bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kepler's unintentional ellipse – a celestial detective story
Authors: Davis A. E. L.
Published: January 2007

There has always been a mystery about how Kepler (1571-1630) discovered the laws of planetary motion: not until more than half a century later did Newton show how they can be explained within a gravitational framework. It is generally assumed that Kepler based his achievements on the full panoply of classical Greek geometry, and certainly he was very familiar with the advanced techniques developed by Archimedes and Apollonius, which he often referred to in his optical and stereometrical work. Yet I have found that for his astronomical success Kepler relied on nothing more complicated than the methods and results of Euclid. And since he did not know what sort of solution his enquiry would produce, my historical account of Kepler's discovery turns into a tale of detection – which began at the University of Tübingen in the early 1590s.
An encyclopaedia of tiling patterns
Authors: Wichmann Brian
Published: January 2007

I believe many people have been inspired by Grunbaum and Shephard's book on tilings and patterns. On reading the book, as a computer programmer, I thought it would be a challenge to display the tiling patterns in colour on the screen of my home computer. Not having a hard disc, I had found the storage for fractals too demanding, notwithstanding the time needed to compute the intricate patterns. Hence the idea of producing a variety of interesting patterns without such overhead was attractive.
Word ladders - Lewis Carroll’s doublets
Authors: Gardner Martin
Published: January 2007

Doublet tasks consist of changing one word to another by altering single letters at each step to make a different word. The two words at the beginning and end of such a chain must, of course, be the same length, and they should be related to each other in some obvious way. They must not have identical letters in the same positions. All words in the chain should be common English words, proper names excluded. A perfect solution has a number of steps equal to the number of places the given words differ. For example: COLD, CURD, CARD, WARD, WARM. If a perfect change is not possible, the best solution is the shortest chain. For playing doublets as a game with two or more players, Lewis Carroll invented a set of scoring rules to determine who wins.
Teaching geometry to 11 year old “medieval lawyers”
Authors: Van Maanen Jan
Published: January 2007

In 1355 the Italian professor of law Bartolus of Saxoferrato (1313-1357) wrote a treatise on the division of alluvial deposit. The problem he discussed is the following (figure 1). Some landowners, Bartolus calls them Gaius, Lucius, and Ticius, have neighbouring properties beside the bank of a river. The river deposits silt so that new land is formed at the riverside. How is this new fertile soil to be divided up ?
Augustus De Morgan on the teaching of mathematics
Authors: Rauff James V.
Published: January 2007

Augustus De Morgan (1806-1871) was a prolific writer, a notable mathematician and logician, and an excellent teacher. His work in logic and his invention of the logic of relations are well-known. However he also thought and wrote extensively about mathematics teaching pedagogy, and his approach is still relevant to mathematics teachers today. In this short note I offer selected quotations from De Morgan's writings on mathematics education, preceded by a short biography taken from.
The solution of finite-difference equations
Authors: Ward A. J. B.
Published: January 2007

In every textbook which deals with second order linear finite-difference equations, methods will be found for solving such equations when the coefficients are constants. In the author’s experience it is unknown for textbooks to treat second order linear difference equations with variable coefficients. Yet such equations certainly occur in practical applications. It is the present intention to remedy this defect in the literature. It will be seen that, by the methods discussed here, we can always reduce the solution of a linear second order difference equation to that of a first order equation.
Dissections of triangles into five similar triangles
Authors: Jones C. A. , Jones P. , Bolt A. B.
Published: January 2007

The problem of dissecting a square into squares of unequal sizes has been extensively discussed in the recreational mathematics literature (see for example), but the dissection of triangles appears not to have received so much attention; there are however a number of naturally occurring problems in the dissection of triangles into triangles. The problem we considerhere is the dissection of triangles into five similar triangles; the component triangles must be similar to each other, but may or may not be similar to the original triangle.
Continued fractions
Authors: MacMillan Robert
Published: January 2007

Consider the vulgar fraction 257/47. We can convert it to an integer plus proper fraction. If we now invert the fractional part and repeat the process on it, we get
A construction of magic cubes
Authors: Trenkler Marián
Published: January 2007

In this paper a magic cube of order n is a 3-dimensional matrix Qn = {qn(i,j,k); 1 ≤ i,j,k ≤ n} containing natural numbers 1,2, ... n3 such that the sums of the numbers along each row (n-tuple of elements having the same coordinates on two places) and also along each of its four great diagonals are the same. This contrasts with a previous article [1] which considered magic cubes with no requirement for the diagonal sums.
Advice to hedgehogs, or, constants can vary
Authors: Stirzaker David
Published: January 2007

It is a trite but true remark to say that there are two fundamental random processes, one being the Poisson process and the other being Brownian motion. They are each fundamental in two ways; first, they do seem to describe much of the natural world very well, and second, the student is well-advised to study and master these two before going on to look at harder and more recondite processes. This note gives a brief glimpse of some aspects of the Poisson process, which is technically by far the more tractable of the two.
Dissecting squares
Authors: Kingston Joe , MacHale Des
Published: January 2007

The activities described in this paper are highly addictive. They can be injurious to work, mental health, personal relationships, serious research and the future of the rain forest. The authors can accept no responsibility for the subsequent behaviour of people who read this paper.

