bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Epigenetics
Authors: Weber Wendell W
Published: November 2023

Epigenetics is the study of heritable changes in gene expression that do not require, or do not generally involve, changes in the genomic DNA sequence. Historically, the term referred mainly to developmental phenomena, but recently the term has been applied more broadly to signify a relation to gene action. Currently, the field is primarily concerned with understanding the handling of genetic information by eukaryotic cells.

Genetic inheritance has been regarded until recently as the sole mode of transmission of information from one generation to the next, but a number of challenges remain in understanding the transmission of genetic information and gene expression despite the successes surrounding the unveiling of the human genome. Epigenetic inheritance, which implies modification of gene expression without modifying the DNA sequence, has been proposed as a mechanism complementing genetic inheritance to explain these phenomena. Epigenetic information is transmitted by way of direct modification of DNA or of chromatin. In mammals, DNA methylation of cytosines is the only known physiological modification of DNA, whereas numerous modifications of chromatin have been identified that affect its conformation, but they have proven much more difficult to sort out and their significance is as yet only partially understood.
Ethnic Pharmacogenetics
Authors: Weber Wendell W
Published: November 2023

Individuals of different ethnic or raciogeographic origin are important sources of information on variations in response to drugs and other exogenous substances. Prior to the 1920s, such variations were reported very infrequently in the medical literature. In one early study, Marshall and colleagues found that blacks were much more resistant than whites to the blistering of skin by mustard gas caused by exposure to this biological weapon during World War I. In other reports, blacks were found to be less susceptible to slowing of the pulse than whites by small doses of atropine. Several investigators published observations that ephedrine and various other mydriatic agents such as cocaine and pseudoephedrine dilated the pupils of Chinese and African blacks only slightly compared with those of whites.
Modeling Human Drug Response
Authors: Weber Wendell W
Published: November 2023

In humans, any approach to assess genetic causation of a pharmacogeneic trait is necessarily indirect. However, a convincing experimental model can often help dissect the genetic basis of the trait, or provide insight into mechanisms responsible for the trait, and may disclose its biological significance under experimental conditions that cannot be met in human experimentation for ethical or methodological reasons. Responders of known genotypes and phenotypes to a toxic chemical can be examined under carefully controlled conditions that reveal the pharmacological and toxicological consequences of a given trait. Even models that may be unsuitable for assessing new drug therapy may yet be excellent for elucidating the molecular basis and physiological mechanisms of human traits. Such studies can turn our thinking toward previously unsuspected pathways and mechanisms, and thereby direct attention toward the acquisition of information that advances our understanding of the human condition. Of course, the findings in any nonhuman model system must be assessed in humans to assess their applicability to the human condition.
Reactions of Products of Alkane Reactions
Authors: Calvert Jack G , Derwent Richard G , Orlando John J , Tyndall Geoffrey S , Wallington Timothy J
Published: November 2023

The first-generation products of the reactions of OH radicals with alkanes are all oxygenated organics—alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, hydroperoxides, and nitrates. A number of these products are difunctional (following isomerization of the initially formed alkoxy radical), but the majority are monofunctional. The database for reactions of OH with oxygenates is not as extensive as that for the parent alkanes. In particular, the range of temperatures over which the reactions have been studied tends to be smaller, and usually does not extend to high temperatures. Increasingly, however, studies of the temperature dependences are appearing in the literature, and they show a reasonably consistent picture. The rate coefficients increase with increasing length of the carbon chain, as was the case for alkanes. There is strong evidence for activation of hydrogen atoms several carbons removed from the primary functional group, and many of the rate coefficients exhibit negative temperature dependences.
Classification and diagnosis of headaches
Authors: Mauskop Alexander
Published: November 2023

The International Headache Society’s (IHS) highly detailed classification of headaches (appendix), now in its second edition, has become an important research tool, albeit with modest practical applications. Danish physician Jes Olesen was the major force behind this effort. Migraine diagnosis is based on the description of symptoms reported by patients. The most common type of migraine is migraine without aura, and its features include moderate or severe pain, unilateral location, throbbing quality of pain, worsening with light physical activity, sensitivity to light and noise, and nausea or vomiting. All or any particular set of features need not be present. For example, bilateral nonthrobbing pain that is severe and made worse by light physical activity and is accompanied by photophobia and phonophobia is classified as migraine. Or, a patient who has mild unilateral pain that is throbbing and is accompanied by nausea also suffers from migraine. Some patients will not report sensitivity to light or noise, but when asked, they will admit that they prefer being in a darkened and quiet environment. Many also become very sensitive to odors and touch. According to a recent report, a simplified way to diagnose migraines with a high degree of accuracy is to ask your patients three questions:
Pathophysiology of migraine and other headaches
Authors: Mauskop Alexander
Published: November 2023

