bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms of spring freshet generation in southern Quebec, Canada
Authors: Kinnard Christophe , Nemri Saida , Assani Ali
Published: September 2023

Seasonal forecasting of spring floods in snow-covered basins is
challenging due to the ambiguity in the driving processes, uncertain
estimations of antecedent catchment conditions and the choice of
predictor variables. In this study we attempt to improve the prediction
of spring flow peaks in southern Quebec, Canada, by studying the
preconditioning mechanisms of runoff generation and their impact on
inter-annual variations in the timing and magnitude of spring peak flow.
Historical observations and simulated data from a hydrological and
snowmelt model were used to study the antecedent conditions that control
flood characteristics in twelve snow-dominated catchments. Maximum snow
accumulation (peak SWE), snowmelt and rainfall volume, snowmelt and
rainfall intensity, and soil moisture were estimated during the
pre-flood period. Stepwise multivariate linear regression analysis was
used to identify the most relevant predictors and assess their relative
contribution to the interannual variability of flood characteristics.
Results show that interannual variations in spring peak flow are
controlled differently between basins. Overall, interannual variations
in peak flow were mainly governed, in order of importance, by snowmelt
intensity, rainfall intensity, snowmelt volume, rainfall volume, peak
SWE, and soil moisture. Variations in the timing of peak flow were
controlled in most basins by rainfall volume and rainfall and snowmelt
intensity. In the northernmost, snow-dominated basins, pre-flood
rainfall amount and intensity mostly controlled peak flow variability,
whereas in the southern, rainier basins snowpack conditions and melt
dynamics controlled this variability. Snowpack interannual variations
were found to be less important than variations in rainfall in forested
basins, where snowmelt is more gradual. Conversely, peak flow was more
sensitive to snowpack conditions in agricultural basins where snowmelt
occurs faster. These results highlight the impact of land cover and use
on spring flood generation mechanism, and the limited predictability
potential of spring floods using simple methods and antecedent
hydrological factors.
Insufficiency of Genomic Structure in Immunoglobulin Locus for Inducing High-Frequency Gene Conversion in Variable Regions
Authors: Zhao Yaofeng , Tao Jiadong , Guan Xiaoxing , Wang Jing , Yin Ye , Yu Di , Huang Jinwei , Ren Liming , Han Haitang
Published: September 2023

Mammals, including humans and mice, employ V(D)J recombination and
somatic hypermutation (SHM) to diversify their immunoglobulin (Ig)
variable region repertoires, while domestic poultry, such as chickens
and ducks, rely heavily on gene conversion (GCV) to achieve this
diversification. Given the differences in the arrangement of Ig gene
loci between chickens/ducks and humans/mice, we posited that the
structural arrangement of the Ig locus might play a pivotal role in
driving the pronounced frequency of GCV in poultry. To test this
hypothesis, we engineered a novel mouse model, Igλ
Igκ DIgL, characterized by the
incorporation of the entire duck IgL gene locus and the simultaneous
absence of the mouse endogenous IgL locus. These transgenic mice
produced chimeric antibodies comprising mouse heavy chains and duck
light chains, thereby offering partial support for B cell development.
However, when subjected to repeated immunization with a variety of
antigens, the humoral immune response in Igλ Igκ
DIgL mice was notably diminished compared to that
in wild-type mice. High-throughput sequencing of IgL repertoires
unveiled distinct differences between Igλ Igκ
DIgL mice and ducks in terms of V gene utilization
frequencies, characteristics of the CDR3 region (CDRL3), and nucleotide
additions at junctions (NP nucleotides). Despite the increased
expression of duck IgL due to the absence of endogenous mouse IgL, the
level of GCV observed in duck IgL of Igλ Igκ
DIgL mice (2.01%) remained significantly lower
than that in ducks (35.3%). These findings collectively indicate that
the structural configuration of the Ig locus may not be a critical
determinant of GCV and provide valuable insights into the mechanisms
underpinning the high frequency of GCV observed in poultry species.
Model-based precision dosing and remedial dosing recommendations for delayed or missed doses of isoniazid in Chinese patients with tuberculosis
Authors: Li Jinmeng , Zhang Ruoyang , Yang Gaoyi , Cai Qingshan , Lang Yazhen , Zhong Fangming , Huang Jinpeng , Chen Yuanyuan , Qin Yao , Fang Likui , Ye Bo , Lin Lihua , Lin Huihong , Cai Xinjun , Xu Kan
Published: September 2023

Aim: Isoniazid (INH) has been used as a first-line drug to treat
tuberculosis (TB) for more than 50 years. However, large
inter-individual variability was found in its pharmacokinetics, and how
to handle a delayed or missed dose of INH remains unclear. This study
aimed to develop a population pharmacokinetics (PPK) model of INH in
Chinese patients with TB to provide model-informed precision dosing and
explore appropriate remedial dosing regimens for non-adherent patients.
Methods: A nonlinear mixed-effects modeling was used to analyze the PPK
of INH. Using Monte Carlo simulations to determine optimal dosage
regimens and design remedial dosing regimens. A two-compartment model
well described the PPK of INH. Results: N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2)
genotype and body weight were identified as significant factors on INH
PK. Monte Carlo simulations determined optimal dosage regimens for
patients with different NAT2 genotype and body weight. For remedial
dosing regimens, the missed dose should be taken as soon as possible
when the delay does not exceed 12 h, and an additional dose is not
needed. On delaying a INH dose exceed 12 h, only need to take the next
single dose normally. Conclusion: PPK modeling and simulation provide
valid evidence on the precision dosing and remedial dosing regimen of
INH.
CMMSE: Joint analysis of Structured orthogonal families
Authors: Dias Cristina , Santos Carla , Brites Nuno M. , Mexia João
Published: September 2023