Geometric dissection theory is connected with ‘cutting up’ plane and solid objects and reassembling the pieces to form other objects. It is a very ancient and venerable mathematical activity going back to Euclid (circa 300 BC) and perhaps beyond. In Euclid’s Elements we find a square dissected into four pieces to illustrate the algebraic identity (a + b)2 = a2 + b2 + 2ab.
The Site of Misthia
Authors: Hall A. S.
Published: January 2007

In May 1958, while looking for Classical remains in Eastern Pisidia, I copied the following honorific inscription in the town of Beyşehir, which lies at the south-east corner of the lake of the same name, anciently Karalitis. Its situation and surroundings are shown in Fig. 1.

The text is carved on a rectangular slab of yellowish limestone, exposed to view by the removal of wall plaster. This is probably one face of the shaft of a statue-base, which has been built into the outer corner of a shop facing on to the main square. The shop also forms an outer wall to the Şen hotel, and the inscription is said to have come to light during repairs to the hotel, some six years previously. The final letters of the inscription are slightly damaged on both sides, but otherwise it is complete. Rosette below. H. 0·78 m., W. 0·43 m., Th. unknown. Letters 3 cm. high.
The Sultantepe Tablets: A Preliminary Note
Authors: Gurney O. R.
Published: January 2007

The unbaked clay tablets found by Mr. Seton Lloyd and Bay Nuri Gökçe at Sultantepe were transported to the Archaeological Museum at Ankara in June, 1951. By a happy coincidence I arrived in Ankara shortly afterwards and was able to spend a period of about five weeks in examining the collection. At the beginning of my stay in Ankara the tablets were drying out well, and it was possible to brush off the accumulations of earth from many of them without damage. Others, however, resisted this superficial treatment and will have to be baked before an epigraphist can begin to work on them.

The questions which were uppermost in our minds at Ankara were the ancient name of the site, the date of the finds, and the general nature of the hoard of tablets found in a large pile in sounding F, since this in its turn would throw light on the nature of the building that contained them. It was obvious to me at first sight that these tablets closely resembled in script and appearance those from the library of Assurbanipal at Nineveh and that the majority of them contained religious or lexicographical texts. But since they were unbaked, it did not seem very probable that they had formed part of a royal library. My first attention was therefore directed towards the colophons, or scribal notes to be found at the end of many of the texts, since these were likely to contain the most direct clue to the nature and purpose of the collection and might also mention the date and place of writing.
Medieval Ḥarrān: Studies on its Topography and Monuments, I
Authors: Rice D. S.
Published: January 2007

No attempt has been made yet to collect the widely scattered information on the history and topography of Ḥarrān for the period from the Arab conquest in A.D. 639 until the destruction of the city by the Mongols in A.D. 1260. Such a compilation would form a useful sequel to the monograph of Adam Mez, which covers the period up to the Arab conquest and to Chwolsohn's work on the Sabians which, despite its venerable age, remains the standard work on the subject.

Several monographs on Ḥarrān were written during the Middle Ages but no Mss of them have so far been discovered. A good deal of material can be collected from historical and geographical texts. Of these none is more detailed or more worthy of attention than that of Ibn Shaddād. The account of this writer, available so far only in Ms, is contained in a chapter of his Survey of Syria and the Jazīra.
Sultantepe: Anglo-Turkish Joint Excavations, 1952
Authors: Lloyd Seton , Gokçe Nuri
Published: January 2007

The First Season's excavating at Sultantepe, occupying a period of four weeks in May–June 1951, has already received preliminary notices in Anatolian Studies, II, etc. The mound (see Figure 1), which is situated at a distance of 10 miles from Urfa on the road leading to the ruins of ancient Harran, is too conspicuous a landmark to have escaped the notice of travelling scholars in the past; but no record of their visits has ever been published and its selection for excavations in 1951 was the result of a systematic investigation into the historical topography of the Harran region, initiated by the Institute in the summer of 1950 (cf. Anatolian Studies, I, pp. 77 ff.).

The excavations were resumed on 8th May 1952 and the second season's work lasted until 20th June. The field-directorship was again jointly in the hands of Bay Nuri Gökçe, Director of the Hittite Museum at Ankara, and Mr. Seton Lloyd, Director of the Institute. They were assisted on this occasion by Dr. O. R. Gurney, as epigraphist, Mr. J. D. Evans (Institute Fellow for 1951–52), and Bay Burhan Tozcan, as field-assistants, and Mr. G. R. H. Wright, as architect.
Ile ou rivage dans l'Ancien Testament
Authors: Dussaud Par René
Published: January 2007

Je saisis avec empressement l'occasion qui m'est offerte d'exprimer toute ma sympathie, qui date de près d'un demi-siècle, et mon admiration pour l'infatigable travail archéologique que le professeur John Garstang a accompli depuis le Soudan jusqu'en Anatolie. Son séjour prolongé en Palestine comme directeur du Service des Antiquités m'autorise à lui offrir une courte note concernant l'A.T. dont le texte a aussi été l'objet de ses études. J'évoquerai ainsi I'heureux temps où il travaillait en Terre Sainte avec la regrettée Madame Garstang, qui fut sa fidèle collaboratrice sur les champs de fouille.

