bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stereological changes in the capillary network of the aging dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus
Authors: Villena Alicia , Vidal Lourdes , Díaz Florentina , Pérez De Vargas Ignacio
Published: August 2003

In this work we studied the effect of aging on the capillaries of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus in 3‐, 18‐, 24‐, and 28‐month‐old rats. The parameters analyzed were the capillary profile density, capillary volume fraction, length and surface area per unit volume, and capillary average diameter. The quantitative analysis showed in all parameters an increase between 3 and 18 months, and a significant decrease in capillary volume fraction (−18.75%) and diameter (−5.5%) between 18 and 24 months. No changes from 24 months onwards were observed. The increase observed in capillary profile density and capillary volume fraction between 3 and 18 months may indicate an increase of the capillary network. Furthermore, we observed an increase in the length and surface area per unit volume, which we interpret as an expansion of the exchange surface between blood and nerve tissue. The reduction in the capillary parameters that takes place between 18 and 24 months is slight, and may indicate the onset of decline characteristic of aging. Anat Rec Part A 274A:857–861, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Supramolecular exciton chirality of carotenoid aggregates
Authors: Simonyi Miklós , Bikádi Zsolt , Zsila Ferenc , Deli József
Published: August 2003

The conventional organic chemistry concept of chirality relates to single molecules. This article deals with cases in which exciton chirality is generated by the interaction of associated carotenoids. The handed property responsible for exciton signals in these systems is due to the alignment of neighboring molecules held together by secondary chemical forces. Their mutual positions are characterized by the overlay angle. Experimental manifestation is obtained by spectroscopic studies on carotenoid aggregates. Compared to molecular spectra, both UV/visible and circular dichroism spectroscopic observations reveal modified absorption bands and induced Cotton effects of opposite sign (exciton couplets), respectively. A new term, “supramolecular exciton chirality,” is suggested for these phenomena, allowing the detection of weak chemical interactions not readily accessible for experimental studies, although highly important in the mechanism of biological processes. Chirality 15:680–698, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comprehensive strategy for chiral separations using sulfated cyclodextrins in capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Evans Christine E. , Stalcup Apryll M.
Published: August 2003

This review focuses on the emerging role of sulfated cyclodextrins in the capillary electrophoretic (CE) separation of chiral analytes. Since being introduced as enantioselective agents for CE in 1995, these anionic additives have continued to demonstrate remarkable application universality. The broad spectrum of chiral compounds successfully separated using this approach includes acidic, basic, neutral, and zwitterionic species. This impressive array of analyte structures is derived from a growing diversity of compound classes including pharmaceuticals, plant extracts, biomarkers, herbicides, alkaloids, fungicides, and metal ions. Moreover, literature reports highlight the minimal optimization required to achieve a successful separation. Based on these findings, sulfated cyclodextrins appear to be well suited for the development of a more universal, comprehensive separation strategy for chiral compounds. This review explores this proposition by beginning with the structure and migration properties of sulfated cyclodextrins, using applications to highlight the separating power of this technique and ending with a pragmatic, comprehensive separation strategy. Chirality 15:709–723, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
On the application of the Helmholtz–Hodge decomposition in projection methods for incompressible flows with general boundary conditions
Authors: Maria Denaro Filippo
Published: August 2003

This paper is concerned with the analysis of the Helmholtz–Hodge decomposition theorem since it plays a fundamental role in the projection methods that are adopted in the numerical solution of the Navier–Stokes equations for incompressible flows. The paper highlights the role of the orthogonal decomposition of a vector field in a bounded domain when general boundary conditions are in effect. In fact, even if Fractional Time‐Step Methods are standard procedures for de‐coupling the pressure gradient and the velocity field, many problems are encountered in performing the decoupling with higher accuracy. Since the problem of determining a unique and orthogonal decomposition requires only one boundary condition to be well posed, thus either the normal or the tangential ones, result exactly imposed at the end of the projection. Numerical errors are introduced in terms of both the pressure and the velocity but the orthogonality of decomposition guarantees that the former does not contribute to affect the accuracy of the latter. Moreover, it is shown that depending on the meaning of the vector to be decomposed, i.e. acceleration or velocity, the true orthogonal projector can be defined only when suitable boundary conditions are verified. Conversely, it is shown that when the decomposition results non‐orthogonal, the velocity accuracy suffers of other errors. The issue on the resulting accuracy order of the procedure is clearly addressed by means of several accuracy studies and a strategy for improving it is proposed. This paper follows and integrates the issues reported in Iannelli and Denaro (Int. J. Numer. Meth. Fluids 2003; 42: 399–437). Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessment of conservative weighting scheme in simulating chemical vapour deposition with trace species
Authors: Wu J.‐S. , Hsiao W.‐J. , Lian Y.‐Y. , Tseng K.‐C.
Published: August 2003

