bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SENSIBILIDADE DO MODELO DISTRIBUÍDO HIDROLÓGICO DA BIOSFERA ÀS PROPRIEDADES HÍDRICAS DO SOLO EM UMA PEQUENA BACIA DE CERRADO
Authors: Valdés Roilan Hernández , Tatsch Jônatan Dupont , Cabral Osvaldo Machado Rodrigues , Rocha Humberto Riveiro da , Brasilio Emilia Maria dos Santos , Goergen Guilherme , Mendoza Felipe Rafael Theodorovitz , Parcianello André Fogliarini , Kannenberg Carolina
Published: August 2016

For modeling of hydrologic processes that occur on the scale of watersheds to characterize the availability of water in it, you need a physical model that can represents the topography, vegetation and soil characteristics. On the other hand, the variables that provide atmospheric forcing require great accuracy and models are sensitive to them mainly to rainfall, it is the main input in hydrological modeling. This study focuses on evaluation of four physical parameters of soil in hydrologic modeling in Giant Foot basin, SP, Brazil with DBHM model. The study period covers the years 2009-2014, FAO’s soil maps were used for the physical characterization of the basin, and the MODIS for vegetation data (LAI and FPAR). Domain of 500 m for spatial resolution in a basin area of 11.94 km2. Was used a basic configuration that let determine the influence of soil parameters in the water content results for the surface layer up to 1 m. It shows higher water retention in the soil to high values of the Campbell parameter, matric potential and porosity; sensitivity to hydraulic conductivity depends on the relationship with the daily accumulated rainfall.
ESTUDO DA RAZÃO DE BOWEN EM UMA ÁREA DE FLORESTA NO SUDOESTE DA AMAZÔNIA
Authors: Soares Maylla Caroline Rodrigues , Webler Alberto Dresch
Published: August 2016

The changes mainly occurred in the hydrological cycle are associated with anthropogenic changes. In Brazil are already seen possible changes in the southwestern region that has suffered from water scarcity in their reservoirs. Understanding the Bowen ratio in the Amazon region becomes important to try to understand this ecosystem, since such information connect regional climate change. The latent heat fluxes were analyzed (λE) and sensible heat (H) in REBIO Jaru to determine the reason for Bowen and seek possible climate interactions in humid, wetdry, dry, dry-wet periods in 2009. The results observed in these periods in the Bowen ratio were 0:21; 0:24; 0:30; 0:21, and show that the forest little changes with seasonality during the year unlike the transition of biomes (Amazon - cerrado) and pasture area.
PARAMETRIZAÇÃO CONVECTIVAS E SIMULAÇÃO EXPLÍCITA: TESTES DE SENSIBILIDADE PARA SISTEMAS CONVECTIVOS AMAZÔNICOS
Authors: Anabor Vagner , Puhales Franciano Scremin , Piva Everson Dal , Acevedo Otávio Costa
Published: August 2016

The WRF(Weather Research and Forecastiong Model) is used to simulate Mesoscale Convective Systems occurred between 18-21 june 2014 close to ZF-2/LBA experimental site, Manuas, AM, Brazil. The main objective is to verify the convective parametrization Betts-MillerJanjic, a deep layer controled scheme, and Kain-Fritsch, a low level control scheme in simulations of tropical storms over the Amazon. The simulation least 72h with nested domains of 12 and 3 km. The evolution of convective systems, convective mode, cold pools and outdrafts were observed. The convective scheme Kain-Fritsch reproduced realistics storms with convective mode, propagation and downdrafts which resembles the usual observations.
ESTIMATIVA DA PARTIÇÃO DE ENERGIA NA SUPERFÍCIE
Authors: Brondani Daiane De Vargas , Acevedo Otávio Costa , Valente Fabíola
Published: August 2016

This paper is a complementary analysis to method development, which proposes to estimate the energy partition on the surface by Bowen ratio method and height of convective boundary layer on the monthly scale based on the average temporal evolution of the variables air temperature and specific humidity. The basic hypothesis is that the evolution of these quantities is controlled solely by the convergence of surface fluxes of sensible and latent heat. This assumption is valid for monthly scale and in regions of middle latitudes away from the coast. Thus, it is assumed that the advective terms of the balance equation of these quantities in the convective boundary layer, the prefrontal situations and post-frontal have opposite sign. Therefore, using for a longer time scale than the typical scale of the passage of synoptic systems, the cancellation terms of hypothesis can be tested. In this study, the method is applied to the region of Santa Maria, where it is assumed that the conditions allowing despise the advective terms in monthly scale are valid. When testing the method on different time scales: 5,10,15,20 and 30 days, smaller errors temperature and specific humidity were for 15 and 30 days, while the sensible heat and latent heat fluxes showed lower relative errors at 20 and 30 days, respectively.
ESTIMATIVA DA INFILTRAÇÃO DA ÁGUA EM UM SOLO DE VÁRZEA ATRAVÉS DO MODELO DE GREEN-AMPT COM AJUSTES DE PARÂMETROS
Authors: Dockhorn Wendler De Almeida , Moreira Virnei Silva , Maldaner Silvana , Prunzel Jaqueline , Moreira Vanessa Silva , Roberti Debora Regina
Published: August 2016

