bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Utilization and Implementation of Trauma-Focused Cognitive–Behavioral Therapy for the Treatment of Maltreated Children
Authors: Allen Brian , Johnson Jennifer C.
Published: August 2011

Trauma-Focused Cognitive–Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT) is one of the most researched and widely disseminated interventions for maltreated children. This study describes the findings of a survey of 132 mental health clinicians in children’s advocacy centers (CACs) across the United States to determine the percentage of clinicians who are trained in and utilize TF-CBT and the frequency with which TF-CBT components are implemented. A total of 103 (78%) of the clinicians reported being trained in and utilizing TF-CBT on a regular basis; however, only 66% of these clinicians (58% of the full sample) reported being likely to use each component. The most preferred components were teaching relaxation skills and providing psychoeducation, whereas teaching caregiver child behavior management skills, developing a trauma narrative, and cognitive restructuring were less preferred. Results are discussed in the context of continued dissemination efforts and implications for improving clinical practice.
Written and Computer-Mediated Accounting Communication Skills
Authors: Jones Christopher G.
Published: August 2011

Communication skills are a fundamental personal competency for a successful career in accounting. What is not so obvious is the specific written communication skill set employers look for and the extent those skills are computer mediated. Using survey research, this article explores the particular skills employers desire and their satisfaction level with new hires. Results indicate that basic writing mechanics are the skills in highest demand, followed by effective documentation. Except for email proficiency, employers do not consider computer-mediated communication competencies as important as traditional business communication skills. The article concludes with curricular implications for accounting communication.
Transesophageal Echocardiography–Guided Aortic Thrombectomy in a Patient With a Mobile Thoracic Aortic Thrombus
Authors: Krishnamoorthy Vijay , Bhatt Kunal , Nicolau Ramona , Borhani Martin , Schwartz David E.
Published: August 2011

Thoracic aortic thrombi are a well-known cause of distal embolic phenomena. There is a paucity of case reports because of the rarity of this condition, and thus clear management guidelines are lacking. The authors present a case of a mobile thoracic aortic thrombus managed by a surgical approach. This report demonstrates how intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) proved to be critical in guiding surgical management. The utility of TEE in the diagnosis and management of aortic thrombi is also discussed. In addition, currently reported management strategies for this complex condition are reviewed.
Optimization design of baffle plates in porthole die for aluminium profile extrusion
Authors: Zhang C , Zhao G , Sun X , Chen H , Gao B
Published: August 2011

During the hot extrusion, material flow uniformity plays an important role in the extrusion process and product quality. In practice, material flow could be balanced by many means, e.g. by adjusting the layout and shapes of portholes, by designing various levels of welding chamber, or by taking various bearing lengths. The purpose of this study was to optimize layout and heights of baffle plates in the welding chamber in order to balance material flow. First, the extrusion process was simulated by means of HyperXtrude. Due to the large velocity difference in the cross-section of the profile obtained from initial numerical simulation, baffle plates would be adjusted. By several adjustments, an optimal die structure with uniform material flow velocity in the cross-section of the extrudate was obtained and a sound profile produced. Therefore, baffle plates could effectively balance material flow during the extrusion process and this study could provide effective guidance for practical production.
The spirit of family business: A comparative analysis of Anglo, Germanic and Nordic nations
Authors: Gupta Vipin , Levenburg Nancy M. , Moore Lynda , Motwani Jaideep , Schwarz Thomas
Published: August 2011

Using GLOBE classification and findings, this paper compares the family characteristics and work cultures of family businesses in Anglo, Germanic, and Nordic cultures. Results indicate differing patterns in terms of the involvement of the family in the family business and other key organizational dimensions. While all three regions share their weak family orientation, the Nordic and Germanic regions share stronger future orientation and uncertainty avoidance. The Anglo and Germanic regions share stronger performance orientation and the Nordic region stands out for its low power distance and low assertiveness. Overall, the characteristics of family businesses in the three regions may be associated with the distinctive regional cultures suggesting support for the presence of culturally implicit theories in the family business characteristics.
How the Illicit Drug Economy Contributes to HIV Risk in St Vincent and the Grenadines
Authors: Myers Janet J. , Maiorana Andre , Chapman Katharine , Lall Rosemary , Kassie Nadine , Persaud Navindra
Published: August 2011

St Vincent and the Grenadines (SVG) is the largest marijuana producer in the Eastern Caribbean. As the European Union has phased out preferred access for its banana crop, marijuana has become one of the main sources of income and a safety net for many young men, in particular. HIV is a problem for youth in SVG where 60% of the population and 50% of cumulative AIDS cases are among individuals under 30 years of age. To explore the relationship between the economic context and HIV, we used rapid appraisal methods including field observations, interviews, and focus groups with 43 key informants. We found that the marijuana-related economy has contributed to social conditions favoring HIV transmission among young people in several interrelated ways. A lively youth culture exists which includes frequent parties, heavy drinking, sex with multiple partners, and the desire to be seen with the best material goods. Men with access to money are able to attract younger partners for parties and sex. Condoms are infrequently used. We conclude that reducing HIV risk will require structural interventions to reduce discrimination and increase economic opportunity.
Mixed Methods Data Collection in Dementia Research
Authors: Robinson Andrew L. , Emden Carolyn G. , Croft Tobias D. , Vosper Gillian C. , Elder Jean A. , Stirling Christine , Vickers James C.
Published: August 2011

