bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An engineered microorganism can simultaneously detoxify cadmium, chlorpyrifos, and γ‐hexachlorocyclohexane
Authors: Yang Chao , Yu Huilei , Jiang Hong , Qiao Chuanling , Liu Ruihua
Published: December 2015

Many ecosystems are currently co‐contaminated with heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd2+) and pesticides such as chlorpyrifos (CP) and γ‐hexachlorocyclohexane (γ‐HCH). A feasible approach to remediate the combined pollution of heavy metals and pesticides is the use of γ‐HCH degrading bacteria endowed with CP hydrolysis and heavy metal biosorption capabilities. In this work, a recombinant microorganism capable of simultaneously detoxifying Cd2+, CP, and γ‐HCH was constructed by display of synthetic phytochelatins (EC20) and methyl parathion hydrolase (MPH) fusion protein on the cell surface of the γ‐HCH degrading Sphingobium japonicum UT26 using the truncated ice nucleation protein (INPNC) as an anchoring motif. The surface localization of INPNC–EC20–MPH was verified by cell fractionation, Western blot analysis, immunofluorescence microscopy, and proteinase accessibility experiment. Expression of EC20 on the cell surface not only improved Cd2+ binding but also alleviated the cellular toxicity of Cd2+. As expected, the rates of CP and γ‐HCH degradation were reduced in the presence of Cd2+ for cells without EC20 expression. However, expression of EC20 (higher Cd2+ accumulation) significantly restored the levels of CP and γ‐HCH degradation. These results demonstrated that surface display of EC20 enhanced not only Cd2+ accumulation but also protected the recombinant strain against the toxic effects of Cd2+ on CP and γ‐HCH degradation.
Eco‐meteorological characteristics of the southern slopes of Kilimanjaro, Tanzania
Authors: Appelhans Tim , Mwangomo Ephraim , Otte Insa , Detsch Florian , Nauss Thomas , Hemp Andreas
Published: December 2015

This study introduces the set‐up of a new meteorological station network on the southern slopes of Kilimanjaro, Tanzania, since 2010 and presents the recorded characteristics of air temperature, air humidity and precipitation in both a plot‐based and area‐wide perspectives. The station set‐up follows a hierarchical approach covering an elevational as well as a land‐use disturbance gradient. It consists of 52 basic stations measuring ambient air temperature and above‐ground air humidity and 11 precipitation measurement sites, with recording intervals of 5 min. With respect to precipitation observations, the network extends the long‐term recordings of A. Hemp who has installed and maintained up to 117 multi‐month accumulating rainfall buckets in the region since 1997. The meteorological characteristics of the study region based on the derived data since 2010 are mostly in line with previous studies, although we see increased precipitation amounts at higher elevations during these years when compared with long‐term means. We furthermore identify a mean annual condensation level at about 2300 m a.s.l. which has not been reported before. Finally, this is the first study to provide high resolution maps of mean monthly and mean annual temperature, humidity and precipitation for Kilimanjaro, which are of great value for geographically oriented meteorological or ecological investigations. Detailed performance statistics of the geo‐statistical and machine learning techniques used for the gap filling of the recorded meteorological time series and their regionalization to the Kilimanjaro region indicate that the presented data sets provide reliable measurements of the meteorological reality at Kilimanjaro.
Raman analysis of bilayer graphene film prepared on commercial Cu(0.5 at% Ni) foil
Authors: Madito M. J. , Bello A. , Dangbegnon J. K. , Oliphant C. J. , Jordaan W. A. , Masikhwa T. M. , Momodu D. Y. , Manyala N.
Published: December 2015

This study reports the Raman analysis of bilayer graphene films prepared on commercial dilute Cu(0.5 at% Ni) foils using atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition. A bilayer graphene film obtained on Cu foil is known to have small areas of bilayer (islands) with a significant fraction of non‐Bernal stacking, while that obtained on Cu/Ni is known to grow over a large area with Bernal stacking. In the Raman optical microscope images, a wafer‐scale monolayer and large‐area bilayer graphene films were distinguished and confirmed with Raman spectra intensities ratios of 2D to G peaks. The large‐area part of bilayer graphene film obtained was assisted by Ni surface segregation because Ni has higher methane decomposition rate and carbon solubility compared with Cu. The Raman data suggest a Bernal stacking order in the prepared bilayer graphene film. A four‐point probe sheet resistance of graphene films confirmed a bilayer graphene film sheet resistance distinguished from that of monolayer graphene. A relatively higher Ni surface concentration in Cu(0.5 at% Ni) foil was confirmed with time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry. The inhomogeneous distribution of Ni in a foil and the diverse crystallographic surface of a foil (confirmed with proton‐induced X‐ray emission and electron backscatter diffraction, respectively) could be a reason for incomplete wafer‐scale bilayer graphene film. The Ni surface segregation in dilute Cu(0.5 at% Ni) foil has a potential to impact on atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition growth of large‐area bilayer graphene film. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of totally implantable central venous access devices with the cephalic vein cut‐down approach: Usefulness of preoperative ultrasonography
Authors: Otsubo Ryota , Hatachi Toshiko , Shibata Kenichiro , Yoshida Takuya , Watanabe Hironosuke , Oikawa Masahiro , Matsumoto Megumi , Yano Hiroshi , Taniguchi Hideki , Nagayasu Takeshi
Published: December 2015

Background

The aims of this retrospective study, were to evaluate totally implantable central venous access device (TICVAD) implantation and to validate the efficacy of preoperative ultrasonography.

