bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neurons and Neural Networks: Computational Models
Authors: Rotstein Horacio G , Nadim Farzan
Published: December 2013

Neural networks produce electrical activity that is generated by the biophysical properties of the constituent neurons and synapses. Individual neurons produce electrical signals through processes that are highly nonlinear and communicate these signals to one another through synaptic interactions, resulting in emergent network outputs. The output of neural networks underlies behaviours in all higher animals. Mathematical equations can be used to describe the electrical activity of neurons and neural networks and the underlying biophysical properties. These equations give rise to computational models of neurons and networks that can be analysed using mathematical techniques or numerically simulated with computers. This article briefly reviews the current mathematical and computational techniques involved in modelling neurons and neural networks.

Key Concepts:

An action potential is a brief nonlinear rise and fall of the membrane voltage of a cell and is the primary signal used for neural communication.

Excitability is the ability of neurons and other cell types to produce action potentials when the transmembrane voltage crosses a threshold.

The Hodgkin–Huxley model is a mathematical description of how action potentials are generated in neurons and propagate along their axons.

The integrate‐and‐fire neuron is a simplified mathematical model of excitability in neurons, is useful for the ability to do mathematical analysis and is used primarily in network models.

Bifurcation is a mathematical term for a change in the qualitative structure of a dynamical system when a parameter value is changed.

Neural oscillations are repetitive or rhythmic changes in the voltage activity of a neuron or a network of neurons. Neural oscillations may arise in individual neurons or through network synchrony.

Bursting is the ability of some neurons and networks to produce periodic spiking activity followed by an interval of no activity.

A half‐centre oscillator is a network of two neurons that probursting activity out of phase with one another and is a key subnetwork of central pattern generators.
Bacterial Reproduction and Growth
Authors: Scheffers Dirk‐Jan
Published: December 2013

Bacteria growing in a suitable medium increase in number by having each cell increase in size, and then each cell divides to produce two daughter cells. The increase in cell number in a culture is, therefore, a result of the activity of the cell during the division cycle, between the period of birth by division and the subsequent division. There is a close relation between the composition of the growth medium and the bacterial growth rate and
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
replication. The exponential growth of bacteria can be understood from the increase of cellular material, such as
ribonucleic acid
and protein, which, in turn, generate more cellular components. Recent studies have revealed a relation between the cell cycle and the control of initiation of DNA replication, cell division and cell surface synthesis.

Key Concepts:

Bacterial growth rate is a function of the growth conditions.

Fast‐growing rod‐shaped bacterial cells are larger than slow‐growing cells.

A key regulatory event in the bacterial cell cycle is the initiation of DNA replication.

Bacterial cells age over time.

Multiple rounds of chromosome replication can be accommodated within one bacterial cell cycle.

Bacteria use their nutritional state as a cue for the start of cell division.
Porifera (Sponges): Recent Knowledge and New Perspectives
Authors: Renard Emmanuelle , Gazave Eve , Fierro‐Constain Laura , Schenkelaars Quentin , Ereskovsky Alexander , Vacelet Jean , Borchiellini Carole
Published: December 2013

Porifera, commonly named sponges, are true animals or metazoan despite their anatomical and morphological simplicity that had led to a long‐time debate about their nature (animal versus vegetal) and constitution (colonies of unicellular organisms versus multicellular organisms). Sponges are a successful group of mostly marine filter feeder organisms that represent a major life form of several ecosystems. Devoid of organs, the main characteristics of their body plan are the presence of a network of pores (at the origin of their name), choanocyte chambers and canals devoted to water filtration and spicules (when present) allowing tissue physical support. Currently considered as the sister group to all the other animals, these organisms have a key phylogenetic position. Recent studies have shown that they possess an unexpected molecular complexity raising exciting questions about early animal evolution.

Key Concepts:

As adults, sponges are sedentary filter feeder animals.

The water flow is canalised in an aquiferous system composed of pores (ostia), canals and choanocyte chambers.

At present, the number of formally described sponge species is comprised between 8000 and 9000.

Sponges are divided into four clades […] Hexactinellida, Demospongiae, Calcarea and Homoscleromorpha.

As sponges are devoid of organs, their individual cells or cell layers ensure vital functions.

One cell type may have several functions.

In addition to cell plurifunctionality, the functional plasticity of sponges also relies on a high capacity of cell transdifferentiation.

Sponges often use both asexual and sexual reproduction.

Most of key transcription families and main signalling pathways required for eumetazoan development and body patterning are present in sponges.

The recent rising interest for Porifera is expected to lead to a better understanding of animal evolution.
MitochondrialDNA: Fate of the Paternal Mitochondrial Genome
Authors: St. John Justin C
Published: December 2013

The mitochondrial genome encodes key proteins of the electron transfer chain, which generates the vast majority of cellularadenosine triphosphatethrough oxidative phosphorylation. This genome is normally transmitted to subsequent generations through the oocyte and is maternally inherited. Sperm mitochondrialdeoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)is normally eliminated early during embryonic development, but this tends to be species specific. There are several mechanisms that could account for its elimination. The elimination of sperm mitochondrial DNA is essential for the functional integrity of the offspring, as sperm mitochondrial DNA appears to harbour a large number of mitochondrial DNA defects, whereas maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA rearrangements appear to be transmitted at a very low frequency. However, there are an increasing number of assisted reproductive technologies that could lead to the transmission of sperm mitochondrial DNA and this requires significant investigation.

