bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A RANDOMIZED TRIAL OF EMPLOYMENT‐BASED REINFORCEMENT OF COCAINE ABSTINENCE IN INJECTION DRUG USERS
Authors: Silverman Kenneth , Wong Conrad J. , Needham Mick , Diemer Karly N. , Knealing Todd , Crone‐Todd Darlene , Fingerhood Michael , Nuzzo Paul , Kolodner Kenneth
Published: March 2008

High‐magnitude and long‐duration abstinence reinforcement can promote drug abstinence but can be difficult to finance. Employment may be a vehicle for arranging high‐magnitude and long‐duration abstinence reinforcement. This study determined if employment‐based abstinence reinforcement could increase cocaine abstinence in adults who inject drugs and use cocaine during methadone treatment. Participants could work 4 hr every weekday in a workplace where they could earn about $10.00 per hour in vouchers; they were required to provide routine urine samples. Participants who attended the workplace and provided cocaine‐positive urine samples during the initial 4 weeks were invited to work 26 weeks and were randomly assigned to an abstinence‐and‐work (n = 28) or work‐only (n = 28) group. Abstinence‐and‐work participants had to provide urine samples showing cocaine abstinence to work and maintain maximum pay. Work‐only participants could work independent of their urinalysis results. Abstinence‐and‐work participants provided more (p = .004; OR = 5.80, 95% CI = 2.03–16.56) cocaine‐negative urine samples (29%) than did work‐only participants (10%). Employment‐based abstinence reinforcement can increase cocaine abstinence.
A COMPARISON OF PERFORMANCE FEEDBACK PROCEDURES ON TEACHERS' TREATMENT IMPLEMENTATION INTEGRITY AND STUDENTS’ INAPPROPRIATE BEHAVIOR IN SPECIAL EDUCATION CLASSROOMS
Authors: DiGennaro Florence D. , Martens Brian K. , Kleinmann Ava E.
Published: March 2008

This study examined the extent to which treatment integrity of 4 special education teachers was affected by goal setting, performance feedback regarding student or teacher performance, and a meeting cancellation contingency. Teachers were trained to implement function‐based treatment packages to address student problem behavior. In one condition, teachers set a goal for student behavior and received daily written feedback about student performance. In a second condition, teachers received daily written feedback about student performance as well as their own accuracy in implementing the intervention and would be able to avoid meeting with a consultant to practice missed steps by implementing the intervention with 100% integrity. This latter package increased treatment integrity the most above baseline levels. Higher levels of treatment integrity were significantly correlated with lower levels of student problem behavior for 3 of the 4 teacher—student dyads. Three of the 4 teachers also rated both feedback procedures as highly acceptable. Implications for increasing and maintaining treatment integrity by teachers via a consultation model are discussed.
SHAPING ACADEMIC TASK ENGAGEMENT WITH PERCENTILE SCHEDULES
Authors: Athens Elizabeth S. , Vollmer Timothy R. , Pipkin Claire C. St. Peter
Published: March 2008

The purpose of this study was to examine the use of percentile schedules as a method of quantifying the shaping procedure in an educational setting. We compared duration of task engagement during baseline measurements for 4 students to duration of task engagement during a percentile schedule. As a secondary purpose, we examined the influence on shaping of manipulations of the number of observations used to determine the criterion for reinforcement (the m parameter of the percentile formula). Results showed that the percentile formula was most effective when a relatively large m value (20 observations) was used.
Gingival Primary Extranodal Non‐Hodgkin's Lymphoma as the First Manifestation of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Authors: Navarro Cláudia M. , Shibli Jamil A. , Ferrari Roberto B. , d'Avila Susana , Sposto Maria R.
Published: March 2008

Background: Non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHLs) are a heterogeneous group of lymphoproliferative malignancies that may be associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). NHL can disseminate to extranodal sites; however, its dissemination to the jaws and mouth is not common. This report presents and discusses two unusual cases of gingival primary extranodal non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (PE‐NHL) as the first manifestation of AIDS.

Methods: Two males presented with asymptomatic gingival swelling. They were examined clinically. Biopsies of the gingival tissue were evaluated using routine histologic techniques and immunohistochemistry. The patients were tested for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.

Results: The clinicopathological evaluation and the serological HIV examination of the patients led us to the final diagnosis of gingival PE‐NHL as the first manifestation of AIDS. Both patients were referred to an oncologist and to an infectious disease specialist and were given antineoplastic chemotherapy and highly active antiretroviral therapy. Only one patient presented a favorable clinical evolution.

Conclusion: The present case reports have important clinical implications; the two unusual presentations of gingival PE‐NHL contribute to information about the differential diagnosis of rapidly progressing gingival swelling.
Tannerella forsythia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Subgingival Bacterial Samples From Parous Women
Authors: Persson G. Rutger , Hitti Jane , Paul Katie , Hirschi Regula , Weibel Marianne , Rothen Marilynn , Persson Rigmor E.
Published: March 2008

Background: Information on the subgingival microbiota in parous women is limited. The present study assessed 74 bacterial species at periodontal sites.

Methods: Subgingival bacterial plaque was collected from women ≥6 months after delivery. Bacteria were assessed by the checkerboard DNA‐DNA hybridization method. Gingivitis was defined as ≥20% of sites with bleeding on probing (BOP), and periodontitis was defined as radiographic evidence of bone loss and probing depths ≥5.0 mm.

