bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A list of validly published, automatically typified, ordinal names of vascular plants
Authors: Reveal James L.
Published: April 2006

Reveal, J. L.: A list of validly published, automatically typified, ordinal names of vascular plants. – Taxon 42: 825‐844. 1993. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

Automatically typified ordinal names of extant vascular plants, their authorships and places of valid publication are listed along with the corresponding family name and its automatic type. Nomenclature problems relating to suprafamilial ranks are discussed.
Did Scott typify names inHaworthia (Asphodelaceae: Alooideae)?
Authors: Terblanche R. F. , Smith G. F. , Theunissen J. D.
Published: April 2006

Terblanche, R. F., Smith, G. F. & Theunissen, J. D.: Did Scott typify names inHaworthia (Asphodelaceae: Alooideae)? ‐ Taxon42: 91‐95. 1993. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

HaworthiaDuval(Asphodelaceae: Alooideae)is a taxonomically difficult genus under which c. 400 names have been published, most of them (excepting the most recent) not yet typified. Scott in his recent monograph ofHaworthiaattempted typification on a large scale, but of his four different ways of citing or indicating type specimens, two ‐ involving more than 50 % of the accepted names ‐ do not constitute effective typification. The importance of making new typifications explicit in taxonomic studies is discussed.
Report of the Committee for Pteridophyta: 13
Authors: Lellinger David B.
Published: April 2006

Lellinger, D. B.: Report of the Committee for Pteridophyta: 13. ‐ Taxon 42: 119‐120. 1993. ‐ISSN 0040‐0262.

The Committee for Pteridophyta reports its opinions on 12 proposals to conserve names, recommending one.
STUDIES IN ANNONACEAE. XIV. INDEX TO GENERIC NAMES OF ANNONACEAE
Authors: van Setten A. K. , Maas P. J. M.
Published: April 2006

A list of all known generic names in Annonaceae, including orthographic variants and nomina nuda, is given. Place and date of original literature, synonymy, and typification are mentioned. Enantia D. Oliver (not of Falconer) is given the new name Annickia, and ten new combinations are made. Some amendments to the conservation of 2679 Guatteria are proposed.
Genetic variability in the three subspecies of Marchantia polymorpha (Hepaticae): isozymes, RFLP and RAPD markers
Authors: Boisselier‐Dubayle M. C. , Jubier M. F. , Lejeune B. , Bischler H.
Published: April 2006

Boisselier‐Dubayle, M. C., Jubier, M. F., Lejeune, B. & Bischler, H.: Genetic variability in the three subspecies of Marchantia polymorpha (Hepaticae): isozymes, RFLP and RAPD markers. – Taxon 44: 363‐376. 1995. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

Three subspecies of Marchantia polymorpha have been recently characterized by isozyme patterns, ecology and morphological characters. To confirm their taxonomic status and to better understand their relationships and genetic variability, a previous study on enzyme polymorphism was extended to additional colonies and enzymes. A parallel study was done with DNA markers derived from restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Results obtained with these different approaches (protein and DNA level) all support the taxonomic distinctness of the subspecies. Genetic similarity within subspecies was found to be high over wide geographic areas, and low among subspecies. The genetic divergence of the three subspecies may be taken to illustrate a case of speciation with adaptation to different ecological niches, and subsequent reproductive isolation. The hybrid origin of Marchantia polymorpha subsp. ruderalis, postulated in the past, is not supported by our data.
Mauranthemum, a new name for Leucoglossum B. H. Wilcox & al. non S. Imai (Compositae, Anthemideae)
Authors: Vogt Robert , Oberprieler Christoph
Published: April 2006

Vogt, R. & Oberprieler, C.: Mauranthemum, a new name for Leucoglossum B. H. Wilcox & al. non S. Imai (Compositae, Anthemideae). – Taxon 44: 377‐378. 1995. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

Mauranthemum is published as an avowed substitute for Leucoglossum B. H. Wilcox & al. 1993, which is an illegitimate later homonym of Leucoglossum S. Imai 1942. New combinations for four species and one subspecies are proposed.
The identity of Crataegus columbiana and its relationship to C. piperi (Rosaceae)
Authors: Phipps J. B.
Published: April 2006

Phipps, J. B.: The identity of Crataegus columbiana and its relationship to C. piperi (Rosaceae). – Taxon 44: 405‐408. 1995. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

Crataegus columbiana Howell is here lectotypified on material that is an obvious match for C. douglasii Lindley, sensu lato, and therefore becomes a synonym of the latter. A phantom taxon commonly called C. columbiana must now be called C. piperi Britton.
Transfer of the Australian red algae Kallymenia nitophylloides to Cryptonemia (Halymeniaceae) and Halymenia chondricola to Hymenocladia (Rhodymeniaceae)
Authors: Lewis John A.
Published: April 2006

Lewis, J. A.: Transfer of the Australian red algae Kallymenia nitophylloides to Cryptonemia (Halymeniaceae) and Halymenia chondrkola to Hymenocladia (Rhodymeniaceae). – Taxon 43: 3‐10. 1994. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

