bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Colonialism and Sovereignty by Mandate: Tanganyika, the “Close Alliance” in East Africa and the League of Nations
Authors: Khodnev Alexander
Published: January 2025

The article examines Britain’s attempt to unite the mandate territory of Tanganyika with the neighboring colonies of Kenya and Uganda and the reaction to these plans in the League of Nations (LN). The project, prepared by the British Colonial Office, received the name of the “Closer Union” in East Africa and supported and developed by Lord A. Milner, L. Emery, as well as Lord Passfield (S. Webb). However, the Permanent Mandates Commission of the League of Nations (PMC) noticed the disagreement between the “Close Union” and the terms of the mandate for Tanganyika. The creation of the “Close Union” was opposed by members of the PMC, representatives of Germany, and political and business organizations in East Africa. An open campaign in the press, as well as demonstrations of protest the creation of the “Close Union” influenced the members of the Council of the LN and the PMC. The LN Council concluded that Great Britain did not have sufficient sovereignty over Tanganyika to connect it to the “Close Union.” And in 1933, the PMC did not recommend creating a “Closer Union”, due to the impossibility of changing the status of Tanganyika during the period of the LN mandate. The history of the struggle in the LN around the problem of organizing the “Close Union” showed that the attitude towards the mandate system as a compromise between supporters of annexation and those who wanted to transfer the colonial territories taken from Germany and Türkiye to international administration began to change in favor of the latter. One should not think that the PMC and the LN were able to create a real administration of the mandated territories on the principles of internationalization. However, after the LN’s opposition to the “Close Union” project, the understanding of the sovereignty of the trust territory rises to a new level.
Colonial Power Facing New Challenges: French Protectorate in Morocco, 1918—1924
Authors: Magadeev Iskander
Published: January 2025

Using an example of Morocco, article aims to answer the question, how the methods of the French colonial rule transformed (or not transformed) under the pressure of international and interior challenges of the post-WWI period. Politics of the administration headed by the Resident-General of France, Marshal H. Lyautey is analyzed during the period ranged from the end of the WWI to the abolition of the Ottoman Caliphate. Lyautey feared that the latter reform could weaken the French colonial hold on Moroccan protectorate. Basing on the wide range of archival and published evidence, Lyautey’s correspondence with the authorities in Paris being the most important part of it, author aims to reveal, how the French administration in Morocco reacted to “old” and “new” challenges, what interactions between them were underlined. Article concludes that Lyautey’s answers to the different challenges of the post-WWI period were parts of a concept which didn’t change radically after 1918. While using the military and other forms of violence, Lyautey was eager to find an optimal way to pursue the French colonial interests, having a support of the Moroccan traditional elites with the Sultan in the head, playing on the contradictions between different noble clans, and, especially, on those ones between Arabs and Berbers. The Resident-General of France hoped to use scarce resources in a rational way, to balance military and political instruments of control and subjugation and to create, at the same time, an image of Morocco as a land where the different civilizations coexisted in harmony though under this coexistence often hided various forms of inequality and colonial oppression.
“In the Name of Progress and Freedom, Against Neo-Colonialism”. African Youth in the Chronicles of the World Festival Movement
Authors: Krylova Natalia
Published: January 2025

The history of interaction between young people from different countries goes back more than a dozen years. The most striking event is the World Festival of Youth and Students. The main goals of the international festival movement are the consolidation of the youth world community around the idea of justice, strengthening international relations, as well as the development of interethnic and intercultural interaction. And the practice of youth movements is the key to achieving this goal and a sustainable future. African youth and students are long-standing and active participants in the World Youth and Student Festivals. The youth of the African continent has gone through a difficult path of their organizational and ideological formation. She actively participated in the national liberation struggle of her countries against colonialism, in the armed struggle of colonial peoples for national independence. African youth today is a dynamic element of society, the transformation of which takes place in a wide variety of aspects and forms, demonstrating the place and role of the younger generation, which is being formed in difficult conditions of a very different Africa, which has been living for half a century in conditions of constant ethnic conflicts, civil wars, terrorism, and unconstitutional changes of power in different parts of the continent. Today’s youth in Africa are already aware of themselves as an active and effective force, becoming more active in various socio-political situations. In the developing countries of Africa, progressive youth contribute to the economic development and strengthening of the political independence of their countries. The world festivals of youth and students in the USSR / RF (1957, 1985, 2017), Algeria (2001), Pretoria (2010) became venues for meetings of Soviet / Russian and African youth. Her participation in the World Youth Festival 2024 in Russia once again demonstrated her solidarity with the progressive forces of the youth of the planet. It confirmed her intention and desire to develop friendship and cooperation with youth organizations around the world.
The Legal Status of Russian Refugees in the Baltic Limitrophe States (Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia) in the 1920s and 1930s
Authors: Barkova Olga
Published: January 2025

