bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Patterns That Remain Among Asian Americans
Authors: Arañez Litam Stacey Diane
Published: November 2024

This chapter highlights several cultural scripts commonly shared by Asian Americans and children of Asian immigrants. These include “Work twice as hard to get half as far,” “Just be grateful for the opportunity,” “We don’t talk about feelings in this family,” Don’t rock the boat or stand out,” and “Nako! You have become too American!” Each cultural script features stories and quotes from various Asian American community members and thought leaders. Next, the importance of healing from historical patterns of silence and diasporic wounds is outlined. Finally, helpful suggestions for contextualizing our parents’ and ancestors’ experiences to cultivate empathy and a greater understanding is provided.
Insecure Attachment Styles Among Asian Americans
Authors: Arañez Litam Stacey Diane
Published: November 2024

The chapter explores how traditional Asian cultural values and societal messages may combine in ways that contribute to covert and overt messages that are passed down through generations. Examples of insecure adult attachment styles are provided, along with excerpts from interviews with Asian American community members and thought leaders. Specifically, readers will learn more about three types of insecure attachment styles—avoidant, anxious, and disorganized—and will learn how they can identify their own attachment style. Finally, the author provides a discussion of the ways in which insecure attachment styles can have negative impacts on relationships, communication patterns, and overall well-being.
Becoming Balanced People
Authors: Arañez Litam Stacey Diane
Published: November 2024

Following an excerpt from the author’s childhood, this chapter examines how cultural scripts that drive productivity have negative impacts on our well-being. These notions uniquely intersect with ideas of colorism and other forms of internalized oppression. The ways in which internalized shame scripts, insecure attachment styles, and cultural values uniquely combine to create barriers to work–life balance are described. Specific cultural scripts of shame and unhelpful patterns such as focusing on output until we burn out, giving to others at the expense of ourselves, and silencing our voices to avoid conflict are explored and emphasized through interview excerpts. Ways to engage in self-nourishment, abundance, and balance and learn to embrace our Asian American identity are suggested.
A Child-Sized Book
Authors: Nel Philip
Published: November 2024

This chapter places Harold and the Purple Crayon in the history of miniature books for young readers. Crockett Johnson considered his audience and designed the book’s proportions to match children's proportions. The chapter then provides an overview of the long history of miniature books for children, from English publishers’ Thumb Bibles and authors’ small books to miniature libraries for children—which date to at least 1800, when English publisher John Marshall created The Infant’s Library. The chapter also discusses Johnson’s plans for miniature libraries in the early 1950s that highlighted his creativity and belief in good books for young people.
Windows, Part I
Authors: Nel Philip
Published: November 2024

This chapter examines the motif of windows in Harold and the Purple Crayon. It explains that the window is a metaphor portraying the threshold between the safety of home and the adventure of leaving it, alongside the threshold between the real and the imaginary. In populating the book with windows, Crockett Johnson evokes their long association with portals to the imagination. Even though Johnson's creative choices may have been instinctive, they are not accidental: Harold spends ten pages drawing windows. This highlights that windows invite people to look through them and, in Johnson’s book, step through them and join Harold on his adventure.
“The scourge of crayon vandalism”
Authors: Nel Philip
Published: November 2024

Noting that Harold and the Purple Crayon inspired some young readers to bring their own crayons into the story, this chapter considers how the book may have invited its readers to act. Young readers find the blank space enticing to draw on, especially since Harold draws with a crayon on white paper. Since many children have access to crayons, the books’ ample negative space may seem a welcome canvas on which to emulate Harold. The chapter also considers Crockett Johnson’s satirical reply to complaints about his book inspiring “crayon vandalism” and whether they might raise a semi-humorous controversy about the series.
Children’s Art
Authors: Nel Philip
Published: November 2024

This chapter looks into the children’s art within Harold and the Purple Crayon, situating it within debates regarding the value of children's creativity. Crockett Johnson supports children’s creativity but, unlike many in the modernist avant-garde, does not romanticize children’s art as more real, pure, or primitive. In Harold and the Purple Crayon, he most clearly gestures to a child’s style of drawing when Harold draws living figures. The chapter then explains how Johnson and Edward Lear’s styles affirm a childish style as a valid aesthetic choice, thus acknowledging children’s creativity as valuable.
Metapictures
Authors: Nel Philip
Published: November 2024

This chapter tackles the presentation of metapictures within Harold and the Purple Crayon. It explains how the book’s double images shape the experience of reading it. For instance, the text encourages readers to view Harold’s wavy scribble as the ocean, but the image never quite loses its sense of wobbly w’s nor of errant crayon. The chapter explains how Johnson’s narrative guides the readers to resolve the competing interpretations into a single one.
Where and When Is Harold?
Authors: Nel Philip
Published: November 2024

