bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ROS Chronicles in HIV Infection: Genesis of Oxidative Stress, Associated Pathologies, and Therapeutic Strategies
Authors: Harshithkumar R , Shah Prachibahen , Jadaun Pratiksha , Mukherjee Anupam
Published: August 2024

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are widely regarded as signaling molecules and play essential roles in various cellular processes, but when present in excess, they can lead to oxidative stress (OS). Growing evidence suggests that the OS plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of HIV infection and is associated with several comorbidities in HIV-infected individuals. ROS, generated both naturally during mitochondrial oxidative metabolism and as a response to various cellular processes, can trigger host antiviral responses but can also promote viral replication. While the multifaceted roles of ROS in HIV pathophysiology clearly need more investigation, this review paper unravels the mechanisms of OS generation in the context of HIV infections, offering insights into HIV viral protein-mediated and antiretroviral therapy-generated OS. Though the viral protein Tat is significantly attributed to the endogenous cellular increase in ROS post HIV infection, this paper sums up the contribution of other viral proteins in HIV-mediated elicitation of ROS. Given the investigations recognizing the significant role of ROS in the onset and progression of diverse pathologies, the paper also explores the critical function of ROS in the mediation of an of array of pathologies associated with HIV infection and retroviral therapy. HIV patients are observed with disruption to the antioxidant defense system, the antioxidant therapy is gaining focus as a potential therapeutic intervention and is well discussed. While ROS play a significant role in the HIV scenario, further exploratory studies are imperative to identifying alternative therapeutic strategies that could mitigate the toxicities and pathologies associated with ART-induced OS.
Implementing Tri-Brid Energy Systems for Renewable Integration in Southern Alberta, Canada
Authors: Aftab Mohammad Adnan , Byrne James , Hazendonk Paul , Johnson Dan , Spencer Locke , Weis Tim
Published: August 2024

The steep decline in the price of wind turbines and solar photovoltaics provides a possibility to decarbonize electricity deeply and affordably. This study uses the HOMER Pro energy modeling tool to model an optimized grid-connected renewable energy system for a community in southern Alberta, Canada. The study’s goal is to identify the best renewable energy technology combinations that can provide electricity at the lowest levelized cost of energy (LCOE) and has lower greenhouse gas emissions as compared to the electricity produced by traditional fossil fuel. Gleichen is a small town in southern Alberta that is close to numerous commercial wind and solar projects given the region’s high quality renewable resources. “Tri-brid” systems consisting of wind turbines, solar photovoltaics, and battery energy storage systems (BESS) are considered and compared based on electricity prices, net present cost, and greenhouse gas emissions savings. This tri-brid system is connected to the grid to sell excess generated electricity or buy electricity when there is less or no availability of solar and wind energy. The tri-brid energy system has an estimated LCOE of 0.0705 CAD/kWh, which is competitive with the price of electricity generated by natural gas and coal, which is 0.127 CAD/kWh.
The Effect of CaO in the Immobilization of Cd2+ and Pb2+ in Fly Ash-Based Geopolymer
Authors: Ren Xupicheng , Wang Fan , He Xiang , Hu Xiaomin
Published: August 2024

The use of geopolymers for the solidification/stabilization (S/S) of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (MSWI FA) is promising because the Cao in MSWI FA can provide an alkaline environment to facilitate geopolymer reactions and help to form the gel phase in the solidified body. This study investigated the role of CaO in MSWI FA in immobilizing common heavy metals, especially Cd2+ and Pb2+. Tests were performed to evaluate the effect of CaO on the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of the polymer and the leaching of heavy metals. The findings revealed that as the CaO content increased, the UCS of the geopolymer samples also rose, reaching a maximum 28-day UCS of 24.8 MPa at a CaO content of 31.5%. Additionally, higher CaO levels resulted in lower leaching concentrations of heavy metals in the stabilized material. When the CaO level is 32%, the levels of heavy metals that leach out are very low, with Pb2+ at 0. 02 mg/L and Cd2+ at 0. 01 mg/L, achieving a stabilization rate of over 93.6% for these ions. Moreover, the geopolymer’s characteristics were analyzed by XRD, FTIR, and SEM, and the immobilization mechanisms of Cd2+ and Pb2+ were identified as gelation, physical encapsulation, and chemical substitution.
A Review on Transparent Electrodes for Flexible Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Li Yiyun , Sha Mengzhen , Huang Shufen
Published: August 2024

Flexible organic solar cells (FOSCs) represent a promising and rapidly evolving technology, characterized by lightweight construction, cost-effectiveness, and adaptability to various shapes and sizes. These advantages render FOSCs highly suitable for applications in diverse fields, including wearable electronics and building-integrated photovoltaics. The application scope of FOSCs necessitates electrodes with properties such as high optical transmittance, low electrical resistivity, and exceptional mechanical strength, where their selection significantly influences the overall device performance. This review explores several materials, focusing on polymers, carbon nanomaterials, and metal nanowires, highlighting their unique advantages and challenges in FOSC applications. Through this thorough review, we would like to elucidate the relationship between electrode materials and device performance, thereby inspiring further improvements and developments in FOSCs and broadening their application range.
Correlation between Surface Texture, Wettability and Mechanical Strength of Polylactic Acid Parts Fabricated by Fused Filament Fabrication
Authors: Bañón-García Fermín , Bermudo Gamboa Carolina , López-Fernández José Andrés , Trujillo-Vilches Francisco Javier , Martín-Béjar Sergio
Published: August 2024

