bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Excitonic coupling directly revealed on single chains of polyfluorene by combined force spectroscopy and fluorescence microscopy
Authors: Nakamura Tomonori , Omagari Shun , Liang Xiaobin , Nakajima Ken , Vacha Martin
Published: August 2021

Molecular aggregates were discovered in 1930’s, yet, the forces and excitonic coupling energy associated with the aggregate formation have not been detected so far. We directly measure such force and energy on single chains of the conjugated polymer polyfluorene using atomic force and fluorescence microscopes. The polyfluorene chain is attached on either side to a substrate and an AFM tip, respectively, and mechanically stretched under intense laser irradiation. The force – extension curves show force peaks that are attributed to gradual unfolding of the chain. Upon the irradiation, neighboring conjugated segments interact via excitonic coupling when in contact and experience an attractive force which is detected by the AFM. Analysis of the force curves provides excitonic coupling energy which is of same order as theoretically calculated values for a face-to-face fluorene dimer, and in agreement with the energy obtained from single-chain fluorescence spectra. Apart from contributing an essential piece of knowledge in the field of molecular photophysics, the work demonstrates on molecular scale a novel energy conversion mechanism from light to mechanical energy which could be potentially used, e.g., as a driving mechanism for molecular motors.
Qualitative Analysis of the Implementation of a Hospital Room Service in a Large Metropolitan Hospital: Foundations for Transformation
Authors: Wilkinson Shelley A. , Bell Jack J. , Neaves Bianca , McCray Sally J. , Campbell Katrina
Published: August 2021

Background: Room Service is a hospital meal service model with demonstrated improved nutrition intake, reduced wastage and cost benefits in some settings compared with traditional models. However, uptake across public hospital settings appears low; the underlying reasons require exploration. In 2019, Room Service was introduced in a Queensland Hospital and Health Service site. The aim of this paper is to identify the barriers and enablers to implementing Room Service to provide recommendations for future implementation of this model. Methods: This qualitative descriptive study utilised semi-structured interviews with staff involved in implementation of the Room Service meal delivery model at The Prince Charles Hospital (Queensland, Australia). A purposive sample of project members and key stakeholders were recruited. Interviews explored project experiences from commencement to completion, barriers and enablers to implementation, strategies to overcome challenges and recommendations for implementation at other sites. Interviews were coded to identify themes and sub-themes. Results: Nine participants were interviewed. Key themes with associated sub-themes were (I) Foundations of transformation; (II) Navigating implementation; and (III) Embedding sustainable practices.Conclusions: This study adds rich information to understand factors that support the implementation of a room service model in a large public hospital. Future implementation of room service should not only consider measuring quantifiable outcomes, but also the importance of qualitative descriptive studies surveying project members and key stakeholders to further explore experiences, barriers and enablers to implementation and develop strategies to overcome challenges to assist further sites implement this model.
Phthalate Exposure and Liver Function in US Adolescents: Analyses of NHANES 2007-2016
Authors: Xiang Shiting , Dong Jie , Li Xun , Li Liping , Li Chao
Published: August 2021

Background: Phthalates are non-persistent chemicals with endocrine-disrupting abilities widely used in a variety of consumer products. Evidence for the effects of phthalate exposure on liver function in adolescents is lacking. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between phthalate exposure and changes in liver function indicators.Methods: Data were analyzed from the combined 2007-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Ultimately, a total of 1650 children aged 12-19 years were selected as the samples. Weighted linear regressions were used to explore the association between urinary phthalate metabolites and indicators of liver function. Bayesian kernel machine regressions (BKMR) were used to evaluate the joint effects of phthalate metabolite mixtures on indicators of liver function.Results: Weighted Linear regression models showed that MCOP and MiBP were negatively associated with TBIL (all P FDR < 0.05), MCPP was positively correlated with TBIL (P FDR < 0.05), ΣDEHP, MCOP, and MEP (all P FDR < 0.05) were negatively correlated with ALB, while MCPP was positively correlated with ALB (P FDR < 0.05), and MCOP was negatively correlated with TP (P FDR < 0.05). BKMR analysis showed phthalate metabolite mixtures had significant positive dose response relationships with ALT, AST, GGT, ALP and TBIL, and significant negative dose response relationships with ALB and TP.Conclusions: The implications of these results demonstrate that phthalate exposure may contribute to adverse effects on liver function indicators among U.S. adolescents.
What is the Molecular Basis of Aroma in Biriyanicheera - A Tropical Aromatic Rice Genotype
Authors: M VEERABHADRASWAMY , SINDHUMOLE P , MATHEW DEEPU , SHYLAJA M R , JOSEPH JIJI , AUGUSTINE REHNA , JAMES DONALD
Published: August 2021

