bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Feminist letters
Authors: Corrêa Mariza
Published: May 2012

Even if she is very well known as a feminist author, Virginia Woolf 's practical work, and her relationship with British feminists is scarcely known since more attention has been paid to her distaste with signing manifestoes and participating in marches. The book in which she explicitly takes a position on these issues - Three Guineas - is, for reasons unknown, not available in Portuguese, even if most of her works are. Here, I draw attention to some of her work with the Women's Cooperative Guild - and her life-long friendship with Margaret Llewelyn Davies, one of the pioneers in the organization of women workers, whose first book about women workers in England-a kind of feminine version of the Engels's report about the British working class- Virgina Woolf herself published.
Érase una vez en Taracuá...sobre el origen del mundo: tradición cristiana, teoría científica y pensamiento indígena
Authors: Santos Gilton Mendes dos
Published: May 2012

Este texto es el resultado de algunas observaciones durante parte de un curso de nivel medio (Enseñanza Indígena), realizado en la comunidad indígena Taracuá, en el medio del río Uaupés, un importante afluente de la margen derecha del Río Negro, en la Amazonía brasileña. Tales observaciones se refieren a las interpretaciones indígenas sobre origen del mundo dadas por la Ciencia y por la tradición judaico-cristiana. Su resultado es que, según la visión indígena, tales explicaciones son, en realidad, variaciones de una misma base del pensamiento, del propio pensamiento indígena.
Compadrio in rural Brazil: structural analysis of a ritual institution
Authors: Arantes Antonio A.
Published: May 2012

This structural analysis focuses on the compadrio system. The empirical background is provided by observation carried out among sertanejo peasants of Bahia in the late 1960s and by the literature on the Latin American and Southern European variants of this institution. It is mainly concerned with two complementary problems. On the one hand, to draw a model that might represent that institution's elementary structure, virtually present in the variants of this system; on the other, to offer an interpretation of its meaning, by contrasting it with elements of the kinship and marriage systems, and taking in consideration the peasants' religious background. This exercise was inspired by Edmund Leach's Rethinking anthropology and his ideas about the Virgin Birth. Analytical perspectives for further research are suggested.
"Making families" child mobility and familiar organization in Cape Verde
Authors: Lobo Andréa
Published: May 2012

This article is aimed at demonstrating that the universe of kinship in the Creole society of Cape Verde is not pre-defined, kinship relations are not irrevocable and free from the need for reiteration. Family relations are analyzed as a construction, a project which results from constant negotiations among its members. The central argument is that, in Cape Verde, family relations are characterized by mutual commitment, regular social contacts and an intra and inter-domestic flow of material and immaterial benefits. These requisites are fundamental for construction of the feeling of proximity and strengthen pre-existing kinship bonds.
Weaving relatives: elopement and kinship in a southern Brazilian community
Authors: Caruso Juliana P. Lima
Published: May 2012

The aim of this article is to show the main discussions of my work on Elopement and some kinds of kinship in a community in the city of Florianópolis, Santa Catarina state. The core of this work is the Elopement, a form of consensual union that allows marriage between relatives. Notions of kinship and family are also discussed, as well as the experience with MaqPar (acronym for machine kinship) and other computer programs which enabled new insights into this field. Among the perceptions about relationships, substance and coexistence issues are interwoven with the elopement and empirical networks.
Urban anthropology: interdisciplinarity and boundaries of knowledge
Authors: Velho Gilberto
Published: May 2012

This text deals with the complexity and development of Urban Anthropology. It is also an account of the author's career and his relations with different fields of knowledge, not only Social Sciences like Sociology and Political Science, but also Literature, Philosophy, History and the Arts in general. The text emphasizes the importance of crossing borders and frontiers as a way of enriching different lines of research and thought. Among other groups he cites the Chicago School of Sociology and British Social Anthropology as important examples of interdisciplinary work. The author draws attention to the complexity and heterogeneity of modern contemporary society and to the importance of mobilizing different traditions of work and research, especially when dealing with urban studies centred on the big cities and metropolises.
Brazilians in Lisbon: immigrant association and the meaning of urban spaces
Authors: Barreto Alessandra Siqueira
Published: May 2012

Immigration is currently one of the main and most important themes for analysis. Much of the migratory flux to Europe is destined for metropolises, large cities or, at least, eminently urban spaces. These spaces are privileged areas for observing the relationship between more global themes and their absorption by local practices and livelihoods. Lisbon is thus the locus of our observations of the processes of re-signification, of the creation of forms of occupation and of the use of spaces as a fundamental element in the constitution of identities. In this light, Brazilian immigrants are political actors that not only conform to urban dynamics, but who also seek to redefine them.
Pioneers and entrepreneurs: bio/ethnographic notes towards an anthropology of urban growth
Authors: Moura Cristina Patriota de
Published: May 2012

