bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Acting with Attainment Technologies in Deaf Education: Reinventing Monitoring as an Intervention Collaboratory
Authors: Thoutenhoofd Ernst D.
Published: March 2010

In this article I consider that attainment research is a knowledge-producing practice that co-creates the realities it studies. Studies aimed at monitoring pupils’ educational progress tend to collect those data that are needed to develop research claims, thereby producing an expert catalogue of understanding that is variable and has limited potential for integrating with educational practice. I propose that monitoring could alternatively be reinvented as an interventionist collaboratory, one that engages new technologies for the purpose of merging understanding with doing. Central to that effort should be a broad conception of (e-)literacy as a key social and cultural competence.
The Use of Modern Information and Communication Systems and Technology and Experienced Stress at Work in Mixed Deaf-Hearing Teams
Authors: van Gils Gardy , van den Bogaerde Beppie , de Lange Rob
Published: March 2010

In this article we look at the use of ICST in two multilingual and deaf/hearing teams in an educational and research environment. We describe how job demands and job control (decision authority level) contribute to feelings of stress among the deaf and the hearing employees. We find that most information is received by all of the team members in writtten Dutch, as well as through the intranet and e-mail, but deaf employees predominantly rely on each other for informal information. Most of the employees feel that they are in control at work and that they fulfill the job demands. A multiple-regression analysis shows that experienced stress is lower as people have more control over their work and as they use Dutch as their first language at work. Experienced stress clearly increases with an experienced increase in job demands. When other factors are kept constant, deafness as such does not contribute to stress.
Medical Signbank: Bringing Deaf People and Linguists Together in the Process of Language Development
Authors: Johnston Trevor , Napier Jemina
Published: March 2010

In this article we describe an Australian project in which linguists, signed language interpreters, medical and health care professionals, and members of the Deaf community use the technology of the Internet to facilitate cooperative language development. A web-based, interactive multimedia lexicon, an encyclopedic dictionary, and a database of Australian Sign Language (Auslan) are being used to create an effective, accepted, and shared sign language vocabulary for the discussion of medical and mental health issues by deaf clients and health professionals in interactions mediated by Auslan interpreters. The site, called Medical Signbank, is a means of monitoring Auslan vocabulary use and innovation by interpreters and of providing an explanation of basic medical and mental health terminology to deaf people with limited English or literacy skills. Medical Signbank will use the interactive capabilities of the Internet to turn the tables on language planning and standardization—from “top down” to “bottom up”—and, by so doing, encourage an organic and more natural process of language development.
Science, Technologies, and Deafness: An Introduction to Organized Knowledge as Social Problem
Authors: Thoutenhoofd Ernst D.
Published: March 2010

The introduction to this volume connects the burgeoning academic field of science and technology studies (STS) with studies into the technologies of deafness; examples of such technologies include genomics, cochlear implantation, sign language corpora, educational tracking systems, and mobile communications. The subsequent articles all bear witness to the extensive interweaving of advanced technologies, scientific knowledge, deafness and sign language. The papers brought together in this special issue were presented at two prominent international conferences: the annual meeting called “Ways of Knowing” held by the Society for Social Studies of Science (4S), in Montreal from October 11–13, 2007; and the annual meeting called “Acting with Science, Technology and Medicine,” held jointly by 4S and the European Association for the Study of Science and Technology (EASST) in Rotterdam from August 20–23, 2008.
What Does “Informed Consent” Mean in the Internet Age?: Publishing Sign Language Corpora as Open Content
Authors: Crasborn Onno
Published: March 2010

Recent technologies in the area of video and Internet are allowing the creation and online publication of large signed language corpora. Primarily addressing the needs of linguists and other researchers, because of their unique character in history these data collections are also made accessible online for a general audience. This “open access” publication may benefit the language communities from which the recordings stem, yet they also raise some ethical concerns. In particular, informed consent is hard to obtain if, due to future technological developments, the consequences of online publication cannot be foreseen. While this problem cannot be resolved, in this article I propose that the benefits of open access publication outweigh the possible objections. The first-time availability of large-scale language resources to not only researchers but also members of the deaf communities that are involved opens up a new era for sign language studies, and has a potential political effect that should not be underestimated.
Discovering Steam Power in China, 1840s–1860s
Authors: Wang Hsien-Chun
Published: March 2010

This article examines how China tackled the technological differences between itself and the West in the process of acquiring steam technology. It begins in the First Opium war (1839-1842), when the Chinese people witnessed British paddle-wheel steam warships. Having misunderstood the steam mechanism, they worked instead with the technology available to them in order to combat British naval forces. In the 1860s, they experimented with steam-powered ship technology again, but in a different environment in which foreign machine tools and knowledge of the steam mechanism were available. Through trial and error they realized the importance both of machine tools in turning the principle of steam power into a workable engine and of technical drawings in diffusing technical knowledge. Thereafter the Chinese government established arsenals and shipyards that used steam as their source of motive power. Along with foreign machine shops, they marked the beginning of radical changes in technology and society in China.
Manufacturing Mass Consumption in the GDR: Eli Rubin, Synthetic Socialism
Authors: Westermann Andrea
Published: March 2010

