bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aktivitas Antibakteri Komposit Ag – Tulang Ikan Cakalang pada Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Pandelaki Elmi C.J. , Wuntu Audy D. , Aritonang Henry F.
Published: July 2019

Telah dilakukan penelitian untuk mengetahui aktivitas antibakteri komposit Ag – tulang ikan cakalang pada Staphylococcus aureus. Tulang ikan cakalang dikeringkan, dihaluskan dan diayak 65 mesh kemudian dicampur dengan larutan perak nitrat dengan perbandingan Ag : tulang ikan sebesar 5:1 , 4:2, dan 3:3  selama 1 jam pada suhu 70 ℃. Campuran kemudian di kalsinasi pada suhu 650 ℃ selama 2 jam. Uji aktivitas antibakteri dari komposit yang terbentuk dikerjakan dengan metode sumuran menggunakan bakteri Staphylococcus aureus. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan aktivitas antibakteri pada perbandingan 4:2 dengan lama waktu pencampuran 1 jam paling efektif untuk menghambat bakteri Staphylococcus aureus dengan diameter zona hambat sebesar 25 mm. Penelitian ini menunjukkan valorisasi dari produk sampingan industri makanan seperti tulang ikan untuk membentuk bahan yang berpotensi berharga sebagai bahan implan tulang yang resistan terhadap infeksi bakteriResearch has been conducted to determine the antibacterial activity of Ag - Bone skipjack tuna toward Staphylococcus aureus. Skipjack tuna bone dried, mashed and sifted 65 mesh then mixed with silver nitrate solution with a ratio of Ag : fish bones of 5:1, 4:2, and 3:3 for 1 hour at 70 ℃. The mixture was then calcined at 650 ℃ for 2 hours. Antibacterial activity test of the composites formed was done by the method of wells using the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. The results showed that antibacterial activity at a ratio of 4: 2 with a one-hour mixing time was most effective for inhibiting Staphylococcus aureus bacteria with a 25 mm inhibition zone diameter. This study shows the valorization of food industry byproducts such as fish bones to form potentially valuable ingredients for bone implants resistant to bacterial infections
Pertumbuhan fragmen bibit ukuran berbeda dalam pembudidayaan karang hias Acropora formosa
Authors: Sinipirang Frischa A. , Ngangi Edwin L.A. , Mudeng Joppy D.
Published: July 2019

The objective of research was to evaluate the length and diameter of coral Acropora  formosa cultivated with different seed size in Talengen Bay, Tabukan District, Sangihe Island Regency.  Data were collected from May to June 2016.  Experimental design used was Complete Randomized Design with three treatments, each with three replications.  Size of seed as treatment consisted of  A: 5 cm, B: 7 cm and C: 10 cm. The experiment was conducted using bench  system measuring 60 x 60 cm2, while coral seed was A.  formosa.  The seed was gathered from the nature around research location. Growth data and water quality parameters were measured every two weeks .  Research results showed that the highest absolute length growth was achieved in treatment A (average: 0.70 cm), followed by treatment C (average 0.46 cm) and the lowest was in treatment B (average 0.45 cm).  The highest growth of coral diameter was observed in treatment A (average 0.05 cm) and followed by treatment C (average 0.03 cm) and treatment B (0.03 cm). Statistical analysis showed that absolute length growth and coral diameter   were not significant.  A. formosa cultured with different seed length in Talengen Bay had good growth in which the growth in length was faster than the growth in diameter. Keywords : Acropora Formosa. Absolute growth, Talengen Bay
EFECTO DEL RENDIMIENTO DE CURSOS PREUNIVERSITARIOS EN EL RENDIMIENTO DE PRIMER AÑO DE MEDICINA
Authors: Tucto Berríos Joel , Dámaso Mata Bernardo
Published: July 2019

Introducción: El presente estudio ha permitido conocer si en forma conjunta el rendimiento de cursos del Centro Preuniversitario Valdizano (CEPREVAL) está relacionado con el rendimiento de los diferentes cursos del primer año de estudios universitarios de la EAP de Medicina Humana, UNHEVAL de Huánuco. Métodos: Se consideró los cursos de Aptitud Matemática, Aptitud Verbal, Química, Biología y Anatomía del CEPREVAL como variables del vector independiente, y los cursos de Matemática y Lógica, Lenguaje y Comunicación, Química Médica, Anatomía Humana, Biología Celular y Molecular del primer año de estudios de la EAP Medicina Humana como variables del vector dependiente. Estas variables fueron analizadas en una muestra de 35 estudiantes de Medicina que ingresaron en los años 2005 y 2006 por la modalidad del CEPREVAL. El análisis integral de los datos consistió en la medición de asociación entre las variables canónicas de los vectores dependientes e independientes, mediante la aplicación del Análisis de Correlación Canónica. El tipo de estudio empleado fue correlacional, retrospectivo y longitudinal. Resultados: Dos fueron las correlaciones canónicas que resultaron relevantes para un nivel de significación de 0,05. La primera correlación canónica alcanzó mayor ponderación (0,792) y la segunda correlación obtuvo el valor de 0,538. Los cursos que contribuyeron significativamente en el rendimiento de los estudiantes del primer año de estudios universitarios fueron Aptitud Verbal, Aptitud Matemática, Matemática y Lógica, Lenguaje y Comunicación, Química Médica y Anatomía Humana. No hubo aporte significativo de los cursos de Biología, Biología Celular y Molecular. Conclusiones: Los resultados permitieron concluir, que el rendimiento académico de los cursos del primer año de estudios universitarios de la EAP Medicina Humana está correlacionado en forma conjunta con el rendimiento de los cursos del CEPREVAL
Fenestrated Vertebral Artery in A Routine Cadaveric Dissection
Authors: Fakoya Adegbenro Omotuyi John , Barnes Erica , Laureano-Torres Faviola , Felciano Muniz Adrian , Morales Monsanto Emmanuel , Loubriel Darimar , Aguinaldo Emilio , Afolabi Abayomi Gbolahan , McCracken Thomas
Published: July 2019

