bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigating the Construct of Trauma‐Related Acquired Callousness Among Delinquent Youth: Differences in Emotion Processing
Authors: Bennett Diana C. , Kerig Patricia K.
Published: July 2014

This study tested theories regarding differences in emotion processing among youth characterized by primary versus acquired callous‐unemotional (CU) traits in a sample of 417 detained adolescents (306 boys, 111 girls). Mixture modeling identified 2 groups of youth high in CU, but with different levels of posttraumatic stress symptoms consistent with theoretical conceptualizations of acquired CU as being linked to trauma. Differences between the 2 groups of youth were investigated regarding 3 dimensions of emotion processing: emotion regulation, numbing, and recognition. Compared to youth classified in the primary group, youth classified as acquired CU demonstrated greater difficulty with lack of clarity (OR = 0.53), and nonacceptance of emotions, (OR = 0.57), general numbing of emotions (OR = 0.87), and recognition of disgust (OR = 0.18). Differences in emotion processing reported by youth in the 2 groups are consistent with theories regarding acquired callousness as related to emotional detachment in the aftermath of posttraumatic distress. The results of the current study have implications for the classification of primary and acquired CU, as well as the clinical treatment of youth with these characteristics.
A Supramolecular Strategy for Self‐Mobile Adsorption Sites in Affinity Membrane
Authors: Lin Ligang , Dong Meimei , Liu Chunyu , Wei Chenjie , Wang Yuanyuan , Sun Hui , Ye Hui
Published: July 2014

Disclosed here is the design of a novel supramolecular membrane with self‐mobile adsorption sites for biomolecules purification. In the 3D micropore channels of membrane matrix, the ligands are conjugated onto the cyclic compounds in polyrotaxanes for protein adsorption. During membrane filtration, the adsorption sites can rotate and/or slide along the axial chain, which results in the enhanced adsorption capacity. The excellent performance of supra­molecular membrane is related with the dynamic working manner of adsorption sites, which plays a crucial role on avoiding spatial mismatching and short‐circuit effect. The supra­molecular strategy described here has general suggestions for the “sites” involved technologies such as catalysis, adsorption, and sensors, which is of broad interest.

image
SUMO‐1 plays crucial roles for spindle organization, chromosome congression, and chromosome segregation during mouse oocyte meiotic maturation
Authors: Yuan Yi‐Feng , Zhai Rui , Liu Xiao‐Ming , Khan Hamid Ali , Zhen Yan‐Hong , Huo Li‐Jun
Published: July 2014

Small ubiquitin‐related modifier‐1 (SUMO‐1)‐dependent modifications of many target proteins are involved in a range of intracellular processes. Previous studies reported the localization of SUMO‐1 during oocyte meiosis, and that overexpression of Sentrin/SUMO‐specific protease 2 (SENP2), a de‐SUMOylation protease, altered SUMO‐modified proteins, and caused defects in metaphase‐II spindle organization. In this study, we detailed the consequences of SUMO‐1‐mediated SUMOylation by either inhibition of SUMO‐1 or UBC9 with a specific antibody or their depletion by specific siRNA microinjection. Inhibition or depletion of SUMO‐1 or UBC9 in germinal vesicle (GV)‐stage oocytes decreased the rates of germinal vesicle breakdown and first polar body (PB1) extrusion; caused defective spindle organization and misaligned chromosomes; and led to aneuploidy in matured oocytes. Stage‐specific antibody injections suggested that SUMO‐1 functions before anaphase I during PB1 extrusion. Further experiments indicated that the localization of γ‐tubulin was disordered after SUMO‐1 inhibition, and that SUMO‐1 depletion disrupted kinetochore‐microtubule attachment at metaphase I. Moreover, SUMO‐1 inhibition resulted in less‐condensed chromosomes, altered localization of REC8 and securin, and reduced BUBR1 accumulation at the centromere. On the other hand, overexpression of SUMO‐1 in GV‐stage oocytes had no significant effect on oocyte maturation. In conclusion, our results implied that SUMO‐1 plays crucial roles during oocyte meiotic maturation, specifically involving spindle assembly and chromosome behavior, by regulating kinetochore‐microtubule attachment and the localization of γ‐tubulin, BUBR1, REC8, and securin. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 81: 712–724, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dedicated receiver array coil for 1H lung imaging with same‐breath acquisition of hyperpolarized 3He and 129Xe gas
Authors: Rao Madhwesha , Robb Fraser , Wild Jim M.
Published: July 2014

Purpose

Same‐breath acquisition of 1H and hyperpolarized gases (3He and 129Xe) in the lungs provides complementary information on pulmonary structure and function with inherent spatial‐temporal registration of the images from the different nuclei. To date 1H images have been acquired using the MR system's body coil, which has low SNR when compared with dedicated receiver‐array coils. This study demonstrates the design and application of a dedicated 1H receiver array to improve the 1H lung SNR for use in same‐breath acquisition with hyperpolarized gas 3He or 129Xe at 1.5 Tesla.

Theory and Methods

A four‐loop dedicated receiver‐array was developed in‐house for 1H lung MRI to work in compatibility with existing 3He/129Xe transmit–receive coils. As part of the design process, a new generalized circuit formalism was developed for trap circuits for such a dedicated 1H receiver array at 63.8 MHz with traps for 3He 48.6 MHz and 129Xe 17.7 MHz.

