bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EVALUATION OF ANTI-FATIGUE ACTIVITY OF FLAVONOIDS FROM TARTARY BUCKWHEAT IN MICE
Authors: Miao Fusheng , Wu Di , Ni Guichao
Published: May 2022

Background: Flavonoids are the major biological activities components of tartary buckwheat which has multifunctional

bioactivities. However, there are a limited number of studies on the effect of flavonoids from tartary buckwheat (TBF) on physical

fatigue at present. This study aimed to investigate the anti-fatigue activity of TBF in mice.

Materials and Methods: The mice were divided into four groups: control (C), low-dose TBF-treated (LFT), middle-dose

TBF-treated (MFT) and high-dose TBF-treated (HFT). The treated groups received TBF (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg), while the control

group received physiological saline. After 28 days' treatment, the mice performed exhaustive running exercise on the treadmill, along

with the measure of exhaustive running times, blood lactic acid (BLA), serum urea nitrogen (SUN), serum creatine kinase (SCK),

liver glycogen, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT).

Results: TBF prolonged the exhaustive running time of the mice. It sub-served to remove the accumulated products of metabolism

by decreasing the levels of BLA and SUN. It ameliorated the muscle damage by decreasing the SCK levels. It improved the

metabolic control of exercise and activated the energy metabolism by increasing the liver glycogen contents, as well as improving

endogenous cellular antioxidant enzymes in mice by increasing the SOD, GPx and CAT activities.

Conclusion: TBF has significant anti‑fatigue activity.
EFFECTS OF ACUPUNCTURE ON RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS
Authors: Li Jing , Yang Jie , Wu Song , Wang Ming-Rui , Zhu Ji-Min
Published: May 2022

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of acupuncture for treating rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Materials and Methods: The literature were searched using 6 databases, including Pubmed, Embase, Chinese Biomedical

Literature Database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, VIP and Wanfang database up to December 2013, without language

restrictions. All randomized clinical trials (RCTs) comparing acupuncture treatment with non-acupuncture treatment of RA was

considered. Methodological quality was assessed using the Jadad score.

Results: After strict screening, a total of 21 studies containing 1772 participants were included. The meta-analysis indicated that a

significant benefit of acupuncture compared with non-acupuncture on improving the symptoms of RA (pooled RR = 1.19, 95% CI

1.08–1.31, Z = 3.47, P = 0.001). In the subgroup analysis, 9 RCTs showed significant effects of acupuncture for response rate

compared with western medicine (RR = 1.26, 95% CI 1.02–1.55, Z = 2.19, P = 0.028); 5 RCTs showed significant effects of

acupuncture plus traditional Chinese drug compared with traditional Chinese drug (RR = 1.17, 95% CI 1.07–1.29, Z = 3.31, P =

0.001); 5 RCTs showed beneficial effects of acupuncture plus western medicine compared with western medicine (RR = 1.27, 95%

CI 1.06–1.53, Z = 2.56 P = 0.01).

Conclusion: This meta-analysis demonstrates that acupuncture may have a favorable effect on treating RA. However, the evidence

was limited by the small sample size and the low methodological quality. Considering the potential of acupuncture, more researches

and well-designed, rigorous and large clinical trials are needed.
FATIGUE IN PATIENTS WITH SJÖGREN’S SYNDROME AND INTERVENTION OF TRADITIONAL HERBALMEDICINE
Authors: Li Yizhe , Zhang Jie
Published: May 2022

Background: Fatigue is the main complaint exiting in patients with primary Sjögren’s Syndrome (pSS) but rarely addressed.
Patients described it as an uncontrollable symptom of lack of energy, which has negative impacts on health related quality of life. To
date, many studies have demonstrated that cytokines, depression, sleep and endocrine disturbance interrelated with pSS-related
fatigue. However, the pathogenesis remains unclear. With a long history, Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) as alternative therapy
has become increasingly popular among patients with various kinds of disease, especially in pSS. Based on the unique principle of
therapy, practitioners have achieved a satisfactory effect on relieving disease-related symptoms with Chinese Herbal Medicine
(CHM).
Materials and Methods: In this article, we succinctly reviewed the highly correlated factors to pSS-related fatigue from the
standpoint of western medicine. Then, from TCM perspective, we illustrated that theoretic mechanisms lead to fatigue in patients
with pSS.
Results: According to the theory of TCM, we concluded that CHM as complementary and alternative medicines are attractive
options to alleviate pSS-related fatigue.
Conclusion: In clinic, physicians should remember to inquire whether their patients are worn out easily. Combination of
Yin-tonifying and Qi-tonifying CHM may be the optimal options to pSS-related fatigue.
TRADITIONAL, COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE USE IN A COMMUNITY POPULATION IN LAO PDR
Authors: Peltzer Karl , Sydara Kongmany , Pengpid Supa
Published: May 2022

Background: The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and associated factors of Traditional, Complementary and

Alternative Medicine (TCAM) use in a community setting in a central province of Lao PDR.

Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional community survey in 4 urban and 4 rural districts was conducted with the International

Complementary and Alternative Medicine Questionnaire (I-CAM-Q).

Results: Of the 1600 participants in the survey, the overall prevalence of any TCAM use (providers, products or self-care) was

40.2% (TCAM provider= 14.8%, TCAM products=34.1%, and self-help TCAM=4.5%) in the past 12 months.The most frequently

used herbal medicines were Maringa pterygosperma (12.6%), followed by Curcuma longa L. (9.4%), Curcuma xanthorrhiza (9.4%)

and Centella asiatica (7.2%). Many of the TCAM products were used for the purpose of health tonic or nourishments and for a

number of chronic conditions (gout, dyslipidaemia, hypertension, diabetes, asthma, cancer, migraine, mental disorder, and

gastrointestinal disorders). In multivariate logistic regression, lower educational level, rural residence and having chronic conditions

was associated with any TCAM use.

