bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Die Heilige Gees en spiritualiteit in teologiese opleiding1
Authors: Koekemoer J. H.
Published: June 2013

The Holy Spirit and spirituality in theological training. This aticle discusses the theme "spirituality" in terms of changing paradigms. The author argues that the present-day holistic perspective of spirituality can be regarded as a phenomenon of postmodernity. Aspects of this paradigm are: the emphasis on the relationship between the work of God's Spirit and human beings' encounter with God, as well as the relationship between human beings and God's creation. This indicates a holistic perspective on reality. The author discusses the question regarding spiritualiy in the context of the theological training of ministers of the Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerk. The shift from moderniy to postmoderniy demands a rethinking of theological training. In theological training there should also be time for meditation. Theologians who want to speak about God should make time to listen of God.
Vroue-ervaring en spritualiteit
Authors: Dreyer Yolanda
Published: June 2013

Women's experience and sprituality. Sprituality concerns one's orientation to life. It therefore inluences one's identity. This article recognises a plurality of spritualities. It focuses on the relaionship between women's expeience and sprituality within the framework of Christian faith. The concept partiarchaler Entremdung is illuminated. This is the alienation women experience when they exist as women in male-defined, male-structured and male-dominated ecclesiastical cultures. As far as "identity" is concerned, the problem of women's spritual development and matuity as pre-requisite for an authentic life before God is discussed.
Die laerskoolkind in die erediens: 'n evaluering van beskouings in Afrikaanssprekende kerke in Suid- Afrika
Authors: Du P. Beukes M. J.
Published: June 2013

The child on the elementary-school level and ecclesiasti-cal worship. The article invesigates the role of the child on the elementary-school level in ecclesiastical worship. Two diferent points of view are evaluated: the traditional view of complete accommodation and simultaneous but separate meetings for children and adults respectively. The conclusion that it is not the attendance of a church service as such that is important, but the expeience of worshipping, also by children. As with adults' the Holy Spirit plays a prominent role. As far as children are concerned, parents and catechists should be equipped by the church to lead children meaningfully with a view to deepen participation in the service.
Die vraag na die noodsaaklikheid van 'n eietydse belydenis: Nuwe Testamenties en hermeneuties beoordeel
Authors: Pelser G. M.M.
Published: June 2013

The question regarding the need for a contemporary creed: Argued from a New Testament and hermeneutieal perspective. As indicated in the title of this study, what is in essence at issue here is the quesion as to whether there is a need for a creed to be contemporaneous with the day and age the church finds itself in. It is argued that to produce a creed in accordance with current hermeneutieal insights is much more difficult than the way in which the existing creeds were created. It is therefore further argued that, for a creed to junction as it ought to, it should in the first place be the result of an interpretation of the Biblical text(s) on the basis of current hermeneutieal theory and practice, and in the second place be a means for expressing one's faith in a meaningful way in every life situation or faith experience. To this end a creed should be contemporaneous with each and every situation encountered by the individual believer or community of faith.
Nuwe Testament-geskrifte as kanon: Die vraag na ' n uitgebreide databasis vir historiese-Jesus ondersoek
Authors: Geyser P. A.
Published: June 2013

New Testament witings as canon: The quest for an extended database for historical Jesus research. The aim of this article is to re-establish the disparate traditions concerning the origins and growth of documents that developed into the New Testament canon. The article reflects the insights of Lee McDonald's book The formation of the Christian Biblical canon. Some of the accepted notions concerning the canon come under scrutiny, for instance that the New Tesament canon was completed before the end of the second century. The aricle concludes with the question whether the New Testament canon should be revised in the light of recent histoical Jesus studies. History and tradition plead against an incisive revision. The only option seems to be a scholar's edition of a revised list for ecclesiastical use.
Die verband tussen doop en lidmaatskap van die kerk
Authors: Dreyer W. A.
Published: June 2013

The relationship between baptism and membership of the church. This aricle examines the relaionship between bapism and membership of the church. The author's main thesis is that baptism signifies the unity with Christ, and as such unity with the body of Christ (the church). Research has shown that baptism exists in different religions, cults and sects as an initiation rite. This forms the background to the New Testament,s presentation of baptism as (inter alia) an initiation rite. This article examines not only these baptism rites, but also the different metaphors in the New Testament concerned with baptism as initiation. The history of baptism in the church and the way bapism functions in the Reformed tradition, in terms of church polity and membership of the church, are also examined.
Strack-Billerbeck, Orthodoxy and a Jewish New Testament
Authors: Loader J. A.
Published: June 2013

On the basis of the evidence of publications daing from the eighteenth century, this paper argues that the orthodox doctrine of the verbal inspiration the Bible caused extreme views on the language of the Old Testament which could maybe transferred to the "heathen" language of the New Testament. The resulting void was filled by focussing on the Jewish (read "Hebrew", thought of the New Testament. The work of Chistian Schoettgen, available the author in Vienna, is used in conjunction with the Critica sacra by Johan Gottlob Carpzov to develop the argument for the thesis. Some conclusions ardrawn.
Die metafoor: "Dag van die Here" in 2 Petrus en die dood as marginale ervaing1
Authors: Malan Gert
Published: June 2013