The models for symmetric stochastic matrices that we consider in this
study are developed using the spectral analysis of the respective mean
matrices. The adjustment and validation of the models require the usage
of the estimated structure vectors. The information enclosed in these
matrices can be condensed into the pair consisting of the estimated
structure vectors and the sum of squares of residuals. The results
obtained allow for cross-sectional and longitudinal inference. For
models of degree greater than one, it is also considered the possibility
of truncating the model when eigenvalues are much higher than the
others. A direct consequence of the adopted methodology is the
application of the degree-one models to cross-product matrices and
Hilbert-Schmidt scalar product matrices. In addition to these models,
structured family models were also considered. The models of these
families are associated with the treatments of a base design. The action
of the factors considered in the base design on the structure vectors is
also analyzed. In structured families with orthogonal base design, the
designs are associated to partitions, and the hypotheses formulated are
associated with the spaces of these partitions. We carry out ANOVA-like
analysis for the action of the factors in the base design, on homolog
components on estimated structure vectors, considering that the
estimator’s structure vectors have, approximately, the same covariance
matrix. To apply our results, we assume the factors in the base design
to have fixed effects and that the base design has orthogonal structure.
The action of factors in the base design is studied. An application is
given, using a data set from a breeding program of durum wheat (
Triticum turgidum L., Durum Group) conducted in Portugal. The
results show that our methodology is fully applicable to complete and
incomplete data sets, often observed in multi-environmental trials.
Melt network reorientation and crystallographic preferred orientation development in sheared partially molten rocks
Authors: Seltzer Cassandra , Peč Matěj , Zimmerman Mark E. , Kohlstedt David L
Published: September 2023

As partially molten rocks deform, they develop melt preferred
orientations, shape preferred orientations, and crystallographic
preferred orientations (MPOs, SPOs and CPOs). We investigated the
co-evolution of these preferred orientations in experimentally deformed
partially molten rocks, then calculated the influence of MPO and CPO on
seismic anisotropy. Olivine-basalt aggregates containing 2 to 4 wt%
melt were deformed in general shear at a temperature of 1250°C under a
confining pressure of 300 MPa at shear stresses of τ = 0 to 175 MPa to
shear strains of γ = 0 to 2.3. Grain-scale melt pockets developed a MPO
parallel to the maximum principal stress, s1, at γ < 0.4. At
higher strains, the grain-scale MPO remained parallel to s1, but
incipient, sample-scale melt bands formed at ~20° to s1.
An initial SPO and CPO were induced during sample preparation, with
[100] and [001] axes girdled perpendicular to the long axis of
the sample. At the highest explored strain, a strong SPO was
established, and the [100] axes of the CPO clustered nearly parallel
to the shear plane. Our results demonstrate that grain-scale and
sample-scale alignments of melt pockets are distinct. Furthermore, the
melt and the solid microstructures evolve on different timescales: in
planetary bodies, changes in the stress field will first drive a
relatively rapid reorientation of the melt network, followed by a
relatively slow realignment of the crystallographic axes. Rapid changes
to seismic anisotropy in a deforming partially molten aggregate are thus
caused by MPO rather than CPO.
Propagation Effects of Slanted Narrow Bipolar Events: A Rebounding-Wave Model Study
Authors: Li Dongshuai , Luque Alejandro , Rachidi Farhad , Rubinstein Marcos , Neubert Torsten , Zhu Yanan , Chanrion Olivier , Silva Caitano da , Krehbiel Paul
Published: September 2023

Narrow bipolar events (NBEs) are impulsive and powerful intracloud
discharges. Recent observations indicate that some NBEs exhibit a
slanted orientation rather than strictly vertical. However, the
inclination of NBEs has not been considered in previous transmission
line models, leading to uncertainty when evaluating their
characteristics based on electromagnetic fields. This paper investigates
the propagation effects of slanted NBEs using a newly developed slanted
rebounding-wave model. It is found that the calculated results using the
proposed model match well with measurements for both vertical and
slanted NBE cases. The inclination of the NBEs significantly affects the
electromagnetic fields at close distances, while the effects weaken as
the observation distance increases, where the fields are dominated by
the radiation component. The slanted rebounding-wave model improves the
agreement with respect to a purely vertical channel and can be extended
to any discharge geometry at arbitrary observation distances.
The Role of Rapid Changes in Weather on Phytoplankton Spring Bloom Dynamics Captured by an Autonomous Uncrewed Surface Vehicle
Authors: Fragoso Glaucia , Dallolio Alberto , Grant Stephen , Garrett Joseph , Ellingsen Ingrid , Johnsen Geir , Johansen Tor Arne
Published: September 2023