Eli Rubin records the history of the East German "welfare dictatorship" (Konrad H. Jarausch) by tracing the rise of plastics. Rubin argues that state coercion and Stasi surveillance cannot fully explain the GDR's political and social cohesion. He suggests instead that over the decades East German society developed a genuine self-understanding whose nature can be grasped by analyzing its everyday material culture. Rubin's thesis is as follows: from the moment in 1958 when "the main economic task of the GDR" was defined as "overtaking West Germany in per capita consumption" instead of excelling in the sector of heavy industry, plastics of all sorts became the material which, in the official rhetoric, embodied the envisioned authority of the state. The book explains how the state, through the production and promotion of synthetics, positively addressed questions of mass consumption, individual prosperity in socialism, and political consent.
Megalopolis: An Enduring Enigma
Authors: Platt Rutherford H.
Published: March 2010

"Megalopolis" originated as a term and concept in Jean Gottmann's seminal 1961 book of that title, which so described the metropolitan corridor extending from Boston to Washington, D.C., as a new stage of human-settlement geography. The term eventually became a generic descriptor for multi-nodal urban agglomerations around the world. Liquid City: Megalopolis and the Contemporary Northeast , by John Rennie Short, re-examines Gottmann's original Megalopolis formulation using a broad range of statistical indicators and variables. Short provides a more nuanced analysis of the internal heterogeneity of the region in question, but he leaves unanswered two questions that Gottmann begged: 1) By what criteria was/is the spatial extent of Megalopolis delineated? 2) What is the significance of Megalopolis beyond that of its constituent city-regions, namely Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington, D.C.? Is the whole more than the sum of its parts?
A Road to Modernization and Unification: The Construction of the Gyeongbu Highway in South Korea
Authors: Jeon Chihyung
Published: March 2010

The Gyeongbu Highway, which connects Seoul and Busan in South Korea, symbolizes the ways in which the nation's agendas of industrialization, modernization, and unification were imagined, implemented, and challenged from the 1960s to the present. Without much public support for the highway construction project, President Park Chung Hee wanted to build it as expeditiously and inexpensively as possible, associating it with a fight against North Korean communism. Under these constraints, Korean civil engineers struggled to make the highway signify Korea's future as a modernized and unified nation. As deficiencies due to rush construction were revealed and as the political landscape changed, however, the linkage between glorious modernization and the rugged road became precarious, despite the engineers' continuous work to maintain both pavement and symbolism. As a contested artifact with changing meanings, the Gyeongbu Highway posed questions about the politics of engineering and the engineering of politics in South Korea.
User Research Improves Laparoscopic Instruments
Authors: Loring Beth , Lemieux Erin-Anne
Published: March 2010

FEATURE AT A GLANCE: This case study describes the user-centered redesign of a laparoscopic instrument handle for Cardinal Health. A multidisciplinary team designed a new handle that addressed multiple ergonomic shortcomings and enabled surgeons to perform procedures with greater comfort, safety, and efficiency. Improvements included a flexible grip to allow palming or use of finger rings; broad, contoured surfaces that provided comfort and avoided pressure points; a larger rotation knob with ribs to aid grip, especially with wet gloves; and a tapered shape to accommodate a wide range of finger lengths and grip styles.
Knocking Down Brick Walls: An HF/E Student's Entry Into the Health Care Domain
Authors: Gausepohl Kim
Published: March 2010

FEATURE AT A GLANCE: In this article I offer my perspective as a doctoral industrial engineering student attempting to “break into” the health care domain. I provide practical advice for other students based on my personal experience collaborating with a local hospital to conduct my master's thesis. I offer recommendations for gaining access into a health care organization and strategies for recruiting practitioners as research participants. I hope to encourage students who may be initially intimidated by an unfamiliar domain to pursue health care research.
Restoring Broken Embraces
Authors: Kinder Marsha
Published: March 2010

Reading Broken Embraces as Almodóvar's 8½, this essay explores its celebration of cinema's resilience at an historic moment when the medium has gone digital and its distribution is being redefined. Almodóvar's remix of earlier films and genres shows how intertextuality generates plot.
Feminismo, traducción cultural y traición en Malinche de Laura Esquivel
Authors: Pérez Ricardo F. Vivancos
Published: March 2010

This essay explores the complexity of Laura Esquivel's conciliatory approach to the figure of Malinche in her novel Malinche (2006). I read the text in relation to textual and visual representations by Mexican and Chicana feminists. I also analyze the first three editions of the novel in the U.S. and in Mexico. As a result, I analyze symbolic betrayals that have to do with processes of cultural translation. In this context, I discuss the function of Esquivel as a writer in-between cultures who has the authority to design the plot and to be a traitor, but may also be betrayed in the process.
Linking Science and Policy Through Community-Based Participatory Research to Study and Address Health Disparities
Authors: Minkler Meredith
Published: March 2010

