bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anaesthetic Considerations in Gastrointestinal Endoscopies
Authors: Ali M. Ehfeda Moad , Ganaw Adel , Mohamed Gamal Ahmed Sohel , Chanda Arshad , Mahood Zia , Jabira Salem , Algallie Hossam , H.M. Almaqadma Ahmad , M.A. Ben Masoud Mahmud , O. Mohamed Bel Khair Ali , Zeeshan Qazi
Published: March 2021

Gastrointestinal endoscopy has become fundamental procedure for diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal tract diseases. Generally, the gastrointestinal endoscopy is minimally invasive procedure. However, it can cause considerable amount of discomfort and pain which make the procedure unsafe, complicated and refusal of follow up procedures if done without safe sedation. The sedation is required to alleviate anxiety, provide analgesia, amnesia and to improve endoscopic performance specifically in therapeutic procedures. The safe administration of sedative and analgesic medications, irrespective of the regimen used, requires knowledge of the individual needs of patients. The combination of benzodiazepines and opioids is now the most widely used sedation regimen for sedation in gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures. Generally, sedation for gastrointestinal endoscopy is considered safe, however, it has the potential for serious complications. Therefore, endoscopist should assess the patients properly before the endoscopy as well as should be aware of all possible complications and the risk factors. Furthermore, skilled staff and emergency equipment should be available in endoscopy suit. This chapter discuss in details all the aspects of safe procedural sedation during GI endoscopies.
Osteosarcoma
Authors: Bianchi Gottardo , Gaiero Leticia , Casales Nicolas , Silveri Claudio , C. Belzarena Ana
Published: March 2021

Osteogenic sarcoma is the most common primary bone cancer frequently affecting children and teenagers. Despite many years of research, little have the survival rates changed in the last fifty years. Early diagnosis, a complete systemic treatment program with a good tumor response and adequate margins continue to be the main determinants of patients’ prognosis in this disease. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by surgery and subsequent adjuvant systemic treatment remain the standard of care. Numerous reconstruction options available provide these patients better function and improved quality of life.
Diagnosis and Management of Radiation Necrosis in Patients with Brain Metastases and Primary Tumors
Authors: Esteban Garcia-Robledo Juan , Ruíz-Patiño Alejandro , Sotelo Carolina , Muñoz Álvaro , Arrieta Oscar , Zatarain-Barrón Lucia , Ordoñez Camila , Rolfo Christian , F. Cardona Andrés
Published: March 2021

The incidence of radiation necrosis has increased secondary to combined modality therapy for brain tumors and stereotactic radiosurgery. The pathology of progressive brain radiation necrosis (RN) primarily includes inflammation and angiogenesis in which cytokines, chemokines, and vascular endothelial growth factors are upregulated. Combined multiparametric imaging, including lesional metabolism, spectroscopy, and blood flow, could enhance diagnostic accuracy compared with a single imaging study. Nevertheless, a substantial risk of bias restricts firm conclusions about the best imaging technique for diagnosing brain RN. Bevacizumab shows promising results of improving radiographic edema and post-gadolinium enhancement with associated symptomatic improvement. However, this was based on small double-blinded randomized controlled trials, which introduces a high risk of bias due to the small sample size despite the high-quality trial design. Edaravone combined with corticosteroids also resulted in a more significant reduction in radiographic edema than corticosteroids alone but had no impact on reducing the enhancing lesion. There is a great need for further prospective randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to treat brain RN.
The Importance of Vitamin D for Periodontal Tissues
Authors: Jagelaviciene Egle
Published: March 2021

There are many causes of vitamin D deficiency, which determines pathogenesis of many diseases, including periodontal ones. Constant low uptake or deficiency of vitamin D results in progression of periodontal diseases and jaw bone metabolism - leads to change of bone mineral density, causes resorption in alveolar bone, tooth loss, changes of masticatory function and osteoporosis. The clinical studies strive to link vitamin D with gingivitis and periodontitis and prove its therapeutic and preventive role, because of vitamin D immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative effects for periodontal tissues and best treatment outcome. The purpose of this chapter is to analyze the importance of vitamin D on the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases, its role on regulation of the immune system and defense mechanism, influence on jawbone quality and on the correlation between vitamin D concentration in plasma and periodontal diseases.
Systemic versus Severable Conflicts of Interest
Authors: Schwab Abraham P. ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: March 2021

This paper is split into two parts. The first half analyzes conflicts of interests’ effects on judgment, the harms these effects threaten, and our current policies and practices for handling conflicts of interest. This analysis relies on scholarship in several fields, most prominently psychology, all of which have reasons to worry about conflicts of interest. This analysis will show that our current classifications of conflicts of interest and our current strategies for handling conflicts of interest are confusing, of dubious benefit, or both. The second half provides some tools for helping us to limit or avoid the harms of conflicts of interest. These simple tools focus on how we think about and classify conflicts of interest. Specifically, I recommend beginning to classify conflicts of interest in a new way: as either severable or systemic. These new classifications are not intended to be heavy conceptual machinery, but simple and valuable tools. These new classifications, even though they are not meant to be exhaustive or comprehensive, help delineate tractable strategies and help determine the distribution of responsibilities for addressing specific conflicts of interest.
The Self as Activity
Authors: Lawrence Austin ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: March 2021

