bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Sociodemographic Characteristics of Mexican Immigrant Status Groups: Implications for Studying Undocumented Mexicans
Authors: Bean Frank D. , Browning Harley L. , Frisbie W. Parker
Published: June 2018

Based on Warren and Passel's (1984) estimate that nearly two-thirds of Mexican-born noncitizens entering the U.S. during 1975–80 and included in the 1980 Census are undocumented immigrants, this article uses the 1980 Public Use Microfiles to delineate four Mexican origin immigrant status groups — post 1975 Mexican-born noncitizens, pre-1975 Mexican-born noncitizens, self-reported naturalized citizens, and native-born Mexican Americans. The pattern of sociodemographic differences among these groups provides support for the idea that the first two categories contain a substantial fraction of undocumented immigrants. These two groups (especially the first) reveal characteristics that one would logically associate with undocumented immigrants — age concentration (in young adult years), high sex ratios, low education and income levels, and lack of English proficiency.
Immigration, Ethnic Stratification, and Native Working Class Discipline: Comparisons of Documented and Undocumented Dominicans
Authors: Grasmuck Sherri
Published: June 2018

A number of notions regarding the functions served by international labor immigration, expecially the undocumented population, are examined in this article. Comparisons of the working conditions of documented and undocumented Dominicans in New York City are made. Although the two groups resemble one another in terms of organization and industrial sector of employment, the organization of their respective firms is markedly different. It is concluded that one of the most important functions served by the illegal alien population is political and resides in its controllability by employers in the secondary labor market and, consequently, operates to discipline the native labor force.
Illegal Immigrants in Texas: Impact on Social Services and Related Considerations
Authors: Weintraub Sidney
Published: June 2018

A survey conducted of undocumented aliens and providers of public services showed that the state of Texas receives more from taxes paid by undocumented persons than the cost of the state to provide them with public services, such as education, health care, corrections, and welfare. The same survey showed that six cities in the state (Austin, Dallas, El Paso, Houston, McAllen and San Antonio) together expended more to provide services to undocumented aliens than they received in taxes. The survey concentrated on undocumented persons not detained by the immigration authorities and found that this group constituted a distinct population from those in detention centers in that the former exhibited normal characteristics of settled families while the latter were predominantly the familiar young, single and peripatetic male.
Church Records as a Source of Data on Mexican Migrant Networks: A Methodological Note
Authors: Rosenthal-Urey Ina
Published: June 2018

This article discusses the methodological issues in the study of Mexican migration initiated by Cornelius and others in a recent issue of this journal (1982). It addresses two problems: the need to locate strategic regions in Mexico before field-work is begun; and the need to develop techniques for longitudinal studies of migration networks.
Attitudes of Mexican Americans toward Irregular Mexican Immigration
Authors: Polinard Jerry L. , Wrinkle Robert D. , De La Garza Rodolfo
Published: June 2018

This inquiry focuses on the attitudes of Mexican Americans toward issues relating to current U.S. immigration policy. This study is an expansion of research begun last year (Miller, Polinard and Wrinkle: 1984). In the previous study the geographical focus was on Hidalgo County, situated on the Texas-Mexico broder. This study offers us the additional dimension of geography as a variable influencing attitudes.
The Occupational Prestige of Women Immigrants: A Comparison of Cubans and Mexicans
Authors: Sullivan Teresa A.
Published: June 2018

This study analyzes the occupational prestige of women workers born in Cuba or Mexico who were at least 25 years of age at the time of their immigration to the U.S. The dependent variable is NORC prestige scores; independent variables are age, U.S. experience, South residence, weeks worked, and schooling. Predicted prestige scores, controlled for social class, narrow the prestige score gap between Cuban and Mexican women, but increase the gap between immigrant men and women. The data suggest that the social mobility process for female immigrants differs from the process for males, perhaps because cultural barriers to “pink collar” jobs of nominally higher status restrict women's mobility.
Migration of Women in Nigeria: The Hausa Case
Authors: Pittin Renée
Published: June 2018

Based on a study of women in one Nigerian city, it is the contention of this article that female migration cannot properly be understood or analyzed without reference to a variety of gender-specific factors. This article concentrates on one category of women, the autonomous migrants, and examines the patterns and the precipitating and contributory causes of their migration, and its effects.
Cuba's Exiles: Portrait of a Refugee Migration
Authors: Pedraza-Bailey Silvia
Published: June 2018

