bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Deltamethrin induced an apoptogenic signalling pathway in murine thymocytes : exploring the molecular mechanism
Authors: Kumar Anoop , Sasmal D. , Sharma Neelima
Published: November 2013

Deltamethrin (DLM) is a well‐known pyrethroid insecticide; however, the immunotoxic effects of DLM on the mammalian system and its mechanism is still unclear. This study has been designed to first observe the binding affinity of DLM to immune cell receptors and its effects on the immune system. The docking score revealed that DLM has a strong binding affinity towards the CD4 and CD8 receptors. DLM induces apoptosis in murine thymocytes in a concentration‐dependent manner. The ear\ly markers of apoptosis such as enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and caspase‐3 activation are evident as early as 1 h by 25 and 50 μM DLM. Glutathione (GSH) depletion has also been observed at 1 h by 50 μM DLM concentration. In cell‐cycle studies using flow cytometry, the fraction of hypodiploid cells has gradually increased with all the concentrations of DLM at 18 h. The Annexin V binding assay measures the effect of DLM on apoptotic and necrotic cells. The apoptotic cells raised from 18.6% to 35.21% (10–50 μM DLM) at 18 h. N‐acetyl cysteine (NAC) effectively reduced the percentage of apoptotic cells which is increased by DLM. In contrast, buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) caused an elevation in the percentage of apoptotic cells. These results demonstrate that caspase activation, ROS activation and GSH act as critical mediators in a DLM‐induced apoptogenic signalling pathway in murine thymocytes. In the presence of caspase inhibitor, the percentage of apoptotic cells is partially decreased. Thus, there may be the possibility of some other caspase‐independent pathways in DLM‐induced apoptosis. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel back‐channel‐etch process flow based a‐IGZO TFTs for circuit and display applications on PEN foil
Authors: Nag Manoj , Rockele Maarten , Steudel Soeren , Chasin Adrian , Myny Kris , Bhoolokam Ajay , Willegems Myriam , Smout Steve , Vicca Peter , Ameys Marc , Ke Tung Huei , Schols Sarah , Genoe Jan , van der Steen Jan‐Laurens P. J. , Groeseneken Guido , Heremans Paul
Published: November 2013

In this study, we report high‐quality amorphous indium–gallium–zinc‐oxide (a‐IGZO) thin‐film transistors (TFTs) fabricated on a polyethylene naphthalate foil using a new back‐channel‐etch (BCE) process flow. The BCE flow allows a better scalability of TFTs for high‐resolution backplanes and related circuits. The maximum processing temperature was limited to less than 165 °C in order to ensure good overlay accuracy (<1 µm) on foil. The presented process flow differs from the previously reported flow as we define the Mo source and drain contacts by dry etch prior to a‐IGZO patterning. The TFTs show good electrical performance, including field‐effect mobilities in the range of 15.0 cm2/(V·s), subthreshold slopes of 0.3 V/decade, and off‐currents <1.0 pA on foil. The threshold voltage shifts of the TFTs measured were less than 1.0 V after a stressing time of 104 s in both positive (+1.0 MV/cm) and negative (−1.0 MV/cm) bias directions. The applicability of this new BCE process flow is demonstrated in a 19‐stage ring oscillator, demonstrated to operate at a supply voltage of 10 V with a stage delay time of 1.35 µs, and in a TFT backplane driving a 32 × 32 active‐matrix organic light‐emitting diode display.
pH‐Responsive Swelling of Poly(acrylic acid) Brushes Synthesized by the Grafting Onto Route
Authors: Sudre Guillaume , Hourdet Dominique , Creton Costantino , Cousin Fabrice , Tran Yvette
Published: November 2013

The swelling of poly(acrylic acid) brushes in aqueous solutions is studied by neutron reflectivity. The brushes are synthesized on silicon wafers using a “grafting onto” approach and their stretching is investigated at various pH, grafting densities, and chain lengths. Neutron reflectivity provides the average thickness and, more interestingly, the density profile of the brushes. The profiles obtained experimentally are in good agreement with theory. The swelling ratio of the poly(acrylic acid) brushes is compared with that of other polymer brushes formerly investigated using classic scaling laws. Owing to a new representation with the normalized thickness, it is demonstrated that there is a general behavior for all polymer brushes with a master curve for neutral polymer brushes and for polyelectrolyte brushes.

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Drivers and motives for membership at the Southbank Centre, a mixed arts venue in London, UK
Authors: Slater Alix , Armstrong Kate
Published: November 2013

The primary purpose of this study is to understand the drivers and motives for purchasing and retaining membership of the Southbank Centre (SBC), an internationally acclaimed mixed arts centre in London, UK. Data were collected using a qualitative approach, and members were recruited to one of five focus groups according to their past booking history: 1) contemporary bookers; 2) visual art bookers; 3) classical bookers; 4) non‐bookers; and 5) across art form bookers. The results suggest that individuals commit to membership with SBC primarily for pragmatic, overt motives that they evaluate the value of their membership on, such as hard copies of the programme in advance, being able to secure and book tickets before the general public and unlimited and flexible access to the Hayward Gallery. The transcripts did however reveal latent motives such as aesthetics, cultural enrichment and attachment to SBC as an institution prior to joining the membership scheme, without which, the pragmatic motives would not be acted upon. There was a small group of participants whose original pragmatic motives for becoming a member had shifted to emotional motives including prestige, a sense of belonging and altruism. Further research is required to find out if these motives cross art form, venue and geographical location.

Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Benzyl triphenyl phosphonium chloride as an additive for polyvinylidene fluoride: Melt rheology, crystallization, and electrical properties
Authors: Tiwari Saurabh K. , Misra Ashok , Khakhar Devang V.
Published: November 2013

The β phase of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) crystals is polar and has very good piezoelectric and dielectric properties as compared with the nonpolar α phase. Benzyl triphenyl phosphonium chloride (BTPC) has been previously shown to directly nucleate the β phase from melt, instead of α phase, and is an additive of practical importance. Different amounts of BTPC were melt mixed into PVDF using a micro twin screw extruder to study the rheology of the blends using oscillatory and steady shear viscometry. Data at different temperatures were found to superimpose onto a master curve using time‐temperature superposition. The complex viscosity and steady shear viscosity increased significantly upon addition of 0.5% BTPC and decreased slightly with further addition of BTPC. The storage modulus exhibited a plateau at low frequencies indicating structure formation in the melt on addition of BTPC. The horizontal shift factors derived from the time‐temperature superposition were found to follow an Arrhenius temperature dependence and the flow activation energy for each blend was obtained. Pure PVDF and PVDF films with 1% and 3% BTPC were melt extruded using a laboratory twin screw extruder. The film containing 3% of BTPC gave the highest fraction of β phase crystals (75%). Small angle light scattering results showed that the size of spherulites decreased with increase in the weight fraction of BTPC. The dielectric constant and conductivity of the films at low frequencies increased significantly with concentration of BTPC, as did the dielectric loss and AC electrical conductivity. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 54:2420–2429, 2014. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
Linear correlation between effective charge and bond length sensitivity to electronic effects in phosphoryl, sulfonyl, and sulfuryl compounds
Authors: Brandão Tiago A. S.
Published: November 2013

This work presents a linear correlation between bond length sensitivity (Δr/ΔpKlg) and effective charge by comparing a series of the following ROX compounds bearing phosphoryl (XP) and sulfonyl and sulfuryl (XS) moieties: phosphate monoester dianions and monoanions, phosphate diesters, phosphate and phosphorothioate triesters, 4‐Me, 3‐NO2 and 2‐ or 4‐NO2 substituted aryl benzene sulfonates, sulfate monoesters, and a previously determined series of sulfamate and mesylate esters. In every series for ROX compounds, the shortest C―O bond corresponds to the longest O―X bond, showing a linear correlation with the pKlg of the ROH parent compound. The chemical reasons for the extent of bond elongation are discussed, and a linear correlation is found between O―X bond length sensitivity and effective charge. These data show that bond length elongation depends on its strength regarding the equilibrium related to the full bond cleavage. Effective charges for phosphorothioate triesters and sulfonates are estimated, and the effective charge for aryl sulfamate esters is determined on the basis of the available linear free energy relationship data. It is expected that the observations of this paper will illuminate the effect of the electronic demand on the O―X bond lengths during phosphoryl, sulfonyl, and sulfuryl group transfer. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Validation of the Distress Thermometer worldwide: state of the science
Authors: Donovan Kristine A. , Grassi Luigi , McGinty Heather L. , Jacobsen Paul B.
Published: November 2013

Background

The Distress Thermometer (DT) has been used in psycho‐oncology research across the globe and has been recommended as a clinical tool to be used routinely in cancer settings to detect clinically significant distress. We sought to characterize the translation and validation of the DT in cancer patients in different countries and cultures and summarize how the translated versions function to detect clinically significant distress.

Methods

An electronic mail survey was sent to the members of the International Psychosocial Oncology Society Federation of Psycho‐Oncology Societies and electronic searches of English language databases were conducted to identify translations of the DT and studies designed to validate these translations.

Results

Our efforts yielded a total of 21 non‐English translations of the DT; 18 of these were validated in studies designed for that purpose. A variety of instruments were used in receiver operating characteristic curve analysis to derive an optimal cut‐off score indicative of clinically significant distress. Cut‐off scores varied by language, country, and clinical setting and to sample characteristics. In the majority of studies, a score of 4 maximized sensitivity and specificity relative to an established criterion.

Conclusions

These findings provide a broad, international perspective on the current state of psychosocial screening using the DT. Findings also demonstrate widespread awareness of the need for psychological and social support of persons diagnosed with and treated for cancer. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Disparities in mental health outcomes among lung cancer survivors associated with ruralness of residence
Authors: Andrykowski Michael A. , Steffens Rachel F. , Bush Heather M. , Tucker Thomas C.
Published: November 2013

Objective

Healthy People 2020 identifies elimination of health disparities as a key aim. Rural residence is associated with disparities in cancer screening, physical morbidity, and survival. The present study aimed to identify potential disparities in mental health (MH) outcomes (e.g., anxiety and depression symptoms, distress) in lung cancer (LC) survivors associated with ruralness of residence.

Methods

Lung cancer survivors (LC group; n = 193; mean age = 63.1 years; mean time since diagnosis = 15.6 months) were recruited from the population‐based SEER Kentucky Cancer Registry. LC survivors completed a telephone interview and questionnaire assessing MH outcomes. U.S. Department of Agriculture Rural–Urban Continuum Codes were used to identify Rural (n = 117) and Urban (n = 76) LC survivors. A healthy comparison (HC) group was recruited (n = 152) and completed a questionnaire assessing MH outcomes.

