bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pseudo‐MRI Engine for MRI‐Free Electromagnetic Source Imaging
Authors: Jaiswal Amit , Nenonen Jukka , Parkkonen Lauri
Published: February 2025

Structural head MRIs are a crucial ingredient in MEG/EEG source imaging; they are used to define a realistically shaped volume conductor model, constrain the source space, and visualize the source estimates. However, individual MRIs are not always available, or they may be of insufficient quality for segmentation, leading to the use of a generic template MRI, matched MRI, or the application of a spherical conductor model. Such approaches deviate the model geometry from the true head structure and limit the accuracy of the forward solution. Here, we implemented an easy‐to‐use tool, pseudo‐MRI engine, which utilizes the head‐shape digitization acquired during a MEG/EEG measurement for warping an MRI template to fit the subject's head. To this end, the algorithm first removes outlier digitization points, densifies the point cloud by interpolation if needed, and finally warps the template MRI and its segmented surfaces to the individual head shape using the thin‐plate‐spline method. To validate the approach, we compared the geometry of segmented head surfaces, cortical surfaces, and canonical brain regions in the real and pseudo‐MRIs of 25 subjects. We also tested the MEG source reconstruction accuracy with pseudo‐MRIs against that obtained with the real MRIs from individual subjects with simulated and real MEG data. We found that the pseudo‐MRI enables comparable source localization accuracy to the one obtained with the subject's real MRI. The study indicates that pseudo‐MRI can replace the need for individual MRI scans in MEG/EEG source imaging for applications that do not require subcentimeter spatial accuracy.
Flow Boiling Analysis for HFE‐7100 in a Vertical Porous Tube
Authors: Saihood Raed G. , Nima Mohammed A.
Published: February 2025

Much recent research has focused on dielectric fluids in engineering applications because of their physical properties. In this study, the use of HFE‐7100 as a working fluid in a porous pipe exposed to thermal conditions like solar radiation conditions in Baghdad city was studied. The two‐phase mixture model with Local Thermal Non‐Equilibrium assumption was applied to analyze the flow boiling of a subcooled HFE‐7100 in a vertical pipe filled with high porosity metal foam. The Finite volume approach with MATLAB code was used to solve the governing equations like continuity, momentum based on Forchheimer‐extended Darcy model and energy equations. The results displayed that the heat transfer rises with the rise in pore density, porosity and the heat flux while the liquid saturation reduces with the raise in heat flux and pore density and the decrease in porosity of the metal foam. PPI effect is more effective at low porosity, as it increases the heat transfer coefficient by 101%, 95%, and 88% at 0.8, 0.9, and 0.95 porosity, respectively. But the effect of porosity is very small compared to PPI effect on the liquid saturation where it decreases by 4% when the porosity decreases from 0.95 to 0.85, while it decreases by 23% when the pore density increases from 10 to 110 PPI.
Reciprocal Associations Between Positivity and Positive Affect During the COVID‐19 Pandemic
Authors: Caprara Mariagiovanna , Contreras Antonio , Suárez‐Falcón Juan C. , Caprara Gian Vittorio , Pozo Pilar , Cabras Emilia , Tavolucci Simone , Alessandri Guido
Published: February 2025

In this study, the associations between positivity and positive affect were examined at five time points between January 2020 and September 2021, a period of turmoil associated with the COVID‐19 pandemic. Data were collected from 1401 students (73.45% women) attending an online university in Spain, commencing at the outbreak of the pandemic and then at four different time points up to the time it was considered to have been controlled. The results of a cross‐lagged panel model revealed that participants who maintained higher general positivity were also those who reported more intense overall positive affect. At the same time, above‐average positive affect predicted higher‐than‐usual levels of positivity. By pointing to the reciprocal relationships between positivity and positive affect, the results corroborate and go beyond previous findings by highlighting a virtuous cycle in which positivity and positive affect reciprocally influence each other over time. These data are in accordance with a dynamic view of how self‐focused, positive evaluative dispositions and chronic positive affective states operate in concert to enhance adaptation and well‐being. The practical implications of these findings are discussed.
Concept for Design And Implementation Of Mobile, Computer‐Generated Display Systems
Authors: Horowitz Paul
Published: February 2025

The purpose of this report is to discuss several computer generated display concepts that appear to be suitable for use in tactical operations centers. The report does not present a survey or review of data display “state‐of‐the‐art”, but attempts to set forth the human and subsystem requirements of tactical centers in general, as well as some that may be unique to a particular system. The display subsystem design described in the report is within the current state‐of‐the‐art and could be available without an extensive research and development program.
Basic EL designs for space and military applications
Authors: Christensen R. W. , McKeirnan W. R.
Published: February 2025

The advent of electroluminescence (EL) made possible a new dimension of visual data presentation. As a display medium, EL readout devices offer almost limitless flexibility in customized presentation as well as those of the standard numeric, alphanumeric and solid area variety (Figure 1). Design advantages of the new allglass EL readout panel are manifold both from a manufacturing and a user viewpoint.
Correction of Non‐Uniform Rotational Distortion in the Proximally Controlled Endoscopic OCTA
Authors: Guan Zehua , Li Qiang , Niu Chen , Fan Shuhao , Yu Huanhuan , Wu Wenjuan , Feng Xiangfei , Dai Cuixia
Published: February 2025