The aromatic rice cultivars possess excellent aroma generally when grown in their favourable and specific environments. An early maturing selection from a Kerala aromatic local landrace with short grains, named ‘Biriyanicheera’, when grown in normal tropical conditions was sufficiently fragrant. The present study focused on the analysis of aroma in ‘Biriyanicheera’ rice genotype through molecular methods. The seeds of two aromatic rice varieties viz., Biriyanicheera and Gandhakasala (from Palakkad, Thrissur and Ernakulam districts) along with one non-aromatic rice variety Triveni (control) were used for the study. The BADH2 gene was amplified in all the three rice varieties. Upon sequencing the amplified PCR products of genomic DNA, the mutation in BADH2 gene was detected. The sequencing results of aromatic varieties revealed the presence of 8 base pair mutation in exon 7 in Biriyanicheera and Gandhakasala, whereas this mutation was absent in the non-aromatic variety Triveni. This indicated that aroma production in Biriyanicheera variety is due to similar mutation in BADH2 gene as that of the popular scented rice Basmati.
Meson bunches formed by pulsed laser-induced processes in ultra-dense hydrogen H(0)
Authors: Holmlid Leif
Published: August 2021

Ultra-dense hydrogen H(0) (reviewed in Holmlid and Zeiner-Gundersen, Physica Scripta 2019 ) consists of small strongly bound molecules with interatomic distance of 0.56 pm in spin state s = 1. It is a useful nuclear fuel for energy generation, giving heat above break-even (Holmlid, AIP Advances 2015) in laser-induced processes (Holmlid, Int. J. Hydr. Energy 2021). Nuclear processes in H(0) emit particles in typical meson decay chains with kinetic energy up to 100 MeV. These mesons decay and generate fast muons at up to 500 MeV energy at current densities of several mA cm-2 at 1–2 m distances, which corresponds to 1013 -1014 muons formed per laser pulse. It is shown that the mesons decay in chain processes with well-defined meson time constants in the range 10–60 ns. The time varying signals from H(0) agree well with mesons M in decay chains as A ◊ M ◊ N where N is a signal muon. M may be a charged kaon K± (decay time constant at rest 12.4 ns) or a charged pion π± (decay time constant at rest 26 ns) or a long-lived neutral kaon \({\text{K}}_{L}^{0}\) (decay time constant at rest 51 ns). Ultra-dense protium p(0) gives the same time constants as D(0) but slightly different decay-chains. The meson bunches observed are similar to the meson bunches from nucleon + antinucleon annihilation. The energy gain in the nuclear process is at least 8000, strongly indicating baryon annihilation for which process further evidence is given in other recent publications.
Role of Human Papillomavirus and Its Association With an Indian OSCC Subjects
Authors: Patel Amisha , Gupta Vijaykumar , Shah Sejal
Published: August 2021

Oral Cancer; especially Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) is the eighth most common cancer all over the globe and most common neoplasm in India. Due to the tobacco addiction pattern in Indians specially Guajarati’s are well known for high consumption of tobacco in non-smoking form may have the high-risk for developing oral cancer. Apart of this, Human papilloma virus(HPV) might be one of the cause for developing oral cancer hence, the proposed study was carried out for 50 primary OSCC subjects from January 2018 to October 2018. Tumour specimens were HPV-genotyped by type specific PCR method. Statistical analyses were performed by Fisher’s exact test. The present study identified 4% HPV infection frequency in advanced staged OSCC Indian subset, where One OSCC stage IV patient observed with HPV 16 infection and one OSCC stage III patient with HPV 18. Our finding differs with rest of the population, as the region have high amount of consumption of tobacco. Current study need to be validated in larger sample size to get the clear view for association of HPV with oral cancer.
Impaired dissociation of advantageous and disadvantageous risky choices in adolescents: the role of experience-based learning
Authors: Jepma Marieke , Schaaf Jessica V. , Visser Ingmar , Huizenga Hilde M.
Published: August 2021

Adolescence is characterized by a surge in maladaptive risk-taking behaviors, but whether and how this relates to developmental changes in experience-based learning is largely unknown. In this preregistered study, we addressed this issue using a novel task that allowed us to separate the learning-driven optimization of risky choice behavior over time from overall risk-taking tendencies. Adolescents (12-17 years old) learned to dissociate advantageous from disadvantageous risky choices less well than adults (20-35 years old), and this impairment was stronger in early than mid-late adolescents. Computational modeling revealed that adolescents’ suboptimal performance was largely due to an inefficiency in core learning and choice processes. Specifically, adolescents used a simpler, suboptimal, expectation-updating process and a more stochastic choice policy. In addition, the modeling results suggested that adolescents, but not adults, overvalued the highest rewards. Finally, an exploratory latent-mixture model analysis indicated that a substantial proportion of the participants in each age group did not engage in experience-based learning but used a gambler’s fallacy strategy, stressing the importance of analyzing individual differences. Our results help understand why adolescents tend to make more, and more persistent, maladaptive risky decisions than adults when the values of these decisions have to be learned from experience.
Dynamic Mechanical Properties and Constitutive Model of Selective Laser Melting 316L Stainless Steel at Different Scanning Speeds
Authors: Ge Yongsheng , Lei Jingfa , Liu Tao , Bai Wei
Published: August 2021

