bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Espécies de Parmotrema (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota) no Parque Estadual da Cantareira, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, II: as espécies emaculadas ou com máculas irregulares
Authors: Benatti Michel Navarro
Published: April 2014

O levantamento das espécies pertencentes a Parmotrema no Parque Estadual da Cantareira e arredores revelou a ocorrência de 20 espécies, 14 delas caracterizadas por serem emaculadas ou irregularmente maculadas. Parmotrema xanthinum está sendo citada pela primeira vez para o Estado de São Paulo. São apresentados uma chave de identificação, descrições, comentários e ilustrações.
A novel approach using a fouling index to evaluate NOM fouling behavior in a low pressure ultrafiltration process
Authors: Xiao Ping , Zhang Weijun , Xiao Feng , Bi Zhe , Wang Dongsheng
Published: April 2014

A fouling index (FI) was introduced as a novel approach to investigate natural organic matter (NOM) fouling behavior in a low pressure membrane ultrafiltration process. Humic acid (HA), bovine serum albumin (BSA) and sodium alginate (SA), were used in the experiments. According to FI values, fouling was caused by NOM in two steps: a fast fouling process followed by a slow one. FI of the fast stage (FIF) was much greater than that of the slow one (FIS), showing the initial interaction would play a significant role in the fouling process over a short time. The results of mass balance suggested that a small fraction of DOC was responsible for membrane fouling caused by adsorption. Furthermore, both hydrophobic interaction and electrostatic interaction between NOM and the membrane determined the fouling behavior. Only a portion of foulants was removed after hydraulic washing. The sequence of NOM causing irreversible fouling was BSA > HA > SA, and the sequence of irreversible fouling after alkaline cleaning was SA > BSA > HA. The variations of FI values were consistent with the results of mass balances and flux recovery, which confirmed the FI was a simple and effective tool to describe the membrane fouling process.
Oxidized fulvic acid adsorption on activated carbon
Authors: Kozyatnyk Ivan , Świetlik Joanna , Raczyk-Stanisławiak Ursula , Klymenko Nataliya , Nawrocki Jacek
Published: April 2014

This study evaluates and compares the parameters of equilibrium adsorption from aqueous solutions of river fulvic acids (FA) and peat fulvic acids. Compared to peat FA, the river FA had lower biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC). We observed a tendency for correlation between change of Gibbs free energy of adsorption and BDOC value. A chlorination dose of 1.4 mg L−1 did not change FA biodegradability and adsorbability. ClO2 treatment produced similar results; ClO2 had a stronger oxidizing influence on FA with low BDOC than on FA with high BDOC. In general, the oxidative effect of O3 was greater than Cl2 or ClO2 and the oxidative effect of ClO2 was greater than Cl2. Qi–Schideman and modified Freundlich equations well described all isotherms of FA on activated carbon F300. The content of low-adsorbed substances in peat FA decreased in the sequence: initial solution – Cl2 – ClO2 – O3. A similar difference was also seen with BDOC content in FA solutions. For peat FA with high BDOC content, the low-adsorbed fraction transformed to a strong-adsorbed fraction. Chlorination and chlorine dioxide treatment decreased low-adsorbed fraction absorbability, although ozone treatment increased it, which corresponded with a change in BDOC and a change in Gibbs free energy of adsorption. Chlorination and ClO2 treatment increased the non-adsorbable fraction, and ozonation substantially decreased the non-adsorbable part of the FA. Treatment by chlorine and ozone increased the concentration range of the strong-adsorbed fraction; chlorine dioxide did not significantly influence this fraction.
Methodological considerations when conducting bench scale polychromatic ultraviolet irradiation of water
Authors: Mayor-Smith Ian , Templeton Michael R.
Published: April 2014

The use of a bench scale apparatus (often referred to as a ‘collimated beam’) to apply fluences to water samples is common practice in disinfection research and in validating the performance of full-scale UV disinfection reactors. This study investigated the sources of potential experimental variations in the calculation of fluence when conducting polychromatic collimated beam exposures. Spectral variations associated with lamp operating conditions (e.g. cooling of the lamp), the angle of the spectroradiometer relative to the lamp when measuring the UV fluence rate, and the shape of the arc within the lamp are important to consider in order to achieve reproducible UV fluences when using a polychromatic collimated beam. Specific recommendations are provided to encourage greater experimental rigour and reproducibility in polychromatic UV disinfection studies, including taking spectral output measurements before and after UV exposures and monitoring the lamp voltage as an indication of lamp output stability.
Preliminary studies on removal of nitrate and hardness from ground water using polystyrene beads
Authors: Madhukar M. , Manjunath S. P. , Gopal Rohini V.
Published: April 2014

