bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Blockchain for research: Review
Authors: Hill Tom
Published: August 2018

Key points

Digital Science's paper is one of the first looking at the application of blockchain technology in scholarly publishing.

Wholesale use of blockchain technologies is suggested as a possible replacement for scholarly publishers.

There remain questions around the adoption of blockchain technologies, including privacy, researcher support, and fraudulent use.

Blockchain technologies may provide a new means of understanding problems and customers' evolving expectations, but careful consideration is required of whether blockchain is the best solution.
Functional cognitive disorders: memory clinic study
Authors: Bharambe Viraj , Larner Andrew J
Published: August 2018

‘Functional cognitive disorders‘ (FCD) is a terminology suggested to denote patients who present with memory complaints but in whom no underlying cognitive disorder is found. Rather than a diagnosis of exclusion, FCD may be positively identified on the basis of typical symptom profiles. Dr Bharambe and Dr Larner examine their data from a dedicated memory clinic, in which historically >50% of patients have not received a diagnosis of either dementia or mild cognitive impairment. The frequency of FCD was examined, along with any factors helpful in diagnosis. FCD accounted for more than 50% of clinic attenders and the data also revealed other common aspects about the FCD patients.
Imaginaries of North American lifestyle migrants in Costa Rica
Authors: Morrissey Marietta
Published: August 2018

The world is currently experiencing an unprecedented wave of migration. Much scholarly and popular attention has been paid to refugees and migrants crossing borders for political and economic reasons. Of increasing interest to investigators is “lifestyle migration,” the movement of individuals from economically advantaged settings in search of improved quality of life. Costa Rica has a relatively large and fluid population of “lifestyle migrants” from the United States and Canada. This paper examines their generalised images and understandings of Costa Rica that combined with personal ones are referred to asimaginariesin the scholarly literature. I consider in particular how these imaginaries are expressed in the publicly available blogs, discussion forums, and Facebook posts of North American lifestyle migrants. Three critical points in the migrant experience are examined: preparation and arrival, the adaptation process, and reconciliation with a new cultural setting or departure.
A General and Simple Method of Preparing Molybdenum‐ Incorporated Silica Nanoparticles as Potential Catalysts for Epoxidation of Alkenes
Authors: Shen Yirui , Jiang Pingping , Wang Ling , Bian Gang , Wai Phyu Thin , Zhang Pingbo , Dong Yuming
Published: August 2018

Molybdenum incorporated silica nanoparticles were synthesized by a general and simple method and developed as efficient catalysts for epoxidation of alkenes with high performance. The nanoparticles were prepared in mild conditions with cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide as template, tetraethyl orthosilicate as silica source and triethanolamine as mineralizing agent. Molybdenum precursor was added during the sol‐gel process and transferred to active sites MoO3 after calcination. Remarkably, the shape of silica nanoparticles gradually changed from raspberry to rose with the rising dosage of molybdenum precursor. The materials were characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), N2 adsorption/desorption, inductively coupled plasma‐atom emission spectroscopy (ICP‐AES) and X‐ray photoelectron spectra (XPS). To determine the reactivity of catalysts, epoxidation of cyclooctene was carried out as a model reaction. After 12 h reaction with H2O2 (50 wt%), above 92% conversion and 95% selectivity were reached. Furthermore, the catalyst still had high conversion (74%) and selectivity (97%) for 4 h epoxidation of cyclooctene even after being recycled for 6 runs.
Patterning Hydrophobic Surfaces by Negative Microcontact Printing and Its Applications
Authors: Wu Han , Wu Liang , Zhou Xiaohu , Liu Baishu , Zheng Bo
Published: August 2018

Here, a negative microcontact printing method is developed to form hydrophilic polydopamine (PDA) patterns with micrometer resolution on hydrophobic including perfluorinated surfaces. In the process of the negative microcontact printing, a uniform PDA thin film is first formed on the hydrophobic surface. An activated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) stamp is then placed in contact with the PDA‐coated hydrophobic surface. Taking advantage of the difference in the surface energy between the hydrophobic surface and the stamp, PDA is removed from the contact area after the stamp release. As a result, a PDA pattern complementary to the stamp is obtained on the hydrophobic surface. By using the negative microcontact printing, arrays of liquid droplets and single cells are reliably formed on perfluorinated surfaces. Microlens array with tunable focal length for imaging studies is further created based on the droplet array. The negative microcontact printing method is expected to be widely applicable in high‐throughput chemical and biological screening and analysis.
Dendrite‐Free Lithium Deposition via Flexible‐Rigid Coupling Composite Network for LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4/Li Metal Batteries
Authors: Chai Jingchao , Chen Bingbing , Xian Fang , Wang Peng , Du Huiping , Zhang Jianjun , Liu Zhihong , Zhang Huanrui , Dong Shanmu , Zhou Xinhong , Cui Guanglei
Published: August 2018

