bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
α Centauri A as a potential stellar model calibrator: establishing the nature of its core
Authors: Nsamba B , Monteiro M J P F G , Campante T L , Cunha M S , Sousa S G
Published: May 2018

Understanding the physical process responsible for the transport of energy in the core of α Centauri A is of the utmost importance if this star is to be used in the calibration of stellar model physics. Adoption of different parallax measurements available in the literature results in differences in the interferometric radius constraints used in stellar modelling. Further, this is at the origin of the different dynamical mass measurements reported for this star. With the goal of reproducing the revised dynamical mass derived by Pourbaix & Boffin, we modelled the star using two stellar grids varying in the adopted nuclear reaction rates. Asteroseismic and spectroscopic observables were complemented with different interferometric radius constraints during the optimization procedure. Our findings show that best-fitting models reproducing the revised dynamical mass favour the existence of a convective core (≳70 per cent of best-fitting models), a result that is robust against changes to the model physics. If this mass is accurate, then α Centauri A may be used to calibrate stellar model parameters in the presence of a convective core.
Risk of acute kidney injury following community prescription of antibiotics: self-controlled case series
Authors: Rennie Trijntje J W , De Souza Nicosha , Donnan Peter T , Marwick Charis A , Davey Peter , Dreischulte Tobias , Bell Samira
Published: May 2018

Background

Development of acute kidney injury (AKI) following the use of antibiotics such as sulphonamides, trimethoprim and aminoglycosides is a frequently described phenomenon. More recently, an association between fluoroquinolone use and AKI has been suggested. The aim of this study was to evaluate the risk of AKI as an unintended consequence of commonly prescribed antibiotics in a large community cohort using a method that fully adjusts for underlying patient characteristics, including potential unmeasured confounders.

Methods

A self-controlled case study was conducted and included all individuals aged 18 years and over in the Tayside region of Scotland who had a serum creatinine measured between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2012. AKI episodes were defined using the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes definition. Data on oral community-prescribed antibiotics (penicillins, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, sulphonamides and trimethoprim, macrolides and nitrofurantoin) were collected for all individuals. Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) for AKI associated with antibiotic exposure versus time periods without antibiotic exposure were calculated.

Results

Combined use of sulphonamides, trimethoprim and nitrofurantoin rose by 47% and incidence of community-acquired AKI rose by 16% between 2008 and 2012. During the study period 12 777 individuals developed 14 900 episodes of AKI in the community, of which 68% was AKI Stage 1, 16% Stage 2 and 16% Stage 3. The IRR of AKI during any antibiotic use was 1.16 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.10—1.23], and this was highest during sulphonamides or trimethoprim use; IRR 3.07 (95% CI 2.81–3.35). Fluoroquinolone and nitrofurantoin use was not associated with a significantly increased rate of AKI; IRR 1.13 (95% CI 0.94–1.35) and 1.16 (95% CI 0.91–1.50), respectively.

Conclusions

Incidence of AKI rose by 16% between 2008 and 2012. In the same period the use of sulphonamides, trimethoprim and nitrofurantoin increased by 47%. A significant increased risk of AKI was seen with the use of sulphonamides and trimethoprim, but not with fluoroquinolones or nitrofurantoin.
Bagatelles
Authors: Schiff David
Published: May 2018

In his final decade, Carter composed with an unprecedented fluency, turning out a stream of compositions, large and small, for a wide variety of ensembles. Many of these works recall the Thurber-esque wit of Carter’s much earlier neo-classical music. Critics who had objected to the complexity they found in Carter’s oeuvre now praised the “newfound” lucidity and humor of the late instrumental works which include a group of concertos, mostly written for either Daniel Barenboim or James Levine (or both). These two eminent pianist/conductors became enthusiastic advocates for Carter’s music at this time.
The Making of “Orphans”
Authors: Cheney Kristen
Published: May 2018

In Uganda, there has been a proliferation of foreign-supported orphanages encouraging poor parents to place their children in care and relinquish them for adoption to meet the demands of a very profitable “orphan rescue” movement. Instead of reuniting children with family, these institutions actively discourage contact to keep children in the orphanage or make them available for international adoption. Ugandan parents tend to think of these new practices as a global expansion of local informal fostering practices, but rarely do they have a clear understanding of the detrimental effects of institutionalization on children, nor the permanency of adoption—a fact some unscrupulous intermediaries prey upon for profit. This chapter sheds light on “orphan rescue” interventions and argues that such efforts have effected a worrying shift in local parenting norms, responsibilities, and practices around schooling and childcare—seriously jeopardizing family preservation, child protection, and child well-being.
Distance Mothering
Authors: Bemiller Michelle
Published: May 2018

