bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relationship of Seed Germination and Respiration during Stratification with Cultivar Chilling Requirement in Peach
Authors: Chang Stella , Werner Dennis J.
Published: August 2022

Seed germination and respiration of peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] were evaluated as potential preselection indices for predicting bud chilling requirement. Low chilling lines (Ã650 hours) germinated significantly earlier than high chilling lines, with an average r of 0.91 between cultivar chilling requirement and mean days to 80% germination at 4°C in 2 experiments. Based on germination behavior, differentiation between lines exhibiting small differences in chilling requirement was not feasible but separation into low and high chilling categories was possible. Removal of the testa resulted in earlier germination among all lines, but the order of germination remained consistent. An r of 0.84 was obtained between cultivar chilling requirement and mean days to 80% germination at 4°C using seeds with the testa removed. Respiration rate of seeds from 4 lines varying in bud chilling requirement with intact testa rose gradually during stratification. Seeds with the testa removed exhibited a rapidly increasing respiration rate during stratification. Respiration rate of seeds from low chilling lines exhibited a higher mean respiration rate than seeds from high chilling lines in seeds with the testa removed.
Factors Affecting in Vitro Fatty Acid Content and Composition in Asexual Embryos of Theobroma cacao
Authors: Wright Daniel C. , Kononowicz Andrzej K. , Janick Jules
Published: August 2022

Asexual embryos of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) were grown for 45 days in a modified Murashige and Skoog (MS) liquid medium with sucrose concentration increased stepwise from 3% to 27% and supplemented with various concentrations of MS salts, inorganic and organic nitrogen (casein hydrolysate), phosphorus, potassium, coconut water, 6-benzylamino purine (BA), naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), gibberellic acid (GA), and abscisic acid (ABA). Embryo growth decreased but fatty acid accumulation per gram dry weight was unaffected when total salt concentrations were less than full-strength MS levels. Growth and fatty acid accumulation was inhibited as total salt concentrations were increased from 1 × to 8 × full-strength MS levels. Eliminating inorganic nitrogen, organic nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus from the medium tended to reduce embryo growth and fatty acid accumulation. None of the growth-regulating substances used increased fatty acid accumulation, but high concentrations of BA (10 and 100 ppm) or NAA (100 ppm) were inhibitory; there was little response to GA or ABA. An increase in total fatty acids in all experiments was associated with increased mole percentage of oleic and stearic acids and decreased linoleic and linolenic acids.
Variability in Culinary Quality, Component Interrelationships, and Breeding Implications in Navy and Pinto Beans
Authors: Ghaderi A. , Hosfield G. L. , Adams M. W. , Uebersax M. A.
Published: August 2022

A study was conducted to investigate the extent of genetic variations and the interrelationships of several quality traits of cultivars of navy and pinto bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) grown at 3 locations in Michigan. The measured traits were seed weight, initial weight of solids, surface color of dry and processed beans (L, aL, bL), weight of soaked beans, hydration ratio, clumps, splits, texture, washed and drained weight, and processed bean moisture. Significant cultivar differences were observed for most of the traits in both classes of beans. Location effects were highly significant for all traits. Certain traits showed significant cultivar × location interactions. Phenotypic correlation coefficients among pairs of characters indicated that, with few exceptions, there were low assocations among quality characters. Principal component analysis confirmed the independence of traits. A selection strategy based on a tandem selection procedure followed by construction of selection indices was suggested.
Interference of Triacontanol Activity by Chemical Constituents Present in Experimental and Field Sprayers
Authors: Ries Stanley K. , Wert Violet F. , Biernbaum John A.
Published: August 2022

Inconsistent yield increases in the United States have prevented recommending triacontanol (TRIA) for commercial application. Based on tests over several years, TRIA is recommended for use on many vegetable and agronomic crops in most provinces in the People's Republic of China. Their formulations were shown either to be less effective or no better than the colloidal dispersion developed by the Procter and Gamble Co. TRIA dispersions passed through 2 standard field sprayers and 3 of 5 experimental small-plot sprayers lost at least 37 % of their activity as measured by the increase in maize (Zea mays L.) seedling growth. Hexane extracts of water passed through sprayers and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) tubing contained more than 5 μg/liter of di-(2-ethyl)hexyl phthalate. This phthalate ester, as well as other phthalates, decreased activity of both the colloidal dispersion and emulsion formulations of TRIA at phthalate concentrations of 5 μg/liter or more. Phthalate esters are common in the environment, including water of developed countries, and are important constituents of the PVC tubing used on most American field and small-plot sprayers. Sprayers equipped with other types of hoses did not inactivate TRIA as measured by the growth of maize seedlings.
Cold Acclimation and Dormancy of Amelanchier alnifolia
Authors: Kaurin Ase , Stushnoff Cecil , Junttila Olavi
Published: August 2022

Dormancy (absence of budbreak) in Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt., was greatest from 1 September to 13 October 1981 in ‘Smoky’ and from 1 September to 27 October 1981 in ‘Pembina’. About 576 hours for ‘Smoky’ and 696 hours for ‘Pembina’ at 0° to 7°C, were required to break bud dormancy. One week of additional chilling (3°) had little effect during deep rest, but had a significant effect when the rest requirement was nearly satisfied. Flower bud hardening began in early September and attained –44° LT50 for florets on 30 October. Vascular connective tissue at the base of the bud was less hardy than floral primordia, throughout the dormant season. Flower buds dehardened from –60° to –30° after exposure to 20° for 7 days, to –14° after exposure to 20° for 14 days. No low-temperature exotherms were detected.
Ultrastructure of Zinc-induced Iron Deficiency in Mesophyll Chloroplasts of Spinach and Tomato
Authors: Rufner Robyn , Barker Allen V.
Published: August 2022