The spring phytoplankton bloom plays a major role in pelagic ecosystems;
however, its dynamics is overlooked due to insufficient, highly-resolved
observational data. Here we investigate the start, peak and decline of a
two-week phytoplankton spring bloom in Frohavet, located at the coast of
mid-Norway. We used observations from an uncrewed surface vehicle (USV)
combined with buoy measurements, satellite images, discrete water
sampling and modelling approaches. The spring bloom (March-June 2022)
consisted of multiple peaks (up to 5 mg m-3), with a long peak in April,
coincident with the period when the USV captured the temporal and
spatial dynamics of the bloom. Short-term (5 days) episode of calm
weather in the spring, such as clear skies and consistent low wind speed
(< 7 m s-1) shoaled the mixed layer depth (< 15 m),
after strong wind speed (average wind speed up to 20 m s-1 in March) and
mixing events in winter. These rapid changes in the environment promoted
the rapid development of the spring bloom - from 1 to 5 mg m-3 in 5
days. Likewise, the collapse of the bloom was rather quick, 1-2 days and
coincides with low nitrate values and rapid increase in wind speed
(> 10 m s-1), suggesting strong influence of the
environment on phytoplankton dynamics during early stages of the spring
bloom. Understanding the dynamics of the spring bloom is crucial for the
management of marine resources. Integration of distinct observational
platforms has the potential to unveil the environmental factors
underlying phytoplankton bloom dynamics.
Trends in seasonal mean speciated aerosol composition in remote areas of the United States from 2000 through 2021
Authors: Hand Jenny L , Prenni Anthony J. , Schichtel Bret A
Published: September 2023

Large reductions in anthropogenic emissions of particulate matter and
its precursor emissions have occurred since the enactment of the Clean
Air Act Amendments of 1990. The Interagency Monitoring of Protected
Visual Environments (IMPROVE) network has measured PM2.5 gravimetric
mass (mass of particles with aerodynamic diameters less than 2.5 µm,
also referred to here as fine mass, “FM”) and speciated PM2.5 aerosol
composition at remote sites since 1988. Measured species include
inorganic anions such as sulfate, nitrate, and chloride, carbonaceous
aerosols such as organic (OC) and elemental carbon (EC), and elemental
concentrations used to derive fine dust (FD). Trend analyses of seasonal
and annual mean mass concentrations were calculated from 2000 through
2021, a period that includes the largest reductions in emissions. On
average, annual mean FM at remote sites in the continental United States
has decreased at a rate of -1.8% yr-1. This reduction is largely due to
annual mean trends in sulfate (-6.1% yr-1), nitrate (-2.7% yr-1), EC
(-2.2% yr-1), FD (-1.3% yr-1), and OC (-0.9% yr-1), although the OC
annual mean trend was insignificant. Seasonal and regional FM trends
varied significantly, with strong reductions in the East in all seasons
due to sulfate reductions, and flat and insignificant trends in summer
and fall in the West due to the impacts of biomass burning emissions on
OC trends. Evaluating regional and seasonal trends in aerosol
composition helps identify sources that continue to adversely impact air
quality and hinder progress in FM reductions due to successful
regulatory activity.
Linkages between mineral element composition of soils and sediments with hyporheic zone dissolved organic matter chemistry across the contiguous United States
Authors: Roebuck Jesse Alan , Garayburu-Caruso Vanessa A , Chu Rosalie , Goldman Amy E. , Renteria Lupita , Taylor Micah , Stegen James C , Rod Kenton A.
Published: September 2023

The hyporheic zone is a hotspot for biogeochemical cycling where
interactions with mineral metals preserve the release and biodegradation
of organic matter (OM). A small fraction of OM can still be exchanged
between localized sediments and the overlying water column, and recent
evidence suggest there exists a longitudinal structuring in sediment
dissolved OM (DOM) chemistry across the continental United States
(CONUS). In this study, we tested a hypothesis that water extractable
sediment DOM chemistry could be explained by sediment metal contents and
integrative watershed scale features at the CONUS scale. Crowdsourced
samples were characterized for high resolution mass spectrometry and
coupled with sediment metals determined via x-ray fluorescence as well
as with land cover and soil elemental information obtained from national
databases. Our results highlight weak relationships between DOM
chemistry and elemental composition at the CONUS scale indicating
limited transferability of organo-metal linkages into multi-scale
hydrobiogeochemical models.
Numerical Analysis of Atmospheric Perturbations Induced by Large Wildfire Events
Authors: Haw Justin Mirabilis , Caus Angel Farguell , Clements Craig B , Sapsis Dave B , Kochanski Adam Krzysztof
Published: September 2023

