bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SEROLOGICAL SPECIFICITY OF ACID-SOLUBLE ANTIGENS OF
BACTERIONEMA MATRUCHOTTII
Authors: Sibal Louis R. , Kroeger Arthur V. , Kumarich Dan , Meyer Esther
Published: January 2020

Sibal, Louis
R. (University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago),
Arthur V. Kroeger, Dan Kumarich, and Esther Meyer
. Serological specificity of acid-soluble antigens of
Bacterionema matruchottii
. J. Bacteriol.
83:
811–818. 1962.—The serological specificity of acid-soluble antigens extracted from the oral, filamentous organism,
Bacterionema matruchottii
, was demonstrated by the microprecipitin reaction. There was no evidence of cross-reaction with antisera prepared against
Leptotrichia buccalis, Actinomyces
, or
Lactobacillus
species, and these results were confirmed by quantitative complement-fixation tests with selected antisera. Since all of the
B. matruchottii
isolates studied possess antigens in common, it was concluded that the microprecipitin reaction offers a useful aid in the differentiation of this genus from other filamentous organisms. The results do not provide definitive evidence regarding the taxonomic relationship of
B. matruchottii
to any genus tested, and tend to support the recent proposal for establishment of a new genus,
Bacterionema
.

Preliminary data obtained with the indirect fluorescent antibody technique appear to indicate that the antigens of the intact bacterial cell are as specific as the acid-soluble extracts.
CONVERSION OF LACTATE-C14TO PROPIONATE BY THE RUMEN MICROFLORA
Authors: Baldwin R. L. , Wood W. A. , Emery R. S.
Published: January 2020

Baldwin, R. L. (Michigan State University, East Lansing), W. A.Wood, and R. S. Emery. Conversion of lactate-C14to propionate by the rumen microflora. J. Bacteriol.83:907–913. 1962.—Rumen microflora enriched on five different diets calculated to present increasing carbohydrate or lactate availability were used to determine the contribution of the randomizing (succinate) and nonrandomizing (acrylate) routes to propionate with lactate-2-C14and -3-C14as substrates. Propionate was labeled as though 70 to 90% was formed via the nonrandomizing route. This percentage was highest on diets containing high levels of carbohydrate or lactate or both. Evidence for the presence of succinic dehydrogenase, acetokinase, phosphotransacetylase, and coenzyme A transphorase was obtained with cell-free extracts. Propionate-2-C14and lactate-2-C14were converted by extracts to the activated derivatives of acrylate, lactate, propionate, and acetate.
PYRUVATE OXIDATION BY
PASTEURELLA TULARENSIS
STRAINS OF GRADED VIRULENCE
Authors: Weinstein I. , Guss M. L. , Altenbern R. A.
Published: January 2020

Weinstein
, I. (U.S. Army Chemical Corps, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Md.), M. L.
Guss, and R. A. Altenbern
. Pyruvate oxidation by
Pasteurella tularensis
strains of graded virulence. J. Bacteriol.
83:
1010–1016. 1962.—The rate of oxidation of sodium pyruvate by
Pasteurella tularensis
was shown to be correlated with the virulence of the strain studied. No qualitative differences in cofactor requirements for or products of pyruvate oxidation were found among strains of graded virulence. The rate of pyruvate oxidation was directly related to strain virulence, whereas the endogenous respiration rate was inversely correlated with virulence. For all tested strains possessing some degree of virulence, maximal rates of pyruvate oxidation were obtained with small concentrations of pyruvate (10 to 20 μmoles), above which the oxidation rate was depressed. Small concentrations of glutamate or other dicarboxylic acids effected nonadditive stimulation (sparking) of the pyruvate oxidation rate only at pyruvate concentrations above optimal (greater than 20 μmoles). The avirulent strain 38A was unique, being characterized by a low endogenous respiration rate, a maximal rate of pyruvate oxidation at all concentrations above 20 μmoles, and the absence of glutamate sparking. Studies of cell-free extracts indicated that the differences in pyruvate oxidation among the strains may be attributed in part to variation in the properties of enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle.
MYCOBACTOCIDIN, A NEW ANTIBIOTIC ACTIVE AGAINST MYCOBACTERIA
Authors: Fregnan G. B. , Smith D. W.
Published: January 2020

Fregnan
, G. B. (University of Wisconsin, Madison)
and D. W. Smith
. Mycobactocidin, a new antiboitic active against mycobacteria. J. Bacteriol.
83:
1069–1076. 1962.—A new antibiotic, produced by a strain of
Staphylococcus epidermidis
, is described. The name mycobactocidin is proposed because of the specificity of the antibiotic against mycobacteria. Methods for extraction and purification of the antibiotic are described. The water-soluble fraction is shown to be active in vitro. No toxicity could be detected in mice after intraperitoneal or subcutaneous injection. Enzymatic hydrolysis suggests a glyco-protein nature for the antibiotic. Mycobactocidin is soluble in distilled water at neutrality but is generally insoluble in organic solvents. The antibiotic is precipitated from aqueous solution by heavy metals. It is stable in the pH range of 2 to 8, but is precipitated at pH 3 to 4. An aqueous solution of the antibiotic is stable for several days at 5 C, and for longer periods if lyophilized and stored at −20 C. It does not pass through a dialysis membrane and its activity is retained after 15 to 20 hr of dialysis at 5 C. The activity was shown to be unrelated to the formation of hydrogen peroxide.
ELECTRON TRANSPORT PARTICLES FROM
BACILLUS STEAROTHERMOPHILUS
Authors: Downey Ronald J. , Georgi Carl E. , Militzer Walter E.
Published: January 2020

Downey, Ronald
J. (University of Nebraska, Lincoln),
Carl E. Georgi, and Walter E. Militzer
. Electron transport particles from
Bacillus stearothermophilus
. J. Bacteriol.
83:
1140–1146. 1962—Electron-transport particles (ETP) have been isolated from
Bacillus stearothermophilus
. They are capable of oxidizing such substrates as succinate, malate, diphosphopyridine nucleotide,
p
-phenylenediamine, and hydroquinone. Difference spectra indicated bands of cytochromes
a
3
,
b
, and
c
. A chromatographic procedure for purification of cytochrome
c
has been described.

