bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Establishing therapeutic plasma clozapine concentrations in older people
Authors: Evans Lauren , Rogers Jonathan , Blackman Graham , Jewell Amelia , Chakravarti Pampa , Reeves Suzanne
Published: September 2023

Aims: There is no specific guidance on optimal clozapine plasma
concentrations in older people. This study aimed to test the hypothesis
that therapeutic plasma clozapine concentrations would be lower in
patients with an onset of psychosis after 60 years, compared to those
with an earlier onset of schizophrenia (EOS) and to investigate the
relationship between pharmacokinetic indices and side effects. Methods:
Data were extracted from anonymised healthcare records for clozapine
treated patients aged over 55 years. Median plasma clozapine and
norclozapine concentrations (Cclozapine, Cnorclozapine) were compared
across diagnostic groups. Mixed-effects models were used to investigate
the relationship between pharmacokinetic biomarkers and side effects.
Results: Of the 481 patients (4519 samples, median 6 per person), 430
(89.4%) were diagnosed with EOS. Cclozapine and Cnorclozapine in those
with Parkinson’s disease psychosis (0.17mgL-1, 0.08mgL-1) were lower
than those with EOS (0.41mgL-1, 0.19mgL-1), dementia-related psychosis
(0.40mgL-1, 0.24mgL-1) and very late-onset schizophrenia-like psychosis
(0.42mgL-1, 0.17mgL-1). Cclozapine was associated with higher corrected
QT interval (QTc), whilst Cclozapine and Cnorclozapine were associated
with higher neutrophil counts and body mass index, but not with clinical
thresholds for neutropenia, obesity, QTc prolongation, or with sedation.
Conclusions: Our findings suggest that, compared to EOS, therapeutic
plasma clozapine concentrations are lower in Parkinson’s disease
psychosis but not in other forms of later onset psychosis.
Interpretation was limited by the relatively young age of the sample and
the small number of samples associated with side effects. Prospective
studies are needed to further explore optimal dosing specifically in
older people.
Restoration of flower production does not compensate for competition-dependent cost by herbivore-induced delayed germination in offspring
Authors: Kim Jeong-Min , Choi Min-Soo , Lee Juhee , Cho Yong-chan , Joo Youngsung
Published: September 2023

1. Many plants compensate for the damage caused by herbivorous insects
through tolerance responses. Besides directly causing plant tissue loss
and seed production reduction, herbivory causes phenological changes in
the host plant. However, little is known about the fitness costs of
phenological changes caused by tolerance responses to herbivorous
attacks. 2. The girdling beetle Phytoecia rufiventris caused a
short-term decrease in the number of flowers of the host plant
Erigeron annuus. However, accelerated growth restored the number
of flowers, but after a 2-week delay. With an objective to examine
whether the tolerance response with such a delay fully compensates the
fitness, we experimentally reproduced a 2-week delay in germination
under greenhouse and field settings. Under both conditions,
intraspecific competition resulted in serious defects in the growth and
reproduction of E. annuus plants which of germination was
delayed. However, delayed germination resulted in better growth when
competition and herbivory were eliminated from the field. 3. Thus, we
showed that the tolerance response to restore reproductive production
does not fully compensate for the fitness loss caused by insect attack;
rather, the delay in seed production in attacked plants leads to delayed
germination and subsequent inferiority in intraspecific competition. 4.
Synthesis. Our results imply that compensation for floral production
after an herbivore attack does not fully restore offspring fitness in
the presence of intraspecific competition and herbivory. Assessing the
ecological consequences of defense traits in an appropriate layer of
interaction is critical to interpreting adaptive values.
Association of secondary metabolite gene clusters with host specialization in the cereal blast fungus Pyricularia oryzae
Authors: Mehta Khyati , Navarro-Muñoz Jorge , Bakore Sayali , Collemare Jérôme , Patkar Rajesh
Published: September 2023

Fungal plant pathogens constantly evolve and deploy novel peptide and
metabolite effectors to break down plant resistance and adapt to new
host plants. The blast fungal pathogen Pyricularia oryzae is a
single species subdivided into multiple host-specific lineages. This
host specialization is likely due to secreted effectors, including
metabolite effectors. Here, we mined 68 genomes of P. oryzae,
belonging to six host-specific lineages, to identify secondary
metabolite (SM) biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) associated with host
specialization. A similarity network analysis grouped a total of 4,501
BGCs into 283 gene cluster families (GCFs), based on the content and
architecture of the BGCs. While most of the GCFs were present in all the
P. oryzae lineages, two were found specifically in the
Oryza lineage and one was found in the lineage specific to
Triticum, Lolium and Eleusine hosts. Further
analysis of the phylogenetic relationships between core biosynthetic
genes confirmed that a BGC, comprising a reducing polyketide synthase
(PKS) gene (MGG_08236) and four putative tailoring genes, was present
only in the Oryza lineage. The predicted BGC was found expressed
specifically during host penetration and colonization. We propose that
this Oryza lineage-specific BGC is likely associated with a
metabolite effector involved in specialization of P. oryzae to
rice host. Our findings highlight the importance of further exploring
the role of metabolite effectors in specialization of the blast fungus
to different cereal hosts.
John Franklyn Venner FCA: An Orthodox Chartered Accountant Working in an Unorthodox Organization
Authors: Piper Ian , McBride Karen , Tait Alan
Published: September 2023

John Franklyn Venner was a chartered accountant and senior partner in an eminent City of London firm of accountants. However, between 1940 and 1945, Venner worked at the heart of the unorthodox and top secret Special Operations Executive (SOE), which was set up to facilitate clandestine warfare. Venner used the accounting orthodoxy of financial controls, the recording of transactions, and regular financial reporting to build a strong bond of trust and confidence with the Treasury and Bank of England. This provided space for Venner to develop unorthodox financing schemes, including black market foreign currency transactions, which generated millions of pounds of currency and made a major contribution to the war effort. Venner died in 1955 at age 52. This biographical microhistory, using archival sources, brings his story out of the shadows and demonstrates how an eminent chartered accountant navigated the unorthodox world of the SOE during the Second World War.

