bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessing habitat quality for conservation using an integrated occurrence‐mortality model
Authors: Falcucci Alessandra , Ciucci Paolo , Maiorano Luigi , Gentile Leonardo , Boitani Luigi
Published: March 2009

Habitat suitability models are usually produced using species presence or habitat selection, without taking into account the demographic performance of the population considered. These models cannot distinguish between sink and source habitats, causing problems especially for species with low reproductive rates and high susceptibility to low levels of mortality as in the case of the critically endangered Apennine brown bear Ursus arctos marsicanus.

We developed a spatial model based on bear presence (2544 locations) and mortality data (37 locations) used as proxies for demographic performance. We integrated an occurrence and a mortality‐risk Ecological Niche Factor Analysis model into a final two‐dimensional model that can be used to distinguish between attractive sink‐like and source‐like habitat.

Our integrated model indicates that a traditional habitat suitability model can provide misleading management and conservation indications, as 43% of the area suitable for the occurrence model is associated with high mortality risk. Areas of source‐like habitat for the Apennine bears (highly elevated areas rich in beech forests, far from roads, and with low human density and cultivated fields) are still present, including outside the currently occupied range. However, attractive sink‐like habitat (associated with high levels of pasture, low extent of mountain meadows, low steepness, low elevation, and closeness to secondary and urban roads) are present even inside protected areas.

Synthesis and applications. Identifying attractive sink‐like habitat is crucial to prevent inappropriate management and to effectively address conservation issues: whereas existing source‐like habitats should be preserved to halt habitat loss and degradation, attractive sink‐like habitat should be managed to mitigate mortality risks or to decrease their attractiveness. In particular, area‐specific management interventions and proactive actions (increased patrolling, road closure, human activity management, threat monitoring, etc.) aimed at reducing human‐caused mortality are critical for the Apennine brown bear.
Reduced morbidity and mortality in the first year after initiating highly active anti‐retroviral therapy (HAART) among Ugandan adults
Authors: Miiro George , Todd Jim , Mpendo Juliet , Watera Christine , Munderi Paula , Nakubulwa Susan , Kaddu Ismael , Rutebarika Diana , Grosskurth Heiner
Published: March 2009

Objective  To evaluate the effect of highly active anti‐retroviral therapy (HAART) and cotrimoxazole prophylaxis on morbidity after HAART eligibility.

Methods  Between 1999 and 2006, we collected morbidity data from a community‐based cohort of HAART‐eligible patients, comparing patients initiating HAART and those non‐HAART. Patients aged 15 years or older visited the clinic every 6 months and when ill. Baseline data on patients’ characteristics, WHO stage, haemoglobin and CD4+ T‐cell counts, along with follow‐up data on morbidity (new, recurrent and drug‐related), were collected for the first year after initiating HAART or becoming HAART‐eligible. We estimated the overall effect of HAART on morbidity; adjusted for the effect of cotrimoxazole prophylaxis by Mantel–Haenszel methods. A negative binomial regression model was used to assess rate ratios (RR) after adjustment for other confounders, including cotrimoxazole.

Results  A total of 219 HAART patients (median age 37 years; 73% women; 82% using cotrimoxazole prophylaxis, median haemoglobin 11.7 g/dl and median CD4+ 131 cells/μl) experienced 94 events in 127 person‐years. 616 non‐HAART patients (median age 33 years; 70% women; 26% using cotrimoxazole prophylaxis, median haemoglobin 11.2 g/dl and median CD4+ 130 cells/μl) experienced 862 events in 474 person‐years. The overall morbidity during the first year of HAART was 80% lower than among non‐HAART patients (adjusted RR = 0.20, 95% CI: 0.12–0.34). Cotrimoxazole prophylaxis also reduced morbidity (adjusted RR = 0.65, 95% CI: 0.45–0.94).

Conclusion  These results confirm the reduction in morbidity due to HAART, and the additional protection of cotrimoxazole prophylaxis.
The pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus after first and repeated dosing with 0.03% ointment in infants with atopic dermatitis*
Authors: Reitamo Sakari , Mandelin Johanna , Rubins Andris , Remitz Anita , Mäkelä Mika , Cirule Kristine , Rubins Silvestrs , Zigure Sanita , Ho Vincent , Dickinson James , Undre Nasrullah
Published: March 2009

Background  In adults and children aged > 2 years, systemic absorption of tacrolimus from tacrolimus ointment is very low. In this study, the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus 0.03% ointment were investigated in infants aged 3–24 months.

Methods  The pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus after first and repeated topical application of tacrolimus 0.03% ointment were evaluated in 53 infants (age, 3–24 month) with atopic dermatitis requiring treatment with mid‐potency topical corticosteroids. Patients were grouped according to percentage of body surface area affected (Group 1: 5–20%; Group 2: > 20–40%; Group 3: > 40%). After stratification, patients were randomized (double‐blind) to receive once‐daily or twice‐daily tacrolimus 0.03% ointment.

