bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Study on Novel Environment-friendly Navy and Black Reactive Dyes
Authors: Zhuan Wang  , Zuwang Wu
Published: September 2009

A series of reactive navy dyes was synthesized by structure modifying, and their dyeing property parameters were assessed. The relationships between the molecular structure and the dyeing properties of these reactive navy dyes are discussed here. It was found that the location of the substitution group in the dye molecule essentially affected the color, and the solubility and steric effect of the substituents affected the dyeing properties. Better planarity of the dye molecule led to a higher substantivity and fixation of the dye. On the contrary, better water-solubility led to a lower substantivity and fixation. The fixation ratios of the synthesized navy dyes were 15—25% higher than that of C.I. Reactive Black 5. Several environment-friendly reactive black dyes were formulated from these reactive navy dyes, and they were found to provide about a 20% higher fixation ratio and reduced the amount of color in the dyeing waste water by 70—80% compared with current reactive black dyes.
Improvement of Microcapsule Adhesion to Fabrics
Authors: Monllor Pablo , Capablanca Lucía , Gisbert Jaime , Díaz Pablo , Montava Ignacio , Bonet Ángeles
Published: September 2009

The presence of microcapsules has increased in the textile field. They have been applied as a possible means of introducing new products to textiles, such as fragrances, antibiotics, skin hydrants, etc. This work studied the influence of resin on the adhesion of microcapsules to cotton fabrics. To paste microcapsules to fabrics, they should be in contact with a bath which contains microcapsules, resin and water. Different concentrations of resin were applied to a fragrance microcapsule bath by impregnation. This research focuses on determining the influence of resin quantity on the microcapsule resistance to washing out of the fabrics during washing treatments. Two experimental techniques, scanning electron microscopy and counter apparatus, were used to determinate this influence. We conclude that with a higher quantity of resin, more microcapsules remain on the fabric surface. It was shown that longer microcapsules are washed out of the fabric faster than smaller microcapsules.
Financial Aid and Persistence in Community Colleges: Assessing the Effectiveness of Federal and State Financial Aid Programs in Oklahoma
Authors: Mendoza Pilar , Mendez Jesse P. , Malcolm Zaria
Published: September 2009

Using a longitudinal, state-wide dataset, this study assessed the effect of financial aid on the persistence of full-time students in associate’s degree programs at the Oklahoma community colleges. Three financial-aid sources were examined: the Oklahoma Higher Learning Access Program (OHLAP), Pell grants, and Stafford loans. Results indicate that these forms of financial aid, alone and in combination, were predictors of persistence measured in terms of the student progressing from 1styear status to 2nd-year status.The effect of financial aid, however, was moderated by ethnicity and income.
The Priming Effects of Avatars in Virtual Settings
Authors: Peña Jorge , Hancock Jeffrey T. , Merola Nicholas A.
Published: September 2009

The study extends research on the Proteus effect by demonstrating that avatars can prime negative attitudes and cognition in desktop virtual settings. Experiment 1 shows that, after virtual group discussions, participants using black-cloaked avatars developed more aggressive intentions and attitudes but less group cohesion than those using white-cloaked avatars. In Experiment 2, individual participants using a Ku Klux Klan (KKK)-associated avatar created more aggressive Thematic Apperception Test stories in comparison to a control group. Participants using the KKK avatar also wrote less affiliative stories in comparison to those employing avatars dressed as doctors. Overall, the resulting pattern of activation of negative thoughts (i.e., aggression) coupled with the inhibition of inconsistent thoughts (i.e., cohesion, affiliation) is consistent with principles of current priming models and provides initial evidence for automatic cognitive priming in virtual settings.
Exploring the Link Between Low Self-Control and Violent Victimization Trajectories in Adolescents
Authors: Higgins George E. , Jennings Wesley G. , Tewksbury Richard , Gibson Chris L.
Published: September 2009

Although the relationship between Gottfredson and Hirschi’s self-control theory and crime is well known in the literature, much less research has addressed the possible link of low self-control and violent victimization. Drawing from the limited research in this area, the authors explore the trajectories of low self-control and violent victimization among a sample of adolescents from the Gang Resistance Education and Training data. The results appear to suggest that self-control is largely stable and that self-control trajectories are linked to violent victimization trajectories over time. Study limitations and suggestions for future research are also discussed.
Unassailable Motherhood, Ambivalent Domesticity: The Construction of Maternal Identity in Ladies’ Home Journal in 1946
Authors: Burke Odland Sarah
Published: September 2009

This article explores how Ladies’ Home Journal, the most popular women’s magazine of the postwar era, participated in the discursive construction of maternal identity as the nation underwent a critical transition from wartime to peacetime, marshalling women out of the factories and encouraging a return to domestic life. Drawing on theories of gender identity, motherhood, and the ideological influence of women’s magazines, the analysis demonstrates that while Ladies’ Home Journal provided a complicated—and even ambivalent—portrayal of domesticity, the magazine regarded maternal identity as an unassailable ideological position. In separating the concept of motherhood from domesticity, and therefore altering the analytical lens through which scholars have traditionally examined discursive constructions of postwar female identity, this paper finds that while Ladies’ Home Journal did not require domesticity of all women, it did require domesticity of all mothers.
Risk factors for bleeding in pediatric post-cardiotomy patients requiring ECLS
Authors: Nardell Kathryn , Annich Gail M , Hirsch Jennifer C , Fahrner Cathe , Brownlee Pat , King Karen , Fleming Geoffrey M , Gajarski Robert J
Published: September 2009

Background/Objective: There is limited literature documenting bleeding patterns in pediatric post-cardiotomy patients on extracorporeal life support (ECLS). This retrospective review details bleeding complications and identifies risk factors for bleeding in these patients.