The article focuses on the peculiarities of legal adaptation of Russian refugees of the “first post-revolutionary wave” in the Baltic limitrophe states in the 1920s and 1930s. The article deals with the controversial issues about the number and gender composition of Russian emigrant flows to Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia, the specifics of determining the legal status of Russian refugees in the Baltic states, the position of the League of Nations in resolving the issue of legal regulation of the situation of Russian emigrants of the “first post-revolutionary wave” in the limitrophe states, etc. The article is based on archival documents (from the State Archive of the Russian Federation, as well as the Archive of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation) and materials from the emigrant press.
Sazonov — “Qui est-ce?” Minister of Foreign Affairs of the White Movement. 1919
Authors: Mironova Elena
Published: January 2025

The article is dedicated to the last stage of S. D. Sazonov’s activity as Minister of Foreign Affairs, but this time — the White Movement of Russia. This extremely responsible and strenuous work took just a little bit more than a year and fell during the Versailles Peace Conference and the height of the Russian Civil War. The politician faced tasks of global importance: defending the interests of the country in the international arena, ensuring international recognition of the Kolchak government, resolving the national issue of the territory of the former empire, organizing assistance to the White Movement of Russia from the allies. However, he became a minister when the country had already lost its subjectivity in international relations. Arriving in Paris, he quickly realized that the allies were ready to help restore order in Russia, but they wanted to be sure that after the end of the Civil War, the country would not compete with them for decades, it would not be perceived as a serious opponent. The minister found himself caught in a vice between the need for external assistance to the movement, and the officially declared slogan of the Whites about the revival of Russia as “Great, united and indivisible within the borders of 1914 (with the exception of Poland)”. In this situation, which left no space for political maneuver, he had to solve tactical problems. At the same time, he considered it his duty to create groundwork for the future, when a reborn Russia would be able to present accounts. The Minister’s great achievement was to keep the Foreign Corps in working condition and provide him with the opportunity to work after the end of the armed struggle on the territory of Russia.
Fears and Hopes of the Nuclear Age: Resumption of Nuclear Testing in the USSR as a Factor in the Formation of New Identities among Americans
Authors: Avanskaya Viktoriya
Published: January 2025

This article examines how the nuclear tests of the Cold War era became a factor in the formation of American identity in the 1950s — 1960s. Based on the constructivist approach, in which nuclear tests are considered as catalysts for nuclear fears, the author proposes to add the resumption of air and ground nuclear tests in the USSR on September 1, 1961, to the list of Cold War nuclear crises. This seems possible due to introduction of personal sources such as letters of American citizens, which allows us to study the repertoire of identities generated by the nuclear threat and the “psychology” of the Cold War, which in turn shaped the public demand for disarmament policy and for the end of the bipolar confrontation. The author proposes to fit the study of public reactions to specific international crises into the socio-cultural context in which fears and images of nuclear destruction were formed. The sources and methodology used in the study also allow us to resolve the well-known problem of the lack of materials for studying nuclear fears, which, according to historiography, were actualized by international crises and technical breakthroughs in the field of nuclear physics. The study of ordinary Americans’ reactions to the resumption of air and ground nuclear tests on the territory of the USSR based on letters to N. S. Khrushchev allows us to reconstruct the process of forming new attitudes towards pollution of the Earth with nuclear waste, which in turn made it possible to build a community that includes Soviet people, and Khrushchev’s personal qualities and public statements contributed to the building of personal emotional ties between ordinary Americans and the Soviet leader.
From the “Policy of Independence” to Neutrality: Belgium in the System of International Relations on the Eve of the Second World War (1936—1939)
Authors: Khorosheva Aleksandra
Published: January 2025

After having abandoned the policy of permanent neutrality at the end of the First World War, in the second half of the 1930s, in the context of the crisis of the Versailles-Washington system of international relations, Belgium made an attempt to return to a neutral policy in order to avoid being drawn into a new European conflict. Having sacrificed the military alliance with France and abandoned the Locarno obligations, the country’s leadership switched to a “free hands” policy, considering neutrality not only as a way to counter an external and internal threat, but also as a national idea capable of consolidating society in a period of international instability. The article analyzes what were the external and internal factors that led to the transformation of the foreign policy course, the essence and goals of the “policy of independence” announced in 1936, which was the forerunner of neutrality in 1939, as well as the reaction of Belgian society and the international community to the Belgium’s policy of non-intervention.
Constructing the Warsaw Pact: the USSR and Its Military Allies in Eastern Europe (1945—1955)
Authors: Pivovarov Nikita
Published: January 2025

