bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Carbon fibre-reinforced, alkali-activated slag mortars
Authors: Alcaide J. S. , Alcocel E. G. , Puertas F. , Lapuente R. , Garcés P.
Published: October 2008

The paper describes the effect of carbon fibre on alkaliactivated slag mortar (AAS) mechanical strength, volume stability and reinforcing steel corrosion, compared to its effect on the same properties in Portland cement (PC) properties. Mechanical strength and volume stability tests were performed as set out in the respective Spanish UNE standards. The corrosion rate of steel embedded in the specimens studied was determined from polarization resistance analysis. One of the findings of the study performed was that carbon fibre failed to improve AAS or CP mortar strength. As far as volume stability is concerned, the inclusion of carbon fibres in AAS with a liquid/solid ratio of 0.5 reduced drying shrinkage by about 50%. The effect of carbon fibre on PC mortars differed from its effect on AAS mortars. Studies showed that in the presence of carbonation, steel corrosion reached higher levels in carbon-fibre reinforced AAS mortars; the inclusion of 1% carbon fibre improved corrosion resistance perceptibly in these same mortars, however, when exposed to chloride attack.
Stones used in Milan architecture
Authors: Bugini Roberto , Folli Luisa
Published: October 2008

The city of Milan lies in a plain with clayey soil well suited to brick-making, but no stone deposits. An ample supply of stone is available, however, in the surrounding hills and mountains, which are connected to the city via both natural and artificial waterways. The types of stone used since Roman times include: granite, marble and gneiss from Ossola Valley; dolomite from Lake Maggiore; detrital limestone from Ceresio Valley; sandstone from the Brianza Hills; black limestone and marble from Lake Como; and conglomerate and sandstone from the Adda River basin. Traditionally, the chief uses have been dimension stone (all stones), column shafts (granite), slabs (marble), moulding (dolomite, limestone) and ornamental (marble, dolomite, limestone).
Phase Change Materials (PCMs) for energy storage in architecture. Use with the Magic Box prototype
Authors: Neila González F. J. , Acha Román C. , Higueras García E. , Bedoya Frutos C.
Published: October 2008

The article shows an energy-accumulation system in change of phase materials, designed for a prototype dwelling used for building two bioclimatic and self-sufficient buildings. These bulidings have been built in Madrid, Washington and Beijing. The characteristics of these materials, the construction systems into which these materials were incorporated, its comparative valuation with sensitive accumulation systems, and the results of the building monitorization are included.
Experimental study of the effect of temperature on the strength of ready-mixed concrete. Theory
Authors: Ortiz Lozano J. A. , Aguado de Cea A. , Agulló Fité L. , García Vicente T. , Zermeño de León M. E.
Published: October 2008

The present article discusses the effects of temperature on the performance of both fresh and hardened concrete and on the properties of its constituent materials, from an industrial perspective. The primary aim of the study was to optimize concrete in very warm environments. Certain industrial procedures are proposed to minimize the adverse effects of climate on ready-mixed concrete performance. A number of experiments were conducted to determine the effect of extreme temperatures on the thermal behaviour, workability and mechanical properties of concrete, cement mortars, cement pastes, and aggregates. The results showed that aggregates, the predominant component of concrete, are especially temperature-labile. Basic measures for optimizing concrete performance in very warm weather were also developed. This procedure was successfully applied on an industrial scale in readymixed concrete production plants, where it yielded significant savings in summertime cement consumption.
Experimental scale model study of cracking in brick masonry under tensile and shear stress
Authors: Reyes Pozo E. , Casati Calzada M. J. , Gálvez Ruiz J. C.
Published: October 2008

This article discusses the results of research conducted on the failure behaviour of brick masonry under tensile and shear stress. The study was designed to develop test models and generate experimental results able to provide greater insight into tensile and shear stresses cracking in brick masonry. The results of a campaign conducted with two types of specimens are discussed: 1) double-edge notched specimens under non-symmetrical compression stress, and 2) three point bending specimens under nonsymmetrical loading. Tests were run on specimens of similar size (similarity rate 2) and different bed joint orientation to determine how bed joint orientation affects crack propagation. The tests were conducted on scale models (1/4) of a single wythe, stretcher bond brickwork masonry wall one half foot thick.
One‐Pot Conversion of Lactam Carbamates to Cyclic Enecarbamates: Preparation of 1‐
Tert
‐Butoxycarbonyl‐2,3‐Dihydropyrrole
Authors: Yu Jurong , Truc Vu , Riebel Peter , Hierl Elizabeth , Mudryk Boguslaw
Published: October 2008

N(tert
‐Butyloxycarbonyl)pyrrolidi‐2‐one

Super‐Hydride

N,N
‐Disiopropylethylamine

Trifluoracetic anhydride

1‐
tert
‐Butoxycarbonyl‐2,3‐dihydropyrrole

DMAP
(

R

)‐2‐(Benzyloxycarbonylamino‐Methyl)‐3‐Phenylpropanoic Acid (
Z
‐β
2
h
PHE
‐
OH
): Preparation of a β
2
‐Amino Acid with the Auxiliary Dioz
Authors: Constanze J. , Müller‐Hartwieg D. , Vecchia Luigi La , Meyer Hartmut , Beck Albert K. , Seebach Dieter
Published: October 2008

(4
S
)‐4‐Isopropyl‐5,5‐diphenyloxazolidin‐2‐one

n
‐Butyllithium

3‐Phenylpropanoyl chloride

(4
S
)‐4‐Isopropyl‐5,5‐diphenyl‐3‐(3‐phenyl‐propionyl)oxazolidin‐2‐one

Titanium tetrachloride

Triethylamine

(2
R
, 4
S
)[2‐Benzyl‐3‐(4‐isopropyl‐2‐oxo‐5,5‐diphenyl‐propionyl)oxazolidiny)‐3‐oxopropyl]carbamic acid benzyl ester

