bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Childhood: Cognitive Development
Authors: Miller Scott A.
Published: November 2019

This chapter and the next focus on developments during the ages of roughly 2 to 12 years. The present chapter discusses parents’ beliefs and behaviors with respect to aspects of their children’s cognitive development. Seven developments are considered: academic performance, intelligence, Piagetian concepts, theory of mind, memory, executive function, and language. As in Chapter 5, beliefs about general milestones of development are also discussed. And, as in most chapters, parents are of interest both as informants with regard to their children’s development and as contributors to development. Also discussed are the cultural differences that emerge in parents’ expectations, which reflect values and related socialization practices. Culture is both a source of parents’ beliefs and a context for attempting to turn them into reality.
Eyewitness Descriptions and Identifications of Familiar Perpetrators
Authors: Pozzulo Joanna
Published: November 2019

This chapter discusses the role of an eyewitness, the importance of eyewitness testimony, and the different identification decisions that an eyewitness can make when the police have apprehended the guilty suspect or an innocent suspect of the crime in question. The chapter then discusses eyewitness recall of strangers, highlighting recent research focusing on an eyewitnesses’ ability to recall details about a perpetrator who is familiar to them. Furthermore, this chapter provides a description of other situations within the legal system in which familiarity recall may be required (e.g., the recall of familiar and unfamiliar events). The chapter also discusses familiarity in relation to how it may impact eyewitness identification accuracy by describing recent research that has utilized an eyewitness paradigm.
Future Directions for Research Examining the Notion of Familiarity and Its Impact on the Criminal Justice System
Authors: Pozzulo Joanna
Published: November 2019

This chapter provides a summary of the goals of the book and offers a look to the future in eyewitness familiarity research. The chapter addresses why there has been limited research examining familiarity within an eyewitness context. Next, it describes the current state of the field in terms of studying familiarity through four themes: (1) the limited amount of research utilizing familiarity in an eyewitness context; (2) the importance of focusing on system variables, such as police practices and procedures, that may exacerbate errors in familiarity cases; (3) the importance of understanding the interaction between familiarity and estimator variables that may increase or decrease eyewitness accuracy; and (4) the influence of familiarity claims in the courtroom. This chapter concludes with a discussion of the importance of studying familiarity in terms of the criminal justice system.
Gaullism Loses Ground
Authors: Veugelers John W.P.
Published: November 2019

Looking at the decade between 1968 and 1978, this chapter examines how the shift in power from Gaullists to Giscard and his party affected the politics of the ex-colonials. The worker-student movement of May 1968 gave the ex-colonials an opportunity to press their grievances, but they won few concessions until the election of Giscard as president in 1974. Seeking their vote, Giscard lured the mayor of Toulon his party; the mayor extended new favors to the ex-colonials and in the 1978 parliamentary elections won election to the National Assembly. Rather than withering, the system of patron-client relations in Toulon had survived the end of the Gaullist era. The moderate right continued to divert the far-right potential of the ex-colonials.
A City under the Far Right
Authors: Veugelers John W.P.
Published: November 2019

This chapter examines how the far right won power in Toulon, and how it governed between 1995 and 2001. When corruption scandals damaged the moderate right, the National Front followed through by winning the city elections. It triumphed due to its efforts to organize, the disgrace of the moderate right, the left’s refusal to withdraw, and critical support from the ex-colonials. Constrained by law, the far right could not implement the party program of national preference. Instead, it bolstered the police force; turned the city’s annual book fair into a cultural battleground; and punished opponents and rewarded friends by fiddling with city grants to voluntary associations. Faithful to the memory of French Algeria, the far right courted the ex-colonials but also annoyed them by insisting on partisan politics. The far right reduced the city’s debt but lacked the means of proving itself.
Holding Off the National Front
Authors: Veugelers John W.P.
Published: November 2019

This chapter examines how the moderate right has held power in Toulon ever since the far-right experiment of 1995–2001. Eleven towns in France elected the National Front to power in the 2014 municipal elections and three of those towns are in the Var. Still, the moderate right enjoys a strong hold over Toulon, whose mayor has built up a power base that rivals that of the moderate right before it fell in the mid-1990s. While avoiding scandal, he and his allies have attracted significant state funding. They have mounted public works projects and buttress their power at the departmental level with influence over the regional conurbation. The moderate right is also disciplined. The city is not a loser of globalization. Still, it faces other economic challenges. Further, local results from national (presidential and parliamentary) elections suggest the city’s far-right potential remains significant.
Introduction to the Mirror
Authors: Mokhberi Susan
Published: November 2019

