bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Drafting Force in the Front Zone of a Double Apron Drafting System
Authors: Audivert R. , Villaronga M. , Coscollá R.
Published: March 2008

The drafting force was measured in the apron zone of the Casablancas GX-2 drafting system by causing a small deflection in the slubbing being drafted between the aprons at the front rolls.

The drafting force increased with the size of the front beard, i.e., with total draft, fiber length, speed of drafting, ambient relative humidity, and regain of the material. The drafting force decreased as the break draft and apron-to-apron spacing increased. There was a difference in the force when the roving was fed in the normal direction and then in the reverse, thus showing that the effect of fiber hooking that originated at the card still persists at the spinning frame. For good spin, a certain amount of fiber tension is necessary at the front draft zone, but an excessive tension of the front beard will not always lead to optimum conditions.
Estimation of the Length of the Oxymethylene Bridges Introduced into Cotton Cellulose by Formaldeh de and by Methylenedisulfuric Acid
Authors: Guthrie John D.
Published: March 2008

The average values of n in cellulose-O(CH2O)n-cellulose, inter- and intramolecular bridges not differentiated, have been estimated in cotton fabrics treated by various methods. These values were obtained from n = 0.6 ÷ (1 - R), where R is the ratio of dry weight lost to formaldehyde lost, when formaldehyde was removed from the fabric by exposure to moist HCl vapor. The values estimated for n were 2.5, 2.4, 1.7, and 1.1 for Form W', Form D', Form V, and the alkaline methylenedisulfuric acid methods, respectively.
Direct Pressing of Fibers for Infrared Spectroscopic Studies
Authors: Knight J.A. , Smoak M.P. , Porter R.A. , Kirkland W.E.
Published: March 2008

A method has been developed for obtaining the infrared spectra of the short staple fibers of either a natural or synthetic fiber. The method does not require cutting, grinding, or sifting the fibers or the addition of any extrageous material. Sample preparation involves shaping a thin layer of parallel fibers under pressures comparable to those used in preparing KBr disks. The spectra obtained with this method are as good or better than the spectra obtained with other techniques. The only fiber for which satisfactory spectra could not be obtained was nylon.
Introduction of Ester Cross Links into Cotton Cellulose by a Rapid Curing Process
Authors: Rowland Stanley P. , Welch Clark M. , Brannan Mary Ann F. , Gallagher Dudley M.
Published: March 2008

The reaction of polycarboxylic acids with cotton at elevated temperature has been investigated as a function of partial neutralization of the carboxylic acid with sodium carbonate or triethylamine. A high level of cellulose cross-linking was realized with a variety of polycarboxylic acids having three or more carboxyl groups per molecule, although only partial esterihcation of the carboxyl groups occurs in this process. The use of polycarhoxylic acids in the form of their partial salts results in broader applicability of this rapid esterification process of cross-linking, in improved add-ons and performance characteristics of the modified cotton, and in reduced acid tendering of the treated fabrics.
Continuous Shrink-Resist Treatment of Wool Fabric with Ozone
Authors: Thorsen W.J. , Kodani R.Y.
Published: March 2008

Continuous, rapid pruduction of highly shrink-resistant wool fabric is obtained by passing ozone in a carrier gas over one surface of hot, wet fabric moving in the opposite direction. Exhaustion of ozone from the carrier suggests that utilization is efhcient. Effective treatment requires a temperature of at least 95°C, ozone concentrations of 60 to 80 mg/liter, and treatment time of at least 30 sec. The fabric is not significantly degraded in the shorter treatments. Longer treatments impart increasing shrinkage resistance, but also increase dye uptake and solubility in acid and alkali, and decrease resistance to abrasion.

In these tests, useful control of shrinkage was obtained with 0.01 1b of ozone per square yard of fabric at a cost of $0.0015/yd2 for the ozone in high volume use.
Fiber Surface Properties in Relation to Linear Assemblies During Processing 1
Authors: Scardino Francis L. , Lyons W. James
Published: March 2008

Two polyester fiber samples, differing only in surface roughness, which served as models, were processed on the cotton and woolen staple yarn systems. As was found in earlier experiments on the worsted system, static and dynamic cohesion tests on slivers and rovings indicated that geometrically smoother fibers (those having fewer asperities on the surface) lead to greater cohesion in fiber assemblies. Similarly, in slivers composed of blends of the polyester models with cotton and with wool fibers, the cohesion was found to increase steadily with an increasing proportion of smooth fibers. A similar effect of surface roughness on cohesion was found in slivers composed of uncrimped fibers.

