bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Innovation Complexity and the Sequence of Innovating Stages
Authors: Pelz Donald C.
Published: March 2007

In case histories of innovation adoption by local governments, seven innovating stages orfunctionsfrom need identification to diffusion were coded on time ofoccurrence. A method using gamma was applied to measure the time sequence offunctions at each site, and their separation from other functions. These data were used to test the hypothesis that the stages will appear more overlapping and the innovating process more "disorderly "for innovations that are more complex. The hypothesis was supported for a measure of technical complexity but not for one of organizational complexity. The innovating process was found to be most orderly when a technically simple innovation was neither "custom-made" nor copied "ready-made, " but was modified or adapted. When the time sequences at each site were grouped into patterns such as problem-oriented versus solution-oriented, few differences on effectiveness were found, although one contingent effect was observed. Perhaps any single-factor explanation of effectiveness is bound to fall short.
The Seven Deadly Sins of Policy Analysis
Authors: Meltsner Arnold J.
Published: March 2007

The practice and use of policy analysis has expanded throughout the United States. Yet, as part of our political system, policy analysis has been influenced by a set of recurring problems, problems of the policy process that involve both analysts and their clients. These problems are identified as "sins." Sinful policy analysis is channeled, distant, late, superficial, topical, capricious, and apolitical.
The Principle of Proximal Similarity
Authors: Brunner Ronald D.
Published: March 2007

This comment focuses on Campbell's principle of proximal similarity. When considered in the light of related work in various disciplines, the principle has implications that go beyond the generalization of experimental results in preventive intervention research. The generalized principle suggests classification and conceptualization of the settings and people involved in preventive interventive research in terms offuzzy-boundary categories, in contrast to conventional classical or sharp-boundary categories. As such, the generalized principle raises opportunities (1) to use systematic, empirical methods for purposive sampling and other tasks in problem-oriented research, (2) to reconsider the epistemological foundations that shape such research, including the concept of 'science,' and (3) to include subjects with scientists in the mutually reinforcing community that is expected to evolve effective treatments. The principle is applicable to policy research in general.
Influences on the Outcome of Literature Searches for Integrative Research Reviews
Authors: Cooper Harris , Ribble Ronald G.
Published: March 2007

Three influences on the outcomes of literature searches undertaken as part of integrative research reviews were examined: (1) the degree of expertise of the searcher; (2) the amount of information available (i.e., keywords, bibliographics, abstracts), and (3) the cognitive characteristics of the searcher. Participants were presented with descriptions of documents varying in (1) topic area (related or not related to their expertise), (2) amount of information, and (3) whether the document was relevant or irrelevant to the search. Results revealed no difference between experts and nonexperts in accuracy of judging relevant documents, but experts were better able to discern that irrelevant documents were in fact irrelevant. Judgments based on abstracts were more accurate than judgments based on keywords or bibliographrcs, which did not differ, and this effect was more pronounced for relevant than irrelevant articles. Participants who had previously conducted more literature searches or published more research reviews made more accurate judgments, as did searchers high in conceptual complexity or tolerance of ambiguity.
Problems With Consumer Information in Education
Authors: Komoski P. Kenneth
Published: March 2007

This brief discussion of some key problems with consumer information in education has two interrelated themes. The first is that there are peculiarities about consumer information in education that make it, and the problems associated with it, unique and important. The second theme is that unless solving these problems becomes a major priority of educational policy makers and practitioners, finding long-term solutions to education's larger problems with curriculum, instruction, and student performance will become increasingly more difficult.
Book Review Essay : Getting to the Heart of Expert Advice
Authors: Sy Karen J.
Published: March 2007

Scientists entering the policy-making arena as advisers find themselves in an environment characterized by trade-offs among competing values, goals, andgroups. This environment makes it difficult for scientists to adhere to the methods and values of science on which their cognitive authority rests Resulting concerns about the foundations and impact of expert advice inspired this study, which examines the experiences and contributions of academic advisers to an American state government. The majority of the faculty stay within the scope of their academic endeavors when providing advice. Almost half of their advice is based on analytical work, the remainder on judgment and opinion. To guard their image as objective truth seekers, most faculty are careful to qualify remarks not based on research. Faculty are seldom to be found in the policy-making forefront; most frequently they play supporting roles by providing information at staff and middle-management levels.
Prospectus for a Cooperative Extension System in Education
Authors: Rogers Everett M.
Published: March 2007

This article reviews lessons learned from the agricultural extension model that may be applicable to the proposed cooperative extension service in education. The agricultural extension model is a user-oriented system linking knowledge producers through state extension specialists and county extension agents with farm people and other knowledge users. In education, the adopters of innovations may be organczations such as schools as well as individuals such as teachers and administrators; the impacts of the educational innovations are less clear-cut than in agriculture; and educational innovations come from practitioners, as well as from the educational research and development system.
Enhancing Knowledge Utilization as a Strategy for School Improvement
Authors: Cousins J. Bradley , Leithwood Kenneth A.
Published: March 2007