During the seventeenth century, French missionaries, travelers, diplomats, and writers raised comparisons between France and Persia that established Persia as a suitable mirror for France. The two countries were connected through diplomatic contacts, images, material objects, and texts, which together laid the basis for an imagined relationship. Frenchmen created an image of Persia that matched their own tastes and political circumstances and evolved over the course of the century. Inspired by new trajectories in global history, the case study of France and Persia challenges traditional ideas of Orientalism by uncovering the variety of European responses to Asia in the early modern period.
Missionaries, Travelers, and the Case of Jean Chardin
Authors: Mokhberi Susan
Published: November 2019

Missionaries and travelers presented the earliest representations of Persia. Missionaries imagined the Safavid Shiite state as open to conversion to Christianity and an ally against the Sunni Ottomans. Through Catholic writings, Frenchmen absorbed literature that portrayed Persia as tolerant and friendly to Europeans. French contacts with Persia increased under the patronage of Louis XIV’s finance minister, Jean-Baptiste Colbert. Some of these travelers drew connections between the two monarchies. One of the most famous French travelers to Persia, Jean Chardin, depicted the Persian royal court as a model of comparison for the French. He not only described Persia to Frenchmen but also used it as a means to instruct and reflect upon French political and social institutions.
The Persian Embassy to France in 1715
Authors: Mokhberi Susan
Published: November 2019

The diplomatic visits from Ottoman, Muscovite, Siamese, and Moroccan ambassadors were handled differently than the frequent diplomatic visits from European countries. The “Oriental” visits produced many ceremonial challenges but also generated tremendous curiosity in the East, which Louis XIV used to his advantage. The crown took special care to turn the audiences with Oriental ambassadors into spectacular events to promote the Bourbon monarchy but had to be careful to adhere to French protocol and ensure that the diplomatic exchanges enhanced the image of French grandeur. The last magnificent display of Louis XIV’s reign, the visit of Mohammad Reza Beg in 1715, reveals the difficulties the French court encountered when dealing with foreign embassies. Louis XIV’s introducteur des ambassadors, the Baron de Breteuil, proved a culturally sensitive host, but he could not prevent conflict over French protocol that arose out of conceptions in common between France and Persia.
Images of the Persian Visit
Authors: Mokhberi Susan
Published: November 2019

Engravings of Mohammad Reza Beg’s grand audience at Versailles showcased the connections between France and Persia. The images highlighted the Beg’s diplomatic gifts, which represented the luxurious goods that symbolized both the French and Persian crowns. The engravings further linked the Safavid and Bourbon crowns through the inclusion of symbols of royal power, such as the throne and the sword. Yet these representations also suggested Louis XIV’s semblance to an Oriental despot. The painting “Louis XIV Receives the Ambassador Mehemet Reza-Bey” shows how after the death of Louis XIV the crown distanced itself from these negative connotations raised by an association with Persia.
The Impact of Identity and Culturally Responsive School Leadership: Leaders of Schools and Programs for the Deaf
Authors: O’Brien Catherine A.
Published: November 2019

This chapter explores the relationship between culturally responsive school leadership and school culture in schools for the deaf. The author demonstrates how Deaf culture, identity, and culturally responsive school leadership intertwine and influence each other. This chapter reports on observations of and interviews with leaders in six schools for the deaf in the United States. Many current school leaders serving Deaf children lack knowledge and understanding of Deaf culture and Deaf identity. Culturally responsive leaders in the schools for the deaf that were studied were almost all part of Deaf culture. If school leaders are to better meet the needs deaf students’ education and identity development, they must recognize the students’ cultures and identities. The author makes a plea for better equipping potential principals and other leaders of schools for the deaf.
Identity Positioning and Languaging in Deaf-Hearing Worlds: Some Insights From Studies of Segregated and Mainstream Educational Settings
Authors: Bagga-Gupta Sangeeta
Published: November 2019

In this chapter, the author, a hearing multidisciplinary scholar, uses her expertise in spoken, signed, and written languages to explore the relationships between language issues and the development of deaf identities. The research that she presents illustrates the ways in which various communication forms including spoken, signed, and written languages can shape the meaning of deaf identities. The focus is on what transpires in segregated and mainstream Swedish classrooms in terms of communication patterns and how the language variety and modality is used to influence the identity positioning of not only deaf students but also the adults who interact with them. A narrow focus on language use can lead to a homogeneous language-learner identity position. In contrast, a broader focus on language use can facilitate a heterogeneous fluid language-learning position where many ways of being deaf is facilitated.
Intersectionality—Beyond the Individual: A Look Into Cultural Identity Development of Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Children of Multicultural “Hearing” Families
Authors: Wu Cheryl L. , Grant Nancy C.
Published: November 2019

