bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
School-Based Interventions Following Violent Crises
Authors: Hong Jun Sung , Kim Isak , Lee Jungup , Espelage Dorothy L.
Published: March 2024

Crises following violence in schools have received a tremendous amount of research and media attention over the years. As a result, a wide range of violence prevention programs, from individual counseling to whole-school approach have been developed and implemented in U.S. school districts over the past several years. This chapter provides an overview of three promising evidence-based programs: social-emotional learning, solution-focused brief therapy, and restorative justice. Although such programs are shown to be effective as indicated in empirical research findings, practitioners, teachers, and school staff members need to also consider the multiple social systems students are embedded in and how they may foster or inhibit violence occurring in school.
Latinx Students and Families and Refugees
Authors: Delva Jorge , Martinez Dawn Belkin , Calvo Rocio
Published: March 2024

This chapter describes the application of motivational interviewing (MI) embedded within a Liberation Health (LH) model to help Latinx families whose youth may be experiencing behavioral health problems in school settings. The combination of MI and LH allows for a nonconfrontational, supportive, tailored therapeutic intervention that destigmatizes and depathologizes the youth and families’ lived experiences. This is done through a collaborative effort with families that encourages them to analyze the problem they may be experiencing in its totality. This chapter provides examples of ways a problem can be analyzed in its totality by taking into account the larger social, economic, political, institutional, and cultural dimensions that affect Latinx populations.
Global Value Chain–Oriented Policies in Latin America
Authors: Pietrobelli Carlo , Rabellotti Roberta , Van Assche Ari
Published: March 2024

This chapter examines global value chain (GVC)-oriented policies. It categorizes GVC-oriented policies according to four different policy objectives: participation, value capture, inclusiveness, and resiliency. The social and economic rationales for state intervention across the different types of GVC-oriented policies are compared. In addition, the chapter discusses the instruments and actions at the disposal of governments as they seek to reach their policy objectives. The chapter discusses evidence concerning the nature and functioning of these different GVC policies in the Latin American context. The trifecta of tasks, linkages, and firms explains whether and how GVC-oriented policies differ from traditional public policies. The chapter suggests that carefully-crafted GVC policies, in particular those which engage with the logic and structure of individual sectors, can be effective. This holds out the possibility of energizing growth through the realization of more local value-added, together with domestic accumulation of technological and production-centered capabilities.
The Economics of Animal Sacrifice
Authors: Rives J. B.
Published: March 2024

This chapter examines the economic dimensions of animal sacrifice. The environmental conditions of the ancient Mediterranean meant that the sorts of large domestic animals that were normally sacrificed were valuable resources that most people could not afford to consume very often. There were, however, important variables. The major groups of edible domestic animals (cattle, sheep/goats, and pigs) differed in both the costs and the benefits of their production. There were also differences in the goals of peasant and elite animal production: the former focused on diversification and risk reduction, the latter on the exploitation of resources to maintain social status. In these conditions, animal sacrifice not only demonstrated piety to the gods but also communicated information about economic and social status. Different types of sacrificial victims commanded greater or lesser prestige in inverse correlation with their availability and cost: bovines were more prestigious than smaller species, fully grown adults more than young animals. Animal sacrifice was thus a practice that marked elite status and simultaneously produced a highly desirable consumer good: high-quality meat. For both reasons, it served as an efficient instrument for articulating the unequal social relationship between those with greater and lesser economic resources.
Theorizing Animal Sacrifice I
Authors: Rives J. B.
Published: March 2024

This chapter examines early Greek discourses about animal sacrifice. The first section assesses critiques associated with Orphic and Pythagorean tradition, which deemed it wrong for humans to kill and eat animals because souls could pass after death between humans and animals. Early adherents of these traditions seemed concerned not with animal sacrifice per se but with killing and eating animals generally. The second section surveys the theorization of sacrificial practice in the classical period. Plato’s concern with correct understanding of the gods led him to condemn the belief that people could win them over through sacrifice, but he seems to have accepted the practice on the basis of tradition. Other schools apparently held broadly similar positions. Theophrastus roundly rejected animal sacrifice, yet his views reflect the mainstream philosophical emphasis on correct belief about the nature of the divine. The major classical schools of philosophy, deeply concerned with people’s conception of the gods, seem to have been less concerned with cult practices. Nevertheless, by the first century CE, the development of philosophy had created an alternative framework for social authority that made it possible for certain individuals to promote an understanding of sacrificial practice radically at odds with traditional Graeco-Roman practice.
How Free Are We?
Authors: Cyr Taylor W. , Flummer Matthew T.
Published: March 2024

