bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chile: Democracy in Retreat
Authors: Sigmund Paul E.
Published: September 2018

At a time when countries in the Southern Cone of Latin America are returning to constitutional democracy (Argentina in 1983, Uruguay in 1984, and gradually Brazil, where indirect presidential elections are scheduled for January 15), the trend is being reversed in Chile. After eighteen months of protests by trade unions and opposition parties, Chile's military ruler, Augusto Pinochet, has imposed a state of siege, exiled hundreds of Chileans to remote areas of the country, heavily censored the press and radio, conducted police roundups and security checks of lower-class areas of Santiago, and, to repress a protest demonstration, called out the Army at the end of November. His interior minister has also taken action against a leading churchman, incurring the wrath of the newly appointed moderate archbishop of Santiago, Juan Francisco Fresno.
Some General Ideas & the Novel
Authors: Hux Samuel
Published: September 2018

Granted the great Spanish reactionary thinker Juan Donoso'Cortes was defending the absoluteness of royal decree when he characterized “discussion” as “the universal dissolvent” that “has destroyed your adversaries, and will destroy yourself” and announced, “As to me, I am resolved not to tolerate it.” But since a politics without public deliberation makes the sense of a religion without prayer or a literature deficient in the rhythms of thought, and since he was writing in 1851 (ironically about the same time that Herman Melville was discussing practically everything in Moby Dick), his words have been intruding on my reading the last few weeks. Donoso-Cortes's fame, if he has any, rests in part on Pius IX having borrowed some of his points of view in writing the Syllabus of Errors. Were Vladimir Nabokov, quirky genuis, to compile a syllabus, one error would be the discussion of “general ideas” by literary critics, another the discussion of Big Topics by characters in a novel. Mary McCarthy is resolved not to tolerate the intolerance, pushy mensch that she is, and claims the right “granted to the Jewish novel” and “never conceded to us goys“—that is, “to juggle ideas in full view of the public.”
The New Spain
Authors: Prevost Gary
Published: September 2018

Last October, seven years after the death of General Franco and five years after the re-establishment of parliamentary democracy, Spaniards elected a Socialist government. Felipe Gonzalez, at forty, became the youngest prime minister in Europe. The Socialist landslide victory brought them an absolute majority in the Cortes, the Spanish legislature, and responsibility for solving Spain's grave economic troubles.

A nine-month balance sheet on the Socialist government reveals a cautious, reformist approach at home combined with some far-ranging diplomatic probes abroad. Longterm prospects for success in either arena are not particularly good, but the past year has shown that the effort will be worth watching.
Report From South Africa
Authors: Pawlikowski John T.
Published: September 2018

We are heading for the last of the gracious societies. The United States stands on the threshold of collapse. The last bastion of freedom and anticommunism is to be found in the Republic of South Africa. These were the views of a recently transplanted American sitting behind me on the flight to the RSA. After two weeks of visiting various parts of the country—the KwaZulu homeland and the cities and townships of Pretoria, Johannesburg, and Durban, plus a sideline look at the situation from nearby Swaziland—my traveling companion's evaluation of South African society leaves, in my judgment, much to be desired.
Constitution-Making in Canada
Authors: Kay Richard S.
Published: September 2018

A strange assortment of lobbyists is converging on the British Parliament at Westminster. They include partisans of French language and culture in Quebec, support ers of local control over oil and gas resources in Alberta, and advocates of native rights in the Yukon. Since it has been assumed for many years that Canada is an independent country, one is justified in asking why any of this is the business of M.P.s from Birmingham, Glasgow, and Londonderry.

The business is the Canadian constitution, and, legally speaking, there is no more appropriate forum for it. The Canadian constitution–more precisely the British North America Act of 1867 as amended–is a statute of the United Kingdom, and its amendment is within the authority of the body that enacted it.
Agrarian Reform and Rural Development
Authors: Sen Sudhir
Published: September 2018

The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations is convening a World Conference on Agrarian Reform and Rural Development (WCARRD) at FAO headquarters in Rome from July 12 to 20, 1979. This will provide a unique opportunity— perhaps the last, best chance—to come to grips with a problem that has long been crying out for an aggressive, well-planned attack.

The trends are disastrous. The hour is already late. With each passing day some 200,000 more people are added to the world population, mostly to the poor nations to swell the ranks of their destitute.
Law and the Rightness (and Wrongness) of Things
Authors: Neuhaus Richard John
Published: September 2018

The law is not like life. Therein lies its utility and even its majesty. The law is not like life. Therein lies its weakness and even its danger. To be sure, the law is part of life; it is part of that communal experience we call history, including this present moment. Law itself, as we shall emphasize, has a history. And yet, when we speak of "the law," we imply that it is something distinct from ordinary experience. It has a normative status by which we order, remedy, and judge the interactions that make up what we call "life."
Political Zionism: A Christian Perspective
Authors: Rottenberg Isaac C.
Published: September 2018

Talking about "political Zionism" is somewhat like talking about the social gospel. Is there any other kind? Even those who subject the biblical message to a thoroughgoing process of spiritualization and/or individualization usually retain substantial elements of its corporate and social dimensions. Without them it would be difficult to maintain any semblance of the Church itself as a community that, in one form or another, takes shape in the world, in society.
Movement Toward Democracy in South Korea
Authors: Olsen Edward A.
Published: September 2018

For better or worse United States foreign policy is now identified with human rights, setting moral standards for other nations. Human rights guidelines have become a screen filtering Washington's relations with virtually all countries. Among the most controversial of these is South Korea, where we are accused on the one hand of condoning human rights violations in order to protect our regional security interests and on the other of undercutting our security interests by pressing human rights policies that weaken South Korea.
Kofi Awoonor's Prison
Authors: Tucker Martin
Published: September 2018

Kofi Awoonor's novels, poems, and literary criticism have been acclaimed in many countries. Nevertheless, he is probably best known in the United States for the harassment and imprisonment he suffered in his native country of Ghana three years ago.

