bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Penicillin V concentration in dental alveolar blood after tooth extraction
Authors: OIKARINEN VALLE J. , MALMSTRÖM MARIA
Published: October 2007

abstract – The penicillin V concentration in the blood flow from extraction wounds was assayed after oral administration of phenoxymethyl penicillin. The penicillin concentration in cubital vein blood was determined for comparison. In addition, the effect of various local anesthetics on the alveolar penicillin concentration was studied in connection with oral administration. The concentration of penicillin in the blood flow from the extraction wound was usually lower than the concentration in cubital vein blood. This tendency seemed to persist also when the interval between the intake of penicillin and the withdrawal of blood was prolonged. When a vasoconstrictor‐free agent (Carbocain Dental® 3 %) was used, attention was drawn to the strikingly high alveolar penicillin concentration. No differences between different groups of teeth in the mandible were observed. A peak in the penicillin concentrations was attained in the cubital vein blood and alveolar blood within 20–30 min from oral intake.
Degeneration of oral leukocytes
Authors: RAESTE ANNA‐MAIJA
Published: October 2007

abstract – The morphology of oral leukocytes was studied in healthy subjects. The different stages of degeneration of neutrophils were classified and a differential count was made in stimulated and unstimulated saliva and in the mobile mucus phase, collected by serial mouth rinses. The majority of cells in mouth rinses were neutrophils with multi‐lobular nuclei, whilst in saliva the mononuclear degenerated cell form was predominant. However, all the media contained equal numbers of identifiable but degenerated neutrophils (group III, about 35%). The pH values of stimulated and unstimulated saliva were measured in the mouth with a microelectrode system. It was observed that the morphologic appearance of the cells was similar in the two types of saliva in spite of the difference in pH. The pH of stimulated saliva was 7.20 and of whole saliva 6.76.
On the carnassial tooth cusps in recent red foxes (Vulpes vulpes L.) in Finland and Denmark
Authors: PULLIAINEN ERKKI , RANTANEN AIMO V. , SALO LEO J.
Published: October 2007

abstract – The dimensions of the first mandibular molar tooth of 126 Danish and 102 northern Finnish red foxes were measured. Special attention was given to the occurrence and characteristics of the carnassial tooth cusps between the trigonid and the talonid. The dimensions of first mandibular molars showed an evident sexual dimorfism in the red fox. In both Finnish and Danish populations, the females were smaller than the males. In the Finnish material, the proportion of the cuspless m1 was 14.5 % in the males and 14.9 % in the females, whereas the cuspless M1 amounted to 3.2 % of the Danish sample. The Danish foxes had higher accessory cusps than the Finnish ones. The first mandibular molar was slightly larger in the Finnish red fox population than in the Danish one. The occurrence of the accessory carnassial tooth cusp in the Danish fox population is assumed to be due to the maxing of the two morphotypes, the cuspless type having the possibility of wandering in from Sweden.
PLAQUE PH IN CARIES‐ACTIVE AND INACTIVE SUBJECTS MODIFIED BY SUCROSE AND FLUORIDE, WITH AND WITHOUT BICARBONATE‐PHOSPHATE
Authors: TURTOLA L O , LUOMA H
Published: October 2007

abstract – Plaques were grown for 3 d by 16 caries‐active and 17 caries‐inactive subjects. During the growth, the subjects consumed tablets containing sucrose (C), sucrose with a 3% supplement of NaHCO3+ KH2PO4 combination (BP, mole ratio 9 82/1), sucrose with the NaHCO3+ KH2PO4+10 parts/106 fluoride as NaF (BPF) or 10 parts/106 F as NaF alone in the sucrose (F). Ten tablets of the respective qualities were consumed within 30 min in the experimental sessions. Plaque samples were taken before, during and after ingestion of the tablets and suspended in a small volume of distilled water. The pH dropped immediately after the start of ingestion of the sucrose, remained practically at the decreased level during ingestion, and after ingestion dropped even more in the caries‐active plaques. Throughout the experiment, these plaques showed a lower average pH than the caries‐inactive. The BPF additive elevated significantly the pH of the caries‐active plaques from the respective sucrose values and the BP values, both during and after ingestion. The BP additive elevated the plaque pH only during ingestion and the F additive had no significant influence.
Junctions between cells of the human enamel organ
Authors: MATTHIESSEN M. E. , MÖLLGÅRD K.
Published: October 2007

abstract – Germs of primary teeth from the maxilla of two human fetuses were studied by electron microscopy. Cells of the stellate reticulum and stratum intermedium were found to be connected by desmosomes and by gap junctions. Some possible implications of the role of gap junctions are considered.
Scanning electron microscopy of tissue changes on the pressure surface of human premolars following tooth movement
Authors: KVAM EINAR
Published: October 2007