Low‐pressure or ultra‐high vacuum chemical vapour deposition often involves important trace species in both gas‐phase and surface reactions. The conservative weighting scheme (J. Thermophys. Heat Transfer 1996;10(4) : 579) has been used to deal with the trace species often involved in some non‐reactive physical processes, which is otherwise considered computationally impossible using the conventional DSMC method. This conservative weighting scheme (CWS) improves greatly the statistical uncertainties by decreasing the weighting factors of trace‐species particles and ensures the conservation of both momentum and energy between two colliding particles with large difference of weighting factors. This CWS is further extended to treat reactive processes for gas‐phase and surface reactions with trace species, which is called extended conservative weighting scheme (ECWS). A single‐cell equilibrium simulation is performed for verifying both the CWS and ECWS in treating trace species. The results of using CWS show that it is most efficient and accurate for weight ratio (trace to non‐trace) equal to or less than 0.01 for flows with two and three species. The results of a single‐cell simulation using ECWS for gas‐phase reaction and surface reactions show that only ECWS can produce acceptable results with reasonable computational time. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Validation of the Korean version of the Bayer activities of daily living scale
Authors: Choi Seong Hye , Na Duk L. , Lee Byung Hwa , Kang Sue J. , Ha Choong‐Kun , Han Seol‐Heui , Erzigkeit Hellmut
Published: August 2003

The Bayer‐activities of daily living (B‐ADL) is a brief and internationally applicable ADL instrument which has been validated in three European countries. The B‐ADL has been developed to provide a tool for the assessment of functional deficits in performance of every day tasks as they are observed in mild to moderate stages of dementia. The B‐ADL has been constructed for use in clinical trials as well as in clinical practice. From an international perspective the major application is the evaluation of treatment effects in clinical studies and the current study was to validate the Korean version of the B‐ADL. The B‐ADL was administered to a total of 129 subjects with varying degrees of cognitive decline. A substantial cross‐sectional correlation between B‐ADL and MMSE scores was found. The internal consistency of B‐ADL was above 0.98. A factor analysis revealed that a one factor solution accounted for most of the total variance. The B‐ADL global score significantly increased as the severity of dementia, assessed by global deterioration scale increased from stage 1 to 5. Test–retest reliabilities of B‐ADL global score and each item were very high. All of these results were very similar to those from three European countries except for the proportion of ‘non‐applicability’ in some ADL items. These findings provide evidence that the Korean version of B‐ADL can be useful not only for clinical purposes but also for international multicentre studies. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Amisulpiride augmentation in treatment resistant obsessive–compulsive disorder: an open trial
Authors: Metin Özmen , Yazici Kemal , Tot Senel , Yazici Aylin Ertekin
Published: August 2003

Despite the effectiveness of clomipramine and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in the treatment of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), 40% to 60% of patients who receive an adequate treatment with these agents have significant persisting symptoms. Newer atypical antipsychotic drugs showed efficacy as augmenting agents in patients with OCD resistant to serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs). The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of amisulpiride augmentation in treatment resistant OCD. A total of 20 patients diagnosed with OCD according to DSM‐IV criteria and having a history of resistance to treatment with SRIs were included in the study. Amisulpiride 200 mg/day was added to ongoing SRI treatment and titrated up to 600 mg/day in flexible doses. The mean amisulpiride dose was 325 ± 106 mg/day. The patients were assessed with the Yale‐Brown obsessive‐compulsive scale (Y‐BOCS) at baseline and at week 12 of amisulpiride treatment. Side effects were monitored by the UKU side effect rating scale. The reduction in Y‐BOCS scores between the baseline (26.7 ± 6.3) and the end of the treatment (12.5 ± 2.8) was statistically significant (p = 0.0001). The most commonly observed side effects included weight gain (14 patients, 70%), mild sedation (13 patients, 65%) and asthenia (7 patients, 35%). This study has several limitations and, hence, the results are preliminary and require confirmation in a randomized controlled trial. In conclusion, this study suggests that amisulpiride may be a promising option as an augmentation strategy in treatment resistant OCD. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Three facial expressions mothers direct to their infants
Authors: Chong S.C.F. , Werker Janet F. , Russell James A. , Carroll James M.
Published: August 2003

Mothers modify both their voices and their faces when interacting with infants. Although considerable work has detailed the modifications in the voice, less is known about those in the face. In this paper, three specific types of infant‐directed (ID) facial expressions were identified in videotapes of 10 English‐ and 10 Chinese‐speaking mothers interacting with infants aged 4–7 months. Four measures were taken to examine the form and meaning of these ID facial expressions. In Measure one, 32 undergraduates easily differentiated the three identified facial expression types. In Measure two, the muscle movement of each type were described through Ekman and Friesen's facial action coding system (FACS). In Measure three, 35 mothers and 40 undergraduates provided different emotional descriptions and communicative messages for each type. In Measure four, rank correlations were conducted to identify the FACS units most indicative of each facial expression type. These four measures confirmed the appearance of three expression types in both Chinese and English mothers, the involvement of unique muscle movements in these expression types in comparison to adult‐directed expressions which have been described, and the expression of distinct and consistent emotional messages. The meaning and importance of these expressions to mother‐infant interactions are discussed, and directions for future research are identified. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mediational behaviours of preschoolers teaching their younger siblings
Authors: Klein Pnina S. , Zarur Shlomit , Feldman Ruth
Published: August 2003

