bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Covid-19: La pandemia del maltrato contra el personal de la salud en tiempos de pandemia
Authors: Bedoya Jojoa Cristhian Mauricio
Published: June 2020

Discrimination and, physical, verbal and psychological attacks on health personnel increased with the COVID-19 pandemic. As examples of this situation, are the experiences lived by multiple professionals from different branches of health, who are discriminated on the streets, on public transport, in supermarkets and even in their own places of residence. They are victims of a strong stigmatization, on several occasions they have materialized in physical and verbal aggressions, due to, the commons people associate any type of contact with health personnel, increases their chances of contagion. María del Carmen Montenegro explains, from the UNAM psychology faculty, “this reaction by some people points to beliefs (which in some cases start from a reality principle) and to the irrationality to face them, since they (medical personnel), symbolically represent the disease itself and the cure, and the terror that this evil and stigma implies is uncontrollable and generates the most interesting beliefs as a social process” (1).
Variación intencional en tareas de Teoría de la Mente Moralmente relevante (MoToM)
Authors: Goenaga Jesús , Sierra Daniel , Gallego Federico , Artunduaga Karen
Published: June 2020

La relación entre Teoría de la Mente (ToM) y juicio moral permitió el diseño de tareas de Teoría de la Mente Moralmente Relevantes (MoToM), las cuales integran la lectura intencional a la elaboración de dichos juicios. Este trabajo describe la producción de una variación de la MoToM en el juicio moral con lectura intencional en niños de 5 y 8 años, quienes aplicaron una tarea de MoToM y variación de esta, otorgando dos estimaciones del juicio moral, antes y después de la variación. Se encontraron diferencias significativas entre edades ante la elaboración del juicio. Se confirmó la relación entre ToM y juicio moral, reconociendo otros aspectos del desarrollo, los cuales son fundamentales para la integración de la intencionalidad en la elaboración de juicios.
Rendimiento frontal y ejecutivo en niños en proceso de restablecimiento de derechos en Antioquia, Colombia
Authors: Montoya-Arenas David Andrés , Arbeláez-Vargas Juan Fernando , Díaz-Soto Cecilia María
Published: June 2020

El objetivo de la investigación fue establecer las diferencias en el rendimiento frontal y ejecutivo en sujetos de 7 a 12 años que se encuentran en proceso de restablecimiento de derecho a cargo del Instituto Colombiano de Bienestar Familiar(ICBF) en la Clínica del Oriente, en comparacion con niños y adolescentes que viven con su familia biológica. En total, la muestra estuvo constituida por 40 niños, 20 en cada uno de los grupos mencionados. La evaluación se realizó mediante el Test Breve de Inteligencia de Kauffman (K-BIT) y la Batería Neuropsicológica de las Funciones Ejecutivas y Lóbulos Frontales (BANFE). Los resultados evidencian diferencias entre ambos grupos en las funciones de planeación, seguimiento de reglas, flexibilidad mental y memoria de trabajo.
‘You Need to Know Someone Who Knows Someone’: International Students’ Job Search Experiences
Authors: Alho Rolle
Published: June 2020

The article analyzes how 31 international students (IS) entered the Finnish labor market as they graduated from Finnish universities. Despite a growing interest in international student migration (ISM), there are few studies that analyze the firsthand experiences of IS as they seek to enter the receiving-country labor markets as they graduate. This article contributes to the topic by showing how the interviewees of this study managed to enter the receiving-country labor markets, which are embedded in national, cultural, and institutional contexts that require context-bound knowledge of particular recruitment patterns.The contribution of the article lies in (1) providing new insights on an understudied topic: IS’ experiences of finding jobs in the country of graduation, and, in (2) constructing a theoretical framework for analyzing IS’ job search in the countries ofgraduation. More broadly, the article contributes to the studies on highly educated migrants’ labor market integration by shedding light on the experiences in a Nordic setting.
Employee Representatives on Company Boards – Hostages, Renegades or Fierce Opponents?
Authors: Hagen Inger Marie
Published: June 2020

Members of company boards in Scandinavia are legally obliged to act in accordance with the interests of the company. How to interpret this obligation has been on the agenda ever since the employees were given the right to elect their own board members in the early 1970s. This article, based on data from a European survey among board-level employee representatives (BLERs), compares Swedish and Norwegian BLERs and asks whether the conflict between the company’s interests and the employees’ interests (still) constitutes a predicament? The analysis indicates that this alleged conflict belongs to the initial debate and that it is less relevant to the current BLERs. The differing election principles in Sweden (BLERs are appointed by the local trade unions) and Norway (BLERs are elected by all the employees in the company) do not alter this conclusion.
Introduction to 2020-2
Authors: Buch Anders
Published: June 2020

This issue of Nordic Journal of Working Life Studies compiles five articles that introduce different themes and concerns in contemporary Nordic working life. Rolle Alho’s article ‘You Need to Know Someone Who Knows Someone’: International Student’s Job Search Experiences explores the job search strategies and obstacles that international students meet when they seek to enter the job market in Finland. Through 31 qualitative interviews with international students from Finnish universities, he investigates how the students are embedded in the Finnish community and how they make use of their knowledge and connections to obtain a job in Finland. Both formal and informal strategies are often employed, but the international students are clearly disadvantaged in lacking novel information about job opportunities that are only chan- neled through informal sources. Sectorial differences are significant for the successfulness of the job search; sectors with a shortage of labor leaves better opportunities for international students to enter the job market (...)
Prevalence of Elevated Non-HDL Cholesterol among Patients with Diabetes in An Iranian Population
Authors: Kheirollahi Asma , Karkhaneh Azam
Published: June 2020

