bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
RNA methylation by Dnmt2 protects transfer RNAs against stress-induced cleavage
Authors: Schaefer Matthias , Pollex Tim , Hanna Katharina , Tuorto Francesca , Meusburger Madeleine , Helm Mark , Lyko Frank
Published: August 2010

Dnmt2 proteins are the most conserved members of the DNA methyltransferase enzyme family, but their substrate specificity and biological functions have been a subject of controversy. We show here that, in addition to tRNAAsp-GTC, tRNAVal-AAC and tRNAGly-GCC are also methylated by Dnmt2. Drosophila Dnmt2 mutants showed reduced viability under stress conditions, and Dnmt2 relocalized to stress granules following heat shock. Strikingly, stress-induced cleavage of tRNAs was Dnmt2-dependent, and Dnmt2-mediated methylation protected tRNAs against ribonuclease cleavage. These results uncover a novel biological function of Dnmt2-mediated tRNA methylation, and suggest a role for Dnmt2 enzymes during the biogenesis of tRNA-derived small RNAs.
In Vitro Screen to Obtain Widespread, Transgenic Expression in the Mouse
Authors: Nagy Andras , Gertsenstein Marina , Vintersten Kristina , Behringer Richard
Published: August 2010

INTRODUCTION

This protocol describes the steps for creating widespread (ubiquitous-like) transgenic expression using embryonic stem (ES) cell-mediated transgenesis. The use of ES cells results in mostly a single-copy or low-copy-number integration. Several hundred different integration sites can occur in a single experiment. The in vitro expression of these clones can be assayed before a decision is made about introducing the candidate cell line(s) into the mouse. The Cre excision-conditional transgene vector has an easy readout for the nature of transgene expression. Upon introduction into ES cells, such transgenes will express βgeo only, which confers G418 resistance on the cells. Staining the cells for lacZ is an easy way to characterize expression in undifferentiated and in vitro-differentiated ES cells.
Dissection of Drosophila Larval Body-Wall Muscles
Authors: Ramachandran Preethi , Budnik Vivian
Published: August 2010

INTRODUCTION

Over the last two decades, the Drosophila larval neuromuscular junction has gained immense popularity as a model system for the study of synaptic development, function, and plasticity. With this model, it is easy to visualize synapses and manipulate the system genetically with a high degree of temporal and spatial control, which makes it ideal for resolving problems in synaptic physiology and development. A number of different techniques have been used to dissect third-instar larval preparations to expose the body-wall muscles. Here, we describe a procedure that uses magnetic chambers and pins to allow for fine control in spreading the larval body wall.
Internalization and Trafficking Assay for Drosophila Larvae
Authors: Ramachandran Preethi , Budnik Vivian
Published: August 2010

INTRODUCTION

Over the last two decades, the Drosophila larval neuromuscular junction has gained immense popularity as a model system for the study of synaptic development, function, and plasticity. With this model, it is easy to visualize synapses and manipulate the system genetically with a high degree of temporal and spatial control, which makes it ideal for resolving problems in synaptic physiology and development. This protocol describes an assay that can be used for observing the cycling of transmembrane proteins at the plasma membrane and their trafficking within cells when there are antibodies available that bind cell-surface epitopes in vivo.
Quantitative Estimation of Multiple miRNAs and mRNAs from a Single Cell
Authors: Joglekar Mugdha V. , Wei Chiju , Hardikar Anandwardhan A.
Published: August 2010

INTRODUCTION

Although all cells of an individual contain the same genetic material, each cell is unique with respect to its gene expression profile. Recent studies have demonstrated that small regulatory noncoding RNAs, microRNAs (miRNAs), negatively regulate gene expression by targeting mature messenger RNAs (mRNAs). Understanding the abundance of miRNAs and target gene transcripts from a single cell has therefore gained importance in research and clinical fields. In several circumstances, multiple gene transcript analysis of single cells from heterogenous populations provides an important tool in assessing variability in gene expression within a population. Transcript analysis at the single-cell level is also necessary when the starting material is limited, such as in the case of fetal cells present in the amniotic fluid. Here, we provide a protocol for simultaneous detection of miRNAs and multiple gene transcripts from a single cell using TaqMan-based real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The protocol details isolation of RNA from single cells, cDNA synthesis, and transcript detection via TaqMan real-time PCR. This method can be used for efficacious detection of at least 10 different gene transcripts (single-plex) or five different gene transcripts and five miRNAs from a single cell, or, using gene specific primer-probes for duplex PCR, up to 20 different gene transcripts. The entire procedure from isolation of RNA to acquisition of real-time PCR data takes 8 h.
Achieving quality in day care for young children
Authors: LINDON JENNIE , LINDON LANCE
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY. In a service such as day care, different beliefs about appropriate child care and family patterns make quality a relative concept. However, service providers should work towards overall aims and specific goals established on values and beliefs about day care.

