bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rebalancing the Picture-Sound Relationship
Authors: Mollaghan Aimee
Published: August 2017

This chapter explores how experimental filmmaker Lis Rhodes subverts the hegemonic relationship between sound and image across her body of moving image work in order to highlight and address inequitable power structures and the absence of the female voice in music and society. This is achieved on a material level by translating the optical soundtrack into visual presentations in her direct animation Dresden Dynamo (1971–72) and within an expanded, performative context in her audiovisual composition Light Music (1975). Further to this, Rhodes’s later films, Light Reading (1978) and A Cold Draft (1988), continue to rebalance the audiovisual relationship by giving countenance to the female voice, acousmatised from the images presented on screen.
Sounding Decay in the Digital Age
Authors: Johnston Nessa
Published: August 2017

Bill Morrison’s Decasia (2012) and Peter Delpeut’s Lyrical Nitrate (1991) are collage works made up of decayed silent-era film fragments. The films approach sound in contrasting ways: Lyrical Nitrate uses old 78 rpm recordings of operatic music as musical accompaniment to its decayed images, whereas Decasia uses a specially commissioned score and exists not only in DVD format but also as an elaborately staged performance piece. This chapter is an investigation of the role of the soundtrack within both films’ repurposing strategy, comparing and contrasting their sonic approaches, using a Chion-esque idea of “audio-vision” in an effort to understand their aesthetic workings. Despite the material heterogeneity of film sound and film image, the spectator takes in the experience as a synthesis. Yet beyond representational strategies the materiality of sounds and images in the pre- and postdigital ages is arguably the subject of exploration unifying this comparative analysis.
The Sound of Queer Experimental Film
Authors: Suárez Juan A.
Published: August 2017

This chapter characterises the music and sound of queer experimental film. It starts out with a historical revision of some social, cinematographic and musical developments that impinged on the evolution of queer experimental film. It then theorises about the possibility of a queer sound and music. And it subsequently characterises three modalities of aural queerness: camp, noisiness and dissonance. These modes share an epistemic uncertainty about the location and the very matter of what counts as queer, so that queerness has to be explored as an open question or a potential frame of reference; as a possibility that is communicated by sound just as much as by the image. The chapter takes as examples of these modes both historical filmmakers, such as Jack Smith, Kenneth Anger, Andy Warhol and Barbara Hammer, and more recent ones, such as Hans Scheirl, David Domingo, Jennifer Reeves, Luther Price and William E. Jones.
Avant-Gardists and the Lure of Pop Music
Authors: Vernallis Carol
Published: August 2017

This chapter provides methods and models for thinking about avant-garde and experimental films and videos that incorporate popular music. It sketches the history of intersections between avant-gardists and popular music. It also provides close readings of works by Kenneth Anger, Bruce Connor, Joseph Cornell, Derek Jarman, Tony Oursler, Pipilotti Rist, Andy Warhol and others. It claims that institutional, formal and cultural constraints not only limit the frequency with which avant-gardists participate with pop musicians and pop music, they also colour the audiovisual relations within the works themselves. Avant-garde films and videos with pop soundtracks emphasise particular kinds of audiovisual relation—relations that differ from sound-image connections in narrative films, YouTube clips, commercials and music videos. It is demonstrated that this experimental subgenre embodies a unique sort of sound-image relation and suggests, finally, that these videos can expand our knowledge of audiovisual relations more broadly.
The Formative Period (650–900 CE)
Authors: Arnold Felix
Published: August 2017

This chapter harnesses scant archaeological and textual evidence from 700-900 CE to discuss palatial architecture in North Africa, Western Maghreb, and the Iberian Peninsula. As Islamic rulers fight to establish hegemony in each region, their decisions where to live and how to design their palaces reflect this struggle. The cities of Raqqāda, Tāhart, Córdoba, and Badajoz each stage a unique encounter between local, pre-Islamic traditions and the architectural typologies and concepts of space imported from the Umayyad caliphate in Levant and later the Abbasid caliphate in Iraq. The palaces at these sites often feature combinations of elements from disparate traditions (e.g., the munya of cAbd ar-Raḥmān I) or altogether independent innovations (e.g. cubit of ar-Raššaš).
The Great Reform Empires (1100–1250 CE)
Authors: Arnold Felix
Published: August 2017

This chapter describes how Islamic architecture developed more sober and abstract tendencies during the religious reforms of 1100-1250 CE as two successive Berber dynasties, first the Almoravids, then the Almohads, consolidated power and united Islamic rule in the western Mediterranean. During the reign of the Almoravids the palaces at Bin Yūniš, Onda, and Murcia show a steady transition from the styles of the tā’ifa-period to the distinctive architeture of the Almohads. Meanwhile, the palace of Monteagudo, constructed at the collapse of the Almoravids during the “second tā’ifa-period” fully introduced the Abbasid concept of space to the Iberian Peninsula and culminated the merger of fortified castles and residential palaces. Reflecting their interest in the governed community, the Almohads constructed their qasabas adjoined to cities, as may be seen in Marrakesh and Seville. An affinity for geometric symmetry and order, likely arising from Abbasid spatial conceptions, dictated the Almohads’ unadorned architectual style.
The Epigones of Empire (1250–1500 CE)
Authors: Arnold Felix
Published: August 2017

