bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Performativity of Organizational Culture in a No Excuses Charter School
Authors: Radford Jason
Published: July 2018

Theories developed by academics influence those they study, in some cases fundamentally shaping the world we study. This influential relationship, often called performativity, has gone largely unnoticed and uncommented on in organizational theory and research. The few studies investigating performativity in organizations or other fields typically focus on cases in which the ultimate success of theory's implementation is known. In this paper, I examine how one high-performing charter school sought to turn a prescribed organizational culture into reality. I find that path to successful performance is very narrow and ambiguous. The school succeeded and failed in many steps of the process, making it difficult to assess whether the initiative was successful and to attribute their successes and failures to the theory or their implementation. I conclude that performativity is a cyclical process occurring at multiple time scales. During these cycles, organizations iteratively test new implementations of the theory, seeking to gain clear insight into the success of their strategy and correctly attribute their successes and failures to decide whether the theory actually works or not.
Economy of Hellenistic, Roman and Early Byzantine Settlement in Jiyeh (Porphyreon), Lebanon
Authors: Gwiazda Mariusz
Published: July 2018

Regular excavations of the ancient settlement in Jiyeh on the Phoenician coast, carried out by the Polish-Lebanese mission since 2008, as well as results of some earlier archaeological investigations there, allowed to discuss various aspects of economic activity of the local population in the Hellenistic, Roman and Early Byzantine times. The obtained materials justify putting forward several hypotheses concerning the agriculture, craffts and trade carried out by the inhabitants of the settlement. It seems that olive oil and wine, together with the locally manufactured coarse pottery vessels and other productts, sold within the territory of the neighbouring towns (Sidon and Berytus), could have been the main source of profit allowing the inhabitants to purchase imported goods, such as fine pottery and marble coming from different parts of the Mediterranean. Moreover, the settlement in Jiyeh, due to its favourable geographical location, may have played an important intermediary role in the trade exchange between the villages located to the east, on the slopes of Mount Lebanon, and urban centres along the Mediterranean coastline.
Climate Justice, the Global South and Policy Preferences of Kenyan Environmental NGOs
Authors: Beer Christopher Todd
Published: July 2018

Negotiations for a global agreement to address climate change have often pitted the nations of the heavily industrialized Global North against the nations of the developing Global South. The Global North has tended to emphasize the common responsibilities of all nations to reduce emissions while nations of the Global South have tended to place more emphasis on the differentiated responsibilities. The Global North-South negotiating positions are derived from the inequality in: the historical and current emissions of greenhouse gasses, the emerging consequences of climate change, and the geo-political negotiating power between nation-states. However, these broad sweeping categories miss diverse goals and policy preferences among civil society actors within nations. Through in-depth, in-person interviews, this research documents the surprisingly strong presence of Global North policy preferences among the field of Kenyan environmental NGOs – a field that is significantly divided among the “climate justice” policy priorities strongly associated with nations of the Global South and “emissions reductions for all” priorities associated with nations the Global North. Qualitative data captures the rationale of KENGOs for the respective policy script preferences. Utilizing the nation-state as a unit of analysis would miss this variation among civil society actors within the Global South, variation that demonstrates the complex interaction between the diffusion of global policies and domestic social contexts.
Distinct functions of quotative markers: Evidence from Meidai Kaiwa Corpus
Authors: Nilep Chad
Published: July 2018

Preprint of article appearing in Gengo Bunka Ronshū 35, 2013The Japanese particle 'to' serves as a quotative marker, either indicating the content of quoted speech or thought, or serving related functions. The particle 'tte' is frequently identified as an informal variant of 'to', serving identical or nearly identical functions in casual speech. Analysis of a collection of 129 informal conversations shows a clear but non-categorical tendency for the particle 'tte' to appear with verbs of speech, or at the ends of utterances with no following verb, and for the particle 'to' to appear with verbs of cognition. This tends to support earlier work based on speaker intuitions.
‘In reference to HIV, what does “undetectable” mean to you?’: Results of a small survey at an HIV testing site in San Francisco
Authors: Johnson Peretz Jason
Published: July 2018

