bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Industrial Relations in Malaysia Multinational Preferences and State Concessions in Dependent Development: A Case Study of the Electronics Industry
Authors: Bhopal Mhinder
Published: March 2007

The Malaysian economy has been highly dependent on Japanese and American inward investment to further its export-oriented industrialization strategy. At the outset of this strategy the state effectively banned unionization in the electronics sector as an explicitly stated strategy to attract inward investors. The article explores state and multinational anti-union strategies in the electronics sector at macroand organizational levels. It is argued that while opportunities for trade unionism are affected by domestic and international political environments which can exert pressure on states to adopt particular policies, multinationals are subject to fewer constraints. This can give rise to state concessions to trade unions which are not only undermined by multinational capital but can bring the state and multinationals into public conflict. Using the electronics sector as a case in point this article explores the underlying dynamics of Malaysian state policies towards trade unions within the paradigm of dependent development. Second, the article explores micro-level multinational strategies in union avoidance where state-level strategies have been felt to be weakened. The article concludes by arguing that the debate on social dauses and trade needs to target the first world as well as the third, and until this occurs future prospects for trade unionism in the electronics sector are slim, irrespective of the needs and desires of the Malaysian state and its labour movement.
Does Teamworking Work, and if so, Why? A Case Study in the Aluminium Industry
Authors: Wright Martyn , Edwards Paul
Published: March 2007

Although teamwork is a leading innovation in work organization, detailed studies of employee responses, and the reasons for acceptance or rejection, are rare. Here, an advanced form of teamworking at a British aluminium smelter, part of a large Canadian multinational company, is examined. Direct supervision was abolished, and teamworking using semi-autonomous groups with job rotation, multiskilling and team briefing was introduced. Employees responded favourably to the initiative. Job satisfaction and labour productivity increased. Industrial action, overtime and accident rates fell. The conditions for this outcome included prior experience of job shedding, capital-intensive continuous process technology, union-management cooperation in the introduction of teams, and a pre-existing culture of strong work group solidarity. Some tensions remained, however, notably over the pay system and some aspects of work performance, and there was no evidence of a move towards high commitment.
A Component Analysis
Authors: Rogers-Warren Ann , Warren Steven F. , Baer Donald M.
Published: March 2007

In a previous study, sharing was established and maintained in preschool children by the combined use of modeling, self-reporting, and reinforcement for true reports of sharing. The present study systematically analyzed five components of that procedure in a multiple-baseline design across two groups of four-year-old children. The first two components, (1) modeling of sharing and (2) modeling of sharing combined with reinforcement of modeled reports of sharing, did not increase subjects' sharing above base-line levels. When given an opportunity to report their own behaviors (component 3), most subjects began reporting sharing, and three (of eight) subjects began sharing play materials. Reinforcement of any (true or untrue) report of sharing (component 4) maintained the reports of sharing, but produced only small increases in actual sharing. However, the fifth component, reinforcement of true reports of sharing, produced desirable rates of sharing and high levels of reporting for all subjects. Thus, although modeling in combination with self-reporting may be sufficient to increase sharing by some children, the combined use of modeling, self-reporting, and reinforcement for true reports of sharing is most effective for all subjects.
Procedures for Increasing Appropriate Verbal Participation in Special Elementary Classrooms
Authors: Burka Aden A. , Jones Fredric H.
Published: March 2007

This study examined the effects of training in the use of a discussion leader "skill package" as a means of increasing the amount of appropriate verbal participation (AVP) by pupils. A multiple baseline design was used with three special elementary classrooms serving as multiple subjects. Five successive conditions were implemented: baseline, introductions, training in limit setting (basic skill training), training in back-up procedures plus shaping (basic skill training follow-up), and discussion leader training. Discussion leader training focused on skills for shaping student verbalizations that were relatively lengthy and of high quality, while maintaining classroom order. Results indicated that: (1) instructing teachers to maximize AVP resulted in no consistent changes in the dependent variables, (2) basic CMTP skill training reduced disruptions by over 80% in all three classrooms while increasing AVP, and (3) additional increases in AVP resulted from the specialized discussion leader training. Increases in AVP resulting from the combination of basic CMTP skill training and the specialized discussion leader training were 187%, 525%, and 1100% in the three participating classrooms, so that by the end of training students in all classrooms engaged in AVP between 33% and 42% of total class time. "Target" students selected prior to baseline as the quietest students in the three classes also increased AVP in proportion to the class as a whole.
In-School Social Skills Training
Authors: Filipczak James , Archer Margaret , Friedman Robert M.
Published: March 2007