Contemporary families are diverse, though the diversity of configurations is not necessarily represented in society’s narrow definitions. This chapter focuses specifically on mothers who parent from a distance either because they have involuntarily lost custody or chose to relinquish custody to another caregiver. Noncustodial parents typically visit their children. This parenting arrangement creates a sociological opportunity to explore what it means to parent from a distance within the context of gendered notions and the family. Because noncustodial mothers violate expectations associated with dominant ideologies of motherhood (i.e., mother as primary caregiver), they provide a unique opportunity to explore the intersection between gender role expectations and parenting. This chapter discusses dominant definitions of motherhood, the experience of noncustodial mothers within the context of these dominant expectations—both in the United States and abroad—as well as the impact of long-distance mothering on the well-being of mothers and children.
Satellite Babies
Authors: Bohr Yvonne , Liu Cindy H. , Chen Stephen H. , Wang Leslie K.
Published: May 2018

Every year, in North American immigrant communities, thousands of infants experience separations from their parents when left or sent to live with extended family overseas. The practice of transnational, temporary boarding is widespread and poorly understood. This practice has been documented in North American Chinese, South Asian, Caribbean, and Filipino communities. This custom has raised concerns among child developmentalists and clinicians about potentially harmful consequences to children and parents. However, such separations may be misunderstood and prone to unnecessary stigma based on a lack of cultural appreciation. This chapter examines motives for and repercussions of separating parents and infants for extensive periods of time. The authors contextualize their analysis within a framework of stress management during the process of settlement and acculturation and consider the protective benefits of cultural values and practices in addition to risks. They use the Chinese immigrant community as an exemplar for the proposed framework.
Going the Distance
Authors: Okazaki Sumie , Kim Jeehun
Published: May 2018

This chapter explores transnational educational migrant families in South Korea, often called “kirogi” (wild geese) families because of the long distances members travel. Drawing on literature in various fields, the authors provide an overview of major themes, research foci, and recent developments. Whereas earlier studies focused on individual-level experiences and domestic-level factors underlying the educational “exodus,” recent research has taken a much broader (inter-) disciplinary/transnational and comparative perspective. Recent studies have sought to understand Korean kirogi families in relation to other East Asian educational migration but also in relation to other middle-class migrant families, such as professional migrants and married graduate student families. Recent studies have also expanded the geographical focus beyond Western destinations to include English-speaking locales in Southeast Asia and beyond. The chapter concludes by identifying lacunae in current scholarship and future directions for research.
Conclusion
Authors: Gibbons William
Published: May 2018

This brief conclusion brings together threads from several previous chapters. It begins with a consideration of the independent game The End Is Nigh, a recent postapocalyptic game that contains a soundtrack by the duo Ridiculon consisting of remixed classical works. It then reflects on ways in which the cultural barriers between classical music and video games have weakened in popular culture, emphasizing that games are increasingly recognized for their capability to tell meaningful stories, produce insightful political and cultural commentary, and make artistic statements. It closes by calling attention to the arguably elitist cultural spheres in which biases that favor classical music persist.
Anesthetic Revelation
Authors: Partridge Christopher
Published: May 2018

This chapter explores the fascinating confluence of medicine and metaphysics during the nineteenth century, central to which was the discovery of anesthetics. Often a visit to the dentist led not only to a tooth extraction but also to a “sublime vision” and a revised understanding of the nature of reality. Accounts of such experiences inspired not only revealing popular works on the “laughing gas” phenomenon, such as Doctor Syntax in Paris or A Tour in Search of the Grotesque, but also discussions of the nature of mystical experience. This chapter analyzes the work of key figures influenced by the inhalation of nitrous oxide, including Humphry Davy, Benjamin Paul Blood, and William James, as well as its impact on the work of the Society for Psychical Research.
A Sociogenomic World
Authors: Bliss Catherine
Published: May 2018

This chapter discusses a paradigm shift in the genomic sciences wherein scientists have gone from ignoring race to studying it. It argues that the field has adopted a sociogenomic approach to race, in which scientists understand race as a muddled mix of genetic and social factors. Scientists responsible for seminal genome projects, who have faced pressure from the US public health establishment and an array of experts on race, now prioritize race-targeted research, minority recruitment, and analysis of genomic health disparities. As a result large-scale sequencing projects, pharmaceuticals, and postgenomic research have become ever more racialized, while race has taken on an irrevocably genomic imprimatur. This paradigm shift has occurred because of changes across a number of powerful social domains of expertise within science, medicine, and policy. This chapter thus draws upon events taking place in a variety of institutional, regulatory, and normative contexts.
Consumer Culture and Appropriation
Authors: Dunagan Colleen T.
Published: May 2018

Chapter Four examines how advertising engages dance in the promotion of hegemonic ideological notions of social identity (i.e., categories of race, ethnicity, class, gender, and sexuality), while simultaneously promoting difference and responding to contemporary developments. It looks closely at how advertising reveals cultural ambivalence and relies on nostalgia without memory to allow consumers to (re)construct a shared cultural history. In a similar way, dance in television advertising serves as a tool for reinforcing neoliberal economic and social theory. This chapter examines a range of ads that demonstrate dance-in-advertising’s relation to hegemony and its simultaneous promotion of developments in cultural knowledge and participatory aesthetics. Ultimately, I demonstrate how the ads function as spaces of intersection where affect meets ideologies, revealing how advertising reflects, informs, and responds to popular culture, mass media, and consumerism.
Experiential Attitude and Anticipated Affect
Authors: Conner Mark T.
Published: May 2018