Results  Blood samples taken on days 1 and 14 (first and last application) showed minimal systemic tacrolimus exposure. Overall, 97% of blood samples assayed contained tacrolimus concentrations < 1 ng/ml, and 20% were below the lower limit of quantification (0.025 ng/ml). Systemic tacrolimus exposure was variable, but tended to increase as the treated body surface area increased. Mean apparent half‐life of tacrolimus was 80 ± 35 h (range: 25–175 h). Most patients experienced substantial clinical improvement in their atopic dermatitis. There were no clinically significant changes in laboratory values, and the most frequently reported adverse events were minor infections and local skin irritations.

Conclusions  Tacrolimus 0.03% ointment in infants is associated with very low systemic exposure to tacrolimus. Treatment was well tolerated and led to considerable clinical improvement.
A comparative study of the diagnosis of Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iraq by polymerase chain reaction and microbiologic and histopathologic methods
Authors: Al‐Hucheimi Sundus Nsaif , Sultan Baqur A. , Al‐Dhalimi Muhsin A.
Published: March 2009

Background  The diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) largely depends on the clinical appearance, especially in endemic areas. A diagnostic challenge arises when the lesions appear in nonendemic areas, when the clinical picture is distorted, or when an atypical variant is seen, even in endemic regions.

Aim  To assess the correlation of microbiologic and histopathologic diagnosis with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) findings in clinically diagnosed cases of CL.

Methods  This was an observational and descriptive study. The patients were seen at outpatient departments of dermatology in the middle Euphrates region of Iraq. Sixty‐five patients with clinically suspicious CL lesions were screened. Fifty‐seven clinically diagnosed cases were then subjected to slit‐skin smear and skin biopsy. PCR examination was conducted in 40 cases.

Results  Direct slit‐skin smear examination was positive in 38 patients (66.7%), and 48 specimens (84.2%) were positive by the slide‐touch skin biopsy method. Histopathologic examination showed features suggestive of CL in 34 specimens (59.6%). The results of PCR examination were positive in 37 cases (92.5%).

Conclusion  The PCR technique is highly specific (100%) and sensitive (92.5%) for the diagnosis of CL. In addition to the confirmation of the diagnosis, it may be useful in identifying a relationship between the type of microorganism and the clinical presentation of the disease.
Development of vitiligo during melanoma treatment with a novel survivin inhibitor: a case report and review of the literature
Authors: Fujita Mayumi , High Whitney A. , Asgari Shabnam , Lewis Karl D. , Gonzalez Rene
Published: March 2009

Background  The development of vitiligo has been associated with an improved clinical response in melanoma patients.

Methods  We report a case of vitiligo associated with a novel antisurvivin drug and review the literature to determine the pathogenesis of vitiligo occurring during melanoma treatment.

Results  A 78‐year‐old man with stage IV malignant melanoma developed vitiligo after the first therapeutic cycle of a novel antisurvivin drug. Although his vitiligo remained static, his melanoma continued to progress and he died in 8 months. A review of the literature demonstrates a relationship between vitiligo development and improved clinical response in many melanoma cases treated with immunotherapy; however, the relationship may depend on the type of treatment.

Conclusions  Understanding complex immune responses in vitiliginous skin and melanoma sites is important in order to interpret the development of vitiligo occurring during melanoma treatment.
A novel missense mutation in the SLC6A19 gene in a Chinese family with Hartnup disorder
Authors: Zheng Yanhong , Zhou Cuncai , Huang Yongchu , Bu Dingfang , Zhu Xuejun , Jiang Wei
Published: March 2009

Background  Hartnup disease is a rare autosomal‐recessive abnormality of renal and gastrointestinal neutral amino acid transport associated with neurologic, psychiatric, and dermatologic symptoms. Mutations in the SLC6A19 gene have been proposed to be responsible for the underlying changes in this disorder.

Aim  To investigate a pedigree with Hartnup disorder and to search for the mutation in the SLC6A19 gene in this pedigree.

Methods  The encoding exons of the SLC6A19 gene were amplified and sequenced from genomic DNA samples. Amino acids were determined in urine samples from the proband and her family members.

Results  The proband and her brother had a homozygous mutation of c.850G > A in the SLC6A19 gene, causing G284R in the transmembrane domain of the SLC6A19 transporter, inherited from their parents who were heterozygous carriers. Their urine samples showed increased values of eight neutral amino acids.

Conclusion  We found a novel homozygous mutation of G284R in the transmembrane domain of the SLC6A19 transporter in the proband, with typical dermatologic and neurologic manifestations and increased levels of urinary neutral amino acids.
Effects of incomplete pedigree on genetic management of the Dutch Landrace goat
Authors: Mucha S. , Windig J. J.
Published: March 2009