This book is a collection of edited interviews from The Free Will Show—a podcast that provides a beginner-friendly introduction to free will while also highlighting recent developments on the topic. The book includes original material as well, including an introduction to the interviews and an afterward with reflections on the podcast by the authors (who are cohosts of The Free Will Show). The book also includes a bibliography and suggestions for further reading after each interview and a glossary of terms at the end of the book. The book will serve well either as a textbook or as an accessible entry-point to the free will debate, whether for an interested non-specialist or a philosopher who works in another area. The first half of this book introduces the main issues and arguments in philosophical debates about free will, including various apparent threats to free will (fatalism, foreknowledge, and determinism), the Consequence Argument, and the problem of luck, among others. The second half of this book introduces the main positions in the debate about free will and determinism, including several varieties of libertarianism and compatibilism, a version of free will skepticism, and some other positions that do not fit neatly into these categories.
Dissemination and Implementation Research in Health
Authors: Chambers David
Published: March 2024

Fifteen to 20 years is how long it takes for the billions of dollars of health-related research to translate into evidence-based policies and programs suitable for public use. Over the past two decades, an exciting science has emerged that seeks to narrow the gap between the discovery of new knowledge and its application in public health, mental health, and healthcare settings. Dissemination and implementation (D&I) research seeks to understand how to best apply scientific advances in the real world by focusing on pushing the evidence-based knowledge base into routine use. To help propel this crucial field forward, leading D&I scholars and researchers have collaborated to put together this volume to address a number of key issues, including how to evaluate the evidence base on effective interventions; which strategies will produce the greatest impact; how to design an appropriate study; and how to track a set of essential outcomes. D&I studies must also take into account the barriers to uptake of evidence-based interventions in the communities where people live their lives and the social service agencies, hospitals, and clinics where they receive care. The challenges of moving research to practice and policy are universal, and future progress calls for collaborative partnerships and cross-country research. The fundamental tenet of D&I research—taking what we know about improving health and putting it into practice—must be the highest priority. This book is a roadmap that will have broad appeal to researchers and practitioners across many disciplines.
Adaptation in Dissemination and Implementation Science
Authors: Baumann Ana A. , Stirman Shannon Wiltsey , Cabassa Leopoldo J.
Published: March 2024

This chapter focuses on adaptations in the context of dissemination and implementation research and practice. Consistent with the existing literature, the authors recommend that adaptations be proactively and iteratively determined, strongly informed by a variety of stakeholders, and include efforts to carefully describe and document the nature of the adaptations and evaluate their impact on desired service, health, and implementation outcomes. While this chapter focuses on adaptations to interventions and the context of practice, note also that adaptations may need to be made to implementation strategies. Following the call by Proctor and colleagues for further precision in defining and operationalizing implementation strategies and based on evidence that scholars are not necessarily reporting what and how they are adapting the interventions, scholars are urged to define and evaluate the adaptations that they are making to not only the interventions and context of practice but also the implementation strategies.
Design and Analysis in Dissemination and Implementation Research
Authors: Curran Geoffrey M. , Smith Justin D. , Landsverk John , Vermeer Wouter , Miech Edward J. , Kim Bo , Cruden Gracelyn , Fernandez Maria E. , Brown C. Hendricks
Published: March 2024

A wide variety of dissemination and implementation (D&I) research designs are now being used to evaluate and improve health systems and outcomes. This chapter discusses research questions in D&I, methods for implementation preparation, and randomized and nonrandomized designs for the traditional translational research continuum or pipeline, which builds on existing efficacy and effectiveness trials to examine how one or more health interventions are adopted, scaled up, and sustained in community or service delivery systems. The chapter also considers other designs, including hybrid approaches that combine effectiveness and implementation research and designs that use simulation modeling and configurational analysis. A case example of a novel large-scale rollout implementation optimization design implementation study is also presented. The chapter also provides suggested readings and websites useful for design decisions.
Mixed-Methods Evaluation in Dissemination and Implementation Science
Authors: Palinkas Lawrence A. , Cooper Brittany Rhoades , Leon Jessenia De , Salinas Erika
Published: March 2024

In reviewing the rapidly growing literature on the use of mixed methods to address important issues confronting the science of dissemination and implementation, this chapter addresses two observations. The first observation is that mixed methods reflect an iterative process of data collection and analysis that involves both inductive and deductive approaches to understanding complex phenomena. Second, this chapter begins with the observation that using mixed methods is more than parallel play involving separate quantitative and qualitative studies. Both the iterative nature of dissemination and implementation science and the likely debate and compromises involved in selection and application of quantitative and qualitative methods in a mixed-method design demand attention on the part of the investigators to document and detail the rationale for the selection of methods and the process and outcomes of their use.
Implementation Science in Healthcare
Authors: Hamilton Alison B. , Brown Arleen
Published: March 2024

