bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Uniform convergence to equilibrium for a family of drift–diffusion models with trap‐assisted recombination and self‐consistent potential
Authors: Fellner Klemens , Kniely Michael
Published: July 2021

We investigate a recombination–drift–diffusion model coupled to Poisson's equation modelling the transport of charge within certain types of semiconductors. In more detail, we study a two‐level system for electrons and holes endowed with an intermediate energy level for electrons occupying trapped states. As our main result, we establish an explicit functional inequality between relative entropy and entropy production, which leads to exponential convergence to equilibrium. We stress that our approach is applied uniformly in the lifetime of electrons on the trap level assuming that this lifetime is sufficiently small.
Neolithic bone meal with acorn: Analyses on crusts in pottery bowls from 7000 BP Hemudu, China
Authors: Ge Wei , Liu Li , Huang Weijin , Tao Shuqin , Hou Xueliang , Yin Xijie , Wu Yuanfei
Published: July 2021

Here, we report the results of residue analyses of crusts in pottery bowls from early phases of the Hemudu archaeological site (~7000–6000 BP), China, through a multi‐disciplinary approach. The physical morphology and chemical composition of the residues were examined via multiple analytical techniques, including EPMA, FTIR, SEM‐EDS, GC and microscopic observation. The elemental composition of the residues consistently comprise C, O, P and Ca. FTIR spectra of residues are also very similar to each other and have spectral bands consistent with CHAp spectra. SEM‐EDS tests provide clear morphological features of the bone particles and in situ elemental information. Fatty acid analysis further suggests an origin of residues is likely to be from terrestrial vertebrate bones. Analysis of starch granules, also recovered from the crusts, indicates Cyclobalanopsis sp. acorns. We demonstrate that the crusts are the remains of a special mixture of bone meal and acorn starch. This usage of bone resources is previously unknown in the Chinese Neolithic and may have served various functions, including a medicinal, a food supplement to manage dietary stress, or a special diet for children. Our findings enrich the understanding of prehistoric usage of bone meal, as well as the subsistence strategies of the Middle Neolithic Hemudu people, who were engaged in increasingly intensified rice agriculture in the lower Yangzi River region.
Fabrication and characterization of pH‐responsive poly (methacrylic acid)‐based molecularly imprinted polymers nanosphere for controlled release of amitriptyline hydrochloride
Authors: Mohebali Alireza , Abdouss Majid , Kazemi Yaser , Daneshnia Shirin
Published: July 2021

Amitriptyline hydrochloride (AT) is a drug used especially for depression and migraines. In this study, new molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) were prepared as a drug carrier for AT to increase the half‐life of the drug and consequently reducing drug‐related problems. MIPs synthesized by precipitation polymerization method. Methacrylic acid (MAA) as a monomer and Trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate (TRIM) as a cross‐linker were used for polymerization. To obtain optimized properties for MIPs, the effect of crucial parameters including solvent variety, solvent ratios, different molar ratios of AT:MAA: TRIM, the impact of time and concentration of the drug solution on loading efficiency was studied. The prepared samples were structurally characterized by FT‐IR, FE‐SEM, TGA, DSC, DLS, and BET to confirm the optimization of MIPs. Also, in‐vitro drug release has been carried out in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF, pH = 7.4) by measuring the absorbance at λ max = 239 nm by UV–Vis spectrophotometer. The results showed that the synthesized nanosphere particles presented uniform surface morphology and high thermal resistance characteristics. Besides, MIPs have uniform distribution sites molecular with nano‐sized particles, which is ideal for drug delivery. Kinetic study on prepared samples showed that the MIPs were fitted by the Korsmeyer–Peppas model, release study presented that the MIP2 and MIP8 presented more controlled release compared to the other samples. The obtained data confirmed the designed carriers satisfactorily meet the requirements in sustained and controlled drug delivery applications.
Associations of job demands and patient safety event involvement on burnout among a multidisciplinary group of pediatric hematology/oncology clinicians
Authors: Dunn Tyler J. , Terao Michael A. , Blazin Lindsay J. , Spraker‐Perlman Holly , Baker Justin N. , Mandrell Belinda , Sellers Janet , Crabtree Valerie McLaughlin , Hoffman James M. , Burlison Jonathan D.
Published: July 2021

Background

Workplace burnout can result in negative consequences for clinicians and patients. We assessed burnout prevalence and sources among pediatric hematology/oncology inpatient nurses, ambulatory nurses, physicians (MDs), and advanced practice providers (APPs) by evaluating effects of job demands and involvement in patient safety events (PSEs).

Methods

A cross‐sectional survey (Maslach Burnout Inventory) measured emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration Task Load Index measured mental demand, physical demand, temporal demand, effort, and frustration. Relative weights analyses estimated the unique contributions of tasks and PSEs on burnout. Post hoc analyses evaluated open‐response comments for burnout factors.

Results

Burnout prevalence was 33%, 20%, 34%, and 33% in inpatient nurses, ambulatory nurses, and MD, and APPs, respectively (N = 481, response rate 69%). Reduced personal accomplishment was significantly higher in inpatient nurses than MDs and APPs. Job frustration was the most significant predictor of burnout across all four cohorts. Other significant predictors of burnout included temporal demand (nursing groups and MDs), effort (inpatient nurses and MDs), and PSE involvement (ambulatory nurses). Open‐response comments identified time constraints, lack of administrator support, insufficient institutional support for self‐care, and inadequate staffing and/or turnover as sources of frustration.