The improvement of social or interpersonal skills of disruptive adolescents increasingly concerns educators in the public schools where cost-effectiveness is a major issue. A group-oriented social skills training program (combined experimental and comparison groups total over 500 students) is described across three diverse settings in urban, suburban, and rural junior high schools. The research is related according to the objectives defined for each setting, the specific curriculum that resulted from these objectives, the means by which both cognitive and behavioral features of the program were implemented, and the measures that were applied for assessment of effects. Problems encountered in program development, conduct, and evaluation are highlighted. Program results indicate both short- and long-range cognitive and behavioral change across a number of obtrusive and unobtrusive measures. Several implications of these efforts and findings are noted for the further development and conduct of cost-effective social skills training in the schools.
Social Skill and Social Anxiety
Authors: Curran James P. , Corriveau Donald P. , Monti Peter M. , Hagerman Sue B.
Published: March 2007

An inventory composed of 105 items was administered to 195 psychiatric patients. The items consisted of descriptions of specific types of social situations. The subjects were asked to rate each situation on a Likert scale with respect to the degree of anxiety they experienced and the degree of skill competency they displayed in each of the situations. Data are reported with respect to the test-retest reliability, internal consistency, and factor structure of the inventory. The results of the factor analyses indicated a large general factor for both anxiety and skill, with a number of other factors which appeared to be situationally specific. The utility of the inventory for identifying specific problem areas for patients as an outcome measure in treatment studies and as a means of scaling social situations was discussed.
Repeated Treatment Effects
Authors: Paine Stan C. , Hops Hyman , Walker Hill M. , Greenwood Charles R. , Fleischman Diane H. , Guild Jacqueline J.
Published: March 2007

Nine children with low levels of peer interaction at school were given repeated exposure to treatment in this study of behavior maintenance. Five of these children had received previous intervention for social withdrawal; theremaining four children had not. Intervention (social skills tutoring and arecess-based point system) was alternated with reversals to determine whether maintenance effects would accumulate with repeated exposure to treatment. Four of the five previously treated subjects were interacting within normative levels of social behavior following three treatment "booster shots." Only one previously untreated subject showed a similar effect. Teacher, parent, and peer ratings showed improvement for both groups. It appears that a treatment "booster shot" strategy might facilitate maintenance of interactive behavior for children previously treated for social withdrawal. These findings are discussed in terms of social entrapment and social validation.
Role Playing to Assess Social Competence
Authors: Mcnamara J. Regis , Blumer Craig A.
Published: March 2007

Role playing is increasingly being used as a method by which to assess social competence. Role playing has demonstrated its usefulness at reflecting differences between treatment and control groups in studies concerned with the modification of social competence and those attempting to differentiate levels of social competence in known groups. The ability of role plays to accurately represent more naturalistically occurring social behavior is less well established, however. Current evidence suggests that there is only modest correspondence between behavior in role play and naturalistic settings. Further, this correspondence occurs at the molar and not at the molecular behavior level. Additional research is needed to better understand how adequate role plays are at portraying naturally occurring behavior.
Behavioral Ecology of a Staff Incentive Program
Authors: Durand V. Mark
Published: March 2007

The results of an analysis of a staff incentive program designed to decrease absenteeism (unscheduled leave) are presented. The staff of a unit at an institution for the retarded who were not absent for an entire month (i.e., did not use unscheduled leave) could earn eight hours of supervisor-scheduled leave. Using an ABAB design over 16 months, the results indicated a decrease in staff absenteeism under the incentive program. Also observed was a significant positive correlation between absenteeism and resident disruptive behavior. Disruption by the residents decreased during the incentive program. These results were maintained at a one year follow-up.
Behavioral Treatment of the Elderly
Authors: Williamson Phyllis N. , Ascione Frank R.
Published: March 2007

One's concept of aging and the methodology used to assess change are crucial to the development of effective treatment strategies for problems of the elderly. This review discusses these issues as they are related to a critical evaluation of behavioral interventions with the elderly. Behavioral interventions are demonstrated to be as effective in producing beneficial changes for the elderly as they are with other populations. It is not clear how long-lasting these changes are or which specific techniques are most effective. The most important conclusion drawn from this literature is that the environment plays a major role not only in the development and maintenance but also in the prevention of behavioral decline in the elderly. Consequently, such decline should not be assumed an inevitable result of age.
Heterosocial Anxiety in College Females
Authors: Haemmerlie Frances M.
Published: March 2007