Results

Across six MH indices, Rural LC survivors reported poorer MH relative to Urban LC survivors with a mean effect size (ES) of 0.43 SD in unadjusted analyses and 0.29 SD in analyses adjusted for education and physical comorbidity. Comparison of the LC and HC groups revealed significant Ruralness × Group interactions for five of six MH indices. The Rural LC group reported poorer MH than the Rural HC group with a mean ES of 0.51 SD. The MH of Urban LC and HC groups did not differ (mean ES = 0.00 SD).

Conclusions

Rural residence is a risk factor for poorer MH outcomes for LC survivors. The MH of Rural LC survivors may be more negatively impacted by cancer diagnosis and treatment than the MH of Urban LC survivors. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tailoring properties of graphene with vacancies
Authors: Pokropivny Alex V. , Ni Yuxiang , Chalopin Yann , Solonin Yuri M. , Volz Sebastian
Published: November 2013

The influence of vacancy defects on the electronic and phonon properties of graphene is studied with the models based on a unit cell of 180 carbon atoms and of 1, 2, 3, 6, and 24 vacancies. Ordered, with one defect per unit cell, and non‐ordered (randomly arranged) vacancies are calculated with first‐principle and molecular dynamics methods. Randomly oriented vacancies lead to a creation of characteristic V1(5‐9) defects and the amorphization of graphene with different rings. Electronic and phonon densities of states are analyzed. The switching of the electrical conductivity from metal to semiconductor type is observed when increasing the defect sizes from a single vacancy to large clusters. The characteristic phonon modes are found in all these cases for their future experimental identification. Novel types of devices are proposed via doping of defective graphene.
Pristine and functionalized capped carbon nanotubes under electric fields
Authors: Machado de Menezes Vivian , Mota Ronaldo , Zanella Ivana , Fagan Solange Binotto
Published: November 2013

The structural and electronic properties of end‐capped carbon nanotubes (CCN) functionalized by carboxyl, amine, amide, and hydroxyl chemical groups under the action of electric fields are investigated through first‐principles simulations based on density functional theory. Changes in the original properties of the functionalized capped nanotubes are observed due to the application of external electrical fields and the responses for different intensities are shown to be nonlinear. It is demonstrated that there are optimum values for the electric field to obtain the most stable binding energies for the studied systems. In all cases, the energy levels are rearranged to stabilize the systems and electric dipole moments are induced toward the incident electric field. It is also shown that these electric dipole moments generate polarized nanotubes and the previously weak physical interactions between molecules with the tube surface would become stronger and, by binding chemically, allow the manipulation of the intrinsic properties of the nanotubes.

The structural and electronic properties of end‐CCN pristine and functionalized by carboxyl, amine, amide, and hydroxyl chemical groups under the action of electric fields are investigated through first‐principles simulations based on the density functional theory.
Multiple Comparisons with the Best for Supplier Selection
Authors: Lin Chen‐ju , Kuo Hsin‐hui
Published: November 2013

Evaluating and selecting suppliers are essential tasks in managing supply chains. Quality is one of the most important factors for supplier selection among various criteria. To compare the quality of k (k ≥ 2) suppliers, this paper proposes a multiple comparisons with the best method based on the yield index, Spk. Other than the existing work that provides a subset containing the best supplier, the proposed method further gives the upper and lower bounds for each difference in Spk from the unknown best supplier at a confidence level of at least 1‐α. The supplier having a zero lower bound is identified as the best supplier with the highest yield, whereas having a positive lower bound is inferior with a lower yield. The power analysis shows that proposed method would be more and more powerful than the existing work when k gets large. The required sample sizes for certain power levels are provided. An application to comparing three suppliers of the IC drivers of the light‐emitting diode module is presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed method to a real‐world problem. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A remote cancelable palmprint authentication protocol based on multi‐directional two‐dimensional PalmPhasor‐fusion
Authors: Leng Lu , Teoh Andrew Beng Jin , Li Ming , Khan Muhammad Khurram
Published: November 2013

Biometric template security and privacy issues are critical in biometric authentication systems and require special attention. However, remote biometric authentication systems demand wider array of measures for maximum protection. This paper proposes a remote cancelable palmprint authentication protocol based on multi‐directional two‐dimensional PalmPhasor‐fusion. The main contribution is three‐fold. First, with a transposition direction selection mechanism, multi‐directional two‐dimensional PalmPhasor (MTDPP) improves the accuracy performance of two‐dimensional PalmPhasor. Second, we provide the theoretical analysis of the effect of transposition on the accuracy performance of two‐dimensional PalmPhasor, and hence establish an effective transposition direction range for the proposed MTDPP. Third, according to our analysis, the existing remote palmprint authentication system does not satisfy non‐invertibility criterion of secure template protection and is vulnerable to interception. Besides, secret message embedding as a countermeasure for database attacks deteriorates accuracy performance and causes inconvenience in updating authenticator. The proposed protocol uses multi‐directional two‐dimensional PalmPhasor‐fusion, one‐time random number encrypted with asymmetric cryptography and encrypted hash codes of MTDPP to address the problems. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Water security: pipe dream or reality? A global perspective from the UK
Authors: Norton Michael R.
Published: November 2013