abstract – The pressure side of human, premolars subjected to experimental movement for 5–76 d were studied in the scanning electron microscope. Sham‐operated and untreated premolars were used as controls. In order to study the morphology and occurrence of root resorptions, the organic tissue was removed using 1:2 diamino ethane or sodium hypochlorite and the denuded root surfaces were re‐examined in the scanning electron microscope. Areas of compressed soft tissue were regularly present and the size, shape and number of such zones varied in the experimental groups. Initially, tissue affected by pressure was mainly located in the marginal region and subsequently the mid‐portion of the roots became generally influenced. Removal of hyalinized tissue started shortly after the formation, and during this soft tissue removal the underlying hard tissue was resorbed. Observation of circumferentially removed, coalesced fibers corresponded with the finding of extensively resorbed lacunae in the mineralized tissue beneath. The resorptive processes of the cementum began after 10 d as round cavities measuring about 6 μm. Further resorption in cementum was characterized by numerous small, thin‐walled round lacunae which confluenced into extensive, shallow resorptions after 20 d. Dentin was distinguished by the presence of tubules, and in sites of active resorption removal of mineral crystals had occurred, exhibiting a latticed fiber arrangement.
Osteogenesis in the basioccipital bone of the Wistar albino rat
Authors: VILMANN HENNING
Published: October 2007

abstract – Osteogenesis of the basioccipital bone in the Wistar albino rat has been studied in histologic serial sections from 16 d p.c. to 5 d after birth. It was observed that the arrangement in developmental stages of the cartilage cells of the model and the appearance of the front of disintegration of chondrocytes differ from those described for long bones. Furthermore, a typical zonal arrangement of the cells in the area of the future synchondrosis sphenooccipitalis was observed. This arrangement is proposed to be related to the angular changes which take place between the basioccipital and the basisphenoid models at this age level. The development of a periosteal bone collar commenced on the cerebral surface in the central part of the model. The bone formation proceeded differentially. This in combination with differential growth of the part of the cartilage model not yet covered by bone, gave rise to a characteristic appearance of the bone at 21 d p.c. At 1 d after birth a marked resorption on the cerebral surface was observed in the posterior part of the bone. In fact, endochondral bone was formed and immediately resorbed. This phenomenon gives rise to a rare paradox: the bone grows cerebrally, while it in fact moves pharyngeally.
Location and first appearance of rat incisor pigmentation
Authors: HALSE A.
Published: October 2007

abstract – Maxillary incisors were obtained from rats aged 10 to 70 d. The distribution of iron pigment was studied in a dissection microscope. The incorporation of pigment into the enamel started at the age of 10–12 d about 0.6 mm from theoriginal incisal end of the tooth. While initially very faint, the degree of pigmentation increased gradually, and at 28 d the characteristic orange color was present. A 12‐day specimen was sectioned longitudinally and analyzed by the electron microprobe. The iron content of the surface layer of enamel 0.6 and 0.8 mm from the incisal end was 0.3 % and 0.7 %, respectively. The original incisal tip, devoid of pigmented enamel, was removed by attrition before 21 d. Hence, the pigment extended to the incisal edge at the age when the animals became dependent upon a gnawing and masticatory function. The distance from the pigment incorporation zone to the incisal end increased with age, whereas the distance from the pigment incorporation zone to the developing end of the tooth remained relatively unchanged. Apparently, the processes of differentiation, formation and maturation of rat incisor enamel require a certain period of time or a constant passage from the growing end, regardless of the age of the animal.
Exudation and leukocyte emigration in progesterone and estrogen treated rats
Authors: LINDHE J. , HELLDÉN L. , LUNDGREN D.
Published: October 2007

abstract – The present investigation was performed in order to study the influence of an altered level of female sex hormones on the inflammatory reaction provoked by factors in human plaque. Forty female rats were oophorectomized and divided into four groups of 10 rats each. The animals were given daily intramuscular injections of progesterone (Group 1), estrogen (Group 2), progesterone combined with estrogen (Group 3), and oleum arachidis (Group 4) for a period of 19 days. On Day 14 perforated cylinders of Teflon® were installed subcutaneously in the back of the animals. Five days after implantation the wound fluid collected in the chambers was sampled (aspiration A). Four hundred μl of a plaque filtrate and saline was injected into the chambers. Five hours later the fluid within the chambers was aspirated anew (aspiration B). The volume of wound fluid and numbers of leukocytes/μl.d of wound fluid were assessed. The results show that oophorectomized rats with an increased progesterone level develop more pronounced signs of acute inflammation than control animals. The injections of plaque filtrate into the wound chambers initiated a more pronounced inflammatory reaction than saline injections. The plaque filtrates not only induced an increased exudation from the vessels of the granulation tissue surrounding the perforated chamber walls, but also stimulated the emigration of leukocytes. The effect of the plaque filtrate on developing acute inflammation was more marked in progesterone‐treated animals than in controls.
Dental caries and diet in an Alaskan Eskimo population
Authors: BANG GISLE , KRISTOFFERSEN TORE
Published: October 2007

abstract – The diet and the prevalence of dental caries in a group of Alaskan inland Eskimos have been studied on two occasions. Considerable changes in living habits had occurred during the 8–10 intervening years. A marked change in diet was noted. The percentage of total calories obtained from protein had decreased by about 50 % and that from carbohydrate increased by nearly 50 %. The change in diet was accompanied by a drastic increase in the prevalence of dental caries. The DMFT rate for primary teeth showed an almost 90 % increase and the DMFT rate for permanent teeth of persons over 6 years of age exhibited a four‐fold increase. The most dramatic change was observed in individuals 30 years of age or older. In this previously caries‐free group, all subjects had developed caries in the course of 8 years.
The effect of oral rinsing with sodium fluoride on the gingiva of children
Authors: FRANDSEN A. M. , McGLENDON B. J. , CHANG J. J. , CREIGHTON W. E.
Published: October 2007