Type material of Kallymenia nitophylloides J. Agardh from northern New South Wales was found to be taxonomically identical to plants collected recently at a number of sites further south in New South Wales and in Victoria. The new material has reproductive and vegetative features consistent with the genus Cryptonemia (Halymeniaceae). The combination Cryptonemia nitophylloides (J. Agardh) J. A. Lewis is therefore proposed. The holotype of Halymenia chondrkola Sond. from Western Australia was found to belong in the genus Hymenocladia (Rhodymeniaceae). The species corresponds with that generally reported in southern Australia as Hymenocladia polymorpha (Harv.) J. Agardh and in New Zealand as Hymenocladia sanguínea (Harv.) Sparling. As the name Halymenia chondricola predates both of the Harvey basionyms, the binomial Hymenocladia chondrkola (Sond.) J. A. Lewis is proposed. Lectotypes are designated for Rhodymenia polymorpha Harv. and the related yet distinct Calliblepharis conspersa Harv.
Are many plant species paraphyletic?
Authors: Rieseberg Loren H. , Brouillet Luc
Published: April 2006

Rieseberg, L. H. & Brouillet, L.: Are many plant species paraphyletic? – Taxon 43: 21‐32. 1994. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

The phylogenetic Status of plant species has become a critical issue in systematic and evolutionary botany, due in part to the influence of Hennigian principles on organismal classification. This paper reviews various modes of speciation and their frequency in plants, and discusses predicted phylogenetic consequences of different modes of speciation. The classic model of allopatric speciation by subdivision will typically generate monophyletic daughter species, whereas most geographically local models of speciation (e.g., the founder effect model), will produce a paraphyletic progenitor and monophyletic derivative species. Due to the theoretical difficulty of transforming widespread population systems through gene flow or selection, allopatric speciation by subdivision is likely to be less frequent than geographically local models of speciation. Low levels of gene flow will also increase the time required for the progenitor species to achieve monophyly. Thus, many plant species are likely to be paraphyletic, and predictably a species classification based on the criterion of monophyly is unlikely to be an effective tool for describing and ordering biological diversity.
Assessing functional reproductive traits from herbaria] material: the test case of pollen tubes in pistils of Polemoniaceae
Authors: Plitmann Uzi
Published: April 2006

Plitmann, U.: Assessing functional reproductive traits from herbarial material: the test case of pollen tubes in pistils of Polemoniaceae. –Taxon 43: 63‐69. 1994. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

Herbarium material can be used for studying certain functional reproductive traits, such as the plant's breeding system. A method is proposed by which pollen tubes can be traced in the pistil even in old dry specimens. By applying this method to species of the Polemoniaceae, microgametophytes could be scored in stigmas and styles and their mean numbers related to the specific known or putative breeding systems. Mean numbers of pollen tubes showed high correlation with the pollen‐ovule ratios or the stigmatic pollen germination of the species involved. These numbers were significantly higher in predominant inbreeders than in predominant or facultative out‐breeders. The method is thus suited for obtaining accessory biosystematic information from herbarial material.
On the current nomenclatural status of Tetrahedraletes (Fossiles)
Authors: Traverse Alfred , Strother Paul K.
Published: April 2006

Traverse, A. & Strother, P. K.: On the current nomenclatural status of Tetrahedraletes (Fossiles). – Taxon 43: 71‐74. 1994. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

Two valid and legitimate generic names of Silurian fossil obligate tetrads, Tetrahedraletes and Nodospora, published by Strother & Traverse, are based on type specimens that now are recognized as representing a single genus. Burgess, the first to propose the synonymy formally, selected Tetrahedraletes as the generic name for the combined genus, and his choice, having priority, must be followed. Gray's call to abandon both generic names is misguided.
The identity of Euphorbia milii var. breonii, nom. nud. (Euphorbiaceae)
Authors: Newton Leonard E.
Published: April 2006

Newton, L. E.: The identity of Euphorbia milii var. breonii, nom. nud. (Euphorbiaceae). – Taxon 43: 85‐87. 1994. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

Euphorbia breonii Nois. is a superfluous renaming of E. milii Des Moul. E. milii var. breonii Ursch & Leandri is an invalidly published nomen nudum, excluding the type of its epithet‐bringing synonym. The taxon known today as “E. milii var. breonii” is sufficiently close to E. milii var. hislopii (N. E. Br.) Ursch & Leandri to be regarded as a mere variant of it. A lectotype is designated for E. milii Des Moul.
Report of the Committee for Spermatophyta: 40
Authors: Brummitt R. K.
Published: April 2006

Brummitt, R. K.: Report of the Committee for Spermatophyta: 40. – Taxon 43: 113‐126. 1994. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

This report deals with 32 proposals (30 numbered, 2 unnumbered and first published here): 17 to conserve (11 recommended), 8 to amend current entries (6 recommended), and 7 to reject (3 recommended, 4 to be reconsidered in the light of changes to the rules decided in Yokohama); and gives 10 Committee opinions: 9 on homonymy (4 positive, 3 negative, 1 undecided), 1 on validity (name not validly published), and 1 on correctability of spelling (correctable).
Two hitherto confused species, Dracontium polyphyllum and D. asperum (Araceae), and typification of their names
Authors: Zhu Guanghua , Grayum Michael H.
Published: April 2006

Zhu, G. & Grayum, M. H.: Two hitherto confused species, Dracontium polyphyllum and D. asperum (Araceae), and typification of their names. – Taxon 44: 519‐523. 1995. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

The names Dracontium polyphyllum L. and D. asperum K. Koch have confused aroid taxonomists for more than two centuries, because they pertain to similar material from the same country (Surinam), and their typification is problematic. The previously designated lectotype of D. polyphyllum is ambiguous and cannot be identified to species level; an epitype is here designated. A neotype is designated for D. asperum. The concepts of the two species are elaborated.
Generic boundaries in the tribe Sileneae (Caryophyllaceae) as inferred from nuclear rDNA sequences
Authors: Oxelman Bengt , Lidén Magnus
Published: April 2006