Implementation science in healthcare comprises over 30 years of rich and varied activity that has developed, refined, and applied implementation science concepts, theories, and research approaches. This body of activity has produced valuable empirical findings and has contributed to the continued development of the broader field of implementation science. This chapter describes key stages in the development and evolution of implementation science in healthcare. It discusses key settings, evidence-based practices, and implementation strategies studied by healthcare implementation researchers and examines key challenges and future directions in the field. Continued growth in healthcare implementation science will require expanded attention to sustainment, scale-up, and spread of effective healthcare practices and attention to the study of routine, naturally occurring implementation processes in addition to experimental evaluation of investigator-led implementation.
Policy Dissemination and Implementation Research
Authors: Purtle Jonathan , Crable Erika L. , Cruden Gracelyn , Lee Matthew , Lengnick-Hall Rebecca , Silver Diana , Raghavan Ramesh
Published: March 2024

Policy dissemination research seeks to understand how research evidence can be most effectively communicated to policymakers and integrated into policymaking processes. These studies may aim to describe attributes of a population of policymakers, identify discrete audience segments of policymakers, test the effects of dissemination strategies, characterize the use of research evidence in policymaking, and identify factors associated with the diffusion of policies across jurisdictions. Policy implementation research seeks to understand how the rollout of policies can be optimized to maximize health benefits. Such studies may aim to describe the process through which a policy was implemented, assess stakeholders’ perceptions of implementation and appetite for implementation strategies, and determine the effect of a policy on implementation outcomes, the moderating effect of policy implementation outcomes on policy effectiveness outcomes, or the main effect of policy implementation strategies on policy implementation and/or effectiveness outcomes. The study of evidence-to-policy translation and policy implementation has a rich history but is still an emerging area in the field of dissemination and implementation (D&I) science in health. Developing policy D&I research is critical to maximizing the public health impact of the field of implementation science and also has potential to improve population health and enhance health equity. Policy-focused D&I research is also important to developing effective strategies to combat the effects of actors who seek to influence policies in ways that are diametrically opposed to the goals of public health and health equity.
Implementation Science in the Global Context
Authors: Geng Elvin H. , Moshabela Mosa , Alonge Olakunle
Published: March 2024

While the health of the world has improved over the last decades, much progress is still needed—progress that implementation science can contribute to if deployed appropriately. In a global context, the health system plays an important role in deciding which strategies will fit, as well as influence the effects of those strategies. Research on implementation therefore must be attuned to formal and scientific ways to examine that context. Strategies that optimize implementation within workforce shortages (e.g., task shifting); restricted infrastructure (e.g., home-based care); governance (e.g., social accountability strategies); financing (e.g., social insurance schema); and others represent important approaches to optimize the use of evidence-based interventions for health and population health outcomes, especially in lower- and middle-income countries. At the same time, the application in new settings also allows us to conceptualize domains of implementation outcomes relevant where health system building blocks are weak. Some of these concepts, such as ripple effects, unintended consequences, simultaneity, and robustness, have implications in many settings throughout the world and could enrich implementation science more generally.
The Islamic Secular
Authors: Jackson Sherman A.
Published: March 2024

This book argues that the common notion of a fundamental conflict between the secular and the religious cannot be applied to Islam. This is not because Islam rejects the secular in favor of the religious; it is because Islam’s concept of the religious includes the secular. This is what is captured by the term “Islamic Secular.” Contrary both to the notion that “religion” in Islam equals “sharī‘ah,” and to the concomitant notion that sharī‘ah is the all-encompassing, exclusive metric of assessment in Islam, this book argues that, while Islam is all-encompassing, sharī‘ah is bounded. This leaves a space between the limited circumference of sharī‘ah and the unlimited circumference of Islam. While both spaces are “religious” in that they come under the adjudicative gaze of the God of Islam, only the shar‘ī space draws directly upon sharī‘ah and its sources, while the non-shar‘ī space does not. In the end, this allows for a “religious secular,” a space wherein matters remain “religious” but their concrete substance is neither based on nor assessed in terms of sharī‘ah or its sources. These shar‘ī and non-shar‘ī elements are not rivals but complements. As such, both “secularism” and “secularization,” as non- or anti-religious tropes, are alien to the Islamic Secular.
Buddhism in Court
Authors: Liu Cuilan
Published: March 2024

What happens to Buddhist monks and nuns who commit crimes? Buddhism in Court is the first book to uncover a long-overlooked Buddhist campaign for clerical legal privileges that aimed to exempt monks and nuns from being tried and punished in the courtroom. It unveils this campaign’s origins in Indian Buddhism and shows how Chinese Buddhists’ engagement with it reshaped Buddhism’s place in the jurisdictional landscape of China from the fourth century to the present. In Asia, the jurisdictional boundary between Buddhism and the state was never fixed. Buddhism in Court is the first study to examine Chinese Buddhists’ unique contribution in negotiating that boundary: the creation in the fourth century of “hybrid courts” and “hybrid laws” that would deal exclusively with religious legal matters. Drawing on various premodern and contemporary primary sources in Chinese, Buddhism in Court traces the legacy of the campaign for clerical legal privileges from its origins in India to its transformation in China and its continuing impact in the Chinese courtroom to the present day. Diverting from the dynasty-centered approach to studying religion, law, and history in China, Buddhism in Court expands our understanding of this legacy of early Chinese Buddhism and challenges the notion that the passage between imperial and postimperial China was one of disruption.
On Elizabeth Taylor
Authors: Kennedy Matthew
Published: March 2024