abstract – The effect of a weekly mouthrinsing with a 0.2 % sodium fluoride solution on the gingiva of children was investigated using a double‐blind technique. One hundred and twenty‐seven Grade 2 children (6–7 years old) and 126 Grade 6 children (12–13 years old) of Negro and Caucasian background formed the study groups. In each age group, fluoride and placebo subgroups were formed which were balanced as to sex, race and number. Assessments were made for the presence of gingival inflammation, plaque and calculus on six selected permanent teeth. The results indicated that in neither age group was the degree of gingivitis influenced by the fluoride mouthrinse. Further, no differences between the two age groups in degree of gingivitis and amount of plaque were noted.
A histochemical study of the lipid content of rat alveolar bone after traumatic loading of the teeth
Authors: INGERVALL B. , FREDÉN H. , HEYDEN G.
Published: October 2007

abstract – The alveolar bone surrounding traumatically loaded maxillary and mandibular incisors in young and old rats was examined for increased lipid content by the OTAN‐ and rhodamine B‐technique. In young rats no change in the lipid content could be demonstrated. In the old animals, however, the traumatic loading gave rise to an increased amount of phospholipids and unsaturated hydrophobic lipids in the alveolar bone.
The affinity of chlorhexidine for hydroxyapatite and tooth surfaces
Authors: NORDBÖ H.
Published: October 2007

abstract – The aim of the present study was to investigate the possibility of increasing the adsorption of chlorhexidine to hydroxyapatite and teeth beyond the level observed for untreated material. For this purpose treatment of samples with 0.01 M glycerophosphate or phytic acid prior to the chlorhexidine adsorption was instituted. The results showed that phytic acid strongly enhanced the adsorption capacity of hydroxyapatite and teeth in vitro. Also, the release of the drug, upon elution with water, remained at a continuously higher level and exhibited longer duration in phytic acid–treated samples than in the other ones examined.
Relationship between occlusal wear of the teeth and periodontal health
Authors: AINAMO JUKKA
Published: October 2007

abstract – The study was undertaken in order to examine the relationship between occlusal wear and periodontal health in thc maxillary and mandibular anterior, premolar and molar regions of the human dentition. The occurrence and degree of attrition was recorded for the 4,316 fully erupted teeth of 154 males aged 19–22 years. The mandibular central incisors and the canines of both jaws were found most often to show attrition. In general, occlusal wear was found to be associated with improved cleanliness, and thus, in most areas of the dentition, also with improved periodontal conditions. At the openings of the major salivary glands, however, more calculus was found on attrited than intact teeth, and consequently, no improvement of the periodontal status was found in mandibular anterior teeth and maxillary molars. As the degree of attrition was not influenced by the frequency of toothbrushing, it seems evident that the masticatory function which results in occlusal wear of the teeth, has an effect per se on periodontal health.
Observations on endopeptidases in human carious dentin
Authors: LARMAS MARKKU
Published: October 2007

abstract – The enzymatic hydrolysis of hemoglobin (Hb) and N‐α‐benzoyl‐DL‐arginine‐2‐naphthylamine (BANA) was observed both in sound‐ and in carious human dentin. The enzyme activity expressed per mg protein in the sample and per min was at least ten times higher in carious than in sound dentin, as was also the DNA content in the samples. The hydrolysis of Hb and BANA was high over a relatively wide pH range, the optimum pH being 5.5 with Hb, and 7.0 with BANA, as substrates. EDTA, cetylpyridinium chloride and Hg2+ ions inhibited strongly the hydrolysis of BANA at pH 7.0 but only slightly at pH 10.4. The origin of these endopeptidase‐like enzymes was thought to be mainly microbial. These enzymes were thought to hydrolaze proteins of the organic stroma of dentin during the carious process.
Enamel changes in permanent teeth after trauma to their primary predecessors
Authors: ANDREASEN J. O. , RAVN J. J.
Published: October 2007

abstract – The frequency of developmental disturbances in the permanent dentition due to traumatic injuries to primary teeth was examined in a Danish population sample consisting of 487 schoolchildren 9–17 years old. Of these children, 147 (30%) had a history of traumatic injuries to the primary dentition. Frequencies of 57.8% and 45.3% of developmental disturbances were found in the trauma and in the non‐trauma group, respectively. The folloing types of developmental disturbances were more frequent in the trauma group than in the non‐trauma group: (1) internal white enamel hypoplasia with a diameter of 0.5 mm or more, (2) internal and external white and yellow‐brown enamel hypoplasia, (3) white and yellow‐brown enamel hypoplasia and horizontal enamel hypoplasia. Internal white enamel hypoplasia with a diameter of less than 0.5 mm, and generalized internal and external white enamel hypoplasias were found with the same frequency in the two groups. About 10% of enamel hypoplasias in anterior teeth are due to trauma.
Tight junctions between osteocyte processes
Authors: FURSETH RANDI
Published: October 2007

abstract— Rat alveolar bone was studied by electron microscopy. In some of the specimens tight junctions were observed between overlapping osteocyte processes. The possible function of the tight junctions is discussed.
Effect of demineralization on stainability of human mast cells in normal periodontal membranes, apical granulomas and radicular cysts
Authors: MATHIESEN ÅGE
Published: October 2007

