bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hubungan Kompetensi Sosial Guru Pendidikan Agama Islam terhadap Pembentukan Karakter Siswa Kelas VIII MTs Miftahul Jannah Pantai Cermin Kecamatan Tanjung Pura
Authors: Aisyah Umi , Nurmisdaramayani  Nurmisdaramayani  , Azmi Fauzan
Published: October 2021

This research is concerned with the relationship of the social competence of Islamic religious education teachers to the formation of students' character. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship of social competence of Islamic religious education teachers to the character formation of eighth grade students of Madrasah Tsanawiyah Miftahul Jannah Pantai Cermin. This research is a quantitative research research. The implementation of this research was carried out in 2021 in April to June 2021. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship of the social competence of Islamic religious education teachers to the character building of the eighth grade students of Madrasah Tsanawiyah Miftahul Jannah Pantai Cermin. the two variables have a significant relationship. To prove this, the author conducted a study on the title. This research was conducted on 69 students of class VIII Madrasah Tsanawiyah Miftahul Jannah Pantai Cermin which were used as research samples. Data collection tools are library research, observation, questionnaires and interviews. The results of the questionnaire were processed by tabulating the data to determine the frequency. Based on the discussion of the research results in this thesis, it can be seen that the social competence of Islamic religious education teachers for class VIII Madrasah Tsanawiyah Miftahul Jannah Pantai Cermin is very good (59%). While the character formation of grade VIII Madrasah Tsanawiyah Miftahul Jannah Pantai Cermin students in general is very good (54%). The results of the tabulation calculation between the relationship of the social competence of Islamic religious education teachers to the character formation of the eighth grade students of Madrasah Tsanawiyah Miftahul Jannah Pantai Cermin with a moderate or sufficient level of significance.
Management of tubal pregnancies - an audit
Authors: Surray Sunando , Sharan Veena
Published: October 2021

The management of tubal pregnancy has changed since the first descriptions of it by the Victorian surgeon and founder of the Medical Defence Union, John Lawson Tait, but it still presents his successors with a major challenge. Dr Surray and Mrs Sharan report from Furness General Hospital on their audit of this dangerous condition, the incidence of which is rising with the increased prevalence of Chlamydia infection.
Fifty years on
Authors: Proctor Harry
Published: October 2021

This is the first of two short reminiscences by Dr Proctor, who was a partner at the Stoneleigh Medical Practice in Milnthorpe until his retirement in the early 1990s.
Experimental testing and numerical simulation of granules as crash absorber for double hull structures
Authors: Woitzik Christian
Published: October 2021

In the maritime sector, the collision safety is an essential aspect of ship operation. Aiming at further ­improvements,­the­filling­of­the­cavity­in­a­double­hull­structure­with­granular­material­is­investigated­in­this­ ­thesis.­ In­order­to­do­so,­the­potential­of­different­granules­is­determined­experimentally,­along­with­thedescription of their material parameters as particles and as a bulk material, respectively. Furthermore, a ­simplified­side­hull­structure­is­designed­for­experimental­testing,­followed­by­a­numerical­study­of­differentmaterial models for the granules. This leads to the simulation of a realistic collision scenario, showing the potential in the maritime industry.

Contents

1 Introduction 1

1.1 Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.2 State of the art . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

1.3 Purpose and scope of this thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

1.4 Outline of this thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

2 Constitutive equations and numerical implementation 6

2.1 Constitutive equations . . . . . . . ....
18. Yüzyıl İstanbul Şer‘iyye Sicilleri’ne Yansıyan Konular Üzerinden Aile Mefhumu Hakkında Bazı Değerlendirmeler
Authors: ALACA Hanife
Published: October 2021

Toplumun temelini oluşturan aile dini, kültürel, siyasi ve ekonomik gibi birçok etkinin altında kalarak şekillenmiştir. Bu nedenle her toplumun kendine özgü bir aile yapısı bulunmaktadır. İncelenen dönemde İstanbul’da aile yapısını ortaya koyabilmek için başvurulacak kaynakların başında şer‘iyye sicilleri gelmektedir. Aile hayatının ortaya konulabilmesi için şer‘iyye sicilleri içerisinde yer alan tereke kayıtları başta olmak üzere evlenme ve boşanma kayıtları ile ilgili belgeler dikkate alınarak değerlendirilmiştir. Bu kayıtlarla bir ailenin oluşum sürecinde namzed başta olmak üzere evlenme, boşanmalar ile bunların sebepleri, eş ve çocuk sayıları ortaya çıkarılmıştır.