Endoscopic Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) can provide high‐resolution cross‐sectional images for internal organ tissues. Combining the endoscopic imaging with Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography (OCTA), information of blood vessels in superficial lumen tissues is expected to be acquired. However, in endoscopic OCT systems using proximal scanning probes, performance of OCTA encounters significant challenges due to non‐uniform rotational distortion (NURD) caused by the non‐constant rotation of the distal imaging unit. In this study, we proposed a registration method for endoscopic OCTA imaging in a proximally controlled OCT System. Global registration and A‐line registration were employed to correct the distortion caused by mechanical friction between the catheter sheath and torque coil. Experimental performances in both microfluidic channel and rat rectum show significant correction of NURD. Our study achieved the first implementation of endoscopic OCTA under a spiral B‐scan rotation scheme in a proximally controlled OCT system, facilitating clear visualization of blood flow.
KDM1A Acts as an Oncogene and Facilitates the Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition Process in Gastric Cancer
Authors: Huang Rongjie , Cai Yichen , Chen Qiuxian , Sun Yuqin , Lian Mingqiao , Lian Mingjie , Cai Lisheng
Published: February 2025

Background

This study is performed to research the biological role of KDM1A in the epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) of gastric cancer and investigate the mechanism involved.

Methods

The KDM1A, Vimentin and E‐cadherin levels were studied, as well as the correlation among them in gastric cancer samples. Gastric cancer cells were transfected with KDM1A overexpression and knockdown, and the cellular infiltration, motility, morphology and F‐actin expression were subsequently identified. For the protein level assessment of EMT, the western blot analysis combined with immunofluorescence was employed. The effect of KDM1A on TGF‐β/Notch signaling was also detected.

Results

KDM1A was overexpressed in gastric cancer tumor tissues. In the clinical gastric carcinoma samples, the level of KDM1A was linked negatively to the expression of E‐cadherin, while positively to the expression of Vimentin. Among the gastric carcinoma population, the expression of KDM1A was linked to the lymph node metastasis, TNM stage and tumor differentiation. The KDM1A downregulation prohibited the cellular motility, infiltration and F‐actin expression, and suppressed EMT process. KDM1A overexpression exhibited promoting effect on EMT in gastric cancer cells. KDM1A regulated TGF‐β/Notch signaling to affect EMT in gastric cancer cells.

Conclusion

KDM1A acts as an oncogene and facilitates the epithelial mesenchymal transition process by regulating TGF‐β/Notch signal pathway in gastric cancer cells.
A Review on miRNAs in Enteric Bacteria‐mediated Host Pathophysiology: Mechanisms and Implications
Authors: Doghish Ahmed S. , Elazazy Ola , Mohamed Hend H. , Mansour Reda M. , Ghanem Aml , Faraag Ahmed H. I. , Elballal Mohammed S. , Elrebehy Mahmoud A. , Elesawy Ahmed E. , Abdel Mageed Sherif S. , Saber Sameh , Nassar Yara A. , Abulsoud Ahmed I. , Abdel‐Reheim Mustafa Ahmed , Elawady Alaa S. , Ali Mohamed A. , Basiouny Mohamed Salah , Hemdan Mohamed , Lutfy Radwa H. , Awad Farah A. , El‐Sayed Salma A. , Ashour Mohamed M. , El‐Sayyad Gharieb S. , Mohammed Osama A.
Published: February 2025

Recently, many studies focused on the billions of native bacteria found inside and all over the human body, commonly known as the microbiota, and its interactions with the eukaryotic host. One of the niches for such microbiota is the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), which harbors hundreds to thousands of bacterial species commonly known as enteric bacteria. Changes in the enteric bacterial populations were linked to various pathologies such as irritable bowel syndrome and obesity. The gut microbiome could affect the health status of individuals. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are one of the extensively studied small‐sized noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) over the past decade to explore their multiple roles in health and disease. It was proven that miRNAs circulate in almost all body fluids and tissues, showing signature patterns of dysregulation associated with pathologies. Both cellular and circulating miRNAs participate in the posttranscriptional regulation of genes and are considered the potential key regulators of genes and participate in cellular communication. This manuscript explores the unique interplay between miRNAs and enteric bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract, emphasizing their dual role in shaping host‐microbiota dynamics. It delves into the molecular mechanisms by which miRNAs influence bacterial colonization and host immune responses, linking these findings to gut‐related diseases. The review highlights innovative therapeutic and diagnostic opportunities, offering insights for targeted treatments of dysbiosis‐associated pathologies.
Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase Acetylation Mediating Muscle Dysfunction Contributes to Sleep Apnoea in Obesity
Authors: Zhang Liu , Yan Ya Ru , Li Shi Qi , Lin Ying Ni , Wang Yi , Wang Yu Qing , Li Ning , Lu Fang Ying , Sun Xian Wen , Zhang Li Yue , Zhou Jian Ping , Ding Yong Jie , Li Qing Yun
Published: February 2025

Background

Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) occurs frequently among individuals with obesity, which is attributed to upper airway muscle dysfunction. Muscle function is regulated by the dynamic balance of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and its reduced form (NADH), which is controlled by the enzyme nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT). Elevated NAMPT levels have been found in individuals with obesity. However, the role of NAMPT in obesity‐induced muscle impairment has not been fully clarified.