This article provides a portrait of Cuba's exiles that encompasses all their waves of migration, while utilizing the Cuban exodus to shed light on the broader phenomenon of refugee migration. It argues that to understand the changing social characteristics of the exiles over twenty years of migration, we need to understand the changing phases of the Cuban revolution. Utilizing the Cuban exodus as data, the article uses Egon F. Kunz's (1973; 1981) theoretical framework for refugee migration to shed light on the refugees’ varying experiences, while also using the actual Cuban refugee experience to react to Kunz's abstract model.
Ethnic Resources Utilization of Korean Immigrant Entrepreneurs in the Chicago Minority Area
Authors: Kim Kwang Chung , Hurh Won Moo
Published: June 2018

A high proportion of Korean immigrants are currently engaged in self-employed small business in the United States. In light of their business proliferation, this study has empirically investigated Korean immigrant entrepreneurs’ ethnic resources utilization. Findings indicate that the Korean entrepreneurs rely heavily on their ethnic resources for both business preparation and operation. While such ethnic resources utilization facilitates the immigrants’ business entry and gives them competitive advantage, the same mechanism poses serious problems; intra-ethnic business competition and precarious position as a middle-man minority. Implications of these findings are discussed and suggestions are made for future research.
Dual Citizenship and Political Integration
Authors: Hammar Tomas
Published: June 2018

On the premise that representative government cannot properly function without the political participation of a large active segment of its constituents represented by permanent immigrants without citizenship, this article: 1) reviews some attempts to resolve such an anomalous situation; 2) suggests naturalization as an instrument to correct it and describes the naturalization rate and the reasons for the low propensity for naturalization in various North European countries; 3) surveys the phenomenon of dual citizenship, the reasons for its increase as well as its inconveniences and advantages; and 4) hypothesizes that future increases in dual citizenship will protect political rights and foster political integration.
Voting Rights for Alien Residents — Who Wants It?
Authors: Tung Ko-Chih R.
Published: June 2018

Foreign nationals permanently domiciled in Sweden have been entitled since 1975 to vote and to be elected to municipal and county council elections. The question now is whether Sweden should go one step further by enabling foreign nationals to vote and stand for election in Riksdag (Parliamentary) elections as well. This article examines some of the major issues associated with international migration and disenfranchisement of migrants created by a contradiction between economic and political rationale. It presents the actual trends in the exercise of the voting rights by the franchised immigrants since 1976. It examines the attitude of the host population toward this unusual reform, entailing sharing of political power with aliens and the position of the immigrants and the natives toward an even more radical proposal to extend political rights to include even the national parliamentary election.
The ‘Biliterate’ Ballot Controversy: Language Acquisition and Cultural Shift among Immigrants
Authors: Loo Chalsa M.
Published: June 2018

This study sought to test the validity of assumptions made regarding multilingual electoral ballot provisions. In addition, the study sought to determine if rationale for multilingual ballot provisions exist on the basis of factors related to language shift. Special, but not exclusive, attention was given to the Chinese language minority group. Empirical support for assumptions made by English-only advocates was found lacking. Rationale for language assistance was found to exist on the basis of number and proportion of recent immigrants, proportion of foreign born, lag of biliterate skill behind bilingual ability, linguistic differences between the Chinese language and English, and the discriminatory structure of the labor market.
Interurban Flows of Population and Occupational Skills to Three Cities in Nigeria
Authors: Lacey Linda
Published: June 2018

This article examines interurban flows of population and occupational skills to three cities in Nigeria. The analyses are based on sample survey data collected in the cities of Benin, Ibadan, and Kano in 1973 and 1974. The cities vary in population size and are located in three different urban growth regions in the country. The migration histories included in the questionnaires are the focal point of the article. Up to 11 moves were recorded for each respondent. With each move, information was obtained on the demographic and socioeconomic status of the individual. Male and female respondents age 15 years and over were interviewed. The findings indicate that most migrants were repeat movers who represent numerous spatial experiences. Of the migration streams, interurban movements were dominant. Male migrants brought a diverse mixture of occupational skills to the survey cities, influenced by their spatial experiences. While women had similar spatial characteristics to men, most came as housewives and/or with traditional-type trades.
Race and Color: Jamaican Migrants in London and New York City
Authors: Foner Nancy
Published: June 2018

This article explores the significance of race among Jamaicans in New York City and London. What it means to be a black Jamaican, it is argued, depends on the racial context of the receiving area. Although in the United States and Britain Jamaicans face racial prejudice and discrimination, there are advantages to living in New York. Being part of the larger black population cushions Jamaican migrants in New York from some of the sting of racial prejudice and provides them with easier access to certain occupations and social institutions.
Asian Indian Immigration Patterns: The Origins of the Sikh Community in California
Authors: Gonzales Juan L.
Published: June 2018