This research investigates the generation and evaluation of various geometric surface textures on PLA components produced via fused filament fabrication (FFF). Textures, including grooves, pyramids, and cylinders, were created at different depth levels on the PLA surfaces. The surface quality of these textures was assessed using a 3D optical system, focusing on area parameters such as Sa and Sz. The wettability of each texture was evaluated through contact angle and sliding angle tests, revealing the ability to modulate contact angles and achieve either hydrophobic or hydrophilic surfaces depending on the texture type. Subsequently, pairs of textured PLA pieces were bonded using a cyanoacrylate adhesive following standardised protocols, and shear tests were conducted to determine the maximum shear stress at bond (τmax) of each texture. Notably, textured surfaces generally exhibited hydrophobic properties that reduce the adhesion between the adhesive and the piece, leading to reduced maximum shear stress at bond values compared to non-textured surfaces. However, groove textures notably increased τmax values. The results were analysed to establish correlations between surface quality, wettability, and shear strength. This comprehensive evaluation aims to elucidate the influence of surface texture on the mechanical performance and adhesive properties of FFF-manufactured PLA components.
A Multimode Detection Platform for Biothiols Using BODIPY Dye-Conjugated Gold Nanoparticles
Authors: Kumar Panangattukara Prabhakaran Praveen
Published: August 2024

This study explored the synthesis and application of BODIPY-functionalized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) for the sensitive detection of biothiols via an indicator displacement assay coupled with surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) techniques, alongside their efficacy for in vitro cancer cell imaging. Moreover, the assay allowed for the visible colorimetric detection of biothiols under normal and ultraviolet light conditions. The BODIPY (boron-dipyrromethene) fluorophores were strategically conjugated to the surface of gold nanoparticles, forming a robust nanohybrid that leverages the plasmonic properties of AuNPs for enhanced spectroscopic sensitivity. The detection mechanism exploited the displacement of the BODIPY indicator upon interaction with biothiols, triggering a measurable change in fluorescence and SERS signals. This dual-mode sensing approach provides high selectivity and sensitivity for biothiol detection, with detection limits reaching nanomolar concentrations using fluorescence and femtomolar concentration for cysteine using SERS. Furthermore, the BODIPY-AuNP complexes demonstrated excellent biocompatibility and photostability, facilitating their use in the fluorescence imaging of biothiol presence within cellular environments and highlighting their potential for diagnostic and therapeutic applications in biomedical research.
The Use of the Perfusion Index to Predict Post-Induction Hypotension in Patients Undergoing General Anesthesia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Hung Kuo-Chuan , Liao Shu-Wei , Kao Chia-Li , Huang Yen-Ta , Wu Jheng-Yan , Lin Yao-Tsung , Lin Chien-Ming , Lin Chien-Hung , Chen I-Wen
Published: August 2024

Post-induction hypotension (PIH) is a common and potentially serious complication of general anesthesia. This meta-analysis (Prospero registration number: CRD42024566321) aimed to evaluate the predictive efficacy of the perfusion index (PI) for PIH in patients undergoing general anesthesia. A comprehensive literature search was performed using multiple electronic databases (Google Scholar, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and MEDLINE). Studies involving adult patients undergoing general anesthesia, with the PI measured before anesthesia induction and reporting PIH incidence, were included. The primary outcome was the diagnostic accuracy of the PI in predicting the probability of PIH. The secondary outcome was the pooled PIH incidence. Eight studies with 678 patients were included. The pooled incidence of PIH was 44.8% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 29.9%–60.8%). The combined sensitivity and specificity of the PI for predicting PIH were 0.84 (95% CI: 0.65–0.94) and 0.82 (95% CI: 0.70–0.90), respectively. The summary receiver operating characteristic (sROC) analysis revealed an area under curve of 0.89 (95% CI: 0.86–0.92). The Deek’s funnel plot asymmetry test indicated no significant publication bias. The PI demonstrates high predictive efficacy for PIH in patients undergoing general anesthesia, indicating that it can be a valuable tool for identifying those at risk of PIH.
Clinical Implications of Metabolic Syndrome in Psoriasis Management
Authors: Mustata Maria-Lorena , Neagoe Carmen-Daniela , Ionescu Mihaela , Predoi Maria-Cristina , Mitran Ana-Maria , Ianosi Simona-Laura
Published: August 2024

