bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Using Iterative Reweighting Algorithm and Genetic Algorithm to Calculate The Estimation of The Parameters Of The Maximum Likelihood of The Skew Normal Distribution
Authors: الخفاجي مرتضى علاء , البكري رباب عبد الرضا
Published: May 2021

Excessive skewness which occurs sometimes in the data is represented as an obstacle against normal distribution. So, recent studies have witnessed activity in studying the skew-normal distribution (SND) that matches the skewness data which is regarded as a special case of the normal distribution with additional skewness parameter (α), which gives more flexibility to the normal distribution. When estimating the parameters of (SND), we face the problem of the non-linear equation and by using the method of Maximum Likelihood estimation (ML) their solutions will be inaccurate and unreliable. To solve this problem, two methods can be used that are: the genetic algorithm (GA) and the iterative reweighting algorithm (IR) based on the Maximum Likelihood method. Monte Carlo simulation was used with different skewness levels and sample sizes, and the superiority of the results was compared. It was concluded that (SND) model estimation using (GA) is the best when the samples sizes are small and medium, while large samples indicate that the (IR) algorithm is the best. The study was also done using real data to find the parameter estimation and a comparison between the superiority of the results based on (AIC, BIC, Mse and Def) criteria.
The effect of gender diversity of board directors and accounting conservatism on firm value
Authors: Jasim Muthana Rokan , Faris Ashraf Hashim , Faris Ashraf Hashim , Saleem Ayad Dakheel
Published: May 2021

The study aims to investigate the relationship between the gender diversity of board director, the accounting conservatism and firm value in Iraqi firms. The sample was represented by 30 Iraqi firms listed on the Iraqi market over the period 2017. The research was based on the main hypothesis that gender diversity has a positive relationship with conservatism and firm value, that conservatism as an intermediate variable will enhance the positive relationship between gender diversity and firm value. The study reached results that support the research hypotheses. The appointment of females to the board helps improve the provision of conservative accounting information and avoids overstate when reporting earnings. Based on these results, Therefore, we recommend the Iraqi companies appoint between 15 to 30% of females on the board.
VODENJE V SLOVENSKI VOJSKI
Authors: HORVAT MARJAN
Published: May 2021

V članku želimo predstaviti vodenje v Slovenski vojski v širšem in ožjem smislu ter nerešena vprašanja na različnih ravneh. Vodenje je proces in ne le dolžnost in tako bi ga morali tudi razumeti. Vodenje ne poteka le do določene ravni znotraj vojaške organizacije, temveč je pomemben proces pri delu z ljudmi. Rezultate in ugotovitve bomo lahko uporabili za lažje razumevanje vodenja in nedorečenosti tega pojava, na drugi strani pa za lažje razumevanje nujnosti zavedanja pomembnosti sodobnih izzivov vodenja. Prispevek omogoča bralcu celovit vpogled v vodenje v hierarhični organizaciji, kot je Slovenska vojska.

Ključne besede: vodenje, vojaško vodenje, Slovenska vojska, poveljevanje.

Abstract
The purpose of the article is to present leadership in the Slovenian Armed Forces (SAF) both in a broader and narrower sense as well as to present the unresolved issues at various levels. Leadership is a process not just a duty and should therefore be perceived as such. It is not applied just up to a certain level within a military organization, but is a key process in working with people. The results and findings of this article can be used to facilitate the understanding of leadership and the obvious vagueness of this phenomenon, and on the other hand to enable a better comprehension of how important it is to realize the importance of contemporary leadership challenges. The article provides the reader with a comprehensive insight into leadership in a hierarchical organization such as the SAF.

Key words: Leadership, military leadership, Slovenian Armed Forces, command.
OBLIKE KOLEKTIVNEGA SPOMINJANJA NA GENERALA RUDOLFA MAISTRA
Authors: PAVŠIČ JERICA , MARKOVIĆ ZVEZDAN
Published: May 2021

V članku so analizirane javne oblike dediščenja spomina na generala Rudolfa Maistra na Ministrstvu za obrambo in v Slovenski vojski. Raziskano je, kako se v ikonografiji javno izpostavljenih umetniških del v fizični obliki, poimenovanjih objektov in priznanj ter slovesnih ritualnih praksah odslikava Maistrova vojaška kariera. Na podlagi ovrednotenja najpogostejših javnih oblik spominjanja je narejen sklep, koliko je to stvarno kolektivno spominjanje, ki želi ohranjati ter spodbujati naklonjen odnos do slovenskega vojaškega strateškega vodja, zaslužnega, da je pomemben del slovenskega narodnostnega ozemlja del današnje Republike Slovenije.

Ključne besede
general Rudolf Maister, vojaški strateški vodja, slovenska vojaška zgodovina, junaštvo, javne predstavitve.
Abstract
The article provides an analysis of the public forms of inheriting the memory of General Rudolf Maister at the Ministry of Defence of the Republic of Slovenia and in the Slovenian Armed Forces. It investigates how Maister's military career is reflected in the iconography of publicly exposed works of art in a physical form, the naming of objects and recognitions, as well as in ceremonial rituals. Based on the evaluation of the most common forms of public remembrance, it provides a conclusion as to how tangible this collective remembrance actually is, which seeks to maintain and promote a favourable attitude towards this Slovenian military strategic leader owing to whom an important part of Slovenian national territory today forms a part of the Republic of Slovenia.