Hydrogen peroxide

Lithium hydroxide monohydrate

(
R
)‐2‐(Benzyloxycarbonylaminomethyl)‐3‐phenylpropionic acid
An economic and legal assessment of the EU food industry's competitiveness
Authors: Wijnands Jo H.M. , Bremmers Harry J. , van der Meulen Bernd M.J. , Poppe Krijn J.
Published: October 2008

The objective of this article is to assess the competitiveness of the European food industry from an economic and legal perspective. Knowledge of its present competitiveness and improvement opportunities are lacking. To close this knowledge gap, we measured the competitiveness of eight subsectors, benchmarked them with four leading world economies, assessed the effect of differences in legal requirements, and predicted future developments using scenario analysis. International economics indicators supplemented with data on legal issues from a survey conducted by leading experts were used to measure competitiveness. The results show that the EU food industry's competitiveness is weak. The legal system was positively evaluated compared to the U.S. system, but major improvements are possible. The recommendations are to improve economies of scale, economies of scope, ICT‐based supply chain management, and exploit cultural differences through innovation, within a more flexible and streamlined legal framework. [Econlit. Citations:F14, L66; Q13]. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Food chain management for sustainable food system development: a European research agenda
Authors: Fritz Melanie , Schiefer Gerhard
Published: October 2008

Food Chain Management is a rather new research domain. As a consequence, the domain and the research challenges within the domain are not yet clearly defined. This corresponds with the variety in the definition of food chains and networks that might focus on either closely cooperating enterprises along the value chain with an executive coordination element or, alternatively, on a network of enterprises in dynamically evolving business relationships. Management challenges in closely cooperating enterprises are closely linked to challenges in enterprise management and can draw on research in this domain; however, management activities in and for networks involve additional challenges that require focused research engagement. The dependency of all participants in the chain on consumers as the ultimate customers and the dependency of the quality of final products on the engagement of all participants in the production and distribution of products require new managerial activities and, in turn, support by research. This article discusses the background of future research needs and formulates priority challenges for managerial improvements toward an increased sustainability of the food sector. [JEL classifications: Q010, Q130, D290, L140] © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Impact of WASDE reports on implied volatility in corn and soybean markets
Authors: Isengildina‐Massa Olga , Irwin Scott H. , Good Darrel L. , Gomez Jennifer K.
Published: October 2008

This study investigates the impact of U.S. Department of Agriculture World Agricultural Supply and Demand Estimate (WASDE) reports on implied volatility in corn and soybean markets over 1985 to 2002. If WASDE reports resolve uncertainty, implied volatility should drop immediately after release of the reports. Results show that WASDE reports lead to a statistically significant reduction of implied volatility that averages 0.7 percentage points for corn and 0.8 percentage points for soybeans. The magnitude of the reduction is largest for the group of WASDE reports containing both domestic and international situation and outlook information. This group of reports reduces implied volatility by an average of 1.1 percentage points in corn and by almost 1.5 percentage points in soybeans. Results also reveal that the market impact of WASDE reports is strongest in the most recent 1996 to 2002 subperiod. Overall, the results indicate that WASDE reports provide valuable information to corn and soybean market participants. [JEL classifications: Q100, Q110, Q130]. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
‐GγAγ‐thalassemia and γ‐chain variants in chinese newborn babies
Authors: Zeng Yi‐Tao , Huang Shu‐Zheng , Nakatsuji T. , Huisman T. H. J.
Published: October 2008

The occurrence of γ‐chain abnormal hemoglobins and of γ‐thalassemia in Chinese newborns was evaluated through analyses of the Hb F of over 1,100 babies and of the DNA from one baby and his parents. Gene mapping data identified this baby as a homozygote for ‐GγAγ‐thalassemia, which is caused by a deletion of about 5 kb due to an unequal crossing‐over between the ‐Gγ‐ and ‐Aγ‐ genes. This condition is the same as that observed in Indian and Japanese babies [2,3]. Its gene frequency among babies from the Shanghai area was 0.012. A previously unrecognized Gγ chain variant, Hb F‐Shanghai or α2Gγ266(E10)Lys→Arg, was observed in one newborn. This variant was not detected by conventional techniques but only by high performance liquid chromatography, as the Gγ66 Lys and Gγ66 Arg chains had slightly different chromatographic mobilities. Lys at position γ66 participates in contacts with the heme group, and its substitution by another amino acid residue might interfere with physiochemical and/or functional properties. No other γ‐chain variants have been detected except the well‐known AγT or F‐Sardinia chain (f.AγT = 0.076).
Gene mapping of malaysian α thalassemias with α and ζ globin gene probes
Authors: Lie‐Injo Luan Eng , Herrera Alex R. , Lebo Roger V. , Hassan Khalid , Lopez Cynthia G.
Published: October 2008