Psoriasis is an increasingly common chronic immune-mediated skin disease recognized for its systemic effects that extend beyond the skin and include various cardiovascular diseases, neurological diseases, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. This study aimed to explore the complex relationship between psoriasis and metabolic syndrome by analyzing clinical, biochemical, and immunological parameters in patients with psoriasis alone and in patients combining psoriasis and metabolic syndrome. A total of 150 patients were enrolled, 76 with psoriasis only (PSO) and 74 with psoriasis and metabolic syndrome (PSO–MS). Data collected included anthropometric measurements, blood tests, and inflammatory markers. Statistical analysis was performed using the independent t-test, Mann–Whitney U test, Kruskal–Wallis test, and chi-square test to compare the two groups. Patients in the PSO–MS group had a significantly higher body weight, abdominal circumference, BMI, and inflammatory markers compared to patients with PSO. In addition, increased levels of IL-17A, cholesterol, triglycerides, and glucose were observed in the PSO–MS group. This study highlights the increased metabolic risk and exacerbated systemic inflammation associated with the coexistence of psoriasis and metabolic syndrome. These findings demonstrate the need for a comprehensive therapeutic approach and early intervention to manage metabolic complications in patients with psoriasis and metabolic syndrome.
Influenza Vaccination of Nursing Students: A Cross-Sectional Study of Uptake, Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices in Greece
Authors: Statiri Anastasia , Adamakidou Theodoula , Margari Nikoletta , Govina Ourania , Tsiou Chrysoula , Giakoumidakis Konstantinos , Dokoutsidou Eleni
Published: August 2024

Influenza immunization includes a yearly repeated vaccine offered to every healthcare worker, including nursing students, with a high risk of contracting this viral disease. This study aimed to investigate the vaccination coverage, knowledge, attitudes, and practices of nursing students against influenza in Greece. A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Attica region between September 2022 and July 2023, with the use of an anonymous reference questionnaire. Data from 1261 nursing students were recorded (response rate: 68.6%). The study found that 23% of the sample were vaccinated against influenza for the flu season 2022–2023, and 42% were vaccinated for the previous flu season. Knowledge scores regarding influenza ranged from 0% to 100%, with a mean value of 55 (SD = 18.8%). A higher level of knowledge about influenza was associated with more appropriate attitudes and practices toward the disease (p < 0.001). Notably, participants in their second, third, or fourth year of study and beyond exhibited more suitable attitudes and practices towards the flu compared to those in their first year of study (p < 0.05). The emergence of low vaccination coverage identifies the need for departments of nursing studies to proceed with the design of educational and intervention programs on infection control.
Multiple Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (multi-UAV) Reconnaissance and Search with Limited Communication Range Using Semantic Episodic Memory in Reinforcement Learning
Authors: Zhang Boquan , Wang Tao , Li Mingxuan , Cui Yanru , Lin Xiang , Zhu Zhi
Published: August 2024

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have garnered widespread attention in reconnaissance and search operations due to their low cost and high flexibility. However, when multiple UAVs (multi-UAV) collaborate on these tasks, a limited communication range can restrict their efficiency. This paper investigates the problem of multi-UAV collaborative reconnaissance and search for static targets with a limited communication range (MCRS-LCR). To address communication limitations, we designed a communication and information fusion model based on belief maps and modeled MCRS-LCR as a multi-objective optimization problem. We further reformulated this problem as a decentralized partially observable Markov decision process (Dec-POMDP). We introduced episodic memory into the reinforcement learning framework, proposing the CNN-Semantic Episodic Memory Utilization (CNN-SEMU) algorithm. Specifically, CNN-SEMU uses an encoder–decoder structure with a CNN to learn state embedding patterns influenced by the highest returns. It extracts semantic features from the high-dimensional map state space to construct a smoother memory embedding space, ultimately enhancing reinforcement learning performance by recalling the highest returns of historical states. Extensive simulation experiments demonstrate that in reconnaissance and search tasks of various scales, CNN-SEMU surpasses state-of-the-art multi-agent reinforcement learning methods in episodic rewards, search efficiency, and collision frequency.
Quality and Efficiency of Coupled Iterative Coverage Path Planning for the Inspection of Large Complex 3D Structures
Authors: Liu Xiaodi , Piao Minnan , Li Haifeng , Li Yaohua , Lu Biao
Published: August 2024

To enable unmanned aerial vehicles to generate coverage paths that balance inspection quality and efficiency when performing three-dimensional inspection tasks, we propose a quality and efficiency coupled iterative coverage path planning (QECI-CPP) method. First, starting from a cleaned and refined mesh model, this was segmented into narrow and normal spaces, each with distinct constraint settings. During the initialization phase of viewpoint generation, factors such as image resolution and orthogonality degree were considered to enhance the inspection quality along the path. Then, the optimization objective was designed to simultaneously consider inspection quality and efficiency, with the relative importance of these factors adjustable according to specific task requirements. Through iterative adjustments and optimizations, the coverage path was continuously refined. In numerical simulations, the proposed method was compared with three other classic methods, evaluated across five aspects: image resolution, orthogonality degree, path distance, computation time, and total path cost. The comparative simulation results show that the QECI-CPP achieves maximum image resolution and orthogonality degree while maintaining inspection efficiency within a moderate computation time, demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed method. Additionally, the flexibility of the planned path is validated by adjusting the weight coefficient in the optimized objective function.
Teacher and Middle Leader Research: Considerations and Possibilities
Authors: Gurr David
Published: August 2024