This study analyzes fire-induced winds from a wind-driven fire (Thomas
Fire) and a plume-dominated fire (Creek Fire). Two numerical
experiments, one without the fire present and the other with the fire,
were used. The fire-induced perturbations were then estimated by
subtracting a variable value in the “No Fire Run” from the “Fire
Run” (Fire - No Fire). For this study, spatial and temporal variability
of winds, geopotential height, and convergence were analyzed.
Furthermore, cloud water mixing ratio, precipitation, and fuel moisture
were analyzed during the Creek Fire to assess fire-induced rainfall and
its impact on fuel moisture. It was found that the wind-driven Thomas
Fire created more widespread and generally stronger fire-induced winds
than the plume-dominated Creek Fire. In addition, fire-induced wind
speeds during the Creek Fire followed a diurnal cycle, while the Thomas
Fire showed much less temporal variability. When analyzing geopotential
height, the results were very similar to other idealized simulations. A
localized low-pressure region was observed in front of the fire front,
with a preceding high-pressure area. When analyzing precipitation, it
was found that the fire increased precipitation accumulation in the area
surrounding the active fire. This created an increase in fuel moisture
which could have helped locally decelerate the fire spread. Further
research into the processes behind fire-atmosphere interactions will
lead to a better understanding of fire behavior and the extent to which
these interactions can impact the fire environment. These studies will
help assess the limitations of uncoupled operational models and improve
fire modeling overall.
A Refined Satellite-based Emissions Estimate from Onshore Oil and Gas Flaring and Venting Activities in the United States and their Impacts on Air Quality and Health
Authors: Tran Huy , Polka Erin , Buonocore Jonathan , Roy Ananya , Trask Beth , Hull Hillary , Arunachalam Saravanan
Published: September 2023

Emissions from flaring and venting (FV) in oil and gas (O&G) production
are difficult to quantify due to their intermittent activities and lack
of adequate monitoring and reporting. Given their potentially
significant contribution to total emissions from O&G sector in the
United States, we estimate emissions from FV using Visible Infrared
Imaging Radiometer Suite satellite observations and state/local reported
data on flared gas volume. These refined estimates are higher than those
reported in the National Emission Inventory: by upto 15 times for fine
particulate matter (PM2.5), two times for sulfur dioxides, and 22%
higher for nitrogen oxides(NOx). Annual average contributions of FV to
ozone (O3), NO2 and PM2.5 in the conterminous U.S. (CONUS) are less than
0.15%, but significant contributions of upto 60% are found in O&G
fields with FV. FV contributions are higher in winter than in summer
months for O3 and PM2.5; an inverse behavior is found for NO2. Nitrate
aerosol contributions to PM2.5 are highest in the Denver basin whereas
in the Permian and Bakken basins, sulfate and elemental carbon aerosols
are the major contributors. Over four simulated months in 2016 for the
entire CONUS, FV contributes 210 additional instances of exceedances to
the daily maximum 8-hour average O3, and has negligible contributions to
exceedance of NO2 and PM2.5 given the current form of the national
ambient air quality standards. FV emissions are found to cause over
$7.4 billion in health damages, 710 premature deaths and 73,000 asthma
exacerbations among children annually.
The physics behind groundwater recession and hydrologically passive mixing volumes.
Authors: Bhaduri Baibaswata , Fovet Ophélie , Muddu Sekhar , Ruiz Laurent
Published: September 2023

To estimate groundwater flow and transport, lumped conceptual models are
widely used due to their simplicity and parsimony - but these models are
calibration reliant as their parameters are unquantifiable through
measurements. To eliminate this inconvenience, we tried to express these
conceptual parameters in terms of hydrodynamic aquifer properties to
give lumped models a forward modelling potential. The most generic form
of a lumped model representing groundwater is a unit consisting of a
linear reservoir connected to a dead storage aiding extra dilution, or a
combination of several such units mixing in calibrated fractions. We
used one such standard two-store model as our test model, which was
previously nicely calibrated on the groundwater flow and transport
behaviour of a French agricultural catchment. Then using a standard
finite element code, we generated synthetic Dupuit-Forchheimer box
aquifers and calibrated their hydrodynamic parameters to exactly match
the test model’s behaviour (concentration, age etc). The optimized
aquifer parameters were then compared with conceptual parameters to find
clear physical equivalence and mathematical correlation - we observed
that the recession behaviour depends on the conductivity, fillable
porosity, and length of the catchment whereas the mixing behaviour
depends on the total porosity and mean aquifer thickness. We also
noticed that for a two-store lumped model, faster and slower store
represents differences only in porosities making it rather a dual
porosity system. We ended with outlining a clear technique on using
lumped models to run forward simulations in ungauged catchments where
valid measurements of hydrodynamic parameters are available.
Evidence of stress relaxation caused by time-dependent deformation in the damage zone of the Chelungpu fault system
Authors: Talukdar Mayukh , Sone Hiroki
Published: September 2023

High fracture density in fault damage zones not only reduces the elastic
stiffness of rocks but may also promote time-dependent bulk deformation
through the sliding of fracture surfaces and thus impact the stress
evolution in fault zones. Comparing the damage zones of the three faults
in the Chelungpu fault system encountered in the Taiwan Chelungpu fault
Drilling Project (TCDP), the youngest damage zone showed pronounced
sonic velocity reduction even though fracture density is the same for
all three fault zones, consistent with the shorter healing time of the
youngest fault. Caliper log data showed a time-dependent enlargement of
the borehole wall at the damage zone. These damage zones record lower
differential stress than the surrounding host rock, which cannot be
explained by the reduced elastic stiffness in the damage zone. Stress
relaxation caused by time-dependent bulk deformation in the damage zone
may be responsible for the observed low differential stress.
Nanoscale Analyses of X-ray Amorphous Material from Terrestrial Ultramafic Soils Record Signatures of Environmental Conditions Useful for Interpreting Past Martian Conditions
Authors: Feldman Anthony David , Hausrath Elisabeth M. , Rampe Elizabeth B. , Sharp Thomas G. , Tschauner Oliver , Lanzirotti Antonio , Newville Matthew
Published: September 2023