Notorious lithium dendrite causes severe capacity fade and harsh safety issues of lithium metal batteries, which hinder the practical applications of lithium metal electrodes in higher energy rechargeable batteries. Here, a kind of 3D‐cross‐linked composite network is successfully employed as a flexible‐rigid coupling protective layer on a lithium metal electrode. During the plating/stripping process, the composite protective layer would enable uniform distribution of lithium ions in the adjacent regions of the lithium electrode, resulting in a dendrite‐free deposition at a current density of 2 mA cm−2. The LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4‐based lithium metal battery presents an excellent cycling stability at a voltage range of 3.5–5.0 V with the induction of 3D‐cross‐linked composite protective layer. From an industrial field application of view, thin lithium metal electrodes (40 µm, with 4 times excess lithium) can be used in LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (with industrially significant loading of 18 mg cm−2 and 2.6 mAh cm−2)‐based lithium metal batteries, which reveals a promising opportunity for practical applicability in high energy lithium metal batteries.
Let There be Light: Polymeric Micelles with Upper Critical Solution Temperature as Light‐Triggered Heat Nanogenerators for Combating Drug‐Resistant Cancer
Authors: Deng Yongyan , Käfer Florian , Chen Tingting , Jin Qiao , Ji Jian , Agarwal Seema
Published: August 2018

Complete drug release and efficient drug retention are two critical factors in reversing drug resistance in cancer therapy. In this regard, polymeric micelles with an upper critical solution temperature (UCST) are designed as a new exploration to reverse drug resistance. The amphiphilic UCST‐type block copolymers are used to encapsulate photothermal agent IR780 and doxorubicin (DOX) simultaneously. The integrated UCST‐type drug nanocarriers show light‐triggered multiple synergistic effects to reverse drug resistance and are expected to kill three birds with one stone: First, owing to the photothermal effect of IR780, the nanocarriers will be dissociated upon exposure to laser irradiation, leading to complete drug release. Second, the photothermal effect‐induced hyperthermia is expected to avoid the efflux of DOX and realize efficient drug retention. Last but not least, photothermal ablation of cancer cells can be achieved after laser irradiation. Therefore, the UCST‐type drug nanocarriers provide a new strategy in reversing drug resistance in cancer therapy.
SERS‐Active‐Charged Microgels for Size‐ and Charge‐Selective Molecular Analysis of Complex Biological Samples
Authors: Kim Dong Jae , Park Sung‐Gyu , Kim Dong‐Ho , Kim Shin‐Hyun
Published: August 2018

Surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) provides a dramatic increase of Raman intensity for molecules adsorbed on nanogap‐rich metal nanostructures, serving as a promising tool for molecular analysis. However, surface contamination caused by protein adsorption and low surface concentration of small target molecules reduce the sensitivity, which severely restricts the use of SERS in many applications. Here, charged microgels containing agglomerates of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) are designed using droplet‐based microfluidics to provide a reliable SERS substrate with molecular selectivity and high sensitivity. The limiting mesh size of hydrogel enables the autonomous exclusion of large proteins and the charged matrix concentrates oppositely charged small molecules through electrostatic attraction. As nanogaps among Au NPs in the agglomerates enhance Raman intensity, Raman spectrum of the adsorbed molecules is selectively measured with high sensitivity in the absence of interruption from adhesive proteins. Therefore, the SERS‐active‐charged microgels can be used for direct analysis of pristine biological samples without the pretreatment steps of separation and concentration, which are commonly a prerequisite for Raman analysis. For the purpose of demonstration, a direct detection of fipronil sulfone with partial negative charges, a metabolite of toxic insecticide, dissolved in eggs using the positively charged microgels without any pretreatment of the samples, is shown.
Airflow‐Assisted 3D Bioprinting of Human Heterogeneous Microspheroidal Organoids with Microfluidic Nozzle
Authors: Zhao Haiming , Chen Yishan , Shao Lei , Xie Mingjun , Nie Jing , Qiu Jingjiang , Zhao Peng , Ramezani Hamed , Fu Jianzhong , Ouyang Hongwei , He Yong
Published: August 2018

Hydrogel microspheroids are widely used in tissue engineering, such as injection therapy and 3D cell culture, and among which, heterogeneous microspheroids are drawing much attention as a promising tool to carry multiple cell types in separated phases. However, it is still a big challenge to fabricate heterogeneous microspheroids that can reconstruct built‐up tissues' microarchitecture with excellent resolution and spatial organization in limited sizes. Here, a novel airflow‐assisted 3D bioprinting method is reported, which can print versatile spiral microarchitectures inside the microspheroids, permitting one‐step bioprinting of fascinating hydrogel structures, such as the spherical helix, rose, and saddle. A microfluidic nozzle is developed to improve the capability of intricate cell encapsulation with heterotypic contact. Complex structures, such as a rose, Tai chi pattern, and single cell line can be easily printed in spheroids. The theoretical model during printing is established and process parameters are systematically investigated. As a demonstration, a human multicellular organoid of spirally vascularized ossification is reconstructed with this method, which shows that it is a powerful tool to build mini tissues on microspheroids.
Quantitative and Qualitative Dynamics of Interacting Populations
Authors: Mella Piero , Beretta Valentina
Published: August 2018