The article examines the features of the formation of military integration between the USSR and the countries of Eastern Europe after the Second World War on the basis of documents of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the supreme bodies of state administration. The author consistently analyzes the approaches of the Soviet leadership in this field. Thus, the early period (1945—1950) is characterized by the formation of bilateral military ties and the beginning of cooperation in general. The proposals of the USSR Minister of War and member of the Politburo of the Central Committee N.A. Bulganin, who in 1949 for the first time outlined the basic principles of consolidation of the socialist camp in the field of defense, are important. The second stage of relations (1951—1953) was associated with the emergence of the Coordinating Committee, the first interstate structure designed to strengthen the consolidation of the armed forces of the socialist countries. However, this consolidation led to significant problems, as the socialist countries failed to meet Moscow’s targets for the development of their military-industrial complexes. The third stage of relations (1953—1955) was caused by the beginning of partial conversion of military production and strengthening of specializations in the defense field of individual socialist countries. The latter circumstance finally divided the socialist camp by the mid-1950s into producing countries (USSR, Czechoslovakia, Poland and Hungary) and consuming countries (Bulgaria, Romania, GDR and Albania). In addition, by late 1954 and early 1955, the Soviet leadership and the socialist countries had reached some consensus on the integration of defense efforts. It was decided that all export-import supplies and industrial cooperation were regulated by bilateral agreements, and the general principles of the socialist camp defense organization were discussed at the meetings of the Political Consultative Committee and approved by the Commander-in-Chief and the Headquarters of the United Armed Forces that emerged after the signing of the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance in May 1955 and the creation of the Warsaw Pact Organization. At the same time, the study emphasizes that despite a certain dominant role of the Soviet Union in military consolidation, the Kremlin never exerted serious pressure on its allies on the development of individual projects. At the same time, the development of the military-industrial complex in the socialist countries turned out to be important not only in the formation and strengthening of the armed forces of these countries, but also in the development of heavy industry, strengthening the integration of the planned economies of these states into the all-socialist economic-political union of the socialist camp and the creation of an alternative global world order.
Russian Land Ownership in Northern Iran and the Project of the Gorgan Concession of Voiskovoi Starshina (Lieut-Colonel in the Army) A. S. Sviatopolk-Mirsky
Authors: Larin Andrey
Published: January 2025

The article touches upon the issues of the formation of large Russian land ownership and concession projects in the Caspian provinces of Iran on the eve and during the First World War. During this era, two parallel processes were taking place in the region: peasant resettlement colonization and the formation of large land ownership and enterprises of Russian subjects. These phenomena have become the subject of close attention and discussion within the Russian state apparatus, which sought to develop a political line in the region. The study of the history of the A. S. Sviatopolk-Mirsky irrigation concession will allow to see the process of discussing such projects in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Resettlement Department, to identify the factors that influenced decision-making, those fundamental considerations that determined the nature of the state structures’ attitude to private initiative in the strategically important border province of Iran.
The View of COMECON Experts on the Prospects for Developing Cooperation with Nigeria in Oil Sector, Mid-1970s
Authors: Glazov Alexandr
Published: January 2025

The author of the article for the first time publishes and introduces into scientific circulation an analytical document prepared in late 1975 by experts for COMECON Oil Bureau — “Generalized material for preparation of a set of measures related to cooperation of COMECON member countries [among themselves and with Nigeria] and aimed at guaranteeing in advance long-term oil supplies from Nigeria”. Today this document is held by the Russian State Archive of Economics (as part of the large collection of COMECON materials: RGAE. Fond 561). By analyzing the document, it is possible to reveal the view of foreign trade specialists of COMECON member countries on the prospects for developing cooperation with the Federal Republic of Nigeria (FRN) in oil sector in the mid-1970s. The published document confirms COMECON good awareness of what was happening to the oil industry of FRN in the seventies.
Main Directions of Soviet-British Relations in the 1920s
Authors: Sergeev Evgeny
Published: January 2025

The article examines the main directions of Soviet-British relations during a short period of international tension’s relaxation in the mid-1920s. Drawing on a significant amount of archival materials, including those of the MI-5, published diplomatic documents, speeches of political leaders, their diaries and personal correspondence, as well as on contemporary press commentaries, the author identifies three key vectors of Moscow's policy towards Great Britain as the main geopolitical opponent of the Soviet Union. These included the policy of provoking revolutionary actions by British workers, the gradual return to the system of normalized interstate relations, as well as the resuscitation of the imperial strategy, which was based on the principles of preserving the "balance of power" and "spheres of influence" of the leading actors at both the global and regional levels. As the study reveals, the author's conclusions are in good accord with the existing scholarship both in Russia and abroad.
“The International Red Aid is the Door Leading to the Masses”: the Latin American Conference of the IRA in November 1934 in the Context of the Comintern's Transition to the “Popular Front” Policy
Authors: Glazov Alexandr
Published: January 2025

In the summer of 1935, at the Seventh World Congress of the Communist International a strategic turn took place in the policy of the international organization of the Communist movement from the “Class against Class” tactic to the flexible “Popular Front” policy. The “Popular Front” policy became an important step in the framework of the joint efforts of the leadership of the USSR and the Comintern to protect the Versailles-Washington world order, undertaken by them against the background of the Nazis coming to power in Germany in 1933 and the increasing threat of the outbreak of a new world war. However, this change in strategy took a long time and was difficult to prepare. Due to circumstances, the Latin American Communists were the first to face the need for a profound change and the very development of a new strategy. This article examines the Latin American conference of the IRA/MOPR in November 1934, held in Moscow immediately after the closing of the Third Latin American Conference of the Comintern in the Soviet capital (October 16–28, 1934), and its role in the beginning of the process of transition of the Communist parties of Latin America to the formation of “popular fronts” in the countries of the region.
“The Iron Is Hot, and It’s Time to Strike”: Fr Leopold Braun on the Prospects for a Renewed Dialogue Between the USSR and the Vatican in 1942
Authors: Beglov Alexey
Published: January 2025