Conclusions: TCAM use seems to be common in Lao PDR and better knowledge on the use of different TCAM modalities in this

population may improve patient management.
EVALUATION OF THE ACUTE AND SUBCHRONIC TOXICITY OF ZIWAN BAIBU TANG
Authors: Xin Rui-hua , Peng Wen-jing , Liu Xiao-lei , Luo Yong-jiang , Wang Gui-bo , Luo Chao-ying , Xie Jia-sheng , Li Jin-yu , Liang Ge , Zheng Ji-fang
Published: May 2022

Background: Ziwan Baibu Tang (ZBT) is used as a traditional Chinese prescription used in the clinic to cure a variety of respiratory

diseases. The objective of this study was to evaluate the acute and subacute toxicity of ZBT.

Materials and Methods: Fifty Kunming mice were assigned to 5 groups, and ZBT was administered at different concentrations.

Symptoms, mortality and behavioural changes were recorded. Eighty Wistar rats were randomly allocated to 4 treatment groups or a

control group for 4 weeks of treatment (half male and half female); general observations and weekly body weight (BW) gain were

recorded. At the end of the 4-week experiment, the rats were sacrificed, and blood was collected for haematological and serum

biochemical analyses. Samples from the primary organs were fixed in 10% buffered formalin for histopathological studies.

Results: The calculated LD50 of acute oral toxicity was 319.16 g/kg BW. After the 4-week treatment, BW did not significantly differ

in any of the dose groups, compared with the control group (P>0.05), and the rat blood red blood cell (RBC) and haemoglobin (HGB)

levels in each dose group did not significantly differ (P>0.05). In addition, serum urea and creatine levels in each dose group did not

significantly differ from those in the control group (P>0.05).

Conclusion: These results indicate that ZBT does not possess toxic potential and that both the acute and subchronic toxicity in

animals are very low.
TRADITIONAL, COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE USE OF CHRONIC DISEASE PATIENTS IN A COMMUNITY POPULATION IN MYANMAR
Authors: Peltzer Karl , Oo Win Myint , Pengpid Supa
Published: May 2022

Background: The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and associated factors of Traditional, Complementary and

Alternative Medicine’s (TCAM) use of chronic disease patients in a community setting in Myanmar.

Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional community survey was conducted in the Kyauk Tan Township with the International

Complementary and Alternative Medicine Questionnaire (I-CAM-Q).

Results: Of the 1600 participants in the survey, the overall prevalence of any TCAM use (providers, products or self-care) was

95.1% (TCAM provider= 14.6%, TCAM products=65.0%, and self-help TCAM=86.2%) in the past 12 months. For all different

types of TCAM providers, TCAM products and self-help TCAM more than 90% of participants perceived the TCAM as very or

somewhat helpful. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, older age, no formal education, rural residence and having two or

more chronic conditions were associated with any TCAM use.

Conclusions: TCAM use, especially TCAM products and self-help TCAM, seem to be common in Myanmar.
ASSESSING EFFECTS OF EQUISETUM RAMOSISSIMUM EXTRACT ON HEMATOLOGICAL AND SERUM BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS IN PREGNANT SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS
Authors: Alebous Hana Dawood , Hudeb Arwa Ali , Sober Suzanne Ali , Gray Rosianna , Johnson Margaret Dean
Published: May 2022

Background: As a medicinal herb, Equisetum ramossisemum has been utilized for centuries as a diuretic and has been

recommended for different disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate the maternal toxicity of aerial parts of Equisetum

ramosissimum extract on pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats.

Methods: Females were mated and the coupling time was recorded at gestation day 0– E0. Four experimental groups I, II, III, and

IV, received daily gavage doses of 0 mg, 500 mg, 250 mg, and 125 mg/kg, respectively, of Equisetum ramosissimum extract.

Pregnant rats were observed for mortality and toxicological effects during daily treatment. On day E20, samples of blood were

withdrawn from the retro-orbital sinus under light ether anaesthesia for haematological and clinical chemistry examinations.

Results: Data analyses detected significant differences in biochemical and haematological parameters between the control group and

other groups receiving extract.

Conclusion: This study constitutes a first approach to defining adverse effects of using Equisetum ramosissimum as a medicinal

plant during pregnancy. Daily gavage doses of Equisetum ramosissimum extract produced significant differences in biochemical and

haematological parameters in pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats as compared to the control group.
THREATENED MEDICINAL PLANTS OF SOUTH AFRICA: CASE OF THE FAMILY HYACINTHACEAE
Authors: Xego S. , Kambizi L. , Nchu F.
Published: May 2022

Background: Traditional medicine plays a major role in the primary health care of many people living in rural areas. South Africa is a

home to over 30,000 species of higher plants and 3,000 of these species have been found to be used in traditional medicine across the

country. South African medicinal plants are decreasing at an alarming rate as a result of over exploitation. Today many medicinal plants

face extinction but detailed information is lacking. The purpose of this paper was to review current and proposed cultivation strategies

that could be used to improve plant conservation statuses, livelihoods of the people involved in medicinal plant industry and

sustainability of this industry.

