bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
OIL SPILL CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT PROGRAM FOR FIXED FACILITIES
Authors: James Jeffrey R.
Published: January 2013

Mobil's oil spill capability assessment program is used to determine improvements needed in oil spill prevention and response in Mobil's worldwide terminals, blend plants, and offshore facilities. The rationale for this program and its development, including the protocol and methodology used during the assessments, are presented here.

The assessment process includes two to five days to conduct the survey, depending on the size of the facility, and three to five days of preparation and follow-up work. A detailed checklist, personnel interviews, records review, and walk-around surveys of the facility and its equipment and local cooperatives are used in conducting an assessment. To date, 163 assessments have been completed—the majority outside the United States, with most, 85, conducted in Asia and the Pacific Rim.

The process of conducting an assessment and the general types of findings and recommendations is discussed. Recommendations are divided into five categories: facility, equipment, procedures, training, and other (including issues, such as local cooperatives and contractors, environmental sensitivity, and national contingency plans).
EFFECTIVELY MANAGING LEVEL OF EFFORT IN OIL SPILL CLEANUP: RESOLVING THE “HOW CLEAN IS CLEAN” ISSUE
Authors: Tebeau Peter A.
Published: January 2013

Successful oil spill response requires effectively managing the level of effort devoted to response operations. This includes choosing appropriate technologies and implementing them to achieve optimal environmental benefit, while controlling costs. At the end of the response, effective management requires resolving the “how clean is clean” issue to ensure a smooth termination of the response effort. Various approaches to making these management decisions are reviewed, based on experience in the Exxon Valdez, American Trader, and Morris J. Berman spills. The advantages and constraints of these approaches are summarized, along with suggestions about how the process might be facilitated.
PREVENTION OF POLLUTION FROM SHIPS IN ARGENTINA: GOVERNMENT-INDUSTRY COOPERATION
Authors: Rolón José Manuel
Published: January 2013

The Argentine Coast Guard is a security force acting as police coast guard and providing within its broad scope other outstanding services related to navigation safety and environmental protection. It is an institution with a deep historical background, which finds its roots in the colonial office of Captain of the Port, established by Spain January 8, 1756. This office was regulated by the Spanish Colonial Code until March 8, 1793, when King Charles V enacted the General Ordinances which outlined the main principles that rule the institution today.

Those regulations have covered water pollution since 1937, but only in 1977 did the institution start work on the principles laid down by the International Maritime Organization, through the efforts of the Marine Environmental Protection Committee. The first principle is prevention. The second is that anyone who causes pollution is required to pay. In 1979, by Maritime Ordinance 4/79, vessels were allowed a 10-year period (1981–1991) to adjust to these new rules. These developments took place in accordance with MARPOL 73/78, an agreement endorsed by Argentina in 1993. This information was disseminated in Latin America through free courses and technical advisory services.
THE M/C HAVEN OIL SPILL: ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF EXPOSURE PATHWAYS AND RESOURCE INJURY
Authors: Martinelli Massimo , Luise Anna , Tromellini Elisabetta , Sauer Theodor C. , Neff Jerry M. , Douglas Gregory S.
Published: January 2013

On April 11, 1991, an explosion on the M/C Haven resulted in a fire and the release of approximately 145,500 metric tons (t) of heavy Iranian crude oil near Genoa, Italy, in the industrialized coastal region of the northern Ligurian Sea. Approximately 30,000 t of cargo oil was released to the sea, of which only one-tenth reached the shoreline beaches along the Italian Riviera. An environmental assessment of the affected region indicated injury from the spilled oil to subtidal Posidonia/Cymodocea (seagrass) beds and the deep-sea benthic community and associated commercial fisheries. This was one of the first oil spills in which it was documented that oiled, shallow subtidal sediments (<10 m) were efficiently cleaned and large amounts of residual oil reached the deep sea bottom (100 to 400 m) as a result of burning cargo.
OIL POLLUTION ACT OF 1990: CURE, CATALYST, OR CATASTROPHE1
Authors: Holt Mary G. , Johnson Lindy S.
Published: January 2013

Congress departed from the international community to unilaterally enact comprehensive oil spill legislation, the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA). OPA legislates in several areas not covered by the international liability scheme for oil spills, including requirements for double-hull vessels, manning standards for foreign vessels, vessel response plans, and detailed and extensive provisions for liability for natural resource damages. Thus, it clearly provides better protection for the U.S. marine environment than would the international liability scheme. While OPA has encouraged the international community to take certain steps to provide greater protection, significant differences remain between OPA and the applicable international rules and standards. Protection of the marine environment on a global scale would be increased if the United States and the international community could bridge these differences.
THE BRAER: LEGAL ASPECTS OF A MAJOR OIL SPILL
Authors: Jacobsson Måns
Published: January 2013