Genetic diversity in the Dutch Landrace goat was investigated based on information from the pedigree with about 6500 animals. Annual inbreeding rate after 1985 was below 0.5% and after 1987 close to 0%. However, pedigree information was incomplete, and 350 animals had unknown parents, while for the majority the real parents must have been in the pedigree. To determine the influence of unknown parents, 20 new pedigrees were created by random assignment of animals, alive at the time of birth, as parents to individuals with unknown parents. Only 12 founders remained for these pedigrees, and inbreeding levels varied considerably between these 20 pedigrees. However, inbreeding rates were remarkably constant. They increased to about 0.2%, indicating that the population is not endangered by inbreeding. The optimal contribution theory was used to evaluate possibilities of decreasing the average relationship in the population and thus to increase the genetic diversity of the breed. Optimal contribution decreased the average relationship in the population whether randomly assigned parents were used or not. However, individuals selected as parents for the resampled pedigrees differed from the original pedigree, and only a few animals were selected for all pedigrees. Candidates for inclusion in the genebank were also selected using optimal contribution. Adding animals to the genebank increased the conserved genetic diversity substantially, but as the lists differed between the analysed pedigrees it was not clear which animals were best added to the genebank.
Stigma associated with schizophrenia: Cultural comparison of social distance in Japan and China
Authors: Haraguchi Kenzo , Maeda Masaharu , Mei Yan Xiao , Uchimura Naohisa
Published: March 2009

Aims:  The aim of the present study was to investigate social attitudes toward schizophrenia in Japan and China in view of social distance and knowledge of psychiatry, as well as sociocultural aspects.

Methods:  Two self‐rating scales were used to compare social distance and knowledge regarding schizophrenia in 352 Japanese subjects and 347 Chinese subjects. The Social Distance Scale–Japanese version was used to measure social distance from schizophrenia subjects in Japan. This scale consists of eight questions graded using a 4‐point Likert scale (0–3 points), with higher scores representing increased social distance. A translation of the SDSJ into Chinese was used to assess social distance in China. The Knowledge of Illness and Drugs Inventory was used to determine participant knowledge of mental illness and its treatment (medication) through 20 questions (responses are graded as correct or incorrect, with higher scores indicating greater knowledge). A Chinese version of this questionnaire was also created.

Results:  Total scores of both scales were significantly higher in Japanese subjects than in Chinese subjects.

Conclusions:  Social distance associated with schizophrenia is large in both Beijing and Fukuoka, but the features of social distance differ between countries. It is important to determine the features of stigma associated with schizophrenia and develop anti‐stigma programs based on trans‐cultural considerations.
Comparative study of the prevalence of suicidal behavior and sexual abuse history in delinquent and non‐delinquent adolescents
Authors: Matsumoto Toshihiko , Tsutsumi Atsuro , Izutsu Takashi , Imamura Fumi , Chiba Yasuhiko , Takeshima Tadashi
Published: March 2009

The present study examined the prevalence of suicidal behavior and sexual abuse history in delinquent and non‐delinquent adolescents aged 15–17 years. Results showed that delinquent adolescents, particularly girls, more frequently reported histories of suicidal behavior and sexual abuse than non‐delinquent adolescents.
Identification of predictors of post‐ictal delirium after electroconvulsive therapy
Authors: Kikuchi Atsuhiro , Yasui‐Furukori Norio , Fujii Akira , Katagai Hiroshi , Kaneko Sunao
Published: March 2009

Aim: Although electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) often causes post‐ictal delirium (PID), to date, the specific risk factors of PID have not been described. The purpose of the present study was therefore to elucidate the predictors of PID via identification of the characteristics of patients with PID.

Methods: ECT was conducted in 50 patients and all patients underwent more than four sessions. A sine wave or a brief‐pulse square wave ECT instrument was used. After convulsions the patients' PID was monitored for 30 min. The patients were allocated into four groups based on PID severity (none, mild, moderate or severe PID). Variables, including age, gender, duration of illness, diagnosis, clinical features (psychotic or catatonic features) and stimulus waveform (sine or brief pulse square waveform), were analyzed.

Results: Moderate to severe PID developed during the ECT sessions in 18 patients (36%). Most patients with severe delirium were successfully treated with i.v. bolus of propofol (1–2 mg/kg). Although the incidence of PID was 24% in patients without catatonic features, the incidence in patients with catatonic features was extremely high (88%;P < 0.001). Multiple regression analyses showed that the severity of PID correlated significantly with the presence of catatonic features (β = 0.428,P < 0.01).

Conclusion: The presence of catatonic features before ECT is a predictor of PID. Propofol is useful for the treatment of PID.
Suicide attempts in adult patients with idiopathic generalized epilepsy
Authors: Hara Eriko , Akanuma Nozomi , Adachi Naoto , Hara Koichiro , Koutroumanidis Michael
Published: March 2009

Aims:  To study clinical features of adult patients with idiopathic generalized epilepsy with special attention to suicidal behavior.

Methods:  We reviewed the medical records of 145 consecutive adult patients with electro‐clinically confirmed idiopathic generalized epilepsy and identified those with a history of at least one attempted suicide. Clinical variables in relation to their epilepsy and psychiatric conditions were analyzed.

Results:  Seven patients (4.8%) had a history of suicide attempts with drug overdose, and one of these patients committed suicide after multiple attempts. All attempts were made interictally without direct relation to their epileptic seizures. All had at least one co‐morbid mental disorder (two with dual diagnosis). Although their psychiatric diagnoses varied, they all appeared to have increased emotional instability and poor impulse control. Only one patient's attempt was directly associated with her co‐morbid depression.

