bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Simulation and Evaluation of Natural Ventilation in Residential Buildings
Authors: Panzhauser E , Mahdavi A , Fail A
Published: March 2009

Natural ventilation comprises various systems such as infiltration and exfiltration (for example, through cracks, leakages), window ventilation, as well as shaft ventilation. A considerable number of buildings rely exclusively on natural means for ventilation. This underscores the importance of natural ventilation systems for indoor air quality. Nevertheless, few generally accepted design rules and codes are available to assist the designer in the task of dimensioning and control of natural ventilation systems. The successful performance of most natural ventilation systems rely on occupants' behavior. However, the computer-aided simulation of the performance of these systems could support the designer in creating the necessary framework for appropriate behavioral patterns. This could be achieved through properly dimensioned, constructed, and located window and shaft systems while responding to specific geometrical configurations and climatic situation of the building as well as to the health- and comfort-related occupancy requirements. Based on mathematical modeling and long-term empirical studies of residential buildings in Austria, a simulation model was developed to predict the air flow rates and, thus, the air exchange rates between indoor rooms and exterior environment. The comparison of the field measurements with the corresponding simulation results showed an encouraging correlation.
A Computational Model for the Prediction and Evaluation of Formaldehyde Concentration in Residential Buildings
Authors: Panzhauser E , Mahdavi A
Published: March 2009

Over the last few years, increasing attention has been paid to the problem of indoor air pollution and especially critical indoor formaldehyde concentrations. Some recent developments in the building's interior systems and components (new materials, new furniture elements, and so forth) combined with some features of modern construction technology (for example, air-tight windows and envelopes), has aggravated the risk of potentially hazardous pollutant concentrations. As a practical contribution to the solution of the problem of formaldehyde concentration in Austrian residential buildings, a computer-aided model was developed to simulate the processes of formaldehyde emission and concentration in indoor air. Using this interactive model, the effective concentrations of formaldehyde can be simulated and represented for a variety of input data (emission sources, temperature, relative humidity, air exchange rates, and so forth). This model can be used by building owners, managers, designers, and occupants. To gather the necessary empirical data, a diagnostic unit was constructed to test a number of commonly applied products in the Austrian building market (mainly furniture elements and particle boards).
Modeling Radon Transport in Multistory Residential Buildings
Authors: Persily AK
Published: March 2009

Radon concentrations have been studied extensively in single-family residential buildings, but relatively little work has been done in large buildings, including multistory residential buildings. The phenomena of radon transport in multistory residential buildings is made more complicated by the multizone nature of the airflow system and the numerous interzone airflow paths that must be characterized in such a system. This paper presents the results of a computer simulation of airflow and radon transport in a twelve-story residential building. Interzone airflow rates and radon concentrations were predicted using the multizone airflow and contaminant dispersal program CONTAM88. Limited simulations were conducted to study the influence of two different radon source terms, indoor-outdoor temperature difference and exterior wall leakage values on radon transport and radon concentration distributions.
Modeling of Indoor and Outdoor Exposures and Risk from Outdoor Benzene Emissions in Los Angeles
Authors: Rosenbaum AS , Anderson GE
Published: March 2009

This paper reports on a demonstration study of the use of dispersion and exposure modeling to estimate carcinogenic risk to residents of the South Coast Air Quality Management District from benzene emitted into the atmosphere from outdoor sources. Exposures in indoor and outdoor environments are estimated throughout the basin. The distribution of individual risks across the population and among various population subgroups is assessed. The resulting expected excess lifetime cancer incidence is also evaluated. The fractions of overall risk attributable to various emission source types are compared. The results show that the contribution to overall carcinogenic risk from outdoor benzene emissions is split approximately equally between mobile sources (such as vehicles) and small, dispersed sources (for example, gasoline stations). The contribution of industrial sources (such as, large stationary sources) is negligible in comparison.
Development of a Model for Indoor Air Pollutant Exposure Distributions
Authors: Koontz MD , Evans WC , Nagda NL , Jenkins PL
Published: March 2009

A user-friendly computer model is being developed to estimate the distribution of Californians' indoor exposures to various pollutants. The model will be capable of operating at three levels. Level 1 will sum estimated inhalation exposures across multiple indoor locations to ultimately yield a population distribution of “total indoor air” exposures, that is, the portion of total (24-h) exposure associated with time spent indoors. Level 2 will link randomly selected location/activity profiles, collected in several California surveys, with measured or modeled concentration distributions, resulting in estimated exposure distributions for specific indoor locations such as residential environments. For each sampled location/activity profile, both time-integrated inhalation exposure and potential inhaled dose will be estimated. Level 3 will estimate concentration distributions for pollutants in locations for which measured concentrations are not available, based on the principle of conservation of mass. All information required for a model run will be supplied through a user interface. Options will be provided to save files relating to choices and inputs for a given run, so that all or selected parts of a run can be replicated. Providing this capability within Level 3 of the model will allow the user to make a series of related runs aimed at assessing the impact of one or more potential mitigation strategies.
Injuries in Collegiate Ice Hockey
Authors: Dick RW
Published: March 2009

