bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Parathyroid carcinoma, atypical parathyroid adenoma, or parathyromatosis?
Authors: Fernandez‐Ranvier Gustavo G. , Khanafshar Elham , Jensen Kristin , Zarnegar Rasa , Lee James , Kebebew Electron , Duh Quan‐Yang , Clark Orlo H.
Published: June 2007

BACKGROUND.

Parathyroid carcinoma, atypical parathyroid adenoma, and parathyromatosis can be differentiated relatively easily from typical parathyroid adenomas, but distinguishing them from each other is more difficult.

METHODS.

A retrospective study of 28 consecutive patients with parathyroid carcinoma, 7 patients with atypical parathyroid adenoma, and 13 patients with parathyromatosis who were treated at the University of California at San Francisco Medical Center between 1966 and 2005 was performed. Patient demographics and clinical characteristics, indication for surgery, intraoperative findings, histopathologic characteristics, disease recurrence or persistence, site of invasion/metastases, and survival were compared in the 3 groups.

RESULTS.

Parathyroid carcinoma (19 of 28 patients) and atypical adenoma (4 of 7 patients) were significantly more common in men, whereas parathyromatosis was more common in women (10 of 13 patients) (P = .02). A palpable neck mass and hoarseness were almost exclusively present in patients with parathyroid carcinoma. Prior to the first parathyroid surgery, patients with parathyroid carcinoma were found to have higher blood calcium levels (≥14 mg/dL in 16 of 26 patients [62%]), whereas only 1 of 6 patients with atypical adenoma (17%) and no patients with parathyromatosis were found to have profound hypercalcemia (P < .01). Intraoperatively, patients with parathyroid carcinoma and atypical adenoma presented with single lesions, whereas patients with parathyromatosis had multiple small lesions. Histopathologic findings were well defined in parathyroid carcinoma, but some findings overlapped in the 3 tumors studied.

CONCLUSIONS.

Patients with parathyroid carcinoma often differ from those with atypical parathyroid adenoma or parathyromatosis at the time of presentation because patients with parathyroid carcinoma have more profound hypercalcemia as well as invasive tumors. However, at times it is difficult to distinguish between these conditions both clinically and by final histologic examination. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Simulation of motoneuron morphology in three dimensions. I. Building individual dendritic trees
Authors: Marks William B. , Burke Robert E.
Published: June 2007

We have developed a computational method that accurately reproduces the three‐dimensional (3D) morphology of individual dendritic trees of six cat alpha motoneurons. The first step was simulation of trees with straight branches based on the branch lengths and topology of actual trees. A second step introduced the meandering, or wandering, trajectories observed in natural dendritic branches into the straight‐branch tree simulations. These two steps each required only two parameters, one extracted from the data on actual motoneuron dendrites and the other adjusted by comparing simulated and observed trees, using measurements that were independent of the model specifications (i.e., emergent properties). The results suggest that: 1) there is a somatofugal “tropism” (a bias introduced by the environment that affects the trajectory of dendritic branches) that tends to constrain the lateral expansion of alpha motoneuron dendrites; and 2) that most of the meandering of natural dendritic branches can be described by assuming that they are fractal objects with an average fractal dimension D of about 1.05. When analyzed in the same way, the dendrites of gamma motoneurons showed no evidence of a similar tropism, although they had the same fractal dimension of branch meandering. J. Comp. Neurol. 503:685–700, 2007. Published 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Orexin axons in the rat ventral tegmental area synapse infrequently onto dopamine and γ‐aminobutyric acid neurons
Authors: Balcita‐Pedicino Judith Joyce , Sesack Susan R.
Published: June 2007

Cells in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) facilitate motivated behaviors, and the activity of VTA neurons is regulated by dense projections from the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA). Orexin (Orx) neurons in the lateral and perifornical hypothalamus play important roles in arousal, feeding, and energy metabolism. Orx cells contribute substantially to the LHA projection to the rat midbrain. However, the morphological features of Orx fibers in the VTA and whether they synapse onto dopamine (DA) or γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurons have not yet been investigated. We utilized immunoperoxidase and immunogold‐silver staining to examine the morphological features and synaptic incidence of Orx‐labeled axons in the VTA. We then combined immunoperoxidase labeling for Orx with immunogold‐silver labeling for GABA or for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in DA neurons. Electron microscopic analysis revealed that most Orx‐labeled axons in the VTA were passing fibers. The less common Orx varicosities were occasionally apposed to TH‐ or GABA‐labeled dendrites without synapsing. Only a small proportion of Orx‐positive axons synapsed onto dendrites or soma. The synapses included both asymmetric and symmetric types and targeted TH‐ and GABA‐labeled profiles with equal frequency. These findings suggest that most Orx fibers in the VTA are axons passing to caudal brainstem structures. However, Orx does mediate some direct synaptic influence on VTA DA and GABA neurons. Additional nonsynaptic effects are suggested by the presence of numerous dense‐cored vesicles. These studies have important implications for understanding the mechanisms whereby Orx can alter behavior through regulating VTA DA and GABA cell activity. J. Comp. Neurol. 503:668–684, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthetic CpG oligodeoxynucleotides augment BAFF‐ and APRIL‐mediated immunoglobulin secretion
Authors: Katsenelson Nora , Kanswal Sunita , Puig Montserrat , Mostowski Howard , Verthelyi Daniela , Akkoyunlu Mustafa
Published: June 2007