This article outlines the immigration and settlement patterns of Asian Indians in the United States from the turn of the century to the present decade. The focus is on the efforts of the Sikh pioneers to succeed in what can only be viewed as a hostile social environment, marked primarily by racial discrimination and legal restrictions on their entry into this country. With modifications in the U.S. immigration laws of 1965 an educated professional class of Asian Indians have monopolized the flow of immigrants from India, with the result that the Sikhs presently constitute a small proportion of the total number of Asian Indians in the U.S. However, the recent political crisis in India has served to galvanize the American Sikh community into political action. This has resulted in a political split between the Sikhs and other Asian Indians in this country. This article concludes with an analysis of the demographic composition of the “third wave” Asian Indian immigrants in the United States and their potential impact on political conditions in India.
Labor Force Participation, Household Composition and Sponsorship among Southeast Asian Refugees
Authors: Bach Robert L. , Carroll-Seguin Rita
Published: June 2018

This article investigates more fully the complexities of refugees’ participation in the U.S. labor market and possible sources of variations in their experience. The article focuses specifically on the labor market experiences of Southeast Asian refugees.
Ethnic Differences in Adaptation: Sino- Vietnamese Refugees in the United States
Authors: Desbarats Jacqueline
Published: June 2018

This article examines the differences in adaptive behavior manifested by Sino-Vietnamese and ethnic Vietnamese refugees resettled in two major areas of the United States. Contingency analyses of a survey of 602 refugees interviewed in Illinois and California confirm the disadvantage of the Chinese group with respect to both acculturation and economic self-sufficiency variables. Although the two groups differ statistically in their pre-arrival characteristics and encountered somewhat different socioeconomic circumstances in the course of resettlement, adaptive differences remain after pre-arrival characteristics and resettlement context have been controlled. The adverse effect of Chinese ethnicity on adaptation is especially noticeable for the refugee expected to be most adaptable by virtue of their more favorable socioeconomic backgrounds and of the more facilitative circumstances of their resettlement.
Methodological Problems and Policy Implications in Vietnamese Refugee Research
Authors: Yu Elena S. H. , Liu William T.
Published: June 2018

This article is written with two objectives: First, to describe some of the critical methodological problems encountered in our research with Vietnamese refugees in San Diego, California, about which few studies have been conducted previous to their arrival in 1975. Second, to discuss the policy implications of research beset with these difficulties, some of which are unique to studies of refugee populations per se, while others are common to research on small ethnic minorities in general. This article focuses on four major issues: the quality of refugee studies; the purpose and functions of such research; the ethical dilemmas of studying refugees; and public policy implications of refugee research. Recommendations are offered to resolve some of these issues which would call for policy changes both in the ways refugee research are conducted, and in the training of researchers themselves.
Foreign Worker Dependence in the Gulf, and the International Oil Companies: 1910-50
Authors: Seccombe I.J. , Lawless R.I.
Published: June 2018

This article demonstrates that foreign worker dependence in the Gulf dates from the establishment of the oil industry in the early twentieth century. The composition of labor inflows were mainly determined by political and strategic, rather than commercial, concerns. Contrasting patterns of labor force composition evolved between those areas under British control, which imported labor from the Indian sub-continent, and the independent Saudi Arabia where labor was drawn from more diverse sources including the Italian settlers in Eritrea. Evidence of commercial-political tension over the employment of foreign workers, particularly Americans, is highlighted. Wages and conditions of employment are described.
Agricultural Development and Emigration: Rhetoric and Reality
Authors: Thompson Gary , Aḿon Ricardo , Martin Philip L.
Published: June 2018

The untested premise of trade liberalizing U.S. development programs such as the Caribbean Basin Initiative is that commodity trade can substitute for international labor migration. Analysis of U.S. tomato producing regions in Sinaloa, Mexico and Florida suggests that the effect of trade liberalization of international labor migration is uncertain.
Central American and Mexican Immigrant Characteristics and Economic Incorporation in California
Authors: Wallace Steven P.
Published: June 2018

Data compiled from the 1980 U.S. Census and other sources are used in this article to demonstrate the distinctiveness of Central American immigration. Comprising a relatively recent and growing immigrant stream, Central Americans are settling in areas where other Hispanic groups are already established. Comparisons between Central American and Mexican immigrants in California reveal substantial differences between the two groups in their age structure, sex ratio, and human capital characteristics. Despite the differences, however, Central American immigrant men earn the same as Mexican immigrant men. This finding can be explained by structural theories of immigrant economic incorporation. Some Central American women are able to convert their human capital advantages over Mexican immigrant women into earnings advantages, as predicted by assimilation theory.
Foreign Workers in Kuwait: Implications for the Kuwaiti Labor Force
Authors: Shah Nasra M.
Published: June 2018

