bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of insecticide mixtures against larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus (Say) (Diptera: Culicidae) resistant to pyrethroids and carbamates
Authors: Corbel Vincent , Raymond Michel , Chandre Fabrice , Darriet Frédéric , Hougard Jean‐Marc
Published: March 2004

The efficacy of insecticide mixtures of permethrin (pyrethroid) and propoxur (carbamate) was tested by larval bioassays on two strains of Culex quinquefasciatus (Say), one resistant to pyrethroids and the other resistant to carbamates. The method consisted in combining one insecticide at the highest concentration causing no mortality (LC0) with increasing concentrations of the second one. The concentration–mortality regression lines were determined for permethrin and propoxur alone and in combination, and synergism ratios (SR) were calculated in order to determine the magnitude of an increase or decrease in efficacy with use of the mixtures. With the pyrethroid‐resistant strain (BK‐PER), the results showed that propoxur at LC0 significantly enhanced the insecticidal activity of permethrin (SR50 = 1.54), especially on the upper range of the concentration–mortality regression. Conversely, when permethrin at LC0 was tested with propoxur against the carbamate resistant strain (R‐LAB), an antagonistic effect was observed (SR50 = 0.67). With the BK‐PER strain, an increased oxidative detoxification (MFO) appeared to be the main mechanism responsible for the synergistic interaction. Nevertheless, antagonism in the R‐LAB strain is probably due to a physiological perturbation implying different target sites for pyrethroid (ie sodium channel) and carbamate insecticides [ie acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.3.3.7) and choline acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.6)]. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Effects of sub‐lethal and lethal doses of lambda‐cyhalothrin on oviposition experience and host‐searching behaviour of a parasitic wasp, Aphidius ervi
Authors: Desneux Nicolas , Pham‐Delègue Minh‐Hà , Kaiser Laure
Published: March 2004

In many parasitoid species, the recognition of chemical signals is essential to find specific hosts. This function is often impaired by exposure to insecticides that are usually neurotoxic. The behaviour of the Hymenopterous parasitoid Aphidius ervi (Haliday) (Hymenoptera:Aphidiinae) after surviving low doses of the pyrethroid lambda‐cyhalothrin was examined in laboratory conditions. The host aphid was Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Homoptera:Aphididae) on oilseed rape. Parasitoid females were exposed by contact with dry residues of the active ingredient at a lethal dose, LD20, and a sub‐lethal dose, LD0.1. In a four‐armed olfactometer, untreated and inexperienced females were attracted by the odour of M persicae‐infested plants and previous oviposition experience increased the duration of the attraction response. The response of inexperienced females decreased after an exposure to LD0.1 but not to LD20. No effect was observed when females had an oviposition experience prior to the olfactometer test. The oviposition activity was significantly decreased in the LD20‐treated group but not in the LD0.1‐treated one. All effects disappeared within 24 h. Our work shows that orientation and oviposition behaviours may be impaired by low doses of lambda‐cyhalothrin, depending on the dose, the parasitoid experience and the type of behaviour. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Paraquat and sustainable agriculture
Authors: Bromilow Richard H
Published: March 2004

Sustainable agriculture is essential for man's survival, especially given our rapidly increasing population. Expansion of agriculture into remaining areas of natural vegetation is undesirable, as this would reduce biodiversity on the planet. Maintaining or indeed improving crop yields on existing farmed land, whether on a smallholder scale or on larger farms, is thus necessary. One of the limiting factors is often weed control; biological control of weeds is generally of limited use and mechanical control is either often difficult with machinery or very laborious by hand. Thus the use of herbicides has become very important. Minimum cultivation can also be important, as it reduces the power required to work the soil, limits erosion and helps to maintain the organic matter content of the soil. This last aspect helps preserve both the structure of soil and its populations of organisms, and also sustains the Earth's soil as a massive sink for carbon, an important consideration in the light of global warming. The introduction of the bipyridinium herbicide paraquat in the early 1960s greatly facilitated weed control in many crops. Paraquat has the unusual property of being active only by direct spray onto plants and not by uptake from soil in which strong binding deactivates it. Together with its rapid action in light in killing green plant tissue, such properties allow paraquat to be used in many crops, including those grown by low‐tillage methods. This paper reviews the ways in which agricultural systems have been and are being developed to make use of these properties, and provides a risk/benefit analysis of the world‐wide use of paraquat over nearly 40 years. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Diffusion and emissions of 1,3‐dichloropropene in Florida sandy soil in microplots affected by soil moisture, organic matter, and plastic film
Authors: Thomas John E , Allen L Hartwell , McCormack Leslie A , Vu Joseph C , Dickson Donald W , Ou Li‐Tse
Published: March 2004

The main objective of this study was to determine the influence of soil moisture, organic matter amendment and plastic cover (a virtually impermeable film, VIF) on diffusion and emissions of (Z)‐ and (E)‐1,3‐dichloropropene (1,3‐D) in microplots of Florida sandy soil (Arredondo fine sand). Upward diffusion of the two isomers in the Arredondo soil without a plastic cover was greatly influenced by soil‐water content and (Z)‐1,3‐D diffused faster than (E)‐1,3‐D. In less than 5 h after 1,3‐D injection to 30 cm depth, (Z)‐ and (E)‐1,3‐D in air dry soil had diffused to a 10 cm depth, whereas diffusion for the two isomers was negligible in near‐water‐saturated soil, even 101 h after injection. The diffusion rate of (Z)‐ and (E)‐1,3‐D in near‐field‐capacity soil was between the rates in the two water regimes. Yard waste compost (YWC) amendment greatly reduced diffusion of (Z)‐ and (E)‐1,3‐D, even in air‐dry soil. Although upward diffusion of (Z)‐ and (E)‐1,3‐D in soil with VIF cover was slightly less than in the corresponding bare soil; the cover promoted retention of vapors of the two isomers in soil pore air in the shallow subsurface. More (Z)‐1,3‐D vapor was found initially in soil pore air than (E)‐1,3‐D although the difference declined thereafter. As a result of rapid upward movement in air‐dry bare soil, (Z)‐ and (E)‐1,3‐D were rapidly volatilized into the atmosphere, but emissions from the near‐water‐saturated soil were minimal. Virtually impermeable film and YWC amendment retarded emissions. This study indicated that adequate soil water in this sandy soil is needed to prevent rapid emissions, but excess soil water slows diffusion of (Z)‐ and (E)‐1,3‐D. Thus, management for optimum water in soil is critical for pesticidal efficacy and the environment. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
A mini‐bag technique for evaluation of fungicide effects on Trichoderma spp in mushroom compost
Authors: Abosriwil Salem O , Clancy Kevin J
Published: March 2004

