bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Business Ethics: Busybody or Corporate Conscience?
Authors: Vinten Gerald
Published: May 2006

The study of business ethics is growing apace. The ethical
dimension is increasingly seen as an integral aspect of organisational
culture. Ethical issues are explored starting with international
business, then narrowing the focus to domestic business, and finally
narrowing it still further to professional ethics. In so doing, areas
such as bribery and corruption, social marketing, ethics education,
capitalism versus socialism, Free‐masonry, the religious dimension and
professional codes of ethics are touched on. Survey evidence is
presented on the relative ethical positioning of major professions. An
analysis of real‐life ethical situations leads to the formulation of
three models of corporate codes of conduct, and to conclusions as to the
pivotal role the ethical dimension can play in corporate life.
Probit Prediction of Going and Non‐going Concerns
Authors: Chye Koh Hian , Moren Brown Robert
Published: May 2006

This article discusses the limitations of existing going‐concern
discriminant models and explores the use of weighted probit analysis to
construct a classification model for the auditor to use in making
going/non‐going concern decisions. The model is constructed using probit
analysis with the weighted exogenous sample maximum likelihood (WESML)
procedure on a matched sample of 80 going and non‐going concerns. Using
the Lachenbruch′s U method of computing holdout accuracy rates, the
probit model classifies going/non‐going concerns with an accurate rate
of 82.50 per cent for non‐going concerns, 100.00 per cent for going
concerns, and 91.50 per cent overall. These accuracy rates are higher
than those of the sample auditors, which are 40.00, 97.50, and 68.75 per
cent, respectively. The model is expected to be useful as a
going‐concern prediction model, a persuasive analytical tool, and a
defensive device.
Third Generation Distance Learning
Authors: Birchall David W.
Published: May 2006

Many of the disadvantages of much distance learning provision stems
from the difficulties of interaction between learner and tutor, learner
and educational provider, and amongst learners themselves. Information
technology can assist in breaking down barriers to interaction. The
author describes the development of computer‐mediated communications for
management courses, drawing lessons from recent experience.
How to Measure Management Training and Development
Effectiveness
Authors: Endres Garrett J. , Kleiner Brian H.
Published: May 2006

Successfully measuring effectiveness in management training and
development can be a difficult task. Design of a valid measurement
programme should include evaluation in key areas; including emotional
reaction and knowledge gain measured after training interventions.
Behavioural change and organisational impact measurements should be used
on a longer time horizon to evaluate the progress and currency of the
management development programme. Finally, research shows that
maintaining a balance of the above measurements is the final key to
success in measuring the effectiveness of management training and
development.
Adapting Training to Trainee Learning Styles
Authors: Sims Ronald R.
Published: May 2006

The importance of adapting training styles and methods to trainees′
learning styles is discussed. Such an approach should provide a basis
for training strategies which can help trainers improve the performance
of an organisation′s training programmes.
A Model for Adult Training in Flexible Organizations:
Towards an Experience Concentration Theory
Authors: Thijssen Jo
Published: May 2006

Discusses flexibility at both organizational and individual levels
with respect to human resource management and training for an ageing
workforce. Derives a theory of experience concentration (from literature
survey and empirical research) which is seen as the key factor in adult
learning. Lists six basic principles as guidelines for developing adult
training courses. Presents a model as a framework for further research
which illustrates that the relation between the ageing of personnel and
flexibility is not as simple as is often thought.
Contemporary women′s evaluation of female role portrayals in advertising
Authors: Ford John B. , LaTour Michael S. , Lundstrom William J.
Published: May 2006

Uses an upscale female sample to extend previous research on
women′s perceptions of their role portrayal in advertising media.
Indicates that serious disenchantment with perceived portrayal of women
still exists for this important group of consumers. Measures various
attitudinal, company image, and purchase intention responses in addition
to salient demographic and role orientation variables. Discusses the
implications for advertisers using female models in their
advertisements.
In search of value: how price and store name information influence buyers′ product perceptions
Authors: Dodds William B.
Published: May 2006

Discusses a conceptual model of consumers′ product evaluation that
should help marketers′ understanding of price setting. Provides a
conceptual model that incorporates acceptable value range and that
examines the influence of price and store name information on quality,
monetary sacrifice, value, and willingness to buy. Argues that unlike
brand name image, which takes considerable time, money and managerial
talent to develop, price and retail outlet are two distinct marketing
tools for making quick position movements in a competitive market.
Concludes that understanding the effects of price and store name
information should lead to more effective and efficient behaviour in the
marketplace by both buyers and sellers.
The effect of free samples on immediate consumer purchase
Authors: Lammers H. Bruce
Published: May 2006

