bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
STUDIES OF THE TREMATODE STEPHANOSTOMUM BACCATUM (NICOLL, 1907): III. ITS LIFE CYCLE
Authors: Wolfgang Robert W.
Published: August 2008

The life cycle of Stephanostomum baccatum includes an ophthalmoxiphidiocercous cercaria, lacking a penetration stylet, which develops in Buccinum undatum and Neptunea decumcostatum. The metacercaria is found in the skin and somatic muscles of pleuronectid fishes, and the adult occurs in the rectum of Hemitripterus americanus. A description is given of all stages.
INFLUENCE DU DÉRIVÉ CYANURÉ DU DDT SUR LE RYTHME CARDIAQUE DE PERIPLANETA AMERICANA (L.)
Authors: Bellemare E. R. , Belcourt Jean
Published: August 2008

The mode of action, on the heart of Periplaneta americana, of the cyanide analogue of DDT has been studied. Results of preliminary tests with rotenone confirm the findings of other investigators. Tests made with DDT produce a slight reduction of the cardiac rhythm. With the cyanide analogue of DDT, the rate of heart beat is also slightly reduced but, as with DDT, the pulsations continue long after paralysis has set in. The general intoxication symptoms produced by the injection of the cyanide analogue (in suspension) are likewise identical with those of DDT. The above results, together with results of experiments found in the literature, seem to be at variance with the hypothesis proposed by Krijgsman et al. that the heart mechanism of insects consists of a neurogenic pacemaker with adrenergic properties, controlled by a cholinergic accelerating nerve.
INVESTIGATIONS OF THE MODE OF ACTION OF STRAINS OFBACILLUS CEREUSFR. AND FR. PATHOGENIC FOR THE LARCH SAWFLY,PRISTIPHORA ERICHSONII(HTG.)
Authors: Heimpel A. M.
Published: August 2008

There is a significant correlation between the pathogenicity for the larch sawfly Pristiphora erichsonii (Htg.) of Bacillus cereus Fr. and Fr. strains and their respective abilities to produce lecithinase. Species of the genus Bacillus that are incapable of producing lecithinase are not pathogenic for the larch sawfly. Histopathological evidence of toxemia during the progress of B. cereus infection of the sawfly larvae is presented and it is noted that the tissue degeneration is not of the type usually associated with proteolytic or lipolytic activity. Finally, approximately three micrograms of a lecithinase preparation (containing. approximately 21 mouse LD50per milligram) was found to be the LD50for the fifth-instar larva of the larch sawfly. The main conclusion drawn from this evidence is that lecithinase plays an important role in the invasion and destruction of infected larch sawfly larvae.
COLORADO TICK FEVER IN ALBERTA
Authors: Brown John H.
Published: August 2008

The first record of Colorado tick fever virus in Alberta was made following the laboratory examination of 250 unfed Dermacentor andersoni ticks collected west of Calgary on May 11, 1953. On June 12, 1954, a further collection of 100 unfed ticks of the same species made in the same general area was also positive, and on June 28, 1954, a collection of 30 unfed D. andersoni made on pasture land at Brooks, about 165 miles east of the location of the previous positives, was also positive. Hence it would appear that Colorado tick fever virus is widespread in the D. andersoni population in Alberta. No human cases have been recognized in Alberta.
THE FECUNDITY OF AEDES HEXODONTUS DYAR (CULICIDAE) IN THE LABORATORY
Authors: Barlow C. A.
Published: August 2008

The numbers of eggs laid by 654 Aedes hexodontus females, captured in the field, were examined under laboratory conditions in relation to three variables: nutrition, weight, and date of capture of the individuals. Females were weighed before and after engorging with blood and maintained in individual cages at a constant temperature of 20 °C. The mean fecundity of 198 females was 62.3 ± 2.16 eggs. A blood meal was necessary for oviposition in 95% of the individuals. Five per cent of the females oviposited without a blood meal. A diet of a single blood meal and water was insufficient for oviposition and either sugar or raisins was required to supplement the single blood meal. There was a definite correlation between weight and fecundity. Vertebrate blood was a stimulus to egg development. A critical minimum amount of blood was required to initiate ovulation, but blood in excess of this did not increase the number of eggs. No correlation was shown between the fecundity of females in the laboratory and the date of their capture.
THE EFFECTS OF THYROXINE AND GONADAL STEROIDS ON THE ACTIVITY OF SALMON AND GOLDFISH
Authors: Hoar W. S. , Keenleyside M. H. A. , Goodall R. G.
Published: August 2008

Goldfish immersed in a solution of thyroxine, testosterone, or stilboestrol are more active than untreated fish. The strength of electrical stimulus required to produce a standard response is also less in similarly treated goldfish. Coho and sockeye salmon yearlings tested with the same hormones and sockeye salmon yearlings treated with dienoestrol or nylestin show a decrease in time required to make a standard response in flowing water. These data are discussed in relation to the appetitive behavior of migrating fishes.
ASCAROID NEMATODES FROM CANADIAN BIRDS
Authors: Mawson Patricia M.
Published: August 2008

Thirteen species of nematodes belonging to the superfamily Ascaroidea are recorded from birds from Canada. Of these, Porrocaecum trichuriforme, Contracaecum anasi, and Heterakis pedioecetes are described as new: Contracaecum yamaguti is a new name for Contracaecum sp. Yamaguti, 1941. Several stages in the life cycle of P. ensicaudatum are described and Spiroptera turdi Molin is regarded as a larval stage of this species.
RHABDOCHONA CHABAUDI N. SP. FROM BARBUS MERIDIONALIS
Authors: Mawson Patricia
Published: August 2008