Awoonor was arrested on December 31, 1975, in Cape Coast, Ghana, and held without charges for several months. A number of human rights organizations issued strong protests. Amnesty International, International P.E.N., P.E.N. American Center (Bernard Malamud, Jerzy Kosinski, Muriel Rukeyser, Allen Ginsberg, Alfred Kazin, and Thomas Fleming were among those who spoke out on his behalf), and the Committee to Free Kofi Awoonor, based at Stony Brook on Long Island, were some of the more vocal protestors.
NATO and the Warsaw Pact
Authors: Gessert Robert A.
Published: September 2018

Can security in the NATO/Warsaw Pact area be achieved without nuclear-weapons, or with significantly reduced reliance on them?" Many religious leaders and other concerned citizens in Europe and America are asking this question while NATO political and military authorities are deliberating about how NATO should improve its nuclear posture in Europe (the so-called theater nuclear posture).

No one can be smug or even satisfied about depending on nuclear weapons for security. One hardly need recount the destructive power of individual nuclear weapons (up to twenty-five or fifty times the explosive power of the bombs dropped at Hiroshima and Nagasaki) or count the thousands of warheads in current nuclear inventories on both sides.
Israel: Between Conflict and Peace
Authors: Eban Abba
Published: September 2018

The keynote of Jewish history is not unity. The keynote of Jewish history is fragmentation, dispersion, and diversity. And to achieve a consensus out of this disruptive tradition is not the easiest of tasks.

Our starting point in recent days has been the certainty that there will be a peace treaty between Israel and Egypt. I've had talks recently with the heads of the Israeli and Egyptian delegations and emerged convinced that a peace treaty will emerge despite some complex issues that remain to be solved. And thus we stand in the revolutionary era that begins, not in November, 1978, but in November, 1977, with Anwar el-Sadat's voyage to Jerusalem. What he achieved was to make a breach in the wall both of Arab rejection and of Israeli suspicion.

Now let us be frank with each other. Underneath the outer surface of Israeli life there has ilways been something choked and strangled, something cut off from expression, a terrible sense of insolubility, deadlock without end. The sense of being totally excluded from any affirmative contact with the neighboring world has been much more deeply at work on the morale and consciousness of the Israeli people than we might have wished to admit. And now all of a sudden the windows are open and the air comes rushing in.
Civil Defense—the New Debate
Authors: Downey Thomas J.
Published: September 2018

Anyone who believes that the Soviet Union, because of its civil defense program, is better able to survive a nuclear war than the United States is totally misguided. And anyone willing to accept such a foolish argument is blind to three basic facts.

First, the massive urban evacuation program would have limited effectiveness in reducing the disastrous effects of a nuclear attack on the general population, even supposing that such a scheme could be effectively carried out on a national scale. Second, targeting for population destruction is not in any case a primary goal of our current strategic planning. Third, if Soviet strategic planners are contemplating a first-strike scenario against the United States (as many American hawks state in their arguments for an American civil defense evacuation scheme), they would be unable to employ their urban evacuation plan, because to do so would obviously destroy the element of surprise needed for any first strike to succeed.
Ahead to '81: A Greater U.S.-Israel Storm
Authors: Bruzonsky Mark A.
Published: September 2018

Another presidential election looms—and American Middle East policy is again subordinated for about a year to the political circus mandated by American-style democracy.

For Israel this American election is more crucial than ever. Economically desperate, Israel relies on an American umbilical cord, now weakening. The Jewish state's political isolation could become psychologically unbearable if U.S. Government attitudes begin shifting even as far as have those of Western Europe—which, for the first time, is a real possibility. Israel's strategic/military position, with or without the West Bank, is largely a function of American arms and perceived American determination. And most crucially, in the longer run, basic American public attitudes toward Israel will bp heavily influenced by the tone and content of the incoming administration.
Effects of human sperm cryopreservation on apoptotic markers in normozoospermic and non-normozoospermic patients
Authors: Karabulut Seda , Demiroğlu-Zergeroğlu Asuman , Yılmaz Elif , Kutlu Pelin , Keskin İlknur
Published: September 2018

The negative effects of cryopreservation on sperm parameters are well documented but little information is known about molecular basis of the process. The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible effects of sperm cryopreservation on main apoptotic signs including DNA fragmentation and caspase-3 activation and to determine if these effects vary according to sperm parameters. Sperm samples of 72 patients were cryopreserved. The patients were sub-grouped as normozoospermic or non-normozoospermic patients according to their semen parameters. DNA fragmentation rates and caspase-3 activation levels were analyzed before and after cryopreservation in both groups. Mean DNA fragmentation rate was increased significantly from 23.98% in neat semen samples to 27.34% after cryopreservation (P= 0.03). DNA fragmentation rates were slightly higher in non-normozoospermic patients compared with the normozoospermic patients in both the neat semen and after cryopreservation (23.25 and 24.71% vs. 26.32 and 28.36%, respectively) although the difference obtained were not statistically significant. An increasing trend for caspase-3 activations (0.093 vs. 0.116) was observed after cryopreservation but the differences were not statistically significant. Caspase-3 activation was found to be slightly higher in non-normozoospermic patients both in the neat semen and after cryopreservation compared with the normozoospermic patients but the differences were not statistically significant. Caspase-3 expression was also shown using immunocytochemistry in both fresh ejaculated sperm and thawed sperm after cryopreservation but at different localizations. The cryopreservation process had detrimental effects on sperm quality but the quality of the sperm samples was not adversely effective for the apoptotic markers including DNA fragmentation and caspase-3 activation patterns. In fact, it was the cryopreservation process itself that adversely effected the above apoptotic markers and apoptosis. It was concluded therefore that sperm cell cryopreservation triggers apoptosis after thawing and this process adversely affects semen parameters.
Wisdom of the Crowd in Saving Lives: The Life Guardians App
Authors: Jaffe Eli , Dadon Ziv , Alpert Evan Avraham
Published: September 2018

