bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Risky business: expanding the discussion on risk and the extended enterprise
Authors: Spekman Robert E. , Davis Edward W.
Published: July 2004

The notion of risk is receiving greater attention in research on supply chain management by academics and practitioners alike. As firms collaborate and combine forces to compete as extended enterprises against other integrated supply chains, risk is linked to the interdependence among supply chain partners. Academic interests appear to focus mostly on the risks associated with logistics and its impact on the timely delivery of goods. Beyond these concerns, the events of 9/11 have heightened consideration for supply chain risks related to possible security breaches and terrorism. This paper highlights six areas of supply chain‐related risks. It discusses these risks at length, showing how they are endemic to the extended enterprise, and attempts to develop a typology for categorizing them. It also addresses the implications for supply chain managers as they balance a concern for risk with their efforts to search for, select, nurture, and manage their set of supply chain partners.
Creating environments that support peer education: experiences from HIV/AIDS‐prevention in South Africa
Authors: Campbell Catherine
Published: July 2004

It is generally agreed that social environments influence the success of health education but there is less agreement about what constitutes a health‐enabling community context. Focuses on the processes underlying successful peer education. Outlines a case study conducted by the author of a schools‐based peer education and condom distribution programme for HIV prevention in a school setting. Identifies a number of obstacles to the development of new peer norms, youth empowerment and critical thinking that are essential preconditions for programmes success. Notes that the research concluded that one important reason for the failure of HIV‐prevention programmes lies in the over‐optimism of those who believe that peer education programmes can change behviour in marginalized communities in the absence of appropriate partnerships. Programme success is unlikely without parallel efforts to create supportive social environments, through building alliances between peer educators and more influential groups.
Strategies to improve the frequency and coverage of skin self examination conducted in small communities
Authors: Balanda Kevin P. , Lowe John B. , Stanton Warren R. , Clavarino Alexandra M. , Del Mar Christopher B. , Gillespie Amaya M.
Published: July 2004

A three group randomised control trial assessed the impact of a self‐help booklet and a community skin check competition on the frequency and coverage of skin examinations conducted upon Queenslanders who already report that they check their skin. Attitudinal and behavioural measures were collected in pre‐test and post‐test postal surveys.
Bringing health care to schools: first phase evaluation of the Bodyzone Project
Authors: Carlson Cindy , Peckham Stephen
Published: July 2004

Adolescent health service provision is an area of growing concern in the UK, where a number of studies have indicated that young people in their teenage years find accessing formal health services difficult. The Bodyzone Project in Oxfordshire is an innovative programme aimed at bringing health services into schools to ensure greater accessibility. This paper reports on the first phase of a programme of evaluation of the Bodyzone Project, involving a cross‐sectional study. Methods used were both qualitative and quantitative to explore student knowledge, attitudes and behaviours with regards to health issues, health services and the Bodyzone service. The results of the study indicate that Bodyzone is a valued service for those who use it and by schools where it is based. However, there is also a clear indication of unmet health promotion and service need amongst students of those schools, which the current configuration of Bodyzone is not able to address fully.
Brand‐country of origin (COO) knowledge and COO image: investigation in an emerging franchise market
Authors: Paswan Audhesh K. , Sharma Dheeraj
Published: July 2004

This study investigates the relationship between accuracy of brand‐country of origin (COO) knowledge and COO image, in a franchising context. Accuracy of brand‐COO knowledge is found to be positively related to COO image. Inaccurate brand‐COO knowledge leads to a confusing and somewhat negative image about COO. In addition, antecedents to the brand‐COO knowledge are also investigated. Factors such as social class, education and travel abroad positively influence brand‐COO knowledge. This investigation, conducted in an emerging market, holds interesting research and managerial implications, especially for multinational franchisors.
Effective access: teachers' use of digital resources (research in progress)
Authors: Carlson Bethany , Reidy Sharon
Published: July 2004

In this paper, the authors describe the need for a better understanding of the cognitive frameworks used by high school science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) educators as they search for digital resources and conceptualize the integration of digital resources into their teaching. We outline our research methodologies, summarize preliminary results, and discuss how our outcomes will influence how digital resources are developed for educators across all disciplines in the future.
Using OCLC Connexion to find typographical errors in authority records
Authors: Beall Jeffrey
Published: July 2004

Typographical errors exist in bibliographic and authority records and can hinder patron access to library materials. Until recently, a widely available systematic approach to finding typographical errors in authority records did not exist. OCLC Connexion provides a keyword search capability of the Library of Congress Authority File, allowing librarians to find and report typographical errors in authority records. With some modifications, a list of common typographical errors in bibliographic records can be used to create a similar list for authority records. This effort will contribute to reducing the number of typographical errors in authority records.
Developing a digital archive with limited resources
Authors: Sennema Greg
Published: July 2004

This article describes how a small liberal arts college library created a digital library using existing staff and financial resources. The Hekman Digital Archive (HDA) was created using a digital media archive module of the library's integrated library system, and is maintained by one library staff member with the help of numerous student assistants.
Review of three books by university presidents
Authors: Scott Robert
Published: July 2004