Background and Aims: Non-high density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-
HDL-C), which reflects all cholesterol present in potentially atherogenic lipoprotein particles, might be a useful marker of atherosclerosis in diabetic subjects. In the present study, we evaluated the prevalence of high non-HDL-C in patients with dyslipidemia in diabetic and non-diabetic subjects following LDL-C assessment as the first goal of therapy. Materials and Methods: A data set of 2142 individuals was included in the study. All values of lipid profile were compared between non-diabetic and diabetic groups and the prevalence of dyslipidemia was evaluated in two groups.
Results and Conclusions: According to the results, 48% of patients with diabetes achieved combined LDL-C ≤2.5 mmol/L and non-HDL ≤3.3 mmol/L targets, and 58.2% of diabetic patients achieved LDL-C goal while only 50.2% attained non-HDL-C goal. Also, the results indicated that non-HDL-C significantly heightened in patients with diabetes. Therefore, non-HDL-C needs to be calculated as a routine assessment in patients with diabetes.
Effect of Sodium Selenide on Renal Toxicity Induced By Mercuric Chloride in Rat
Authors: Jamshidi Hamid Reza , Kalantar Hasti
Published: June 2020

Background and Aims: Mercury, with its oxidative activity, causes damage to the antioxidant enzymes thus resulting in physiological disorders. Sodium selenide is an antioxidant that protects antioxidant enzymes. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of sodium selenide on renal toxicity induced by mercuric chloride in rats.
Materials and Methods: Animals were divided into 6 groups of 6 each. Control group was treated with mercuric chloride (2.5 mg/kg) subcutaneously. Groups 2, 3 and 4 of the rats were treated with 2.5 mg/kg of mercuric chloride and sodium selenide subcutaneously administered at doses of 0.02, 0.04 and 0.08 mg/kg, respectively. The fifth group received 0.04 mg/kg sodium selenide subcutaneously after 25 days of mercuric chloride (2.5 mg/kg) treatment. The sixth group was treated with 2.5 mg/kg of mercuric chloride subcutaneously and 100 mg/kg of vitamin E by gavage.
Results: After data analysis of the activity of the enzyme catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxide, creatinine and urea, there was a significant difference in the activity of these factors compared with the control group in blood and kidney tissue (p<0.05).
Conclusions: This study indicated that mercuric chloride has toxic effects in blood and kidney and sodium selenide may be able to reduce its’ blood and renal toxicity.
Interaction of Candida albicans with Fluconazole/ Clotrimazole: Effect on Hyphae Formation and Expression of Hyphal Wall Protein 1
Authors: Jam Shahriari Sakineh , Alizadeh Fahimeh , Khodavandi Alireza
Published: June 2020

Background and Aims: Candida albicans (C. albicans) is the most common opportunistic human pathogen. Therapeutic options for Candida infections are limited to available antifungal drugs. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of fluconazole/clotrimazole (FLU/CLT) on C. albicans hyphae formation.
Materials and Methods: We have established the effectiveness of the combination of FLU/CLT on C. albicans hyphae formation. Interaction of C. albicans with combination of FLU/CLT was performed using the CLSI guidelines and time-killing curves. We investigated the anti-hyphal activities of combination of FLU/CLT against C. albicans using XTT and crystal violet assays as well as scanning electron microscopy and expression of HWP1 gene.
Results: The interaction of C. albicans with FLU/CLT resulted in synergistic, partial synergistic and indifferent effects. The interaction of FLU/CLT were confirmed by time-killing curves. FLU/CLT combined resulted in the reduction of metabolic activity and hyphae formation in C. albicans. Images taken by scanning electron microscopy indicated the effectiveness on hyphae disruption. According to relative real time polymerase chain reaction analysis, the mean Ct values revealed the significant decrease in expression level of the HWP1 gene. A 2.86- and 2.33-fold decrease in HWP1 gene expression was observed in combination of FLU/CLT treatment at 2× minimum inhibitory concentration and 1× minimum inhibitory concentration, respectively (p=0.002).
Conclusions: We confirmed that the hyphae is a target for the combination of FLU/CLT in C. albicans. HWP1 gene is likely to be considered as a probable targets synergistic interaction of FLU/CLT against C. albicans.
Frequency of Y Chromosome Microdeletions in Azoospermic and Oligospermic Iranian Infertile Men
Authors: Gholami Yarahmadi Sepideh , Morovvati Saeid , Raam Monireh , Morovvati Ziba
Published: June 2020