Key Concepts:

Mitochondrial DNA is predominantly maternally inherited.

In some species, there is either leakage or directed transmission of sperm mitochondrial DNA.

Elimination of sperm mitochondrial DNA is essential for maintaining the health of the individual.

It still remains to be determined how sperm mitochondrial DNA is eliminated and whether this is truly a targeted process.

The role of sperm mtDNA requires determination.
Cold Acclimation and Freezing Tolerance in Plants
Authors: Ouellet Francois , Charron Jean‐Benoit
Published: December 2013

The capacity to survive winter conditions varies greatly in the plant kingdom. Cold acclimation is the process leading to the development of freezing tolerance in plants. It is a complex multigenic process that requires a programmed and integrated genetic capacity to activate the appropriate mechanisms needed to withstand harsh winter conditions. Hardy plants have evolved complex mechanisms to tightly regulate gene expression, including events at the transcriptional and post‐transcriptional levels. Hundreds of cold‐induced genes encoding structural and regulatory proteins have been identified. These proteins have been found in many species, but in most cases, they had been first identified in model species. Most of the studies in the field are still performed with the model dicotyledonous plant
Arabidopsis
, but
Brachypodium
distachyon
is emerging as a model for monocotyledonous species.

Key Concepts:

Plants must possess the genetic makeup to develop tolerance to harsh winter conditions.

Low temperature induces the expression of many genes in plants.

The C‐repeat binding factor (CBF) pathway is still the only identified pathway that regulates gene expression at low temperature.

The existence of the CBF components in a species does not ensure the capacity to cold acclimate.

Although microRNAs associated with cold response have been discovered, few have been assigned to specific physiological events in the cold acclimation process.

Few links between the regulation of cold stress response and chromatin dynamics have been identified in plants thus far.

Brachypodium distachyon
is a potential model for the study of cold acclimation.
Molecular Genetics of Saethre–Chotzen Syndrome
Authors: Mathijssen Irene MJ
Published: December 2013

Saethre–Chotzen syndrome is caused by mutations and large deletions in theTWIST1gene. It is a congenital disorder characterised by coronal suture synostosis, upper eyelid ptosis and mild anomalies of the hand and feet, amongst others.TWIST1and other genes that can cause craniosynostosis closely interact during embryogenesis of the vault and in the establishment of the coronal sutures in particular. This involves a delicate process of progressive expansion of the frontal and parietal bones, inhibiting their osteogenic fronts when the cranial bones meet, and starting a balance between proliferation of mesenchymal cells within the sutural area and differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells towards the bony rims to allow expansion of the cranial bones.TWIST1is particularly required for inhibition of the osteogenic fronts from the frontal and parietal bones when they get into close contact. The changes inTWIST1that cause Saethre–Chotzen syndrome result in a loss of function and thus fusion of the bones, taking place at 16 weeks of gestation.

Key Concepts:

Saethre–Chotzen syndrome is caused by mutations and large deletions in theTWIST1gene that result in a loss of function.

Coronal suture synostosis is a consistent feature of Saethre–Chotzen syndrome.

Mutations inFGFR2are another frequent cause for syndromic craniosynostosis with coronal suture synostosis (Apert and Crouzon syndromes). TheFGFR2mutations result in a gain of function.

TWIST1is required for establishment of the coronal sutures during embryogenesis.

TWIST1inhibits the progression of the osteogenic fronts of the expanding frontal and parietal bones during embryogenesis and is mainly expressed by mesenchymal cells in the centre of the developing coronal suture.

TWIST1interacts withMSX2,EPHNA4andEphA4in preventing osteoprogenitor cells from invading the coronal suture.

TWIST1 and TCF12 form heterodimers, whose dosage is critical for normal coronal suture development.

FGFR2is particularly expressed at the osteogenic fronts of the frontal and parietal bones.

FGFR2expression is regulated byTWIST1.
Consent‐in‐Interaction
Authors: Shipman Hannah E
Published: December 2013

Informed consent is the ethical and legal bedrock of much clinical practice and research involving humans. A paradigm of consent focusing on individual autonomy and self‐determination is dominant and underpins much of the empirical work undertaken. Alongside a focus on seeking to ‘improve’ consent within this framework are alternative perspectives, considering consent in the context of human interaction and communication. Such perspectives highlight the roles and relationships of all involved parties and the complexity of the unfolding discourse. They call for a redefinition of what a successful consent encounter is and for a review of understandings of professional practice and persuasion. Though these issues are touched on by other sociological work, discursive studies highlight the achievement of consent as a proceeding interaction and the involvement and influences of all involved, with implications for professional practice.

Key Concepts:

Informed consent has become central to much clinical practice and research involving humans.

There are limitations to addressing the challenges of achieving informed consent in practice from within its own frame of reference.

Sociological work has emphasised the significance of social contexts and processes in how consent proceeds.

Discursive and interactional approaches give further emphasis to the performative and contextual nature of consent interactions, highlighting the roles of all interlocutors.

