bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Selection of Intercompatible Almond and Root-Knot Nematode Resistant Peach Rootstocks as Parents for Production of Hybrid Rootstock Seed1
Authors: Jones Robert W.
Published: August 2022

Suitable parents for the production of F1 hybrid seed between almond and root-knot nematode resistant peach were selected. Three of 13 almond selections were found which, when pollinated by ‘Nemaguard’ pollen, produced good sets of seed. When germinated, their seedlings showed good root-knot nematode resistance, hybrid vigor, and exceptional compatibility with almond tops.

The self-incompatibility of almond was used to permit natural pollination between selection CP5-33 and a selected seedling of ‘Nemaguard’, 3-28. The F1 hybrids proved to be very compatible as rootstocks with almond and peach tops and imparted increased vigor to them.

Both ‘Nemaguard’ and a selected seedlings of ‘Nemaguard’ served as good pollen parents. ‘Okinawa’ peach, another rootknot nematode resistant peach type rootstock, was a less satisfactory pollen parent.
A Study of Critical Nutrient Levels in Pelargonium hortorum, Cultivar ‘Irene’1
Authors: Kofranek A. M. , Lunt O. R.
Published: August 2022

The mineral nutrient requirements of geranium, Pelargonium hortorum, cv. ‘Irene’, were studied. Plants were grown in solution culture containing varying quantities of N, P, K, Mg, and Ca, or deficient in S, B, Fe, Mn, Cu, or Zn. Deficiency symptoms of the elements listed are described. The mineral levels in leaves which first show deficiency were found to be at approximate incipient deficiency: N, 2.40%; P, 0.28%; K, 0.62%; Ca, 0.77%; Mg, 0.14%; S, 0.12%; B, 18 ppm; Fe, 60 ppm; Cu, 5.5 ppm; Zn, 6 ppm; and Mn, 9 ppm. Additional useful analytical data are presented.
Breeding Peaches for Root-knot Nematode Resistance1
Authors: Sharpe R. H. , Hesse C. O. , Lownsbery B. F. , Perry V. G. , Hansen C. J.
Published: August 2022

Five peach rootstock selections show immunity to root-knot nematode disease caused by Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood and M. javanica (Treub) Chitwood. These are the first peach rootstocks which remain free from galls when exposed to both these root-knot nematode species. They are derived from a 1949 cross in Chico, California, of Prunus davidiana Franch with a Chinese Peach.

Resistance to the species M. incognita and M. javanica depends on different genes. Resistance to the former was inherited as a monofactorial dominant. Resistance to M. javanica appeared dependent on 2 or more dominant genes in both ‘Okinawa’ and P. davidiana, but P. davidiana progenies were completely free from visible galls.

A third type of root-knot nematode was discovered in Florida in 1966. It reproduces readily on ‘Okinawa’, ‘Nemaguard’ and the other lines which have been selected for resistance or immunity to M. incognita and M. javanica.
Light Intensity and Air Movement Effects on Leaf Temperatures and Growth of Shade-requiring Greenhouse Crops1
Authors: Carpenter W. J. , Nautiyal J. P.
Published: August 2022

Five greenhouse-grown shade-requiring plants, Saintpaulia ionantha, Philodendron cordatum, Sansevieria trifasciata, Codiaeum variegatum cv. Aucubaefolium and Begonia semperflorens were grown in sunlight at wind velocities from 0 to 4.4 mph. Necrotic areas developed on Saintpaulia leaves in sunlight at all wind velocities, although injury decreased as air velocities increased. Codiaeum, Philodendron and Sansevieria were more compact at increased wind velocities than those at recommended light intensities. Leaves of those species also became smaller as air velocities declined. Abnormal variegation developed on newly formed Codiaeum leaves at lowest rates of air movement. Largest chlorophyll contents were found in plants receiving recommended light intensities. Chlorophyll contents of plants in sunlight generally increased as rates of air movement increased.
Infrared Radiation Shields for Cold Protection of Young Citrus Trees1
Authors: Martsolf J. David , Gerber John F.
Published: August 2022

Aluminum-foil-surfaced shields were evaluated with individual citrus trees. These shields, highly reflective in the infrared, moderated leaf temperatures by interrupting their radiant heat loss. A horizontal shield over an individual tree provided about 1°F of cold protection on clear and relatively calm nights. Temperatures of shielded and unshielded leaves were not affected by moderate wind drift or position on the tree. Radiant cooling may induce air flow over the tree that tends to convectively equalize leaf and air temperature. Large differences did not occur between leaf temperatures on adjacent trees. Neither position nor replication produced large temperature differences between leaves at night. Analysis of the heat balance in quasi-steady state indicated that 1° differences were reasonable and that small radiation shields cannot be expected to provide more protection than the amount that leaves are radiantly cooled below air temperature.
Vascular Blockage, Water Absorption, Stomatal Opening, and Respiration of Cut ‘Better Times’ Roses Treated with 8-Hydroxyquinoline Citrate and Sucrose1
Authors: Marousky Francis J.
Published: August 2022

The efficacy of 8-hydroxy-quinoline citrate in prolonging the life of cut roses was due to decreased vascular blockage in stems, increased water absorption, and stomatal closure. Sucrose increased the respiratory rate of rose petals but 8-hydroxy-quinoline citrate did not influence respiration. Sucrose also prolonged life of cut roses by reducing stomatal opening but water absorption was reduced. A solution of 200 ppm 8-hy-droxyquinoline citrate and 3% sucrose improved longevity of cut roses by reducing moisture stress through increased water absorption and retention. Roses held in this solution lasted twice as long as roses held in water.
Chemical Promotion of Fruit Abscission in Cherries and Plums with Special Reference to 2-chloroethylphosphonic Acid1
Authors: Bukovac M. J. , Zucconi F. , Larsen R. P. , Kesner C. D.
Published: August 2022

