bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Cross-Layer Framework for Designing and Optimizing Deeply-Scaled FinFET-Based Cache Memories
Authors: Shafaei Alireza , Chen Shuang , Wang Yanzhi , Pedram Massoud
Published: August 2015

This paper presents a cross-layer framework in order to design and optimize energy-efficient cache memories made of deeply-scaled FinFET devices. The proposed design framework spans device, circuit and architecture levels and considers both super- and near-threshold modes of operation. Initially, at the device-level, seven FinFET devices on a 7-nm process technology are designed in which only one geometry-related parameter (e.g., fin width, gate length, gate underlap) is changed per device. Next, at the circuit-level, standard 6T and 8T SRAM cells made of these 7-nm FinFET devices are characterized and compared in terms of static noise margin, access latency, leakage power consumption, etc. Finally, cache memories with all different combinations of devices and SRAM cells are evaluated at the architecture-level using a modified version of the CACTI tool with FinFET support and other considerations for deeply-scaled technologies. Using this design framework, it is observed that L1 cache memory made of longer channel FinFET devices operating at the near-threshold regime achieves the minimum energy operation point.
Growth of Ceria Nano-Islands on a Stepped Au(788) Surface
Authors: Ma Teng , Surnev Svetlozar , Netzer Falko
Published: August 2015

The growth morphology and structure of ceria nano-islands on a stepped Au(788) surface has been investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and low-energy electron diffraction (LEED). Within the concept of physical vapor deposition, different kinetic routes have been employed to design ceria-Au inverse model catalysts with different ceria nanoparticle shapes and arrangements. A two-dimensional superlattice of ceria nano-islands with a relatively narrow size distribution (5 ± 2 nm2) has been generated on the Au(788) surface by the postoxidation method. This reflects the periodic anisotropy of the template surface and has been ascribed to the pinning of ceria clusters and thus nucleation on the fcc domains of the herringbone reconstruction on the Au terraces. In contrast, the reactive evaporation method yields ceria islands elongated in [01-1] direction, i.e., parallel to the step edges, with high aspect ratios (~6). Diffusion along the Au step edges of ceria clusters and their limited step crossing in conjunction with a growth front perpendicular to the step edges is tentatively proposed to control the ceria growth under reactive evaporation conditions. Both deposition recipes generate two-dimensional islands of CeO2(111)-type O–Ce–O single and double trilayer structures for submonolayer coverages.
Study on Pyroelectric Harvesters with Various Geometry
Authors: Siao An-Shen , Chao Ching-Kong , Hsiao Chun-Ching
Published: August 2015

Pyroelectric harvesters convert time-dependent temperature variations into electric current. The appropriate geometry of the pyroelectric cells, coupled with the optimal period of temperature fluctuations, is key to driving the optimal load resistance, which enhances the performance of pyroelectric harvesters. The induced charge increases when the thickness of the pyroelectric cells decreases. Moreover, the induced charge is extremely reduced for the thinner pyroelectric cell when not used for the optimal period. The maximum harvested power is achieved when a 100 μm-thick PZT (Lead zirconate titanate) cell is used to drive the optimal load resistance of about 40 MΩ. Moreover, the harvested power is greatly reduced when the working resistance diverges even slightly from the optimal load resistance. The stored voltage generated from the 75 μm-thick PZT cell is less than that from the 400 μm-thick PZT cell for a period longer than 64 s. Although the thinner PZT cell is advantageous in that it enhances the efficiency of the pyroelectric harvester, the much thinner 75 μm-thick PZT cell and the divergence from the optimal period further diminish the performance of the pyroelectric cell. Therefore, the designers of pyroelectric harvesters need to consider the coupling effect between the geometry of the pyroelectric cells and the optimal period of temperature fluctuations to drive the optimal load resistance.
Probabilities of Conditionals
Authors: Kaufmann Stefan
Published: August 2015

No abstract.
Determiners and (Un)certainty
Authors: Jayez Jacques , Tovena Lucia M.
Published: August 2015

No abstract.
Verum Focus in Negative Yes / No Questions and Ladd's p / ¬p Ambiguity
Authors: Romero Maribel , Han Chung-hye
Published: August 2015

No abstract.
On Polar Questions
Authors: Van Rooy Robert , Šafářová Marie
Published: August 2015

No abstract.
An Analysis of "Still"
Authors: Ippolito Michela
Published: August 2015

No abstract.
Binding Alongside Hamblin Alternatives Calls for Variable-free Semantics
Authors: Shan Chung-chieh
Published: August 2015

No abstract.
Shifty Operators in Changing Contexts
Authors: Anand Pranav , Nevins Andrew
Published: August 2015

No abstract.
Bad Subject: (Non-)canonicality and NP Distribution in Existentials
Authors: Beaver David , Francez Itamar , Levinson Dmitry
Published: August 2015

No abstract.
Context Shift and Indexical Variables in Sign Languages
Authors: Quer Josep
Published: August 2015

No abstract.
The de re Analysis of Concealed Questions: A Unified Approach to Definite and Indefinite Concealed Questions
Authors: Frana Ilaria
Published: August 2015