Oxelman, B. & Lidén, M.: Generic boundaries in the tribe Sileneae (Caryophyllaceae) as inferred from nuclear rDNA sequences. – Taxon 44: 525‐542. 1995. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

The relationships within the tribe Sileneae (Caryophyllaceae, Caryophylloideae) were deduced from nucleotide sequence variation in the nuclear ribosomal DNA. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions and the intervening 5.8S gene were sequenced for 76 ingroup and five outgroup taxa. The relationships were analysed more closely for 26 of these, with the addition of 822 aligned positions from the 28S gene. Drypis appears not to belong in Sileneae, and perhaps not even in Caryophylloideae. Agrostemma is sister group to the rest of the tribe. Eudianthe (Silene coeli‐rosa and S. laeta) and Petrocoptis are clearly separated from the core Silene. Steris (Viscaria), Silene sect. Heliosperma, sect. Rupifraga, and sect. Compactae together form a strongly supported clade, as do Lychnis plus Uebelinia. Cucubalus, Melandrium, and Gastrolychnis are nested within a weakly supported “Silene”. Polyschemone, previously often misplaced in Lychnis, is apparently closely related to Silene acaulis. Within the core Silene, three main groups can be identified, corresponding roughly to three of Rohrbach's (1869) five main generic subdivisions, S. subg. Behen, sect. Cincinnosilene, and sect. Botryosilene. Pleconax, Melandrium, Cucubalus, and Gastrolychnis nest within S. subg. Behen, but the monophyly of this group is weakly supported. Members of S. sect. Dichasiosilene are scattered over all three groups, indicating that dichasium is plesiomorphic within the group.
Neotypification of Acer orientale (Aceraceae)
Authors: Turland Nicholas
Published: April 2006

Turland, N. J.: Neotypification of Acer orientale (Aceraceae). – Taxon 44: 597‐600. 1995. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

A specimen belonging to the Turkish Acer monspessulanum subsp. oksalianum Yalt. is designated as the neotype of the ambiguous name A. orientale L. The latter name has been applied to another eastern Mediterranean taxon which since 1967 has been known by the slightly later name A. sempervirens L. This action stabilizes this current usage.
Vitex bombacifolia, not a synonym of V. helogiton (Verbenaceae)
Authors: Daniel P. , Rajendran A.
Published: April 2006

Daniel, P. & Rajendran, A.: Vitex bombacifolia, not a synonym of V. helogiton (Verbenaceae). – Taxon 44: 601‐602. 1995. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

Vitex bombacifolia, a nomen nudum of Wallich, was later validly published by Walpers. It cannot be synonymized under the later V. helogiton K. Schum., as recently done by Munir. However, V. bombacifolia Wall, ex Walp. is in fact conspecific with V. glabrata R. Br. not with V. helogiton.
Neotypification of the name Clitoria lactescens (Leguminosae)
Authors: Fortunato Renée H. , Greuter Werner
Published: April 2006

Fortunato, R. H. & Greuter, W.: Neotypifîcation of the name Clitoria lactescens (Leguminosae). – Taxon 47: 703‐704. 1998. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

The unused and mysterious Linnaean name Clitoria lactescens, for which no original material exists, has by some been considered a synonym of Galactia pendula, a junior name that it would thus displace. This synonymy is rejected because the validating description of C. lactescens does not fit G. pendula, and the foprmer name is neotypified in such a way that it is no longer a threat to any currently used name.
Neophoenix (Pottiaceae), a new African moss genus found through soil diaspore bank analysis
Authors: Zander Richard H. , During Heinjo J.
Published: April 2006

Zander, R. H. & During, H. J.: Neophoenix (Pottiaceae), a new African moss genus found through soil diaspore bank analysis. – Taxon 48: 657‐662. 1999. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

Neophoenix matoposensis is a newly described taxon obtained after forced growth from soil of experimental fire plots in southern Zimbabwe. It is related to three other austral genera with transparent thecae, but differs in several gametophytic and sporophytic characters. Forced diaspore bank analysis is shown to be of value in uncovering mosses that are small in stature and appear to have a short life cycle and limited time of above‐ground exposure. The technique may prove useful in biodiversity analysis in general. Two similarly hyalothecoid pottiaceous species were also uncovered in soil samples from the same area: Bryoceuthospora aethiopica is new to Zimbabwe, Uleobryum occultum (of which U. curtisii is a new synonym) is new to Africa, having been previously known from Brazil and Australia.
Charles Plumier's drawings of American plants and the nomenclature of early CaribbeanAristolochiaspecies(Aristolochiaceae)
Authors: Rodríguez Rosa Rankin , Greuter Werner
Published: April 2006

Rankin Rodríguez, R. & Greuter, W.: Charles Plumier's drawings of American plants and the nomenclature of early CaribbeanAristolochiaspecies(Aristolochiaceae). ‐‐ Taxon 48: 677‐688. 1999. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