This article describes data collection within an Australian mixed methods study that investigated family carers’ stress levels and experiences of dementia services and the cognitive and functional abilities of individuals experiencing dementia. Qualitative and quantitative data were collected via a “progressive engagement” process involving “multidisciplinary functioning,” “unambiguous protocols,” and “participant-centered procedures.” The approach achieved high-quality data and 100% participant retention. Study details are located within a broader discussion of mixed methods research in the social sciences and a pragmatic paradigm fitting to dementia research. The article contributes to the field of mixed methods research by highlighting philosophical issues relevant to dementia researchers and by providing sufficient depth of detail for interested readers to adopt or adapt the authors’ mixed methods procedures.
The Role of Group Dynamics in Mixed Methods Health Sciences Research Teams
Authors: Curry Leslie A. , O’Cathain Alicia , Clark Vicki L. Plano , Aroni Rosalie , Fetters Michael , Berg David
Published: August 2011

This article explores the group dynamics of mixed methods health sciences research teams. The authors conceptualize mixed methods research teams as “representational groups,” in which members bring both their organizational and professional groups (e.g., organizational affiliations, methodological expertise) and their identity groups, such as gender or race, to the work of research. Although diversity and complementarity are intrinsic to mixed methods teams, these qualities also present particular challenges. Such challenges include (a) dealing with differences, (b) trusting the “other,” (c) creating a meaningful group, (d) handling essential conflicts and tensions, and (e) enacting effective leadership roles. The authors describe these challenges and, drawing from intergroup relations theory, propose guiding principles that may be useful to mixed methods health sciences research teams.
‘What Next, Dwarves?’: Images of Police Culture in Life on Mars
Authors: Garland Jon , Bilby Charlotte
Published: August 2011

This article addresses the nature of police television dramas through an in-depth analysis of the characters and plotlines of the BBC show Life on Mars. It assesses how the series compares and contrasts with other cop shows such as The Sweeney and The Wire and questions whether the fictional representations of police and society in Life on Mars are indicative of what criminologists know about police culture from the 1970s onwards. The article also explores what this complex programme means for the general public with their anxieties about the efficacy of criminal justice agencies in a post-industrial society. The piece then addresses the representations of police occupational cultures depicted during the series (including elements of officer corruption, sexism, racism and homophobia) and how these help us to understand the changes in policing that occurred between 1973 and the 2000s. It suggests that, despite its ambiguities, Life on Mars in many ways acts as a paean to 1970s policing by appearing to reject the ‘politically correct’ strictures that surround policing in the 21st century.
Witnessing Wootton Bassett: An Exploration in Cultural Victimology
Authors: Walklate Sandra , Mythen Gabe , McGarry Ross
Published: August 2011

The media reporting and visual witnessing of repatriations at Wootton Bassett have become an increasingly frequent occurrence since the first spontaneous saluting of what was then a lonely procession, by Royal British Legion members in 2007. UK military deaths from the war in Afghanistan have now reached over 300 and media sources have begun speculating as to which entry point is likely to replace Wootton Bassett when RAF Lyneham closes in August 2011. Our purpose in this paper is to explore the ‘public performance’ and ‘witnessing’ of these events through two ‘lenses’: the literal via photography and the theoretical by way of victimology. Our intention is to situate ourselves as visual, critical, and certainly not neutral, witnesses. In so doing, we wish to use pictures taken by the photographer Stuart Griffiths to propose three cultural trends that our witnessing of his pictures of Wootton Bassett suggests. In so doing we present three themes that we think are identifiable within these photographs: the compression of private and public grief; gothicism and the emergence of ‘dark tourism’; and displays of resistance. By way of conclusion we discuss the implications of this analysis for victimology.
Loverboys in the Amsterdam Red Light District: A realist approach to the study of a moral panic
Authors: Bovenkerk Frank , van San Marion
Published: August 2011

In the Netherlands the English word ‘loverboys’ describes pimps who use their seductive skills to exploit young girls as prostitutes. Public interest and concern has been enormous. But no images of or interviews with loverboys have appeared in the media. This article examines the 10-year-long history of the phenomenon as a classic moral panic constructed by the media, social workers and politicians. Our analysis also seeks to get behind the media representations, using discovery research methods from urban ethnography to show that a subculture has grown in the world of prostitution where this recruiting method is used. Our dual track investigatory approach demonstrates that both developments – the rise of a moral panic and the emergence of a new type of prostitution – are inexorably intertwined.
Perception de quelques mécanismes favorables à la réduction des inégalités sociales de santé en France
Authors: Ridde Valéry , Guichard Anne
Published: August 2011