This paper aims to defend a dialectical account of selfhood in the context of the contemporary debates on personal identity in Anglo-American philosophy. I interpret Reductionism and Non-Reductionism—the two dominant positions in contemporary Anglo-American philosophy—as forming something analogous to an antinomy. Reductionists argue that the self is merely an identity that is reducible to a set of facts, while Non-Reductionists argue that the self is a separate entity beyond any set of facts. I argue that a comprehensive view of the self requires aspects from both of these positions. The self, then, should be understood as an ongoing activity that relates the various features of one’s identity together.
Deterioration of the global arms control regime and the role of the Vienna document in reviving stability and confidence in Europe
Authors: Stefanović Andrej
Published: March 2021

The author explores the deterioration and (forthcoming) collapse of the global arms control system, with special consideration given to potential consequences this event would have for the European continent. In this context, and in assessing the significance of the remaining mechanisms for preventing a potential arms race and deepening of conflict in Europe, he draws attention to the OSCE Vienna Document as a tool that could enable the revival of stability through confidence-building in Europe, especially given its capacity for adaptation and modernization.
Relationship between Obstructive Sleep Apnea(OSA) and Orthodontic malocclusion in non-obese adults
Authors: Jašarević Dženana , Nakaš Enita , Tiro Alisa
Published: March 2021

INTRODUCTION:Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)represents the complete or partial obstruction of the airway.Clinically OSA manifests as sleepness during the day,heavy snoring as well as waking up during the night dues the lack of air.Obesity,gender and orthodontic malocclusion are mentioned in the literature as the etiologic factor for Obstructive Sleep Apnea.

AIM: The aim of this study was to find the relationship in the analyzed studies between the Obstructive Sleep Apnea and orthodontic malocclusion at non-obese adults.

MATERIAL AND METHODS:The electornic search of the database was performed,using PubMed and Googlescholar,with the aim to find the relevante articles which correlate the OSA and orthodontic malocclusion.Keyword included:obstrucitve sleep apnea,orthodontic malocclusion,cephalometric analysis,impact,association,body mass index,obesity,adults,non obesity.

Inclusion criteria were:nonobesity,orthodontic malocclusion,adults,articles published from 1999 to 2019,articles in English,full articles avaiable.

RESULTS:Two hundred papers included keywords.The number of articles that included the fully set criteria was nine.These nine articles were analyzed in detail.

CONCLUSION:Analyzed articles showed that there is relationship between the Obstructive Sleep Apnea and orthodontic malocclusion in non-obese adults.It was also showed that orthodontic malocclusion is etiological factor for OSA in non-obese adults.
Ratis aemvla solis.
Authors: Navarro Antolín Fernando
Published: March 2021

La gloriosa singladura de la Nao Victoria circunnavegando por primera vez la Tierra dio pie a un sinfín de festejos y celebraciones públicas. Se pasa revista a la huella poética que tan singular gesta ha dejado, entonces y andando los siglos, en la literatura vernácula y neolatina, huella que, si bien no es muy extensa, abarca desde el encomio puro y la epopeya heroica al símil o parangón como fórmula de sobrepujamiento.

The glorious voyage of the ‘Nao Victoria’ circumnavigating the Earth for the first time gave rise to endless festivities and public celebrations. A review is made of the poetic imprint that such a singular feat has left, then and over the centuries, in vernacular and Neo-Latin literature, an imprint that, although not very extensive, ranges from pure praise and heroic epic to the simile or paragon as anoutbidding formula.
Chile en el mundo:
Authors: De la Fuente Ferreras Ángel
Published: March 2021

En 1964, Eduardo Frei Montalva comenzó el primer gobierno democratacristiano en América Latina. Este artículo analiza el protagonismo de las relaciones internacionales de Chile entre ese año, cuando comenzó la denominada “Revolución en Libertad”, y 1970, momento en el que el triunfo electoral de Salvador Allende truncó el proyecto de la Democracia Cristiana. Durante ese tiempo, el gobierno chileno de Eduardo Frei desplegó un intenso programa de relaciones exteriores con Estados Unidos, el resto de los países iberoamericanos y otros pertenecientes al bloque socialista, además de mantener una activa agenda europea. Todo ello, dentro del marco de las directrices políticas que determinaban su programa y del cambiante panorama internacional.

In 1964, Eduardo Frei Montalva began the first Christian Democratic government in Latin America. This article analyzes the leading role in Chile´s international relations between that year, when the so-called “Revolution in Liberty” began, and 1970, when the electoral victory of Salvador Allende truncated the Christian Democracy project. During that time, the Chilean government of Eduardo Frei deployed an intense foreign relations program with the United States, the rest of the Ibero-American countries and others belonging to the socialist bloc, in addition to maintaining  an active European agenda. All this within the framework of the political guidelines that determined its program and the changing international panorama.
Por necesidad y solidaridad:
Authors: Cervantes Cortés José Luis
Published: March 2021

La condición de soltería posicionaba a las mujeres del México colonial en una situación vulnerable; muchas de ellas se vieron limitadas para mantenerse por su propia cuenta, por lo que aquellas que carecían de lazos familiares tuvieron que agruparse con compañeras en un hogar compartido, para ayudarse mutuamente. En este trabajo exploraremos las principales características de los hogares compuestos exclusivamente por mujeres solteras y viudas que no tenían vínculos de parentesco entre sí, que vivieron en la ciudad de México a finales del siglo XVIII. Para realizar esta investigación partiremos del análisis del Censo de 1790 y complementaremos la información de este documento con la revisión de otras fuentes, con la finalidad de tener una visión más amplia sobre las situaciones domésticas, las condiciones económicas, la existencia de vínculos afectivos y la construcción de redes de solidaridad entre las mujeres que vivieron con compañeras.