Methods

A total of 110 participants (70 moderate‐to‐severe OSA vs. 40 mild or no OSA) underwent electrical impedance mammography and polysomnography. C57BL/6J mice with high‐fat diet‐induced obesity (DIO) and control group were utilized for their characterizations, which included forced running wheel tests, glucose tolerance tests, haematoxylin and eosin staining, immunostaining, magnetic resonance imaging, whole‐body plethysmography, electromyographic techniques, western blot, NAMPT enzymatic activity assays and NAD+/NADH ratio measurements.

Results

Patients with moderate–severe OSA have a significant decrease in lean mass percentage of upper airway muscles compared with those in controls (p < 0.01). In vivo, a high‐fat diet reduced the levels of NAD‐dependent deacetylase sirtuin‐1 (SIRT1) (p < 0.01), which plays a crucial role in the deacetylation of NAMPT. The reduction in SIRT1‐mediated NAMPT deacetylation (p < 0.001) resulted in decreased NAMPT activity (p < 0.01), leading to a decrease in NAD+/NADH ratio (p < 0.05) and decreased the myosin heavy chain isoform (MyHC) I level (p < 0.05), thereby affecting the effectiveness of upper airway muscle and ultimately leading to upper airway collapse (101.0 vs. 81.7 pixels, p = 0.02). The introduction of estradiol mitigated high‐fat diet‐induced muscle dysfunction by enhancing expression of SIRT1 and inhibiting the acetylation of NAMPT, reducing upper airway collapse (81.7 vs. 96.7 pixels, p = 0.06).

Conclusions

These findings highlight the crucial role of SIRT1‐mediated NAMPT deacetylation on obesity‐induced muscle dysfunction, suggesting targeting NAMPT has the potential to reverse the obesity induced muscle dysfunction and provide effective treatment options for OSA.
Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial and Autophagic Dysregulation Are Modifiable in Spinal Muscular Atrophy
Authors: Mikhail Andrew I. , Ng Sean Y. , Xhuti Donald , Lesinski Magda A. , Chhor Jennifer , Deguise Marc‐Olivier , De Repentigny Yves , Nederveen Joshua P. , Kothary Rashmi , Tarnopolsky Mark A. , Ljubicic Vladimir
Published: February 2025

Background

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a health‐ and life‐limiting neuromuscular disorder. Although varying degrees of mitochondrial abnormalities have been documented in SMA skeletal muscle, the influence of disease progression on pathways that govern organelle turnover and dynamics are poorly understood. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate skeletal muscle mitochondria during SMA disease progression and determine the effects of therapeutic modalities on organelle biology.

Methods

Smn2B/+ and Smn2B/− severe SMA‐like mice were used to investigate mitochondrial turnover and dynamics signalling. Muscles were analysed at postnatal day 9 (P9), P13 or P21 to address pre‐symptomatic, early symptomatic and late symptomatic periods of the disorder. Additionally, we utilized an acute dose of exercise and urolithin A (UA) to stimulate organelle remodelling in skeletal muscle of SMA mice in vivo and in SMA patient‐derived myotubes in vitro, respectively.

Results

Smn2B/+ and Smn2B/− mice demonstrated similar levels of muscle mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) proteins throughout disease progression. In contrast, at P21 the mRNA levels of upstream factors important for the transcription of mitochondrial genes encoded by the nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, including nuclear respiratory factor 2, sirtuin 1, mitochondrial transcription factor A and tumour protein 53, were upregulated (+31%–195%, p < 0.05) in Smn2B/− mice relative to Smn2B/+. Early and late symptomatic skeletal muscle from SMA‐like mice showed greater autophagosome formation as denoted by more phosphorylated autophagy related 16‐like 1 (p‐ATG16L1Ser278) puncta (+60%–80%, p < 0.05), along with a build‐up of molecules indicative of damaged mitochondria such as BCL2 interacting protein 3, Parkin and PTEN‐induced kinase 1 (+100%–195%, p < 0.05). Furthermore, we observed a fragmented mitochondrial phenotype at P21 that was concomitant with abnormal splicing of Optic atrophy 1 transcripts (−53%, p < 0.05). A single dose of exercise augmented the expression of citrate synthase (+43%, p < 0.05) and corrected the over‐assembly of autophagosomes (−64%, p < 0.05). In patient muscle cells, UA treatment stimulated autophagic flux, increased the expression of OxPhos proteins (+15%–47%, p < 0.05) and improved maximal oxygen consumption (+84%, p < 0.05).

Conclusions

Abnormal skeletal muscle mitochondrial turnover and dynamics are associated with disease progression in Smn2B/− mice despite compensatory elevations in upstream factors important for organelle synthesis and recycling. Exercise and UA enhance mitochondrial health in skeletal muscle, which indicates that lifestyle‐based and pharmacological interventions may be effective countermeasures targeting the organelle for therapeutic remodelling in SMA.
Banana peel fermentation broth as a viable alternative carbon source for biological sulfate reduction in acid mine drainage
Authors: Gao Yu , Li Jiaxing , Li Qintong , Sun Rui , Hua Wenxin , Wang Chengze , Xue Jianliang , Chen Ping
Published: February 2025

BACKGROUND

Acid mine drainage (AMD) is a major environmental threat in mining areas due to its strong acidity, high concentrations of sulfate, and heavy metals. Utilizing sulfate‐reducing bacteria (SRB) to reduce SO42− and remove heavy metals is a promising and economical AMD treatment. However, AMD lacks sufficient electron donors for sulfate reduction. Banana peel fermentation broth, containing various small‐molecule organic acids, is an effective alternative carbon source for SRB, promoting the use of agricultural waste in environmental remediation. This study aims to investigate the impact of adding banana peel fermentation broth to the bioreactor on pollutant removal performance and analyze its effect on the microbial community structure.