With its commitment to balancing research and action, community-based participatory research (CBPR) is well suited to efforts at the intersections of science, practice, and policy to eliminate health disparities. Drawing on a larger study, we use 2 case studies to highlight the role of CBPR in helping achieve policy changes promoting, respectively, access to healthy foods (Bayview, San Francisco, CA) and higher air quality standards (Harlem, New York, NY). We then present facilitating factors and challenges faced across all 10 case studies from the larger study. Although we underscore the importance of analyzing contribution rather than claiming attribution in policy-focused work, CBPR's attention to both the distributive and the procedural justice necessary for eliminating health disparities may make it a particularly relevant approach in such work.
Reaching Spanish-Speaking Smokers: State-Level Evidence of Untapped Potential for QuitLine Utilization
Authors: Burns Emily K. , Levinson Arnold H.
Published: March 2010

Objectives. We examined the effects of a Spanish-language media campaign on the reach and outcomes of a state-sponsored QuitLine among Latino smokers.

Methods. In this quasiexperimental (2-group, pre–post) study, we analyzed data from Colorado QuitLine callers before (April–August 2007) and during (September–November 2007) the media campaign. Call volume, service utilization, and quit rates at 7-month follow-up were compared between Latino (n = 243) and non-Latino (n = 527) callers.

Results. QuitLine calls increased among Latinos during the campaign by 57.6% (1169 vs 1842 in 3-month periods). Compared with precampaign Latino study respondents, Latino respondents during the campaign were significantly younger (younger than 45 years), more often Spanish speaking, uninsured, and less educated. Among Latino enrollees, program completion and nicotine replacement therapy use were similar before and during the campaign, and quit rates during the campaign improved marginally to significantly (7-day abstinence: 29.6% vs 41.0%, P = .07; 6-month abstinence: 9.6% vs 18.8%, P = .04).

Conclusions. A well-designed, statewide Spanish-language media campaign increased QuitLine reach and improved cessation outcomes among a young Latino population of low socioeconomic status. QuitLine-supported cessation can be increased among these smokers.
Generating Political Priority to Tackle Health Disparities: A Case Study in the Dutch City of The Hague
Authors: Schmidt Melanie , Joosen Isabel , Kunst Anton E. , Klazinga Niek S. , Stronks Karien
Published: March 2010

Objectives. We sought to study the factors that determined the success of a recent initiative to generate political priority for the problem of health disparities in the city of The Hague, the Netherlands.

Methods. Our study had a prospective design. The qualitative data collection included interviews, document analyses, and observations.

Results. Crucial for the success of this initiative was the presence of powerful and credible actors. These actors effectively presented scientific evidence on health disparities and framed the issue in the light of shared values, priorities, and policy principles. Finally, their actions were supported by the national context, including the availability of national scientific research on health disparities.

Conclusions. The project in The Hague shows that political priority for tackling health disparities can be generated at a local level. Key factors included framing the issue in the light of shared values and framing the problem and the solution as in line with existing policy principles.
HIV–Tuberculosis Coinfection in Southern California: Evaluating Disparities in Disease Burden
Authors: Rodwell Timothy C. , Barnes Richard F. W. , Moore Marisa , Strathdee Steffanie A. , Raich Annie , Moser Kathleen S. , Garfein Richard S.
Published: March 2010

Objectives. We sought to understand tuberculosis (TB) and HIV coinfection trends in San Diego County, California, and to identify associations between sociodemographic risk factors and TB and HIV coinfection.

Methods. We analyzed TB surveillance data from 1993 through 2007. TB cases were grouped by HIV status: positive, negative, or unknown. We used Poisson regression to estimate trends and tested associations between TB and HIV coinfection and sociodemographic risk factors with polychotomous logistic regression.

Results. Of 5172 TB cases, 8.8% were also infected with HIV. Incidence of coinfected cases did not change significantly over the period studied, but the proportion of cases among Hispanics increased significantly, whereas cases among non-Hispanic Whites and Blacks decreased. TB cases with HIV coinfection were significantly more likely to be Hispanic, male, injection drugs users, and aged 30 to 49 years, relative to cases with TB disease only.

Conclusions. The burden of TB and HIV in San Diego has shifted to Hispanics in the last decade. To address this health disparity, binational TB and HIV prevention efforts are needed.
Under the Skin: Using Theories From Biology and the Social Sciences to Explore the Mechanisms Behind the Black–White Health Gap
Authors: Green Tiffany L. , Darity William A.
Published: March 2010

Equity and social well-being considerations make Black–White health disparities an area of important concern. Although previous research suggests that discrimination- and poverty-related stressors play a role in African American health outcomes, the mechanisms are unclear. Allostatic load is a concept that can be employed to demonstrate how environmental stressors, including psychosocial ones, may lead to a cumulative physiological toll on the body.