The International Oil Pollution Compensation Fund (IOPC Fund), an intergovernmental organization with 58 member states, has recently been involved in a major oil spill of great interest both legally and technically, namely, the Braer incident, which occurred in January 1993 in the United Kingdom. The Braer was laden with approximately 84,000 metric tons (t) of crude oil when it grounded off the Shetland Islands. The ship broke up and the entire cargo escaped into the sea. The United Kingdom Government and Shetland Islands Council incurred expenses for cleanup operations, but these costs were fairly limited, estimated at not greater than US$6 million. The incident resulted in a very large number of claims from small businesses and individuals who suffered economic losses. A local claims office was set up on Shetland to handle these claims. So far, over 1,000 claims have been settled and paid for, representing a total of almost US$45 million. These claims cover losses suffered by fishermen, salmon farmers, crofters, and owners of houses that became polluted by wind-blown oil spray. Many of these claims have given rise to difficult legal problems regarding the admissibility of claims for compensation, in particular those concerning so-called pure economic losses. This paper addresses the practical problems that have arisen in handling the claims and analyzes some of the legal problems encountered.
AN INTEGRATED PROGRAM FOR SENSITIVE ENVIRONMENT MAPPING
Authors: Pavia Robert , Michel Jacqueline , Petersen Jill , Birk-Risheim Lt. Stacy
Published: January 2013

The objective of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) national sensitive environment mapping program is to publish a comprehensive series of standard maps and databases for coastal areas that provide the basis for sensitive environment plans.

Sensitive environment maps have been an integral component of oil spill contingency planning and response since 1979, when the first maps were prepared in advance of oil arriving from the Ixtoc I well blowout. Since then, NOAA has undertaken a nationwide sensitive environment mapping effort that covers most U.S. coastlines, including Alaska, Hawaii, and the Great Lakes.

As part of cooperative efforts with federal agencies, states, and industry, NOAA is now undertaking a program to achieve three goals: map new areas and update existing maps, provide means for broadly distributing sensitive environment data in paper and electronic forms, and extend sensitivity mapping methods to new environments.

In 1994, sensitive environment maps were jointly produced with the states of Texas, California, and Alaska. The Great Lakes materials were completed as part of a cooperative project between the U.S. Coast Guard and Environment Canada. With cooperation from the Marine Spill Response Corporation, NOAA is embarking on a program to format sensitive environment maps for computer-based information systems that help implement requirements of the 1990 Oil Pollution Act (OPA 90). NOAA, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and the Office of Pipeline Safety are cooperating to extend sensitive environment mapping approaches to inland waters and terrestrial habitats.
NORWEGIAN POLLUTION CONTROL AUTHORITY WORK ON SHIPWRECKS
Authors: Idaas Kathrine
Published: January 2013

Work on shipwrecks is one of the Norwegian Pollution Control Authority's (NPCA) priority areas. The basis for the “Wreck Program” was the desire to have a complete compilation of shipwrecks lying along the Norwegian coast. The project was defined in three phases: registration, priority ranking, and required action stages. A database consisting of 2,100 entries was built up from the study of archives in Norway and abroad. The search was limited to ships of over 100 tons gross weight that had gone down in Norwegian territorial waters after 1914. Wrecks were considered to be one of three types: of high pollution, possible pollution, or no pollution potential. In 1993, the NPCA commissioned the physical inspection of 15 wrecks using divers and remotely operated vehicles (ROVs). Findings were compiled in reports that indicate the condition of the wrecks varies greatly. Corrosion has set in, and the quantity of oil involved is greater than anticipated. This paper covers the registration work, cooperation in planning activities, 1993 inspection reports, and further NPCA plans for Norwegian work on shipwrecks. Experiences relating to emptying wrecks are also noted.
MAJOR OIL SPILL RESPONSE PROGRAM OF THE PETROLEUM ASSOCIATION OF JAPAN
Authors: Miyazoe Nobutaka , Hashizume Yoshihiro
Published: January 2013

The Petroleum Association of Japan (PAJ) has been implementing a major oil spill response program since 1991, supported and subsidized by the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI), from the viewpoint of contributing to a secure, stable oil supply for Japan. PAJ's program consists of the stockpiling and lending of oil spill response equipment, and research and development related to oil spills and response techniques. In the event of major oil spill incidents, PAJ will lend the equipment stockpiled at the base, free of charge, to government agencies or parties concerned upon their request, in order to minimize damages. Those parties who borrow the equipment bear the expense of transportation, deployment, cleanup, and repair. PAJ's purpose is to support initial response operations by supplying additional equipment.

To stockpile and to release it, PAJ so far has four domestic and three overseas bases, with domestic bases in Chiba, Mizushima, Yokkaichi, and Niigata, and overseas bases in Julong East, Singapore; Port-Klang, Malaysia; and Al-Khafji, Saudi Arabia. The equipment installed includes oil skimmers (36 units), foamed flotation booms (16,000 m), inflatable booms (7,000 m) and portable tanks (56 units).
OIL SPILL RESPONSE PLANNING IN EASTERN EUROPE: A BULGARIAN CASE STUDY
Authors: Hoagland-Grey Hilary , Archer David
Published: January 2013

