bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Designing Healthier Built Environments
Authors: Gullón Pedro , Lovasi Gina S.
Published: April 2018

The “built environment” is comprised of human-made structures and systems, and aspects include access to and attractiveness of walkable destinations (e.g., retail stores, parks) and community design features (e.g., street connectivity, sidewalk access). A variety of built environment characteristics can influence health outcomes and behaviors, including physical activity, obesity, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and mental health, as well as sleep and use of tobacco and alcohol. This chapter discusses the large and complex accumulated research on the built environment as well as the methods used to study it, research challenges, policy implication, and how to bring together partnerships for policy change. This chapter also discusses the research conducted across populations (e.g., children, low-income individuals) and geographies (e.g., urban and rural geographies).
Introduction
Authors: Gow James , Wilkinson Benedict
Published: April 2018

Freedman is a figure of significant distinction; who has had real world influence, yet whose theoretical depth and development has been largely overlooked. Is there anything distinctive in Freedman’s approach, or even the roots of a school of thought? How can we make sense of the extensive and diverse record, and can we bring coherence to it? Is there a common thread running through it? How far does it have theoretical weight? Is there something more than chance and personality involved? How can we make sense of this record of conducting and supporting research that makes a difference in a way that also suggests coherence and a scholarly identity? Has a distinctive working method – a school of thought – emerged around ‘war studies’, without actually being given a name, under the leading influence of Freedman for thirty years? This is the challenge outlined in this chapter and the volume it introduces.
‘Realism as an Unsentimental Intellectual Temper’
Authors: Berdal Mats
Published: April 2018

The post-Cold War era witnessed a growing tendency to justify the use and the threat of use of military force in international relations on humanitarian grounds. Freedman’s writing on the use of armed force in pursuit of humanitarian goals and his contribution to the field are explored in this chapter. He rejects the traditional dichotomies in International Relations scholarship between Realism and Idealism. Freedman’s work on ‘New Interventionism’, with the Chicago Speech contribution at its core, suggests that it is unhelpful to delineate sharply different existing schools of thought, or paradigms. Freedman draws a distinction between ‘realism as an unsentimental temper’ and realism as a ‘theoretical construction.’ Liberal values are important for Freedman and their universality is to be asserted, but that does not mean being naively oblivious to dangers and difficulties inherent in seeking to promote them as standards against which Western governments should be judged.
Essence of Indecision
Authors: Michaels Jeffrey H.
Published: April 2018

Informed and inspired by Freedman’s examination of the Kennedy administration in Kennedy’s Wars and his introduction of the ‘strategic scripts’ concept, this chapter analyzes Washington’s role in the 1963 military coup that deposed Ngo Dinh Diem as President of South Vietnam and saw him and his brother murdered the following day. The US role was, at best, indirect because of Kennedy’s indecision, but although Kennedy did not choose to overthrow Diem, his ambivalence produced the same outcome. While Washington had discussed the possibility of a coup, there was no thought that Diem would be killed. There was an assumption and contingency planning to fly Diem into exile, if the coup happened. There was no script for the situation that actually emerged. This gave rise to a script, which US policy makers have used ever since to deter discussion about overthrowing friendly governments whose leadership is viewed as problematic.
The Church of England, Sources of Identity, and Theological Distinctives
Authors: Collier Jay T.
Published: April 2018

This chapter discusses the influence of the early church and the consensus of the Reformed churches upon the identity of the Church of England. It shows that these two sources of identity have been set against each other in modern scholarship rather than investigated to see how they interacted. This chapter first notes the perseverance of the saints as the most distinctive doctrine for the Reformed tradition and how Augustine was esteemed as the preeminent church father. Then the chapter proposes to survey several debates involving competing readings of Augustine on perseverance in order to see what contributions they make to the discussion on the identity of the Church of England.
New Beginnings
Authors: d'Hubert Thibaut
Published: April 2018

Chapter 3 looks at Ālāol’s early literary career and the evolution of his concerns and style during a period that stretches over ten years, between 1651 and 1661. It is the occasion to highlight connections between themes treated in his poems and contemporary events that marked the end of the Golden Age of Arakan. To keep track of his aesthetic and poetic choices, I translate and analyze short lyric poems inserted in his otherwise narrative texts. This allows us to follow the themes and stylistic features that characterize each period of his literary career to offer both textual and contextual motivations to interpret the orientation of his oeuvre. The overarching argument that ties together Chapters 3 and 4 lies in the shift from lyricism and cultural polyphony to didacticism and the exclusive recourse to Persian literary models.
Challenges and Opposition in the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Freer Courtney
Published: April 2018