The role of quinonelike intermediates in the ETP was implied by the restorative effect of coenzyme Q and vitamin K
1
on material treated with lipid solvent. Isolation and identification of coenzyme Q from the thermophile indicated it was similar to coenzyme Q
10
of mammalian sources.
CHEMISTRY OF OXIDATION OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS BY SOIL PSEUDOMONADS
Authors: Rogoff Martin H.
Published: January 2020

Rogoff, Martin
H. (U.S. Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh, Pa.). Oxidation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by soil pseudomonads. J. Bacteriol.
83:
998–1004. 1962.—Substitution of phenanthrene by a methyl group at the 9-carbon blocks oxidation of the compound by a resting-cell suspension of a phenanthrene-grown soil pseudomonad. When 2-methylphenanthrene is provided, the oxidation rate is considerably higher; 3-methylphenanthrene is oxidized at a rate intermediate between the other two, even though the methyl group is attached to a carbon directly involved in ring splitting. Cells grown on naphthalene or anthracene oxidize phenanthrene at a much lower rate than cells grown with phenanthrene or 2-methylnaphthalene as the source of carbon. Naphthalene-grown cells also absorb less phenanthrene from aqueous solution than do their phenanthrene-grown counterparts.

The data are in keeping with the hypothesis that polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons attach to the relevant bacterial enzymes at carbon-carbon bonds of high electron density (K regions; localized double bonds), and that the ring-splitting reactions then occur at other bonds on the substrate molecule. The actual bond that undergoes fission is determined by the electronic and steric configurations of the enzyme-substrate complex. When linearly arranged aromatic compounds such as naphthalene or anthracene are attacked, attachment to an enzyme and ring splitting may take place on the same ring; angular aromatic compounds such as phenanthrene afford attachment to an enzyme at a bond in a ring other than the one containing the ring-splitting site.
SODIUM AZIDE SELECTIVE MEDIUM FOR THE PRIMARY ISOLATION OF ANAEROBIC BACTERIA
Authors: Forget A. , Fredette V.
Published: January 2020

Forget
, A. (University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada)
and V. Fredette
. Sodium azide selective medium for the primary isolation of anaerobic bacteria. J. Bacteriol.
83:
1217–1223. 1962.—A selective medium has been devised for the primary isolation of anaerobic bacteria from a mixture of both aerobes and anaerobes. The solid medium contains 0.05% NaN
3
, and the liquid medium has 0.2% NaN
3
in an identical base, namely, Trypticase soy broth. Addition of either 5% blood or 10% normal serum does not alter the selective action of sodium azide. The only defect which the medium exhibits is that it is unable to limit the growth of the facultative streptococci.
CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF ASPOROGENIC MUTANTS OF
BACILLUS CEREUS
Authors: Lundgren D. G. , Cooney J. J.
Published: January 2020

Lundgren
, D. G. (Syracuse University, Syracuse, N.Y.) and J. J.
Cooney
. Chemical analyses of asporogenic mutants of
Bacillus cereus
. J. Bacteriol.
83:
1287–1293. 1962.—
Bacillus cereus
ATCC 4342 and three temperature-sensitive asporogenic mutants were compared regarding some basic cellular components and response to metals in a synthetic medium. The mutants sporulate when cultured at 28 C but are asporogenic when cultured at 37 C; the parent sporulates at both temperatures. Results of amino acid analyses of cells harvested at characteristic times during the culture cycle revealed no qualitative differences which could be related to the asporogenic nature of the mutants. All sporulating cultures synthesized dipicolinic acid during sporulation, but asporogenic cultures did not. The patterns of zinc, potassium, sodium, and calcium uptake, but not of iron or manganese uptake, appear to be affected in the asporogenic mutants.
COMPLETE REDUCTION OF TELLURITE TO PURE TELLURIUM METAL BY MICROORGANISMS
Authors: Tucker Fayne L. , Walper John F. , Appleman Milo Don , Donohue Jerry
Published: January 2020

Tucker, Fayne
L. (University of Southern California, Los Angeles),
John F. Walper, Milo Don Appleman, and Jerry Donohue
. Complete reduction of tellurite to pure tellurium metal by microorganisms. J. Bacteriol.
83:
1313–1314. 1962—The black precipitate produced in the presence of potassium tellurite by growing cells of
Streptococcus faecalis
N83 and
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
was shown, by X-ray diffraction analysis, to consist of metallic tellurium. The metal was not complexed, to any significant degree, with any organic material.
SEPARATION OF THE TOXIN OF
BACILLUS CEREUS
INTO TWO COMPONENTS AND NONIDENTITY OF THE TOXIN WITH PHOSPHOLIPASE
Authors: Molnar Dorothy M.
Published: January 2020

Molnar, Dorothy
M. (U.S. Army Chemical Corps, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Md.). Separation of the toxin of
Bacillus cereus
into two components and nonidentity of the toxin with phospholipase. J. Bacteriol.
84:
147–153. 1962—
Bacillus cereus
produced toxin in a Casamino acids medium without added serum or other protein. The toxin was separated into two components by adsorption on columns of calcium phosphate gel followed by elution with phosphate buffer (pH 7.5). The component eluted first has been called factor I and the component eluted later factor II. When tested alone each component was relatively nontoxic, but when combined they formed a toxic mixture as evidenced by skin reactions in guinea pigs and tests for lethal effects in mice.

