bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reduction of emergent dropping behavior during treatment of elopement
Authors: Roane Henry S. , DeRosa Nicole M.
Published: May 2014

Although treatments for elopement (leaving an assigned area or a caregiver without permission) and dropping (falling to the floor) have been reported in the literature, there are no studies that have examined the concurrent treatment of these behaviors. The current investigation reports on the emergence and treatment of dropping during the treatment of elopement.
THE INFLUENCE OF NEIGHBORHOOD CHARACTERISTICS AND PARENTING PRACTICES ON ACADEMIC PROBLEMS AND AGGRESSION OUTCOMES AMONG MODERATELY TO HIGHLY AGGRESSIVE CHILDREN
Authors: Barry Tammy D. , Lochman John E. , Fite Paula J. , Wells Karen C. , Colder Craig R.
Published: May 2014

The current study utilized a longitudinal design to examine the effects of neighborhood and parenting on 120 at‐risk children's academic and aggressive outcomes, concurrently and at two later timepoints during the transition to middle school. Random effects regression models were estimated to examine whether neighborhood characteristics and harsh parenting predicted change in these problems from 4th to 6th grade. Results indicated that academic problems decreased then increased after the middle school transition, whereas aggression decreased then leveled off. Both neighborhood problems and harsh parenting were associated with academic problems; neighborhood problems and poor support were related to aggression. A significant interaction in predicting aggression was found, indicating that children in more problematic neighborhoods and experiencing harsher parenting exhibited the highest levels of aggression. Findings highlight the relation of neighborhood problems to both academic problems outcomes and aggression in youth and underscore the importance of early prevention efforts.
RELATIONSHIP OF EVIDENCE‐BASED PRACTICE AND TREATMENTS: A SURVEY OF COMMUNITY MENTAL HEALTH PROVIDERS
Authors: DiMeo Michelle A. , Moore G. Kurt , Lichtenstein Carolyn
Published: May 2014

Evidence‐based treatments (EBTs) are interventions that have been proven effective through rigorous research methodologies. Evidence‐based practice (EBP), however, refers to a decision‐making process that integrates the best available research, clinician expertise, and client characteristics. This study examined community mental health service providers’ knowledge of EBP and perceived advantages, disadvantages, reasons for not implementing full EBT protocols, and attitudes toward EBTs. Qualitative examination of mental health service providers’ definitions of EBP reveals confusion between the terms EBP and EBT. Service providers indicated several advantages and disadvantages of using EBTs. Analysis suggests that many perceived EBT disadvantages would be eliminated if EBTs are implemented as part of the EBP approach, thus allowing for clinician expertise and patient characteristics to be combined with EBTs. Alternatively, distinguishing between EBP and EBT may be more confusing than useful for most community mental health practitioners, which indicates new terminology may be needed.
In Situ analysis of CO2 laser irradiation on controlling progression of erosive lesions on dental enamel
Authors: Lepri Taísa Penazzo , Scatolin Renata Siqueira , Colucci Vivian , De Alexandria Adílis Kalina , Maia Lucianne Cople , Turssi Cecília Pedroso , Corona Silmara Aparecida Milori
Published: May 2014

The present study aimed to evaluate in situ the effect of CO2 laser irradiation to control the progression of enamel erosive lesions. Fifty‐six slabs of bovine incisors enamel (5 × 3 × 2.5 mm3) were divided in four distinct areas: (1) sound (reference area), (2) initial erosion, (3) treatment (irradiated or nonirradiated with CO2 laser), (4) final erosion (after in situ phase). The initial erosive challenge was performed with 1% citric acid (pH = 2.3), for 5 min, 2×/day, for 2 days. The slabs were divided in two groups according to surface treatment: irradiated with CO2 laser (λ = 10.6 µm; 0.5 W) and nonirradiate. After a 2‐day lead‐in period, 14 volunteers wore an intraoral palatal appliance containing two slabs (irradiated and nonirradiated), in two intraoral phases of 5 days each. Following a cross‐over design during the first intraoral phase, half of the volunteers immersed the appliance in 100 mL of citric acid for 5 min, 3×/day, while other half of the volunteers used deionized water (control). The volunteers were crossed over in the second phase. Enamel wear was determined by an optical 3D profilometer. Three‐way ANOVA for repeated measures revealed that there was no significant interaction between erosive challenge and CO2 laser irradiation (P = 0.419). Erosive challenge significantly increased enamel wear (P = 0.001), regardless whether or not CO2 laser irradiation was performed. There was no difference in enamel wear between specimens CO2‐laser irradiated and non‐irradiated (P = 0.513). Under intraoral conditions, CO2 laser irradiation did not control the progression of erosive lesions in enamel caused by citric acid. Microsc. Res. Tech. 77:586–593, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Paradoxical impact of the remnant pancreatic volume and infectious complications on the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease after pancreaticoduodenectomy
Authors: Sato Rie , Kishiwada Masashi , Kuriyama Naohisa , Azumi Yoshinori , Mizuno Shugo , Usui Masanobu , Sakurai Hiroyuki , Tabata Masami , Yamada Tomomi , Isaji Shuji
Published: May 2014

Background

The aim of the present study was to evaluate perioperative risk factors for development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD), paying special attention to remnant pancreatic volume (RPV) and postoperative infection.