BACKGROUND: Anomalies associated with the vertebral arteries are relatively rare. The vertebral arteries arise from the first part of the Subclavian artery and pass through the transverse foramina of C6 through C1. CASE PRESENTATION: However, in this article, we describe a unique variation in the anatomical orientation of the right vertebral artery during a routine cadaveric neck dissection where the right vertebral artery gives an oblique branch from the extradural segment (C2) forming a fenestrated Vertebral artery. CONCLUSION: Despite the lack of established clinical significance, multiple co-morbid vascular malformations are yet associated with the Vertebral artery fenestration with a possibility of iatrogenic injuries if not taking into cognisance.
Le diaconat inconnu de l’Emden réformée : le consistoire et la découverte des « diacres des domestiques de la foy »
Authors: Fehler Timothy
Published: July 2019

Bien qu’Emden ait été connue comme la « Genève du nord » à la fin du XVIe siècle, l’existence, en son sein, d’une institution caritative spécifiquement reformée était ignorée jusqu’à récemment. Une lecture méticuleuse des registres du consistoire, en les comparant aux livres de comptes diaconaux et des ordonnances ecclésiastiques révèle qu’Emden a eu en fait trois diaconats séparés pendant un certain temps. Ce troisième diaconat, qui se fait appeler les « Diacres des Domestiques de la foy », souligne une tentative par certains, dans la direction de l’Église d’Emden, de mettre en application une conception idéale de la théologie réformée, celle des « domestiques de la foi », pour interroger les principes de bienfaisance. En identifiant l’existence de ce diaconat, les problèmes de sa création et impossibilité à survivre, nous gagnons en compréhension sur les buts et les programmes des administrateurs charitables d’Emden dans les premières décennies de la Réforme. Cette histoire illustre les avantages et les pièges de la richesse des sources que sont les registres du consistoire. Dans la deuxieme partie de l’article, il s’agit de mieux comprendre les manières dont les ministres ont tenté d’employer les divers diaconats suivant les conceptions religieuses rivales de la communauté réformée. Certaines de ces rivalités se situaient entre les diacres des Haussitzenden – avec leurs « pauvres communs et sauvages » – et les diacres des Domestiques de la foi – avec leurs « pauvres membres du Christ » ; d’autres entre les diacres locaux (Haussitzenden) et les diacres étrangers (Fremdlingen) avec les problèmes créés par l’afflux des réfugiés ; enfin entre les diacres et les pauvres francophones et néerlandophones dans le diaconat des Fremdlingen. Cependant, cette rivalité diaconale, offre des perspectives sur les différentes visions compétitives de la Réforme à la fin du XVIe siècle à Emden.
Le protestantisme mulhousien et ses œuvres au XIXe siècle : éthique et pragmatisme (1798-1870)
Authors: Tournier David
Published: July 2019

Cette contribution se propose de questionner, à travers l’exemple mulhousien du XIXe siècle, l’influence de l’émulation interconfessionnelle sur les œuvres protestantes, leur déclinaison et leur évolution. Le rattachement de Mulhouse à la France en 1798 fait subitement entrer la cité réformée dans un espace alsacien multiconfessionnel, et le développement rapide des industries coïncide avec l’afflux massif d’une main-d” œuvre catholique que les fabricants, en charge des affaires municipales, s’efforcent très tôt de prendre en charge dans la veine idéologique de la philanthropie libérale.Nourries au terreau du Réveil, ces œuvres charitables demeurent localement marginales dans la première moitié du siècle. La charnière de 1850 constitue un point de bascule, sous le double effet d’une brusque prise de conscience du danger politique issu de 1848, et d’une évolution du rapport de force entre les protestants et le camp catholique, qui rassemble désormais les deux tiers de la population urbaine et commence à développer ses propres œuvres.En lieu et place du rationalisme municipal, prévaut désormais le principe ségrégationniste. Une émulation entre confessions s’instaure, et débouche sur une symétrie des institutions et des œuvres dispensées de part et d’autre de la frontière confessionnelle. Les préoccupations sotériologiques amènent l’action charitable à se recentrer sur la seule communauté d’appartenance, même si le modèle d’un piétisme vindicatif et anti-catholique n’est finalement pas adopté par la municipalité protestante, soucieuse de préserver l’esprit de concorde.
Outcome of conventional transarterial chemoembolization (cTACE) in the management of spontaneously ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Patidar Yashwant , Khisti Rohit , Yadav Ankusha , Mukund Amar , Sarin Shiv K
Published: July 2019

