bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Schoolwork-Ability Estimates and Aspirations as a Function of Socioeconomic Level, Race, and Sex
Authors: Wylie Ruth C. , Hutchins Edwin B.
Published: September 2011

Questionnaire data from 4245 Ss, Grades 7—12, were used to test hypotheses about the influence of cultural learning on self-regard and aspirations and to examine stability of findings across times, schools, and communities. Some major findings were: Socioeconomic level was positively associated with (1) self-estimated scholastic ability and achievement, (2) scholastic and career aspirations, (3) perceived parental and peer encouragement. Equal or greater proportions of Negroes (as compared to whites) gave favorable self-reports on (1) scholastic ability, (2) scholastic and career aspirations, (3) perceived parental and peer encouragements. No consistent sex differences occurred regarding (1) self-estimated scholastic ability or (2) career aspirations. In the total group of Ss marked tendencies toward self-overestimation of scholastic ability occurred.
Avoidance Learning in the Neonate Chick: The Three-Day Effect
Authors: Siegel Ronald K.
Published: September 2011

On the third day after hatching, neonate domestic chicks show a dramatic increase in avoidance learning. The effect was observed in both one-way and two-way active avoidance situations.
On Defining Onset of Experimental Phases in Verbal Conditioning
Authors: Barik Henri C.
Published: September 2011

It is suggested that instead of E arbitrarily predefining the onset of the various experimental phases in verbal conditioning, as has customarily been the case, these should rather be defined in terms of the events which effectively delineate the transition from one phase to the next. Thus the reinforced period should start following the first reinforcement, and the extinction period following the first non-reinforcement. The operant period should start following the initial correct response. The number of trials on which the analysis is based remains constant for all Ss. The procedure suggested is seen as providing a more valid index of conditioning than is obtained when the experimental phases are arbitrarily predefined.
Achievement Conflict and Level of Performance
Authors: Schill Thomas R. , Boor Myron
Published: September 2011

Ss conflicted or nonconflicted in the achievement area, as assessed by Worell and Worell's Personality Conflict Scale, were compared on number of arithmetic problems completed in consecutive 2-min. periods. Ss whose scale responses indicated a preference for achievement but the presence of competing behaviors in achievement situations (high conflict) completed significantly fewer arithmetic problems than Ss whose responses indicated not only high achievement need but also the use of comparable achievement-related behaviors (low conflict). Results were discussed as supporting the use of this scale to measure personality conflict.
Ordinal Position of Birth and Self-Disclosure in High School Students
Authors: Dimond Richard E. , Munz David C.
Published: September 2011

To test the hypothesis that later-born individuals are more socially adept than firstborns, the Jourard and Lasakow (1958) Self-disclosure Questionnaire was administered to 30 male and 30 female high school students. The hypothesis that later-born individuals would score higher than firstborns since a high score indicates a breaking down of interpersonal barriers (Jourard, 1958) was confirmed. Results also indicated a high degree of similarity between the college sample used in the Jourard (1958) study and the present high school students. Not only did high school females disclose more about themselves than high school males, but they also disclosed more to their mothers and female friends.
The D4M Measure
Authors: Snider James G.
Published: September 2011

A measure combining Noble's m meaningfulness scale and Osgood's D4 measure is presented. Its potential as a measurement of meaning is discussed.
Inter-Judge Reliability of the Pittsburgh Adjustment Survey Scales
Authors: Stover Donald O. , Giebink John W.
Published: September 2011

Inter-judge reliability was examined to determine the applicability of the Pittsburgh Adjustment Survey Scales for research requiring a variety of raters to provide measurements of behavioral change. Multiple ratings were collected for inpatient and outpatient emotionally disturbed children who would be similar to children ordinarily included in treatment-outcome studies. Interjudge reliabilities ranged from .31 to .90. The total scale had excellent reliability when used in a school situation and two of the subscales (Aggressive Behavior and Withdrawn Behavior) appeared satisfactory for application in other settings.
Delay Patterns, Delay-Box Confinement, and Instrumental Performance
Authors: Wike Edward L. , McWilliams Junko , Cooley James D.
Published: September 2011

72 rats were trained in a runway for 9 days. Group D1 was delayed for 20 sec. on the first 3 days, D2 on the second 3 days, and D3 on the last 3. All other trials were rewarded immediately. During 5 days of extinction half of Ss had 20-sec. delay-box confinement on all trials; the other Ss had no confinement. Delays in training produced sudden, pronounced changes in behavior. on the average, Ss ran faster in both training and extinction, the earlier delay was introduced in training. Running speed in extinction varied inversely with the duration of confinement in extinction. Shifts to increased delay from training to extinction produced faster extinction; shifts to decreased delay led to slower extinction in comparison with relevant unchanged groups.
Louisville Behavior Check List for Males, 6—12 Years of Age
Authors: Miller Lovick C.
Published: September 2011

