bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DEMENCIJA NAKON MOŽDANOG UDARA
Authors: Sinanović Osman
Published: September 2021

Moždani udar (MU) ili cerebrovaskularni inzult (CVI), koji se može definirati kao disfunkcija mozga koja nastaje zbog poremećaja protoka krvi kroz mozak, predstavlja drugi najčešći uzrok smrti odraslih u svjetskoj populaciji (1). MU pogađa 33 miliona ljudi svake godine u svijetu, a jedna trećina MU dešava se u zemljama u razvoju. Demencija nakon moždanog udara (post-stroke dementia / PSD) ili kognitivno oštećenje nakon moždanog udara (poststroke cognitive impairment / PSCI) pogađa oko jednu trećinu preživjelih. Opisane su različite definicije i sinonimi za PSD i PSCI. S obzirom na to da je PSD najsveobuhvatnija, predloženo je da se ovaj termin koristi za sva kognitivna oštećenja koja se razvijaju nakon moždanog udara, neposredno ili nešto kasnije. Prevalenca PSD se kreće od 20 do 80%, što varira među zemljama iz kojih stižu saopštenja, ovisno o rasi i dijagnostičkim kriterijima. Rizik za razvoj PSD vezan je kako za različite demografske faktore kao što je dob, nivo obrazovanosti, zanimanje, tako i za različite vaskularne faktore (1, 3–4). Vaskularni faktori rizika kao što su hipertenzija, diabetes mellitus, hiperlipidemija, pušenje, atrijalna fibrilacija, povećavaju rizik za razvoj kako samog MU tako i PSD. Nadalje, ponavljanje moždanih udara povećava rizik za razvoj PSD, od oko 10% nakon prvog MU do 30% nakon ponavljajućeg. Prevencija PSD može se postići prije svega prevencijom MU. Na drugoj strani primjenjuju se različite strategije u cilju ublažavanja kliničkog toka PSD, kao što je smanjenje krvnog pritiska, primjena statina, neuroprotektivnih i antiinflamatornih lijekova, bez uvjerljivih dokaza njihove efikasnosti. Analiziraju se i mogući pozitivni učinci intervencija u sferi životnih stilova, učinci različite fizičke aktivnosti, kognitivnog treninga i dr. Za sada ne postoji uvjerljiv efikasni tretman PSD, ali lijekovi koji se primjenjuju u tretmanu Alzheimerove demencije (holinesterazni inhibitori, memantin) ipak pokazuju od
Veće učešće žena i Izborni zakon BiH
Authors: Borić Besima
Published: September 2021

Vrijeme od 1995. godine do danas obilježeno je, između ostalog, i traganjima za mogućim modelima kako obezbijediti veće učešće žena u zakonodavnim tijelima, ali ne samo u njima, nego i u tijelima izvršne vlasti, ukupnom društvenom i političkom životu. To je proces koji se kontinuirano odvija u velikom dijelu svijeta, pa tako i u našoj BiH, a i u Regiji. Hroničan nedostatak žena na mjestima odlučivanja najčešće se adresira našim tradicionalnim kulturološkim i ukupnim sociološkim uvjetima, nedovoljnoj demokratičnosti političkih subjekata, ali i nedostatku adekvatnih zakonskih rješenja koja bi omogućila dobre uvjete za veći broj žena na listama i u tijelima vlasti. Donošenje Zakona o ravnopravnosti spolova BiH, uvođenje kvote manje zastupljenog spola u Izborni zakon BiH, kao i niz drugih rješenja uveliko je uticalo na povećan broj žena u zakonodavnim tijelima. Još uvijek je taj broj znatno manji od proklamovanog, najprije 30, a potom i 40% obaveznog broja manje zastupljenog spola na kandidatskim listama. Vrlo je malo istraživanja koja nude moguće konkretne izmjene zakona koje bi dosegle ovaj procent. Opće je mjesto da sadašnji izborni sistem u BiH pogoduje većoj zastupljenosti žena kao manje zastupljenog spola. Ali ,također, otvara i neke mogućnosti za poboljšanje, a koje se kriju u eventualnoj uspostavi pariteta i ravnomjernoj zastupljenosti muškaraca i žena na listama, eventualnom zatvaranju listi, preraspodjeli kompenzacionih mandata u korist manje zastupljenog spola. Također, korisno bi bilo razmotriti i broj političkih subjekata, izbornih jedinica kao i podizanje cenzusa za ostvarenje mandata. Isto tako, važno bi bilo sačuvati kvotu, na koju se u toku dvadesetak godina nekoliko puta atakovalo, ali i zadržati kaznene odredbe kojima se štiti propisani redoslijed i kvota. Izmjene koje bi pogodovale većem broju izabranih žena traže adekvatnu političku klimu i zato je važno adresirati odgovornost ne samo na zakonodavce nego posebno i na političke stranke, medije, NVO i druge subjekte.
Demokratska tranzicija i izborni sistem u Bosni i Hercegovini: ideje za jačanje predstavničke funkcije Parlamentarne skupštine Bosne i Hercegovine
Authors: Sadiković Elmir
Published: September 2021

