bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fabrication of light‐weight ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene films with hybrid porous structure and the thermal insulation properties
Authors: Shen Yulian , Liu Zhiyu , Jiang Genjie , Li Chunhai , Guo Yuhang , Chen Rong , Guo Shaoyun
Published: March 2022

According to the infrared stealth mechanism, controlling the surface temperature of objects can effectively hide the infrared radiation and resist the infrared detection. In this paper, a high infrared transparent polymer ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) is selected as the matrix of a thermal insulation material. UHMWPE porous films with high porosity and hybrid pore structure are obtained through the thermal induced phase separation combining with particle leaching method. The film structures with micropores and macropores are adjusted through the variation of the mass ratio of UHMWPE/liquid paraffin, the dosage and the particle size of NaCl. The thermal conductivity of the UHMWPE film is as low as 0.034 W/(m K), while the density is only 54.4 mg/cm3. The classical Maxwell‐Eucken model is used to discuss the relationship between the pore structure and the thermal conductivity of the films. It is determined that the hybrid porous structure can reduce heat conduction and gas–solid coupling effect simultaneously, thus the thermal conductivity is significantly reduced. Moreover, the porous films exhibited remarkable flexibility and hydrophobicity. Based on these properties, the porous films are highly promising in the field of thermal insulation protection and infrared stealth.
Recent Progress on Designable Hybrids with Stimuli‐Responsive Optical Properties Originating from Molecular Assembly Concerning Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane
Authors: Gon Masayuki , Tanaka Kazuo , Chujo Yoshiki
Published: March 2022

In this review, we describe recent progress on stimuli‐responsive hybrid materials based on polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) and their applications as a chemical sensor. In particular, we explain the unique functions originating from molecular assembly concerning POSS‐containing soft materials mainly from our studies. POSS has an inorganic cubic core composed of silicon‐oxygen (Si−O) bonds and organic substituents at each vertex. Owing to intrinsic properties of POSS, such as high thermal stability, rigidity, and low chemical reactivity, various robust hybrid materials have been developed. From the numerous numbers of POSS hybrids, we herein focus on the environment‐sensitive optical materials in which molecular assembly of POSS itself and functional units connected to POSS should be a key factor for expressing material properties. We also explain the mechanisms of chemical sensors originating from these stimuli‐responsive optical properties. Stimuli‐responsive excimer emission and pollutant detectors, nanoplastic sensors with the water‐dispersive POSS networks, trans fatty acid sensors, turn‐on luminescent sensors for aerobic condition and fluoride anion sensors are described. We also mention the mechanochromic polyurethane hybrids and the thermally‐durable mechanochromic luminescent materials. The roles of the unique optical properties from soft materials composed of rigid POSS, which doesn't have significant light‐absorption and emission properties in the visible region, are surveyed.
Motor skills predict adaptive behavior in autistic children and adolescents
Authors: Fears Nicholas E. , Palmer Stephanie A. , Miller Haylie L.
Published: March 2022

It is well‐documented that intelligence quotient (IQ) is a poor predictor of adaptive behavior scores in autism, with autistic children having lower adaptive behavior scores than would be predicted based on their IQ scores. Differences in motor skills may explain the variability in their adaptive behavior scores. The current study examined how motor skills might explain autistic individuals' low adaptive behavior scores and which individual components of IQ (i.e., verbal comprehension and perceptual reasoning) and motor skills (i.e., manual dexterity, aiming and catching, and balance) may drive this effect. We examined the associations between IQ, motor skills, calibrated severity, and adaptive behavior scores in 45 autistic children and adolescents. Using a t‐test, we found a significant difference (p <0.001) between full‐scale IQ and adaptive behavior scores, indicating that our participants' adaptive behavior scores were lower than would be expected given their full‐scale IQ. Using a linear regression, we investigated whether motor skills predicted adaptive behavior in autistic children and adolescents and found that motor skills scores were associated with adaptive behavior scores (p = 0.022). To further investigate these associations, we used another linear regression to examine how individual components of IQ and motor skills predicted adaptive behavior scores in autistic children and adolescents. Our results indicated that manual dexterity scores were associated with adaptive behavior scores (p = 0.036). These findings clearly illustrate the need for further understanding of autistic individuals' difficulties with adaptive behavior and the potential role of motor skill difficulties that may underlie these difficulties.

Lay Summary

Autistic children have lower adaptive behavior scores (e.g., daily living skills, social skills, communication) than intelligence scores (e.g., verbal and perceptual skills) along with difficulties with motor skills. Motor skills may explain the gap between adaptive behavior and intelligence. We found motor skills were associated with adaptive behavior in autistic children and adolescents. In particular, hand coordination was associated with adaptive behavior. We need to better understand how autistic individuals' motor skills impact their adaptive behavior to provide effective supports.
Stein‐Betonmörtel‐Interaktion bei vermörtelten Steinstützkörpern aus Naturstein
Authors: Voit Klaus , Hron Johannes , Frei Gerhard , Peter Mathias , Reisenhofer Felix , Rottensteiner Josef , Zeman Oliver
Published: March 2022