Presidential books vary in range and scope. They include memoirs, collections of essays on common or similar themes, topical and exploratory books that examine a single topic and collections of speeches and essays prepared for different audiences. The three books reviewed represent two of these types, and exemplify the effectiveness of each. The books are critiqued and a summary of each is provided.
No tears for a dying system, please!
Authors: Baskin Ken
Published: July 2004

Pressure for committees to buy only texts that met their demands for acceptable language and topics has resulted in a degree of censorship. This process took on a life of its own, and the initial noble purpose became transformed into an exercise in exerting the power to enforce one's point of view. According to the author of this book, topics now deemed unacceptable are abortion, death or disease, disrespectful behavior, evolution, expensive consumer goods, social problems such as addiction or racial prejudice. It is noted that no educational research supports such prohibitions, but because the topics upset some adults, it is assumed they will upset children in the same way. Most people would agree that the purpose of teaching literature should be to let children explore the best literature in the hope they will develop a life‐long, life‐enriching love of it
Broadband takes off: finally cruising the information superhighway
Authors: Halal William E.
Published: July 2004

Uses the recent penetration of broadband through the 30 percent adoption level to explore its likely impact on society. Drawing on a variety of trend data and examples like South Korea where broadband is used by 75 percent of the population, briefly examines the rise of e‐commerce, entertainment on demand, distance education, telemedicine, and bringing developing nations online. After a long delay, it seems that the promise of cruising down the information superhighway may soon become a reality.
Pepper spray
Authors: Adang Otto M.J. , Mensink Jos
Published: July 2004

The paper presents data on street trials held with pepper spray in four police forces in The Netherlands and compares these with other research findings, specifically with regard to the safety and effectiveness of pepper spray and the position of pepper spray in the use‐of‐force continuum. There is little doubt that the use of Oleoresin Capsicum can be a real bonus in situations where suspects have some sort of impact weapon or are violent. However, designating pepper spray as the preferred option in situations where suspects are verbally resistive seems unreasonable and could even be seen as a form of abuse. The solution to safe and responsible police interventions in potentially dangerous situations should not be sought one‐sidedly in technology, but also in improving tactical and technical skills of police officers.
Rural, small town, and metropolitan police in New Zealand
Authors: Winfree L. Thomas , Taylor Terrance J.
Published: July 2004

Explorations of the police work world in the USA typically involve non‐random, unrepresentative samples of widely dispersed law enforcement agencies. Questions about officer selection, training and performance standards make comparisons of agency‐based studies – especially among large city, small town, and rural law enforcers – difficult. In the present study, unique region‐specific comparisons (i.e. metropolitan vs small‐town vs rural duty stations) of the New Zealand Police (NZP) add to this body of knowledge for several reasons. First, the sample includes both sworn and non‐sworn personnel, a rarity in US policing studies. Second, the “police agency” under study is a unified, national policing organization. This fact minimizes the vagaries of recruitment, selection and training found in the USA. Third, the data represents a random stratified sample of all official personnel who provide a wide range of police‐related services in New Zealand, achieving a level of representativeness that is rare in police studies. Fourth, the shared common law tradition and more recent focus on community‐oriented policing provide a unique opportunity to examine topics relevant to both New Zealand and the USA. The policy and practical implications of the findings are discussed.
Online IR system evaluation: online databases versus Web search engines
Authors: Xie Hong (Iris)
Published: July 2004

This study evaluated two different types of online information retrieval (IR) systems: online databases and Web search engines, in terms of user generated criteria. It also compares four types of Web search engines: directories, search engines, meta‐search engines, and specialized search engines. The results show that three elements are essential to users in the evaluation of online IR systems: interface design, system performance and collection coverage. While participants preferred the ease of use and intuitive interfaces of Web search engines, they also liked the credible and useful information offered by online databases. Based on the discussion of advantages and problems of online databases and Web search engines, implications of for the design of IR systems are further suggested.
Actuarial Fairness of Crop Insurance Rates with Constant Rate Relativities
Authors: Babcock Bruce A. , Hart Chad E. , Hayes Dermot J.
Published: July 2004

Increased availability and demand for low‐deductible crop insurance policies have increased focus on crop insurance rating methods. Actuarial fairness cannot be achieved if constant multiplicative factors are used to determine how premiums change as coverage levels increase. A comparison of premium rates generated by the factors used by the two most popular crop insurance products with those generated by a standard yield distribution shows that the popular insurance products overcharge for low‐deductible policies in most counties. This overpricing may explain why large premium subsidies were required to induce farmers to move from low‐deductible to high‐deductible policies beginning in 2001.
Innovation and Trade with Endogenous Market Failure: The Case of Genetically Modified Products
Authors: Lapan Harvey E. , Moschini GianCarlo
Published: July 2004

A partial‐equilibrium, two‐country model is developed to analyze implications from the introduction of genetically modified (GM) products. In the model, innovators hold proprietary rights, farmers are (competitive) adopters, some consumers deem GM food to be inferior in quality to traditional food, and the mere introduction of GM crops affects the costs of non‐GM food (because of costly identity preservation). Among the results derived, it is shown that, although GM innovations have the potential to improve efficiency, some groups can be made worse off. Indeed, it is even possible that the costs induced by GM innovations outweigh the efficiency gains.
Bidding for Cattle in the Texas Panhandle
Authors: Crespi John M. , Sexton Richard J.
Published: July 2004