Restriction enzyme analysis of the α and ζ globin genes was carried out in four cases of Hb Bart's hydrops fetalis, in three patients with Hb H disease without Hb CoSp, in three patients with Hb H disease with Hb CoSp, in 47 individuals with α thalassemia trait, and in 47 normal individuals. All four cases of Hb Bart's hydrops fetalis resulted from deletions of α1 and α2 globin genes which did not extend to the ψζ1 and ζ2 globin genes. The same type of deletion was observed in α thal1 carriers, but two newborns (one Malay and one of Chinese extraction) had a nondeletion type of α thal1 which was confirmed by quantitative αglobin gene analysis. In addition, two other newborns diagnosed as α thal1 trait carriers (one Malay, one Chinese) were shown to have a deletion of both α globin genes by quantitative α globin gene analysis, but further testing with ζ globin gene probe failed to reveal an abnormal fragment length characteristic of an α globin gene deletion. We believe that this last condition is due to a large deletion which includes all α globin genes and all ζ globin genes on the same chromosome. On another front, Bgl II restriction analysis of all four Hb Bart's hydrops fetalis cases and the α thal1 trait carriers showed a 10.5‐kb Bgl II restriction fragment, in the hydrops fetalis as a single band, while in the carriers this 10.5‐kb fragment was accompanied by the usual normal 12.5‐kb and 11.3‐kb fragments. We report that this 10.5‐kb fragment, previously thought to be specific for the Southeast Asian α thal1 gene deletion, is also common in normal individuals. Nevertheless, digestion with other enzymes can clearly differentiate the α thal1 and normal genotypes. We distinguish the findings in the α thalassemias from the extensive DNA polymorphism in the region of the α and ζ globin genes.
Bronchiolitis obliterans after bone marrow transplantation
Authors: Rosenberg Mark E. , Vercellotti Gregory M. , Snover Dale C. , Hurd David , McGlave Philip
Published: October 2008

Bronchiolitis obliterans occurred in the setting of chronic graft‐versus‐host disease 1 year after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for chronic myelogenous leukemia. The severe obstructive pulmonary disease followed an episode of interstitial pneumonitis. The etiology and possible relationship to graft‐versus‐host disease of this rare pulmonary lesion following bone marrow transplantation are discussed.
The role of molecular testing and enzyme analysis in the management of hypomorphic citrullinemia
Authors: Dimmock David P. , Trapane Pamela , Feigenbaum Annette , Keegan Catherine E. , Cederbaum Stephen , Gibson James , Gambello Michael J. , Vaux Keith , Ward Patricia , Rice Gregory M. , Wolff Jon A. , O'Brien William E. , Fang Ping
Published: October 2008

Expanded newborn screening detects patients with modest elevations in citrulline; however it is currently unclear how to treat these patients and how to counsel their parents. In order to begin to address these issues, we compared the clinical, biochemical, and molecular features of 10 patients with mildly elevated citrulline levels. Three patients presented with clinical illness whereas seven came to attention as a result of expanded newborn screening. One patient presented during pregnancy and responded promptly to IV sodium phenylacetate/sodium benzoate and arginine therapy with no long‐term adverse effects on mother or fetus. Two children presented with neurocognitive dysfunction, one of these responded dramatically to dietary protein reduction. ASS enzyme activity was not deficient in all patients with biallelic mutations suggesting this test cannot exclude the ASS1 locus in patients with mildly elevated plasma citrulline. Conversely, all symptomatic patients who were tested had deficient activity. We describe four unreported mutations (p.Y291S, p.R272H, p.F72L, and p.L88I), as well as the common p.W179R mutation. In silico algorithms were inconsistent in predicting the pathogenicity of mutations. The cognitive benefit in one patient of protein restriction and the lack of adverse outcome in seven others restricted from birth, suggest a role for protein restriction and continued monitoring to prevent neurocognitive dysfunction. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A phenotype intermediate between Desbuquois dysplasia and diastrophic dysplasia secondary to mutations in DTDST
Authors: Panzer K.M. , Lachman R. , Modaff P. , Pauli R.M.
Published: October 2008

We describe a child whose original clinical and radiologic manifestations led to a diagnosis of Desbuquois dysplasia. Subsequent development of features including cervical kyphosis and cystic ears caused us to reconsider the original diagnosis. The new complement of features in this patient fell in a range between Desbuquois dysplasia and diastrophic dysplasia. Molecular testing showed that she is a compound heterozygote for mutations in the diastrophic dysplasia sulfate transporter gene (DTDST). This finding confirms that there is locus heterogeneity in apparent Desbuquois dysplasia. It also expands the phenotypic spectrum of disorders caused by mutations in DTDST. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Carnitine‐palmitoyltransferase 2 deficiency: Novel mutations and relevance of newborn screening
Authors: Illsinger Sabine , Lücke Thomas , Peter Michael , Ruiter Jos P.N. , Wanders Ronald J.A. , Deschauer Marcus , Handig Ingrid , Wuyts Wim , Das Anibh M.
Published: October 2008

We report on a newborn male, born at term after an uneventful pregnancy presenting with a pathological acylcarnitine profile in routine newborn screening on the third day of life. The profile showed characteristic elevations of C14:0‐, C16:0‐, C16:1‐ and C18:1‐acylcarnitines, while the ratio of (C16 + C18:1)/C2 was increased, suggesting CPT2‐ or carnitine‐acylcarnitine‐translocase‐ deficiency. The acylcarnitine profile in blood taken on day 9 was normal with breast milk feeding. No dicarboxylic aciduria was found. In fibroblasts, the activity of CPT2 was decreased to 25%, overall oxidation of the long‐chain fatty acids was reduced to 10% of control values. Sequence analysis of the CPT2 gene showed heterozygosity for two previously undescribed mutations in exon 4: c.748‐749delAA (truncating), and c.1436A > G (p.Tyr479Cys; missense) mutations. The asymptomatic parents were found to be heterozygous, the mother carries the c.748‐749delAA and the father the c.1436A > G mutation. The boy is now 2.5 years old; no clinical symptoms associated with the marked impairment of long‐chain fatty acid oxidation have occurred. Confirmation of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation defects from an initial abnormal newborn‐screening by tandem mass spectrometry should include enzyme and, if possible, molecular genetic analysis despite a normal 2nd screening. Biochemical testing of urine (organic acids) may be unrevealing. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comment on prevalence of hereditary prosopagnosia (HPA) in Hong Kong Chinese population
Authors: Duchaine Bradley
Published: October 2008