Background and Aims: Azoospermia factor (AZF) region of the Ychromosome has several genes which are responsible for normal spermatogenesis. Microdeletions of these genes are associated with azoospermia and oligospermia. These microdeletions are too small to be detected by karyotyping. They can be easily identified using polymerase chain reaction. The aim of this study is to determine the frequencies of Ychromosome microdeletions in azoospermic and oligospermic Iranian infertile men and compare them with other studies in different ethnic groups.
Materials and Methods: At first, karyotype analysis was performed in 80 infertile men and 30 healthy age-matched counterparts as control group using standard cytogenetic methods. Second, genomic DNA was extracted from all cases and genetic screening was conducted for Y chromosome microdeletions by multiplex polymerase chain reaction for AZF genes on both infertile and control men using 6 STS markers on the long arm of the Y chromosome.
Results: Totally, 49 infertile men were azoospermic and 31 were oligospermic. Y-chromosome microdeletions in the AZFc region were detected in 4 of azoospermic patients. Y-chromosome microdeletions was not detected in any of the oligospermic patients and the control group.
Conclusions: This finding recommends that genetic counseling and screening before starting assisted reproductive techniques such as in vitro fertilisation and intracytoplasmic sperm injection can prevent unnecessary treatment and transmission of genetic defects to offspring
Comparison of PLGA/Fibrin and PLGA/Hyaluronic Acid Scaffolds for Chondrogenesis of Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells
Authors: Sharifian Zeinolabedin , Hashemibeni Batool , Pourentezari Majid , Valiani Ali , Mardani Mohammad , Zamani Rarani Mohammad , Pourentezar Hamidreza
Published: June 2020

Background and Aims: Tissue engineering is a relatively novel field that has been intensely developing during recent years and has shown to be excessively promising when used for cartilage regeneration. Scaffolds represent important components for tissue engineering.
Materials and Methods: The Poly Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) impregnated with fibrin and hyaluronic acid (HA) produce hybrid scaffolds. human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs) were seeded in scaffolds and cultured in chondrogenic media. The viability of cells in different groups was assessed by MTT. The expression of chondrogenic related genes [Sox9, type II collagen (Col II), Aggrecan(AGG)] and type X collagen (Col X) was quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction.
Results: The results of the real-time PCR showed SOX9, AGG and Col X gene expression in the control groups being significantly lower than the other groups (p≤0.05). It also demonstrated Col II gene expression in the control group being significantly lower than the PLGA/Fibrin and PLGA/Fibrin/HA groups (p≤0.05). The Col X gene expression of cells in PLGA/HA and PLGA/Fibrin/HA groups significantly decreased in comparison with the PLGA/Fibrin group (p≤0.05).
Conclusions: These conclusions indicate that administration of PLGA/ Fibrin and PLGA/HA scaffolds, particularly PLGA/Fibrin/ HA, motivates chondrogenesis in hADSCs. This can be diminished by decreasing hypertrophic markers and increasing characteristic markers of hyaline cartilage.
Target Elimination-Denatured and Unstable Proteins, Environ-mental Toxins, Metabolic Wastes, Immunosuppressive Factors and Chronic Inflammatory Factors of Medical System for Chron-ic Diseases Prevention and Health Promotion: A Narrative Re-view
Authors: ZHANG Jiren , JIANG Zhaojing , WEI Wenjuan , LI Xufeng , SUN Chen , ZHANG Yuanyuan , FU Shilin , ZHENG Jingfen
Published: June 2020

Background: The incidence of chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, overweight, obesity, cancer and other diseases has been increasing. It is a huge challenge to public health industry about how to provide risk intervention and preventive medical services and explore advanced technology platform for effective prevention and control of chronic diseases.
Methods: We collaborated domestic and international experts on preventive medicine, and analyzed pathogenesis and risk factors for the major chronic diseases.
Results: We established Target Elimination--denatured and unstable proteins, environmental toxins, metabolic wastes, immunosuppressive factors and chronic inflammatory factor (TE-PEMIC) system that offer us the standard and methods to eliminate and intervene pathogenic factors of the chronic diseases.
Conclusion: It provides new researches and exploring new ideas to prevent and intervene chronic diseases by applying the TE-PEMIC chronic diseases prevention medical technology system.
Challenges and the Path Forward on Malaria Elimination Intervention: A Systematic Review
Authors: SHAHANDEH Khandan , BASSERI Hamid Reza
Published: June 2020

Background: This systematic review was conducted to highlights key challenges, and outlines important next steps to maximize the potential to contribute to the broader malaria elimination interventions.
Methods: This systematic review on malaria elimination intervention and challenges was undertaken searching six databases, between 1995 and 2018. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were set. The references were collated and categorized according to type of study, intervention, population, and health outcome. Articles selection based on title and abstract, retrieval of full text and additions of articles from reference lists and recommendations from experts. Disagreement in data extraction was solved by consultation of third reviewer.
Results: Overall, 4039 records were examined related to malaria elimination that initially identified by our designated electronic databases search. Overall, 35 studies contained 14 experimental studies (40%) and 21 analytic observational studies (60%) met the inclusion criteria for this review. Studies used a wide variety of malaria elimination interventions. Types of interventions either elimination-focused interventions or general interventions on educational, prevention and treatment of malaria are included. This review pointed out the variety of challenges for eliminate malaria among low and high endemic countries.
Conclusion: Malaria elimination is facilitated by strong health systems, determined leadership, appropriate incentivization, an effective surveillance system, and regional collaborations. We have identified areas for elimination-specific interventions deserve more attention in the conduct and reporting.
The Reliability and Validity of Short Form-12 Health Survey Version 2 for Chinese Older Adults
Authors: SU Shu-Wen , WANG Dong
Published: June 2020