X-ray amorphous material that is variably Mg/Fe/Si-rich and Al-poor and
that likely contains secondary alteration products is prevalent in Gale
crater sediments and rocks (15-73 wt.%). However, the structure and
origin of these materials and their implications for past environmental
conditions remain unknown. In this study, we use transmission electron
microscopy and synchrotron microprobe analyses to examine Mg/Fe/Si-rich
and Al-poor ultramafic soils from the warm Mediterranean climate Klamath
Mountains of California and cold subarctic climate Tablelands of
Newfoundland, Canada to help interpret environmental conditions during
the formation of chemically similar X-ray amorphous material in Gale
crater, Mars. Primary glass is absent from the Klamath Mountains and
Tablelands materials; secondary X-ray amorphous material includes
globular amorphous silica and chemically heterogeneous nanospherical
amorphous material and nanocrystalline phases. Globular amorphous silica
is only present in soils that undergo extensive periods of cyclic
freezing. Fe-containing X-ray amorphous material from the subarctic
Tablelands is significantly richer in Mg and Si than X-ray amorphous
material from the warmer Klamath Mountains. Fe-rich nanocrystallites
contain more Mg and Si in the subarctic Tablelands but are more highly
Fe-enriched in the warmer Klamath Mountains. Potential secondary
nanocrystalline phyllosilicates are only observed in the warmest
examined soil in the Klamath Mountains. These characteristics – the
presence or absence of amorphous silica, the chemical composition of
X-ray amorphous material, the abundance and composition of Fe-rich
nanocrystallites, and the presence or absence of secondary
phyllosilicates - provide helpful identifiers to interpret past
environmental conditions during the formation of X-ray amorphous
material on Mars.
Geophysical Evidence of the Collisional Suture Zone in the Prydz Bay, East Antarctica
Authors: Fu Lei , Guo Jingxue , Shen Weisen , Wang Xin , Liu Xiaochun , Chen Xiaofei , Hu Xiangyun
Published: September 2023

The location and origin of Neoproterozoic-Cambrian sutures provide keys
to understand the formation and evolution of the supercontinent
Gondwana. The Larsemann Hills is located near a major
Neoproterozoic-Cambrian suture zone in the Prydz Belt, but has not been
examined locally by comprehensive geophysical studies. In this study, we
analyzed data collected from a 1-D joint seismic-MT array deployed
during the 36th Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition. We found
that a sharp Moho discontinuity offset of 6-8 km shows up in the stacked
image of teleseismic P-wave receiver function analysis; coinciding with
the abrupt Moho offset, a near-vertical channel with (1) low resistivity
extending to the uppermost mantle depths, and (2) a high crustal
Poisson’s ratio in the crust is identified. These findings provide
evidence for the determination of the location and collisional nature of
the Prydz belt or a portion of it.
Atmospheric aerosol optical properties and radiative forcing over two metros in South Africa
Authors: Yakubu Abdulaziz Tunde , Chetty Naven
Published: September 2023

Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) measurement data is used in the
validation of two prominent satellite aerosol property retrieval,
Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR) and Moderate Resolution
Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), then applied to examine the
properties of aerosols and the direct influence on radiative forcing
(RF) over two metropolitan cities, Cape Town (CPT) and Pretoria (PRT) in
South Africa. The synoptic characteristics of aerosols over CPT for
2015-2019 indicate a general low aerosol optical depth (AOD) of an
average of 0.08 ± 0.014 and are prevalently sea salt (SS) aerosols. In
contrast, a high AOD value with an average of 0.23 ± 0.050 was observed
over PRT between 2011-2019 and predominated by sulphate/nitrate
aerosols. These two dominant aerosol types are found to be the primary
motivator of the net cooling effect of RF due to aerosol in each
location. While the average RF over CPT is -16.79 ± 5.61 during the
study period, the value over PRT is estimated to be more than two times
(-36.55 ± 10.54) of the former. The validation of MISR and MODIS
satellite aerosol properties retrieval for the region demonstrated
better accuracy over the land than in the maritime environment.
Meanwhile, MODIS underestimated AOD by ≈ 32% but generally reported
better precision across the board than the MISR instrument. Further
investigation into the seasonal variation of aerosols over the two
locations identified seasonality changes in the characteristics of
aerosols mainly influenced by the transport of high-absorbing
biomass-burning aerosols.
A review and outlook on the development and application of the DNDC model
Authors: Gong Weipeng , Wang Zong , Zhang Qin , Yue Tianxiang
Published: September 2023