Kennerknecht et al. [Kennerknecht et al. (2008); Am J Med Genet Part A 146A] estimate that 1.9% of the Chinese population are hereditary prosopagnosics. I discuss concerns about their assumption that the great majority of prosopagnosia resulting from developmental problems are heritable and present data from my laboratory that suggests that a considerable proportion of developmental prosopagnosics do not have relatives who share their face recognition deficits. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Multistep analysis of the mechanical performance of an air spring
Authors: Fengxiang Li , Yumei Ding , Hua Yan , Changfeng Guan , Weimin Yang
Published: October 2008

New methods for testing air springs have received a lot of interest in recent years. In this article APDL (ANSYS parametric design language) was utilized to simulate static and dynamic test process of air springs. In the simulation, multiple load steps solution was carried out through APDL *DO‐LOOP and array parameter method. The program (capsule volume calculating macro) based on scatter sum method enabled the loop. The scalar quantity PRESSURE was established as inner tracking parameter to update inner pressure. Table parameter PRESSURES was established as inner pressure output parameter to export inner pressure of each load step. According to rubber elastic behavior and cord‐rubber composite aeolotropy, hyper elastic element and layer element were preferred for simulation. Comparison was done between static simulation results and corresponding test data to prove feasibility of multistep analysis. In consequence, some major parameters such as cord angle, initial inner pressure, and auxiliary chamber volume were taken into account, which have remarkable effect on static mechanical performance of EQ6111 air spring. Finally, the same method was applied to the simulation of dynamic test process, achieving abundant analysis results according to every 0.5 Hz increment of load frequencies varying from 0.5 to 2.5 Hz. Load frequency threw remarkable effect on the dynamic mechanical performance of EQ6111 air spring, because inertial effect and damping effect played important roles therein. The study aims to make contribution to the development of platform of air spring simulation and parameterized design (PASSPD). © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
On the Probability of Correct Selection for Large k Populations, with Application to Microarray Data
Authors: Cui Xinping , Wilson Jason
Published: October 2008

One frontier of modern statistical research is the problems arising from data sets with extremely large k (>1000) populations, e.g. microarray and neuroimaging data. For many such problems the focus shifts from testing for significance to selecting, filtering, or screening. Classical Ranking and Selection Methodology (RSM) studied the probability of correct selection (PCS). PCS is the probability that the “best” (t = 1) of k populations is truly selected, according to some specified criteria of best. This paper extends and adapts two selection goals from the RSM literature that are suitable for large k problems (d ‐best and G ‐best selection). It is then shown how estimation of PCS for selecting multiple (t > 1) populations with d ‐best and G ‐best selection can be implemented to provide a useful measure of the quality of a given selection. A simulation study and the application of the proposed method to a benchmark microarray data set show it is an effective and versatile tool for assessing the probability that a particular gene selection or gene filtering step truly obtains the best genes. Moreover, the proposed method is fully general and may be applied to any such extremely large k problem. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
An Investigation on Performance of Significance Analysis of Microarray (SAM) for the Comparisons of Several Treatments with one Control in the Presence of Small‐variance Genes
Authors: Lin D. , Shkedy Z. , Burzykowski T. , Ion R. , Göhlmann H. W. H. , Bondt A. De , Perer T. , Geerts T. , Van den Wyngaert I. , Bijnens L.
Published: October 2008

One of multiple testing problems in drug finding experiments is the comparison of several treatments with one control. In this paper we discuss a particular situation of such an experiment, i.e., a microarray setting, where the many‐to‐one comparisons need to be addressed for thousands of genes simultaneously. For a gene‐specific analysis, Dunnett's single step procedure is considered within gene tests, while the FDR controlling procedures such as Significance Analysis of Microarrays (SAM) and Benjamini and Hochberg (BH) False Discovery Rate (FDR) adjustment are applied to control the error rate across genes. The method is applied to a microarray experiment with four treatment groups (three microarrays in each group) and 16,998 genes. Simulation studies are conducted to investigate the performance of the SAM method and the BH‐FDR procedure with regard to controlling the FDR, and to investigate the effect of small‐variance genes on the FDR in the SAM procedure. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Correlates and effect of suboptimal radiotherapy in women with ductal carcinoma in situ or early invasive breast cancer
Authors: Gold Heather Taffet , Do Huong T. , Dick Andrew W.
Published: October 2008

BACKGROUND.

The study aimed to identify factors associated with less‐than‐optimal radiotherapy (RT) and its impact on disease‐free survival in women aged 66+ years diagnosed with stage I breast cancer or ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS).

METHODS.

The subjects were women diagnosed from 1991 to 1999 in the linked Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)‐Medicare database who underwent breast‐conserving surgery and RT within 12 months postdiagnosis. The authors conducted descriptive and multivariate survival analyses, and considered age, race, poverty, marital status, comorbidity indices, rural/urban, radiation oncologist density, comedo necrosis histology (DCIS only), chemotherapy receipt (stage I only), and RT completion (3+ weeks of treatment) and delay (8+ weeks postsurgery without chemotherapy; 4+ weeks postchemotherapy).

RESULTS.