Foreign nationals comprise 60 percent of the population and 78 percent of the labor force in Kuwait. The government there seeks to reduce the dependancy on foreign workers and is designing several policies to attain this goal. Structural analysis of the labor force indicates that 62 percent of Kuwaiti males are concentrated in administrative and service occupations while their percentage in sales and production work has declined during 1970–80. This demonstrates the need for reorienting educational/training programs and changing Kuwaiti attitudes towards manual work to ensure the realization of the “Kuwaitization” process, and balance the nationals with foreign nationals.
The Seasonality of Apprehensions of Undocumented Mexican Workers
Authors: Davila Alberto
Published: June 2018

This article uses within-year apprehensions data to test the economic determinants of Mexican undocumented immigration to the United States. These data are highly seasonal and within-year border patrol apprehensions suggest that this seasonality is not solely due to changes in border patrol enforcement. The results from this study are similar to those of earlier studies which used annual apprehensions data.
Anglo-Australians’ and Immigrants’ Attitudes toward Language and Accent: A Review of Experimental and Survey Research
Authors: Callan Victor J. , Gallois Cynthia
Published: June 2018

Research on the language attitudes of members of dominant and minority speech communities has special importance in countries such as Australia, where governments are in the process of developing a national language policy. Research in Australia suggests that Anglo-Australians remain strongly monolingual and Anglophile in their attitudes; they support educational programs on other languages mainly for their children's own educational advantage. In addition, they show preference in most situations for standard or prestige varieties of English. Second generation members of immigrant groups are under strong pressure to assimilate and to abandon their community languages. Opportunities to learn and use community language are somewhat restricted. In addition, young, second generation Australians may in some cases have even more negative attitudes toward nonstandard accents in English then do Anglo-Australians although they may value their own ethnic language as a signal of solidarity with their ethnic community.
Do Undocumented Migrants Earn Lower Wages than Legal Immigrants? New Evidence from Mexico
Authors: Massey Douglas S.
Published: June 2018

This article examines the extent to which undocumented status lowers wage rates among immigrants to the United States from four Mexican communities. Regression equations were estimated to determine the effect of legal status on wages independent of other demographic, social and economic variables, and special efforts were made to control for possible sample selection biases. Findings suggest that the data are relatively free from selectivity problems that have characterized earlier studies, and that legal status had no direct effect on wage rates earned by male migrants from the four communities. Legal status also had little effect on the kind of job that migrants take in the United States, but it does play an important indirect role in determining the length of time that migrants stay in that country. By reducing the duration of stay, illegal status lowers the amount of employer-specific capital accruing to undocumented migrants, and thereby lowers wage rates relative to legal migrants.
Naturalization: Determinants and Process in the Hispanic Community
Authors: Pachon Harry P.
Published: June 2018

This study investigates the political and social consequences of non-citizenship on the Hispanic community and describes how the studies in this volume grew from a national applied research project to promote citizenship among immigrant Hispanics. By highlighting the findings of the studies on Latino naturalization contained in this volume, the author suggests some factors that can be promoted to encourage naturalization among long-term resident aliens. Should these efforts be successful, he suggests, the greatest obstacle to political empowerment in the Latino community will be removed.
Migration and Mortality: The Experience of Birthplace Groups in Australia
Authors: Young Christabel M.
Published: June 2018

Wide diversity exists in the mortality experience of different birthplace groups in Australia, and this also occurs with respect to their cause of death profiles. Most migrant groups experience lower mortality in Australia than in their country of origin, and most experience lower mortality than the Australian-born population. In the latter case the main expectations are the Scots, Irish, Poles, South Pacific Islanders, Scandinavian men and North American women. Exceptionally high levels of survival occur among Greeks and Italians in Australia. The lower risk of mortality from heart disease is a principal reason for the deficit between observed and expected deaths of most migrant groups in Australia.
Communicable Disease Epidemiology following Migration: Studies from the African Famine
Authors: Shears P. , Lusty T.
Published: June 2018

Few epidemiological studies have been undertaken of morbidity and mortality due to communicable disease in mass migration. This article reviews data from refugee displacement areas in north-east Africa. Risk factors to increase morbidity and mortality include breakdown of health services, movement to new ecological zones, malnutrition, and crowding and poor sanitation in relief camps. Highest mortalities are recorded in chidren below five years, the principal causes being measles, gastro-enteritis, chest infections and malaria. The greatest morbidity and mortality occurs after arrival in relief camps, and could be reduced by epidemiologically based, selective health programs. This article stresses the importance of regional level coordination between relief agencies and the need for an effective disease surveillance system.
Symptoms of War Trauma Induced Psychiatric Disorders: Southeast Asian Refugees and Vietnam Veterans
Authors: August Lynn R. , Gianola Barbara A.
Published: June 2018