Examines the practice and marketing consequences of giving out free
food samples. Reports on a study, taken over a period of three days, of
customers who entered a well‐established, ten‐year‐old chocolate store
in a major suburban shopping mall, who received a free sample of
chocolate. Shows that sampling immediately increased the sale of
chocolates. Cautions that this positive effect was restricted to small
purchases and to the purchase of chocolate varieties other than the
variety sampled. Discusses the implications of the findings for
marketing management and for consumer behaviour theory.
Consumer perceptions of hybrid (bi‐national products)
Authors: Ettenson Richard , Gaeth Gary
Published: May 2006

Examines strategic alliances recently cultivated by many
multinational enterprises (MNEs) with foreign competitors, in particular
the global automobile market. Discusses the marketing of hybrid
automobiles with a focus on the role that brand name, country of origin,
and the interaction between them play in strategic product
positioning/marketing. Argues that marketers would do well to consider
their target customers′ likely reaction to offshore production of a
domestic brand or foreign branding of domestic goods.
Improving the Quality of Schooling in Malta
Authors: Bezzina Christopher
Published: May 2006

Restructuring schools as a means to quality improvement in education is one of the major challenges facing education in Malta. This article calls for a critique of school policy‐making and planning processes. Attention is directed towards school‐based development with focus on the school as the unit of change. School development is described as a process by which a school develops the capacity for reflective action. It is a planned, continuing effort, with personnel committed to a search for increasing school effectiveness and expresses a commitment towards professional growth. The article stresses the need for policy and decision makers to fundamentally rethink the way schools function at present by shifting attention towards establishing a professionally oriented structure which gives educators at school level more responsibility, accountability and professionalism.
Customer‐focused career development
Authors: Iles Paul , Mabey Chris
Published: May 2006

States that career development programmes need to become more
customer‐conscious, not only focusing on the needs of external
customers, but also allowing for participation by internal customers or
clients. Discusses service orientation versus production orientation in
career development. Describes career development at the National and
Provincial Building Society. Concludes that using
“customer‐conscious” procedures results in more satisfied
and committed clients.
Strategic Adaptation to Deregulation
Authors: Chakravarthy Balaji S.
Published: May 2006

This article provides a framework for strategic adaptation to deregulation drawing on the lessons learned in the United States. A firm can adapt to deregulation by the mix of productmarket and domain management strategies that it chooses. The strategies open to a firm in turn depend upon its resource endowment and strategic predisposition. Since it is difficult to alter either of these at short notice, it is imperative that a firm that is faced with deregulation in its environment initiates these transformations in anticipation of change.
Company Quality Assessments
Authors: Conti Tito
Published: May 2006

First of a two‐part series. Examines current schemes for self‐assessment and their limitations. Proposes a new method of measuring organisational excellence and continous improvement. Suggests what is needed is an “assessment model” of the company′s quality goals and results, created and analysed through surveys and measurement.
Towards an Integrated Waste Management Strategy
Authors: Kerry Turner R. , Powell Jane
Published: May 2006

Future waste management in the UK will have to address the problem
of rising costs of waste disposal. The current financial costs of
landfill disposal represent an under pricing of the waste assimilative
capacity of the environment. Economic, social and political pressures
over the coming decade will serve to force up disposal costs closer to
the “true” economic cost to society. The cost rise will have
important positive ramifications for waste minimisation and waste
recycling. It is argued that rational decision making in the waste
management context has been made more difficult in the UK because of a
series of failures: information failure; lack of “systems”
thinking; institutional failure; lack of economic cost‐benefit thinking.
What Is Truly Missing in Advanced Preparation in
Educational Administration?
Authors: Immegart Glenn L.
Published: May 2006

Scholarship in educational administration is considered from the
perspective of a former journal editor. It is proposed that the
development of scholarly skills is missing from advanced preparation in
educational administration. Yet the skills of enquiry, analysis and
writing are essential in any profession and critical to thought and
development in professional fields. The import of writing and
scholarship for a field of practice like the administration of education
is treated, along with reasons for the current state of affairs.
The New Science of Chaos: Making a New Science of
Leadership?
Authors: Sungaila Helen
Published: May 2006

An emerging synthesis between natural and social sciences is
discussed and the new science of “chaos” which originates in
chemical researches is introduced. Educational systems are seen to be
dissipative structures allowing analysis of them in
“chaotic” terms. Such structures have a self‐organising
dynamic which produces “second order” changes to a new
regime. This has long been associated with analysis of leadership. The
creative input of a single individual, though small, may lead to
far‐reaching effects if guided by vision.
School Climate and School Culture
Authors: Maxwell T.W. , Ross Thomas A.
Published: May 2006

