bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of mathematic learning devices using Project Based Learning on a flat side room
Authors: Mumu H , Sulangi V , Pangemanan A
Published: July 2021

Project based learning is a teaching model that systematically involves students in learning knowledge and skills through a process of inquiry. This study aims to develop learning tools on flat-sided building materials with PjBL in order to produce valid, practical and effective tools. This research includes development research, namely Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, Evaluation. Based on the validity trial data, the learning tools that have been validated and revised are in the valid category based on the evaluation of the three validators who gave valid statements. There are 5 students who complete the learning process or 83%, so it is stated that the learning tools developed are effectively used in learning. Practical learning devices are in accordance with the responses or responses of all students who are positive and because the three validators state that the tools are practical and can be used. The results obtained can be concluded that the learning device with PjBL on the material of the flat-sided shape that has been developed meets the valid, practical and effective categories so that it is suitable for use.
Development of Bridge and Lever Type Compact Compliant Mechanism for Micro Positioning Systems
Authors: Marathe Parag , Pardeshi Sujit S. , Deshmukh Bhagyesh
Published: July 2021

Nowadays, for precision positioning applications (Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems, Nano/Micro positioning devices), compliant mechanisms are extensively used over traditional mechanisms. Compliant mechanisms are joint less mechanism having merits as no wear and friction, no backlash and no lubrication. In this paper, a newly developed flexure hinge based bridge and lever type compact compliant mechanism has been proposed for the precision linear displacement applications. This mechanism can be used in the portable cameras for image stabilization, lens shutters, alignment and levelling devices, etc. The key performance parameters for developing the compliant mechanism are the input displacement/force, output displacement and amplification ratio. For designing compact amplified compliant mechanism (CACM), Pseudo-Rigid-Body-Model (PRBM) method is used. The finite element analysis of developed micro-displacement amplifier compliant mechanisms carried out by using ANSYS workbench. The analyses and experimentation is performed for the input displacement, output displacement and amplification ratio of mechanism. An input force range considered for analysis is in between 1 N to 50 N. All the results from analytical, simulation and experimentation are compared. The error in output displacement is observed up to 6% and the geometric amplification ratio for the mechanism is observed up to 6.5.
Design and development of a quadruped shuffling mobile robot
Authors: Lee C Y , Sharif M H A , Vinayagan S , Othman W A F W , Alhady S S N , Wahab A A A
Published: July 2021

Interest in creating legged locomotion has increased compared to wheeled robots since wheels, while easier to design and fabricate, are less effective when traveling across certain surfaces. Legged walking robots are mostly based on a quadrupedal living creature’s biological concepts, whether an insect or mammal. For a walking robot, sequences of motions are understood as ‘gaits’ to determine the robot’s mechanism. The proposed method is the creep gait, which is easy to fabricate and has allowed the algorithm’s proper user control. Meanwhile, the shuffling motion ensures the maintenance of the robot’s stability and vertical movement. Stability and gait-planning are also crucial in selecting the suitable quadruped mechanism, depending on the robot’s application. The result is a quadruped with the lowest risk of toppling and stable carrying capacity by combining the two gaits. The robot has a linear velocity of 1.09 cm/s.
Development of customized support for the prevention of Pressure Ulcer (PU) using multi-materials printing
Authors: Arumugam Sivasankar , Ranganathan Rajesh , Pugalendhi Arivazhagan
Published: July 2021

Pressure Ulcers (PU) seems to be one of the most challenging healthcare problems around the world. It may result in significant morbidity, mortality and is associated with high cost in terms of treatment and care. PU is considered to be the third most expensive disorder after cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Though, modern medical science has launched a variety of treatment methods, prevention is the best way to overcome. As it could be seen from the current market design, most of the products provide a cushioning effect to the end user, but this lacks in product customization. Further, these products are not custom made to meet the end user needs and these products are expensive to be used. Understanding the above intricacies, the current research is focused entirely to be different from the existing product design, working, manufacturing methods and materials for the development of a product to redistribute the pressure for the reduction of PU. The projected design purely depends only on mechanical materials and mechanical behaviors. In this work, the number of phases of design was carried out through Solid Works software. The deformation and stress analysis was carried for all the design phases for obtaining the better design. Finally, the prototype is developed through Additive Manufacturing (AM) technology with the multi-material combination. The final prototype was evaluated experimentally using emed® sensing platform for the flexibility and pressure distribution also compared with the existing cushions.
An Insight into the Scope of Implementation of Intelligent Welding in Welding of Titanium
Authors: Bupesh Raja V.K. , Palanikumar K. , Sonawwanay Puskaraj D , Sharma A.V.N.L. , Vijaya Kumar P , Ramana Murthy E.V.V. , Deepak Sairam M. , Sundar Kasyap A.V.R. , Krishna Raj S.
Published: July 2021