The single status placed women of colonial Mexico in a vulnerable situation; many of them were limited to support themselves, so those lacked family ties had to group with friends in a shared home, to help each other. In this work we will explore the main characteristics of household integrated exclusively by single women and widows who had no kinship relations, who lived in Mexico City in the late eighteenth century. To do this research, we will start from the analysis of the Census of 1790 and we will complement the information of this document with the review of other sources, in order to have a broader vision of domestic situations, economic conditions, the existence of affective ties and the construction of solidarity networks among women who lived with partners.
Le Corbusier, the Noble Savage
Authors: Vogt Adolf Max
Published: March 2021

A new study of Le Corbusier's life and work show how the texture of the architect's chilhood environment and experiences imprinted his mature imagination and architecture.

This revelatory study is the most unexpected and vital piece of Le Corbusier scholarship to appear in years. Adolf Max Vogt looks to the early, formative years of the architect's life as a key to understanding his mature practice, taking aim at such fundamental riddles as "Where did his design vocabulary come from?" and "How was his aesthetic sense formed?"

Vogt's investigation of LC's early life and education not only reveals important, previously unacknowledged influences on specific projects such as the League of Nations headquarters and the Villa Savoye, but also suggests why LC throughout his career preferred to lift buildings above the ground, to give them the appearance of "floating." By uncovering crucial dimensions of LC's early life and resurrecting primary documents and source materials overlooked by other scholars, this book changes the face of LC studies.
Self-organized patterning of cell morphology via mechanosensitive feedback
Authors: Dye Natalie A , Popović Marko , Iyer K Venkatesan , Fuhrmann Jana F , Piscitello-Gómez Romina , Eaton Suzanne , Jülicher Frank
Published: March 2021

Tissue organization is often characterized by specific patterns of cell morphology. How such patterns emerge in developing tissues is a fundamental open question. Here, we investigate the emergence of tissue-scale patterns of cell shape and mechanical tissue stress in the Drosophila wing imaginal disc during larval development. Using quantitative analysis of the cellular dynamics, we reveal a pattern of radially oriented cell rearrangements that is coupled to the buildup of tangential cell elongation. Developing a laser ablation method, we map tissue stresses and extract key parameters of tissue mechanics. We present a continuum theory showing that this pattern of cell morphology and tissue stress can arise via self-organization of a mechanical feedback that couples cell polarity to active cell rearrangements. The predictions of this model are supported by knockdown of MyoVI, a component of mechanosensitive feedback. Our work reveals a mechanism for the emergence of cellular patterns in morphogenesis.
Properties of multivesicular release from mouse rod photoreceptors support transmission of single-photon responses
Authors: Hays Cassandra L , Sladek Asia L , Field Greg D , Thoreson Wallace B
Published: March 2021

Vision under starlight requires rod photoreceptors to transduce and transmit single-photon responses to the visual system. Small single-photon voltage changes must therefore cause detectable reductions in glutamate release. We found that rods achieve this by employing mechanisms that enhance release regularity and its sensitivity to small voltage changes. At the resting membrane potential in darkness, mouse rods exhibit coordinated and regularly timed multivesicular release events, each consisting of ~17 vesicles and occurring two to three times more regularly than predicted by Poisson statistics. Hyperpolarizing rods to mimic the voltage change produced by a single photon abruptly reduced the probability of multivesicular release nearly to zero with a rebound increase at stimulus offset. Simulations of these release dynamics indicate that this regularly timed, multivesicular release promotes transmission of single-photon responses to post-synaptic rod-bipolar cells. Furthermore, the mechanism is efficient, requiring lower overall release rates than uniquantal release governed by Poisson statistics.
Coordinated ramp signal optimization framework based on time series flux-correlation analysis
Authors: Liu Zhi , Shu Wendi , Shen Guojiang , Kong Xiangjie
Published: March 2021

Urban expressways provide an effective solution to traffic congestion, and ramp signal optimization can ensure the efficiency of expressway traffic. The existing methods are mainly based on the static spatial distance between mainline and ramp to achieve multi-ramp coordinated signal optimization, which lacks the consideration of the dynamic traffic flow and lead to the long time-lag, thus affecting the efficiency. This article develops a coordinated ramp signal optimization framework based on mainline traffic states. The main contribution was traffic flow-series flux-correlation analysis based on cross-correlation, and development of a novel multifactorial matric that combines flow-correlation to assign the excess demand for mainline traffic. Besides, we used the GRU neural network for traffic flow prediction to ensure real-time optimization. To obtain a more accurate correlation between ramps and congested sections, we used gray correlation analysis to determine the percentage of each factor. We used the Simulation of Urban Mobility simulation platform to evaluate the performance of the proposed method under different traffic demand conditions, and the experimental results show that the proposed method can reduce the density of mainline bottlenecks and improve the efficiency of mainline traffic.
Life and Works of Abū al-Ḥusayn ʿAbd al-Bāqī b. Qāniʿ
Authors: Pavlovitch Pavel
Published: March 2021

