bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Serum neopterin, sialic acid and nitric oxide levels in dogs with malignant mammary tumours
Authors: Tascene N. , Kısmalı G. , Vural S. , Karagul H. , Sel T.
Published: November 2011

Mammary cancer is one of the leading causes of death in pet population. Early diagnosis and malignancy detection is important for prognosis. The levels of neopterin, sialic acid and nitric oxide in serum of dogs with malignant mammary tumours were evaluated to investigate the importance of these biochemical parameters for malign mammary tumour. Twelve healthy dogs and twenty dogs with malignant mammary tumours were used as research materials. Blood samples were collected from both groups for neopterin analysis by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, whereas nitric oxide and sialic acid were measured by modified nitrate reductase method and spectrophotometry, respectively. Tissue specimens were evaluated and defined as malignant tumours. Serum nitric oxide and sialic acid levels in dogs with mammary tumours were significantly higher than those in the healthy dogs. Serum neopterin levels were not found significantly different in dogs with mammary tumours compared to healthy dogs. Malignancy of canine mammary tumours are accompained by an elevation of nitric oxide and sialic acid levels.
The metastatic potential of canine mammary tumours can be assessed by mRNA expression analysis of connective tissue modulators
Authors: Lamp O. , Honscha K. U. , Schweizer S. , Heckmann A. , Blaschzik S. , Einspanier A.
Published: November 2011

Metastases are the crucial factor for the prognosis of canine mammary tumours (CMTs). In women, the peptide hormone relaxin is linked with metastatic breast cancer. Therefore, the impact of relaxin and its receptors on matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression, metastatic disease and survival was analysed using qRT‐PCR and immunohistochemistry of CMT samples from 59 bitches. The expression of relaxin and its receptor RXFP1 (relaxin family peptide receptor 1) was discovered on gene and protein levels. Intratumoural relaxin mRNA expression and relaxin plasma levels had no prognostic value. High mRNA levels RXFP1 were an independent marker of metastatic potential, with a more than 15‐fold risk increase, and a predictor for shorter survival. Also, MMP‐2 expression was associated with early death because of CMT. The mRNA expressions of relaxin, RXFP1 and MMP‐2 were positively correlated indicating a common pathogenetic linkage. Thus, RXFP1 is proposed as a new early marker of metastatic potential in CMT and a possible therapeutic target.
Recurrence of Infantile Hemangiomas Treated with Propranolol
Authors: Bagazgoitia Lorea , Hernández‐Martín Ángela , Torrelo Antonio
Published: November 2011

Abstract:  Propranolol has shown to be effective in the treatment of infantile hemangiomas (IH), but several cases of recurrences have been reported so far. We describe five cases of IH recurrence after propranolol treatment was stopped in 26 patients treated with propranolol all of whom were observed for at least 9 months after treatment was discontinued. Recurrence was present in 5 of 26 cases, yielding a recurrence rate of 19%. All cases were in females. Time from withdrawal to recurrence ranged from 0 to 6 months. In four of five cases, the lesion relapsed after the age of 11 months. Four of the five cases presented partial recurrences, whereas in one case, recurrence was complete. In the majority of cases, recurrence appeared in the deep component of the IH. Early treatment withdrawal or a long proliferative phase of IH are potential causes of hemangioma recurrence, although the exact mechanism remains unclear. The vascular endothelial growth factor receptor might be involved, as well as incomplete apoptosis during treatment.
Prostaglandin E2 potentiates methylmalonate‐induced seizures
Authors: Salvadori Mirian Graciela Silva Stiebbe , Banderó Cristina Ruedell Reschke , Jesse Ana Cláudia , Gomes Anajara Teixeira , Rambo Leonardo Magno , Bueno Lívia Maronesi , Bortoluzzi Vanessa Trindade , Oliveira Mauro Schneider , Mello Carlos Fernando
Published: November 2011

Purpose:  Methylmalonic acidemias are inherited metabolic disorders characterized by methylmalonate (MMA) accumulation and neurologic dysfunction, including seizures. It is known that metabolic crises in affected patients are precipitated by infections. Although growing evidence supports that inflammation facilitates seizures, it is not known whether inflammatory mediators facilitate MMA‐induced seizures. Therefore, in this study we investigate the involvement of cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in MMA‐induced seizures.

Methods:  Adult male Wistar rats were implanted with electrodes over the parietal cortex for electroencephalography (EEG) recording and a cannula in the right lateral ventricle. Animals were injected with PGE2 (100 ng/2 μl, i.c.v.) or phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS) (2 μl, i.c.v.), 15 min before MMA (2.5 μmol/2.5 μl, i.c.v.) or NaCl (2.5 μmol/2.5 μl, i.c.v.). The anticonvulsant effect of celecoxib (0.2; 2 or 20 mg/kg, p.o., 60 min before MMA) on MMA‐induced seizures, and whether PGE2 (10 or 100 ng/2 μl, i.c.v.) prevented the anticonvulsant effect of celecoxib (2 mg/kg, p.o.) were also investigated.

Key Findings:  PGE2 decreased the latency to MMA‐induced jerks and generalized seizures, and increased the amplitude of generalized seizure EEG recordings. The selective COX‐2 inhibitor celecoxib at the dose 2 mg/kg, but not at the dose 20 mg/kg, completely prevented MMA‐induced seizures. The protective effect of celecoxib (2 mg/kg) against MMA‐induced seizures was prevented by PGE2.