Résumé

La promotion de la santé peine à faire la démonstration de sa capacité à réduire les inégalités sociales de santé. Cette recherche exploratoire utilise la démarche de l’ évaluation réaliste pour identifier au sein de cinq actions, les mécanismes favorables à la réduction des inégalités sociales de santé en France. Des études de cas ont été effectuées à partir de cinq actions de promotion de la santé dans trois régions. Les données proviennent de 41 entrevues individuelles et de la documentation des actions. Les entrevues ont été conduites pour explorer une liste de 51 mécanismes candidats sélectionnés à partir de trois outils tirés de la littérature. L’analyse des données a été réalisée au moyen d’une analyse de contenu. Les mécanismes suivants ont été confirmés par cette étude empirique : implication de tous les partenaires clés, participation significative, valorisation des différents types d’apports et de savoirs, vision commune, leadership partagé, réflexion critique continue sur les processus et les résultats, mobilisation de ressources. Cette recherche exploratoire a permis de confirmer, par des données empiriques, l’existence de ce mécanismes spécifiques aux actions visant la réduction des inégalités sociales de santé selon le point de vue des acteurs. En même temps, elle a été en mesure de révéler de nouveaux mécanismes candidats dont l’exploration doit être poursuivie lors de nouvelles recherches. L’analyse montre cependant qu’il ne faut pas uniquement se focaliser sur les mécanismes mais aussi considérer largement le rôle des entrepreneurs politiques dans la réussite des actions. Cette recherche exploratoire montre que la démarche de l’ évaluation réaliste est faisable, mais il conviendrait de la reproduire à une plus grande échelle pour accéder à l’ensemble des connaissances nécessaires à une compréhension plus exhaustive des mécanismes favorables à la réduction des inégalités sociales de santé en France.
Research on workplace health promotion in the Nordic countries: a literature review, 1986–2008
Authors: Torp Steffen , Eklund Leena , Thorpenberg Stefan
Published: August 2011

Workplace health promotion may include approaches focusing on behavioral change among employees and approaches with a holistic system-oriented thinking aiming at changing the physical, social and organizational factors of a setting. This literature review aimed to identify studies on workplace health promotion in the Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden), to describe when, where and how the studies were performed and to further analyze the use of settings approaches and empowerment processes. Using scientific literature databases, we found 1809 hits when searching for Nordic studies published from 1986 to 2008 with the search term health promotion. Of these, 116 studies were related to workplace health promotion and 33 included interventions. We used content analysis to analyze the abstracts of all articles and the full articles of the intervention studies. Most studies were performed in Sweden and Finland. The focus was mainly on behavioral change rather than on holistic health promotion as defined by the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion. This was especially obvious for the intervention studies. In addition to the intervention studies using non-settings approaches with top-down driven behavioral change, we identified studies with participatory settings approaches aimed at changing the setting. We categorized relatively few studies as having a non-participatory settings approach. The studies aiming specifically at improving employees’ empowerment were evenly distributed between the categories market-oriented persuasion of empowerment, therapeutic empowerment and empowerment as a liberal management strategy. More studies on workplace health promotion using empowering and participatory settings approaches are needed in the Nordic countries, and a more theory-based approach towards this research field is needed.
Mindful Attention Prevents Mindless Impulses
Authors: Papies Esther K. , Barsalou Lawrence W. , Custers Ruud
Published: August 2011

Three studies illustrate that mindful attention prevents impulses toward attractive food. Participants received a brief mindfulness procedure in which they observed their reactions to external stimuli as transient mental events rather than subjectively real experiences. Participants then applied this procedure to viewing pictures of highly attractive and neutral food items. Finally, reactions to food stimuli were assessed with an implicit approach-avoidance task. Across experiments, spontaneous approach reactions elicited by attractive food were fully eliminated in the mindful attention condition compared to the control condition, in which participants viewed the same items without mindful attention. These effects were maintained over a 5-minute distraction period. Our findings suggest that mindful attention to one’s own mental experiences helps to control impulsive responses and thus suggest mindfulness as a potentially powerful method for facilitating self-regulation.
Effects of Intensive Mobile Happiness Reporting in Daily Life
Authors: Conner Tamlin S. , Reid Katie A.
Published: August 2011

Does intensive focus on happiness change the naturalistic experience of happiness over time? In a 2-week text-messaging experiment, young adult participants ( n = 162) reported their current happiness 1, 3, or 6 times daily. Examination of temporal changes in momentary happiness over time showed no group differences, suggesting little evidence for reactivity overall. However, the effects were moderated by current depressive symptoms and neuroticism and to a lesser extent by self-esteem (trend only) and not by trait happiness. Individuals higher in depressive symptoms or neuroticism showed decreased momentary happiness over time with more frequent reporting, whereas individuals lower in depressive symptoms or neuroticism showed the opposite pattern with increased momentary happiness over time with more frequent reporting. Effects for self-esteem were similar but did not reach statistical significance. Findings suggest that intensive happiness reporting through mobile technology may be aversive or beneficial depending upon the negative emotional disposition of individuals.
Effect of genetic polymorphisms on the development of secondary failure to sulfonylurea in Egyptian patients with type 2 diabetes
Authors: El-sisi Alaa E. , Hegazy Sahar K. , Metwally Shereen S. , Wafa Alaa M. , Dawood Naglaa A.
Published: August 2011

Objective: This study investigated the possibility that genetic factors, such as polymorphism of K inward rectifier subunit (Kir6.2), E23K, and Arg972 polymorphism of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), may predispose patients to sulfonylurea failure.