Que le sens primitif de 'î soit “côte, rivage”, et non “île”, un premier indice tient à ce que le mot étant commun au cananéen et à l'égyptien ('iw), son usage est fort ancien et remonte à une époque où les Sémites n'avaient aucune connaissance des îles proprement dites. Les lexiques ne l'ignorent pas, mais - les traducteurs, sacrifiant à la forme littéraire, l'oublient souvent.
Augusta Ciliciae
Authors: Gough Michael
Published: January 2007

In the year A.D. 451, Nestorianism was formally condemned at the Council of Chalcedon. Amongst the metropolitans and bishops who attended from all over the Empire were representatives of the eight sees of Cilicia Prima, the western part of the province known to the Romans as Cilicia Campestris. One of these bishops was Theodorus of Augusta. Nothing further is known of Theodorus, and it was not until recently that anything more was known of his bishopric. This is not surprising, since Augusta was never one of the great cities of the ancient world, and after the rise of Islam soon sank into obscurity. Indeed, apart from the fact that it was almost certainly one of the cities visited by St. Paul when, according to Acts, “he went through Syria and Cilicia confirming the churches,” its recent discovery at Gübe, about 16 km. north of Adana, is not perhaps of great historical significance.
Urartian Reliefs at Adılcevaz, on Lake Van, and a Rock Relief from the Karasu, near Birecik
Authors: Burney C. A. , Lawson G. R. J.
Published: January 2007

The Medieval Castle at Adılcevaz, on the north shore of Lake Van, incorporated in its walls fragments of a relief sculpture carved in basalt. Six such fragments have now been recovered. Two Urartian inscribed blocks, also of basalt, which have for some years stood outside the primary school, had also, no doubt, been used in the wall of the mediaeval castle.

The fragments of sculpture belong to a relief representing a god or king standing on a bull, facing left towards two triple spearheads, placed one above the other. Five of the fragments belong to this figure, but the sixth shows that there was another figure, looking towards the first and likewise facing a triple spearhead. Behind the right-hand figure stands a single triple spearhead, rather taller and more slender than those in the middle, and perhaps fixed on some solid base, only part of which remains. The god or king wears an elaborately decorated garment, probably woven of wool: the pattern, perhaps in gold brocade, is repetitive, with a wide border, edged with a fringe and a band of “herring-bone” pattern.
Excavations at Can Hasan, 1965, Fifth Preliminary Report
Authors: French D. H.
Published: January 2007

The excavations at Can Hasan were continued this year from 1st September to 6th October. Work, however, went on until October 16th on section drawing, photography, packing and storing. Further repairs were made to the fence enclosing the site and measures taken for the conservation of the site during the winter. Maintenance work was carried out on the dig house. As in the previous year, the excavation bekçi continues to live in the house during the winter months.

Those assisting in this year's excavations were Messrs. S. Payne and J. N. Postgate, field assistants and the Misses E. A. Dowman, A. C. Hird, S. M. Page and R. J. Worth, house assistants. Mr. Payne again had charge of the obsidian material; Miss Dowman was in charge of registration and conservation and Miss Worth of pottery. Bay Hayrettin Solmaz represented the Turkish Government. For most of the season we employed about eight men from the village.
A Note on the South-eastern Borders of the Empire of Trebizond in the Thirteenth Century
Authors: Winfield David
Published: January 2007

The churches of Ispir and Bayburt, standing in dominant positions in the castles which command these towns, inevitably prompt the question “Who built them?” A final answer cannot be given until the two sites are excavated or documentary sources are discovered, but the circumstantial evidence, both historical and stylistic, provides a number of indications for their origin.

Both Ispir and Bayburt stand in an area which has always been a marcher land, and in the Byzantine period it was in dispute many times between the Armenians, the Georgians and the Byzantine Empire, with the Persians and Arabs, and later the Turks also making their claims in the area. Ispir castle stands on a rock dominating the middle reaches of the River Çoruh, the Acampsis or Boas of the Ancients, and apart from commanding a part of the river valley which is wide and fertile, it is more or less a half-way halt for the direct route northwards from Erzurum across the Pontic mountains to the sea at Rize.
Kurupınar
Authors: French David
Published: January 2007

This site has not been tested by excavation. Such finds as are known were collected from the surface of the mound in the autumn of 1971. No attempt was made to collect systematically: the intention was simply to provide sherd material in order to date the site. The site was located during pre-excavation surveys by Whallon and Kantmann (map, METU 1968 Report: site N 52/3).

The mound of Kurupınar is situated on the west side of the upland valley, c. 2 km. west of the şose to Çemişgezek, along a track leading to Engüzek; a poor spring is found near the north foot of the site. Engüzek lies c. 2·5 km. away to the southwest.
Six Inscriptions from Galatia.
Authors: Macpherson I. W.
Published: January 2007

This article, which concerns six inscriptions from Galatia, is dedicated with gratitude to Seton Lloyd, whose wide-ranging scholarship, shrewd guidance and unstinted generosity provided a constant inspiration to those of us fortunate enough to have lived and worked in the Institute in its early days. I hope he will find it appropriate that the text brings together allusions to the traditional epigraphical links between the University of Aberdeen and Anatolia, and illustrations of the kindly attitudes of the Turkish village folk towards nomadic epigraphers.
A Hittite Cylinder Seal in the Fitzwilliam Museum
Authors: Alexander Robert L.
Published: January 2007