An in vivo technique was developed to observe colonisation of mushroom compost by Trichoderma spp. Isolates of T harzianum (Th2), T harzianum (Th1), T koningii (Tk) and T viride (Tv) were artificially introduced into compost using a mini‐bag system. Wheat grains, colonised by Trichoderma spp, were placed centrally on a layer of compost at the bottom of 1‐litre polythene bags which were then filled with 350 g of spawned or un‐spawned compost, and partially sealed. After 14 and 21 days incubation at 27 °C, the bags were assessed for recovery of Trichoderma from middle and top zones using a needle stab re‐isolation technique and a visual colonisation scoring system. Visible green mould contamination, similar to that observed in practice, developed within 21 days. The visual colonisation scoring was reliably related to the re‐isolation success. In this evaluation, Trichoderma spp showed considerable differences in their relative abilities to colonise spawned and un‐spawned compost, with Th2 isolates being consistently superior to the other isolates of Th1, Tk and Tv in colonising spawned compost. This technique was employed to evaluate the effects of fungicides on the colonisation of mushroom compost by three Trichoderma spp: Th2, Th1 and Tk, using 1‐litre and 5‐litre mini‐bag systems. Aqueous suspensions of benomyl, carbendazim, thiabendazole, prochloraz and prochloraz + carbendazim incorporated into the compost at 50 mg litre−1, or applied to spawn at 50 mg kg−1, reduced the colonisation by Trichoderma spp. Prochloraz and prochloraz + carbendazim were superior to benomyl, carbendazim or thiabendazole in reducing compost colonisation by Th2, Th1 and Tk, with Th2 being the most persistent type, capable of colonising treated compost in the presence of all five fungicides. The prochloraz + carbendazim mixture, not normally used in mushroom production, was equal to or better than prochloraz alone. The incidence of green mould colonisation by Th2 was as extensive in the 5‐litre compost bags as in the 1‐litre bags, but colonisation by Th1 and Tk was more apparent in the 5‐litre bags.

The in vivo mini‐bag evaluations using wheat grain Trichoderma inoculum and needle stab re‐isolation procedures proved an efficient method for studying colonisation and screening for effectiveness of fungicides applied to mushroom compost or spawn. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis and structure–activity study of fungicidal anilinopyrimidines leading to mepanipyrim (KIF‐3535) as an anti‐Botrytis agent
Authors: Nagata Toshihiro , Masuda Katsumi , Maeno Shinichiro , Miura Ichiro
Published: March 2004

A series of 2‐anilinopyrimidines was prepared and their fungicidal activities against Botrytis cinerea Pers were examined. The activity fell sharply with any substitution on the anilinobenzene ring. Substitutions at the 5‐position of the pyrimidine ring greatly reduced the activity. Substituents such as chloro, methoxy, methylamino, methyl or 1‐propynyl were well tolerated at the 4‐ and 6‐positions of the pyrimidine ring. Among these substituents, the combination of methyl and 1‐propynyl groups was the most favourable. 2‐Anilino‐4‐methyl‐6‐(1‐propynyl)pyrimidine (KIF‐3535), which showed excellent activity and no significant phytotoxicity, was finally selected for development and has been given the common name mepanipyrim. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Simulation assessments of statistical aspects of bioequivalence in the pharmaceutical industry
Authors: Patterson Scott D. , Jones Byron
Published: March 2004

An Erratum has been published for this article in Pharmaceutical Statistics 2004; 3(3): 232

Since the early 1990s, average bioequivalence (ABE) has served as the international standard for demonstrating that two formulations of drug product will provide the same therapeutic benefit and safety profile. Population (PBE) and individual (IBE) bioequivalence have been the subject of intense international debate since methods for their assessment were proposed in the late 1980s. Guidance has been proposed by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the implementation of these techniques in the pioneer and generic pharmaceutical industries. Hitherto no consensus among regulators, academia and industry has been established on the use of the IBE and PBE metrics.

The need for more stringent bioequivalence criteria has not been demonstrated, and it is known that the PBE and IBE criteria proposed by the FDA are actually less stringent under certain conditions. The statistical properties of method of moments and restricted maximum likelihood modelling in replicate designs will be summarized, and the application of these techniques in the assessment of ABE, IBE and PBE will be considered based on a database of 51 replicate design studies and using simulation. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Type I error and power in trials with one interim futility analysis
Authors: Chang William H. , Chuang‐Stein Christy
Published: March 2004

Futility analysis reduces the opportunity to commit Type I error. For a superiority study testing a two‐sided hypothesis, an interim futility analysis can substantially reduce the overall Type I error while keeping the overall power relatively intact. In this paper, we quantify the extent of the reduction for both one‐sided and two‐sided futility analysis. We argue that, because of the reduction, we should be allowed to set the significance level for the final analysis at a level higher than the allowable Type I error rate for the study. We propose a method to find the significance level for the final analysis. We illustrate the proposed methodology and show that a design employing a futility analysis can reduce the sample size, and therefore reduce the exposure of patients to unnecessary risk and lower the cost of a clinical trial. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ge molecular beam epitaxy on Si(113): surface structures, nanowires and nanodots
Authors: Zhang Zhaohui , Sumitomo Koji , Omi Hiroo , Ogino Toshio , Zhu Xing
Published: March 2004

By performing epitaxial growth of Ge on Si(113) layer by layer, observed using scanning tunnelling microscopy, we show the Ge/Si(113) surface structure and island shape transition with an increase of Ge coverage and we discuss the transition in terms of epitaxial stress evolution and relaxation of the epitaxial morphologies. Nanofeatures of Ge epitaxial islands, such as nanowires and nanodots, are highlighted. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nanohardness and elastic modulus at the interface of TiCx/NiAl composites determined by the nanoindentation technique
Authors: Hua Wenshen , Wu Xingfang , Shen Dianhong , Lu Hua , Polak M.
Published: March 2004

