bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An analysis of nonlinearity effects on bed load transport prediction
Authors: Recking A.
Published: June 2013

Because bed load equations are nonlinear and because parameters describing the flow and the bed can have large variance, different results are expected when integrating bed load over a cross section with respect to spatially variable local data (2D), or when computing bed load from cross‐section‐averaged data, which reduces the problem to uniform conditions (1D). Evidence of these effects is shown by comparing 1D (flume‐derived) equations with 2D field measurements, and by comparing a 2D (field‐derived) equation with 1D flume measurements, leading to the conclusion that different equations should be used depending on whether local or averaged data are used. However, whereas nonlinearity effects are considerable for low‐transport stages, they tend to disappear for higher‐flow conditions. Probability distribution functions describing the variance in flow and bed grain size distribution (GSD) are proposed, and the width‐integrated bed load data (implicitly containing the natural variance in bed and flow parameters) are used to calibrate these functions. The method consists of using a Monte Carlo approach to match the measured 2D bed load transport rates with 1D computations, artificially reproducing the natural variance associated with the mean input parameters. The Wilcock and Crowe equation was used for the 1D computation because it was considered representative of 1D transport. The results suggest that nonlinearity effects are mostly sensitive to the variance in shear stress, modeled here with a gamma function, whose shape coefficient α was shown to increase linearly with the transport stage. This variance in shear stress suggests that even for very low flow conditions, shear stress can locally exceed the critical shear stress for the bed armor, generating local armor breakup. This could explain why the bed load GSD is usually very similar to subsurface GSD, even in the presence of complete armor.
Bed stability in unconfined gravel bed mountain streams: With implications for salmon spawning viability in future climates
Authors: McKean Jim , Tonina Daniele
Published: June 2013

Incubating eggs of autumn‐spawning Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) could be at risk of midwinter high flows and substrate scour in a changing climate. A high‐spatial‐resolution multidimensional hydrodynamics model was used to assess the degree of scour risk in low‐gradient unconfined gravel bed channels that are the favored environment for autumn‐spawning salmon in mountain watersheds such as the Middle Fork Salmon River (MFSR), Idaho. In one of the most important MFSR spawning tributaries, near‐bed shear stresses were relatively low at all discharges from base flows to 300% of bankfull. The highest stresses were found only in small areas of the central flow core and not at spawning sites. Median shear stresses did not increase in overbank flow conditions because poor channel confinement released the excess water into adjacent floodplains. Channel and floodplain topography, rather than discharge, control the maximum near‐bed shear stresses. Over the modeled range of discharges, ~2% of the total surface area of the main stem channel bed was predicted to be mobile. Even in known spawning areas, where shear stresses are higher, ≤20% of the spawning surface area was mobile during overbank flows with a 2 year recurrence interval. Field measurements of little gravel transport during flows that were 93% of bankfull support the numerical model predictions. Regardless of some uncertainty in future climates in these watersheds, there appears to be relatively limited risk of extensive scour at salmon spawning sites in any likely hydrologic regimes.
Optimization of submerged fermentation of Thelephora ganbajun zang
Authors: Zhang Peng , Luo Xue‐Yue , Wu Yang , Chen Yi‐Ming , Xu Wei‐Jian , Yi Xin‐Xin
Published: June 2013

The effects of the fermentation conditions on both the biomass yield and the organic selenium yield of Thelephora ganbajun zang were studied. The components most suitable for the submerged fermentation medium were examined using the orthogonal array method; they comprised sucrose at 30 g L−1, carbamide 1 g L−1, corn steep liquor 8 g L−1, MgSO4·7H2O 0.3 g L−1, KH2PO4 0.5 g L−1, and NaCl 5 g L−1. The optimum cultivation conditions that resulted in maximal biomass yield were obtained using the response surface methodology (RSM). The conditions were as follows: initial pH, 5.84; temperature, 26.16 °C; and rotation speed, 170 rpm. Feeding sucrose led to a higher biomass yield, with a maximum of 21.20 g L−1. The biomass yield and the organic Se yield of T. ganbajun could reach 10.8 g L−1 and 3256.07 mg kg−1, respectively, in a culture medium supplemented with 200 mg L−1 sodium selenite (Na2SeO3), which was added to the medium at 36 h after inoculation. Application of the orthogonal array method and RSM gave rise to a significant enhancement in the biomass yield of T. ganbajun. The results of these experiments indicate that T. ganbajun is a promising microorganism for selenium enrichment.
Plant growth promoting properties of Halobacillus sp. and Halomonas sp. in presence of salinity and heavy metals
Authors: Desale Prithviraj , Patel Bhargav , Singh Sukrit , Malhotra Aakshi , Nawani Neelu
Published: June 2013