Key words General Rudolf Maister, military strategic leader, Slovenian military history, heroism, public representations.
ORTAÇAĞ ERMENİ KAYNAKLARINDA DOĞU KARADENİZ VE ÇEVRESİ
Authors: KÖSE Bayram Arif
Published: May 2021

Ortaçağda çeşitli toplumlara ev sahipliği yapmış olan Doğu Karadeniz ve çevresi, Doğu-batı ticaretinde pek çok mühim limanıyla önemli yer tutmuştur. Ticaret ağının yanı sıra göç yollarının da yaklaşık olarak bu liman şehirlerinden geçiyor olması, Karadeniz ve çevresinde aktif bir siyasî ve sosyal yaşamı beraberinde getirmiştir. Müslümanların fetih yönlerini Anadolu’nun içlerinden devam ettirmeleri Doğu Karadeniz’i ilk İslam fetihlerinin dışında bırakmıştır. Türklerin ise Selçuklularla birlikte Anadolu’yu fethetmesi Doğu Karadeniz’in de siyasi karakterini değiştirmiştir. Ayrıca Kafkasya’nın ve Van Gölü havzasının Ermeni krallıkları da bölgeyle siyasî ve iktisadî ilişkiler kurmuşlardır. Bu ilişkiler Ermeni kaynaklarına da yansımış olmakla birlikte bu kaynakların ihtiva ettiği tarihi kayıtların gerek İslam kronikleriyle gerekse dönemin diğer kaynaklarıyla karşılaştırılması tarih disiplini için oldukça elzemdir. Bu çalışmada; Ortaçağ Ermeni kaynaklarında yer alan Karadeniz ve çevresiyle ilgili kayıtların dönemin kaynaklarıyla kıyaslanması sonucu elde edilen bilgilerin tartışılması amaçlanmıştır.
Autoestima em estudantes adolescentes de duas escolas estaduais da Cidade de Nazaré da Mata – PE
Authors: Melo Leomir Barros Coutinho de , Barbosa Ian Thiago de Lima , Silva Paulo Sérgio Dantas da , Silva Jaiurte Gomes Martins da
Published: May 2021

A autoestima está associada à qualidade de vida, pois ela é tida como um importante indicador de saúde mental, e é conceituada como um conjunto de sentimentos e pensamentos do indivíduo sobre o seu próprio valor, competência e adequação, que repercute em atitude positiva ou negativa em relação a si. Logo, torna – se interessante à avaliação dela por ser a amostra composta de adolescentes, pois a adolescência é um período de grandes alterações físicas, psicológicas e sociais. O objetivo do trabalho em questão é avaliar a autoestima de estudantes adolescentes. A amostra foi composta por 36 estudantes de duas escolas públicas do município de Nazaré da Mata. Utilizamos como método à aplicação da Escala de Avaliação da Autoestima de Rosenberg (1979) adaptada para o português por Hutz (2011) e uma ficha para coleta de dados a fim de caracterizar os grupos investigados. Para análise dos dados usamos o programa SPSS 20.0, e para a análise descritiva, foi observada a média e desvio padrão dos grupos. Para analisar se haviam diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os grupos, utilizamos o teste t para amostras independentes. O resultado mostrou que não houve diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os grupos, apesar da média da escola de tempo integral ser maior que o grupo da escola de tempo parcial.
Qualidade de vida no trabalho dos Técnicos Administrativos do IFPB/Campus Patos
Authors: Dantas Bárbara Birney Silva , Barbosa Erivaldo Moreira , Barbosa Maria de Fátima Nóbrega
Published: May 2021

A Qualidade de Vida no Trabalho (QVT) vem ganhando importância nas organizações modernas e instituições públicas, desde a década de 1990. O objetivo deste estudo é diagnosticar a percepção sobre QVT dos Técnicos Administrativos (TA’s) do Campus Patos do Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia da Paraíba (IFPB) e descrever seu sentindo para subsidiar a proposição de ações e melhorias para sua qualidade de vida no trabalho. Esta pesquisa caracteriza-se como um estudo de caso de natureza quantitativa, exploratória e descritiva. Aplicou-se um questionário constituído por dez itens com aspectos sociofuncionais (Gênero, Idade, Nível do Cargo, Nível Hierárquico, Faixa Salarial, Escolaridade, Número de Dependentes, Tempo de serviço, função gratificada e Filiação sindical) adaptado do Modelo Biopsicossocial e Organizacional BPSO-96, de Limongi-França. Os resultados apontam que em relação à dimensão organizacional, os sujeitos apresentam bons índices de satisfação, sendo os mais baixos em relação à dimensão biológica. A avaliação geral aponta nível regular de satisfação, indicando a necessidade de avanços na área, bem como uma política institucional mais efetiva.
Reflexões sobre a importância do aporte financeiro para a pesquisa científica brasileira com produtos naturais
Authors: Camargo Ricardo Botelho , Batisti Daniella Londero Silva , Souza Viviane Krominski Graça de , Neumann Marguit , Moritz Cristiane Mengue Feniman
Published: May 2021