Çalışmamızın temel kaynağını 92, 150, 151, 172 ve 197 Numaralı İstanbul Şer‘iyye Sicilleri oluşturmuştur. Bu siciller, 1709 ve 1749 yıllarına ait barındırdığı kayıtlarla belirli bir döneme ışık tutmaktadır. Sicillerde çok sayıda tereke kaydı bulunması sosyo-ekonomik verilerin yanında aile kurumuna dair bilgiler sunması bakımından da oldukça önemlidir. Aile hayatı açısından birinci el kaynaklar arasında yer alan bu siciller içerdiği veriler ışığında, 18. yüzyılın İstanbul’da yaşayan ailesi ele alınarak, Osmanlı aile yapısı hakkında genel bir çıkarıma gidilmiştir.
Türk Yerel Yönetimlerinin Yasal ve Yapısal Dönüşümünde Fransa ve İngiltere Örneklerinin Etkisi
Authors: EROL Veysel
Published: October 2021

Son yıllarda dünyada her alanda hızlı bir değişim ve dönüşüm süreci yaşanmaktadır. Bu değişim ve dönüşüm süreci, yalnızca teknoloji ve bilim alanında etkili olmamakta, bununla birlikte birçok ülkenin kamu yönetimi anlayışında da değişiklikler meydana getirmektedir. Özellikle 1980 sonrasında yeni kamu yönetimi anlayışı çerçevesinde Türkiye dâhil birçok ülkenin yönetim yapısında köklü değişikliklere gittiği görülmektedir. Türkiye’de kamu yönetimi alanında yaşanan gelişmeler ve yeni kamu yönetimi anlayışına geçiş süreci, Türk yerel yönetimlerini de doğrudan etkilemiş ve bu çerçevede yeni reformlar hayata geçirilmiştir. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye’de yeni kamu yönetimi anlayışıyla birlikte yerel yönetimlerin dönüşümü ve Fransa ve İngiltere’de yerel yönetim sistemlerinin Türk yerel yönetim sistemine olan etkileri ayrıntılı bir şekilde incelenmektedir. Çalışmada, özellikle son yıllarda Türkiye’de yerel yönetimler üzerinde yapılan reform çalışmalarının Fransa ve İngiltere’de yerel yönetimlerde yapılan reformlardan hangi boyutlarda etkilendiğinin ortaya konulması amaçlanmış ve bundan sonra yerel yönetimler alanında yapılacak olan reformlarda nasıl bir yol izlenmesi gerektiği konusunda öneriler getirilmiştir.
İttihat ve Terakki’nin Milli İktisat Politikalarının Neticesi Oluşan Bir Zümre: Harp Zenginleri ve Bu Zümrenin Türk Romanına Yansıması
Authors: TÜRKMENOĞLU Mustafa , TÜRKMENOĞLU Sevgül
Published: October 2021

Milli İktisat, İttihat ve Terakki’nin en güçlü olduğu 1913-1918 yılları arasında uygulanan iktisat politikalarına verilen addır. Ancak Milli iktisat bu zaman aralığını aşarak Cumhuriyet döneminin iktisadi anlayışına da esin kaynağı olmuştur. Milli iktisat politikaları uygulanırken İttihat ve Terakki’ye yakın kimselere imtiyazlı davranılması sonucu savaş ortamından doğmuş zengin bir kesim ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu kesim, harp zengini olarak isimlendirilir. Bu zenginler halktan ya da devletin gücünü kullanan devlet çalışanları içinden çıkmıştır. Harp zenginleri o dönem yeni ortaya çıkan bir kesim olarak edebiyatın da ilgisini çekmiştir. Bu çalışmada Osmanlı’nın son dönemini önemli ölçüde etkilemiş bir hareket olan İttihat ve Terakki ve onun ortaya koyduğu Milli İktisat anlayışı; iktisat, siyasi tarih ve edebiyat bağlamında ele alınmıştır. Çalışmanın ilk kısmında Osmanlı iktisadi anlayışı hakkında genel bir değerlendirme yapılmıştır. Daha sonra İttihat ve Terakki ve onun iktisadi anlayışı olan milli iktisat hakkında bilgi verilmiştir. Son kısımda ise İttihat ve Terakki’nin Milli İktisat anlayışından ortaya çıkmış harp zenginlerinin Türk romanında ele alınışı değerlendirilmiştir.
Variation in free and bound water molecules in different homeopathic potencies as revealed by their Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
Authors: Chakraborty Indrani , Datta Soumita , Sukul Anirban , Chakravarty Rathin , Sukul Nirmal C.
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND

Homeopathic potencies 12CH and above cross the Avogadro number, and as such do not contain any original drug molecules in their aquous ethanol medium. It is thought H-bonded water structures preserved by ethanol carry the information of initial drug molecules. Potentized drugs show some differences with respect to their infrared (IR) absorption spectra. In a water-ethanol solution, free water molecules vary according the concentration of ethanol. In the present study the concentration of ethanol has been kept constant at 0.03 molar fraction in 6 different homeopathic potencies.

OBJECTIVE

To see whether different homeopathic potencies having fixed ethanol content show variation in free water molecules.

METHODS

Two potencies like 8CH and 32CH of three homeopathic drugs Natrum mur, Cantharis and Nux vomica were used in the study, and their ethanol concentration was kept fixed at 0.03 molar fraction. The control was considered to be aquous ethanol at the same concentration. Spectrum of pure water was also taken. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) absorption spectra were obtained in the wave number region of 4000 â€“ 2800 cm-1. The half-width at half-maximum was measured for each spectrum. The intensity of each spectrum was normalized at 3410 cm-1 close to the peak. The difference spectrum (absorbance of drug solution â€“ absorbance of pure water) for each drug and the control was obtained.