This chapter by a hard-of-hearing psychologist and a hearing social worker focuses on intersectionality as it manifests in multicultural issues arising from the multiple complex social identities of deaf children and youth whose families are hearing and from racially, ethnically, linguistically, and culturally diverse backgrounds. The authors affirm that intersectionality is not just about dealing with how separate parts of an individual develop. Rather, there is an interactive component in terms of how these separate parts engage each other and the sociopolitical environments that influence them. The child needs to identify and negotiate his or her “diversity within” and then express that complex multicultural identity with clarity and confidence appropriately in different environments. The authors expand on these perspectives and processes using examples to bring issues to life. Finally, they propose an institute to continue the research and create concrete strategies for many situations.
Distributions, Relations, and Justifications
Authors: Hiebaum Christian
Published: November 2019

In political philosophy, it has become common to distinguish two paradigms of egalitarian thought: distributive and social egalitarianism. While the former focuses on who should get how much of what, the latter conceives of equality as a certain relationship between the members of society. This chapter first provides a rough reconstruction of those two paradigms and their respective strengths and weaknesses. It then offers some doubts about Rainer Forst’s discourse-ethical version of the social- egalitarian approach to justice. Finally, it draws an egalitarian picture of justice with the notion of rights at its center that blends the focuses on distributions, relations, and justifications.
Noumenal Power, Reasons, and Justification
Authors: Bajaj Sameer , Rossi Enzo
Published: November 2019

This chapter addresses the connection between the right to justification and power. It reconstructs Forst’s noumenal understanding of power by analyzing his argumentative steps from the recognition of reasons by subjects of power to the thesis that this recognition requires justification and, ultimately, to the conclusion that power requires justification. It then challenges different aspects of this account related to a conceptual link and a normative link between power and justification. As far as the conceptual link is concerned, the chapter critically explores Forst’s various premises in order to challenge his conclusion that power requires justification. This critical exploration raises doubts about Forst’s starting point that to be a subject of power is to be moved by reasons.
Work with Human Nature
Authors: and Hill
Published: November 2019

Human beings are not psychologically well-equipped to prepare for the impacts of climate change. We are not good at dealing with dangers we have trouble picturing in our minds, and we often succumb to excessive optimism. Human beings are also reluctant to pay short-term costs that are certain in exchange for future, uncertain benefits. Given the enormity of the climate resilience challenge, this chapter outlines how citizens are at risk of feeling overwhelmed and therefore paralyzed by the scope of the problem. If we are going to build resilience to climate change successfully, it argues, we are going to have to work around these cognitive limitations. Human nature is hard, if not impossible to change, so it is best to deploy a variety of approaches and “nudges” that work with human nature, not against it.
Reconceive National Security
Authors: and Hill
Published: November 2019

This chapter focuses on climate change as a global disrupter of military might and social order. The connection between climate change and national security may appear tenuous to some, but climate change threatens to drastically reshape the security environment, reshuffle geopolitics, and upend some traditional assumptions about what it means to prepare for and win wars. The national security establishment in the United States and other countries will need to reconceive national security. Climate change can create new power vacuums where bad actors can take root, threaten power bases previously thought to be invulnerable, and intensify resource competition among countries. To prepare, the US government needs a framework to ensure that national security plans, policies, and strategies account for the accelerating impacts of climate change.
Getting There
Authors: Halperin Ehud
Published: November 2019

This chapter provides a broad historical, cultural, and sociopolitical background on the goddess Haḍimbā, her community, and the region. It begins by describing a typical bus journey from Delhi to Manali, which introduces the reader to the area experientially and reproduces the point of view of visiting tourists and scholars alike. This is followed by a description of the “devtā system,” the indigenous religious tradition of this area, which is known as the Land of the Gods (Dev Bhūmi). There is an overview of the available sources for our knowledge about the Kullu Valley’s past and a brief history of its ruling dynasty. The chapter ends with a description of the recent introduction of modernity, capitalism, and tourism to the region and of how these have affected the local economy, sociopolitics, and religion, as well as the goddess Haḍimbā and her cult.
Conclusion
Authors: Halperin Ehud
Published: November 2019

The conclusion provides brief remarks about Haḍimbā emerging from the book as a whole. It offers several final insights about the goddess and her associations with her people and argues that Haḍimbā provides her followers with a model for living, acting, interpreting, and engaging in the world. In a broad sense, Haḍimbā is revealed in this study as a ritual and conceptual compound that serves as an index of, a platform for, and an agent in her community. Methodologically, by allowing the inconsistent and often internally conflicting character of Haḍimbā to surface, it becomes clear that it is exactly this trait that makes her potent, relevant, long-lasting, and attractive. The conclusion thus outlines what the case of Haḍimbā teaches us about Hinduism, India, and religion more broadly.
Assessing LOAC Compliance and Discourse as New Technologies Emerge
Authors: Blank Laurie R.
Published: November 2019