The opening of Eastern Europe to western companies has created a need for international cooperation between these companies and Eastern European governments. This new relationship presents a particular challenge for the oil industry as well as an opportunity for emerging governments to benefit from western companies’ experience. In 1993, Texaco Offshore Bulgaria submitted the first western oil spill response plan for the Bulgarian Black Sea. This paper presents a case study based on Dames & Moore's preparation of this plan. The plan was prepared in cooperation with the Bulgarian government, and included public discussions. It joined the country's existing response resources with Texaco's existing international response strategy. The result was a plan combining local knowledge and support and western capability and experience. This paper outlines the issues addressed in the plan. One critical point discussed below is that of protecting tourist beaches, which are an essential part of the Bulgarian economy. The paper concludes with a discussion of how cooperation between western industry and Eastern European government can result in successful oil spill response planning and help identify key factors for both attaining and maintaining preparedness in the face of the new challenges.
IMO'S STRATEGY FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE OPRC CONVENTION1
Authors: Edwards David T.
Published: January 2013

The International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Cooperation (OPRC) will enter into force May 13, 1995, less than five years after its adoption by a global diplomatic conference convened by the International Maritime Organization in December 1990. However, since then IMO has actively pursued a strategy for implementing the OPRC Convention in close cooperation with interested governments and industry. The primary objective of this strategy is to enhance the capacity of countries to effectively carry out the requirements of the convention and strengthen IMO's ability to assist countries in this process. The strategy is realized by action taken by IMO's OPRC standing working group, in which government and industry experts participate, and by IMO staff, experts, and consultants as part of a technical cooperation program for the protection of the marine environment.
IMPEDIMENTS TO CROSS-BOUNDARY OIL SPILL RESPONSE ALONG UNITED STATES BORDERS
Authors: Waldron Jonathan K.
Published: January 2013

The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA 90) promoted a coordinated industry and government enhancement of response resources to combat oil spills effectively in the United States. However, the United States remains vulnerable to oil spills near the borders it shares with Canada, Mexico, and various nations in the Caribbean due to legal and administrative impediments associated with cross-boundary spill response activities.

This paper explores cross-boundary related issues that could hinder a response and the relationship and roles of industry and government with regard to such issues, and provides recommendations to enhance improved cooperation between government and industry to facilitate response activities. The international structure that currently exists—globally, regionally, and bilaterally—provides a basic framework that promotes cooperation between nations to respond harmoniously to spills threatening the shores of neighboring countries. However, the existing agreements and understandings only provide a basic umbrella. They require planning and implementation of details and commitment to take the specific actions required to implement these agreements and understandings fully. As a result, the enhanced private response capability that now exists in the United States may not be available in a spill involving cross-boundary operations. Neighboring nations must take action to facilitate cross-boundary activities by responders by providing responder-immunity protection similar to that provided under OPA 90 and by removing potential impediments to response activities: laws and other requirements relating to matters such as customs, immigration, and safety training.
THE DONALDSON REPORT: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE SHIPPING INDUSTRY
Authors: Horrocks Chris
Published: January 2013

Following the grounding of the Braer off the coast of Shetland in January 1993 the British Government ordered an inquiry into the prevention of pollution from merchant shipping. The inquiry, chaired by Lord Donaldson, published its report on May 17, 1994, as Safer Ships, Cleaner Seas. The report contains 103 recommendations, many of them of potential significance to the international shipping industry.

This paper analyzes some of the most important recommendations, offers a preliminary industry reaction to them, and concludes that the report will make a major contribution to the debate on ship safety and environmental protection.
WATER-IN-OIL EMULSIONS: HOW THEY ARE FORMED AND BROKEN
Authors: Fingas Merv , Fieldhouse Ben , Mullin Joe
Published: January 2013

Studies on the formation of emulsions were summarized, and analytical methods used to determine the final results of the emulsion breaking process were evaluated. These include visual appearance, viscosity, zero-shear-rate viscosity, elasticity, water content, and conductivity. All but the latter two are useful for determining the stability of an emulsion.

The development of four new tests was reviewed. These test the effectiveness of emulsion breakers in open and closed systems and emulsion preventers in open and closed systems. Results of testing on commercial products are presented.
EVALUATION OF DISPERSANT TOXICITY USING A STANDARDIZED MODELED-EXPOSURE APPROACH
Authors: Weetman Lisa , Lee Ina , Singer Michael , George Saji , Jacobson Susan , Tjeerdema Ronald , Sowby Michael L.
Published: January 2013

A spiked-exposure toxicity test procedure has been developed, in which initial dispersant concentrations are diluted at a standardized rate to provide a simple model of exposure experienced in the field. Traditionally, acute dispersant toxicity has been described using constant-concentration exposures of 24 to 96 hours. Constant concentrations are unrealistic in the field because of the dilution effects of wind and wave conditions required for dispersant application. The spiked-exposure procedure has been adopted in California as a standardized tool for comparing dispersant toxicity. Five dispersants have been tested using four Californian species. Tests using oil and dispersant-oil mixtures are being developed.
MAKING SENSE OF MULTIPLE RESPONSE PLANNING REQUIREMENTS
Authors: Lively-Diebold Bobbie , DeMarco Gregory , Morgan Elisabeth , Rizzi Philip
Published: January 2013

