bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
TiO2 and CeO2 nanoparticles as lithium complex grease additives for enhanced lubricity
Authors: Du Zhicai , He Qiang , Wan Hengcheng , Zhang Lei , Xu Zehua , Xu Yuan , Li Guotao
Published: January 2024

Purpose

This paper aims to improve the tribological properties of lithium complex greases using nanoparticles to investigate the tribological behavior of single additives (nano-TiO2 or nano-CeO2) and composite additives (nano-TiO2–CeO2) in lithium complex greases and to analyze the mechanism of their influence using a variety of characterization tools.

Design/methodology/approach

The morphology and microstructure of the nanoparticles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and an X-ray diffractometer. The tribological properties of different nanoparticles, as well as compounded nanoparticles as greases, were evaluated. Average friction coefficients and wear diameters were analyzed. Scanning electron microscopy and three-dimensional topography were used to analyze the surface topography of worn steel balls. The elements present on the worn steel balls’ surface were analyzed using energy-dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.

Findings

The results showed that the coefficient of friction (COF) of grease with all three nanoparticles added was low. The grease-containing composite nanoparticles exhibited a lower COF and superior anti-wear properties. The sample displayed its optimal tribological performance when the ratio of TiO2 to CeO2 was 6:4, resulting in a 30.5% reduction in the COF and a 29.2% decrease in wear spot diameter compared to the original grease. Additionally, the roughness of the worn spot surface and the maximum depth of the wear mark were significantly reduced.

Originality/value

The main innovation of this study is the first mixing of nano-TiO2 and nano-CeO2 with different sizes and properties as compound lithium grease additives to significantly enhance the anti-wear and friction reduction properties of this grease. The results of friction experiments with a single additive are used as a basis to explore the synergistic lubrication mechanism of the compounded nanoparticles. This innovative approach provides a new reference and direction for future research and development of grease additives.

Peer review

The peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/ILT-09-2023-0291/
Motivation for writing long online reviews: a big data analysis of an anime community
Authors: Leung Kevin , Cho Vincent
Published: January 2024

Purpose

Based on self-determination theory (SDT), this study aims to determine the motivation factors of reviewers writing long reviews in the anime industry.

Design/methodology/approach

This study analyzes 171,188 online review data collected from an online anime community (MyAnimeList.net).

Findings

The findings show that intensity of emotions, experience in writing reviews and helpful votes in past reviews are the most important factors and positively influence review length. The overall rating of the anime moderates the effects of some motivation factors. Moreover, reviewers commenting on their favorite or nonfavorite anime also have varied motivation factors. Furthermore, this study has addressed the p-value problem due to the large sample size.

Research limitations/implications

This study provides a comprehensive and theoretical understanding of reviewers' motivation for writing long reviews.

Practical implications

Online communities can incorporate the insights from this study into website design and motivate reviewers to write long reviews.

Originality/value

Many past studies have investigated what reviews are more helpful. Review length is the most important factor of review helpfulness and positively affects it. However, few studies have examined the determinants of review length. This study attempts to address this issue.
Theories underlying environmental, social and governance (ESG) disclosure: a systematic review of accounting studies
Authors: Del Gesso Carla , Lodhi Rab Nawaz
Published: January 2024

Purpose

Environmental, social and governance (ESG) disclosure has gained momentum in corporate reporting. Addressing a research gap on the subject, this paper aims to explore the theories involved in ESG disclosure studies, thereby shedding light on the dominant theoretical approaches and emerging perspectives that inform this type of disclosure.

Design/methodology/approach

A systematic review of 142 selected accounting studies published up to June 2023 devoted to ESG – and corporate social responsibility (CSR) – disclosure was conducted. The theories underlying these studies were examined through a descriptive performance analysis complemented by a systematic qualitative text analysis using RStudio and QDA Miner software tools.

Findings

The study reveals that five dominant theories stand out among the overall 32 found: stakeholder theory first, followed by legitimacy, institutional, agency and signaling theories. Theories are often combined into an integrated theoretical framework. The findings also show an array of minor constructs – many of them unconventional – that offer fresh perspectives for studying ESG disclosure, such as upper echelons, stakeholder salience, cognitive cost and reputation theories, among others.

Originality/value

This paper provides an original literature contribution by offering a comprehensive overview of the mainstream and niche theoretical perspectives underpinning accounting studies focused on ESG disclosure, with a nuanced scope of discussion on the use of ESG/CSR terms.
Assessing project complexity factors for railway megaprojects: a Delphi-BWM approach
Authors: Bhangale Kavita , Joshi Kanchan , Gupta Ruchita , Gardas Bhaskar
Published: January 2024

Purpose

Project complexity (PC) governs project success, but the project management literature primarily focuses on performance measures and rarely examines the complexity factors, especially for megaprojects. This paper aims to determine the most significant complexity factors for the railway megaprojects in India.

Design/methodology/approach

A mixed approach using the Delphi and best–worst method (BWM) helped to identify, validate and determine the most critical factors that require intervention to diminish variance from project performance.

Findings

The BWM resulted in stakeholder management, followed by organizational and technological complexity as significant complexity factors, and the varied interests of the stakeholder as the most important among the 40 subfactors.