Methods

A total of 380 cases implanted with TICVADs were divided into four groups: cut‐downs with ultrasonography (group A, n = 112); cut‐downs without ultrasonography (group B, n = 37); venous puncture (group C, n = 122); and replacements using the existing catheter (group D, n = 109). Operation time, completion rate, and complications were compared.

Results

The average operating time was 41.7, 52.4, and 40.6 min in groups A, B (P < 0.01), and C, respectively. Group A and B experienced no postoperative pneumothorax, arterial puncture, or pinch‐off syndrome. Completion rates were 93.7% in group A and 86.5% in group B. Preoperative ultrasonography identified the cephalic vein in 94.1% of subjects with an average diameter of 3.1 mm and depth of 10.2 mm. Identifying convergence of the cephalic vein and the axillary vein improved the completion rate.

Conclusions

This study showed that the cephalic vein cut‐down approach for TICVAD implantation reduced complications. Preoperative ultrasonography resulted in a shorter operating time and higher completion rate. J. Surg. Oncol. 2016;113:114–119. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Computer‐aided design and synthesis of magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers with high selectivity for the removal of phenol from water
Authors: Yang Wenming , Liu Lukuan , Ni Xiaoni , Zhou Wei , Huang Weihong , Liu Hong , Xu Wanzhen
Published: December 2015

A molecular simulation method was introduced to compute the phenol–monomer pre‐assembled system of a molecularly imprinted polymer. The interaction type and intensity between phenol and monomer were evaluated by combining binding energy and charge transfer with complex conformation. The simulation results indicate that interaction energies are simultaneously affected by the type of monomer and the ratio between phenol and monomers. At the same time, we considered that by increasing the amount of functional monomer is not always better for preparing molecularly imprinter polymers. In this study, three kinds of novel magnetic phenol‐imprinted polymers with favorable specific adsorption effects were prepared by the surface imprinting technique combined with atom transfer radical polymerization. Various measures were selected to characterize the structure and morphology to obtain the optimal polymer. The characterization results show that the optimal polymer has suitable features for further adsorption process. A series of static adsorption experiments were conducted to analyze its adsorption performance, which follows the Elovich model from the kinetic analysis and the Sips equation from the isothermal analysis. To further verify the reliability and accuracy of the simulation results, the effects of different monomers on the adsorption selectivity were also determined. They display higher selectivity towards phenol than 4‐nitrophenol.The results from the simulation of the pre‐assembled complexes are in reasonable agreement with those from the experiment.
Polyglycerol‐Based Copper Chelators for the Transport and Release of Copper Ions in Biological Environments
Authors: Albrecht Ralf , Fehse Susanne , Pant Kritee , Nowag Sabrina , Stephan Holger , Haag Rainer , Tzschucke Carl Christoph
Published: December 2015

Here, the synthesis and characterization of three improved nanosystems is presented based on amino functionalized hyperbranched polyglycerol (hPG;Mw= 16.8 kDa) as potential copper(ii) chelators. The ligands,N‐methyl‐N‐picolylglycine amide, 2,6‐pyridine dicarboxylic acid monoamide, and cyclam tetraacetic acid (TETA) monoamide, are covalently attached to the polymer with amide bonds. In this paper, the Cu(ii) loading capacity, the stability of the Cu(ii)‐loaded carriers at different pHs, with competing ligands and in human serum, as well as the transport of Cu(ii) in biological systems are investigated. For the first time, a different cytotoxicity of functionalized polymer nanoparticles with and without Cu(ii) is observed. The cyclam‐based carrier combines the highest loading capacity (29 Cu ions/nanoparticle), best stability with respect to pH and EDTA (45% remaining Cu after 24 h), lowest cytotoxicity (IC50> 100 × 10−6m(unloaded), 1500 × 10−6mCu(ii); Cu:carrier 29:1), and the highest stability in human serum.

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Influence of temperature on electrochemical behavior and oxide film property of Alloy 800 in hydrogenated high temperature water
Authors: Wang J.‐Z. , Wang J.‐Q. , Han E.‐H.
Published: December 2015

The effects of temperature on the electrochemical behavior and oxide film property of Alloy 800 in hydrogenated high temperature water are studied using potentiodynamic polarization curves, electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The corrosion resistance of Alloy 800 passes through a local minimum at 250 °C. The kinetic controlling step of the growth of oxide films at 200–300 °C changes from the diffusion of ions in aqueous phase to the growth of Cr‐rich barrier layer. A modified model is proposed to explain the effect of temperature on the property of the oxide films on Alloy 800 in hydrogenated high temperature water.
Overview and comparison of various test methods to determine formability of a sheet metal cut‐edge and approaches to the test results application in forming analysis
Authors: Schneider M. , Geffert A. , Peshekhodov I. , Bouguecha A. , Behrens B.‐A.
Published: December 2015