Multi-casualty incidents (MCIs) continue to occur throughout the world, whether they be mass shootings or natural disasters. Prehospital emergency services have done a professional job at stabilizing and transporting the victims to local hospitals. When there are multiple casualties, there may not be enough professional responders to care for the injured. Bystanders and organized volunteer first responders have often helped in extricating the victims, stopping the bleeding, and aiding in the evacuation of the victims. Magen David Adom (MDA translated as “Red Shield of David”), the national Emergency Medical Services (EMS) provider for Israel, has successfully introduced a program for volunteer first responders that includes both a mobile-phone-based application and appropriate life-saving equipment. Most of the responders, known as Life Guardians, are already medical professionals such as physicians, nurses, or off-duty medics. They are notified by a global positioning system application if there is a nearby life-threatening incident such as respiratory or cardiac arrest, major trauma, or an MCI. They are given a kit that includes a bag-valve mask device, oropharyngeal airways, tourniquets, and bandages. There are currently 17,000 Life Guardians, and in the first-half of 2017, they responded to 253 events.

The Life Guardians are essentially an out-of-hospital manpower multiplier using a simple crowdsourcing application who have the necessary skills and equipment to treat those in cardiopulmonary arrest, or victims of trauma, including MCIs. Such a model can be integrated into other systems throughout the world to save lives.

JaffeE, DadonZ, AlpertEA. Wisdom of the crowd in saving lives: the Life Guardians app. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2018;33(5):550–552.
The Significance of Heat Transport by Shallow Fluid Flow at an Active Plate Boundary: The Southern Alps, New Zealand
Authors: Coussens Jamie , Woodman Nicholas , Upton Phaedra , Menzies Catriona D. , Janku‐Capova Lucie , Sutherland Rupert , Teagle Damon A. H.
Published: September 2018

Fluid flow can influence fault behavior. Here we quantify the role of groundwater heat advection in establishing the thermal structure of the Alpine Fault, a major tectonic boundary in southern New Zealand that accommodates most of the motion between the Australian and Pacific Plates. Convergence on the Alpine Fault has rapidly uplifted the Southern Alps, resulting in high geothermal gradients and a thin seismogenic zone. A new equilibrium temperature profile from the 818‐m‐deep Deep Fault Drilling Project 2B borehole has been interrogated using one‐dimensional analytical models of fluid and rock advection. Models indicate a total heat flux of 720‐mW m−2 results from groundwater flow with Darcy velocities approximating to 7.8 × 10−10 m s−1. Groundwaters advect significantly more heat than rock advection in the shallow orogen (<6‐km depth) and are the major control on the subsurface temperature field.
Impact of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation on Baltic Sea Variability
Authors: Börgel Florian , Frauen Claudia , Neumann Thomas , Schimanke Semjon , Meier H. E. Markus
Published: September 2018

The Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) is a natural mode of variability of the North Atlantic sea surface temperature. The AMO can be used to describe the complex interaction of the coupled atmosphere‐ocean system of the North Atlantic. By analyzing a preindustrial period of 850 years with a regional climate model, we show that the AMO influences the Baltic Sea. AMO‐related changes of the atmospheric circulation affect precipitation over the Baltic Sea region, which leads to altered river runoff influencing the salinity of the Baltic Sea. A wavelet coherence analysis reveals a persistent coherence between AMO and salinity for the whole period of 850 years. This suggests that the Baltic Sea is under the constant influence of the AMO. Our results provide strong evidence for long‐term changes in the Baltic Sea as a result of changing AMO phases.
Stratosphere Perturbed by the 2011 Mw9.0 Tohoku Earthquake
Authors: Yan Xiangxiang , Sun Yangyi , Yu Tao , Liu Jann‐Yenq , Qi Yifan , Xia Chunliang , Zuo Xiaomin , Yang Na
Published: September 2018

This study examined the FORMOSAT‐3/COSMIC radio occultation soundings of total electron content in the ionosphere (from 150 to 550 km) and refractivity index in the lower atmosphere (from 0 to 60 km) after/during the 2011 Mw9.0 Tohoku earthquake/tsunami. The refractivity index observations show the first evidence of the Tohoku earthquake/tsunami‐induced vertical oscillations in the lower atmosphere. The atmospheric oscillations with vertical wavelength ranging from 0.5 to 8 km and from 10 to 40 km, respectively, appear in the stratosphere and ionosphere after the earthquake onset. The short vertical wavelengths suggest that the oscillations are the atmospheric oscillatory tail due to the wavefront of the earthquake/tsunami. The radio occultation technique is a tool for detecting the atmospheric waves induced by earthquake or some other sources.
MESSENGER Observations of Fast Plasma Flows in Mercury's Magnetotail
Authors: Dewey Ryan M. , Raines Jim M. , Sun Weijie , Slavin James A. , Poh Gangkai
Published: September 2018