Results: A total of 197 women (mean age: 29.4 ± 6.8 years; range: 18 to 46 years) were included in the study. Gingivitis was identified in 82 of 138 subjects without evidence of periodontitis (59.4%). Periodontitis was found in 59 women (32%). Higher bacterial levels in subjects with gingivitis compared to those without evidence of gingivitis were observed for Actinomyces neuii, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Corynebacterium pseudogenitalis, Porphyromonas endodontalis, Prevotella bivia, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P <0.001 for each). Higher bacterial levels in subjects with periodontitis compared to those without periodontitis (BOP not accounted for) were found for 32 of 79 species (P <0.001) including Lactobacillus iners, Haemophilus influenzae, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia (previously T. forsythensis), Prevotella bivia, P. aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. Binary univariate logistic regression analysis identified that P. aeruginosa (P <0.001) and T. forsythia (P <0.05) were independently predictive of periodontal status. The odds ratio of having P. aeruginosa at levels ≥1 × 105 in the sample and periodontitis was 3.1 (95% confidence interval: 1.6 to 5.9; P <0.001).

Conclusion: In addition to P. gingivalis and T. forsythia, a diverse microbiota, including P. aeruginosa, P. endodontalis, P. bivia, and S. aureus, can be found in subgingival plaque samples from women of child‐bearing age with periodontitis.
Locally Delivered Doxycycline as an Adjunct to Mechanical Debridement at Retreatment of Periodontal Pockets
Authors: Tomasi Cristiano , Koutouzis Theofilos , Wennström Jan L.
Published: March 2008

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate if adjunctive, locally delivered controlled‐release doxycycline might improve the outcome of reinstrumentation of pathologic pockets persisting after initial periodontal therapy.

Methods: Subjects with chronic periodontitis underwent initial treatment including full‐mouth ultrasonic debridement and oral hygiene instructions. At the 3‐month reexamination, 32 subjects with remaining pathologic sites were assigned randomly to one of two retreatment protocols: ultrasonic instrumentation alone (control) or ultrasonic instrumentation plus application of an 8.8% doxycycline gel (test). Clinical examinations of plaque, probing depth (PD), relative attachment level (RAL), and bleeding on probing were performed before retreatment (baseline) and after 3 and 9 months. Primary efficacy variables were the percentage of closed pockets, i.e., PD ≤4 mm, and changes in PD and RAL.

Results: Baseline examination revealed no significant difference in mean PD between treatment groups. The mean PD reduction at 3 months was 0.9 mm (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.6 to 1.2) in the control group and 1.0 mm (95% CI: 0.7 to 1.3) in the test group (P >0.05). At 9 months, both treatment groups showed a mean PD reduction of 1.1 mm. The mean RAL gain was 0.6 mm at 3 months and ∼0.8 at 9 months for both groups. The probability of pocket closure was not improved by the adjunctive antibiotic therapy. Only factors at the tooth site level (plaque presence, furcation involvement, and presence of an intrabony defect) were identified by multilevel analysis as significant for the treatment outcome.

Conclusion: Locally delivered doxycycline failed to improve the healing outcome of reinstrumentation of periodontal pockets showing a poor initial response to pocket/root debridement.
Correlation Between Magnetic Susceptibility and Heavy Metal Concentrations in Forest Soils of the Eastern Czech Republic
Authors: Matysek Dalibor , Raclavska Helena , Raclavsky Konstantin
Published: March 2008

Magnetic susceptibility measurements were performed on 2,000 samples of forest soils from the Ostrava-Karvina industrial region (Czech part of Upper Silesian Coal Basin) and the Moravian-Silesian Beskydy Mountains and their piedmont area, Podbeskydi. Concentrations of selected elements were determined in 1,200 samples from the same set. Industrial facilities (metallurgical industry and power plants) located in this region represent major sources of both magnetic particles and risk elements contaminating soils within the industrial region and neighboring mountainous areas. The magnetic susceptibility has a closely correlated relationship with Zn, Fe, As, Pb and Cu concentrations in soils. The magnetic susceptibilities vary inversely with distance from the sources. The behavior of individual chemical elements during transport and deposition was studied by means of ratios of concentrations of elements and values of magnetic susceptibility. Metals correlating very closely with magnetic susceptibility (Fe and Zn) were deposited together with dust particles, whereas Pb, As, and trace amounts of Zn can create independent particles which are components of long distance transport and deposition. The concentrations of Pb, As and, in part, Zn in soils are strongly dependent on the elevation of the sampling site; in the uppermost parts of mountains they are enriched. Other studied elements show neither relationship with sources of air pollution, nor with the geomorphology of the area. Concentrations of chemical elements V, Cr, Rb, Sr, U, Zr, Ca, Bi, Mn and Ti are related mostly to underlying sedimentary rocks.
Varicoceles: The Diagnostic Dilemma
Authors: Lee Jason , Binsaleh Saleh , Lo Kirk , Jarvi Keith
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACT: Clinical examination of the scrotum remains the most commonly used technique to diagnose varicoceles. However, scrotal anatomy (eg, thick scrotum, scarring, hydrocele) in some men may make physical examination alone unreliable. In these situations, imaging (eg, ultrasound, Doppler imaging, venography) may be used to diagnose a varicocele. The dilemma is that there are no widely accepted or used criteria to diagnose a varicocele based on imaging. This paper reviews the different imaging techniques used and the accuracy of each in diagnosing a varicocele.
The Frequency and Immunodominance of Islet-Specific CD8+ T-cell Responses Change after Type 1 Diabetes Diagnosis and Treatment
Authors: Martinuzzi Emanuela , Novelli Giulia , Scotto Matthieu , Blancou Philippe , Bach Jean-Marie , Chaillous Lucy , Bruno Graziella , Chatenoud Lucienne , van Endert Peter , Mallone Roberto
Published: February 2008