Federal agencies with responsibility for developing response plan regulations mandated by the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 met regularly throughout the rulemaking development process to coordinate their efforts and ensure a consistent regulatory approach across the various regulations. A key aspect of this coordination was to facilitate the regulated community's efforts to implement multiple response planning requirements without generating multiple response plans. This resulted in significant cost savings to owners or operators of facilities required to submit response plans.
JOINT CHINA-NOAA PORT AREA CONTINGENCY PLANNING PROJECT
Authors: Levine Edwin A. , Payton Debra , Pavia Robert , Houck Caryn , Chen Shuying
Published: January 2013

As part of a World Bank-funded Ship Waste Disposal Project, the China Academy of Transportation Sciences (CATS) developed a model for port oil spill emergency plans. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration was asked to participate in three stages of the model's development: 1. a review of information collected from four major ports and identification of additional data needed to develop the plan, 2. work to finalize the plan's format and develop a prototype plan for Guangzhou, and 3. in-country training and a test of the prototype plan. After these efforts, CATS will revise the model and develop plans for Ningbo, Shanghai, Dalian, Tianjin, and Xiamen.
OBTAINING THE FEDERAL RESPONDER IMMUNITY STANDARD IN THE UNITED STATES
Authors: Lakin David N.
Published: January 2013

Limited liability for oil spill responders encourages aggressive actions that can maximize response efforts. The Marine Spill Response Corporation (MSRC), the world's largest oil spill response corporation, launched a nationwide campaign in 1991 to encourage the passage of responder immunity as contained in the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 in the coastal states and jurisdictions of the United States. As a national and not-for-profit organization, MSRC was a viable catalyst for successfully advocating the adoption of responder immunity. By the end of 1992, the 25 states/jurisdictions in MSRC's primary operating area had adopted responder immunity.
PROTECTION OF NATURAL RESOURCES AGAINST OIL SPILLS BY BOOM ARRANGEMENTS
Authors: Wong Kau-Fui Vincent , Guerrero Diego
Published: January 2013

An experiment and a computational approach were used to study flow fields around boom arrangements. A volume analysis was performed to quantify the effectiveness of the boom arrangements. The open-channel experiment showed that the booms were most effective when placed at 60° to the shoreline with cylinders placed along the center line. The results of the numerical algorithm were compared with the experimental results, which showed the influence of the cylinders and the recirculation formed between the walls to corral the oil.
A NEW TOOL FOR LARGE-SCALE OIL COMBAT
Authors: Ouwerkerk M. R. , Verbeek P. R. H. , Schut T.
Published: January 2013

Trailing suction hopper dredges maintain ports and their entrance channels around the world. Several of these dredges have already operated as oil spill cleanup vessels as a secondary assignment. Different types of available oil spill response systems were applied.

Recent developments allow these dredges to use their own dredge pumps, making these vessels by far the largest capacity oil spill cleanup vessels available in the world. The add-on system requires no modifications of the vessel and a relatively low investment. Tests have documented very good performance.
EMERGENCY WEATHER STATION SYSTEM SUPPORT TO OIL SPILL RESPONSE
Authors: Wilson Evelyn E.
Published: January 2013

An emergency weather station (EWS) system has been developed by Environment Canada to meet the demand for specialized services during disasters. This portable system is designed to gather and analyze field data effectively and to provide dedicated and timely briefings directly to emergency responders at their field sites. Atmospheric, ice, and sea-state data are collected and integrated in real time on spatial and temporal scales improved from that of the existing networks. These mesoscale observations and analyses of both surface and upper-air parameters are invaluable in data-sparse coastal areas and over the open water.
PROTOCOL DEVELOPMENT FOR SORBENT CONTAINMENT BOOMS
Authors: Cooper David , Nordvik Atle
Published: January 2013

The Emergencies Engineering Division (EED) of Environment Canada, the Marine Spill Response Corporation, the Canadian Coast Guard, the United States Coast Guard, and the United States Minerals Management Service funded a project that resulted in the development of a new standard performance testing protocol for oil spill sorbents. As a continuation of this project, work is being performed to develop a protocol for testing sorbent booms in a containment configuration at the EED test tank facility in Ottawa. The protocol includes elements to test the behavior of sorbent booms using various currents, oil loading rates, and oil viscosities. The protocol will be proposed as a Canadian test standard and eventually as an international standard.
TEFLON NETS: A NOVEL APPROACH TO THIN FILM OIL SAMPLING
Authors: Greimann Dean , Zohn April , Plourde Kristy , Reilly Thomas
Published: January 2013

Thin film oil sampling has presented a significant problem because of the limited volume of oil typically obtained via the traditional sampling techniques, decanting and TFE fluorocarbon (Teflon) strip adsorption, described in ASTM-D4489, the consensus standard governing waterborne oil sampling. A novel approach to thin film oil sampling, using prototype Teflon mesh nets, was examined in this study. Benchtop experiments were designed to examine material type and mesh size considerations relative to the International Maritime Organization's oil thickness/appearance scale. The results of field experiments using the prototype Teflon nets indicate that the performance of the Teflon nets is far superior to either of the decanting or Teflon strip sampling methods in thin film oil sampling applications.
BIOREMEDIATION STUDY OF SPILLED CRUDE OIL ON FOWLER BEACH, DELAWARE
Authors: Venosa Albert D. , Haines John R. , Wrenn Brian A. , Strohmeier Kevin L. , Eberhart B. Loye , Kadkhodayan Miryam , Holder Edith , Suidan Makram T. , King Dennis , Anderson Benjamin
Published: January 2013