Conclusions

All four clinician groups reported substantial levels of burnout, and job demands predicted burnout. The body of knowledge on job stress and workplace burnout supports targeting organizational‐level sources versus individual‐level factors as the most effective prevention and reduction strategy. This study elaborates on this evidence by identifying structural drivers of burnout within a multidisciplinary context of pediatric hematology/oncology clinicians.
Ultralight hard carbon nanotubes nanofiber foam/epoxy nanocomposites for comprehensive microwave absorption performance
Authors: Li Shuang , Fan Yanchen , Li Xuekuan , Sun Tianpei , Liu Zhiwei , Wang Kai , Zhao Yan
Published: July 2021

In this study, a novel three‐dimensional carbon nanotubes (CNTs) structure was constructed using a phenolic resin template method, which has a multilevel microporous structure and a woven CNTs network microstructure. The CNTs nanofiber foam/epoxy composite was prepared by a vacuum impregnation method. Due to the multiple reflections and interface effects produced by the special structure, the best microwave absorption effect is achieved with a lower CNTs content. When the CNTs content is 0.92 wt%, the lowest reflection loss is −42.13 dB (6.6 GHz, 2.9 mm). Under the premise of not adding magnetic loss materials, only CNTs are used as a reinforcing material, and a resin matrix composite with excellent electromagnetic wave absorption performance without micropore defects is obtained. This method has universal applicability and broadens the further application of resin matrix composite in the aerospace and electronic fields.
Rice pests in the Republic of Benin: farmers' perceptions, knowledge and management practices
Authors: Toffa Joelle , Loko Yêyinou Laura Estelle , Djedatin Gustave , Gbemavo Charlemagne DSJ , Orobiyi Azize , Tchakpa Cyrille , Ewedje Eben‐Ezer , Sabot François
Published: July 2021

BACKGROUND

Rice (Oryza spp) is one of the most consumed cereals in the Republic of Benin. However, rice production is threatened by various pests, which lead to important yield losses. For the development of integrated management strategies responding to the farmers' realities, it is important to document their perceptions, knowledge and management of rice pests. Surveys involving 418 rice farmers to 21 ethnic groups through 39 villages were performed using rural appraisal tools.

RESULTS

Farmers perceived birds, specifically weavers as the most important rice pests. The surveyed farmers also identified the variegated grasshopper, Zonocerus variegatus L. and rice brown leaf spots [Curvularia lunata (Wakker) Boedijn] as the main pests in the northern region, the pink stem borer, Sesamia calamistis Hampson and rice blast (Magnaporthe grisea (Hebert) Barr) in the southern region, and Z. variegatus and rice yellow mottle virus (genus Sobemovirus) in central Benin. The most important rice storage constraint was rodent attacks and the surveyed farmers proposed 13 key solutions to minimize constraints related to rice storage. Among various pest control methods recorded, farmers used mainly synthetic chemical pesticides. However, the Beninese National Pesticide Management Committee (CNGP) does not recommend most of pesticides used by farmers for rice protection (prohibited pesticides or intended for the protection of other crops). Farming experience, family size, region and number of observed pests have significantly influenced farmers' decision to use pesticides.

CONCLUSION

The rice pests perceived by farmers as important vary significantly across regions. These results suggest that integrated pest management programmes which target rice pests accounting for these regional differences will be more effective. The identified variables that influence the use of pesticides must be taken in account in the development of strategies which will encourage farmers to use ecofriendly pest management.
Adipogenesis and therapeutic potentials of antiobesogenic phytochemicals: Insights from preclinical studies
Authors: Murugan Dharmani Devi , Balan Dharvind , Wong Pooi‐Fong
Published: July 2021

Obesity is one of the most serious public health problems in both developed and developing countries in recent years. While lifestyle and diet modifications are the most important management strategies of obesity, these may be insufficient to ensure long‐term weight reduction in certain individuals and alternative strategies including pharmacotherapy need to be considered. However, drugs option remains limited due to low efficacy and adverse effects associated with their use. Hence, identification of safe and effective alternative therapeutic agents remains warranted to combat obesity. In recent years, bioactive phytochemicals are considered as valuable sources for the discovery of new pharmacological agents for the treatment of obesity. Adipocyte hypertrophy and hyperplasia increases with obesity and undergo molecular and cellular alterations that can affect systemic metabolism giving rise to metabolic syndrome and comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Many phytochemicals have been reported to target adipocytes by inhibiting adipogenesis, inducing lipolysis, suppressing the differentiation of preadipocytes to mature adipocytes, reducing energy intake, and boosting energy expenditure mainly in vitro and in animal studies. Nevertheless, further high‐quality studies are needed to firmly establish the clinical efficacy of these phytochemicals. This review outlines common pathways involved in adipogenesis and phytochemicals targeting effector molecules of these pathways, the challenges faced and the way forward for the development of phytochemicals as antiobesity agents.
Spatio‐temporal fault localization for nonlinear spatially distributed processes: A spatial mapping filter‐based framework
Authors: Feng Yun , Wang Yaonan , Wang Jun‐Wei , Li Han‐Xiong , Ding Steven X.
Published: July 2021

