bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
WITHDRAWN: Determinants of Market Participation and Intensity of Marketed Surplus Among Maize Producers in Fogera District of South Gondar Zone, Ethiopia: Heckman Two Stage Equation Approach.
Authors: Beadgie Walelgn Yalew , Reddy Ponguru
Published: December 2020

The agricultural productivity is low due to use of low level of improved agricultural technologies, risks associated with or no access to market facilities and low participation of the smallholder farmers. Hence the study focused on the specific objectives were to identify factors that affect market participation decision of households and to determine factors affecting the volume of market supply of maize. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected from primary and secondary sources. The cross-sectional survey was conducted using structured questionnaire, key informant interviews, and focus-group discussions. A stratified stage sampling technique was used to draw 150 sample units using systematic random sampling technique. Descriptive statistics and Heckman Two-Stage model was employed. The result indicated that 56% of market participant were male headed, while 30.67% were female headed. Whereas 15.58% of non-market participants were male headed households, while 5.84% of non-market participants were female headed households. Out of 17 potential variables, seven variables age, area of maize, oxen number, distance to market, access to market information, member of cooperatives and inverse mill’s ratio were significantly influence the decision & extent participation in maize marketing. Therefore, the following points are recommended to develop sustainable production and marketing of maize that is locally adaptable and acceptable to increase the competitiveness of smallholder farmers: improving access to credit to apply fertilizer, farmers should rely on intensive cultivation rather than extensive cultivation and strengthen extension service.
The Effect of miR-539 Regulating TRIAP1 on the Apoptosis, Proliferation, Migration and Invasion of Osteosarcoma Cells
Authors: Liu Huowen , Yang Min , Zhang Yufeng , Yang Zhiqiang , Chen Zhe , Xie Yuanlong , Peng Binglong , Cai Lin
Published: December 2020

Objective
The purpose of this study is to explore the effect of miRNA-539 on osteosarcoma and the underlying mechanism, so as to find a new method for early diagnosis and treatment of osteosarcoma.
Method
miRNA-539 mimics was transfected into osteosarcoma cells 143b and MG-63 and upregulated the expression of miR-539. QT-PCR was used to detect transfection efficacy. CCK-8 method was used to detect proliferation of 143b and MG-63 osteosarcoma cells and flow cytometry was used to detect the apoptosis of osteosarcoma cells 143b and MG-63. Wound-healing test and Transwell test were used to detect the migration and invasion ability of osteosarcoma cells. TRIAP1 was found to be the potential target gene of miRNA-539 by online bioinformatics software and the expression level of TRIAP1 in osteosarcoma cells overexpressing miRNA-539 was detected by qT-PCR. Western blot was used to detect the level of expression of TRIAP1 and its downstream genes (p53, p21, apfa1 and caspase9) in osteosarcoma cells 143b and MG63 transfected with miR-539 mimics or miR-539 mimics-NC. A model of osteosarcoma subcutaneously transplanted in nude mice was constructed to observe the effect of miRNA-539 on the growth rate of osteosarcoma in vivo.
Results
After transfection of miRNA-539 mimics in osteosarcoma cells 143b and MG63, the proliferation level, migration ability, and invasion ability of the osteosarcoma cells were significantly lower than that in the control group, and the apoptosis level was significantly higher than that in the control group (P < 0.01). The dual luciferase reporter confirmed that TRIAP1 was the target of miR-539, and the expression level of TRIAP1 in 143b and MG63 transfected with miRNA-539 mimics was proved to be significantly lower than that in the control group (P < 0.01).The western blot showed the expression of genes targeted by TRIAP1 was upregulated when the expression of TRIAP1 was downregulated. In vivo, the osteosarcoma growth rate in the miRNA-539 mimics group was significantly slower than that in the control group (P < 0.01).
Conclusion
MiRNA-539 may inhibit the cell proliferation, migration and invasion of osteosarcoma cells and promote the apoptosis of osteosarcoma cells by targeting on TRIAP1.
Identification of a Glycolysis-Related Gene Signature for Survival Prediction of Ovarian Cancer Patients
Authors: Zhang Dai , Yang Si , Li Yiche , Wang Meng , Yao Jia , Zheng Yi , Deng Yujiao , Li Na , Wei Bajin , Wu Ying , Zhai Zhen , Dai Zhijun , Kang Huafeng
Published: December 2020

Background: Ovarian cancer (OV) is deemed as the most lethal gynecological cancer in women. The aim of this study was construct an effective gene prognostic model for OV patients.Methods: The expression profiles of glycolysis-related genes (GRGs) and clinical data of patients with OV were extracted from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Univariate, multivariate, and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator Cox regression analyses were conducted, and a prognostic signature based on GRGs was constructed. The predictive ability of the signature was analyzed in training and test sets.Results: Based on nine GRGs (ISG20, CITED2, PYGB, IRS2, ANGPTL4, TGFBI, LHX9, PC, and DDIT4), a gene risk signature was identified to predict the outcome of patients with OV. The signature showed a good prognostic ability for OV, particularly high-grade OV, in the TCGA dataset, with areas under the curve of 0.709, 0.762, and 0.808 for 3-, 5- and 10-year survival, respectively. Similar results were found in the test sets, and the signature was also an independent prognostic factor. Moreover, a nomogram combining the prediction model and clinical factors was constructed.Conclusion: Our study established a nine-GRG risk model and a nomogram to better perform on OV patients’ survival prediction. The risk model represents a promising and independent prognostic predictor for OV patients. Moreover, our study of GRGs could offer guidance for underlying mechanisms explorations in the future.
Laboratory and Field Performance of Five Cost-Effective Commercial Light Traps for Capturing Mosquitoes In China
Authors: Huang Run , Song Hongyun , Fang Qian , Qian Junping , Zhang Yaodan , Jiang Hong
Published: December 2020