Migraine and tension-type headaches are two distinct disorders; however, they can also be considered to belong to a spectrum of a single disease. At the ends of this spectrum, migraine and tension-type headaches are clearly different, but many patients have headaches that fall in the middle of the spectrum or have both types of headaches. As mentioned, tension-type headaches in patients who also suffer from migraines respond well to migraine-specific medications, such as sumatriptan. However, triptans are ineffective in patients who have only tension-type headaches, suggesting that at the extremes of the spectrum these two conditions are indeed distinct. Certain imaging and neurophysiological studies can also differentiate typical migraine and tension-type headaches.
Special populations
Authors: Mauskop Alexander
Published: November 2023

Migraine headaches stop in two-thirds of pregnant women, especially in the second and third trimester. They also stop after menopause, and at around the same age in men. In pregnancy, all attempts are made to avoid medications by using nonpharmacological therapies, such as biofeedback, massage, application of ice, and aromatherapy. Nausea can be treated with motion sickness bands (Sea-Band, BioBands, Psi-Bands), which are wrist bands with a pressure point placed 2 inches above the wrist crease. This is an acupuncture point and has been proved to relieve nausea induced by motion, pregnancy, chemotherapy, and post surgery. Pyridoxine (vitamin B), 30 mg a day and 25 mg three times a day was shown to be effective for nausea or pregnancy in two double-blind trials. Metoclopramide is in Category B and is safe in pregnancy. When necessary, acetaminophen alone or with an opioid analgesic is tried first. Ibuprofen and naproxen can be used only in the first two trimesters of pregnancy. Triptans are considered to be a safer approach than allowing a woman to have uncontrolled migraine attack with nausea, vomiting, and dehydration. For prophylactic therapy in pregnancy, the author uses magnesium, intravenously or orally, before any other intervention. Propranolol, which is in Category C, is considered safe and is often used as the first-line drug, but atenolol is in Category D and is contraindicated. Amitriptyline is generally considered safe, although it is also in Category C, as is topiramate. Divalproex sodium is in Category D and is strictly contraindicated.
Methods of clinical ascertainment
Authors: Wallace Daniel J
Published: November 2023

The American College of Rheumatology criteria for the classification of SLE apply to epidemiologic surveys and inclusion in clinical trials. Patients can have lupus without fulfilling the criteria, which are outdated and currently being revised. Physicians use a variety of parameters to make clinical decisions regarding lupus patients. These include the following:
Genomes
Authors: Cordes Eugene H
Published: November 2023

One of the most amazing things that I have seen in the life sciences is the increase in the rate of acquisition of genomic data in the form of nucleotide sequences of DNA. The Human Genome Project, a rare example of Big Science in biology, was completed in its basic form in 2001. That marked the end of an enormous international effort in multiple laboratories, lasting several years and costing millions of dollars. The completion of the Project (though work continues on unresolved details) was greeted with a major fanfare. It is rightly considered one of the major triumphs of science.
Fatty acids The building blocks of lipids
Authors: Cordes Eugene H
Published: November 2023

On January 23, 2006, a scientific advisory panel to the Food and Drug Administration, FDA, in the United States recommended that a weight-loss drug previously available by prescription only be approved for sale over the counter (OTC). The drug in question is known by the generic name or list at and it has been marketed in the United States by Hoffmann–La Roche since 1999 as Xenical. The OTC product is known as Alli and is marketed by GlaxoSmithKline.
The Affectionate Admiration of His Students
Authors: Philippon Jacques , Poirier Jacques
Published: November 2023

As Rivet said in his obituary of Babinski, “A man of his caliber had to have had a wide following.”1 9is is despite the fact that his nonacademic position carried with it several handicaps. Not being a professor, he could have neither chief residents nor laboratory directors in his department; he could not preside over a thesis nor be on the examining board for the agrégation. He had no o4cial assistants, only residents (one or, more rarely two, a year, plus one provisional resident); his team was therefore largely composed of unpaid staff. He had no direct successor because his department was o4cially considered a department of internal medicine; the neurologists among his pupils could not take over from him when he retired. It was thus his former residents, nonresident students, and auditors of his classes, both French and foreign, who made up the core of his followers.
Approach to the Patient
Authors: Barness Lewis A , Gilbert-Barness Enid , Fauber Dean
Published: November 2023