Ground water has emerged as the primary water deficiency reduction tool in most developing countries. Recently, the quality of ground water has deteriorated due to over-exploitation and contamination resulting from anthropogenic activities. A broad range of physical, inorganic and organic, bacteriological, and radioactive parameters are found in ground waters. The presence of nitrate and hardness-causing ions at elevated levels is of greatest concern currently, as they can have a serious impact on human health and water distribution systems. The conventional methods which are applied to reduce the concentration of these inorganic constituents are found to be inconsistent when the concentration is significantly high. The present study is an attempt to remove nitrate and hardness-causing ions using polystyrene (PS) beads as packed media. The ground water sample had a total hardness between 1,030–1,250 mg/L, which is greater than the permissible limit, and the nitrate concentration was less than 45 mg/L. PS beads packed media was found to respond significantly in reducing nitrate by 88% and total hardness by 38% at an optimum flow rate and particle size of 3 L/min and 4 mm diameter respectively. PS beads can be a promising media in reducing nitrate and total hardness.
Acute Hematogenous Infection of Revision Total Hip Arthroplasty by Oral
Bacteria in a Patient without a History of Dental Procedures: Case Report
Authors: Sonohata Motoki , Kitajima Masaru , Kawano Syunsuke , Mawatari Masaaki
Published: April 2014

The risk of periprosthetic joint infection from hematogenous bacterial seeding is increased in patients undergoing
dental procedures that facilitate the development of bacteremia.

We herein report the case of a patient without a history of dental procedures who suffered from an acute metastatic
infection of a hip prosthesis by the oral bacterium Streptococcus mutans 18 months after undergoing revision total hip
arthroplasty. The patient was successfully treated by two-stage revision surgery.

It is important to realize that the efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis against joint infections has not yet been convincingly
proven. As a result, optimal dental hygiene and regular dental visits may be more important than antibiotic prophylaxis for
maintaining joint health. Therefore, orthopedic surgeons should educate patients with joint prostheses about good oral
health.
Implementing a voluntary wage policy: Lessons from the Irish and Spanish wages policies before the crisis
Authors: Ferreiro Jesús , Gómez Carmen
Published: April 2014

Despite the relevance given by the Post-Keynesian thought to wage and incomes
policies, little attention has been paid to the institutional elements that
would favour the unions? acceptance of a voluntary moderation of wage claims.
Recent wage policies have been implemented in European countries, like
Ireland and Spain, which do not fulfil the requirements assumed by
corporatist analysis for a successful implementation of wage policies. The
success of wage policies in Ireland and Spain, in terms of economic
performance and the length of current wage policies, offers a valuable
insight on how wages policies can be implemented as a key piece of
macroeconomic policy: It also helps our understanding of the institutional
framework that favours the implementation of voluntary wages policies.
Fiscal crisis, social security reform and vulnerable population
Authors: Peinado Patricia , Serrano Felipe
Published: April 2014

The aging process we are witnessing in the majority of developed countries is
raising financial sustainability problems in the pay-as-you-go pension
system. The reforms designed to re-establish the financial equilibrium of
pension systems may put one of the most important objectives of these
systems at risk: to reduce the poverty rate among the elderly. This paper
studies the effects that the reforms implemented in the Spanish pension
system would have on the poverty rate of the retired population. The two
main novelties presented are the following. First, the collective under
study is focused on the most vulnerable workers. Second, the effects of the
reforms are studied taking into account the labour market situation of the
individuals in the years prior to retirement.
The housing market-bank credit relationship: Some thoughts on its causality
Authors: Arestis Philip , González Ana
Published: April 2014

The dominance of the orthodox paradigm over the last decades prior to the
?great recession? left no room for the notion of ?endogenous money? in the
development of economic theory. However, this alternative direction of the
causality of demand for money-credit and economic activity has been present
in the heterodox economic thought since the 1930s and should be reconsidered
in the current situation. In this context, the numerous episodes of housing
bubbles, which have been taking place since 2007, create the perfect
?environment? to explore the notion of ?dynamic monetized production
economy?. Our theoretical framework is estimated econometrically by using a
sample of 6 developed economies which spans from 1970 to 2011. The
non-stationary ?nature? of our data recommends the use of cointegration
techniques (S?ren Johansen 1995) in order to estimate our models.
International portfolio diversification: United States and south Asian equity markets
Authors: Mushtaq Rizwan , Shah Zulfiqar
Published: April 2014

This paper explores the dynamic liaison between US and three developing South
Asian equity markets in short and long term. To gauge the long-term
relationship, we applied Johansen co-integration procedure as all the
representative indices are found to be non-stationary at level. The findings
illustrate that the US equity market index exhibits a reasonably different
movement over time in contrast to the three developing equity markets under
consideration. However, the Granger-causality test divulge that the
direction of causality scamper from US equity market to the three South
Asian markets. It further indicates that within the three developing equity
markets the direction of causality emanates from Bombay stock market to
Karachi and Colombo. Overall, the results of the study suggest that the
American investors can get higher returns through international
diversification into developing equity markets, while the US stock market
would also be a gainful upshot for South Asian investors.
Influence of different methods of internal bone fixation on characteristics of bone callus in experimental animals
Authors: Gajdobranski Djordje , Mitkovic Milorad , Vuckovic Nada , Milankov Miroslav , Jovanovic Slobodan , Manic Miodrag , Mitkovic Milan
Published: April 2014