RESULTS

The bioreactor utilising banana peel fermentation broth as an electron donor, demonstrated the effective removal of various pollutants, including sulfate (55.7%), Cu2+ (90.74%), Mn2+ (70.77%), Fe2+ (81.28%) and Cd2+ (100.00%), with an average reduction of 74.20% in chemical oxygen demand (COD). Sulfate reduction resulted in an increase in pH from 5.5 to 7.9. Microbial community structure analysis revealed that the primary genera involved in sulfate reduction were Desulfurispora and Desulfovibrio, while Delftia contributes to the immobilization of heavy metals. Additionally, the key genera responsible for fermentation to produce small molecule acids were Leptolinea and Sedimentibacter. In symbiosis with SRB, they play a crucial role in the removal efficiency of metals and sulfate.

CONCLUSION

The overall sulfate and heavy metals removal efficiency was found to be satisfactory after 30 days of continuous reactor operation. There was a notable increase in microbial abundance and community diversity within the reactor. Therefore, banana peel fermentation broth is a promising alternative organic carbon source in acid mine drainage(AMD) treatment. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
Stoichiometric constraints for detection of EV‐borne biomarkers in blood
Authors: Zarovni Nataša , Mladenović Danilo , Brambilla Dario , Panico Federica , Chiari Marcella
Published: February 2025

Stochiometric issues, encompassing both the quantity and heterogeneity of extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from tumour or other tissues in blood, pose important challenges across various stages of biomarker discovery and detection, affecting the integrity of data, introducing losses and artifacts during blood processing, EV purification and analysis. These challenges shape the diagnostic utility of EVs especially within the framework of established and emerging methodologies. By addressing these challenges, we aim to delineate crucial parameters and requirements for tumour‐specific EV detection, or more precisely, for tumour identification via EV based assays. Our endeavour involves a comprehensive examination of the layers that mask or confound the traceability of EV markers such as nucleic acids and proteins, and focus on ‘low prevalence—low concentration’ scenario. Finally, we evaluate the advantages versus limitations of single‐particle analysers over more conventional bulk assays, suggesting that the combined use of both to capture and interpret the EV signals, in particular the EV surface displayed proteins, may ultimately provide quantitative information on their absolute abundance and distribution.
Directed Graphs Without Rainbow Triangles
Authors: Babiński Sebastian , Grzesik Andrzej , Prorok Magdalena
Published: February 2025

One of the most fundamental results in graph theory is Mantel's theorem which determines the maximum number of edges in a triangle‐free graph of order . Recently, a colorful variant of this problem has been solved. In this variant we consider graphs on a common vertex set, think of each graph as edges in a distinct color, and want to determine the smallest number of edges in each color which guarantees the existence of a rainbow triangle. Here, we solve the analogous problem for directed graphs without rainbow triangles, either directed or transitive, for any number of colors. The constructions and proofs essentially differ for and and the type of the forbidden triangle. Additionally, we also solve the analogous problem in the setting of oriented graphs.
Polynomial Characterizations of Distance‐Biregular Graphs
Authors: Lato Sabrina
Published: February 2025

Fiol, Garriga, and Yebra introduced the notion of pseudo‐distance‐regular vertices, which they used to come up with a new characterization of distance‐regular graphs. Building on that work, Fiol and Garriga developed the spectral excess theorem for distance‐regular graphs. We extend both these characterizations to distance‐biregular graphs and show how these characterizations can be used to study bipartite graphs with distance‐regular halved graphs and graphs with the spectrum of a distance‐biregular graph.
Induction of the Inflammasome by the SARS‐CoV‐2 Accessory Protein ORF9b, Abrogated by Small‐Molecule ORF9b Homodimerization Inhibitors
Authors: Zodda Erika , Pons Mònica , DeMoya‐Valenzuela Natàlia , Calvo‐González Cristina , Benítez‐Rodríguez Cristina , López‐Ayllón Blanca D. , Hibot Achraf , Zuin Alice , Crosas Bernat , Cascante Marta , Montoya María , Pujol María D. , Rubio‐Martínez Jaime , Thomson Timothy M.
Published: February 2025

Viral accessory proteins play critical roles in viral escape from host innate immune responses and in viral inflammatory pathogenesis. Here we show that the SARS‐CoV‐2 accessory protein, ORF9b, but not other SARS‐CoV‐2 accessory proteins (ORF3a, ORF3b, ORF6, ORF7, ORF8, ORF9c, and ORF10), strongly activates inflammasome‐dependent caspase‐1 in A549 lung carcinoma cells and THP‐1 monocyte‐macrophage cells. Exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and ATP additively enhanced the activation of caspase‐1 by ORF9b, suggesting that ORF9b and LPS follow parallel pathways in the activation of the inflammasome and caspase‐1. Following rational in silico approaches, we have designed small molecules capable of inhibiting the homodimerization of ORF9b, which experimentally inhibited ORF9b‐ORF9b homotypic interactions, caused mitochondrial eviction of ORF9b, inhibited ORF9b‐induced activation of caspase‐1 in A549 and THP‐1 cells, cytokine release in THP‐1 cells, and restored type I interferon (IFN‐I) signaling suppressed by ORF9b in both cell models. These small molecules are first‐in‐class compounds targeting a viral accessory protein critical for viral‐induced exacerbated inflammation and escape from innate immune responses, with the potential of mitigating the severe immunopathogenic damage induced by highly pathogenic coronaviruses and restoring antiviral innate immune responses curtailed by viral infection.
Compound Climate Extremes Under the Future Climate Change Scenarios: A Case Study of Chattogram City, Bangladesh
Authors: Pervin Lia , Khan Md. Sabbir Mostafa , Islam Md. Saiful , Jahan Nasreen
Published: February 2025