It is argued that the day care service needs to tackle the definition of quality, for the job satisfaction of the service providers, for the well being of the children involved and for the satisfaction and peace of mind of the parents. The day care service needs to take heed of the customers of the service—the children and the parents—and to move from a position of apology and defence to a positive evaluation of what quality can mean

The article expands a presentation by one of the authors (JL) to the Values and Quality in Day Care Seminar, organised by the National Children's Bureau Under Fives Unit on 16 February 1988
Back to basics: child psychiatry after Cleveland
Authors: WOLKIND STEPHEN
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY. In this personal view of recent developments, the author suggests that child psychiatrists were taken by surprise when they began receiving a rapid increase of referrals involving sexual abuse. Many saw their prime role as needing to adapt psychiatric techniques to determine whether abuse had occurred. Child sexual abuse was seen as being outside of normal psychiatric conditions. These responses led to major controversy within the profession. It is argued that the Cleveland Inquiry should now allow child psychiatrists to work with sexually abused children in a more traditional way, their main function being to assess and treat the whole child and its family and evaluate the significance of the abuse in a wider context
The New Zealand Family Court: its structure and process
Authors: BRIDGE CAROLINE
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY. During the last decade the New Zealand Family Court has been central to the transformation of key aspects of Family Law. It has provided a forum for conciliation, thus enabling the resolution of family conflict without recourse to the formal adjudicative process. Conciliation, coupled with a diminution in the use of adversarial techniques by lawyers., have combined to take the bitterness and recrimination out of family breakdown. The Family Court has therefore succeeded in enhancing the welfare of children. These two articles are based on papers given to the Family Courts Campaign Conference, May 1989
Safer teaching or safer sex? Primary teaching in the age of HIV/AIDS
Authors: FARQUHAR CLARE
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY. Both parents and teachers are concerned about whether and how to talk to young children about HIV/AIDS. Yet despite increasing attention to the relevance of HIV/AIDS for teaching at the secondary school level, little (if any) attention has been paid to the implications of HIV/AIDS for younger children. This paper, which was presented at the 1989 British Psychological Society Education Section Conference, argues that HIV/ AIDS raises important issues in relation to children of primary school age which we cannot afford to ignore. The paper draws on a one year study carried out at Thomas Coram Research Unit (London Institute of Education)
Do We Have Tb Do This? The Children Act 1989 and Obtaining Children's Views in Early Childhood Settings
Authors: David Tricia
Published: August 2010

How do professionals working with young children seek not only to listen to them, but to identify what the children are really saying and to assess their opinion on matters of importance to them? This paper seeks to help people working in early years settings, looking at the evidence from research and day‐to‐day practice ‐ both organisational and direct contact. Though the orientation is towards educators, other professionals will see common issues for their communication with young children.
Single‐Person Adoption: For and Against
Authors: Owen Morag
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY. With the support of the Department of Health, Bristol University is carrying out a small‐scale research study of single‐person adoption. In advance of the findings, the author surveys existing arguments for and against the approval of single people as adoptive parents. The debate raises some larger questions—not simply about adoption and necessary safeguards, but about the nature of the approval process itself.
Young Children's Rights and Public Policy: Practices and Possibilities for Citizenship in the Early Years
Authors: MacNaughton Glenda , Hughes Patrick , Smith Kylie
Published: August 2010

There is a growing belief that young children should be involved in decisions that affect them. This belief has its foundations in a new model of the young child, in a new concern with young children's rights as citizens and in new knowledge about the significance of young children's early experiences. This article examines the increasing interest in involving young children in policy‐making and its rationale. It then presents two case studies from Australia of consulting young children in policy‐making, to show what consulting young children can offer children, policy‐makers and the wider community.
Immunomodulating effects of endotoxin in mouse models of allergic asthma
Authors: Zhu Z. , Oh S. Y. , Zheng T. , Kim Y‐K.
Published: August 2010

Endotoxin or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a cell wall component of Gram‐negative bacteria. Like aeroallergens, LPS is ubiquitous in our living environment. Epidemiology studies in young children have found that LPS exposure at home is inversely correlated with the development of atopic diseases, thus the ‘hygiene hypothesis’ for allergic diseases. However, positive association has also been found between indoor LPS exposure and the development of wheezing or asthma in children. In humans, experimental exposure to LPS in the airways can cause inflammatory responses and lung function changes directly or modulate responses to allergens indirectly, particularly in those with asthma. In animal studies, experimental exposure to LPS has generated some conflicting, sometimes opposite, results in host responses to allergen stimulation. In this article, we will review recent advances in our understanding of the immunomodulating effects of LPS on allergen‐induced responses and analyse some of the possible reasons for the inconsistent findings.