The phospholipase activity, determined by the egg-yolk reaction, was found in the fraction containing factor I. However, using columns of alumina-C
γ
gel the phospholipase activity was found in the fraction containing factor II. This suggests that the phospholipase is not the same chemical entity as either factor I or II. The following are further evidence for the non-identity of the toxin and phospholipase: (i) differential precipitation of the two activities by (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
; (ii) differential neutralization by various antisera; and (iii) differential inhibition with ethanol.
PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES OCCURRING IN YEAST UNDERGOING GLUCOSE REPRESSION
Authors: MacQuillan Anthony M. , Halvorson Harlyn O.
Published: January 2020

MacQuillan, Anthony
M. (The University of Wisconsin, Madison)
and Harlyn O. Halvorson
. Physiological changes occuring in yeast undergoing glucose repression. J. Bacteriol.
84:
31–36. 1962.—Growth of the hybrid yeast
Saccharomyces fragilis
×
S. dobzhanskii
on glucose or lactate resulted in (i) the possible impairment of a permeation system for succinic acid, (ii) the repression of succinic and isocitric dehydrogenases and β-glucosidase, and (iii) the induction of isocitratase. The latter two changes were not observed in
S. lactis
Y14, in which β-glucosidase synthesis is resistant to glucose repression.
A CULTURE OFSALMONELLA INFANTISOF COMPLEX ANTIGENIC CONSTITUTION
Authors: Edwards P. R. , McWhorter Alma C. , Douglas G. W.
Published: January 2020

Edwards, P. R. (Communicable Disease Center, U.S. Public Health Service, Atlanta, Ga.), A. C.McWhorter, and G. W. Douglas. A culture ofSalmonella infantisof complex antigenic constitution. J. Bacteriol.84:95–98. 1962—An antigenically complexSalmonellaserotype (6,7:z49,r:z49,1,5), in which the antigenz49is a major component of both phases, is described. Through loss variation, this form gives rise to cultures identical withS. infantis(6,7:r:1,5). Attention is drawn to the similarity of its behavior to that ofS. montgomeryandS. salinatis, and the possible origin of such complex forms is discussed briefly. The organism is not assigned a name, but is considered simply as a complex form ofS. infantis.
ACTIVATION PHENOMENON OF
CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM
TYPE E TOXIN
Authors: Gerwing Julia , Dolman Claude E. , Arnott David A.
Published: January 2020

Gerwing, Julia
(The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada),
Claude E. Dolman, and David A. Arnott
. Activation phenomenon of
Clostridium botulinum
type E toxin. J. Bacteriol.
84:
302–306. 1962—Highly purified preparations of both nonactivated and trypsin-activated type E botulinus toxins have been analyzed in an ultracentrifuge. Untreated botulinus type E toxin was found to have a sedimentation constant (
S
20,w
) of 5.6 Svedberg units, whereas trypsin-activated toxins would not form a boundary under identical conditions. These and other considerations indicate that the mechanism of tryptic activation involves a fragmentation process whereby more toxic sites become exposed.
EPISOME-MEDIATED TRANSFER OF DRUG RESISTANCE INENTEROBACTERIACEAEV
Authors: Watanabe Tsutomu , Lyang Keong W.
Published: January 2020

Watanabe, Tsutomu(Keio University, Tokyo, Japan)and Keong W. Lyang. Episomemediated transfer of drug resistance inEnterobacteriaceae. V. Spontaneous segregation and recombination of resistance factors inSalmonella typhimurium. J. Bacteriol.84:422–430. 1962.—It was found that spontaneous segregation of the transmissible multiple drug resistance [resistance to streptomycin (Sm), chloramphenicol (Cm), tetracycline (TC), and sulfonamide (Su)] takes place so frequently inSalmonella typhimuriumstrain LT-2 (Su, Sm, Cm, Tc) as to allow a clone analysis of the segregation of resistance factors with replica plating. Su-, Sm-, and Cm- resistance factors together were spotaneously lost most frequently, whereas the spontaneous loss of Tc-resistance factor alone was rather infrequent. The complete loss of the resistance factors was also noted with low frequencies. The mechanism of the spontaneous segregation of the resistance factors was assumed to be due to either genetic exchange between the resistance factors and host genome or incomplete replication of the transmissible resistance factors (composed of resistance factors and resistance-transfer factor). In relation to the mechanism of spontaneous segregation of the transmissible resistance factors, circular models of the transmissible resistance factors are presented. Four-drug-resistant strains were produced by transferring segregant types of transmissible resistance factors (Su, Sm, Cm) and (Tc) to the strains with (Tc) and (Su, Sm, Cm), respectively. In these four-drug-resistant strains, the two types of transmissible resistance factors were found to be in two different states; in one state the two types of transmissible resistance factors exist in the same cells independently of each other, and in the other state a transmissible resistance factor, which was produced as a result of recombination of the two types of transmissible resistance factors, is present. Two unusual strains of LT-2 with Su-, Sm-, and Cm-resistance factors and with four resistance factors were found. These strains could not transfer their resistance factors toEscherichia coliK-12 by conjugation. Their resistance factors were spontaneously segregated as frequently as those of LT-2 (Su, Sm, Cm) and LT-2 (Su, Sm, Cm, Tc), and the transfer of (Tc) to strain LT-2 with nontransmissible Su-, Sm-, and Cm-resistance factors gave rise to two types of clones; one could transfer the four resistance factors as a unit to K-12 by conjugation, and another could transfer only (Tc) and frequently segregated two types of clones; one had (Tc) and another had nontransmissible Su, Sm-, and Cm-resistance factors. From these findings, the unusual strains with nontransmissible resistance factors are assumed to have a “defective” resistance-transfer factor.
TEMPERATURE AND LAMBDA PHAGE REPRODUCTION
Authors: Groman Neal B. , Suzuki Grace
Published: January 2020