Data Availability: All data used are available from the public sources cited in the text, apart from the transcripts of the two James Venner interviews.
Reflections on the 20-Year Anniversary of Worldwide IFRS Adoption
Authors: Cascino Stefano , Daske Holger , DeFond Mark , Florou Annita , Gassen Joachim , Hung Mingyi
Published: September 2023

At the Ninth International Conference of the Journal of International Accounting Research, Editor Steve Lin organized a plenary session titled “20 Years of IFRS Research” to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the worldwide adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). During the session, each panelist presented their views on what we have learned from researching IFRS for the past 20 years and where we should go from here. This article presents a short essay from each panelist summarizing their comments, as well as related issues that were not fully explored at the conference.
SYİ Yöntemiyle Çoruh Havzası Uzun Dönem (1969-2020) Meteorolojik Kuraklığının Analizi
Authors: Şimşek Oğuz , Soydan Oksal Nazire Göksu , Uncu Elif Miraç , Gümüş Veysel , Şeker Mehmet
Published: September 2023

Küresel ısınma ve iklim değişikliğinin etkilerinin arttığı günümüzde, kuraklık giderek daha büyük bir sorun haline gelmektedir. Bu nedenle, ulusal ve uluslararası düzeyde kuraklıkla mücadele ve önleme stratejileri için kuraklığın geçmiş davranışlarının bölgesel düzeyde araştırılması oldukça önemlidir. Bu amaçla, sunulan çalışmada, Türkiye’nin kuzeydoğusunda yer alan Çoruh Havzası’nın meteorolojik kuraklık analizi yapılmıştır. Meteorolojik kuraklığın belirlenmesinde havza sınırları içerisinde bulunan beş farklı meteoroloji gözlem istasyonunda 1969-2020 yılları arasında ölçülen 52 yıllık yağış verileri kullanılmıştır. Kuraklık analizinde sadece yağış parametresine dayalı hesap yapan Standartlaştırılmış Yağış İndeksi (SYİ) yönteminden yararlanılmıştır. 1-, 3-, 6-, 9- ve 12- aylık zaman periyotlarında kurak ve yağışlı dönem oluşma yüzdeleri elde edilmiş ve farklı kuraklık sınıflarının meydana gelme yüzdeleri değerlendirilmiştir. Ayrıca, ele alınan tüm istasyonlarda en kurak dönemin süresi, kuraklığın şiddeti ve büyüklüğü elde edilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlardan, havzada en uzun kurak dönemin (kritik dönem) çoğunlukla 2010 yılından sonra yaşandığı belirlenmiştir. Zaman ölçeğinin artmasıyla İspir istasyonu dışındaki diğer istasyonlarda kuraklık süresi ve şiddeti artmıştır. Tortum istasyonunun ele alınan istasyonlar arasında kuraklık açısından en riskli istasyon olduğu belirlenmiştir.
The Microstructural, Mechanical and Electrical Properties of Pb-Sn and Lead-Free SC0.7 Solders Containing Sub Micron Active Carbon Particles
Authors: Talaş Şükrü , Özkan Elif , Ayar Bahattin
Published: September 2023

Soldering is performed in order to easily assemble electronic components and also to provide electrical conductivity. The strengths, hardness, physical properties and electronic properties of the solders, i.e. reduced energy loss, hardness, melting point and longer service life, can be achieved when their usage is improvised by the help of necessary alloying or neutral additions. In this study, the effect of the addition of sub micron sized activated carbon on the mechanical, physical and electrical properties of industrially used solders, i.e. Pb-Sn and lead free SC0.7 solder was investigated.The thermal studies showed that the melting point of Pb-Sn was lowered against lead free solders with increasing amount of activated carbon. The tensile shear strength of both solders did not improve with increasing amount of activated carbon. In lead-free solders, the electrical resistance values decrease with respect to increasing active carbon ratio, however, the resistance of Pb-Sn solders increased. The addition of active particles have positively affected the microstructure of Pb-Sn solders, resulting in a finer grains, whereas, the addition of active carbon particles have no effect on the grain structures of lead free solder.
Renewable Energy Incentives and Future Implications for Turkey: A Comparative Bibliometric Analysis
Authors: DURMUŞ ŞENYAPAR Hafize Nurgül , CETİNKAYA Umit , BAYINDIR Ramazan
Published: September 2023