This chapter describes Islamic architecture during the Late Medieval Period when the collapsing Almohad Empire and its epigone were threatened both by external pressures and by the rise of Sufism, an anti-establishment, mystical interpretation of Islam. Although the basis of the period’s architecture remained the Almohad prototype with its dominant central axis, the epoch’s mystic tendencies are reflected in two innovative developments: a return to the lightness of the Eleventh Century and a predilection for introverted spaces. These changes expanded the range of materials used in construction to include stone, wood, and even marble. In Granada and the Alhambra, one epigenous group, the Nasrids, developed its own lively style of architecture characterized by the mirador and the increased presence of inscriptions, two features that reflect the era’s interest in mysticism.
Nerva, the Senate and People of Rome, and Italy
Authors: Elkins Nathan T.
Published: August 2017

The most intensively studied images on Nerva’s coins are his bronze coins that denote specific aspects of the emperor’s policy. These speak directly to Nerva’s domestic agenda and his relationship with the people of Rome, the Senate, and the Italian citizenry. For example, coins celebrate imperial distribution of grain to the urban plebs, the foresight of the Senate, and the remission of obligations of Italian communities to support the imperial courier. Nerva’s restoration coins celebrating the Deified Augustus echo a theme in Martial’s epigrams, whereby Nerva is presented as Augustus restored to the earth. Nonetheless, such coins are, generally speaking, very rare and this suggests that they did not circulate widely across the Roman Empire. Distribution of coin finds suggest that these coins were targeted primarily at an audience in Rome and Italy.
Conclusion
Authors: Elkins Nathan T.
Published: August 2017

The strong correspondence between laudatory rhetoric in poetry and panegyric and the images that appear on Nerva’s coins allows a reinvestigation of the age-old debate regarding the agency behind the creation of Roman imperial coin iconography. The evidence available, at least in Nerva’s reign, suggests that the emperor was not the agent; instead, a prominent individual in charge of the mint was responsible for the selection of the imagery. By attending to Trajanic records, it appears that such individuals were very close to the emperor and known to him. This suggests that prominent equestrians in charge of the mint thus were part of the emperor’s inner circle and walked in the same social circles as the people who inked praise directed at the emperor: Martial, Frontinus, Tacitus, and Pliny. These prominent equestrians were thus in a position to visualize the rhetoric used to praise the emperor.
Introduction
Authors: Guisinger Alexandra
Published: August 2017

Chapter 1 provides an overview of the book and its two interwoven puzzles: what are the predictors of Americans’ trade preferences in today’s post-industrial economy, and why do so few politicians attempt to take advantage of these preferences? After providing historical context for American trade policy, the chapter outlines an answer: that the changing American economy has untethered traditional sources of trade sentiment, resulting in diverse, countervailing, and difficult to mobilize sources of trade sentiment. As a result, in most political districts, discussion of trade has fallen by the wayside; and trade policy is increasingly being formulated and conducted outside of standard systems of voter-driven accountability. The chapter places this new argument in the context of existing literature on the domestic and international politics of trade policy and provides a chapter by chapter summary of the book.
Could Positive Information Shift National-Level Beliefs?
Authors: Guisinger Alexandra
Published: August 2017

Chapter 8 asks whether changing the types of information provided to voters would sufficiently move public opinion to make such a strategy viable for political actors. Three original survey experiments explore the role of positive factual information, partisan factual information, and simple altruistic framing in shaping opinions. In the first case, a randomly selected half of respondents watched a trade supportive political campaign ad narrated by John McCain. In the second case, respondents received positive messages from experts about the benefits for the United States of the World Trade Organization and the costs to the United States of responding to Chinese currency manipulation, but the partisan attribution of the expert cited in these messages varied. In the final case, respondents identified in random order their preference for U.S. trade policy and their preference for Chinese trade policy. Although all three affected individuals’ beliefs, those effects were not strong enough to overcome most participants’ support for trade protection. Positive messages also increased, rather than decreased, gender and race gaps in preferences for trade protection. The chapter concludes by arguing that these findings support the decision of most individuals seeking reelection not to embrace pro-trade messages.
The Theosophical Quest for Occult Power
Authors: Altman Michael J.
Published: August 2017

This chapter argues that the Theosophical movement represented India as a land of occult power and esoteric religion. The chapter offers a close reading of the writings of Madame Helena Blavatsky and a history of how Blavatsky and her partner Henry Steel Olcott founded the Theosophical Society. Blavatsky believed India was the birthplace of an ancient esoteric wisdom religion. The representation of India as a land of occult power found its greatest expression through the theosophical idea of mahatmas or ascendant masters of Indian origin. Building on Blavatsky’s writings, later Theosophists such as William Quan Judge constructed Indian yoga as a dangerous esoteric practice.
Designing International Governance for the IPD
Authors: Cowhey Peter F. , Aronson Jonathan D.
Published: August 2017