This chapter tracks the role of Brotherhood affiliates after the so-called Arab Spring, with the aim of understanding how they function in the present day and how they were affected by the developments of 2011–2012, as well as the fall of the Muhammad Mursi government in Egypt. It shows the resilience and flexibility of rentier Islamists, in particular as political conditions have changed. As the regimes of the super-rentiers have limited the institutional involvement of the Brotherhood, either through co-optation or crackdown, the Brotherhood remained an influential cultural force for its appeal within conservative societies whose governments were becoming increasingly modern and Western-leaning.
Outsourcing Social Welfare
Authors: Germano Roy
Published: April 2018

What does it mean to say that austerity has caused the burden for providing social welfare to shift from governments to international migrants? This chapter reports findings from fieldwork I conducted in Mexican communities with high rates of emigration to the United States. I explore how many agrarian communities used remittances to cope with economic shocks associated with Mexico’s transition to a market-oriented economy in the 1990s. I argue that austerity caused the welfare burden to shift increasingly from the state to transnational families, and that counting on emigrants to send money home became Mexico’s de facto social policy in the rural areas.
The Humanities and Sciences Are Different
Authors: Foley Richard
Published: April 2018

This chapter argues that inquiries in the sciences and humanities have different aims and the values informing these inquiries are also different. It maintains, in particular, that there are four major differences: (1) the sciences value findings that are not limited to particular locations, times, or things, but in the humanities universal generalizations aren’t so valued, nor should they be; (2) the sciences treasure findings that are as independent as possible of the perspectives of those conducting the inquiry, whereas this is not in general appropriate in the humanities; (3) the sciences aim to be wholly descriptive, but the humanities are also often concerned with prescriptive claims, which give expression to values; and (4) the sciences are organized around the importance of increasing the stock of collective knowledge, whereas in the humanities individual insight is highly valued for its own sake, independently of its ability to generate consensus.
Secondary Differences
Authors: Foley Richard
Published: April 2018

This chapter argues that inquiries in the sciences ideally move toward an endpoint, a definitive account that is accurate and complete, and on which there is consensus, whereas issues in the humanities are open-ended, with major new insights and revisions always to be expected. While progress in the sciences is movement toward an agreed-upon endpoint, progress in the humanities is toward greater precision, breadth, and coherence, with individual progress highly prized even when it does not lead to consensus. The chapter also argues there are other differences. While the sciences tend to rely on deference to expert authority and to value simple theories, the humanities are more wary of deference and simplicity. The methods of the sciences, which minimize indexicality and perspectivality, and place value on discoveries of conscious phenomena derived from information not steeped in mentality, are not well suited to produce insights about the variety of human experience, whereas the humanities make use of considerations heavily inflected with mentality and hence are better able to produce insights about human experiences and perspectives.
Korematsu’s Chameleonic Deployment
Authors: Yamamoto Eric K.
Published: April 2018

This chapter depicts Korematsu’s uncertain legal and political status. It starts with a capsule of 9/11 security measures and charges of excess and abuse. It also surfaces a hidden piece of liberty and security controversies—the philosophy of the noble (or ignoble) lie that enables some officials, ostensibly in good conscience, to dissemble to the courts and public on security matters in justifying what might be otherwise unjustifiable. With this backdrop, the chapter explores clashing contemporary usages of Korematsu. It charts the case’s “Chameleonic Deployment,” starting with policymakers’ volatile rhetoric and reliance upon Korematsu to legitimate sweeping Muslim exclusion and segregation proposals. Then the chapter canvasses Cold War cases citing Korematsu as standing precedent and cases after the Gulf War and into the Obama era clearly relying on Korematsu but without explicit citation. The chapter closes with a recitation of judges’ characterizing Korematsu as a stinging cautionary tale.
Epilogue: How to Listen to Bach
Authors: Melamed Daniel R.
Published: April 2018

There is, of course, no one way to listen to Bach. People listen in every conceivable manner, and there is no basis for saying that one way is better than any other. But there are ways of listening to Bach that might not have occurred to you, including those that take eighteenth-century musical sensibilities into account or that recognize the consequences of our place as listeners in the twenty-first century and as inheritors of a long performing tradition. The aim of this book has been to suggest and encourage those ways of listening....
Revitalizing the Concept of Military Necessity
Authors: Beer Yishai
Published: April 2018

This chapter revisits the in bello necessity principle. It challenges the current dichotomy between the two pillars—mistakenly assumed to be polar opposites—of the law of armed conflict: necessity and humanity. It embraces the idea that a well-trained military has an inherent interest in enhancing its operational effectiveness and constraining unnecessary brutality. The exercise of brute force by militaries, though common, reflects professional incompetency. The prevailing law of armed conflict, generally ignores the constraining effect of the necessity principle, which was originally intended to allow only the minimally necessary use of force on the battlefield. Consequently, the prevailing law places the burden of restricting the exercise of brute military force upon humanitarian considerations. Humanitarianism alone, however, cannot deliver the goods and substantially reduce war’s hazards. This chapter therefore calls for the transformation of the military’s actual or potential self-imposed professional constraining standards into a revised legal standard of necessity.
Introduction
Authors: Orentlicher Diane
Published: April 2018