Many countries are using incentives to increase domestic and renewable energy (RE) production, which is important for sustainable development and meeting the rising demand for energy. This also helps achieve zero-carbon emission goals and reduces dependency on foreign sources. Countries have made progress using renewable energy with provided incentives. Along with political and economic regulations, scientific research is crucial in raising public awareness to foster innovation. Through academic studies on renewable energy and policy, countries can create better policies and investments while promoting environmental awareness for a sustainable future. A comparative analysis of academic outputs on incentives and policies for green energy is important. This research examines the link between RE use and academic production. To this end, a bibliometric analysis of scientific publications from Turkey, Germany, France, Spain, and Italy was employed to understand the current state policies and suggest future studies. The academic studies that were compiled with the keywords in the RE policies and measures in the Web of Science database have revealed that academic productions increase quantitatively as RE investments increase. The thematic analysis shows that the maturity in RE use is also reflected in scientific research.
A proposed new definition of measurement uncertainty
Authors: Bich Walter
Published: September 2023

A new definition of the measurement uncertainty (MU) was proposed by the Working Group 1 of the Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology, JCGM-WG1. This definition avoids any quantitative aspect of the measurement uncertainty and focuses on its subjective nature.

The proposed new definition reads as follows:

doubt about the true value of the measurand that remains after making a measurement.

Here, MU is no longer quantitative; it is rather a (subjective) state of mind. MU is the concept, and its quantitative measures, such as the standard measurement uncertainty, are different in nature. This separation greatly contributes to clarity.

Being defined as a state of mind, MU is subjective and reflects the belief of the experimenter in the result. There is no “true uncertainty” in nature to be estimated. There exists the measurand, and the uncertainty about its true value is a personal matter. Of course, the state of belief is based on objective data, and a good experiment is conceived in such a way as to minimise subjectivity. Yet, the hope to eliminate subjectivity from a measurement or from science at large is just a hope.

The proposed new definition explicitly uses the term “true value”. Perhaps, at the philosophical level, the concept can be questioned, whereas in the context of parameter estimation, the mathematics behind calculations needs a unique true value, which is ideally represented by a unique real number.

The doubt is about the unknown value of the measurand, not about the estimate. The estimate is viewed as a realization of a random variable describing the state of knowledge about the measurand. As such, the estimate is fixed and has no uncertainty. Randomness is in the variable, not in its realizations.
Dispersion analysis in colorimetric control
Authors: Yefymenko Serhii , Hryhorenko Ihor , Hryhorenko Svitlana
Published: September 2023

In the paper, solutions to the scientific and practical task of applying covariance analysis to determine the factor influence on the functional transformation of the control parameter in colorimetric research are considered. The research involves determining the factor influence on the additive and multiplicative components of the measurement error of the colorimetric control parameter to assess the reliability of conclusions about the factor influence on the transformation of the control parameter. Limits on the amount of the main level (control parameter) and factors affecting the result of colorimetric control are determined. During the study, the equations to assess the reliability of statistical conclusions about the informational significance of indicators of colorimetric control for a simplified model of cross-classification were obtained.

The need to carry out the research is related to the fact that during colorimetric control of grain crops, the uncertainty of the measurement results of the values of the controlled indicators is large enough, and so it must be evaluated. However, the proposed approach is not limited to a few colorimetric controls, but can be extended to a wider range of problems, where it is necessary to consider the factor influence with further ranking of factors by levels of significance.
About the definition of the terms “management” and “upravlinnya/keruvannya” in the DSTU ISO 9000 series of standards
Authors: Horopatskyi Viktor , Parakuda Vasyl , Sukhenko Anatoliy
Published: September 2023

The issue of replacing the term “upravlinnya/keruvannya” with the term “management” in the DSTU ISO 9000 series of standards is considered.

The initiators of the replacement believe that the authors of the national standard DSTU ISO 9000:2015 Quality management systems. Fundamentals and vocabulary made erroneous translation of the term “management”, since the concept of “management” has a much broader meaning than the concept of “upravlinnya/keruvannya”, and this negatively affects the development of the Ukrainian economy. The initiators of the replacement insist on the immediate correction of this error in the DSTU ISO 9000 series of standards. To support these claims, the initiators have amassed numerous expert opinions, comments and other materials, the basis of which was the Russian-language edition of the ISO 9000:2015 standard, as well as long ago cancelled and replaced standards in the field of quality management. The reference to Russian-language publications is based on the fact that Russian is one of the three official languages of the ISO.

The proposed replacement of the translation of the term “management” in the standard DSTU ISO 9000:2015 Quality management systems. Fundamentals and vocabulary was analysed. The equivalence of the concepts of “upravlinnya/keruvannya” and “management” is substantiated. The examples demonstrating the erroneous interpretation of the concept of “management” are given. Complying with the requirements of 6.1.5 DSTU 1.5:2015 National standardization. Rules of development and presentation of national normative documents for the use of foreign words and terms in the presence of equivalent words and terms in the Ukrainian language is stressed.
The effect of the mantle and core matter phase state on the course of geodynamic processes
Authors: Usenko O.V.
Published: September 2023

The study of the course of geodynamic processes in the lower crust and upper mantle proves that an additional energy contribution is made by a change in the phase state of matter with increasing pressure and temperature. The gas phase, composed of hydrogen, oxygen and carbon, turns into a fluid that combines the properties of a liquid and a gas. The result is a change in the behavior of fluid-crystal and fluid-melt systems which significantly accelerates melting and physicochemical interactions in the thermal asthenosphere. These conclusions are confirmed by numerous experimental studies and the results of the study of xenoliths representing the crust and mantle of cratons and active regions.

