bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Research on Thermal Error Modeling Method of Machine Tool Spindle Based on Optimized BP Neural Network
Authors: Zhou Mengjie , Yin Ling
Published: February 2024

Addressing the limitations of the single-temperature measurement point monitoring for detecting the temperature changes in the CNC machine tool spindle, and the shortcomings of the thermal error model based on back propagation neural network (BP) in accuracy, convergence and robustness. This paper studies the thermal error identification model and method of spindle based on multiple temperature sensors. An Adaptive particle swarm algorithm-back-propagation neural network (IAPSO-BP) model for thermal error identification of principal axes is proposed. To enhance modeling accuracy and comprehensively monitor the temperature information of the machine tool spindle, the input of this model is generated by processing the data collected through five temperature sensors. The IAPSO algorithm is employed for the automatic identification of BP parameters, reduce manual intervention, and enhancing the model’s capacity for generalization.
Analysis of the Drive Torque for the Spiral Pipe Section of an Earth Pressure Balanced Shield Tunnel Screw Conveyor
Authors: Chun Li Xing , Fu Yue , Li Ziliang
Published: February 2024

The driving torque of the shield machine is intricately linked to the soil silo muck load and the mechanical properties of both the muck and the spiral structure. Considering the shield screw conveyor’s mechanical structure and operational conditions, based on the momentum moment balance conditions, the separate calculation method was used to derive the spiral driving torque in the helical casing, the friction torque in the bearing and the friction torque of the sealing ring through mechanical analysis, and finally a torque calculation expression for the spiral pipe section was established. The research results provide technical guidance for the design and manufacture of shield screw conveyors and safe tunneling during construction.
Study on Cumulative Damage Law of Surrounding Rock Induced by Blasting during Tunnel Construction
Authors: Liu Erping
Published: February 2024

The tunnel drilling and blasting method inevitably causes damage to the rock mass during the blasting process. This article takes a certain tunnel as the research object, proposes to simulate the process of continuous blasting and repeated blasting in each section of the tunnel, and quantifies the cumulative damage range of surrounding rock under each working condition. The results indicate that: (1) it is advantageous to use equivalent loads to simulate blasting loads when calculating large-scale blasting damage simulations; (2) The damage to surrounding rock caused by single cycle excavation of tunnels is caused by the superposition of multiple stages of delayed blasting, mainly influenced by adjacent auxiliary equipment.
Research on Early Warning Technology for High-Grade Highway Pavement Damage
Authors: Liu Cheng , Wang Chao
Published: February 2024

Road surface damage on high-grade highways has a serious impact on driving safety. Conventional road surface damage detection mainly adopts manual detection technology. The detection efficiency is low, and the detection results are easily disturbed by human factors, which is not conducive to objective and accurate evaluation of road damage. To solve the problems of accurate collection, efficient identification, and correct positioning of high-grade road surface damage data, the research group has studied the early warning technology of road surface damage. The proposed early warning technology scheme enables drivers to take preventive driving action in a timely manner, avoids the occurrence of traffic accidents, and provides drivers with reasonable avoidance schemes to effectively prevent the occurrence of traffic accidents.
Development Research of an ADT-24 Multichannel Real-time Fluorescence PCR Detection System
Authors: Tang Qingtai , Li Xinqi
Published: February 2024

This study describes a fluorescence detection system for purified ADT-24 nucleic acids and a PCR detection-integrated machine. The application background and structure of the fluorescence scanning system are described. We designed a confocal 4-channel fluorescence detection scanning head with monochromatic LEDs as the excitation light source, a multipixel photon counter (MPPC) as the optical path detection terminal, and a narrow-band filter and dichroic mirror as the main optical components. This paper discusses in detail the principle of the working system, including optical path selection and standards, optical component selection, channel spectral characteristic analysis, detector selection, performance evaluation, optical path simulation, and sensitivity verification. The design and use of this optical system are also summarized. Finally, a 4-fold dilution of mix reagent was used to test the detection effect of the fluorescence scanning head, and a scheme to control “temperature drift” and optimize performance was proposed. According to the verification results and subsequent live debugging, the debugged results achieved the expected design objectives.
KNN-SVM Classifiers in Complex Diagnosis
Authors: Cheng Hao
Published: February 2024

In many applications, classification plays an indispensable role due to its powerful detection and diagnosis function. Especially in real data on disease, the detection of important factors and the diagnosis of the result usually bring huge contributions to patients. Simultaneously, complex problems in real data such as imbalanced data and missing data also lead to more challenges and difficulties. The ignorance of missing data will undermine study efficiency, and sometimes introduce substantial bias. Imbalanced data tends to be overwhelmed by the majority classes and ignoring the minority ones. The paper develops new support vector machine classifiers using k-nearest neighbors’ information (KNN-SVM), to impute missing data by calculating k-nearest neighbors’ statistical characteristic values and to interpolate some new samples between k-nearest minority class examples. As comparisons, the paper uses different kernel functions in KNN-SVM classifiers to show the different performances in disease diagnosis accuracy.
Impedance modelling and single-bunch collective instability simulations for the SuperKEKB main rings
Authors: Ishibashi T. , Migliorati M. , Zhou D. , Shibata K. , Abe T. , Tobiyama M. , Suetsugu Y. , Terui S.
Published: February 2024