A statistical approach was used to determine whether nutrient and/or microbial inoculation enhances the loss of crude oil experimentally released onto plots on the shoreline of Delaware Bay. Five replicates of three treatments were examined (nutrients alone, nutrients plus an inoculum of indigenous bacteria from the site, and an unamended control). An unoiled control served as a baseline for microbiological and toxicological studies. Preliminary results suggested that, although microbial growth was similar on all oiled plots, alkanes degraded faster on the nutrient plots than on the unamended plots by week 2.
UNIFIED COMMAND: THE MECHANISM FOR ENSURING A COMPREHENSIVE, COORDINATED RESPONSE
Authors: McCloskey Thomas G.
Published: January 2013

When an oil spill incident occurs, it should be viewed as a single problem, requiring a single, highly focused response effort. Constructing such an effort can be difficult when multiple organizations exist with the authority to launch simultaneous, potentially divergent response operations. The unified command concept is designed to address this problem and specify, for example, the primary responsibilities of the unified commanders. The concept also addresses the relationship between a unified command structure and a responsible party's management team, and describes how the two are integrated during response operations.
SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS IN OIL SPILL MODELS: CASE STUDY USING ADIOS
Authors: Overstreet Roy , Lewandowski Andrzej , Lehr William , Jones Robert , Simecek-Beatty Debra , Calhoun Donna
Published: January 2013

The Hazardous Material Response and Assessment Division (HAZMAT) at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration uses the oil weathering software package named Automated Data Inquiry for Oil Spills (ADIOS) to investigate the oil weathering process. This model combines a database of physical and chemical properties of oils with a simulation model computing mass losses, density, viscosity, and water content of an oil spill due to evaporation, dispersion, and emulsification.

A first-order sensitivity analysis of the ADIOS evaporation algorithm indicates that it might be possible to provide a taxonomy of oils with respect to the reliability of results generated by the model.
AIRBORNE DETECTION, IMAGING AND TELEMETRY OF OIL AND OTHER SPECTRAL FEATURES ON THE OCEAN SURFACE
Authors: Giammona Charles P. , Engelhardt F. Rainer , Binkley Kandace S.
Published: January 2013

A transition is underway in imaging technology for airborne surveillance and reconnaissance operations. Large independent sensor systems carried in dedicated airframes, are being replaced by more economical, compact, and integrated multisensor arrays with a common processor that are portable enough to fit into a variety of small aircraft. Development of such a system was stimulated by a perceived need to enhance marine oil spill response and cleanup, and to better mitigate the environmental and economic impact of such incidents.

The newest of these systems incorporates an aerial platform, a suite of advanced commercial sensors, a six degrees of freedom global positioning system (GPS), advanced database technology to manage spatial data, and image analysis capabilities.

The operational goal of this development is to furnish valuable reconnaissance information in real time to ground users. Such a capability could advance oil spill response and other applications where rapid acquisition, integration, and communication of complex data is essential to decision-making. The ability to conduct day, night, and adverse weather surveillance operations is restricted in current systems and is another benefit this system is designed to provide.

The innovation in the system especially lies in the development of a common processor and image fusion system which integrates, georeferences, and geocorrects multisensor data and transmits it in real time. A graphic interface was designed to provide maps or other projections as a spatial reference system on which to plot data from a surveillance mission. New imaging numerical methods allow processing of composite images, multi-image mosaics, change detection, and other data manipulation, and were tested in field trials of the system.
IN SITU BIOREMEDIATION OF PETROLEUM HYDROCARBON CONTAMINATED SOIL AND GROUND WATER
Authors: Jerger Douglas E. , Woodhull Patrick M.
Published: January 2013

OHM designed and installed an in situ bioremediation system with an above ground water treatment system at a petroleum hydrocarbon distribution and fuel facility. The remediation system consists of an infiltration trench system to deliver treated, amended ground water to the upper silty lens, and an injection well system to deliver water to the lower sand and gravel lens. A French drain is located downgradient of the groundwater injection systems to provide hydraulic control of the site. Recovered ground water is pumped to an on-site treatment system prior to re-injection.
DECONTAMINATION FOR THE T/B MORRIS J. BERMAN INCIDENT
Authors: Smith Joseph B. H. , McFarland Barry
Published: January 2013

When the tank barge Morris J. Berman went aground near San Juan, Puerto Rico, the ensuing cleanup created the need for a major decontamination effort. A main decontamination site was established, with supplemental operations at six satellite sites. Mobile decontamination teams were dispatched as needed to a number of remote sites. In all, more than 100 personnel participated in the decontamination effort.
THE U.S. EPA 1994 NATIONAL SURVEY OF OIL STORAGE FACILITIES
Authors: Weiner Janet LaFiandra , DeVeaux Jennie , Brown Paul
Published: January 2013