OBJECTIVE—Islet-reactive CD8+ T-cells play a key role in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes in the NOD mouse. The predominant T-cell specificities change over time, but whether similar shifts also occur after clinical diagnosis and insulin treatment in type 1 diabetic patients is unknown.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We took advantage of a recently validated islet-specific CD8+ T-cell γ-interferon enzyme-linked immunospot (ISL8Spot) assay to follow responses against preproinsulin (PPI), GAD, insulinoma-associated protein 2 (IA-2), and islet-specific glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit-related protein (IGRP) epitopes in 15 HLA-A2+ adult type 1 diabetic patients close to diagnosis and at a second time point 7–16 months later.

RESULTS—CD8+ T-cell reactivities were less frequent at follow-up, as 28.6% of responses tested positive at type 1 diabetes diagnosis vs. 13.2% after a median of 11 months (P = 0.003). While GAD and IA-2 autoantibody (aAb) titers were unchanged in 75% of cases, the fraction of patients responding to PPI and/or GAD epitopes by ISL8Spot decreased from 60–67 to 20% (P < 0.02). The previously subdominant IA-2206–214 and IGRP265–273 peptides were newly targeted, thus becoming the immunodominant epitopes.

CONCLUSIONS—Shifts both in frequency and in immunodominance of CD8+ T-cell responses occur more rapidly than do changes in aAb titers. These different kinetics may suggest complementary clinical applications for T-cell and aAb measurements.
Cognitive Function in Children and Subsequent Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Olsson Gunilla M. , Hulting Anna-Lena , Montgomery Scott M.
Published: February 2008

OBJECTIVE—To assess whether a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes by age 42 years is associated with prior cognitive deficits in childhood.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Logistic regression estimated type 2 diabetes risk among 9,113 members of the 1958 British birth cohort of the National Child Development Study (NCDS). Associations with type 2 diabetes were estimated for general ability and reading comprehension assessments at age 11 years, modeled using SD units. Adjustment was for markers of early-life exposures, social and material family characteristics, sex, and disability, with further adjustment for BMI at age 7 years.

RESULTS—Adjusted odds ratios (95% CIs) for type 2 diabetes (n = 69) are 0.67 (0.51–0.87) for general ability and 0.58 (0.44–0.77) for reading comprehension. Neither additional adjustment for BMI, nor limiting the definition of type 2 diabetes to onset after age 33 years altered the associations substantially.

CONCLUSIONS—Impaired cognitive function may precede clinical onset of type 2 diabetes.
Plasma Glucose Regulation and Mortality in Pima Indians
Authors: Kim Nan Hee , Pavkov Meda E. , Looker Helen C. , Nelson Robert G. , Bennett Peter H. , Hanson Robert L. , Curtis Jeffrey M. , Sievers Maurice L. , Knowler William C.
Published: February 2008

OBJECTIVE—To evaluate whether impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and/or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) are associated with increased risk of mortality and prevalent ischemic heart disease (IHD) and to analyze if the increased risk of death is dependent on subsequent development of diabetes in Pima Indians.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—A total of 2,993 Pima Indians aged ≥35 years were included. Prevalent IHD, defined by major ischemic electrocardiogram changes, was evaluated according to the following glucose/diabetes categories: normal glucose regulation (NGR), IFG and/or IGT, and diabetic groups by duration. During a median follow-up of 10.4 years, 780 subjects died from natural causes and 156 of these died from IHD. Mortality was analyzed according to the same glucose/diabetes categories at baseline and then as time-dependent variables.

RESULTS—Only subjects with diabetes ≥15 years of duration have a higher prevalence of IHD (odds ratio 1.9 [95% CI 1.4–2.5]) relative to NGR. In baseline and time-dependent models, age- and sex-adjusted death rates from natural causes and from IHD were similar among the nondiabetic groups. Among diabetic subjects, natural mortality was higher in those with ≥15 years diabetes duration (death rate ratio [DRR] relative to NGR = 2.6 [95% CI 2.1–3.3]). IHD mortality was higher in subjects with long diabetes duration (DRR for diabetes 10–15 years = 3.8 [1.5–9.5]; DRR for diabetes ≥15 years = 8.6 [3.8–19.4]) in the time-dependent model.