Methods: Records from 145 patients were reviewed. Patients were divided into excessive (E) and non-excessive (NE) bleeding groups based on blood loss.

Results: Excessive bleeding occurred predominantly from 0-6h. Longer CPB duration (NE=174±8min; E=212±16; p=0.02) and lower platelet counts (NE=104.8±50K; E=84.3±41K; p=0.01) were associated with excessive bleeding during the first 6h (p=0.005). Use of intraoperative protamine with normal platelets was associated with decreased bleeding from 7-12h post-ECLS (p=0.002). Most mediastinal exploration occurred >49h post-ECLS, with decreased bleeding post-exploration in E patients.

Conclusions: The majority of pediatric post-cardiotomy ECLS bleeding occurs early after support initiation. Longer CPB time and thrombocytopenia increased bleeding 0-6h post-ECLS. Since early bleeding may be coagulopathic in origin, an approach to minimize bleeding includes protamine administration and aggressive blood product replacement with target platelet counts of 100-120K. Surgical exploration should follow if additional hemostasis is necessary.
Analysis of the risk factors of postoperative respiratory dysfunction of type A aortic dissection and lung protection
Authors: Luo Hai-yan , Hu Ke-jian , Zhou Jin-yuan , Wang Chun-sheng
Published: September 2009

Aim: Retrospectively to analyze the risk factors of postoperative respiratory dysfunction (RD) in 196 patients with type A dissection operated on with cerebral perfusion and a lower body hypothermia circulatory arrest (HCA) and to investigate the method of the lung protection.

Methods: From January 2005 to April 2008, 196 patients with type A dissection underwent surgical repair with cerebral perfusion and HCA. There were 142 male patients and 54 female patients, with ages from 17 to 78 years. Antegrade selective cerebral perfusion (SCP) through the axillary artery was performed for 168 patients and retrograde cerebral perfusion (RCP) from the superior vena cava for 28 patients. All the factors underwent univariate and multivariate analysis.

Results: Mean cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) duration was (186±56) minutes and mean cerebral perfusion time was (35±15) minutes; mean HCA time was (39±14) minutes. Postoperative RD was detected in 26 patients (13.3%). Multivariate analysis showed that the longer duration of circulatory arrest (CA), P=0.008, OR=1.048, and the higher temperature in the bladder during CA, P=0.002, OR=1.614, were independent risk factors of postoperative RD. There was a higher mortality (23.1%, P=0.025) in patients with postoperative RD when compared with the other patients.

Conclusion: The longer duration of CA and the higher temperature in the bladder during CA were found to be the independent risk factors of postoperative RD after type A aortic dissection surgery. Attention should be paid to lung protection for these patients and the adjunct of continuing descending aortic perfusion and cerebral perfusion should be a safe and feasible procedure and it would be valuable to perform a prospective trial.
Using the Principles of Randomized Controlled Trial Design to Guide Test Evaluation
Authors: Lord Sarah J. , Irwig Les , Bossuyt Patrick M. M.
Published: September 2009

The decision to use a new test should be based on evidence that it will improve patient outcomes or produce other benefits without adversely affecting patients. In principle, long-term randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of test-plus-treatment strategies offer ideal evidence of the benefits of introducing a new test relative to current best practice. However, long-term RCTs may not always be necessary. The authors advocate using the hypothetical RCT as a conceptual framework to identify what types of comparative evidence are needed for test evaluation. Evaluation begins by stating the major claims for the new test and determining whether it will be used as a replacement, add-on, or triage test to achieve these claims. A flow diagram of this hypothetical RCT is constructed to show the essential design elements, including population, prior tests, new test and existing test strategies, and primary and secondary outcomes. Critical steps in the pathway between testing and patient outcomes, such as differences in test accuracy, changes in treatment, or avoidance of other tests, are displayed for each test strategy. All differences between the tests at these critical steps are identified and prioritized to determine the most important questions for evaluation. Long-term RCTs will not be necessary if it is valid to use other sources of evidence to address these questions. Validity will depend on issues such as the spectrum of patients identified by the old and new test strategies.
A Discrete Event Simulation Model to Evaluate Operational Performance of a Colonoscopy Suite
Authors: Berg Bjorn , Denton Brian , Nelson Heidi , Balasubramanian Hari , Rahman Ahmed , Bailey Angela , Lindor Keith
Published: September 2009