We discuss both the usefulness of this framework for understanding how discrimination can lead to worse health among African Americans, and the challenges for conceptualizing biological risk with existing data and methods. We also contrast allostatic load with theories of historical trauma such as posttraumatic slavery syndrome. Finally, we offer our suggestions for future interdisciplinary research on health disparities.
IPR's And All That "The 'Direct' And 'Inverse' Problem"
Authors: Mattar L.
Published: March 2010

Nind (4), and Richardson and Shaw (3), have presented mathematical extensions of Vogel's (1) IPR. These mathematical manipulations result in a calculation of flow efficiency or a Vogel factor. This paper illustrates that these idealized mathematical manipulations are extremely sensitive to actual field data, and that the "Inverse" problem presented by these authors will often result in meaningless interpretations.

Introduction

The IPR (Inflow Performance Relationship) reflects the productive capability of a well. It's the relationship between flow rate and producing sandface pressure. and depends, principally, on two factors namely. (i) the formation's transmissivity and (ii) the near-wellbore condition as expressed by the skin effect.

Vogel (1) and Standing (2) derived IPR's for oil reservoirs under various conditions. In general, these relationships are known to apply reasonably well to the majority of oil wells. Recently several authors, Richardson and Shaw (3) and Nind (4), have tried to extend these relationships, and to extract too much information from limited data. Their process is mathematically correct, but the results are often dramatically wrong as is illustrated in this paper. The explanation for this lies in the difference between the "Direct" problem and the "Inverse" problem.

Literature Review

Vogel (1) presented what is now recognized as a standard IPR Reference curve for oil wells. It was derived from the simulation of several saturated reservoirs, with zero skin effect. Standing (2) presented modifications of Vogel's curve to account for skin effects. He published a series of curves for flow efficiencies ranging from 0.5 to 1. 5. The curve with a flow efficiency equal to l was, of course, Vogel's curve.

Vogel(1) presented the equation of the references curve that gives a reasonable empirical fit of the computer simulations:

Richardson and Shaw (3) generalized Vogel's equation by replacing the 0.2 above, by a parameter V, (for Vogel), called the quadratic curve factor, as shown below. <Equation Available In Full Paper=

They showed that if V and PR were known, a single flow test (q1 Pwf1) defines qmax and hence the IPR curve. If only the value of V were known, then two comtemporaneous tests could define both the IPR curve and PR. If a series of three tests were conducted on the well, the V could determined in addition to the IPR and PR.

Nind (.4) combined the work of Standing (2) and Vogel (1), and showed how the flow efficiency, F.E., of a well can be obtained from two production tests (q1, Pwf1, q2, Pwf2) on that well. His equations are summarized below: Equation Available in Full Paper

Discussion

When using the standing flow efficiency corrections, it must be remembered that the flow efficiency determined from a buildup test often does not reflect near wellbore damage alone, but is significantly affected by the increased gas saturation near the wellbore due to gas breaking out of solution.
Performance Of Eyehill In-Situ Combustion Pilot
Authors: Morgan R.
Published: March 2010

Eyehill Fireflood Objectives

- To evaluate the recovery potential of a combustion drive process in commercial sized patterns of varying thickness and bottom water.

- To develop technologies that enable the economical production and treating of fireflood affected fluids.

- To evaluate economic viability for commercial expansion.
Miscible Displacement In The Weyburn Reservoir A Laboratory Study
Authors: Huang S.S. , Dyer S.B.
Published: March 2010

Most Saskatchewan light and medium oil (LMO) reservoirs have reached their economic limit of production under current technology (primary and secondary recovery methods). The successful development of the miscible displacement process using CO2 and hydrocarbon gases will lead to a significant increase in Saskatchewan LMO reserves and substantially extend the production life of these pools.

A laboratory study was conducted to evaluate the applicability of various solvents (including the potential source of CO2 extracted from flue gas) for the recovery of oil from a southeast Saskatchewan reservoir (Weyburn). The physical, chemical, and phase behaviour (PIT) properties of the dead oil, reservoir fluid, and reservoir fluid with CO2 were determined.

Slim lube tests were conducted for the Weyburn reservoir fluid with pure CO2. with wellhead gas from the Steelman gas plant, and with two impure CO2 gases (one containing 9.9. mol % CH4 and the other containing 5.1 mol % N2 5.1 mol % CH4 in CO2 as contaminants) at various pressures and the reservoir temperature of 59 °C. The tests were also carried out to determine the maximum amount of impurities in CO2 that can be tolerated for the miscible process.

The minimum miscibility pressures (MMP) determined for the above four systems demonstrated that the miscible displacement process using pure CO2 or impure CO2 containing up to 9.9 mol % CH4 (contaminant) as a solvent is a promising enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technique for southeast Saskatchewan reservoirs. The MMPs for these two systems are below the estimated reservoir fracture pressure. Carbon dioxide contaminated with 5.1 mol % N, from flue gas and 5.1 mol % CH4 from the reservoir during recycling would require further purification to lower the MMP to an acceptable level. The wellhead gas from the Steelman gas plant is not a suitable EOR agent for the Weyburn reservoir.

Rising bubble (RBA) tests on the four reservoir fluid/solvent systems were conducted and the MMPs obtained from these systems were in good agreement with those obtained from slim tube experiments. The REA test is much faster than the slim tube technique, requires only a small amount of fluids and also allows direct visual observation of miscibility (vaporizing-gasdrive) development. The technique is thus considered to be superior to slim tube tests, where miscibility is inferred from the oil recovery and also from the somewhat subjective sight glass observation.