Four beef‐processing plants in the Texas Panhandle region procure cattle from feedlots in a form of first‐price, sealed‐bid auction. These auctions have features that distinguish them from standard auctions. Using transactions‐level data, we estimated packer bid functions and, via simulations, compared the extant bidding environment to an alternative framework. The simulated auctions on average produced higher seller revenue, more frequent sales to the plant valuing the cattle most highly, and more switching by feedlots among competing packers. We attribute these results to packers' inconsistent bidding on the available lots of cattle and offer alternative explanations for this behavior.
The Fast Decay Process in Outdoor Recreational Activities and the Use of Alternative Count Data Models
Authors: Sarker Rakhal , Surry Yves
Published: July 2004

Despite a number of significant advances in count data modeling during the last two decades and the growing popularity of these models in recreation demand analysis, standard count data models are inadequate to address the fast decay process of the dependent variable and the associated long tail. This article demonstrates how one and two‐parameter alternative count data models can be used to properly model the fast decay process and the associated long tail commonly observed in recreation demand analysis. Econometric results from an illustrative application suggest satisfactory performance of four of the eight alternative count data models proposed in this article.
Fanconi Syndrome Caused by Antiepileptic Therapy with Valproic Acid
Authors: Knorr Martin , Schaper Jörg , Harjes Malte , Mayatepek Ertan , Rosenbaum Thorsten
Published: July 2004

Summary:  Purpose: Valproic acid (VPA) is commonly used as an antiepileptic drug (AED). Regular screening for renal side effects is uncommon. Fanconi syndrome, a generalized dysfunction of renal proximal tubular cells, occurs with some inborn errors of metabolism. In addition, it can be acquired by exposure to several toxic substances. We report a case of Fanconi syndrome after long‐term therapy with VPA.

Methods: An 8‐year‐old severely disabled and developmentally retarded boy with epilepsy was treated with VPA over a period of 7 years. He was hospitalized after a status epilepticus with laboratory findings suggesting a Fanconi syndrome. A PubMed‐based worldwide review of the literature revealed that Fanconi syndrome is a rare side effect in children during long‐term VPA treatment. We analyzed all 10 previously published cases by comparing age, underlying diseases, medication, and outcome.

Results: Examination revealed metabolic acidosis suggestive of renal tubular malfunction. Based on typical clinical and laboratory findings, an acquired Fanconi syndrome was diagnosed. This was treated with large doses of sodium bicarbonate. After discontinuation of VPA, renal function completely normalized within 2 months.

Conclusions: Fanconi syndrome appears to be a rare but severe consequence of long‐term VPA therapy. Therefore patients treated with VPA should be checked regularly for the possible development of VPA‐induced Fanconi syndrome.
The Application of Functional MRI of Memory in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: A Clinical Review
Authors: Robert Powell H. W. , J. Koepp Matthias , Richardson Mark P. , Symms Mark R. , Thompson Pam J. , Duncan John S.
Published: July 2004

Summary:  Functional MRI (fMRI) is a useful tool for noninvasively localizing areas in the brain involved in specific cognitive functions. Since its introduction, there has been considerable speculation regarding the role it may play in the presurgical assessment of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). This review considers the progress made to date in using fMRI to investigate memory processing in the medial temporal lobe in normal subjects and in those with TLE. Results so far suggest that fMRI will be incorporated into the presurgical assessment of TLE in the coming years to improve definition of eloquent cerebral areas, with the objective of minimizing the adverse cognitive sequelae of anterior temporal lobe resection.
Seizure Outcome after Anterior Temporal Lobectomy and Its Predictors in Patients with Apparent Temporal Lobe Epilepsy and Normal MRI
Authors: Sylaja P. N. , Radhakrishnan K. , Kesavadas C. , Sarma P. S.
Published: July 2004

Summary:  Purpose: Very little reliable information is available regarding the role of anterior temporal lobectomy (ATL), optimal presurgical evaluation strategy, post‐ATL seizure outcome, and the factors that predict the outcome in patients with medically refractory temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and normal high‐resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). To be cost‐effective, epilepsy surgery centers in developing countries will have to select candidates for epilepsy surgery by using the locally available technology and expertise.

Methods: We reviewed the electroclinical and pathological characteristics and seizure outcome of 17 patients who underwent ATL for medically refractory TLE after being selected for ATL based on a noninvasive selection protocol without the aid of positron emission tomography (PET) or single‐photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), despite a normal preoperative high‐resolution MRI.

Results: Seven (41%) patients achieved an excellent seizure outcome; five of them were totally seizure free. An additional five (29%) patients had >75% reduction in seizure frequency. The following pre‐ATL factors predicted an excellent outcome: antecedent history of febrile seizures, strictly unilateral anterior temporal interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs), and concordant type 1 ictal EEG pattern. All the five patients with pathologically verified hippocampal formation neuronal loss were seizure free. The presence of posterior temporal, bilateral temporal, and generalized IEDs portended unfavorable post‐ATL seizure outcome.