Seismic tomography studies show distinct patterns of inhomogeneities in physical pro­per­ties, reflecting inhomogeneities in the mantle structure. Many works hypothesize, with substantiation, that plumes or fluid flows arise at the boundary of the core and mantle and are factors of all geodynamic processes. Modern ideas about the composition of the Earth's core are based on the statement that it is composed of molten iron with minor impurities of other elements. However, calculations of the energy balance and physical modeling of the redistribution of matter in the core itself show that the removal of volatile components or convective currents do not provide enough energy for the formation of plumes.

The assumption that the substance of the core is an electrically conductive ionic liquid in which chemical compounds have completely dissociatedand the electronic structure has no gapradically changes the idea of the energetics of the core and the possibility of initiating plume processes. The properties of a substance in a similar phase state are fundamentally different from the properties of a liquid.
Emily Hund. The influencer industry: The quest for authenticity on social media
Authors: Borchers Nils S.
Published: September 2023

The Influencer Industry: The Quest for Authenticity on Social Media, written by American media researcher Emily Hund, takes the reader on a scouting expedition into the U. S. influencer industry. Hund is a well-established author in social media influencer research, where her works on gender dynamics in the influencer industry have been particularly notable (e. g., Duffy & Hund, 2015, 2019). These works look at social media influence from a creative industry’s angle, and The Influencer Industry also stands in this lineage. Although the title does not make it clear, the book offers, first and foremost, a chronological history of the influencer industry in the United States. Beginning with the advent of political bloggers in the late 1990s, each chapter focuses on a specific period and the overarching developmental milestones Hund identifies as constituting the period. This way, Hund provides a much-needed historical perspective on the influencer industry. However, the book wants to be more than that – and it definitely is – in that it also reflects on how the influencer industry impacts contemporary forms of sociation.
Changes in pharyngeal airway space and hyoid bone position after Bionator treatment of skeletal Class II malocclusions
Authors: Tanaka Mioko , Seto Yoshiko , Kobayashi Sakurako
Published: September 2023

Objectives

The objective of this study was to investigate the treatment effectiveness of long-term Bionator use on the craniofacial pattern, nasopharynx, oropharynx, hypopharynx, hyoid bone, and cervical vertebrae in patients presenting with a skeletal Class II malocclusion involving mandibular retrognathia.

Methods

A treatment group of 27 patients with a skeletal Class II malocclusion treated using a Bionator was compared with a control group of 27 patients presenting with a skeletal Class I malocclusion managed without Bionator treatment. The Bionator was worn in the subject group until the complete eruption of the second molars. Lateral cephalograms of the group before (T0) and after Bionator treatment (T1) were compared. A two-way analysis of variance and a paired t-test were applied for statistical analyses.

Results

A significant increase in the SNB angle and a decrease in the ANB angle were apparent in the Bionator treatment group. The dimensions of the oropharyngeal and hypopharyngeal airways and the hypopharyngeal area increased significantly. Conclusion Long-term treatment using a Bionator resulted in the advancement of a retrognathic mandible. In addition, the dimensions of the oropharyngeal and hypopharyngeal airways and the hypopharyngeal area increased significantly, reaching the same level as that of skeletal Class I subjects.
Study of polyphenolic compounds in wines and different parts of the grapevine
Authors: Humaj Jakub , Kostelnikova Karolina , Sochor Jiri , Kumsta Michal , Baron Mojmir
Published: September 2023

This paper describes research conducted on the polyphenolic compounds found in wine and different parts of the grapevine. The research consisted of two experiments. In the first, extracts of polyphenols from the leaves, stems, skins and seeds were measured. In the second, these parts were macerated and left in the must during fermentation. For this experiment, the Souvignier gris wine grape variety was used. In both cases, 33 polyphenolic compounds were measured. These measurements were made using the liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method. Based on the results, the individual concentrations of all the polyphenolic compounds in different parts of the plant were measured. Addition of the individual parts of the grapevine to the must during fermentation was shown to increase the concentration of the individual polyphenols in the wine. It is therefore important not to forget the importance of the stems and the maceration of the grapes during the winemaking process.
ESTIMACIÓN DE LA DENSIDAD Y ESTRUCTURA DE LA POBLACIÓN DE PALO ROSA EN EL PERÚ Y SUS IMPLICACIONES PARA SU EXPLOTACIÓN COMERCIAL
Authors: GUTIERREZ PERALTA Harol , CASTAÑEDA Roxana , FLORES Edward , SOTELO-MÉNDEZ Alejandrina , TARAZONA REYES Gladys
Published: September 2023