The metaphor "Day of the Lord" in 2 Peter and death marginal experience. The apocalypical eschatological concept of the day of the Lord as used in Peter 3:10 is an example of analogical or metaphorical language. With in the context of the delay of the parousia, and 2 Peter's unique depiction of this event, understanding of what this metaphor may mean is of importance. As a metaphor, the expression "day of the Lord" should be understood in terms of its literal (temporal) as well as its figurative meaning (as grand finale). An investigation of the core values present in 2 Peter 3, namely ἃγιος and ἀδικία, sheds further light on the meaning of this metaphor. With it the author makuse of death as a marginal experience that invokes fear and anxiey, in ordto encourage opponents to accept the ethics proposed in the text.
Belydenisvorming as kanonisering van geloofsoortuigings
Authors: Breytenbach A. P.B.
Published: June 2013

The canonisation of religious convictions through the forming of creeds. This article deals with aspects of the process which underlies the shaping of formal creeds. Two stages are investigated: A preliminary stage in which a community of faith reacts in a polemic way to contextual questions or threats, and a secondary stage in which earlier confessions are canonised. Some of the implications of the canonisation of confessions of faith are scrutinised. The final conclusion is that the canonisation of one systematised understanding of faith runs afoul of the diversity of theologies and metaphoric language in the Old and New Testament.
Barth, Schleiermacher and the task of dogmatics1
Authors: Heron A. I.C.
Published: June 2013

The article focuses on the similarities and differences between Friedrich Schleiermacher's and Karl Barth's views on the task and nature of dogmatics. It shows that Schleiermacher sought to awaken in his hearers an awareness of the immediate presence of God, a presence achieved and fulilled in Jesus Christ and emanating from him as "the union of the divine essence with human nature in the form of the common Spirit which animates the corporate life of believers". Barth aimed by contrast to speak of the transcendent power of the Word of God in Jesus Christ, which he identified as "the humanity of God," as the true ground, object and goal of Christian theology. In this sense, both identiied the essential substance of the faith christologically and, at the same time, as contemporary.
Quid est veritas? Augustinus oor waarheid en leuen - en latere ontwikkelings1
Authors: Van Wyk J. H.
Published: June 2013

Quid est veritas? Augustine on truth and lying - and the aftermath. In this article the author investigates the (very difficult) issue of truth and lying. What does it mean to speak the truth and when does a person tell a lie? The Augustinian as well as post-Augustinian views are enumerated and some of the main truth theories evaluated. In conclusion the author tries to make a final assessment and to open new ways of thinking the truth. Truth is a multidimensional category which should never be over-simplified.
Das Haus Elis und das Haus Davids: Wie Gott sein Wort zurucknehmen kann
Authors: Loader James A.
Published: June 2013

The house of Eli and the house of David: how God can go back on God,s word. The interpretation of the rejection of Abiathar in terms of the Eli tradition offers an important indication of the intention of the Succession Narrative. The work does not only have a positive as well as a negative tendency as far as the Davidic dynasty is concerned, but the relationship between these two sides is one of conditionality. Therefore the critical aspect of the Succession Narrative contains both acceptance and warning. A sketch of the broader theological framework is given in which the interplay of God's love and his demand of obedience is understood in its historical context, including the redactional perspective.
Calvyn se leer oor die kerk1
Authors: Botha S. J.
Published: June 2013

Calvin's doctrine concerning the church. A few aspects of Calvin's teachings on the church are pointed out to encourage the two churches involved in the Hervormde Theological Training to reconsider what Calvin himself has to say. This should not be done only in the ligth of his role in the past, but also within the context of the tremendous challenges and responsibilities that these two churches will have to face in the next millennium. Calvin's doctrine on the church can still provide instruction and guidance to the church today.
Healing the wounds of the nations: towards a common mission of the Churches1
Authors: Müller-Fahrenholz Geiko
Published: June 2013

In what ways can the Churches be - or become - healing agents for their people? The article argues that churches are communities of remembering. And as remembering centers around the  Crucified, the "wounded" (H  Nouwen), it becomes a remembering energy, i.e. an energy that unites what has been dismembered. It is argued that one of the most destructive aspects of contemporary societies is the "winner-syndrome". By regarding human beings as "winners" and "losers" it sets in motion merciless struggles for the "top-position" which turn out to be processes of denial and exclusion and create a downward spiral of violence. The churches' ecumenical healing ministries should begin by dismantling the matrix of denial and violence in  order to  create a "matrix of connectedness" that is grounded in the basic woundedness of all human beings. The author participated in the Harare Assembly of the World Council of Churches (1998) and sees his reflections as a contribution to  the "Decade to  Overcome Violence" which is to begin 2001.
Kerklike eenheid tussen die Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerk van Afrika en die Hervormde Kerk in Suidelike Afrika1
Authors: Van Wyk I. W.C.
Published: June 2013