This chapter considers the relative scarcity of specific historical referents in Harold and the Purple Crayon. Harold’s is a world with sailboats and oceans, mountains and hot-air balloons, helpful policemen, and tall buildings. However, Harold’s iconic artistic style effaces the specific details that would allow us to date the events in the book. The chapter suggests that the artwork’s iconic ambiguity explains the book’s appeal to a broad range of readers. When a character lacks clearly defined facial features, readers project themselves onto the character, filling in the details.
Cute!
Authors: Nel Philip
Published: November 2024

This chapter examines the element of cuteness within Harold and the Purple Crayon. It notes that cuteness is both form and feeling. Cuteness typically entails smallness, roundness, and softness, which is an American aesthetic judgement and style that emerged in the nineteenth century. The Harold books display elements of cute style but do not invite the expected emotional responses to cuteness. Since cuteness in the 1950s was usually racially white, that is other key difference between Harold and the cuteness: Harold was and is racially ambiguous.
Color, Part II
Authors: Nel Philip
Published: November 2024

This chapter considers whether Harold from the Harold and the Purple Crayon should be read as a Black child. It cites that Crockett Johnson gave Harold a light brown skin complexion. In 1998, the designers at HarperCollins changed the covers to all the Harold books, trading his original tan complexion for a light peach one. This, in turn, influenced the creators of subsequent Harold adaptations, such as the Harold and the Purple Crayon TV show and the Harold and the Purple Crayon iPad app: The change to the covers of the Harold books has made Harold’s whiteness canon. The chapter then offers three answers to the question of how we should see Harold’s race, looking at (1) the offset color-lithography printing process, (2) Johnson’s anti-racist activism, and (3) the political utility of the character’s unspecified race. It concludes by suggesting that his racial ambiguity makes it easier for readers of any race to identify with Harold.
The End
Authors: Nel Philip
Published: November 2024

This chapter covers the conclusion of the Harold and the Purple Crayon series. It explains that Crockett Johnson’s capacity for dreaming yielded more ideas than he had time to pursue. Each new Harold book ventured into a new genre: metafiction, fairy tales, science fiction, Christmas stories, circus stories, and reading primer. The chapter then provides an overview of Johnson’s life and projects, which includes the struggles to write the seventh Harold book. After 1965, Johnson abandoned children’s books entirely, returning only to illustrate Ruth Krauss’s The Happy Egg. The chapter notes that Johnson passed away at the age of 68.
Harold and You
Authors: Nel Philip
Published: November 2024

This chapter presents a set of questions exploring the reader’s relationship to Harold and the Purple Crayon. The chapter highlights how Crockett Johnson invites readers to watch Harold’s creative work in progress. It also highlights how images and words affected the narrative, referencing the history of iconoclasm wherein many people consider images to be more powerful than words. After the questions, the chapter encourages readers to answer as preferred, pick up a purple crayon, and start drawing.
Partition—Implementation and Outcome
Authors: Kiszely John
Published: November 2024

This chapter covers Ismay’s time in India from the announcement of the Partition decision in June 1947 to his departure in December. It describes Ismay’s part in some of the major decisions of Partition such as the division of the army between the two dominions, the use of the army for peacekeeping, the future of the Princely States, and the Radcliffe commission’s delineation of the boundary between India and Pakistan. It recounts the events leading up to the transfer of power in mid-August and those that followed it, including the breakdown of law and order, the widespread inter-ethnic violence and slaughter and the large-scale population migrations. The chapter details Ismay’s meetings with Indian and Pakistani political leaders to attempt to achieve conciliation and peaceful outcomes. It concludes with his reflections of the Partition plan and outcome and the author’s assessment of his role and actions during his time with Mountbatten.
Communication
Authors: Roy Olivier
Published: November 2024

This chapter addresses how coding can be a tool of deculturation precisely because it involves the construction of new relationships based on explicit, unequivocal communication. As globalization tends to “cancel” cultures, it creates a system of explicit communication that is normative by definition, since any deviation from it would render its meaning unclear, and because it assumes the development of a scale of values outside of any cultural reference and imposed by its self-evident self-proclamation. This coding is more than just a means of communication; it also has to homogenize everything circulating in that space, including culinary and artistic tastes, emotions and bodies. The chapter then looks at the language known as “Globish,” which is constructed solely through the practice of communication and not through any previous effort to simplify English. Eurospeak, the written language used by the European Commission, is the bureaucratic variant of Globish. The chapter also considers the autism spectrum, the use of emojis and emoticons, and Japanese culture. Finally, it examines the effect of the coding of communications and cultures on religion and psychoanalysis.
Conclusion
Authors: de Graaf Beatrice
Published: November 2024