Waterlogging during the monsoon and water shortness during the pre‐monsoon are increasingly affecting the socio‐economic condition of Chattogram City. It is suspected that, climate change will lead frequent occurrence of compound climate extremes in future, which may result in greater destructions compared to those caused by individual extremes alone. Hence, it is of particular interest to predict the future climate more precisely. In this study our effort was to improve the understanding the effects of climate change on future compound climate extremes, the trends, variabilities and seasonal patterns. Here, we have evaluated CMIP5 and CMIP6 models from the high resolution bias corrected CORDEX data, and the best performing data sets (CanESM2, CSIRO and GFDL) were selected for the future climate change analysis. Using both RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios for 2021–2060, and 2061–2099 period, significant upward trends were projected for the daily maximum and minimum temperatures. However, rainfall pattern showed more complex criteria for the future. The current study revealed that the warm and cold spell, as well as the wet and dry spell characteristics will be altered in the future. The joint analysis of future temperature and rainfall anomalies using copulas revealed two folds effects of climate change on the local hydrology. Projected decrease of rainfall while increase of temperature during the pre‐monsoon season will potentially cause water scarcity. On the other hand, increase of extreme rainfall during the monsoon will complicate the waterlogging problems in Chattogram region. In this study, we have identified the time and the extent of combined temperature and rainfall anomalies, that can amplify the adverse impact on the hydro‐climatology of Chattogram City. The insights gained from this study are crucial for effectively addressing and managing the complex future hydroclimatic challenges in this region.
Efficient and Symmetric Temperature Control in Capillary Electrophoresis I: Tying Cooling Capillaries Around Analytical Capillaries
Authors: Kist Tarso B. Ledur
Published: February 2025

The heat generated by the Joule effect during capillary electrophoresis (CE) runs creates radial temperature gradients in the separation medium. These temperature gradients cause zone dispersion in addition to molecular diffusion. This severely limits the field strengths that can be applied during the runs, especially when solutions with high ionic conductivity are used. This greatly increases run times, especially when high separation efficiencies are sought. In this work, the author proposes tying cooling capillaries (fused silica microtubes) along the external surface of the analytical capillary, allowing the circulation of coolants to efficiently and symmetrically control temperature in CE. The author deduced, step‐by‐step, the three master equations that serve as guidelines to produce a good match and tightly secure cooling capillaries along the outer surface of analytical capillaries. Additionally, an automated capillary tying machine was developed and demonstrated. Sets were produced with: four, five, and six cooling capillaries tied around one analytical capillary. The outer diameters of the capillaries used (one analytical and cooling) and the values of the remaining voids left between the first and last cooling capillary are in good agreement with the predictions of the three master equations deduced in this work. To the author's knowledge, this is the first time that cooling capillaries were tied around analytical capillaries to produce an efficient and symmetric cooling system for CE and toroidal capillary electrophoresis.
Dual‐Template Imprinted Polyaniline Designed by Response Surface Methodology
Authors: Gorlo V. D. , Pidenko P. S. , Burmistrova N. A.
Published: February 2025

In this work, we investigated the possibility of using response surface methodology to optimize the conditions for the synthesis of molecularly imprinted polyaniline specific to quercetin and horseradish peroxidase simultaneously. The work also discusses the role of horseradish peroxidase during aniline polymerization. As far as we know, a methodology for the synthesis of dual‐template imprinted polyaniline selective to low and high molecular weight compounds simultaneously has not been described previously. The imprinted polyaniline layer was obtained on the surface of a microtitration plate, and response surface methodology was used to predict the optimal synthesis conditions to achieve the highest possible selectivity of polyaniline to quercetin (imprinting factor 2.4). We used the predicted optimal conditions to produce a polyaniline‐modified microtitration plate and successfully used it for solid‐phase extraction of quercetin and horseradish peroxidase with high selectivity (imprinting factors 2.3 and 24.6, respectively) in model solutions. Sorption capacity was 0.7 and 1.2 mg g−1 for quercetin and horseradish peroxidase, respectively. As we can see, the results of response surface methodology prediction were in good agreement with the experimental values of the quercetin imprinting factor.
Inferring microalgae density and net ecosystem production on soft sediments using infrared imaging
Authors: Ives Anthony R. , Adler Emily L. , Book K. Riley , Botsch Jamieson C. , Einarsson Árni , Hart Ian S. , Ives Colin H. , Jin Ian , McCormick Amanda R. , Phillips Joseph S.
Published: February 2025

