bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Global flyway evolution in red knots Calidris canutus and genetic evidence for a Nearctic refugium
Authors: Conklin Jesse R. , Verkuil Yvonne I. , Battley Phil F. , Hassell Chris J. , ten Horn Job , Johnson James A. , Tomkovich Pavel S. , Baker Allan J. , Piersma Theunis , Fontaine Michaël C.
Published: February 2022

Present‐day ecology and population structure are the legacies of past climate and habitat perturbations, and this is particularly true for species that are widely distributed at high latitudes. The red knot, Calidris canutus, is an arctic‐breeding, long‐distance migratory shorebird with six recognized subspecies defined by differences in morphology, migration behavior, and annual cycle phenology, in a global distribution thought to have arisen just since the last glacial maximum (LGM). We used nextRAD sequencing of 10,881 single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to assess the neutral genetic structure and phylogeographic history of 172 red knots representing all known global breeding populations. Using population genetics approaches, including model‐based scenario‐testing in an approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) framework, we infer that red knots derive from two main lineages that diverged ca. 34,000 years ago, and thus most probably persisted at the LGM in both Palearctic and Nearctic refugia, followed by at least two instances of secondary contact and admixture. Within two Beringian subspecies (C. c. roselaari and rogersi), we detected previously unknown genetic structure among sub‐populations sharing a migratory flyway, reflecting additional complexity in the phylogeographic history of the region. Conversely, we found very weak genetic differentiation between two Nearctic populations (rufa and islandica) with clearly divergent migratory phenotypes and little or no apparent contact throughout the annual cycle. Together, these results suggest that relative gene flow among migratory populations reflects a complex interplay of historical, geographical, and ecological factors.
The stem rust effector protein AvrSr50 escapes Sr50 recognition by a substitution in a single surface‐exposed residue
Authors: Ortiz Diana , Chen Jian , Outram Megan A. , Saur Isabel M.L. , Upadhyaya Narayana M. , Mago Rohit , Ericsson Daniel J. , Cesari Stella , Chen Chunhong , Williams Simon J. , Dodds Peter N.
Published: February 2022

Pathogen effectors are crucial players during plant colonisation and infection. Plant resistance mostly relies on effector recognition to activate defence responses. Understanding how effector proteins escape from plant surveillance is important for plant breeding and resistance deployment.

Here we examined the role of genetic diversity of the stem rust (Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (Pgt)) AvrSr50 gene in determining recognition by the corresponding wheat Sr50 resistance gene. We solved the crystal structure of a natural variant of AvrSr50 and used site‐directed mutagenesis and transient expression assays to dissect the molecular mechanisms explaining gain of virulence.

We report that AvrSr50 can escape recognition by Sr50 through different mechanisms including DNA insertion, stop codon loss or by amino‐acid variation involving a single substitution of the AvrSr50 surface‐exposed residue Q121. We also report structural homology of AvrSr50 to cupin superfamily members and carbohydrate‐binding modules indicating a potential role in binding sugar moieties.

This study identifies key polymorphic sites present in AvrSr50 alleles from natural stem rust populations that play important roles to escape from Sr50 recognition. This constitutes an important step to better understand Pgt effector evolution and to monitor AvrSr50 variants in natural rust populations.
Comparison of Radiological and Clinical Outcomes in Patients Treated with Standard Plating versus Intramedullary Nailing in Distal Tibial Fracture
Authors: Chun Dong‐Il , Min Tae‐Hong , Kang Eun Myeong , Yu Woojin , Won Sung Hun , Cho Jaeho , Yi Young
Published: February 2022

Objective

To evaluate clinical and radiological outcomes including hindfoot alignment after plate vs intramedullary nailing (IMN) for distal tibia fracture and to define radiologic parameters that influence changes in hindfoot alignment.

Methods

Among 92 patients with distal tibia metaphyseal fractures treated from 2002 to 2015, 39 cases of intramedullary nailing and 53 cases of standard plate osteosynthesis were performed. Union rate and complication rate were compared in both groups. Radiographic measurements including hindfoot angulation, moment arm, calcaneal pitch angle, and Meary angle were evaluated at a minimum of 1‐year follow‐up. Hindfoot alignment changes after surgery were compared between both groups using student t‐test. Correlation and regression were analyzed between fracture alignment parameters and hindfoot alignment.

Results

All patients ultimately healed, with an average union period of 26 weeks in both groups. The AOFAS and VAS scores were not significantly different between the two groups. Complications were similar between the two groups. Hindfoot alignment angle, calcaneal pitch, and Meary angle showed no significant differences between the groups. The hindfoot moment arm increased with valgus in the IMN group. A low correlation was detected between angulation at the fracture site in the coronal view and hindfoot alignment (angulation and moment arm) changes (R = 0.38). A significantly high correlation was noted only between transverse rotation and hindfoot alignment changes (R = 0.79).