Background and Aims. Colorectal cancer, a leading cause of cancer death, is preventable with colonoscopic screening. Colonoscopy cost is high, and optimizing resource utilization for colonoscopy is important. This study’s aim is to evaluate resource allocation for optimal use of facilities for colonoscopy screening. Method. The authors used data from a computerized colonoscopy database to develop a discrete event simulation model of a colonoscopy suite. Operational configurations were compared by varying the number of endoscopists, procedure rooms, the patient arrival times, and procedure room turnaround time. Performance measures included the number of patients served during the clinic day and utilization of key resources. Further analysis included considering patient waiting time tradeoffs as well as the sensitivity of the system to procedure room turnaround time. Results. The maximum number of patients served is linearly related to the number of procedure rooms in the colonoscopy suite, with a fixed room to endoscopist ratio. Utilization of intake and recovery resources becomes more efficient as the number of procedure rooms increases, indicating the potential benefits of large colonoscopy suites. Procedure room turnaround time has a significant influence on patient throughput, procedure room utilization, and endoscopist utilization for varying ratios between 1:1 and 2:1 rooms per endoscopist. Finally, changes in the patient arrival schedule can reduce patient waiting time while not requiring a longer clinic day. Conclusions. Suite managers should keep a procedure room to endoscopist ratio between 1:1 and 2:1 while considering the utilization of related key resources as a decision factor as well. The sensitivity of the system to processes such as turnaround time should be evaluated before improvement efforts are made.
Effect of Rotator Cuff Muscle Imbalance on Forceful Internal Impingement and Peel-Back of the Superior Labrum
Authors: Mihata Teruhisa , Gates Jeffrey , McGarry Michelle H. , Lee Jason , Kinoshita Mitsuo , Lee Thay Q.
Published: September 2009

Background

Throwing athletes with shoulder pain have been shown to have decreased rotator cuff muscle strength. Shoulder internal impingement and labral peel-back mechanism, as may occur during the late cocking phase of throwing motion, are thought to cause rotator cuff injury and type II superior labrum anterior and posterior lesions. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the effect of rotator cuff muscle force on internal impingement and the peel-back of the superior labrum by quantifying maximum external rotation, glenohumeral contact pressure, and position of the cuff insertion relative to the glenoid.

Hypothesis

A change in rotator cuff muscle force will lead to increased external rotation, glenohumeral contact pressure, and overlap of the cuff insertion relative to the glenoid.

Study Design

Controlled laboratory study.

Methods

Eight fresh-frozen cadaveric shoulders were tested at the simulated late cocking position. Glenohumeral contact pressure, location of the cuff insertion relative to the glenoid, and maximum humeral external rotation angle were measured. The forces of the supraspinatus, subscapularis, and infraspinatus muscles were determined based on published clinical electromyographic data. To assess the effect of cuff muscle imbalance, each muscle force was varied. Horizontal abduction positions of 20°, 30°, and 40° with respect to the scapular plane were tested.

Results

Decreased subscapularis strength resulted in a significant increase in maximum external rotation ( P <.001) and increased glenohumeral contact pressure ( P <.01). The cuff insertion overlapped the edge of the glenoid at 30° and 40° of horizontal abduction for all muscle loading conditions.

Conclusion

Decreased subscapularis muscle strength in the position simulating the late cocking phase of throwing motion results in increased maximum external rotation and also increased glenohumeral contact pressure.

Clinical Relevance

Athletes with decreased subscapularis muscle strength, such as fatigue with repetitive throwing, may be more susceptible to rotator cuff tears and type II superior labrum anterior and posterior lesions. Subscapularis muscle strengthening exercises may be beneficial for preventing these injuries.
Patellar Height and Tibial Slope after Opening-Wedge Proximal Tibial Osteotomy
Authors: LaPrade Robert F. , Barrera Oro Fernando , Ziegler Connor G. , Wijdicks Coen A. , Walsh Michael P.
Published: September 2009

Background

Further knee surgery after proximal tibial osteotomies has been reported to have a more difficult surgical exposure due to decreased patellar height after the osteotomy. Although a decrease in patellar height has been reported for closing-wedge proximal tibial osteotomies, it has not been widely verified among opening-wedge procedures.

Hypothesis

A significant decrease in patellar height would result after opening-wedge proximal tibial osteotomies and a postoperative change in tibial slope would also result, depending on the medial tibial plate position, which would affect patellar height.

Study Design

Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods

Patients (n = 129) who underwent opening-wedge proximal tibial osteotomies (n = 130) were prospectively followed. Patellar height was calculated for preoperative lateral knee radiographs, and postoperatively at 2 weeks and 3 and 6 months. The Insall-Salvati, Blackburne-Peel, and Caton-Deschamps indices and a modified Miura and Kawamura index were used to calculate patellar height. Posterior tibial slope was also calculated for preoperative and 6-month postoperative knees.