Measuring microalgae density in soft‐sediment benthos has challenges for even the most sophisticated methods. If the goal is to assess the photosynthetic potential of epipelon, then microalgae should be sampled only at the surface of the benthos to the depth of light penetration. Furthermore, microalgae density may show spatial and temporal variability that can only be captured by using many point samples and nondestructive sampling. Here, we use simple near‐infrared (NIR) imagery to assess surface density of microalgae in soft underwater sediments and to infer their photosynthetic capacity. In lab studies, NIR imagery gives estimates of epipelon density that are strongly correlated with standard chlorophyll a (Chl a) assays using pigment extraction and fluorometry (  = 0.70), but NIR imagery is better able to separate experimental treatments. In analyses of sediment samples from a lake, NIR imagery gives estimates of epipelon Chl a density that are strongly correlated to net ecosystem production (NEP). Near‐infrared imagery also gives a fine‐grained assessment of the spatial distribution of epipelon that helps to explain the relationship between epipelon density and NEP. Finally, images from an underwater NIR camera over the course of a wind disturbance event give estimates of the relative density of microalgae that is buried and is likely to be, at least temporarily, photosynthetically inactive. These results show that NIR imagery provides an easy and nondestructive method for sampling surface densities of microalgae which is particularly suitable for remote field locations and for educational settings in which students can generate results with cheap and robust equipment.
Convolution Type Operators With Potential: Essential and Infinite Discrete Spectrum
Authors: Borisov Denis , Piatnitski Andrey , Zhizhina Elena
Published: February 2025

The goal of this note is to study the spectrum of a self‐adjoint convolution operator in with an integrable kernel that is perturbed by an essentially bounded real‐valued potential tending to zero at infinity. We show that the essential spectrum of such operator is the union of the spectrum of the convolution operator and of the essential range of the potential. Then we provide several sufficient conditions for the existence of a countable sequence of discrete eigenvalues. For operators having nonconnected essential spectrum, we give sufficient conditions for the existence of discrete eigenvalues in the corresponding gaps of the essential spectrum.
Can Baseline Urodynamic Findings Predict the Outcomes and Complications of Intravesical Injections of Onabotulinum Toxin A for Overactive Bladder?
Authors: Aleksejeva Kristina , Scrimgeour Gemma , Axell Richard , Yasmin Habiba , Pakzad Mahreen , Ockrim Jeremy , Greenwell Tamsin
Published: February 2025

Introduction

Intravesical Onabotulinum Toxin A (Botox A) injections are an established minimally invasive therapy option for the treatment of refractory overactive bladder (OAB) symptoms in adults. We have assessed whether baseline urodynamic findings can predict self‐reported patient outcomes and posttreatment voiding difficulties.

Methods

We have conducted a retrospective review of 407 patients (median age 61 years, range 22–94 years, 286 women) who have received intravesical Botox A injections for refractory non‐neurogenic OAB symptoms between 2006 and 2018. Patient outcomes were assessed using the 5‐point PGI‐I scale and incidence of posttreatment voiding difficulties was noted. Results were correlated with the baseline urodynamic findings.

Results

Good response to Botox A injections was defined as PGI‐I scores of 1 and 2, and was seen in 272 patients overall (67%). Women were significantly more likely to have successful outcomes comparing to men (p = 0.034) and the voiding detrusor contraction duration (DCD) was a further classifier for treatment success. Acute posttreatment voiding difficulties requiring catheterization were observed in 96 patients (24%) and were significantly more likely in those with good response.

Conclusion

Successful outcomes (based on the self‐reported PGI‐I score) were more likely in women and correlated positively with the increased duration of voiding detrusor contraction, but no other urodynamic parameters. The risk of developing de novo need to catheterize correlated with patient reported benefit, but not with any baseline urodynamic findings. We did not find pre‐existing bladder outflow obstruction, concurrent stress urinary incontinence or complex previous surgical history to adversely affect treatment success.
How Does Government Spending Efficiency Affect Human Development in Africa?
Authors: Akinyele Olawale Daniel , Adegboye Abiodun Adewale , Dada James Temitope
Published: February 2025

The performance of any government is evaluated by how well its citizens are doing and how the government makes use of resources available to guarantee that they are sufficient to ensure fundamental capabilities. Meanwhile, achieving a given human development that guarantees a meaningful living is a challenge of time and a threat to most countries, mainly African countries. Therefore, this study investigates the relationship between government spending efficiency and African human development. The analysis relies on Keynesianism postulations and adopts second‐generation estimation techniques. Results show that higher efficient government spending increases human development. Furthermore, disaggregating the sample into resource‐rich and non–resource‐rich African countries reveals that the abundance of natural resources has not been managed well enough to improve human development in Africa. The explanation of endowed resources in Africa can be described as the resource curse hypothesis, which affects human development. More specifically, rationalising government resources without jeopardising spending quality is a better enabler for human development in Africa. The study concluded that government spending efficiency spurred human development in Africa.
The Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) Mother–Baby Links: A Data Resource Profile
Authors: Coton Sonia , Welburn Stephen , Williams Rachael , Campbell Jennifer
Published: February 2025

Purpose

Maternal exposures before, during and after pregnancy can affect the infant. It is therefore important that researchers study mothers and their children.

The CPRD GOLD Mother–Baby Link (MBL) algorithm was applied to the CPRD Aurum database, to extend the useful tool. Here, we present the algorithm and data resource profiles of the CPRD MBLs.

Methods

Records of female patients registered with a CPRD practice between the 1st January 1987 and the 1st June 2023 were searched for evidence of delivery. Infants born and registered between 1st January 1987 and 1st June 2023 were matched to mothers on practice and household indicators. The resulting MBLs were characterised.