Injuries in collegiate ice hockey have been monitored since 1986 by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Injury Surveillance System (ISS). Injury data are reported from a sampling of member institutions based on regional and divisional representation. Such a sampling allows for a national evaluation of collegiate ice hockey injuries. Relative to the other 15 collegiate sports monitored by the ISS, ice hockey has a low practice injury rate (2.4 injuries/1000 athlete-exposure [A-E]) and a moderate game injury rate (16.2). Sixty-six percent of the injuries in collegiate ice hockey occur in game situations, the highest percentage of the 16 monitored sports. Over the past five years, practice injury rates in NCAA ice hockey have remained stable while game injury rates have increased slightly. Contusions, sprains, and strains have consistently been the top three types of injuries. In the past two years, knee injuries have replaced shoulder injuries as the top body part injured. The collateral ligament is the primary structure injured in the knee, while acromio-clavicular separation is the primary type of shoulder injury. Injuries to the head have accounted for 5% of all injuries in each of the last five years. Concussions account for over 80% of the head injuries, and this value has remained stable over the sampling period. During this same time period, neck, nerve, and spinal injuries accounted for 1.8, 1.0, and 0.2%, respectively, of all reported injuries. Player contact is the primary injury mechanism in the sport, particularly in the knee, shoulder, head, neck, and nerve categories. These injury data should form the basis for review of ice hockey training techniques, practice procedures, rules, rink construction, and player equipment to minimize further injuries in the sport.
Prevention of Ice Hockey Injuries by Strength and Conditioning
Authors: Gilder KA , Grogan J
Published: March 2009

This study assessed the effects of strength and conditioning drills on muscle endurance, strength, and power of junior hockey players in relation to injuries. Seven players (three forwards, two defense, two goalies) were selected, and injuries were evaluated after one season of junior hockey (1990/1991). Four out of seven had minor injuries, which during 1991 postseason were rehabilitated to strength and range of motion equal to the uninjured side. During the off-season, all seven athletes began a twelve-week strength and conditioning program. This included a pretest of flexibility, push-ups, sit-ups, standing long jump, body composition, height, and weight. The pretest found tightness in all but one athlete for shoulder internal rotation. Averages found were: standing long jump = 2.36 m, push-up (# repetitions X body weight in kilograms) = 2274, elite athletes = 5000; % body fat = 9.6%; sit-ups = 25/32 s. The strength and conditioning drills consisted of weight training three times per week and agility drills (jumping rope), plyometrics (starting the fourth week), leaps, hops, skips, bounds, medicine ball, bar twists, bal- ance drills, and reaction drills all two times per week. The energy system training for the first five weeks was strictly aerobic, working 2 to 3 h total per week. During the last weeks, anaerobic workouts used interval training. A post-test completed the twelve-week program. During the 1991/1992 junior hockey season, all injuries requiring the attention of the team athletic trainer or physician were tracked and analyzed. Injury rate, mechanism, type, and missed time were compared. Physical contact caused almost 50% of the injuries in both groups, and contusions were the most common type of injury. Differences noted were in the injury rate and days missed. The nonprogram group had twice the number of athletes, yet had three times the number of injuries; ten of these injuries needed one to six days of rest. The program group had no missed days for any of their minor injuries. Although previous studies negate the idea of resistance training preventing injuries, the data from this research are significant enough to represent a pilot program for further study of resistance training for reducing the number of minor injuries and the time needed for them to heal.
Directions for Research in Oldtimers Hockey: A Summary of Findings on Physical Preparation and Attitudes in the Jordan Oldtimers Hockey League
Authors: Adams LJ , Montelpare WJ
Published: March 2009

With the growing number of participants in Oldtimers hockey, there appears a number of research-related questions. For example: (1) Why do individuals continue to participate in this intense activity? (2) What is the attraction of Oldtimers hockey? (3) What benefits do participants feel they are receiving? (4) What is the prevalence and incidence of injury? and, finally, (5) Does Oldtimers hockey provide fitness benefits that could be acquired through other forms of physical activity?

A series of questionnaires were administered to the members of the Jordan Oldtimers Hockey League. The league is made up of 6 teams with a 20-game, 20-week schedule plus playoffs. Consistent with Oldtimers regulations, the league is noncontact and nonslapshot, and helmets are mandatory. The incidence of violence-related penalties is also minimal. Questionnaires gathered information on players' motivation to play, perception of the role of participation in stress reduction, physical preparation for play, as well as some information on type and rate of injury within the league.