Introduction. Correct choice of osteosynthesis method is a very important
factor in providing the optimal conditions for appropriate healing of the
fracture. There are still disagreements about the method of stabilization of
some long bone fractures. Critically observed, no method of fracture fixation
is ideal. Each osteosynthesis method has both advantages and weaknesses.
Objective. The objective of this study was to compare the results of the
experimental application of three different internal fixation methods: plate
fixation, intramedullary nail fixation and self-dynamisable internal fixator
(SIF). Methods. A series of 30 animals were used (Lepus cuniculus) as
experimental animals, divided into three groups of ten animals each. Femoral
diaphysis of each animal was osteotomized and fixed with one of three
implants. Ten weeks later all animals were sacrificed and each specimen
underwent histological and biomechanical testing. Results. Histology showed
that the healing process with SIF was more complete and bone callus was more
mature in comparison to other two methods. During biomechanical investigation
(computerized bending stress test), it was documented with high statistical
significance that using SIF led to stronger healing ten weeks after the
operation. Conclusion. According to the results obtained in this study, it
can be concluded that SIF is a suitable method for fracture treatment.
Prophylactic thyroidectomy for asymptomatic 3-year-old boy with positive multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A mutation (codon 634)
Authors: Jesic Maja , Tancic-Gajic Milina , Jesic Milos , Zivaljevic Vladan , Sajic Silvija , Vujovic Svetlana , Damjanovic Svetozar
Published: April 2014

Introduction. The multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A (MEN 2A) syndrome,
comprising medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), pheochromocytoma and primary
hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is most frequently caused by codon 634 activating
mutations of the RET (rearranged during transfection) proto-oncogene on
chromosome 10. For this codon-mutation carriers, earlier thyroidectomy
(before the age of 5 years) would be advantageous in limiting the potential
for the development of MTC as well as parathyroid adenomas. Case Outline.
This is a case report of 3-year-old boy from the MEN 2A family (the boy?s
father and grandmother and paternal aunt) in which cysteine substitutes for
phenylalanine at codon 634 in exon 11 of the RET proto-oncogene, who
underwent thyroidectomy solely on the basis of genetic information. A boy had
no thyromegaly, thyroidal irregularities or lymphadenopathy and no
abnormality on the neck ultrasound examination. The pathology finding of
thyroid gland was negative for MTC. Two years after total thyroidectomy,
5-year-old boy is healthy with permanent thyroxine replacement. His serum
calcitonin level is <2 pg/ml (normal <13 pg/ml), has normal serum calcium and
parathyroid hormone levels and negative urinary catecholamines. Long-term
follow-up of this patient is required to determine whether very early
thyroidectomy improves the long-term outcome of PHPT. Conclusion. Children
with familial antecedents of MEN 2A should be genetically studied for the
purpose of determining the risk of MTC and assessing the possibilities of
making prophylactic thyroidectomy before the age of 5 years.
Pioneers of invasive cardiovascular medicine - Charles Theodore dotter and colleagues: Short historical review
Authors: Kostic Jelena , Beleslin Branko , Nedeljkovic Milan , Ostojic Miodrag
Published: April 2014

Within modern medicine at the beginning of 21st century, we are witnessing a
revolutionary development of the invasive diagnostics and therapy of
cardiovascular system diseases. With the discovery of X-rays at the end of
19th century by Wilhelm Roentgen, it is appropriate to reflect on the gifted
individuals whose efforts drastically altered radiology and cardiology. The
early techniques used in peripheral percutaneous transluminal angioplasty
form the basis for subsequent percutaneous intervention both in the
peripheral and coronary arteries and are largely the contribution of Charles
Dotter. The main goal of his work was the use of catheters for diagnosis and
treatment in an attempt to replace the scalpel. He was 20 years ahead of his
time, especially with percutaneous transluminal angioplasty. The first
percutaneous transluminal angioplasty marked a new era in the treatment of
peripheral atherosclerotic lesions. This practical genius dedicated his
considerable energy to the belief that there is always a better way to treat
disease. His personal contributions to clinical medicine, research, and
teaching have saved millions of limbs and lives all over the world. European
physicians, who were more open to unproven techniques, almost immediately
embraced percutaneous transluminal angioplasty. Without the contribution and
help of his colleagues, Forssmann, Sones and Gruntzig, all of them pioneers,
nothing would be done. They were all ahead of there time and opened
completely new chapter in medicine.
Information Technology Capability, Internal Control Effectiveness, and Audit Fees and Delays
Authors: Chen Yunhao , Smith Antoinette L. , Cao Jian , Xia Weidong
Published: April 2014

