bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Monitoring Mammal Populations in Costa Rican Protected Areas under Different Hunting Restrictions
Authors: Carrillo Eduardo , Wong Grace , Cuarón Alfredo D.
Published: August 2010

Abstract:It is necessary to assess whether the management of protected areas is achieving the objectives set for them. In particular, changes and trends in wildlife populations should be documented. We compared the 1990 abundance of mammals in two Costa Rican protected areas, Corcovado National Park (CNP) and Golfo Dulce Forest Reserve (GDFR), with similar environmental characteristics but different hunting restrictions and levels of protection. We also monitored the abundance of mammals in CNP over a 4‐year period. We also devised an inexpensive method of monitoring tropical rainforest mammal populations in a timely and efficient manner. The method is based on the use of mammal track records and arboreal mammal sightings and requires little effort. With this method 20 mammal species were recorded at CNP and 15 at GDFR. Species were consistently less abundant in GDFR than in CNP, principally those species preferred by hunters. Species were grouped according to whether or not they are used as food and whether they are locally or globally threatened or not threatened. The abundance of all these groups of species in GDFR was 6–28% the abundance in CNP. During 1990–1994, overall mammal abundance in CNP remained relatively stable, but there was considerable variability among species. As a group, both species used for food and globally threatened species declined in abundance during that period in CNP. The abundance of all groups of species declined from 1992 to 1994, coinciding with a reduction in hunting vigilance at CNP. Evidence suggests that the main factor differentiating the abundance of mammals in the two protected areas, and at CNP during the study period, was the level of hunting. Golfo Dulce Forest Reserve seems to be achieving only partial success in protecting wildlife, whereas Corcovado National Park seems to be considerably more effective, although not entirely successful.
Genetic Structure of a Mimosoid Tree Deprived of Its Seed Disperser, the Spider Monkey
Authors: Pacheco Luis F. , Simonetti Javier A.
Published: August 2010

Abstract: To assess the genetic consequences for a Neotropical tree of the loss of its main seed disperser, we compared the genetic structure of Inga ingoides in a site where the spider monkey (Ateles paniscus) was abundant and a site where it had been eliminated by subsistence hunting. Gene flow should be reduced in the site where the spider monkey is absent, and there should be a corresponding subpopulation differentiation of seedlings within the spatial range of the movements of these primates in the absence of between‐site differences in allelic frequencies. At the microhabitat (  family) scale, seedlings growing under parent plants should be genetically more related in the absence of the spider monkey than in its presence. Subpopulation differentiation was smaller where the spider monkey was present (  four loci, FST = 0.011) than where it was absent (  four loci, FST = 0.053) for the first year of study, but not for the second year (three loci, FST = 0.005 vs. 0.003). The number of alleles in common among seedlings growing under parent plants was smaller in the presence of the spider monkey than in its absence, showing family genetic structure in the first generation for both years of study ( Mann‐Whitney, z = −2.17, p = 0.03 and z = −2.72, p = 0.006 for 1996 and 1997, respectively). This family genetic structure in the first generation should accelerate the development of population genetic structure. Development of genetic structure might result in demographic changes, one of which would be a fitness reduction if the species were self‐incompatible, as suggested for Inga by available evidence. Large birds and mammals are the main targets of subsistence hunting in the Neotropics. Extinction of seed‐dispersing frugivores may result in pronounced changes in the demographic and genetic structure of tree species in Neotropical forests.
Indicator Taxa, Rapid Biodiversity Assessment, and Nestedness in an Endangered Ecosystem
Authors: Kerr Jeremy T. , Sugar Alissa , Packer Laurence
Published: August 2010

Abstract:To prioritize areas for conservation, biologists and managers need information on species diversity in threatened habitats. The resources available for such inventories remain severely limited, increasing the need to develop speedier ways to estimate the status of target habitats. We present a study of the use of such techniques in the highly fragmented oak savannas of southern Ontario, including selection of indicator taxa, use of rapid biodiversity assessment based on morphospecies, and analysis of community structure. We found that butterflies and skippers can be used to predict richness among Hymenoptera in the study sites, which is consistent with the hypothesis that these easily surveyed Lepidoptera are good candidates for indicator status. Richness values for hymenoptera morphospecies in these savanna remnants were strongly correlated with species richness scores as estimated by systematists, although nonspecialists tended to “split” species into more than one morphospecies. Finally, both the Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera communities in these oak savannas exhibited a high degree of nestedness, suggesting that local extinctions, mostly undocumented, are important determinants of the richness patterns across these widely separated savanna study sites. We found no evidence of significant spatial autocorrelation, probably because of the wide separation of study sites.
Local Gradients of Cowbird Abundance and Parasitism Relative to Livestock Grazing in a Western Landscape
Authors: Goguen Christopher B. , Mathews Nancy E.
Published: August 2010