Objectives: ‘Undetectable’, a term describing HIV viral load at the level of non-transmissibility, appears to be used as a stigma-reducing term on dating apps and is predictive of condomless sex. Anecdotal evidence about the meaning of the term suggests that a mix of both accurate data and misinformation can abound. We sought to uncover what range of meanings the term ‘undetectable’ holds for a cohort of HIV testers at a free HIV testing facility along mid-Market St, San Francisco.Design: A four question survey with additional demographic questions was administered to 130 individuals at the testing site. The resulting answers were then coded as ‘informed’, ‘uninformed’, or ‘misinformed’ and correlated with demographic measures, including residential zip code of the respondent.Results: Residents in the Castro district were most likely to associate ‘undetectable’ status with medication adherence. The most misinformed zip code with respect to the meaning and implications of the term ‘undetectable’ was the Tenderloin, which corresponds to the San Francisco zip code with the lowest rates of HIV suppression. Compared to MSMs, heterosexuals were the most uninformed; while racially, Asians were the most misinformed and Blacks the least misinformed. Older men seem most cautious about using ‘undetectable’ as a risk-reduction strategy.Significance: The study highlights the degree to which certain neighbourhoods and demographics have assimilated the concept of ‘undetectable’ and how viral suppression is maintained, while pinpointing neighbourhoods for additional outreach to correct identified misinformation.
Social Science and Archaeological Inquiry
Authors: Smith Michael E.
Published: July 2018

This is an "debates" essay that critiques the common archaeological construct that our scholarship is divided between the humanities and the natural sciences. I argue that the social sciences provide a third alternative that is particularly germane to archaeological goals of reconstructing past societies. Deficiencies of post-processual archaeological perspectives are highlighted.
Less Trust, Moore Verification: Determining the Accuracy of Third-Party Data through an Innovative Use of Attention Checks
Authors: Seltzer Nathan
Published: July 2018

Sociologists increasingly rely on third-party internet panel platforms to acquire respondents and administer questionnaires. Yet, researchers have demonstrated that even samples sourced from well-respected and widely-adopted internet platforms such as Amazon’s Mechanical Turk are often unable to screen out respondents who do not meet selection criteria requested by researchers. Here, I argue that researchers should proactively verify that third-party survey data is accurately sampled before considering it for analysis. I propose using survey “attention checks” as a methodological solution for researchers to determine whether data vendors have provided low quality data. In this short research note, I illustrate the approach by analyzing data from a consequential political opinion poll administered on behalf of an academic polling center by a third-party internet panel vendor for a special election in 2017. By assessing valid/invalid response choices of two overlapping geographic variables, I identify irregularities in the dataset that suggest that the sample included respondents who were not within the researchers’ intended sampling frame. Attention checks provide a straightforward, inexpensive tool to improve the validity of research produced with internet-drawn samples.
A Realistic Approach to the Obviousness of Inventions
Authors: Lemley Mark
Published: July 2018

Obviousness is the ultimate condition of patentability. The obviousnessrequirement - that inventions must, to qualify for a patent, be not simplynew but sufficiently different that they would not have been obvious to theordinarily skilled scientist - is in dispute in almost every case, and itis responsible for invalidating more patents than any other patent rule. Itis also perhaps the most vexing doctrine to apply, in significant partbecause the ultimate question of obviousness has an I know it when I see itquality that is hard to break down into objective elements. That hasn'tstopped the Federal Circuit from trying to find those objective elements.In the last quarter-century, the court has created a variety of rulesdesigned to cabin the obviousness inquiry: an invention can't be obviousunless there is a teaching, suggestion, or motivation to combine prior artelements or modify existing technology; an invention can't be obviousmerely because it is obvious to try; and so forth.In KSR v. Teleflex, the Supreme Court rejected the use of rigid rules todecide obviousness cases. In its place, the Court offered not a new test,but a constellation of factors designed to discern whether the personhaving ordinary skill in the art (the PHOSITA) would likely think to makethe patented invention. In short, the Court sought to take a realistapproach to obviousness - to make the obviousness determination less of alegal construct and to put more weight on the factual determination of whatscientists would actually think and do about a particular invention.As a general principle, this realist focus is a laudable one. The too-rigidapplication of rules designed to prevent hindsight bias had led to a numberor results that defied common sense, including the outcome of KSR itself inthe Federal Circuit. But the realist approach has some (dare we say it)nonobvious implications for evidence and procedure, both in the Patent andTrademark Office (PTO) and in the courts. The greater focus on thecharacteristics of individual cases suggests a need for evidence andfactual determinations, but the legal and structural framework under whichobviousness is tested makes it difficult to make and review thosedeterminations. The realist approach is also incomplete, because both theknowledge of the PHOSITA and the way the court approaches so-calledsecondary considerations of nonobviousness depend critically on thecounterfactual assumption that the PHOSITA, while ordinarily skilled, isperfectly informed about the prior art. If we are to take a realistapproach to obviousness, we should make it a consistent approach, so theultimate obviousness determination actually reflects what scientists in thefield would actually think. So far, despite KSR, it does not. The result oftaking the realist approach seriously may be - to the surprise of many - alaw of obviousness that is in some respects more favorable to patentabilitythan the standard it displaced.
Does Peer Adoption Increase the Diffusion of Pollution Prevention Practices?
Authors: Bi Xiang , Mullally Conner , Gaonkar Shweta
Published: July 2018