The inability of either bottom-up or top-down strategies, by themselves, to provide suitable conditions for school improvement warrants a shift to school-focused knowledge use as a way to encourage such improvement. This study examines the influence of a large array of factors, derived from a knowledge utilization framework, on educators' use of several types of information for improvement purposes. Two hundred and thirty-three elementary school principals and 155 central board office staff members completed a survey instrument inquiring about most useful sources of information for improving curriculum and instruction in grades 4 to 6. Results provided support for categories of knowledge use factors in explaining variation in use of information for school improvement—characteristics of the source of information, characteris tics of the improvement setting, and interactive processes. These results are used to illustrate how a school-focused knowledge use perspective combines many of the strengths and avoids critical weaknesses of bottom-up and top-down strategies for change.
The Office of Technical Services
Authors: Stewart Robert K.
Published: March 2007

An emphasis on developing technology for use in World War II produced a body of German and American scientific knowledge that some U S policymakers believed could stimulate America's postwar economy New Dealers, in particular, believed that the government should organize, evaluate, and declassify this body of knowledge and facilitate its transfer to American industry, especially to small businesses that had limited resources for research and development The debate to create a government agency that was to have, as its primary mission, the communica tion of scientific and technical information to the general public was, however, also shaped by cold war politics and this circumstance had significant impact on the later role of that agency.
The International Circulation of Scientists and Technologists
Authors: GAILLARD ANNE MARIE , GAILLARD JACQUES
Published: March 2007

The dramatic contrasts in opinion about the effects of international scientific migration are traced to its intrinsic character as a polymorphic, recurrent phenomenon whose costs and benefits have never been successfully evaluated. The tendency to assign countries the status of “winner” or “loser” in migration patterns is shown to be of dubious usefulness in an era of changing economic paradigms and increased interconnection of scientists via electronic communication networks. Nevertheless, those countries with neither improving economies nor easy and inexpensive network connections may still find themselves at a disadvantage in the global flow of scientific talent.
Excerpts from Unlocking Our Future: Toward a New National Science Policy
Authors:   COMMITTEE ON SCIENCE,   U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Published: March 2007

In September 1998, the Committee on Science of the U.S. House of Representatives released the report, Unlocking Our Future: Toward a New National Science Policy. The report is designed to map out long-range directions for science policy in the United States. The excerpts below set the context for the study, discuss the importance of science communication, and offer some of the report's recommendations for funding and future initiatives.
Women Scientist Role Models on Screen
Authors: STEINKE JOCELYN
Published: March 2007

In the absence of real-life role models, children may construct an understanding of the role of women in science based largely on images of women scientists they see in the media. This study assesses the images used in the portrayal of a female astronomer in the film, Contact. The themes used as a framework for the analysis were early encouragement in science, professional status, professional reputation, professional relationships, and impact of personal relationships on career goals. The film's portrayal of a woman scientist is discussed in light of empirical data and anecdotal reports on the actual experiences of women scientists.
Response to Symptoms among a U.S. National Probability Sample of Adults Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Authors: Kilbourne Amy M. , Andersen Ronald M. , Asch Steven , Nakazono Terry , Crystal Stephen , Stein Michael , Gifford Allen L. , Bing Eric G. , Bozzette Samuel A. , Shapiro Martin F. , Cunningham William E.
Published: March 2007

Previous studies concerning disparities in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) services use among vulnerable groups did not control for specific clinical need for care such as symptom events. Using the Andersen Behavioral Model of Health Services Use, the authors determined whether minorities, women, and the less educated (vulnerable groups) were less likely to receive care for HIV symptoms. Persons enrolled in the HIV Cost and Services Utilization Study were asked whether they received care for their most bothersome symptom. Surprisingly, minorities and women were no more likely to go without care than other groups. Those with Medicaid, Medicare, private health maintenance organization (HMO) insurance, or no insurance were less likely to receive care for symptoms than those with private-non-HMO insurance. Vulnerable groups were no less likely to use services for HIV-related symptoms when need for care was considered. However, disparities may exist for symptom-specific care among HIV infected persons covered by public or HMO insurance.
Strategies for Managing Service Delivery in HMOs: An Application to Mental Health Care
Authors: Christianson Jon B. , Wholey Douglas , Peterson Maureen Shadle
Published: March 2007