A 316L stainless steel material is widely used in the design of impact-resistant structures. Using selective laser melting (SLM) technology to form 316L stainless steel to study its mechanical behavior under dynamic loading is vital to improve the service performance of this product. This study investigates the dynamic compression mechanical properties and the constitutive models of 316L stainless steel specimens formed at different scanning speeds. The quasi-static and dynamic compression mechanical properties of SLM316L stainless steel specimens formed at four scanning speeds were tested using an electro-hydraulic servo experimental system and split Hopkinson pressure bar experimental apparatus. Microstructure observation was used to analyze the differences in the mechanical properties of specimens with different forming parameters. Finally, the modified Johnson-Cook (J-C) constitutive model was established and compared with the experimental data to illustrate the applicability of the modified model in describing the dynamic mechanical properties of SLM316l stainless steel. In dynamic compression mechanics experiments, the results show that SLM316L stainless steel specimens exhibit typical viscoplastic characteristics and significant strain rate strengthening effects. Furthermore, the scanning speed significantly affects the stacking characteristics of SLM-formed specimens, and the yield strength in axial compression decreases with the loss of stacking characteristics. Finally, the modified J-C model can accurately describe the mechanical properties of SLM316l stainless steel. This study can provide a theoretical model and methodological support for the design and development of SLM316l stainless steel.
Large-scale Image Classification with Explainable deep learning scheme
Authors: Wu Bin , Fan Yuhong , Mao Li
Published: August 2021

For the uncertainty and complexity in object decision making and the differences of decision makers ' reliabilities, an object decision making method based on deep learning theory is proposed. However, traditional deep learning approaches optimize the parameters in an "end-to-end" mode by annotating large amounts of data to propagate the errors backwards. The learning method could be considered to be as a "black box", which is weak in explainability. Explainability refers to an algorithm that gives a clear summary of a particular task and connects it to defined principles or principles in the human world. This paper proposes an explainable attention model consisting of channel attention module and spatial attention module. The proposed module derives attention graphs from channel dimension and spatial dimension respectively, then the input features are selectively learned according to the importance of the features. For different channels, the higher the weight, the higher the correlation which required more attention. The main function of spatial attention is to capture the most informative part in the local feature graph, which is a supplement to channel attention. We evaluate our proposed module based on the ImageNet-1K and Cifar-100 respectively. Experimental results show that our algorithm is superior in both accuracy and robustness compared with the state of the arts.
Personalized Simulated HUT as an At-home Prediction Model for Heart Rate Changes in Syncope Patients and At-home, Orthostatic Self-training Efficacy
Authors: Hassan Dahlia , Wehler Dominik , Krones Robert , Ahammer Helmut , Jelinek Herbert F.
Published: August 2021

Head-up tilt (HUT) testing supports the diagnosis of syncope by detecting abnormalities in heart rate and blood pressure changes. Home-based self-training can be of benefit to neurocardiogenic patients if during clinical HUT, heart rate decreases in the early stage of being in an upright position. However, HUT testing is not always possible in the hospital as it is inconvenient and sometimes even risky for patients with cardiac abnormalities as it may trigger a loss of consciousness and arrhythmia. To address this, the current paper introduces a personalized HUT simulation to determine the efficacy of at-home training. To develop the model, Holter ECG recordings were obtained from 28 syncope patients and the simulated output was compared to clinical findings. The model aims to predict heart rate changes associated with the simulated HUT that can indicate efficacy of an at-home program. Heart rate represents a variable of velocity in the model measured in liters per second against gravity. The results show that a decrease in heart rate in early simulated HUT as determined by the model shows a greater than 84% efficiency for syncope patients to benefit from at-home training and allows physicians to recommend home training during an online or telemedicine consultation. Keywords— head-up tilt test, syncope, blood flow, heart rate prediction Clinical Relevance— The cardiovascular model predicts the patient-specific efficacy of at home tilt-training for patients diagnosed with syncope.
Biomarker approach for assessing chronic toxicity of Captan® herbicide using haematological, growth, endocrine and biochemical endpoints in air breathing catfish, Clarias batrachus
Authors: Saha Shubhajit , Mukherjee Dip , Dhara Kishore , Pal Prasenjit , Chukwuka Azubuike Victor , Saha Nimai
Published: August 2021