U višestoljetnom razvoju parlamentarizma i predstavničke demokratije parlamenti su predstavljali ključne institucije borbe za demokratiju i ljudska prava. Uloga parlamenata je posebno značajna u zemljama postsocijalističke tranzicije koje nemaju dugu demokratsku tradiciju. Parlamentarna skupština Bosne i Hercegovine čini centralnu instituciju predstavničke/parlamentarne demokratije u Bosni i Hercegovini. Osobina neposredne povezanosti parlamenta i građana instituciji Parlamentarne skupštine Bosne i Hercegovine daje poseban i veći demokratski značaj od drugih institucija političke vlasti. Iskustva drugih država pokazuju da su za upostavljanje i funkcionisanje demokratskog i uticajnog parlamenta potrebne odgovarajuće društveno-ekonomske, političke i kulturne pretpostavke, kao što su: društvena homogenost u pogledu temeljnih vrijednosti, razvijeno civilno društvo, te odgovarajući stepen konsenzusa i integralnosti unutar paralementarnih stranačkih elita. U kojoj mjeri je Parlamentarna skupština Bosne i Hercegovine učinkovita u ostvarivanju predstavničke i nadzorne funkcije? Kako ostvaruje funkciju legitimnosti i učinkovitosti u donošenju zakona i rješavanju društvenih konflikata? Da li je Parlamentarna skupština Bosne i Hercegovine kao najviši zakonodavni organ stvarni nosilac parlamentarne suverenosti? Kakva su iskustva razvoja parlamentarizma i predstavničke demokratije u postdejtonskom političkom razvoju države Bosne i Hercegovine? To su osnovna pitanja koja su predmet elaboracije u ovom radu. Obzirom da političke institucije oblikuju i političku kulturu, cilj ovog rada je i dopuniti određene prijedloge za izmjenu izbornog zakonodavstva kako bi Parlamentarna skupština Bosne i Hercegovine učinkovitije ostvarivala ustavne nadležnosti i svoju demokratsku funkciju.
Concubinage in the Polish Tax Law
Authors: Goettel Aleksy
Published: September 2021

The main goal of this study is to assess whether, and if so, how the tax policy is implemented in Poland in relation to informal partnerships. The justification for conducting research in this area is the growing number of such relationships and the demands formulated by the public on the principles of taxation of cohabitants. The study analyzes not only taxes on natural persons, but also the provisions governing the principles of tax liability. The research shows that while pro-family tax policy is implemented on a fairly large scale in Poland, it does not apply to cohabitants. In principle, cohabitants do not have the right to any preferential taxation rules, above all tax reliefs and exemptions. Moreover, the analysis of the research material clearly indicates that staying in cohabitation can even aggravate the situation of a cohabitant under tax law (which can be seen perfectly well on the example of a cohabitant's liability for his partner's taxes). On the basis of a critical analysis of the Polish tax law provisions, the general thesis has been formulated that the situation of cohabitants is affected by deep asymmetry, because on the one hand the legislator uses cohabitation to improve the allocation of public revenues, but on the other hand it does not include cohabitants with pro-family tax policy (although cohabitation is very similar to marriage). The study includes certain demands on the legislator, thanks to which it is possible to cover cohabitants by pro-family tax policy.
DETECÇÃO DE ANIMAIS BOVINOS UTILIZANDO IMAGENS AÉREAS POR MEIO DE REDES NEURAIS
Authors: Takano Wellington Hiroshi , Almeida Leandro Luiz de , Silva Francisco Assis da
Published: September 2021

Nowadays, with the evolution of technology, many areas that cover agriculture are making use of professional drones that have several tools that help in monitoring. With the advancement of Neural Networks, several researchers are choosing to use neural networks to detect objects. As the counting of bovine animals requires time and physical effort, in addition to being risky in certain situations, with the use of aerial images and neural networks, this activity becomes more viable and with less time spent. In this work, the focus is on detecting bovine animals using two neural networks, with aerial images captured from a drone.
Visual Analytics e Outlying Aspect Mining: contextualização de anomalias considerando questões temporais e multidimensionais
Authors: Benghi Felipe Marx , Gomes-Jr Luiz
Published: September 2021

Outlying Aspect Mining (OAM) is a new way of handling outliers that, instead of focusing solely on the detection, also provides an explanation. This is done by presenting a subspace of attributes that had the most abnormal behavior. Acknowledging this group of attributes is important but only listing them is not sufficient for a human specialist to comprehend the situation and take the necessary actions. A higher-level, visual approach can improve the process, providing better cognitive clues to experts. Here we describe a Visual Analytics platform developed to present data and OAM outputs in a human-friendly interface. A novelty available on this platform is a parallel coordinates plot that also display temporal multidimensional data. Such representation overcome human visual system limitations and helps in the outlier investigation. To explore the applicability of the developed tool, a locomotive operation user case is employed with focus on fault analysis in an OAM point of view.
Análise da violência doméstica no município de Curitiba
Authors: Leal Manoel Flavio , Berardi Rita , Kozievitch Nádia P.
Published: September 2021

Ao se observar osúltimos anos, nota-se o incremento dos indicadores de criminalidade, com destaque para violência doméstica. O objetivo deste estudo é analisar os dados históricos sobre violência doméstica em Curitiba no período entre 2014 e 2018, com vítimas do gênero feminino. Para enriquecer o estudo, foram incluídos dados demográficos sobre o município. Por meio da análise e visualização dos dados, foram identificados diversos insights, como concentração de ocorrências após as 18:00 em todos os dias da semana, aumento de 50,63% nos fins de semana e quatro naturezas criminais que representam 82,63% das ocorrências, além da identificação da região e bairros onde se concentra o maior número vítimas.
Um estudo sobre reutilização de treinamento em Modelos de Previsão de Vulnerabilidade
Authors: Todescato Matheus Vinícius , Dal Bianco Guilherme
Published: September 2021