The article presents a singular account from Fr Leopold Braun, the rector of a Catholic parish in Moscow, concerning the efforts of Soviet diplomatic representatives to improve relations between the Holy See and the Soviet Union in the spring of 1942. It is notable that this level of effort on the part of the Soviet side is not reflected in other sources, making the published document an invaluable piece of testimony. However, this raises questions as to the reliability of the information it contains. Nevertheless, the foreign policy context of this period, namely the interest of the USSR's allies in the anti-Hitler coalition in normalising relations between the Soviet side and the Vatican, indicates that such probes were not implausible during this period. The authors reconstruct the context in which Father Braun's letter appeared, the potential sources of information he might have had, and the communication channels between him and the Holy See. Additionally, the publication discloses that the Catholic priest occasionally employed cryptography in his correspondence to obfuscate the document's contents, rendering them opaque to external parties. In conclusion, the authors highlight that the information provided by Fr Braun reached the Vatican after a lengthy period. With regard to the relationship with the USSR, his insights did not alter the stance of the Roman Curia, which remained characterised by a cautious, wait-and-see approach.
Collaboration of the GDR with the Liberation Movement of Namibia, 1960—1990
Authors: Balezin Alexander
Published: January 2025

Based on archival documents from the National Archives of Namibia and rare publications of sources, the article examines the stages and main forms of collaboration of the German Democratic Republic with organizations fighting for the liberation of Namibia, the main one of which was the Organization of the Peoples of South West Africa (SWAPO). The GDR was the main country of the socialist camp after the USSR, actively supporting the SWAPO's struggle for the independence of Namibia. SWAPO was a priority for the GDR among the liberation movements in Africa, and this was due to the orientation of this organization towards Marxism-Leninism, to which the GDR contributed a lot. At first, the GDR tried to establish relations not only with SWAPO, but also with SWANU (the National Union of South West Africa / The South West Africa National Union). The first contacts between the GDR Solidarity Committee and SWAPO took place in 1961, when SWAPO opened an office in Cairo. Rallies were held with the participation of the SVANU and SWAPO delegations, financial assistance and scholarships were provided to both organizations, which sent a small number of their members to the GDR. The Solidarity Committee initially proceeded from the possibility of uniting both organizations, then came to the conclusion that SWAPO had stronger support among the population of the country. In addition, they came to the conclusion that SWAPO had great support among migrant workers, an important part of the emerging working class of Namibia. Relations between SWAPO and the GDR gradually improved after Angola gained independence in 1975, and SWAPO began to cooperate more actively with the MPLA and unveiled a socialist political program in 1976. On October 13, 1978, the SWAPO representative office in East Berlin was opened, which meant political and diplomatic recognition of SWAPO by the GDR. On the eve of Namibia's independence, cooperation acquired a number of additional features. The GDR's collaboration with SWAPO took place under the slogan of solidarity, which meant all kinds of assistance to African countries. Contacts were carried out through the “solidarity bodies” of East Germany, such as the Union of Free German Youth, the Federation of Free German Trade Unions and the Solidarity Committee. The Solidarity Committee, as a directly dependent on the Central Committee of the SED, but legally independent organization, established back in 1960, played a special role in the cooperation of the GDR with SWAPO. Important aspects of GDR's collaboration with SWAPO were financial assistance to SWAPO refugee camps in Angola, training of national personnel for a future free Namibia, in particular, the education and upbringing of children of SWAPO activists in the GDR itself, as well as military cooperation.
Energy Dialogue between the U.S. and the Eastern European States: Realia, Challenges and Prospects
Authors: Sidorova Elizaveta
Published: January 2025

The article analyzes the intensity of energy cooperation between the USA and Eastern Europe, a region traditionally characterized by a high dependency on Russian energy supplies. The recent rapid reduction of the Russian market niche here due to the degradation of the EU's dialogue with Moscow has put the Eastern European states in front of the need to accelerate the search for alternatives in the field of gas supplies and nuclear technologies. The energy crisis has given an additional impetus to the development of renewables in the region. Under the current conditions, the United States, striving for energy dominance in the global market, has a real opportunity to strengthen its position in Eastern Europe. The respective study plays an essential role in assessing Washington's ability to influence European energy security as a such. This paper examines three areas of interaction: cooperation on LNG supplies, nuclear energy, and renewables; based on the analysis, key factors hindering further development of the relations as well as their prospects were identified. The research is based on statistical data of public and private corporations on natural gas trade, the state of the nuclear industry and the use of renewable energy sources, relevant regulatory legal acts, analytical works of domestic and Western scientists, as well as official statements of political figures.
Women's Letter Writing in the USA as a Tool for Stabilizing Soviet-American Relations During the Cold War
Authors: Avanskaya Viktoriya
Published: January 2025

