bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Formative Intervention to Change the School Health Center Activity
Authors: Vi Costa Susana , AG Vilela Rodolfo , Antonio Pereira Querolb Marco
Published: February 2022

The aim of this paper is to propose an interventionist approach for transforming a School Health Center (CSE) in São Paulo, Brazil. The Center is in a situation of crisis, providing precarious health services due to limited human and material resources. In the article we argue that the solution for the crisis depends on how it is interpreted. We present an ethnographic narrative constructed collectively by researcher and practitioners through data from interviews and a mini-intervention. The aim of this narrative was to provide a better understanding about the development of the activity of health care and education/research conducted at the CSE. As it will be argued this hypothesis is the first step towards a broader on-going intervention using a method called Change Laboratory, which is based on an Activity Theoretical approach. The narrative shows that the School Health Center’s object (primary and secondary health care) and the object of the Faculty of Public Health (research and education) have changed towards different developmental directions. The integration between these two objects is narrower than when the Center was first created, and this can be a key source of conflicts between CSE by the Faculty. The results suggest that a more effective solution to the crisis would involve the reconstruction of the object motivation (product service) produced in the activity.
A Systematic Approach to Providing Accessible Electronic Communication
Authors: J. Lightner Nancy
Published: February 2022

Legislation enacted throughout the world requires government agencies and affiliates to make electronic and information technology for internal and public use accessible to people with disabilities. Ensuring an awareness of the law and compliance with it requires a multi-part process, including advertisement, training, retro-fitting, template and instruction development and follow-up review. The regulations are under almost constant revision, as technology innovations require additional consideration. While checklists and automated tools are available, they do not necessarily guarantee compliance with the most recent guidelines. This paper presents a systematic approach for consideration in organizations that are required to comply with accessibility laws.
Biomechanical and Qualitative Study of a Multiple Adjustable Shower Trolley
Authors: J.J. Knibbe Hanneke , E. Knibbea Nico , M. Waaijerb Elly
Published: February 2022

The purpose of this study was to compare the traditional height-adjustable shower trolley with a shower trolley with a new design. Compared to the traditional height-adjustable shower trolley, this version had higher side supports, indented curves on the long sides, handles, arrow-shaped ends, and a mattress with a flexible mid-section. In this study four nurses carried out five shower cycles using the traditional height-adjustable shower trolley and five shower cycles using the new design. These activities were filmed and analyzed by multi-moment sampling at a fixed interval. Each observation consists of a back score, arm score, leg score and neck score. Results show that working with the new design leads to less postural stress on the musculoskeletal system of the caregiver, compared to the traditional height-adjustable shower trolley. There is a 10.2% improvement in time spent in a neutral back position and a 9.4% improvement in the time spent in a neutral neck position. The main focus of the study was on the postural analyses. Nevertheless the qualitative aspects analyzed deserve attention as well and might be just as valuable. In practice they may determine the frequency with which a device is used, as nurses tend to be more motivated if the patient is more comfortable and the quality of care is higher. The new device was experienced as more dignified, comfortable and warmer.
Maladaptive Back Beliefs and Low Back Pain in Nurses: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Elferinga Achim , Rollia Cornelia , Müllerb Urs , Tamcanb Özgür , F. Mannionc Anne
Published: February 2022

This population-based longitudinal questionnaire study examined whether back beliefs predicted increased low back pain (LBP) one year after baseline, comparing the phenomenon in nurses versus other participants. A random sample of 2’860 individuals participated. At one-year follow-up 1’445 questionnaires were returned. At baseline and follow-up, back beliefs were assessed with the Back Beliefs Questionnaire (BBQ) and LBP was assessed using a standardized pain intensity item and pain manikin. Cross-lagged structural equation modeling was used to estimate the prospective risk path from BBQ at baseline to LBP at follow-up. A model comparison test evaluated whether paths differed between 59 nurses and 1’383 other respondents. The cross-lagged path model fitted the empirical data well (CFI = 0.91; RMSEA = 0.04). In nurses, the longitudinal path from BBQ to LBP at follow-up (β=0.30, p=.013) and the cross-sectional association between BBQ and LBP at follow-up (β = 0.42, p = .031) were more positive than in others (longitudinal path: β = 0.05, p = .023; cross-sectional path: β = 0.06, p = .062). The biopsychosocial model of LBP and maladaptive back beliefs should be addressed in educational occupational health interventions for nurses.
Working Conditions of Health Technicians in Ceará’s Public Health System
Authors: Heloisa Maciel Regina , Bosco Feitosa dos Santos João , Paula Torres do Nascimento Ana
Published: February 2022