Encontrar bugs ou falhas de código em sistemas pode ser uma tarefa extremamente complexa e onerosa. Uma alternativa para diminuir o esforço do usuário é aplicar o Modelo de Previsão de Vulnerabilidade (MPV). Um MPV utiliza técnicas de classificação e aprendizagem ativa para identificar trechos de código com possíveis bugs. Para isso, o MPV depende de um treinamento inicial (arquivos de código contendo bugs) na construção de um modelo de predição. Tal problema, conhecido como partida fria ou cold-start, surge quando o método não tem exemplos representativos para o início do processo. Neste trabalho, o objetivo é avaliar experimentalmente a reutilização de treinamento entre projetos com intuito de aliviar o impacto da partida fria quando se deseja encontrar todos (ou quase todos) arquivos de bug.
Desenvolvimento de uma biblioteca de consulta a inspetores para a indústria extrativa
Authors: Zilles Junior , Marques Junior Mario R. N. , Borges Eduardo N. , Gonçalves Eder M. , Espíndola Danúbia B. , Botelho Sílvia S. da Costa
Published: September 2021

Uma das atividades mais importantes na indústria extrativa é a inspeção de solda, equipamentos e obras. Esta atividade envolve contratar profissionais com habilitações diversificadas, incluindo técnicas de ensaios não destrutivos. Com o objetivo de facilitar a busca por profissionais qualificados em diferentes órgãos certificadores, este artigo apresenta a construção de uma API RESTful que implementa um serviço Web de consulta por inspetores usando similaridade textual. A API desenvolvida será utilizada na construção de diferentes sistemas computacionais em uma arquitetura de microsserviços.
AvaliaGeo: Sistema para Validação de Topônimos em Notícias
Authors: Domingues Arthur Felipe de Freitas , Monteiro Bruno Rabello
Published: September 2021

Soluções para problemas de extração de informação geográfica de textos e documentos precisam, muitas vezes, de bases de dados rotuladas para realização de experimentos ou para validação de algoritmos. Entretanto, muitas dessas bases não são gratuitas ou não são deixadas disponíveis. Este trabalho tem por objetivo facilitar a geração de bases de dados rotuladas geograficamente, com o uso de contribuições voluntárias para a desambiguação dos topônimos presentes nas notícias. Para validar as contribuições é proposto o uso do coeficiente Alfa de Cronbach, considerando cada notícia um questionário e cada candidato à topônimo um item desse questionário. Experimentos preliminares alcançaram 70% de confiabilidade na desambiguação dos topônimos para geração de bases de dados.
Estudos de caso de análise de perfis de usuários agrupados por hashtags no Twitter
Authors: Costa Pedro H. E. C. , Lima Jefferson R. , Marques Ronaldo A. , Trindade Daniel R. , Komati Karin S.
Published: September 2021

O objetivo principal do estudo foi analisar os perfis de usuários, se são ou não bots, na disseminação de uma determinada hashtag na rede social Twitter. Este trabalho apresenta o estudo de caso de duas hashtags que foram compartilhadas: uma que possui indícios de serem disseminadas por bots, e a outra não, sendo utilizada com o objetivo de comparação. Foi possível avaliar que a hashtag com indícios de ter sido impulsionada por robôs ainda apresenta perfis de usuários bots, mesmo meses depois da mesma ter sido uma trend.
Simulação de Alocação de Recursos em Projetos de Desenvolvimento de Software Utilizando Teoria das Filas
Authors: Coutinho Emanuel F. , Bezerra Carla I. M.
Published: September 2021

A variedade de atividades e papéis no desenvolvimento e manutenção de aplicações acarreta replanejamentos, principalmente de esforço e custo. O custo do projeto muitas vezes está associado à equipe do projeto. Teoria das filas pode ser descrita como clientes que chegam para o atendimento de um serviço, aguardam caso não seja imediato, e saem do sistema após serem atendidos. Nesse contexto, a teoria das filas pode auxiliar na distribuição da equipe do projeto, de tarefas e na avaliação do nível de serviço. O objetivo deste trabalho é utilizar teoria das filas no auxílio da distribuição de tarefas no contexto de desenvolvimento e manutenção de aplicações. Como resultados, detectou-se ociosidade na utilização dos recursos e redução no tempo de espera de atendimento das tarefas.
Towards Multi-Criteria Prioritization of Best Practices in Research Artifact Sharing
Authors: Damasceno Carlos Diego Nascimento , Melo Isotilia Costa , Strüber Daniel
Published: September 2021

Research artifact sharing is known to strengthen the transparency of scientific studies. However, in the lack of common discipline-specific guidelines for artifacts evaluation, subjective and conflicting expectations may happen and threaten artifact quality. In this paper, we discuss our preliminary ideas for a framework based on quality management principles (5W2H) that can aid in the establishment of common guidelines for artifact evaluation and sharing. Also, using the Analytic Hierarchy Process, we discuss how research communities could join efforts to aid the guidelines’ adequacy to research priorities. These combined methodologies constitute a novelty for software engineering research which can foster research software sustainability.
Protocolo de Mapeamento Sistemático para Busca de Aplicativos de Saúde em Repositórios Não-acadêmicos
Authors: Lima Luis F. de , Peres Leticia M.
Published: September 2021