This study was conducted to determine the sub-lethal toxicity of Captan® on selected hematological (Hb, HCT, MCH) growth (K-factor, HSI, SGR), biochemical (serum glucose, protein), and endocrine parameters (growth hormone, T3 and T4) in Clarias batrachus under chronic exposures. Captan® was administered at predetermined exposure concentrations (0.53 and 1.06 mg/L) and monitored at day 15, 30 and 45 of the experimental periods. The experimental groups showed significantly lower values (p < 0.05) of haemoglobin content, haematocrit, MCH in Captan® exposed fish compared to control. Serum glucose was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in treated fish compared to the control group; reverse was the case for serum protein concentrations (p < 0.05). Assessment of growth parameters revealed significantly higher k-factor and SGR in control fish. HSI was however higher in treated fish which highlights the possibility of liver hypertrophy and hyperplasia of liver cells due to higher exposure and uptake of the herbicide. Endocrine responses (T3 and T4) emerged as the most sensitive biomarker category, depicting modulated responses between sub-chronic exposure at day-15 and chronic responses at day-45. In general, the study findings using these biomarkers indicate that Captan® exposures are capable of inducing stress-specific effects at the biochemical and physiological levels negatively impacting the overall health and longevity of such animals. The use of the IBR index provided a visual and easily comprehensible depiction of toxicity effects and biomarker responses in laboratory exposed fish and we anticipate a greater applicability in biomarker data from the wild which are largely heterogenous.
Carbon and Nitrogen Stable Isotope Abundances and Soil Stoichiometry of Zanthoxylum Planispinum Var. Dintanensis Plantations at Different Ages
Authors: Yu Yanghua , Wu Yingu , Song Yanping , Li Yitong
Published: August 2021

Background and aimsUnderstanding the relationship between carbon, nitrogen and their stable isotope 13C, 15N and soil stoichiometry may assist to reveal the distribution pattern and stability mechanism of nutrient elements in karst ecosystem.MethodsFour plantations of Zanthoxylum planispinum var. dintanensis (5–7, 10–12, 20–22 and 30–32 years) in the karst plateau gorge area of Guizhou Province, China, were selected as the research objects to clarify the variation characteristics and interaction effects of leaf, litter, soil C, N and their isotopes with plantation age, and to explore the relationship between soil stoichiometry and the 13C, 15N of Zanthoxylum planispinum var. dintanensis plantation.Results(1) the 13C in leaf, litter and soil were − 28.04‰±0.59‰, -26.85‰±0.67‰ and − 19.39‰±1.37‰, respectively, correspondingly, the contents of 15N were 2.01‰±0.99‰, 2.91‰±1.32‰ and 3.29‰±0.69‰, respectively. The contents of the 13C and 15N can be rank ordered as soil > litter > leaf; (2) with the increase of plantation age, the soil 13C decreased; the leaf and litter 15N increased first then decreased; the litter 13C and soil 15N did not vary significantly; (3) the litter layer positively correlated to soil 13C, and negatively correlated to 15N; (4) redundancy analysis showed that soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and bacteria/fungi (BAC/FUN) were the dominant factors affecting C and N isotope natural abundances.ConclusionsThis study indicated that the species and acidity of soil microbial can affect the C and N isotope natural abundance.
Study on Initiation and Mechanism of Seepage-induced Slope Failure in Jianghan Plain, Central China
Authors: Zhu Da-Peng , Zhang Jia-Mei-Hui , He Lei
Published: August 2021

The problem of seepage erosion is widespread in occurrence, but is rarely recognized as one of landslide causes. This paper describes and explains one event of slope erosion in Jianghan plain and is focused on the role of seepage erosion. The laboratory test is performed to reconstruct the hydraulic processes leading to slope failure with the application of different hydraulic loads. The observation and measurement reveal that slope alteration experienced three stages under seepage, and hydraulic gradient played a key role during seepage erosion phase. Using these results, a CFD-DEM model is developed to investigate how the seepage-induced soil particle migration would affect the slope evolution. The geotechnical properties control the failure processes and cause a significant change to the toe erosion and loosened zone. Although the instability of slope is mainly attributed to seepage gradient force, the occurrence of seepage erosion affects the failure mode. This work provides new guidance for hydrodynamic landslide prevention.
The relationship between rumination, depression and self-stigma in hazardous drinkers: an exploratory study
Authors: Vilus Bojana , Perich Tania
Published: August 2021

Self-stigma may have an important impact on people living with alcohol use disorders, however, few studies have explored the relationship between rumination and depression on self-stigma for people with hazardous drinking. This study aimed to explore the relationship between rumination, self-stigma and depressive symptomatology for those with hazardous drinking levels and the relationship between these and alcohol use severity. Participants were recruited online between February and May of 2019 through paid advertising on a page created on Facebook by the researcher. Two hundred and one participants completed the online survey questionnaires, with 114 (56.7%) meeting the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) criteria with a score of 8 or above indicating hazardous drinking. Multiple regression analysis found that self-stigma was significant predictor of alcohol severity. Depression was not found to be a significant predictor of self-stigma; however, rumination was a significant predictor of self-stigma, explaining 36.7% of the variance. Although rumination was not a significant predictor of alcohol use severity in this study, it appeared to play an important part in the self-stigma for people engaged in hazardous drinking. More research is needed to determine the mediating factors in this relationship and the impact of these for people with hazardous drinking levels over time.
Age-specific different immune responses due to capabilities of secreting primal immunoglobulins responding to unexperienced antigens
Authors: LEE JANGHO , Cho Kyoungshik , Kook Hyejin , Kang Suman , Lee Yunsung , Lee Jiwon
Published: August 2021