Significance:  These results support a role for PGE2 in the seizures elicited by MMA, which is in agreement with the view that infections may precipitate and exacerbate neurologic dysfunction in patients with MMA acidemic.
Vulnerability: The Crossroads of Frailty and Delirium
Authors: Quinlan Nicky , Marcantonio Edward R. , Inouye Sharon K. , Gill Thomas M. , Kamholz Barbara , Rudolph James L.
Published: November 2011

Frailty and delirium, although seemingly distinct syndromes, both result in significant negative health outcomes in older adults. Frailty and delirium may be different clinical expressions of a shared vulnerability to stress in older adults, and future research will determine whether this vulnerability is age related, pathological, genetic, environmental, or most likely, a combination of all of these factors. This article explores the clinical overlap of frailty and delirium, describes possible pathophysiological mechanisms linking the two, and proposes research opportunities to further knowledge of the interrelationships between these important geriatric syndromes. Frailty, a diminished ability to compensate for stressors, is generally viewed as a chronic condition, whereas delirium is an acute change in attention and cognition, but there is a developing literature on transitions in frailty status around acute events, as well as on delirium as a chronic, persistent condition. If frailty predisposes an individual to delirium, and delirium delays recovery from a stressor, then both syndromes may contribute to a downward spiral of declining function, increasing risk, and negative outcomes. In addition, frailty and delirium may have shared pathophysiology, such as inflammation, atherosclerosis, and chronic nutritional deficiencies, which will require further investigation. The fields of frailty and delirium are rapidly evolving, and future research may help to better define the interrelationship of these common and morbid geriatric syndromes. Because of the heterogeneous pathophysiology and presentation associated with frailty and delirium, typical of all geriatric syndromes, multicomponent prevention and treatment strategies are most likely to be effective and should be developed and tested.
Postoperative Delirium and Functional Decline After Noncardiac Surgery
Authors: Quinlan Nicky , Rudolph James L.
Published: November 2011

Objectives

To determine whether delirium after noncardiac surgery is associated with functional decline 3 months postoperatively.

Design

Secondary analysis of a prospective study.

Setting

Thirteen hospitals in eight countries.

Participants

One thousand two hundred eighteen individuals aged 60 and older undergoing noncardiac surgery.

Measurements

Participants were interviewed before surgery and 3 months postoperatively using six items pertaining to social and independent function. Functional decline was determined according to a loss in function in at least one item at the 3‐month assessment from baseline. Postoperatively, a trained interviewer assessed delirium daily using a standardized battery. The primary outcome of this analysis was an examination of the risk of functional decline with delirium.

Results

Of the 948 participants who completed functional assessment at 3 months, 20% (n = 189) had a decline in function. In unadjusted analysis, postoperative delirium increased the odds of functional decline (odds ratio (OR) = 2.4, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.4–4.2). After adjustment for age, sex, education, cognition, and surgery duration, delirium remained associated with functional decline (OR = 2.1, 95% CI = 1.2–3.8).

Conclusion

Although considered an acute event, delirium can have lasting functional consequences. Clinicians should give strong consideration to preoperative delirium risk assessment, delirium prevention strategies, and delirium surveillance programs after noncardiac surgery.
Biomarkers for Delirium—A Review
Authors: Khan Babar A. , Zawahiri Mohammed , Campbell Noll L. , Boustani Malaz A.
Published: November 2011

To improve delirium recognition and care, numerous serum biomarkers have been investigated as potential tools for risk stratification, diagnosis, monitoring, and prognostication of delirium. The literature was reviewed, and no evidence was found to support the clinical use of any delirium biomarker, although certain biomarkers such as S‐100 beta and insulin‐like growth factor‐1 and inflammatory markers have shown some promising results that need to be evaluated in future studies with appropriate sample size, prospective designs, and in a more‐generalizable population.
A pilot feasibility trial of allocation of freshest available red blood cells versus standard care in critically ill patients
Authors: Aubron Cecile , Syres Gillian , Nichol Alistair , Bailey Michael , Board Jasmin , Magrin Geoff , Murray Lynnette , Presneill Jeffrey , Sutton Joanne , Vallance Shirley , Morrison Siouxzy , Bellomo Rinaldo , Cooper D. Jamie
Published: November 2011

BACKGROUND: Prolonged storage of red blood cells (RBCs) may increase posttransfusion adverse events in critically ill patients. We aimed to evaluate in intensive care unit (ICU) patients 1) the feasibility of allocating freshest available compatible RBCs versus standard care and 2) the suitability of this approach in the design of a large randomized controlled trial (RCT).

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Eligible patients from two adult ICUs were randomly assigned to receive either the freshest available compatible RBCs or the standard care (the oldest compatible available RBCs) for all transfusions during their ICU stay. Study group allocation was concealed from patients and bedside clinicians, but the transfusion service was unblinded. The study endpoints were the feasibility of the study procedures, including success of the ICU Web randomization, the ICU staff blinding, and the correct delivery of the RBC units by the transfusion service in accordance with the allocated study group. In addition, we measured the difference in age of RBC units between the two groups.

RESULTS: During a 3‐month period, 177 RBC units were delivered to 51 patients. All study procedures, including randomization, blinding, and delivery of blood in accordance with the study group were successful. The mean (±SD) of the mean age of the RBC received by each patient was lower in the “fresher blood” group compared with the standard care group (12.1 [±3.8] days vs. 23 [±8.4] days; p < 0.001).