Abstract:We studied local patterns of Brown‐headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater) abundance, parasitism rates, and nest success of a common host, the Plumbeous Vireo (Vireo plumbeus), in relation to the distribution of livestock grazing in an undeveloped region of northeastern New Mexico, 1992–1997. We predicted that both cowbird abundance and parasitism rates of vireo nests would decrease with increasing distance from active livestock grazing, and that the nesting success of vireos would increase. We measured cowbird abundance and host density and located and monitored vireo nests in pinyon‐juniper and mixed‐conifer habitats that ranged from actively grazed to isolated from livestock grazing by up to 12 km. Cowbird abundance declined with distance from active livestock grazing and was not related to host density or habitat type. Brood parasitism levels of vireo nests (n= 182) decreased from> 80% in actively grazed habitats to 33% in habitats that were 8–12 km from active grazing but did not vary by habitat type or distance to forest edge. Vireo nesting success was higher in mixed‐conifer habitat than in pinyon‐juniper but was unrelated to distance from active livestock grazing. Nest losses due to parasitism declined with distance from active livestock grazing. Our results suggest that cowbird abundance and parasitism rates of hosts may be distributed as a declining gradient based on distance from cowbird feeding sites and that isolation from feeding sites can reduce the effects of parasitism on host populations. These findings provide support for management techniques that propose to reduce local cowbird numbers and parasitism levels by manipulating the distribution of cowbird feeding sites. The presence of parasitized nests> 8 km from active livestock grazing suggests that, in some regions, management efforts may need to occur at larger scales than previously realized.
Detecting and Modeling Spatial and Temporal Dependence in Conservation Biology
Authors: Carroll Steven S. , Pearson David L.
Published: August 2010

Abstract:Due to the structuring forces and large‐scale physical processes that shape our biosphere, we often find that environmental and ecological data are either spatially or temporally—or both spatially and temporally—dependent. When these data are analyzed, statistical techniques and models are frequently applied that were developed for independent data. We describe some of the detrimental consequences, such as inefficient parameter estimators, biased hypothesis test results, and inaccurate predictions, of ignoring spatial and temporal data dependencies, and we cite an example of adverse statistical results occurring when spatial dependencies were disregarded. We also discuss and recommend available techniques used to detect and model spatial and temporal dependence, including variograms, covariograms, autocorrelation and partial autocorrelation plots, geostatistical techniques, Gaussian autoregressive models,Kfunctions, and ARIMA models, in environmental and ecological research to avoid the aforementioned difficulties.
An Assessment of the Focal‐Species Approach for Conserving Birds in Variegated Landscapes in Southeastern Australia
Authors: Watson James , Freudenberger David , Paull David
Published: August 2010

Abstract: The temperate woodlands of the northern Australian Capital Territory and bordering the New South Wales region of eastern Australia have been extensively disturbed by agriculture and urbanization. Small patches of woodland are now embedded in a pastoral or suburban matrix. Birds within landscapes of this region are threatened by a reduction in habitat area, increased isolation, and declining habitat condition. Within this setting, we assessed Lambeck's (1997)“focal species” approach for its ability to identify the minimum patch size, habitat structural complexity, and landscape connectivity required to accommodate existing woodland birds. Presence/absence data were gathered for 72 woodland remnants that varied in size, isolation, and habitat structural complexity. The Hooded Robin (   Melanodryas cucullata) was identified as the focal species for the threats of area and resource limitation because it had the most demanding requirements for area (>100 ha) and habitat complexity. The eastern Yellow Robin (   Eopsaltria australis) was the species most threatened by isolation of remnants. A landscape designed to meet the habitat requirements of these birds should encompass the requirements of all other woodland bird species that are sensitive to similar threats. A revegetation scenario based on the requirements of these two focal species is not feasible because the majority (>95%) of woodland remnants within the study area are too small, too lacking in habitat structural complexity, and too isolated to meet the requirements of the focal species. If woodland management guidelines concentrate on increasing small remnants to 10 ha in size and on ensuring that these remnants have complex shrub and ground‐layer vegetation and are not isolated by more than 1.5 km from neighboring remnants, the needs of at least 95% of the resident woodland bird species in the region should be accommodated. The focal‐species approach was effective for rapidly developing planning guidelines for the conservation of woodland birds in these variegated landscapes, and the approach is likely to be useful for guiding landscape reconstruction in other environments.
Population Declines and Priorities for Amphibian Conservation in Latin America
Authors: Young Bruce E. , Lips Karen R. , Reaser Jamie K. , Ibáñez Roberto , Salas Antonio W. , Cedeño J. Rogelio , Coloma Luis A. , Ron Santiago , La Marca Enrique , Meyer John R. , Muñoz Antonio , Bolaños Federico , Chaves Gerardo , Romo David
Published: August 2010