ʿAbd al-Bāqī b. Qāniʿ (d . 351/962) was a traditionist and evaluator of transmitters, one of the founders of the genre of biographical dictionaries devoted to the Com- panions of the Prophet. Ibn Qāniʿ has not attracted much attention from scholars— only Khalīl Qūtlāy has authored a doctoral dissertation, now published in fifteen volumes, that comprises Ibn Qāniʿ’s Muʿjam al-ṣaḥāba . In this essay I argue that Ibn Qāniʿ and his contemporaries relied on the chains of hadith transmission to extract the names of many Companions . My research also shows that in the eighth/ fourteenth century at least two presently lost biographical collections associated with Ibn Qāniʿ were in circulation: Kitāb al-Wafayāt, a catalogue of death dates of hadith transmitters, and Kitāb al-Tārīkh, an annalistic collection, which included many assessments of transmitter reliability. Ibn Qāniʿ’s unsophisticated methods of hadith criticism, although in line with third/ninth- and early fourth/tenth-century scholarly developments, incurred him some criticism from later hadith scholars .
Ancient Indian Alcoholic Drink Called Surā: Vedic Evidence
Authors: McHugh James
Published: March 2021

A drink called surā is the alcoholic drink mentioned in our oldest Indian text, the Ṛg Veda, and people continued to make a drink called surā for millennia . This article uses the methodology of the comparative study of fermentation methods in order to make sense of the earliest descriptions of surā brewing processes . Surā was brewed in a semi-solid state, using malts for saccharification, perhaps also with a complex microbial ferment starter as one sees elsewhere in Asia today . Surā was not distilled. Understanding this has philological value: if surā was brewed with this process, we can better understand certain words associated with surā in Vedic texts, e .g ., the drink called parisrut (“fluid[-grain mixture]”), certain material objects (the kārotara filter-structure), and certain processes (surā, ety- mologically as squeezing or pressing). Although brewing instructions are varied and may reflect several modes of brewing, and although the process in surviving descriptions may have been ritually inflected to highlight resemblances with soma pressing, I argue we can still get a sense of the basic method of brewing . These are some of the earliest detailed descriptions of brewing a grain drink that, con- sidered in the long term, has similarities with both Mesopotamian brewing and East Asian methods .
If Not, Or Else, and Maybe in Akkadian and Perhaps in Hebrew
Authors: Cohen Eran
Published: March 2021

The particle ulašūma (‘or else’) in Old Babylonian Akkadian is analyzed from a functional and syntactic point of view . In addition to its known functions as a pro-polar protasis (‘if not, otherwise, or else’) and as a disjunctive particle (‘or’), it is also concluded to function as a conditional exponent . As such it is shown to belong with other expressions of epistemic modality (modal and conditional par- ticles) . Its most plausible diachronic source is determined, based on comparative as well as Akkadian material, to have been a non-verbal circumstantial expression *u lā šū (‘it (is) not’) ultimately meaning ‘it not being the case. . .’. In the second part of the paper, a cognate origin (*ū lā hī ‘it not being the case’) is proposed for the Biblical Hebrew epistemic particle ʔūlay (‘maybe/if’). Two possible paths are discussed—one is internal development and the other a result of language contact . Each path is considered, paying meticulous attention to the respective sets of difficulties . The difference in the synchronic function and meaning between the Akkadian and Hebrew particles is bridged based on the syntactic and functional analysis of the Old Babylonian particle, which shows it to be an epistemic particle .
Availability and Utilization of Personal Protective Equipment by Nigerian Physiotherapists during COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Okonkwo Uchenna Prosper , Umunnah Joseph Onuwa , Ihegihu Ebere Yvonne , Maruf Fatai Adesina , Okoye Emmanuel Chiebuka , Okeke Chukwuebuka Olisaemeka , Chigbo Chisom Godswill
Published: March 2021

Introduction: Physiotherapists are exposed to contracting infectious diseases because of the level of contact they have with patients in the course of performing their statutory clinical duties.

Objective: The major objective of the study is to determine the availability and utilization of personal protective equipment (PPE) by Nigerian physiotherapists during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods: One hundred and eighty-one (181) Nigerian physiotherapists participated in an online survey using Google Form application that lasted between September 2020 and October 2020. The data collection instrument was a 22-item close-ended online questionnaire with three domains:  demographics, availability of PPE, and utilization of PPE. The authors made use of different WhatsApp platforms hosting only physiotherapists as a means of reaching out to the respondents. Data obtained from the study were analyzed using STATA 13. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant (confidence level = 95).

Results: The result of the study shows there were high availability and utilization of facemasks and hand gloves for the Nigerian physiotherapists during the period of COVID-19 pandemic in the different health facilities; it also shows there was low availability of apron and poor availability of protective eye shield/goggles and shoes during the same period. The finding also showed there was low utilization of apron, protective glasses and shoes by the Nigerian physiotherapists during the peak of COVID-pandemic.