In an effort to better characterize the facilities regulated by the agency's oil pollution prevention regulations, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is conducting a national survey of oil storage facilities that are potentially subject to 40 CFR Part 112 (the 1994 SPCC Facilities Study).
CALIFORNIA'S AREA CONTINGENCY PLANS: A SUCCESSFUL STATE/FEDERAL PARTNERSHIP
Authors: Sutkus Adam
Published: January 2013

The area planning effort that took place in California in 1993 was unique in its level of coordination between state, local, and federal offices, as well as in its strict organizational format to get the job done. The completed documents stand as models for the rest of the nation to follow, and the methods used to accomplish this goal highlight a useful approach to complex programmatic tasks.
CONSENSUS-BASED, CONSOLIDATED CONTINGENCY PLAN1
Authors: Mowery Roger D. , Edgar Bill
Published: January 2013

The authors of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA 90) viewed the key to effective response to be a contingency plan developed by all stakeholders. OPA 90 laid the groundwork for developing true consensus-based contingency plans. Northwest U.S. state and federal agencies have combined the plans of two U.S. Coast Guard Captain of the Port zones, one Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) region, and three states into one document that addresses general operational and administrative spill response issues. Operational issues that differ among the participants are covered in comprehensive geographic response plans (GRPs).
CISPRI TECHNICAL MANUAL—A DIFFERENT APPROACH
Authors: Askin Victoria
Published: January 2013

Cook Inlet Spill Prevention & Response, Inc. (CISPRI) is an oil industry sponsored oil spill response cooperative with headquarters in Nikiski, Alaska. CISPRI presently provides a variety of spill response services in support of member company petroleum operations in the Cook Inlet region of Alaska.

Currently, each of CISPRI's 12 member companies has one or more contingency plans (one company has seven). By utilizing a single agency-approved CISPRI Technical Manual, each member is allowed to include in their C-Plan, by reference, all common response information that is included in the CISPRI Technical Manual.
CLEAN COASTAL WATERS COST PARTICIPATION FORMULA
Authors: Sartor J. Michael , Gregory Christopher L.
Published: January 2013

Clean Coastal Waters, Inc.'s (CCW) cost participation formula (COSTPART™) is a computerized formula which calculates the cost allocation of CCW operations and equipment purchases to member companies. Costs are allocated on the basis of oil volumes handled during specific oil-handling activities such as terminal transfers, production operations, and pipeline operations. The formula accounts for the relative risks of spill occurrence for the various activities, using a relative risk analysis of historical spills resulting from activities similar to those performed by CCW members. COSTPART is statistically based and has been adapted for use on IBM-compatible personal computers.
DECISION SUPPORT FOR OIL SPILL RESPONSE CONFIGURATION PLANNING
Authors: Desimone Roberto , Agosta John Mark
Published: January 2013

We have developed a prototype oil spill response configuration system to help U. S. Coast Guard (USCG) planners determine the appropriate response equipment and personnel for major spills. Advanced artificial intelligence planning techniques, as well as other software tools, have been applied to spill trajectory modeling, plan evaluation, and map display. We have successfully demonstrated the initial prototype system to various USCG personnel at the regional and national levels on a specific major spill scenario from the San Francisco Bay area.
COSS: A MESOSCALE TEST BED FOR NEARSHORE SPILL RESEARCH
Authors: Reilly Timothy J. , Wise William R. , Kraus Nicholas C. , Jamail Robin
Published: January 2013

A large wave tank prototype known as the Coastal Oil-spill Simulation System was designed, constructed, and tested, yielding a basic facility that accurately models nearshore physical conditions. This tank design has direct application in testing chemical and biological oil spill treating agents.
CALIFORNIA OFFICE OF OIL SPILL PREVENTION AND RESPONSE
Authors: Garcia Mark B.
Published: January 2013

The Office of Oil Spill Prevention and Response (OSPR), the Department of Fish and Game, is the lead state agency charged with oil spill prevention and response in the marine environment of the state of California. The OSPR was established pursuant to the California Oil Spill Prevention and Response Act of 1990. The legislation provides the OSPR Administrator with substantial authority to direct spill response, cleanup, and natural resource damage assessment activities.
OIL SPILL CONTINGENCY PLANNING CRITERIA FOR INTERNATIONAL RIVER BASINS
Authors: Figueroa Elia Gómez
Published: January 2013

Many issues must be taken into account during the development and implementation of bilateral oil spill contingency plans for rivers and river basins shared by two or more countries. Such bilateral plans between Ecopetrol Colombia and PDVSA Venezuela respond to the need for well-designed tools for response to spills in international river basins that are near or within areas where petroleum exploration, production, and transportation activities are being carried out. Information collected during the last six years helped in the development of this bilateral oil spill contingency plan.
NEW OIL SPILL ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION AND CONTINGENCY PLAN REQUIREMENTS—ARGENTINA
Authors: Gundlach Erich R. , Rizzato Hugo A. , Nastri Enrique , Murut Aldo
Published: January 2013

As part of a concurrent wave of environmental awareness and restructuring of the oil industry in Argentina, the Secretariat of Energy, building upon an initial study by the Argentine Petroleum Institute, has developed several new regulations and guidelines designed to protect the environment. Exploration, development, and production of oilfields are now subject to new environment controls and the format and content of environment impact analyses, and oil spill contingency plans are defined. Offshore regulations are expected in 1994195.
PRIVATE SECTOR/GOVERNMENT COOPERATION DURING A BAHRAIN SPILL RESPONSE OPERATION
Authors: Brown Derek J. S.
Published: January 2013

On November 23, 1993 a barge struck one of the undersea crude oil lines from Saudi Arabia to Bahrain. The resultant spill released approximately 4,000 bbl of crude into the sea and sensitive adjacent beach areas.