The need to find a model that describes the process of water infiltration into the soil which could be more closer to the reality is extremely important, especially considering the physical characteristics of a soil has, because a better understanding of this process is of fundamental importance for the efficient management of soil and water in agricultural crops. This study aims to validate the model of Green-Ampt in a rice-growing area. The experiment was conducted in the experimental site of Paraíso do Sul - RS, where soil samples were collected for physical analysis and used the double ring infiltrometer to obtain the values of cumulative infiltration. The results obtained through the Green-Ampt model did not generate acceptable results for application. With the development of the work, it was concluded that for the implementation of Green-Ampt model it is necessary to find a new parameter setting proposal that can describe the process of infiltration to the soil type studied.
SENSIBILIDADE DE PARAMETRIZAÇÕES DE CAMADA LIMITE PLANETÁRIA DO WRF SINGLE-COLUMN MODELING PARA O CENTRO DE LANÇAMENTO DE ALCÂNTARA
Authors: Ramos Diogo Nunes da Silva , Fernandez Julio Pablo Reyes , Fisch Gilberto Fernando
Published: August 2016

This study evaluates the planetary boundary layer (PBL) by the sensitivity of different PBL parameterizations for the Alcântara Rocket Launch Center (CLA). The study was produced using two distinct databases, an observational and other numeric. The observational data in surface and radiosondes were of the CHUVA Project for the Alcantara campaign and applied in comparison with the WRF-SCM integrations. These integrations were obtained using five PBL parameterizations (YSU, MYJ, QNSE, MYNN2 and TEMF) in the WRF model (3.7.1) in its version of Single-Column Model (SCM), with initial condition of NCEP’s global model final analysis (FNL/GFS) for 18Z on March 5, 2010, integrating for 30 hours simulations considering spin-up (6 + 24 hours). The overall results do not highlight a standardization of quality of some parameter, despite the MYNN, QNSE and YSU schemes have been closer to the observations at different situations. The PBL height determination was better simulated with YSU and QNSE schemes, and with MYJ to air temperature at 2m. Importantly, the dynamic limitations that an SCM model has also adding the complexity of the Alcântara site and its coastal features of meso and large scale (eg breezes and ITCZ). These problems motivates the future studies, for example, with three-dimensional microscale models such as LES.
GRADIENT-DIFFUSION CLOSURE AND THE EJECTION-SWEEP CYCLE IN CONVECTIVE BOUNDARY LAYERS
Authors: Ghannam Khaled , Duman Tomer , Katul Gabriel , Chamecki Marcelo
Published: August 2016

The inadequacy of conventional gradient-diffusion closure in modeling turbulent heat flux within the convective atmospheric boundary-layer is often alleviated by accounting for nonlocal transport. Such nonlocal effects are a manifestation of the inherent asymmetry in vertical transport in the convective boundary layer, which is in turn associated with third-order moments (skewness and fluxes of fluxes). In this work, the role of these third-order moments in second-order turbulence closure of the sensible heat flux is examined with the goal of reconciling the models to various closure assumptions. Surface layer similarity theory and mixed-layer parametrizations are used here, complemented by LES results when needed. The turbulent heat flux with various closure assumptions of the flux transport term is solved, including both local and nonlocal approaches. We connect to ejection-sweep cycles in the flow field using the GramCharlier cumulant expansion of the joint probability distribution of vertical velocity and potential temperature. In this nonlocal closure, the transport asymmetry models that include the vertical velocity skewness as a correction term to H originate from ejection-sweep events. Vertical inhomogeneity results in a modified-skewness correction to the nonlocal contribution to the heat flux associated with the relative intensity of ejections and sweeps.
Behavior ground cover space-time in the of Paraíba state
Authors: Alves Telma Lucia Bezerra , Azevedo Pedro Vieira de , Santos Francineide Amorim Costa
Published: August 2016

Studies on the use and land cover are very important and report on changes in the earth's surface, often caused by human action. In this context, this study aimed to characterize the use and land cover in the state of Paraiba. A time series of products (MCD12Q1) the sensor Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) for the period 2003 to 2012. We used the classification of the type 3, which takes into account the leaf area index was used (LAI) and photosynthetically active radiation fraction (fPAR). An adaptation of the product classification was made, which is global, for the types of vegetation in the state of Paraiba. The results show a predominance of Savannah coverage (Caatinga) comprising the mesoregions the Sertão and Borborema. The mesoregions do Agreste and Litoral presented in the first three years of the series, a denser vegetation of broadleaf crops (wet forest), Grasses / cereals (transition vegetation) and shrubs (Caatinga tree). In addition, urban areas increased over the study period. The product used can be useful for monitoring the soil cover of the organs of state environmental management. Keywords: remote sensing, vegetation, climate
Spatial dynamics of rainfall erosivity in the Taperoá river basin, semiarid region of Paraíba
Authors: Maciel Jadson dos Santos , Xavier Rafael Albuquerque
Published: August 2016

The rainfall by rainfall erosivity is the natural element that participates more actively in soil erosion because the rain is the main factor that causes the landscape modeling and must be studied to obtain information about the intensification of the process erosion. In general, if all other factors are held constant the only variable in time and space scales are the rains making the loss of soil proportional to rainfall erosivity. Before it was necessary to evaluate the potential of rainfall erosivity in the Taperoá River basin (SBHRT), describing the spatial and temporal, which is the main objective of this work. 22 posts rainfall data were used, obtained from the DCA / UFCG site, and from them we determined the erosivity factor. Through geoprocessing tools have been created maps that showed the spatial and temporal variability of rainfall and its erosivity. All analyzes were worked through Qgis 2.14 software, and through interpolation techniques were generated maps that show the erosive potential of the basin. The results show that the SBHRT an irregular seasonal distribution of rainfall erosivity with a peak in March and April; generally the sub-basin has a high and medium erosive potential and consequently high potential for soil loss by erosion, especially in the western sector where the erosive potential is considered very high and high.
September Problems
Authors: Pelikan Stephan , DeJarnette Anna F. , Phelps Stephen
Published: August 2016