El palo rosa (Aniba rosaeodora) es una de las especies forestales amazónicas de mayor interés comercial producto del aprovechamiento de su aceite esencial. Su comercio está regulado por la Convención sobre el Comercio Internacional de Especies Amenazadas de Fauna y Flora Silvestres (CITES), históricamente ha sido amenazada por la sobreexplotación comercial para cubrir las demandas de los mercados de cosméticos, principalmente europeos. Esta investigación tiene como objetivo recopilar información primaria sobre la población de palo rosa en áreas con explotación conocida en el Perú, donde se estimó la densidad y se determinó su estructura poblacional. Para ello se analizaron los datos obtenidos de 111 ha. dispuestas en tres fajas muestrales de 1 ha. (1000 x 10 m) distanciadas 350 m. entre sí y distribuidas de forma aleatoria en zonas con distribución probable de la especie (>75% de probabilidad de ocurrencia). Las densidades encontradas fueron de 0.524 ind ha-1 y 0.547 indv ha-1 en Loreto y Ucayali, con estos resultados se concluye que las poblaciones naturales de la especie no son capaces de soportar un ciclo de producción que implique la extracción de individuos adultos y, que cualquier forma de extracción que implique la remoción completa de árboles no sería sostenible. Se plantea como una de las alternativas de manejo la promoción de plantaciones para reducir la presión sobre las poblaciones naturales.
Diamond potential of the marginal parts of ancient platforms and associated folded areas
Authors: Zedgenizov D. A.
Published: September 2023

In recent years, more and more information has become available on the subsidence of the oceanic lithosphere into the horizons of the transition zone and the lower mantle of the Earth. Highly metamorphosed rocks are often found in ophiolite complexes of folded areas, which, according to some researchers, can also have significant diamond content. A comprehensive study of all possible sources of information about the formation conditions and evolution of contrasting crustal protoliths opens up new prospects for determining such complex geological processes. These studies are also important in the context of identification of new mineralogical and geochemical markers of diamond-forming processes and, on their basis, determination of the possibility of their practical use in improving methods for predicting, prospecting and evaluating diamond deposits. The current issue of our Journal is devoted to these relevant problems.
Raman Spectroscopy for Characterization of Peridotite Paragenesis Mineral Inclusions in Diamonds
Authors: Kalugina A. D. , Zedgenizov D. A. , Logvinova A. M.
Published: September 2023

Research subject. Spectroscopic features (Raman spectra) of mineral inclusions of peridotite paragenesis (olivine, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, garnet) in natural diamonds of the Yakutian diamondiferous province. Materials and methods. A series of diamonds was studied both with single mineral inclusions and with associations of inclusions of peridotite paragenesis. The chemical composition of mineral inclusions in diamonds was determined using an electron probe micro-analyzer (EPMA). The Raman spectra of inclusions were obtained on a spectrometer equipped with a Nd:YAG laser with a wavelength of 532 nm. Results. The revealed spectroscopic characteristics of mineral inclusions in natural diamonds reflect specific features of their chemical composition. Thus, the shift in the positions of the Raman peaks DB1 and DB2 in the olivine spectra reflects the forsterite - fayalite (Mg-Fe) isomorphism; changes in the positions of valence vibrational modes in the Raman spectra of clinopyroxene Si-Onbr (ν16) and Si-Obr (ν11) and orthopyroxene (ν17) reflect the isomorphism of diopside - jadeite (CaMg-NaAl) and enstatite - ferrosilite (Mg-Fe), position shifts of deformation (ν2) and valence (ν1, ν3) modes of vibrational energies of the Si-O bond in garnets reflect the Al-Cr and Ca-Mg isomorphism, respectively. Conclusions. For the identified correlations, regression lines were calculated, which can be used to determine the quantitative contents of the main chemical components of mineral inclusions (clinopyroxene and garnet) of peridotite paragenesis in situ in diamonds. The developed method for evaluating the chemical composition of garnet and clinopyroxene inclusions can be used to distinguish clinopyroxene and garnet inclusions from different mantle parageneses.
Diamond-bearing fluidolites in the junction area of East European Platform and Urals fold region
Authors: Dushin V. A. , Sustavov S. G. , Prokopchuk D. I. , Volchek E. N.
Published: September 2023

Research subject. To characterize the Sylva fluidogenic-explosive complex, which was established in the junction area of the West Ural thrust megazone (head of the Sylva River) and the eastern wing of the Yuryuzano-Sylva depression of the Pre-Ural trough. Materials and methods. The authors' materials collected during research works at GSA200/2 sheet O-40-XXIX (Shalinskaya Ploshchad), as well as those collected during the work under the Priority 2030 Federal Program, were used. Data on the geology, petrochemistry, petrography, structural and tectonic position of clastogenic rock associations in the area of influence of the Main West Ural thrust were employed. Experimental data were obtained using a TESCAN VEGA LMS electron microscope equipped with an Xplore 30 energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopic prefix, and an URS-55 X-ray unit (Ural State Mining University), as well as CPM-35 and Shimadzu EDX-8000 spectrometers and an XRD-7000 diffractometer (Geoanalitik Centre, Zavaritsky Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences). Results. For the first time, the mineralogical-petrographic and chemical compositions of diamond-bearing rocks of the Sylva fluidogenic complex were established. Diamonds and minerals contained in the studied rocks were determined by XRD (sanidine, analcime, etc.). The conducted analysis of the rocks suggests their possible fluid-magmatic genesis, which is indicated by mineralogical features, including accessory minerals-indicators of diamond content, the presence of ellipsoid and teardrop-shaped volcanic glass, finely-dispersed bulk and poorly-rolled unsorted fragments of igneous and sedimentary rocks. Conclusions. The results obtained indicate the possibility of manifestation of Early Mesozoic phreatic volcanism in the studied area, which led to the transfer of the Sylva diamond complex and accessory minerals by fluidolites.
Incorporation of gem-Difluorocycloalkyl Substituents into Heterocycles via the Levin’s “Nitrogen Deletion” Strategy
Authors: Holovach Serhii M. , Melnykov Kostiantyn P. , Poluektova Maryna S. , Rozhenko Oleksandr B. , Grygorenko Oleksandr O.
Published: September 2023