The study aims to analyze the working conditions of health professionals of Basic Health Units (BHU) of Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil. BHUs are primary health care units that are the front door of the national public health system. The research analyzes working conditions of primary care auxiliary and/or technicians and their perceptions regarding working conditions and harassment. It is a cross-sectional survey of exploratory nature, using quantitative and qualitative methods. 120 mid-educational level background workers answered a questionnaire containing socio-economic information; an occupational stressors scale and the Negative Acts Questionnaire (NAQ). Nine technicians and auxiliaries participated in individual interviews. Observations of workplaces were also done. 2.5% of participants declared to have suffered workplace harassment. However, 11.7% reported negative acts towards them, weekly or daily in the last six months. The participants perceive their working conditions as precarious. They report employment instability, lack of equipment, low salaries, and long working journeys. They appear to worry about exercising their activities with prejudice to the services’ quality and to their health. The study points to the need for actions that bring egalitarian conditions in terms of employment to this category of workers, better working conditions, and financial and social recognition.
Collaboration Expertise in Health Care - Mapping the Mosaic of Shared Work Experience, Transactive Memory System and Performance
Authors: Kiesewetter Jan , Semmelies Fara , Saravo Barbara , R. Fischer Martin , Wershofen Birgit
Published: February 2022

In all domains teams knowledge of the others team members’ expertise is of high importance and has been named transactive memory system (TMS). Especially in healthcare, where teams are often formed ad-hoc and the performance directly reflects patients’ wellbeing, the relationship between TMS, shared collaborative experience and performance needs to be examined. This study examines this relationship in the context of nursing. Knowledge about the teammate’s domains of expertise should only have a performance-critical impact in tasks innate to the own profession, while general collaboration tasks should not benefit from a strong TMS. 52 nurses of which about half had working experience together filled out a TMS questionnaire. Two groups of dyads (with and without prior shared work experience) performed one task of their own profession and one domain-general task. The results could show that performance in the working-domain specific task was higher in the group with shared experience than in the group without shared experience. No difference could be found in the domain-general task. This study adds evidence to the body of literature that collaboration is a domain-specific skill and that performance depends on it. Methodological implications to possibly improve TMS and collaboration expertise in teams are discussed.
A Fuzzy AHP Approach for Risk Assessment on Family Health Care Strategy
Authors: Jatobá Alessandro , Cesar Bellas Hugo , Cesar R. Vidal Paulo Victor R. de Carvalho Mario
Published: February 2022

This paper presents an approach to support decision making in assigning risk rates for patients of spontaneous demands in the Brazilian Family Healthcare Strategy. This approach was elaborated based on concepts of the Fuzzy Set Theory and AHP - Analytical Hierarchy Process and implemented in a Primary Healthcare Facility in the City of Rio de Janeiro. Thus, the proposed approach can be used as an additional tool to support the work of healthcare professionals, providing further criteria for their decision making.
Medical Factors of Brain Tumor Delineation in Radiotherapy for Software Design
Authors: Aselmaa Anet , H.M. Goossens Richard , Rowland Ben , Laprie Anne , Song Yu , Freudenthal Adinda
Published: February 2022

In radiotherapy, the delineations of the volume of the macroscopic spread of the tumor as the Gross Tumor Volume (GTV), and the surrounding volume of the microscopic spread of the disease as the Clinical Target Volume (CTV), are key tasks for a high quality treatment plan. In order to design a software that also supports cognition, software designers need a deeper understanding of the physicians’ cognitive processes and medical context. This paper presents a research about identifying main medical factors relevant for the delineation in the radiotherapy context as a first step in deepening the understanding for software design. Using two discussion formats with six radiation oncologists, we identified 29 medical factors regarding the delineations of tumorous volumes, categorized into: treatment context, tumor context and tumorous areas. In addition, the role of multimodal images, dose planning, and future wishes have been elaborated. These findings could support the software designers in using Evidence Based Software Engineering approach. It is expected that software designed based on the results presented here, is tailored towards the medical context and cognitive needs of radiation oncologists in the delineations of brain tumor, and therefore will improve the effectiveness and efficiency of their work.
Exploring Macrocognitive Healthcare Work: Discovering Seeds for Design Guidelines for Clinical Decision Support
Authors: Moona Brian , Hoffmanb Robert , Lacroixc Mary , Fryc Emory , Millerd Anne
Published: February 2022