Background and Objectives: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly vascular tumor and mortality after spontaneous rupture of HCC remains considerably high. There are no definitive guidelines for the management of ruptured HCC and no fixed protocol has been proposed in the literature. We evaluated the outcome of conventional transarterial chemoembolization (cTACE) in the management of spontaneously ruptured HCC and factors affecting the outcome of cTACE. Materials and Methods: This is a single center retrospective study analyzing the outcome of patients presenting with spontaneous rupture of HCC who received cTACE from January 2014 to June 2017. These patients were followed up periodically for clinical and imaging findings to ascertain the technical effectiveness along with survival. Results: Sixteen patients were identified who received cTACE for ruptured HCC. Majority of the patients (81.3%) had abdominal pain, while 25% had hypovolemic shock at initial presentation. Complete response and partial response were seen in 35.7% and 57.1% of patients, respectively. One patient (7.1%) showed progressive disease in form of peritoneal spread along the liver surface. The overall cumulative survival rates at 30 days, 180 days, and at 1 year were 87.5%, 72.2%, and 54.1%, respectively. Conclusion: cTACE is safe in patients with spontaneous HCC rupture and it leads to immediate hemostasis along with overall survival advantage. Achieving quick hemostasis may be a key to better outcome.
Why do some Korean parents hesitate to vaccinate their children?
Authors: Chang Kyujin , Lee Soon Young
Published: July 2019

OBJECTIVES: Vaccinations for infectious diseases are opposed despite their achievement, and this opposition has recently been revealed in Korea. However, research in Korea has not been vigorous. The authors studied why some Korean parents hesitate to vaccinate their children by applying the health belief model.METHODS: Parents who hesitate to vaccinate and parents who do not were surveyed in alternative education preschools and elementary schools. They were classified into four types of hesitancy and statistically compared.RESULTS: Among the 129 subjects, 43 vaccinated without hesitancy, 20 vaccinated on time with hesitancy, 32 vaccinated with a deliberate delay of one month or longer, and 34 did not vaccinate. Vaccination increased with an increase in the awareness that severe outcomes can occur when unvaccinated. Concerns about adverse reactions from vaccinations or direct/indirect experiences affected refusal. Furthermore, perceptions of the lack of meaningfulness of vaccinations, distrust of policy and safety management, influence of leaders or activists in joined organizations, and experts of Korean traditional or alternative medicine affected refusal. Explanations by doctors, text messages and mails from institutions, and concerns about disadvantages caused by not complying with government policies increased vaccination.CONCLUSIONS: The reasons for vaccine hesitancy and acceptance were similar to the results of international research. Health authorities and professionals should communicate sufficiently and appropriately with hesitant parents and find ways to rationally resolve social conflicts. However, this sample was small and there is little Korean research, so more in-depth and diverse researchs are needed.
Development of Empirical Asperity Contact Model for Wet Friction Material
Authors: Haria Hiral , Fujii Yuji , Pietron Gregory M. , Miyagawa Masatoshi , Tsuchiya Takahiro , Nakamura Shinji , Wendel Matthew , Miyoshi Hiroya , Hou Shiyang , Wang Pengchuan , Katopodes Nikolaos
Published: July 2019

A wet clutch couples or decouples gear elements to alter torque paths in an automatic transmission system. During the gear shifting event, the clutch torque is directly transmitted to the output shaft. Hence, clutch torque heavily influences the dynamics of the transmission. In order to evaluate the behavior of the transmission early and efficiently, the development process increasingly relies on high-fidelity transmission system simulations with added complexity. However, a wet clutch continues to be modeled using Coulomb’s friction in a typical shift simulation. Its linear framework does not physically represent non-linear hydrodynamic effects due to the presence of oil layer during clutch engagement. To make up the lack of physics, Coulomb’s clutch model often requires extensive tuning to match actual shift behaviors. Alternatively, a squeeze film based clutch model, coupled with an asperity contact model, can be employed to represent hydrodynamic behaviors and enable the broader use of dynamic simulation models in transmission development. However, while the squeeze film model has been extensively studied over the years, the asperity contact model remains largely unexamined. In this research, the contact behaviors of the asperities are empirically characterized for a wet clutch friction material. The results are compared against the base theory of Greenwood-Williamson asperity contact model (GW model) which is commonly accepted in wet clutch modeling. The analysis shows that the key assumptions of GW model, specifically the elastic deformation of spherical asperity tip and Gaussian distribution of their heights, do not hold for clutch friction materials. A new empirical asperity contact model is developed for wet friction material based on asperity roughness characterization and microscopic contact area measurements. The empirical model provides an accurate representation of asperity behaviors in wet clutch modeling, as an alternative to the conventional GW model, for high-fidelity transmission system simulations. The modeling framework is also applicable to a broad range of friction materials used in dry clutches, brakes and other applications that are characterized with hard constituents embedded in an elastic matrix.
Characteristics of direct transesterification using ultrasound on oil extracted from spent coffee grounds
Authors: Kim Yeong Su , Woo Duk Gam , Kim Tae Han
Published: July 2019

Spent coffee grounds (SCG), the residue after brewing coffee beverage, is a promising biodiesel feedstock due to its high oil contents (15‒20%). However, SCG should be pretreated to reduce the high free fatty acid content, which hampers transesterification reaction. To overcome this, we explored a direct transesterification reaction of SCG using ultrasound irradiation and identified the optimal sonication parameters. A high fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) content, up to 97.2%, could be achieved with ultrasound amplitude of 99.2 μm, irradiation time of 10 min, and methanol to oil ratio of 7:1 in the presence of potassium hydroxide concentration of 1.25 wt.%. In addition, we demonstrated that ultrasound irradiation is an efficient method to produce biodiesel from untreated SCG in a short time with less energy than the conventional mechanical stirring method. The physical and chemical properties of the SCG biodiesel met the requirements for an alternative fuel to the current commercial biodiesel.
Polymorphism in Mastogloia (Bacillariophyceae) revisited
Authors: Edlund Mark B. , Burge David R.L.
Published: July 2019

Background and aims – Mastogloia grevillei has been shown to be a polymorphic diatom species, producing frustules with morphology of Mastogloia grevillei, frustules with morphology of M. danseyi, and more rarely, heteromorphic or Janus cells with one valve of each morphology.