Chapter 4 explores the negotiating landscape that faces those who would reform the international governance regime. It shows the post World War II dispersion of economic power and the turbulence in the global IT sector that requires new forms of market leadership. It also considers who must be present at the negotiating table and why. We explore whether, as governance preferences among key countries widens, a “credible club,” a core group of reasonably like-minded countries with sufficient influence to alter the world market, still exists to initiate meaningful governance reform? The answer is yes. Chapter 4 also explains why technocratic efficiency and political reality require that “civil society” play a larger role in any governance strategy.
Cybersecurity as a Governance Challenge
Authors: Cowhey Peter F. , Aronson Jonathan D.
Published: August 2017

Chapter 7 concentrates on international issues pertaining to cybersecurity. It explains why predictable market incentives lead to unacceptable security risks if governments do not set guidelines. However, government actions face significant issues of international interdependence in creating security. The type of interdependence depends on the market structure and risk factors. The chapter illustrates how different structures of international governance and engagement of multistakeholder organizations have worked in regard to cybersecurity for the finance sector. One case involves the Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication, an unusual multistakeholder organization of international financial institutions that secures financial transfers across borders. The second case examines policy changes to combat cybercrimes tied to credit card transactions in the U.S. and EU markets and the role played by transatlantic financial institutions in working out the changes.
Introduction
Authors: Wright Almeda M.
Published: August 2017

Young African Americans regularly experience racism, poverty, sexism, violence, and other affronts to their humanity. Though they are often highly active and vocal contributors to their churches, schools, and neighborhood communities, they are often silent about the possibility of God working to address the injustices in their lives. The disconnection between the issues young people face, their community involvement, and their conceptions of God point toward the pervasiveness of “fragmented” spirituality among African American youth. Spiritual fragmentation does not necessarily inhibit healthy development or functioning. However, the African American community and church are at risk if they fail to challenge the myth that the personal and the communal or the spiritual and political are in fact disconnected. But why are African American Christian adolescents experiencing spiritual fragmentation? Is spiritual fragmentation symptomatic of an irreparable chasm between the Black church and Black youth? Or are there other factors at play?
Talking Fragments
Authors: Wright Almeda M.
Published: August 2017

Building upon the research of religious educator Evelyn Parker, this chapter traces the causes, signs, and consequences of spiritual fragmentation among African American adolescents. Overwhelmingly, survey data reveal that young people do experience God as loving, active, and transformative. Fragmented spirituality occurs when young people— even and especially those who are highly active in their communities—are unable to imagine how their communal, societal, and political concerns are attended by that same loving, active, and transformative personal God. Sample data of sermons and Sunday school curricula reveal the dearth of attention given in African American churches to young people in helping them interpret and address their experiences and concerns. This contributes to spiritual fragmentations as young people seek resources for interpreting their experiences and concerns outside and apart from the religious arena.
Dewey and Rorty’s Pragmatism and Bioethics
Authors: Arras John D. , Childress James , Adams Matthew
Published: August 2017

This chapter examines the “classical” roots of American pragmatism, and explains the ongoing importance understanding these roots holds for contemporary bioethics. It begins by outlining some central themes from the work of John Dewey, particularly his understanding of principles. The chapter then examines the relevant aspects of Richard Rorty’s philosophy and explains the way in which Rorty was influenced by Dewey, despite parting company with him on several important issues. Both the appeal and the limitation of these two authors’ work is brought into focus, in order to prepare the way for the discussion of “freestanding” pragmatism in chapter 7.
Freestanding Pragmatism in Bioethics and Law
Authors: Arras John D. , Childress James , Adams Matthew
Published: August 2017

This chapter explores “freestanding” pragmatists such as Susan Wolf and Richard Posner, who see their specific conception of the pragmatic as untethered from the classical canon of American pragmatism. The chapter explains the four central features of freestanding pragmatism: contextualism, instrumentalism, eclecticism, and theory-independence. It then outlines some concerns with the approach. First, it examines whether there is anything distinctly pragmatist about the freestanding methodology. Second, it assesses the extent to which the approach is truly novel (i.e., whether it is really distinct from the methodologies surveyed in the previous chapters).
Theoretical Considerations
Authors: Simon Julia
Published: August 2017

This first, theoretical chapter discusses philosophical, historical, anthropological, and literary modes of attending to temporal structures. From Aristotle to phenomenology, from Koselleck to Evans-Pritchard, the discussion of theoretical models of temporality lays the groundwork for the analyses that follow in the remaining chapters. An examination of distinctions, such as between the circle and the arrow or between duration and instantaneity, sketches out the analytical apparatus that will be brought to bear in subsequent chapters. Within this theoretical framework, six temporal fields are distinguished whose consideration shapes the analysis of different aspects of the blues. Framed by a discussion of Willie Brown’s “Future Blues,” the theoretical chapter orients the focus toward the delineation of a complex understanding of the present in the blues.
Introduction
Authors: Friedlander Jennifer
Published: August 2017

