatre, the patient was hypotensive, but was awake on induction of anaesthesia. No recordable blood pressure with non-invasive monitoring was observed. A sternotomy was immediately performed and, on evacuation of the pericardium, a bleeding site was not visible. The patient was commenced on cardiopulmonary bypass. Bleeding site was identified and the defect closed. The patient was weaned from cardiopulmonary bypass with minimal inotropic support and made an uneventful recovery. Bypass time was 38 minutes. A literature review showed a 1% incidence of post-ablation bleeding1. The incidence of reverting to bypass for such an event has not been reported previously. During these procedures, it might be wise to have the cardiothoracic team notified while atrial ablation procedures are being performed in the cardiac catheterization laboratory.
Attenuation of chronic mild stress-induced ‘anhedonia’ by asenapine is not associated with a ‘hedonic’ profile in intracranial self-stimulation
Authors: Marston Hugh M , Martin Frederic DC , Papp Mariusz , Gold Lisa , Wong Erik HF , Shahid Mohammed
Published: August 2010

Chronic mild stress (CMS)-induced ‘anhedonia’ is a predictive model of antidepressant activity. We assessed the reversal of CMS-induced behavioral changes by asenapine, the antidepressant imipramine, and the atypical antipsychotics olanzapine and risperidone. Secondarily, the ability of these agents to facilitate intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) was assessed to ensure that any attenuation of CMS-induced anhedonia was not associated with an overt hedonic profile. After 2 weeks of CMS, male Wistar rats were administered asenapine (0.06–0.6 mg/kg), olanzapine (2 mg/kg), risperidone (0.5 mg/kg), or imipramine (10 mg/kg) by intraperitoneal injection over 5 weeks to examine their ability to reverse CMS-induced reductions in the intake of a sucrose solution. For the ICSS study, rats were trained to deliver an electrical stimulus to the ventral tegmental area. The effects of acute doses of subcutaneous asenapine (0.01–0.3 mg/kg), olanzapine (0.3 and 1 mg/kg), risperidone (0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg), and intraperitoneal imipramine (3–30 mg/kg), cocaine (5.0 mg/kg), or amphetamine (1.0 mg/kg) on ICSS were then examined. CMS significantly reduced sucrose intake ( P < 0.001). All active agents (0.6 mg/kg asenapine, 2 mg/kg olanzapine, 0.5 mg/kg risperidone, and 10 mg/kg imipramine) reversed the effect of CMS (all P < 0.001). In the ICSS protocol, asenapine (0.01 and 0.03 mg/kg), olanzapine (1 mg/kg), and risperidone (0.3 mg/kg) impaired ICSS performance, whereas positive controls (5 mg/kg cocaine, 1 mg/kg amphetamine) facilitated ICSS. Asenapine reversed CMS-induced anhedonia without facilitating ICSS, providing support for a role of asenapine in treating bipolar disorder and aspects of negative and/or affective symptoms in schizophrenia.
Anti-aversive effects of the atypical antipsychotic, aripiprazole, in animal models of anxiety
Authors: Biojone Caroline , Casarotto Plínio C , Resstel Leonardo B , Zangrossi Hélio , Guimarães Francisco S , Moreira Fabrício A
Published: August 2010

Aripiprazole is a unique antipsychotic that seems to act as a partial agonist at dopamine D2-receptors, contrasting with other drugs in this class, which are silent antagonists. Aripiprazole may also bind to serotonin receptors. Both neurotransmitters may play major roles in aversion-, anxiety- and panic-related behaviours. Thus, the present work tested the hypothesis that this antipsychotic could also have anti-aversive properties. Male Wistar rats received injections of aripiprazole (0.1–10 mg/kg) and were tested in the open field, in the elevated plus and T mazes (EPM and ETM, respectively) and in a contextual fear conditioning paradigm. Aripiprazole (1 mg/kg) increased the percentage of entries onto the open arms of the EPM and attenuated escape responses in the ETM. In the latter model, the dose of 0.1 mg/kg also decreased the latency to leave the enclosed arm, suggesting anxiolytic- and panicolytic-like properties. This dose also decreased the time spent in freezing in a contextual fear conditioning. No significant motor effects were observed at these doses. The present data support the hypothesis that aripiprazole could inhibit anxiety-related responses. Acting as a partial agonist at dopamine receptors, this drug could effectively treat schizophrenia and, in contrast with most antipsychotic drugs, alleviate aversive states.
Replication of urban innovations – prioritization of strategies for the replication of Dhaka’s community-based decentralized composting model
Authors: Yedla Sudhakar
Published: August 2010