Methods – We investigated a wetland population from Iowa (USA) known to produce heteromorphic valves and the type material of Mastogloia grevillei and M. danseyi to clarify the nomenclature of this taxon.

Key results – The polymorphic shift in stria construction and density between Mastogloia grevillei and M. danseyi occurs in populations sampled decades apart, among widely separated populations, within single genotypes, and independent of sexual reproduction. Combining our observations with observations of type material for Mastogloia grevillei and M. danseyi we propose that Mastogloia danseyi f. grevillei stat. nov. be recognized as an ecophenotype of the nominate Mastogloia danseyi, as the latter taxon has nomenclatural priority. We also provide lectotypes for both taxa.

Conclusions – Variability in stria structure and density between the two taxa is discontinuous and represents a probable polyphenism for diatoms that is likely triggered by changing total dissolved solids, conductivity, and/or solutes.
Evaluating the measurement interference of wet rotating denuder-IC in measuring atmospheric HONO in highly polluted area
Authors: Xu Zheng , Liu Yuliang , Nie Wei , Sun Peng , Chi Xuguang , Ding Aijun
Published: July 2019

Abstract. Due to the important contribution of nitrous acid (HONO) to OH radicals in the atmosphere, various technologies have been developed to measure HONO. Among them, wet denuder/ion chromatography (WD/IC) is a widely used measurement method. Here, we found interferences with HONO measurements by WD/IC based on a comparison study of concurrent observations of HONO concentrations using a WD/IC instrument (Monitorfor AeRosols and Gases in ambient Air, MARGA) and long-path absorption photometer (LOPAP) at the Station for Observing Regional Processes of the Earth System (SORPES) in eastern China. The measurement deviation of the HONO concentration by the MARGA instrument, as a typical instrument of WD/IC, is affected by two factors. One is the change in denuder pH influenced by acidic and alkaline gases in the ambient atmosphere, which can affect the absorption efficiency of HONO by the wet denuder to underestimate the HONO concentration up to 200 % in lowest pH. The other is the reaction of NO2 oxidizing SO2 to form HONO in the denuder solution to overestimate the HONO concentration, which can be improved up to 400 % in denuder solutions with highest pH values due to ambient NH3. These processes are in particulate important in polluted east China, where is suffered from the high concentrations of SO2, NH3 and NO2. The overestimation induced by the reaction of NO2 and SO2 is expected to be growing important with the potentially increased denuder pH due to the decrease of SO2. We further established a method to correct the HONO data measured by a WD/IC instrument such as the MARGA. In case a large amount WD/IC techniques based instruments are deployed with the main target to monitor the water soluble composition of PM2.5, our study can help to obtain a long-term multi-sites database of HONO to assess the role of HONO in atmospheric chemistry and air pollution in east China.
Influence of the Earth's ring current strength on Størmer's allowed and forbidden regions of charged particle motion
Authors: Lavrukhin Alexander S. , Alexeev Igor I. , Tyutin Ilya V.
Published: July 2019

Abstract. Størmer's particles' trapping regions for a planet with an intrinsic dipolar magnetic field are considered, taking into account the ring current which arises due to the trapped particles' drift for the case of the Earth. The influence of the ring current on the particle trapping regions' topology is investigated. It is shown that a critical strength of the ring current exists under which further expansion of the trapping region is no longer possible. Before reaching this limit, the dipole field, although deformed, retains two separated Størmer regions. After transition of critical magnitude, the trapping region opens up, and charged particles, which form the ring current, get the opportunity to leave it, thus decreasing the ring current strength. Numerical calculations have been performed for protons with typical energies of the Earth's radiation belt and ring current. For the Earth's case, the Dst index for the critical ring current strength is calculated.
A radiative-convective model based on constrained maximum entropy production
Authors: Labarre Vincent , Paillard Didier , Dubrulle Bérengère
Published: July 2019

Abstract. The representation of atmospheric convection induced by radiative forcing is a long-standing question mainly because turbulence plays a key role in the transport of energy as sensible heat, geopotential, and latent heat. Recent works have tried using the maximum entropy production (MEP) conjecture as a closure hypothesis in 1-D simple climate models to compute implicitly temperatures and the vertical energy flux. However, these models fail to reproduce realistic profiles. To solve the problem, we describe the energy fluxes as a product of a positive mass mixing coefficient with the corresponding energy gradient. This appears as a constraint which imposes the direction and/or limits the amplitude of the energy fluxes. It leads to a different MEP steady state which naturally depends on the considered energy terms in the model. Accounting for this additional constraint improves the results. Temperature and energy flux are closer to observations, and we reproduce stratification when we consider the geopotential. Variations in the atmospheric composition, such as a doubling of the carbon dioxide concentration, are also investigated.
A process-based Sphagnum plant-functional-type model for implementation in the TRIFFID Dynamic Global Vegetation Model
Authors: Coppell Richard , Gloor Emanuel , Holden Joseph
Published: July 2019