Stütz‐ und Schutzkonstruktionen aus Naturstein zählen zu Standardbauwerken im Straßen‐ und Eisenbahnbau sowie im angrenzenden Ingenieurbau. Dabei wird zwischen unvermörtelten und vermörtelten Steinkonstruktionen unterschieden, wobei bei Letzteren die Fugenausbildung mittels Betonmörtel erfolgt. Diese Ausbildung der Fuge dient zur Verbesserung der Kraftübertragung zwischen den einzelnen Steinen, führt zu einer Reduzierung von Bauwerksverformungen und bringt gegenüber unvermörtelten Konstruktionen insgesamt eine Erhöhung der inneren Standsicherheit mit sich. Durch die Interaktion zwischen Stein und Betonmörtel können Schubkräfte übertragen bzw. aufgenommen werden, die insbesondere einem auftretenden Erddruck entgegenwirken: die Scherparameter Kohäsion (Haftfestigkeit) und Reibungswinkel bauen einen Widerstand gegen mögliche Schubbeanspruchung auf und spielen eine wesentliche Rolle hinsichtlich der Tragfähigkeit derartiger Bauwerke. In dieser Studie wird versucht, mittels experimenteller Laborversuche eine quantitative Abschätzung von Werten für Haftfestigkeit und Reibungswinkel abzuleiten. Darüber hinaus sollen die Eigenschaften von üblicherweise verwendeten Betonmörteln erfasst werden. Übergeordnetes Ziel ist es, Rückschlüsse auf die innere Stabilität derartiger Steinstützkörper zu ziehen und so Grundlagen für die Bemessung von Steinstützkörpern darzulegen.
Nanocrystal solid dispersion of fuzapladib free acid with improved oral bioavailability
Authors: Yamada Kohei , Hayashi Yuto , Sasaki Kenta , Higuchi Koji , Shindo Takeshi , Shikama Hiroshi , Sato Hideyuki , Onoue Satomi
Published: March 2022

This study aimed to develop an oral nanocrystal solid dispersion (nCSD) of fuzapladib (FZP) with enhanced absorbability for the treatment of acute pancreatitis (AP). The hydration properties of crystalline FZP free acid (crystalline FZP) and FZP sodium salt (FZP/Na) were assessed to select a stable crystal form. The nCSD of FZP free acid (nCSD/FZP) was prepared using a multi‐inlet vortex mixer and evaluated in terms of physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties. The results of X‐ray powder diffraction analysis indicated that crystalline FZP was stable as an anhydrate, while FZP/Na was converted to its monohydrate at water activity of above 0.2. The nanocrystals in nCSD/FZP were dispersed in hydroxy propyl cellulose‐SSL, and their mean particle size were 160 nm with uniform spherical shape. In dissolution testing, nCSD/FZP exhibited rapid dissolution compared with crystalline FZP and reached a saturated concentration of FZP within initial 30 min. After oral administration (2 mg‐FZP/kg) to rats, the maximum plasma concentration and bioavailability were 7.3‐ and 5.2‐fold higher for nCSD/FZP than crystalline FZP, respectively, due to improved dissolution by nanosization. In conclusion, nCSD/FZP may be a novel oral dosage form with enhanced absorbability facilitating potent therapeutic effects of FZP for the treatment of AP in animals.
A novel high throughput 96‐well‐based fluorimetric method to measure amikacin in pharmaceutical formulations: development using response surface methodology
Authors: Maxwell Amala , Mary Elizabeth , Ghate Vivek , Aranjani Jesil , Lewis Shaila
Published: March 2022

An aminoglycoside antibiotic, amikacin, is used to treat severe and recurring bacterial infections. Due to the absence of a chromophore, however, amikacin must be extensively derivatized before being quantified, both in analytical and bioanalytical samples. In this study, for the first time, we developed a simple and sensitive method for measuring amikacin sulfate using spectrofluorimetry with a 96‐well plate reader, based on the design of the experiment's approach. To develop a robust and reproducible spectrofluorimetric method, the influence of essential attributes, namely pH of the buffer, heating temperature, and concentration of reagents, were evaluated using univariate analysis followed by multivariate analysis (central composite design). International Conference of Harmonization guidelines were used to validate the optimized method. The developed technique is linear from 1.9 to 10 μg/ml with a regression coefficient of 0.9991. The detection and quantification limits were 0.649 μg/ml and 1.9 μg/ml, respectively. For the developed method, both intraday and interday precision (%RSD) were less than 5%. Using the method, amikacin concentrations were quantified in prepared amikacin liposomes and commercial formulations of Amicin®. The developed method greatly reduces sample volume and is a rapid, high throughput microplate‐based fluorescence approach for the convenient and cost‐effective measurement of amikacin in pharmaceutical formulations. In comparison with previously published approaches, the suggested method allowed for quick analysis of a high number of samples in a short amount of time (96 samples in 125 sec), resulting in an average duration of analysis of 1.3 sec per sample.
Conjugated detergent micelles as a platform for IgM purification
Authors: Dhandapani Gunasekaran , Wachtel Ellen , Das Ishita , Sheves Mordechai , Patchornik Guy
Published: March 2022

Immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies hold promise as anticancer drugs and as agents for promoting immune homeostasis. This promise has not been realized due to low expression levels in mammalian cells producing IgM class antibodies, and the failure of protein A chromatography for IgM purification. Here, we describe a nonchromatographic platform for quantitatively capturing IgMs at neutral pH, which is then recovered with 86%–94% yield and >95% purity at pH 3. The platform contains micelles conjugated with the [(bathophenanthroline)3:Fe2+] amphiphilic complex. Inclusion of amino acid monomers, for example, phenylalanine or tyrosine, during conjugation of detergent micelles, allows subsequent extraction of IgMs at close to neutral pH. With the successful implementation of this purification platform for both polyclonal humans and bovine IgMs, we anticipate similar results for monoclonal IgMs, most relevant for the pharmaceutical industry.
Configuration‐dependent anionic redox in cathode materials
Authors: Yang Lu , Chen Rusong , Liu Zepeng , Gao Yurui , Wang Xuefeng , Wang Zhaoxiang , Chen Liquan
Published: March 2022