This paper presents an overview of published test methods for determination of formability of a sheet metal cut‐edge. The presented test methods were developed to evaluate formability of a sheet metal edge that was produced by shear cutting. Due to high local strains, hardening, or even microcracks, the cut‐edge might have less formability than the base material. The presentation of the tests is structured according to the three steps each test can be divided into: cutting, forming and evaluation. Similarities and differences concerning these steps were worked out. Additionally, a classification of the tests is made regarding their strain gradients in the vicinity of the cut‐edge. For this, finite element models of exemplary tests were built up using LS‐DYNA explicit and analyzed accordingly. Evaluation approaches that go beyond the common hole expansion ratio (HER) from the hole expansion test (HET) standardized in the ISO 16630 are also described. The tests can be used not only for a quantitative comparison of materials and cutting processes with regard to the cut‐edge formability but to determine input data for the finite element analysis (FEA) of forming processes to allow a simulation based cut‐edge failure prediction. The paper also presents appropriate procedures on the transfer of the test results into the FEA of forming of a workpiece with a cut‐edge.
The Value of Online Seller Reputation: Evidence from a Price Comparison Site
Authors: Thompson Steve , Haynes Michelle
Published: December 2015

This paper examines the value of seller reputation for e‐retailers trading via a price comparison site (PCS). E‐markets are widely held to accommodate sellers of differing service quality, including some who behave opportunistically. The paper uses a sample of offers on up to 295 digital cameras traded on a leading PCS, over a 134‐day period to estimate reputation's price impact. User‐generated reputation measures have a significant impact in the expected direction. However, their magnitude is small compared with variables capturing economy‐wide reputation. The strength of the reputation signal increased non‐monotonically with the number of reviews on which it was based. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Amodiaquine‐induced reproductive toxicity in adult male rats
Authors: Niu Yan‐Ru , Wei Bing , Chen Bi , Xu Li‐Hua , Jing Xia , Peng Cai‐Ling , Ma Tian‐Zhong
Published: December 2015

Amodiaquine (AQ) is routinely prescribed as an anti‐malarial drug. Here, we evaluated AQ‐induced toxicity in the male reproductive system. Eighty adult male Sprague‐Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups that received distilled water (control) or daily doses of 5 mg/kg body weight, 10 mg/kg, or 15 mg/kg AQ for 2 weeks. Testes morphology was analyzed using hematoxylin‐and‐eosin staining, terminal dUTP nicked‐end labeling (TUNEL), and immunostaining whereas protein expression was determined by Western blotting. AQ dose‐dependently led to abnormal spermatogenesis. Disruption of the blood‐testis barrier and increased germ cell apoptosis were observed in all three AQ‐treated groups. Interestingly, AQ‐induced damage of spermatogenesis recovered over time, based on the survival of promyelocytic leukemia zinc‐finger (PLZF)‐positive, undifferentiated spermatogonia. Serum levels of luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as testicular testosterone levels, were not significantly altered in AQ‐treated groups compared with controls. Collectively, our study suggests that AQ exerts substantial acute side effects on the reproductive systems of adult male rats by inducing the apoptosis of differentiating spermatogenic cells and disruption of blood‐testis barrier function. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 83: 174–182, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Die wundersamen Fähigkeiten der Tintenfische
Authors: Groß Michael
Published: December 2015

Das erste dechiffrierte Genom eines Kopffüßers erlaubt tiefe Einblicke in die erstaunlichen Fähigkeiten, die diese Weichtiere entwickelten: von Tarnungs‐ und Verwandlungskünsten bis hin zu bemerkenswerter Intelligenz.
Die Stoffdatenbanken der Europäischen Chemikalienagentur
Authors: Knietsch Anja , Weiß Raimund
Published: December 2015

Die durch die Reach‐ und CLP‐Verordnungen gesammelten Daten zeigen das toxikologische Profil eines Stoffs. Zudem sind sie eine ausgezeichnete Grundlage, um Risiken zu bewerten und Sicherheitsdatenblätter zu erstellen. Dabei gilt es aber, Stolpersteine zu beachten.
Bilder einzelner Zellen aus dem Elementmikroskop
Authors: Müller Larissa , Herrmann Antje
Published: December 2015

Welche Rolle spielt eine einzelne Zelle im biologischen System? Einen neuen Ansatz, diese Frage zu beantworten, bietet ein Mikroskop auf Basis der Laserablations‐ICP‐MS, das Elemente in biologischen Materialien analysiert, und zwar mit einer Ortsauflösung im Submikrometerbereich.
Spuren chemischer Kampfstoffe
Authors: Blum Marc‐Michael
Published: December 2015

Ob ein Staat seine Giftgasgranaten vernichtet, eine Kriegspartei Nervengifte einsetzt oder ein Betrieb Vorläufersubstanzen produziert, überwacht die Organisation für das Verbot Chemischer Waffen. Eines ihrer Instrumente sind Probennahme und instrumentelle Analytik.
The Relationship Between Linear Enamel Hypoplasia and Social Status in 18th to 19th Century Edo, Japan
Authors: Nakayama N.
Published: December 2015

Linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH) has been utilised in human bioarchaeology as an indicator of growth disturbance during childhood. However, only a few studies have compared populations of different socio‐economic status in the same time period. This study examines the association between the LEH occurrence pattern and social status in the 18th to 19th century populations in Japan. Detailed archaeological studies on burials from the Edo period (1603–1867) excavated in Tokyo have facilitated estimating an individual's social status by its burial type. In this study, 112 individuals from the Sugenji‐Shokenji site were divided into three burial structure groups (ceramic jar coffins for middle‐class warriors, wooden square coffins for low‐class warriors and townspeople and wooden circular coffins for townspeople) and examined for the general prevalence of LEH, number of LEH and the chronological distribution of LEH. A high general prevalence of LEH was observed in every group, especially in lower canine (79.3–100.0%). However, individuals in the jar coffin group showed a lower prevalence and smaller number of LEH per tooth, suggesting that individuals of higher social status experienced better living environments in their childhood. There was no significant difference in the chronological distribution of LEH formation between coffin groups. Such data are essential for understanding the association between socio‐economic status and living conditions in specific societies in the past. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Developmental Risk Signals as a Screening Tool for Early Identification of Sensory Processing Disorders
Authors: Bolaños Cristina , Gomez M. Marlene , Ramos Gregorio , Rios del Rio Janina
Published: December 2015

The main purpose of this research was to determine if the indicators of risk included in the Indicators of Developmental Risk Signals (INDIPCD‐R) could differentiate between children at risk of sensory processing disorders (SPDs) from those with normal development and if the SPD indicators correlated with a delay or altered development. A retrospective, descriptive, correlational design was used with a sample of 51 children, 36 referred because of clinical sensory processing indicators and 15 with non‐clinical indicators. Participants were assessed with a developmental scale Revised Profile of Developmental Behaviors (PCD‐R), the Sensory Profile, play and clinical observations. The INDIPCD‐R showed a high correlation with developmental areas of PCD‐R and a sensitivity and specificity of 100%, when compared with the Sensory Profile. T‐test results for independent samples showed significant differences at p ≤ 0.01 level between the children with SPD indicators and those with no clinical signs in the PCD‐R. The Mann–Whitney U‐test was conducted for unpaired samples, to verify if there were significant differences between children with apparent SPD indicators and children with no apparent difficulties. The Spearman's rho was used to identify the correlations between the INDIPCD‐R, with different areas of development. This study supports the use of the INDIPCD‐R as a screening instrument that could be used by occupational therapists to discriminate children with and without indicators of SPD. The limitation of this study was that it did not cover all the ages of the INDIPCD‐R. Additional studies are required to determine the utility of this instrument for outcome studies and whether it is valid and reliable to identify children at risk of different pathologies. The INDIPCD‐R is a low‐cost instrument that allows the occupational therapist to make a quick review of the different components that could be involved in SPD and therefore guide the more in‐depth evaluation if necessary. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Could nutrition help behaviours associated with personality disorders? A narrative review
Authors: Rucklidge Julia J. , Mulder Roger T.
Published: December 2015

Personality disorders are common, and the core problems of interpersonal dysfunction and social disturbance are difficult to treat. One area gaining international attention is the impact that diet and nutrients can have on psychiatric/psychological symptoms. There are no empirical studies studying the specific relationship between nutrition and personality disorders. A systematic search revealed longitudinal studies following malnourished children, either during pregnancy or in early life that reported malnourishment is a risk factor that can express as maladaptive behaviours later in life. Other studies show associations between nutrient intake and personality styles. A small body of literature reveals a potential benefit of consuming nutrients therapeutically in order to address behaviours often associated with personality disorders. If we consider the broad patterns of behaviour that typify personality disorders, such as cognition, affectivity, interpersonal functioning and impulse control, there is a research rationale for studying the role that nutrition could play in protecting against the development of these problems as well as possibly modifying them. Whether it is too late to intervene with nutrition once the pathological behaviours are entrenched is unknown. Given the dearth of good evidence‐based treatments currently available for people with personality disorders, it is an area worth investing in. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The proteome targets of intracellular targeting antimicrobial peptides
Authors: Shah Pramod , Hsiao Felix Shih‐Hsiang , Ho Yu‐Hsuan , Chen Chien‐Sheng
Published: December 2015

Antimicrobial peptides have been considered well‐deserving candidates to fight the battle against microorganisms due to their broad‐spectrum antimicrobial activities. Several studies have suggested that membrane disruption is the basic mechanism of AMPs that leads to killing or inhibiting microorganisms. Also, AMPs have been reported to interact with macromolecules inside the microbial cells such as nucleic acids (DNA/RNA), protein synthesis, essential enzymes, membrane septum formation and cell wall synthesis. Proteins are associated with many intracellular mechanisms of cells, thus protein targets may be specifically involved in mechanisms of action of AMPs. AMPs like pyrrhocoricin, drosocin, apidecin and Bac 7 are documented to have protein targets, DnaK and GroEL. Moreover, the intracellular targeting AMPs are reported to influence more than one protein targets inside the cell, suggesting for the multiple modes of actions. This complex mechanism of intracellular targeting AMPs makes them more difficult for the development of resistance. Herein, we have summarized the current status of AMPs in terms of their mode of actions, entry to cytoplasm and inhibition of macromolecules. To reveal the mechanism of action, we have focused on AMPs with intracellular protein targets. We have also included the use of high‐throughput proteome microarray to determine the unidentified AMP protein targets in this review.
GLUT, SGLT, and SWEET: Structural and mechanistic investigations of the glucose transporters
Authors: Deng Dong , Yan Nieng
Published: December 2015