Abstract. Peatlands are important carbon stores and Sphagnum moss represents a critical peatland genus contributing to carbon exchange and storage. However, gas fluxes in Sphagnum-dominated systems are poorly represented in Dynamic Global Vegetation Models (DGVMs) which simulate, via incorporation of Plant Functional Types (PFTs), biogeochemical and energy fluxes between vegetation, the land surface and the atmosphere. Mechanisms characterised by PFTs within DGVMs include photosynthesis, respiration and competition and, in more recent DGVMs, sub-daily gas-exchange processes regulated by leaf 10 stomata. However, Sphagnum, like all mosses, are non-vascular plants and do not exhibit stomatal regulation. In order to achieve a level of process detail consistent with existing vascular vegetation PFTs within DGVMs, this paper describes a new process-based non-vascular-PFT model that is implemented within the TRIFFID DGVM used by the JULES land surface model. The new PFT model was tested against extant published field and laboratory studies of peat assemblage-net primary productivity, assemblage-gross primary productivity, assemblage respiration, water-table position, incoming 15 photosynthetically active radiation, temperature, and canopy dark respiration. The PFT model’s parameters were roughly tuned and the PFT model easily produced curves of the correct shape for peat assemblage-net primary productivity against water-table position, incoming photosynthetically active radiation and temperature, suggesting that it replicates the internal productivity mechanism of Sphagnum for the first time. Minor modifications should also allow it to be used across a range of other bryophytes enabling this non-vascular PFT model to have enhanced functionality.
Towards understanding the mean annual water-energy balance
equation based on an Ohms-type approach
Authors: Shan Xu , Li Xingdong , Yang Hanbo
Published: July 2019

Abstract. The Budyko hypothesis has been widely used to describe precipitation partitioning at the catchment scale. Many empirical and analytical formulas have been proposed to describe the Budyko hypothesis. Based on dimensional analysis and mathematic reasoning, previous studies gave an analytical derivation, i.e., the Mezentsev-Choudhury-Yang (MCY) equation. However, few hydrological processes were involved in the derivation. Therefore, this study firstly defines a catchment network to describe water vapor transformation and transportation using the Lagrangian particle tracking method; and then proposes the generalized flux of water vapor, which can be expressed as the ratio of potential difference with resistance. Furthermore, this study obtains a new constraint for the mean annual water-energy balance, 1 f(E)  =  1 f(E0)  +  1 f(P) with E, E0 and P being evaporation, potential evaporation and precipitation, respectively, and f( ) being a function of generalized flux, based on an analogy of the Ohms-type approach and the homogeneity assumption, i.e., the generalized flux has the same form for both water vapor transportation and chase transformation, and in other words, precipitation and potential evaporation have an equalized effect on evaporation. According to this constraint, the MCY equation can be obtained when the generalized flux f( ) is a power function. In addition, this study suggests a more general expression E  =  P(b+kE0) [pn+(b+kE0n]1/n under conditions without the homogeneity constraint, where E, E0 and P are evaporation, potential evaporation and precipitation, respectively, and n, k and b are constants (MCY equation when b = 0 and k = 1).
Submesoscale dispersion of surface drifters in a coastal sea near offshore wind farms
Authors: Callies Ulrich , Carrasco Ruben , Floeter Jens , Horstmann Jochen , Quante Markus
Published: July 2019

Abstract. We analysed relative dispersion of surface drifters released as pairs (six instances) or triplets (two instances) during three field experiments conducted in the German Bight in close proximity to wind farms. There is some tentative evidence that nearly exponential growth of relative dispersion (non-local dispersion) preferably occurs for drifter pairs that are most exposed to the influence of a wind farm. Kinetic energy spectra and velocity structure functions are analysed with regard to the assumption that turbulent energy could be injected by tides, possibly also via an interaction between tidal currents and wind turbine towers. Applicability of inertial range turbulence theory, however, can be doubted given distinct peaks of overtides observed in velocity power spectra. More comprehensive studies would be needed to better separate submesoscale effects of wind farms, tides and possibly baroclinic instabilities on observed drifter behaviour in a complex coastal environment.
Anassessment of GIA solutions based on high-precision GNSS velocity field for Antarctica
Authors: Li Wenhao , Li Fei , Zhang Shengkai , Lei Jintao , Zhang Qingchuan , Xiao Feng , Yuan Lexian
Published: July 2019