Conclusions

Rotation in the transverse plane notably influenced changes in hindfoot alignment. And this suggests that patients with distal tibia fracture should be closely monitored for hindfoot alignment changes caused by intraoperative transverse rotation regardless of the fixation method.
Stability of 3D perturbations near a special 2D solution to the rotating Boussinesq equations
Authors: Ma Liangliang , Wu Jiahong , Zhang Qian
Published: February 2022

The three‐dimensional (3D) rotating Boussinesq system governs the dynamics of fluid flows in the atmosphere and the ocean. It admits a special two‐dimensional (2D) solution which involves only vertical motion and density changes that both vary only in the horizontal plane. This solution illustrates the important effect of gravity and leads to the renowned Brunt–Väisälä frequency. A natural question with practical applications is whether or not general 3D perturbations near this 2D solution are stable. This paper establishes the stability of any 3D perturbations even when the Boussinesq system involves only horizontal dissipation and horizontal thermal conduction. An anisotropic Sobolev setting is selected to reduce the regularity assumption on the initial data.
How being observed influences preschoolers’ emotions following (less) deserving help
Authors: Gerdemann Stella C. , Büchner Ronja , Hepach Robert
Published: February 2022

Children sometimes show positive emotions in response to seeing others being helped, yet it remains poorly understood whether there is a strategic value to such emotional expressions. Here, we investigated the influence seeing a peer receive deserving help or not on children's emotions, which were assessed while the peer was present or not. To measure children's emotional expression, we used a motion depth sensor imaging camera, which recorded children's body posture. Five‐year‐old children (N = 122) worked on a task which yielded greater rewards for them compared to their peer, rendering the peer to be in greater need of help. An adult—who was unaware of the different levels of neediness—then either helped the child who had a lesser need for help (less deserving outcome) or helped the needier peer (deserving outcome). Overall, both children showed a lowered body posture, a more negative emotional expression, after not being helped and an elevated body posture, a more positive emotional expression, after being helped. Seeing their peer (less deservedly) not receive help, and to a lesser extent being observed, blunted children's otherwise positive emotions in response to receiving help. These results are discussed in the broader theoretical context of how children's emotions sometimes reflect their commitment to cooperative relationships with peers.
Primary school students’ attitudes towards peers displaying hyperactivity: Examining impacts of homophily and inter‐group contact on students’ social inclusion
Authors: Hassani Sepideh , Schwab Susanne , Boda Zsofia
Published: February 2022

Earlier research has indicated that students displaying hyperactivity struggle with their social inclusion. To foster social inclusion, students’ attitudes as well as inter‐group contact have been identified as possible key factors. In this study, the social inclusion of students who display hyperactivity in general and classmates’ attitudes towards such peers have been investigated. Data of 314 students (aged 9–11) and estimated dynamic social network models for the co‐evolution of friendships and attitudes are relied on. Results reveal that students displaying hyperactivity are at risk of lower social inclusion. Results do not indicate that having friends or classmates who display hyperactivity is significantly associated with one's attitudes towards such peers in either causal direction.
Gestión centralizada de camas de Unidad de Cuidado Intensivo e Intermedio por el Centro Regulador de Urgencias y Emergencias de Bogotá ante el COVID-19
Authors: Álvarez Villegas Andrés José , Roa Saldaña Ángela María , Ramírez Rodríguez Edizabeth
Published: February 2022

Introducción. En el marco de la emergencia sanitaria se ha presentado un aumento de casos críticos de COVID-19 en las Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) e Intermedios (UCIM), lo que implica desarrollar estrategias de coordinación. Objetivo. Describir la estrategia implementada en Bogotá para la coordinación de camas de las UCI y UCIM, frente el aumento de casos críticos de COVID-19. Metodología. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo con los datos de los tableros de control de la Dirección de Urgencias y los indicadores de SaluData. Se contrastaron los puntos esenciales de la estrategia distrital y el porcentaje de ocupación en los servicios UCI y UCIM con corte cada 12 horas. Resultados. Se describe el diseño y la implementación de la estrategia; los indicadores de porcentaje de ocupación específicos para camas UCI, UCIM; los indicadores de hospitalización para casos COVID-19 y no COVID-19; y los parámetros de alta demanda en un rango mayor o igual a 50 en el porcentaje de ocupación de camas UCI adulto, por un periodo continuo mayor a 24 horas. Se determinaron los niveles de alerta teniendo en cuenta dichos porcentajes. Igualmente, fueron tomados en cuenta los procedimientos, instrumentos y canales de comunicación necesarios para la regulación de la oferta de camas. Conclusión. La gestión centralizada de camas UCI por parte del Centro Regulador ha favorecido la prestación de servicios de salud a pacientes en estado crítico.
Medidas para la mitigación de la pandemia del COVID-19 en la salud de las niñas, los niños y adolescentes en contextos de protección: una síntesis de recomendaciones de política en América, 2020
Authors: Noreña Herrera Camilo , Muñoz Echeverri Iván Felipe , Velásquez Quintero Paola , Quintero Rivera Manuela , Serna Rendón Gloria Maritza , Castaño Pineda Lorena
Published: February 2022

Introducción. Este artículo describe y analiza recomendaciones para la protección y mitigación de los efectos de la pandemia por COVID-19 en la salud física y mental de la niñez y adolescencia. Objetivo. Describir y evaluar analíticamente recomendaciones relativas a la gestión de la pandemia por COVID-19 de diversos programas de restablecimiento de derechos de los niños, niñas y adolescentes en los sistemas de protección del continente americano. Métodos. Se realizó una revisión de literatura en la modalidad de síntesis rápidas de evidencia para informar sobre las políticas sociales y de salud. Resultados. Los resultados evidencian que en el contexto de la pandemia por COVID-19 converge el interés por la promoción de la salud mental de las niñas, los niños y adolescentes, y el interés por la prevención de la infección del virus mediante las medidas de bioseguridad recomendadas. Conclusiones. Las recomendaciones a los programas especializados de protección y restablecimiento de derechos develan la necesidad, más allá de la pandemia, de evaluar el internamiento como una alternativa de cuidado, teniendo en cuenta las afectaciones que este puede traer para la salud mental de niñas, niños y adolescentes.
Buckling of Bulk Structures With Finite Prebuckling Deformation
Authors: Zhao Hongyu , Su Yewang
Published: February 2022