Glucose is the primary fuel to life on earth. Cellular uptake of glucose is a fundamental process for metabolism, growth, and homeostasis. Three families of secondary glucose transporters have been identified in human, including the major facilitator superfamily glucose facilitators GLUTs, the sodium‐driven glucose symporters SGLTs, and the recently identified SWEETs. Structures of representative members or their prokaryotic homologs of all three families were obtained. This review focuses on the recent advances in the structural elucidation of the glucose transporters and the mechanistic insights derived from these structures, including the molecular basis for substrate recognition, alternating access, and stoichiometric coupling of co‐transport.
Engel–Vosko generalized gradient approximation within DFT investigations of optoelectronic and thermoelectric properties of copper thioantimonates(III) and thioarsenate(III) for solar‐energy conversion
Authors: Khan Wilayat , Goumri‐Said Souraya
Published: December 2015

The electronic structure and optical properties of Rb2Cu2Sb2S5, Cs2Cu2Sb2S5, and Rb8Cu6As8S19 were investigated from first principles based on Engel–Vosko generalized gradient approximation (EV‐GGA). The calculated band structures and density of states confirm that these compounds have an indirect bandgap. The bands near the Fermi level were mainly contributed from Cu‐3d states along with a small participation of S‐3p states. The partial density of states shows that Cs and Rb elements are bonded ionically to sulfur, whereas Cu, Sb, As, and S element show covalent bonds with each other. From the electronic structure and using EV‐GGA, the frequency‐dependent optical parameters such as the real and imaginary parts of the dielectric functions, energy loss function, and reflectivity were calculated. These optical parameters prove that these compounds are potentially interesting for the field of optoelectronic and optical devices. The temperature‐dependent thermoelectric properties such as the electrical conductivity, Seebeck coefficient, thermal conductivity, and power factor were calculated based on combination of DFT output and Boltzmann transport theory.
Photoexcited d ‐electron dynamics in transition metal oxide MnO studied by optical pump‐THz probe measurements
Authors: Nishitani Junichi , Kurihara Takayuki , Asahara Akifumi , Nagashima Takeshi , Lippmaa Mikk , Suemoto Tohru
Published: December 2015

Optical pump‐THz probe (OPTP) measurements allow us to investigate the dynamic response of photoconductivity in materials by observing the transient change of THz transmittance after optical excitation. In this study, the THz response of d ‐electrons in various photoexcited states in MnO was investigated by pump‐energy‐tunable OPTP measurements to elucidate the photoexcited d ‐electron dynamics in a transition metal oxide. At room temperature, photoexcited d ‐electrons induced by a d ‐d transition to the lowest excited d ‐state showed the longest relaxation time. The relaxation time decreased drastically below the antiferromagnetic transition temperature of 120 K. This decrease was accompanied by the emergence of magnetic‐excitation‐assisted photoluminescence from a self‐trapped exciton (STE) state. This suggests that photoexcited d ‐electrons relax to the STE state below the transition temperature. These findings shed new light on the photoexcited d ‐electron dynamics, contrasting with the behavior of photoexcited carriers generated in the upper excited d ‐states that have been shown in a previous study to relax into trap states through carrier scattering. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Below‐gap emission bands in undoped GaN and its excitation density dependence
Authors: Julkarnain M. , Fukuda T. , Kamata N. , Arakawa Y.
Published: December 2015

The below‐gap emission bands of undoped GaN grown by MOCVD on sapphire substrate have been investigated by photoluminescence technique. The intensity of yellow luminescence decreases due to the saturation of deep states with increasing excitation power that reflects the contribution of deep states at actual device operating condition. The excitation induced blue‐shift of emission energy rationalizes the DAP characteristics. The integrated photoluminescence intensity of each band is analysed experimentally and theoretically by a power law model, and the reasonable agreement between experiment and model calculation justify our model consideration. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Deep ultraviolet lasing from AlGaN multiple‐quantum‐well structures
Authors: Yan Jianchang , Tian Yingdong , Chen Xiang , Zhang Yun , Wang Junxi , Li Jinmin
Published: December 2015