Cite this as: Z. Zhu, S. Y. Oh, T. Zheng and Y‐K. Kim, Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 2010 (40) 536–546.
Characterization of an anti-idiotypic MoAb bearing an internal image of the receptor-binding epitope of cholera toxin
Authors: LUCAS G P , CAMBIASO C L , VAERMAN J P
Published: August 2010

A mouse anti-cholera toxin (CT) MoAb, mAb1, specific for the GM1-binding epitope of CT, was used to raise a syngeneic anti-idiotypic MoAb, mAb2. Purified mAb2 was specific for mAb1 as shown by latex particle counting immunoassay and ELISA. Several experiments of competition between mAb2 and CT for binding to mAb1 demonstrated that mAb2 bore an internal image of the GM1-binding epitope of CT. Binding of mAb2 to GM1 unambiguously corroborated the mAb1-paratopic specificity of mAb2. Furthermore, mAb2 acted as a CT-surrogate antigen: rabbits injected with mAb2 produced some anti-CT antibodies, Ab3, which resembled mAb1 in specificity as expected. The potential use of this mAb2 as vaccine or as prophylactic agent to prevent CT from binding to its cellular receptor is discussed.
Fulvic acid studies: evidence for a polycarboxylate co‐ordination mode at soil pH
Authors: CRESSEY P. J. , MONK G. R. , POWELL H. K. J. , TENNENT D. J.
Published: August 2010

The reactions of two fulvic acid samples with Cu2+ and Cd2+ have been studied by potentiometric titration (pH and ion selective electrode). The metal‐uptake curves for samples initially rendered ‘metal‐free’ by a precipitation‐solvent extraction technique resemble those for citric and malic acids at soil pH (4–6.5). The presence of aliphatic and aromatic components was established by 13C nmr spectroscopy; the presence of phenolic components was inferred from pH titrations. It is shown that a polycarboxylate component (simulated by citrate) would mask reactions of phenolic components with metals in weakly acidic and neutral media. The mode of coordination between fulvic acid and metals will vary with pH and with the metal: fulvic acid ratio.
Chemical structure of terrestrial humus materials formed from different vegetation characterized by solid‐state 13C NMR with CP‐MAS techniques
Authors: VN M. KROSSH A , BJORGUM J. O. , KRANE J. , STEINNES E.
Published: August 2010

Eleven samples of terrestrial humus from different vegetational backgrounds were examined with solid‐state 13C NMR using cross‐polarization and magic‐angle spinning (CP‐MAS). In addition, all the samples were run with a dipolar dephasing pulse sequence for non‐quarternary carbon suppression (NQS). The humus samples all appeared to contain small amounts of aromatic substances and larger amounts of aliphatic compounds. Most of the samples contained considerable amounts of hydroxyl groups and acetals, which originate mainly from carbohydrates. No correlations were found between vegetational background and chemical structure.
Soil organic matter, air encapsulation and water‐stable aggregation
Authors: SULLIVAN L. A.
Published: August 2010

A re‐interpretation of published data shows: firstly, that the hydrophobic properties of soil organic matter can increase the amount of air encapsulation within soil materials during water uptake; and secondly, that this increased air encapsulation can reduce water uptake rates sufficiently to prevent slaking. This aggregate stabilizing mechanism suggests novel approaches to soil management, based on the production of non‐uniformly distributed hydrophobic organic matter within intra‐aggregate pores, that could be used to improve soils whose aggregates fail when wetted rapidly.
Alteration of soil thermal properties by structure formation
Authors: KAUNE A. , TURK T. , HORN R.
Published: August 2010

Temperatures were measured in a disturbed and a structured loess soil to study the influence of aggregation on thermal properties. The disturbance was done by mechanically destroying soil aggregates, and the structured soil was obtained by subjecting the disturbed soil to several irrigation and drying cycles. In all soils, five harmonics of a Fourier‐series representation accounted for ≥99% of the variance of daily soil surface temperatures, and two to three harmonics did so below the soil surface. For soil water contents between 0.04 and 0.23 m3 m‐3, the apparent thermal diffusivity, computed by the harmonic method, was higher in the structured soil than in the disturbed soil. The same was true for the apparent thermal conductivity, since the volumetric heat capacities of both the disturbed and structured soil were similar. The differences in the apparent thermal diffusivity and conductivity were attributed to increased heat conduction and water vapour transport in the structured soil.
The indicator approach to categorical soil data
Authors: BIERKENS M. F. P. , BURROUGH P. A.
Published: August 2010

In this paper, the first of two, we present the indicator approach to describe the spatial variability of categorical soil data. Indicator kriging is used to obtain conditional probabilities of soil data classes at unsampled locations. A new concept of map purity is defined. Using Sequential Indicator Simulation (SIS), equiprobable realizations of classified maps can be drawn which reflect the probability of occurrence of each class and honour the observed spatial connectivity patterns of the classes and the classes found at the observation sites. When categorical data are used for land resources assessment, the uncertainties accruing from map impurities can be assessed by performing the analysis on each of the maps generated by SIS. In Part I1 of this series, the methods are demonstrated using a case study on the mapping of water table classes and a land use suitability analysis for pasture.
Cation transport during unsaturated flow through two intact soils
Authors: VOGELER I. , SCOTTER D. R. , CLOTHIER B. E. , TILLMAN R. W.
Published: August 2010