The article examines features of a genre of "familial letters", which developed in Europe and the American colonies in the 18th-19th centuries, and was born out of female letter writing practices. It was popular among the emerging middle class and was actively used as a means of maintaining emotional ties between family members and friends and developing positive character traits. The main attention is paid to American letters of this genre with their inherent features. For the first time in Russian historiography, "familial letters" are considered as a source for studying emotions in history and IR. The author relies on ideas of social constructivism, according to which emotions can be conveyed not only at the level of individual perception, but also through cultural practices such as correspondence. The article shows how "familial letters" reflect not only personal experiences, but also social processes, such as the growth of literacy, gender role transformation and the impact of wars on family relationships, as well as the process of forming American identity and other emotional groups. The author concludes that "familial letters" are an important source for studying collective emotions and identity in a historical context, allowing us to expand the boundaries of the traditional approach to their study. Moreover, this genre of letters gives us an opportunity to study individual and group strategies of Soviet-American relations stabilization.
The Origins of Yugoslav Communist Ideology: Theoretical Authorities and Revolutionary Experience
Authors: Palchikov Dmitry
Published: January 2025

The article presents a critical examination of the various perspectives on the genesis and underlying factors of the Yugoslav model of socialism. The hypotheses regarding the non-Marxist theoretical origins, which are currently regarded as unproven, are subjected to analysis. In addition, practical experience, particularly the establishment of people’s committees during wartime, which could have contributed to the formation of the original concept, is taken into account. Particular emphasis is placed on the perspectives of Yugoslav Marxists who were instrumental in developing the theory of self-managed socialism. However, the primary factor that compelled them to devise an original conceptual framework was the Soviet-Yugoslav conflict that commenced in 1948. In the context of confrontation with the Stalinist USSR, Yugoslav communists selected elements of practical experience (both Yugoslav and global experience since the Paris Commune) and the ideas of the Marxism-Leninism classics in an anti-Stalinist manner, which largely determined the results of the selection. This enabled the creation by 1950 of a sufficiently coherent system of ideas, which was then tested in the course of practical transformations.
The Balkan Front During the Russo-Turkish Wars of the 19th Century: A Perspective from the Ottoman Side
Authors: Surikov Kirill
Published: January 2025

The paper analyses the influence of the military reforms on the battle effectiveness of the Ottoman army on the Balkan front during the Russo-Turkish wars of 1828—1829, 1877—1878 and the Crimean war of 1853—1856. The paper scrutinizes the performance of the Ottoman military along with the key factors that contributed to the outcome of the Russo-Turkish wars. A diverse array of hitherto understudied Ottoman sources, encompassing the works of military leaders and historians, together with the writings of the Russian officers, affords the opportunity to include the course of events of wars between the Ottoman and Russian empires into a wider context of the transformation of the Ottoman military and draw several conclusions concerning its results. Throughout the century, the Ottoman sultans were actively transforming the army, implementing changes that affected all aspects of its life, from the organizational structure to the basics of the military education. However, a multifaceted analysis of conflicts with Russia revealed that the pace of transformation was insufficient, leading to several military defeats of the Ottoman empire. The primary reasons for these outcomes lay in the Ottoman military command’s approach to operational planning. In the absence of a well-developed strategy the Ottoman empire was only able to conduct passive defense. The wars of 1828—1829 and 1877—1878 clearly demonstrated that the Russian army cleared this defense within a short time. Au contraire, the active defense carried out by the Sublime Porte during the Crimean war, resulted in a number of tactical successes on the Balkans. At the same time, technological superiority and military strength have not played a decisive role in the outcome of these wars.
Research Trends in Contemporary Russian Buddhist Studies: Experience of Bibliographic and Bibliometric Analysis
Authors: Davydov Ivan
Published: January 2025

The article deals with the current state of the study of traditional Buddhist regions of Russia (the Republics of Kalmykia, Buryatia and Tyva) in Russian science. Based on a comprehensive historical-religious, bibliometric and epistemological analysis, 17 thematic directions in the consideration of the regional specificity of Buddhism in Russia, developed in the works of contemporary Russian Buddhologists in the first decades of the 21th century, are identified. The explicated themes of the analyzed array of publications are compared with the “matrix” of cultural turns in the humanities.
The Soviet Embassy in Austria and its Role in the Development of Trade and Economic Relations between the USSR and Austria in 1955—1964
Authors: Ishchenko Viktor
Published: January 2025