This chapter explores the consequences for effective discourse about the Law of Armed Conflict (LOAC) compliance of new technologies that intentionally or effectively mask the effects of an attack, the location or identify of the attackers, or even the very existence of an attack during armed conflict. The emergence of new weapons technologies that hinder or eliminate our ability to see the effects of attacks, to make the necessary connections between cause and effect, or to even identify the existence of an attack, may well erode the current trend towards the use of effects-driven, outcome-based analysis, which, although incorrect as a matter of law, nonetheless has captured attention. Examining how legal compliance can or would be assessed in such situations of new technologies is therefore useful to help enhance both implementation and analysis of the law. The chapter first frames the problem that new technologies may pose for assessing LOAC compliance, highlighting what may be, in essence, a new “effects problem.” These problems include situations where the effects of an attack are unclear or cannot be seen at all, where the connection between the weapon or attacker and the effects cannot be identified, and where a harm may occur but it is unclear or impossible to tell that there was an attack. The chapter then addresses the consequences of this potential new “effects problem,” examining the challenges of legal analysis in the absence of externally identifiable information about what happened, who suffered what effects, or who launched what type of weapon or attack. In addition, the chapter seeks to identify pressure points for LOAC analysis in the context of new technologies that place stressors on the traditional tools and touchstones of legal analysis.
The Other Side of Autonomous Weapons
Authors: Margulies Peter
Published: November 2019

The role of autonomy and artificial intelligence (AI) in armed conflict has sparked heated debate. The resulting controversy has obscured the benefits of autonomy and AI for compliance with international humanitarian law (IHL). Compliance with IHL often hinges on situational awareness: information about a possible target's behavior, nearby protected persons and objects, and conditions that might compromise the planner's own perception or judgment. This chapter argues that AI can assist in developing situational awareness technology (SAT) that will make target selection and collateral damage estimation more accurate, thereby reducing harm to civilians. SAT complements familiar precautionary measures such as taking additional time and consulting with more senior officers. These familiar precautions are subject to three limiting factors: contingency, imperfect information, and confirmation bias. This chapter breaks down SAT into three roles. Gatekeeper SAT ensures that operators have the information they need. In each of the three contexts, SAT can help fulfill IHL's mandate of “constant care” in the avoidance of harm to civilian persons and objects.
Invisible Soldiers
Authors: Sultana Sephora , Nasu Hitoshi
Published: November 2019

The idea of invisibility has long tantalized the human imagination. Once considered fantastical, recent advances have edged technology closer to the possibility of invisibility. On the battlefield, invisibility technology could be used to cloak soldiers and military equipment without restraining the mobility or manoeuvrability of troops and equipment. These developments necessitate a consideration of how the Law of Armed Conflict should be interpreted and applied to the use of invisibility technology in warfare. In particular, invisibility raises questions concerning how to determine when the use of invisibility technology has crossed from lawful ruse to prohibited act of perfidy. This chapter explores how the use of invisibility to conceal the causal connection between an act of perfidy and an attack may fall within a grey area of the law.
Attack Decision-Making
Authors: Corn Geoffrey S.
Published: November 2019

Proportionality is one of the most important civilian protection rules in the Law of Armed Conflict (LOAC). In an era when combat almost always occurs in areas with substantial civilian populations, the proportionality rule is critical to protecting civilians and civilian property from the incidental and collateral consequences of attacks directed at otherwise lawful targets. The proportionality rule, however, prohibits attacks against otherwise lawful military objectives only when the attacker anticipates that civilian casualties or destruction to civilian property will be excessive in relation to the concrete and direct military advantage anticipated from the attack. Application of the proportionality rule has triggered ongoing debates over the meaning of its constituent terms: What is a military advantage? How is military advantage to be valued? What qualifies as a concrete and direct advantage? When does the knowing infliction of civilian harm qualify as excessive? Considering criminal accountability adds another layer of complexity: What is the proper standard of assessing criminal responsibility based on a violation of this obligation? This chapter explores the relationship between the duty of obedience and the implementation of the proportionality obligation at the tactical level. Given that deliberate attack planning and dynamic targeting arise in different operational contexts, each requires a different implementation focus.
The Monster Function
Authors: Hart Adam Charles
Published: November 2019