We report our research work on AlGaN/Al(Ga)N multiple‐quantum‐well (MQW) DUV laser structures. Two types of MQW structures, that is, AlxGa1‐xN/AlyGa1‐yN MQW (Sample A) and AlzGa1‐zN/AlN MQW (Sample B), were grown on sapphire substrates by Metal‐organic chemical vapour deposition. Optically pumped lasing at room temperature has been achieved from both structures. For Sample A, the main lasing emission wavelength is 288 nm along with some parasitic longer wavelength peaks. Numerical simulation results indicate that the optical confinement factor in Sample A is very low, less than 0.5%. This resulted in the high lasing threshold and short lasing lifetime of Sample A. The optical confinement factor of Sample B is greatly increased to more than 10%. This effectively improved the lasing performance of Sample B. Its lasing threshold is estimated to be 523 kW/cm2 and the lasing spectra peaked at around 281 nm. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Growth and optical properties of gallium nitride film on glass substrates
Authors: An Pingbo , Zhao Lixia , Zhang Shuo , Liu Lei , Duan Ruifei , Wei Xuecheng , Lu Hongxi , Wang Junxi , Li Jinmin
Published: December 2015

In this study, gallium nitride (GaN) films were grown on the quartz glass substrates using metal organic chemical vapor deposition with AlN buffer layer. The AlN layer was deposited using rf‐magnetron sputtering. Although the direct nucleation of GaN on quartz glass substrate is difficult, with AlN as the nucleation layer, a large‐area polycrystalline GaN film can be obtained. The structural and optical properties were investigated. The results show that the GaN film has a preferential orientation along (0002). There are mainly three emission regions in the photoluminescence spectra, including the band‐edge, green (2.45‐2.55eV) and yellow (2.0‐2.35 eV) emission regions. The origin and temperature dependence of the peak position, full‐width of half‐magnitude and intensity were also discussed. The findings may help to understand the growth and improve the properties of GaN film grown on amorphous glass substrates. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Steel Packages 10 Years After Being Disposed as Litter in a Tropical Environment
Authors: Santos J. L. C. , Gatti J. A. B. , Dantas S. T. , Santos W. R.
Published: December 2015

A study considering Brazilian environmental conditions was carried out aiming to obtaining the development of data on the metal packaging performance when discarded in different natural conditions instead of an adequate disposal. The behaviour of steel packages in four local tropical environments during the time of 10 years was studied: on the ground at an industrial site, on the seashore, buried in the ground and immersed in a riverbed. Four different kinds of steel cans were used (plain powdered milk and soybean oil three piece tinplate cans and lacquered soft drink DWI tinplate can and tomato sauce tinplate three‐piece cans). Alternative packages containing the same products—PET bottles for soybean oil, DWI aluminium cans for soft drinks, laminated plastic bags for powdered milk and carton‐based multilayer packaging for tomato sauce—were used as control. Annually, samples of all packages were removed from the studied sites and visually analysed. Powdered milk and soybean oil cans were completely degraded in the industrial and marine environments between 6 and 7 years. Tomato sauce can sample was totally degraded between 7 and 8 years in the industrial environment. However, although some important surface damage was observed, none of the studied types of steel cans was completely degraded in both conditions: buried in the ground and immersed in a riverbed during the 10 years of study. Alternative packaging showed smaller alteration than steel cans in the studied period and conditions. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electronic properties of polyoxometalate derivatives [(C2B9H11) M'M5O18]n‐ (M' = TiIV, MoVI, WVI; M = MoVI, WVI): Protonation, Electronic Spectra, and Redox Properties
Authors: Ma Nana , Li Shujun , Yan Likai , Wang Wenyong , Qiu Yongqing , Zhang Guisheng
Published: December 2015

Density functional theory is used to study the electronic structures and properties of Lindqvist‐type polyoxometalates‐supported organometallic compounds [LM'M5O18]n– (L = [C2B9H11]2– (Cb), [C5H5]– (Cp); M' = TiIV, MoVI, WVI; M = MoVI, WVI). [(Cb)M'M5O18]n– are a series of novel compounds designed in this work, based on related experiment. The calculated results reveal that the Cb ligand is able to form a σ, 2π triple bond with M', which is similar to the bond character in [(Cp)M'M5O18]n–. However, comparing with the protonation, electronic spectra and redox properties of [(Cp)M'M5O18]n– and [M'M5O19]n–, [(Cb)M'M5O18]n– species show the advantageous electronic properties owning to the superior electron donating ability of the Cb ligand. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Spontaneous regression of pulmonary metastatic melanoma
Authors: Ong Sook Fen , Harden Michael , Irandoust Shabnam , Lee Richard Wai Wing
Published: December 2015

Spontaneous regression of metastatic melanoma is a rare event with only 76 cases having been reported since 1866. The precise mechanism of regression remains unknown. We present a case of a man with spontaneous regression of pulmonary metastatic melanoma confirmed on histopathology accompanied by reduction in fluorodeoxyglucose‐activity on serial positron emission tomography/computed tomography scan.
Peripheral pulmonary carcinoid tumor diagnosed by endobronchial‐ultrasound‐guided bronchoscopy
Authors: Tanaka Ayaka , Akamatsu Hiroaki , Kawabata Hiroki , Ariyasu Hiroyuki , Nakamura Yasushi , Yamamoto Nobuyuki
Published: December 2015