CONCLUSIONS—Natural and IHD mortality are not increased in Pima Indians with IFG and/or IGT. Only after the onset of diabetes do the rates of these events increase relative to NGR.
Ab initio calculations of electronic and optical properties in O-doped LiF crystal
Authors: Guo Meili , Zhang Xiaodong , Gu Hongen , Wang Na
Published: March 2008

We present a first-principle study of electronic and optical properties in pure LiF and O-doped LiF crystals. The pure LiF crystal exhibits a wide band gap while the O-doped LiF crystal shows the less band gap due to the contribution of O 2p. Some optical constants, such as dielectric functions, reflectivity and the refractive index, have been performed. The calculated reflectivity and refractive index from the pure LiF crystal agree with the experimental and recently calculated results in the low-energy range. Meanwhile, the optical properties have also been predicted from the O-doped LiF crystal. The absorption band in 200 nm has been observed, which is relatively close to the experimental result.
Finite-element simulation of ultrasound brain surgery: effects of frequency, focal pressure, and scanning path in bone-heating reduction
Authors: Behnia Sohrab , Jafari Amin , Ghalichi Farzan , Bonabi Ashkan
Published: March 2008

In this paper, the finite-element method (FEM) simulation of ultrasound brain surgery is presented. The overheating problem of the post-target bone, which is one of the limiting factors for a successful ultrasound brain surgery, is considered. In order to decrease bone heating, precise choices of frequency, focal pressure, and scanning path are needed. The effect of variations in the mentioned scanning parameters is studied by means of the FEM. The resulting pressure and temperature distributions of a transdural ultrasound brain surgery are simulated by employing the FEM for solving the Helmholtz and bioheat equations in the context of a two-dimensional MRI-based brain model. Our results show that for a suitable value of the frequency, an increase in focal pressure leads to a decrease in the required duration of the treatment and is associated with less heating of the surrounding normal tissue. In addition, it is shown that at a threshold focal pressure, the target temperature reaches toxic levels whereas the temperature rise in the bone is minimal. Wave reflections from sinus cavities, which result in constructive interference with the incoming waves, are one of the reasons for overheating of the bone and can be avoided by choosing a suitable scanning path.
Extreme intraplant variation in nectar sugar composition in an insect‐pollinated perennial herb
Authors: Herrera Carlos M. , Pérez Ricardo , Alonso Conchita
Published: February 2008

Variation in nectar chemistry among plants, flowers, or individual nectaries of a given species has been only rarely explored, yet it is an essential aspect to our understanding of how pollinator‐mediated selection might act on nectar traits. This paper describes variation in nectar sugar composition in a population of the perennial herb Helleborus foetidus (Ranunculaceae) and dissects it into components due to variation among plants, flowers of the same plant, and nectaries of the same flower. The proportions of sucrose, glucose, and fructose in single‐nectary nectar samples collected at two times in the flowering season were determined using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Sugar composition varied extensively among nectaries, and nearly all combinations of individual sugars were recorded. Population‐wide variance was mainly accounted for by variation among flowers of the same plant (56% of total), nectaries of the same flower (30%), and only minimally by differences among plants (14%). In absolute terms, intraplant variation was similar to or greater than that ordinarily reported in interspecific comparisons. Results suggest that the prevailing notion of intraspecific constancy in nectar sugar composition may be unwarranted for some species and that more elaborate nectar sampling designs are required to detect and appropriately account for extensive within‐plant variance. Within‐plant variation in nectar sugar composition will limit the ability of pollinators to exert selection on nectar chemistry in H. foetidus and may be advantageous to plants by reducing the number of flowers visited per foraging bout by variance‐sensitive, risk‐averse pollinators.
Specialized structures in the leaf epidermis of basal angiosperms: morphology, distribution, and homology
Authors: Carpenter Kevin J.
Published: February 2008

The morphology of specialized structures in the leaf epidermis of 32 species of basal (ANITA: Amborella, Nymphaeales, Illiciales, Trimeniaceae, and Austrobaileyaceae) angiosperms, representing all seven families and 11 of 14 genera, was investigated using light and scanning electron microscopy. Distribution, density, and size of structures were also measured, and character evolution was analyzed. Hydropotes are a synapomorphy of Nymphaeales and ethereal oil cells are a synapomorphy of Austrobaileyales, but uniseriate nonglandular trichomes appear to have arisen independently several times. Specialized structures are frequently characterized by adjacent epidermal cells that have striking similarities in their form and arrangement (i.e., architecture) to subsidiary cells of certain types of stomatal complexes. Additionally, forms intermediate to oil cells and stomata, to trichomes and stomata, and to hydropotes and oil cells are present in some taxa. Thus, all of these specialized structures and their adjacent epidermal cells form complexes that may be homologous with, and evolutionarily derived from stomatal complexes, and the specialized structure, or portion thereof, may be homologous to the stoma or guard mother cell. Improved knowledge of the morphology and evolution of these structures in the earliest branching extant angiosperm lineages has a bearing on many diverse areas of botany.
Allelochemic function for a primary metabolite: the case of l‐tyrosine hyper‐production in Inga umbellifera (Fabaceae)
Authors: Lokvam John , Brenes‐Arguedas Tania , Lee J. Scott , Coley Phyllis D. , Kursar Thomas A.
Published: February 2008