We present the first observation of fast plasma flows in Mercury's magnetotail. Mercury experiences substorm activity phenomenologically similar to Earth's; however, field‐of‐view limitations of the Fast Imaging Plasma Spectrometer (FIPS) prevent the instrument from detecting fast flows in the plasma sheet. Although FIPS measures incomplete plasma distributions, subsonic flows impart an asymmetry on the partial plasma distribution, even if the flow directions are outside the field of view. We combine FIPS observations from 387 intervals containing magnetic field dipolarizations to mitigate these instrument limitations. By taking advantage of variations in spacecraft pointing during these intervals, we construct composite plasma distributions from which mean flows are determined. We find that dipolarizations at Mercury are embedded within fast sunward flows with an averaged speed of ~300 km/s compared to a typical background flow of ~50 km/s.
Globally Significant CO2 Emissions From Katla, a Subglacial Volcano in Iceland
Authors: Ilyinskaya Evgenia , Mobbs Stephen , Burton Ralph , Burton Mike , Pardini Federica , Pfeffer Melissa Anne , Purvis Ruth , Lee James , Bauguitte Stéphane , Brooks Barbara , Colfescu Ioana , Petersen Gudrun Nina , Wellpott Axel , Bergsson Baldur
Published: September 2018

Volcanoes are a key natural source of CO2, but global estimates of volcanic CO2 flux are predominantly based on measurements from a fraction of world's actively degassing volcanoes. We combine high‐precision airborne measurements from 2016 and 2017 with atmospheric dispersion modeling to quantify CO2 emissions from Katla, a major subglacial volcanic caldera in Iceland that last erupted 100 years ago but has been undergoing significant unrest in recent decades. Katla's sustained CO2 flux, 12–24 kt/d, is up to an order of magnitude greater than previous estimates of total CO2 release from Iceland's natural sources. Katla is one of the largest volcanic sources of CO2 on the planet, contributing up to 4% of global emissions from nonerupting volcanoes. Further measurements on subglacial volcanoes worldwide are urgently required to establish if Katla is exceptional, or if there is a significant previously unrecognized contribution to global CO2 emissions from natural sources.
Spatial Distribution of Halogen Oxides in the Plume of Mount Pagan Volcano, Mariana Islands
Authors: Kern Christoph , Lyons John J.
Published: September 2018

Halogens are emitted from volcanoes primarily as hydrogen halides (HCl, HF, HBr, and HI). Upon mixing with the atmosphere, chlorine and bromine species are partially converted to the halogen oxides OClO and BrO. Here we report on the spatial distribution of BrO and OClO in the gas plume emitted from Mount Pagan volcano, Northern Mariana Islands. We found enhanced BrO/SO2 ratios near the plume edges and a lack of OClO in the plume's core. Our results highlight the importance of in‐mixing of atmospheric oxidants for halogen oxide formation. They indicate that OClO can only be formed after most bromide dissolved in plume aerosols has been released to the gas phase. We conclude that Mount Pagan's gas emissions originated from a shallow magma body and were transported to the surface along dry degassing pathways and that the volcano's halogen emissions likely had significant impact on the oxidation capacity of the downwind atmosphere.
Detecting and Locating Precursory Signals During the 2011 El Hierro, Canary Islands, Submarine Eruption
Authors: Sánchez‐Pastor Pilar , Obermann Anne , Schimmel Martin
Published: September 2018

Forecasting and monitoring submarine volcanic eruptions represent a particular challenge due to the lack of direct surface observations. In the present study, we investigate the dynamics of the 2011 El Hierro submarine eruption using phase autocorrelation and cross‐correlation from 2 years of continuous seismic records. Time evolution analysis of the waveform similarity allows us to clearly identify different preeruptive phases of this new volcano, as well as three magmatic intrusions that occurred in 2012. We use probabilistic sensitivity kernels to locate the places of the highest dynamics within the magmatic accumulation zone and the extinct volcanic area of Tiñor that might have acted as stress barriers, guiding the magma from the North of El Hierro Island to the final eruption site at the South. Our results highlight the potential of ambient noise methods to monitor volcanic hazard and unrest even with sparse data sets and limited knowledge of the region.
Improved Tropical Cyclone Intensity Forecasts by Assimilating Coastal Surface Currents in an Idealized Study
Authors: Li Yi , Toumi Ralf
Published: September 2018

High‐frequency (HF) radars can provide high‐resolution and frequent ocean surface currents observations during tropical cyclone (TC) landfall. We describe the first assimilation of such potential observations using idealized twin experiments with and without these observations. The data assimilation system consists of the Ensemble Adjustment Kalman Filter and a coupled ocean‐atmosphere model. In this system, synthetic HF radar‐observed coastal currents are assimilated, and the 24‐, 48‐ and 72‐hr forecast performances are examined for TCs with various intensities, sizes, and translation speeds. Assimilating coastal surface currents improves the intensity forecast. The errors of the maximum wind speed reduce by 2.7 (33%) and 1.9 m/s (60%) in the 72‐hr forecast and 2.8 (40%) and 1.4 m/s (62%) in the 48‐hr forecast, for Category 4 and 2 cyclones, respectively. These improvements are similar to the current operational TC forecast errors, so that assimilating HF radar observations could be a substantial benefit.
MAVEN Case Studies of Plasma Dynamics in Low‐Altitude Crustal Magnetic Field at Mars 1: Dayside Ion Spikes Associated With Radial Crustal Magnetic Fields
Authors: Soobiah Y. I. J. , Espley Jared R. , Connerney John E. P. , Gruesbeck Jacob R. , DiBraccio Gina A. , Halekas Jasper , Andersson Laila , Fowler Christopher M. , Lillis Robert J. , Mitchell David L. , Mazelle Christian , Harada Yuki , Hara Takuya , Collinson Glyn , Brain David , Xu Shaosui , Curry Shannon M. , Mcfadden James P. , Benna Mehdi , Jakosky Bruce M.
Published: September 2018