In Earth's 45th millionth century, a looming and global crisis of fresh water scarcity is on our doorstep—a crisis that is accelerating through our unbridled development, burgeoning demand for food and energy, and the effects of climate change. Only 0.1% of the total global water volume of the 1.4 billion km3 is accessible fresh water, and we are already withdrawing one third of our accessible renewable water resource, much of which is needed to sustain our ecosystems and biodiversity. Using the lens of virtual water, I argue that the UK faces water security challenges of a scale unseen by most of its population due to its dependence on other nations, many of which are water stressed, for three quarters of its water. Estimates suggest that we would need to invest five times the current global rate in new water supplies if we are to meet the projected demand in 20 years time. With little chance of investment of such scale taking place, there is a compelling need for water professionals to emerge from their comfort zone. Engineers can play a pivotal role in addressing the water sustainability challenges, by engaging with politicians, decision makers, and those with influencing power. New models for integrated water management are needed to address complex multi‐stakeholder demand patterns. While we can and should develop cost‐efficient water technology, water professionals must grasp this moment to put themselves at the center of water science, technology, politics, environment, and economics. WIREs Water 2014, 1:11–18. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1005

This article is categorized under:

Engineering Water > Sustainable Engineering of Water

Human Water > Water Governance
Single soft gluon emission at two loops
Authors: Li Ye , Zhu Hua Xing
Published: November 2013

Abstract

We study the single soft-gluon current at two loops with two energetic partons in massless perturbative QCD, which describes, for example, the soft limit of the two-loop amplitude for gg → Hg. The results are presented as Laurent expansions in ϵ in D = 4 − 2ϵ spacetime dimension. We calculate the expansion to order ϵ
2 analytically, which is a necessary ingredient for Higgs production at hadron colliders at next-to-next-to-next-to-leading order in the soft-virtual approximation. We also give two-loop results of the single soft-gluon current in
$ \mathcal{N}=4 $
Super-Yang-Mills theory, and find that it has uniform transcendentality. By iteration relation of splitting amplitudes, our calculations can determine the three-loop single soft-gluon current to order ϵ
0 in
$ \mathcal{N}=4 $
Super-Yang-Mills theory in the limit of large N

c
.
Gluon saturation scale from the KGBJS equation
Authors: Kutak Krzysztof , Toton Dawid
Published: November 2013

Abstract

The CCFM equation and its extended form with a quadratic term (KGBJS equation) are solved with fixed and running coupling constant. The solution of the KGBJS equation is compared to gluon densities resulting from the CCFM and BK equations. As the saturation scale Q

s
now becomes available as a function of the hard scale p we observe that low values of p impede its growth with
$ \frac{1}{x} $
. Also, at values much larger than partons transversal momentum the saturation effects become independent on the hard scale what we call liberation of saturation scale. We also introduce the hard-scale-related saturation scale P

s
and investigate its energy dependence. We observe that the new scale as a function of x decreases starting from the value of transversal momentum of gluon.
Extra U(1), effective operators, anomalies and dark matter
Authors: Dudas Emilian , Heurtier Lucien , Mambrini Yann , Zaldivar Bryan
Published: November 2013

Abstract

A general analysis is performed on the dimension-six operators mixing an almost hidden Z′ to the Standard Model (SM), when the Z′ communicates with the SM via heavy mediators. These are fermions charged under both Z′ and the SM, while all SM fermions are neutral under Z′. We classify the operators as a function of the gauge anomalies behaviour of mediators and explicitly compute the dimension-six operators coupling Z′ to gluons, generated atone-loop by chiral but anomaly-free, sets of fermion mediators. We prove that only one operator contribute to the couplings between Z′ charged matter and on-shell gluons. We then make a complete phenomenological analysis of the scenario where the lightest fermion charged under Z′ is the dark matter candidate. Combining results from WMAP/PLANCK data, mono-jet searches at LHC, and direct/indirect dark matter detections restrict considerably the allowed parameter space.
Optimization of Lipase‐Catalyzed Interesterification of Flaxseed Oil and Tricaprylin Using Response Surface Methodology
Authors: Khodadadi Maryam , Kermasha Selim
Published: November 2013

The biosynthesis of structured lipids (SL) in organic solvent media was carried out by the interesterification of flaxseed oil (FO) and tricaprylin (TC), using Novozym 435. The bioconversion yield (BY, %) of medium‐long‐medium type SL, including C‐caprylic and Ln‐linolenic acids (CLnC), La‐linoleic acid (CLaC) and O‐oleic acid (COC), was monitored. Response surface methodology was used to obtain significant models for the responses, on the basis of a five level, five variable central composite rotatable design. In the experimental preliminary trials significant reaction parameters, including reaction temperature (Tr), TC/FO molar ratio (Mr), enzyme concentration (Ec), reaction time (Rt) and initial water activity (aw), were considered for optimization. Significant models for CLnC, CLaC and COC were determined after regression analysis with backward elimination. The optimal conditions, generated for a maximum CLnC, CLaC and COC, were found to be 54.50–56.25 °C forTr, 6.23–6.25 mol/mol forMr, 2.68–3.13 % forEc, 36.58–37.50 h forRtand 0.15–0.33 foraw. Under these optimum conditions, the BY of CLnC, CLaC and COC was predicted to be 32.48–36.67, 3.26–3.38 and 5.79–6.16 %, respectively.
Hypothalamic food intake regulation in a cancer‐cachectic mouse model
Authors: Dwarkasing Jvalini T. , van Dijk Miriam , Dijk Francina J. , Boekschoten Mark V. , Faber Joyce , Argilès Josep M. , Laviano Alessandro , Müller Michael , Witkamp Renger F. , van Norren Klaske
Published: November 2013