Methods

We reviewed the charts of 110 patients who had been followed more than 6 months after PD. These patients were classified into the two groups according to RPV measured by CT volumetry at one month: large‐volume group (LVG) (10 ml or more, n = 75) and small‐volume group (SVG) (less than 10 ml, n = 35).

Results

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease developed in 44 (40.0%), being significantly higher in SVG than in LVG: 54.2% vs. 33.3% (P = 0.037). SVG was characterized as significantly higher incidence of pancreatic adenocarcinoma, while LVG was characterized as significantly higher incidences of soft pancreas, postoperative infection and pancreatic fistula. In LVG, the incidence of NAFLD was significantly higher in patients with suspicion of infection than in those without it: 45.2% vs. 18.1% (P = 0.014), while not different in SVG. By multivariate analysis, independent risk factor was determined as RPV and suspicion of infection in the whole patients, and in LVG it was suspicion of infection, while in SVG it was not identified.

Conclusion

After PD, RPV and status of postoperative infection paradoxically influenced the development of NAFLD.
Development of a discharge readiness report within the electronic health record—A discharge planning tool
Authors: Tyler Amy , Boyer Ann , Martin Sara , Neiman Jenae , Bakel Leigh Anne , Brittan Mark
Published: May 2014

BACKGROUND

With increasingly complex pediatric inpatients, efficient and effective hospital discharge requires optimal interdisciplinary care coordination and communication. We describe the development of a discharge readiness report (DRR) for the electronic health record (EHR), an integrated summary of discharge‐related information organized into a highly visible and easily accessible report.

METHODS

We used interviews and process mapping to understand the roles of all disciplines involved in discharge planning and identified key drivers affecting our aim of designing a discharge tool in the EHR. Based on identified key drivers, we designed the DRR and made changes to the report using rapid improvement cycles. The final report includes information necessary for discharge planning organized into 4 domains: potential barriers to discharge, transitional care, home care, and discharge criteria.

RESULTS

The DRR was activated in June 2012. As planned, the final product incorporated previously existing discharge‐related information from within the EHR, organized into 1 report. Shortly after its introduction, the DRR was included in daily care coordination rounds (CCRs) for medical and medical subspecialty patients. End users found the report to be completely populated and accurate. We measured time to completion of CCRs and found no difference between duration of CCRs pre‐ and postuse of the DRR.

CONCLUSIONS

Given widespread adoption, EHRs should be optimized to improve healthcare delivery. A discharge planning tool in the EHR may improve the efficiency and effectiveness of care transitions by allowing for proactive discharge planning and improved interdisciplinary communication. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2014;9:533–539. © 2014 Society of Hospital Medicine
Propofol anesthesia induces proapoptotic tumor necrosis factor‐α and pro‐nerve growth factor signaling and prosurvival Akt and XIAP expression in neonatal rat brain
Authors: Milanović Desanka , Pešić Vesna , Popić Jelena , Tanić Nikola , Kanazir Selma , Jevtović‐Todorović Vesna , Ruždijić Sabera
Published: May 2014

Previously we observed that prolonged exposure to propofol anesthesia causes caspase‐3‐ and calpain‐mediated neuronal death in the developing brain. The present study examines the effects of propofol anesthesia on the expression of tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNFα), pro‐nerve growth factor (NGF), and their receptors in the cortex and the thalamus. We also investigated how propofol influences the expression of Akt and X‐linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) expression, proteins that promote prosurvival pathways. Seven‐day‐old rats (P7) were exposed to propofol anesthesia lasting 2, 4, or 6 hr and killed 0, 4, 16, or 24 hr after anesthesia termination. The relative levels of mRNA and protein expression were estimated by RT‐PCR and Western blot analysis, respectively. The treatments caused marked activation of TNFα and its receptor TNFR‐1 and pro‐NGF and p75NTR receptor expression. In parallel with the induction of these prodeath signals, we established that propofol anesthesia promotes increased expression of the prosurvival molecules pAkt and XIAP during the 24‐hr postanesthesia period. These results show that different brain structures respond to propofol anesthesia with a time‐ and duration of exposure‐dependent increase in proapoptotic signaling and with concomitant increases in activities of prosurvival proteins. We hypothesized that the fine balance between these opposing processes sustains homeostasis in the immature rat brain and prevents unnecessary damage after exposure to an injurious stimulus. The existence of this highly regulated process provides a time frame for potential therapeutic intervention directed toward suppressing the deleterious component of propofol anesthesia. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Significant work events and counterproductive work behavior: The role of fairness, emotions, and emotion regulation
Authors: Matta Fadel K. , Erol‐Korkmaz H. Tuğba , Johnson Russell E. , Biçaksiz Pinar
Published: May 2014