This article examines the general problem of how health maintenance organizations (HMOs) manage service delivery, with specific application to mental health care. The empirical analysis consists of two parts. The first part explores relationships among HMO payment mechanisms and other approaches available to HMO managers to influence the delivery of care. This exploratory analysis identifies four distinct strategies for the management of mental health care delivery. The second part of the empirical analysis relates the adoption of a particular strategy to HMO and market characteristics. One finding from this analysis is that group model HMOs in more competitive markets are more likely to adopt mental health management strategies directed at providers.
Nursing Facility Staffing in the States: The 1991 to 1995 Period
Authors: Harrington Charlene , Carrillo Helen , Mullan Joe , Swan James H.
Published: March 2007

Trends in the average nurse staffing levels are reported for certified nursing facilities in the United States from 1991 through 1995. Data from the federal On-Line Survey Certification and Reporting system show a small overall increase in the staffing levels for registered nurses (RNs), licensed vocational and licensed practical nurses (LVNs/LPNs), and nursing assistants over the 5 years, but there are substantial variations across states and regions. A two-stage least squares panel analysis examined predictors of nurse staff levels in states. States with higher resident case mix levels had higher RN and LVN/LPN hours. States with higher percentages of large facilities had lower RN and LVN/LPN levels and states with higher percentages of for-profit facilities had lower RN staff levels. States with a higher percentage of Medicaid residents had higher LVN/LPN staff levels. These findings indicate the need for more studies of staff variations and public policies that affect staffing.
Price Controls and Medicare Spending: Assessing the Volume Offset Assumption
Authors: Zuckerman Stephen , Norton Stephen A. , Verrilli Diana
Published: March 2007

This study provides new estimates of the "volume offset" that may occur when payment rates for Medicare physician services are changed. Currently, policy makers assume that 50 percent of all payment rate decreases are offset by volume increase and that this occurs uniformly across all types of services. Using data from 1986 through 1992 and time-series, cross-sectional regression analysis, the authors show that although volume growth does offset reductions in fees, the effect is generally smaller than 50 percent and varies considerably by type of service and specialty. For imaging and evaluation and management services an offset of about 25 percent, and for tests an offset of about 15 percent, would seem more appropriate; for procedures, the current 50 percent offset is consistent with this study's results. In addition, this analysis suggests that the offset should be considered as a response to fee increases as well as decreases.
Consequences of Organizational Change in U.S. Hospitals
Authors: Lee Shoou-Yih D. , Alexander Jeffrey A.
Published: March 2007

Organizational change has become commonplace among U.S. hospitals. Empirical investigations of the consequences of organizational change, however, are relatively scarce, and findings of existing studies are inconsistent. In this article, the authors review the rationale and performance implications of hospital organizational change in three areas: (1) the development of new multi-institutional arrangements, (2) change in traditional ownership and management configurations, and (3) diversification in organizational products/services and consolidation of organizational scale. Empirical research on hospital change published between 1980 and 1999 in the health services research, social science, and business literatures is reviewed to highlight the potential pitfalls that hospitals may encounter in their effort to remain viable. The article also summarizes the strengths and weaknesses of current hospital change research and provides specific suggestions for future research in this area.
Network Structure and Hospital Financial Performance in New York State: 1991-1995
Authors: Nauenberg Eric , Brewer Carol S. , Basu Kisalaya , Bliss Mary K. , Osborne Jason W.
Published: March 2007

As networks have proliferated, questions have arisen regarding which structure is optimal. To obtain an answer from the hospital perspective, the authors conducted a survey of New York State hospitals to determine how network integration, complexity, and financial risk sharing relate to measures of financial performance during the period of 1991-1995. Of the 64 hospitals indicating a network affiliation by 1995, 67.2 percent listed some network risk-sharing activity. The least integrated networks were associated with the smallest improvements in throughput, and the most complex were associated with the largest negative changes in operating margins. During the first 2 years of network membership, hospitals joining risk-sharing networks experienced operating margin gains averaging 12 percentage points higher than hospitals joining networks without risk sharing; however, this difference dissipated in later years. Networks with higher levels of integration, lower levels of complexity, and which involve some risk-sharing between affiliates are most likely to experience improved hospital financial performance during the network’s initial years.
The Revictimization of Child Sexual Abuse Survivors: An Examination of the Adjustment of College Women with Child Sexual Abuse, Adult Sexual Assault, and Adult Physical Abuse
Authors: Messman-Moore Terri L. , Long Patricia J. , Siegfried Nicole J.
Published: March 2007