Background: We assessed the information regarding the psychometric properties of the Short Form-12 Health Survey Version 2 (SF-12v2) among older adults in China
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on a stratified representative sample of older adults (≥60 years) residing in community and nursing home settings in 2017-18. Reliability was estimated using the internal consistency method. Validity was assessed using convergent and discriminant validity checks, factor analyses (including both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses [EFA and CFA]), and “known groups” construct validity.
Results: The final sample comprised 1000 older adults (451 community-dwelling and 549 institutional). Cronbach’s α was 0.81 for the Physical Component Summary (PCS) and 0.83 for the Mental Component Summary (MCS), showing satisfactory internal consistency for both. Most items were strongly correlated with their represented component (Spearman’s correlation coefficient: 0.62–0.87), although the correlation of SF items with PCS was a bit stronger than that with MCS. A two-factor structure (physical and mental health) indicated by EFA jointly accounted for 68.50% of the variance and presented adequate goodness-of-fit indices (GFI=0.98, AGFI=0.92, RMSEA=0.08, 90% Cl RMSEA=0.06 to 0.11, NFI=0.98, and CFI=0.98) in CFA. Known-groups comparison showed that SF-12v2 summary scores did well in differentiating subgroups of older adults by age, marital status, and self-reported health problems (P≤0.05).
Conclusion: SF-12v2 is a reliable and valid health-related quality of life instrument for Chinese older adults that works equally well with older adults under institutional care and community-based home care models.
The Relationship between Risk Factors for Metabolic Syndrome and Bone Mineral Density in Menopausal Korean Women
Authors: KIM Seok-Hee , KIM Jooyoung
Published: June 2020

Background: The risk factors of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in menopausal women are potential causes of osteoporosis. However, there is no consensus on this. We aimed to determine the relationship between risk factors of MetS and bone mineral density (BMD) in menopausal Korean women.
Methods: We enrolled 205 menopausal Korean women who visited a health promotion center in Seoul in 2015 and divided them into the following two groups according to the National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATP III) criteria with modified waist-circumference criteria: the non-MetS group (Group 1, n=90) and the MetS group (Group 2, n=115). Anthropometric parameters and clinical parameters, including blood pressure, blood lipid profile (cholesterol, triglycerides), and fasting blood sugar levels were recorded for all participants. BMD at the lumbar spine was determined using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). The relationship between the risk factors of MetS and bone mineral density was analyzed by statistical methods.
Results: There was no significant difference in risk factors of MetS between the groups. In correlation tests, waist circumference showed a significant association with body surface area (BSA) (r = -0.242, P < 0.001). Diastolic blood pressure was correlated with BSA (r = 0.186, P < 0.01) and bone mineral content (BMC) (r = 0.161, P < 0.05). However, multiple regression analysis showed no significant relationship between MetS risk factors and BMD.
Conclusion: The risk factors of MetS did not affect BMD in menopausal Korean women. Follow-up studies with a larger study population are necessary size to allow the investigation of other research variables.
Bayesian Generalized Linear Mixed Modeling of Breast Cancer
Authors: ROPO EBENEZER Ogunsakin , LOUGUE Siaka
Published: June 2020

Background: Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers among women. Breast cancer treatment strategies in Nigeria need urgent strengthening to reduce mortality rate because of the disease. This study aimed to determine the relationship between the ages at diagnosis and established the prognostic factors of modality of treatment given to breast cancer patient in Nigeria.
Methods: The data was collected for 247 women between years 2011-2015 who had breast cancer in two different hospitals in Ekiti State, Nigeria. Model estimation is based on Bayesian approach via Markov Chain Monte Carlo. A multilevel model based on generalized linear mixed model is used to estimate the random effect.
Results: The mean age of the patients (at the time of diagnosis) was 42.2 yr with 52% of the women aged between 35-49 yr. The results of the two approaches are almost similar but preference is given to Bayesian because the approach is more robust than the frequentist. Significant factors of treatment modality are age, educational level and breast cancer type.
Conclusion: Differences in socio-demographic factors such as educational level and age at diagnosis significantly influence the modality of breast cancer treatment in western Nigeria. The study suggests the use of Bayesian multilevel approach in analyzing breast cancer data for the practicality, flexibility and strength of the method.
Correlations among Work Stressors, Work Stress Responses, and Subjective Well-Being of Civil Servants: Empirical Evidence from China
Authors: ZHANG Ling , FU Jue , YAO Benxian , ZHANG Yuesong
Published: June 2020