Fruit removal force (FRF) of sour cherry, Prunus cerasus L. ‘Montmorency’, was markedly reduced by foliar sprays of 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (CEPA) applied 3-15 days prior to harvest. The maximum reduction in FRF occurred with CEPA 6 days after treatment for all concentrations (500, 1000, 2000 and 4000 ppm). In addition to a reduction in FRF the dispersion of the individual FRF values was significantly reduced. Fifty per cent fruit removal with the 500 ppm treatment was accomplished by a force of 171 g compared to 434 g for the control. High concentrations (2000 and 4000 ppm) of CEPA caused serious phytotoxicity, such as leaf abscission, terminal dieback, gummosis and enlarged lenticels. Trees of low vigor or the spurs and terminal growth of weak wood were most seriously affected. Fruits on branches treated with CEPA appeared to be advanced in maturity. There was a striking delay in anthesis in the spring following summer application of 4000 ppm CEPA. No significant delay occurred at lower concentrations. Ascorbic acid (20,000 ppm), iodoacetic acid (300 ppm) and salicylic acid (500 ppm) were either not effective or less active than CEPA.
Respiration Rates and Compositional Changes in Stored Strawberry Plants1
Authors: Worthington John T.
Published: August 2022

Respiration rates of barerooted dormant ‘Blakemore’ strawberry plants were measured over a 6-month storage period at 28° and 32°F. The mean respiration rate of plants, expressed as milligrams of CO2 produced per kilogram per hour, was 6.5 at 28° and 11.9 at 32° for the 6 months’ storage period. Growth of new roots was observed in the 32° stored plants after 5 months. Moisture content, percent alcohol insoluble solids, total sugars, and reducing sugars were determined each month for the crowns and roots of plants. No marked changes were found in moisture content of crowns throughout storage period at either storage temperature. The moisture content of freshly-dug plants was generally higher than that of stored plants. No difference in alcohol insoluble solids was found in either crowns or roots of plants. Total sugars were higher in roots than in crowns, whereas reducing sugars were the same in both parts.
Genetic Control of Blossom-end Rot Disease in Tomatoes through Calcium Metabolism1
Authors: Greenleaf W. H. , Adams Fred
Published: August 2022

Genetic resistance to blossom-end rot (BER) disease of tomatoes, based on Ca metabolism, was revealed in several Auburn University (AU) tomato breeding lines when grown in a Ca-deficient, 1:1 peat:sand medium and watered with nutrient solutions at 4 Ca levels. Three genotypes, represented by 3 AU lines, 2 BER-resistant and 1 susceptible, appear to have 3 distinct mechanisms of Ca utilization, inferred from their fruit Ca levels and their corresponding percentages of BER fruits. The highly BER-resistant line AU-1 appears to be a more efficient absorber and accumulator of Ca, whereas the moderately resistant line AU-3 appears to have a lower Ca requirement for producing non-BER fruits. The highly susceptible line AU-2, on the other hand, has a high Ca requirement but is inefficient at absorbing and translocating Ca. Tomato varieties having either the AU-1 type or the AU-3 type of BER resistance would effectively supplement Ca nutrition as a control measure for this disease. The genetic evidence thus independently confirms the nutritional evidence that Ca is the key element in the control of the BER disease of tomatoes.
The Influence of Storage Atmosphere and Temperature on the Physiology and Performance of ‘Russet Burbank’ Seed Potatoes1
Authors: Workman Milton , Twomey James
Published: August 2022

‘Russet Burbank’ seed potatoes, 4 to 6 oz. in weight, were stored at 0° and 5°C in various levels of O2 and CO2. Periodically during the storage season samples were removed for observation of sprouting behavior, bud and parenchyma tissue respiration measurements and determination of the rate of leakage of electrolytes from tissue sections. The performance of the remaining seed potatoes at the end of storage was evaluated in randomized complete block field trials.

The degree of CO2 toxicity was increased by decreasing the O2 concentrations and the temperature of the storage environment. Occasionally a reduction in performance with increases in storage CO2 occurred but more frequently an abrupt drop from good performance to failure resulted. Incipient toxicity during the storage season could occasionally be detected by an increase in the rate of CO2 evolution from potato buds and increase in electrolyte leakage.
Effects of Magnesium on Rooting of Chrysanthemums
Authors: Paul J. L. , Thornhill W. H.
Published: August 2022

Chrysanthemum cuttings were rooted in peat having different levels of exchangeable Mg and Ca. When exchangeable Mg was greater than 80% rooting was severely impaired. Mist waters containing increasing proportions of Mg caused rooting failure in both sand and peat when the percentage of total cations was 70% Mg. Ca deficiency symptoms developed in the highest Mg mist treatment. Leaching of Ca from the leaf is indicated.
The Effects of Simulated Rain and Dew on Fluoride Accumulation by Citrus Foliage
Authors: Brewer R. F. , Sutherland F. H. , Perez R. O.
Published: August 2022

‘Valencia’ orange trees subjected to a drenching shower twice a week or sprinkled daily with a fine water spray until their leaf surfaces were thoroughly wet were found to accumulate less fluoride than unsprayed trees when exposed to low concentrations of HF gas. In the early stages of leaf development the drenching shower and light sprinkling treatments were equally effective in reducing fluoride uptake. After the foliage was 3 or 4 months old, however, the daily sprinklings had little effect on fluoride uptake whereas the twice weekly 1 hr drenchings effectively prevented fluoride accumulation. Growth responses were inversely proportional to fluoride uptake with maximum growth suppression associated with maximum fluoride uptake. After 9 months of treatment, the drenchings had reduced fluoride uptake by 85% and growth suppression by approximately 87%. In the same period the daily sprinkling treatment had reduced fluoride uptake by 37% and growth suppression by 45%.
The Influence of 8-hydroxyquinoline Citrate, N-dimethylamino Succinamic Acid, and Sucrose on Respiration and Water Flow in ‘Red Sim’ Cut Carnations in Relation to Flower Senescence1,2
Authors: Larsen Fenton E. , Frolich Matthew
Published: August 2022