Traditionally welding is considered as an art rather than a science. The quality of the weld is dependent on the skill and intuition of the welder. The welding process is mostly not reliable and labor-intensive. The solution to the problems in welding lies in utilizing intelligent welding techniques where in the selection of weld parameters like voltage, current, speed etc and defect control is done intelligently by the automated welding system. The intelligent welding system shall comprise elements, viz., control system, sensing, design and modeling of process and application of artificial intelligence. The application of intelligent welding system has developed into a new field of automation called as ‘Integrated Computational Welding Engineering (ICWE)’. The welding of titanium and its alloys is predominantly dependent on the skill of the welder. Majority of research and industrial practice is based on the traditional manual welding process and hence it is prone to defects deterioration of metallurgical, mechanical and corrosion properties. There is scope in adopting ICWE in welding of titanium and its alloys.
Optimization of Power and Torque with lower Exhaust Noise for FSAE Vehicle
Authors: Lohar Sanjay
Published: July 2021

The exhaust noise is considered to contribute disturbance to large extent in any vehicle. The sound wave cancellation device is used for better noise attenuation without much compromise on engine efficiency. This paper aims to design an advanced muffler which gives considerably lower back pressure in exhaust system line, thereby optimizing the power and torque of an engine. Study includes close monitoring of parameters such as power, torque, and transmission loss within the given boundary conditions. The limiting condition laid by Formula Society of Automotive Engineer (FSAE) is satisfied using Ricardo Wave Build software.
Study of corrosion behaviour of Al2O3-13 % TiO2 and Cr2O3 coated ship hull steel in 3.5% NaCl solution
Authors: Sharma Aaishwarika Raj , Goyal Rakesh
Published: July 2021

Corrosion degradation of ship hull plates is an important aspect responsible for failure of ships in marine environment. Surface coatings are being used to protect the metallic materials from corrosion. In this work, Al2O3-13 % TiO2coating and Cr2O3coating were deposited on ship hull building material using D-gun flame spray method. The corrosion behaviour of coatings and substrate was investigated using cyclic polarization test. The microstructure and phase composition of coatings were analysed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron dispersive spectrum (EDS). The corrosion rate was evaluated from the corrosion parameters extracted from graphs. The uncoated and coated substrates were compared on the basis of corrosion parameters.
Enhancement of an electric drill body using design for additive manufacturing
Authors: Srinivasan Naveen Raj , Chamala Vaishnavi J , Varun Darshan BL , Srajaysikhar D , Sakthivel G , Raghukiran N
Published: July 2021

Our research work involves the use of the use of digital manufacturing tools to develop a novel design alternative to an existing application. An everyday electric drill machine has been considered and had its functionality enhanced by redesigning its body in accordance with the solutions aimed at mitigating a few shortfalls, which primarily involves its safety aspects and ease of use, while also not compromising on its extant operating capacity as well as retaining the ability to be wielded by professionals well-versed in handling the original machine. To that end, we deconstructed the CAD (Computer-Aided Design) model of a conventional drill, and attached an auxiliary (precision) grip through generative design- a superior designing experience that is powered by Alternative Intelligence-by using Autodesk Fusion 360 software. Then, it was converted to an STL file (Standard Tessellation Language), which is a competent file format for subjecting the design to the various pre-processing steps required for creating a physical model of it using additive manufacturing. Firstly, file repair and manipulation tasks were carried out through Autodesk Meshmixer and Netfabb, with the latter also doubling up as the implement used for carrying out the printability analysis, orientation optimization, construction of support structures, and finally, slicing. The finished model was of the dimensions of 165.3820 mm x 204.4808 mm x 76.2340 mm, which indicates that the design alterations did not produce a vastly different version of machine than the original one. However, the output would be considerably efficient since the overall weight is reduced, and the presence of auxiliary handle would bestow more control on the operator. This also renders the body of the electric drill a monolith, which would enable a simpler assembly operation during the manufacturing stage. The material of choice was Orgasol polyamide- a natural polyamide 12 powder possessing the physical and chemical properties suitable for this application. The specific additive manufacturing process to be used was determined to be Selective Laser Sintering, and a printer capable of performing the same was identified as Formlabs Fuse 1. The aforementioned printability analyses were carried out in accordance with these considerations and the model was found to be well in order for the same.
Notifier of Mushroom Cultivation Room using EdSim51 Simulator
Authors: Goh Z M , Alhady S S N , Wahab A A A , Othman W A F W
Published: July 2021