Background: The work stress of civil servants has gradually increased as a result of the modernization of China’s national governance system and capacity. However, research on the correlations among work stressors, work stress responses, and subjective well-being (SWB) of civil servants is scarce.
Methods: In accordance with the current research status on work stress and SWB, a survey of 874 civil servants in China was carried out from May to June 2018. The revised stress response questionnaire of civil servants, work stressors questionnaire of civil servants, and a simplified edition of the SWB scale of China’s urban residents were used in this study.
Results: Superiors impose the major work pressure on civil servants, followed by interpersonal relationship, work particularity, career prospect, work task, perfectionism, and job responsibility. The work stressors of civil servants were significantly related to gender, age, marital status, working years, educational background, and position (P<0.05). The work stressors of civil servants were significantly positively correlated with work stress responses (P<0.05). The work stressors and work stress responses had a significantly negative correlation with SWB.
Conclusion: SWB can be accurately predicted by work stressors and work stress responses. These findings can provide references and guidance for the society and government sectors to accurately understand and cope with the treatment of civil servants, formulate work stress management countermeasures, and create a high-level working environment for civil servants.
The Clinical Application Value of Multiple Combination Food Intolerance Testing
Authors: LIN Shudong , YANG Xiujing , XING Ying , WANG Xingye , LI Yadong
Published: June 2020

Background: We aimed to investigate the clinical value of detecting 14 food intolerances.
Methods: A total of 312 patients with food intolerance enrolled in the Third Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University (Qiqihar, China) from Feb 2016 to Feb 2017 were selected. ELISA was used to detect intolerance specific IgG antibodies for 14 foods (pork, chicken, beef, shrimp, fish, crab, egg white/yolk, tomato, mushroom, milk, corn, rice, soybean, wheat).
Results: The highest average positive rate of the patients was 42.31% for the crab, followed by shrimp 21.15%, egg white/yolk 18.27% and milk 16.99%. The positive rate from high to low was crab, shrimp, egg white/yolk, milk, fish, corn, soybeans, tomatoes, rice, mushrooms, wheat, pork, beef, chicken. There were significant differences in the specific IgG antibody positive rates between shrimp, soybean and wheat in the skin symptoms group, gastrointestinal symptoms group, respiratory symptom group and nervous system symptom group (P<0.05). There was a significant difference in the positive rate of specific IgG antibodies between shrimp, crab and egg white/yolk in the adolescent group, the middle-aged group and the elderly group (P<0.05).
Conclusion: The detection of food-specific IgG antibodies can help to determine which food intolerance caused the disease, and then adopt a fasting or diet method to avoid eating unsuitable foods and continually damaging the body, thus maintaining good health. The detection method provides a new idea for the diagnosis and prevention of diseases.
Determining the Levels of Urbanization in Iran Using Hierar-chical Clustering
Authors: ENAYATRAD Mostafa , YAVARI Parvin , ETEMAD Koorosh , KHODAKARIM Sohila , MAHDAVI Sepideh
Published: June 2020

Background: In this study, we used a variety of factors that affect urbanization in Iran to evaluate different provinces in Iran in terms of the level of urbanization.
Methods: Using information from census 2011, we collected data on 33 indicators related to urbanization in 31 provinces in Iran. To rank the provinces we used density-based hierarchical clustering scheme. To determine similarities or differences between the provinces, the square of the Euclidean distance dissimilarity coefficient; Ward’s algorithm was used to merge the provinces to minimize intra-cluster variance. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the variance between the variables used to rank the provinces in terms of different levels of urbanization. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS.
Results: The provinces in Iran were combined with each other in 30 stages and classified into four levels. Taking into account the variables used to rank the level of urbanization, Tehran, and Alborz provinces were at the highest level of urbanization. On the other hand, the provinces of Sistan and Baluchistan, Kerman, North Khorasan, South Khorasan, Hormozgan, and Bushehr were at the lowest level of urbanization.
Conclusion: Identification of provinces at the same level of urbanization can help us to discover the strengths and weaknesses in the infrastructures of each of them. Given the differences between various levels of urbanization, the identification of factors that are effective in the process of urbanization can help to access more information required for designing plans for the years to come.
Citrobacter freundii Foodborne Disease Outbreaks Related to Environmental Conditions in Yazd Province, Iran
Authors: AMINHARATI Farzaneh , EHRAMPOUSH Mohammad Hassan , SOLTAN DALLAL Mohammad  Mehdi , YASERI Mehdi , DEHGHANI TAFTI Abbas Ali , RAJABI Zahra
Published: June 2020

Background: The aim of this study was to assess associations of Citrobacter freundii foodborne outbreaks with environmental factors in various regions of Yazd Province, Iran, 2012–2016.
Methods: The public health surveillance data were used for one period of five years reported foodborne disease outbreaks in various regions of the Province. Multilevel regression statistical method was used to analyze associations of climatic and demographic variables with outbreaks. Significant associations were tested using likelihood ratio tests.
Results: Results showed a significant association between C. freundii outbreaks and air dust conditions, age groups and various regional cities.
Conclusion: The current study revealed necessity of etiologic agent identification for use in foodborne disease outbreak guidance in future outbreaks. Systemic surveillance schemes can help prevent and control similar scenarios using reports of environmental effects on foodborne disease outbreaks.
Some Effective Factors on the Webometric Status of Selected Universities of Medical Sciences: Lessons Learned from Iran
Authors: RAMEZANGHORBANI Nahid , HAJIABEDIN RANGRAZ Mehrnaz , NOOT HEIDARI Rosemarie
Published: June 2020