This chapter previews the book’s recurring themes, highlighting the dynamic nature of an international court’s impact in countries directly affected by its work. The ICTY’s local impact has been a function not only of its own performance, but also of evolving social and political conditions in Bosnia and Serbia. Those conditions have, in turn, have been influenced by the policies of external actors, including the European Union and North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The introduction also highlights the book’s contributions to two related questions: (1) What goals should be ascribed to international criminal courts?; and (2) Under what conditions, and to what extent, can international justice advance aims widely associated with home-grown measures of transitional justice?
Coerced Cooperation
Authors: Orentlicher Diane
Published: April 2018

This chapter provides an overview of Serbia’s relationship with the ICTY, focusing on the evolving nature and dynamics of Serbian cooperation with the Tribunal, from the defiance that characterized the Milošević years to Serbia’s conflicted compliance under the Koštunica-Đinđić and Koštunica-Tadić governments and then partnership of sorts in the latter years of Tadić’s presidency. With the election of “reformed” nationalists in 2012, cooperation has stalled, This chapter’s account of “coerced cooperation” provides a foundation for later chapters while elucidating key dimensions of the ICTY’s impact. With respect to the latter, the most obvious effect of Western policies of conditionality is that they induced Serbia to send fugitives to The Hague, however grudgingly. The chapter also considers more complex questions concerning the effects of Western policies of conditionality on post-Milošević Serbia’s political evolution.
Dealing with the Past
Authors: Orentlicher Diane
Published: April 2018

The Milošević government was unremittingly hostile to the ICTY, and its successors have, to varying degrees, publicly denigrated the Tribunal. Most of the Serbian public has an extremely negative view of the Tribunal. Yet a substantial minority of citizens strongly supported its work. This chapter explores these citizens’ expectations of the ICTY and, by implication, how they would measure its success. With respect to certain goals, such as dispelling impunity, this chapter also reflects views about how well the Tribunal had already met their expectations at the time these Serbians were interviewed by the author. The book explores Serbian assessments of two other benchmarks of Tribunal success elucidated in this chapter—advancing acknowledgment and catalyzing domestic war crimes prosecutions—in later chapters.
The Afterlife of a Tribunal
Authors: Orentlicher Diane
Published: April 2018

The span of an international tribunal’s local impact is not the same as its operational life, as Germany’s evolved relationship with Nuremberg highlights. Recognizing that the ICTY’s impact in Bosnia and Serbia will continue to evolve after the Tribunal ends its work, this chapter considers the Tribunal’s future impact, focusing in particular on its potential to stimulate a future reckoning with Serbia’s wartime past. While recognizing myriad differences between post-Milošević Serbia and postwar Germany, this chapter explores factors behind the latter’s eventual emergence as a “model penitent” long after German society rejected the moral message the Allies hoped Nuremberg would impart. It suggests that, after an extended period of “transitional denial,” Nuremberg may have contributed to Germany’s far-reaching reckoning with the past through a process of delayed norm diffusion.
Doing Without an Original
Authors: Brett Annabel
Published: April 2018

It is only by stepping out of ‘human rights’ that we can properly see what is involved in claiming them. Both our rights, and we ourselves, are the product of history, a history of language that is at the same time a history of politics and conflict.
Human Rights
Authors: Waldron Jeremy
Published: April 2018

This chapter examines and criticizes the suggestion that we should interpret the “human” in “human rights” as (i) referring to the appropriate sort of action when certain rights are violated rather than (ii) the (human) universality of certain rights. It considers first a crude version of (i)—the view that human rights are rights in response to whose violation we are prepared to countenance humanitarian intervention; then it considers more cautious and sophisticated versions of (i). It is argued that all versions of (i) distract us with side issues in our thinking about human rights, and sell short both the individualism of rights and the continuity that there is supposed to be between human rights and rights in national law. The chapter does not deny that there are difficulties with views of type (ii). But it denies that the positing of views of type (i) gives us reason to abandon the enterprise of trying to sort these difficulties out.
The Hazards of Rescue
Authors: Coady C. A. J.
Published: April 2018