BackgroundMosquito traps for household use are popular because they are small, cost-effective, user friendly, and environmentally friendly. At present, there are many variations and specifications of mosquito traps intended for household use on the market. Their labels claim they are powerful, but research and evaluation of their claims is lacking.MethodsThis article tested the key parameters, the laboratory capture rate, and the greenhouse field capture rate of 5 popular mosquito traps intended for household use,and compared them with the BG-trap, used by professionals to monitor mosquitoes in the field.ResultsThe study found that the wavelength of 395–400 nm had a better capture rate for Culex quinquefasciatus. In the laboratory experiment, the capture rate was between 34.7%-65.0%. The analysis showed that the total radiance, fan speed, and design of the air guide of the traps are important factors that affect the mosquito catch rate. Field tests in the greenhouse found that the 5 mosquito traps had low catch rates for Aedes albopictus. The average percentage of Cx. quinquefasciatus, Ae. albopictus, Anopheles Sinensis, and other flying insects captured every night was 51.76%, 25.29%, 14.12%, and 8.82%. There was no significant difference in the capture rate of Ae. albopictus by the 5 mosquito traps in the greenhouse, while the mosquito species captured during the same period by the human landing catch method were all Ae. albopictus, suggesting that the dominant species of mosquitoes in the greenhouse was Ae. albopictus. The comparison experiment of mosquito trap 5, with the highest capture rate in the laboratory simulation and greenhouse site, and the BG-trap in the morning, afternoon, and night showed that the capture rate of the BG-trap on Ae. albopictus and Cx. quinquefasciatus was higher than that of mosquito trap 5. Combined with the results of the human landing catch method during the same period, it showed that the BG-trap can more accurately reflect the composition of the mosquito community.ConclusionsAccording to this study, it is suggested that the current 395–400 nm wavelength mosquito traps are not suitable for mosquito control measures in the domestic indoor environment where Ae. albopictus is the dominant species. The mosquito traps intended for household use can be improved by increasing the fan speed and optimizing the air guide. With a higher catch rate, the BG-trap is more suitable for mosquito monitoring than the UV-trap.
Prevalence of Paradoxical Psoriasis after Exposure to Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitors (TNFi) in Children - Results from A Single Tertiary Center
Authors: Kodama Sarah , Gupta Deepti , Sullivan Erin , Rosenwasser Natalie , Zhao Yongdong
Published: December 2020

Objective: Paradoxical psoriasis has been increasingly reported in adults after exposure to tumor necrosis factor inhibitors (TNFi). Systematic studies in pediatric population are lacking. We aimed to investigate the relationship between TNFi therapy and the onset of new psoriasis in children. Methods: Patients with diagnosis of chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis (CNO), juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), or inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) treated with TNFi between 2005 and 2015 were identified. Baseline characteristics were compared among those developing psoriasis versus those who did not using t-tests or Wilcoxon Rank Sum tests. Results: A total of 1,092 patients were included with a median follow up of 21-36 months for CNO, JIA and IBD after the initiation of first TNFi. Psoriasis developed after exposure to TNFi in 4 of 28 CNO patients (14%), 3 of 620 JIA patients (0.5%) and 25 of 450 IBD patients (5.6%). There was no significant difference in distribution of age, gender, family history of psoriasis or concomitant medications between psoriasis subset and non-psoriasis subset. Among those who developed psoriasis, 38% had partial and 47% had complete responses to topical therapies or phototherapy. Eleven patients (35%) discontinued, none (0%) switched and twenty (65%) continued TNFi therapies. Conclusion: Cumulative incidence rates of TNFi-associated psoriasis varied in three underlying diseases. Increasing awareness of this unwanted side effect in pediatric community is important to ensure timely diagnosis and treatment. Fortunately , the majority of children affected had a favorable outcome.
Study Problems and Depressive Symptoms in Adolescents During the COVID-19 Outbreak: Poor Parent-child Relationship as a Vulnerability
Authors: Wang Jingyi , Wang Hao , Lin Haijiang , Richards Marcus , Yang Shuyue , Liang Hongbiao , Chen Xiaoxiao , Fu Chaowei
Published: December 2020

Background Little is known about the prevalence of and risk factors for adolescent mental health problems during the COVID-19 outbreak. We aimed to investigate the prevalence of depressive symptoms, their association with study-relevant problems, and the moderating effect of parent-child relationship among Chinese adolescents during the school closures.Results Using data from 6435 adolescents, we found that the prevalence of depressive symptoms was 17.7%. All the study problem measures were associated with more severe depressive symptoms. There was a moderating effect of the parental relationship on the associations between study problems and depressive symptoms. The association between number of study problems and depressive symptoms was stronger in adolescents with a poor parent-child relationship (regression coefficient 4.34 [95% CI 2.97, 5.72]) than those with a good or normal relationship (2.55 [2.35, 2.75]), p for interaction 0.002, on multivariable adjustment.Conclusions Study problems due to school closures were particularly problematic for adolescents who had poor parent-child relationships. Public health initiatives could help students to adjust study habits and improve parent-child relationships, thereby protecting against the development of depression.
Postoperative Air Leaks With Prompt Improvement of Low Suction on Digital Drainage Devices: a Retrospective Study
Authors: Mitsui Suguru , Tauchi Shunsuke , Uchida Takahiro , Ohnishi Hisashi , Shimokawa Toshio , Tobe Satoshi
Published: December 2020