Practical implications

The finding indicates the necessity for strategic, tactical and operational-level interventions to effectively manage the complexity affecting project efficiency because of the varied stakeholders. This paper will guide the project and general managers to prioritize their resources to handle complexity for effective project performance measured in terms of time, cost and quality and help them make strategic decisions. The research findings of this study are expected to help researchers and practitioners in better planning and smoother execution of projects. In addition, this study would help the researchers formulate policies and strategies for better handling of the projects.

Originality/value

This study adds significant value to the body of knowledge related to PC in megaprojects in developing countries. The result of the investigation underlined that nine complexity factors and seven unique subfactors, namely, the sustainable environment, timely availability of information, communication in both directions, interdepartmental dependency and coordination, design, statutory norms, site challenges, socioeconomic conditions, the tendency of staff to accept new technology and the frequent changes in the requirements of stakeholders are significant in railway megaprojects. The BWM is applied to rank the complexity factors and subfactors in the case area.
Board characteristics and takaful performance: the moderating role of ownership concentration
Authors: Sallemi Nourhen , Zouari Ghazi
Published: January 2024

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of board characteristics (board size, board independence and duality) on the performance of takaful insurance providers with distinguishable muamalah contracts (wakalah and hybrid) moderated by ownership concentration.

Design/methodology/approach

The sample consists of 30 takaful insurances. The authors divided it into two subsamples: 18 insurance companies using wakalah contracts provided by Southeast Asia and 12 insurance companies using hybrid contracts provided by the Gulf Cooperation Council over the period 2010–2020. For data analysis, the authors used the partial least squares path modeling method.

Findings

The results show that the larger the board of directors and the higher the number of independent directors, the greater the takaful performance in both the wakalah and hybrid subsamples. Nondual functions improve the takaful performance in both the wakalah and hybrid subsamples. The results also reveal that a highly concentrated ownership structure positively (negatively) moderates the relationship between board size and takaful performance in the wakalah (hybrid) subsamples. Moreover, highly concentrated ownership insignificantly (negatively) moderates the relationship between independent directors and takaful’s performance in the hybrid (wakalah) subsample. Furthermore, a highly concentrated ownership structure insignificantly (negatively) moderates the relationship between the nondual structure and takaful performance in the wakalah (hybrid) subsample.

Originality/value

This study contributes to the understanding of the moderating role of a highly concentrated ownership structure between the characteristics of the board of directors and the performance of takaful insurance, which applies wakalah and hybrid contracts. In addition, this study contributes to takaful insurance by determining the appropriate board characteristics that must be adopted to achieve oversight and improve performance. Regulators should appreciate this contribution to the formulation of suitable approaches for efficiently supervising takaful insurance activities.
Mediterranean diet and telomere length: aspects from obesity
Authors: Arslan Neslihan , Köksal Eda
Published: January 2024

Purpose

The goal of this narrative review was to look at the link between the Mediterranean diet (MD) and the telomere length. Furthermore, this study aims to understand the impact of the MD on obesity-related telomere length.

Design/methodology/approach

Relevant literature was reviewed to explore the potential influence of the MD on telomere length and its association with obesity.

Findings

The MD is one of the healthiest diets of all known dietary patterns, and it is also linked to the telomere length. Except for fruits and vegetables, the main findings for other MD components are inconsistent. In terms of antioxidant and antiinflammatory properties, using the MD as a weight loss approach is a good method. For predicting changes in obesity characteristics, the initial telomere length is critical. However, there are not many studies in the field that have looked at the MD as a weight loss approach and its link to the telomere length. As a result, more research is needed to understand these connections in various groups.

Originality/value

This study is unique since it examines the MD, telomere length and obesity-related consequences. This study examines the MD, telomere length and obesity to determine if the MD can help lose weight while maintaining telomere length. As there are few studies on MD weight loss and telomere length, the work emphasizes the need for greater research in this area. This study fills a research gap and improves the understanding of nutrition, telomere biology and obesity-related outcomes.
Empowering sustainability practices through energy transition: The role of digital economy and technological innovation among BRICS economies
Authors: Baloch Muhammad Awais , Qiu Yiting , Guo Zilu
Published: January 2024

Achieving sustainable development targets requires major changes in the existing economic structure and a transition from a pollution‐intensive energy system to a clean one. The role of the digital economy (DE) in this regard has received much attention in recent eras. However, there is little literature investigating the relationship between the DE and the energy transition in the presence of technological innovation. This study's aim, grounded in the sustainability agenda, is to explore the possible impact of DE and technological innovation on the energy transition for the BRICS nations from 2003 to 2021. Using the most recent Moments Quantile Regression method, the results reveal that the DE can contribute significantly to achieving SDG‐7 by promoting energy transition. While technological innovation does not significantly influence the energy transition. Moreover, economic development is hindering the energy transition in the BRICS countries. Several alternative estimation methods have been applied to confirm the robustness of the results. The empirical results conclude that governments should build digital infrastructure and encourage innovation in the energy sector by supporting energy‐related patents. The detailed policy implications are presented in the study.
Research progress in the application of catalytic infrared technology in fruit and vegetable processing
Authors: Wu Bengang , Ma Yuanjin , Guo Yiting , Zielinska Magda , Gao Kun , Song Chenyu , Bouhile Yasmine , Qiu Chengcheng , Pan Zhongli , Ma Haile
Published: January 2024