The degree of twist normally used in staple yarns was found to restrict sufficiently the relative movement of fibers to mask the direct effects of fiber surface roughness in the tensile loading of yarns. However, the influence of roughness on the behavior of assemblies during drafting, in the early stages of processing, was reflected in the even ness and average tensile properties of the yarns. Smooth fibers in continuous-filament form were found to lead to higher frictional forces in yarn-to-yarn and yarn-to-metal tests.
The Mechanics of Creasing and Crease Recovery
Authors: Olofsson B.
Published: March 2008

The "blocking friction" model by Grosberg et al. has been applied to experimental results of loop bending recovery by Stuart et al. The failure is demonstrated and ex plained qualitatively. Then the "continuous" frictional-plasto-elastic model by Olofsson is applied together with a hypothesis of "form conservation" whose general importance is further discussed in the Appendix. The agreement with experiments is demonstrated to be most satisfactory.
Structure of Twisted Nylon 6 and Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Fibers
Authors: Cooper S.L. , McKinnon A.J. , Prevorsek D.C.
Published: March 2008

Nylon 6 and poly(ethylene terephthalate) monofilaments were subjected to various levels of twist inserted under constant load. X-ray diffraction patterns of the twisted filaments were obtained and the axial dispersion of the crystalline regions was estimated from the azimuthal spreading of the equatorial diffraction arcs. The experimentally obtained values were compared with those calculated by assuming that the fiber under goes a uniform deformation. The data show that the crystalline orientation does not follow the macroscopic twist imparted to the filament. The discrepancy is largest at small twist angles, indicating that at this stage the twist is taken up primarily by regions that do not give rise to coherent x-ray scattering. At higher twist angles, there is indi cation that a tilting of crystallographic planes accompanies the reorientation of the crystallites. The effect of crystallite disorientation on the properties of the fibers is discussed.
Microscopical Evaluation of Cellulose Esters with Low Degrees of Substitution
Authors: Cannizzaro Anna M. , Goynes Wilton R. , Rollins Mary L. , Berni Ralph J.
Published: March 2008

The effects on cotton of esterification to low degrees of substitution have been investi gated by light and electron microscopy. Observations were made on partially esterified celluloses which included esters of acetic, palmitic, stearic, 12-hydroxystearic, linoleic, and ricinoleic acids and of the aromatic benzoic, cinnamic, naphthoic, and pkenylundecanoic acids.

The uniformity of the esterification of cellulose was followed by dyeing and swelling techniques. Refractive index measurements were used to follow changes in optical anisotropy which accompanied the chemical modification. The average refractive indices of cellulose esters containing aromatic groups were greater than those of the esters with aliphatic substituents, the greatest difference being between indices measured perpendicu lar to the fiber axis.

The normal fibrillate texture of the scoured surface appeared to become smooth upon esterification.

Fragmentation of the esters in water in a laboratory blendor produced long strands of fibrillate material intermingled with clumps of spongy or amorphous material. On de-esterification of the fragments with an alcoholic base, the structure of the material reverted to that of unesterified cotton—fibrils became distinct and, in some cases, saponification proceeded to a stage where hydrocellulose-like particles were formed. ,

Many of the esterified fibers of low degrees of substitution swelled in the conventional methacrylate embedding technique. The swelling caused the cell wall to separate into layers, and the internal structure could then be studied by examination of thin sections of these fibers with the electron microscope. By use of an alternative embedding medium, aqueous polyvinyl alcohol, in the preparation of thin sections, compact unlayered struc tures of the esterified cottons were obtained. This permitted observations of the undis turbed structure of the modified cottons. Both types of observations were used in the microscopical evaluation of cotton fibers esterified to low degree of substitution to demonstrate structural changes brought about by the esterification reaction.
Centrifugal Effects in Inflated, Rotating Bias-Ply Tires
Authors: Walter J.D.
Published: March 2008

An equation is derived which governs the dynamic equilibrium contour taken by an inflated and rotating, but otherwise unloaded, bias-ply tire. This equation, which is in the form of a hyperelliptic integral, is based on the membrane theory of shells and the netting analysis of composite materials. Results are obtained for the meridional geom etry of a typical two-ply automobile tire, which are in reasonable agreement with ex perimental measurements.

This integral, which describes the dynamic equilibrium contour of the tire, is then used to obtain an algebraic cord load formula. The formula shows how the cord tension at any location is dependent on mass distribution, angular velocity, inflation pressure, deformed tire geometry, and number of cords in the tire. Centrifugal effects, as they influence cord tension, are more pronounced in the bead region than in the crown region.

Cord forces are experimentally measured up to 1600 rpm, using the tirecord tension transducer which is a strain-gage instrumented tension link embedded in the tire and placed in series with the cord. Agreement between the theoretically predicted and ex perimentally measured cord forces is good, especially in the range of angular velocities and inflation pressures used in service.
Gel Permeation Properties of Cellulose
Authors: Martin L.F. , Bertoniere N.R. , Blouin F.A. , Brannan M.A. , Rowland S.P.
Published: March 2008