Abstract:Although dramatic amphibian population declines have been reported worldwide, our understanding of the extent of the declines in Latin America, where amphibian diversity is high, is limited to a few well‐documented studies. To better understand the geographic extent of declines, their possible causes, and the measures needed to improve Latin American scientists' ability to research the phenomenon and make effective management recommendations, we convened three regional workshops with 88 Latin American herpetologists and conservationists. Population declines are widespread in Latin America. At least 13 countries have experienced declines, and in 40 cases species are now thought to be extinct or extirpated in a country where they once occurred. Declines or extinctions have affected 30 genera and nine families of amphibians. Most declines have occurred in remote highlands, above 500 m in elevation in Central America and above 1000 m in the Andes. Most documented declines occurred in the 1980s. Of the possible causes studied to date, climate change appears to be important at one site and chytrid fungal disease has been identified at sites in three countries. Although many monitoring studies are currently underway in a variety of habitats, most studies are recent and of short duration. In a signed resolution, workshop participants called for greater collaboration and communication among scientists working in Latin America to understand the geographic extent of population declines and the distribution of possible causal factors. In situ conservation is important to protect habitats, but captive‐rearing programs for species subject to imminent extinction are also needed. Better understanding of the taxonomy and natural history of amphibians and more funding for research and monitoring are critical to developing a scientific basis for management action to arrest and reverse population declines.
Colonization History and Noninvasive Monitoring of a Reestablished Wolverine Population
Authors: FLAGSTAD ØYSTEIN , HEDMARK EVA , LANDA ARILD , BRØSETH HENRIK , PERSSON JENS , ANDERSEN ROY , SEGERSTRÖM PETER , ELLEGREN HANS
Published: August 2010

Abstract: The southern Norwegian wolverine (Gulo gulo) population was considered functionally extinct in the 1960s but has partly recovered in recent years. Proper management of this population is highly dependent on reliable estimates of critical population parameters such as population size, sex ratio, immigration rate, and reproductive contribution from immigrants. We report on a large‐scale population monitoring project assessing these parameters through genetic tagging of individuals, with feces as the source of DNA. Sixty‐eight different individuals were detected among 147 successfully genotyped samples collected in 2000 and 2001. Sixty of these individuals were represented in the 2001 sample, which may be considered a minimum estimate of the population size. Almost 50% of these animals were sampled only once, however, indicating that the true population size may be markedly higher. Accordingly, a capture‐recapture estimate based on the observed resampling rates suggested a population size of 89 wolverines (95% confidence interval [CI]= 74–104), which is approximately 35% higher than an estimate of 64 obtained from the number of active natal dens (95% CI = 46–95;p =0.08). Indirect estimates of dispersal distances inferred from mother‐offspring relationships suggested that wolverine males have the ability to disperse up to 500 km, a distance exceeding anything previously reported in the literature. Dispersal distances of more than 100 km were detected for females. Bayesian clustering analysis and subsequent assessment of individual relationships suggest that immigrants from northern Scandinavia have contributed and still contribute to the southern Norwegian gene pool, counteracting genetic erosion and reducing the risk of inbreeding depression. Additional sampling efforts will be undertaken during the coming years to allow for observations of population trends, immigration rate, and reproductive variance among individuals. Such data will provide an important basis for the design of an appropriate conservation plan for this small and vulnerable population.
Designing Cost‐Effective Payments for Conservation Measures to Generate Spatiotemporal Habitat Heterogeneity
Authors: DRECHSLER MARTIN , JOHST KARIN , OHL CORNELIA , WÄTZOLD FRANK
Published: August 2010

Abstract:  Many endangered species depend on certain types of agricultural or other forms of human land use. To conserve such species, schemes are set up in which land users receive payments for voluntarily managing their land in a biodiversity‐enhancing manner. We developed a model‐based framework for designing cost‐effective payment schemes that generate spatiotemporal habitat heterogeneity to maximize the survival of multiple species under budget constraints. The framework integrates ecological and economic knowledge and consists of the derivation of an ecological benefit function and a budget function that are then combined to determine the cost‐effective degree of spatiotemporal habitat heterogeneity. The ecological benefit function considers the timing of conservation measures, the induced habitat dynamics, and different degrees of substitutability among species. The budget function considers that the conservation agency may lack information about land users’ individual conservation costs and personal attitudes and that land users can choose among different conservation measures. We applied the framework to a case study of grassland management, where the survival of three endangered species protected by the EU Habitats Directive depends on different types of land use. The lack of information available to the agency and the choice options of land users reduced the amount of conservation that can be financed with a given budget. Neglecting such findings may lead to an overestimation of the benefits of conservation programs.
The 2010 Biodiversity Indicators: Challenges for Science and Policy
Authors: MACE GEORGINA M. , BAILLIE JONATHAN E. M.
Published: August 2010

Abstract:  The 2010 biodiversity target adopted globally and in Europe is an important political commitment for improved biodiversity conservation and management. Whether or not it is achieved will be judged by a set of biodiversity indicators now under development. We reviewed the development of these indicators in Europe and globally, paying particular attention to the need to make the indicators relevant to the purpose; to distinguish between measures of pressure, state, and response; to design and validate the indicators in context; to ensure effective communication with relevant audiences; to turn lists of measures into simple or composite indicators; and to maximize the cost‐effectiveness of the indicator process. We conclude that urgent steps are needed to complete the indicator set, reduce and refine the agreed measures, ensure that work is started soon so that reliable reporting occurs in 2010, and start soon on planning for subsequent assessments.
Incorporating the Effects of Socioeconomic Uncertainty into Priority Setting for Conservation Investment
Authors: McBRIDE MARISSA F. , WILSON KERRIE A. , BODE MICHAEL , POSSINGHAM HUGH P.
Published: August 2010