Among numerous studies on COVID-19, we noted that the infection and mortality rates of SARS-CoV-2 increased with age and that fetuses known to be particularly susceptible to infection were better protected despite various mutations. Hence, we established the hypothesis that a new immune system exists that forms before birth and decreases with aging. To prove this, we analyzed the components from early pregnancy fetal stem cells cultivated in various ex-vivo culture conditions simulating the environment during pregnancy. Resultingly, we confirmed that IgM, a natural antibody produced only in early B-1 cells, immunoglobulins including IgG3, which has a wide range of antigen-binding capacity and affinity, complement proteins, and antiviral proteins are induced. Our results suggest that fetal stem cells can form an independent immune system responding to unlearned antigens as a self-defense mechanism before establishing mature immune systems. Moreover, we propose the possibility of new solutions to cope with various infectious diseases based on the factors therein.
Microscopic theory of ionic motion in crystals
Authors: Rodin Aleksandr , Noori Keian , Carvalho Alexandra , Neto Antonio Castro
Published: August 2021

The drive towards an electricity based economy and emerging green technologies has resulted in a tremendous push to create safer and more efficient energy storage devices.1–3 The development of solid-state batteries is a major effort in this direction4,5. Unlike the case of a traditional electrochemical apparatus, in solid-state batteries ions move through a solid crystalline electrolyte. Ionic motion is thus intimately linked to the condensed matter description of the system – that is, the periodic electronic and ionic properties of the crystal - and is not adequately described by the existing electrochemical tenet. In the present article, we propose a microscopic, first-principles, description of the ionic conduction in crystals. This allows us to understand the ideal characteristics of materials for ionic conduction in general, and for solid-electrolyte applications in particular. Using ab initio calculations, we show that our formalism results in ionic mobilities consistent with experiments for several materials. Our work opens the possibility for the development of solid electrolytes based on fundamental physical principles rather than empirical descriptions of the underlying processes.
Quantifying the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cancer screenings and diagnoses
Authors: Carroll Rachel , Duea Stephanie , Prentice Christopher
Published: August 2021

COVID-19 impacted hospital systems across the globe. Focus shifted to responding to increased healthcare demand while mitigating COVID-19 spread on their campuses. Mitigation efforts limited medical professional-patient interactions, including patient access to preventive cancer screenings. This study tested five hypotheses: H1: Cancer screenings significantly decreased during North Carolina’s (NC) Stay-At-Home (SAH) orders; H2: Cancer diagnoses significantly decreased during NC’s SAH orders; H3: Cancer screenings significantly increased after the end of NC’s SAH orders; H4: Cancer diagnoses significantly increased after the end of NC’s SAH orders; and H5: Advanced cancer diagnoses significantly increased after the end of NC’s stay-at-home orders. Time series regression analysis was employed to quantify trends. Results suggested strong support of H1 and H3, moderate support of H4, mixed support of H5, and no support of H2. Implications of employing robust statistical methods to quantify trends in screenings or diagnoses during periods of health system disruption are discussed.
Cinnamomum cassia essential oil and (E)-cinnamaldehyde as control agents of anthracnose on common bean seeds
Authors: Pereira Fernanda Aparecida Castro , Silva Geraldo Humberto , de Souza Elaine Aparecida , de Oliveira Denilson Ferreira , Macedo Willian Rodrigues , Silva Adriene Aparecida
Published: August 2021

Among the fungi that cause damage to the common bean and are disseminated by the seeds, Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (Sacc. e Magn.) Briosi e Cavara stands out. This fungus causes anthracnose in common bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Use of natural compounds is a viable and safer option than chemicals to manage this disease. Essential oils have shown antifungal potential against phytopathogenic fungi. According to the results of the in vitro test, we observed complete inhibition of the growth of C. lindemuthianum with the use of cassia cinnamon essential oil ( Cinnamomum cassia ) (EO) and its major component ( E )-Cinnamaldehyde, presenting MIC of 125 µg/mL, while the commercial fungicide presented MIC of 30.6 µg/mL. And in vivo , where seeds naturally infected with C. lindemuthianum were treated with the EO and the substance in a solution with commercial soybean oil, we observed that the treatments did not affect germination and initial seed vigor. In addition, the seed treatment with solutions formulated from EO and ( E )-cinnamaldehyde was efficient for reducing the incidence of anthracnose over the days evaluated, as well as for the commercial fungicide used (methyl thiophanate). This is the first study to demonstrate the efficacy of C. cassia oil and (E)-cinnamaldehyde in the control of C. lindemuthianum through the treatment of common bean seeds.
Analytical Study of Early Kick Detection and Well Control Considerations for Casing while Drilling Technology
Authors: Azab M
Published: August 2021