Conclusions: Most Nigerian physiotherapists had more face masks and hand gloves during COVID-19 pandemic than they had protective aprons, goggles and shoes. Also, there was high utilization of facemasks and the hand gloves more than an apron, eye shield and protective shoes because the more the PPE was available the more the utilization by the Nigerian Physiotherapists.
Assessment of Microbial Load in Water and Sediments of Rivers Otamiri and Nworie in Owerri, South Eastern Nigeria
Authors: Kelechi Okere J. , Nnawuike Azorji J. , Kelechi Iheagwam S. , Emmanuel Emeka J. , Odinaka Nzenwa P.
Published: March 2021

Water pollution is a global problem. The study was carried out to assess the microbial constituents in water and sediment of Rivers Otamiri and Nworie during dry and rainy seasons (March and September, 2020) with comparison to WHO benchmark for drinking water .Samples were randomly collected at six (6) sampling points and analyzed using routine microbiological protocols.  The results revealed detectable amount of microbial activates in surface water of both rivers during the dry and rainy season. During the rainy season, a THB bioload average of 2.02x104 and 5.1x104CFU/mL for Nworie and Otamiri river respectively were measured. For the TCC, the average was 9.8x103 and 2.5x104 CFU/mL, while in the dry period there was corresponding reduction in the bioload value for both rivers. THB average value for Nworie river was 1.34x104 CFU/mL, with corresponding 3.5x104 values for Otamiri river, while in same inclination, TCC measured 6.1x103 and 1.8x104 CFU/mL. There were noteworthy variations in the values for the two rivers as well as in the two seasons. TBC value for Otamiri measured about 1.5 folds than the value for Nworie. In same trend, TCC value for Nworie measured about 39%. All values measured were above WHO permissible limit for drinking water. The biochemical and cultural features of the isolated microorganism in water showed the presence of E. coli identified in the entire stations (100%), Salmonella and faecal coliform occurred 83.3% each, while Vibrio and Shigella were detected in 4 of the 6 stations. The mean total bacterial count, total coliform count and total E. coli, were not in conformity with World Health Organization (WHO) Standard for drinking water and thus constitute a threat to the River; these were attributed to indiscriminate waste dumps around the rivers. The study underscores the need for adequate waste management system to forestall outbreak of pathogenic diseases in the area.
Assessment of the Pregnancy Induced Hypertension and Gravida in Teen Age Girls at People Medical College Hospital Nawabshah Pakistan
Authors: Chandio Ruqayya , Baloch Jawaid Hussain Lighari , Pathan Nusrat Fozia , Ayoob Attia , Samoon Noor Ali , Sheikh Abrar Ali , Ahmer Arslan
Published: March 2021

Objectives: To assess of the pregnancy induced hypertension and gravida in teen age girls at People Medical College Hospital Nawabshah Pakistan.

Methodology: This cross-sectional study was carried out on 200 pregnant women from Gynecology & Obstetrics Department of Unit-1 and 2 People Medical College Hospital Nawabshah from January 2018 to December 2018. The sampling technique was convenience sampling. The frequency and association between the hypertension and Gravida were observed. Blood Pressure was taken by sphygmomanometer of mercury type B.P apparatus from 200 pregnant women and interviewed all the study subjects. A well designed and structured questionnaire (consist of age, gravida and hypertension related questions) was used for data collection and analyzed statistically. The data was analyzed statistically by SPSS Version 20.0.

Results: The mean age of married teenage girls was 16.6 Years with SD ± 2.3 Years. The study results show that 23.5% of Teenage mothers were suffering from Pregnancy Induced Hypertension. 83% women participants were in the age group of 17 to 19 years. Majority 80.3% of marriages were in the age of 13 to16 years. 76% of women were in 1st and 2nd Gravida. Conclusion: One fourth of Teenage married girls are suffering from Pregnancy Induced Hypertension. The maternal age of 17-19 years has been found most common age group for pregnancy induced hypertension, more common in 1st and 2nd Gravida.
Rheology and Rheological Measurements
Authors: Ahmed Jasim
Published: March 2021

This article presents the experimental measurement of the rheological properties of both liquids and solids and the principles on which these measurements are based. The flow properties of a liquid are defined by its resistance to flow, that is, viscosity. This concept is defined and discussed in terms of both theoretical flow models and practical consequences. Temperature, thixotropic and other time‐dependent, and concentration effects are covered for dilute polymer solutions, melts, and dispersed systems. Techniques and viscometers for capillary, rotational, and moving‐body measurements are described. The rheological properties of viscoelastic solids are made up of a combination of permanent deformation and recoverable elastic deformation. Additionally, a number of liquids show elastic and flow behaviors, which are commonly termed as the viscoelastic materials. Some additional techniques have been included beyond those indicated for simple solids and liquids, which are needed for a complete characterization of the mechanical behavior of materials in terms of elasticity and viscoelasticity. Examples of such methods are the dynamic measurement of response to sinusoidal oscillatory motion; the measurement of flow with time after application of stress, that is, creep; and the measurement of the rate and degree of recovery after removal of stress, that is, creep recovery or recoil. A few special topics, including the Weissenberg effect, time–temperature superposition principles (TTSP), and electrorheological measurements, are also discussed. Nonlinear dynamic measurements of the complex fluids in terms of the large amplitude oscillatory shear (LAOS) measurements, including the Fourier transform rheology and Lissajous curves, are discussed.
Amino Acids in Foods, Feeds, and Nutrition
Authors: Aristoy María‐Concepción , Toldrá Fidel
Published: March 2021

Amino acids are organic compounds which are essential for all living organisms because they play a double role in cells, either connected to each other as building blocks of proteins or free as intermediates in metabolism.