After briefly exploring the background to and nature of human rights, and endorsing their importance and significant universality, this chapter examines the problems that can afflict the humanitarian impulse to rescue people from human rights violations worldwide. These problems concern principally the implementation of programmes of rescue in complex circumstances involving nuanced political, cultural, and moral judgements. A besetting difficulty is that created by various forms of what the author calls “moralism” which is a distortion of morality, though political realists in genuine recognition of the difficulty often mistake moralism for morality itself. The chapter first discusses the problems of implementation for non-violent humanitarian aid and rescue operations, noting the criticisms and responses made by some aid practitioners themselves, and then examines, largely through the lens of moralism, the relevance of these difficulties to the more dramatic rescue efforts of violent military humanitarian intervention.
Economic Transformation in a Comparative Perspective
Authors: Gray Hazel
Published: April 2018

This chapter sets out the main characteristics of economic transformation in Tanzania and Vietnam from 1980 to 2010. It highlights macroeconomic features and explains the key differences in their experience of structural change that occurred as both countries adopted forms of market liberalization. The chapter explains the proximate causes of economic transformation and examines how orthodox economics explains the deeper determinants of economic transformation, related to comparative advantage. The chapter argues that these approaches are insufficient because they cannot account for the distinct roles that the state played in each country. Contrary to orthodox economic theory, Vietnamese economic policy retained a much greater level of state intervention than was the case in Tanzania, while achieving a more rapid rate of industrialization. Therefore this book undertakes an analysis of the interplay between market forces, institutions, and power that shape the different paths of economic transformation under liberalization.
Chilling Out
Authors: Livermore Roy
Published: April 2018

The Earth’s climate changes naturally on all timescales. At the short end of the spectrum—hours or days—it is affected by sudden events such as volcanic eruptions, which raise the atmospheric temperature directly, and also indirectly, by the addition of greenhouse gases such as water vapour and carbon dioxide. Over years, centuries, and millennia, climate is influenced by changes in ocean currents that, ultimately, are controlled by the geography of ocean basins. On scales of thousands to hundreds of thousands of years, the Earth’s orbit around the Sun is the crucial influence, producing glaciations and interglacials, such as the one in which we live. Longer still, tectonic forces operate over millions of years to produce mountain ranges like the Himalayas and continental rifts such as that in East Africa, which profoundly affect atmospheric circulation, creating deserts and monsoons. Over tens to hundreds of millions of years, plate movements gradually rearrange the continents, creating new oceans and destroying old ones, making and breaking land and sea connections, assembling and disassembling supercontinents, resulting in fundamental changes in heat transport by ocean currents. Finally, over the very long term—billions of years—climate reflects slow changes in solar luminosity as the planet heads towards a fiery Armageddon. All but two of these controls are direct or indirect consequences of plate tectonics.
Introduction
Authors: Henham Ralph
Published: April 2018

The Introduction outlines the work’s rationale and scope. Two main propositions are advanced. First, it is argued that the values underpinning sentencing policy should promote social cohesion rather than neo-liberal retributive values, which tend to reinforce social divisions through the disproportionate use of incarceration. Thus, sentencing policy should reflect shared values that justify punishment for the common good. Crucially, the identification of such values is regarded as a moral obligation that falls to the state. Secondly, and fundamental to social justice and credible governance, is the normative dimension. Hence, values must be realized through practice so that outcomes have moral credibility at the community level. It is suggested how value-related information could be accommodated in individual cases, whilst maintaining the system’s overall consistency. Numerous changes to practice and guidance are advocated, the most important being that sentencers should be given more discretion, not less, to facilitate the changes proposed.
Design, Action, and Practice
Authors: Hayes Gillian R.
Published: April 2018

Action research (AR) is an approach to research that involves engaging with a community to address some problem or challenge, and through this problem-solving, to develop scholarly knowledge. AR is not a method, nor even a suite of methods, but a perspective that makes use of a wide variety of methods. AR is explicitly democratic, collaborative, and interdisciplinary. It focuses on highly contextualized, localized solutions with a greater emphasis on transferability than generalizability. In other words, scholars and community partners work together to develop and learn from solutions that work in a single context; in addition, they collect data that will enable these solutions to be adapted or transferred to other contexts. Most importantly, AR claims that the intervention, the learning, and the doing and knowing cannot be disentangled.
Information and Communication Technology Design in a Complex Moral Universe
Authors: Müller Claudia , Wan Lin
Published: April 2018

Increasing life expectancy and reduced birth rates as results of the recent demographic changes are linked to drastic changes in age structures. Aging societies are facing enormous challenges that are linked to increased age, reduced physical and mental capabilities, and the risk of social isolation and reduced autonomy. In an attempt to address these challenges, the fields of active aging and ambient assisted living currently focus on the use of technological innovations, which aim at developing innovative products as well as services and concepts to be implemented in care settings such as dementia care. However, sustainable implementation of these IT-based innovations often fails, because such innovations are not embedded in the everyday practices of elderly people and their surrounding social networks. Practice-based design enables acknowledging the often complex organizational, ideological, and practical issues that form part of a moral universe.
Organisms and their Interactions
Authors: Esler Karen J. , Jacobsen Anna L. , Pratt R. Brandon
Published: April 2018