Methods: In this review, emphasis was on the members of Hyacinthaceae family and the species Siphonochilus aethiopicus (Schweinf)

B.L. Burtt (Zingiberaceae), which are some of the most traded and used in traditional herbal medicine. Detailed literature search was

conducted on the current strategies that are being used for the cultivation of medicinal and food crops and a conceptual analysis of how

technologies used for the cultivation of non-medicinal crops could be adopted for cultivation of medicinal plants in Africa. Siphonochilus

aethiopicus was used as a case study to demonstrate the potential of using alternative cultivation strategy such as hydroponics in the

cultivation of medicinal plants.

Results: The results showed that hydroponics has the potential to improve plant growth. In conclusion, evidences suggest that there is

potential for growth in the medicinal plant industry if optimum cultivation technologies such as hydroponics are implemented despite the

perception that Africans have an ingrained traditional preference of wild harvested plants, on the contrary many Africans have no issues

with cultivated medicinal plants.
TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE TONGXINLUO PROTECTS MICROVASCULAR FROM ARTERIOLE SPASM INDUCED BY NOREPINEPHRINE IN RATS MESENTERY
Authors: Zhang Jun xiu , Li Shao dan , Liu Yi , Yang Ming hui
Published: May 2022

Background: Arteriole spasm (AS) served as a common pathogenesis of many diseases. Tongxinluo (TXL), a traditional Chinese

formula, has been proved to benefit patients with diseases associated with AS. However, the effect of TXL on AS has not been

elucidated, especially on the hemorheology of microcirculation. The aim of this study was to assess the protective function of TXL

against AS on microcirculation in rats’ mesentery.

Materials and Methods: Arteriole spasm model was established by local administration of norepinephrine in rats’ mesentery. Rats

were randomized divided into five groups: sham group (local administration of normal saline), arteriole spasm group, TXL0.4+AS

group, TXL0.8+AS group, TXL1.6+AS group. Drugs were administered orally daily for 7 days before modeling. Microcirculation

was observed using an upright microscope and recorded to study the hemorheology changes, including spasm time, diameter

changes, and arteriole blood flow. Mast cell degranulation was identified by vital staining with topical application of 0.1% toluidine

blue. The serum samples were collected for detect of NO and ET-1.

Results: Pre-administration of TXL markedly decreased arteriole spasm time, and indicated a dose-dependent effect.

Pre-administration of TXL also indicates dose-dependent effect to maintain arteriole diameter in the presence of AS. Pretreatment

with TXL significantly inhibited mast cell degranulation induced by AS, TXL also exert great beneficial protection on arteriole

blood flow against AS. The serum level of NO and ET-1 had no obvious changes among each groups.

Conclusion: AS caused microvascular dysfunction in rats’ mesentery. TXL had a beneficial effect against AS in the perspective of

protecting microvascular function, indicated that TXL fight against AS through regulation on microcirculation.
EVALUATION OF ANTI-HYPERGLYCEMIC ACTIVITIES OF PHLORIDZIN IN DIABETIC MICE
Authors: Liang ZhenHong , Liu XiaoHong , Gong ShuMei
Published: May 2022

Background: The aim of the study was to investigate the hypoglycemic effects of Phloridzin.

Methods and Materials: High fat diet induced diabetic KKAy mice were administered with phloridzin at an oral dose (60

mg/kg/day, ig.) for 10 weeks. A range of parameters, including blood glucose and lipid, serum insulin, glucose tolerance, were tested

to evaluate its anti-hyperglycemic effects.

Results: Phloridzin decreased water-intake, body weight, FBG, FINS, HOME-IR, Serum leptin, and CRP levels, increased serum

adiponectin level in diabetic mice. Phloridzin also improved the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) to a certain degree. In addition,

phloridzin decreased liver index, and epididymal, perirenal white adipose tissue indexs, increased pancreas index in diabetic mice. At

last, phloridzin increased hepatic GK activity and hepatic glycogen level, decreased hepatic PEPCK, G-6-Pase activities in diabetic

mice.

Conclusions: Phloridzin possessed anti-hyperglycemic activities.
HERBAL RECIPES USED FOR THE TRADITIONAL MANAGEMENT OF INFANTILE DERMATITIS IN ODEDA, SOUTHWESTERN NIGERIA
Authors: Erinoso S. M. , Fawibe O. O. , Oyelakin A. S. , Ajiboye A. A. , Agboola D. A.
Published: May 2022

Background: The period of infancy, spanning through the neonatal stage to two years, is characterized by a series of health

challenges for the affected child and concerned parents. This study conducted in Odeda Local Government Area of Ogun State,

Nigeria was aimed at investigating the plants used in the traditional management of infantile dermatitis and other neonatal skin

infections with emphasis on the role of SPICES.

Methods: Structured questionnaires (and personal interview) were administered to 36 nursing mothers (age range, 15 – 50) and 30

herbsellers (age range, 21 – 60) in the LGA. The herbsellers prescribed recipes used in the management of general skin diseases

including abscess, chicken pox, eczema, flaky skin spots, measles, rashes, ringworm, and small pox.

Results: The survey yielded 69 plants belonging to 38 families and forming 25 polyherbal and mono-recipes. Fabaceae, Rutaceae,

Euphorbiaceae, Annonaceae, Poaceae, Meliaceae, and Amaryllidaceae had high species representation. Trees (40.58%) were the

most frequently used plant habit while leaves (40.58%) formed the most frequently used plant part. Decoction and infusion using

pure water were the methods of preparation suggested. Administration ranged from drinking extracts (2-3 teaspoonfuls) three times

daily, to bathing with warm extracts of the plants and the use of coconut oil as cream. Traditional black soap and Shea butter also

featured in the herbal remedy for bath and as cream respectively. Local sponge was preferred for bathing.