There is very little research on the process of teaching in sibling interaction. The current study was designed to explore teaching behaviours of preschoolers and their effects on their toddler siblings. Participants were 40 dyads of 5‐yr‐olds and their 3‐yr‐old siblings from a middle class urban community in Israel. The children were divided into four equal groups based on gender and age of the siblings in each dyad. The children were visited at home and invited to play with two puzzles and two Lego games. Their play interaction with their siblings was videotaped. The observations were analysed using the observing mediational interaction (OMI) scale, assessing the frequency and style of the following behaviours: Focussing, Affecting, Encouraging, Expanding, and Regulating Behaviour. The younger siblings' success in playing the games was evaluated using a 5‐point scale. The frequency of teaching behaviours in sibling interaction was found to be related to the younger siblings' success on the games. Affecting and Encouraging were significantly related to the younger siblings' level of success on the games. The teaching behaviours of older siblings were characterized by relatively high frequencies of Regulation of Behavior and Encouraging, moderate frequencies of Affecting and low frequencies of Expanding. Boys were found to receive more teaching behaviours than girls. Older brothers and sisters showed higher frequencies of teaching behaviour in interactions with their younger brothers than with their younger sisters. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kinetics and mechanism of the thermal gas‐phase oxidation of perfluorobutene‐2 in presence of trifluoromethyl hypofluorite
Authors: Romano Rosana M. , Della Védova Carlos O. , Czarnowski Joanna
Published: August 2003

The oxidation of perfluorobutene‐2 (C4F8) initiated by trifluoromethyl hypofluorite (CF3OF) in presence of O2 has been studied at 323.1, 332.6, 342.5, and 352.0 K, using a conventional static system. The initial pressure of CF3OF was varied between 4.8 and 23.6 Torr, that of C4F8 between 48.7 and 302.4 Torr, and that of O2 between 51.5 and 270.4 Torr. Several runs were made in presence of 325.5–451.2 Torr of N2. The main products were COF2, CF3C(O)F, and CF3OC(O)F. Small amounts of compound containing CF(CF3)OC(O)CF3 group were also formed, as detected by 13C NMR spectroscopy. The oxidation is a homogeneous short‐chain reaction, attaining, at the pressure of O2 used, the pseudo‐zero‐order condition with respect to O2 as reactant. The reaction is independent of the total pressure. Its basic steps are as follows: the thermal generation of CF3O• radicals by the abstraction of fluorine atom of CF3OF by C4F8, the addition of CF3O• to the alkene, the formation of perfluoroalkoxy radicals RO• in presence of O2, and the decomposition of these radicals via the CC bond scission, giving products containing C(O)F end group and reforming RO• and CF3O• radicals. The mechanism consistent with experimental results is postulated. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 35: 532–541, 2003
Numerical studies of hyperplasticity with single, multiple and a continuous field of yield surfaces
Authors: Einav Itai , Puzrin Alexander M. , Houlsby Guy T.
Published: August 2003

The development of a new constitutive model would normally require a new procedure to be established for derivation of the incremental response. However, for models generated within the framework of hyperplasticity (using single, multiple or continuous yield surfaces), this derivation can be carried out using standard procedures. In this paper we present first the unified incremental response for a model using a single internal variable for general loading conditions. Next, we develop and explore three different numerical techniques for implementation of this procedure. One of the approaches, which seems superior, is extended to the multi‐surface hyperplastic formulation. Finally, to allow integration of continuous hyperplastic models within the same multi‐surface hyperplastic setting, the issue of discretization of the continuous field of yield surfaces is addressed. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Skewness correction X̄ and R charts for skewed distributions
Authors: Chan Lai K. , Cui Heng J.
Published: August 2003

This paper proposes a skewness correction (SC) method for constructing the $\bar{X}$ and R control charts for skewed process distributions. Their asymmetric control limits (about the central line) are based on the degree of skewness estimated from the subgroups, and no parameter assumptions are made on the form of process distribution. These charts are simply adjustments of the conventional Shewhart control charts. Moreover, the $\bar{X}$ chart is almost the same as the Shewhart $\bar{X}$ chart if the process distribution is known to be symmetrical. The new charts are compared with the Shewhart charts and weighted variance (WV) control charts. When the process distribution is in some neighborhood of Weibull, lognormal, Burr or binomial family, simulation shows that the SC control charts have Type I risk (i.e., probability of a false alarm) closer to 0.27% of the normal case. Even in the case where the process distribution is exponential with known mean, not only the control limits and Type I risk, but also the Type II risk of the SC charts are closer to those of the exact $\bar{X}$ and R charts than those of the WV and Shewhart charts. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 50: 555–573, 2003
Enhanced antitumour activity of 15‐residue bovine lactoferricin derivatives containing bulky aromatic amino acids and lipophilic N‐terminal modifications
Authors: Eliassen Liv Tone , Haug Bengt Erik , Berge Gerd , Rekdal Øystein
Published: August 2003