This article compares the symptomatology of Southeast Asian refugees suffering from mental health disorders with that of Vietnam veterans suffering from psychiatric disorders related to war trauma. Both of these groups share common unresolved feelings and have similar clinical manifestations resulting from the intensity of wartime atrocities. Similarities in the symptoms presented by these two groups suggest the Southeast Asian refugees may also suffer from the same type of war trauma induced psychiatric disorder as the Vietnam veterans.
The Concept of International Migration as Reflected in Data Collection Systems
Authors: Zlotnik Hania
Published: June 2018

The problems of statistics relating to international migration have been well documented. 3 It is an established fact that the concepts underlying those statistics vary considerably, not only between countries but even within countries through time or between different sources of information within the same country. The crusade to achieve greater homogeneity in the concepts underlying flow statistics on international migration was started at least 55 years ago 4 , but despite some encouraging developments, it is unlikely that homogeneity will be achieved during the rest of this century. It is important, therefore, to focus attention on the concepts of international migration being used today in statistical systems to identify their points of similarity, the main sources of variation, and the strengths and weaknesses that different characterizations of international migrants may have from a data collection perspective.
International Migration Policies: Conceptual Problems
Authors: Kritz Mary M.
Published: June 2018

States approach and define international migration differently. The implications of differentials in policy practices toward permanent, temporary and illegal migration are examined. While entry policies change as countries seek to improve control over their borders, there is policy continuity. Permanent migration countries continue to admit large numbers of permanent migrants, as well as growing numbers of temporary migrants; and temporary migration countries have seen their permanent stocks grow through family reunification. It is argued that the concepts employed by countries in their immigration policies frequently do not correspond to the reality, making it necessary to examine the actual context.
The Canada-United States Joint Immigration Study: Issues in Data Comparability
Authors: Pryor Edward T. , Long John F.
Published: June 2018

The Canada-United States immigration project is an attempt to assess carefully the flows, trends, and characteristics of immigrants between the two countries. The primary focus for data is the census information derived from the 1980 U.S. and 1981 Canadian censuses. Comparable data were a primary preoccupation of the project. This article reports on the highlights of the various comparability issues experienced and the means used to address these.
Migration and the Population Census in Asia and the Pacific: Issues, Questions and Debate
Authors: Skeldon Ronald
Published: June 2018

The main issues to be resolved when designing questions and strategies to collect migration-related data are discussed here. The strengths and weaknesses of the various approaches are assessed in the light of the data collected by countries in the Asia-Pacific region during the 1980 round of censuses. In the context of the developing countries of the region it is argued here that higher quality and more useful migration data can be captured through questions on last place of previous residence and duration of residence in de facto-based censuses. Variations of, and amplifications to, this approach are considered.
Consistent Correction of International Migration Data for Sri Lanka, 1971–81
Authors: Luther Norman Y. , Gaminiratne K.H.W. , de Silva Soma , Retherford Robert D.
Published: June 2018

A new methodology is used here, to estimate net international emigration by age and sex from Sri Lanka between 1971 and 1981. The procedure starts with a set of preliminary estimates of census populations in 1971 and 1981 and intercensal births, deaths, and migrants. These preliminary estimates are corrected in such a way as to be consistent with a set of intercensal demographic balancing equations. The methodology, which is formulated in terms of finite-dimensional vector spaces and which involves an optimizing criterion, includes a weighting procedure by which the brunt of the corrections can be made to fall on the least reliable quantities, in this case migrants. The procedure also yields corrected estimates of population, births, deaths, and derived life tables.
Using Census Data to Study Elderly Migration: Problems and Possibilities
Authors: Hugo Graeme
Published: June 2018

Although the elderly are the fastest growing of all age groups in Developed Countries, their migration remains little studied. Elderly migration differs in several fundamental ways from that of other age groups but many of the data collection and analysis procedures as well as basic concepts used in censuses have been developed with the working population in mind and are of limited utility in studying elderly migration. This article elucidates some of the problems using census data to identify movers among the elderly population, in analyzing the characteristics of movers and the causes of migration. Some suggestions and recommendations are made regarding how to deal with these problems in existing data sets and how they can be obviated in the future by making relatively small changes in census practices and conventions.
Comparison of Two Methods for Estimating the Number of Undocumented Mexican Adults in Los Angeles County
Authors: Heer David M. , Passel Jeffrey S.
Published: June 2018