On Elizabeth Taylor: An Opinionated Guide is a complete review of the career of a singular actress and film star of the twentieth century. Each of her sixty-seven film appearances is recapped with background on their sources, production, release, and critical and financial reception. Also included are her television films, select TV guest spots, and live theater. Included is an introduction to the phenomenon of Elizabeth Taylor, with an emphasis on her film stardom. This is followed by a biographical chronology, where her well-covered marriages, illnesses, jewelry collection, and fantastic philanthropy on behalf of people with AIDS/HIV are chronicled. Taylor’s acting, what she brought to the screen, is examined in detail, and includes a consideration of her specific art, the development of her voice, her relationship to the camera, and her canny understanding of the effect she had on audiences worldwide. Responses from her costars and directors are also included. On Elizabeth Taylor: An Opinionated Guide is a reference book, but one with a particular authorial voice, offering an appreciation of her skill and unique charisma, and in turn placing her among the greatest film stars of all time. The book invites the reader to access and contemplate the work of Elizabeth Taylor, the great and the not so great, alongside the author. Such engagement makes this book fun to pick up and explore. It’s valuable to anyone who wants to understand what made Elizabeth Taylor such a big and enduring film star.
On Bette Midler
Authors: Winkler Kevin
Published: March 2024

Bette Midler today is a beloved legacy star, best known for her comic witch in Disney’s Hocus Pocus and its 2022 sequel and for sentimental, anthemic ballads such as “Wind beneath My Wings.” She’s initiated green-space projects in New York City and tussled with Donald Trump on Twitter. Her profile is that of an articulate, civic-minded matron enjoying thoroughly mainstream stardom. But more than fifty years ago, she emerged from the steam of the subterranean Continental Baths as the Divine Miss M, her bawdy, campy, fearless alter ego created in front of an audience of towel-clad gay men who came to the baths seeking not just sex but a sense of community and safety from an often harrowing outside world. The Divine Miss M coalesced gay as well as Jewish, feminist, and show-business sensibilities into an outrageously funny and emotionally compelling persona that traveled with surprising ease from the cultural margins to the entertainment mainstream. Her embrace by mom-and-pop audiences, rock fans and critics, and the guardians of middle-of-the-road show business demonstrates just how deeply the tastes and sensibilities of her original audience have been absorbed into popular culture. Fittingly for a book about a multiplatform artist, On Bette Midler: An Opinionated Guide examines Midler’s impact across media, with chapters on the soaring highs (and occasional cringeworthy lows) of her stage work, movies, recordings, and television appearances and considers her influence as an environmental activist and social-media presence.
Black Students Matter
Authors: Duncan April D.
Published: March 2024

Black Students Matter: Play Therapy Techniques to Support Black Students Experiencing Racial Trauma explores the negative effects of racial trauma stressors that contribute to racial trauma in Black students. It reviews direct and systemic racial trauma stressors that aid in racial disparities in school discipline that push Black students out of school and into the juvenile justice system. It also explores play as an innovative solution for school social workers to engage Black students and their teachers and caregivers in individual, group, and family play therapy. Seminal play theories including cognitive behavioral play therapy (CBPT), child-centered play therapy (CCPT), filial therapy, Theraplay, and Adlerian play therapy are all explored as ways to empower Black students experiencing racial stressors daily. The book also includes more than 30 unique music, sand, and art therapy interventions that school social workers can use to address issues around hair discrimination, code switching, and other racial stressors that impact the well-being of Black students. Each play-based intervention is created specifically to use in individual and group play therapy with Black students from kindergarten to high school to address mental health symptoms associated with anxiety, depression, self-esteem, and suicidal thoughts and behaviors. It also reviews the importance of displaying cultural humility when working with Black students and their families to help provide the most accurate diagnosis and treatment planning to support Black students experiencing racial trauma.
What Is International Environmental Law?
Authors: Bodansky Daniel , van Asselt Harro
Published: March 2024

Chapter 1 reviews the constituent elements of international environment law, and explains the three main approaches—doctrinal, policy, explanatory—through which the subject can be analyzed. The chapter also examines the problems underlying international environmental cooperation, explaining why states may be either inclined to cooperate or reluctant to do so. Against this backdrop, the chapter identifies the various functions of international environmental law in promoting cooperation among states and other international actors, influencing behavior, and helping to ameliorate international environmental problems. The chapter concludes by reflecting on the (limited) role that international environmental law plays in solving global environmental problems.
How We Got Here
Authors: Bodansky Daniel , van Asselt Harro
Published: March 2024