Purpose: The aim was to investigate the most effective suction pressure for preventing or promptly improving postoperative air leaks.Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the postoperative data of 242 patients who were monitored with a digital drainage system after pulmonary resection between December 2017 and June 2020. We divided the patients into 3 of group by suction pressure, A (Low-pressure suction group: -5 cm H₂O), B (Intermediate-pressure group: -10 cm H₂O), C (High-pressure suction group: -20 cm H₂O). Duration of air leaks, duration of chest tube replacement, the amount of postoperative air leak, fluid volume drained before chest tube removal, and the maximum amount of air leaks during drainage were evaluated.Results: A total 217 patients were included. In the order of A, B, and C groups, duration of air leaks gradually decreased and significant trend was observed (p=0.019). Duration of chest tube replacement did not significantly differ among the three groups (p=0.126). The amount of postoperative air leak just after surgery did not significantly differ among the three groups (p=0.175), however, the amount of postoperative day 1 air leak gradually decreased with statistical significance in order of A, B, and C groups (p=0.033). The maximum amount of air leaks during drainage gradually decreased in order of A, B and C groups (p=0.036). Fluid volume drained before chest tube removal did not significantly differ among the three groups (p=0.986).Conclusion: Low-pressure suction after pulmonary resection would be useful for preventing or promptly improving postoperative air leaks.
Computational Analysis of The Effects of Nitrogen Source and Sin1 Knockout on Biosilica Morphology in The Model Diatom Thalassiosira Pseudonana
Authors: Horvát Szabolcs , Fathima Adeeba , Görlich Stefan , Modes Carl , Schlierf Michael , Kröger Nils
Published: December 2020

Morphogenesis of the silica based cell walls of diatoms, a large group of microalgae, is a paradigm for the self-assembly of complex 3D nano- and microscale patterned inorganic materials. In recent years, loss-of-function studies using genetic manipulation were successfully applied for the identification of genes that guide silica morphogenesis in diatoms. These studies revealed that the loss of one gene can affect multiple morphological parameters, and the morphological changes can be rather subtle being blurred by natural variations in morphology even within the same clone. Both factors severely hamper the identification of morphological mutants using subjective by-eye inspection of electron micrographs. Here we have developed automated image analysis for objectively quantifying the morphology of ridge networks and pore densities from numerous electron micrographs of diatom biosilica. This study demonstrated differences in ridge network morphology and pore density in diatoms growing on ammonium rather than nitrate as sole nitrogen source. Furthermore, it revealed shortcomings in previous by-eye evaluation of the biosilica phenotype of the silicanin-1 knockout mutant. We anticipate that the computational methods established in the present work, will be invaluable for unraveling genotype-phenotype correlations in diatom biosilica morphogenesis.
Perceived Stress and Emotional Eating in Adolescence: Mediation Through Negative-Focused Cognitive Emotion Regulation and Reward Sensitivity
Authors: Huang Jiaai , Wang Yuanjie , Ye Na , Xu Xia
Published: December 2020

Background: There have been ambiguous findings on the empirical relationship 24 between perceived stress and emotional eating. The mediating roles of negative-focused cognitive emotion regulation and reward sensitivity of these relationships, particularly for adolescents, are often overlooked. The objective of this study was to assess the association between perceived stress, negative-focused cognitive emotion regulation, reward sensitivity, and emotional eating in a sample of Chinese adolescents. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 562 adolescents were selected and evaluated based on perceived stress, negative-focused cognitive emotion regulation, reward sensitivity, and emotional eating. Model tests were conducted using serial multiple mediation analyses, controlling for sex, age, household income, and body mass index. Results: Results showed that perceived stress directly affected adolescents’ emotional eating. In addition, perceived stress indirectly affected emotional eating through negative-focused cognitive emotion regulation and reward sensitivity. Conclusions: Findings support the hypothesis that perceived stress increases negative-focused cognitive emotion regulation, which increases reward sensitivity and thus increases emotional eating. Implications of these findings for preventive and therapeutic intervention are discussed, and future research recommendations are provided.
Re-recognizing Micro Locations of Nanoscale Zero-valent Iron in Biochar Using C-TEM technique
Authors: Yang Kun , Xu Jialu , Zhang Ming , Lin Daohui
Published: December 2020