The prebuckling deformation of structures is neglected in most of the conventional buckling theory (CBT) and numerical method (CNM), because it is usually very small in conventional concepts. In the preceding paper (Su et al., 2019), we found a class of structures from the emerging field of stretchable electronics, of which the prebuckling deformation became large and essential for determining the critical buckling load, and developed a systematic buckling theory for 3D beams considering the effects of finite prebuckling deformation (FPD). For bulk structures that appear vastly in the advanced structures, a few buckling theories consider the effects of the prebuckling deformation in constitutive equations by energy method, which are significantly important but not straightforward and universal enough. In this paper, a systematic and straightforward theory for the FPD buckling of bulk structures is developed with the use of two constitutive models. The variables for the prebuckling deformation serve as the coefficients of the incremental displacements, deformation components, and stress in the buckling analysis. Four methods, including the CBT, CNM, DLU (disturbing-loading-unloading method) method and FPD buckling theory, are applied to the classic problems, including buckling of an elastic semi-plane solid and buckling of an elastic rectangular solid, respectively. Compared with the accurate buckling load from the DLU method, the FPD buckling theory is able to give a good prediction, while the CBT and CNM may yield unacceptable results (with 70% error for the buckling of an elastic semi-plane solid).
Effect of the J-Shaped Wind Turbine Airfoil Opening Ratio and Thickness on the Performance of Symmetrical Airfoils
Authors: Al Hamad Saif , Habash Omar , Hasan Alaa , Amano Ryoichi S.
Published: February 2022

In this work, the effect of the inner opening ratio on the J-shaped airfoils aerodynamic performance was studied and documented for symmetrical airfoils. Three different airfoil thicknesses were investigated: small (NACA0008), medium (NACA0015), and large (NACA0024). For each airfoil thickness, effects of three inner opening ratios were analyzed: one-third, one-half, and two-thirds. The performance of each opening ratio was compared with the performance of the solid airfoil “zero opening ratio” for different angles of attack between 5 deg and 20 deg. All designs were simulated using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technology against experimental results for solid NACA4412 airfoil in the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee (UWM) wind tunnel facility and other published experimental data. It was found that large eddy simulation yields accurate solutions with a smaller number of mesh cells compared to the k–ω turbulence model but with much longer computational time. The lift-to-drag ratio for all studied airfoils has a maximum value for solid airfoils compared to those equipped with openings. For airfoils equipped with 00.00% opening ratio “solid,” NACA0015 airfoil has the maximum lift-to-drag ratio. Furthermore, it was found that NACA0008 equipped with a 33.33% opening ratio has the best performance of all studied J-shaped airfoils.
Computer 3D Vision-Aided Full-3D Optimization of a Centrifugal Impeller
Authors: Ji Cheng , Wang Zhiheng , Xi Guang
Published: February 2022

A computer three-dimensional (3D) vision-aided performance prediction framework for turbomachinery is established in this paper, to improve the accuracy and generalization ability of the artificial neural network (ANN) model under inputs of more than 90 control parameters. In this framework, a RandLA-encoder is built to extract the flow information related to performance and geometric parameters from point cloud data of flow fields inside impellers. By implicitly learning this kind of flow information, the prediction error of the ANN model is reduced by 20–30% compared with the traditional one. Based on this, a full-3D optimization with 91 variables, including arbitrary blade surface and non-axisymmetric (but periodic) hub surface, is conducted on Krain low-speed impeller, aiming at a comprehensive performance improvement. After the optimization, compared to the baseline, the maximum isentropic efficiency of the compressor is increased by 1.6%, the isentropic efficiency at design point is increased by 1%, and the flow range is increased by 5%, with a slight increase in pressure ratio.
Analysis of the Loss Production Mechanism Due to Cavity–Main Flow Interaction in a Low-Pressure Turbine Stage
Authors: Barsi Dario , Lengani Davide , Simoni Daniele , Venturino Giulio , Bertini Francesco , Giovannini Matteo , Rubechini Filippo
Published: February 2022

In the present work, URANS simulations are presented to describe the unsteady interaction process between the flow ingested/ejected from a cavity system and the main flow evolving into a low-pressure turbine stage. Particular care is posed on the analysis of the loss generation mechanisms acting outside the stator row and in the rear part of the axial gap separating the cavity flow ejection section and the leading edge plane of the downstream rotor row. The simulated geometry reproduces a typical engine cavity configuration, with upstream and downstream rotor rows reproduced by means of moving bars. Experimental results have been used to validate the simulations. These experimental data cannot explain and quantify alone the overall interaction process between the cavity flows and the main flow. The results of a simulation made by removing the domain of the cavity have been employed in order to better highlight and quantify the effects due to main flow and cavity flows interaction on total pressure loss. A deep inspection of the loss amount along the axial direction makes evident that losses generated in the vane row are basically increased prior to entering into the downstream rotor bars, due to cavity main flow interaction.
Ultra Low Temperature Microturbine for Magic Angle Spinning System
Authors: Herzog Nicoleta , Weber Alexander , Purea Armin , Osen David , Knott Benno , Engelke Frank , Wilhelm Dirk
Published: February 2022