This essay explores research on teacher and middle leadership. It begins by considering the definitions and the conceptual overlap between teacher and middle leaders and briefly considers the volume and sources of research information. Six areas in which trustworthy claims can be made about the roles are then explored: teacher and middle leader definitions, impact, interventions, leadership focus, identification, and supports/hindrances. The essay concludes by considering policy recommendations, practice recommendations and future research directions.
Improving Teaching and Learning in Higher Education through Machine Learning: Proof of Concept’ of AI’s Ability to Assess the Use of Key Microskills
Authors: Dann Christopher , O’Neill Shirley , Getenet Seyum , Chakraborty Subrata , Saleh Khaled , Yu Kun
Published: August 2024

Advances in artificial intelligence (AI), including intelligent machines, are opening new possibilities to support teaching and learning in higher education. This research has found a ‘proof of concept’ in the application of machine learning in the assessment of educators’ use of four key microskills, drawn from an internationally established framework. The analysis of teaching videos where these microskills were demonstrated multiple times in front of a green screen or in a space formed the data set. Multiple videos of this nature were recorded to allow for increased analysis and deconstruction of the video components to enable the application of machine learning. The results showed how AI can be used to support the collaborative and reflective practice of educators in a time when online teaching has become the norm. Having achieved a ‘proof of concept’, this research has laid the groundwork to allow for the whole framework of ten microskills to be applied in this way thus adding a new dimension to its use. Providing such critical information that is not currently available in such a systematic and personalised way to educators in the higher education sector can also support the validity of formative assessment practices.
Exploring Teacher Awareness of Artificial Intelligence in Education: A Case Study from Northern Cyprus
Authors: Güneyli Ahmet , Burgul Nazım Serkan , Dericioğlu Sonay , Cenkova Nazan , Becan Sinem , Şimşek Şeyma Elif , Güneralp Hüseyin
Published: August 2024

This study investigates the level of awareness among teachers regarding the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in education, focusing on whether this awareness varies according to socio-demographic characteristics, access to technology, and specific knowledge and beliefs about AI. Conducted in Northern Cyprus during the 2023–2024 academic year, this study employed a survey model with purposive and snowball sampling methods, involving 164 teachers. Teachers at different levels, namely, primary school, secondary school, high school, and university, were included in this study. The “Artificial Intelligence Awareness Scale”, developed by Ferikoğlu and Akgün (2022), was used to measure AI awareness. Data normality was verified through skewness and kurtosis values, allowing for parametric statistical tests such as t-tests, one-way ANOVA, logistic regression, and chi-square analysis. This study explored the distribution of AI use across different school types and educational levels and assessed the impact of sub-dimensions of AI awareness on its application in teaching. Findings revealed no significant influence of teacher demographics (age, gender, education level, type of school, institution level, and monthly income) on AI awareness. However, usage patterns indicated that university lecturers were more likely to incorporate AI in their teaching, followed by primary and high school teachers, with secondary school teachers using it the least. A Multilayer Neural Network Analysis identified practical knowledge as the most critical factor influencing the use of AI in teaching (importance weight of 0.450), followed by beliefs and attitudes (0.298), relatability (0.148), and theoretical knowledge (0.104). These results highlight the importance of practical knowledge for fostering AI integration in educational practices, underscoring significant implications for teacher training and professional development programs.
Nanowire Electrode Structures Enhanced Direct Extracellular Electron Transport via Cell-Surface Multi-Heme Cytochromes in Desulfovibrio ferrophilus IS5
Authors: Deng Xiao , Jevasuwan Wipakorn , Fukata Naoki , Okamoto Akihiro
Published: August 2024

Extracellular electron transfer (EET) by sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB), such as Desulfovibrio ferrophilus IS5, enables bacterial interactions with minerals, which are vital for biogeochemical cycling and environmental chemistry. Here, we explore the direct EET mechanisms through outer-membrane cytochromes (OMCs) using IS5 as a model SRB. We employed nanostructured electrodes arrayed with 0, 50, 200, and 500 nm long nanowires (NWs) coated with indium–tin–doped oxide to examine the impact of electrode morphology on the direct EET efficacy. Compared to flat electrodes, NW electrodes significantly enhanced current production in IS5 with OMCs. However, this enhancement was diminished when OMC expression was reduced. Differential pulse voltammetry revealed that NW electrodes specifically augmented redox peaks associated with OMCs without affecting those related to redox mediators, suggesting that NWs foster direct EET through OMCs. Scanning electron microscopy observations following electrochemical analyses revealed a novel vertical cell attachment and aggregation on NW electrodes, contrasting with the horizontal monolayer cell attachment on flat electrodes. This study presents the first evidence of the critical role of electrode nanoscale topography in modulating SRB cell orientation and aggregation behavior. The findings underscore the significant influence of electrode morphology on the direct EET kinetics, highlighting the potential impact of mineral morphology on mineral reduction and biogeochemical processes.
Transition to the New Green Maritime Era—Developing Hybrid Ecological Fuels Using Methanol and Biodiesel—An Experimental Procedure
Authors: Parris Dimitrios , Spinthiropoulos Konstantinos , Panitsidis Konstantinos , Tsanaktsidis Constantinos
Published: August 2024