12 scales describing the emotional disorders of boys between 6 and 12 are presented. These scales were derived from ratings on the Louisville Behavior Check List (LBCL) by parents of 263 male children. The LBCL contains 163 items but 45 infrequently marked items were dropped in the final analysis. Total pathological score was added to form a 119-variable matrix. This matrix was intercorrelated and rotated by varimax method. Each scale is presented with its factor loading, M, σ, split-half reliability, and T-score equivalents. Discussion mentions the utility of the scales, further research needs, and the use of factor analysis as a method for construction of a nosology for childhood emotional disorders.
Rule Learning and Rule Interference in Trigram Encodings
Authors: Robinson John A.
Published: September 2011

The discovery and use of transformational rules as well as subsequent interference among such rules was investigated. 24 single-solution trigrams were permuted from their respective solution-words by a uniform letter-order rule (LOR) and assigned to one of 2 lists. LORs were either the same for both lists or different. Two control groups were included to assess the effects of practice on anagram solution and of prior rule-learning experience. Ss were simply asked to discover and say aloud the solution words. There was no suggestion that rules could be formulated. Comparisons among conditions using mean median solution time for successive blocks of list-items indicated that (a) practice has no effect on solution time with nonrule materials, (b) encoding rule learning does occur, and (c) when rules are changed (List I to List II) solution time increases significantly, i.e., encoding rule interference results.
On RNA and Memory: Transfer of Learned Behavior by Injections of RNA?
Authors: Verster F. Debalbian , Tapp Jack T.
Published: September 2011

Two experiments were conducted in the attempt to replicate the finding that learned behavior can be transferred to naive animals via RNA extracted from the brains of trained rats. The results failed to support this conclusion.
Effects of Contiguous Administration of Tranquilizing Drugs and Shock Traumatization in Infancy
Authors: Gauron Eugene F. , Rowley Vinton N.
Published: September 2011

64 albino rats received contiguous administrations of “major” and “minor” tranquilizing drugs and shock traumatization in infancy. The performance measures were avoidance conditioning and competition testing. The results indicate that drug administrations in infancy were effective in mitigating the effects of shock traumatization; major tranquilizing drugs were more effective than minor tranquilizing drugs under the conditions of this study. The findings were related to the state-dependent or dissociated learning phenomenon.
Experimental Control, Subject Selection, and Problems of Generalization in Research with Schizophrenic Ss
Authors: Ralph Donald E. , McCarthy John F.
Published: September 2011

This report focuses on the severe reduction in sample size caused by the introduction of experimental controls in research with schizophrenic Ss and the limitations which this places on the generalizing of findings to the total population of schizophrenics. The selection procedures of a representative study were examined, and it was found that Ss meeting the selection criteria represented only 11.4% of the male schizophrenics in the hospital and 25.6% of all those meeting age and chronicity requirements. More detailed reporting of the degree of sample shrinkage and increased restraint in the generalizing of findings were recommended for studies using schizophrenic Ss.
Sex Differences in Body-Weight Change following Gonadectomy of Rats
Authors: Kakolewski Jan W. , Cox Verne C. , Valenstein Elliot S.
Published: September 2011

Data are presented to demonstrate that the effects of gonadectomy on body weight and food consumption differ in male and female rats. The findings are related to the authors' report of sex differences in the effects of ventromedial hypothalamic damage. A review of the literature on the relationship of the gonads to body weight in different species is presented.
Genetic Transmission of Elements of a Learned Response
Authors: Schaefer Halmuth H.
Published: September 2011

Selective breeding for response duration of the lever press was practiced over 6 generations of Swiss Webster white mice. The heritability of response duration was determined as h2 = .338 ± .336 (95% confidence interval) under H o ∴ h2 = 0; Ho ∴ h2 ≠ 0 or h2 = .338 ± .228 (95% confidence interval) under Ho ∴ h3 = 0; H ∴ h2 > 0. In maze running tests short-response-duration mice made fewer errors and took less time to learn a problem to criterion than did long response-duration animals. Rats bred at another laboratory for maze intelligence and tested here for response duration analogously had short duration lever responses when they were maze-bright and long duration responses when they were maze-dull.
Creativity, Intelligence, and Achievement
Authors: Eisenman Russell , Platt Jerome J. , Darbes Alex
Published: September 2011

Two tests of creativity (complexity-simplicity preferences, and a true-false personality questionnaire), one test of intelligence (Stanford-Binet IQ) and one achievement test (Stanford Achievement Test, Advanced Battery Partial: KM-3) were administered to 62 high school students. Six 2 × 2 analyses of variance were computed for each achievement subtest, with high and low creativity and high and low IQ as independent variables. It was found that IQ was significant for 5 of the 6 subtests: paragraph meaning, word meaning, spelling, language, and arithmetic computation, while creativity was significantly related to scores on arithmetic reasoning. There were no significant IQ × creativity interactions, although low IQ-low creativity Ss had the lowest scores on all six subtests.
‘Incubation of Threat’ in a Situation of Conflicting Expectations
Authors: Breznitz Shlomo
Published: September 2011