We investigate the fluid dynamics of a microturbine system that is applied in a device for chemical and biological analysis—a so-called magic angle spinning (MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) probe. The present system is utilized in a wide temperature range from 45 K to 293 K. Pressurized air, nitrogen, or helium are used to drive a Pelton type microturbine. This turbine is mounted on a MAS rotor with a diameter between 0.7 mm and 3.2 mm. The rotor system is equipped with a pressurized gas bearing that is operated by the same gas species as the turbine. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations have been performed and compared with fluid dynamics measurements of the MAS system for different diameters, temperatures, and spinning rates between 23 kHz and 120 kHz. To our knowledge, this work is the first comprehensive CFD and experimental study of such a wide temperature range that has been carried out for microturbines with pressurized gas bearings. The results show good agreement between measurements and CFD simulations with appropriate (real) gas models, i.e., the ideal gas model for air at room temperature, Peng–Robinson model for nitrogen at 105 K, and ideal gas model for helium at 45 K.
Anthropometric and Power-Related Attributes Differ Between Competition Levels in Age-Matched Under-19-Year-Old Male Basketball Players
Authors: Williams Markus N.C. , Wen Neal , Pyne David B. , Ferioli Davide , Conte Daniele , Dalbo Vincent J. , Scanlan Aaron T.
Published: February 2022

Purpose: To compare anthropometric and power-related attributes between competition levels in under-19-year-old (U19) male basketball players. Methods: National-level (n = 7; age: 17.7 [0.5] y), first-division state-level (n = 8; 17.4 [0.4] y), and second-division state-level (n = 8; 17.1 [0.4] y) players from Australian basketball programs participated in this pilot study. Players had various anthropometric attributes (height, standing reach height, wingspan, and body mass) and power-related attributes (isometric midthigh pull, linear sprint, countermovement jump, 1-step vertical jump, standing long jump, repeated lateral bound, and Modified Agility T Test) measured in the preseason. Differences between groups were assessed using 1-way analyses of variance with Tukey post hoc tests and effect sizes (ES) interpreted as trivial, <0.20; small, 0.20 to 0.59; moderate, 0.60 to 1.19; large, 1.20 to 1.99; and very large, ≥2.00. Results: Regarding anthropometric attributes, national-level players possessed greater (P < .05, large-very large) height (ES = 2.09), standing reach height (ES = 1.54), wingspan (ES = 1.45), and body mass (ES = 1.77) than second-division state-level players. For power-related attributes, national-level players possessed greater (P < .05, large-very large) isometric midthigh-pull peak force (ES = 1.46–2.57), sprint momentum (ES = 1.17–2.18), and countermovement jump peak force (ES = 1.73–2.01) than state-level players. Moreover, national-level players demonstrated greater (P < .05) 1-step vertical jump height (ES = 1.95, large) than second division state-level players. Conclusions: Specific anthropometric and power-related attributes clearly differ between competition levels in U19 male basketball players. This information can inform development of testing protocols, reference ranges, and training programs in practice. Further research is encouraged on this topic to confirm our findings across larger samples of basketball players.
Clinician Reliability of One-Handed Instrument-Assisted Soft Tissue Mobilization Forces During a Simulated Treatment
Authors: Duffy Shaun , Martonick Nickolai , Reeves Ashley , Cheatham Scott W. , McGowan Craig , Baker Russell T.
Published: February 2022

Clinicians utilize instrument-assisted soft tissue mobilization (IASTM) to identify and treat myofascial dysfunction or pathology. Currently, little is known regarding the ability of clinicians to provide similar IASTM forces across treatment sessions. The authors’ purpose was to quantify clinician reliability of force application during a simulated IASTM treatment scenario. Five licensed athletic trainers with previous IASTM training (mean credential experience = 5.2 [4.3] y; median = 5 y) performed 15 one-handed unidirectional sweeping strokes with each of the 3 instruments on 2 consecutive days for a total of 90 data points each. The IASTM stroke application was analyzed for peak normal forces (Fpeak) and mean normal forces (Fmean) by stroke across 2 sessions. The authors’ findings indicate IASTM trained clinicians demonstrated sufficient Fpeak and Fmean reliability across a treatment range during a one-handed IASTM treatment. Future research should examine if IASTM applied at different force ranges influences patient outcomes.
Deeply conserved synteny and the evolution of metazoan chromosomes
Authors: Simakov Oleg , Bredeson Jessen , Berkoff Kodiak , Marletaz Ferdinand , Mitros Therese , Schultz Darrin T. , O’Connell Brendan L. , Dear Paul , Martinez Daniel E. , Steele Robert E. , Green Richard E. , David Charles N. , Rokhsar Daniel S.
Published: February 2022

Animal genomes show networks of deeply conserved gene linkages whose phylogenetic scope and chromosomal context remain unclear. Here, we report chromosome-scale conservation of synteny among bilaterians, cnidarians, and sponges and use comparative analysis to reconstruct ancestral chromosomes across major animal groups. Comparisons among diverse metazoans reveal the processes of chromosome evolution that produced contemporary karyotypes from their Precambrian progenitors. On the basis of these findings, we introduce a simple algebraic representation of chromosomal change and use it to establish a unified systematic framework for metazoan chromosome evolution. We find that fusion-with-mixing, a previously unappreciated mode of chromosome change, has played a central role. We find that relicts of several metazoan chromosomal units are preserved in unicellular eukaryotes. These conserved pre-metazoan linkages include the chromosomal unit that encodes the most diverse set of metazoan homeobox genes, suggesting a candidate genomic context for the early diversification of this key gene family.
Programmable allosteric DNA regulations for molecular networks and nanomachines
Authors: Zhang Cheng , Ma Xueying , Zheng Xuedong , Ke Yonggang , Chen Kuiting , Liu Dongsheng , Lu Zuhong , Yang Jing , Yan Hao
Published: February 2022