Biochar supported nanoscale zero-valent iron (NZVI/BC), prepared commonly by liquid reduction using sodium borohydride (NaBH4), exhibits better reduction performance for contaminants than bulk NZVI. The better reducing ability was attributed to attachment of nanoscale zero-valent iron (NZVI) on biochar (BC) surface or into interior pores of BC particles due to observations by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and plan transmission electron microscopy (P-TEM) techniques in previous studies. In this study, cross-sectional TEM (C-TEM) technique was employed firstly to explore location of NZVI in NZVI/BC. It was observed that NZVI is isolated from BC particles, but not located on the surface or in the interior pores of BC particles. This observation was also supported by negligible adsorption and precipitation of Fe2+/Fe3+ and iron hydroxides on BC surface or into interior pores of BC particles respectively. Precipitation of Fe2+ and Fe3+, rather than adsorption, is responsible for the removal of Fe2+ and Fe3+ by BC. Moreover, precipitates of iron hydroxides cannot be reduced to NZVI by NaBH4. In addition to SEM or P-TEM, therefore, C-TEM is a potential technique which should be employed to characterize the interior morphology of NZVI/BC for better understanding the reduction mechanisms and performance of contaminants by NZVI/BC.
A Novel Approach for the Isolation and Long-Term Expansion of Pure Satellite Cells Based on Ice-Cold Treatment
Authors: Benedetti Anna , Cera Gianluca , De Meo Daniele , Villani Ciro , Bouche Marina , Lozanoska-Ochser Biliana
Published: December 2020

Satellite cells (SCs) are muscle stem cells capable of regenerating injured muscle. The study of their functional potential depends on the availability of methods for the isolation and expansion of pure SCs with preserved myogenic properties after serial passages in vitro. Here, we describe the ice-cold treatment (ICT) method, which is a simple, economical and efficient method for the isolation and in vitro expansion of highly pure mouse and human SCs. It involves a brief (15-30 min) incubation on ice (0 °C) of a dish containing a heterogeneous mix of adherent muscle mononuclear cells, which leads to the detachment of only the SCs, and gives rise to cultures of superior purity compared to other commonly used isolation methods. The ICT method doubles up as a gentle passaging technique, allowing SC expansion over extended periods of time without compromising their proliferation and differentiation potential. Moreover, SCs isolated and expanded using the ICT method are capable of regenerating injured muscle in vivo. The ICT method involves minimal cell manipulation, does not require any expertise or expensive reagents, it is fast, and highly reproducible, and greatly reduces the number of animals or human biopsies required in order to obtain sufficient number of SCs. The cost-effectiveness, accessibility and technical simplicity of this method, as well as its remarkable efficiency, will no doubt accelerate SC basic and translational research bringing their therapeutic use closer to the clinic.
The Inventory of Scale Insects (Hemiptera, Coccoidea) Associated With Olive Tree in North of Tunisia
Authors: gharbi Naceur
Published: December 2020

Background: This study was realized for more than four years (from 2014 to 2018) in olive groves of northern Tunisian governorates. Scale insect samples were collected from leaves, stems and fruits.Results: An annotated list of 22 scale insect species has been recorded. These species divided into 4 families. The family Diaspididae is the most species-rich, with 14 species in 9 genera; Coccidae contains 4 species in 3 genera; Pseudococcidae contains 3 species in 3 genera; and Asterolecaniidae contains 1 species in 1 genus.Conclusions: This paper contains 3 species recorded for the first time in the Tunisian fauna: Saissetia coffeae (Walker), Diaspidiotus ostreaeformis (Curtis) and Lepidosaphes conchiformis (Gmelin).
Elevated Serum Estradiol Levels Have Different Effects on Pregnancy Outcomes Depending on Whether Cleavage-stage or Blastocyst-stage Embryo Transfer Is Performed During Artificial Frozen Embryo Transfer Cycles
Authors: Li Qing , Ruan Liming , Zhu Lingling , Yang Zengyu , Zhu Maoling , Luo Yudi
Published: December 2020

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between serum estradiol (E2) and pregnancy outcomes of cleavage- or blastocyst-stage frozen embryo transfer (FET) cycles using hormone replacement therapy.Methods: A total of 776 FET cycles (669 couples) performed from January 2016 to December 2019 were included in the present retrospective cohort study. The impact of progesterone-initiation-day serum E2 levels on the ongoing pregnancy/live birth (OP/LB) rates was determined, and cleavage-stage embryo transfers and blastocyst-stage embryo transfers were analyzed separately. Results: Regarding cleavage-stage embryo transfer cycles, serum E2 levels on progesterone initiation day were significantly lower in the OP/LB group than in the non-OP/LB group (214.75 ± 173.47 vs. 253.20 ± 203.30 pg/ml; P = 0.023). In addition, there were downward trends in implantation, clinical pregnancy and OP/LB rates with increasing E2 levels. However, in blastocyst-stage embryo transfer cycles, such trends were not observed, and there was no significant difference between the OP/LB group and the non-OP/LB group. Logistic regression analysis revealed that E2 levels on progesterone initiation day in cleavage-stage embryo transfer cycles were independently associated with OP/LB (odds ratio = 1.000, 95% confidence interval: 1.000-1.001, P = 0.008). The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve were 0.55 in cleavage-stage embryo transfer cycles and 0.53 in blastocyst-stage embryo transfer cycles.Conclusions: The association of low OP/LB rates with elevated E2 levels on the progesterone initiation day in cleavage-stage embryo transfer cycles suggests that E2 levels should be monitored during artificial cleavage-stage embryo transfer cycles. However, it is not necessary to monitor serum E2 levels when transferring blastocysts in artificial FET cycles.
Dynamic Flow Priming Programs Allow Tuning Up The Cell Layers Properties for Engineered Vascular Graft.
Authors: Baba Kazutomo , Mikhailov Andrey , Sankai Yoshiyuki
Published: December 2020