The article discusses processes of urban growth through the lenses of situated subjects and their autobiographical narratives. The two terms which designate actors and activities related to urban growth - pioneers and entrepreneurs - rise out of ethnographic material collected through research activities involving recently established housing developments in Brasilia and Goiania. Both terms become theoretical mediators which are used to discuss ways in which urbanization and subject formation participate in complex processes of reciprocal constitution.
Cyclic behaviour and resistance of saturated sand under non-symmetrical loading conditions
Authors: YANG J. , SZE H.Y.
Published: May 2012

This paper reports findings from an experimental study that aimed to investigate the undrained behaviour of sand in non-symmetrical cyclic loading, and to clarify the role of initial static shear in liquefaction resistance. The testing programme, conducted on a standard sand under triaxial conditions, covers a broad range of initial states in terms of relative density, confining stress and initial shear stress ratio (α). Three distinct failure modes have been identified from the tests: flow-type failure, cyclic mobility and plastic strain accumulation. Of these, flow-type failure, characterised by abrupt runaway deformations without any prior warning, is the most critical, and pertains to sand in the loose state. The tests also demonstrate that the presence of initial static shear stress is beneficial to the liquefaction resistance of loose sand at low α levels, but it becomes detrimental at high α levels. In this connection the concept of threshold α is proposed, together with the use of a no-stress-reversal line for better characterisation of the effect of initial static shear. Furthermore, in the conceptual framework of critical state soil mechanics, a fairly good linear relationship has been established between the threshold α and the state parameter ψ that collectively accounts for the initial relative density and mean stress level. This relationship suggests that the threshold α decreases with increasing values of ψ, or with sand becoming looser than the critical state. It is further proposed that the concept of threshold α also applies to sand at high relative density, as long as the confining stress becomes sufficiently high. This proposal leads to a unified and consistent interpretation of the complicated static shear effect.
Dilatancy of the interface between a structure and gravelly soil
Authors: ZHANG G. , WANG L. , ZHANG J.-M.
Published: May 2012

Dilatancy is one of the key properties of the soil–structure interface. A number of monotonic and cyclic shear tests were analysed to derive the rules and the dilatancy mechanism of the interface between a structure and a gravelly soil; diverse influential factors were considered, such as soil type, roughness of the structure and normal stress. The volumetric change due to the dilatancy consists of a reversible and irreversible dilatancy component, each of which has different mechanisms, different rules and different control factors. The reversible dilatancy component is strongly dependent on the direction of the applied shear after an initial application of shear loading. The irreversible dilatancy component gradually increases owing to the continued application of shear and exhibits a close relationship with the evolution of the physical state. The volumetric change that is due to the dilatancy mainly depends on part of the tangential displacement which corresponds to the deformation of the soil that is constrained by the structure; such a part of the tangential displacement is significantly dependent on the state of the entire tangential displacement, on the normal stress and on the features of both the structure and the soil. The roughness of the structure, the behaviour of the soil and the normal stress have significant effects on the dilatancy behaviour of the interface.
Experimental observations of the penetration of spudcan footings in silt
Authors: CASSIDY M.J.
Published: May 2012

Mobile drilling platforms perform the majority of the world's drilling in water depths up to approximately 120 m. The installation of their large, inverted, conical spudcan footings into fine-grained silt material is considered problematic by an industry that has usually defined the conditions of installation as either undrained in ‘clays' or drained in ‘sands'. This is reflected in current SNAME industry guidelines. Little guidance is provided for calculating the penetration resistance of spudcans in partially drained conditions. The use of full flow-round penetrometers may provide the opportunity to directly correlate spudcan predictions with in situ measurements. Previous centrifuge testing of T-bars and spudcans has shown a similar bearing pressure for installation under undrained conditions in kaolin clay. However, to provide correlation between a penetrating spudcan and penetrometers in soils displaying partially drained conditions, relationships between size, shape and penetration rate are required. This technical note provides an experimental comparison of the ‘in-flight' installation of a T-bar penetrometer and a typically shaped spudcan footing in reconstituted calcareous silt. The experiments were conducted at an acceleration of 100 times that of Earth's gravity (known as 100g) in the drum centrifuge at the University of Western Australia. The primary variable was the rate of installation. The experimental aims were first to accurately measure the change in capacity with normalised velocity for both the T-bar and spudcan, second to compare these silt results to other published experimental data on kaolin clay soils, and third to investigate the relationship between bearing pressure on a T-bar and a spudcan footing.
Comparison of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing and Biofeedback/Stress Inoculation Training in Treating Test Anxiety
Authors: Cook-Vienot Rosemary , Taylor Raymond J.
Published: May 2012

Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) and Biofeedback/Stress Inoculation Training (B/SIT) treatment and no treatment (NT) were compared in reducing test anxiety. Thirty college students with high test anxiety were randomly assigned to each condition. Pre-post assessments were conducted using the Test Anxiety Inventory (TAI), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Rational Behavior Inventory (RBI), and Autonomic Perception Questionnaire (APQ). Treatment therapists were licensed professionals with at least 2 years experience in their respective modality. Statistical analysis using a two-way analysis of variance with repeated measures found significant interactions between time (pre-post) and treatment conditions for all measures except the RBI. Post hoc Newman–Keuls analyses were conducted on the change scores, indicating that both EMDR and B/SIT significantly reduced test anxiety. EMDR generally outperformed B/SIT.
New Insights on the Impact of Mass to Volume and Volume to Volume as it Relates to Barium Sulphate Dissolver Performance
Authors: Jordan M. M. , Ajayi E. O. , Archibald M.
Published: May 2012

Dissolver technology has been developed and applied with varying degrees of success over the past few years to clean carbonate and the more challenging sulphate/sulphide scales from production tubing and process equipment. A common question that is often raised but which has no published experimental work to provide an answer is "under what liquid to solid ratio would a sulphate dissolver not be effective to clean production tubing?"

A set of experiments were conducted at a range of temperatures to review the impact of surface area/mass to fluid volume ratio for barium sulphate scale. The surface area/mass to fluid volume ratio were measured from 13 examples of scaled or partially scaled production tubing in an attempt to understand why in some laboratory tests dissolvers used to remove sulphate scale appear to show better performance than is observed in the field.

This paper shows that simple dissolver tests, when performed with high volume/volume ratio (1 part scale to 45 chemical) which equates to a mass to liquid volume ratio of 1:10 which is most commonly used in screening studies, can give misleadingly high performance information as they show enhanced dissolution rates and mass of scale dissolved. In fact, from the 13 scaled pipe sections examined in this work, a much higher ratio of solid mass to liquid volume (10:1 to 1:1) (equating to a volume/volume ratio of 1:4.5 to 2:1) is more typical and with these ratios dissolver performance is greatly reduced.

The results from these experiments are used to give a guide as to the measured liquid to solid ratio where sulphate dissolvers have the potential to work for barium and calcium sulphate scales and to where mechanical removal of the deposit would be the better treatment option.
Application of Silicate Scale Inhibitors for ASP Flooded Oilfields: A Novel Approach to Testing and Delivery
Authors: Sonne Jennifer , Kerr Scott , Miner Kirk
Published: May 2012

Silicate scaling is often induced by alkaline surfactant polymer (ASP) flooding in sandstone reservoirs. Scaling of the production tubing, rod or progressive cavity pumps, and other surface equipment causes frequent workovers, resulting in increased costs to the operator and non-productive time. The formation of silicate scale is complicated by its dependence on multiple factors including pH, silica concentration, and magnesium concentration, which vary as the flood progresses (Gill 1998). These factors affect silicate scaling tendency, and consequently, severity of the problem. Silicate scale inhibitors have been developed to mitigate problems in oilfields afflicted with silicate scaling due to ASP flooding (Qing et al. 2002). A new test method using an optical scanning device was developed to better characterize inhibition and dispersant qualities of the developed products on silicate scale in brine under static conditions. The advantage of this method is more comprehensive data generated by multiple-point measurements. Scaling reactions are more easily modified and differentiated. Water chemistries from several wells in an ASP-flooded field in Southern Alberta with known silicate scaling issues defined the tested synthetic brine. By allowing the mixed synthetic brine to react before adding inhibitor, the effect of delayed chemical injection may be studied. Performance of the tested inhibitor was significantly reduced by slight injection delay and may be attributable to the discrepancy between laboratory performance data and failures observed in the field. It is proposed that the performance of silicate scale inhibitors may be improved when applied by squeeze, where the inhibitor can inhibit silica polymerization within the formation and may provide substantial improvement over conventional continuous down-hole injection, where inhibitor reaches the water after the perforations.
Downhole Chemical Injection Lines - Why Do They Fail? Experiences, Challenges and Application of New Test Methods
Authors: Hustad Britt Marie , Svela Odd Geir , Olsen John Helge , Ramstad Kari , Tjomsland Tore
Published: May 2012

Statoil is operating several fields where downhole continuous injection of scale inhibitor is applied. The objective is to protect the upper tubing and safety valve from (Ba/Sr)SO4 or CaCO3 scale, in cases where scale squeezing may be difficult and costly to perform on a regular basis, e.g. tie-in of subsea fields.

Continuous injection of scale inhibitor downhole is a technically appropriate solution to protect the upper tubing and safety valve in wells that have scaling potential above the production packer; especially in wells that do not need to be squeezed on a regular basis due to scaling potential in the near wellbore area.

Designing, operating and maintaining the chemical injection lines demand extra focus on material selection, chemical qualification and monitoring. Pressure, temperature, flow-regimes and geometry of the system may introduce challenges to safe operation. Challenges have been identified in several kilometers' long injection lines from the production facility to the subsea template and in the injection valves down in the wells.