Chapter 2 offers an account of the history of international environmental law, distinguishing three stages: a conservationist stage, a pollution-prevention stage, and a sustainable development stage. The chapter also reflects on recent developments, arguing that international environmental law has come of age in that it has become both wider and deeper; developed innovative approaches to treaty design to encourage participation and to take account of varying national circumstances; accommodated new modes of normative development, including decisions of the parties to multilateral environmental agreements, private regulation, and judicial decisions; engaged more directly with nonstate actors; become more closely intertwined with other areas of international law; and matured as a discipline.
Shared and contested views of education professionals on the forms of privatization within comprehensive schooling in Finland
Authors: Nivanaho Nina , Haavisto Mikko , Palonen Tuire , Lempinen Sonia , Seppänen Piia
Published: March 2024

This chapter examines Finnish education professionals’ views on the forms of privatization within comprehensive education in Finland. Finland has a long tradition of public provision of education, guided by the state and municipalities, and until today, privatization in the country has not proceeded within schooling to the same extent as it has in many other countries. However, recently, emerging education-related business has intensified around Finnish comprehensive education. This survey study explored education professionals’ (n = 227) social-democratic and privatization views on comprehensive schooling. A latent profile analysis showed the majority of education professionals were against endogenous (competition in schooling, schools being business-like) and exogenous (cooperation between public and private entities, outsourcing of schooling) privatization. Nevertheless, a small profile of educators (10.1%) somewhat supported all dimensions of privatization. Regardless of their views on privatization, education professionals strongly supported social-democratic views of equal educational opportunity as a foundational to Finnish education.
COVID-19 and the commercialization of Finnish schooling
Authors: Kiesi Iida , Hogan Anna
Published: March 2024

Finland is often promoted as having a “successful” public school system that has protected itself through strong state regulations from the narrow logic of the global education reform movement. However, over the course of the COVID-19 emergency, we see evidence of the Finnish edu-ecosystem rapidly mobilizing a commercial response to the crisis. In this chapter, we follow this edu-ecosystem, made up of edu-businesses, publishing houses, consultancies, state actors, and newly emerged coalitions to chart how they used the pandemic as an opportunity for an immediate “digileap” in Finnish schooling and a longer-term reimagining of the global school system in which Finnish edtechs are leading the digitalization of schooling (on a for-profit basis). We argue that commercial edtech is being used to deliver new forms of online, blended, or hybrid systems of public schooling and call for an urgent debate about what this means for the understanding of publicness in Finnish schooling.
The Birds (1963)The Birds (1963)
Authors: Murphet Julian
Published: March 2024

“The Birds (1963): Trauma and the right of reply” examines the shot in which Melanie Daniels (Tippi Hedren) wakes from traumatized slumber on the Brenner family couch, only to find herself plunged psychologically back into the horrific assault on her by dozens of birds in the attic just a few minutes before. In it, Melanie looks directly into the lens of the camera and, as it pushes further into her pain, pushes it back. It is the great emotional climax of this film, and it is a kind of “right of reply” from the actor forced to endure the shoot. The film’s star, Hedren, whose inarticulate, spasmodic gestures—seemingly spontaneous and quite unpremeditated—functions as a warding-off of the camera’s complicity and ours in all this senseless assault, had good reason to fight the camera and its director, as this chapter explains.
Borrowed Influences
Authors: Kaczynski Richard
Published: March 2024

Chapter 5 explores the influence of British Agnosticism on the new religious movement of Thelema, including both its ideas and its operations. Following the example of the Rationalist Press Association’s Cheap Reprints series and its Literary Guide and Rationalist Review, Crowley formed his own imprint—the Society for the Propagation of Religious Truth—to publish inexpensive reissues of his works, while the motto of his new literary journal, The Equinox, echoed the spirit of Agnosticism: “The Method of Science, the Aim of Religion.” Crowley would later refer to his evidence-based approach to magick as “Scientific Illuminism.” Writers championed by the Agnostics, including Max Müller, Swami Vivekananda, T. W. Rhys David, and James George Frazer, also filled The Equinox’s review and commentary pages, as did—significantly—works arguing that Christianity co-opted older pagan symbols of phallic worship, such as J. M. Robertson’s Pagan Christs (1903) and J. G. R. Forlong’s Faiths of Man (1907).
Introducing the Cases
Authors: Liu Shelley X.
Published: March 2024