The concept of climate is a recurring theme of the three sections of this article. The inadequacy of climate as a metaphor is addressed in the first section. Teachers do, however, use the term “climate” in an explanatory and predictive way. When evaluators and researchers work with teachers they have a particular responsibility both in provision of data and in the use of concepts which frame the data. These and related issues form the second section. The third and major section portrays a model of culture which acknowledges overt and covert meanings as well as the interaction of the different levels of the model, namely beliefs, values, norms and standards, and finally behaviour. The discussion develops a linkage from the culture of the organisation to wider societal influences. School climate is placed as the most superficial level of the interactive model of school culture.
The Evolving Role of American Principals: From Managerial to Instructional to Transformational Leaders
Authors: Hallinger Philip
Published: May 2006

Examines trends in the evolution of the principalship in the United States from the 1960s to the present. Analyses three roles that emerged during this period and that subsequently exerted influence on the principalship: the programme manager, instructional leader, and transformational leader. Assesses the evolution of these roles in administrative practice in the light of contextual changes, particularly developments in national and state education policy. Suggests possible directions for future developments in the educational leadership roles of principals in the United States.
System‐wide Diversity in Israel: Principals as
Transformational and Environmental Leaders
Authors: Goldring Ellen B.
Published: May 2006

The recent move towards system‐wide diversity in the Israeli
educational system has made the structure of public schools increasingly
complex and fragmented, and has greatly influenced many aspects of the
principalship. Today, principals in public schools are moving towards a
dynamic definition of their role. Principals are being required to move
from being routine‐managers to leader‐managers. This role change is
reflected in four pivotal areas including: resource allocation,
organizational framework, governing system and market structure.
Contrary to traditional roles, Israeli principals are increasingly
required to be environmental managers who mobilize resources and manage
professional organizations with pluralistic governing systems in a
competitive market structure. The success of local school initiatives
depends upon principals′ abilities to adapt their roles to new realities
inherent in such dynamic, diverse school networks.
Public School Educators′ Knowledge of Selected Supreme
Court Decisions Affecting Daily Public School Operations
Authors: Reglin Gary L.
Published: May 2006

Determines if high school educators were aware of selected legal
decisions rendered by the Supreme Court that affect the daily operations
of the public schools. Forty‐three principals, 63 assistant principals
and 184 teachers were administered an instrument to assess their
knowledge of public school law. Educators lacked knowledge in areas of
school finance, corporal punishment, and teacher rights. Demonstrates
the need to require courses in school law as a prerequisite for teacher
certification and to fund heavily staff development training in law.
OUTSHOPPING FROM SMALL TOWNS A BRITISH CASE STUDY
Authors: Guy Clifford M.
Published: May 2006

Most of the published research on outshopping (consumers buying
goods in places outside their home town) has been American. This is an
analysis of outshopping from Newtown, Wales, UK. Information based upon
a survey of over 300 households was collected relating to recent places
of purchase for six different types of comparison goods. Generally, car
owners were more likely, and older residents less likely to have
recently purchased goods outside Newtown. Outshopping was also related
to negative attitudes to Newtown′s shopping centre and positive
attitudes to shopping else‐where. A logit regression analysis shows that
demographic and attitudinal characteristics can both have important and
independent effects upon outshopping behaviour. However, out‐shopping
for do‐it‐yourself products, electrical goods and furniture appears less
systematically related to these characteristics than does out‐shopping
for clothing, footwear and furnishings.
SEX DIFFERENCES IN LEADERSHIP STYLE: MYTH OR REALITY?
Authors: Ferrario Margaret
Published: May 2006

The article examines the literature on research into leadership
styles and gender: the results are conflicting and do not support the
assumption that there are stereotypical masculine and feminine styles.
What has emerged is that women managers are likely to possess both task‐
and relations‐oriented leadership behaviours. It is argued that the
“androgynous” leadership style is effective in the
management of change.
The Estimation of Rational Expectations Models: A Survey
Authors: Blake David
Published: May 2006

The different types of estimators of rational expectations models are surveyed. A key feature is that the model′s solution has to be taken into account when it is estimated. The two ways of doing this, the substitution and errors‐in‐variables methods, give rise to different estimators. In the former case, a generalised least‐squares or maximum‐likelihood type estimator generally gives consistent and efficient estimates. In the latter case, a generalised instrumental variable (GIV) type estimator is needed. Because the substitution method involves more complicated restrictions and because it resolves the solution indeterminacy in a more arbitary fashion, when there are forward‐looking expectations, the errors‐in‐variables solution with the GIV estimator is the recommended combination.
Customer Satisfaction: A Comprehensive Approach
Authors: Nagel Pieter J.A. , Cilliers Willem W.
Published: May 2006