Rhabdochona chabaudi n. sp. is described from Barbus meridionalis from near Banyuls-sur-Mer, France.
THE PHYSIOLOGY OF DORMANCY IN THE SWEETCLOVER WEEVIL
Authors: Davey K. G.
Published: August 2008

The physiology of the overwintering adult stage of Sitona cylindricollis (Fahr.), the sweetclover weevil, has been examined. It has been shown that the dormancy is characterized by a drop in oxygen consumption, a cessation of development in the reproductive organs, and a slight rise in fat content; and that the termination of dormancy is characterized by a reversal of these conditions. The water content does not change. Although the total respiration exhibited the characteristic U-shaped curve from entry into dormancy until its cessation, the CO-insensitive respiration remained at a low level throughout. Termination of the dormancy requires a period of exposure to low temperatures. It is concluded that this dormancy is not essentially different from diapause in immature insects.
CONTRIBUTION À LA THÉORIE DES FEUILLETS CELLULAIRES HÉPATIQUES
Authors: Legault Roméo
Published: August 2008

The study of both individual and serial sections of the liver of five species of fishes indicates that the parenchyma of this organ consists of a series of sheets two cells thick. These sheets are perforated, tortuous, and anastomose frequently. This description is related to Elias's conception of the vertebrate liver and shows an organization more primitive than that of mammals.
NUTRITIONAL STUDIES WITH PSEUDOSARCOPHAGA AFFINIS (FALL.), A DIPTEROUS PARASITE OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (CLEM.): V. EFFECTS OF VARIOUS CONCENTRATIONS OF THE AMINO ACID MIXTURE, DEXTROSE, POTASSIUM ION, THE SALT MIXTURE, AND LARD ON GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT; AND A SUBSTITUTE FOR LARD
Authors: House H. L. , Barlow J. S.
Published: August 2008

An improved chemically defined diet has been developed for aseptic rearing of the parasitic dipteron Pseudosarcophaga affiuis (Fall.). The time required for 50% of the larvae to develop to the third instar was decreased from nine to five days, and the percentage of larvae that became adults was increased from 19 to 60. These improvements resulted from a reduction in the dextrose concentration to 0.5% of the diet and the inclusion of 0.4% of lard or of a mixture of fatty acids. Reducing the concentration of the salt mixture when the concentration of potassium was increased did not affect growth. The optimum concentration of amino acids was about 2.0% of the medium. Excessive concentrations of amino acids, dextrose, and the salt mixture were toxic.
THE DISTRIBUTION, ORIENTATION, AND ACTIVITIES OF THE VARYING LEMMING IN A GRADIENT OF TEMPERATURE
Authors: Smith Donald A. , Fisher Kenneth C.
Published: August 2008

Comparisons were made of the behavior of individual varying lemmings, Dicrostonyx groenlandicus, in a 98 in. aluminum tube with and without a temperature gradient established. Normal lemmings with furred soles are the only animals tested thus far which did not select a portion of a temperature gradient. However, in the same apparatus, lemmings whose soles had been clipped naked selected the zone 28°–35 °C. This finding indicates that temperature selection in these lemmings as possibly in other small mammals tested is brought about by stimulation of temperature receptors in the soles of the feet, and that the dense fur on the soles of normal lemmings interferes with this mechanism and thus with temperature selection. In general the lemmings faced the two ends of the apparatus equally. However, there was a marked tendency for lemmings which were selecting temperature to orient towards the end from which they entered the tube. The frequency and location of non-locomotor activities (resting, grooming, attacking, and voiding) in normal lemmings were different in the gradient than at room temperature. This implies perception of temperature even though selection did not occur. Apparently a temperature perception mechanism distinct from that leading to temperature selection is involved in these normal lemmings.
THE NORTHERN LIMITS OF DISTRIBUTION IN MANITOBA FOR CYPRINID FISHES
Authors: Keleher J. J.
Published: August 2008

Twenty-three species of minnows (Cyprinidae) are known to occur in the Province of Manitoba, Canada. The most northern collection of each in the province has been listed and mapped. In Manitoba 13 minnows reach the northern limit of their recorded distribution. The limit of some species appears to be related to the 65° July isotherm.
THE EFFECT OF METHYL BROMIDE ON THE RESPIRATION OF THE CADELLE TENEBROIDES MAURITANICUS (L.) (COLEOPTERA: OSTOMIDAE)
Authors: Bond E. J.
Published: August 2008

Determinations have been made of the oxygen consumption of individual Tenebroides mauritanicus (L.) under fumigation with controlled dosages of methyl bromide. When the LD50 was applied, it was found that individuals characterized by a high normal respiratory rate were more likely to be victims than those with a low rate. The respiratory rate remained unchanged during the five-hour exposure to methyl bromide while the insects showed the complete succession of symptoms from hyperactivity to paralysis. Subsequently there was a gradual decrease in respiration until death. Pretreatment of the insects with a sublethal dose of the fumigant did not increase their resistance to lethal doses, thus confirming the absence of "protective stupefaction".
SUBSTITUTION OF CHOLINE BY RELATED COMPOUNDS AND FURTHER STUDIES ON AMINO ACID REQUIREMENTS IN NUTRITION OF PHORMIA REGINA (MEIG.)
Authors: Hodgson Ernest , Cheldelin Vernon H. , Newburgh R. W.
Published: August 2008

Phormia regina grown on a chemically defined diet under sterile conditions has been shown to have a specific dietary requirement for choline. The present work shows that carnitine and 2,2-dimethylaminoethanol can completely replace this in the diet whereas betaine is ineffective in this respect. Deletion of single amino acids from a mixture of 18 adequate for growth has previously shown the following 10 amino acids to be essential: arginine, histidine, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine, proline, and isoleucine. The present work: shows by the inability of the organism to grow on these essential amino acids that this method is not adequate to detect amino acid combinations for which alternate requirements exist. By the deletion of groups of two or more amino acids it has been shown that P. regina has a dietary requirement for either methionine or cystine and for either glutamic acid or aspartic acid. Growth on the 10 essential amino acids is stimulated by yeast extract. This is apparently not due to a simple replacement of missing amino acids, since the addition of yeast creates an increased requirement for thiamine.
PECTINASE IN THE SALIVA OF MYZUS PERSICAE (SULZ.) (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Adams J. B. , McAllan J. W.
Published: August 2008