Chapter 5 begins the second part of the book, “Scary Monsters (and Super Creeps).” Whereas the first part focused on the sensational address and direct stimulation of the horror viewer, gamer, and browser, the second half focuses on monsters. This chapter argues for understanding monsters as figures that embody and limit anxieties, and which therefore offer reassuring locations onto which those anxieties can be placed. This argument places the monster-centric “philosophy of horror” of Noel Carroll in dialogue with the explicitly unembodied theory of abjection of Julia Kristeva to understand the importance of this embodiment and limitation to traditional horror: horror is a vehicle for working through anxieties that otherwise are not, or cannot, be articulated. The chapter first establishes the extent to which monstrosity is an essentially formal category—decided by stylistic presentation as much as by biological make-up. It then performs close readings of three recent works that engage with this tradition of monstrous forms to minimize visualization and embodiment and, therefore, the monster function: It Follows (2014), the Paranormal Activity series of films (2007–2015), and the game Amnesia: The Dark Descent (2010).
Monsters, and the Viewers Who Love Them
Authors: Hart Adam Charles
Published: November 2019

This chapter focuses on horror that prioritizes narrative over sensation to work through why the themes of horror hold fascination for viewers and gamers when not paired with visceral affective goals. The chapter theorizes this mode as “integrated horror”—works that incorporate horror tropes into existing narrative forms and structures—with recent television at the forefront of this trend. Integrated horror allows for exploration of, and familiarization with, monsters and monstrosity, of death and abjection. This mode allows viewers and gamers to conceive of and, in some sense, work through, the inconceivable fears that define horror. This chapter discusses the uses of monsters and why we embrace them over the course of the dozens or hundreds of hours that make up a television show like The Walking Dead (2010–) and American Horror Story (2011–).
Epilogue
Authors: Hart Adam Charles
Published: November 2019

The epilogue takes stock of the current genre by continuing the look at Get Out and The Shape of Water and fellow 2017 horror film blockbuster It. Focusing on the emblematic images of each film’s marketing campaign, the epilogue analyses the different valences and emphases of each: on the visceral provocations of the sensational address (It), on the depiction and exploration of fear and abjection (Get Out), and on the appeal of monsters and monstrosity (The Shape of Water). This allows for the epilogue to chart out the primary forms of horror in a contemporary genre that has been shaped in equal parts by film, television, and video games, with increasing contributions from new media and internet-based forms. The book has focused on convergence of the genre across mediums, and it closes with a suggestion that the future of the genre lies in a convergence of these forms. that, although the marketing for each of these films suggests an emphasis on sensation or a specific aspect of narrative, the films themselves suggest an increasing comfort with balance these different approaches that had once been thought of as mutually exclusive. In the digital era, new mediums increasingly balance direct, often sensational, aims with narrative depth, and so a medium like virtual reality may find horror to be an ideal model.
Sleep Among Children
Authors: Owens Judith , Ordway Monica
Published: November 2019

This chapter focuses on the developmental issues that impact sleep during infancy and childhood and link to adult sleep. For example, it examines differences in sleep across childhood as well as the relationship of pediatric and adult sleep health and specific issues such as mother–child bedsharing. The chapter discusses the social determinants of sleep for children—for example, increasing screen time and social media involvement, impact of bedtime routines, the mismatch of school hours to the biology of sleep in teenagers (e.g., highlighting that a reason that high schools start at 8 am in the United States is so that parents can drop them off before they take off on their long commutes to work).
Sleep Health Among Sexual and Gender Minorities
Authors: Millar Brett M. , Goedel William C. , Duncan Dustin T.
Published: November 2019

This chapter focuses on the emerging area of sleep disparities among sexual and gender minorities, including lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) individuals, as compared to heterosexual and cisgender individuals. It overviews empirical evidence on sexual orientation and gender minority disparities in sleep health, including using data from nationally representative data sets. Factors influencing the sleep of sexual and gender minorities include stress and mental health, social relationships, substance use, HIV, further considerations for transgender individuals, financial hardship, and social and policy issues. Given that this area is nascent, this chapter provides future directions for sleep research and interventions among LGBT populations.
Exposure to Discrimination and Sleep
Authors: Lewis, PhD Tené T. , McKinnon Izraelle I.
Published: November 2019

This chapter focuses on how discrimination can impact sleep health, with an emphasis on stress as a mediator in the relationship. Given that the vast majority of sleep research on discrimination focuses on racial discrimination, this type of discrimination is the focus of the chapter. Measurement of discrimination is a strong focus of the chapter as well as mechanisms linking discrimination to sleep health, including psychosocial stress. The chapter begins by highlighting discrimination as an important social determinant in the lives of racial/ethnic minority groups in the United States, followed by key findings linking experiences of discrimination to both self-reported and objective indices of sleep and important measurement issues relevant to the study of discrimination and sleep. How studies of discrimination and sleep have contributed to the understanding of racial/ethnic disparities in sleep is also considered. The chapter closes by discussing critical gaps in knowledge and potential directions for future research.
Family Relationships in the Context of Sleep
Authors: Lee Tracy, PhD Eunjin , Troxel Wendy M.
Published: November 2019