The B lymphocyte‐activating factor belonging to TNF superfamily (BAFF) acts on B lymphocytes through BAFF receptor (BAFF‐R), the transmembrane activator, calcium modulator, and cyclophilin ligand interactor (TACI), and the B cell maturation antigen (BCMA). Another cytokine, a proliferation‐inducing ligand (APRIL), only binds to TACI and BCMA. In this study, we sought to determine the effect of Toll‐like receptor agonists (TLR‐A) on the expression of BAFF/APRIL receptors by murine splenic B lymphocytes. CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) and LPS strongly up‐regulated TACI expression, while BAFF‐R was only up‐regulated by CpG ODN. CpG ODN pretreatment up‐regulated TACI expression on follicular and marginal zone B lymphocytes and increased their responses to BAFF‐ and APRIL‐mediated Ig secretion. TACI seemed to be playing a pivotal role in BAFF‐ or APRIL‐induced Ig secretion because B lymphocytes from TACI‐knockout mouse or the blocking of TACI with a neutralizing antibody resulted in total inhibition of IgA and IgG secretion in CpG ODN‐pretreated and BAFF‐ or APRIL‐stimulated B cells. Thus, CpG ODN‐induced increase in TACI expression is likely to play an important role in Ig secretion following activation of B lymphocytes through TLR9.
IL‐12 and IL‐18 down‐regulate B cell migration in an Ly49D‐dependent manner
Authors: Hart Gili , Flaishon Liat , Shachar Idit
Published: June 2007

In order to complete their maturation and participate in the humoral immune response, immature B cells that leave the bone marrow are targeted to specific areas in the spleen, where they differentiate into mature cells. Previously, we showed that immature B cells actively down‐regulate their integrin‐mediated migration to LN or to sites of inflammation, enabling their targeting to the spleen. This inhibition is mediated by IFN‐γ, which is transcribed and secreted at low levels by these immature B cells; its expression is subsequently down‐regulated following B cell maturation. The activating and inhibitory MHC class I receptors, Ly49D and Ly49G2, regulate IFN‐γ secretion in B cells, preventing their migration to antigen‐enriched sites and their premature encounter with an antigen, while enabling their entry into the LN when mature. In the present study, we elucidate the pathways by which the Ly49 receptors regulate IFN‐γ levels. We show that Ly49D stimulation triggers a signaling cascade that increases transcription of both IL‐12B and IL‐18; these, in turn, can interact with their specific receptors, which are expressed at elevated levels on immature B cells. Ligation of the IL‐12B and IL‐18 receptors induces the secretion of IFN‐γ, thereby regulating their cytoskeleton rearrangement and migration.
Ion‐interaction CZE: The presence of high concentrations of ion‐pairing reagents demonstrates the complex mechanisms involved in peptide separations
Authors: Popa Traian V. , Mant Colin T. , Hodges Robert S.
Published: June 2007

We have furthered our understanding of the separative mechanism of a novel CE approach, termed ion‐interaction CZE (II‐CZE), developed in our laboratory for the resolution of mixtures of cationic peptides. Thus, II‐CZE and RP‐HPLC were applied to the separation of peptides differing by a single amino acid substitution in 10‐ and 12‐residue synthetic model peptide sequences. Substitutions differed by a wide range of properties or side‐chain type (e.g., alkyl side‐chains, polar side‐chains, etc.) at the substitution site. When carried out in high concentrations (400 mM) of pentafluoropropionic acid (PFPA), II‐CZE separated peptides in order of increasing hydrophobicity when the substituted side‐chains were of a similar type; when II‐CZE was applied to the mixtures of peptides with substitutions of side‐chains that differed in the type of functional group, there was no longer a correlation of electrophoretic mobility in II‐CZE with relative peptide hydrophobicity, suggesting that a third factor is involved in the separative mechanism beyond charge and hydrophobicity. Interestingly, the hydrophobic PFPA− anion is best for separating peptides that differ in hydrophobicity with hydrophobic side‐chains but high concentrations of the hydrophilic H2PO4− anion are best when separating peptides that differ in polar side‐chains relative to hydrophobic side‐chains. We speculate that differential hydration/dehydration properties of various side‐chains in the peptide and the hydration/dehydration properties of the hydrophilic/hydrophobic anions as well as the electrostatic attractions between the peptide and the anions in solution all play a critical role in these solution‐based effects.
The effects of surface moisture on aeolian sediment transport threshold and mass flux on a beach
Authors: Davidson‐Arnott Robin G. D. , Yang Yanqi , Ollerhead Jeff , Hesp Patrick A. , Walker Ian J.
Published: June 2007

This paper presents results from a study designed to explore the effects of beach surface moisture and fetch effects on the threshold of movement, intensity of sand transport by wind and mass flux. The experiment was carried out over a period of five weeks at Greenwich Dunes, Prince Edward Island, Canada in May and June 2002. Moisture content was measured with a Delta‐T moisture probe over a 50 m by 25 m grid established on the beach. Measurements of wind speed and direction were made with arrays of cup anemometers and a two‐dimensional sonic anemometer. Transport intensity was measured at a height of 2–4 cm above the bed using omnidirectional saltation probes which count the impact of saltating grains on a piezoelectric crystal. Anemometers and saltation probes were sampled at 1 Hz. Sand transport was measured with vertical integrating sand traps over periods of 10–20 minutes. Results show that where there is a considerable supply of dry sand the saltation system responds very rapidly (1–2 s) to fluctuations in wind speed, i.e. to wind gusts. Where sand supply from the surface is limited by moisture, mean transport rates are much lower and this reflects in both a reduction in the instantaneous transport rate and in a transport system that becomes increasingly intermittent. Threshold wind speed is significantly correlated with an increase in surface moisture content near the upwind end of the beach fetch, but the relationship is not significant at the downwind end where sediment transport is initiated primarily by saltation impact from upwind. Mass flux increases with increasing fetch length and the relationship is described best by a power function. Further work is necessary to develop a theoretical function to predict the increase in transport with fetch distance as well as the critical fetch distance. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modified MMF (Morgan–Morgan–Finney) model for evaluating effects of crops and vegetation cover on soil erosion
Authors: Morgan R. P. C. , Duzant J. H.
Published: June 2007