This chapter provides an overview of the two primary cases that are examined in the book: the Zimbabwe Liberation War (1972–1979) and the Liberian Civil War (1989–1996). It situates these two conflicts within their respective historical contexts at the regional and international levels. Despite vast differences in conflict motivations and contexts, sub-national variation in civilian attitudes toward the conflicts are important for understanding the two rebel victors' post-war constraints. These constraints, as further explained in subsequent chapters, lead the victors to choose similar resource allocation strategies to consolidate power.
Foregrounding the Servant
Authors: Hai Ambreen
Published: March 2024

Chapter 3 focuses on In Other Rooms, Other Wonders, Pakistani-American writer Daniyal Mueenudin’s 2009 collection of interlinked short stories. It argues that Mueenudin does something new compared to earlier South Asian English writers, and that his powerful stories render both the psychic interiority of servitude (through nuanced, empathetic representations of male and female servant characters and their subjectivities) and system (the outer world of power and hierarchy that entraps some individuals, empowers others, and constitutes all their relationships). It elaborates on Pakistan’s postcolonial feudalism that coexists with late capitalism as the system in which these stories are embedded. It pays close attention to Mueenuddin’s formal choices and narrative techniques, examining how the interlinked short story enables comparison of diverse servant perspectives and experiences. Mueenuddin’s goal, it suggests, is to rehumanize those dehumanized, to change habituated ways of seeing and not-seeing, connecting inner and outer worlds, the private and the public.
From Periphery to Center
Authors: Hai Ambreen
Published: March 2024

Chapter 4 argues that Sri Lankan British writer Romesh Gunesekera’s novel Reef pioneers a new mode of centralizing the servant, with a canny portrayal of a young boy’s experience of and emergence from servitude, but offers, especially in comparison with Aravind Adiga’s The White Tiger, a somewhat muted, depoliticized account of domestic servitude. Using the forms of fictional autobiography and Bildungsroman, both novels invert earlier modes of representation by making a male servant their sole narrator and protagonist. Both explore homoerotic master-servant relationships and the intersection of masculinity with servitude. Reef centers the servant boy’s experience and interiority, yet glorifies the benevolence of the master; it minimizes the vicissitudes of servitude, yet shows how even a hegemonized servant eventually seeks independence from his master. This chapter reads Reef as a critical exploration of the psychological effects of servitude, and as a novel insufficiently questioning of some dominant ideologies of servitude.
Sharing Space: Alternating Female Servant-Employer Narratives in Thrity Umrigar’s The Space Between Us
Authors: Hai Ambreen
Published: March 2024

Chapter 6 examines how, unlike Gunesekera’s and Adiga’s monologic narratives, two transnational women writers choose a different formal strategy: sharing narrative space equitably between servants and employers. Setting up a comparison between Thrity Umrigar’s The Space Between Us and Kiran Desai’s The Inheritance of Loss, it focuses on Umrigar’s alternation of the narratives and perspectives of Bhima, an aging Hindu widow, and Sera, the middle-class Parsi woman for whom Bhima works. It discusses three key aspects of Umrigar’s novel: her evocation of the micropolitics between a female servant and female employer who have built an understanding and interdependence over decades, the impact of intergenerational servitude on the servant and her family, and the ethical implications of the servant’s final betrayal. It suggests how in a novel seemingly concerned with the intricacies and intimacies of interpersonal domestic interactions, servitude becomes a national question, tied to questions of postcolonial freedom and democracy.
Bonding, Bridging, & Bypassing
Authors: 9780197743980  , Fox Colm A.
Published: March 2024

Why do candidates make ethnic appeals in election campaigns? More specifically, why do some candidates appeal to their ethnic group while others reach out to different ethnic groups or abandon ethnic appeals altogether? This book develops key concepts of ethnic bonding, bridging, and bypassing to interpret ethnic politics in Indonesia, one of the world’s largest and most ethnically diverse emerging democracies. Examining local and national elections over two decades, it draws on a content analysis of religious and indigenous appeals coded from newspaper election reports and over 25,000 election posters. Findings show that three core factors—electoral rules, party ideology, and ethnic group viability—interacted to guide candidates’ ethnic appeals. Under party-centric electoral rules, candidates’ bonding, bridging, or bypassing strategies were shaped by their party’s ethnic or nonethnic ideological stance. Under candidate-centric rules, candidates disregarded party ideology. Instead, they sought out and appealed to any viable co-ethnic groups within their constituency. To be viable, a group had to be large enough to enable electoral victory and there had to be no social norms restricting candidates from appealing to that group. In the absence of a viable ethnic group, candidates turned to bridging or bypassing strategies. The book goes beyond the standard view that the politicization of ethnicity is problematic by specifying the microfoundations for candidates’ ethnic appeals. It allows us to predict which ethnic identities will become politicized in future elections and provides prescriptions on how to curb divisive ethnic politics.
What Is an Ethnic Appeal?
Authors: Fox Colm A.
Published: March 2024