This project aims to design a notifier of a cultivation room used to cultivate king oyster mushrooms (P. eryngii spp.) using an SHT75 temperature and humidity sensor. When the temperature or humidity of the cultivation room is beyond the mushrooms’ growing condition, the notifier will notify the cultivator by showing the texts to let the cultivator be conscious of the surrounding temperature and relative humidity. In this project, 8051 microcontrollers simulator (EdSim51) used to design the notifier. The component used to imitate the function is the SHT75 sensor, Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) module, Light Emitting Diode (LED) bank and Universal Asynchronous Transmitter (UART-Tx). Temperature and humidity parameter classed into low, normal, fruiting, high and over-limit condition. The system developed was successfully detected all the parameter. The notifier designed can solve the problems faced by most cultivators in cultivating mushrooms and helps to grow other plants in the future.
A Review on Unmanned Crop Detection Techniques
Authors: Miruthula S , Logeshwari NA , Manickaraj VN , Praveen M , Dhivyasri G
Published: July 2021

The programmed water system frameworks are received as of late to provide support to the agriculturists in turn reducing the manpower and improving cost effective techniques. In this paper, a detailed survey is done analysing the crop detection techniques which are in existence. This paper provides an insight study on pH level monitoring in the soil, water and soil nutrients management techniques, temperature and humidity measurement, surveillance of crop field and other smart irrigation techniques utilized for monitoring the farmland. This paper discusses about the effective methodology with enhanced technique that could be implemented in future to attain better performance and user-friendly for the farmers.
Automatic Load Frequency Control in an Isolated Micro-grid with Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage Unit using Integral Controller
Authors: Rajaguru V , Annapoorani Iyswarya
Published: July 2021

Due to depletion of fossil fuels and increasing power demand, employing Renewable Energy Sources (RES) in the form of micro-grid has become very essential. However, the reliable operation and control relies on the intermittent nature of RES and maintaining the frequency within the acceptable limit is the challenging task in isolated micro-grid. This paper presents the Automatic Load Frequency Control (ALFC) in an isolated Micro-Grid (MG) with Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) unit using Integral controller, to enhance the stability of the system frequency. The simulation result shows that the dynamic performance of the proposed system is significantly improved while incorporating the SMES Unit. The simulations are carried out in MATLAB – Simulink.
Green House Management System using EdSim52
Authors: Pei Y L , Alhady S S N , Othman W A F W , Wahab A A A
Published: July 2021

Crop cultivation has been around for a long time and plays essential roles in many fields. Growing plants’ growth quickly affects climate conditions, especially temperature and relative humidity. Therefore, the simple Green House Management System designed using an SHT75 sensor to detect the temperature and relative humidity inside the greenhouse. The temperature and relative humidity calculated in the form of degree Celcius and percentage. The data then displayed on the LCD monitor. The water pump activated if the temperature and relative humidity are larger than 35°C or below 45%. If the relative humidity is above 45%, the ventilation fan is activated. The user can also use the PC keyboard connected to the activated water pump or ventilation fan. This report explains the design process while highlighting the problems faced by the farmer. Lastly, the conclusion of this project based on the objective and the results obtained. Besides, some suggestions discussed based on the design for the future development of the system.
Design of a low cost system for determination of fat using IOT and ML
Authors: Patil A A H , Jakatdar E G , Bhadreshwarmath S C , Kumbhar V R , Mitragotri P P , Deshmukh B B , Mistry R D
Published: July 2021

The husbandry is very important business of Indian farmer. Dairies collect milk from farmer everyday & payments for this milk are done according to the quantity and quality of milk. This rate depends on various quality parameters of the milk. Fat is one of most important component of milk. Due to its higher importance along other quality parameters of milk, it becomes mandatory for the determination of fat percentage especially for the milk vendors, small dairy owners etc. The classical method used to determine the fat percentage in milk is Gerber method. It’s a chemical test which is destructive in nature. Due to inclusions of various chemicals it becomes time consuming procedure for determination of fat in milk. Due to this, the number of samples that can be tested is very low in a given period of time. This paper presents the design and development of Milk Fat Analyser. The system is built by interfacing Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) with Raspberry pi Microprocessor. The parameter that is measured is fat percentage. The result obtained is displayed on screen which provides a good interface to the user. This project aims to provide a low cost, fairly accurate and reliable system to the farmers, small dairy shop owners and similar small factories where quality of milk matters while processing it to make other milk products and also for supplying milk consumed by people at large. Experimental results show that the method with Machine learning algorithm can detect fat with fair accuracy.
Pressure Cooker Whistle Notification Using Arduino Based Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Adarsh JK , Kishore R , Arul R
Published: July 2021

In this paper, a new safety method is proposed to reduce the pressure cooker risks, accidents due to the carelessness of the user. The main aim of the paper is to introduce a gadget that can be used to keep track of the whistle count and notify the user in real-time about the whistle count through their mobile phones. This way the user can keep track of the whistle count and can turn off the pressure cooker when their desired whistle count is reached. Sound sensors are used to detect the sound wave of the pressure cooker whistle. The whistle count is recorded using an Arduino and the notification is sent to the user’s mobile via the Blynk application. Blynk is being the open-source platform for a modular graphical user interface to control experimental tools based on Arduino, it extends Arduino’s capabilities allowing instrument makers to easily create a custom user interface program that runs on a connected computer. This device can be used in an indoor environment.
Stock Price Prediction using Fractional Gradient-Based Long Short Term Memory
Authors: Singh N , Sugandha  , Mathur T , Agarwal S , Tiwari K
Published: July 2021