RESULTS

FTIR spectra showed variation in absorbance intensity on both the high and low frequency side of the O-H stretching band in different drugs as well as the control. The C-H stretching band of 2977 cm-1 also showed variation in intensity in different drugs. In the difference spectra the absorbance intensity at the dip at 3630 cm-1 varied in different drugs and the control. The decrease in intensity at 3630 cm-1 and subsequent rise in intensity at lower frequency region represent the level of free water molecules and strong alcoholic O-H band around 3250 cm-1, respectively.

CONCLUSION

The drug and the control solutions show distinct variation in their FTIR spectra. The drugs have different levels of bound and free water molecules although their ethanol concentration is same.

KEY WORDS

Homeopathic potencies, FTIR spectra, free water molecules, intensity and difference spectrum.
EXTREME PRECIPITATION IN THE EUROPEAN ARCTIC IN SUMMER: STATISTICS AND SYNOPTIC MODELS
Authors:   Lomonosov Moscow State University, KISLOV A.V. , ANTIPINA U.I. ,   Izrael Institute of Global Climate and Ecology, KORNEVA I.A. ,   Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: October 2021

Extreme precipitation in summer is classified in terms of belonging to the certain baseline probability distribution. The Pareto distribution can be used as its approximation. Events deviating from the baseline distribution are represented by the largest daily total precipitation. For them, the compliance with the probability (or the average repetition time) is completely lost, that is, any anomalies can occur, but they do not exceed some limit values typical of the Arctic. Thus, for the entire set of extremes, a specific distribution law of random variables can be introduced, that describes anomalies not exceeding certain absolute values; the presence of the boundary is felt only when approaching it. For 50 analyzed years at each station in the European Arctic, approximately four such anomalies were recorded. Synoptic objects in which super-large precipitation anomalies occur are determined: these are cyclones or pressure troughs with high water vapor content in the air (exceeding ~25 kg/m2) and with mesoscale systems embedded into the fronts, which are characterized by the vertical wind shear.
STUDYING PHYSICAL MECHANISMS OF DEVELOPMENT OF BLACK SEA QUASI-TROPICAL CYCLONES USING A HIGH-RESOLUTION ATMOSPHERE MODEL
Authors:   Hydrometeorological Research Center of the Russian Federation, ZARIPOV R.B. , PAVLYUKOV YU. B. ,   Central Aerological Observatory, KRUPCHATNIKOV V.N. ,   Institute of Numerical Mathematics and Mathematical Geophysics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences,   Siberian Regional Research Hydrometeorological Institute,   Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: October 2021

High-resolution modeling is implemented to investigate an evolution of two quasi-tropical cyclones (QTC) over the Black Sea: in September of 2005 and 2018. For comparison, the quasi-tropical hurricane Zorba, that developed over the Mediterranean Sea at the end of September 2018, is considered. An assessment of factors leading to the origination and intensification of QTCs is carried out, and the predictability of the phenomenon is studied. The authors tried to reduce the analysis to the parameters obtained directly as a result of mesoscale nonhydrostatic modeling. In all the considered cases, the period of active development of cyclones was preceded by the formation of a core of warm air above the sea surface; the moisture inflow from the lateral boundaries was more important in the moisture balance. It is found that coarser spatial resolution predictions are more successful for large QTCs.
DUST/SAND STORM INITIATION DIAGNOSIS USING EMPIRICAL DATA
Authors:   Nuclear Safety Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, BYCHKOVA V.I. , PRIPACHKIN D.A. ,   Nuclear Safety Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, RUBINSHTEIN K.G. ,   Nuclear Safety Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences,   Hydrometeorological Research Center of the Russian Federation
Published: October 2021

When forecasting dust/sand storms, it is extremely important to determine meteorological conditions favoring the wind-induced lifting of particles, especially critical wind speed above which the separation of particles from the surface occuru. The results of comparison of dust storm diagnosis skill using five methods for the determination of critical wind speed are presented. The methods are validated using the weather station observation series for 10 years (2010-2019).
ICING EFFECTS ON AIR TRANSPORT OPERATION: STATE-OF-THE-ART AND PREDICTION PROBLEMS
Authors:   Hydrometeorological Research Center of the Russian Federation, IVANOVA A.R.
Published: October 2021

The review of the studies dealing with the effects of icing on airtransport operation is presented. The problems of ground-based icing leading to the deterioration of runways and complication of pre-flight aerodrome operations are discussed. The reasons for the in-flight aircraft icing, the tools and methods of icing observation, the approaches to the forecasting of icing in clouds and precipitation are considered. The methods for predicting the icing of aircraft engines in the zones with high concentration of ice crystals are analyzed.
INFLUENCE OF THERMODYNAMIC MODEL RESOLUTION ON THE SIMULATION OF ICE THICKNESS EVOLUTION IN THE SEA OF AZOV
Authors:   Marine Hydrophysical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, ZAV'YALOV D.D. , SOLOMAKHA T.A. ,   Marine Hydrophysical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: October 2021