Drawing upon Jacques Lacan’s insight that fiction paves the way for an encounter with the truth, and Jacques Rancière’s conception of an “aesthetic politics,” this introduction explores realism’s complicity with deception. It addresses contemporary aesthetic forms of trompe l’oeil, illusion, virtuality, simulation, and hypervirtuality with a view to destabilizing the conservative force yielded by the illusion of metalanguage. It lays the foundation for examining ways in which realist forms of contemporary art and media may constitute motors for subversion and develops an account of the critical role that realism can play in a provocative form of radical aesthetic politics.
Documentary Real-ism
Authors: Friedlander Jennifer
Published: August 2017

This chapter considers two recent films, Catfish (Ariel Schulman and Henry Joust) and This Is Not a Film (Jafar Panahi), with a view to arguing how the most prized indicators of filmic realism can function as signs of lapses in the realist edifice. It argues that such signs function as pointers to the elusive truth characteristic of what will be called “Real-ism” — that is, hints of the Real that emerge precisely when the symbolic framework governing reality becomes imperiled. In particular, these films exploit the realist conventions that lend credibility to the documentary form in a way that not only demonstrates the commonplace expectation that what is presented as truth might turn out to be a fiction but also shows the more radical possibility that fiction may pave the pathway for arriving at truth.
An Uncertain Indeterminacy
Authors: Friedlander Jennifer
Published: August 2017

This chapter focuses on the controversy surrounding Yale University senior Aliza Shvartz, who made international headlines when reports circulated that her senior-year art project documented a year in which she frequently tried to impregnate herself while taking herbs to induce a miscarriage. At the heart of the uproar lies a fundamental uncertainty as to the reality of the documented event. In particular, claims that the piece was a “hoax” imply that she performed a mere dissimulation rather than, as Shvartz herself suggests, a true simulation. This case also serves as an opportunity to assess the political implications of artistic forms in which tensions between claims of realism and deception emerge, and it helps us to attend to difficulties encountered in the deployment of both dissimulation and simulation as strategies for upsetting the social order.
Corporeal Realism
Authors: Friedlander Jennifer
Published: August 2017

This chapter compares two realist representations of the human body: Körperweltern (Bodyworlds), Gunther Von Hagens’s unprecedented public display of chemically preserved human corpses, and Cloaca, Belgian artist Wim Delvoye’s electromechanical replication of the functions of the human digestive system from ingestion to excretion. A comparison between these two displays points to the unexpected way in which the droll defecating machine creates more of a disturbance to the categories of true and false and human and inhuman than does the display which stages a confrontation between living spectators and dead human bodies. It contends that Cloaca’s realist approach may confront spectators with a potentially radically desubjectifying encounter.
“Something I Can’t Quite Articulate”
Authors: Friedlander Jennifer
Published: August 2017

This chapter extends explorations of representations of the human body into an examination of two prominent discursive sites concerning contemporary practices of breastfeeding, the US government’s 2004 National Breastfeeding Awareness Campaign and La Leche League International. It suggests, against expectation, that Hannah Rosin’s controversial piece in The Atlantic, “The Case Against Breastfeeding,” (2009) might turn out to provide one of the most compelling public accounts of how breastfeeding can be appreciated for its engagement with the Real. Here, rather than in an overt engagement with reality and deception, we encounter the way in which the Real haunts accounts of the body that aim to firmly ground themselves within the Symbolic realm (the national campaign) and the Imaginary realm (La Leche).
Introduction
Authors: Ing Michael D. K.
Published: August 2017

The times are filthy, foul, and nowhere near clean;

the age is brutal, chaotic, and far from illustrious.

[How I] long for acceptance, and wait for the right time;

but with great fear [I see] the years passing by.

If only [I]‌ could bend the rules and follow along with the tide;...
The Invulnerability of Integrity
Authors: Ing Michael D. K.
Published: August 2017

This chapter examines arguments for invulnerability made by contemporary interpreters working with Confucian material. It begins by situating discourses of invulnerability within the broader field of philosophical ethics. In these discussions, the vulnerability or invulnerability of integrity often falls under the rubric of value conflicts, moral remainder (or residue or distress), and dirty hands. This chapter begins with an overview of this discourse, which serves as a backdrop for discussing how contemporary scholars of Confucian ethics discuss the invulnerability of integrity. The majority of this chapter explores the scholarship of these contemporary interpreters and highlights an approach to invulnerability called the “harmony thesis,” which argues for the situation specific harmonization of each value at stake in a situation. The chapter describes the harmony thesis, suggests one fruitful way of continuing to develop it, and explores three of its shortcomings when applied to early Confucian thought.
Irresolvable Value Conflicts in a Conflictual World
Authors: Ing Michael D. K.
Published: August 2017