A Complete Physical Examination in a child emphasizes many characteristics that differ from those in adults. It is important to recognize these differences and also the many variations among normal children. This is a manual of the special methods used in pediatric physical diagnosis. No extensive details are listed of the definition of a sign or of methods of eliciting a sign unless special methods are used in children. Although the material in this manual includes only the actual physical examination, diagnoses cannot be made by physical examination alone. Before the examination is started, it is important that a careful and detailed history must be taken of the patient and family and that this be made part of the patient’s record. As the art of careful observation is learned, diagnosis by physical examination becomes easier. In younger children from whom no history can be directly obtained, or in the child whose parents lack the ability of accurate observation, careful physical examination is indeed necessary.
Measurements, Vital Signs
Authors: Barness Lewis A , Gilbert-Barness Enid , Fauber Dean
Published: November 2023

Measure And Record the physical examination, including temperature, pulse rate, respiratory rate, height, weight, and blood pressure. For children aged less than 2 years, measure and record the circumference of the head, chest, and abdomen. Other measurements such as pelvic width, crown–rump distance, waist and hip circumference, arm span, and sitting and standing height are ordinarily not determined unless the physician suspects abnormalities. See Appendix C for normals of each for various ages.
Extremities, Joints, and Spine
Authors: Barness Lewis A , Gilbert-Barness Enid , Fauber Dean
Published: November 2023

In Practice, The physician usually examines the extremities, bones, joints, and muscles simultaneously and then, if abnormalities are detected, examines the systems under suspicion individually and more extensively. Examination of muscles is described in Chapter 18. Patients with muscle disorders can present with various weakness and wasting, pain, cramps, and fasciculations. Muscle weakness can be classified anatomically as follows:
Hematologic Disorders
Authors: Barness Lewis A , Gilbert-Barness Enid , Fauber Dean
Published: November 2023

Capillary samples give higher Hb/hematocrit (Hct) values than venous samples (see Figure 12.1). Differences average 3.5 gm/dl (5 –25%) during first year of life. Age, hypotension, ambient temperatures, infants younger than 30 weeks of gestational age, small sick infants, acidosis, and red cell mass less than 35 ml/kg are factors that may influence these differences. Capillary/venous Hct differences gradually decrease with gestational age. In healthy infants, the variations are only about 2.5% by one week of life.
Making Genetic Choices
Authors: Davis Dena S
Published: November 2023

In The Short Sketch Of Celia, in the introduction, we already saw a number of different reasons why people might use the services of a genetic counselor. A person might want a diagnosis of her own condition or that of a child. She might know that one or more relatives had a particular condition and wonder what the implications are for herself or her future children. She might want assistance in avoiding a trait or in maximizing the chances that her children will have that condition. Thus, we can see that genetics encompasses just about all of the most emotionally powerful of human experiences: life, death, reproduction, parenthood, and the meaning of health and disease. Not surprisingly, medical geneticists, pediatricians, genetic counselors, and others who work with these issues have devoted much energy to thinking and writing about the ethical issues in genetic counseling.
Introduction: Meaning in Life and Death
Authors: Fischer John Martin
Published: November 2023

Let us hope, however, that there is a method to the madness—or at least some philosophical insights that can help to structure the insanity. I shall begin by laying out in the barest bones my overall view on the badness of death, the possible goodness of immortality, and the meaning of life. I believe that the notions of “narrative” (stories) and free will play key roles in understanding these deep and mysterious phenomena, and I shall seek to sketch some of the connections between free will, stories, and the meaning of life. In this introductory essay, I only give the briefest overview of issues I explore in more detail in the essays in the book. Also, I go on to offer some ruminations on the nature and (possible) implications of these views, including suggestions for future directions in thinking about this web of fundamental existential issues.
The Literate Eye
Authors: Teukolsky Rachel
Published: November 2023

Rather than focusing on German philosophy or the French avant-gardes, as many books on the history of aesthetics do, Teukolsky takes up British responses to modern art controversies, thus providing a unique view on the development of artistic forms and art history. She considers the plentiful archive of Victorian "art writing"-essays addressed to the visual arts- to reveal the key role played by nineteenth-century writers in the rise of modernist Anglo-American aesthetics. Though Victorians are most often associated with realism, certain art writers promoted a formalism that would come to dominate canons of twentieth-century art. Teukolsky analyzes the canonical writing of authors like John Ruskin, Walter Pater, and Oscar Wilde alongside texts belonging to the rich field of Victorian print culture--gallery reviews, scientific treatises, satirical cartoons, advertisements, and early photography monographs among them. Spanning the years 1840 to 1910, her argument also adds substance to our understanding of the transition from Victorianism to modernism, a period of especially lively exchange between artists and intellectuals, here narrated with careful attention given to the historical particularities and real events that stamped their imprint on such interactions.
Birth of a Cell
Authors: Regis ED
Published: November 2023

May 2005. In a new industrial park at Porto Marghera, some four miles across the lagoon from Venice, an American physicist by the name of Norman Packard is staring at the enormous 30-inch-wide display screen of a Macintosh G5 computer. Floating around against a dark background is a dense assortment of red, green, and blue dots.