A behavioral exposure procedure based on Bem's (1972) self-perception theory using prearranged purposefully biased social interactions with members of the opposite sex was employed to treat heterosocial anxiety in college females. Additionally, subjects received either a positive or negative expectancy for treatment outcome. Results for 20 heterosocially anxious females indicated the biased interaction exposure technique was unaffected by expectancy and caused significant changes in subject's perceived levels of heterosocial anxiety. Improvement also occurred on a self-report (state anxiety) measure and two behavioral (interpersonal distance and conversational silence) measures taken while subjects were in the presence of a male confederate. These results suggested the biased exposure treatment-where the focus was on the observation of one's own successful performance in an area where difficulty is normally encountered-was effective for reducing anxiety in college females. Results are discussed in terms of the unique aspects of this procedure and the possible situations where it might be most useful.
Behavior Modification and the Treatment of Myopia
Authors: Rosen Raymond C. , Schiffman H. R. , Cohen Alan S.
Published: March 2007

Myopia is a highly prevalent disorder of vision that has traditionally been managed by means of corrective lenses. In recent years, however, there has been an upsurge of interest in the use of vision training programs as an alternative form of treatment, and particularly in the application of behavior modification techniques for the improvement of visual acuity. The most impressive experimental work to date has been in the area of operant conditioning methods (principally feedback and fading) on the modification of acuity, and this research is reviewed in depth. Also considered here are a number of relevant studies on the use of hypnosis and biofeedback training of accommodation. Research in this area is particularly timely in view of the increasing interest in the role of learning factors in both the development and maintenance of myopia. Despite a number of methodological problems identified in this review, there appears to be considerable promise in the application of behavior modification to disorders of vision.
Social Skills Training with Relapsing Schizophrenics
Authors: Liberman Robert Paul , Lillie Francis , Falloon Ian R. H. , Harpin R. Edward , Hutchinson William , Stoute B.
Published: March 2007

A social skills training procedure was developed to strengthen the communication and community survival skills of schizophrenics who were at risk for relapse. To evaluate the effectiveness often weeks of daily social skills training with three chronic schizophrenic patients a multiple baseline design was used across three different behavioral domains, with antipsychotic medication kept constant. Improvements in the patient's performance in each of the three areas of interpersonal activity occurred as a temporal function of the introduction of the training. Additional evidence for the effect of the training came from analyses of nonverbal components of assertiveness rated "blindly" from videotapes of role-played situations. All patients showed statistically significant improvements in their conversational skills in naturalistic, untrained situations around the hospital. Nurses' ratings of ward behavior and parents' ratings showed improvements for two of the three patients.
Modification of Inattentive Classroom Behavior
Authors: Christie Daniel J. , Hiss Margaret , Lozanoff Bruce
Published: March 2007

Three hyperactive children participated in a training program designed to teach them how to self-record their behavior in a regular classroom. Subsequently, in the regular classroom, each child was signaled when to record his behavior at intervals of time that were convenient for the teacher. Signaled self-recording produced reductions in inattentive and inappropriate classroom behavior, and increased on-task behavior for all of the children. By using such procedures in the actual classroom setting, it was possible to circumvent generalization difficulties that have been reported in previous studies attempting to modify classroom behavior by using training procedures in a laboratory setting.
If I Say I'll Talk More, Then I Will
Authors: Osnes Pamela G. , Guevremont David C. , Stokes Trevor F.
Published: March 2007

Investigations of verbal control of behavior using correspondence training procedures have focused on the development of verbal control of nonverbal behavior. The present study targeted two socially withdrawn children, one diagnosed as developmentally disabled and one from a bilingual family. A multiple baseline design across subjects was used. Peer-directed talk during play was targeted. Criterion levels of peer-directed talk were established via observations of classroom peers who exhibited no behavior problems. Positive consequences were given to the children when they did what they said they would do; this effectively increased the frequency of talk for the children. All effects were maintained during less intrusive procedures following withdrawal of the corre- spondence training procedures.
Effects of a Home-Based Activity Program
Authors: Taggart Andrew C. , Taggart Joanne , Siedentop Daryl
Published: March 2007

A home-based behavioral program utilizing contingency contracts and parent-determined rewards was employed in a changing criterion design to modify children's physical activity levels and subsequent measures of health fitness. Children were initially diagnosed as being low in health fitness. Following diagnosis, the child's parents, with support from a trained physical education teacher (parenter), recorded baseline physical activity levels during nonschool hours. During intervention the level of physical activity was systematically increased by setting specific criterion levels of activity for each week. Levels of physical activity increased markedly during the extended 9-12 week intervention phase. Improvements in health fitness criterion measures were recorded. The implications for application and future research involving parents in areas related to physical education were discussed.
Reduction of Disruptive Mealtime Behavior by Facial Screening
Authors: Horton Steven V.
Published: March 2007