Modifications are made to the revised Morgan–Morgan–Finney erosion prediction model to enable the effects of vegetation cover to be expressed through measurable plant parameters. Given the potential role of vegetation in controlling water pollution by trapping clay particles in the landscape, changes are also made to the way the model deals with sediment deposition and to allow the model to incorporate particle‐size selectivity in the processes of erosion, transport and deposition. Vegetation effects are described in relation to percentage canopy cover, percentage ground cover, plant height, effective hydrological depth, density of plant stems and stem diameter. Deposition is modelled through a particle fall number, which takes account of particle settling velocity, flow velocity, flow depth and slope length. The detachment, transport and deposition of soil particles are simulated separately for clay, silt and sand. Average linear sensitivity analysis shows that the revised model behaves rationally. For bare soil conditions soil loss predictions are most sensitive to changes in rainfall and soil parameters, but with a vegetation cover plant parameters become more important than soil parameters. Tests with the model using field measurements under a range of slope, soil and crop covers from Bedfordshire and Cambridgeshire, UK, give good predictions of mean annual soil loss. Regression analysis of predicted against observed values yields an intercept value close to zero and a line slope close to 1·0, with a coefficient of efficiency of 0·81 over a range of values from zero to 38·6 t ha−1. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Organizational learning as an organization development intervention in six high‐technology firms in Taiwan: An exploratory case study
Authors: Lien Bella Ya‐Hui , Hung Richard Y. , McLean Gary N.
Published: June 2007

Organizational learning (OL) is about how individuals collect, absorb, and transform information into organizational memory and knowledge. This case study explored how six high‐technology firms in Taiwan chose OL as an organization development intervention strategy. Issues included how best to implement OL; how individuals, teams, and organizations learn; and the extent to which OL activities contributed to organizational performance. Five themes emerged as findings: (1) using language with which employees are familiar, (2) implementing OL concepts that are congruent with employees' work or personal life, (3) putting individual learning first and diffusing it to team learning and organizational learning, (4) using the knowledge management system to create an opportunity for individuals, teams, and the organization to learn, and (5) linking OL to organizational strategy to improve organizational performance.
Where to now? Race and ethnicity in workplace learning and development research: 1980–2005
Authors: Brooks Ann K. , Clunis Tamara
Published: June 2007

This review of research focuses on the impact of race and on learning and development in the U.S. workplace from 1980 to 2005. Specifically, we take a historical perspective on race and ethnicity in the United States; summarize and synthesize research in the areas of career development, training, promotion, performance appraisals, mentoring, and social networking; and make recommendations regarding research questions, theory, and research design.
The primacy of octacalcium phosphate collagen composites in bone regeneration
Authors: Kamakura Shinji , Sasaki Kazuo , Homma Takahiro , Honda Yoshitomo , Anada Takahisa , Echigo Seishi , Suzuki Osamu
Published: June 2007

We have engineered a scaffold constructed of synthetic octacalcium phosphate (OCP) and porcine collagen sponge (OCP/Col), and reported that OCP/Col drastically enhanced bone regeneration. In this study, we investigated whether OCP/Col would enhance bone regeneration more than β‐tricalcium phosphate (β‐TCP) collagen composite (β‐TCP/Col) or hydroxyapatite (HA) collagen composite (HA/Col). Discs of OCP/Col, β‐TCP/Col, or HA/Col were implanted into critical‐sized defects in rat crania and fixed at 4 or 12 weeks after implantation. The newly formed bone and the remaining granules of implants in the defect were determined by histomorphometrical analysis, and radiographic and histological examinations were performed. Statistical analysis showed that the newly formed bone by the implantation of OCP/Col was significantly more than that of β‐TCP/Col or HA/Col. In contrast, the remaining granules in OCP/Col were significantly lower than those in β‐TCP/Col or HA/Col. Bone regeneration by OCP/Col was based on secured calcified collagen and bone nucleation by OCP, whereas bone regeneration by β‐TCP/Col or HA/Col was initiated by poorly calcified collagen and osteoconductivity by β‐TCP or HA. This study showed that the implantation of OCP/Col in a rat cranial defect enhanced more bone regeneration than β‐TCP/Col and HA/Col. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2007
Human monocyte adhesion onto RGD and PHSRN peptides delivered to the surface of a polycarbonate polyurethane using bioactive fluorinated surface modifiers
Authors: Ernsting Mark J. , Labow Rosalind S. , Santerre J. Paul
Published: June 2007