Conclusions: A subgroup of patients destined to have an excellent post‐ATL outcome can be selected from MRI‐negative TLE patients by using history and scalp‐recorded interictal and ictal EEG data. The attributes of these patients are antecedent history of febrile seizures, strictly unilateral anterior IEDs, and concordant type 1 ictal EEG pattern.
Estimated Cost of Inpatient Admissions and Outpatient Appointments for a Population with Epilepsy: A Record Linkage Study
Authors: Morgan Christopher Ll. , Kerr Michael P.
Published: July 2004

Summary:  Purpose: This study describes the hospital costs for a population with epilepsy in 1 year (1999). The study was conducted in a defined geographic United Kingdom population of 424,000.

Methods: A register of patients with epilepsy was constructed by using a variety of data sources that had undergone a process of record linkage. Hospital admissions were coded by using Healthcare Resource Group (HRG) and costed by using published National Health Service reference costs. A population of 3,892 people with epilepsy was recorded.

Results: The cost of inpatient care for these patients with epilepsy was £2,537,386 ($4,135,939), an excess of £1,598,909 ($2,606,222) compared with the population as a whole. Of this, £320,182 ($521,897) was associated with a primary diagnosis of epilepsy, and £679,757 ($1,108,004) was associated with secondary diagnoses. Outpatient expenditure was £732,823 ($1,194,501).

Conclusions: This study demonstrates that people with epilepsy use excess resources and that this is not explained solely by either the direct or indirect effects of their epilepsy. These data may help in understanding of the complex issues surrounding the health economics of epilepsy.
Lateralization of Deficit in Self‐Awareness of Memory in Patients with Intractable Epilepsy
Authors: Andelman Fani , Zuckerman‐Feldhay Einat , Hoffien Danny , Fried Itzhak , Neufeld Miri Y.
Published: July 2004

Summary:  Purpose: Memory disorders are prominent among patients with intractable epilepsy. It has, however, been frequently observed that subjective memory complaints of these patients did not match their performance on objective memory tests. This discrepancy may reflect emotional, cognitive, or self‐awareness deficits among these individuals. The aim of the current study was to explore the interference of cerebral dysfunction on accuracy of self‐appraisal for memory.

Methods: The degree of concordance between self‐perception of memory function, as measured by a visual analogue scale, and actual performance on memory tests was computed in 35 patients who were candidates for epilepsy surgery and demographically matched normal control subjects. The difference between the self‐estimated memory ability and performance on memory tests and its relation to the laterality of an epileptogenic lesion, cognitive factors, and affective status was then examined.

Results: The results show that the discrepancy between the self‐estimated memory ability and performance on memory tests in patients with right hemisphere epileptogenic lesions was significantly larger in magnitude compared with that in patients with left hemisphere lesions and demographically matched control subjects (p = 0.001). Furthermore, whereas patients with left hemisphere lesions and normal controls had about an equal number of positive and negative discrepancy scores, all patients with right hemisphere lesions had positive discrepancy scores, suggesting a tendency for overestimation of memory abilities.

Conclusions: These results suggest that right hemisphere lesions may introduce a systematic bias in self‐awareness for memory. This bias may color patients' perceptions of self and others, affecting their perceptions of the quality of life, and necessitating an adjustment of the treatment goals and procedures.
Inhibitory Effect of Lamotrigine on A‐type Potassium Current in Hippocampal Neuron–Derived H19‐7 Cells
Authors: Huang Chin‐Wei , Huang Chao‐Ching , Liu Yen‐Chin , Wu Sheng‐Nan
Published: July 2004

Summary:  Purpose: We investigated the effects of lamotrigine (LTG) on the rapidly inactivating A‐type K+ current (IA) in embryonal hippocampal neurons.

Methods: The whole‐cell configuration of the patch‐clamp technique was applied to investigate the ion currents in cultured hippocampal neuron–derived H19‐7 cells in the presence of LTG. Effects of various related compounds on IA in H19‐7 cells were compared.

Results: LTG (30 μM–3 mM) caused a reversible reduction in the amplitude of IA. The median inhibitory concentration (IC50) value required for the inhibition of IA by LTG was 160 μM. 4‐Aminopyridine (1 mM), quinidine (30 μM), and capsaicin (30 μM) were effective in suppressing the amplitude of IA, whereas tetraethylammonium chloride (1 mM) and gabapentin (100 μM) had no effect on it. The time course for the inactivation of IA was changed to the biexponential process during cell exposure to LTG (100 μM). LTG (300 μM) could shift the steady‐state inactivation of IA to a more negative membrane potential by approximately −10 mV, although it had no effect on the slope of the inactivation curve. Moreover, LTG (100 μM) produced a significant prolongation in the recovery of IA inactivation. Therefore in addition to the inhibition of voltage‐dependent Na+ channels, LTG could interact with the A‐type K+ channels to suppress the amplitude of IA. The blockade of IA by LTG does not simply reduce current magnitude, but alters current kinetics, suggesting a state‐dependent blockade. LTG might have a higher affinity to the inactivated state than to the resting state of the IA channel.