This study examined the effectiveness of facial screening as a treatment to reduce repetitive spoon banging by an 8-year-old, severely mentally retarded girl during meal time. In baseline, each episode of spoon banging was terminated by the behavioral observer saying "no bang" while gently grasping the subject's wrist, and returning her hand to a scoop dish. Treatment consisted of saying "no bang" and pulling a terry-cloth bib over the subject's entire face for 5 seconds. Results of an A-B-A-B design showed high frequencies of spoon banging during nontreatment conditions, which rapidly decelerated when facial screening was in effect. Follow-up data at 6-, 10-, 15-, and 19-month intervals indicated long lasting treatment benefits. Facial screening research was extended to a new experimental setting: a public school classroom.
Perceptions of Assertiveness by Women Involved in a Conflict Situation
Authors: Delamater Ronald J. , Mcnamara J. Regis
Published: March 2007

This study extends previous research by examining the social impact of assertiveness upon differentially assertive subjects under more naturalistic assessment conditions. Forty-five low-and 45 high-assertive undergraduate, Caucasian females interacted with a female confederate who displayed unassertive, assertive, or empathic-assertive behaviors in the context of conflict resolution. Subsequent to the interactions, the Interpersonal Evaluation Inventory, the Interpersonal Judgment Scale, and a postexperimental questionnaire assessed the subjects' perceptions of the confederate's behavior and other aspects of the study. The results suggest that in a live conflict situation, assertiveness is regarded less favorably on some dimensions of interpersonal attraction than is unassertiveness. Also, low-assertive subjects experienced more anxiety and personal sacrifice during their interaction with the confederate than did high-assertive subjects. High-and low-assertive individuals did not differ in their compliance with assertive requests, thus calling into question the behavioral validity of the Assertion Inventory. Finally, the implications of these results for research and training are discussed.
A Construct Score Approach to the Assessment of Social Competence
Authors: Walker Hill M. , Irvin Larry K. , Noell John , Singer George H. S.
Published: March 2007

This article provides a selected review of the knowledge base on social competence in children. Using the existing literature on social competence as a point of departure, a case is made that (a) a social competence construct score approach to assessing social competence is needed, (b) theoretical and empirical advances in the social competence knowledge base and in microcomputer video assessment technology make such an approach feasible, and (c) direct assessment of children's knowledge and perceptions of key social situations, tasks, and skills can now be accomplished with far greater precision and validity than heretofore. These developments now make it possible to profile and aggregate children's social competence across four important domain areas commonly sampled in assessing social competence (i.e., sociometric procedures, direct observations in natural settings, parent and teacher ratings, and direct assessments of children's knowledge and perceptions of social stimuli). Social competence construct scores, developed at both global and specific levels, can be used to construct such profiles.
The Overtures of Preschool Social Skill Intervention Agents
Authors: Kohler Frank W. , Strain Phillip S. , Shearer Denise D.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine the differential topographies and functions of social behaviors directed by normaly developing preschoolers to their playmates with autism. Social interaction data from intervention phases of a study by Kohler, Strain, Hoyson, DeCesare, Donina, and Rapp were analyzed in three different ways. First, thefrequency of four behaviors commonly included in social interaction training or assessment procedures (i.e., play organizer suggestions, share offers or requests, assistance offers or requests, and general statements) was examined. Second, the effects of each peer behavior on the immediate response of 3 children with autism were examined. Finally, the impact of each behavior that led to a positive response on the duration of subsequent target child-peer social interactions was examined. The four social behaviors had differential topographical and functional properties. Shares and play organizers occurred most frequently and generated the highest proportion of positive responses from all 3 children with autism. Conversely, assistance offers or requests occurred less often and received a lower percentage of positive responses. However, assistance behaviors consistently led to the longest social interactions. Implications of these results for future social skills training and research are discussed.
Family Interaction in the Home Development of a New Coding System
Authors: Jacob Theodore , Tennenbaum Daniel , Bargiel Kay , Cseilhamer Ruth Ann
Published: March 2007

The Home Interaction Scoring System (HISS) is a recently developed observational coding system allowing for the systematic description of naturalistic family interaction. After discussing the importance of naturalistic observation procedures, we present a brief review of several coding systems that have been developed for this purpose. Based on our evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of these systems, our rationale for developing a new system is presented, followed by a detailed discussion of the current status of the HISS. In a final section, we discuss a number of in-progress and planned analyses of the HISS relevant to the instrument's value in the assessment of family process.
Errorless Compliance Training
Authors: Ducharme Joseph M.
Published: March 2007

Errorless compliance training (e.g., Ducharme & Popynick, 1993; Ducharme, Pontes et al., 1994) is a recendy evaluated, nonintrusive approach to teaching children to cooperate with the requests of their parents. In this article, I describe the errorless approach and discuss the potential benefits of this technique. A detailed description of procedures that can be used to enhance clinical effectiveness and efficiency under various conditions and with a broad range of clinical populations is also provided.
Counselor Prompts to Increase Condom Taking During Treatment for Cocaine Dependence
Authors: Kirby Kimberly C. , Marlowe Douglas B. , Carrigan Danielle R. , Platt Jerome J.
Published: March 2007