Deep Learning is considered one of the most effective strategies used by hedge funds to maximize profits. But Deep Neural Networks (DNN) lack theoretical analysis of memory exploitation. Some traditional time series methods such as Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) and Generalized Auto-Regressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (GARCH) work only when the entire series is pre-processed or when the whole data is available. Thus, it fails in a live trading system. So, there is a great need to develop techniques that give more accurate stock/index predictions. This study has exploited fractional-order derivatives’ memory property in the backpropagation of LSTM for stock predictions. As the history of previous stock prices plays a significant role in deciding the future price, fractional-order derivatives carry the past information along with itself. So, the use of Fractional-order derivatives with neural networks for this time series prediction is meaningful and helpful.
Deep Learning Algorithms for Tool Condition Monitoring in Milling: A Review
Authors: Patil S S , Pardeshi S S , Patange A D , Jegadeeshwaran R
Published: July 2021

The 4th Industrial Revolution (Industry 4.0) necessitates implementing the prognostics and health management (PHM) practices in manufacturing processes. The traditional machine learning approach has well assisted the PHM practices within the same data distributions. However, when a high noise environment, versatile operating conditions, and cross-domain machining is considered, it still lacks key steps of generalizing unknown tool faults. In an attempt to address PHM practices under such domains, a generic Deep Learning-based scheme is gaining significant attention. In this paper, an inclusive review is presented in order to provide an insight into the application of DL in tool condition monitoring (TCM), particularly in milling. Commonly used DL algorithms and their applications toward TCM are initially discussed and number of illustrative DL models applied for TCM is presented. Later, emergent DL themes & their computational techniques are summarized with an intention to provide framework for domain generalization. Finally, challenges in further exploration and futuristic trends in TCM are discussed.
Survey on Wireless Sensor Network, Its Applications and Issues
Authors: Sharma Shweta , Kaur Amandeep
Published: July 2021

WSN is a network comprising of various sensor nodes that are highly energy efficient used in various applications now a days. It helps in transmitting data from sensor nodes to the base stations in a highly reliable and secured manner. It plays a very important role in real world and integrates with many other technologies like Cloud Computing, Internet of Things (IoT). Different researchers continuously attempted to work on different constraints under Wireless Sensor Network which further becomes research motivation. In this paper, we highlighted various issues facing by different researchers while data transmission among sensor nodes. WSNs are used in various areas in all over the world, and significant progress has been made to expand the use of sensor nodes over the past two decades.
A Systematic Review on Extreme Programming
Authors: Shrivastava Anchit , Jaggi Isha , Katoch Nandita , Gupta Deepali , Gupta Sheifali
Published: July 2021

Since the advent of start-ups and old companies starting to shift to e-business, it has become troublesome to choose the right methods for projects that’s where extreme programming came to use. In this paper, we tried to compile different applications of the same. Extreme programming is a well-known agile method for software development. Extreme programming ensures customer satisfaction, better software quality and efficient project management. The team size is usually small but the group is team-oriented. It is a dynamic software development model, i.e., continuous discussion and integration of new features and ideas is the cornerstone of this model.
Prediction of tool wear in milling of Inconel 625 using and integrated kurtosis-based algorithm with vibration signals
Authors: Mohanraj T , Shanmugam A
Published: July 2021

Tool wear may depreciate the quality of the machined product owing to its poor surface roughness and dimensional inaccuracy. Tool condition monitoring system (TCMs) is necessary for the manufacturing industry to obtain better quality products with minimal time and improve productivity. Currently, TCMs uses different sensor signals and features to examine the tool wear. In this work, an Integrated kurtosis-based algorithm for Z-filter (I-Kaz) 2D and 3D analysis is employed to examine the vibration signals in milling of Inconel 625 for monitoring the tool condition during the milling process. The results from vibration signals revealed that the I-Kaz coefficient correlates with flank wear. I-Kaz coefficient was increased for raise in flank wear. When the I-Kaz 2D coefficient value increased above 0.5, it indicates that the tool was worn out and has to be replaced.
Friction Stir Welding Tool Condition Prediction Using Vibrational Analysis Through Machine Learning – A Review
Authors: Balachandar K , Jegadeeshwaran R , Lakshmipathi J , Saravanakumar D
Published: July 2021