Fruit and vegetable processing can effectively maintain the quality and safety of fruit and vegetable‐based products while extending the shelf life of products and saving transportation costs. Infrared (IR) technology has been widely used in many operating units of fruit and vegetable processing because of its versatility of uniform heating, high heat transfer efficiency, and minimized damage to fruit and vegetable tissues. Catalytic IR (CIR), compared to traditional electric IR, is powered by natural gas or liquefied gas, which can improve thermal efficiency while significantly saving energy. However, there is no comprehensive overview discussing and summarizing the utilization and application of the CIR technology in fruit and vegetable processing. Therefore, this review aims to highlight recent advances in the application of CIR technology in fruit and vegetable processing. Specifically, a comprehensive discussion of the physicochemical properties and underlying mechanisms of CIR is provided, and its applications as a single method or in combination with other technologies in fruit and vegetable processes, such as blanching, peeling, microbial population reduction, and drying, are also presented. Besides, the currently used laboratory and pilot‐scale equipment of CIR has also been summarized.
The impact of live dietary microbes on health: A scoping review
Authors: Iyer Ajay , Mukherjee Arghya , Gómez‐Sala Beatriz , O'Connor Eibhlís M. , Kenny John G. , Cotter Paul D.
Published: January 2024

A systematic approach to collect, peruse, and summarize the available information relating to the potential benefits of consuming dietary microbes was pursued in this scoping review. This review focused on the research endpoints, experimental designs, and microbial exposure in experimental as well as observational research work. Using a structured‐ set of keywords, scientific databases were systematically searched to retrieve publications reporting outcomes pertaining to the use of dietary microbes in healthy, nonpatient populations. Searches were further tailored to focus on eight different health categories, namely, “antibiotic associated diarrhoea” (AAD), “gastrointestinal health” (GIH), “immunological health” (ImH), “cardiovascular health and metabolic syndrome” (CvHMS), “cancer prevention” (CanPr), “respiratory health” (ReH), “weight management” (WtMgt), and “urogenital health” (UrGH). Quality of evidence available in each publication was assessed using the Jadad scoring system. The search yielded 228 relevant publications describing 282 experimental cases comprising 62 research endpoints overall. A microbial dose of CFU.day−1 was associated with non‐negative reported outcomes. Older population groups with a median age of 39 years were associated with positive outcomes. More high‐quality research is required investigating the role of dietary microbes in maintaining general health, particularly in the health categories of UrGH, WtMgt, and CanPr.
Effect of gum arabic and thermal modification of whey protein isolate on the characteristics of Cornus officinalis flavonoid microcapsules
Authors: Liang Luodan , Cao Weiwei , Li Linlin , Liu Wenchao , Wei Xinyu , Chen Junliang , Ren Guangyue , Duan Xu
Published: January 2024

Whey protein isolates (WPIs) were treated at 50, 60, 70, and 80°C to obtain thermally modified WPI. Gum arabic (GA) and thermal modification of WPI were used as novel wall materials to improve the quality of Cornus officinalis flavonoid (COF) microcapsules using microwave freeze‐drying technique in this study. Results showed that all the thermal modification treatment decreased emulsifying activity index of WPI, whereas the solubility and emulsifying stability index (ESI) of WPI gradually increased with the increase of heating temperature. Compared to the untreated protein, the thermal modification treatment at 70°C increased the solubility and ESI of WPI by 14.91% ± 0.71% and 26.70% ± 0.94%, respectively. The microcapsules prepared with the modified protein at 60°C had the highest encapsulation efficiency (95.13% ± 2.36%), the lowest moisture content (1.42% ± 0.34%), and the highest solubility (84.41% ± 0.91). Scanning electron microscopy images showed that COF microcapsules were uniformly spherical, and the sizes of the microcapsules were in the following order: 12.42 ± 0.37 µm (80°C) > 11.7 ± 0.23 µm (untreated group) > 9.44 ± 0.33 µm (60°C) > 9.24 ± 0.14 µm (50°C) > 7.69 ± 0.29 µm (70°C). In the simulated in vitro digestion experiments, the release rate of COF microcapsules in the gastric digestion phase was less than that in the intestinal digestion phase, and it reached 66.46% at intestinal digestion phase. These results suggested that heated WPI and GA could be an effective nanocarrier to enhance the stability of COF.
Costs and challenges of the curriculum vitae for SET Urology training positions: a qualitative analysis
Authors: Cole‐Clark Dane , Rashid Prem
Published: January 2024

Background

Surgical training programs within Australia and Aotearoa New Zealand have become more competitive. Applicants are required to build a strong application over curriculum vitae (CV), references and interview. The building of the CV often comes at significant financial and time cost with challenges. This study explores successful applicants' experiences of the costs and challenges to build a successful CV for acceptance onto the Urology training program within Australia and New Zealand.