Application of gel permeation chromatography, which has been shown to be an effective means of measuring changes produced in the accessibility of decrystallized cotton cellulose by one form of formaldehyde cross-linking [9, 10], has been extended to the study of alterations of the structure of decrystallized cotton produced by intro duction of formaldehyde cross links under various other reaction conditions. These include reaction in aqueous solution (Form W), in the vapor phase (Form V), in acetic acid solution (Form D), each with high and low concentrations of formaldehyde, and in a bake-cure process (Form C). The properties determined by gel permeation chroma tography are the effective internal solvent volume derived from measurements of selective permeability to solutes of decreasing molecular weight and the limit of per meability to solutes of increasing molecular size. Striking differences were revealed in both the nature and magnitude of the alterations of accessibility resulting from differ ent reaction conditions employed for formaldehyde cross-linking. Corresponding changes were observed in gross properties of the cellulose polymer gels, such as the extent of swelling measured by the volumes occupied by the swollen gels per gram of dry solids. Accessibility was increased by reactions in aqueous solution which produced cellulose having larger internal volumes and permeability limits than the unmodified, decrystallized , cellulose. The reaction catalyzed by hydrochloric acid in the acetic acid medium formed products having larger internal volumes, but somewhat lower limits of permeability. Both the internal volume and the permeability limit were decreased by the bake-cure process which produced a polymer having much lower accessibility than the unmodified, decrystallized cellulose.
A Solubility Test for Wool and its Application in Studies on Chemically Modified Wools
Authors: Kilpatrick D.J. , Maclaren J.A.
Published: March 2008

A new solubility test for wool is described. It is based on the extraction of wool in scoured fleece, top, or fabric form, by 5 M sodium iodide in aqueous ethanol (25% v/v) in the presence of tributylphosphine. The test is convenient and reproducible and is performed under mild conditions—neutral pH and room temperature. This solubility test is sensitive to modification of the wool and has been used to study the changes caused by scouring, hot water, mild alkali, and formaldehyde treatments.
Stereoscan Microscopy of Chlorine/ Resin-Treated Wool
Authors: Anderson C.A. , Katz H.J. , Lipson M. , Wood G.F.
Published: March 2008

The scanning electron microscope (Stereoscan) has been used to study the surface modifications that occur during chlorine-resin shrinkproofing. Each stage of the treat ment causes a variety of clearly distinguishable changes in the fiber surface. After chlorination or neutralization, four types of surface topography occur, while the resin- treated fibers may be divided into two or three types, depending on the level of treatment.

The main features of the chlorinated fibers are the rounding of the scale tip, together with the appearance of longitudinal striations in the cuticle, and a smooth region near the distal end of the scale. Further modifications occur during neutralization, the scale tips becoming more rounded and the surface generally more smooth.-

When a high degree of shrink resistance is obtained, all the fibers are completely covered by a layer of resin which may be smooth or rough with thick ridges of resin along the scale tips. These resin layers remain intact even after severe washing for long times.
Variance in Breaking-Strength Distribution of Yarns Raveled from Chemically Treated Cotton Fabrics
Authors: Warburton C.E.
Published: March 2008

Cotton fabrics were treated with DMDHEU in a conventional pad-dry-cure process, or a mixture of N-methylol acrylamide (NMA), acrylamide (AM), and tetraki(hydroxy methyl)phosphonium chloride (THPC) in a system where in situ polymerization is en couraged. Yarns drawn from treated fabrics were tensile-tested at two rates of loading. The dependence of coefficient of variation (CV) in breaking-strength distribution on chemical cross-linking, polymer deposition, and rate of loading is discussed. It is con cluded that coefficient of variation in breaking-strength distribution can be a useful parameter in interpreting structural changes resulting from chemical treatment of fabrics. The information obtained is not apparent if only average breaking strength is considered.
Transverse Striations in Extended Wool Fibers
Authors: Haly A.R.
Published: March 2008

Transverse striations can be seen in extended wool fibers under the optical microscope. This phenomenon has been further investigated by electron microscopy and other means. The optical effect arises from groups of small primary striations. At low over-all extensions, only a few striated regions can be seen. The local extension in such a region can be several times the over-all extension. The extension in a primary striation within a striated region would be still higher. Adjacent unstriated regions are at extensions lower than the over-all value. It is thought that the unfolding of α-keratin and formation of β-keratin during mechanical yield takes place in primary striations. Individual striations can have lateral dimensions large enough to occupy the whole cross section of a cortical cell.
Studies in Wear Life of Normal- and Special-Finished Woven Cotton Fabrics
Authors: Sarma G.V. , Ranganathan S.R. , Handu J.L. , Verma B.C.
Published: March 2008

This study was chiefly aimed to investigate the possibility of improved wear life by simple modifications to the con ventional pattern of placing the fabric in shirts and pants of work uniforms. An interchange of the conventional warp- longitudinal, filling-crosswise pattern for shirts showed some advantage in wear life. A modification for pants which exposed the twill back instead of the conventional face showed a substantial initial advantage in wear life. This was, however, followed by a significant disadvantage during further service. The directions of predominant stresses and the mechanisms of failure in service were investigated. Significant occupational bias by test subjects was observed in service performance.
Spin Orientation Measurement in Polyethylene Terephthalate
Authors: Dumbleton J.H.
Published: March 2008

Measurement of spin orientation in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is discussed. The results from several techniques are compared and empirical correlations are presented between the different measures of spin orientation. The applica bility of the simple theory of rubber elasticity is considered and it is concluded that further work is needed to establish that PET, above the glass transition, obeys this theory. It is pointed out that spun PET probably cannot he considered as an amorphous polymer, since there is substantial evidence for the presence of order.
Elcofil Sorter An Electronic Instrument for Cotton Fiber-Length Measurement
Authors: Wagle A.P. , Rao R.N. , Nanjundayya C.
Published: March 2008