Results

Coronal plane alignment changed significantly, from 24.6% to 55.2% of the tibial weightbearing axis. The overall decrease in patellar height for all patients was significant from preoperative assessment to the 2-week postoperative assessment and to both 3-month and 6-month follow-up with all 4 methods. The Insall-Salvati index decreased from 1.03 preoperatively to 0.99 at 2 weeks postoperatively, 0.97 at 3 months, and 0.95 at 6 months postoperatively. The Blackburne-Peel index decreased from 0.90 preoperatively to 0.75, 0.77, and 0.76, respectively, at each postoperative interval. The Caton-Deschamps index decreased from 0.98 preoperatively to 0.87, 0.86, and 0.84 at each postoperative measurement. The Miura-Kawamura index changed from 0.76 preoperatively to 0.61, 0.63, and 0.60 for each postoperative assessment. The average tibial slope significantly increased from 9.0° to 11.9° overall for all patients. In comparing the plate position, the tibial slope significantly increased from 8.8° preoperatively to 13.1° at 6 months postoperatively for anteromedially positioned plates and from 9.3° to 10.3° for posteromedially positioned plates.

Conclusion

Opening-wedge proximal tibial osteotomies decrease patellar height within the first 3 postoperative months. Shortening of the patellar tendon may affect future surgeries and needs to be evaluated in preoperative assessment. Moreover, a significant increase in tibial slope occurred, which may affect patellar height and future ligament reconstructions.
Biomaterials from wool wastes: characterization of cortical cells/chitosan composite
Authors: Fan Jie , Yu Wei-dong
Published: September 2009

Anisotropic cortical cells were extracted from waste wool fibres by formic acid-ultrasonic treatment and successively included in different proportions in a chitosan matrix to make film-forming composites, suitable for film casting and filament spinning. The morphological, chemical, thermal and mechanical properties of the composite film were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), light microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) and tensile tests, respectively. The cortical cells/chitosan composite is capable of forming translucent composite films with acceptable mechanical and thermal properties. The chitosan composite film with addition of 30 wt.% cortical cells showed values of 29.6 ± 2.9 MPa for ultimate strength, 5.6 ± 0.3% for ultimate elongation and 35.3 ± 1.4 MPa for Young’s modulus, all higher than that of the pure chitosan film. DSC results revealed that the decomposition temperature of the composite film shifted to a higher temperature compared to the base materials, by increasing the mass fraction of cortical cells. XRD patterns showed that the crystallinity of biocomposite films increased with the addition of cortical cells. In addition, the FT-IR spectra of the composite film indicated that no chemical reaction occurs between cortical cells and chitosan; only a physical mixture of its constituents was present.
Recycling of metals: accounting of greenhouse gases and global warming contributions
Authors: Damgaard Anders , Larsen Anna W. , Christensen Thomas H.
Published: September 2009

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions related to recycling of metals in post-consumer waste are assessed from a waste management perspective; here the material recovery facility (MRF), for the sorting of the recovered metal. The GHG accounting includes indirect upstream emissions, direct activities at the MRF as well as indirect downstream activities in terms of reprocessing of the metal scrap and savings in terms of avoided production of virgin metal. The global warming factor (GWF) shows that upstream activities and the MRF causes negligible GHG emissions (12.8 to 52.6 kg CO2-equivalents tonne—1recovered metal) compared to the reprocessing of the metal itself (360—1260 kg CO2-equivalents tonne—1of recovered aluminium and 400— 1020 kg CO2-equivalents tonne— 1of recovered steel).The reprocessing is however counterbalanced by large savings of avoided virgin production of steel and aluminium. The net downstream savings were found to be 5040—19 340 kg CO2-equivalents tonne—1of treated aluminium and 560—2360 kg CO2-equivalents tonne—1of treated steel. Due to the huge differences in reported data it is hard to compare general data on the recovery of metal scrap as they are very dependent on the technology and data choices. Furthermore, the energy used in both the recovery process as well as the avoided primary production is crucial. The range of avoided impact shows that recovery of metals will always be beneficial over primary production, due to the high energy savings, and that the GHG emissions associated with the sorting of metals are negligible.
Development of protective coatings using fly ash premixed with metal powder on aluminium substrates
Authors: Satapathy Alok , Suvendu Prasad Sahu  , Mishra Debadutta
Published: September 2009

Fly ash is a solid waste generated in huge quantities from coal-fired thermal power stations during the combustion of coal. Rich in metal oxides, it has tremendous potential as a coating material on structural and engineering components. This work aims at developing and characterizing a new class of such coatings made of fly ash by a novel technique — plasma spraying. Plasma spray technology has the advantage of being able to process various low-grade ore minerals to obtain value-added products and also to deposit ceramics, metals and a combination of these, generating near-homogeneous coatings with the desired microstructure on a range of substrates. In the present investigation, coatings are developed on aluminium substrates using fly ash premixed with aluminium powder in different weight proportions at various plasma torch input power levels ranging from 9— 18 kW DC. The coatings are characterized in terms of interface adhesion strength and deposition efficiency. Maximum adhesion strength of about 35 MPa is recorded with coatings deposited at 12 kW power level. It was noticed that the quality and properties are significantly affected by the operating power level of the plasma sprayer. This work identifies fly ash as a potential coating material, suitable for possible tribological applications.
Assessing the impacts of changes in treatment technology on energy and greenhouse gas balances for organic waste and wastewater treatment using historical data
Authors: Poulsen Tjalfe G. , Hansen Jens Aage
Published: September 2009