Young leaves of tropical forest trees experience far higher herbivory pressure than mature leaves of the same species. Selection on young leaves has led to diverse forms of defense chemical expression. Though most allelochemicals are secondary metabolites, allelochemic function for a primary metabolite remains a possibility. We recently observed this phenomenon in the young leaves of Inga umbellifera, which accumulate the protein amino acid l‐tyrosine to very high levels. We isolated l‐tyrosine from young leaves of trees in Panama and characterized it using spectroscopic and chemical means. We chromatographically quantified leaf l‐tyrosine levels across a range of developmental stages, showing that it was present in the youngest leaves and that its concentration increased throughout the period of expansion, reaching an average maximum of ca 10% of leaf dry mass in late‐stage young leaves. This chemical phenotype was seen to be highly leaf‐age specific: Free tyrosine was only present in mature leaves at very low levels. In bioassays with larvae of the noctuid moth H. virescens, l‐tyrosine proved to be a potent growth inhibitor when added to artificial diet at 10% of dry mass. This suggests that a rarely observed defense strategy occurs in young I. umbellifera leaves, a hyper‐produced primary metabolite functioning as an allelochemical.
Canadian Supportive Care Recommendations for the Management of Neutropenia in Patients with Cancer
Authors: Kouroukis C.T. , Chia S. , Verma S. , Robson D. , Desbiens C. , Cripps C. , Mikhael J.
Published: February 2008

Hematologic toxicities of cancer chemotherapy are common and often limit the ability to provide treatment in a timely and dose-intensive manner. These limitations may be of utmost importance in the adjuvant and curative intent settings. Hematologic toxicities may result in febrile neutropenia, infections, fatigue, and bleeding, all of which may lead to additional complications and prolonged hospitalization. The older cancer patient and patients with significant comorbidities may be at highest risk of neutropenic complications. Colony-stimulating factors (csfs) such as filgrastim and pegfilgrastim can effectively attenuate most of the neutropenic consequences of chemotherapy, improve the ability to continue chemotherapy on the planned schedule, and minimize the risk of febrile neutropenia and infectious morbidity and mortality. The present consensus statement reviews the use of csfs in the management of neutropenia in patients with cancer and sets out specific recommendations based on published international guidelines tailored to the specifics of the Canadian practice landscape. We review existing international guidelines, the indications for primary and secondary prophylaxis, the importance of maintaining dose intensity, and the use of csfs in leukemia, stem-cell transplantation, and radiotherapy. Specific disease-related recommendations are provided related to breast cancer, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, lung cancer, and gastrointestinal cancer. Finally, csf dosing and schedules, duration of therapy, and associated acute and potential chronic toxicities are examined.
Two‐way coupled large‐eddy simulations of the gas‐solid flow in cyclone separators
Authors: Derksen J. J. , van den Akker H. E. A. , Sundaresan S.
Published: February 2008

Three‐dimensional (3‐D), time‐dependent Eulerian‐Lagrangian simulations of the turbulent gas‐solid flow in cyclone separators have been performed. The gas flow is simulated with the lattice‐Boltzmann method. It solves the filtered Navier‐Stokes equations, where the Smagorinsky subgrid‐scale model has been used to represent the effect of the filtered scales. Through this large‐eddy representation of the gas flow, solid particles with different sizes are tracked. By viewing the individual particles (of which there are some 107inside the cyclone at any moment in time) as clusters of particles (parcels), the effect of particle‐to‐gas coupling on the gas‐flow and particle behavior at modest mass‐loadings (up to 0.2 kg dust per kg air) is studied. The numerical approach is able to capture the effect of mass loading on the swirl intensity as reported in the experimental literature. The performance of a Stairmand high‐efficiency cyclone under various loading conditions is systematically studied. The presence of solid particles causes the cyclone to lose swirl intensity. Furthermore, the turbulence of the gas flow gets strongly damped. These two effects have significant consequences for the performance of the cyclone. The pressure drop monotonically decreases with mass loading. The collection efficiency responds in a more complicated manner to the mass loading, with mostly increased cut sizes, and increased overall efficiencies. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
Sexuality, intimacy and subjectivity in social psychoanalytic thought of the 1920s and 1930s
Authors: Wake Naoko
Published: February 2008

Homosexuality has been one of the most contested issues in the history of social psychoanalysis. To better understand the issue's medical and social significance, we need a micro‐historical analysis illuminating doctor‐patient interactions in changing historical contexts. This paper sheds light on the clinical practice of the well‐known founder of interpersonal theory, Harry Stack Sullivan (1892–1949), with a focus on four patients: two from the 1920s and two from the 1930s. During these decades, many psychiatrists, including neo‐Freudians like Sullivan, considered homosexuality a mental illness. But Sullivan himself was a gay man, and he attempted to create efficacious therapeutic relationships amid a generally homophobic medicine. This comported with his effort to create professional coalitions with social psychologists and sociologists. In both clinical and non‐clinical settings, he tried to find solutions to individual problems by redefining a limiting socio‐cultural environment of therapy. Ambitious as this plan was, his patients' response to his approach varied from cautious cooperation to apparent rejection, as his actions became more immersed in the ambiguous realm of sexual subjectivity. In examining this change, I raise the question of what constituted ethically sound, professionally acceptable behaviours and efficacious therapeutic relationships, particularly in the historical context of the emerging collaboration between psychoanalysis and social psychology. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Psychoanalysis and social psychology: historical connections and contemporary applications
Authors: Parker Ian , Hook Derek
Published: February 2008