The utilization of anionic redox is one of the most prospective strategies to obtain high specific capacities in addition to the transition metal redox. The specific local environments around the oxygen atoms lead to the transference of the oxygen electrons with different difficulties for the excess capacity of the cathode materials. Nevertheless, the structural and performance degradation is closely related to the irreversible anionic redox, resulting in serious challenges for the commercialization of the cathode materials. Therefore, it is necessary to summarize the correlation between the oxygen configuration for the anionic redox and the resultant structural features to better utilize the anionic redox for the cathode materials with better performances. This review summarizes the latest advances of oxygen redox in the cathode materials in terms of their oxygen configurations. First, the fundamental mechanisms of anionic redox are discussed. On the basis of the local atoms and configurations, the recent strategies are then discussed that are promising to boost the reversibility of the anionic redox and mitigate the side reaction triggered by the oxygen redox. At last, an outlook is presented on the strategies to optimize the reversibility of the anionic redox for achieving the high energy‐density cathode materials.
Nomogram for predicting the overall survival of patients with early‐onset prostate cancer: A population‐based retrospective study
Authors: Hu Yongtao , Qi Qiao , Zheng Yongshun , Wang Haoran , Zhou Jun , Hao Zongyao , Meng Jialin , Liang Chaozhao
Published: March 2022

Background

The incidence of early‐onset prostate cancer (PCa) has increased significantly over the past few decades. It is necessary to develop a prognostic nomogram for the prediction of overall survival (OS) in early‐onset PCa patients.

Methods

A total of 23,730 early‐onset PCa patients (younger than 55 years old) between 2010 and 2015 in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database were enrolled for the current study, and randomly separated into the training cohort and the validation cohort. 361 eligible early‐onset PCa patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas‐Prostate Adenocarcinoma (TCGA‐PRAD) cohort were obtained as the external validation cohort. Independent predictors were selected by univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis, and a prognostic nomogram was constructed for 1‐, 3‐, and 5‐year OS. The accurate and discriminative abilities of the nomogram were evaluated by the concordance index (C‐index), receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC), calibration plot, net reclassification index (NRI), and integrated discrimination improvement (IDI).

Results

Multivariate Cox analysis showed that race, marital status, TNM stage, prostate‐specific antigen, Gleason score, and surgery were significantly associated with poor prognosis of PCa. A nomogram consisting of these variables was established, which had higher C‐indexes than the TNM system (training cohort: 0.831 vs. 0.746, validation cohort: 0.817 vs. 0.752). Better AUCs of the nomogram than the TNM system at 1, 3, and 5 years were found in both the training cohort and the validation cohort. The 3‐year and 5‐year AUCs of the nomogram in the TCGA‐PRAD cohort were 0.723 and 0.679, respectively. The calibration diagram, NRI, and IDI also showed promising prognostic value in OS.

Conclusions

We developed an effective prognostic nomogram for OS prediction in early‐onset PCa patients, which will further assist both the precise clinical treatment and the assessment of long‐term outcomes.
Challenges of the Omicron (B.1.1.529) Variant and Its Lineages: A Global Perspective
Authors: Mohapatra Ranjan K. , Kandi Venkataramana , Verma Sarika , Dhama Kuldeep
Published: March 2022

The SARS‐CoV‐2 virus has shown increased ability to mutate over the past two years, especially in the regions of the spike protein and receptor binding sites. Omicron (B.1.1.529) is the fifth variant of concern (VOC) after the emergence of the Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and Delta VOCs of SARS‐CoV‐2. This new variant has now circulated in 128 countries and according to the Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data (GISAID), these 128 countries have shared 650,657 Omicron genome sequences as of 26 January, 2022. In this article, we highlight the real challenges of Omicron and its different lineages.
In Vivo Assembly and Expression of DNA Containing Non‐canonical Bases in the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Nguyen Hoai , Abramov Mikhail , Rozenski Jef , Eremeeva Elena , Herdewijn Piet
Published: March 2022

Chemically modified nucleic acids are of utmost interest in synthetic biology for creating a regulable and sophisticated synthetic system with tailor‐made properties. Implanting chemically modified nucleic acids in microorganisms might serve biotechnological applications, while using them in human cells might lead to new advanced medicines. Previously, we reported that a fully modified DNA sequence (called DZA) composed of the four base‐modified nucleotides – 7‐deaza‐adenine, 5‐chlorouracil, 7‐deaza‐guanine and 5‐fluorocytosine – could function as a genetic template in prokaryotic cells, Escherichia coli. Here, we report the synthesis of long, partially, or fully modified DZA fragments that encode the yeast‐enhanced red fluorescent protein (yEmRFP). The DZA sequences were directly introduced in the genome of the eukaryotic cells, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, via the yeast natural homologous recombination machinery. The simple and straightforward DZA cloning strategy reported here might be of interest to scientists working in the field of xenobiology in yeast.
The enigma of persistent hypertriglyceridemia: A case report
Authors: Dhaliwal Armaan , Ravi Soumiya , Bains Kanwal , Potharaju Anil Kumar , Shah Tasneem
Published: March 2022