Field experiences showing the complexity of downhole continuous injection systems regarding precipitation and corrosion issues are discussed. Laboratory studies and application of new methods for chemical qualification are presented. The needs for multidisciplinary actions are addressed.
Flow Assurance in Complex Topside Processes with Subsea Tie-ins and Multiple Fluid Systems
Authors: Ramstad Kari , Rohde Hans Christian , Dalland Aslaug , Ponomareva Ekaterina , Johansen Pia
Published: May 2012

Economical field development strategy often implies tie-in of subsea satellite fields to nearby host installations. This leads to a whole new set of benefits and challenges considering design and material selection, production volumes and limitations, company strategies, holistic management and multi-disciplinary approaches. Operation of complex systems with multiple fluid streams demands a broader understanding of the chemical processes taking place when different fluids are mixed. Typical challenges include mineral scale and "soft scale" deposits. To ensure optimum production and provide flow assurance through chemical management, proper monitoring is essential. Guidelines and best practices are even more required if the tie-in to the host includes several operators and service companies.

Over the years, the Statoil operated Oseberg asset has through close cooperation with its chemical supplier M-I SWACO systematically improved the sampling and analysis procedures to strengthen the quality of data used in system monitoring. The supplier needs to have a strong focus on flow assurance related to chemical management and provide a range of onshore and offshore monitoring techniques and tools.

Challenges from the North Sea Oseberg Field Centre installation with subsea tie-ins have been discussed. Laboratory and field data from bottle tests, chemical analysis, preservation techniques and scaling potential simulations are presented. The results have been used to plan for side stream tests, develop guidelines for early identification of flow assurance challenges, sampling and monitoring of complex fluid systems and chemical management to avoid process upsets and production losses.
Development of a New Tagged Polymeric Scale Inhibitor with Accurate Low-level Residual Inhibitor Detection, for Squeeze Applications
Authors: Poynton Neil , Molliet Annabelle , Leontieff Andre , Cook Stuart , Toivonen Susanna , Griffin Rick
Published: May 2012

Effective monitoring of scale inhibitor residuals following a downhole squeeze can present challenges due a variety of reasons including contamination of the produced fluid with a topside scale inhibitor, and in the case of subsea wells, often the production is commingled as several wells flow through a single riser. The introduction of phosphorus-tagged scale inhibitors has partially solved the detection issue, but more tags are still needed for subsea developments in the North Sea and for use in commingled production. Detection limits and turnaround time of the sample analysis are also concerns. A new tagged scale inhibitor has been developed combining the proven performance of sulphonated co-polymers coupled with fluorescence technology, thus allowing the scale inhibitor to be detected using fluorescence spectroscopy.

This paper discusses the development of the technology for use in a North Sea field located 130 miles northeast of Aberdeen that has a downhole barium sulphate scaling risk. It is comprised of platform wells and subsea wells that tie back to the host platform via two shared risers. The operator was experiencing difficulties in detecting the subsea squeeze returns so this new tagged scale inhibitor was introduced in one of the wells to improve the monitoring of the squeeze returns. The scale inhibitor was detected successfully in the produced water samples by spectrofluorimetry and validated with gel permeation chromatography. The ultimate goal is to analyse residual squeeze inhibitors using a portable fluorimeter for onsite detection, enabling real-time monitoring of the squeeze returns.

The development of the chemistry and detection monitoring technique and the preliminary results from the field trial, and demonstrates the validity of the analysis method is discussed. This new chemistry, being detectable in mixed fluids, reduces the need for shutting in wells or well tests for sampling, thus minimising process instability due to re-routing wells and shut-in losses.
Risk Assessment of Calcium Naphtenates and Separation Mechanisms of Acidic Crude Oil
Authors: Passade-Boupat Nicolas , Gonzalez Marianna Rondon , Brocart Benjamin , Hurtevent Christian , Palermo Thierry
Published: May 2012

For over a decade, being able to accurately predict the risk of calcium naphthenate deposition has been one of the goals of production chemistry studies for development of new fields. In order to fulfill this challenge, many studies have been performed both within the company and through collaborations in JIPs. These studies have also shown specific behaviours of acidic crude oil / water separation depending on processing conditions. They have also permitted the improved detection and quantification of tetraprotic acids that are one of the main building blocks of these deposits. In this work, we will show how these findings have been incorporated into a workflow used to quantify naphthenate deposition risk. In particular, we will try to illustrate how the "other" naphthenic acids of the crude oil can behave as an efficient natural inhibitor of the deposits, and why, even if tetraprotic acids are detected in quite a large number of oils, only a limited number of fields have faced large scale issues related to calcium naphthenate deposits, due either to "good" process design or good fortune. "Simple" physicochemistry tests turn out to be very powerful tools in order to assess the macroscopic behavior of the naphthenic acids, and their influence on the risk analysis.
A New Class of Non-Damaging, Environmentally Responsible Scale Squeeze Enhancement Aids
Authors: Sitz Curtis , Hardy Julie , Merryman Justin , Varner Dennis
Published: May 2012

The scale inhibitor squeeze treatment is a well-known method widely used in the oilfield to prevent mineral scale formation. Squeeze lifetimes are dependent on a number of factors. Some of these factors are reservoir temperature, brine composition, reservoir mineralogy, and inhibitor chemistry. In an attempt to reduce the number of squeezes in a given well, thereby simplifying the logistics and improving the economics of the treatment, modifications to the procedures have been developed that are targeted at extending squeeze lifetimes. The improved performance of scale inhibitor squeezes coupled with increased squeeze lifetimes are especially important for critical applications in environmentally sensitive areas.