Recent research has explored the effects of two affective influences within models such as the theory of planned behavior and reasoned action approach: experiential attitude and anticipated affect. Both refer to perceptions of future affect, that is, cognitively mediated affect. Primary studies and meta-analytic reviews supporting the role of these two affective variables on health behavior are presented. The correlational data use prospective designs and control for other health cognitions and past behavior. The experimental data also explore whether the affective variables mediate the impact of the “affective intervention” on behavior. Strong support is found across studies for both experiential attitude and anticipated affect as important determinants of health behaviors even when controlling for other health cognitions and past behavior. The need for further experimental studies with objective measures of health behavior is noted. Further the testing of the combined effects of manipulating both affective variables is highlighted for further attention.
Affective Dynamics in Temporal Self-Regulation Theory
Authors: Hall Peter A. , Fong Geoffrey T. , Lowe Cassandra J.
Published: May 2018

Affective experiences are part of our everyday life, but do they influence health-related decisions and behaviors in a systematic way? Temporal self-regulation theory (TST) posits that health behaviors are a joint function of neurobiologically rooted executive control processes, prepotency, and intentions. The relative weights of these in turn depend largely on the ecological context in which the behaviors are being performed. On the surface, then, TST is a model of health behavior that relies predominantly on social-cognitive and neurocognitive constructs to explain health behavior trajectories. For this reason, it appears to not deal directly with the topic of affect in general, and emotion more specifically. However, there are several facets of the TST model that involve these processes, or are heavily influenced by them. This chapter discusses each of the primary points of intersection between affective processes and constructs within TST.
Creative Incantations and Involutions in D. H. Lawrence
Authors: Rohman Carrie
Published: May 2018

This chapter considers Lawrence’s “blood-consciousness” through the Deleuzian refrain in his poem, “Tortoise Shout,” and through the underanalyzed moments in Women in Love when Gudrun and Birkin partake in creatural dances. The rhythm, tempo, and melody of the tortoise’s shout enacts a refrain, which is ultimately linked to rhythms of the poetic voice, the body, and the earth. Thus, the poem itself is an affective becoming in which forces cross or are shared by human animal and nonhuman animal. My discussions of Gudrun’s dance of “seduction” with the cattle, and Birkin’s “licentious” dancing in Women in Love, move us beyond received interpretations of sexuality in Lawrence. Gudrun’s scene, in particular, reveals dance to be much more than some expressive practice, but rather a becoming-imperceptible/animal that capitalizes on the rituals of sexual selection. Lawrence’s Deleuzian dancing can ultimately be framed as a “lapsing out” or line of flight into the inhuman.
UnCaging Cunningham’s Animals
Authors: Rohman Carrie
Published: May 2018

This chapter excavates the natural strains in John Cage and Merce Cunningham’s composing and choreographic habits vis-à-vis animality. Cage and Cunningham reveal their recognition that the artistic is primarily about pleasure and affect, and that it is the animal part of us that responds most fully to such provocations. I read the little-known Cunningham book of drawings, Other Animals (2002), in the context of such ambitious performance pieces as Beach Birds (1991) and Ocean (1994). Cunningham’s propensity for drawing vibrantly colored animals in his notebooks links him back to Duncan, a founder of modern dance, who modeled her movement on the “free animals.” Moreover, specific illustrations in Other Animals are remarkably reminiscent of the depictions of animal hordes in Virginia Woolf’s Lugton tale. This chapter, therefore, allows me to trace the vibratory, excessive impulse of bioaesthetics from modernism to the early twenty-first century.
The Police in Latin America
Authors: Bergman Marcelo
Published: May 2018

This chapter focuses on the limited success of the police in improving public safety in most countries of the region, showing that in most countries law enforcement agencies have been unable to lead effective anti-crime programs. Police structures and crime-fighting strategies are surveyed, and it is argued that police forces generally reacted slowly and erratically against rising crime, that they did not develop strong information systems to fight organized crime, and that they have lacked the support of citizens due to the past repression and corruption. Using arrest, survey, and administrative data this text underscores two variables that correlate with rising criminality: a) the failure to incorporate modern, large-scale policing techniques, particularly those that make use of information and intelligence, and b) the failure of police to adjust to new standards after transitions to democracies, undermining bonds of trust between police and citizens.
Similarities and Differences among Immunities
Authors: Okeke Edward Chukwuemeke
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines the similarities and differences between the immunities of States and international organizations, as well as their interrelationship with diplomatic immunities. It also points out the pitfalls of analogies among the various immunities. The analogy between the immunities of States and international organizations might have proved promising when international organizations came into existence in the twentieth century, but it is now fraught with pitfalls. In an attempt to restrict the jurisdictional immunity of international organizations, it has been analogized to State immunity, but such an analogy is inapt even though the immunity of international organizations had roots in diplomatic and State immunities. Although the immunity of international organizations originated as “a general principle resting on the questionable analogy of diplomatic immunities; it has become a complex body of rules set forth in detail in conventions, agreements, statutes and regulations.”
Cutting Buildings
Authors: Bailey Doug
Published: May 2018