In the quest for better understanding of cation movement through undisturbed soils, leaching experiments on 300‐mm long undisturbed soil columns of two contrasting soils were carried out. One soil was a weakly‐structured alluvial fine sandy loam, the other a well‐structured aeolian silt loam. About 2000 mm of solutions of MgCl2 and Ca(NO3)2 of 0·025 M were applied at unsaturated water flow rates of between 3 and 13 mm h−1. Solute movement was monitored over several weeks by collecting effluent under suction at the base. In the sandy loam anion transport was influenced by exclusion from the double layer, whereas in the Ramiha soil anion adsorption occurred. Cation transport was described by coupling the convection‐dispersion equation with cation exchange equations. Good simulations of the Mg2+ and Ca2+ concentrations in the effluent and on the exchange sites were obtained if 80% of the exchangeable cations, as measured using the 1 M ammonium acetate method, were assumed to be active. Local physical or chemical disequilibrium did not need to be explicitly taken into account. About 400 kg ha−1 of native potassium was leached from the alluvial soil, but only about 10 kg ha−1 was leached from the aeolian soil. The convection‐dispersion equation coupled with exchange theory was found to describe cation transport under unsaturated flow through undisturbed soil satisfactorily.
Influence of origin and properties of dissolved organic matter on the partition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
Authors: RABER B. , KÖGEL‐KNABNER I.
Published: August 2010

We investigated dissolved organic matter (DOM) from soil, sewage sludges, water from waste disposal sites, and composts as sorbents and potential carriers for hydrophobic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil. Partition coefficients (expressed log KDOC) for two 5‐ring compounds were 4·8–4·9 for DOM from soil, 4·5–47 from composts, and 4·3–4·4 from sewage sludges. The DOM from compost and sewage sludge can influence the transport of non‐ionic organic contaminants because of the large concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) released from these materials. Leachates from waste disposal sites did not sorb PAHs. The DOM from compost contained a large percentage of organic molecules > 14 000 Da (32–46%), whereas DOM from waste disposal leachates contained only 7‐lo%, and so bound less PAHs. The percentage of total hydrophobic components, as characterized by XAD‐8 chromatography, was 50 ± 9% for most of the DOM solutions and did not express the differences in affinity of the organic sorbents to PAHs in the same way as the KDOC values. Isolated molecular‐weight fractions of DOM from composts sorbed benzo(k)fluoranthene in each fraction. The log KDOC values were 4·1–4·3 for both fractions, < 1000 and 1000–14 000 Da, and 4·8–5·0 for the fraction > 14 000 Da. The interaction of PAHs with DOM < 1000 Da cannot be explained by partitioning within intramolecular nonpolar environments of dissolved macromolecules; rather it seems to be due to the amphoteric properties of DOM. This type of interaction of PAHs with small DOM molecules might affect the mobility of hydrophobic organic chemicals in soils.
Short‐term release and fixation of K in calcareous clay soils. Consequence for K buffer power prediction
Authors: SCHNEIDER A.
Published: August 2010

Non‐exchangeable K always contributes to some degree to plant nutrition. To understand this contribution and to deduce a predictive buffer power model the release and fixation of K was studied on a range of 44 calcareous clay soils. Short‐term K sorption and desorption experiments (16 h) were followed by the measurement of soil exchangeable K (ammonium acetate extraction). Soil K‐Ca exchange properties and the contributions of exchangeable K and non‐exchangeable K to K dynamics of the soil‐solution system were estimated. The change in the amount of non‐exchangeable K during the experiment was generally proportional to the initial constraint imposed to the soil‐solution system (ø), i.e. the solution: soil ratio multiplied by the difference between the solution K concentration imposed at the beginning of the experiment and the solution K concentration for which neither sorption nor desorption of K would occur. The proportionality coefficient (β) called the 'soil ability for K release and fixation’ was identical for release and fixation for 36 soils, whereas eight soils showed some difference between their ability for fixation and their ability for release of K. When β was considered identical in the release range and in the fixation range for all soils it was inversely proportional to the initial K saturation ratio of the CEC corrected for the amount of ammonium extractable K which was not in exchange equilibrium with Ca. This quantity of ammonium extractable K which is not in equilibrium with Ca probably contributes only partially to plant nutrition. For the studied soils this quantity contributed a large proportion of exchangeable K (26–65%) especially in soils with a small K content. Due to the contribution of non‐exchangeable K to soil‐solution K dynamics the buffer power of the system does not only depend on exchange properties but also on soil release and fixation properties. When β was taken into account buffer power was better estimated than when it was deduced from ion exchange alone.
Distribution of intermediate filaments and actin microfilaments in parotid autoimmune sialoadenitis of Sjögren syndrome
Authors: KJÖRELL UNO , ÖSTBERG YNGVE
Published: August 2010