“Blue is water, the greens are hydrophobic molecules, which means they don’ t like water, and the reds are hydrophilic molecules, which do,” Packard says.

The simulation begins with the dots spread out evenly across the screen in a relatively homogeneous mix. But then in the incremental time-steps of the particle dynamics program, a pattern emerges. The greens move toward one another and then converge and clump together, forming a spherical structure.
Schrödinger
Authors: Regis ED
Published: November 2023

In February 1943 , before the structure of DNA had been discovered, and even before DNA was known to contain the genetic information, the Austrian physicist Erwin Schrö-dinger gave a set of three public lectures on biology at Trinity College, Dublin. At the age of fifty-six, Schrödinger was a handsome man with sharp, chiseled features and a lively, engaging wit. His lectures, which were given on three successive Friday nights, drew an audience of about four hundred. As he later recalled with no trace of false (or true) modesty, the audience “did not substantially dwindle, though warned at the outset that the subject-matter was a difficult one and that the lectures could not be termed popular.”
ATP and the Meaning of Life
Authors: Regis ED
Published: November 2023

Metabolism is what makes organisms go. It converts food into bodily structure and kinetic energy, two things that living entities cannot do without. Anyone who felt so inclined could forgo reproduction for their entire lives, but no one could do without metabolism for a moment without extremely serious consequences. Between the two of them, then, which seemed to be closer to the sum and substance of life?

Whether on the cellular level or that of the whole animal, the workings of metabolism were terra incognita to most people. The average person’ s understanding of the human metabolic process was that you took in food and water, excreted waste products, burned up energy, and perspired.
Origins
Authors: Regis ED
Published: November 2023

There is probably no more disputed problem in theoretical biology than the question of how life arose on earth. The field is crowded with fads and fashions, “standard models,” flavor-of-the-week theories, countless “scenarios” as to how it might have happened, pie-in-the-sky ideas and wild speculations, and some outright flakiness—all of it the product of competent scientists, some of whom are even Nobel Prize winners. Indeed, the dispute over life’ s origins might never be settled definitively, for the earliest organisms, whatever they were, left no physical traces of their existence, and so the evidence of their genesis has long since departed the scene. As Francis Crick once said: “I cannot myself see just how we shall ever decide how life originated.” Steen Rasmussen went even further, saying that when it comes to the question of how life originally began on earth, “nobody has a freakin’ clue.”
What Is Life?
Authors: Regis ED
Published: November 2023

In His Synoptic Entry on “Life” that appeared in the 1970 edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica, Carl Sagan wrote that “despite the enormous fund of information that [biologists] have provided, it is a remarkable fact that no general agreement exists on what it is that is being studied. There is no generally accepted definition of life.”

One by one, Sagan had reviewed several possible approaches to defining that elusive term. A “physiological” definition interpreted life in terms of typical organismal functions such as eating, excreting, metabolizing, breathing, moving, growing, and so on. “But many such properties are either present in machines that nobody is willing to call alive, or absent from organisms that everybody is willing to call alive,” he said.
Integrative Pediatric Oncology
Authors: Sencer Susan F
Published: November 2023

More than half of the children being treated for cancer in the United States use some form of integrative medicine (IM), primarily to treat symptoms rather than to cure the cancer directly. Greater than 75% of childhood cancer is currently curable with conventional chemotherapy, radiation therapy and/or surgery; pediatric oncologists are concerned that widespread use of IM may compromise the improvements made in survival.
The Future of Integrative Pediatrics
Authors: Culbert Timothy P , Kemper Kathi J , Rosen Lawrence D
Published: November 2023

The spread of the integrative care model within pediatrics will depend upon the co-creative efforts of the authors and readers of this volume. Healthcare must shift from a focus on “pathogenesis” to “saluto-genesis” (creating health) and include consideration of all physical and non-physical factors in the etiology and resolution of disease.
Animal, Vegetable, or Mineral?
Authors: Sapp Jan
Published: November 2023

Antony van Leeuwenhoek (1632’1723) described the invisible world of little animals in more than 200 letters he sent to the Royal Society of London beginning in 1674. He was not an educated man. His father was a maker of the wicker baskets used to transport the fine wares produced in Delft. Antony had spent six years in Amsterdam working in a linen-drapery shop as an apprentice to a cloth merchant; he became bookkeeper and cashier before returning to his native Delft when he was 22 years old. In 1666, the city appointed him Chamberlain to the Council Chamber of the Sheriffs of Delft, a position that offered him a permanent source of income and allowed him to concentrate on his microscopic observations. His marriage in 1671 to Cornelia Swamis (daughter of a merchant who dealt in serge) brought him into association with a more intellectual group.
Morality not a System of Imperatives
Authors: Slote Michael
Published: November 2023