Voluntary adoption of pollution prevention (P2) practices has been used to reduce toxic emissions in the US. Spillovers among facilities owned by the same firm likely play an important role in the diffusion of P2 practices. This paper estimates the intrafirm spillover effects of P2 adoption. Using instrumental variables methods applied to facility panel data from the Toxics Release Inventory, we find that a facility’s own adoption of P2 practices increases in response to greater P2 adoption by facilities from the same firm. Intrafirm spillovers are stronger among small firms and firms with higher degree of sibling homophily.
Terror Management and Twitter: The Case of the 2016 Berlin Terrorist Attack
Authors: Fischer Diana , Schwemmer Carsten , Fischbach Kai
Published: July 2018

There is evidence that people increasingly use social networking sites like Twitter in the aftermath of terrorist attacks to make sense of the events at the collective level. This work-in-progress paper focuses on the content of Twitter messages related to the 2016 terrorist attack on the Berlin Christmas market. We chose topic modeling to investigate the Twitter data and the terror management theory perspective to understand why people used Twitter in the aftermath of the attack. In particular, by connecting people and providing a real-time communication channel, Twitter helps its users collectively negotiate their worldviews and re-establish self-esteem. We provide first results and discuss next steps.
Marble vessels from Jiyeh (Porphyreon)
Authors: Gwiazda Mariusz
Published: July 2018

Imported marble vessels from Jiyeh (Porphyreon), a site on the Phoenician coast, could not be easily identified in terms of function and dating for lack of sound stratigraphic evidence. An examination of parallels from other sites in the Eastern Mediterranean was needed in order to determine the chronology and uses of these objects. Virtually all of the Jiyeh vessels were thus dated to the early Byzantine period. Forms included utilitarian mortars and plates, as well as tentative liturgical tabletops. The repertoire represents standard exports of vessels of these shapes to Syro-Palestine from Greece and Asia Minor. Their distribution in Syro-Palestine was conditioned by geographical factors, as well as the affluence of settlements that imported such objects.
Family policy outcomes: Combining Institutional and Demographic Explanations of Women’s Employment and Earnings Inequality in OECD Countries, 1975-2005
Authors: Nieuwenhuis Rense
Published: July 2018

Women’s employment and earnings, as well as earnings inequality, have been rising in OECD countries in recent decades. This dissertation answers questions pertaining to how family policies have facilitated women in combining motherhood and employment, and how women’s earnings have affected inequality among households. Based on well over a million person-level observations, this study covers 18 OECD countries and a period from 1975 to 2005.Work-family reconciliation policies were shown to reduce the employment gap between mothers and women without children, while policies financially supporting families with children enlarge this motherhood-employment gap. Very long periods of leave, however, negatively affect the employment of mothers. More educated mothers benefit more from reconciliation policies than the less educated. Women’s rising earnings were found to have attenuated inequality among households. Family policy arrangements that facilitate women’s employment not only contribute to smaller inequality within households, but also among households.
Antitrust Immunity: State Action and Federalism, Petitioning and the First Amendment
Authors: Lemley Mark
Published: July 2018

In recent years, the United States Supreme Court has focused increasingattention on two doctrines that provide immunity from antitrust liabilityfor certain anticompetitive activity: the state action doctrine and thepetitioning immunity doctrine (sometimes known as the Noerr-Penningtondoctrine, after the two cases that established it). These doctrines havebeen the subject of seven Supreme Court decisions in as many years. Inspite of (or perhaps because of) the Court’s numerous recent decisions,there remains a great deal of confusion about the source and the scope ofthese doctrines. This Article attempts to clarify both doctrines.The Supreme Court and a number of commentators contend that the antitrustimmunity doctrines are the product of statutory interpretation of theantitrust laws themselves. The Court contends that petitioning and stateaction are “essentially dissimilar” to the types of business activity theantitrust laws were designed to regulate. This Article disagrees. Bothpetitioning and state action present precisely the sorts of problems withwhich the antitrust laws are concerned — exploitation of consumers throughthe charging of supracompetitive prices.To determine the source of antitrust immunity, the Court must look beyondthe antitrust laws to the constitutional principles that are implicated bythe doctrines. For the state action doctrine, the constitutional principleat stake is largely one of federalism, and the more general democraticprinciples embodied in the Court’s non-delegation jurisprudence. For thepetitioning immunity doctrine, the First Amendment protection of speech andpetitioning provides the relevant principles. After examining the source ofthe antitrust immunity doctrines, this Article considers the appropriatescope of those doctrines in light of the constitutional principles at issue.
Graduated Response American Style: 'Six Strikes' Measured Against Five Norms
Authors: Bridy Annemarie
Published: July 2018