In order to study the importance of myoepithelial cells in the formation of parotid epi‐myoepithelial islands of the autoimmune sialoadenitis in Sjögren's syndrome, the distribution of cytoskeletal elements has been investigated by electron and immunofluorescence microscopy. Antibodies to intermediate filament proteins—prekeratins, desmin and vimentin—were used as well as a ‘DNase I/anti‐DNase I’ immunohistochemical procedure to detect actin microfilaments for characterization of myoepithelial cells compared to the other types of parotid epithelial cells. Two types of prekeratin antibodies were raised. One of these reacted preferentially with myoepithelial cells. The same type of antiserum also showed a bright fluorescence in cells located peripherally in the epi‐myoepithelial islands. These island cells, however, exhibited only a very low actin microfilament content and were thus not ordinary myoepithelial cells. The other type of prekeratin antibodies reacted with all types of parotid epithelia, except acinar secretory epithelium. They also stained all island epithelial cells, but the reactivity was less in cell regions with pronounced lymphocyte infiltration. The heterogeneity between the island epithelial cells, immunohistochemically as well as ultrastructurally, indicates different stages of island formation. Interepithelial lymphocytes showed less vimentin and actin filament content in comparison with lymphoid cells outside the islands. Conclusively, typical epi‐myoepithelial islands are composed of metaplastic epithelial cells of intercalated duct origin and invaded lymphoid cells, and ordinary myoepithelial cells are lacking.
Intraepithelial neoplasia, human papilloma virus infection and argyrophilic nucleoprotein in cervical epithelium
Authors: EGAN M. , FREETH M. , CROCKER J.
Published: August 2010

A silver colloid technique was applied to 50 colposcopic biopsies of cervix. These comprised nine cases of wart virus infection of the cervix, 11 cases of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) I, nine cases of CIN II, eight cases of CIN III, seven normal biopsies and six cases showing only incomplete squamous metaplasia. The mean numbers of argyrophilic nucleolar organizer regions (AgNORS) increased from CIN I to CIN III. Statistically significant differences for AgNORs were found in comparisons between CIN III, normal basal cells, human papilloma virus‐infected basal cells and incomplete squamous metaplasia, and in comparisons between normal basal cells and human papilloma virus‐infected basal cells. CIN III could be distinguished from incomplete squamous metaplasia and from basal cells and from human papilloma virus‐infected basal cells. The latter could be distinguished from normal basal cells on the basis of their AgNORs. It is suggested that this simple technique is diagnostically useful and has considerable clinicopathological potential in cervical pathology and cytology.
A comparative study of immunohistochemical staining for neuron‐specific enolase, protein gene product 9.5 and S‐100 protein in neuroblastoma, Ewing's sarcoma and other round cell tumours in children
Authors: CARTER R.L. , AL‐SAM S.Z. , CORBETT R.P. , CLINTON S.
Published: August 2010

A comparative study of immunohistochemical staining for neuron‐specific enolase (NSE), protein‐gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5) and S‐100 was made in 71 undifferentated round cell tumours from 65 children using formalin‐fixed tissues and a standard alkaline phosphatase‐anti‐alkaline phosphatase method. All of 29 neuroblastomas marked for NSE and 27 for PGP 9.5; staining was diffuse and usually strong in all tumour elements, irrespective of the degree of differentiation. Patterns of staining remained consistent in primary, recurrent and metastatic tumours and were not modified by previous chemotherapy. S‐100 staining was weak and confined to cell processes and schwannian elements in less than half of the tumours studied. Two primitive neuroectodermal tumours both stained strongly for NSE and PGP 9.5. Staining for NSE was observed in single maturing cells in 3/12 rhabdomyosarcomas and in tubular elements in 2/4 Wilms' tumours; primitive rhabdomyoblasts and undifferentiated renal blastema were negative; seven lymphomas were negative. Six of 17 skeletal Ewing's sarcomas showed light to moderate cytoplasmic staining for NSE and PGP 9.5. The site, histology and clinical course of these marker‐positive Ewing's sarcomas showed no distinctive features. Staining for PGP 9.5 is a useful additional marker for neural differentiation in round cell tumours.
Triple negative tumours: a critical review
Authors: Reis‐Filho J S , Tutt A N J
Published: August 2010

Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease that encompasses several distinct entities with remarkably different biological characteristics and clinical behaviour. Currently, breast cancer patients are managed according to algorithms based on a constellation of clinical and histopathological parameters in conjunction with assessment of hormone receptor (oestrogen and progesterone receptor) status and HER2 overexpression/gene amplification. Although effective tailored therapies have been developed for patients with hormone receptor‐positive or HER2+ disease, chemotherapy is the only modality of systemic therapy for patients with breast cancers lacking the expression of these markers (triple‐negative cancers). Recent microarray expression profiling analyses have demonstrated that breast cancers can be systematically characterized into biologically and clinically meaningful groups. These studies have led to the re‐discovery of basal‐like breast cancers, which preferentially show a triple‐negative phenotype. Both triple‐negative and basal‐like cancers preferentially affect young and African‐American women, are of high histological grade and have more aggressive clinical behaviour. Furthermore, a significant overlap between the biological and clinical characteristics of sporadic triple‐negative and basal‐like cancers and breast carcinomas arising in BRCA1 mutation carriers has been repeatedly demonstrated. In this review, we critically address the characteristics of basal‐like and triple‐negative cancers, their similarities and differences, their response to chemotherapy as well as strategies for the development of novel therapeutic targets for these aggressive types of breast cancer. In addition, the possible mechanisms are discussed leading to BRCA1 pathway dysfunction in sporadic triple‐negative and basal‐like cancers and animal models for these tumour types.
The prevention of infective endocarditis – paedodontic considerations
Authors: LONGMAN LESLEY P. , MARTIN M. V.
Published: August 2010

Summary. This review of the literature considers the pathology and epidemiology of infective endocarditis (IE), dental procedures that may precipitate IE and prophylaxis against dentally induced IE. The most recent recommendations published in May 1992 by the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy are outlined and discussed.