No abstract.
The Pragmatic Values of Evidential Sentences
Authors: Davis Christopher , Potts Christopher , Speas Margaret
Published: August 2015

No abstract.
Between Kinds and Properties: Bare Plurals across Languages
Authors: Cohen Ariel
Published: August 2015

No abstract.
The Indefiniteness and Focusing of Question Words
Authors: Haida Andreas
Published: August 2015

No abstract.
What an "Average" Semantics Needs
Authors: Kennedy Christopher , Stanley Jason
Published: August 2015

No abstract.
Revisiting Connectivity in Copular Sentences
Authors: Sharvit Yael
Published: August 2015

No abstract.
Conversational backoff
Authors: Rawlins Kyle
Published: August 2015

I explore and analyze a phenomenon ("conversational backoff") where, instead of accepting an assertion in the normal way, a speaker challenges its exhaustiveness, but not its content. The result is that speakers publicly back off of the exhaustivity of the claim. These challenges are typically triggered by special questions of a conditional type, and I focus in particular on the case of "what if" questions, developing a detailed analysis of their semantics and dynamics.
Modes of comparison and Question under Discussion: Evidence from `contrastive comparison' in Japanese
Authors: Kubota Yusuke , Matsui Ai
Published: August 2015

Based on new empirical evidence from Japanese, we first point out that the previously recognized distinction between explicit comparison and implicit comparison (Kennedy 2009; Sawada 2009) does not fully exhaust the possible types of comparison constructions. The third type of comparison construction, which we call 'contrastive comparison', calls for a finer-grained classification that cross-classifies the three types of comparison constructions in terms of both semantic and pragmatic properties. We will then show that such a refined perspective straightforwardly becomes available once we extend the previous classification with a closer attention to discourse-structural properties of the relevant constructions in terms of the notion of Question under Discussion (Roberts 1996).
Absolute vs. Relative Adjectives - Variance Within vs. Between Individuals
Authors: Toledo Assaf , W. Sassoon Galit
Published: August 2015

This paper investigates core semantic properties that distinguish between different types of gradable adjectives and the effect of context on their interpretation. We contend that all gradable adjectives are interpreted relative to a comparison class (van Rooij 2011), and that it is the nature of the comparison class that constitutes the main semantic difference between their subclasses: some adjectives select a class comprised of counterparts of the individual of which the adjective is predicated, while others – an extensional category of this individual. We propose, following Kennedy (2007), that the standard of membership is selected according to a principle of economy whereby an interpretation relative to a maximum or a minimum degree within a comparison class takes precedence over one relative to an arbitrary point. This proposal captures so-called “standard shift” effects, that is, the influence of context on the interpretation of gradable adjectives from all subclasses, whether in their positive form or when modified by degree adverbials. Additionally, this proposal captures cases of apparent lack of context sensitivity (e.g. intuitive inference patterns, unacceptability of for-phrases, etc.). Finally, we hypothesize that the type of comparison class is aligned with the well known distinction between stage-level and individual-level predicates.
Evidentiality and temporal distance learning
Authors: Koev Todor
Published: August 2015

The grammatical category of evidentiality is traditionally defined as marking evidence type or related concepts (Anderson 1986, Willett 1988, Aikhenvald 2004). I argue against this received view as I show that evidential morphemes in Bulgarian mark the temporal distance between the time at which the speaker learned the described proposition and the topic time. I also demonstrate that Bulgarian evidentials represent projective/backgrounded content that is informative but does not affect the described proposition, which is plainly entailed. The latter fact especially has important typological and theoretical consequences. The proposal is formalized in a logic that extends Dynamic Predicate Logic by adding propositional variables (cf. AnderBois et al. 2010).
Mental action and event structure in the semantics of 'try'
Authors: Grano Thomas
Published: August 2015

Sharvit (2003) proposes a semantics for 'try' inspired by Landman's (1992) account of progressive aspect. This paper discusses two empirical shortcomings of Sharvit's analysis and proposes a new solution that retains Sharvit's insight that 'try' has an aspectual meaning but argues that (a) as suggested by much work in action theory, volitional events include an initial stage corresponding to a `mental action' and (b) 'try' picks out the 'mental action' stage of an event. The proposal is formalized by adapting Condoravdi's (2009) theory of progressive meaning.
Presuppositions and Antipresuppositions in Conditionals
Authors: Leahy Brian
Published: August 2015

Utterances of counterfactual conditionals are typically attended by the information that their antecedents are false. But there is as yet no account of the source of this information that is both detailed and complete. This paper describes the problem of counterfactual antecedent falsity and argues that the problem can be addressed by appeal to an adequate account of the presuppositions of various competing conditional constructions. It argues that indicative conditionals presuppose that their antecedents are epistemically possible, while subjunctive conditionals bear no presupposition. Given this arrangement, utterance of the counterfactual results in an antipresupposition, that is, a scalar implicature generated from the presuppositions of competing alternatives rather than from the at-issue content of competing alternatives. The content of the antipresupposition is the negation of the presupposition of the competing indicative, i.e., that the antecedent of the conditional is known to be false by the speaker.
Three Readings of Most
Authors: Kotek Hadas , Sudo Yasutada , Howard Edwin , Hackl Martin
Published: August 2015