Child sexual abuse (CSA) is associated with greater vulnerability to victimization in adulthood. Such experiences may have a cumulative effect. This study compared the adjustment of 633 women experiencing revictimization, multiple adult victimizations, single adult victimization, CSA only, or no victimization. Somatization, depression, anxiety, interpersonal sensitivity, hostility, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomatology were examined. Results support the cumulative effect of trauma but do not indicate differential effects for child to adult revictimization. Women with revictimization and multiple adult assaults reported more difficulties compared to women with only one form of adult abuse or no victimization. Women with CSA only reported similar symptoms as revictimized women and women with multiple adult assaults reported higher levels of distress than nonabused women and appeared somewhat more likely to experience anxiety and PTSD-related symptoms as compared to women with only adult abuse. Women with adult assault only and no abuse reported similar levels of distress.
How Sexual Abuse Interviews Go Astray: Implications for Prosecutors, Police, and Child Protection Services
Authors: Wood James M. , Garven Sena
Published: March 2007

This article argues that child sexual abuse interviews can go astray in two different ways: (a) improper interviewing has the potential to elicit false allegations from children, and (b) clumsy interviewing does not typically produce false allegations, but may have other negative consequences, particularly for child victims. The article clarifies the distinction between the two kinds of bad interviewing and suggests that clumsy interviewing is the more common of the two. The potential negative consequences of both improper and clumsy interviewing are described, along with implications for prosecutors, police, and child protection services. In the authors' opinion, improper interviewing can probably be eliminated rather easily, but clumsy interviewing may be considerably more resistant to change.
The Evolving Law of Alleged Delayed Memories of Childhood Sexual Abuse
Authors: Gothard Judge Sol , Ivker Naomi A. Cohen
Published: March 2007

Court cases based on recovered memories raise serious ethical and legal issues. This article will address the background of the recovered memory controversy from a legal perspective, and discuss general legal issues in repressed memory cases. Based on rulings in many of these cases, the article concludes with suggestions on steps that therapists can take to minimize their liability exposure when treating patients who report delayed memories of childhood sexual abuse.
Are Father Surrogates a Risk Factor for Child Maltreatment?
Authors: Radhakrishna Aruna , Bou-Saada Ingrid E. , Hunter Wanda M. , Catellier Diane J. , Kotch Jonathan B.
Published: March 2007

Most research on the effect of father figures in the home on the incidence of child maltreatment has been cross-sectional and has focused on sexual abuse. This prospective study's purpose is to determine if the presence of a father surrogate in the home affects the risk of a subsequent child maltreatment report. In a longitudinal sample of at-risk children, North Carolina's Central Registry for Child Abuse and Neglect was used to determine the maltreatment history of children from birth to age 8 years. Children who had a father surrogate living in the home were twice as likely to be reported for maltreatment after his entry into the home than those with either a biological father (odds ratio = 2.6, 95% confidence interval = 1.4-4.7) or no father figure in the home (odds ratio = 2.0, 95% confidence interval = 1.1-3.5).
Male Roles in Families “at Risk”: The Ecology of Child Maltreatment
Authors: Lamb Michael E.
Published: March 2007

Research on child development has increasingly emphasized the complexity of developmental processes, and this reconceptualization is reflected in recent research on the effects of child maltreatment as well. The articles in this special issue illustrate the value of studying maltreatment in the context of children's relationships, not only with their biological mothers, but with biological fathers and father figures as well. Ambiguities remain, however, suggesting that we need to know much more about the quality and longevity of the relationships between these men and both their partners and surrogate children to understand their roles and impact more fully.
Oral Midazolam for Pediatric Nonacute Sexual Abuse Examinations
Authors: Hogan Marjorie
Published: March 2007

We evaluated oral midazolam as a conscious sedative for children requiring sexual abuse examinations. Thirty-five of 338 children (mean age 49.4 months) received 0.5 mg/kg of midazolam. Midazolam produced adequate sedation in 31 children. Vital signs and oxygen saturation did not vary from baseline during or after the procedure. Oral midazolam appears to be safe and effective for pediatric sexual abuse examinations.
State Efforts to Identify Maltreated Children with Disabilities: A Follow-Up Study
Authors: Bonner Barbara L. , Crow Sheila M. , Hensley Lisa D.
Published: March 2007

Child abuse and neglect state liaison officers representing 50 states and 7 U.S. territories were surveyed regarding data collection procedures, accuracy of reporting, state assistance to local agencies, and training for child welfare workers in the area of maltreated children with disabilities. The current study is a replication of a similar survey conducted by Camblin in 1982. Results indicate that (a) more states provided assistance to local child welfare agencies than was reported in 1982, (b) the number of states that routinely collected disability information in child maltreatment cases had declined, (c) seven states documented specific disabilities in children, (d) two states reported on the number of children disabled as a result of abuse, (e) fewer states reported having accurate information on the incidence of disabled children reported for maltreatment, and (f) seven states required training in disabilities for child welfare workers, with an average of four hours required. Implications of the results for identifying and serving maltreated children with disabilities are discussed and recommendations for child welfare agencies are presented.
Concordance of Reports of Childhood Abuse by Adults
Authors: Friedrich William N. , Talley N. J. , Panser Laurel , Fett Sara , Zinsmeister A. R.
Published: March 2007