The SuperKEKB is an electron-positron collider consisting of
two storage rings: the 4 GeV-positron low-energy ring and the
7 GeV-electron high-energy ring. The impedance of the rings has
been modeled using electromagnetic simulation codes and used to
study the single-bunch collective instabilities. The wake potentials
are exported from the impedance model and included in a particle
tracking simulation code, PyHEADTAIL. In this paper, we review the
impedance modeling and the results of the collective instability
simulations.
FCC circumference studies based on RF synchronization
Authors: Zhang L.H. , Damerau H. , Karpov I. , Vanel A.L.
Published: February 2024

As the study of the Future Circular Collider (FCC) project
progresses, the choice of the exact circumference of the accelerator
tunnel becomes essential. It is defined by RF-related constraints,
mainly the RF frequency of the FCC-hh, as well as the revolution
frequency ratios with the hadron injector. It is shown firstly how
favourable circumference options assuming the present LHC RF
frequency have been identified and ranked from the RF point of
view. Secondly, the entire frequency range of interest has been
systematically scanned, assuming the possibility of operating SPS or
LHC as the potential injector of FCC-hh. Considerations for the RF
synchronization between injector and collider have been taken into
account. Several options are studied in detail, amongst them the
particularly attractive circumferences of 90478.6 m and 90837.7 m,
and compared to the present working hypothesis of 90658.2 m. The
results are analysed and rated from the point of view of flexibility
and longitudinal beam dynamics.
CEPC accelerator status overview
Authors: Li Yuhui , Gao Jie
Published: February 2024

In 2012, the Higgs boson was successfully observed at the
LHC. Due to the relatively low mass of the Higgs, it is possible
to build a Higgs factory using a circular e+e-
collider. Consequently, the Circular Electron-Positron Collider
(CEPC) was proposed shortly after the observation of the
Higgs. After several years of pre-studies, the CEPC study group
completed the Conceptual Design Report (CDR) in 2018. Since then, a
series of key technology R&D efforts have been carried out, and the
accelerator design has been continuously optimized. The accelerator
design can meet the scientific objectives by allowing operation at
different energies for Higgs/W/Z, and ttbar, with high
luminosities. Key technologies required for mass production have
been developed, including the high-performance superconducting
accelerating cavities and modules, high-efficiency RF power sources,
magnets, and vacuum systems, etc,. This paper will present the
selected key technology R&D accomplishments and updated accelerator
key parameters.
Generating arbitrary analytically solvable two-level systems
Authors: Liang Hongbin
Published: February 2024

We present a new approach for generating arbitrary analytically solvable two-level systems. This method offers the ability to completely derive all analytically solvable Hamiltonians for any analytical evolutions of two-level systems. To demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach, we reconstruct the Rosen–Zener model and generate several new exact solutions. Using this approach, we present the exact evolution of the semi-classical Rabi model with new analytical properties. The parameters used to generate Hamiltonians have direct physical interpretations within the Bloch sphere, the quantum speed limit, and the geometric phase. As a result, the physical properties of the generated Hamiltonian are highly controllable, which plays a significant role in the fields of quantum control, quantum computing, and quantum information.
Analysis of traffic flow due to lane changes by heavy vehicles
Authors: Sari Zuniar Ayu Permata , Nahry  , Mauramdha Gari
Published: February 2024

The transportation of goods via heavy vehicles (HV) plays a crucial role in urban economics. However, the operational and physical characteristics of these vehicles negatively impact traffic flow, leading to reduced speeds and increased congestion. This study examines the influence of HV lane changes on average traffic speed by implementing diverse lane change intensities and alternative strategies that restrict HV to specific lanes, narrowing their lane-changing space. Five HV classes based on axle count were analyzed using Vissim traffic simulation software on a 600 m JORR toll road segment. Three strategies were assessed across various scenarios, with differing HV composition percentages. Results show that HV lane changes, simulated using Vissim, significantly affect average traffic speed. Comparing high and low-intensity lane changes revealed an approximately 12% speed increase. Additionally, every 5% increment in HV composition led to an average 3% traffic speed reduction. In high-density conditions for every 5% increase in the composition of HV from high-intensity compared to medium and low-intensity lane changes, the average speed of traffic flow increases by 4% and 8% in low-density conditions. This research highlights the importance of enforcing designated lane usage for HV on toll roads to enhance traffic flow performance.
Investigation on surface metallization of epoxy resin and its electromagnetic interference shielding performance
Authors: Liu Shikai , Zhu Yingfang , Tian Zheyu , Chen Xin , Li Xingyu , Tang Minghua , Yan Shaoan
Published: February 2024