The BAPCO oil spills contingency plan contains procedures for cooperation with appropriate private sector and government agencies and these were set in motion at once, coincident with company response. The Response Command Centre, immediately initiated a GAOCMAO (Gulf Area Oil Companies Mutual Aid Organization) alert.

The Contribution of all these resources resulted in the cleanup being completed 10 days after the spill.
EVALUATION OF HISTORIC SPILL SITES FOR LONG-TERM RECOVERY STUDIES
Authors: Gundlach Erich R. , Neff Jerry M. , Little David I. , Aurand Don V.
Published: January 2013

Reports on over 300 oil spill incidents were reviewed for the potential value of conducting followup surveys to obtain new or additional information related to the long-term effects of the spill or cleanup operation. A three-stage screening process enabled focusing on marine spills where impacts to the coastal zone were well documented, where spill size was over 1,200 barrels (50,200 gallons), and had occurred prior to 1987. A total of 36 candidate sites were put on the shortlist, of which 25 were rated as low priority, 9 as moderate priority, and 2 (Amoco Cadiz and Metula) as high priority for future study. This study hopes to elicit feedback concerning additional sites that have been overlooked or have additional merits for followup investigation.
HARDSHELLED CLAM RECOVERY FROM EXXON VALDEZ OILING AND SHORELINE TREATMENT
Authors: Houghton J. P. , Gilmour R. , Lees D. C. , Driskell W. B.
Published: January 2013

Native littleneck clams (Protothaca staminea) from Prince William Sound were sampled to evaluate recovery from the March 1982 Exxon Valdez oil spill. Hydraulic washing flushed quantities of material from upper elevations, often burying the lower beaches in sediment with few fines and little organic carbon. Sampling at stations representing several degrees of oiling and treatment disturbance showed that hydraulically washed beaches had significantly lower clam densities in 1990. Recruitment has been very limited on washed beaches; as a result, clam densities remained very depressed through 1992 compared with those on unoiled beaches and on beaches that were oiled but not washed.
IDENTIFYING AND INCORPORATING SENSITIVE ENVIRONMENT CONSIDERATIONS FOR INLAND RESPONSE/CONTINGENCY PLANNING
Authors: Underwood Jeffrey L. , Pavia Robert
Published: January 2013

The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA 90) requires the Environmental Protection Agency to have oil storage facilities develop response and contingency plans. One of the purposes of the plans is avoidance and minimization of risk and injury to sensitive environments from a potential discharge of oil at the facility. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) are collaborating with the Environmental Protection Agency to adopt and modify NOAA's coastal identification and mapping of sensitive environments protocol for inland areas. This will encourage identification and mapping consistency between the two areas and can be applied to other OPA 90 mandated plans.
PROTECTION OF COASTAL SHORELINES FROM OIL SPILLS USING NATURAL AGENTS
Authors: Basseres Anne , Tramier Bernard
Published: January 2013

Some products have been proposed which will reduce the adhesion of oil to rocks, and thus diminish the impact of oil spills on shorelines. The products are natural, biodegradable materials (polysaccharides). Experiments conducted in a simulated tidal zone resulted in a 20% to 30% decrease in the adhesion of oil compared with control tests. The products retained their effectiveness for six days after application. In situ tests also showed significant results.
VENEZUELAN OIL SPILL NATIONAL CONTINGENCY PLAN: DISPERSANT LABORATORY PROGRAM
Authors: Rodríguez-Grau Jorge , La Schiazza José A. , Villoria Carlos , Belisario Gustavo , Galindo Iván , Pérez Rosa , Torres Luis
Published: January 2013

The Venezuelan Ministry of Environment has set strict regulatory measures forbidding the use of oil dispersants, based on the lack of information about the effects of those products on native or tropical biological species. As a result, INTEVEP has conducted research using commercial dispersant products, aimed at providing information on the feasibility of their use according to effectiveness and toxicity data necessary for the appropriate approval from the ministry authorities. Studies were carried out with five different commercial dispersants. Overall analysis indicates that Corexit 9527 gave best results: its effectiveness is among the highest and its toxicity could be regarded as moderate, an adequate combination not found in the other products tested.
TOXICOLOGICAL MONITORING OF AN OIL-IMPACTED ESTUARINE MARSHLAND
Authors: Mueller Danica C. , Bonner James S. , Autenrieth Robin L.
Published: January 2013