We report for the first time, simultaneous ion, electron, magnetic field vector and electric field wave measurements made possible by Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN, during ion energy flux spikes in low‐altitude radial crustal magnetic fields on the Mars dayside. Observations show energetic electrons and ions (E > 25 eV) precipitating on magnetic field lines assumed as closed. Ions (E < 1.4 keV) display broad velocity distributions toward Mars, showing ions flowing from higher altitude possibly after magnetic reconnection or loss cone filling from pitch angle scattering effects. Precipitating ions (E < 1.4 keV) show nonadiabatic features depending on ion mass and energy and returning ions (E < 1.4 keV) show evidence of conserving the first adiabatic invariant in a mirror field. We observe magnetic field perturbations up to 60 nT, electric field wave amplitudes up to 38 mV/m, and brief periods of peaked electron spectra. At ∼175 km and at times Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN is below the mirroring altitude of electrons, we observe mirroring and transverse heating of H+ ions alongside increased electric field wave amplitude fluctuations. It suggests field aligned potential drops result from different mirror altitudes of ions and electrons. Ions E > 1.4 keV (O+) occur as injected accelerated ion beams and ions heated after energization or deceleration. Energy dispersed kilo‐electron‐volt ions suggest a selection effect in radial magnetic fields for lower‐energy Marsward ions, compared to reflection of higher‐energy anti‐Sunward ions. Precipitating kilo‐electron‐volt ions show energy deposition rates of 3.6 ×10−6 W/m2 and sputtering escape rates from precipitating O+ ions of 1.5 ×105/(cm2.s) and 2.1 ×106/(cm2.s) are calculated.
Measurements and Modeling of the Water Budget in Semiarid High‐Altitude Qinghai Lake Basin, Northeast Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau
Authors: Ma Yu‐Jun , Li Xiao‐Yan , Liu Lei , Huang Yong‐Mei , Li Zhou , Hu Xia , Wu Xiu‐Chen , Yang Xiao‐Fan , Wang Pei , Zhao Shao‐Jie , Zhang Guang‐Hui , Liu Bao‐Yuan
Published: September 2018

Water budget plays an important role in ecological functions and biogeochemical cycles on the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau (QTP). However, the key factors that govern the water budget across spatiotemporal scales in natural conditions are poorly understood, especially in the alpine region. To advance our understanding of how and why the water budget varies at the ecosystem and catchment scales, this study measured and modeled the main water budget components in the Qinghai Lake Basin (QLB) and further investigated the key factors for evapotranspiration and streamflow. The results showed that most monthly precipitation from June to September was greater than the corresponding evapotranspiration from the high‐altitude Kobresia meadow (KMd.) and Potentilla fruticosa shrub (PFSh.) ecosystem, and vice versa for the low‐altitude Achnatherum splendens steppe (ASSt.) ecosystem. The mean annual proportions of evapotranspiration of precipitation for the KMd., PFSh., and ASSt. ecosystems were 0.83, 1.06, and 1.02, respectively, from 2014 to 2015. The study highlights that the high‐altitude KMd. ecosystem is the main contributing area for runoff generation in the QLB. From ASSt. to PFSh. and then to the KMd. ecosystem, the key factors for evapotranspiration switched from water conditions to temperature conditions with the increase in elevation. The future scenario of climate warming and precipitation increase may cause a rise in evapotranspiration and streamflow in the QLB. Moreover, the increasing precipitation may be consumed mainly by evapotranspiration in the high altitude with low slope and by transfer into streamflow in the area with high slope.
Robust Constraints on Past CO2 Climate Forcing From the Boron Isotope Proxy
Authors: Hain M. P. , Foster G. L. , Chalk T.
Published: September 2018

The atmospheric concentration of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide, CO2, is intimately coupled to the carbon chemistry of seawater, such that the radiative climate forcing from CO2 can be changed by an array of physical, geochemical, and biological ocean processes. For instance, biological carbon sequestration, seawater cooling, and net CaCO3 dissolution are commonly invoked as the primary drivers of CO2 change that amplify the orbitally paced ice age cycles of the late Pleistocene. Based on first‐principle arguments with regard to ocean chemistry, we demonstrate that seawater pH change (ΔpH) is the dominant control that effectively sets CO2 radiative forcing (ΔF) on orbital timescales, as is evident from independent late Pleistocene reconstructions of pH and CO2. In short, all processes relevant for CO2on orbital timescales, including temperature change, cause pH to change to bring about fractional CO2 change so as to yield a linear relationship of ΔpH to CO2 climate forcing. Further, we show that ΔpH and CO2 climate forcing can be reconstructed using the boron isotope pH proxy more accurately than absolute pH or CO2, even if seawater boron isotope composition is poorly constrained and without information on a second carbonate system parameter. Thus, our formalism relaxes otherwise necessary assumptions to allow the accurate determination of orbital timescale CO2 radiative forcing from boron isotope pH reconstructions alone, thereby eliminating a major limitation of current methods to estimate our planet's climate sensitivity from the geologic record.
Demonstration of a Broadband Very Long Baseline Interferometer System: A New Instrument for High‐Precision Space Geodesy
Authors: Niell A. , Barrett J. , Burns A. , Cappallo R. , Corey B. , Derome M. , Eckert C. , Elosegui P. , McWhirter R. , Poirier M. , Rajagopalan G. , Rogers A. , Ruszczyk C. , SooHoo J. , Titus M. , Whitney A. , Behrend D. , Bolotin S. , Gipson J. , Gordon D. , Himwich E. , Petrachenko B.
Published: September 2018