Modern healthcare can be described as a macrocognitive work system. In such systems, people seek to adapt to complexity through functions such as sensemaking, coordinating, and re-planning. Technologies can augment human cognitive abilities for managing attention, recalling information, projecting trajectories, and achieving common ground. The ideal healthcare system would integrate technologies in ways that maximize the ability of humans to adapt to complexity through coordinating and synchronizing activities, and help people anticipate surprise and error – while preserving the clinical experience among clinicians and patients. This paper reports on our effort to explore the macrocognitive work undertaken at a major healthcare network in the United States. Our team conducted 60 cognitive interviews across seven facilities, covering inpatient, outpatient and community-based settings. We report on our approach based in methods of Cognitive Task Analysis. The approach was simultaneously structured and adaptable, and was therefore well suited for exploratory data collection, as it permitted adjustments to the data collection strategy across a wide spectrum of performers, experience-levels, and work contexts. We review our data collection, analysis and representation methodology, and the seeds for design guidelines for clinical decision support that resulted from the effort.
Ergonomic Interventions in WMSDs Prevention – A Case Study Using 3D Twist Insoles to Reduce the Body Pain in a Tape Manufacturing Company
Authors: William Lee a Sai-Wei Yang Keh-Tao Liu d Wen-Lian , Yuan-Ying Lin d Ingrid
Published: February 2022

Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) are becoming serious occupational safety and hygiene problem in Taiwan Industries. Overexertion, high repetition, prolonged exposure, cold and vibration are the five concerns as major WMSDs causes. The intrinsic factor, foot progression angle, should be further considered to reduce risk impact to the workers’ health. The purpose of this study is aimed to demonstrate the reduction of the workers’ body pain by ergonomic principles in a tape manufacturing company. The new developed 3D twist insoles with arch support are selected to help release pain. In this current study, workers with high arch and flat arch are selected as members of the study group, via a 2-step screening test to identify arch type and leg-axis. Nordic musculoskeletal questionnaires (NMQ) were further used to analyze musculoskeletal condition of the workers. Moreover, candidates with Body Mass Index (BMI) value higher than 25, age average over 42, and standing period over 8 hours each day are picked as study group using 3D twist heavy duty insoles. The control group has similar working situation in the same company, wearing the same type of safety boots without the insoles. After 20 weeks, the results suggest the study group of 14 workers have released 40% of pain.
A Patient-Centered Design Approach to Facility Planning
Authors: J. Lightnera Nancy , Carlstromb Andrew , Hughesb Christopher
Published: February 2022

Due to the physical, mental and social tolls diagnosis and treatment imparts, patients undergoing cancer care find the experience incredibly taxing. Treatments range in duration from weeks to months, and involve lab tests, possibly surgery, infusions and recovery time. A medical center in the Veterans Affairs healthcare system wanted to both relocate and redesign their Hematology/Oncology clinic and infusion suite to better accommodate the needs of their patients during the difficult treatment phase. Stakeholders had three guiding questions for the redesign team to address: what are the state-of-the-art concepts in patient-centered cancer care facilities, which of those concepts should the medical center incorporate, and what trade-offs are associated with design alternatives? The process of Preparation – Incubation – Illumination – Verification was used to develop a concept design for a care delivery system and an associated floor plan. This process involved stakeholder meetings, collaborative rapid paper prototyping sessions, site visits to other facilities, and simulation of suggested traffic flows and floor plans. Design highlights include patient-centric features such as hoteling of exam rooms and infusion bays with windows to the outside. It incorporates the idea of critical adjacencies by locating cancer care services in the same area. Since moving the lab was not possible, exchanging lab materials are facilitated by a pneumatic tube system. Finally, patients are able to choose the level of privacy they desire, with three types of infusion bays available. This process demonstrated the value of a rigorous and comprehensive approach to facility design, taking into consideration patient comfort and treatment efficiency.
Imitated Mind Uploading by Using Electroencephalography
Authors: Horie Ryota , Kaneko Kenta
Published: February 2022

In recent years, technology of brain-computer interface has been developed, and the technology has potential extensibility in combination with ubiquitous environments. In science fiction, an idea that personality is copied to a computational device by scanning brain activity, called mind uploading, ghost dubbing, and so on, has been frequently represented. If the idea becomes realized in a future ubiquitous world, design of highly human-friendly interfaces is expected. In this study, as a step towards realizing the idea, we proposed a method to imitate the mind uploading by using electroencephalography (EEG). We proposed a novel method to extract and digitize an essential feature of the EEG signals by using Hilbert-Huang transform (HHT) and symbolic dynamics analysis. A sequence of symbols was obtained from each of the EEG measurement. Then, we constructed 2nd-order Markov sources from the symbol sequences. Both of the cluster analysis and identification tests by human subjects revealed that the Markov source successfully represented both personal invariants and inter individual differences in EEG signals. In sum, we concluded that the imitated mind uploading can be realized by using EEG signals.
The Role of the Designer in the Affective Design Process: the Principle of Accordance
Authors: Camere Serena , Bordegoni Monica
Published: February 2022