In a structure–antibacterial activity relationship study of a peptide fragment of bovine lactoferricin consisting of FKCRRWQWRMKKLGA (LFB 17–31), it was revealed that the two Trp residues were important for antibacterial activity. It has further been demonstrated that the size, shape and the aromatic character of the side chains were even more important than the Trp itself. In this study the antitumour effect of a series of LFB 17–31 derivatives are reported, in which the two Trp residues in position 6 and 8 were replaced with the larger non‐coded aromatic amino acids Tbt, Tpc, Bip and Dip. The counterproductive Cys in position 3 was also substituted with these larger aromatic residues. In addition, the effect of introducing lipophilic groups of different size and shape in the N‐terminal of the LFB 17–31 sequence was addressed. The resulting peptide derivatives were tested for activity against three human tumour cell lines and against normal human umbilical vein endothelial cells and fibroblasts. High antitumour activity by several of the peptides demonstrated that Trp successfully could be substituted by the bulky aromatic residues, and peptides containing the large and rigid Tbt residue in position 6 and/or 8 in LFB 17–31 were the most active candidates. The antitumour effect was even more increased by the Tbt‐modified peptides when the three counterproductive amino acids Cys3, Gln7 and Gly14 were replaced by Ala. Enhanced antitumour activity was also obtained by modifying the N‐terminal of LFB 17–31 with either long‐chained fatty acids or bulky moieties. Thus, our results revealed that the size and shape of the lipophilic groups and their position in the peptide sequence were important for antitumour activity. Copyright © 2003 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multisite bond and overlap treatment of polymer‐chain band structure
Authors: Sulston K. W. , Davison S. G. , Burrows B. L.
Published: August 2003

The usual tight‐binding (TB) approximation, employed in electronic structure calculations, is extended to include the more‐distant neighbor sites than the first. In doing so, a simple power law is adopted to describe the bond and overlap contributions, which enables the energy dispersion relation to be obtained in a closed analytic form. The resulting energy band structure has markedly different features from its TB counterpart to which it reduces in the appropriate limits. In particular, local extrema always occur at the TB stationary values, although these may not both be band edges. Another intermediate critical point may arise, which is one of the band edges, the other being located at one of the TB extrema. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem 94: 341–346, 2003
New members of the tomato ERF family show specific expression pattern and diverse DNA‐binding capacity to the GCC box element
Authors: Tournier Barthélémy , Sanchez-Ballesta Maria Theresa , Jones Brian , Pesquet Edouard , Regad Farid , Latché Alain , Pech Jean-Claude , Bouzayen Mondher
Published: August 2003

Four new members of the ERF (ethylene‐response factor) family of plant‐specific DNA‐binding (GCC box) factors were isolated from tomato fruit (LeERF1–4). Phylogenetic analysis indicated that LeERF2 belongs to a new ERF class, characterized by a conserved N‐terminal signature sequence. Expression patterns and cis/trans binding affinities differed between the LeERFs. Combining experimental data and modeled three‐dimensional analysis, it was shown that binding affinity of the LeERFs was affected by both the variation of nucleotides surrounding the DNA cis‐element sequence and the nature of critical amino acid residues within the ERF domain.
Abietic acid activates peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐γ (PPARγ) in RAW264.7 macrophages and 3T3‐L1 adipocytes to regulate gene expression involved in inflammation and lipid metabolism
Authors: Takahashi Nobuyuki , Kawada Teruo , Goto Tsuyoshi , Kim Chu-Sook , Taimatsu Aki , Egawa Kahori , Yamamoto Takayuki , Jisaka Mitsuo , Nishimura Koji , Yokota Kazushige , Yu Rina , Fushiki Tohru
Published: August 2003

Abietic acid is one of the terpenoids, which are multifunctional natural compounds. It has been reported that abietic acid suppresses effects on inflammation. However, the mechanism underlying the anti‐inflammatory effects remains unclear. The present work indicates that abietic acid suppresses the protein expression of tumor necrosis factor‐α and cyclooxygenase 2, which are involved in inflammation, in lipopolysaccharide‐stimulated macrophages. Moreover, this effect resembles that of thiazolidinedione, a synthetic peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐γ (PPARγ) ligand. Indeed, abietic acid activates PPARγ in luciferase reporter assays. The activity of abietic acid induces PPARγ target gene expression in RAW264.7 macrophages and 3T3‐L1 adipocytes. These data indicate that abietic acid is a PPARγ ligand and that its anti‐inflammatory effect is partly due to the activation of PPARγ in stimulated macrophages. The present work suggests a novel possibility that abietic acid, a naturally occurring compound, can be used not only for anti‐inflammation but also for regulating lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis.
Respiration state IV‐generated ROS destroy the mitochondrial bilayer packing order in vitro. An EPR study
Authors: Megli Francesco M , Sabatini Karen
Published: August 2003