In 2008, in recognition of the DMCA's inadequacy in the face of P2P file sharing, and with the high-profile case of Arista Records v. Lime Group pending in federal district court in New York, then New York State Attorney General Andrew Cuomo began pressuring broadband providers to agree voluntarily to play a greater role in fighting online infringement. Subsequently, the Obama administration, represented nationally by the Office of the Intellectual Property Enforcement Coordinator (IPEC) and internationally by the Office of the United States Trade Representative (USTR), expressly endorsed the concept of privately negotiated anti-piracy collaborations between corporate rights owners and broadband providers.In July of 2011, broadband providers finally bowed to the mounting political pressure and to changing economic realities in the business of corporate content ownership and delivery. Five of the largest telecommunications companies in the United States entered into a memorandum of understanding (MOU) with trade groups representing major corporate copyright owners. The MOU creates what the parties characterize as a common framework of 'best practices' to effectively alert subscribers, protect copyrighted content and promote access to legal online content.This Article is an assessment of the MOU's Copyright Alert System (CAS) with respect to five norms that are central to consumer protection in the enterprise of online copyright enforcement: freedom of expression, privacy, fairness, proportionality, and transparency. Part I provides an introduction to graduated response, which is the genus of online copyright enforcement to which CAS belongs. Part II takes a comparative look at two pre-existing graduated response systems: the government mandated and administered program in France, Hadopi, and a privately administered program in Ireland run by the broadband provider Eircom. Part III provides a detailed overview of CAS, including the structure by which it is governed, the division of labor it prescribes between copyright owners and broadband providers, the progression of warnings and sanctions it implements, and the appeals process it makes available for affected broadband subscribers. Part IV evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of CAS with respect to each of the five norms listed above, using the systems in France and Ireland as reference points.Annemarie BridyProfessor|University of Idaho College of Law|PO Box 83720-0051|Boise, ID 83720|Ph. 208.364.4583Affiliate Scholar|Stanford Center for Internet and SocietyAffiliate Fellow|Yale Information Society ProjectSSRN|HeinOnline|LinkedIn|Twitter
There's No Place Like Home? Understanding the Relationship Between Racial Residential Segregation and Self-Reported Health
Authors: Gramaglia Abigail
Published: July 2018

How does context influence health? County racial composition and racial residential segregation shape health outcomes by creating different contexts that influence access to health-related resources. White Americans disproportionately possess these material and intangible resources. Therefore, I propose that the higher the percent of non-Hispanic white residents in U.S. counties, and the higher the racial residential segregation in U.S. counties, the lower the percent of adult residents who report poor or fair health in U.S. counties. To explore these hypotheses, I analyze 2014 demographic and survey data from 2946 U.S. counties. Findings provide mixed support for my hypotheses. Percent white has a significant inverse relationship with county self-reported health. Controlling for median household income, access to health insurance and primary care physicians, and rurality, the higher the percent of white residents, the lower the percent of residents reporting poor or fair health in U.S. counties. However, the dissimilarity index has no significant relationship with the dependent variable. In both models, control variables of median household income, access to health insurance and primary care physicians, and rurality are significantly linked to self-reported health. These results suggest that the control and distribution of material (economic and political) and intangible (social and cultural) resources is key to predicting health outcomes. The concentration of resources in white communities is a critical aspect of maintaining structures of institutional racism. Changing the control and distribution of these resources will be key to overcoming widespread racial health disparities and other pervasive forms of structural racial inequality.
Distributive justice and equity in transportation
Authors: Pereira Rafael H. M. , Schwanen Tim , Banister David
Published: July 2018

pre-print of paper published in the journal Transport Reviews.Pereira, R. H. M., Schwanen, T., Banister, D. (2017). Distributive justice and equity in transportation. Transport Reviews, 37(2), 1–22. doi:10.1080/01441647.2016.1257660http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01441647.2016.1257660
Rethinking Data Sharing and Human Participant Protection in Social Science Research: Applications from the Qualitative Realm
Authors: Kirilova Dessi , Karcher Sebastian
Published: July 2018

While data sharing is becoming increasingly common in quantitative social inquiry, qualitative data are rarely shared. One factor inhibiting data sharing is a concern about human participant protections and privacy. Protecting the confidentiality and safety of research participants is a concern for both quantitative and qualitative researchers, but it raises specific concerns within the epistemic context of qualitative research. Thus, the applicability of emerging protection models from the quantitative realm must be carefully evaluated for application to the qualitative realm. At the same time, qualitative scholars already employ a variety of strategies for human-participant protection implicitly or informally during the research process.In this practice paper, we assess available strategies for protecting human participants and how they can be deployed. We describe a spectrum of possible data management options, such as anonymization and applying access controls, including some already employed by the Qualitative Data Repository (QDR) in tandem with its pilot depositors. Throughout the discussion, we consider the tension between modifying data or restricting access to them, and retaining their analytic value. We argue that developing explicit guidelines for sharing qualitative data generated through interaction with humans will allow scholars to address privacy concerns and increase the secondary use of their data.
Patents and Allied Rights: A Global Kaleidoscope
Authors: Burk Dan
Published: July 2018