Historical data on organic waste and wastewater treatment during the period of 1970—2020 were used to assess the impact of treatment on energy and greenhouse gas (GHG) balances. The assessment included the waste fractions: Sewage sludge, food waste, yard waste and other organic waste (paper, plastic, etc.). Data were collected from Aalborg, a municipality located in Northern Denmark. During the period from 1970—2005, Aalborg Municipality has changed its waste treatment strategy from landfilling of all wastes toward composting of yard waste and incineration with combined heat and power production from the remaining organic municipal waste. Wastewater treatment has changed from direct discharge of untreated wastewater to full organic matter and nutrient (N, P) removal combined with anaerobic digestion of the sludge for biogas production with power and heat generation. These changes in treatment technology have resulted in the waste and wastewater treatment systems in Aalborg progressing from being net consumers of energy and net emitters of GHG, to becoming net producers of energy and net savers of GHG emissions (due to substitution of fossil fuels elsewhere). If it is assumed that the organic waste quantity and composition is the same in 1970 and 2005, the technology change over this time period has resulted in a progression from a net annual GHG emission of 200 kg CO 2-eq. capita—1 in 1970 to a net saving of 170 kg CO2-eq. capita—1 in 2005 for management of urban organic wastes.
Comparision of two different ways of landfill gas utilization through greenhouse gas emission reductions analysis and financial analysis
Authors: Han Haibin , Qian Guangren , Long Jisheng , Li Shude
Published: September 2009

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions and utilization of landfill gas (LFG) were researched by comparing LFG displacing the use of natural gas (scenario 2) with electricity generation using LFG (scenario 3) at three different LFG collecting efficiencies; 35, 50 and 65%. The results show that the utilization of LFG in scenario 2 is 1.4 times that in scenario 3. GHG emission reductions generated by scenario 2 are slightly less than that of scenario 3. The GHG emission reductions and utilization of LFG are restricted by LFG collecting efficiencies. It will be helpful to improve the management level of landfill and the GHG emissions reduction by introducing the CDM. However, the utilization of LFG will be still short of financial attractiveness if the LFG collection efficiency is less than 50%.
Congenital Depression of the Skull in Neonate: A Case of Successful Conservative Management
Authors: Agrawal Sunil K. , Kumar Praveen , Sundaram Venkataseshan
Published: September 2009

Congenital depression of the fetal skull unassociated with trauma is a rare event. In general, larger and deeper depressions are treated more aggressively either by neurosurgical correction or suction elevation with a breast pump. A case of right parietal skull depression noticed at birth in a term neonate born through cesarean section is reported here. Computed tomography scan revealed a bony depression without a fracture. The baby was managed conservatively, and the depression resolved completely at 6 months of age. This case highlights the potential role of spontaneous resolution in simple congenital skull depression.
Possible Acute Thrombocytopenia Post Esomeprazole and Hydantoin Coadministration
Authors: Ranzino Amanda M. , Sorrells Kelli R. , Manor Shawn M.
Published: September 2009

Thrombocytopenia, defined as a platelet count less than 150 000/µL, occurs as a result of decreased production, sequestration, or peripheral destruction. Drug-induced thrombocytopenia is a clinically important adverse drug event involving many drugs including hydantoins. This report details an acute reaction of thrombocytopenia in a 55-year-old, critically ill, African American male patient after receiving a loading dose of fosphenytoin and a subsequent dose of IV phenytoin. The patient presented with an intracranial hemorrhage with hematoma and a blood pressure of 204/143 mm Hg. A fosphenytoin load infused for seizure prophylaxis and the first dose of a phenytoin maintenance regimen were followed by episodes of hypotension. In response to the hypotension, phenytoin was discontinued. On hospital day 2, the patient’s platelet count had dropped dramatically from the morning before, 150 000 to 28 000/µL. The platelet count subsequently returned to baseline within 7 days of phenytoin discontinuation. The proposed cause of phenytoin-induced blood dyscrasias is direct or hapten-mediated toxicity by an arene oxide intermediate metabolite. Most documented cases of thrombocytopenia occur after a week or longer of phenytoin administration with the coadministration of glucocorticoids and cimetidine or proton pump inhibitors. An immediate decrease in platelets as seen in this case has not been previously described in the literature. Such a rapid induction of thrombocytopenia from phenytoin is suggestive of a direct cytotoxic effect on circulating platelets.
The effects of subchronic lithium administration in male Wistar mice on some biochemical parameters
Authors: Nciri R. , Allagui MS , Vincent C. , Murat JC , Croute F. , El Feki A.
Published: September 2009