A random sample of 610 adults, enrolled in a population-based, prospective cohort study, were examined by questionnaire on two occasions (separated by an average of 20 months) about unwanted sexual experiences, physical abuse, and psychological abuse that might have occurred when they were younger. Although the screening questions for these types of maltreatment were not identical at the initial and followup surveys, relatively high levels of concordance were identified. Agreement on sexual abuse between both questionnaires was 85.6% (kappa =.64), 91.8% for physical abuse (kappa =.59), and 65.4% for psychological abuse (kappa =.25). Reports of noncontact sexual abuse accounted for approximately one fourth of the nonconcordant reports on sexual abuse. Logistic regression examining demographic variables (e.g., age, gender, marital status, education level) was used to identify predictors of concordance in subjects who indicated a specific abuse type on either questionnaire. Females had significantly greater concordance on sexual abuse, whereas marital status predicted concordance for psychological abuse. No variables were identified that predicted concordance on physical abuse.
Children with Sexual Behavior Problems: Identification of Five Distinct Child Types and Related Treatment Considerations
Authors: Pithers William D. , Gray Alison , Busconi Aida , Houchens Paul
Published: March 2007

This research was conducted to define empirically derived and clinically relevant types of children with sexual behavior problems. A theory-driven hierarchical cluster analysis was performed using Ward's method. Five distinct types of children with sexual behavior problems emerged. Significant differences were found among the five child types on a large number of historical, diagnostic, behavioral, and demographic variables, including number of victims, degree of aggression employed during sexual acting out, sexual penetration, psychiatric diagnosis, internalizing, and externalizing. Clinical relevance of the child types was examined by analyzing change scores on an objective measure of sexualized behaviors in children who had earlier been assigned randomly to one of two treatment conditions. The analysis of treatment efficacy revealed a significant main effect of child type and a significant child type by treatment type interaction. After a short time in treatment, the highly traumatized child type derived significantly more benefit from a cognitive behavioral intervention than from an expressive therapy. This study demonstrates that distinct types of children with sexual behavior problems exist, that they can be distinguished on a wide range of clinically relevant variables, and that identification of child type may be relevant to choice of treatment modalities and outcome.
Emerging Criteria for Quality in Qualitative and Interpretive
Research
Authors: Lincoln Yvonna S.
Published: March 2007

Not only are the boundaries of interpretive research as yet undefined,
but criteria for judging the quality of such research are even more fluid
and emergent. Developing criteria are nominated and cautions in applying
them are discussed. The author also suggests two critical insights: The most
promising of these criteria are relational, and they effectively collapse
the distinction between quality (rigor) and research ethics.
Writing as Healing
Authors: Nye Emily F.
Published: March 2007

Research conducted with a writing group at an HIV clinic demonstrated how writing was healing. The research used grounded theory to help show patterns m the writers' discourse and in the narratives they constructed. Results showed that people in the writing group constructed four different kinds of narrative, each with a different healing function. These narratives included making sense of life in general, teaching others about AIDS, helping others with AIDS and generating a community of support, and gaining control and empowerment by claiming one's own experience and survival of AIDS. An individual healing occured as the writers wrote and witnessed their stories, whereas a social healing occured through the experience of forming a writing community.
Crossing Boundaries in Research and Teacher Education: Reflections of a White Researcher in Urban Schools and Communities
Authors: Schultz Katherine
Published: March 2007

In this article, the author uses insights gained from reflection on a qualitative research project to raise issues about the introduction of preservice teachers to urban schooling. In particular, she examines her experiences as a White, middle-class researcher as she conducted research with students of color in a poor urban school and community. She documents the ways her roles and relationships inside the research project shifted and how issues of power and control became more apparent as she followed students from school to their workplaces and community settings. She uses this analysis to raise questions about what happens when a predominantly White, female, middle-class group of preservice teachers from the suburbs is introduced to the challenges and rewards of teaching in urban settings. She suggests the need to transform the roles and relationships between students and teachers, particularly with respect to issues of race and class in teaching and research.
Kaleidoscope Notes: Writing Women's Music and Organizational Culture
Authors: Jones Stacy Holman
Published: March 2007

This work explores the meaning and experience of women's music within organizational and performative contexts. This work is also about the politics and passion of writing ethnography as a collage of field notes, poetry, song, conversation, interviews, theories, performances, and defenses. Join the author at The Club, a small, nonprofit, nonmain stream folk music venue and enter into this conversation with an ethnographer, per former, audience member, critic, and apprentice. Enjoy the show.
Factors Affecting Credibility in a Simulated Sexual Harassment Hearing
Authors: GIBBS MARGARET , SIGAL JANET , FRIEDMAN CYNTHIA RUBIN , OROSY-FILDES CYNTHIA
Published: March 2007