Background: Web is considered an important tool for formal and informal communication and cooperation among members of the community including researchers. Universities’ websites played a significant role in the development of social structure through the creation of cyberspace. We aimed to evaluate the growth and Webometrics rankings of the country’s medical universities web sites base on interventional approach.
Methods: This interventional study assessed Iranian universities of medical sciences’ websites from the periods of Jan 2015, Jul 2015 and Jan 2016. Medical universities websites were ranked based on four Webometrics indicators; PRESENCE, VISIBILITY, OPENNESS, and EXCELLENCE. To enhance the ranking of websites, 4 strategies were introduced in 3 seminars conducted from Jan to Jul 2015. Information needed from these 30 medical universities were obtained from Webometrics Ranking of World Universities based on 4 indicators and were collected in 2 steps (before and after introduction of strategies)
Results: About 21% to 70% of the country’s medical universities have increased ranking after the interventions while 9% to 30% obtained a downward trend in their rankings, Tehran University of Medical Sciences obtained the highest rank followed by Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences and the third rank was obtained by Shiraz University of Medical Sciences.
Conclusion: The presence of websites play a vital role in the academic community. Doubtlessly, the idea of designing and launching a website without any knowledge of the principles and standards would be problematic and impossible.
Out of Pocket Payment and Affordability of Medication for Geriatric Patients in Tehran, Iran
Authors: ZARIF-YEGANEH Morvarid , KARGAR Mona , RASHIDIAN Arash , JAFARZADEH KOHNELOO Aarefeh , GHOLAMI Kheirollah
Published: June 2020

Background: Considering the importance of high out-of-pocket (OOP) payment (OOPP), as a marker of health system performance, and affordability of medications in the elderly, this study was conducted to determine these issues.
Methods: In this cross-sectional study, prescriptions of patients aged 65 yr or older from 5 university-affiliated pharmacies in Tehran, Iran were evaluated from Jan to Mar 2014. Prescriptions were selected from four insurance organizations. We used the prescriptions data regarding patients’ demographics and the prescribers as well as the sales data for OOP. Affordability was calculated by considering the daily salary of an unskilled worker.
Results: Totally, 1467 prescriptions were analyzed. Mean age of patients was 73.89(6.66) yr. Mean (SE) of reimbursable and OOPP of the prescriptions were 203820 (10831) and 230252 (10634) IRR (Iranian Rials) respectively (equivalent to 81.6 (4.33) and 92.17 (4.33) US$ respectively). Subspecialists imposed higher expenditures for patients and insurance organizations. Patients referred to the ophthalmologists paid less OOP. Nearly 50% of the total prescription costs was paid as OOP. The mean OOPP was averagely equal to 1.41(0.065) daily salary. These prescriptions were unaffordable for 36.2% of patients.
Conclusion: The OOPP was higher than the insurance goal of 30% for outpatients in Iran. More than one-third of elderly patients could not afford their single prescription. Due to the health consequences of the unaffordability of medications, corrective actions are needed by the insurance organizations and the health system.
Family Medicine Program in Iran: SWOT Analysis and TOWS Matrix Model
Authors: DARGAHI Hossein , DARRODI Ali , ZALVAND Rostam
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Background: We aimed to determine strength, weakness, opportunities and threats analysis and intended to present strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats matrix model for appropriate implementation of Family medicine program in Iran.
Methods: This was a descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional study. All attending physicians in 30 health care centers of Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran were asked to present and prioritized their views about strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats factors of family medicine program in Iran in 2015. Then, the prioritization of these factors was showed by weighted score of each factor. Finally, the respondents determined four groups of TOWS model including SO, ST, WO, and WT strategy for development of family medicine in Iran.
Results: Totally, the respondents expressed 44 factors as strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of family medicine program and prioritized these factors and suggested 30 TOWS matrix strategy for efficient implementation of this program.
Conclusion: There were many internal and external factors that impress the implementation of family medicine program. There is a gap between the ideal and the current situation of this program. We suggest the health care system policy makers notice the TOWS matrix strategies determined for improvement of family medicine program in Iran.
Population Coverage to Reach Universal Health Coverage in Selected Nations: A Synthesis of Global Strategies
Authors: ALIPOURI SAKHA Minoo , BAHMANZIARI Najmeh , TAKIAN Amirhossein
Published: June 2020

Background: This study aimed to provide tailored transferrable lessons for expanding population coverage through a descriptive lens by reviewing the population coverage policies, reforms and strategies in selected nations.
Methods: In this comparative short communication, 14 countries with different status of population coverage and political economy that had successful experiences with coverage expansion were selected and categorized in four groups to study their approaches to reach Universal Health Coverage (UHC).
Results: Although each country needs to tailor its policies and reforms based on its own contextual factors, the legal right of citizens to social security and health protection are enshrined in most countries' Constitution. Some countries adapted political and economic reforms to evolve their Social Health Insurance schemes. National laws to push governments to adapt UHC as a national strategy for ensuring that every resident is enrolled in health insurance schemes are key policies to reach UHC.
Conclusion: A series of reforms are required to provide total population coverage through various approaches. To create an effective insurance coverage, physical merger of all insurance funds is not necessarily required. Further, the share of GDP for health is not a definite indicator to reach UHC. Finally, strong political commitment and citizens’ participation are the key issues in reaching UHC, while considering the poorest, remote and neglected population really matters.
Genital Lesions Masquerading as Condyloma Acuminata: A Case Series Report
Authors: MANSOURI Parvin , S NARAGHI Zahra , AMANI Maliheh , CHALANGARI Reza , MARTITS-CHALANGARI Katalin , MOZAFARI Nikoo
Published: June 2020