Results

The 1H lung image SNR from the novel 1H array was twice that observed with the 1H body coil when used in same‐breath acquisition with the 3He or 129Xe T–R coil in situ.

Conclusion

An array coil to improve 1H SNR of the lung in same‐breath acquisition with hyperpolarized gases has been demonstrated. Magn Reson Med 74:291–299, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Feasibility of mapping unidirectional Pi‐to‐ATP fluxes in muscles of the lower leg at 7.0 Tesla
Authors: Parasoglou Prodromos , Xia Ding , Regatte Ravinder R.
Published: July 2014

Purpose

To assess the feasibility of mapping the kinetics and unidirectional fluxes of inorganic phosphate (Pi) to adenosine triphosphate (ATP) reactions in the entire volume of the lower leg muscles using a three‐dimensional saturation transfer (ST) phosphorus (31P) imaging sequence.

Theory and Methods

We imaged the lower leg muscles of five healthy subjects at 7.0 Tesla. The total experimental time was 45 min. We quantified muscle‐specific forward reaction rate constants (k′f) and metabolic fluxes (Vf) of the Pi‐to‐ATP reaction in the tibialis anterior, the gastrocnemius, and the soleus.

Results

In the tibialis anterior, k′f and Vf were 0.11 s−1 ± 0.03 (mean ± standard deviation) and 0.34 mM s−1 ± 0.10, respectively. In the gastrocnemius, k′f was 0.11 s−1 ± 0.04 and Vf was 0.37 mM s−1 ± 0.11, while in the soleus muscle k′f was 0.10 s−1 ± 0.02 and Vf was 0.36 mM s−1 ± 0.14.

Conclusion

Our results suggest that mapping the kinetics and unidirectional fluxes from Pi‐to‐ATP in both the anterior and posterior muscles of the lower leg is feasible at ultra‐high field and may provide useful insights for the study of insulin resistance, diabetes and aging. Magn Reson Med 74:225–230, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Scan time reduction for readout‐segmented EPI using simultaneous multislice acceleration: Diffusion‐weighted imaging at 3 and 7 Tesla
Authors: Frost Robert , Jezzard Peter , Douaud Gwenaëlle , Clare Stuart , Porter David A. , Miller Karla L.
Published: July 2014

Purpose

Readout‐segmented echo‐planar imaging (rs‐EPI) can provide high quality diffusion data because it is less prone to distortion and blurring artifacts than single‐shot echo‐planar imaging (ss‐EPI), particularly at higher resolution and higher field. Readout segmentation allows shorter echo‐spacing and echo train duration, resulting in reduced image distortion and blurring, respectively, in the phase‐encoding direction. However, these benefits come at the expense of longer scan times because the segments are acquired in multiple repetitions times (TRs). This study shortened rs‐EPI scan times by reducing the TR duration with simultaneous multislice acceleration.

Methods

The blipped‐CAIPI method for slice acceleration with reduced g‐factor SNR loss was incorporated into the diffusion‐weighted rs‐EPI sequence. The rs‐ and ss‐EPI sequences were compared at a range of resolutions at both 3 and 7 Tesla in terms of image fidelity and diffusion postprocessing results.

Results

Slice‐accelerated clinically useful trace‐weighted images and tractography results are presented. Tractography analysis showed that the reduced artifacts in rs‐EPI allowed better discrimination of tracts than ss‐EPI.

Conclusion

Slice acceleration reduces rs‐EPI scan times providing a practical alternative to diffusion‐weighted ss‐EPI with reduced distortion and high resolution. Magn Reson Med 74:136–149, 2015. © 2014 The Authors Magnetic Resonance in Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Short‐T2 imaging for quantifying concentration of sodium (23Na) of bi‐exponential T2 relaxation
Authors: Qian Yongxian , Panigrahy Ashok , Laymon Charles M. , Lee Vincent K. , Drappatz Jan , Lieberman Frank S. , Boada Fernando E. , Mountz James M.
Published: July 2014

Purpose

This work intends to demonstrate a new method for quantifying concentration of sodium (23Na) of bi‐exponential T2 relaxation in patients on MRI scanners at 3.0 Tesla.

Theory and Methods

Two single‐quantum (SQ) sodium images acquired at very‐short and short echo times (TE = 0.5 and 5.0 ms) are subtracted to produce an image of the short‐T2 component of the bi‐exponential (or bound) sodium. An integrated calibration on the SQ and short‐T2 images quantifies both total and bound sodium concentrations. Numerical models were used to evaluate signal response of the proposed method to the short‐T2 components. MRI scans on agar phantoms and brain tumor patients were performed to assess accuracy and performance of the proposed method, in comparison with a conventional method of triple‐quantum filtering.

Results

A good linear relation (R2 = 0.98) was attained between the short‐T2 image intensity and concentration of bound sodium. A reduced total scan time of 22 min was achieved under the SAR restriction for human studies in quantifying both total and bound sodium concentrations.

Conclusion

The proposed method is feasible for quantifying bound sodium concentration in routine clinical settings at 3.0 Tesla. Magn Reson Med 74:162–174, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Accelerated 1H MRSI using randomly undersampled spiral‐based k‐space trajectories
Authors: Chatnuntawech Itthi , Gagoski Borjan , Bilgic Berkin , Cauley Stephen F. , Setsompop Kawin , Adalsteinsson Elfar
Published: July 2014

Purpose

To develop and evaluate the performance of an acquisition and reconstruction method for accelerated MR spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) through undersampling of spiral trajectories.