64 students awaiting results of University examinations estimated their grades and stated their apprehensions concerning their performance. The longer the duration of anticipation, the more “pessimistic” the expectations became. This finding was related to the phenomenon of “incubation of threat.”
Verbal Aversion Therapy with a Promiscuous Girl: Case Report
Authors: Anant Santokh S.
Published: September 2011

The verbal aversion technique, previously used with alcoholics, drug addicts, and homosexuals, was used in the treatment of a 20-yr.-old promiscuous girl. After 10 sessions, the patient showed good improvement and 8 mo. after the therapy, is functioning fairly well.
Association Values of CVC Trigrams in a Prison Population
Authors: Scott Sheila M. , Harms Claude B.
Published: September 2011

The association values of 300 CVC trigrams were determined for a prison inmate population. Test-retest reliabilities were satisfactory. Association values obtained in the present study were correlated with those previously obtained by Archer, Glaze, and Krueger. Over-all correlations were high, but those over three restricted ranges were rather low. It was concluded that the present association values for this prison population are not interchangeable with those available for other populations.
Interspeaker Influence in Conversational Interaction
Authors: Feldstein Stanley
Published: September 2011

90 20-min. conversations, obtained on 3 different occasions, were used to examine the generalizability of previous findings which show a relation between the durations of utterances of interviewers and interviewees. The average durations of utterance of the conversationalists yielded significant Rs of .43, .60 and .44 for the three occasions. Direct utterance-by-utterance comparisons within 8 of the conversations yielded no significant coefficients.
Meaning Established by Classical Conditioning: Failure to Replicate
Authors: Rozelle Richard M.
Published: September 2011

A classical conditioning procedure was used in which CS nonsense syllables were paired with UCS words of either positive, negative, or neutral evaluative meaning. Information presented to S concerning the nature of the task was designed to prevent awareness. of the 240 Ss serving in the experiment, 16 Ss revealed an awareness of the CS-UCS word pairings. These Ss were not included in the data analysis but were replaced by 16 other Ss who did not reveal awareness. Results indicated that there was no significant conditioning effect for any of the unaware Ss. Although the number of aware Ss was not large enough for meaningful statistical evaluation, it was noted that in many of the cases, the conditioned response was in the direction predicted for their respective experimental groups.
Some Correlation Coefficients: Relationships among I-E Scores and other Personality Variables
Authors: Gold Dolores
Published: September 2011

An examination of the relationships between I-E scores and need for achievement, test anxiety, social desirability, academic aptitude, and academic success, was made using samples of first year university students. The coefficients for all correlations were insignificant except for those involving social desirability and intelligence.
Achievement Motivation and Ordinal Position of Birth
Authors: Munz David C. , Smouse Albert D. , Letchworth George
Published: September 2011

To investigate the relationship between birth order, sex, and achievement motivation, two studies were conducted using Costello's (1967) non-projective instrument which purports to measure two aspects of the achievement motivation construct (Scale I, the need to achieve on a task and Scale II, the need to be a success). Neither study revealed a significant relationship between birth order and achievement motivation, nor were there any significant interactions involving the birth order factor. There was, however, a significant sex main effect found in both studies, but in one study only was there a significant difference on Scale II between males and females, with females scoring higher, while in the other study females scored significantly higher than males on both Scales I and II. Interpretations were offered.
Generation of Fractionated Goal Response by Differential Activity at the Goal-Box
Authors: Herbert Marvin J. , Greenfeld Norman
Published: September 2011

It was hypothesized that the probability of making a correct response at the choice point of a simple T-maze is increased when goal-box conditions serve to heighten the kind and degree of effector activity demanded in making that response. 60 albino rats were divided equally among each of 5 experimental conditions reflecting differences in effector activity at the goal-box. Predictions suggested that occurrence of the correct response at the choice-point decreases with decreasing amounts of kinesthetic activity generated at the goal-box. The results generally support the contention that varied kinesthetic-interoceptive stimulation from S's own body produces differential learning.
Learning as a Function of Meaning Levels with American and German Ss
Authors: Giorgi Amedeo
Published: September 2011

An American and a German sample of Ss were required to learn to a criterion of 2 successive trials without error a list of 10 ordinary words and a list of 10 0% association value syllables. Both groups first learned unknown nonsense syllables, then syllables with which they were familiarized, and then syllables which were made meaningful in a “synonym-definition” sense (e.g., TOV means grass). The results indicated that meaning operationally employed in a “synonym-definition” sense was a significant aid when learning syllables in order was not required; performance equalled that with words. In addition, protocols were obtained from all Ss in all phases, and these data made possible a clearer interpretation of the performance data.
Psychological Interviewing as a Method of Personology: A Sample Interview with a Mental Hospital Patient
Authors: Zawadzki Bohdan
Published: September 2011