In this study, aluminum and aluminum/nickel metal layers with varying thicknesses were deposited on the surface of epoxy resin using electron beam evaporation technology. The research aimed to explore and compare the impact of the thickness and material of the metal layer on electromagnetic interference shielding efficiency. The study revealed that the metal layer on the pre-treated surface of the epoxy resin displays a more complete morphology with uniform coverage and a distinctive stratification in the aluminum/nickel (Al/Ni) metal layer. The application of aluminum and aluminum/nickel metal layers onto the surface of epoxy resin demonstrates effective electromagnetic interference shielding. The investigation reveals that electromagnetic interference shielding efficiency escalates with the thickness of the metal layer within the test frequency range of 4 GHz to 15 GHz. Notably, it attains 70 dB when the aluminum/nickel metal layer achieves a thickness of 1 μm. These findings signify that the aluminum/nickel metal layer displays outstanding electromagnetic interference shielding performance, making it suitable for widespread application in the domain of electromagnetic interference shielding for polymer composites.
Acoustic emission-based assessment of weld effects on the health monitoring of the rail section: an experimental study
Authors: Pal Apurba , Kundu Tamal , Datta Aloke Kumar
Published: February 2024

Railways are a vital lifeline for both passengers and freight, with an extensive network connected by robust welded joints. This study explores the potential of Acoustic Emission (AE) techniques in rail health monitoring, particularly in the context of rail sections and their relationship with welds. While AE-based health monitoring has gained attention, a significant gap exists in understanding welds’ influence. This research bridges this gap by examining the interplay between welds and health monitoring. Welds introduce complexities in AE wave propagation, crucial for precise health assessments. Through artificial AE source simulation using the Pencil Lead Break (PLB) method across diverse rail segments, specialized sensors capture AE signals. Rigorous analysis, involving signal processing and statistical methods, reveals how welds impact AE wave behaviour and health assessment accuracy. Importantly, this research underscores how welds alter AE wave propagation, ensuring accurate health evaluations. This study’s insights hold far-reaching implications, not only for enhancing current rail system maintenance but also for advancing our understanding of the critical interrelationship between welds and health monitoring, thus contributing to the longevity and reliability of rail systems.
A capability approach to analyse well-being impacts of wind energy infrastructure
Authors: Velasco-Herrejón Paola , López Toledo Enoc , Romo López Juana Arely , Antonio Escobar Tania Karina , Carrasco Morales Elizabeth , Hernández Ramírez William , Ignacio Hernández Lizbeth Yessenia , Gutiérrez Felipe Gisel Andrea , Jiménez López Lirio Scaanda , Rueda Rasgado Norma Iris , Martinez Sánchez Jade , Martínez Arreguín Jesús
Published: February 2024

This paper operationalises the capability approach to analyse the tensions and trade-offs in assessing well-being outcomes generated by the production of wind energy, and how these reflect social acceptance at the local level. Specifically, the paper addresses the difficulties in understanding the voice of Indigenous people living near wind energy infrastructure in Southern Mexico and how their conceptions of well-being can be used to estimate the impact of wind energy development on three different communities. The methodology involved a three-stage process that integrated semi-structured interviews, focus groups, a survey, and participatory workshops, involving 450 participants. The findings conclude that community acceptability of energy infrastructure such as wind farms will only be achieved through inclusive community engagement that considers valued ways of being and doing of the local population. These include increasing the opportunities for people to live in good health, skilled employment in the industry, engaging and integrating local culture, values, worldviews and needs, and having a collective approach to the distribution of economic benefits that may strengthen social networks. By focusing on the recognition of valuable human capabilities from a participatory mixed-methods perspective, this paper contributes to a more compelling body of theory on social wind energy impacts that focuses on locally defined priorities and perspectives. Furthermore, this study also shows how the inclusion of community members as co-researchers is crucial to validate and locate local knowledge at the forefront while allowing local stakeholders to exercise greater voice and agency in how the research is conducted and designed. We hope that this methodology can offer useful insights for the design and implementation of future renewable energy projects that have environmental and social sustainability in mind.
Mozambican Coffea accessions from Ibo and Quirimba Islands: identification and geographical distribution
Authors: Navarini Luciano , Scaglione Davide , Del Terra Lorenzo , Scalabrin Simone , Mavuque Lopes , Turello Luca , Nguenha Rafael , Luongo Gianluca
Published: February 2024