CONCLUSION: Randomized delivery of the freshest available RBCs versus standard care to ICU patients who were prescribed transfusion for clinical reasons is feasible, with a clinically relevant degree of storage duration separation achievable between the two study groups. These findings support the feasibility of a future large pragmatic RCT.
Institutional Effects on Decision Making on Public Lands: An Interagency Examination of Wildfire Management
Authors: Reiners Derek
Published: November 2011

A significant increase in catastrophic wildfires in the interior West of the United States has left public land agencies scrambling to reduce dangerous fuel loads and manage forests according to an ecological understanding of fire and forest health. However, this has not translated into standardized on‐the‐ground fire and fuel management in public land agencies. Different on‐the‐ground management practices raise questions about the extent to which ecosystems management is being utilized and how well land agencies are adapting to their new responsibilities. This study employs an institutional analysis and development framework to examine how and why on‐the‐ground decisions and outcomes differ. Decisions and outcomes are discussed as a function of the multiple layers of institutions that guide and constrain the decision processes of line officers who are responsible for developing and executing fire and fuel management projects.
Midwives’ Perceptions of Providing Stop‐Smoking Advice and Pregnant Smokers’ Perceptions of Stop‐Smoking Services Within the Same Deprived Area of London
Authors: Herberts Carolina , Sykes Catherine
Published: November 2011

Introduction: To identify and juxtapose midwives’ perceptions of providing stop‐smoking advice and pregnant smokers’ perceptions of stop‐smoking services.

Methods: A qualitative design was used in an attempt to expose and compare in‐depth perceptions of midwives and pregnant smokers. Three focus groups lasting approximately 1 hour and involving 15 midwives were carried out, and 10 pregnant smokers participated in semistructured interviews. The qualitative data were analyzed by using the full version of grounded theory.

Results: The perceptions of midwives regarding provision of advice were related to outcome of advice, the relationship with patients, personal experiences, attributes, perception of role, the impact of external factors, and aspects related to pregnant smokers and pregnancy. Pregnant smokers’ perceived barriers and facilitators to approaching stop‐smoking services were categorized into areas of smoking behavior, advice from health professionals, stop‐smoking services, and negative perceptions of pregnant women who smoke.

Discussion: In theory, many of the perceived barriers to providing advice could be overcome by implementing effective mandatory training for midwives. However, real issues, such as lack of time, have a major impact on the provision of advice. Pregnant smokers expect and appreciate receiving stop‐smoking advice from midwives. Yet, they tend to have negative expectations of stop‐smoking services, although the experiences of those who have attended these services are positive. Raising awareness of stop‐smoking support for pregnant women is crucial in empowering women to make informed choices about their health and the health of their children.
Nusta Juira's Gift of Quinoa: Peasants, Trademarks, and Intermediaries in the Transformation of a Bolivian Commodity Economy
Authors: Ofstehage Andrew
Published: November 2011

Farmers and activists in the Los Lipez region of Bolivia have created a symbolic commons that links their identity, quinoa crop, and work. Since 2005, farmers have worked with regional activists and marketers to create a denomination of origin in order to project their work and connection with quinoa into international markets for their crop. Yet sales certified with the denomination of origin trademark have not significantly displaced other sales to buyers for the national cooperatives or to local intermediaries. Based on 4 months of ethnographic research with growers, local resellers, and leaders of the denomination of origin initiative, this case documents how the Bolivian quinoa market is a composite of varied market channels, interests, and values that inhibit the full realization of any single development approach. However, the complexity that actor agency introduces into commodity circulation results in earnings at different scales, the movement of multiple qualities of quinoa, transactions in formal and informal settings, and a more resilient life sphere of agricultural production.
Prometheus’s heart: what lies beneath
Authors: Barile Lucio , Lionetti Vincenzo
Published: November 2011

Introduction

Adult cardiomyocyte turnover

Cardiac tissue generation: contribution of resident interstitial cells

Signalling of miocardiogenesis: a developmental perspective

Imaging of self‐renewed myocardium

Conclusions

A heart attack kills off many cells in the heart. Parts of the heart become thin and fail to contract properly following the replacement of lost cells by scar tissue. However, the notion that the same adult cardiomyocytes beat throughout the lifespan of the organ and organism, without the need for a minimum turnover, gives way to a fascinating investigations. Since the late 1800s, scientists and cardiologists wanted to demonstrate that the cardiomyocytes cannot be generated after the perinatal period in human beings. This curiosity has been passed down in subsequent years and has motivated more and more accurate studies in an attempt to exclude the presence of renewed cardiomyocytes in the tissue bordering the ischaemic area, and then to confirm the dogma of the heart as terminally differentiated organ. Conversely, peri‐lesional mitosis of cardiomyocytes were discovered initially by light microscopy and subsequently confirmed by more sophisticated technologies. Controversial evidence of mechanisms underlying myocardial regeneration has shown that adult cardiomyocytes are renewed through a slow turnover, even in the absence of damage. This turnover is ensured by the activation of rare clusters of progenitor cells interspersed among the cardiac cells functionally mature. Cardiac progenitor cells continuously interact with each other, with the cells circulating in the vessels of the coronary microcirculation and myocardial cells in auto‐/paracrine manner. Much remains to be understood; however, the limited functional recovery in human beings after myocardial injury clearly demonstrates weak regenerative potential of cardiomyocytes and encourages the development of new approaches to stimulate this process.
Leukemia cutis – epidemiology, clinical presentation, and differential diagnoses
Authors: Wagner Gunnar , Fenchel Klaus , Back Walter , Schulz Alina , Sachse Michael Max
Published: November 2011