Recently, casing while drilling (CwD) technology has been employed to reduce drilling time and expenses. These intelligent drilling technique improved wellbore stability, fracture gradient, and formation damage while reducing exposure time but when a well control issue arises, the differences in wellbore geometries and related volumes compared to regular conventional drilling procedures necessitate a distinct strategy. In this paper, the essential well control parameters were provided for casing while drilling operations, presents simplified method that has been developed to evaluate the maximum kick tolerance (KT) for both conventional and casing while drilling techniques using a mathematical derivation, the narrow annular clearance, in contrast to drilling with a conventional drill string would impair kick detection and handling operations. Furthermore, the large disparity in kick tolerances should be carefully evaluated in order to avoid lost circulation/kick cycles as well as examine and evaluate technical approaches to early kick detection (EKD) studying how they relate to safety, efficiency, and reliability in a variety of common casing while drilling operations. According to preliminary findings, by utilizing casing while drilling technology and compared to identical well was drilled conventionally using drill pipe, the annulus pressure loss (APL) is average 3 times of the conventional drilling technique. Furthermore, kick tolerance is reduced by 50% and maximum allowable well shut-in time reduced by 65% necessitating early kick detection.
‘This might be advertising’
Authors: Lampert Claudia , Schulze Anne , Dreyer Stephan
Published: August 2021

Advertising is ubiquitous in children's everyday life – and on the Internet. The manifestations of online advertising are not only diverse but also very dynamic, increasingly personalised and therefore challenging for young online users in multiple respects. From the perspectives of both law and media education, the central question arises whether children are able to identify online advertising as such and to understand its intention. A basic understanding of advertising and reliable labelling of advertising material is seen as fundamental requirements for children to identify advertising as such and to be able to handle it appropriately and competently. Concerning the question of advertising literacy, we present findings of an interdisciplinary study in which we investigate the concept of online advertising of primary school age and how they deal with advertising online. The results show how challenging online advertising is for children and at which points they have difficulties in transferring their concept of advertising to online content. Against the background of the study, we discuss the idea of advertising literacy and the methodological challenges about current and future forms of online advertising and persuasive messages.
Coverage of the primary education development in 1941–1943 by local press of the Military Command Zone
Authors: Olitskyi V.O.
Published: August 2021

The aim of the study is to reveal the coverage of forming and developing of primary education in the zone of military command by the local press. The methodology is based on the use of general scientific and special-historical research methods, including problem and chronological, comparative-historical, typological, etc. Scientific novelty. For the first time in modern Ukrainian historiography, the local press of the military command zone of the Nazi occupation period became the object of study with the focus on primary education. The classification of local press publications on establishing and developing primary education in the military command zone was proposed. Conclusions. Materials of the local press are an important source for researching the restoration and development of primary education in the zone of military command. Functioning the local newspapers was due to the support of the occupying power, the press was seen as one of the elements of propaganda. This affected the content of periodicals and the way of presenting information. Due to a number of reasons, including low circulation and delivery problems, propaganda through local periodicals had certain effect only in some regions. A number of newspaper publications revealed the peculiarities of everyday life in the occupied territories, including the re-establishment and development of primary education. Such materials can be divided into several groups: coverage of organizing and features of the educational process; statistic al data, didactic materials; characteristic s of pedagogical staff and their professional development. They were the least exposed to propaganda, their authors were mostly members of local authorities. Publications on primary education concerned the administrative units where newspapers were published, and they did not contain general materials. Some of the publications dealt with specific tasks related to restoring and developing educational institutions, the educational process and the results of their implementation. There is a significant segment of material of the critical nature, mainly in relation to teachers: their appearance, behavior, teaching methods. Such notes were mostly impersonal, while praising information was always personal. Articles on the educational process were more influenced by propaganda and were placed on the front pages.
Territorial claims of Armenia to the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic in 1918-1920
Authors: Ganbarova S.
Published: August 2021

On May 28, 1918, the first democratic parliamentary republic in the Muslim East was proclaimed – the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (ADR), which from the first days of its existence relied on the principles of democracy and equality of people , granting all citizens of the country the same rights, and eliminated racial, national, religious, and social inequality. ADR sought to establish good-neighborly relations with all states of the region. However, in order to enforce its territorial claims to Azerbaijan, Armenia further expanded the boundaries of the massacres of the local population in the territories of Karabakh, Zangezur, Nakhchivan, etc. The article provides detailed information about Armenia’s groundless territorial claims to Azerbaijan in 1918-1920.
Hydrodynamics of spin currents
Authors: Gallegos Angel Domingo , Gürsoy Umut , Yarom Amos
Published: August 2021

We study relativistic hydrodynamics in the presence of a non
vanishing spin potential. Using a variety of techniques we carry out an
exhaustive analysis, and identify the constitutive relations for the
stress tensor and spin current in such a setup, allowing us to write the
hydrodynamic equations of motion to second order in derivatives. We then
solve the equations of motion in a certain dynamical spin limit and in a
perturbative setup and find surprisingly good agreement with
measurements of global \LambdaΛ-hyperon
polarization carried out at RHIC.
Large broad-leaved canopy of banana (Musa nana Lour.) induces dramatically high spatial–temporal variability of throughfall
Authors: Zhang Wanjun , Zhu Xiai , Chen Chunfeng , Zeng Huanhuan , Jiang Xiaojin , Wu Junen , Zou Xin , Yang Bin , Liu Wenjie
Published: August 2021