Conclusion: This study has documented the alternative medical approach in the management of infantile skin diseases. The cultural

relevance of plants calls for sustainable use of plant resources. This research finds application in primary health care, microbiology,

and in cosmetic industries for the development of new or improved baby skin care products. Further research should be conducted to

confirm the claimed ethnomedicinal values as well as evaluate possible harm of crude plant extracts to skin structures of infants.
ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF THE FIBER PRODUCED BY “POCHOTE” CEIBA AESCULIFOLIA SUBSP. PARVIFOLIA
Authors: Franco B.M , JimÃ©nez-Estrada M. , HernÃ¡ndez-HernÃ¡ndez A.B. , HernÃ¡ndez L.B. , Rosas-LÃ³pez R. , DurÃ¡n A. , RodrÃ­guez-Monroy M.A. , Canales-MartÃ­nez M.
Published: May 2022

Background: The cotton-like fiber from the fruit of Pochote (Ceiba aesculifolia subsp. parvifolia) can be applied to wounds for healing purposes. As microorganisms can infect wounds and hamper the wound healing process, the aim of this study was to determine the antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of the methanolic extract of Pochote fiber. Materials and Methods: The methanolic extract was tested against bacteria and fungi. For bacteria, the Kirby-Baüer disc diffusion and broth dilution methods were employed to determine the MIC and MBC. In addition, bactericidal kinetic curves were generated. The antifungal activity was determined by the radial diffusion method. The antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, and the flavonoid content were determined. Bioassay guided fractionation was also performed.

Results: The methanolic extract showed activity against Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus and Vibrio cholerae (cc). The tested V. cholerae strains were the most sensitive strains, and exhibited a clear CFU size reduction from the bactericidal kinetic curves. The methanolic extract had activity against T. mentagrophytes and R. lilacina . The antioxidant activity (SC50= 36.42 μg/mL) was related to the total phenolic (74.4 mg eAG/g) and flavonoid content (21.982 mg (eQ)/g). The bioassay guided fractionation results suggested that the antimicrobial properties of the extract may act through synergism because the total extract had higher activity against bacteria compared to the collected fractions.

Conclusion: This study scientifically validates the application of the fruit fiber from Pochote as a part of a traditional medicine approach to alleviate infections caused by bacteria and fungi.
THE PREVENTIVE EFFECT AND ENHANCE IMMUNITY FUNCTION OF BU-ZHONG-YI-QIWAN ON S180 TUMOR MICE.
Authors: Hu Fang , Liu Xiaoya , Chen Xinyue , Li Can , Zhu Ruijuan , Han Huan , LI Yingdong , Feng Shilan
Published: May 2022

Background: To evaluate the preventive effect and enhance immunity functions of Bu-zhong-yi-qi wan in vivo.

Materials and Methods: S180 tumor mice model was established by subcutaneous injection a dose of 0.2 ml (1×107/ml) at the right

oxter. The inhibitory rates, spleen indexes and thymus indexes were calculated. Splenic lymphocyte proliferative activity assay and

phagocytosis activity of peritoneal macrophages were done. Interferon (IFN-γ), interleukin (IL-2) and tumor necrotic factor (TNF-α) in

serum were detected.

Results: In the S180 tumor-bearing mice, Bu-zhong-yi-qi wan with medium-dose (975 mg/kg, 100 mg/l) had potent preventive effect and

anti-tumor effect, macrophage phagocytosis and Con A-stimulated splenocyte proliferation were increased as compared with model

control treatment. Bu-zhong-yi-qi wan could take part in the immune response by promoting the proliferation and differentiation of Tcells,

increasing the activity of the macrophages, inducing the generation of cell factor IL-2, TNF-α, IFN-γ.

Conclusion: It proved that Bu-zhong-yi-qi wan of medium-dose had great preventive effect and could enhance immunity function.
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF EUCALYPTUS SPP. AND PISTASCIA LENTISCUS LEAF EXTRACTS
Authors: Qabaha Khaled , Ras Sari Abu , Abbadi Jehad , Al-Rimawi Fuad
Published: May 2022

Background: Eucalyptus spp. and Pistascia lentiscus are among the Palestinian trees that are traditionally used in folkloric medicine in

treating many diseases; leaves of which are thought to have anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antioxidant effects. The goal of this

study is to evaluate the in vitro inhibitory effect of Eucalyptus spp. and Pistascia lentiscus extracts on Lipopolysacaride (LPS)-induced

Interlukin-6 (Il-6) and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α) by polymorphonuclear Cells (PMNCs).

Materials and Methods: Polymorphonuclear cells were isolated from the whole blood using Histopaque (Ficol-1077) method and then

cultured in an enriched Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RBMI) medium. Supernatants’ Interlukin-6 (IL-6) and Tumor Necrosis Factor

(TNF-α) levels were determined 24 hour after LPS stimulation. HPLC was employed to determine the concentration of phenolic

compounds in the extracts. The concentrations of TNF-α and IL-6 were compared using paired-samples t test.

Results: Eucalyptus spp. and Pistascia lentiscus leaves extracts have shown significant reduction in the levels of both Il-6 and TNF-α

Gallic acid; a strong anti-inflammatory agent was found to be the major phenolic compound in both leaf extracts. However, other antiinflammatory

phenolic compounds were detected in Pitascia lentiscus extract including syringic acid and p-coumaric acid, while

chlorogenic acid was detected in Eucalyptus spp. leaf extract.