Affective Design is gaining much attention from academic research and companies. In this paper, a research framework for assessing Innovation through Affective Design is presented. Moreover, Affective Design is correlated to Participatory Design through some definitions. The importance of an Affective approach during the earliest phases of design process is motivated. This study introduces Affective Design as a powerful approach in order to manage interactive Virtual Prototyping (iVP) methodology. The paper deals with issues regarding the great variability that iVP offers: the questions raised find answer in the notion of Accordance, which is defined on the basis of Product Semantics. A tool to implement iVP methodology with this approach is here presented. Finally, the results of a pilot study, qualitatively tested to assess the tool usability, are described.
Description of Subjective Impression for the Service Experience
Authors: Kurosu Masaaki , Hashizume Ayako
Published: February 2022

The goal of the service activity is to give customers a positive impression on their experiences. Recently, the service quality is discussed in the context of the “user experience”. But it should be noted that the quality of service experience is different from that of user experience for the product in terms of its intangibility, inseparability of production and consumption, heterogeneity and perishability as was proposed by Zeithaml et al. (1985). The important point of the discussions on the user experience that we can apply to the service experience is that the quality of experience should be analyzed and discussed not from the stance of the manufacturer (or the service-provider) but from that of the user (or the customer). In other words, designers and engineers cannot design the user experience per se but can only design “for” the user experience. Because of this fact, we should put more emphasis on the subjective aspects, i.e. affective and pleasurable aspects, of the service activity.
Research based on the iOS Platform on the Interface Design of Comprehensively Informationized Teaching System
Authors: Songfeng Gao , Wenjing Bian
Published: February 2022

This paper introduces the UI interface design and its application based on the iOS platform of comprehensively informationized teaching system. On the basis of typical examples of interfaces, results of user’s questionnaire and relevant theories, this paper attempts to present the UI interface in detail through the stages of discussion, design and implement. Meanwhile, in order to find balance between theoretical strictness and practical effectiveness, this paper will make every effort to point out the improvement methods and put forward solutions to the defect, according to the analysis of design under usability experience criterion.
Experience-Driven New Concept Development Projects: Differences in Context, Design Activities, and Design Information Conveyed
Authors: Gentner Alexandre , Bouchard Carole
Published: February 2022

In this paper, twenty-seven experience-centred industrial design projects were analysed. Information was gathered from interviews with former project team members and from an analysis of the projects’ final reports. All of the projects involved at least the Toyota Motor Europe – Kansei Design (TME-KD) division. Three types of projects were identified: “exploratory concept,” “product lining strategy,” and “pre-development direction.” For each project groups, the analysis detailed specificities in terms of context (purpose, design team members), design activities (information, generation, evaluation & decision, communication), and regarding the nature of their outputs and the type of design information they conveyed. This led to a comparison of the different types of projects and a discussion about the kansei-related design information exchange in early design stages. A model of kansei-related design information based on these discussions is finally presented.
Gender-Sensitive Product Design by Kansei Engineering: An Application Example Using Kano-Questionnaire
Authors: Jakobs Eva-Maria , Trevisan Bianka , Schmitt Robert
Published: February 2022

The paper presents a quantitative study based on the Kano-model to gender-sensitive product design by adapting the Japanese user-centered approach of Kansei Engineering. Underlying assumption of the approach is that products are not only perceived by functionality, but essentially by emotions such as joy of use and satisfaction for the fulfilment of user-centered product requirements. Thereby, the customers’ satisfaction is investigated by applying the Kano-method, a procedure to structure product requirements and to determine their influence on customers’ satisfaction. In this study, product designers overtake the role of the customer in order to bridge perspective gaps between customers and designers of products. Thereby it is analyzed, how designers perceive and evaluate products, which requirements they claim as relevant and satisfying, and to what extent the gender plays a role. The results of the study indicate that for the creation of designers’ (as customers’) satisfaction, the same product requirements are – more or less – relevant for both genders. However, there are slight differences in the perception and evaluation of product requirements observable. While women place great importance on hedonic characteristics such as attractiveness, the men are rather indifferent regarding product requirements.
Psychophysiologically Evaluated Visuo-Tactile Affection using Printed Fabrics
Authors: Lee Myungeun , Cho Gilsoo
Published: February 2022