This chapter presents a detailed description of Gordon Matta-Clark’s 1975 art work Conical Intersect, its interpretation in art history, and the position that it occupies in Matta-Clark’s oeuvre and in late twentieth-century Paris (esp. the destruction of Les Halles and the building of the Centre Pompidou). Discussion examines Matta-Clark’s architectural cutting art in terms of action and performance, and the spectation of the cut. The chapter concludes with an extended discussion of the relevance that Conical Intersect has for the reader’s understanding of the pit-houses at Măgura and other sites like it in terms of cutting as destroying, as participation, as knowing (and opening), as part of the visual field, and as an object within a political context.
Mendelssohn and the Transformation of Leipzig Musical Culture
Authors: Sposato Jeffrey S.
Published: May 2018

This chapter is the third of three chapters to look at the relationship between a Thomaskantor, who oversaw the church music, and a Kapellmeister (music director) of the public concerts. Thomaskantor Moritz Hauptmann and Kapellmeister Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy are examined. Mendelssohn was hired in 1835 to move the Gewandhaus orchestra away from light, popular fare and toward artistic, canonical music. When Thomaskantor Christian Theodor Weinlig died in 1842, Mendelssohn arranged for his friend Hauptmann to fill the position. Hauptmann shared Mendelsson’s vision of canonical music, so that church music moved in this stylistic direction. The chapter concludes by noting that the concert format Mendelssohn favored as Gewandhaus director, consisting of lighter fare in the first half (often involving a soloist), an intermission, and a complete symphony or other major work in the second half, provided the model for classical concerts as we experience them today.
The Demand for Pharmaceuticals
Authors: Schweitzer Stuart O. , Lu Z. John
Published: May 2018

Demand for pharmaceuticals is unique because it is determined by four parties: the patient, who is the direct consumer of drugs; the physician, often serving as the consumer’s agent, who considers drugs as an input in the production of health for the patient; insurers, who usually pay most of the cost of the drug that is purchased; and the pharmacist, who often decides which version of a drug to dispense, fills the prescription, and frequently provides the patient with health counseling and additional information on the drug’s action, administration, and side effects. This chapter looks at each party and their interaction in the determination of pharmaceutical demand in a rapidly changing environment in the United States.
Pharmaceutical Marketing
Authors: Schweitzer Stuart O. , Lu Z. John
Published: May 2018

The pharmaceutical industry has been heavily criticized for the amount it spends, as well as for the tactics it uses to promote drugs. This chapter begins by providing an overview of pharmaceutical promotion in recent years, and then offers a closer examination of each major promotional channel, including detailing, free samples, journal advertising, sponsorship of medical conferences, direct-to-consumer advertising, and e-promotion. It systematically reviews the contemporary health economics literature on the effect of pharmaceutical promotion on demand, pricing, utilization, and quality of care. The role of the FDA in regulating drug advertising is also examined, including the debate on whether the agency’s responsibility in this area should be expanded or curtailed. The last section of the chapter examines the issues of false or misleading advertising and off-label promotion. The focus in this chapter is on the US drug market.
Homeric Memnon
Authors: Rosenmeyer Patricia A.
Published: May 2018

This chapter uses Homer to triangulate the relationship between inscriber and statue. Memnon is a ghost from the epic past anchored in the Egyptian present; what better way to honor him than to inscribe Homer’s words on his body? This evocation of Homer is not restricted to a narrow class of visitors. Imperial authors such as Lucian and Philostratus engage with Homer but write specifically for an elite audience. The Memnon inscriptions that echo Homer, however, are created by and for a more diverse public. All the inscriptions participate at some level in reactivating the mythical past, as if the trip to Thebes paralleled an epic trip to the Underworld. The chapter argues that visitors who sought out the statue were hoping precisely for such a “close encounter,” an experience that would connect them with the Homeric past, and that this experience transcended differences in social status and educational background.
Mediating Conflict
Authors: Tenhunen Sirpa
Published: May 2018