Introduction

Most Saskatchewan light and medium oil (LMO) reservoirs have reached their economic limit of production under current technology (primary and secondary recovery methods).1The successful development of the miscible displacement process using CO2 and hydrocarbon gases will lead to a significant increase in Saskatchewan LMO reserves and substantially extend the production life of these pools.2

Current industry interest in CO2 and hydrocarbon miscible flooding is high, as evidenced by the high level of activity in field testing worldwide.3
Case Study On Design Parameters For Effective Application Of Horizontal Well Technology In Conventional Heavy Oil Reservoirs
Authors: Sugianto S.
Published: March 2010

Horizontal drilling has revolutionized the petroleum industry's exploitation of low productivity reservoirs such as heavy oil, tight and naturally fractured reservoirs, reservoirs with gas and/or water coning problems, as well as EOR applications. This paper studied only applications of horizontal wells in low productivity conventional heavy oil reservoirs under primary production. Currently, there are many field applications of horizontal well technology in Saskatchewan heavy oil reservoirs. The performance from horizontal wells drilled in heavy oil reservoirs to date is generally very encouraging. Although horizontal drilling technology is generally understood. there are still some key questions concerning the effective application of horizontal wells in heavy oil reservoirs.

The objective of this paper is to study the impact of key parameters of the horizontal well design using a complete reservoir model which incorporates pressure drop in the horizontal wellbore. Several practical cases were studied for heavy oil reservoirs with viscosity ranging from 100 to 10000 cP. The key parameters evaluated included wellbore length and diameter. The results will be described in terms of oil production, costs and economic profitability.

Results indicated that longer horizontal wells were more desirable than shorter wells due to larger drainage areas translating to higher reserves productivity. Wellbore diameter has a more significant impact on reservoirs with heavier crude oil. The pressure drop in horizontal wells had no significant impact all productivity in heavy oil reservoirs. Therefore, it is more likely that ill the future, we will see longer length and smaller diameter horizontal well applications in heavy oil reservoirs.

Introduction

There are more than a thousand horizontal wells world-wide, and more than 150 horizontal wells are producing in Canada (1). Their popularity continues to grow. Applications of horizontal well technology in low productivity reservoirs, such as heavy oil pools have not only shown higher production rates compared to vertical wells (2), they also have tended to reduce sanding due to larger contact area with the formation causing a lower fluid velocity near the wellbore (2 and 3). In heavy oil reservoirs with water coning problems, horizontal wells have shown higher recovery than vertical wells (4). Although the success of the horizontal well technology in the heavy oil pool development has been very encouraging, there is still much discussion on how to design horizontal wells effectively for heavy oil applications.
The Machine Translation Toolpack for LoonyBin: Automated Management of Experimental Machine Translation HyperWorkflows
Authors: Clark Jonathan , Weese Jonathan , Ahn Byung , Zollmann Andreas , Gao Qin , Heafield Kenneth , Lavie Alon
Published: March 2010

The Machine Translation Toolpack for LoonyBin: Automated Management of Experimental Machine Translation HyperWorkflows

Construction of machine translation systems has evolved into a multi-stage workflow involving many complicated dependencies. Many decoder distributions have addressed this by including monolithic training scripts - train-factored-model.pl for Moses and mr_runmer.pl for SAMT. However, such scripts can be tricky to modify for novel experiments and typically have limited support for the variety of job schedulers found on academic and commercial computer clusters. Further complicating these systems are hyperparameters, which often cannot be directly optimized by conventional methods requiring users to determine which combination of values is best via trial and error. The recently-released LoonyBin open-source workflow management tool addresses these issues by providing: 1) a visual interface for the user to create and modify workflows; 2) a well-defined logging mechanism; 3) a script generator that compiles visual workflows into shell scripts, and 4) the concept of Hyperworkflows, which intuitively and succinctly encodes small experimental variations within a larger workflow. In this paper, we describe the Machine Translation Toolpack for LoonyBin, which exposes state-of-the-art machine translation tools as drag-and-drop components within LoonyBin.
Free/Open-Source Resources in the Apertium Platform for Machine Translation Research and Development
Authors: Tyers Francis , Sánchez-Martínez Felipe , Ortiz-Rojas Sergio , Forcada Mikel
Published: March 2010

Free/Open-Source Resources in the Apertium Platform for Machine Translation Research and Development

This paper describes the resources available in the Apertium platform, a free/open-source framework for creating rule-based machine translation systems. Resources within the platform take the form of finite-state morphologies for morphological analysis and generation, bilingual transfer lexica, probabilistic part-of-speech taggers and transfer rule files, all in standardised formats. These resources are described and some examples are given of their reuse and recycling in combination with other machine translation systems.
Rehabilitation Following Lumbosacral Percutaneous Nucleoplasty: A Case Report
Authors: Puentedura Emilio J. , Brooksby Candi L. , Wallmann Harvey W. , Landers Merrill R.
Published: March 2010

Study Design

Case report.