In this paper we show that most DPs in subject position can receive three kinds of truth-condition, yielding a proportional reading, a ‘regular’ superlative reading and a ‘partition-based’ superlative reading. We propose an analysis of the three readings that views them as resulting from the interaction of several components, including (a generalized version of) the superlative operator -est, covert and overt movement, and focus. Furthermore, we explain how movement affects the distribution of readings of most.
A plea for syntax and a return to first principles: monstrous agreement in Tamil
Authors: Sundaresan Sandhya
Published: August 2015

The paper focuses on an interesting form of (person) indexical shift in the Dravidian language Tamil which surfaces as 1SG agreement marking in a clause embedded under a speech predicate. I show that this agreement is an instance of indexical shift and label it "monstrous agreement". However, I demonstrate that its full range of empirical properties cannot be adequately explained by the major analyses of indexical shift in the literature. The bulk of these, I argue, in addition to being predominantly semantic in spirit, and thus ill-equipped to deal with a morphosyntactic phenomenon like agreement, also involve two core misconceptions regarding indexicality vs. logophoricity on the one hand and speech vs. attitude predicates on the other. I propose that these core assumptions be strongly re-evaluated from first principles and that syntactic and typological clues on the subject be paid more heed. I propose a new analysis of the Tamil paradigms which derives indexical shift within an enriched grammatical model involving contextual features instantiated in a structurally articulated cartographic left periphery.
Degrees of Countability: A Mereotopological Approach to the Mass/Count Distinction
Authors: Grimm Scott
Published: August 2015

Most formal semantic treatments of countability aim to account for a binary count/non-count distinction through the use of mereology, or part-structures. This paper discusses data from Welsh, which possesses three categories of grammatical number, distinguishing a collective/singulative class under which fall entity types such as 'collective aggregates' (swarming insects, vegetation) and 'granular aggregates' (sand). I show that standard mereological accounts turn out not to be sufficiently expressive to account for this broader typological data. I then argue that it is necessary to enrich mereology with connection relations that model ways in which the referents of nouns may come together, resulting in the more expressive mereotopology. I show that this extension leads to faithfully modeling the degrees of countability found in Welsh and overcomes well-known problems for classical mereological accounts, e.g., the "minimal parts" problem.
Real tense and real aspect in mirativity
Authors: Torres Bustamante Teresa
Published: August 2015

The goal of this paper is an account of the role of tense and aspect in mirative constructions in Spanish. I propose that the past tense morphology and the imperfect/perfect morphology in Spanish miratives contribute their standard meanings to the semantics of mirativity. I define mirativity as the clash between the speaker’s previous beliefs and the current state of affairs asserted by the proposition. I propose a M operator that relates the speaker’s beliefs and the proposition by ranking the worlds in which the proposition doesn’t hold in the speaker’s previous beliefs as better ones. The past tense is interpreted outside the proposition, and constitutes the time argument of the modal base (doxastic domain). Aspect gets its usual interpretation in the proposition but also in the alternative propositions that order the worlds in the modal base. This way, differences regarding the imperfect mirative and the pluperfect one are accounted for. Finally, the paper also discusses stative miratives, which apparently challenge part of the analysis. I claim that these are not counter examples, but rather confirmation of the analysis, once we account for the interaction between miratives, statives and lifetime effects.
Accounting for counting: A unified semantics for measure terms and classifiers
Authors: Scontras Gregory
Published: August 2015

This paper develops and extends the semantic account of morphological number marking in the presence of numerals from Scontras (2013). The account handles variation in patterns of number marking along two dimensions: cross-linguistically, between languages that either necessitate or prohibit singular morphology in the presence of numerals greater than ‘one’, and within one and the same language: English. The proposed semantics accounts for both sorts of variation by assuming flexibility in the selection of the measure relevant to the one-ness presupposition of the morphological singular form. The system also provides an explanation for the Slobin-Greenberg-Sanches Generalization, which states that no classifier language has obligatory number marking: by aligning the semantics of counting in both number marking and classifier languages, and by assuming that nouns in classifier languages denote kinds, the semantic contribution of number marking is necessarily redundant in classifier languages. A system of obligatory number marking only surfaces in languages where it delivers otherwise unrecoverable information about the number of intended referents.
Part and parcel of eliding partitives
Authors: Gagnon Michael
Published: August 2015

This paper argues that bare determiners as in the sentence ‘Many sat down.’ should be analyzed as involving the elision of a partitive phrase, as opposed to a noun phrase as is commonly assumed (Lobeck 1991, 1995; Bernstein 1993; Panagiotidis 2003; Alexiadou and Gengel 2011; Corver and van Koppen 2009, 2011). This analysis is supported by (i) the anaphoric interpretation of the bare determiners in context; (ii) the syntax of bare determiners; and (iii) deep event anaphora. Further, the adoption of partitive ellipsis comes with the suggestion that partitive DPs do not involve null intermediary noun phrases (cf. Jackendoff 1977, Sauerland and Yatsushiro 2004, and Ionin et al 2006), but rather that determiners can take partitive phrases as internal arguments (Matthewson 2001). The existence of such a phenomenon also militates in favor of a meaning isomorphy approach to the licensing of ellipsis (Merchant 2001), rather than structural isomorphy (Fiengo and May 1994).
About 'about'
Authors: Rawlins Kyle
Published: August 2015