Church unity between the Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerk van Afrika and the Hervormde Kerk in Suidelike Afrika. Church unity between the Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerk van Afrika (NHKA) and the Hervormde Kerk in Suidelike Afrika (HKSA) was a (heme that was not even discussed in the past. The reason: the mission policy of the NHKA was that the HKSA should become an independent and separate church as quickly as possible. During the last years many things changed. Article III in the Polity of the NHKA was scrapped. The NHKA is now an open church. The ideology of apartheid, that  the NHKA supported in many ways, has crumbled. The time has therefore arrived to start discussing the important theological theme of church unity between these two churches. In this article the view is represented that church unity is not primarily unity in organisation, but unity in faith, confession, teaching and theology. This unity in faith, however, must be made visible. Various forms of ecumenical unity are therefore proposed.
Twee versoenbare konstrukte in resente historiese Jesus-navorsing, Deel I: John Dominic Crossan1
Authors: Van Wyk D. J.C. , Van Aarde Andries
Published: June 2013

Two compatible constructs in current historical Jesus research, Part I: John Dominic Crossan. Current historical Jesus research produces a variety of profiles of Jesus. In a series of articles two compatible constracts of Jesus (those of John Dominic Crossan and Andries van Aarde) will first be discussed and, second, two ireconcilible constructs (those of Robert F Funk and Walter Schmithals). The profiles of Jesus are depicted from the perspective of the researcher's view on the continuity and discontinuity between Jesus and early Christianity and the relevance of historical Jesus research for church and theology. This article focuses on John Dominic Crossan's view on Jesus the peasant.
Gabriel Marcel se lewe en werk as agtergrond vir sy benadering tot God, Deel 1
Authors: Wolff Ernest
Published: June 2013

Gabriel Marcel's life and work as background of his approachto God, Part 1. This essay gives an introduction to Gabriel Marcel that focuses on his approach to God. The biography of Marcel's life is sketched as the contingent origin and setting of his work. It is indicated where and how his life led him to practise philosophy the way he did. In the second half of the essay the unique nature of Marcel's philosophical style is sketched. Insight into Marcel's life and the nature of his work is inseparable from the continuous development of the contents of his thought.
" 'n Oop en vry teologiese debat met werklike diepgang"
Authors: Van Aarde A. G.
Published: June 2013

"An in-depth open theological discussion". This article reflects a conversation between Andries G van Aarde and Gert Pelser. G M M Pelser was professor of New Testament at the University of Pretoria from 1972 to 2001. The following issues were discussed: the influence of the Reformation and Aufldirung on Biblical interpretation; methodology of exegesis; the role of extra-canonical writings; a canon in the canon; the use of the Bible at the university and in the church; Bible translation; the interrelationship between theology and culture; a critical evaluation of the ''peoples' church" ("volkskerk"); "the church as corpus permixtum; ministry rather than office; confessionalism; Pauline themes; the theological heritage of Rudolf Bultmann.
God's household and the poor in contextual ecclesiology
Authors: Vos C. J.A.
Published: June 2013

As a consequence of the bipolar tension between theory and practice, experience (considered in the South African context) influences the church's reflection on Practical Theology. Insight into the economic system of the Mediterranean world helps us to understand the complexities involved in positioning poverty, as well as the role of the New Testament faith community in its interaction with the poor. The social system in the ancient world, within which poverty was encountered, cautions us against taking a simplistic view of the poor. We cannot duplicate social systems and impose them on current situations. The New Testament, which is set against a particular system, speaks of the Kingdom of God as a place where the poor must be cared for. The New Testament (especially the Gospel of John) lets us understand that a church, which has a family orientation as its basis, should provide a home for the poor.
"Law and Gospel" in the Pentateuch organisation
Authors: Loader James Alfred
Published: June 2013

Both the structure of the overarching literary blocks in the Pentateuch (primarily containing either narrative or legal material) and the unfolding of its story line attest to the fact that the legal sections in the Pentateuch are subsumed under the narrative material in light of the flexibility of the concept of "theme", the article argues that the theme of the Pentateuch can he expressed by the idea of תורה. The narrative sequence of the Pentateuch is reviewed from this angle to show that the general theme is manifested in specific parts of the text. The interrelationship between the motifs of divine providence ("Gospel'') and obedience demanded from humans ("Law'') demonstrate both the meaning תורה and the presence of this theme throughout the Pentateuch.
Acts 17:27 - "that they might feel after him and find ... "
Authors: Van Tilborg Sjef
Published: June 2013

The aim of this article is to investigate the allusion to the possibility of touching God ψηλαϕάω in Paul's Areopagus speech (Acts 17:27). The article aims at assessing the Lukan notion of God's nearness in space and time. The Areopagus discourse is investigated against the background of its imbeddednes in the holistic context of Acts. God's nearness is studied in light of common Hellenistic parallel epiphanies. It focuses on dream types in Acts, epiphanies of Jesus, epiphanies of God, and in conclusion the expression ''filled with the Spirit".
The dichotomization of the christological paradox in the history of Christian thought and critical biblical scholarship
Authors: Waetjen Herman C.
Published: June 2013