Methods

Qualitative content analysis (QCA) was undertaken of semi‐structured interviews conducted with 11 nSET Urology trainees. QCA focused on the identification and evaluation of costs and challenges experienced. Analysis was reviewed over the domain of CV components.

Results

Costs of building each domain differed significantly between trainees as they focussed on various domains. Challenges encountered were identified with four themes were identified with associated subthemes: Passion/Commitment (two subthemes); Researching Pathways (six subthemes); Challenges (two subthemes) and Acceptance Success (two subthemes).

Conclusions

The commitment to a surgical specialty begins before acceptance onto a training program. A high‐level CV is an integral component of acceptance onto the Urology training program. Each trainee had a different journey, including time and financial sacrifices, to obtain acceptance whilst demonstrating a strong motivation for success. The average cost of each trainee who gained acceptance was $50 779 over 3 years. Consideration should be given to making the CV component less onerous.
Use of pudendal nerve blocks in rubber band ligation of haemorrhoids: an Australia‐wide cross‐sectional analysis
Authors: Watson Eleanor G. R. , Ong Hwa Ian , Proud David M. , Mohan Helen M. , Korda Rosemary J.
Published: January 2024

Background

Surgeons vary in their approach to preventing pain post rubber band ligation (RBL) of haemorrhoids, with pudendal nerve blocks (PNB) being one analgesic strategy. No data exists on how commonly PNBs are used in RBL in Australia, and whether use varies by year and patient and hospital characteristics.

Methods

Aggregate data from the National Hospital Morbidity Database was obtained for all admissions for RBL in Australia from 2012 to 2021, with and without a PNB, overall and in relation to sex, age group, hospital remoteness, hospital sector, and year of procedure. Adjusted relative risks (adj. RR) of PNB were estimated using Poisson regression, mutually adjusting for all variables.

Results

Of the 346 542 admissions for RBL, 14013 (4.04%) involved a PNB. The proportion of patients receiving a PNB increased between 2012–2013 and 2020–2021, from 1.62% to 6.63% (adj. RR 3.99, CI 3.64–4.36). Patients most likely to receive a PNB were female (adj. RR 1.10; CI 1.07–1.14) aged 25–34 years (adj. RR 1.13; CI 1.01–1.26); in major‐city (adj. RR 1.25 CI 1.20–1.30) and private hospitals (adj. RR 3.28 CI 3.13–3.45).

Conclusion

This is the first published analysis of the use of PNB in RBL. Pudendal nerve block use has increased over time, with substantial variation in practice. Blocks were more than three times as likely to be used in private compared to public hospitals. If evidence supporting PNB use is established, equitable access to the procedure should be pursued.
Proposed clinical operative synoptic report for ileocolic resection for Crohn's disease
Authors: Ng Zi Qin , Mackenzie Scott , Gilmore Andrew , Diab Jason , Gibson Katherine
Published: January 2024

Background

Crohn's disease patients may require multiple surgeries during their lifetime. Because operative reports are not standardized, information relevant to future management may not be documented. Synoptic reports used in other fields such as histopathology have proven to be effective and allow consistent documentation of results. The aim of this study was to retrospectively review the completeness of the operative reports for ileocolic Crohn's resections (ICR) and to propose a synoptic report.

Methods

A draft synoptic operative report for ICR for Crohn's disease was presented in the IBD multidisciplinary meeting and a Delphi process used to gain consensus for inclusion in the synoptic report. Retrospective analysis of consecutive ICR from January 2010 to April 2023 was undertaken to determine the presence of the standardized criteria.

Results

A total of 66 ICR were performed in 63 patients during the study period. No operation reports were excluded. The examination of bowel for macroscopic disease was partially documented in 88% cases. The extent of mesenteric resection and any difficulty encountered during dissection were poorly documented. The remaining length of small and large intestines was not documented in most operative reports. The clinical sections that were compulsory entrance in the electronic operative report achieved 100% compliance.

Conclusion

This study has demonstrated that key information was often deficient in the operative report. This may have a significant impact on the future management of Crohn's patients and affects the interpretation of research outcomes. A proposed clinical synoptic operative report is easy to use and ensures compliance.
Relationships between physical behaviour phenotypes of mothers in pregnancy and their offspring with child body composition
Authors: Howie Erin K. , Nelson Alexander , McVeigh Joanne A. , Andres Aline
Published: January 2024

Aim

The aim of this study was to identify physical behaviour phenotypes in mothers in the first trimester and in their offspring at 24 months of age. The secondary aim was to examine relationships between mother and child behaviours with child body composition at age 24 months.

Methods

Longitudinal secondary analysis of the Glowing cohort collected between 1 February 2011 and 22 August 2017 in Little Rock, Arkansas. Behaviours were measured using ankle‐worn accelerometers in mothers during the first trimester and offspring at 24 months of age, including total activity, sleep, sedentary time and a novel variable of daily variation, patternicity. Child body fat was measured using quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance.

Results

Three phenotypes were identified for mothers and children (n = 159 complete dyads). There were no relationships between mother and child phenotypes, but higher maternal patternicity was associated with higher child patternicity (0.2, 95% CI 0.1, 0.3, p = 0.001). There were no associations between mother or child phenotypes with child body composition, however higher child activity was associated with lower body fat (−0.01, 95% CI: −0.02, −0.001, p = 0.031).