Este trabalho propôs-se à uma reflexão sobre a importância do apoio financeiro para a pesquisa científica brasileira com produtos naturais. Foi realizada uma revisão da literatura com artigos científicos, leis federais, sites das agências de fomento à pesquisa e portais com assuntos relevantes ao tema. A cadeia de produtos naturais é ampla e com destaque para a aplicação de aplicação na indústria de alimentos, de fármacos e cosméticos. Muitos dos modelos industriais ainda trazem obtenção de matéria-prima e processos antagônicos aos modelos sustentáveis, pois entende-se que além dos produtos serem naturais, toda a cadeia deve ser sustentável, considerando as bases do desenvolvimento econômico, social e ambiental. Esse é um reflexo da mudança de mercado como consequência da conscientização dos consumidores e organizações sobre os aspectos de sustentabilidade, trazendo a luz o debate sobre temas como a Agenda 2030, os Objetivos para o Desenvolvimento Sustentável (ODS), o aproveitamento dos recursos naturais, a bioeconomia, sendo todos os assuntos pautados na necessidade de inovação e desenvolvimento. Dessa forma há uma demanda por parte do setor privado em relação a pesquisas aplicada com produtos naturais e para os laboratórios de pesquisas também há oportunidade de obtenção de recursos privados em detrimento aos recursos públicos. Portanto, torna-se fundamental os pesquisadores da linha de pesquisa de produtos naturais conhecerem as opões viáveis de aporte financeiro para darem continuidade às suas linhas de pesquisa, expandir seus grupos de pesquisas e buscarem parcerias com o setor público e privado.
Desafios enfrentados pelas pessoas com doença falciforme nas situações de crise: Entraves nos serviços de emergência
Authors: Lima Débora Silveira de , Figueiredo Sarah Vieira , Silva Ana Caroline Araujo da , Rodrigues Maria Eunice Nogueira Galeno , Vasconcelos Samila Sousa , Menezes Cláudia Patrícia da Silva Ribeiro , Custodio Lívia Lopes , Lima Leticia Alexandre , Silva Débora Pena Batista e , Costa Débora Cristina Couto Oliveira , Santos Macedônia Pinto dos , Gomes Ilvana Lima Verde
Published: May 2021

Objetivo: Identificar os desafios enfrentados por pessoas com doença falciforme na Rede de Atenção à Saúde. Método: estudo descritivo com abordagem qualitativa, realizada totalmente via aplicativo de mensagens instantâneas de texto e de áudio com 40 pessoas, por meio de uma entrevista estruturada questionando quanto à satisfação dos participantes em relação à assistência que recebiam durante as crises de dor. Resultado: A média de idade foi de 18,7 com prevalência da cor parda. Constatou-se que 85% do público dirige-se às instituições públicas durante as crises de dor. Percebeu-se, também, que poucos profissionais compreendem a doença falciforme e, por isso, prestam uma assistência de baixa qualidade. Conclusão: percebeu-se que o maior desafio enfrentado pelos participantes foi a insatisfação quanto ao atual modelo assistencial principalmente nas instituições públicas faz-se necessário um investimento na capacitação dos profissionais de saúde nos diferentes níveis de assistência, para que o cuidado seja integral e eficaz.
Formação para a prática de cuidado em oncologia nos cursos de ciências da saúde: revisão integrativa
Authors: Cavalcante Clara Beatriz Teixeira Lima , Corrêa Vanessa de Almeida Ferreira , Nunciaroni Andressa Teoli , Souza Sônia Regina de , Vasconcellos Juliana Abreu de
Published: May 2021

Objetivo: Identificar, na literatura, as estratégias de ensino para a prática de cuidado em oncologia nos cursos de graduação da área da saúde. Metodologia: Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa nas bases de dados: LILACS; BDENF; MEDLINE; CINAHL e Web of Science, publicados no período de 2014 a 2020. Utilizou-se os descritores: Ciências da Saúde; Oncologia; Avaliação do Ensino e Universidades (Pesquisados no DeCS). Education, Graduate; Oncology and Universities (Pesquisados no MESH). 11 estudos compuseram o escopo da presente revisão. Resultados: Identificou-se 08 estratégias de ensino-aprendizagem, são elas: aulas teóricas e práticas; formação complementar através de cursos e disciplinas eletivas; uso de metodologias ativas através da discussão de casos, seminários e atividades educativas junto à população; e ligas acadêmicas. Quanto às estratégias de ensino voltadas aos princípios e diretrizes da Política Nacional para a Prevenção e Controle do Câncer na Rede de Atenção à Saúde, identificou-se as abordagens de: Promoção da saúde, prevenção e diagnóstico do câncer; tratamento e cuidados paliativos. Destaca-se que não se identificou estratégias de ensino voltadas às ações de detecção precoce, vigilância, monitoramento e avaliação. Conclusão: Salienta-se a necessidade de mais estudos na área, com o objetivo de promover a discussão de estratégias de ensino nos cursos de graduação da saúde que atendam aos princípios e diretrizes da Política Nacional para a Prevenção e Controle do Câncer na Rede de Atenção à Saúde das Pessoas com Doenças Crônicas no âmbito do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS).
Acesso aos serviços de saúde bucal de crianças e adolescentes com deficiência em um município de grande porte do Nordeste do Brasil
Authors: Massoni Andreza Cristina de Lima Targino , Viana Murilo Áquila de Oliveira , Porto Érika , Lima Álisson Thiago , Santos Pablo Jardel de Oliveira , Dantas Lydiane dos Santos
Published: May 2021