Of 7791 subjects, 16% experienced RT delay, and 3% had incomplete RT. Subjects with stage I disease who were more likely to delay RT were of black race (odds ratio [OR], 1.56; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.17‐2.08), whereas women in areas of high radiation oncologist density were less likely to delay (OR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.66‐0.81). Those living in high poverty areas were less likely to complete RT (P < .03), as were those undergoing chemotherapy (OR, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.15‐2.88). Stage I breast cancer patients with delayed RT were more likely to experience a subsequent breast event (OR, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.00‐1.30), and those with incomplete RT had a higher rate of overall mortality (OR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.06‐1.63). Factors associated with lower subsequent breast events included older age, lower poverty, and being married. RT delays of 12+ weeks (or 8+ weeks postchemotherapy) had a strongly negative impact on subsequent events (OR, 3.94; 95% CI, 2.51‐6.17 for DCIS; OR, 2.77; 95% CI, 1.84‐2.59 for stage I).

CONCLUSIONS.

RT should be facilitated to ensure completion and timeliness, especially for early invasive breast cancer patients. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Screening for prostate cancer with serum prostate‐specific antigen
Authors: Davis John W.
Published: October 2008

Nguyen et al compared the cancer recurrence‐free survival after radical prostatectomy among 2 groups of men diagnosed with prostate cancer due to an elevated serum prostate‐specific antigen (PSA): 1) those whose initial screening PSA was abnormal and 2) those with a history of previous normal screening PSAs. The study found group 1 to have more adverse pathologic features and recurrence‐free survival.
“Deutsches Gütesiegel Nachhaltiges Bauen” – Herausforderungen für den Mauerwerksbau
Authors: Graubner Carl‐Alexander , Schneider Carmen
Published: October 2008

Die Einführung des vom Bundesministerium für Verkehr Bau und Stadtentwicklung (BMVBS) vergebenen “Deutschen Gütesiegels Nachhaltiges Bauen” steht kurz bevor. Schon im Januar 2009 sollen im Rahmen der Nachhaltigkeitszertifizierung durch das BMVBS die ersten Zertifikate überreicht werden. Das in Zusammenarbeit von Wissenschaft und Praxis erstellte Zertifizierungssystem, an dem die Autoren an führender Stelle mitgewirkt haben, soll in einem ersten Schritt zur wissenschaftlichen Beurteilung der Nachhaltigkeit von neu errichteten Büro‐ und Verwaltungsgebäuden eingesetzt werden (siehe [1]). Eine Anpassung an weitere Gebäude‐ und Nutzungsarten sowie die Erweiterung auf Gebäude im Bestand kann nach Durchführung weiterer Entwicklungsaufgaben zeitnah folgen. Im Sinne einer ganzheitlichen Gebäudeperformance steht die gleichwertige Berücksichtigung ökologischer, ökonomischer, technischer, sozialer und funktionaler Qualitäten über den Lebenszyklus eines Bauwerks im Zentrum der Zertifizierung. Ergänzend dazu werden detaillierte Informationen zur Prozessqualität und zur Qualität des Standortes berücksichtigt. In Phase 1 der Einführung des Systems werden zur Abbildung der kennzeichnenden Gebäudeeigenschaften 53 Einzelkriterien herangezogen, welche in 6 Hauptkriteriengruppen geclustert sind.

Die Nachhaltigkeitszertifizierung wird das Baugeschehen positiv beeinflussen. Zukunftsfähige Eigenschaften von Bauwerken werden identifiziert, gefördert und durch angemessene Beurteilungen prämiert. Aus den resultierenden Anforderungen ergeben sich Herausforderungen für alle am Bau Beteiligten. Gegenstand des vorliegenden Fachartikels ist die Untersuchung und Beurteilung der durch die Zertifizierung speziell für den Mauerwerksbau entstehenden Chancen, Potenziale und Risiken.
Einschalige Außenwände mit hinterlüfteten Außenwandbekleidungen
Authors: Prepens Manfred
Published: October 2008

Außenwände mit Wärmedämmung und vorgehängter hinterlüfteter Bekleidung bieten sowohl in gestalterischer als auch in bauphysikalischer Hinsicht viele Möglichkeiten moderner Fassadengestaltung. Die Wandscheibe aus KS‐Mauerwerk übernimmt raumabschließende und tragende Funktion, die Wärmedämmschicht den Wärmeschutz, die Bekleidungen die Gestaltungsfunktion und den Witterungsschutz. Andere Elemente wie z. B. Photovoltaikelemente können harmonisch in die Fassade eingepasst werden. Der Beitrag bezieht sich auf Kalksandstein‐Mauerwerk, die Ausführungen gelten i. W. auch für anderes Mauerwerk.
Energieeinsparung mit Kalksandstein‐Konstruktionen
Authors: Meyer Günter
Published: October 2008

Im Hinblick auf die Meseberger Beschlüsse [1] der Bundesregierung, die Vorschriften der Energieeinsparverordnung (EnEV) mehrfach zu verschärfen – erstmals 2009 um 30 % bis hin zur Absicht, in 2020 ohne fossile Brennstoffe im Neubaubereich auszukommen – kommen neue Herausforderungen auf die Bauwirtschaft und damit auch auf die Kalksandsteinindustrie zu. Wegen des seit Jahrzehnten eingeführten Kalksandstein‐Bausystems mit der “KS‐Funktionswand” schrecken höhere Anforderungen aber nicht, weil bereits heute praktisch jeder denkbare Wärmeschutz mit der Funktionswand realisierbar ist. Wichtiger ist, dass sich die vorgesehenen Maßnahmen für den Investor “rechnen” müssen. Ein Nachweis der Wirtschaftlichkeit neuer Anforderungen muss auch zukünftig erforderlich bleiben. Nachteilig wirkt sich aus, dass Fördermaßnamen des Bundes überwiegend in die Anlagentechnik (und damit zu wesentlichen Teil en ins Ausland gehen [2]), während Innovationen der bautechnischen Seite bestenfalls indirekt belohnt werden. Hier wird deutlich, dass sich die seit Jahrzehnten eingeführte Praxis der Austauschbarkeit von bau‐ und anlagentechnischen Maßnahmen zur Energieeinsparung nachteilig auswirkt.