Chapter 6 provides an overview of the studies on new media’s role for political activism and then examines how mobile phones mediate political action by exploring activists’ use of mobile phones for their daily political work in rural West Bengal. The ethnographic fieldwork was carried out during the rise of the opposition, the Trinamul Congress Party, in West Bengal; consequently, the chapter also highlights the factors that helped bring the Trinamul Congress Party to power after decades of the Left Front Government’s rule of the state. This chapter illustrates how phone use builds on earlier political patterns and meanings, but has made politics faster, more heterogeneous, and translocal. Incidents that appear to be spontaneous reactions to the ruling party’s misdeeds often originate in communication between different levels of party hierarchies, followed by the horizontal spreading of information both within and outside the party.
Conclusions
Authors: Tenhunen Sirpa
Published: May 2018

Chapter 8 summarizes the key findings and the theoretical framework of the book. The use of mobile telephony has influenced social life, economy, and politics in the village as a part of many ongoing changes: the decline of agriculture, increased contact between the rural and urban worlds, new aspirations, and changes in caste and gender relationships. The chapter summarizes the theoretical contribution of the book: the role of mobile telephony for social change can be best understood by relating mobile phone–mediated conversations with other speech contexts. Furthermore, this chapter assesses the role of mobile telephony in development by engaging with the anthropology of development. Detailed attention to information and communication technologies’ multiple uses and influences can help create development interventions and policies that account for the multiplicity of actors and ongoing social processes.
Edessan Christians in Hayy al-Suryan
Authors: Jarjour Tala
Published: May 2018

THIS CHAPTER SETS the foundation necessary for appreciating Urfalli Suryani religious emotionality through essential elements in the local musical experience. It draws on the history of the Syrian Orthodox Church, on Syriac liturgy and theology, and on living Lenten practices rooted in early asceticism, to underscore survival. The chapter locates the Syriac chant of Edessa not only historically in relation to early Christianity but also in the contemporary context of Aleppo and its social space. Through the example of a chant that accompanies daily bowing, the narrative situates living practice simultaneously in the church’s early roots and in its contemporary urban surrounding. Here, the body, and its (in)significance, will emerge as essential to local forms of knowledge, value, and musicality in Hayy al-Suryan, to which the next chapters will turn.
Epilogue
Authors: Jarjour Tala
Published: May 2018

Let the melodies of the truth be made abundant.

—Ephrem the Syrian Hymns on Faith

FOR THE SECOND procession, a number of young men, strikingly dressed in military uniform, carry the coffin. The military uniform does not represent a modern costume for the Roman soldiers who crucified Jesus; it is a real-life daily attire for those men. Some will have been recently drafted into mandatory military service but will have obtained permission to celebrate Easter at home. They carry the coffin to earn a blessing in the form of protection from life-threatening dangers associated with being in the military. This is 2007. Urfallis say that ominous associations with military service are no longer immediate; yet “one never knows” what might happen in the army, I am told. As those men would be the first to fight should war break out, they seek the blessing of this special event when it coincides with their time in service, which is traditionally an emotionally difficult time for the young men and their families, particularly the mothers. Seeking blessing from the symbolic shrouded body of Christ in liturgical drama represents belief in the transcendence of divine blessings. While embodied in symbols of death, Christ’s blessing extends to protecting the lives of those in whose obligations death is conceivable. Less than a decade later, many a flower-covered coffin would carry the picture of a young man in military uniform, right where the shrouded cross is laid on ...
Needing to Narrate
Authors: Bronstein Michaela
Published: May 2018

Faulkner unites the problems of character and chronology that James and Conrad faced. Faulkner’s novels show the potentially disastrous consequences of failing to impose narrative order on experience. Critics often see Faulkner’s techniques, like Conrad’s, as representations of the disorder of reality—of the failings of human knowledge and the impossibility of communication. Yet through Quentin Compson’s desperate attempts to understand the story of Thomas Sutpen in Absalom, Absalom!, and through the failure of the community in The Hamlet to recognize that they are merely characters in Flem Snopes’s story, Faulkner sketches the hazard and the value of attempting to know one’s place in the story of one’s life. In Sometimes a Great Notion, Kesey extends the experiments of Absalom, Absalom! He includes more voices than Faulkner and juxtaposes more layers of history, testing against each other the competing claims of politicized local action and multiple forms of universal sentiment.
Metaphor as Perceptual Illusion
Authors: Tzohar Roy
Published: May 2018

This chapter turns to the understanding of metaphor in the school of grammatical analysis, focusing on Bhartṛhari’s Vākyapadīya (VP), along with its commentaries, and examining its relevance to later Buddhist formulations on the topic. The discussion focuses on Bhaṛthari’s argument for the figurative existence of all the referents of words, as well as his analogy between metaphor and perceptual illusion. It argues that Bhartṛhari lays the foundation for a sophisticated, pragmatic account of both linguistic and perceptual meanings that allow a relationship of correspondence between language and phenomena—without assuming externalism. This perspective is shown to provide important context for the understanding of subsequent Yogācāra arguments about metaphor.
The Seeds of the Pan-Figurative View
Authors: Tzohar Roy
Published: May 2018