Groman, Neal
B. (University of Washington, Seattle)
and Grace Suzuki
. Temperature and lambda phage reproduction. J. Bacteriol.
84:
431–437. 1962.—The effect of temperature on lambda phage production in
Escherichia coli
K-12 was studied, and a temperature-phage yield relationship established. Phage yield declines slowly below optimal temperature and rapidly above the optimum. An extensive comparison of phage reproduction at 37 and 44 C was made when it was observed that at 44 C phage yield was reduced to 2 to 5% that at 37 C in the absence of any significant effect on bacterial growth. The reduced yield is manifest rather uniformly in every infected cell, and the reduction is due primarily to a speed-up of the lytic process. Temperature shift-up and shift-down experiments established that the temperature-affected step or process is initiated about 25 min after adsorption. This is close to the time the first intracellular phage appears. The data indicate that heat inactivation, lysogenization or major blocks in adsorption, penetration, replication, and maturation make minor contributions, if any, to the depression of the yield. Phenotypic adaptation of phage and host to the production of a greater yield at 44 C was not observed. There was no correlation observed between the enhanced thermoresistance of free λ
vir, tr
1
phage and ability to reproduce at 44 C.
LOCALIZATION OF RESPIRATORY ENZYMES IN INTRACYTOPLASMIC MEMBRANES OF
AZOTOBACTER AGILIS
Authors: Pangborn J. , Marr Allen G. , Robrish S. A.
Published: January 2020

Pangborn
, J. (University of California, Davis),
Allen G. Marr, and S. A. Robrish
. Localization of respiratory enzymes in intracytoplasmic membranes of
Azotobacter agilis
. J. Bacteriol.
84:
669–678. 1962.—Thin sections of the cells of
Azotobacter agilis
which have been disrupted by sonic treatment, by osmotic shock, or by ballistic disintegration reveal a network of internal membranes in the form of vesicles and tubules. The internal membranes are attached to the envelope. Treatment in a Mickle disintegrator of envelopes emptied of cytoplasm by osmotic shock results in the loss of the internal membranes and a concomitant release of reduced diphosphopyridine nucleotide oxidase from the envelopes. Thus, the intracytoplasmic membranes are the probable locus of the respiratory enzymes of the cell. Thin sections of whole cells show tubular intracytoplasmic membranes which are obscured by ribosomes and other dense cytoplasmic constituents.
EFFECT OF CULTURAL CONDITIONS ON GROWTH AND METABOLITE UPTAKE BY SERINE-GLYCINE AUXOTROPHS OF
ESCHERICHIA COLI
Authors: Levine Elliot M. , Simmonds Sofia
Published: January 2020

Levine, Elliot
M. (Yale University, New Haven, Conn.)
and Sofia Simmonds
. Effect of cultural conditions on growth and metabolite uptake by serine-glycine auxotrophs of
Escherichia coli
. J. Bacteriol.
84:
683–693. 1962.—A study was made of the effect of environmental conditions on the growth and metabolite uptake by
Escherichia coli
strain S/G (a serine-glycine auxotroph) and strain S (a serine-glycine auxotroph lacking a normal transport system for glycine). The induction in strain S of the glycine transport system, which occurs during growth in a glycine-containing medium, was prevented by
l
-asparagine; the “repression” appeared to result from the endogenous formation of glycine from asparagine (through homoserine and threonine) via a pathway in which serine was not an obligatory intermediate. The response of both strains to glycine appeared to be determined by the amount of
l
-serine or glycine present in the media (containing asparagine) in which the cells were grown prior to testing. Preliminary growth in the presence of low concentrations of exogenous glycine, which should produce cells with small endogenous “glycine-serine pools,” favored the induction of a functional glycine transport system in cells of strain S. Cells of strain S/G grown under similar conditions subsequently showed an enhanced ability to take up C
14
-labeled glycine. With both strains, preliminary growth conditions leading to the formation of large endogenous “glycine-serine pools” (e.g., growth in the presence of high concentrations of exogenous serine) produced cells exhibiting a glycine uptake rate that was not commensurate with the rate at which these cells grew on glycine. The growth response apparently depends not only on the ability of the cells to transport glycine but also on the size of the endogenous “glycine-serine pools”; inocula composed of cells having a limited capacity to accumulate labeled glycine showed significant growth in glycine-containing media if the cells had large “glycine-serine pools.” The growth and uptake responses to glycylglycine appear to be governed, in part, by the same factors that control the responses to free glycine.
CONJUGAL FERTILITY ASSOCIATED WITH RESISTANCE FACTOR R IN
ESCHERICHIA COLI
Authors: Sugino Yoshinobu , Hirota Yukinori
Published: January 2020

Sugino, Yoshinobu
(Osaka University, Osaka, Japan)
and Yukinori Hirota
. Conjugal fertility associated with resistance factor R in
Escherichia coli
. J. Bacteriol.
84:
902–910. 1962.—The introduction of the contagious drug-resistance factor, R, into an F
−
strain of
Escherichia coli
allows the R
+
F
−
strain to mate with F
−
R
−
strains. The chromosome fragment transferred from the R
+
cell is relatively large, comparable to the conjugation between F
+
or Hfr male and F
−
female bacteria. The complex R factor has been analyzed by transduction with phage Pl. Within the R factor, the fertility determinant is inseparable from the determinant responsible for its infectivity, but can be separated from the loci for drug resistance. R thus resembles the category of complex F factors (F-primes) previously analyzed.
ENHANCEMENT OF SALMONELLOSIS AND EMERGENCE OF SECONDARY INFECTION IN MICE EXPOSED TO COLD
Authors: Miraglia Gennaro J. , Berry L. Joe
Published: January 2020