In situ adjustments to the reservoir brine pH, calcium or zinc ion supplementation, microcrystalline kaolin addition, and the incorporation of chemical bridging agents have been used with varying degrees of success. These methods, while offering a degree of squeeze life enhancement, are not without their drawbacks. Methods involving pH adjustment or calcium ion supplementation create the opportunity for damage caused by excessive precipitation of solids. The injection of microcrystalline kaolin is inherently troublesome in that solids are intentionally introduced into the formation. Many chemical bridging agents often have temperature limitations restricting their use to a few select reservoirs or have undesirable environmental profiles.

Recently, laboratory investigations have been conducted using a new class of non-polymeric (MW 250 to 500) squeeze life enhancement, SLE, agent. Core floods have been run using commercially available scale inhibitors in the presence of the new products generating results that show dramatically improved squeeze lifetimes. Unlike some of the products currently in use, these new SLE agents possess a much better environmental profile, being biodegradable, non-bioaccuulating and having much lower toxicity. While providing much longer effective squeeze lifetimes, the SLE agents are not permanently adsorbed onto the rock surface. The improved SLE agents are thermally stable to 180°C (~350°F) allowing use in a wide range of locations.
A Novel Approach to the Study of CaCO3 Precipitation Kinetics on Carbon Steel Pipe
Authors: Zhang Nan , Kan Amy , Shi Wei , Alsaiari Hamad , Tomson Mason B.
Published: May 2012

In order to assess scaling risk in pipes, a better understanding of scale deposition kinetics on steel surface under realistic and complex oil field condition is needed. In this paper, we introduce the development of a novel CaCO3 pre-coated steel tubing for studies of CaCO3 crystal growth kinetics and inhibition kinetics at oilfield conditions. This approach provides a relatively stable surface area and eliminates the limits of laboratory batch experiments. Initially, the heterogeneous precipitation rate of CaCO3 from a supersaturated solution (Calcite SI=0.3–0.7) was evaluated at specific temperatures (60–80°C), linear velocities (0.01–0.75 cm/sec), and ionic strengths (0.1–1M). The curve fitted heterogeneous precipitation rate constant, kppt, ranged from 10−5 to10−4 cm/sec. The results are comparable to that calculated from the Sieder and Tate equation, which indicates that the crystal growth was dominated by mass transfer rate. With the injection of scale inhibitors for one hour through the pre-coated tubing, the calcium carbonate precipitation can be prevented for days, and the crystal growth rate can be significantly slowed down. Not only does this study contribute to the limited data base of scaling kinetics in actual flowing pipes, but also provides a new approach to better understand the inhibitor reaction with the subsurface. The approach and results will assist in the prediction of scaling risk as a function of brine composition, well conditions and scale inhibitor composition, which will improve our ability to predict the severity of scale risk, including the rate of scaling, minimum blockage time, and thus the minimum inhibitory concentration needed in actual flowing pipes.
Foamed Scale Inhibitor and Scale Dissolver Treatments for Improved Placement in a Subsea Norne Well
Authors: Selle Olav Martin , Nygård Ole-Kristian , Storås Elisabeth , Moen Arild , Chen Ping , Matheson Rozenn , Juliussen Bjørn , Håland Torstein , Mebratu Amare , Melien Ingrid
Published: May 2012

The success of chemical treatments to prevent or remove formation damage, depend on the placement efficiency. In down-hole scale control treatments, diversion techniques are applied for improved placement of scale dissolvers or scale inhibitors in the potentially productive intervals. Foamed scale treatment is a new diversion technology developed by the operator and two oil service companies. The new approach is to foam the scale inhibitor and scale dissolver solutions for improved placement of down-hole scale inhibitor squeezes and scale dissolver treatments. An additional benefit is that the gas used to create foam is perfectly suited for wells with low reservoir pressure and with no gas lift system in place. In theory the foamed fluid will enter the highly injective zones at a higher rate than the others so that the resistance to flow increases in the zones which have accepted the foamed fluid.