Again and again throughout the historyof Christian thought theological apologetics has dissolved the great ironic paradox of Jesus Christ into binary oppositions. In these historical contexts cultural relevancy has prevailed, and the underlying philosophical ideology has generated a disastrous subversion of the apologetic formulations of Christology in the New Testament. By calling this dichotomization into question, this essay intends to promote a postmodern hermeneutics that preserves the christological paradox and orients the constituting consciousness of theologians and scholars to both a spirituality of "being-affected-by" the biblical witness to Jesus Christ and a faith that will initiate action toward the transformation of society.
"Sit u hier maar gaan staan jy daar": Kantaantekeninge by Jakobus 2:1-4
Authors: Van der Watt Jan
Published: June 2013

"You may sit here, but you must stand there" -On James 2:1-4 The question is what the speaker in James 2:2-3. Intended when he said that the rich man may sit "here" on a good place, but that the poor man must stand over "there" or may sit "under" his footstool. It is argued that this episode should be located within a larger ancient house which was used as a gathering place for the Christian community. The poor man is asked to stand in the courtyard or may sit on the ground in  the sittingroom. The rich man gets a place on the couches, common pieces offurniture in these rooms.
Die kommunikasie van die gelykenis van die barmhartigeSamaritaan in konteks
Authors: Scheffler Eben
Published: June 2013

The communication of the parable of the good Samaritan in context. In this article the communication of the parable of the good Samaritan is investigated with regard to various readers and contexts. Emloying narratological categories the parable is firstly considered as story at face value (without any specific context), whereafter its communication for its first audience (context of Jesus), its position in the literary context of Luke-Acts, its communication in the context of Luke's community and, finally, post-New Testament Christianity is scrutinised. It will be argued that the meaning of the parable depends on the context in which it communicates.
The purpose of 1 Thessalonians
Authors: Cornelius Elma M.
Published: June 2013

The purpose of a text is related to its rhetorical genre, but it is important to realise that genre is more than the form and function of discourse. Genre derives from and is relate4 to the author's motive in responding to a recurrent social situation. These situations and responses are seen as resulting from shared social interpretations and are part of a socially constructed reality. Not only do genres respond to particular social contexts, they also shape them. The aim of this article is to interpret the purpose of 1 Thessalonians. It is concluded that the stated purpose of 1 Thessalonians is found in 3:11 and 12 and 5:23: to persuade the readers to live according to God's will The author teaches the readers how to live as Christians and encourages them to accept new roles in society, to change their lives according to  God's will and to remain faithful to Christ and the author, regardless of the hardships and opposition that they encounter.
Kanon in die kanon
Authors: Venter P. M.
Published: June 2013

Canon in the canon. Kanon in die kanon P M Venter Departement Ou-Testamentiese Wetenskap U niversiteit van Pretoria. The reductionist trend of the notion of a canon in the canon is radically changed in a postmodern era. A modernist hegemonic notion of canon shifted towards a contextually based inter subjective dialogue between reader and text. Canon criticism shifted the focus of attention from the text towards the process in which the text operates as canon. Issues in this process are the actions of discrimination and of formal selection. These should be seen as the canon in the canon process. Such a view is not reductionist, but rather pluralistic. Canon in the canon can no longer be a reductionist and static choice from Biblical materials, but is a dynamic and ongoing process of endless combinations, even of contradictory possages, to meet the demands of each new situation.
Son-of-God traditions in the Synoptic Gospels: Ferdinand Hahn's diachronic perspective
Authors: Dreyer Yolanda
Published: June 2013

This study makes use of Ferdinand Hahn's insights (with Son of God as case study) to indicate how the naming of Jesus developed in stages. It is shown that the name Son of God was not used by Jesus. It functioned within the context of the cultic activities of early Christianity, was taken over from the surrounding religious, political and cultural world while its referential meaning shifted in the various layers. Hahn focuses on the multi-stage development of the Jesus tradition from an Aramaic "Judaism", through  a Hellenistic "Judaism" to a Gaeco-Roman stage. First the possible historical origins of the title Son of God are discussed, after which Hahn's view is taken into consideration.
Die probleem van hoe die Verkondiger die Verkondigde geword het: Die bydrae van Rudolf Bultmann
Authors: Van Wyk D. J.C.
Published: June 2013

The problem of how the Proclaimer became the Proclaimed: The contribution of Rudolf Bultmann. The transmission of Jesus' message by the earliest Christian communities evolved into  he synoptic tradition. In this process, the proclamation of Jesus was expanded. According to RudolJ Bultmann, the question of how the Proclaim er (the historical Jesus) became the Proclaimed (the kerygmatic Jesus) is a decisive issue for believers' understanding of the New Testament This article aims to demonstrate aspects of Bultmann's construction of the message of the historical Jesus. It focuses on Bultmann's understanding of Jesus' vision of the Kingdom of God. It also discusses Bultmann's view of the relationship between faith and history. It concludes by comparing Bultmann's insights with those of present-day historical Jesus researchers
S J Botha-huldigingsbundel by geleentheid van aanvaarding van emeritaat. Huldigingswoord
Authors: Breytenbach A. P.B.
Published: June 2013