Leukemia cutis is an extramedullary manifestation of leukemia. The frequency and age distribution depend on the leukemia subtype. The clinical and morphological findings have a wide range of cutaneous manifestations and may present with nodular lesions and plaques. Rare manifestations include erythematous macules, blisters and ulcers which can each occur alone or in combination. Apart from solitary or grouped lesions, leukemia cutis may also present with an erythematous rash in a polymorphic clinical pattern. Consequently, leukemia cutis has to be distinguished from numerous differential diagnoses, i. e. cutaneous metastases of visceral malignancies, lymphoma, drug eruptions, viral infections, syphilis, ulcers of various origins, and blistering diseases. In the oral mucosa, gingival hyperplasia is the main differential diagnosis.

The knowledge of the clinical morphology is of tremendously importance in cases in which leukemia was not yet known.
A Comparison between Endodontics and Implantology: An 8‐Year Retrospective Study
Authors: Vozza Iole , Barone Antonio , Quaranta Manlio , De Paolis Gianfranco , Covani Ugo , Quaranta Alessandro
Published: November 2011

Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare endodontic and implant treatments and to evaluate their predictability over an 8‐year period on the basis of an analysis of survival data and a retrospective clinical study.

Materials and Methods: A group of 40 partially edentulous patients were selected for this study. Their teeth had been endodontically treated and rehabilitated using gold alloy and ceramic restorations. In these patients, 65 osseointegrated implants were restored with single gold alloy–ceramic crowns and monitored on a yearly basis for 8 years with standardized periapical radiographs, using a polivynilsiloxane occlusal key as a positioner. A total of nine patients who did not attend the yearly follow‐up were excluded from the study. The Melloning and Triplett criteria were used to evaluate the clinical results obtained in the implant sites. The clinical results of the 56 endodontically treated teeth, restored with the fixed prosthesis of 40 patients, were analyzed according to probing depth as well as an assessment of the correct apical and coronal seals. The survival rate was calculated using the Kaplan–Meier method and the statistical significance was calculated using the chi‐square test.

Results: During the follow‐up of the endodontically treated elements, seven failures were detected (83.34%) and the success rate of implants inserted in the same patients was equal to 80.8%, with nine implants lost in 8 years. The survival analysis of the elements treated with both therapies was not statistically significant (p = .757) and the confidence interval was between 0.2455 and 2.777.

Conclusion: In view of the superimposable results between the two therapies, it should be noted that the endodontically treated teeth could be interested by different pathologies while the restoration of the atrophic edentulous ridge with an implant support is predictable when patients comply with correct oral hygiene and when the occlusal loads are axially distributed in implant‐protected occlusion.
Implant Survival Rates after Osteotome‐Mediated Maxillary Sinus Augmentation: A Systematic Review
Authors: Del Fabbro Massimo , Corbella Stefano , Weinstein Tommaso , Ceresoli Valentina , Taschieri Silvio
Published: November 2011

Purpose: The aim of the present study was to systematically evaluate the implant survival rate after osteotome‐mediated maxillary sinus augmentation with or without using grafting materials.

Materials and Methods: MEDLINE database was searched using a combination of specific search terms. Furthermore, a hand searching of the relevant journals and of the bibliographies of reviews was performed. Prospective and retrospective clinical studies with at least 20 patients treated by osteotome‐mediated sinus floor elevation were included.

Results: Nineteen studies were selected for data analysis. A total of 1,822 patients, accounting for 3,131 implants were considered. Mean weighted cumulative implant survival at 1, 2, 3, and 5 years was estimated as 98.12%, 97.40%, 96.75%, and 95.81%, respectively. No significant difference was found in relation to the use of grafting material nor in relation to implant length. Overall implant survival was 92.7% for 331 implants placed in <5 mm ridge height and 96.9% for 2,525 implants inserted in ≥5 mm ridge height. The difference was significant (p = .0003).

Conclusions: The transalveolar sinus augmentation technique could be a viable treatment in case of localized atrophy in the posterior maxilla even in case of minimal residual bone height. The prognosis can be more favorable when the residual ridge is at least 5 mm high.
A METHOD TO ASSESS CHANGES IN MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CHOCOLATE CONFECTIONERY SYSTEMS SUBJECTED TO MOISTURE AND FAT MIGRATION DURING STORAGE
Authors: SVANBERG L. , AHRNÉ L. , LORÉN N. , WINDHAB E.
Published: November 2011

An Instron universal testing machine was used to assess fundamental parameters, such as Young's modulus, tensile strength and tensile strain, in order to determine the effect of fat and moisture migration on the mechanical properties of chocolate during storage. Two thin steel anchorages were inserted into each end of the chocolate samples during molding. These anchorages were used to mount the samples in the instrument without inducing stresses prior to the start of the experiment. Longitudinal forces applied to the chocolate provided a measure of the strength of the bond between different chocolate components (nonfat solids and cocoa butter). The new method proved to be a valid technique that can be used to measure fundamental mechanical parameters and quantify the impact of fat or moisture migration.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