A nonstationary thermodynamic model simulating the seasonal variability of ice thickness and snow depth in the northeastern Sea of Azov is presented. The model considers the dependence of thermophysical characteristics of ice on its temperature and salinity. The model is numerically implemented on the grid with a variable vertical step, which allows maintaining high spatial resolution for calculating temperature profiles of ice during its formation and melting. The influence of the spatiotemporal resolution of the model on the simulation of seasonal variations in ice thickness is evaluated for the head of the Taganrog Bay in winter of 2016/17. The dependence of simulation results on the grid spacing is demonstrated. Boundary values of spatiotemporal grid steps are determined, whose further decrease does not lead to a noticeable improvement in the forecast of seasonal variations in ice thickness in the Sea of Azov and of the simulation of the temperature profile within it.
STRUCTURE OF THE RIVER DELTA AND SALINITY OF THE CLOSING RESERVOIR
Authors:   Murmansk Marine Biological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, MATISHOV G.G. , IL'ICHEV V.G. ,   Southern Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, DASHKEVICH L.V. ,   Southern Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: October 2021

On the basis of theoretic-probability analogies, a quantitative characteristic of diversity of the river delta, the variance, is proposed. The series of computer experiments with a hydrological model demonstrate that an increase in the variance of the delta structure reduces the intraannual amplitude of fluctuations in salinity of the closing reservoir. The simulations for the Don River and Taganrog Bay (the Sea of Azov) used as the closing reservoir show that modern climatic change and anthropogenic factors reduce the proper functioning of the River Don arms. Therefore, there is a prospect of decrease in the variance of river runoff and, hence, destabilization and increase in the variability of salinity in the closing reservoir.
Qualitative Research Interviewing: Typology of Graduate Students' Interview Questions
Authors: Ballena Constantino T.
Published: October 2021

This paper is a corpus linguistics research that examined the typology of questions asked by graduate students who did papers that solely followed qualitative research interviewing.  Corpus linguistics is a methodological approach employed to analyze patterns of language use in naturally occurring texts. The paper investigated the breadth and structure of the interview questions and the unproductive questions found in the corpus. The corpus consisted of 7,516 interview questions examined following the structure-breadth-function typology of questions as a framework.  The corpus was analyzed by identifying the patterns of the interview questions for these to be properly typologized. Results revealed that Wh- questions (5,365 of the 7,516 questions or 71.381%) were the most frequently asked interview questions, followed by the yes-no questions (1,455 or 19.359%). Tell-Explain-Describe or TED questions (6 or 0.106%) had the least frequency of occurrence. Additionally, closed-ended questions (3,977 or 52.914%) were more prevalent than open-ended questions (3,539 or 47.086%).  While a total of 802 prefaced questions were identified with so-prefaced questions as the most pervasive (446 or 56.611%).  Finally, the study results showed that leading and multiple questions constituted the unproductive interview questions, the latter being the most preponderant with 700 or 55.556% of the 1,260 unproductive questions.  The subcategorizations yes-no and wh- leading questions; and multiple yes-no, multiple yes-no-wh-, and multiple wh- (serial and single) questions are nowhere to be found in the available literature on interview questions, thus adding to the value of the present study. The quality of qualitative research interviewing is facilitated by the typology of questions interviewers asked based on the structure and breadth of the questions. Generally, the wh- open-ended type is the more appropriate one in qualitative research interviewing.
Algebraic Skills and Academic Achievement in Mathematics of Grade 7 Students in a Philippine Chinese School
Authors: Garinganao Nery S. , Bearneza Francis Jose D.
Published: October 2021

Mathematics achievement is an essential part of a student's academic achievement. However, teaching and learning mathematics is a significant concern in education, especially in distance learning.  This paper described the algebraic skill level and academic achievement in mathematics of Grade 7 students of a Chinese high school. Also, it determined the difference in their level of algebraic skills according to learning modality. It determined whether a significant relationship exists between algebraic skills and academic achievement. Using the researcher-made questionnaire and students' secondary data (average grade from the first quarter to the fourth quarter in Mathematics), mean, standard deviation, Kruskal-Wallis, and Spearman's rho were used. Results reveal that the level of algebraic skills were average while academic achievement levels were approaching proficient. No significant difference was found in their algebraic skills level according to learning modality. However, the significant low relationship was found between the students’ level of algebraic skills and academic achievement.
Implementation of Public Employment Services in a Philippine Local Government Unit
Authors: Bachita Elma B. , Bayoneta Ma. Johanna Ann R.
Published: October 2021