Friction stir welding (FSW) is a relatively new solid-state joining process. This joining technique is energy efficient, environment friendly, and versatile. In particular, it can be used to join high-strength aerospace aluminum alloys and other metallic alloys that are hard to weld by conventional fusion welding. FSW is considered to be the most significant development in metal joining in a decade. Recently, friction stir processing (FSP) was developed for micro structural modification of metallic materials. In this review article, the current state of understanding and development of the FSW and FSP tool process parameters are addressed. To identify the tool parameters, it is necessary to monitor the tool condition. Diagnosis the recognition of the nature and cause of a certain phenomenon. It is generally used to determine cause and effect of a problem. Machine fault diagnosis, a field of finding faults arising in machines. To identify the most probable faults leading to failure, many methods are used for data collection, including vibration monitoring, Thermal imaging, Oil particle analysis etc. Then these data’s are processed using methods like spectral analysis, wavelet analysis, wavelet transform, Short term fourier transform, high resolution spectral analysis, waveform analysis etc. The results of this analysis are used in a root cause failure analysis in order to determine the original cause of the fault. This paper presents a brief review about one such application known as machine learning for the friction stir welding tool monitoring.
Design of IoT based Platform Development for Smart Home Appliances Control
Authors: Kolanur C B , Banakar R M , Rajneesh G
Published: July 2021

The advent of industrial automation has brought about a substantial change in the human lifestyle and the way human interaction with machines. One of the major technological interventions in day-to-day life is the role of automation, which has uplifted the living standards in developed countries and fostered humans’ dependency for accomplishing recurring tasks. The latest and most adopted technology for remotely monitoring and controlling any machine or device is the Internet of Things-which has become one of the industry standards for automation. Multiple edge computation capable embedded devices and machines are connected to the internet as independent nodes, which can be monitored and controlled remotely with the use of IoT. Adapting this cutting-edge technology for household appliances to monitor and control them is often seen nowadays. This is fast and reliable but arrives with its own snags such as availability of internet at place where user and also the device/appliance is located, use of single control strategy which hampers and restricts the user always to carry the remote or to stay in the vicinity of the device to be controlled in case of wifi or Bluetooth controlled automation. The proposed research focuses on the adoption of multiple strategies to control each device/appliance to empower the end-user without being restricted to depend on a single strategy remote controlling system. The core part of the proposed research revolves around the Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol but can be activated with multiple routes such as touch-based sensing panels, cellphone-based controlling, web-enabled controlling or even gesture-based controlling of the appliances resulting in an ameliorative user experience and interactions with machines.
Organic LED Farming for Self Sustainability During Post COVID-19
Authors: Koushik P , Karthikeyan P , Keerthi M , Manikandan M
Published: July 2021

An organic LED (Light emitting diode) farming using artificial intelligence is the way to increase crop production effectively with LED lights. Users can able to select specific range of wavelength to induce targeted photomorphogenic, bio chemical, or physiological plant responses. LED can prevent physiological disorder that are commonly existing in indoor environments, and helps in reducing if pest and diseases pressure in growing plants.
Design and Development of a Farmer Friendly All-Terrain Guided Vehicle
Authors: Keesara Surakshith Reddy , Gurusamy Murali Mohan
Published: July 2021

Farming is a labour intensive occupation and there is heavy shortage of agricultural labours due to rapid urbanization. In India agriculture contributes about 15% of the gross domestic product and there is need for mechanizing the agricultural activities to meet the raising demand for food and labour shortage. In this regard, a guided all-terrain vehicle will be designed and developed in this study to help the farm labour in his regular agricultural activities. The all-terrain vehicle has capability to traverse through rough terrains and it will be IoT(Internet of Things) enabled so that it can communicate with the various subsystems in the cloud and can be also monitored and controlled remotely. The vehicle will be guided and controlled by human through a proper interface. It will be designed with farming specific accessories hence it would reduce human efforts during his farming activities. Thus the proposed vehicle will act as farmer’s friend in assisting him to perform his tasks and thereby increasing his productivity.
Tuning of PID Controller with Differential Evolution Algorithm for LCC Resonant Converter
Authors: Bhuvaneswari C. , Abitha Memala W. , Barnabas Paul Glady J.
Published: July 2021

This paper deals with the optimization of LCC Resonant Converter based on Differential Evolution Algorithm. Closed Loop Analysis of LCC Resonant Converter have been Simulated by tuning PID Controller for different values of Kp, Ki and Kd values. Optimum Values of Kp, Ki and Kd were obtained using Differential Evolution Algorithm and these values were fitted to Obtain Maximum Output Voltage with LCC Resonant Converter. Initially three Variables namely Series Inductance, Series Capacitance and Parallel Capacitance were considered, out of which the Value of Series Capacitance was tuned with Differential Evolution.
In-depth scrutinization of In- Mold Electronics for Automotive applications
Authors: Srinivasan KP , Muthuramalingam T
Published: July 2021

Conductive inks have been extensively researched owing to their popularity in Printed Electronics and Flexible Electronics. IME is one of the most important technological developments of this century. In an effort to summarize the latest advancements created by Injection Molding, Thermoforming and Printed Electronics in the field of In-Mold Electronics, this consolidated report describes the key technologies and challenges in meeting the requirement of Automotive Cockpit Electronics and its specifications, as well as an overview of Touch Capacitive sensors development with a range of conductive inks and techniques.
Smart Frontal Safety System for Automobiles
Authors: Govardhan Y.S. , Sai Doodi Maheedar , Sakthivel G , Raghukiran N , Saravanakumar D
Published: July 2021