The Hittite cylinder seal discussed here (Figs. 1–4) was purchased by Sir Max Mallowan in the 'thirties while he was working in northern Syria. In the division of his collections it was allotted to the Fitzwilliam Museum, in Cambridge, which received it in 1966. Extensive use has severely worn the engraved surface, and even the two large old chips have been smoothed over. Despite the loss of all details, such as facial features, each element of the composition can be recognized or restored. In the chipped area are fragments of the main figure, the Storm-god raising a mace and standing on the shoulders of two Mountain-gods. Before the Storm-god and facing him is the Sun-god, winged disk overhead, two kneeling animal-headed supporting figures below. The Storm-god is followed by a deity in walking position, over a bull. A many-branched tree, repeated in the impression, closes the three-part composition, and a cross with approximately equal arms occupies a place between the tree and the upraised mace. Simple incised lines mark the top and bottom edges of the engraved surface. There seems to be no form that can unquestionably be called a Hittite hieroglyph.
A New Water Separation Process for soil from Archaeological Excavations
Authors: Weaver M. E.
Published: January 2007

Early in 1970 David French asked me to try to find a solution to the problem of dealing with the large amount of very fine material which passed through his new archaeological sieving and flotation processes. The material was in fact graded from fine sand through silt to clay, and came from the end of the flotation boxes mixed with quantities of water. The resulting mud or slime then blocked up filters and overflows. Apart from the suspicion that one was thus missing very fine particles of archaeological interest, the discarded slime was slowing up and even threatening to stop the flotation processes.

The problem was thus one of separating quantities of very fine material from large quantities of water, and at the same time of separating fine organic material from particles of inorganic material–usually silicates.
Iron Age Pottery from the provinces of Tokat and Sivas
Authors: Durbin Gail E. S.
Published: January 2007

This article is based on material collected by Charles Burney, who carried out a survey of the province of Tokat and the northern part of the Sivas province in 1955. His aim was to study the pre-Classical remains of the area and pottery from the Chalcolithic period to the Iron Age was collected. This study is concerned with the Iron Age.

My aims were firstly to record the pottery found, including the plain wares, and to plot any distinguishable groups. I wanted to look for parallels outside the area, establish the direction of any outside influence and then to test the pottery groups against physical boundaries and consider their relationship, if any, to known political boundaries. Any conclusions must be seen in the light of the extremely limited material available.
The Earliest Minoans in the South-East Aegean: a Reconsideration of the Evidence
Authors: Davis Jack L.
Published: January 2007

In the south-east Aegean, among the earliest finds reported to be Minoan were those of Italian excavators in the Dodecanese. A reference in 1928 to “numerosi avanzi di ceramica del tipo di Camares” in the Vathy cave on Kalymnos is typical (Maiuri, p. 114). Yet little imported Middle Minoan pottery has been published from the south-east Aegean. Many sherds described in preliminary reports as Kamares or MM (as were those at Vathy), when illustrated, have turned out not to be imports but local products. It today seems clear that around the time of the Shaft Graves, many pots with dark ground decoration copying Cretan designs were produced and distributed in this part of the Aegean. Largely on the basis of its decoration (believed in imitation of MM pottery), the discovery of such pottery in the south-east Aegean has been taken as evidence of contact with MBA Crete (Mee 1978: 134). I will argue here, however, that if the contexts in which it has been found are carefully examined, there is little evidence that this local dark ground pottery was produced prior to the beginning of the Late Minoan period; nor is there much unassailable stylistic evidence that it indeed was produced in imitation of MM styles. It becomes necessary to reconsider the evidence for contacts between Crete and the south-east Aegean in the MBA, and MBA settlement patterns in this area.
An Urartian Lead Figurine from Toprak Kale
Authors: Mitchell T. C.
Published: January 2007

Dr. Richard Barnett has had a long-standing interest in Urartu, manifested most recently in his chapter in the new Cambridge Ancient History, and early represented by his article on “The Excavations of the British Museum at Toprak Kale near Van” over thirty years before, in 1950. Among the finds in the important Toprak Kale collection in the British Museum were parts of what Dr. Barnett described as a “bewigged garment of lead”, and this piece (BM. 123870) has become familiar from his illustration (Pl. XXXVa).

It was found during the excavations conducted on behalf of the British Museum at Toprak Kale in 1880 by Captain E. Clayton and Dr. G. C. Raynolds, who undertook the work at the request of Hormuzd Rassam, in whose name Sir Henry Layard had obtained an excavation permit. Clayton and Raynolds excavated two main areas on Toprak Kale, one representing the Temple of Haldi, and the other, some fifty feet to the south, where a “pavement” was uncovered and a number of ivory objects and fragments of ivory and bronze were found, in Clayton's words, “in this excavation near the level of the pavement …” Though he makes no mention of lead, the lead fragments under discussion were associated with the ivory, and were presumably mistaken by him for fragments of bronze. This group is probably to be dated in the later part of the ninth, or the eight century B.C.
Carchemish ša kišad puratti
Authors: Winter Irene J.
Published: January 2007

Perhaps no other site in the region of northern Syria and south-eastern Anatolia played as important a role in the history of the early first millennium B.C. as Carchemish, “on the banks of the Euphrates.” It is one of the best-documented sites of the period, due to a combination of Neo-Assyrian references and the excavated material of the site itself, including inscriptions, reliefs and large-scale architectural projects initiated by the rulers of Carchemish. All of these documents attest to its immense wealth and power.