Background

Appetite is frequently affected in cancer patients leading to anorexia and consequently insufficient food intake. In this study, we report on hypothalamic gene expression profile of a cancer‐cachectic mouse model with increased food intake. In this model, mice bearing C26 tumour have an increased food intake subsequently to the loss of body weight. We hypothesise that in this model, appetite‐regulating systems in the hypothalamus, which apparently fail in anorexia, are still able to adapt adequately to changes in energy balance. Therefore, studying changes that occur on appetite regulators in the hypothalamus might reveal targets for treatment of cancer‐induced eating disorders. By applying transcriptomics, many appetite‐regulating systems in the hypothalamus could be taken into account, providing an overview of changes that occur in the hypothalamus during tumour growth.

Methods

C26‐colon adenocarcinoma cells were subcutaneously inoculated in 6 weeks old male CDF1 mice. Body weight and food intake were measured three times a week. On day 20, hypothalamus was dissected and used for transcriptomics using Affymetrix chips.

Results

Food intake increased significantly in cachectic tumour‐bearing mice (TB), synchronously to the loss of body weight. Hypothalamic gene expression of orexigenic neuropeptides NPY and AgRP was higher, whereas expression of anorexigenic genes CCK and POMC were lower in TB compared to controls.

In addition, serotonin and dopamine signalling pathways were found to be significantly altered in TB mice. Serotonin levels in brain showed to be lower in TB mice compared to control mice, while dopamine levels did not change. Moreover, serotonin levels inversely correlated with food intake.

Conclusions

Transcriptomic analysis of the hypothalamus of cachectic TB mice with an increased food intake showed changes in NPY, AgRP and serotonin signalling. Serotonin levels in the brain showed to correlate with changes in food intake. Further research has to reveal whether targeting these systems will be a good strategy to avoid the development of cancer‐induced eating disorders.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13539‐013‐0121‐y) contains supplementary material.
Development of inhibitors in the ubiquitination cascade
Authors: Zhang Wei , Sidhu Sachdev S.
Published: November 2013

The ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) is essential in regulating myriad aspects of protein functions. It is therefore a fundamentally important regulatory mechanism that impacts most if not all aspects of cellular processes. Indeed, malfunction of UPS components is implicated in human diseases such as neurodegenerative and immunological disorders and many cancers. The success of proteasome inhibitors in cancer therapy suggests that modulating enzymes in the ubiquitination cascade would be clinically important for therapeutic benefits. In this review, we summarize advances in developing inhibitors of a variety of UPS components. In particular, we highlight recent work done on the protein engineering of ubiquitin as modulators of the UPS, a novel approach that may shed light on innovative drug discovery in the future.
Profiling the IgOme: Meeting the challenge
Authors: Weiss-Ottolenghi Yael , Gershoni Jonathan M.
Published: November 2013

The entire repertoire of antibodies in our serum, the IgOme, is a historical record of our past experiences and a reflection of our immune status at any given moment. Understanding the dynamics of the IgOme and how the diversity and specificities of serum antibodies change in response to disease and maintenance of homeostasis can directly impact the ability to design and develop novel vaccines, diagnostics and therapeutics. Here we review both direct and indirect methodologies that are being developed to map the complexity and specificities of the antibodies in polyclonal serum – the IgOme.
Risk factors for prolonged length of stay after colorectal surgery
Authors: Campos Lobato Luiz Felipe de , Ferreira Patrícia Cristina Alves , Wick Elizabeth C. , Kiran Ravi P. , Remzi Feza H. , Kalady Matthew F. , Vogel Jon D.
Published: November 2013

Objective Colorectal surgeons often struggle to explain to administrators/payers reasons for prolonged length of stay (LOS). This study aim was to identify factors associated with increased LOS after colorectal surgery.

Design The study population included patients from the 2007 American-College-of-Sur- geons-National-Surgical-Quality-Improvement-Program (ACS-NSQIP) database undergoing ileocolic resection, segmental colectomy, or anterior resection. The study population was divided into normal (below 75th percentile) and prolonged LOS (above the 75th percentile). A multivariate analysis was performed using prolonged LOS as dependent variable and ACS- NSQIP variables as predictive variables. P-value < 0.01 was considered significant.

Results 12,269 patients with a median LOS of 6 (inter-quartile range 4-9) days were includ- ed. There were 2,617 (21.3%) patients with prolonged LOS (median 15 days, inter-quartile range 13-22). 1,308 (50%) were female, and the median age was 69 (inter-quartile range 57-79) years. Risk factors for prolonged LOS were male gender, congestive heart failure, weight loss, Crohn's disease, preoperative albumin < 3.5 g/dL and hematocrit < 47%, base- line sepsis, ASA class ≥ 3, open surgery, surgical time ≥ 190 min, postoperative pneumonia, failure to wean from mechanical ventilation, deep venous thrombosis, urinary-tract in- fection, systemic sepsis, surgical site infection and reoperation within 30-days from the primary surgery.