Este artigo apresenta um trabalho em andamento de adaptação de um protocolo de mapeamento sistemático da literatura para o levantamento de aplicativos de software de saúde em repositórios não-acadêmicos de aplicativos e código-fonte. Foram elaborados dois guias de utilização do protocolo ajustados para profissionais de saúde e desenvolvedores de software. Espera-se que estes guias auxiliem na obtenção de resultados mais rigorosos e imparciais nestas pesquisas. Um estudo de viabilidade será conduzido na próxima etapa deste trabalho para o refinamento do protocolo e dos guias de aplicação.
Uma Proposta para Open Science em Ecossistemas de Software com Foco em Pesquisa e Educação em Engenharia de Software
Authors: Pinheiro Francisco Victor da Silva , Silva Francisco Mateus dos Anjos , Coutinho Emanuel Ferreira
Published: September 2021

Open Science pode ser definida como a combinação de vários movimentos e práticas com o objetivo de tornar o conhecimento científico abertamente disponível, acessível e reutilizável para todos. Diversas áreas da Engenharia de Software se encaixam nesse conceito de Open Science, sendo Ecossistemas de Software (ECOS) uma delas. ECOS pode ser definido como um conjunto de atores funcionando como uma unidade que interage com um mercado distribuído entre software e serviços. Uma carência da área de ECOS é a falta por modelos que possam ser utilizados principalmente para o ensino de ECOS. Uma vez que modelos de ECOS estejam disponíveis e padronizados, a difusão da área, extensão para novas pesquisas e colaboração e´ facilitada. O objetivo desta pesquisa é iniciar estudos para a criação de uma base de mode los de ECOS aberta que permita a colaboração entre pesquisadores de ECOS tanto em pesquisas quanto para o ensino.
How do Brazilian Software Engineering Researchers Perceive and Practice Open Science?
Authors: OliveiraJr Edson , Chavez Christina von Flach G. , Cordeiro André F. R. , Feitosa Daniela
Published: September 2021

With the wide popularization and increasing adoption of Open Science, most scientific research areas have discussed its benefits to the overall society represented by any citizen. The openness process aims at promoting free availability of such researches, thus directly impacting scientific evolution. Researchers are encouraged to make scientific research artifacts open for every citizen. In the Software Engineering area we are currently experiencing international Open Science initiatives, such as the ICSE Rose Festival, the ESEM Open Science policies, and the Empirical Software Engineering journal Open Science initiative. However, a little is known about Open Science in the Brazilian Software Engineering community. Therefore, in this paper, we present and discuss the results of a survey on how do our software engineering community perceive and practice Open Science.
e-LivestockProv: An Architecture based on Provenance to Manage Traceability in Precision Livestock Farming
Authors: Gomes Jonas S. , David José Maria N. , Braga Regina , Arbex Wagner , Barbosa Bryan , Gomes Wneiton Luiz , Fonseca Leonardo M. Gravina
Published: September 2021

The use of sensors in the agricultural sector generates a large volume of heterogeneous data that must be processed, stored, and analyzed to support decisions. In addition, decisions taken in agriculture need to be traceable due to the diversity of data and devices present in different agricultural contexts. With provenance, we can trace and analyze data to improve future decisions and avoid the usefulness ones. This article presents the e-LivestockProv architecture, focusing on data provenance.
Mechanistic Insights of Drug Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus with Special Reference to Newer Antibiotics
Authors: Singh Atamjit , Kaur Kirandeep , Mohana Pallvi , Kaur Avneet , Kaur Komalpreet , Heer Shilpa , Arora Saroj , Bedi Neena , Mohinder Singh Bedi Preet
Published: September 2021

Staphylococcus aureus is the most ubiquitous microorganism in both environment as well as animals and exists as commensal and pathogenic bacterium. In past few years it has been emerged as a superbug causing serious burden on healthcare system. This bacterium has been found to be the most resistant one toward most of the antibiotics due to its rapid structural and genetic modifications. This chapter will shed light on various types of molecular mechanisms responsible for resistance of Staphylococcus aureus showcasing how it has been emerged as a superbug. Moreover, the recent approaches which include exploring of different drug targets keeping in view the structural and functional behavior of the Staphylococcus aureus has also been discussed.
Future Risks for Children Born to Mothers with Gestational Diabetes: Elucidation Using the Cell Model Approach
Authors: Kawaharada Ritsuko , Nakamura Akio
Published: September 2021

A number of studies have shown that foetal nutritional status significantly impacts an unborn child’s long-term health. The developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) hypothesis proposes that if a child is undernourished in the foetal period, the child will develop diabetes and hypertension in the future if adequate nutrition is given after birth. Moreover, hyperglycaemia (e.g. gestational diabetes mellitus [GDM]) experienced during foetal life can reportedly cause various complications in children. As diabetes is increasing worldwide, so is GDM, and many studies have been conducted using GDM animal models and GDM cell lines. We examined the effects of streptozotocin-induced diabetes, particularly on the heart of offspring, in rat GDM animal models. We also analysed primary cardiomyocyte cultures isolated from these GDM rats and found that insulin signalling was inhibited in GDM cells, as in the GDM animal models, by increased advanced glycation end products. Furthermore, the effect of eicosapentaenoic acid during pregnancy has been reported in GDM animal models and cells, and the findings indicated the importance of nutritional management for GDM during pregnancy.
Airway Management in Head and Neck Pathology
Authors: M. Radi Al-Khafaji Muayad , Makki Hossam , Haider Hassan , Abbas Furat , Menon Abhishek
Published: September 2021