Among the 1657 mostly unpublished drawings of Caribbean plants made by Charles Plumier between 1689 and 1697, 6 concern species ofAristolochia.All have served, either in original (kept in the Central Library of the National Museum of Natural History in Paris) or in copy (from the series drawn for Boerhaave in 1733 and studied in 1738 by Linnaeus), or as published plates base on either set, or by an associated description, as the main basis for 7 heterotypic binomials referring to 6 species. Having studied the original drawings and Plumier's correlated manuscript notes in Paris as well as the 4 extant Boerhaave copies and all relevant literature, the authors critically review the typification and application of the binomials concerned, designating lecto‐ or neotypes where needed and epitypes in most cases. Current usage of names is maintained with two exceptions. The nameA. bilabiatahas, since 1966, been misapplied to the species that was previously and correctly known asA. oblongata,and should therefore now be rejected as a confused name (rather than being adopted in the sense of its type, displacingA. chasmemato designate a rare endemic of Haiti, Hispaniola).A. punctata,so far considered a doubtful name, is synonymous withA. fuertesiiand must be adopted in its stead for another seldom collected endemic of Hispaniola.
Maesaceae, a new primuloid family in the order Ericales s.l.
Authors: Anderberg Arne A. , Ståhl Bertil , Källersjö Mari
Published: April 2006

Anderberg, A. A., Ståhl, B. & Källersjö, M.: Maesaceae, a new primuloid family in the order Ericales s.l. – Taxon 49: 183–187. 2000. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

Evidence from morphology and molecular sequence data from three chloroplast genes, rbcL, ndhF, and atpB, have shown that the genus Maesa constitutes an evolutionary lineage separate from the other three primuloid families, Theophrastaceae, Myrsinaceae, and Primulaceae. The new family Maesaceae is here formally recognised, its taxonomic status being changed from a subfamily of Myrsinaceae. The new family comprises a single genus, Maesa Forssk., with some 100 species of trees or shrubs; it is diagnosed by characters such as flower pedicels with two bracteoles, a semi‐inferior ovary, and indehiscent fruits with many seeds. A key to the major groups of primuloid taxa is presented
Typification of Linnaean plant names in thePoaceae(Gramineae)
Authors: Jarvis Charles E. , Turland Nicholas J.
Published: April 2006

Cafferty, S., Jarvis, C. E. & Turland, N. J. (eds.): Typification of Linnaean plant names in thePoaceae(Gramineae). – Taxon 49: 239–260. 2000. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

Lectotypes, neotypes and epitypes are designated by 26 specialists for 107 previously untypified Linnaean plant names belonging to the familyPoaceae(Gramineae) and also for one Jacquin name. These newly proposed types support the current usage of the names concerned. Earlier but ineffective or supersedable type statements are discussed.
Floristics and monography—an uncertain future?
Authors: Heywood Vernon
Published: April 2006

Heywood, V.: Floristics and monography—an uncertain future? – Taxon 50: 361–380. 2001. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

Like much of the rest of taxonomy, both floristics and monography, two of its principal outputs are being subjected, albeit slowly, to the dramatic changes in concepts and methodology that are affecting other parts of these fields. After a number of false starts, electronic web‐based preparation and publication of floristic and taxonomic projects in the form of continually updated information systems and databases are beginning to replace conventional time‐ and information‐limited floras and, to a lesser extent, monographs. Coincidental with these developments, the value of floristics is being questioned by some biologists on the grounds of its lack of scientific objectivity and its weakening of systematics as a scientific endeavour, while at the same time its fundamental importance, under the guise of completing the inventory of biodiversity, is being emphasised by other biologists and by the Convention on Biological Diversity and the Global Taxonomic Initiative. Other important developments that will affect the way in which floristics and monography are pursued, is the questioning of the continuing relevance of the Linnaean hierarchical structure of biological classification and proposals to replace it with a phylogenetic structure, and proposals to adopt phylogenetic species concepts. Both of these, however scientifically justified, would drastically affect the accessibility of the units of taxonomy to a large number of non‐specialist users. In contrast to this, we are beginning to see in taxonomy policy‐making, an increasing sensitivity to societal and ethical concerns that characterise “post‐normal science”. This includes the recognition of the need to command strong public identification such as response to user needs and concerns, and an acceptance that floristic and taxonomic work cannot be pursued as open‐ended, long‐term enterprises. There is a time limit imposed by human activities in destroying the very resource base of biodiversity that we are aiming to study.
Phylogenetic analysis ofPhylicaL. (Rhamnaceae) with an emphasis on island species: evidence from plastidtrnL‐Fand nuclear internal transcribed spacer (ribosomal) DNA sequences
Authors: Richardson James E. , Weitz Frans M. , Fay Michael F. , Cronk Quentin C. B. , Linder H. Peter , Reeves Gail , Chase Mark W.
Published: April 2006

Richardson, J. E., Weitz, F. M., Fay, M. F., Cronk, Q. C. B., Linder, H. P., Reeves, G. & Chase, M. W.: Phylogenetic analysis ofPhylicaL. (Rhamnaceae) with an emphasis on island species: evidence from plastidtrnL‐FDNA and nuclear internal transcribed spacer (ribosomal DNA) sequences. – Taxon 50: 405–427. 2001. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

The relationships of the island species ofPhylicaand other genera inPhyliceae(Rhamnaceae) were evaluated using sequences for the plastidtrnLintron, thetrnL‐Fintergenic spacer and the internal transcribed spacers of nuclear ribosomal DNA. Both regions provided nearly identical phylogenetic patterns, so they were analysed as a combined matrix. The generaNesiotaandNolteawere found to be palaeoendemic species within the context of the tribe. The island species ofPhylicaformed a monophyletic group together with the widespread mainland species,P. paniculata.The plesiomorphic, generalist morphology of this group contrasts with the derived morphological characteristics of the majority of mainland species. However, the group occupies a derived position in the phylogenetic trees, thus indicating either a reversal or more likely the retention of these primitive traits.
Alternative coding strategies and the inapplicable data coding problem
Authors: Seitz Volkhard , Garcia Sol Ortiz , Liston Aaron
Published: April 2006