To help clarify the mode of action of solutions containing a combination of 8-hydroxyquinoline citrate (QC), N-dimethylamino succinamic acid (B-Nine), and sucrose in delaying senescence of certain cut flowers, the effect of these solutions on flower respiration and on water flow in stems of ‘Red Sim’ cut carnations was measured. The respiratory curve exhibited a very pronounced climacteric rise, peaking between 6 (control) and 8 days following treatment. All treatments delayed the climacte peak, those treatments containing sucrose delaying it most.

QC used alone or in combination with B-Nine and sucrose promoted water flow through a 4 cm basal stem section. Sucrose alone caused a decrease in water flow. B-Nine used alone promoted water flow somewhat but when used with sucrose, water flow was similar to that with sucrose used alone. Water flow tended to be inversely correlated with micro-organism growth at the stem base as observed microscopically. Where microorganism growth was inhibited most by the treatments, water flow followed a pattern similar to the respiratory curve, with a peak occurring at about the same time as the respiratory climacteric peak, suggesting that there is a relationship between flower respiration and stem water flow. When micro-organism growth was not greatly inhibited, water flow did not follow the same pattern as respiration, but tended to decrease steadily with time.
Rest Intensity of Dormant Peach and Apricot Leaf Buds as Influenced By Temperature, Cold Hardiness and Respiration1
Authors: Hatch Anthony H. , Walker David R.
Published: August 2022

A bell shaped, rest-intensity curve as a function of time was obtained for ‘Elberta’ peach and ‘Chinese’ apricot leaf buds growing in the field. Rest was not closely associated with fluctuating environmental temperatures, cold hardiness, or rate of respiration.

Apricot leaf buds reached the peak of their rest before peach leaf buds, and it was not as intense or as deep as it was with the peach buds. Rest was completed by both species at the same time in early January.
Effects of Gibberellic Acid, N-Dimethylaminosuccinamic Acid (Alar), Ringing and Thinning on McIntosh Apple Shape1
Authors: Webster D. H. , Crowe A. D.
Published: August 2022

Fruit elongation, stem length, and stem-cavity depth of ‘McIntosh’ apples were increased by some gibberellic acid (GA) treatments and decreased by a fall spray of N-di-methylaminosuccinamic acid (Alar). Summer sprays of Alar and thinning had no measurable effect on apple shape. Ringing increased fruit elongation. These results are consistent with the concept that endogenous gibberellins act to control apple shape.
Stimulation and Retardation of Adventitious Root Formation by Application of B-Nine and Cycocel1
Authors: Read Paul E. , Hoysler Vernon C.
Published: August 2022

Herbaceous cuttings dipped momentarily in solutions of several concentrations of B-Nine produced significantly greater weight and numbers of adventitious roots than did untreated cuttings. Concentrations of 1000 ppm and 5000 ppm were effective, with 2500 ppm optimum. Conversely, similar treatments of Cycocel caused a marked depression of adventitious root production. As rate of Cycocel was increased, production of adventitious roots diminished, suggesting corroboration of research proposing Cycocel’s behavior as being that of an “anti-auxin”.
Root Growth and Nutrient Uptake by Dormant Ligustrum ibolium and Euonymus alatus ‘Compactus’1,2
Authors: Good G. L. , Tukey H. B.
Published: August 2022

Root growth and nutrient absorption by dormant plants were studied in root temperature chambers placed in growth rooms so that root and shoot temperatures could be controlled. The roots of dormant Ligustrum ibolium and Euonymus alatus ‘Compactus’ grew at root temperatures of 12.8°C, but were limited at 7.2° and 1.7°. Uptake and translocation of 32P to the dormant shoots were influenced somewhat by root temperature. However, increasing the shoot temperature from 1.7° to 7.2° resulted in a considerable increase in the movement of the isotope to the dormant shoots of both species. Field experiments indicated that nutrients applied in the fall could be absorbed by the plants, contributing to the dormant reserves which could enhance growth the following spring.
Precision Planting of Lettuce1
Authors: McCoy O. D. , Robinson F. E. , Johnson H. , Curley R. G. , Brooks C. , Giannini G. , LeBaron F.
Published: August 2022

Experiments were conducted to evaluate precision planting of single uncoated and spherically (clay) coated single seeds at 2 (uncoated only), 3, 4, 6, and 12 inches in the row. Three planters were used and compared to the conventional Planet Junior at accepted seeding rates. Sprinklers were compared with furrow irrigation. Seed emergence was superior with sprinkler irrigation. Coated seed and 6-inch spacing was not satisfactory with furrow irrigation, but was considered comparable to commercial stands with the sprinkler method (87.5% stand). In planting to a stand with a single seed every 12 inches (thus eliminating the thinning requirement), 84.4% of the desired stand was obtained with uncoated seed and sprinklers. Commercial stands most often range from 80 to 90% of the theoretical 12-inch spacing. Theoretical machine thinning of 3-inch plantings resulted in 8.6 single plants/10 ft of row indicating promise for this innovation.
Plant Response to Manganese Source, Rate and Method of Application1
Authors: Wilcox Gerald E. , Cantliffe Daniel J.
Published: August 2022

MnSO4 and Rayplex-Mn were found to be effective sources of Mn for tomato seedlings grown on a Mn deficient high organic sandy soil. Tomato seedlings absorbed Mn from MnSO4 or Rayplex-Mn applied in the starter band on or under the seed with equal effectiveness. The amount absorbed was directly related to the Mn concentration in the band. MnSO4 at 100 mg Mn/ft of row increased the Mn content of the tissue from 17 ppm to more than 100 ppm.