This special issue brings together contributions that draw attention to the historical connections between psychoanalysis and social psychology and that highlight the role that psychoanalytic ideas still have for social psychological practice. It draws attention to the long‐standing relationship psychoanalysis has had with social psychology, one that is obscured in most undergraduate textbooks. When the contribution of psychoanalysis to the development of social psychology is noted, it is often but as a curiosity, yet, many of the classical studies in social psychology that were concerned with the application of knowledge in the real world were profoundly influenced by psychoanalysis, and many of the founding figures in the discipline drew upon psychoanalytic ideas. This special issue focuses on how psychoanalysis influenced social psychology and what the consequences are for present‐day developments. This introduction sets the basis for the task our contributors address; focusing on the way historical resources can be brought to life and drawing out some implications for the way present‐day practice can be elaborated. The task of each contributor will be to help us remember this past relationship so that something new can be done with psychoanalysis in social psychology now. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Asymptomatic significant patent foramen ovale: Giving patent foramen ovale management back to the cardiologist
Authors: Rigatelli Gianluca , Cardaioli Paolo , Chinaglia Mauro
Published: February 2008

Percutaneous closure of patent foramen ovale (PFO) is still a much debated issue. Although many questions remain open, patients are finding out about PFO management and are beginning to ask for the most rapid and complete solution to their potential problems in spite of the warnings from the medical profession about off‐label indications for transcatheter closure. As a result, asymptomatic patients with PFO are coming into medical offices to be assured about stroke risk or treated for any degree of migraine. The cardiologist should be the preferred interlocutor in asymptomatic significant PFO: he is competent in assessing the associated anatomical and functional risk factors, and he is the only specialist who can evaluate on the basis of the anatomo‐functional picture the potential risk of paradoxical embolism and discuss with patients eventual off‐label indications to closure. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Unprotected left main disease managed with drug‐eluting stents: Long‐term outcome of 100 patients with increased surgical risk
Authors: Wood Frances O. , Saylors Elizabeth K. , Schneider Joel E. , Jobe R. Lee , Mann J. Tift
Published: February 2008

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine long‐term clinical outcomes in high surgical risk patients (pts) with unprotected left main (ULM) disease who were managed with drug‐eluting stents (DES). Background: The long‐term efficacy of unprotected left main (ULM) stenting with DES remains uncertain. Methods: From June 2003 to December 2005, 100 pts with increased surgical risk underwent ULM stenting with DES. Patient risk was estimated by EuroSCORE. Disease was confined to the ostium/main stem in Group A (31 pts) and involved the bifurcation in Group B (69 pts). Study endpoints were MI, TVR, and death. Results: Mean age was 68 ± 1 years, EF 52 ± 1%. Mean EuroSCORE was 5.2 ± 0.4, and 41% pts had a EuroSCORE of >6. In Group A, 87% of lesions were directly stented. In Group B, 61% of pts received one stent and 39% received two stents. Primary success was 95%. Follow‐up data (mean 28 ± 1 months) were obtained in all patients. Restenosis occurred at the proximal stent margin in 5/9 pts. There were 12 cardiac deaths (88% cardiac survival) and 9 noncardiac deaths (79% total survival). In Group B, 5 pts died suddenly: 3 within the first week and 2 additional pts after 1 year. Sudden death did not occur in Group A. All cause event‐free survival was 65% in Group A and 67% in Group B. Conclusion: A substantial number of late adverse events occurred in both ostial and bifurcation groups with equal frequency. Until definitive data from randomized trials are available, ULM stenting should be performed only in patients with prohibitive surgical risk. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The parallel wire technique for septal defect closure
Authors: Chiam Paul TL , Cohen Howard A , Ruiz Carlos E.
Published: February 2008

Percutaneous closure of sedundum atrial septal defects (ASD) has been shown to be safe and effective. Usually crossing the defect is relatively straightforward. Occasionally, with fenestrated ASDs, trying to cross the defect(s) may be challenging. We report the use of a “paralle wire” (0.018 or 0.014 inch wire) technique to maintain access and be able to recross the same defect easily in case of misplacement until just before the device was secured and released. This technique could be used also as a “body wire” for large ASDs with deficient rims to reduce the incidence of device prolapse, and for patent foramen ovale and ventricular septal defect closures. This is a simple and easily reproducible method with the equipment readily available in virtually all catheterization laboratories. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Application of Statistical Design to Benzylation of Toluene with Benzyl Alcohol
Authors: Alam A. , Zahangir Alam M. , Islam S. T. A. , Alam S. , Saha M.
Published: February 2008

Benzylation of toluene with benzyl alcohol in the presence of benzenesulphonic acid was studied statistically with a three‐factored experimental design. Factorial design was employed to study the effect of factors and the interactions of two or more factors on the yield of benzylation. Temperature, the molar ratio of toluene to benzyl alcohol, and amount of catalyst were considered as major variables. A mathematical equation was derived with the help of experimental design to calculate the predicted yields under certain experimental conditions. The adequacy of the suggested model was checked.
Enhancement of Hydrocyclone Classification Efficiency for Fine Particles by Introducing a Volute Chamber with a Pre‐Sedimentation Function
Authors: Liu P.‐K. , Chu L.‐Y. , Wang J. , Yu Y.‐F.
Published: February 2008