Background

Lumbar spine nucleoplasty is a new surgical option for patients with disc pathology. There are no reports in the literature describing the role of physical therapy in postoperative lumbar nucleoplasty management. The purpose of this case is to describe the postoperative physical therapy management of a patient who underwent this procedure.

Case Description

A 50-year-old male, 7 weeks following a L5/S1 lumbar nucleus replacement, completed 6 weeks of rehabilitation. The focus of the treatment was controlled reloading of the spine through a spinal stabilization progression in weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing activities. In addition, education, spinal manual therapy techniques, and a home exercise program were also incorporated.

Outcomes

The patient's Oswestry Disability Index decreased from 56% to 4% over 6 weeks of treatment. When contacted at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months posttherapy, his Oswestry Disability Index was 2%, 2%, 0%, and 0%, respectively, and he had returned to all previous activities without recurrence of symptoms.

Discussion

This case report outlines the clinical decision-making process during the postoperative management of an individual who had undergone a single-level lumbar nucleoplasty. A postoperative regimen of education, segmental spinal stabilization, and a home exercise program might have contributed to the observed improvement in pain and disability levels in this patient. The role of these postoperative interventions warrants further research.

Level of Evidence

Therapy, level 4. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2010;40(4):214–224. doi:10.2519/jospt.2010.3115
Validity and Between-Day Reliability of the Cervical Range of Motion (CROM) Device
Authors: Audette Isabel , Dumas Jean-Pierre , Côté Julie N. , De Serres Sophie J.
Published: March 2010

Study Design

Clinical measurement, validity and intrarater reliability study.

Objectives

(1) To confirm the validity and assess between-day test-retest reliability of cervical spine motion measurements made with the cervical range of motion (CROM) device in flexion, extension, bilateral rotation, and bilateral side flexion; (2) to provide meaningful information to clinicians about the standard error of measurement and the minimal detectable change for the CROM device.

Background

Range of motion is a common outcome measure used in the assessment of the cervical spine. The CROM device is one of the tools used to measure cervical range of motion in the clinical setting. However, its psychometric properties are not well established, especially for measurements taken on separate days.

Methods

Quasi-experimental design with 1 group comparison. Twenty healthy adults (9 men and 11 women) participated in this study. Cervical range of motion was simultaneously recorded with the CROM device and the Fastrak motion analysis system for all 6 cervical movements mentioned above. The CROM device was placed on the participant's head consistent with standard clinical procedures. Two Fastrak sensors were positioned with 1 on the forehead and 1 over the spinous process of the T6 vertebra. Test-retest reliability of measurements made with the CROM device was assessed, as well as its standard error of measurement and minimal detectable change, with measures taken on 2 separate days spaced 48 hours apart.

Results

Values obtained by the 2 measuring devices yielded Pearson correlation coefficients ranging between 0.93 and 0.98. Test-retest reliability of measurements of cervical range of motion using the CROM was found to be good, with ICCs ranging between 0.89 and 0.98. The standard errors of measurement across the 6 movements ranged from 1.6° to 2.8° and the minimal detectable changes across the 6 movements ranged from 3.6° to 6.5°.

Conclusions

The measurements made with the CROM were shown to be reliable in all movement directions. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2010;40(5):318–323.doi:10.2519/jospt.2010.3180
Effects of Mastectomy on Shoulder and Spinal Kinematics During Bilateral Upper-Limb Movement
Authors: Crosbie Jack , Kilbreath Sharon L. , Dylke Elizabeth , Refshauge Kathryn M. , Nicholson Leslie L. , Beith Jane M. , Spillane Andrew J. , White Kate
Published: March 2010

Background

Shoulder movement impairment is a commonly reported consequence of surgery for breast cancer.

Objective

The aim of this study was to determine whether shoulder girdle kinematics, including those of the scapula, spine, and upper limb, in women who have undergone a unilateral mastectomy for breast cancer are different from those demonstrated by an age-matched control group.

Design

An observational study using 3-dimensional kinematic analysis was performed.

Methods

Women who had a unilateral mastectomy on their dominant-arm side (n=29, mean [±SD] age=62.4±8.9 years) or nondominant-arm side (n=24, mean [±SD] age=59.8±9.9 years), as well as a control group of age-matched women without upper-limb, shoulder, or spinal problems (n=22, mean [±SD] age=58.1±11.5 years), were measured while performing bilateral arm movements in the sagittal, scapular, and coronal planes. All of the women were free of shoulder pain at the time of testing. Data were collected from the glenohumeral joint, the scapulothoracic articulation, and the spine (upper and lower thoracic and lumbar regions) using an electromagnetic tracking system.

Results

Women following mastectomy displayed altered patterns of scapular rotation compared with controls in all planes of movement. In particular, the scapula on the mastectomy side rotated upward to a markedly greater extent than that on the nonmastectomy side, and women following mastectomy displayed greater scapular excursion than controls.