Both animal and plant species exhibit adaptive traits related to features of mediterranean-type ecosystems (MTEs). For plants, the seasonality of the MTC has been an important factor in the evolution of plant phenological traits. Root adaptive traits that improve nutrient extraction from impoverished soils are present within MTC regions, including cluster roots, root nodules, and mycorrhizal symbioses. Fire has been an important driver of plant traits, such as smoke, charate, or heat-induced seed germination or seed release (i.e. serotiny), and post-fire flowering. Adaptive traits in animals include both physiological and behavioural traits. MTC regions have been used in the study of many ecological and evolutionary patterns, particularly as related to organismal adaptations to unique soil and substrates (edaphic communities) and interactions between plants and animals, such as plant–herbivore interactions, plant–pollinator interactions, and plant–seed disperser interactions. These interactions shape many plant and animal characters within MTC regions.
Form and Function of Mediterranean Shrublands
Authors: Esler Karen J. , Jacobsen Anna L. , Pratt R. Brandon
Published: April 2018

The archetypal shrub type that dominates most of the regions that experience mediterranean-type climate (MTC) is an evergreen shrub with thick and leathery leaves (sclerophyllous). The occurrence of large stands of such shrubs in all MTC regions led early biogeographers to hypothesize that the MTC selects for this growth form and leaf type and that this had led to convergent evolution (see Chapters 1 and 2). This hypothesis has received considerable research interest and continues to be examined. In this chapter we consider the structure and physiology of these archetypal MTC region shrub species and examine evidence for convergent evolution in their structure and function. We also assess the key adaptive traits that enable the shrub species that compose mediterranean-type vegetation (MTV) communities to thrive in MTC regions.
Machine Modeling
Authors: Vaez-Zadeh Sadegh
Published: April 2018

This chapter presents dynamic and steady-state modeling of permanent magnet synchronous (PMS) machines with the help of reference frames. The modeling starts with a machine model in terms of phase variables. An equivalent two-axis model in a stationary reference is then obtained by a reference frame transformation. A further transformation to a two-axis rotor reference frame, with its direct axis aligned with the axis of a permanent magnet rotor pole, is derived. Another transformation to a two-axis stator flux linkage reference frame is also presented. Finally, a motor model in polar coordinates, based on space vector theory, is developed. In this chapter, PMS motor equivalent circuits are drawn, based on the mathematical models where appropriate. Iron losses and iron saturation are also taken into the models. The chapter ends with a brief presentation of the dynamic equation of PMS machines mechanical parts.
Rotor Position and Speed Estimation
Authors: Vaez-Zadeh Sadegh
Published: April 2018

The ultimate importance of rotor position and speed information in permanent magnet synchronous (PMS) machines control, and the industry interest to the rotor and speed sensorless systems as a cost-saving and practical alternative to the motor control with mechanical sensors are emphasized. Major position and speed estimation schemes are then presented in detail. These are the: back electromotive force (EMF)-based method; flux linkage method; hypothesis rotor position method; saliency-based method, including high frequency signal injection and inverter switching harmonics schemes; and finally, the observer-based method, including state observer and extended Kalman filter-based schemes. Each scheme was discussed by presenting the corresponding fundamental principles, followed by the appropriate motor model, estimation procedure, and the implementation. Demanding criteria such as accuracy, robustness, swiftness, and capability of working over the entire range of motor operation are discussed with each method.
Introduction
Authors: Stegenga Jacob
Published: April 2018

This chapter introduces the book, describes the key arguments of each chapter, and summarizes the master argument for medical nihilism. It offers a brief survey of prominent articulations of medical nihilism throughout history, and describes the contemporary evidence-based medicine movement, to set the stage for the skeptical arguments. The main arguments are based on an analysis of the concepts of disease and effectiveness, the malleability of methods in medical research, and widespread empirical findings which suggest that many medical interventions are barely effective. The chapter-level arguments are unified by our best formal theory of inductive inference in what is called the master argument for medical nihilism. The book closes by considering what medical nihilism entails for medical practice, research, and regulation.
Hollow Hunt for Harms
Authors: Stegenga Jacob
Published: April 2018

Harms of medical interventions are systematically underestimated in clinical research. Numerous factors—conceptual, methodological, and social—contribute to this underestimation. This chapter articulates the depth of such underestimation by describing these factors at the various stages of clinical research. This includes the ways harms are operationalized in research, the way trials are designed such that they are sensitive to detecting possible benefits of interventions but insensitive to detecting harms, and the secrecy with which the resulting evidence is shrouded. The net effect of these conceptual, methodological, and social factors is that our available medical interventions appear to be safer than they truly are. Medical research is tuned to overestimate benefits and underestimate harms of medical interventions.
Bias and Fraud
Authors: Stegenga Jacob
Published: April 2018