Miraglia, GennaroJ. (Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, Pa.)and L. Joe Berry. Enhancement of salmonellosis and emergence of secondary infection in mice exposed to cold. J. Bacteriol.84:1173–1180. 1962.—Theld50dose for mice ofSalmonella typhimurium, strain RIA, is 4.1 × 105for animals individually housed without bedding and maintained at 25 C. It is 3.8 × 103for animals similarly housed but kept at 5 C. An intravenous injection of 0.1 ml of Proferrin 2 hr prior to infection with RIA lowers theld50to 4.9 × 103and to 4.0 × 101for mice kept, respectively, at 25 and at 5 C. Low environmental temperature and “blockade” of the reticuloendothelial system (RES) lower the resistance of mice to about the same degree, but low temperature and RES impairment together lower resistance as if each were acting independently. No effect of cold could be detected in mice infected with the highly virulent SR-11 strain ofS. typhimurium, since all animals died after infection with only a few cells. Mice that were natural carriers of salmonellae, as judged by fecal discharge, were highly resistant to challenge and responded to cold in a manner similar to normal mice infected with RIA. Strain RIA could be isolated from the tissues of infected animals with greater frequency and persisted longer in mice maintained at 5 C than those at 25 C. Staphylococci were isolated from livers of animals that survived salmonella infection for 14 days at 5 C, and the incidence of staphylococci was proportional to the number of salmonellae injected. At 25 C, only a small percentage of mice had staphylococci in tissues and these occurred independent of the infectious dose of salmonellae. These observations were made on normal mice infected with RIA and on carrier mice infected with SR-11.
GROWTH, REPRODUCTION, AND DEATH RATES OF
ESCHERICHIA COLI
AT INCREASED HYDROSTATIC PRESSURES
Authors: Zobell Claude E. , Cobet Andre B.
Published: January 2020

ZoBell, Claude
E. (University of California, La Jolla)
and Andre B. Cobet
. Growth, reproduction, and death rates of
Escherichia coli
at increased hydrostatic pressures. J. Bacteriol.
84:
1228–1236. 1962.—Pressures ranging from 100 to 500 atm were found to retard the growth and reproduction of
Escherichia coli
in nutrient medium. Reproduction (as manifested by cell division or an increase in the number of viable cells) was retarded more than was growth (as manifested by increase in cell size or the formation of biomass). When incubated near the threshold of pressure tolerance (about 475 atm at 30 C), some cells of
E. coli
grew into long slender filaments showing little evidence of fission or cell division. Compression prolonged the lag phase of
E. coli
in nutrient medium, particularly at pressures higher than 400 atm. The inhibiting effects of pressure on reproduction and growth were found to be less at 30 than at 20 or 40 C. Pressures of 400 to 1,000 atm accelerated the death rate of
E. coli
cultures in nutrient medium. The lethal effects of pressure were greater at 40 than at 30 C and greater at 30 than at 20 C.
ATTACHMENT OF
THIOBACILLUS THIOOXIDANS
TO SULFUR CRYSTALS
Authors: Schaeffer W. I. , Holbert P. E. , Umbreit W. W.
Published: January 2020

Schaeffer
, W. I. (Rutgers, The State University, New Brunswick, N.J.), P. E.
Holbert, and W. W. Umbreit
. Attachment of
Thiobacillus thiooxidans
to sulfur crystals. J. Bacteriol.
85:
137–140. 1963.—Electron micrographs of replicas of sulfur crystals before and after attack by
Thiobacillus thiooxidans
show that the microorganisms erode the crystal in the area immediately adjacent to the cell. When there are many cells, the entire crystal surface appears eroded.
REVERSIBLE ACTIVATION FOR GERMINATION AND SUBSEQUENT CHANGES IN BACTERIAL SPORES
Authors: Lee W. H. , Ordal Z. John
Published: January 2020

Lee
, W. H. (University of Illinois, Urbana)
and Z. John Ordal
. Reversible activation for germination and subsequent changes in bacterial spores. J. Bacteriol.
85:
207–217. 1963.—It was possible to isolate refractile spores of
Bacillus megaterium
, from a calcium dipicolinate germination solution, that were activated and would germinate spontaneously in distilled water. Some of the characteristics of the initial phases of bacterial spore germination were determined by studying these unstable activated spores. Activated spores of
B. megaterium
were resistant to stains and possessed a heat resistance intermediate between that of dormant and of germinated spores. The spontaneous germination of activated spores was inhibited by copper, iron, silver, or mercury salts, saturated
o
-phenanthroline, or solutions having a low pH value, but not by many common inhibitors. These inhibitions could be partially or completely reversed by the addition of sodium dipicolinate. The activated spores could be deactivated and made similar to dormant spores by treatment with acid. Analyses of the exudates from the variously treated spore suspensions revealed that whatever inhibited the germination of activated spores also inhibited the release of spore material. The composition of the germination exudates was different than that of extracts of dormant spores. Although heavy suspensions of activated spores gradually became swollen and dark when suspended in solutions of
o
-phenanthroline or at pH 4, the materials released resembled those found in extracts of dormant spores rather than those of normal germination exudates.
TRYPTOPHAN-NIACIN RELATIONSHIP IN
XANTHOMONAS PRUNI
Authors: Wilson R. G. , Henderson L. M.
Published: January 2020