Theory and Methods

A randomly undersampled spiral acquisition and sensitivity encoding (SENSE) with total variation (TV) regularization, random SENSE+TV, is developed and evaluated on single‐slice numerical phantom, in vivo single‐slice MRSI, and in vivo three‐dimensional (3D)‐MRSI at 3 Tesla. Random SENSE+TV was compared with five alternative methods for accelerated MRSI.

Results

For the in vivo single‐slice MRSI, random SENSE+TV yields up to 2.7 and 2 times reduction in root‐mean‐square error (RMSE) of reconstructed N‐acetyl aspartate (NAA), creatine, and choline maps, compared with the denoised fully sampled and uniformly undersampled SENSE+TV methods with the same acquisition time, respectively. For the in vivo 3D‐MRSI, random SENSE+TV yields up to 1.6 times reduction in RMSE, compared with uniform SENSE+TV. Furthermore, by using random SENSE+TV, we have demonstrated on the in vivo single‐slice and 3D‐MRSI that acceleration factors of 4.5 and 4 are achievable with the same quality as the fully sampled data, as measured by RMSE of reconstructed NAA map, respectively.

Conclusion

With the same scan time, random SENSE+TV yields lower RMSEs of metabolite maps than other methods evaluated. Random SENSE+TV achieves up to 4.5‐fold acceleration with comparable data quality as the fully sampled acquisition. Magn Reson Med 74:13–24, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
PAK1 mediates pancreatic cancer cell migration and resistance to MET inhibition
Authors: Zhou Wei , Jubb Adrian M , Lyle Karen , Xiao Qian , Ong Christy C , Desai Rupal , Fu Ling , Gnad Florian , Song Qinghua , Haverty Peter M , Aust Daniela , Grützmann Robert , Romero Mally , Totpal Klara , Neve Richard M , Yan Yibing , Forrest William F , Wang Yulei , Raja Rajiv , Pilarsky Christian , de Jesus‐Acosta Ana , Belvin Marcia , Friedman Lori S , Merchant Mark , Jaffee Elizabeth M , Zheng Lei , Koeppen Hartmut , Hoeflich Klaus P
Published: July 2014

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a major unmet medical need and a deeper understanding of molecular drivers is needed to advance therapeutic options for patients. We report here that p21‐activated kinase 1 (PAK1) is a central node in PDAC cells downstream of multiple growth factor signalling pathways, including hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and MET receptor tyrosine kinase. PAK1 inhibition blocks signalling to cytoskeletal effectors and tumour cell motility driven by HGF/MET. MET antagonists, such as onartuzumab and crizotinib, are currently in clinical development. Given that even highly effective therapies have resistance mechanisms, we show that combination with PAK1 inhibition overcomes potential resistance mechanisms mediated either by activation of parallel growth factor pathways or by direct amplification of PAK1. Inhibition of PAK1 attenuated in vivo tumour growth and metastasis in a model of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. In human tissues, PAK1 is highly expressed in a proportion of PDACs (33% IHC score 2 or 3; n = 304) and its expression is significantly associated with MET positivity (p < 0.0001) and linked to a widespread metastatic pattern in patients (p = 0.067). Taken together, our results provide evidence for a functional role of MET/PAK1 signalling in pancreatic adenocarcinoma and support further characterization of therapeutic inhibitors in this indication. Copyright © 2014 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Detonation Failure Characterization of Homemade Explosives
Authors: Janesheski Robert S. , Groven Lori J. , Son Steven F.
Published: July 2014

Typically characterizing home made explosives (HMEs) requires many large scale experiments, which is prohibitive given the large number of materials in use. A small scale experiment was developed to characterize HMEs such as ammonium nitrate‐fuel oil mixtures. A microwave interferometer is applied to small scale confined transient experiments, yielding time resolved characterization of a failing detonation that is initiated with an ideal explosive booster charge. Experiments were performed with ammonium nitrate and two fuel compositions (diesel fuel and mineral oil). It was observed that the failure dynamics were influenced by factors such as the chemical composition, confiner thickness, and applied shock wave strength. Thin steel walled confiners with 0.71 mm wall thickness experienced detonation failure and decoupling of the shock wave from the reaction zone. Confiners with a wall thickness of 34.9 mm showed a decrease in propagation speed and a steady reactive wave was achieved. Varying the applied shock strength by using an attenuator showed corresponding changes in the initial overdriven reactive wave velocity in the HMEs. The distance to detonation failure was also shown to depend on the attenuator length when thin wall confinement was used. This experimental method is shown to be repeatable and can be performed with little required material (about 2 g). The data obtained could be useful to model development and validation, as well as quantifying detonability of materials.
Interaction of Mo(CO)6 and its derivative fragments with the Cu(001) surface: Influence on the decomposition process
Authors: Dupont Céline , Wan Xiaowen , Petukhov Mikhail , Krüger Peter
Published: July 2014