Conclusions

The findings suggest that altered motor patterns of the scapula are associated with mastectomy on the same side. Whether these changes are harmful or not is unclear. Investigation of interventions designed to restore normal scapulohumeral relationships on the affected side following unilateral mastectomy for breast cancer is warranted.
The Revised APTA Code of Ethics for the Physical Therapist and Standards of Ethical Conduct for the Physical Therapist Assistant: Theory, Purpose, Process, and Significance
Authors: Swisher Laura Lee , Hiller Peggy ,   for the APTA Task Force to Revise the Core Ethics Documents
Published: March 2010

Introduction

In June 2009, the House of Delegates (HOD) of the American Physical Therapy Association (APTA) passed a major revision of the APTA Code of Ethics for physical therapists and the Standards of Ethical Conduct for the Physical Therapist Assistant. The revised documents will be effective July 1, 2010.

Purpose

The purposes of this article are: (1) to provide a historical, professional, and theoretical context for this important revision; (2) to describe the 4-year revision process; (3) to examine major features of the documents; and (4) to discuss the significance of the revisions from the perspective of the maturation of physical therapy as a doctoring profession.

Process of Revision

The process for revision is delineated within the context of history and the Bylaws of APTA.

Format, Structure, and Content of Revised Core Ethics Documents

The revised documents represent a significant change in format, level of detail, and scope of application. Previous APTA Codes of Ethics and Standards of Ethical Conduct for the Physical Therapist Assistant have delineated very broad general principles, with specific obligations spelled out in the Ethics and Judicial Committee's Guide for Professional Conduct and Guide for Conduct of the Physical Therapist Assistant. In contrast to the current documents, the revised documents address all 5 roles of the physical therapist, delineate ethical obligations in organizational and business contexts, and align with the tenets of Vision 2020.

Significance

The significance of this revision is discussed within historical parameters, the implications for physical therapists and physical therapist assistants, the maturation of the profession, societal accountability and moral community, potential regulatory implications, and the inclusive and deliberative process of moral dialogue by which changes were developed, revised, and approved.
Nostalgia, Entrepreneurship, and Redemption
Authors: Haas Eric , Fischman Gustavo
Published: March 2010

Recent developments in cognitive science and linguistics provide strong evidence that understanding decision-making processes in higher education requires close attention to not only rational and consciously controlled dynamics but also those aspects that are less consciously controlled than previously assumed. When deciding to favor or reject higher education policies, people use prototypical ways of thinking, involving unconscious reaction and comprehension. This research uses Rosch’s and Lakoff’s notions of prototypes and Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis as the main tools for understanding the prototypes for the conceptual category institutions of higher education. The data for this study come from a sample of all the higher education editorials and opinion articles (1,000 pieces) published over 26 years in three influential U.S. newspapers. Three higher education prototypes are identified and their elements described: academic nostalgia (present but not dominant), educational entrepreneurship (dominant, both positive and negative), and redemptive educational–consumerism (emerging).
Alteration in voltage-dependent calcium channels in dog basilar artery after subarachnoid hemorrhage
Authors: Nikitina Elena , Kawashima Ayako , Takahashi Masataka , Zhang Zhen-Du , Shang Xueyuan , Ai Jinglu , Macdonald R. Loch
Published: March 2010

Object

The L-type Ca++ channel antagonists like nimodipine have limited efficacy against vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The authors tested the hypothesis that this is because SAH alters these channels, rendering them less responsible for contraction.

Methods

Basilar artery smooth muscle cells were isolated 4, 7, and 21 days after SAH in dogs, and Ca++ channel currents were recorded in 10-mmol/L barium. Proteins for α1 subunits of L-type Ca++ channels were measured by immunoblotting and isometric tension recordings done on rings of the basilar artery.

Results

High voltage–activated (HVA) Ca++ channel currents were significantly decreased and low voltage–activated (LVA) currents increased during vasospasm 4, 7, and 21 days after SAH (p < 0.05). Vasospasm was associated with a significant decrease in the number of cells with negligible LVA current while the number of cells in which the LVA current formed greater than 50% of the maximal current increased (p < 0.01). Window currents through LVA and HVA channels were significantly reduced. All changes correlated with the severity of vasospasm. There was an increase in protein for Cav3.1 and Cav3.3 α1 subunits that comprise T-type Ca++ channels, a decrease in L-type (Cav1.2 and Cav1.3) and an increase in R-type (Cav2.3) Ca++ channel α1 subunits. Functionally, however, isometric tension studies showed vasospastic arteries still relaxed with nimodipine.

Conclusions

Voltage-dependent Ca++ channels are altered in cerebral arteries after SAH. While decreased L-type channels may account for the lack of efficacy of nimodipine clinically, there may be other reasons such as inadequate dose, effect of nimodipine on other cellular targets, and mechanisms of vasospasm other than smooth muscle contraction mediated by activation of L-type Ca++ channels.
Timing and risk factors for new brain metastasis formation in patients initially treated only with Gamma Knife surgery
Authors: Sheehan Jason P. , Yen Chun-Po , Nguyen James , Rainey Jessica A. , Dassoulas Kasandra , Schlesinger David J.
Published: March 2010

Object

Stereotactic radiosurgery has been shown to afford a reasonable chance of local tumor control. However, new brain metastasis can arise following successful local tumor control from radiosurgery. This study evaluates the timing, number, and risk factors for development of subsequent new brain metastasis in a group of patients treated with stereotactic radiosurgery alone.