A monthly set of problems is aimed at a variety of ability levels.
Unlocking the Structure of Positive and Negative Numbers
Authors: Bishop Jessica Pierson , Lamb Lisa L. , Philipp Randolph A. , Whitacre Ian , Schappelle Bonnie P.
Published: August 2016

Reasoning about integers provides students with rich opportunities to look for and make use of structure.
Debunking Myths about the Standards for Mathematical Practice
Authors: Mateas Victor
Published: August 2016

Teachers can benefit from productive and manageable suggestions to align instruction to the intention of the Common Core's Standards for Mathematical Practice.
Hundred Chart Challenge
Authors: Switzer J. Matt
Published: August 2016

Each month, this section of the Problem Solvers department showcases students' in-depth thinking and discusses the classroom results of using problems presented in previous issues of Teaching Children Mathematics. In this month's Problem Solvers Solutions, readers have a window into students' number and operation sense in the early elementary grades. Second and third graders were presented with problem-solving tasks using a hundred chart consisting of two number cards and a challenge card aligned to an addition or subtraction structure. Drawing on the structure of the hundred chart and prior knowledge, students were able to articulate their solution strategies.
Learning from the Unknown Student
Authors: Barlow Angela T. , Gerstenschlager Natasha E. , Harmon Shannon E.
Published: August 2016

Three instructional situations demonstrate the value of using an “unknown” student's work to allow the advancement of students' mathematical thinking as well as their engagement in the mathematical practice of critiquing the reasoning of others.
Functional Human and Murine Tissue-Engineered Liver Is Generated from Adult Stem/Progenitor Cells
Authors: Mavila Nirmala , Trecartin Andrew , Spurrier Ryan , Xiao Yi , Hou Xiaogang , James David , Fu Xiaowei , Truong Brian , Wang Clara , Lipshutz Gerald S. , Wang Kasper S. , Grikscheit Tracy C.
Published: August 2016

Liver disease affects large numbers of patients, yet there are limited treatments available to replace absent or ineffective cellular function of this crucial organ. Donor scarcity and the necessity for immunosuppression limit one effective therapy, orthotopic liver transplantation. But in some conditions such as inborn errors of metabolism or transient states of liver insufficiency, patients may be salvaged by providing partial quantities of functional liver tissue. After transplanting multicellular liver organoid units composed of a heterogeneous cellular population that includes adult stem and progenitor cells, both mouse and human tissue-engineered liver (TELi) form in vivo. TELi contains normal liver components such as hepatocytes with albumin expression, CK19-expressing bile ducts and vascular structures with α-smooth muscle actin expression, desmin-expressing stellate cells, and CD31-expressing endothelial cells. At 4 weeks, TELi contains proliferating albumin-expressing cells and identification of β2-microglobulin-expressing cells demonstrates that the majority of human TELi is composed of transplanted human cells. Human albumin is detected in the host mouse serum, indicating in vivo secretory function. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometric analysis of mouse serum after debrisoquine administration is followed by a significant increase in the level of the human metabolite, 4-OH-debrisoquine, which supports the metabolic and xenobiotic capability of human TELi in vivo. Implanted TELi grew in a mouse model of inducible liver failure.
The amyloid-beta forming tripeptide cleavage mechanism of γ-secretase
Authors: Bolduc David M , Montagna Daniel R , Seghers Matthew C , Wolfe Michael S , Selkoe Dennis J
Published: August 2016

γ-secretase is responsible for the proteolysis of amyloid precursor protein (APP) into short, aggregation-prone amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptides, which are centrally implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Despite considerable interest in developing γ-secretase targeting therapeutics for the treatment of AD, the precise mechanism by which γ-secretase produces Aβ has remained elusive. Herein, we demonstrate that γ-secretase catalysis is driven by the stabilization of an enzyme-substrate scission complex via three distinct amino-acid-binding pockets in the enzyme’s active site, providing the mechanism by which γ-secretase preferentially cleaves APP in three amino acid increments. Substrate occupancy of these three pockets occurs after initial substrate binding but precedes catalysis, suggesting a conformational change in substrate may be required for cleavage. We uncover and exploit substrate cleavage preferences dictated by these three pockets to investigate the mechanism by which familial Alzheimer’s disease mutations within APP increase the production of pathogenic Aβ species.
Performance of a SiC-nanowire-based explosive-emission pulsed plasma electron source
Authors: Xun Tao , Zhang Jian-de , Li Gong-yi , Zhao Xue-long , Hu Tian-jiao , Yang Han-wu
Published: August 2016

Large-scale, well-aligned SiC nanowires (SiCNWs) were developed and their performance as an explosive-emission cathode driven by a high-voltage pulse modulator (450 kV, 120 ns) is reported. The current density was on the order of 1.2 kA/cm2 at an electric field of 90 kV/cm. By comparison with polymer velvets, the SiCNW-based cathodes showed a larger current amplitude, a smaller ignition delay, more uniform surface plasmas, and constant diode impedances during the pulse flattop. The SiCNWs also showed a very small variation in current density in the shot-to-shot mode, which suggests an outstanding advantage in terms of cathode lifetime.
Optical constants of off-stoichiometric aluminum oxide thin film in 6–20 nm soft-X-ray/extreme ultraviolet region
Authors: Sinha Mangalika , Sharma Saurabh , Singh Amol , Modi Mohammed H.
Published: August 2016