A theoretical study on the adsorption and decomposition of molybdenum carbonyl on the copper (001) surface is reported. The adsorption structures and energies of Mo(CO)n molecules (n = 1 … 6) are computed systematically using density functional theory with Van der Waals corrections. By analyzing the energies of the various conformations, the main factors that determine the stable adsorption geometry are identified. Insight into the thermodynamics of decomposition is gained by calculating the reaction energy for dissociation of Mo(CO)n into Mo(CO)n−1 and CO. In the gas phase, this reaction is highly endothermic for all n. On the Cu surface, however, removal of the first CO group (n = 6) becomes strongly exothermic. The subsequent dissociation steps (n < 6), are endothermic even on the surface, but the reaction energies are much reduced. Dissociation is found energetically more favorable than desorption in all cases. The results clearly show that molybdenum carbonyl decomposition is strongly facilitated by the presence of the Cu surface. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
STRengthening Analytical Thinking for Observational Studies: the STRATOS initiative
Authors: Sauerbrei Willi , Abrahamowicz Michal , Altman Douglas G. , le Cessie Saskia , Carpenter James ,   on behalf of the STRATOS initiative
Published: July 2014

The validity and practical utility of observational medical research depends critically on good study design, excellent data quality, appropriate statistical methods and accurate interpretation of results. Statistical methodology has seen substantial development in recent times. Unfortunately, many of these methodological developments are ignored in practice. Consequently, design and analysis of observational studies often exhibit serious weaknesses. The lack of guidance on vital practical issues discourages many applied researchers from using more sophisticated and possibly more appropriate methods when analyzing observational studies. Furthermore, many analyses are conducted by researchers with a relatively weak statistical background and limited experience in using statistical methodology and software. Consequently, even ‘standard’ analyses reported in the medical literature are often flawed, casting doubt on their results and conclusions. An efficient way to help researchers to keep up with recent methodological developments is to develop guidance documents that are spread to the research community at large.

These observations led to the initiation of the strengthening analytical thinking for observational studies (STRATOS) initiative, a large collaboration of experts in many different areas of biostatistical research. The objective of STRATOS is to provide accessible and accurate guidance in the design and analysis of observational studies. The guidance is intended for applied statisticians and other data analysts with varying levels of statistical education, experience and interests.

In this article, we introduce the STRATOS initiative and its main aims, present the need for guidance documents and outline the planned approach and progress so far. We encourage other biostatisticians to become involved. © 2014 The Authors.Statistics in Medicinepublished by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Concise Review: Genomic Instability in Human Stem Cells: Current Status and Future Challenges
Authors: Oliveira Pedro H. , Silva Cláudia Lobato , Cabral Joaquim M.S.
Published: July 2014

Genomic instability is recognized as one of the most important hurdles in the expanding field of stem cell-based therapies. In the recent years, an accumulating body of evidence has shown that human stem cells undergo a diverse program of biological changes upon ex vivo cultivation that include numerical and structural chromosomal abnormalities, point mutations, variation of telomere length, and epigenetic instability. As the field moves forward, the growing awareness of the risk factors associated with human genome plasticity strongly advocates for the use of extensive genetic screening as part of a quality control platform to attest to the safety of stem cell-based products. Here we present a timely and comprehensive review that addresses the current status and emerging trends of the field, ultimately underscoring the need to implement new regulatory standards able to streamline the route to therapeutic applications. Stem Cells  2014;32:2824–2832
Concise Reviews: Cancer Stem Cells: From Concept to Cure
Authors: Matchett K. B. , Lappin T. R.
Published: July 2014

In 1953, noting a remarkable consistency between the agents causing mutations and those associated with cancer, Carl Nordling, a Finnish-born architect, proposed that cancer results from an accumulation of genetic mutations. It is now generally accepted that inherited mutations and environmental carcinogens can lead to the development of premalignant clones. After further mutations, one cell reaches a critical state which confers a survival or growth advantage over normal cells. Such cells have the ability to initiate a malignant tumour. They share many of the features of normal stem cells, including the capacity for self-renewal and differentiation, and are widely termed cancer stem cells (CSCs). Although CSCs have been well characterized in hematological malignancies, their existence in some other tissues has been questioned. Here, we review recent work in which stem cells and stem cell-like cells have been used to investigate the pathogenesis of cancer and potential anticancer treatment strategies, in the context of both hematological and somatic tissue disease. Stem Cells  2014;32:2563–2570
Predicting enzymatic reactivity: from theory to design
Authors: Świderek Katarzyna , Tuñón Iñaki , Moliner Vicent
Published: July 2014

Theoretical and computational tools can provide a detailed knowledge of the mode of action of enzymes. This knowledge can be systematized to be used as a guide for the design of new biocatalysts for industrial purposes. In this article, we illustrate the current view about the origin of enzymatic catalysis based on molecular simulations and its use in the design of new enzymes. Transition‐state stabilization in a preorganized active site seems to be the major source of catalysis, although some degree of protein flexibility is needed to reach the maximum catalytic efficiency. Development of a new enzyme must then consider the inclusion of TS stabilizing interactions either in a preexisting enzymatic structure (enzymatic redesign) or in a completely new designed enzyme (de novo design). However, the lack of a detailed understanding of the link between sequence, structure, flexibility, and function still prevents the complete success of these strategies. WIREs Comput Mol Sci 2014, 4:407–421.