This research paper deals with the vast topic of population dynamics from both aquantitativeview, the change in the number of individuals in a population, and aqualitativeone, the variation or change in the phenotypes in evolutionary processes. In a broader sense, what regards the populations is also applicable to species. Quantitative dynamics are studied not only in an isolated population but also in the more interesting case of two or more populations interconnected in a simple trophic food chain in a prey–predator model, in the broadest sense of the term, thereby forming anecosystem. However, the paper introduces the concept of ‘population control’. Two or more interconnected prey–predator populations regulate, in turn, their dynamics, even though unconsciously, exercising a control that has been defined as ‘natural’ and ‘endogenous’. The concept of ‘external’ control is also introduced, which is carried out by man through interventions aimed at increasing or reducing the size of one or more interconnected populations to arrive at minimum limits (populations of species in danger of extinction) or maximum ones (populations of invasive species) held to be advantageous to and congruous with the ecosystem. Also highlighted is the connection between qualitative and quantitative dynamics, in the sense that every mutation in the individuals of a population which increases the potency of the defence apparatus in prey, or the hunting apparatus in predators, necessarily modifies the rates of fecundity or extinction of that population, which necessarily affects the quantitative dynamics of all the interconnected populations. Taking as a basis, the Volterra–Lotka equations, Excel and Powersim simulations are presented for specific examples in which population dynamics is treated under the assumption of unlimited resources or resources that are limited but reproducible or limited until depletion. The case of environmental catastrophes that externally modify the dynamics of one or more populations is also touched upon. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Towards Sustainable Ecosystems
Authors: Romanelli Mauro
Published: August 2018

Within knowledge‐oriented, digital‐enabled economies and open societies cities as communities, governments, businesses and people cooperate to co‐create value and develop innovation for sustainable growth. Digital business ecosystems should enable value creation and development. Technology opens new opportunities for knowledge sharing and value creation and stresses the concept of business and digital ecosystem. Information and communication technology supports sustainability and provides a platform for designing and implementing sustainable development within the society. Smart cities as communities, small and medium‐sized enterprises as companies developing innovation and governments going digital contribute to designing sustainable digital ecosystems. People, businesses, cities, communities and public organizations should contribute to co‐creating value within society. Within digital business ecosystems cities, communities, governments' agencies, businesses, civil society and people interact directly by promoting new ways for sustainable and responsible development. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel Oxidized and UV‐Irradiated Araucaria angustifolia Pine Seed Starch for Enhanced Functional Properties
Authors: Hornung Polyanna S. , Rosa da Silveira Lazzarotto Simone , Bellettini Marcelo B. , Lazzarotto Marcelo , Beta Trust , Ribani Rosemary H. , Schnitzler Egon
Published: August 2018

Starch is an important raw material for industrial processes. Therefore, an investigation of new sources of starch and starch modification methods is necessary. The dual oxidation effect on the properties of the native pine seed starch is investigated. Native starch is extracted from pine seeds and its proximate composition determined. The starch is then subjected to a dual oxidation process in standard NaClO or H2O2 solutions (0.2; 0.5; 0.8 mol L−1) and simultaneous exposure to ultraviolet light irradiation (UVC λ = 254 nm). Thermogravimetric (TG‐DTA) curves reveal enhanced stability to thermal degradation of the dual NaClO/UV process modified starch up to 20%. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) shows a strong decrease in gelatinization enthalpy due to the action of the UV‐rays coupled with the sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) solution. The H2O2/UV modified starch has a high final viscosity while the NaClO/UV starch pastes have a low tendency to recrystallize. Furthermore, structural analysis using an X‐ray diffractometer and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) show crystallinity patterns of type A starch and that the shape of the starch granules are unaltered following the modification processes. Color parameters show a strong increase in the L* value (for whiteness) for the NaClO/UV treated samples. The modified starches demonstrate improved physicochemical properties which are suitable for several industrial applications including as stabilizers for frozen bakery products, whitening agents for paper products, and tableting agents for cosmetic and pharmaceuticals products.
Distribution and Age Composition of Red Snapper across the Inner Continental Shelf of the North‐Central Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Powers Sean P. , Drymon J. Marcus , Hightower Crystal L. , Spearman Trey , Bosarge George S. , Jefferson Amanda
Published: August 2018