Studies have demonstrated that poor assessment and planning contribute to airway complications and that current airway assessment strategies have a poor diagnostic accuracy in predicting difficult intubation in the general population. There is a higher risk for difficulties during airway management in patients with pathologies arising from the head and neck region and are more likely to need emergency surgical access. Therefore, thorough assessment and adequate knowledge about the various head and neck pathologies is mandatory. In this chapter, we will briefly go through the preoperative assessment and history & clinical assessment, the investigations. Also we will discuss the airway management at various pathologies involving the head and neck region whether benign/malignant pathologies, OSA (obstructive sleep apnea) and post head & neck operative airway management.
Green Initiatives in Supply Chain Management Drives Enterprises’ Competitiveness and Sustainability
Authors: Mathu Ken
Published: September 2021

The advent of supply chain management (SCM) strategy over the past four decades coupled with innovations in technology has revolutionised management of enterprises tremendously. The SCM strategy has enhanced supplier-customer collaboration and integration in the delivery of product/service to ultimate customers, while the enabling role of technology speeds up the information and product flow. The effectiveness and efficiency emanating from supply chain management is a manifestation of enterprises’ inclusive concern of value-creation from economic, environmental and social attributes, also referred as triple-bottom line (TBL). Such enterprises are streamlined as they utilise resources sparingly and produced less waste. Hence, they are lean, resilient and possess capacity to withstand disruptions. These qualities are derived from green initiatives and render these enterprises’ competitiveness and sustainability. This is change management through which conventional supply chain management transforms into green supply chain management (GSCM) by refocusing value-creation in embracing the triple-bottom line that drives the competiveness and sustainability of enterprises.
Designing Well-Organized Donor-Bridge-Acceptor Conjugated Systems Based on Cyclopentadithiophene as Donors in Bulk Heterojunction Organic Solar Cells: DFT-Based Modeling and Calculations
Authors: Zaier Rania , Ayachi Sahbi
Published: September 2021

Two host materials based on CPDT as donors in bulk heterojunction organic solar cells were designed and investigated by means of DFT calculations. The first one (P-CPDTBT3) is a copolymer with D-A configuration and the second one (SM-CPDTDPP) is a D-π-A-π-D type small molecule. The investigated materials exhibited interesting structural properties with high planarity and rigidity originated from intra-molecular non-covalent interactions between the different building blocks. Thanks to their narrow band gaps, the optical absorption spectra have covered the main part of solar spectrum of interest. In addition, some general transport properties have been established. The transition density matrix (TDM) was used to get insight into the interaction of hole–electron localization and the electronic excitation processes. The photovoltaic parameters (FF, Voc) were calculated. The obtained results have been attempted to provide novel structure–property relationships for the rational design strategies of high-performance photovoltaic materials with power conversion efficiency of nearly 10%.
Femtosecond Laser Pulses: Generation, Measurement and Propagation
Authors: Khelladi Mounir
Published: September 2021

In this contribution some basic properties of femtosecond laser pulse are summarized. In sections 2.1–2.5 the generation of femtosecond laser pulses via mode locking is described in simple physical terms. In section 2.6 we deal with measurement of ultrashort laser pulses. The characterization of ultrashort pulses with respect to amplitude and phase is therefore based on optical correlation techniques that make of the short pulse itself. In section 3 we start with the linear properties of ultrashort light pulses. However, due to the large bandwidth, the linear dispersion is responsible for dramatic effects. To describe and manage such dispersion effects a mathematical description of an ultrashort laser pulse is given first before we continue with methods how to change the temporal shape via the frequency domain. The chapter ends with a paragraph of the wavelet representation of an ultrashort laser pulse.
Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT): Undeniably the First Choice Investigation of Dysglycaemia, Reproducibility can be Improved
Authors: Saleh Mshelia Dahiru , Adamu Sani , Mtaku Gali Rebecca
Published: September 2021

Type 2 diabetes mellitus accounts for ≈90–95% of those with diabetes, about 50% of those with type 2 diabetes are unaware and it can remain undiagnosed for up to 12 years, ≥25% of people have evidence of microvascular complications at diagnosis. The consequences of diabetes can be reduced by screening and early interventions. Urinalysis as a screening test is limited by its low sensitivity ranging from 21% and 64%, though has high specificity (>98%), it has a place where no other procedure is available. Fasting plasma glucose though recommended as a universal screening and diagnostic test for diabetes mellitus, a changed in the diagnostic criteria was made when this did not give corresponding hyperglycaemic impact compared to the OGTT results, bringing a complex and variable effect on the prevalence of diabetes and on subjects diagnosed. To date the searching to finding the corresponding FPG to what is normal or IGT is still ongoing. FPG testing poorly identify early signs of dysglycaemia. This is due to the difficulty ensuring compliance with instructions about fasting, FPG represents glucose handling during the moment of fasting period only and is affected easily by short-term lifestyle changes, FPG has diurnal variation, higher in the morning than in the afternoon, these may cause serious misclassifications. OGTT do indicates the pathophysiology responsible for diabetes better as it provides information on what happens in the postprandial state when the functional capacity of pancreatic β-cell is crucial. It accurately detects changes in post-prandial glycaemia that tend to precede changes in fasting glucose. OGTT is the gold standard for the diagnosis of GDM and the only means of identifying people with IGT and WHO placed emphasis on the OGTT as the “gold standard”, in diagnosis of dysglycaemia. Reproducibility can be improved remarkably when patient preparation, a forvarable atmosphere during the procedure, standardized sampling protocol, sample handling, and analysis are given high attention. Measurement of A1c equals the assessment of hundreds of FPG levels and also captures postprandial glucose peaks. Regrettably, it has been shown that 44% of people with newly diagnosed diabetes with OGTT had A1c <6.0% and that a stronger correlations with plasma glucose is better in subjects with known diabetes, but not in the general population. A1C values just above the upper limits of normal require OGTT to be correctly interpreted; it is not available in many part of the world. Finally, A1c can not diagnose IFG and IGT to disclose high-risk subjects for diabetes. In conclusion an OGTT is undeniably the best test in investigation of dysglycaemia, either with the intention of testing for pre-diabetes, type 2 diabetes, or for gestational diabetes mellitus.
Adhesion Phenomenon of Liquid Metals
Authors: Zakaria Hadef , Kenza Kamli
Published: September 2021