I provide a compositional account of about-PPs in combination with attitude predicates, content nouns, and as a predicate. The account requires that attitude predicates are properties of content-bearing eventualities, rather than relations that take propositions (or other clause denotations) as arguments. I argue further that the relevant notion of 'content' must be extremely general, allowing for question-like, proposition-like, and hybrid meanings.
Episodic -ee in English: Thematic Relations and New Word Formation
Authors: Barker Chris
Published: August 2015

No abstract.
Negative Polarity in Hindi
Authors: Lahiri Utpal
Published: August 2015

No abstract.
Syncategorematic Conjunction and Structured Meanings
Authors: Winter Yoad
Published: August 2015

No abstract.
Disjunction and Anaphora
Authors: Simons Mandy
Published: August 2015

No abstract.
Achievements in an Event Semantics
Authors: Piñón Christopher
Published: August 2015

No abstract.
A Diphasic Approach to Directional Locatives
Authors: Fong Vivienne
Published: August 2015

No abstract.
More Structural Analogies Between Pronouns and Tenses
Authors: Kratzer Angelika
Published: August 2015

No abstract.
The effect of wild blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium) consumption on oxidative stress, inflammation, and DNA damage associated with exercise
Authors: Bloedon T. , Vendrame S. , Bolton J. , Lehnhard R. , Riso P. , Klimis-Zacas D.
Published: August 2015

The present study examined the effect of wild blueberries on oxidative stress, the inflammatory response and DNA damage associated with exercise in untrained individuals. Ten sedentary males, aged 21-26 years, completed two single bouts of treadmill exercise at 70% of their VO2max. One bout occurred prior to, and one occurred following daily consumption of 300 g of wild blueberries for eight weeks. Blood samples were drawn during both exercise bouts and assayed for measures of oxidative stress (manganese-superoxide dismutase: Mn-SOD), inflammation (tumour necrosis factor-alpha: TNF-α and interleukin-6: IL-6) and DNA damage (comet assay). Blood samples were obtained immediately pre-exercise, and post exercise at 0, 30 and 60 min, and 3 and 6 h. A significant interaction between pre- and post-intervention over time was detected in plasma Mn-SOD concentration. Post hoc comparisons showed no significant differences between time points pre- and post-intervention, although plasma Mn-SOD concentration showed a moderate trend 30 min after exercise with wild blueberry consumption (P=0.072). A significant increase in IL-6 was observed for time (at 30 min and 1 h) following exercise, both pre- and post-intervention. No significant differences were seen in DNA damage or TNF-α either with exercise or the intervention. This study demonstrates that a single bout of exercise at 70% of VO2max is sufficient to cause a significant increase in inflammation in untrained individuals. The trend for Mn-SOD concentration to decrease after exercise post-intervention indicates a potential benefit of wild blueberries to increase antioxidant capacity and reduce oxidative stress.
Crystal Structure of Insulin-Regulated Aminopeptidase with Bound Substrate Analogue Provides Insight on Antigenic Epitope Precursor Recognition and Processing
Authors: Mpakali Anastasia , Saridakis Emmanuel , Harlos Karl , Zhao Yuguang , Papakyriakou Athanasios , Kokkala Paraskevi , Georgiadis Dimitris , Stratikos Efstratios
Published: August 2015

Aminopeptidases that generate antigenic peptides influence immunodominance and adaptive cytotoxic immune responses. The mechanisms that allow these enzymes to efficiently process a vast number of different long peptide substrates are poorly understood. In this work, we report the structure of insulin-regulated aminopeptidase, an enzyme that prepares antigenic epitopes for cross-presentation in dendritic cells, in complex with an antigenic peptide precursor analog. Insulin-regulated aminopeptidase is found in a semiclosed conformation with an extended internal cavity with limited access to the solvent. The N-terminal moiety of the peptide is located at the active site, positioned optimally for catalysis, whereas the C-terminal moiety of the peptide is stabilized along the extended internal cavity lodged between domains II and IV. Hydrophobic interactions and shape complementarity enhance peptide affinity beyond the catalytic site and support a limited selectivity model for antigenic peptide selection that may underlie the generation of complex immunopeptidomes.
Celtic spirituality and contemporary environmental issues
Authors: Duncan Graham
Published: August 2015