This chapter reveals that early Confucians saw irresolvable value conflicts as real possibilities. It starts with an overview of the ways in which contemporary scholars have described Confucianism in terms of harmony and the lack of tragedy. It then challenges these narratives by looking at several vignettes that depict moral agents confronting irresolvable value conflicts. This chapter also analyzes the notion of tragedy in an early Confucian worldview to show that early Confucians did not see values as necessarily conflicting with each other, although they accepted the possibility of tragic conflict. This means that early Confucians recognized the complexities of life such that even the highly skilled moral agent (i.e., a sage) could encounter a situation where the values at stake were incapable of being harmonized, but, at the same time, the Confucian moral agent did not see the world as necessitating conflict. The Confucian conflictual world is one of possible incongruity, where minor value conflicts may even be inevitable given the complexities of life, but values in the abstract sense are not thought to be in conflict in and of themselves. In this light, deep value conflicts such as those discussed in this chapter may rarely occur, but the fact that they can occur, and that they can occur for even the most profound people, is significant in forecasting the sentiments people have about the world they live in.
Introduction
Authors: Hughes Aaron W.
Published: August 2017

This chapter introduces Shared Identities: Medieval and Modern Imaginings of Judeo-Islam. It makes the case that the study of Muslim and Jewish relations is ultimately an issue of comparison and, as a result, ought to be illumined by the field of religious studies. Despite this, and perhaps paradoxically, there are numerous tensions inherent to the particularism of specific subfields and the generalization demanded by the larger field of religious studies. The chapter then examines the regnant paradigm used to describe Jewish–Muslim relations in the premodern period, that of symbiosis, and signals how the study that follows attempts to undermine said paradigm with an eye to rewriting the history of the early interactions between Jews and Arabs.
Origins
Authors: Hughes Aaron W.
Published: August 2017

The present chapter seeks to show just how little is known about Jews and Judaism at the time of Muhammad. Whereas many want to argue that a stable Judaism acted as a “midwife” to the birth of Islam in the seventh century, this chapter argues that there is very little material evidence to support with any degree of certainty just what kind of Jews Muhammad interacted with (if he, in fact did). In addition to this dearth of material evidence, the Islamic sources describing these Jews are later, often much later, than the period upon which they purport to describe. The claim that the Jews gave birth to Islam, then, are both ludicrous and self-serving. The chapter suggests that the later Muslim sources transformed the Jews that Muhammad was believed to have had contact with into what they considered to be normative Jews.
Messianism in the Shadows
Authors: Hughes Aaron W.
Published: August 2017

Chapter 3 deals with the decades immediately following the death of Muhammad and examines an inchoate set of overlapping Islams that use a number of Jewish themes and motifs (e.g., messianism) without attribution or even awareness. Such Islamically underdefined social groups paradoxically created a number of diverse and equally underdefined Jewish responses that run the gamut from the apocalyptic to what would only later emerge as normative. This is a far cry from the regnant narrative that imagines a normative and a stable Judaism on the Arabian Peninsula in the late antique period. This does not rule out that a normative Judaism was being developed in the workshops associated with the rabbis in Babylonia. What it does mean is that many scholars from the nineteenth century onward have assumed that what was happening in Babylonia was simply and straightforwardly representative of the entire Jewish world.
Et in Arcadia Ego
Authors: Hughes Aaron W.
Published: August 2017

Chapter 5 deals with the overused trope of “golden age” as applied to al-Andalus (Muslim Spain). The chapter examines the uses and the work to which this trope has and continues to be put. It builds on the idea of the extracurricular need to establish a “golden age” to talk romantically about a past that will hopefully be future again. Now, however, the focus is on how “reason” played an integral part in this relationship. It begins by showing how and why nineteenth-century German-Jewish scholars created the trope of the “golden age” of Muslim Spain and how their construction has now largely become the truth. Just as nineteenth-century German scholars looked to the Orient as the place of intellectual repose, German-Jewish scholars did something similar when it came to Muslim Spain. The locus of al-Andalus thus functioned as a utopia, the mirror inverse of their dystopian present.
Introduction
Authors: Kosstrin Hannah
Published: August 2017

The Introduction establishes Anna Sokolow’s choreography among revolutionary spectatorial currents of the 1930s international Left as it aligned with Jewish peoplehood and shows how these values remained present through Sokolow’s career. It positions Sokolow’s choreography within leftist transnationalism; it methodologically renders her dancing body from archival evidence through discourse analysis to ground the book’s discussion; and it defines Jewish cultural and aesthetic elements in Sokolow’s work to explain how her dances’ Jewish signifiers engendered their meaning-making processes. Arguing that Ashkenazi Jewishness undergirds Sokolow’s choreography, the Introduction shows how communism, revolutionary modernism, gender presentation, and social action in Sokolow’s dances were part of Sokolow’s milieu as a member of the “second generation” of American Ashkenazi Jews. Sokolow’s professional arc from Martha Graham dancer and proletarian choreographer to established midcentury modernist dancemaker reflects the assimilation of her generation from the marginalized working class to the American mainstream.
The Wandering Frog That Did Not Travel Well
Authors: Kosstrin Hannah
Published: August 2017