Results

The CPRD MBL algorithm was applied to the CPRD databases resulting in nearly four‐million mother–baby pairs: 2.4‐million in CPRD Aurum. Mothers in the CPRD GOLD and CPRD Aurum MBL's were similar in terms of age; mean age 29.6 years (SD = 5.7) vs. 30.2 years (SD = 5.7), and length of GP registration; mean = 14.4 years (SD = 10.9) vs. mean = 13.7 (SD = 10.9). The median number of matches was slightly higher in the CPRD GOLD MBL; 2 (IQR = 1, 2) vs. 1 (IQR = 1, 2). The number of matches in both databases peaked in 2008–2011, followed by a steady decline to 2023.

Conclusion

The CPRD MBL's offer a valuable tool for researchers to study the mother–infant relationship. Extending the CPRD MBL algorithm to CPRD Aurum has increased the capacity for researchers to investigate rarer exposures and outcomes.
Combined use of additives for improving heat resistance and processability of stereocomplex crystallization polylactic acid
Authors: Tao SiJing , Qiang Zhe , Ren Jie
Published: February 2025

The limited heat resistance and high brittleness of polylactic acid (PLA) materials pose significant challenges to enabling their broad application. Compared to traditional PLA, stereocomplex polylactide (sc‐PLA) offers superior thermal stability and a higher melting point, attributed to the dense packing and strong physical interactions between polymer chains. Specifically, while PLA has a melting temperature of approximately 160–180 °C, sc‐PLA can reach a melting temperature of 230 °C. The enhanced thermal stability and improved mechanical properties make sc‐PLA a valuable alternative for applications requiring durability. Here, we report a method to enhance the crystallinity and toughness of sc‐PLA by mixing poly(l‐lactic acid) (PLLA) and poly(d‐lactic acid) (PDLA) in addition to using a nucleating agent and toughening agent. Specifically, a PLA and polyethylene glycol block copolymer and PLA microspheres are prepared, with ethylene‐methyl acrylate‐glycidyl methacrylate used as a toughener. The optimal composition is found to be PLLA/PDLA blends with a 70/30 mass ratio, 1% microsphere nucleating agent and 10% toughener addition. The Vicat softening temperature of this blend is 72.2 °C, approximately 10% higher than the control sample, with toughness increased by about 2.3 times. This blend also presents an enhanced processability by the combined effect of additives. This work provides a promising strategy for producing sc‐PLA with enhanced heat resistance and processability, improving the performance for various applications. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.
Frequency of depression and anxiety symptoms among adults with childhood‐ versus adult‐onset disability
Authors: Sarmiento Cristina A. , Furniss Anna , Morris Megan A. , Stransky Michelle L. , Thompson Darcy A.
Published: February 2025

Background

Individuals with disabilities experience high rates of depression and anxiety. Potential differences between those with childhood‐ versus adult‐onset disability have not been adequately explored.

Objective

To examine the relationship between age of disability onset and frequency of reported depression and anxiety symptoms.

Design

Secondary data analysis.

Setting

2020–2021 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), a nationally representative survey of adults on illness and disability in the United States.

Participants

NHIS respondents aged 22–80 years with mobility, cognitive, or mobility + cognitive disability (n = 6386).

Interventions

Age of disability onset (childhood onset, defined as onset before age 22, per NHIS question, vs. adult onset) was our independent variable.

Main Outcome Measures

We calculated frequency of reported current depression and anxiety symptoms among those with childhood‐ versus adult‐onset disability. Logistic regression was used to calculate the odds ratios (OR) of frequent versus infrequent depression and anxiety symptoms for childhood‐ versus adult‐onset disability, adjusted for demographic factors.

Results

A higher percentage of participants with childhood‐ compared to adult‐onset disability reported frequent depression symptoms (mobility: 32.7% vs. 21.9%, p < .01; cognitive: 55.6% vs. 44.5%, p < .01; mobility + cognitive: 71.4% vs. 52.8%, p < .01) and anxiety symptoms (mobility: 44.3% vs. 35.5%, p < .01; cognitive: 83.5% vs. 63.1%, p < .01; mobility + cognitive: 82.8% vs. 70.3%, p < .01). Participants with childhood‐onset disability had higher adjusted odds of frequent depression symptoms for all disability types (mobility adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.58 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.15–2.16]; cognitive aOR, 1.84 [95% CI, 1.12–3.02]; mobility + cognitive aOR, 2.06 [95% CI, 1.16–3.67]), and frequent anxiety symptoms for cognitive (aOR, 3.28 [95% CI, 1.92–5.60]) and mobility + cognitive disabilities (aOR, 2.01 [95% CI, 1.07–3.75]) compared to those with adult‐onset disability.