A patient with a history of Mandibular hypoplasia, Deafness, Progeroid Features Associated Lipodystrophy Syndrome (MDPL), familial lipodystrophy presented with hypertriglyceridemia induced pancreatitis with triglycerides in the 3000s. This lipodystrophy occurs due to a mutation in the POLD1 gene (DNA polymerase delta 1). MDPL, hypertriglyceridemia, pancreatitis, POLD1.
Calcium Mediated C−H Silylation of Aromatic Heterocycles with Hydrosilanes
Authors: Gong Xun , Deng Peng , Cheng Jianhua
Published: March 2022

Treatment of mononuclear calcium hydride complex [(TpAd,iPr)Ca(H)(THP)] (1) (TpAd,iPr=hydrotris(3‐adamantyl‐5‐isopropyl‐pyrazolyl)borate, THP=tetrahydropyran) with 2‐methylthiophene, 2‐methylfuran, and 1‐methyl‐1H‐indole in THF/hexane solution led to the formation of calcium thiophenyl (2), furanyl (3), and indolyl (4) complexes,viasp2C−H bond activation. The reaction of complex1with 2‐methylpyridine and quinoline afforded calcium benzyl pyridinyl (5) and 1,2‐dihydroquinolide (6) complexes, through sp3C−H bond activation and hydride insertion reaction, respectively. Under mild conditions, the catalytic regioselective sp2C−H silylation of a series of aromatic heterocycles with secondary hydrosilane was achieved by the use of complex1. This protocol offers a straightforward method for the synthesis of silylated heteroaromatic compounds without a hydrogen acceptor and free of transition metal.
Nickel‐Catalyzed Csp2−OMe Functionalization for Chemoselective Aromatic Homologation En Route to Nanographenes
Authors: Capdevila Lorena , Sala Judith , Ackermann Lutz , Ribas Xavi
Published: March 2022

A Ni‐catalyzed Csp2−OMe ortho‐functionalization methodology to form chemoselectively alkyne monoannulation or aromatic homologation products is reported as a novel protocol towards the valorisation of substrates containing Csp2−OMe units. Double activation of Csp2−OMe and Csp2−F bonds is also demonstrated. Further use of aromatic homologation products towards the synthesis of nanographene‐like compounds is described.
How the Chalcogen Atom Size Dictates the Hydrogen‐Bond Donor Capability of Carboxamides, Thioamides, and Selenoamides
Authors: Nieuwland Celine , Fonseca Guerra Célia
Published: March 2022

The amino groups of thio‐ and selenoamides can act as stronger hydrogen‐bond donors than of carboxamides, despite the lower electronegativity of S and Se. This phenomenon has been experimentally explored, particularly in organocatalysis, but a sound electronic explanation is lacking. Our quantum chemical investigations show that the NH2groups in thio‐ and selenoamides are more positively charged than in carboxamides. This originates from the larger electronic density flow from the nitrogen lone pair of the NH2group towards the lower‐lying π*C=Sand π*C=Seorbitals than to the high‐lying π*C=Oorbital. The relative energies of the π* orbitals result from the overlap between the chalcogennp and carbon 2p atomic orbitals, which is set by the carbon‐chalcogen equilibrium distance, a consequence of the Pauli repulsion between the two bonded atoms. Thus, neither the electronegativity nor the often‐suggested polarizability but thesteric sizeof the chalcogen atom determines the amide's hydrogen‐bond donor capability.
Autothermal Oxidative Coupling of Methane: Steady‐State Multiplicity over Mn‐Na2WO4/SiO2 at Mini‐Plant Scale
Authors: Perez Ortiz Abigail , Penteado Alberto , Karsten Tim , Esche Erik , Grigull Vitor , Schomäcker Reinhard , Repke Jens‐Uwe
Published: March 2022

An experimental study of the potential autothermal reactor operation for the ethylene production via oxidative coupling of methane based on the ignition‐extinction behavior for a Mn‐Na2WO4/SiO2 catalyst is presented. The possibility of benefiting from the heat released during the reaction is analyzed. The effect of different process variables, challenges, and limitations on the autothermal oxidative coupling of methane reactor operation are investigated in which a moderately large amount of heat appears.
Top advances of the year in colorectal cancer
Authors: Saltz Leonard B.
Published: March 2022

Lay Summary

Over the past year, studies have demonstrated better ways of using the agents that we have to improve outcomes for patients with colon and Rectal cancers.
Secretagogin in the brain and pituitary of the catfish, Clarias batrachus: Molecular characterization and regulation by insulin
Authors: Basu Sumela , Mitra Saptarsi , Singh Omprakash , Chandramohan Bathrachalam , Singru Praful S.
Published: March 2022