Compared to the fault detection problem, fault localization for spatially distributed processes is physically intuitive but was seldom studied. The main challenge lies in the contradiction between the spatially distributed nature of the processes and a limited number of sensors that can be placed in the space for applications. In this article, we make the first attempt to systematically study the fault localization problem for a class of nonlinear spatially distributed processes without knowing any prior information of the spatial distribution function of the spatio‐temporal fault. The main contribution is that a spatial mapping filter is first designed to generate a distributed residual signal which contains spatial information while using limited sensor measurements. The residual evaluation procedure is also conducted in a distributed manner. With these two parts, a systematic methodology framework is constructed and analyzed rigorously. Finally, the performance of the proposed method is evaluated on a faulty catalytic rod, which widely exists in chemical engineering.
Reachable set estimation and controller design for discrete‐time singularly perturbed systems with time‐varying delay
Authors: Liu Guobao , Xu Shengyuan , Liu Wenhui , Chu Yuming , Zhang Zhengqiang
Published: July 2021

In this article, we study the reachable set estimation and controller design problems for a class of discrete time‐varying‐delay singularly perturbed systems. First, by constructing a ‐dependent Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional and using reciprocally convex inequality, delay‐dependent conditions are obtained to ensure the state of the system under zero initial conditions is contained by an ellipsoid for any singularly perturbed parameters below a given threshold. Second, by the method of designing a state‐feedback controller, sufficient conditions that the reachable set of the closed‐loop system can be included in a given ellipsoid are obtained for admissible singularly perturbed parameters. Finally, two examples are given to illustrate the effectiveness of the results.
Ni(OH)2 Templated Synthesis of Ultrathin Ni3S2 Nanosheets as Bifunctional Electrocatalyst for Overall Water Splitting
Authors: Jin Chunqiao , Zhai Pengbo , Wei Yi , Chen Qian , Wang Xingguo , Yang Weiwei , Xiao Jing , He Qianqian , Liu Qingyun , Gong Yongji
Published: July 2021

Ultrathin nickel (Ni)‐based sulfide nanosheets have been reported as excellent electrocatalysts for overall water splitting; however, the uncontrollability over thickness due to the nonlayered structure still hampers its practical application. Herein, a simple topochemical conversion strategy is employed to synthesize cobalt‐doped Ni3S2 (Co‐Ni3S2) ultrathin nanosheets on Ni foam. The Co‐Ni3S2 nanosheets are controlled synthesized by using Co‐Ni(OH)2 ultrathin nanosheets as templates with anneal and sulfurization treatment, showing exceptional electrocatalytic activity. This template‐assisted method can also be applied to obtain Ni, NiO, and NiPx nanosheets, providing a universal strategy to synthesize ultrathin nanosheets of nonlayered materials. The overall water splitting of this Co‐Ni3S2 ultrathin nanosheets achieves a low voltage of 1.54 V at a current density of 10 mA cm−2 and high durability in 1 m KOH, comparable to the best performance of electrochemical water splitting ever reported. The detailed structural transformation of Ni‐based sulfides in the catalytic process and its mechanism are further explored both experimentally and theoretically.
The initial impact of COVID‐19 on Australasian sonographers part 2: Changes to sonographic examination protocols and access to personal protective equipment
Authors: Childs Jessie , Maranna Sandhya , Osborne Brooke , Lamb Kathryn , Esterman Adrian
Published: July 2021

Introduction

COVID‐19 brought with it the requirement for healthcare workers to limit community transmission of the virus as much as possible by limiting patient contact and wearing Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). This study aimed to capture the initial adaptations to sonographic examination protocols within ultrasound departments and sonographer access to PPE.

Methods

An online survey was used to gather data on sonographer reflections of sonographic examination protocol changes seen in their departments and access to PPE between the 11th of March 2020 and the 14th of June 2020.

Results

To reduce the time sonographers spent with the patients and hence reduce the risk of exposure to COVID‐19, sonographers reported adjustments to sonographic examination protocols including their duration and scheduling. Access to PPE was reported as poor.

Conclusion

Numerous sonographic examination protocol changes were observed within ultrasound departments in Australasia in the initial response to COVID‐19. Access to PPE was varied along with sonographer feelings around the impact of these changes.
Correlation does not imply agreement: A cautionary tale for researchers and reviewers
Authors: Edwards Christopher , Allen Heather , Chamunyonga Crispen
Published: July 2021

Sonography researchers are often confronted with questions concerning the relationship between measurements acquired in clinical practice. This educational commentary provides clarity on the definition of the terms correlation and agreement. We discuss the statistical tests used to assess correlation and outline some common pitfalls authors fall into when reporting these. We provide examples of the inaccurate use of these tests in the sonography literature and recommend better alternatives for assessing agreement. This review will benefit authors embarking on studies comparing measurements and reviewers considering manuscripts to ensure the methodology used is sufficient to justify the claims. The authors also provide plots created in the R statistical software package, and the supplementary data file supplied can be used and adapted for those wishing to perform similar statistical tests.
Untangling pop: A systems theoretical approach
Authors: Heidingsfelder Markus
Published: July 2021