Studies of plant micronutrient uptake and translocation have indicated that excess Zn induces leaf chlorosis associated with Fe deficiency. Leaves from Spinacia oleracea L. and Lycoperiscon esculentum Mill, grown with Hoag-land's No. 1 and minor element nutrient solutions minus Fe or with additional Zn (0.17 mm) exhibited symptoms of Fe deficiency as interveinal chlorotic bleaching for spinach and interveinal chlorotic mottling for tomato. Similarly, the ultrastructure of spinach and tomato leaf chloroplasts from plants grown with additional Zn corresponded to the altered structural integrity representative of Fe-deficient chloroplasts for each plant species. Supplemental Fe (0.19 mm) added to the nutrient supply alleviated the effects of excess Zn as illustrated by a dark green leaf and an enhanced grana-fretwork system of mesophyll chloroplasts of spinach and tomato. These results constitute morphological evidence of Zn-induced Fe deficiency.
Leaf Anatomy of Red Raspberry Transferred from Culture to Soil
Authors: Donnelly D. J. , Vidaver W. E.
Published: August 2022

The leaf anatomy of an aseptically cultured red raspberry clone (Rubus idaeus L.) was studied before and after transfer to soil under controlled environmental conditions. Leaves of plantlets formed in culture were smaller, thinner, had a less compact arrangement of palisade and mesophyll cells, and an altered palisade cell shape compared to leaves formed on plants in soil. The number of epidermal hairs, especialy the filiform type, was lower in vitro and the distribution of colleters was affected. Trichome number was greater in new leaves formed after transplantation and greatest in greenhouse- and field-grown control plant leaves. Calcium oxalate crystals were present in the leaves of in vitro plantlets and more numerous in the leaves formed on plants in soil. Stomata were fixed open, slightly raised, and occurred on the upper leaf surface of in vitro plantlets with many on the periphery of the leaf. Amphistomatous and the peripheral stomatal condition persisted in new leaves formed during the first month when cultured plantlets were transferred to soil at 3 or 6 klx. However, new leaves, like all greenhouse and field-control plant leaves, had few adaxial stomata at 9 klx and peripheral leaf stomata were rare. Anatomy of new leaves formed during the first month after transplanting in soil at 3, 6, or 9 klx was similar to those in culture. Parenchyma tissue was less compact than in control plant leaves and palisade cell shape remained abnormal. More than half the leaves from culture died within the first month of transferring plantlets to soil. Some survived for almost 3 months. Reduced trichome numbers, almost complete lack of filiform trichomes, and presence of peripheral and adaxial as well as unprotected, open, abaxial stomata would all contribute to transplant shock and water loss in cultured plantlets transferred to soil. New leaves of transplants, formed during the first month in soil, had transitional leaf anatomy and surface features. With time, in the soil environment, the appearance of subsequently formed leaves approached that of controls.
Endogenous Content of a Leaf Substance(s) Associated with Rooting Ability of Avocado Cuttings
Authors: Raviv M. , Reuveni O.
Published: August 2022

Root promotion activity in avocado leaf extracts was determined by the mung bean bioassay. Ten different clones representing a wide range of rooting abilities were compared. Following chromatography of methanol extracts in 8 isoprapanol : 2 water (v/v), a positive correlation was found between rooting ability of avocado cuttings and a mung bean rooting promoter at Rf 0.9–1.0 of the chromatograms. The same zone inhibited the straight growth of wheat coleoptile.
Effects of Some Postharvest and Storage Treatments on the Incidence of Flesh Browning in Controlled-atmosphere-stored ‘Delicious’ Apples
Authors: Meheriuk M. , Lau O. L. , Hall J. W.
Published: August 2022

Results from a 4-year study indicate that flesh browning in CA-stored ‘Delicious’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) is a low-temperature disorder. Little or no flesh browning occurred at storage temperatures of 2°C or higher. Prestorage treatments which reduced flesh browning were dips in calcium and diphenylamine solutions, delays at 20° prior to storage, and exposure to 38°. Gibberellic acid dips had no effect on the disorder. Less flesh browning was found in a 1% CO2 than in a 1.7% CO2 atmosphere at −0.5°, but little effect was observed from CO2 concentration at a 2° storage temperature. The disorder was more prevalent with advanced maturity of the fruit. Regression analysis of variables evaluated at or before harvest showed that increased fruit size, and to a lesser extent the presence of watercore, were important factors in development of flesh browning.
Comparative Study of Leaf Morphology, Photosynthesis, and Leaf Conductance in Selected Pistacia Species
Authors: Lin Tzong-Shyan , Crane Julian C. , Ryugo Kay , Polito Vito S. , DeJong Ted M.
Published: August 2022