Patents, along with the related systems of utility models and plant breeders' rights, are the forms of intellectual property most closely associated with technological innovation. Currently some form of patent system is found in essentially all modern states, and patents have grown to be a ubiquitous feature of the global legal and technical environment. Patents and related rights are therefore highly dynamic areas of law, displaying constant evolution of doctrine simultaneously in multiple jurisdictions. The shifting diversity of national approaches offers an opportunity to consider how characteristic themes and problems of patent law have been approached from different perspectives, and lend a sense of better, worse, and alternative solutions to the problem of prompting technical innovation. Consequently, this chapter surveys particular doctrinal problems in patent law, using them to illustrate both broad theoretical issues endemic to the patent system, and tying those issues to ongoing controversies that have attracted widespread interest.
A Wikipédia como fonte de informação de referência: avaliação e perspectivas
Authors: Kern Vinícius Medina
Published: July 2018

ResumoA Wikipédia é citada em revistas científicas de alto impacto, apesar de sua má reputação como fonte de informação. O que sustenta essa aceitação? Em busca de respostas, este artigo apresenta uma avaliação da Wikipédia anglófona segundo o roteiro de Silberger para obras de referência quanto ao propósito, alcance, arranjo, informação dada, acesso e características especiais, com um aspecto adicional: o controle da qualidade do conteúdo. Complementa essa avaliação um relato da experiência do autor na criação de um verbete em português. Em conclusão, a Wikipédia tem conteúdo de alta qualidade, com vantagens como o grande volume de conteúdo em muitas línguas, bem como desvantagens, como a ênfase em tópicos “populares”. Há também conteúdo inadequado, cuja contenção e reparo dependem da capacidade e engajamento da comunidade linguística que a edita, bem como do respeito a seus princípios editoriais. Há oportunidade para engajar estudantes do ensino superior na criação de conteúdos, bem como na avaliação, que é uma forma de “revisão por pares”. O bom uso da Wikipédia depende essencialmente da capacidade crítica do leitor.AbstractWikipedia is cited in high-profile scientific journals, despite its poor reputation as information source. What warrants this acceptance by scientists? In search for answers, this article presents an assessment of the English Wikipedia according to Silberger's guide for reference works, analyzing its purpose, scope, arrangement, information given, access, and special characteristics, with an additional aspect: quality control of new content. An account of the author's experience in creating an entry in the Portuguese Wikipedia complements the assessment. In conclusion, Wikipedia has high quality content, with advantages such as the large volume of content in many languages, as well as disadvantages such as the emphasis on “popular” topics. There is also inadequate content, whose containment and repair depend on the literacy and engagement of the linguistic community that publishes it, as well as on following Wikipedia's editorial principles. Content creation is an opportunity to engage higher education students, as well as content evaluation, which is a form of peer review. Fruitful use of Wikipedia content depends essentially on the reader's critical judgment.Keywords: Wikipedia; Encyclopedias; Reference materials; Digital curation; Peer review.
MEDLIB-L: March 2011-March 2016
Authors: James Richard
Published: July 2018

Nancy Start on January 23, 1991 founded MEDLIB-L, an email discussion listmanaged by the Medical Library Association for Health InformationProfessionals. It continues today to be an online gathering space forreference questions, help with difficult search strategies, placing andfilling interlibrary loan requests, posting job vacancies, notingappreciation of good advice and weaving threads of conversations. Thispaper analyzes the demographics and contents of MEDLIB-L archives fromMarch 2011 – March 2016. The data truly captures a snapshot of the daily“goings on” of a medical librarian.
Anti-Circumvention Misuse
Authors: Burk Dan
Published: July 2018

The anticircumvention provisions of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act penalize both the circumvention of technical protection measures, and supplying the means for such circumvention. These prohibitions are entirely separate from the exclusive rights under copyright, causing some commentators to dub the anti-circumvention right as "paracopyright." Such "paracopyright" effectively grants copyright holders sweeping new ability to impose terms of access on content users: consumers who access content without accepting the content owner's terms would violate the owner's "paracopyright" even if the material accessed is not itself copyrighted or copyrightable.At some point, such leveraging of access control seems certain to overstep the bounds militated by sound policy or intended by Congress. In the past, abuse of intellectual property rights has been curtailed under the doctrine of misuse. Misuse claims first arose in the patent context, where the patent might be leveraged into licensing terms that exceeded the proper scope of the patent grant. More recently, overreaching in copyright licensing has been recognized to constitute a form of misuse. This paper argues that because DMCA "paracopyright" is ripe for abuse, limits on overreaching may be imposed by applying the misuse doctrine in this new area. Just as improper leveraging of patent and copyright may be curtailed by application of the misuse doctrine, so improper leveraging of paracopyright should be curtailed by application of misuse. This new application of misuse doctrine may be guided by the standards established in previous applications to patent and copyright law, and may serve a similar function in regulating the excesses invited by the anticircumvention right.
Letter on socialism
Authors: Mascaro Alysson L. B.
Published: July 2018