In this study, the optical constants of a sputter-deposited aluminum oxide thin film are measured in the soft-X-ray wavelength region of 6–20 nm using an angle-dependent X-ray reflectivity technique at the Indus-1 synchrotron radiation source. The chemical composition of the aluminum oxide thin film is analyzed by an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy technique. Grazing incidence X-ray reflectivity results indicate that the density of the film is lower (2.93 g·cm−3) than that of bulk alumina (3.97 g·cm−3). The experimentally obtained optical constants correlate with the film composition and density. It is found that the experimentally measured delta and beta values are 5–33% higher than the tabulated values except those near the Al L edge (17 nm) region, where the experimentally obtained beta values are 7–20% lower and the delta values are 50–120% higher. This large mismatch observed between the experimental values and Henke et al. data is attributed to the reduced film density and the presence of a mixed phase of AlO
x
and Al2O3, as evidenced by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
Characterization of nanocarbon deposited on insulator substrate by alcohol chemical vapor deposition
Authors: Tsujimoto Marina , Murata Hidenobu , Tachibana Masaru
Published: August 2016

Single-layer-graphene-like nanocarbon materials were directly deposited on c-plane sapphire substrates by thermal chemical vapor deposition with ethanol as a carbon source. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images show that the deposited materials have sheetlike grains of around 100 nm diameter. Most of them have “hills” with 32 nm diameter on the grains. According to atomic force microscopy (AFM) observation, the height of the sheetlike grains is below 1 nm, which is comparable to that of single-layer graphene, while the hills have a height of several nm. Raman spectra show that the material is similar to graphitic nanocarbon, which has a strong D band. This result implies that there are a number of defects in the nanocarbon materials.
Low-temperature oxidation of 4H-SiC using oxidation catalyst SrTi1−
xMgxO3−δ
Authors: Li Li , Ikeda Akihiro , Asano Tanemasa
Published: August 2016

A thermal oxidation method with SrTi1−

x
Mg
x
O3−δ used as an oxidation catalyst is proposed to oxidize the 4H-SiC surface at low temperatures. The rate constant for the interfacial reaction of the 4H-SiC(0001) Si-face at 800 °C is enhanced by approximately two orders of magnitude from that of conventional dry oxidation. The method enables the production of a gate SiO2 layer of a MOSFET at temperatures below 900 °C. Electrical characterization of the MOS interface suggests that the catalytic oxidation produces similar interface state densities to those produced by conventional dry oxidation in the energy range of 0.2–0.5 eV from the conduction band edge at 1300 °C.
Psychological distress of residents in Kawauchi village, Fukushima Prefecture after the accident at Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station: the Fukushima Health Management Survey
Authors: Yoshida Koji , Shinkawa Tetsuko , Urata Hideko , Nakashima Kanami , Orita Makiko , Yasui Kiyotaka , Kumagai Atsushi , Ohtsuru Akira , Yabe Hirooki , Maeda Masaharu , Hayashida Naomi , Kudo Takashi , Yamashita Shunichi , Takamura Noboru
Published: August 2016

Background

To shed light on the mental health of evacuees after the accident at Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station (FDNPS), we evaluate the results of the Fukushima Health Management Survey (FHMS) of the residents at Kawauchi village in Fukushima, which is located less than 30 km from the FDNPS.

Methods

We conducted the cross-sectional study within the framework of the FHMS. Exposure values were “anorexia,” “subjective feelings about health,” “feelings about sleep satisfaction,” and “bereavement caused by the disaster,” confounding variables were “age” and “sex,” and outcome variables were “K6 points.” We collected data from the FHMS, and employed the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K6) and the posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Checklist Stressor-Specific Version (PCL-S) to carry out the research. A total of 13 or greater was the cut-off for identifying serious mental illness using the K6 scale. The study subjects included residents (n = 542) of over 30 years of age from Kawauchi village, and data were used from the period of January 1, 2012 to October 31, 2012.

Results

A total of 474 residents (87.5%) scored less than 13 points in the K6 and 68 (12.6%) scored 13 points or more. The proportion of elderly residents (over 65 years old) among people with K6 score above the cut-off was higher than that among people with K6 score below the cut-off (44.1 vs 31.0%, p < 0.05). In addition, the proportion of residents with anorexia and mental illness among people with K6 score above the cut-off was higher than among people with K6 score below the cut-off (p < 0.001 and p < 0.05, respectively). The amount of residents who scored 44 points or more in the PCL-S among people with K6 score above the cut-off was also considerably higher than among people with K6 score below the cut-off (79.4 vs 12.9%, p < 0.001). Interestingly, the proportion of residents who scored more than among people with K6 score above the cut-off and the among people with PCL-S score above the cut-off in Kawauchi was higher than in previous studies in other locations.