The mechanical properties at the interfaces of TiCx/NiAl composites with four different C/Ti ratios fabricated by pressureless melt‐infiltration processing were investigated using the nanoindentation technique. We find that the nanohardness and the elastic modulus from the TiCx phase to the NiAl phase have a gradient distribution. Both the elastic modulus and nanohardness at the interface reached higher values at x = 0.75. The topography of the sample was analysed by scanning force microscopy. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and magnetic properties of ε‐cobalt nanoparticles
Authors: Yang H. T. , Su Y. K. , Shen C. M. , Yang T. Z. , Gao H. J.
Published: March 2004

Monodisperse cobalt nanoparticles are synthesized via a high‐temperature thermal decomposition method in the presence of oleic acid and triphenylphosphine. The as‐synthesized nanoparticles are stable against further deep oxidation when they are kept in heptane (C7H16). Time‐dependent XPS studies indicate that oxidation of the as‐synthesized cobalt nanoparticles in air is slow. The valence change of cobalt from the nanoparticle sample is not observed after it is kept in heptane under air for 90 days. The cobalt nanoparticles have a β‐manganese‐type structure (also called ε‐Co). Annealing the nanoparticles at 500°C under Ar (95%) + H2 (5%) converts these particles from ε‐Co to fcc‐Co. Two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional self‐assembled superlattices of the passivated cobalt nanoparticles are formed by slow evaporation of the carrier solvent. The magnetic properties of the cobalt nanoparticles in different forms are compared, which provides helpful information on the magnetostatic interaction of the nanoparticles. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantitative analysis of pyrolytic carbon films by polarized light microscopy
Authors: Pfrang A. , Schimmel Th.
Published: March 2004

The optical properties of differently textured pyrolytic carbon films were analysed quantitatively by polarized light microscopy. For the investigation of optically anisotropic and birefringent materials such as pyrolytic graphite by polarized light microscopy, the light intensity measured after the analyser was calculated in dependence of the relevant experimental parameters. These include the orientation of the optical axis of the sample relative to the polarization of the incoming light, the optical properties of the sample, such as the reflection coefficients for ordinary and extraordinary rays and their relative phase shift, and the angle of the analyser. From these calculations, the dependence of the extinction angle on the complex reflection coefficients of the sample material for ordinary and extraordinary rays and their relative phase shift were determined. The calculations are essential for a correct interpretation and a quantitative analysis of the results of polarized light microscopy on birefringent samples. For the case of polarized light microscopy on pyrolytic carbon films synthesized under different experimental conditions, we show good agreement of the experimental data with the corresponding calculations. From the fit of the experimental data, reflection coefficients and their relative phase shift were determined for differently textured pyrolytic carbon films. Extinction angles as high as 21° were measured for flat high‐textured films, demonstrating a high degree of orientation of the graphene layers. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Alcohol‐withdrawn animals have a prolonged increase in dopamine D2Highreceptors, reversed by general anesthesia: Relation to relapse?
Authors: Seeman Philip , Tallerico Teresa , Ko Françoise
Published: March 2004

The biochemical basis for alcohol addiction and relapse is not known. Although ethanol promotes the release of dopamine like other drugs of abuse, many unknown factors remain to be investigated concerning the biochemical abnormalities which persist after ethanol drinking and which contribute to alcohol relapse. Although ethanol withdrawal is associated with enhanced sensitivity to dopamine in animals and humans, only minor changes in the striatal density of dopamine D2 receptors have been found in humans, and animals show a small reduction in striatal D2 receptors. But how can dopamine‐related functions be increased in ethanol withdrawal in the face of an unchanged or reduced density of dopamine D2 receptors? Considering that ethanol sensitizes rats to amphetamine, and that the high‐affinity state of D2, or D2High, is markedly increased in striata from amphetamine‐sensitized rats, we measured the density of D2Highin striata from rats withdrawn from ethanol. These sites were elevated by 360% (7.2 pmol/g) for at least 8 days after stopping ethanol and returned to normal levels of 2 pmol/g after 2 weeks of ethanol withdrawal. In addition, 1 h of deep general anesthesia given 5 days into withdrawal resulted in a normal level of D2Highwithin 24 h. Because the D2Highstates are the functional form of D2, their elevated density in ethanol withdrawal may be related to ethanol relapse in humans. General anesthesia may alleviate aspects of alcohol or amphetamine abuse or psychosis associated with elevated D2High. Synapse 52:77–83, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular, chemical, and anatomical characterization of globus pallidus dopamine D2 receptor mRNA‐containing neurons
Authors: Hoover Brian R. , Marshall John F.
Published: March 2004

Essential for normal movement, the globus pallidus (GP) is a prominent nucleus whose neurons project to all other basal ganglia nuclei. The GP is composed of at least two distinct neuron populations. GP neurons of the rodent contain either the calcium‐binding protein parvalbumin (PV) or preproenkephalin (PPE) mRNA, differentially innervate several basal ganglia structures, and have distinct immediate early gene responses to dopamine agonists or antagonists. Recent research has revealed that dopamine directly influences GP neurons, with D2 receptors contributing to both pre‐ and postsynaptic effects of dopaminergic agents. The existence of D2 mRNA‐expressing (D2+) GP neurons has been established, but little is known concerning their numbers, regional distribution, or relationship to pallidal subpopulations identified on the basis of PV immunocytochemistry, PPE mRNA, or axonal targets. Detection of pallidal D2 mRNA with a 35S‐cRNA probe revealed that D2+ neurons are found throughout the GP, comprising approximately one‐half of pallidal neurons, but they are most dense within a dorsoventral band in lateral GP. While a substantial proportion (42–51%) of all chemically and anatomically labeled pallidal neuron subpopulations expressed D2 transcript, the D2+ neurons exhibited both population‐based and regional heterogeneities. Overall, the pallidostriatal cells had a greater density of D2 mRNA than did pallidosubthalamic cells. Also, compared to other pallidal regions, the ventromedial GP contained fewer D2+ cells, and the PPE mRNA‐expressing cells in this region had lower densities of D2 mRNA per neuron. These results reveal heterogeneous chemical and anatomical properties of the extensive population of D2+ GP neurons, a potential cellular substrate for dopamine's effects in pallidum. Synapse 52:100–113, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clozapine modulates midbrain dopamine neuron firing via interaction with the NMDA receptor complex
Authors: Schwieler Lilly , Engberg Göran , Erhardt Sophie
Published: March 2004