Conclusion: Reduction in the levels of Il-6 and TNF-α upon the effect of both Eucalyptus spp. and Pistascia lentiscus extract is an

indication of their anti-inflammatory effects. Our results may also indicate that the observed anti-inflammatory effect of the above

extracts may be due to the presence of gallic acid and other phenolic compounds.
ANTI-QUORUM SENSING ACTIVITY OF SOME MEDICINAL PLANTS
Authors: Al-Haidari Rwaida A. , Shaaban Mona I. , Ibrahim Sabrin R.M. , Mohamed Gamal A.
Published: May 2022

Background: Quorum sensing is the key regulator of virulence factors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa such as biofilm formation, motility, productions of proteases, hemolysin, pyocyanin, and toxins.

Material and Methods: Quorum sensing inhibitory (OSI) effect of the alcohol extracts of 20 medicinal plants was evaluated by Chromobacterium violaceum reporter using agar cup diffusion method. The efficient QSI extracts were tested for their activity against biofilm synthesis, motility, and synthesis of pyocyanin from P. aeruginosa PA14

Results: The extracts of Citrus sinensis, Laurus nobilis, Elettaria cardamomum, Allium cepa, and Coriandrum sativum exhibited potent quorum quenching effect. On the other hand, Psidium guajava and Mentha longifolia extracts showed lower QSI activity. These extracts exhibited significant elimination of pyocyanin formation and biofilm development of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14. In addition, they significantly inhibited twitching and swimming motilities of P. aeruginosa PA14.

Conclusion: This study illustrated for the first time the importance of C. sinensis, L. nobilis, E. cardamomum, A. cepa, and C. sativum as quorum sensing inhibitors and virulence suppressors of P. aeruginosa.
ASIATIC ACID INFLUENCES GLUCOSE HOMEOSTASIS IN P. BERGHEI MURINE MALARIA INFECTED SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS
Authors: Mavondo Greanious Alfred , Mkhwanazi Blessing Nkazimulo , Mabandla Musa Vuyisile , Musabayane Cephas Tagumirwa
Published: May 2022

Background: Glucose homeostasis derangement is a common pathophysiology of malaria whose aetiology is still controversial. The Plasmodium parasite, immunological and inflammatory responses, as well as chemotherapeutics currently used cause hypoglycaemia in malaria. Anti-parasitic and anti-disease drugs are required to combat malaria while ameliorating the pathophysiology of the infection. Asiatic acid has anti-hyperglycaemic, antioxidant, pro-oxidant properties useful in glucose homeostasis but its influence in malaria is yet to be reported. Here we present findings on the influence of asiatic acid on glucose metabolism in vivo using P. berghei-infected Sprague Dawley rats. Materials and Methods: Acute as well as sub-chronic studies were carried out in vivo where physicochemical properties and glucose homeostasis were monitored after administration of asiatic acid (10mg/kg) in both non-infected and infected animals. Glucose metabolism associated biochemical changes in malaria were also investigated. Results: In acute studies, asiatic acid improved oral glucose response while in the sub-chronic state it maintained food and water intake and suppressed parasitaemia. Normoglycaemic control was maintained in infected animals through insulin suppression and increasing glucagon secretion, in both acute and chronic studies. Asiatic acid administration curtailed lactate concentration towards normal. Conclusion: Per oral post-infection asiatic acid administration preserved drinking and eating habits, inhibited sickness behaviour while suppressing parasitaemia. Reciprocal relationship between insulin and glucagon concentrations was maintained influencing glucose homeostasis positively and inhibition of hyperlactaemia in malaria.
MYCOLOGICAL ANALYSIS AND AFLATOXIN B1CONTAMINANT ESTIMATION OF HERBAL DRUG RAW MATERIALS
Authors: Rajeshwari Puttaswamy , Raveesha KoteshwarAnandrao
Published: May 2022

Background: The present study explores the fungal contamination of important herbal drug raw materials (HDRM), which are widely used in the preparation of many herbal drugs. Understanding of the microbial contamination status of HDRM is one of the important steps to ensure the safety and efficacy of herbal drugs. Materials and Methods: Eighteen samples of six herbal drug raw materials (HDRM) viz., Acorus calamus Linn., Cassia angustifolia Vahl., Centella asiatica (Linn.) Urban, Myristica fragrans Houtt.,Tinospora cardifolia (Wild) Miers and Withania somnifera (Linn.) Dunal, were screened for fungal contamination, by employing serial dilution method. All the isolates of Aspergillus flavus were screened for their ability to produce aflatoxin B1 (AB1) and highly contaminated samples were subjected to AB1 estimation by using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), spectrophotometric method and occurrence of Aflatoxin B1 was confirmed by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry analysis (LCMS). Results: A total of 302 isolates of 42 fungal species belonging to 17 genera were found in association with test the samples. More than 61% of A. flavus isolates tested positive for production of AB1 and highest yield recorded was 5008.20 ppb from the isolates of T. cordifolia. Amongthesix highly contaminated samples three samples tested positive for AB1. Highest AB1 was recorded from T. cordifolia (104.19 µg/kg), followed by A. calamus (13.73 µg/kg) and M. fragrans (12.02 µg/kg). Conclusion: Assessment of fungal and mycotoxin contamination should be a part of the quality check while selecting HDRM for manufacture of herbal products. Safeprocessing and storage practices are necessary.
ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY AND FT-IR ANALYSIS OF DATURA INNOXIA AND DATURA METEL LEAF AND SEED METHANOLIC EXTRACTS
Authors: Bhardwaj Khushboo , Kumar Sanjiv , Ojha Sudarshan
Published: May 2022

Background: Datura (family- Solanaceae), has a long history of being used as herbal medicine. These medicinal effects have been

attributed to the phytochemicals present in the plant leaves and seeds, in particular alkaloids, flavonoids and phenolic compounds.