We examine the role of firm IT capability in contributing to internal control and external audit in the post-SOX environment. Specifically, we measure the effectiveness of both the overall internal control and the five components of internal control as defined by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission's Internal Control—Integrated Framework (COSO 1992). Our findings support the concern that accounting professionals have regarding the impact of the use of IT on business risks and controls relevant to the audit. Specifically, IT capability directly mitigates audit fee increases, but not audit delay increases, indicating high IT capability signals lower business risks associated with the use of IT and reduces the auditor's risk premium. Further, IT capability has pervasive impacts on both the effectiveness of internal control and the components of effective internal control, which in turn further restrain audit fee and audit delay increases. Overall, our results suggest that a firm's IT capability has the additional benefits of supporting the functioning of internal control and the efficiency of the audit process.
Examining Relationships between Multiple Health Risk Behaviors, Well-Being, and Productivity
Authors: Evers Kerry E. , Castle Patricia H. , Prochaska James O. , Prochaska Janice M.
Published: April 2014

Traditionally, the concept of health promotion has emphasized the reduction of health risk behaviors to reduce disease and impairment. Well-being research expands this focus to include positive constructs such as thriving, productivity, life-evaluation, and emotional and physical health. The objective of the present study was to examine the relationships between health risk behaviors and specific measures of individual well-being. Participants ( N = 790) from 49 states completed a one-time online assessment that included the Life-Evaluation Index, Emotional and Physical Health Ladders, the Health Risk Intervention Assessment, and the Work Productivity and Activity Improvement Questionnaire for General Health. Life Evaluation and physical and emotional health were all inversely related to the number of health risk behaviors, with higher well-being scores associated with lower number of risk behaviors. Across the three Life Evaluation categories (Suffering, Struggling, and Thriving) the number of health risk behaviors decreased, productivity loss decreased, and emotional and physical health increased. The results add to previous research on how reducing multiple health risk behaviors can be combined with well-being, i.e., an emphasis on increasing life-evaluation, emotional and physical health, better functioning, and productivity.
European Union agri-food quality schemes for the protection and promotion of geographical indications and traditional specialities: an economic perspective
Authors: Hajdukiewicz Agnieszka
Published: April 2014

The schemes for identifying and protecting the names of agricultural products and foods having specific qualities, have been launched by European Union as a part of its complex agricultural quality policy. The main objective of this article is to examine different aspects of three of the schemes, developed for products with specific characteristics resulting from a particular origin or farming method: PDO (Protected Designation of Origin), PGI (Protected Geographical Indication) and TSG (Traditional Speciality Guarantied). The focus is mainly on the economic issues of the production and marketing of products and foodstuffs registered under particular schemes. The methodology includes studying the existing literature and European regulations on the subject, collecting and analysing statistical data as well as examining a short practical case.

The economic theory suggests that PDO/PGI/TSG registration results in the higher ability of producers to compete in the market. The increasing number of registrations confirms the growing interest of producers in using it as a tool to create competitive advantage. However, a higher price for such products compared with a standard product, does not always translate into a market success, since producing them requires farmers to follow a certain specification and this may involve additional costs. The analysis of the Vistula Cherry case found that there are significant market opportunities for certified producers of high quality fruits due to excellent characteristics of their products, but at the same time they face certain external and internal challenges and need to further develop their production and marketing skills, within the framework of the local collective organization.
The effect of soil mulching with straw on the yield and selected components of nutritive value in broccoli and tomatoes
Authors: Kosterna Edyta
Published: April 2014

By maintaining proper moisture and reducing daily temperature fluctuations, mulching improves soil conditions for plant growth and development, resulting in a positive effect on the vegetable yield. The chemical composition of vegetables is genetically determined as well as being modified by factors affecting the plant during growth, and particularly climatic conditions and agro-technology practices. The effects of soil mulching with rye, corn, rape and buckwheat straw at a dose of 10 and 20 t ha-1 on the yield and changes of selected components of nutritive value in ‘Milady’ F1 broccoli and ‘Polfast’ F1 tomato were investigated. The effect of straw was compared to a control plot without mulch. The yield of the vegetables and their chemical composition depended to a higher degree on weather conditions in the years of study. 2010 was the most favourable for broccoli yielding and 2011 for tomato. More nutrients components in heads and fruits were found in 2011 and 2012, which were characterised by favourable rainfall distribution. All straws applied in the experiment, irrespective of dosage, caused an increase in broccoli yield. However, soil mulching with straw at a dose of 10 t ha-1 was better for tomato yielding. Soil mulching with rye, corn and buckwheat straw increased the share of marketable yield in the total yield of broccoli and rye straw as well as the share of marketable yield of tomato. Mulching with rape and buckwheat straw decreased dry matter content in the edible parts of the vegetables. Mulch with rye straw contributed to a decreased content of ascorbic acid in heads and fruits and also caused a slight reduction in tomato flesh acidity. However, soil mulching with corn and rape straw caused an increase in total sugars and monosaccharide content in broccoli and tomato.
Clinical note
Authors: Brännström K. Jonas , Ludvigsson Josefine , Morris David , Ibertsson Tina
Published: April 2014

Objective:

The aims of the present pilot study were to translate the PEACH Rating Scale into Swedish, examine the preliminary psychometric properties of this translation, and explore the association between age and the reported outcome.

Study design:

Responses on the PEACH Rating Scale were collected for 27 families with children aged six to 50 months of age (mean = 18.3 months; standard deviation, SD = 13.1 months).