The mode of action by which the atypical antipsychotic drug clozapine exerts its superior efficacy to ameliorate both positive and negative symptoms is still relatively unknown. A recent study shows that a pharmacologically increased concentration of brain kynurenic acid, an endogenous antagonist at the glycine‐site of the NMDA receptor as well as at the α7* nicotinic receptor, reverses the excitatory effects of clozapine on ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine (DA) neurons into an inhibitory action. In the present in vivo electrophysiological study, we further investigated the mechanisms of action of clozapine on VTA DA neurons. In control rats intravenously administered clozapine (1.25–10 mg/kg) was associated with increased firing rate and burst firing activity of VTA DA neurons. However, administration of the N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA)‐receptor antagonist MK 801 blocked the excitatory action of clozapine. Moreover, in rats pretreated with the antagonist of the glycine‐site of the NMDA receptor, L‐701,324, the effects of clozapine on VTA DA neurons were converted to purely inhibitory responses, including a decrease in firing rate and burst firing activity. Pretreatment with the α7* nicotinic receptor antagonist MLA did not affect the excitatory action of clozapine on VTA DA neurons. The results of the present study suggest that clozapine interacts with the NMDA receptor complex. In this regard, clozapine could affect the glycine site of the NMDA receptor or tentatively inhibit the glycine transporter. The inhibitory action of clozapine on VTA DA neurons may account for its beneficial effects in ameliorating symptoms of schizophrenia and may suggest further studies to investigate a role of the glycine site of the NMDA receptor as a target for novel antipsychotics. Synapse 52:114–122, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of extracellular pH on the dynorphin A inhibition of N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes
Authors: Oz Murat , Woods Amina S. , Shippenberg Toni , Kaminski Rafal M.
Published: March 2004

Dynorphin A (Dyn A) (1–17), the postulated endogenous ligand for the κ‐opioid receptor, inhibits N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor‐mediated currents in neuronal preparations and in Xenopus oocytes expressing recombinant NMDA receptors. Although direct interactions of Dyn A with the NMDA receptor have been reported, the mechanisms mediating the inhibitory actions of Dyn A are unknown. Extracellular pH is a crucial factor regulating NMDA receptor function. To date, however, the influence of pH on the inhibitory actions of Dyn A has not been examined. In the present study we used voltage‐clamp recording techniques in Xenopus oocytes expressing recombinant NR1A/2A receptors to address this issue. We report that decreasing the pH of the external solution from 7.5 to 6.7 significantly enhances Dyn A inhibition of NMDA receptor‐mediated currents. On the contrary, increasing the pH of the external solution to 9.2 prevents the inhibitory action of Dyn A. The influence of external pH was independent of membrane potential and the potentiation of inhibition with decreasing pH was not associated with alterations in the charge of the Dyn A molecule. These findings demonstrate that Dyn A inhibition of the NMDA receptor current is pH‐dependent. They further suggest that the efficacy of neuronally released Dyn A in inhibiting NMDA receptor function may be increased in response to nerve injury and other conditions associated with decreased extracellular pH. Synapse 52:84–88, 2004. Published 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantitative validation of an intracerebral β‐sensitive microprobe system to determine in vivo drug‐induced receptor occupancy using [11C]raclopride in rats
Authors: Ginovart Nathalie , Sun Wenshan , Wilson Alan A. , Houle Sylvain , Kapur Shitij
Published: March 2004

In this study, we evaluated the potential of using a new β‐sensitive microprobe system for in vivo quantification of [11C]raclopride binding and for in vivo determination of drug‐induced receptor occupancy in the rat striatum. To validate this system, an ex vivo tissue dissection method was used to corroborate in vivo β‐microprobe measurements. Our data showed that the β‐microprobe‐derived [11C]raclopride binding kinetics in striatum could be quantified using a tissue compartmental model with a cerebellar reference region. Haloperidol (0.001–0.1 mg/kg; i.v.) induced a dose‐dependent decrease in [11C]raclopride binding in striatum as measured using the β‐microprobe with an ED50 value of 0.013 mg/kg. Highly significant relationships (P < 0.0001) were observed, within the same animals, between in vivo and ex vivo measures of haloperidol‐induced D2‐receptor occupancy (r = 0.98) as well as between in vivo and ex vivo measures of [11C]raclopride binding potentials (r = 0.99). Results from pretreatment and displacement studies with unlabeled raclopride and amphetamine conformed to the effect of these drugs as observed in humans using [11C]raclopride and PET and allowed estimation of the in vivo koff value of raclopride to 0.025 ± 0.004 min−1. However, allowing the system to stabilize before measurements and shielding the photomultiplier tubes were critical for obtaining these consistent results. This study demonstrates that the β‐microprobe provides reliable measurements of [11C]raclopride binding kinetics in rodents, allows for quantitative in vivo measurements of antipsychotic drug action in brain, and represents a valid and cost‐effective alternative to positron emission tomography imaging in small animals. Synapse 52:89–99, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
ADAM is an effective tool for in vivo study of serotonergic function: Validation in rat models
Authors: Chalon Sylvie , Bronquard Cécile , Vercouillie Johnny , Kodas Ercem , Garreau Lucette , Bodard Sylvie , Emond Patrick , Besnard Jean‐Claude , Guilloteau Denis
Published: March 2004