Having presented the role of upacāra in Asaṅga’s critique of an essentialist theory of meaning, this chapter now turns to examine additional aspects of the concept of metaphor as it appears in other Yogācāra-related Buddhist sources. Concluding the book’s survey of the Buddhist context of the Yogācāra, the text explores the possible ways in which a wide variety of Buddhist sources—including Vasubandhu’s Abhidharmakoṣabhāṣya (and Sthiramati’s commentary on these sections), the Yogācāra-related Laṅkāvatārasūtra (LAS), and Dignāga’s Pramāṇasamuccaya (PS)—contributed to Sthiramati’s full-fledged theory of metaphor. Here, the reconstruction of the context of the Yogācāra understanding of metaphor becomes more specific, tracing not only the broad common presuppositions underlying figurative usage, but also the possibility of a more concrete intertextual exchange that helped shape Sthiramati’s claims—some of them highly innovative—on this topic.
Dilemmas in Design
Authors: Hardt Heidi
Published: May 2018

Chapter 3 constitutes the first of four empirical chapters. The chapter describes NATO’s learning infrastructure, explains how the design of such infrastructure constrains knowledge-sharing of strategic errors and reveals which types of actions NATO elites consider to be errors. The chapter begins by explaining the research design of conducting structured interviews with 120 NATO elites across North America and Europe. The sections that follow present findings from interviews about what elites consider to be strategic errors, how they categorize them and what are examples. The chapter explores how consensus in IOs, such as NATO, constrains elite behaviour in knowledge-sharing. Moreover, NATO’s formal learning processes present disincentives for elites to employ them. Drawing on quotes from NATO civilian and military elites, the chapter identifies these disincentives, describes a lack of incentives to report strategic errors, as well as a lack of incentives for reading the formal lessons learned documents that are produced.
Ibn ‘Arabi and the Metaphysics of Race
Authors: Lipton Gregory A.
Published: May 2018

This chapter reveals a buried order of politics underneath the Perennialist cosmology of religious universalism ironically constituted through long-held European discursive strategies of racial exclusion. Through a detailed comparison of Frithjof Schuon’s discursive practices with that of nineteenth-century Aryanist discourse, this chapter argues that although Schuon claims to recognize the universal validity of all religions beyond the limits of exoteric exclusivity, his work consistently presents as self-evident the metaphysical superiority of an Indo-European spiritual typology over that of the Semitic. Here, Ibn ‘Arabi’s “Semitic” propensity for subjectivism is understood as lacking the enlightened objectivity necessary to consistently discern the transcendent formlessness of essential truth from religious particularism. The extent to which Ibn ‘Arabi is thus decoupled from so-called Semitic subjectivism is the extent to which he is claimed to be an enlightened representative of Islam and authentic purveyor of the universal core of all religions—the religio perennis.
Dramatis Personae
Authors: Mitchell Sommers Susan
Published: May 2018

This chapter introduces the family: father Edmund, a shoemaker turned bookseller, and his three or four wives, their social and religious status, questions of literacy and formal education. The children are introduced more or less in their birth order: Kezia, Ebenezer, Manoah, Job, and Charity. The difficulties of tracing women is discussed. Particular attention is paid to Kezia, who was the subject of one of Ebenezer’s astrological cases, and Charity, who left a decades-long trail through official records, marking her as one of the most economically savvy members of the family. Since many of the Sibly men took shorthand, there is a brief discussion of contemporary shorthand uses, accuracy, and to what extent shorthand takers preserved the voice of the speaker. Ebenezer’s daughter Urania is also introduced, though like Ebenezer and Manoah, she has her own chapter later in the work
Ebenezer Sibly’s Wondrous Library
Authors: Mitchell Sommers Susan
Published: May 2018

Scholars of esotericism often cite Ebenezer Sibly as a key figure in the transmission of early modern knowledge of the arcane to its “rediscovery” in the nineteenth century. Their explanation of his importance focuses on his “wondrous library” of scarce books and manuscripts. In fact, his library is mentioned in his will, but its omission from his probate inventory invites a reappraisal of the traditional account. What happened to the library? If it existed, what did it contain? This chapter reconstructs the contents of the library and draws some conclusions about how essential it was for Sibly’s reputation as a transmitter of early modern esotericism. The absence of a physical library also leads to a refashioning of Sibly’s role in the esoteric revival. He emerges not as a guardian of ancient books, but as the compiler of An Illustration, which, published affordably in numbers, helped build a broad readership for astrology.
Uneven Democracy and Contentious Politics
Authors: Moseley Mason W.
Published: May 2018

Building on the previous chapter, this chapter analyzes variation in protest activity across Argentine provinces using statistical analysis. Drawing on two sources of protest events data, survey data, and an inventive method for measuring subnational democracy introduced by Gervasoni (2010), I trace how characteristics of subnational democratic institutions related to electoral competition and executive dominance produce different protest outcomes over the past twenty years. Departing from prior studies of protest in Latin America, I focus on the differential effects of subnational democracy on distinct protest repertoires. That is, might certain institutional characteristics of provinces spur aggressive modes of contention but diminish the incidence of peaceful protests, and vice versa? In conclusion, this chapter reveals that even in a protest state like Argentina, significant subnational variation in terms of democratic quality can produce stark variation in both the prevalence and type of contentious politics.
Introduction
Authors: Yust Jason
Published: May 2018