The Red Snapper Lutjanus campechanus is an economically and ecologically important species in the northern Gulf of Mexico, where it often dominates the reef fish community in shallow to mid water depths along the continental shelf. The affinity of Red Snapper for artificial and natural reefs is well established; however, this affinity appears to vary with age. We used a multigear survey that targeted all age‐classes of Red Snapper to determine the distribution by age‐class on artificial reefs, natural reefs, and unconsolidated mud–sand bottom across the shallow‐water (<100 m) portion of the north‐central Gulf of Mexico continental shelf. Bottom trawl, remotely operated vehicle (video), vertical longline, and bottom longline surveys were conducted in randomly selected 2‐km × 2‐km grids that were previously surveyed with side‐scan sonar to yield a synoptic understanding of habitat use by age‐class. Zero‐ and 1‐year‐old Red Snapper (collected from trawls) were found primarily in shallow water (~20–40 m deep) on unconsolidated muddy bottom in the northwestern portion of the survey area. Vertical longline catch per unit effort was highest at artificial reef sites, followed by natural reef sites and lastly sites with unstructured bottom. The vertical longline surveys collected 2–8‐year‐old Red Snapper near artificial and natural reefs, yet the mean age and size of these fish did not differ between the two habitats. Older Red Snapper (5–42 years old) were collected on bottom longlines, away from reef structures on unstructured bottom throughout all depth strata. Our results demonstrate ontogenetic changes in habitat use for Red Snapper (from unstructured bottom areas to artificial or natural reefs and back to unstructured bottom areas), but unlike the results from previous studies they do not show a strong trend toward increases in the prevalence of older Red Snapper with increasing depth.
The abrupt increase in the Aegean sea surface temperature during June 2007 – a marine heatwave event?
Authors: Mavrakis Anastasios F. , Tsiros Ioannis X.
Published: August 2018

In this article we examine the abrupt increase in the Aegean Sea (southeast Mediterranean) surface temperature (SST) during the heatwave of June 2007 and the associated synoptic conditions. Air temperature and wind speed meteorological data, along with SST reanalysis data and combined satellite image and model data, are used. The analysis shows an unusual and very rapid rise in SST for the Aegean Sea and eastern Mediterranean area for the period 22 June to 2 July 2007, indicating the possible occurrence of a marine heatwave event. The average SST value for June 2007 was found to be of the order of +5 degC above the month's normal climatic average. The available data support the hypothesis that the cause of these anomalies was a combination of the passive response of the Aegean Sea surface to radiation flux anomalies during the June 2007 heatwave period and the prevailing low wind speed conditions.
$$ T\overline{T} $$ deformed partition functions
Authors: Datta Shouvik , Jiang Yunfeng
Published: August 2018

Abstract

We demonstrate the presence of modular properties in partition functions of

$$ T\overline{T} $$

T

T
¯

deformed conformal field theories. These properties are verified explicitly for the deformed free boson. The modular features facilitate a derivation of the asymptotic density of states in these theories, which turns out to interpolate between Cardy and Hagedorn behaviours. We also point out a sub-sector of the spectrum that remains undeformed under the

$$ T\overline{T} $$

T

T
¯

flow. Finally, we comment on the deformation of the CFT vacuum character and its implications for the holographic dual.
Recognizing Gravity as a Strong Force in Atmosphere Emissions Markets
Authors: Burtraw Dallas , Keyes Amelia
Published: August 2018

Environmental economics has made it possible to estimate prices for air pollution externalities. However, these values are rarely observed in emissions trading markets. Moreover, market outcomes show prices persistently remain below expectations and frequently fall over time. Low allowance prices may appear virtuous, but often reflect poor market design that does not anticipate interaction with other policies, and may undermine confidence in market-based approaches to environmental policy. This paper surveys emissions markets and factors influencing prices, and concludes with a discussion of how market design can anticipate and remedy the strong tendency for low prices.
Mean flow generation by an intermittently unstable boundary layer over a sloping wall
Authors: Ghasemi Abouzar , Klein Marten , Will Andreas , Harlander Uwe
Published: August 2018

Direct numerical simulations (DNS) of the flow in various rotating annular confinements have been conducted to investigate the effects of wall inclination on secondary fluid motions due to an unstable boundary layer. The inner wall resembles a truncated cone (frustum) whose apex half-angle is varied from$18^{\circ }$to$0^{\circ }$(straight cylinder). The large inner radius$r_{1}$, the mean rotation rate$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FA}_{0}$and the kinematic viscosity$\unicode[STIX]{x1D708}$were kept constant resulting in the constant Ekman number$E=\unicode[STIX]{x1D708}/(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FA}_{0}r_{1}^{2})=4\times 10^{-5}$. Flows were excited by time-harmonic modulation of the inner wall’s rotation rate (so-called longitudinal libration) by prescribing the amplitude$\unicode[STIX]{x1D700}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FA}_{0}$and the forcing frequency$\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}=\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FA}_{0}$. By steepening the inner wall and hence reducing the effect of the local Coriolis force in the boundary layer three different flow regimes can be realized: a rotation-dominated, a libration-dominated and an intermediate regime. In the present study we focus on the libration-dominated regime. For small libration amplitudes (here$\unicode[STIX]{x1D700}=0.2$), a laminar Ekman–Stokes boundary layer (ESBL) is realized at the librating wall. With the aid of laminar boundary layer theory and DNS we show that the ESBL exhibits an oscillatory mass flux along the librating wall (Ekman property) and an oscillatory azimuthal velocity, which resembles a radially damped wave (Stokes property). For large libration amplitudes (here$\unicode[STIX]{x1D700}=0.8$), the DNS results exhibit an intermittently unstable ESBL, which turns centrifugally unstable during the prograde (faster) part of a libration period. This instability is due to the Stokes property and gives rise to Görtler vortices, which are found to be tilted with respect to the azimuth when the librating wall is at a finite angle relative to the axis of rotation. We show that this tilt is related to the Ekman property of the ESBL. This suggests that linear and nonlinear dynamics are equally important for this intermittent instability. Our DNS results indicate further that the Görtler vortices propagate into the fluid bulk where they generate an azimuthal mean flow. This mean flow is notably different from the mean flow driven in the case of the stable ESBL. A diagnostic analysis of the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations in the unstable flow regime hints at a competition between the radial and axial turbulent transport terms which act as generating and destructing agents for the azimuthal mean flow, respectively. We show that the balance of both terms depends on the wall inclination, that is, on the wall-tangential component of the Coriolis force.
To Be Friends, Not Competitors: A Story Different from Tesla Driving the Chinese Automobile Industry
Authors: Jiang Hong , Lu Feng
Published: August 2018