This chapter advances research of sleep by emphasizing the family context to understand sleep. The first part of the chapter focuses on the role of family relationships in sleep, particularly focusing on marital relationships and parent–child relationships. Second, this chapter highlights the importance of the role of family contextual factors on the family’s sleep, including sociodemographic factors, structural conditions, chronic illness, and the transition to parenthood and early parenthood. This chapter concludes with useful methods for studying family processes and sleep and potential interventions for families with sleep problems.
Bidirectional Relationships Between Work and Sleep
Authors: Jackson Chandra L. , Lee Soomi , Crain Tori L. , Buxton, PhD Orfeu M.
Published: November 2019

This chapter focuses on how work and work experiences such as occupational demands, job autonomy, job stress, work hours, and work-related discrimination influence sleep across populations. A model of sleep and work is offered that accounts for the role of social factors. Empirical evidence demonstrates how these work factors such as occupational demands, autonomy, work schedules, long work hours, selection or placement into labor market sectors, work stress, social support at work, and work-related discrimination impact sleep health. Epidemiological evidence is further provided for sleep health disparities in the work–sleep relationship by race/ethnicity and immigration status.
Connecting Neighborhoods and Sleep Health
Authors: Johnson Dayna A. , Al-Ajlouni Yazan A. , Duncan, ScD Dustin T.
Published: November 2019

This chapter is a meta-commentary on the field of neighborhood health research. Neighborhood research has hitherto focused on a variety of health behaviors and outcomes—such as diet, smoking, drinking, physical activity—but not so much sleep. This chapter focuses on the neighborhood social and physical context (e.g., neighborhood safety, neighborhood stigma, neighborhood noise, neighborhood light, and neighborhood crowding) and how it can impact sleep health and sleep disorders across populations and geographies. In addition to discussing a range of neighborhood exposures, the chapter discusses the designs of studies as well general methodological issues in the neighborhood health field. The chapter also provides a discussion of neighborhood-level interventions that can be utilized in the sleep field. Lastly, this chapter highlights the advancement of neighborhood research extending to sleep health.
Information Hunters
Authors: Peiss Kathy
Published: November 2019

Information Hunters examines the unprecedented American effort to acquire foreign publications and information in World War II Europe. An unlikely band of librarians, scholars, soldiers, and spies went to Europe to collect books and documents to aid the Allies’ cause. They traveled to neutral cities to find enemy publications for intelligence analysis and followed advancing armies to capture records in a massive program of confiscation. After the war, they seized Nazi works from bookstores and schools and gathered countless looted Jewish books. Improvising library techniques in wartime conditions, they contributed to Allied intelligence, preserved endangered books, engaged in restitution, and participated in the denazification of book collections. Information Hunters explores what collecting meant to the men and women who embarked on these missions and how the challenges of a total war led to an intense focus on books and documents. It uncovers the worlds of collecting, in spy-ridden Stockholm and Lisbon, in liberated Paris and devastated Berlin, and in German caves and mineshafts. The wartime collecting missions had lasting effects. They intensified the relationship between libraries and academic institutions, on the one hand, and the government and military, on the other. Book and document acquisition became part of the apparatus of national security, military planning, and postwar reconstruction. These efforts also spurred the development of information science and boosted research libraries’ ambitions to be great national repositories for research and the dissemination of knowledge that would support American global leadership, politically and intellectually.
Introduction
Authors: Peiss Kathy
Published: November 2019

World War II witnessed an unprecedent effort by American librarians, scholars, intelligence agents, and the military to acquire foreign publications and information. In a total war, the book world became a terrain of battle. Fighting the enemy required the mobilization of knowledge, including the open-source intelligence gleaned in publications. It involved ideological confrontations between freedom and fascism that required the elimination of Nazi literature. And it prompted new attention to the preservation of culture and, as the scale of Nazi pillaging became clear, the restitution of looted books. Wartime mobilization encouraged librarians and scholars to put their professional expertise to these efforts. Some of those involved were public figures, but most were ordinary individuals, predominantly men, from a range of backgrounds, who came together in the unique conditions of the war.
The Country of the Mind Must Also Attack
Authors: Peiss Kathy
Published: November 2019

With war imminent, Librarian of Congress Archibald MacLeish and William “Wild Bill” Donovan, soon to be head of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), forged a new relationship between libraries and America’s nascent intelligence service. Their urgent call for foreign information was a response to the international crisis, but it was also a culmination of larger changes in American libraries, academia, and cultural institutions. A new sense of purpose had arisen in the interwar years, characterized by national ambition and internationalist commitment. New ideas about organizing and accessing information challenged the traditional book. The Nazi attack on knowledge and culture intensified concerns about preserving, reproducing, and accessing materials. These developments would be yoked to an emergent intelligence apparatus and commitment to open-source collecting as a way to know the enemy. With the outbreak of war, MacLeish and Donovan devised a plan to send American librarians abroad to acquire foreign publications.
Ressourcement and Aggiornamento in the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Blanchard Shaun
Published: November 2019