Chapter 9 presents some last synthesizing insights into the connection between radical believers and their communities and the paths that lead to radicalization. It concludes that terrorism is, and will remain, a recurring phenomenon. Religion will continue to play a role in processes of radicalization, and the appeal of radical redemption will not go away. Nevertheless, we can take solace in the fact that, when the religious constituencies of convicted terrorists distance themselves firmly and clearly from such extreme beliefs and acts, the impact of the radical redemption narrative can be significantly reduced. Finally, this chapter points out that radical redemption is not only an inherently inconsistent narrative but also a parasitic one: it feeds parasitically on all that is good in faith and belief.
The Production of ‘Normal’ Citizens
Authors: Villadsen Kaspar
Published: November 2024

Chapter 3 addresses the question of how we have become allies of today’s capitalist economy. It examines the production of ‘normalized citizens’, i.e. individuals who live their lives within the confines of wage-labour and mass consumption. Foucault’s genealogies from the 1970s describe two kinds of techniques that subjugate citizens. His early and mid-1970s authorship traces the emergence of legal-punitive power, whereas his late 1970s work explores pastoral power and governance. Foucault’s inquiries into state formation and techniques of subjectivation occurred in dialogue with Marxist thought. Hence, Foucault’s inquiries run close to Louis Althusser’s thesis on ideological state apparatuses. This chapter highlights several intersections between Foucault and Althusser, including the two poles of state power, the divine voice of ideology, and freedom in interpellation. The concluding section returns to Foucault’s ‘matrix’ of juridico-disciplinary and pastoral power, and suggests applying this matrix to the rise of algorithmic decision-making and predictive profiling.
Techniques of Self-Formation
Authors: Villadsen Kaspar
Published: November 2024

Chapter 4 examines ‘technologies of the self’, a key term in Foucault’s work from the early 1980s on practices of self-conduct in Greco-Roman antiquity. This term entails a modest technical notion of ethics as the self’s work upon the self, guided by the Nietzschean question: what price do we pay when taking up a particular self-work? This question leads to a discussion of the price one might pay when transforming oneself, which can be the loss of one’s subjectivity. Against the widespread critique of Foucault’s allegedly ‘missing human agent’, the chapter suggests that Foucault’s limitation regarding human agency is that his authorship does not sufficiently consider the sociopolitical conditions that define individuals’ capabilities to affect the forces that bear upon them through reflexive self-work. From an analytical perspective, this question must consider the different possible relationships in which subjects might engage with the dispositifs, one of them being courageous ‘truth-telling’.
Why Dynamic Interpersonal Therapy for Mood Disorders?
Authors: Lemma Alessandra , Hepworth Mary , Fonagy Peter , Abrahams Deborah , Luyten Patrick
Published: November 2024

This chapter outlines the rationale of dynamic interpersonal therapy (DIT) in relation to psychodynamic approaches and diagnostic classification systems focusing specifically on mood disorders (depression and anxiety). It explains that DIT is distinctive because of its interpersonal approach, with a strong emphasis on patients’ relationships, internal and external, and its dynamic character in so far as it is concerned with helping the patient to understand the interplay between external and internal reality as it relates to a problematic, circumscribed relational pattern. Consequently, it addresses a non-conscious realm of experience, awareness of which is often defended against by the patient. It discusses the assessment of suitability for DIT by considering several domains with regard to the patient’s characteristics: intrapsychic, interpersonal, and pragmatic.
When Things Go Wrong
Authors: Lemma Alessandra , Hepworth Mary , Fonagy Peter , Abrahams Deborah , Luyten Patrick
Published: November 2024

In any therapeutic encounter, there will be moments of misattunement or mistakes that lead to ruptures. This chapter reviews the different kinds of challenges that may arise in the course of the therapeutic encounter from the point of view of both the patient and the dynamic interpersonal therapy (DIT) practitioner to help the therapist to better understand their own points of vulnerability in relation to working with this model so that they can be anticipated and addressed. It describes the DIT therapeutic stance of being open to correction when approaching an impasse and illustrates this stance through a case example. The chapter addresses how to manage difficulties in the therapeutic relationship, how to monitor countertransference, and outlines the different forms that resistance can take and how to work with its different manifestations.
Frequently Asked Questions
Authors: Lemma Alessandra , Hepworth Mary , Fonagy Peter , Abrahams Deborah , Luyten Patrick
Published: November 2024

This chapter addresses a number of recurrent questions that emerge during training in dynamic interpersonal therapy (DIT). It focuses in particular on how the model differs from other psychological interventions, including other brief psychodynamic therapies, not least in relation to the centrality of working in the transference and using the countertransference, of working with dreams and unconscious fantasies, and the use that is made of the patient’s past. Finally, it reviews what a prospective student should expect from training in DIT.
The Future of Responsible Engagement
Authors: Epstein Rachel A. , Kaplan Oliver
Published: November 2024

This chapter reviews some of the common “engagement dilemmas” and explores their implications for scholars as well as for donors and policymakers. It also offers a critical view of the case study chapters, examining what could have been done better with the aim of learning from the authors’ initial lapses. Actors on both sides of the academia–policy “gap” should engage in better practices to achieve more productive and equitable policy outcomes. A wider research agenda on the study of responsible engagement should include evaluation of responsible engagement practices, case studies of engagement dilemmas, public opinion studies, and gathering of feedback from policymakers.
The locative domain in Lele
Authors: Frajzyngier Zygmunt
Published: November 2024