Mozambique does not have a tradition of farming Coffea arabica or Coffea canephora, the two species that dominate the worldwide coffee market. However, native coffee plants have been growing spontaneously and in some cases cultivated in the Ibo and Quirimba islands in the north of the country and Inhambane province in the south. Historically there has been confusion over the precise taxonomic classification of these indigenous coffee plants, with different botanists identifying the species as C. racemosa, C. zanguebariae or various synonyms of both. The present research aims to clarify the subject and provide new information on these little-described coffee species which may prove valuable as new breeding material for future cultivars, something that is sorely needed to face the present and future challenges of coffee production. Leaf samples were collected from 40 accessions from Ibo Island, Quirimba Island and Inhambane province. The samples were sequenced by whole-genome technology and WGS reads were filtered to identify relevant SNP variants. Diversity among the samples was assessed by PCA, and a phylogenetic tree including several Coffea species was built using additional data available in public databases. Experimental data confirm the presence of C. zanguebariae as the only coffee species present in both Ibo and Quirimba Islands, while it appears that C. racemosa is exclusive to the southern Inhambane province. The present research provides the most detailed analysis so far on the genetic identity of the traditional Mozambican coffee crops. This is the prerequisite for undertaking further scientific studies on these almost unknown coffee species and for starting agronomic development programs for the economic revival of Ibo and Quirimba islands based on coffee cultivation. Furthermore, these species could provide much-needed genetic material for the breeding of new hybrids with the two main commercial coffee species.
CTISL: a dynamic stacking multi-class classification approach for identifying cell types from single-cell RNA-seq data
Authors: Wang Xiao , Chai Ziyi , Li Shaohua , Liu Yan , Li Chen , Jiang Yu , Liu Quanzhong
Published: February 2024

Motivation

Effective identification of cell types is of critical importance in single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) data analysis. To date, many supervised machine learning-based predictors have been implemented to identify cell types from scRNA-seq datasets. Despite the technical advances of these state-of-the-art tools, most existing predictors were single classifiers, of which the performances can still be significantly improved. It is therefore highly desirable to employ the ensemble learning strategy to develop more accurate computational models for robust and comprehensive identification of cell types on scRNA-seq datasets.

Results

We propose a two-layer stacking model, termed CTISL (Cell Type Identification by Stacking ensemble Learning), which integrates multiple classifiers to identify cell types. In the first layer, given a reference scRNA-seq dataset with known cell types, CTISL dynamically combines multiple cell-type-specific classifiers (i.e. support-vector machine and logistic regression) as the base learners to deliver the outcomes for the input of a meta-classifier in the second layer. We conducted a total of 24 benchmarking experiments on 17 human and mouse scRNA-seq datasets to evaluate and compare the prediction performance of CTISL and other state-of-the-art predictors. The experiment results demonstrate that CTISL achieves superior or competitive performance compared to these state-of-the-art approaches. We anticipate that CTISL can serve as a useful and reliable tool for cost-effective identification of cell types from scRNA-seq datasets.

Availability and implementation

The webserver and source code are freely available at http://bigdata.biocie.cn/CTISLweb/home and https://zenodo.org/records/10568906, respectively.
DeepLocRNA: an interpretable deep learning model for predicting RNA subcellular localization with domain-specific transfer-learning
Authors: Wang Jun , Horlacher Marc , Cheng Lixin , Winther Ole
Published: February 2024

Motivation

Accurate prediction of RNA subcellular localization plays an important role in understanding cellular processes and functions. Although post-transcriptional processes are governed by trans-acting RNA binding proteins (RBPs) through interaction with cis-regulatory RNA motifs, current methods do not incorporate RBP-binding information.

Results

In this article, we propose DeepLocRNA, an interpretable deep-learning model that leverages a pre-trained multi-task RBP-binding prediction model to predict the subcellular localization of RNA molecules via fine-tuning. We constructed DeepLocRNA using a comprehensive dataset with variant RNA types and evaluated it on the held-out dataset. Our model achieved state-of-the-art performance in predicting RNA subcellular localization in mRNA and miRNA. It has also demonstrated great generalization capabilities, performing well on both human and mouse RNA. Additionally, a motif analysis was performed to enhance the interpretability of the model, highlighting signal factors that contributed to the predictions. The proposed model provides general and powerful prediction abilities for different RNA types and species, offering valuable insights into the localization patterns of RNA molecules and contributing to our understanding of cellular processes at the molecular level. A user-friendly web server is available at: https://biolib.com/KU/DeepLocRNA/.
PMIpred: a physics-informed web server for quantitative protein–membrane interaction prediction
Authors: van Hilten Niek , Verwei Nino , Methorst Jeroen , Nase Carsten , Bernatavicius Andrius , Risselada Herre Jelger
Published: February 2024

Motivation

Many membrane peripheral proteins have evolved to transiently interact with the surface of (curved) lipid bilayers. Currently, methods to quantitatively predict sensing and binding free energies for protein sequences or structures are lacking, and such tools could greatly benefit the discovery of membrane-interacting motifs, as well as their de novo design.

Results

Here, we trained a transformer neural network model on molecular dynamics data for >50 000 peptides that is able to accurately predict the (relative) membrane-binding free energy for any given amino acid sequence. Using this information, our physics-informed model is able to classify a peptide’s membrane-associative activity as either non-binding, curvature sensing, or membrane binding. Moreover, this method can be applied to detect membrane-interaction regions in a wide variety of proteins, with comparable predictive performance as state-of-the-art data-driven tools like DREAMM, PPM3, and MODA, but with a wider applicability regarding protein diversity, and the added feature to distinguish curvature sensing from general membrane binding.