Conclusion Multiple factors are associated with increased LOS after colorectal surgery. Our results are useful for surgeons to explain prolonged LOS to administrators/payers who are critical of this metric.
Current trends regarding protective ileostomy after restorative proctocolectomy
Authors: Campos Fábio Guilherme C. M. de
Published: November 2013

The decision to perform a protective ileostomy after ileoanal-pouch anastomosis is con- troversial, and most of the discussion is based on its advantages and disadvantages. Al- though a temporary intestinal diversion has been routinely indicated in most patients, this choice is also associated with complications. The present work aims to review the outcomes after restorative proctocolectomy with or without a protective ileostomy in the treatment of ulcerative colitis and polyposis syndromes. Most papers emphasize that di- version protects against anastomosis leaks; consequently, it may prevent pelvic sepsis and pouch failure. Otherwise, a defunctioning ileostomy may cause morbidity such as dehydra- tion, electrolyte imbalance, psychological problems, skin irritation, anastomosis strictures and intestinal obstruction, among others. There are those who believe that the omission of an ileostomy after the confection of ileal pouches should be reserved for selected patients, with quite acceptable results. The selection criteria should include surgeon, patient and procedure features to ensure a good outcome.
Management of ileal pouch prolapse with endoscopic hot snare
Authors: Wu Xian-rui , Liu Xiu-li , Lan Nan , Shen Bo
Published: November 2013

Pouch prolapse is a complication following the creation of restorative proctocolectomy. There is a paucity of information in the literature pertaining to its management. An ileal J pouch patient with dyschezia presented to our Pouch Center. Under sedation, pouchoscopy was performed with a gastroscope. We detected an anterior distal pouch mucosal prolapse, 1.5 cm in diameter, blocking the anal canal. The prolapsed mucosa was excised with hot snare under a retroflex view. There was no bleeding or perforation. The entire procedure took 25 minutes. The patient tolerated the procedure well and was discharged home 30 minutes after post-procedural observation. The patient reported the resolution of the dyschezia symptom. The histopathological examination of excised specimen showed small bowel mucosa and sub-mucosa with changes compatible with mucosal prolapse. Endoscopic hot snare appears to be feasible in the management of pouch mucosal prolapse.
Unusual finding after resection of rectal adenocarcinoma: Report of two cases
Authors: Vieira Natalia Pranzetti , Ayrizono Maria de Lourdes Setsuko , Rossi Débora Helena Gonçalves , Oliveira Priscilla de Sene Portel , Leal Raquel Franco , Fagundes João José , Coy Cláudio Saddy Rodrigues
Published: November 2013

Pelvic recurrence after resection of rectal adenocarcinoma is a feared complication and is associated with a worse prognosis and low resectability rates. The differential diagnosis is difficult, as biopsy is seldom performed preoperatively. We report two cases of desmoid pelvic tumor after resection of rectal adenocarcinoma. Therapeutic options and literature review are described.
Quality of life in patients with ileal pouch for ulcerative colitis
Authors: Tilio Marcela Soares Gonçalves de , Arias Larissa Berbert , Camargo Michel Gardere , Oliveira Priscila Sene Portel de , Panzetti Nathalia Vieira , Ayrizono Maria de Lourdes Setsuko , Leal Raquel Franco , Fagundes João José , Coy Claudio Saddy Rodrigues
Published: November 2013

Introduction proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) is the standard surgical procedure for the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC) and is associated with the prospect of cure. Experience gained over the years has demonstrated the occurrence of a high number of complications as well as bowel disorders that can compromise quality of life (QoL).

Objective evaluate QoL in patients with IPAA for ulcerative colitis.

Patients and methods the Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire (IBDQ) was used to assess QoL in patients with IPAA after its validation in Portuguese.

Results thirty-one patients submitted to IPAA by the same group of professionals were evaluated. QoL was classified as regular in all domains evaluated (intestinal and systemic symptoms and emotional and social aspects). There were no differences in relation to gender, type of pouch or postoperative time. However, elderly patients showed a tendency toward lower scores. Having a professional activity was associated with higher scores in systemic symptoms and social aspects (p < 0.05). Patients with ileostomy showed lower values in the domains of systemic symptoms, emotional and social aspects (p <0.05).

Conclusion in all domains assessed, patients with IPAA for UC had QoL classified as regular. Ileostomy and lack of professional activity negatively influenced QoL.
High macro rubber band ligature
Authors: Neto José A. Reis , Junior José A. Reis , Kagohara Odorino H. , Neto Joaquim Simões , Banci Sergio O. , Oliveira Luciane H.
Published: November 2013

Purpose The goal of a rubber band ligature is to promote fibrosis of the submucosa with subsequent fixation of the anal epithelium to the underlying sphincter. Following this principle, a new technique of ligature was developed based on two aspects:

1. macro banding: to have a better fibrosis and fixation by banding a bigger volume of mucosa and

2. higher ligature: to have this fixation at the origin of the hemorrhoidal cushion displacement.