This article compares two different methods for estimating the number of undocumented Mexican adults in Los Angeles Country (i.e., the Los Angeles Primary Metropolitan Statistical Area or PMSA). The first method, called the survey-based method, uses a combination of 1980 census data and the results of a survey conducted in Los Angeles County in 1980 and 1981. A sample was selected from babies born in Los Angeles County who had a mother or father of Mexican origin. The survey included questions about the legal status of the baby's parents and certain other relatives. The resulting estimates of undocumented Mexican immigrants are for males aged 18 to 44 years and females aged 18 to 39 years. The second method, called the residual method, is the method used by Warren and Passel (1987) and Passel and Woodrow (1984) to estimate the number of undocumented aliens counted in the 1980 census for the United States and each state, respectively. The method involves comparison of census figures for aliens counted with estimates of legally-resident aliens developed principally with data from the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS). For this study, estimates by age, sex, and period of entry were produced for persons born in Mexico and living in Los Angeles County.
“Conventional Numbers” in Immigration Research: The Case of the Missing Dominicans
Authors: Larson Eric M. , Sullivan Teresa A.
Published: June 2018

Since 1980, more than a dozen estimates of the number of Dominicans living in the U.S. or abroad have converged on 500,000. Both the 1980 U.S. Census and the 1981 Dominican Republic Census counts, however, suggest there were fewer than 200,000 at that time. Seven years later, estimates, even of the available “pool” of Dominican migrants, are well below 500,000, and it is difficult to justify empirically an estimate of more than 300,000. This article examines the 500,000 figure and concludes that it is overestimated, possibly because of the difficulty of estimation, the tendency to repeat unsubstantiated estimates, and the incorrect interpretation of missing values. Because larger estimates may also serve political purposes, however, they may achieve a political reality as “conventional numbers”.
Migrant Careers and Weil-Being of Women
Authors: Freidenberg Judith , Imperiale Graciela , Skovron Mary Louise
Published: June 2018

This article deals with the psychosocial adjustment of Latin American female migrants in the United States. The analysis focuses on how changes in employment, marital status, family structure and life-style affect subjective assessments of well-being. Using qualitative and quantitative research methods, the role of these social factors was explored.
Going Home: Migration Careers of Southern Nigerians
Authors: Peil Margaret , Ekpenyong Stephen K. , Oyeneye Olotunji Y.
Published: June 2018

On the basis of data from rural and urban samples of men and women over 60 in three sites in southern Nigeria, nonmigrants, returnees and immigrants are compared on educational and occupational background and ages of first and last migration. The study found that most returnees go home before retirement rather than in old age, as had previously been suggested by studies of intentions to return. There is also a growing trend towards immigration to the cities as elderly parents, especially mothers, join their migrant children. Accommodation can be a major problem of dependent old age, and house ownership at home or in town is therefore an important factor in the decision to remain a permanent migrant or to return home.
Politics and Ideology in Migration Policy Formulation: The Case of Kuwait
Authors: Russell Sharon Stanton
Published: June 2018

Theoretical approaches to international migration for employment largely ignore the role of government policies in shaping both migratory flows and the functioning of international labor markets, despite empirical evidence that such policies exist. To facilitate considerations of policy in migration theory this article examines politics and ideology in the evolution of migration policy in Kuwait. Policy determinants are found to include not only changes in economic conditions, but also shifts in power among political actors and the salience of issues on the political agenda: security issues, regional political events, demographic changes and perceived social costs of immigration. Future prospects for the Gulf are also considered.
A Comparative Overview of International Trends and Types, 1950–80
Authors: Salt John
Published: June 2018

This article provides a general overview of international migration trends and types during the postwar period. Its thesis is that international migration consists of a set of spatial networks which share many of the processes that create them, but that the networks are characterized by factors which vary geographically and distinguish one from another. Fuller analysis of these requires a systems approach to provide a framework within which to study the processes that produce flow patterns. It concludes that our ability to forecast future world patterns of international migration must be based on an assessment of the likely behavior of the component macro-regional systems we can recognize.
Migration and Development: Myths and Reality
Authors: Appleyard Reginald T.
Published: June 2018

Recent research on the impact of labor migration on the socioeconomic development of developing countries has provided opportunity to try and resolve some of the long-standing polemics that have pervaded the literature on migration and development. This article focuses on findings concerning the labor, remittance and social impacts of emigration oh countries that have participated in labor emigration. While a great deal more research needs to be done, recent findings confirm that in some situations the short-term impacts of labor migration on sending countries have been considerable.
Networks, Linkages, and Migration Systems
Authors: Fawcett James T.
Published: June 2018

Recent theoretical interest in migration systems calls attention to the functions of diverse linkages between countries in stimulating, directing and maintaining international flows of people. This article proposes a conceptual framework for the nonpeople linkages in international migration systems and discusses the implications for population movement of the four categories and three types of linkages that define the framework.
The Process of Exempt Immediate Relative Immigration to the United States
Authors: Heinberg John D. , Harris Jeffrey K. , York Robert L.
Published: June 2018