Throughfall (TF) is an important water input of rainfall redistribution into floor, and its spatial–temporal variability under some species' canopies has been documented to evaluate effect on splash erosion. However, the understanding of TF variability under large broad-leaved canopy remains insufficient. In this study, the spatial heterogeneity, temporal stability and drop size of TF were quantified using variogram fitting, normalised ranking and filter paper staining, respectively, under banana (Musa nana Lour.) canopy comprising long and wide leaves. Results indicated TF pattern showed strong spatial correlation at a range of 3–5 m. High spatial variability of TF was found, which was affected by rainfall event size and was accompanied by great canopy disturbance. TF plots revealed high time variability, which was mainly controlled by unstable banana canopy structure. TF drop size from leaf dripping points varied in 3–10 mm and showed significant differences (p < 0.05) among five kinds of leaf shapes, implying that concave and broken banana leaves were involved in the variability of TF drop size. Overall, results demonstrate the spatial–temporal variability of TF is dramatically induced by banana canopy with broad leaves, which may result in non-uniform soil water content and splash erosion under the canopy.
Numerical and experimental study on solute transport through physical aquifer model
Authors: Mayank Muskan , Sharma Pramod Kumar
Published: August 2021

Environmental concerns have drawn much research interest in solute transport through porous media. Thus, contaminants of groundwater permeate through pores in the ground, and adsorption attenuates the pollution concentration as the pollutants adhere to the solid surface. Mathematical models based on certain simplifying assumptions have been used to predict solute transport. The transport of solutes in porous media is governed by a partial differential equation known as the advection-dispersion equation. In this study, a two-dimensional numerical model has been developed for solute transport through porous media. Results of spatial moments have been predicted and analysed in the presence of both constant and time-dependent dispersion coefficients. Afterward, a numerical model is used to simulate experimentally observed breakthrough curves for both conservative and non-conservative solutes. Thus, transport parameters are estimated through numerical simulation of observed breakthrough curves. Finally, this model gives the best simulation of observed breakthrough curves, and it can also be used in the field scale.
Insight into the comparison of thermally and Fe(II) activated persulfate on sludge dewaterability and disintegration
Authors: Guo Shaodong , Zhou Long , Huang Yuxin , Huang Xinghu
Published: August 2021

The effects of thermally and Fe(II) activated potassium persulfate (PPS) on sludge dewatering performance were compared systematically. Sludge dewaterability was monitored by measuring capillary suction time (CST) and sludge specific resistance to filtration (SRF), and the degradation effect was characterized by chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon (TOC), ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N) and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). The change of extracellular polymer substance (EPS) including soluble, loosely bound and tightly bound EPS (S-EPS, LB-EPS and TB-EPS) with time and PPS dosage was monitored to discuss the oxidation efficiency of thermally and Fe(II) activated PPS. Sludge supernatant was analyzed by three-dimensional fluorescence excitation–emission spectra (3D-EEM) to confirm the protein transformation. The result showed that sludge dewaterability in terms of CST and SRF were enhanced with increasing PPS dosage and condition time of two activated methods. While Fe(II) activated PPS could reduce sludge CST and SRF to preferred values at low PPS dosage and short condition time. Meanwhile, sludge degradation effect was also more obvious. Mechanically, sludge TB-EPS in proteins and polysaccharides converted to SB-EPS was faster with Fe(II) activated PPS. In addition, thermally activated PPS tended to oxidize the protein in the supernatant first.
Whole cell microalgal-cyanobacterial array biosensor for monitoring Cd, Cr and Zn in aquatic systems
Authors: Rathnayake I. V. N. , Munagamage Thilini , Pathirathne A. , Megharaj Mallavarapu
Published: August 2021

Bioavailable content of metals in aquatic systems has become critical in assessing the toxic effect of metals accumulating in the environment. Considering the need for rapid measurements, an optical microalgal-cyanobacterial array biosensor was developed using two strains of microalgae, Mesotaenium sp. and a strain of cyanobacteria Synechococcus sp. to detect Cd2+, Cr6+ and Zn2+ in aquatic systems. Microalgal and cyanobacterial cells were immobilized in a 96-well microplate using sol-gel method using silica. Optimum operational conditions for the biosensor array such as exposure time, storage stability, pH, and multiple metal effect were tested. A 10 min exposure time yielded optimum fluorescence values. Metal toxicity increased with decreasing pH, resulting in low relative fluorescence (%) and decreased with increasing pH, resulting in higher relative fluorescence (%). The optimum storage time for biosensor strains were 4 weeks for microalgal cultures and 8 weeks for cyanobacterial culture, at 4 °C storage temperature. The metal mixtures showed less effect on the inhibition of relative fluorescence (%) of microalgal/cyanobacterial cultures, displaying an antagonistic behavior among the metals tested. As a single unit, this photosynthetic array biosensor will be a valuable tool in detecting multi-metals in aquatic systems.
The Role of Education and Schools in Crime Prevention among Child Offenders in Malaysia: Moving forward
Authors: Ahmad Nadzriah , Hamid Abdul Ghafur , Wok Saodah
Published: August 2021