Conclusions:  Physicians managing people with epilepsies should be aware of psychiatric disturbances and suicidal behavior in idiopathic generalized epilepsy.
Psychological features and coping styles in patients with chronic pain
Authors: Cui Jingai , Matsushima Eisuke , Aso Katsuko , Masuda Akio , Makita Koshi
Published: March 2009

Aims:  It is said that psychological factors play a crucial role in the development, continuation or amplification of chronic pain. The purpose of the present study was to examine psychological features and coping styles related to chronic pain.

Methods:  Sixty‐three patients with persistent pain over 3 months (average age of 59.3 years; 22 men and 41 women) were recruited as subjects from December 2005 to March 2007. As for chronic pain, the duration of pain and the intensity of pain, applied using the Visual Analogue Scale, were evaluated in each patient. In addition, their psychological features were examined with the Profile of Mood States (POMS) and their coping styles were examined using the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS).

Results:  The duration of pain was not significantly correlated with values of the POMS or CISS. The intensity of pain according to the Visual Analogue Scale was significantly correlated with the tension–anxiety, anger–hostility and fatigue scales of the POMS. Also, the intensity of pain showed negative correlations with the avoidance‐oriented coping scale of the CISS.

Conclusions:  Understanding psychological features and coping styles are critical when we determine the proper treatment for chronic pain.
Better efficacy for the osmotic release oral system methylphenidate among poor adherents to immediate‐release methylphenidate in the three ADHD subtypes
Authors: Chou Wen‐Jiun , Chou Miao‐Chun , Tzang Ruu‐Fen , Hsu Ya‐Chen , Gau Susan Shur‐Fen , Chen Shin‐Jaw , Wu Yu‐Yu , Huang Ya‐Fen , Liang Hsin‐Yi , Cheng Helen
Published: March 2009

Aims:  To determine factors for switching to osmotic release oral system methylphenidate (OROS‐MPH) among poor adherents to immediate‐release methylphenidate (IR‐MPH); and to compare the efficacy of OROS‐MPH on the three attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) subtypes in a multi‐site prospective observational study in Taiwan.

Methods:  The sample included 240 children with ADHD, aged 6–16 years, who were poor adherents to IR‐MPH, 137 of whom were switched to OROS‐MPH. The child psychiatrists diagnosed the Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th edition) ADHD subtypes and assessed the medical history, adherence, side‐effects, global ADHD severity, and family/school effectiveness. Parents reported their child's behavioral symptoms.

Results:  The determinants for an OROS‐MPH switch were higher dosage, shorter treatment and thrice‐daily administration of IR‐MPH, and more severe inattention symptoms. Hyperactivity and oppositional symptoms were greater in the ADHD combined and hyperactive‐impulsive subtypes than the inattentive subtype. Switching to OROS‐MPH significantly improved behavioral symptoms and family/school measures, and this was most evident in the ADHD‐combined group, followed by the ADHD‐inattentive group. Inattention influenced not only academic performance, but also overall classroom behaviors and the parent–child relationship, with the latter two also influenced by oppositional symptoms.

Conclusions:  This study suggests better efficacy for the OROS‐MPH among poor adherents to IR‐MPH; however, its effectiveness varied across the three ADHD subtypes (ClinicalTrials.gov number NCT00460720).
Hyperfrontality in patients with schizophrenia during saccade and antisaccade tasks: A study with fMRI
Authors: Fukumoto‐Motoshita Mai , Matsuura Masato , Ohkubo Tatsunobu , Ohkubo Hiromi , Kanaka Noriko , Matsushima Eisuke , Taira Masato , Kojima Takuya , Matsuda Tetsuya
Published: March 2009

Aims:  Antisaccadic eye movements, requiring inhibition of a saccade toward a briefly appearing peripheral target, are known to be impaired in schizophrenia. Previous neuroimaging studies have indicated that patients with schizophrenia show diminished activations in the frontal cortex and basal ganglia. These studies used target fixation as a baseline condition. However, if the levels of brain activities at baseline are not compatible between patients and healthy subjects, between‐group comparison on antisaccade‐related activations is consequently invalidated. One possibility is that patients with schizophrenia may present with greater activation during fixation than healthy subjects. In order to examine this possibility, here we investigated brain activities associated with antisaccade in the two groups without using target fixation at baseline.

Methods:  Functional brain images were acquired during prosaccades and antisaccades in 18 healthy subjects and 18 schizophrenia patients using a box‐car functional magnetic resonance imaging design. Eye movements were measured during scanning.

Results:  In the patient group, the elevated activities in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and thalamus, normally seen in antisaccade tasks relative to saccade tasks, were no longer observed. Moreover, in normal subjects, activities in the DLPFC and thalamus were greater during the antisaccade task than during the saccade task. In patients, no such difference was observed between the two tasks, suggesting that these brain regions are likely to be highly activated even by a simple task such as fixation. In particular, the DLPFC and thalamus in patients were not activated at a level commensurate with the difficulty of the tasks presented.