Methods 1634 patients with internal hemorrhoidal disease grade II or III were treated by the technique called high macro rubber band. There was no distinction as to age, gender or race. To perform this technique a new hemorrhoidal device was specially designed with a larger diameter and a bigger capacity for mucosal volume aspiration. It is recommended to utilize a longer and wider anoscope to obtain a better view of the anal canal, which will facilitate the injection of submucosa higher in the anal canal and the insertion of the rubber band device. The hemorrhoidal cushion must be banded higher in the anal canal (4 cm above the pectinate line). It is preferable to treat all the hemorrhoids in one single session (maximum of three areas banded).

Results The analysis was retrospective without any comparison with conventional banding. The period of evaluation extended from one to twelve years. The analysis of the results showed perianal edema in 1.6% of the patients, immediate tenesmus in 0.8%, intense pain (need for parenteral analgesia) in 1.6%, urinary retention in 0.1% of the patients and a symptomatic recurrence rate of 4.2%. All patients with symptomatic recurrence were treated with a new session of macro rubber banding. None of the patients developed anal or rectal sepsis. Small post-ligature bleeding was observed only in 0.8% of the patients.

Conclusions The high macro rubber banding technique represents an alternative method for the treatment of hemorrhoidal disease grades II or III, with good results at a low cost. The analysis of the observed results showed a small incidence of minor complications, with a high index of symptomatic relief.
Cylindrical abdominoperineal resection rationale, technique and controversies
Authors: Lynn Patricio B. , Habr-Gama Angelita , Perez Rodrigo O. , Grzona Esteban , Sabbagh Charles , Gama-Rodrigues Joaquim J.
Published: November 2013

Surgery remains the cornerstone in rectal cancer treatment. Abdominoperineal excision (APE), described more than 100 years ago, remains as an important procedure for the treatment of selected advanced distal tumors with direct invasion of the anal sphincter or preoperative fecal incontinence. Historically, oncological outcomes of patients undergoing APE have been worse when compared to sphincter preserving operations. More recently, it has been suggested that patients undergoing APE for distal rectal cancer are more likely to have positive circumferential resection margins and intraoperative perforation, known surrogate markers for local recurrence. Recently, an alternative approach known as “Extralevator Abdominoperineal Excision” has been described in an effort to improve rates of circumferential margin positivity possibly resulting in better oncological outcomes compared to the standard procedure. The objective of this paper is to provide a technical description and compare available data of both Extralevator and Standard abdominal perineal excision techniques.
Human fibrinogen and thrombin patch for extraluminal protection of intestinal anastomosis
Authors: Kotze Paulo Gustavo , Barcelos Ivan Folchini de , Ropelato Renato Vismara , Coy Claudio Saddy Rodrigues
Published: November 2013

In spite of recent advances regarding equipment and surgical techniques in colorectal surgery, rates of anastomotic dehiscence (AD) have remained stable throughout the years. The development of products to protect anastomosis aiming the reduction of AD rates has shown to be promising. Human fibrinogen and thrombin patch (HFTP Tachosil®) have been used in experimental studies in animals and small case series in humans, with promising results. In this study, the authors describe the technique of HFTP use in details, aiming the protection of colorectal anastomosis, and retrospectively demonstrate the preliminary results in a pilot case series. HFTP was used in 4 patients submitted to conventional surgery. The procedures performed were: left colon resection, segmental colectomy (both for colorectal cancer), enteral anastomosis for fistula closure and right ileocolectomy. Anastomotic healing and absence of complications were observed in 3 patients, and the patient submitted to right ileocolectomy developed AD and died after reoperation. The use of HFTP is safe and can be indicated in selected cases. However, AD can occur even after the use of this strategy. Randomized controlled trials with larger samples of patients are needed in order to properly define the real benefits of this strategy in dehiscence prevention
RHOB influences lung adenocarcinoma metastasis and resistance in a host‐sensitive manner
Authors: Luis-Ravelo Diego , Antón Iker , Zandueta Carolina , Valencia Karmele , Pajares María-José , Agorreta Jackeline , Montuenga Luis , Vicent Silvestre , Wistuba Ignacio I. , De Las Rivas Javier , Lecanda Fernando
Published: November 2013

Lung adenocarcinoma (ADC) is the most common lung cancer subtype and presents a high mortality rate. Clinical recurrence is often associated with the emergence of metastasis and treatment resistance. The purpose of this study was to identify genes with high prometastatic activity which could potentially account for treatment resistance.

Global transcriptomic profiling was performed by robust microarray analysis in highly metastatic subpopulations. Extensive in vitro and in vivo functional studies were achieved by overexpression and by silencing gene expression.

We identified the small GTPase RHOB as a gene that promotes early and late stages of metastasis in ADC. Gene silencing of RHOB prevented metastatic activity in a systemic murine model of bone metastasis. These effects were highly dependent on tumor‐host interactions. Clinical analysis revealed a marked association between high RHOB levels and poor survival. Consistently, high RHOB levels promote metastasis progression, taxane‐chemoresistance, and contribute to the survival advantage to γ‐irradiation. We postulate that RHOB belongs to a novel class of “genes of recurrence” that have a dual role in metastasis and treatment resistance.
Re-election: Different Skills for Different Roles
Authors: Akirav Osnat
Published: November 2013