This interview contributes to the conversation around the automobile industry by focusing on the Chinese electric vehicle (EV) sector. Both of the discussants’ research interests encompass China's industrial competitiveness, innovation, science and technology policy, and the evolution of Chinese manufacturing industries. Professor Feng Lu, the interviewee, has conducted continuous and substantial fieldwork tracing the development of the Chinese automobile industry. He was one of the first experts to urge the Chinese government to help local automobile manufacturers develop innovation capabilities and proprietary products. Further, his 2005 book, The Policy Choice to Develop China's Automobile Industry with Independent Intellectual Property Rights, profoundly influenced the national policy transition toward emphasizing in-house innovation.
U–Pb ages and Hf isotopes of detrital zircons from pre-Devonian sequences along the southeast Yangtze: a link to the final assembly of East Gondwana
Authors: MA XIAO , YANG KUNGUANG , POLAT ALI
Published: August 2018

The Early Palaeozoic geology of the South China Craton (SCC) is characterized by an Early Palaeozoic intracontinental orogen with folded pre-Devonian strata and migmatites, MP/MT metamorphic rocks and Silurian post-orogenic peraluminous magmatic rocks in both the Yangtze and the Cathaysia blocks. In this contribution, we present new zircon U–Pb ages and Hf isotope data for detrital zircons from the Neoproterozoic to Silurian sedimentary sequences in the southeastern Yangtze Block. Samples from Neoproterozoic rocks generally display a major peak at 900–560 Ma, whereas samples from Lower Palaeozoic rocks are characterized by several broader peaks within the age ranges 600–410 Ma, 1100–780 Ma, 1.6–1.2 Ga and 2.8–2.5 Ga. Provenance analysis indicates that the 900–630 Ma detritus in Cryogenian to Ediacaran samples was derived from the Late Neoproterozoic igneous rocks in South China that acted as an internal source. The occurrence of 620–560 Ma detritus indicates the SE Yangtze was associated with Late Neoproterozoic arc volcanism along the north margin of East Gondwana. The change of provenance resulted in the deposition of 550–520 Ma and 1.1–0.9 Ga detrital zircons in the Cambrian–Ordovician sedimentary rocks. TheεHf(t) values of these detrital zircons are similar to those of zircons from NW Australia–Antarctica and South India. This change of provenance in the Cambrian can be attributed to the intracontinental subduction between South China and South Qiangtang, and the convergence of India and Australia when East Gondwana finally amalgamated.
Reclaiming Rangoon: (Post-)imperial urbanism and poverty, 1920–62
Authors: SUGARMAN MICHAEL
Published: August 2018

This article considers the relationship between poverty in Rangoon and the ways in which both an imperial and a post-imperial urbanism helped ‘improve’, develop, and reclaim Rangoon's urban environment. Examining the actions of the Rangoon Development Trust before and after the Second World War in the context of actions taken by the Bombay Improvement Trust, Bombay Development Directorate, Singapore Improvement Trust, and Hong Kong Housing Authority, it both analyses measures taken in Rangoon and constructs a connective history of urban development in relation to other Asian port cities. Incorporating documents released only in 2014 by the National Archives of Myanmar, this analysis for the first time considers interventions made in Rangoon's post-war built environment of poverty, connecting these actions to policies constructed over the preceding decades.
Why dysfunctional expectations in depression persist – Results from two experimental studies investigating cognitive immunization
Authors: Kube Tobias , Rief Winfried , Gollwitzer Mario , Gärtner Thomas , Glombiewski Julia Anna
Published: August 2018

Background

Research has revealed that negative expectations impact depressive symptoms. However, research on the change of dysfunctional expectations in depression is lacking so far. Therefore, the present research aimed to fill this gap by testing the hypothesis that people with the major depressive disorder (MDD), contrary to healthy individuals, maintain their expectations despite experiences that positively disconfirm expectations. Further, it was hypothesized that cognitive immunization (a cognitive reappraisal of the disconfirming evidence) is a mechanism underlying the persistence of expectations.

Method

In Study 1, we compared individuals with MDD (N = 58) to healthy individuals (N = 59). Participants worked on the same performance test and received standardized feedback that either confirmed or disconfirmed their initial performance expectations. In Study 2, we investigated the effects of cognitive immunization on expectation change among 59 individuals reporting elevated levels of depression by varying the appraisal of expectation-disconfirming feedback.