A chromatographic technique demonstrated the presence of the enzyme pectin polygalacturonase in saliva ejected by Mysus persicae (Sulz.). The amount per gram of salivary gland was estimated to be 2.4 × 10−3 gm., a concentration presumed adequate to hydrolyze pectin in the cell walls adjacent to the feeding puncture of this species of aphid.
ACCLIMATION TIMES IN DAHLBOMINUS FUSCIPENNIS (ZETT.) (HYMENOPTERA: CHALCIDOIDEA)
Authors: Baldwin W. F. , Riordan D. F.
Published: August 2008

Thermal adjustment to high temperatures in Dahlbominus fuscipennis (Zett.) is a rapid process. The peaks of resistance to the lethal temperature of 43 °C. for starved adults held at 36 °C. and 32 °C. were reached in two and three hours respectively. It is suggested that the fall in resistance after these peaks was caused by changes in specific gravity of the haemolymph.
ÉTUDE BIOCHIMIQUE DE LA MÉTAMORPHOSE DE TRIBOLIUM CONFUSUM DUVAL (COLÉOPTÈRE: TÉNÉBRIONIDAE): I. VARIATIONS DU POIDS CORPOREL, DE L'HUMIDITÉ, DE LA MATIÈRE SÈCHE ET DES CENDRES TOTALES
Authors: Huot L. , Villeneuve J.-L. , Bernard R. , Lemonde A.
Published: August 2008

The variations in the total body weight, water content, dry weight, and total ash of Tribolium confusum during metamorphosis are reported. A drop in total body weight before the insect enters pupation is observed. The pupal stage shows a moderate but sustained decrease in body weight followed by a further large one at emergence. Though the water content falls during the prepupal stage and at the emergence, there is a moderate increase in the water content during the pupal stage. These changes show that the pupae utilize the reserves accumulated during the larval stage. Variations in both dry weight and total body weight are similar. A study of simple correlation of these variables is discussed. The elimination in the prepupal stage of a large amount of the inorganic constituents (ash) is noticed. During the pupal stage, total ash remains constant while at emergence, there is a slight fall.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE MATING, FEEDING, OVARIAN DEVELOPMENT, AND OVIPOSITION OF ADULT BLACK FLIES (SIMULIIDAE, DIPTERA)
Authors: Davies Douglas M. , Peterson Bobbie V.
Published: August 2008

Nineteen Ontario species were studied and five from outside Ontario examined. Newly emerged females were of five types: with (1) mature eggs and reduced mouth parts (Gymnopaïs spp., Cnephia spp.); (2) eggs half developed, much stored nutrient, and reduced mouth parts (C. emergens, P. alpestre); (3) eggs half developed, much stored nutrient, and piercing mouth parts (C. mutata); (4) eggs one-fifth to one-third developed, usually much stored nutrient, and piercing mouth parts (Simulium spp.); (5) eggs less than one-quarter developed, little stored nutrient, and piercing mouth parts (Prosimulium spp., Simulium spp.). In Cnephia spp. (type 1) mating occurred shortly after emergence with little flying. In C. mutata parthenogenesis is usual. Male mating flights occurred in species of Prosimulium and Simulium. But S. decorum mated on a support shortly after emergence and also just before oviposition. C. mutata fed infrequently on deer. Occasional females of S. decorum and S. vittatum (type 4) fed on mammals. Species of type 5, S. croxtoni, S. euryadminiculum, S. latipes, and S. rugglesi fed only on birds, S. venustum naturally on birds and mammals, and others naturally only on mammals. Ovarian development in species of types 4 and 5 took live or more days. In those of type 5 it began only after a blood meal that may take two weeks to acquire. Females of Prosimulium, Cnephia, and some Simulium species dropped eggs into the water while flying. Other Simulium species oviposited on water-covered surfaces either while flying or alighted, depending on conditions. Oviposition was greatest in the evening but occurred at other times when populations were large, and conditions favorable.
TAXONOMIC STUDIES ON THE GENERA APROCTELLA CRAM, 1931 AND CARINEMA PEREIRA AND VAZ, 1933 WITH A PROPOSAL FOR A NEW GENUS PSEUDAPROCTELLA N. GEN.
Authors: Anderson Roy C.
Published: August 2008

Aproctella stoddardi Cram, 1931, collected from Zonotrichia albicollis, Geothlypis trichas, Hylocichla ustulata, and Bonasa umbellus, is redescribed. The genus Aproctella is emended and two species are recognized in this genus, namely, A. stoddardi Cram, 1931 (genotype) and A. carinii (Pereira and Vaz, 1933) n. comb. The genus Carinema Pereira and Vaz, 1933 is placed as a synonym of Aproctella. A new genus Pseudaproctella is proposed to have as genotype P. nuda (Hamann, 1940) n. gen. n. comb. and to include P. dubia (Johnston and Mawson, 1940) n. gen. n. comb. Specimens described by YBarra (1948) as Aproctella nuda Hamann, 1940 are regarded as belonging to A. stoddardi. Microfilaria fallisi Brinkmann, 1950 is regarded as probably a synonym of A. stoddardi and the new combination Paraprocta graucalinum (Johnston and Mawson, 1940) n. comb. is suggested for Carinema graucalinum.
THE EMBRYOLOGY OF THE BLACK WIDOW SPIDER, LATRODECTUS MACTANS (FABR.)
Authors: Rempel J. G.
Published: August 2008