Toxicological monitoring was conducted on an estuarine marshland in the Houston Ship Channel following a local oil spill. Acute toxicity of petroleum-contaminated sediments, as determined by the Microtox Bioassay, was used to monitor intrinsic recovery of the impacted marsh. Sediment toxicity was determined by performing the Microtox 100% test on elutriates from wet sediment samples collected over a 7-month period following the spill. Toxic responses were examined for spatial and temporal relationships and were compared to various parameters of interest, including total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH), total extractable materials (commonly referred to as oil and grease [O&G]), and GC/MS-quantified total saturates and aromatics. Toxicity was randomly distributed within the study site and decreased with time. Acute toxicity was correlated with TPH measurements and moderately correlated with GC/MS-quantified saturate concentrations. However, toxicity levels were not correlated with O&G or GC/MS aromatic summations.
ACUTE AQUATIC TOXICITY OF THREE COREXIT PRODUCTS: AN OVERVIEW
Authors: George-Ares Anita , Clark James R.
Published: January 2013

Corexit 9527, Corexit 9500, and Corexit 9580 have low (LC50 or EC50 > 100 ppm) to moderate (LC50 or EC50 > 1 to 100 ppm) toxicity to most aquatic organisms in laboratory tests; however, the experimental species, temperature, and exposure duration can significantly affect measurements of toxicity. Field and laboratory studies indicate that 4-hour toxicity test data are more reflective of actual dispersant use conditions.
RECOVERY OF ROCKWEED FOLLOWING EXPERIMENTAL REMOVAL
Authors: Yender Ruth
Published: January 2013

Recovery following experimental removal of rockweed along rocky shorelines was monitored at five study sites in Washington and Alaska. Rockweed plants were cleared from experimental plots using methods that simulate cleanup techniques applied to rocky shorelines that have been affected by oil spills. Three treatments were evaluated: removal of rockweed only, complete removal of rockweed and all other biota, and an undisturbed control. One year after treatment, results indicate that the percent cover of rockweed remained lower at treated plots compared to control plots, and was lowest where all biota had been totally cleared.
CONJOINT ANALYSIS: A TECHNIQUE FOR DETERMINING COMPENSATORY RESTORATION
Authors: Dunford Richard W. , Mathews Kristy E. , Johnson F. Reed
Published: January 2013

Conjoint analysis is a survey-based technique for determining the public's preferences for the attributes of goods and services in a tradeoff context. Conjoint analysis can be used in natural resource damage assessments to determine compensatory restoration (i.e., the increase in natural resource services that the public considers equivalent to the services forgone as a result of an oil spill). Our poster describes conjoint analysis and discusses its advantages and disadvantages relative to other approaches for determining compensatory restoration. We believe that this new technique, when carefully applied, offers significant promise in natural resource damage assessments.
METHODOLOGY FOR SIMULATIONS IN OIL AND GAS PIPELINES
Authors: Alves Aníbal José Constantino
Published: January 2013

This paper presents the methodology used by DTCS (Pipelines and Terminals of the West Central Region and São Paulo State), part of PETROBRÁS’ Department of Transport, in simulated emergency situation exercises as applied to its pipeline installations. This is the result of experience acquired through various simulated emergencies already carried out in both rural and densely populated urban environments.
APPLICATION OF ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT PRINCIPLES TO NATURAL RESOURCES DAMAGE ASSESSMENT
Authors: Maki Alan W. , Brannon Ernest , Neff Jerry M. , Pearson Walter D. , Stubblefield William A.
Published: January 2013

Ecological risk assessment principles are basic to the assessment of environmental injury during the Natural Resources Damage Assessment (NRDA) process; however, what is sought is quantified injury, rather than quantified risk, to valued ecosystem components. These principles were used to develop an NRDA program for studies of injury to herring and pink salmon populations in Prince William Sound (PWS), Alaska, following the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Overall, exposures and subsequent effects of the spill on herring and salmon were minimal and post-spill harvests of the year's classes that were at greatest risk of spill injury were at or near record levels.
EFFECTS OF A DISPERSED OIL SPILL ON BIOFOULING COMMUNITIES
Authors: La Schiazza José , Rodriguez-Grau Jorge , Losada Freddy
Published: January 2013

Biofouling communities (groups of encrusting organisms) growing on Plexiglas plates were selected as bioindicators to evaluate the effects of a simulated dispersed crude oil spill. Results showed significant changes in the number of taxa, abundance, and percentage of substrate cover between treated and control groups; however, these effects represent a relatively low biological impact produced by the dispersed oil. The overall conclusion is that biofouling has a high recovery capacity despite an actual acute disturbance, since many biofouling organisms showed a significant resistance to the effects of dispersed crude oil.
CCW'S SHORELINE OIL DISTRIBUTION SURVEYS FOLLOWING THE SEA EMPRESS SPILL
Authors: Little David I. , Rhind Peter , Jones Rod , Bennett Ian , Moore Jon
Published: January 2013

Visual surveys of the distribution and severity of oiling were carried out by trained observers over the entire length of shoreline affected by the Sea Empress oil spill. Results showed that in the early stages, half of the approximately 200-km spill zone was heavily impacted (mostly rocky shoreline). A second survey, using SCAT methodology, has been recently completed to document the dramatic reduction in surface oiling and to describe the residual oil in greater detail.