Abstract. Past mass loads, especially LGM (Last Glacial Maximum), may cause the viscoelastic response of the Earth, this phenomenon is the so-called glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA). GIA not only includes the horizontal and vertical motions of the crust but also the shape, the gravity field and rotation axis of the earth. Due to the uncertainties in the ice loading history and the mantle viscosity, modeling GIA will be difficult and challenging in Antarctica. The GPS velocity field provides an effective method to constrain the GIA vertical velocity; however, to obtain the high-precision GPS velocity field, we must consider the effects of common mode error(CME) and the choice of optimal noise model (ONM). We used independent component analysis(ICA) to remove the CME recorded at 79 GPS stations in Antarctica and determined the ONM of GPS time series based on the Akaike information criterion (AIC). Then, the high-precision GPS velocity field is obtained; we used the high-precision GPS velocity field to assess the application of GIA models in Antarctica. The results show that the maximal GPS velocity variation is up to 1.15 mm yr−1, and the mean variation is 0.18 mm yr−1. We find systematic underestimations of all GIA model velocities in the Amundsen Sea area (ASE). In the north Antarctic Peninsula (NAP), the vertical velocities are underestimated by 6 GIA models but not the WANG model. Because the upper mantle viscosities in the NAP are lower than those in the south Antarctic Peninsula (SAP),the GPS vertical velocities in NAP regions are larger than SAP regions. In the Filscher-Ronne Ice Shelves (FRIS), the observed GPS velocity and predicted GIA model velocity are consistent. In East Antarctica (EA), the vertical motion is nonsignificant, and the GIA and ice loading have a small impact in this area.
Thermal conductivity of firn at Lomonosovfonna, Svalbard, derived from subsurface temperature measurements
Authors: Marchenko Sergey , Cheng Gong , Lötstedt Per , Pohjola Veijo , Pettersson Rickard , van Pelt Ward , Reijmer Carleen
Published: July 2019

Abstract. Accurate description of snow and firn processes is necessary for estimating the fraction of glacier surface melt that contributes to runoff. Most processes in snow and firn are to a great extent controlled by the temperature therein and in the absence of liquid water, the temperature evolution is dominated by the conductive heat exchange. The latter is controlled by the effective thermal conductivity k. Here we reconstruct the effective thermal conductivity of firn at Lomonosovfonna, Svalbard, using an optimization routine minimizing the misfit between simulated and measured subsurface temperatures and densities. The optimized k* values in the range from 0.2 to 1.6 W (m K)−1 increase downwards and over time. The results are supported by uncertainty quantification experiments, according to which k* is most sensitive to systematic errors in empirical temperature values and their estimated depths, particularly in the lower part of the vertical profile. Compared to commonly used density-based parameterizations, our k values are consistently larger, suggesting a faster conductive heat exchange in firn.
Associations Between Non-Cognitive Skills, Self-Rated Health, Life Style, and Concern About Food in 6-16-Year-Old Japanese Students
Authors: Osera Tomoko , Awai Mitsuyo , Kobayashi Misako , Tsutie Setsuko , Kurihara Nobutaka
Published: July 2019

Little is known about the effects of the non-cognitive skills on health. In this study, questionnaires were distributed to 1,658 school children aged 6–16 years and their parents in Hyogo Prefecture in Japan, who completed them at home and returned them in Freepost envelopes. The questionnaires included items about the child and his/her self-rated health (SRH), lifestyle, food-related habits and attitudes. The responses were anonymous and unidentifiable. Associations between the independent variables and high/low non-cognitive skills were assessed with the χ2 test or Fisher’s exact test at a 5% level of significance. Groups with high and low non-cognitive skills were defined and factors that differed significantly between them were examined using logistic regression analysis. In total, 496 (29.9%) returned both completed questionnaires. In this study, we separated the children and students aged 6–12 and 13–16 years, respectively. Furthermore, we categorized them according to the Japanese education system. Among the children aged 6–12 years, the high non-cognitive skills group suffered fewer headaches, went to bed earlier, had a greater preference for home-cooked meals, and had better exercise habits compared with the low non-cognitive skills group. In the students aged 13–16 years, the high non-cognitive skills group experienced fewer headaches, went to bed earlier, had a greater preference for home-cooked meals, and had better exercise habits compared with the low non-cognitive skills group. In conclusion, the findings of this study suggested that a high level of non-cognitive skills was associated with high SRH and greater concern about food.
Improving the Performance and Quality of Processes by Applying and Implementing Six Sigma Methodology in Furniture Manufacturing Process
Authors: Simanová Ľubica , Sujová Andrea , Gejdoš Pavol
Published: July 2019

The main aim of this paper is to illustrate the application of selected methods and procedures in the implementation of the Six Sigma Methodology in the furniture manufacturing processes, specifically in the wood veneer pressing, to verify the application and to evaluate the benefits of using selected methods and procedures through a series of step DMAIC process improvement. The application of selected methods and tools within the Six Sigma Methodology, such as DPMO, efficiency and sigma levels, project charter, histogram of mistakes caused by the application of the adhesive, the SIPOC plot mapping process, reaction plans, Ishikawa diagram and control diagrams bring the system and clarity of measurable results into project management for process improvement and process change. The benefits of their use are the cost savings and performance improvement processes.
Towards upgrading strategies for nZEB-dwellings in Norway
Authors: Gullbrekken Lars , Time Berit
Published: July 2019

Recent work suggests that upgrading in line with the Norwegian building regulations or by upgradingto the requirements of the national passive house norm, NS3700, can enable nZEB level to be achieved.The aim of this work is to explore the typical Norwegian housing typologies and some importantcharacteristics of the building envelope for these houses from different decades. The exploration involvedsurveying the typical technical qualities of Norwegian housing and how these have evolved – providingan important foundation to work addressing strategies and methods for upgrading dwellings to nZEBlevel in the next phases of the ongoing research project. The results of this work show that the buildingnorms and practices developed throughout the years have made dwellings more moisture resilient, withan increased drying-out potential through mechanical ventilation, control of the air change rate and theuse of more vapour-open wind barriers in the building envelope. Based on this, the work to follow willsuggest strategies for upgrading to nZEB level, solutions for upgrading building envelope componentsto high performance level and a methodology for risk reduction of moisture problems in the upgradeddwellings from the different decades.
Revision of the Genus Schizoretepora (Bryozoa, Cheilostomatida) from the Atlantic-Mediterranean region
Authors: Madurell Teresa , Spencer Jones Mary , Zabala Mikel
Published: July 2019