The embryonic development of Latrodectus mactans, the black widow spider, from the time the egg is laid until the embryo is ready to emerge is described and an attempt made to correlate the internal developmental changes with changes in external body form. In agreement with observations of early students of spider embryology it is found that vitellocytes give rise to the mesenteron and hence the yolk cells are considered as the entoderm. The first blood cells are derived from extraembryonic cells, and are therefore ectodermal. A theory of head segmentation is suggested that contrasts with commonly accepted theories of arthropod segmentation by postulating that the spider brain is a syncerebrum made up of a protocerebrum, a greatly reduced tritocerebrum (= stomodaeal bridge), and cheliceral ganglia. The events in the development of the various systems in general closely parallel those described for many other species of spiders, but differ in some important respects from those described for another species of Latrodectus, namely Latrodectus hasselti Thorell.
THE BIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY OF THE TAPEWORM TAENIA HYDATIGENA IN DOMESTIC AND WILD HOSTS
Authors: Sweatman G. K. , Plummer P. J. G.
Published: August 2008

Hepatic fibrotic foci indicative of embryonic cysticerci first appeared in lambs with 7-day infections, and macroscopic cysticerci (1 to 9 mm.), most within haemorrhagic streaks, occurred at 10 days. Migration of cysticerci into the abdominal cavity from streaks and open pits in the liver capsule occurred in 18- to 25-day infections, and from the omentum in 25- and 30-day infections. Cysticerci in the abdominal fluid were last observed at 43 days. Most cysticerci that remained within the liver parenchyma of lambs became entombed within caseous and fibrotic matter, and failed to complete their rostellar development irrespective of the period of infection. Those at other sites developed suckers and complete hooks between 34 and 53 days. Cysticerci within the parenchyma of a moose completed their development. Hyalinosis of some omental cysts in lambs occurred at 25 days, but the cysticerci within remained viable until at least 53 days when some were infiltrated with caseous matter. A fibroma was associated with an omental cyst. Crystallized flakes occurred in teased hepatic haemorrhagic streaks and omental cysts in 4-month infections. Cysts displayed subsequent size regression. Adhesions and ribbons of fibrotic tissue, most involving the liver and diaphragm or the omentum and body wall, occurred initially in infections of 30 and 61 days respectively.In infections longer than 53 days, the number of viable or degenerate cysticerci in lambs and swine at sites exclusive of the liver parenchyma was proportional to the total number of cysts. The increment in the size of these viable cysticerci increased at the same rate both before and after complete rostellar development. Only cysticerci with complete rostellar hooks infected dogs. Prepatent periods in dogs spanned about 2 months, and strobilar longevity varied from [Formula: see text] to at least [Formula: see text] months.
STRUCTURE OF THE TESTIS FOLLICLE IN RELATION TO EVOLUTION IN THE SCARABAEIDAE (COLEOPTERA)
Authors: Virkki N.
Published: August 2008

In the coleopterous family Scarabaeidae the external morphology of the testis follicle varies much between different species. Three form groups can be distinguished. In one group, containing representatives of the systematically low coprophagous scarabs, differences are chiefly in the length of the follicle. In another group, typical representatives of which are the aphodines, the follicles are always spherical, but the size varies between different species. In the third, the follicles differ also in relative breadth. The third group contains higher phytophagous scarabs. The author suggests that the follicles of group 1 are the most primitive, those of group 3 the most advanced in the Scarabaeidae. A tendency to shorten, round out, and, finally, broaden the follicle seems to characterize the process of differentiation of the higher scarabaeoids from the primitive ones. This differentiation is accompanied by development of certain histological features in the follicles. In coprophagous scarabs the follicles are non-septate, the oxygen supply deriving directly from the central network of tracheoles. In phytophagous scarabs, oxygen and certain other nourishing stuffs are conducted by the septum system, which develops by invagination of the surface membrane of the follicle.
LIFE CYCLE AND MORPHOLOGY OF PARUTERINA RAUSCHI N.SP. and P. CANDELABRARIA (GOEZE, 1782) (CESTODA) FROM OWLS, AND SIGNIFICANCE OF PLEROCERCOIDS IN THE ORDER CYCLOPHYLLIDEA
Authors: Freeman Reino S.
Published: August 2008

Paruterina rauschi n.sp. is described from the barred owl, and P. candelabraria (Goeze, 1782) is redescribed from the snowy owl; both species grow in the great horned owl. The life history and development of the plerocercoid of both species of worms in various rodents is described. Natural infections with the plerocercoid of P. rauschi n.sp. are reported from Tamias striatus and Peromyscus leucopus. Plerocercoids are not uncommon in cyclophyllidean life cycles, and their significance in the taxonomy of the order Cyclophyllidea is discussed. It is concluded that any future taxonomic revision of this order must consider the morphology of the immature stages if such a revision is intended to clarify natural relationships.
DECAPOD CRUSTACEA OF THE CALANUS EXPEDITIONS IN UNGAVA BAY, 1947 TO 1950
Authors: Squires H. J.
Published: August 2008

The decapod fauna of Ungava Bay (17 species in 3000 specimens collected) is shown to be similar to that of the shallow water areas of west Greenland. Four species are reported for the first time from Ungava Bay: Sergestes arcticus and Pasiphaea tarda, ordinarily from deeper and warmer water, and Eualus macilentus and Sabinea septemcarinata. Species found in or originating in the Pacific were taken in greater numbers. Systematics of each species is treated under occurrence in Ungava Bay, world distribution, and taxonomy. Lengths of most species of shrimp showed that a greater size was reached in females. Maturities with respect to size when first mature, egg size, and times of hatching and spawning are discussed. Males were found to be mature at a size smaller than first-mature females. The high percentage of stations at which decapods, including larvae, were taken, and their occurrence in the stomachs of many seals and fish attest their prevalence and their importance in the area.
POLYMORPHUS PARADOXUS SP. NOV. (ACANTHOCEPHALA) PARASITIZING BEAVERS AND MUSKRATS IN ALBERTA, CANADA
Authors: Connell Robert , Corner A. H.
Published: August 2008