Structure-based molecular regulations have been widely adopted to modulate protein networks in cells and recently developed to control allosteric DNA operations in vitro. However, current examples of programmable allosteric signal transmission through integrated DNA networks are stringently constrained by specific design requirements. Developing a new, more general, and programmable scheme for establishing allosteric DNA networks remains challenging. Here, we developed a general strategy for programmable allosteric DNA regulations that can be finely tuned by varying the dimensions, positions, and number of conformational signals. By programming the allosteric signals, we realized fan-out/fan-in DNA gates and multiple-layer DNA cascading networks, as well as expanding the approach to long-range allosteric signal transmission through tunable DNA origami nanomachines ~100 nm in size. This strategy will enable programmable and complex allosteric DNA networks and nanodevices for nanoengineering, chemical, and biomedical applications displaying sense-compute-actuate molecular functionalities.
Gating choreography and mechanism of the human proton-activated chloride channel ASOR
Authors: Wang Chongyuan , Polovitskaya Maya M. , Delgado Bryce D. , Jentsch Thomas J. , Long Stephen B.
Published: February 2022

The proton-activated chloride channel ASOR (TMEM206/PAC) permeates anions across cellular membranes in response to acidification, thereby enhancing acid-induced cell death and regulating endocytosis. The molecular mechanisms of pH-dependent control are not understood, in part because structural information for an activated conformation of ASOR is lacking. Here, we reconstitute function from purified protein and present a 3.1-Å-resolution cryo–electron microscopy structure of human ASOR at acidic pH in an activated conformation. The work contextualizes a previous acidic pH structure as a desensitized conformation. Combined with electrophysiological studies and high-resolution structures of resting and desensitized states, the work reveals mechanisms of proton sensing and ion pore gating. Clusters of extracellular acidic residues function as pH sensors and coalesce when protonated. Ensuing conformational changes induce metamorphosis of transmembrane helices to fashion an ion conduction pathway unique to the activated conformation. The studies identify a new paradigm of channel gating in this ubiquitous ion channel.
Five-second coherence of a single spin with single-shot readout in silicon carbide
Authors: Anderson Christopher P. , Glen Elena O. , Zeledon Cyrus , Bourassa Alexandre , Jin Yu , Zhu Yizhi , Vorwerk Christian , Crook Alexander L. , Abe Hiroshi , Ul-Hassan Jawad , Ohshima Takeshi , Son Nguyen T. , Galli Giulia , Awschalom David D.
Published: February 2022

An outstanding hurdle for defect spin qubits in silicon carbide (SiC) is single-shot readout, a deterministic measurement of the quantum state. Here, we demonstrate single-shot readout of single defects in SiC via spin-to-charge conversion, whereby the defect’s spin state is mapped onto a long-lived charge state. With this technique, we achieve over 80% readout fidelity without pre- or postselection, resulting in a high signal-to-noise ratio that enables us to measure long spin coherence times. Combined with pulsed dynamical decoupling sequences in an isotopically purified host material, we report single-spin
T
2
> 5 seconds, over two orders of magnitude greater than previously reported in this system. The mapping of these coherent spin states onto single charges unlocks both single-shot readout for scalable quantum nodes and opportunities for electrical readout via integration with semiconductor devices.
Multiple approaches converge on three biological subtypes of meningioma and extract new insights from published studies
Authors: Bayley James C. , Hadley Caroline C. , Harmanci Arif O. , Harmanci Akdes S. , Klisch Tiemo J. , Patel Akash J.
Published: February 2022

One-fifth of meningiomas classified as benign by World Health Organization (WHO) histopathological grading will behave malignantly. To better diagnose these tumors, several groups turned to DNA methylation, whereas we combined RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) and cytogenetics. Both approaches were more accurate than histopathology in identifying aggressive tumors, but whether they revealed similar tumor types was unclear. We therefore performed unbiased DNA methylation, RNA-seq, and cytogenetic profiling on 110 primary meningiomas WHO grade I and II). Each technique distinguished the same three groups (two benign and one malignant) as our previous molecular classification; integrating these methods into one classifier further improved accuracy. Computational modeling revealed strong correlations between transcription and cytogenetic changes, particularly loss of chromosome 1p, in malignant tumors. Applying our classifier to data from previous studies also resolved certain anomalies entailed by grouping tumors by WHO grade. Accurate classification will therefore elucidate meningioma biology as well as improve diagnosis and prognosis.
Liquid-amplified zipping actuators for micro-air vehicles with transmission-free flapping
Authors: Helps Tim , Romero Christian , Taghavi Majid , Conn Andrew T. , Rossiter Jonathan
Published: February 2022