We examined the type specimens and historical collections holding puzzling Atlantic and Mediterranean material belonging to the genus Schizoretepora Gregory, 1893. We performed a detailed study of the colonial characters and re-describe the resulting species and those that have rarely been found or have poor original descriptions. As a result of this revision, nine species are found in the northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean. Six of them are re-described and illustrated: S. aviculifera (Canu & Bassler, 1930), S. calveti d’Hondt, 1975, S. imperati (Busk, 1884), S. sp. nov.? (= S. imperati sensu O’Donoghue & de Watteville 1939) (in open nomenclature, specimen lacks ovicells), S. pungens (Canu & Bassler, 1928) and S. solanderia (Risso, 1826). For S. dentata (Calvet, 1931), no material remains; furthermore, S. hassi Harmelin, Bitar & Zibrowius, 2007 and S. serratimargo (Hincks, 1886) have recently been described and redescribed, respectively. This new arrangement attains a coherent geographical distribution: S. imperati seems restricted to the eastern Atlantic, S. dentata and S. calveti are deepwater species from Atlantic islands, S. pungens and S. aviculifera dwell on the African coasts of the Western Mediterranean, S. hassi and S. sp. nov.? (=S. imperati sensu O’Donogue & de Wateville 1939) are confined to the Eastern Mediterranean, and S. solanderia and S. serratimargo live on the European coasts of the Mediterranean.
Eleições e mudança de poder no Rio Grande do Sul: análise nos municípios do estado
Authors: MÃ¼ller Andressa Petry , Quadros Michel Richard Costa de , Pinto Nelson Guilherme Machado
Published: July 2019

A relevância da reeleição no o processo eleitoral se dá diante da chance de um governante conduzir bem o seu mandato, visando com isso adquirir maiores chances de continuar no poder e realizar projetos maiores, e que beneficiem um conjunto maior de pessoas. Tendo em vista a importância da temática reeleição, o presente estudo busca analisar o impacto das eleições e mudança de poder nos municípios gaúchos, verificando a alteração das variáveis de desenvolvimento de acordo com a alternância ou não de poder por regiões do estado. A pesquisa se caracteriza como descritiva e quantitativa, e se aproveita de dados eleitorais entre 1992 e 2016 dos municípios gaúchos e relativos às variáveis de desenvolvimento. Percebe-se que o estado apresenta algumas oscilações entre o número de partidos que se mantém no poder, além de que é verificado que as variáveis de desenvolvimento influenciam tanto de forma negativa como de forma positiva. No total houveram reeleições em apenas 36,23% dos casos analisados. É possível notar também que há partidos que se destacam mais em uma região do que outra, e os índices de reeleição acompanham a mesma lógica, pois em algumas regiões há mais reeleições do que em outras. Com isso, é necessário a compreensão dessas diferenças, e que a preferência por um partido é feita devido às ações realizadas na gestão, influenciado por questões históricas, visto que alguns municípios são redutos eleitorais de um ou dois partidos, além do grau de ligação da legenda para com as causas e questões relacionadas à população.
Response of phytohormone homeostasis to heat stress and the roles of phytohormones in rice grain yield: a review
Authors: Wu Chao , Tang She , Li Ganghua , Wang Shaohua , Fahad Shah , Ding Yanfeng
Published: July 2019

Rice is highly susceptible to heat stress at the reproductive stage. In this review, we first summarize recent progress in heat effects on rice grain yield during different reproductive stages. Different responses of yield traits of rice to heat stress during different reproductive stages are identified. The number of spikelets per panicle is reduced by heat stress during the early reproductive stage but is not affected by heat stress during the mid-late reproductive stage. Spikelet sterility induced by heat stress can be attributed primarily to physiological abnormalities in the reproductive organs during flowering but attributed to structural and morphological abnormalities in reproductive organs during panicle initiation. The lower grain weight caused by heat stress during the early reproductive stage was due to a reduction in non-structural carbohydrates, undeveloped vascular bundles, and a reduction in grain length and width, while a shortened grain filling duration, reduced grain filling rate, and decreased grain width affect grain weight when heat stress occurs during grain filling. Phytohormones play vital roles in regulating plant adaptations against heat stress. We discuss the processes involving phytohormone homeostasis (biosynthesis, catabolism, deactivation, and transport) in response to heat stress. It is currently thought that biosynthesis and transport may be the key processes that determine phytohormone levels and final grain yield in rice under heat stress conditions. Finally, we prospect that screening and breeding rice varieties with comprehensive tolerance to heat stress throughout the entire reproductive phase could be feasible to cope with unpredictable heat events in the future. Studies in phytohormone homeostatic response are needed to further reveal the key processes that determine phytohormone levels under heat condition.
Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography in Patients With Surgically Altered Gastrointestinal Anatomy: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Fujimoto Takaaki , Mori Yasuhisa , Nakashima Yohei , Ohtsuka Takao , Nakamura So , Gotoh Yoshitaka , Date Kenjiro , Sadakari Yoshihiko , Nakata Kohei , Miyasaka Yoshihiro , Osoegawa Takashi , Aso Akira , Ihara Eikichi , Nakamura Kazuhiko , Ogawa Yoshihiro , Shimizu Shuji , Nakamura Masafumi
Published: July 2019

Objective:

The aim of this study was to evaluate the difficulty of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) procedures when performed in patients with different types of surgically altered gastrointestinal (GI) anatomies.