Conclusions

These results suggest that there are severe mental health problems, such as depression and PTSD, among adults as a consequence of the accident at the FDNPS. Our study showed that residents who lived in the evacuation zone before the disaster are at high risk psychological distress. To facilitate local residents’ recovery from Fukushima, there is a need to continue providing them with physical and mental support, as well as communication regarding the health risks of radiation.
Knowledge of blood loss at delivery among postpartum patients
Authors: Farber Michaela K. , Miller Claire M. , Ramachandran Bharathi , Hegde Priya , Akbar Kulsum , Goodnough Lawrence Tim , Butwick Alexander J.
Published: August 2016

Background

Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is a leading cause of obstetric morbidity. There is limited understanding of patients’ knowledge about blood loss at delivery, PPH, and PPH-related morbidities, including transfusion and anemia.

Methods

We surveyed 100 healthy postpartum patients who underwent vaginal or cesarean delivery about blood loss, and whether they received information about transfusion and peripartum hemoglobin (Hb) testing. Responses were compared between women undergoing vaginal delivery vs. cesarean delivery;P< 0.05 considered as statistically significant.

Results

In our cohort, 49 women underwent vaginal delivery and 51 women underwent cesarean delivery. Only 29 (29%) of women provided blood loss estimates for their delivery. Women who underwent cesarean delivery were more likely to receive clear information about transfusion therapy than those undergoing vaginal delivery (43.1% vs. 20.4% respectively;P= 0.04). Women who underwent vaginal delivery were more likely to receive results of postpartum Hb tests compared to those undergoing cesarean delivery (49% vs. 29.4%;P= 0.02).

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that women are poorly informed about the magnitude of blood loss at delivery. Hematologic information given to patients varies according to mode of delivery. Further research is needed to better understand the clinical implications of patients’ knowledge gaps about PPH, transfusion and postpartum anemia.
Aquatic insects dealing with dehydration: do desiccation resistance traits differ in species with contrasting habitat preferences?
Authors: Pallarés Susana , Velasco Josefa , Millán Andrés , Bilton David T. , Arribas Paula
Published: August 2016

Background

Desiccation resistance shapes the distribution of terrestrial insects at multiple spatial scales. However, responses to drying stress have been poorly studied in aquatic groups, despite their potential role in constraining their distribution and diversification, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions.

Methods

We examined desiccation resistance in adults of four congeneric water beetle species (Enochrus, family Hydrophilidae) with contrasting habitat specificity (lenticvs.lotic systems and different salinity optima from fresh- to hypersaline waters). We measured survival, recovery capacity and key traits related to desiccation resistance (fresh mass, % water content, % cuticle content and water loss rate) under controlled exposure to desiccation, and explored their variability within and between species.

Results

Meso- and hypersaline species were more resistant to desiccation than freshwater and hyposaline ones, showing significantly lower water loss rates and higher water content. No clear patterns in desiccation resistance traits were observed between lotic and lentic species. Intraspecifically, water loss rate was positively related to specimens’ initial % water content, but not to fresh mass or % cuticle content, suggesting that the dynamic mechanism controlling water loss is mainly regulated by the amount of body water available.

Discussion

Our results support previous hypotheses suggesting that the evolution of desiccation resistance is associated with the colonization of saline habitats by aquatic beetles. The interespecific patterns observed inEnochrusalso suggest that freshwater species may be more vulnerable than saline ones to drought intensification expected under climate change in semi-arid regions such as the Mediterranean Basin.
Evolution of the climatic tolerance and postglacial range changes of the most primitive orchids (Apostasioideae) within Sundaland, Wallacea and Sahul
Authors: Kolanowska Marta , Mystkowska Katarzyna , Kras Marta , Dudek Magdalena , Konowalik Kamil
Published: August 2016

The location of possible glacial refugia of six Apostasioideae representatives is estimated based on ecological niche modeling analysis. The distribution of their suitable niches during the last glacial maximum (LGM) is compared with their current potential and documented geographical ranges. The climatic factors limiting the studied species occurrences are evaluated and the niche overlap between the studied orchids is assessed and discussed. The predicted niche occupancy profiles and reconstruction of ancestral climatic tolerances suggest high level of phylogenetic niche conservatism within Apostasioideae.
Genome-wide identification and characterization of GRAS transcription factors in sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera)
Authors: Wang Yu , Shi Shenglu , Zhou Ying , Zhou Yu , Yang Jie , Tang Xiaoqing
Published: August 2016

The GRAS gene family is one of the most important plant-specific gene families, which encodes transcriptional regulators and plays an essential role in plant development and physiological processes. The GRAS gene family has been well characterized in many higher plants such asArabidopsis, rice, Chinese cabbage, tomato and tobacco. In this study, we identified 38 GRAS genes in sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera), analyzed their physical and chemical characteristics and performed phylogenetic analysis using the GRAS genes from eight representative plant species to show the evolution of GRAS genes inPlanta. In addition, the gene structures and motifs of the sacred lotus GRAS proteins were characterized in detail. Comparative analysis identified 42 orthologous and 9 co-orthologous gene pairs between sacred lotus andArabidopsis, and 35 orthologous and 22 co-orthologous gene pairs between sacred lotus and rice. Based on publically available RNA-seq data generated from leaf, petiole, rhizome and root, we found that most of the sacred lotus GRAS genes exhibited a tissue-specific expression pattern. Eight of the ten PAT1-clade GRAS genes, particularly NnuGRAS-05, NnuGRAS-10 and NnuGRAS-25, were preferentially expressed in rhizome and root. In summary, this is the firstin silicoanalysis of the GRAS gene family in sacred lotus, which will provide valuable information for further molecular and biological analyses of this important gene family.
Whole gut microbiome composition of damselfish and cardinalfish before and after reef settlement
Authors: Parris Darren J. , Brooker Rohan M. , Morgan Michael A. , Dixson Danielle L. , Stewart Frank J.
Published: August 2016