The findings indicate that players are motivated by fun and the social aspects of the game, that participation in once-a-week hockey is perceived as an emotional stress reducer, that Oldtimers do very little to prepare for the physical stress of play, and that injuries are generally musculoskeletal or the result of contact with a stick, the puck, the boards, or an opponent.
Observation of Coach Behaviors During Different Game Score Differentials
Authors: Côté J , Trudel P , Bernard D , Boileau R , Marcotte G
Published: March 2009

The purpose of this study was to verify if the behaviors of hockey coaches at the Bantam level (ages 14 to 15) change during different game score differentials. Sixty-five games were videotaped using a split-screen technique that allowed the coder to see and hear the behaviors of the coaches as well as the ongoing play on the ice. Each game was coded using an observation form developed to assess seven different coach behaviors. The results showed that when they were losing, coaches (n = 23) tended to disagree more with the referee than when they were winning. Also, when losing, the coaches exhibited conflicting behaviors such as encouraging their players to respect the rules while at the same time showing their disagreement with these rules. In general, although the coaches displayed few behaviors to encourage aggression directly during a game, their behavior could play a major role in influencing aggressive acts in their players when losing.
Comparison of Penalties Assessed in Minor, Junior, University, and Professional Ice Hockey Leagues
Authors: Audette SM , Trudel P , Bernard D
Published: March 2009

Literature on ice hockey does not provide valuable comparisons for penalties assessed in different leagues during the same period of time. The purpose of this study is to describe and compare the nature and frequency of penalties occurring in minor, junior, university, and professional leagues. The procedure used in the analysis permits discrimination between “aggression” penalties that could intimidate the opponent and “tactical” penalties that tend to impede the opponent's skill. Excluding the minor hockey league, a statistical analysis showed fewer penalties in the National Hockey League (NHL) than in junior leagues. Further more, we can presume that differences between the leagues in the frequency of “major aggression” penalties (5 min) can be explained in part by variations in leagues' regulations. An example could be the full mask rule for minor, university, and one season of Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (1989/1990). Another reason could be the sanctions imposed after a “major aggression” penalty.
The Study of Performance and Aggressive Behaviors of Ice Hockey Players
Authors: Trudel P , Bernard D , Boileau R , Marcotte G , Audette S
Published: March 2009

Studies on the behaviors of ice hockey players during a game have been done mostly by analyzing the game-sheet reports. This approach has provided information on the type and number of penalties and the number of goals and assists. In this study, the authors used this approach and also included data on the number of shots taken and body checks given. Eighty four games played at the Bantam level (14 to 15 years old) were analyzed from the videotapes and the game-sheet reports. The results indicated significant differences between the behaviors of forwards and defensemen on the number of shots on goal and the number of goals and assists obtained, but no significant differences on the total number of body checks given and the total number of penalties assessed. The results also showed that, in each team, nearly 46% of the aggressive penalties were accumulated by only 20% of the players on the team.
Rink-Related Injuries in Ice Hockey: A Three Year Retrospective Review of Injury Report System Data Classified by Zone
Authors: Clayton PD
Published: March 2009

Previous studies concerning ice-hockey-related injuries have identified various patterns of injury including mechanism and anatomic site. Few studies have dealt with the correlation between injury and geographic location on the ice surface. A three-year retrospective analysis of data collected by the Injury Report System identifies injury patterns by zone and involvement of the physical facility.
Hockey Equipment: Safety or an Illusion?
Authors: Stoner LJ , Keating M
Published: March 2009

In the last quarter of a century, ice hockey equipment and the enforcement of rules that mandate the wearing of protective gear have greatly reduced the incidence of facial, dental, and catastrophic eye injuries. Head protection is also improved, although severe neck injuries have increased at higher levels of competition as players collide and slide with little concern for their safety or that of their opponents.

The authors review historical changes in hockey equipment, injury statistics, and game dynamics to form a basis for discussion of a comprehensive view of the effects of equipment on the game and on players. One aspect of this discussion is the serious concern that players have become invincible warriors, wearing a suit of armor, doing battle in the ice arena—that violence and aggression are part of the game. This attitude is seen by some as evidence that changes in the game of hockey, as a result of this body armor, are undesirable.
The New ISO Standards for Ice Hockey Helmets and Face Protectors: Moving Toward International Standards Harmonization and Conformity Assessment
Authors: Dixon JL , Brodie IKR
Published: March 2009

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is a world leader in the development of voluntary international standards. Consisting of 89 member countries, ISO addresses standardization in all fields except electrical and electronic engineering.

In 1979, the need for international standards on protective equipment for ice hockey was identified. The first ISO/TC83/SC5 meeting was conducted in Ottawa, Canada, in 1987. Since then, SC5 has met annually, with meetings being held in Helsinki, Finland; Stockholm, Sweden; Colorado Springs, United States; Waterloo, Canada; and Prague, Czech Republic.