MnEDTA at a rate to supply 10 to 25 mg Mn/ft of row in bands on or under the seed did not affect seedling growth and Mn uptake was less than from the same rate of MnSO4. Rates of 50 and 100 mg Mn/ft of row from MnEDTA in the starter band on or under the seed caused death or severe stunting of tomato seedlings because of toxicity. Band applications of Mn sources increased Mn composition of the tomato tissue relatively much more than did the broadcast application.
The Influence of Incandescent and Fluorescent Light on the Bulbing Response of Three Onion Varieties1
Authors: Woodbury George W. , Ridley Jack R.
Published: August 2022

Three onion varieties ‘Texas Grano’, ‘Early Yellow Globe’ and ‘Utah Yellow Sweet Spanish’ were grown in the greenhouse to investigate the effect of fluorescent and incandescent light on bulbing. Two temperature regimes were employed.

Bulbing occurred in all 3 onion varieties when incandescent light was used to supplement natural daylight and extend the photoperiod to 16 hr daily. No bulbing occurred when fluorescent light was used in a like manner. One-hour fluorescent light treatment following 15-hr incandescent light did not reverse the bulbing response. Likewise, 1-hr incandescent light treatment following 15-hr fluorescent light did not enhance bulbing. The bulbing response in each light treatment was similar in both temperature regimes.

‘Texas Grano’ bulbed and matured more rapidly than ‘Utah Yellow Sweet Spanish’. ‘Early Yellow Globe’ was intermediate in rate of bulbing and maturity when compared to the other 2 varieties.
Trunk Growth Versus Fruit Growth of Apricot as Affected by 2,4-D1
Authors: Uriu K. , Crane Julian C.
Published: August 2022

Radial trunk growth measured by the Verner dendrometer was reduced markedly due to competition for assimilates and water by greatly stimulated fruit growth resulting from the application of 2,4-D. These responses were accompanied by reduced water tension within the 2,4-D-treated trees, as indicated by less diurnal trunk shrinkage than that which occurred in control trees.
Tissue Response of Young Developing Apple Fruits to Freeze Injury1
Authors: Simons Roy K.
Published: August 2022

Morphological and anatomical development of young fruit were studied in relation to the effects of a late spring freeze. ‘Lodi’ and ‘Duchess’ apples were frozen 16 days after full bloom. Samples were collected for anatomical study on 4 subsequent dates following the freeze. The secondary vascular tissues in the outer cortex were affected, resulting in lesions in those tissues where adjacent parenchyma cells had collapsed. The main vascular strands in the outer cortex were killed, the injury extending from fruit base to apex. Separation of the hypodermis from the outer cortex occurred in the fruit apex where tissues were injured most severely. Also injuries were evident contiguous to the core line. Internal phellogen, phellem, and phelloderm in the parenchyma had formed within 18 days after injury. In some cases, cell proliferation and dedifferentiation of cortical parenchyma was noted 46 days after injury.
The Effect of Alar, Succinic Acid 2,2-Dimethyl Hydrazide, on Fruit Maturation, Quality and Vegetative Growth of Sour Cherries, Prunus cerasus L., cv. ‘Montmorency’1
Authors: Unrath C. R. , Kenworthy A. L. , Bedford C. L.
Published: August 2022

Vegetative and fruit responses of ‘Montmorency’ sour cherries to Alar were evaluated from 1966 to 1968. Mature trees were treated with from 1000 to 8000 ppm of Alar at 2 weeks after full bloom. Alar significantly increased fruit color and decreased the force required to separate the fruit from its pedicel early in the harvest season. These differences were sufficient to advance the start of commercial harvesting one week. Fruit firmness was significantly increased in both handpicked and mechanically harvested fruit. Alar treated fruit showed a significant ability to resist softening when mechanically harvested. Fruit color and firmness enhancement was evident in both canned and frozen processed fruit.

Alar altered the fruit growth curve and contributed to a more uniform size. Fruit acidity and respiration were significantly reduced. Alar reduced terminal growth, by reducing internode length, but increased flower bud initiation.
Quantitative Inheritance of Ten Vine Traits in Sweetpotatoes1
Authors: Jones Alfred
Published: August 2022

Heritability (%) estimates of 10 vine characters were obtained from a parent-offspring study of 40 sweetpotato lines as follows: leaf vein purpling, 95; number of buds per cyme, 50; leaf whorl purpling, 74; vine purpling, 53; vine diameter, 111; vine length, 60; internode length, 61; leaf length, 99; plant pubescence, 82; and leaf type, 59. The additive component of variance was more important than the non-additive for all traits. In all cases the realized changes due to selection agreed with the predictions very well.
Some Abnormalities in Tomato Fruits as Influenced by Cold Treatment of Seedlings1
Authors: Knavel Dean E. , Mohr H. C.
Published: August 2022