Conclusion

Limited associations were found between mothers' pregnancy physical behaviours with child behaviours or child body composition at 24 months of age. Factors such as child diet or current parental physical activity may be better predictors of early childhood outcomes.
Mental health, pain and likelihood of opioid misuse among adults with sickle cell disease
Authors: Jonassaint Charles R. , Parchuri Ektha , O'Brien Julia A. , Lalama Christina M. , Lin Jonathan , Badawy Sherif M. , Hamm Megan E. , Stinson Jennifer , Lalloo Chitra , Carroll C. Patrick , Saraf Santosh L. , Gordeuk Victor R. , Cronin Robert , Shah Nirmish , Lanzkron Sophie M. , Liles Darla , Trimnell Cassandra , Bailey Lakiea , Lawrence Raymona H. , Abebe Kaleab Z.
Published: January 2024

Depressive symptoms are prevalent in individuals living with sickle cell disease (SCD) and may exacerbate pain. This study examines whether higher depressive symptoms are associated with pain outcomes, pain catastrophizing, interference and potential opioid misuse in a large cohort of adults with SCD. The study utilized baseline data from the ‘CaRISMA’ trial, which involved 357 SCD adults with chronic pain. Baseline assessments included pain intensity, daily mood, the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ), the Generalized Anxiety Disorders scale, PROMIS Pain Interference, Pain Catastrophizing Scale, the Adult Sickle Cell Quality of Life Measurement Information System and the Current Opioid Misuse Measure. Participants were categorized into ‘high’ or ‘low’ depression groups based on PHQ scores. Higher depressive symptoms were significantly associated with increased daily pain intensity, negative daily mood, higher pain interference and catastrophizing, poorer quality of life and a higher likelihood of opioid misuse (all p < 0.01). SCD patients with more severe depressive symptoms experienced poorer pain outcomes, lower quality of life and increased risk of opioid misuse. Longitudinal data from this trial will determine whether addressing depressive symptoms may potentially reduce pain frequency and severity in SCD.
Astragaloside IV regulates circ_0001615 and miR‐873‐5p/LASP1 axis to suppress colorectal cancer cell progression
Authors: Kong Pengfei , Tang Xuemei , Liu Fang , Tang Xuegui
Published: January 2024

Astragaloside IV (AS‐IV) has exhibited pivotal anti‐cancer efficacy in multiple types of cancer, including colorectal cancer (CRC). Meanwhile, circular RNA (circRNA) circ_0001615 has been reported to be involved in the malignant development of CRC. Herein, this study is expected to figure out the interaction between circ_0001615 and AS‐IV on CRC progression. The 50% inhibition concentration (IC50), proliferation, apoptosis, and migration were detected by Cell Counting Kit‐8 (CCK‐8), 5‐ethynyl‐2′‐deoxyuridine (EdU), flow cytometry, and wound healing assays. The expression of related proteins was examined by western blot. Circ_0001615, microRNA‐873‐5p (miR‐873‐5p), and LIM and SH3 protein 1 (LASP1) levels were detected by real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR). The binding between miR‐873‐5p and circ_0001615, or LASP1, was predicted by Starbase, followed by verification by dual‐luciferase reporter and RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assays. The biological role of circ_0001615 and AS‐IV on CRC tumor growth was detected by the xenograft tumor model in vivo. According to the IC50 of AS‐IV in CRC cells, the 100 ng/mL AS‐IV treatment for 24 h was chosen for the following research: Our data confirmed that AS‐IV is a beneficial anti‐cancer agent in CRC cells. Furthermore, circ_0001615 and LASP1 expression were increased, and miR‐873‐5p was decreased in CRC patients and cell lines, whereas their expression exhibited an opposite trend in AS‐IV‐treated cells. Functionally, applying AS‐IV might act as a beneficial anti‐cancer effect by downregulating circ_0001615 in CRC cells in vitro. Mechanically, circ_0001615 serves as a sponge for miR‐873‐5p to affect LASP1 expression. In addition, AS‐IV inhibited CRC cell growth in vivo by modulating circ_0001615. Overall, AS‐IV could mitigate CRC development, at least in part, through the circ_0001615/miR‐873‐5p/LASP1 axis. These findings support a theoretical basis for an in‐depth study of the function of AS‐IV and the clinical treatment of CRC.
Seroprevalence of Anaplasma species in an equine population of Southwest Virginia
Authors: Hinson Hannah L. , Lahmers Kevin K. , Boes Katie M. , Funk Rebecca A.
Published: January 2024

Background

Equine granulocytic anaplasmosis (EGA) is a tick‐borne disease of clinical importance in Southwest Virginia. The diagnosis is based on clinical signs, detection of morulae on a blood smear, PCR and/or detection of antibodies 2–4 weeks post‐infection. A growing interest in stall‐side diagnostic tests has led to an increased use of the IDEXX SNAP 4DX Plus Test® for vector‐borne diseases including EGA.

Objectives

The objectives of the study were to determine the seroprevalence of Anaplasma spp. in Southwest Virginia and examine the clinical and diagnostic features of symptomatic horses in the same region.