Professionals involved in seeking consent could use insights from discursive work in selecting communicative strategies that best go on to enable their patients and research participants.
Genetic Variants Involved in Intracellular Mechanisms of Chemoresistance to Anticancer Drugs Due to Changes in the Effect on Their Molecular Targets
Authors: Marin Jose JG , Blazquez Alba G , Serrano Maria A , Briz Oscar , Monte Maria J , Macias Rocio IR
Published: December 2013

Modern anticancer pharmacological treatment is challenged by the important limitation of the refractoriness of many tumours to anticancer drugs. This is due to different combinations of a complex and yet poorly understood variety of mechanisms of chemoresistance, which account for a reduction in the intracellular concentrations of active agents or poor response to their action. The present article focusses on changes in the expression and appearance of the genetic variants affecting genes involved in a weaker activity of the intracellular active agents, which may be accounted for by: (1) changes in the molecular targets of these drugs, either by directly reducing or enhancing the expression of the target or by modifying its ability to respond to the drug; (2) enhanced repair of drug‐induced
deoxyribonucleic acid
damage; and finally, because the activation of apoptosis is a final goal of many pharmacological regimes; (3) the stimulation of antiapoptotic mechanisms and/or the inhibition of proapoptotic ones.

Key Concepts:

Changes in the expression levels of molecular targets strongly determine the efficacy of anticancer drugs.

Chemoresistance may be due to the appearance of genetic variants accounting for changes in the ability of molecular targets to respond to anticancer drugs.

Antitumour drugs, whose mechanism of action is based on DNA damage, are less efficient in tumour cells with enhanced DNA‐repairing activity.

The presence of genetic variants accounting for an impaired function of proapoptotic genes favour tumour chemoresistance.

The presence of genetic variants accounting for a constitutive activation of survival pathways reduces the efficacy of anticancer drugs.
Genetics of Birth Weight
Authors: Timpson Nicholas J
Published: December 2013

Possibly the most ubiquitously measured early life health feature, birth weight is a staple of predelivery consultations and is the perennial statement of the health of the new born. Birth weight as a measurement is simple, fixed in time and recorded with relative stability in comparison to other more labile and less precise measures immediately after birth. However, birth weight can be thought of as a distal snapshot of a collection of complex biological events marking the interplay between endogenous foetal genetics and the in‐uterine experience of the new child. Although birth weight is convenient and often well measured, it imperfectly summarises a swathe of biology along with important markers of the environment in which a new life has developed. This article will consider the genetic contributions to birth weight and how these may help to further our understanding of this naturally complex phenotype.

Key Concepts:

Birth weight as an epidemiological measurement – This article considers the merits and limitations of birth weight as an epidemiological measurement and the implications of using a cross sectional measure to summarise a complex biological event.

Epidemiology of birth weight – This article considers the importance of birth weight as an epidemiological outcome and potential risk factor for later life health.

Genomewide genetics association studies – This article summarises and explains the results of genomewide association studies for birth weight.

Indirect genetic association or gene–environment interaction – This article considers how apparently indirect genetic associations may be operating through gene–environment interaction and how they may be important for the interpretation of genetic effects.

Mendelian randomisation – This article considers applied epidemiological analyses where genetic proxies for hypothetical risk factors are used to deliver improved inference.
Understanding Tumour Metabolic Reprogramming with Metabolomics
Authors: Stirdivant Steven , Milburn Michael , Eckhart Andrea , Beebe Kirk
Published: December 2013

Although cancer is well recognised as a genetic disease, there is an emerging awareness that many of these genetic mutations promote an established hallmark of tumour cells – metabolic reprogramming. And while the connection between oncogenic signalling and the metabolic reprogramming of tumour cells (in hindsight) is highly intuitive, how to expand on this knowledge and capitalise on it for therapeutic gain is yet to be fully actualised. An emerging opportunity to expand this possibility involves taking advantage of the fact that diverse genetic alterations in tumour cells converge to the shared features of metabolic reprogramming. Therefore, these features could offer a common means to target the tumour irrespective of the mutational status. However, in all likelihood, the most selective and efficacious treatments will emerge from combining data to specifically define the genetic and metabolic features of a tumour with modern genomic and metabolomic technologies. Conceptually, genotyping and metabotyping can be combined in an effort to define efficacious first line dual‐targeted combinations. Although there are many practical considerations and challenges to achieve this end, the premise will be described through a number of preclinical examples that begin to offer an illustration of this possibility.

Key Concepts:

Oncogenes and tumour suppressors directly regulate metabolic reprogramming.

Metabolic reprogramming supports tumour energetics, biosynthesis and survival.

Metabolic targets present viable options for therapeutic development.

Global metabolite profiling provides knowledge into tumour signalling pathway dysregulation.

Metabolic reprogramming contributes to therapeutic resistance/sensitivity.

Understanding malignant cell metabolism affords greater insight into optimal drug combination strategies.