abstract— The material comprised normal human periodontal membranes, apical granulomas and radicular cysts attached to extracted teeth. Chronically inflamed human gingiva and different rat tissues served as controls. The following demineralizing agents were tested: 5.3% HNO3, 2% formic acid +20% Na‐citrate, 5% EDTA, 10% EDTA+7.5% PVP, 0.05 M EDTA+0.22 M sucrose. Fixation: 4% aqueous solution of basic lead acetate with formalin 1:10 added. The following staining procedures were applied: toluidine blue pH 4.0, astra blue pH 0.2–0.3, naphthol‐esterase‐GBC pH 7.4, and acridine orange in 5% ALSO4, pH 3.4. Demineralization in HNO3, formic acid+Na‐citrate, and 5% EDTA proved unsatisfactory. EDTA+PVP showed valuable staining results, but no secondary fluorescence could be observed after 18 d of exposure to this fluid. The best results were obtained with EDTA+sucrose. Even after 120 d of exposure to this demineralizing agent the human mast cells could be readily demonstrated by all four staining techniques used. In addition, the human mast cells appeared morphologically well preserved.
Retention of a fissure sealant with caries reduction in Finnish children after six months
Authors: LUOMA H. , MEURMAN J. , HELMINEN S. , HEIKKILÄ H.
Published: October 2007

abstract— The purpose of this study was to test the retention as well as the caries reduction potential of a fissure sealant under Finnish dietary conditions. The 150 children who served as subjects were selected on the basis of having at least one pair of sound permanent molars. Two hundred first molars, 43 premolars and 119 primary molars were sealed, while the respective tooth from the other side of the jaw was left untreated and used as the control. The findings after 6 months revealed that all 362 sealants persisted. Among the sealants of the first permanent molars, 99% were in excellent condition. All sealants of the permanent premolars and of the primary molars were excellent. Among the permanent control molars 43 (22%) showed carious fissures while among the sealed permanent molars, only 3 (1.5%) had carious fissures. This gives a 93% reduction of the fissure caries. Both the control and the sealed premolars were all sound. None of the sealed primary molars were decayed compared to 7.6% decayed on the control side.
Reduction of enamel solubility and plaque development with chlorhexidine‐fluoride solutions
Authors: LUOMA II. , AINAMO J. , SöDERHOLM S. , MEURMAN J. , HELMINEN S.
Published: October 2007

abstract— Pretreatment of the enamel with chlorhexidine did not modify enamel solubility, nor did it interfere with the enamel protective action provided by the fluoride. Oral rinses twice a day with the chlorhexidine‐fluoride solution, pH 5.8, reduced the spread of plaque (Pl I) by 44% and the total plaque mass (total plaque N) by 38% compared with the effect of rinses with distilled water. Rinses with the NaF solution reduced the plaque mass by 41% while the plaque spread remained unaffected.
Plaque accumulation on different dental filling materials
Authors: SKJöRLAND KJELD KR.
Published: October 2007

abstract— The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether some dental filling materials collect more plaque than others under standardized conditions in vitro and in vivo. Round disks of the filling materials of silicate, composite and amalgam were prepared and placed on an agar/sucrose medium or hung in liquid medium containing 5% sucrose. The mediae were inoculated with Streptococcus mutans OMZ 176 and OMZ 52–3. After 6 d the disks were rinsed in distilled water and the plaque that had accumulated on the surfaces was scraped off and measured by the orcinol method. The materials were also fitted to acrylic plates and introduced into the mouth. Six patients wore two plates each for comparison of the materials and were told to rinse their mouth every hour with 15% sucrose solution. After 8 h the plaque was scraped off and measured. Silicate disks on agar medium invariably produced inhibition zones of about 4 mm. Composites and amalgam showed no such zones. In liquid medium an insignificant amount of plaque was absorbed to the silicate disks, whereas abundant amounts were found on composite materials and some on amalgam disks. The same trend could be demonstrated in the clinical experiments.
In vivo and in vitro studies on a new peroxide‐containing toothpaste
Authors: RUNDEGREN JAN , FORNELL JAN , ERICSON THORILD
Published: October 2007

abstract— A hydrogen peroxide toothpaste was tested in vitro for its bactericidal effect and in vivo for its effect on gingival inflammation and exudation as well as on plaque formation and bacterial composition. Significant effects were formed both in vitro and in vivo. The effect on approximal Plaque and Gingival Indices was less pronounced, but this is explained by the mode of application of the paste in this pilot study.
Topography of principal fibers
Authors: KVAM EINAR
Published: October 2007

abstract— The purpose of this investigation was to study the topography of the principal bundles of the periodontal membrane. Untreated human premolars removed in conjunction with orthodontic treatment were fixed in 4% formaldehyde. The principal fiber bundles remaining on the root surface were examined. The fibers embedded in cementum were investigated by examining mineralized sections or sections progressively demineralized in 5.2% HNO3. In addition, conventional 5 μm, demineralized, paraffin embedded sections were employed. All specimens were coated under continuous tilting and rotation with a thin layer of carbon and gold‐palladium and finally examined in a scanning electron microscope. The principal fiber consisted of smaller, morphologic entities. In the cementum, the fiber bundles were discerned as individual structures and they exhibited a regular arrangement transversing the total width of the cementum. The fiber bundles branched towards the C‐D junction, rendering an irregular border between dentin and cementum. Within the fiber bundles smaller fibers connected longitudinal fibers at 90°.
Intracellular complex carbohydrates in the normal and inflamed dental pulp
Authors: SKOGEDAL OLE
Published: October 2007