Results

Results from Study 1 show that in the expectation-disconfirming condition, healthy individuals changed their expectations, whereas individuals with MDD did not. No such difference between the two groups was found for expectation-confirming feedback. Results from Study 2 indicated that varying cognitive immunization impacted expectation change, thus suggesting a crucial role of cognitive immunization in expectation change.

Conclusions

These two studies indicated that individuals suffering from depression have more difficulties in changing their expectations after disconfirming experiences than do healthy individuals, and cognitive immunization might be a core mechanism underlying expectation persistence. Therefore, psychotherapeutic interventions should aim to inhibit cognitive immunization processes to enhance expectation change.
Teaching older workers new tricks: workplace practices and gender training differences in nine European countries
Authors: Lössbroek Jelle , Radl Jonas
Published: August 2018

Despite its benefits for prolonging careers, participation in training is far lower among older employees (age 50+) than among younger employees. This study analyses gender differences in older employees’ training participation. To investigate the predictors of training intensity, we examine two forms of training: formal educational programmes and on-the-job training. The study draws on a novel data-set, the European Sustainable Workforce Survey, carried out in nine European countries in 2015 and 2016, analysing 2,517 older employees and their managers, spread over 228 organisations. We concentrate on the interplay between employees’ gender, managers’ gender and managers’ ageism in shaping older employees’ training participation. Our findings indicate comparable training participation of older men and women in both forms of training, yet older women more often pay for enrolment in educational programmes themselves. Also, predictors of training participation are different. In line with the tenet of ‘gendered ageism’, we find that managerial ageism primarily targets older women, excluding female employees from the training opportunities available to their comparable male colleagues. Finally, female managers are associated with higher training participation rates for older employees, but only for older men. This result supports ‘queen bee’ arguments and runs counter to ‘homophily’ arguments. Overall, the study demonstrates that workplace dynamics and managerial decisions contribute to the reproduction of traditional gender divides in the late career.
Stock exchange competition: the case of Geneva during the interwar period
Authors: Oosterlinck Kim , Pirotte Hugues
Published: August 2018

Despite its importance as a financial centre, the historical literature dedicated to the Swiss financial industry remains scarce. Analyses focusing on cantons and cities of the country are even more limited in number. This is unfortunate and is, in all likelihood, linked to the reluctance of financial institutions to share information in a country where banking secrecy has been at the core of the past success of these institutions. Despite this willingness to share as little as possible, some archival funds have gradually become available, most notably after businesses went bankrupt, changed hands, or simply disappeared. The present article relies on these sources to analyse the evolution of the Geneva stock exchange during the interwar period, which saw a gradual decline of its activity. Independent brokers strived to keep their oligopoly over banks. At the same time, Swiss German banks tried to penetrate the canton-controlled marketplace by using their federal rights and strength to become unavoidable actors. They could ultimately help local bankers gain direct access to the Geneva stock exchange, obliterating the power of brokers who were left with no other choice than to appeal to the Canton of Geneva to defend their position.
Is Reassurance Seeking Specific to OCD? Adaptation Study of the Turkish Version of Reassurance Seeking Questionnaire in Clinical and Non-Clinical Samples
Authors: Haciomeroglu Bikem , Inozu Mujgan
Published: August 2018

Background: Reassurance seeking in obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is a kind of neutralization behaviour that causes considerable interpersonal conflicts. Aims: The purpose of this study was to conduct the adaptation of the Reassurance Seeking Questionnaire (ReSQ; Kobori and Salkovskis, 2013) into the Turkish language, and to examine its psychometric properties. Moreover, we aimed to identify the specificity of reassurance seeking to OCD, as opposed to other anxiety disorders and depression. Method: Five groups of participants (OCD, anxiety disorders, depression, healthy control groups, and a university student sample) were administered ReSQ, Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire, Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised Form, State and Trait Anger Expression Inventory, Guilt Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory and State Trait Anxiety Inventory-Trait Form. Results: The findings revealed acceptable test–retest and internal consistency coefficients, and also good construct, convergent, discriminant and criterion validity information for the Turkish version of the ReSQ scales. Results also revealed some aspects of reassurance seeking specific to OCD as opposed to other anxiety disorders and depression. Conclusion: The results of the present study indicated a good reliability and validity information for the Turkish version of the ReSQ, supporting the cross-cultural nature of the scale.
Conceptual understanding and quantity inferences: a new framework for examining consumer understanding of food energy
Authors: Liu Dawn , Juanchich Marie
Published: August 2018

Objective

The study examined two components of consumer understanding of food energy information: understanding the concept of energy and its quantity. Using this new framework, we investigated whether activity-equivalent labels facilitated interpretations of food energy compared with calorie labels and whether an image format would strengthen this facilitative effect compared with text.

Design

We assessed the effect of energy representation and format in a 2 (activityv.calories)×2 (imagev.text) between-subjects design. Conceptual understanding of energy was measured in terms of level of understanding and personal engagement. Quantitative understanding was measured in terms of participants’ estimations of a food’s contribution to their recommended daily intake and perceptions of energy values as precise or single-bound interval estimates.