Wilson
, R. G. (Oklahoma State University, Stillwater)
and L. M. Henderson
. Tryptophan-niacin relationship in
Xanthomonas pruni
. J. Bacteriol.
85:
221–229. 1963.—The observation that
Xanthomonas pruni
, a bacterial pathogen for the peach, requires niacin for growth and can use tryptophan or 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid as a substitute was confirmed. To determine whether niacin is synthesized via the tryptophan-3-hydroxyanthranilic acid pathway, experiments using labeled metabolites were undertaken. Labeled tryptophan, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid, quinolinic acid, and nicotinic acid were supplied in the basal medium in amounts sufficient to insure maximal growth. Nicotinic and quinolinic acids were isolated from the cells after the growth period. The isotope was incorporated from the first three labeled compounds into niacin with dilutions approximately the same in all cases, ranging from 7.6 to 17.1. The dilution of isotopic niacin was 3.1- to 5.9-fold. Only labeled quinolinic acid gave rise to labeled quinolinic acid in the cell, but this acid gave rise to niacin with 10- to 12-fold reduction in specific activity. The results indicate that if quinolinate participates as an obligatory intermediate in the synthesis of niacin from tryptophan, its concentration within the cell is very small and it does not equilibrate readily with exogenous quinolinate. The results confirm the conclusion, drawn from growth studies, that niacin is needed to permit tryptophan synthesis at a sufficient rate to promote growth. In the absence of an external source of niacin, tryptophan or some of its metabolites can promote growth by acting as precursors of niacin.
INFLUENCE OF STREPTOMYCIN ON NUCLEOTIDE EXCRETION IN
ESCHERICHIA COLI
Authors: Tzagoloff Helen , Umbreit W. W.
Published: January 2020

Tzagoloff, Helen
(Rutgers, The State University, New Brunswick, N.J.)
and W. W. Umbreit
. Influence of streptomycin on nucleotide excretion in
Escherichia coli
. J. Bacteriol.
85:
49–52. 1963.—The action of streptomycin in causing nucleotide excretion is not the cause of the killing effect of streptomycin, because, in certain strains, streptomycin may kill the cells without evidence of nucleotide excretion. In readily excreting strains, most of the cells are killed before nucleotide excretion is evident.
EFFECTS OF URACIL AND THYMIDINE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF RESISTANCE TO 5-FLUOROURACIL IN
PEDIOCOCCUS CEREVISIAE
Authors: White P. J. , Nichol C. A.
Published: January 2020

White
, P. J. (Roswell Park Memorial Institute, Buffalo, N.Y.)
and C. A. Nichol
. Effects of uracil and thymidine on the development of resistance to 5-fluorouracil in
Pediococcus cerevisiae
. J. Bacteriol.
85:
97–105. 1963.—Growth of
Pediococcus cerevisiae
ATCC 8081 in a basal semidefined medium was inhibited by 5-fluorouracil (FU) and 5-fluoro-2′-deoxyuridine (FUDR). Addition of uracil slightly decreased sensitivity to FU, but did not affect inhibition by FUDR. Addition of thymidine alone increased sensitivity to FUDR 500-fold, but did not appreciably affect sensitivity to FU. This organism was able to grow in the presence of high concentrations of either drug when both uracil and thymidine were added to the medium. Substrains resistant to FU were developed in the basal medium, or in basal medium with added uracil, or with thymidine. The substrains developed in the presence of uracil or thymidine were not resistant when these compounds were omitted from the medium. Cross resistance to FUDR was shown only when thymidine was present. The ability to use thymidine as a growth factor in the absence of leucovorin was lost in the substrains developed in the presence of uracil, though not in the other substrains. Washed suspensions of organisms of all strains hydrolyzed FUDR to FU, the parent strain being most active in this respect. The cellular uptake of fluorouracil-2-C
14
was less in all of the resistant substrains than in the parent strain, whether or not uracil or thymidine was present during the incubation. This uptake of FU-C
14
was decreased most markedly in the substrains which became resistant to FU in the absence of uracil.
REVERSION OF L FORMS AND SPHEROPLASTS OF
PROTEUS MIRABILIS
Authors: Altenbern Robert A.
Published: January 2020

Altenbern, Robert
A. (U.S. Army Chemical Corps, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Md.). Reversion of L forms and spheroplasts of
Proteus mirabilis
. J. Bacteriol.
85:
269–272. 1963.—Spheroplasts or 3-B type L forms of
Proteus mirabilis
formed by growth in the presence of penicillin are able to revert to the bacillary form, as judged by regain of resistance to osmotic shock. Reversion takes place in the absence of exogenous nutrients, although at a lesser rate than that observed in a nitrogen-rich medium. Either chloramphenicol or 6-azauracil can completely inhibit reversion of spheroplasts in a penicillin-free medium. By direct measurement, there was no detectable change in total protein content throughout the period of reversion of a spheroplast suspension. Assay for acid-insoluble diaminopimelic acid (DAP) revealed that a large part of the DAP of the cell wall of normal cells was lost when the cells were converted to spheroplasts by exposure to penicillin. Upon transfer to penicillin-free medium, there was a rapid increase in acid-insoluble DAP in the wall of the reverting spheroplast. When spheroplasts were transferred to penicillin-free medium containing chloramphenicol, the acid-insoluble DAP in the wall of the spheroplast continued to decrease. The significance of these results in regard to sites of activity of the antibiotics involved is discussed.
PARTIAL PURIFICATION AND PROPERTIES OF TWO PHOSPHOLIPASES OF
BACILLUS CEREUS
Authors: Slein Milton W. , Logan Gerald F.
Published: January 2020

Slein, Milton
W. (U.S. Army Chemical Corps Biological Laboratories, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Md.)
and Gerald F. Logan, Jr
. Partial purification and properties of two phospholipases of
Bacillus cereus
. J. Bacteriol.
85:
369–381. 1963.—Culture filtrates of
Bacillus cereus
contain a phosphatasemia factor (PF) that markedly increases blood alkaline phosphatase after intravenous injection into animals, and that releases alkaline phosphatase from epiphyseal bone slices in vitro. Fractionation of culture filtrates of
B. cereus
with
N,N
′-diethyl-aminoethyl cellulose results in the separation of two phospholipases, one that has PF activity and one that inhibits PF activity in vitro. Growth of shaken cultures favors accumulation of the inhibitor, whereas static cultures yield more PF. Lethality for mice and hemolysin activity do not appear to be associated with the phospholipase that inhibits PF. The relationship of the lethal and hemolysin factors to the phospholipase that produces phosphatasemia is not clear. The effects of heat, trypsin, lecithin, and antiserum on the phospholipases are reported. The intravenous injection of relatively large amounts of the purified PF resulted in the depletion of bone alkaline phosphatase.
REGULATION OF EARLY REACTIONS IN THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF TRYPTOPHAN IN
NEUROSPORA CRASSA
Authors: Lester Gabriel
Published: January 2020