Two hundred forty male and female undergraduates participated in two studies investigating judgments in a simulated sexual harassment hearing. A transcript presented a female student's allegations of sexual harassment against a male professor. The first experiment varied the status of the accused professor (national prominence vs. moderate status) and his style of defense (aggressive vs. nonaggressive). The second study varied the emotionality of both the victim and the accused and the time between the occurrence and the reporting of the alleged harassment incident (1 month vs. 6 months). Findings included negative effects on the student's credibility ratings when the professor attacked aggressively and more severe punishment of the defendant when the victim was emotional. It was concluded that process variables may be important in the perception of sexual harassment.
Gender Differences in Attributions of Self-Defense and Control in Interpartner Aggression
Authors: BARNETT OLA W. , LEE CHEOK Y. , THELEN ROSE E.
Published: March 2007

This study compared batterers with battered women to investigate hypothesized differences in terms of frequencies, forms, outcomes, and attributions for abuse. To obtain data for abusive behavior profiles, 34 men arrested for spouse abuse and 30 women connected with a battered women's shelter completed the Relationship Abuse Questionnaire (a modified Conflict Tactics Scale). Although significant group differences did not occur in frequencies or forms of abuse, significant decreasing linear trends for both men and women occurred in verbal, psychological, threat, and physical abuse. In addition, significant gender dissimilarities occurred in outcomes of abuse, attributions for abuse, and their interactions. Significant decreasing linear trends for both genders occurred for both outcomes and attributions. These results suggest that underlying the similar gender frequencies of abuse are statistically significant contextual gender disparities in outcomes and attributions.
Talking Violent
Authors: EISIKOVITS ZVI , BUCHBINDER ELI
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to describe and analyze battering men's intrapersonal and interpersonal worlds by studying the metaphors they use. The sample included 27 men who had physically abused their cohabiting partners at least once during the year preceding data collection. Data were collected using a semistructured qualitative interview guide. Content analysis yielded three major content categories for organizing the findings: (a) conflict and violence expressed in war metaphors; (b) metaphors presenting the self as a dangerous inner space and as the locus of inner struggles; and (c) metaphors of deescalation and balancing. The findings indicated that the metaphoric language of violent men is meaningful in helping us to understand the structure of their violent behaviors.
Gender and Contextual Factors in Adolescent Dating Violence
Authors: MOLIDOR CHRISTIAN , TOLMAN RICHARD M.
Published: March 2007

This study explored the occurrence of violence in adolescent dating relationships, the contexts in which violence occured, and the reactions of adolescents involved in the violence. Six hundred and thirty-five high school students were surveyed using a dating violence questionnaire that included items modified from the Conflict Tactics Scales. Analyses focused on comparing male and female reports of victimization in current and past dating relationships. Consistent with some previous studies, male and female adolescents did not differ in overall frequency of violence in dating relationships. However, adolescent girls experienced significantly higher levels of severe violence and reported more severe physical and emotional reactions to the violence.
Impaired Competence in an Urban Community
Authors: Butler Edgar W. , Lei Tzuen-Jen , McAllister Ronald J.
Published: March 2007

During the past half-century, many studies have been conducted to determine both the prevalence and incidence of mental disorders. This ecological research has demonstrated that some factors external to the individual are related to mental disorders. However, ecological studies of other types of impairments are virtually nonexistent. This research is an ecological analysis of intellectual, behavioral, and physical impairments in an urban complex. Data analysis results, illustrated by computer graphics and statistical analysis, suggest that ecological patterns of intellectual impairments and behavioral retardation are similar to mental disorders and that high rates of these impairments are located in the same general ecological proximity in the urban complex. On the other hand, physical disabilities have a remarkably different spatial distribution and are not systematically related with variables ordinarily associated with mental disorders, intellectual impairment, or behavioral retardation.
Internal Colonialism in Thailand
Authors: London Bruce
Published: March 2007

This paper contributes to the development of a more "political" comparative urban sociology by focusing on the role of intergroup power relationships in the creation and maintenance of regional/spatial inequalities in Thailand. In asserting that primate city parasitism is best understood in terms of an "internal colonial" analogy, it is suggested that the study of the urban bases of spatial inequality should focus on the phenomena of exploitative and/or neglectful policy-making, the intergroup power exchanges behind policy decisions, and the role of extranational forces in determining such intranational politics. This perspective is applied to an analysis of Thai policy-making between 1850 and 1900.
How Representative Are Mandated Citizen Participation Processes?
Authors: Redburn Steve , Buss Terry F. , Foster Steven K. , Binning William C.
Published: March 2007