The aim of the present study was to detect defective structural properties in bilayers of mitochondrial phospholipids after oxidative stress of isolated mitochondria in vitro, reportedly during respiration state IV. The structural behaviour of extracted phospholipids was studied by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrometry in oriented phospholipid bilayers spin‐labelled with 5‐doxyl‐lecithin, by detecting of the degree of EPR spectral anisotropy loss, indicative of the phospholipid bilayer packing order. Bilayers of phospholipids from untreated mitochondria showed the highest spectral anisotropy, hence highly ordered structure, while chemically oxidised phospholipid yielded almost completely disordered supported phospholipid bilayers. Samples from mitochondria after respiration state IV showed bilayer disorder increasing with oxidation time, while inclusion of the antioxidant resveratrol in the respiration medium almost completely prevented bilayer disordering. On the other hand, β‐n‐doxylstearoyl‐lecithin spin‐labelled mitochondria showed unchanged order parameter S at C positions 5, 12 and 16 after respiration state IV, confirming the insensitivity of this parameter to phospholipid oxidative stress. It is concluded that reactive oxygen species attack to the membrane affects lipid packing order more than fluidity, and that EPR anisotropy loss reveals oxidative damage to the bilayer better than the order parameter.
Late Pleistocene and early Holocene rivers and wetlands in the Bonneville basin of western North America
Authors: Oviatt Charles G. , Madsen David B. , Schmitt Dave N.
Published: August 2003

Field investigations at Dugway Proving Ground in western Utah have produced new data on the chronology and human occupation of late Pleistocene and early Holocene lakes, rivers, and wetlands in the Lake Bonneville basin. We have classified paleo-river channels of these ages as “gravel channels” and “sand channels.” Gravel channels are straight to curved, digitate, and have abrupt bulbous ends. They are composed of fine gravel and coarse sand, and are topographically inverted (i.e., they stand higher than the surrounding mudflats). Sand channels are younger and sand filled, with well-developed meander-scroll morphology that is truncated by deflated mudflat surfaces. Gravel channels were formed by a river that originated as overflow from the Sevier basin along the Old River Bed during the late regressive phases of Lake Bonneville (after 12,500 and prior to 11,000 14C yr B.P.). Dated samples from sand channels and associated fluvial overbank and wetland deposits range in age from 11,000 to 8800 14C yr B.P., and are probably related to continued Sevier-basin overflow and to groundwater discharge. Paleoarchaic foragers occupied numerous sites on gravel-channel landforms and adjacent to sand channels in the extensive early Holocene wetland habitats. Reworking of tools and limited toolstone diversity is consistent with theoretical models suggesting Paleoarchaic foragers in the Old River Bed delta were less mobile than elsewhere in the Great Basin.
A Rhizocarpon geographicum growth curve for the Cascade Range of Washington and northern Oregon, USA
Authors: O'Neal Michael A , Schoenenberger Katherine R
Published: August 2003

Lichen thallus measurements from 22 surfaces of known age on Mount Baker, Mount Hood, and Mount Rainier are used to construct a regional Rhizocarpon geographicum growth curve for the Cascade Range of Washington and northern Oregon. Growth rates determined by measuring the largest thallus diameters on the same surfaces at Mount Rainier in 1976 and 2002 are used for comparison with lichenometric data from Mount Baker and Mount Hood. Similar lichen thallus diameter vs age relationships identified in the data from the three mountains suggest the presence of uniform growth rates over the 400-km range. A regional growth curve developed during our study shows three growth phases of successively slower growth: a rapid phase from 8 to 20 yr, a linear phase from 20 to 145 yr, and a slow phase of unknown duration beyond ca. 145 yr. Uncertainty in lichen growth rates beyond 145 yr limits projection of the curve beyond that age; however, the age range of the constrained growth curve covers an important period of recent climate variability. When applied in appropriate settings, our growth curve can be used to determine numeric ages to ±10 yr for surfaces between 20 and 145 years old in areas where other techniques are not applicable or do not provide unique or well-constrained ages.
The Subset Principle in phonology: why the tabula can't be rasa
Authors: HALE MARK , REISS CHARLES
Published: August 2003

We demonstrate the logical necessity of assuming innate knowledge for language acquisition using toy grammars. The implications are applied to reconceptualizing the Subset Principle in terms of features, rather than, say, segments. Both syntactic and phonological issues are discussed, but the focus is on the acquisition of phonological inventories. We point out that our logical arguments converge with recent empirical results.
Solving the bracketing paradox: an analysis of the morphology of German particle verbs
Authors: MÜLLER STEFAN
Published: August 2003

Inflectional affixes are sensitive to morphological properties of the stems of the verbs they attach to. Therefore it is reasonable to assume that the inflectional material is combined with both the verbal stem of simplex verbs and the verbal stem of particle verbs. It has been argued that this leads to a bracketing paradox in the case of particle verbs since the semantic contribution of the inflectional information scopes over the complete particle verb. I will discuss nominalizations and adjective derivation, which are also problematic because of various bracketing paradoxes. I will suggest a solution to these paradoxes that assumes that inflectional and derivational prefixes and suffixes always attach to a form of a stem that already contains the information about a possible particle, but without containing a phonological realization of the particle. As is motivated by syntactic properties of particle verbs, the particle is treated as a dependent of the verb. The particle is combined with its head after inflection and derivation. With such an approach no special mechanisms for the analysis of particle verbs are necessary.
Scientific naturalism and the neurology of religious experience
Authors: RATCLIFFE MATTHEW
Published: August 2003