The site was first explored in the 1870's on behalf of the British Museum, once George Smith had determined that the modern town of Djerabis must be ancient Carchemish; and was subsequently excavated and published under the Museum's auspices. Several encyclopedic compendia published in recent years have summarized in cogent syntheses the information known about Carchemish. Nevertheless, I would like to include this present review of the material as a tribute to Richard D. Barnett – whose own work has been closely associated with the site in particular and with North Syria in general – in order to add a few points regarding the nature of Carchemish and the role played by the state in the history and art-history of the times.
The Authorship of the Inscribed Pillar of Xanthos
Authors: Childs William A. P.
Published: January 2007

The Inscribed Pillar of Xanthos is the most elaborate example of the Lycian pillar tombs. It is important for its reliefs preserved in London and Istanbul but particularly for the long historical inscription in Lycian which covers the south, east, and half of the north side of the pillar shaft. This is followed on the north side by a Greek epigram and a moderately long inscription on the remainder of the north and the whole west side in Lycian B or Milyan. The date of the pillar is generally placed around 400 B.C. This is based on the style of the reliefs of the upper burial chamber and on the analysis of the historical inscription.

The name of the author of the pillar appeared three times in the inscriptions – twice in the Lycian historical inscription (south side or a lines 1 and 29/30) and once in the Greek epigram (north side or c line 24, epigram line 5). Yet in the Lycian the name is missing entirely in both cases and in the Greek only the last two letters are preserved: [ … ]ις. The fact that he is called in the Lycian and Greek the son of Harpagos does not help identify him because this Harpagos is otherwise known only from two inscriptions, one still unpublished. Recently it has been argued by Laroche that the author of the inscription cannot be the formerly favoured Kherẽi (χerẽi) because the space for the name must have contained six letters. Bousquet has also shown that a plausible restoration of the name of the author of the inscription in the Greek epigram is [Gerg]is, the Greek equivalent of Kheriga (χeriga).
R.E.C.A.M. Notes and Studies No. 6: Jews, Christians and Heretics in Acmonia and Eumeneia
Authors: Sheppard A. R. R.
Published: January 2007

It is hoped that one of the advantages of the creation of the R.E.C.A.M. archives in Ankara and of the eventual publication of the regional catalogues will be that the synoptic study of particular topics in a given region will be made easier. A provisional reassessement of the relations between Jews, orthodox Christians and related groups in two Phrygian cities is here attempted.

Jewish settlements were established in Phrygia as military colonies by Antiochus III, in the last decade of the third century B.C. Evidence from both inscriptions and rabbinic literature suggests that, by the Roman imperial period, these communities were distinctly Hellenized. The Talmud provides an interesting anecdote, which appears to refer to the Jews of Phrygia and neighbouring Lydia:

The wine of (?) Perugitha and the waters of Diomsith cut off the Ten Tribes from Israel. Rabbi Eleazar ben Arak visited that place. He was attracted to them and his learning vanished. …
Schliemann's Mendacity: a Question of Methodology
Authors: Traill David A.
Published: January 2007

In two recent articles Donald Easton has responded to my arguments that fraud is involved in Schliemann's published reports of the discovery of what he called “Priam's Treasure”. The reader of our articles might easily form the opinion that we hold widely different views regarding Schliemann's credibility. In fact, we are in substantial agreement. Our differences are partly a matter of degree and partly methodological. Before discussing them in detail, however, it might be useful to outline the common ground that appears to have been established. After carefully examining Easton's articles I think it fair to say that we are agreed on the following points.

1. Schliemann's excavation notebooks are, for the most part, truthful and accurate records of the finds he made and where and when he made them. This is apparent to anyone who has examined these notebooks closely. Not only are Schliemann's reports archaeologically plausible, but, as Easton points out, “most of the detail is far too mundane to be worth falsifying.” Only a very small percentage of material in the excavation notebooks can seriously be thought to come under suspicion.
Analyses of İkiztepe Metal Artifacts
Authors: Kunç Şeref
Published: January 2007

Only a few investigations on the composition of Anatolian copper and copper alloys have been carried out. Esin (1967) published analyses of 750 copper artifacts excavated from different Anatolian prehistoric sites and found that 600 of them were made of copper alloys containing deliberate quantities (i.e. more than 1%) of arsenic, lead or tin. Of these, 50% contain As between 1–6%, 25% As 1–3% and Sn 1–10% together, 20% Sn only (2–10%) and the remaining 5% Pb and/or Sn, As. The results of these analyses show that prehistoric Anatolian artifacts which are made of copper alloys have closely similar composition to Egyptian (Hedges, 1979) and Greek (Craddock, 1977) ones or at least their production technology appears to be the same. It is well known that As was added to copper around the third millennium B.C. by prehistoric metallurgists and Sn by the second millennium B.C.