The conventional utilization of fossil fuels precipitates uncontrolled carbon dioxide and sulfur oxides emissions, thereby engendering pronounced atmospheric pollution and global health ramifications. Within the maritime domain, concerted global initiatives aspire to mitigate emissions by 2050, centering on the adaptation of engines, alteration of fuel compositions, and amelioration of exhaust gas treatment protocols. This investigation pioneers experimentation with marine gas oil augmented by methanol, a practice conventionally encumbered by prohibitively expensive additives. Successful amalgamation of methanol, animal-derived biodiesel, and marine gas oil (MGO) is empirically demonstrated under meticulously controlled thermal conditions, creating a homogeneous blend with virtually zero sulfur content and reduced carbon content, featuring characteristics akin to conventional marine gas oil but with no use of expensive emulsifiers. This new blend is suitable for employment in maritime engines utilizing Delaval technology, yet with significantly lower energy requirements compared to those necessitated using conventional very low sulfur fuel oil (VLSFO) with a maximum sulfur content of 0.5% w/w.
Exploring Microbial Dynamics: The Interaction between Yeasts and Acetic Acid Bacteria in Port Wine Vinegar and Its Implications on Chemical Composition and Sensory Acceptance
Authors: Mota João , Vilela Alice
Published: August 2024

Port wine vinegar, a product of the esteemed Port wine, is renowned for its intricate blend of flavors and aromas, a result of complex microbial interactions. This study delves into the fascinating world of yeast and acetic acid bacteria (AAB) interactions during fermentation, which significantly influence the vinegar’s chemical composition and sensory properties. We specifically investigate the role of yeasts in fermenting sugars into ethanol, a process that AAB then converts into acetic acid. The impact of these interactions on the production of secondary metabolites, such as gluconic acid, ketones, aldehydes, and esters, which contribute to the vinegar’s unique sensory profile, is thoroughly examined. Advanced analytical techniques, including GC-MS and e-nose technology, alongside sensory evaluation, are employed to assess these effects. The research underscores the significance of ethanol tolerance in AAB and other production challenges in determining vinegar quality and underscores the importance of optimizing fermentation conditions and sustainable practices. The findings of this study underscore the importance of strain interactions and production techniques, which can significantly enhance the quality and market appeal of Port wine vinegar, providing valuable insights for the industry. This review also identifies exciting and critical areas for future research, inspiring further exploration and proposing strategies for advancing production and application in culinary, health, and industrial contexts.
Canavanine Content Quantification in Processed Bitter Vetch (Vicia ervilia) and Its Application as Flour in Breads: An Analysis of Nutritional and Sensory Attributes
Authors: Nudel Adi , Abbo Shahal , Kerem Zohar
Published: August 2024

Bitter vetch (Vicia ervilia Willd.) is a traditional Mediterranean–West Asian legume, mainly used as livestock feed because of its toxic non-proteinogenic amino acid, canavanine. However, historical sources suggest its past human consumption. Currently, bitter vetch is a minor crop confined to marginal soils in semi-arid regions, presenting a potential alternative protein source amid projected climate changes. This study evaluated the nutritional and sensory attributes of bitter vetch seeds processed through various household methods. Germination and cooking significantly reduced the canavanine content by 28% and 60%, respectively. Incorporating bitter vetch flour (BVF) into wheat bread enhanced protein and fiber contents without substantially altering carbohydrate and lipid levels, and the baking process reduced the canavanine content by 40%. Bitter vetch flour enriched the bread with iron and calcium, contributing significantly to their daily nutritional intakes. Sensory evaluations indicated positive reception for bread with 12% BVF, achieving a balance between nutritional enhancement and consumer acceptance. This study identifies bitter vetch seeds as a valuable resource for improving bread formulations with corrected gluten contents and enhanced protein quality, as measured using protein-digestibility-corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS) values. With strategic processing and formulation adjustments, bitter vetch has the potential to re-emerge as a feasible high-protein grain crop, promoting sustainable farming.
Culinary Home Empowerment for Food Waste Prevention and Minimization: Feasibility and Efficacy Protocol
Authors: Milliron Brandy-Joe , Neff Roni , Sherman Rachel , Forde DeAndra , Miller Lauren , Stott Dahlia , Mountford Alison , Deutsch Jonathan M.
Published: August 2024