The present study compared to the three perceptional conditions of tactile affection−tactile tactility, visual tactility, and visuo-tactile affections−using psychological evaluation and psychophysiological methods. A comparative study was performed to fine out the differences of psychological and psychophysiological tactile perception according to the conditions of tactile perception. Furthermore, it also aims to find out the important fabric factor for tactile affection. Through the previous study, we found the fabric factors which influenced in tactile affection of fabrics: weave construction and fabric pattern. Total of six printed fabrics were developed by DTP method on naturally colored organic cotton fabrics as stimuli. Thirty participants were placed by randomized incomplete block design for the experiment. For measuring psychological affection, questionnaire was developed using a 9 points semantic differential scale. Electroencephalogram(EEG) was measured as a CNS response and electrocardiogram(ECG), skin conductance level(SCL), and photoplethysmography(PPG) were quantified as ANS responses. According to the results, perceptional condition had little effect on psychological and psychophysiological tactile perception. Significant effects on perceptional condition showed only on “showy-plain” affection and SCL response. Mostly, weave construction was more important fabric factor to perceive tactile affection than fabric pattern. However, the importance of fabric pattern also observed through the interaction effects.
Effective Design of Recreation Activities in the Group Home for the Elderly with Dementia
Authors: Doi a Noriaki Kuwahara Kazunari Morimoto Teruko
Published: February 2022

People with dementia spend their daily lives in solitude and anxiety. We aim to provide them with a sense of security and peace through a combination of nursing and medical care. This is the philosophy of the Kaide and Terado group homes, operated by TM medical services. The burden on family members stems more from the behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia, (BPSD,) rather than from core symptoms like memory and cognitive impairment. Due to this heavy burden on family members, family carers are available as one of the services of long-term care insurance. Group homes are another service covered by long-term care insurance, and allow people with dementia to receiving care in small groups while living as part of a community. The homes we discuss rely on both drug therapy and psychotherapy for treating BPSD, which presents in such forms as delusions of victimization, excitement, violence, and wandering. By providing care that encourages close connections to residents with dementia, and by arranging their living environment properly, group homes become places where people with dementia are supported by care staff and can live each day as human beings. In order to realize the principles on which we base our care, it is necessary for care staff to deepen their understanding of dementia. Also, we have developed various gimmicks based on recognized psychotherapy techniques like reminiscence therapy, music therapy, horticultural therapy, and animal therapy. One of our gimmicks is utilizing Japanese traditional arts to provide quality care in our group homes. In this paper, we report on a workshop in traditional Japanese flower arrangement, or ikebana, which was carried out in the Terado group home. This report includes results verifying the effect of this lesson on the mental stability of participants, using the GBS Scale and interviews with care staff to reveal the secret of the success of this lesson.
The Development of a Mental Support System for the Elderly Living in Depopulated Areas of Japan
Authors: Kuwahara Noriaki , Airi Tsuji , Asada Yasunari Yoshitomi Jin Narumoto Kazunari Morimoto Taro
Published: February 2022

We have studied a method to improve the QOL for the elderly receiving facility care, or home care in depopulated areas of Japan by taking advantage of information and communication technology (ICT). As part of these efforts, old photos of the elderly were digitized and uploaded to cloud services. We created an environment to make these images accessible to staff caregivers so that they could utilize the data in various long-term care settings. Multimedia, such as interactive digital photo albums and slide show videos were produced by using uploaded photos. The elderly, along with their families and caregivers enjoyed watching personal images which resulted in stronger relationships with family and the care staff. We also created an environment to introduce and promote video chat software in order to increase the opportunity of communication between the elderly and their significant others. Video chat software makes it possible for the person you are talking with to share reminiscent media, as described above, and to be able to listen from a remote location. Finally, we have organized human resources and collaborated with a local welfare service and a local hospital in order to provide support to the elderly living alone. A method was proposed to build a rapport between the elderly and their support systems..
Development of Visual Complexity Model Framework in Driving Context
Authors: Chan Lee Seul , Man Kim Ji , Hwangbo Hwan , Gu Ji Yong
Published: February 2022

Recently, in-vehicle environments have become smart environment with advances in IT technology. The vehicle is no longer just a means of transportation but gets the nature of information system. Therefore, in order to convey more information than in the past, a variety of displays are set up in vehicle. The object of this study is to develop visual complexity model framework for evaluating system interface. To accomplish this, we reviewed the literature about complexity measures in terms of Human-Machine Interaction and analyzed the characteristics of in-vehicle environment characteristics. Then we suggest visual complexity model framework.
Cognitive and Affective UI for Enhanced Usability
Authors: Rafiqia Sohail , Naira Suku , Fernandezb Ephrem
Published: February 2022