American critical reactions to Anna Sokolow’s Mexican works Wandering Frog (1940) and Lament for the Death of a Bullfighter (1941) displayed the differences between Mexican and American modernism. US critics read the dances as ethnic instead of revolutionary within an anticommunist American critical discourse of ethnic and ethnologic dance. The resonance of Sokolow’s choreography among the transnational Left in the 1930s fell flat given the United States’ wartime demonization of Communism and shift in American dance coverage from leftist to mainstream newspapers and magazines. This spectatorial mismatch ended in a loss of nuance in the public readings of her dances, but created space for dances like Kaddish (1945) to be transgressive while appearing universal. Kaddish and Mexican Retablo (1946) display Sokolow’s feminist subversion of ritual in reaction to the Holocaust. They account for a human tragedy she railed against and publicly mourned in its aftermath.
Clinical utility of texture analysis of 18F-FDG PET/CT in patients with Stage I lung cancer treated with stereotactic body radiotherapy
Authors: Takeda Kazuya , Takanami Kentaro , Shirata Yuko , Yamamoto Takaya , Takahashi Noriyoshi , Ito Kengo , Takase Kei , Jingu Keiichi
Published: August 2017

We evaluated the reproducibility and predictive value of texture parameters and existing parameters of 18F-FDG PET/CT images in Stage I non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients treated with stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT). Twenty-six patients with Stage I NSCLC (T1-2N0M0) were retrospectively analyzed. All of the patients underwent an 18F-FDG PET/CT scan before treatment and were treated with SBRT. Each tumor was delineated using PET Edge (MIM Software Inc., Cleveland, OH), and texture parameters were calculated using open-source code CGITA. From 18F-FDG PET/CT images, three conventional parameters, including maximum standardized uptake value (SUV), metabolic tumor volume (MTV) and total lesion glycolysis (TLG), and four texture parameters, including entropy and dissimilarity (derived from a co-occurrence matrix) and high-intensity large-area emphasis (HILAE) and zone percentage (derived from a size-zone matrix) were analyzed. Reproducibility was evaluated using two independent delineations conducted by two observers. The ability to predict local control (LC), progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) was tested for each parameter. All of the seven parameters except zone percentage showed good reproducibility, with intraclass correlation coefficient values >0.8. In univariate analysis, only HILAE was a significant predictor for LC. Histology, dose fractionation, and maximum SUV were associated with PFS, and histology and dose fractionation were associated with OS. We showed that texture parameters derived from 18F-FDG PET/CT were reproducible and potentially beneficial for predicting LC in Stage I lung cancer patients treated with SBRT.
When Finance and the Real Economy Collide
Authors: Siklos Pierre L.
Published: August 2017

There exist potential conflicts between the processing speed of financial markets and the persistence of macroeconomic variables that dictate the conduct of monetary policy. Maintaining financial stability can require fast thinking, while monetary policy decisions involve slow thinking. A financial stability motive, buttressed by a macroprudential regime, is not enough. Financial stability adds complexity to institutional design that policymakers have yet to face up to. Central banks today are uncomfortable about whether to surprise financial markets. There are more examples of central banks failing unintentionally, surprising the financial markets, than of successful interventions of this kind. Trade-offs between monetary policy and financial stability suggest that conventional pre-crisis responses to economic shocks make it less desirable to resort to changes in central bank policy rates. Are policy rate increases especially too blunt an instrument to deal with a threat to financial instability? Possibly less than we think.
The Decline of Simplicity and the Rise of Unorthodoxy
Authors: Siklos Pierre L.
Published: August 2017

Crises come in various forms, and their impact is not predicable with much accuracy. Crises in emerging markets are not the same as those in advanced economies. By 2007, the idea that monetary policy ought to be rules-based was widely accepted and copied around the world. Policymakers believed that inflation and macroeconomic slack were all that mattered. Demographic and structural factors were underappreciated. The wrong conclusions are now being drawn: rules should not be abandoned, but monetary policy can be improved. Monetary policy now relies more on words. An expansion of central bank balance sheets has taken place and central bank independence is a quaint idea. Central banks no longer influence just prices; they also change financial system quantities. This leads to rising policy uncertainty. Central banks stand accused of hubris, with little clear idea of the “new normal” and how this will redefine a future monetary policy strategy.
Epilogue
Authors: Siklos Pierre L.
Published: August 2017