Lithium salts are efficiently used for treatment of psychiatric disorders. However, prolonged treatment frequently involves adverse side effects. In this study, effects of lithium carbonate administration on some biochemical parameters were studied in male mice. Lithium carbonate (20, 40, or 80 mg/kg body weight corresponding to 3.77, 7.54, or 15.08 mg Li element/kg body weight, respectively) was injected daily for 14 or 28 days. The following parameters were recorded: drinking water consumption, body weight, lithium and testosterone serum concentrations, activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide-dismutase (SOD), and glutathione-peroxidase (GPX), and level of lipid peroxidation (expressed as TBARS) in liver was performed. Lithium treatment, especially at the highest dose for 28 days, was found to induce weight gain and polydipsia and a significant decrease of plasma testosterone level. Lipid peroxidation level and activities of SOD and GPX were increased in liver, which suggests a perturbation of the antioxidative status. Our results indicate that subchronic exposure to lithium, which induces weight gain and polydipsia under our experimental conditions, also damages the male reproductive system and triggers an oxidative stress in the liver.
Glycogen content is affected differently in acute pulmonary and extra-pulmonary lung injury
Authors: Borges EL , Pinheiro MB , Eleto-Silva A. , Caliari MV , Rodrigues-Machado MG
Published: September 2009

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is the most severe form of acute lung injury (ALI). The aim of the present study was to investigate whether paraquat-induced acute pulmonary and extra-pulmonary lung injury (ALI-P and ALI-EX, respectively), in rats, affects glycogen content in different tissues. This measurement could indicate performance limitations of tissues, a new biochemical aspect of ARDS. ALI-P and ALI-EX were induced by injection into the trachea (0.5 mg/kg) and intraperitoneally (20 mg/kg) 24 hours prior to tissue collection. The control groups (CTRL) received the same volume of saline. Glycogen content (mg/g tissue) from different tissues was measured using the anthrone reagent. Glycogen content in the heart and kidney was higher in the ALI-EX group than the CTRL-EX group. Glycogen content in the gastrocnemius muscle was lower in the ALI-EX group than the CTRL-EX group. However, there were no significant differences in glycogen content in the diaphragm in the ALI-EX and ALI-P groups or in the gastrocnemius, heart and kidney in the ALI-P group when compared to the respective controls. ALI-EX caused a greater thickening of the alveolar walls, more areas of atelectasis and a greater abundance of inflammatory cells in comparison to ALI-P. These results demonstrate that glycogen content in ALI, induced by an herbicide that is highly toxic to humans and animals, is altered in different tissues depending on the location of the injury.
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in Africa: Egyptian scenario
Authors: Mansour Sameeh A
Published: September 2009

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are organic (carbon-based) compounds that include synthesized substances (pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls [PCBs]) and other by-product substances generated as a result of human and natural activity (dioxins and furans). Extensive scientific studies have shown that POPs are some of the most dangerous pollutants released into the environment by humans. Great efforts have been made since the early 1960s to enhance chemical management and safety issues. Various conventions have been adopted for this purpose: the Stockholm Convention (SC) is one of the well-known meetings in this context. The SC on POPs (May 2001) focuses on reducing and eliminating releases of 12 POPs coined the ‘Dirty Dozen’ by the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP). Persistence of such chemicals in soils, air, and water, together with natural processes such as evaporation to the atmosphere and washout by rain and flood, give rise to their ubiquitous distribution in the environment and eventual penetration into food chains and bio-accumulation in humans. Public concern about contamination by POPs increased recently because several of these compounds are identified as hormone disruptors, which can alter normal function of endocrine and reproductive systems in humans and wildlife. African countries are using pesticides, such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), lindane, toxaphene, endrin, dieldrin, heptachlor, since more than 50 years for combating agricultural pests and controlling disease vectors, especially malaria. The way in which pesticides are used in Africa caused serious environmental and health problems much more than elsewhere. These problems are represented by accumulation of organochlorine pesticide (OCP) residues in different environmental samples and hosting of at least 50,000 tons of obsolete pesticides, as well as tens of thousands of tons of contaminated soil. Within the framework of the Africa Stockpiles Program (ASP), huge quantities of pesticidal POPs have been completely or partially destroyed in a number of African countries (e.g. Egypt, Namibia, Niger, Senegal, Seychelles, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia). At regional level (i.e. African Countries), a strategic plan for monitoring and getting rid of POPs in the continent should be set up and implemented through coordination between all governments. Among issues of top priorities are to find alternative non-combustion technologies for disposing obsolete pesticides, and to use alternative control measures for mosquitoes’ management and other vector-borne diseases.
Development, Characterization, and Design Considerations of Ni19.5Ti50.5 Pd25Pt5 High-temperature Shape Memory Alloy Helical Actuators
Authors: Stebner Aaron , Padula Santo , Noebe Ronald , Lerch Bradley , Quinn Dane
Published: September 2009