Methods

Seroprevalence was evaluated in horses presented for Coggins testing in 2013 and 2019–2020. Clinical and diagnostic features were evaluated in horses presenting with compatible clinical signs from September 2019 to August 2020. Seroprevalence was determined using the IDEXX SNAP 4DX Plus Test®. Complete blood count, blood and buffy coat smears for morulae detection, PCR, immunofluorescence antibody testing (IFAT) and the IDEXX SNAP 4DX Plus Test® were performed on horses with clinical signs of EGA.

Results

Seroprevalence of Anaplasma spp. was 8.5% in 2013 and 11.2% in 2019–2020 (p = 0.43). 35% (6/17) of horses with clinical signs compatible with EGA had confirmed infection via PCR analysis. Three of these had morulae detected on blood smear and one had a positive IDEXX SNAP 4DX Plus Test®. Examination slides made from the buffy coat did not improve detection of morulae. The most common haematological abnormality was thrombocytopaenia.

Conclusions

Seroprevalence of Anaplasma spp. is similar to other endemic areas in the United States. In active cases, diagnosis is best made via PCR. As anticipated, the IDEXX SNAP 4DX Plus Test® was not appropriate for the diagnosis of active infections.
Theoretical characterization of the temperature‐dependent mode I fracture toughness of rocks
Authors: Qiu Jun , Zhao Ziyuan , Yang Jiabin , Ma Yanli , Dong Pan , Zheng Shifeng , Wu Jinlong , Yao Qinyuan , Li Weiguo , Ma Jianzuo
Published: January 2024

Mode I fracture toughness, as a key index to reflect rocks' resistance to crack propagation and failure, which is significantly affected by temperature, plays an important role in accident prevention in underground engineering. In this work, a temperature‐damage‐dependent fracture surface energy model of rocks was developed first. Then, the theoretical characterization model of the temperature‐dependent mode I fracture toughness of rocks was proposed according to the relationship between the fracture surface energy and fracture toughness. All obtained experimental results are used for verification, and the predicted values are in good agreement with the experimental results. The temperature‐dependent mode I fracture toughness model of rocks established in this study not only provides a new method to predict the fracture toughness of rocks at different temperatures conveniently but also provides the theoretical basis to the research on stability analysis, monitoring, warning, and disaster control of underground rock engineering.
The effect of dilatational and distortional strain energy density on crack initiation
Authors: Yang Xiaofa , Chang Dongdong , Huang Zekai , Wang Rong , Zuo Hong
Published: January 2024

To investigate the distinct influences of dilatational strain energy density (Dil‐SED) and distortional strain energy density (Dis‐SED) on crack initiation, quasi‐static loading tests were performed on centrally cracked polymethyl methacrylate samples, employing digital image correlation equipment. Our findings unveiled that the Dil‐SED promotes crack initiation, while the Dis‐SED inhibits it. Additionally, it was found that the direction obtained by the ratio of these two strain energy densities was closer to the crack initiation direction than the direction associated with the maximum Dil‐SED and minimum Dis‐SED values. Furthermore, experimental and finite element method (FEM) results indicated that the distribution of these two strain energy densities remains relatively insensitive to the core region's radius
. By understanding Dil‐SED and Dis‐SED magnitudes and their impacts on crack initiation, material failure can be predicted and prevented.
Carbon emissions and priming effects derived from crop residues and their responses to nitrogen inputs
Authors: Qin Jianjun , Chen Na , Scriber Kevin E. , Liu Jinbo , Wang Zhiqiang , Yang Kangjie , Yang Huiqiang , Liu Fuhao , Ding Yuanyuan , Latif Junaid , Jia Hanzhong
Published: January 2024

Crop residue‐derived carbon (C) emissions and priming effects (PE) in cropland soils can influence the global C cycle. However, their corresponding generality, driving factors, and responses to nitrogen (N) inputs are poorly understood. As a result, the total C emissions and net C balance also remain mysterious. To address the above knowledge gaps, a meta‐analysis of 1123 observations, taken from 51 studies world‐wide, has been completed. The results showed that within 360 days, emission ratios of crop residues C (ER) ranged from 0.22% to 61.80%, and crop residues generally induced positive PE (+71.76%). Comparatively, the contribution of crop residue‐derived C emissions (52.82%) to total C emissions was generally higher than that of PE (12.08%), emphasizing the importance of reducing ER. The ER and PE differed among crop types, and both were low in the case of rice, which was attributed to its saturated water conditions. The ER and PE also varied with soil properties, as PE decreased with increasing C addition ratio in soils where soil organic carbon (SOC) was less than 10‰; in contrast, the opposite phenomenon was observed in soils with SOC exceeding 10‰. Moreover, N inputs increased ER and PE by 8.31% and 3.78%, respectively, which was predominantly attributed to (NH4)2SO4. The increased PE was verified to be dominated by microbial stoichiometric decomposition. In summary, after incorporating crop residues, the total C emissions and relative net C balance in the cropland soils ranged from 0.03 to 23.47 mg C g−1 soil and 0.21 to 0.97 mg C g−1 residue‐C g−1 soil, respectively, suggesting a significant impact on C cycle. These results clarify the value of incorporating crop residues into croplands to regulate global SOC dynamics and help to establish while managing site‐specific crop return systems that facilitate C sequestration.
‘We need the activists to be more entrepreneurial’: Global versus local modes of thought on the development of social enterprise support systems in transitioning economies
Authors: Maher Michael , Hazenberg Richard , Paterson‐Young Claire
Published: January 2024