A series of compounds containing heterocyclic cores and gem-difluorocycloalkyl substituents was obtained under conditions of the parallel synthesis (i.e., simultaneous performance of reaction procedures, treatment of the reaction mixture, and product isolation for a number of similar transformations) using the reductive amination – the “Nitrogen deletion” reaction sequence. The synthesis of the target compounds commenced from heteroaromatic aldehydes and the corresponding gem-difluorocycloalkyl or (gem-difluorocycloalkyl)methyl amines and included the NaBH3CN-mediated reductive amination and “Nitrogen deletion” upon the action of Levin’s anomeric amide. It has been shown that the method can be used to obtain compounds with the aforementioned structural fragments separated by one or two methylene units. The developed protocol allowed for the preparation of a 12-member compound library (67 % synthetic efficiency). Therefore, this novel synthetic methodology is suitable for decorating heterocyclic cores with sp3-enriched substituents that are attractive for medicinal chemistry.
Penggunaan Cyber Warfare dalam Konflik Bersenjata Internasional Antara Rusia-Ukraina Menurut Hukum Humaniter Internasional
Authors: Pratiwi Andyta Sekar , Syofyan Syofirman , Mardenis Mardenis
Published: September 2023

Today's the advancements of technology have an impact on many aspects of life, including health, education, transportation, business, information communication, and government administration. Nonetheless, given the strong relationship between technology and the military, technology advancements could lead to a war. The sheer proliferation of technologies implemented in military operations spawned technology-based warfare called cyber warfare. Cyber warfare refers to wars carried out through the virtual world and is coordinated with conventional warfare. In cyber warfare, opposing countries perform cyber operations through cyberspace as the latest weapon of warfare launched to destabilize the national security and stability of the target state. The current cyber warfare is in the international armed conflict between Russia and Ukraine. This article analyses the deployment of cyber warfare in international armed conflict from the international humanitarian law perspective, and it also investigates Russia's use of cyber warfare against Ukraine. The purpose of this article is to understand how international humanitarian law rules the use of cyber warfare in international armed conflicts, in addition to the way Russia employs cyber warfare against Ukraine. This article is normative law research which uses the statute approach with juridical-normative research method. The findings found that cyber warfare carried out within the framework of international armed conflict is subject to international humanitarian law and that its use is also restricted by the fundamental principles of international humanitarian law. The research also found that Russia's cyber warfare against Ukraine in an international armed conflict is against the principles of differentiation and proportionality.
Tratamento do transtorno do estresse pós-traumático complexo em crianças e adolescentes de acordo com a CID-11: revisão de literatura
Authors: Nakamura Ricardo Akiyoshi , Generoso Marcelo Bruno , Bacalhau Amelia Karoline Costa
Published: September 2023

Introdução: Mais de 60% dos jovens relatam ter experimentado pelo menos uma experiência traumática durante a infância. O Transtorno de Estresse Pós-Traumático Complexo (TEPTC) é um novo diagnóstico da CID-11, com poucos estudos publicados sobre seu tratamento, principalmente em crianças e adolescentes. Objetivo: Revisar a literatura disponível sobre o tratamento do Transtorno de Estresse Pós-Traumático Complexo na Infância e Adolescência (TEPTC-IA) e definir as melhores estratégias para seu tratamento. Método: Através de revisão narrativa, foram incluídos artigos abordando o tratamento do TEPTC-IA. O levantamento dos artigos publicados na literatura foi realizado nas bases de dados: 1) BVS – Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, e 2) PubMed, com as palavras, suas variantes e siglas de Transtorno de Estresse Pós-Traumático Complexo na Infância e Adolescência e “Complex Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in children and adolescents”. Resultado: Foram incluídos 5 artigos publicados sobre tratamento do TEPTC-IA, com ênfase principalmente em Terapia Cognitiva Comportamental Focada no Trauma (TCC-FT). Conclusão: O presente estudo observou que a TCC-FT é a terapia mais estudada e efetiva para TEPTC-IA, porém, os sintomas do TEPTC como desregulação afetiva ainda causam sofrimento relevante após o tratamento. Os estudos analisados sugerem necessidade de aperfeiçoamento do tratamento, como maior individualização da terapia, com ênfase nos aspectos mais deficientes de cada paciente, como maior tempo da TCC-FT na fase de tratamento da desregulação afetiva e funcionamento relacional. Um estudo de Terapia de Processamento Cognitivo Adaptada ao Desenvolvimento (TPCAD) demonstrou efetividade para TEPTC-IA
Trajectory of a Spacecraft When It Passes by a Gravitational Body During Interstellar Travel
Authors: Silverberg Larry M. , Eischen Jeffrey W.
Published: September 2023