In this paper, I consider V. S. Ramachandran's in-principle agnosticism concerning whether neurological studies of religious experience can be taken as support for the claim that God really does communicate with people during religious experiences. Contra Ramachandran, I argue that it is by no means obvious that agnosticism is the proper scientific attitude to adopt in relation to this claim. I go on to show how the questions of whether it is (1) a scientifically testable claim and (2) a plausible hypothesis, serve to open up some important philosophical issues concerning interpretive backgrounds that are presupposed in the assessment of scientific hypotheses. More specifically, I argue that naturalism or scientific objectivism in its various forms is not simply a neutral or default methodological backdrop for empirical inquiry but involves acceptance of a specific ontology, which functions as an implicit and unargued constitutive commitment. Hence, these neurological studies can be employed as a lever with which to disclose something of the ways in which different frameworks of interpretation, both theistic and atheistic, serve differently to structure and give meaning to empirical findings.
How a single personal revelation might not be a source of knowledge
Authors: MAWSON T. J.
Published: August 2003

Many of those who come to a belief in the God of classical theism do so solely as a result of having had an experience which they believe it is reasonable for them to interpret as a revelation of His existence directly and graciously given to them by God Himself. I shall argue that – at least in the first instance – such people should probably not think of themselves as knowing that there is a God if they are also traditional libertarians and believe in Robert Nozick's theory of knowledge.
Special safeguards for developing country agriculture: a proposal for WTO negotiations
Authors: VALDÉS ALBERTO , FOSTER WILLIAM
Published: August 2003

Trade liberalization, particularly QR elimination, enhances border-to-domestic price transmission. A political obstacle to further liberalization (and to exposure to greater price transmission) in developing countries is fear of extended ‘low price’ periods in import-competing sectors. World commodity prices show shock persistence and asymmetry, with short-duration spikes and longer-duration troughs. Developing countries are unlikely to adopt fiscally burdensome domestic programs to compensate for persistent low-price episodes, making border measures attractive. WTO Special Safeguards could address low price problems, but present rules exclude their use by most developing countries. A possible modification of the Special Safeguard Clause could encourage reduction of overall protection. World price characteristics and the implications of low price periods for import-competing farmers are reviewed. To manage low-price risk under WTO commitments a restricted price floor policy could be implemented through a Special Safeguard Mechanism. An example illustrates the levels, frequency and duration of such a price-floor-based surcharge.
Open regionalism in the Andean Community: a trade flow analysis
Authors: CREAMER GERMÁN
Published: August 2003

This article evaluates the extent to which the establishment of the Andean Free Trade Zone (AFTZ) has led to an improvement of intra-regional trade, as promised by open regionalism, without reducing extra-regional trade. Open regionalism is a dynamic process in which economic agreements serve as intermediate steps towards integration with the world economy. The calculations of ex post income elasticities of import demand show that the establishment of the AFTZ in 1993 led to an increase in Andean Community trade, and not to a contraction of extra-regional trade. The intensity of trade index and the propensity to export intra- and extra-regionally confirm this finding. The article discusses these results in the context of the multilateral trading system and the trade relations between the Andean Community and the rest of the world.
Sources of sediment found in sea ice from the western Arctic Ocean, new insights into processes of entrainment and drift patterns
Authors: Darby Dennis A.
Published: August 2003

The geochemical fingerprint of entrained Fe oxide mineral grains in Arctic Ocean sea ice is used to determine precise sources of this sediment. This approach substantiates the importance of the Laptev Sea as a source of sea ice and even the presence of Russian ice in the Beaufort Sea off Alaska. Fe oxide grains from the Laptev Sea were found in floes in the Beaufort Sea, Chukchi Borderland, and central Arctic Ocean, demonstrating the importance of sea ice in distributing itself throughout the Arctic Ocean and the potential of transporting sediment from Russian rivers to North American shelves. Banks Island shelf is the most important source of sediment sampled from ice floes in the Beaufort Sea, northern Chukchi Sea, and Chukchi Borderland area. Although most of the entrained sediment fits the criteria for suspension freezing in shallow water, the presence of winter polynyas with offshore winds and not the size of shallow areas appears to be the critical factor for sea ice entrainment. Seven of the 18 ice floes sampled contained Fe oxide grains from more than one source area. The two most common sources that are found in the same ice floes are Banks Island and the Laptev Sea. Multiple sources in ice floes suggest that either mingling of fragmented ice floes occurs or that a source area containing grains from both these sources has yet to be located. The addition of fine, sand‐sized, windblown sediment is not thought to be significant.
GCIP water and energy budget synthesis (WEBS)
Authors: Roads J. , Lawford R. , Bainto E. , Berbery E. , Chen S. , Fekete B. , Gallo K. , Grundstein A. , Higgins W. , Kanamitsu M. , Krajewski W. , Lakshmi V. , Leathers D. , Lettenmaier D. , Luo L. , Maurer E. , Meyers T. , Miller D. , Mitchell K. , Mote T. , Pinker R. , Reichler T. , Robinson D. , Robock A. , Smith J. , Srinivasan G. , Verdin K. , Vinnikov K. , Vonder Haar T. , Vörösmarty C. , Williams S. , Yarosh E.
Published: August 2003