Summary of background data:

Clinical data of 102 consecutive patients with surgically altered GI anatomy who underwent ERCP using a double-balloon enteroscope or a regular gastroendoscope between January 2008 and March 2015 were retrospectively reviewed.

Methods:

The success rate of reaching the destination, the time until reaching the destination, the success rate of the procedures, and complications were assessed for each type of altered GI anatomy using a double-balloon enteroscope and a regular gastroendoscope.

Results:

A total of 180 ERCP procedures were performed. The total success rate of reaching the destination was 91% (164 of 180), and that of treatment was 88% (144 of 164). The success rate of reaching the destination in patients with Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy (HJ + R-Y) was significantly lower than that of the other types of reconstruction. The time until reaching the destination was significantly longer in patients after R-Y reconstruction (gastrectomy or HJ) than that after Billroth-II gastrectomy or pancreatoduodenectomy. GI perforation occurred in 2 patients after R-Y reconstruction (1 patient after gastrectomy, and 1 patient after HJ). However, no other complications, such as severe pancreatitis, bleeding, or air embolism, were observed.

Conclusions:

ERCP for patients with surgically altered GI anatomy is feasible. Improvement of the success rate of reaching the destination in patients after HJ + R-Y and prevention of perforation in those with R-Y reconstruction are necessary.
Mechanical Bonding of Aluminum Hybrid Alloy Systems through High‐Pressure Torsion
Authors: Kawasaki Megumi , Jung Seon Ho , Park Jeong-Min , Lee Jongsup , Jang Jae-il , Han Jae-Kyung
Published: July 2019

The present study demonstrates an innovative approach of utilizing high‐pressure torsion (HPT) processing for the mechanical bonding of dissimilar metals during the microstructural refinement process. This processing approach has been developed recently for introducing unique alloy systems with improving physical and mechanical properties. Accordingly, the present study focuses specifically on the microstructural evolution and development in micro‐mechanical responses in the mechanically bonded Al‐Mg and Al‐Cu hybrid alloy systems when synthesized by HPT processing for very high number of turns up to 60 under 6.0 GPa at room temperature. The microstructural and hardness evaluations confirm the capability of the HPT procedure for the formation of heterostructures with extreme hardness at the disk peripheries and with low hardness at the disk centers in these processed alloy systems. Nanoindentation measurements demonstrate that both hybrid alloy systems exhibit excellent plasticity at the disk edges, where the hardness is the highest. There is a considerable potential for applying the solid‐state reaction through the HPT process for the bonding of dissimilar metals as a manufacturing technique and for the development of hybrid alloy systems.
Amorphous Silicon Self‐Rolling Micro Electromechanical Systems: From Residual Stress Control to Complex 3D Structures
Authors: Pinto Rui M. R. , Chu Virginia , Conde João Pedro
Published: July 2019

In surface micromachining, the control of the residual stress of the films is crucial, as excessive stress can cause buckling, cracking, and peeling of the materials and fracture of the devices. However, the gradients of stress across the thickness of individual films or the stress mismatch in composite structural layers can be exploited to obtain highly complex 3D structures via self‐assembly, self‐bending, self‐positioning, or self‐rolling processes. Herein, the thin‐film residual stresses of amorphous silicon, TiW, AlSiCu, Cr, Au, and SiO2 are assessed using polymer substrates and tuned. Then, a stress‐mismatched bi‐layer of amorphous silicon (tensile) and TiW (compressive) is used in the fabrication of complex 3D self‐rolling micro electromechanical systems (MEMS) structures. The freestanding regions of the fabricated MEMS have a characteristic radius of curvature of ≈100 μm. Current‐induced thermal actuation of a suspended plate is demonstrated. The microfabrication process and materials used are compatible with standard cleanroom processing and with a variety of substrates. In the future, amorphous silicon photodiodes, photoconductors, or other semiconductor devices can be incorporated on complex MEMS fabricated by self‐rolling/self‐bending processes and applied to localized optical and electrical sensing.
How Small Heterocycles Make a Reaction Network of Amino Acids and Nucleotides Efficient in Water
Authors: Tremmel Peter , Griesser Helmut , Steiner Ulrich E. , Richert Clemens
Published: July 2019

Organisms use enzymes to ensure a flow of substrates through biosynthetic pathways. How the earliest form of life established biosynthetic networks and prevented hydrolysis of intermediates without enzymes is unclear. Organocatalysts may have played the role of enzymes. Quantitative analysis of reactions of adenosine 5’‐monophosphate and glycine that produce peptides, pyrophosphates, and RNA chains reveals that organocapture by heterocycles gives hydrolytically stabilized intermediates with balanced reactivity. We determined rate constants for 20 reactions in aqueous solutions containing a carbodiimide and measured product formation with cyanamide as a condensing agent. Organocapture favors reactions that are kinetically slow but productive, and networks, over single transformations. Heterocycles can increase the metabolic efficiency more than two‐fold, with up to 0.6 useful bonds per fuel molecule spent, boosting the efficiency of life‐like reaction systems in the absence of enzymes.