The current scholarly analysis of pop continues to operate within the framework of a power theory that ascribes the subject of investigation a political function. This text seeks an alternative explanation of the phenomenon by assigning pop its own (exclusive) social function. Pop is understood as a self‐substitutive unit, which qualifies it for the status of a function system. The basic structures typical for systems can be demonstrated: function, medium, code, various programmes, the specific communicative operation as well as its reflexive function, and so forth. The present text examines four additional structural elements which Luhmann designates as characteristic of function systems—secondary code, side code, contingency formula and zero methodology—to further refine the concept. Findings: Pop has many features that are characteristic of function systems. It is anything but a sphere of disorder, but has a definite infrastructure.
Characterization of Nonmetallic Inclusions in Low‐Alloyed Steels Using Pulse Distribution Analysis Optical Emission Spectroscopy and Offline Investigation Methods
Authors: Du Hongying , Yang Annika , Karasev Andrey V. , Jönsson Pär G.
Published: July 2021

The characteristics of nonmetallic inclusions (NMIs) in low‐alloyed steel samples taken during ladle treatment before and after Ca treatment are evaluated using the pulse distribution analysis optical emission spectroscopy (PDA/OES) method, INCA‐Feature investigations of inclusions on a polished surface of steel samples, and 3D investigations of NMIs after electrolytic extraction (EE) of steel samples. The investigation results of NMIs using the different methods were compared. The PDA/OES results show a clear tendency of a change in the average composition and quantity of NMIs during ladle treatment, which correlates well with the results obtained from the other two methods. Overall, it is found that the application of the PDA/OES method is appropriate to enable a fast online evaluation of inclusion compositions and their behaviors during steelmaking. This, in turn, provides the means for establishing an online control and correction of technological operations of the ladle treatment to implement necessary modification of NMIs to improve the cleanliness of steels and avoid clogging problems during casting.
Metallographic, Structural, and Mechanical Characterization of Weld Nuggets in Fe–Mn–Al–C Low‐Density Steels Microalloyed with Ti/B and Ce/La by Gas Tungsten Arc Welding Process
Authors: Coronado-Alba Carlos Enrique , Mejía Ignacio , Cabrera José María
Published: July 2021

The use of low‐density (LD) steels has become increasingly important due to the advantages they offer, such as high strength, high ductility, and principally weight reduction. However, there are few studies regarding their weldability by conventional processes due to the metallurgical complexity of these alloys, including kappa carbides precipitation and hot‐cracking associated with the high contents of Mn, Al, and C. Herein, the main objective is the characterization of the fusion zone and different heat‐affected zones of austenitic Fe–Mn–Al–C LD steels microalloyed with Ti/B and Ce/La. For this purpose, weld nuggets were prepared by autogenous gas tungsten arc welding process using heat inputs of 660 and 975 J. The weld nuggets were characterized metallographic, structural, and mechanically by light optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and Vickers microhardness. In general, weld nuggets shows three well‐defined zones where γ‐austenite is the main phase and AlN and MnS particles act as nuclei of complex precipitated particles of microalloying elements such as TiC and (Ce, La)O. A considerable decrease in hot‐cracking was noticed in the microalloyed grades. A modulated structure of kappa‐carbide particles was responsible of the largest hardness values (≈450 Vickers microhardness) in the second heat‐affected zone.
Selectivity enhancement for the separation of shape‐constrained isomers by particle size‐derived molecular ordering and density in reversed‐phase liquid chromatography
Authors: Mallik Abul K. , Noguchi Hiroki , Rahman Mohammed Mizanur , Takafuji Makoto , Ihara Hirotaka
Published: July 2021

The purpose of this study is to describe the enhancement of molecular‐shape selectivity and grafted polymer characteristics by altering the particle size, pore size, and polymer chains of polymer‐silica hybrid materials used in reversed‐phase liquid chromatography. The poly(octadecyl acrylate‐alt‐N‐octadecylmaleimide)‐grafted silica hybrid materials were prepared with 3 and 5 μm particle size silica, respectively. The alternating copolymerisations were conducted with 3‐mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane‐modified silica via surface‐initiated radical chain transfer reactions. The polymer‐silica hybrid materials were characterised by elemental analyses, diffuse reflectance FTIR spectroscopy, solid‐state 13C and 29Si cross‐polarisation–magic‐angle spinning and suspended‐state 1H NMR spectroscopy. The NMR spectroscopy results revealed that the alkyl chains of 3 μm particle size phase are more ordered than those of 5 μm particle size phase at lower temperatures and vice versa at higher temperatures. After detailed characterisation, the hybrid materials were packed into a stainless‐steel column, and their chromatographic performance with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons was compared. Regardless of the grafting‐density, ordering of the alkyl chains, and column temperature, differences in molecular‐planarity selectivity molecular‐linearity were observed. Aspects of molecular‐shape selectivity were also evaluated using the standard reference material for priority pollutant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
Recent Progress on Polymers of Intrinsic Microporosity and Thermally Modified Analogue Materials for Membrane‐Based Fluid Separations
Authors: Wang Yingge , Ghanem Bader S. , Ali Zain , Hazazi Khalid , Han Yu , Pinnau Ingo
Published: July 2021