Abstract: Uncertainty in the implementation and outcomes of conservation actions that is not accounted for leaves conservation plans vulnerable to potential changes in future conditions. We used a decision‐theoretic approach to investigate the effects of two types of investment uncertainty on the optimal allocation of global conservation resources for land acquisition in the Mediterranean Basin. We considered uncertainty about (1) whether investment will continue and (2) whether the acquired biodiversity assets are secure, which we termed transaction uncertainty and performance uncertainty, respectively. We also developed and tested the robustness of different rules of thumb for guiding the allocation of conservation resources when these sources of uncertainty exist. In the presence of uncertainty in future investment ability (transaction uncertainty), the optimal strategy was opportunistic, meaning the investment priority should be to act where uncertainty is highest while investment remains possible. When there was a probability that investments would fail (performance uncertainty), the optimal solution became a complex trade‐off between the immediate biodiversity benefits of acting in a region and the perceived longevity of the investment. In general, regions were prioritized for investment when they had the greatest performance certainty, even if an alternative region was highly threatened or had higher biodiversity value. The improved performance of rules of thumb when accounting for uncertainty highlights the importance of explicitly incorporating sources of investment uncertainty and evaluating potential conservation investments in the context of their likely long‐term success.
Predictive Factors Associated with Left Ventricular Hypertrophy at Baseline and in the Follow‐Up Period in Non‐Diabetic Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Io Hiroaki , Matsumoto Mayumi , Okumura Kozue , Sato Michiko , Masuda Atsumi , Furukawa Masako , Nohara Nao , Tanimoto Mitsuo , Kodama Fumiko , Hagiwara Shinji , Gohda Tomohito , Shimizu Yoshio , Tomino Yasuhiko
Published: August 2010

Hemodialysis (HD) patients frequently have an elevated left ventricular mass index (LVMI). Currently, left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy and dysfunction are considered to be the strongest predictors of cardiovascular mortality in dialysis patients. The objectives of the present study are to investigate the factors associated with elevated LVMI and to discuss therapeutic implications for the treatment strategy for pre‐dialysis and HD patients. The correlation among biochemical values, physical specimens, and LVMI using echocardiography was prospectively analyzed in 30 non‐diabetic HD patients in the Juntendo University Hospital. Measurement of these parameters was performed at 0, 12, and 24 months after initiation of HD. Systolic blood pressure (SP), human atrial natriuretic peptide (hANP), and hemoglobin (Hb) levels were significantly correlated with LVMI. SBP, residual glomerular filtration rate (rGFR), and serum albumin levels were identified as independent risk factors for LVMI in multivariate regression analysis at initiation of HD. SBP, hANP, and Hb levels were identified as independent risk factors for LVMI in multivariate regression analysis after 24 months. SBP, rGFR, and serum albumin levels were predictive factors for LVMI at initiation of HD. SBP, hANP, and Hb levels were also predictive factors for LVMI after initiation of HD.
Status Migrainosus: Causative and Therapeutic Aspects
Authors: Couch James R. , Diamond Seymour
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSIS

Because of the scarcity of information on Status Migrainosus (SM), the members of the AASH were surveyed as to (1) precipitating factors; (2) criteria to hospitalize patients; and (3) initial, (4) second‐line, (5) adjunct, and (6) follow‐up modes of therapy for SM. SM was defined as a disabling migraine headache of 72 hours duration that was refractory to usual treatment. Of 540 AASH members polled, 126 responses were received from physicians. As to precipitating events, psychiatric factors, medication abuse and withdrawal, diet, and changes in estrogen levels were mentioned most often and in that order. The major criteria to hospitalize included intense pain, nausea, vomiting, psychiatric factors, and suspicion of neurologic disease. While the therapeutic approach to SM varied; antiemetics, narcotics, prophylactic agents, ergot compounds, steroids and sedation were most often mentioned. Responses regarding follow‐up measures listed prophylactic medication, supportive psychotherapy, patient education, and rapid symptomatic therapy as the major means to prevent recurrence.
Ibuprofen Versus Aspirin and Placebo in the Treatment of Muscle Contraction Headache
Authors: Diamond Seymour
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSIS

One hundred eight patients with muscle contraction headaches completed a double‐blind, randomized, parallel trial in which they took either ibuprofen 400 mg, ibuprofen 800 mg, a spirin 650 mg, or placebo for four successive headaches. Acetaminophen was allowed as a rescue analgesic. Intensity of headache pain was recorded pretreatment and three hours posttreatment. A Pain Intensity Difference (PID) score was calculated from the difference. Patients on ibuprofen (both doses) and aspirin had significantly lower pain scores and higher PID scores at three‐hour follow‐up than did patients on placebo. Physician's global assessment indicated that both doses of ibuprofen were significantly superior to placebo; aspirin was not. The highest number of side effects occurred with aspirin (26 complaints), followed by placebo (11), ibuprofen 400 mg (3), and ibuprofen 800 mg (2); all were minor. These results suggest that, for the treatment of muscle contraction headache, ibuprofen is significantly more effective than placebo and at least as effective as aspirin.
A Study of Childhood Headache Using Biofeedback as a Treatment Alternative
Authors: Werder Dolores Soto , Sargent Joseph D.
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSIS

Thirty‐one children between the ages of 7–17 with headache (migraine, tension, and combination) were taught biofeedback assisted self‐regulation techniques to control onset of headache and its symptoms. Headache hours per week and amount of drug usage were measured before and during treatment, at two intervals during the first year following the training (2 months and 3–12 months) and at 2–3 years after baseline for 19 of the 31 children. Twenty‐eight children were able to control 51% or more headaches after the 2‐month training period. Specifically, there was a 39% reduction in mean headache hours for tension headache Ss and a 71% reduction for the migraine and combination headache Ss. Subsequent reduction in headache continued over the 1–3 year follow‐up period. Reduction in drug usage was about 87%. Although evaluation of self‐regulation techniques was retrospective and uncontrolled in this study, they appear to work exceedingly well for childhood headache patients.
Bilateral Cervical Carotid and Intracranial Vasospasm Causing Cerebral Ischemia in a Migrainous Patient: A Case of "Diplegic Migraine"
Authors: Lieberman Abraham N. , Jonas Saran , Hass William K. , Pinto Richard , Lin Joseph , Leibowitz Morton , Hassouri Hassan
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSIS

A patient with a 15‐year history of migraine exhibited the rapid onset of bilateral cerebral ischemia associated with bilateral cervical carotid and intracranial focal arterial narrowing (vasospasm). The neurological signs and symptoms and angiographic findings resolved spontaneously within a few days. Among the rarely documented cases of vasospasm in migrainous subjects, this illustrates the bilaterality of ischemic symptoms and the unusual involvement of both extracranial carotid arteries.
Absolute and Proportional Resting EMG Levels in Chronic Headache Patients in Relation to the State of Headache
Authors: van Boxtel A. , Goudswaard P.
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSIS

In the present study, resting EMG levels were measured bilaterally in the frontalis and temporalis muscles in muscle contraction headache, migraine, and mixed muscle contraction‐migraine headache patients and in healthy control subjects. Besides absolute EMG levels, proportional EMG levels were obtained by relating the absolute EMG amplitude to the EMG amplitude during maximal contraction. The headache‐free state, a state of relatively weak headache, and a state of relatively strong headache were examined. The data of the three patient groups were pooled because significant differences between the groups were absent. Absolute EMG levels in the patients during the headache‐free state were not significantly different from those of the controls except for the right frontalis muscle where the patients showed significantly higher levels than the controls. Proportional EMG levels, however, were for all muscles significantly higher in the patients group. Maximal EMG levels were generally significantly lower in the patients than in the controls. In the patients group, both absolute, proportional, and maximal EMG levels were in most cases not significantly different between a state of relatively weak and a state of relatively strong headache. The significance of these findings with respect to the generation of head pain is discussed.
The Role of Personality in the Etiology of Chronic Headache
Authors: Arena John G. , Andrasik Frank , Blanchard Edward B.
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSIS

Whether a neurotic personality is a precursor to or a consequence of the experience of living with chronic pain has been a topic of much heated debate in the psychosomatic research literature. To investigate this question, 151 chronic headache sufferers from three headache types (migraine, tension, combined), matched on age and gender, were divided into three equal groups on the basis of their percentage of life with headache. Each headache sufferer was administered a comprehensive battery of psychological tests. ANCOVAs, using age as the covariate and diagnosis and %‐life groupings as the between subjects factors, were then performed on the clinical scale data. Results indicated no significant differences greater than that expected by chance among the %‐life groups, indicating that the percentage of life one spends with head pain has no differential effect on a number of psychological test measures. One interpretation of the above results is that the characterological personality traits so often found in headache sufferers are not a result of the pain experience but in fact were present before the pain problem started.
Lack of Concordance Between Changes in Headache Activity and in Psychophysiological and Personality Variables Following Treatment
Authors: Passchier J. , Van Der Helm‐Hylkema H. , Orlebeke J.F.
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSIS

Hypotheses about the involvement of physiological and personality mechanisms in the relation between stress and headache have not yet been tested in a pretreatment‐post‐treatment treatment design though many behavioral techniques are based on these notions. Effects of four treatments (stress‐coping, stress‐coping including finger temperature biofeedback, stress‐coping including temporal vasoconstriction biofeedback and waiting list‐control) were analysed in migraine patients with regard to headache measures, psychophysiological functioning and personality variables. In tension headache patients three treatments were compared (stress‐coping, stress‐coping including frontalis EMG biofeedback, and waiting list‐control). Changes neither in physiological nor in personality measures showed concurrency with changes in headache variables. Our results do not confirm the hypothesis of a mediating role between stress and headache for temporal artery and frontal muscle stress responses in migraine patients and tension headache patients, respectively. Neither was the notion of involvement of personality change in headache improvement sustained.
Does the Piribedil Test Permit Predicting the Efficacy of Domperidone, a Dopaminergic Antagonist, in the Treatment of Migraine?
Authors: Montastruc J.L. , David J. , Rascol A.
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSIS

The existence of a relationship between the “piribedil test” (previously described as a diagnostic test for migraine) and the clinical efficacy of domperidone, a dopaminergic antagonist devoid of any central effect, in the preventive treatment of migraine was investigated in 17 patients suffering from resistant classical migraine. “Piribedil test” was positive in 14 cases, whereas domperidone improved only 6 patients. It is concluded that “piribedil test” is not a useful pharmacological tool for predicting the efficacy of dopaminergic antagonists like domperidone in a given migraine patient.
A Critical Analysis of the Traditional Tension Headache Model
Authors: Ramirez Julio J.
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSIS

Electromyographic (EMG) biofeedback is frequently used as the behavioral therapy of choice to reduce the severity of tension headache. In this review, it becomes evident that despite biofeedback's widespread use, other behavioral therapies which are not as hardware‐dependent are as effective as biofeedback training in relieving headache pain. In addition, several theoretical concerns are raised here since the assumptions upon which EMG biofeedback therapy is justified may not be valid. Finally, recommendations for dealing with tension headache are made, based on the evidence provided by studies of behavioral intervention therapies.
Treatment of Mild Headache in Disabled Migraine Sufferers: Results of the Spectrum Study
Authors: Cady R.K. , Lipton R.B. , Hall C. , Stewart W.F. , O'Quinn S. , Gutterman D.
Published: August 2010

Objective.—To evaluate the effectiveness of sumatriptan, 50‐mg tablets, versus placebo for early intervention while head pain was mild in patients with disabling migraine.

Methods.—A post hoc analysis was performed in a subgroup of patients from a large, randomized, placebo‐controlled study of patients with disabling headache who treated while pain was mild. Pain‐free response 2 and 4 hours postdose, headache recurrence, and safety were examined. Significance tests were performed only for the first‐treated attacks.

Results.—Twenty‐six patients with disabling headache treated 46 mild and 166 moderate or severe headaches. For the first‐treated headaches while pain was mild, pain‐free rates were significantly higher for sumatriptan than placebo 4 hours postdose (78% versus 0%,P = .02), but not 2 hours postdose (52% versus 0%,P = .22). Across all headaches treated while pain was mild, pain‐free responses were higher for sumatriptan than placebo 4 hours (85% versus 17%) and 2 hours (50% versus 0%) postdose compared with placebo. When the same patients treated headaches while pain was moderate or severe, pain‐free rates were lower than that reported for treatment during mild pain. There was a trend toward lower headache recurrence in headaches treated while pain was mild compared with moderate or severe pain (13% versus 18%). No drug‐related adverse events were reported in the headaches treated while pain was mild.

Conclusions.—Patients with disabling migraine may benefit from early intervention with sumatriptan, 50 mg, while pain is mild.
Masseter and Temporalis Muscle EMG Levels and Bite Force in Migraineurs
Authors: Burnett C.A. , Fartash L. , Murray B. , Lamey P.‐J.
Published: August 2010

The purpose of this study was to compare absolute and proportional electromyography (EMG) levels in the masseter and temporalis muscles during performance of a variety of oral functions for migraineurs and age‐ and sex‐matched controls. Both groups consisted of nine women and one man, with a mean age of 43 years (range, 29 to 51 years). Absolute resting EMG levels and those levels during swallowing and speech were not significantly different between the groups, but the levels of the group with migraine were significantly higher during maximum voluntary effort contractions on the anterior teeth and on the posterior teeth for both muscles. When expressed as a percentage of those levels obtained at maximal posterior contraction (ie, proportional levels), no difference in functional activity was demonstrated between groups. It was concluded that the two groups studied had similar levels of EMG activity in the masseter and temporalis muscles during the normal oral functions investigated, but that the group with migraine had higher levels of absolute EMG activity during anterior and posterior maximum voluntary contractions. Furthermore, the group with migraine demonstrated higher levels of anterior and posterior bite force, although not correlated with EMG levels.
Peripheral Levels of Inflammatory Mediators in Migraineurs During Headache‐free Periods
Authors: Mohammadian Parvaneh , Hummel Thomas , Arora Chander , Carpenter Thomas
Published: August 2010

Objectives.—The present study investigated the peripheral inflammatory changes of the trigeminovascular system by measuring the inflammatory mediators leukotriene B4 (LTB4), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and thromboxane B2 (TXB2) in the nasal fluid, as well as saliva, of patients with migraine.

Background.—Migraine has been hypothesized to be as a result of changes in the peripheral or central nervous system or both. It is still unclear whether peripheral changes in the trigeminovascular system are involved in the pathogenesis of migraine.