Professor Schalk Botha was vir baie jare betrokke by die opleiding van teologiese studente, aanvanklik by die Universiteit van die Noorde en die Hervormde Teologiese Opleiding (Hammanskraal), en die afgelope aantal jare by die Universiteit van Pretoia. Hy het aan die einde van 2000 amptelik afgetree, maar sy dienste is weer deur die Fakulteit Teologie ingekoop om gedurende 2001 lesings te gee in die Departement Kerkgeskiedenis en Kerkreg.
Prof dr S J Botha: 'n Waardering van sy leween werk
Authors: Pretorius S. P.
Published: June 2013

Prof Dr S J Botha: An appreciation of his life and work. In this article the life and work of Prof Dr S J Botha are briefly considered. It focuses on his work as minister and pastor in parishes of the Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerk van Afrika and his work as church histoian and lecturer in Church History and Church Polity in the Faculy of Theology at the Universiy of Pretoia.
Oor die toelating tot die Nagmaal
Authors: Pont A. D.
Published: June 2013

On being admitted to the Lord's Supper. In this study the mater of the invitation to the Holy Supper, in paricular the question of who may or should be invited, is discussed. A historical introduction precedes a discussion on the matter among Protestant churches 'n South Arica in light of the fact that children as young as age 6-7 are now being invited in the Dutch Reformed Church (NG Kerk), to participate 'n the Holy Supper. Special attenion is paid to the Caivinist tradition.
Die Departement Kerkgeskiedenis en Kerkreg aan die Universiteit van Pretoria: Verlede, hede en toekoms
Authors: Hofmeyr J. W.
Published: June 2013

The Department of Church History and Church Polity at the University of Pretoria: Past, present and future. At the beginning of the year 2000 the previously separate sections of the Faculy of Theology at the Universiy of Pretoria became a multi-denominational instituion. This development naturally has many implicaions. In this aticle attenion is being given to the past, present and future of the Departement of Church History at the Universiy of Pretoria. The Department of Church History considers this new venture to be a challenging one for teaching, research and communiy service while striving to be internaionally compeitive and locally relevant.
Nogeens: Die agtergrond, inhoud en implikasies van die Gelofte van 1838
Authors: Strauss Piet
Published: June 2013

Once more: The background, contents and implications of the Vow of 1838. The vow taken by the so-called Voortrekkers before the Battle of Bloodriver in Natal on the 16th December 1838 against the Zulu impis remains a much-debated topic. In this article the author enters into dialogue with some results of recent research. Themes such as the degree to which the vow is binding on descendants, the sabbaical character of the day of commemoraion and the implications of the Hews behind the vow for reconciliation in the present South Africa, are discussed. The conclusion is that the vow is based on sound Chrisian principles, morally binding on Chrisian Afrikaners and those who see fit to associate with them, and in principle not a stumbling block in the way of reconciliaion in a South Africa based on Christian values.
Die "Gemeenskaplike Verklaring oor die Regverdigingsleer" van 30/31 Oktober 1999
Authors: Van Wyk I. W.C.
Published: June 2013

The "Joint Declaraion on Justiicaion" of 30/31 October 1999. The aricle deals with the historic agreement of 30/31 October 1999 by the Lutherans and the Roman Catholics on the doctine of jusification. Historic informaion, excerpts from the text and commentary on the agreement are provided. The article also deals with the importance and relevance of this doctrine for our time.
Ons kerklied: Prinsipiële en praktiese oorwegings
Authors: Van Wyk D. J.C.
Published: June 2013

The church hymn: A consideration of fundamental and practical nature. This study expresses the conviction that the liturgy, hymns and music of the church serve a necessary function and makes an appeal for their regeneration in the church. Such regeneration would, as a consequence of the relection on and experience of the depth and wealth arising from Biblical songs, foster a deeper love for the hymns and songs of the church. However, at the same time, this study also protests against the tendency, Under the pretext of renewal and in unison with the spirit of the times, to render the ministry, liturgy as well as the hyms of the church supericial. This study wishes to make an appeal: that we, on the grounds of a better knowledge of the songs of the Bible and the hymns sung throughout the ages, arrive at stronger church songs applicable to present times.
' n Ontleding van die hoofstrominge van Bybelinterpretasie wat onderliggend is aan geloofsekerheid
Authors: Labuschagne Kobus
Published: June 2013

An analysis of three main streams in Biblical interpretation underlying the assurance of faith. This aricle reflects on the history of Biblical interpretaion and the foundations upon which assurance of faith has been built. It presents three main hermeneutical streams in the history of the church. These main streams can be described in terms of the emotional-mind, the intellectual-mind and the from-the-outside-liberated-mind.
Wolfhart Pannenberg bied 'n weerwoord teen die ontwaarding van die geskiedenis
Authors: Botes H. J.
Published: June 2013