Resumé.

Cette revue de la littérature porte sur la pathologie et l'épidémiologie de l'endocardite infectieuse (IE), les traitements dentaires qui peuvent l'accélérer et la prévention des endocardites d'origine dentaire. Les recommendations les plus récentes publiées en Mai 1992 par la Société Britannique de Chimiothérapie anti‐microbienne sont soulignées et commentées.

Die Literaturübersicht befasst sich mit der Pathologie und der Epidemiologic der infektiösen Endocarditis (IE), den zahnärztlichen Eingriffen, welche IE auslösen können und prophylaktischen Massnahmen um dies zu verhindern. Die letzten, im Mai 1992 von der “British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy” publizierten Vorschläge werden disskutiert.

Esta revisión de la literatura toma en consideración la patología y epidemiología de la endocarditis infecciosa (EI), procedimientos odontológicos que pueden precipitar la EI y profilaxis contra la EI inducida odontológicamente. Se describe y elabora sobre la recomendación más reciente publicada en Mayo del 1992 por la Sociedad Británica para Quimioterapia Antimicrobiana (British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy).
Osteopathia striata—a case report
Authors: GOODMAN J. R. , ROBERTSON C. U.
Published: August 2010

Summary. Osteopathia striata is an unusual skeletal condition that can affect the bones of the skull quite markedly and result in dental problems that have rarely been discussed in the literature. The characteristic features exhibited by the patient in this case report were dense maxillary and mandibular bone, a high forehead with frontal bossing, a broad nasal bridge, prominent zygomatic arches and thickened angles of the mandible. The mouth opening was limited as a result of sclerosis of the mastoid process, and right lateral excursion of the mandible was reduced, probably because of a deformity of the left condyle.

l'ostéopahie striée est une affection rare du squelette qui peut aussi toucher les os du crâne de façon importante. Les problémes dentaires ont raremont été rapportés dans la littérature. Dans le cas étudié, les traits caractéristiques étaient des os mandibulaires et maxillaires denses, un front haut avec bosse frontale, un nez large, des arcades zygomatiques proéminentes et un épaissisement des angles mandibulaires. l'ouverture buccale était limitée en raison de la sclérose de la région mastoïdienne et les mouvemets latéraux de la mandibule étaient réduits en raison, probablement, de la déformation du condyle gauche.

Striäre Osteopathic ist eine ungewöhnliche Erkrankung des Skeletts, die sich stark auf das Knochengewebe des Schädels auswirken und zu Zahnerkrankungen führen kann. Die charakteristischen Anzeichen, die der Patient in diesem Fallbericht aufwies, waren kompakte Ober‐und Unterkiefer, eine hohe Stirn mit Wölbungen, ein breiter Nasenrücke, vorstehende Jochbogen und verdickte Kieferwinkel. Der Mund konnte aufgrund einer Sklerose des Warzenfortsatzes nur beschränkt geöffnet werden. Ferner war die rechte seitliche Bewegung des Unterkiefers eingeschränkt—wahrscheinlich aufgrund eine Deformität des linken Kondylus.

La osteopathia striata es una condición esquelética poco usual que afecta a los huesos del cráneo muy marcadamente y resulta en problemas dentales que han sido raramente discutidos en la literatura. Las caracteństicas mostradas por el paciente en este reporte de caso fueron un hueso maxilar y mandibular muy denso, frente amplia con proyectura, puente nasal ancho, arcos zigomáticos prominentes y ángulos mandibulares ensanchados. La aperture bucal estuvo muy limitada como resultado de la esclerosis del proceso mastóideo; los movimientos laterales de la mandíbula estuvieron reducidos, probablemente debido a la deformidad del cóndilo izquierdo.
Beck with‐Wiedemann syndrome: dental management
Authors: GARVEY M. THéRÈSE , DALY DYMPNA , McNAMARA TRIONA
Published: August 2010

Summary. Beckwith‐Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) comprises multiple congenital anomalies with a risk of childhood tumours. Macroglossia is the most common manifestation. Two cases are presented to illustrate the importance of early referral and the role of preventive dentistry.

Resumé.

Le syndrôme de Beckwith‐Widmann (BWS) est associé avec de multiples anomalies congénitales et un risque de tumeurs dans l'enfance. La macroglossie est la manifestation la plus fréquente. Deux cas sont présentés pour illustrer l'importance d'une consultation précoce et le rôle de la dentisterie préventive.

Das Beckwith‐Wiedemann Syndrom (BWS) Umfast multiple congenitale Anomalien mit erhöhten Risiko von Tumoren im Kindesalter. Eine Makroglossie ist die heufigste Manifestation. 2 Fälle werden beschrieben urn darauf hinzuweisen wie wichtig eine frühe überweisung und hiermit eine gute dentale Prophylaxis für diese Patienten ist.