Denitrification-Decomposition (DNDC) model, a mathematical construct
that simulates biogeochemical processes including carbon and nitrogen
dynamics, plant growth, and microbial activity across various
ecosystems. The discourse includes an examination of the model’s
developmental trajectory, with attention given to adaptations created
for diverse ecosystems, regions, specific crops, and modular
configurations. We additionally delve into the validation processes of
the DNDC model and its broader applications across different fields.
Despite the model’s extensive usage in previous studies, there has been
a lack of critical, comprehensive evaluation of its merits and demerits.
This paper aim to address this gap, providing a thorough critique and
review of the DNDC model. In our discussion, we present a balanced
overview of the DNDC model’s current strengths and weaknesses, and offer
insights into its potential future developments. The ultimate goal of
this paper is twofold. Firstly, we aim to provide guidance to
researchers and practitioners who are either currently employing or
considering the use of the DNDC model. Secondly, our critique and
analysis is intended to be a constructive contribution towards the
model’s future refinement and development.
An Improved Non-local Planetary Boundary Layer Parameterization Scheme in Weather Forecasting and Research Model Based on a 1.5-order Turbulence Closure Model
Authors: Zhang Wanliang , Fung Jimmy Chi-Hung , Wong Michael Mau Fung
Published: September 2023

Planetary boundary layer (PBL) modeling is a primary contributor to
uncertainties in a numerical weather prediction model due to
difficulties in modeling the turbulent transport of surface fluxes. The
Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF) has included many PBL
schemes which may feature a non-local transport component driven by
super-grid eddies or a one-and-half order turbulence closure model. In
the present study, a turbulent kinetic energy (TKE)-based turbulence
closure model is integrated into the non-local Asymmetric Convective
Model version 2 (ACM2) PBL scheme and implemented in WRF. Non-local
transport is modeled the same as ACM2 using the transilient matrix
method. The new TKE-ACM2 PBL scheme is evaluated by comparing it with
high spatiotemporal Doppler LiDAR observations in Hong Kong over 30 days
each for summer and winter seasons to examine its capability in
predicting the vertical structures of winds. Scatter plots of measured
versus simulated instantaneous wind speeds show that TKE-ACM2 is able to
reduce the root mean square error and mean bias and improve the index of
agreement, especially at the urban observational site. The diurnal
evolution of monthly averaged wind profiles suggests TKE-ACM2 can better
match both the magnitudes and vertical gradients, revealing its
superiority compared to ACM2 at stable atmospheric conditions. Other
meteorological parameters including the potential temperature profiles,
PBL heights, and surface wind speeds have also been investigated with
references to various sources of observations.
Channel morphological activation of large braided rivers in response to climate-driven water and sediment flux change in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
Authors: Li Zhiwei , He Yuchong , Zhou Yinjun
Published: September 2023

With the rising air temperature and precipitation, water and sediment
flux in the Source Region of the Yangtze River have increased
significantly since 2000. Nonetheless, the response of braided river
morphology to climate-driven water and sediment flux change is still
unknown. Water bodies of nine large braided rivers from 1990 to 2020
were extracted based on Google Earth Engine platform, and impacts of
climate change on activation indices of braided river morphology were
quantified. The main results are presented that a new method of braided
water body extraction by combining Lowpath algorithm and Local Otsu
algorithm is firstly proposed, which reduces 59% of the root mean
squared error of braiding intensity in comparison with the Global Otsu
method. The braiding intensity has a parabolic variation trend with the
water area ratio, and the average sandbar area ratio has a negative
power law trend with the water area ratio. Intra-annual channel
migration intensity has an obvious temporal scale effect, which
increases rapidly when the time span is less than 5 years. The warming
and wetting trend led to vegetation cover increasing significantly. With
the increase of runoff, water area of each braided reach has increased
in both flood and non-flood season. Intra-annual channel migration
intensity shows three different trends of increasing, weakening, and
unchanged over time. The response of migration intensity to climate
warming can be classified into three patterns in the SRYR as follows:
sediment increase constrained pattern, sediment increase dominated
pattern, and runoff increase dominated pattern.
Excitation and decay of the auroral oval
Authors: Ohma Anders , Laundal Karl , Madelaire Michael , Hatch Spencer Mark , Gasparini Sara , Reistad Jone Peter , Walker Simon James , Decotte Margot
Published: September 2023

The aurora often appears as an approximately oval shape surrounding the
magnetic poles, and is a visible manifestation of the intricate coupling
between the Earth’s upper atmosphere and the near-Earth space
environment. While the average size of the auroral oval increases with
geomagnetic activity, the instantaneous shape and size of the aurora is
highly dynamic. The identification of auroral boundaries holds
significant value in space physics, as it serves to define and
differentiate regions within the magnetosphere connected to the aurora
by magnetic field lines. In this work, we demonstrate a method to detect
and model the poleward and equatorward boundaries in global UV images.
Our methodology enables analysis of the spatiotemporal variation in
auroral boundaries from 2.5 years of UV imagery from the IMAGE
satellite. The resulting dataset reveals a root mean square boundary
normal velocity of 149 m/s for the poleward boundary and 96 m/s for the
equatorward boundary and the velocities are shown to be stronger on the
nightside than on the dayside. Interestingly, our findings demonstrate
an absence of correlation between the amount of open magnetic flux and
the amount of flux enclosed within the auroral oval. Furthermore, we
highlight the inadequacy of a simplistic generalization of the
expanding-contracting polar cap paradigm in explaining temporal
variations in the auroral oval area, underscoring the imperative for an
enhanced understanding of equatorward boundary fluctuations.
Variability of fine-scale chlorophyll fronts in the Tīpaka Moana Te Moana Nui a Toi Hauraki Gulf, Aotearoa New Zealand
Authors: Lhériau-Nice Alexandre , Penna Alice Della
Published: September 2023