In this diary study, we investigated multi‐level predictors of daily counterproductive work behavior (CWB) relying on the theoretical frameworks of affective events theory and the emotion‐centered model of CWB. We assessed significant work events, event‐based fairness perceptions, negative emotional reactions to work events, and employee CWB over a 10‐day period. We tested within‐person relations predicting CWB, and cross‐level moderating effects of two emotion regulation strategies (suppression and reappraisal). Results from a multi‐level path analysis revealed that significant work events had both direct and indirect effects on negative emotional reactions. Further, negative emotional reactions in turn mediated the relationships between significant work events and all forms of daily CWB as well as the relationship between event‐based fairness perceptions and daily CWB‐O. Results also supported the moderating role of reappraisal emotion regulation strategy on relations between significant work events and negative emotional reactions. Less support, however, was found for the moderating influence of suppression on the link between negative emotional reactions and CWB. Among the broad work event categories we identified, our supplemental analyses revealed that negative work events involving interactions with supervisors elicited the highest levels of employee negative emotional reactions. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of these findings. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of surface winds over the Iberian Peninsula
Authors: Lorente‐Plazas R. , Montávez J. P. , Jimenez P. A. , Jerez S. , Gómez‐Navarro J. J. , García‐Valero J. A. , Jimenez‐Guerrero P.
Published: May 2014

This work presents a characterization of the surface wind climatology over the Iberian Peninsula (IP). For this objective, an unprecedented observational database has been developed. The database covers a period of 6 years (2002–2007) and consists of hourly wind speed and wind direction data recorded at 514 automatic weather stations. The original observations underwent a quality control process to remove rough errors from the data set. In the first step, the annual and seasonal mean behaviour of the wind field are presented. This analysis shows the high spatial variability of the wind as a result of its interaction with the main orographic features of the IP. In order to simplify the characterization of the wind, a clustering procedure was applied to group the observational sites with similar temporal wind variability. A total of 20 regions are identified. These regions are strongly related to the main landforms of the IP. The wind behaviour of each region, characterized by the wind rose (WR), annual cycle (AC) and wind speed histogram, is explained as the response of each region to the main circulation types (CTs) affecting the IP. Results indicate that the seasonal variability of the synoptic scale is related with intra‐annual variability and modulated by local features in the WRs variability. The wind speed distribution not always fit to a unimodal Weibull distribution consequence of interactions at different atmospheric scales. This work contributes to a deeper understanding of the temporal and spatial variability of surface winds. Taken together, the wind database created, the methodology used and the conclusion extracted are a benchmark for future works based on the wind behaviour.
Harnessing Allostery: A Novel Approach to Drug Discovery
Authors: Lu Shaoyong , Li Shuai , Zhang Jian
Published: May 2014

Allostery is the most direct and efficient way for regulation of biological macromolecule function, ranging from the control of metabolic mechanisms to signal transduction pathways. Allosteric modulators target to allosteric sites, offering distinct advantages compared to orthosteric ligands that target to active sites, such as greater specificity, reduced side effects, and lower toxicity. Allosteric modulators have therefore drawn increasing attention as potential therapeutic drugs in the design and development of new drugs. In recent years, advancements in our understanding of the fundamental principles underlying allostery, coupled with the exploitation of powerful techniques and methods in the field of allostery, provide unprecedented opportunities to discover allosteric proteins, detect and characterize allosteric sites, design and develop novel efficient allosteric drugs, and recapitulate the universal features of allosteric proteins and allosteric modulators. In the present review, we summarize the recent advances in the repertoire of allostery, with a particular focus on the aforementioned allosteric compounds.
Does the addition of a nerve wrap to a motor nerve repair affect motor outcomes?
Authors: Lee Joo‐yup , Parisi Thomas J. , Friedrich Patricia F. , Bishop Allen T. , Shin Alexander Y.
Published: May 2014

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of wrapping bioabsorbable nerve conduit around primary suture repair on motor nerve regeneration in a rat model. Forty rats were randomly divided into two experimental groups according to the type of repair of the rat sciatic nerve: group I had primary suture repair; group II had primary suture repair and bioabsorbable collagen nerve conduit (NeuraGen® 1.5 mm, Integra LifeSciences Corp., Plainsboro, NJ) wrapped around the repair. At 12 weeks, no significant differences in the percentage of recovery between the two groups were observed with respect to compound muscle action potentials, isometric muscle force, and muscle weight (P = 0.816, P = 0.698, P = 0.861, respectively). Histomorphometric analysis as compared to the non‐operative sites was also not significantly different between the two groups in terms of number of myelinated axons, myelinated fiber area, and nerve fiber density (P = 0.368, P = 0.968, P = 0.071, respectively). Perineural scar tissue formation was greater in primary suture repair group (0.36 ± 0.15) than in primary repair plus conduit wrapping group (0.17 ± 0.08). This difference was statistically significant (P < 0.001). Wrapping bioabsorbable nerve conduit around primary nerve repair can decrease perineural scar tissue formation. Although the scar‐decreasing effect of bioabsorbable nerve wrap does not translate into better motor nerve recovery in this study, it might have an effect on the functional outcome in humans where scar formation is much more evident than in rats. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 34:562–567, 2014.
Low vitamin D status throughout life results in an inflammatory prone status but does not alter bone mineral or strength in healthy 3‐month‐old CD‐1 male mice
Authors: Jahani Raha , Fielding Kristina A. , Chen Jianmin , Villa Christopher R. , Castelli Laura M. , Ward Wendy E. , Comelli Elena M.
Published: May 2014

Scope

The aim of this study was to assess if exposure to different levels of dietary vitamin D pre‐ and postweaning impacts the intestinal‐bone axis.