Methods: A total of 100 unrelated Egyptian patients with type 2 diabetes were recruited. They were divided into two equal groups: group I consisted of patients with secondary failure to sulfonylurea (hemoglobin A1c ≥ 8% despite sulfonylurea therapy) while group II consisted of patients whose condition was controlled with oral therapy.

Results: Of all the patients, 45% and 14% were carriers of the K allele and Arg972 variants respectively. The frequency of the K allele was 34% among patients with diabetes that was controlled with oral therapy and 56% among patients with secondary failure to sulfonylurea. The frequency of the Arg972 IRS-1 variant was 6% among patients with diabetes controlled with oral therapy and 22% among patients with secondary failure.

Conclusion: The E23K variant of the Kir6.2 gene and Arg972 IRS-1 variants are associated with increased risk for secondary failure to sulfonylurea.
What’s New With Allergy Shots? Overview of the Joint Task Force’s Third Update on Allergen Immunotherapy
Authors: Rance Karen S.
Published: August 2011

Allergic diseases are common throughout the world and affect all age groups. Allergen immunotherapy is the only available treatment that can reduce symptoms, improve quality of life, alter the course of the disease, and induce long-term clinical remission safely and effectively in patients with allergen sensitivity. In January 2011, the Joint Task Force on Practice Parameters, which represents the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (AAAAI); the American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (ACAAI); and the Joint Council of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (JCAAI), published Allergen Immunotherapy: A Practice Parameter Third Update. This most recent update aims to ensure the optimal practice of allergen immunotherapy (IT) for patients with allergic disease. This update accesses the latest research to establish guidelines for the safe and effective use of allergen IT practice. As asthma and allergy educators, it is important to be familiar with the Allergen Immunotherapy: Practice Parameter Third Update so as to increase our value to patients and improve their health outcomes. This article presents a summary of the Joint Task Force’s update and discusses its applicability to asthma and allergy educators.
A Qualitative Study of Parental Use of the Written Asthma Action Plan for Their Children in Primary Care in Singapore
Authors: Tan Ngiap Chuan , Soo Wern Fern , Ngoh Agnes SH
Published: August 2011

A symptom-based written asthma action plan (WAAP) was introduced to both adult and pediatric patients as part of the evidence-based local clinical practice guidelines to educate patients in asthma self-management in Singapore in 1998. This article aimed to explore the issues pertaining to the parental use of the WAAP for their children with asthma. A qualitative method using focus group discussions was used to gather qualitative data from parents of children with asthma who are on review at primary care clinics in Singapore. Qualitative data analysis based on grounded theory was carried out to identify emergent themes. Parents expressed difficulty in differentiating asthma-related symptoms from early symptoms of an upper-respiratory tract infection. Because of the failure to recognize cough as an asthma-related symptom, they focused more on symptomatic treatment of cough. They often relied on their own assessment of their children’s asthma status and sought medical consultation soon after onset of the children’s symptoms, rather than adjusting their inhaled medication. This deviated from the WAAP given by their physician. Their threshold to consult a doctor was thus variable, reflecting their confidence in self-management of their children’s asthma condition. Factors that hinder the implementation of the WAAP for children included difficulty in symptom recognition, parental focus on symptomatic treatment, and confidence issues in using the tool.
Immunologic effects of rituximab on the human spleen in immune thrombocytopenia
Authors: Audia Sylvain , Samson Maxime , Guy Julien , Janikashvili Nona , Fraszczak Jennifer , Trad Malika , Ciudad Marion , Leguy Vanessa , Berthier Sabine , Petrella Tony , Aho-Glélé Serge , Martin Laurent , Maynadié Marc , Lorcerie Bernard , Rat Patrick , Cheynel Nicolas , Katsanis Emmanuel , Larmonier Nicolas , Bonnotte Bernard
Published: August 2011

Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune disease with a complex pathogenesis. As in many B cell–related autoimmune diseases, rituximab (RTX) has been shown to increase platelet counts in some ITP patients. From an immunologic standpoint, the mode of action of RTX and the reasons underlying its limited efficacy have yet to be elucidated. Because splenectomy is a cornerstone treatment of ITP, the immune effect of RTX on this major secondary lymphoid organ was investigated in 18 spleens removed from ITP patients who were treated or not with RTX. Spleens from ITP individuals had follicular hyperplasia consistent with secondary follicles. RTX therapy resulted in complete B-cell depletion in the blood and a significant reduction in splenic B cells, but these patients did not achieve remission. Moreover, whereas the percentage of circulating regulatory T cells (Tregs) was similar to that in controls, splenic Tregs were reduced in ITP patients. Interestingly, the ratio of proinflammatory Th1 cells to suppressive Tregs was increased in the spleens of patients who failed RTX therapy. These results indicate that although B cells are involved in ITP pathogenesis, RTX-induced total B-cell depletion is not correlated with its therapeutic effects, which suggests additional immune-mediated mechanisms of action of this drug.
Prototype semantic infrastructure for automated small molecule classification and annotation in lipidomics
Authors: Chepelev Leonid L , Riazanov Alexandre , Kouznetsov Alexandre , Low Hong Sang , Dumontier Michel , Baker Christopher JO
Published: August 2011

Background

The development of high-throughput experimentation has led to astronomical growth in biologically relevant lipids and lipid derivatives identified, screened, and deposited in numerous online databases. Unfortunately, efforts to annotate, classify, and analyze these chemical entities have largely remained in the hands of human curators using manual or semi-automated protocols, leaving many novel entities unclassified. Since chemical function is often closely linked to structure, accurate structure-based classification and annotation of chemical entities is imperative to understanding their functionality.