abstract— Forty‐four inflamed pulps from human and monkey teeth were studied using histochemical staining methods. In pulps from carious human teeth, mast cells and many fibroblasts containing glycogen‐like granules were regularly observed. In monkey pulps, where pulpitis was induced experimentally, mast cells were found only occasionally, and glycogen‐like granules were absent. However, some fibroblasts in normal and inflamed monkey pulps contained periodic acid‐Schiff (PAS) positive granules, which were resistant to amylase. Such granules were not found in human pulp fibroblasts.
Effect of dietary iron deficiency on the pigmentation and iron content of rat incisor enamel
Authors: HALSE A.
Published: October 2007

abstract— The enamel of rat incisors is characterized by a pigmented, iron‐rich surface layer. The Fe content and degree of mineralization of this enamel layer in rats fed an Fe‐deficient diet were studied using the electron microprobe. Four groups of eight 24‐day‐old rats were fed a milk diet, Fe‐fortified milk diet, Cu‐fortified milk diet, and Fe+Cu‐fortified milk diet, respectively, for 10 weeks. At the end of the experimental period, incisor pigmentation was markedly reduced in the animals fed the Fe‐deficient diets. Close to the enamel surface, the Fe content averaged 1.9% in the midsagittal area, as opposed to 9.9% Fe in the controls. Variation of Cu supply had no effect on hemoglobin values or Fe content of incisor enamel. In a second experiment, rats were fed a milk diet with and without Fe supplementation. Nearly colorless incisors from animals sacrificed after 16 weeks on the milk diet contained 1.9% Fe (range 1.4–2.5%) close to the enamel surface. In this region, the Ca content averaged 33.7% and P 17.2%. Normally orange‐colored incisors from animals receiving the Fe‐supplemented diet contained, in the same region, 9.9% Fe (9.3–10.5%), 28.9% Ca, and 16.0% P. While pigmentation and Fe content of incisor surface enamel were markedly reduced as a result of the Fe‐deficient diet, the Ca and P contents had increased to values similar to those found in non‐pigmented subsurface enamel. The Ca/P weight ratio of incisor surface enamel was 1.96 in the iron‐deficient animals and 1.81 in the controls.
Variation in root length of the permanent maxillary central incisor
Authors: JAKOBSSON ROLAND , LIND VOLMER
Published: October 2007

abstract— A metric study was performed on radiographs of permanent maxillary central incisors of a normal Swedish population of 1,038 children. The normal distribution of the root lengths revealed two extreme groups: 2.4% had short roots, formerly described as Short Root anomaly, most prevalent among girls with a boy:girl ratio of 1:2.6. In the opposite extreme group, i.e., with exceptionally long roots comprising 2.3% of the children, the boys dominate with a boy:girl ratio of 5:1. Clinical evidence suggests that variation in root length is of genetic origin.
The prevalence of malocclusion in Swedish schoolchildren
Authors: THILANDER BIRGIT , MYRBERG NILS
Published: October 2007

abstract – The prevalence of malocclusion was studied in 6,398 Swedish schoolchildren They were divided into two groups. Group 1 consisted of 2,664 boys and 2,795 girls in the town of Umeå. The children were examined at 7, 10 and 13 years of age. Group 2 was made up of 429 boys and 510 girls referred from the district of Västerbotten and examined only once. Dental anomalies of the permanent teeth, and space and occlusal anomalies were recorded. Of the children in Group 1 73.8% had some form of anomaly. Of these, 52.3% were occlusal anomalies, 32.6% space anomalies and 14.9% dental anomalies. Of the referred children (Group 2) 44.8% had occlusal anomalies, while space and dental anomalies were equally common (29.4% and 25.8%, respectively).
A gas chromatographic study of the effect of ascorbic acid oxidation on the formation of volatiles in saliva samples
Authors: LARSSON BENGT T.
Published: October 2007

abstract – The deodorizing effect in cases of foetor ex ore of a new mouthwash based on the principle of ascorbic acid oxidation has been investigated by means of a gas chromatographic method. The preparation was given to ten of 22 subjects whose saliva upon shorttime incubation and gas chromatographic head space analysis had shown rapid formation of malodorous sulfur volatiles. Dosage was one tablet four times a day for 1 d. Saliva was sampled the morning before and the morning after the day the preparation was used. The analysis showed total elimination or considerable reduction of the odorous compounds found in head space of saliva sampled in the morning the day after the treatment. The mechanism of this deodorizing effect is briefly discussed.
Orthodontic need of treatment of Swedish schoolchildren from objective and subjective aspects
Authors: MYRBERG NILS , THILANDER BIRGIT
Published: October 2007

abstract – Of 5,459 schoolchildren in the town of Umeå, Sweden 26.2 % were regarded as not being in need of orthodontic treatment. As judged according to a four‐grade scale the need was objectively little in 29.4 % of the children, moderate in 33.6 % and strong for 10.8 %. Of the children with objective need of treatment, 21.2 % were not interested in orthodontic treatment. In 939 children referred from the district of Västerbotten the need of treatment was little in only 3.2 %, while strong in 52.3 %, and very strong in 6.3 %. Only 47.8 % of the children were interested in orthodontic treatment.
Scanning electron microscopy of attrited dentinal surfaces and subjacent dentin in human teeth
Authors: TRONSTAD LEIF
Published: October 2007