Methods and results

Female CD1 mice were exposed to high (5000 IU vitamin D3/kg diet, H) or low (25 IU vitamin D3/kg diet, L) vitamin D diet (modified AIN‐93G) during pregnancy and lactation. At weaning (postnatal day 21), a subset of the male offspring was sacrificed and another subset was assigned to receive their dams’ respective diet (HH and LL) or the other diet (HL and LH) until sacrifice at 3 months of age. Lower level of vitamin D resulted in reduced vitamin D receptor and increased expression of pro‐inflammatory genes in the colon at 3 months, lower numbers of colonic Bacteroides/Prevotella at postnatal day 21 and higher serum LPS concentration at adulthood. There was a programming effect of vitamin D on LPS levels. Mineral content, density, and strength of femurs and vertebrae were not affected.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that low vitamin D exposure results in an inflammatory‐prone status that may contribute to or be a risk factor for several diseases including inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases.
Deoxynivalenol exposure assessment in young children in Tanzania
Authors: Srey Chou , Kimanya Martin E. , Routledge Michael N. , Shirima Candida P. , Gong Yun Yun
Published: May 2014

Scope

This study assessed deoxynivalenol (DON) exposure in children from three geographic locations within Tanzania, over three time points in 1 year, using a urinary biomarker of exposure.

Methods and results

A total of 166 children aged 6–14 months were studied at a maize harvest and followed up twice at 6‐month intervals. On two consecutive days, morning urine was collected from each child and urinary DON was measured using an LC‐MS method, with and without β‐glucuronidase hydrolysis in order to assess free DON (fDON) and glucuronide DON. Overall, urinary DON increased significantly along with the three visits (geometric mean 1.1, 2.3, and 5.7 ng/mL, at visits 1, 2, and 3, respectively, p < 0.01). fDON was 22% of urinary total DON. Urinary DON excretion rate was 74% in village Kikelelwa based on food DON level and food consumption. Assuming 360 mL of urine excreted per day, 10, 19, and 29% of children at visits 1, 2, and 3, respectively, exceeded the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake of 1000 ng/kg b.w./day.

Conclusion

Young children in Tanzania are chronically exposed to DON due to eating contaminated maize, although exposure levels varied markedly by region and season.
1H NMR spectra part 31: 1H chemical shifts of amides in DMSO solvent
Authors: Abraham Raymond J. , Griffiths Lee , Perez Manuel
Published: May 2014

The 1H chemical shifts of 48 amides in DMSO solvent are assigned and presented. The solvent shifts Δδ (DMSO‐CDCl3) are large (1–2 ppm) for the NH protons but smaller and negative (−0.1 to −0.2 ppm) for close range protons. A selection of the observed solvent shifts is compared with calculated shifts from the present model and from GIAO calculations. Those for the NH protons agree with both calculations, but other solvent shifts such as Δδ(CHO) are not well reproduced by the GIAO calculations.

The 1H chemical shifts of the amides in DMSO were analysed using a functional approach for near ( ≤ 3 bonds removed) protons and the electric field, magnetic anisotropy and steric effect of the amide group for more distant protons. The chemical shifts of the NH protons of acetanilide and benzamide vary linearly with the π density on the αN and βC atoms, respectively. The C=O anisotropy and steric effect are in general little changed from the values in CDCl3. The effects of substituents F, Cl, Me on the NH proton shifts are reproduced. The electric field coefficient for the protons in DMSO is 90% of that in CDCl3. There is no steric effect of the C=O oxygen on the NH proton in an NH…O=C hydrogen bond. The observed deshielding is due to the electric field effect. The calculated chemical shifts agree well with the observed shifts (RMS error of 0.106 ppm for the data set of 257 entries). Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metabolic shifts toward glutamine regulate tumor growth, invasion and bioenergetics in ovarian cancer
Authors: Yang Lifeng , Moss Tyler , Mangala Lingegowda S , Marini Juan , Zhao Hongyun , Wahlig Stephen , Armaiz‐Pena Guillermo , Jiang Dahai , Achreja Abhinav , Win Julia , Roopaimoole Rajesha , Rodriguez‐Aguayo Cristian , Mercado‐Uribe Imelda , Lopez‐Berestein Gabriel , Liu Jinsong , Tsukamoto Takashi , Sood Anil K. , Ram Prahlad T , Nagrath Deepak
Published: May 2014

Glutamine can play a critical role in cellular growth in multiple cancers. Glutamine‐addicted cancer cells are dependent on glutamine for viability, and their metabolism is reprogrammed for glutamine utilization through the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Here, we have uncovered a missing link between cancer invasiveness and glutamine dependence. Using isotope tracer and bioenergetic analysis, we found that low‐invasive ovarian cancer (OVCA) cells are glutamine independent, whereas high‐invasive OVCA cells are markedly glutamine dependent. Consistent with our findings, OVCA patients’ microarray data suggest that glutaminolysis correlates with poor survival. Notably, the ratio of gene expression associated with glutamine anabolism versus catabolism has emerged as a novel biomarker for patient prognosis. Significantly, we found that glutamine regulates the activation of STAT3, a mediator of signaling pathways which regulates cancer hallmarks in invasive OVCA cells. Our findings suggest that a combined approach of targeting high‐invasive OVCA cells by blocking glutamine's entry into the TCA cycle, along with targeting low‐invasive OVCA cells by inhibiting glutamine synthesis and STAT3 may lead to potential therapeutic approaches for treating OVCAs.
Non‐enzymatic glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway‐like reactions in a plausible Archean ocean
Authors: Keller Markus A , Turchyn Alexandra V , Ralser Markus
Published: May 2014