Secretagogin (scgn), is a novel hexa EF‐hand, phylogenetically conserved calcium‐binding protein. It serves as Ca2+ sensor and participates in Ca2+‐signaling and neuroendocrine regulation in mammals. However, its relevance in the brain of non‐mammalian vertebrates has largely remained unexplored. To address this issue, we studied the cDNA encoding scgn, scgn mRNA expression, and distribution of scgn‐equipped elements in the brain and pituitary of a teleost, Clarias batrachus (cb). The cbscgn cDNA consists of three transcripts (T) variants: T1 (2185 bp), T2 (2151 bp) and T3 (2060 bp). While 816 bp ORF in T1 and T2 encodes highly conserved six EF‐hand 272 aa protein fully capable of Ca2+‐binding, 726‐bp ORF in T3 encodes 242 aa protein. The T1 showed >90% and >70% identity with scgn of catfishes, and other teleosts and mammals, respectively. The T1‐mRNA was widely expressed in the brain and pituitary, while the expression of T3 was restricted to the telencephalon. Application of the anti‐scgn antiserum revealed a ∼32 kDa scgn‐immunoreactive (scgn‐i) band (known molecular weight of scgn) in the forebrain tissue, and immunohistochemically labeled neurons in the olfactory epithelium and bulb, telencephalon, preoptic area, hypothalamus, thalamus, and hindbrain. In the pituitary, scgn‐i cells were seen in the pars distalis and intermedia. Insulin is reported to regulate scgn mRNA in the mammalian hippocampus, and feeding‐related neuropeptides in the telencephalon of teleost. Intracranial injection of insulin significantly increased T1‐mRNA expression and scgn‐immunoreactivity in the telencephalon. We suggest that scgn may be an important player in the regulation of olfactory, neuroendocrine system, and energy balance functions in C. batrachus.
A comparative performance study of random‐grid model for hyperparameters selection in detection of abnormalities in digital breast images
Authors: Oyelade Olaide N. , Ezugwu Absalom E.
Published: March 2022

Deep learning models have been widely reported to have achieved significant performance in image processing and classification tasks. They have mainly been harnessed and applied to the problem of detecting abnormalities in digital breast images. However, the significant number and high dimensional space requirement of hyperparameters in deep learning models often make it challenging to find the best configuration for such parameters when tuning for best performance. In appropriately handling this performance tuning often lead to difficulty in striking balance between underfitting and overfitting. This article proposes an optimized convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture through application of hybrid selection model in obtaining best hyperparameter configuration which outperforms similar existing models. We approached this non‐trivial challenge by defining a hybrid of the grid‐based and random‐based model for the selection of hyperparameters and then investigate the performance of the configurations. To further improve the performance of the CNN model, data augmentation technique was applied. Furthermore, the study undertook a comparative study of the performance of the best configuration on some benchmarked datasets. The resulting model was applied to publicly available benchmark datasets, namely, the DDSM and MIAS datasets. Findings from the experimentations revealed that hyperparameters with Adam optimization algorithm showed superiority by yielding an accuracy of 1.0 using DDSM dataset, while SGD, RMSprop, Adam, and Adagrad output an accuracy of 0.9375 with MIAS dataset. The outcome of this study further strengthens the appropriateness of Adam optimizer and has also produced a state‐of‐the‐art CNN model suitable for solving the problem of detection and classification of breast cancer from digital mammography.
An efficient energy consumption and delay aware autonomous data gathering routing protocol scheme using a deep learning mobile edge model and beetle antennae search algorithm for underwater wireless sensor network
Authors: Pradeep S. , Tapas Bapu B. R.
Published: March 2022

Underwater wireless sensor network (UWSN) is used to monitor the compactness of ocean surveillance, marine and harsh underwater environment. In this article, an efficient energy consumption and delay aware autonomous data gathering routing protocol (ADGRP) scheme based on deep learning (dl) mobile edge model (mem) and beetle antennae search algorithm (BASA) for UWSN is proposed to overcome above problems. ADGRP is used to gather more data from the underwater environment by the use of the autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV). DL‐MEM is used to increase the network life time. Then the deep learning parameters are optimized by using BAS. The objective function is “to increase the efficiency and lifetime of network by decreasing the energy consumptions and delay.” The simulation process is carried out in MATLAB site. The proposed ADGRP‐DL‐MEM‐BASA provides lower energy consumption 20.83%, 34.66%, 18.03%, 20.92%, 22.34%, lower energy drop 7.85%, 23.94%, 17.93%, 21.93%, 31.94% is compared with the existing energy‐efficient probabilistic depth‐based routing (EEPDBR‐UWSN), ordered contention MAC (OCMAC‐UWSN), Q‐learning based energy‐efficient and void avoidance routing protocol for underwater acoustic sensor networks (QL‐EEBDG‐UWSN), energy‐efficient depth‐base opportunistic routing along Q‐learning for underwater wireless sensor networks (EDORQ‐UWSN), channel‐aware reinforcement learning‐based multipath adaptive routing for underwater wireless sensor networks (CARMA‐ EE‐UWSN) respectively.
Binary differential evolution with self learning and deep neural network for breast cancer classification
Authors: Pamula Pullaiah Nagaraja Rao , Venkatasekhar Dorai , Venkatramana Padarthi , Sudhakar Balaraj
Published: March 2022