Methods.—Participants were 18 subjects, 9 patients with migraine and 9 controls, matched for age and sex. Each subject took part in one experimental session during which nasal lavage fluid and saliva samples were collected. These samples were analyzed by competitive enzyme immunoassay using goat anti‐rabbit polyclonal antibody.

Results.—With the exception of TXB2, correlational analyses indicated good correlations between results obtained using nasal lavage or saliva (LTB4, r18 = 0.91; PGE2 , r18 = 0.95). When comparing inflammatory mediators measured in controls and migraineurs, the LTB4 level was significantly lower in migraineurs, while no differences were found for PGE2 and TXB2.

Conclusions.—The study demonstrated that nasal lavage, a noninvasive method, can be easily used for investigations of pathophysiological mechanisms of migraine. In addition, the results may indicate that there is no peripheral trigeminal sensitization in the headache‐free period of migraineurs compared with controls when PGE2, LTB4, and TXB2 in saliva and nasal lavage samples are measured.
Validation of the Classification of Migraine Without Aura (IHS A1.1) Proposed in ICHD‐2
Authors: Kelman Leslie
Published: August 2010

Objective.—This study attempts to validate the alternative criteria for classification of migraine without aura (International Headache Society [IHS] A1.1) proposed in the appendix of The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd edition. This method uses at least two of the associated symptoms (nausea, vomiting, photophobia, phonophobia, and osmophobia) in category D of the IHS classification.

Background.—In the appendix of The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd edition, an alternative method of classification of migraine without aura is proposed. This method of classification has never been validated.

Methods.—A total of 1480 consecutive headache patients in a tertiary care setting were evaluated at first visit. Headache‐associated features, such as intensity, lifetime duration, frequency per month, duration, triggers, prodrome, percentage recurrence, and postdrome frequency, were recorded. In addition, medication satisfaction, acute and monthly disability, grading of headache days, sleep normality, mood, and habits were documented.

Results.—Of the 1480 patients, 901 were initially classified as having migraine IHS 1.1. Using the proposed alternative method (IHS A1.1), 885 (98.2%) of these patients were reclassified as having migraine. The remaining 16 (1.8%) patients not classified had only nausea and none of the other specified associated symptoms. They also exhibited different characteristics from the IHS migraine population as a whole regarding their headache and other features.

Conclusions.—This classification of migraine in a headache center population shows that the proposed use of any two of nausea, vomiting, photophobia, phonophobia, and osmophobia in category D of the classification may be a valid alternative method of classification. This study also demonstrates that the standard IHS methodology includes a very small group of patients who appear to be different from other migraine patients.
Modifiable Risk Factors for Migraine Progression
Authors: Bigal Marcelo E. , Lipton Richard B.
Published: August 2010

Migraine is a chronic‐recurrent disorder that progresses in some individuals. Transformed migraine is the result of this progression. Since migraine does not progress in most patients, identifying the risk factors for progression has emerged as a very important public health priority. If risk factors can be identified, that might provide a foundation for more aggressive preventive intervention. Risk factors for progression may be divided into non‐remediable (gender, age, race) and remediable categories. In this paper, we focus on several already identified remediable risk factors, including frequency of migraine attacks, obesity, acute medication overuse, caffeine overuse, stressful life events, depression, and sleep disorders. We present the evidence for each risk factor and discuss possible interventions to address them.
Headache and Sleep Disorders: Review and Clinical Implications for Headache Management
Authors: Rains Jeanetta C. , Poceta J. Steven
Published: August 2010

Review of epidemiological and clinical studies suggests that sleep disorders are disproportionately observed in specific headache diagnoses (eg, migraine, tension‐type, cluster) and other nonspecific headache patterns (ie, chronic daily headache, “awakening” or morning headache). Interestingly, the sleep disorders associated with headache are of varied types, including obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), periodic limb movement disorder, circadian rhythm disorder, insomnia, and hypersomnia. Headache, particularly morning headache and chronic headache, may be consequent to, or aggravated by, a sleep disorder, and management of the sleep disorder may improve or resolve the headache. Sleep‐disordered breathing is the best example of this relationship. Insomnia is the sleep disorder most often cited by clinical headache populations. Depression and anxiety are comorbid with both headache and sleep disorders (especially insomnia) and consideration of the full headache‐sleep‐affective symptom constellation may yield opportunities to maximize treatment. This paper reviews the comorbidity of headache and sleep disorders (including coexisting psychiatric symptoms where available). Clinical implications for headache evaluation are presented. Sleep screening strategies conducive to headache practice are described. Consideration of the spectrum of sleep‐disordered breathing is encouraged in the headache population, including awareness of potential upper airway resistance syndrome in headache patients lacking traditional risk factors for OSA. Pharmacologic and behavioral sleep regulation strategies are offered that are also compatible with treatment of primary headache.
Prophylaxis of Hemicrania Continua: Two New Cases Effectively Treated With Topiramate
Authors: Brighina Filippo , Palermo Antonio , Cosentino Giuseppe , Fierro Brigida
Published: August 2010