Metabolomics combined with genotyping offers an opportunity to advance personalised cancer medicine.
Recent Insights into the Genetics of Plasma Triglycerides and Possible Causal Mechanisms in Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Johansen Christopher T , MacDonald Austin , Hegele Robert A
Published: December 2013

Plasma triglyceride (TG) concentration is an integrated measurement of circulating TG‐rich lipoproteins. The specific lipoprotein fractions and subfractions that contribute to this measurement differ between the fasting and nonfasting states. Although the association between fasting plasma TG concentration and cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been controversial, recent studies of nonfasting plasma TG and related biomarkers have rekindled interest in a possible direct causative relationship. Here, we review current understanding of the phenotypic and genetic spectrum of plasma TG concentrations, focusing on recent evidence from Mendelian randomisation studies that seem to implicate nonfasting TG and remnant cholesterol in CVD susceptibility. The totality of evidence suggests that nonfasting TG concentration, perhaps because of its relationship with remnant cholesterol, is causally associated with CVD outcomes.

Key Concepts:

Susceptibility to clinical hypertriglyceridaemia is determined by a burden of both common and rare variants, on which are superimposed secondary nongenetic factors.

The allelic and phenotypic spectrum of plasma triglyceride (TG) concentrations explains a variety of TG‐related phenotypes and their phenotypic heterogeneity.

Monogenic hypertriglyceridemias are associated with increased pancreatitis risk and result from rare mutations on both alleles of 6 different genes.

Nonfasting plasma TG concentration is closely associated with elevated remnant cholesterol concentrations; this may explain the relationship with cardiovascular risk.

Mendelian randomisation studies appear to implicate a causal relationship between both nonfasting plasma TG, and more recently remnant cholesterol levels as determinants of CVD risk.

The spectrum of genes newly implicated as being involved in plasma triglyceride metabolism has expanded the range of pathways and potential drug targets.
Iterative learning control for robotic manipulators: A bounded‐error algorithm
Authors: Delchev Kamen
Published: December 2013

This paper presents a model‐based nonlinear iterative learning control (NILC) for nonlinear multiple‐input and multiple‐output mechanical systems of robotic manipulators. An algorithm of a new strategy for the NILC implementation is proposed. This algorithm ensures that trajectory‐tracking errors of the proposed NILC, when implemented, are bounded by a given error norm bound. Both standard and bounded‐error learning control laws with feedback controllers attached are considered. The NILC synthesis is based on a dynamic model of a six degrees of freedom robotic manipulator. The dynamic model includes viscous and Coulomb friction and input generalized torques are bounded. With respect to the bounded‐error and standard learning processes applied to a virtual PUMA 560 robot (Unimation, Inc. Danburry, CT, USA), simulation results are presented in order to verify maximal tracking errors, convergence and applicability of the proposed learning control. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
25th Anniversary Article: Polymer–Particle Composites: Phase Stability and Applications in Electrochemical Energy Storage
Authors: Srivastava Samanvaya , Schaefer Jennifer L. , Yang Zichao , Tu Zhengyuan , Archer Lynden A.
Published: December 2013

Polymer–particle composites are used in virtually every field of technology. When the particles approach nanometer dimensions, large interfacial regions are created. In favorable situations, the spatial distribution of these interfaces can be controlled to create new hybrid materials with physical and transport properties inaccessible in their constituents or poorly prepared mixtures. This review surveys progress in the last decade in understanding phase behavior, structure, and properties of nanoparticle‐polymer composites. The review takes a decidedly polymers perspective and explores how physical and chemical approaches may be employed to create hybrids with controlled distribution of particles. Applications are studied in two contexts of contemporary interest: battery electrolytes and electrodes. In the former, the role of dispersed and aggregated particles on ion‐transport is considered. In the latter, the polymer is employed in such small quantities that it has been historically given titles such as binder and carbon precursor that underscore its perceived secondary role. Considering the myriad functions the binder plays in an electrode, it is surprising that highly filled composites have not received more attention. Opportunities in this and related areas are highlighted where recent advances in synthesis and polymer science are inspiring new approaches, and where newcomers to the field could make important contributions.
25th Anniversary Article: Exploring Nanoscaled Matter from Speciation to Phase Diagrams: Metal Phosphide Nanoparticles as a Case of Study
Authors: Carenco Sophie , Portehault David , Boissière Cédric , Mézailles Nicolas , Sanchez Clément
Published: December 2013

The notions of nanoscale “phase speciation” and “phase diagram” are defined and discussed in terms of kinetic and thermodynamic controls, based on the case of metal phosphide nanoparticles. After an overview of the most successful synthetic routes for these exotic nanomaterials, the cases of InP, Ni2P, Ni12P5 and PdxPy are discussed in detail to highlight the relationship between composition, structure, and size at the nanoscale. The influence of morphology is discussed next by comparing the behavior of Cu3P nanophases with those of NixPy, FeP/Fe2P, and CoP/Co2P. Perspectives provide the reader with methodological guidelines for further investigation of nanoscale “phase diagrams”, and their use for optimized synthesis of new functional nanomaterials.
LDA measurements and CFD simulations of an in‐line high shear mixer with ultrafine teeth
Authors: Xu Shuangqing , Cheng Qin , Li Wei , Zhang Jinli
Published: December 2013