Setting

The experiment was conducted online through Qualtrics.

Subjects

Eight hundred and twelve participants (55 % female, age range 18–74 years) were recruited through a national survey panel in the UK.

Results

Participants were twice more likely to have a stronger conceptual understanding of energy and four times more likely to personally engage with activity labelsv. calorie labels. Participants did not differ across labels in their estimations of energy quantities; however, they inferred quantities to mean exactly the stated number of calories, but at least the stated activity duration. There were no added benefits in presenting an image over the text format.

Conclusions

Activity labels can facilitate conceptual understanding of energy, but may be subject to quantitative misinterpretations. Nutrition communication should consider what people infer from quantities represented on labels.
AGU Webinars: New Ways to Learn, Network, and Share Information
Authors: AbdelHameid Danya , Janick Nathaniel , Hankin Erik
Published: August 2018

AGU Webinars provide the AGU community with timely and accessible information about a variety of relevant topics.
Magnetic Vortex States in Small Octahedral Particles of Intermediate Titanomagnetite
Authors: Khakhalova E. , Moskowitz B. M. , Williams W. , Biedermann A. R. , Solheid P.
Published: August 2018

Fine particles of titanomagnetites (Fe3‐xTixO4, x > 0.5) in the pseudo‐single‐domain (PSD) size (0.5–20 μm) are important carriers of natural remanent magnetization in basalts. Understanding the mechanism of magnetic recording in these grains has important implications for paleomagnetic studies. This study reports first observations of magnetic vortex states in intermediate titanomagnetite. We imaged magnetic structures of 109 synthetic titanomagnetite grains with x = 0.54 (TM54) and 1–4‐μm size using magnetic force microscopy. For six grains, we explored local energy minimum states after alternating field demagnetization and saturation isothermal remanent magnetization. According to the magnetic force microscopy results, 80% of TM54 grains display in‐plane magnetization with one to four domains, vortex‐like or flux‐closure structures, and Néel‐like domain walls. Electron backscatter diffraction data on six grains showed that their surface orientations are cutting planes of octahedral crystals and those with approximately square cross sections are within 15° of a (100) crystallographic plane. Magnetic force microscopy observations of magnetic structures in ~1.5‐μm grains agree well with numerical micromagnetic modeling of a pyramidal shaped grain with a (100) square base and displayed four discrete local energy minimum states: a single vortex as a ground state and three multivortex states with higher energy. Our observations show that vortex states in titanomagnetite grains (1–5 μm) occur at the lower end of the PSD size range in this mineral and corresponding to a size range known to carry stable and reliable remanence in natural titanomagnetites.
3‐D Finite Difference Time Domain Simulation of Lightning Strikes to the 634‐m Tokyo Skytree
Authors: Araki S. , Nasu Y. , Baba Y. , Rakov V. A. , Saito M. , Miki T.
Published: August 2018

Waveforms of vertical electric field observed at distances of 27, 57, and 101 km from the 634‐m tall Tokyo Skytree (Japan) struck by lightning have been reproduced using the 3‐D finite difference time domain method. Optically observed 3‐D lightning channels and currents directly measured in the tower were used. Distribution of current along the lightning channel was represented using the transmission line model, assuming a constant propagation speed v = 0.5c. Simulations with commonly assumed vertical channel did not allow us to reproduce the observed early (within 5 μs or so) field zero crossing when the 1‐D speed was set to be constant and equal to the 3‐D speed (v = 0.5c) used for the actual‐channel‐geometry case. It was, however, possible to achieve a good match for a vertical channel when the vertical component of 3‐D speed was evaluated for each nonvertical channel segment and used in the corresponding range of heights.
Numerical Modeling of Plant Root Controls on Gravel Bed River Morphodynamics
Authors: Caponi F. , Siviglia A.
Published: August 2018

The role of vegetation in shaping the geomorphology of rivers and deltas, along with tidal and estuarine environments, is widely recognized. While mutual interactions between flow, plant canopy, and morphodynamics have been extensively investigated, similar studies considering plant roots are limited. Here we present results from a numerical model that quantify the feedbacks of both the aboveground and belowground vegetation on gravel bed river morphodynamics. Plant root biogeomorphic feedbacks, that is, uprooting and root‐enhanced riverbed cohesion, are quantified through the description of the vertical root distribution. By investigating the evolution of the riverbed of a straight gravel channel with a vegetated patch, we show that uprooting is the primary plant root biogeomorphic feedback determining the evolution of the riverbed and the competing influence of the potential flow erosion versus uprooting depth mediates the plant root controls on morphodynamics. These findings broaden our understanding on the role played by plant roots on gravel bed river morphodynamics.
Ocean Circulation Reduces the Hadley Cell Response to Increased Greenhouse Gases
Authors: Chemke R. , Polvani L. M.
Published: August 2018