Through a long and leisurely open-ended interview the author explored the psychological background and outlook of patients at a New England state hospital. Believing firmly that a psychological life history and a full record of the patient's response to open-ended questions, conducted by a psychologist, can give something which no medical history can give, he developed this method over a number of summers. Essential to the method is the use of very broad orientation questions which draw out the early memories, the growth and early maturity of the individual patient, his or her present outlook, hopes, likes, dislikes, and expectations and plans regarding the future. 40 of these tape-recorded and typed interviews are available. One was selected for publication here to show the general dimensions of the methods used. The entire material is available to the interested scholar.
Role of Assessment in Behavior Modification
Authors: Goldfried Marvin R. , Pomeranz David M.
Published: September 2011

The recent introduction of a broad range of behavior modification techniques has brought into focus several questions and issues of concern to clinicians and researchers. The particular problem discussed here is the need for a formulation of relevant assessment procedures. Some of the possible reasons for the lack of attention given to assessment by behavior therapists are presented, followed by a conceptualization of the role of assessment in this new approach to treatment. This formulation outlines two general goals toward which assessment should be directed: the delineation of the most relevant “targets” for change and the selection of the most appropriate behavior modification procedure. A hypothetical case and its formulation are presented to illustrate these proposals, and some directions for future study are noted.
Possibility of Artifact in Studies of Cooperation
Authors: Vogler Roger E.
Published: September 2011

A comparison of cooperative and noncooperative response rate data for some Ss indicated that reinforcement influenced both rates in the same proportion during acquisition and extinction periods, even though reinforcement was contingent upon the cooperative class of behavior only.
Characteristics of Portrayal and Conflict and Children's Attraction to Books
Authors: Bloomer Richard H.
Published: September 2011

46 recent books were divided into high- and low-circulation groups of 23 books each on the basis of the number of withdrawals from three elementary school libraries. The heroes and villains were rated on personality dimensions according to the anchored judgment scale of the Identification Figure Test. The findings point to several personality dimensions for conflict between heroes and villains. There is no difference between high- and low-circulation heroes, but high-circulation villains have greater conflicts with heroes than do low-circulation villains. Children prefer reading materials with high conflicts between the heroes and villains.
Experimenter Influence in a Conformity Situation
Authors: Critchlow Keith F. , Herrup Robert , Dabbs James M.
Published: September 2011

E in a conformity study varied his apparent status by dressing more or less informally and saying he was a student cook or a graduate school instructor. He minimized personal involvement by saying he had been hired by an outside organization to run the experiment. Ss conformed more to norms set by their peers when E was of higher status.
Delayed “Good” and “Mmm-Hmm” Reinforcers in Verbal Conditioning and Awareness
Authors: Walker Timothy S. , Taylor Robert E. , McDaniel Max
Published: September 2011

The present experiment investigated the effects of immediate and delayed reinforcement using “Good” and “Mmm-hmm” as reinforcers. Six groups of 10 Ss received different combinations of kind and delay of reinforcement. The apparatus used was a metronome and the Taffel procedure was followed. Ss who were reinforced by “Good” immediately after the pronoun's use were the only group who showed conditioning. Thus, both delay and kind of reinforcement produced differential effects on conditioning. Awareness, as measured by an open-ended question, produced a significant difference in the groups reinforced by “Mmm-hmm.” These groups, which showed no conditioning, were not aware.
An Analysis of Interference in Continuous Association within Multiple Categories
Authors: Abramczyk Rudolf R.
Published: September 2011

Ss named items from 3 conceptually unrelated word categories for 18 min. under two conditions. In the concurrent, Con ( N = 53), all categories were shown simultaneously and Ss allowed to shift from category to category at will. In the sequential, Seq ( N = 52), the separate categories were presented in succession for 6 min. each. The Seq emissions for corresponding 30-sec. periods in each category were aggregated into successive 90-sec. periods of total adjusted sequential, AS, output. Compared with the AS, the Con condition showed significantly lower output and lengthened interword latencies but only during the first 3 min., comprising about half of Ss' productions. Significantly greater “turbulence” in the flow of Con than Seq associations was inferred from temporal oscillations in Ss' response sequences. These effects were attributed to greater interference in the Con condition, imposed mainly by intercategory competition. Interference seemed to diminish along with Ss' word supplies. Further applications of the present paradigm were suggested.
Peer-, Self-, and Test-Ratings of Creativity
Authors: Eisenman Russell , Robinson Nancy
Published: September 2011

Peer-, self-, and test-ratings of creativity were obtained from 17 physically disabled Ss. The tests were preferences for polygons varying in complexity-simplicity, and a true-false, 30-item, paper-and-pencil personality measure of creativity. Spearman rank order correlations showed that peer ratings were significantly correlated with all the other three creativity measures, and self ratings were also significantly correlated with polygon preference. There was no significant relationship between the two creativity tests. Peer- and self-ratings were surprisingly effective in the present sample.
Resistance to Temptation among Boys and Girls
Authors: Ward William D. , Furchak Andrew F.
Published: September 2011