Chapter 2 discusses the book’s approach to understanding and measuring ethnic appeals. Drawing on previous work, it defines an ethnic group as an identity category based on descent-based attributes. Furthermore, it illustrates how ethnicity has different dimensions (e.g. religion) and categories (e.g. Christian). This discussion clarifies the range of ethnic dimensions and categories to which candidates can appeal during elections. The chapter discusses how an ethnic appeal has been conceptualized in other works, before defining it in terms of its explicit and implicit forms, means of delivery, tone, and goals. It then explains the varieties of ethnic appeals: ethnic bonding, broad ethnic bridging, cross-ethnic bridging, and ethnic bypassing. These measures allow us to summarize and compare candidates’ ethnic appeals in different contexts, across regions, by political party, and over time. In addition, politically salient ethnic categories emerge from the distribution of ethnic appeals rather than being identified a priori.
Measuring Ethnic Appeals
Authors: Fox Colm A.
Published: March 2024

Chapter 5 explains the creation of unique datasets on ethnic appeals which are used in the book. It first reviews how other scholars have measured the politicization of ethnicity, highlighting their use of ethnic voting data, the ethnic composition of political parties, and campaign reports and materials. It then explains how ethnic appeals from regional newspapers and election posters were measured. It discusses campaign newspaper coverage and the use of election posters in Indonesia; how thousands of reports and election posters were gathered for this book; and how content analysis was used to code these materials. After presenting an overview of the coded ethnic appeal data, the chapter highlights how non-Islamic Indonesian candidates are socially constrained from appealing to non-Islamic religious groups. The chapter explains this constraint as rooted in the historical development of minority religions and political parties, as well as more contemporary incentives facing candidates and voters.
Electoral Rules
Authors: Fox Colm A.
Published: March 2024

Chapter 6 analyzes the impact of candidate-centric electoral rules on the politicization of religious and indigenous groups using two tests. The first test draws on coded newspaper reports to examine how legislative campaigns changed after the electoral system shifted from party-centric to semi-candidate-centric in 2009. The results indicate that candidates played a more central role in directing campaigns after the change, and that the religious and indigenous nature of their campaign events, endorsements, and appeals became more prevalent. The second test draws on the dataset of election posters to compare candidates’ campaign appeals between the semi-candidate-centric legislative elections of 2009 and the highly candidate-centric regional head elections that were held the following year. The results reveal that posters produced by regional head candidates used a richer variety of religious and indigenous images and messages. The analysis shows that whereas the candidate-centric nature of the electoral rules can explain a rise in religious and indigenous appeals, the competing explanations cannot.
Cyberspace Is Ideal for the Strategy of Deception
Authors: Gartzke Erik , Lindsay Jon R.
Published: March 2024

The same secrecy and inexpensiveness that make offensive cyber operations attractive, at first blush, also undermine their utility for compellence or deterrence. But this does not mean that cyberconflict is not useful. On the contrary, cyberspace increases the salience of the undertheorized problem of deception. This chapter argues that the logic of deception differs fundamentally from deterrence and defense, even as all three strategies can be combined in practice. As a fundamentally informational domain, cyberspace is especially well suited for strategies of deception, which can benefit both offense (espionage and subversion) and defense (counterintellgence). The central role of deception in cyber conflict necessitates a reconsideration of the notion of the offense-defense balance in cyberspace, which is not as lopsided as widely believed.
Sea
Authors: Gartzke Erik , Lindsay Jon R.
Published: March 2024

Renewed Sino-US strategic antagonism invites a reassessment of arguments about the use of naval power, its characteristics, and its effectiveness as a political and economic tool. The chapter argues that naval nations are tempted to intervene in more places, especially where warships can create locally favorable concentrations of power, but it is not clear whether they will intervene in any given place, which raises questions about commitment. Consistent with this argument, the chapter reports empirical evidence that countries with disproportionately large navies tend to receive more diplomatic recognition and project power further from home, consistent with navalist expectations. Yet it also finds that maritime nations tend to be involved in more militarized disputes, which runs counter to conventional wisdom about the stabilizing influence of sea power. The chapter further assesses the heterogeneous effects of specific naval platforms on influence and stability.
Gray Zone
Authors: Gannon J. Andrés , Schram Peter
Published: March 2024

Gray-zone conflict, exemplified in Russian interventions in Eastern Europe prior to 2022, is neither novel nor inherently a deterrence failure. Rather than repudiating deterrence, limited challenges could actually reflect a certain respect for existing frameworks, both to avoid major war and preserve interests in common with status quo powers. Based on a game theory model, the chapter finds that actors will behave differently depending on if the actor is constrained by their internal cost-benefit balancing (i.e. driven by costs, efficacy, innovation, etc.) or if the actor is constrained by an external deterrent threat. The chapter then derives a series of observations that connect empirically observable behavior to the challengerÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â€šÂ¬Ã¢â€žÂ¢s constraints and motivations for gray-zone conflict (i.e., whether a challenger is constrained internally or externally). It finds evidence that the external deterrent threat of NATO intervention seemed to shape recent Russian moves into the gray zone.
We Need to Be Telling Our Own Stories
Authors: Jesus Julien De
Published: March 2024