A prototype broadband geodetic very long baseline interferometry system has been implemented, and measurements of the baseline length over approximately two years, between December 2014 and January 2017, have been made in the process of exercising the system, developing operational procedures, and assessing geodetic precision for the new broadband observing concept. In addition to developing a broadband signal chain and installing the instrumentation on both a new 12‐m antenna at the Goddard Geophysical and Astrophysical Observatory and the 18‐m Westford antenna at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, it was necessary to develop new correlation and analysis procedures to process the four‐band, dual‐linear‐polarization data. A geodetic analysis of the data from 19 sessions that were observed during this period yielded a weighted root‐mean‐square deviation of the baseline length residuals about the weighted mean of 1.6 mm. These results validate several of the expectations set forth for the vision of the next‐generation geodetic very long baseline interferometry system.
Continental Arc and Back‐Arc Migration in Eastern NE China: New Constraints on Cretaceous Paleo‐Pacific Subduction and Rollback
Authors: Sun Mingdao , Chen Hanlin , Milan Luke A. , Wilde Simon A. , Jourdan Fred , Xu Yigang
Published: September 2018

Tectonic evolution models for the Cretaceous Russia Sikhote‐Alin and eastern NE China continental margin and interior remain controversial. To understand the magmatic evolution over time and assess regional geodynamic processes, we sampled a diverse array of igneous rocks and employed zircon U‐Pb dating, hornblende and plagioclase 40Ar‐39Ar dating, whole‐rock major and trace element analysis, and 87Sr/86Sr and 143Nd/144Nd isotopic analysis. The west Sikhote‐Alin Pikeshan Formation volcanics and associated granites occurred at a peak of ~118 Ma and are hosted by the Triassic‐Jurassic accretionary complex. Their whole rock geochemistry shows that SiO2 increased in a linear trend, Eu/Eu* values decreased from 0.91 to 0.38, and εNd(t) values decreased from +0.6 to −2.9, indicating magma mixing of a juvenile mantle wedge source and continental crust, consistent with a continental arc. The arc thickened over time with a felsic dike hosted in the Pikeshan granites showing depletion in heavy rare earth elements. The termination of the arc front is documented by the ~107‐Ma intermediate lamprophyre and felsic dikes with εNd(t) values of +4.5 to +1.1, indicating an increased mantle contribution over time. Lithospheric extension of the Jiamusi Block to the west occurred at ~100 Ma, characterized by bimodal volcanism and composite dike emplacement, suggestive of asthenosphere upwelling. Based on the spatial and temporal distribution of these igneous rocks, the continental arc and intraplate magmatism migrated eastward contemporaneously. We favor a model invoking rollback of the subducting Paleo‐Pacific slab affecting a long‐lived continental arc.
Preconditioning the uterine unfolded protein response maintains non-apoptotic Caspase 3-dependent quiescence during pregnancy
Authors: Ingles Judith , Simpson Arren , Kyathanahalli Chandrashekara , Anamthathmakula Prashanth , Hassan Sonia , Jeyasuria Pancharatnam , Condon Jennifer C.
Published: September 2018

The prevention of apoptotic caspase 3 activation through biological preconditioning, mediated through the modulation of the unfolded protein response has been demonstrated to ameliorate multiple pathophysiologies. The maintenance of non-apoptotic caspase 3 activity by the unfolded protein response within the pregnant uterus has previously been proven to be critical in inhibiting uterine myocyte contractility during pregnancy. Here we report that the pregnant uterus utilizes an unfolded protein response-preconditioning paradigm to conserve myometrial caspase 3 in a non-apoptotic state in order to effectively inhibit uterine contractility thereby preventing the onset of preterm labor. In the absence of appropriate endogenous preconditioning during pregnancy, uterine caspase 3 is transformed from a non-apoptotic to an apoptotic phenotype. Apoptotic caspase 3 activation results in the precocious triggering of local uterine inflammatory signaling and prostaglandin production, consequently resulting in an increased incidence of preterm birth. These findings represent a paradigm shift in our understanding of how preconditioning promotes the maintenance of uterine non-apoptotic caspase 3 action during pregnancy preventing the onset of premature uterine contraction and therefore defining the timing of the onset of labor.
Spin torque control of antiferromagnetic moments in NiO
Authors: Moriyama Takahiro , Oda Kent , Ohkochi Takuo , Kimata Motoi , Ono Teruo
Published: September 2018

For a long time, there were no efficient ways of controlling antiferromagnets. Quite a strong magnetic field was required to manipulate the magnetic moments because of a high molecular field and a small magnetic susceptibility. It was also difficult to detect the orientation of the magnetic moments since the net magnetic moment is effectively zero. For these reasons, research on antiferromagnets has not been progressed as drastically as that on ferromagnets which are the main materials in modern spintronic devices. Here we show that the magnetic moments in NiO, a typical natural antiferromagnet, can indeed be controlled by the spin torque with a relatively small electric current density (~4 × 107 A/cm2) and their orientation is detected by the transverse resistance resulting from the spin Hall magnetoresistance. The demonstrated techniques of controlling and detecting antiferromagnets would outstandingly promote the methodologies in the recently emerged “antiferromagnetic spintronics”. Furthermore, our results essentially lead to a spin torque antiferromagnetic memory.
Wavefront manipulation based on transmissive acoustic metasurface with membrane-type hybrid structure
Authors: Lan Jun , Zhang Xiaowei , Liu Xiaozhou , Li Yifeng
Published: September 2018