As part of the World Climate Research Program's (WCRPs) Global Energy and Water‐Cycle Experiment (GEWEX) Continental‐scale International Project (GCIP), a preliminary water and energy budget synthesis (WEBS) was developed for the period 1996–1999 from the “best available” observations and models. Besides this summary paper, a companion CD‐ROM with more extensive discussion, figures, tables, and raw data is available to the interested researcher from the GEWEX project office, the GAPP project office, or the first author. An updated online version of the CD‐ROM is also available at http://ecpc.ucsd.edu/gcip/webs.htm/. Observations cannot adequately characterize or “close” budgets since too many fundamental processes are missing. Models that properly represent the many complicated atmospheric and near‐surface interactions are also required. This preliminary synthesis therefore included a representative global general circulation model, regional climate model, and a macroscale hydrologic model as well as a global reanalysis and a regional analysis. By the qualitative agreement among the models and available observations, it did appear that we now qualitatively understand water and energy budgets of the Mississippi River Basin. However, there is still much quantitative uncertainty. In that regard, there did appear to be a clear advantage to using a regional analysis over a global analysis or a regional simulation over a global simulation to describe the Mississippi River Basin water and energy budgets. There also appeared to be some advantage to using a macroscale hydrologic model for at least the surface water budgets.
A modeling study of the stratospheric NOx/NOy and NOx/HNO3 ratios: Single‐ versus dual‐channeled mode of OH, NO2 association
Authors: Prasad Sheo S.
Published: August 2003

UARS observations bearing upon the NOx/NOy and NOx/HNO3 ratios were revisited within the framework of advances in laboratory studies that were spurred by the findings, around 1999, of considerable model underestimation of the observations. The objective was to study the two models of the OH, NO2 association reaction, one that considers the single HNO3 product channel and the other that considers dual HNO3 and HOONO products channels. Rate coefficients of the OH + HNO3 and the single‐channeled OH + NO2 → HNO3 reactions recommended in JPL00‐3 produce remarkably improved agreement between the modeled and observed NOx/HNO3 and NOx/NOy, compared to the case with the recommendations in JPL‐97. This agrees with the results of other previous studies, such as those using the Photochemistry of Ozone Loss in the Arctic Region in Summer and MkIV data. The consumption of OH, NO2 pair in the lower stratosphere via the three‐body association occurs at almost the same rate (within ±5%) whether the single‐ or the double‐channeled version of that process is used with rate coefficients from JPL00‐3. However, only 70–80% of this consumption yields HNO3 in the dual‐channeled version, compared to 100% in the case of the single‐channeled version. Consequently, the dual‐channeled model of HNO3 formation performs better than the single‐channeled model in predicting NOx/HNO3 and NOx/NOy ratios. At 46.4 mbar, for example, the mean percentage difference between the modeled and the observed NOx/HNO3 equals about −10%, if HOONO is included. The corresponding number is about −19% when HOONO is excluded. Because laboratory experiments on OH, NO2 association that directly detect HOONO isomer are still maturing, further studies are needed. Further studies are also needed to understand the intriguing tendency of the model‐measurement differences to maximize around 20 mbar.
Numerical simulation of the large‐scale North American monsoon water sources
Authors: Bosilovich Michael G. , Sud Yogesh C. , Schubert Siegfried D. , Walker Gregory K.
Published: August 2003

A general circulation model that includes water vapor tracer (diagnostics is used to delineate the dominant sources of water vapor for precipitation during the North American monsoon. A 15‐year model simulation carried out with 1‐degree horizontal resolution and time‐varying sea surface temperature is able to produce reasonable large‐scale features of the monsoon precipitation. Within the core of the Mexican monsoon, continental sources provide much of the water for precipitation. Away from the Mexican monsoon (eastern Mexico and Texas), continental sources generally decrease with monsoon onset. Tropical Atlantic Ocean sources of water gain influence in the southern Great Plains states, where the total precipitation decreases during the monsoon onset. Pacific Ocean sources do contribute to the monsoon but tend to be weaker after onset. Evaluating the development of the monsoons, soil water and surface evaporation prior to monsoon onset do not correlate with the eventual monsoon intensity. However, the most intense monsoons do use more local sources of water than the least intense monsoons, but only after the onset. This suggests that precipitation recycling is an important factor in monsoon intensity.
Modulation of cosmic ray protons in the heliosheath
Authors: Langner U. W. , Potgieter M. S. , Webber W. R.
Published: August 2003