In its six years of existence, SC5 has produced two Draft International Standards (DIS) and over 60 related documents. Publication of the DISs for ice hockey helmets and face protectors is uncertain as Finland and Sweden continue to vote against them.

Notable technical advances reflected in the DIS include dynamic impact tests, objective optical test methods for face protectors, and gravity-assisted impact tests for helmeted headforms onto an anvil.

Publication of the two international standards will signify an important step to providing hockey players worldwide with an equal level of protection, and the potential reality of “one product, one test” for hockey manufacturers. However, the creation of a committee by Comité Europeén de Normalisation (CEN) to develop a standard on ice hockey helmets and face protectors for use in the European community has complicated this goal. Through the Vienna Agreement, a charter signifying cooperation between ISO and CEN, the goal of achieving one set of internationally accepted standards for ice hockey helmets and face protectors is closer.
Standardization of Policies and Procedures at Commercial Testing & Engineering Co.
Authors: Vardys RK
Published: March 2009

Pressure from world-wide competitors, stricter government regulations, conformance to quality system standards such as ISO 9000, and other market conditions are requiring companies to look for better ways to address the quality of products and services and become more flexible and efficient in satisfying their customers' needs. U.S. companies are introducing or perhaps re-introducing Total Quality Management (TQM) concepts to respond to these changing conditions in the market environment. A fundamental element required for the successful implementation of a TQM system is formal documentation. Documentation is the corner stone of all quality systems. Without documentation, a quality system really does not exist. This paper will discuss how documentation and TQM are interwoven concepts, the immediate benefits of documentation, and what is involved in documenting an organization's quality system.
Statistical Measurement Control
Authors: Locke JW
Published: March 2009

Improvements in quality often mean a reduction in tolerances of components in a manufactured item. With the introduction of statistical quality control techniques in the manufacturing process, reduced tolerances are attainable. But the measurement processes are subject to the same statistical variations. As manufacturing quality improves, the errors due to measurement become more and more a factor in continuing improvement. This paper addresses the problem of how laboratories can establish their own statistical evidence of their capability -- the accuracy of their measurements. A combination of customer need, quality function deployment, test method process charts, cause and effect considerations, and control charting are integrated into a concept of statistical measurement control.
Quality Control of Powder Metallurgy (P/M) Parts for Magnetic Applications
Authors: Moyer KH
Published: March 2009

Today's specifications for magnetic materials are based on the testing of material as supplied by the materials producer. These test methods are so designed that the specification qualifies the material only as purchased. However, additional operations, such as machining, welding, binding, etc., alter the magnetic properties from those of the raw material. The same problem arises with powder metallurgy (P/M) parts because, although their properties may be equivalent to a well-sintered part fabricated from the raw material, the parts are too small to evaluate using the test methods used to evaluate the raw material. Magnetic properties of sintered parts are predominantly a result of the sintering practice employed. Quality of these parts can vary appreciably as a result of the sintering practice employed in manufacture. Although the powders or the starting material may satisfy specification, there is no guarantee that the end user may receive a quality product after processing is complete. For P/M technology, rings can be fabricated from specified powders under conditions similar to parts being processed, and can be sintered in conjunction with the parts. The magnetic properties of the rings will be equivalent to the magnetic properties of the parts. A quality control procedure is proposed that will guarantee performance of P/M parts in accordance with currently existing P/M material specifications.
Application of Statistical Quality Assurance Techniques to Continuous Process Analyzer Systems for On-Line Product Quality Certification
Authors: Lau ATC
Published: March 2009

In the petroleum refining industry, use of Continuous Process Analyzer Systems to perform product quality measurement functions has been common practice for over at least two decades. Designed to operate unattended, these systems provide analytical information ranging from physical properties such as viscosity, density to total and trace chemical composition, on samples continuously extracted from the main process streams. While this information has primarily been used for process monitoring, control, and real time optimization, its usage for on-line product quality certification has been limited. In spite of the capability of these systems to equal or outperform their labour-intensive laboratory counterparts both in precision and accuracy, most organizations are reluctant to use them for product certification purposes. This is primarily due to the lack of a structured, objective, data-driven approach taken by both internal and external users (customers) of these systems to measure, compare, and demonstrate their capabilities. With the increasing cost of crude oil, and more stringent product specifications demanded by customers and environmental legislation, the business incentive capturable by using a more capable measurement system for product quality certification has become increasingly significant.