Tissue engineered vascular graft (TEVG) has a good potential to replace and repair demanded blood vessels. Here, we proposed a novel method to create three-layered TEVG on biocompatible glass fiber scaffolds starting from flat sheet state into tubular shape and to train the resulting tissue by our developed bioreactor system. Constructed tubular tissues were matured and trained under 3 types of individual flow programs, and their mechanical and biological properties were analyzed. The strength of scaffold after cell seeding was 2.83 N which is sufficient to withstand the pressure of blood flow and the use of sutures. Fluorescent imaging and histological examination of trained vascular tissue revealed that each cell layer has its own individual response to training flow rates. Fluid flow simulation model was created based on experimentally measured tissue geometries; its analysis suggested a correlation between local flow rate fluctuations and fibroblast layer infiltration depth into the scaffold. Concluding: a three-layered tissue structure similar to natural can be created by seeding different cell types in succession, and the following training of the forming tissue with increasing flow by a bioreactor is effective for promoting cell survival, and cell layer formation of desired geometry.
Chromosome-length genome assembly and structural variations of the primal Basenji dog (Canis lupus familiaris) genome
Authors: Edwards Richard J , Field Matt A. , Ferguson James M. , Dudchenko Olga , Keilwagen Jens , Rosen Benjamin G. , Johnson Gary S. , Rice Edward R. , Hillier LaDeanna , Hammond Jillian M. , Towarnicki Samuel G. , Omer Arina , Khan Ruqayya , Skvortsova Ksenia , Bogdanovic Ozren , Zammit Robert A. , Aiden Erez Lieberman , Warren Wesley C. , Ballard J. William O.
Published: December 2020

Background
Basenjis are considered an ancient dog breed of central African origins that still live and hunt with tribesmen in the African Congo. Nicknamed the barkless dog, Basenjis possess unique phylogeny, geographical origins and traits, making their genome structure of great interest. The increasing number of available canid reference genomes allows us to examine the impact the choice of reference genome makes with regard to reference genome quality and breed relatedness.
Results
Here, we report two high quality de novo Basenji genome assemblies: a female, China (CanFam_Bas), and a male, Wags. We conduct pairwise comparisons and report structural variations between assembled genomes of three dog breeds: Basenji (CanFam_Bas), Boxer (CanFam3.1) and German Shepherd Dog (GSD) (CanFam_GSD). CanFam_Bas is superior to CanFam3.1 in terms of genome contiguity and comparable overall to the high quality CanFam_GSD assembly. By aligning short read data from 58 representative dog breeds to three reference genomes, we demonstrate how the choice of reference genome significantly impacts both read mapping and variant detection.
Conclusions
The growing number of high-quality canid reference genomes means the choice of reference genome is an increasingly critical decision in subsequent canid variant analyses. The basal position of the Basenji makes it suitable for variant analysis for targeted applications of specific dog breeds. However, we believe more comprehensive analyses across the entire family of canids is more suited to a pangenome approach. Collectively this work highlights the importance the choice of reference genome makes in all variation studies.
Estimated public health gains from smokers in Germany switching to risk-reduced alternatives: Results from population health impact modelling by socioeconomic group
Authors: Rytsar Romana , Djurdjevic Smilja , Nussbaum Alexander K , Kaul Ashok , Bennewitz Emanuel , Lee Peter N , Fry John S
Published: December 2020

Background
Previously, we estimated the impact of introducing heat-not-burn products and e-cigarettes in Germany between 1995 and 2015 on mortality from the four main smoking-related diseases in men and women aged 30–79 years. Deaths would have reduced by 216,650 (from 852,357 for continued smoking) had everyone quit smoking in 1995 and by 39,818 − 179,470 had one or both of heat-not burn products and e-cigarettes been introduced and adopted to varying extents. Here, we report substantial mortality reductions separately in two socioeconomic groups (A = higher, B = lower) defined by income and education.
Methods
Modelling is essentially as before, with individuals of a given sex, age range and cigarette smoking distribution followed over time under a “Null Scenario” (reduced-risk products never introduced) and various “Alternative Scenarios” (reduced-risk products introduced), the individual product histories generated then allowing estimation of reductions in mortality for each Alternative Scenario compared to the Null Scenario. Here, however, individuals are subdivided into two socioeconomic groups with transition probabilities between product use groups varying by group as well as by sex, age and length of follow-up. The possibility of transitioning between socioeconomic groups is also allowed for.
Results
Where all cigarette smokers switch immediately, half to each new product, the drops in deaths were estimated as 60,081 in group A and 122,343 in group B, about 82% of the drops associated with immediate cessation (72,725 A, 147,684 B). Where the conversion was more gradual, the drops were about 35% of those from cessation (25,648 A, 52,652 B). Drops were about two times higher in B, because of their greater numbers, older age, and higher frequency of current smokers. Years of life saved were also higher (about 1.5 times) in B than A.
Conclusions
Methodological limitations would not have affected our conclusion that introducing these products in 1995 in Germany could have substantially reduced mortality in each group, with greater gains in B. While cessation is the best choice to reduce mortality, switching to reduced-risk products also provides substantial health gains. Encouraging lower socioeconomic group smokers who would otherwise continue smoking to fully switch to reduced-risk products could diminish smoking-related health inequalities.
Estimated public health gains from German smokers switching to risk-reduced alternatives: Results from population health impact modelling
Authors: Rytsar Romana , Djurdjevic Smilja , Nussbaum Alexander K , Kaul Ashok , Bennewitz Emanuel , Lee Peter N , Fry John S
Published: December 2020