Chapter 6 demonstrates that the grammatical system of Lele codes a locative domain composed of two subdomains: the stative locative predications and the directional predications. Within the subdomain of stative locative predications, the language makes a distinction between the presence of an entity at a location and the presence of an activity or an event at a location. The distinction between the two functions is marked in the locative complements. The domain of directional locative predication is composed of motion away from the source, motion toward any goal, and motion to a specific goal. The language has a class of inherently locative lexical items consisting of toponyms and a few other nouns and locative adverbs. The postposition ni assigns the feature [locative] to inherently non-locative nouns if they are to be deployed in the locative complement.
Social Learning and Culture
Authors: Tomasello Michael , Call Josep
Published: November 2024

This chapter reviews the primate research literature on primate culture and social learning mechanisms and strategies. The chapter begins with an historical account of primate cultures, most notably those of chimpanzees but also orangutans, capuchins, and Japanese macaques. It describes the cultural repertoires and the social learning mechanisms that may support them. The next section focuses on the social learning mechanisms involved in foraging including food choice, tool use, and food extraction. Special attention is devoted to the phenomena of conformity and conservatism. It also includes studies on social transmission chains and the question of cumulative culture. Next, the chapter focuses on the social learning of actions (outside foraging) including vocalizations, gestures and non-instrumental actions. It also presents the data on imitation recognition. The last section of this chapter is devoted to social learning strategies including model-based learning, frequency-based learning, and teaching.
European Integration Since the 1920s
Authors: Hewitson Mark
Published: November 2024

Brexit, populism, and Euroscepticism seem to have challenged old assumptions about European integration and raised the prospect of disintegration. This book re-examines why the European Union and its forerunners were created and investigates how and why they have changed. It links contemporary events to historical explanation, arguing that there were long-term sets of conditions, dating back to the 1920s, which pushed European governments to cooperate economically and to try to resolve their diplomatic differences. The study is thematic, focusing on the most important aspects of European integration and explaining why member states have decided to carry out—or have consented to—the unique experiment of the European Union.
Dictators' Endgames
Authors: Croissant Aurel , Kuehn David , Eschenauer-Engler Tanja
Published: November 2024

This book examines the political role of the military in “dictators’ endgames”: large-scale nonviolent mass protests in autocracies that demand regime change or the regime leader’s removal from office. It addresses the question why some militaries defend an embattled autocrat by violently cracking down on the protestors, whereas others side with the opposition or decide to stage a coup d’état. The book introduces a systematic definition and operationalization of the “dictator’s endgame” as a situation of non-violent mass mobilization, in which the dictator’s political survival depends on the loyalty of the military leaders. The theoretical argument proposed in this book focuses on the strategic calculations of military leaders and offers a systematic explanation why the armed forces opt for repression of the demonstrators, shift their loyalty from the dictator to the opposition, or remove the autocrat in a coup during the mass protests. The theory’s predictions are empirically tested in a multi-method research design that combines statistical analyses and case studies, drawing on the original Dictator’s Endgame Dataset of all forty endgames that took place between 1946 and 2014. The study identifies the conditions and processes through which militaries determine the outcome of dictators’ endgames, and thus affect the survival and future political development of authoritarian regimes.
The Dictator’s Endgame
Authors: Croissant Aurel , Eschenauer-Engler Tanja , Kuehn David
Published: November 2024

Chapter 2 introduces the definition and operationalization of the “dictator’s endgame” as situations of large-scale nonviolent mass protests in autocracies in which military force becomes a last resort to ensure the dictator’s political survival. We argue that in such high-risk situations, military leaders face three options: defending the dictator by violently repressing the protests, shifting their loyalty to the opposition, or remove the autocrat in a coup. The chapter then presents a rational choice theoretic argument that centers on the strategic, cost-benefit calculations of the military leadership, which is driven by four sets of structural and institutional factors: the benefits of supporting the incumbent, the likelihood of military leaders remaining in office despite defection, the benefits of siding with the opposition, and the likelihood of a successful coup.
The Disputes of Moral Philosophers
Authors: Strawson P. F. , Dancy Jonathan
Published: November 2024

Lecture 1 discusses the three main divisions in ethics: (1) subjectivism (moral claims are expressions of or statements of feelings/emotions) vs objectivism; (2) naturalism (moral claims have the same meanings as claims about natural fact, psychological or sociological, perhaps) vs non-naturalism; (3) rightness, goodness, and consequences. It also raises the question of the primacy of the good.
Action, End, Desire and Choice
Authors: Strawson P. F. , Dancy Jonathan
Published: November 2024