A 45‐year‐old Japanese woman complained of uncontrolled hypertension and face swelling. She was diagnosed with Cushing's syndrome with secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone. Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography‐computed tomography revealed a 2 × 2 cm mass in her left lung, with high standardized maximum uptake value. She underwent bronchoscopy with endobronchial ultrasound via a guide‐sheath. Surgical resection of her left upper lung was performed, and pathological examination showed a typical carcinoid tumor. After lung resection, she recovered from her subjective symptoms. Diagnosis of peripheral carcinoid tumor of the lung is generally difficult. Here, we introduce a case of peripheral pulmonary carcinoid tumor diagnosed by endobronchial‐ultrasound‐guided bronchoscopy.
Continuous output feedback stabilization for nonlinear systems based on sampled and delayed output measurements
Authors: Shen Yanjun , Zhang Daoyuan , Xia Xiaohua
Published: December 2015

This paper addresses the problem of output feedback stabilization for nonlinear systems with sampled and delayed output measurements. Firstly, sufficient conditions are proposed to ensure that a class of hybrid systems are globally exponentially stable. Then, based on the sufficient conditions and a dedicated construction continuous observer, an output feedback control law is presented to globally exponentially stabilize the nonlinear systems. The output feedback stabilizer is continuous and hybrid, and can be derived without discretization. The maximum allowable sampling period and the maximum delay are also given. At last, a numerical example is provided to illustrate the design methods. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fostering Today What is Needed Tomorrow: Investigating Students’ Interest in Science
Authors: BLANKENBURG JANET SUSAN , HÖFFLER TIM NICLAS , PARCHMANN ILKA
Published: December 2015

This paper investigates the structure of German sixth‐grade students’ interest in science (N = 474; age 11–12 years) by considering different subject‐related contexts (biology, chemistry, and physics) and different activities. Confirmatory factor analysis models were designed to validate the hypothetical structure of interest, connecting the whole spectrum of early school science with Holland's RIASEC model, and revealed that students’ interest in science is best described by a cross‐classified model with latent context and activity factors. Students were most interested in investigative and hands‐on activities in all contexts. Despite the young age group, there were significant gender differences with regard to interest in contexts and interest in activities. For example, girls were more interested in artistic and realistic activities among most contexts and generally in the biological context. Surprisingly, boys were more interested in social physics activities than girls.

This paper discusses implications for future research, for school science curricula as well as for how to engage students in science with particular emphasis on gender differences.
Security analysis of online digital goods business based on stochastic game net model
Authors: Lv Junjie , Zhao Chen
Published: December 2015

Digital goods business as a new mode of e‐commerce develops distinct features while it faces new threats. The aim of this paper is to show how a stochastic game nets (SGN) framework can be used to model and analyze digital goods business that is subject to various attacks. We illustrate our work in the following steps. A scenario of digital goods business security is built to identify action procedures of participants in the scene and to investigate the risk factors. Next, the interactive processes in digital goods business scenario is used for designing, establishing, and simulating an extensible graphically SGN model. The developed SGN model provides an efficient environment for defining uncertainties in digital goods business with proposed indicators. The findings of the study show that business security can be improved by using risk management actions, and the overall system costs can be reduced. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An in situ approach to robust superhydrophobic carbon‐based film
Authors: Zhang Renhui , Pu Jibin
Published: December 2015

In this communication, the novel carbon‐based films have been obtained by a facile in situ deposition method controlling the deposition time, which exhibit a significant increase in the surface hydrophobicity. The detailed cause of this phenomenon has been well probed. The results reveal that the increase of the surface roughness and microstructure modification resulting from the etching effect of F ions could be in charge of the increase of the hydrophobicity. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Systemic Principles in the Study of Family Businesses
Authors: de Araujo Tatiane R. P. P. , Bucher‐Maluschke Júlia S. N. F. , Pedroso Janari S.
Published: December 2015

This article presents a systems perspective on administration and psychology in the study of family owned companies. The principles of general systems theory and basic humanistic assumptions of business administration and the theoretical concepts of organizational and work psychology have been addressed. These analyses have been organized into a systematic interdisciplinary methodology to evaluate the environment of family companies and the realities of families involved in the management function. It is clearly evident that there is a pressing need to study viable ways for a joint performance evaluation between psychology and administrative functions that consider the interaction and interdependence between these disciplines. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evolving Nature of Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity
Authors: Jourian T.J.
Published: December 2015

This chapter discusses the historical and evolving terminology, constructs, and ideologies that inform the language used by those who are lesbian, gay, bisexual, and same‐gender loving, who may identify as queer, as well as those who are members of trans* communities from multiple and intersectional perspectives.
Teaching Early Readers to Self‐Monitor and Self‐Correct
Authors: Pratt Sharon M. , Urbanowski Melena
Published: December 2015

Proficient readers self‐monitor and self‐correct to derive meaning from text. This article reviews research on how students learn to self‐monitor and self‐correct and describes a Reciprocal Teaching (RT) instructional routine that was successfully used with early readers to build their metacognitive processes. The RT routine included teacher modeling, guided practice with scaffolding for students to mentor each other, and independent practice in which students applied more than one source to draw inferences for self‐monitoring and self‐correcting. Scaffolding techniques within this process included visuals and teacher prompting to build student confidence in sharing their thought processes aloud with their peers.
Three dimensional compressed sensing for wireless networks‐based multiple node localization in multi‐floor buildings
Authors: Abid Mohamed Amine , Cherkaoui Soumaya
Published: December 2015