In recognising the need to research the concept
of customer satisfaction the study aims to develop
a strategic approach to measuring a customer′s
satisfaction with a particular enterprise. The study
is an attempt to (1) develop an overall concept of
customer satisfaction; (2) provide a detailed
relationship structure for implementation within
a company; and (3) identify potential research
areas.
A basic premiss of the study is that the focus
should be on maximising total product value to
the customer; and then, second, that customer
satisfaction of external customers is inter‐dependent
on the satisfaction of internal
customers. The framework of the research
centres on a proposed model which integrates all
aspects so as to maximise the potential of the
organisation and all its subsystems to create and
sustain satisfied customers.
The approach begins with a conceptualisation
phase in which the concept of customer
satisfaction is explored. Attributes are then
classified into services and this is then extended
to integrate the internal customer into a total
service model; applying gap‐analysis to this
model. Enterprise satisfaction provides the basis
for extending the total service model; positioning
is applied to the customer satisfaction strategy;
and operationalising of this strategy is proposed
through an implementation model.
Segmentation of Markets Based on Customer Service
Authors: Sharma Arun , Lambert Douglas M.
Published: May 2006

Customer service represents a significant
opportunity for segmenting markets. This article
reviews the importance of customer service and
the conceptual issues associated with segmenting
industrial markets on the basis of customer
service. A methodology is presented which can
be used by managers to classify a market into
segments with different customer service needs.
Empirical results from a high‐technology industry
are also presented. The article emphasises the
need to recognise the differing customer service
requirements of segments of customers when
establishing priorities for customer service
expenditures.
Scientific Management and Stakhanovism in the Soviet Union: A Historical Perspective
Authors: Bedeian Arthur G. , Phillips Carl R.
Published: May 2006

Scientific Management and Stakhanovism were both popular in the
Soviet Union during the 1920s and 1930s as means for increasing
productivity and industrial growth. A first‐cut effort at comparing and
contrasting these two historically important movements is presented as
one means for appreciating the origins of Soviet attitudes towards work.
Management Development: A Literature Review and Implications for Future Research – Part II: Profiles and Contexts
Authors: Storey John
Published: May 2006

In this second and concluding part of an extensive
review of the management development literature,
attention is directed to studies which have sought
to describe and explain how managers are in fact
made and to studies which have emphasised the
contextual aspects of the process. The review is
concluded with an overall assessment of the
management development literature – its
strengths and weaknesses – and with an analysis
of the implications which this assessment carries
for the conduct of future research. Crucial gaps
are identified, not least of which is a general failure
to locate descriptions of particular management
development initiatives within the context of other
ways in which the management stock is enhanced,
replenished and managed. Another major
shortcoming which is singled out as requiring
urgent attention is the failure to place management
development accounts and prescriptions within the
wider context of organisational characteristics.
A Practical Guide to the Management of Job Changes and Relocations
Authors: Forster N.S.
Published: May 2006

It is now well recognised by academic and
organisational practitioners that the effective
management of job changes and relocations will
be among the most important tasks facing Human
Resource Managers in the 1990s. To cope with
the challenges of the 1990s many organisations
will have to retain effective, committed, flexible
and mobile managerial workforces. Hence,
companies, personnel managers and individual
employees can all benefit from a clearer
understanding of the personal dynamics and
outcomes of job changes and mobility. Also, whilst
a number of guides to the legal and financial
aspects of relocation are now available, none has
systematically addressed the personal problems
faced by employees, their families and other
dependants. Hence, the focus is upon the personal
and familial aspects of these dual transitions. The
aim is to provide an understanding of the main
issues and themes surrounding job changes and
the personal side of relocation and provide detailed
guides on “good practice” for employers,
personnel managers, employees and their
dependants.
Assessing the Flexible Firm
Authors: Prowse Peter
Published: May 2006

The rapid growth in part‐time and temporary work
over the past decade has accounted for most of
Britain’s large rise in jobs compared with other
EC countries. This article analyses the influence
of the Institute of Manpower Studies model as
an aid for manpower planning and discusses
current thinking in research using three case
studies to analyse the value for manpower
strategy.
Managing Children′s Literature
Authors: Hannabuss Stuart
Published: May 2006

The management of children′s literature is a search for value and suitability. Effective policies in library and educational work are based firmly on knowledge of materials, and on the bibliographical and critical frame within which the materials appear and might best be selected. Boundaries, like those between quality and popular books, and between children′s and adult materials, present important challenges for selection, and implicit in this process are professional acumen and judgement. Yet also there are attitudes and systems of values, which can powerfully influence selection on grounds of morality and good taste. To guard against undue subjectivity, the knowledge frame should acknowledge the relevance of social and experiential context for all reading materials, how readers think as well as how they read, and what explicit and implicit agendas the authors have. The good professional takes all these factors on board.
Japanising Geordie‐land?
Authors: Hague Rod
Published: May 2006

This article considers employment policy and labour relations in
three Japanese manufacturing enterprises in north‐east England. In each
case, the author discusses a number of features, namely, the decision of
the company to locate in the north‐east, union recognition, workforce
flexibility, and industrial relations.
Culture: The Efficacy of Different Modes of Consultation
Authors: Hayes J. , Prakasam R.
Published: May 2006