The current research examines the ability of legislators to be re-elected through fulfilling their three roles: legislation, oversight and representation. This study also re-examines Mayhew's claim (1974) that most legislators are motivated by a desire to be re-elected, and that this desire drives their legislative activity through its utility in advertising, credit claiming and position taking. We argue that the skills required for selection and re-election are different from those required for enacting legislation. Thus, we distinguish between two types of legislators – those who are electable and those who are successful in the legislature.
Comparison of the metabolic responses to ingestion of hydrothermally processed high-amylopectin content maize, uncooked maize starch or dextrose in healthy individuals
Authors: Bracken Richard M. , Gray Benjamin J. , Turner Daniel
Published: November 2013

Optimal carbohydrate ingestion strategies as nutritional therapy for glycogen storage diseases have not been fully realised, in part, due to difficulties in accessing patient cohorts, alongside limited details on metabolic effects and insight into working mechanisms. The present pilot study compared glycaemic and fuel oxidation responses following the ingestion of a hydrothermally processed maize starch (HPMS), an uncooked maize starch (UCMS) and maize-derived dextrose (DEX) at rest and during and after exercise in healthy individuals. A total of eight participants (seven males and one female; body mass (BM) 76·9 (sem5·2) kg) visited the laboratory on three occasions. During each visit, the participants ingested 1 g/kg BM of HPMS (Glycosade™), UCMS (Argo™) or DEX as a 10 % solution. Blood samples were collected over a 2 h rest period and for 2 h after a 60 min treadmill run at 65 (sem1) % VO2max. Mean values with their standard errors were analysed using repeated-measures ANOVA. Blood glucose concentrations under the HPMS condition were significantly elevated from resting values at 90 min (P= 0·02) after ingestion compared with those under the UCMS (60 min;P= 0·02) and DEX (30 min;P= 0·001) conditions. The rate of carbohydrate use during exercise after the ingestion of HPMS was 7–9 % lower compared with that after the ingestion of either DEX or UCMS (P< 0·05). The total amount of lipids oxidised during exercise was greater under the HPMS condition (26·2 (sem2·8) g) compared with that oxidised under the UCMS (19·6 (sem2·7) g;P= 0·04) or DEX (20·6 (sem3·6) g;P= 0·07) condition. The results demonstrated a glycaemic advantage to the ingestion of HPMS over that of UCMS or DEX. Carbohydrate oxidation was reduced after the ingestion of HPMS compared with that after the ingestion of UCMS or DEX, with a corresponding higher rate of endogenous lipid use during exercise.
Polarization force for different dusty plasma situations
Authors: Ashrafi K. S. , Mamun A. A. , Shukla P. K.
Published: November 2013

Polarization force (acting on a dust grain) and its modification by polarity of dust, non-isothermal (viz. non-thermal and trapped) ions, adiabaticity of electrons and ions, etc. have been investigated theoretically. It has been found that the polarization force is significantly modified by these effects, i.e. the magnitude of the polarization force is significantly decreased by the presence of non-thermal ions and by the adiabaticity of electrons and ions. On the other hand, it is significantly increased by the presence of trapped ions. It has been also shown that the magnitude of the polarization force is increased (decreased) by electric potential in the case of positively (negatively) charged dust. The relevance of our investigation to some space and astrophysical plasma situations is discussed.
Two-dimensional nonlinear cylindrical equilibria with reversed magnetic shear and sheared flow
Authors: Kuiroukidis AP , Throumoulopoulos G. N.
Published: November 2013

Nonlinear translational symmetric equilibria with up to quartic flux terms in free functions, reversed magnetic shear, and sheared flow are constructed in two ways: (i) quasi-analytically by an ansatz, which reduces the pertinent generalized Grad–Shafranov equation to a set of ordinary differential equations and algebraic constraints which is then solved numerically, and (ii) completely numerically by prescribing analytically a boundary having an X-point. This latter case presented in Sec. 4 is relevant to the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor project. The equilibrium characteristics are then examined by means of pressure, safety factor, current density, and electric field. For flows parallel to the magnetic field, the stability of the equilibria constructed is also examined by applying a sufficient condition. It turns out that the equilibrium nonlinearity has a stabilizing impact, which is slightly enhanced by the sheared flow. In addition, the results indicate that the stability is affected by the up-down asymmetry.
Relationships between the Active Aging Index and Disability-Free Life Expectancy: A Case Study in the Rajshahi District of Bangladesh
Authors: Tareque Md. Ismail , Hoque Nazrul , Islam Towfiqua Mahfuza , Kawahara Kazuo , Sugawa Makiko
Published: November 2013

L’espérance de vie a considérablement augmenté dans le monde entier. Au Bangladesh, l’espérance de vie a augmenté d’environ 53 ans en 1975 à 69 ans en 2010. Cependant, on ne sait pas si l’augmentation de l’espérance de vie s’accompagne d’une augmentation simultanée d’espérance de vie sans incapacité (EVSI). Le but de l’étude décrite dans cet article était d’examiner la relation entre l’espérance de vie et l’EVSI dans le quartier de Rajshahi au Bangladesh, en examinant les relations entre l’indice de vieillissement actif (IVA) et EVSI. Les résultats de l’étude indiquent que les hommes âgés, urbains et plus cultivés sont plus actifs dans tous les aspects de la vie et avoir plus EVSI. On trouve que les femmes survivent les hommes, mais sont plus susceptibles de vivre une grande partie de leur vie restante avec un handicap. Des correlations positives entre l’IVA et EVSI indiquent que les personnes âgées pourraient bénéficier plus d’EVSI en s’impliquant dans les activités d’un vieillissement actif.