Conclusion

Individuals with childhood‐onset disabilities may be at uniquely higher risk for mental health symptoms than their peers with adult‐onset disabilities, warranting specific attention to their health care and outcomes.
Performance Evaluation of Inulin‐Modified Propellant for Fire Safety Applications
Authors: Bhumika  , Pathak Tribhuvan Kumar , Sharma Vandana , Johar Rajni , Jassal Pyar Singh , Singh Raj Pal
Published: February 2025

Traditional aerosol‐forming composites consist of a combination of potassium chlorate/nitrate and synthetic resins, such as epoxy, polyurethane, phenol‐formaldehyde, and melamine‐formaldehyde. The application of these synthetic organic resins has been restricted due to their severe flammability and accompanying life‐threatening work hazard, despite their good mechanical and adhesive capabilities. The combustion flame of these compositions can reach temperatures of up to 2100°C, which might result in secondary fire hazards in explosive environments, such as oil‐producing platforms and ship engine rooms. This study aimed to investigate the ability of naturally occurring polysaccharide inulin to reduce the exothermicity of potassium nitrate/chlorate‐based pyrotechnic composites. In the present work, we newly developed a pyrotechnic composition (PyC) that employed inulin as a reducer instead of synthetic resin. Its thermal characteristics, fire‐extinguishing efficacy, and combustion behavior were compared to traditional PyCs based on phenolic resin. Although the fire suppressing performance of the novel and old PyCs is equivalent, the newly created composition demonstrated a 71% lower combustion flame temperature, a faster burn rate, and a lower calorific value. Several techniques, including HRXRD, SEM, FTIR, and EDX, were used to characterize the physical and chemical properties of the discharged aerosol in order to comprehend the fire‐extinguishing mechanism.
BCyrius: An Upgraded Version of Cyrius for Accurate CYP2D6 Genotyping From Short‐Read Sequencing Data
Authors: Halman Andreas , Conyers Rachel
Published: February 2025

Pharmacogenomics is a field of personalized medicine that aims to tailor drug dosing based on the genetics of an individual. The polymorphic and complex CYP2D6 gene is important to analyze because of its role in the metabolism of approximately a quarter of all drugs. Several bioinformatic tools have been developed to genotype CYP2D6 from short‐read sequencing data. Among these, Cyrius, a tool specifically designed for CYP2D6 genotyping, has demonstrated high performance across various datasets. However, Cyrius has not been updated in the past 3 years, during which dozens of new star alleles have been identified and some previously defined ones revised. In this work, we simulated all known CYP2D6 haplotypes to assess the ability of Cyrius to identify them. In that dataset, Cyrius was unable to call or misidentified 50 of 360 samples. Given the importance of providing an up‐to‐date tool, particularly in clinical settings, we present an upgraded version of the tool, named BCyrius, which includes all the missing star alleles as well as revisions to the previously listed ones. BCyrius successfully identified 100% of the currently defined minor star alleles, higher than Cyrius (85.6%) and the two other tested tools, Aldy and StellarPGx, which identified 92.2% and 87.8%, respectively. BCyrius also demonstrated slightly improved performance on a dataset of real biological samples, resulting in a higher call rate while maintaining similar accuracy with Cyrius. In addition to providing genotyping results, BCyrius also reports the predicted phenotype, along with information for each detected haplotype, including population frequencies.
Identification and optimization of volatile organic compounds to enhance bait attractiveness for red imported fire ants (Solenopsis invicta Buren)
Authors: Shen Jiacheng , Wu Sheng‐Yen , Lin Peng , Jiang Xinyi , Hou Youming
Published: February 2025

BACKGROUND

The red imported fire ant (RIFA, Solenopsis invicta), a highly destructive invasive pest, has rapidly spread through human trade, posing significant threats to agricultural and forest ecosystems. Due to its preference for high‐fat and high‐protein foods, ham sausage is commonly used as bait to monitor RIFA populations in invaded areas. However, the presence of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in such baits may affect their effectiveness because VOCs can act as either attractants or repellents. Identifying VOCs that specifically attract RIFA is essential to improve bait efficacy.

RESULTS

This study aimed to identify attractant compounds within bait VOCs for RIFA, leveraging the highly‐expressed antennal odorant‐binding protein 1 (OBP1) and reverse chemical ecology approach. Additionally, we examined the effects of mixtures of these attractants on RIFA behavior. Our findings revealed that anethole, 1S‐(−)‐β‐pinene, and β‐caryophyllene individually attracted RIFA at 0.1 μg/μL. Notably, a combination of anethole and 1S‐(−)‐β‐pinene enhanced behavioral activity more than individual compounds, suggesting synergistic effects. Conversely, the addition of β‐caryophyllene to anethole significantly reduced RIFA activity. These results provide a theoretical basis for developing behavioral regulators targeting RIFA.

CONCLUSION

This study demonstrates that the integration of OBP‐based in vitro assays with computational simulations can effectively identify behaviorally active compounds for RIFA. Additionally, it clarifies the optimal ratios of active VOCs in baits, offering valuable theoretical guidance for enhancing RIFA population monitoring efforts. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.
A Case of Non‐Anastomotic Tracheo‐Thoracic Gastric Fistula
Authors: He Wei , Wu Ting , Huang Qiang , An Wenjing , Chen Hong , Hu Xiaobo
Published: February 2025

Tracheo‐thoracic gastric fistula (TTGF) is a rare but serious complication following oesophageal cancer surgery, involving an abnormal connection between the thoracic gastric cavity and the bronchial tree. We report a case of TTGF that developed 3 years post‐esophagectomy, identified through bronchoscopy. The patient was treated using a multidisciplinary approach, which included the placement of a bronchial covered stent, insertion of a jejunostomy feeding tube, and gastrointestinal decompression. The intervention resulted in a marked improvement in the patient's respiratory distress and fever, leading to a successful discharge. This case highlights the necessity for individualised treatment strategies for TTGF and underscores the crucial role of multidisciplinary management in enhancing patient outcomes.