This chapter argues that the roots of Vatican II must be pushed back into the eighteenth century in order to fully understand the council. It profiles the existence and achievements of the “Catholic Enlightenment,” a now well-established phenomenon that spanned the entire European Catholic world, and argues that it was an attempt at aggiornamento. A variety of eighteenth-century movements, many of them later condemned or marginalized by the Church’s official magisterium, are then profiled, including Gallicanism, Richerism, Febronianism, and Josephinism. The chapter then examines a complex and misunderstood reform movement, Jansenism, which especially shaped Scipione de’ Ricci and the Pistoian circle. Finally, it examines a loose “Third Party” of moderate Catholic reformers (who were neither Jansenists nor traditionalist zelanti), focusing on Lodovico Muratori. The chapter shows that both radical Jansenists and moderate “Third Party” Catholics attempted ressourcement, especially in advocating liturgical and devotional reform and encouraging Bible reading.
Radical Reform in Tuscany
Authors: Blanchard Shaun
Published: November 2019

This chapter examines the early life, education, and theological foundations of Scipione de’ Ricci (1741–1810) up to the eve of the Synod of Pistoia, in 1786. It explains the reformist milieu Ricci experienced as a young student in Rome and in his early career in Florence. The importance of the late eighteenth-century convergence of Habsburg Erastian reform, international Jansenism with its focal point in Utrecht, philo-Jansenism and anti-Jesuitism in Italy, and the legacy of Muratori is profiled. Then, the reform agenda Ricci sought to implement as the bishop of Pistoia-Prato (1780–91) is described: an anti-ultramontane and synodal ecclesiology (buttressed by Erastianism and, particularly, Grand Duke Peter Leopold’s fifty-seven Punti ecclesiastici), the importance of Ricci’s international (especially Francophone) Jansenist contacts, his propaganda campaign, and the Riccian drive to reform the liturgy and devotional life in his diocese, including an encouragement of vernacular Bible reading.
Introduction
Authors: Higgins E. Tory
Published: November 2019

What makes us human? Why do humans deal with the world in the ways that we do? The usual answer is that it is our intelligence. When it comes to intelligence, we believe we are special. When it comes to motivation, we believe we are basically the same as other animals. But human motivation is also special. This book describes why human motivation is special and how it makes us who we are. Humans want to experience that their feelings, beliefs, and concerns are shared by others. They want to experience that what matters to them about the world—what objects, events, and issues are worthy of attention—also matters to other people. And what humans share with others is what they experience to be real. It is a shared reality. Our shared reality motivation defines who we are. It is the best of us and the worst of us. On the one hand, our shared realities connect us to close others, create common interests, and make life meaningful. They become the truth about what to feel and what to believe. On the other hand, because of this, we distrust, and even fear, the members of any other group who have different shared realities. For better and worse, our shared realities profoundly affect our everyday lives: how we feel, what we know, our attitudes and opinions, our sense of self, what we strive for and how we strive, and how we get along with others.
Sharing Is Believing
Authors: Higgins E. Tory
Published: November 2019

We all know that “seeing is believing.” Only physical evidence is truly convincing to us. But consider the following. When constructing a message for their audience, communicators tailor the information they have about something, like another person’s behaviors, so that their message matches the attitude of their audience toward that target person—message tuning. They produce more positive descriptions of the target’s behaviors for an audience who likes the target and more negative descriptions of the same target behaviors for an audience who dislikes the target. But here’s the thing: Their own subsequent memory of the target’s behaviors does not match the behaviors that they saw but, instead, matches what they said about the behaviors. Rather than “seeing is believing,” it is “saying is believing.” But that’s not all. This “saying-is-believing” effect depends on the goal of the message tuning. If the message is tuned toward the audience’s attitude to obtain a favor from the audience or some other ulterior motive, then the “saying-is-believing” effect is eliminated. The goal of the message tuning needs to be to create a shared reality with the audience. Rather than “saying is believing,” it is “sharing is believing.” Sharing is believing strengthens our connections and enhances our trust with in-group members. But, by building separate “bubbles” of in-group communication, it can also create distrust and conflicts with out-group members. Moreover, although people experience their shared beliefs as being the objective truth, they can be distortions like those in the tuned messages and subsequent memory.
Childhood Development of Shared Reality
Authors: Higgins E. Tory
Published: November 2019