Lester, Gabriel
(Reed College, Portland, Ore.). Regulation of early reactions in the biosynthesis of tryptophan in
Neurospora crassa
. J. Bacteriol.
85:
468–475. 1963.—The regulation of the biosynthesis of tryptophan was examined in
Neurospora crassa
, strain ylo-tryp-la, which accumulates anthranil compounds. The block in this strain appeared to be in the conversion of 1-(
o
-carboxyphenylamino)-1-deoxyribulose-5-phosphate to indole-3-glycerol phosphate, since the dephosphorylated form of the former compound, the anthranilic ribonucleoside, and the anthranilic acid were found. Cells cultured on levels of
l
-tryptophan greater than 0.1 μmole per ml were almost devoid of anthranilate-synthesizing activity, whereas cells cultured on low levels of tryptophan (e.g., 0.025 μmole/ml) could produce anthranilate at a rate of 125 mμmoles per mg (dry wt) per hr. A repressive effect was also caused by
d
-, 5-methyl-
dl
-, and 6-methyl-
dl
-tryptophan, but none of these compounds was as effective a repressor as
l
-tryptophan. Neither 4-methyl-
dl
-tryptophan, tryptamine, nor indole-3-acetic acid repressed the formation of anthranilate-synthesizing activity. Preformed activity was strongly inhibited by
l
-tryptophan, and to a lesser extent by 4-, 5-, and 6-methyl-
dl
-tryptophan;
d
-tryptophan, tryptamine, or indole-3-acetic acid did not inhibit preformed anthranilate-synthesizing activity. These results are indicative of the operation of repression and feedback-inhibition mechanisms early in the biosynthetic sequence leading to tryptophan. The relation of these results to those concerned with other aspects of tryptophan biosynthesis is discussed.
IMMUNOLOGY OF THE YEAST
HANSENULA WINGEI
Authors: Brookbank John W. , Heisler Mary R.
Published: January 2020

Brookbank, John
W. (University of Florida, Gainesville)
and Mary R. Heisler
. Immunology of the yeast
Hansenula wingei
. J. Bacteriol.
85:
509–515. 1963.—Antisera produced in three groups of rabbits (18 animals in all) against mating types of
Hansenula wingei
, using three different modes of injection, failed to show specificity for mating type. However, the antisera were reactive with material obtained from the cells (presumably from the cell wall) by extraction at 100 C. A constituent of this fraction of boiled cells is in some way involved in the auto-agglutination of unboiled cells upon the disruption of these cells in a Mickle disintegrator. The antisera are of broad specificity regarding their ability to agglutinate cells of other species of
Hansenula
, and have been shown to react with a minimum of one antigen found in supernatants of both
H. anomala
and
H. saturnus
boiled cells in double agar diffusion tests.
H. wingei
supernatants (boiled cells), in reaction with homologous antisera, show additional components not shown by
H. anomala
or
H. saturnus
.
SEROLOGICAL STUDIES OF O ANTIGENS OF
ESCHERICHIA COLI
BY MEANS OF THE HEMAGGLUTINATION TEST
Authors: Kunin Calvin M. , Beard Mary V.
Published: January 2020

Kunin, Calvin
M. (University of Virginia, Charlottesville)
and Mary V. Beard
. Serological studies of O antigens of
Escherichia coli
by means of the hemagglutination test. J. Bacteriol.
85:
541–548. 1963.—The serological interrelationships among most of the known O antigens of
Escherichia coli
were studied by the hemagglutination test. Good agreement with the bacterial agglutination test was found with the major antigens, but cross reactions among groups were much more limited with the hemagglutination test. Heterogenetic cross reactions with many
Enterobacteriaceae
species were observed with rabbit antisera to
E. coli
O14, O56, O124, and O144. This effect tended to elevate antibody titers observed in human serum against almost all O antigen groups, but could not by itself account for the wide diversity of antibodies to them.
E. coli
antibodies were localized in human γ-globulin, but were present in the β-globulin fractions of a number of domestic animals. Rabbits differed from other animals studied in that antibodies to
E. coli
were rarely found in their sera; this was attributed in part to the low density of
E. coli
populations in this animal. The hemagglutination test may be used in identification of unknown O antigens, but does not have special merit over the bacterial agglutination test; it does not further characterize rough or untypable strains other than by demonstrating that they also possess heterogenetic antigens.
INORGANIC POLYPHOSPHATE METABOLISM IN
CHLOROBIUM THIOSULFATOPHILUM
Authors: Hughes D. E. , Conti S. F. , Fuller R. C.
Published: January 2020

Hughes
, D. E. (Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, N.H.), S. F.
Conti, and R. C. Fuller
. Inorganic polyphosphate metabolism in
Chlorobium thiosulfatophilum
. J. Bacteriol.
85:
577–584. 1963.—Cells of the obligate phototroph
Chlorobium thiosulfatophilum
, when grown on a normal concentration of inorganic phosphate, accumulated large intracellular metachromatic granules identified as polymetaphosphate. Inorganic phosphate was released from polymetaphosphate by cell-free extracts. This release was adenosine diphosphate-dependent and light-independent. When cells were subcultured through serial transfer in the absence of inorganic phosphate, the production of polymetaphosphate granules was almost completely stopped. After the serial transfer, these cells showed little or no endogenous release of inorganic phosphate or release from added polymetaphosphate. Using such polymetaphosphate-free cells, it has been possible to demonstrate photosynthetic phosphorylation by the naturally occurring photosynthetic macro-molecules isolated from this organism. These particles, of about 100 A in diameter with a molecular weight of approximately 1.5 million, are by far the simplest functional naturally occurring photosynthetic electron-transport units thus far described.
OPTIMAL CONDITIONS FOR THE TRANSFORMATION OF STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Perry Dennis , Slade Hutton D.
Published: January 2020