24 kindergarten and second grade children, equally represented by sex and by grade, were randomly selected and presented with a free-play, resistance to temptation (RTT) situation. They were admonished not to play with a group of attractive toys but were encouraged to play with a group of dull, uninteresting, broken toys while left alone in the play-room. The measure of RTT was the length of time the children refrained from touching the tabooed toys. Girls showed significantly more RTT ( p < .02). There was no difference between grade levels, and sex differences were not dependent upon grade level.
Multivariate Analysis of the WISC Scales for Blind and Sighted Children
Authors: Tillman M. H. , Bashaw W. L.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this investigation was to examine the WISC verbal IQ in terms of subtest scores for blind and sighted children. It was hypothesized that subtest variability would be sufficiently different to support a significant discriminant function discriminating blind and sighted groups equated on WISC verbal IQ and age. D2 was significant at the .05 level ( F = 6.38, df = 6/107). Blind and sighted groups were distinguished by Information, Similarities, and Digit Span. The results indicated that future studies of the predictive validity of the WISC with blind children should use individual subtests as variables rather than the single verbal IQ measure.
Intercorrelations of Four Relationship Components of the Barrett-Lennard Relationship Inventory
Authors: Tosi Donald J. , Frumkin R. M. , Wilson Milton E.
Published: September 2011

This study tested Barrett-Lennard's conclusion that the 4 subscales of the Relationship Inventory are relatively independent of each other. Ss were 69 clients participating in initial interviews with 12 counselors. The findings supported those reported earlier by Barrett-Lennard.
Learning in Homosexuality
Authors: Murray John B.
Published: September 2011

Distinguishing between sex in the biological sense and sex-role or sex-identity as a reflection of culture allows room for research of psychology and psychiatrists on the subtle influences of learning in homosexuality.
Is Item Overlap Responsible for a “Built-in” Factor Structure?
Authors: Silverstein A. B. , Fisher Gary
Published: September 2011

3 sets of empirical data, 2 from samples of college students and 1 from a sample of psychopathic felons, were factored, along with correlations based solely on the number of overlapping items in the Personal Orientation Inventory. The factor structure found in the item-overlap correlations closely resembled that found in the empirical data, but whether this “built-in” factor structure is attributable to item overlap per se appears to be an unanswerable question.
Effects of Reinforcement, Neutral and Test Trials upon Paired-Associate Acquisition and Retention
Authors: Izawa Chizuko
Published: September 2011

3 experiments, with 185 college students, were conducted under three types of basic repetitive acquisition sequences: (1) massed condition with successive reinforcement (R) trials, (2) spaced conditions with neutral ( N) trials between the Rs, and (3) conditions with these Ns replaced by test (T) trials. Although no changes occurred in response probabilities over two and four successive Ts, over-all learning was greatly facilitated by the occurrences of Ts. Thus, the unique function of unreinforced Ts, as compared to the other trials, is to potentiate the subsequent Rs. Conditioning occurs on Rs, but not on Ts. The spaced conditions with N(s) were more advantageous than the massed ones. Retention loss observed during the 5- and 12-min. interpolated tasks was insignificant. Support was given for the stimulus fluctuation model but not for the total time or the constant reinforcement hypotheses.
Stability Characteristics of the Semantic Differential Responses of the Mentally Retarded
Authors: Rybolt Gaylord A.
Published: September 2011

The stability of retardates' responses to modified semantic differential scales was investigated. Ss were 73 13- to 17-yr.-old students in classes for the educable mentally retarded. Results, in general, indicate sufficient consistency to warrant additional exploration with these scales and population. A significant relationship was found between response consistency and intelligence, with relatively more intelligent Ss evidencing more consistency.
Effects of Hunger and Cul Complexity on T-Maze Performance
Authors: Hoyenga Kermit T.
Published: September 2011

The study was designed to test the hypothesis that persistent performance errors which cannot be attributed to incomplete learning may be exploratory responses. As hypothesized, both latency and error scores were higher for Ss having access to the complex cul in the T maze than Ss denied access, and Ss 22 hr. hungry performed better than Ss 10 hr. hungry. The data suggest however that hunger neither “inhibits” not “facilitates” exploration but each drive source may elicit competing or complementary responses.
Independence, Dependence, Manifest and Latent Masculinity-Femininity: Some Complex Relationships among Four Complex Variables
Authors: Lansky Leonard M. , McKay Gerald
Published: September 2011

It is a common assumption that dependence is associated with femininity and/or being female and that independence or autonomy is associated with masculinity and/or being male. As a test of this assumption, 36 children, 20 boys and 16 girls, of kindergarten age, were rated by their teachers on Beller's scales for dependence (DEP) and independence or autonomous achievement striving (AAS). As a measure of manifest masculinity-femininity, Brown's It Scale for Children (ITSC) was individually given, in a modified form, to each child. Similarly, Franck's Drawing Completion Test (DCT) was administered as a measure of latent masculinity-femininity. There were no significant differences between boys and girls on DEP; however, girls scored higher than boys on AAS. The correlations between the four variables for each sex indicated that for girls, conforming behavior, as reflected in high AAS in a kindergarten situation, was related to manifest femininity; for girls, latent masculinity was related to DEP which, in light of the content of Beller's scales, was interpreted as representing active intrusion rather than passive dependence; the measures of manifest and latent masculinity-femininity were positively correlated for boys but not for girls.
Factors Influencing Judgments of Psychopathology
Authors: Mehrabian Albert , Reed Henry
Published: September 2011