Availability and implementation

We made these tools available as a web server, coined Protein-Membrane Interaction predictor (PMIpred), which can be accessed at https://pmipred.fkt.physik.tu-dortmund.de.
Synthesis of yolk–shell COF with corrole and electrocatalytic property of Co-doped COF for oxygen reduction reaction
Authors: Miyabayashi Keiko , Kondo Junna
Published: February 2024

Covalent organic polymers (COP) were synthesized by polymerizing 5,10,15-tris(4-aminophenyl)corrole (TAPC) and terephthalaldehyde in the presence of acetic acid. Yolk–shells and filled structures were obtained after ripening of COP synthesized with low and high acetic acid/TAPC, respectively. The low cross-linking degree of COP synthesized by low acetic acid/TAPC resulted in a yolk–shell structure due to the easy dissolution of the interior. The Co-doped yolk–shell showed higher electrocatalytic activity for the oxygen reduction reaction than the filled structure.
Early Mortality After the First Dose of COVID-19 Vaccination: A Target Trial Emulation
Authors: McConeghy Kevin W , Hur Kwan , Dahabreh Issa J , Jiang Rong , Pandey Lucy , Gellad Walid F , Glassman Peter , Good Chester B , Miller Donald R , Zullo Andrew R , Gravenstein Stefan , Cunningham Francesca
Published: February 2024

Background

Vaccine hesitancy persists alongside concerns about the safety of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines. We aimed to examine the effect of COVID-19 vaccination on risk of death among US veterans.

Methods

We conducted a target trial emulation to estimate and compare risk of death up to 60 days under two COVID-19 vaccination strategies: vaccination within 7 days of enrollment versus no vaccination through follow-up. The study cohort included individuals aged ≥18 years enrolled in the Veterans Health Administration system and eligible to receive a COVID-19 vaccination according to guideline recommendations from 1 March 2021 through 1 July 2021. The outcomes of interest included deaths from any cause and excluding a COVID-19 diagnosis. Observations were cloned to both treatment strategies, censored, and weighted to estimate per-protocol effects.

Results

We included 3 158 507 veterans. Under the vaccination strategy, 364 993 received vaccine within 7 days. At 60 days, there were 156 deaths per 100 000 veterans under the vaccination strategy versus 185 deaths under the no vaccination strategy, corresponding to an absolute risk difference of −25.9 (95% confidence limit [CL], −59.5 to 2.7) and relative risk of 0.86 (95% CL, .7 to 1.0). When those with a COVID-19 infection in the first 60 days were censored, the absolute risk difference was −20.6 (95% CL, −53.4 to 16.0) with a relative risk of 0.88 (95% CL, .7 to 1.1).

Conclusions

Vaccination against COVID-19 was associated with a lower but not statistically significantly different risk of death in the first 60 days. These results agree with prior scientific knowledge suggesting vaccination is safe with the potential for substantial health benefits.
Incremental dialysis: two complementary views
Authors: Casino Debaters: Francesco Gaetano , Murea Mariana , Floege Moderators: Jürgen , Zoccali Carmine
Published: February 2024

Franco Casino and Mariana Murea discuss today's knowledge about the ‘incremental dialysis’ concept. Franco Casino frames the problem by saying that, in the presence of substantial residual kidney function, kidney replacement therapy can begin with low doses and/or frequencies, to be gradually increased to compensate for any subsequent losses of residual kidney function, keeping the total clearance above the minimum levels of adequacy. He remarks that studies so far have documented that this approach is safe. He recognizes that adequate randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are necessary to confirm the safety and simplify and standardize the practical aspects of this approach. Mariana Murea objects that most of the evidence gathered so far primarily derives from retrospective and observational studies, which can be influenced by socioeconomic constraints. She argues for the need for RCTs to provide compelling empirical evidence on the efficacy of incremental dialysis. Nephrologists are still reluctant to adopt this approach for various reasons, including unfamiliarity with the method, lack of practical guidance and financial disincentives. Several countries have ongoing or planned RCTs comparing incremental dialysis with conventional dialysis. These trials can shift the haemodialysis paradigm if they validate the safety and effectiveness of this approach. The moderators believe that the results of ongoing trials must be carefully interpreted, and further validation may be needed across different patient populations or healthcare settings. The ultimate goal is to gather robust evidence that could lead to widespread adoption of incremental haemodialysis, optimizing treatment, reducing overtreatment, preserving resources and improving patients’ quality of life.
The many channels of firm’s adjustment to energy shocks: evidence from France
Authors: Fontagné Lionel , Martin Philippe , Orefice Gianluca
Published: February 2024