A new species of Acanthocephala, Polymorphus paradoxus, is described from beavers (Castor canadensis) and muskrats (Ondatra zibethica) from a lake in Elk Island National Park, Alberta. A species of amphipod in the lake was heavily infected with larval Acanthocephala, although the possible relationship of this infection to that in the beaver and muskrat has not yet been determined. While all other species of Polymorphus have been described from birds, a possible avian host of P. paradoxus has not yet been found.
STUDIES ON AMINO ACID REQUIREMENTS OF LARVAE OF THE ONION MAGGOT, HYLEMYA ANTIQUA (MG.), UNDER ASEPTIC CONDITIONS
Authors: Friend W. G. , Backs R. H. , Cass L. M.
Published: August 2008

On diets lacking one of l-arginine, l-histidine, l-isoleucine, l-tryptophan, or l-valine all the test larvae of the onion maggot, Hylemya antiqua (Mg.), died in the first instar. On diets lacking either l-phenylalanine or l-threonine, all died before the third instar; on those from which l-leucine, l-lysine, or l-methionine was omitted, all died before reaching the pupal stage. Diets lacking l-alanine, l-aspartic acid, l-cysteine, l-glutamic acid, glycine, l-hydroxyproline, l-proline, l-serine, or l-tyrosine did not block larval development. Eighty-one per cent of the larvae on one of the complete diets developed to the adult stage; eggs laid by these adults and by adults from the diet lacking l-glutamic acid hatched and produced normal larvae. The test larvae were reared individually and aseptically on chemically defined diets.
THE OCCURRENCE AND NATURE OF DIAPAUSE-FREE DEVELOPMENT IN THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (CLEM.) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Harvey George T.
Published: August 2008

Spruce budworm populations in Eastern Canada are effectively univoltine. After hatching, the larva follows a complex behavior pattern that leads to the building of a hibernaculum in which it molts and spends the winter months without feeding. This pattern seems to be independent of environmental conditions, except as they affect the rate at which the component events occur, and, in the absence of any evidence to the contrary, must be considered as inherent.Laboratory studies have shown that in 62% of the families produced by matings of field-collected individuals at least one larva can develop without diapause if subjected to long photoperiods (at 71° F.); on the average 3 to 4% of the second-instar larvae in such progenies can forego diapause. Selection over six generations yielded a strain that, if subjected to continuous light in the laboratory, is virtually free from diapause. This stock has been reared for a further six generations and still retains this photoperiod dependence. Behavior is usually normal during hibernaculum construction and molting, but then the larvae vacate their shelters, feed readily, and develop without any delay. No associated differences have yet been found between non-diapause (N-D) and normal (D) insects. The ability to develop without diapause is apparently determined by multiple genes; it is not sex-linked but may be to some extent sex-controlled.Diapause-free development in this strain results only when first-instar larvae are exposed to a photoperiod of at least 15 hours, shorter times resulting in almost universal diapause and longer times giving a progressively greater proportion of N-D insects, approaching 100% in continuous light. This response is reduced by lower temperatures. Potential N-D insects deprived of a light-treatment behave as normal D insects; under appropriate conditions of light their progeny in turn develop without diapause.
STUDIES ON DIPTEROUS PARASITES OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (CLEM.) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE): V. OMOTOMA FUMIFERANAE (TOT.) (DIPTERA: TACHINIDAE)
Authors: Coppel H. C. , Smith B. C.
Published: August 2008

Omoloma fumiferanae (Tot.), a parasite of a small number of Lepidoptera in North America and the most common of the native tachinid parasites of Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) in British Columbia, deposits macrotype eggs on the integument of the host. The time from oviposition (on a host about to pupate) to puparial formation was 8 to 12 days at 23 °C. and a relative humidity of 60%. Approximately 25% of puparia produce adults the same year. The fate of these adults is not known. The remainder of the puparia produce adults the following spring. Among the important characters for identifying the immature stages of O. fumiferanae are the buccopharyngeal apparatus and the anterior and posterior spiracles.
LIFE HISTORY, NON-SPECIFICITY, AND REVISION OF THE GENUS CHORIOPTES, A PARASITIC MITE OF HERBIVORES
Authors: Sweatman Gordon K.
Published: August 2008

Chorioptic mange mites have been reared in vitro on epidermal debris. The life history of the mite has been observed, and each stage in the cycle described. Mites from the cow, horse, goat, sheep, and llama have been shown to be identical biologically and morphologically, and the specific names of equi, caprae, and ovis have been synonymized with C. bovis. The in vitro life cycle has been completed on epidermal debris from a variety of wild Cervidae, Bovidae, and Equidae, as well as on material from several breeds of domestic cattle, horses, sheep, and goats. From these and other data, three additional species or subspecies of Chorioptes were synonymized also with C. bovis. Only one other species, namely C. texanus, remains in the genus.
EFFECTS OF DIETARY PHOSPHOLIPID AND CHOLESTEROL ON THE TEMPERATURE RESISTANCE OF GOLDFISH
Authors: Irvine D. G. , Newman Katherine , Hoar W. S.
Published: August 2008