The Public Employment Service Office is responsible for implementing labor market programs to promote full employment and equality of employment services. This study assessed the level of implementation of the services of the public employment service office of a component city in the areas of local employment in terms of labor market information, referral and placement, career and employment coaching, provision of livelihood and employment programs, and special employment in terms of reintegration assistance, employability enhancement, pre-employment counseling, and other services as assessed by local and overseas jobseekers and local business and overseas employment agencies.  It also investigated the challenges encountered by the respondents in availing these services. This descriptive-comparative study used a researcher-made survey instrument administered to randomly selected local and overseas job seekers and local and overseas business and employment agencies.  Using descriptive and inferential analyses, the study yielded a very high level of implementation which implies that the services by the PESO promoted job generation and addressed unemployment although, a significant difference was revealed in the implementation of labor market information and self-employment programs and services. The study recommended the enactment of local laws to enhance employment facilitation.
Co-creating a repository of best-practices for collaborative translation
Authors: Désilets Alain , Van der Meer Jaap
Published: October 2021

Collaborative translation has the potential for significantly changing how we translate content. However, successful deployment of this kind of approach is far from trivial, as it presents potential adopters with a rich and complex envelope of processes and technologies, whose respective impacts are still poorly understood. The present paper aims at facilitating this kind of decision making, by describing and cataloguing current best-practices in collaborative translation. More precisely, we present a collection of Design Patterns which was created collectively by a small group of practitioners, at a one-day roundtable hosted by the Translation Automation Users Society in October of 2011. This collection has been put on an open wiki site (www.collaborative-translation-patterns.com) in the hopes that other practitioners in the field will refine and augment it.
Translation ethics wikified: How far do professional codes of ethics and practice apply to non-professionally produced translation?
Authors: Drugan Joanna
Published: October 2021

Translation involves ethical decision-making in challenging contexts. Codes of practice help professional translators identify ethical issues and formulate appropriate, justifiable responses. However, new and growing forms of community translation operate outside the professional realm, and substantial differences exist between the two approaches. How relevant, then, are professional codes in the new contexts? What alternative ‘codes’ (stated or implicit) have been developed by the new groups? The content of professional codes is compared here to a broad range of community approaches to identify themes common across both, and areas where the new community might be making an original contribution. This reveals different priorities in the professional and non-professional codes. Community translation initiatives have found novel solutions to some ethical problems and challenges, particularly in self-regulation and community policing, improved interpretation of code content, an emphasis on shared values rather than individual rights, and strong mentoring.
Les modes de conceptualisation des unités d'hérédité au XIXe siècle : Spencer, Haeckel et Elsberg
Authors: Vandaele Sylvie , Béland Marie-Claude
Published: October 2021

Ever since the end of the 19th century, the biological sciences have been preoccupied with the elucidation of the complex mechanisms underlying heredity. They were faced with a fundamental problem: how does a given phenotypic trait (e.g., skin or fur color) correspond to a physical entity, more often than not putative, responsible for its transmission from one generation to the next. The discovery and subsequent characterization of the unit of inheritance (unité d’hérédité) is thus the central focus of research on heredity in many fields, namely genetics, population genetics, molecular biology, and, more recently, genomics. What we now call gene since Johanssen coined the term, however, has a long and troubled past characterized by various successive conceptualizations. These have left sometimes confusing and even contradictory features in modern scientific discourse, of which we intend to understand the origins. The present article aims to examine the different embodiments of the concept unit of inheritance in the works of two key 19th century authors: Spencer and Haeckel. Elsberg, a rival of Haeckel, will also be considered. Using an analysis of indices of conceptualization in discourse, we show the various metaphorical conceptualization modes active in their respective theories and examine how they manifest themselves in English and in French.
Alcune considerazioni sull’ipotesi di Sapir-Whorf applicata alla traduzione dei termini costituzionali italiani e spagnoli nell’ ottica comparativo-contrastiva
Authors: Brugnoli Patrizia
Published: October 2021

The main aim of this article is to contribute to raising the interest around legal language, rarely analysed in the Italian-Spanish translation perspec¬tive. In particular, the author ’s interest is concentrated on specific normative texts, the Italian and Spanish Constitutions, of which she takes some lexical features into account. The article shows, through the use of componential analysis, that the “translatability” of the above mentioned traits of legal text from one language to another is impossible, even for those languages which are considered “similar” like Spanish and Italian. In Linguistics this hypoth¬esis was supported by Sapir- Whorf and is particularly true if applied to the legal language. In fact, legal translation is “culture-bond” and it is inti¬mately related to the socio-economic structures which are peculiar to a country.
Revisie in vertaling: wanneer en wat
Authors: Breedveld Hella , Van den Bergh Huub
Published: October 2021

Translators often go through their texts several times before considering their translations ‘done’. In most translation process research the different runs through the text after producing a draft version of the translation are considered as a single revision stage of the translation process. If, however, the factor time is taken into account, it might be expected that the revision activities a translator performs differ in nature and function depending on the moment where they occur during the translation process. The present article is a search for describing and understanding revision processes based on this view. Revision activities in the think-aloud protocols of five translators are analysed with regard to cognitive context and text processing characteristics. Results show that there is little evidence that revision activities vary during the translation process. Revision activities seem to occur at random throughout the translation process and appear to be triggered locally.
Translatorische Textproduktion : Hermeneutik und Linguistik
Authors: Stolze Radegundis
Published: October 2021