Salinity and heavy metal stress are challenging problems in agriculture. Here we report the plant growth promoting ability of three moderate halophiles, Halobacillus sp. ADN1, Halomonas sp. MAN5, and Halobacillus sp. MAN6, in presence of both salinity and heavy metal stress. Halobacillus sp. ADN1, Halomonas sp. MAN5, and Halobacillus sp. MAN6 can tolerate 25, 21, and 29% NaCl, respectively and grow in presence of 1 mM cobalt, cadmium, and nickel and 0.04 mM mercury and 0.03 mM silver. Halobacillus sp. ADN1, Halomonas sp. MAN5, and Halobacillus sp. MAN6 produced 152.5, 95.3, and 167.3 µg/ml indole acetic acid (IAA) and could solubilize 61, 53, and 75 parts per million (ppm) phosphate, respectively in the presence of 15% NaCl. The production of IAA and solubilization of phosphate was well retained in the presence of salinity and heavy metals like 1 mM cadmium, 0.7 mM nickel, 0.04 mM mercury, and 0.03 mM silver. Besides, the strains showed amylase and protease activities and could produce hydrogen cyanide and ammonia in presence of salinity and heavy metals. A mixture of three strains enhanced the root growth of Sesuvium portulacastrum under saline and heavy metal stress, where the root length increased nearly 4.5 ± 0.6 times and root dry weight increased 5.4 ± 0.5 times as compared to control. These strains can thus be useful in microbial assisted phytoremediation of polluted saline soils.
Responses of photosynthesis, chlorophyll fluorescence, and grain yield of maize to controlled‐release urea and irrigation after anthesis
Authors: Shao Guoqing , Li Zengjia , Ning Tangyuan , Zheng Yanhai
Published: June 2013

Controlled‐release urea (CRU) is a new type of urea, which may increase crop nitrogen (N)‐use efficiency compared with conventional urea (CU), but the conditions where it outperforms urea are not well defined. A field experiment assessing responses of plant growth and grain yield of maize to CRU and irrigation was conducted on a typical agricultural farm in Shandong, China. Five treatments of the two types of urea (75, 150 kg N ha–1, 0 kg N ha–1) were applied as basal fertilizer when sowing maize, and two water treatments (W0 and W1) were used 23 d after anthesis. Net photosynthetic rate (PN) and chlorophyll concentration as well as leaf‐area index (LAI) increased significantly by both CRU and CU application, with the increases being larger in CRU‐treated plants than in CU‐treated plants at grain filling and maturing stages. CRU significantly enhanced the maximum photochemical efficiency (Fv / Fm), PSII coefficient of photochemical fluorescence quenching (qP), and actual quantum yield of PSII electron transformation (ΦPSII) but decreased the nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ). Cob‐leaf N concentration of CRU‐treated plants was significantly higher than that of CU‐treated plants under no irrigation, but not in the irrigation treatment 30 d after anthesis. Significant positive correlations were found between cob‐leaf N concentration and PN both with and without irrigation. Grain yield of maize was significantly higher in the CRU treatment than in the CU treatment under both irrigation conditions. In conclusion, CRU as a basal application appeared to increase the N‐use efficiency for maize relative to CU especially by maintaining N supply after anthesis.
Effect of zinc compounds on Fusarium verticillioides growth, hyphae alterations, conidia, and fumonisin production
Authors: Savi Geovana D , Vitorino Vinícius , Bortoluzzi Adailton J , Scussel Vildes M
Published: June 2013

BACKGROUND

Several strategies are used to eliminate toxigenic fungi that produce fumonisins in grains. Fusarium verticillioides can be controlled by the application of synthetic fungicides in the field or during storage. However, there may also be residuals, which may remain in the foods. Inorganic compounds such as zinc are cheap, stable and could present strong antifungal activity. Some Zn compounds can be utilized as dietary supplements and are authorized for the fortification of foods. Knowing the advantages and that low concentrations of Zn can have antimicrobial activity, our objective was to evaluate the effects of Zn compounds on the growth of F. verticillioides and the production of fumonisin and conidia. In addition, we aimed to verify that Zn compounds cause morphological alterations of the hyphae, mortality and production of reactive oxygen species.

RESULTS

Zn compounds efficiently reduced fungal growth and fumonisin production. Treatment using zinc perchlorate gave the best results. All treatments inhibited conidia production and caused morphological alterations of the hyphae. It was possible to observe cell death and production of reactive oxygen species.

CONCLUSION

Zn compounds have advantages compared to other antifungal compounds. In particular, they are non‐toxic for the organism in appropriate amounts. They could be studied further as potential fungicides in agriculture. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Insights into horizontal canal benign paroxysmal positional vertigo from a human case report
Authors: Aron Margaret , Bance Manohar
Published: June 2013

For horizontal canal benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, determination of the pathologic side is difficult and based on many physiological assumptions. This article reports findings on a patient who had one dysfunctional inner ear and who presented with horizontal canal benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, giving us a relatively pure model for observing nystagmus arising in a subject in whom the affected side is known a priori. It is an interesting human model corroborating theories of nystagmus generation in this pathology and also serves to validate Ewald's second law in a living human subject. Laryngoscope, 123:3197–3200, 2013
Changing perception: Facial reanimation surgery improves attractiveness and decreases negative facial perception
Authors: Dey Jacob K. , Ishii Masaru , Boahene Kofi D. O. , Byrne Patrick J. , Ishii Lisa E.
Published: June 2013

Objectives/Hypothesis

Determine the effect of facial reanimation surgery on observer‐graded attractiveness and negative facial perception of patients with facial paralysis.

Study Design

Randomized controlled experiment.

Methods

Ninety observers viewed images of paralyzed faces, smiling and in repose, before and after reanimation surgery, as well as normal comparison faces. Observers rated the attractiveness of each face and characterized the paralyzed faces by rating severity, disfigured/bothersome, and importance to repair. Iterated factor analysis indicated these highly correlated variables measure a common domain, so they were combined to create the disfigured, important to repair, bothersome, severity (DIBS) factor score. Mixed effects linear regression determined the effect of facial reanimation surgery on attractiveness and DIBS score.