Lecture 3 proposes the notion of purposive action as an independent starting point. Desire may be conceived as a conscious urge towards a specific end. Conflict of desires presents the need to order them, and for the deliberate choice of an end.
The Problem of Freedom
Authors: Strawson P. F. , Dancy Jonathan
Published: November 2024

Lecture 13 discusses the problem of freedom. Can there be a free event? Strawson supposes this is not logically impossible even though the truth of ‘every event is caused’ is analytic. The notion of causal impossibility is a pseudo-notion. There is only the logical impossibility that a causal law should be true despite a contrary instance. Strawson proposes that the sense of moral responsibility is the reflective consciousness of the experience of obligation, guilt, and remorse, coupled with the awareness in ourselves of motives whose conflict issues in experiences of obligation, guilt, and remorse.
Human Rights in Global Governance
Authors: Bhuta Nehal , Vallejo Rodrigo
Published: November 2024

International human rights law is currently struck by a potentially redefining tension. While the developments of international human rights law have long presupposed the state as its architect, object, and the very condition for its operationalization, nowadays there have been decisive steps towards extending the purview of international human rights beyond the state by institutionalizing them as a normative baseline for the operation of a wide range of global governance regimes. This raises a crucial question: what happens to human rights when they are extracted from their constitutive presumptions? This introductory chapter dwells on this question and tension to elaborate an overall framing for the present volume. Drawing upon the century-old jurisprudence by Santi Romano and Maurice Hauriou, the chapter suggests that this crucial question can be productively approached by tracing the modes of relevance that human rights law has gained in diverse global governance contexts—as the several contributions to this volume illustrate. This century-old jurisprudence nonetheless also entails a theory of crisis. Their insights can largely explain the legitimation crisis that international human rights law is currently experiencing and what is required to overcome it.
Beyond Accountability?
Authors: Sinclair Guy Fiti
Published: November 2024

This chapter considers the place of human rights in global governance through a case study focusing on a complaint to the World Bank’s Inspection Panel, regarding the China: Western Poverty Reduction Project (CWPRP). In most tellings, the Inspection Panel—and this case in particular—is taken to exemplify the promise (and sometimes perils) of holding powerful international organizations accountable for human rights violations. Conceptualizing each institution as an assemblage of heterogeneous elements, the chapter analyses human rights not so much as a fixed set of standards against which the Inspection Panel seeks to hold the World Bank accountable for its actions, but rather as one among several vocabularies of authority deployed by sundry entities engaged in a variety of complex interactions. In this perspective, human rights are continually constructed, defined, and distinguished from other modes of discourse and practice in the making and unmaking of global governance.
New Frontiers of European Union Funding
Authors: Kilpatrick Claire , Scott Joanne
Published: November 2024

European Union (EU) funding has been characterized by significant innovations since 2020, and these often controversial innovations give rise to complex legal issues. It is time for legal scholars to join other political and social scientists in trying to make sense of these innovations. This opening chapter provides a baseline and three new frontiers of EU funding for identifying and evaluating these developments. The baseline concerns calibrating the EU budget against national budgets and those of international organizations. The first frontier concern the drivers and channels of funding innovations, the second is centred around the rule of law, and the third concerns substantive EU law and governance.
(Un)Constitutional Conditions
Authors: Viță Viorica
Published: November 2024

The increase in spending conditionality across the entire spectrum of European Union (EU) expenditure in the past decade has raised several interesting constitutional questions. Can the EU act via spending conditionality to enforce its objectives? If so, what are the legitimate constitutional aims and limits for utilizing spending conditionality in the EU? This chapter critically analyses these questions and presents a constitutional framework of conditionality in the EU. Taking the example of the rule of law conditionality, it argues that the most productive lens for unwrapping the constitutional meaning of conditionality in the EU is to balance its constitutional goals against competing constitutional limitations. The result of the balancing test would reveal whether a given conditionality is capable of reinforcing EU constitutional ends, risks weakening them, or will turn out to be a zero-sum game. The performance of spending conditionality so far points to a neutral constitutional balance. It remains to be seen whether the use of the revamped conditionality in the 2021–2027 Multiannual Financial Framework is capable of changing the current record.
The Emergence of New Own Resources to Strengthen the European Union Budget and Achieve Green Policy Objectives
Authors: Hadjiyianni Ioanna
Published: November 2024

There is an impetus under the Multiannual Financial Framework for 2021–2027 and the Next Generation EU recovery instrument to move away from a strong focus on Member State contributions to common sources of revenue that simultaneously serve common EU objectives. New own resources, including the plastic levy and the proposed own resources based on the EU Emissions Trading System (ETS) and the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM), represent a significant shift in the EU’s funding architecture to ‘purposeful sources’ of revenue. This chapter assesses the emergence of own resources relating to the green transition, in terms of suitability, genuineness, and fairness. ‘Green’ EU revenue emerges as a significant policy steering mechanism, with both internal implications, by furthering EU integration while testing solidarity, and external implications, affecting the EU’s relations with its trading partners and raising concerns of international distributive justice.
Knowledge Needed for Beginning to Build Your Research Competence
Authors: Vidair Hilary B. , Gustafson Pam L. , Feindler Eva L.
Published: November 2024