Background

Smoking is associated with cancer and cardiorespiratory disease mortality. Reducing smoking prevalence reduces deaths and life-years lost. Here, we estimate the impact of introducing heat-not-burn products and e-cigarettes in Germany from 1995 to 2015 on mortality from lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, ischaemic heart disease, and stroke in men and women aged 30–79 years.
Methods

We used the previously described population health impact model. Modelling starts with individuals of a given sex and age range with a defined cigarette smoking distribution. They are then followed under a “Null Scenario”, where reduced-risk products are never introduced, and one of seven “Alternative Scenarios”, where they are. Transition probabilities allow tobacco product use to change annually, and the individual product histories then allow estimation of risks, relative to never users, for each year and Scenario, which are then used to estimate reductions in deaths and life-years lost for each Alternative Scenario.
Results

In the Null Scenario, we estimated 852,357 deaths from cigarette smoking, with 8.61 million life-years lost. Had everyone quit in 1995, with no further use of the three products, these numbers would reduce by 216,650 and 2.88 million. The reductions would be 159,278 and 2.06 million with an immediate complete switch from cigarettes to heat-not-burn products, and 179,470 and 2.34 million with an immediate switch to 50% heat-not-burn products and 50% e-cigarettes. In four Scenarios with a more gradual switch, estimated decreases were 39,818–81,293 deaths and 0.50–1.05 million life-years, representing 17.5%-37.5% of the effect of cessation. These estimates assume switching to heat-not-burn products and e-cigarettes involves risk decreases of 80% and 95% of those from quitting. The decreases would have increased, had more diseases and a wider age range been considered, and also with a longer follow-up period, the decreases increasing markedly with time.
Conclusions

Various limitations are discussed, none affecting our conclusion that introducing these new products into Germany in 1995 could have substantially reduced mortality. Our results imply deaths from cigarette smoking could be substantially reduced, both by cessation and switching to reduced-risk products. Risk-proportionate public health campaigns and regulation might increase such switching.
An Investigation of AIDS-related Knowledge-Attitude-Practice and Analysis of Influencing Factors Among Students in China
Authors: Xie Hong , Wen Jing , Tang Jian , Yu Xingli , Xiao Lu , Chen Yanhua
Published: December 2020

Background: With the increasing number of HIV infected students in China, it is necessary to investigate AIDS-related knowledge-attitude-practice among students, which is helpful to formulate effective AIDS health education measures for students.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with students aged 15-24 years. University college students (n=1,744) were surveyed with a sampling in western China. The data were collected from May to November 2019 through both face-to-face and online survey. Data were analysed using logistic regression and multiple regression analysis.Results：A total of 1,744 questionnaires were included in the data analysis, including 890 females (51.0%), with a mean age of 19.43 (±1.27) years; 344 (19.7%) of students knew that the effective time for post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) was within 72 hours. The influencing factors of AIDS discrimination of students included gender, residential area, education and major; 235 (13.5%) students reported having had sex; 38 reported having had commercial or temporary sexual partners and most (n=31) of these were males; 131 (56.5%) students reported never or sometimes used condoms during sex.Conclusions: The awareness rate of AIDS among students in west China is low; especially the awareness rate of PEP is the lowest. Condom use is low among students, who look for sexual partners through the Internet; men are more likely than women to engage in risky sexual behavior. The results of this study show that AIDS knowledge is not sufficient to change the attitudes and behaviors of students. However, AIDS health education is an important means to prevent and control AIDS, and more contact to people living with HIV may help reduce AIDS discrimination.
Risk Factor of Breakage After Proximal Femoral Nail Antirotation in Intertrochanteric Fractures
Authors: Lee Young-Kyun , Kim Jung-Taek , Park Chan Ho , Song Ji-Ung , Kim Tae-Young , Koo Kyung-Hoi
Published: December 2020

Background: Breakage of the intramedullary nail is a rare complication after proximal femoral nail antirotation (PFNA) in intertrochanteric fracture treatment. The purpose of this study was (1) to investigate the frequency of nail breakage among the patients who were treated for mechanical failure after PFNA for intertrochanteric/ pertrochanteric fracture, and (2) to determine the risk factors for nail breakage in PFNA treatment of intertrochanteric fracture.Methods: To identify mechanical failure after internal fixation using PFNA, we retrospectively reviewed the data of 35 patients (35 hips) who required reoperation after PFNA with a helical blade for intertrochanteric/ pertrochanteric fracture between June 2005 and June 2018. We evaluated the frequency of breakage of PFNA and compared the demographic and radiologic parameters between the breakage and control (non-breakage) groups. We also compared the lever arm for the load of stress from the fulcrum according to the centrum-collum-diaphyseal (CCD) angle of blade by using reverse design technique.Results: Among the 25 patients with mechanical failure after PFNA except 10 patients with peri-implant infection and osteonecrosis, 7 (28.0%) showed breakage of PFNA at average of 8 months (range, 5 to 13 months) after index surgery. A larger horizontal offset (the horizontal distance from the lateral surface of the IM nail and the medial tip of helical blade) was associated with an increased risk of nail breakage. A CCD angle of 130° has a shorter lever arm for the load of stress from the fulcrum, meaning a higher stress for nail breakage, although there was no association between centrum-collum-diaphyseal (CCD) angle and breakage of the nail.Conclusions: Our study suggested that higher horizontal offset and a higher CCD angle can increase the risk of breakage of the PFNA nail at the aperture for the helical blade.Levels of Evidence: Level III
Prebent Titanium Elastic Nailing, Ilizarov Fixation and Bone Grafting for Treating Congenital Pseudarthrosis of the Tibia: Preliminary Outcomes of 15 Cases
Authors: Wang Xiaoyu , Shi Li , Zhang Rui , Wang Wenbo , Wang Feng , Wang Mengwei , Xu Ze , Zuo Rongtai , Xu Jia , Kang Qinglin
Published: December 2020