Energiesparender Wärmeschutz, Wärmespeicherung (Hitzeschutz), Tragfähigkeit und Schallschutz sind keine Widersprüche, wenn nach dem Prinzip der “KS‐Funktionswand” gebaut wird. Es ist darauf hinzuweisen, dass dieses Konstruktionsprinzip auf der hohen Rohdichte des tragenden KS‐Mauerwerks basiert. Wettbewerber, die das Konstruktionsprinzip “Funktionswand” anwenden wollen, können die Summe der Vorteile, die sich aus einer hohen Rohdichte für Schallschutz, Brandschutz, Tragfähigkeit und Hitzeschutz ergeben, nicht ohne Weiteres erbringen.

Zur Wirtschaftlichkeit energiesparender Maßnahmen ist zu beachten, dass die nach Energieeinsparverordnung (EnEV) [3] zu verwendende Zielgröße “Primärenergiebedarf” (QP) kein Maßstab für die Wirtschaftlichkeit ist – ebenso wenig wie die im Sinne des Klimaschutzes geforderte Zielgröße “Minimierung von CO2‐Emissionen“. Ausschlaggebend für jeden Investor und Mieter ist die Minimierung der Energiekosten, und die sind nur abhängig vom Endenergiebedarf (QE) und den Kosten für die jeweils eingesetzten Energieträger – also Öl, Gas, Strom etc. Die von der Bundesregierung angestrebte Reduktion von Treibhausgasen wird unter der Voraussetzung unterstützt, dass die vorgeschlagenen Maßnahmen wirtschaftlich sind. Zu diesem Aspekt sollen einige Hinweise gegeben werden, die sich auf Wohngebäude beschränken.
Energieeffizienz im Gebäudebestand – die neue EnEV
Authors: Kümmel Julian
Published: October 2008

Bauen im Bestand ist eine anspruchsvolle Aufgabe für alle am Bau Beteiligten. Maßnahmen wie Sanierungen, Modernisierungen, Instandsetzungen, Umbauten und Erweiterungsbauten machen zwischenzeitlich mehr als die Hälfte des Bauvolumens im Hochbau aus. Und sie sind oft weit mehr als eine reine Reparatur: Sie tragen zur Werterhaltung oder sogar zur Wertsteigerung der jeweiligen Objekte bei. Energetische Optimierungen führen zur Senkung der Energiekosten und leisten einen Beitrag zum Umweltschutz. Gerade im Bestand gibt es diesbezüglich große Potentiale. Werden Maßnahmen im Bestand durchgeführt, so ist seit Februar 2002 die Energieeinsparverordnung (EnEV) anzuwenden. Die EnEV wurde überarbeitet, um die europäische Richtlinie über die Gesamtenergieeffizienz von Gebäuden in deutsches Recht umzusetzen. Zwar waren weite Bereiche bereits abgedeckt, zur vollständigen Umsetzung wurden jedoch zusätzliche Aspekte in die Verordnung aufgenommen. Dies betrifft insbesondere Energieausweise für den Gebäudebestand, den Aushang von Energieausweisen in öffentlichen Gebäuden, die Berücksichtigung von Klimaanlagen und die Pflicht, bei Gebäuden mit einer Nutzfläche von über 1000 m2 zu prüfen, inwieweit alternative Energiesysteme eingesetzt werden können. Neben strukturellen und begrifflichen Anpassungen ist die getrennte Betrachtung von Wohn‐ und Nichtwohngebäuden eine wesentliche nderung.

Seit 1. Oktober 2007 ist die neue EnEV gültig. Im Folgenden werden die Neuerungen, die sich aus der Überarbeitung der EnEV für das Bauen im Bestand ergeben, aufgeführt.
De novo DNA methylation independent establishment of maternal imprint on X chromosome in mouse oocytes
Authors: Chiba Hatsune , Hirasawa Ryutaro , Kaneda Masahiro , Amakawa Yuko , Li En , Sado Takashi , Sasaki Hiroyuki
Published: October 2008

In female mouse embryos, the paternal X chromosome (Xp) is preferentially inactivated during preimplantation development and trophoblast differentiation. This imprinted X‐chromosome inactivation (XCI) is partly due to an activating imprint on the maternal X chromosome (Xm), which is set during oocyte growth. However, the nature of this imprint is unknown. DNA methylation is one candidate, and therefore we examined whether disruptions of the two de novo DNA methyltransferases in growing oocytes affect imprinted XCI. We found that accumulation of histone H3 lysine‐27 trimethylation, a hallmark of XCI, occurs normally on the Xp, and not on the Xm, in female blastocysts developed from the mutant oocytes. Furthermore, the allelic expression patterns of X‐linked genes including Xist and Tsix were unchanged in preimplantation embryos and also in the trophoblast. These results show that a maternal disruption of the DNA methyltransferases has no effect on imprinted XCI and argue that de novo DNA methylation is dispensable for Xm imprinting. This underscores the difference between imprinted XCI and autosomal imprinting. genesis 46:768–774, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Meteorological controls on sand transport and dune morphology in a polar‐desert: Victoria Valley, Antarctica
Authors: Speirs Johanna C. , McGowan Hamish A. , Neil David T.
Published: October 2008