Seitz, V., Ortiz García, S. & Liston, A.: Alternative coding strategies and the inapplicable data coding problem. – Taxon 49: 47‐54. 2000. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

A comprehensive overview of the relationship of alternative coding strategies to the inapplicable data coding problem is presented. In contrast to Pleijel, who argued that the presence/absence coding method (coding each observable feature as a separate character) avoids problems with non‐applicable states, we show that the problem of inapplicable data is the same, no matter whether observable features are coded as separate characters or as two or more states of a character. The inapplicable data problem is concealed in presence/absence coding if the distinction between inapplicable and absent data is not made.
A molecular phylogeny of Tropaeolaceae and its systematic implications
Authors: Andersson Lennart , Andersson Stephan
Published: April 2006

Andersson, L. & Andersson, S.: A molecular phylogeny of Tropaeolaceae and its systematic implications. – Taxon 49: 721–736. 2000. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

Relationships among 35 species of Tropaeolaceae are estimated based on nucleotide sequence variation in plastid DNA (the rbcL gene and the rps16 intron) and nuclear ribosomal DNA (the ITS1–5.8S‐ITS2 tandem repeat). Tropaeolum becomes paraphyletic when Magallana and Trophaeastrum are segregated; therefore, Magallana and Trophaeastrum should be reduced to synonyms of Tropaeolum. The two new combinations Tropaeolum porifolium (Cav.) L.Andersson & S.Andersson and T. trialatum (Suess.) L. Andersson & S. Andersson are made. Further, although most of the sections of Tropaeolum that were recognised in Sparre and Andersson's monograph are monophyletic, only two entities can be distinguished that are both monophyletic and morphologically diagnosable. Therefore, the genus Tropaeolum should be subdivided into two sections, T. sect. Tropaeolum and T. sect. Chilensia. Tropaeolum sect. Tropaeolum should include the formerly recognised sections Bicolora, Dipetala, Mucoronata, Schizotrophaeum, Serratociliata, Tropaeolum, and Umbellata. Tropaeolum sect. Chilensia should include the formerly recognised genera Magallana and Trophaeastrum, and the formerly recognised T. sect. Chymocarpus.
Taxonomic reassessment of some Central Asian and Himalayan scale‐leaved taxa of Juniperus (Cupressaceae) supported by random amplification of polymorphic DNA
Authors: Adams Robert P. , Turuspekov Yerlan
Published: April 2006

Adams, R. P. & Turuspekov, Y.: Taxonomic reassessment of some Central Asian and Himalayan scale‐leaved taxa of Juniperus (Cupressaceae) supported by random amplification of polymorphic DNA. ‐ Taxon 47: 75–83.1998. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

Analysis of central Asian Juniperus using RAPD revealed that J. centrasiatica, J. turkestanica, and J. pseudosabina appear to belong to a single species, to be named J. pseudosabina. This conclusion is also supported by previous work on terpenoids. Putative J. indica from Nepal (shrub form) was found to be distinct from J. pseudosabina. It appears that the common scale‐leaved shrub or tree juniper of the Himalayas should be called J. indica not J. pseudosabina.
A contribution to the generic delimitation of Sechium (Cucurbitaceae, Sicyinae)
Authors: Lira Rafael , Caballero Javier , Dávila Patricia
Published: April 2006

Lira, R., Caballero, J. & Dávila, P.: A contribution to the generic delimitation of Sechium (Cucurbitaceae, Sicyinae). – Taxon 46: 269‐282. 1997. – ISSN 040‐0262.

The generic limits of Sechium continue to be controversial. A phenetic analysis of the species of Sechium and its allies in subtribe Sicyinae, using both palynological and macromorphological characters, was carried out. The results of the analysis basically support the taxonomic circumscription of this genus proposed by Jeffrey (1978). Both cluster and ordination analyses showed that all the species recognized by Jeffrey as pertaining to the genus Sechium, as well as others more recently described, form a well defined group constituted by 11 species and clearly separated from other taxa in the subtribe Sicyinae. The observed clustering within Sechium does not correspond to the two sections of the genus recognized by Jeffrey. Sechiopsis appears to be the closest relative of Sechium.
Lectotypification of the names of Linnaean Echium species now in Lobostemon (Boraginaceae)
Authors: Buys M. H. , Van der Walt J. J. A.
Published: April 2006

Buys, M. H. & Van der Walt, J. J. A.: Lectotypification of the names of Linnaean Echium species now in Lobostemon (Boraginaceae). – Taxon 45: 515‐517. 1996. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

Lectotypes are designated for three Linnaean names: Echium capitatum, E. fruticosum, and E. laevigatum. Thereby the third becomes a synonym of the second.
Phragmites in Crete, Cenchrus frutescens, and the nomenclature of the common reed (Gramineae)
Authors: Greuter Werner , Scholz Hildemar
Published: April 2006

Greuter, W. & Scholz, H.: Phragmites in Crete, Cenchrus frutescens, and the nomenclature of the common reed (Gramineae). – Taxon 45: 521‐523. 1996. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