The technical qualification of the foamed scale chemicals was divided into advanced bottle tests and dynamic flooding tests. The first ever field application was performed in a Norne subsea well, under challenging weather conditions from an intervention vessel. Two subsequent pumping operations; one foamed scale dissolver and one foamed scale inhibitor operation were done. The post job evaluation concluded that the foamed scale treatments were successful and the technology is qualified for future use at the Norne field. The well became protected against scaling as seen from the scale inhibitor return curve, and the well came easily on stream following each treatment. The operational challenges were mostly in connection with wave height and vessel movement affecting the Nitrogen pumping stability.

The benefits seen with this technology are: it is a solid free system, it can be deployed by bullheading, the foaming agent is environmentally friendly and the system helps a quick post treatment production.
New Environmentally Acceptable Chemistry and Evaluation Methods for Scale Inhibitor Testing Under Turbulent Flow and Harsh Scaling Conditions
Authors: Benvie Ronald , Chen Tao , Heath Steve , Chen Ping , Montgomerie Harry , Hagen Thomas
Published: May 2012

Dynamic scale loop tests are one of the major test methods used in the oilfield scale industry to evaluate the minimum inhibitor concentration (MIC) performance of scale inhibitors under laminar flow conditions. However, this laminar flow condition may not often be representative of field flow conditions especially around chokes, downhole safety valves and in wells with ESP and ICD completions where the flow is turbulent. Under these turbulent flow conditions the MIC derived by standard dynamic loop test may be too low to inhibit scale formation and very seldom has focus been placed on the effect of turbulence on MIC of scale inhibitors.

It is possible to modify existing dynamic scale loop equipment to achieve turbulent flow conditions. However, the turbulent flow conditions imparted by the higher flow rate and narrow test coils still cannot match the really high Reynolds numbers experienced in real field conditions so a different approach was adopted to more closely replicate field conditions. This consisted of installing an adjustable small bore valve in the dynamic loop rig which closely simulates the turbulent environment around chokes and downhole safety valves.

This new methodology and testing under turbulent and laminar conditions (at lower Reynolds numbers) was used to gain an understanding of the impact of flow on scale deposition and MIC and this information was used to design and identify new environmentally friendly P containing scale squeeze inhibitors that demonstrated excellent performance under turbulent flow conditions.

This paper will give a comprehensive study of the effect of flow condition on the scale formation and inhibition and, in addition, will detail how this methodology and new chemistry can be coupled to a chemical technology toolbox, that also implements techniques for advanced scale inhibitor analysis and improved scale inhibitor retention, to design optimum scale squeeze packages for harsh scaling conditions.
Combined Inhibitors - A New Experimental Method for a Simultaneous Assessment of Scale and Corrosion Phenomena
Authors: Sanders Laura , Hu Xinming , Mavredaki Eleftheria , Eroini Violette , Barker Richard , Neville Anne
Published: May 2012

The formation of calcium carbonate scale and the occurrence of corrosion in CO2-saturated environments in different parts of oil and gas facilities are both phenomena that have been extensively studied. However, to date, very limited work has been carried out on evaluating combined products in a combined scale/corrosion methodology. This paper presents the results from a new combined bulk jar scaling/bubble cell corrosion test. The aim of this project is to investigate the effect of two combined chemicals in a new experimental setup; to study the corrosion and scale interactions which occur simultaneously. Two combined products were assessed at 5 ppm concentration at two temperatures (60°C and 80°C) in a CO2-saturated brine. Bulk scale precipitation was monitored using a turbidity meter and the corrosion rate measurements were made using the linear polarisation resistance (LPR) technique. Scale deposition and corrosion mechanisms have been studied using surface analyses. The performance of the two combined products has also been tested to measure: (i) the increase in the induction time of the calcium carbonate formation in the bulk, (ii) the change of the morphology of the crystals and (iii) the formation of a partial protective layer on the sample.

According to this study, the new experimental method has enabled the corrosion and scale deposition on pipeline steel (X65) and the bulk precipitation process to be studied simultaneously. Detailed scale deposition mechanisms on the material surface in the presence of corrosion processes and combined products are addressed from this study.
Different insulin treatment regimens in patient with diabetes mellitus type 1: Effects on quality of life
Authors: Stojanovic Jelena , Milosevic Dragoslav , Antovic Ilija , Sekulic Goran , Beljic-Zivkovic Teodora
Published: May 2012