Results

Facial paralysis induces an attractiveness penalty of 2.51 on a 10‐point scale for faces in repose and 3.38 for smiling faces. Mixed effects linear regression showed that reanimation surgery improved attractiveness for faces both in repose and smiling by 0.84 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.67, 1.01) and 1.24 (95% CI: 1.07, 1.42) respectively. Planned hypothesis tests confirmed statistically significant differences in attractiveness ratings between postoperative and normal faces, indicating attractiveness was not completely normalized. Regression analysis also showed that reanimation surgery decreased DIBS by 0.807 (95% CI: 0.704, 0.911) for faces in repose and 0.989 (95% CI: 0.886, 1.093), an entire standard deviation, for smiling faces.

Conclusions

Facial reanimation surgery increases attractiveness and decreases negative facial perception of patients with facial paralysis. These data emphasize the need to optimize reanimation surgery to restore not only function, but also symmetry and cosmesis to improve facial perception and patient quality of life. Laryngoscope, 124:84–90, 2014
Epidemiology of sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma: A comprehensive analysis of 4994 patients
Authors: Sanghvi Saurin , Khan Mohemmed N. , Patel Neal R. , Yeldandi Swetha , Baredes Soly , Eloy Jean Anderson
Published: June 2013

Objectives/Hypothesis

To examine the incidence and survival of patients with sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma (SNSCC) between the years of 1973 and 2009 using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Result (SEER) database.

Study Design

Retrospective cohort study using a national database.

Methods

The SEER registry was utilized to calculate incidence and survival trends for patients with SNSCC between 1973 and 2009. Patient data were then analyzed according to age, sex, and race.

Results

A total of 4,994 cases of SNSCC were identified, composed of 64.44% males and 35.56% females. Incidence trend analysis revealed a significant decrease in yearly rates from 1973 to 2009 for the overall population, females, whites, blacks, and “others” (P < .05). Overall 5‐, 10‐, and 20‐year survival for SNSCC was 52.95%, 44.67%, and 29.37%, respectively. No significant differences (P > .05) were found when comparing survival between the last three decades. Differences in long‐term survival were noted between whites, blacks, and “others,” with whites displaying the highest 20‐year survival. Males and females were found to have similar long‐term survival curves, with 20‐year survival of 30.68% and 26.35%, respectively.

Conclusions

The overall incidence of SNSCC is declining. However, survival has not significantly improved in the last 3 decades. Race seems to influence the overall survival of this tumor. Future studies need to be conducted to investigate these dynamic trends related to SNSCC.

Level of Evidence

2b. Laryngoscope, 124:76–83, 2014
Regional peak mucosal cooling predicts the perception of nasal patency
Authors: Zhao Kai , Jiang Jianbo , Blacker Kara , Lyman Brian , Dalton Pamela , Cowart Beverly J. , Pribitkin Edmund A.
Published: June 2013

Objectives/Hypothesis

Nasal obstruction is the principal symptom that drives patients with rhinosinus disease to seek medical treatment. However, patient perception of obstruction often bears little relationship to actual measured physical obstruction of airflow. This lack of an objective clinical tool hinders effective diagnosis and treatment. Previous work has suggested that the perception of nasal patency may involve nasal trigeminal activation by cool inspiratory airflow; we attempt to derive clinically relevant variables following this phenomenon.

Study Design

Prospective healthy cohort.

Methods

Twenty‐two healthy subjects rated unilateral nasal patency in controlled room air using a visual analog scale, followed by rhinomanometry, acoustic rhinometry, and butanol lateralization thresholds (BLTs). Each subject then immediately underwent a computed tomography scan, enabling the construction of a real‐time computational fluid dynamics (CFD) nasal airway model, which was used to simulate nasal mucosa heat loss during steady resting breathing.

Results

Among all measured and computed variables, only CFD‐simulated peak heat loss posterior to the nasal vestibule significantly correlated with patency ratings (r = −0.46, P < .01). Linear discriminant analysis predicted patency categories with 89% success rate, with BLT and rhinomanometric nasal resistance being two additional significant variables. As validation, CFD simulated nasal resistance significantly correlated with rhinomanometrically measured resistance (r = 0.41, P < .01).

Conclusions

These results reveal that our noses are sensing patency via a mechanism involving localized peak nasal mucosal cooling. The analysis provides a strong rationale for combining the individualized CFD with other objective and neurologic measures to create a novel clinical tool to diagnose nasal obstruction and to predict and evaluate treatment outcomes.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 124:589–595, 2014
Dietary exposure to aflatoxin and fumonisin among Tanzanian children as determined using biomarkers of exposure
Authors: Shirima Candida P. , Kimanya Martin E. , Kinabo Joyce L. , Routledge Michael N. , Srey Chou , Wild Christopher P. , Gong Yun Yun
Published: June 2013

Scope

The study aims to evaluate the status of dietary exposure to aflatoxin and fumonisin in young Tanzanian children, using previously validated biomarkers of exposure.

Methods and results

A total of 148 children aged 12–22 months, were recruited from three geographically distant villages in Tanzania; Nyabula, Kigwa, and Kikelelwa. Plasma aflatoxin‐albumin adducts (AF‐alb) and urinary fumonisin B1 (UFB1) were measured by ELISA and LC‐MS, respectively. AF‐alb was detectable in 84% of children, was highest in fully weaned children (p < 0.01) with higher levels being associated with higher maize intake (p < 0.05). AF‐alb geometric mean (95% CI) was 43.2 (28.7–65.0), 19.9 (13.5–29.2), and 3.6 (2.8–4.7) pg/mg albumin in children from Kigwa, Nyabula, and Kikelelwa, respectively. UFB1 was detectable in 96% of children and the level was highest in children who had been fully weaned (p < 0.01). The geometric UFB1 mean (95% CI) was 327.2 (217.1–493.0), 211.7 (161.1–278.1), and 82.8 (58.3–117.7) pg/mL in Kigwa, Nyabula, and Kikelelwa, respectively. About 82% of all the children were exposed to both mycotoxins.