Objetivo: Identificar o acesso aos serviços de saúde bucal e as dificuldades no atendimento odontológico de crianças e adolescentes com deficiência, institucionalizados, em Campina Grande, PB. Métodos: Realizou-se uma pesquisa observacional, descritiva, quantitativa, do tipo transversal com cuidadores de crianças e adolescentes com deficiência, que frequentavam a APAE-CG. Os dados foram analisados através de técnicas de estatística descritiva por distribuições absolutas e percentuais. Resultados: Observou-se que 64,6% das crianças e adolescentes já haviam sido levadas ao Dentista, sendo o serviço mais buscado, a Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF) (58,0%). 67,9% afirmaram não ter encontrado dificuldades de acesso. Entre os que relataram ter dificuldade, a queixa principal referiu-se à recusa do profissional da ESF em atender pacientes com deficiência (52,9%). Conclusão: A maioria das crianças e adolescentes, usuários da APAE-CG, já havia sido levada ao Dentista. A queixa principal quando do não atendimento, referiu-se à recusa dos profissionais da ESF.
O direito à recusa de tratamento e o papiloma escamoso oral: Relato de caso
Authors: Nascimento Anna Danielly Almeida do , Borges Beatriz Santos , Pereira Fernanda Teles , Santos Cristianne de Barros , Frade Angélica Lopes , Holanda Laís Azevedo Lins de , Souza Mayara Larissa Moura de , Castelo Branco Isabela Vicência Menezes , Araújo Maria Gabriela Cavalcanti de , Oliveira Juliana Cavalcante de , Melo Maria Cecília Freire de , Macedo Thuanny Silva de , Matos Fátima Cristina Mendes , Vidal Aurora Karla de Lacerda
Published: May 2021

O Papiloma Escamoso oral é uma neoplasia benigna de origem epitelial, bastante comum, associado à infecção pelo Papiloma Vírus Humano (HPV). Clinicamente apresenta-se como nódulo exofítico, mole, indolor e geralmente pedunculado, com aspecto verrucoso/papilomatoso. Esse trabalho tem por objetivo relatar um caso de uma paciente com diagnóstico clínico e histopatológico de papiloma escamoso oral de grande dimensão, com focos de displasia epitelial moderada, localizado em mucosa jugal e face interna de lábios do lado direito. O tratamento inicialmente indicado foi a excisão cirúrgica e, posteriormente a excisão cirúrgica com reconstrução plástica, porém a paciente em decorrência de questões sociais, medo e ausência de apoio familiar, mesmo sabendo dos riscos de transformação maligna da lesão recusou o tratamento.  Apesar da necessidade de tratamento a paciente possui autonomia para tomada de decisões e o direito à recusa de tratamento é reconhecido pelo Código Civil brasileiro como um dos direitos da personalidade. Respeitar a autonomia da paciente caracteriza um sistema de saúde humanizado e constitui um dos principais desafios enfrentados pelos profissionais de saúde.
White matter abnormalities of the brain: similar to multiple sclerosis in adolescence
Authors: Tolentino Júnior Dilceu Silveira , Santos Sandra Neres , Araújo Aquiles Castro , Marques Arlanjo Bispo de Sousa , Farias Kleise Pinheiro , Souza André Barbosa , Oliveira Roberto Carlos de
Published: May 2021

Also known as Devic's disease, neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is an autoimmune inflammatory disease that affects the central nervous system, considerably similar to multiple sclerosis (MS). This study aimed to compare the similarities of the clinical feature presented with similar cases found in the medical literature, addressing the symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. This is a descriptive, retrospective, and qualitative study, done through the technique of direct observation. An adolescent male patient came to our service complaining of weakness in the lower limbs and urinary retention and, subsequently, urinary incontinence, during hospitalization. After undergoing magnetic resonance imaging of the skull, a large lesion with a demyelinating characteristic was evident through the T2 and FLAIR sequences, hyperintense in the white matter of the right cerebral hemisphere, with the exuberant enhancement of the contrasted image. Subsequently, he presented weakness in the left dimidium of the body, with progressive worsening in some days, with the impossibility of walking. The treatment was initiated with pulse therapy of methylprednisolone and interferon beta, obtaining an excellent clinical control of the disease. Thus, diagnostic confirmation was only possible thanks to the identification of a single brain white matter lesion through imaging and serological examination, which constituted a tool of great importance for the differential diagnosis that made it possible to exclude multiple sclerosis and allowed the establishment of timely treatment for neuromyelitis optica.
Working memory, attention and their relationship: A theoretical overview
Authors: Angelopoulou Effrosyni , Drigas Athanasios
Published: May 2021

It is broadly agreed that working memory and attention constitute two significant cognitive skills that are closely related. Their relationship has been proved to be intertwined and has attracted intense research interest. It is worth noting that, due to the growth of cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging studies, there have been many fruitful steps towards further interpreting this link between working memory and attention. In this article, there has been an attempt to explore the concept of working memory and attention and delineate several theoretical options for conceptualizing their relationship. Furthermore, in this article, many neuroscientific aspects of working memory, attention, and their relationship are presented to inform the readers about these concepts and motivate them to deepen their understanding of working memory and attention. Simultaneously, the present article highlights the importance of working memory, attention, and their relationship for the individuals’ proper cognitive function and, generally, their function and attitude in daily life.
Lace Canvas: Method of Modular Design of Costume
Authors: Zelenova Yu. , Korobtseva N. , Barysheva V.
Published: May 2021