Dhaka’s community-based decentralized composting (DCDC) is a successful demonstration of solid waste management by adopting low-cost technology, local resources community participation and partnerships among the various actors involved. This paper attempts to understand the model, necessary conditions, strategies and their priorities to replicate DCDC in the other developing cities of Asia. Thirteen strategies required for its replication are identified and assessed based on various criteria, namely transferability, longevity, economic viability, adaptation and also overall replication. Priority setting by multi-criteria analysis by applying analytic hierarchy process revealed that immediate transferability without long-term and economic viability consideration is not advisable as this would result in unsustainable replication of DCDC. Based on the analysis, measures to ensure the product quality control; partnership among stakeholders (public–private–community); strategies to achieve better involvement of the private sector in solid waste management (entrepreneurship in approach); simple and low-cost technology; and strategies to provide an effective interface among the complementing sectors are identified as important strategies for its replication.
Sociodemographic Variables, Childhood Characteristics, and Family Risk Factors for Homelessness: A “Puerto Rican Paradox?”
Authors: Torres Aileen , Garcia-Carrasquillo Aida , Nogueras Juan
Published: August 2010

This study explored sociodemographic variables, childhood characteristics, and family factors in the Puerto Rican homeless. The study is a secondary analysis in which a Puerto Rican homeless sample ( N = 113) is compared with a Puerto Rican primary care patient group ( N = 102). Discriminant function analysis was employed to determine if family and childhood risk factors accurately distinguish the primary care and homeless samples. The results indicated that the homeless sample was significantly more likely to endorse living in foster care, χ2 (1, N = 207) = 7.057, p = .008; being abandoned by their family χ2(1, N = 192) = 32.522, p < .001; experiencing the death of both parents χ2(1, N = 191) = 9.0, p < .05; and having no family support χ2(1, N = 194) = 6.094, p = .014, than the primary care population. The model of childhood and family risk factors correctly classified 84% of the sample, suggesting that combinations of factors are more predictive of risk for homelessness than any one variable. Among assessed factors, the death of a close family member, being abandoned by family, and the death of both parents were the best sample discriminators.
Nutrition Treatment of Deficiency and Malnutrition in Chronic Pancreatitis
Authors: Duggan Sinéad , O'Sullivan Maria , Feehan Sinéad , Ridgway Paul , Conlon Kevin
Published: August 2010

Chronic pancreatitis results in exocrine and endocrine dysfunction, affecting normal digestion and absorption of nutrients. In individuals with chronic pancreatitis, nutrition status may be further affected by poor dietary intake, often related to alcoholism. However, some deficiencies may be overlooked, potentially leading to nutrition‐related problems with bone health and fatigue. The aim of this article is to describe the deficiencies that occur and to propose an evidence‐based algorithm for the nutrition assessment and treatment of patients with chronic pancreatitis.
Calcium and Phosphate Solubility in Neonatal Parenteral Nutrient Solutions Containing TrophAmine
Authors: Ybarra Joseph V.
Published: August 2010

Significant amounts of calcium and phosphate are required in neonatal parenteral nutrition (PN) regimens to ensure adequate supplementation and prevention of metabolic bone disease. Current clinical recommendations for calcium and phosphate requirements in neonatal PN cannot be achieved with traditional amino acid formulations. The solubility curves of these amion acids do not allow the appropriate doses of calcicum and phosphate to be achieved, therefore placing the neonate at risk of receiving a precipitated infusion. Fitzgerald and MacKay investigated the calcium and phosphate solubility of TrophAmine, an amino acid injection developed for neonatal PN. The results of their findings allow higher concentrations of calcium and phosphate to be added to each pediatric PH regimen while maintaing solubility, therefore safely allowing higher concentrations of calcium and phosphate to be added to each prediatric PN regimen. The pivotal nature of Fitzgerald and MacKay's paper changed how practitioners address calcium and phosphate supplementation in the nutrition support of the neonatal patient.
Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Bone Health
Authors: Mascarenhas Maria R. , Thayu Meena
Published: August 2010

Childhood and adolescence are important periods for bone development. Any disease that affects bone health has the potential to affect the bones not only in the short term but also later in life. Bone health abnormalities in patients with inflammatory bowel disease are being increasingly recognized. Screening the at‐risk patient is important so that appropriate treatments can be instituted. Treatment options are limited to vitamin D and calcium supplementation, control of underlying disease activity, and appropriate physical activity. The role of bisphosphonates in these patients needs to be better studied, and treatment with bisphosphonates may be considered for some patients in consultation with a bone health expert.
Cultivating Questions for a Sociology of Gardens
Authors: Hondagneu-Sotelo Pierrette
Published: August 2010