Results:

The Swedish translation demonstrates high internal consistency, indicating that all items measure the same construct and the corrected item-total correlations also suggest that each item contributes logically to the scale. The total scores increase rapidly with increasing age until about 20 months after which the score increase tails off and is asymptotic beyond 50 months of age.

Conclusions:

Parental responses from the Swedish translation show psychometric characteristics similar to those previously reported and this version shows a similar relationship between total score on the scale and age, as found in previous studies.
Influence of Carrier Volume and Nozzle Selection on Palmer Amaranth Control
Authors: Berger S. T. , Dobrow M. H. , Ferrell J. A. , Webster T. M.
Published: April 2014

Palmer amaranth is one of the most troublesome weeds in the southeast. Effective control is essential in order to avoid reductions of crop yield. Due to widespread resistance to acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides, postemergence contact herbicides are often the only in-season option to control Palmer amaranth in peanut. Lactofen is a postemergence protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibiting herbicide that is commonly used to control Palmer amaranth in peanut. Adequate spray coverage is essential for lactofen efficacy and nozzle selection may affect coverage. Extended range (XR) and air induction (AI) nozzles were used to evaluate spray coverage on water sensitive cards. XR nozzles provided more coverage than AI nozzles. A factorial treatment structure of carrier volume (94, 187, 281 L/ha), nozzle selection (XR and AI) and application timing (5 to 10 cm or 15 to 20 cm tall weeds) was conducted in 2008 in Williston, FL and in 2012 in Tifton, GA to determine the best strategy for controlling Palmer amaranth with lactofen. Palmer amaranth control was recorded 7, 14, and 21 days after treatment (DAT). Nozzle selection was not significant in field trials as a main effect or as an interaction at any location; therefore data were pooled across nozzle type. However, the carrier volume by application timing interaction was significant at each location. In 2008 at Williston, FL and in 2012 at Tifton, GA application at 5 to 10 cm tall Palmer amaranth with 94, 187, or 281 L/ha provided >90% control. Applications made to 15 to 20 cm tall weeds provided less control. Applications made to smaller weeds provided sufficient control at any carrier volume tested, while applications made to larger weeds were least effective at 94 L/ha. Despite reduced coverage by AI nozzles, nozzle type did not translate to differences in herbicide efficacy in the field. Carrier volume did not affect control of small weeds, but on larger Palmer amaranth, control was reduced at smaller spray volumes. Growers should apply lactofen to smaller Palmer amaranth plants for the most effective control.
The Entropic Potential Concept: a New Way to Look at Energy Transfer Operations
Authors: Wenterodt Tammo , Herwig Heinz
Published: April 2014

Energy transfer operations or processes are systematically analyzed with respect to the way they can be assessed. It turns out that the energy transfer should not only be characterized by the operation or process itself but that it should be seen in a wider context. This context is introduced as the entropic potential of the energy that is transferred. It takes into account the overall transfer from the energy in its initial and finite states, i.e., starting as pure exergy when it is a primary energy, for example, and ending as pure anergy when it has become part of the internal energy of the ambient. With this concept an energy devaluation number can be defined which has several properties with a reasonable physical background. Two examples of different complexity of the process assessed are given and discussed with respect to the physical meaning of the new energy devaluation number.
Possible Further Evidence for the Thixotropic Phenomenon of Water
Authors: Verdel Nada , Bukovec Peter
Published: April 2014

In this work we review the literature for possible confirmation of a phenomenon that was proposed to develop when water is left to stand for some time undisturbed in closed vessels. The phenomenon has been termed thixotropy of water due to the weak gel-like behaviour which may develop spontaneously over time where ions and contact with hydrophilic surfaces seem to play important roles. Thixotropy is a property of certain gels and liquids that under normal conditions are highly viscous, whereas during mechanical processing their viscosity diminishes. We found experiments indicating water’s self-organizing properties, long-lived inhomogeneities and time-dependent changes in the spectral parameters of aqueous systems. The large-scale inhomogeneities in aqueous solutions seem to occur in a vast number of systems. Long-term spectral changes of aqueous systems were observed even though the source of radiation was switched off or removed. And water was considered to be an active excitable medium in which appropriate conditions for self-organization can be established. In short, the thixotropic phenomenon of water is further indicated by different experimental techniques and may be triggered by large-scale ordering of water in the vicinity of nucleating solutes and hydrophilic surfaces.
Summer and Winter Effect of Innovative Cool Roof Tiles on the Dynamic Thermal Behavior of Buildings
Authors: Pisello Anna , Rossi Federico , Cotana Franco
Published: April 2014