This article summarizes the relationship between the structure of the different amino acids and their function and metabolism in living organisms. It deals with the importance of essential amino acids in human and animal nutrition, based on their availability, and their role as taste‐active compounds in food.

The amino acid profile and digestibility are important determinants of the quality of dietary proteins. All methods available for the estimation of the nutritional value of food and feed and their amino acids bioavailability are based on the analysis of amino acids, especially the essential ones, or those that are indicators of the nutritional value (reactive lysine or methionine), or possible damages derived from food processing or preservation. Thus, the main methodologies for the analysis of total and free amino acids, which include extraction procedures, deproteinization, protein hydrolysis, derivatization, separation, and quantification of amino acids by means of liquid or gas chromatography or capillary electrophoresis, are discussed.
Analysis of prostate intensity‐ and volumetric‐modulated arc radiation therapy planning quality with PlanIQTM
Authors: Sasaki Motoharu , Nakaguuchi Yuji , Kamomae Takeshi , Tsuzuki Akira , Kobuchi Satoshi , Kuwahara Kenmei , Ueda Shoji , Endo Yuto , Ikushima Hitoshi
Published: March 2021

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to assess the quality of treatment planning using the PlanIQTM software and to investigate whether it is possible to improve the quality of treatment planning using the “Feasibility dose‐volume histogram (DVH)TM” implemented in the PlanIQTM software.

Methods

Using the PlanIQTM software, we retrospectively analyzed the learning curve regarding the quality of the treatment plans for 148 patients of prostate intensity‐modulated radiation therapy and volumetric‐modulated radiation therapy performed at our institution over the past eight years. We also sought to examine the possibility of improving treatment planning quality by re‐planning in 47 patients where the quality of the target dose and the dose limits for organs at risk (OARs) were inadequate. The re‐planning treatment plans referred to the Feasibility DVHTM implemented in the PlanIQTM software and modified the treatment planning system based on the target dose and OAR constraints.

Results

Analysis of the learning curve of the treatment plans quality using PlanIQTM software retrospectively showed a trend of improvement in the treatment plan quality from year to year. The improvement in the treatment plans quality was more influenced by dose reduction in the OARs than by target coverage.

In all cases where re‐planning was performed, the improvement in the treatment plan's quality resulted in a better treatment plan than the one adopted for delivery to patients in the clinical plan.

Conclusions

The PlanIQTM provided insights into the quality of the treatment plans at our institution and identified problems and areas for improvement in the treatment plans, allowing for the development of appropriate treatment plans for specific patients.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging–Defined Osteoarthritis Features and Anterior Knee Pain in Individuals With, or at Risk for, Knee Osteoarthritis: A Multicenter Study on Osteoarthritis
Authors: Macri Erin M. , Neogi Tuhina , Jarraya Mohamed , Guermazi Ali , Roemer Frank , Lewis Cora E. , Torner James C. , Lynch John A. , Tolstykh Irina , Jafarzadeh S. Reza , Stefanik Joshua J.
Published: March 2021

Objective

The lack of strong association between knee osteoarthritis (OA) structural features and pain continues to perplex researchers and clinicians. Evaluating the patellofemoral joint in addition to the tibiofemoral joint alone has contributed to explaining this structure–pain discordance, hence justifying a more comprehensive evaluation of whole‐knee OA and pain. The present study, therefore, was undertaken to evaluate the association between patellofemoral and tibiofemoral OA features with localized anterior knee pain (AKP) using 2 study designs.

Methods

Using cross‐sectional data from the Multicenter Osteoarthritis Study, our first approach was a within‐person, knee‐matched design in which we identified participants with unilateral AKP. We then assessed magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)–derived OA features (cartilage damage, bone marrow lesions [BMLs], osteophytes, and inflammation) in both knees and evaluated the association of patellofemoral and tibiofemoral OA features to unilateral AKP. In our second approach, MRIs from 1 knee per person were scored, and we evaluated the association of OA features to AKP in participants with AKP and participants with no frequent knee pain.

Results

Using the first approach (n = 71, 66% women, mean ± SD age 69 ± 8 years), lateral patellofemoral osteophytes (odds ratio [OR] 5.0 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.7–14.6]), whole‐knee joint effusion‐synovitis (OR 4.7 [95% CI 1.3–16.2]), and infrapatellar synovitis (OR 2.8 [95% CI 1.0–7.8]) were associated with AKP. Using the second approach (n = 882, 59% women, mean ± SD age 69 ± 7 years), lateral and medial patellofemoral cartilage damage (prevalence ratio [PR] 2.3 [95% CI 1.3–4.0] and PR 1.9 [95% CI 1.1–3.3], respectively) and lateral patellofemoral BMLs (PR 2.6 [95% CI 1.5–4.7]) were associated with AKP.