Results

As part of an exploratory study, we have investigated the utility of semantic web technologies in automated chemical classification and annotation of lipids. Our prototype framework consists of two components: an ontology and a set of federated web services that operate upon it. The formal lipid ontology we use here extends a part of the LiPrO ontology and draws on the lipid hierarchy in the LIPID MAPS database, as well as literature-derived knowledge. The federated semantic web services that operate upon this ontology are deployed within the Semantic Annotation, Discovery, and Integration (SADI) framework. Structure-based lipid classification is enacted by two core services. Firstly, a structural annotation service detects and enumerates relevant functional groups for a specified chemical structure. A second service reasons over lipid ontology class descriptions using the attributes obtained from the annotation service and identifies the appropriate lipid classification. We extend the utility of these core services by combining them with additional SADI services that retrieve associations between lipids and proteins and identify publications related to specified lipid types. We analyze the performance of SADI-enabled eicosanoid classification relative to the LIPID MAPS classification and reflect on the contribution of our integrative methodology in the context of high-throughput lipidomics.

Conclusions

Our prototype framework is capable of accurate automated classification of lipids and facile integration of lipid class information with additional data obtained with SADI web services. The potential of programming-free integration of external web services through the SADI framework offers an opportunity for development of powerful novel applications in lipidomics. We conclude that semantic web technologies can provide an accurate and versatile means of classification and annotation of lipids.
Applications of the pipeline environment for visual informatics and genomics computations
Authors: Dinov Ivo D , Torri Federica , Macciardi Fabio , Petrosyan Petros , Liu Zhizhong , Zamanyan Alen , Eggert Paul , Pierce Jonathan , Genco Alex , Knowles James A , Clark Andrew P , Van Horn John D , Ames Joseph , Kesselman Carl , Toga Arthur W
Published: August 2011

Background

Contemporary informatics and genomics research require efficient, flexible and robust management of large heterogeneous data, advanced computational tools, powerful visualization, reliable hardware infrastructure, interoperability of computational resources, and detailed data and analysis-protocol provenance. The Pipeline is a client-server distributed computational environment that facilitates the visual graphical construction, execution, monitoring, validation and dissemination of advanced data analysis protocols.

Results

This paper reports on the applications of the LONI Pipeline environment to address two informatics challenges - graphical management of diverse genomics tools, and the interoperability of informatics software. Specifically, this manuscript presents the concrete details of deploying general informatics suites and individual software tools to new hardware infrastructures, the design, validation and execution of new visual analysis protocols via the Pipeline graphical interface, and integration of diverse informatics tools via the Pipeline eXtensible Markup Language syntax. We demonstrate each of these processes using several established informatics packages (e.g., miBLAST, EMBOSS, mrFAST, GWASS, MAQ, SAMtools, Bowtie) for basic local sequence alignment and search, molecular biology data analysis, and genome-wide association studies. These examples demonstrate the power of the Pipeline graphical workflow environment to enable integration of bioinformatics resources which provide a well-defined syntax for dynamic specification of the input/output parameters and the run-time execution controls.

Conclusions

The LONI Pipeline environment http://pipeline.loni.ucla.edu provides a flexible graphical infrastructure for efficient biomedical computing and distributed informatics research. The interactive Pipeline resource manager enables the utilization and interoperability of diverse types of informatics resources. The Pipeline client-server model provides computational power to a broad spectrum of informatics investigators - experienced developers and novice users, user with or without access to advanced computational-resources (e.g., Grid, data), as well as basic and translational scientists. The open development, validation and dissemination of computational networks (pipeline workflows) facilitates the sharing of knowledge, tools, protocols and best practices, and enables the unbiased validation and replication of scientific findings by the entire community.
Plasticity of photoreceptor-generating retinal progenitors revealed by prolonged retinoic acid exposure
Authors: Stevens Craig B , Cameron David A , Stenkamp Deborah L
Published: August 2011

Background

Retinoic acid (RA) is important for vertebrate eye morphogenesis and is a regulator of photoreceptor development in the retina. In the zebrafish, RA treatment of postmitotic photoreceptor precursors has been shown to promote the differentiation of rods and red-sensitive cones while inhibiting the differentiation of blue- and UV-sensitive cones. The roles played by RA and its receptors in modifying photoreceptor fate remain to be determined.