This study examined whether active prompting would increase the number, of free condoms taken from dispensers placed in counselors' offices in a cocaine abuse treatment clinic. Using a combined multiple baseline and reversal design, two teams of counselors were instructed to actively prompt and encourage condom taking during some conditions and to avoid commenting on or encouraging condom use in other conditions. To monitor accuracy of implementing the intervention, counselors completed a checklist for every subject they saw in their office during the day. Overall, the number of condoms taken per visit during prompting conditions was almost six times greater than during baseline conditions. However, implementation cleclined during the study, and all counselors complained about the intervention. Implications for dispensing free condoms to reduce HIV risk in drug abuse treatment clinics are discussed.
Recognition of Facial Expressions of Emotion by Children with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Singh Subhashni D. , Ellis Cynthia R. , Winton Alan S. W. , Singh Nirbhay N. , Leung Jin Pang , Oswald Donald P.
Published: March 2007

Fifty children and adolescents were tested for their ability to recognize the 6 basic facial expressions of emotion depicted in Ekman and Friesen's normed photographs. Subjects were presented with sets of 6 photographs of faces, each portraying a different basic emotion, and stories portraying those emotions were read to them. After each story, the subject was asked to point to the photograph in the set that depicted the emotion described. Overall, the children correctly identified the emotions on 74% of the presentations. The highest level of accuracy in recognition was for happiness, followed by sadness, with fear being the emotional expression that was mistaken most often. When compared to studies of children in the general population, children with ADHD have deficits in their ability to accurately recognize facial expressions of emotion. These findings have important implications for the remediation of social skill deficits commonly seen in children with ADHD.
Pubertal Development and School Transition
Authors: Koenig Linda J. , Gladstone Tracy R.G.
Published: March 2007

The impact of simultaneous changes in biological and social context on the mental health of adolescents was examined by testing the hypothesis that normative developmental transitions can be associated with increased dysphoria if they occur in close temporal proximity. Girls experiencing physical changes associated with middle or later stage pubertal development during the initial high school or college year were predicted to experience more dysphoria than those experiencing these changes during non-transitional times, with negative pubertal attitudes exacerbating the relation. Pubertal status and dysphoria of high school and college students were assessed. Among females experiencing pubertal changes, dysphoria was indeed highest for the 15 and 19 year olds, and lower for the 16, 17, and 18 year olds with females viewing menstrual onset as negative experienced depressive symptoms of moderate clinical severity. This pattern did not emerge for males, or females not experiencing pubertal changes. In contrast, the hypothesis was not supported when transition time was operationalized using grade level. Implications for psychopathology risk are discussed.
The Effects of Meal Cues and Amount Consumed on Predictions of Future Eating in Others
Authors: Pliner Patricia , Martins Yolanda
Published: March 2007

In Study 1, participants watched one of four videotapes of a target person who was eating; two independent variables were manipulated. The first involved the presence/absence of various behaviors associated with meals (e.g., using utensils, sitting to eat).The second varied the amount of food eaten. After viewing their assigned videotapes, participants provided an open-ended description of what was happening in the videotape and rated the likelihood of the target engaging in a number of behaviors within several time frames. Results showed that when the target person engaged in behaviors usually associated with meals, she was more likely to be spontaneously described as eating a meal and was rated as less likely to eat/feel hungry in the next 2 hours than when meal-associated behaviors were absent. Amount con sumed had no effect on the dependent variables. Studies 2 and 3 successfully ruled out some alternative explanations for the Study 1 results.
Dialogue Involvement as a Social Influence Technique
Authors: Dolinski Dariusz , Nawrat Magdalena , Rudak Izabela
Published: March 2007

When a request is preceded by a casual dialogue, the approached person is more likely to comply than when the same request follows a monologue. This effect appeared to be strong and replicable in a series of field studies. Across experiments, the issues discussed in conversations between the confederates and the participants and the nature of the critical request varied, suggesting that the effect is generalized. In social situations, the two basic modes of communication (dialogue and monologue) are characteristic of different types of interactions. Dialogue is characteristic of encounters with one’s friends and acquaintances, whereas monologue is more prevalent in contacts with strangers. As a result of social learning, a dialogue makes us prone to treat a stranger as someone we know and thus become more eager to comply with her or his requests. Although the results obtained in the studies are consisted with this model, alternative explanations and limitations of the research also are discussed.
Day-to-Day Relationships among Self-Concept Clarity, Self-Esteem, Daily Events, and Mood
Authors: Nezlek John B. , Plesko Rebecca M.
Published: March 2007