This paper begins with an overview discussion of the measurement process, its uses, and performance metrics. The main body deals with the application of basic statistical quality assurance concepts, principles and practices to identify the appropriate (statistical) model, quantify, compare, and continuously demonstrate in-control status of measurement systems. Control charts referenced include X-bar, I, R, MR2, and EWMA. Statistical tools referenced include t, F tests of significance, normal probability plot, ANOVA. This paper concludes with examples of how these tools and practices are successfully applied to the on-line certification of gasoline vapour pressure quality using a continuous process analyzer system.

Detailed presentation on mathematical formulae and computational mechanics for statistical tools and control charts are beyond the intended scope of this paper. Readers interested in these details are referred to statistics and statistical quality assurance textbooks. Several are listed in the reference section.
Statistical Evaluation of Additive Effectiveness in Asphalt Paving Mixtures
Authors: Ping WV
Published: March 2009

Asphalt pavements are susceptible to moisture damage. One of the procedures to eliminate or minimize the damage is to treat the asphalt paving mixtures with an antistripping agent such as hydrated lime or other commercially available antistripping additives. Statistical analysis is essential to evaluate the effectiveness of various treatments in asphalt mixtures. This paper summarizes a research study to evaluate the effectiveness of asphalt treatments utilizing statistical pairwise comparisons. The approach is to use the boiling test results to do the statistical comparison.
SASW Measurements at Geotechnical Sites Overlaid by Water
Authors: Wright SG , Stokoe KH , Roesset JM
Published: March 2009

The Spectral-Analysis-of-Surface-Waves (SASW) technique is a nonintrusive, nondestructive technique that employs surface waves of the Rayleigh type to determine the layer thicknesses and stiffnesses of subsurface profiles. The SASW technique has been developed and successfully used on land. This paper extends the method to sites overlaid by water. A theoretical model has been developed to study the “surface” waves that propagate along a soil-water interface using a half-space overlaid by water as an approximation. The waves at the soil-water interface are termed “Scholte” waves. Results from the theoretical model show that in “deep” water, defined as a water depth exceeding the wave length of the Scholte wave, the effect of water is to reduce the surface wave velocity slightly from the velocity for a similar surface (Rayleigh) wave with air over the surface. Results of experimental studies are also described and shown to compare well with theoretical predictions.
Crosshole SH-Wave Measurements in Rock and Soil
Authors: Roblee CJ , Stokoe KH , Fuhriman MD , Nelson PP
Published: March 2009

A method for in situ measurement of horizontally-polarized shear (SH) waves using the crosshole configuration is discussed. The unique feature of this method is that SH-waves are generated using the directional properties of a stress-wave field produced by an in-hole impulsive source. The source is oriented perpendicular to the alignment of the borehole array and directly impacts a small area of the borehole wall to produce the directional wave field. General tool configurations along with typical data for various geologic materials are presented for each of two operational sources which make use of this concept. One tool utilizes a stack of piezoelectric wafers as its active element. This source generates a high-frequency (1 to 25 kHz) signal which is appropriate for measurement within stiff materials such as rock. The other tool utilizes a solenoid as its active element and generates a low frequency (50 to 1000 Hz) signal which is appropriate for measurement within soil profiles. The inter-relationships between the SH-waves generated here and polarized shear waves using other sources and survey-configurations are also discussed.
Low Strain Dynamic Characteristics of Soils with the Downhole Seismic Piezocone Penetrometer
Authors: Campanella RG , Stewart WP , Roy D , Davies MP
Published: March 2009

In-situ soil testing procedures with the downhole seismic piezocone have been under continuous development at the University of British Columbia since 1980. Currently, this rapid and cost effective tool can be used to measure the average dynamic soil properties of shear wave velocity as well as damping with depth along with the interpretation of detailed stratigraphy and geotechnical parameters. The purpose of this paper is to present, in a simple and practical way, the latest seismic piezocone procedures for testing and signal processing to determine low strain damping properties of soil in combination with the usual shear wave velocity measurements. The signal processing for shear wave velocity determination includes the phase velocity technique which gives shear wave velocity as a function of frequency. For the determination of the small strain damping ratio, the spectral ratio slope method is used. Typical results are presented and discussed for a site dominated by peat, organic soils and soft clays, all normally consolidated. Typical results for a sandy site are also presented.
Automation of Spectral Analysis of Surface Waves Method
Authors: Nazarian S , Yuan D , Baker MR
Published: March 2009

With minimal simplifying assumptions and approximations, an automated version of the spectral analysis of surface waves (SASW) method has been developed to determine in situ shear wave velocity profiles of soil deposits. Testing time for each site, including collection of data, construction and inversion of dispersion curve, should not be more than thirty minutes. To accelerate field testing, a multi-sensor geophone array and a PC-based data-acquisition, signal-analysis package have been developed. The two greatest challenges have been the development of a fully-automated procedure to construct the dispersion curve from field data and a fast yet, theoretically-sound, inversion process to determine the shear wave velocity profile from a given dispersion curve. In this paper, the major theoretical and practical aspects of these two steps are described and discussed with examples.
Tomographic Inversion of Seismic Travel Time Data Using Artificial Neural Networks
Authors: Rix GJ
Published: March 2009