Conclusions: This study suggests that in hippocampal neurons, during exposure to LTG, the LTG‐mediated inhibition of these K+ channels could be one of the ionic mechanisms underlying the increased neuronal excitability.
Differential Effects of Antiepileptic Drugs on Sexual Function and Reproductive Hormones in Men with Epilepsy: Interim Analysis of a Comparison between Lamotrigine and Enzyme‐inducing Antiepileptic Drugs
Authors: Herzog Andrew G. , Drislane Frank W. , Schomer Donald L. , Pennell Page B. , Bromfield Edward B. , Kelly Kevin M. , Farina Erin L. , Frye Cheryl A.
Published: July 2004

Summary:  Purpose: We compared sexual function and reproductive hormone levels among men with localization‐related epilepsy (LRE) taking various antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) and normal controls (NC).

Methods: Subjects were 63 men with LRE [enzyme‐inducing (EI) AEDs, 36; lamotrigine (LTG), 18; no AEDs, 9] and 18 NC. Sexual interest and function (S‐score), hormone levels [bioactive testosterone (BAT) and estradiol (BAE)], hormone ratios [BAT/BAE], and gonadal efficiency [BAT/luteinizing hormone (LH)] were compared among the groups.

Results: S‐scores, BAT levels, BAT/BAE, and BAT/LH were significantly lower in the EIAED group than in NC or LTG groups. Sex hormone–binding globulin (SHBG) was significantly higher in the EIAED group than in all other groups. Of men with LRE, 23.8% had abnormally low S‐scores: 33.3% taking EIAEDs, 5.5% taking LTG, and 22.2% taking no AEDs (p < 0.01). BAT was low in 55.6% taking EIAEDs as compared with 33.3% taking LTG and 33.3% taking no AEDs (p < 0.05). Among men with low S‐scores, 86.7% had low BAT as compared with 33.3% of men with normal scores (p < 0.01). BAT decline with age was greater among men with LRE than in controls (3.75 vs. 1.80 ng/dl/yr). The slope showed no significant difference among LRE groups. However, 89% of 40‐ to 50‐year‐old men taking EIAEDs had low BAT as compared with 33% taking LTG and 33% taking no AED (p < 0.01).

Conclusions: Sexual function, BAT levels, BAT/BAE, and gonadal efficiency are greater with LTG than with EIAED. Abnormally low BAT levels are reached at an earlier age with EIAEDs than with LTG.
John Hughlings‐Jackson's Writings on the Auditory Aura and Localization of the Auditory Cortex
Authors: Hogan R. Edward , Kaiboriboon Kitti
Published: July 2004

Summary: Purpose:To relate John Hughlings‐Jackson's findings of the auditory aura to his ideas about the “dreamy state,” and localization of primary auditory cortex.

Methods:We reviewed Hughlings‐Jackson's writings on the auditory aura and his integration of the auditory aura into his description of the “dreamy state.”  To integrate Hughlings‐Jackson's postulations about the auditory aura and David Ferrier's localization of primary auditory cortex, we also reviewed Ferrier's localization of auditory cortex in animals.

Results:Hughlings‐Jackson described three cases of the auditory aura, which he integrated with his concept of the “dreamy state” (now known as mesial temporal epilepsy). In doing so, he described the current concept of elementary and complex auditory auras. Hughlings‐Jackson also associated the auditory aura with seizures that began in the “auditory centre of Ferrier.” Whereas Ferrier showed respect and admiration for Hughlings‐Jackson's work as a whole, he did not integrate Hughlings‐Jackson's ideas of localization of the auditory epileptic aura with his work in localizing the primary auditory cortex in animals.

Conclusions:Hughlings‐Jackson outlined the modern concept of elementary and complex auditory auras and correctly correlated it with primary auditory cortex. The history of Hughlings‐Jackson's auditory aura reflects the history of his ideas of epilepsy as a whole, which closely parallel our modern concepts of focal epilepsy.
Surgical Treatment of Temporoparietooccipital Cortical Dysplasia in Infants: Report of Two Cases
Authors: Daniel Roy Thomas , Meagher‐Villemure Kathleen , Roulet Eliane , Villemure Jean‐Guy
Published: July 2004

Summary:  Purpose: Extensive multilobar cortical dysplasia in infants commonly is first seen with catastrophic epilepsy and poses a therapeutic challenge with respect to control of epilepsy, brain development, and psychosocial outcome. Experience with surgical treatment of these lesions is limited, often not very encouraging, and holds a higher operative risk when compared with that in older children and adults.

Methods: Two infants were evaluated for surgical control of catastrophic epilepsy present since birth, along with a significant psychomotor developmental delay. Magnetic resonance imaging showed multilobar cortical dysplasia (temporoparietooccipital) with a good electroclinical correlation. They were treated with a temporal lobectomy and posterior (parietooccipital) disconnection.

Results: Both infants had excellent postoperative recovery and at follow‐up (1.5 and 3.5 years) evaluation had total control of seizures with a definite “catch up” in their development, both motor and cognitive. No long‐term complications have been detected to date.