Conclusions:  From these results, it is suggested that schizophrenia entails dysfunctions in the fronto‐striato‐thalamo‐cortical network associated with motor function control.
Influence on the suicide rate two years after a devastating disaster: A report from the 1995 Great Hanshin‐Awaji Earthquake
Authors: Nishio Akihiro , Akazawa Kouhei , Shibuya Futoshi , Abe Ryo , Nushida Hideyuki , Ueno Yasuhiro , Nishimura Akiyoshi , Shioiri Toshiki
Published: March 2009

Aims:  The relationship between suicide and disaster is an important problem but it's not clear. We conducted this study to determine whether a natural disaster affects suicide rates.

Methods:  We collected data on suicides during the 84 months before and the 60 months after the earthquake and compared the suicide rate in Kobe to that in Japan as a whole. We also examined what groups were significantly affected.

Results:  Compared with Japan as a whole, the suicide rates in Kobe significantly decreased in the 2 years after the earthquake.

Conclusions:  An influence on suicide rate after the disaster clearly appeared in middle‐aged men.
Oxytocin, sexually dimorphic features of the social brain, and autism
Authors: Yamasue Hidenori , Kuwabara Hitoshi , Kawakubo Yuki , Kasai Kiyoto
Published: March 2009

The common features of autism spectrum disorder, a highly heritable representative pervasive developmental disorder with significant heterogeneity and multiple‐genetic factors, are severe dysfunction in social reciprocity, abnormalities in social brain regions, and disproportionately low probability in the female gender. Concomitantly, certain domains of mental function, such as emotional memory and social reciprocity, show a significant sex difference. In addition, recent neuroimaging studies have shown significant sexual dimorphisms in neuroanatomical correlates of social cognition. Recently, some sexually dimorphic factors, including oxytocin, vasopressin, and genes linked with the x‐chromosome, have received attention because of their possible contribution to mental development especially in the social cognitive domain. Taking this evidence together, it is hypothesized that a sexually dimorphic factor associated with social reciprocity could affect characteristics of autism spectrum disorder including dysfunction in social reciprocity, abnormalities in social brain regions, and disproportionately low probability in female gender. This review article overviews sexual dimorphisms in clinical features of autism spectrum disorder, in normal social cognition, and in social brain function and structure. The association of oxytocin with sexual dimorphisms, social reciprocity, neural correlates of social cognition, and the pathogenesis of autism spectrum disorder were further summarized. Recent studies have suggested that oxytocin plays a role in social attachment in experimental animals, in enhancing social interactive ability in human adults, and in the pathogenesis of autism spectrum disorder. Thus, the ongoing accumulated evidence suggests that oxytocin deserves to be examined as a candidate that causes the sexually dimorphic aspect of human social reciprocity, social brain development and the pathogenesis of autism spectrum disorder.
Critical analysis of caregiver perceptions regarding gastrostomy tube placement
Authors: Wilson Melissa , Gosche John , Bishop Phyllis , Liu Hua , Moore Tiffany , Nowicki Michael J.
Published: March 2009

Background: Gastrostomy tubes (GT) are often required to safely provide nutrition in children with feeding disorders and aspiration risk. The need for a GT brings with it known risks, complications, and benefits, but caregivers may have unspoken concerns and expectations. The present study was done to assess caregiver concerns, expectations, and satisfaction with GT placement in children.

Methods: A two‐part retrospective and prospective study was conducted to assess caregiver concerns and expectations related to GT placement, to determine which concerns and expectations came to fruition, and to rate overall satisfaction with the GT. Questionnaires were used to collect data before and after GT placement. A visual analog scale (VAS) score was used to determine degree of concern and satisfaction.

Results: Sixty‐four children (19 retrospective, 45 prospective) completed the study. Concern score by VAS was evenly distributed with a mean value of 47.4 ± 31.8. Concerns were realized in 25%; expectations were met in 93%. Feeding time decreased following GT placement. Satisfaction was reported as satisfied (23.6%), pleased (16.4%), or very pleased (60.0%).

Conclusions: Despite pre‐placement concerns, most caregivers reported being pleased with the GT following placement. Concerns that occurred were of minor medical significance. Most expectations were met, in particular improved nutrition. The present study provides insight into caregiver concerns and expectations, and which are likely to occur. This information can be useful when counseling caregivers of children requiring GT.
Relationship between free T4 levels and postnatal steroid therapy in preterm infants
Authors: Arai Hirokazu , Goto Ryoji , Matsuda Takefumi , Takahashi Tsutomu
Published: March 2009

Background:  Transient hypothyroxinemia is the most common thyroid dysfunction in preterm infants. Hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid immaturity and non‐thyroidal illness contribute to its etiology. The aim of the present study was therefore to determine the relationship between thyroid hormone status and early postnatal steroid therapy in preterm infants.

Methods:  A prospective study of premature infants born at <28 weeks of gestation between July 2001 and June 2007 was conducted. Selective postnatal steroid (dexamethasone) therapy was used in lung disease treatment if the infants needed high mean airway pressure‐assisted ventilation and supplemental oxygen at 2 weeks of age. Free T4 (FT4) and thyroid‐stimulating hormone (TSH) levels were assessed at 2 weeks after birth. Blood samples in eight infants were available after starting steroid therapy. Infants receiving steroids (steroid (+); n= 8) were compared to those not receiving steroids (steroid (−); n= 73).