Cool roofs represent an acknowledged passive cooling technique to reduce building energy consumption for cooling and to mitigate urban heat island effects. This paper concerns the evaluation of the dynamic effect of new cool roof clay tiles on building thermal performance in summer and winter conditions. To this end, these properties have been analyzed on traditional roof brick tiles through an indoor and outdoor two-year long continuous monitoring campaign set up in a residential building located in central Italy. The analysis and the cooperation with industrial companies producing brick tiles and reflective coatings allowed the production of a new tile with notable “cool roof” properties through the traditional industrial manufacturing path of such tiles. Notable results show that during summer the high reflection tiles are able to decrease the average external roof surface temperature by more than 10 °C and the indoor operative temperature by more than 3 °C. During winter the average external surface temperature is lower with high reflection tiles by about 1 °C. Singular optic-thermal phenomena are registered while evaluating the dynamics of the cool roof effect. Interesting findings show how the sloped cool roof application could suggest further considerations about the dynamic effect of cool roofs.
Mass Distribution in Rotating Thin-Disk Galaxies According to Newtonian Dynamics
Authors: Feng James , Gallo C.
Published: April 2014

An accurate computational method is presented for determining the mass distribution in a mature spiral galaxy from a given rotation curve by applying Newtonian dynamics for an axisymmetrically rotating thin disk of finite size with or without a central spherical bulge. The governing integral equation for mass distribution is transformed via a boundary-element method into a linear algebra matrix equation that can be solved numerically for rotation curves with a wide range of shapes. To illustrate the effectiveness of this computational method, mass distributions in several mature spiral galaxies are determined from their measured rotation curves. All the surface mass density profiles predicted by our model exhibit approximately a common exponential law of decay, quantitatively consistent with the observed surface brightness distributions. When a central spherical bulge is present, the mass distribution in the galaxy is altered in such a way that the periphery mass density is reduced, while more mass appears toward the galactic center. By extending the computational domain beyond the galactic edge, we can determine the rotation velocity outside the cut-off radius, which appears to continuously decrease and to gradually approach the Keplerian rotation velocity out over twice the cut-off radius. An examination of circular orbit stability suggests that galaxies with flat or rising rotation velocities are more stable than those with declining rotation velocities especially in the region near the galactic edge. Our results demonstrate the fact that Newtonian dynamics can be adequate for describing the observed rotation behavior of mature spiral galaxies.
A Hierarchical Approach to Optimizing Bus Stop Distribution in Large and Fast Developing Cities
Authors: Huang Zhengdong , Liu Xuejun
Published: April 2014

Public transit plays a key role in shaping the transportation structure of large and fast growing cities. To cope with high population and employment density, such cities usually resort to multi-modal transit services, such as rail, BRT and bus. These modes are strategically connected to form an effective transit network. Among the transit modes, bus stops need to be properly deployed to maintain an acceptable walking accessibility. This paper presents a hierarchical process for optimizing bus stop locations in the context of fast growing multi-modal transit services. Three types of bus stops are identified hierarchically, which includes connection stops, key stops and ordinary stops. Connection stops are generated manually to connect with other transit facilities. Key stops and ordinary stops are optimized with coverage models that are respectively weighted by network centrality measure and potential demand. A case study in a Chinese city suggests the hierarchical approach may generate more effective stop distribution.
Disk Evolution, Element Abundances and Cloud Properties of Young Gas Giant Planets
Authors: Helling Christiane , Woitke Peter , Rimmer Paul , Kamp Inga , Thi Wing-Fai , Meijerink Rowin
Published: April 2014

We discuss the chemical pre-conditions for planet formation, in terms of gas and ice abundances in a protoplanetary disk, as function of time and position, and the resulting chemical composition and cloud properties in the atmosphere when young gas giant planets form, in particular discussing the effects of unusual, non-solar carbon and oxygen abundances. Large deviations between the abundances of the host star and its gas giants seem likely to occur if the planet formation follows the core-accretion scenario. These deviations stem from the separate evolution of gas and dust in the disk, where the dust forms the planet cores, followed by the final run-away accretion of the left-over gas. This gas will contain only traces of elements like C, N and O, because those elements have frozen out as ices. PRODIMO protoplanetary disk models are used to predict the chemical evolution of gas and ice in the midplane. We find that cosmic rays play a crucial role in slowly un-blocking the CO, where the liberated oxygen forms water, which then freezes out quickly. Therefore, the C/O ratio in the gas phase is found to gradually increase with time, in a region bracketed by the water and CO ice-lines. In this regions, C/O is found to approach unity after about 5 Myrs, scaling with the cosmic ray ionization rate assumed. We then explore how the atmospheric chemistry and cloud properties in young gas giants are affected when the non-solar C/O ratios predicted by the disk models are assumed. The DRIFT cloud formation model is applied to study the formation of atmospheric clouds under the influence of varying premordial element abundances and its feedback onto the local gas. We demonstrate that element depletion by cloud formation plays a crucial role in converting an oxygen-rich atmosphere gas into carbon-rich gas when non-solar, premordial element abundances are considered as suggested by disk models.
Long-Term Acid-Generating and Metal Leaching Potential of a Sub-Arctic Oil Shale
Authors: Mumford Kathryn , Pitt Brendan , Townsend Ashley , Snape Ian , Gore Damian
Published: April 2014