El síndrome Beckwith‐Wiedemann (SBW) comprende múltiples anomalías congénitas con riego a tumores infantiles. La macroglosia es la principal manifestación. Se presentan dos casos para ilustrar la importancia del referimeinto temprano de estos casos y el papel de la odontología preventiva.
Identifying facilitators and barriers to physical activity for adults with Down syndrome
Authors: Mahy J. , Shields N. , Taylor N. F. , Dodd K. J.
Published: August 2010

Background  Adults with Down syndrome are typically sedentary, and many do not participate in the recommended levels of physical activity per week. The aim of this study was to identify the facilitators and barriers to physical activity for this group.

Method  Semi‐structured interviews were conducted to elicit the views of adults with Down syndrome and their support people about what factors facilitate physical activity and what factors are barriers to activity. A sample of 18 participants (3 men, 15 women) was recruited through two agencies providing services for adults with disabilities; six participants were adults with Down syndrome and 12 participants were support people (four were parents of adults with Down syndrome and eight participants were employed by day programmes attended by the adults with Down syndrome). The interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim and independently coded by two researchers.

Results  Three themes around facilitators to physical activity were identified: (1) support from others; (2) that the physical activity was fun or had an interesting purpose; and (3) routine and familiarity. Three themes around barriers were also identified: (1) lack of support; (2) not wanting to engage in physical activity; and (3) medical and physiological factors.

Conclusions  The results suggest that support people play a key role, both as facilitators and barriers, in the participation by adults with Down syndrome in physical activity. Many of the barriers and facilitators of activity for adults with Down syndrome indentified are similar to those reported for adults without impairment. Our findings are also consistent with established theories in the field of health behaviour change.
Revenue Mobilisation in Sub‐Saharan Africa: Challenges from Globalisation I – Trade Reform
Authors: Keen Michael , Mansour Mario
Published: August 2010

This is the first of two articles evaluating the nature and extent of, and possible responses to, two of the central challenges that globalisation poses for revenue mobilisation in sub‐Saharan Africa: trade liberalisation, and corporate tax competition. Both articles use a new dataset with the features needed to address these issues meaningfully: a disentangling of tariff from commodity tax revenue, and a distinction between resource‐related and other revenues. This first article describes that dataset, and provides a broad picture of revenue developments in the region between 1980 and 2005. Countries’ experiences have varied, but the overall picture is of non‐resource revenues having been essentially stagnant. Within this, however, and with exceptions, reductions in trade tax revenue have been largely offset by increased revenue from domestic sources.
Revenue Mobilisation in Sub‐Saharan Africa: Challenges from Globalisation II – Corporate Taxation
Authors: Keen Michael , Mansour Mario
Published: August 2010

This second article evaluates and discusses the challenges to government revenue in sub‐Saharan Africa posed by developments in corporate taxation. Using the dataset described in the first article, it shows that, in broad terms, corporate tax revenues in the region have held up, despite a reduction in rates and evidence of substantial base‐narrowing (mainly through the provision of tax holidays in Investment Codes and Free Zones). This is something of a puzzle. Options for dealing with the continuation and intensification of the challenges to these revenues, including through regional co‐operation, are discussed.
Measuring Multidimensional Aspiration Gaps: A Means to Understanding Cultural Aspects of Poverty
Authors: Copestake James , Camfield Laura
Published: August 2010

This article links primary research into the way subjective well‐being among poor people can be defined and measured to the growing literature on poverty as a failure of capacity to aspire. Data from Bangladesh, Thailand and Peru are used to illustrate a measurement strategy based on defining well‐being as a function of the gap between individuals’ diverse and multiple aspirations, and their satisfaction with achieving them. Such analysis has the potential to illuminate variation in individual and local capacity to respond to different development opportunities. It also warns against the limitations of treating aspirations as a single rather than a multidimensional concept.
The control of rumination in a multiply disabled child
Authors: Last Mary J. , Cranny Maureen
Published: August 2010

“… bringing up food without nausea, retching or disgust. The food is then ejected from the mouth (if liquid allowed to run out) or reswallowed.” (Kanner, L. 1962).

“The constriction of the muscles which brings vomitus to the mouth and a reingestion of the vomitus.” (Davis, Weiseler, Hanzel, 1980).