This article is categorized under:

Structure and Mechanism > Computational Biochemistry and Biophysics

Electronic Structure Theory > Combined QM/MM Methods

Molecular and Statistical Mechanics > Molecular Dynamics and Monte-Carlo Methods
Novel Dinuclear Redox‐isomeric Complexes with a Tetrapodal Pyridine‐based Ligand
Authors: Bubnov Michael P. , Skorodumova Nina A. , Zolotukhin Alexey A. , Arapova Alla V. , Baranov Evgenii V. , Stritt Anika , Ünal Alper , Grohmann Andreas , Heinemann Frank W. , Bogomyakov Artem S. , Smirnova Natal'a N. , Cherkasov Vladimir K. , Abakumov Gleb A.
Published: July 2014

Tris‐o‐semiquinonato cobalt complexes react with a tetrapodal pyridine‐derived ligand to form dinuclear cobalt compounds of general formula (OMP)[CoQ2]2, where OMP = 2,2′‐(pyridine‐2,6‐diyl)bis(N1,N1,N3,N3‐tetramethylpropane‐1,3‐diamine), Q = mono‐ or dianion of 3,6‐di‐tert‐butyl‐o‐benzoquinone (complex 1) and it derivatives: 3,6‐di‐tert‐butyl‐4,5‐N,N′‐piperazino‐o‐benzoquinone (complex 2), and 3,6‐di‐tert‐butyl‐4‐Cl‐o‐benzoquinone (complex 3). Single crystal X‐ray crystallography of 1 and 3 indicates two bis‐quinonato cobalt units bound by an OMP ligand, which acts as a bridge. Each central cobalt atom is chelated by one N1,N1,N3,N3‐tetramethylpropane‐1,3‐diamine and two o‐quinonato fragments. The nitrogen atom of the pyridine ring is uncoordinated. All complexes were characterized by NIR‐IR and EPR spectroscopy, precise adiabatic vacuum calorimetry, and by variable‐temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements. All data indicate a reversible thermally driven redox‐isomeric (valence tautomeric) transformation in the solid state for all complexes.
On The Steric Hindrance of Bulky Substituents – Determination of Their Cone Angles
Authors: Schulz Axel
Published: July 2014

A series of simple halogen compounds was studied with respect to steric hindrance by means of quantum mechanical methods utilizing the M062X/aug‐cc‐pvdz level of theory. The maximal cone angles of the halogen compounds R–E were computed for a series of different substituents (R carbon or silyl based substituents, E = halogen). Depending on the substitution pattern and the bulkiness of the substituent R a correlation between the cone angle and structural parameters is discussed. Estimates for the cone angles of any element attached to R are provided, that allows comparison of cone angles of different substituents at different distances, which can facilitate synthesis. Additionally, the bonding situation was assessed by natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis indicating that significant electronic effects should be considered when changing from silyl to carbon based substituents. Silyl based substituents display a considerably larger charge transfer to E compared to carbon based once.
The development of perceived maternal hostile, aggressive conflict from adolescence to early adulthood: Antecedents and outcomes
Authors: Castellani Valeria , Pastorelli Concetta , Eisenberg Nancy , Caffo Ernesto , Forresi Barbara , Gerbino Maria
Published: July 2014

The goal of this study was to investigate the development of mother–adolescent hostile aggressive conflict (MHAC) from late adolescence to young adulthood. The role of child’ depressive and delinquency problems and family characteristics, as well as the relation of level and change in MHAC to adolescents' delinquency and depression in early adulthood will be investigated. From the Genzano Longitudinal study 385 adolescents (51% males) participated in this study and completed self report measures. Latent growth curve modeling, separately by gender, indicated that the overall level MHAC exhibited a modest decline over time. For both males and females, depressive problems were associated to higher initial levels of MHAC and early maternal age predicted less decline of MHAC. Starting levels of MHAC were associated with Delinquency in males and with Depression in females, while the growth of MHAC was associated to delinquency in males and females and to depression in males.
La reconversión industrial de la siderúrgica integrada en Colombia
Authors: Barreto Bernal Patricia Carolina , Gutiérrez Molina Oscar , Lara Rodríguez Juan Sebastián
Published: July 2014

La reconversión industrial en Colombia tiene su origen como iniciativa política, buscando modernizar y preparar su aparato productivo, ante la entrada de competidores atraídos por el cambio de modelo económico. Los autores pretenden explicar los principales cambios y transformaciones surgidas en el proceso de reconversión industrial del país, particularmente el caso de Acerías Paz del Río, mediante la implementación de un método hermenéutico y la técnica de análisis documental. Como resultado de la revisión se puede establecer que los procesos de reconversión están relacionados con las formas de gestión organizacional y la disposición de la estructura de capital de la empresa. Para la empresa Acerías el proceso de reconversión resultaría importante para apalancar su perdurabilidad, no obstante las dificultades a las cuales tuvo que hacer frente la gestión de la compañía.
The role of a neuropsychiatry clinic in a tertiary referral teaching hospital: a 2-year study
Authors: Jabbar F. , Doherty A. , Duffy R. , Aziz M. , Casey P. , Sheehan J. , Lynch T. , Kelly B. D.
Published: July 2014

Objectives

Mental disorder is common among individuals with neurological illness. We aimed to characterise the patient population referred for psychiatry assessment at a tertiary neurology service in terms of neurological and psychiatric diagnoses and interventions provided.