This study explores the universality of collaborative modes of
consultancy intervention as a means of securing organisational
improvement. Collaborative modes of intervention have been found to be
effective in low power distance cultures (UK and US). The efficacy of
collaborative and non‐collaborative interventions in a high power
distance culture (India) were compared and it was found that the
non‐collaborative intervention resulted in greatest organisational
improvement, indicating that culture may be a factor which affects the
efficacy of particular models of intervention.
A Salute to the Sun: Crosscultural Organisational
Adaptation and Change
Authors: Rehder Robert , Smith Marta , Burr Katherine
Published: May 2006

Increasing recognition is being given to the fact that simple
solutions to organisational problems are no longer effective in complex
environments. Corporations are now acknowledging many advantages in
changing from a traditional to new non‐traditional models of
organisations. The article considers how an American corporation aimed
to remain competitive in a sharply competitive environment, while still
retaining its reputation for quality creativity and leadership.
Leadership Theory and Development: The Coming ″New Phase″
Authors: Schriesheim Chester A. , Neider Linda L.
Published: May 2006

The current state of leadership training and development is
summarised, as well as the three phases through which leadership theory
and practice have passed (trait, behavioural and situational phases).
Then weaknesses of these three approaches to leadership are highlighted,
along with what seems needed for the field to advance. New and
intriguing directions in leadership research are then outlined, along
with preliminary insights from these approaches. Finally, it is argued
that we may now be poised on the brink of significant innovative
advances in theory and in leadership development, based on these new
approaches and findings.
A Corporate Code of Conduct: The Internal Auditor′s Role
Authors: Gavin Thomas A. , Roy Richard A. , Sumners Glenn E.
Published: May 2006

An illustration is provided for all readers, students and
practising professionals alike, of the dilemma faced by internal
auditors as they try to perform a new service, namely, helping to
operationalise a code of ethics (conduct) within their firms and at the
same time remain true to the objective of their profession, to carry out
“an independent appraisal function...as a service to the
organisation”. The steps necessary to get a code of conduct
operational are reviewed and the results are presented of a survey of a
small number of firms in the utility industry which illustrates, among
other things, the individual and/or groups responsible for making the
code of conduct a viable document within their organisation.
Correlates of Effectiveness and Partner Satisfaction in Social Partnerships
Authors: Waddock Sandra A. , Bannister Brendan D.
Published: May 2006

Using the competing values model of organisational effectiveness, and a set of variables derived from the inter‐organisational relations literature, it is attempted to establish the correlates of overall effectiveness and partner satisfaction in social partnerships. Correlational analysis demonstrates that the competing values model variables and all of those derived from the interorganisational literature are highly intercorrelated, indicating that all measure some aspect of effectiveness. Multiple regression analysis indicates that the competing values are associated with overall effectiveness, while competing values and balanced partner relations (a process variable) are positively associated with partner satisfaction. Implications are discussed.
Succession Sensemaking and Organizational Change: A Story
of a Deviant College President
Authors: Gephart Robert P.
Published: May 2006

A conceptual framework or model of the sensemaking practices,
cultural objects and “programmatically constructed entities”
used to produce meaningful stories of succession and organisational
change are presented. The framework is elaborated and tested through an
expansion analysis of a story about the termination of a
“deviant” college president. It is discussed how the present
framework can help managers and researchers better understand and manage
organisational storytelling and organisational change.
Organisational Narratives and Organisational Structure
Authors: Davis Browning Larry
Published: May 2006

Organisational narratives as contributing to organisational structure are discussed. The trend lines of narratives introduce the ascent, decline and plateau narratives as reflections of organisational direction. The plateau narrative is used to emphasise the value in supporting the values of flat structures. Plateau narratives are more difficult to grasp because there are more players and more actions that potentially merit recognition by the organisation′s culture. Four suggested dimensions of plateau narratives are offered for change agents to identify. They are: stories of rotating leadership, stories of individuals doing any action that helps the group towards the goal, stories celebrating conscious levelling, and stories of power shifts from turf to large goals.
Leadership, Integrity and Conflict
Authors: Badaracco Joseph L. , Ellsworth Richard R.
Published: May 2006

Based on research derived in part from interviews with chief
executives of seven large firms, it is proposed that integrity is the
executive behaviour that leads an organisation to outstanding
performance. This is reflected in a consistency of personal values,
daily actions and organisational aims that facilitates the successful
resolution of conflict, and of management and business dilemmas; and,
thus, promotes organisational success.
Entry Mode Choice in Service Industries
Authors: Krishna Erramilli M.
Published: May 2006

The article presents empirical evidence which indicates the immense
diversity in entry mode choice patterns among various service
industries. It attempts to explain this variation in terms of certain
service attributes and motives for foreign market entry, using the
transaction cost analysis as its theoretical basis. While entry mode
choice associated with “hard” services (those that do not
require the providers to be physically proximate to the receivers)
resembles that in manufacturing firms, organisations providing
“soft” services (characterised by inseparable production and
consumption) enter world markets almost exclusively via foreign direct
investment and contractual transfers. This diversity poses challenges to
practitioners, policy makers and researchers in this field.
Influence and Trust in a Multinational Company
Authors: Savery Lawson K. , Waters Henry J.
Published: May 2006