The focus of this work is to develop a new safety system in addition to reduce accidents for innocents in automobiles. When confronted with an accident, the only safety measure which we bet our lives on is “airbags”. In several cases, airbags alone may not be able to completely protect the passengers in the vehicle due to the high magnitude of the impact. In the present work, a new safety upgrade will be modeled in vehicles to absorb the sudden frontal impacts while in motion. The ultrasonic sensors are placed in the front portion of the vehicle which is set to propagate and receive ultrasonic waves while moving. The change of distance from the sensor to the obstacle is monitored continuously and in the event of an emergency, the frontal safety system in the vehicle gets activated. In such an event, the bumper or a metallic formed plate is actuated forward to a certain distance and upon striking the obstacle, the impact force is then reduced by shock absorbers or springs provided in the safety system. Hence, the impact transmitted to the passengers inside the vehicle is less when compared to the direct impact.
Improved spatial representation of a highly resolved emission inventory in China: evidence from TROPOMI measurements
Authors: Wu Nana , Geng Guannan , Yan Liu , Bi Jianzhao , Li Yanshun , Tong Dan , Zheng Bo , Zhang Qiang
Published: July 2021

Emissions in many sources are estimated in municipal district totals and spatially disaggregated onto grid cells using empirically selected spatial proxies such as population density, which might introduce biases, especially in fine spatial scale. Efforts have been made to improve the spatial representation of emission inventory, by incorporating comprehensive point source database (e.g. power plants, industrial facilities) in emission estimates. Satellite-based observations from the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) with unprecedented pixel sizes (3.5 × 7 km2) and signal-to-noise ratios offer the opportunity to evaluate the spatial accuracy of such highly resolved emissions from space. Here, we compare the city-level NO
x
emissions from a proxy-based emission inventory named the Multi-resolution Emission Inventory for China (MEIC) with a highly resolved emission inventory named the Multi-resolution Emission Inventory for China - High Resolution (MEIC-HR) that has nearly 100 000 industrial facilities, and evaluate them through NO
x
emissions derived from the TROPOMI NO2 tropospheric vertical column densities (TVCDs). We find that the discrepancies in city-level NO
x
emissions between MEIC and MEIC-HR are influenced by the proportions of emissions from point sources and NO
x
emissions per industrial gross domestic product (IGDP). The use of IGDP as a spatial proxy to disaggregate industrial emissions tends to overestimate NO
x
emissions in cities with lower industrial emission intensities or less industrial facilities in the MEIC. The NO
x
emissions of 70 cities are derived from one year TROPOMI NO2 TVCDs using the exponentially modified Gaussian function. Compared to the satellite-derived emissions, the cities with higher industrial point source emission proportions in MEIC-HR agree better with space-constrained results, indicating that integrating more point sources in the inventory would improve the spatial accuracy of emissions on city scale. In the future, we should devote more efforts to incorporating accurate locations of emitting facilities to reduce uncertainties in fine-scale emission estimates and guide future policies.
Design of a viscoelastic layer by incorporating graphite wafers in a zig-zag pattern for the augmented hybrid damping treatment of beam
Authors: Gupta Abhay , Reddy Rajidi Shashidhar , Panda Satyajit
Published: July 2021

In the present work, the ascendancy of actively constrained zig-zag 1-3 viscoelastic composite (VEC) layer on hybrid damping is studied. For this analysis, structural beam is taken that consists of substrate layer/beam, constrained zig-zag 1-3 VEC layer and constraining extension actuated piezoelectric layer. The zig-zag 1-3 VEC is configured by incorporating graphite wafers in zig-zag pattern within conventional viscoelastic material (VEM). In order to investigate the hybrid damping characteristics, the finite element (FE) model for structural beam is evolved. In order to study the ascendancy of incorporating graphite wafers in zig-zag pattern within VEM layer, initially, bending and shear strain distributions are evaluated. Moreover, optimal geometrical configuration of present zig-zag 1-3 VEC layer is obtained based on maximal hybrid damping using exhaustive search optimization technique. The results reveal that the augmentation in energy dissipation or hybrid damping for the beam with zig-zag 1-3 VEC layer occurs due to rise in both bending and shear strain in VEM by incorporating graphite wafers in zig-zag pattern while for conventional VEM layer it occurs due to shear strain only. And this augmented energy dissipation ameliorates extension and shear counterparts as well as overall modal loss factor of beam with actively constrained zig-zag 1-3 VEC layer compared to conventional VEM layer.
Effect of annealing on structural and optical properties of SnS2 thin films grown by thermal evaporation and post sulphur annealing technique
Authors: Anlin Lazar K , Cicily Rigi V J , Divya D , Saji K J
Published: July 2021