The purpose of this research is to evaluate the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy of a household food-waste prevention and minimization intervention, titled the Culinary Home Empowerment for Food Waste Prevention and Minimization (CHEF-WPM), which consists of a culinary education video series for home cooks. The specific aims are to (1) assess the effects of the intervention at a population level across process (feasibility, usage, acceptability, satisfaction) and preliminary efficacy (motivation, opportunity, ability) metrics and (2) assess the effects of the intervention at a community level across process (feasibility, usage, acceptability, satisfaction) and preliminary efficacy (motivation, opportunity, ability, household food waste, sustainable dietary practices) metrics. The intervention includes eight modules, each containing three to five brief videos, as well as downloadable recipes and worksheets. The evaluation will explore the effects of the program through two distinct investigations, namely (1) voluntary access to the intervention content in a population-based setting and (2) intensive delivery of the intervention content as part of a remote class in a community setting. Evaluation of the intervention in the population-based setting will use a single-arm, quasi-experimental post-test only study design. All home cooks who access the videos will be invited to answer a five-question post-video survey about acceptability, satisfaction, and potential implementation of the learning. A separate sample of individuals will be recruited to participate in a more in-depth evaluation (pre- and multiple post-test survey). Evaluation of the community-based intervention will use a mixed methods study design. Findings from the two distinct evaluation studies will be jointly discussed and triangulated to support larger conclusions about the intervention’s desirability, impact on motivation, opportunity, ability, and food waste, and the potential directions for further improvement.
Assessment of ‘Golden Delicious’ Apples Using an Electronic Nose and Machine Learning to Determine Ripening Stages
Authors: Trebar Mira , Žalik Anamarie , Vidrih Rajko
Published: August 2024

Consumers often face a lack of information regarding the quality of apples available in supermarkets. General appearance factors, such as color, mechanical damage, or microbial attack, influence consumer decisions on whether to purchase or reject the apples. Recently, devices known as electronic noses provide an easy-to-use and non-destructive assessment of ripening stages based on Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) emitted by the fruit. In this study, the ‘Golden Delicious’ apples, stored and monitored at the ambient temperature, were analyzed in the years 2022 and 2023 to collect data from four Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) sensors (MQ3, MQ135, MQ136, and MQ138). Three ripening stages (less ripe, ripe, and overripe) were identified using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and the K-means clustering approach from various datasets based on sensor measurements in four experiments. After applying the K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) model, the results showed successful classification of apples for specific datasets, achieving an accuracy higher than 75%. For the dataset with measurements from all experiments, an impressive accuracy of 100% was achieved on specific test sets and on the evaluation set from new, completely independent experiments. Additionally, correlation and PCA analysis showed that choosing two or three sensors can provide equally successful results. Overall, the e-nose results highlight the importance of analyzing data from several experiments performed over a longer period after the harvest of apples. There are similarities and differences in investigated VOC parameters (ethylene, esters, alcohols, and aldehydes) for less or more mature apples analyzed during autumn or spring, which can improve the determination of the ripening stage with higher predicting success for apples investigated in the spring.
Effect of Different Seasons and Development Stages on the Chemical Composition and Bioactive Potential of Cardoon
Authors: Mandim Filipa , Carocho Márcio , Petropoulos Spyridon A. , Santos-Buelga Celestino , Barros Lillian
Published: August 2024

Cynara cardunculus L. (cardoon) is a wild species of the Mediterranean basin and is highly appreciated due to its rich nutritional value and versatile industrial applications. It is widely known that environmental conditions, such as air temperature, humidity, and solar radiation, among others, play a crucial role in plant phenological variations and the chemical composition and bioactive properties of different plant tissues of cardoon. This study applied several statistical methods to uncover the variations in biomolecules of different cardoon tissues collected in Greece over the growth cycle. The influence of the different seasons on the species is evident, resulting in a clear discrimination between the samples harvested throughout the growth cycle. In addition, the observed fluctuations in chemical composition are consistent with each vegetable tissue’s functions and the plant’s different physiological processes. This work allows for a better understanding and knowledge of the species, encouraging more profitable and sustainable use of all the plant parts.
Novel Electrospun Gelatin Nanofibers Loaded with Purple Potato Anthocyanin and Syringic Acid for Multifunctional Food Packaging
Authors: Huang Chen , Tang Junjie , Chen Xingyan , Zeng Xinxin , Zhong Weiquan , Pang Jie , Wu Chunhua
Published: August 2024