At present there exists a widespread tendency to think of morality as some sort of system or code of imperatives, precepts, rules, or principles addressed to moral agents. Indeed, I can think of no ethical thinker of recent times who has said anything explicitly or implicitly to the contrary. And despite the recent heated debate about the categorical or hypothetical status of moral claims, all parties to the debate seem agreed that (valid) moral principles are principles for the guidance of the actions of moral agents: even Philippa Foot, who sparked the recent challenge to Kantian views about the categorical status of morality, treats morality as a system of hypothetical imperatives.
Ethical Issues in For-Profit Health Care
Authors: Brock Dan W , Buchanan Allen
Published: November 2023

The American health-care system is undergoing a rapid socioeconomic revolution. Within a general environment of heightening competition, the number of investor-owned for-profit hospitals has more than doubled in the past 10 years, while the number of independent proprietary for-profit hospitals has declined by half. Investor-owned for-profit corporations are controlled ultimately by stockholders who appropriate surplus revenues either in the form of stock dividends or increased stock values. Independent proprietary institutions are for-profit entities owned by an individual, a partnership, or a corporation, but which are not controlled by stockholders. Nonprofit corporations are taxexempt and are controlled ultimately by boards of trustees who are prohibited by law from appropriating surplus revenues after expenses (including salaries) are paid. Although the increase in investor-owned hospitals has been most dramatic and publicized, a rise in investor-owned health-care facilities of other types, from dialysis clinics to outpatient surgery and “urgent care” centers has also occurred.
‘Virgins of God’
Authors: Elm Susanna
Published: November 2023

Situated in a period that witnessed the genesis of institutions fundamental to this day, this path-breaking study offers a comprehensive look at how ancient Christian women initiated ascetic ways of living, and how these practices were then institutionalized. Using the organization of female asceticism in Asia Minor and Egypt as a lever, the author demonstrates that - in direct contrast to later conceptions - asceticism began primarly as an urban movement. Crucially, it also originated with men and women living together, varying the model of the family. The book then traces how, in the course of the fourth century, these early organizational forms underwent a transformation. Concurrent with the doctrinal struggles to redefine the Trinity, and with the formation of a new Christian élite, men such as Basil of Caesarea changed the institutional configuration of ascetic life in common: they emphasized the segregation of the sexes, and the supremacy of the rural over urban models. At the same time, ascetics became clerics, who increasingly used female saints as symbols for the role of the new ecclesiastical elite. Earlier, more varied models of ascetic life were either silenced or condemned as heretical; and those who had been in fact their reformers became known as the founding fathers of monasticism.
Controlling Daughters’ Bodies in Sirach
Authors: Berquist Jon L
Published: November 2023

Ancient Israel’s literature ranges over many interests, from the distant matters of international politics to the most intimate realities of common existence. The texts concern themselves with world-changing history and with everyday happenings, such as the activity of one’s body and the interrelationships of family life. Such a combination of interests certainly appears in the Book of Sirach, a text depicting life in Jewish communities during the early Hellenistic period, probably during 200- 175 BCE. The book is similar in form and tone to Israel’s earlier wisdom literature, especially Proverbs.
Phonetic Essentials
Authors: Mitchell T F
Published: November 2023

Speech sounds are sounds capable of production by the organs we use for speech. They are distinguished from the units (and features) of the sound system of a given language or language variety. It is primarily for the representation of the latter that phonetic transcription is used in this book. It is of the type usually termed phonemic, as opposed to narrow transcription, in which additional symbols (generally those of the International Phonetic Association) are used to indicate greater detail of pronunciation. The phonemic transcription is a set of symbols of which each corresponds to a significant, usually word-distinguishing, consonant or vowel phoneme of Classical Arabic. In turn, each consonant or vowel phoneme corresponds to one symbol only of the transcription. In fact, the relationship between the written letters of CA, including their diacritical indices, and their phonetic implications is so regular that a transcription is tantamount to a transliteration, that is, a letter-to-letter transfer from Arabic to roman shape, with an almost invariable correspondence between a significant Arabic sound and its written representation.
Thomas Mann The Uses of Tradition
Authors: Reed T J
Published: November 2023

T.J. Reed's study has long established itself as the standard work in English on Thomas mann, and offers as comprehensive a view of Mann's fiction and thought as is available in any language. It is based on a coherent close reading of Mann's oeuvre, literary and political, and also on manuscripts and sources, and was part of the first phase of literary scholarship that opened up the resources of the Zurich Thomas Mann Archive. Further documents that have appeared since then - Mann's diaries, notebooks, and other correspondences - have not fundamentally altered the individual interpretations or the overall picture the study offers, and in some respects have emphatically confirmed them. A further chapter added to this edition covers the new documentation, gives a vigorous account of the main curents in Mann scholarship and criticism over the last two decades suggesting how we should now see the writer, the man, and the political figure, and above all the complex relationship between the three.
Time and Commodity Culture
Authors: Frow John
Published: November 2023