Recently, two-dimensional layered semiconductors caught attention due to their tuneable thickness dependent properties and its optoelectronic device applications. This paper reports the effect of annealing temperature and annealing duration on structural, compositional and optical properties of tin disulphide thin films (SnS2) fabricated using a bi- stage process. The process involves thermal evaporation of metallic tin precursor films and post sulphur annealing process in a non-vacuum furnace. The annealing temperatures ranged from 300 °C to 500 °C while annealing time varied from 0.5 to 3 hours. The annealing at 300°C improved the crystallinity of SnS2 thin films. Raman analysis showed a prominent peak at 207 cm−1, while at higher temperatures nanocrystalline SnS2 phase is observed. Optical bandgap got reduced as annealing temperature increased and at 300°C, the bandgap was 2.7 eV. The above obtained properties of SnS2 opens a pathway for using these films for potential applications.
Impact of Ground Nut Shell Ash on Cobalt-Chromium metal matrix composites synthesized using Powder metallurgy process.
Authors: Raghav G R , Suraj R , Janardhanan Sheeja , Chandran Vidya , Nagarajan K J , Asok Nikhil
Published: July 2021

Co-based composites are extensively utilized in the field of prosthesis and dental implants. Hybrid composites made using Powder metallurgy process, Co-10Cr-GNSA were studied. The surface morphology of the hybrid composites were studied using Scanning Electron Microscope. The elemental analysis was carried out using X-Ray Diffraction technique. The hybrid composites were analyzed for its various mechanical properties like microhardness, compressive strength, and density. Value of micro hardness of the composite materials showed slight improvement with addition of GNSA reinforcement. The value of density of the hybrid composites was found to be decreasing linearly with the addition of GNSA. Compressive strength of the materials showed a reasonable increment. Wear analysis to study the tribological characterization of the hybrid composites were done with the help of a pin on disc wear testing machine. The wear and COF studies show that with a rise in GNSA content, wear resistance increases because of the presence of oxides of GNSA particles. From the worn out surfaces of the hybrid composite it is concluded that the deformation of the composites takes places initially due to abrasive wear followed by plastic deformation. An electrochemical workstation was used to understand the corrosion characteristics of the hybrid composites in the presence of 3% NaClelectrolyticsolution.Co-5Cr-5GNSA hybrid composites exhibit better electrochemical corrosion resistance compared to other specimens.
Influence of H2S on the growth of sputter deposited Cu2ZnSnS4 thin film
Authors: Hajara P , Priya Rose T , Jayaraj M K , Saji K J
Published: July 2021

Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) is considered as a suitable absorber layer for thin film solar cells. In the present study, the effect of flow rates of H2S on the fabrication of CZTS thin films are studied in detail. RF magnetron sputtering in the presence of Ar and H2S gas was adopted to deposit sulphides of Cu, Sn and Zn, followed by annealing at higher temperature in H2S ambience in the same chamber to complete the crystallization process. Raman spectra showed peaks corresponding to kesterite CZTS and new impurity peaks observed while the H2S flow rate increases. XRD result helped to identify various secondary phases present along with CZTS phase. It was revealed by FESEM images that the samples prepared at different H2S flow rates exhibiting different nano shapes. Compositional study indicated that the Zn/Sn ratio decreases with H2S flow rate. Surface roughness was calculated by AFM technique and big sulphur aggregates were present on the surface of the sample prepared at high H2S flow rate. Optical bandgap value of the CZTS films was varied from 1.28 to 1.74 eV and electrical parameters were calculated for samples prepared at lower H2S flow rate. This study presents the importance of choosing appropriate H2S flow rates for the fabrication of CZTS thin films.
Effect of payload security in MQTT protocol over transport and application layer
Authors: Varma Arunima , UniKrishnan Srija
Published: July 2021

Digital revolution has made our life dependent on devices that are can be connected to the internet. Hence, making Internet of things (Iot) an inevitable part for now and years to come. The transition from normal devices to those devices that can be connected to internet, has been exponential, in contrast, the technique used by the protocols in those devices to prevent cyber-attacks and keep user data intact has not been in the same pace as that of its usage. This concerns the end user as it risks the data, allowing it to be misused. In this paper we discuss, MQTT (message queue telemetry transport) a lightweight messaging protocol, wherein the payload is acting as the driver for the data to be carried. This payload can include all sort of information, private as well as public. The paper experiments with the vulnerability of the payload when exposed to a cyber-attack, here, Man in the middle (MITM) attack when the same payload is provided with 2 different types of security. Initially at the transport layer and later at the application layer. At first a channel-based security using Transport security layer (TLS) is provided to the payload and later, an object-based security using Advanced Encryption Scheme (AES) is provided to the same payload. Both of these payload encryption technique for MQTT protocol is discussed elaborately.
Growth, Nonlinear Optical, Electrical, Mechanical and Dielectric Properties of Zinc Sulphate Doped L-Alanine Single Crystal for Optoelectronic Applications
Authors: Hareeshkumar M R , Jagadeesh M R , Shankaramurthy G J , Prasanna B M
Published: July 2021