Herein we report three married women referred to Dermatology Clinic of Loghman Hakim Hospital, Tehran, Iran in 2017 for evaluation and treatment of genital warts. Two patients were complaining of flat-topped papules on their labia major and the third one was presented with asymptomatic papillary projections on her vestibule and inner aspect of both labia minora. Histological examination revealed the diagnosis of syringoma, lymphangioma circumscriptum (LC) and vestibular papillomatosis respectively. Familiarity with these uncommon conditions which clinically mimic genital warts helps to prevent labeling a patient with sexually transmitted disease before histological confirmation and prevent unnecessary treatment.
Norwegian Scabies in Two Immune-Compromised Patients: A Case Report
Authors: RAHDAR Mahmoud , MARAGHI Sharif
Published: June 2020

Norwegian scabies (hyperkeratosis scabies) is an acute form of skin disease seen in immune-compromised patients. This study aimed to describe two cases of Norwegian scabies from Ahvaz, southwest of Iran in 2015. Two patients included a 55 year old man with renal transplant history and a 49 yr old man with diabetic mellitus and autoimmune disease, complained of dermatitis lesions and itching with sever hyperkeratosis, several macula and papules on neck and armpits for one-month duration were referred to a Iran Zamin Medical Diagnostic Laboratory in Ahvaz, Southwestern Iran in 2015. Patients were referred for fungal examination. Scraping from the crusted lesions of skin and slide preparation with 20% KOH was done. Microscopic examination presented that huge infestation of Sarcoptes scabiei in all forms of parasite included adult female, nymph stage and eggs. One of the patients spouse was also infested by Sarcoptes and appeared mild clinical symptoms. The disease was diagnosed with Norwegian scabies and the patients were successfully treated with topical 5% permethrin ointment for two weeks continuously. Overall, Norwegian scabies should be considered in immune- compromised patients with contaminated areas.
The Differences in the Socio-Economic Levels and Blood Vessel Health States in Asian Countries
Authors: KANG So-Hyung
Published: June 2020

The article's abstract is no available.
Medical and Demographic Analysis of Health Status of the Population of Some Countries Worldwide
Authors: TURGAMBAYEVA Assiya , ISMAILOVA Aigul , DOSSYBAYEVA Gulzhan , NUSKABAEVA Gulnaz , NAURYZOV Nurlan , MUKHAMETZHANOVA Zauresh , KAIYRBEKOVA Karlygash , SARGSYAN Sona , MATEVOSYAN Ani , ZULKHASH Nargiz , MUSINA Aiman
Published: June 2020

The article's abstract is no available.
Impact of Physical Exercise Programs and Programs of Social Activity on Public Health and Social Inclusion of Young PeopleThe article's abstract is no available.
Authors: MASANOVIC Bojan
Published: June 2020

The article's abstract is no available.
Vitamin D Deficiency and Toxoplasma Infection
Authors: FAKHRIEH KASHAN Zohre , SHOJAEE Saeede , KESHAVARZ Hossein , ARBABI Mohsen , DELAVARI Mahdi , SALIMI Mahbobeh
Published: June 2020

The article's abstract is no available.
Airport Site Selection of Tehran, Iran
Authors: KIANISADR Maryam
Published: June 2020

The article's abstract is no available.
The Necessity of Monitoring Pesticide Residues in Vegetables and Fruits Using Hazard Index among Consumers
Authors: SHOKOOHI Reza , SAMADI Mohammad Taghi , KARAMI Manoochehr , KHAMUTIAN Razieh
Published: June 2020

The article's abstract is no available.
As chacinas em São Paulo
Authors: De Lima Vedovello Camila , Moysés Rodrigues Arlete
Published: June 2020

O presente texto trata de uma análise sobre as chacinas e como elas se inserem na dinâmica dos conflitos em São Paulo e Região Metropolitana. Para tanto, nos atentamos a entender a historicidade dessa forma de conflitualidade, os modus operandi, a vitimização e os agentes executores, compreendendo o período entre 1980 e 2018. Além de traçarmos essa historicidade e, como forma de compreendermos de modo mais aprofundado as inter-relações que operam uma chacina, nos debruçamos, também, na análise de uma chacina específica, a Chacina da Torcida Pavilhão 9 (que em seu nome homenageia o raio Pavilhão 9 do Carandiru, palco de um massacre em 1992), ocorrida em 18 de abril de 2015, na quadra dessa torcida organizada do Sport Club Corinthians Paulista. A chacina contra essa torcida organizada vitimou 8 torcedores e foi efetuada por policiais militares e um ex policial militar, sendo que, o referido ex policial foi levado à júri popular, sendo condenado a cento e quarenta e nove anos de prisão. Assim, é nos entremeios do que foi e como se construiu essa chacina inter-relacionada com a historicidade das chacinas em São Paulo e RMSP, suas similaridades e dessemelhanças, que esse artigo se desenha.
Direitos, elo social e reconhecimento
Authors: Barreto Lemos Carolina , Cardoso Marcus
Published: June 2020