The Hadley cell (HC) plays an important role in setting the strength and position of the hydrological cycle. Climate projections show a weakening of the HC, together with widening of its vertical and meridional extents. These changes are projected to have profound global climatic impacts. Current theories for the HC response to increased greenhouse gases account only for atmospheric and oceanic thermodynamic changes and not for oceanic circulation changes. Here the effects of ocean circulation changes on the HC response to increased greenhouse gases are examined by comparing fully coupled and slab ocean model configurations. By reducing the warming of both the sea surface and the atmosphere, changes in ocean circulation reduce the HC response to increased CO2 concentrations. This reduced warming suppresses convective heating, which reduces the weakening of the HC and the stabilization at low latitudes, and thus also reduces the meridional (in the Southern Hemisphere) and vertical HC expansion.
No Evidence for Milankovitch Cycle Influence on Abyssal Hills at Intermediate, Fast, and Superfast Spreading Rates
Authors: Goff John A. , Zahirovic Sabin , Müller R. Dietmar
Published: August 2018

A recent hypothesis contends that abyssal hill topography is linked to sea level periodicities expressed by Milankovitch cycles, predicting that abyssal hill elevation is correlated to crustal age. We test this prediction by stacking (averaging) bathymetry as a function of age to enhance age‐dependent signal while suppressing random (primarily faulted) components. Stacking is applied to bathymetry data flanking intermediate, fast, and superfast spreading ridges. Revised digital crustal age models were generated in these regions using a recent compilation of reliable magnetic anomaly identifications, with inferred temporal uncertainty of ~0.01 my. We utilize statistical properties of abyssal hills to predict the variability of the age‐stack under the null hypothesis that abyssal hills are random with respect to crustal age; the age‐stacked profile is significantly different from zero only if it exceeds this expected variability by a large margin. Our results do not support the presence of Milankovitch‐driven signals in abyssal hill topography.
A Comparison of Methods for Streamflow Uncertainty Estimation
Authors: Kiang Julie E. , Gazoorian Chris , McMillan Hilary , Coxon Gemma , Le Coz Jérôme , Westerberg Ida K. , Belleville Arnaud , Sevrez Damien , Sikorska Anna E. , Petersen‐Øverleir Asgeir , Reitan Trond , Freer Jim , Renard Benjamin , Mansanarez Valentin , Mason Robert
Published: August 2018

Streamflow time series are commonly derived from stage‐discharge rating curves, but the uncertainty of the rating curve and resulting streamflow series are poorly understood. While different methods to quantify uncertainty in the stage‐discharge relationship exist, there is limited understanding of how uncertainty estimates differ between methods due to different assumptions and methodological choices. We compared uncertainty estimates and stage‐discharge rating curves from seven methods at three river locations of varying hydraulic complexity. Comparison of the estimated uncertainties revealed a wide range of estimates, particularly for high and low flows. At the simplest site on the Isère River (France), full width 95% uncertainties for the different methods ranged from 3 to 17% for median flows. In contrast, uncertainties were much higher and ranged from 41 to 200% for high flows in an extrapolated section of the rating curve at the Mahurangi River (New Zealand) and 28 to 101% for low flows at the Taf River (United Kingdom), where the hydraulic control is unstable at low flows. Differences between methods result from differences in the sources of uncertainty considered, differences in the handling of the time‐varying nature of rating curves, differences in the extent of hydraulic knowledge assumed, and differences in assumptions when extrapolating rating curves above or below the observed gaugings. Ultimately, the selection of an uncertainty method requires a match between user requirements and the assumptions made by the uncertainty method. Given the significant differences in uncertainty estimates between methods, we suggest that a clear statement of uncertainty assumptions be presented alongside streamflow uncertainty estimates.
Tidal Response of Groundwater in a Leaky Aquifer—Application to Oklahoma
Authors: Wang Chi‐Yuen , Doan Mai‐Linh , Xue Lian , Barbour Andrew J.
Published: August 2018

Quantitative interpretation of the tidal response of water levels measured in wells has long been made either with a model for perfectly confined aquifers or with a model for purely unconfined aquifers. However, many aquifers may be neither totally confined nor purely unconfined at the frequencies of tidal loading but behave somewhere between the two end‐members. Here we present a more general model for the tidal response of groundwater in aquifers with both horizontal flow and vertical leakage. The model has three independent parameters: the transmissivity (T) and storativity (S) of the aquifer and the specific leakage (K′/b′) of the leaking aquitard, where K′ and b′ are the hydraulic conductivity and the thickness of the aquitard, respectively. If T and S are known independently, this model may be used to estimate aquitard leakage from the phase shift and amplitude ratio of water level in wells obtained from tidal analysis. We apply the model to interpret the tidal response of water level in a US Geological Survey (USGS) deep monitoring well installed in the Arbuckle aquifer in Oklahoma, into which massive amount of wastewater coproduced from hydrocarbon exploration has been injected. The analysis shows that the Arbuckle aquifer is leaking significantly at this site. We suggest that the present method may be effective and economical for monitoring leakage in groundwater systems, which bears on the safety of water resources, the security of underground waste repositories, and the outflow of wastewater during deep injection and hydrocarbon extraction.