Early classification of breast cancer helps to treat the patient effectively and increases the survival rate. The existing methods involve applying the feature selection methods and deep learning methods to improve the performance of the breast cancer classification. In this research, the binary differential evolution with self learning (BDE‐SL) and deep neural network (DNN) method is proposed to improve the performance of the breast cancer classification. The BDE‐SL feature selection method involves selecting the relevant features based on the measure of probability difference for each feature and non‐dominated sorting. The DNN method has the advantage which effectively analysis the non‐linear relationship among the selected features and output. The BI‐RADS MRI breast cancer dataset was applied to test the performance of the proposed method. The adaptive histogram equalization and region growing applied in the input images to enhance the image. The dual‐tree complex wavelet transform, gray‐level co‐occurrence matrix, and local directional ternary pattern were the feature extraction method used for the classification. This result shows that BDE‐SL with the DNN method has an accuracy of 99.12% and the existing convolutional neural network has 98.33% accuracy.
Development of a Core–Shell Heterojunction TiO2/SrTiO3 Electrolyte with Improved Ionic Conductivity
Authors: Fang Li , Hu Enyi , Hu Xiaojian , Jiang Zheng , Shah M. A. K. Yousaf , Wang Jun , Wang Faze
Published: March 2022

Lately, semiconductor‐membrane fuel cells (SMFCs) have attained significant interest and great attention due to the deliverance of high performance at low operational temperatures, <550 °C. This work has synthesized the nanocomposite core‐shell heterostructure (TiO2−SrTiO3) electrolyte powder by employing the simple hydrothermal method for the SMFC. The SrTiO3 was grown in situ on the surface of TiO2 to form a core‐shell structure. A heterojunction mechanism based on the energy band structure is proposed to explain the ion transport pathway and promoted protonic conductivity. The core‐shell heterostructure (TiO2−SrTiO3) was utilized as an electrolyte to reach the peak power density of 951 mW cm−2 with an open‐circuit voltage of 1.075 V at 550 °C. The formation of core‐shell heterostructure among TiO2 and SrTiO3 causes redistribution of charges and establishes a depletion region at the interface, which confined the protons′ transport on the surface layer with accelerated ion transport and lower activation energy. The current work reveals novel insights to understand enhanced proton transport and unique methodology to develop low‐temperature ceramic fuel cells with high performance.
Synthetic Routes for Designing Furanic and Non Furanic Biobased Surfactants from 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural
Authors: Velty Alexandra , Iborra Sara , Corma Avelino
Published: March 2022

5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is one of the most valuable biomass platform molecules, enabling the construction of a plethora of high value‐added furanic compounds. In particular, in the last decade, HMF has been considered as a starting material for designing biobased surfactants, not only because of its renewability and carbon footprint, but also because of its enhanced biodegradability. This Review presents recent examples of the different approaches to link the hydrophilic and lipophilic moieties into the hydrophobic furan (and tetrahydrofuran) ring, giving a variety of biobased surfactants that have been classified here according to the charge of the head polar group. Moreover, strategies for the synthesis of different non‐furanic structures surfactant molecules (such as levulinic acid, cyclopentanols, and aromatics) derived from HMF are described. The new HMF‐based amphiphilic molecules presented here cover a wide range of hydrophilic‐lipophilic balance values and have suitable surfactant properties such as surface tension activity and critical micelle concentration, to be an important alternative for the replacement of non‐sustainable surfactants.
Tight‐loose: Understanding variability, trade‐offs and felt accountability across the curriculum‐pedagogy‐assessment dynamic
Authors: Trask Suzanne , Cowie Bronwen
Published: March 2022

Variability in education systems is a given. Variability has at once positive and negative implications for the main goal of education which is accelerating learning across diverse contexts and for all learners. In this article, we explain and employ a tight‐loose framing to understand the scope for variability within an education system. A tight‐loose framing directs attention to the interplay of prescription/accountability and autonomy. This framing is yet to be fully explored as a way of understanding and exploiting variability across the curriculum‐pedagogy‐assessment dynamic within a high‐stakes assessment context. High‐stake assessment has particular susceptibilities to variability because of its consequences for stakeholders and implications for accountability across the various levels of the education system. We illustrate the tight‐loose framing through a case study from New Zealand of a teacher and her class of Year 12 science learners who were working towards the national senior secondary school exit qualification. The teacher was trialling a new General Science course that emphasised inquiry. Observation and interview data were collected over the course of the school year. We analyse the contours of variability across levels of the national curriculum and assessment policy, school agendas, teacher pedagogy, and student decision‐making and experiences. Our findings show that teachers and students made trade‐offs according to felt accountabilities and priorities within the tightness and looseness of their education context, as they perceived and experienced it. Our proposition is that a multi‐level tight‐loose framing provides a new and different insight into how policies, philosophies and practices interact under high‐stakes conditions to affect outcomes for learners.
Citizenship education in Chile: Curricular orientations and teachers' beliefs in a context of political crisis and social mobilization
Authors: Cox Cristián , Jara Ibarra Camila , Sánchez Bachmann Macarena
Published: March 2022

Over the last decade in the context of collapsing trust in major public and private institutions, Chilean society has engaged in massive social mobilizations culminating in 2019 with widespread rioting in rebellion against the neoliberal model. This socio‐political crisis raises the general question which this article addresses: How does such a fluid political, highly mobilized, and polarized social context influence school citizenship education? Focusing on features of curriculum and teacher‐held beliefs regarding democratic principles and forms of political participation, a mixed‐methods approach produces evidence which makes visible a consistent pattern of influence. First, we find evidence of an orientation in the curriculum towards critical active citizenship with a parallel silencing of key democratic processes and skills, like voting and deliberation. Second, we reveal a complex and ambivalent set of beliefs among teachers which combine both community and contentious—even illegal—forms of political participation, on the one hand, and formal political participation through voting as key, on the other.
Blood biomarkers for cognitive decline and clinical progression in a Mexican American cohort
Authors: Gonzales Mitzi M. , Wang Chen‐Pin , Short Meghan I. , Parent Danielle M. , Kautz Tiffany , MacCarthy Daniel , Satizabal Claudia L. , González David Andrés , Royall Donald R. , Zare Habil , O'Bryant Sid , Maestre Gladys E. , Tracy Russell P. , Seshadri Sudha
Published: March 2022