ADAM, 2‐((2‐((dimethylamino)methyl)phenyl)thio)‐5‐iodophenylamine, is a recently described SPECT tracer for exploration of the serotonin transporter. We evaluated its potential to detect abnormalities in serotonergic function in the rat using 1) a model of serotonergic neuron lesion induced with 5,7‐dihydroxytryptamine (5,7‐DHT), and 2) experimental induction of acute decrease in endogenous brain serotonin levels. Cerebral biodistribution studies of [125I]ADAM were performed in normal conditions, in 5,7‐DHT‐lesioned rats, and after acute serotonin depletion obtained with p‐chlorophenylalanine (pCPA). Around 50% reduction in accumulation of ADAM was observed in the hypothalamus and hippocampus 3 weeks after lesion of serotonergic neurons, whereas a more modest decrease of 15–30% occurred in the thalamus, frontal cortex, and striatum. This demonstrated the ability of the tracer to detect serotonergic neuron loss in vivo. After inducing acute 5‐HT depletion with pCPA, we observed an increase in in vivo [125I]ADAM binding in all brain areas studied. The higher in vivo binding of [125I]ADAM in pCPA‐treated rats than in controls was mainly due to an increase in specific binding to the SERT, as demonstrated by greatly reduced binding in the presence of a saturating dose of paroxetine. This may indicate in vivo competition between ADAM and 5‐HT for binding to the SERT. The present findings thus demonstrate that ADAM is a specific SERT radioligand which can be used for in vivo study of central serotonin systems, and supports its use as a tracer for SPECT studies in human disorders involving dysfunction of serotonergic neurotransmission. Synapse 52:136–142, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Kinetics of β‐funaltrexamine binding to wild‐type and mutant μ‐opioid receptors expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells
Authors: Spivak Charles E. , Beglan Carol L.
Published: March 2004

The two‐stage reaction whereby the antagonist β‐funaltrexamine (β‐FNA) binds covalently to μ opioid receptors makes it a highly discriminating probe into the tertiary structure of the receptor's recognition pocket. To obtain a quantitative measure of how well this pocket is preserved in a mutated form of the receptor, in which His‐297 is substituted with glutamine, we employed [3H]‐β‐FNA to evaluate the kinetic rate constants for both the reversible as well as the irreversible stages of its binding to wild‐type and mutant H297Q μ receptors stably expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells. The expression levels of the wild‐type and mutant H297Q receptors were matched by exploiting the variation in receptor density as a function of plating day and by raising the expression level by pretreatment with naloxone. We found that all of the kinetic rate constants for [3H]‐β‐FNA were diminished by about one‐half at the mutant H297Q μ receptors with respect to wild‐type receptors. By comparison, the association rate constant of [3H]‐naloxone likewise decreased by one‐half; however, the dissociation rate constant increased 5‐fold at the mutant H297Q receptor. We conclude that the mutation has had only minor influence on the recognition site and that the function of position 297 is more likely as a link in the transduction chain. Synapse 52:123–135, 2004. Published 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prefrontal cortical up states are synchronized with ventral tegmental area activity
Authors: Peters Yvette , Barnhardt Nicole E. , O'Donnell Patricio
Published: March 2004

The innervation of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) by the ventral tegmental area (VTA) has an important role in incentive‐motivation and cognitive functions. Although this projection has been extensively studied, the precise actions of its transmitters, dopamine (DA) and GABA, on PFC pyramidal neurons remain to be determined. We have recently shown that VTA stimulation elicits a sustained depolarization in PFC pyramidal neurons resembling the periodic depolarizations (up states) these neurons exhibit. This response was shortened by a D1 antagonist, suggesting that DA may sustain depolarized up states in PFC neurons. Here, we tested whether spontaneous PFC up states in vivo require spontaneous VTA activity. Intracellular recordings from PFC neurons conducted simultaneously with VTA local field potentials (LFPs) revealed PFC membrane potential fluctuations occurring synchronously with VTA field potential transitions. Extracellular PFC recordings performed simultaneously with VTA LFPs also indicated a high coherence between these two regions, with VTA oscillations trailing PFC oscillations by a few milliseconds. Furthermore, blockade of VTA activity with lidocaine transiently eliminated PFC LFPs, but not PFC cell up states; instead, up states became irregular during intra‐VTA lidocaine administration. These results suggest that baseline levels of VTA activity are necessary for synchronizing PFC pyramidal neurons in the up–down oscillations observed in the anesthetized preparation, allowing the emergence of slow EEG components. Synapse 52:143–152, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of acute antipsychotic administration on dopamine synthesis in rodents and human subjects using 6‐[18F]‐L‐m‐tyrosine
Authors: Mamo David , Remington Gary , Nobrega Jose , Hussey Doug , Chirakal Raman , Wilson Alan A. , Baker Glen , Houle Sylvain , Kapur Shitij
Published: March 2004

Clinical effects of antipsychotic drugs are thought to be mediated primarily through antagonism of the dopamine D2 receptors. Recent studies have demonstrated increased aromatic decarboxylase activity following acute administration of dopamine D2 receptor antagonists both in vivo and ex vivo. However, this effect has never been demonstrated in human subjects. We studied the effect of acute antipsychotic administration on dopamine synthesis in rodents and healthy human subjects using 6‐[18F]‐L‐m‐tyrosine. In rats, we studied the effect of a single subcutaneous injection of haloperidol and risperidone on dopamine synthesis using 6‐[18F]‐L‐m‐tyrosine. In our human study, six healthy volunteers underwent two 6‐[18F]‐L‐m‐tyrosine PET scans, before and after 3 mg risperidone to measure the rate of accumulation of radioactivity in the striatum as an index of dopamine synthesis. The striatal/cerebellar radioactivity count ratio and the ratio of dopamine metabolites to dopamine concentration was significantly higher in all rodent treatment groups compared to controls. In the PET study we found no significant change in the rate of uptake in the striatum. Our results suggest that 6‐[18F]‐L‐m‐tyrosine PET may not be a useful tool in the study of the effect of antipsychotics on dopamine synthesis in human subjects. Synapse 52:153–162, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and Crystal Structure of Pb3O2(SeO3)
Authors: Krivovichev Sergey V. , Avdontseva Evgeniya Yu. , Burns Peter C.
Published: March 2004