Legally mandated citizen participation processes constitute a significant new element of urban politics. However, few attempts have been made to determine whether such partici pation is representative of the needs and demands of the public. A method for assessing the "representativeness" of alternative methods of public representation is demonstrated. Findings suggest that neither the citizen participants in mandated processes nor the tradi tionally recruited political elite consistently reflect the average view of the public, and neither is consistently closer to the public in its preferences.
Local Government-Supported Community Development
Authors: Glaser Mark A. , Soskin Mark D. , Smith Michael
Published: March 2007

There is increasing support for local solutions to poverty through community-based organizations (CBOs). However, a dilemma remains: How can CBOs secure resources necessary for change and yet maintain autonomy in definition of development priorities and delivery strategies? The authors examine a community-development model used in central Florida that includes local government support in the formation and activities of a CBO, and they explore the threat to community autonomy associated with differences in development priorities between community-based and external forces. The results provide encouraging evidence that development models that include cooperation between local government and low-income communities do not necessarily produce sublimation of community priorities.
Rosalynn Carter: Advocate for the Mentally Ill
Authors: Brooks Ann Marie T.
Published: March 2007

In January 1977, Rosalynn Carter of Plains, GA, became First Lady when her husband Jimmy Carter took office as the 39th president of the United States. Although she was new to the national limelight, Mrs. Carter had always maintained an active role in the family business, as mother of four children, and as partner in all her husband's politi cal activities.

As a member of the Carter Center Board of Trustees, the former First Lady created and chairs the Carter Center's Mental Health Task Force, an advisory body of experts, con sumers, and advocates promoting positive change in the mental health field. She serves as the honorary chair of the Rosalynn Carter Institute at Georgia Southwest ern College and is involved in a variety of national, state, and local initiatives that address social ills as sociated with poverty and mental illness.
Speaking for the Public
Authors: Davis Richard , Curtice John
Published: March 2007

Audience-participation programs are designed to provide interaction between politicians and voters. Through voters' questions, politicians gain a valuable gauge of public opinion. However, for this to happen, participants must be representative of the general public. Previous U.S. research suggests that this is not the case, but this failure may be caused by that country's commercialized media structure. Callers to the premiere British election phone-in program, Election Call, broadcast by the non-commercial BBC, are compared with members of the general public to determine whether its participants are socially and politically representative of the general public. The results are negative, at least in part because simply reflecting the public mood would conflict with the rules and norms of public-interest broadcasting.
When the Facts Didn't Speak for Themselves
Authors: Leff Laurel
Published: March 2007

Conventional wisdom assumes that Americans did not know about the Holocaust while it was happening. However, over the last two decades, scholars have demonstrated not only that credible reports reached the Allied governments throughout the war about the persecution and ultimately the extermination of the Jews, but also that much of that information appeared in the Jewish press and in daily newspapers. My own research reveals that during the war a story on what was happening to the Jews appeared on average every other day in the New York Times. The question then becomes, if all this information was available, why do we think we did not know? This article argues that the placement of news about the Holocaust almost uniformly on inside pages, as well as the failure to highlight it in editorials or in summaries of important events, made it difficult for most Americans to find the facts and to understand their importance. The article concludes that despite the detailed, credible information that was available, the American public actually did not know about the Holocaust while it was happening because mainstream American newspapers never presented the story of the extermination of the Jews in a way that highlighted its importance.
Reporting Environmental Policy Debate
Authors: Entman Robert M.
Published: March 2007

With American parties finally acting more like those in most other industrial democracies, with lines of ideological dispute clearly drawn, 1995 created an opportunity for the media to move toward their ideal role as civic educators. This case study explains how and why they missed this opportunity, highlighting the impact of the persistent nonideological and nonpartisan biases that structure the news. These biases led journalists to frame the debate over environmental policy reform in ways that prevented the average citizen from engaging in rational deliberation.
Building a Better Ad Watch
Authors: Richardson Glenn W.
Published: March 2007

A sample of twenty-six ad watches from three newspapers indicates that the analysts' critiques emphasized isolated claims within the ads as opposed to the broad patterns of behavior and records emphasized by the candidates. Also, the visual and narrative elements of the ads were generally neglected. A handful of suggestions are offered to help journalists build a better ad watch. These suggestions include focusing on patterns and taking the audiovisual and narrative elements of campaign ads seriously.
Wave Stability for Near-Incompressibility at Uniform Temperature or Entropy in Generalized Isotropic Thermoelasticity
Authors: Leslie D. J. , Scott N. H.
Published: March 2007