Fluorinated oligomers, when blended into polyurethane, have been shown to migrate to the surface and generate an interface that minimizes protein denaturation and reduces cell activation. This type of surface modification can be achieved with ppm quantities of a bioactive fluorinated surface modifier (BFSM), enabling the introduction of bioactive agents onto a surface in one manufacturing step. In the current study, two BFSMs were synthesized with covalently conjugated RGD and PHSRN peptides near the fluorine terminal groups, and were shown to be surface active in polyurethane blends. CyQuant cell enumeration, scanning electron microscopy, and cell viability assays all indicated that the bioactive (and fluorinated) substrates supported enhanced monocyte interaction. The simplicity of the surface modification technique and the demonstrated ability of the peptide BFSMs to influence cell attachment and spreading indicate the potential benefits and practical value of the BFSM technology in tailoring surfaces for biomaterial applications. This was specifically highlighted for human blood monocytes, a key cell involved in the early stages of wound healing. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2007
Embryonic undifferentiated cells show scattering activity on a surface coated with immobilized E‐cadherin
Authors: Nagaoka Masato , Ise Hirohiko , Harada Ichiro , Koshimizu Uichi , Maruyama Atsushi , Akaike Toshihiro
Published: June 2007

Rearrangement of cell–cell adhesion is a critical event in embryonic development and tissue formation. We investigated the regulatory function of E‐cadherin, a key adhesion protein, in the developmental process by using E‐cadherin/IgG Fc fusion protein as an adhesion matrix in cell culture. F9 embryonal carcinoma cells usually form colonies when cultured on gelatin or fibronectin matrices. However, F9 cells cultured on the E‐cadherin/IgG Fc fusion protein matrix formed a scattered distribution, with a different cytoskeletal organization and E‐cadherin‐rich protrusions that were regulated by Rac1 activity. The same scattering activity was observed in P19 embryonal carcinoma cells. In contrast, three types of differentiated cells, NMuMG mammary gland cells, MDCK kidney epithelial cells, and mouse primary isolated hepatocytes, did not show the scattering activity observed in F9 and P19 cells. These results suggest that migratory behavior on an E‐cadherin‐immobilized surface is only observed in embryonic cells, and that the regulatory mechanisms underlying E‐cadherin‐mediated cell adhesion vary with the state of differentiation. J. Cell. Biochem. 103: 296–310, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nuclear localization of magphinins, alternative splicing products of the human trophinin gene
Authors: Aoyama Junya , Akazawa Yusuke , Kasahara Kousuke , Higashiyama Yukihiro , Kikuchi Ikue , Fukumoto Yasunori , Saburi Sakura , Nakayama Yuji , Fukuda Michiko N. , Yamaguchi Naoto
Published: June 2007

Human magphinin proteins are translation products of differentially spliced transcripts from the 5′ region of the human trophinin gene (TRO), whose 3′ region encodes trophinin, a unique cell adhesion molecule involved in human embryo implantation. Magphinins belong to the MAGE (melanoma‐associated antigen) family, and a previous study of mouse magphinins showed their expression in male and female germ cells, suggesting a role in germ cell development. Here, we characterized the structure and subcellular localization of human magphinins. Confocal microscopy analysis of ectopically expressed magphinins revealed that magphinin‐α and ‐β localize in the cytoplasm, whereas magphinin‐γ lacking the peptide encoded by exon‐3 is nuclear. Following Triton X‐100 extraction, DNA digestion, and high salt extraction magphinin‐γ remained nuclear, suggesting strong association with the nuclear matrix. A series of magphinin‐γ deletion mutants were generated and assayed for localization, which showed that the N‐terminal region of the MAGE homology domain is necessary for nuclear localization. When magphinin‐γ was expressed in NIH3T3 cells, cells underwent G1 arrest. These results suggest that human magphinin‐γ inhibits cell cycle progression through nuclear activity. J. Cell. Biochem. 103: 765–777, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Exercise‐induced modulation of calcineurin activity parallels the time course of myofibre transitions
Authors: Grondard Clément , Biondi Olivier , Pariset Claude , Lopes Philippe , Deforges Séverine , Lécolle Sylvie , Gaspera Bruno Della , Gallien Claude‐Louis , Chanoine Christophe , Charbonnier Frédéric
Published: June 2007

This study establishes a causal link between the limitation of myofibre transitions and modulation of calcineurin activity, during different exercise paradigms. We have designed a new swimming‐based training protocol in order to draw a comparison between a high frequency and amplitude exercise (swimming) and low frequency and amplitude exercise (running). We initially analysed the time course of muscle adaptations to a 6‐ or 12‐week swimming‐ or running‐based training exercise program, on two muscles of the mouse calf, the slow‐twitch soleus and the fast‐twitch plantaris. The magnitude of exercise‐induced muscle plasticity proved to be dependent on both the muscle type and the exercise paradigm. In contrast to the running‐based training which generated a continuous increase of the slow phenotype throughout a 12‐week training program, swimming induced transitions to a slower phenotype which ended after 6 weeks of training. We then compared the time course of the exercise‐induced changes in calcineurin activity during muscle adaptation to training. Both exercises induced an initial activation followed by the inhibition of calcineurin. In the muscles of animals submitted to a 12‐week swimming‐based training, this inhibition was concomitant with the end of myofibre transition. Calcineurin inhibition was a consequence of the inhibition of its catalytic subunit gene expression on one hand, and of the expression increase of the modulatory calcineurin interacting proteins 1 gene (MCIP1), on the other. The present study provides the first experimental cues for an interpretation of muscle phenotypic variation control. J. Cell. Physiol. 214:126–135, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Purified mouse egg zona pellucida glycoproteins polymerize into homomeric fibrils under non‐denaturing conditions
Authors: Litscher Eveline S. , Janssen William G. , Darie Costel C. , Wassarman Paul M.
Published: June 2007