Phragmites is represented by two taxa on the S. Aegean island of Crete (Greece), one of which corresponds to the cosmopolitan common reed, P. australis. The other deviates in several features and is here described and named as a new species, P. frutescens H. Scholz; it has been studied in the wild and was found to have a peculiar, frutescent, branched habit, to produce inflorescences only occasionally, and never fertile flowers; reproduction appears to take place only vegetatively, by stolons and by leafy propagules replacing the flowers. The Cretan reed has been taxonomically equated by some authors with a doubtful Linnean species, Cenchrus frutescens, and the latter name has been recently proposed for rejection so as to prevent displacement of P. australis by the older supposed synonym. Although one of the original elements of C. frutescens arguably belongs to P. frutescens, it is an old illustration that cannot be interpreted with ultimate certainty; furthermore it is in major conflict with the remainder of the protologue. Choice of the epithet frutescens for the new species eliminates future uncertainty and makes the proposal to reject C. frutescens unnecessary. Those who (like one of the authors) are unconvinced of the specific distinctness of the Cretan reed are free to treat it at an appropriate infraspecific level under P. australis.
On the conspecificity of Aglaothamnion tenuissimum and A. byssoides (Ceramiaceae, Rhodophyta)
Authors: Furnari G. , L'Hardy‐Halos M.‐T. , Rueness J. , Serio D.
Published: April 2006

Furnari, G., L'Hardy‐Halos, M.‐T., Rueness, J. & Serio, D.: On the conspecificity of Aglaothamnion tenuissimum and A. byssoides (Ceramiaceae, Rhodophyta). – Taxon 47: 843‐849. 1998. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

Crosses between Mediterranean strains of Aglaothamnion tenuissimum and Atlantic strains of both A. byssoides and A. pseudobyssoides support the conclusion that A. tenuissimum is conspecific with A. byssoides but that A. pseudobyssoides is a distinct species. Ceramium tenuissimum (the basionym of A. tenuissimum) antedates Callithamnion byssoides (the basionym of A. byssoides), so that the correct name of this species is A. tenuissimum. Because diagnostic features are lacking in the type specimen of C. tenuissimum, an epitype for that name is chosen. Moreover, A. tenuissimum var. mazoyerae, var. nov., is proposed for Mediterranean populations of this species that grow in habitats of low light intensity and differ morphologically from the nominal variety in the shape and size of the tetrasporangia, in the size and shape of axial cells in the basal region of the thallus, and in the absence of rhizoidal cortication.
Pollen morphology and the systematic position of Triplostegia (Dipsacales)
Authors: Backlund A. , Nilsson S.
Published: April 2006

Backlund, A. & Nilsson, S.: Pollen morphology and the systematic position of Triplostegia (Dipsacales). – Taxon 46: 21‐31. 1997. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

Triplostegia comprises two species of perennial herbs from southeast Asia, T. glandulifera and T. grandiflora. The systematic position of the genus has been debated ever since it was described, and it has been placed in either Dipsacaceae or Valerianaceae, or in a family of its own Triplostegiaceae. Pollen of Triplostegia, investigated by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, is similar to that of both Dipsacaceae and Valerianaceae. Presence of numerous branched and bent columellae as well as an aperture margin structure resembling the halo found in Valerianaceae indicates a closer relationship to the Valerianaceae. A sister‐group relationship between Triplostegia and the Valerianaceae is furthermore supported by other studies of molecular and morphological data. In order to maximize information content in the framework of mandatory classificational ranks, Triplostegia is best included in the family Valerianaceae, as the sole member of a subfamily Triplostegioideae.
Plant macromolecular systematics in the past 50 years: one view
Authors: Crawford Daniel J.
Published: April 2006

Crawford, D. J.: Plant macromolecular systematics in the past 50 years: one view. ‐ Taxon 49: 479–501.2000. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

An overview of plant macromolecular systematics during the period 1950–2000 is presented. The general trend during this period has been from secondary compounds (not included in this review) to proteins and then to DNA. Amino acid sequencing of proteins from the 1960s through the 1970s, while having very little lasting impact on plant phylogeny, raised a number of issues that continue to be discussed. Enzyme electrophoresis has provided data at the population and lowest taxonomic levels, and has stimulated discussions and studies on the tempo and mode of speciation. DNA data, initially from restriction sites and subsequently from sequencing, have been employed extensively in generating phytogenies for groups ranging from species and genera up to plants as a whole. Despite the potential, molecular data have been used infrequently to study evolutionary processes and speciation. Phylogenies generated from molecular data provide the necessary framework for such investigations. The incorporation of molecular data has had a positive stimulatory effect on plant systematics during the past five decades, but the results of molecular studies are of greatest value when they are part of more broadly‐based investigations that include more “traditional” approaches such as field and chromosomal studies. However, one of the side effects of increased emphasis on molecular systematics has been less emphasis on “traditional” systematic studies. Hopefully, the next five decades will witness a melding of the old and new to continue the “unending synthesis” that makes systematics such a vital discipline in plant biology.
Mediterranean lichens on‐line
Authors: Grabe Martin , Nimis Pier Luigi
Published: April 2006

Grube, M. & Nimis, P. L.: Mediterranean lichens on‐line. – Taxon 46: 487‐493. 1997. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

In the frame of a project of the OPTIMA Commission for Lichens, a workspace has been created on the Internet for the compilation of a checklist of Mediterranean lichens. The World Wide Web now offers quick access to the lichen checklists of several countries, and facilitates the coordination of future work through a common format of data presentation. As a first step, the checklists were placed on the Web as plain text files, except for the lichen data from Slovenia, which are organized in a relational database. Placing new information on the Web is equivalent to a kind of publication, which raises some issues which need being discussed.
Rank and typification in North American dwarf cherries, and a key to the taxa
Authors: Catling P. M. , McKay‐Kuja S. M. , Mitrow G.
Published: April 2006

Catling, P. M., McKay‐Kuja, S. M. & Mitrow, G.: Rank and typification in North American dwarf cherries, and a key to the taxa. – Taxon 48: 483‐488. 1999. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