This article is part manifesto for a sociology of gardens and gardening, but it is also a confessional tale of my own uncertainties about how exactly to formulate this new line of research. American sociology has until now ignored the study of gardens as social projects, so I suggest some possible sociological questions, and I review several key works, mostly from geography and landscape architecture, that reveal a range of themes, theoretical constructs, and methods used to study gardens. I also discuss the obstacles encountered in my brief foray into researching two very different spheres of social life: gardening labor and an elite garden.
Religious Institutions and Ethnic Entrepreneurship: The Korean Ethnic Church as a Small Business Incubator
Authors: Choi Hyunsun
Published: August 2010

Ethnic entrepreneurship is one of the key factors of community economic development. This article explores how religious institutions enhance ethnic entrepreneurship through social capital in the Los Angeles Korean community, which has high self-employment rates and active participation among its Christian congregations. The role of religious institutions is rarely discussed in terms of entrepreneurship. The article finds that religion-based social capital has greatly benefited the small business development of this ethnic community. Korean ethnic congregations have acted as small business incubators through social networking and capital accumulation. In addition, the article asserts that contemporary community development should reemphasize social capital, religious institutions, and entrepreneurship.
User Experience in Digital Games
Authors: Takatalo Jari , Häkkinen Jukka , Kaistinen Jyrki , Nyman Göte
Published: August 2010

Playing entertainment computer, video, and portable games, namely, digital games, is receiving more and more attention in academic research. Games are studied in different situations with numerous methods, but little is known about if and how the playing situation affects the user experience (UX) in games. In addition, it is hard to understand and study the psychology of UX in games. The objective of this study is to show how UX differs when the first-person shooter HALO is played in a laboratory and at home. To disclose this difference, a psychologically valid and multidimensional measurement framework is introduced. UX is profiled according to the level of the sense of presence, involvement, and flow in a between-subjects design. Statistically, the structure of the framework is grounded on a large and heterogeneous gamer data set ( N = 2,182). The results showed that the profile of the sense of presence in the laboratory included higher levels of attention and arousal as compared with that of the natural environment. This finding was independent of any of the measured background variables. Other differences between the two situations were more related to the participants’ background. For example, gamers at home were more involved in the game and they felt a higher level of competence. No strong emotional differences between the two situations were found. The authors discuss the complex UX terminology and implications of the framework for implementation of learning games.
Harold Guetzkow’s Legacy
Authors: Druckman James N.
Published: August 2010

Harold Guetzkow displayed great determination and a remarkable ability to push boundaries. In this article, I describe how these features have had an impact across generations, both in the social sciences and at Northwestern University. In so doing, I touch on the development of experiments in political science and the rise of political psychology.
State-of-the-Art Review: Hemostats, Sealants, and Adhesives II: Update As Well As How and When to Use the Components of the Surgical Toolbox
Authors: Spotnitz William D. , Burks Sandra
Published: August 2010

The goal of this submission is to describe how and when to best use hemostats, sealants, and adhesives as well as to compare their characteristics and to update the surgical toolbox with respect to any new products approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as of this date (November 2009). The materials will be presented in 3 major groups each containing specific categories: (1) hemostats; mechanical, active, flowable, and fibrin sealant, (2) sealants; fibrin sealant, polyethylene glycol polymer, and albumin and glutaraldehyde, (3) adhesives; cyanoacrylate, albumin and glutaraldehyde, and fibrin sealant. The categories will be used for comparisons based on safety, efficacy, usability, and cost. Recommendations with respect to how and when to best use these materials will be presented. A review of the recent literature is also provided with respect to the most recent uses of these materials in specific surgical specialties.
Local Anesthetics Inhibit Tissue Factor Expression in Activated Monocytes via Inhibition of Tissue Factor mRNA Synthesis
Authors: Kim Ji-Eun , Kim Ki Jun , Ahn Wonsik , Han Kyou-Sup , Kim Hyun Kyung
Published: August 2010