“Rumination is a pathological condition in which previously ingested food is vomited and immediately reconsumed.” (Borreson, P. M., Anderson, J. L., 1982).
Assessment of children with profound handicaps:
Authors: Best Tony , Bell Judy
Published: August 2010

This article offers information about 12 schedules used to assess children who are profoundly handicapped. The comparison of schedules is intended to highlight their similarities and their differences, and to help determine the choice of schedule(s) for use in assessment and programme planning. It is considered that no single assessment instrument possesses all the characteristics to measure every aspect of development adequately. If this viewpoint is accepted, it is important to choose schedules which are complementary to each other, rather than ones which assess the same behaviours under the guise of differences in vocabulary.
Teaching first meanings
Authors: Barton Linda , Coupe Judith
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY. Various models of functional communication offer help in formulating curriculum content for pupils at the pre‐one word and one word production level. However, for teachers of children with severe learning difficulties, these are often limited in practical application. One particular aspect of communication development is Teaching First Meanings, which in this article has been related directly to functional application and classroom practice.
COMMUNICATION — can microelectronics help?
Authors: Frankish Pat
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY. Many children, particularly those with cerebral palsy, are not able to speak or speak with difficulty. Some, who have no intellectual deficits, are considered to be physically handicapped and, once they have mastered reading, they can take advantage of Possum machines. Those with mental handicap as well as cerebral palsy may be helped to communicate by means of an electronic speaking aide which has simple, specific controls. Young children with physical handicaps only could also benefit from this type of device.
Who needs hospital care?
Authors: Keene Nick , James Helen
Published: August 2010

This article relates the experience of a new “core” hospital for people with disruptive behaviour and profound and/or multiple handicaps. It concludes that the accommodation provided in hospital offers no advantages to residents, while the quality of life achievable is necessarily inferior to that possible in domestic housing.
The Haytor Unit:
Authors: McBrien Judith
Published: August 2010

The Haytor Unit in Plymouth Health Authority is a specialised day unit for adults with severe mental handicaps who present severe behaviour problems. This article discusses the pros and cons of having such specialised facilities and describes the functioning of the Unit.
Training needs of community staff: WHAT DO THEY WANT?
Authors: Raynes Norma V. , Sumpton Roger C.
Published: August 2010

The development of care in the community services has training implications for direct care staff and their managers. An analysis of the training needs of staff working in a range of residential settings in the context of a joint health and social services programme for adults with mental handicaps was carried out in one area. The results of this study are described. The findings indicate that special competencies are required within community settings in addition to the well established competencies necessary in working with people with mental handicaps in other situations.
Assessing the service needs of people with mental handicaps: THE JAY PROJECT PHASE 1
Authors: Freedman David
Published: August 2010

The Jay Project was set up to devise a method for assessing the needs of individuals with mental handicaps, with particular reference to the services that they were then receiving and to identify future service needs. It presented service needs from the point of view of the individuals, rather than trying to fit them into current service provision. Assessments covered all the major areas of life. Findings were presented to a Steering Group whose members were drawn from all the relevant local statutory and voluntary agencies. It was hoped that the Project would be able to inform service planning both for the individuals assessed and on broader planning levels, would create a multi‐agency forum and approach to services, and would help to improve inter‐agency contact and cooperation.
With a little help from my friends A REPORT ON ADVOCACY DEVELOPMENT: 1
Authors: Crossley Diana
Published: August 2010

This article describes an advocacy scheme carried out in a day centre to elicit the opinions of people with profound handicaps through a structured interview which was part of a research project looking at quality of life. The scheme involved more able adults from the same day centre speaking on their behalf. Details of the structured guidance programme developed to help these adults act as spokesmen are described, along with a discussion of the implications of such work both for the people with profound handicaps and the people who help them to express their views.
REVIEWS
Authors: McCONKEY ROY , HONG CHIA SWEE , GREENE KAY , ARMSTRONG IAN G. , CAREY GWYNETH E.
Published: August 2010

Book reviewed in this article:

Mental handicap: dilemmas of parent‐professional relations Simon Dyson

Occupational therapy in mental health: principles in practice Edited by Derek W. Scott and Noomi Katz

Growing up with Down's syndrome Billie Shepperdson

Cushla and her books Dorothy Butler

An ordinary life in practice. Edited by David Towell
Assessing emergency responses of people with mental handicaps: AN ASSESSMENT INSTRUMENT
Authors: Tymchuk Alexander J.
Published: August 2010

In order to function independently, people with mental handicaps require knowledge and skills in many areas. One of the most critical areas, especially for parents with mental handicaps who are caring for their children, is how to respond in the case in common emergencies.

This article describes and presents an instrument which can be used to assess people's initial knowledge and skills in coping with common household emergencies, as well as to evaluatae the effectiveness of training in appropriate emergency responses.
Is Community Care Expensive? The Costs and Benefits of Residential Models for People With Severe Mental Handicaps
Authors: Felce David
Published: August 2010

Studies are reviewed which contribute information on the costs and benefits of different forms of residential service for people with severe mental handicaps including ordinary housing, larger community services and traditional hospitals. Costs do vary but variation is not always easy to explain, particularly within services of the same type. Moreover, the common expectation that there are diseconomies arising in small scale provision is not borne out in general. Research of service quality has shown better outcomes associated with ordinary housing than with larger and more traditional provision, covering such issues as developmental growth, engagement in community and domestic daily living activities, social contact, quality of the environment, choice and variety of activity. The cost effectiveness advantage of ordinary housing services over traditional hospitals can be concluded. However, this conclusion needs to be qualified by a degree of caution. Housing services have continued to decrease in size and decisions concerning the level of staffing have considerable implications for costs. In addition, more attention needs to be given to ensure that staff input results in outcomes for service users.