abstract – Attrited dentinal surfaces and subjacent dentin were examined in the scanning electron microscope. In a central area of the exposed surfaces the dentinal tubules were occluded, whereas peripherally most tubules were open. Deposits, apparently dental plaque, were observed on the exposed dentin as uneven, but often continuous, layers covering whole areas of the surfaces. Loss of dentin within delimited areas of the surfaces was observed. The resulting defects could hardly be related to attrition, and it seemed that they were caused by erosive or caries‐like processes. The dentin subjacent to the attrited surfaces was characterized by mineralized inclusions in the dentinal tubules. The inclusions consisted of irregularly rod‐shaped crystals forming a meshwork on the tubule walls. Other crystals were formed as prisms, seemingly rhombohedrons. Crystals which were hexagonal in cross‐section were also seen. The exposure of the dentin also seemed to have influence on the organic content of the tubules. Thus, it appeared that ground substance was removed from the intratubular fibers permitting the observation of cross‐banding typical of collagen at their surfaces. In some tubules the fibers seemed to be covered by mineral.
Autoradiographic study of erupting teeth in rats after intracardial injection of 131I‐fibrinogen
Authors: MAGNUSSON BENGT
Published: October 2007

abstract – In order to study the occurrence of accumulations of tissue fluid in the periapical areas of erupting teeth, 131I‐fibrinogen was given intracardially to 15 rats, aged 15 or 16 d. The injected fibrinogen was demonstrated autoradiographically in areas of fluid accumulations at molars as well as incisors in several of the animals studied. Weak radioactivity was noted already after 1 h's survival. After 8 or 24 h some effusions produced a very intense blackening of the film. The periapical accumulations of fluid are thus apparently produced by local changes in vascular permeability.
Effect of nutritional hyperparathyroidism on experimental periodontitis in the dog
Authors: SVANBERG GUNNAR , LINDHE JAN , HUGOSON ANDERS , GRÖNDAHL HANS‐GÖRAN
Published: October 2007

abstract – The purpose of the present investigation was to induce osteopenia of the alveolar process by feeding dogs a calcium‐deficient, phosphorus‐rich diet, and to determine whether dogs suffering from nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism (NSH) developed: (1) increased tooth mobility, (2) gingivitis and (3) periodontitis with marginal alveolar bone resorption in plaque‐free areas and in areas where plaque and calculus were allowed to accumulate. The experiments were performed on six, 12‐month‐old Beagle dogs. During an experimental period of 18 months, four dogs (test group) were fed a low calcium, high phosphorus diet of a soft consistency. The controls were fed an adequate but soft diet. The teeth of the right jaws were regularly subjected to thorough cleaning. NSH and osteopenia of the alveolar bone were induced in the test dogs. Osteopenia, however, did not result in an increased tooth mobility or gingivitis in the absence of plaque. In areas where dental deposits were allowed to accumulate, pathologic pockets gradually developed in both test and control animals, but the degree of attachment loss was the same in both groups.
Activities of glycolytic and citric acid cycle enzymes in oral leukoplakia
Authors: HAMMAR HANS , ALVARES OLAV
Published: October 2007

abstract— Biopsies of homogeneous leukoplakias and non‐involved oral mucosa were obtained from the same patient, and buccal mucosa samples were obtained from individuals free of oral mucous membrane disease. Activities of glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), pyruvate kinase (PK), glycerol‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH), NAD and NADP dependent isocitrate dehydrogenases (ICDH) were quantitated in microdissected specimens of the superficial third of the epithelium. ICDH (NAD) was measured photo‐kinetically with the aid of a bioluminescent system. The remaining enzymes were assayed according to the techniques developed by lowry and co‐workers. The activities of G6PDH and G3PDH in non‐involved mucosa of leukoplakia patients were double those of mucosa from healthy controls. The activities of PK and ICDH (NAD and NADP) in these two groups of lesion‐free mucosa were similar. Non‐involved mucosa differed from leukoplakias with respect to the two ICDH's. In hyperorthokeratinized leukoplakias, NAD and NADP dependent ICDH activities were decreased by 59% and 37%, respectively. The values for the two ICDH's in hyperparakeratinized lesions lay between the levels of activity in noninvolved mucosa and hyperorthokeratotic leukoplakias but did not differ significantly from either.
Biologic tests of a methyl methacrylate composite material
Authors: TRONSTAD LEIF , SPÅNGBERG LARZ
Published: October 2007

abstract— The biologic compatibility of a methyl methacrylate composite material (Polycap®), a conventional methyl methacrylate resin (Sevriton®), and a composite material based on Bowen's resin (Concise®) was assessed in in vitro (cell culture) and in vivo (monkey teeth) tests. Freshly prepared Polycap caused some cell damage in the in vitro tests. Its toxicity was, however, markedly reduced after setting. In experiments with a cell‐material contact of 24 h, the toxicity of Polycap was, regardless of setting time, less than the toxicity of Sevriton and Concise. In the in vivo experiments, Sevriton had caused a severe pulp reaction in 5 out of 10 teeth after 80 d. Concise had caused a severe reaction in 2 out of 10 teeth, while in 20 teeth filled with Polycap, a slight reaction was observed in 15 and a moderate reaction in five teeth. After 90 d observation, repair had occurred in most teeth filled with Polycap, indicating that the reaction caused by the material in young healthy pulps is reversible. Thus it is recommended that Polycap is used together with a base.
Effect of fixation on detection of carbohydrates in demineralized paraffin sections of the rat jaw
Authors: BIRKEDAL‐HANSEN HENNING
Published: October 2007