As the processes of market liberalization and globalization increase the confidence of international actors involved in national third sectors, there exists a cosmopolitan tension between ‘mobile elites’ and ‘locked in’ nationals. This paper explores the impact of these tensions on the social enterprise ecosystem in the Republic of Poland and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. Focused on the internationalized mechanisms of support, the relationship between the social enterprise incubators and international stakeholders, and power distance inherent to the global versus local debate, the findings suggest that normative isomorphic pressures are causing a fundamental ecosystem shift. The monopolization of support and terms of reference have led to entrepreneurs detrimentally being treated as ‘organizational heroes’ risking burnout, the primacy of international voices within the local context, and the transference of nationals from being ‘locked in’ to national processes to being ‘locked out’ of national support. The research suggests the cosmopolitan‐led transformation of activists into entrepreneurs needs to be more carefully considered, to ensure that enforced alignment to international system does not alienate them from other sources and means of sustainability.
Five‐year pattern of adnexal tumors of the skin in Ethiopia
Authors: Abdullahi Sebrin M. , Hailu Selamawit G. , Kidane Tizita Y. , Gebremariam Aklilu M. , Debele Yosef L. , Degfe Fikadu Z.
Published: January 2024

Background

Adnexal tumors of the skin are rare neoplasms that encompass a wide range of dermatologic entities. Here, we investigated the pattern of adnexal tumors of the skin in the All African Leprosy and Tuberculosis Rehabilitation and Training Center (ALERT) hospital retrospectively.

Methods

A hospital‐based retrospective study was conducted at ALERT from histopathology records in the Armauer Hansen Research Institute (AHRI) pathology laboratory of patients diagnosed with any of the skin adnexal tumors during the time period January 2017 to December 2021. A structured data extraction sheet was used. Data entry was done using EpiData 4.6.0.6. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25.

Result

A total of 146 skin adnexal tumors were identified making the magnitude 2.8% of total biopsies. The 3rd decade of life was found to be the most common age group. Male‐to‐female ratio was 1 : 1.05. Majority of the tumors were benign (82.2%) and had sweat gland differentiation at 48.6%. Poroma (10.9%) was the most frequent tumor, whereas porocarcinoma (6.8%) made up the most frequent malignant tumor. The most common site was the head and neck region (48.6%). Only 21.2% of the tumors were correctly identified clinically.

Conclusion

The magnitude of skin adnexal tumors is found to be slightly higher than other similar studies which could be because it was carried out in the largest dermatologic center in the country. The most common skin adnexal tumors identified, their localizations, and lines of differentiation are all in line with other studies. Histopathologic examination is mandatory for the accurate diagnosis of these tumors.
Lower bleeding volume contributes to decreasing surgical site infection in radical cystectomy: A propensity score‐matched comparison of open versus robot‐assisted radical cystectomy
Authors: Kamei Jun , Endo Kaori , Yamazaki Masahiro , Sugihara Toru , Takaoka Ei‐Ichiro , Ando Satoshi , Kume Haruki , Fujimura Tetsuya
Published: January 2024

Objectives

To compare the incidence of surgical site infections (SSI) between robot‐assisted and open radical cystectomies and investigate the risk factors for SSI after radical cystectomies.

Methods

Consecutive patients who underwent radical cystectomy between July 2008 and December 2022 were retrospectively reviewed. The prevalence and characteristics of SSI after open and robot‐assisted radical cystectomies were compared, and the risk factors for SSI were investigated using propensity score matching.

Results

This study enrolled 231 patients (open: 145, robot‐assisted: 86). In the robot‐assisted group, urinary diversion was performed using an intracorporeal approach. SSI occurred in 34 (open: 28, robot‐assisted: 6) patients, and the incidence was significantly lower in the robot‐assisted group (19.3% vs. 7.0%, p = 0.007). After propensity score matching cohort (open: 34, robot‐assisted: 34), increased bleeding volume, blood transfusion, and delayed postoperative oral feeding were significantly associated with SSI. Only increased bleeding volume remained a significant risk factor in the multivariate regression analysis (odds ratio, 1.13 [per 100 mL increase]; 95% confidence interval: 1.02–1.25; p = 0.001). The cutoff bleeding volume for predicting SSI was 1630 mL with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, sensitivity, and specificity of 0.773, 0.73, and 0.75, respectively.