Pubescent twigs are characteristic ofPrunus susquehanae, a plant of acid, sandy or rocky barrens, whereas other members of the dwarf cherry complex, mostly of alkaline or neutral substrates of prairies, lakeshores, and scree slopes, have glabrous twigs. The correlation of this character with habit, ecology, and other morphological characters provides a basis for treatingP. susquehanae(=P. pumilavar.cuneata)as a distinct species. Related taxa are best treated as varieties ofP. pumila.Current application of the scientific names is confirmed.P. pumilais lectotypified by a Miller figure, but in view of its ambiguity, a supporting epitype is also selected. Lectotypes are also designated forP. besseyiandP. susquehanae.A key and conspectus are included.
Retitribrevicolporites is a synonym of Tricolporopollis (Tertiary pollen from India)
Authors: Saxena R. K. , Tripathi S. K. M.
Published: April 2006

Saxena, R. K. & Tripathi, S. K. M.: Retitribrevicolporites is a synonym of Tricolporopollis (Tertiary pollen from India). – Taxon 48: 493‐496. 1999. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

The genus Retitribrevicolporites was established by Kar in 1985 to accommodate Lakiapollis matanomadhensis, whereas this species was united with the earlier Tricolporopollis by Tripathi & H. P. Singh in 1985. The latter taxonomic treatment is here confirmed. Tricolporopollis presently comprises four named species known only from Indian Tertiary (Palaeocene to Eocene) sediments. Its possible relation to fossil pollen from other areas is unknown.
A comprehensive reference model for biological collections and surveys
Authors: Berendsohn Walter G. , Anagnostopoulos Anastasios , Hagedorn Gregor , Jakupovic Jasmin , Nimis Pier Luigi , Valdés Benito , Güntschl Anton , Pank‐hurst Richard J. , White Richard J.
Published: April 2006

Berendsohn, W. G., Anagnostopoulos, A., Hagedorn, G., Jakupovic, J., Nimis, P. L., Valdés, B., Güntsch, A., Pankhurst, R. J. & White, R. J.: A comprehensive reference model for biological collections and surveys. – Taxon 48: 511‐562. 1999. ISSN 0040‐0262.

The article describes an extended entity‐relationship model covering biological collections, i.e. natural history collections of biotic origin; data collections used in floristic or faunistic mapping, survey, and monitoring projects; live collections such as botanical or zoological gardens, seed banks, microbial strain collections and gene banks; as well as novel collection kinds such as of secondary metabolites or DNA samples. The central element in the model is the unit, which stands for any object containing, being or being part of a living, fossilised, or conserved organism. The unit may be gathered (observed or collected) in the field and derived units may recursively emerge from it through specimen processing, breeding or cultivation. In addition, units may form associations (e.g. host/parasite), ensembles (lichen on a rock with fossils), and assemblages (herd, artificial grouping). Gathering events, specimen management (acquisition, accession, storage, preservation, exchange, ownership), and taxonomic or other identifications relate to the unit and are treated in detail. Geographic and geo‐ecological data have not been fully modelled; taxonomic (name) data and descriptive information are treated by reference to other published models.
Taxonomic and nomenclatural notes on Luzula and Juncus (Juncaceae)
Authors: Kirschner Jan , Kaplan Zdeněk
Published: April 2006

Kirschner, J. & Kaplan, Z.: Taxonomic and nomenclatural notes on Luzula and Juncus (Juncaceae). ‐ Taxon 50: 1107–1113. 2001. – ISSN 0040–0262.

New taxa and combinations are presented to be included in the prepared treatment of Juncaceae in the Flora of the World. A new section, Luzula sect. Atlanticae, and a new species, Luzula indica, are described, and three new combinations are made: Luzula nipponica (Satake) Kirschner & Miyamoto, L. lutescens (Koidzumi) Kirschner & Miyamoto, and Luzula alpino‐pilosa subsp. deflexa (Kozuharov) Kirschner. A new name, Juncus meianthus K. Wilson is proposed for a later homonym, J. gracilis R. Br. The name Luzula acuminata Raf. is neotypified in order to retain its current usage.
Lectotypification of the name Dipentodon sinicus (Dipentodontaceae)
Authors: Peng Hua
Published: April 2006

Peng, H.: Lectotypification of the name Dipentodon sinicus (Dipentodontaceae) – Taxon 50: 1177–1178. 2001. ‐ ISSN 0040–0262.

The type of Dipentodon sinicus Dunn was not indicated when the name was first published, and a lectotype is now designated. The species is very well known, representing a monospecific family, Dipentodontaceae.
Low density traffic streams
Authors: Brown Mark
Published: April 2006

Low density traffic refers to the study of macroscopic properties of a traffic stream when vehicles travel independently of one another. It is usually assumed that each vehicle travels at a constant velocity, the velocity varying from vehicle to vehicle. We allow very general vehicular motions and study various aspects of the traffic streams. For example, it is shown that if π [a,b] is the expected time for a vehicle to travel from a to b under the stochastic process governing the motion of vehicles, then a non-homogeneous Poisson spatial process with mean measure π is invariant.
The stable M/G/1 queue in heavy traffic and its covariance function
Authors: Ott Teunis J.
Published: April 2006

Let X(t) be the virtual waiting-time process of a stable M/G/1 queue. Let R(t) be the covariance function of the stationary process X(t), B(t) the busy-period distribution of X(t); and let E(t) = P{X(t) = 0|X(0) = 0}.