Methods

We studied all individuals referred for psychiatry assessment at a tertiary neurology service over a 2-year period (n= 82).

Results

The most common neurological diagnoses among those referred were epilepsy (16%), Parkinson’s disease (15%) and multiple sclerosis (8%). The most common reasons for psychiatric assessment were low mood or anxiety (48%) and medically unexplained symptoms or apparent functional or psychogenic disease (21%). The most common diagnoses among those with mental disorder were mood disorders (62%), and neurotic, stress-related and somatoform disorders, including dissociative (conversion) disorders (28%). Psychiatric diagnosis was not related to gender, neurological diagnosis or psychiatric history.

Conclusion

Individuals with neurological illness demonstrate significant symptoms of a range of mental disorders. There is a need for further research into the characteristics and distribution of mental disorder in individuals with neurological illness, and for the enhancement of integrated psychiatric and neurological services to address the comorbidities demonstrated in this population.
Deformation statistics of sub-Kolmogorov-scale ellipsoidal neutrally buoyant drops in isotropic turbulence
Authors: Biferale L. , Meneveau C. , Verzicco R.
Published: July 2014

Small droplets in turbulent flows can undergo highly variable deformations and orientational dynamics. For neutrally buoyant droplets smaller than the Kolmogorov scale, the dominant effects from the surrounding turbulent flow arise through Lagrangian time histories of the velocity gradient tensor. Here we study the evolution of representative droplets using a model that includes rotation and stretching effects from the surrounding fluid, and restoration effects from surface tension including a constant droplet volume constraint, while assuming that the droplets maintain an ellipsoidal shape. The model is combined with Lagrangian time histories of the velocity gradient tensor extracted from direct numerical simulations (DNS) of turbulence to obtain simulated droplet evolutions. These are used to characterize the size, shape and orientation statistics of small droplets in turbulence. A critical capillary number is identified associated with unbounded growth of one or two of the droplet’s semi-axes. Exploiting analogies with dynamics of polymers in turbulence, the critical capillary number can be predicted based on the large deviation theory for the largest finite-time Lyapunov exponent quantifying the chaotic separation of particle trajectories. Also, for subcritical capillary numbers near the critical value, the theory enables predictions of the slope of the power-law tails of droplet size distributions in turbulence. For cases when the viscosities of droplet and outer fluid differ in a way that enables vorticity to decorrelate the shape from the straining directions, the large deviation formalism based on the stretching properties of the velocity gradient tensor loses validity and its predictions fail. Even considering the limitations of the assumed ellipsoidal droplet shape, the results highlight the complex coupling between droplet deformation, orientation and the local fluid velocity gradient tensor to be expected when small viscous drops interact with turbulent flows. The results also underscore the usefulness of large deviation theory to model these highly complex couplings and fluctuations in turbulence that result from time integrated effects of fluid deformations.
Turbulent Schmidt number and eddy diffusivity change with a chemical reaction
Authors: Watanabe Tomoaki , Sakai Yasuhiko , Nagata Kouji , Terashima Osamu
Published: July 2014

We provide empirical evidence that the eddy diffusivity$\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}D_{{t}\alpha }$and the turbulent Schmidt number${\mathit{Sc}}_{{t}\alpha }$of species$\alpha $($\alpha =\mathrm{A}, \mathrm{B}$or$\mathrm{R}$) change with a second-order chemical reaction ($\mathrm{A} + \mathrm{B} \rightarrow \mathrm{R}$). In this study, concentrations of the reactive species and axial velocity are simultaneously measured in a planar liquid jet. Reactant A is premixed into the jet flow and reactant B is premixed into the ambient flow. An optical fibre probe based on light absorption spectrometry is combined with I-type hot-film anemometry to simultaneously measure concentration and velocity in the reactive flow. The eddy diffusivities and the turbulent Schmidt numbers are estimated from the simultaneous measurement results. The results show that the chemical reaction increases${\mathit{Sc}}_{t\mathrm{A}}$;${\mathit{Sc}}_{t\mathrm{B}}$is negative in the region where the mean concentration of reactant B decreases in the downstream direction, and is positive in the non-reactive flow in the entire region on the jet centreline. It is also shown that${\mathit{Sc}}_{t\mathrm{R}}$is positive in the upstream region whereas it is negative in the downstream region. The production terms of axial turbulent mass fluxes of reactant B and product R can produce axial turbulent mass fluxes opposite to the axial gradients of the mean concentrations. The changes in the production terms due to the chemical reaction result in the negative turbulent Schmidt number of these species. These results imply that the gradient diffusion model using a global constant turbulent Schmidt number poorly predicts turbulent mass fluxes in reactive flows.
Highly resolved pulsatile flows through prosthetic heart valves using the entropic lattice-Boltzmann method
Authors: Yun B. Min , Dasi L. P. , Aidun C. K. , Yoganathan A. P.
Published: July 2014