In this chapter, we study an interfacial phenomenon between liquid metals and ceramic substrates. Therefore, investigation of these phenomena is of great importance not only in technological applications but also in fundamental understanding of physical behavior of the adhesion between two different materials as far as their electrical structures and physiochemical properties are concerned. Moreover, adhesion energy is interpreted thermodynamically by the interfacial interactions and the nature of bonding between liquid metal and ceramic material. The adhesion energy in metal/ceramic systems is determined by using an electro-acoustical model based on the propagation of the acoustic wave in the interface and strongly depends on the electric properties of combination.
Bioremediation Techniques for Soil Pollution: An Introduction
Authors: Verma Anita
Published: September 2021

Environmental pollution has been on the rise in the past few decades owing to increased human activities on energy reservoirs, unsafe agricultural practices and rapid industrialization. Soil pollution is one of the major worry among all because soil contamination can harm the humans by consumption of food grown in polluted soil or it can cause infertility to soil and lower the productivity, Among the pollutants that are of environmental and public health concerns due to their toxicities are: heavy metals, nuclear wastes, pesticides, greenhouse gases, and hydrocarbons. So this chapter will include; Sources of soil pollution and remediation of polluted sites using biological means has proven effective and reliable due to its eco-friendly features. Bio-remediation can either be carried out ex situ or in situ, depending on several factors, which include site characteristics, type and concentration of pollutants. It also seen as a solution for emerging contaminant problems.
A Brief Concept of Cell Culture: Challenges, Prospects and Applications
Authors: Salauddin Md.
Published: September 2021

Cell culture is an in vitro technique in which cells, tissues, or organs (animal origin) are artificially grown with the support of an artificial environment that encompasses culture medium, CO2 level, pH indicator, temperature keeping tissues alive and growing appropriately. Organ culture, Primary explant culture, and Cell culture among them cell culture widely used for the understanding of cell growth, normal functions, identification of growth factors, viral vaccine development, recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology, and immunobiological research. Due to high feasibility, cell culture practices highly demandable in the pharmaceutical industry. As well as animal cell culture used in laboratory research to study the cytotoxicity of new drug metabolic studies, aging, therapeutic proteins, the effects of drugs and toxic compounds on the cells and mutagenesis and carcinogenesis. There are a lot of issues in cell culture, Mycoplasma is one of the major. During cell culture, a single antibiotic often cannot kill the mycoplasma. Besides, culture media, pH indicator, incubation, cryopreservation, thawing, passaging of cells, and trypsinization have a great impact on cell culture. This chapter will help the reader to understand the whole process of cell culture and its applications, which will take them one step forward in their virology and cell culture research along with inspiration. This chapter also aids in the concept of cell count, cell suspension, CCF measurement, MOI (Multiplicity of Infection), and cell infection. Eventually, the reader will get a crystal clear concept of cell culture.
A Perspective of Diverse Synthetic Approaches and Biological Applications of Vitamin K
Authors: Battula Satyanarayana
Published: September 2021

Vitamin-K is a demanding multi-functional health product in the market and belongs to a class of isoprenoid molecules that comprises methylnaphthoquinone (MK) unit attached to an isoprene side chain. They are fat soluble and differ in the extent of side chain & obtained in the nature as vitamin K1 (phylloquinone), menaquinone/vitamin K2, and other lipoquinones. Owing to their owned polyprenyl side chain, they are hydrophobic/lipophilic in nature. Generally, the synthesis of vitamin K and its variants suffers with isomerization (for example 11 isomers were identified for cis/trans MK-7). Naturally, in bio-systems vitamin K produces through shikimic acid pathway and terpene biosynthetic pathway for the synthesis of menaquinone part & prenyl side chain parts respectively. Menadione or its auxiliaries are commonly being used as substrates to the synthesis of vitamin K variants through the involvement of condensation reactions, Friedel-Craft alkylation’s, Claisen rearrangement, Diels-Alder reactions and others. Importantly, organometallic reagents, such as Grignard, Gilman, organotelluride and other reagents could be the promising and consistent choice of substrate to the synthesis of various vitamin K’s. Vitamin K is well known for blood coagulation. As an antihaemorrhagic vitamin, it’s also being the current interest for the treatment of bone and vascular diseases. In addition, vitamin k is indispensable for the activation of vitamin K dependent (VKD) proteins and that are present almost in all tissues and responsible for hemostasis, bone mineralization, arterial calcification, apoptosis, phagocytosis, growth control, chemotaxis, and signal transduction. This chapter summarizes various synthetic approaches of vitamin K & derivatives and their biological functions.
Promoting Domestic Production of Fish Using Recirculating Aquaculture System (RAS)
Authors: Kwadwo Amponsah Shadrack , Guilherme Luiz
Published: September 2021