Results:  The demographic data were not significantly different between the two groups. The neonatal illnesses and drug use were also not significantly different between the groups. The steroid (+) group had significantly lower FT4 and TSH levels at 2 weeks after birth than the steroid (−) group. The increase in FT4 levels after steroid withdrawal was greater than that during the same period in the steroid (−) patients.

Conclusion:  Even if it cannot be excluded that reduced FT4 and TSH concentrations are caused by non‐thyroidal illness, the present study suggests that postnatal steroid treatment reduces the FT4 and TSH levels in premature infants born at <28 weeks of gestation.
Changes in pulmonary arterial pressure in term‐infants with hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy
Authors: Liu Jing , Feng Zhi‐Chun
Published: March 2009

Background:  Hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is an important complication that results from birth asphyxia or some other adverse conditions and has a high risk of neonatal morbidity and mortality. It is unclear, however, whether the elevated pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) can aggravate the condition and prognosis of HIE. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between the changes of PAP and HIE in term infants after birth asphyxia.

Methods:  The left/right ventricle pre‐ejection phase (LPEP/RPEP), left/right ventricle ejection time (LVET/RVET) and the ratios of LPEP/LVET and RPET/RVET were evaluated in 40 term infants with HIE and 40 healthy controls on days 1, 3, 7, and 12–14 after birth using echocardiogram. PAP such as pulmonary arterial diastolic pressure (PADP, mmHg), pulmonary arterial resistance (PAR, mmHg), and pulmonary arterial resistance/systemic resistance ratio (PAR/RS) was calculated using these indexes. Patient mortality was also evaluated.

Results:  PADP, PAR, and PAR/RS were significantly higher in HIE patients than in healthy controls during the first week after birth, particularly in severe‐degree HIE patients. And until the end of the first week of life, these indexes may return to the levels of healthy controls. Persistent fetal circulation (PFC) was found in nine patients (7/16 severe, 2/12 moderate HIE patients), and non‐PFC was found in mild HIE patients. Two patients with PFC died. No patients without PFC died. The course of HIE was longer in patients with pulmonary hypertension than in those without.

Conclusion:  Increased PAP is an important pathophysiological process that may influence the course and prognoses of HIE in infants after birth asphyxia, particular in severe HIE patients who often have PFC. Thus it is important to assess changes in PAP using echocardiography.
Differences in leaf‐litter invertebrate assemblages between radiata pine plantations and neighbouring native eucalypt woodland
Authors: ROBSON TESSA C. , BAKER ANDREW C. , MURRAY BRAD R.
Published: March 2009

Abstract  We investigated the structure, composition and environmental correlates of leaf‐litter invertebrate assemblages in Pinus radiata plantations and in neighbouring native eucalypt woodland in the Jenolan Caves Karst Conservation Reserve, south‐east Australia. Invertebrate assemblages of plantations were compared with remnant eucalypt woodland located well away from the influence of plantations to determine the direct effects of plantations as a result of habitat‐replacement with a non‐native plantation species. We also included in our comparisons edge habitat of eucalypt woodland located immediately adjacent to plantations. This unique edge habitat is exposed to the intrusion of large volumes of pine leaf‐litter from plantations, which has the potential to affect indirectly invertebrate assemblages of surrounding woodland. We found that species richness of invertebrates was significantly lower in pine plantations compared with remnant eucalypt woodland. There was a complete absence of species from 12 invertebrate orders that were found in surrounding eucalypt woodland. A rich and abundant native plant understorey that provides increased habitat heterogeneity is the most likely explanation for the richer invertebrate assemblage found in remnant eucalypt woodland. The total abundance of all invertebrate taxa in pine plantations in winter was significantly higher than in remnant eucalypt woodland, pine‐litter edges and pine‐free edges. Plantations were characterized by particularly high abundances of species in two orders, Acari and Collembola. High abundances of acarine and collembolan species in plantations were associated with a decompositional environment represented by comparatively higher moisture contents and higher C : N ratios of both leaf‐litter and soil, higher soil conductivity and lower soil pH. We suggest that implementation of The Plantation Biodiversity Benefits Score will be a fruitful way forward to assess the environmental benefits that can be gained from pine plantations in this region of south‐eastern Australia.
Interference of working memory load with long‐term memory formation
Authors: Axmacher Nikolai , Haupt Sven , Cohen Michael X , Elger Christian E. , Fell Juergen
Published: March 2009