Prosthetic heart valves have been widely used to replace diseased or defective native heart valves. Flow through bileaflet mechanical heart valves (BMHVs) have previously demonstrated complex phenomena in the vicinity of the valve owing to the presence of two rigid leaflets. This study aims to accurately capture the complex flow dynamics for pulsatile flow through a 23 mm St Jude Medical (SJM) Regent™ BMHV. The lattice-Boltzmann method (LBM) is used to simulate pulsatile flow through the valve with the inclusion of reverse leakage flow at very high spatiotemporal resolution that can capture fine details in the pulsatile BMHV flow field. For higher-Reynolds-number flows, this high spatiotemporal resolution captures features that have not been observed in previous coarse resolution studies. In addition, the simulations are able to capture with detail the features of leaflet closing and the asymmetric b-datum leakage jet during mid-diastole. Novel flow physics are visualized and discussed along with quantification of turbulent features of this flow, which is made possible by this parallelized numerical method.
Suicidal behaviour and lipid levels in unipolar and bipolar depression
Authors: Ainiyet Babajohn , Rybakowski Janusz K.
Published: July 2014

Introduction

Evidence for a possible association between a low level of cholesterol and increased suicidal behaviour has accumulated in the recent 3 decades. The present study investigates whether lipid levels can make state-dependent markers of suicidal behaviour in Polish patients with mood disorder recently admitted to a psychiatric hospital owing to an acute depressive episode.

Materials and methods

The study was conducted on 223 patients (73 male and 150 female) with unipolar (n=171) and bipolar (n=52) depression. They were interviewed to assess any occurrence of suicidal thoughts, suicidal tendencies and/or suicidal attempts during the 3 months before admission. Laboratory measurements [total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, triglycerides and total lipids] were obtained within 24–72 h after hospital admission.

Results

Suicidal thoughts, tendencies, and attempts were associated with low total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and total lipids in both male and female patients, in both diagnostic categories. Triglycerides were significantly lower in male and female patients with suicidal thoughts compared with their non-suicidal counterparts. No association with suicidality was found with HDL cholesterol.

Conclusions

The results of our study support a majority of research showing the association in depressed patients between suicidal behaviour and low levels of total and LDL cholesterol. In addition, the data suggest a similar association with low total lipids, and in some instances, with low triglycerides.
The Unrealities of Time
Authors: BIHAN BAPTISTE LE
Published: July 2014

Is time flowing? A-theorists say ‘yes’, B-theorists say ‘no’. But both take time to be real, which means that B-theorists accept that time is real, even if lacking a property usually ascribed to it. In this paper, I ask what the different properties usually ascribed to time there are in order to draw the list of different possible kinds of realism and anti-realism about time. As we will see, there are three main kinds of anti-realism. I will argue that if time is defined as the universe's fourth dimension, there is no way time could be unreal.
Thyroglossal duct cysts and obstructive sleep apnoea: three case reports and review of the literature
Authors: Safiruddin F , Mourits D L , de Vries N
Published: July 2014

Background:

Thyroglossal duct cysts and obstructive sleep apnoea are commonly occurring medical conditions which appear to present independently in patients. However, we noted three cases where the thyroglossal duct cysts influenced the development and/or therapy of obstructive sleep apnoea. In this article, these three case studies are presented, as is a study of the association between thyroglossal duct cysts and obstructive sleep apnoea, preceded by a literature review.

Case reports:

The patient in the first case study underwent hyoidthyroidpexia for obstructive sleep apnoea, which revealed an unexpected thyroglossal duct cyst. The second patient had previously undergone Sistrunk surgery for the removal of a thyroglossal duct cyst and subsequently presented with obstructive sleep apnoea. Finally, the third patient, who had previously undergone Sistrunk surgery, presented with obstructive sleep apnoea and underwent alternative surgery as hyoidthyroidpexia was no longer possible.

Conclusion:

To our knowledge, the association between thyroglossal duct cysts and obstructive sleep apnoea has not been addressed previously. The results indicate that the relationship is much stronger than previously thought, and further research is required to investigate the extent of the association and possible causal relations.
Long-term effects of temperature on gonad production, colour and
flavour of the sea urchin Glyptocidaris crenularis
Authors: Zhao Chong , Tian Xiaofei , Sun Ping , Hu Lunchao , Feng Wenping , Chang Yaqing
Published: July 2014

The increasing market demand for Glyptocidaris crenularis
shapes its great potential for aquaculture. Temperature is an important
factor affecting gonad production and quality of sea urchins. Therefore, it
is essential and valuable to carry out an evaluation of the temperature
effects on gonad production and quality in G. crenularis
before potential aquaculture. Here, we investigated the long-term effects of
temperature on gonad production, colour and flavour in G.
crenularis. There was no significant difference of test
diameter, height and body weight between the sea urchins in high (16–23°C)
and low (12–16°C) temperatures (P > 0.05).
Glyptocidaris crenularis showed significantly higher
gonad production and index in high temperature and in low temperature
(P < 0.05). L*, a*,
b* readings were slightly higher in the low temperature
groups, although no significant difference was found
(P > 0.05). Subjective colour and flavour ratings found
that G. crenularis in the low temperature group showed
significantly better colour (P = 0.003) and flavour
(P < 0.001) than those in the high temperature group.
The present study provides valuable and insightful information into the
establishing G. crenularis aquaculture.
Occurrence of mobulids in the Azores, central North Atlantic
Authors: Sobral A.F. , Afonso P.
Published: July 2014