To examine the chain migration issue, this article develops and analyzes a new data base that links information on a sample of exempt immediate relative immigrants in Fiscal Year 1985 with information on the characteristics of their petitioners or sponsors. The analysis generally does not indicate that an explosive increase in future chain migration of exempt immediate relative immigrants is likely in the next ten years. Two facts provide the main support for this conclusion: 1) the percentage or sponsors who were former immigrants themselves was low, approximately 36 percent and 2) the average time between the arrival of an immigrant to the United States and subsequent petitioning for an immediate relative was relatively long — about 12 years. There is, however, some evidence of greater chain migration among immigrants from Asia. The pattern of findings about chain migration based on data on immigrants from one year could change, however, which means that use of these findings as statements about the future must be made with caution.
A Profile of Emigrants from South Africa: The Australian Case
Authors: Polonsky M.J. , Scott D.R. , Suchard Hazel T.
Published: June 2018

This paper details the results of a survey of a representative group of persons emigrating from South Africa to Australia. The characteristics of the group are identified and reasons for their emigration are suggested. They are found to be skilled persons of liberal or apolitical leanings, who should be of benefit to a future nonracial Australia and a loss to such a potential future South Africa. It is noted that a proportion of the emigrants have little knowledge of their country of destination and have strong family ties in their country of origin. It is suggested that this may result in their being unable to settle satisfactorily in their new homeland.
Dual Citizenship: A European Norm?
Authors: Miller Mark J.
Published: June 2018

Since the mid-1970s, when it became clear that some three million of the eleven million foreigners recruited to work in Germany from 1955 to 1973 would not be returning home as expected, German democracy has faced a difficult problem. What would (and should) be the political status of long-term alien residents living in a democratic society that did not consider itself an immigration land? Although it was evident to some that a major consequence of postwar guestworker policy was the creation of a difficult-to-resolve political question, the contention seemed arguable in the mid-1970s. It no longer is so today. The convening of this conference on dual nationality offered incontrovertible evidence of the long-term significance of the political dilemma to German democracy posed by guestworker recruitment.
International Contract Migration and the Reintegration of Return Migrants: The Experience of Sri Lanka
Authors: Athukorala Premachandra
Published: June 2018

This article attempts to shed light on the issue of how far the labor exporting countries can monitor the process of reinsertion of return migrants in the domestic economy, with a view to maximizing net gains from international labor migration, drawing upon the experience of Sri Lanka. It begins with an examination of the socioeconomic characteristics of migrant workers with special emphasis on their post-migration activity status and the pattern of remittance utilization. Then it proceeds to evaluate critically the self-employment scheme that has been introduced by the Sri Lankan labor administration to advise and train return migrants in establishing themselves in business. The findings point to the danger of expecting too much from policy initiatives in this sphere.
Problems of Korean Immigrant Entrepreneurs
Authors: Min Pyong Gap
Published: June 2018

This article analyzes major problems of Korean immigrant entrepreneurs in the United States. It is based on interviews with 557 Korean immigrants in Los Angeles, ethnic newspaper articles and personal observations of the Korean community. Korean entrepreneurs’ long hours of work are detrimental to their physical and psychological well-being. Also, because of their business concentration in low-income, minority areas, Korean entrepreneurs are subject to frequent armed robberies, shoplifting, strikes, boycotts and other forms of rejection. Korean entrepreneurs are vulnerable to exploitation because of their dependence upon outgroup members for supplies of merchandise and their dependence on landlords for leases of store buildings. Korean immigrants are engaged in low level, blue collar businesses, and thus most Korean entrepreneurs face the problem of status inconsistency. Finally, Korean immigrants’ segregation into the ethnic sub-economy, while enhancing ethnic attachment and ethnic solidarity, hinders cultural and social assimilation.
Mortality among Three Puerto Rican Populations: Residents of Puerto Rico and Migrants in New York City and in the Balance of the United States, 1979–81
Authors: Rosenwaike Ira , Hempstead Katherine
Published: June 2018

This study attempts to explain similarities and differences in the mortality experience of three population groups: Puerto Ricans on the island commonwealth, Puerto Rican born persons in New York City and Puerto Rican born persons in the rest of mainland United States. Mortality is much higher among Puerto Ricans in New York City than among those residing elsewhere. Much of the difference is due to excess mortality caused by cirrhosis of the liver and homicide. Puerto Rican born persons living on the mainland but outside New York City generally have low mortality, even when compared with U.S. whites.
International Migrations to and from Zimbabwe and the Influence of Political Changes on Population Movements, 1965–1987
Authors: Zinyama Lovemore M.
Published: June 2018