The article discusses the translator ’s dynamic task of providing a faithful presentation of the message understood from a written text. Translation can be described in both literature and specialized communication as a process in which hermeneutics and linguistics are combined. Examples from eco¬nomic texts are given. Understanding refers to holistic comprehension of the overall message, based on hermeneutically relevant knowledge and it can be retrospectively traced back to the semantic input. Translational text produc¬tion on the other hand, is guided by a global formulation strategy following rhetorical aims and schematic text type norms that finds its linguistic expres¬sion in functional and stylistic decisions.
Traduction et linguistique diachronique: une relation de pourvoyeur à bénéficiaire
Authors: Goyens Michèle , Van Hoecke Willy
Published: October 2021

Translations, which are frequently used in contrastive linguistics to analyse syntactic or semantic features in different languages, are also precious instruments for the diachronic study of linguistic phenomena, especially if the corpus texts imply several historical stages of one language. These successive translations are all authentic testimonies by native speakers to the most appropriate expression of one and the same message in their language system.In this paper, we present the methodology underlying our approach and describe the basic corpus. Next, we sketch the current state of (the) research which is being carried out in this respect at the Catholic University of Leuven (K. U. Leuven). Recently, two new projects have enabled us to enlarge the corpus texts and to give a new orientation to our approach. We will therefore outline the prospects of our research.
La ficción transcultural entendida como literatura traducida en el polisistema poscolonial
Authors: Sales Salvador Dora
Published: October 2021

For a great number of fictional writers in the postcolonial paradigm pluralism is organic, translation is an inevitable way of life, and translation consciousness and strategies can be a way of reinforcing rather than weakening different linguistic and cultural identities, because above all translation is used as a way to get access to the central arena of the postcolonial polysystem: it is a powerful tactic within a larger movement of cultural resistance. This paper intends to reflect upon how the study of these transcultural fictions understood as translated literature within the global polysystem, may be of great help when it comes to delineating a theoretical reflection on post- colonial translation practice. Such study should provide us with a better understanding of: a) the form and function of these literatures, and b) possible strategies for the translation of culturally heterogeneous texts, in the light of what authors who translate themselves have done. The specific literary examples we will mention to illustrate our points are the transcultural narratives of the Peruvian José María Arguedas and the Indian Vikram Chandra.
La traduction dans L’amour, la fantasia d’Assia Djebar: une tunique de Nessus.
Authors: Lievois Katrien
Published: October 2021

One of the interesting features of L’amour, la fantasia by Assia Djebar is that it tries to combine historiography and autobiography by confronting both genres with the stories of Algerian women. More concretely, the author joins different textual sources in one multilingual palimpsest: the written text is based on oral texts and the French is based on Arabic, but also on English, Spanish, Turkish and German. The interrelations between the different components constitute as many translational stages, in a literal and in a figurative sense, at the heart of Djebar’s historiographical and autobiographical project. However, the explicit references the narrator makes to the communication problems between the French and the Algerians, draw our attention to the difficulty and pain involved in such an enterprise. L’amour, la fantasia is a novel based on the intertwining of sources of a different nature and from different languages, but all attempts at communication between the different cultures break down, and all the interpreters’ or translators’ efforts are doomed to fail.
Semiotic alteration in translation. Othering, stereotyping and hybridization in contemporary translations from Arabic into Spanish and Catalan
Authors: Carbonell i Cortés Ovidi
Published: October 2021

It is already widely recognized that ‘foreignization’ is a cover word which stands for many different processes of cultural translation, from a problematic literalism which tends to exoticism, to a welcome but rarely achieved ‘othering’ understood as an ethical act of respect for the other ’s specificity. Seen from a pragmatic perspective, what still needs to be assessed are the reasons behind a hypothetic threshold of acceptability and the extent of the unstable and risky space where source culture expectations are challenged as a result of the translator ’s management of socio-cultural biases. Starting from the assumption that cultural translation implies a metonymical move by which key textual elements stand as symbols representing the foreign culture, the proposed article will present a scheme of the pragmatic and semiotic processes at work in translations from Arabic into Spanish and Catalan. A review of recent Spanish translations of contemporary Arabic fiction and the muchacclaimed Catalan translation of the Qur ’an will try to show that instances of hybridization and ambivalent readings occur foremost when semiotic categories are altered as a result of the familiarization of unexpected cultural referents. However, semiotic alteration only happens in the narrow margin allowed by the threshold of acceptability, which is the site of ambivalence.
Translation and/as simulation: first attempts at imitating James Joyce’s Ulysses in Hong Kong, 1960-1963
Authors: Tak-hung Chan Leo
Published: October 2021