Solution‐processable amorphous glassy polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIMs) are promising microporous organic materials for membrane‐based gas and liquid separations due to their high surface area and internal free volume, thermal and chemical stability, and excellent separation performance. This review provides an overview of the most recent developments in the design and transport properties of novel ladder PIM materials, polyimides of intrinsic microporosity (PIM–PIs), functionalized PIMs and PIM–PIs, PIM‐derived thermally rearranged (TR), and carbon molecular sieve (CMS) membrane materials as well as PIM‐based thin film composite membranes for a wide range of energy‐intensive gas and liquid separations. In less than two decades, PIMs have significantly lifted the performance upper bounds in H2/N2, H2/CH4, O2/N2, CO2/N2, and CO2/CH4separations. However, PIMs are still limited by their insufficient gas‐pair selectivity to be considered as promising materials for challenging industrial separations such as olefin/paraffin separations. An optimum pore size distribution is required to further improve the selectivity of a PIM for a given application. Specific attention is given to the potential use of PIM‐based CMS membranes for energy‐intensive CO2/CH4, N2/CH4, C2H4/C2H6, and C3H6/C3H8separations, and thin film composite membranes containing PIM motifs for liquid separations.
Seismic performance of circular hollow concrete columns
Authors: Liang Xiao , Du Chunyu , Zhao Bo , Li Zhongxian
Published: July 2021

Four circular hollow reinforced concrete columns were tested under quasi‐static reversed lateral loading to investigate their seismic performance. The effects of the wall thickness ratio and confinement configuration on their seismic performance were studied, and the applicability of seismic ductility design requirements on circular hollow concrete columns was examined. The test results showed that circular hollow concrete columns with a single layer of transverse reinforcement presented limited ductility, and their displacement ductility improved as the wall thickness ratio increased. Two layers of transverse reinforcement with crossties allowed circular hollow concrete columns to present excellent seismic performance. However, the column designed with a smaller amount of inner transverse reinforcement presented a better response than the as‐built column with equal amounts of inner and outer transverse reinforcement. In addition, the widely used seismic design requirements on the volumetric ratio of transverse reinforcement seem to be conservative for the ductile design of circular hollow concrete columns.
A Historically Responsive Literacy Model for Reading and Mathematics
Authors: Muhammad Gholnecsar E. , Ortiz Nickolaus A. , Neville Mary L.
Published: July 2021

According to data from the National Assessment of Educational Progress, or NAEP, the U.S. educational system has consistently failed Black and Brown children across both reading and mathematics. Educational research has further uncovered the ways that reading and mathematics assessment and curriculum are often biased and culturally and linguistically unresponsive. In this article, we examine traditional reading and mathematics research to determine how Black and Brown children might be better served through historically responsive literacy. We delineate the Historically Responsive Literacy model and its five learning pursuits of identity, skills, intellect, criticality, and joy. Finally, we provide three historically responsive lessons across kindergarten, third, and sixth grade reading and mathematics. It is our hope that this work may help teachers refuse ahistorical curricular frameworks in order to better center our students’ reading and mathematics education within the pursuits of intellect, skills, identity, criticality, and joy.
Comparison ofMycobacterium aviumsubsp.paratuberculosisinfection in cattle, sheep and goats in the Khuzestan Province of Iran: Results of a preliminary survey
Authors: Pourmahdi Borujeni Mahdi , Haji Hajikolaei Mohammad Rahim , Ghorbanpoor Masoud , Elhaei Sahar Hamzeh , Bagheri Saeed , Roveyshedzadeh Sanaz
Published: July 2021

Background

Paratuberculosis or Johne's disease, the chronic infectious granulomatous enteritis of ruminants, is a worldwide infection, which is caused byMycobacterium aviumsubsp.paratuberculosis(MAP). The most common symptoms of this disease in cattle are loss of milk production, weight loss and diarrhoea, whereas in sheep and goats, the symptoms are emaciation, anorexia and severe disability.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to compare the seroprevalence of MAP in cattle, sheep and goats in the southwest of Iran.

Methods

Blood samples were randomly collected from 530 cattle, 568 sheep and 368 goats in southwest of Iran. Sera were tested by a commercial ELISA kit (ID vet; ID Screen® Paratuberculosis Indirect) for detection of antibodies of MAP.

Results

Overall apparent and true seroprevalence rate of MAP was 6.00% (95% CI: 4.90%–7.30%) and 13.25% (95% CI: 11.55%– 14.95%). Apparent and true seroprevalence of MAP, respectively, was 4.34% (95% CI: 3.88%–6.46%) and 9.19% (95% CI: 6.98%–11.98%) in cattle, 6.87% (95% CI: 5.05%–9.27%) and 15.37% (95% CI: 12.60%–16.60%) in sheep and 7.07% (95% CI: 4.82%–10.18%) and 15.86% (95% CI: 12.41%–20.01%) in goats, respectively. As a result, there was no significant relationship between animal species and MAP infection. Moreover, multivariate logistic regression showed that the infection rate is not associated with age, gender and geographical location in cattle, sheep and goats (P > 0.05).