The concept of temporal structure is motivated through analogies between music and hiking, storytelling, and language. The metaphor of dimension is examined and an argument made for the independence of musical parameters and the importance of structural disjunction, structural conflict between parameters.
Structural Networks and the Experience of Musical Time
Authors: Yust Jason
Published: May 2018

The network model of temporal structure allows for many generalized concepts of musical time that can be applied across different modalities (rhythmic, tonal, and formal). This chapter defines network depths, distances, paths, centers, skew, and bias, and partially classifies network types such as piles, tortoises, and starfish. A splitting operation on networks is defined and applied to the problem of relating networks in different modalities and finding true disjunctions.
Tonal-Formal Disjunction
Authors: Yust Jason
Published: May 2018

This chapter classifies possible types of tonal–formal disjunction in sonata forms and gives a historical account of each technique in the works of Beethoven and Schubert, illustrated with a number of large-scale analyses of exceptional works. The techniques are: non-standard subordinate keys, pioneered by Beethoven; off-tonic recapitulations, also favored by Beethoven; and modulating subordinate themes, explored extensively by Schubert. Pieces analyzed include first movements of Beethoven’s op. 70/2 Piano Trio, Schubert’s Grande Sonate, D. 617, and “Lebenstürme” D. 947, and the second movement of Beethoven’s op. 59/2 String Quartet.
Epilogue
Authors: Suriano Matthew
Published: May 2018

History in the Hebrew Bible was a crowded tomb filled with the bones of ancestors. But the embodiment of the afterlife in biblical literature served a greater purpose. In the Hebrew Bible and in Judaism the ancestors and their histories continue to serve as charters for living communities. The memories of the dead were blessings, and the biblical stories of their burial and of the preservation of their bones served as invisible tombs. In this manner, the collective association of the dead effectively embodied an afterlife ideal in the form of the ancestors.
Introduction
Authors: O'Hara Alexander
Published: May 2018

In the early Middle Ages Europe’s political landscape was significantly shaped by the emergence of new fundamental modes of identification, both ethnic and religious. These processes created new forms of social cohesion and conflict. The world into which the Irish ascetic exile and monastic founder Columbanus entered when he left Ireland toward the end of the sixth century was a world of gentes, new constellations of peoples. The pluralistic political landscape of the gentes had replaced a world of empire. This chapter introduces the themes and approach of this volume, which explores Columbanus’s influence on Robert Schuman, one of the founding fathers of the modern European Union; the emerging idea of Europe in the early Middle Ages, which Columbanus gave voice to; and how reciprocity and cultural hybridity can be useful lenses through which to study this period of transformation from Late Antiquity to the early Middle Ages.
Columbanus, Bobbio, and the Lombards
Authors: O'Hara Alexander
Published: May 2018

The monastery of Bobbio was characterized by a strong connection with the Lombard court of Pavia, beginning with the arrival of Columbanus in Italy in 612 or 613. The relations between the monastery and the Lombard court are proved by many royal diplomas. There was in particular a very strong relationship between Bobbio and the Lombard monarchy. The popes also favored Bobbio and issued two bulls placing the monastery under their jurisdiction. Bobbio’s role in the history of the Lombard kingdom has traditionally been linked to the Three Chapters heresy and the schism associated with it. Columbanus is part of this context because he sent one letter to Pope Boniface IV, urging him to assemble a council to resolve the schism. Bobbio was the first example of a royal monastery, a model reprised, with great success, with San Salvatore of Brescia in the following century.
Polarization and Solving the Collective Action Problem
Authors: Buchler Justin
Published: May 2018

The unified model predicts that a legislative caucus that is ideologically homogeneous, electorally diverse and policy-motivated will empower party leaders to solve the collective action problem of sincere voting. The result will be that legislators incrementally adopt ideologically extreme, electorally suboptimal positions in the policy space. Over the course of the post-World War II period, the party caucuses became more ideologically homogeneous, but retained their electoral diversity, thereby creating the conditions for party government. Legislators from centrist, competitive districts closely tracked their party medians rather than adopting centrist positions, which would have satisfied their constituents. That suggests parties are solving the collective action problem of sincere voting. No other institution is comparably suited to creating that effect, and even the rise of competitive primaries serves as a poor explanation for the phenomenon.
Transfer and Cultivation
Authors: Plantinga Carl
Published: May 2018