abstract— The effect of fixation with eight different fixatives on histochemical demonstration of carbohydrates in EDTA demineralized, paraffin sections of the rat jaw was investigated. The degree of preservation of carbohydrates was assessed by staining with PAS, toluidine blue 0, alcian blue and aldehyde fuchsin. Morphologic and cytologic preservation was evaluated from hematoxylin‐eosin and toluidine blue 0 stained sections. Best results were obtained with cetylpyridinium chloride‐formalin, but also formol‐calcium and 10% neutral buffered acrolein gave good results, slightly better than lead nitrate‐formalin. Among aldehydic fixatives, only acetic acid‐alcohol‐formalin gave inferior results. Non‐aldehydic fixatives, aminoacridine‐ethanol, lead subacetate‐alcohol‐acetic acid and Newcomer's isopropanol fixative were useless in combination with EDTA demineralization and paraffin embedding.
Pulp structure in bilateral and opposing pairs of teeth
Authors: MJöR IVAR A. , HAUGEN ELLEN
Published: October 2007

abstract— The general structure, degree of vacuolization of the odontoblast layer, and the stage of root development were evaluated in demineralized, hematoxylin‐eosin stained sections of 21 monkey incisors and 35 human premolars. Emphasis was placed on a comparison between bilateral and opposing pairs. It was found that opposing pairs did not differ more than bilateral pairs. These observations imply that bilateral and opposing pairs are equally satisfactory as control teeth in experimental studies. It is suggested that the unaffected pulp tissue in the experimental tooth may be the most reliable control tissue except in situations where the major part of the pulp tissue is affected by the experimental procedure.
Effect of salivary proteins on calcification of oral bacteria
Authors: LIE TRYGGVE , SELVIG KNUT A.
Published: October 2007

abstract— The calcification of Bacterionema matruchotii (Strain 13 and Strain 14266 ATCC) in vitro was studied by electron microscopy. The microorganisms were incubated for 4 weeks in a medium consisting of an inorganic calcifying solution to which was added filter sterilized concentrated saliva. Calcification occurred in both strains, mainly in the extra‐cellular space. In some regions crystal formation occurred in close association with the surface of cell walls or vesicular particles derived from the cells. In other locations, crystals were deposited in a matrix of organic material separate from the bacteria. The latter pattern of calcification was seen also when the medium was incubated without bacteria. When the observations were compared with those of a previous study in which the same strains of B. matruchotii had been incubated in a calcifying solution, it appeared that the addition of salivary proteins to the in vitro system had two major effects: (1) reduced amounts of intra‐cellular calcification, as a consequence of the added nutrients which prevented cellular degeneration, and (2) increased intercellular calcification, due to the presence of increased amounts of organic material with affinity for calcium and phosphate. Thus, it appears that the pattern of calcification of oral microorganisms—either intracellularly or extracellularly ‐ is not exclusively a characteristic of each bacterial species or strain, but may be influenced by nutritional factors as well.
An in vitro model of an oral keratinizing squamous epithelium
Authors: JEPSEN ARNE
Published: October 2007

abstract— In a series of cell culture studies it is shown that epithelial cells from rat oral mucosa can be grown continuously as a multilayered system in plastic culture flasks at temperatures below 35°C.
The penetration of bacteria into experimentally exposed human coronal dentin
Authors: MJöR IVAR A.
Published: October 2007

abstract— The presence of bacteria in young dentin exposed to the oral environment has been assessed using the Brown and Brenn staining technique on demineralized sections of 45 premolars. A bacterial plaque always covered surfaces which had been exposed to the oral environment for some time. Only slight penetration of bacteria into the dentin was found, and the bacteria never reached the pulp. No bacteria could be demonstrated on the exposed surfaces or in the subjacent dentin in teeth which had been extracted immediately after the exposure of the dentin.
The acquired pellicle: enzyme and antibody activities
Authors: öRSTAVIK DAG , KRAUS FREDERICK W.
Published: October 2007

abstract— Assays for enzyme and antibody activities have been applied to evaluate functional properties of proteins in 2‐h, experimental acquired pellicles. Enzyme activity was demonstrated for human salivary lysozyme and amylase in pellicles grown in vivo as well as in vitro, and antibody activity was demonstrated for rabbit immunoglobulins incorporated in pellicles grown in vitro. Desorption of pellicles prior to functional tests variously affected the activity of the proteins under study, thereby implying differences in the tenacity of protein binding to the pellicles.
Distribution of blood group antigen A in human oral epithelium
Authors: DABELSTEEN E. , FEJERSKOV O.
Published: October 2007

abstract— Variation in the expression of blood group antigen A in different areas of the human oral mucous membrane was investigated using a double layer immunofluorescence staining technique. The expression of the antigen was semiquantitated by a serial two‐fold dilution titration. Comparison between cheek, commissure, lower lip, and hard palate was made. It was not possible to demonstrate any difference in expression of blood group antigen between cheek, commissure, and lower lip. However, in most cases a marked difference in blood group antigen A was found between cheek and hard palate, the latter demonstrating a much weaker expression.
Ultrastructure of rat oral epithelium in long‐term cell culture
Authors: FEJERSKOV O. , THEILADE J. , JEPSEN A.
Published: October 2007