Aotearoa New Zealand’s marine environment is heavily impacted by El Niño
Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Little is known about the effect of ENSO on
oceanographic properties in the area or their consequences on the
distribution of marine organisms. Here we characterise the
spatio-temporal variability of fine-scale fronts (< 10 km) in
the area of Tīpaka Moana Te Moana Nui a Toi Hauraki Gulf (HG) and
investigate the impact of dominant wind direction, seasonality, and ENSO
phase. We processed Ocean-Land Color Instrument (OLCI) images from
satellites between 2016-2022 with a fit-for-purpose version of the
Belkin and O’Reilly Algorithm, specifically for frontal detection. We
find coherent shifts in the position of fine-scale features, with ENSO
phases alternatively separate and connect different parts of the Gulf
during El Niño and La Niña respectively. Overall, fronts tend to
co-locate with the 70 m and 40 m isobaths in the outer and inner HG
respectively and their locations shift close or away from shore in
response to changes in dominant wind direction. Furthermore, offshore
fronts occurrences increase during winter and spring, and nearshore ones
increase during summer and autumn. Our results sketch a first assessment
of the distribution of fine-scale features that are likely to impact the
distribution of important areas for pollutants dispersion and feeding
areas for marine megafauna.
Tropical anvil cirrus are highly sensitive to ice microphysics within a nudged global storm-resolving model
Authors: Atlas Rachel , Bretherton Christopher S. , Sokol Adam B , Blossey Peter N. , Khairoutdinov Marat
Published: September 2023

Cirrus dominate the longwave radiative budget of the tropics. For the
first time, we quantify the variability in cirrus properties and
longwave cloud radiative effects (CREs) that arises from differences in
microphysics within nudged global storm-resolving simulations from a
single model. Nudging allows us to compute radiative biases precisely
using coincident satellite measurements and to fix the large-scale
dynamics across our set of simulations and isolate the influence of
microphysics. We run five-day simulations with four commonly-used
microphysics schemes of varying complexity (SAM1MOM, Thompson, M2005 and
P3) and find that the tropical average longwave CRE varies over 20 W
m$^{-2}$ between schemes. P3 best reproduces observed longwave
CRE. M2005 and P3 simulate cirrus with realistic frozen water path but
unrealistically high ice crystal number concentrations which commonly
hit limiters and lack the variability and dependence on frozen water
content seen in aircraft observations. Thompson and SAM1MOM have too
little cirrus.
Investigation of Large Scale Traveling Atmospheric/Ionospheric Disturbances using the Coupled SAMI3 and GITM Models
Authors: Bukowski Aaron , Ridley Aaron J. , Huba Joseph , Valladares Cesar E , Anderson Phillip C
Published: September 2023

We present simulation results of the vertical structure of Large Scale
Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances (LSTIDs) during synthetic geomagnetic
storms. These data are produced using a one-way coupled SAMI3/GITM
model, where GITM (Global Ionosphere Thermosphere Model) provides
thermospheric information to SAMI3 (SAMI3 is Another Model of the
Ionosphere), allowing the production and propagation of LSTIDs. We show
simulation results which demonstrate that the traveling atmospheric
disturbances (TADs) generated in GITM propagate to the topside
ionosphere in SAMI3 as LSTIDs. The speed and wavelength (900 m/s and
10º-20º latitude) are consistent with LSTID observations in storms of
similar magnitudes. We demonstrate the LSTIDs reach altitudes beyond the
topside ionosphere with amplitudes of <5% over background
which will facilitate the use of plasma measurements from the topside
ionosphere to supplement measurements from GNSS in the study of TIDs.
Additionally, we demonstrate the dependence of the characteristics of
these TADs and TIDs on longitude.
Martian Dust Storms Wind Load on Astronaut
Authors: Yari Nasser Yari
Published: September 2023

The reality of living on Mars is closer than ever before. For years
science fiction writers and movie producers have presumed powerful
Martian dust storms capable of catastrophic events. In the movie, The
Martian (2015), a powerful dust storm rips an antenna off its base and
in the movie Martian Land (2015), an astronaut is blown away and carried
off by a dust storm. In reality, some of the dust storms are large
enough to be visible by telescopes on earth. In this article, the force
impact of a Martian dust storm is evaluated. Wind speed data from Viking
1 and Viking 2 Lander in 1976, the Phoenix Lander in 2008, Mars
Curiosity Rover in 2011, InSight mission Lander in 2018, and Mars 2020
mission Perseverance Rover are used for this study. Modifying
Bernoulli’s Equation based on Martian atmospheric density to determine
the wind velocity pressure in pounds per square foot. The stability of a
male and female astronaut in an EVA(Extravehicular Activity) space suit
is evaluated during the highest wind speed of a Martian dust storm.
D-CDA:A Denoise And Change Detection Approach For Flood disaster location From SAR Images
Authors: Xie Runbo , Yang Guang , Zhang Yuping , Han Dongzhe , Meng Huang , Shuai Liu , Wangze Lu
Published: September 2023