Flapping micro-air vehicles (MAVs) can access a wide range of locations, including confined spaces such as the inside of industrial plants and collapsed buildings, and offer high maneuverability and tolerance to disturbances. However, current flapping MAVs require transmission systems between their actuators and wings, which introduce energetic losses and additional mass, hindering performance. Here, we introduce a high-performance electrostatic flapping actuation system, the liquid-amplified zipping actuator (LAZA), which induces wing movement by direct application of liquid-amplified electrostatic forces at the wing root, eliminating the requirement of any transmission system and their associated downsides. The LAZA allows for accurate control of flapping frequency and amplitude, exhibits no variation in performance over more than 1 million actuation cycles, and delivers peak and average specific powers of 200 and 124 watts per kilogram, respectively, exceeding mammalian and insect flight muscle and on par with modern flapping MAV actuation systems. The inclusion of 50-millimeter-long passively pitching wings in a dragonfly-sized LAZA flapping system allowed the rectification of net directional thrust up to 5.73 millinewtons. This thrust was achieved while consuming only 243 milliwatts of electrical power, implying a thrust-to-power ratio of 23.6 newtons per kilowatt, similar to state-of-the-art flapping MAVs, helicopter rotors, and commercial drone motors. Last, a horizontally moving LAZA flapping system supported by a taut nylon wire was able to accelerate from at-rest and travel at speeds up to 0.71 meters per second. The LAZA enables lightweight, high-performance transmission-free flapping MAVs for long-term remote exploration and search-and-rescue missions.
3D printing of resilient biogels for omnidirectional and exteroceptive soft actuators
Authors: Heiden A. , Preninger D. , Lehner L. , Baumgartner M. , Drack M. , Woritzka E. , Schiller D. , Gerstmayr R. , Hartmann F. , Kaltenbrunner M.
Published: February 2022

Soft robotics greatly benefits from nature as a source of inspiration, introducing innate means of safe interaction between robotic appliances and living organisms. In contrast, the materials involved are often nonbiodegradable or stem from nonrenewable resources, contributing to an ever-growing environmental footprint. Furthermore, conventional manufacturing methods, such as mold casting, are not suitable for replicating or imitating the complexity of nature’s creations. Consequently, the inclusion of sustainability concepts alongside the development of new fabrication procedures is required. We report a customized 3D-printing process based on fused deposition modeling, printing a fully biodegradable gelatin-based hydrogel (biogel) ink into dimensionally stable, complex objects. This process enables fast and cost-effective prototyping of resilient, soft robotic applications from gels that stretch to six times their original length, as well as an accessible recycling procedure with zero waste. We present printed pneumatic actuators performing omnidirectional movement at fast response times (less than a second), featuring integrated 3D-printed stretchable waveguides, capable of both proprio- and exteroception. These soft devices are endowed with dynamic real-time control capable of automated search-and-wipe routines to detect and remove obstacles. They can be reprinted several times or disposed of hazard-free at the end of their lifetime, potentially unlocking a sustainable future for soft robotics.
CECR2 drives breast cancer metastasis by promoting NF-κB signaling and macrophage-mediated immune suppression
Authors: Zhang Meiling , Liu Zongzhi Z. , Aoshima Keisuke , Cai Wesley L. , Sun Hongyin , Xu Tianrui , Zhang Yangyi , An Yongyan , Chen Jocelyn F. , Chan Lok Hei , Aoshima Asako , Lang Sabine M. , Tang Zhenwei , Che Xuanlin , Li Yao , Rutter Sara J. , Bossuyt Veerle , Chen Xiang , Morrow Jon S. , Pusztai Lajos , Rimm David L. , Yin Mingzhu , Yan Qin
Published: February 2022

Metastasis is the major cause of cancer-related deaths due to the lack of effective therapies. Emerging evidence suggests that certain epigenetic and transcriptional regulators drive cancer metastasis and could be targeted for metastasis treatment. To identify epigenetic regulators of breast cancer metastasis, we profiled the transcriptomes of matched pairs of primary breast tumors and metastases from human patients. We found that distant metastases are more immune inert with increased M2 macrophages compared to their matched primary tumors. The acetyl-lysine reader, cat eye syndrome chromosome region candidate 2 (CECR2), was the top up-regulated epigenetic regulator in metastases associated with an increased abundance of M2 macrophages and worse metastasis-free survival. CECR2 was required for breast cancer metastasis in multiple mouse models, with more profound effect in the immunocompetent setting. Mechanistically, the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) family member v-rel avian reticuloendotheliosis viral oncogene homolog A (RELA) recruits CECR2 to increase chromatin accessibility and activate the expression of their target genes. These target genes include multiple metastasis-promoting genes, such as
TNC
,
MMP2
, and
VEGFA
, and cytokine genes
CSF1
and
CXCL1
, which are critical for immunosuppression at metastatic sites. Consistent with these results, pharmacological inhibition of CECR2 bromodomain impeded NF-κB–mediated immune suppression by macrophages and inhibited breast cancer metastasis. These results reveal that targeting CECR2 may be a strategy to treat metastatic breast cancer.
Lung cancer scRNA-seq and lipidomics reveal aberrant lipid metabolism for early-stage diagnosis
Authors: Wang Guangxi , Qiu Mantang , Xing Xudong , Zhou Juntuo , Yao Hantao , Li Mingru , Yin Rong , Hou Yan , Li Yang , Pan Shuli , Huang Yuqing , Yang Fan , Bai Fan , Nie Honggang , Di Shuangshuang , Guo Limei , Meng Zhu , Wang Jun , Yin Yuxin
Published: February 2022