A contemporary numerical model including a solar wind termination shock, a heliosheath, and drifts is used to study the features of cosmic ray proton modulation in the outer heliosphere. Voyager and Pioneer spacecraft observations over 22 years and out to ∼82 AU have shown markedly different behavior for minimum modulation conditions between the radial intensity profiles for periods of opposite magnetic polarities and that most of the residual modulation for these periods took place in the outer heliosphere, near and beyond where the termination shock is expected to be. The modeling results show that the inclusion of a termination shock in the modulation model for solar minimum conditions causes abrupt changes in the radial gradients, gr, at the termination shock, at almost all energies of interest to modulation studies. During A > 0 solar magnetic field polarity cycles this “barrier” effect contributes ∼60% to the overall modulation at 0.5 GeV. However, for A < 0 cycles the contribution at this energy is markedly smaller. For increased solar activity the modulation in the heliosheath is quite different from minimum activity. The heliosheath does not any longer play the role of a distinguished “barrier,” although abrupt changes in gr at the shock may still occur, especially for A > 0 cycles, surprisingly more so for higher energies.
Identification of three novel SEDL mutations, including mutation in the rare, non‐canonical splice site of exon 4
Authors: Shaw MA , Brunetti‐Pierri N , Kádasi L , Kovácová V , Van Maldergem L , De Brasi D , Salerno M , Gécz J
Published: August 2003

Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia tarda (SEDT) is an X‐linked recessive disorder, characterized by disproportionately short stature and degenerative joint disease, which manifests in the early teens. The gene responsible for SED tarda, SEDL, has been identified in Xp22. We report on three novel SEDL mutations. The first mutation is in the rare, non‐canonical 5′ splice site of intron 4 (IVS4+4T>C) in an Italian family. Reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR) analysis has revealed that this mutation causes alternative splicing of exon 5, and, as a consequence, inclusion of exon 4b sequence. This gives rise to an altered, truncated SEDL protein. We also describe two new deletions: one is a 4‐bp deletion in exon 6 [333–336del(GAAT)], identified in a Slovak patient with SEDT, and one is a 1.335‐kb deletion (in5/ex6del), found in a Belgian patient. The identification of these novel mutations in SEDL adds to the spectrum of 30 mutations previously identified. A short summary of all currently known SEDL gene mutations is presented.
Personal theories of inheritance, coping strategies, risk perception and engagement in hereditary non‐polyposis colon cancer families offered genetic testing
Authors: McAllister M
Published: August 2003

From the geneticist's (or ‘genetic counsellor’s') perspective, lay models of inheritance can be perceived as problematic because they might interfere with understanding and acceptance of the explanation of inheritance provided in genetic counselling. The work presented here forms part of a larger qualitative grounded‐theory study where the aim was to develop theory that could explain variations in adjustment to genetic testing for hereditary non‐polyposis colon cancer (HNPCC). Ten of the 29 individuals interviewed who were at 50% or 25% risk used a ‘personal theory of inheritance’ to justify or explain a belief that they did, or did not, carry the family mutation. Two others indicated that, as a coping strategy, they chose to believe themselves to be carriers. This article presents part of the theory of engagement that was constructed using this data, relating to the process of development of risk perception. The theory suggests that for some individuals, these beliefs can form part of a process of coping and coming to terms with risk. An exploration of these processes may help practitioners to better understand the complexity of risk perception in individuals at genetic risk for cancer, particularly those preparing for predictive test results. Further development and testing of the theory is discussed.
No justification of routine screening for 22q11 deletions in patients with overt cleft palate
Authors: Ruiter EM , Bongers EMHF , Smeets DFCM , Kuijpers‐Jagtman AM , Hamel BCJ
Published: August 2003

The velo–cardio–facial syndrome (VCFS), caused by a submicroscopic deletion of chromosome 22q11, is the most common syndrome that has palatal anomalies as a major feature. A possible strategy for early detection of VCFS is routine screening for 22q11 deletions in all infants with cleft palate (CP). The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether this strategy is preferable to testing on clinical suspicion. At the Nijmegen Cleft Palate Craniofacial Center, 58 new patients with overt CP were routinely tested, using fluorescencein situhybridization (FISH), for a 22q11 deletion. One deletion was identified in a newborn girl with an overt CP who was clinically not suspected of having VCFS. Based on this study (n = 45) and the literature (n = 54), the prevalence of 22q11 deletions among children with CP, but without any other symptoms of VCFS, is estimated to be one in 99. We take the view that this figure is rather low and that early discovery will rarely have significant clinical or genetic consequences. Because CP patients remain under medical attention, almost all of the infants with isolated CP and VCFS will be recognized as having the syndrome at a later age when additional features have developed. Therefore, we conclude that routine FISH testing for 22q11 deletions in infants with overt CP is not indicated, provided clinical follow‐up is guaranteed.
The first nonsense mutation in alsin results in a homogeneous phenotype of infantile‐onset ascending spastic paralysis with bulbar involvement in two siblings
Authors: Devon RS , Helm JR , Rouleau GA , Leitner Y , Lerman‐Sagie T , Lev D , Hayden MR
Published: August 2003

Eight mutations in the ALS2 gene have been described as causing autosomal‐recessive juvenile‐onset forms of the motor neuron diseases amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, primary lateral sclerosis and hereditary spastic paraplegia. All mutations are small deletions that are predicted to result in a frameshift and premature truncation of the alsin protein. Here we describe a ninth ALS2 mutation, in two siblings affected by infantile‐onset ascending spastic paraplegia with bulbar involvement. This mutation is predicted to result in the substitution of an amino acid by a stop codon, and thus is the first nonsense mutation detected in this gene. It is probable that full‐length alsin is required for the proper development and/or functioning of upper motor neurons.