Based on firm-level data in the French manufacturing sector, we find that firms adapt quickly, strongly and through multiple channels to energy shocks, even though electricity and gas bills represent a small share of their total costs. Over the period 1996–2019, faced with an idiosyncratic energy price increase, firms reduce their energy demand, improve their energy efficiency, increase intermediate inputs imports and optimize energy use across plants. Firms are also able to pass-through the cost shock fully into their export prices. Their production, exports and employment fall. A consequence of these multiple adjustment mechanisms is that the fall in profits is either non-significant, small or specific to only the most energy-intensive firms. We also find that the impact of electricity shocks has weakened over time, suggesting that only firms able to adapt their production process to energy cost shocks have survived. Importantly, when faced with large electricity and gas price increases, firms are less able to reduce their consumption. These results shed light on the mechanisms of resilience of the European manufacturing sector in the context of the present energy crisis.
Sibling influence on migration pathways from the French overseas to mainland France
Authors: Haddad Marine
Published: February 2024

Research shows that economic, political and social factors all drive migration, but we still know little about their interaction, especially the interplay between increasingly selective migration policies and family relations. Studies stress the role played by social capital in responding to migration restrictions and the importance of intermediaries in encouraging access to institutional resources, but we lack systematic analyses linking migrant networks and recourse to migration-facilitating programs. This paper fills this gap by investigating how siblings’ influence and migration programs combine in shaping migration from the French Overseas departments (DOM). Using a survey with detailed information on DOM families’ migration histories (MFV, INED, 2010), it assesses whether individuals stay, migrate with or without the support of migration programs, depending on their siblings’ past trajectories. A longitudinal approach and the nesting of individuals within families allow controlling for unobserved heterogeneity. Siblings migrating without the programs’ support decrease the chances of migration with it and increase the chances of migration without it. Siblings migrating with the programs’ support increase the chances of migration with it and decrease the chances of migration without it. This work shows how DOM populations engage with selective pro-migration policies, stressing the role of family relations in driving cumulative patterns of migration. It contributes to uncovering the way social and political factors interact in contexts of high migration prevalence with increased selectivity of migration and especially pro-migration policies.
Impact of the 2021 European Society for Cardiology prevention guideline’s stepwise approach for cardiovascular risk factor treatment in patients with established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
Authors: Holtrop Joris , Bhatt Deepak L , Ray Kausik K , Mach François , Smulders Yvo M , Carballo David , Steg Philippe Gabriel , Visseren Frank L J , Dorresteijn Jannick A N
Published: February 2024

Aims

This study aimed to evaluate the stepwise approach for cardiovascular (CV) risk factor treatment as outlined by the European Society for Cardiology 2021 guidelines on CV disease (CVD) prevention in patients with established atherosclerotic CVD (ASCVD).

Methods and results

In patients with ASCVD, included in UCC-SMART (n = 8730) and European parts of the REACH registry (n = 18 364), the 10-year CV risk was estimated using SMART2. Treatment effects were derived from meta-analyses and trials. Step 1 recommendations were LDL cholesterol (LDLc) < 1.8 mmol/L, systolic blood pressure (SBP) < 140 mmHg, using any antithrombotic medication, sodium–glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibition, and smoking cessation. Step 2 recommendations were LDLc < 1.4 mmol/L, SBP < 130 mmHg, dual-pathway inhibition (DPI, aspirin plus low-dose rivaroxaban), colchicine, glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 receptor agonists, and eicosapentaenoic acid. Step 2 was modelled accounting for Step 1 non-attainment. With current treatment, residual CV risk was 22%, 32%, and 60% in the low, moderate, and pooled (very) high European risk regions, respectively. Step 2 could prevent up to 198, 223 and 245 events per 1000 patients treated, respectively. Intensified LDLc reduction, colchicine, and DPI could be applied to most patients, preventing up to 57, 74, and 59 events per 1000 patients treated, respectively. Following Step 2, the number of patients with a CV risk of <10% could increase from 20%, 6.4%, and 0.5%, following Step 1, to 63%, 48%, and 12%, in the respective risk regions.

Conclusion

With current treatment, residual CV risk in patients with ASCVD remains high across all European risk regions. The intensified Step 2 treatment options result in marked further reduction of residual CV risk in patients with established ASCVD.