Perry, Dennis
(Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Ill.)
and Hutton D. Slade
. Optimal conditions for the transformation of streptococci. J. Bacteriol.
85:
636–642. 1963.—A study of the properties of the streptococcal transforming system, employing streptomycin resistance as a marker, resulted in a 1,000- to 10,000-fold increase in the rate of transformation. In some cases, as high as 0.5% transformants have been obtained. Certain aspects of the system differed markedly from those of other bacterial transforming systems, particularly with regard to the time for the appearance of competence. When a group H strain was exposed to deoxyribonucleic acid after various periods of incubation, the time at which cells were most competent was about 2 hr. Similar experiments with a different group H strain and an ungroupable strain showed that competence for both occurred after 1 hr of growth. It is significant that the period of optimal competence, though attained at different times, took place at the beginning of the logarithmic phase of growth. The temperature optimum for transformation was about 37 C. Cells preincubated in sheepblood broth exhibited a higher level of transformation than cells preincubated in plain or human serum broth. That some correlation exists between the attainment of competence and growth is evident. In contrast, human serum was most effective in the transforming media. The few preparations of bovine albumin (fraction V) employed did not appreciably support transformation. Data are also presented which show that some relationship exists between transforming efficiency and serological classification, in that homologous transformation showed a 100- to 10,000-fold greater efficiency over heterologous transformation. Antibodies to deoxyribonuclease, as well as other inhibitors of deoxyribonuclease, failed to bring about transformation in group A streptococci.
STREPTOMYCES
SPECIES COMPRISING THE BLUE-SPORE SERIES
Authors: Trejo W. H. , Bennett R. E.
Published: January 2020

Trejo
, W. H. (Squibb Institute for Medical Research, New Brunswick, N.J.)
and R. E. Bennett
.
Streptomyces
species comprising the blue-spore series. J. Bacteriol.
85:
676–690. 1963.—The objective of this study was to define and delimit the streptomycetes of the blue-spored (Viridochromogenes) series. The series, as defined in this study, includes 11 blue and blue-green species. The green-spored species were excluded on the basis of morphology as well as color. It was proposed that NRRL B-1511 be designated as the neotype strain of
Streptomyces viridochromogenes
(Krainsky) Waksman and Henrici, and that IMRU 3761 be designated as the neotype for
Streptomyces cyaneus
(Krassilnikov) Waksman. Evidence was presented to show that physiological criteria cannot be used to differentiate these organisms below the series level. The major characteristics of the Viridochromogenes series are blue to blue-green spores borne in spirals, and chromogenicity (melanin-positive). Reverse color and spore morphology provide a basis for separation below the series level.
INHIBITION OF THE GROWTH OF AGENTS OF THE PSITTACOSIS GROUP BYd-CYCLOSERINE AND ITS SPECIFIC REVERSAL BYd-ALANINE
Authors: Moulder James W. , Novosel Dorothy L. , Officer Julius E.
Published: January 2020

Moulder, JamesW. (University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill.),Dorothy L. Novosel, and Julius E. Officer. Inhibition of the growth of agents of the psittacosis group byd-cycloserine and its specific reversal byd-alanine. J. Bacteriol.85:707–711. 1963.—d-Cycloserine inhibited multiplication of four members of the psittacosis group in chick embryo yolk sac.d-Alanine reversed each inhibition. In infections with the agent of mouse pneumonitis, the most sensitive member of the psittacosis group tested,d-alanine competitively antagonized the growth inhibition produced byd-cycloserine. Of a number of other potential reversing agents, onlydl-alanyl-dl-alanine reversed the effect ofd-cycloserine on mouse pneumonitis agent. The significance of the susceptibility of the psittacosis group tod-cycloserine is discussed in light of the known mode of action of this antibiotic on bacteria.
PHENOTYPIC, GENOTYPIC, AND CHEMICAL CHANGES IN STARVING POPULATIONS OFAEROBACTER AEROGENES
Authors: Harrison Arthur P. , Lawrence Felix R.
Published: January 2020

Harrison, Arthur P., Jr.(Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn.)and Felix R. Lawrence. Phenotypic, genotypic, and chemical changes in starving populations ofAerobacter aerogenes. J. Bacteriol.85:742–750. 1963.—Cells harvested from postlogarithmic (maximal stationary phase)Aerobacter aerogenescultures and starved in dilute sodium phosphate at 40 C remained viable for many hours. On the other hand, most cells from logarithmic-phase cultures succumbed, although a relatively small number remained viable. This viable segment of the original population thus responded like cells from postlog-phase cultures and, in fact, had properties in common with them. The residual segment was comprised of cells of two kinds. The first were mutants; when cultivated, harvested during log-phase growth, and again starved, they were resistant. The second were wild-type; they responded exactly as before. During starvation, the mutant is at an advantage because it has the ability to convert from susceptible log-phase physiology to resistant postlog-phase physiology more rapidly than can wild-type. The mutant differs from wild-type in yet other ways. It is smaller in size, slower in growth rate, lower in ribonucleic acid (RNA)-deoxyribonucleic acid ratio, greater in light-scattering ability, and, during the first 4 hr of starvation, it loses a higher proportion of its RNA. Selection of mutants of low growth rate between periods of active clonal growth indicates that evolutionary advantage may not necessarily be with the fast-growing members of the clone.