Introduction: The clinical translation of biofluid markers for dementia requires validation in diverse cohorts. The study goal was to evaluate if blood biomarkers reflecting diverse pathophysiological processes predict disease progression in Mexican American adults.Methods: Mexican American adults (n = 745), 50 years of age and older, completed annual assessments over a mean of 4 years. Serum collected at baseline was assayed for total tau, neurofilament light (NFL), ubiquitin carboxyl‐terminal hydrolase LI, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), soluble cluster of differentiation 14 (sCD14), and chitinase‐3‐like protein 1 (YKL‐40).Results: Higher GFAP and NFL were associated with global cognitive decline. Only GFAP was associated with increased incident dementia risk (hazard ratio: 1.611 (95% confidence interval: 1.204‐2.155)) and inclusion of additional biomarkers did not improve model fit.Discussion: Among a panel of six blood biomarkers previously associated with neurodegenerative disease, only GFAP predicted incident dementia in our cohort. The findings suggest that blood GFAP levels may aid dementia‐risk prediction among Mexican American adults.
Background features in the cytology of pancreatic neoplasms
Authors: Hirabayashi Kenichi , Saika Tsubasa , Nakamura Naoya
Published: March 2022

Cytology is a useful method for diagnosing pancreatic neoplasms. Although endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration has recently become the mainstream method for the diagnosis of pancreatic neoplasms, pancreatic juice and pancreatic duct brushing cytology continue to be useful diagnostic methods for the investigation of pancreatic neoplasms. Diagnoses using pancreatic cytology are primarily based on the features related to tumor cells; however, evaluation of the background features provides important information that could further aid the diagnosis. Pancreatic neoplasms show various histological types, each of which is associated with its own characteristic background features. The necrotic background, desmoplastic stroma, and presence of cancer‐associated fibroblasts are background features of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, a mucinous background is associated with intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms and mucinous cystic neoplasms, and hyaline globules are observed in solid pseudopapillary neoplasms. However, some background features are associated with more than one histological type of pancreatic neoplasm, highlighting the importance to base a diagnosis on the results of a comprehensive analysis of not only the background features but also the tumor cells. Here, we provide a review of the key background cytological features of pancreatic neoplasms, which can serve as a guide to improve diagnosis and research.
Artificial intelligence in colonoscopy: A review on the current status
Authors: Larsen Solveig Linnea Veen , Mori Yuichi
Published: March 2022

Artificial intelligence has become an increasingly hot topic in the last several years, and it has also gained its way into the medical field. In recent years, the application of artificial intelligence in the gastroenterology field has been of increasing interest, particularly in the colonoscopy setting. Novel technologies such as deep neural networks have enabled real‐time computer‐aided polyp detection and diagnosis during colonoscopy. This might lead to increased performance of endoscopists as well as potentially reducing the costs of unnecessary polypectomies of hyperplastic polyps. Newly published prospective trials studying computer‐aided detection showed that the assistance of artificial intelligence significantly increased the detection of polyps and non‐advanced adenomas approximately by 10%, while three tandem randomized control trials proved that the adenoma miss rate was significantly reduced (e.g., 13.8% vs. 36.7% in one Japanese multicenter trial). Promising results have also been shown in prospective single‐arm trials on computer‐aided polyp diagnosis, but the evidence is insufficient to reach a conclusion.
The amazing and anomalous axolotls as scientific models
Authors: Adamson Carly J. , Morrison‐Welch Nikolas , Rogers Crystal D.
Published: March 2022

Ambystoma mexicanum (axolotl) embryos and juveniles have been used as model organisms for developmental and regenerative research for many years. This neotenic aquatic species maintains the unique capability to regenerate most, if not all, of its tissues well into adulthood. With large externally developing embryos, axolotls were one of the original model species for developmental biology. However, increased access to, and use of, organisms with sequenced and annotated genomes, such as Xenopus laevis and tropicalis and Danio rerio, reduced the prevalence of axolotls as models in embryogenesis studies. Recent sequencing of the large axolotl genome opens up new possibilities for defining the recipes that drive the formation and regeneration of tissues like the limbs and spinal cord. However, to decode the large A. mexicanum genome will take a herculean effort, community resources, and the development of novel techniques. Here, we provide an updated axolotl‐staging chart ranging from one‐cell stage to immature adult, paired with a perspective on both historical and current axolotl research that spans from their use in early studies of development to the recent cutting‐edge research, employment of transgenesis, high‐resolution imaging, and study of mechanisms deployed in regeneration.
Intrinsic traits, social context, and local environment shape home range size and fidelity of sleepy lizards
Authors: Payne E. , Spiegel O. , Sinn D. L. , Leu S. T. , Gardner M. G. , Godfrey S. S. , Wohlfeil C. , Sih A.
Published: March 2022