With the increasing global population and its associated high demand for fish protein, engineers are under pressure to develop systems that can maximise and intensify production of fish in an environmentally friendly and sustainable manner. This demand is escalated in the face of pandemics like the novel Covid-19, which have had serious toll on global food production and availability. The increasing fish demand over the years has caused the emergence of new aquaculture technologies such as the recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). These fishponds are constructed in a way to ensure the efficient use of water. A technology extensively researched and developed by Brazilian researchers; the RAS technology has now been widely adapted to some developing countries in the sub-Saharan African sub region. Learning from the Brazilian and Ghanaian experiences, this chapter provides valuable information on these aquaculture production technologies and offers useful guidelines on their operation and management. The chapter also gives some highlight on available opportunities to better harness the RAS technology to promote sustainable food and nutritional security whiles improving on the general livelihood of adopters.
Therapeutic Effect of Magnetic Stimulation Therapy on Pelvic Floor Muscle Dysfunction
Authors: Kobayashi Takuro , China Toshiyuki , Takazawa Naoko , Shimizu Fumitaka , Fink Julius , Horie Shigeo , Imai Tomohiro
Published: September 2021

Pelvic bottom dysfunction includes sexual dysfunction, lower urinary tract dysfunction, defecation dysfunction, etc., and the quality of daily life is significantly impaired. Although drug based and surgical therapies exist as treatment methods, non-invasive treatment methods for pelvic floor dysfunction are highly desired, and magnetic stimulation therapy is attracting attention as a potential new approach. Magnetic stimulation therapy can generate deeper stimulations as compared to electrical stimulation therapy, is less painful, and can be performed while wearing clothes. In addition, it is a very safe treatment method with only few reports of side effects. From nocturnal enuresis in children to middle-aged sexual dysfunction and urinary incontinence in the elderly, therapeutic effects on various pelvic floor dysfunctions have been confirmed regardless of age and gender. It is expected that magnetic therapy will continue to develop as a new therapy in the futures. This chapter first describes the pelvic floor muscles and the principles of anatomy and magnetic therapy. In addition, the therapeutic effects of magnetic therapy will be explained in detail one by one. We will also explain the potential application of magnetic therapy for sarcopenia, which is a problem in our aging society.
Early language intervention in deaf children of hearing parents
Authors: Le Roux Annemarie , Stander Marga
Published: September 2021

Language development is often hampered by the fact that 90 per cent of deaf children are born into hearing families who do not know Sign language (SL) or haven't had any previous contact with the deaf world. Such parents often use only spoken language to communicate with the child, which results in no or very little language exposure. Many deaf children only start to learn a language, signed or spoken, when they start attending school, usually between the ages of three and seven. As a result, the deaf child has a delay in cognitive and language development and finds it hard to learn a SL, like South African Sign Language (SASL), as well as a written language (e.g., English). This late exposure to SL proves to be a serious cognitive problem for deaf children when compared to those children who acquired language from birth. This problem led to the research question namely, whether deaf children’s language and cognition can still develop to the required level for school readiness if early language intervention (ELI) takes place within the critical period of language acquisition. To answer the question, a case study was done at a school for the deaf and blind with a small group of deaf learners in the foundation phase. The results show that the little language exposure these children received in only one year of school already made a huge difference to their language and cognitive development. This article also makes recommendations to the various stakeholders in deaf education.
Improving reading strategies and assessments used by educators to enhance learner academic success
Authors: Loopoo Veena , Balfour Robert
Published: September 2021

Learning to read is a crucial component of early education. Theorists have found a strong connection between reading skills and the level of academic and professional success enjoyed by an individual. The way an individual learns to read is crucial to achieving academic success; therefore, the methods used to teach reading need to be effective for optimal success. A substantial body of research demonstrates that literacy is fundamental to success in the formal education system and in most cases, the principal site for learning to read and write is assumed to be the primary school, usually in the early years. While there are many perspectives and methods used at school level, teachers will only succeed when they teach explicit strategies to decode words and their meanings and comprehension instruction. Using a mixed-methods approach, this article aimed to identify and explore teaching and assessment strategies employed by educators in Grade R at primary school level pertaining to the teaching of literacy. It emerged that although certain strategies do seem to promote greater acquisition of literacy, there is no one-size-fits-all approach when it comes to using literacy to promote the likelihood of achieving academic success.
Jak měřit metakognici (nejen) u nadaných dětí
Authors: Straka Ondřej
Published: September 2021

The publication deals with the topic of measuring metacognition, with special emphasis on a specific group of intellectually gifted children. It briefly presents the construct of metacognition itself, its relation to intellectual giftedness, together with a taxonomy of metacognitive phenomena. Next, the most important methods developed to assess metacognition are discussed and critically appraised. The monography covers both the methods, in which the data are registered during the execution of the stimulus task (on-line methods), and the methods, where the data are recorded with some time lag (off-line methods). The most extensive part of the publication is devoted to the topic of various measures, used to express the level of metacognitive monitoring.
The Archive Is Also a Place of Dreams: On Creolization as Method
Authors: Guardiola-Rivera Oscar ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: September 2021