The manuscript for this book was largely written during 2015 and 2016. It was completed approximately two months before the last U.S. elections, but shortly after the referendum in the United Kingdom to exit the EU ended with a decision in favor of Brexit. As this is written, early in 2017, monetary policy conditions have changed little, with the Fed the only major central bank that has raised interest rates and only the third time since the end of 2008. Many other central banks, especially in small open economies (e.g., Canada, New Zealand, Australia), are either leaving monetary policy conditions unchanged or show a bias toward further easing if this in their best interests. At the more systemically important central banks, the talk has also shifted away from the necessity of additional loosening and in the direction of standing pat, with the hope that the future will perhaps bring about a long-awaited, but very gradual, raising of policy rates....
Becoming
Authors: Gallagher Sally K.
Published: August 2017

Chapter 3 explores how people become members at each of these congregations. We examine both the process through which prospective members join and clergy ideas regarding the appropriate content, format, and objectives of the “new member” process. The amount of time it takes to move through this process varies enormously—from a simple affirmation of faith or “letter of transfer” for those coming from the same tradition, to a Saturday morning orientation on programs and basic beliefs, a couple of weekend seminars, or months of study and practice for those new to the faith. The duration of the process fits the depth of doctrine, teaching, and practice clergy ask new members to embrace and in which they hope all members will continue to grow.
Growing
Authors: Gallagher Sally K.
Published: August 2017

Chapter 5 explores how new members and regular attenders think about the process of spiritual growth. Based on both focus group interviews with current members and regular attenders, as well as personal interviews with those who are considering or recently joined, we assess how women and men define, envision, and experience the process of growth differently across congregations. Across congregations, spiritual growth involves both increasing understanding of the language and story of one’s faith, as well as increasing facility in the practices in which believers engage. Our observations and conversations within these congregations point to the additional salience of the body and embodied practice in ordinary, lived and corporate expressions of faith.
The Nata Documentation Project
Authors: Gambarage Joash J. , Anghelescu Andrei , Burton Strang , Dunham Joel , Guntly Erin , Keupdjio Hermann , Lam Zoe Wai-Man , Osa-Gomez Adriana , Pulleyblank Douglas , Si Dayanqi , Yoshino Yoshiko , Déchaine Rose-Marie
Published: August 2017

This chapter introduces the research context of three chapters in this volume (Anghelescu et al., Déchaine et al., Gambarage & Pulleyblank), all of which discuss an aspect of the grammar of Nata (Guthrie E45), an under-described Eastern Bantu language spoken in Tanzania. This overview also presents issues that situate the theme of these papers within the larger context of the documentation of endangered languages.
The Role of Theory in Documentation
Authors: Kandybowicz Jason , Torrence Harold
Published: August 2017

This article presents a case study of an instance in which the influence of linguistic theory on descriptive fieldwork has led to both the discovery and the remedy of missing gaps in the documentation record of a language. It focuses on the restriction of wh- in-situ induced by intervention effects in Krachi, an endangered Kwa language of Ghana. Investigating Krachi intervention effects both enriches the depth of description of wh- constructions in the language and reveals patterns of intervention effects that differ from what has been documented in other languages in the literature. The Krachi data therefore provide a new set of empirical challenges for current theoretical accounts of intervention effects and thus help to set the theoretical agenda for further work. This case study thus supports the position that the relationship between linguistic theory and language documentation and description is a symbiotic one in that each complements and drives progress in the other.
The Linker in the Khoisan Languages
Authors: Collins Chris
Published: August 2017

The linker introduces (“links”) a variety of expressions into the verb phrase: locatives, the second object of a double object construction and a causative, instruments, subject matter arguments, and adverbs. It is present in all non-central Khoisan languages (e.g., ǂHoã, Nǀuu, Juǀ’hoan, ǃXoõ and ǀXam). The linker is also found outside of Khoisan in African languages such as Yoruba, Baoule, and Kinande. This chapter summarizes the basic properties of the linker in Khoisan.
Sebirwa in Contact with Setswana
Authors: Zsiga Elizabeth C. , Boyer One Tlale
Published: August 2017

Setswana, spoken by about 4.5 million people throughout Botswana, is well-known in the literature for “post-nasal devoicing,” in which /b/ and /l/ become [p]‌ and [t] after nasals, contra the expected, phonetically-grounded pattern of post-nasal voicing. Sebirwa, in contrast, has at most 15,000 speakers concentrated in the far eastern corner of the country. Sebirwa is being overwhelmed by Setswana, and in a process of “massive Tswananization,” has borrowed some aspects of post-nasal devoicing. Our analysis, based on fieldwork in the village of Molalatau, shows that the Sebirwa pattern is doubly unexpected: only /b/ devoices, not /d/ and /g/. We attribute the asymmetry to frequency effects from Setswana, where, due to a skewed voicing inventory, the majority of lexical items that exhibit the alternation have underlying /b/. We discuss the implications of this type of borrowing, both for the typology of alternations, and for patterns of language loss.
Parish
Authors: Bruce Tricia Colleen
Published: August 2017