There are numerous biases in medical research that render evidence from such research systematically misleading. Some of these biases are exacerbated by conflicts of interest, including fantastic financial incentives. The most important biases in medical research include confirmation bias, design bias, analysis bias, and publication bias. Arguably, some forms of bias, such as publication bias, should be considered as fraud. The pervasiveness of bias in medical research justifies one of the premises of the master argument for medical nihilism. Medical research is malleable due to the many biases, and such malleability allows for the production of evidence that suggests medical interventions are effective, whether or not they are in fact effective.
U Thant, 1961–1971
Authors: Firestone Bernard J.
Published: April 2018

U Thant assumed the position of Acting Secretary-General with the office under assault from the Soviet Union, Cold War tensions escalating, and the UN mired in an inconclusive peacekeeping mission in the Congo. Ten years later, Thant retired from the Secretary-Generalship with the integrity of the office having been preserved but with the powers of the Secretary-General significantly reduced. Thant acknowledged the limitations of a Security Council divided by Cold War rivalries and subject to the veto of the permanent members, but he also subscribed to the view that the Charter granted him the authority to engage in diplomacy without a specific Security Council or General Assembly mandate. By examining the peacekeeping record of the UN during Thant’s ten years in office, this chapter will trace the evolution of a UN and Secretary-General significantly more modest in ambition and international profile than the UN of Thant’s predecessor. In the process, the chapter will explore aspects of Thant’s personality, world view, and conception of the office.
In the Middle of Life
Authors: Anderson Amanda
Published: April 2018

This chapter explores the specific challenges that cognitive science and social psychology pose to those literary concepts and modes that are grounded in traditional moral understandings of selfhood and action, including integrity of character and notions such as tragic realization and moral repair. Focusing on the concept of moral time, the chapter explores two literary texts in which profound middle-of-life dramas take place: Henry James’s “The Beast in the Jungle” and Shakespeare’s The Winter’s Tale. A form of slow psychic time entirely lost to view in recent cognitive science is shown to take place in James’s tale, while The Winter’s Tale insists on the forms of moral and emotional experience that are beyond reflection and explanation. The readings presented are set in relation to key critical debates on the works, to challenge a persistent evasion of moral frameworks in contemporary anti-normative approaches.
The Utopian City in Tacitus’ Agricola
Authors: Alston Richard
Published: April 2018

This chapter explores Tacitus’ reading of the question of the relationship of the individual to empire in the Agricola. Tacitus constructed an understanding of Rome’s empire as a total system to which there was no spatial or temporal outside. Although it was impossible to imagine Rome without empire, Tacitean ambivalence constructed a third space, neither imperial nor barbarian, in which Tacitus could refuse assimilation into the discourses of empire. Reading the description of the Agricolan city in Agricola 21 alongside the anti-imperial sentiments of Calgacus’ speech (Agricola 30–2), the second section establishes the totalitarian nature of imperial time and space. The concluding section considers the preservation of humanitas in an empire of servitude and argues that Tacitean humanitas is a form of detachment. In comfortable immunitas, the elite could preserve the transcendental values of humanitas, but only through acquiescence in the violent production of imperial spaces and times.
Roman Retail Landscapes
Authors: Ellis Steven J. R.
Published: April 2018

This chapter examines the socio-economic motivations behind the shaping of retail landscapes in Roman cities. It is about who opened retail outlets, as well as why and where. After critiquing some of the normal methods for illustrating the locations of shops and bars, including the conventional distribution plan itself, as well as questioning the economic rationality of operating tabernae, this chapter argues for the value in complicating our otherwise basic understanding of why urban investments were made in the places we find them. Rather than accepting profit as the single motivation to urban investment, a range of social, economic, and political motivations are considered as an explanation for the ultimate shape of Roman retail landscapes. Thus beyond discussions of space and urban topography, the subject of this chapter is investment.
Praxeology, Imperatives, and Shifts of View
Authors: Hellie Benj
Published: April 2018

Recent neo-Anscombean work in praxeology (aka ‘philosophy of practical reason’), salutarily, shifts focus from an alienated ‘third-person’ viewpoint on practical reason to an embedded ‘first-person’ view: for example, the ‘naive rationalizations’ of Michael Thompson, of form ‘I am A-ing because I am B-ing’, take up the agent’s view, in the thick of action. Less salutary, in its premature abandonment of the first-person view, is an interpretation of these naive rationalizations as asserting explanatory links between facts about organically structured agentive processes in progress, followed closely by an inflationary project in ‘practical metaphysics’. If, instead, praxeologists chase first-personalism all the way down, both fact and explanation vanish (and with them, the possibility of metaphysics): what is characteristically practical is endorsement of nonpropositional imperatival content, chained together not explanatorily, but through limits on intelligibility. A connection to agentive behavior must somehow be reestablished—but this can (and can only) be done ‘transcendentally’.
Assessment of International Instruments
Authors: Mevorach Irit
Published: April 2018