We designed and demonstrated a gradient acoustic metasurface to manipulate the transmissive wavefront. The gradient metasurface is composed of eight elements based on membrane-type hybrid structures, whose thickness and width are about 1/5 and 1/20 of the incident wavelength, respectively. Here, we employ acoustic theory to analyze the transmission spectrum and phase gradient of the metasurface, the properties of high transmission efficiency and discrete phase shifts over the full $$2\pi $$
2
π
range can be achieved simultaneously. By appropriate selection of the phase profile along the transverse coordinate of the metasurface or the angle of incident wave, the transmissive wavefront manipulations based on metasurface can be obtained as expected from the generalized Snell’s law, such as anomalous refraction, acoustic cloak based on flat focusing, acoustic self-bending beam, conversion of propagating wave to surface wave and negative refraction. Our gradient metasurface may have potential application in low-loss acoustic devices.
Author Correction: Long-range non-diffusive spin transfer in a Hall insulator
Authors: Kulik L. V. , Kuznetsov V. A. , Zhuravlev A. S. , Gorbunov A. V. , Solovyev V. V. , Timofeev V. B. , Kukushkin I. V. , Schmult S.
Published: September 2018

A correction to this article has been published and is linked from the HTML and PDF versions of this paper. The error has been fixed in the paper.
DNA microarray analysis using a smartphone to detect the BRCA-1 gene
Authors: Prasad Alisha , Hasan Syed Mohammad Abid , Grouchy Steven , Gartia Manas Ranjan
Published: September 2018

DNA microarrays are used to examine changes in gene expression of a large number of genes simultaneously by fluorescent labeling of complementary DNAs (cDNAs).
A dual chemosensor for Cu2+ and Hg2+ based on a rhodamine-terminated water-soluble polymer in 100% aqueous solution
Authors: Li Guang , Bai Liping , Tao Farong , Deng Aixia , Wang Liping
Published: September 2018

A dual chemosensor based on rhodamine-terminated PEG was developed for the simultaneous selective detection of Cu2+ and Hg2+ in water.
Detection of Escherichia coli bacteria by impact electrochemistry
Authors: Couto Rosa A. S. , Chen Lifu , Kuss Sabine , Compton Richard G.
Published: September 2018

Employing the redox species N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-para-phenylene-diamine (TMPD), the label-free detection of E. coli, based on an electrochemical “on”-signal during impact electrochemistry, is reported for the first time.
Heavy pnictogen chalcohalides: the synthesis, structure and properties of these rediscovered semiconductors
Authors: Wlaźlak Ewelina , Blachecki Andrzej , Bisztyga-Szklarz Magdalena , Klejna Sylwia , Mazur Tomasz , Mech Krzysztof , Pilarczyk Kacper , Przyczyna Dawid , Suchecki Maciej , Zawal Piotr , Szaciłowski Konrad
Published: September 2018

Heavy pnictogen chalcohalides offer various shades from the same palette, like “Paysage” by Nicolas de Staël. Their versatility and tunability lead to a new world of possible applications.
The impact of sulfur functionalisation on nitrogen-based ionic liquid cations
Authors: Santos Ana R. , Hanson-Heine Magnus W. D. , Besley Nicholas A. , Licence Peter
Published: September 2018

XPS is used to investigate the impact of sulfur containing substituents on the electronic structure of a series of N-based cations, all with a common anion, [NTf2]−. The experimental data is complex and cannot be easily deconstructed, DFT provides critical insight into bonding and electronic structure for each system studied.
Activation-free fabrication of high-surface-area porous carbon nanosheets from conjugated copolymers
Authors: Tang Youchen , Liu Shaohong , Zheng Bingna , Liu Ruliang , Fu Ruowen , Wu Dingcai , Zhang Mingqiu , Rong Minzhi
Published: September 2018

Porous carbon nanosheets with a high surface area of 1606 m2 g−1 have been successfully prepared by direct carbonization of graphene oxide sandwiched poly(aniline-co-pyrrole).
Carboallylation of electron-deficient alkenes by palladium/copper catalysis
Authors: Semba Kazuhiko , Ohta Naoki , Yano Yuko , Nakao Yoshiaki
Published: September 2018

The carboallylation of electron-deficient alkenes with tetraorganosilicon reagents and allylic carbonates has been developed by palladium/copper catalysis.
Carbon-coated FeP nanoparticles anchored on carbon nanotube networks as an anode for long-life sodium-ion storage
Authors: Ma Chunrong , Fu Zhengguang , Deng Changjian , Liao XiaoZhen , He YuShi , Ma ZiFeng , Xiong Hui
Published: September 2018

Carbon-coated FeP nanoparticles anchored on carbon nanotube networks with enhanced cycling stability for sodium-ion storage.
Biomimetic synthesis of 2-substituted N-heterocycle alkaloids by one-pot hydrolysis, transamination and decarboxylative Mannich reaction
Authors: Galman James L. , Slabu Iustina , Parmeggiani Fabio , Turner Nicholas J.
Published: September 2018

A novel multi-enzymatic approach enabled the facile synthesis of a broad range of biologically active 2-substituted piperidine and pyrrolidine alkaloids.
A G4·K+ hydrogel made from 5′-hydrazinoguanosine for remediation of α,β-unsaturated carbonyls
Authors: Xiao Songjun , Davis Jeffery T.
Published: September 2018