A new instrument based on dielectric capacitance principle has been developed for the rapid evaluation of cotton fiber length. The instrument gives a frequency-length distribution of the type obtained by the comb sorter and also computes the familiar comb sorter length parameters on counters. The results of this instrument agree well with those of the comb sorter. The reproducibility of the results has been found to be good.
Studies in Sorption-Desorption Hysteresis of Water Vapor with Raw and Modified Cotton Cellulose
Authors: Gupta S.L. , Bhatia R.K.S.
Published: March 2008

A series of sorptions and desorptions of water vapor have been carried out on raw cotton, dewaxed cotton, aqueous swollen cotton, and raw cotton activated by heat. Remarkable permanence and reproducibility of the hysteresis effect has been observed in each system. An attempt has been made to explain the results in the light of the "cavity theory of hysteresis in conjunction with the nature of changes brought about by such treatments.
Application of a New Hairiness Meter to the Study of Sources of Yam Hairiness
Authors: Barella A. , Torn J. , Vigo J.P.
Published: March 2008

Some of the sources of hairiness of cotton yarns and their blends are investigated. The influence of fiber parameters, spinning process, and yarn parameters are discussed. Also, some contradictions found in the literature in connection with certain aspects of the influence of these parameters on hairiness are clarified.
Physical Adsorption of Dimethylolethyleneurea on Cotton Cellulose
Authors: Baddi N.T. , Patel S.B. , Chipalkatti H.R.
Published: March 2008

Equilibrium adsorption isotherms obtained at 20, 30, 40, and 50°C for dimethylolethyleneurea (DMEU) on cotton fiber from aqueous solutions are characterized by an initial smooth-rising portion, followed by a sharp decrease and nega tive adsorption of DMEU. Data on conductivity and freezing-point depression of water DMEU solutions indicated that the maximum in the adsorption isotherms stem from the associative property of DMEU molecules. The exothermic affinity, enthalpy, entropy, and limiting coarea for the equilibrium adsorption of DMEU are evaluated. From the negative adsorption, the amounts of nonsolvent water preferentially adsorbed at different temperatures are calculated.
The Dimensional Properties of Knitted Wool Fabrics
Authors: Knapton J.J.F. , Fong W.
Published: March 2008

Dimensionally stable, machine-washalle, all-wool interlock and Swiss double-piqué fabrics may be guaranteed if the yarns have been adequately treated against felting and the fabrics fully-relaxed. The practical fully-relaxed state of the Swiss double-piqué structure is attained when the fabrics have been thoroughly wetted, hydroextracted, and tumble-dried for at least 1 hr at 70°C. From this fabric state, dimensional changes in machine-washing and tumble-drying for high shrink-resist-treated yarns over a period of 10 cycles lie within the allowable limits of ±8% area and ±5% linear shrinkage limits. This relaxation process is, however, insufficient to contain relaxation shrinkage of the interlock structure. In washing from this state, linear shrinkages greater than ±5% are often found. Because in machine-washing the majority of residual relaxation occurs in the initial wash, at least two tumble-drying relaxation processes may be required to practi cally inhibit relaxation shrinkage of the interlock structure. But an effect of yarn twist on the geometry of the inter lock structure is listed.

Fabric dimensions in a relaxed state are dependent upon yarn, fabric, and machine variables. Dimensions in the fully- relaxed state are, however, for both structures, essentially independent of these variables and predictable by constants whose values are different for each structure.

The dimensional behavior of the interlock structure in washing is anisotropic,3 i.e., a length shrinkage is usually asso ciated with a width expansion, whereas the Swiss double-piqué structure behaves isotropically, 3 i.e., length and width shrinkages are usually found. It is proposed that the difference in dimensional behavior between these structures is due to the dissimilar nonrelaxed geometrical shapes of the individual structural units forming these two double-knit structures.
Theory of Absolute Rates of Dyeing
Authors: Cegarra J. , Puente P.
Published: March 2008

A study was made of the influence of temperature on the kinetics of the desorption of disperse dyes on polyester of dif ferent deniers. Activating energies were determined and, from the theory of absolute rates, related to both diffusion and kinetics, we measured the activating free energies and the activating entropies. Similar results were obtained for both.
Swelling Behavior and Comparative Porosity of Some Vegetable Textile Fibers at Different Moisture Regains
Authors: Chakravarty A.C.
Published: March 2008

The volume swelling of several textile fibers of plant origin at different moisture conditions has been studied by determin ing their true densities in a density-gradient column. Although the fibers contained different amounts of cellulose, hemi cellulose, and lignin, a simple relation between moisture regain and volume swelling was obtained in all cases. Porosity of the fibers, as estimated from their apparent and true densities, indicated that those having high cellulosic content were less porous than those with high noncellulosic contents. Respective porosities of the fibers did not change significantly with increasing swelling.
Reaction Mechanisms of Glyoxal-Based Durable-Press Resins with Cotton
Authors: Vail Sidney L. , Arney William C.
Published: March 2008