Wolfhart Pannenberg's thoughts as answer against the devaluation of history. In this day and age, nobody any longer believes in the redemptive essence of history (Lyotard). One result of modernism is that humankind is left without history, due to a number of factors. Thus, history as such, and more specifically, church history as theological discipline, finds itself in a crisis. Yet, despite criticism that can be levelled against Pannenberg's thinking, his theory, nevertheless, serves as an answer against the devaluation of history. Given that, the Person ofthe Risen Lord as head of the church has, unquestionably, throughout the ages occupied a central position in both the history of the church and that of the world, Pannenberg's consideration of Chist's resurrecion, in particular, may stand the church in good stead.
Die rol van predikante van die Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerk van Afrika tydens die Tweede Vryheidsoorlog (1899-1902)
Authors: Pretoius Christo
Published: June 2013

The role of the ministers Of the Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerk van Afrika during the Anglo-Boer War (1899-1902). This article indicates that the ministers of the Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerk van Afrika (NHKA) played a consolidating role during the various phases of the Anglo-Boer War (1899-1902). The course of the war brought about a diferentiation of this role. The preaching of the gospel and the rendering of ambulance services were typical ofthe first phase ofthe war. The Concentration and Prisoner of war camps, brought about by the "scorched earth policy", introduced new aspects to the role of the ministers. Their support of Boer victims and polemics against the British authorities emphasised the unity between the NHKA and the Boer Republics.
"Moiwa fa ba bangwe The imperative to generosity and caring - a challenge to the Hervormde Kerk in Suidelike Afrika1
Authors: Manala M. J.
Published: June 2013

In this article, the Afro-Christian imperative of caring and sharing is highlighted as a fundamental response of the church, as the body of Christ, in the face of abject poverty. The extent of poverty in South Africa is sketched, both as an economically and as a socio-spiritualy destructive phenomenon. Based on Biblical perspectives, theological principles underlying benevolent services within Reformed churches are outlined and evaluated.
Die einde van die moraal? 'n Beginning oor die lotgevalle van die moraal in die (post)moderne samelewing
Authors: Schoeman Marinus
Published: June 2013

The end of morality? Reflections on the fate of morality in (post)modern society. True morality, so it is argued, relates to a sense of reality. This implies an openness towards the Other, towards that which transcends our own subjectivity, our emotions or sentiments, and our desires. Morality is always oriented towards transcendence. By this standard, the "thin" or minimalist morality which is nowadays acclaimed as the only legitimate form of morality in pluralistic or multicultural societies is no morality in the true (real) sense of the word. The idea of a "thin" morality leads to a sentimentalist and narcissistic concept of the self, which is indicative of a serious impoverishment in, or indeed the end of, morality as such. Ethical reflection should take account of this situation. Although we cannot simply return to traditional forms of morality, we should nevertheless acknowledge that they could still have an important heuristic value in moral practice. There are several traditions (inter alia the Christian tradition) that merit thorough hermeneutic inquiry, and this in turn could perhaps ofer a way out of the current impasse in which morality inds itself.
Musiek as hulpmiddel in pastorale terapie
Authors: Maritz J. F.
Published: June 2013

The use of music in pastorai therapy. Both religion and music are ways for a person to express a relationship with God, other people, nature and the self. In the premodem paradigm, the interwoven relationship between human bangs, music and religion was seen holistically. The rationalism of the modern era allenated people from this ontological relationship with music. Following the modern era, the current postmodern need for wholeness has resulted in various holistic therapies. This aricle examines the use of music as a powerful therapeutic resource in pastoral therapy. It argues that music can be used to assist a person as an integraed being. The use of a holisic approach emphas'zes the creat've responsibility and various possibilities of a life coram Deo.
A survey on auditing, quality assurance systems and legal frameworks in five selected slaughterhouses in Bulawayo, south-western Zimbabwe
Authors: Masanganise Kaurai E. , Matope Gift , Pfukenyi Davies M.
Published: June 2013

The purpose of this study was to explore the audits, quality assurance (QA) programmes and legal frameworks used in selected abattoirs in Zimbabwe and slaughterhouse workers’ perceptions on their effectiveness. Data on slaughterhouse workers was gathered through a self-completed questionnaire and additional information was obtained from slaughterhouse and government records. External auditing was conducted mainly by the Department of Veterinary Public Health with little contribution from third parties. Internal auditing was restricted to export abattoirs. The checklist used on auditing lacked objective assessment criteria and respondents cited several faults in the current audit system. Most respondents (>50.0%) knew the purposes and benefits of audit and QA inspections. All export abattoirs had QA programmes such as hazard analysis critical control point and ISO 9001 (a standard used to certify businesses’ quality management systems) but their implementation varied from minimal to nil. The main regulatory defect observed was lack of requirements for a QA programme. Audit and quality assurance communications to the selected abattoirs revealed a variety of non-compliances with most respondents revealing that corrective actions to audit (84.3%) and quality assurance (92.3%) shortfalls were not done. A high percentage of respondents indicated that training on quality (76.8%) and regulations (69.8%) was critical. Thus, it is imperative that these abattoirs develop a food safety management system comprising of QA programmes, a microbial assessment scheme, regulatory compliance, standard operating procedures, internal and external auditing and training of workers.
Optimising learning competencies of grade 9 learners: A comparison between a few subject didactic measuring instruments.
Authors: Maree J. G. , Basson N. J.S. , Malan R.
Published: June 2013