The research is concerned with the level of trust between subordinates and superiors, level of influence of different grades in the hierarchy as perceived by members of the enterprise and how the level of each is influenced by the perceived style of leadership. The sample was taken from the staff in the headquarters of a major mining company in Western Australia. It was found that trust, for both supervisory and non‐supervisory grades, was unrelated to perceived style of leadership. However, trust was significantly related to perceived influence that each hierarchical grade had on what happened in the enterprise with a more democratic style producing higher influence. This was also true for the level of influence of each grade and the perceived decision style, although it was not significant at the accepted level for senior managers and departmental heads. Hence, to increase influence on what happens in the organisation it may be necessary to introduce some form of employee participation programme such as quality circles.
Use of a Parallel Learning Structure to Implement System
Transforming Innovations: The Case of Statistical Process Control
Authors: Bushe Gervase R.
Published: May 2006

Parallel learning structures coexist with formal bureaucratic
structures. They show great promise as a techno‐structural intervention
to compensate for bureaucratic organisation′s inability to learn and
adapt. A number of their applications are briefly reviewed. System
transforming innovations create the need for change in the very nature
of the organisations in which they are implemented. Using a case study
of one manufacturing plant′s efforts to implement such an innovation
(statistical process control) the article examines the practical
advantages of using a parallel learning structure to aid in
implementation.
A Factor‐Analytic Approach to Profiling Industrial
Accountants and Internal Auditors
Authors: Ahmadi Mohammad , Gavin Thomas A. , Hammer Edson G.
Published: May 2006

Factor analysis reveals the job satisfaction profiles for internal
auditors and industrial accountants have some marked differences. These
differences in the context of roles and working environments are
discussed and suggestions are made as to how this type of information
can be used constructively by management.
The essence of facilities management
Authors: Thomson Tony
Published: May 2006

Argues that the facilities management is really a field dedicated
to facility planning – where building design meets business
objectives. Considers reasons for the lack of clarity in the facilities
management profession. Illustrates the state of the field by formulating
a ′generic′ facilities management department. Suggests the importance of
facilities management for senior management and presents the facilities
management mission.
LETRASET ZOMBIES?
Authors: Shove Elizabeth
Published: May 2006

How much note do designers take of users′ needs in designing
buildings? Users apparently are treated as just that, reactive
in their use of whatever is provided for them. What is lacking in the
minds of designers is an appreciation of the proactive stance of
users from the sociological viewpoint vis‐à‐vis their
relationship with the buildings in which they work. Post‐occupancy
evaluations which have traditionally embraced the reactive should now
take more cognisance of the proactive aspect of the people/buildings
relationship and rescue the occupants from the zombie‐like state to
which they have been condemned.
VALUE ENGINEERING DURING EARLY DESIGN
Authors: Green Stuart D.
Published: May 2006

Value engineering has recently made a significant impact in the UK
construction industry. Many clients are insisting on its application in
order to ensure that the completed building design represents value for
money. Project managers are enthusiastically adopting the value
engineering approach as a means of managing the early stages of design.
The current state of development of value engineering in the UK
construction industry is described.
Dietary Awareness of Children: Specific Food Items
Authors: Lund B.K. , Gregson K. , Neale R.J. , Tilston C.H.
Published: May 2006

A survey, conducted in ten secondary schools in Nottingham and
involving 492 respondents aged 11‐16, examined the relationship between
adolescents′ attitudes towards food components such as fat, protein and
fibre and their attitudes towards the role of specific food items
containing those components in maintaining a healthy diet. The results
showed that attitudes towards selected food components tended to be held
more strongly than attitudes towards foods containing those components.
Thus whilst nearly 80 per cent respondents favoured a reduction in fat
intake, only 45.8 per cent favoured a decrease in butter consumption.
Attitudes towards specific food components and specific food items are a
function of a number of complex inter‐related variables which require
further investigation.
Initial Impact of the Food Safety Act
Authors: Wheelock Verner
Published: May 2006

The significant innovation introduced by the Food Safety Act 1990
is the “due diligence” defence. This is discussed in
conjunction with guidelines published by a consortium of interested
bodies. Many food businesses will be required to take positive action to
stay within the law. The legislation is seen to be part of developing
emphasis on new quality management systems, own‐label products and
advances in food retailing.
The Intangibility of Services: Measurement and Competitive
Perspectives
Authors: McDougall Gordon H.G. , Snetsinger Douglas W.
Published: May 2006