Conclusion

Young children in Tanzania are chronically exposed to both aflatoxin and fumonisin through contaminated diet, although the level of exposure varies markedly between the three villages studied.
Olmesartan ameliorates urinary dysfunction in the spontaneously hypertensive rat via recovering bladder blood flow and decreasing oxidative stress
Authors: Shimizu Shogo , Saito Motoaki , Oiwa Harunori , Ohmasa Fumiya , Tsounapi Panagiota , Oikawa Ryo , Dimitriadis Fotios , Martin Darryl T. , Satoh Itaru , Kinoshita Yukako , Tomita Shuhei
Published: June 2013

Purpose

As hypertension (HT) is one of the risk factors for lower urinary tract symptoms, we investigated the effect of an angiotensin II type I receptor blocker, olmesartan, on bladder dysfunction in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR).

Materials and Methods

Twelve‐week‐old male SHRs were administered perorally with olmesartan (0, 1, or 3 mg/kg/day) or nifedipine (30 mg/kg/day) for 6 weeks. Wistar rats were used as normotensive controls. The effects of olmesartan or nifedipine on blood pressure (BP), bladder blood flow (BBF), urodynamic parameters, tissue levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2), and nerve growth factor (NGF) were measured in the bladder. Localization of 4‐hydroxy‐2‐nonenal (4‐HNE), Nrf2, and NGF in the bladder was shown by immunohistochemistry.

Results

The SHRs showed significant increase in BP, micturition frequency, and expression of MDA, 4‐HNE, Nrf2, and NGF when compared to the control Wistar rats. Conversely, there was a decrease in BBF and single voided volume in SHRs when compared to Wistar rats. Treatment with olmesartan and nifedipine significantly improved BP. However, only olmesartan significantly ameliorated urodynamic parameters and oxidative damage compared to the non‐treated SHR. The immunoreactivities of 4‐HNE, Nrf2, and NGF in SHR urothelium and blood vessels were increased compared to the control. Treatment with a high dose of olmesartan decreased the expressions of 4‐HNE, Nrf2, and NGF in the bladder.

Conclusion

Our data suggest that BP, BBF, and oxidative stress may be responsible for the functional changes in HT‐related bladder dysfunction. Olmesartan significantly ameliorated this bladder dysfunction. Neurourol. Urodynam. 33:350–357, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Targets for botulinum toxin in the lower urinary tract
Authors: Cruz Francisco
Published: June 2013

Background

Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT/A), one of the seven subtypes of Botulinum toxin, is commercially available naked or complexed to other proteins. Onabotulinum toxin type A is the most extensively studied BoNT/A brand. Dose equivalence studies between the different brands have never been carried out. BoNT/A is internalized by nerve fibers after binding synaptic vesicle proteins, and the final target of action is synaptosome‐associated protein 25 kDa (SNAP‐25), a membrane protein essential for synaptic vesicle fusion with the neuronal membrane.

Methods

The current literature about botulinum toxin mechanisms was reviewed to provide an up to date knowledge about the topic.

Results

Immunoreactivity to cleaved SNAP‐25, the end product of BoNT/A activity, has been identified in parasympathetic (pre‐ and postganglionic), sympathetic, and afferent fibers. A consistent decrease in the release of acetylcholine from parasympathetic, norepinephrine from sympathetic, and glutamate and neuropeptides from sensory neurons follows BoNT/A administration. Immunoreactivity to cleaved SNAP‐25 was not identified in the urothelium or in myofibroblasts. Nevertheless, a decreased release of ATP and neurotrophins from the urothelial cells has been consistently observed after BoNT/A. The toxin does not cause apoptosis in the bladder. However, injection in rat and dog prostates was shown to induce apoptosis in acinar and stromal cells.

Conclusion

There is now robust information to support that the mechanism of action of BoNT/A in the bladder involves neurotransmitter release from nerve fibers and urothelial cells. Which neurotransmitter is more relevant is, however, unclear. Likewise, the long duration of effect, the importance of the volume of vehicle injected and the selection of specific injection sites, like the trigone, needs further evaluation. Neurourol. Urodynam. 33:31–38, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mehr Farbe!
Authors: Heine Thomas
Published: June 2013

Neue Entwicklungen im Bereich der Halbleiterverstärker und der Frequenzverdopplung erweitern das Farbund Leistungsspektrum von durchstimmbaren Diodenlasern. So sind nun Leistungen von mehr als 1000 mW auch bei gelben und orangenen Wellenlängen möglich. Anwendungen wie das Laserkühlen von Natrium, Dysprosium oder Erbium und die Spektroskopie an Ionen seltener Erden in Festkörpern profitieren von den kompakten und einfach zu handhabenden Lasersystemen.
Siliziumphotonik — Grundbausteine kommerzieller Anwendungen
Authors: Artundo Iñigo , Muñoz Pascual , Domenech David , den Besten Jan Hendrik , Capmany Jose
Published: June 2013