The mouse egg's zona pellucida (ZP) is composed of three glycoproteins, called ZP1, ZP2, and ZP3, that migrate as relatively broad, single bands on SDS–PAGE. The glycoproteins are organized within the ZP as a network of long interconnected fibrils that exhibit a structural periodicity. Here, ZP2 and ZP3 were purified by HPLC to homogeneity and analyzed by Blue Native‐ (BN‐) PAGE and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), as well as by SDS–PAGE. As opposed to SDS–PAGE, BN–PAGE, and TEM permit analysis of ZP2 and ZP3 under non‐denaturing conditions. ZP2 and ZP3 migrate on BN–PAGE, not as single bands, but as several discrete oligomers that give rise to larger structures which remain at the origin of the gel. Consistent with this, ZP2 and ZP3 are visualized by TEM as long interconnected fibrils that consist of contiguous beads. Therefore, under non‐denaturing conditions both purified ZP2 and ZP3 polymerize into higher order structures. These findings are of interest since purified ZP3 inhibits binding of mouse sperm to eggs and induces sperm to undergo the acrosome reaction in vitro. Results presented here suggest that these biological effects of ZP3 are due to binding of homomeric fibrils of ZP3 to sperm. J. Cell. Physiol. 214:153–157, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Non‐overlapping expression patterns of the clustered Dll‐A/B genes in the ascidian Ciona Intestinalis
Authors: Irvine Steven Q. , Cangiano Michelle C. , Millette Brad J. , Gutter Erika S.
Published: June 2007

The Ci‐Dll‐A and Ci‐Dll‐B genes of Ciona intestinalis are arranged in a convergently transcribed gene cluster. This genomic arrangement is similar to that of the multiple bigene clusters of the Dlx homologs in vertebrates. Analysis of whole genome sequences showed that linkage to the Hox cluster is conserved with the vertebrate clusters. Phylogenetic analysis supports gene trees consistent with homology of the ascidian and vertebrate Dlx clusters, and in combination with the apparent conservation of genomic arrangement, it is concluded that the ascidian cluster is most likely homologous with the vertebrate clusters. Using whole‐mount in situ hybridization, Ci‐Dll‐B transcripts were detected in all ectodermal lineages through gastrulation. Expression is radically downregulated in the neurula with detectable expression disappearing around the time that Ci‐Dll‐A expression appears in the anterior ectoderm. By the late tailbud stage Ci‐Dll‐Atranscripts were detected in the bilateral atrial primordia and persisted in the atrial rudiments to the larval stage, suggesting a role in development of these neural placode‐like structures. This non‐overlapping expression contradicts a common pattern seen in clustered genes, where as adjacent paralogs have largely overlapping expression domains. Enhancer sharing is often proposed as an explanation for the overlapping expression of gene cluster members. For this case of non‐overlapping expression a model is proposed in which repressors acting at different stages override one or more shared enhancers. The enhancer sharing prevents breakup of the cluster while the independent temporal suppressors hide the presence of the shared enhancers. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 308B:428–441, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Path chromatic numbers of graphs
Authors: Akiyama Jin , Era Hiroshi , Gervacio Severino V. , Watanabe Mamoru
Published: June 2007

Let the finite, simple, undirected graph G = (V(G), E(G)) be vertex‐colored. Denote the distinct colors by 1,2,…,c. Let Vi be the set of all vertices colored j and let <Vi be the subgraph of G induced by Vi. The k‐path chromatic number of G, denoted by χ(G; Pk), is the least number c of distinct colors with which V(G) can be colored such that each connected component of Vi is a path of order at most k, 1 ⩽ i ⩽ c. We obtain upper bounds for χ(G; Pk) and χ(G; P∞) for regular, planar, and outerplanar graphs.
Maximal planar graphs of diameter two
Authors: Seyffarth Karen
Published: June 2007

A maximal planar graph is a simple planar graph in which every face is a triangle. We show here that such graphs with maximum degree Δ and diameter two have no more than 3/2Δ + 1 vertices. We also show that there exist maximal planar graphs with diameter two and exactly [3/2Δ + 1] vertices.
On longest cycles and strongly linking vertex sets
Authors: Fassbender Bert
Published: June 2007

Let G be a simple non‐hamiltonian graph, let C be a longest cycle in G, and let p be a positive integer. By considering a special form of connectivity, we obtain a sufficient condition on degrees for the nonexistence of (p ‐ 1)‐path‐connected components in G ‐ C.
Classification of interpolation theorems for spanning trees and other families of spanning subgraphs
Authors: Harary Frank , Plantholt Michael J.
Published: June 2007

We say that a graphical invariant i of a graph interpolates over a family F of graphs if i satisfies the following property: If m and M are the minimum and maximum values (respectively) of i over all graphs in F then for each k, m ⩽ k ⩽ M, there is a graph H in F for which i(H)= k. In previous works it was shown that when F is the set of spanning trees of a connected graph G, a large number of invariants interpolate (some of these invariants require the additional assumption that G be 2‐connected). Although the proofs of all these results use the same basic idea of gradually transforming one tree into another via a sequence of edge exchanges, some of these processes require sequences that use more properties of trees than do others. We show that the edge exchange proofs can be divided into three types, in accordance with the extent to which the exchange sequence depends upon properties of spanning trees. This idea is then used to obtain new interpolation results for some invariants, and to show how the exchange methods and interpolation results on spanning trees can be extended to other families of spanning subgraphs.
The size of strength‐maximal graphs
Authors: Lai Hong‐Jian
Published: June 2007