The article examines the issues of the history of the formation of Soviet-Austrian trade and economic relations in the first decade after the conclusion of the Austrian State Treaty in 1955, which granted the country independence, and until the end of 1964, when Khrushchev’s tenure at the head of the USSR ended. Special attention is paid to the study of the activities during this period of time of the USSR Embassy in the Republic of Austria and personally of the Soviet Ambassadors for the establishment and development of these relations. Based on the analysis of a large array of documents of the WUAs of the Russian Federation, many of which are being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, a conclusion is drawn about the key role of Soviet diplomats in Austria in the practical implementation of the USSR’s foreign policy strategy of that period.
Court Censorship in Russia during the First World War
Authors: Bogomolov Igor
Published: January 2025

The article examines the censorship activities of the Ministry of the Imperial Court of the Russian Empire on the eve and during the First World War. Based on archival funds, the article examines the legislative framework, structure, personnel and decision-making mechanism, the specifics of the work and the place of court censorship in the general censorship system of imperial Russia in 1914—1917. Despite the loss of the monopoly on the representation of the royal family, the court department retained influence and a weighty word. Until the fall of the monarchy in 1917, both the “civil” and the new military censorship listened to her opinion.
On Some Very Important “Literary Enterprise Relative to General Culture” in Soviet Publishing House “ACADEMIA”: Ivan M. Grevs’ and Vladimir D. Bonch-Bruyevich’s Correspondence (Early to Mid-1930s)
Authors: Gersh Kseniya
Published: January 2025

The paper deals with a correspondence between the historian Ivan M. Grevs and the director of the State Literary Museum in Moscow Vladimir D. Bonch-Bruyevich concerning the redaction and editing of the almanack “Zvenja” (the most important periodical in Russian literary criticism for the 1930s) in the Academia publishing house. Basing on a large corpus of archival funds, the authors reconstruct the history of making and publication of the almanack. The task was complicated a lot by the transfer of the Academia’s editorial board and staff from Leningrad to Moscow (while the imprimery facilities did not move). The lack of paper and materials, as well as the political repressions against the head of publishing house (Lev Kamenev) and staff members made it even more difficult. I. Grevs and V. Bonch-Bruyevich are concentrated on the edition of Ivan Turgenev’s collected papers (the volume was supposed to be printed at the Academia publishing house). They are also discussing in their correspondence the articles that Ivan Grevs intended to publish on the 50th anniversary of Turgenev’s death. The letters give the demonstration of the efforts that I. Grevs made in order to support Turgenev Museum in Orel and clearly show Grevs’ desire to be engaged in the exploration of Turgenev’s, Lev Tolstoy’s, Nikolay Kareev’s unpublished papers. Another conversation topic in the correspondence under review was Ivan Grevs’ idea to buy the entire corpus of Turgenev’s letters to Pauline Viardot and Evgenya Lambert kept in Paris. In Grevs’ point of view, this epistolary corpus could constitute an integral part of Turgenev’s legacy in the forthcoming publication of the Academia publishing house. Despite the fact that these projects did not succeed in their undertaking, the letters of I. M. Grevs and V. D. Bonch-Bruyevich provide a lot of information on the Academia’s functioning in the early 1930s and the making of Soviet literary criticism of this period.
Znaczenie kompetencji cyfrowych polskich (euro)dziadków w podtrzymywaniu relacji z wnukami
Authors: Wnęk-Gozdek Joanna , Maćkowicz Jolanta
Published: January 2025

Zjawisko migracji zarobkowej młodego pokolenia przyczyniło się do powstania nowej kategorii pojęciowej, jaką są „eurodziadkowie”. Pozostawieni w Polsce seniorzy muszą zmierzyć się z samotnością i brakiem kontaktu fizycznego z wnukami. Część z nich podejmuje trud podtrzymania na odległość relacji z najmłodszym pokoleniem. Jest to możliwe dzięki posiadanym przez nich kompetencjom cyfrowym. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie różnych form podtrzymywania relacji z wnukami przez polskich seniorów z wykorzystaniem nowoczesnych technologii. Zastosowaną metodą było zbiorowe studium przypadku (multi-case study) z wywiadem pogłębionym (IDI). Wyniki badań wskazują, że badane osoby wykazują duże zainteresowanie użytkowaniem nowoczesnych technologii informacyjnych i komunikacyjnych (Information and Communication Techonologies – ICT) w celu komunikowania się z wnukami przebywającymi poza granicami Polski. Seniorzy mają kompetencje cyfrowe z różnych obszarów. Zdobywają je w toku edukacji ustawicznej oraz rówieśniczej. Wykorzystują je przede wszystkim do nauki języków obcych, w których porozumiewają się wnuki, utrzymywania bliskich więzi z wnukami oraz przekazu norm i wartości związanych z polską kulturą i historią.
Rodzina patchworkowa jako system – egzemplifikacja problemu
Authors: Leśniak Magdalena
Published: January 2025