The described method enables traction test of chocolate without inducing stresses from the instruments' clamps, thus enabling more precise measurements of fundamental mechanical parameters. The material properties of the chocolate during storage could be quantified and compared with samples subjected to fat or moisture migration, which is a crucial quality defect in confectionery products. The new methodology using an Instron universal testing machine allows for better understanding of the effect of migration from the filling, different chocolate recipes (milk, dark and white) and processing on the material properties in chocolate during storage, which are strongly related to quality or sensorial perception. The assessed fundamental parameters can also be used in mathematical modeling of quality defects such as the cracking behavior of chocolate pralines.
Punishing Bodies, Securing the Nation: How Rule of Law Can Legitimate the Urbane Authoritarian State
Authors: Rajah Jothie
Published: November 2011

Although authoritarian rule of law may seem an oxymoron, strategic reconfigurations of the “rule of law” can produce acceptance of law that observes procedure while erasing rights. By bringing into conjunction critical discourse theory and scholarship on the legal professions and political liberalism, this article shows how rulers can deploy rhetoric and legislation to produce derogations from the liberal content of rule of law while sustaining a state legitimacy built on claims to state realizations of rule of law. A close analysis of Singapore's Vandalism Act shows that silencing the critique of lawyers and constraining the power of judges has been crucial to a legitimation of the surveillance and criminalization of dissenters. The consolidation of state power effected via law and discourse might be seen as making the nation a notional panopticon—corporal punishment, even if conducted behind prison walls, becomes instructive public spectacle conveying the state's seeming omniscience and monopolistic command of law.
Microstructural Reconstruction for the Testicular Cysts of Wolf Spider Using 3D Volume Rendering Technique
Authors: Kim Hoon , Moon Myung‐Jin
Published: November 2011

In insects, the alignment of neighboring spermatid in the late stages is nearly perfect, so that a transverse section of a cyst containing late spermatids transects all the spermatids at approximately the same level. However, the testicular cysts of spiders are spherical, most cysts are arranged in order of increasing maturity from the periphery to the center of the testis. For this reason, it is difficult to observe the whole spermatids within a single microscopic slide and count them. Therefore, we demonstrate microstructural reconstruction technique enabling to count exact number of sperm cells per cyst with aid of 3D volume rendering. For image processing and reconstruction, serially sectioned histologic specimens were scanned with microscopy and 3D images were reconstructed using Amira 5.3.2 software from the image stacks of the germ cells and surrounding testicular cysts subsequentially. With the information gathered by 3D reconstruction, it has finally been counted that exactly 32 (25) cells of the secondary spermatocytes per cyst. This means that most cysts in P. laura contain exactly 64 (26) spermatids or spermatozoa, which presumably arose from four synchronous mitotic and two meiotic divisions. In addition, the number of divisions occurring in a cyst appears to be constant for this spider because it has been known that the number of spermatids per cyst is characteristic for each species.
Review of Korean Ibaliidae (Cynipoidea:Hymenoptera) with three species new to Korea
Authors: Choi Won‐Young , Lee Jong‐Wook , Suh Kyong‐In
Published: November 2011

Ibaliidae is a small parasitoid family including nineteen extant records of species in three genera, Ibalia Latreille, Heteribalia Sakagami and Eileenella Fergusson in the world. All known ibaliids are primary solitary, koinobiont endoparasitoids of wood‐boring sawfly larvae. Some species have been used as biological control agents of siricid forest pests in New Zealand, Australia and Tasmani.

Previously, only a species, Ibaliata kachihoi Yasumatsu, synonymized under Ibalia (Tremibalia) jakowlewi Jacobson by Kierych (1973), has been recorded in the Korean fauna (Kim 1970). No study on the family Ibaliidae, however, has been conducted for decades after Kim (1970). Recent survey work of Korean parasitic cynipoidea revealed a number of new records of ibaliid species from the Korean peninsula.

In this study, we report three ibaliid species, Ibalia (Ibalia) leucospoides leucospoides, Ibalia (Tremibalia) japonica and Ibalia (Tremibalia) ornate, new to Korean fauna and provide a review of the family Ibaliidae in Korea including a key to Korean ibaliid species and diagnoses with illustrations of known Korean ibaliid species.
A long‐term change of benthic macroinvertebrate communities in the Cheonggye stream, a restored urban stream in Seoul, Korea
Authors: Choe Lak Jung , Kim Dong Gun , Baek Min Jeong , Kang Hyo Jeong , Lee Song Ji , Lee Cha Young , Cho Seo Young , Park Hyung Joon , Bae Yeon Jae
Published: November 2011

Stream restoration affects stream biodiversity by improving water quality and habitat environments. Benthic macroinvertebrates are used as indicators of changes in stream environment, and, therefore, the effects of restoration can be evaluated by a long‐term monitoring of benthic macroinvertebrates. Cheonggye stream is an urban stream in Seoul, Korea, and a restoration project was conducted from July 2003 to September 2005. The purpose of this study was to investigate the long‐term changes in the benthic macroinvertebrate communities in Cheonggye stream after the restoration project in 2005.