Original in Portuguese: http://lucianagenro.com.br/2014/09/carta-sobre-o-socialismo/Translation by: Pedro H. J. Nardelli
Contracting Around Liability Rules
Authors: Lemley Mark
Published: July 2018

In his influential paper “Contracting Into Liability Rules: IntellectualProperty Rights and Collective Rights Organizations,” Rob Merges makes thecase that intellectual property (IP) owners vested with propertyentitlements can and do contract away their right to an injunction when itis efficient for them to do so. The result was to cement for many thesuperiority of property over liability rules, since Merges demonstrated aseemingly critical asymmetry between the two. Merges’s evidence suggestedthat if a judge or a legislature gets the damages calculation wrong, we arestuck with an inefficient liability rule, but that we weren’t similarlystuck with an inefficiently-allocated property rule.The evidence Merges brought to bear in his path-breaking article isextremely important. But it is incomplete. True, parties can contractaround inefficient property rules in IP cases. But as I show in this paper,they can - and do - contract around inefficient liability rules as well.The result does not prove the superiority of liability rules over propertyrules, but it does undermine a major premise that has been used to supportthe claim that IP rights must be protected by property rules.
Boudourides, Why and how culture matters in community interorganizational structure
Authors: Boudourides Moses
Published: July 2018

Our aim here is to plead for the significance of cultural considerations of overlapping inter—attitudinal patterns right next to well established structural considerations of interorganizational networks based on overlapping membership patterns. In particular, we examine how the analytic methodological incorporation of cultural attributes or attitudes might enhance our understanding of structural community categorizations in interorganizational networks. For this purpose, we analyze data of the International Peace Protest Survey (IPPS) on the world—wide peace protests of February, 15, 2003, in or- der to manifest the added value offered by the consideration of the culture- structure duality in participation studies.
Producer Exploration can Generate Categories without Audiences
Authors: Vashevko Anthony
Published: July 2018

Category theory argues that markets function as an interface between producer candidates and audiences that evaluate those candidates. Audiences lump similar producer into categories in order to facilitate their search process, so that producers who do not fit into one specific category -- or who span multiple categories -- are penalized relative to their single category peers. I present an alternative model of the world in which producers in a market segregate into categories but without any reliance on an audience process: instead categorical boundaries reflect producers' best efforts to explore a complicated marketplace given their limited information about what audiences demand. Categories emerge as a cross-sectional consequence of a dynamic exploration process: At any given time, the world features a mix of high-performing producers within categorical clusters and low-performing producers outside or between them. But spanning positions are more likely to be occupied by entrepreneurial producers, and future categorical clusters emerge from their efforts to explore the terrain. As such any apparent category spanning discount is nothing more than the consequence of bad luck in the process of taking risk. I establish this result in a formal model and illustrate in simulations.
A Quick and Inexpensive System for Resolving Digital Copyright Disputes
Authors: Lemley Mark
Published: July 2018

We have argued elsewhere that peer-to-peer (p2p) file sharing posessignificant new challenges to the enforcement of copyright law. Copyrightowners' initial response to these challenges - to try to shut down thetechnologies that facilitate file sharing - is bad for society. Wesuggested that it would be preferable to lower enforcement costs forcopyright owners by making dispute resolution by copyright owners againstdirect infringers quick and cheap, so that copyright owners would be moreinclined to pursue such direct infringers instead of suing innovators.While enforcement costs are likely always to be too great to allow pursuitof every infringer, lower costs would allow for enforcement against moreinfringers, increasing any given infringer's chance of being sued. In thisarticle, we explain how such a dispute resolution system might work, andpropose a draft amendment to the copyright act to implement the system.
Understanding the Realities of Modern Patent Litigation
Authors: Lemley Mark
Published: July 2018

Sixteen years ago, two of us published the first detailed empirical look atpatent litigation. In this Article, we update and expand the earlier studywith a new hand-coded data set. We evaluate all substantive decisionsrendered by any court in every patent case filed in 2008 and 2009 —decisions made between 2009 and 2013. We consider not just patent validitybut also infringement and unenforceability. Moreover, we relate theoutcomes of those cases to a host of variables, including variables relatedto the parties, the patents, and the courts in which those cases werelitigated. The result is a comprehensive picture of the outcomes of modernpatent litigation, one that confirms conventional wisdom in some respectsbut upends it in others. In particular, we find a surprising amount ofcontinuity in the basic outcomes of patent lawsuits over the past twentyyears, despite rather dramatic changes in who brought patent suits duringthat time.
THE ‘GREAT DIVERGENCE’ IN BENGAL- AN ILLUSTRATION OF THE EARLY MODERN COTTON TEXTILE INDUSTRY
Authors: Pal Arkaprabha
Published: July 2018