The hyperarid polar desert of the McMurdo Dry Valleys contains an abundance of aeolian sedimentary deposits, the largest in Antarctica, providing a unique setting for studying cold climate aeolian processes and dune morphology. Meteorological controls on sand transport and changes in dune morphology were monitored for 11 days in November–December 2004 on a barchan dune in the Victoria Valley, McMurdo Dry Valleys. Sand transport in this environment was found to be influenced by, (1) interparticle cohesion (ice‐bonding); (2) diurnal variations in the speed of thermally driven easterly valley winds due to reduced solar heating by ‘night’; and (3) topographically modified foehn southwesterly winds. The threshold entrainment velocity during easterly valleys winds was 5·3 m s−1 (at 0·4 m) ± 0·21 m s−1. Warm, dry and gusty foehn southwesterly winds were found to promote aeolian processes by dislodging surface sediments, with dune morphology responding rapidly. Importantly, no diurnal signal in sand transport was observed under these conditions when wind speed and sand transport occurred independently of solar heating. Measured changes in dune morphology indicate that the dune field of the Victoria Valley under current environmental conditions is in dynamic equilibrium, with frequent up‐valley sand transport by thermally generated valley winds balanced by less frequent but greater magnitude down‐valley sand transport by moderate to strong foehn southwesterlies. This results in little net movement of dunes and subsequent change in the position of the dune field. Accordingly, we believe that regional‐scale shifts in climate that cause change in the synoptic circulation patterns of the Ross Sea region that affect the frequency of either the up‐valley easterlies or down‐valley foehn winds will result in a net change in the morphology of the Victoria Valley's dune field. Such change in circulation may become apparent early as change in the morphology of the Victoria Valley sand dunes. We therefore suggest this site should be monitored as an indicator site for identifying change in regional weather and climate. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical study of an inviscid incompressible flow through a channel of finite length
Authors: Govorukhin Vasily N. , Il'in Konstantin I.
Published: October 2008

A two‐dimensional inviscid incompressible flow in a rectilinear channel of finite length is studied numerically. Both the normal velocity and the vorticity are given at the inlet, and only the normal velocity is specified at the outlet. The flow is described in terms of the stream function and vorticity. To solve the unsteady problem numerically, we propose a version of the vortex particle method. The vorticity field is approximated using its values at a set of fluid particles. A pseudo‐symplectic integrator is employed to solve the system of ordinary differential equations governing the motion of fluid particles. The stream function is computed using the Galerkin method. Unsteady flows developing from an initial perturbation in the form of an elliptical patch of vorticity are calculated for various values of the volume flux of fluid through the channel. It is shown that if the flux of fluid is large, the initial vortex patch is washed out of the channel, and when the flux is reduced, the initial perturbation evolves to a steady flow with stagnation regions. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anthrosols in Iron Age Shetland: Implications for arable and economic activity
Authors: Guttmann Erika B. , Simpson Ian A. , Nielsen Nina , Dockrill Stephen J.
Published: October 2008

The soils surrounding three Iron Age settlements on South Mainland, Shetland, were sampled and compared for indicators of soil amendment. Two of the sites (Old Scatness and Jarlshof) were on lower‐lying, better‐drained, sheltered land; the third (Clevigarth) was in an acid, exposed environment at a higher elevation. The hypothesis, based on previous regional assessments, soil thicknesses, and excavations at Old Scatness, was that the lowland sites would have heavily fertilized soils and that the thin upland soil would show little if any amendment. Our findings indicate that the Middle Iron Age soils at Old Scatness had extremely high phosphorus levels, while the soil at Jarlshof had lower levels of enhancement. At Clevigarth, where charcoal from the buried soil was 14C dated to the Neolithic and Bronze Age, there was no evidence of arable activity or soil amendment associated with the Iron Age phases of settlement. These observations indicate that not all sites put the same amount of effort into creating rich arable soils. The three sites had very different agricultural capacities, which suggests the emergence of local trade in agricultural commodities in Iron Age Shetland. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A geophysical investigation of the Late Roman underground settlement at Aydintepe, Northeast Turkey
Authors: Seren Aysel , Gelisli Kenan , Catakli Aycan
Published: October 2008

The Aydintepe underground settlement in northeastern Turkey is a series of subsurface galleries carved in Eocene‐aged volcanic tuff. Rescue excavations conducted by the Local Archaeological Museum of Erzurum in 1996 and 1997 uncovered a large settlement with several underground rooms linked by passages. According to the excavators, it may have been built as a hideout and shelter by the first Christians who were banished by the Romans during the 3rd century A.D. Despite its historical and touristic value, parts of the underground settlement at Aydintepe have been destroyed to make room for the construction of new buildings in the modern town. As part of a conservation strategy for this important archaeological resource, a series of ground penetrating radar (GPR) and electrical resistivity measurements were conducted along eight profiles between 2003 and 2005. GPR soundings with a 100‐MHz unshielded antenna yielded reflected hyperbolic signals with high amplitude from tunnel structures. These highamplitude signals corresponded to areas of high electrical resistivity. These anomalies allow us to determine the probable locations of tunnels within the underground settlement and they provide important data that can be used to prevent future damage from modern construction. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A dating intercomparison study on Late Stone Age coastal midden deposits, South Africa
Authors: Bateman Mark D. , Carr Andrew S. , Murray‐Wallace Colin V. , Roberts David L. , Holmes Peter J.
Published: October 2008