Hydrodynamics of a pilot‐scale in‐line high shear mixer (HSM) with double rows of ultrafine rotor and stator teeth, including the velocity profiles and power consumptions, were measured using laser Doppler anemometry and a torque transducer, respectively. Computational fluid dynamics simulations were conducted using the standard k‐ε turbulence model with first‐ and second‐order accuracy and large eddy simulation (LES) with the standard Smagorinsky–Lilly subgrid scale model. Predictive capabilities of the different turbulence models and discretization schemes were assessed based on the experimental data. It is found that the current LES can predict accurately the flow patterns for the strongly rotating and locally anisotropic turbulent flows in the complex in‐line HSM. The results obtained are fundamental to explore potential applications of the in‐line teethed HSMs to intensify chemical reaction processes. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 60: 1143–1155, 2014
The prevalence of pulp stones in historical populations from the middle euphrates valley (Syria)
Authors: Tomczyk Jacek , Komarnitki Julian , Zalewska Marta , Wiśniewska Ewa , Szopiński Kazimierz , Olczyk‐Kowalczyk Dorota
Published: December 2013

There are many reports in the literature concerning pulp stones in contemporary living populations, but there are no descriptions of cases of pulp stones and their prevalence in populations of the past. Here we present a study of pulp stones in a series of archaeologically derived samples from the Middle Euphrates Valley (Syria) obtained from two sites: Terqa and Tell Masaikh. The specimens were assigned to five periods: Early Bronze (2650–2350 BC); Middle Bronze (2200–1700 BC); late Roman (AD 200–400); Islamic (AD 600–1200); and Modern Islamic (AD 1850–1950). A total of 529 teeth representing 117 adult individuals of both sexes were examined. Pulp stones were identified by X‐ray and 10 selected specimens were sectioned for histological study. Pulp stones were found in 99 of 117 individuals (85%) and in 271 of 529 (51%) teeth. Pulp stone prevalence was found to increase with age, for individuals of older age classes have more pulp stones than younger individuals. Intriguingly, the prevalence of single pulp stones was higher among older individuals (36–45, >46), while younger individuals (17–25, 26–35) more often possessed multiple stones. Individuals with moderate to highly advanced dental wear have pulp stones significantly more often than individuals whose tooth wear is limited to invisible or very small facets. Though there is no statistical significance in the prevalence of pulp stones across chronological periods, it appears that a high level of calcium in the diet is accompanied by a greater prevalence of pulp stones. Am J Phys Anthropol 153:103–115, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Chemical Synthesis, 3D Structure, and ASIC Binding Site of the Toxin Mambalgin‐2
Authors: Schroeder Christina I. , Rash Lachlan D. , Vila‐Farrés Xavier , Rosengren K. Johan , Mobli Mehdi , King Glenn F. , Alewood Paul F. , Craik David J. , Durek Thomas
Published: December 2013

Mambalgins are a novel class of snake venom components that exert potent analgesic effects mediated through the inhibition of acid‐sensing ion channels (ASICs). The 57‐residue polypeptide mambalgin‐2 (Ma‐2) was synthesized by using a combination of solid‐phase peptide synthesis and native chemical ligation. The structure of the synthetic toxin, determined using homonuclear NMR, revealed an unusual three‐finger toxin fold reminiscent of functionally unrelated snake toxins. Electrophysiological analysis of Ma‐2 on wild‐type and mutant ASIC1a receptors allowed us to identify α‐helix 5, which borders on the functionally critical acidic pocket of the channel, as a major part of the Ma‐2 binding site. This region is also crucial for the interaction of ASIC1a with the spider toxin PcTx1, thus suggesting that the binding sites for these toxins substantially overlap. This work lays the foundation for structure–activity relationship (SAR) studies and further development of this promising analgesic peptide.
A Pyrene Derivative for Hg2+‐Selective Fluorescent Sensing and Its Application in In Vivo Imaging
Authors: Wang Guang Ke , Mi Qi Li , Zhao Li Yun , Hu Jun Jie , Guo Lin E , Zou Xiao Ju , Liu Bo , Xie Xiao Guang , Zhang Jun Feng , Zhao Qi Hua , Zhou Ying
Published: December 2013

An Hg2+‐selective fluorescent sensor (1) bearing pyrene as a fluorophore was synthesized. A sandwich‐stacking binding mode was formed during the binding process, which increased the excimer fluorescence 22‐fold at 490 nm. Compound 1 was successfully applied in in vivo imaging to trace the enrichment and distribution of mercury in the nervous system, digestive system, and reproductive system of Caenorhabditis elegans, as well as the organs of zebrafish.
Electrical load forecasting by exponential smoothing with covariates
Authors: Göb Rainer , Lurz Kristina , Pievatolo Antonio
Published: December 2013

In the past, studies in short‐term electrical load forecasting have been rather sceptical on the use of meteorological covariates like temperature for short‐term forecasting purposes. The main reasons were time delays in data provision and the poor precision of meteorological forecasts. Both arguments have lost their impact, as new recent studies have shown. We explore the use of meteorological covariates in short‐term load forecasting based on the rather new method of exponential smoothing with covariates (ESCov). The existing ESCov model is refined by including multiple seasonalities. The method is empirically explored in the hourly prediction of the electrical consumption of customers from provinces of an Italian region. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The tort of outrage: Recovery for the intentional infliction of mental distress
Authors: Merrick Robert A.
Published: December 2013