Bengal was one of the leading producers of high-quality textile during the early modern centuries and played a very nodal role in the intra-Asian and global trade. After 1500, with the descending of the European traders on its shores, the cotton textile industry boomed. It accounted for nearly two-fifths of all textile exports to Europe from Asia. I attempt, in this essay, to understand the ‘Global Divergence’ debate in South Asia with a focus on Bengal and its trade and production in cotton textiles. I situate Bengal as a central region of cotton production and trade in the early modern global economy with regards to not only Europe but also to other parts of Asia and within the sub-continent itself. I reiterate Prasannan Parthasarathi’s contribution to the ‘Great Divergence’ debate to argue that Bengal hosted a thriving cotton textile industry deep into the late eighteenth century. I echo that the destruction of the textile industry occurred in the high days of colonialism in the latter half of the nineteenth century. I attempt to substantiate this by trying to understand Om Prakash’s analysis of the methods of procurement of production before and after the ascendency of the Europeans as political administratorsin Bengal; when production by weavers was market driven and when it was driven by coercion and impunity, respectively. I finally conclude by commenting on the limitation of this analysis and the further research scope it holds.
Después de los estudios sociales de la ciencia y tecnología: recomponiendo lo psicológico y la experiencia ante la bifurcación de la naturaleza
Authors: Rojas Patricio
Published: July 2018

En este artículo presento una discusión teórica sobre cómo se pueden entender lo psicológico y la experiencia luego de los desafíos a los que dichas nociones han sido sometidas por los estudios sociales de ciencia y tecnología (CTS). Los CTS han desarrollado una forma de crítica constructivista que se opone a lo que han denominado “bifurcación de la naturaleza”, es decir, la división del mundo entre cualidades primarias -lo material, la realidad en sí-, y cualidades secundarias -experiencia, conciencia y asuntos humanos. Tomando como guía interrogantes surgidas durante una investigación empírica sobre la “experiencia de ser paciente” en usuarios policonsultantes de salud pública, planteo que la crítica a la bifurcación de la naturaleza suele asumir nociones de lo psicológico y la experiencia humana que las sitúan como un callejón sin salida. Argumento entonces que la filosofía de procesos presenta argumentos útiles para rebatir esta simplificación, entendiendo lo psicológico como un flujo de constante co-afectación entre lo humano y el mundo, donde la experiencia no resulta separada de la naturaleza.
un-intelligent Comedy
Authors: Iyer Niranjan
Published: July 2018

One clearly has a taste for comedy, not all comedy/comedians are considered funny by all audiences.Some audiences are considerably more selective, unless under the influence very seldom does anyoneaccidentally hurting themselves on YouTube seem funny to the rational mind. To the contrary, it actuallycreates overwhelming empathy causing most people to switch/click away.
Islamic Social Contract on Finance for Muslim Minorities
Authors: Malik Mohammad Manzoor
Published: July 2018

Any effort by Muslim minorities to enhance their economic condition and moving towards progress should be based on a social contract. When regulations and laws are not by their letter Islamic in their nature then only upholding an Islamic social contract on finance could help Muslim minorities to provide a solid base, confidence, trust, and foundation for their economic and business initiatives including investment and finance. The whole economic activity is actually investment and finance and it has to be based on such a special social contract.
Owning Mark(et)s
Authors: Lemley Mark
Published: July 2018

Trademark owners regularly rely on claims that the defendant is “freeriding” on their mark by making money using that mark, foreclosing anopportunity for the trademark owner to capture that revenue. We analyzethose free riding claims and find them wanting. The empirical data showsthat defendants in unrelated markets can benefit from using a well‐knownmark, but that neither mark owners nor consumers suffer any injury fromthat use. A legal claim that a defendant is unjustly benefiting by using aplaintiff’s mark is hollow unless it is accompanied by a theory of why thatbenefit should rightly belong to the plaintiff. And unlike real property,or even other types of intellectual property, trademark law has no suchtheory. The result is that free riding claims fall back on emptycircularity. Those free riding arguments are - explicitly or implicitly -behind the most problematic expansions of trademark law in recent years. Wesuggest that trademark law needs a theory of trademark injury thatdistinguishes harm to legitimate interests the law should protect from amere desire to capture a benefit enjoyed by another.
Les miscellanea de la collection du père Jean Mécérian
Authors: Gwiazda Mariusz
Published: July 2018