Dynamic working conditions along with the user’s physical and emotional state have significant impact upon the usability and security of the system. As applications continue to provide increasingly sophisticated and complex functionality coupled with the widespread deployment of smart phones and tablets, critical information is at the fingertips of users. This level of accessibility substantially increases the possibilities of cyber security breaches. The impact of usability on reliability and security of the system are well understood, but what is not addressed is the impact of changing environment and cognitive load on the usability of the system. In this paper, we present the framework that constantly determines the user’s affective state, cognitive load, and context information and makes real-time adaptations to the User Interface to enhance the usability and security of the system. The framework can operate in a multi or single-mode configuration. The multi-mode configuration considers all factors before making a decision, whereas the single-mode automatically learns to use only the available information.
Using Game-Based Collaborative Learning to Enhance Critical Thinking Skills
Authors: Blake Ryua Hokyoung , Parsonsb David , Leea Hyunjeong
Published: February 2022

Critical thinking is an essential quality in complex problem solving. Many researchers have proposed that collaborative peer learning could enhance critical thinking, because learners could understand more diverse views by sharing different perspectives on a given situation. The work presented in this paper aims to explore a possible relationship between game-based collaborative learning and critical thinking. A serious mixed reality business game was developed and employed in the present study. Twenty-five undergraduate students were recruited and divided into three groups: an individual learning group, and two collaborative learning groups with distinct learning conditions. After completing the experimental learning tasks, the participants were asked to create presentations, either alone (for the single players) or with their partners, to outline their approaches to solving the problems presented in the game. The results indicate that the three groups showed only slight differences in learning performance (e.g., memorization); however, the difference in their levels of critical thinking was more significant. There appeared to be a strong relationship between learning in pairs and an array of positive intellectual outcomes. Further, the different learning conditions between the two collaborative learning groups also led to significant differences in the level of critical thinking.
Health Related Factors in Traffic Accident Investigation
Authors: Rimstad Rune , Lindstad Arne
Published: February 2022

The aim of the study is to evaluate road traffic accident analyses reports as a means to improve the system of medical driver examinations. Qualitative analyses was made of accident reports from the Norwegian Public Roads Administration region East and South throughout 2008 and 2009. Only 23 of 235 reports contained information on driver health. Many different diagnoses were represented. Intoxication was a major contributor to accidents. Straight-ahead accidents is discussed as a field of further investigations. In conclusion, the accident analyses reports are not a good source of information on drivers’ health. The system needs wider authorities and mandate to be an effective contribution to public health work in Norway.
Concept for the Integration of Information Received Via Communication Equipment with Onboard Navigational Systems
Authors: Holder Eric , Motz Florian , Horoufchin Himeh , Baldauf Michael
Published: February 2022

This paper describes project work supported by the German Ministry of Transport, Building and Urban Development (BMVBS) to perform an in-depth evaluation of the transfer and presentation of information received via communication equipment on onboard navigational displays. The goal was to identify safety-relevant information items and then map the flow of these items (in current operations and into the foreseeable future) when received via communication systems and integrated into navigational systems, identifying the optimal workflow, display and format for presentation. This paper will focus on the investigations and field studies conducted to investigate the requirements for integration and presentation of this information on onboard navigational systems. The results describe an outline and concept for managing and integrating communication information based on the Integrated Navigation System (INS) concept, including the classification and prioritization of safety-relevant information objects; and the definition of the task and information-related design requirements for integration, presentation, and usage of the prioritized information items onboard. Also included is a concept for a novel human machine interface (HMI) for message/information handling. Project tasks were conducted with special reference to the modular concept of an Integrated Navigation System and developments within e-Navigation.
A Simulator Evaluation of Driver Responses to Dynamic Warning Signs at Rural Intersections
Authors: Stephens Amanda , Mitsopoulos-Rubens Eve , Candappa Nimmi
Published: February 2022

Intersections pose a risk to drivers, as they are the point at which different directions of traffic converge. Indeed a large proportion of serious and fatal crashes on Australian road occur in these circumstances. While some intersections provide less opportunity for crashes than others, unsignalised T-intersections on rural roads have the combined danger of reliance upon appropriate gap-judgments of minor road drivers turning on to the major road and the regulated high-speeds of the major road drivers. The current study investigated a strategy to mitigate high-speed crashes on rural roads by reducing the speed of major road drivers on approach to an intersecting minor road. Using a fixed-based medium-fidelity driving simulator, drivers’ speeds on major roads with intersecting minor roads were compared across three different types of warning signs. These were, a standard static side-road warning sign and two dynamic, two-state warning signs that activated when vehicles were present on the minor road. A further aim was to compare whether a regulatory sign, which when activated, mandated a speed of 80km/h (reduced from 100km/h), or an advisory sign, recommending a speed of 80km/h when activated was the most effective in reducing speed. Results indicated that when compared to the standard warning sign, dynamic regulatory and advisory signs were effective in reducing speed. However, while drivers largely complied with the regulated speed decrease of the regulatory sign, selected speeds were reliably higher than recommended by the advisory sign.
Development and Evaluation of a Rural Intersection Active Warning System
Authors: Mackie Hamish , Brodie Ken Holstc Colin , Tated Fergus , Scotte Richard
Published: February 2022