Tomato seedlings of a selection from the plant introduction PI 244956 and the cultivar, ‘Floralou’, were grown for 5 weeks following cotyledon expansion under 2 different temperatures regimes, i.e., 42 to 56°F, and 68 to 80° and subsequently grown in the greenhouse at 68 to 80°. Plants of the PI selection grown at the 42 to 56° range as seedling bore more deformed fruits on the first and second clusters than those grown at 68 to 80°. The PI plants produced more deformed fruits in both temperature regimes than did ‘Floralou’ plants. Most fruits from ‘Floralou’ plants appeared normal regardless of seedling temperature. Flower buds from the first and second clusters of both warm and cold-treated plants were studied histologically. Buds with abnormal ovary development exhibited breakdown of tissue at the stylar base. Ovaries of such buds developed into abnormal fruits that were not marketable.
Effect of Kinetin, Thiourea and Thiourea dioxide, Light and Heat on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of kola (Cola nitida (Ventenant) Schott and Endlicher)1
Authors: Ashiru Gbolahan A.
Published: August 2022

The effects of kinetin—(6-furfuryl-amino-purine), thiourea, thiourea dioxide, light and heat on germination of kola seeds were studied. The effect of chemicals on the germination of kola seeds was found to be highly significant. High temperatures and light seem to have no direct effect on germination. Seedlings from both fresh and stored kola seeds were normal at growth but the subsequent growth was enhanced in seedlings from stored kola seeds. None of the chemicals appear to have completely substituted for the postharvest requirement of fresh kola seeds. Germination of kola seeds by this method would considerably reduce the time required for producing seedlings for planting and grafting and would provide a higher percentage of uniform seedlings.
Controlled Temperature Forcing of Planted Lily Bulbs1
Authors: De Hertogh A. A. , Carlson William H. , Kays Sandra
Published: August 2022

The effects of a 63° period of development prior to cooling on the forcing of Lilium longiflorum were compared with precooling treatments. Different bulb sizes of ‘Ace’ and ‘Nellie White’ lilies were used. It was found that a growing period at 63° prior to cooling significantly increased the number of leaves and floral buds. It had no consistent effect on the number of days to flower or final plant height.

With the ‘Ace’ lily, the greatest number of floral buds was observed with a treatment of 3 weeks at 63° followed by 5 weeks at 38°. Within a single bulb size, the ‘Ace’ lily produced more floral buds, was a taller plant, and had more leaves than ‘Nellie White’. The number of leaves and floral buds increased with an increase in bulb size regardless of the type of low temperature treatment or cultivar used.
Variable Branching Patterns in the Strawberry Inflorescence1
Authors: Foster James C. , Janick Jules
Published: August 2022

The selection ‘La. 9-1158’ as grown in Louisiana bears each fruit in what appears to be a cluster of individual flower stems arising from the crown in contrast to the branched inflorescence of most cultivars. This character was found to vary with environment. Under Indiana conditions inflorescences initiated during the winter in the greenhouse or under short days in climate chambers appear unbranched. However, inflorescences initiated on plants grown in the greenhouse during the summer and on field grown plants that flower in the spring are normally branched. Elongation of winter initiated inflorescences by use of gibberellic acid indicates that the apparent unbranching inflorescence represents an extreme type of “basal branching,” i.e. each of the flower stems is a branch of a single inflorescence that has compressed internodes. The growth habit of the inflorescence is influenced by photoperiod. In the greenhouse, fruit size and achene number decrease with the ripening sequence in unbranched inflorescences of ‘La. 9-1158’ the same as in normally branched cultivars.
Modified Atmosphere Storage of Danish Cabbage
Authors: Isenberg F. M. , Sayles Robert M.
Published: August 2022

Danish cabbage was stored for several years from late November until April at 0°C and in various combinations CO2, O2 and N2. The best combinations of gas mixtures ranged between 21/2 to 5% of O2 and CO2 with N2 making up the remainder. These combinations reduced weight loss due to respiration and also trimming loss. In atmospheres of low O2 and CO2 tension, heads retained their green color, were succulent and firm, and remained dormant longer. Very low O2 and CO2 treatments had a sweeter taste than normal cabbage, while treatments with slightly higher CO2 had more pungent tastes characteristic of fresh cabbage. Treatments with 71/2% O2 and air checks were bland in taste. Color data were recorded by Hunterlab Color Difference Meter.
Soil-Air Temperature Relationships and Cold Acclimation of Container Grown Juniperus chinensis ‘Hetzi’1
Authors: Pellett Norman E. , White Donald B.
Published: August 2022

Roots of container grown ‘Hetzi’ juniper developed cold hardiness to -10°C on December 2, 1963 in St. Paul, Minnesota as determined by controlled freezing tests. The temperature of container soil, under natural conditions, did not fall below 0° until after December 2. Once frozen, the soil temperature responded rapidly to falling ambient temperatures. Container soil temperatures of -10° occurred several times after December 2 resulting in root injury.

Tops developed cold hardiness from -15°C on September 11 to greater than -39° on December 2, 1963. No top injury occurred at any stage during the study. Winter injury common to container grown Hetzi Juniper in Minnesota is apparently root injury.
Effect of Soil Nitrogen and Soil Moisture Levels on the Cold Acclimation of Container Grown Juniperus chinensis ‘Hetzi’1
Authors: Pellett Norman E. , White Donald B.
Published: August 2022

Maintenance of selected moisture and N levels in the soil throughout the fall did not significantly affect the rate of cold acclimation of container grown Juniperus chinensis cv. ‘Hetzi’ roots or tops. Two levels of soil N resulted in N of .79% ppm and 1.65% in the tops, and root N of .70% and 1.29% on December 2, 1963.

Plants receiving no N fertilization after September 2 decreased in total root N from 1.27% on September 11 to 0.70% on December 2. Tops decreased in total N from 1.62% to 0.84% during the same time period. Different soil moisture levels did not differentially affect the tissue moisture percentages, or cold acclimation.
The Relationship of Several Amended Soils and Compaction Rates on Vegetative Growth, Root Development and Cold Resistance of ‘Tifgreen’ Bermudagrass1
Authors: Thurman P. C. , Pokorny F. A.
Published: August 2022

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to determine the relationship between milled pine bark amended soils (0, 25, and 50% pine bark mixed with soil, by volume), and applied compaction rates (0, 20, 40, 60, and 80 psi) on vegetative growth, root development, and cold tolerance of ‘Tifgreen’ bermudagrass. One-half of the unamended soil and of the pine bark amended soils was also overlain with a 3-inch milled pine bark layer (cushion) in an attempt to absorb compaction forces.