Methods

One hundred seventeen patients with histologically confirmed metastatic cancer underwent Gamma Knife surgery (GKS) to treat all brain metastases demonstrable on MR imaging. Patients were followed clinically and radiologically at approximately 3-month intervals for a median of 14.4 months (range 0.37–51.8 months). Follow-up MR images were evaluated for evidence of new brain metastasis formation. Statistical analyses were performed to determine the timing, number, and risk factors for development of new brain metastases.

Results

The median time to development of a new brain metastasis was 8.8 months. Patients with 3 or more metastases at the time of initial radiosurgery or those with cancer histologies other than non–small cell lung carcinoma were found to be at increased risk for early formation of new brain metastasis (p < 0.05). The mean number of new metastases per patient was 1.6 (range 0–11). Those with a higher Karnofsky Performance Scale score at the time of initial GKS were significantly more likely to develop a greater number of brain metastases by the last follow-up evaluation.

Conclusions

The timing and number of new brain metastases developing in patients treated with GKS alone is not inconsequential. Those with 3 or more metastases at the time of radiosurgery and those with cancer histology other than non–small cell lung carcinoma were at greater risk of early formation of new brain metastasis. Frequent follow-up evaluations, such as at 3-month intervals, appears appropriate in this patient population, particularly in high-risk patients. When detected early, salvage treatments including repeat radiosurgery can be used to treat new brain metastasis.
Adsorption Studies of Lead on α- Alumina
Authors: Naeem Sumra , Zahra Naseem , Zafar Uzma , Munawar Sadia
Published: March 2010

The presence of toxic metals like lead, mercury, chromium, arsenic, etc. in water is major problem these days. This investigation involves the removal of lead from water by batch adsorption technique using α- alumina (A12O3) as adsorbent. Percentage adsorption was determined for alumina-lead solution system as a function of pH, temperature, contact time and adsorbate dose. The known quantities of lead in solutions have been adsorbed on α-alumina and the concentration of lead in the solution after adsorption was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Maximum adsorption of lead was observed at pH 10, temp.15°C, 30 minutes and low adsorbate dose. Adsorption data has been interpreted in terms of Freundlich equation. The results suggest that α-alumina is effective adsorbent for lead removal. Key words: Toxic metals; Adsorbent; α-Alumina DOI: 10.3329/bjsir.v44i4.4589 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 44(4), 403-406, 2009
Plant Regeneration Through Nodal Explant Derived Callus in Wood Apple (Aegle marmelos L.)
Authors: Das Ranjoy , Hasan M Faruk , Rashid Harunar , Rahman Motiur
Published: March 2010

This study reports on an improved protocol for callus induction and subsequent regeneration from nodal segment of wood apple (Aegle marmelos L.) Creamish friable competent callus was achieved from nodal segments on MS medium augmented with 4.0 mg1-1 2,4-D within two weeks of inoculation. The callus produced large number of shoots when cultured on MS medium fortified with 2.0 mgl-1 BAP+0.1 mgl-1 NAA within ten days of culture. In vitro raised shoots were rooted on half strength MS medium enriched with 1.0 mgl-1 IBA within fifteen days of culture. The rooted plantlets were successfully established with 80% survival. Key words: Plant regeneration; Callus induction; Nodal explant; Aegle marmelos. DOI: 10.3329/bjsir.v44i4.4590 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 44(4), 415-420, 2009
Chemical Composition and Cytotoxic Activity of Chenopodium ambrosioides L. Essential Oil from Togo
Authors: Koba Koffi , Catherine Guyon , Raynaud Christine , Chaumont Jean-Pierre , Sanda Komla , Laurence Nicod
Published: March 2010

The leaf essential oil of Chromolaena odorata L. (Chenopodiaceae) from Togo were steam-distilled, analyzed by GC and GC-MS for chemical composition and investigated in vitro for its potential cytotoxic activity on human epidermic cell line HaCat. The chemical composition showed that the main constituents of essential oil sample were respectively ascaridole (51.12 %), p-cymene (19.88 %), neral (8.70%) and geraniol (7.55%). The in vitro cytotoxicity bioassays on human cell line HaCaT revealed moderate toxicity level of C. ambrosioides essential oil IC50 with 700 μL.mL-1. Pure commercial neral standard showed high toxicity with IC50 value of 100 μL.mL-1). Conversely, pure ascaridole p-cymene and geraniol standards appeared almost non-toxic (IC50 >1000 μL.mL-1), proving the major role played by neral in the overall toxicity showed by the C. ambrosiodes oil sample tested in this work. Keywords: Chenopodium ambrosioides; Essential oil; Ascaridole; p-cymene; HaCaT cell line; Cytotoxicity. DOI: 10.3329/bjsir.v44i4.4594 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 44(4), 435-440, 2009