Leaving-group and other effects in acid-catalyzed nucleophilic substitution reactions with a number of 4,5-disubstituted ethyleneureas, 1,3-disubstituted ethyleneureas, and N-substituted methyl carbamates are considered. Acetoxy and secondary alkoxy leaving groups enhance reactivity from formaldehyde-hased (primary carhonium ion formed) systems hut not from glyoxal-based (secondary carhonium ion formed) systems. The 1,3-dimethylol-4,5-dihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU) molecule, for best reaction with cotton or other nucleophiles should be activated by selected leavint; groups on the methylenes in the 1,3-positions, but not necessarily in the 4,5-positions. Reactivity to small nucleophiles of 1,3- and 4,5-positions in DMDHEU systems are equal when leaving groups are hydroxy or methoxy. Ring (4,5-) positions are hindered. Other factors which influence reactivity or carhonium-immonium ion stability in DMDHEU are discussed. Evidence is presented which suggests that anhydroglucose units in cellulose possess groups of different leaving ability which will influence the location and durability of agents reacted with cellulose. Implications of these findings on the finishing of cotton cellulose are discussed.
Internal Architecture of Potato and Canna Starch
Authors: Hall David M. , Sayre Joseph G.
Published: March 2008

Recent studies of potato and canna starch offer some additional evidence to support both a "stacked" layering found previously and a membrane encasing the granules. A scanning electron microscope was used to obtain a clearer interpre tation of the surface and internal detail of the granules obtained as a result of the swelling treatment. A mechanism for the cavitation during gelation of potato starch is suggested which implies the presence of a hilum canal.
Action of Sodium Hypochlorite on Carboxymethyl Cellulose
Authors: Kamel M. , Hebeish A. , Abd El-Thalo Th I.
Published: March 2008

Oxidation of water-soluble carboxymethylcellulose with sodium hypochlorite has been studied under a variety of con ditions. Increasing the hypochlorite concentration and/or the reaction temperature increases the rate of oxidation. The latter is very slow in an alkaline medium, it is slow in an acid medium, and is very rapid in a neutral medium. The presence of magnesium chloride in the medium seems to increase oxidation only in the later stages of the reaction. The influence of DP and DS of the carboxymethylcellulose on the rate of oxidation was also investigated.
Determination of Seed-Coat Fragments in Cotton by Solvent-Extraction and Infrared Spectrophotometric Analysis
Authors: Perkins Henry H.
Published: March 2008

A method to measure cottenseed oil and oily seed-coat fragments in raw cotton and waste residues has been developed. Carbon tetrachloride is used to extract cottonseed oil from the Shirley analyzer waste of a known amount of cotton or from a waste residue. The amount of cottonseed oil is determined by quantitative infrared analysis, and can be related to seed-coat fragment content. Results of tests on cottons from several ginning studies show that both cottonseed oil content and seed-coat fragment content vary with ginning treatment. Excess cottonseed oil in cotton contributes to sticking problems in yarn manufacturing, with the problem being particularly acute at the card crush rolls.
Optical Diffraction Profiles of Single Fibers
Authors: Lynch L.J. , Thomas N.
Published: March 2008

The light-scattering properties of single fibers of wool, hair, and jute and filaments of nylon, terylene, and glass have been studied by scanning along their lengths with a He-Ne laser beam. The light-scattering profiles of the natural fibers suggest uniformity in the optical properties of the fiber materials and are, therefore, closely related to the geometry of the fibers. The optical properties of nylon and terylene, on the other hand, are observed to be very nonuniform along the filament. This nonuniformity is attributed to variations in (a) the orientation of birefringent domains of the filament material with the filament axis and (b) the crystallinity or packing density of the material. Because of this lack of uni formity it is not possible to define optical and dimensional parameters that are constants for these filaments from light- scattering data over any appreciable length (Ca > 0.5 mm). Glass fibers have light-scattering properties that vary along their length in a way that is determined by their method of formation.
The Mikronmeter—An Instrument for the Rapid Measurement of Mean Fiber Diameter
Authors: Boshoff M.C. , Kruger P.J.
Published: March 2008

Fiber-diameter measurements can be carried out by applying the principle of the diffraction of white light. An instru ment (Mikronmeter) based on this principle is described. A sample of randomly arranged fibers produces a circular diffraction pattern the size of which is determined by the diameter of the fibers. Well-trained operators can measure fibre diameters very accurately, while randomly chosen operators can determine fiber diameter with a 95% confidence interval of about ±0.8 microns. Occasionally, some operators cannot use the instrument correctly.
Mechanical Properties of Graft Copolymers of Methyl Methacrylate and Modified Wool
Authors: Varma D.S. , Sarkar R.K.
Published: March 2008

Graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate was performed onto wool chemically modified with caustic soda, formic acid, thioglycollic acid, and sodium bisulfite using ferrous ion-hydrogen peroxide redox system at 45°C. The percent graft-on was found to be higher in modified fibers. The graft-on increases with reaction time up to about 10 hr. Some mechanical properties of such graft copolymers were studied. With polymer formation, the strength decreases a little, probably due to the initiator free radicals; the breaking elongation falls considerably, particularly in reduced fibers. The Young's static modulus decreases after acid and alkali treatment and increases after reduction. The modulus is found to decrease slightly with graft-on in normal, alkali-treated and formic acid-treated wool. However, in case of reduced wool, an initial increase of modulus with polymer uptake is followed by a decrease.
Flow of a Polymer Film
Authors: Sharma C.P.
Published: March 2008

Polymer film. Stress. Viscoelastic flow; equations of state; equations of motion; primary flow; stress field; surface velocity. Polymer-film flow.
Lightfastness of Reactive Dyes
Authors: Kissa Erik
Published: March 2008

The lightfastness of a 2, 3-dichloroquinoxaline-6-carbonyl-amino fiber-reactive dye in cotton has been investigated. Fading has been measured as a function of exposure time by (a) reflectance measurements and (b) by determining the actual dye concentration in the faded fabric dissolved in 70% sulfuric acid. Lightfastness is shown to depend upon the location of the dye in the fabric and, in turn, upon the dyeing conditions. Fading is independent of the number (one or two) of reactive chlorines displaced at the quinoxaline nucleus. The shape of the fading curves depends upon the dye distribution in the fabric and the method of measurement. Fading curves of the dye which has completely penetrated the fabric resemble either zero- or first-order kinetics. Incomplete dye diffusion during dyeing causes considerable non lineariy. The results suggest, in contrast to conclusions by Giles and coworkers, that the shape of fading curves is not a valid indication of dye aggregation.
Polyamide 66 for Deep Dyeing
Authors: De Winter Walter , Decorte A.
Published: March 2008

This paper shows the differences in spinning, acid-dyeing, and light exposure behavior of various "deep-dyeing" poly hexamethylene adipamides as a result of minor differences in chemical structure due to polycondensation with excess hexamethylene diamine, use of phenylphosphorus compounds, or boron derivatives.

The boron and phosphorus derivatives give higher melt viscosity than the regular and "excess-diamine" polyamide. The excess diamine and boron-based fibers have an acid dye uptake equivalent to their amine end-group content—twice the end-group content of regular polyamide. Phenylphosphorus fibers demonstrate a large degree of overdyeing—nearty twice their amino end-group content. Only the phenylphosphorus fibers show decreased light stability, compared to regular polyamide.
Kinetics of Oily Soil Release
Authors: Kissa Erik
Published: March 2008

The kinetics of detergency of liquid and mixed (liquid-solid) oily soil from cellulosic and synthetic fabrics has been investigated. A three-step soil-release mechanism is postulated involving (a) an induction period during which soil re moval is slow, (b) a rapid soil-removal period during which the amount of soil retained decreases linearly with the loga rithm of washing time, and (c) a final period during which soil retention is essentially constant. The soil-release rate is related to the diffusion rate of water into the soiled fabric. The ability of a fabric to release soil is not related to the rate at which the liquid front of a hydrophilic liquid (water, an aqueous detergent, ethylene glycol, etc) advances on the unsoiled fabric, but to the diffusion of water into the entire capillary system of the fabric. Diffusion of water into the fiber bundle facilitates soil release. Studies were made of the release of oily soil as affected by amount of soil (0.7-87% owf), wash temperature, agitation, and viscosity of oily soil in contact with an aqueous detergent. It is shown that soil which forms a highly viscous emulsion with water or an aqueous detergent solution is especially difficult to remove by aqueous detergency.

Soil removal under conditions emphasizing spontaneous soil release is compared to practical laundering, and the effect of agitation is discussed. Mechanical work causing dynamic shear and flexing can be the dominant factor in oily soil removal from hydrophobic fibers with smooth surfaces and these compensate for a slow spontaneous soil release.
The Technology of Fasciated Yarns
Authors: Heuberger Oscar , Ibrahim Salim M. , Field Frederick C.
Published: March 2008

The principle of producing fasciated yarns is discussed as well as the product characteristics of the yarn (produced by novel proprietary technology) and of woven and knit fabrics. The potential of fasciated yarn in new fabric technology is pointed out.
The Structure of Open-End Spun Yarn
Authors: Lord P.R.
Published: March 2008

If open-end spun yarns are to find wide use, it is necessary to understand more fully the structure of the yarns. The differences in structure arise because of the manner in which the yarn is made. Bridging fibers are converted into hooks in the spinning process and this reduces the effective fiber length in the yarn. Fibers migrate in a different way and the fiber-helix wavelengths vary according to radius; also, fiber tensions are lower. All these factors tend to make the yarn weaker, more bulky, and more extensible. Because of these differences, the yarns behave in a different way in subsequent processing, and also the fabrics take on a different character from those normally encountered.
The Dimensional Properties of Knitted Wool Fabrics
Authors: Knapton J.J.F. , Fong W.
Published: March 2008

Experimental evidence confirms the existence of a fixed knit-cell configuration of completely-relaxed weft-knitted wool fabrics. In this fabric condition, achieved after considerable mechanical agitation in the presence of water, the k or u parameters are constant and independent of the tightness factor. Fabric dimensions, therefore, are governed largely by loop length, as predicted by Munden, but a small effect of fiber quality (fineness) on the completely-relaxed mean values of the k or u is found.