The Pomacentridae (damselfish) and Apogonidae (cardinalfish) are among the most common fish families on coral reefs and in the aquarium trade. Members of both families undergo a pelagic larvae phase prior to settlement on the reef, where adults play key roles in benthic habitat structuring and trophic interactions. Fish-associated microbial communities (microbiomes) significantly influence fish health and ecology, yet little is known of how microbiomes change with life stage. We quantified the taxonomic (16S rRNA gene) composition of whole gut microbiomes from ten species of damselfish and two species of cardinalfish from Lizard Island, Australia, focusing specifically on comparisons between pelagic larvae prior to settlement on the reef versus post-settlement juvenile and adult individuals. On average, microbiome phylogenetic diversity increased from pre- to post-settlement, and was unrelated to the microbial composition in the surrounding water column. However, this trend varied among species, suggesting stochasticity in fish microbiome assembly. Pre-settlement fish were enriched with bacteria of the Endozoicomonaceae, Shewanellaceae, and Fusobacteriaceae, whereas settled fish harbored higher abundances of Vibrionaceae and Pasteurellaceae. Several individual operational taxonomic units, including ones related toVibrio harveyi,Shewanella sp., and unculturedEndozoicomonasbacteria, were shared between both pre and post-settlement stages and may be of central importance in the intestinal niche across development. Richness of the core microbiome shared among pre-settlement fish was comparable to that of settled individuals, suggesting that changes in diversity with adulthood are due to the acquisition or loss of host-specific microbes. These results identify a key transition in microbiome structure across host life stage, suggesting changes in the functional contribution of microbiomes over development in two ecologically dominant reef fish families.
Northeast sector of the Greenland Ice Sheet to undergo the greatest inland expansion of supraglacial lakes during the 21st century
Authors: Ignéczi Ádám , Sole Andrew J. , Livingstone Stephen J. , Leeson Amber A. , Fettweis Xavier , Selmes Nick , Gourmelen Noel , Briggs Kate
Published: August 2016

The formation and rapid drainage of supraglacial lakes (SGL) influences the mass balance and dynamics of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS). Although SGLs are expected to spread inland during the 21st century due to atmospheric warming, less is known about their future spatial distribution and volume. We use GrIS surface elevation model and regional climate model outputs to show that at the end of the 21st century (2070–2099) approximately 9.8 ± 3.9 km3 (+113% compared to 1980‐2009) and 12.6 ± 5 km3 (+174%) of meltwater could be stored in SGLs under moderate and high representative concentration pathways (RCP 4.5 and 8.5), respectively. The largest increase is expected in the northeastern sector of the GrIS (191% in RCP 4.5 and 320% in RCP 8.5), whereas in west Greenland, where the most SGLs are currently observed, the future increase will be relatively moderate (55% in RCP 4.5 and 68% in RCP 8.5).
Seismic velocity changes associated with aseismic deformations of a fault stimulated by fluid injection
Authors: Rivet Diane , De Barros Louis , Guglielmi Yves , Cappa Frédéric , Castilla Raymi , Henry Pierre
Published: August 2016

Fluid pressure plays an important role in the stability of tectonic faults. However, the in situ mechanical response of faults to fluid pressure variations is still poorly known. To address this question, we performed a fluid injection experiment in a fault zone in shales while monitoring fault movements at the injection source and seismic velocity variations from a near‐distance (<10 m) monitoring network. We measured and located the P and S wave velocity perturbations in and around the fault using repetitive active sources. We observed that seismic velocity perturbations dramatically increase above 1.5 MPa of injection pressure. This is consistent with an increase of fluid flow associated with an aseismic dilatant shearing of the fault as shown by numerical modeling. We find that seismic velocity changes are sensitive to both fault opening by fluid invasion and effective stress variations and can be an efficient measurement for monitoring fluid‐driven aseismic deformations of faults.
Early Clinical Features in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Can They Be Used to Achieve Earlier Diagnosis? A Risk Prediction Model
Authors: Rees Frances , Doherty Michael , Lanyon Peter , Davenport Graham , Riley Richard D. , Zhang Weiya , Grainge Matthew J.
Published: September 2016

Objective

To compare the primary care consulting behavior, prior to diagnosis, of people with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) with controls, and to develop and validate a risk prediction model to aid earlier SLE diagnosis.

Methods

We included a total of 1,739 incident SLE cases practice‐matched to 6,956 controls from the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink. Using logistic regression, odds ratios were calculated for age, sex, consultation rates, selected presenting clinical features, and previous diagnoses in the 5 years preceding diagnosis date. A risk prediction model was developed from pre‐selected variables using backward stepwise logistic regression. Model discrimination and calibration were tested in an independent validation cohort of 1,831,747 patients.

Results

People with SLE had a significantly higher consultation rate than controls (median 9.2 versus 3.8 per year), which was in part attributable to clinical features that occur in SLE. The final risk prediction model included the variables age, sex, consultation rate, arthralgia or arthritis, rash, alopecia, sicca, Raynaud's phenomenon, serositis, and fatigue. The model discrimination and calibration in the validation sample was good (receiver operating characteristic curve 0.75, 95% confidence interval 0.73, 0.78). However, absolute risk predictions for SLE were typically less than 1% due to the rare nature of SLE.