The aim of this article is to compare three subject didactic measuring instruments (the SOM, LEMOSS(II) and LCH questionnaires) with regard to validity. These questionnaires are diagnostic measuring instruments, which teachers can use as an aid in certain didactic situations within the classroom. This includes the specialist planning of a specific learning opportunity, and as point of departure for the discussion of a learner’s learning competency in order to master specific and critical outcomes. High Pearson correlations between the different fields of the three measuring instruments, as well as between the measuring instruments as a whole, were found for grade nine learners in the Tzaneen and Phalaborwa areas. None of the questionnaires can be used as autonomous predictors of respective subject marks. However, the SOM, LEMOSS(II) and LCH questionnaires are diagnostic measuring instruments and therefore it is not of such critical importance for these questionnaires to be extremely accurate predictors of subject marks.
Concepts of inheritance in Graeo-Roman times
Authors: Retief F. P. , Cilliers L.
Published: June 2013

The earliest genetic concepts arose from the mists of antiquity. In the 6th century BC the so-called Pre-Socratic Greek philosophers started to postulate concepts based on the assumption that hereditary factors from mother and father were transferred to the child via the male and female semen (or semen equivalent). The Hippocratic doctors (5th and 4th centuries BC) consolidated existing wisdom by way of a complex theory which stated that hereditary factors (sex and general characteristics) transferred via male and female semen, determined the appearance of the child, but only after modifying factors such as volume, consistency and origin of semen, the elements heat, cold, moistness and dryness, and the position of foetus in the uterus, had played a role. Aristotle (4th century BC) postulated a very different theory, based on the assumption that the male was superior to the female, and that his strong semen would determine the hereditary process. Ideally this would lead to the birth of a male child, resembling his father. It was, however, possible that due to factors such as a strongly ‘concocted’ (enriched) female generative substance (menstrual blood, as she had no semen), specific weather conditions, the age of and interaction between parents, as well as the type of water drunk, the male dominance could be qualified, resulting in a sub-ideal child - e.g. a male child with the mother’s characteristics, or even a female child. Subsequent philosophers and physicians including Galen (2nd century AD), added little new to these two main doctrines, and Roman writers in particular tended to introduce elements of mysticism and superstition.
Epitaxy: Criterion for orientation
Authors: Van der Merwe J. H.
Published: June 2013

This review is motivated by the impact of epitaxy – the oriented overgrowth of a thin crystalline layer (the epilayer) on a crystalline substrate – in pursuit of perfection in crystallinity as needed in high grade technology and fundamental studies. While acceptable knowledge with respect to the thermodynamic stability and growth modes of epitaxial layers is available, need exists for a reliable, simple criterion for epitaxial growth in order to facilitate the selection of suitable materials. Frank and Van der Merwe have proposed a sufficient criterion. A clear indication of a necessary and sufficient condition has emanated from a thermodynamic theoretical study of rigid model epitaxy at fcc (111)/bcc (110) interfaces. This study has identified, as important role players: (i) the matching of atomic rows across the contact interface, (ii) the crystalline interfacial source of periodic epilayer-substrate interaction, including its Fourier representation and (iii) the magnitude of the Fourier coefficients. The objectives have been finalised by (a) the calculation of optimum Fourier coefficients and (b) the reciprocal space Fourier series description of the periodic interaction, including the structure factors as evidence of the contributions from atomic planes further away from the contact plane and the analytical formulation of the desired criterion.
Die ontwikkeling van ’n korrosiebestande langpadlengte-infrarooisel Deel I: Konstruksieparameters en -oorwegings
Authors: Delport D. J. , Potgieter J. H. , Augustyn W. G. , Prior J. H.
Published: June 2013

Hierdie artikel beskryf die konstruksie van ’n langpadlengte-infrarooisel wat gebruik kan word om korrosiewe gasmengsels kwalitatief en kwantitatief te analiseer. Die vereistes waaraan so ’n sel moet voldoen, word kortliks bespreek en die ontwerp word beskryf met spesifieke verwysing na geskikte materiale vir die spieël, die optimisering van die padlengte en die bepaling van die maksimum seinversterking. Na bepaling van die nodige ontwerpparameters, is dit uit vlekvrye staal gekonstrueer en in bedryf gestel.AbstractThe development of a corrosion resistant long pathlength infrared cell Part I: Construction parameters and considerations This paper describes the construction of a long pathlength infrared cell that is suitable for the qualitative and quantitative analyses of corrosive gas mixtures. The requirements of such a cell are discussed briefly and its design is described with specific reference to suitable materials for the mirror, the optimisation of the pathlength and to determining the maximum gain. After establishing the necessary design parameters, the cell was constructed from stainless steel and commissioned for practical applications.
Eye-blink controlled computer mouse: design and evaluation
Authors: Viljoen S. , Hanekom T. , Cilliers P. J.
Published: June 2013