A three-layer, feed-forward artificial neural network was trained to perform a tomographic inversion of seismic travel time data for a simple 4 by 4 grid. One hundred training sets were created by randomly varying the velocity of one of the four interior cells. Each training set consisted of the travel times for 33 ray paths traversing the grid from sources and receivers placed on three sides. Ray curvature was accounted for in the travel time calculations. An additional 100 sets of data were used to test the performance of the trained network. The network performed well when the velocity of anomalous cell was larger than the background velocity or slightly less. For anomalous cells with velocities significantly lower than the background velocity the network was incapable of providing correct results because of refraction around the low-velocity cell. The trained network successfully generalized for several test cases involving two anomalous cells and was reasonably robust when presented with noisy travel time data.
Feasibility of a Tool for In Situ Measurement of Material Properties of Clays Over a Wide Strain Range
Authors: Roblee CJ , Li X-S , Chan CK , Idriss IM , Wang G , Herrmann LR , Jackura KA
Published: March 2009

Initial feasibility findings of a research program directed toward the development of a practical tool for rapid in situ determination of material properties (modulus and damping) of soft to medium-stiff clays over a wide range of strain (0.0001% to 10%) are presented. The motivation for this work is discussed in terms of both the sensitivity of earthquake ground response analyses to input material properties, as well as the limitations of existing design methodologies for specifying material behavior. The scope and objectives of the research program are outlined. Results are presented from numerical analyses used to establish typical stress and strain fields caused by borehole installation. The merits of several tool-design alternatives are considered, and preliminary design concepts for a new tool called the “Freestanding Torsional Shear (FTS)” device are introduced. Critical issues and future directions of the research program are discussed.
Resonant Column Testing at Pressures up to 3.5 MPa (500 psi)
Authors: Hardin KO , Drnevich VP , Wang J , Sams CE
Published: March 2009

High pressure resonant column tests were needed to determine the earthquake response of a deep soil deposit. Typical confining pressures ranged from 413 kPa (60 psi) to 3.5 MPa (500 psi) requiring the modification and recalibration of a conventional Drnevich-type resonant column. Additionally, test procedures and data reduction methods were adapted for atypical behavior observed during subsequent tests. With the new procedures and calibration, tests were performed to validate the changes using Ottawa Sand, and were compared with cyclic triaxial tests conducted on specimens from the same batch of sand, and published predictions of Gmax. Finally, the Ottawa sand results and, results from selected in situ samples are presented.
Comparisons of Laboratory and Field Measurements of Resilient Modulus of Non-Granular Materials
Authors: Pezo RF , Hudson WR
Published: March 2009

This paper describes a series of experiments performed on non-granular materials. The experiments consisted of performing different dynamic tests in the laboratory and the field, and comparing their moduli measurements. Torsional resonant column, torsional shear and resilient modulus tests were the laboratory tests used. The Crosshole method was the only field test used. Comparisons showed good agreement between the laboratory measurements. Even though, some discrepancies were found in the comparisons of the laboratory with the field measurements.
Towards Standardization of Torsional Shear Testing
Authors: Frost JD , Drnevich VP
Published: March 2009

The use of torsional shear testing devices as a means to study the monotonic and cyclic behavior of soils is increasing at a steady, if slow, rate. While the range of different test devices and procedures that have been developed all typically follow the same general guidelines for applying torsional loading to the specimens, there are also significant differences among many of them which can potentially result in variations in the measured soil properties which makes use of the test results by others less viable. These differences range from factors such as (i) specimen type (solid versus hollow), (ii) specimen diameter, (iii) length-to-diameter ratio, (iv) wall thickness for hollow specimens, (v) applied boundary stresses, (vi) method of loading, and (vii) means of measuring specimen response. ASTM Subcommittee D18.09 on Cyclic and Dynamic Properties of Soils is currently in the initial stages of developing a standard test method for the performance of torsional shear testing. This paper provides references and summarizes the findings of an initial review which was conducted as part of this standardization effort. The significance of membrane effects are discussed. Recommendations are made on items to include in the proposed standard.
Importance of Measuring Local Strains in Cyclic Triaxial Tests on Granular Materials
Authors: Tatsuoka F , Teachavorasinskun S , Dong J , Kohata Y , Sato T
Published: March 2009