Conclusion

People with SLE consult their general practitioner more frequently and with clinical features attributable to SLE in the 5 years preceding diagnosis, suggesting that there are potential opportunities to reduce diagnostic delay in primary care. A risk prediction model was developed and validated that may be used to identify people at risk of SLE in future clinical practice.
2D Thin Nanoflakes Assembled on Mesoporous Carbon Nanorods for Enhancing Electrocatalysis and for Improving Asymmetric Supercapacitors
Authors: Shang Pei , Zhang Jianan , Tang Wanyu , Xu Qun , Guo Shaojun
Published: August 2016

Carbon nanomaterials are of great interest as the advanced supports of electrochemical active materials to enhance their performances, however, little knowledge has been put into understanding whether the pores of carbon nanomaterials as supports can tune the performance of energy storage and conversion devices due to the lack of methods for making porous carbon nanomaterials. Herein, this study demonstrates the use of 1D ordered mesoporous carbon nanorods (OMCRs) with high surface area as a new class of supports for 2D ultrathin MoS2 and MnO2 nanoplates to create the interesting hierarchical nanohybrids (MoS2@OMCRs and MnO2@OMCRs), respectively. With the significant role of OMCRs in optimizing the electron and charge transportation, MoS2@OMCRs exhibits remarkable activity for catalyzing hydrogen evolution reaction with a low onset overpotential of 105 mV and low Tafel slope of 40 mV dec−1, much better than those of MoS2@ carbon nanofibers. Significantly, the asymmetric supercapacitor based on MnO2@OMCRs as anode and OMCRS as cathode displays a maximum specific capacitance up to 100 F g−1 at 0.2 A g−1 and a high energy density of 55.2 W h kg−1 at the power density of 200 W kg−1 within a wide operating voltage of 2.0 V. The present work highlights the important role of the mesoporous carbon support in achieving the advanced energy storage and conversion.
An Environmentally Sustainable Mechanochemical Route to Hydroxamic Acid Derivatives
Authors: Mocci Rita , Luca Lidia De , Delogu Francesco , Porcheddu Andrea
Published: August 2016

An operationally simple, and cost efficient conversion of carboxylic acids into hydroxamic acid derivatives via a high‐energy mechanochemical activation is presented. This ball milling methodology was applied to a wide variety of carboxylic acids dramatically improving purification issues associated with this class of molecules, which still remain one of the main bottlenecks of classical methodologies.

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Polysilylether: A Degradable Polymer from Biorenewable Feedstocks
Authors: Cheng Chen , Watts Annabelle , Hillmyer Marc A. , Hartwig John F.
Published: September 2016

The synthesis of polysilylethers (PSEs) using a monomer derived from a biorenewable feedstock is reported. The AB‐type monomer was synthesized from undecenoic acid through hydrosilylation and reduction, and the polymerization was catalyzed by earth‐abundant metal salts. High‐molar‐mass products were achieved, and the degree of polymerization was controlled by varying the amount of an AA‐type monomer in the reaction. The PSEs possess good thermal stability and a low glass‐transition temperature (Tg≈−67 °C). To demonstrate the utility of the PSEs, polyurethanes were synthesized from low‐molar‐mass hydroxy‐telechelic PSEs.
Comparative Rates of Serious Infections Among Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Receiving Immunosuppressive Medications
Authors: Feldman Candace H. , Marty Francisco M. , Winkelmayer Wolfgang C. , Guan Hongshu , Franklin Jessica M. , Solomon Daniel H. , Costenbader Karen H. , Kim Seoyoung C.
Published: September 2016

Objective

While infection burden is high among patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), there is uncertainty about whether infection rates differ by immunosuppressive drug regimens. We undertook this study to compare infection rates among SLE patients newly initiating immunosuppressive therapy with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), azathioprine (AZA), or cyclophosphamide (CYC).

Methods

Within the Medicaid Analytic eXtract database (2000–2010; 29 most populated US states), we identified adults with SLE starting MMF, AZA, or CYC treatment. We estimated propensity scores for receipt of MMF versus AZA and MMF versus CYC based on sociodemographic, comorbidity, and medication use information. After 1:1 propensity score matching, we estimated incidence rates of serious infections up to 6 and 12 months after drug initiation and used Cox regression to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) of first infection and death, with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). We performed primary intent‐to‐treat (ITT) and secondary as‐treated analyses.

Results

We studied 1,350 propensity score–matched pairs of MMF and AZA initiators and 674 propensity score–matched pairs of MMF and CYC initiators. In 6‐month ITT analyses, the incidence rate per 100 person‐years for first serious hospitalized infection was 14.6 in MMF users and 15.2 in AZA users (HR of MMF versus AZA 0.99 [95% CI 0.74–1.32]). Comparing MMF to CYC, the incidence rate per 100 person‐years for first serious infection was 24.1 in MMF users and 24.6 in CYC users (HR 0.95 [95% CI 0.69–1.32]). There were no differences in mortality in either comparison. As‐treated analyses yielded similar results.