The recognition and development of an independent cause of action with respect to the intentional infliction of emotional distress is discussed. The current state of the law is also presented. In the majority of jurisdictions, an individual can recover for severe emotional distress resulting from extreme and outrageous conduct on the part of the actor.
Cocaine—review of current literature and interface with the law
Authors: Busch Katie A. , Schnoll Sidney H.
Published: December 2013

Cocaine use in the United States has currently reached epidemic proportions. This has resulted in syndromes of intoxication, overdose, and withdrawal, meeting all DMS‐III criteria for a substance that can cause dependence as well as abuse syndromes. This paper reviews the current epidemiology of cocaine, its history and pharmacology with major focus on clinical syndromes. This is followed by a review of the current knowledge of the relationship between cocaine and violence and the forensic‐psychiatric issues surrounding cocaine.
Adolescents' competency to make informed birth control and pregnancy decisions: An interface for psychology and the law
Authors: Carter Patricia I. , St. Lawrence Janet S.
Published: December 2013

This paper explores the interface between psychology and the law as it relates to the informed consent doctrine and adolescents' legal competency to make informed decisions regarding birth control and pregnancy terminations. The complicated developmental, clinical, ethical, and legal issues have stimulated the courts to express their need for empirical evidence on the issue. To date, no such investigation has been reported in the literature. A research strategy is proposed which could address the courts' need for substantive data upon which to base legal decisions regarding adolescents' competency to reach reproductive decisions.
Psychological treatment of pedophiles
Authors: Langevin Ron , Lang Reuben A.
Published: December 2013

The main treatment problem of pedophilia is motivating the offender to change. Reasons for the perpetrator's resistance to therapy and strategies for motivating them to change are discussed. Current assumptions about the etiology of this sexual anomaly are examined. Results from a databank of sex offenders are reviewed to show that it is uncommon for pedophiles to be victims of sexual abuse, including incest, and few need pornography as stimulants. Therapeutic difficulties include the egocentric, egosyntonic, and erotically gratifying nature of pedophilia to the perpetrator, his unwillingness to give up his behavior, his tendency to rationalize his acts, and to see the child as consenting. Group therapy and a variety of clinical imagery procedures with case examples are discussed as ways of overcoming the poor motivational state of pedophiles for treatment.
Drugs in the workplace: A commentary
Authors: Bensinger Peter B.
Published: December 2013

The increasingly serious problem of substance abuse in the workplace is reviewed. New initiatives to deal with this major public health problem in the United States are presented. The concerns of industry regarding alcohol and drug abuse in the workplace are discussed: health and safety, accidents, absenteeism, and medical and insurance costs. Employers' rights and responsibilities in insuring a safe work environment are presented. The development of employee assistance programs sensitive to the medical, legal, and work‐related issues raised by substance abuse in the workplace is reviewed. Specific suggestions for employers concerned with the drug problem in industry are comprehensively discussed.
Sentencing severity with mock jurors: Predictive validity of three variable categories
Authors: Osborne Yvonne Hardaway , Rappaport Neil B.
Published: December 2013

Previous studies have identified three categories of variables which influence decisions of mock jurors: type of crime, defendant characteristics, and personal characteristics of jurors. This study manipulated the following variables towards the ends of assessing their influence on mock jurors' sentencing severity: premeditated vs. unpremeditated murder, black vs. white defendant, low SES vs. high SES defendant. Only defendant SES predicted sentencing severity: low SES defendants were assigned significantly longer sentences than high SES defendants. None of the measures of juror characteristics correlated with sentencing severity. Failure to replicate significant relationships with most of these variables and sentencing severity suggest that results of studies which manipulate only one variable dimension may overestimate the influence of these variable dimensions in mock jurors' decisions.
Microsurgical anatomy of the trigeminal nerve
Authors: Joo Wonil , Yoshioka Fumitaka , Funaki Takeshi , Mizokami Koji , Rhoton Albert L.
Published: December 2013

The objective of this study is to review surgical anatomy of the trigeminal nerve. We also demonstrate some pictures involving the trigeminal nerve and its surrounding connective and neurovascular structures. Ten adult cadaveric heads were studied, using a magnification ranging from 3× to 40×, after perfusion of the arteries and veins with colored latex. The trigeminal nerve is the largest and most complex of the cranial nerves. It serves as a major conduit of sensory input from the face and provides motor innervation to the muscles of mastication. Because of its size and complexity, it is essential to have thorough knowledge of the nerve before diagnoses and treatment of the pathologic processes in the orofacial, temporomandibular, infratemporal, and pterygopalatine areas. The trigeminal nerve is encountered with imaging or surgery of the skull base surgery. Thus, a comprehensive knowledge of the anatomy of the trigeminal nerve is crucial for performing the surgical procedures without significant complication. Clin. Anat. 27:61–88, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Enantioselective Preparation of δ‐Valerolactones with Horse Liver Alcohol Dehydrogenase
Authors: Díaz‐Rodríguez Alba , Iglesias‐Fernández Javier , Rovira Carme , Gotor‐Fernández Vicente
Published: December 2013

Horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase (HLADH) has been found to be a versatile biocatalyst for the desymmetrization of prochiral 3‐arylpentane‐1,5‐diols, based on a two‐step one‐pot oxidation. This procedure has allowed the formation of valuable (S)‐lactones in good to excellent conversions and enantiomeric excess. The catalytic performance of HLADH has been studied using several cofactor regeneration systems and cosolvents, finding great improvements in terms of activity with L‐lactate dehydrogenase, while the stereoselectivity of the process was significantly improved when using tetrahydrofuran. Docking studies has revealed the pattern substitution importance in the selectivity and activity of this oxidative process.
Hexaazatrinaphthylenes with Different Twists
Authors: Choudhary Sunil , Gozalvez Cristian , Higelin Alexander , Krossing Ingo , Melle‐Franco Manuel , Mateo‐Alonso Aurelio
Published: December 2013

A synthetic strategy that allows the induction of twist angles of different sizes in 5,6,11,12,17,18‐hexaazatrinaphthylene (HATNA) chromophores is reported. The different twist angles are accompanied by measurable changes in the emission and electrochemical characteristics of HATNA.
Intense and specialized dendritic localization of the fragile X mental retardation protein in binaural brainstem neurons: A comparative study in the alligator, chicken, gerbil, and human
Authors: Wang Yuan , Sakano Hitomi , Beebe Karisa , Brown Maile R. , de Laat Rian , Bothwell Mark , Kulesza Randy J. , Rubel Edwin W
Published: December 2013

Neuronal dendrites are structurally and functionally dynamic in response to changes in afferent activity. The fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) is an mRNA binding protein that regulates activity‐dependent protein synthesis and morphological dynamics of dendrites. Loss and abnormal expression of FMRP occur in fragile X syndrome (FXS) and some forms of autism spectrum disorders. To provide further understanding of how FMRP signaling regulates dendritic dynamics, we examined dendritic expression and localization of FMRP in the reptilian and avian nucleus laminaris (NL) and its mammalian analogue, the medial superior olive (MSO), in rodents and humans. NL/MSO neurons are specialized for temporal processing of low‐frequency sounds for binaural hearing, which is impaired in FXS. Protein BLAST analyses first demonstrate that the FMRP amino acid sequences in the alligator and chicken are highly similar to human FMRP with identical mRNA‐binding and phosphorylation sites, suggesting that FMRP functions similarly across vertebrates. Immunocytochemistry further reveals that NL/MSO neurons have very high levels of dendritic FMRP in low‐frequency hearing vertebrates including alligator, chicken, gerbil, and human. Remarkably, dendritic FMRP in NL/MSO neurons often accumulates at branch points and enlarged distal tips, loci known to be critical for branch‐specific dendritic arbor dynamics. These observations support an important role for FMRP in regulating dendritic properties of binaural neurons that are essential for low‐frequency sound localization and auditory scene segregation, and support the relevance of studying this regulation in nonhuman vertebrates that use low frequencies in order to further understand human auditory processing disorders. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:2107–2128, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Particle in Cell/Monte Carlo Collision Method for Simulation of RF Glow Discharges: Effect of Super Particle Weighting
Authors: Erden E. , Rafatov I.
Published: December 2013

A parallel Particle in Cell/Monte Carlo Collision (PIC/MCC) numerical code for glow discharge plasma simulations is developed and verified. This method is based on simultaneous solution of the Lorentz equations of motion of super particles, coupled with the Poisson's equation for electric field. Collisions between the particles are modelled by the Monte Carlo method. Proper choice of particle weighting is critically important in order to perform adequate and efficient PIC simulations of plasma. Herein, effects of particle weighting on the simulations of capacitive radio‐frequency argon plasma discharges are studied in details. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Die Herstellung von Leichtgranulaten aus Mauerwerkbruch
Authors: Müller Anette , Schnell Alexander , Rübner Katrin
Published: December 2013

Heterogene und feinkörnige Bauabfälle aus Mauerwerkbruch lassen sich heute nur auf einem sehr geringen Qualitätsniveau verwerten. Um diese Situation zu überwinden, wird deren Verwendung als Ausgangsstoff für die Herstellung von leichten Gesteinskörnungen vorgeschlagen, die ähnlich wie Blähtone und Blähschiefer in einem thermischen Prozess erzeugt werden. Dafür wurde zunächst die grundsätzliche Eignung von Mauerwerkbruch bewertet. Es folgten experimentelle Untersuchungen, in welchen nachgewiesen werden konnte, dass Leichtgranulate mit definierten, einstellbaren Eigenschaften aus Mauerwerkbruch herstellbar sind. Sie sind in ihren Eigenschaften den leichten Gesteinskörnungen aus natürlichen Rohstoffen mindestens ebenbürtig. Die daraus hergestellten, gefügedichten Leichtbetone erzielen durchweg vergleichbare Werte wie die Leichtbetone mit herkömmlichem Blähton. Leichtgranulate aus Mauerwerkbruch stellen ein Produkt dar, dessen Herstellung nahezu ohne Primärrohstoffe auskommt. Das Verfahrensprinzip scheint außerdem prädestiniert für die hochwertige Verwertung auch anderer mineralischer Reststoffe zu sein.