Key findings

Guideline-recommended intensive treatment of patients with cardiovascular disease could prevent additional 198–245 new cardiovascular events for every 1000 patients treated.
Microbial community and network responses across strong environmental gradients: How do they compare with macroorganisms?
Authors: Arboleda-Baena Clara , Freilich Mara , Pareja Claudia Belén , Logares Ramiro , De la Iglesia Rodrigo , Navarrete Sergio A
Published: February 2024

The way strong environmental gradients shape multispecific assemblages has allowed us to examine a suite of ecological and evolutionary hypotheses about structure, regulation and community responses to fluctuating environments. But whether the highly diverse co-occurring microorganisms are shaped in similar ways as macroscopic organisms across the same gradients has yet to be addressed in most ecosystems. Here, we characterize intertidal biofilm bacteria communities, comparing zonation at both the “species” and community levels, as well as network attributes, with co-occurring macroalgae and invertebrates in the same rocky shore system. The results revealed that the desiccation gradient has a more significant impact on smaller communities, while both desiccation and submersion gradients (surge) affect the larger, macroscopic communities. At the community level, we also confirmed the existence of distinct communities within each intertidal zone for microorganisms, similar to what has been previously described for macroorganisms. But our results indicated that dominant microbial organisms along the same environmental gradient exhibited less differentiation across tidal levels than their macroscopic counterparts. However, despite the substantial differences in richness, size and attributes of co-occurrence networks, both macro- and micro-communities respond to stress gradients, leading to the formation of similar zonation patterns in the intertidal rocky shore.
Fermenting the future – on the benefits of a bioart collaboration
Authors: Mattanovich Diethard , Altvater Martin , Ata Özge , Bachleitner Simone
Published: February 2024

In this article we explore the intersection of science and art through a collaboration between us scientists and the bioartists Anna Dimitriu and Alex May, focusing on the interface of yeast biotechnology and art. The collaboration, originally initiated in 2018, resulted in three major artworks: CULTURE, depicting the evolution of yeast and human societies; FERMENTING FUTURES, illustrating a synthetic autotrophic yeast and its link to lactic acid production; and WOOD SPIRIT—AMBER ACID, inspired by the VIVALDI project targeting CO2 reduction to methanol. We emphasize the reciprocal nature of the collaboration, detailing the scientific insights gained and the impact of artistic perspectives on us as researchers. We also highlight the historical connection between art and science, particularly in the Renaissance periods, and underscore the educational value of integrating art into science not only to support public engagement and science dissemination, but also to widen our own perceptions in our research.
Lack of Dosage Balance and Incomplete Dosage Compensation in the ZZ/ZW Gila Monster (Heloderma suspectum) Revealed by De Novo Genome Assembly
Authors: Webster Timothy H , Vannan Annika , Pinto Brendan J , Denbrock Grant , Morales Matheo , Dolby Greer A , Fiddes Ian T , DeNardo Dale F , Wilson Melissa A
Published: February 2024

Reptiles exhibit a variety of modes of sex determination, including both temperature-dependent and genetic mechanisms. Among those species with genetic sex determination, sex chromosomes of varying heterogamety (XX/XY and ZZ/ZW) have been observed with different degrees of differentiation. Karyotype studies have demonstrated that Gila monsters (Heloderma suspectum) have ZZ/ZW sex determination and this system is likely homologous to the ZZ/ZW system in the Komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis), but little else is known about their sex chromosomes. Here, we report the assembly and analysis of the Gila monster genome. We generated a de novo draft genome assembly for a male using 10X Genomics technology. We further generated and analyzed short-read whole genome sequencing and whole transcriptome sequencing data for three males and three females. By comparing female and male genomic data, we identified four putative Z chromosome scaffolds. These putative Z chromosome scaffolds are homologous to Z-linked scaffolds identified in the Komodo dragon. Further, by analyzing RNAseq data, we observed evidence of incomplete dosage compensation between the Gila monster Z chromosome and autosomes and a lack of balance in Z-linked expression between the sexes. In particular, we observe lower expression of the Z in females (ZW) than males (ZZ) on a global basis, though we find evidence suggesting local gene-by-gene compensation. This pattern has been observed in most other ZZ/ZW systems studied to date and may represent a general pattern for female heterogamety in vertebrates.
Constraints from GPS measurements on plate coupling within the Makran subduction zone and tsunami scenarios in the western Indian Ocean
Authors: Cheng Guo , Barnhart William D , Small David
Published: February 2024

Plate-coupling estimates and previous seismicity indicate that portions of the Makran megathrust of southern Pakistan and Iran are partially coupled and have the potential to produce future magnitude 7+ earthquakes. However, the GPS observations needed to constrain coupling models are sparse and lead to an incomplete understanding of regional earthquake and tsunami hazard. In this study, we assess GPS velocities for plate coupling of the Makran subduction zone with specific attention to model resolution and the accretionary prism rheology. We use finite element model-derived Green's functions to invert for the interseismic slip deficit under both elastic and viscoelastic Earth assumptions. We use the model resolution matrix to characterize plate-coupling scenarios that are consistent with the limited spatial resolution afforded by GPS observations. We then forward model the corresponding tsunami responses at major coastal cities within the western Indian Ocean basin. Our plate-coupling results show potential segmentation of the megathrust with varying coupling from west to east, but do not rule out a scenario where the entire length of the megathrust could rupture in a single earthquake. The full subduction zone rupture scenarios suggest that the Makran may be able to produce earthquakes up to Mw 9.2. The corresponding tsunami model from the largest earthquake event (Mw 9.2) estimates maximum wave heights reaching 2–5 m at major port cities in the northern Arabian Sea region. Cities on the west coast of India are less affected (1–2 m). Coastlines bounding eastern Africa, and the Strait of Hormuz, are the least affected (<1 m).
Postoperative intra-abdominal hypertension predicts worse hospital outcomes in children after cardiac surgery: a pilot study
Authors: Zhang Yunyi , Luo Shuhua , Xie Yuxuan , Wang Yue , Fang Yibing , Wang Shouping , Deng Lijing
Published: February 2024

OBJECTIVES

Our goal was to determine the incidence and characteristics of postoperative intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) in paediatric patients undergoing open-heart surgery.