Shales are increasingly being exploited for oil and unconventional gas. Exploitation of sub-arctic oil shales requires the creation of gravel pads to elevate workings above the heaving effects of ground ice. These gravel pads can potentially generate acidic leachate, which can enhance the mobility of metals from the shale. To examine this potential, pyrite-bearing shale originating from sub-Arctic gravel pad sites were subjected to leaching tests for 600 days at initial pH values ranging from 2 to 5, to simulate potential real world conditions. At set times over the 600 day experiment, pH, oxidation reduction potential (ORP), dissolved oxygen and temperature were recorded and small liquid samples withdrawn and analysed for elemental concentrations using total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (TRXRF). Six of eight shale samples were found to be acid generating, with pH declining and ORP becoming increasingly positive after 100 days. Two of the eight shale samples produced increasingly alkaline leachate conditions with relatively low ORP after 100 days, indicating an inbuilt buffering capacity. By 600 days the buffering capacity of all samples had been consumed and all leachate samples were acidic. TRXRF analyses demonstrated significant potential for the leaching of S, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn and Mn with greatest concentrations found in reaction vessels with most acidic pH and highest ORP.
Régions touristiques du Nord Canadien
Authors: Hamelin Louis Edmond
Published: April 2014

Résumé. - La carte des régions touristiques du Nord canadien relève de la prospective ; de telles entités régionales structurées n'existent pas aujourd'hui. Le Nord canadien dont la limite sud est définie par un indice comprend 75 % du territoire du pays mais il ne garde que 300 000 résidents ; cependant, il peut recevoir par an 500000 touristes de l'extérieur. L'écoumène nordique n'a qu'une faible centrante, situation défavorable à la pénétration et à la mobilité touristique. De plus, dans le Grand Nord particulièrement, les coûts sont très élevés. Les dix régions, pratiquement isolées et indépendantes les unes des autres, constituent des espaces comportant une gamme élevée d'avantages (non seulement de tourisme-nature) et un minimum de voies d'accès. Les deux entités les plus spectaculaires portent les numéros 8 (Yukon) et 4 (Baffin). Les régions 1 , 5 et 7 pourraient connaître sous peu de grands développements. L'avenir général du tourisme nordique tient à la mise sur pied d'une politique intégrée qui rejoindrait les consommateurs du Sud canadien et des U.S.A., les Amérindiens du Nord, les systèmes de transport de l'extérieur et à l'intérieur, l'entreprise privée, la qualité des services locaux et les multiples entités gouvernementales.
Le système de glacis de l'Oued Aoudraz un exemple d'étagement de glacis du pléistocène
Authors: Riser Jean
Published: April 2014

Résumé. - L'oued Aoudraz a été choisi comme exemple pour sa situation privilégiée sur le piémont méridional du Jbel Sarhro. Dans la plaine des Ait-Slilo, six niveaux d'érosion ont été étudiés. Leur disposition générale en éventail, leurs pentes, leurs profils transversaux, les matériaux de leur couverture montrent que ces niveaux d'érosion sont l'œuvre d'un écoulement torrentiel.
Un projet de classement des types de riziculture
Authors: Delvert Jean
Published: April 2014

Abstract. The A. gives us a scientific classification of rice-producing fields. He distinguishes : dry paddy-fields (1), wet unirrigated paddy-fields (2) and wet irrigated paddy-fields (3).
Une carte de l'utilisation du sol au 1/50.000
Authors: Brunet P.
Published: April 2014

This map of land utilization figures the semi-natural vegetation (botanic associations, physionomies) and the agricultural land (arable land, grassland and orchard, field patterns, farms and their agricultural systems of production) with a same precision.
Types de composition par âge de la population rurale des oblasts de la R.S.F.S.R
Authors: de la Breteque Marie-Claude
Published: April 2014

Sovietic census does not allow to build refined rural « age pyramides ». However, it is possible to go farther by the mean of factorial analysis. Then we are able to distinguish seven types of demographic patterns ; the types of Pskov, Tambov and Volgagrad, very old ; these of Moskaw (mature), Tioumen (intermediate), Yakoutsk (young) and Kamtchatka (artificial).
Géomorphologie des bordures de l'Amazonie brésilienne. Le modèle des versants : essai d'évolution paléoclimatique
Authors: Journaux André
Published: April 2014

The limits of Brazilian Amazonia are formed by the overhang of the Guianian and Brazilian shields, covered by tertiary formations, and show traces of two large levelling surfaces, one pliocene and the other pleistocene, generally hardened. During the quaternary evolution, a lowering of the eustatic level, corresponding with a very substantial climatic crisis, allowed the slopes to be shaped into facets, marked by varied deposits. This dry phase only appears to have stopped at the end of the preflandrian deepening, with the advance of the forest line towards the south.
A propos du climat de Sumatra
Authors: Delvert Jean
Published: April 2014

Les courbes pluviométriques de Medan et de Padang (Sumatra) sont semblables bien que les deux villes soient situées de part et d'autre des Monts Barisan qui dépassent 2 000 mètres. L'alternance saisonnière des vents ("moussons") ne peut rendre compte de la similitude de ces climats équatoriaux à pluies continues.
Silcrètes australiens et silicifications sahariennes
Authors: Dewolf Yvette
Published: April 2014