The objective of this study was to investigate the methanolic leaf and seed extracts of Datura innoxia (DLP-I & DSP-I) and Datura

metel (DLP-M & DSP-M) for their total phenolic, flavonoids and in-vitro antioxidant properties.

Materials and Methods: Determination of total phenolic content and total flavonoid content and antioxidant activity in terms of

total antioxidant assay, ABTS assay, DPPH assay and in-vitro lipid peroxidation inhibiting activity were determined along with the

FT-IR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) analysis of the extracts.

Results: The highest total phenolic and total flavonoid content were registered by the D. innoxia leaf extract (70.26 ± 1.12 mg

GAE/g and 34.24 ± 1.28 mg RE/g respectively). Maximum DPPH radical scavenging activity was exerted by the leaf extract of D.

innoxia (IC50 = 146.69 ± 8.46 μg/mL) among the four different methanolic extracts. The highest activity of the ABTS assay was

found in Datura innoxia leaf extract (IC50 value = 149.42 ± 13.43 μg/mL) and the highest total antioxidant capacity was found to be

present in D. innoxia leaf extract (221.25 ± 1.06 mg AAE/g) whereas D. metel seed extract registered the maximum lipid

peroxidation inhibition activity (IC50 = 112 ± 1.30 μg/mL). The FT-IR data also supported the maximum activity in D. innoxia (leaf

and seed) extracts.

Conclusion: The results thus obtained suggested that the plant Datura innoxia possess considerable antioxidant activity over Datura

metel and therefore can be established as a potential source of natural antioxidant.
EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTS OF THE HYDRO-ETHANOLIC ROOT EXTRACT OF ZANTHOXYLUM ZANTHOXYLOIDES ON HEMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERS AND OXIDATIVE STRESS IN CYCLOPHOSPAMIDE TREATED RATS
Authors: Ikumawoyi V.O. , Awodele O. , Rotimi K. , Fashina Y.A.
Published: May 2022

Background: The use of cyclophosphamide in cancer therapy is usually associated with challenging immunosuppression which exposes patients to increased risk of anemia and necessitating preventive measures during therapy. This study was carried out to investigate the efficacy of the hydro-ethanolic extract of the root of Z. zanthoxyloides in preventing and/or improving cyclophosphamide induced myelosuppression and oxidative stress in rats. Materials and Methods: Animals were divided into 6 groups of 6 rats each and were pretreated oral doses of 75, 150 and 225 mg/kg of the extract for 7 days and then co-administered with 2.5 mg/kg cyclophosphamide for 28 days. Results: The LD50 of the extract was found to be 1682.3 mg/kg. Phytochemical analysis of the plant extract showed the presence of tannins, saponins, alkaloids and flavonoids, glycosides, terpenoids and phenols. In the anti-oxidant enzyme assay, CAT was significantly (p < 0.05) increased for animals treated with 150 mg/kg+CP compared to 75 mg/kg+CP and 225 mg/kg+CP. GPx was significantly (p < 0.01) increased in rats treated with 75 mg/kg+CP compared to 150 mg/kg+CP and control. SOD was significantly (p < 0.01) increased in rats treated with 75 mg/kg+CP compared to the control. WBC was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced for 225 mg/kg, 225 mg/kg+CP (p < 0.001), 150 mg/kg+CP (p < 0.001), 75 mg/kg+CP (p < 0.001) and CP administered rats (p < 0.001) respectively compared to the control. LDL and CHOL were significantly reduced (p < 0.05) for rats treated with 75 mg/kg+CP, 225 mg/kg+CP and 225 mg/kg. Conclusion: Findings from this study demonstrates that the hydro-ethanolic root extract of Z. zanthoxyloides could be beneficial in hyperlipidemia and in cases of malignancies with abnormal cholesterol metabolism an effect which may be mediated via combating oxidative stress.
TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE COMBINED WITH HORMONE THERAPY TO TREAT PREMATURE OVARIAN FAILURE: A META-ANALYSIS OF RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS
Authors: Kou Mei-Jing , Ding Xiufang , Chen Jia-Xu , Liu Yan , Liu Yue-Yun
Published: May 2022

Background: This meta-analysis aimed to provide critically estimated evidence for the advantages and disadvantages of Chinese herbal medicines used for premature ovarian failure (POF), which could provide suggestions for rational treatments. Materials and Methods: The databases searched included MEDLINE, EMBASE, CNKI, VIP, China Dissertation Database, China Important Conference Papers Database, and online clinical trial registry websites. Published and unpublished randomized controlled trials of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) combined with hormone therapy (HT) and HT alone for POF were assessed up to December 30, 2015. Two authors extracted data and assessed trial quality independently using Cochrane systematic review methods. Meta-analysis was used to quantitatively describe serum hormone levels and Kupperman scores associated with perimenopause symptoms. Results: Seventeen randomized controlled trials involving 1352 participants were selected. Compared with HT alone, although no significant effects were observed in the levels of luteinizing hormone, therapy with TCM combined with HT compared to HT alone effectively altered serum hormone levels of follicle stimulating hormone (P
BELIEFS AND ATTITUDES OF PARAMEDICAL COLLEGE STAFF TOWARDS COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATE MEDICINE
Authors: Alghadir Ahmad H. , Al-Yousef Hanan M. , Al-Hussany Fatema , Hasaneen Alla , Iqbal Zaheen A.
Published: May 2022

Background: Complementary and alternate medicine (CAM) has been defined as a group of diverse medical and healthcare

systems, practices, and products not presently considered part of conventional medicine (CM). Studies in different countries have

revealed a geographical difference in the knowledge about CAM therapies, especially among medical school staff and students. This

study aimed to assess the extent of CAM use among staff working in paramedical colleges in the Riyadh region of Saudi Arabia and

to examine their perception and attitudes towards such medicines. Materials and methods: Eighty paramedical staff members of

different age groups and specializations were invited to participate in the study. A self-administered questionnaire adapted from

similar studies was used in this study.