Imitations of texts of foreign origin, as a form of cross-cultural rewriting, are of considerable interest to literary comparatists, though much of this interest has been targeted at the transference of thematic material. The concept of influence becomes incurably vague in many accounts of Chinese imitations of Western literature, for instance, precisely because the ‘textual’ links are neglected. The author believes that translation studies can help throw some light on what influence is all about, in ways that comparative literary studies has not. The present article focuses specifically on three Chinese imitations of Joyce ’s Ulyssesfrom the early 1960s, all published in Hong Kong. The styles and strategies of these imitations are contrasted with those of one translation of the “Hades” episode from 1960. In the conclu-sion, an attempt is made to address the different conceptualizations of imitation in China and the West, and to justify the inclusion of imitations as a viable object of investigation in translation studies.
L’élaboration d’un dictionnaire bilingue des valeurs mobilières
Authors: Lavoie Judith
Published: October 2021

As of today, one cannot find, in Canada, a dictionary totally dedicated to securities. The concept of securities refers to a large sphere that includes preferred shares and partnerships, as well as fraud and broker dealers. This paper will analyze the making of a bilingual dictionary of securities through four different steps: 1-the literature on the subject; 2-the nomenclature; 3-the microstructure; 4-the bilingual lexicon and the medium. At each of these steps, the following objectives will be followed: first, to compile the Canadian terminology which applies to securities; second, to offer to researchers, translators and professionals a lexicographical tool that is complete and useful; and third, to take into account, if need be, the legal aspects of the terms defined.
Building specialized dictionaries using lexical functions
Authors: Dancette Jeanne , L’Homme Marie-Claude
Published: October 2021

It is now widely acknowledged that terms enter into a variety of structures and that classic taxonomies and meronymies represent only a small part of the relationships terms share. This can be seen in recent specialized dictionaries that account for derivational relationships, co-occurrents, synonyms, antonyms, etc. It also has been underlined in several articles written by terminologists as well as linguists or computational scientists working with specialized corpora. This article will discuss the advanta ges and shortcomings of trying to account for semantic relations between terms using a specific framework, i.e. lexical functions (Mel’cuk et al. 1984-1999, 1995). It is based on a long-term project aimed at converting an existing paper dictionary (Dancette & Réthoré 2000) into a relational database. We will show that even if lexical functions have several advantages, a number of decisions must be made to accommodate the description of specialized terms.
Why and in what sense do conference interpreters need special software?
Authors: Rütten Anja
Published: October 2021

Information society, digitalisation, software solutions for everybody. Also for conference interpreters? What are the special characteristics of an inter-preter’s workflow that require specialised software? Does this specialised software already exist? After having a look at scientific findings and existing solutions in this field, this article shows the differences between the software requirements of interpreters and those of translators or terminologists. On the basis of these considerations, a model for a special software solution for conference interpreters is presented.
BISTRO: the online platform for terminology management. Structuring terminology without entry structures
Authors: Streiter Oliver , Ralli Natascia , Ties Isabella , Voltmer Leonhard
Published: October 2021

BISTRO is an online platform which supports the translation process in various phases. The phases which can be distinguished are the terminologi-cal preparation of the source text, the creation of terminological glossaries and the retrieval of related documents and their terminological elaboration. For this purpose BISTRO hyperlinks a terminology database with bilingual and trilingual corpora. Term tools such as term extraction (TE), term recognition (TR) and keyword-in-context (KWIC) may be applied to the query results, which consist of retrieved terms or corpus segments. BISTRO ’s architecture is open for new tools and contents, providing at the same time the interface for the management of the underlying data structure and the constant update of the terminological data.
Web et terminologie philologique
Authors: Lerat Pierre
Published: October 2021

A linguistic method for using the Web consists in making requests on strings of characters as long as possible between quotation marks, then confronting the obtained results with other sources. One knows that the Web is “transitory” and is “varying greatly in value”; nonetheless using this method will be efficient. Useful requests are made through classes of objects and sets of predicates (Gross & Guenthner 2002). Comparing frequencies is a good means of evaluating the respective vitality of concurrent terminological phrases and their social uses (official, technical, professional or journalistic texts). So neologisms and archaisms become obvious. If terminology ’s aim is to work on specialized names, professional contents and linguistic knowledge about terms, the Web is a very good tool to validate technical translations, provided philological precautions.
The application of new technologies to remote interpreting
Authors: Connell Tim
Published: October 2021

Changes in language needs and language policies have had an impact on the provision of services which require access to interpreting. It is perhaps inevitable that new professional areas such as community inter - preting1 should look to new technologies in the search for solutions to particular problems or (on a more positive note) to provide more effi - cient services. This article suggests that there is ample scopefor the extension of such services by the application of new technologies. Such a process will, however, have an impact on both the practical and ethical aspects of the interpreter's work.
Translation for Israeli television: the reflection of a hybrid identity
Authors: Weissbrod Rachel
Published: October 2021

Broadcasting in today ’s world is characterized by the tensions between competing entities, including the nation-state, the agents of globalization as well as national and other minorities. This article sets out to describe these tensions as manifested in translation for Israeli TV, focusing on the relations between Hebrew – the main and most ideologically protected language of Israel – and two minority languages, Arabic and Russian. The latter represent groups that are similar in size but differ greatly in that only the former seeks acknowledgement as a national minority.
Dubbing practices in Europe: localisation beats globalisation
Authors: Chaume Frederic
Published: October 2021