Chapter 1 provides students with the knowledge needed to embark on research in an applied graduate program in psychology, mental health, or education, including the rationale for pursuing research and becoming scientifically minded in the first place. Various training models along the science–practice continuum are reviewed. Common types of quantitative and qualitative research designs for a research project (e.g., a dissertation or thesis) as well as types of scholarly projects are described, along with foundational research concepts in statistics, psychometrics, and ethics. The chapter discusses how selecting a research topic is a developmental process, starting with identifying research interests and factors to consider when narrowing them down to a potential project area. Worksheets are included to help students in this process. The purpose and roles of advisors and mentors are discussed.
Knowledge Needed for Finalizing Your Final Project
Authors: Vidair Hilary B. , Gustafson Pam L. , Feindler Eva L.
Published: November 2024

Chapter 7 provides the knowledge students in applied graduate programs in psychology, mental health, and education need to finalize their final project (e.g., a dissertation or thesis). The chapter begins with factors to consider when students revise their final project, including revisions to make, roles of the chair and committee members, project findings and implications, limitations and directions for future research, timeline, and fit with initial career goals. A worksheet of factors to consider is included to help students think through the final stages of their project. Key components of results and discussion sections are briefly reviewed, as are ethical principles for completing a project. An overview of the purpose and structure of a defense meeting is also provided.
Cosmological evolution of dark matter subhaloes under tidal stripping by growing Milky Way-like galaxies
Authors: Kazuno Yudai , Mori Masao , Kaneda Yuka , Otaki Koki
Published: November 2024

We present the findings of a comprehensive and detailed analysis of merger tree data from ultra-high-resolution cosmological $N$-body simulations. The analysis, conducted with a particle mass resolution of $5 \times 10^3\, h^{-1}\, M_{\odot }$ and a halo mass resolution of $10^7\, h^{-1}\, M_{\odot }$, provides sufficient accuracy to suppress numerical artefacts. This study elucidates the dynamical evolution of subhaloes associated with the Milky Way-like host haloes. Unlike more massive dark matter haloes, which have been extensively studied, these subhaloes follow a distinct mass evolution pattern: an initial accretion phase, followed by a tidal stripping phase where mass is lost due to the tidal forces of the host halo. The transition from accretion to stripping, where subhaloes reach their maximum mass, occurs around a redshift of $z\simeq 1$. Smaller subhaloes reach this point earlier, while larger ones do so later. Our analysis reveals that over 80% of subhaloes have experienced mass loss, underscoring the universality of tidal stripping in subhalo evolution. Additionally, we derived the eccentricities and pericentre distances of subhalo orbits from the simulations and compare them with those of nearby satellite galaxies observed by the Gaia satellite. The results demonstrate a significant alignment between the orbital elements predicted by the cold dark matter model and the observed data, providing robust support for the model as a credible candidate for dark matter.
Comparative risk assessment modeling of cardiovascular and all-cause burden attributable to sitting time and physical inactivity: evidence from Argentina
Authors: García-Witulski Christian
Published: November 2024

Background

Although there is evidence that sitting time (ST) and insufficient physical activity (PA) are associated with premature mortality, the burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-cause mortality (ACM) attributable to the combined effects of ST and PA in counterfactual scenarios is limited.

Methods

Potential impact fractions (PIFs) were used to calculate premature deaths (PDs) and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). Cause-eliminated life tables were utilized to estimate health-adjusted life expectancy (HALE) gains. Monte Carlo simulations were performed for uncertainty analysis.

Results

The theoretical minimum risk exposure level (ST < 4 $\mathrm{h} \cdot{\mathrm{d}}^{-1}$, PA > 65 $\mathrm{min} \cdot{\mathrm{d}}^{-1}$) could prevent 16.7% of CVD deaths and 12.3% of all-cause deaths annually. This would save 669 to 2,630 DALYs per 100,000 and increase healthy life years by 0.57 to 2.94. Increasing PA to > 65 $\mathrm{min} \cdot{\mathrm{d}}^{-1}$ while maintaining ST could yield gains in HALE from 0.49 (CVD) to 2.60 (ACM) years. Reducing ST to < 4 $\mathrm{h}\cdot{\mathrm{d}}^{-1}$ while keeping PA constant could lead to gains in HALE from 0.07 (CVD) to 0.34 (ACM) years. A 50% reduction in suboptimal ST (≥ 4 $\mathrm{h}\cdot{\mathrm{d}}^{-1}$) doubled HALE gains, ranging from 0.11 to 0.63 years.