Results: The response rate was 99%. The majority of respondents (56%) reported believing that CAM therapies play an important

complementary role to the action of CM.

Conclusion: To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study of its kind to assess peoples’ attitudes towards CAM use in

the region. As the use of healing practices outside of CM rise among patients, ignorance of CAM by future medical practitioners can

cause a communication gap between people and the profession that serves them. It is encouraging that the majority of medical staff

in this study recognizes and is enthusiastic to rectify this lack of knowledge
ELECTROACUPUNCTURE AT THE WANGU ACUPOINT SUPPRESSES EXPRESSION OF INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS OF RATS WITH VASCULAR DEMENTIA
Authors: Fang Yanan , Sui Rubo
Published: May 2022

Background: Vascular dementia (VD) is the most frequent psychiatric complication of stroke, and is often difficult to treat.

Incidence rate of vascular cognition impairment is still 70% after stroke in one year (Sui R et al.2011). Stroke patients with VD

suffer from a higher mortality rate and have worse functional outcomes and quality of life. However, despite the extensive literatures

on this topic, there is no agreement on the causal mechanisms and effective therapy for VD. The objective of this study is to examine

if electroacupuncture at the Wangu acupoint (GB 12), whose position is similar to the cerebellar fastigial nucleus, could reduce

inflammatory cytokines in the hippocampus of rats with vascular dementia (VD).

Materials and Methods: The 54 healthy, male, Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats, 9 months old, and of clean grade (300-450) g, were

randomly divided into three groups: sham surgery group, VD group and electro-acupuncture group. The ethology scores of VD rats

were evaluated and the mRNA expressions of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β) in the hippocampus were assessed

and the hippocampal tissues were observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining.

Results: Compared with the VD group, in the electroacupuncture group, the rats’ learning ability improved significantly and the

mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β decreased. Simultaneously, the damage extent of nerve cells in the hippocampal tissues

decreased, with their morphology recovered to nearly normal.

Conclusions: Electro-acupuncture at the Wangu acupoint can decrease the levels of inflammatory cytokines in the hippocampus,

reduce the damage extent of nerve cells in the hippocampus, and thus provide a new neuroprotective method in VD
ANTIFUNGAL POTENTIAL OF LEAF EXTRACTS OF LEGUMINOUS TREES AGAINST SCLEROTIUM ROLFSII
Authors: Sana Nighat , Shoaib Amna , Javaid Arshad
Published: May 2022

Background: Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. is a destructive soil-borne plant pathogen that infects over 500 plant species and causes significant yield losses in many economically important plant species. Synthetic fungicides used to combat the menace also pollute the environment and cause health hazards. In order to search environmental friendly alternatives from natural resources, in the present study, methanolic extracts of three leguminous tree species namely Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. ex Delile subsp. indica (Benth.) Brenan, Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC. and Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. were evaluated for their antifungal activity against S. rolfsii.

Materials and Methods: Two hundred grams dried leaf material of each of the three test plant species were extracted with methanol for two weeks. After filtration, methanol was evaporated on a rotary evaporator. Malt extract broth was used to make various concentrations of the crude methanolic extracts and their antifungal potential was determined by comparing the fungal biomass in various treatments with control. Chemical composition of methanolic leaf extract of A. nilotica subsp. indica was determined through GC-MS analysis.

Results: Methanolic leaf extract of A. nilotica subsp. indica showed the highest fungicidal activity. Fungal biomass was decreased by 17-55% due to various concentrations of this extract over control. Different concentrations of P. juliflora reduced fungal biomass by 3-52%. Fourteen compounds were identified in methanolic extract of A. nilotica subsp. indica. 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid, methyl ester, (Z,Z,Z,)- (16.59%) was the most abundant compound followed by 1-pentanol, 2 methyl-, acetate (14.80%); hexanedioic acid, dimethyl ester (13.10%) and cyclotriaconta- 1, 7, 16, 22-tetraone (10.28%).

Conclusion: This study concludes that methanolic leaf extract of A. nilotica subsp. indica can be used for management of S. rolfsii.
RENAL ISCHEMIA REPERFUSION CAUSES BRAIN HIPPOCAMPUS OXIDATIVE DAMAGE AND INHIBITION EFFECT
Authors: Yu Fang , Liang Haidong , Xin Shimeng
Published: May 2022

Background: The acute kidney injury (AKI) may do damage to remote organs. Objective of the study is to investigate effect of

seaweed extract (SE) on brain oxidative damage in kidney ischemia/reperfusion rats.

Material and Methods: Animals were randomly divided into five groups. SE pre-fed to rats.

Results: Kidney I/R may cause oxidative injury in kidneys and brains tissue in rats. SE pre-treatment can decrease lipid peroxidation

levels and increase antioxidant enzymes activities in kidney and brain hippocampus of kidney I/R rats.