Background/Aim. Despite of contemporary diabetes mellitus (DM) treatment, one
half of patients do not achieve an optimal metabolic control. Considering
great psychological burden of diabetic patients, the purpose of this study
was to assess the effect of different insulin treatment regimens, glycemic
control and the presence of vascular complications on self-reported
well-being and quality of life (QoL) of subjects with type 1 DM. Methods. The
patients with type 1 DM (n = 122) recruited from the outpatient Diabetes
Endocrinology Clinic of Zvezdara University Medical Center were divided into
4 groups according to the specific treatment regimen: 26 were on continuous
subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII), 30 on conventional insulin therapy, 33
on multiple daily injections (MDI) with human insulins, and 33 on MDI with
insulin analogues. QoL was assessed by self-reported well-being with the
following questionnaires: WHO-5 item Well Being Index (WHO- 5), 36 item Short
Form (SF-36) survey, and Insulin Treatment Appraisal Scale (ITAS). Objective
metabolic control was assessed by glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), lipid
levels and the presence of vascular complications. Statistical analyses used
in this crosssectional study included: descriptive statistics, Student?s
t-test, Chisqare test, contingency tables, ANOVA and correlation methods.
Results. The patients on CSII had significantly better metabolic control than
all other treatment groups, especially when compared to the one on
conventional therapy (CSII HbA1c 7.07 ? 1.48% vs conventional therapy, HbA1c
10.04 ? 1.44; p = 0.000). No significant difference in glycemic control was
observed between patients on MDI with human insulins and insulin analogues.
Good glycemic control significantly influenced the reported QoL. The patients
with retinopathy and nephropathy reported significantly lower physical
well-being, and the patients with polyneuropathy and cardiovascular
complications reported also lower psychological well being. Conclusions.
Insulin treatment regiment selection affects not only objective metabolic
control, but also QoL.
Contemporary aspects of the diagnostics of alcoholic liver disease
Authors: Nikolic Jelenka , Nickovic Vanja , Acimovic Danilo
Published: May 2012

nema
Navigating a Divided Society: Educational Research Strategies for Post-Conflict Bosnia and Herzegovina
Authors: Komatsu Taro
Published: May 2012

This article discusses methodological issues associated with education research in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) and describes strategies taken to address them. Within a case study, mixed methods allowed the author to examine school leaders' perceptions multi-dimensionally. Multi-level analysis was essential to the understanding of policy-making and implementation in BiH, where school governance was affected by the political dynamics beyond local communities. In the research operation phase, multiple measures were taken to facilitate the implementation process, counter validity threats and solicit respondents' participation in a politically charged and fragmented post-conflict society. Data analysis was conducted by following established procedures, while requiring a careful synthesis of mixed-methods results. By making explicit various methodological issues that were encountered and describing strategies adopted, this article intends to contribute to the improvement of and discussion around research design and implementation in similarly challenging post-conflict environments.
Action Research and ICT Implementation
Authors: Krumsvik Rune
Published: May 2012

This emancipatory action research study investigates implementation of information and communication technology (ICT) in schools. The case study examined retrospectively was part of a Norwegian ICT project called PILOT, the focus of which concerns the impact on school development of a locally developed Internet subject portal and study periods. The study found that simply overlaying ICT on the old organisational structure was insufficient, and that to succeed, the organisation needed to overhaul its basic structure. Nor is it sufficient to integrate ICT in these development processes. To achieve radical innovation in the school organisation, other structural modifications need to be pursued alongside ICT implementation. It is vital to the success of these innovative processes to allow school leaders and teachers to act as the driving forces on the basis of emancipatory action research. The article shows that this seems to be the main reason why ICT-initiated innovations implemented in 1998 and 2000 at one school are still in use in 2012 as central digital learning resources for both pupils and teachers.
Scattering anisotropy measurements in dental tissues and biomaterials
Authors: Fernández-Oliveras A. , Rubiño M. , Perez M. M.
Published: May 2012

Understanding the behaviour of light propagation in biological materials is essential for biomedical engineering and applications, and even more so when dealing with incoming biomaterials. Many methods for determining optical parameters from biological media assume that scattered light is isotropically distributed over all angles. However, an angular dependence of light scattering may exist and affect the optical behaviour of biological media. The present work seeks to experimentally analyze the scattering anisotropy in different dental tissues (enamel and dentine) and their potential substitute biomaterials (hybrid dental-resin, nano-filled composite, and zirconia ceramic) and comparatively study them. Goniometric measurements were made for four wavelengths in the visible range, allowing a spectral characterization of the materials studied. Previously, for each material, measurements were made with two different sample thicknesses at the same wavelength, checking the behaviour of the angular scattering profile. The asymmetry of experimental phase functions was considered in the recovery of the scattering anisotropy factor. The results demonstrate that the thicker sample yielded a less forward-directed scattering profile than did the thinner sample. The biomaterials analysed show angular scattering comparable to those of the tissues that they may replace. Comparisons can be made by virtue of the low uncertainties found.
A Density Functional Theory Study of Cyclization of Citronellal
Authors: Zardoost Mohammad Reza , Gholami Mohammad Reza , Irani M. , Siadati Sayed Amir
Published: May 2012

A theoretical study of the kinetics and mechanism of the cyclization of citronellal in the gas phase was performed using density functional theory methods at the B3LYP level of theory with 6-311G, 6-311G*, 6-31G**, 6-311G**, 6-311+G and 6-311 + +G basis sets at 298.15K, 433.15K, and 473.15K. Equilibrium molecular geometries and harmonic vibrational frequencies of the reactant, transition state and products were calculated. Rate constants and activation thermodynamic parameters were calculated and showed a fairly good agreement with experimental results. The effect of solvent polarity on the reaction was studied. These calculations indicated that the reaction proceeds through an asynchronous concerted mechanism.
New Practical Synthesis of Non-Cross-Linked Polystyrene Supported 2-Phenylimino-2-Oxazolidine
Authors: Lu Cuifen , Hu Fuqiang , Chen Zuxing , Yang Guichun
Published: May 2012