Explains how tangibility can be a useful concept for the services
marketer, enabling a firm to identify its position relative to
competition by measuring tangibility at various levels such as product
class, brand, segment and thus develop specific strategies for
improvement. Provides a scale, based on three empirical studies, for
measuring tangibility and shows how the results can be used
strategically.
Building Successful Brands: The Strategic Options
Authors: Doyle Peter
Published: May 2006

Examines branding strategies in the light of the debate about
whether brands should be included on balance sheets. Discusses the
factors involved in the creation of successful brands and how brands
work. Concludes that there are four levers for developing successful
brands: quality, service, innovation, and differentiation, and that the
danger of including brands in balance sheets is that it leads to weaker
rather than stronger branding strategies.
Consumer Evaluations of Responses to Complaints: What’s Fair and Why
Authors: Goodwin Cathy , Ross Ivan
Published: May 2006

Suggests that theories of procedural fairness can offer insights
into the effectiveness of complaint‐handling strategies. Discusses
complaint‐handling strategies, equity theory, distributive fairness,
procedural fairness, interactional fairness and how marketers can best
satisfy complainers. Concludes that firms need to have complaints
procedures which consumers feel treat them fairly; which involves
appearing genuinely responsive, rather than offer apologies by rote.
Creating an effective customer satisfaction program
Authors: Cina Craig
Published: May 2006

Proposes an effective customer satisfaction program. Demonstrates
that successful services companies have service packages, such as
minimum service requirements and value added services that distinguish
them from competitors. Offers five steps to greater customer
satisfaction that focuses on satisfaction audits, service strategy
development, employee relations, implementing tactics, and maintenance
and feedback. Concludes that marketers must ultimately have a good
understanding of the marketplace.
Strategic service management
Authors: Roscitt Rick , Parket I. Robert
Published: May 2006

Considers the need imposed by increased competition for
manufacturers to move from a traditional, reactive service approach
based on routine maintenance programmes towards a more strategic
customer servicing philosophy based on strategic service management.
Argues for a complete management audit of company service policies in
order to implement a company‐wide service culture. Concludes that the
implementation of a service mission developing all relevant factors can
enable manufacturers themselves to out‐perform third‐party
organizations, thus maximizing opportunities offered in the expanding
industrial and business service market.
British Telecom shops: Developing Customer Care
Authors: Greenwood Roger
Published: May 2006

Describes the “Coaching for Retail Professionals”
training aimed at all BT employees. Reports that successful personal
development resulted in a six per cent increase in productivity and is
now part of the induction programme for every employee. Concludes that
the programme is improving internal communication and that “being
nice to people not only can be but ought to be profitable”.
Mineral nutrition of haddock Melanogrammus aeglefinus(L.): a comparison of wild and cultured stock
Authors: Roy P. K. , Lall S. P.
Published: May 2006

The macro and trace mineral composition of vertebrae and muscle in wild and cultured haddock Melanogrammus aeglefinus was determined. Results indicated that haddock deposit c. 10% higher amounts of mineral than salmonids. Based on distribution between the analysed tissues as well as concentration differences, the minerals in wild and cultured haddock were divided into four categories: (1) As, Mn, Na, S and Zn concentration did not show any significant (P > 0·05) variation in both muscle and vertebrae; (2) Cr, Co, Mg, Mo and Si concentrations in wild and culture stocks muscle did not vary but vertebrae concentration showed significant differences (P < 0·05); (3) Ca and Cu concentration varied in muscle while remaining the same in vertebrae; (4) Al, Ba, Fe, P, K and Sr concentration showed a significant difference in both muscle and vertebrae. Vertebrae P content of cultured haddock was lower than that of wild fish whereas muscle P content was relatively high in cultured fish. Vertebrae and muscle Fe content of cultured haddock was significantly higher than in wild fish. The Mg, K, Co and Cr concentrations in vertebrae were significantly higher in wild haddock than in cultured fish, whereas Mo and Al levels were low. These differences in trace element composition of wild and cultured haddock were probably related to differences in food source and therefore the mineral composition of the diet. The nutritional significance of these findings is discussed.
Female‐biased migration of stream‐dwelling Dolly Varden in the Shiisorapuchi River, Hokkaido, Japan
Authors: Koizumi I. , Yamamoto S. , Maekawa K.
Published: May 2006

The first evidence for female‐biased migration in a partially migratory stream‐dwelling salmonid the Dolly Varden Salvelinus malma, a phenomenon well known in sea‐run and lake‐run populations, is presented. Dolly Varden in the Shiisorapuchi River in central Hokkaido, Japan, used both tributaries, of which there are many, and the main stem, but spawned only in tributaries. The size structures of Dolly Varden (≥age 1 + years) in tributaries were unimodal (<100 mm fork length, LF) during non‐spawning seasons but changed to bimodal during spawning seasons (lower mode <110 mm, upper mode >120 mm LF). Mature individuals were observed in both modal groups. From the trapping and census data, the small group appeared to be tributary resident and the large group main stem migrant. Males were common in both resident and migrant components. Most females, however, migrated to the main stem to mature, indicating female‐biased migration.
Influence of life history and seasonal hydrology on lipid storage in three neotropical fish species
Authors: Arrington D. A. , Davidson B. K. , Winemiller K. O. , Layman C. A.
Published: May 2006