Deformation properties of sand and gravel were evaluated by cyclic loading (CL) triaxial tests and monotonic loading (ML) triaxial compression tests using small and large triaxial apparatuses. The results were compared with those from other testing methods. The specimens had non-lubricated regular ends. Two types of local gages set on the lateral surface of specimen measured local axial and radial strains. A load cell was located inside the triaxial cell. For a strain range from about 0.0001 % to about 1 %, axial strains measured at the specimen cap in the both ML and CL triaxial tests and damping in the CL triaxial tests tend to be much larger than those measured locally due to bedding errors at the top and bottom ends of specimen. Stiffness values from static CL tests (i.e., very low frequency CL tests) and resonant-column tests (i.e., very high frequency CL tests) were nearly the same, showing that the deformation properties during CL at strains of 0.0001∼ 0.1 % can be obtained only by static CL tests. Stiffness values at strains less than about 0.001 % were practically the same among static ML and CL tests and dynamic CL tests, and between triaxial and torsional shear tests, whereas the dependency of stiffness on strain level is different among them.
Review of Progress in Dynamic Geotechnical Centrifuge Research
Authors: Scott RF
Published: March 2009

A great deal of research has been performed in the last ten years in the area of dynamic geotechnical centrifuge testing. The progress made is reviewed, with particular reference to papers presented at this Symposium, problem areas are identified, and suggestions are made to clarify some of the difficulties.
Scaling Laws for Rate Dependent Shear and Consolidation of Clay
Authors: Sathialingam N , Kutter BL
Published: March 2009

In laboratory tests such as triaxial, consolidation, and scale model tests, the laboratory specimens are often loaded at a different rate than the soil in the field. It is known that clayey soils exhibit rate dependent volume change (secondary compression) and rate dependent shear strength. This paper presents a framework for accounting for the effect of the rate of strain on the mechanical properties. The effect of drainage path length on the amount of secondary compression and the apparent increase in the strength of clay that occurs due to the increase in strain rate can be counterbalanced by scaling the void ratio of the clay. This paper proposes that the required difference between the model and prototype void ratio depends only on the coefficient of secondary compression, and on the scale factor for the rate of strain. This is supported by qualitative arguments based on conventional concepts of soil mechanics and quantitative predictions of a simple verified constitutive model.
Centrifuge Simulation of Rayleigh Waves in Soils Using a Drop-Ball Arrangement
Authors: Luong PM
Published: March 2009

The experimental procedure defines a drop-ball arrangement, able to generate Rayleigh waves in flight that propagated in a centrifuged soil mass, in order to investigate the very difficult problems of surface wave propagation in a half-space that contains barriers, trenches, obstacles or a soft soil layer covered by stiff layers. Analysis of experimental results confirms the similitude of generating Rayleigh waves in centrifuge tests. The recorded signals can be properly interpreted in terms of true ground motion. Loss mechanisms responsible for seismic attenuation are analysed for granular and porous media. The proposed technique of in-flight falling-weight source provides a very simple means of applying a substantial transient force normal to the surface during the impact.
Interlaboratory Studies to Evaluate the Repeatability of Dynamic Centrifuge Model Tests
Authors: Arulanandan K , Dobry R , Elgamal A-W , Ko HY , Kutter BL , Prevost J , Riemer MF , Schofield AN , Scott RF , Seed RB , Whitman RV , Zeng X
Published: March 2009

As part of the VELACS (VErification of Liquefaction Analysis Using Centrifuge Studies) Project, a series of dynamic centrifuge model tests were duplicated at different Universities (U.C. Davis, UC Berkeley, Caltech, Cambridge, Colorado, MIT, Princeton, and RPI) to assess the repeatability of the test results and to provide a data base for a Class A (before the event) type prediction of the test results. This paper will present the results obtained on different centrifuges, the evaluation of the repeatability of the results, and discussions on the usefulness of the results for the validation of constitutive models and numerical procedures. The experience and lessons learnt from this practice show that standardization of dynamic centrifuge modeling is very important in order to achieve repeatability of test results. The results presented here are based on the materials published in a Proceedings of the VELACS Symposium.
Proposed Preferred Method for Displaying Three- Dimensional Structure Information of Matter/Molecules
Authors: Barcza S
Published: March 2009

Conveying, exchanging information between databases, programs and humans in any combination and direction is important. This paper concerns the cases where there is at least one human partner as the receiver. More specifically, the delivery of graphic information about the structure of matter, including molecules to humans is addressed.

I review and systematize, to my knowledge uniquely, various methods for the display and perception of the 3-D structure of molecules in flat media, and summarize their advantages and disadvantages. Some examples include: rotation, depth cueing, stereopairs, polarized light or color distinction, time-gated displays, holograms, etc.

I propose the method of “crossed” or “reverse” stereopair to become the standard for the display of the 3-D structure of matter, specifically, molecules, molecular assemblies, annotations and geometry-localized property descriptors, using flat media.