This piece engages creolization as an approach to the history of philosophy and the sense of justice. Building on ancient philosophical and anthropological accounts of the institutional rituals as well as creolizing analyses by writers of the Black Diaspora, it focuses on the approach outlined by J. A. Gordon’s pathbreaking political theory. Creolization is advanced as an invitation to intensify possibilities lying dormant in the archive of our collective histories and lived experiences. An imaginary or even visual site, first, and only then as a concept, or a discursive practice.
Creolizing Foundings: World-Making Beyond Pure Origins
Authors: Bernal Angélica María ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: September 2021

This article engages with a creolized approach to the problem and paradoxes of founding. At the heart of the paradox is the issue of political legitimacy: where do a people get the legitimacy to found or refound a new political order? I argue that Gordon’s creolized reading of Rousseau’s problem of the general will—via Fanon—offers us a novel approach to this question: one that neither resorts to an outside lawgiver or projects the solution for a people to solve in the future. Bringing together this solution with my own political reading of the problem of foundings, I contend that Gordon’s creolized general will offers not only a “third way” beyond traditional Rousseauian and Habermasian solutions to the problem, but also a solution that is importantly informed by and can continue to inform real world processes of founding and refounding in colonial and post-colonial contexts.
Reassessing Wilhelm Reich’s Mass Psychology: Libidinality, Authoritarianism and the Rise of Fascism
Authors: Barratt Barnaby B. ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: September 2021

Explanations for the contemporary rise of fascistic attitudes and activism solely in terms of historical, political, and socioeconomic determinants, because they tend to assume the individual is a “rational actor,” are often limited in their capacity to account for the significance of individual enchantment with, and passion for, authoritarian movements. The article argues for the urgent need for greater understanding of the psychodynamic allure of fascist and authoritarian politics. In this context, Wilhelm Reich’s 1933 essay, “The Mass Psychology of Fascism,” is reassessed. It is suggested that he presents a valid and profoundly significant thesis when he points to the connections among the attraction and ardor for fascism, societal oppression of sexuality, and the individual’s libidinal inhibitions, conflicts, and frustrations. But his essay needs substantial correction and modification in three respects: (1) His ideas about “natural sexuality”; (2) his assumptions about matriarchal bliss; and (3) his pervasive heteronormativity or homophobia. The critique of these three aspects is primarily theoretical but also touches on Reich’s life history to the extent that it contextualizes his blind spots. Finally, it is suggested that, in subsequent psychoanalytic writings on the dynamics of authoritarianism and the rise of fascism (from Theodor Adorno and Erich Fromm, to Christina Wieland and Jonathan Sklar), far too little attention has been paid to the libidinal underpinnings of these phenomena, to which Reich’s thesis should draw our attention.
Que Verdade no Erro de Descartes?
Authors: Alves Pedro M. S. ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: September 2021

Dans un contrepoint polémique au livre de A. Damásio, L'Erreur de Descartes, nous soutenons: (a) que la thèse de l a «séparation» de l’âme et du corps permet, dans les écrits physiologiques de Descartes tels que le Traité de l'Homme, une réduction des fonctions végétative et sensitive aux processus mécaniques et naturels du corps humain; (b) que l'in troduction d'une âme dans le corps se justifie, chez Descartes, par l'impossibilité de rendre raison de la rationalité du comportement humain et de la conscience par les simples mécanismes physiologiques et la seule «disposition des organes». On montre, donc, que Descartes est, d'un côté, un des père s de la moderne approche neurologique qui est à l a base du livre de M. Damásio et, de l'autre, qu'il a vu d'avance une des limites d'une explication exclusivement neurologique de la complexité du comportement humain.
Kant, Weil: Duas Leituras do Mal Radical
Authors: Leite Cruz de Matos Pacheco José António ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: September 2021

Le mal radical figure, selon Die Religion innerhalb der Grenzen der blossen Vernunft, de Kant, la possibilité d'une mauvaise-foi de la raison envers soi-même, mais jamais celle d ’une décision diaboliquement prise «en connaissance de cause». Le but de cette étude a été celui de montrer comment Eric Weil reprend la théorie, médiatisée par des catégories post-critiques (nottament celles apportées par Hegel), dévoilant, au fond de la thèse de Kant, le fil caché que Kant, lui-même, ne pourrait pas accepter, et qui finalement identifie le mal avec le choix diabolique de rompre, en connaissance de cause, avec la recherche de l'universalité et la construction du sens.
Linguagem, Metalinguagem e Gramática em Ludwig Wittgenstein
Authors: Moreira da Silva José ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: September 2021

Dans cet article on étudie quelques aspects particuliers de la pensée philosophique de Ludwig Wittgenstein. Après une brève introduction, dans laquelle on expose la situation de l'actualité philosophique, on procède à une analyse du langage wittgensteinien en questionnant la possibilité de métalangages. Une telle analyse a comme objectif fonder l'existence, dans l’oeuvre du philosophe, de trois concepts distincts de grammaire: a) une grammaire du signifié décrit les règles de l'usage du signe dans ses rapports avec les moyens sémantiques de l'usage; b) une grammaire est les règles du jeu linguistique luimême; c) une grammaire est l'usage efectif de la parole.