Whereas new technologies seem to favour globalisation in many areas of translation, dubbing shows a reluctance to embrace this trend of globalisation. Translation memories are now used to make translation easier and faster all over the world. In the area of audiovisual translation, new subtitling software has been developed, which is now widely used among both practitioners and companies. Also in subtitling, most microtextual practices (line segmentation, subtitle segmentation, typographical usages, synthesis of information, etc.) are followed by the majority of professionals. But dubbing seems to refuse to bend to homogenisation. Perhaps due to notions of nationalism and singularity attached to this concept, dubbing still shows different macro- and microtextual practices in the European countries in which it is the most popular type of audiovisual translation.This paper examines four different dubbing practices at a microtextual level -those carried out in Germany, Italy, Spain and France. Before considering new failed attempts to globalise this practice, and also some major advances brought by new technologies, the paper focuses on the differences in layout, take segmentation and dialogue writing in these four countries. These differences show that dubbing practices are still very conservative, and resistant to change and homogenisation.
La Audiodescripción desde la representación del conocimiento general. Configuración semántica de una gramática local del texto audiodescrito
Authors: Jiménez Hurtado Catalina
Published: October 2021

Audio Description is a new text type which offers the prototypical receiver – blind or partially sighted people – a narrated representation of what is occurring at specific moments in the other audiovisual text to which it is subordinated. An AD script is subject to multiple subordination: to what is happening on the screen, to the distribution of silent spaces in the other text, and to the amount of time provided in each space. This fact, however, does not prevent the AD script from offering a representation of the general knowledge encoded by specific fragments of the film. Such a representation of knowledge, understood as the description in words or other signs of a specific reality, may serve as a semantic basis for the creation of a local grammar of AD scripts.
Linguistic variation in subtitling for audiovisual media in Portugal: case study of the film Gone with the Wind
Authors: Lopes Cavalheiro Lili
Published: October 2021

Film subtitling involves per se a number of constraints. However, when characters speak with a particular dialect or accent, the task is even more complex. Linguistic variation is a key factor in depicting a film character and the translator will consider the implications of his/her choice when translating into the Target Culture, since such sociolinguistic and/or idio-syncratic language features contribute to the meaning(s) of a film. The presence of linguistic variation may be tied in with the medium through which a film is distributed; hence translating for different media may imply the application of different strategies. This article will analyze the film subtitling of Gone with the Wind (1939), in particular how Mammy’s speech is translated into Portuguese for RTP (public television channel), TVI (private television channel), VHS and the Internet, while also searching for translational regularities.
Translating meaning as cognitive socio-cultural systems.A conceptual approach to the translation of plurilingualism in postcolonial literary discourse in Portuguese
Authors: Hernández Rebeca
Published: October 2021

Recent approaches to language, meaning and cognition contend that par-ticipants in linguistic interaction construct a mental representation of their understanding of discourse on the basis of linguistic expressions, world or experiential knowledge, socially-shared beliefs, and the imagination. Fo-cusing on the implications the coexistence of different languages has for the construction of a cognitive culture system, this paper argues that choosing monolingualism for the translation of postcolonial plurilingual texts impos-es semantic limitations, which may result in a dissimilar, domesticated, representation of the recreated reality. Besides taking an ethical stand, this paper also claims that preserving the plurilingualism of these texts responds to the wish to invite readers to open new mental spaces, where the cognitive system of the translated culture can be located. The analysis of examples from the translation into English of postcolonial texts in Portuguese will show strategies to achieve this aim.
Construing domain knowledge via terminological understanding
Authors: Kerremans Koen , Temmerman Rita , De Baer Peter
Published: October 2021

This article will focus on the process of understanding terms, which is es-sential for translators to propose suitable translations and for terminologists to develop different types of terminological resources. We will discuss how a shift from meaning to understanding has changed our view with respect to the interaction between symbols (i.e. terms), thoughts and referents. Next, we will demonstrate how this view has been applied in termontography, a methodology set up to develop ontologically-underpinned terminological resources, based on the analysis of specialised texts. We will concentrate on the categorization framework, a concept used in termontography for structuring terminological information, and discuss how this framework is currently implemented in a didactic software tool, called CatTerm, which guides student translators to construct a knowledge model of a given domain.
The FEMTI guidelines for contextual MT evaluation: principles and resources
Authors: Estrella Paula , Popescu-Belis Andrei , King Maghi
Published: October 2021

A large number of evaluation metrics exist for machine translation (MT) systems, but depending on the intended context of use of such a system, not all metrics are equally relevant. Based on the ISO/IEC 9126 and 14598 standards for software evaluation, the Framework for the Evaluation of Machine Translation in ISLE (FEMTI) provides guidelines for the selection of quality characteristics to be evaluated depending on the expected task, users, and input characteristics of an MT system. This approach to contextual evaluation was implemented as a web-based application which helps its users design evaluation plans. In addition, FEMTI offers experts in evaluation the possibility to enter and share their knowledge using a dedicated web-based tool, tested in several evaluation exercises.