Traditionally, it has been assumed that the medial temporal lobe (MTL) is indispensable for long‐term memory (LTM) encoding, but only plays a minor role for working memory (WM) maintenance. Recently, however, an increasing number of studies questioned this seemingly clear distinction by showing that the MTL does participate in some WM processes, especially if multiple items are being maintained. This would predict that WM maintenance of multiple items interferes with simultaneous LTM encoding. Here, we tested this idea in a functional magnetic resonance imaging paradigm that required subjects to encode stimuli into LTM during simultaneous WM maintenance of either single or multiple items. Indeed, we found that maintenance of multiple items deteriorates simultaneous LTM encoding as compared with maintenance of single items. WM‐related activation of the hippocampus was more pronounced in the condition with high WM load; in contrast, hippocampal activation related to LTM encoding was stronger in the low WM load condition. Successful LTM encoding was associated with a high level of activity in the adjacent parahippocampal cortex (PHC), leading to pronounced parahippocampal subsequent memory effects in the high load condition. This suggests that the PHC is a locus of WM–LTM interaction. Functional connectivity analysis with a seed in the PHC confirmed this result by revealing strong connectivity with the medial frontal cortex, which was only active in the high WM load condition. Taken together, these findings suggest that high WM demands interfere with LTM encoding and thus support the idea that WM and LTM processes interact in the MTL.
Upper limb movement interruptions are correlated to freezing of gait in Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Nieuwboer Alice , Vercruysse Sarah , Feys Peter , Levin Oron , Spildooren Joke , Swinnen Stephan
Published: March 2009

Freezing of gait (FOG) in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a common problem of unknown origin, which possibly reflects a general motor control deficit. We investigated the relationship between the frequency of freezing episodes during gait and during a bimanual task in control and subjects with PD with and without FOG. Group differences in spatiotemporal characteristics were also examined as well as the effects of visual cueing. Twenty patients with PD in the off‐phase of the medication cycle and five age‐matched controls performed a repetitive drawing task in an anti‐phase pattern on a digitizer tablet. The task was offered at two different speeds (comfortable and maximal) and two different amplitudes (small and large) with and without visual cueing. The results showed that freezing episodes in the upper limbs occurred in only 10.4% of patient trials and that their occurrence was correlated with FOG scores (Spearman’s rho = 0.64). Overall, few spatiotemporal differences were found between freezers, non‐freezers and controls, except for an overshooting of the target amplitude in controls. Effects of visual cueing were largely similar in all groups, except for the variability of relative phase, which decreased in non‐freezers and controls, and was unaffected in freezers. Despite the fact that general motor differences between subgroups were small, freezing episodes were manifest during a bimanual repetitive upper limb task and were correlated to FOG. Further study into upper limb movement breakdown is warranted to understand the parallel deficits that lead up to FOG.
Ethanol enhances GABAB‐mediated inhibitory postsynaptic transmission on rat midbrain dopaminergic neurons by facilitating GIRK currents
Authors: Federici Mauro , Nisticò Robert , Giustizieri Michela , Bernardi Giorgio , Mercuri Nicola B.
Published: March 2009

It is largely accepted that an activation of the dopaminergic system underlies the recreational and convivial effects of ethanol. However, the mechanisms of action of this drug on the dopaminergic neurons are not fully understood yet. In the present study, we have used intracellular electrophysiological techniques (current and single‐electrode voltage‐clamp) to investigate the actions of ethanol on the γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)B‐mediated inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) in rat midbrain dopaminergic neurons. Ethanol (10–200 mm) augmented, in a concentration‐dependent and reversible manner, the amplitude of the GABAB–IPSP. In addition, the GABABagonist baclofen generated G‐protein‐gated inward rectifying K+channels (GIRK)‐related membrane hyperpolarizations/outward currents that were potentiated by ethanol. The potentiating effect of ethanol persisted in tetrodotoxin (TTX)‐treated neurons, suggesting a postsynaptic site of action. These effects of ethanol were not changed by manipulating adenyl cyclase, protein kinases and phospholipase C activity, or by chelating intracellular Ca2+with EGTA. Interestingly, the outward current caused by the intracytoplasmatic diffusion of the irreversible G‐protein activator GTPγS was transiently enhanced by ethanol. Our observations suggest that the action of ethanol occurs on activated GIRK channels downstream of the GABABreceptors. These enhancing effects of ethanol on GABAB‐induced synaptic responses could modulate alcohol intake and the altered mental and motor performance of individuals in an acute intoxicative phase.
An Opportunity for Me? The Role of Resources in Opportunity Evaluation Decisions
Authors: Haynie J. Michael , Shepherd Dean A. , McMullen Jeffery S.
Published: March 2009

abstract

We apply the prescriptions of the resource‐based perspective to develop a model of entrepreneurial opportunity evaluation. We propose that opportunity evaluation decision policies are constructed as future‐oriented, cognitive representations of ‘what will be’, assuming one were to exploit the opportunity under evaluation. These cognitive representations incorporate both (1) an evaluation of the existing resource endowments (already under the control of the venture), which may be employed to exploit the opportunity under evaluation, and at the same time (2) an assessment of the future, wealth generating resources that must be marshalled (and subsequently under the control of the venture) in order to exploit the opportunity under evaluation. We empirically test this model using conjoint analysis and hierarchical linear modelling techniques to decompose more than 2300 opportunity evaluation decisions nested in a sample of 73 entrepreneurs. Our findings suggest that entrepreneurs are attracted to opportunities that are complementary to their existing knowledge resources; however, we also identify a set of opportunity‐specific and firm‐specific conditions that encourage entrepreneurs to pursue the acquisition and control of resources that are inconsistent with the existing, knowledge‐based resources of the venture. We identify these conditions and discuss implications for theory, practice, and future research.
The Application of External Knowledge: Organizational Conditions for Exploration and Exploitation
Authors: Bierly Paul E. , Damanpour Fariborz , Santoro Michael D.
Published: March 2009