The reaction sequences of central metabolism, glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway provide essential precursors for nucleic acids, amino acids and lipids. However, their evolutionary origins are not yet understood. Here, we provide evidence that their structure could have been fundamentally shaped by the general chemical environments in earth's earliest oceans. We reconstructed potential scenarios for oceans of the prebiotic Archean based on the composition of early sediments. We report that the resultant reaction milieu catalyses the interconversion of metabolites that in modern organisms constitute glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway. The 29 observed reactions include the formation and/or interconversion of glucose, pyruvate, the nucleic acid precursor ribose‐5‐phosphate and the amino acid precursor erythrose‐4‐phosphate, antedating reactions sequences similar to that used by the metabolic pathways. Moreover, the Archean ocean mimetic increased the stability of the phosphorylated intermediates and accelerated the rate of intermediate reactions and pyruvate production. The catalytic capacity of the reconstructed ocean milieu was attributable to its metal content. The reactions were particularly sensitive to ferrous iron Fe(II), which is understood to have had high concentrations in the Archean oceans. These observations reveal that reaction sequences that constitute central carbon metabolism could have been constrained by the iron‐rich oceanic environment of the early Archean. The origin of metabolism could thus date back to the prebiotic world.
Minimum vertex blocker clique problem
Authors: Mahdavi Pajouh Foad , Boginski Vladimir , Pasiliao Eduardo L.
Published: May 2014

We study the minimum vertex blocker clique problem (VBCP),1 which is to remove a subset of vertices of minimum cardinality in a weighted undirected graph, such that the maximum weight of a clique in the remaining graph is bounded above by a given integer r ≥ 1. Cliques are among the most popular concepts used to model cohesive clusters in different graph‐based applications, such as social, biological, and communication networks. The general case of VBCP on weighted graphs is known to be NP‐hard, and we show that the special case on unweighted graphs is also NP‐hard for any fixed integer r ≥ 1. We present an analytical lower bound on the cardinality of an optimal solution to VBCP, as well as formulate VBCP as a linear 0–1 program with an exponential number of constraints. Facet‐inducing inequalities for the convex hull of feasible solutions to VBCP are also identified. Furthermore, we develop the first exact algorithm for solving VBCP, which solves the proposed formulation by using a row generation approach. Computational results obtained by utilizing this algorithm on a test‐bed of randomly generated instances are also provided. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, Vol. 64(1), 48–64 2014
Rapid gastric and intestinal transit is a major determinant of changes in blood glucose, intestinal hormones, glucose absorption and postprandial symptoms after gastric bypass
Authors: Nguyen Nam Q. , Debreceni Tamara L. , Bambrick Jenna E. , Bellon Max , Wishart Judith , Standfield Scott , Rayner Chris K. , Horowitz Michael
Published: May 2014

Objective

To evaluate the effect of modulating pouch emptying (PE) and SI transit of glucose after Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass (RYGB) on blood glucose, incretin hormones, glucose absorption and gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms.

Methods

Ten RYGB patients were studied twice in random order, receiving either a 150 ml glucose drink (200 kcal) or the same solution infused into the proximal Roux‐limb at 4 kcal/min. Data were compared with 10 healthy volunteers who received a 4 kcal/min duodenal infusion. PE, cecal arrival time (CAT), blood glucose, plasma 3‐O‐methylglucose (3‐OMG), insulin, glucose‐dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), and glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1), and GI symptoms were measured.

Results

In RYGB subjects, the glucose drink emptied very rapidly (PE t50 = 3 ± 1 min) and intestinal glucose infusion was associated with higher blood glucose and plasma 3‐OMG, but lower plasma GLP‐1, GIP, insulin, and GI symptoms than oral glucose (all P < 0.001), and comparable to volunteers. In RYGB subjects, CAT correlated inversely with peak GLP‐1 (r = −0.73, P = 0.01), and plasma 3‐OMG correlated tightly blood glucose (r = 0.94, P < 0.0001).

Conclusions

After RYGB, reducing intestinal glucose delivery to 4 kcal/min is associated with higher blood glucose, greater glucose absorption, lower incretin responses, and less GI symptoms, supporting rapid transit contribution to the exaggerated incretin responses and “dumping symptoms”.
Statins and the risk of liver injury: a population‐based case‐control study
Authors: Chen Guan‐Lin , Hsiao Fei‐Yuan , Dong Yaa‐Hui , Shen Li‐Jiuan , Wu Fe‐Lin Lin
Published: May 2014

Objective

This case‐control study investigated the association between statin use and liver injury using Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database.

Methods

Our study subjects included 4165 cases (patients who had been admitted with a primary diagnosis of liver injury between 2002 and 2009) and 16 660 age‐matched, sex‐matched and index date‐matched controls. Multivariable conditional regression models were used to estimate the association between statin use and liver injury.

Results

Users of statins were not associated with risk of liver injury (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.04; 95% confidence interval [0.90–1.19]) when compared with nonusers. Nevertheless, a higher dose of statin (≥1 defined daily dose; aOR 1.55 [1.14–2.11]) and use of rosuvastatin before event of liver injury (aOR 1.38 [1.03–1.85]) were significantly associated with liver injury.