Single crystals of Pb3O2(SeO3) have been prepared hydrothermally at 230 °C. The structure (orthorhombic, Cmc21, a = 10.529(2), b = 10.722(2), c = 5.7527(12)Å, V = 649.5(2)Å3) has been solved by direct methods and refined to R1 = 0.059 on the basis of 615 unique observed reflections (|Fo| = 4σF). The structure is based upon double [O2Pb3]2+ chains of edge‐sharing [OPb4]6+ tetrahedra. These [O2Pb3]2+ chains run parallel to [001], and their planes are parallel to (010). The pyramidal (SeO3)2— anions are located between the chains; their triangular oxygen atom bases lie parallel to (001) and all (SeO3)2— groups are pointing in the same direction. A short compilation of [O2M3] chains of oxocentred M4 tetrahedra in minerals and inorganic compounds is provided.
Trinuclear Phosphaferroles from Alkylidyne‐Phosphaalkyne Coupling Reactions
Authors: Lentz Dieter , Michael‐Schulz Heike , Reuter Marion
Published: March 2004

Reaction of bisalkylidyne cluster compounds [Fe3(CO)9(μ3‐CR)2] (1a—d) (a, R = H; b, R = F; c, R = Cl; d, R = Br) with the phosphaalkyne t‐C4H9‐C≡P (2) yield a single isomer of the phosphaferrole cluster [Fe3(CO)8][CR‐C(t‐Bu)‐P‐CR] (3a—d). However, the three isomeric compounds [Fe3(CO)8][C(OEt)‐C(t‐Bu)‐P‐C(Me)] (5a), [Fe3(CO)8][C(Me)‐C(t‐Bu)‐P‐C(OEt)] (5b), and [Fe3(CO)8][C(OEt)‐C(Me)‐C(t‐Bu)‐P] (5c) are obtained in the reaction of [Fe3(CO)9(μ3‐CMe)(μ3‐C‐OEt)] (4) with 2. As the phosphaferroles 3 possess a lone pair of electrons at the phosphorus atom they can act as ligands. [Fe3(CO)8][CF‐C(t‐Bu)‐P‐CF]MLn (7a—c) (a, MLn = Cr(CO)5; b, MLn = CpMn(CO)2; c, MLn = Cp*Mn(CO)2) were formed from 3b and LnM(η2‐C8H14) (6a—c). The dinuclear cluster [Fe2(CO)6][CF‐CF‐C(t‐Bu)‐PH(OMe)] (8) was obtained from 3b and NiCl2·6H2O in methanol. The structures of 3a—d, 5a—c, 7b, and 8 have been elucidated by X‐ray crystal structure determinations.
Strukturen von Bis(trifluormethyl)halogeno‐ und ‐thiocyanato‐mercuraten, [Hg(CF3)2X]— (X = Br, I, SCN), und ein Vergleich der Strukturparameter der CF3‐Gruppen
Authors: Naumann Dieter , Schulz Frank , Pantenburg Ingo , Tyrra Wieland
Published: March 2004

[(18‐C‐6)K]2[Hg(CF3)2SCN]2 (1) und [P(CH3)(C6H5)3]2[Hg(CF3)2X]2 (X = Br (2), I (3)) werden synthetisiert und deren Kristallstrukturen bestimmt. [(18‐C‐6)K]2[Hg(CF3)2SCN]2 (1) kristallisiert in der monoklinen Raumgruppe P21/c mit Z = 2, [P(CH3)(C6H5)3]2[Hg(CF3)2Br]2 (2) in der monoklinen Raumgruppe P21/n mit Z = 2 und [P(CH3)(C6H5)3]2[Hg(CF3)2I]2 (3) in der triklinen Raumgruppe P1¯ mit Z = 1. Alle drei Verbindungen bilden in den Festkörpern dimere über Br, I bzw. SCN verbrückte Anionen mit planaren Hg2X2‐ Ringen.

Die Strukturparameter der Hg(CF3)2‐Gruppen in den bisher bekannten Bis(trifluormethyl)halogenomercuraten werden verglichen. Es liegt jeweils eine nahezu symmetrische und eine verzerrte CF3‐Gruppe vor. Die größte Differenz in den C—F‐Bindungslängen wird in [(18‐C‐6)K][Hg(CF3)2I] gefunden. Dies kann als experimenteller Beweis für die Eigenschaft von Trifluormethylquecksilber‐Verbindungen gedeutet werden, in Gegenwart von Alkalimetalliodiden als exzellente Difluorcarbenquelle zu wirken.
Monomeric Magnesium and Calcium Complexes containing the Rigid, Dianionic 1, 2‐Bis[(2, 5‐di‐tert‐butylphenyl)imino]acenaphthene (dtb‐BIAN) and 1, 2‐Bis[(2‐biphenyl)imino]acenaphthene (bph‐BIAN) Ligands
Authors: Fedushkin Igor L. , Chudakova Valentina A. , Skatova Alexandra A. , Khvoinova Natalie M. , Kurskii Yuri A. , Glukhova Tatyana A. , Fukin Georgy K. , Dechert Sebastian , Hummert Markus , Schumann Herbert
Published: March 2004

The new rigid bidentate nitrogen ligands 1, 2‐bis[(2, 5‐di‐tert‐butylphenyl)imino]acenaphthene (1) (dtb‐BIAN) and 1, 2‐bis[(2‐biphenyl)imino]acenaphthene (2) (bph‐BIAN) have been synthesized by condensation of 1, 2‐acenaphthylenedione with 2, 5‐di‐tert‐butylaniline and 2‐aminobiphenyl, respectively. Reduction of 1 and 2 with magnesium and calcium results in the formation of the monomeric metal complexes [(dtb‐BIAN)Mg(THF)2] (3), [(bph‐BIAN)Mg(DME)2] (4), and [(bph‐BIAN)Ca(THF)3] (5). Compounds 1 — 5 have been characterized by C/H analyses, IR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR spectra, the structures of 2, 3, and 5 have been estimated by single crystal X‐ray diffraction.
Hydrothermal Stability of the Novel Zeolite Type LSX in Comparison to the Traditional 13X Modification
Authors: Buhl J.‐Ch. , Gerstmann M. , Lutz W. , Ritzmann A.
Published: March 2004

Ion‐exchanged LSX (Si/Al = 1.02) and 13X (Si/Al = 1.18) zeolite series (Li, Na, K, Rb, Ca, Sr, Ba exchanged) were hydrothermally treated at temperatures between 423 K and 513 K in liquid water under autogeneous water vapour pressure. Beside X‐ray powder diffraction, the molybdate method and the water sorption uptake have been used to characterize the treated samples.