A G4·KCl hydrogel with a nucleophilic 5′ sidechain absorbs α,β-unsaturated carbonyls via formation of cyclic adducts.
A new triazine based π-conjugated mesoporous 2D covalent organic framework: itsin vitroanticancer activities
Authors: Kanti Das Sabuj , Mishra Snehasis , Manna Krishnendu , Kayal Utpal , Mahapatra Supratim , Das Saha Krishna , Dalapati Sasanka , Das G. P. , Mostafa Amany A. , Bhaumik Asim
Published: September 2018

A new 2D π-conjugated COF, TrzCOF has been synthesized and it showed excellent anticancer activity for the colorectal carcinoma HCT-116 cell line.
Atomic scale study for the structural transformation of single layered MoS2
Authors: Dahanayake Damayanthi , Gunasekara Sunanda , Jayaweera Vimukthi , Sandaruwan Chanaka , Karunarathne Veranja , Amaratunga Gehan A. J.
Published: September 2018

The structural transformation of single and few layered molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) from 2H to 1T phase was studied at the atomic scale.
From light to heavy alkali metal tetraphosphonates (M = Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs): cation size-induced structural diversity and water-facilitated proton conductivity
Authors: Salcedo Inés R. , Colodrero Rosario M. P. , Bazaga-García Montse , Vasileiou Antonia , Papadaki Maria , Olivera-Pastor Pascual , Infantes-Molina Antonia , Losilla Enrique R. , Mezei Gellert , Cabeza Aurelio , Demadis Konstantinos D.
Published: September 2018

A family of alkali metal-based frameworks containing the tetraphosphonate linker hexamethylenediamine-N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(methylenephosphonic acid), HDTMP, exhibiting rich structural diversity and water-dependent proton conductivity.
Oil/water separation based on natural materials with super-wettability: recent advances
Authors: Yong Jiale , Huo Jinglan , Chen Feng , Yang Qing , Hou Xun
Published: September 2018

This review summarizes the recent developments of oil/water separation by natural superwetting materials, including the superwettability, separating method, and mechanism.
Effect of surface coverage and chemistry on self-assembly of monolayer protected gold nanoparticles: a molecular dynamics simulation study
Authors: Sridhar Dwadasi Balarama , Gupta Rakesh , Rai Beena
Published: September 2018

The PMF between two nanoparticles (of any chemistry and coverage) can be used as a measure to predict their stability.
Allosteric Na+-binding site modulates CXCR4 activation
Authors: Cong Xiaojing , Golebiowski Jérôme
Published: September 2018

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) control most cellular communications with the environment and are the largest protein family of drug targets.
The rotational spectrum of 15ND. Isotopic-independent Dunham-type analysis of the imidogen radical
Authors: Melosso Mattia , Bizzocchi Luca , Tamassia Filippo , Degli Esposti Claudio , Canè Elisabetta , Dore Luca
Published: September 2018

First observation of the THz spectrum of 15ND. Global analysis of the imidogen radical spectra and derivation of the Born–Oppenheimer equilibrium bond length.
Formation and characterization of nano- and microstructures of twinned cubic boron nitride
Authors: Bhaumik Anagh , Narayan Jagdish
Published: September 2018

The controlled growth of phase-pure nano- and microstructures of twinned c-BN will have tremendous impact on electrical and mechanical devices.
X-ray emission spectroscopy: an effective route to extract site occupation of cations
Authors: Bhargava Anuj , Chen Cindy Y. , Finkelstein Kenneth D. , Ward Matthew J. , Robinson Richard D.
Published: September 2018

Cation site occupation is an important determinant of materials properties, especially in a complex system with multiple cations such as in ternary spinels. In this work, we show that XES provides not only the site occupation information as EXAFS, but also additional information on the oxidation states of the cations at each site. Additionally, we show that XES is a superior and a far more accurate method than EXAFS.
Predicting the structural evolution of Gen−(3 ≤n≤ 20) clusters: an anion photoelectron spectroscopy simulation
Authors: An Wei
Published: September 2018

Simulated anion photoelectron spectra provide spectroscopic evidence for the structural evolution of Gen−(3 ≤n≤ 20) clusters.
C50Cl10, a planar aromatic fullerene. Computational study of 13C-NMR chemical shift anisotropy patterns and aromatic properties
Authors: Miralrio Alan , Sansores Luis E. , King Bruce , Muñoz-Castro Alvaro
Published: September 2018

The structural characterization of D5h-C50Cl10 as an IPR-violating fullerene provides an interesting case of an oblate structure displaying a planar-aromatic character provided by the face-to-face disposition of two IPR structural motifs, as unraveled by DFT calculations.
Optical properties of quadrupolar and bi-quadrupolar dyes: intra and inter chromophoric interactions
Authors: Uranga-Barandiaran Olatz , Catherin Manon , Zaborova Elena , D’Aléo Anthony , Fages Frédéric , Castet Frédéric , Casanova David
Published: September 2018

Analysis of electronic transitions of curcuminoid derivatives in terms of intra and inter CT contributions.
Investigation on the growth mechanism of SiC whiskers during microwave synthesis
Authors: Song Bozhen , Zhao Biao , Lu Yanfei , Wei Shengnan , Fan Bingbing , Zhang Xinyue , Zhang Rui
Published: September 2018

SiC whiskers with different morphologies are fabricated by microwave heating and the growth mechanisms of the SiC whiskers are simulated.