In this article, the author examines the modular methodology for designing a suit as a way to transform the shape and structure of a suit with minimal expenditure of time and financial resources, which determines the great potential of the modular methodology in the field of suit design. The main task of the study is to provide analytical substantiation of the existing modular design of a suit from lace fabrics and the development of modular design of a suit from lace, lace fabrics and lace-like structures. The adaptation of a modular methodology in designing a suit using lace, lace fabrics and lace-like structures was carried out for the subsequent development and improvement in the design of costumes from lace, which was chosen as the basis of the empirical design method. This allows the research results to be included in the designer’s scientific base for developing a suit from modules using additive technologies. In the article, the author discloses the principles of designing a suit from lacy modular elements by changing the configuration of modules (flat module, volumetric module), which, in turn, are divided into subcategories. The systems for connecting modules into a canvas (in accordance with the geometry of the ornamental mesh, based on the theory of A.V. Shubnikov; according to the principle of unsystematicity and the principle of linear arrangement of modules) and the types of connecting modules in a suit made of lace and lace-like structures (“butt”, “overlay”, “оn the edge”, “figure”). As a result of the study, an algorithm for the method of modular design of costumes from lace, lace fabrics and lace-like structures is proposed, on the basis of which the author's sketches are presented using a modular method of designing costumes from lace fabrics.
Contemporary Industrial Policy: Technological Transfer
Authors: Gorin E.
Published: May 2021

The role of the modernization process of a contemporary industrial enterprise and the mechanisms for ensuring technological transfer are considered. The features of the functioning of the enterprise as a system-forming socio-economic element that sets the technological level of the national economy are discussed. The increasing importance of the community team as a generator of new needs and a conductor of an innovative product in real production is considered. The analysis of the influence of various factors on the innovative activity of industrial enterprises of St. Petersburg is presented, and the mechanisms of innovative activation are proposed.
Outsourcing for Small Businesses in Russia
Authors: Nakonechnaya T. , Artemyeva D. , Elizarieva A. , Stepanova N.
Published: May 2021

The criteria of small business entities and their indicators are considered. The outsourcing company significantly reduces the costs associated with the maintenance of the accounting department. The accounting company is liable to the entrepreneur within the framework of the concluded agreement. In Russia, the main target audience is microbusiness, which has relatively simple accounting.
Developing Foreign Language Motivation in the Context of Competency-based Approach
Authors: Takenova Zh.
Published: May 2021

The subject of the research is language teaching process, theoretical and practical validity of the competency-based approach as the most effective approach in forming positive and sustainable motivation to foreign language learning. The purpose of the work is development of motivation to language learning, forming multilaterally developed linguistic individual through integration of competency-based approach in the teaching process. The research results obtained confirm the efficiency of competency-based approach in teaching and efficacy of using activities within this approach which enable to increase non-linguistic specialty students’ interest and sustainable motivation to language learning. Moreover, the research results indicate that competency-based approach, its result-orientation on necessary conditions facilitate long-term motivation and productivity of language proficiency.
Modern Methods of Teaching a Foreign Language at a Non-linguistic University
Authors: Burhonova G.
Published: May 2021

The new requirements for student’s education, which assume that they have relevant professional competencies, including foreign language communicative competence, actualize research attention to different approaches, technologies and conditions aimed at improving the quality of higher education. The article considers some innovative methods of teaching a foreign language at a non-linguistic university. On the basis of the conducted research, the author proves the need for innovative pedagogical technologies that would be effective and contribute to the progressive development of pedagogical science and prepare students for future professional activities.
Factors Shaping Social Debt and Feelings of Pride During Adolescence
Authors: Eshmuradov E. , Mamatova U.
Published: May 2021

The problem of forming a sense of social debt and pride in adolescents is of a social nature. Consequently, the formation of a sense of social debt and pride in adolescents encourages them to work selflessly for the prosperity of the Motherland, the prosperity of the country and the well-being of the people. The article discusses the factors that shape social debt, pride, social environment, humanity, pride and sense of value in adolescents.
Priorities and Implementation of US Foreign Policy by the D. Trump Administration
Authors: Khlopov O.
Published: May 2021

The article analyzes the phenomenon of the foreign policy presidency of D. Trump. Based on the approach of neorealism theory to the analysis of foreign policy, it is pointed to the significance of four variables in implementing foreign policy: the peculiarities of the perception by the heads of foreign policy, the strategic culture of the United States, the relations between the state and the society, and the role of domestic state institutions. The author concludes that the Trump administration eliminated a number of obstacles to unilateral foreign policy, putting America first. Trump and his administration were able to coined and launch a significant number of political initiatives that were contrary to the established priorities of the US foreign policy, but not all of the declared intentions had been implemented. However, this does not mean that the administration of Joe Baden will radically revise the main foreign policy ideas of the previous administration.
Socio-Cultural Processes in the Surkhandarya Region at the Beginning of the Twentieth Century
Authors: Kholmuminov Kh.
Published: May 2021

This article highlights the peculiar features of the demographic processes of the population of the Surkhan oasis in the Soviet period, which is considered the southern region of Uzbekistan. Also, on the basis of the data of the commission that carried out work on the zoning of Central Asia, the issues of demographic location, the level of social life and migration of the population were highlighted, in addition, the problems arising as a result of incomplete provision of activities were highlighted, which include issues of the social lifestyle of the population, provision of housing and cultural — educational and educational institutions.
John Leigh, Lydia Becker and their shared botanical interests
Authors: Antonovics Janis , Gibby Mary , Hood Michael E.
Published: May 2021