This chapter assesses the key international instruments for cross-border insolvency, primarily the Model Law on Cross-Border Insolvency (the MLCBI), and the related cross-border aspects of insolvency addressed in the Insolvency Standard. It also tentatively analyses the developments of additional instruments regarding enterprise groups and the enforcement of insolvency-related judgments. It considers how the MLCBI and complementary instruments fit into the normative framework proposed in the book. It asks to what extent the instruments follow modified universalism norms, thus contributing to the crystallization and development of customary international law (CIL). It also assesses: the choice of instrument; whether there are any issues with the design of the instruments taking into account the bounds on decision-making; and whether the instruments support the required levels of targeted harmonization to incentivize compliance. This chapter also assesses the specific instruments and measures that attempt to address the cross-border insolvency of multinational financial institutions (MFIs), particularly the Key Attributes, supporting principles, and contractual solutions.
Inflation Targeting in Uganda
Authors: Brownbridge Martin , Kasekende Louis
Published: April 2018

The Bank of Uganda introduced an inflation targeting (IT) monetary policy framework in 2011, replacing a decades-old money targeting framework. This chapter reviews Uganda’s experience and concludes that an IT framework is feasible for Uganda, despite shallow financial markets, volatile exchange rates, supply price shocks which make inflation more volatile and difficult to forecast, and lack of data. Key prerequisites were the operational independence of the central bank and the primacy of the core inflation objective for monetary policy. The successful adoption of IT in Uganda depended on the adoption of a set of basic principles, including: the primacy of the inflation forecast in setting policy; the separation of monetary from fiscal operations; the adoption of a short-term interest rate as the sole operating target, rather than e.g. a mix of interest rates and monetary aggregates; and an emphasis on clear communications.
On the Role of Money Targets in the Monetary Policy Framework in SSA
Authors: Berg Andrew , Portillo Rafael , Unsal Filiz
Published: April 2018

Many low-income countries continue to describe their monetary policy framework in terms of targets on monetary aggregates. This chapter extends the New Keynesian model to provide a role for ‘M’ in the conduct of monetary policy, and examine the conditions under which some adherence to money targets is optimal. In the spirit of Poole (1970), this role is based on the incompleteness of information available to the central bank, a pervasive issue in these countries. Ex ante announcements and forecasts for money growth are consistent with a Taylor rule for the relevant short-term interest rate. Ex post, the policymaker must choose his relative adherence to interest rate and money growth targets. The chapter shows that some adherence to previously set money targets can emerge endogenously from the signal extraction problem faced by the central bank. The chapter also provides an analytical representation of the factors influencing the degree of optimal target adherence.
Introduction to Part III
Authors: Berg Andrew , Portillo Rafael
Published: April 2018

Part III of the book presents various applications of quantitative dynamic stochastic general equilibrium models to SSA countries. Unlike the previous chapters, which provided broad guidance, the emphasis here is on specific policy questions faced by the country under study and on quantitative guidance for central banks. Each chapter mixes theory and data, along with close attention to the broader economic context. In addition to summarizing the results in the rest of Part III, this overview chapter describes the collaboration between IMF staff and staff in central banks in the region that resulted in the material in Part III. It also explains the eclectic approach used in building and using these models, as well as the relationship between these models and those of Part II.
Do Money Targets Matter for Monetary Policy in Kenya?
Authors: Andrle Michal , Berg Andrew , Berkes Enrico , Morales R. Armando , Portillo Rafael , Vlcek Jan
Published: April 2018

The framework in Chapter 15 is extended to incorporate an explicit role for money aggregates, with an application to Kenya. The chapter provides a general specification that can nest various types of money targeting (ranging from targets based on optimal money demand forecasts to those derived from simple money growth rules), interest-rate based frameworks, and intermediate cases. A novel interpretation of target misses in terms of structural shocks (aggregate demand, policy, shocks to money demand, etc.) is presented. In the case of Kenya, the authors find that: (i) the setting of money targets is consistent with money demand forecasting, (ii) targets have not played a systematic role in monetary policy, and (iii) target misses mainly reflect shocks to money demand. Simulations of the model under alternative policy specifications show that the stronger the ex post target adherence, the greater the macroeconomic volatility.
Introduction
Authors: Moehler Michael
Published: April 2018