Conclusions: The incorporation of disconnective techniques in the surgery for extensive multilobar cortical dysplasia in infants has made it possible to achieve excellent seizure results by maximizing the extent of surgical treatment to include the entire epileptogenic zone. These techniques decrease perioperative morbidity, and we believe would decrease the potential for the development of long‐term complications associated with large brain excisions.
The diverse and contested meanings of sustainable development
Authors: Williams Colin C , Millington Andrew C
Published: July 2004

We provide a heuristic framework that can be used as a lens for understanding the arguments being presented in the papers which comprise this special issue on sustainable development and environmental issues in Great Britain. This framework can also be used as an introduction to the wider literature on sustainable development because it is designed to bring greater clarity to this large, diverse and rapidly expanding field of enquiry populated by heterogeneous discourses, multiple approaches and a variety of recommendations as to the ways forward.
The changing nature of, and approaches to, UK coastal management at the start of the twenty‐first century
Authors: French Peter W
Published: July 2004

As we enter the twenty‐first century, effective coastal management will become more of a central issue for coastal users and governors alike. The new century sees the review of many of the UK's existing management plans, and the subsequent publication of revised versions. Some of these new editions will have to show changes from their predecessors because of natural processes of erosion and accretion, yet other changes will be because of human interference. In this, we mean the continued ignoring of previous management plan recommendations regarding new development and coastal usage. Coastal management needs to adapt and develop, yet along with this, increased education and awareness is also necessary to allow users to understand and appreciate what is being recommended in management plans.
Regions and sustainable development: regional planning matters
Authors: Haughton Graham , Counsell Dave
Published: July 2004

This paper looks at how the term ‘sustainable development’ has been used in the process of regional plan making over the past decade. It emphasizes the differing geographies of these debates within England, in terms of how sustainable development has been used to justify different types of approach in different parts of the country. Both drawing on and challenging recent work on state theory, the paper argues the need to see regional planning as a part of a multi‐scalar governance system, whose importance should not be underestimated.
Feeding of piscivorous Japanese Spanish mackerel juveniles on larvae with an elongate and laterally compressed body
Authors: Shoji J. , Tanaka M.
Published: July 2004

Scomberomorus niphonius juveniles were fed with alternative prey differing in body shape: elongate and laterally compressed (clupeid or gobiid larvae) and deep‐framed bodies (paralichthyid larvae) in aquaria. The ratio of prey larvae with elongate and laterally compressed body: prey larvae with deep‐framed body in the aquaria was 1 : 1. The juveniles fed almost exclusively on the larvae with an elongate and laterally compressed body.
The ecological significance of the combtoothed blenny in a coral reef ecosystem
Authors: Townsend K. A. , Tibbetts I. R.
Published: July 2004

At Heron Island reef, Great Barrier Reef Australia, biomass densities and mean wet mass of Ward's damselfishPomacentrus wardiand the jewelled blennySalarias fasciatuswere not significantly different at 2·37v. 2·95 g m−2and 8·7v. 7·9 g, respectively. WhereasS. fasciatussignificantly exceededP. wardiin (1) total number of bites per day (3427v. 1155), (2) the mass of epilithic algal community consumed per bite (2·19v. 0·14 mg) and (3) total organic carbon consumed per day (487·31v. 35·46 mg C m−2day−1). Territorial behaviour differed also between the two species.Pomacentrus wardichased from their territories a smaller proportion of blennies than roving grazers (i.e. scarids, acanthurids, siganids and pomacentrids) relative toS. fasciatus.Salarias fasciatuschasedc. 90% of other blennies from their territories, while chasing onlyc. 20% of all damsels that entered. BothP. wardiandS. fasciatusrarely chased non‐grazers. The chasing behaviour ofS. fasciatuswas size dependent, with resident fish chasing only individuals of its own family (i.e. Blenniidae) that were the same or smaller size.Pomacentrus wardimay have toleratedS. fasciatusgrazing within its territory, as it contributes to territory defence from other blennies. The possibility that the interaction between the two species is facilitative, rather than competitive, is discussed. It was concluded that salariine blennies play an important, and previously underestimated role in coral reef trophodynamics.
Partial migration in a landlocked brown trout population
Authors: Olsson I. C. , Greenberg L. A.
Published: July 2004

Population densities of landlocked lake‐migratory brown trout Salmo trutta were estimated in two distinct lotic sections, separated by a lentic segment, in the Greåna River, Sweden, and individual growth and habitat use were monitored for 835 tagged brown trout from September 1998 to June 2000. Residency dominated in the upstream section where density of 0+ and 1+ year brown trout was low and growth rate high. In contrast, >90% of the brown trout that migrated to the lake originated from the downstream section, where density was high and growth rate low. For ≥2+ year individuals, growth rate was similar between the two stream sections, but densities were higher in the upstream than in the downstream section. Lake‐migrants had higher growth rates than non‐migrants (residents) during the autumn of both years. From September to May, migrants increased their body mass by >35%, whereas non‐migrants increased by <5%. Approximately 70% of the brown trout moved <10 m and <2% moved between the two stream sections, indicating that the lentic habitat might function as a barrier for juveniles. Differences in migratory behaviour, density and growth between the upstream and the downstream section might indicate that environmental factors influence the decision to migrate. It cannot be excluded, however, that the observed differences are genetically programmed, selected by migration costs that favour migratory behaviour downstream and residency upstream.
Does roach behaviour differ between shallow lakes of different environmental state?
Authors: Jacobsen L. , Berg S. , Jepsen N. , Skov C.
Published: July 2004