This study describes the development of a Rural Intersection Active Warning System (RIAWS) and the outcomes from the first two RIAWS pilot sites in New Zealand. The RIAWS trial is part of a wider programme by the NZ government to address safety at high risk intersections. The evaluation measures reported here include system performance, motorist speed and driver perception. The RIAWS has the aim of reducing fatal and serious crashes at high risk intersections by reducing traffic speed when potential for a collision exists. Side road and right turn sensors trigger a variable speed limit of 70 km/h on major roads with existing 100 km/h speed limits. Motorist behaviour and perceptions since RIAWS implementation have been positive. Modal traffic speeds at the intersections when the 70 km/h speed limit sign is activated range from 68-72 km/h compared with modal speeds of 81-96 km/h before RIAWS installation, when potentially conflicting traffic is present. Driver feedback via a questionnaire suggests that most motorists understand the purpose of the system and believe the signs are conspicuous, legible and credible. The findings suggest that RIAWS is likely to significantly reduce the crash forces involved in collisions at high speed intersections and potentially reduce the likelihood of collisions.
Redesigning Existing Urban Streets to Optimize Multiple Outcomes
Authors: Mackie Hamish
Published: February 2022

This paper describes a programme of neighbourhood scale intervention research in Auckland New Zealand, with the aim of creating inherently safer streets that also enhance public health and community wellbeing. The research began with a study called Self Explaining Roads (SER) and a second, larger project called Future Streets is currently in progress. For the Self Explaining Roads study approximately 11 km of local and collector roads were modified within an existing suburban area using SER principles. A programme of evaluation found a 30% reduction in traffic crashes and an 80% reduction in crash costs three years following the SER intervention. Mean traffic speed for local streets reduced to 30 km/hr and speed variance reduced for all streets. Pedestrian outcomes also improved on local streets and distinct road user behaviour characteristics for the two road types were achieved, reinforcing the achievement of a successful SER intervention trial. A further intervention study (Future Streets) focusing more deliberately on active modes and public health outcomes, but still including SER principles, is currently in progress. A process of participatory design is being used to develop street changes in an intervention area. A control area has also been assigned and a range of road safety and public health measures will be carried out in both areas, before and after the intervention changes. The studies will hopefully lead to more informed decisions about the nature of urban street infrastructure investment in the future.
Better Vehicle Design for All
Authors: Karali Sukru , E. Gyi Diane , J. Mansfield Neil
Published: February 2022

There is a growing population of older people around the world and the population of older drivers is showing a parallel increase. According to 2012 figures of the UK Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency there are more than 15 million people with a driving license aged over 60; more than 1 million of these are over 80. A questionnaire survey of older compared to younger drivers (n=903) and supplementary interviews with drivers aged ≥ 65 years (n=15) were conducted. The questionnaire survey covered: musculoskeletal symptoms, the vehicle seat, access to specific vehicle features, ingress/egress, driving performance and driving behavior. In terms of musculoskeletal symptoms, significantly more discomfort was reported by older drivers in the hips, thighs, buttocks and knees compared to younger drivers. 10.5% of respondents reported that they were dissatisfied with adjusting specific seat features, namely the head rest height, head rest distance from the head and setting the seat belt height. Females reported more difficulty than males. Older males and females (16.8%) reported more difficulties with parallel parking and driving on a foggy day than younger (12.2%) drivers (p<0.01). Compared to younger drivers, older drivers also reported being less distracted when using navigation systems (25.5% and 19.5% respectively).
Detection of a Decrease in Concentration Using Indices Derived from Heart Rate and Respiration Toward Affective Human-Robot Interaction
Authors: Ohsuga Mieko , Boutani Hidenori
Published: February 2022

The present paper refers the method to detect the degraded concentration of human who is engaged in computer work or watching television in order to find the appropriate timing for robot’s interrupt. The heart rate and respiratory measures were confirmed to change depending on the degree of concentration by an experiment. Principle component analysis was applied and two measure components were selected and rotated by the varimax method. The first principle component represented large low frequency component of heart rate variability (HRV), low respiratory frequency and large respiratory irregularity, while the second component represented high heart rate, small high frequency component of HRV. It was suggested that the first principle component can be used to discriminate between concentrated and degraded concentrated sates of human.
How to Involve Psychophysiology in the Field of Transportation: Recent Contributions to an Applied Psychophysics Problem
Authors: Wagner Verena , Wolfgang Kallus K.
Published: February 2022