Studies of voluntary international population migrations have frequently shown that, because the movements are based on choice, the principal motivating factors are economic. Permanent international migrations are therefore seen as an adjustment to economic inequalities in that migrants move from one country in the hope of obtaining better employment and higher incomes in another country. However, this article suggests that the special case of southern African countries (Namibia, South Africa and Zimbabwe), in which the majority of permanent movers have historically been whites of European origin, requires that greater attention should be given to the politico-structural context of voluntary international migrations. Statistical data on international migrations to and from Zimbabwe during the past quarter of a century are used to demonstrate that the temporal magnitude and spatial patterns of population movements are best explained by reference to the changing political, rather than economic, conditions within the country.
Commitment, Ethnicity and Class as Factors in Emigration of Kibbutz and Non-Kibbutz Populations from Israel
Authors: Mittelberg David , Sobel Zvi
Published: June 2018

Israel is a country of immigrants: Israel's Jewish population grew “from 649,000 in May 1948 to 2,752,700 at the end of 1972, and 3,373,200 in 1982…. Immigration accounted for more than 1,721,426 persons or approximately 60 percent of this increase” (Damian, 1974:33). But, from the outset, Israel has also been a country of emigration, with some 305,000 leaving between 1948 and 1984 (Sabbatello, n.d.). In Hebrew, emigration from Israel is yerida, literally “going down,” fading or failing, and in recent years this emigration has been widely viewed by Israelis as an index of decline.
Temporal and Spatial Patterns of Geographically Indirect Immigration to the United States
Authors: Greenwood Michael J. , Trabka Eloise
Published: June 2018

This article examines the little-studied phenomenon of indirect geographic migration to the United States, or the movement of persons whose country of last permanent residence differed from their country of birth. Over 8 million records of legal immigrants to the United States were studied for the period 1972–1987. Geographically indirect migration is shown to be important, amounting to as many as 86,136 persons during a single year. Primarily because of the dislocations of Southeast Asian refugees from their homelands and their subsequent admittance to the United States, indirect immigration increased during the 1980s. Moreover, again somewhat due to refugees, the patterns of geographically indirect movement changed during recent years. Political conditions in countries of birth appear to be important in explaining these patterns, as well as the age and skills of the indirect migrants themselves.
The Experience of Refugees in the Australian Labor Market
Authors: Wooden Mark
Published: June 2018

This article applies sophisticated econometric techniques on a representative sample of Australian migrants who arrived as adults to examine the factors associated with success in securing employment and, in particular, to test how well the recent influx of refugees have done. After controlling for a number of other factors relevant to labor market status such as age, gender, education and premigration employment history, it is found that among new arrivals, refugees have employment probabilities which are close to 20 percentage points lower than otherwise comparable nonrefugees. With the passage of time, this differential narrows markedly but, for males at least, is never eliminated completely. It is concluded, however, that the persistence of a differential is not the result of discrimination but rather because refugees have relatively poor English language skills.
Africa's Refugee Crisis: State Building in Historical Perspective
Authors: Anthony Constance G.
Published: June 2018

There is a refugee crisis in Africa. A resort to war as a substitute for politics has pushed massive numbers of Africans beyond state borders. This article examines the historical roots of internal war in Africa. A new look is being taken at colonialism as a determinant of modern African politics. There are three models of colonial state building adopted in Africa which set the stage for internal war and refugee flight—radical separation, the creation of a governing class and paternalism. Certain types of colonial rule established from the very beginning a narrower understanding of exactly who should inherit the central institutions of the state and set the stage for the kind of open, violent conflict which produces refugees.
Part I: Central and Eastern Europe: The Twin Specters of Mass Unwanted Migration and Mass Involuntary Migration: Post-Soviet Emigration Today and Tomorrow
Authors: Shevtsova Lilia
Published: June 2018

This article deals with the problems of post-Soviet emigration. The author tries to answer the question: What will the post-Soviet emigration “curve” look like within the next few years. Its peak appears most likely to be reached in 1993 to 1994, when the number of departures may go up to 1–1.5 million people a year. This may happen if the present unfavorable socioeconomic conditions and instability continue to exist and if technical problems related to exit arrangements are solved. Once the situation normalizes first and foremost in Russia, the scope of emigration may be maintained at a level of 500,000 to 600,000 people per annum within the next two or three years and then begin to decline.
Bulgarian Turkish Emigration and Return
Authors: Vasileva Darina
Published: June 2018

The history of the emigration of Bulgarian Muslim Turks to Turkey is more than a century old. The violation of the human rights of ethnic Turks by the totalitarian regime during the 1980s resulted in the most massive and unpredictable migration wave ever seen in that history. This article examines the complexity of factors and motivations of the 1989 emigration which included almost half of the ethnic Turks living in Bulgaria and constituting until that time 9 percent of the total population. The author considers the strong and long-lasting effect of this emigration—followed by the subsequent return of half of the emigrants after the fall of the regime—both on Bulgaria's economy and on the political life of the society. The article aims also at providing a better understanding of the character of ethnic conflicts in posttotalitarian Eastern Europe.