A new hydrocyclone was designed with a volute chamber positioned prior to the inlet. Since the volute chamber prior to the inlet has a pre‐sedimentation function due to the centrifugal sedimentation effect, coarse particles are concentrated on the outer side and fine particles are concentrated on the inner side as the particles reach the entrance of the hydrocyclone. Consequently, coarse particles in the hydrocyclone are easily separated into the underflow and fine particles are easily transferred into the overflow. As a result, the separation or classification performance of the hydrocyclone was improved effectively. Compared with the traditional type of hydrocyclone, this new type of hydrocyclone with a volute chamber before the inlet was shown to possess a much higher classification efficiency for fine particles.
Chiral Bidentate Bis(N‐Heterocyclic Carbene)‐Based Palladium Complexes Bearing Carboxylate Ligands: Highly Effective Catalysts for the Enantioselective Conjugate Addition of Arylboronic Acids to Cyclic Enones
Authors: Zhang Tao , Shi Min
Published: February 2008

Axially chiralcis‐chelated bidentate bis(N‐heterocyclic carbene)–palladium(II) complexes with two weakly coordinating carboxylate ligands are effective catalysts for the asymmetric conjugate addition of arylboronic acids to cyclic enones, producing the corresponding adducts in moderate‐to‐high yields and with good‐to‐high enantioselectivities, in most cases under mild conditions.
Crystal growth of zirconium‐doped KTiOPO4 crystals in the K2O‐P2O5‐TiO2‐ZrF4 system
Authors: Ivanenko V. I. , Zatovsky I. V. , Slobodyanik N. S. , Nagornyi P. G. , Baumer V. N.
Published: February 2008

Zirconium‐doped KTiOPO4 (KTP) crystals were grown using a high temperature flux method in the K2O‐P2O5‐TiO2‐ZrF4 system. The dopant content in the single crystals with general composition KTi1‐xZrxOPO4 (where x = 0 – 0.026) strongly depends on zirconium concentration in the homogeneous melts. AES‐ICP method and X‐ray fluorescence analysis were used to determine the composition of the obtained crystals. Phase analyses of the products were performed using the powder XRD. The structures of KTiOPO4 containing different quantities of Zr were refined on the basis of single crystal XRD data. Applying ZrF4 precursor for zirconium injection into the flux allowed growing the zirconium‐doped KTP crystals at 930–750°C. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Characterization of L‐aspartate crystals grown in gel medium
Authors: Rathi F.A.P. , Dinakaran S. , Robert R. , Mahalakshmi R. , Yogam F. , Das S. Jerome
Published: February 2008

L‐Aspartate [C4H7NO4], also called as 2‐aminobutanedoioic acid, an organic amino acid was crystallized with the aid of sodium metasilicate gel. Diffusion of the supersaturated solutions in porous gel network by solubility reduction method in silica gel was carried out in our laboratory. The crystals were characterized using powder X‐ray diffraction technique. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy reveals the presence of functional groups in the crystals. Optical absorbance of the crystals was studied by UV – Visible spectroscopy and the thermal properties were studied by thermo gravimetric analysis. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Simultaneous synthesis of different structures of calcium oxalate by living bi‐template
Authors: Li Sheng , Sun Dong‐Mei , Wu Qing‐Sheng , Ding Ya‐Ping
Published: February 2008

Biomimetic living bi‐templates, mung bean sprouts (MBS), were employed to control the crystallization of calcium oxalate dehydrate (COD). Two kinds of crystals in different shapes were simultaneously grown on the outer surface and the inner stem wall of MBS respectively. The whole process is in the living system that material flow and energy exchange ceaselessly. The products were respectively characterized by SEM, XRD. A presumable mechanism is proposed. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Re‐determination of the pseudobinary system Li2O – MoO3
Authors: Moser M. , Klimm D. , Ganschow S. , Kwasniewski A. , Jacobs K.
Published: February 2008

The quasi‐binary phase diagram lithium oxide – molybdenum(VI) oxide was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry and X‐ray diffraction. The four intermediate phases Li4MoO5, Li2MoO4, Li4Mo5O17, and Li2Mo4O13 show incongruent melting. The system has one eutectic point at 50.5 mol% MoO3 and 49.5 mol% LiO0.5 with a eutectic temperature of 524.6°C. At this point the melt is in equilibrium with Li2MoO4 and Li4Mo5O17. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Structural, compositional and optical properties of gallium selenide thin films doped with cadmium
Authors: Qasrawi A. F. , Saleh A. A.
Published: February 2008

Polycrystalline cadmium doped gallium selenide thin films were obtained by the thermal co‐evaporation of GaSe crystals and Cd grains onto glass substrates. The structural, compositional and optical properties of these films have been investigated by means of X‐ray diffraction, energy dispersive X‐ray analysis and UV‐visible spectroscopy techniques, respectively. Particularly, the elemental analysis, the crystalline nature, the energy band gap, the refractive index, the dispersion energy and static dielectric constant have been identified. The absorption coefficient spectral analysis in the sharp absorption region revealed a direct forbidden energy band gap of 1.22 eV. The cadmium doping has caused a significant decrease in the values of the energy band gap and in all the dispersive optical parameters, as well. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Large Second‐Order NLO Activity in Poly(4‐vinylpyridine) Grafted with PdII and CuII Chromophoric Complexes with Tridentate Bent Ligands Containing Heterocycles
Authors: Borbone Fabio , Carella Antonio , Caruso Ugo , Roviello Giuseppina , Tuzi Angela , Dardano Principia , Lettieri Stefano , Maddalena Pasqualino , Barsella Alberto
Published: February 2008