Leaf morphology of Pistacia atlantica Desf., P. chinensis Bunge, P. integerrima Stewart, P. khinjuk Stocks, P. lentiscus L., P. mexicana HBK, P. mutica F.&P., P. vera L., and P. weinmannifolia Poisson were compared. P. lentiscus, P. mexicana, and P. weinmannifolia were hypostomatic while the other species were amphistomatic. Leaves of P. vera, which are oriented randomly, appeared to be isolateral, while leaves of the other species are dorsiventral and are oriented horizontally. Differences in the length and density of the ab- and adaxial palisade cells and in the shape of the spongy parenchyma cells were noted among species. In an effort to relate structure to function, the daily patterns of carbon dioxide assimilation rate, A, and leaflet conductance, g, to water vapor among P. atlantica, P. integerrima, and P. vera were determined under field conditions. The mean maximum Pn rates were 2.1, 1.0, and 2.0 nmol CO2 cm−2 s−1, respectively.
Quantification of Free ABA and Free and Conjugated IAA in Strawberry Achene and Receptacle Tissue during Fruit Development
Authors: Archbold D. D. , Dennis F. G.
Published: August 2022

Indoleacetic acid (IAA) was identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in extracts of achene and receptacle tissue of ‘Midway’ strawberry (Fragaria Xananassa Duch.). Free, ester-conjugated, and amide-conjugated IAA present in both tissues from anthesis to maturity were quantified by a double-standard isotope dilution method using 14C-IAA and 14C-indolebutyric acid (14C-IBA) as internal standards. Whole fruit at anthesis contained 6.2 μg/g dry weight free IAA, 2.0 μg/g dry weight ester-conjugated IAA, and no detectable amide-linked IAA. Maximum concentrations of free IAA in achenes were 1.2 times higher than those in receptacle tissue; maxima occurred simultaneously in the 2 tissues 14 days after anthesis. The maximum concentration of ester-conjugated IAA in achene tissue 8 days after anthesis was 17.5 times higher than that in receptacle tissue 17 days after anthesis. A high concentration of amide-conjugated IAA was found in achene tissue at 11 days and again at maturity. Maximum concentrations in achenes were 34 times greater than those in receptacle tissue. Correlations between growth rate and levels of free or conjugated auxin were nonsignificant. Abscisic acid (ABA) was detected in whole fruit at anthesis by electron-capture gas chromatography. The concentration in the achenes declined until midway through development, then increased as fruit approached maturity. The total quantities in both achenes and receptacle increased as fruit ripened. The ratio of free IAA to free ABA changed during fruit development but was not well-correlated with fruit growth rate.
A Revised Tissue Culture Medium for Shoot Multiplication of Rhododendron
Authors: Anderson Wilbur C.
Published: August 2022

Revision of the Murashige-Skoog (MS) 1962 inorganic formula was necessary for the successful culture of rhododendron cultivars. A bioassay system was developed to assess the effects of modifying the MS formula. Inorganic revisions included reduction of nitrogen from 60 to 14.7 mm and potassium from 20 to 4.7 mm. Phosphorus was adjusted to 2.75 mm. Iron concentration was doubled to 200 μm and iodine was reduced to 1.8 μm. These changes reduced the salinity of the inorganics from 5.2 to 2.2 mmho cm−1. General growth regulator concentrations for shoot proliferation are 1 mg/liter 3-aceticindole acid (I A A) and 5 mg/liter N6-(2-isopentenyl)-adenine (2iP), but these concentrations vary among cultivars.
Genetic Analysis of Betacyanine, Betaxanthine, and Sucrose Concentrations in Roots of Table Beet
Authors: Watson James F. , Gabelman W. H.
Published: August 2022

Genetic variation in pigment and sucrose concentrations of beet roots was investigated in a diallel cross among 9 inbred table beet lines. General combining ability (GCA) was significant for betacyanine, betaxanthine, and sucrose concentrations. Specific combining ability was significant for pigment concentrations but not percentage of sucrose. Cross × location interactions were significant and were in all cases due to the interactions of GCA with locations. Interactions of both GC A and SCA with years were detected for betacyanine and betaxanthine concentrations. Dominance, predominantly in the direction of higher percentage of sucrose, was ambidirectional for pigment concentrations. The average dominance level was in the partial range for all traits. Epistasis was not detected for percentage of sucrose, and was found for pigment concentrations only in crosses derived from one of the parents. Genotypic, phenotypic, and environmental correlations between betacyanine and betaxanthine concentrations were strongly positive. Genotypic and phenotypic correlations were not significant between percentage of sucrose and pigment concentrations.
The Response of Three Sweet Potato Cultivars to Varying Levels of Nitrogen
Authors: Constantin R. J. , Jones L. G. , Hammett H. L. , Hernandez T. P. , Kahlich C. G.
Published: August 2022

Three sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas Lam.) cultivars that varied in vine length were compared at 5 N levels. Increasing N levels increased weight and the percentage of No. 1 grade roots of all cultivars. Vine length did not have a linear effect on yield. The long-vine ‘Centennial’ out-yielded the other cultivars, followed by the short-vine ‘L3-243’ and the intermediate-vine length ‘Goldrush’. N applications linearly increased dry matter, carotenoid (fresh and processed), protein content, and reduced fiber content of all cultivars. Cultivars varied significantly for each quality variable studied with the exception of protein content (fresh wt basis), including dry matter, carotenoids, fiber, firmness, and split roots after processing. N applications had no influence on soil P, K, Ca, Mg, or pH. Organic matter content of the soil was increased slightly by increased N applications, probably as a result of excessive vine growth, which was incorporated into the soil after harvest.
The Influence of Growth Regulators on Gerbera Daisy
Authors: Armitage A. M. , Hamilton B. M. , Cosgrove D.
Published: August 2022