Conclusions

The incidence of SSI after robot‐assisted radical cystectomy was significantly lower than that after the open procedure. However, decreased bleeding volume, which was significantly associated with robot‐assisted procedures, was an independent and more significant factor for reducing SSI after radical cystectomy than the differences of the surgical procedure even after propensity score matching.
A scenario‐based requirement analysis of R&D projects from the cross‐efficiency perspective
Authors: Wang Qinru , Yang Qing
Published: January 2024

Research and development (R&D) project requirements have relationships with scenarios, scenario‐based events and other factors, while traditional research does not always include quantitative analysis. Our research proposes a new method for prioritising scenario‐based requirements within R&D projects based on scenario analysis and cross‐efficiency. First, we decompose the scenarios and apply the design structure matrix to demonstrate the inside dependencies. Second, the multi‐domain matrix (MDM) is used to establish a model for the dependencies between scenario‐based requirements based on scenarios and scenario‐based events and the complex network is used to measure the degree centrality between the scenario‐based requirements. Third, the data envelopment analysis is utilised in the integrated cross‐efficiency model, including self‐efficiency and peer efficiency, to evaluate scenario‐based requirements' economic benefits and resource utilisation. Finally, dependencies among scenario‐based requirements for product R&D projects within company A are derived and ranked, indicating the model's validity.
Clinical performance of two ion‐releasing bulk‐fill composites in class I and class II restorations: A two‐year evaluation
Authors: Albelasy Eman H. , Hamama Hamdi H. , Chew Hooi Pin , Montasser Marmar , Mahmoud Salah H.
Published: January 2024

Objectives

This randomized clinical trial evaluated and compared the 2‐year clinical performance of two ion‐releasing bulk‐fill composites (Cention N and Surefil One) with that of a conventional bulk‐fill resin composite (Powerfil) in Class I and II cavities.

Methods

Thirty‐two patients, each with 3 Class I and/or Class II cavities under occlusion, were enrolled in this trial. A total of 96 restorations were placed, 32 for each material, as follows: a self‐adhesive composite; Surefil‐one, alkasite; Cention N, and a bulk‐fill resin composite; Powerfil. The restorations were placed by a single operator. Clinical evaluation was performed at baseline (1‐week), 6‐months, 1‐year, and 2‐years by two independent examiners using the FDI criteria. Intergroup and intragroup comparisons were analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis and Friedman Tests. Multiple comparisons between groups were analyzed using the Mann–Whitney and Wilcoxon‐rank tests. The level of significance was set at α = 0.05.

Results

Twenty‐seven patients with a total of 81 restorations were evaluated at the end of the 2‐years with 84.35% recall rates. Clinical success rates were 100%, 100%, and 96.3% for Powerfil, Surefil‐one, and Cention N, respectively. Cention N showed a statistically significant (p < 0.05) decreased marginal integrity in comparison with resin composite at the 2‐year evaluation. No recurrent decay was detected in any restoration.

Conclusions

Both ion‐releasing bulk‐fill composites provided acceptable clinical performance similar to bulk‐fill composite in Class I and II restorations over a 2‐year period.

Clinical Relevance

The results of this trial suggests that there is a promising evidence supporting the use of ion‐releasing composites.
Genomic basis of melanin‐associated phenotypes suggests colour‐specific environmental adaptations in tawny owls
Authors: Baltazar‐Soares Miguel , Karell Patrik , Wright Dominic , Nilsson Jan‐Åke , Brommer Jon E.
Published: January 2024

Feathers comprise a series of evolutionary innovations but also harbour colour, a key biological trait known to co‐vary with life history or complex traits. Those relationships are particularly true in melanin‐based pigmentation species due to known pleiotropic effects of the melanocortin pathway – originating from melanin‐associated phenotypes. Here, we explore the molecular basis of melanin colouration and expected co‐variation at the molecular level in the melanin‐based, colour polymorphic system of the tawny owl (Strix aluco). An extensive body of literature has revealed that grey and brown tawny owl colour morphs differ in a series of life history and behavioural traits. Thus, it is plausible to expect co‐variation also at molecular level between colour morphs. To investigate this possibility, we assembled the first draft genome of the species against which we mapped ddRADseq reads from 220 grey and 150 brown morphs – representing 10 years of pedigree data from a population in Southern Finland – and explored genome‐wide associations with colour phenotype. Our results revealed putative molecular signatures of cold adaptation strongly associated with the grey phenotype, namely, a non‐synonymous substitution in MCHR1, plus 2 substitutions in non‐coding regions of FTCD and FAM135A whose genotype combinations obtained a predictive power of up to 100% (predicting grey colour). These suggest a molecular basis of cold environment adaptations predicted to be grey‐morph specific. Our results potentially reveal part of the molecular machinery of melanin‐associated phenotypes and provide novel insights towards understanding the functional genomics of colour polymorphism in melanin‐based pigmented species.
Connections to the Pompeii water supply network: artisanal and commercial establishments as places that consume water
Authors: Sánchez López Elena H.
Published: January 2024

Analyses of the urban distribution of the water supplied from aqueducts have generally focused on those elements directly referred to by Vitruvius (De Arch. 8.6.2): fountains, baths and houses. However, excavations in Pompeii, which has one of the best‐preserved water supply networks from antiquity, have revealed that other places also benefited from these connections, including those with an artisanal or commercial purpose.

This paper compiles the available information related to water supply in Pompeii and complementary data from new field documentation. It analyses the distribution of these artisanal and commercial establishments in the town and draws attention to their significance and impact on the design and operation of its water supply network.