In this study, a series of novel nanofibers based on gelatin (GA) loading with purple potato anthocyanin (PPA) and syringic acid (SA) were obtained by electrospinning technology. The effects of SA on mechanical properties, thermal stability, antioxidant capacity, and antimicrobial activity of the GA/PPA nanofibers were systematically characterized. The scanning electron microscopy observation results revealed a smooth surface on the nanofibers. The incorporation of SA enhanced the viscosity of the electrospun solutions, and it increased the average diameter of nanofibers from 0.17 μm to 0.28 μm. The tensile strength and thermal stability of the obtained nanofibers were enhanced with the addition of a suitable level of SA (1.5%, w/v), which strengthened the intermolecular interaction. The GA/PPA/SA nanofibers presented over 80% antioxidant capacity and strong antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus. Meanwhile, the sensitivity responses of nanofibers to NH3 revealed that GA/PPA/SA II nanofibers (1.5% w/v SA) presented good sensitivity of colorimetric behavior to ammonia. A pork spoilage test was performed to evaluate practical application of the nanofibers, and an obvious color change (dark purple to green) was observed. These results indicated GA/PPA/SA II nanofibers can be utilized as an active and intelligent multipurpose packaging material to preserve and track the freshness of pork.
Harnessing Biopolymer Gels for Theranostic Applications: Imaging Agent Integration and Real-Time Monitoring of Drug Delivery
Authors: Jirvankar Pranita , Agrawal Surendra , Chambhare Nikhita , Agrawal Rishabh
Published: August 2024

Biopolymer gels have gained tremendous potential for therapeutic applications due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and ability to adsorb and bind biological fluids, making them attractive for drug delivery and therapy. In this study, the versatility of biopolymer gels is explored in theranostic backgrounds, with a focus on integrating imaging features and facilitating real-time monitoring of drug delivery. Different methods of delivery are explored for incorporating imaging agents into biopolymer gels, including encapsulation, surface functionalization, nanoparticle encapsulation, and layer-by-layer assembly techniques. These methods exhibit the integration of agents and real-time monitoring drug delivery. We summarize the synthesis methods, general properties, and functional mechanisms of biopolymer gels, demonstrating their broad applications as multimodal systems for imaging-based therapeutics. These techniques not only enable multiple imaging but also provide signal enhancement and facilitate imaging targets, increasing the diagnostic accuracy and therapeutic efficacy. In addition, current techniques for incorporating imaging agents into biopolymer gels are discussed, as well as their role in precise drug delivery and monitoring.
Through My Feet I Come to Know Her: (Re)Storying and Restoring Our Embodied Relationships to Whakapapa and Whenua through Hīkoi (Walking)
Authors: Simmonds Naomi
Published: August 2024

Walking in the footsteps of our ancestors can provide important ancestral precedents that can support Indigenous wāhine (women) in Aotearoa in working through the challenges we might face today and into the future. At the end of 2020, a group of seven Raukawa wāhine re-walked the journey of their ancestress Māhinaarangi. She walked, whilst heavily pregnant, from the lands of her people on the East Coast of Aotearoa to those of her husband, Tūrongo, in the central North Island. Her hīkoi (walk) offers significant conceptual and physical maps that speak to mātauranga (knowledge) and traditions about childbirth and mothering; the relationships between tribes and between people and the land; intimate knowledge of diverse environments; and endurance and courage to move through space to new lands, all done with a newborn baby. Māhinaarangi was a cartographer in her own right—mapping her story, history, language, tradition, ceremony, knowledge, and therefore herself and her descendants into the land upon which her footsteps fell. Through re-walking her journey, we both take something of that place with us and leave something of ourselves there and thus are involved in (re)storying and (re)storing ancestral places with our own footsteps. Retracing the journeys of our ancestors does more than memorialise their feats; rather, in placing our footprints along their pathways, we reclaim and remake place in uniquely Indigenous and Māori ways.
Neurovascular Manifestations of Sickle Cell Disease
Authors: Zedde Marialuisa , Quaresima Micol , Capodanno Isabella , Grisendi Ilaria , Assenza Federica , Napoli Manuela , Moratti Claudio , Pavone Claudio , Bonacini Lara , Di Cecco Giovanna , D’Aniello Serena , Valzania Franco , Merli Francesco , Pascarella Rosario
Published: August 2024

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a hereditary blood disorder characterized by abnormal hemoglobin, leading to the sickle shape of red blood cells. It has several vascular complications and the cerebrovascular ones are among the most frequent and severe both in children and in adults. This review summarizes the main neurovascular manifestations of SCD, including acute stroke, silent cerebral infarction, large-vessel diseases (moyamoya arteriopathy and aneurysms), and brain bleeding. Both epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatment issues are addressed and prevention of cerebrovascular events, including silent cerebral infarctions, is particularly relevant in SCD patients, being associated to poor functional outcome and cognitive complaints. Transfusions and hydroxyurea are the main available therapy at the moment, but contraindications, availability, and complications might prevent their long term use, particularly in low-income countries. The role of transcranial Doppler in monitoring the patients (mainly children) is analyzed and a practical approach has been selected in order to give the main messages from the current literature for a better management of SCD patients.
Recent Urban-to-Rural Migration and Its Impact on the Heritage of Depopulated Rural Areas in Southern Transylvania
Authors: Dragan Alexandru , Ispas Raluca Tatiana , Crețan Remus
Published: August 2024