The diel activity levels and spatial distribution of roach Rutilus rutilus differed markedly between two shallow lakes of different environmental state. The movements of roach (12–25 cm LT), with surgically implanted mini‐radio transmitters, were monitored regularly during several 48 h tracking sessions in a clearwater and in a turbid lake. In both lakes, the roach in general were most active during dawn and dusk and least active during the night. Activity level in midsummer was lowest around noon in the clear lake and high around noon in the turbid lake. In summer, roach in the clear lake stayed passively in a restricted area of water lilies during the day and moved into the central part of the lake during the night. In the turbid lake, roach were dispersed all over the lake during the day and moved close to the shoreline at night. Predator : prey fish ratios did not differ in the two lakes, however the observed behaviour of roach in the clearwater lake may be explained by a larger predation pressure from fish and birds, both being favoured in the clear water.
Ionic levels of the gallbladder bile of some teleosts from the Rio Negro, Amazon
Authors: Baldisserotto B. , López‐Vásquez K. , Silva L. V. F. , Golombieski J. I. , Val A. L.
Published: July 2004

The ionic levels of the gallbladder bile of 23 species of teleosts from the Rio Negro, Amazon, were analysed. Ionic levels of the gallbladder bile were variable according to the species and could not be related to the feeding habit or fullness of the gut.
Immunohistochemical study of the gastrointestinal endocrine cells in the Korean aucha perch
Authors: Lee J. H. , Ku S. K. , Park K. D. , Lee H. S.
Published: July 2004

The regional distribution and relative frequency of neurohormonal peptides‐producing cells were demonstrated in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of the Korean aucha perch Coreoperca herzi, using 10 types of specific antisera raised against mammalian regulatory peptides. The GI tract was divided into four portions: stomach, gastro‐intestinal junction, and small and large intestine. Most of the immunoreactive (IR) cells were in the mucosal epithelium and they were generally spindle shaped with a long cytoplasmic process. In addition, ovoid cells were found in the gastric regions. Serotonin‐, somatostatin‐, glucagon‐, cholecystokinin‐8 (CCK‐8)‐ and pancreatic polypeptide (PP)‐IR cells were observed with various relative frequencies. No chromogranin A‐, secretin‐, vasoactive intestinal peptide‐, substance P‐ or bombesin‐IR cells, however, were found. Serotonin‐IR cells occurred throughout the GI tract and were the most numerous. Somatostatin‐IR cells were restricted to the stomach and gastro‐intestinal junction in numerous and moderate frequencies, respectively, but small numbers of glucagon‐IR cells were restricted to the small intestine. Numerous CCK‐8‐IR cells were found in the small intestine but variable numbers of PP‐IR cells occurred throughout the GI tract except for the large intestine. In general the distribution and relative frequency of these IR cells correspond well to previous reports in teleosts but there are some difference in this species.
Local contributions to the Euler–Poincaré characteristic of a set
Authors: JERNOT J. P. , JOUANNOT‐CHESNEY P. , LANTUEJOUL C.
Published: July 2004

The Euler–Poincaré characteristic (EPC) of a polyconvex subset X of Rd can be evaluated by covering the subset with an auxiliary tessellation, measuring its contribution within each cell of the tessellation and adding all contributions. Two different ways are proposed to define the contribution of a cell to the EPC of X. These contributions turn out to be related by duality formulae. Finally, three applications are given: the measurement of the EPC on adjacent fields, the measurement of the EPC on discretized images and the detection of defects in atomic structures.
Combining intensity, edge and shape information for 2D and 3D segmentation of cell nuclei in tissue sections
Authors: WÄHLBY C. , SINTORN I.‐M. , ERLANDSSON F. , BORGEFORS G. , BENGTSSON E.
Published: July 2004

We present a region‐based segmentation method in which seeds representing both object and background pixels are created by combining morphological filtering of both the original image and the gradient magnitude of the image. The seeds are then used as starting points for watershed segmentation of the gradient magnitude image. The fully automatic seeding is done in a generous fashion, so that at least one seed will be set in each foreground object. If more than one seed is placed in a single object, the watershed segmentation will lead to an initial over‐segmentation, i.e. a boundary is created where there is no strong edge. Thus, the result of the initial segmentation is further refined by merging based on the gradient magnitude along the boundary separating neighbouring objects. This step also makes it easy to remove objects with poor contrast. As a final step, clusters of nuclei are separated, based on the shape of the cluster. The number of input parameters to the full segmentation procedure is only five. These parameters can be set manually using a test image and thereafter be used on a large number of images created under similar imaging conditions. This automated system was verified by comparison with manual counts from the same image fields. About 90% correct segmentation was achieved for two‐ as well as three‐dimensional images.
Experimental secondary electron spectra under SEM conditions
Authors: JOY D. C. , PRASAD M. S. , MEYER H. M.
Published: July 2004