Celtic spirituality has a long and distinguished ancestry with its origins in pre-Christian times. It was inculturated among peoples in the far west of Europe, particularly in Ireland, Scotland and the north and south-west of England. It was different from Roman Christianity in distinct ways until the mid-7th century CE when Roman Christianity became the norm in Britain and Ireland. This spirituality has endured throughout the centuries and has experienced a revival from the latter half of the 20th century. From its inception, it has been closely linked to the environment. Over the years many key aspects of Celtic spirituality have been integrated in many religious traditions and shows similarities with and can contribute to a new ethical perspective on environmental issues. This article investigates the current environmental crisis from a faith perspective and attempts to draw lessons from Celtic traditions of spirituality in a scientific age.
Soil N2O and NO emissions from land use and land-use change in the tropics and subtropics: a meta-analysis
Authors: van Lent J. , Hergoualc'h K. , Verchot L. V.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. Deforestation and forest degradation in the tropics may substantially alter soil N-oxide emissions. It is particularly relevant to accurately quantify those changes to properly account for them in a REDD+ climate change mitigation scheme that provides financial incentives to reduce the emissions. With this study we provide updated land use (LU)-based emission rates (103 studies, 387 N2O and 111 NO case studies), determine the trend and magnitude of flux changes with land-use change (LUC) using a meta-analysis approach (43 studies, 132 N2O and 37 NO cases) and evaluate biophysical drivers of N2O and NO emissions and emission changes for the tropics. The average N2O and NO emissions in intact upland tropical forest amounted to 2.0 ± 0.2 (n = 88) and 1.7 ± 0.5 (n = 36) kg N ha−1 yr−1, respectively. In agricultural soils annual N2O emissions were exponentially related to N fertilization rates and average water-filled pore space (WFPS) whereas in non-agricultural sites a Gaussian response to WFPS fit better the observed NO and N2O emissions. The sum of soil N2O and NO fluxes and the ratio of N2O to NO increased exponentially and significantly with increasing nitrogen availability (expressed as NO3−/[NO3−+NH4+]) and WFPS, respectively; following the conceptual Hole-In-the-Pipe model. Nitrous and nitric oxide fluxes did not overall increase significantly as a result of LUC (Hedges's d of 0.11 ± 0.11 and 0.16 ± 0.19, respectively), however individual LUC trajectories or practices did. Nitrous oxide fluxes increased significantly after intact upland forest conversion to croplands (Hedges's d = 0.78 ± 0.24) and NO increased significantly following the conversion of low forest cover (secondary forest younger than 30 years, woodlands, shrublands) (Hedges's d of 0.44 ± 0.13). Forest conversion to fertilized systems significantly and highly raised both N2O and NO emission rates (Hedges's d of 1.03 ± 0.23 and 0.52 ± 0.09, respectively). Changes in nitrogen availability and WFPS were the main factors explaining changes in N2O emissions following LUC, therefore it is important that experimental designs monitor their spatio-temporal variation. Gaps in the literature on N oxide fluxes included geographical gaps (Africa, Oceania) and LU gaps (degraded forest, wetland (notably peat) forest, oil palm plantation and soy cultivation).
Groundwater nitrate concentration evolution under climate change and agricultural adaptation scenarios: Prince Edward Island, Canada
Authors: Paradis D. , Vigneault H. , Lefebvre R. , Savard M. M. , Ballard J.-M. , Qian B.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. Nitrate (N-NO3) concentration in groundwater, the sole source of potable water in Prince Edward Island (PEI, Canada), currently exceeds the 10 mg L−1 (N-NO3) health threshold for drinking water in 6 % of domestic wells. Increasing climatic and socio-economic pressures on PEI agriculture may further deteriorate groundwater quality. This study assesses how groundwater nitrate concentrations could evolve due to the forecasted climate change and its related potential changes in agricultural practices. For this purpose, a tridimensional numerical groundwater flow and mass transport model was developed for the aquifer system of the entire Island (5660 km2). A number of different groundwater flow and mass transport simulations were made to evaluate the potential impact of the projected climate change and agricultural adaptation. According to the simulations for year 2050, N-NO3 concentration would increase due to two main causes: (1) the progressive attainment of steady-state conditions related to present-day nitrogen loadings, and (2) the increase in nitrogen loadings due to changes in agricultural practices provoked by future climatic conditions. The combined effects of equilibration with loadings, climate and agricultural adaptation would lead to a 25 to 32 % increase in N-NO3 concentration over the Island aquifer system. Climate change alone (practices maintained at their current level) would contribute only 0 to 6 % to that increase according to the various climate scenarios. Moreover, simulated trends in groundwater N-NO3 concentration suggest that an increased number of domestic wells (more than doubling) would exceed the nitrate drinking water criteria. This study underlines the need to develop and apply better agricultural management practices to ensure sustainability of long-term groundwater resources. The simulations also show that observable benefits from positive changes in agricultural practices would be delayed in time due to the slow dynamics of nitrate transport within the aquifer system.
Impacts of land use change and climate variations on annual inflow into Miyun Reservoir, Beijing, China
Authors: Zheng J. K. , Sun G. , Li W. H. , Yu X. X. , Zhang C. , Gong Y. B. , Tu L. H.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. Miyun reservoir, the only surface water source for Beijing city, has experienced water supply decline in recent decades. Previous studies suggest that both land use change and climate contributes the changes of water supply in this critical watershed. However, the specific causes of the decline in Miyun reservoir are debatable in a non-stationary climate in the past four decades. The central objective of this study was to quantify the separate and collective contributions of land use change and climate variability to the decreasing inflow into Miyun reservoir during 1961–2008. Different from previous studies, this work objectively identified breakpoints by analyzing the long-term historical hydrometeorology and land cover records. To effectively study the different impacts of the climate variation and land cover change during different sub-periods, annual water balance model (AWB), climate elasticity model (CEM), and rainfall–runoff model (RRM) were employed to conduct attribution analysis synthetically. We found a significant decrease in annual streamflow (p < 0.01), a significant positive trend in annual potential evapotranspiration (p < 0.01), and an insignificant negative trend in annual precipitation (p > 0.1) during 1961–2008. Combined with historical records, we identified two breakpoints as in 1983 and 1999 for the period 1961–2008 by the sequential Mann–Kendall Test and Double Mass Curve. Climate variability alone did not explain the decrease in inflow to Miyun reservoir. Reduction of water yield was closely related to increase in evapotranspiration rates due to the expansion of forestlands and reduction in cropland and grassland, and was likely exacerbated by increased water consumption for domestic and industrial uses in the basin. Our study found that the contribution to the observed streamflow decline from land use change fell from 64–92 % during 1984–1999 to 36–58 % during 2000–2008, whereas the contribution from climate variation climbed from 8–36 % during the 1984–1999 to 42–64 % during 2000–2008. Model uncertainty analysis further demonstrated that climate warming played a dominant role in streamflow reduction in the 2000s. We conclude that future climate change and variability will further challenge the goal of water supply of Miyun reservoir to meet water demand. A comprehensive watershed management strategy needs to consider the climate variations besides vegetation management.
Does the Budyko curve reflect a maximum power state of hydrological systems? A backward analysis
Authors: Westhoff M. , Zehe E. , Archambeau P. , Dewals B.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. Almost all catchments plot within a small envelope around the Budyko curve. This apparent behaviour suggests that organizing principles may play a role in the evolution of catchments. In this paper we applied the thermodynamic principle of maximum power as the organizing principle. In a top-down approach we derived mathematical formulations of the relation between relative wetness and gradients driving runoff and evaporation for a simple one-box model. We did this in such a way that when the conductances are optimized with the maximum power principle, the steady state behaviour of the model leads exactly to a point on the Budyko curve. Subsequently we derived gradients that, under constant forcing, resulted in a Budyko curve following the asymptotes closely. With these gradients we explored the sensitivity of dry spells and dynamics in actual evaporation. Despite the simplicity of the model, catchment observations compare reasonably well with the Budyko curves derived with dynamics in rainfall and evaporation. This indicates that the maximum power principle may be used (i) to derive the Budyko curve and (ii) to move away from the empiricism in free parameters present in many Budyko functions. Future work should focus on better representing the boundary conditions of real catchments and eventually adding more complexity to the model.
InSAR observations of the 2009 Racha earthquake, the Republic Georgia
Authors: Nikolaeva E. , Walter T. R.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. Central Georgia is an area strongly affected by earthquake and landslide hazards. On 29 April 1991 a major earthquake (Mw = 7.0) struck the Racha region in the republic Georgia, followed by aftershocks and significant afterslip. The same region was hit by another major event (Mw = 6.0) on 7 September 2009. The aim of the study reported here was to utilize geodetic data as synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR) to improve a knowledge about the spatial pattern of deformation due to the earthquakes in the seismic active central Georgia. There were no actual earthquake observations by InSAR in Georgia. We used the multi-temporal ALOS L-band InSAR data to produce interferograms spanning times before and after the 2009 earthquake. We detected a local uplift around 10 cm in the interferogram near the earthquake's epicenter whereas evidence of surface ruptures could not be found in the field along the active thrust fault. We simulated a deformation signal which could be created by the 2009 Racha earthquake on the basis of local seismic records and by using an elastic dislocation model. The observed InSAR deformation is in good agreement with our model. We compared our modeled fault surface of the September 2009 with the April 1991 Racha earthquake fault surfaces, and identify the same fault or a sub-parallel fault of the same system as the origin. The patch that was active in 2009 is just adjacent to the 1991 patch, indicating a possible mainly westward propagation direction, with important implications for future earthquake hazards.
Qualitative and quantitative changes in detrital reservoir rocks caused by CO2-brine-rock interactions during first injection phases (Utrillas sandstones, Northern Spain)
Authors: Berrezueta E. , Ordóñez-Casado B. , Quintana L.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. The aim of this article is to describe and interpret qualitative and quantitative changes at rock matrix scale of Lower-Upper Cretaceous sandstones exposed to supercritical (SC) CO2 and brine. The effects of experimental injection of SC CO2 during the first injection phases were studied at rock matrix scale, in a potential deep sedimentary reservoir in Northern Spain (Utrillas unit, at the base of the Cenozoic Duero Basin). Experimental wet CO2 injection was performed in a reactor chamber under realistic conditions of deep saline formations (P ≈ 78 bar, T ≈ 38 °C and 24 h exposure time). After the experiment, exposed and non-exposed equivalent sample sets were compared with the aim of assessing possible changes due to the effect of the CO2-brine exposure. Optical microscopy (OpM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) aided by optical image analysis (OIA) were used to compare the rock samples and get qualitative and quantitative information about mineralogy, texture and porous network distribution. Chemical analyses were performed to refine the mineralogical information and to obtain whole rock geochemical data. Brine composition was also analysed before and after the experiment. The results indicate an evolution of the pore network (porosity increase ≈ 2 %). Intergranular quartz matrix detachment and partial removal from the rock sample (due to CO2 input/release dragging) are the main processes that may explain the porosity increase. Primary mineralogy (≈ 95 % quartz) and rock texture (heterogeneous sand with interconnected framework of micro-channels) are important factors that seem to enhance textural/mineralogical changes in this heterogeneous system. The whole rock and brine chemical analyses after interaction with SC CO2-brine do not present important changes in the mineralogical, porosity and chemical configuration of the rock with respect to initial conditions, ruling out relevant precipitation or dissolution at these early stages. These results, simulating the CO2 injection near the injection well during the first phases (24 h) indicate that, in this environment where CO2 displaces the brine, the mixture principally generates local mineralogical/textural re-adjustments due to physical detachment of quartz grains. Consequences deriving from these changes are variable. Possible porosity and permeability increases could facilitate further CO2 injection but textural re-adjustment could also affect the rock physically. However, it is not clear yet what effect the quartz (solid suspension) could provoke in more distant areas of the rock. Quartz could be transported in the fluid flow path and probably accumulated at pore throats.
Explaining, Cultural, Educational and Social Needs of Faculty Members of Farhangiyan University
Authors: Basiry Batool , Nasr Ahmadreza , Mirshahjafari Seyed Ebrahim , Mehrmohammadi Mahmood
Published: August 2015