METHODS

This single-centre study included consecutive children (aged <16 years) who underwent open-heart surgery between July 2020 and February 2021. Patients who entered the study were followed until in-hospital death or hospital discharge. The study consisted of 2 parts. Part I was a prospective observational cohort study that was designed to discover the association between exposures and IAH. Postoperative intra-abdominal pressure was measured immediately after admission to the intensive care unit and every 6 h thereafter. Part II was a cross-sectional study to compare the hospital-related adverse outcomes between the IAH and the no-IAH cohorts.

RESULTS

Postoperatively, 24.7% (38/154) of the patients exhibited IAH, whereas 3.9% (6/154) developed abdominal compartment syndrome. The majority (29/38, 76.3%) of IAH cases occurred within the first 24 h in the intensive care unit. Multivariable analysis showed that the Society of Thoracic Surgeons–European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery score [odds ratio (OR) = 1.86, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.23–2.83, P = 0.004], right-sided heart lesion (OR = 5.60, 95% CI 2.34–13.43, P < 0.001), redo sternotomy (OR = 4.35, 95% CI 1.64–11.57, P = 0.003), high baseline intra-abdominal pressure (OR = 1.43, 95% CI 1.11–1.83, P = 0.005), prolonged cardiopulmonary bypass duration (OR = 1.01, 95% CI 1.00–1.01, P = 0.005) and deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (OR = 5.14, 95% CI 1.15–22.98, P = 0.032) were independent predictors of IAH occurrence. IAH was associated with greater inotropic support (P < 0.001), more gastrointestinal complications (P = 0.001), sepsis (P = 0.003), multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (P < 0.001) and prolonged intensive care unit stay (z = -4.916, P < 0.001) and hospitalization (z = -4.710, P < 0.001). The occurrence of a composite outcome (P = 0.009) was significantly increased in patients with IAH.

CONCLUSIONS

IAH is common in children undergoing cardiac surgery and is associated with worse hospital outcomes. Several factors may be associated with the development of IAH, including basic cardiac physiology and perioperative factors.

Trial information

This study was registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (Trial number: ChiCTR2000034322)

URL site: https://www.chictr.org.cn/hvshowproject.html?id=41363&v=1.4
Detection of linezolid and vancomycin resistant Enterococcus isolates collected from healthy chicken caecum
Authors: Ben Yahia Houssem , Trabelsi Islem , Arous Fatma , García-Vela Sara , Torres Carmen , Ben Slama Karim
Published: February 2024

Aim

The poultry industry represents an important economic sector in Tunisia. This study aims to determine the antimicrobial resistance phenotypes and genotypes and virulence factors of enterococci collected from chicken caecum in Tunisia.

Methods and results

Forty-nine composite chicken caecum samples were recovered in 49 different Tunisian farms (December 2019–March 2020). Each composite sample corresponds to six individual caecum from each farm. Composite samples were plated on Slanetz–Bartley agar both supplemented (SB-Van) and not supplemented (SB) with vancomycin and isolates were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight. Antibiotic resistance and virulence genes were tested by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and sequencing and multilocus-sequence-typing of selected enterococci was performed. One hundred sixty seven enterococci of six different species were recovered. Acquired linezolid resistance was detected in 6 enterococci of 4/49 samples (8.1%): (A) four optrA-carrying Enterococcus faecalis isolates assigned to ST792, ST478, and ST968 lineages; (B) two poxtA-carrying Enterococcus faecium assigned to ST2315 and new ST2330. Plasmid typing highlighted the presence of the rep10, rep14, rep7, rep8, and pLG1 in these strains. One vancomycin-resistant E. faecium isolate (typed as ST1091) with vanA gene (included in Tn1546) was detected in SB-Van plates. The gelE, agg, esp, and hyl virulence genes were found in linezolid- and vancomycin-resistant enterococci. High resistance rates were identified in the enterococci recovered in SB plates: tetracycline [74.8%, tet(M) and tet(L) genes], erythromycin [65.9%, erm(B)], and gentamicin [37.1%, aac(6′)-Ie–aph(2″)-Ia].

Conclusion

The detection of emerging mechanisms of resistance related to linezolid and vancomycin in the fecal enterococci of poultry farms has public health implications, and further surveillance should be carried out to control their dissemination by the food chain.