The temperature resistance of goldfish is increased by additions of cholesterol or phospholipid to basic diets of pablum or pablum and pilchard oil. The relative effectiveness of these treatments varies with the season and with the duration of the feeding experiment. In low-temperature resistance tests, the cholesterol effect was most marked during the earlier period of chilling and the suggestion is that cholesterol increases the capacity of fish to resist cold narcosis—not death. In heat, resistance tests, the phospholipid-fed fish showed a tendency toward heat narcosis which was not evident with cholesterol-fed animals. Increased temperature resistance was closely correlated with increased tissue cholesterol but only weakly correlated with the less modified tissue phospholipid. Although these diets also produced definite changes in total lipid content, moisture content, unsaturation of total lipids, and the cholesterol/phospholipid ratio, no evident correlation between these factors and temperature resistance of the goldfish was found. Data are discussed in relation to several theories of temperature death.
COCCIDIA (PROTOZOA: EIMERIIDAE) OF NORTH AMERICAN WILD GEESE AND SWANS
Authors: Hanson Harold C. , Levine Norman D. , Ivens Virginia
Published: August 2008

In a survey of the coccidia of 362 wild geese and swans from Canada and the United States, including subspecies and populations of Anser albifrons, A. caerulescens, A. rossi, Branta canadensis, B. bernicla, and Olor columbianus, the following coccidia were found: Eimeria anseris, E. brantae, E. fulva, E. hermani, E. magnalabia (syn., E. striata), E. nocens, E. truncata, E. clarkei n. sp., E. farri n. sp., and Tyzzeria anseris. Reports in the literature on the species of coccidia occurring in wild and domestic geese and their prevalence and geographic distribution are summarized with particular reference to North American flyways.
THE AVIAN BLOOD PARASITE BABESIA MOSHKOVSKII (SCHURENKOVA, 1938), WITH A RECORD FROM CORVUS SPLENDENS VIEILLOT IN PAKISTAN
Authors: Laird Marshall , Lari Faiyaz A.
Published: August 2008

A description is given of a haematozoan from an Indian house crow, Corvus splendens Vieillot, from Karachi, Pakistan. This organism is identified as Babesia moshkovskii (Schurenkova, 1938), following a review of the literature. Other hosts for B. moshkovskii include the domestic fowl, which also harbors the better known babesioid Aegyptianella pullorum Carpano, and eagles, herons, kestrels, and owls in Tadjikistan (U.S.S.R.), Indo-China, and Egypt.
THE DETERMINANTS OF PRODUCTION IN NORTHERN SEAS: A STUDY OF THE BIOLOGY OF THEMISTO LIBELLULA MANDT.
Authors: Dunbar M. J.
Published: August 2008

The level of production in the sea is determined not only by the extrinsic factors of the environment, but also by the intrinsic response of the organism to those factors, temperature in particular. In cold seas, the degree of adaptation to low temperature as regards activity, metabolism, growth rate, and the onset of maturity is therefore of great importance. This matter is reviewed and discussed here, and illustrated by a study of the growth rate, breeding cycle, and longevity of a dominant arctic pelagic amphipod, Themisto libellula Mandt.Themisto libellula, in Hudson Bay, Hudson Strait, and the waters of southeast Baffin Island, is shown to have a normal length of life of 2 years, although a 1-year or 15-month life cycle is a possibility in a small proportion of the population. Material from the months of November and December is lacking, but it appears that spawning extends from September through the winter until some time in May or June. If a temperature stimulus is involved in the onset of breeding, it appears to be a fall below, not a rise above, a critical point, since the temperatures during most of the breeding period are below −1.5 °C. The spawning in the autumn, however, suggests that temperature is in fact not involved.The alternating, or two-phase, breeding cycle is confirmed in this species, but the evidence shows that dislocations in the cycle (owing to the possibility of maturation after approximately one year in some individuals) may destroy the supposed reproductive isolation between adjacent year-classes.
SENSORY STIMULI INVOLVED IN THE LOCATION AND SELECTION OF SAWFLY COCOONS BY SMALL MAMMALS
Authors: Holling C. S.
Published: August 2008

The stimuli responsible for the location and selection of healthy vs. parasitized and diseased sawfly prepupae by Peromyscus maniculalus bairdii Hoy and Kenicott, Sorex cinereus cinereus Kerr, and Blarina brevicauda talpoides Gapper were determined in all phases of the search for buried food. Only olfactory stimuli were involved in the digging, removing, and opening phases, while gustatory stimuli played a part in selection in the eating phase. There were innate preferences and a versions to the gustatory stimuli, but not to the olfactory stimuli. It was only with experience that the animals were able to associate odors from cocoons with the taste of the cocoon contents.The selection of healthy male vs. female cocooned prepupae was also studied. In the digging phase all species dug more holes over the larger female cocoons than over the smaller male cocoons. This selection was not affected by experience and was caused by differences in degree and not kind of odor. In the removing and opening phases S. c. cinereus and P. m. bairdii removed and opened more male than female cocoons, while B. b. talpoides removed and opened more female cocoons. This selection was affected by experience and probably resulted from differences in visual or tactile stimuli. The larger the mammal the greater was the selection for female cocoons.
STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS OF THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS OF THE PRAIRIE GRAIN WIREWORM, CTENICERA AERIPENNIS DESTRUCTOR (BROWN) (COLEOPTERA: ELATERIDAE)
Authors: Zacharuk Russell Y.
Published: August 2008

The abdomen of the adult of the prairie grain wireworm, Ctenicera aeripennis destructor (Brown), consists of 10 segments, the posterior 3 of which are modified for reproduction in both sexes. Distinctive features of the male reproductive system are a pair of large spermatophoral glands that secrete the spermatophore, and a bilaterally symmetrical, trilobed phallic organ. Characteristics of the female reproductive system are egg tubes of the acrotrophic type, and a spermatophoral receptacle with a distinctively spinose intima.Neither the male nor the female mate more than once. The spermatophore, within which the seminal fluid is transferred from male to female, is slowly dissolved in the spermatophoral receptacle during the oviposition period and the gelatinous fluid is applied to the eggs as they are laid. This species does not reproduce parthenogenetically.
TREHALOSE AND GLUCOSE IN HELMINTHS AND OTHER INVERTEBRATES
Authors: Fairbairn Donald
Published: August 2008