Time and Commodity Culture is a set of four linked essays on the cultural systems of postmodernity. Rather than taking modernity and postmodernity as real historical epochs, however, it understands them as strategies for organizing time and social order by means of a `nostalgic' division within them. Each essay explores a particular dimension of this organization of time, especially in relation to the anxieties and the possibilities created by the commodification of culture. The central essay, `Gift and Commodity', studies two areas in which the speed of commodification has increased markedly in recent years: That of the person, and that of information. Using a mix of anthropological, legal, economic, and historical materials, it investigates the privatization of the commons in information by way of such things as the development of markets in human DNA, the trade in human organs, and the creation of property rights in `personality'. `What Was Postmodernism?' analyses the structured anxiety about the commodification of culture that is called `postmodern theory'. A further essay explores tourism as a figure of modernity, and a final essay on memory explores the phenomena of `recovered memory' and of Holocaust remembrance as ways of constructing temporally ordered forms of the real.
Ludwig van Beethoven
Authors: Whittall Mary
Published: November 2023

Many books have been written about Beethoven but it is rare to find one which seeks an alternative to the tendency of academia, on the one hand, to fragmentation, and of popular biographical writing, on the other, to a superficial overview. In this volume, the late Carl Dahlhaus combines the interpretations of individual works with excursions into the musical aesthetics of the period around 1800, an age which was not only a `classical' period in the history of the arts but also one in which aesthetics carved itself a place in the Centre of philosophical attention. The theme of the book is the reconstruction of Beethoven's `musical thinking' from the evidence in the works themselves and their context in the history of ideas. A table entitled `Chronicle' places the references to biographical data in their historical context. The selective bibliography includes comments to assist readers to find their way in the labyrinth of the literature about Beethoven.
Introduction
Authors: Elliott Graham
Published: November 2023

Since Benjamin Britten’s death in 1976, a great deal has been written about the man and his music, and about what the various writers consider to be the driving motives which directed his creativity. Much stress has been put on the issues of his pacifism and his homosexuality—so much, indeed, that there is a danger of these factors being seen as the only major influences in his work. Professor Philip Brett made his first confident pronouncements on Britten’s homosexuality in an article ‘Britten and Grimes’, which was published in the Musical Times in 1977 and which he reprinted in revised form in his book Benjamin Britten: Peter Grimes.
Makers of the Piano 1700–1820
Authors: Clinkscale Martha Novak
Published: November 2023

The early piano has grown in popularity over recent years. It is now recognized as a window to the past and indispensable in revealing the sounds in the ears of eighteenth- and nineteenth-century composers. Yet rarely are two instruments more than superficially alike: the earliest instruments were constructed individually to the taste of each maker and often to that of his customer. Furthermore, pianos built in the same year by the same maker - even in a series - often have not enjoyed the same standard of conservation: one may have its original strings and hammers, while another may have suffered the improper replacement of its entire action with parts designed for the modern Steinway. Many old pianos are still well-maintained and are in playable condition, while others need extensive and careful restoration. Fulfilling a need for a comprehensive study of early pianos, Makers of the Piano 1700-1820 is the first book to present details about all known extant pianos built during the earliest years of the instrument’s existence. Biographical information about each maker and such details about his instruments as the place and date of manufacture, style, compass, case description and measurements, strings, action, stops, pedals, and present and former owners are given. Bibliographical references are listed separately for the individual pianos. Builders whose pianos have been lost are identified; however, anonymous pianos have not been included unless an attribution to a known maker is likely. Principal collections with their catalogues and an exhaustive bibliography complete this valuable reference work.
Discarding Images
Authors: Page Christopher
Published: November 2023

For many centuries, the Western imagination has pictures the medieval period as a kind of odyssey: a journey that took Mankind to a strange country and ended in the Renaissance with his homecoming and the restoration of his inheritance. In this stimulating and provocative book, Christopher Page explores the kinds of generalisation that we habitually make about ‘the Middle Ages’ and which, whether we know it or not, sustain the false image of a medieval odyssey. In chapters that proceed chronologically from the thirteenth century to the fifteenth, he examines what we suppose to be the serenity of medieval reflection on such matters as the ‘numerical’ explanation of musical beauty, and he questions the modern tendency to regard Ars antiqua motets as music for ‘an intellectual elite’. Turning to the Ars Nova and beyond, he discusses the relation between fourteenth century innovations and contemporary science. A final chapter explores the powerful influence of Johan Huizinga’s classic The Waning of the Middle Ages, upon musicology. Page’s lively prose is full of ideas, is based upon first-hand learning, and is enriched by an uncommonly deep experience of medieval music.
Reading Tinctoris for Guidance on Tempo
Authors: Blachly Alexander
Published: November 2023