The metal objects whose analyses are reported below were all found in the İkiztepe excavation during 1978 and 1979 (Alkım, 1979). İkiztepe was located on the shore of the Black Sea and Kızılırmak (Red River) during the prehistoric ages, though today it is 60 km. away from the Black Sea. It was the largest occupation site around Samsun and consisted of four different natural hüyüks. Two hüyüks numbered İkiztepe I and II have been excavated to date.
Dating the Cape Gelidonya Shipwreck
Authors: Giveon Raphael
Published: January 2007

The scarabs found with the wreck at Cape Gelidonya are important for the dating of the ship. The group has been discussed in detail by Schulman in a chapter of the publication of the wreck. A new look at the scarab group after so many years may be worthwhile.

We have the following comments on Schulman's dating of these scarabs:

Scarab 1: “Late 18. or 19. Dynasty.”

In the discussion of this object “Gaza” is mentioned as the site of origin of one of the parallel pieces. However “Ancient Gaza” is the name of the 5 volumes by Petrie dealing with the excavations at Tell el-Ajjul, seven kilometres south of modern Gaza. The closest parallel to Scarab 1 is, however, at Tell el-Far'a. It has two horizontal lines under the nb sign, showing that “Lord of the Two Countries” (= Egypt) is intended in all these cases.

Scarab 2: “New Kingdom” “Early New Kingdom, more specifically … 18. Dynasty.”

It should be noted that the “short apparently meaningless vertical lines” are a duplication of the sign which usually follows an ideogram Z.1 in Gardiner's sign list. It is often duplicated thus, or appears as sign V.20 or Q.3.
A Roman Glass Flask in Gaziantep Museum
Authors: Lightfoot C. S.
Published: January 2007

Early Roman mould-blown glass vessels are widespread and well-known in the museums, private collections and sale rooms of Europe and America. However, one encounters such items less frequently in the regions where a great many of them were made. Although much work has been done on the origins and early practitioners of the craft of mould-blowing, few actual vessels have been recorded in the eastern Mediterranean and Middle East. So it is pleasing that I am able to add to the list a fine example in the Gaziantep Museum.

Hexagonal flask. 1st century A.D. Translucent cobalt blue glass. Blown in a three-part mould. Flat bottom. Cylindrical neck with everted rim, lip folded inward. (Fig. 1 and Pl. XIX/a–c).

Exact find-spot not recorded; acquired by purchase in the Gaziantep region. No registration number by October 1984.

Height 7·8 cm. Diameter of bottom 2·4 cm.
Beycesultan 1954: some Byzantine Remains
Authors: Wright G. R. H.
Published: January 2007

It was a great privilege in the early stages of a connection with archaeological field work to be asked by Seton Lloyd to return to the British Institute in Ankara to take charge of the architectural recording of the excavations planned for Beycesultan in July 1954. Several years previously I had assisted Seton Lloyd as field architect at Sultan Tepe and in the interim had been concerned (inter alia) with Byzantine buildings (in Cyprus). Thus it was at the very beginning of the excavations at Beycesultan when some ornamented Byzantine blocks were seen lying around on the surface of the mound and others were recovered in the initial clearances, Seton Lloyd suggested that I occupy any available time by recording this material with a view to working it up for eventual publication. This I did to the best of my limited knowledge and abilities. However the matter proceeded no more directly to a final outcome than a great deal of other archaeological publication. After 1956 duties took me elsewhere and in subsequent seasons the pressure of work on the extensive Bronze Age site was so great that the Byzantine fragments no longer came into the reckoning. Then at several junctures after the excavations were concluded the material was discussed, but no convenient opportunities were forthcoming for its proper publication. Therefore it is now encouraging to be allowed to give some illustrated account of these interesting pieces in Anatolian Studies.
Nearchus the Cretan and the Foundation of Cretopolis
Authors: Sekunda Nicholas Victor
Published: January 2007

The clarification of when and in what circumstances the various Hellenistic cities of Pisidia were founded is an important undertaking. Through the microcosm of Pisidia, such study throws valuable light upon the way in which Anatolia became hellenized. Pisidia is especially important because at the beginning of the Hellenistic period the Pisidians were hardly touched by either hellenism or urbanism. They were bellicose raiders who constituted a threat to their more urbanised neighbours. Many of the cities of Hellenistic Pisidia seem to have been established with the deliberate intention of pacifying the region.

In a recent issue ofAnatolian StudiesStephen Mitchell dealt with, among others, the Pisidian city of Cretopolis. Cretopolis is of interest for several reasons, in particular because it seems to be one of the earliest military foundations of the Hellenistic period, and because the name informs us that the city was settled by Cretans. Cretans were frequently employed as mercenaries throughout the Hellenistic period, but in antiquity, as in more recent periods, Cretans made very reluctant colonists. There are very few individual Cretans attested as colonists in Egypt or elsewhere, and very few attested Cretan colonies indeed.
The First Season of Rescue Excavation at Çiftlik (Sinop)
Authors: Hill Stephen
Published: January 2007

Work commenced in August 1994 on a new archaeological rescue project to survey, excavate and protect the remains of a Classical and Byzantine site at Çiftlik, near Sinop on the Turkish coast of the Black Sea (Pl. XXIX (a)). The work was a collaborative project including staff from the Sinop Museum and the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara, and staff and students from the University of Warwick. The British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara has adopted this as a new “in-house” project, run in collaboration with Mr. İsmail Tatlıcan, Director of the Sinop Museum.