This article examines the relationship between John Leigh (1812–1888) and Lydia Becker (1827–1890). Leigh was a prominent figure in the scientific circles of Manchester in the mid-nineteenth century and the city's Medical Officer for Health. Becker was a botanist and Leigh's second cousin. She corresponded with Charles Darwin and became a pioneer in the women's suffrage movement. Previous studies have argued that Leigh patronized and discouraged Becker's botanical interests. However, newly-discovered correspondence shows that Leigh respected her abilities and encouraged her development as a botanist, including attendance at the British Association for the Advancement of Science meetings where she presented one of the first scientific papers by a female botanist in Britain. While social and institutional norms in the Victorian era discouraged women from entering science, these norms could be transgressed in interactions involving specific individuals.
Geneva, natural history and the art of observing
Authors: Ducheyne Steffen
Published: May 2021

According to the naturalist Charles Bonnet (1720–1793), an “art of observing” was sorely needed to stimulate further progress in natural history. Although he never published on the subject, Bonnet proposed a prize competition on the “art of observing” to Hollandsche Maatschappij der Wetenschappen (the Dutch Society of Sciences) in Haarlem of which he was a member. Jean Senebier, a pastor and librarian who later became a skilled scientific observer in his own right, took part in this competition (1768) with an essay on the art of observing that influenced, embodied and codified the advanced scientific observational practices of the Genevan naturalists in the eighteenth century.
Marcgrave's red-tailed monkey: the earliest European depiction of a titi monkey
Authors: Garbino Guilherme S. T. , Aquino Carla Cristina de , Beltrão-mendes Raone
Published: May 2021

Among the approximately 40 species of mammals described in Historia naturalis Brasiliae by Willem Piso and Georg Marcgrave, the identity of the monkey “cagui major” has been one of the most controversial. Authors have identified Marcgrave's “cagui major” as a tamarin, a saki monkey, a squirrel monkey, a titi monkey and even as an Old-World monkey. Based on a watercolour, probably related to the original illustration that served as basis for the “cagui major” woodcut, we confirm that it depicts a titi monkey ( Callicebus). By comparing the pelage characteristics shown in the drawing and some measurements and pelage characteristics described in Historia naturalis Brasiliae, we confirm that the species depicted was Callicebus melanochir that occurs today in southern Bahia and northeastern Minas Gerais states, outside the range of the Dutch possessions in Brazil.
Charles Livesey Walton (1881–1953): from marine to veterinary to agricultural zoology
Authors: Moore P. G. , Williams R. B.
Published: May 2021

Charles Livesey Walton (1881–1953) was born on the Isle of Man, but moved in childhood via Yorkshire to the south coast of Pembrokeshire (Wales). Later, having become a man of private means, he relocated to Devon. He was associated with the Marine Biological Laboratory of the United Kingdom in Plymouth from 1907 until 1912, where he developed expertise on sea anemones. His first publication was on these animals, in 1907 with Professor Herbert John Fleure of the University College of Wales, Aberystwyth, where he eventually gained employment in 1912. There, he changed course to work on various aspects of veterinary and agricultural zoology, themes he pursued at the University College of North Wales, Bangor. He considered his major contribution to have been his work there on “liver rot” (fasciolosis) in sheep, carried out from 1919 and during the economic depression of the 1920s. As a marine zoologist, he is probably best known for his co-authorship of The biology of the sea-shore (1922) with Frederick William Flattely. He moved from Bangor in 1927 to the Long Ashton Research Station, University of Bristol, as an agricultural entomologist. As part of a multidisciplinary team there, he developed and tested chemical treatments against a wide variety of plant pests and diseases. Retiring to St David's, Pembrokeshire, he catalogued plants of the peninsula. Walton apparently never married. The comprehensive bibliography presented here constitutes an appropriate memorial alongside his influential final book, Farmers' warfare (1947).
The 1845–46 and 1766–68 eruptions at Hekla volcano: new lava volume estimates, historical accounts and emplacement dynamics
Authors: Vestergaard Rikke , Pedersen Gro Birkefeldt Møller , Tegner Christian
Published: May 2021

We use new remote sensing data, historical reports, petrology and estimates of viscosity based on geochemical data to illuminate the lava emplacement flow-lines and vent structure changes of the summit ridge of Hekla during the large eruptions of 1845–46 and 1766–68. Based on the planimetric method we estimate the bulk volumes of these eruptions close to 0.4 km³ and 0.7 km³, respectively. However, comparison with volume estimates from the well-recorded 1947–48 eruption, indicates that the planimetric method appears to underestimate the lava bulk volumes by 40–60\%. Hence, the true bulk volumes are more likely 0.5–0.6 km³ and 1.0–1.2 km³, respectively. Estimated melt viscosity averages for the 1766–68 eruption amount to 2.5×10² Pa s (pre-eruptive) and 2.5×10³ Pa s (degassed), and for the 1845–46 eruption 2.2×10² Pa s (pre-eruptive) and 1.9×10³ Pa s (degassed). Pre-eruptive magmas are about one order of magnitude more fluid than degassed magmas. In the 1845–46 and 1947–48 eruptions, SiO$_2$ decreased from 58–57 to 55–54 wt\% agreeing with a conventional model that Hekla erupts from a large, layered magma chamber with the most evolved (silicarich) magmas at the top. In contrast, the lava-flows from 1766–68 reveal a more complicated SiO$_2$ trend. The lava fields emplaced in 1766 to the south have SiO$_2$ values 54.9–56.5\%, while the Hringlandahraun lava-flow that erupted from younger vents on the NE end of the Hekla ridge in March 1767 has higher SiO2 of 57.8\%. This shows that the layered magma chamber model is not suitable for all lava-flows emplaced during Hekla eruptions.
The analog seismogram archives of Iceland: Scanning and preservation for future research
Authors: Einarsson Páll , Jakobsson Sigurður
Published: May 2021