In wireless network‐based node localization, the received signals are hampered by complex phenomena, such as shadowing, noise, and multi‐path fading. In this work, the localization is stated as an ill‐posed problem that can be solved by compressed sensing (CS) technique. A three dimensional (3D)‐CS approach using the ratio of received signal strength (R2S2) and the time difference of arrival metrics was proposed to improve the localization accuracy of multiple target nodes in 3D wireless networks, and to reduce deployment complexity and processing time. Simulation and experimental tests were conducted in a large multi‐floors building using the strength of the received signals and the radio map of the localization area. The results indicated that the 3D‐CS approach is reliable for identifying the floor number and estimating the horizontal position. The localization precision is less affected by the propagation medium variation than the conventional 2D‐CS method. The localization mean error is lower when the number of access points increases, and the radio map spacing decreases. In addition, the accuracy of the 3D‐CS approach was assured as well as the building material characteristics, position of access points, and wireless‐terminal real transmission power are unknown. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Idealism beyond Borders
Authors: Davey Eleanor
Published: December 2015

This is a major new account of how modern humanitarian action was shaped by transformations in the French intellectual and political landscape from the 1950s to the 1980s. Eleanor Davey reveals how radical left third-worldism was displaced by the 'sans-frontiériste' movement as the dominant way of approaching suffering in what was then called the third world. Third-worldism regarded these regions as the motor for international revolution, but revolutionary zeal disintegrated as a number of its regimes took on violent and dictatorial forms. Instead, the radical humanitarianism of the 'sans-frontiériste' movement pioneered by Médecins Sans Frontières emerged as an alternative model for international aid. Covering a period of major international upheavals and domestic change in France, Davey demonstrates the importance of memories of the Second World War in political activism and humanitarian action and underlines the powerful legacies of Cold War politics for international affairs since the fall of the Iron Curtain.
Structural DNA Nanotechnology
Authors: Seeman Nadrian C.
Published: December 2015

Written by the founder of the field, this is the first text of its kind, providing a definitive introduction to structural DNA nanotechnology. Readers will learn everything there is to know about the subject from the unique perspective of the leading expert in the field. Topics covered range from origins and history, to design, experimental techniques, DNA nanomechanics devices, computing, and the uses of DNA nanotechnology in organising other materials. Clearly written, and benefiting from over 200 full colour illustrations, readers will find this an accessible and easy to follow text that is essential reading for anyone who wants to enter this rapidly growing field. Ideal for advanced undergraduate and graduate students, as well as researchers in a range of disciplines including nanotechnology, materials science, physics, biology, chemistry, computational science and engineering.
The Rise of the Global Company
Authors: Fitzgerald Robert
Published: December 2015

This is the first full account of how an influential form of commercial organization - the multinational enterprise - drove globalization and contributed to the making of the modern world. Robert Fitzgerald explores the major role of multinational enterprises in the events of world history, from the nineteenth century to the present, revealing how the growth of businesses that operated across borders contributed to an unprecedented worldwide transformation and deepening interdependence between countries. He demonstrates how international businesses shaped the economic development and competitiveness of nations, their politics and sovereignty, and the balance of power in international relations. The Rise of the Global Company uses the lessons of history to question prominent contemporary interpretations of multinationals and their consequences, and offers a truly wide-ranging survey of multinational enterprise, spanning two hundred years and five continents.
Whaling and International Law
Authors: Fitzmaurice Malgosia
Published: December 2015

Whales are regarded as a totemic symbol by some nations and as a natural marine resource by others. This book presents a complex picture of legal problems surrounding the interpretation of the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling and the role of its regulatory body, the International Whaling Commission. Contemporary whaling is about the competing interests of whaling nations (which are in the minority), non-whaling nations (which are in the majority) and indigenous peoples. Whales are covered by many international conventions, which has led to a very fragmented legal situation and does not necessarily ensure that whales are protected. This is one of the paradoxes of the contemporary international legal regime which are explored in this book. The book also examines the contentious issue of the right of indigenous peoples to whaling and questions whether indigenous whaling is very different from commercial practices.
London Lives
Authors: Hitchcock Tim , Shoemaker Robert
Published: December 2015

London Lives is a fascinating new study which exposes, for the first time, the lesser-known experiences of eighteenth-century thieves, paupers, prostitutes and highwaymen. It charts the experiences of hundreds of thousands of Londoners who found themselves submerged in poverty or prosecuted for crime, and surveys their responses to illustrate the extent to which plebeian Londoners influenced the pace and direction of social policy. Calling upon a new body of evidence, the book illuminates the lives of prison escapees, expert manipulators of the poor relief system, celebrity highwaymen, lone mothers and vagrants, revealing how they each played the system to the best of their ability in order to survive in their various circumstances of misfortune. In their acts of desperation, the authors argue that the poor and criminal exercised a profound and effective form of agency that changed the system itself, and shaped the evolution of the modern state.