Soil compaction significantly reduced top and root development of the bermudagrass. Forty to 60 psi represented the point at which soil compaction became a severely limiting factor in turf growth. A 3-inch surface layer of pine bark offset the value of incorporating pine bark as a soil amendment. Amending the soil with pine bark (up to 50% by volume) increased vegetative growth and root development of turf and delayed the onset of adverse conditions caused by soil compaction.

‘Tifgreen’ bermudagrass recovered best from low temperature (-9.4°C for 5 hr) exposure when grown in soils receiving compaction pressures less than 40 psi and which were amended with 50% milled pine bark, 25% milled pine bark, or were unamended.
Harvest Indices for Pickling Cucumbers in Once-Over Harvested Systems1
Authors: Miller C. H. , Hughes G. R.
Published: August 2022

Experiments were conducted in the spring and fall of 1967 and the spring of 1968 to determine harvest indices and to evaluate the rate of fruit development and changing grade sizes for both white- and black-spined cucumbers. White-spined ‘Southern Cross’ and black-spined ‘Piccadilly’ were used. Per-acre plant populations in the order of 100,000 in the spring and 70,000 in the fall were established using gynoecious cultivars. The first plots were harvested when only a few marketable fruits were present; subsequent plots were harvested at 2- or 3-day intervals for a total of 8 per experiment. The single deviation from this was the 7-day interval between the seventh and eighth harvests of the fall experiment.

Maximum returns per acre occurred when the proportion of fruit greater than 2 inches in diameter ranged from 14 to 31% of the total weight. It is suggested that plantings should be harvested as soon as fruits larger in diameter than 2 inches are found in the field.

In spring plantings the percentage of plants bearing fruit reached 91 whereas those in the fall trial reached 98. The average number of fruit per plant did not exceed 1.27 in any trial.
Inheritance of Soluble Solids in a Large/small-fruited Tomato Cross1
Authors: Ibarbia E. A. , Lambeth V. N.
Published: August 2022

The variability, mode of inheritance, and gene action for soluble solids was studied in a cross of 2 divergent lines, Mo. Accession 223, a selection of PI 272689, and 1-417-1. About 3 gene pairs were indicated to control soluble solids. Additive gene action accounted for a heritability of about 35%. In the broad sense, heritability was about 59%, suggesting that non-additive genetic variance was about 25%. Evidence for dominance and for epistatic interactions of genes appeared to be lacking.
The Selection of the Phosphorus Index in Papaya Tissue Analysis1
Authors: Awada Minoru , Long Charles
Published: August 2022

A phosphorus fertilizer experiment at Puna, Hawaii comprising 3 application rates was conducted over a period of 11/2 years in “aa” lava soil on fruiting papaya trees (Carica papaya L. ‘Solo’). Leaves at 3 stages of maturity were sampled 4 times a year, and the dried ground leaves were chemically analyzed for P. The weight of fruits was obtained at weekly intervals. A curvilinear regression of yield on concentration of P was determined for each leaf tissue at each stage, at each sampling date. A multiple correlation coefficient was then obtained from each of these calculations.

In general, the highest multiple correlation coefficients were obtained with the “recently matured” petiole. Thus, the concentration of P in this tissue on a dry weight basis was selected as the P index of papaya. The critical levels which related yield to the P index and the weights of leaves to the P index were determined for April and May and were found to be about the same. They were 0.25% P for the maximum yield or weight of leaves and 0.213% P for 5% off the maximum. These levels can serve tentatively as a basis for P fertilization of papaya in the Puna area of Hawaii.
Gas Exchange, Transpiration, and the Commercial Deterioration in Storage of Orange Fruit1
Authors: Ben-Yehoshua S.
Published: August 2022

The commercial deterioration of orange fruit of the ‘Shamouti’ and ‘Valencia’ varieties was studied in relation to transpiration, respiratory activity and concentrations of CO2, O2 and ethylene inside the fruit. Loss of commercial value of fruit under various storage conditions was caused by transpiration, which resulted in shriveling of the peel. During storage, respiratory activity declined, and the internal CO2 rose from a range of 2-4% to a range of 5-10%, while the O2 declined from ranges of 17-19% to 10-12%. Drying of the peel caused a rise in resistance to gas diffusion which, in turn, changed the internal atmosphere. The flavedo portion of the peel was the main site of resistance to gas diffusion.
In vitro and in vivo Studies of Alar (1, 1-dimethylaminosuccinamic acid, B-995) and Related Substances1
Authors: Ryugo Kay , Sachs Roy M.
Published: August 2022

The postulation proposed by Reed and his colleagues (11, 12) that the mode of action of Alar was through hydrolysis of the growth retardant to unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine, UDMH, which subsequently inhibits diamine oxidase from converting tryptamine to indoleacetaldehyde, was examined. In vitro tests showed that commercial proteolytic enzyme preparations as well as those prepared from Alar-sensitive plants were not capable of breaking the C-N (peptide) bond in Alar. Both UDMH and β-hydroxyethylhydrazine (BOH) reacted, with indoleacetaldehyde to yield several compounds which gave positive spot tests for indole and hydrazine. Likewise, UDMH reacted readily with constituents in the endosperm-nucellar tissues when injected into immature almond ovules. Experiments with Alar, UDMH and BOH showed that Alar was more effective as a growth retardant and as a promotor of floral initiation than the others at nearly equal molar concentrations. Injections of Alar and 2-14C mevalonic acid, together and separately, into immature peach ovules revealed that the synthesis of kauren-19-ol, a gibberellic acid precursor, was depressed in the presence of Alar. None of these results support the hypotheses that 1) the active portion of Alar is the UDMH moiety and 2) the primary effect of Alar is to inhibit IAA synthesis.
Effects of Gibberellic Acid and Deflowering Upon Runner and Inflorescence Development in an Everbearing Strawberry1
Authors: Dennis F. G. , Bennett H. O.
Published: August 2022