The effect of 3 growth regulators on the growth and flowering of Gerber jamesonii Hook. f. were evaluated. Two applications of daminozide and ancymidol restricted the height of gerbera, but no response occurred with chlormequat. Ancymidol was more effective than daminozide, especially when applied 6 or 7 weeks after transplanting. Times to visible bud and leaf number were not affected by growth regulator treatments. Plants were more responsive to daminozide when applied 8 weeks after transplanting compared with 5, 6, or 7 weeks.
Growth and Phosphorus Uptake by Tomato Cultivars as Influenced by Phosphorus Concentrations in Soil and Nutrient Solution
Authors: Fontes Paulo C. R. , Wilcox Gerald E.
Published: August 2022

Dry weight and P accumulation by tomato cultivars growing in soil and solution were determined. Tomato seedlings, ‘Campbell-37’, ‘Campbell-27’, ‘Jet-Star’, ‘Knox’, and ‘Rutgers’ were grown in a soil solution concentration of 0.62, 3.25, 6.50, 9.75 and 19.38 μm P. Significant growth response for all cultivars was in the concentration range of 0.62 to 6.50 μm P. P uptake increased over the entire P concentration range in soil solution. The plants utilized P more efficiently with a higher dry weight accumulation per mg P absorbed at low P than at high P concentration in soil solution with no differences among the cultivars.
Location of Three Fruit-related Abscission Zones in Peach
Authors: Nelson John B. , Arnold Calvin E. , Aldrich James H. , Anderson Loran C.
Published: August 2022

Anatomical and morphological similarities in flower and fruit development exist among cultivars of peach and nectarine [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch ‘June Gold’, ‘Harvester’, and ‘ArmKing’] and some other members of Rosaceae. The abscission of peach and nectarine fruit involves events at 3 recognizable zones between the fruit and the stem. Of these 3 zones, the most distal is the most complex and does not form a discrete separation layer. The basal zone is predominant in samples treated with the ethylene releasing compound, CGA-15281 [(2-chloroethyl) methyl-bis (phenlymethoxy) silane]. Mature fruit from untreated plants generally abscise at the most distal zone.
Ripening Behavior of the Green Ripe Tomato Mutant
Authors: Jarret R. L. , Tigchelaar E. C. , Handa A. K.
Published: August 2022

The fruit ripening behavior of the green ripe mutant (Gr) of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) was examined. Green ripe fruit are climacteric and evolve increasing amounts of ethylene after harvest; however, the time course for these events is dramatically altered in comparison with ‘Rutgers’. Maximal rates of C2H4 evolution from Gr fruit were achieved 20 days after the initial increase, and 7 to 10 days prior to maximal respiratory rates. Fruit age at harvest did not affect either the rate or the magnitude of these processes. Wavelength scans of pigment extracts from 60 day postharvest Gr fruit indicated low levels of carotenoids. Mutant fruit also remain firm a long time after harvest. Polygalacturonase activity in Gr fruit increases with fruit age, but reaches only 3% to 5% of the total activity in ‘Rutgers’. PG activity was only slightly reduced when extracts were heated to 65°C for 5 min, suggesting that a heat stable isoenzyme of PG is predominant in mature mutant fruit in contrast to ‘Rutgers’ in which 90% to 95% of PG activity in ripe fruit is heat labile under these conditions. When heterozygous, the Gr mutation is dominant in its effects on total PG activity and on the time course from the initiation of C2H4 and respiratory increases to their maximal rates of evolution. The magnitude of other changes in heterozygous mutant fruit was intermediate between normal and homozygous Gr.
Inheritance and Characterization of the Fruit Ripening Mutation in ‘Alcobaca’ Tomato
Authors: Lobo M. , Bassett M. J. , Hannah L. C.
Published: August 2022

A single recessive gene was found to be responsible for the abnormal fruit ripening of ‘Alcobaca’ tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). This gene causes a ripening syndrome characterized by attenuated respiratory activity and ethylene production, delayed softening of the fruit, low polygalacturonase (PG) activity, and extended shelf life. Allelism tests showed that the mutant gene of ‘Alcobaca’ is allelic to nor. It is proposed that the symbol norA be used to refer to this mutant. The norA allele is dominant to the nor allele.
Cultivar Differences in Trypsin Inhibitors of Sweet Potato Roots
Authors: Dickey L. F. , Collins Wanda W.
Published: August 2022

Cultivar differences in the heat deactivation temperature of trypsin inhibitors in an extract of chopped tissue were examined. In addition, the distribution of trypsin inhibitor activity in the root and existence of different trypsin inhibitor proteins within and among 4 cultivars were investigated. There was a significant cultivar-by-temperature interaction during the heat deactivation test. Activity in ‘Jewel’ was decreased by 50% at a significantly lower temperature (65°C) than the other cultivars (75°) indicating that ‘Jewel’ contains more heat labile trypsin inhibitors. The longitudinal distribution of trypsin inhibitor activity was dependent on the cultivar. All cultivars had increased levels of trypsin inhibitor activity in the proximal or stem end. Sectioning of roots, in order to eliminate high trypsin inhibitor activity, would not be reliable since there is a cultivar-by-section interaction, and the gradients are not large enough to eliminate the majority of trypsin inhibitor activity by removal of one section. The cross-sectional gradient of trypsin inhibitor activity in the roots also depended on the cultivar. There was a high level of trypsin inhibitor activity in the cortical region of all cultivars. The concentration (over 50%) of trypsin inhibitor activity in the cortical area of the root in ‘Jewel’ and ‘Caromex’ could be important when heat deactivating the whole root. Disc-gel electrophoresis revealed that the trypsin inhibitor fraction isolated via affinity chromatography was heterogenous. There were 7 different trypsin inhibitor bands after electrophoresis at pH 8.9 in 7.5% acrylamide gels. The quantitative distribution of these seven trypsin inhibitor proteins differed among cultivars. These different distributions may be responsible for the cultivar differences previously observed.
Litchi Growth and Compositional Changes during Fruit Development
Authors: Pauli Robert E. , Chen Nancy Jung , Deputy Jay , Huang Huibai , Cheng Guiwen , Gao Feifei
Published: August 2022