Niniejszy artykuł ma na celu ukazanie funkcjonowania rodzin patchworkowych jako systemu. W artykule odwołano się do ogólnej teorii systemów i w tym ujęciu przedstawiono zagadnienia związane z funkcjonowaniem tego typu rodzin. Zaprezentowano częściowe wyniki badań, które przeprowadzono w strategii jakościowej, a na podstawie danych publikowanych na forum internetowym dokonano analizy narracji kobiet pełniących rolę macochy. Na potrzeby niniejszej pracy wybrano jeden przypadek i starano się odpowiedzieć na pytania dotyczące tego, jakie są doświadczenia kobiety pełniącej rolę macochy w rodzinie patchworkowej oraz jak wyglądają relacje w tej rodzinie, a w konsekwencji, jak wygląda sytuacja związana z całościowością systemu rodziny patchworkowej, podsystemami, granicami i homeostazą w badanym przypadku. Jako egzemplifikację i przykład funkcjonowania systemu rodziny patchworkowej zaprezentowano analizę narracji macochy. W artykule są poruszane następujące aspekty rodziny patchworkowej jako systemu: całościowość, podsystemy, granice systemu i homeostaza. Przedstawiono także fragment analizy narracji macochy Anny i dokonano próby syntezy doświadczeń badanej w odniesieniu do ogólnej teorii systemów.
Zarastanie i zanikanie najmniejszych jezior na Niżu Polskim
Authors: Skowron Rajmund , Zieliński Artur , Jaszczyk Tomasz
Published: January 2025

Praca jest kontynuacją badań autorów nad procesami zarastania oraz zmian powierzchni jezior położonych na obszarze Niżu Polskiego. Analizą objęto 590 jezior o powierzchni do 100 ha, dla których sporządzono dane dotyczące zarastania i zanikania, oparte o materiały przedstawione przez Instytut Rybactwa Śródlądowego (IRŚ) w Olsztynie za lata 1958–1968 oraz dane zawarte w Katalogu jezior Polski (Choiński 2006) i zbiorach Centralnego Ośrodka Dokumentacji Geodezyjnej Kartograficznej (CODGiK), w postaci ortofotomap pochodzących z lat 2010–2012. Porównanie danych zawartych w wyżej wymienionych źródłach wskazują na zmiany powierzchni oraz stopnia zarastania roślinnością wynurzoną w grupie badanych jezior. Celem pracy było określenie stopnia przeobrażeń akwenów, jakie zaszły w okresie ostatniego półwiecza. Rezultaty obliczeń wykazują, że powierzchnia 590 jezior zmniejszyła się aż o 6,3 km2, czyli aż o 11,6%, natomiast współczynnik zarastania podwyższył się o 0,6%.
A Loyalty Program in the Area of Digital Transformation Based on the Example of the Costa Coffee Brand
Authors: Gwiaździński Emilian , Wadlewski Aron-Axel
Published: January 2025

The widespread digital transformation resulting from the influence of three megatrends - globalization, dynamic development of technology and the new consumer on the market, has forced companies to adapt to new market conditions. The consumer, who is the last link in the chain, focusing only on consumption, is now the co-creator of the market offer. He is more sensitive to marketing messages using modern tools such as mobile devices, among others. This study presents the process of adaptation of the Costa Coffee brand to the new market environment on the example of its loyalty program.
Evidence of Effectiveness of Viral Marketing Based on Case Studies
Authors: Olejniczak Aneta
Published: January 2025

The purpose of this paper is to identify the determinants of viral marketing effectiveness, based on case studies of well-known global companies. Six key rules are discussed which, if followed, increase the likelihood that a message will spread virally. For each of the rules were selected examples from the world of business, politics, social media. The article also describes the advantages and disadvantages of campaigns using viral marketing e.g. for Coca-Cola.
Building Brand Image among Modern Individual Customers – Case Study of Starbucks Corporation
Authors: Selinah Mabena Maimoona , Diaz Riaño Geraldine Tatiana
Published: January 2025

This case study presents the problems and challenges of image building for Starbucks.  The company creates marketing strategies based on both mass marketing and segmentation marketing. In order to create a positive image in the eyes of specific types of individual customers, the company identifies obstacles and problems and undertakes actions aimed not only at creating comfortable, modern places that are attractive in the eyes of customers, but also actions aimed at making the shopping process more attractive by improving the distribution of products and services, conducting activities aimed at providing products that meet customers' needs and their proper promotion through various advertising activities. The case study below presents both the currently implemented ways of building the company's relationships with individual customers, as well as proposals for future solutions in this area.
L'industrie du contreplaqué en Indonésie
Authors: Suran J.C.
Published: January 2025