Conclusion: Our results indicate that SE is useful for brain nerve function keeping in kidney I/R rats.
EFFECTS OF SALVIA MILTIORRHIZAE ON THE KIDNEY OF RATS WITH SEVERE ACUTE PANCREATITIS AND OBSTRUTIVE JAUNDICE
Authors: Guibing Ren , Xiping Zhang , Xiaowen Ding , Dehong Zou , Hongjiang Yang , Xiaoru Meng , Wenju Mo , Xiangming He , Shuai Zhao
Published: May 2022

Background: Severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) and obstructive jaundice (OJ) are frequent recurring diseases that bring

about huge threat to human health. Some reports have demonstrated that Salviae miltiorrhizae can protect multiple

organs of SAP and OJ model animals or patients, but their related mechanisms were not clear. In this study, we

observed the effects of Salvia miltiorrhizae injection on apoptosis and NF-κB expression in kidney and explored the

protective effect and mechanism of Salvia miltiorrhizae on the kidney of SAP or OJ rats. The results obtained will

provide a theoretical basis for clinical application of Salvia miltiorrhizae.

Material and Methods: A total of 288 rats were used for SAP - and OJ-associated experiments. The mortality rates of

rats, the contents of serum BUN and CREA, the expression levels of Bax, NF-κB proteins and the apoptosis index were

observed, respectively.

Results: The pathological changes in the kidney of SAP or OJ rats in treated group were mitigated to varying degrees.

At 6 and 12 hours after operation in SAP rats or on 21 and 28 days after operation in OJ rats, the contents of serum

CREA in treated group were significantly lower than those in model control group; At 3 and 6 hours after operation,

the staining intensity of Bax protein of kidney in treated group was significantly lower than that in model control group;

on 14 days after operation, the apoptosis index in the kidney of OJ rats in treated group was significantly lower than

that in model control group.

Conclusion: Salvia miltiorrhizae can exert protective effects on the kidney of SAP and OJ rats.
Training Load, Pain Intensity, and Functioning Can Explain Injuries in Dancers: A Classification and Regression Tree (CART) Analysis
Authors: Nunes Ana Carla Lima , Mendes Luanna Andrade , Mota Lívia de Araújo , Lima Pedro Olavo de Paula , Almeida Gabriel Peixoto Leão
Published: May 2022

OBJECTIVE: To identify the biopsychosocial factors that explain injuries in dancers through use of a Classification and Regression Tree (CART) analysis. METHODS: Cross-sectional study performed with dancers over 18 years of age from dance schools in Brazil. Sociodemographic factors,
pain intensity (numerical pain rating scale, NPRS), anxiety (Beck anxiety inventory, BAI), and functioning (WHO Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0, WHODAS) were assessed. We used a classification and regression tree (CART) analysis considering the occurrence of injury as a dependent variable,
and the independent variables included age, training load, BAI, pain level, and WHODAS 2.0 score, adjusted for body mass index. RESULTS: The sample included 61 dancers (ballet, jazz, contemporary, tap, and urban dance), and they were mainly women (72.1%) with a mean age of 25.6 (± 5.79)
years. Thirty-three percent presented dance-related musculoskeletal injuries in the last 12 months. The CART analysis showed that training load was the main associated factor, explaining 52.4% of injuries in dancers with a workload > 11.5 hrs/wk (p=0.05). When NPRS > 6.5 is added to
the high load of training, these two variables explain 100% of the cases of injury (p=0.02). Training load < 11.5 hrs/wk and WHODAS 2.0 score < 68.0 were associated factors for no injury in dancers (80%; p=0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrated that training load, functioning,
and pain intensity were factors associated with injury in dancers, and we established cutoff points. The inclusion of functioning in the algorithm suggests the influence of structure, function, activity, and social participation on injury in dancers and strengthens the patient-centered care.
Clinical Burden of Injuries in Students at a Professional Circus College: A 7.5-Year Longitudinal Study
Authors: Stuckey Melanie I , Bruinooge Brittany , Aubertin Patrice , Kriellaars Dean
Published: May 2022

OBJECTIVE: To characterize clinical burden of injuries incurred by circus students enrolled in a 3-year college training program. METHODS: Student (n=334) injury data derived from an in situ clinic was examined over a 7.5-year time frame from August 2009 to December 2016. Injury incidence
rate (per 1,000 training hours) was calculated and clinical incidence (injuries/year) was examined in relation to year in program, sex, age, and circus discipline. Weekly and monthly injury incidence were plotted with respect to milestones in the scholastic training year. Clinical burden (injury
incidence and duration) was examined according to anatomic location and circus discipline. RESULTS: The overall injury incidence rate was 1.89 injuries/1,000 training hours and 0.94 injuries/1,000 training hours for injuries with a duration longer than 4 weeks. Clinical incidence decreased
with year in program (p<0.05) and there were no sex or age differences. Temporal analysis demonstrated elevated weekly injury incidence for the 3 weeks following return from both summer and winter vacation (p<0.01) and for the weeks leading up to technical exams (p<0.01). According
to anatomical location, shoulder injuries accounted for the greatest clinic burden followed by ankles and according to discipline, ground acrobat flyers followed by ground acrobats with equipment accounted for the greatest clinic burden. CONCLUSION: Overall injury incidence rate in the circus
training program was within the range reported by other circus training programs and similar artistic and athletic training programs. Resources should be designated for enhanced rehabilitation efficacy and prevention of shoulder and ankle injuries and for ground acrobats with equipment and
flyers. Preventative strategies to improve safety upon return-to-training after vacations should be examined.