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality, and early detection is key to improving survival. However, there are no reliable blood-based tests currently available for early-stage lung cancer diagnosis. Here, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing of different early-stage lung cancers and found that lipid metabolism was broadly dysregulated in different cell types, with glycerophospholipid metabolism as the most altered lipid metabolism–related pathway. Untargeted lipidomics was carried out in an exploratory cohort of 311 participants. Through support vector machine algorithm-based and mass spectrum–based feature selection, we identified nine lipids (lysophosphatidylcholines 16:0, 18:0, and 20:4; phosphatidylcholines 16:0–18:1, 16:0–18:2, 18:0–18:1, 18:0–18:2, and 16:0–22:6; and triglycerides 16:0–18:1–18:1) as the features most important for early-stage cancer detection. Using these nine features, we developed a liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (MS)–based targeted assay using multiple reaction monitoring. This target assay achieved 100.00% specificity on an independent validation cohort. In a hospital-based lung cancer screening cohort of 1036 participants examined by low-dose computed tomography and a prospective clinical cohort containing 109 participants, the assay reached more than 90.00% sensitivity and 92.00% specificity. Accordingly, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization MS imaging confirmed that the selected lipids were differentially expressed in early-stage lung cancer tissues in situ. This method, designated as Lung Cancer Artificial Intelligence Detector, may be useful for early detection of lung cancer or large-scale screening of high-risk populations for cancer prevention.
Development of a ligand for in vivo imaging of mutant huntingtin in Huntington’s disease
Authors: Bertoglio Daniele , Bard Jonathan , Hessmann Manuela , Liu Longbin , Gärtner Annette , De Lombaerde Stef , Huscher Britta , Zajicek Franziska , Miranda Alan , Peters Finn , Herrmann Frank , Schaertl Sabine , Vasilkovska Tamara , Brown Christopher J. , Johnson Peter D. , Prime Michael E. , Mills Matthew R. , Van der Linden Annemie , Mrzljak Ladislav , Khetarpal Vinod , Wang Yuchuan , Marchionini Deanna M. , Skinbjerg Mette , Verhaeghe Jeroen , Dominguez Celia , Staelens Steven , Munoz-Sanjuan Ignacio
Published: February 2022

Huntington’s disease (HD) is a dominantly inherited neurodegenerative disorder caused by a CAG trinucleotide expansion in the huntingtin (
HTT
) gene that encodes the pathologic mutant HTT (mHTT) protein with an expanded polyglutamine (polyQ) tract. Whereas several therapeutic programs targeting mHTT expression have advanced to clinical evaluation, methods to visualize mHTT protein species in the living brain are lacking. Here, we demonstrate the development and characterization of a positron emission tomography (PET) imaging radioligand with high affinity and selectivity for mHTT aggregates. This small molecule radiolabeled with
11
C ([
11
C]CHDI-180R) allowed noninvasive monitoring of mHTT pathology in the brain and could track region- and time-dependent suppression of mHTT in response to therapeutic interventions targeting mHTT expression in a rodent model. We further showed that in these animals, therapeutic agents that lowered mHTT in the striatum had a functional restorative effect that could be measured by preservation of striatal imaging markers, enabling a translational path to assess the functional effect of mHTT lowering.
Limited Capacity of Deer To Serve as Zooprophylactic Hosts for Borrelia burgdorferi in the Northeastern United States
Authors: Goethert Heidi K. , Telford Sam R.
Published: February 2022

Because deer are incompetent reservoirs for
B. burgdorferi
, their presence may modulate the force of enzootic transmission by serving as zooprophylactic or “dilution” hosts. Such an effect would depend on the extent to which subadult deer ticks feed on other hosts.
Fosp9, a Novel Secreted Protein, Is Essential for the Full Virulence of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.
cubense
on Banana (
Musa
spp.)
Authors: Guo Lijia , Wang Jun , Liang Changcong , Yang Laying , Zhou You , Liu Lei , Huang Junsheng
Published: February 2022

Fusarium
wilt of bananas (also known as Panama disease), caused by the fungus
F. oxysporum
f. sp.
cubense
, is one of the most devastating banana diseases worldwide. The understanding of the molecular mechanism of its pathogenicity is very limited so far.
Adsorption Kinetics and Self-Assembled Structures of Aspergillus oryzae Hydrophobin RolA on Hydrophobic and Charged Solid Surfaces
Authors: Terauchi Yuki , Nagayama Megumi , Tanaka Takumi , Tanabe Hiroki , Yoshimi Akira , Nanatani Kei , Yabu Hiroshi , Arita Toshihiko , Higuchi Takeshi , Kameda Tomoshi , Abe Keietsu
Published: February 2022

The adsorption kinetics of hydrophobins to solid surfaces and self-assembled structures formed by hydrophobin molecules have been studied mostly independently. In this report, we combined the kinetic analysis of hydrophobin RolA adsorption onto solid surfaces and observation of RolA self-assembly on these surfaces.
Whole-Genome Sequencing Analysis of Listeria monocytogenes from Rural, Urban, and Farm Environments in Norway: Genetic Diversity, Persistence, and Relation to Clinical and Food Isolates
Authors: Fagerlund Annette , Idland Lene , Heir Even , Møretrø Trond , Aspholm Marina , Lindbäck Toril , Langsrud Solveig
Published: February 2022

Listeria monocytogenesis a deadly foodborne pathogen that is widespread in the environment. For effective management, both public health authorities and food producers need reliable tools for source tracking, surveillance, and risk assessment.
Differential Regulation and Production of Secondary Metabolites among Isolates of the Fungal Wheat Pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici
Authors: Hassani M. Amine , Oppong-Danquah Ernest , Feurtey Alice , Tasdemir Deniz , Stukenbrock Eva H.
Published: February 2022

Zymoseptoria tritici
is one of the most devastating pathogens of wheat. So far the molecular determinants of virulence and their regulation are poorly understood.
The Effect of Thermal Stress on the Physiology and Bacterial Communities of Two Key Mediterranean Gorgonians
Authors: Tignat-Perrier Romie , van de Water Jeroen A. J. M. , Guillemain Dorian , Aurelle Didier , Allemand Denis , Ferrier-Pagès Christine
Published: February 2022