This chapter unpacks the meaning of “parish” and significance of canonical parish status in the Catholic Church. Institutional authority matters for defining parish in ways unlike other forms of congregation. This chapter explores the role of territory in defining parish historically, along with exceptions to this rule that proliferated in early American Catholicism. National parishes challenged the institutional Church to clarify bishops’ authority over local religious organizing. Changes to canon law in 1917 reasserted institutional control over parish establishment, once again prioritizing territorial boundaries. The Second Vatican Council and subsequent reforms to canon law in 1983 made room for communities of purpose alongside territory. Bishops found greater discretion to establish purpose-based parishes in their dioceses. This chapter specifies the canonical privileges that accompany parish status. It also profiles the characteristics of personal parishes appearing in the United States today.
Boundaries
Authors: Bruce Tricia Colleen
Published: August 2017

Personal parishes are established on the basis of a shared identity or purpose, not on the basis of shared neighborhood. They have no territorial boundaries apart from that of the diocese. Personal parishes’ presence alongside territorial parishes, therefore, raises questions about exactly how parish boundaries work, if they work, and why they continue to exist. American Catholics are increasingly mobile in their local religious practice, crossing boundaries to worship where they feel at home. This chapter argues that personal parishes resolve an institutional tension: Catholicism’s tradition of territoriality and boundaries, on the one hand, and the realities of American Catholics’ mobility, preference, and agency, on the other. The chapter traces the function and contradiction of parish boundaries in the contemporary Church. In so doing, it shows how institutions adapt organizational forms to accommodate new realities on the ground, reasserting institutional authority along the way.
Difference
Authors: Bruce Tricia Colleen
Published: August 2017

Ethnic personal parishes are the most common variety of contemporary personal parishes in the United States. They enable Catholics (usually, Catholics of color) to unify along the lines of shared ethnicity and experience, generating a meaningful parish family. This chapter introduces the idea of the territorial parish as a generalist organization, designed to meet the diverse needs of all in its midst, and that of the personal parish as a named, specialist organization. Personal parishes intentionally serve a more narrow purpose. They embed an institutional desire to preserve and retain particular strands of cultural Catholicism. Personal parishes become specialist organizations via decree, not merely via grassroots behavior. Ethnic personal parishes reveal that integrated, multiracial congregations are not the only institutional strategy to accommodate racial diversity. Heterogeneous populations and uneven integration in territorial parishes begs the need for a non-assimilative organizational form that may cater to specific Catholics.
Conclusion
Authors: Bruce Tricia Colleen
Published: August 2017

The Conclusion summarizes how personal parishes—defined not by territory but by purpose—enable the Catholic Church to respond institutionally to grassroots change and diversity in American Catholicism. Having considered parishes, boundaries, decisions, difference, fragmentation, and community, the book concludes with a handful of lessons that personal parishes offer for understanding local religion and institutional responses to diversity. Namely, this chapter explores: (1) ascription and achievement in local religion; (2) generalism and specialism in organizing diversity; (3) the future of personal parishes; and (4) the place of purpose in a heterogeneous (Catholic) America. Viewing local religion from the top shows that multiple organizational forms can be deployed to meet divergent needs, to facilitate unity, and to maintain institutional control.
Fundamentalism and the Business Turn
Authors: Gloege Timothy E. W.
Published: August 2017

This essay traces the development of fundamentalism in the context of wider changes in evangelical Protestantism and business in the United States. The need for social stability in antebellum America and the role of Protestant religion in maintaining it tamped down the intrinsic individualism of both evangelicalism and business. But a series of social and business transformations after the Civil War, and the growing influence of the state in social and economic life, provided the impetus and opportunity for a fundamentalist movement to emerge in the 1910s. The firm establishment and naturalizing of modern consumer capitalism after World War II allowed a business-infused fundamentalism (known now as “neo-evangelicalism”) to thrive. Throughout its development, fundamentalism borrowed from business ideology and techniques for religious ends.
Liberty and Order
Authors: Bowman Matthew
Published: August 2017

This essay explores Mormonism’s paradoxical relationship with American free market capitalism. Examining a series of case studies from Mormonism’s past, as well as several important Mormon economic thinkers, I argue that there is no single “Mormon” position on economics. Rather, there are a variety of positions, from libertarian individualism to market-suspicious communitarianism, that various Mormons at various times have marshaled theological and historical resources to support. This complex constellation of ideas not only debunks the myth of Mormonism as a monolith but also sheds light on a wide range of contemporary Mormon economic behavior, from the state of Utah’s proliferation of con artists and multilevel marketing schemes to the church’s large welfare system.
Hunting Buffalo in Oklahoma
Authors: Tarango Angela
Published: August 2017

This chapter examines the visual aesthetics of three Native American casinos in Oklahoma to explore how the Cherokee, Quapaw, and Choctaw grapple with their public identities and choose to portray their cultures. The chapter argues that by including specific material objects, visuals, pictures, and design in their casinos, each tribe publicly creates its own identity, one that is rooted in the history of removal as well as the adoption of Oklahoma as a new homeland.