A 6‐year field study was seasonally conducted at five study sites in Cheonggye stream from November 2005 to October 2011. Benthic macroinvertebrates were sampled quantitatively using a Surber sampler (50 × 50 cm; mesh 0.25 mm, two replications per site). As a result, species richness of benthic macroinvertebrates rapidly increased after the restoration project and peaked (35 species per sample) in 2006 but gradually dropped to approximately 20 species up to the recent year. As a consequence, community indices changed gradually according to species richness and abundance: Dominance indices peaked in 2010 and species diversity indices (H') peaked in 2007. According to a functional feeding group analysis, the composition of collector–filterers increased at first, but the decreased gradually to the recent year. In contrast, collector–gatherers showed an opposite tendency. The composition of clingers increased during the initial 4 years (2005–2008), whereas burrowers rapidly increased after 2008.
Community analysis, assessment and evaluation of aquatic ecosystem health of Dongjin River based on Benthic macroinvertebrates
Authors: Jeon Yong‐Lak , Yun Ju‐Chang , Kim Byung‐Jin , Park Young‐Jun
Published: November 2011

We have studied the structure of community and local characteristics of benthic macro‐invertebrates in Dong‐jin river from May, 2011 to now. The purpose of this study is to supply the data managing water quality in main stream of this river. This study has been still doing till now.

During the period of experiment we found 69 species of 51 genera, 36 families of 13 orders, and 5classes of 3 phyla. Among them most of them, 80% is aquatic insects, consisting of 55 species of 41 genera, and 28 families of 7 orders. The dominant species was midges and DI(Dominance Index) of them is highest, 1.00 in site, but lowest, 0.44 in site 4. The species H'(Diversity Index) was highest, 2.38 in site 2, but lowest 0.46 in site 5. The species EI(Evenness Index) was highest, 0.92 in site 11, but lowest 0.42 in site 5. The species RI(Richness Index) was highest 4.20 in site 4, but lowest, 0.63 in site 5. Examining of FFG(Functional feeding group) GC(Gathering Collector) was 44%, comparatively high. Examining KSI(Korean saprobic index) the average value was good, C level.
Laval mortality of Protaetia brevitarsis in accordance with the different incubation conditions
Authors: Lee Yeonsoon , Kang Mingu , Lee Hyoki , Kang Hyunjun , Jang Heeseung , Son Moonhui , Cha Jungmoon , Kwon Yongeok , Bae Hyesu , Kwon Ohseok
Published: November 2011

This study was carried out to determine whether different incubation conditions can affect the larval mortality of Protaetia brevitarsis. In addition, it was carried out to obtain information about the oviposition pattern of P. brevitarsis.

P. brevitarsis that was used it the study was a new‐born adult. Adults rearing condition was as follows; temperature 25°C∼27°C, long‐day length (16L:8D), and relative humidity 80%. Larvae were reared at 25°C∼27°C temperature and 80% relative humidity.

A total of four types of incubation conditions was designed. First type is the 50 eggs arranged at regular intervals on sawdust (E1). Second type is the 50 eggs put together in the center (E2). Third type is the shift out sawdust and put out adults of P. brevitarsis then put a new cage (E3). Last, lured with bait and put out adults, then put in a new cage (Control). Two weeks later, cages were checked for larval mortality. All of the cages were checked once a week.

Types of collect egg are 3. First, don't collect eggs, just lured adults with bait (Control). Second, collect eggs (R1). Last, sift out adults using sieve (R3). Control and R3 eggs remained in cage. Just R1 eggs were arranged on sawdust in new cage.

In this study, just Control 1. (10 times repeat) was finished. And other experimental sets are being carried out. In Control 1., larval mortality is 87%. Adults laid 2597 eggs, total 2259 larvae metamorphosed to pupae.

Oviposition pattern is Control 1. (10 times repeat) adults laid 3909 eggs, Control 2. (5 times repeat) adults laid 2257 eggs, R1 (10 times repeat) adults laid 3367 eggs, R2 (5 times repeat) adults laid 2142 eggs. Control 1. is preliminary experiment. So, after finish that experiment, repeat that one more time.

Usually, P. brevitarsis laid eggs for approximately 10 weeks. And between 2 to 4 weeks, they laid most eggs.
The Influence of Sediment Control Dam Dredging on Benthic Macroinvertebrate Communities of Mountain Stream
Authors: Kim Bong‐Sung , Youn Ho‐Joong , Seo Eul‐Won , Lee Jong‐Eun
Published: November 2011

This study was conducted for determining the influence of Sediment Control Dam dredging on benthic macroinvertebrate communities in mountain stream of Gyeongsangbuk‐do. The sediment control dams were surveyed before and after dredging from mountain streams of Yecheon, Yeongju and Bonghwa in Northern part of Gyeongsangbuk‐do. Sampling was taken at upper and down from 3 experimental sites and 2 control sites during May to August 2011.