In this chapter the author discusses the core concepts that underlie the two-level contractarian theory developed in this book, in particular the concepts of deep moral pluralism, traditional morality, and pure instrumental morality. Further, the chapter provides a brief synopsis of the main argument presented in this book and clarifies its theoretical and practical relevance. Finally, the chapter addresses some of the methodological considerations, such as the debate concerning ideal and nonideal theory, the application of rational choice theory to moral philosophy, and the scope of social morality, that are essential for understanding the nature and architecture of the two-level contractarian theory.
Morals and Politics
Authors: Moehler Michael
Published: April 2018

In this chapter the author discusses for democratic societies some of the institutional implications of the two-level contractarian theory. The chapter argues that, for specific empirical circumstances, the demands of the weak principle of universalization are best institutionalized by a productivist welfare state. Further, for these circumstances, the chapter defends on productivist grounds an unconditional subsistence income for economically advanced democratic societies and the restriction of high levels of economic inequality, if such inequality negatively affects social and economic development. Finally, the chapter analyzes some of the institutional implications of the two-level contractarian theory for the topic of global justice.
Heteronormativity in Dissolution Proceedings
Authors: Bendall Charlotte , Harding Rosie
Published: April 2018

This chapter explores how heteronormativity, normative ordering of society to correspond with heterosexuality, shapes experiences of dissolution of formally recognized same-sex relationships. We present qualitative data from in-depth interviews with both clients and solicitors with direct experience of civil partnership dissolution. Drawing on insights from legal-consciousness studies, we explore the extent to which legal intervention in relationship breakdown creates an arena of strategy and self-interest. Overall, these data demonstrate the ways in which ‘law’ is conceived of as a product of its actors, rather than as being an entity of ‘the state’. We show that heteronormative understandings of gender roles in relationships have been carried over from (different-sex) marriage into civil-partnership proceedings. We argue that lesbians and gay men retain a level of resistance to this legal heteronormativity that has the potential to have transformative effects on contemporary understandings of the place of gender in marriage.
Regulating Child Rearing in a Culturally Diverse Society
Authors: Dwyer James G.
Published: April 2018

Common complaints against state agencies that regulate parental conduct are that they are insensitive to cultural diversity, unfairly force adult members of cultural minorities to conform to majoritarian norms, and consequently both disrupt parent–child relationships to children's detriment and threaten the very survival of minority cultures. This chapter will address the difficult question of whether and to what extent state agencies should modify child-welfare standards to fit different practices of minority cultural groups. Answering this question entails: clarifying the state’s role generally in the lives of non-autonomous persons, considering who is the best alternative decision maker for them, articulating the value commitments of modern liberal societies, assessing the appropriateness of applying those commitments to state regulation of care for non-autonomous persons, and critically examining claims of adult entitlement to dictate the course of particular young persons’ lives.
Fortuna and the Republic
Authors: Miano Daniele
Published: April 2018

This chapter studies all the public temples of Fortuna at Rome in the Republican period. The main focal points of the chapter are the precise historical circumstances for the vow, construction, and dedication of each temple, and the connection between these circumstances and the epithets attributed to the goddess. One of the main points made by this chapter is that there is a very solid connection between Republican temples of Fortuna and the plebeian aristocracy, which suggests that Fortuna was characterized as a deity closely associated with the plebs. Another point concerns Fortuna Publica, a deity that during the Roman conquest of the Greek East was associated with Roman imperialism through her translation as Tyche, following a debate on the merits of Roman conquest of which we can read traces in Polybius.
To Each His Own
Authors: Miano Daniele
Published: April 2018

This chapter studies Fortuna connected with age and gender groups or with individuals in the late Republican period. The first part focuses on Fortuna associated with age and gender groups through epithets including Muliebris, Virgo, Virilis, Barbata. The worship of these deities was not reserved to the relevant age or gender groups, and the complexity of rituals and representations implies that they were used for the social, political, and cultural construction of these age and gender categories. The second part studies the evidence pointing at a connection between late Republican dynasts and Fortuna, from Sulla to Caesar. Sulla and Caesar show a strong interest in Fortuna but a reluctance to directly claim a relationship with the goddess. Pompey was probably more open to making such claims. There is no trace in this period of a Roman adoption of the Hellenistic practice of the worship of the fortune of the ruler.
A Godless Goddess
Authors: Miano Daniele
Published: April 2018

This chapter studies the negative meanings attributed to Fortuna, related to instability and bad luck. These meanings have always been attributed to the deity, and are attested already from the earliest pieces of evidence. It is argued that after the connection between Fortuna and the conquest of the Empire was made in the second century BC, there was a strong tendency to minimalize and marginalize these negative associations of the deity. However, this changes with the increasing political instability of late Republican Rome, and with the war between Caesar and Pompey in particular. If Fortuna helped to conquer the Empire, on whose side was she during the civil conflicts? The new sociopolitical circumstances favoured the increasing attribution of negative meanings to Fortuna, with some authors openly questioning her divine status.