Two N‐salicylidene‐N′‐acylhydrazines tridentate ligands containing heterocycles were prepared and utilized for the synthesis of mononuclear acentric complexes of CuII and PdII and pyridine serves as an additional ligand (MLxPy, M = metal, Lx = ligand). Characterization also includes single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. These complexesshow high second‐order nonlinear optical activity (μβ = 620 × 10–48esu for both CuLIIPy and PdLIIPy and μβ = 1600 × 10–48 and 1400 × 10–48 esu for CuLIPy and PdLIPy, respectively, at incident wavelength of 1907 nm). The properties of polymers (PMLx) obtained by grafting poly(4‐vinylpyridine) with fragments of the complexes are also reported. The polymers exhibit good thermal stability, high glass‐transition temperatures and the absence of crystallinity. The second‐order nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of thin, transparent poled films, prepared by spin coating and thermal corona poling, were investigated for some of the polymers. The value of the d33 parameter was measured at 1064 and 1500 nm (i.e., with and without resonance contribute). In the latter case, the d33 values are 21 and 12 pm/V for PCuLII and PPdLII, respectively. A high time stability of the NLO properties of these materials was found. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Fixing the net tuition revenue dilemma: The Dickinson College story
Authors: Massa Robert J. , Parker Annette S.
Published: February 2008

Dickinson College addressed its net tuition revenue problem through effective decision support, marketing and branding approaches, and pricing and financial aid strategies.
Know your competitor: Impact of for‐profit colleges on the higher education landscape
Authors: Floyd Carol Everly
Published: February 2008

For‐profit colleges and universities serve a small but growing student clientele, are entering into more direct competition with traditional colleges, and face economic positioning challenges. Their experiences suggest some possible lessons for traditional colleges.
A comparison of forest and moorland stream microclimate, heat exchanges and thermal dynamics
Authors: Hannah David M. , Malcolm Iain A. , Soulsby Chris , Youngson Alan F.
Published: February 2008

Although the importance of riparian forest in moderating stream temperature variability is recognized, most previous research focuses on conifer harvesting effects and summer maximum temperature with highly variable findings. This article compares stream temperature, microclimate and heat exchange dynamics between semi‐natural forest and moorland (no trees) reaches in the Scottish Cairngorms over two calendar years to provide a longer‐term perspective. Mean daily water column temperature is warmer for moorland than forest in late winter–early spring, but cooler in summer. Daily water column temperature range is greater for moorland than forest. Streambed temperature dynamics are markedly different between reaches, reflecting contrasting groundwater–surface water (GW–SW) interactions. Mean, minimum and maximum daily air temperature is cooler, humidity is lower, and wind speed is much higher for moorland than forest on average. Net radiation is the dominant heat sink in autumn–winter and major heat source in spring–summer for moorland and summer for forest. Net radiation is greater in summer and lower in winter for moorland than forest. Sensible heat is an energy source in autumn–winter and sink in spring–summer, with loss (gain) greater in summer (winter) for moorland than forest. Latent heat is predominantly a sink for both reaches, with magnitude and variability higher for moorland than forest. Streambed heat flux is much smaller than fluxes at the air–water interface, with moorland and forest illustrating seasonal and between‐reach differences attributable to different GW–SW interactions. Seasonal patterns in stream energy budget partitioning are illustrated schematically. To our knowledge, this is the first such study of mixed woodland, which generates notably different results to work on coniferous forest. This research provides a process basis to model stream thermal impact of changes in forest practice, and so inform decision making by land and water resource managers. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of seasonal adjustment on the properties of business cycle regimes
Authors: Matas‐Mir Antonio , Osborn Denise R. , Lombardi Marco J.
Published: February 2008

We study the impact of seasonal adjustment on the properties of business cycle expansion and recession regimes using analytical, simulation and empirical methods. Analytically, we show that the X‐11 adjustment filter both reduces the magnitude of change at turning points and reduces the depth of recessions, with specific effects depending on the length of the recession. A Monte Carlo analysis using Markov‐switching models confirms these properties, with particularly undesirable effects in delaying the recognition of the end of a recession. However, seasonal adjustment can help to clarify the true regime when this is well underway. These results continue to hold when a seasonally non‐stationary process with regime‐dependent mean is misspecified as one with deterministic seasonal effects. The empirical findings, based on four coincident US business cycle indicators, reinforce the analytical and simulation results by showing that seasonal adjustment leads to the identification of longer and shallower recessions than obtained using unadjusted data. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exploring goal‐setting as a tool for leadership development
Authors: Kaufman Eric K. , Israel Glenn D. , Rudd Rick D.
Published: February 2008

Goal‐setting theory is based on the premise that conscious goals affect action and is supported by four decades of research and more than 1,000 scholarly publications. Although the theory has been widely applied in management settings, it is an underused framework in the broader field of leadership development. This study considers the effects of goal‐setting as applied in a leadership program conducted for local board members in a nonprofit membership organization, the Florida Farm Bureau Federation. A final reduced regression model explains about 25% of the variance in individual performance by considering goal specificity, goal difficulty, education level, and gender. This study has implications for professional development programming and its application of goal‐setting theory. Additional research is needed to explore further the application of goal‐setting theory in programming for volunteer leaders.