Conclusions

This population‐based study extends previous evidence by exploring the potential association between statins use and risk of liver injury. Overall, we found that statin was not associated with risk of liver injury. Nevertheless, special concern should be paid to those who used statin ≥1 defined daily dose and rosuvastatin. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Acute social defeat does not alter cerebral 5‐HT2A receptor binding in male Wistar rats
Authors: Visser Anniek K.D. , Meerlo Peter , Ettrup Anders , Knudsen Gitte M. , Bosker Fokko J. , den Boer Johan A. , Dierckx Rudi A.J.O. , van Waarde Aren
Published: May 2014

It has been hypothesized that effects of uncontrollable stress on serotonin receptor expression contribute to the etiology of stress‐related disorders like depression. While the serotonin‐2A receptors (5‐HT2AR) are thought to be important in this context, only few studies examined effects of stress on this receptor subtype. In this study, we therefore assessed acute and long‐term changes in 5HT2AR binding after social defeat stress in rats. Male Wistar rats were subjected to social defeat by placing them in the home cage of an aggressive, dominant Long Evans rat. Acute social defeat suppressed growth, but did not affect anxiety‐like behavior in an open field test. A positron emission tomography scan with the 5‐HT2AR tracer [11C]MDL 100907 1 day and 3 weeks after defeat did not show significant changes in receptor binding. To verify these results, [3H]MDL 100907 binding assays were performed in homogenates of prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, which also did not indicate any changes in Bmax or Kd. These findings do not support the hypothesis that changes in 5‐HT2AR function are a vital mechanism through which uncontrollable stress contributes to stress‐related pathologies such as depression. It remains to be determined whether effects of stress on 5HT2AR binding depend on the nature of the stressor or on the characteristics of the rat strain. Synapse, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The α5GABAA receptor modulates the induction of long‐term potentiation at ventral but not dorsal CA1 hippocampal synapses
Authors: Pofantis Hermes , Papatheodoropoulos Costas
Published: May 2014

The hippocampal synapses display conspicuous ability for long‐term plasticity which is thought to underlie learning and memory. Growing evidence shows that this ability differs along the long axis of the hippocampus, with the ventral CA1 hippocampal synapses displaying remarkably lower ability for long‐term potentiation (LTP) compared with their dorsal counterpart when activated with high‐frequency stimulation. Here, we show that low frequency, 10 Hz stimulation induced LTP more reliably in dorsal than in ventral CA1 field. Blockade of alpha5 subunit‐containing GABAA receptors eliminated the difference between dorsal and ventral hippocampus. We propose that α5GABAA receptor‐mediated activity plays a crucial role in regulating the threshold for induction of LTP especially at the ventral CA1 hippocampal synapses. This might have important implications for the functional specialization along the hippocampus. Synapse, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Structural Interconversion of Bimetallic Carbonyl Clusters ­Induced by a NHC Ligand and Its Selectivity on Fragments
Authors: Liu Xiao‐Ming , Hu Shan‐Fang , Zeng Guang , Shi Zhan , Zhu Lei
Published: May 2014

The reactions of IMes‐HCl with bimetallic iron‐copper clusters were investigated and it showed that interconversions among bimetallic FexCuy(CO)zn– clusters were induced by IMes‐HCl. The reaction priority of IMes‐HCl with fragments in FexCuy(CO)zn– was also investigated and the reaction behaviors of zero valent Fe(CO)4 and divalent Fe(CO)4 with IMes‐HCl were discussed.
Phase Transitions of YbBr2
Authors: Krämer Karl W. , Keller Lukas
Published: May 2014

The crystalline phases of YbBr2 were investigated by powder neutron diffraction between 1.5 K and the melting point at 955 K (682 °C). The low temperature SrI2 phase is observed up to 550 K, the α‐PbO2 phase between 260 K and 750 K, the CaCl2 phase between 690 K and 790 K, and the rutile phase from 790 K to the melting point. All observed phase transitions are first order, except for the second order CaCl2 to rutile transition. The transition temperatures and enthalpies were determined by differential scanning calorimetry.
Scale and system dependencies of indirect effects of large herbivores on phytophagous insects: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Takagi Shun , Miyashita Tadashi
Published: May 2014

An increasing number of studies are being conducted to examine the density‐ or trait‐mediated indirect effects of large herbivores on phytophagous insects. However, these effects are highly context dependent and no general trends have been made clear. We conducted a meta‐analysis focusing on three factors capable of affecting detection of the indirect effects of large herbivores on phytophagous insects: type of response variable, experimental scale, and characteristics of study organisms. Overall, large herbivores exerted a negative effect on insects, a trend that was prominent in studies using insect abundance as a response variable. No particular trends were observed in studies using herbivory rate as a variable, and these studies often focused on plant trait‐mediated effects more than density‐mediated ones. Experimental scale affected the strength of indirect effects: within‐year or individual tree level experiments did not follow any trends, whereas 1–10 year experiments or 0–10 ha scale experiments show a negative impact on insects. Characteristics of large herbivores and growth forms of transmitter plants also contributed to variations in the observed effect size; negative effects were reported in livestock‐grassland ecosystems and neutral effects in tree‐dominated systems. There was a close association between response variable, experimental scale, and characteristics of study organisms, and these effects jointly contributed to the apparent trends. To predict the impacts of large herbivores at ecosystem level, it is necessary to eliminate these biases arising from study design and to evaluate the effect on insect densities at large spatial and temporal scales.
Long-Term Follow-Up of First Metacarpal Extension Osteotomy for Early CMC Arthritis
Authors: Chou Franklin H. , Irrgang James J. , Goitz Robert J.
Published: May 2014

Background

The purpose of this study was to evaluate long-term outcomes of first metacarpal extension osteotomy for early trapeziometacarpal arthritis.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed 13 patients who underwent first metacarpal extension osteotomy at our institution between 1996 and 2005 and obtained subjective and objective outcome data.