Twice a week for up to 10 weeks, 103 participants provided measures of their daily self-concept clarity (SCC), mood (negative affect [NA] and positive affect [PA]), and self-esteem (SE), and they described the events that occurred each day. Multilevel random coefficient modeling analyses found that daily SCC covaried with daily positive and negative events, with daily NA, and with daily SE. None of these relationships was moderated by trait levels of SE, SCC, PA, NA, or measures of depressogenic self-concept, anxiety, or depressive symptoms. Analyses that simultaneously included SE, mood, and events suggested that relationships between daily SCC and daily events were mediated by daily NA and daily SE. Such mediation suggests that daily events lead to changes in mood and SE, which in turn lead to changes in SCC. Additional analyses found that temporal variability of SE, PA, NA, and SCC was negatively correlated with trait SCC.
Elaborative and Nonelaborative Processing of a Behavior-Related Communication
Authors: Albarracin Dolores , Wyer Robert S.
Published: March 2007

Three experiments examined the sequence of cognitive processes that mediate the impact of a persuasive message on behavioral decisions. When participants could concentrate on the message content, they first estimated the likelihood of each behavioral outcome described in the message and then evaluated its desirability. They later used these outcome-specific beliefs and evaluations to compute an overall attitude toward the behavior, which influenced their behavioral intentions and their actual behavioral decisions. When participants were distracted from thinking carefully about the message content, they were more likely to use the message-relevant affect they were experiencing as a basis for their attitudes toward the behavior; these attitudes influenced their estimates of the likelihood and desirability of the behavior’s outcomes. Giving participants more time to think about the implications of the message eliminated the effects of distraction on the impact of argument strength and decreased the influence of the affect they were experiencing.
On Managing Moods: Evidence for the Role of Homeostatic Cognitive Strategies in Affect Regulation
Authors: Forgas Joseph P. , Ciarrochi Joseph V.
Published: March 2007

What are the cognitive strategies that allow people to manage and maintain their daily mood fluctuations within reasonable limits? Despite intense recent interest in affective phenomena, spontaneous changes over time in mood effects have rarely been studied. Three experiments evaluated the temporal sequence of positivity and negativity in social responses by people who received an initial positive and negative mood induction. Following different mood manipulations, participants performed three kinds of serial social tasks: They generated person descriptions (Experiment 1), completed trait words (Experiment 2), or produced a series of self-descriptions (Experiment 3). Results were consistent with the operation of a spontaneous, homeostatic mood management mechanism. The authors found that initially mood-congruent responses were spontaneously reversed and replaced by mood-incongruent reactions over time. The implications of these results for recent affect-cognition theorizing, and for our understanding of people’s everyday mood management strategies, are discussed.
Do the Means Always Justify the Ends, or Do the Ends Sometimes Justify the Means? A Value Protection Model of Justice Reasoning
Authors: Skitka Linda J.
Published: March 2007

This study explored whether personal identity concerns relate in important ways to how people decide whether an event is fair or unfair. Because moral mandates are selective expressions of values that are central to people’s sense of personal identity, people should be highly motivated to protect these positions from possible threat. Consistent with predictions based on a value protection model of justice, whether people had a moral mandate on abortion, civil rights, or immigration was completely independent of the perceived procedural fairness of political institutions when those institutions posed no salient threat to these policy concerns. However, strength of moral mandate, and not prethreat judgments of procedural fairness of the Supreme Court or a state referendum, predicted perceived procedural fairness, outcome fairness, decision acceptance, and other indices of moral outrage when either the Supreme Court or a state referendum posed a possible threat to perceivers’ moral mandates.
The Effects of Stereotype Threat and Double-Minority Status on the Test Performance of Latino Women
Authors: Gonzales Patricia M. , Blanton Hart , Williams Kevin J.
Published: March 2007

This study investigated the interactive influences of diagnosticity instructions, gender, and ethnicity as they related to task performance. In a laboratory experiment of 120 male and female, Latino and White college students, both a gender-based and an ethnicity-based stereotype-threat effect were found to influence performance on a test of mathematical and spatial ability. Closer inspection revealed that the gender effect was qualified by ethnicity, whereas the ethnicity effect was not qualified by gender. This suggests that the ethnicity of Latino women sensitized them to negative stereotypes about their gender, leading to a performance decrement in a context in which stereotype threat was activated. In contrast, it appeared that the gender of Latino women did not sensitize them to negative stereotypes about their ethnicity, because both male and female Latinos evidenced ethnicity-based stereotype threat. These findings have implications for the interplay between multiple group identities as they relate to concern for confirming negative stereotypes.
Behavioral Adjustment in Nonverbal Immediacy: A Methodological Note
Authors: Bakken David
Published: March 2007