The changes in litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) growth and composition were studied in 4 cultivars; ‘Groff’ in Hawaii, and ‘Shui Dong’, ‘Gui Wei’, and ‘Mei selection’ in Guangdong, China. Fruit and aril growth showed a sigmoidal pattern while skin growth was slower and more linear. Aborted seeds in Groff and Gui Wei ceased growth early in the log growth phase. Normal seeded cultivars showed seed growth paralleling skin growth. Skin chlorophyll began to decrease logarithmically soon after the start of fruit growth increase, with anthocyanin production beginning about halfway through the growth period. During the rapid growth period, due principally to an increase in aril tissue, there was an increase in total sugars from 3% to 16%. The cultivars showed slightly different ratios of the 3 sugars identified: sucrose, glucose, and fructose. Titratable acidity was due mainly to succinic and malic acid. This acidity decreased over 2 weeks in the middle of the fruit growth period from 65 meq/100 g to 15 meq/100 g. Succinic acid decreased in the same period from about 350 meq/100 g to 0.4 meq/100 g and remained low for the remaining 40 days of development. Malic acid declined from 75 meq/100 g to 12 meq/100 g, and citric acid remained constant at around 3 meq/100 g. A major portion of the decline in succinic acid was due to dilution. Total phenols were low throughout the growth of the fruit. Mineral uptake into the fruit paralleled fruit growth, with potassium being the major cation.
Calcium and Magnesium Requirements of Ilex crenata ‘Helleri’
Authors: Starr Kevin D. , Wright Robert D.
Published: August 2022

Rooted cuttings of Ilex crenata Thunb. ‘Helleri’ were grown in sand culture with varied Ca and Mg levels in a factorial experiment. No increase in total dry weight was achieved by increasing Ca or Mg rates above 5–10 ppm. Necrosis of shoot apices occurred at 0 ppm Ca. The tissue level of Ca required for optimal growth (0.23–0.38%) was lower than has been reported for broadleaf evergreens. In a 2nd experiment with pine bark, Ca was supplied at 0 and 120 ppm and Mg at 0 and 60 ppm. No differences in dry weight due to added Ca and Mg were observed. In a 3rd experiment, the influence of dolomitic limestone (0, 2, 4, and 8 kg m−3) and gypsum (1 and 2 kg m−3), added to pine bark, on Ca and Mg availability over time was determined. The addition of dolomitic limestone increased Ca and Mg in the growing medium solution, but unamended bark supplied both elements in quantities sufficient for growth of I. crenata ‘Helleri’ The addition of gypsum caused a large initial increase in Ca in the growing medium solution, but levels dropped precipitously thereafter.
Level of Endogenous Cytokinins and Auxin in Roots of Nematode Resistant and Susceptible Peach Rootstocks1
Authors: Kochba J. , Samish R. M.
Published: August 2022

Cytokinin and auxin levels were examined in the roots of peach cultivars, resistant (‘Nemaguard’ and ‘Okinawa’) and susceptible (‘Baladi’ and ‘L 198-12’) to the root knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica. This approach was taken in the light of our earlier finding that this nematode developed and completed its life cycle in seedlings of a resistant cultivar when they were wick-fed with kinetin and 1-naphthylacetic acid (NAA). The cytokinin activity in roots of resistant rootstocks was significantly lower when compared with susceptible rootstocks. Wick-feeding with kinetin and NAA increased cytokinin-like activity in the roots of a resistant rootstock. Significant differences were found in the activity of several basic-ether soluble auxin-like growth promoters.
Transpiration of Antirrhinum majus L. ‘Panama’ as Influenced by Soil Temperature1
Authors: Rutland Rufus B. , Pallas James E.
Published: August 2022

The rate of transpiration of Antirrhinum majus L. ‘Panama’ increased as the daytime temp was increased in the range 20°C to 35°C while vapor pressure deficit (v.p.d.) and night temp were held constant in a controlled environment chamber. Transpiration rates declined when day temp was 20 or 25°C after nights of 15°C, but remained steady during days of 30 or 35°C following 15°C nights. The slower rates of soil warming with 20 and 25°C days after 15°C nights influenced the rate of transpiration by causing early morning wilting and by increasing stomatal resistance (Rs). The decline in transpiration at 20 and 25°C was similar to that observed when soil water suction was increasing and slowing water flow. Total daily transpiration was one-third less when rhizosphere temp was controlled at 10°C in contrast with 25°C when plants were grown in either a gravel-peat-vermiculite medium or nutrient solution. Plants in 25°C soil responded to increasing evaporative demand by increasing transpiration, but those in 10°C soil wilted under even low v.p.d. and transpired at a low rate under any condition tested. The declining rate of transpiration at 20 and 25°C during the day when soil temp was not controlled was due to cold soil.