Let G be a graph and let k′(G) be the edge‐connectivity of G. The strength of G, denoted by k̄′(G), is the maximum value of k′(H), where H runs over all subgraphs of G. A simple graph G is called k‐maximal if k̄′(G) ≤ k but for any edge e ∈ E(Gc), k̄′(G + e) ≥ k + 1. Let G be a k‐maximal graph of order n. In [3], Mader proved |E(G)| ≤ (n ‐ k)k + (). In this note, we shall show (n ‐ 1)k ‐ () In⌊n/k + 2)⌋ ≤ |E(G|, and characterize the extremal graphs. We shall also give a characterization of all k‐maximal graphs.
The phase transition in the evolution of random digraphs
Authors: Łuczak Tomasz
Published: June 2007

Let \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \mathop {\rm D}\limits^ \to $\end{document}(n, M) denote a digraph chosen at random from the family of all digraphs on n vertices with M arcs. We shall prove that if M/n ≤ c < 1 and ω(n) → ∞, then with probability tending to 1 as n → ∞ all components of \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \mathop {\rm D}\limits^ \to $\end{document}(n, M) are smaller than ω(n), whereas when M/n ≥ c > 1 the largest component of \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \mathop {\rm D}\limits^ \to $\end{document}(n, M) is of the order n with probability 1 ‐ o(1).
The distance spectrum of a tree
Authors: Merris Russell
Published: June 2007

Let T be a tree with line graph T*. Define K = 2I + A(T*), where A denotes the adjacency matrix. Then the eigenvalues of ‐2K−1 interlace the eigenvalues of the distance matrix D. This permits numerous results about the spectrum of K to be transcribed for the less tractable D.
Locally semicomplete digraphs: A generalization of tournaments
Authors: Bang‐Jensen Jørgen
Published: June 2007

In this paper we introduce a new class of directed graphs called locally semicomplete digraphs. These are defined to be those digraphs for which the following holds: for every vertex x the vertices dominated by x induce a semicomplete digraph and the vertices that dominate x induce a semicomplete digraph. (A digraph is semicomplete if for any two distinct vertices u and ν, there is at least one arc between them.) This class contains the class of semicomplete digraphs, but is much more general. In fact, the class of underlying graphs of the locally semi‐complete digraphs is precisely the class of proper circular‐arc graphs (see [13], Theorem 3). We show that many of the classic theorems for tournaments have natural analogues for locally semicomplete digraphs. For example, every locally semicomplete digraph has a directed Hamiltonian path and every strong locally semicomplete digraph has a Hamiltonian cycle. We also consider connectivity properties, domination orientability, and algorithmic aspects of locally semicomplete digraphs. Some of the results on connectivity are new, even when restricted to semicomplete digraphs.
Quasi‐random tournaments
Authors: Chung F. R. K. , Graham R. L.
Published: June 2007

We introduce a large class of tournament properties, all of which are shared by almost all random tournaments. These properties, which we term “quasi‐random,” have the property that tournaments possessing any one of the properties must of necessity possess them all. In contrast to random tournaments, however, it is often very easy to verify that a particular family of tournaments satisfies one of the quasi‐random properties, thereby giving explicit tournaments with “random‐like” behavior. This paper continues an approach initiated in several earlier papers of the authors where analogous results for graphs (with R.M. Wilson) and hypergraphs are proved.
The threshold weight of a graph
Authors: Wang Chi , Williams A. C.
Published: June 2007

The threshold weight of a graph G is introduced as a measure of the amount by which G differs from being a threshold graph. The threshold graphs are precisely the graphs whose threshold weights are 0. At the opposite extreme is the class of graphs for which the threshold weight is the maximum possible. Such graphs are defined as heavy graphs. Among the results are as following: A theorem that specifies the threshold weight of any triangle‐free graph; necessary and sufficient conditions for a heavy graph in terms of the solvability of a system of linear inequalities; some sufficient conditions for a graph to be heavy and a necessary condition (conjectured to be sufficient, as well) for a heavy graph in terms of its cliques.
Regular factors in K1,3‐free graphs
Authors: Choudum S. A. , Paulraj M. S.
Published: June 2007

We show that every connected K1,3‐free graph with minimum degree at least 2k contains a k‐factor and construct connected K1,3‐free graphs with minimum degree k + 0(√k) that have no k‐factor.
Regular factors in K1,n free graphs
Authors: Egawa Yoshimi , Ota Katsuhiro
Published: June 2007

A graph is said to be K1,n‐free, if it contains no K1,n as an induced subgraph. We prove that for n ⩾ 3 and r ⩾ n −1, if G is a K1,n‐free graph with minimum degree at least (n2/4(n −1))r + (3n −6)/2 + (n −1)/4r, then G has an r‐factor (in the case where r is even, the condition r ⩾ n −1 can be dropped).
Cycles containing 12 vertices in 3‐connected cubic graphs
Authors: Bau Sheng , Holton Derek
Published: June 2007

A necessary and sufficient condition is obtained for a set of 12 vertices in any 3‐connected cubic graph to lie on a common cycle.
Niche numbers
Authors: Fishburn P. C. , Gehrlein W. V.
Published: June 2007