Although several studies have been conducted to explore the relations among nonverbal immediacy behaviors and to test specifically the compensation hypothesis of non-verbal immediacy, these studies have frequently been inadequate for testing this hypothesis. Three methodological requirements for an adequate test of the compensation hypothesis are suggested. These requirements are discussed and new approaches to the study of immediacy regulation are offered.
Analysis of Variance in Small Group Research
Authors: Anderson Lynn R. , Ager Joel W.
Published: March 2007

This paper discusses an ANOVA design appropriate for small group research in which dependent variables are derived from individual member responses. In such instances, subjects are nested within groups and groups are nested within treatments. Conditions under which it would be appropriate to pool the subjects within groups means square with the groups mean square to form the error term for the ANOVA are discussed. Such an error term will have somewhat greater power than that based on the groups means square alone. A common practice of using the subjects within groups mean square alone as the error term is shown to be inappropriate.
Measuring Dispositional and Situational Attributions
Authors: Solomon Sheldon
Published: March 2007

The distinction between dispositional and situational attributions initially described by Heider was subsequently incorporated into attribution theory. Most researchers implicitly assume an inversely dependent relationship between dispositional and situational attributions. It is argued, however, that this assumption is untenable by presenting empirical evidence showing that dispositional and situtational attributions do not vary inversely. This suggests that only studies that measure dispositional and situational attributions on separate scales and report the results of both can provide an opportunity for drawing unequivocal conclusions. Methodological implications are discussed and suggestions for future research are made.
Detection of Deceptive Factual Statements from the Body and the Face
Authors: Littlepagel Glenn E. , Pineault Martin A.
Published: March 2007

Videotapes showed facial and body shots of stimulus persons answering factual questions, both truthfully and untruthfully. Subjects (n=32) viewed the videotapes and judged whether each answer was the truth or a lie. Results indicated accuracy was greatest for body shots of dishonest answers, supporting Ekman and Friesen's (1969; 1974) theory and extending findings to factual (non-emotional) statements. Confidence in the judgments of truth or lying was greater for dishonest than honest answers.
Jigsaw Groups and the Desegregated Classroom: In Pursuit of Common Goals
Authors: Aronson Elliot , Bridgeman Diane
Published: March 2007

The desegregated classroom has not produced many of the positive results initially expected by social scientists some 25 years ago. It is argued that one of the major reasons for this failure is the over-emphasis on competitiveness at the expense of interdependence in the classroom. In short, students in most classrooms very rarely cooperate with each other in pursuit of common goals. In this article, we describe a program of research in wihich elementary school students are "forced" to spend part of their classroom time mastering material in an interdependent structure. The results indicate that such structured interdependence increases the self-esteem, the morale, the interpersonal attraction, and the empathy of students across ethnic and racial divisions, and also improves the academic performance of minority students without hampering the performance of the ethnic majority.
Sex Differences in Risk Taking
Authors: Foersterling Friedrich
Published: March 2007

Sixty females and 60 males selected tasks which supposedly differed in objective difficulty and rated their subjective probability of success. It was found that females chose objectively easier tasks than males but subjectively these tasks were more difficult than the tasks which males chose.
Inducing Jealousy
Authors: White Gregory L.
Published: March 2007

Partners in 150 heterosexual romantic relationships were asked to indicate if, why, and how they had intentionally attempted to induce jealousy in their partner. Females were more likely to report inducement than males, especially if they were relatively more involved in the relationship. Females were also more likely to cite desire for a specific reward as the motive for inducing jealousy. These findings are consistent with a power and dependency perspective on jealousy.
Strength and Number of Solicitors and the Urge toward Altruism
Authors: Jackson Jeffrey M. , Latané Bibb
Published: March 2007

Door-to-door solicitors contacted 371 people and asked for donations to the Leukemia Society of America. Solicitors were either of high strength (middle-aged and well-dressed females) or of low strength (college-aged and casually dressed females), either stood close or far from the door, and either approached the door alone or in pairs. Pairs of high strength solicitors elicited more donations than low strength pairs or single solicitors, while distance had no effect. The results provide some support for social impact theory and have implications for better collection techniques and for our conceptions of generosity and altruism.
The Self-Presentational Nature of Emotional Expression
Authors: Graham John W. , Gentry Kevin W. , Green Jane
Published: March 2007

Based on the self-presentation assumption that behavior is designed to gain the approval and/or avoid the disapproval of others (Jellison & Arkin, 1977; Jellison & Gentry, 1978), it was hypothesized (1) that people imagining themselves failing to display an emotion that was situationally appropriate would expect less reward/more punishment from others, compared to people imagining themselves displaying an appropriate emotion, and (2) that for females, this effect would be amplified due to stronger normative pressures for emotional expression from females. Four replications of the basic 2 × 2 (sex by appropriateness) factorial design provided support for the first hypothesis (l) in sad and happy situations, and (2) when subjects imagined themselves as actors in the situation or when they imagined a hypothetical other as the actor. Support for the second hypothesis was obtained in the happy situation. The results were discussed as being consistent with the self-presentation explanation of emotional expressions as behaviors designed to gain the approval/avoid the disapproval of others.
Latent-Variable Models of Attributional Measurement
Authors: Smith Eliot R. , Miller Frederick D.
Published: March 2007