An updated checklist of manta and devil rays (family Mobulidae) occurring in waters of the Azores archipelago is given based on new data from underwater images and on the re-evaluation of previous citations for the region. There are, at least, three species of mobulids occurring in the region, possibly four: giant mantaManta birostris; Chilean devil rayMobula tarapacana; and one or both of the giant devil rayMobula mobular/spinetail devil rayMobula japanicaspecies complex. These findings have direct implications for the known ranges of all these species and for the conservation of their North Atlantic populations.
Rainforest disturbance affects population density of the northern cassowaryCasuarius unappendiculatusin Papua, Indonesia
Authors: Pangau-Adam Margaretha , Mühlenberg Michael , Waltert Matthias
Published: July 2014

Nominally protected areas in Papua are under threat from encroachment, logging and hunting. The northern cassowaryCasuarius unappendiculatusis the largest frugivore of the lowland rainforest of New Guinea and is endemic to this region, and therefore it is an important conservation target and a potential flagship species. We investigated effects of habitat degradation on the species by means of distance sampling surveys of 58 line transects across five distinct habitats, from primary forest to forest gardens. Estimated cassowary densities ranged from 14.1 (95% CI 9.2–21.4) birds km−2in primary forest to 1.4 (95% CI 0.4–5.6) birds km−2in forest garden. Density estimates were intermediate in unlogged but hunted natural forest and in > 30 year-old secondary forest, and considerably lower in recently logged (< 3 years) forest. Cassowary abundance was positively correlated with canopy cover and with tree height and diameter, and negatively correlated with hunting traps and human trails. In generalized linear models cassowary abundance was best explained by the number of fruiting trees and potential water sources. The results suggest that although the northern cassowary is moderately tolerant of intermediate disturbance it is relatively intolerant of heavy disturbance such as intensive logging. To secure the populations of northern cassowary and of other large animal species in Papua, forest degradation needs to be addressed by enforcing regulations in existing protection forest and/or establishing new protected areas, such as wildlife reserves.
In vivolocalization of antibodies raised againstEimeria maximawall forming bodies during sexual intracellular development
Authors: FRÖLICH SONJA , SHAHPAREE ANNISHA , WASINGER VALERIE C. , WALLACH MICHAEL
Published: July 2014

Apicomplexan parasites cause devastating diseases in humans and livestock. Previously we demonstrated that antibodies targeting transmissible forms of the apicomplexan parasite,Eimeria, are effective at reducing parasite shedding thus preventing the transmission of the disease. However, the mechanisms responsible have not been fully defined. Moreover, there is no direct evidence that the parasite-specific IgG antibodies can reach the parasite developing in the enterocytes of the infected chicken host. This study summarizes our efforts using host immunity, parasite proteomics and 3D microscopy to provide a step forward in our understanding of how this immune response works.Eimeria maximais an important pathogen of poultry and used as a surrogate for a number of human pathogens includingToxoplasmaandPlasmodium. Our studies demonstrate that immunization with the purified wall forming bodies (WFBs) results in a production of parasite-specific IgG antibodies, which have the ability to reachin situgametocytes in the intestinal lumen and permeate the enterocyte/parasite membranes in order to bind to the cytoplasmic Type 1 and Type 2 WFBs. This raises the intriguing possibility that via this process antibodies block the development ofEimeria maxima in vivo.
Input sources of third person singular -sinconsistency in children with and without specific language impairment
Authors: LEONARD LAURENCE B. , FEY MARC E. , DEEVY PATRICIA , BREDIN-OJA SHELLEY L.
Published: July 2014

We tested four predictions based on the assumption that optional infinitives can be attributed to properties of the input whereby children inappropriately extract non-finite subject–verb sequences (e.g.the girl run) from larger input utterances (e.g.Does the girl run? Let's watch the girl run). Thirty children with specific language impairment (SLI) and thirty typically developing children heard novel and familiar verbs that appeared exclusively either in utterances containing non-finite subject–verb sequences or in simple sentences with the verb inflected for third person singular -s. Subsequent testing showed strong input effects, especially for the SLI group. The results provide support for input-based factors as significant contributors not only to the optional infinitive period in typical development, but also to the especially protracted optional infinitive period seen in SLI.
Foot-mounted Pedestrian Navigation based on Particle Filter with an Adaptive Weight Updating Strategy
Authors: Gu Yang , Song Qian , Li Yanghuan , Ma Ming
Published: July 2014

The algorithm flow of an inertial-based Pedestrian Navigation System (PNS) can be divided into a trajectory-generation stage and trajectory-calibration stage. The Zero-velocity UPdaTe (ZUPT)-aided Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) algorithm is commonly used to resolve the trajectory of a walking person, but it still suffers from long-term drift. Many methods have been developed to suppress these drifts and thus to calibrate the trajectory generated by the previous stage. However, these methods have certain requirements, such as explicit map information or frequent location revisits, which are hard to satisfy in such situations as Search and Rescue (SAR) operations. A new approach is proposed in this paper that requires no explicit presupposition. This approach is based on a particle filter framework, with the weight of particles being adaptively adjusted according to the a priori knowledge of building structures and human behaviours. The distribution of particle weights is designed with awareness of the regular structures of buildings. The time-varying parameter of the distribution is acquired from a Hidden Markov Model (HMM) based on the foregoing odometry, which has a close relation with human behaviour. HMM is trained offline based on samples acquired in advance. Many real-world experiments under various scenarios were performed, and the results indicate good accuracy and robustness of the proposed approach.