Results

Treatment of zebrafish embryos with RA, beginning at the time of retinal progenitor cell proliferation and prior to photoreceptor terminal mitosis, resulted in a significant alteration of rod and cone mosaic patterns, suggesting an increase in the production of rods at the expense of red cones. Quantitative pattern analyses documented increased density of rod photoreceptors and reduced local spacing between rod cells, suggesting rods were appearing in locations normally occupied by cone photoreceptors. Cone densities were correspondingly reduced and cone photoreceptor mosaics displayed expanded and less regular spacing. These results were consistent with replacement of approximately 25% of positions normally occupied by red-sensitive cones, with additional rods. Analysis of embryos from a RA-signaling reporter line determined that multiple retinal cell types, including mitotic cells and differentiating rods and cones, are capable of directly responding to RA. The RA receptors RXRγ and RARαb are expressed in patterns consistent with mediating the effects of RA on photoreceptors. Selective knockdown of RARαb expression resulted in a reduction in endogenous RA signaling in the retina. Knockdown of RARαb also caused a reduced production of rods that was not restored by simultaneous treatments with RA.

Conclusions

These data suggest that developing retinal cells have a dynamic sensitivity to RA during retinal neurogenesis. In zebrafish RA may influence the rod vs. cone cell fate decision. The RARαb receptor mediates the effects of endogenous, as well as exogenous RA, on rod development.
A gene-rich, transcriptionally active environment and the pre-deposition of repressive marks are predictive of susceptibility to KRAB/KAP1-mediated silencing
Authors: Meylan Sylvain , Groner Anna C , Ambrosini Giovanna , Malani Nirav , Quenneville Simon , Zangger Nadine , Kapopoulou Adamandia , Kauzlaric Annamaria , Rougemont Jacques , Ciuffi Angela , Bushman Frederic D , Bucher Philipp , Trono Didier
Published: August 2011

Background

KRAB-ZFPs (Krüppel-associated box domain-zinc finger proteins) are vertebrate-restricted transcriptional repressors encoded in the hundreds by the mouse and human genomes. They act via an essential cofactor, KAP1, which recruits effectors responsible for the formation of facultative heterochromatin. We have recently shown that KRAB/KAP1 can mediate long-range transcriptional repression through heterochromatin spreading, but also demonstrated that this process is at times countered by endogenous influences.

Method

To investigate this issue further we used an ectopic KRAB-based repressor. This system allowed us to tether KRAB/KAP1 to hundreds of euchromatic sites within genes, and to record its impact on gene expression. We then correlated this KRAB/KAP1-mediated transcriptional effect to pre-existing genomic and chromatin structures to identify specific characteristics making a gene susceptible to repression.

Results

We found that genes that were susceptible to KRAB/KAP1-mediated silencing carried higher levels of repressive histone marks both at the promoter and over the transcribed region than genes that were insensitive. In parallel, we found a high enrichment in euchromatic marks within both the close and more distant environment of these genes.

Conclusion

Together, these data indicate that high levels of gene activity in the genomic environment and the pre-deposition of repressive histone marks within a gene increase its susceptibility to KRAB/KAP1-mediated repression.
Transcript profiling of crown rootless1 mutant stem base reveals new elements associated with crown root development in rice
Authors: Coudert Yoan , Bès Martine , Van Anh Le Thi , Pré Martial , Guiderdoni Emmanuel , Gantet Pascal
Published: August 2011

Background

In rice, the major part of the post-embryonic root system is made of stem-derived roots named crown roots (CR). Among the few characterized rice mutants affected in root development, crown rootless1 mutant is unable to initiate crown root primordia. CROWN ROOTLESS1 (CRL1) is induced by auxin and encodes an AS2/LOB-domain transcription factor that acts upstream of the gene regulatory network controlling CR development.

Results

To identify genes involved in CR development, we compared global gene expression profile in stem bases of crl1 mutant and wild-type (WT) plants. Our analysis revealed that 250 and 236 genes are down- and up-regulated respectively in the crl1 mutant. Auxin induces CRL1 expression and consequently it is expected that auxin also alters the expression of genes that are early regulated by CRL1. To identify genes under the early control of CRL1, we monitored the expression kinetics of a selected subset of genes, mainly chosen among those exhibiting differential expression, in crl1 and WT following exogenous auxin treatment. This analysis revealed that most of these genes, mainly related to hormone, water and nutrient, development and homeostasis, were likely not regulated directly by CRL1. We hypothesized that the differential expression for these genes observed in the crl1 mutant is likely a consequence of the absence of CR formation. Otherwise, three CRL1- dependent auxin-responsive genes: FSM (FLATENNED SHOOT MERISTEM)/FAS1 (FASCIATA1), GTE4 (GENERAL TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR GROUP E4) and MAP (MICROTUBULE-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN) were identified. FSM/FAS1 and GTE4 are known in rice and Arabidopsis to be involved in the maintenance of root meristem through chromatin remodelling and cell cycle regulation respectively.