L'industrie Indonésienne du contreplaqué a connu ces dix dernières années un très grand développement puisqu'elle est passée de 3 usines en 1973 à près de 100 en 1985, faisant de ce pays le troisième producteur mondial. Ce développement est la conséquence d'une politique volontariste du gouvernement indonésien de promouvoir une puissante industrie du bois dans le pays.Dans l'ensemble, les usines, de construction récente, sont bien équipées mais présentent la caractéristique de faire appel à une main-d'œuvre très nombreuse et donc d'être peu automatisées. La majorité de la production est constituée par un contreplaqué de faible épaisseur (en général 3 plis) plutôt destiné à des emplois intérieurs.En 1985, seulement 20 % de la production s'écoulait sur le marché local qui reste depuis quelques années à un niveau relativement médiocre ; il devient donc vital pour de nombreuses entreprises de trouver des débouchés ce qui a eu comme conséquence à la fois de créer une forte concurrence au niveau des prix entre producteurs, et de sensibiliser l'industrie Indonésienne dans son ensemble, aux pressions des importateurs, à tel point, que le gouvernement indonésien a dû prendre une série de mesures afin de réguler le marché.En 1985, l'Indonésie paraît avoir quasiment stoppé sa période de développement, entrant ainsi dans une phase de consolidation de son outil de production et de ses marchés, phase dans laquelle les chefs d'entreprise devront faire preuve de rigueur dans leur gestion, et d'adaptabilité vis-à-vis des besoins du marché.
Situation actuelle et potentialités des pays de l'ASEAN en matière de pâtes et papiers
Authors: Tissot Marcel
Published: January 2025

On expose tout d'abord la situation papetière d'ensemble des pays de l'ASEAN. L'industrie papetière est présente dans tous ces pays et les situations y sont très diverses. L'Indonésie représente l'élément le plus dynamique. On décrit ensuite les études de reconnaissance de la valeur papetière de bois feuillus et de résineux de ces régions, effectuées au C.T.F.T. Diversification, forte densité, grande longueur de fibres caractérisent les bois feuillus. Les caractéristiques papetières sont moyennes à bonnes. Les résineux se situent entre le Pin maritime et le Pin sylvestre. Un essai semi-industriel a confirmé ces résultats. Le chanvre de Manille (Abaca) est un produit caractéristique des Philippines. On peut en tirer des pâtes très résistantes.La situation papetière actuelle des pays de l'ASEAN est plutôt favorable du fait des ressources présentes et des ressources potentielles à partir d'espèces d'Eucalyptus de qualité.
Les white Lauan et white Seraya
Authors: Rédacteur de la revue Bois et Forêts des Tropiques
Published: January 2025

Pas de résumé
Commerce des bois tropicaux
Authors: Rédacteur de la revue Bois et Forêts des Tropique
Published: January 2025

Pas de résumé
Nano-enhanced peptides: bridging cutting-edge tech and biology to
outsmart resilient microbes
Authors: Yadav Anurag , Yadav Kusum
Published: January 2025

The escalating crisis of antibiotic resistance necessitates innovative
antimicrobial strategies. This review article delves into the burgeoning field
of nano-enhanced antimicrobial peptides (NEAMPs) as a promising alternative to
traditional antibiotics. NEAMPs combine the antimicrobial potency of peptides
with the unique properties of nanoparticles (NPs), resulting in synergistic
effects that enhance antimicrobial efficacy, reduce toxicity, and minimize the
likelihood of resistance development. Additionally, the review explores various
NP types—metal, polymeric, and lipid-based forms—and their
compatibility. The review also elucidates the mechanisms underlying the improved
cellular uptake, membrane interaction, and stability of NEAMPs. NEAMPs hold
potential in advanced antimicrobial and personalized therapies. Current research
applications demonstrate significant biomedical breakthroughs. Challenges such
as cytotoxicity, environmental impact, and regulatory hurdles are discussed
despite their potential. The article concludes with a call for action,
emphasizing the need for interdisciplinary research to optimize NEAMP design,
elucidate mechanisms of action and uptake, and explore role in immune
modulation. This comprehensive review serves as a cornerstone for researchers
and clinicians interested in developing and applying NEAMPs to combat microbial
antibiotic resistance.
Changes in surface air temperature for Mediterranean climate in Turkey
Authors: Mesta Buket , Kentel Elçin , Sasaki Hidetaka , Nakaegawa Tosiyuki
Published: January 2025

Local climate influences of inland water bodies, complex topography, and surrounding seas cause temperate, arid, and continental climate properties to prevail with local variations in different parts of Turkey. The intra-regional variability of environmental factors creates uncertainties and challenges in climate modeling. Multi-model ensemble analysis is suggested to be used to characterize the uncertainties and minimize the generalization error in projections. This study is part of a research on climate change impacts in Turkey, focusing on the impacts on surface air temperature through a multi-model ensemble analysis of high-resolution climate models. The ensemble set comprises 12 EURO-CORDEX RCMs and two models from the Japan Meteorological Research Institute (MRI). Firstly, historical model data are validated with temperature records from 59 meteorological stations. Furthermore, changes in temperature climatology in the future in short- (2020-2030), medium- (2031-2050), and long-term (2051-2100) horizons are analyzed and compared with the precipitation changes. In the ensemble, two MRI models (MRI-AGCM, NHRCM) and two CORDEX RCMs nested in the HadGEM2-ES (RCA4 and CCLM4-8-17) perform best to replicate the spatial variability of climatology. The 14-member ensemble projects a gradual increase in the temperature up to 4.5 and 6.6 ºC under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios, respectively. The projections agree on an inverse relationship between temperature and precipitation changes. More substantial impacts are projected in inland compared to coastal regions.