Flood disasters are among the most devastating natural disasters
worldwide. The occurrence of such disasters is often accompanied by
strong precipitation and other weather factors, making it more difficult
to identify the affected areas. Moreover, Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)
technology can capture images in 24-hour window and penetrate through
clouds and fog. The change detection technology, based on SAR images, is
generally utilized to locate disaster-stricken areas by analyzing the
differences between pre- and post-disaster images. However, this method
mainly faces two challenges: the presence of speckle noise reduces the
accuracy of the difference detection and the lack of a suitable SAR
dataset for flood disaster change detection. Therefore, this research
proposes a novel two-stage approach for locating the flood disaster
area, named Denoising-Change Detection Approach (D-CDA). The first stage
consists of a nine-layer denoising network with an encoder-decoder
structure, called SAR Denoising Network (SDNet). It utilizes a
multi-residual block and parallel convolutional block attention module
to extract features during the encoding process to suppress the noise
component. In the second stage, a novel convolution neural network is
proposed to detect the changes between bitemporal SAR images, namely
Coordinate Attention Fused Network (CAFNet), which combines the Siamese
network and UNet++ as the backbone and fuses multi-coordinate attention
modules to enhance the change features. Moreover, a change detection
dataset (ZhengZhou Flood - ZZF-dataset) is constructed using Sentinel-1
SAR images based on the flood disaster in Zhengzhou of China in 2021.
The simulations verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Adoption of Critical View of Safety versus Infundibular Technique in Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: A comparative study
Authors:   of Surgery, College of Medicine, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq, Abdulhassan Basher , Noman Ziyad ,   of Surgery, Al-Imamein Al-Kadhimein Medical City, Baghdad, Iraq, Hamdawi Mohammed ,   of Surgery, College of Medicine, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq
Published: September 2023

Background: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is the most common elective surgery performed by a general surgeon. Although being a routine procedure, classical pitfalls as misperception of intraoperative anatomy is one of the leading causes of bile duct injuries (BDI). The critical view of safety (CVS) in LC can be a new safe technique for identification of anatomy to reduce such a risk. Objective: To assess the efficacy of CVS in LC compared with the traditional infundibular technique. Methods: This comparative study included 344 patients who suffered from symptomatic gall stones. Patients have been grouped into two groups: group A (172 patients) operated utilizing the traditional infundibular technique and group B (172 patients) by CVS technique. Preoperative patient assessment, operating time and intraoperative and postoperative events including hospital stay, were recorded. Those patients who were unfit and or with bleeding disorders were excluded from the study. Postoperatively, patients were assessed using clinical examination for the possible complications. Results: The main perioperative complications bleeding and bile leak were significantly reported in infundibular group 6.98% and 9.88% respectively compared to 0.58% and 1.74% in CVS group respectively. Postoperatively, both intra-abdominal collection and bile leak were significantly lower in CVS group (1.16% and 1.74%, respectively) than in infundibular group (7.58% and 6.98%, respectively). Furthermore, hospital stay was significantly less in CVS group (1.8±2.7 days) compared to infundibular group (3.14±2.8 days). Conclusion: Using the CVS is associated with shorter operative time, less frequent peri- and postoperative complications and shorter hospital stay compared with infundibular technique. Keywords: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy, critical view of safety (CVS) Citation: Abdulhassan BA, Noman ZK, Hamdawi MA. Adoption of critical view of safety versus infundibular technique in laparoscopic cholecystectomy: A comparative study. Iraqi JMS. 2022; 20(2): 262-268. doi: 10.22578/IJMS.20.2.14
The Prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 in Severe and Very Severe Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patients
Authors:   National TB institute, Dept. of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Baghdad, Iraq, Al-Ani Nadia A. H. , Al-Obaidy Muhammed ,   of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Baghdad, Iraq
Published: September 2023

Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. There is evidence to support a connection between COPD and Diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2DM). T2DM affects 2-37% of COPD patients, with results being highly variable between studies. Objective :To determine the prevalence of T2DM in patients with severe and very severe stages of COPD and to assess the risk factors affecting the prevalence of T2DM among COPD patients. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted on 140 patients with COPD attending Outpatient and Inpatient of Respiratory Unit at Baghdad Teaching Hospital. The data were collected between the 10th of October 2016 to the 10th of August 2017. These data included demographic parameters such as: age, sex, smoking habit, and respiratory parameters from history and clinical examination. Spirometry was used to assess the severity of COPD patients. Random blood sugar testing was used for identification of COPD patients having T2DM when they are not clear or not known as a case of T2DM previously. Results: The prevalence of T2DM among COPD patients was 19.38%; the prevalence of T2DM in those with severe stage was 10.9%, while in very severe stage was 35.4%. In comparison to women, men were more likely to have T2DM.The prevalence of T2DM increased in the elderly COPD patients (>61 years), with high body mass index, and also increased more among current smokers followed by former smokers and never smokers. Lung function tests decline more in COPD patients with presence of T2DM. Conclusion: T2DM is more common among COPD patients, and its prevalence rose as the severity of the COPD patients' condition worsened. Additionally, T2DM patients are more likely to experience a decline in pulmonary function. Keywords: Diabetes mellitus type 2, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, prevalence, random blood sugar Citation: Al-Ani NAH, Al-Obaidy MW. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus type 2 in severe and very severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Iraqi JMS. 2022; 20(2): 269-277. doi: 10.22578/IJMS.20.2.15