The present study is an applied research project and uses a descriptive-analytical survey design. It follows both qualitative and quantitative data collection procedures. The statistical population of the qualitative section consists of 19 Iranian education experts who are selected via targeted random sampling. And the statistical population of the quantitative section consists of all full-time instructors and faculty members of Farhangian University in six provinces of Iran (n=181), of whom 150 are selected via random sampling. Data are collected through semi-structured interviews and researcher-made questionnaires. To determine the validity of interviews and questionnaires, we have used confirmatory factor analysis for verifying construct validity and Cronbach’s alpha for estimating questionnaire reliability. Qualitative findings are analyzed based on the spiral of analysis and quantitative data are processed through descriptive and inferential statistics. According to the results of the qualitative section, the most important educational needs of Farhangian University’s faculty members fir into two areas: 1. Religious needs with an emphasis on Islamic education, and 2. ethical, cultural and social needs comprising four domains: 2.1 cultural, 2.2 social, 2.3 ethical, and 2.4 political. The results of the quantitative section also indicate that the educational needs of Farhangian University’s faculty members are higher than average in both areas. The most important need of Farhangian University’s faculty members in the cultural domain is related to the subscale “being aware of the role of university professors in relation to preserving, transferring, reforming, and recreating culture” while their most important need in the theological domain is related to “the ability to use the educational principles and implications of the Quran and Nahjolbalaghe” (Imam Ali’s book of ethical teachings)
Developmental Direction of South Korean Casino Market
Authors: Kim Hyungsok , Kang Minwan
Published: August 2015