Sprays of gibberellic acid (GA) were applied to new and 1-year-old plantings of the everbearing strawberry variety ‘Geneva’ during June, July and August in attempts to increase the production of runner plants and/or reduce the need for manual deflowering. Single applications of GA in June or double applications in June and July inhibited flowering, promoted runner development, and increased the yields of marketable runner plants the following year. Fifty ppm GA was as effective as higher concentrations. Deflowering had little effect upon runner initiation, but promoted flowering and increased the yields of runner plants. Maximum yields of runner plants resulted from combining GA sprays with deflowering.
Boron Deficiency in Pea Pisim sativum Cv. ‘Alaska’1
Authors: Woodbridge C. G.
Published: August 2022

Peas were grown for 4 generations in B-free culture solutions in a glasshouse before B-deficiency symptoms appeared. The B-deficient seedlings were stunted, the internodes shorter, the leaves smaller and paler, and the pods seedless and smaller than similar plants growing in 0.1 and 0.5 ppm B culture solutions. Abnormal venation was common on leaflets and stipules and was frequently associated with a multi-tipped leaf structure. The tips of the leaves were pointed and many developed into tendril-like structures. The B content of peas from B-deficient plants was 3-5 ppm while that of non-deficient plants was 11-13 ppm. In non-deficient plants it accumulated in the stem and leaves. In the 0.5 ppm B solutions these tissues contained over 170 ppm while in the B-deficient plants they contained only 10-18 ppm.
Thinning Peaches with 3-Chlorophenoxy-a-Propionamide1,2
Authors: Stembridge G. E. , Gambrell C. E.
Published: August 2022

Several peach varieties were sprayed with 3-chlorophenoxy-α-propionamide (3-CPA) at different stages of fruit development. The timing of the application was critical, and varieties differed greatly in their thinning response. The ‘Ranger’ variety was thinned with ease, but attempts to thin ‘Cardinal’ with 3-CPA were unsuccessful. Fruit thinning apparently increased the cold hardiness of the flowers during the following bloom period. Several spray additives were found to increase the thinning effectiveness of 3-CPA.
Controlling Substrate Moisture-Oxygen Levels During the Imbibition Stage of Germination1,3
Authors: Pollock Bruce M. , Manalo Joseph R.
Published: August 2022

We developed a method of controlling substrate moisture-oxygen levels during the imbibition of seeds. With this method it is possible to control all 3 factors—imbibition temperature, seed moisture, and substrate oxygen supply—known to be critical during the imbibition stage of germination.
The Effect of Preharvest Malathion Sprays Upon Cranberry Fruit Color1
Authors: Eaton G. W. , Zuckerman B. M. , Shawa A. Y. , Eck P. , Dana M. N. , Garren R. , Lockhart C. L.
Published: August 2022

The effectiveness of malathion as a color enhancement agent for cranberry fruit was tested in a co-operative experiment involving 7 commercial cranberry growing regions of North America. Sprays of malathion 80% EC at 21/2 lb. active ingredient/A applied either 2 or 3 weeks before harvest increased anthocyanin content of ‘McFarlin’, ‘Early Black’ and ‘Searles’ cranberries.
Carbon Dioxide Suppression of Ethylene-Induced Sleepiness of Carnation Blooms1
Authors: Uota M.
Published: August 2022

The threshold concentration of ethylene causing sleepiness of freshly cut carnations was 125 ppb when the blooms were exposed for 24 hr at 20°C. The threshold decreased to 30 to 60 ppb when the blooms were held for 2 days at 5° prior to exposure. High partial pressures of CO2 in the atmosphere prevented ethylene-induced sleepiness. With 10% CO2, the blooms were not damaged by 250 ppb ethylene, and 20% CO2 provided protection against 500 ppb ethylene. Blooms with stems previously placed in water were as susceptible to ethylene damage as those held dry before exposure to ethylene.
Immediate and Residual Effects of Succinic Acid, 2,2-Dimethyl Hydrazide (Alar) on Young ‘Delicious’ Apple Trees1
Authors: Stembridge G. E. , Ferree M. E.
Published: August 2022

Succinic acid, 2, 2-dimethyl hydrazide (Alar) sprays were applied at 3,000 and 10,000 ppm to vigorous young ‘Delicious’ apple trees in which yields were limited by insufficient bloom. Sprays applied at the high concentration after harvest in 1965 not only delayed bloom the following spring but also caused mortality of fruit buds and individual flowers. Alar sprays applied shortly after full bloom in 1966 retarded shoot elongation more effectively than the postharvest sprays applied the previous fall, but both were about equally effective in retarding fruit growth and promoting fruit bud formation during the 1966 growing season. The postharvest sprays caused an oblate fruit shape the following year. Alar sprays increased fruit firmness, but did not significantly affect soluble solids or titratable acids. The Alar-induced flowering was responsible for large increases in yield in 1967. Trees which were induced to flower profusely had a very light return bloom in 1968.
Performance of Tomato Cultivars After Various Types of Transplant Clipping1
Authors: Jaworski C. A. , Webb R. E. , Wilcox G. E. , Garrison S. A.
Published: August 2022

The performance of H-1350, H-1409, C-17, ‘Fireball’, and ‘Roma’ tomato transplants that received different clipping treatments at Tifton, Georgia, were evaluated at Lafayette, Indiana, and the Plant Industry Station, Beltsville, Maryland. Field-grown transplants were either left unclipped, control clipped (1 inch of growth was removed but the terminal bud was left intact), or moderately clipped (the terminal bud and flower cluster were removed).