Theoretical models of the knitted loop configuration, designed basically for idealized yarns, predict only approximately the observed dimensional behavior of weft-knitted wool fabrics.
Analysis of Nonlinear Deflections of Fibers
Authors: Dadeppo Donald A. , Schmidt Robert
Published: March 2008

A variation in the technique of application of the perturbation method is employed in the calculation of moderately large deflections of fibers. A cantilevered fiber is considered to illustrate the method of calculation. Results are summar ized for several problems of bending of fibers. Where possible, comparisons are made between exact solutions and solu tions obtained by the perturbation method.
The Mechanics of Bicomponent Fibers
Authors: El-Shiekh Aly , Bogdan J.F. , Gupta R.K.
Published: March 2008

A theory was developed in Part I of this series to predict the mechanical properties of bicomponent fibers. In this paper, the predicted mechanical behavior is evaluated experimentally by using rubber models to simulate bicomponent fibers. Predicted values are shown to agree fairly well with the experimental results.
A Study of Xanthate-Bonded Nonwoven Fabrics
Authors: Sengupta A.K. , Majumdar Asok
Published: March 2008

The influences of binder characteristics and binder-fiber adhesion on the tensile properties of xanthate-binder cotton- base parallel-laid nonwoven fabrics have been studied. The breaking-stress value reaches a maximum at a binder content of about 23% and beyond that it drops. The values of stress and initial moduli in long and cross directions for all binder contents is in the proportion of 2:1 approximately. Effects of process variables, such as press-weight ratio, aging time, ripening time, have been studied. The aging time markedly influences the tensile properties, but neither of the other two variables has any effect. The wet versus 65% RH tenacity of the fabric is fairly close to that of viscose rayon. Applica tion of wetting agent to fiber-webs yields lower breaking stress and initial modulus values.
Dynamic Wetting of Filaments in Solutions
Authors: Dyba Raymond V. , Miller Bernard
Published: March 2008

Measurements of a velocity which is characteristic of the dynamic wetting behavior of a filament entering vertically into a liquid bath have been made for nylon 66 and polypropylene filaments in a variety of solutions. This velocity, the "rise-canceling velocity," is the linear rate of movement of the filament at which the dynamic contact angle is increased to 90°. The hydrodynamic and surface properties of the solutions were varied by changing the nature of the solvent and solute, the temperature, the concentration, and the molecular weight of the solute. The rise-canceling velocity is controlled by surface interactions when the surface tension of the solution is well above the critical surface tension of the polymer. When liquids show complete wettability, the rise-canceling velocity reflects changes in the viscosity of the liquid. Intermediate situations exist in which both factors appear to be influencing this aspect of dynamic wetting.
Stress Development in Glass Fiber Textile Forming Packages
Authors: Greene N.E.
Published: March 2008

An elementary model has been developed for predicting the stresses generated within a glass strand textile forming package taking into account the package profile and variable internal support caused by the gradual retraction of the movable segments of a rotating expandable collet as the package is being formed.

The results of an analysis of the extreme conditions typifying a marginal production operation have been used to relate observed package quality and processability characteristics to predicted mechanical behavior. It is shown that a given system's operating characteristics can be displayed on an operating diagram in terms of dimensionless collet finger collapse and maximum package size parameters. It is also suggested that the resulting package quality and processability can be predicted from the promixity of its operating characteristics to a critical region in the diagram. This critical region represents conditions under which winding continues to take place after the interior portions of the package have been subjected to axial compression, probably resulting in trapped ends and inter-fiber abrasion.

Other representative winding conditions have been examined in light of this model and have shown quantitative and qualitative agreement.
Infrared Laser Bonding of Thermoplastic Monofilaments
Authors: WHITWELL J. C. , Fraser W. A.
Published: March 2008

A 10 watt, infrared, CO2 gas laser providing precisely controlled, highly localized heating has heen used to create thermal bonds between crossed polypropylene monofilaments. Scanning electron micrographs of the bond interface after bond destruction have shown that the bond failed cohesively in the surface layers of the two fiber. The bonding technique will be used in an extensive study of the factors controlling the formation of proper bonds.
Amide-Metal Ion Complex Formation and Its Effect on the Catalysis of Cellulose Cross-linking Reactions
Authors: Pierce A. G. , Vail Sidney L. , Bourdeaux E. A.
Published: March 2008

A series of complexes formed between either ethyteneurea or propyleneurea and a variety of metal perchlorates has been isolated. It is demonstrated that the position of the carbonyl absorption band in the infrared spectra of these complexes cannot be used to predict the mode of bonding in the complex. The relationship between the structure of these complexes and the mechanism of cellulose cross-linking reactions is discussed
On the Mechanics of Bicomponent Fibers
Authors: Batra Subhash , Backer Stanley
Published: March 2008