The seasonal dynamics of energy (lipid) storage in three neotropical fish species with differing life histories were evaluated. Lipid content was substantially greater in the liver than in dorsal musculature of all three species. Two piscivores (Cichla temensis and Serrasalmus manueli) showed large, statistically significant seasonal fluctuations in liver lipid content. Liver lipid content increased during high water, through the falling water, and into the early dry season for both piscivores. Seasonal variation in dorsal muscle lipid content was large and statistically significant for C. temensis, but was small and non‐significant for S. manueli. Cichla temensis appeared to ‘finance’ costs associated with reproduction by accumulating lipids during the falling‐water period when migratory prey allowed the species to subsidize their energetic dynamics. Semaprochilodus kneri, a migratory algivore and detritivore, showed no significant seasonal variation in dorsal muscle lipid content and minimally significant seasonal variation in liver lipid content. Statistically significant effects of lipid content on δ13C was observed when tissue lipid content varied by >12%, while biological interpretation of food web statistics based on δ13C values appears robust to minor variations in lipid content. Nonetheless, when lipid content varied by larger amounts (e.g. >35% for C. temensis and S. manueli liver tissue) lipids appeared to have a large potential effect on δ13C and food web statistics calculated from such measurements may have been biased. Surprisingly, even large variation in tissue lipid content did not affect δ15N.
Feeding preference and deterrence in rabbitfish Siganus fuscescens for the cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula in Moreton Bay, south‐east Queensland, Australia
Authors: Capper A. , Tibbetts I. R. , O'Neil J. M. , Shaw G. R.
Published: May 2006

Rabbitfish Siganus fuscescens preferences for Lyngbya majuscula collected from three bloom locations in Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia, were tested along with a range of local plant species in the laboratory. Consumption of L. majuscula by fish did not differ between wild and captive‐bred fish (P = 0·152) but did differ between bloom location (P = 0·039). No relationship was found between consumption rates and lyngbyatoxin‐a concentration (r2 = 0·035, P = 0·814). No correlation existed between C : N and proportion of food consumed when all food types were analysed statistically, whereas a clear correlation was observed when L. majuscula was removed from the calculations. In simulated bloom conditions, fish avoided ingestion of L. majuscula by feeding through gaps in the L. majuscula coverage. Both wild and captive‐bred S. fuscescens showed a distinct feeding pattern in 10 day no‐choice feeding assays, with less L. majuscula being consumed than the preferred red alga Acanthophora spicifera. Lyngbya majuscula however, was consumed in equal quantities to A. spicifera by wild S. fuscescens when lyngbyatoxin‐a was not detectable. Wild fish probably do not preferentially feed on L. majuscula when secondary metabolites are present and are not severely impacted by large L. majuscula blooms in Moreton Bay. Furthermore, poor feeding performance in both captive‐bred and wild S. fuscescens suggests that they would exert little pressure as a top‐down control agent of toxic L. majuscula blooms within Moreton Bay.
Cell cycle execution point analysis of ORC function and characterization of the checkpoint response to ORC inactivation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Gibson Daniel G. , Bell Stephen P. , Aparicio Oscar M.
Published: May 2006

Chromosomal replication initiates through the assembly of a prereplicative complex (pre‐RC) at individual replication origins in the G1‐phase, followed by activation of these complexes in the S‐phase. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the origin recognition complex (ORC) binds replication origins throughout the cell cycle and participates in pre‐RC assembly. Whether the ORC plays an additional role subsequent to pre‐RC assembly in replication initiation or any other essential cell cycle process is not clear. To study the function of the ORC during defined cell cycle periods, we performed cell cycle execution point analyses with strains containing a conditional mutation in the ORC1, ORC2 or ORC5 subunit of ORC. We found that the ORC is essential for replication initiation, but is dispensable for replication elongation or later cell cycle events. Defective initiation in ORC mutant cells results in incomplete replication and mitotic arrest enforced by the DNA damage and spindle assembly checkpoint pathways. The involvement of the spindle assembly checkpoint implies a defect in kinetochore‐spindle attachment or sister chromatid cohesion due to incomplete replication and/or DNA damage. Remarkably, under semipermissive conditions for ORC1 function, the spindle checkpoint alone suffices to block proliferation, suggesting this checkpoint is highly sensitive to replication initiation defects. We discuss the potential significance of these overlapping checkpoints and the impact of our findings on previously postulated role(s) of ORCs in other cell cycle functions.