Ohannes Tinctoris, today probably the most highly esteemed theorist of the fifteenth century, never discusses the concept of tempo directly. He limits his statements on tempo to some brief observations concerning cut signatures and time-beating. But so great is his authority that modern misapprehensions concerning Tinctoris’s passing observations on mensuration and tempo have led to a distorted view of fifteenth-century mensural relationships generally.
1848-1869
Authors: Macdonald Hugh
Published: November 2023

On 28th July 1848, soon after Berlioz’s return from London, his father died. This was yet another break with the past, and it was ironic that he should recently have been writing an account of his father’s years of displeasure, for he realized how deep their mutual affection was. The family gathered at La Cote. Berlioz felt closer now to his two sisters (although Nanci had only two years to live) and presided over the settlement of his father’s estate. He later had a modest income from the sale of property, though it made little difference to his precarious finances.
Editing Early Music
Authors: Caldwell John
Published: November 2023

Editing Early Music is designed as a guide to editorial procedures suitable for music written from the Middle Ages to about 1830. Some of the suggestions are relevant to the editing of any music no longer in copyright. There is an introductory chapter on the principles of editing and transcribing, followed by three chronologically arranged chapters devoted to medieval and early renaissance music, the Renaissance, and baroque and classical music. The final chapter deals with the preparation of copy and other practical matters. Some of the technicalities are presented in the form of tables and appendices; there are musical illustrations and sample score-layouts, and a bibliography. While the book does not aim to descript early notations in detail, some of the basic information is conveyed, particularly through the extensive discussion of such matters as reduced time values and the treatment of accidentals. For this revised edition, the author has incorporated a number of corrections, brought the bibliography up to date, and added a Postscript on stemmatics and textual criticism.
Lesclarcissement: Composition, Production, and Structure
Authors: Stein Gabriele
Published: November 2023

From the letters and documents that relate to Palsgrave’s life we learn very little about the composition of Lesclarcissement de la langue francoyse. Our only sources of information are his contract with Richard Pynson for the printing of the work and Stephen Vaughan’s letter to Thomas Cromwell. Both precede the actual date of publication, 1530, and might enlighten us on stages of the work. In this chapter we shall look at them more closely and assess how far they are in line with what Palsgrave tells us about his work, its beginnings, its progress, and its difficulties, as well as his aim in Lesclarcissement de la langue francoyse itself.
Networks and Structural Relations
Authors: Stein Gabriele
Published: November 2023

The complexity of the lexicon of a language is such that no single ordering principle suffices to make a dictionary consultable. This is why all dictionaries are produced on the basis of a set of structural relations. Some examples from English may illustrate this. Compilers of purely alphabetical English dictionaries, for instance, will meet with problems when they come to decide on the order of such items as (to) smoke, (a) smoke; (to) make up, (her) make-up; (to) throw away, (a) throw-away (line); reformation, Reformation. Which member of these pairs of words should come first? Consistency-conscious lexicographers will make policy decisions for the whole of the work and avoid ad hoc solutions.
Japanizing and Westernizing Patterns
Authors: Loveday Leo J
Published: November 2023

The first part of this chapter explores some of the complex and diverse changes undergone by English (and other European languages) when integrated into Japanese. The innovative introduction of sounds unavailable in Japanese, and their written representation, receive special attention here. A systematic account of orthographic variation in this process of adaptation is also offered. Finally, there is an analysis of the morphological patterns involved in Japanizing English. These patterns modify the donor language so radically that the ensuing divergence is often labelled ‘deviant’.
Preliminaries
Authors: Taylor John R
Published: November 2023

This book is about a single morpheme in English and the constructions in which it occurs. The morpheme in question is the one that attaches to the ends of noun phrases to give the forms John’s, the city’s, the children’s, and the like. I shall refer to it as the possessive morpheme, and denote it by the mnemonic abbreviation POSS. I have opted for this designation over its chief competitor-the genitive-mainly because genitive could suggest that the morpheme is an exponent of genitive case, and that the items to which it attaches inflect for genitive case. As I shall argue later, whatever POSS is, it is definitely not a marker of genitive case, as this notion is generally understood especially with respect to the lndo-European languages. On the other hand, possessive is not an ideal term, either, since it could imply too intimate a link between the morpheme and the semantic relation of possession, in the everyday sense of the word. We shall see that the notion of possession does indeed play an important role in the semantics of POSS and of the constructions in which it occurs. However, at the outset of the investigation, it would be better not to pre-judge the issue, and to regard the term possessive merely as a convenient label for a morpheme whose semantic value will emerge in due course.
Prenominal Possessives: Some Generative Approaches
Authors: Taylor John R
Published: November 2023