This work suggests that under glass culture, where wilting can be identified as a result of cold soil, soil heating may be necessary as a preventative treatment.
The Effect of Growth Regulators on Changes in Fruits of ‘Thompson Seedless’ Grapes During Cold Storage1
Authors: Pool R. M. , Weaver R. J. , Kliewer W. M.
Published: August 2022

‘Thompson Seedless’ fruits from vines that received gibberellin or auxin treatment were separated into different maturity classes and stored at 0° for 98 days. Samples were withdrawn at about monthly intervals and soluble solids, total acidity, malic acid, arginine and proline were measured. Fruits with differing soluble solids concn had the same soluble solids content per berry. After 30 days of storage, the soluble solids concn and total acidity of non-GA3 treated fruits began to increase, probably as a result of water loss. Malic acid concn and content increased for 30 days in storage, remained stable for the next 28 days, and then decreased during the remainder of the storage period. The amino acids, arginine and proline, remained relatively constant during the 1st 58 days of storage and then increased greatly both in concn and content.
Quantitative Changes in Ribonucleic Acids of Potato Plants in Response to Photoperiod and Temperature1,2
Authors: Oslund Clayton R. , Li P. H. , Weiser C. J.
Published: August 2022

Quantitative changes in 4S, ribosomal and tenaciously bound RNA occurred in response to various combinations of temp and photoperiod. Short days accompanied by low temp (SD/LT) elicited an increase in ribosomal RNA, whereas RNA decreased with time in a long day, high temp (LD/HT) regime. Plants exposed to a LD/HT regime had reduced levels of RNA even after 5 or 9 days of pretreatment in a SD/LT environment. It appears that the quantitative variations of RNA in the SD/LT and LD/HT regimes are due primarily to RNA synthesis rates rather than to changes in ribonuclease activity. Temperature had a marked influence on ribosomal RNA level in potato plants while the response to photoperiod was not as great.
Market Quality of Radishes Stored in Low O2-Atmospheres1
Authors: Lipton Werner J.
Published: August 2022

Oxygen at 1% was optimal for topped red radishes stored at 5 or 10°C because it retarded softening and new root and top growth. At 2.5°, the radishes kept well in air. Roots were injured by 1/2% O2 during 15 days at 10° and by 1/4% O2 during 8 days at 10° or 15 days at 5°. Bacterial decay, surface mold, a purplish discoloration, and off-flavors were symptoms of low-O2 injury. Slowing of deterioration due to low O2 generally persisted during 3 subsequent days in air at 10°, but injuries induced by low O2 intensified in air. Pithiness was independent of O2 concn, but increased during storage at 5 and 10°. The relation between pithiness and translucence is discussed.

One-half and 1/4% O2 inhibited the growth of aerial mycelium of Peronospora parasitica Pers. ex Fr. on radishes with typical black downy mildew lesions.
Effect of Storage Temperatures on the Flowering and Growth of Lilium longiflorum (Thunb.) ‘Ace’1
Authors: Weiler T. C. , Langhans R. W.
Published: August 2022

‘Ace’ Easter lily bulbs received combinations of cold (5°C) and warm (21° or 32°C) storage temp and were subsequently grown in a 21° min temp greenhouse. The cold requirement for flowering was greater if the bulbs were stored at 21° or 32°C. The negating effect of warm storage on flowering was greater if some cold was applied before warm storage clearly indicating that devernalization occurred. Twenty-one degrees was less effective for devernalization than 32°C. Improvements in plant quality (larger numbers of leaves and flowers) after warm storage were not well correlated with devernalization and appeared more a result of growth and leaf initiation during the warm storage treatment.
Effect of Growth Inhibitors on Root-Knot Nematodes in Peach Roots1
Authors: Kochba J. , Samish R. M.
Published: August 2022

The effect of 7 growth inhibitors on the development of the nematode Meloidogyne javanica (Treub) Chitwood in the roots of the susceptible peach rootstock ‘Baladi’ was examined. Thiourea, maleic hydrazide, triiodobenzoic acid and Actidione most effectively inhibited gall formation, as well as maturation of nematodes in galls. 7-aza-indole, 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl bromide and 2,6 diaminopurine were effective in preventing gall formation, but once galls had formed, nematode development was affected less.
Split-Pit of ‘Dixon’ Cling Peaches in Relation to Cultural Factors1
Authors: Claypool L. L. , Uriu K. , Lasker P. F.
Published: August 2022

Split-pit of ‘Dixon’ cling peaches was correlated with all 3 variables in a multivariable cultural system study involving differential N applications, irrigations, and crop loads. Any factor that enhanced fruit size contributed to increased split-pit. Fruit size at reference date was more important than fruit size at harvest. In different years fruits of the same size at reference date or at harvest did not necessarily have the same amount of split-pit. Fruit set was more important than other factors in determining fruit size at thinning. Crop load after thinning influenced split-pit where fruit set was moderate; however, where fruit set was light split-pit was severe regardless of thinning and where fruit set was heavy split-pit was of minor concern regardless of thinning. Early thinning accomplished about reference date (10 days after beginning of pit hardening in 80% of fruit) increased split-pit over thinning 2 weeks later. Maintenance of high soil moisture (< 40% used) after reference date increased split-pit over that of less frequently irrigated plots. Manipulation of cultural factors cannot satisfactorily control split-pit, but may considerably influence its occurrence.
Response of Peaches to Succinic Acid-2,2-Dimethylhydrazide as an Aid in Mechanical Harvesting1,2
Authors: Gambrell C. E. , Sims E. T. , Stembridge G. E. , Rhodes W. H.
Published: August 2022