Moderately clipped transplants of all 5 cultivars performed as well as non-clipped plants, but usable fruit yield was reduced by control clipping. At New Brunswick, New Jersey, fruit yields of the C-17 transplants moderately clipped at various intervals were reduced. In view of the other 2 tests and other recently published reports, moderate clipping appeared to have little effect on fruit yields in northern production areas.
An Evaluation of Seasonal Sales Patterns of Retail Florists1
Authors: Sullivan G. H. , Carpenter W. J.
Published: August 2022

Qualitative economic research techniques were used to determine the effect of merchandise structure reorganization on the seasonality of sales for retail florists. Results indicated that most nontraditional forms of demand, including specialty arrangements, giftware, and garden center items, significantly increased seasonal fluctuations in sales patterns for retail florists. Artificial flowers comprised a major source of nontraditional sales and did not contribute significantly to the seasonal fluctuations in florists' sales patterns.

Nontraditional sales accounted for nearly 45% of retail florists' gross volume in 1967 compared with only 9% in 1969 (2, 5, 6). Specialty arrangements and artificial flowers comprised the greatest source of nontraditional sales for retail florists.
Petal Blackening in ‘Baccara’ Roses1
Authors: Zieslin N. , Halevy A. H.
Published: August 2022

The causes for petal blackening of ‘Baccara’ rose petals and the differences between normal (red) and black flowers were investigated. Black flowers are frequent in field grown plants and dark red ones in those grown in unheated greenhouses during the winter. Two anthocyanins were isolated and identified: cyanidin 3,5-diglucoside (cyanin) and pelargonidin 3,5-diglucoside. The 2 pigments were found in both red and black petals. The content of both anthocyanin pigments as well as that of tannins, was several times higher in black flowers than in normal flowers. High polyphenolase activity was found in black petals, while no activity could be detected in normal red flowers. The blackening phenomenon is attributed to an increase in anthocyanin content at low temperatures, and to the accumulation of oxidation products of polyphenols.
Results of Using Sodium Dehydroacetate Applications to Reduce Discoloration of Snapbeans Damaged by Machine Harvesting1
Authors: Isenberg F. M. , Sandsted Roger F.
Published: August 2022

Sodium dehydroacetate solutions in concentrations up to 0.8% were found to be effective in reducing discoloration of cut and bruised surfaces of mechanically harvested snapbeans and in reducing some mold and bacterial damage. Techniques for objectively measuring color differences using the Hunterlab Meter D 25 are described.
Effects of Succinamic Acids 2,2-dimethyl hydrazide (Alar) on Peach Fruit Maturation and Tree Growth1,3
Authors: Byers Ross E. , Emerson Frank H.
Published: August 2022

Succinamic acid 2,2-dimethyl hydrazide (Alar)3 has many effects on the species Prunus persica L., depending upon concentration, timing, and physiological stage of plant development. Alar hastens ripening, hastens the occurrence of the climacteric, increases internal flesh color, increases red and yellow skin color, slightly decreases the per cent soluble solids, and decreases flesh firmness. Decreases in soluble solids and flesh firmness seem to be as a consequence of early maturation. Increases in red and yellow skin pigmentation and internal flesh color are increased in fruits of the same firmness. Terminal growth is not altered greatly by Alar, even at high concentration, unless applied near the beginning of the pit hardening stage.
Optimum Calcium Concentration for Determining Root Cation Exchange Capacity by Isotopic Exchange1
Authors: Carpenter P. L. , Lambeth V. N.
Published: August 2022

Calcium adsorption on the root exchange sites of 4 vegetables as determined by the isotopic exchange method (Ca40–Ca45) was a function of its concentration in the external solution surrounding the roots. As the Ca concentration was increased over the range 0.2 me–8.0 me Ca/1, there was an increase in the Ca adsorbed on roots of sweet corn, cv. ‘Gold Rush’, garden bean cv. ‘Topcrop’, lettuce cv. ‘Bibb’ and cabbage. The Ca adsorption curve of all 4 vegetables showed a plateau between concentrations of 1 and 2 me Ca/1. Root CEC values obtained at Ca concentrations corresponding to this plateau compare closely with values reported by other methods, and are more representative of established CEC values than those reported where the Ca concentration in the external solution was 0.5 me Ca/1.
Evaluation of Dichlobenil, Abscisic Acid and Temperature on Shoot Growth During and After Storage of Woody Ornamentals1
Authors: Meyer M. M. , Binnie S. W. , Gartner J. B.
Published: August 2022

Dormant plants of Forsythia intermedia, Rosa hybrida, Rosa multiflora and Cornus alba siberica were treated with 2,6 dichlorobenzonitrile (dichlobenil) (0 – 500 ppm) and abscisic acid (ABA) (0 – 250 ppm) to prolong dormancy in storage and increase growth after storage. These treatments were carried out in a common nursery storage and controlled temperature rooms. A factorial treatment arrangement with temperatures 1°, 10°, 21°C and each chemical was completed. Dichlobenil inhibited growth during and after storage. ABA did not affect shoot growth during or after storage. The lower temperatures inhibited growth during storage and resulted in better shoot growth after storage. There was no significant interaction of temperatures and the dormancy prolonging material on growth after storage.