abstract

A firm's ability to acquire and exploit external knowledge is often critical to achieving and sustaining a competitive advantage. In this study, we adopt a multi‐dimensional view of absorptive capacity and focus specifically on the application of external knowledge that has been obtained via university‐firm collaborations. We examine various organizational conditions that we propose influence a firm's ability to apply external knowledge for explorative and exploitative innovations. We collected data by a survey of firms in industries that frequently work with university research centres (URCs) and from publicly available sources. Results show that predictors of exploration and exploitation of the application of external knowledge differ. Surprisingly, technological relatedness, a common measure of absorptive capacity, is negatively associated with the application of external knowledge to explorative innovations, indicating that knowledge from more distant sources is applied more to exploration. Results also indicate that the effects of two external learning capabilities (prior experience with URCs and technological capability) on knowledge application are moderated in such a way by the tacitness of the knowledge transferred that experience is a stronger predictor when the knowledge is more explicit and technological capability is a stronger predictor when the knowledge is more tacit. We discuss the implications of these findings for research on the application of external knowledge.
Management Research and the New Logics of Discovery and Engagement
Authors: Starkey Ken , Hatchuel Armand , Tempest Sue
Published: March 2009

abstract

This paper develops an argument that leads to a vision of management research as a form of design science. Such an approach to research requires an inversion of the relationship between rigour and relevance. Giving primacy to the pursuit of rigour, as tends to be the current norm, de‐emphasizes the importance of relevance and leads to research that interests very few beyond the community of management scholars. We argue that we should re‐imagine relevance as a necessary condition for rigour and that this will lead to new forms of engagement with theory and practice that have the potential to create a new science of management.
Impacts of Trade Liberalisation Commitments on the Vietnamese Economy: A CGE Approach
Authors: Doanh Nguyen Khanh , Heo Yoon
Published: March 2009

This article quantifies the economic effects of tariff reduction following Vietnam's WTO accession. It differs from previous studies in several aspects. First, the model incorporates non‐standard features of the Vietnamese economy (e.g. changes in the domestic tax system). Second, the model divides Vietnamese households into 10 groups, allowing for the assessment of household welfare and income distribution. Third, the model has been run employing the most up‐to‐date database available. The major findings are summarised as follows. First, Vietnam as a whole would benefit from trade liberalisation. Second, the overall gain would be accompanied by a redistribution of income and a moderate increase in inequality between the rich and the poor. Third, concerning sectoral output, export‐oriented sectors, sectors with large shares of input in total imports, and those with increased domestic demands are likely to expand, whereas, in contrast, domestic‐oriented sectors are likely to contract. Measures to increase labour mobility, target disadvantaged groups and areas, and further liberalise service sectors are recommended as the recipe for effective utilisation of integration, as well as a more equitable pattern of growth.
Spatial and temporal variability in predation on rainforest primates: do forest fragmentation and predation act synergistically?
Authors: Irwin M. T. , Raharison J.‐L. , Wright P. C.
Published: March 2009

Predation is a constant risk for most primates, impacting demography, population dynamics, activity patterns and social behaviour. Data are limited on both the rates of predation and its spatial and temporal variability. We present long‐term observations of Cryptoprocta ferox predation on rainforest sifakas in Madagascar, Propithecus diadema at Tsinjoarivo (22 group years) and Propithecus edwardsi at Ranomafana (73 group years), derived from intensive observations based on ongoing behavioural studies. Average per capita offtake rates are relatively low (0.06–0.07), but temporal variability is high (kills are clumped in time). This is consistent with Cryptoprocta ecology; individual home ranges are much larger than sifaka ranges, and individuals may hunt in a subsection of their range until prey density is decreased, then move on. These results have broad implications. First, in terms of the evolution of anti‐predator strategies, it now becomes important to ask: (1) whether average or peak predation rates determine the strength of selection and (2) whether antipredator strategies (e.g. vigilance, sleeping site selection) fluctuate interannually, reflecting recent experience. Second, in terms of population ecology, Cryptoprocta may have disproportionately large impacts on the (small) sifaka groups, even driving groups to extinction (as observed at both sites). Third, the disappearance of groups has important implications for conservation. When this happens in continuous forest (as at Ranomafana), home ranges will likely be re‐filled over time, whereas in isolated forest fragments (as at Tsinjoarivo), recolonization is less likely. Thus, conservation planners should consider predation as a potentially important proximate cause of extirpation in fragmented landscapes, even when resource density and quality could otherwise sustain populations. Considering the effects of predation can be useful in (1) decisions regarding the allocation of limited conservation resources, including which landscapes to invest resources in and (2) investigating ways to increase resilience of prey species.