In the Mediterranean Sea, the tree-shaped gorgonian corals form large forests that provide a place to live for many species. Because of this important ecological role, it is crucial to understand how common habitat-forming gorgonians, like
Eunicella cavolini
and
Paramuricea clavata
, are affected by high seawater temperatures that are expected in the future due to climate change.
Contribution of Neuraminidase to the Efficacy of Seasonal Split Influenza Vaccines in the Ferret Model
Authors: Rosu Miruna E. , Kok Adinda , Bestebroer Theo M. , de Meulder Dennis , Verveer Elwin P. , Pronk Mark R. , Dekker Lennard J. M. , Luider Theo M. , Richard Mathilde , van den Brand Judith M. A. , Fouchier Ron A. M. , Herfst Sander
Published: February 2022

Despite the availability of vaccines, influenza virus infections continue to cause substantial morbidity and mortality in humans. Currently available influenza vaccines take primarily the hemagglutinin (HA) into account, but the highly variable nature of this protein as a result of antigenic drift has led to a recurrent decline in vaccine effectiveness.
Microbial Nitrogen Transformation Potential in Sediments of Two Contrasting Lakes Is Spatially Structured but Seasonally Stable
Authors: Baumann Kathrin B. L. , Thoma Raoul , Callbeck Cameron M. , Niederdorfer Robert , Schubert Carsten J. , Müller Beat , Lever Mark A. , Bürgmann Helmut
Published: February 2022

Anthropogenic nitrogen (N) inputs can lead to eutrophication in surface waters, especially in N-limited coastal ecosystems. Lakes effectively remove reactive N by transforming it to N
2
through microbial denitrification or anammox.
Soil Microbial Communities Altered by Titanium Ions in Different Agroecosystems of Pitaya and Grape
Authors: He Yuan , Hou Xin-Yi , Li Cai-Xia , Wang Yan , Ma Xin-Rong
Published: February 2022

Pitaya and grape are important cash crops in the Panzhihua and Xichang areas, respectively, where they are well adapted. Titanium is a plant growth-promoting element, but the interaction between titanium and soil microorganisms is poorly understood.
FAdV-4 without
Fiber-2
Is a Highly Attenuated and Protective Vaccine Candidate
Authors: Xie Quan , Wang Weikang , Kan Qiuqi , Mu Yaru , Zhang Wei , Chen Jian , Li Luyuan , Fu Hui , Li Tuofan , Wan Zhimin , Gao Wei , Shao Hongxia , Qin Aijian , Ye Jianqiang
Published: February 2022

Among all serotypes of fowl adenovirus, serotypes FAdV-1, FAdV-4, and FAdV-10 are unique members with two
fiber
genes (
fiber-1
and
fiber-2
). Recent studies reveal that Fiber-1, not Fiber-2, directly triggers viral infection of FAdV-4, whereas Fiber-2, but not Fiber-1, has been identified as the major virulence determiner and an efficient protective immunogen for subunit vaccines.
The
sat1
Gene Is Required for the Growth and Virulence of the Human Pathogenic Fungus Aspergillus fumigatus
Authors: Wei Yunyun , He Dan , Zhao Busi , Liu Yuhuan , Gao Song , Zhang Xiaowei , Wang Li
Published: February 2022

Aspergillus fumigatus
is the main causative agent of invasive aspergillosis in immunocompromised hosts, with up to 90% lethality. Nevertheless, the fungal factors that regulate the pathogenesis of
A. fumigatus
remain largely unknown.
Sensitivity and Specificity of SARS-CoV-2 Rapid Antigen Detection Tests Using Oral, Anterior Nasal, and Nasopharyngeal Swabs: a Diagnostic Accuracy Study
Authors: Wölfl-Duchek Michael , Bergmann Felix , Jorda Anselm , Weber Maria , Müller Matthias , Seitz Tamara , Zoufaly Alexander , Strassl Robert , Zeitlinger Markus , Herkner Harald , Schnidar Harald , Anderle Karolina , Derhaschnig Ulla
Published: February 2022

Rapid antigen detection devices for SARS-CoV-2 represent a valuable tool for monitoring the spread of infection. However, the reliability of the tests depends largely on the test performance and the respective sampling method.
Reevaluating Rifampicin Breakpoint Concentrations for Mycobacterium tuberculosis Isolates with Disputed
rpoB
Mutations and Discordant Susceptibility Phenotypes
Authors: Wang Wei , Liu Rongmei , Yao Cong , Huo Fengmin , Shang Yuanyuan , Zhang Xuxia , Wang Yufeng , Xue Zhongtan , Ma Liping , Pang Yu
Published: February 2022

Tuberculosis (TB) is still one of the world's leading infectious disease killers. The early and accurate diagnosis of RIF resistance is necessary to deliver timely and appropriate treatment for TB patients and improve their clinical outcome.
Determinants and Interactions of Oral Bacterial and Fungal Microbiota in Healthy Chinese Adults
Authors: Cheung Man Kit , Chan Jason Y. K. , Wong Martin C. S. , Wong Po Yee , Lei Pu , Cai Liuyang , Lan Linlin , Ho Wendy C. S. , Yeung Apple C. M. , Chan Paul K. S. , Chen Zigui
Published: February 2022

Numerous studies have examined the bacterial community residing in our oral cavity; however, information on the less dominant yet ecologically and clinically important fungal members is limited. In this study, we characterized simultaneously the oral bacterial and fungal microbial communities in a large cohort of healthy Chinese adults, examined their associations with an array of host factors, and explored potential interactions between the two microbial groups.