Die Siliziumphotonik hat sich in den letzten Jahren zu einem dynamischen Umfeld für Siliziumfertigungsbetriebe und Designhäuser entwickelt. Dies hat neben den traditionellen Telekommunikationsaktivitäten eine breite Palette kommerzieller Anwendungen ermöglicht, etwa optische Chipverbindungen, Sensorüberwachung oder Mikrowellenfilter und Strahlformer. Grundelemente wie Array‐Wellenleiter (arrayed‐waveguide grating, AWG), Mach‐Zehnder‐Interferometer (MZI), Multimode‐Interferenzkoppler (MMI) und Ringresonatoren (RR) sind bereits zu zuverlässigen und anpassbaren Standardelementen für komplexere, integrierte optische Systeme geworden.
Ultrakurzpulslaser in der Produktkennzeichnung
Authors: Amler Hans
Published: June 2013

Lasermarkiersysteme haben sich in den letzten Jahrzehnten zu einem anerkannten Werkzeug für die Teilekennzeichnung etabliert. Grundlage dafür waren zunächst Bogenlampengepumpte Festkörperlaser sowie CO2‐Laser.
Integriertes Design und Fertigung optischer Bauelemente
Authors: Kleindienst Roman , Kampmann Ronald , Stoebenau Sebastian , Sinzinger Stefan
Published: June 2013

Komplexe, diffraktiv funktionalisierte freiformoptische Bauelemente bieten neue Möglichkeiten für die Realisierung leistungsfähiger, kompakter und robuster optischer Systeme. In diesem Beitrag werden geeignete integrierte Designund Fertigungsstrategien vorgestellt. Am Beispiel eines hybriden reflektiven Strahlformers, der ablenkende, strahlformende und strahlteilende Funktionalitäten in sich vereint, wird die Leistungsfähigkeit des Ansatzes theoretisch und experimentell untersucht.
Ein Wendepunkt in der Entwicklung
Authors: Bouyé Clémentine , Cochard Jacques , Lee Carlos
Published: June 2013

Im Rahmen der Photonik ist der Biophotonikmarkt ein besonders wachstumsstarkes Segment. Die Biophotonik umfasst alle Technologien, bei denen Licht (von Röntgenstrahlung bis zum fernen Terahertz) mit biologischer Materie (dem menschlichen Körper, Pflanzen, Bioorganismen etc.) interagiert.
Adverse Effects Associated with Second‐Generation Antipsychotic Long‐Acting Injection Treatment: A Comprehensive Systematic Review
Authors: Gentile Salvatore
Published: June 2013

As second‐generation antipsychotic long‐acting injections (SGA‐LAIs) are rapidly replacing depot first‐generation antipsychotics as first‐line agents in treating schizophrenia spectrum disorders, a systematic assessment of their adverse effects is timely. English‐language, peer‐reviewed articles reporting original data on the safety and tolerability of SGA‐LAIs were identified electronically by searching the MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, and DARE databases and the Cochrane Library (January 2001–April 2013). In addition to second‐generation (atypical) antipsychotics and long‐acting injection (depot) antipsychotics, a separate search was performed for each available drug: aripiprazole LAI, olanzapine pamoate, paliperidone palmitate, and risperidone LAI. Articles were excluded if they were review articles, post hoc analyses, analyses of subsets of patients enrolled in previous trials, single case reports, case series studies, small naturalistic studies (involving less than 50 patients), studies providing no safety data, and studies lasting less than 8 weeks. Of 181 articles identified from the search, 140 were excluded; thus, 41 articles met the inclusion criteria. Predictably, the reviewed information revealed that SGA‐LAIs have safety profiles consistent with their oral parent formulations. However, they seem to also show unforeseen and worrisome safety signals. Indeed, the routine use of olanzapine‐LAI in clinical practice could be limited not only by the well‐known risk of postinjection syndrome, whose clinical management remains a matter of concern, but also by the risk of worsening of psychosis. The reviewed information seems to suggest that worsening of psychotic symptoms and depression could also be associated with both risperidone‐LAI and paliperidone palmitate. The leading cause of death among patients enrolled in risperidone‐LAI studies was suicide. Given the exponential growth in the clinical use of SGA‐LAIs, further studies must be urgently performed in order to confirm or exclude the potential safety signals associated with such drugs.
Reptation Aggregation of Liquid Silicon Oils Modified by Ar Plasmas
Authors: Ye Chao , Deng Yanhong , Ge Shuibing , Ning Zhaoyuan
Published: June 2013

The aggregation behavior of silicone oil polymers exposed to Ar plasmas was investigated. A reptation aggregation related to the viscosity of silicone oil was found. The viscosity dependence η ∼ Lb on the reptation length L with b = 3.37 in the viscous coefficient range of 20 and 500 mm2 · s−1 was obtained. The formation of reptation aggregation is thought to relate to the gradient viscosity in the vertical direction due to crosslinking and formation of SiO network at the surfaces of silicone oils induced by energetic ions bombardment and the vacuum‐ultraviolet irradiation, as well as the temperature gradient in vertical direction induced by energetic ions bombardment.
Desquamative interstitial pneumonia in a child related to cigarette smoke
Authors: Ischander Mariam , Fan Leland L. , Farahmand Vanda , Langston Claire , Yazdani Shahram
Published: June 2013