Hemicrania continua (HC) is an uncommon and under‐recognized primary headache disorder characterized by a strictly unilateral continuous headache of moderate intensity with possible exacerbations and associated with ipsilateral autonomic features. HC has generally a prompt and enduring response to indomethacin although 25% to 50% of treated patients develop gastrointestinal side effects. These cases pose a difficult management challenge as no other drug is consistently effective in HC. Recently 2 HC patients responsive to topiramate treatment have been reported. Here we describe 2 more patients effectively treated with topiramate. Neither reported any side effects and one had persisting response for 6 months after drug withdrawal.
Association Between Stress at Work and Primary Headache Among Nursing Staff in Taiwan
Authors: Lin Kao‐Chang , Huang Chin‐Chang , Wu Chiou‐Chuen
Published: August 2010

Background.—Stress, one of the most commonly identified triggers for primary headache in the workplace, usually leads to inefficient work during attacks. Stress‐related primary headaches in the nursing staff of hospitals have received little attention.

Objective.—To realize the association between stress and headache, and the means of coping with this kind of headache.

Methods.—A cross‐sectional, hospital‐based study using a semi‐structured questionnaire was administered to 900 nursing staffers in a tertiary medical center in southern Taiwan. Thirty‐two items, including basic information, headache‐ and stress‐related questions, work satisfaction, and coping strategies were measured. Headache sufferers with either migraine or episodic tension headache (attacks <15 days per month) based on International Headache Society (IHS) criteria were enrolled for analysis. The Student's t‐test, one‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and chi‐square test were used for statistical analysis.

Results.—Three hundred eighty‐six out of 779 responders (49.6%) had experienced primary headaches in the previous year, and 374 (48.1%) had had episodic‐type headaches (<15 days/month). A careful neurological interview of the latter group revealed that 222 (28.5%) had migraine, 104 (13.4%) had tension headache, 37 (4.8%) had mixed migraine and tension headache, and 11 (1.4%) had other causes of headache. There were no demographic differences between the sufferers and nonsufferers, although a statistically significant difference was noted in self‐reported sources of stress (individual P values ranged from .021 to < .001). Headache sufferers had more stress at work than non‐headache sufferers (P < .001). The youngest and least experienced of the nursing staff, the unmarried, and those with a lower level of education had a higher level of stress. The methods used to deal with headaches were sleep, taking medicine, taking a rest, visiting the doctor, and seeking psychological help. Nurses commonly used acetaminophen (panadol‐500 mg) to relieve their pain.

Conclusion.—These results indicate that stress at work is associated with primary headaches among nursing staff, and that nurses rarely seek help in the beginning. Therefore, nursing staff education aimed at ameliorating the stress and coping with the headaches, thus allowing the nurses to provide better patient care, may be warranted.
Screening And Behavioral Management: Medication Overuse Headache – The Complex Case
Authors: Lake Alvin E.
Published: August 2010

The new appendix criteria for a broader concept of chronic migraine from the International Headache Society no longer require headache resolution or return to the previous headache pattern to confirm the diagnosis of medication overuse headache (MOH). MOH can be subdivided into simple (Type I) and complex (Type II). Complex cases may involve long‐term use of daily opioids or combination analgesics, multisourcing, multiple psychiatric comorbidities, and/or a history of relapse. Daily use of opioids for other medical conditions, psychiatric comorbidity including borderline personality disorder, prior history of other substance dependence or abuse, and family history of substance disorders are risk factors for MOH. Relapse for analgesic overusers can be as high as 71% at 4‐year follow‐up. A case illustration spans 20 years from initial presentation through multiple periods of recovery and relapse to illustrate issues in the screening and management of complex MOH patients.
Headache Chronification: Screening and Behavioral Management of Comorbid Depressive and Anxiety Disorders
Authors: Smitherman Todd A. , Maizels Morris , Penzien Donald B.
Published: August 2010

A growing body of literature implicates comorbid psychopathology as a risk factor for chronification of headache. Despite their prevalence, comorbid psychiatric conditions are not routinely assessed among headache patients. Consequently, efforts to manage such conditions are not commonplace either. The present article briefly reviews a variety of strategies and measures for psychiatric screening among headache patients, focusing primarily on those that have been validated in medical settings, that can be administered quickly, and that involve minimal associated costs. We also describe basic strategies for behavioral management of comorbid depression and anxiety in headache patients.
My Headache Does Not Get Better When I Lie Down: Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension Complicated by Venous Thrombosis
Authors: Tan Kevin , Venketasubramanian Narayanaswamy , Hwang Cheng Yang , Lim C.C. Tchoyoson
Published: August 2010

Two patients with spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) subsequently developed cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) when their headache lost its distinctive orthostatic characteristic. In addition to typical MRI features of tonsillar descent, subdural fluid collections, and diffuse pachymeningeal enhancement, hyperintense thrombi were detected in the dural sinuses, and filling defects on magnetic resonance venography. Knowledge of the typical neuroimaging features of SIH and CVT and change in headache characteristics are important for prompt diagnosis and treatment.