Local anesthetics have been reported to have anticoagulant properties, but the mechanisms responsible for this action are poorly understood. Here, we evaluated the in vitro effects of 3 local anesthetics—lidocaine, ropivacaine, and bupivacaine—on the tissue factor expression by monocytes. Monocytes from peripheral blood were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the presence or absence of local anesthetics. All 3 local anesthetics inhibited the expression of tissue factor antigen and tissue factor activity in LPS-stimulated monocytes in a dose- and time-dependent manner and reduced tissue factor messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in endothelial cells and a monocytic cell line. None of the 3 drugs induced apoptosis or affected the viability of monocytes. Our findings that local anesthetics inhibited the tissue factor induction in activated monocytes by inhibiting tissue factor mRNA level may demonstrate the feasibility of using local anesthetics in hypercoagulable and inflammatory conditions.
Comparative parallel assessment of a transfer device in reducing 5-fluorouracil environmental contamination inside positive air pressure isolators
Authors: Forges Fabien , Simoens Xavier , Chauvin Franck
Published: August 2010

The environmental contamination of the antineoplastic drugs circuit, due to the centralization of preparation and the increased number of the patients treated, brought about a new occupational hazard: the chronic exposure to low doses of antineoplastic drugs. The rationalization of the hospital budgets imposes a meticulous assessment of the devices available for the preparation, in order to justify their interest, even their cost. A prospective comparative study with parallel arms was led inside the Pharmacy of the Institut de Cancerologie de la Loire in order to evaluate the Spike Swan®, a transfer device. The aim was to assess the Spike Swan® effectiveness. The antineoplastic drugs environmental contamination within the isolators is considered as a potential starting point for a larger dissemination of cytotoxic products. Therefore, the primary endpoint was the surface contamination level with 5-fluorouracil and the comparator was the standard preparation technique using needles and aeration needles. This study did not show significant effectiveness for the Spike Swan ® in reducing surface contamination. Nevertheless, this device could be used to prepare large volumes and to secure occasional handlers, because it is easy to handle.
T1 cortical hypointensities and their association with cognitive disability in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Bagnato Francesca , Salman Zeena , Kane Robert , Auh Sungyoung , Cantor Fredric K , Ehrmantraut Mary , Gallo Antonio , Ikonomidou Vasiliki N , Ohayon Joan , Pellicano Clelia , Stern Susan K , McFarland Henry F
Published: August 2010

Background: Neocortical lesions (NLs) largely contribute to the pathology of multiple sclerosis (MS), although their relevance in patients’ disability remains unknown.

Objective: To assess the incidence of T1 hypointense NLs by 3.0-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with MS and examine neocortical lesion association with cognitive impairment.

Methods: In this case-control study, 21 MS patients and 21 age-, sex- and years of education-matched healthy volunteers underwent: (i) a neuropsychological examination rating cognitive impairment (Minimal Assessment of Cognitive Function in MS); (ii) a 3.0-Tesla MRI inclusive of an isotropic 1.0 mm3 three-dimensional inversion prepared spoiled gradient-recalled-echo (3D-IRSPGR) image and T1- and T2-weighted images. Hypointensities on 3D-IRSPGR lying in the cortex, either entirely or partially were counted and association between NLs and cognitive impairment investigated.

Results: A total of 95 NLs were observed in 14 (66.7%) patients. NL+ patients performed poorer (p = 0.020) than NLpatients only on the delayed recall component of the California Verbal Learning Test. This difference lost statistical significance when a correction for white matter lesion volume was employed.

Conclusions: Although T 1 hypointense NLs may be present in a relatively high proportion of multiple sclerosis patients, the impact that they have in cognitive impairment is not independent from white matter disease.
Role of Druze high schools in Israel in shaping students’ identity and citizenship
Authors: Court Deborah , Abbas Randa
Published: August 2010

This study investigated how two Israeli Druze high schools shape the identity and citizenship of adolescents through curriculum, teaching, discourse, social activities and national ceremonies. Data were collected through interviews with teachers, the two school principals, policymakers for Druze education in the Ministry of Education, and students, as well as through observations and document analysis. The research found that the Israeli Druze school system plays a significant role in shaping students’ identity and citizenship in the difficult Israeli context, developing adolescents who are firmly rooted in both Druze and Israeli identity. Four central mechanisms were found to infuse the schools in order to accomplish these goals. These were characterized as multi-faceted values education, multi-faceted development of students’ identity and citizenship, meaningful learning and the community good. The commitment of Druze educators to building strong Druze-Israeli identity in their students was seen to spring from Druze religious beliefs and from the unique position of the Druze among other Arab groups in Israel.
An ethic of connectedness: enacting moral school leadership through people and programs
Authors: Frick J. Edward , Frick William C.
Published: August 2010