An acyclic digraph D =(V U X, <) induces a finite graph G =(V, E) if for all v,v′ if and only if a vertex of D dominates v and v′, or is dominated by v and v′. The niche number of an induced G is the cardinality of a smallest X for which some D induces G. Many induced graphs have niche number 0, 1, or 2, but it has been an open problem as to whether they can have larger niche numbers. We prove that there are induced graphs with arbitrarily large niche numbers. Explicit examples of graphs with niche numbers 3 and 4 are given. The smallest example uses 11 vertices. We note also that every induced graph with fewer than 8 vertices has niche number 0, 1, or 2.
Supereulerian graphs: A survey
Authors: Catlin Paul A.
Published: June 2007

A graph is supereulerian if it has a spanning eulerian subgraph. There is a rduction method to determine whether a graph is supereulerian, and it can also be applied to study other concepts, e.g., hamiltonian line graphs, a certain type of double cycle cover, and the total interval number of a graph. We outline the research on supereulerian graphs, the reduction method, and its applications.
An upper bound for the total chromatic number of dense graphs
Authors: Hind H. R.
Published: June 2007

In this paper we consider those graphs that have maximum degree at least 1/k times their order, where k is a (small) positive integer. A result of Hajnal and Szemerédi concerning equitable vertex‐colorings and an adaptation of the standard proof of Vizing's Theorem are used to show that if the maximum degree of a graph G satisfies Δ(G) ≥ |V(G)/k, then X″(G) ≤ Δ(G) + 2k + 1. This upper bound is an improvement on the currently available upper bounds for dense graphs having large order.
Almost all steinhaus graphs have diameter 2
Authors: Brand Neal
Published: June 2007

A Steinhaus graph is a graph with n vertices whose adjacency matrix (ai, j) satisfies the condition that ai, j  aa‐‐1, j‐‐1 + a i‐‐1, j (mod 2) for each 1 < i < j ≤ n. It is clear that a Steinhaus graph is determined by its first row. In [3] Bringham and Dutton conjecture that almost all Steinhaus graphs have diameter 2. That is, as n approaches infinity, the ratio of the number of Steinhaus graphs with n vertices having diameter 2 to the total number of Steinhaus graphs approaches 1. Here we prove Bringham and Dutton's conjecture.
The structure of geodetic blocks with diameter two
Authors: Jingzhong Mao
Published: June 2007

In this paper we prove that all geodetic blocks of diameter two can be divided in four types, i.e., Moore graphs with diameter two, regular pyramids with altitude 2, type AP and type PP. We also give the answers to the questions posed by J. G. Stemple in 1974.
New results on rectilinear crossing numbers and plane embeddings
Authors: Bienstock Daniel , Dean Nathaniel
Published: June 2007

We show that if a graph has maximum degree d and crossing number k, its rectilinear crossing number is at most O(dk2). Hence for graphs of bounded degree, the crossing number and the rectilinear crossing number are bounded as functions of one another. We also obtain a generalization of Tutte's theorem on convex embeddings of 3‐connected plane graphs. © 1929 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Synthesis of deuterium‐labelled chlorhexidine
Authors: Moser M. , Hudlicky T. , Sadeghi S. , Sternin E.
Published: June 2007

The synthesis of deuterated chlorhexidine hydrochloride is reported. The specific labelling of the saturated chain is achieved through the combination of the previously reported synthesis of 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5‐(2H8)‐hexane‐1,6‐diol and a synthesis of carbon‐14 labelled chlorhexidine. This synthesis begins with commercially available hex‐2,4‐yne‐1,6‐diol, its protection as a bis‐tetrahydropyranylether, and exhaustive deuterogenation under rhodium catalysis to produce, after acid hydrolysis of the protecting groups, the saturated octadeuterated 1,6‐hexanediol. Conversion of this material in two steps to the corresponding 1,6‐diaminohexane was followed by the generation of guanidines with dicyanimide and final condensation with p‐chloroaniline. The title compound was obtained in 10 chemical steps and in 6% overall yield. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An efficient large‐scale synthesis of 1H‐indazole‐[3‐14C]carboxylic acid
Authors: Coelho Richard V. , Schildknegt Klaas
Published: June 2007

An efficient large‐scale carbon‐14 synthesis of 1H‐indazole‐[3‐14C]carboxylic acid starting from [14C]potassium cyanide is reported. Key transformations encountered during the synthesis include aromatic nucleophilic substitution of 2‐nitrofluorobenzene by ethyl [14C]cyanoacetate, a mild decarbethoxylation and an aniline nitrosation/cyclization. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Validating the current amino acid and energy requirements of coloured broiler chickens
Authors: Bhanja Subrat K , Mandal Asit B
Published: June 2007

Background: Coloured broilers are gaining popularity in the Indian subcontinent. However, very scanty reports are available on their dietary requirements for amino acid (AA) and energy. An experiment was conducted involving three levels of amino acids (115, 100 and 85% AA level of the NRC), at three levels of energy (13.40, 12.55 and 11.72 MJ kg−1 diet) for 0–28 days of age.

Results: Body weight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 115% AA group was better than those fed diets with 100 and 85% AA. Dietary energy levels did not influence body weight gain up to 14 days of age but thereafter it was higher (P < 0.01) in birds offered the 13.40 MJ ME kg−1 diet. The exponential regression equation had better curve fitting for daily body weight gain over daily AA intake and the power regression model for FCR. Nitrogen retention was higher in birds offered the diets with 115 and 100% AA than 85% AA, although nitrogen retention was not affected by dietary energy level. Thymus weight (P < 0.036) and in vivo response to PHA‐P (P < 0.006) was significantly higher in birds offered the 85% AA diet. Dietary energy levels had no effect on the immune response of the birds. Weight of gizzard, proven‐triculus and small intestine was higher in birds offered the 85% AA diet.