An 8‐year‐old white male was referred to our clinic for a 1‐year history of decreased appetite and no weight gain. His entire workup failed to demonstrate cystic fibrosis, or any infectious or immune‐related diseases. Chest imaging and clinical picture suggested parenchymal lung disease. Histopathology examination of the video‐assisted thoracoscopic biopsy of his lungs showed a desquamative interstitial pneumonia (DIP)‐like pattern that resembled that of adult smokers with the same disease. Genes for surfactant proteins B and C and the transporter ABCA3 were all negative. Furthermore, lack of any genetic disorder for surfactant proteins, along with his history of heavy exposure to 10 pack‐years of indoor secondhand smoke suggests that this child's DIP is due to secondhand cigarette exposure. He had nearly complete resolution of his symptoms after a year of treatments with pulse steroid and hydroxycholoroquine. To the best of our knowledge this is the first case of cigarette smoke‐related DIP reported in a child. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2014; 49:E56–E58. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
SFTPC gene mutation p.R167Q in a premature infant
Authors: Jon Cindy , Nolan Paul K. , Ekong Mfon , Mosquera Ricardo A. , Stark James M.
Published: June 2013

We present an infant who was born premature at 23 weeks gestation with bronchopulmonary dysplasia and a SFTPC gene mutation, p.R167Q, who had a complicated neonatal course requiring 4 months of mechanical ventilation. Over time, his clinical course has improved, and he only requires oxygen by nasal cannula and low dose hydroxychloroquine, suggesting that p.R167Q mutation contributed to his clinical course and may manifest with a variable disease pattern making long‐term prognostication difficult in the immediate newborn period. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2014; 49:E66–E68. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Breakdown of Stokes–Einstein relation in the supercooled liquid state of phase change materials [Phys. Status Solidi B 249, No. 10, 1880–1885 (2012)]
Authors: Sosso G. C. , Behler J. , Bernasconi M.
Published: June 2013

Values of the melting temperature at normal pressure $T_m$, of the slope of the melting line, and of the activation energies for the diffusion coefficient and viscosity are corrected.
Estimating the correlation of bivariate failure times under censoring
Authors: Schemper Michael , Kaider Alexandra , Wakounig Samo , Heinze Georg
Published: June 2013

The analysis of correlations within pairs of survival times is of interest to many research topics in medicine, such as the correlation of survival‐type endpoints of twins, the correlation of times till failure in paired organs, or the correlation of survival time with a surrogate endpoint. The dependence of such times is assumed monotonic and thus quantification by rank correlation coefficients appropriate. The typical censoring of such times requires more involved methods of estimation and inference as have been developed in recent years. The paper focuses on semiparametric approaches, and in particular on the normal copula‐based estimation of Spearman correlation coefficients. The copula approach, often presented for a mathematically inclined readership, is reviewed from the viewpoint of an applied statistician. As an alternative to the maximum likelihood methodology for the normal copula approach (NCE) we introduce an iterative multiple imputation (IMI) method which requires only about 0.05% of the computing time of NCE, without sacrificing statistical performance. For IMI, survival probabilities at death or censoring times are first transformed to normal deviates. Then, those deviates that relate to censored times are iteratively augmented, by using conditional multiple imputation, until convergence is obtained for the normal scores rank correlation, which is similar to Spearman's rank correlation. Statistical properties of NCE and IMI are compared by means of a Monte Carlo study and by means of three real data sets, which also give an impression of the typical range of applications, and of their problems. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Systems Philosophy and the Unity of Knowledge
Authors: Rousseau David
Published: June 2013

The world as we experience it appears to be a kind of unity, and yet different sectors of the academy have apparently incommensurable world views. For example, in the social sciences, the possibility of objective knowledge is disclaimed (constructivism); whereas in the natural sciences, it is insisted upon (e.g. physicalism). In this paper, I argue that Systems Philosophy suggests that there are empirical grounds for considering that there is an intelligibly ordered reality underlying the phenomena of the experienced world and that a unity of knowledge is therefore possible in principle. I discuss possible ways in which work towards such unification can be approached. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Emergent Organization: Improvisation and Order in Gulf Coast Disaster Relief
Authors: Gardner Robert Owen
Published: June 2013

This article employs the interactionist concept of emergence to explore volunteer behavior in organizational settings after natural disasters. Through a several‐year ethnographic study of volunteer relief groups in the Post‐hurricane Gulf Coast, I examine how emergent social groups navigate situations where interactional norms, practices, and procedures are ambiguous, unclear, or in continual flux. Grassroots volunteer groups improvised organizational decision‐making and leadership structures to develop timely and appropriate responses to the post‐disaster environment. In particular, I focus on two distinct groups of volunteers whose response to these emergent interactional structures: improvisers embraced the ambiguity of group norms as an opportunity to innovate and express their creativity, whereas ritualists rejected the lack of structure and order characterized by the volunteer organizations.
China's art of institutional bricolage: Selectiveness and gradualism in the policy transfer style of a nation
Authors: de Jong Martin
Published: June 2013

What distinguishes the Chinese practice of transferring policy ideas and institutions from examples observed elsewhere in the world can be described in two words: gradualism and eclecticism. In contradistinction to other (Post) Communist countries, actors operating in the Chinese political and socio-economic systems were not so taken aback by developments in 1989 that these completed collapsed. Nor were they overhauled in rigorous ways so as to realize a brand new start in which Communist and authoritarian remnants of the past were to be completely effaced. Rather did policy makers keenly observe developments and spot promising examples elsewhere in the world to draw lessons from. These were then reassembled onto existing institutional frameworks. In this article, it is claimed that this cautious and selective approach reflects a more generic Chinese tradition of institutional bricolage. This tradition of cobbling together various foreign and domestic policy ideas in modular fashion is illustrated with the modern day example of eco city development in China.
The Effect of Prolonged Light Intensity Exercise in the Heat on Executive Function
Authors: Parker Sarah M. , Erin Jennifer R. , Pryor Riana R. , Khorana Priya , Suyama Joe , Guyette Frank X. , Reis Steven E. , Hostler David
Published: June 2013

Objective

When people are involved in outdoor activities, it is important to be able to assess a situation and make rational decisions. The goal of this study is to determine the effects of 90 minutes of light-intensity exercise in a hot environment on executive functioning capabilities of healthy individuals.