For X(t) some heavy-traffic results are given, among which are limiting expressions for R(t) and its derivatives and for B(t) and E(t).

These results are used to find the covariance function of stationary Brownian motion on [0, ∞).
Asymptotic inference in stationary Gaussian time-series
Authors: Davies Robert B.
Published: April 2006

Conditions are given for the family of distributions of a stationary, discrete-time, Gaussian, vector-valued time-series with covariance structure given up to a finite number of parameters to satisfy the asymptotic differentiability conditions introduced by Le Cam (1969).
Game theory and evolution
Authors: Haigh John
Published: April 2006

Maynard Smith and Price (1973) have shown that the methods and terminology of Game Theory can be used to study the evolution of various strategies in animal species. They write aij as the mean ‘value’ to the user of strategy i when his opponent uses strategy j; these values aij are related to the fitness of the user of i, in the sense that, if aij is large, it is advantageous to use strategy i when one's opponent uses strategy j, and this advantage will be reflected in an increase in one's reproductive potential. For example, these may be a contest for territory, or dominance rights.
Artificial selection in populations by overlapping generations
Authors: Hill William G.
Published: April 2006

In populations of species such as cattle and sheep which are being selected for commercially important quantitative traits like milk yield and growth rate, the breeder cannot avoid overlapping generations since the female reproductive rate is so low. There is a classical theory for predicting the rate of response to selection in continuing programmes in which the selection differentials and age structure of the population do not change (Rendel and Robertson, (1950)). In a new programme, however, these rates of response are approached only asymptotically and may not be a useful approximation for several years. Recurrence relations have been developed by several authors to enable predictions of short term responses, but these can be simplified with Leslie's (1945) matrix formulation. Some basic principles will be given here; for details see Hill (1974).
A birth, death and migration process by immigration
Authors: Aksland M.
Published: April 2006

A finite number of colonies, each subject to a simple birth-death and immigration process is studied under the condition of migration between the colonies.

Kolmogorov's backward equations for the process are solved for some special cases, and a sequence of functions uniformly converging to the p.g.f. of the process is given for the general case. Further, a set of algebraic equations for the extinction probabilities are studied for the process without immigration, and a necessary and sufficient condition that the extinction probability be one is obtained.
Queueing output processes
Authors: Daley D. J.
Published: April 2006

The paper reviews various aspects, mostly mathematical, concerning the output or departure process of a general queueing systemG/G/s/Nwith general arrival process, mutually independent service times,sservers (1 ≦s≦ ∞), and waiting room of sizeN(0 ≦N≦ ∞), subject to the assumption of being in a stable stationary condition. Known explicit results for the distribution of the stationary inter-departure intervals {Dn} for both infinite and finite-server systems are given, with some discussion on the use of reversibility in Markovian systems. Some detailed results for certain modified single-serverM/G/1 systems are also available. Most of the known second-order properties of {Dn} depend on knowing that the system has either Poisson arrivals or exponential service times. The related stationary point process for which {Dn} is the stationary sequence of the corresponding Palm–Khinchin distribution is introduced and some of its second-order properties described. The final topic discussed concerns identifiability, and questions of characterizations of queueing systems in terms of the output process being a renewal process, or uncorrelated, or infinitely divisible.
Maximum likelihood estimation for continuous-time stochastic processes
Authors: Feigin Paul David
Published: April 2006

This paper is mainly concerned with the asymptotic theory of maximum likelihood estimation for continuous-time stochastic processes. The role of martingale limit theory in this theory is developed. Some analogues of classical statistical concepts and quantities are also suggested. Various examples that illustrate parts of the theory are worked through, producing new results in some cases. The role of diffusion approximations in estimation is also explored.
Identically distributed linear forms and the normal distribution
Authors: Ghurye S. G. , Olkin I.
Published: April 2006

A general discussion and survey is provided of the characterization of the normal distribution by the identical distribution of linear forms. The first result dates to 1923 when Pólya showed that if X and Y are i.i.d. random variables satisfying certain conditions, and if aX + bY is distributed as (a2 + b2)1/2X, then X has a normal distribution. This result has been generalized in several directions. In addition to a recasting of some of the results, an extension in the multivariate case is provided.
Some general results for many server queues
Authors: De Smit J. H. A.
Published: April 2006

Pollaczek's theory for the many server queue is generalized and extended. Pollaczek (1961) found the distribution of the actual waiting times in the model G/G/s as a solution of a set of integral equations. We give a somewhat more general set of integral equations from which the joint distribution of the actual waiting time and some other random variables may be found. With this joint distribution we can obtain distributions of a number of characteristic quantities, such as the virtual waiting time, the queue length, the number of busy servers, the busy period and the busy cycle. For a wide class of many server queues the formal expressions may lead to explicit results.
Evolution processes with continuity of types
Authors: Eshel Ilan
Published: April 2006

The objective of this work is to study the long range evolutionary traits in a population with an infinite number of types; we are especially interested in the asymptotic rate of evolution, variance and type-distribution. In this paper we concentrate on an asexual population with the same probabilistic mutation force acting over all types in the population.

Most results are proved under the assumption that the mutation effect is also unchanged in time; some are extended to more general cases with time-changed distribution of mutation.
Ensembles fermés aléatoires, ensembles semi-markoviens et polyèdres poissoniens
Authors: Matheron G.
Published: April 2006

Random set theory is closely connected with integral geometry. After a general description, based upon the Choquet theorem, the semi-Markovian property is defined and characterized in terms of integral geometry. Applications are made to Poisson polytopes characterized by conditional invariance properties.