Production of lightweight aggregate from masonry rubble. At present, heterogeneous and fine‐grained masonry rubble can only be recycled at very low quality. To overcome this limitation, the material was employed as feedstock for the production of lightweight aggregates in a thermal process similar to that used in the manufacture of expanded clay and expanded slate. To that end, the fundamental suitability of masonry rubble as a raw material was evaluated. Experiments were carried out which indicated that lightweight granules with defined, modifiable proper‐ties on a par with to those of natural‐material‐ based aggregates could be manufactured from masonry rubble. Structural lightweight concretes produced with these secondary aggregates achieved comparable performance to lightweight concretes produced with conventional expanded clay. Lightweight recycled building material aggregates represent a product that hardly requires any primary resources in its manufacture. In principle, the technique also seems to be well suited for high‐quality recycling of other mineral waste materials.
Developmental expression of the calcium‐activated chloride channels TMEM16A and TMEM16B in the mouse olfactory epithelium
Authors: Maurya Devendra Kumar , Menini Anna
Published: December 2013

Calcium‐activated chloride channels are involved in several physiological processes including olfactory perception. TMEM16A and TMEM16B, members of the transmembrane protein 16 family (TMEM16), are responsible for calcium‐activated chloride currents in several cells. Both are present in the olfactory epithelium of adult mice, but little is known about their expression during embryonic development. Using immunohistochemistry we studied their expression in the mouse olfactory epithelium at various stages of prenatal development from embryonic day (E) 12.5 to E18.5 as well as in postnatal mice. At E12.5, TMEM16A immunoreactivity was present at the apical surface of the entire olfactory epithelium, but from E16.5 became restricted to a region near the transition zone with the respiratory epithelium, where localized at the apical part of supporting cells and in their microvilli. In contrast, TMEM16B immunoreactivity was present at E14.5 at the apical surface of the entire olfactory epithelium, increased in subsequent days, and localized to the cilia of mature olfactory sensory neurons. These data suggest different functional roles for TMEM16A and TMEM16B in the developing as well as in the postnatal olfactory epithelium. The presence of TMEM16A at the apical part and in microvilli of supporting cells is consistent with a role in the regulation of the chloride ionic composition of the mucus covering the apical surface of the olfactory epithelium, whereas the localization of TMEM16B to the cilia of mature olfactory sensory neurons is consistent with a role in olfactory signal transduction. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 74: 657–675, 2014
Granule maturation in mast cells: Histamine in control
Authors: Hallgren Jenny , Gurish Michael F.
Published: December 2013

Mast cells are derived from committed progenitors that originate in the BM. They mature into histochemically distinguishable, metachromatic mast cells containing numerous cytoplasmic secretory granules. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that mast cell granule maturation is very tightly regulated by many factors including different granule components such as proteoglycans. In this issue of the European Journal of Immunology, Nakazawa et al. [Eur. J. Immunol. 2014. 44: 204–214] highlight a role for mast cell derived histamine as another factor critical for mast cell maturation. Using histidine decarboxylase (HDC) deficient mice that are unable to make histamine, they show poorly formed secretory granules and decreased secretory granule protease expression in peritoneal mast cells. Co‐culturing BM‐derived mast cells with fibroblasts normally drives granule maturation, but HDC‐deficient BM‐derived mast cells fail to do so. Exogenously provided histamine partly restores granule differentiation as evidenced by increased tryptase and chymase activity, and this is histamine receptor type H4‐dependent. However, H4‐deficient mice have intact granule formation in peritoneal mast cells, suggesting that when HDC is functional, the intrinsic histamine production is sufficient for most granule maturation processes and H4 is dispensable. This study highlights the role of histamine in the regulation of mast cell maturation, although the cytosolic target remains unknown.
Total Synthesis of (–)‐Isoamericanin A and (+)‐Isoamericanol A
Authors: Pilkington Lisa I. , Barker David
Published: December 2013

The enantioselective total synthesis of the biologically active 1,4‐benzodioxane lignans isoamericanin A (2) and isoamericanol A (3) has been achieved in 11 and 12 steps, respectively. These benzodioxane lignan natural products, and others that contain 9‐hydroxymethyl group, show a wide range of biological properties. The 1,4‐benzodioxane ring was formed by an acid‐catalysed cyclisation, which gave the desired trans isomer exclusively. This method will allow the synthesis of a number of benzodioxane compounds containing a 9‐hydroxymethyl group
Three‐Step One‐Pot Synthesis of 1,4‐Dihydropyrazolo[4,3‐b]indoles Using Copper Catalysis
Authors: Liu Hailong , Zhang Lei , Zhao Fei , Liu Hong
Published: December 2013

A convenient three‐step one‐pot copper‐catalysed method has been developed for the preparation of pyrazolo[4,3‐b]indoles, new indole‐based compounds with potential biological activity. Treatment of various hydrazines, including alkyl hydrazines, with indole‐2‐carbaldehydes generated the corresponding products in moderate to good yields without protection of the indole N‐1 moiety. In addition, LiOH was used as a base in the copper‐catalysed coupling reaction. Microwave heating was used to accelerate the iodination of indoles and the C–N bond formation.