Shape memory alloys (SMAs) have been used in various applications since their discovery. However, their use as actuation devices in high-temperature environments has been limited due to the temperature constraints of commercially available materials. Recently, SMAs that produce good work characteristics at elevated temperatures have been developed at NASA’s Glenn Research Center. One such alloy, Ni19.5Ti50.5Pd25Pt 5, has shown repeatable strain recovery on the order of 2.5% in the presence of an externally applied stress at temperatures greater than 250°C. Based on these findings, potential applications for this alloy are being explored and further work is being done to assess the use of this alloy in various structural forms. In this article, the characterization of Ni 19.5Ti50.5Pd25Pt5 helical actuators is reported, including their mechanical responses and how variations in their responses correlate to changes in geometric parameters and training loads. Finally, implementation of previously published SMA spring design methodology in future SMA helical actuator development is considered through comparison of the observed and predicted responses.
A Web-Based Lean Simulation Game for Office Operations: Training the Other Side of a Lean Enterprise
Authors: Kuriger Glenn W. , Wan Huang-da , Mirehei S. Moussa , Tamma Saumya , Chen F. Frank
Published: September 2009

This research proposes a Web-based version of a lean office simulation game (WeBLOG). The game is designed to be used to train lean concepts to office and administrative personnel. This group belongs to the frequently forgotten side of a lean enterprise. Over four phases, the game presents the following seven lean tools: one-piece flow, error-proofing, elimination of overprocessing, balanced workload, multifunctional workforce, pull, and total quality. The concept of continuous improvement is also covered. Participants can play the game from remote and separate locations by logging into a specified Internet site. Additionally, the game can be played with a combination of real and virtual (simulated) players. Several performance metrics are automatically calculated and displayed at the conclusion of each phase. The results of the current phase can then be compared to the results from all previous phases to better illustrate the impact of newly introduced lean tools.
Nonmedical Prescription Stimulant Use Among a Sample of College Students
Authors: Weyandt Lisa L. , Janusis Grace , Wilson Kimberly G. , Verdi Genevieve , Paquin Gregory , Lopes Justin , Varejao Michael , Dussault Crystal
Published: September 2009

Objective: To further investigate use and potential misuse of prescription stimulants (e.g., Ritalin, Adderall, Concerta) among a sample of college students and to explore the relationship between psychological variables and nonmedical stimulant use. Method: The sample consisted of 390 college students (71.6% female, 28.4% male). Participants were asked to complete five questionnaires concerning demographic information, prescription stimulant use, internal restlessness, sensation seeking, and psychological distress. Results: The study findings revealed that, regarding nonprescribed stimulants, 7.5% reported use within the past 30 days; 60% reported knowing students who misused stimulants; and 50% agreed or strongly agreed that prescription stimulants were “easy to get on this campus.” Findings further revealed a relationship between stimulant use and degree of psychological distress and internal restlessness. Conclusions: Continued research regarding psychological variables, specific group membership (e.g., fraternity, sorority, athletics), and stimulant acquisition is suggested. Effective prevention and education efforts are needed to help address the nonmedical use of prescription stimulants on college campuses. (J. of Att. Dis. 2009; 13(3) 284-296)
Hyperactive-Impulsive Symptoms Associated With Self-Reported Sleep Quality in Nonmedicated Adults With ADHD
Authors: Mahajan Neha , Hong Nuong , Wigal Timothy L. , Gehricke Jean-G.
Published: September 2009

Objective: Individuals with ADHD often report sleep problems. Though most studies on ADHD and sleep examined children or nonclinically diagnosed adults, the present study specifically examines nonmedicated adults with ADHD to determine whether inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive symptoms are associated with sleep problems. Method: A total of 22 nonmedicated adults diagnosed with ADHD are assessed with a DSM-IV-based interview and the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Results: The number of hyperactive-impulsive symptoms indicate a positive correlation with sleep duration, habitual sleep efficiency, and global PSQI score. No significant associations are found between inattentive symptoms and sleep quality. Conclusion: The results show that sleep problems are associated with hyperactive and impulsive symptoms in nonmedicated adults with ADHD. These findings provide information on the nature of sleep problems without the confounding effects of medication associated with ADHD. Treatment of sleep problems, especially in those with hyperactive-impulsive symptoms, may help ameliorate ADHD symptomatology.
Short-Term Effectiveness of Medication and Psychosocial Intervention in a Cohort of Newly Diagnosed Patients With Inattention, Impulsivity, and Hyperactivity Problems
Authors: Falissard Bruno , Coghill David , Rothenberger Aribert , Lorenzo Maria ,   ADORE Study Group
Published: September 2009