The guiding question for this chapter is: How can Linguistics be made to feel like a home, intellectually and otherwise, for Filipinx American students and scholars? The author takes a simultaneously ethnographic and autoethnographic approach to answering this question, utilizing a combination of reflections on their own experiences as a Filipinx American linguist in the US and qualitative IRB-approved interviews with seven other Filipinx American scholars in Linguistics and adjacent fields. The author describes how they ended up writing this project in the first place, then delves into several themes from the interviews that reveal ways in which colonial structures and thinking impact Filipinx Americans in academia. Finally, the chapter ends with recommendations and actionable steps for faculty who work with and/or hope to work with Filipinx American students.
An Action-Based Roadmap for Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion in Teaching Linguistics
Authors: Sanders Nathan , Konnelly Lex , Umbal Pocholo
Published: March 2024

This chapter discusses a three-year pedagogical initiative at the University of Toronto to bring more equity, diversity, and inclusion into the linguistics classroom and to address linguistic injustice more generally in teaching beyond linguistics courses. In an effort to provide a model for anyone interested in doing similar work in their own departments, the authors focus on implementational details, concrete steps, outcomes, and generalizable action-based advice on how individual pieces of our project can be adapted in different contexts. They provide an overview of the initiative and details of a number of its resulting products, including a variety of materials that they developed and collected into a publicly accessible online repository. The authors also discuss numerous connections and collaborations that helped expand the scope of the initiative, and conclude by offering helpful suggestions and further reflections on why this work is important and why linguists must prioritize it.
Race and the American Story
Authors: Shonekan Stephanie , Seagrave Adam
Published: March 2024

Race and the American Story interrogates contemporary race relations in the United States through the lenses of history, politics, music, and diverse lived experiences. The book relates the joint efforts of two professors at the University of Missouri—a white, male political scientist and a Black, female ethnomusicologist—to heal a college campus torn apart by racism in the aftermath of the killing of Michael Brown in 2014. It explores the insights the authors gained through this experience into the personal and social effects of racism, as well as the means and prospects for successfully addressing racism in the future. Combining an open acknowledgment of the realities of racism with a hopeful approach to confronting it, Shonekan and Seagrave offer a perspective on issues of race that cuts across recent debates. In so doing, Race and the American Story offers a historically sensitive, culturally informed, and refreshingly novel treatment of race in the United States.
The Practical Self
Authors: Gomes Anil
Published: March 2024

We are self-conscious creatures thrown into a world which is not of our making. What is the connection between being self-conscious and being related to an objective world? Descartes and Kant, in different ways and with different emphases, argued that self-conscious subjects must be related to an objective world. Philosophers in the twentieth century were less ambitious: self-conscious subjects must only think or experience the world as objective. The Practical Self argues that the key to self-consciousness lies in a set of enigmatic remarks by the eighteenth-century philosopher, physicist, and aphorist Georg Christoph Lichtenberg. ‘One should say it is thinking, just as one says, it is lightning’, Lichtenberg writes. ‘To say cogito is already too much … To assume the I, to postulate it, is a practical requirement’. Lichtenberg raises a puzzle here about our grounds for recognizing ourselves as the agents of our thinking. Its solution is to understand that we have practical grounds to think of ourselves as intellectual agents. We are thus practical selves: intellectual agents who have distinctively practical grounds to recognize ourselves as such. And our faith in ourselves as practical selves is sustained through interaction with others. The argument of this book is that self-consciousness requires faith in ourselves as the agents of our thinking and that this faith is sustained by practices which relate us to other thinkers. Self-consciousness connects us to a world of others.
Program units and procedures
Authors: Metcalf Michael , Reid John , Cohen Malcolm , Bader Reinhold
Published: March 2024

A description of how a complete program is built from a main program and, optionally, subroutines and functions, some or all of which may be packaged into modules. They may themselves contain internal subroutines and functions. The methods by which information is transmitted between these components via arguments, host association, and use association are described. The concepts of scope and recursion are introduced
Data transfer
Authors: Metcalf Michael , Reid John , Cohen Malcolm , Bader Reinhold
Published: March 2024

The means whereby data are transferred to or from an internal or external file are fully described. The definitions of a file and/or unit are introduced, and the various forms of data transfer, sequential, direct, asynchronous, and stream are described. Formatted and unformatted data are differentiated. Non-advancing and namelist input/output are introduced.