Ss rated the degree of psychopathology of persons described in situations in which the following factors varied: distress associated with a behavior, lack of control over a behavior, instrumental value, frequency, and generalization of a behavior. Judgments of psychopathology were high if the behavior was poorly controlled or produced distress, particularly if it had instrumental value. In addition, behaviors which were mildly pathological and were generalized were judged as more pathological than when the same behaviors were not generalized.
Effect of Deprivation Level and Overtraining on Differential Conditioning and Reversal
Authors: Ison James R. , Black Harvey
Published: September 2011

60 rats received 60 or 204 differential instrumental conditioning trials under 3-, 19- or 43-hr. water deprivation, followed by 60 reversal trials. In early acquisition speeds to both S+ and S—were greater with increased deprivation, but the subsequent onset of differentiation was most rapid in groups run at 43-hr. deprivation, this produced by their slower running to S—. Reversal performance was but little affected by deprivation, not was there any interaction between deprivation level and amount of prior training in the determination of reversal performance. Reversal performance was related to amount of prior training in a complicated fashion depending on the stimulus, the point of response measurement and the stage of training: First, number of prior reinforcements increased both start and run speeds to the old positive stimulus in early reversal but had no effect on start speeds and decreased run speeds in later reversal; second, number of prior non-reinforcements did not affect speed acquisition to the new positive stimulus.
Toward a Psychology of Charisma: II. The Pathology Viewpoint of James C. Davies
Authors: Stark Stanley
Published: September 2011

This paper is the second in a series designed to relate Weber's concept of charisma to the author's Rorschach framework. It takes issue with James Davies' pathology viewpoint of charisma.
Conditioned Suppression and Acceleration of Two Concurrent Responses in Rhesus Monkeys
Authors: Henton Wendon W. , Salzberg Charles L. , Jordan John J.
Published: September 2011

Two rhesus monkeys were exposed to conditioned suppression training in which a 20-sec. stimulus, terminated by unavoidable shock, was superimposed upon a variable interval 90-sec. reinforcement schedule. A concurrent response which had no programmed consequence was recorded during initial variable interval training, acquisition, extinction, and reacquisition of conditioned suppression of the reinforced lever-pressing response. A peak in the distribution of response 2 reliably occurred 30 to 75 sec. following the average lever-pressing (response 1) reinforcement interval. With suppression training, the presentation of the suppression stimulus was reliably followed by a changeover from response 1 to response 2; the presentation of the unavoidable shock immediately resulted in a changeover from response 2 to response 1. The rate of response 2 during the suppression stimulus declined to near zero during extinction of conditioned suppression and increased to a high rate when the suppression stimulus was again terminated by unavoidable shock. The rate of response 2 was dependent upon the intensity of the unavoidable shock.
The Holism-Atomism Controversy: Gestalt Psychology Confronts the Revised Law of Inverse Variation
Authors: La Fave Lawrence
Published: September 2011

Gestalt psychology is rightly associated with an holistic point of view which may be paraphrased: ‘The whole is equal to something besides the sum of its parts.’ But much of the attractiveness of that statement inheres in its exceeding ambiguity; the words whole, is, besides, sum, and parts each have several meanings (although the context which the sentence provides eliminates some of these). One of the plausible interpretations of the sentence is that adding members to a class increases the number of properties shared by all members of that class. However, such an interpretation contradicts the logician's Revised ‘Law’ of Inverse Variation between the extension of a predicate term and its intension. The paradox is resolved by distinguishing between three types of intension, then recognizing that the logician's ‘Law’ applies quite well with respect to objective intension but may often fail as regards subjective intension, the central concern of the Gestalt psychologist.
Influence of Group Size upon Individual Anagram Solutions
Authors: Neumann Joseph
Published: September 2011

Performance on 18 single-solution anagrams by 60 college Ss was not related to rated anxiety in groups of varying size (4 or 5, 15, 39, 191 or 255).
WISC Performance under Incentive Conditions: Case Report
Authors: Miller Harold R.
Published: September 2011

A young girl whose WISC performance had declined from the normal to the moderately retarded range of intellectual ability over a 2-yr. period but who continued to function within the normal range in non-testing situations, was reinforced for giving correct answers on a readministration of the WISC. Monetary reward was effective in reestablishing WISC performance within the normal range. Some implications of this finding were discussed.
Group Learning: Note on Undivided vs Equally Divided Task Information
Authors: Napier Herman S.
Published: September 2011

Two-person groups were compared under conditions of undivided vs divided task information, to test the hypothesis that a group advantage exists (in pooled individual scores vs group scores comparison) due to the group's ability to divide a task among group members. While evidence was shown that individual group members work on different task areas, no support was obtained for the basic hypothesis. An equal energy hypothesis was suggested to account for the apparent equality of performance.
Effects of Stimulant Drugs on Maze Swimming
Authors: Bergering Antony , Lobb Harold
Published: September 2011