Conclusions

Public health decision-makers should prioritize vulnerable populations, including older adults and individuals with inadequate PA levels.
Fines and Financial Wellbeing
Authors: Mello Steven
Published: November 2024

While survey evidence suggests widespread financial fragility in the U.S., causal evidence on the implications of typical, negative income shocks is scarce. I estimate the impact of speeding fines on household finances using administrative traffic citation records and a panel of credit reports. Event studies reveal that fines averaging $195 are associated with a $34 increase in unpaid bills in collections. Given additional evidence that fine payment explains this effect and that default is the “last resort” for households, I interpret this finding as suggesting rates of inability to meet unplanned expenses which are consistent with the survey evidence. I also find that fines are associated with longer-run declines in credit scores, borrowing limits, and the likelihood of appearing as employed in payroll records covering a subset of large, high-paying employers. This impact on employment situations appears attributable to the diminished financial position of households rather than, e.g. downstream license suspensions.
Native Administration Sanitary Inspectors and the British Colonial Hygiene Programme in Western Nigeria, c. 1930–1940s
Authors: Alade Adebisi
Published: November 2024

This article explores a colonial sanitation programme in Nigeria during the interwar period: the training and employment of Africans as sanitary inspectors to improve public health. From the early 1930–45, local health inspectors trained to educate the African public on modern hygiene principles emerged in a society where poverty made people pursue their changing personal interests in ways that challenged colonial laws and deviated from ethical standards governing behaviour in African society. In this landscape, some African sanitary inspectors and local chiefs articulated other meanings to the colonial hygiene project. Beyond the conventional racial analysis of colonial health, the article critiques the agentive role of local rulers and sanitary inspectors who shaped the health intervention. It concludes that by 1945, the well-intentioned programme had developed complications expected in an environment of budget restraint and economic hardship, transforming Yoruba towns into sites of power struggle between sanitary inspectors and the people.
A Nonessential Sfp-Type Phosphopantetheinyl Transferase Contributes Significantly to the Pathogenicity of Ralstonia solanacearum
Authors: Yin Yu , Luo Li-Zhen , Li Lin-Lin , Hu Zhe , Chen Yi-Cai , Ma Jin-Cheng , Yu Yong-Hong , Wang Hai-Hong , Zhang Wen-Bin
Published: November 2024

4′-Phosphopantetheinyl transferases (PPTases) play important roles in the posttranslational modifications of bacterial carrier proteins, which are involved in various metabolic pathways. Here, we found that RsacpS and RspcpS encoded a functional AcpS-type and Sfp-type PPTase, respectively, in Ralstonia solanacearum GMI1000, and both are capable of modifying R. solanacearum AcpP1, AcpP2, AcpP3, and AcpP5 proteins. RspcpS is located on the megaplasmid, which does not affect strain growth and fatty acid synthesis but significantly contributes to the virulence of R. solanacearum and preferentially participates in secondary metabolism. We found that deletion of RspcpS did not affect the abilities of cellulose degradation, biofilm formation, and resistance to NaCl, sodium dodecyl sulfate, and H2O2 and attenuated R. solanacearum pathogenicity only in the assay of soil-drenching infection but not stem injection of tomato. It is hypothesized that RsPcpS plays a role in cell viability in complex environments and in the process during which the strain recognizes and approaches plants. These results suggest that both RsAcpS and RsPcpS may be potential targets for controlling diseases caused by R. solanacearum.
Clarifying the Qualifications for Nurse Scientists
Authors: Hlebichuk Jeanne , Lancaster Rachelle , Hook Mary L. , Vizgirda Vida , Munn Lindsay Thompson , Huffman Carolyn Susan , Patel Esita
Published: November 2024

The roles of PhD- and DNP-prepared nurses are very different.
Using Tap Water for Enteral Tube Flushes
Authors: Blondin Marie-Eline
Published: November 2024

Background:

Enteral feeding tubes, used in patients who require enteral nutrition or medication, require flushing between medications and feedings to maintain patency. Various types of water can be used to flush enteral feeding tubes, which raises the question of which type of water is best supported by evidence.

Purpose:

The aims of this quality improvement project were to examine the evidence on the use of tap water instead of sterile water for enteral tube flushes and to implement the use of tap water as a safe, cost-effective alternative to sterile water at a multisite oncology institution.

Methods:

A systematic literature search of electronic databases including Scopus, PubMed, CINAHL, Google Scholar, Embase, and JBI was conducted to review current evidence and professional organization recommendations on the use of sterile water versus tap water in enteral feeding tubes. The oncology institution's policies were reviewed, and nurses were surveyed on the type of water they used for enteral tube flushes.

Results:

After the literature search and nurse survey results concurred that tap water was as effective as sterile water, the institution's nursing practice policy was updated to state that tap water should be used for enteral tube flushes, and that the use of sterile water for this purpose should be reserved for cases when there are concerns about tap water safety. This policy change was projected to incur annual sterile water cost savings of $15,930 to $19,872.