Glucose and trehalose were determined in 71 species of invertebrates representing the major phyla. Glucose was estimated by a specific glucose oxidase assay, and trehalose, by equating the total carbohydrate in chromatogram eluates with glucose formed by acid hydrolysis of the carbohydrate. Parasitic nematodes in general contained more trehalose than cestodes, trematodes, and other invertebrates, with the possible exception of insects. In nematodes the glucose–trehalose ratio was usually less than one. This ratio was reversed in free-living invertebrates of marine, fresh-water, or terrestrial origin, most of which contained both carbohydrates in small amounts. Other hexoses and disaccharides were not present in detectable amounts.
SOME ECOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE LEAF-ROLLING HABIT IN COMPSOLECHIA NIVEOPULVELLA CHAMB.
Authors: Henson W. R.
Published: August 2008

The provision of shelter within tied leaves is shown to increase and modify feeding of Compsolechia niveopulvella Chamb. in a manner similar to the effect produced by raising ambient humidity. On this basis, the leaf-rolling habit of the larvae of this insect is concluded to be of direct selective advantage from the viewpoint of water economy as well as habitat temperature.
OPHRYOSCOLECIDAE (CILIATA:ENTODINIOMORPHIDA) OF REINDEER (RANGIFER TARANDUS L.) FROM THE CANADIAN ARCTIC: I. ENTODINIINAE
Authors: Lubinsky G.
Published: August 2008

This paper, the first of a series recording findings from the rumen contents of 14 reindeer from the Canadian Arctic, redescribes 10 species of Entodinium. A key to the species of Entodinium of reindeer has been compiled.
A NEW METHOD TO ESTIMATE LEVELS OF INFESTATIONS OF BLACK-FLY LARVAE (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE)
Authors: Wolfe L. S. , Peterson D. G.
Published: August 2008

A new method of estimating the levels of infestation of black-fly larvae in streams is described. Hollow, metal cones, 20 cm high, 10 cm in diameter at the base, and painted white, were placed in infested streams. The cones were held in position with a wire attached to the apexes and fastened to an object in the stream or on the bank. The larvae attached to the cones in preference to stones or vegetation. Counts of those attached gave estimates of the levels of infestation in the streams, the periods when greatest numbers of larvae were moving downstream, and the fluctuations in number of larvae during the summer.
A NEW SPECIES OF LECITHOPHYLLUM FROM NORTH PACIFIC FISHES WITH A CONSIDERATION OF THE TAXONOMY OF THE GENERA LECITHOPHYLLUM, APONURUS, AND BRACHADENA (TREMATODA: HEMIURIDAE)
Authors: Margolis L.
Published: August 2008

Lecithophyllum anteroporum n. sp. is described from Merluccius productus from British Columbia waters. Other hosts in the North Pacific are Oncorhynchus nerka and O. gorbuscha. The status of the genera Lecithophyllum Odhner, Aponurus Looss, and Brachadena Linton, and allocation of species within these genera are discussed. Keys to separate the three genera and the four species of Lecithophyllum are presented. Aponurus intermedius Manter is transferred to Lecithophyllum with L. fuscum Yamaguti as a synonym.
ON THE LIFE HISTORY AND VALIDITY OF THE SPECIES IN PSOROPTES, A GENUS OF MANGE MITES
Authors: Sweatman Gordon K.
Published: August 2008

The stages in the life cycle of P. cuniculi and other species or varieties in the genus are described. Host specificity currently attributed to the different types in Psoroptes is disproved, but differences exist in individual susceptibility. The six auricular types of psoroptic mites are reduced to two, and the five kinds of body mites to four. A dendrogram is included which shows the relations between the genera and species in Psoroptidae.
A CHEMICALLY DEFINED DIET AND AXENIC REARING METHOD FOR LARVAE OF THE SEED–CORN MAGGOT, HYLEMYA CILICRURA (ROND.) (DIPTERA: ANTHOMYIIDAE)
Authors: Friend W. G. , Salkeld E. H. , McClanahan R. J.
Published: August 2008

Larvae of the seed-corn maggot, Hylemya cilicrura (Rond.), were reared on two chemically defined diets under axenic conditions. The diets consisted of 19 l-amino acids, 9 water-soluble vitamins, coenzyme A, inosine, thymine, ribonucleic acid, glucose, a salt mixture, water, and agar. They contained no plant extracts or unknown growth factors. Eighty-three per cent of the 29 larvae reared axenically on the better diet became adults. The larvae developed approximately half as fast as those reared on pea seedlings.
ANATOMY, HISTOLOGY, AND SECRETIONS OF SALIVARY GLANDS OF THE LARGE MILKWEED BUG, ONCOPELTUS FASCIATUS (DALLAS) (HEMIPTERA: LYGAEIDAE)
Authors: Bronskill Joan F. , Salkeld E. H. , Friend W. G.
Published: August 2008

As in most Heteroptera, the salivary system of Oncopeltus fasciatus (Dallas) consists of a pair of trilobed principal glands and a pair of tubular accessory glands with associated ducts; the anatomy and histology are reported in detail. Tests for digestive enzymes demonstrated the presence of amylase, protease, invertase, and lipase. The various lobes of the salivary glands contain different digestive enzymes, a finding that is at variance with some published reports on allied Heteroptera.
HISTOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON LOCALIZATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF ESTERASES IN THE SALIVARY GLANDS OF THE LARGE MILKWEED BUG, ONCOPELTUS FASCIATUS (DALL.) (HEMIPTERA: LYGAEIDAE)
Authors: Salkeld E. H.
Published: August 2008