Résumé. - Silcrètes australiens et dalles sahariennes sont deux témoins de dynamiques très voisines. Pour les premiers : silifications incorporant des matériaux clastiques allogènes, l'origine de la silice est liée aux latéritisations proches ; pour les secondes, faciès essentiellement chimique, silice et calcite dérivent des altérations atlasiques ; pour ces deux formations, ainsi d'ailleurs que pour les meulières du Bassin de Paris, le piégeage des solutions s'est effectué dans des bassins endoréiques ou des dépressions de piémont sous climat chaud à saisons alternées.
Cuirasses de fer et cuirasses de silice en France occidentale
Authors: Rondeau André
Published: April 2014

Résumé. - En France, depuis le Nord de la Bretagne jusqu'à la vallée de la Garonne, existent deux types de cuirasses : une cuirasse ferrugineuse et une cuirasse siliceuse. Alors qu'en Australie elles se juxtaposent dans l'espace, les premières étant plus tropicales que les secondes, en France elles sont superposées. Les premières se sont peut-être formées dès le Crétacé supérieur dans le Nord alors qu'elles ont continué à se former jusqu'à l'Oligocène dans le Midi. Les secondes, plus récentes, ravinent les premières en Bretagne alors qu'elles leur sont superposées en Périgord. La cause peut en être trouvée dans des mouvements du sol plus précoces en Bretagne et d'une manière générale dans un déplacement en latitude accompagné de variations climatiques indépendantes des paléolatitudes.
La télédétection radar dans l'approche des accidents linéaires à propos des fractures du massif du Mont Dore (France)
Authors: Brousse R , Paul S.
Published: April 2014

Résumé. - Une bande de terrain d'une dizaine de km de large, traversant d'Ouest en Est la partie médiane du massif du Mont-Dore (feuille de Bourg Lastic), est explorée d'après la visualisation photographique d'un enregistrement RADAR latéral aéroporté. Certains accidents linéaires apparaissent avec grande netteté sur ce document et correspondent, pour certains, à des fractures connues de l'édifice volcanique. Il est discuté de la valeur des autres structures linéaires télédétectées et, à cette issue, il est considéré que ce type de document RADAR latéral est de première valeur dans la recherche des grandes structures, à condition, toutefois, qu'il y ait deux axes orthogonaux d'enregistrement aérien.
Un piémont volcano-sédimentaire : celui du Nord-Est de la Basse Terre (Guadeloupe)
Authors: Petit M.
Published: April 2014

Résumé. - La retombée nord-orientale de la chaîne volcanique de Guadeloupe dessine un grand arc de terres basses, en pente légère de l'ordre de 2 % vers l'Est. Découpé en lanières de plateau par un réseau hydrographique en éventail, encaissé jusqu'à une centaine de mètres, ce glacis constitue le trait d'union entre le « Basse-Terre » (la Guadeloupe proprement dite) volcanique et la Grande-Terre essentiellement calcaire. Il a été considéré jusqu'à nos jours comme un vieux substratum volcanique anté-miocène sur lequel se serait construite la chaîne volcanique. Nous allons voir qu'il faut le considérer comme un tablier de pyroclastites et d'alluvions diverses contemporain de l'éruption de la chaîne. Les matériaux varient suivant les secteurs. La surface topographique n'est pas structurale, mais il s'agit d'un glacis d'érosion probablement d'origine morphoclimatique à rapporter à une période sèche. Dans la Grande Terre, une activité volcanique miocène ou pliocène a également laissé des traces dans la sédimentation de dominante calcaire.
Problème du rajeunissement des sols issus de l'altération de roches volcaniques par des éruptions récentes de cendres, aux Nouvelles-Hébrides et aux îles Canaries
Authors: Quantin Patrick , Fernandez-Caldas E. , Guttierrez-Jerez F. , Tejedor M.L. , Delibrias Georgette
Published: April 2014

Abstract. - Two soils, one from Aoba (New Hebrides), the other from Tenerife (Canarian Islands), the rejuvenation of which by a fall of volcanic ashes has been dated (by 14 C), show that, in a humid tropical or subtropical environment, the recent rejuvenation leads to pedological forms relatively less maturated than the normal soils type. In Aoba, they are one thousand years old, saturated and slighty evoluted andosols, in Tenerife appear andic brown earths that are less than 9000 years old and bury tropical paleosols. It is noteworthy in Aoba, that only one thousand years has been enough to form halloysite, whereas Aomine and Miyauchi (1963) estimated tah 8000 years have been necessary in the case of the Japanese andosols.
I. Variété lithologique du socle vosgien et formes glaciaires dans le bassin de la Meurthe supérieure
Authors: Darmois-Théobald Mireille
Published: April 2014

L'étude des formes glaciaires du bassin de la Meurthe supérieure permet de reconnaître des caractères morphologiques qui peuvent s'expliquer par la diversité des roches cristallines ou cristallophylliennes dans lesquelles ces formes se sont développées.