The prenominal possessive construction in English has a number of distinctive properties, concerning both its internal structure and its usage range, which set it apart from possessive constructions in many other languages (section I. 1.3). In spite of (or perhaps because of) its parochial character, the construction has figured quite prominently in the transformational-generative literature of the past two and a half decades or so. In this chapter, I undertake a critical review of some of these analyses.
Possessors as Topics
Authors: Taylor John R
Published: November 2023

In this and the following chapter, I develop some aspects of the reference point analysis of the possessive construction that was outlined in Chapter I. Here, I focus mainly on properties of the possessor, or reference point nominal, whilst the main concern of Chapter 9 is the semantic relation between possessor and possessee.
The Question of Origins
Authors: Calvet Louis-Jean
Published: November 2023

The reason why animals do not speak is because they have nothing to say. This first sentence, presented as a witticism, is of course only an approximation. Although animals do not speak, which is obvious, they do some times communicate, even though, as far as we know, the content of this communication is very limited. Among the many studies dedicated to animal communication, the two examples that have been quoted most frequently are the dance ofbees1 and the acquisition of signs by chimpan zees.2 It should be noted here that these two examples, the best known within the subject, are not to be classed together.
A Multilingual World
Authors: Calvet Louis-Jean
Published: November 2023

So human beings are confronted by languages. Wherever they are, whatever the first language they understood or learnt, they meet other people every day, understand them or not, recognize them or not, like them or not, are dominated by them or dominate them. It is a fact that the world is multilingual. Linguistic history, which is one aspect of the history of the world, is to a great extent constituted by how this multilingualism is managed.
The Pacificist Illusion and Esperanto
Authors: Calvet Louis-Jean
Published: November 2023

In the seventeenth century, however, there appeared in Europe the notion that it might be possible to resolve the problems posed by multilingualism in vitro, by constructing a universal language. Evidence of this exists, for example, in the writings of Comenius (Jan Komensky), such as La Porte ouverte sur !es langues (1631), but also in a long letter by Rene Descartes who kept up a large scientific correspondence from Amsterdam. On 20 November 1629 he devoted a letter to the plan that a correspondent, Martin Mersenne, had put forward, a plan for a new language in which there would only be ‘one way of conjugating, declining and constructing words’.
New Data for the OED:Methodological Problems
Authors: McConchie R W
Published: November 2023

Having spent some time examining attitudes to the use of English in the sixteenth century and some of the ways in which the medical profession used it and the lexicographers recorded it, we now turn our attention to the works which have been the special subject of this study and to the work which best records the vocabulary of these books, the Oxford English Dictionary (OED). We have now seen that the bulk of the sixteenth-century medical terminology in its pages probably did not come from the dictionaries of the period, and it is also probable that these dictionaries did not make a serious attempt to record this terminology. It seems possible therefore that we do not now understand the emergent terminology of the profession sufficiently well. However, the primary focus of an investigation into the recording of a particular semantic domain in the sixteenth-century lexicon must inevitably be the OED, and only secondarily those sixteenth- and early seventeenth-century dictionaries which were the source of some of its information. If the OED is inaccurate or misleading, in what ways and to what extent is it so? What are its actual deficiencies? This also leads inevitably to questions about the way in which the OED was put together, and to the ways in which it utilized its sources.
Antedatings
Authors: McConchie R W
Published: November 2023

The hunt for antedatings to the OED will seem to many to be pedantry of the most futile and pointless kind; a sort of ankle-biting at worst, and a fussy cleaning up of others’ crumbs at best. But the fact is that the exercise has usually been treated as an adjunct to some more important piece of work-an edition for example-during the course of which they inevitably turn up, impede progress by their irritating presence, and are filed away for later use in some learned note. Only rarely has the collection of such information become an end in itself, and been subjected to some kind of scholarly analysis. Neither has it often been realized just how much material is potentially available to the scholar.
An Exploration of Directional Systems in West Indonesia and Madagascar
Authors: Adelaar K Alexander
Published: November 2023

This paper describes the nature and origins of various directional systems that are used in West Indonesian societies. On cultural historical grounds and for all practical purposes, I consider Madagascar and the Chiasmic area as part of West Indonesia, together with Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Bali, and Lombok. All these areas are Austronesian-speaking, and they have experienced strong linguistic and cultural influences from the Malays and from the Indian subcontinent.