As educators, we grapple with a myriad of dilemmas and often have difficulty resolving issues that relate to curriculum and instruction, funding, facilities and supervision, to name a few. Depending on the leader(s), a variety of ethics come in to play when making decisions. The ethic of connectedness refers to community building and welfare as central to moral thought and practice (Bradley, 2007). Responsibility to community building and welfare begins in the schools and must be an acculturated practice within the schools so future generations possess the knowledge, skills and dispositions that ensure a connectedness to their society (Marzano et al., 2005; Barth 2006; Collinson et al., 2006). This article will explore the importance of an ethic of connectedness to effective school leadership and the experience of a Pennsylvania school district in nurturing and building a connectedness within the school community.
Identification of novel cluster groups in pediatric high-risk B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia with gene expression profiling: correlation with genome-wide DNA copy number alterations, clinical characteristics, and outcome
Authors: Harvey Richard C. , Mullighan Charles G. , Wang Xuefei , Dobbin Kevin K. , Davidson George S. , Bedrick Edward J. , Chen I-Ming , Atlas Susan R. , Kang Huining , Ar Kerem , Wilson Carla S. , Wharton Walker , Murphy Maurice , Devidas Meenakshi , Carroll Andrew J. , Borowitz Michael J. , Bowman W. Paul , Downing James R. , Relling Mary , Yang Jun , Bhojwani Deepa , Carroll William L. , Camitta Bruce , Reaman Gregory H. , Smith Malcolm , Hunger Stephen P. , Willman Cheryl L.
Published: August 2010

To resolve the genetic heterogeneity within pediatric high-risk B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), a clinically defined poor-risk group with few known recurring cytogenetic abnormalities, we performed gene expression profiling in a cohort of 207 uniformly treated children with high-risk ALL. Expression profiles were correlated with genome-wide DNA copy number abnormalities and clinical and outcome features. Unsupervised clustering of gene expression profiling data revealed 8 unique cluster groups within these high-risk ALL patients, 2 of which were associated with known chromosomal translocations (t(1;19)(TCF3-PBX1) or MLL), and 6 of which lacked any previously known cytogenetic lesion. One unique cluster was characterized by high expression of distinct outlier genes AGAP1, CCNJ, CHST2/7, CLEC12A/B, and PTPRM; ERG DNA deletions; and 4-year relapse-free survival of 94.7% ± 5.1%, compared with 63.5% ± 3.7% for the cohort (P = .01). A second cluster, characterized by high expression of BMPR1B, CRLF2, GPR110, and MUC4; frequent deletion of EBF1, IKZF1, RAG1-2, and IL3RA-CSF2RA; JAK mutations and CRLF2 rearrangements (P < .0001); and Hispanic ethnicity (P < .001) had a very poor 4-year relapse-free survival (21.0% ± 9.5%; P < .001). These studies reveal striking clinical and genetic heterogeneity in high-risk ALL and point to novel genes that may serve as new targets for diagnosis, risk classification, and therapy.
Vascular remodeling of the vitelline artery initiates extravascular emergence of hematopoietic clusters
Authors: Zovein Ann C. , Turlo Kirsten A. , Ponec Ryan M. , Lynch Maureen R. , Chen Kevin C. , Hofmann Jennifer J. , Cox Timothy C. , Gasson Judith C. , Iruela-Arispe M. Luisa
Published: August 2010

The vitelline artery is a temporary structure that undergoes extensive remodeling during midgestation to eventually become the superior mesenteric artery (also called the cranial mesenteric artery, in the mouse). Here we show that, during this remodeling process, large clusters of hematopoietic progenitors emerge via extravascular budding and form structures that resemble previously described mesenteric blood islands. We demonstrate through fate mapping of vascular endothelium that these mesenteric blood islands are derived from the endothelium of the vitelline artery. We further show that the vitelline arterial endothelium and subsequent blood island structures originate from a lateral plate mesodermal population. Lineage tracing of the lateral plate mesoderm demonstrates contribution to all hemogenic vascular beds in the embryo, and eventually, all hematopoietic cells in the adult. The intraembryonic hematopoietic cell clusters contain viable, proliferative cells that exhibit hematopoietic stem cell markers and are able to further differentiate into myeloid and erythroid lineages. Vitelline artery–derived hematopoietic progenitor clusters appear between embryonic day 10 and embryonic day 10.75 in the caudal half of the midgut mesentery, but by embryonic day 11.0 are sporadically found on the cranial side of the midgut, thus suggesting possible extravascular migration aided by midgut rotation.