The southern and western coastlines of South Africa have an extensive archaeological record with many sites associated with widespread eolian deposits. While much of this rich archaeological record is based on cave sites, evidence of Late Stone Age occupation is additionally preserved in the form of open‐site shell middens. We present here a comparative study of the application of amino acid racemization (AAR), optically stimulated luminescence (OSL), and radiocarbon analyses to three Late Stone Age (LSA) midden sites found within dunes on the southern coastline of South Africa. Preliminary geochronological analyses suggest that middens offer opportunity to fill in gaps in what is still a fragmentary archaeological record. Results show OSL and radiocarbon ages in good agreement, illustrating the potential to date not only the middens but also the surrounding dunes that constituted the dwelling sites. AAR results show increasing ratios with age and also that the application of paired shell and “whole rock” AAR can provide insights into the degree of biogenic sediment recycling at buried midden sites. However, the work also highlights that caution is required when OSL sampling sediment associated with middens which may have undergone human disturbance and that further work is required to improve the regional marine reservoir correction for radiocarbon dating in this part of South Africa. The study also illustrates that AAR will only provide useful data provided that middens have been sufficiently deeply buried to overcome fluctuations in environmental variables that affect the racemization rate and that inter‐genus comparisons should be avoided. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Detection of an oncofetal antigen (DU‐PAN‐2) in sera of patients with non‐malignant hepatobiliary diseases and hepatomas
Authors: Haviland Ann E. , Borowitz Michael J. , Killenberg Paul G. , Lan Michael S. , Metzgar Richard S.
Published: October 2008

DU‐PAN‐2 is a high‐molecular‐weight glycoprotein defined by a murine monoclonal antibody (MAb) elicited against a human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell line. This MAb recogonizes an oncofetal antigen present on the surface of normal pancreatic and bile‐duct epithelium, normal bronchus epithelium, and some adenocarcinomas. Elevated levels of the antigen (> 400 U/ml) have been detected in the serum of 79% of patients with adenocarcinoma of the pancreas and in a small percentage of patients with other adenocarcinomas, by means of a competition radioimmunoassay. Here, we have studied DU‐PAN‐2 antigen levels in sera of patients with a spectrum of hepatobiliary diseases and controls. Serum DU‐PAN‐2 antigen was elevated in 59% of 112 patients with non‐malignant hepatobiliary diseases and in 50% of hepatoma patients. None of 50 healthy controls had elevated serum DU‐PAN‐2 levels. Patients in every category of hepatobiliary disease studied had elevated median serum DU‐PAN‐2 levels; the highest median levels were seen in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (1,296 U/ml) and the lowest in stable cirrhosis (300 U/ml). Elevated serum DU‐PAN‐2 levels in one patient with primary biliary cirrhosis and in one patient with hepatoma returned to normal following liver transplantation. Serum DU‐PAN‐2 levels did not correlate well with alkaline phosphatase, 5′‐nucleotidase, bilirubin, or α‐fetoprotein. Using an immunoperoxidase technique on formalin‐fixed, deparaffinized liver sections, we showed that DU‐PAN‐2 MAb reacted heterogeneously with bile‐duct epithelium but never stained hepatocytes or hepatoma cells. While serum DU‐PAN‐2 levels may be useful in detecting and monitoring pancreatic adenocarcinoma, they are not specific for this disease.
Human ovarian tumors in primary culture: Growth, characterization and initial evaluation of the response to cis platinum treatment in vitro
Authors: Balconi G. , Brogcini M. , Erba E. , D'Incalci M. , Colombo N. , Mangioni C. , Bertolero F.
Published: October 2008

A novel cell culture system is reported for the growth of ovarian tumors. Two approaches were developed to isolate tumor cells, one for ovarian carcinomas and the other for benign cystomas or borderline cystadenomas, which yield virtually pore tumor‐cell clusters. The plating efficiency exceeded 10% in approximately 80% of the processed surgical specimens. Cells grown in a newly developed KOV medium (a modification of MCDB 151 supplemented with 6 defined growth factors and a moderate amount of FBS) had an average growth rate of 0.23 population doublings/day. Primary tumor‐derived cultures, including those derived from cystomas, were analyzed by flow cytometry demonstrating a DNA heteroploid content in 55% of the cases. The neoplastic origin of the cells in culture was further confirmed by 3 monoclonal antibodies (OC125; MOv2; MOvl9) with high specificity against epithelial ovarian malignancies. Cultures were tested with cis‐DDP to determine their suitability for pharmacological studies. Exposure to the drug (from 10 to 80 μm for 1 hr) resulted in variable cell‐killing responses, and the prominent effect on cell‐cycle progression in primary cultures was a prolonged arrest in S phase. The formation and persistence of ONA‐ISC caused by an exposure to 40 μm cis‐ODP for 1 hr was studied by alkaline elution in 6 different tumor‐derived cultures. DNA‐ISC equivalents were highest between 9 and 24 hr after treatment and were repaired only to a limited extent within 48 hr of recovery time. The present study confirms the usefulness of this culture system for pharmacological studies of active chemotherapeutic agents against human ovarian tumors.
Metastasizing potentials of mouse mammary tumors and their metastases
Authors: Vaage Jan
Published: October 2008

This in vivo investigation determined the relative potentials of 7 C3H/He and C3Hf/He mammary tumors and their metastases to metastasize spontaneously from intramammary implants. The purpose of the studies was to examine the hypothesis that metastases derive from distinct sub‐populations of cells in primary tumors which have specific inheritable characteristics that predispose the cells to form metastases. By serially transplanting, in parallel tests, tissue from autochthonous metastases and tissue from autochthonous primary tumors, the distinction of tumor‐cell populations with different metastatic potentials was anticipated. However, the results of the experiments showed that primary tumors and metastases in autochthonous hosts had similar potentials for spontaneous metastasis. Moreover, the primary tumors and the metastases, transplanted as parallel lines through consecutive generations, maintained similar average metastasizing potentials. Changes in metastatic potential which occurred in 3 of the 7 tumors during serial passage appeared in nearly equal transplant generations in the parallel lines of the primary tumor and the metastases. The data suggest that the spontaneous metastases were not derived from a sub‐population of cells with inheritable high metastasizing potential, but developed through stochastic events from the average tumor cells that entered the circulation.