Korean casino market is currently in a new turning point and plans to expand more casinos in addition to the 17 casinos and talks about development of the tourism industry through massive investment of foreign capital. Casino market is such a sensitive issue in our country and except for Kang-won Land, all casinos are exclusively for foreigners. However, foreign capital has announced plans to invest substantial capital in terms of allowing locals to enter casino as well. Under these circumstances, Kang-won Land Casino is strongly claiming that allowing locals to casino is illegal under the law, but certain regions confront that amending the law on the investment is necessary for economic growth to attract more casinos. In this study, we grasp the current situation and its development of casino in Korea and set a direction for the future development of casino
Evaluation of 3M™ Molecular Detection Assay (MDA) Listeria monocytogenes for the Detection of Listeria monocytogenes in Selected Foods and Environmental Surfaces: Collaborative Study, First Action 2014.07
Authors: Bird Patrick , Flannery Jonathan , Crowley Erin , Agin James , Goins David , Monteroso Lisa , Benesh DeAnn ,   Collaborators:, Bastin B , Blumfield J , Brahmanda B , Brandt A , Brooks R , Brooks R , Cerda L , Chavarria C , Chen Y , Cuthbert N , Dermer R , Fatemi P , Hankins A , Hardrath L , Kupski B , Laasri A , Lopez C , Mailloux B , Morris A , Picket J , Powers K , Schoeni J , Shipley N , Spencer S , Sweet A , Thielen A , Thompson L , Williams J , Wood D
Published: August 2015