The remains at Çiftlik lie at the mouth of a valley on the west side of the great bay in the Black Sea which runs south of the peninsula on the isthmus on which the city of Sinop stands. The remains of two buildings were studied in 1994. These buildings were originally constructed on silty soil consisting of winter wash material which was deposited at the valley bottom over a long period of time prior to the Classical occupation of the site. The project is very much concerned with rescue, since the coastline in this area is being seriously eroded by the sea. At least 1·5 metres of the church (the south building) has been eroded since 1990, and the low shelf in the water beside what survives has underwater remains from various Classical and Byzantine buildings.
Ariassos 1990
Authors: Mitchell Stephen
Published: January 2007

The survey of Ariassos, which we had begun in 1988, was completed between 24 August and 24 September 1990. The team members were Dr. Stephen Mitchell, Dr. Eddie Owens, Linda Keyes, and Ian Williams (University College of Swansea), Sabri Aydal (Antalya Museum). Ian Pollet and Danny Gysen (Leuven), Sarah Cormack (Yale), Armin Schulz (Münster), Claudia Rutherford (Oxford), and Yusuf Gül (Izmir Museum, representing the Turkish Department of Antiquities). Funds for the season were provided by the British Academy, the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara, the Roman Society, and the Craven Committee. The student members of the group were also aided by travel grants from their various universities. The Institute at Ankara, as ever, provided invaluable logistic support, notably the use of a landrover, and I am particularly grateful to Chris Lightfoot for helping to arrange our accommodation before work began. Special thanks are due to our many friends in the small town of Bademaǧaç, notably to Ramazan Şener and his family and to Ayfer Orbay, our “landlady”.
Metalwork in Gaziantep Museum said to be a Hoard from the Region of Sakçagözü
Authors: Summers G. D.
Published: January 2007

In 1974 a group of copper alloy objects, including two figurines and a number of weapons, was taken to Adana Museum by a dealer from İslahiye. The objects were said to have come from a site near Kilis. One of the figurines, which has gold foil on the face, was bought by Adana Museum. Temporary closure of Adana Museum has precluded examination of this figurine. In 1975 fourteen copper alloy objects from this same group, including a figurine wearing gold and silver ornaments around the neck, were purchased from the same dealer by the Gaziantep Museum for the sum of thirty thousand Turkish Lira, then about one thousand pounds sterling. This time they were said to have come from the vicinity of Sakçagözü. Staff of Gaziantep Museum brought the existence of this hoard to the attention of the British Institute which was engaged in a restudy of material from earlier British excavations in the Sakçagözü region (French and Summers 1988). The author is extremely grateful to the Museum for allowing access to the finds, to David French for his encouragement and advice, Tuǧrul Çakar for the photography and Jane Goddard who made the drawings. This paper has benefited greatly from discussions with Drs. John Curtis, Roger Moorey, Graham Philip and Trevor Watkins. Any faults remain, of course, the responsibility of the author.
The Theatre-Façade at Sagalassos
Authors: Vandeput Lutgarde
Published: January 2007

The theatre of Sagalassos lies to the north-east of the city, high up the mountain. It is undoubtedly one of the best preserved monuments on the site (Pl. XXV (a)), although some parts of it have collapsed as a result of successive earthquakes. The southwestern part of the cavea, which was built on artificial substructures, and the free-standing stage building are particularly badly damaged, but even there the blocks still lie scattered in the vicinity and very few pieces are missing. Despite this, opinion concerning the reconstruction of the scaenae frons, and even some details of the cavea, differs widely (see below).

During the 1991 season at Sagalassos we started a study of the building and its decoration. Even though this has not been completed, some results have already arisen, which I would like to discuss in this article. A close examination of the fallen blocks of the stage building, gave clear indications for the reconstruction of the scaenae frons. Their decoration supplies clues for the dating of the monument. New study of the theatre façade allows a one-stage reconstruction, as proposed originally by G. Niemann in Ch. Lanckoronski's work concerning the cities of Pisidia and not the two storeys, proposed by D. de Bernardi Ferrero, and a date in the last quarter of the second century A.D.
The Oxford University/British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara Survey of Medieval Castles of Anatolia (1992) Mastaura Kalesi: a Preliminary Report
Authors: Barnes Hugh , Whittow Mark
Published: January 2007

1992 was the first season of the Oxford University/British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara Survey of Medieval Castles of Anatolia. Over the next five years it is planned to survey and record in as much detail as practicable five Byzantine castles in the area of the Büyük and Küçük Menderes river systems in western Turkey. The five castles will eventually be published in a single monograph where they can be discussed as a group and placed in their historical and geographical context. An annual preliminary report will appear inAnatolian Studies, which we hope will serve as a forum to test ideas, raise problems, and encourage other historians and archaeologists to suggest further ways of obtaining the most from these sites.