There has recently been discussion regarding how heritage rural areas are culturally affected by recent urban-to-rural migration. However, little research has been conducted on the form this process takes in post-communist contexts. Taking a geography approach to some Romanian heritage sites, this study foregrounds narratives based on interviews with local people in two villages in southern Transylvania that were formerly inhabited by different ethnicities. The results point to quite different perceptions of the cultural landscape changes in the two villages. Although both communities consciously seek to preserve and maintain a sense of place that is rooted in history, those who migrate from urban areas to these rural heritage places represent a catalyst for community resilience and development in areas such as acquisition of buildings, development of facilities, modern social services, and seeking new funding for landscape transformation. As NGOs function as a link between government, local people, newcomers to the community, and investors, we contend that more attention could be paid to channelling their funds towards investment in rural heritage. The greatest challenges to heritage are those posed by tourism, while NGOs and small investors are the driving force that helps to preserve and save cultural heritage.
Painting the Past in the 19th Century: Materials, Methods, and Perspectives in Watercolour Replicas
Authors: Ghigo Tea , Hirschle Christian
Published: August 2024

This study focuses on the material characterisation of a collection of 19th-century watercolour replicas that reproduce ancient Egyptian mural paintings and illuminated decorations from medieval manuscripts. Non-contact analyses, including macro-X-ray fluorescence (MA-XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and fibre-optic reflectance spectroscopy (FORS), were employed to examine the composition of the painting materials, particularly the pigments. The findings are contextualised through archival research into 19th-century technical sources on historical painting and illuminating practices, as well as contemporaneous pigment catalogues that reported commercial prices. Ultimately, this research aimed to explore whether 19th-century artists engaged with historical material practices beyond mere visual representation in their depictions of historical subjects. The results obtained from the replicas of medieval illuminations are groundbreaking, as they challenge prevailing scholarly assumptions. Notably, the use of pigments such as minium and ultramarine blue, which were held in high regard during the Middle Ages, along with the use of chalk in the preparation of the support, suggest that, in an industrialised world where engagement with material culture was increasingly driven by commercial profit, some academic circles still sought to explore and preserve selected historical material practices in the art of painting.
Second-Career Academics and the Influence of ‘Professionalism’ in Higher Education: A Phenomenographic Study in STEM
Authors: Moffitt Philip , Bligh Brett
Published: August 2024

This article examines the phenomenon whereby ‘professionalism’ is used as a concept in higher education (HE), specifically regarding HE’s relationships with professions in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM). We examine the implications for human development arising from the influence of professionalism in HE, presenting the qualitative interpretations of second-career academics, a term we use to describe university teaching staff recruited for their prior industrial experience in STEM professions. Using a phenomenographic approach, we examine the conception of second-career academics and how professionalism influences educational policy and practice in HE. We present four successively inclusive conceptions of experiences, with professionalism expressed as making normative judgements of students’ interactions and behaviours, negotiating those interactions and behaviours with students, critiquing the professional applicability of curricula and activities, and changing those curricula and activities to suit the needs of STEM professions. These conceptions expose challenges related to policy and practice and the roles undertaken by second-career academics, including their enculturation of students into the normative expectations of STEM professions, their influence on the apparent correspondence between HE and work in STEM, and their marketing of STEM professions inside HE.
Availability Evaluation and Application of MNP (Multiple Nucleotide Polymorphism) Markers in Variety Identification of Chrysanthemum
Authors: Liu Yanfang , Zhao Qin , Li Tiantian , Teng Cailing , Peng Hai , Yao Zongze , Fang Zhiwei , Zhou Junfei , Yang Xiaohong , Qiao Juxiang , Mao Jin , Guan Zhiyong , Hu Qiang
Published: August 2024

In China, PBR (Plant Breeder’s Right) applications of chrysanthemum rank first among all of the applications of ornamental crops in China due to the plant’s significant ornamental, edible, and medicinal values. However, issues of variety infringement and disputes have become increasingly prominent, and traditional molecular markers are difficult to use due to the high heterozygosity and complex ploidy of chrysanthemum. Our study explored the availability of MNP (Multiple Nucleotide Polymorphism) markers in this regard. In total, 30 representative varieties of five types were selected for the screening of MNPs, and another 136 varieties were selected for validation of the screened MNPs. Based on ddRAD-seq (Double Digest Restriction site-associated DNA sequencing) of the 30 varieties, 26,147 SNPs were screened for genetic analysis，and 487 MNPs were screened with a length from 139 to 274 bp, an average of 6.6 SNPs individually, and a repeatability rate of 99.73%. Among the 487 MNPs, 473 MNP markers were found to cover all 27 chromosomes of chrysanthemum. Performance of our MNPs in the 136 varieties was similar to those in the 30 varieties, where the average Ho (observed heterozygosity) was 71.48%, and the average DP (discriminative power) was 82.77%, preliminarily indicating the stability of the 487 MNPs. On the other hand, clustering results based on the 487 MNPs were also generally consistent with those based on the 26,147 SNPs, as well as those based on phenotypic traits, and initial grouping, likewise, further indicating the robust capability of our MNPs in variety discrimination, which is similar to their correspondence with numerous SNPs. Therefore, our MNP markers have great potential in the accurate and rapid identification of chrysanthemum varieties, and, accordingly, in fostering breeding innovation and promoting chrysanthemum marketing.