After learning to swim a water maze during magnesium pemoline treatment, albino rats recovered from drug withdrawal before beginning a series of retention, transfer and relearning tests. Time and error scores showed clearly that the drug enhanced original learning, perhaps by reducing the delay of escape. In a further experiment, escape time was controlled during original learning in groups receiving magnesium pemoline, amphetamine or pentylenetetrazol, and no drug enhancement of learning appeared in retention or transfer tests. However, active pentylenetetrazol reduced errors during relearning, contrary to the effect of magnesium pemoline.
Effect of Platform Exposure Duration on Acquisition Performance in an Automated One-Way Avoidance Procedure
Authors: Potts W. Joseph , McKown John
Published: September 2011

An automated one-way avoidance procedure was used to study the effect of platform exposure duration on the acquisition of an avoidance response. Rats were required to jump onto a raised platform at one end of the chamber either to avoid or escape a footshock preceded by a buzzer. The platform was made unavailable to the rat when the movable sliding wall closed and covered the platform. The duration of the interval the rat was allowed to remain on the exposed platform was varied. Acquisition of the avoidance response was shown to be a function of the platform exposure duration.
Instrumental and Motivationally Induced Drinking under Dry Food Reinforcement Schedules
Authors: Eyck Robert L. Ten , Schaeffer Robert W.
Published: September 2011

2 experiments were conducted in which rats were exposed to a succession of response-independent and lick-contingent dry food reinforcement schedules with water freely available. The two experiments differed solely with regard to the preferability of a second solution which was made freely and concurrently available with the water. Differences in the rate and topography of pre- and post-pellet water drinking, as well as the transfer of post-pellet drinking from water to a highly preferred solution suggested that post-pellet drinking was under the control of motivational factors and only pre-pellet licking was under the control of the reinforcement contingency.
Additional Correlates of Greenberg and Jenkins' Linguistic S Scale
Authors: Smith O. W. , Koutstaal C. W.
Published: September 2011

Greenberg and Jenkins (1964) reported a linear relationship between two independently derived scales. One was a linguistic substitution, S, scale of distance of CCVCs from English. The second was the means of judgments of distance from English of CCVCs constructed according to their S scale. Two hypotheses were tested. One was that a psychological correlate of their S scale was the effort of pronouncing. The second is that increasing values of the S scale result in increasing strangeness of sounds corresponding to their CCVCs. Both hypotheses remain tenable.
Authoritarianism, Self Esteem and Insecurity
Authors: Larsen Knud S. , Schwendiman Gary
Published: September 2011

The traits underlying the authoritarian syndrome suggest that high-authoritarian Ss are insecure and low in self esteem. The present study investigated this hypothesis employing several independent assessments of self esteem. Results tended to confirm this hypothesis but showed only moderate relationships among the several measures of self esteem.
Groupings of Psychiatric Nomenclature Classifications: Cluster Analyses of Psychiatric Subjective Ratio Scales
Authors: Stone Leroy A.
Published: September 2011

Three psychiatric judgmental ratio scales (impairment-severity, constitutionality, and susceptibilty to external stress) involving 15 functional psychosis classifications as stimuli were unidimensionally cluster analyzed. These scales were based on the scaled judgments (magnitude estimations) of 87 senior psychiatrists. Four-five clusters emerged with each scale. These analyses were computed from similarity measures (derived from scale values) which denoted degree of similarity between stimuli on a scale. A multidimensional cluster analysis based on averaged (across scales) similarity measures was also accomplished. All cluster analyses (unidimensional and multidimensional) appeared to group stimuli (classifications) into meaningful clusters.
Experimental Investigation of Mc Luhan's Ideas concerning Effects of “Hot” and “Cool” Communications Media
Authors: Bringmann Wolfgang G. , Balance William D. G. , Krichev Alan
Published: September 2011

The present study was carried out to investigate recent theories of Marshall McLuhan concerning the differential effects of “hot” (movie) and “cool” (television) communications media. Four groups of college students ( N = 51) viewed the same highway accident film, “Signal 30,” under four different media conditions (color movie and black and white television with and without sound track). Dependent variable measurements were made by administering the “today-form” of the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List (MAACL) to all Ss four times before and once after the stressful film. According to McLuhan, Ss who were shown the accident film by a “hot” medium (movie) were expected to score significantly higher on the anxiety, depression, and hostility sub-scales of the MAACL than those who were exposed to the “cool” medium (television). There was, however, no significant difference in postfilm MAACL scores for the different media conditions and thus Mc-Luhan's hypotheses were not supported.
Reliability of the Barron Ego Strength Scale in an Individual Form
Authors: Gaines Lawrence S. , Fretz Bruce R.
Published: September 2011