The changes in shared reality that happen while human children develop are fascinating. Beginning in infancy, children pass through different phases of development when new modes of sharing reality emerge that change how they relate to others around them. Each new shared reality mode changes the lives of children, as well as those lucky enough to be with them when it happens. This chapter describes the first two phases that emerge: shared feelings and shared practices. Infants as young as six months will see something that interests them and then try to share that interest by having their caretaker also pay attention to it. Together, they share that this is something that is worthy of their attention: shared relevance. Infants will also check their caretaker’s emotional reaction to something to learn how they should feel about it. Is this something to approach or avoid? The next phase that emerges is shared practices. Toddlers create shared realities with their caretakers about how to carry out different activities: This is how we do it. These shared practices and routines include not only how to dress, eat, and go to the toilet but also what name to use when referring to a particular category (e.g., “dog” for the four-legged barking animal if you speak English). During this “naming period,” children actively work to share reality by asking others to tell them the names of things. Sharing practices connects children to their community. But it begins negative reactions to out-groups who share different practices.
Childhood Development of Shared Reality
Authors: Higgins E. Tory
Published: November 2019

Something almost magical happens to children three to five years of age, even years before they begin school. They recognize that their significant others, such as mommy and daddy, have expectations and aspirations about who they should be and want them to be—not just now but in the future. These are goals and standards that the significant others have for their child—guidelines for their child. And the good news for the caretakers is that the children typically accept these guidelines as their own goals and standards: They become shared self-guides. These shared self-guides become the basis of the child’s self-regulation and are followed without the need for surveillance. This is the upside. The downside is that children suffer when they fail to meet the shared self-guides—human vulnerability to emotional problems. The next phase of shared reality emerges when schooling begins. It is no longer enough to follow the guidelines of your significant others for you as an individual. You must now embrace roles that transcend you as an individual (i.e., apply to everyone in that role) and must be coordinated with other roles within a system of roles—shared coordinated roles. You cannot just pay attention to what you do. You must keep in mind what others are doing and coordinate with them—but in your role with their role and not person to person. This is necessary for cultural organizations to work, but it undermines feeling special and unique. It is the end of childhood.
Rotoscoping
Authors: Pierson Ryan
Published: November 2019

This chapter examines the use of the tracing of lines over live-action footage, or rotoscoping, in animation practice. In particular, the chapter makes a distinction between rotoscoping by outline, in which the animator traces over the boundaries of an actor’s body at every frame, and rotoscoping by through-line, wherein the animator draws according to lines of force that underlie an actor’s movements. In rotoscoping by through-line, used at Disney, the drawn line seems part of the footage beneath it. In rotoscoping by outline, used by Ralph Bakshi and the Fleischer studio, the line seems partially independent of the footage; this, the chapter argues, is where the oft-noted unsettling quality of some rotoscoping comes from. The chapter then examines a use of rotoscoping by outline in Mary Beams’s film Going Home Sketchbook (1975), which paradoxically has none of this unsettling quality. By having a line snake freely over light values around live-action figures, the film exhibits an intimate, even loving, attachment to its footage.
Spanish República and Inca Tyranny
Authors: Penry S. Elizabeth
Published: November 2019

For Spaniards civilization was only possible in a república, a self-governing town that was both urbs, the built environment, and, more importantly, civitas, the people and their social bonds. Theologians taught that God had granted sovereignty collectively to the people, who in turn loaned it to the king. But if he proved to be a tyrant, the people could revoke their sovereignty and overthrow the king. This political ideology underwrote both the 1521 Comunero Revolution in Spain and provided justification for overthrow of the Incas: if a people were so oppressed by a tyrant that they could not act, another power could intervene and overthrow the tyrant. Understood this way, Spaniards rescued Andeans from Inca tyrants. In order to civilize Andeans and convert them to Christianity, Viceroy Toledo began a process of undercutting encomenderos’ control of Andean labor and resettled Andeans into planned towns, modeled on the Spanish república.
Comunero Politics and the King’s Justice
Authors: Penry S. Elizabeth
Published: November 2019

In 1774, a mob of commoner Andeans in one town in the viceroyalty of Peru attacked and killed their cacique, claiming that no person could be held responsible because the común, the community of commoners, had done it. The political theory was simple: if the cacique is good, he should be obeyed, but if he is a tyrant, if he does not serve justice, the people of the community have a right to overthrow him. A synthesis of pre-Columbian practices, religious teachings, and Spanish political philosophy, it was taught by officers in the cabildo and cofradías of the town. Also known as the rey común, Andeans defined it as “the ayllus together.” In testimony and written petitions, comuneros defended their right to overthrow their cacique, while professing loyalty to the Crown by paying tribute and serving mita. This idea of commoner self-government spread to other indigenous towns.