SADH, applied as postbloom sprays to 9 peach cultivars in a series of experiments from 1964 to 1969, accelerated maturation and reduced the number of pickings required for most cultivars. Although SADH did not affect the number of fruits per tree, yield, or fruit size, it advanced the maturity date of ‘Ranger’ as much as a week; that of ‘Blake’ 4 days. ‘Cardinal’, an early cultivar, was not noticeably affected by SADH applied at different stages of development. SADH caused fruit to abscise more readily from the stem and left less fruit remaining on the trees when harvested mechanically. SADH had no detrimental influence on ‘Redglobe’ peaches stored at 50°F for 3 weeks. These effects support the feasibility of using SADH as an aid in mechanically harvesting freestone peaches intended for fresh market.
Nitrate Reductase Activity in the Leaves of the Highbush Blueberry and Other Plants1
Authors: Dirr Michael A. , Barker Allen V. , Maynard Donald N.
Published: August 2022

A tissue infusion method was used to demonstrate nitrate reductase activity in the leaves of Vaccinium corymbosum L. grown with 3 N sources and in 2 pH regimes. Activity was not detectable by the extraction and assay of homogenized leaves of Kalmia latifolia L., Leucothoe catesbaei Gray, Malus sylvestris Mill., Pieris japonica D. Don., and Rhododendron catawbiense Michx. or in the roots of Leucothoe and Zea mays L., but it was detectable in both leaves and roots by the tissue infusion method.
Effect of Controlled-Release Nitrogen Fertilizers on Yield and Nitrogen Absorption by Potatoes, Cantaloupes, and Tomatoes1
Authors: Lorenz O. A. , Weir B. L. , Bishop J. C.
Published: August 2022

In field studies with potatoes, cantaloupes, and tomatoes, using N sources banded in the soil, highest yields were obtained with (NH4)2SO4. Yields with urea-formaldehyde and sulfur-coated urea were similar to each other, and less than those from urea. Nitrogen absorption, as determined by NO3- concn in the petiolar tissue or total N absorption by the entire plant, was in the same sequence as yields. Controlled-release fertilizers did not increase N absorption during late growth. About 90% of the N from (NH4)2SO4 and urea had nitrified and leached from the fertilizer band within 40 days after application. In contrast, about half of the N from urea-formaldehyde remained in the fertilizer band 120 days after application.
Cytoplasmically Inherited Male Sterility Characters and Flavor Components from the Species Cross Brassica nigra (L) Koch x B. oleracea L.1
Authors: Pearson O. H.
Published: August 2022

F1 plants of Brassica nigra (L) Koch (black mustard) ♀ х B. oleracea L. (broccoli) ♂ were treated with colchicine to produce the amphidiploid (4n) and reduced to the diploid level (2n) by repeated backcrosses with broccoli pollen, thus placing the B. oleracea genome in B. nigra cytoplasm. These progenies after the third backcross were identical with broccoli in appearance but were different in their content of sulfur oils (isothiocyanates) and therefore had a different flavor, cooked or raw. Reciprocal crosses showed maternal inheritance. It is proposed that types developed from this material containing B. nigra cytoplasm be identified by the addition of “n” to the type name, as “broccolin”.

From outcrosses of these early generations by cabbage, two cytoplasmically inherited male sterility systems have been isolated which are expressed only in nigra cytoplasm. A petaloid sterility in which the stamens are transformed to petals or carpels with absence of nectaries is conditioned by a single recessive gene p. Petaloid plants are Npp. Maintainer lines (Opp) for this have been isolated from cabbage and marrow-stem kale.

Vestigial anther sterility (vs) in which the anthers remain rudimentary, does not cause other flower abnormality, including nectary formation, and seed is set freely. Vestigial plants are only tentatively considered as N vs vs because its manner of inheritance is not yet clear. Preliminary evidence suggests that p is epistatic to vs, and that either can be transferred to other stocks.

A highly fertile vigorous B. carinata A. Br. (n=17) amphidiploid was isolated in the second generation.
The Influence of Environmental and Morphological Factors on Chemical Pinching of Greenhouse Azaleas1
Authors: Carr Lawson H. , Lindstrom Richard S.
Published: August 2022

The influence of environmental and morphological factors on chemical pinching of greenhouse azaleas with methyl esters of fatty acids (C6 - C12) was investigated. No air movement around the plants, following treatment, induced more bud necrosis than air movement; but the trends were not consistent within monthly treatments between cultivars or within a cultivar from month-to-month. Plants pre-conditioned at night/day (N/D) temp of 10/15.5°C from 1-7 days were found to have a greater response to the chemical pinching than when pre-conditioned at high temp at 26.6/32.2°C (N/D). The age of the terminal shoot influenced the response to the pinching agent. Plants with shoots 4 to 6 weeks of age were more sensitive to chemical pinching than those with 3,7, and 8 week shoots. Low relative humidity (RH 30%) and low temp (10/15.5°C, N/D) resulted in increased bud necrosis when compared with 60 and 90% RH at high temp (26.6/32.2°C, N/D).
Respiratory Heat Production of Vegetables During Refrigerated Storage1
Authors: van den Berg L. , Lentz C. P.
Published: August 2022