This method is most practical, and has the most favorable ratio of advantages over disadvantages. A major advantage is that the method appplies not only to paper and the computer CRT screen but, with no more serious training or requirement for equipment, to projection by an ordinary slide projector or overhead projector onto an ordinary screen, for an auditorium-full of viewers.

The proposed method appplies not only to real objects, such as molecules, but is equally useful for conveying the true three-dimensionality of data, mathematical functions and curves, relationships, etc. Statistical graphics would especially benefit from the 3-D displays.

It must be noted however, that all methods leading to true perception of three-dimensionality are only feasible for persons who have vision in both eyes.
NetCDF — A Defacto, Standardized Framework for Analytical Data Exchange, Storage, and Archival
Authors: Lysakowski R
Published: March 2009

In January 1989, the Analytical Data Interchange and Storage Standards (ADISS) Project was initiated to develop global standards to make analytical data much more portable and reusable. At that time, no widespread data standards existed for analytical chemistry laboratory automation. The first six months of the ADISS Project were spent doing a thorough technical study of the requirements for exchanging, storaging, and archiving of data by analytical chemists. Simultaneously, a full business needs analysis was done to discover what organizational and business requirements must be fulfilled to have any such standards live long and prosper.

Next, a technical systems architecture, called the ADISS Architecture, was designed to meet the technical and business requirements for at least the next decade. The ADISS Architecture includes the ADISS Analytical Information Model (ADISS AIM), the ADISS Application Programming Interface (ADISS API), the ADISS Toolkit, and the ADISS Data Dictionaries. The architecture's two most important technical requirements are: 1) it must work well for all major analytical techniques, and, 2) it must be independent of computer platform type, vendors, and particular applications. The two most important business constraints are that: 1) there is a good, well-funded technical support group for one or more robust reference implementations of the architecture, and, 2) such a software system must be available at minimal to no cost to developers and end users alike.

From the ADISS Architecture technical requirements and design, and the business and organizational constraints, a search was done to find available standards and systems that most closely matched. After many months of evaluating all available existing systems, standards, and proposals, the network Common Data Format (netCDF), supplied by the Unidata Program Center, emerged as the system that would eventually be recommended to various standards groups. This was in mid-1990.

NetCDF was proposed to the Analytical Instrument Association (AIA), which had initiated its Data Standards Program more than a year earlier. The AIA adopted netCDF unchanged because it meets their business and technical requirements. By then, the ADISS AIM had been applied to chromatography, proposed to the AIA, and used as the foundation of the AIA's Chromatography Data Standard, after being modified to meet its specific scope and needs. Since then, the American Society of Mass Spectrometry has successfully applied the ADISS/netCDF framework to mass spectrometry. These groups' usage of the software framework led to its emergence as a defacto standard for data communications for these techniques.

This paper presents technical details and requirements of the ADISS Architecture, describes capabilities of the netCDF system, and some tools available to apply ADISS/netCDF to other analytical techniques.
The Demand for and the Value of a Standard, Unified Data Architecture for Analytical Testing Data
Authors: Weimar RD
Published: March 2009

People infer.

Computers do NOT infer.

Computers for well into the 21st century will be absolutely logical. They will not process data and information in the same way people do. For computers to share data and information having the same meaning for all users, there MUST be ONE and ONLY ONE Unified Data Architecture (UDA) at EACH system interface that shares data. The ADISS Architecture (Analytical Data Interchange and Storage Standards), being developed by ASTM and the Analytical Instrument Association (AIA), has an UDA whose initial core covers the Subject Areas of Material, Property and Analytical Testing. The need for and value of such an UDA will be presented for the area of Analytical Testing. A cost effective mechanism is proposed which allows each business or enterprise to implement this Data Architecture at a rate suitable to its individual needs and resources.
Future ADISS Data Architecture for Materials, Properties and Analytical Testing
Authors: Weimar RD
Published: March 2009

As discussed in the paper immediately preceding this, “The Demand for and Value of a Standard, Unified Data Architecture for Analytical Testing Data”: people infer; computers do NOT infer. Computers are and will remain rigidly logical for some time. These two conditions DEMAND a standard, UDA for sharing understandable, accurate data between computer systems.

The ADISS Architecture (Analytical Data Interchange and Storage Standards), being developed by ASTM and the Analytical Instrument Association (AIA), includes such an Unified Data Architecture (UDA). The core of this unified Architecture is being developed around the Subject Areas of Material, Property and Analytical Testing. The principles and methodology required to develop an UDA will be covered. The Data Hierarchy Model being developed upon which this Architecture is based will be presented along with the initial Entity/Relationship Model. Examples of definitions from this Data Architecture will also be presented.

This ADISS Data Architecture being proposed is the core of a global, standard, UDA for businesses and enterprises with laboratories and for those who use Material, Product Property and analytical test data in conducting their business. A mechanism for businesses to migrate to this Data Architecture will be reviewed.