The history of seismography in Iceland began in 1909 with the installation of one horizontal Mainka seismograph in Reykjavík. Following a period of intermittent operation, regular operation was initiated in 1925 with the establishment of the Icelandic Meteorological Office. The number of stations increased gradually over the following decades, and in the sixties, four stations were in operation. The number of permanent stations proliferated following the Heimaey eruption in 1973 and during most of the eighties the number of stations was 40–50. The first digital seismograph stations were installed in 1990 and the analog seismic network was gradually replaced by digital stations over the next two decades. Between 1910 and 1920 the number of seismograms grew to an estimated 300,000. A four-year project to make this record collection accessible on the internet has been initiated and funded. So far around 175,000 seismograms have been scanned and the results are available and free for download on the open website seismis.hi.is. The seismograms are scanned with a resolution of 300 dpi and presented on the website as jpg-, and png-file. The high-resolution files are on the order of 4–8 Mb each. Digitization of the seismic traces has not been attempted since most of the seismograms are from short-period instruments and the waveforms are already lost. In addition to numerous teleseismic body-wave-phases, the record collection contains primary data from various tectonic and magmatic events in Iceland during the last century. This includes eruptions of Hekla in 1947, 1970, 1980–81, 1991 and 2000, Surtsey in 1963–1967, Heimaey in 1973, Askja in 1961, Grímsvötn in 1934, 1983, 1998, and 2004, Gjálp in 1996, rifting episode at Krafla in 1975–1984, persistent seismic activity of the Bárðarbunga and Katla volcanoes, numerous suspected subglacial magmatic events, earthquake swarms on the Reykjanes Peninsula Oblique Rift and within the Tjörnes Fracture Zone, and earthquake sequences in the transform zones of South and North Iceland and adjacent segments of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
Fostering glacier termini
Authors: Hannesdottir Hrafnhildur , Sigurdsson Oddur , Einarsson Bergur , Gudmundsson Snaevarr
Published: May 2021

The article presents an overview of the history of the monitoring programme of glacier termini fluctuations in Iceland. The programme was initiated by meteorologist Jón Eyþórsson in 1930, and the measurements
were initially carried out by local farmers. In recent decades, the measurements have been conducted by volunteers of the Iceland Glaciological Society with a very diverse professional background. Every autumn, the distance to the glacier terminus has been measured from a reference post, usually marked with a cairn and/or a metal pole. Glacier terminus variations in Iceland since 1930 show a clear relationship with climate changes. The terminus variations data set also contains information about the surges of many glaciers.
Fmoc-PEG Coated Single-Wall Carbon Nanotube Carriers by Non-covalent Functionalization: An Experimental and Molecular Dynamics Study
Authors: Yeniyurt Yesim , Kilic Sila , Güner-Yılmaz Ö. Zeynep , Bozoglu Serdar , Meran Mehdi , Baysak Elif , Kurkcuoglu Ozge , Hizal Gurkan , Karatepe Nilgun , Batirel Saime , Güner F. Seniha
Published: May 2021

Due to their structural characteristics at the nanoscale level, single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), hold great promise for applications in biomedicine such as drug delivery systems. Herein, a novel single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT)-based drug delivery system was developed by conjugation of various Fmoc-amino acid bearing polyethylene glycol (PEG) chains (Mw = 2,000, 5,000, and 12,000). In the first step, full-atom molecular dynamics simulations (MD) were performed to identify the most suitable Fmoc-amino acid for an effective surface coating of SWNT. Fmoc-glycine, Fmoc-tryptophan, and Fmoc-cysteine were selected to attach to the PEG polymer. Here, Fmoc-cysteine and -tryptophan had better average interaction energies with SWNT with a high number of aromatic groups, while Fmoc-glycine provided a non-aromatic control. In the experimental studies, non-covalent modification of SWNTs was achieved by Fmoc-amino acid-bearing PEG chains. The remarkably high amount of Fmoc-glycine-PEG, Fmoc-tryptophan-PEG, and Fmoc-cysteine-PEG complexes adsorbed onto the SWNT surface, as was assessed via thermogravimetric and UV-vis spectroscopy analyses. Furthermore, Fmoc-cysteine-PEG5000 and Fmoc-cysteine-PEG12000 complexes displayed longer suspension time in deionized water, up to 1 and 5 week, respectively, underlying the ability of these surfactants to effectively disperse SWNTs in an aqueous environment. In vitro cell viability assays on human dermal fibroblast cells also showed the low cytotoxicity of these two samples, even at high concentrations. In conclusion, synthesized nanocarriers have a great potential for drug delivery systems, with high loading capacity, and excellent complex stability in water critical for biocompatibility.
Pepblock Builder VR – An Open-Source Tool for Gaming-Based Bio-Edutainment in Interactive Protein Design
Authors: Yallapragada Venkata V. B. , Xu Tianshu , Walker Sidney P. , Tabirca Sabin , Tangney Mark
Published: May 2021