abstract— The purpose of the present study was to describe the ultrastructural appearance of squamous epithelium formed in vitro. The epithelium was formed by outgrowing cells from original explants of rat oral mucosa. Fifty‐four explants from the lower surface of the tongues of 12 rats were cultured in a modified Eagle's basal medium, pH 7.2, at 32°C for up to 110 d. Subsequently the cells were prepared for electron microscopic examination. Epithelium from the lower surface of the tongues of eight rats served as control material. The in vitro specimens consisted of an extremely flattened stratified squamous epithelium. The basal cells varied from those of the control specimens by the lack of distinct bundles of tonofibrils. The intermediate cell layer exhibited a marked decrease in the number of organelles and an increase in the number of tonofilaments. No lamellated bodies or keratohyalin granules were found. The intercellular spaces were usually narrow with only a few, small desmosomes, which showed a simplified structure. The superficial cell layers showed, as did the corresponding cells of the control tissue, a distinct keratin pattern and an electron dense cytoplasmic zone along the cell membrane. It is concluded that rat oral epithelial cells grown in long‐term cell culture are able to form a differentiating squamous epithelium.
The ultrastructure of fluorosed human dental enamel
Authors: FEJERSKOV O. , JOHNSON N. W. , SILVERSTONE L. M.
Published: October 2007

abstract— More than 80 specimens of enamel from 20 ground sections of eight teeth showing severe dental fluorosis have been examined in the transmission electron microscope. The study has shown that the prisms have normal size and form, but are surrounded by large periprismatic gaps. The individual crystals commonly appear in cross sections as regular, flattened hexagons with an average width of 91 nm and average thickness of 45 nm. Particularly in the tail regions and at prism peripheries, extensive intercrystalline spaces were found. The crystal lattice demonstrated a spacing of 0.82 nm. Demineralization of thin sections with PTA showed a preferential dissolution of the crystal centers. Based on the ultra‐structural observations it is proposed that the hypomineralized regions of fluorosed enamel are produced by an arrest of enamel maturation, possibly due to toxic damage to the ameloblasts in the absorptive or maturative phase of their life cycle.
The prevalence, location, and size of enamel pearls on human molars
Authors: RISNES STEINAR
Published: October 2007

abstract— Of 8,854 extracted molars in Norwegians, 201 teeth contained a total of 219 macroscopically detectable enamel pearls. The uncertainty in tooth determination had a limited effect upon the prevalence figures. Maxillary molars showed a higher prevalence than mandibular molars. The highest prevalence, 4.6%, was found on maxillary third molars. With few exceptions, the pearls were located in the bifurcation area or in the furrow between incompletely separated roots. The mean pearl diameter was 0.96 mm, and the mean distance to the cemento‐enamel junction 2.8 mm. The relationship between enamel pearls and cervical enamel projections is discussed. It is suggested that simple enamel pearls and cervical enamel projections are of a similar nature and origin. The enamel of composite enamel pearls is probably initiated in a different way.
The prevalence and distribution of cervical enamel projections reaching into the bifurcation on human molars
Authors: RISNES STEINAR
Published: October 2007

abstract— A total of 8,854 extracted molars in Norwegians were examined for the occurrence of long cervical enamel projections. The uncertainty in tooth determination was incorporated into the prevalence figures. Mandibular molars showed a higher prevalence than maxillary molars. Within each jaw, second molars showed the highest prevalence, first molars the lowest. The great majority of the projections occurred on the buccal aspect of the tooth. Possible explanations of divergences from previous studies are discussed.
A microbiologic study of human fissure plague
Authors: THOTT E. K. , FOLKE L. E. A. , SVEEN O. B.
Published: October 2007

abstract— The purpose of this investigation was to study colonization and sequencing of oral microorganisms in human tooth fissures. Five human subjects carried a total of 45 crowns of extracted, fully‐impacted third molars which were held in place by means of an intraoral appliance. Each specimen was exposed to the oral environment for 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 12, 15 or 21 d, and prepared under anaerobic conditions for microbiologic analysis of the fissure content. At day 1 and throughout the time sequence studied, cocci (40–70%), Gram‐positive rods (20–40%) and Gram‐negative rods (5–9%) constituted the predominant flora. Filaments were scarce and were recovered only from plaque more than 15 d old. Approximately 74% of the recovered organisms were acidogenic. S. mutans was found in the fissures of all subjects, but not in all specimens carried by the subjects. The percentage of S. mutans varied largely within the fissures (0–88.9%). S. sanguis was found in amounts equal to S. mutans in all subjects. Lactobacilli were recovered only in a few fissures and then in small numbers. While veillonella was present in all the fissures examined, neisseria was detected in only two subjects.
The fine structure of acellular cementum in young human premolars
Authors: FURSETH RANDI
Published: October 2007

abstract— The cementum in the cervical and middle part of roots of young human premolars was acellular. It was 4–5 μm wide, and consisted mainly of bundles of mineralized collagen fibers running at right angles to the cementodentinal junction, but fibers running in different directions were also noted. The electron density of the cementum as compared to the dentin varied. The structure of the cementum and the dentin was quite different, but still the exact location of the cementodentinal junction was difficult to determine. In some specimens Sharpey's fibers in the cementum seemed to continue into the dentin for a short distance.