A new practical method for the synthesis of a non-cross-linked polystyrene supported 2-phenylimino-2-oxazolidine chiral auxiliary is reported. This method started from the same material as in a previous synthesis, N-Boc- L-tyrosine ethyl ester, but the overall yield was 42.5%, which was higher than the copolymerisation method.
Synthesis of Thiazine and Thiazepine Derivatives from (Z)-2-Cyano-3-Mercapto-3-(Phenylamino)Acrylamide
Authors: El-Shaieb Kamal M. , Abdel-latif Fathy F. , El-Din Ahmed G.
Published: May 2012

The reaction of ( Z)-2-cyano-3-mercapto-3-(phenylamino)acrylamide with teteracyanoethylene and 2-dicyanomethyleneindan-1,3-dione gave thiazine derivatives. While its reaction with 1,4-naphthoquinone, 2,3-dicyano-1,4-naphthoquinone and/or 2,3-dichloro-1,4-naphthoquinone led to the formation of the corresponding napthothiazepine derivatives.
Izutsu's Study of the Qur'an from an Arab Perspective
Authors: Al-Akoub Eisa
Published: May 2012

This essay examines the Arab view of the approach taken by the Japanese researcher Toshihiko Izutsu in his application of semantic theory to the Qur'an, focusing on three of his works: God and Man in the Koran, Ethico-religious Concepts in the Qurʾān and The Concept of Belief in Islamic Theology: A Semantic Analysis of Īmān and Islām (all of which have recently been translated into Arabic by Eisa Al-Akoub and published by Al-Multaqā Publishing House in Aleppo). From the responses of a number of Arab researchers of the Qur'an to these translations over the last three years, it has become apparent that Izutsu's studies are viewed as being of great importance because, through their theoretical and applied principles, they form the basis of a new approach to studying the Qur'an. This essay will discuss the general response to Izutsu's work, and also focus on a number of individual responses to Izutsu's work from a number of Syrian and Lebanese academics who have a specific interest in modern methodologies in the study of the Qur'an. As will be seen, some Arab writers show genuine attitudes of admiration and appreciation towards Izutsu's work, while others are more conservative and cautious in their assessment of Izutsu's contribution.
Mycalamide A Shows Cytotoxic Properties and Prevents EGF-Induced Neoplastic Transformation through Inhibition of Nuclear Factors
Authors: Dyshlovoy Sergey A. , Fedorov Sergey N. , Kalinovsky Anatoly I. , Shubina Larisa K. , Bokemeyer Carsten , Stonik Valentin A. , Honecker Friedemann
Published: May 2012

Mycalamide A, a marine natural compound previously isolated from sponges, is known as a protein synthesis inhibitor with potent antitumor activity. However, the ability of this compound to prevent malignant transformation of cells has never been examined before. Here, for the first time, we report the isolation of mycalamide A from ascidian Polysincraton sp. as well as investigation of its cancer preventive properties. In murine JB6 Cl41 P+ cells, mycalamide A inhibited epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced neoplastic transformation, and induced apoptosis at subnanomolar or nanomolar concentrations. The compound inhibited transcriptional activity of the oncogenic nuclear factors AP-1 and NF-κB, a potential mechanism of its cancer preventive properties. Induction of phosphorylation of the kinases MAPK p38, JNK, and ERK was also observed at high concentrations of mycalamide A. The drug shows promising potential for both cancer-prevention and cytotoxic therapy and should be further developed.
Antioxidant and Immunity Activities of Fufang Kushen Injection Liquid
Authors: Zhou Shen-Kang , Zhang Rui-Li , Xu Yun-Feng , Bi Tie-Nan
Published: May 2012

We investigated the effects of Fufang Kushen Injection Liquid (FFKSIL) on gastric immunity and oxidant-antioxidant status during N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitroso-guanidine (MNNG)-induced gastric carcinogenesis. The extent of lipid peroxidation and the levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) and activities of the GSH-dependent enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were used to monitor the peroxidative balance. Enhanced lipid peroxidation in the gastric cancer animals was accompanied by significant decreases in the activities of GSH, GPx, GST and GR. Administration of FFKSIL significantly enhanced serum IgA, IgG, IgM, IL-2, IL-4 and IL-10 levels, decreased serum IL-6 and TNF-α levels, lowered the levels of lipid peroxides and enhanced GSH levels and activities of GSH-dependent enzymes. Our results suggest that FFKSIL blocks experimental gastric carcinogenesis by protecting against carcinogen-induced oxidative damage and improving immunity activity.