Secondary electron spectra have been collected from both pure elements and from compounds examined under conditions approximating those found in a scanning electron microscope. Despite the presence of substantial surface contamination these spectra are found to be reproducible and characteristic of the underlying material. Typically the peak in such spectra is found to be at an energy of about 5 eV, and 50% of the total secondary electron emission falls within the range 0–12 eV. These data may be of value for the design of detectors for scanning microscopy and might have applications for microanalysis.
PORTRAITURE AND THE MAKING OF CULTURAL IDENTITY: POMPEO BATONI'S THE HONOURABLE COLONEL WILLIAM GORDON (1765–66) IN ITALY AND NORTH BRITAIN
Authors: Johns Christopher M.S.
Published: July 2004

The study of national identity in eighteenth‐century visual culture sheds considerable light on the development of modern nationalism, ethnocentrism and contemporary identity politics. Pompeo Batoni's The Honourable Colonel William Gordon (1765–66) is placed within debates about Scotland and Scots cultural and national identity. What did it mean to be Scottish in eighteenth‐century Britain and how might cultural and national identity be visualized? This article examines the flamboyant pose, the martial and imperialist connotations of the conjunction between the colonel and a statue of Roma, and Gordon's unusual attire, which combines the scarlet tunic of English military dress with the belted plaid, banned from 1746 because of its usage by, and associations with, the Jacobite rebellion. The portrait emerges as a complex visualization of the ambiguity felt by many privileged Scots about the union with England. Painted in Rome for return to Fyvie Castle in Aberdeenshire, the portrait is also implicated in Enlightenment debates about Scotland as a ‘primitive’ land and as a centre of intellectual and cultural achievement.
REFORMING PAYSAGE HISTORIQUE: COROT AND THE GENERATION OF 1830
Authors: Greenberg Susan
Published: July 2004

This article examines the relationship between French landscape painting and naturalism in the years immediately following the Revolution of 1830. It explores new conditions for the production and reception of art and how these changes affected the innovative landscape paintings by the ‘generation of 1830’– ambitious artists like Camille Corot and Théodore Rousseau. The focus of the article is Corot's acclaimed Salon painting Hagar in the Wilderness (1835), which reflects critically on ‘nature’ and naturalism as they came to be defined in the period. In this painting, Corot renewed the genre of paysage historique, deemed an obsolete and highly ‘unnatural’ mode of landscape painting by 1830, and, in doing so, he created a complex natural world through recourse to narrative and history. The painting parallels contemporary perceptions of the cholera epidemic in Paris, echoing themes of displacement, dislocation, illness and disconnection.
Speaking Statues: Bernini's Apollo and Daphne at the Villa Borghese
Authors: Warwick Genevieve
Published: July 2004

This essay extends recent debate on the performative aspects of art objects and the performance of spectators in viewing them. Seventeenth‐century commentators attributed lifelike qualities of speech and movement to Bernini's sculptures. This article focuses on his Apollo and Daphne, the work that established his international reputation. Using contemporary literary sources, including poetic evocations of the Borghese collection, guidebooks, diaries and biographies of the artist, it examines Bernini's theatrical conception of sculpture with specific reference to this early work. It considers Bernini's illusionistic means for engaging bodily and verbal responses on the part of his viewers, which in turn gave seeming movement and voice to his works.
An attempt to artificially select Strongyloides ratti for resistance to the host immune response
Authors: Wilkes C. P. , Viney M. E.
Published: July 2004

Previous work has selected Heligmosomoides polygyrus for increased survival and reproduction in hosts with prior exposure to H. polygyrus, and therefore ‘immune’ to this parasite. We investigated whether Strongyloides ratti would respond similarly to selection for survival and reproduction in S. ratti‐immune hosts. During 32 generations of selection, there appeared to be an initial, brief response to this selection, but this was not sustained and, eventually, the immune‐selected line died out. Specific measures of the response to selection at generations 6, 12 and 25 did not detect any significant response to selection. Therefore, we have failed to select a line of S. ratti for increased resistance to its host immune response.
Analysis of Ehrlichia ruminantium‐specific T1/T2 responses during vaccination with a protective killed vaccine and challenge of goats
Authors: Esteves I. , Vachiéry N. , Martinez D. , Totté P.
Published: July 2004

Ehrlichia ruminantium is an obligate intracellular bacterium that causes heartwater in ruminants and for which T‐cell‐mediated immunity is believed to play an important role in protection. To better characterize protective cellular immunity, E. ruminantium‐specific IFN‐γ and IL‐4 recall responses in major T‐cell subsets were analysed by flow cytometry during immunization of goats with a killed vaccine and following a virulent challenge. The killed vaccine elicited both CD8+ and CD4+ subsets to produce cytoplasmic IFN‐γ in the absence of IL‐4, thus indicating a biased T1 response. The relative capacity of CD8+ T‐cells to produce IFN‐γ was significantly higher than CD4+ T‐cells but the final contribution of both subsets was comparable. Circulating ER‐specific CD4 and CD8 effectors substantially decreased in numbers after the booster injection and could not be detected in most animals during challenge, which warrants further investigation in immune compartments other than blood. Since IFN‐γ inhibits the growth of the pathogen in target cells, the information provided in this study on E. ruminantium‐specific T1 responses will be valuable to develop cellular tools for the identification of potential protective antigens.