To determine the test-retest reliability of the Barron Ego Strength Scale (Es) administered out of the context of the MMPI, two groups of college males were given the test twice over a 2-mo. interval. Test-retest correlations of .75 and .81 are equivalent to those reported for the Es scale administered in the context of the MMPI, supporting the use of the 68-item scale as an independent measure.
Risky-Shift Phenomenon in Moral Attitudes of High School Boys and Girls
Authors: White William F. , Minden Nicklaus J.
Published: September 2011

The risky-shift phenomenon was examined among 170 Catholic senior high school boys and girls for their cognitive and affective ratings about the concepts of “sex” and “faith and reason.” Girls' scores on the Cloze test dealing with the cognitive dimension of the concepts increased significantly while the boys' scores were less exact and more varied following small group discussion. Factor scores on the evaluative, potency, and activity dimensions of the semantic differential measuring the two concepts supported the hypothesis that the sex of the Catholic student and type of concept influence shifts toward a riskier or divergent attitude following small group discussion.
Two Measures of Category Breadth: Age, Sex, Examiner Differences and Intercorrelations
Authors: Penk Walter
Published: September 2011

Two measures of category breadth—an adaptation of Pettigrew's (1958) Category-width scale and a learning task called poggles (Wallach & Caron, 1959)—were administered in a battery to 100 children, ages 7 to 11, grades 2 to 6. Sex differences were not replicated. Significant age differences occurred. The two measures of category breadth evidenced different growth patterns: one measure followed a linear decline combined with a resurgence of means; the other measure showed a U-shaped quadratic trend indicating that youngest and oldest children used broader category breadths than intermediate-aged children. Examiner differences were not significant. Intercorrelations suggested that test correlates and behavioral referents of category breadth necessitated redefinition or elaboration. While broader categorization may continue to be defined as high tolerance for deviant instances in psychological similarity, it is not associated with the converse—high tolerance for nondeviant instances. Specifically, broad categorization negatively related to measures of comparatively mature levels of verbal abstractions.
Intensity of Light Onset or Offset as a Positive or Negative Reinforcer for Domestic Chicks
Authors: Meyer Merle E.
Published: September 2011

Response contingencies of dim or bright light onset or offset were investigated using 160 24- to 36-hr.-old chicks. Results substantiated that dim light onset is an effective sensory reinforcer for chicks and that both bright light onset and offset are aversive stimuli. Results were discussed with reference to the reinforcing and activating function of the sensory stimulus.
Effects of Delay of Reinforcement and Cues upon Acquisition and Extinction Performance
Authors: Tombaugh Tom N. , Tombaugh Jo W.
Published: September 2011

The effects of pairing cues with the termination of a delay of reinforcement interval were studied in a discrete-trial barpress situation. In acquisition, one group of rats received immediate reinforcement while a second group received a 10-sec. delay. Light cues were paired with the presentation of reinforcement for both groups. In extinction each group was split and half the Ss received the cues and half the Ss did not. Resistance to extinction, as measured by barpress latency, was reliably greater for the immediate reinforcement and cue conditions. No interaction between delay and cues was evident.
Effects of Different Mediational Instructions and Sex of Subject on Paired-Associate Learning of Concrete Nouns
Authors: Rimm David C. , Alexander Ralph A. , Eiles Richard R.
Published: September 2011

The present investigation compared the relative effectiveness of four differing instructional sets on the paired-associate acquisition of concrete nouns. Possible sex differences were also examined. The instructional sets included standard paired-associate instructions (Minimal instructions), Rote Rehearsal, Verbal Mediation (requiring that S use a sentence or phrase containing both members of a given pair) and Visual Imagery Mediation (requiring that S create an imagined scene depicting both objects which the words of the pair represented). Consistent with previous findings, acquisition was greatly facilitated under Visual Imagery Mediation. Discrepant with past findings, however, performance under Verbal Mediation, although slightly superior to performance under the standard and rehearsal sets, was significantly inferior to performance under imagery instructions. Sex of S was not significantly related to performance.
The Student Nurse: A Study in Sex Role Transition
Authors: Edwards Carl N.
Published: September 2011

This paper explores the interaction of individual and institution within the nursing profession. Of primary interest are the personality and motivational factors contributing to the selection of nursing as a profession and the impact of the school of nursing and hospital setting on the progressive development of the student. In particular, patterns of family interaction and sex-role identity are explored in relation to occupational and situational preference. The relationship of these patterns to adolescent transition and role selection in groups other than nursing are discussed.
Logical and Empirical Oppositeness in Value Responses
Authors: De Mille Richard
Published: September 2011

Free value responses from 555 Ss in 16 domestic and foreign samples were analyzed to see whether good and bad behaviors named by Ss would fall into logically opposite categories (about three-fifths of the responses did so) and whether logically opposite categories would be correlated across the numbers of Ss represented in them ( rs ranged from .08 to .63 in the 16 samples; the average r was .31). E concluded that free responses about good behaviors should not be mixed with those about bad behaviors, because good and bad are not necessarily empirical opposites even when they are logical opposites.