Conclusion

Our data showed that the differential regulation of most genes in crl1 versus WT may be an indirect consequence of CRL1 inactivation resulting from the absence of CR in the crl1 mutant. Nevertheless some genes, FAS1/FSM, GTE4 and MAP, require CRL1 to be induced by auxin suggesting that they are likely directly regulated by CRL1. These genes have a function related to polarized cell growth, cell cycle regulation or chromatin remodelling. This suggests that these genes are controlled by CRL1 and involved in CR initiation in rice.
A multi locus variable number of tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) scheme for Streptococcus agalactiae genotyping
Authors: Haguenoer Eve , Baty Gaelle , Pourcel Christine , Lartigue Marie-Frédérique , Domelier Anne-Sophie , Rosenau Agnès , Quentin Roland , Mereghetti Laurent , Lanotte Philippe
Published: August 2011

Background

Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) is currently the reference method for genotyping Streptococcus agalactiae strains, the leading cause of infectious disease in newborns and a major cause of disease in immunocompromised children and adults. We describe here a genotyping method based on multiple locus variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) analysis (MLVA) applied to a population of S. agalactiae strains of various origins characterized by MLST and serotyping.

Results

We studied a collection of 186 strains isolated from humans and cattle and three reference strains (A909, NEM316 and 2603 V/R). Among 34 VNTRs, 6 polymorphic VNTRs loci were selected for use in genotyping of the bacterial population. The MLVA profile consists of a series of allele numbers, corresponding to the number of repeats at each VNTR locus. 98 MLVA genotypes were obtained compared to 51 sequences types generated by MLST. The MLVA scheme generated clusters which corresponded well to the main clonal complexes obtained by MLST. However it provided a higher discriminatory power. The diversity index obtained with MLVA was 0.960 compared to 0.881 with MLST for this population of strains.

Conclusions

The MLVA scheme proposed here is a rapid, cheap and easy genotyping method generating results suitable for exchange and comparison between different laboratories and for the epidemiologic surveillance of S. agalactiae and analyses of outbreaks.
Genotypic and phenotypic diversity of Ralstonia pickettii and Ralstonia insidiosa isolates from clinical and environmental sources including High-purity Water. Diversity in Ralstonia pickettii
Authors: Ryan Michael P , Pembroke J Tony , Adley Catherine C
Published: August 2011

Background

Ralstonia pickettii is a nosocomial infectious agent and a significant industrial contaminant. It has been found in many different environments including clinical situations, soil and industrial High Purity Water. This study compares the phenotypic and genotypic diversity of a selection of strains of Ralstonia collected from a variety of sources.

Results

Ralstonia isolates (fifty-nine) from clinical, industrial and environmental origins were compared genotypically using i) Species-specific-PCR, ii) PCR and sequencing of the 16S-23S rRNA Interspatial region (ISR) iii) the fliC gene genes, iv) RAPD and BOX-PCR and v) phenotypically using biochemical testing. The species specific-PCR identified fifteen out of fifty-nine designated R. pickettii isolates as actually being the closely related species R. insidiosa. PCR-ribotyping of the 16S-23S rRNA ISR indicated few major differences between the isolates. Analysis of all isolates demonstrated different banding patterns for both the RAPD and BOX primers however these were found not to vary significantly.

Conclusions

R. pickettii species isolated from wide geographic and environmental sources appear to be reasonably homogenous based on genotypic and phenotypic characteristics. R. insidiosa can at present only be distinguished from R. pickettii using species specific PCR. R. pickettii and R. insidiosa isolates do not differ significantly phenotypically or genotypically based on environmental or geographical origin.
Elective surgical referral guidelines - background educational material or essential shared decision making tool? A survey of GPs' in England
Authors: Blundell Naomi , Taylor-Phillips Sian , Spitzer David , Martin Steven , Forde Ian , Clarke Aileen
Published: August 2011

Background

To investigate general practitioners' (GPs') attitudes to guidelines for elective surgical referral in England. To understand their use of guidelines, and attitudes to shared decision making in the referral decision.

Methods

A questionnaire was developed which investigated attitudes to and use of guidelines. It was given to a stratified random sample 30% (n = 310) drawn from GP lists of 10 English health districts (primary care trusts (PCTs)). GPs were invited to respond online, by telephone, fax or post. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and backwards stepwise logistic regression.

Results

Responses were representative of GPs in England, but (despite up to 6 contacts per non-responder) the overall response rate was 41.6% (n = 129; with the range across PCTs of 25-61%). Most responding GPs indicated support for referral guidelines but 18% reported that they had never used them. Less than three per cent reported use for most or all referral decisions. The odds of using guidelines decreased with increasing age, with a ten year increase in age associated with halving odds of use (OR = 0.53, 95%CI = 0.29-0.90). Over 50% of GPs wanted good access to electronic guidelines with expert information and advice on guideline availability. Almost all (>89%) GPs agreed with sharing referral decisions with patients. Female doctors (OR = 5.2, 95%CI: 1.02-26.3) were more likely to agree with this than male GPs as were those working in larger compared to small or single handed practices (OR = 5.3, 95%CI: 1.4-19.9).