Interstellar space missions will require spacecraft that travel at relativistic speeds. Furthermore, their trajectories will be influenced by gravitational sources. Accordingly, this paper applies to interstellar missions a recently developed formulation of relativistic mechanics that predicts a spacecraft’s trajectory when it passes by a gravitational source at a relativistic speed. The formulation, called spacetime impetus, is unique in that it employs a relativistic universal law of gravitation that does not explicitly require general relativity while producing precisely the same results. Based on these developments, an analyst can now update nonrelativistic mission planning codes to give them general relativistic capabilities. It requires augmenting the code with relativistic velocities and relativistic accelerations, the replacement of the universal law of gravitation with a relativistic universal law of gravitation, and setting up Lorentz transformations between frames.
Gender Specific Difference and Clinical Spectrum of COVID-19 Patients Admitted in Tertiary Care Hospital of Northern India
Authors: Chhabra Shibba , Kamboj Shaina , Sharma Pranjl , Luthra Suraj , Goyal Mamta , Gupta Anshuman , Batta Akash , Singal Gautam , Goyal Abhishek , Tandon Rohit , Gupta Vivek , Aslam Naved , Mohan Bishav , Wander Gurpreet
Published: September 2023

Objectives:

In a tertiary care hospital in Northern India, we examined the demographic, biochemical, and clinical risk factors related to gender differences in COVID-19 patients who were hospitalized.

Materials and Methods:

The study was carried out in a hospital with tertiary care. In this retrospective comparative observational study the data was collected from march 2020 to end of COVID pandemic. Analyses were done on the n = 1068 individuals who were hospitalized during the study period.

Results:

There were 1068 individuals evaluated in the trial, with a male-to-female ratio of 2.3:1. Males and females had similar mean ages (55.84 vs. 55.44 years). Difference was found to be statistically significant in asthmatic boys and females (P = 0.01). In our study, a novel severity score (NSS) was utilized to forecast inpatient mortality in COVID-19 patients. NSS scores were higher for men (2.95) than for women (2.65), with P = 006. Under the categories “Expired,” “discharged against medical advice (DAMA),” and “Discharged,” all the criteria that have been previously analyzed were compared. Based on the number of comorbidities, there was a clear, significant difference between patients who were discharged, expired, and under DAMA, with a P = 0.001. Majority of patients with comorbidities that most frequently impacted the cardiovascular and respiratory outcomes.

Conclusion:

Studies conducted globally found that men experienced a higher rate of mortality. Our study also indicates that when the number of comorbidities rises, the death rate rises. Therefore, individuals with a larger number of comorbidities, such as hypertension, diabetes, coronary artery disease, and peripheral vascular disease, should exercise particular vigilance.
Leukostasis Due to Acute Myeloid Leukemia with Monocytic Differentiation that Resolved after Leukapheresis
Authors: Enright Tom L , Bui Anthony H , Rose William N
Published: September 2023

Even though the stakes of leukostasis are high, the data regarding the efficacy of leukapheresis for leukostasis is meager. We report a patient with leukostasis due to acute myeloid leukemia with monocytic differentiation who improved clinically after therapeutic leukapheresis, a rarely performed variation of therapeutic apheresis.
Endoscopic endonasal resection of a Drechslera hawaiiensis sphenoid fungal ball
Authors: Lara-Olivas Jorge Armando , Sangrador-Deitos Marcos V. , Marian-Magaña Ricardo , Padilla-Leal Karen Elizabeth , Soto-Hernández José L. , Gomez-Amador Juan L.
Published: September 2023

Background:

Fungal infections should always be considered in difficult-to-treat paranasal sinus conditions. Sphenoid fungal balls are characterized by the presence of dense fungal masses in the sinus cavity without invasion of surrounding tissues. This case emphasizes the importance of accurate terminology and management and also highlights the involvement of rare pathogens such as Drechslera hawaiiensis. Diagnosis is typically based on imaging studies and intraoperative findings. Accurate identification of the pathogen is crucial. Fungal infections of the paranasal sinuses, including fungus balls, can present challenges in diagnosis and treatment. D. hawaiiensis, although infrequent, can cause potential life-threatening infections.

Case Description:

We present a 26-year-old non-HIV male patient who presented with nasal symptoms and mild headaches. The patient underwent an endoscopic exploration that revealed a soft, grayish lesion with a buttery consistency. Gross total resection was achieved and the lesion was identified as being caused by D. hawaiiensis; thus, intravenous antifungal treatment was given.

Conclusion:

Endoscopic surgery remains the preferred approach for disease control. Considering alternative treatments and exploring novel approaches are essential in managing complex pathologies in neurosurgical practice.
Early recanalization and vasospasm after endovascular treatment in a case of ruptured vertebral artery dissecting aneurysm associated with COVID-19
Authors: Nakamura Yukihiko , Takashima Chihiro , Nonaka Takahisa , Ohkubo Taku , Kawano Takayuki , Okura Akira , Kondou Daisuke , Sonoda Kazutaka , Hirohata Masaru , Morioka Motohiro
Published: September 2023

Background:

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused significant structural changes in acute care hospitals. COVID-19-associated stroke has gained attention, with abnormal coagulation and vascular endothelial damage being recognized. While ischemic cases are commonly reported, hemorrhagic cases have also been reported. This report presents a case of ruptured vertebral artery dissection aneurysm associated with COVID-19, resulting in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The treatment course, challenges in managing cerebral vasospasm, and early recanalization achieved through endovascular therapy are described.

Case Description:

A 67-year-old male patient was brought to our hospital for emergency treatment of impaired consciousness that occurred while recovering from COVID-19. He underwent endovascular internal trapping using coils, and although the rupture did not recur, he required long-term tracheal management, which resulted in a cerebral infarction caused by cerebral vasospasm. In addition, early recanalization was seen, which required retreatment.