Conclusion

This study confirms that the seroprevalence of MAP is relatively considerable in the cattle, sheep and goats in the southwest of Iran, although in cattle, it is less than goats and sheep. Therefore, preventive and control measures should be considered by animal health authorities and meat and dairy processing units.
Host factors facilitating SARS‐CoV‐2 virus infection and replication in the lungs
Authors: Boutin Sébastien , Hildebrand Dagmar , Boulant Steeve , Kreuter Michael , Rüter Jule , Pallerla Srinivas Reddy , Velavan Thirumalaisamy P. , Nurjadi Dennis
Published: July 2021

SARS-CoV-2 is the virus causing the major pandemic facing the world today. Although, SARS-CoV-2 primarily causes lung infection, a variety of symptoms have proven a systemic impact on the body. SARS-CoV-2 has spread in the community quickly infecting humans from all age, ethnicities and gender. However, fatal outcomes have been linked to specific host factors and co-morbidities such as age, hypertension, immuno-deficiencies, chronic lung diseases or metabolic disorders. A major shift in the microbiome of patients suffering of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have also been observed and is linked to a worst outcome of the disease. As many co-morbidities are already known to be associated with a dysbiosis of the microbiome such as hypertension, diabetes and metabolic disorders. Host factors and microbiome changes are believed to be involved as a network in the acquisition of the infection and the development of the diseases. We will review in detail in this manuscript, the immune response toward SARS-CoV-2 infection as well as the host factors involved in the facilitation and worsening of the infection. We will also address the impact of COVID-19 on the host’s microbiome and secondary infection which also worsen the disease.
Gesetzliches Hautkrebsscreening in Deutschland
Authors: Girbig G. , Augustin M. , Krensel M. , Andrees V.
Published: July 2021

Hintergrund

Im Jahr 2008 wurde in Deutschland das gesetzliche Hautkrebsscreening (gHKS) für gesetzlich Versicherte ab 35 Jahren eingeführt. Primäres Ziel ist es, maligne Veränderungen der Haut frühzeitig zu diagnostizieren, die Mortalität zu reduzieren sowie die Morbidität und Lebensqualität zu verbessern. Obwohl das gHKS vor mehr als einer Dekade eingeführt wurde, wird dieses nur von einem Teil wahrgenommen.

Ziel der Arbeit

Welche Gründe bestehen für die geringe Teilnahmequote am gHKS in der berechtigten Normalbevölkerung?

Methodik

In computergestützten Telefoninterviews mit einer repräsentativen Bevölkerungsstichprobe (N = 1015) gesetzlich Versicherter ab 18 Jahren wurden im Januar 2019 die Einstellung zum Thema Hautkrebs, die Rate der Inanspruchnahme des gHKS sowie die Gründe für die Nichtteilnahme erhoben. Ein Teil der Daten wurde mit vorausgehenden Erhebungen aus den Jahren 2011, 2013 und 2015 verglichen.

Ergebnisse

Unter den 1015 Teilnehmern wurde das Thema Hautkrebs von 40 % als besorgniserregend eingestuft. Zum gHKS waren 75,4 % der Befragten berechtigt. Von diesen hatten 52,6 % bisher noch nie am gHKS teilgenommen. Die Inanspruchnahme nahm im Alter jedoch zu. Ferner war die Nichtteilnehmerquote bei gehobenem Schulabschluss mit 45 % deutlich niedriger als bei niedrigem Schulabschluss mit 58 %. Der Anspruch auf das gHKS war 35 % der Nichtteilnehmer nicht bekannt. Als Grund für die Nichtteilnahme nannten 20 % Zeitmangel, 58 % sahen keine Notwendigkeit, weil sie sich gesund fühlen. Generell hielten aber 91 % aller 1015 Befragten Früherkennungsuntersuchungen für sinnvoll und hatten zu 66 % bereits an anderen Vorsorgeuntersuchungen teilgenommen.

Diskussion

Die mit etwa 50 % geringe Teilnehmerquote am gHKS sowie die abnehmende Besorgnis in der Bevölkerung um das Thema Hautkrebs legen nahe, dass eine weitere, auch risikogruppenorientierte Aufklärung der Bevölkerung über die Relevanz des Themas Hautkrebs notwendig ist.
Gamma oscillations modulate working memory recall precision
Authors: Thompson Lyall , Khuc Janine , Saccani Maria Silvia , Zokaei Nahid , Cappelletti Marinella
Published: July 2021

Working memory (WM)—the ability to keep information in mind for short periods of time—is linked to attention and inhibitory abilities, i.e., the capacity to ignore task-irrelevant information. These abilities have been associated with brain oscillations, especially parietal gamma and alpha bands, but it is yet unknown whether these oscillations also modulate attention and inhibitory abilities. To test this, we compared parietal gamma-transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) to alpha-tACS and to a non-stimulation condition (Sham) in 51 young participants. Stimulation was coupled with a WM task probing memory-based attention and inhibitory abilities by means of probabilistic retrospective cues, including informative (valid), uninformative (invalid) and neutral. Our results show that relative to alpha and sham stimulation, parietal gamma-tACS significantly increased working memory recall precision. Additional post hoc analyses also revealed strong individual variability before and following stimulation; low-baseline performers showed no significant changes in performance following both gamma and alpha-tACS relative to sham. In contrast, in high-baseline performers gamma- (but not alpha) tACS selectively and significantly improved misbinding-feature errors as well as memory precision, particularly in uninformative (invalid) cues which rely more strongly on attentional abilities. We concluded that parietal gamma oscillations, therefore, modulate working memory recall processes, although baseline performance may further influence the effect of stimulation.
Impact of Primary Tumor Resection on Mortality in Patients with Stage IV Colorectal Cancer with Unresectable Metastases: A Multicenter Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Kawamura Hidetaka , Ogawa Yusuke , Yamazaki Hajime , Honda Michitaka , Kono Koji , Konno Shinichi , Fukuhara Shunichi , Yamamoto Yosuke
Published: July 2021