Conclusion

In a nationwide longitudinal study of Medicaid SLE patients at high risk of infection, rates of serious infection and mortality did not differ among new users of MMF, AZA, or CYC.
Boron Lewis Acid Promoted Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Hydrogenation of Amides: An Efficient Approach to Secondary Amines
Authors: Yuan Ming‐Lei , Xie Jian‐Hua , Zhou Qi‐Lin
Published: August 2016

The hydrogenation of amides to amines has been developed by using the catalyst [Ru(H)2(CO)(Triphos)] (Triphos=1,1,1‐tri(diphenylphosphinomethyl)ethane) and catalytic boron Lewis acids such as B(C6F5)3 or BF3⋅Et2O as additives. The reaction provides an efficient method for the preparation of secondary amines from amides in good yields with high selectivity.
Mechanistic Insights into the Iridium‐Catalyzed Hydrogenations of α,β‐Unsaturated Ketones
Authors: Engel Julien , Mersmann Stefanie , Norrby Per‐Ola , Bolm Carsten
Published: August 2016

The highly enantioselective hydrogenation of linear enones catalyzed by Ir complexes that bear a chiral P,N ligand have been investigated computationally. Compared to the results of previous studies, the mechanism is different because of the coordination of the substrate. In the favored pathway Ir stays in the +3 oxidation state throughout the entire catalytic cycle, the olefinic group is coordinated trans to the ligand N atom, and the carbonyl group binds trans to a spectator hydride. After migratory insertion, a H2 coordinates and delivers the second H atom by σ‐metathesis. The calculated path rationalizes the observed enantioselectivities and allows the development of a predictive quadrant model for this class of substrate–ligand combination.
Enantioselective Rhodium(I)‐Catalyzed Additions of Arylboronic Acids to N‐1,2,3‐Triazole‐Isatin Derivatives: Accessing N‐(1,2,3‐Triazolmethyl)‐3‐hydroxy‐3‐aryloxindoles
Authors: Marques Carolina S. , Burke Anthony J.
Published: August 2016

Oxindoles and triazoles are very privileged frameworks in medicinal chemistry, and thus for the first time we report a catalytic asymmetric route that affords hitherto unknown families of N‐(1,2,3‐triazolmethyl)‐3‐hydroxy‐3‐phenyloxindoles using cheap biomass‐derived isatin precursors, rhodium catalysts (at only 3 mol % loading), phosphane ligands, and arylboron reagents under mild conditions. We successfully obtained these compounds with good yields (up to 98 % in the nonasymmetric series) and enantioselectivities in the range 84–95 % ee. The reaction is very versatile, tolerant of a wide range of functional groups, and broad in reaction scope.
Functionalized Graphene Quantum Dots as Efficient Visible‐Light Photocatalysts for Selective Solar Fuel Production from CO2
Authors: Yadav Dolly , Yadav Rajesh K. , Kumar Abhishek , Park No‐Joong , Baeg Jin‐Ook
Published: August 2016

Functionalized graphene quantum dots (fGQDs) as visible‐light‐harvesting photocatalysts for solar fuel production from CO2 is explored for the first time. The highly efficient light‐harvesting fGQDs photocatalyst upon integration with the biocatalyst performs highly selective CO2 reduction to formic acid. The results are a benchmark example of GQD based materials as photocatalysts for selective production of solar fuels from CO2 and opens up possibilities for greener synthesis of other value added chemicals.
Three‐Dimensional Nanoporous Conducting Polymer Poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) Decorated with Copper Nanoparticles: Electrochemical Preparation and Enhanced Nonenzymatic Glucose Sensing
Authors: Liu Shuo , Ma Yihui , Zhang Ruiqiao , Luo Xiliang
Published: August 2016

Nanoporous conducting polymers have attracted much attention due to their tunable redox performances, outstanding environmental stability, and extensive potential applications. Herein, three‐dimensional (3D) nanoporous poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) was electrochemically prepared by using a hard‐template method, and Cu nanoparticles (CuNPs) were further loaded into the porous PEDOT nanostructure through electrodeposition. Because the 3D nanoporous PEDOT possesses a large surface area and is highly stable and conductive, it provides an excellent substrate for the loading of a large amount of CuNPs. The prepared porous CuNPs/PEDOT nanocomposite exhibited an excellent electrocatalytic property toward the oxidation of glucose owing to its unique microstructure, in which the loaded CuNPs provide many active sites for the oxidation of glucose and the 3D porous structure can facilitate the diffusion of glucose molecules and accelerate electron transfer. Under optimum conditions, the porous nanocomposite‐modified electrode displayed a wide linear range for glucose detection from 0.1 to 482.1 μm, with a detection limit of 52 nm. The sensitivity of the glucose sensor (329.6 μA mm−1 cm−2) was about eight times higher than that of an electrode modified with CuNPs on planar PEDOT, which indicates a significant enhancement effect associated with the 3D nanoporous structure.
Encapsulation of Arenes within a Porous Molybdenum Oxide {Mo132} Nanocapsule
Authors: Sarma Bidyut Bikash , Avram Liat , Neumann Ronny
Published: August 2016

The use of confined space to modulate chemical reactivity and to sequester organic compounds spans significant disciplines in chemistry and biology. Here, the inclusion and assembly of arenes into a water‐soluble porous metal oxide nanocapsule [{(MoVI)MoV5O21(H2O)6}12{MoV2O4(CH3COO)}30]42− (Mo132) is reported. The uptake of benzene, halobenzenes, alkylbenzenes, phenols, and other derivatives was studied by NMR, where it was possible to follow the encapsulation process from the outside of the capsule through its pores and then into the interior. The importance of size or shape of the arenes, and various intermolecular bond interactions contributed by the benzene substituent on the encapsulation process was studied, showing the importance of π–π stacking and CH–π interactions. Furthermore, by using NOESY, ROESY, and HOESY NMR techniques it was possible to understand the interaction of the encapsulated arenes and the acetate linkers or ligands that line the interior of the Mo132 capsule.