Measurements of the respiratory heat production of potatoes, carrots, cabbage, celery, onions, parsnips and rutabagas at 0°C (32°F), 5°C (41°F) and 16°C (61°F) after 1 to 2 and 4 to 6 months of refrigerated storage showed that heat of respiration generally increased with temp (Q10 values generally between 2 and 4), except for some cultivars of potatoes early during storage. Heat of respiration generally decreased with storage time for carrots and parsnips at all temp and for potatoes at 5°C; for the other vegetables it tended to increase with storage time, particularly at 16°C. The rates of heat production were in many instances substantially lower than often used published values for several kinds of vegetables.
Incorporation of chlorine in nuclear waste glasses using high-pressure vitrification: Solubility, speciation, and local environment of chlorine
Authors: Jolivet Valentin , Morizet Yann , Trcera Nicolas , Fernandez Vincent , Suzuki-Muresan Tomo
Published: August 2022

The solubility, speciation, and local atomic environment of chlorine have been determined for aluminoborosilicate glasses equilibrated with various sources of chlorine (NaCl and PdCl2) at high pressure (0.5–1.5 GPa) and high temperature (1350–1400 °C). The Cl solubility reaches up to 11 mol% in borosilicate glass and appears to be strongly influenced by the concentration of network-modifying cations (Ca and Na) and increases with increasing CaO + Na2O content. The Cl solubility is enhanced in Ca-bearing rather than Na-bearing borosilicate glass, suggesting a higher affinity of chlorine for alkaline-earth cations. Cl K-edge XANES and Cl 2p XPS spectra reveal that chlorine dissolves in glasses only as chloride species (Cl–) and no evidence of oxidized species is observed. Using PdCl2 as a chlorine source leads to a pre-edge signal for PdCl2 in the XANES spectra. The EXAFS simulations show that the Cl– local environment is charge compensated by Na+ or Ca2+ at a distance to first neighbor on the order of 2.7 Å, which is comparable to the observed distances in crystalline chloride compounds. The coordination to charge compensating cation is lower in the case of Ca2+ (~1.1) than Na+ (~4.3).
Developing a Student Self-Disclosure Measure: A Pilot Study
Authors: Jebbour Mohsine
Published: August 2022

This pilot study was designed to introduce a student self-disclosure measure with 183 participants enrolled in the English department at a Moroccan university. The types of self-disclosures inherent in language learning theory guided the development of a ten-item questionnaire. The instrument measured the participants’ self-report of frequent self-disclosures with reference to the class they were attending. Upon collection of data, the questionnaire was subjected to exploratory factor analysis. The findings of the unrotation analysis showed that the student self-disclosure measure is unidimensional, as nine items loaded highest on the first factor and had an acceptable internal consistency. However, results from the rotation analysis revealed that the student self-disclosure measure consists of two dimensions, which were labelled as frequent types of self-disclosure and infrequent types of self-disclosure based on their mean scores. Although the seven items tapping frequent types of self-disclosure may be used to create a unidimensional measure, especially that the construct reached an acceptable internal reliability, there is room for ensuring a sound collection of data and analysis to improve the quality of the questionnaire in the main study.
Ellipsis on Gadget Advertisements in T3 Magazine
Authors: Cayestu Teresa Avilla Ayuning Budi , Pasaribu Truly Almendo
Published: August 2022

This research aims at analyzing the ellipsis and its recoverability in T3 gadget magazine issued on December 2018 based on Swan’s (1996) and Quirk’s (1985) domains of ellipsis. This qualitative-descriptive research investigated 107 clauses found in the advertisement containing 509 ellipses. The data were gathered by close and careful reading and coded using a checklist table developed based on the domains of ellipsis. The research found that ellipsis type 2 (ellipsis structured with and, but and or) were dominant in the data as the omission aimed to avoid repetition and be concise. There were only 2 out of 14 ellipsis types which were absent, namely type 6 and 14. The ellipsis types that were being analyzed happened to have three types of recoverability, namely textual, structural, and situational recoverability. The majority of the data used textual recoverability or the recoverability parts are recovered by the other part within the clause or nearby clauses. This research discusses the interface between syntax and semantics that although the syntactic forms are changed through ellipsis, users can still recover the meanings. 
International Student's Language Learning Identities in English as a Lingua Franca Context in Indonesia
Authors: Situmorang Komilie , Nugroho Dwi Yulianto , Sihombing Michael Recard
Published: August 2022

Indonesia has stipulated the implementation of the international program as one of its internationalisation's agendas. As a result, private and public universities strive to create international programs that would attract international students. This study focuses on an international program in a private university in Tangerang, which promotes English as a medium of instruction with little interference from native speakers. As many previous research have centred around study abroad in English speaking countries, this study offers a novelty of how identities are constructed in the context of English as a Lingua Franca where both local Indonesian and the international students are non-native speakers of English. Therefore, this research aims to discover how international students construct their language learning identity in English as a Lingua Franca context in Indonesia. There were eight participants from five different countries. They were interviewed using conversational narrative interview, and the data was analysed using narratives analysis. The findings were established in themes, and they indicated the positive identities constructions in many ways. These included reconstructing economic identity to religious identity, establishing Lingua Franca speakers identities, constructing global citizenship identities where all these constructions were supported by the acceptance and the zero pressure from the host. Therefore, it is concluded that zero power inequality promotes favourable language learning and identity construction during study abroad.