The identified species before dredging were 56 belonged to 31 families, 11 orders, 6 classes and 4 phyla, but after dredging it has decreased to 51 species belonged to 27 families, 10 orders, 5 classes and 4 phyla. The microhabitat damage of benthic macroinvertebrates occurred at experimental sites after dredging of sediment check dams led to reduction of the number of species and individuals. Especially, upper stream of experimental sites showed the reduction of an average of 38% species. In general, species diversity indices and species richness indices decreased after dredging; however, dominance indices increased at experimental sites. In the upper stream of experimental sites, the microhabitat damaged and became pool due to dredging. Also, velocity of flow decreased and the river bed became simply due to the sedimentary matter being finer than sand and silt. As a result, composition of functional feeding groups and functional feeding groups were relatively simpler at upper stream and the degree of community differences was greater between upper and down stream. Also, Chironomidae spp., Ephemeridae spp., and Odonata spp. to prefer where slow velocity of flow and lentic increased in a greater rate, and the EPT/C index to indicate the balance of the community decreased.
The necessity for low temperature treatment on the eggs of Emma Cricket, Teleogryllus emma and the method of increasing the hatching rate after low temperature treatment
Authors: Lee Hyoki , Kang Mingu , Kang Hyunjun , Jang Heeseung , Son Moonhui , Lee Yeonsoon , Cha Jungmoon , Kwon Yongeok , Bae Hyesu , Kwon Ohseok
Published: November 2011

The necessity for low temperature treatment of Emma Cricket Eggs, Teleogryllus emma, to dormancy breaking and the method of increasing hatching rate after low temperature treatment were investigated. Emma Cricket Eggs were treated by constant temperature, room temperature, low temperature, step‐down low temperature. As a result, constant temperature treatment was the lowest on hatching rate. The hatching rates of the rest of other temperature treatments were not different statistically (one‐way ANOVA). In other word, low temperature treatment was not necessary to dormancy breaking. But low temperature treatment was necessary to control individual number of Emma Cricket, Teleogryllus emma, on the mass indoor‐rearing system. And the step‐up temperature treatment was necessary to increase hatching rate after low temperature treatment.
Microstructure of the Central Nervous System in the Harvestman Leiobunum japonicum (Arachnida: Opiliones: Sclerosomatidae)
Authors: Park Yong‐Ki , Moon Myung‐Jin
Published: November 2011

Although over 6,400 species of harvestmen have been discovered worldwide, the research on these arachnids is still an unexplored field comparing to spiders or insects. To begin filling this gap, here we have examined the microstructure of the CNS in the harvestman Leiobunum japonicum using histologic visualization techniques. Although Opiliones belong to the class of arachnids, they are not spiders. Opiliones are an order of arachnids commonly known as harvestmen. These arachnids are well known for their exceptionally long legs compared to body size, and the two main body sections (cephalothorax and abdomen) are broadly joined. The CNS of harvestman is similar to the CNS in all extant arachnids. The harvestman Leiobunum japonicum is made up of two compact nerve cell clusters which consist of a supraesophagealganglion and a subesophageal mass. The supraesophageal ganglion has two parts, the protocerebrum and the duetocerebrum. Whereas, a pair of pedipalpal and four pairs of appendage nerves including several pairs of abdominal nerves arise from the subesophageal nerve mass.
Effects of Pyriproxyfen Treatment on the Insect Growth Rates
Authors: Yeom Joung Ho , Hwag Seok‐jo , Kwon Yong Jung
Published: November 2011

Larvae of Bombyx mori fed on the mulberry leaves treated with pyriproxyfen extended the larval duration. The silkworm on the third day of the fourth instar fed pyriproxyfen 10‐6 concentration extended the fifth instar duration over 20 days and was not able to spinning silk. Pyriproxyfen was treated at the third day of the fourth instar, the first day of the fifth instar and the fifth day of the fifth instar larvae, the larval body weights were higher by 49%, 38%, 44% than those of the control, respectively. Pyriproxyfen was treated at the third day of the fourth instar, the first day of the fifth instar and the fifth day of the fifth instar larvae, pupal ratio was 91.3%, 80.0%, 12.0% of the control, respectively. Pyriproxyfen was treated at the third day of the fourth instar, the first day of the fifth instar and the fifth day of the fifth instar larvae, the single cocoon weights were 2.11g, 2.99g, 3.83g and cocoon shell weight was 43.2cg 40.9g 20.1g, respectively. When pyriproxyfen was treated at the third day of the fourth instar, the first day of the fifth instar and the fifth day of the fifth instar larvae, the maximum fifth larval silk gland weight of the fifth instar treatment was lower by 59%, 54% than those of the control.
Interspecific Hybridization of the Imported Bumblebee B. terrestris and the Korean Native Bumblebee Bombus hypocrita sapporoensis
Authors: Yoon Hyung Joo , Park In Gyun , Lee Kyeong Yong , Kim Mi Ae , Jin Byung Rae
Published: November 2011

The large bumblebee, Bombus terrestris, indigenous to Europe and adjacent area, and used extensively for high‐value crop pollination, has been artificially introduced to several parts of the world. Here we show the interspecific hybridization between the bumblebee species, B. hypocrita sapporoensis and B. terrestris, under laboratory conditions. The mating and oviposition percentages resulting from the interspecific hybridization of a B. terrestris queen with a B. h. sapporoensis male were higher than those resulting from the intraspecific mating of B. h. sapporoensis. Furthermore, a competitive copulation experiment indicated that the mating of B. h. sapporoensis males with B. terrestris queens was 1.2‐fold more frequent than the mating of these males with B. h. sapporoensis queens. The interspecific hybridization of a B. terrestris queen with a B. h. sapporoensis male produced either B. terrestris workers or the B. terrestris male phenotype, and the hybridization of a B. h. sapporoensis queen with a B. terrestris male produced B. h. sapporoensis males. Our results indicated that interspecific hybridization occurred between B. h. sapporoensis and B. terrestris. The results suggest that such hybridization will have a negative competitive impact and will cause genetic contamination of native bumblebees.
Characterization of Human IgE and Mouse IgG1 Responses to Allergens in Mosquito Species
Authors: Jeon Soung Hoo , Lee Kil Han , Kim Si Un , Kim Hyun Jung , Ahn Seong Ryong , Lee Hyun Ho , Bae Yeon Jae , Lee Bong Hee
Published: November 2011