This work is an extension of a 1998 work by Leslie and Scott to the theory of generalized isotropic thermoelasticity in which Fourier's constitutive equation for heat conduction is replaced by one in which a relaxation time (ro) is associated with the heat flux vector. The effect is to alter the character of the governing field equations from parabolic to hyperbolic type so that all disturbances propagate with finite speed. The theory of longitudinal plane wave propagation in generalized isotropic thermoelasticity is developed here along the lines developed by the authors for classical thermoelasticity. It is found that if the two longitudinal wave modes intersect in the complex plane of squared wave speeds, regarded as functions of frequency, then they do so in two semicircles in the lower half-plane (which guarantees stability). The equivalence of the two types of near-incompressibility can be demonstrated for To > 0 just as in the classical case To = 0.
Multiparticle Effective Field and Related Methods in Micromechanics of Random Structure Components
Authors: Buryachenko V. A.
Published: March 2007

In this paper, linearly thermoelastic composite media are treated, which consist of a homogeneous matrix containing a statistically homogeneous random set of ellipsoidal uncoated or coated inclusions. Effective properties (such as compliance, thermal expansion, stored energy) as well as the first statistical moments of stresses in the components are estimated for both the general case of nonhomogeneity of the thermoelastic inclusion properties and arbitrary choice of comparison medium. The micromechanical approach is based on Green's function techniques as well as on the generalization of the "multiparticle effective field" method (MEFM), previously proposed for the estimation of stress field averages in the components for the case of coinciding elastic moduli of the matrix and comparison medium. The author considers in detail the connection of methods proposed with numerous related methods and demonstrates that the MEFM includes, as particular cases, the well-known methods of mechanics of strongly heterogeneous media (such as the effective medium and the mean field methods and some others).
On Materiality Criteria for Vector Fields and Vector-Lines
Authors: Casey James
Published: March 2007

With the aid of a referential description of the kinematics of a deformable continuum, explicit definitions are given for the materiality of vector fields and vector-lines, and necessary and sufficient conditions for materiality are derived. A number of examples are included.
A Necessary Condition for Energy-Minimizing Plane Deformations of Elastic Solids with Intrinsic Boundary Elasticity
Authors: Steigmann David J. , Ogden Raymond W.
Published: March 2007

In the plane-strain theory of the finite deformation of a hyperelastic solid that has a thin elastic coating on all or part of its boundary, the properties of the Hessian matrix of the coating energy, regarded as a function of the boundary stretch and a curvature-like variable, have been shown recently to play an important role in connection with the analysis of stability. Here it is proved that the Hessian is positive semidefinite in an energy-minimizing configuration. The proof is given for the case in which the bulk material to which the coating is bonded is not subject to any internal kinematic constraints and is then extended to allow for the constraint of incompressibility.
Finite Strain Singular Field Near the Tip of a Crack Terminating at a Material Interface
Authors: Ru Chong Qing
Published: March 2007

The paper contains an asymptotic finite-strain analysis of the deformations and stresses near the tip of a traction-free crack terminating at an interface between two dissimilar compressible elastic half-planes under conditions of plane strain. Each of the two half-planes is assumed to be hyperelastic with a harmonic-type strain energy density introduced by John. The near-tip singular field is derived for an arbitrary meeting angle at which the crack meets the interface and the deformations and stresses around the crack tip are found to be free of oscillatory singularities arising in the linearized theory. Regardless of the loading conditions, the explicit conditions for the strict positivity of the Jacobian determinant in the vicinity of the crack tip are given in terms of the known material parameters and the meeting angle. In particular, these conditions are unconditionally satisfied for an interface crack tip. As two typical examples, the interface crack and the crack perpendicular to the interface are discussed.
On the Existence of a Stretch for a Prescribed Stress in Isotropic, Incompressible Elastic Materials
Authors: Nordenholz Thomas R. , O'Reilly Oliver M.
Published: March 2007

The authors show that an isotropic, incompressible elastic material can support any system of homogeneous tractions if it satisfies a strengthened form of Truesdell's inequalities. Specifically, if this strengthened condition is satisfied, the Cauchy and first Piola-Kirchhoff stress tensors can assume all values. The strengthened condition is satisfied by certain Mooney-Rivlin and neo-Hookean materials, and implies both the Baker-Ericksen inequalities and a restriction proposed by Carroll and McCarthy. Finally, it also implies two growth conditions, either one of which is sufficient to guarantee the existence result for the Cauchy stress tensor.
On an Integral Solution of the Antiplane Shear Problem
Authors: Schiavone Peter , Shen Xiaofeng
Published: March 2007

The boundary integral equation method is used to solve the problem corresponding to antiplane shear deformation of a homogeneous and anisotropic linearly elastic solid whose cross-section is bounded by an arbitrary (smooth) closed curve. The solution is found in the form of a single-layer potential based on the principal fundamental solution of antiplane shear. Uniqueness and existence results are established in the appropriate function spaces. An example of an elastic solid with an elliptic cross-section is used to illustrate the theory.