Background

Primary tumor resection (PTR) before commencing systemic chemotherapy in patients with stage IV colorectal cancer and unresectable metastases (mCRC) remains controversial. This study aimed to assess whether PTR before systemic chemotherapy is associated with mortality in mCRC patients, after adjusting for confounding factors, such as the severity of the primary tumor and metastatic lesions.

Methods

We analyzed hospital‐based cancer registries from nine designated cancer hospitals in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan. Patients were divided into two groups (PTR and non‐PTR), based on whether PTR was performed as initial therapy for mCRC or not. The primary outcome was all‐cause mortality. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis was performed, and survival estimates were compared using the log‐rank test. Adjusted hazard ratios were calculated using Cox regression to adjust for confounding factors. All tests were two‐sided; P‐values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.

Results

Between 2008 and 2015, 616 mCRC patients were included (PTR: 414 [67.2%]; non‐PTR: 202 [32.8%]). The median follow‐up time was 18.0 (interquartile range [IQR]: 8.4–29.7) months, and 492 patients (79.9%) died during the study period. Median overall survival in the PTR and non‐PTR groups was 23.9 (IQR: 12.2–39.9) and 12.3 (IQR: 6.2–23.8) months, respectively (P < 0.001, log‐rank test). PTR was significantly associated with improved overall survival (adjusted hazard ratio: 0.51; 95% confidence interval: 0.42–0.64, P < 0.001).

Conclusions

PTR before systemic chemotherapy in patients with mCRC was associated with improved survival.
Near-term regional climate change over Bangladesh
Authors: Choi Yeon-Woo , Campbell Deborah J. , Aldridge John C. , Eltahir Elfatih A. B.
Published: July 2021

Bangladesh stands out as a climate change hot spot due to its unique geography, climate, high population density, and limited adaptation capacity. Mounting evidence suggests that the country is already suffering from the effects of climate change which may get worse without aggressive action. Here, we use an ensemble of high-resolution (10 km) regional climate model simulations to project near-term change in climate extremes, mainly heat waves and intense rainfall, for the period (2021–2050). Near-term climate projections represent a valuable input for designing sound adaptation policies. Our climate projections suggest that heatwaves will become more frequent and severe in Bangladesh under the business-as-usual scenario (RCP8.5). In particular, extremes of wet-bulb temperature (a temperature and humidity metric important in evaluating humid heat stress) in the western part of Bangladesh including Bogra, Ishurdi, and Jessore are likely to exceed the extreme danger threshold (according to U.S. National Weather Service criterion), which has rarely been observed in the current climate. The return periods of extreme heat waves are also significantly shortened across the country. In addition, country-averaged rainfall is projected to increase by about 6% during the summer months, with the largest increases (above 10%) in the eastern mountainous areas, such as Sylhet and Chittagong. Meanwhile, insignificant changes in extreme rainfall are simulated. Our results suggest that Bangladesh is particularly susceptible to climate extremes in the near future, in the form of extreme heat waves over the western part of the country.
The parasitoid Aenasius arizonensis prefers its natural host but can parasitize a nonnatural host in the laboratory: an opportunity for control of a new invasive mealybug
Authors: Huang Jun , Zhi Fuying , Zhang Juan , Li Xiaowei , Lu Yaobin
Published: July 2021

The absence of natural enemies in newly invaded areas is a key factor in the successful invasion of alien species. Whether a specific parasitoid can be domesticated to attack a nonnatural host that has no reported parasitic enemies in invasive areas remains unclear. Here, we analyzed two invasive mealybugs (PSS-Phenacoccus solenopsis and PSI-Phenacoccus solani) and a specific parasitoid of P. solenopsis (Aenasius arizonensis) to verify this hypothesis under laboratory conditions. A. arizonensis preferred to parasitize PSS, but after 6 h, it also parasitized PSI female adults. The number of visits and parasitism rate was significantly higher for PSS than for PSI. However, the contact time was influenced by the natal host. The chemical volatiles emitted by the two hosts were different and may be an important factor for host choice. Offspring fitness, measured as emergence time, longevity, and hind tibia length, in those emerging from PSS was better in those emerging from PSI, but the emergence rate was higher in the latter. We supposed that A. arizonensis accepts and parasitizes low-quality hosts not because of an "incomplete" evaluation but because it may be more profitable to parasitize than not given circumstances; this may provide an opportunity for the control of a new invasive mealybug in the future.
Sex Differences in Voyeuristic and Exhibitionistic Interests: Exploring the Mediating Roles of Sociosexuality and Sexual Compulsivity from an Evolutionary Perspective
Authors: Thomas Andrew George , Stone Bridie , Bennett Paul , Stewart-Williams Steve , Kennair Leif Edward Ottesen
Published: July 2021