IgE‐mediated allergic reactions caused by mosquito bites are a common problem all over the world. This study was undertaken to determine IgE levels in subjects, to elucidate human IgE and mouse IgG1 binding patterns and to investigate the cross‐reactivity of salivary gland antigens with three mosquitoes. Mosquito larvae of Aedes togoi, Culex tritaeniorhynchus and Culex pipiens pallens were collected and maintained in the laboratory. Salivary gland extracts (SGE) and whole‐body extracts (WBE) were prepared from female mosquitoes of each species. The 9 sera out of 12 with positive skin reactions to SGE of A. togoi by skin prick test showed significantly higher anti‐mosquito SGE IgE levels than in those without skin reactions. Protein band patterns of the SGE and WBE of the three species were different from one another. There were specific mouse IgG1 reactions to the bands of 30.5, 33, 37 and 57.5 kD in the SGE of A. togoi. The ELISA inhibition studies disclosed almost no crossreactivities between A. togoi, C. tritaeniorhynchus and C. pipiens pallens. Immunoblot analysis disclosed that allergenic proteins in the SGE of mosquitoes and their patterns were remarkably similar between human and mouse sera to the SGE of A. togoi. Species shared allergens may not exist among the three mosquito species prevalent in Korea.
Functional Analysis of Genes of Chitin Metabolism in Tribolium castaneum by RNA interference
Authors: Arakane Yasuyuki , Muthukrishnan Subbaratnam , Beeman Richard W. , Kramer Karl J.
Published: November 2011

A bioinformatics search of the genome of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, has identified families of genes encoding chitin synthases (CHS), chitinases (CHT), N‐acetylglucosaminidases (NAG), chitin deacetylases (CDA) and other proteins such as Retroactive (RTV) and Knickkopf (KNK), which may be involved in chitin assembly. The predicted gene models were confirmed or corrected by direct cDNA cloning. Tissue‐specific and developmental stage‐specific expression patterns were also investigated by RT‐PCR analyses. The roles of these proteins in synthesis, turnover and/or organization of chitin in the cuticle have been investigated in this model beetle species by RNA interference (RNAi), confocal and transmission electron microscopy. Injections of 2‐200 ng of double‐stranded RNAs into larvae, pupae or adults resulted in specific down‐regulation of the targeted transcripts within 2‐3 days. RNAi for many of these genes resulted in distinct phenotypes, which included lethality, molting arrest, developmental and cuticular abnormalities and failure of egg‐hatch.

These studies have revealed that many apparently redundant genes of chitin metabolism have distinct physiological functions and/or tissue specificities. For example, the two CHS genes specialize in making chitin that becomes part of either the cuticle or the peritrophic matrix (PM). One chitinase (CHT10) is critical for every molt, whereas another chitinase (CHT5) is essential only for the adult molt. RNAi for two other chitinase/chitinase‐like proteins results in developmental arrest or morphological abnormalities. Interestingly, two CDAs appear to be essential for molting as well. KNK and RTV appear to be involved in the protection of chitin from chitinases as well as assembly of chitin laminae in the procuticle. Some proteins with peritrophin‐A type chitin‐binding domains (ChtBD2 domains) also appear to be essential for molting and/or survival.
Gene expression profiles in acholeplasma‐treated fat body cells of Tenebrio moliter
Authors: Lee Hyo Jeong , Kang Se‐Won , Kang Seongmin , Yeo‐Jin Won , Kim Dong Hyun , Seo Gi Won , Lee Yong Seok , Lee Bok‐Leul , Kim Nam Jung , Han Yeon Soo
Published: November 2011

Tenebrio moliter, a colepoteran insect, has been used as a model insect to study innate immune responses against Gram +/‐ bacteria containing peptidoglycan. However, little is known about the gene expression profiles of fat body cells in response to Aholeplasma which does not have peptidoglycan. In the present study, we analyzed the transcriptome changes of Tenebrio fat body cells in response to Acholeplasma. To conduct comparative transcriptome analysis between Acholeplasma‐untreated control fat cells (C) and Acholeplasma‐treated fat cells (T), two independent normalized cDNA libraries were constructed. Analysis of the 4,032 (C, 2,016; T, 2,016) expression sequence tags (ESTs) generated from these libraries identified 495 contigs (C, 256; T, 239) and 2,690 singletons (C, 1340; T, 1350) with average lengths of 745 bp (C) and 683 bp (T), respectively. In silico analysis indicates that the expression of genes encoding cytochrome c oxidase subunit I, desiccation stress protein, 13 kDa hemolymph protein, galactose‐binding lectin, beta‐glucosidase, t1/t2 receptor binding protein and various hypothetical proteins increased by 5‐fold. In contrast, the expression of genes encoding early‐staged encapsulation‐inducing protein, hexamerin 2 precursor, melanin‐inhibiting protein, myospheroid and tetraspanin D107 decreased by at least 4‐fold (up to 21‐fold). Yet, it remains to further clarify the expression level of the up‐/down‐regulated genes in response to Acholeplasma using PCR, and elucidate the biological significance of these genes using RNAi and biochemical analyses.