Methods

In this prospective laboratory study, 40 healthy male and female subjects 18 to 45 years of age performed treadmill exercise while wearing athletic clothing and a backpack in either a hot or temperate environment. Vital signs, core and skin temperature, and perceptual measures (thermal sensation, sweating, comfort, and perceived exertion) were measured before, during, and after the treadmill test. Cognitive function was measured before and after the treadmill test using the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) and a Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT).

Results

Subjects in the hot condition reached a similar core temp of 38.2° ± 0.5°C vs 37.7° ± 0.3°C ( P = .325) in the temperate group but had a higher heart rate ( P < .001) and skin temperature ( P < .001). Hot and normal temperature groups did not differ in their PVT performance. There were more correct responses ( P < .001), fewer errors ( P < .001), and more conceptual responses ( P = .001) on the WCST after exertion in both the hot room and normal temperature room conditions. Perseverations and perseverative errors ( P = .002) decreased in both groups after exertion.

Conclusions

Conditions of mild heat stress coupled with modest rehydration and short hiking treks do not appear to negatively affect executive function or vigilance.
Oil from the marine zooplanktonCalanus finmarchicusimproves the cardiometabolic phenotype of diet-induced obese mice
Authors: Höper Anje C. , Salma Wahida , Khalid Ahmed M. , Hafstad Anne D. , Sollie Selene J. , Raa Jan , Larsen Terje S. , Aasum Ellen
Published: June 2013

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of oil extracted from the zooplanktonCalanus finmarchicus(Calanus oil) on diet-induced obesity and obesity-related disorders in mice. C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD, 45 % energy from fat) exhibited increased body weight and abdominal fat accumulation as well as impaired glucose tolerance compared with mice fed a normal chow diet (10 % energy from fat). Supplementing the HFD with 1·5 % (w/w) Calanus oil reduced body-weight gain, abdominal fat accumulation and hepatic steatosis by 16, 27 and 41 %, respectively, and improved glucose tolerance by 16 %. Calanus oil supplementation reduced adipocyte size and increased the mRNA expression of adiponectin in adipose tissue. It also reduced macrophage infiltration by more than 70 %, accompanied by reduced mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6 and monocyte chemotactic protein-1). The effects of Calanus oil were not only preventive, but also therapeutic, as the oil proved to be beneficial, regardless of whether the supplementation was started before or after the onset of obesity and glucose intolerance. Although the present study cannot pinpoint the active component(s) of the oil, there is reason to believe that then-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA and/or antioxidants are responsible for its beneficial effects. It should be noted that the concentration ofn-3 fatty acids in the Calanus oil diet was considerably lower than the concentrations used in similar studies reporting beneficial effects on obesity and obesity-related abnormalities.
Goitre prevalence and epidemiological features in children living in areas with mildly excessive iodine in drinking-water
Authors: Lv Shengmin , Xu Dong , Wang Yuchun , Chong Zhenshui , Du Yonggui , Jia Lihui , Zhao Jun , Ma Jing
Published: June 2013

The prevalence of goitre in areas with mildly excessive iodine in drinking-water is still under debate. The aim of the present study was to explore the prevalence of goitre and its epidemiological characteristics in these areas using WHO criteria. To this end, three towns with a median water iodine (MWI) of 150–300 μg/l were selected randomly in Hengshui City of Hebei Province of China, and one town with a MWI of 105 μg/l was chosen as a control. A total of 452 children in the three towns and 120 children in the control town were randomly selected to measure thyroid volume (Tvol) by ultrasound. The goitre status of these children was judged using the criteria recommended by the WHO. The overall goitre prevalences in the three towns were 24·6 % (111/452) by age-specific Tvol and 33·0 % (149/452) by body surface area (BSA)-adjusted Tvol, which were significantly higher than that in the control town by both age-specific Tvol (14·0 % (17/120), P= 0·015) and BSA-adjusted Tvol (17·5 % (21/120), P= 0·001). Significant differences were found neither in goitre prevalences across sex by both age-specific Tvol (P= 0·078) and BSA-adjusted Tvol (P= 0·692) nor in that across age group by both BSA-adjusted Tvol (P= 0·461) and age-specific Tvol (P= 0·183). The present study found a high prevalence of goitre in children living in areas with mildly excessive iodine in drinking-water in Hebei Province. No significant differences were found in goitre prevalences across sex and age group. These results suggest that the Tvol reference values recommended by the WHO could be too low for Chinese children.
Does WTO Dispute Settlement Enforce or Inform?
Authors: Sattler Thomas , Spilker Gabriele , Bernauer Thomas
Published: June 2013