Children subjected to suspensions and expulsions from schools are often more susceptible to truancy and anti-social behaviour. Therefore, the objectives of this paper are (a) to examine the adequacy of the existing legal framework in providing effective crime prevention measures in schools and whether the laws are meeting the international legal framework; and (b) to propose viable crime prevention measures that help address the disciplinary problems in schools. A qualitative study is undertaken to meet these objectives, and the findings from this study can help schools develop more holistic measures in addressing disciplinary cases of children in schools.
Keywords: disciplinary cases; punishments, restorative justice; juvenile justice system.
eISSN: 2398-4287 © 2021. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia.
DOI:
Reconstruction of Anthropogenic Land-Cover Change for Middle America, 1500 CE
Authors:   Department of Geography and Anthropology, Louisiana State University, 227 Howe-Russell-Kniffen Geoscience Complex, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA, Sluyter Andrew
Published: August 2021

This project demonstrates how to use existing syntheses of many decades of historical social science research to produce empirically derived land-use maps in a GIS for large regions for a specific target year at a resolution appropriate to the calibration of existing anthropogenic land-cover change (ALCC) models. Disagreement among the outputs of various ALCC models results from differing estimates of population and assumptions about how much food a given population requires and the productivity per unit area of various types of cropping systems. The resulting ALCC model output of the spatial distribution of land uses at a given time becomes input for climate models, which thereby incorporate those uncertainties. To address the issue at a global scale, the LandCover6k working group of PAGES (Past Global Changes), has undertaken an international effort to empirically calibrate the HYDE ALCC model. This report on a contribution to that effort employs empirical data from previously published scholarship in geography, anthropology, and archaeology on the land use of Middle America centered on a target year of 1500 CE. Maps from those sources were digitized and georeferenced in a GIS (Geographic Information System) and used to digitize polygons in which each category of land use is known to have occurred during late precolonial and early colonial times, centered on the target year. The land-use typology used was agreed on at the first, 2015 LandCover6k meeting and includes five top-level categories: Pastoral; Urban and Extractive; Hunting, Fishing, and Gathering; No land Use; and Agriculture. This project further includes a dozen Agricultural subcategories specifically appropriate to Middle America in 1500 CE: agroforestry; orchards and orchard gardens; shifting cultivation; short-fallow cultivation; sloping-field terraces; bench terraces; cross-channel terraces; subsurface irrigation; floodwater irrigation; canal irrigation; recessional cultivation; and intensive wetland fields. The results are presented and discussed as sixteen GIS screenshots.
About Cryptic Acrocentric Pericentromeric Abnormalities in Infertile
Authors:   Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Institute of Human Genetics, Am Klinikum 1, D-07747 Jena, Germany, Tsan Seria , Kankel Stefanie ,   Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Institute of Human Genetics, Am Klinikum 1, D-07747 Jena, Germany, Padutsch Niklas ,   Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Institute of Human Genetics, Am Klinikum 1, D-07747 Jena, Germany, Person Luisa ,   Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Institute of Human Genetics, Am Klinikum 1, D-07747 Jena, Germany, Ziegler Monika ,   Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Institute of Human Genetics, Am Klinikum 1, D-07747 Jena, Germany, Al-Rikabi Ahmed ,   Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Institute of Human Genetics, Am Klinikum 1, D-07747 Jena, Germany, Weise Anja ,   Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Institute of Human Genetics, Am Klinikum 1, D-07747 Jena, Germany, Mrasek Kristin ,   Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Institute of Human Genetics, Am Klinikum 1, D-07747 Jena, Germany, Liehr Thomas ,   Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Institute of Human Genetics, Am Klinikum 1, D-07747 Jena, Germany
Published: August 2021

Cryptic balanced chromosomal aberrations can be an underlying cause of infertility. In 2003 Cockwell and coworkers highlighted the relevance of euchromatic pericentric regions of acrocentric chromosomes that may be a yet ignored genomic region hosting cryptic rearrangements. Here we offer the first follow-up study to further explore this idea. Two specific molecular cytogenetic probe sets were established to elucidate such cryptic rearrangements together with chromosomal heteromorphisms of acrocentric centromeres. In 28 infertile couples and 20 controls, the rate of centromeric heteromorphisms was almost comparable in both groups and one heteromorphism was noted in ~30% of the cases, and two heteromorphisms in ~15% and three heteromorphisms 5%. However, none of the studied groups revealed any cryptic euchromatic pericentromeric abnormalities of the acrocentrics. Nonetheless, in parallel an infertile case with an inv(13)(p12q12.1?2) was uncovered, being not part of the systematically studied group of infertile. As unbalanced products of meiosis with such or similar karyotypes can potentially contribute to abortions, the existence of rare, cryptic pericentromeric euchromatic abnormalities in the acrocentrics thus needs to be still expected in banding cytogenetic diagnostics. Accordingly, this study reflected that suspicious acrocentric short arms in infertile need special attention and further characterization by fluorescence in situ hybridization.