Zinc sulphate added L-alanine (LAZS) crystals were obtained from solvent evaporation of solution method. The obtained samples were taken for diverse characterizations tool such as, XRD, functional group identification, optical transparency, simultaneous thermal analysis, dielectric, hardness and second harmonic generation studies. Crystal diffraction study proves that LAZS crystal fit into orthorhombic system and having space group P212121. FTIR confirms presences of various functional groups present in the sample. The thermal study infers that LAZS is steady up to 288 ºC. High transmittance and extended transparency of LAZS is noticed from linear optical study. The calculated hardness values were found to be considerable and the dielectric parameters are noticed characteristically followed by NLO study.
Implementation of MIMO OFDM NOMA System using Iterative Algorithm
Authors: Anil S , Pappa M , Ramesh C
Published: July 2021

In this modern world, technology has improved a lot and wireless communications are much necessary. MIMO wireless technology is very much essential for providing increased connectivity and spectral efficiency combined with the reliability of advanced connectivity using what were previously considered as interference paths. The multiple access system is considered such that they provide the different methods in communication for multi-users. In this work, the iterative algorithm is used such that it helps in defining random array of signals and assigning the phase to the given measured amplitude. Different types of multiple access systems such as Non-Orthogonal multiple access (NOMA), Orthogonal multiple access (OMA) and Adaptive Orthogonal multiple access (AOMA)which are used to analyze transmission of multiple data stream over power domain in the presence of AWGN and Rayleigh channel. The data transmitted over the channel may vary due to some interference on its path. The signal strength is calculated in the receiver using the fading channel and the other noises that gets added in the channel. MATLAB software tool is used for simulation and the performance analysis in terms of average sum value i.e. the signal strength with respect to SNR for all the above mentioned multiple access techniques is compared. The simulation results clearly exhibits that NOMA outperforms the other two cases and is one of the promising technology for fifth generation wireless communications.
In-silico Investigation of Cyl. Gate all Around (GAA) Tunnel Field Effect Transistor (TFET) Biosensor
Authors: Tiwari Sanjana , Dutt Arya , Joshi Mayuresh , Nigam Prakhar , Beohar Ankur , Mathew Ribu
Published: July 2021

For some time now, the advancement of low power and high sensitivity biosensors has been the center of attention for in-situ detection and monitoring which form an integral part of portable health monitoring systems. This paper elucidates the design-optimization of a cylindrical (cyl.) gate all around (GAA) tunnel field effect transistor (TFET) biosensor with retrograde doping using numerical modeling. The device consists of n+ heavily doped SiGe substrate and two insulated gates i.e. primary gate (PrG) and biasing gate (BG) with suitable work functions. Sensitivity of the biosensor is investigated by varying dielectric constant (k) and charge density (ρ) in the active region of device. TFET biosensor design and simulation is performed using TCAD Synopsys software. Computations are carried out for various conditions of dielectric constant (k) and charge density (ρ) for analyzing the sensor sensitivity. Simulation results show that for k=10 and ρ = 3.0x1012cm−2, there is low leakage current (IOFF) = 1.0x10−16A/µm, and high ON current (ION) = 1.0x10−6 A/µm. Results obtained in this work as useful as it will act as a design guideline for developing TFET biosensors for various biological applications.
On the Corrosion behavior of 4A and 5A cast duplex stainless steel under different heat treatment conditions
Authors: Edward Anand E , Gopi C , Moorthy N , Prince Richard J
Published: July 2021

In this analysis, corrosion efficiency and mechanical properties of duplex stainless steel castings (DSS-4A and DSS-5A) were compared to their wrought counterparts. Cast duplex stainless steel DSS-4A and DSS-5A are characterized in two separate solution treated settings, while their wrought counterparts are characterized in both solutions treated and forged form. Optical microscopy and X-ray diffractometry were employed to perform the metallurgical characterization. Electrochemical techniques such as Tafel extrapolation and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were used to investigate corrosion activity. An electrochemical workstation was used to perform the corrosion studies. To compare the stability and changes in corrosion properties of both grades, an ASTM standard B117 salt spray test was performed in a 3.5 percent NaCl medium. Without any intermetallic phases, the XRD showed austenite and ferrite phases. The elements were partitioned further into the phases that they promoted, according to the elemental study of the phases. The ultimate tensile strength and hardness values of DSS-5A are higher than those of DSS-4A. DSS-5A had a higher corrosion resistance than DSS-4A. When comparing the two media used (H2SO4 and NaCl), DSS-5A demonstrated superior corrosion resistance.