Conclusion

Patellofemoral but not tibiofemoral joint OA features and inflammation were associated with AKP.
Adaptive finite‐time control for output regulation of nonlinear systems with completely unknown control directions
Authors: Jia Fujin , Lu Junwei , Li Yongmin
Published: March 2021

This article studies the finite‐time output regulation problem for nonlinear strict‐feedback systems with completely unknown control directions and unknown functions. First, according to the necessary conditions for the solvability of the output regulation problem, the output regulation problem of nonlinear strict‐feedback systems and the external system is transformed into a stabilization problem of nonlinear systems. Second, an internal model with external signals is designed. Third, based on finite time, fuzzy control, output feedback control, and Nussbaum gain functions, the control law is designed so that all signals of the closed‐loop system are the semi‐global practically finite‐time stable (SGPFS), and the tracking error converges to a small neighborhood of the origin in a finite‐time. Finally, the proposed algorithm is applied to the finite‐time tracking problem of Chua's oscillator system.
Effect of Boron Nitride Concentration and Morphology on Dielectric and Breakdown Properties of Cross‐Linked Polyethylene/Boron Nitride Nanocomposites
Authors: Zhou Xuguang , Yang Jingjing , Gu Zhenlu , Wei Yanhui , Li Guochang , Hao Chuncheng , Lei Qingquan
Published: March 2021

Nanocomposite dielectric is considered the most promising insulation material for high‐voltage direct current cables. Herein, boron nitride nanoparticles (BNNPs) and boron nitride nanosheets (BNNSs) are used as nanofillers to study the effect of nanofiller concentration and morphology on the electrical properties of cross‐linked polyethylene (XLPE) composite based on experiments and simulation. The experimental results indicate that nanofiller concentration has a great influence on permittivity, while the influence of the morphology at the same concentration is small. The maximum relative permittivity occurs at 1 wt%. They are 2.35 and 2.32, respectively, for XLPE/BNNSs and XLPE/BNNP, increasing by about 11% and 9% than that of XLPE matrix. The morphology of BN significantly influence the breakdown performance, and the breakdown strength of the nanocomposite increases first and then decreases with the increase in doping concentration. The maximum breakdown strength of the composite occurs at 0.5 wt%. They are 403.8 and 349.2 kV mm−1, respectively, for XLPE/BNNSs and XLPE/BNNP, which is about 33% and 13% higher than that of XLPE matrix. Molecular simulations show that the free volume of XLPE/BNNSs is lower than that of XLPE/BNNP. In addition, the sheet structure can effectively block the carrier transport and prolong the discharge path.
Reversible Transformation between CsPbBr3 Perovskite Nanowires and Nanorods with Polarized Optoelectronic Properties
Authors: Wang Yongkai , Liu Xiaoyu , He Qiqian , Chen Gaoyu , Xu Dongdong , Chen Xudong , Zhao Wenbo , Bao Jianchun , Xu Xiangxing , Liu Junli , Wang Xun
Published: March 2021

CsPbX3 (X = Cl, Br, I) perovskite nanowires and nanorods are important 1D and quasi 1D semiconductor nanomaterials. They have shown significant prospect in optic and optoelectronic applications, especially for their adaptability to flexible devices, good carrier transport performance, polarized absorption, and emission properties. Due to the high dependence of the property to the morphology, it is crucial to develop synthesis methods with continuous diameter and length tunability of the 1D/quasi 1D perovskites. In this report, a feasibly room temperature synthesis method was developed for ultrathin CsPbX3(X = Cl, Br, I) perovskite nanowires. By aging the CsPbBr3 nanowires (≈2*500 nm) under ambient condition with proper concentration and time, the nanowires are transformed to nanorods with controllable diameter and length. Reversibly, the nanorods can be transformed back to nanowires. Equilibrium mechanism is adopted to understand the morphology evolution, and hopefully could be generally applied to many other nano materials. The polarized optoelectronic properties of the nanowires and nanorods are interpreted by a model based on the two‐channel anisotropies measurement. Polarized light detectors constructed by oriented assembled nanowires are fabricated to demonstrate their application potentials.
Understanding of Neighboring Fe‐N4‐C and Co‐N4‐C Dual Active Centers for Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Li Huanxin , Wen Yongliang , Jiang Min , Yao Yong , Zhou Haihui , Huang Zhongyuan , Li Jiawen , Jiao Shuqiang , Kuang Yafei , Luo Shenglian
Published: March 2021