Le présent article a pour objectif de présenter les petits objets archéologiques recueillis par le père Jean Mécérian, lors des recherches qu'il a menées au cours des années trente du XXe siècle, dans l'Antiochène occidentale, et conservés aujourd'hui à l'Université Saint-Joseph à Beyrouth. Ce lot comprend des eulogies en terre cuite, des moules métalliques, des petits objets en pierre, des récipeints en céramique et de nombreuses pipes ottomanes. Les plus anciens objets de la collection datent de la période hellénistique et les plus récents remontent au XIXe siècle. En raison de l'absence de renseignements précis sur le contexte de leur découverte, ces objets - publiés ici pour la première fois - ont avant tout valeur de pièces de musée. Ce lot comporte aussi quelques faux et des objets provenant du marché des antiquités. Bien qy'elle ne porte que sur une partie de la collection, la présente étude permet de compléter les informations sur la nature de cette dernière et de mettre en lumière les intérets scientifiques du père Jean Mécérian.
Spatio-temporal analysis of Romania's rural population access to sanitation services in the context of EU accession,
Authors: MIHAI Florin Constantin
Published: July 2018

This paper analysis the disparities between Romanian Counties regarding thespatio-temporal evolution of rural population acces to sanitation servicesfor pre-accession period (2003-2006) and the first two years since Romaniais part of the EU-27 (2007-2008) highlighting positive or negative changesoccurred in this period.Romanian counties were mapped and divided into fivetypological classes,using multivariate analysis such as hierarchicalcluster analysis method.Each class has different values of rural populationserved by waste collection services related to the Romania average(expressed in standard deviations).Limited access to sanitation servicesfrom rural areas lead to uncontrolled waste disposal.Despite improvement ofpublic access to sanitation services in rural areas compared to 2003 mostof population still lack access to waste collection services in 2008.Inthis context, implementation of the acquis communautaire on municipal wastemanagement is difficult to achieve in rural territory.
Trade and Real Wages of the Rich and Poor: Cross-Region Evidence
Authors: He Zheli
Published: July 2018

Trade liberalization affects real-wage inequality through two channels: the distribution of nominal wages across workers and, if the rich and the poor consume different bundles of goods, the distribution of price indices across consumers. I provide a unified framework incorporating both channels by allowing for non-homothetic preferences and worker heterogeneity across jobs. Because skill-intensive goods are also high-income elastic in the data, I find an intuitive, previously unexplored, and strong interaction between the two channels. I parametrize the model for 40 regions using sector-level trade and production data, and find that trade cost reductions decrease the relative nominal wage of the poor and the relative price index for the poor in all regions. On net, real-wage inequality falls everywhere.
Mobile Phones and Privacy
Authors: Urban Jennifer
Published: July 2018

*Abstract: *Mobile phones are a rich source of personal information about individuals. Both private and public sector actors seek to collect this information. Facebook, among other companies, recently ignited a controversy by collecting contact lists from users’ mobile phones via its mobile app. A recent Congressional investigation found that law enforcement agencies sought access to wireless phone records over one million times in 2011. As these developments receive greater attention in the media, a public policy debate has started concerning the collection and use of information by private and public actors.To inform this debate and to better understand Americans’ attitudes towards privacy in data generated by or stored on mobile phones, we commissioned a nationwide, telephonic (both wireline and wireless) survey of 1,200 households focusing upon mobile privacy issues.We found that Americans overwhelmingly consider information stored on their mobile phones to be private — at least as private as information stored on their home computers. They also overwhelmingly reject several types of data collection and use drawn from current business practices. Specifically, large majorities reject the collection of contact lists stored on the phone for the purposes of tailoring social network “friend” suggestions and providing coupons, the collection of location data for tailoring ads, and the use of wireless contact information for telemarketing, even where there is a business relationship between the consumer and merchant.Respondents evinced strong support for substantial limitations on the retention of wireless phone usage data. Respondents also thought that some prior court oversight is appropriate when police seek to search a wireless phone when arresting an individual.Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2103405
Owning e-Sports: Proprietary Rights in Professional Computer Gaming
Authors: Burk Dan
Published: July 2018

Among the most significant commercial activities to emerge on the Internet, both in terms of revenue generated and numerical participation, has been multi-player gaming. Such Internet gaming increasingly includes professional play. These "e-sports" feature the structure of team owners, sponsorships, leagues, prize money, and star players that have long been familiar in physical sport competitions. But because these competitions are played in a virtual environment, control of rights to the matches is anything but familiar. E-sports play is typically mediated by proprietary software, raising a set of difficult issues regarding the licensing and control of professional matches and tournaments. As e-sports become increasingly established around the world, unsettled questions of copyright, right of publicity, and neighboring rights will need to be resolved among players, team owners, and developers of e-sports platforms.