Objective: The article discusses the ADHD Observational Research in Europe (ADORE) study that examined the impact of early treatment choices on outcome within the first few months, in previously untreated children with impairing inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Methods: Data are collected from a longitudinal, observational study conducted in 10 European countries that involve 1,478 children (aged 6 to 18 years) with symptoms of hyperactivity, impulsivity, or inattentiveness. Linear model with a propensity score adjustment compares the decrease in ADHD-RS scores between baseline and last recorded visit across treatment groups (2 to 5 months). Results: At baseline, 49.9% of participants are prescribed pharmacotherapy and 44.3% a psychosocial intervention. Analysis of the effect of treatment on the evolution of ADHD-RS scores shows a positive effect of medications and either an insignificant or negative effect of psychosocial intervention. Conclusions: Early use of medication effectively reduces ADHD symptoms in routine clinical practice in Europe. The effect of psychosocial intervention has to be interpreted cautiously because the number, length, and level of standard of the sessions are not taken into account in the analyses.
Parent Perceived Impact of Spaniard Boys’ and Girls’ Inattention, Hyperactivity, and Oppositional Defiant Behaviors on Family Life
Authors: Bauermeister José J. , Puente Aníbal , Martínez José V. , Cumba Eduardo , Scándar Rubén O. , Bauermeister José A.
Published: September 2009

Objective: This study examined the impact of inattention, hyperactivity, and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) behaviors and gender on family life. Method: We created scales for the Family Experiences Inventory (FEI) in a nonclinical sample of Spaniard families with children ages 6 to 12 years ( N = 369) and analyzed the perceived impact of these three behavior dimensions on family experiences. Results: Multiple regression analyses indicated that ODD behaviors were uniquely correlated with Total FEI and its dimensions. Inattention was also uniquely related to higher negative Impact on School Relations and lower Positive Impact on Parents scales. Finally, gender—hyperactivity interactions indicated that boys with higher hyperactivity scores were more likely to score higher on the FEI Total, School Relations, and Siblings scales, and more likely to score lower on the Positive Impact on Parents scale than girls. Conclusions: These findings suggested that parents perceive greater child-related impact and place greater burden from having a male child with hyperactivity. Inattention, hyperactivity, and oppositional defiant behaviors are associated with global parent—child interactive stress but the pattern of associations will vary depending upon the behavior, child gender, and context of family life examined.
Is the Inattentive Subtype of ADHD Different From the Combined/Hyperactive Subtype?
Authors: Grizenko Natalie , Paci Michael , Joober Ridha
Published: September 2009

Objective: To compare the ADHD combined/hyperactive subtype (ADHD/CH) to the ADHD inattentive subtype (ADHD/I) on the level of comorbidity, treatment response, and possible etiological factors. Method: A total of 371 clinically referred children diagnosed with ADHD aged between 6 and 12 years are recruited for a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of methylphenidate. Comorbidity, treatment response, and stress during pregnancy are assessed for each participant. Genotyping is done for the DAT, DRD4, and 5-HTT genes. Mothers report smoking or alcohol consumption during their pregnancy and their child’s birth weight. Results: The ADHD/CH children show both a higher frequency of conduct disorder and good response to treatment, are exposed to more moderate stress during their mothers’ pregnancy, and show a higher frequency of L/L genotype for the 5-HTT-linked polymorphic region. Conclusion: The significant differences found between the ADHD/CH and the ADHD/I subtypes raise the possibility that the two may be separate disorders.
Contribution of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to the Understanding of Functional Recovery Mechanisms After Stroke
Authors: Dimyan Michael A. , Cohen Leonardo G.
Published: September 2009

Motor impairments are a major cause of morbidity and disability after stroke. This article reviews evidence obtained using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) that provides new insight into mechanisms of impaired motor control and disability. They briefly discuss the use of TMS in the diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy of poststroke motor disability. Particular emphasis is placed on TMS as a tool to explore mechanisms of neuroplasticity during spontaneous and treatment-induced recovery of motor function to develop more rational and clinically useful interventions for stroke rehabilitation.
Improving learning in the clinical nursing environment: perceptions of senior Australian bachelor of nursing students
Authors: Smedley Alison , Morey Peter
Published: September 2009

Learning in the clinical environment has traditionally formed an integral part of nursing education programs in Australia. In tertiary-based nursing courses today, students can spend equal or more hours learning in the clinical workplace as they do in their classroom-based studies. Developing ways to improve teaching and learning in the clinical environment can help to develop a more positive workplace culture, which in turn, has been identified as producing more effective learning outcomes for students. This quantitative study used the Clinical Learning Environment Inventory (CLEI) questionnaire (Chan, 2002) as a platform for data collection to investigate Avondale College’s (an Australian tertiary education institution) senior Bachelor of Nursing (BN) students’ perceptions of their clinical learning environment. It was highlighted that even though the students perceived that their clinical experiences were generally positive, they indicated that there was still room for improvement. With respect to the five domains of the clinical environment identified by the CLEI (personalisation, student involvement, teacher innovation, task orientation and individualisation), the students identified the personalisation and student involvement domains as the most important in generating appropriate clinical environments, and even though the students expected less in the areas of task orientation, teaching innovation and individualisation, these were the areas they saw a need for greatest improvement. Students also suggested that the development of a positive relationship with the clinical teaching staff was paramount in generating the ideal clinical environment. Finally, the study indicated that student satisfaction is increased when there is an ongoing student involvement, that is, in the words of Lave and Wenger (1991), when they become an integral part of the ‘community of practice’ in their clinical nursing placement.