Conclusion: Body weight of coloured broilers may be optimised by feeding higher level of AA and immune response can be optimised by feeding 12.55 kJ ME kg−1 diet and 15% lower level of AA as suggested by the US National Research Council. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Managing a temporary town
Authors: Hammitt J. O.
Published: June 2007

During the war the ordnance department built about a dozen temporary cities of from five to thirty thousand population each, for the employes of great explosive plants. They rank among the miracles of the war. They naturally were given little publicity and they are already melting away. Muscle Shoals, however, will become a permanent community.
The good national budget bill
Authors: Willoughby W. F.
Published: June 2007

The Good Bill is built up from the researches of Mr. Willoughby whose long preparation now nears fruition. The article is dated June first and the bill reprinted here is as originally introduced.
The work of the reconstruction legislatures
Authors: Rex Frederick , Childs Richard S. , Helpful Many
Published: June 2007

One of our ambitions for the “Review” in its new monthly form is to make it more of a newspaper; hence this attempt to cover the legislative high points as early as possible. Since five legislatures are still in session as we go to press, the record is necessarily incomplete. Corrections will be welcomed and will be published later. See also the summary in the Editorials.
A new type of direct primary
Authors: Boots Ralph S.
Published: June 2007

The elaborate and voluminous thesis which Dr. Boots wrote on the actual operation of direct primaries in New Jersey in 1916 indicates him as the closest student of the subject at the present time and the one who is best prepared to work out just such a constructive plan of salvation for the primary as he here proposes.
The contralor general de mexico
Authors: Lill Thomas R.
Published: June 2007

The movement now on foot for the establishment of the office of comptroller general in the United States gives added interest to the recent successful creation of a similar office in Mexico, as an outcome of recommendations made by Henry Bruere, former city chamberlain of New York City, who visited Mexico during 1917 at the invitation of the Mexican government.
The fate of the five‐cent fare VI. The municipal street railway in san francisco
Authors: O'shaughnessy M. M.
Published: June 2007

The successful operation of sixty miles of street car lines by the city of San Francisco has long been a favorite citation of the advocates of municipal operation. The enterprize is beginning to borrow pay roll money from its depreciation fund and is evidently not immune from the prevailing malady of high costs.
Single tax progress in Maryland
Authors: Ogle Charles J.
Published: June 2007

The Maryland Law of 1916 which gave towns the right to exempt personalty and buildings from taxation is beginning to bear interesting fruit in the form of small towns that only tax land. The effort toward this end in Baltimore encountered legal obstruction.
A review of city planning in the United States, 1918–1919
Authors: Kimball Theodora
Published: June 2007

This summary of the year's work in city planning is one of a chain of similar reviews that run back to the beginning of this magazine, constituting a serial and connected history of the movement; the earlier ones having been prepared by the late Charles Mulford Robinson.
How commission government works in buffalo
Authors: Buck George S.
Published: June 2007

Buffalo is the largest city that has tried the commission plan and Mayor Buck's experiences, painstakingly detailed at our request, illustrate both the strength and the weakness of the charter.
Housing—The turn of affairs in England
Authors: Ackerman Frederick L.
Published: June 2007

England had a housing shortage and a vigorous constructive housing policy prior to the war; but under present economic conditions and a greatly intensified shortage the policy no longer works.—An entirely new technique is emerging.
The income tax versus the housing shortage
Authors: Stabler Walter
Published: June 2007

In his position in the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, Mr. Stabler is one of the largest and most scientific lenders of mortgage money in the world and possesses an extraordinarily broad knowledge of real estate conditions.
The operation of the city‐manager plan in wichita
Authors: Long A. A.
Published: June 2007

In our series of subjects of city‐manager plan studies Wichita, Kansas, occupies an interesting place because it is the leading case of a city that has changed from the commission plan.
Detroit reforms its criminal courts
Authors: Harley Herbert
Published: June 2007

The simplification of the machinery and procedure for convicting criminals, as achieved by the Detroit unified court bill, is the first actual installation of the principles of court reform developed by the American Judicature Society of which the author is founder.
The massachusetts budget procedure begins to work
Authors: Gulick Luther H.
Published: June 2007

Many states have what they call executive budgets but in numerous cases the officials evade the spirit and purpose of the new procedure. In Massachusetts, however, the budget, despite some bad organization, is beginning to work out as intended, and there is visible progress toward sound finance.
Indiana tax reforms
Authors: Estey J. A.
Published: June 2007

In an effort to patch up the uniform general property tax Indiana further centralized her tax administration. The law of 1919 has been made a campaign issue, especially that feature which gave the state board power to review local tax rates and expenditures.
The urban auto problem
Authors: Goodrich Ernest P.
Published: June 2007

This paper was the subject of much favorable comment when read before the National Conference on City Planning last April. Two discussions of it are appended.
Service at cost in local transportation
Authors: Wilcox Delos F.
Published: June 2007

Analysis of the plan recommended by Federal Electric Railways Commission as the solvent of street railway difficulties.
New mortgages for old
Authors: Comey Arthur C.
Published: June 2007

The individual, short term mortgage is antiquated. Is it not possible to stabilize building loans at low rates through a Federal mortgage bank?