The 3M™ Molecular Detection Assay (MDA) Listeria monocytogenes combines isothermal amplification and bioluminescence to detect Listeria monocytogenes with high specificity and efficiency in select foods and environmental samples. The 3M MDA Listeria monocytogenes method was evaluated using an unpaired study design in a multilaboratory collaborative study to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service Microbiology Laboratory Guidebook 8.09 (2011) Isolation and Identification of Listeria monocytogenes from Red Meat, Poultry, and Egg Products and Environmental Samples for deli turkey, and the AOAC Official Method of AnalysisSM 993.12 Listeria monocytogenes in Milk and Dairy Products for full-fat (4% milk fat) cottage cheese following the current AOAC guidelines. A total of 16 laboratories located in the continental United States and Canada participated in this collaborative study. For deli turkey, 125 g test portions were evaluated using heat-stressed cells by each method. For full-fat cottage cheese, 25 g test portions were evaluated using nonheat-stressed cells. Each matrix had three inoculation levels: an uninoculated control level (0 CFU/test portion), and two levels artificially contaminated with L. monocytogenes, a low inoculum level (0.2–2 CFU/test portion) and a high inoculum level (2–5 CFU/test portion). In total, 1584 unpaired replicate samples were analyzed. Statistical analysis was conducted according to the probability of detection (POD) model. Results obtained for the low inoculum level full-fat cottage cheese test portions produced a difference in cross-laboratory POD (dLPOD) value of –0.08 with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of (–0.20, 0.05). For the low-level deli turkey test portions, a dLPOD value of –0.02 with a 95% CI of (–0.14, 0.11) was obtained.
Exercise as Therapy: Health and Well-Being
Authors: Archer Trevor
Published: August 2015

Physical exercise, in several guises, improves health and delivers a multitude of benefits for the aging brain and body, not least by delaying the aging process, but also by, its “scaffolding effect”, buttressing the physiological processes vulnerable to that level of credibility. The present account is based upon a systematic survey of published studies outlining the benefits of physical exercise an intervention to improve diverse health aspects, with the key-words “Physical exercise and Health” among all biomedical sources. Under conditions of neuropsychiatric and neurologic ill-health, child-adolescent maturation during healthy and illness developmental trajectories, neuroimmune and affective unbalance, and epigenetic pressures, exercise offers a large harvest of augmentations in health and well-being. Both animal models and human studies support the premise of manifest gains from regular exercise within several domains, besides cognitive function and mood, notably as the agency of a noninvasive, readily available therapeutic intervention.
Medical Evaluation of Children with Intellectual Disability: Clinician Compliance with Published Guidelines
Authors: Tchaconas Alexis , Adesman Andrew
Published: August 2015

Background: Children with intellectual disability (CWID) in the USA are typically referred to child neurologists (CN) and developmental-behavioral pediatricians (DBP) for medical evaluation. Although the American Academy of Neurology/Child Neurology Society (AAN/CNS) and the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) have published evaluation guidelines, experience suggests CN and DBP do not consistently follow them. Our goal was to assess CN’s and DBP’s approach to evaluating CWID and overall compliance with published guidelines.
Methods: Questionnaires were mailed to CN and DBP in the U.S. (n=1897). Physicians were asked demographic information and which laboratory tests they would "routinely order" for the hypothetical case of a 3½ year old boy with Full Scale IQ=58 and unremarkable neurological history and exam. Chi-square tests were performed to compare sub-specialists’ ordering practices.
Results: 127 CN and 140 DBP responded. 7.1% CN (n=9) and 11.4% DBP (n=16) complied with AAN/CNS and AAP guidelines, respectively. Although routinely indicated, 36.2% CN and 31.4% DBP would not routinely order chromosomal microarray (CMA), and 42.5% CN and 26.4% DBP would not routinely order DNA for Fragile X (χ2=7.67, p=0.006). 7.9% CN and 7.1% DBP would order a karyotype without CMA. Although not indicated, 7.1% CN and 0.7% DBP noted they would routinely order an EEG (χ2=7.50, p=0.006). A brain MRI is only recommended by AAN/CNS guidelines; 49.6% CN and 12.9% DBP reported they would routinely order it (χ2=42.55, p<.0001).
Conclusion: Few CN and DBP follow published guidelines for laboratory evaluation of CWID. Relative to DBP, CN more frequently order EEGs and MRIs but less frequently order recommended genetic tests.
Synthesis, Biological, and Computational Evaluation of Novel 1,3,5‐Substituted Indolin‐2‐one Derivatives as Inhibitors of Src Tyrosine Kinase
Authors: Kilic‐Kurt Zühal , Bakar Filiz , Ölgen Süreyya
Published: August 2015

Several substituted indolin‐2‐one derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their activities against Src kinase. Several compounds showed activity against Src, with IC50 values in the low micromolar range. Among them, compound 2f showed the most significant activity with an IC50 value of 1.02 μM. Molecular docking studies have been performed for evaluation of the binding modes of compound 2f into the Src active site. The docking structure of compound 2f disclosed that the indole NH forms a hydrogen bond with the carbonyl of Met341. These results suggest that our novel compound 2f is a promising compound for the further development of indole‐based drugs targeting Src kinase.