Conclusions

This group of responding GPs was supportive of guidelines but used them in different ways. Referral guidelines should have an educational component for background reading; include key messages for internalisation and application; and incorporate mechanisms to facilitate accessibility and appropriate shared decision making with patients.
Younger age as a prognostic indicator in breast cancer: A cohort study
Authors: Kheirelseid Elrasheid AH , Boggs Jennifer ME , Curran Catherine , Glynn Ronan W , Dooley Cara , Sweeney Karl J , Kerin Michael J
Published: August 2011

Background

The debate continues as to whether younger women who present with breast cancer have a more aggressive form of disease and a worse prognosis. The objectives of this study were to determine the incidence of breast cancer in women under 40 years old and to analyse the clinicopathological characteristics and outcome compared to an older patient cohort.

Methods

Data was acquired from a review of charts and the prospectively reviewed GUH Department of Surgery database. Included in the study were 276 women diagnosed with breast cancer under the age of forty and 2869 women over forty. For survival analysis each women less than 40 was matched with two women over forty for both disease stage and grade.

Results

The proportion of women diagnosed with breast cancer under the age of forty in our cohort was 8.8%. In comparison to their older counterparts, those under forty had a higher tumour grade (p = 0.044) and stage (p = 0.046), a lower incidence of lobular tumours (p < 0.001), higher estrogen receptor negativity (p < 0.001) and higher HER2 over-expression (p = 0.002); there was no statistical difference as regards tumour size (p = 0.477). There was no significant difference in overall survival (OS) for both groups; and factors like tumour size (p = 0.026), invasion (p = 0.026) and histological type (p = 0.027), PR (p = 0.031) and HER2 (p = 0.002) status and treatment received were independent predictors of OS

Conclusion

Breast cancer in younger women has distinct histopathological characteristics; however, this does not result in a reduced survival in this population.
Risk factors and psychosocial characteristics of potential problematic and problematic internet use among adolescents: A cross-sectional study
Authors: Kormas Georgios , Critselis Elena , Janikian Mari , Kafetzis Dimitrios , Tsitsika Artemis
Published: August 2011

Background

Problematic internet use (PIU) is associated with a plethora of psychosocial adversities. The study objectives were to assess the determinants and psychosocial implications associated with potential PIU and PIU among adolescents.

Methods

A cross-sectional study design was applied among a random sample (n = 866) of Greek adolescents (mean age: 14.7 years). Self-completed questionnaires, including internet use characteristics, Young Internet Addiction Test, and Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, were utilized to examine the study objectives.

Results

Among the study population, the prevalence rates of potential PIU and PIU were 19.4% and 1.5%, respectively. Multinomial logistic regression indicated that male gender (Odds Ratio, OR: 2.01; 95% Confidence Interval, 95% CI: 1.35-3.00), as well as utilizing the internet for retrieving sexual information (OR: 2.52; 95% CI: 1.53-4.12), interactive game playing (OR: 1.85; 95% CI: 1.21-2.82), and socialization, including chat-room use (OR: 1.97; 95% CI: 1.36-2.86) and email (OR: 1.53; 95% CI: 1.05-2.24), were independently associated with potential PIU and PIU. Adolescents with potential PIU had an increased likelihood of concomitantly presenting with hyperactivity (OR: 4.39; 95% CI: 2.03-9.52) and conduct (OR: 2.56; 95% CI: 1.46-4.50) problems. Moreover, adolescent PIU was significantly associated with hyperactivity (OR: 9.96; 95% CI: 1.76-56.20) and conduct (OR: 8.39; 95% CI: 2.04-34.56) problems, as well as comprehensive psychosocial maladjustment (OR: 8.08; 95% CI: 1.44-45.34).

Conclusions

The determinants of potential PIU and PIU include accessing the internet for the purposes of retrieving sexual information, game playing, and socialization. Furthermore, both potential PIU and PIU are adversely associated with notable behavioral and social maladjustment among adolescents.
Genetic analysis and morphological identification of pilus-like structures in members of the genus Bifidobacterium
Authors: Foroni Elena , Serafini Fausta , Amidani Davide , Turroni Francesca , He Fei , Bottacini Francesca , O’Connell Motherway Mary , Viappiani Alice , Zhang Ziding , Rivetti Claudio , van Sinderen Douwe , Ventura Marco
Published: August 2011

Background

Cell surface pili in Gram positive bacteria have been reported to orchestrate the colonization of host tissues, evasion of immunity and the development of biofilms. So far, little if any information is available on the presence of pilus-like structures in human gut commensals like bifidobacteria.

Results and discussion

In this report, Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) of various bifidobacterial strains belonging to Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum, Bifidobacterium dentium, Bifidobacterium adolescentis and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis revealed the existence of appendages resembling pilus-like structures. Interestingly, these microorganisms harbour two to six predicted pilus gene clusters in their genome, with each organized in an operon encompassing the major pilin subunit-encoding gene (designated fim A or fim P) together with one or two minor pilin subunit-encoding genes (designated as fim B and/or fim Q), and a gene encoding a sortase enzyme (str A). Quantitative Real Time (qRT)-PCR analysis and RT-PCR experiments revealed a polycistronic mRNA, encompassing the fim A/P and fim B/Q genes, which are differentially expressed upon cultivation of bifidobacteria on various glycans.