The posterior lobe of the salivary glands of the large milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus (Dall.), was rich in a nonspecific esterase. An esterase was also localized in the epidermal cells of the tracheae and body wall and in the epithelial cells of the first part of the mid-gut. No true lipase was found in the salivary glands or in the head or thorax.
ON THE TREMATODES BRACHYLECITHUM ORFI SP. NOV. (DICROCOELIIDAE) AND TANAISIA SP. (EUCOTYLIDAE) FROM THE RUFFED GROUSE, BONASA UMBELLUS L.
Authors: Kingston Newton , Freeman Reino S.
Published: August 2008

A new species of dicrocoeliid trematode, Brachylecithum orfi sp. nov., is reported and described from the biliary ducts of the ruffed grouse, Bonasa umbellus L., from Ontario and Michigan. Tanaisia sp. also is reported from this host. The incidence of these flukes is discussed.
BLACK FLIES (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE) OF THE FORESTS OF QUEBEC
Authors: Wolfe L. S. , Peterson D. G.
Published: August 2008

Twenty-two species of black flies, three of which are new to science, were found in the Baie Comeau area of Quebec in 1954 and 1955. Simulium venustum Say constituted 75 to 80% of the population and was the major species biting man. Prosimulium hirtipes (Fries), S. parnassum Mall., and S. tuberosum (Lund.) were also pest species. S. verecundum S. &J. was identified in collections made in August, 1955. Accounts are given of the habits, dispersal, transportation, stream-current preferences, feeding, and predators of the larvae. The structure of the unique pupal cocoon of Cnephia invenusta (Wlk.), and the formation of its stalk from the stems of dead moss, were studied.
STOMACH CONTENTS AND MICROFEEDING OF SOME COMMON CIRRIPEDES
Authors: Barnes H.
Published: August 2008

An account is given of the stomach contents of some common barnacles; these include both intertidal and sublittoral species. The contents reflect to some extent the environment, species taken from the same place at the same time having similar contents. With some species, a particle size analysis was possible on a pooled sample of stomach contents. It is evident that much debris is present, and that particulate matter with a diameter less than 2 μ can be taken. Detritus may be an important source of nutriment with sublittoral species. Small particles cannot be taken by the captorial activity of the cirri. It is considered that glandular secretions at the base of the cirri, where there are numerous setae, enmesh the food, which is then carried forward to the mouth parts to be rejected or accepted.
THE NAUPLIAR STAGES OF BALANUS HESPERIUS PILSBRY
Authors: Barnes H. , Barnes Margaret
Published: August 2008

The details of morphology of the six naupliar stages of Balanus hesperius are described, the material being referable to the forma laevidomus of Pilsbry. The nauplii are particularly characterized by a long and somewhat slender body and rather stiff appendages, the rami of which are thickened proximally. The general pattern of development conforms to that of other nauplii and is remarkably similar in all balanids. Tables of sizes and setation are given.
PARASITES FROM ELASMOBRANCH HOSTS FROM THE MAGDALEN ISLANDS REGION OF THE GULF OF ST. LAWRENCE
Authors: Myers Betty J.
Published: August 2008

Of 173 skates and 157 sharks examined from the Magdalen Islands region of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, 91 and 30, respectively, were infected with helminth parasites. The parasites found are recorded.
ROW-TYPE OVIPOSITION IN NEODIPRION SAWFLIES AS EXEMPLIFIED BY THE EUROPEAN PINE SAWFLY, N. SERTIFER (GEOFF.)
Authors: Ghent A. W.
Published: August 2008

Many Neodiprion sawflies lay their eggs in a row in small pockets cut into the edges of the mature needles of various pines. These rows of eggs are remarkable for the regularity of the spacing between successive egg pockets. The regularity of egg spacing by N. sertifer is shown to arise from a stereotyped pattern of leg movements during the shift between the sites of successive egg pockets. Spacing is effected by two sets of leg movements, in each of which the three pairs of legs move forward in order from back to front. While the effective forward movement of all legs is the same, the total forward movement of the metathoracic legs is greater than that of the other legs by an amount equal to the length of an egg pocket. The metathoracic legs retrace their steps by this length as the initial incision for each new egg pocket is cut, evidently providing the force by which this incision is made. The grip-points of the legs are on the needle edge opposite to that receiving eggs, so that the wider the needle, the greater the proportion of leg length required to reach across it, and the smaller the proportion of leg movement reflected in the spacing between eggs. In this way egg spacing varies inversely with needle width. Observations on copulation, antennal movement, and related oviposition behavior are included.
THE PARASITISM OF BLACK FLIES (DIPTERA, SIMULIIDAE) BY LARVAL WATER MITES MAINLY OF THE GENUS SPERCHON
Authors: Davies Douglas M.
Published: August 2008

Larval sperchonid hydracarina, possibly Sperchon jasperensis Marshall, parasitized adult simuliids in Canada. All stages of the water mites were found during the summer. Larval mites gained access to adult black flies as they emerged. Parasitism occurred from spring until fall, reaching a peak in July in Algonquin Park, Ontario, and in August at Baker Lake, N.W.T. Diurnal changes in parasitism followed the pattern of emergence of the infested simuliid species. Larval mites that had doubled in size as parasites regained the water as the female flies were ovipositing. Some simuliid species were more attacked than others, and females more than males, observations which appear related to the amount of nutrient stored in the fly. This nutrient may benefit the parasites directly, or benefit them indirectly because flies with more nutrient more quickly complete the adult phase of their cycle. The most important bloodsucking species of black flies were the least infested by sperchonid mites.