Home ranges (HRs), the regions within which animals interact with their environment, constitute a fundamental aspect of their ecology. HR sizes and locations commonly reflect costs and benefits associated with diverse social, biotic, and abiotic factors. Less is known, however, about how these factors affect intraspecific variation in HR size or fidelity (the individual's tendency to maintain the same HR location over time) or whether variation in these features emerge from consistent differences among individuals or among the sites they occupy. To address this knowledge gap, we used an extensive GPS‐tracking data set of a long‐lived lizard, the sleepy lizard (Tiliqua rugosa), which included repeated observations of multiple individuals across years. We tested how three categories of predictors—(1) lizard characteristics (sex, aggressiveness, and parasitic tick counts), (2) environmental characteristics (precipitation, food, and refuge quality), and (3) social conditions (conspecific overlap and number of neighbors)—affected HR size and fidelity. We found that individuals differed consistently in the size and fidelity of annual HRs (with a repeatability of 0.58 and 0.33, respectively), and that all three categories of predictors affected both HR size and fidelity. For example, HRs were smaller in areas with more food, and males had larger HRs than females. In addition, more aggressive lizards tended to have larger HRs. Conspecific overlap and number of individuals that a lizard interacted with (social network degree) had an interactive effect on HR size where individuals whose HRs overlapped more with neighbors had larger HRs, and this effect was particularly strong for individuals that interacted with more neighbors. HR fidelity declined over time (HR locations drifted from year to year), but individuals differed consistently in this rate of drift. The fact that HR size was consistent despite drifting locations suggests that lizard HRs reflect individual traits (e.g., habitat choice criteria that differ among individuals), rather than simple heterogeneity among sites. Overall, these findings demonstrate (1) both strong, long‐term, within‐individual consistency and between‐individual differences in space use and (2) combined effects of individual traits, social conditions, and environmental characteristics on animal HRs, with implications for diverse ecological processes.
Weak effects of birds, bats, and ants on their arthropod prey on pioneering tropical forest gap vegetation
Authors: Szefer Piotr , Molem Kenneth , Sau Austin , Novotny Vojtech
Published: March 2022

The relative roles of plants competing for resources versus top‐down control of vegetation by herbivores, in turn impacted by predators, during early stages of tropical forest succession remain poorly understood. Here we examine the impact of insectivorous birds, bats, and ants exclusion on arthropods communities on replicated 5 × 5 m of pioneering early successional vegetation plots in lowland tropical forest gaps in Papua New Guinea. In plots from which focal taxa of predators were excluded we observed increased biomass of herbivorous and predatory arthropods, and increased density, and decreased diversity of herbivorous insects. However, changes in the biomass of plants, herbivores, and arthropod predators were positively correlated or uncorrelated between these three trophic levels and also between individual arthropod orders. Arthropod abundance and biomass correlated strongly with the plant biomass irrespective of the arthropods' trophic position, a signal of bottom‐up control. Patterns in herbivore specialization confirm lack of a strong top‐down control and were largely unaffected by the exclusion of insectivorous birds, bats, and ants. No changes of plant–herbivore interaction networks were detected except for decrease in modularity of the exclosure plots. Our results suggest weak top‐down control of herbivores, limited compensation between arthropod and vertebrate predators, and limited intra‐guild predation by birds, bats, and ants. Possible explanations are strong bottom‐up control, a low activity of the higher order predators, especially birds, possibly also bats, in gaps, and continuous influx of herbivores from surrounding mature forest matrix.
Cardiovascular outcomes associated with treatment of type 2 diabetes in patients with ischaemic heart failure
Authors: Godec Thomas R. , Bromage Daniel I. , Pujades‐Rodriguez Mar , Cannatà Antonio , Gonzalez‐Izquierdo Arturo , Denaxas Spiros , Hemingway Harry , Shah Ajay M. , Yellon Derek M. , McDonagh Theresa A.
Published: March 2022

Aim

The optimal strategy for diabetes control in patients with heart failure (HF) following myocardial infarction (MI) remains unknown. Metformin, a guideline‐recommended therapy for patients with chronic HF and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), is associated with reduced mortality and HF hospitalizations. However, worse outcomes have been reported when used at the time of MI. We compared outcomes of patients with T2DM and HF of ischaemic aetiology according to antidiabetic treatment.

Methods and results

This study used linked data from primary care, hospital admissions, and death registries for 4.7 million inhabitants in England, as part of the CALIBER resource. The primary endpoint was a composite of cardiovascular mortality and HF hospitalization. The secondary endpoints were the individual components of the primary endpoint and all‐cause mortality. To evaluate the effect of temporal changes in diabetes treatment, antidiabetic medication was included as time‐dependent covariates in survival analyses. The study included 1172 patients with T2DM and prior MI and incident HF between 3 January 1998 and 26 February 2010. Five hundred and ninety‐six patients had the primary outcome over median follow‐up of 2.53 (IQR: 0.98–4.92) years. Adjusted analyses showed a reduced hazard of the composite endpoint for exposure to all antidiabetic medication with hazard ratios (HRs) of 0.50 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.42–0.59], 0.66 (95% CI: 0.55–0.80), and 0.53 (95% CI: 0.43–0.65), respectively. A similar effect was seen for all‐cause mortality [HRs of 0.43 (95% CI: 0.35–0.52), 0.57 (95% CI: 0.46–0.70), and 0.34 (95% CI: 0.27–0.43), respectively].

Conclusions

When considering changes in antidiabetic treatment over time, all drug classes were associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular mortality and HF hospitalization.