Whereas some researchers emphasize how World Trade Organization (WTO) dispute settlement reduces complexity and clarifies legislation, others argue that dispute rulings promote co-operation by providing an enforcement mechanism. This article identifies empirical implications from these distinct arguments and tests them on WTO disputes from 1995 to 2006. The study's analytical approach combines a three-step coding of dispute escalation with a strategic bargaining model and statistical backwards induction to account for governments’ forward-looking behavior. It finds strong support for the argument that WTO dispute settlement primarily serves as an enforcement device. It finds much less support for the argument that dispute settlement reduces complexity and clarifies trade law. These results suggest that the role of WTO dispute settlement in generating information on acceptable trade policy standards is less relevant than proponents of the complexity argument tend to assume.
SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS, BODY MASS INDEX AND PREVALENCE OF UNDERWEIGHT AND OVERWEIGHT AMONG POLISH GIRLS AGED 7–18: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY
Authors: WRONKA IWONA
Published: June 2013

The aim of this paper was to establish whether the influence of socioeconomic factors on BMI and the prevalence of underweight and overweight changes with age. The data were obtained from 1008 schoolgirls aged 16–18 years for whom earlier data on weight and height were available. Their height and body mass were measured and their BMIs calculated. Height and weight in early life were assessed by medical records review. The girls were measured by trained school nurses at 7, 9, 14 years of age. Socioeconomic differences in BMI were found to increase with age. Parents' higher education and urban environment were associated with smaller BMI gain between the ages of 7 and 18 years. Among subjects whose mother and/or father had higher education the prevalence of underweight increased with age, and in other groups it remained at a similar level. In the younger age categories (7- and 9-year-olds) underweight was less frequent in subjects from towns than those from rural areas, while in the older categories (14, 16–18 years of age) the opposite tendency was found. As subjects grew up, there was a decline in the prevalence of overweight and obesity in all groups. Parental education and place of residence seem to influence weight status in a different way in childhood than during adolescence.
Anthelmintic activity of phenolic acids from the axlewood treeAnogeissus leiocarpuson the filarial nematodeOnchocerca ochengiand drug-resistant strains of the free-living nematodeCaenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Ndjonka D. , Abladam E.D. , Djafsia B. , Ajonina-Ekoti I. , Achukwi M.D. , Liebau E.
Published: June 2013

The effect of three phenols (ellagic, gentisic and gallic acids) from the axlewood treeAnogeissus leiocarpusonOnchocerca ochengiand drug-resistant strains ofCaenorhabditis elegans, a model organism for research on nematode parasites, is investigated. Worms were incubated in different concentrations of phenols and their survival was monitored after 48 h. Among the three acids, ellagic acid strongly affected the survival ofO. ochengimicrofilariae,O. ochengiadults, a wild-typeC. elegansand anthelmintic-resistant strains ofC. elegans, namely albendazole (CB3474), levamisole (CB211, ZZ16) and ivermectin (VC722, DA1316), with LC50values ranging from 0.03 mmto 0.96 mm. These results indicate that the binding of ellagic acid in the worm differs from that of resistant strains ofC. elegans. The efficacy of both gallic and gentisic acids was not significantly changed in resistant strains ofC. eleganstreated with levamisole (ZZ16, LC50= 9.98 mm, with gallic acid), albendazole (CB3474, LC50= 7.81 mm, with gentisic acid) and ivermectin (DA1316, LC50= 10.62 mm, with gentisic acid). The efficacy of these three pure compounds is in accordance with the use ofA. leiocarpusfrom its locality of origin. Thein vivotoxicity data reveal that the thresholds are up to 200 times higher than the determined LC50values. Thus, ellagic acid could be a potential option for the treatment of nematode infections, even in cases of drug resistance towards established anthelmintic drugs.
Postnational discourse, deliberation, and participation toward global risk governance
Authors: KLINKE ANDREAS
Published: June 2013

An emerging task in world politics is to cope with human-induced global risks in domains such as environment, economy, security, and health. Current global governance institutions are largely incapable of tackling global risks and applying deductive policy models, which is why new modes of interaction may become essential. In this article I argue that through focused discourses, key peculiarities of global risks, namely complexity, scientific uncertainty and sociopolitical ambiguity, may be identified and understood. To this end, distinctively discursive and pragmatic learning processes can be developed. Different forms of deliberation and participation help develop processes that meet the challenges, problems, and conflicts that result from the key peculiarities of global risks. Hence, the article establishes a causal link between key peculiarities of global risks and postnational discourses. I discuss the varying forms of deliberation and participation (epistemic institutions, associational policy making, and transnational public deliberation and participation) of three discourses that produce institutional problem solving capacity in global risk governance. To this end, this article links theory and practice as well as normative conceptualisation and institutional feasibility.
Surface wave excitation by a density modulated electron beam in a magnetized dusty plasma cylinder
Authors: Prakash Ved , Sharma Suresh C. , Vijayshri  , Gupta Ruby
Published: June 2013

This paper studies the surface plasma wave excitation via Cerenkov and fast cyclotron interaction by a density modulated electron beam propagating through a magnetized dusty plasma cylinder. The dispersion relation of surface plasma waves has been derived and it has been shown that the phase velocity of waves increases with increase in relative density δ(=nio/ne0,whereni0is the ion plasma density andne0is the electron plasma density) of negatively charged dust grains. The beam radius is taken slightly less than the radius of dusty plasma cylinder. The frequency and the growth rate of the unstable wave instability increases with increase in the value of δ and normalized frequency ω/ωpe. The growth rate of the instability increases with the beam density and scales as one-third power of the beam density in Cerenkov interaction and square root of beam density in fast cyclotron interaction. The dispersion relation of surface plasma waves has been retrieved from the derived dispersion relation by considering that the beam is absent and there are no dust grains in the plasma cylinder.