The LSX and 13X zeolites show a similar hydrothermal behaviour in spite of their different framework Si/Al ratios depending only on the type of introduced cations. Significant destabilizing effects were observed especially in presence of K and Rb cations as well as the bivalent Sr and Ba cations. The LSX zeolites are hydrothermally more stable than LTA zeolites of same cations despite their same chemical framework composition.
Structure and Magnetic Properties of a Novel Two‐Dimensional Complex from 1, 3, 5‐Benzenetricarboxylate and Neodymium(III) — {[Nd(1, 3, 5‐benzenetricarboxylate)(H2O)4] · H2O}n
Authors: Wang Qing‐Lun , Liang Mao , Liao Dai‐Zheng , Yan Shi‐Ping , Jiang Zong‐Hui , Cheng Peng
Published: March 2004

A unique neodymium(III) complex, {[Nd(BTC)(H2O)4] · H2O}n (BTC = 1, 3, 5‐benzenetricarboxylate), was obtained from the reaction between Nd(ClO4)3 · xH2O and Na3BTC. Coordination bonds, hydrogen bonds, and π‐π stacking form a supramolecular structure with a novel, two‐dimensional framework. The temperature‐dependent magnetic susceptibilities were analyzed by the Curie‐Weiss law; the following values were found C = 1.32, θ = —18.3 K, respectively.
A Gadolinium Diphenate Coordination Polymer, [Gd2(H2O)2(C14H8O4)3], with One‐dimensional Structure
Authors: Thirumurugan A. , Pati Swapan K. , Green Mark A. , Natarajan Srinivasan
Published: March 2004

A hydrothermal reaction of Gd(NO3)3 and 2, 2′‐diphenic acid give rise to a new coordination compound [Gd2(H2O)2(C14H8O4)3] with one‐dimensional structure. Single crystal X‐ray studies shows that the compound has infinite O‐Gd‐O one‐dimensional chains resulting from a bonding between Gd3+ cations and diphenate anions. The Gd3+ ions are distorted dodecahedra with respect to oxygen atoms. Magnetic investigations show no ordering up to 4K and the compound exhibit photoluminescence at room temperature.
Die Benzonitril‐Addukte [Ho2Cl6(PhCN)6] und [HoCl3(PhCN)]: Synthese, Kristallstrukturen, FIR‐ und MIR‐Spektroskopische Untersuchungen
Authors: Quitmann Catharina C. , Müller‐Buschbaum Klaus
Published: March 2004

Schwach rosa‐farbene, transparente Kristalle von [Ho2Cl6(PhCN)6] konnten durch Reaktion eines Gemenges aus HoCl3/AlCl3 mit Benzonitril bei 150μ °C, sowie deutlich rosa‐farbene, transparente Kristalle der Verbindung [HoCl3(PhCN)] aus der analogen Reaktion unter solvothermalen Bedingungen bei 200μ °C erhalten werden. [Ho2Cl6(PhCN)6] zeigt einen dimeren Aufbau in Gestalt zweier kantenverknüpfter pentagonaler Bipyramiden. [HoCl3(PhCN)] bildet eine Schichtstruktur aus eckenverknüpften trigonalen Cl‐Prismen um die Holmiumatome. Die PhCN Moleküle koordinieren an Ho und trennen die Schichten.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Crystal Structure of Mononuclear and Dinuclear Dioxomolybdenum(VI) Complexes with Tridentate Schiff‐base Ligands. Part 2
Authors: Cindrić Marina , Strukan Neven , Vrdoljak Višnja , Kamenar Boris
Published: March 2004

Mononuclear [MoO2LD], and dinuclear [MoO2L]2 or [MoO2L]2 · D dixomolybdenum(VI) complexes have been prepared by the reaction of tridentate Schiff‐base ligands L with [MoO2(acac)2]. The Schiff‐base ligands have been synthesized from salicylaldehyde (1, 1a, 1c, 1d), 2‐hydroxy‐1‐naphthaldehyde (2, 2c) and 2‐hydroxy‐3‐methoxybenzaldehyde (3a, 3b, 3c, 3d, 3e) with 2‐amino‐p‐cresol. All prepared complexes consist of cis‐MoO22+core coordinated by Schiff‐base ligand through two deprotonated hydroxyl groups and one imino nitrogen atom. The usual octahedral coordination around the molybdenum atoms is completed by the neutral ligand D (methanol, ethanol, dimethyl sulfoxide, imidazole or 4, 4′‐bipyridine). All compounds were characterized by elemental analyses, IR spectroscopy and some of them by X‐ray crystallography (1a, 2c, 3a, 3b, 3c and 3e).
Synthesis, Structure, and Spectroscopic Properties of Copper(II) and Nickel(II) Complexes Containing the 1, 4, 7‐Triisopropyl‐1, 4, 7‐triazacyclononane Ligand
Authors: Han Wei , Li Ling , Liu Zhan‐Quan , Yan Shi‐Ping , Liao Dai‐Zheng , Jiang Zong‐Hui , Shen Pan‐Wen
Published: March 2004

Three new complexes [CuL(N3)2] (1), [CuL(SCN)2] (2), and [NiL(SCN)2] (3) (L = 1, 4, 7‐triisopropyl‐1, 4, 7‐triazacyclononane, [—NR—C2H4—NR—C2H4—NR—C2H4—], R = i‐Pr) have been synthesized and structurally characterized. The three complexes all crystallize in the monoclinic space group P21/n, with the unit cell parameters a = 9.100(5), b = 19.492(11), c = 11.646(6)Å, β = 94.526(9)° for 1, a = 10.148(3), b = 13.611(5), c = 15.777(6)Å, β = 95.412(6)° for 2 and a = 9.270(7), b = 16.629(14), c = 14.886(12)Å, β = 101.217(15)° for 3. The central copper(II) and nickel(II) ions are coordinated to five nitrogen atoms, three of which from the L and two from N3— or SCN—, forming a slightly distorted square pyramidal geometry. Moreover, elemental analysis, IR, UV‐vis and ESR spectra of complexes 1‐3 were also determined.
Synthesis, Crystal Structures, and Nonlinear Optical Properties of Two Cubane‐Like Cluster Compounds [(n‐Bu)4N]3[MoS4Ag3Cl4] and [Et4N]3[WOS3Cu3I4]
Authors: Zhou Jian‐Liang , Song Ying‐Lin , Li Yi‐Zhi , Zheng He‐Gen , Xin Xin‐Quan
Published: March 2004