Results

Mean follow-up was 9.9 years (range 6 to 14 years). Ten of the 13 patients (77 %) were either satisfied or very satisfied with their results. Mean pain level was 2.00 on a scale of 1 (nonexistent) to 7 (unbearable). Mean QuickDASH score was 24.17, with a median score of 9.09. Mean pinch strength was 13.1 lbs compared to 12.8 lbs in the nonoperative extremity. Mean radial abduction of the thumb was 45.5° which was equal to the nonoperative extremity. Of the eight patients who agreed to repeat radiographs, five had no progression of degenerative changes compared to pre-op radiographs.

Conclusions

Based on subjective and objective follow-up data, first metacarpal extension osteotomy can provide good long-term results in terms of patient satisfaction, pain relief, and upper extremity function. It is a reasonable alternative to ligament reconstruction in patients with early-stage trapeziometacarpal arthritis.
The Incidence of Postoperative Flare Reaction and Tissue Complications in Dupuytren's Disease Using Tension-Free Immobilization
Authors: Rivlin Michael , Osterman Meredith , Jacoby Sidney M. , Skirven Terri , Ukomadu Uzoma , Osterman A. Lee
Published: May 2014

Purpose

Open fasciectomy represents a standard treatment of Dupuytren's disease. Although patients are commonly immobilized in extension to prevent postoperative contracture formation, immobilizing the extremity under tension may precipitate a flare reaction and scar-related complications. This study explores the incidence of flare reaction and other complications with postoperative tension-free splinting after fasciectomy for Dupuytren's contracture.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed patients' charts that consisted of 228 procedures in 191 patients who underwent surgery by the senior author between 2000 and 2010. Postoperative notes were reviewed for wound healing problems, scar appearance, flare reaction, and complications. The grading system defined by Evans et al. was used to standardize flare reaction and scar complications.

Results

Using tension-free splinting, the incidence of flare reaction was 3.5 % (8/228). The eight patients that had flare reactions had mild involvement, and no severe reaction was observed. Fifteen patients had hypertrophic scars, eight had hypersensitive scars, and six had recurrent contractures.

Conclusions

The incidence of flare reaction using tension-free immobilization postoperatively was low in our study. According to our findings, wound healing problems are rare when tensionless splinting is utilized. Type of study/level of evidence Case series, Level IV, Therapeutic study
"Bottom-up" approach in making verb entries in a monolingual Indonesian learner’s dictionary
Authors: Amalia Dora
Published: May 2014

This research is primarily focused on how to make verb entries in a monolingual Indonesian learner’s dictionary and expected to provide the principles of making such entry. A ‘‘bottom-up’’ approach was applied by drawing up a multiple-choice questionnaire for Bahasa Indonesia untuk Penutur Asing learners to confirm the type of verb entries they prefer. The questionnaire was divided into two parts, for productive and receptive purposes. Each part included four different types of entries: substitutional type with synonym, traditional ‘genus ? specifica’ type, contextual type with valency pattern, and jika (‘when’) definition. The result of the survey indicated that, for receptive function, most of the participants preferred traditional genus ? specifica type and contextual with valency pattern type of definitions, whereas for productive function, most of the participants chose valency pattern type of definitions. The score distribution in productive task confirmed the result that participants who chose contextual with valency pattern definitions largely gained high scores (3 or 4 points). A detailed analysis of sentences produced by participants revealed several common errors that fell into three categories, i.e. improper context, wrong collocation, non-typical usage, that have to be taken into account to set the principles in making verb entries. The finding suggests that the grammatical information should be more specific and using more common words (synonyms or quasi-synonyms) as genus proximum could be of benefit to potential users. It also recommends to conduct broader surveys involving more participants from more various sources for each part of speech.
The adolescent emotional coping after an earthquake: A risk factor for suicidal ideation
Authors: Stratta Paolo , Capanna Cristina , Carmassi Claudia , Patriarca Sara , Di Emidio Gabriella , Riccardi Ilaria , Collazzoni Alberto , Dell'Osso Liliana , Rossi Alessandro
Published: May 2014

The study aims to investigate the relationship of suicidal ideation with coping and resilience in a sample of adolescents who survived an earthquake. Three hundred forty‐three adolescents who had experienced the L'Aquila earthquake were investigated for a screening distinguishing Suicidal Screen‐Negative (SSN) from the Positive (SSP) subjects. Resilience Scale for Adolescents (READ) and Brief Cope were administered. Emotion‐focused coping score was significantly higher in SSP subjects. In the SSN but not in the SSP sample the READ total score correlated with problem‐focused total score. A positive correlation was seen between emotion‐focused and problem‐focused scores in both samples, with a higher coefficient in SSP sample. Externalising problems and maladaptive behaviours can arise in adolescents exposed to traumatic events. Attention should be paid in reducing risk factors and in the development of psychological abilities, improving the coping strategies that can protect from emotional despair and suicidal ideation.
La empresa familiar, el protocolo y la sucesión familiar
Authors: Arenas Cardona Henry Antonio , Rico Balvín Daniela
Published: May 2014