This chapter argues that in many cases the judgments, beliefs, and feelings generated toward fictional entities are also directed toward the actual world or are transferred from the fictional to the actual. In other words, perspectives and emotions elicited by screen stories bear on the actual world. I call this process “transfer.” Screen stories do not merely transfer beliefs and responses from the fictional to the actual; they also have the capacity to cultivate skills and sensitivities or, conversely, to lead to failures of thought and response in viewers. Screen stories can inculcate general perspectives on the world, on people, on the self-other distinction, on thinking about in-groups and out-groups, and on responses to narrative paradigm scenarios such as revenge, reconciliation, and approaches to common human problems.
Moralities and Characters as Moral Agents
Authors: Plantinga Carl
Published: May 2018

Estrangement theories, in relation to ethical criticism, favor attention to the political over the personal, to ideology rather than morality, to the systemic and institutional rather than the individual. Engagement theory would consider both the personal and the political, morality and ideology. This chapter rehabilitates a critical interest in morality and in individual characters in the context of screen stories. It discusses how to think about morality in the context of moral systems and discusses the relationships among morality, politics, and ideology. It shows how an attention to characters as moral agents does not rule out attention to broader sociocultural processes, but may in fact enable a better understanding of them. The chapter also notes that much of the interest in screen stories, and in stories generally, stems from a human interest in, and tendency to judge, the behavior of others. Finally, the chapter defends character-centered criticism against its critics.
Ethics and Character Engagement
Authors: Plantinga Carl
Published: May 2018

An ethics of engagement demands that the critic understand the means by which stories are didactic and enlist affect in their implicit and explicit appeals. The ability of screen stories to elicit sympathies, antipathies, allegiances, and other responses to fictional characters is a key element in their aesthetic success and in the rhetorical “case” that they make. This phenomenon—let us call it “character engagement”—is didactic to the core; by cueing “pro” and “con” attitudes toward characters, storytellers manipulate point of view, encourage audience desires for various narrative outcomes, and elicit particular moral emotions. This chapter examines the phenomenon of character engagement, and argues that screen stories have the capacity to influence viewers by eliciting allegiances for characters in such a way that moral and other kinds of judgment become confused. It uses the film Legends of the Fall to make that point.
Party Vibrancy and Democracy in Latin America
Authors: Rosenblatt Fernando
Published: May 2018

How do political parties remain vibrant organizations? This qualitative study of political parties in Chile, Costa Rica, and Uruguay explains how party vibrancy is maintained and reproduced over time. A vibrant party is an active organization that operates beyond electoral cycles, has clear symbols, and maintains a significant presence in the territory. The study identifies the complex interaction between four causal factors that account for the reproduction of party vibrancy: Purpose, Trauma, Channels of Ambition, and moderate Exit Barriers. Purpose activates retrospective loyalty among members. Trauma refers to a shared traumatic past that engenders retrospective loyalty. Channels of Ambition are routes by which individuals can pursue a political career. Moderate Exit Barriers are rules that set costs of defection at reasonable levels. The case studies suggest that, after a process of consolidation and stability, the presence of the four causal factors explains party vibrancy. The presence of the factors then sustains the reproduction of this vibrancy over time. The four causal factors are observed during a party’s “golden age.” Vibrant parties are resilient. Yet the study also shows that the ability of Trauma to forge loyalty decreases over time and that the long-term reproduction of Purpose can be elusive, as has been shown in Latin America. Older vibrant parties thus exhibit a combination of only Channels of Ambition and moderate Exit Barriers, and are less resilient than those that also have Purpose and/or Trauma.
Chile
Authors: Rosenblatt Fernando
Published: May 2018

This chapter analyzes the major Chilean political parties: PSCh, DC, RN, UDI, and PPD. Chile has had stable parties for an extended period, and some of its parties have had long trajectories. Since the 2000s, the country has witnessed a process of party decay. The UDI is the only party where, at the time of fieldwork, all causal factors were observed, and it was also the only vibrant party. The chapter highlights the waning effect of Trauma, shows the potential trade-off between Trauma and Channels of Ambition, and illustrates the deleterious effect of the absence of Purpose for the reproduction of party vibrancy. Also, as other scholars have shown, the Chilean institutional setting, before the electoral reforms of 2015, demonstrates the negative effect of high Exit Barriers on party vibrancy. Finally, the chapter closes with a discussion of events circa 2015–2016 that have accelerated the process of organizational decay.
Representing Disability
Authors: Straus Joseph N.
Published: May 2018

In modernist music, disability functions as an artistic resource: a source of images and an impetus for narrative. Disability enables musical modernism. Modernist music is centrally concerned with the representation of disabled bodies. Its most characteristic features—fractured forms, immobilized harmonies, conflicting textural layers, radical simplification of means in some cases, and radical complexity and hermeticism in others—can be understood as musical representations of disability conditions, including deformity/disfigurement, mobility impairment, madness, idiocy, and autism. Although modernist music embodies negative, eugenic-era attitudes toward disability, it also affirmatively claims disability as a resource, thus manifesting its disability aesthetics.