Especially in the field of transportation many facets of human factors should be considered. Many of them can profit from the inclusion of psychophysiological methods. Thinking about well-designed and high-quality products that have the possibility to inspire customers, leads to the problem that subjective sound impression cannot easily be described by technical parameters. To connect customer requirements and technical specifications, subjective assessments of experts and/or customers are widely used. But subjective assessments are mostly not enough to uncover small quality differences between sounds. Therefore, a multidimensional approach that combines subjective assessments, objective physical parameters of the sounds and psychophysiological measures should be used for investigations. Results of a first investigation with in-vehicle sounds show that a multidimensional approach can support product development and can be seen as possibility to involve human factors in the highly technical environment of transportation. This method can be also usable in other areas of product development in the field of transportation. So, further research should be considered to investigate the use of a multidimensional approach in these areas too.
Mediating the Interaction between Human and Automation during the Arbitration Processes in Cooperative Guidance and Control of Highly Automated Vehicles: Base concept and First Study
Authors: Baltzer Marcel , Altendorf Eugen , Meier Sonja , Flemisch Frank
Published: February 2022

With increasingly automated vehicles, the cooperation between the automation and the human becomes crucial. In cooperative guidance and control (CGC) of highly automated vehicles the questions arise how authority, responsibility and control are distributed between driver and automation, how this distribution is obtained and how different states like abilities, availabilities and modes are communicated between driver and automation. If two independently thinking entities start planning and acting together, the emergence of conflicts is inevitable. These conflicts can be solved by applying the method of arbitration. Arbitration works with different modalities as well as on different planning levels. To handle the complex interdependencies in human-automation interaction in the guidance and control of highly automated vehicles, an “interaction mediator” was designed to incorporate a framework of modules, which in turn are designed to be easily extendable. These modules are the “Mode Selection and Arbitration Unit”, enabling a proper distribution of responsibility depending on present abilities and availabilities, the “Manoeuvre Selection and Arbitration Unit”, the “Trajectory Adaption and Arbitration Unit”, and the “Coupling Valve” where control commands depending on the distribution of responsibility and control are coupled to one common control command for the entire ego-vehicle.
Transition of Control: Automation Giving Back Control to the Driver
Authors: Willemsen Dehlia , Stuiver Arjan , Hogema Jeroen
Published: February 2022

The automotive domain is currently moving towards automated driver assistance applications, like automatic evasive maneuvers to avoid accidents, and even beyond assistance towards automated driving. However, in the near future these systems will only be active under certain conditions, thus still requiring manual control in other conditions. This means that there will be ‘transitions of control’: from the driver to the automated system and vice versa. Then research questions like ‘how should the system take over’, ‘how can the driver take back control’, and ‘can the driver be regarded as a backup if the system fails’, etc. arise. This paper addresses the effects of various parameters in handing back the control to the driver. This is done for TNO’s virtual tow bar system, which is an automated driving system that controls both the longitudinal and lateral vehicle motion at very close following for economic driving. This paper presents results of a driving simulator experiment executed with the aim to evaluate different parameters settings in switching the tow bar system on and off. Due to the short following distances and safety implications of this, there is be a procedure for hooking on / off of the tow bar system. Special attention is paid to driver behavior just after getting back control following a period of automated driving.
Influence of Expertise on the Judgment of Controllability of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems
Authors: Galaskea Patrick , Farida Mehdi , Benglerb Klaus
Published: February 2022

Modern passenger vehicles are equipped with a rising number of advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS). The increasing complexity of these systems causes issues of controllability that need to be dealt with. The RESPONSE 3 Code of Practice (CoP) provides methods to assess the controllability of ADAS within the framework of ISO26262. Among the methods described in the CoP is the expert review (RESPONSE 3, 2009). However, no quantifiable requirements for such expert reviews are given. This paper describes a vehicle simulator study that aims to compare the judgment behavior of experts with that of naïve participants to draw conclusions on the applicability of expert reviews of controllability. The results of the study show that for the studied sample of experts there is no advantage in the variance of the obtained judgments for either group. The higher expertise however did exhibit itself in a trend towards more critical judgments of the observed situations. It is concluded that the application of expert reviews in the evaluation of controllability of ADAS should be studied in more detail. The results indicate that the conduct of expert reviews of controllability with high requirements of precision is not trivial and requires in-depth analysis.