En este artículo se abordan las percepciones que tienen las empresas familiares, expertos, entidades ygremios del Valle de Aburrá (Colombia) respecto al protocolo y la sucesión familiar. El trabajo correspondea una investigación de tipo exploratoria que permite evidenciar que las familias empresarias tienentemor a realizar el protocolo familiar, debido principalmente a su desconocimiento acerca del tema. Sepretende entonces sensibilizar a empresarios, estudiantes universitarios, investigadores, y a la sociedaden general, del importante papel que desempe˜nan las empresas familiares en la actividad económicacomo generadoras de riqueza y empleo, una herramienta importante para su perdurabilidad, continuidady formalización es el protocolo familiar
DNA Extraction Protocol for Biological Ingredient Analysis of Liuwei Dihuang Wan
Authors: Cheng Xinwei , Chen Xiaohua , Su Xiaoquan , Zhao Huanxin , Han Maozhen , Bo Cunpei , Xu Jian , Bai Hong , Ning Kang
Published: May 2014

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) preparations are widely used for healthcare and clinical practice. So far, the methods commonly used for quality evaluation of TCM preparations mainly focused on chemical ingredients. The biological ingredient analysis of TCM preparations is also important because TCM preparations usually contain both plant and animal ingredients, which often include some mis-identified herbal materials, adulterants or even some biological contaminants. For biological ingredient analysis, the efficiency of DNA extraction is an important factor which might affect the accuracy and reliability of identification. The component complexity in TCM preparations is high, and DNA might be destroyed or degraded in different degrees after a series of processing procedures. Therefore, it is necessary to establish an effective protocol for DNA extraction from TCM preparations. In this study, we chose a classical TCM preparation, Liuwei Dihuang Wan (LDW), as an example to develop a TCM-specific DNA extraction method. An optimized cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) method (TCM-CTAB) and three commonly-used extraction kits were tested for extraction of DNA from LDW samples. Experimental results indicated that DNA with the highest purity and concentration was obtained by using TCM-CTAB. To further evaluate the different extraction methods, amplification of the second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) and the chloroplast genome trnL intron was carried out. The results have shown that PCR amplification was successful only with template of DNA extracted by using TCM-CTAB. Moreover, we performed high-throughput 454 sequencing using DNA extracted by TCM-CTAB. Data analysis showed that 3–4 out of 6 prescribed species were detected from LDW samples, while up to 5 contaminating species were detected, suggesting TCM-CTAB method could facilitate follow-up DNA-based examination of TCM preparations.
Motion of spheroid particles in shear flow with inertia
Authors: Mao Wenbin , Alexeev Alexander
Published: May 2014

In this article, we investigate the motion of a solid spheroid particle in a simple shear flow. Using a lattice Boltzmann method, we examine individual effects of fluid inertia and particle rotary inertia as well as their combination on the dynamics and trajectory of spheroid particles at low and moderate Reynolds numbers. The motion of a single spheroid is shown to be dependent on the particle Reynolds number, particle aspect ratio, particle initial orientation and the Stokes number. Spheroids with random initial orientations are found to drift to stable orbits influenced by fluid inertia and/or particle inertia. Specifically, prolate spheroids drift towards the tumbling mode of motion, whereas oblate spheroids drift to the rolling mode. The rotation period and the variation of angular velocity of tumbling spheroids decrease as Stokes number increases. With increasing Reynolds number, both the maximum and minimum values of angular velocity decrease, whereas the particle rotation period increases. We show that particle inertia does not affect the hydrodynamic torque on the particle. We also demonstrate that superposition can be used to estimate the combined effect of fluid inertia and particle inertia on the dynamics of spheroid particles at sufficiently low Reynolds numbers.
A targeted approach for evaluating preclinical activity of botanical extracts for support of bone health
Authors: Lin Yumei , Murray Mary A. , Garrett I. Ross , Gutierrez Gloria E. , Nyman Jeffry S. , Mundy Gregory , Fast David , Gellenbeck Kevin W. , Chandra Amitabh , Ramakrishnan Shyam
Published: May 2014

Using a sequentialin vitro/in vivoapproach, we tested the ability of botanical extracts to influence biomarkers associated with bone resorption and bone formation. Pomegranate fruit and grape seed extracts were found to exhibit anti-resorptive activity by inhibiting receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) expression in MG-63 cells and to reduce IL-1β-stimulated calvarial45Ca loss. A combination of pomegranate fruit and grape seed extracts were shown to be effective at inhibiting bone loss in ovariectomised rats as demonstrated by standard histomorphometry, biomechanical and bone mineral density measurements. Quercetin and licorice extract exhibited bone formation activity as measured by bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) promoter activation, increased expression of BMP-2 mRNA and protein levels, and promotion of bone growth in cultured mouse calvariae. A combination of quercetin and licorice extract demonstrated a potential for increasing bone mineral density in an intact female rat model as compared with controls. The results from this sequentialin vitro/in vivoresearch model yielded botanical extract formulas that demonstrate significant potential benefits for bone health.