Conclusion:

This case highlights the challenges in managing COVID-19-associated SAH and emphasizes the need for infection control measures and proper postoperative care. Establishing protocols for detecting and managing cerebral vasospasm is essential.
Multiple craniotomies for the resection of symptomatic multifocal intracranial metastatic cardiac myxoma: A case report
Authors: Abdow III V. Peter , Breton Jeffrey M. , Nayar Vikram V.
Published: September 2023

Background:

Myxomas, rare benign mesenchymal lesions, are the most common cardiac tumors. Patients may rarely develop hematogenous metastasis to the brain, which can present as new-onset neurological deficits that correlate with multifocal hemorrhagic lesions on imaging. Limited guidelines presently exist for the treatment of such lesions. This report outlines a unique case involving three craniotomies and failed radiation therapy in the treatment of metastatic cardiac myxoma.

Case Description:

A 63-year-old woman presented with a right middle cerebral artery embolic stroke secondary to a left atrial myxoma and multifocal hemorrhagic lesions consistent with intracranial metastasis. She had a right frontal craniotomy for tumor resection, followed by stereotactic radiosurgery, though this did not arrest disease progression. She later had a left occipital craniotomy for a symptomatic lesion. More than two years after her initial presentation, she returned with acute-onset symptoms correlating to growth in a left frontal lesion requiring another resection. Following this third craniotomy, imaging has not revealed the progression of metastatic intracranial disease. She is pursuing further treatment through primary cardiac tumor resection.

Conclusion:

Although rare, hematogenous seeding with subsequent formation of hemorrhagic metastasis is a possible complication of atrial myxoma. While surgical resection, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy have historically been used, no standard of care currently exists. This case demonstrates repeat tumor resection as effective for managing symptomatic intracranial metastatic myxoma in a patient with poor response to radiation therapy and multiple recurrences, with follow-up showing improvement in neurological symptoms and mass effect and absence of recurrence on imaging.
Perspective: Can intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM) limit errors associated with lumbar pedicle screw fusions/transforaminal lumbar interbody fusions (TLIF)?
Authors: Epstein Nancy E
Published: September 2023

Background:

We evaluated whether intraoperative neural monitoring (IONM), including somatosensory evoked potential monitoring (SEP), motor evoked potential monitoring (MEP), and electrophysiological monitoring (EMG), could reduce operative errors attributed to lumbar instrumented fusions, including minimally invasive (MI) transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF)/open TLIF.

Methods:

Operative errors included retraction/stretch or cauda equina neural/cauda equina injuries that typically occurred during misplacement of interbody devices (IBD) and/or malpositioning of pedicle screws (PS).

Results:

IONM decreased the incidence of intraoperative errors occurring during instrumented lumbar fusions (MI-TLIF/TLIF). In one series, significant loss of intraoperative SEP in 5 (4.3%) of 115 patients occurred after placing IBD; immediate removal of all IBD left just 2 patients with new neural deficits. In other series, firing of trigger EMG’s (t-EMG) detected intraoperative PS malpositioning, prompted the immediate redirection of these screws, and reduced the need for reoperations. One t-EMG study required a reoperation in just 1 of 296 patients, while 6 reoperations were warranted out of 222 unmonitored patients. In another series, t-EMG reduced the pedicle screw breech rate to 7.78% (1723 PS) from a higher 11.25% for 1680 PS placed without t-EMG. A further study confirmed that MEP’s picked up new motor deficits in 5 of 275 TLIF.

Conclusion:

SEP/MEP/EMG intraoperative monitoring appears to reduce the risk of surgical errors when placing interbody devices and PS during the performance of lumbar instrumented fusions (MI-TLIF/TLIF).However, IONM is only effective if spine surgeons use it, and immediately address significant intraoperative changes.
Using Bayesian networks to establish recommendations for the case of failure of the northern main gas pipeline
Authors: Капитонова Т.А. , Стручкова Г.П. , Слепцов О.И.
Published: September 2023

Предложена модель вероятностного анализа аварий и выработки рекомендаций при отказах магистрального газопровода Мастах–Берге–Якутск с использованием сети Байеса и базы данных, полученной на основе многолетних наблюдений. Выбор байесовских сетей доверия (БСД) связан с тем, что входные факторы задачи, механизм взаимодействия которых носит случайный характер, представляют собой разнородные и неполные данные. Кроме того, модели на основе БСД могут самосовершенствоваться по мере накопления информации. Предложенная БСД позволяет определить основные факторы, приводящие к отказам и авариям, а также разработать возможные рекомендации по ремонту и своевременному реагированию на аварийные инциденты, позволяющие сократить время простоя и минимизировать причиненный ущерб, одновременно повышая уровень безопасности эксплуатации трубопроводного транспорта Севера

The paper proposes a model for probabilistic analysis of accidents and proposing recommendations for failures of the main gas pipeline Mastakh–Berge–Yakutsk using the Bayesian network and a database obtained on the basis of long-term observations. The choice using bayesian trust networks (BTN) relies on the random mechanism of the input factors of the problem along with the heterogeneous and incomplete data collection. In addition, models based on the BTN have the ability to self-improve as information is accumulated. The proposed BTN allows identifying the main factors leading to failures and accidents, leading to possible recommendations for repair and timely response to emergency incidents, reducing downtime and minimize the damage caused, while increasing the safety operation level of pipeline transport in the North