Background: To report the preliminary outcome of treating congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia (CPT) by using titanium elastic nails (TENs) combined with other surgical procedures including pseudarthrosis resection, autogenous iliac bone grafting and Ilizarov technique, with a mean follow-up time of 4.5 (3.3 to 6.3) years.Methods: 15 patients with CPT treated by combined surgery including pseudarthrosis resection, titanium elastic nails (TENs) technique, autogenous iliac bone grafting and Ilizarov fixation between 2013 and 2017 were retrospectively investigated. Signs of bone union, limb length discrepancy (LLD), rate of refracture and degree of residual deformities were reviewed. The AOFAS Ankle Hindfoot scale and measurement of ankle movement were used to evaluate ankle function. Results: The mean age at index surgery was 110 (24 to 285) months. 13 (86.7 %) patients obtained union of the pseudarthrosis on the first attempt (primary union). The average time to primary union was 4.8 (3 to 7) months. The rest 2 cases achieved union after additional surgeries (secondary union). In terms of complications, refracture occurred in 2 patients (13.3%) and 5 (33.3%) patients developed pin infection. The mean limb length discrepancy at the final follow up was 14.6 (4–41) mm. 3 patients (20 %) had ankle valgus deformities with a mean LDTA of 74.3° (range, 68 to 81°). The average AOFAS score improved from 40.3 (27 to 51) pre-operatively to 76.1 (63 to 87) post-operatively. For the patients who received proximal tibial lengthening, the average healing index (HI) was 65.1 (57.3 to 77.8) days/cm.Conclusions: Titanium elastic nails (TENs) technique is an ideal intramedullary fixation method in the surgical treatment of CPT. The combination of TENs technique with bone grafting and Ilizarov fixation has the advantages of early bone union, less injury on metaphyseal and early functional recovery.
A novel peptide analogue of spike glycoprotein shows antiviral properties against SARS-CoV-2: An in silico approach through molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation and MM-PB/GBSA calculations
Authors: Dutta Kunal , Elmezayen Ammar D. , Alobaidi Anas , Zhu Wei , Morojava Olga , Shityakov Sergey , Khalifa Ibrahim
Published: December 2020

At the very beginning of the new decade, the COVID-19 pandemic has badly hit modern human societies. SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19 carries dozens of new mutations in its genome. Herein, we made an effort to find new antiviral peptides (AVPs) against SARS-CoV-2. Gladly, with the help of Machine Learning algorithms, and Supported Vector Machine, we have invented three new AVPs against the SARS-CoV-2. Antiviral peptides viz., Seq12, Seq12m, and Seq13m can block the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2, necessary for communication with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). In addition, these AVPs retain their antiviral properties, even after the insertion of dozens of new mutations (Rosetta, and FoldX based) in the RBD. Further, Seq12, and Seq12m showed negligible cytotoxicity. Besides, the binding free energy calculated using MM-PB/GBSA method is also in agreement with the molecular docking studies performed using HADDOCK. Furthermore, the molecular interactions between AVPs and the viral membrane protein (M) also showed a thermodynamically favorable interaction, suggesting it could eventually inhibit the viral re-packaging process. In conclusion, this study suggests AVPs viz., Seq12, Seq12m, and Seq13m embrace importance as a potential anti-SARS-CoV-2 therapeutic. These AVPs could also aid virus diagnostic tools in the future.
A pilot case-control study using a one health approach to evaluate behavioral, environmental, and occupational risk factors for chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in Sri Lanka
Authors: Pry Jake , Jackson Wendi , Rupasinghe Ruwini , Lishanthe Guneratne , Badurdeen Zied , Abeysekara Tilak , Chandrajith Rohana , Smith Woutrina , Wickramasinghe Saumya
Published: December 2020