Single atomic dispersed M‐N‐C (M = Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, etc.) composites display excellent performance for catalytic reactions. However, the analysis and understanding of neighboring M‐N‐C centers at the atomic level are still insufficient. Here, FeCo‐N‐doped hollow carbon nanocages (FeCo‐N‐HCN) with neighboring Fe‐N4‐C and Co‐N4‐C dual active centers as efficient catalysts are reported. Spherical aberration‐corrected high angle annular dark‐field scanning transmission electron microscopy, small area (1 nm2) electron energy loss spectroscopy, and X‐ray absorption spectroscopy data analysis and fitting prove the neighboring Fe‐N4‐C and Co‐N4‐C dual active structure in FeCo‐N‐HCN. Experimental tests and density functional theory calculation results reveal that the FeCo‐N‐HCN catalyst displays better catalytic activity than Fe single‐metal catalyst for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), which is attributed to the synergistic effect of Fe‐N4‐C and Co‐N4‐C dual active centers reducing the reaction energy barriers for ORR. Although the catalytic performance of the FeCo‐N‐HCN catalyst is not comparable to the‐state‐of‐art catalysts reported due to the low metal contents (Fe: 1.96 wt% and Co: 1.31 wt%), these results can refresh the understanding of neighboring M‐N‐C centers at the atomic level and provide guidance for the design of catalysts in the future.
Efficient Fabrication of Ultralight YBa2Cu3O7−x Superconductors with Programmable Shape and Structure
Authors: Zhang Baoqiang , Zhang Qiangqiang , He Peng , Ma Yanbin , Shen Lei , Zhang Xingyi , Zhou Youhe
Published: March 2021

Superconducting YBa2Cu3O7−x (YBCO) bulks have demonstrated promising applications in quasi‐permanent magnets, levitation, etc. Recently, the applications of bulk superconductors have been proposed, such as in portable, ultralight superconducting devices. These applications require bulk superconductors with lightweight, complex morphology, and good processability. However, the traditional fabrication method of YBCO bulks requires prolonged supplemental oxygenation and produces limited geometries with many randomly distributed cracks. This, combined with the inherent brittleness of the ceramic material, seriously impedes its wide application. In this study, a YBCO bulk with a multiscale hierarchical geometric configuration is constructed by a direct‐ink‐writing‐based 3D‐printing process. The 3D‐printed YBCO green bodies exhibit a robust structure after directional freezing, which promotes intimate contact between the precursor particles in the deposited layers. This technology offers the advantage of a low shrinkage of 13.6 vol% after sintering at 920 °C. The 3D‐printed bulks show lightweight, highly crystalline, and good electromagnetic properties compared with those produced by traditional cold‐pressed sintering. Importantly, the multilevel void structure with a large specific surface area significantly reduces the oxygenation time and retains superconductivity. The proposed 3D‐printing process can be adopted for the industrial production of superconducting bulk with complex geometries for novel applications.
Droplet‐Based Techniques for Printing of Functional Inks for Flexible Physical Sensors
Authors: Abdolmaleki Hamed , Kidmose Preben , Agarwala Shweta
Published: March 2021

Printed electronics (PE) is an emerging technology that uses functional inks to print electrical components and circuits on variety of substrates. This technology has opened up new possibilities to fabricate flexible, bendable, and form‐fitting devices at low‐cost and fast speed. There are different printing technologies in use, among which droplet‐based techniques are of great interest as they provide the possibility of printing computer‐controlled design patterns with high resolution, and greater production flexibility. Nanomaterial inks form the heart of this technology, enabling different functionalities. To this end, intensive research has been carried out on formulating inks with conductive, semiconductive, magnetic, piezoresistive, and piezoelectric properties. Here, a detailed landscape view on different droplet‐based printing technologies (inkjet, aerosol jet, and electrohydrodynamic jet) is provided, with comprehensive discussion on their working principals. This is followed by a detailed research overview of different functional inks (metal, carbon, polymer, and ceramic). Different sintering methods and common substrates being used in printed electronics are also discussed, followed by an in‐depth review of different physical sensors fabricated by droplet‐based techniques. Finally, the challenges facing the field are considered and a perspective on possible ways to overcome them is provided.
Narrowing Bandgap of HfS2 by Te Substitution for Short‐Wavelength Infrared Photodetection
Authors: Ye Jiafu , Liao Ke , Ge Xun , Wang Zhen , Wang Yang , Peng Meng , He Ting , Wu Peisong , Wang Hailu , Chen Yunfeng , Cui Zhuangzhuang , Gu Yue , Xu Hangyu , Xu Tengfei , Li Qing , Zhou Xiaohao , Luo Man , Li Ning , Zubair Muhammad , Wu Feng , Wang Peng , Shan Chongxin , Wang Gang , Miao Jinshui , Hu Weida
Published: March 2021

Infrared photodetectors are widely used in the field of remote sensing, communications, biomedical imaging, etc. Most photodetection based on 2D transition‐metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) is limited to the visible (Vis) to near‐infrared (NIR) due to large intrinsic bandgaps (≈1.2–2 eV). Here, a bandgap engineering of HfS2 by a tellurium (Te)‐replacement strategy is obtained via chemical vapor transport method. The bandgap values of HfS2(1−x)Te2x decrease from 1.7 to 0.88 eV with Te composition changing from 0 to 0.095. Few‐layer HfS1.81Te0.19 based field‐effect transistors exhibit a high current on/off ratio of 106 and decent electron mobility of 12.6 cm2 V−1 s−1 at room temperature. The photodetectors show a responsivity of 2 A W−1 with a remarkable photocurrent of ≈3 μA and a fast response speed of 8.8/75 ms at 830 nm simultaneously. Further, the response spectrum of HfS2(1−x)Te2x based photodetectors is broadened from Vis to short‐wavelength infrared (SWIR), covering the free‐space laser communications wavelength and the second NIR region in medicine. Bandgap engineering of 2D TMDs proposed in this work offer a promising route to develop bandgap‐variable 2D materials for infrared photodetection applications.