Proteins mediate and perform various fundamental functions of life. This versatility of protein function is an attribute of its 3D structure. In recent years, our understanding of protein 3D structure has been complemented with advances in computational and mathematical tools for protein modelling and protein design. 3D molecular visualisation is an essential part in every protein design and protein modelling workflow. Over the years, stand-alone and web-based molecular visualisation tools have been used to emulate three-dimensional view on computers. The advent of virtual reality provided the scope for immersive control of molecular visualisation. While these technologies have significantly improved our insights into protein modelling, designing new proteins with a defined function remains a complicated process. Current tools to design proteins lack user-interactivity and demand high computational skills. In this work, we present the Pepblock Builder VR, a gaming-based molecular visualisation tool for bio-edutainment and understanding protein design. Simulating the concepts of protein design and incorporating gaming principles into molecular visualisation promotes effective game-based learning. Unlike traditional sequence-based protein design and fragment-based stitching, the Pepblock Builder VR provides a building block style environment for complex structure building. This provides users a unique visual structure building experience. Furthermore, the inclusion of virtual reality to the Pepblock Builder VR brings immersive learning and provides users with “being there” experience in protein visualisation. The Pepblock Builder VR works both as a stand-alone and VR-based application, and with a gamified user interface, the Pepblock Builder VR aims to expand the horizons of scientific data generation to the masses.
The Role and Mechanism of ATM-Mediated Autophagy in the Transition From Hyper-Radiosensitivity to Induced Radioresistance in Lung Cancer Under Low-Dose Radiation
Authors: Wang Qiong , Chen Yangyang , Chang Haiyan , Hu Ting , Wang Jue , Xie Yuxiu , Cheng Jing
Published: May 2021

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effect of ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM)–mediated autophagy on the radiosensitivity of lung cancer cells under low-dose radiation and to further investigate the role of ATM and its specific mechanism in the transition from hyper-radiosensitivity (HRS) to induced radioresistance (IRR).

Methods: The changes in the HRS/IRR phenomenon in A549 and H460 cells were verified by colony formation assay. Changes to ATM phosphorylation and cell autophagy in A549 and H460 cells under different low doses of radiation were examined by western blot, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and electron microscopy. ATM expression was knocked down by short interfering RNA (siRNA) transfection, and ATM-regulated molecules related to autophagy pathways were screened by transcriptome sequencing analysis. The detection results were verified by PCR and western blot. The differential metabolites were screened by transcriptome sequencing and verified by colony formation assay and western blot. The nude mouse xenograft model was used to verify the results of the cell experiments.

Results: (1) A549 cells with high expression of ATM showed positive HRS/IRR, whereas H460 cells with low expression of ATM showed negative HRS/IRR. After the expression of ATM decreased, the HRS phenomenon in A549 cells increased, and the radiosensitivity of H460 cells also increased. This phenomenon was associated with the increase in the autophagy-related molecules phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (p-JNK) and autophagy/Beclin 1 regulator 1 (AMBRA1). (2) DL-Norvaline, a product of carbon metabolism in cells, inhibited autophagy in A549 cells under low-dose radiation. DL-Norvaline increased the expression levels of ATM, JNK, and AMBRA1 in A549 cells. (3) Mouse experiments confirmed the regulatory role of ATM in autophagy and metabolism and its function in HRS/IRR.

Conclusion: ATM may influence autophagy through p-JNK and AMBRA1 to participate in the regulation of the HRS/IRR phenomenon. Autophagy interacts with the cellular carbon metabolite DL-Norvaline to participate in regulating the low-dose radiosensitivity of cells.
Mitochondrial DNA Depletion in Granulosa Cell Derived Nuclear Transfer Tissues
Authors: Bebbere Daniela , Ulbrich Susanne E. , Giller Katrin , Zakhartchenko Valeri , Reichenbach Horst-Dieter , Reichenbach Myriam , Verma Paul J. , Wolf Eckhard , Ledda Sergio , Hiendleder Stefan
Published: May 2021

Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is a key technology with broad applications that range from production of cloned farm animals to derivation of patient-matched stem cells or production of humanized animal organs for xenotransplantation. However, effects of aberrant epigenetic reprogramming on gene expression compromise cell and organ phenotype, resulting in low success rate of SCNT. Standard SCNT procedures include enucleation of recipient oocytes before the nuclear donor cell is introduced. Enucleation removes not only the spindle apparatus and chromosomes of the oocyte but also the perinuclear, mitochondria rich, ooplasm. Here, we use a Bos taurus SCNT model with in vitro fertilized (IVF) and in vivo conceived controls to demonstrate a ∼50% reduction in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in the liver and skeletal muscle, but not the brain, of SCNT fetuses at day 80 of gestation. In the muscle, we also observed significantly reduced transcript abundances of mtDNA-encoded subunits of the respiratory chain. Importantly, mtDNA content and mtDNA transcript abundances correlate with hepatomegaly and muscle hypertrophy of SCNT fetuses. Expression of selected nuclear-encoded genes pivotal for mtDNA replication was similar to controls, arguing against an indirect epigenetic nuclear reprogramming effect on mtDNA amount. We conclude that mtDNA depletion is a major signature of perturbations after SCNT. We further propose that mitochondrial perturbation in interaction with incomplete nuclear reprogramming drives abnormal epigenetic features and correlated phenotypes, a concept supported by previously reported effects of mtDNA depletion on the epigenome and the pleiotropic phenotypic effects of mtDNA depletion in humans. This provides a novel perspective on the reprogramming process and opens new avenues to improve SCNT protocols for healthy embryo and tissue development.