The five sites—indicated on Fig. 1—areMastaura kalesi(near Bozyurt, in Aydın ili, Nazilli ilçesi, merkez bucağı);Yılanlı kalesi(on the side of the Boz dağ near Kemer in İzmir ili, Ödemiş. ilçesi, Birgi bucağı);Çardak kalesi(near Çardak in Denizli ili, Çardak ilçesi, merkez bucağı);Yöre kalesi(near Yöre köy in Aydın ili, Kuyucak ilçesi, Pamukören bucağı); andUlubey kalesi(on the Kazancı deresi near Ulubey in Uşak ili, Ulubey ilçesi). None has received more than brief notice before; none has been planned or studied in any detail. They have been chosen to cover the whole period of Byzantine rule in the area from the seventh century to the early fourteenth, and a variety of the different types and functions of Byzantine castles. Yılanlı is possibly a late seventh-century fortress, built in the context of the Arab attempts to take Constantinople and the consequent struggle to control the western coastlands of Asia Minor. Çardak appears to have been built between the seventh and the ninth century principally to act as a look-out point in the Byzantine defensive system against Arab raids.
A New Head of Hadrian from Pompeiopolis
Authors: Çalık Ayşe
Published: January 2007

In 1993, the head of an emperor was found in Pompeiopolis (Soloi or modern Viranşehir) and delivered to the Mersin Museum, where it is now on display (Pl. IX (a–d)). The head is notable because of its crystalline white marble material and its larger-than-life size. Maximum dimensions: H: 0·39 m, H (chin to crown): 0·32 m, W: 0·31 m, Th: 0·32 m.

The head had been broken from its statue-body, but has been preserved together in one piece with the neck. Its state of preservation is good, but there is the following damage to its features. Large chips have gone from the base of the neck on the left (Pl. IX (a, d)), and a smaller piece from the surface of the middle of the neck on the right. The beard on the lower side of the chin, the upper lip and the nose are broken. On the left (a, c), one larger chip has gone from the cheek, two smaller ones around the temple. A large portion of a hair lock is broken above the temple and the ear on the left. The centre of the corona civica, which might have had a jewel in its middle, has been damaged and a large portion has broken off (Pl. IX (a, b)). The surface, especially on the flesh parts, has weathered.
Elementary, my dear Lycians: a pronouncement on physics from Diogenes of Oinoanda
Authors: Smith Martin Ferguson
Published: January 2007

Since 1968 Oinoanda in northern Lycia has been the scene of investigations by members of the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara. A major objective of the work has been the discovery and rediscovery of pieces of the Greek inscription set up, probably in the first half of the second century AD, by the Epicurean philosopher Diogenes. In 1997, with the generous permission and support of the Directorate-General of Monuments and Museums and with the welcome collaboration of Ibrahim Malkoç, Director of the Fethiye Museum, and his colleagues, excavation was possible for the first time. The season, though very short and on a very small scale, brought to light 10 new fragments of the inscription (see Smith 1998) — finds which raised the total of new fragments recovered since 1968 to 135 and the total of known fragments (88 were discovered late in the 19th century) to 223.
Neue Beobachtungen zum Felsrelief von İvriz/Konya. Nicht in den Krieg, sondern zur Ernte: der Gott mit der Sichel
Authors: Şahin Mustafa
Published: January 2007

In diesem Aufsatz wird die Figur des Gottes Tarhuntaš auf dem zwei figurigen Felsrelief von İvriz untersucht, und vor allem wird versucht das Attribut des Gottes zu deuten.

Dem Felsrelief des “Quellheiligtums’ von İvriz (Abb 1) wurden seit seiner Entdeckung im 17. Jh. bereits zahlreiche, verschiedenartige Untersuchungen gewidmet. Die Attribute des dort dargestellten Gottes Tarhuntaš, die wichtige Hinweise zur Bestimmung der Funktion ihres Trägers liefern könnten, blieben davon jedoch lange Zeit unberührt. Ihre Erforschung wurde sehr spät durch R D Barnett eingeleitet, der ihnen erstmalig Beachtung schenkte: Sein Interesse galt vorrangig dem spiralförmig gerillten Gegenstand, der unter dem linken Ellbogen des Gottes zum Vorschein kommt (Abb 2). Barnett zufolge gehörte er zum ‘Knauf eines Schwertes, der in Form eines Adler- oder Vogelkopfes gestaltet ist’. Als erste Untersuchung zu diesem Thema überhaupt war diese Arbeit Barnetts auch für spätere Forschungen von grundlegender Bedeutung.
New rock-cut tombs at Etenna and the rock-cut tomb tradition in southern Anatolia
Authors: Çevik Nevzat
Published: January 2007

The 41 rock-cut tombs at Etenna provide a clear impression of this very early and widespread tradition for the region. They allow us to compare the Lycian, Pamphylian, Cilician and Pisidian rock-cut tomb architecture and understand connections and discontinuities between them. They also illustrate how features of such tombs are based on natural and technical factors, on local architectural traditions, or on the rock-cut architecture of neighbouring cultures. But basic similarities, such as the cutting of a tomb chamber in the rock, could occur without any influence from other cultural regions, for instance because of similar burial needs, similar natural materials or similar architectural knowledge. The influences between the rock-cut tombs of different regions and periods can be seen in the particular details, and their relation to local burial customs. Questions are asked, such as: if there were Lycian tombs in the Classical period, why were there no rock-cut tombs in Pamphylia in this period; why did the ‘dominant Lycian Classical culture’ not influence Pamphylia; and what were the tombs of the higher social classes of the societies of Classical Pamphylia?