Physically disabled people who do not have the use of their limbs have difficulty operating a computer, since they cannot use a mouse. In this article the design, implementation and evaluation of an eye-blink controlled computer mouse to be used by handicapped people are described. Detection of voluntary blinks is established by the reflection of infrared light from the skin on the side of the eye, while involuntary blinks are ignored. This enables people who do not have the use of their limbs to operate a computer. All the functions of a PS2 mouse are emulated.
Prebiotics: selective substrate for beneficial microflora
Authors: Viljoen M. , Koorts A.
Published: June 2013

Prebiotics are food ingredients that are not digested by the host’s digestive enzymes. Prebiotics are fermented in the colon under influence of colon bacteria such as bifidobacteria. It serves as selective substrate for those microflora that benefit the host and simultaneously increases the fermentation capacity of the colon. Oligosaccharides are the best general prebiotics as they stimulate the growth and colonisation of beneficial bacteria such as bifidobacteria and their metabolites are not toxic. Common examples of prebiotics include fructooligosaccharides (FOS), galactooligosaccharides (GOS) and soybean oligosaccharides. The prebiotic-probiotic-host cell interaction plays a role in the integrity of the gastrointestinal tract, the mucosal immune system, the absorption of minerals and other aspects of the human physiology.
A decade of democracy: environmental management in a changing world
Authors: Aucamp P. J.
Published: June 2013

The world’s focus on the environment started in 1972 with the Conference of the United Nations on the Human Environment in Stockholm. This led to the formation of the United Nations’ Environmental Programme (UNEP). The new interest in the role of the humans in the environment only picked up momentum after the publication of the report, Our Common Future by the World Commission on Development and the Environment, led by Harlem Gro Brundtland and the follow-up Conference in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 (The Earth Summit). The main products from this conference were the Earth Charter and the Agenda 21 principles and action plans. Not long after this event South Africa had a change in government in 1994. The new Constitution that was accepted in 1996 is one of the few constitutions that contain pertinent clauses pertaining to the protection of the environment. Environmental legislation such as the new National Environmental Management Act, a National Water Act, a Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act, an Air Quality Management Bill has been adapted since 1994. A huge number of non-governmental organisations (NGOs) attended the Rio Conference. Some, like Greenpeace (and locally Earthlife Africa), developed pressure groups that pressurised governments to give more attention to the protection of the environment and to improve environmental management. During this period results of scientific research that had a large impact on humankind’s perception of the environment, were published. The discovery of the hole in the ozone layer and of the increase in global warming led to great public interest. This led to conventions and protocols that have been ratified by most countries in the world, for example 189 out of a possible 191 countries ratified the Montreal Protocol for the Protection of the Ozone Layer by June 2004. The private sector responded and today it is the norm to report about the “Triple Bottom-line” (economic, social and environmental aspects). The question that arises is: who had the most influence on the wealth of new legislation and the change of emphasis to environmental management in the private and public sectors – the new government, pressure from green organisations or reaction to scientific research? This paper discusses the influence of all three.
Broodbome – met spesiale verwysing na die Suider- Afrikaanse soorte
Authors: Grobbelaar Nat
Published: June 2013

Geen Abstrak
Secondary organic aerosol formation from idling gasoline passenger vehicle emissions investigated in a smog chamber
Authors: Nordin E. Z. , Eriksson A. C. , Roldin P. , Nilsson P. T. , Carlsson J. E. , Kajos M. K. , Hellén H. , Wittbom C. , Rissler J. , Löndahl J. , Swietlicki E. , Svenningsson B. , Bohgard M. , Kulmala M. , Hallquist M. , Pagels J. H.
Published: June 2013

Abstract. Gasoline vehicles have recently been pointed out as potentially the main source of anthropogenic secondary organic aerosol (SOA) in megacities. However, there is a lack of laboratory studies to systematically investigate SOA formation in real-world exhaust. In this study, SOA formation from pure aromatic precursors, idling and cold start gasoline exhaust from three passenger vehicles (EURO2–EURO4) were investigated with photo-oxidation experiments in a 6 m3 smog chamber. The experiments were carried out down to atmospherically relevant organic aerosol mass concentrations. The characterization instruments included a high-resolution aerosol mass spectrometer and a proton transfer mass spectrometer. It was found that gasoline exhaust readily forms SOA with a signature aerosol mass spectrum similar to the oxidized organic aerosol that commonly dominates the organic aerosol mass spectra downwind of urban areas. After a cumulative OH exposure of ~5 × 106 cm−3 h, the formed SOA was 1–2 orders of magnitude higher than the primary OA emissions. The SOA mass spectrum from a relevant mixture of traditional light aromatic precursors gave f43 (mass fraction at m/z = 43), approximately two times higher than to the gasoline SOA. However O : C and H : C ratios were similar for the two cases. Classical C6–C9 light aromatic precursors were responsible for up to 60% of the formed SOA, which is significantly higher than for diesel exhaust. Important candidates for additional precursors are higher-order aromatic compounds such as C10 and C11 light aromatics, naphthalene and methyl-naphthalenes. We conclude that approaches using only light aromatic precursors give an incomplete picture of the magnitude of SOA formation and the SOA composition from gasoline exhaust.