Conclusion:

The implementation of a policy recommending the use of tap water for enteral tube flushes standardized clinical practice and decreased institutional costs while maintaining patient safety.
More Intensive Monitoring Needed for Oropharyngeal Cancer Patients
Authors: Rosenberg Karen
Published: November 2024

According to this study:
Lactated Ringer Instead of Normal Saline Solution for Sickle Cell Vaso-Occlusive Episodes
Authors: Rosenberg Karen
Published: November 2024

According to this study:
JBI Evidence Implementation Project Summary
Authors: Zhou Xuan
Published: November 2024

Implementation science is the process of integrating an intervention into practice within an organization or health system and is a useful strategy to improve practice, affect patient outcomes, and promote practice sustainability. In this series, AJN and the journal JBI Evidence Implementation have partnered to deliver examples of how health care facilities from around the world have worked to solve common patient care problems. Through this partnership, we strive to create awareness and share knowledge and experiences by publishing summaries of studies that have appeared in JBI Evidence Implementation. These summaries are designed to provide nursing teams with an overview of the barriers faced and the strategies and resources needed to improve practice and drive change at the unit level. Our goal is to ensure that AJN readers have access to important evidence-based information designed to influence patient outcomes and nursing practice.—Carl A. Kirton, DNP, MBA, RN, ANP, FAAN
A Night Before Christmas, 1977
Authors: Johnson Alice
Published: November 2024

A patient's quiet joy relieves a young nurse's weariness.
Risk of Adverse Neonatal Outcomes After Combined Prenatal Cannabis and Nicotine Exposure
Authors: Crosland B. Adam , Garg Bharti , Bandoli Gretchen E. , Mandelbaum Ava D. , Hayer Sarena , Ryan Kimberly S. , Shorey-Kendrick Lyndsey E. , McEvoy Cindy T. , Spindel Eliot R. , Caughey Aaron B. , Lo Jamie O.
Published: November 2024

(Abstracted from JAMA Network Open 2024;7(5):e2410151)

Using cannabis during pregnancy is becoming more prevalent in the United States, as an increasing number of states legalize its use. Among younger and urban populations, prenatal exposure to cannabis is reportedly as high as 30%.
Notable Surgical Trials in Gynecologic Oncology: A 10-Year Overview
Authors: Vilches José C. , Santia María Clara , Yates Elise Mann , Pareja Rene , Lozano Manuel , Ramirez Pedro T.
Published: November 2024

(Abstracted from Int J Gynecol Cancer 2024;0:1–10)

This review describes landmark surgical trials published within the last 10 years that have contributed to changes in the standard of care for gynecologic cancers providing a reference for controversial debate that has surrounded changes in practice and standard of care.
The Change of Asymptomatic Atlantoaxial Instability With Down Syndrome From Infant to Adolescent in Japanese Population: Minimum 10 Years Follow-Up
Authors: Machida Masayoshi , Rocos Brett , Taira Katsuaki , Nemoto Naho , Oikawa Noboru , Ohashi Hirofumi , Aiba Shutaro , Nakanishi Kazuyoshi
Published: November 2024

Background:

Although 10% to 60% of patients with Down syndrome (DS) develop atlantoaxial instability (AAI), clarifying the course of asymptomatic AAI may prevent unnecessary clinical interactions and investigations. This study investigates the radiographic changes observed in asymptomatic AAI associated with DS in Japanese children as they grow from infancy to adolescence over a minimum of 10 years.

Methods:

A retrospective analysis of cervical radiographs acquired from asymptomatic patients with DS in both infancy and adolescence was carried out. Radiographic evaluation included measuring the atlantodental interval (ADI) and the space available for the cord (SAC). In neutral lateral cervical radiographs, AAI was defined as ADI >6 mm and SAC <14 mm.

Results:

Two hundred thirty-nine patients were included. The mean follow-up was 12.8 years. ADI was 2.3 mm at initial evaluation and 2.7 mm at final evaluation (P<0.01) in a neutral position, 3.1 and 3.3 mm in flexion (P=0.18), and 1.7 and 2.1 mm in extension (P<0.01), respectively. SAC was 15.8 mm at initial evaluation and 20.9 mm at final evaluation (P<0.01) in neutral position, 15.6 and 20.7 mm in flexion (P<0.01), and 16.8 and 21.0 mm in extension (P<0.01), respectively. Forty-five patients (18.8%) showed evidence of AAI at the initial evaluation with 4 patients meeting the threshold for AAI at the final evaluation, one of which had os odontoideum. In contrast, of the 194 patients who did not have AAI at the initial evaluation, 3 (1.3%) developed AAI at the final evaluation. One of these with a normal den developed AAI at 13 years.

Conclusions:

As 1 patient with a normal dens developed AAI at 13 years, we recommend screening for AAI with X-ray in infancy and adolescence regardless of the presence or absence of an os odontoideum.

Evidence level:

Level IV.