Several researchers have called for investigation of the psychometric properties of widely used attributional measures. Models involving multiple indicators of a latent (unmeasured) variable provide a valuable approach to this type of problem. A strategy that gives evidence about the relative merit of several attributional measures is illustrated. In general it appears that the best item of those tested is one asking for ratings of the cause of an event on a scale from dispositional to situational. A question about predicted recurrence of the event serves almost as well, while questions about the actor's freedom in, and responsibility for, the event are substantially less adequate measures of an underlying attributional construct.
Twenty Years of Deception in Social Psychology
Authors: Gross Alan E. , Fleming India
Published: March 2007

During the decade 1959 to 1969 the percentage of studies using deception in the leading social psychological journal. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, rose from 41% to 66%1 Perhaps as a result of this dramatic increase, in the late 1960s a number of prominent social psychologists began to criticize the field's reliance on deception technology. To determine the effect of these critiques 1188 articles published in four leading social psychology journals between 1959 and 1979 were categorized according to use and type of deception. Use of deception did not decrease from 1969 to 1979.
Discounting and Augmentation
Authors: Wells Gary L. , Ronis David L.
Published: March 2007

It is argued that the number of plausible causes effect is a product of the total valence of the causes rather than the number of causes. Orthogonal manipulations of the number of causes and total valence for a chosen (experiment 1) and foregone (experiment 2) action show no effect for the number of causes variable. Attribution to a given cause is a function of its proportion of the total valence. This conception of valence relegates the number of plausible causes concept to the role of an epiphenomenon whose influence can only be understood and predicted by knowledge of changes in valence.
Avoidance of Self-Disclosure
Authors: Archer Richard L. , Hormuth Stefan E. , Berg John H.
Published: March 2007

It was predicted that the assignment of intimate topics for self-disclosure in the presence of self-awareness producing stimuli would lead to negative affect and attempts to avoid actual disclosure. To test this prediction, an experiment was conducted in which male and female subjects described themselves while alone in a cubicle. Self-awareness was manipulated by the presence or absence of a mirror within the cubicle and subjects were assigned either intimate or non-intimate topics. As expected, subjects in the mirror-high intimacy condition enjoyed the task the least, evinced the highest average latencies in responding to the topics, and were seen as having provided the least complete descriptions.
Empathic Concern and the Muscular Dystrophy Telethon
Authors: Davis Mark H.
Published: March 2007

A study was conducted to explore the effects of empathic predispositions on viewing and contributing to the annual muscular dystrophy telethon. A multidimensional measure of empathy (the Interpersonal Reactivity Index) was used to assess empathic predisposition, and respondents answered questions concerning their past viewing of the telethon and contributions to it. As predicted, only one facet of empathy-a tendency to experience sympathy and concern for others-was associated with more viewing of and contributing to the telethon. Other aspects of empathy, such as role-taking, fantasizing ability, and feelings of personal distress, were unrelated to either viewing or contributing.
Effects of Alcohol and Self-Awareness on Human Physical Aggression
Authors: Bailey Debra S. , Leonard Kenneth E. , Cranston Jay W. , Taylor Stuart P.
Published: March 2007

The present study investigated the effect of self-awareness on the aggressive behavior of intoxicated subjects. Forty male undergraudates competed in a reaction-time task in which they could hurt and/or be hurt by their opponent. In the self-aware condition, subjects competed in the presence of a mirror and video camera. In the non-self-aware condition, the mirror and video camera were not present. Intoxicated and nonintoxicated subjects in the self-aware condition were less aggressive than subjects in the non-self-aware condition. This effect was observed on the initial trial and under conditions of increasing provocation. The results were discussed in terms of a cognitive disruption model of alcohol-related aggression.
Desire for Control and the Perception of Crowding
Authors: Burger Jerry M. , Oakman Julie A. , Bullard N. Garrell
Published: March 2007

The role that individual differences in the general desire to control events play in the perception of crowding was examined. Male undergraduates worked on tasks requiring a great deal of movement in a small room with either two or five other subjects. It was found that subjects scoring high on a measure of general desire for control reported higher levels of discomfort and perceived the room as more crowded that did subjects scoring low on desire for control at both levels of density. The results are interpreted in support of the hypothesis that perceptions of crowding result from a perception that one's control over the situation has been restricted.