Background: Chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) was first recognized in Sri Lanka in the early 1990s, and since then it has reached epidemic levels in the North Central Province of the country. The prevalence of CKDu is reportedly highest among communities that engage in chena and paddy farming, which is most often practiced in the dry zone including the North Central and East Central Provinces of Sri Lanka. Previous studies have suggested varied hypotheses for the etiology of CKDu; however, there is not yet a consensus on the primary risk factors, possibly due to disparate study designs, sample populations, and methodologies.Methods: The goal of this pilot case-control study was to evaluate the relationships between key demographic, cultural, and occupational variables as risk factors for CKDu, with a primary interest in pesticide exposure both occupationally and through its potential use as an ingredient in brewed kasippu alcohol. An extensive one health focused survey was developed with in cooperation with the Centre for Research, Education, and Training on Kidney Diseases of Sri Lanka. Results: A total of 56 CKDu cases and 54 control individuals were surveyed using a proctored, self-reported questionnaire. Occupational pesticide exposure and alcohol consumption were not found to be significant risk factors for CKDu. However, a statistically significant association with CKDu was observed with chewing betel (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 6.11, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.93, 19.35), age (aOR: 1.07, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.13), owning a pet dog (aOR: 3.74, 95% CI: 1.38, 10.11), water treatment (aOR: 3.68, 95% CI: 1.09, 12.43) and pests in the house (aOR: 5.81, 95% CI: 1.56, 21.60).Conclusions: The findings of this study suggest future research should focus on practices associated with chewing betel, potential animal interactions including pests in the home and pets, and risk factors associated with water.
Association Between Stroke Occurrence And Changes In Atmospheric Circulation 
Authors: Vencloviene Jone , Radisauskas Ricardas , Kranciukaite-Butylkiniene Daina , Tamosiunas Abdonas , Vaiciulis Vidmantas , Rastenyte Daiva
Published: December 2020

Background: The impact of weather on morbidity from stroke has been analysed in previous studies. As the risk of stroke was mostly associated with changing weather, the changes in the daily stroke occurrence may be associated with changes in atmospheric circulation. The aim of our study was to detect and evaluate the association between daily numbers of ischaemic strokes (ISs) and haemorrhagic strokes (HSs) and the teleconnection pattern.. Methods: The study was performed in Kaunas, Lithuania, from 2000 to 2010. The daily numbers of ISs, subarachnoid haemorrhages (SAHs), and intracerebral haemorrhages (ICHs) were obtained from the Kaunas Stroke Register. We evaluated the association between these types of stroke and the teleconnection pattern by applying Poisson regression and adjusting for the linear trend, month, and other weather variables. Results: During the study period, we analysed 4,038 cases (2,226 men and 1,812 women) of stroke. Of these, 3,245 (80.4%) cases were ISs, 533 (13.2%) cases were ICHs, and 260 (6.4%) cases were SAHs. An increased risk of SAH was associated with a change in mean daily atmospheric pressure over 3.9 hPa (RR=1.49, 95% CI 1.14-1.96), and a stronger El Niño event had a protective effect against SAHs (RR=0.34, 95% CI 0.16-0.69). The risk of HS was positively associated with East Atlantic/West Russia indices (RR=1.13, 95% CI 1.04-1.23). The risk of IS was negatively associated with the Arctic Oscillation index on the same day and on the previous day (RR=0.97, p<0.033). During November-March, the risk of HS was associated with a positive North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) (RR=1.29, 95% CI 1.03-1.62), and the risk of IS was negatively associated with the NAO index (RR=0.92, 95% CI 0.85-0.99). Conclusions: The results of our study provide new evidence that the North Atlantic Oscillation, Arctic Oscillation, East Atlantic/West Russia, and El Niño-Southern Oscillation pattern may affect the risk of stroke. The impact of these teleconnections is not identical for various types of stroke. Emergency services should be aware that specific weather conditions are more likely to prompt calls for more severe strokes.
Financial burden impact quality of life among Lymphatic Filariasis Patients
Authors: Asiedu Samuel Opoku , Kwarteng Alexander , Amewu Emmanuel Kobla Atsu , Kini Priscilla , Aglomasa Bill Clinton , Forkuor John Boulard
Published: December 2020

Background Human lymphatic filarial pathology is the main cause of disability and poverty among people living with the infection. The second goal of the Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (GPELF) is to manage the morbidity associated with the disease with the purpose of improving the quality of life of the patients. Consequently, the current study assessed the overall quality of life of lymphatic filariasis (LF) pathology patients in some selected endemic communities in rural Ghana. Method In the present study, the Lymphatic Filariasis Quality of Life Questionnaire (LFSQQ) was used to evaluate the effect of lymphatic filariasis on the quality of life of people, with the disease in nine (9) communities in the Ahanta West District of the Western Region of Ghana where mass drug administration is being implemented for the past twenty years. Pearson’s correlation, linear regression and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) analyses were used to assess the associations between the domains of LFSQQ instrument. Results Of the 155 study participants recruited, 115 (74.19%) were females and 40 (25.81%) males. A greater proportion of the study participants (40, 25.8%) were presented with stage two (2) lymphedema while only 2 patients had stage seven (7) lymphedema. The average of the overall quality of life scores of study participants was 68.24. There was a negative Pearson correlation (r = -0.504, p-value < 0.001) between the stage of lymphedema (severity of the disease) and the quality of life of the LF patients. In addition, a clear pattern of positive correlation (r = 0.71, p-value < 0.001) was observed between the disease burden and pain/discomfort domains of the study participants. Whereas the highest domain specific score (85.03) was observed in the domain of self-care, we noted that the environmental domain, which consists of the financial status was the lowest (45.94) among the study participants. Conclusion Our findings support previous works on the reduced quality of life among lymphatic filariasis patients with pathology. In this study, our results reveal a depressing financial condition among people presenting with late stages of LF pathologies, which eventually reduces their wellbeing.