Neste texto, pretendo demonstrar que a dimensão interpessoal do direito, que frequentemente se traduz em demandas por reconhecimento, é imprescindível para a compreensão da forma como violações a direitos formais são vividos e percebidos por atores sociais. No contexto etnográfico aqui analisado, as unidades de privação de liberdade do Distrito Federal, a recorrência das narrativas e situações em campo que se reportavam à qualidade do elo social apontam para padrões sistemáticos de desconsideração e exclusão discursiva no espaço das cadeias locais que não podem ser adequadamente apreendidas por meio do idioma jurídico-legal, na medida em que representam, para além da violação a direitos positivados, um ataque a dimensões fundamentais da integridade pessoal dos interlocutores. As normatividades que permeiam as relações sociais, e que são pautadas por expectativas de tratamento digno e respeito mútuo, são, portanto, um aspecto central do processo concretização dos direitos que se vinculam aos componentes civis da cidadania.
“O outro lado da moeda”
Authors: De Oliveira Almeida de Andrade Betânia , Heitor Barros Geraldo Pedro
Published: June 2020

Esta proposta apresenta uma discussão específica da prática de reivindicação de direitos das mulheres encarceradas. O contexto de negação de direitos produz uma forma muito dramática de demandar atenção dos membros institucionais. “Balangar as grades” se torna num ritual coletivo de reivindicação de atenção que mobiliza os agentes para uma situação específica. Esta prática é sancionada com consequências no tempo de cadeia para as presas. Assim, esta discussão pode contribuir para a discussão dos dispositivos de controle e o ponto de vista dos agentes penitenciários em relação às práticas de reivindicação de direitos, uma vez que a negação dos direitos pode acarretar nas experiências destas mulheres um prolongamento do tempo da prisão.
Circularidades
Authors: Melo Juliana
Published: June 2020

Houve um aumento expressivo do encarceramento feminino no Brasil, sobretudo em virtude do tráfico de drogas ou associação a ele. A maior parte das mulheres aprisionadas, contudo, são provenientes de contextos de vulnerabilidade (em termos sociais, econômicos e raciais) e se inserem na estrutura do tráfico de maneira secundária e marginal. Não obstante, parecem se constituir como alvo principal dos sistemas de justiça criminal, cuja ênfase é a seletividade penal e a violência institucional. A partir do relato de mulheres apreendidas em flagrante por tentarem entrar em estabelecimentos prisionais do DF com drogas em seus próprios corpos quando visitavam seus parentes, pretendo abordar esse contexto. Pretendo ainda demonstrar a ineficácia das políticas repressivas e proibicionistas adotadas no Brasil em relação às drogas (na medida em que não coíbem o tráfico) e, ao mesmo tempo, sua eficácia (quando se transformam em ferramentas para efetivar o controle social da pobreza, sua feminilização e legitimar um emaranhado de brutalidades que constitui esse sistema).
Wear Rates of XLPE Nearly 50% Lower Than Previously Thought After Adjusting for Initial Creep
Authors: Khoshbin Amir , Wu James , Ward Sarah , Melo Luana T. , Schemitsch Emil H. , Waddell James P. , Atrey Amit
Published: June 2020

Background:

The ideal bearing combination for total hip arthroplasty (THA) remains debatable. Highly cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) is widely used, but long-term wear rates are not fully known, nor is how much the initial “creep,” if any, affects overall wear. Additionally, the use of oxidized zirconium (OxZir) is purported to lower polyethylene wear rates, but this has not been proven. We present the 10-year data of a cohort of patients who underwent THA. Patients were prospectively randomized to 1 of 4 bearing combinations: a conventional ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) or XLPE acetabular liner coupled with either a cobalt-chromium (CoCr) or OxZir femoral head. The aims of the study were to (1) assess the extent to which creep affected overall wear rates and (2) assess wear rates between OxZir and CoCr with polyethylene.

Methods:

A total of 92 hips (92 patients) between the ages of 22 and 65 years (mean, 52.2 ± 9.3 years) were randomized to 4 groups. At 10 years, 70 (76%) of the hips were available for analysis; patients who had undergone revision, had died, or were lost to follow-up were excluded from final analysis. Radiographic analysis was performed using a validated digital assessment program to determine linear, volumetric, and directional wear of the polyethylene for all 4 bearing couples. Radiographic assessments were performed immediately postoperatively, at 6 and 12 weeks, and then annually for a minimum of 10 years.

Results:

XLPE had significantly lower wear rates than UHMWPE. Once creep was eliminated, annual and overall wear rates were nearly 50% lower than have been previously reported. This was proportionally more important in the XLPE group than in the UHMWPE group. There was a nonsignificant trend toward a lower wear rate with OxZir heads.

Conclusions:

Creep plays a notably more important role than first thought. Once creep was eliminated, the overall wear rate was even lower than previously assumed. This has important implications for the overall survivorship of hip arthroplasty implants.

Level of Evidence:

Therapeutic Level I. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.