The compounds [(n‐Bu)4N]3[MoS4Ag3Cl4] (1) and [Et4N]3[WOS3Cu3I4] (2) were synthesized and characterized. Compound1crystallizes in the rhombohedral system, space groupR3cwitha= 17.194(1),b= 17.194(1),c= 39.194(3)Å,Z= 6,V= 10034.7(11)Å3. Compound2crystallizes in the rhombohedral system, space groupR3cwitha= 14.461(2),b= 14.461(2),c= 34.952(2)Å,Z= 6,V= 6329.9(13)Å3. The X‐ray crystallographic structure determinations show that these two cluster compounds consist of a slightly distorted cubic core. Nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of these two clusters were investigated by usingZ‐scan techniques with an 8 ns pulsed laser at 532 nm; both clusters exhibit strong nonlinear optical absorption effect (effective α2= 1.18 × 10—10m · W—1for1and 1.0 × 10—10m · W—1for2).
Reactions at the Boron‐Carbon Double Bond of Methyl(methylidene)boranes
Authors: Paetzold Peter , Englert Ulli , Finger Rudolf , Schmitz Thomas , Tapper Alexander , Ziembinski Ralf
Published: March 2004

The addition of Lewis bases L to the methyl(methylidene)boranes MeB=CA2(A = SiMe3) and MeB=CAA′ (A′ = SiMe2Cl) gives the adducts MeB(L)=CA2 (1a, b; L = trimethylpyridine, PMe3) and MeB(L)=CAA′ (1c, d; L = di‐ and trimethylpyridine), respectively. Alcohols and amines HX are added to the BC double bond to give boranes MeB(X)—CHA2 (8a—c; X = OiPr, OtBu, NiPr2); MeB=CAA′ and HNMe2 react in the ratio 1:2, yielding MeB(X)—CHA(SiMe2X) (2d; X = NMe2). From MeB=CA2 and BH3, the five‐membered ring [—CA2—BH—CA2—BMe(Hm)2BMe—] (2e; 2:1) or the six‐membered ring [—CA2—BH(Hμ)2BMe—CA2—BH(Hμ)2BMe—] (2f; 1:1) are formed, both containing double hydrogen bridges; the product 2f crystallizes in the space group P1¯. The metallocene trihydrides [Cp2MH3] add to the BC double bond under formation of a double hydrogen bridge to give [Me(A2CH)B(Hμ)2MCp2] (2g, h; M = Nb, Ta). MeB=CA2 can be chloroborated, ‐stannated, and ‐phosphated with E—Cl to yield the boryldisilylmethanes MeB(Cl)—CA2—E (2i—l; E = EtClB, tBuClB, Me2ClSn, Cl2P). The alkyloboration and ‐alumination with E—R leads to the boryldisilylmethanes MeBR—SiA2—E (2m—o; E—R = Me2B—Me, Et2B—Et, Cl2Al—Et) and the bromination to MeB(Br)—CA2Br. (2+2) Cycloadditions are achieved, when MeB=CA2 is reacted with unsaturated molecules a=b, yielding four‐membered rings [—BMe—CA2—b—a—] [4a—d; a=b = fluorenone, bis(methoxycarbonyl)ethyne (reacting at both of the C=O bonds), phenylisocyanate (reacting at the C=O bond), N‐isopropylacetoneimine], or with triple bond systems RC≡Z, yielding four‐membered rings [—BMe—CA2—Z=CR—] (4e—g; RC≡Z = PhC≡CPh, AC≡CCl, tBuC≡P). With a series of six molecules with an element‐oxygen double bond, a primary (2+2) cycloaddition is followed by a metathetical splitting of the transient four‐membered rings 4h—m. One of the metathesis products is MeB≡O, which is identified as boroxene (MeBO)3, the other component is an alkene RR′C=CA2 [starting from MeB=CA2 and PhCHO, PhC(Me)O] or an alkene RR′C=CAA′ (starting from MeB=CAA′ and PhCHO, tBuCHO) or the methylidene phosphorane Ph3P=CA2 (starting from MeB=CA2 and Ph3PO) or the dicarbadicobaltatetrahedrane [(CA)2{Co(CO)3}2] {starting from MeB=CA2 and [Co2(CO)8]}. The (2+3) cyclodaddition of MeB=CA2 to the azide X2PN3 (X = NiPr2) as 1, 3‐dipole gives the five‐membered ring [=BMe—CA2—N=N—NX=] (5a) and to RN3 the rings [=BMe—CA=N—NA—NR=] (5′b, c; R = iBu, A; formed from the cycloadducts 5b, c by migration of A); analogously, [=BMe—CA′=N—NA—NA=] (5′d) is formed from MeB=CAA′ and AN3. Finally, the nitrone O—NMe=CHPh and MeB=CA2 or MeB=CAA′ give the corresponding (2+3) cycloadducts 5e, f, respectively. All of the products were characterized by their 1H, 11B, and 13C NMR spectra.
The First Rare Earth Metal Thioborate: Synthesis and Crystal Structure of EuB2S4
Authors: Döch M. , Hammerschmidt A. , Krebs B.
Published: March 2004

Systematic studies on thio‐ and selenoborates containing heavier metal cations led to the new crystalline phase EuB2S4. The crystal structure of the europium metathioborate reveals polymeric [(B2S4)2—]n anions and divalent Eu‐cations which are connected via ionic interactions. The building blocks of the anions consist of BS4‐tetrahedra. Condensation of these BS4‐tetrahedra leads to corner‐ and edge‐sharing 2D‐networks running parallel to (1 0 0). Evacuated carbon coated silica tubes were used as reaction vessels since temperatures up to 990 K were applied. EuB2S4 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c (no. 14) with a = 6.4331(6)Å, b = 14.099(1)Å, c = 6.0731(6)Å, β = 110.55(8)° and Z = 4.