This communication concerns the prediction of curvature in a bicomponent strip resulting from differential shrinkage of its components. It questions the physical basis for part of El-Shiekh's proposed correction of earlier analyses and indicates that Timoshenko's treatment contains similar inconsistencies if applied to large strain cases. For differential strains below 15r/i, corresponding to most bicomponent fibers produced commercially, the agreement between the two analyses is close and error introduced by flaws in the physical assumptions becomes negligible. However, it is necessary to use EI-Shiekh's base length correction where absolute shrinkage values of the separate fiber components are large, even though the differential shrinkage is small.
The Mechanics of Fiber Migration
Authors: El-Shiekh Aly , Backer Stanley
Published: March 2008

In this paper the theories of fiber migration have been reviewed. Modification of an analysis of migration in a 7-ply structure has been carried out. The frequency of migration is predicted for two models, and it suggests that slack forma tion is the mechanism for outward migration in an open structure, while forced buckling of the central fiber is the corre sponding mechanism for a packed structure, such as occurs in practical spinning.

The slack needed to initiate outward migration was analyzed and found to be dependent on the geometry and fiber arrangement in the zone hetween the roller nip and the point of yarn formation. On the other hand, the buckling strain in practical spinning theoretically depends on the surrounding fiber matrix, the twisting tension, and the mechanical properties of the fiber.
The Distribution of Dye and Inorganic Ions between Solid Polymers and Solutions Part I : Corrections for Adhering or Imbibed Solution
Authors: Mcgregor Ralph
Published: March 2008

The method originally developed by Delmenico and Peters for the determination of both the volume term ν D and the Donnan coefficient λ D from data on the sorption of inorganic ions by fibers has been extended to systems in which none of the ions obeys a simple Donnan membrane distribution.
Utilization of Research Results
Authors: Backer Stanley
Published: March 2008

Study of interjournal references reveals that authors of the leading American and British textile research journals rarely cite research reports from Japan and other countries of Western Europe. The reverse flow, however, is consider able for many countries. This unbalance in information flow was first studied for the period 1963-65 and is virtually unchanged in 1967-70. Recent developments in textile information services lend hope for early improvement in the speed of document transmission, identification, translation, and utilization.
Photodegradation of Nylon-6
Authors: Subramanian R.V.R. , Talele T.V.
Published: March 2008

The photodegradation of unprotected bright nylon-6 fiber by exposure to daylight and in the fadeometer has been studied. The degradation has been found to be caused by random scission of the polymer chain. Although the degrada tion produces appreciable changes in the tensile strength and viscosity average molecular weight of the nylon-6 fiber, the polymer chain itself is not attacked appreciably as substantiated by infrared measurements. A possible mechanism for the photodegradative breakdown of nylon-6 fiber so far as the formation of nonvolatile water-soluble products is concerned is postulated and substantiated by identifying the degradative products obtained. The efficacy of a selected uv absorber in reducing the photodegradation of nylon-6 fiber has also been studied.
The Sorption of Tryptophan onto Human Hair
Authors: Newman Walter
Published: March 2008

The sorption of tryptophan onto human hair from aqueous solution at pH 6 and room temperature was determined spectrophotometrically by depletion analysis. The sorption isotherm may be described by a modified B.E.T. equation, and the results indicate a multimolecular sorption which is probably caused by London forces between the tryptophan indole group and the aromatic keratin side-chains.
Hydrolytically Stable Organophosphorus Cellulose Reactants
Authors: Sello Stephen B. , Gaj Bernard J. , Stevens Catherine V.
Published: March 2008

The N-hydroxymethyl derivatives of polycarbamates containing phosphorus in dialkylphosphonate and phosphine oxide structures were prepared. Their effectiveness as flame retardants for cellulosic substrates was evaluated and compared with that of a corresponding polycarboxamide. Under the application conditions investigated, the poly- carbamate and polycarboxamide derivatives react in high yield with cellulosic hydroxyl groups, but do not co-condense with the melamine derivative used as a source of additional nitrogen.

Thus, the N-hydroxymethyl derivatives of these organophosphorus compounds and melamine can be employed in any desired ratio to study flame retarding effectiveness. The cellulose ethers obtained by reacting cotton with a com bination of trimethylol melamine and a tricarbamate derived from tris (hydroxymethyl) phosphine oxide or a correspond ing tricarboxamide withstand multiple launderings with little or no decrease in flame resistance. The sequence ot in solubilization of the polymethylol melamine and organophosphorus compounds was found to have a pronounced effect on the degree of flame resistance obtained.
Method for the Complete Removal of Cuticle from Wool Fibers
Authors: Bradbury J.H. , Peters D.E.
Published: March 2008

It is shown by scanning electron microscopy that cuticle cells can be removed virtually completely from wool fibers with minimal removal of cortical cells by refluxing in formic acid for 20 min, followed by shaking for 16 hr in formic acid at room temperature. Control fibers with cuticle retained are produced by a similar treatment, but without agitation. The descaled fibers show a large increase in the amount of water sorbed at saturation as compared with the control.

Descaled fibers of this type may serve as useful models in attemps to elucidate the relative contributions of cuticle and cortex to the overall properties of wool fibers.