Sociosexuality and sexual compulsivity predict sex differences in voyeuristic interest in the population. In this study, we used a sample of 1113 participants from the UK (46% men) to consider whether sociosexuality and sexual compulsivity interacted to explain these sex differences and whether this relationship extended to the related domain of exhibitionism. In doing so, we tested novel predictions derived from an evolutionary perspective which views voyeuristic and exhibitionistic interest as manifestations of a short-term mating strategy. Participants reported their levels of repulsion toward voyeurism and exhibitionism and their interest in performing such acts under different levels of risk. There were clear sex differences in voyeuristic and exhibitionistic repulsion that were partially mediated by the serial combination of sociosexuality and sexual compulsivity. Examining the sexes separately revealed qualitatively different relationships between sociosexuality and sexual compulsivity when predicting exhibitionistic, but not voyeuristic, repulsion. Combined, sociosexuality and sexual compulsivity also mediated the sex difference in willingness to commit acts of voyeurism, but not exhibitionism, which was equally low for both sexes. The results highlight the role sociosexuality plays in voyeuristic and exhibitionistic interest, which coupled with an evolutionary perspective, may have implications for how we view courtship disorders.
Modern Slavery Disclosure Regulation and Global Supply Chains: Insights from Stakeholder Narratives on the UK Modern Slavery Act
Authors: Islam Muhammad Azizul , Van Staden Chris J.
Published: July 2021

The purpose of this article is to problematise a particular social transparency and disclosure regulation in the UK, that transcend national boundaries in order to control (modern) slavery in supply chains operating in the developing world. Drawing on notions from the regulatory and sociology literature, i.e. transparency and normativity, and by interviewing anti-slavery activists and experts, this study explores the limitations of the disclosure and transparency requirements of the UK Modern Slavery Act and, more specifically, how anti-slavery activists experience and interpret the new regulations and the regulators’ implementation of the regulation. This research found limited confidence among anti-slavery activists regarding the Act’s call for transparency in relation to the elimination of slavery from global supply chains. The research also found that the limits of the transparency provisions within the Act appear to hinder the attainment of normativity. This study provides new and unique insights into the critical role that social activists play in exposing the lack of corporate transparency and failures of responsibility to protect workers within global supply chains.
Rise and fall of Stachys annua (L.) L. in the Carpathian Basin: a historical review and prospects for its revival
Authors: Pinke Gyula , Dunai Éva , Czúcz Bálint
Published: July 2021

Stachys annua(L.) L., a melliferous archaeophyte plant became a dominant weed of the cereal stubbles of the Carpathian Basin in the medieval three-field system. By the middle of the nineteenth century, this plant provided more than two-thirds of the Hungarian honey production, and its high quality monofloral honey turned into a characteristic brand of the Hungarian apiculture. Recognizing its importance,S. annuaalso briefly became a minor crop cultivated in “bee gardens” and arable fields in the late nineteenth century, possibly also in response to the first signs of its upcoming decline. Starting with the advent of the steam plough, the twentieth century has brought a drastic decline forS. annuadue to a combination of deeper and earlier tillage operations, agrochemicals, and new competing weed species (in particular the common ragweed,Ambrosia artemisiifolia). The last remnant stands of this previously dominant weed species are of considerable ecological and historical value as farmland biodiversity hotspots. These sites are important refuge for rare weeds, wild pollinators (including bumblebees), and declining farmland birds, which could be targeted by eco-schemes under the European Union’s (EU’s) greening Common Agricultural Policy. The rediscovery of the cropping potential ofS. annuaand the development of an appropriate technology would also allow its cultivation as a valuable bee forage, catch crop, green cover, or oilseed plant in the future.
Hedonic and Eudaimonic Well-Being in Late Adulthood: Lessons From Sardinia’s Blue Zone
Authors: Fastame Maria Chiara , Ruiu Marilena , Mulas Ilaria
Published: July 2021

This study was conducted to investigate whether socio-cultural context (i.e., urban versus rural), perceived physical health, marital status, and satisfaction with family and non-family ties predicted hedonic and eudaimonic well-being in late adulthood and to examine the impact of the socio-cultural context on well-being, physical health and satisfaction with family and non-family ties by controlling age.One hundred and one community-dwelling participants aged between 68 and 94 were enrolled in the Sardinian Blue Zone—an area of exceptional longevity located in Sardinia, an Italian island in the Mediterranean Sea—and in the city of Cagliari—the regional capital. All participants completed a battery of tools assessing global cognitive efficiency, hedonic (i.e., SPANE and Satisfaction with Life Scales) and eudaimonic (i.e., Flourishing Scale) well-being, perceived physical health, and satisfaction with family and non-family ties. Hedonic and eudaimonic well-being were associated with several variables: marital status, socio-cultural context, and perceived physical health predicted 24% of the variance in the SPANE condition, 52% of the variance in the Satisfaction with Life condition was predicted by the socio-cultural context and satisfaction with family ties, whereas 39% of the Flourishing index was predicted by the socio-cultural context and physical health. Finally, the participants in the Sardinian Blue Zone reported better mental well-being and satisfaction with family and non-family ties than older people living in Cagliari. In conclusion, a socio-cultural context in which positive relationships in late adulthood are strengthened contributes to the promotion of mental health in late adulthood.