bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Status of Standards for Data Transfer without Optical Drawings and Tables
Authors: Hayford Michael J. , Wise Timothy D.
Published: February 2023

The status of an effort by the International Standards Organization (ISO) to develop a standardized format for electronic exchange of data defining optical systems is presented.
Application of Adaptive Simulated Annealing to Lens Design
Authors: Jones Andrew E. W. , Forbes G. W.
Published: February 2023

Several nonlinear transformations that enhance the efficiency of the Adaptive Simulated Annealing (ASA) global optimization algorithm on lens design problems are described. The effects of these transformations are demonstrated by applying them to a standard lens design problem.
Formalizing the Heuristic Synthesis Procedure in Lens Design
Authors: Anitropova Irina L.
Published: February 2023

The brief description of the formalizing method for the structural schemes’ synthesis procedure of optical systems is presented. Optical designer can use it to choose the starting point of lens design for centered lens with fixed characteristics having the infinite object. Basing on the offered method the algorithm was elaborated and the program was composed. Examples of the optical schemes confirm the correctness of the design method and illustrate its practical use.
Symmetry and Imaging Potential in Lens Design
Authors: Sasian Jose M.
Published: February 2023

Two figures of merit are discussed to measure symmetry and power distribution in lenses. It is shown that these figures can measure the main form of a lens and help the optimization process.
Modern Concepts for Computer-Aided Design in Diffractive Optics
Authors: Aagedal Harald , Beth Thomas , Schwarzer Hieko , Teiwes Stephan
Published: February 2023

Diffractive optics is a field of growing interest not only in science but also for industrial applications. This motivates a demand for modem development and testing tools. As in other technical disciplines, powerful software systems (SWSs) can play a key role in the development and the successful usage of diffractive elements (DEs). The reason is the high amount of functionality and flexibility such a system may offer to the user at low cost. Rapid prototyping of DEs and optical systems will be possible.
Head-Mounted Displays for Virtual Environments: The Optical Interface
Authors: Rolland Jannick P.
Published: February 2023

Head-mounted display (HMD) systems are becoming more and more popular tools Tor scientific visualization across many disciplines. This paper focuses on the optical interface to virtual worlds. Three generic types of optical viewers are described, as well as a head-tracking optical device with scalable work area. Current state of the art is discussed, and the HMD of the future presented.
Image Quality Considerations for Head-Mounted Displays
Authors: Shenker Martin
Published: February 2023

The emergence of virtual reality has led to the generation of many head-mounted displays. This paper establishes some image quality criteria for these systems.
Tolerancing of Zonal Surface Irregularities that Arise in the Manufacturing of Lenses
Authors: Cornell Jim
Published: February 2023

A technique for tolerancing zonal surface irregularities using existing optical design software and aspheric defect models has been used in tolerancing optical systems. The technique determines the maximum allowable rotationally symmetric localized peak-to-valley surface error as well as the maximum allowable surface slope error for a specified decrease in performance. Also, the impact of localized errors on imaging can be evaluated.
Application of Linear MTF Model to Landsat 7 HRMSI Performance Prediction
Authors: Figoski John W. , Kuo Chai-Pei
Published: February 2023

Using the linear MTF degradation model, a convenient tool has been developed that enables a design to be toleranced for MTF performance as a function of wavefront error perturbation. By integrating this computation model with conventional designing tools, end-of-life MTF performance can be quickly and accurately predicted. The HRMSI optical performance requirements will be presented and examples discussed that show how the MTF degradation model was used for optimization and design trades.
Diode Side Pumping of an Nd:YAG Laser Rod with a Nonimaging Pump Cavity
Authors: Koshel R. John , Walmsley I. A. , Utano Richard , Caffey David
Published: February 2023

The fluorescence from a diode-side-pumped Nd:YAG rod placed within a nonimaging pump cavity is measured. The fluorescence emission pattern is compared to a ray-trace model that calculates the absorption (gain) distribution within a solid-state laser rod. The comparison tests the validity of this ray-tracing technique for quasi-coherent pump sources (diode laser arrays). It also displays the viability of diode pumping with nonimaging pump cavities, especially in the high-power regime. The laser performance of this novel pump cavity is then measured in two pump geometries.
Illumination System Measurement Using CCD Cameras
Authors: Rykowski Ronald F.
Published: February 2023

Accurate measurement of illumination system performance, e.g. efficiency and uniformity, has typically been accomplished using photo detectors at the “image plane”. This is a time-consuming task, even when aided by computer-controlled goniometers. A new method of illumination measurement using CCD cameras and specialized software is presented. The method greatly reduces the time required to record measurements, and significantly improves the quantity, quality, and comprehensiveness of the data. It can be applied to both steady-state systems, or transient systems, such as camera flash reflectors. In addition, such a system can be utilized to record accurate, digital images of an illumination source, which can be useful in illumination system design and modeling.
Hyperhemispherical Field of View Lens Systems
Authors: Jamieson Thomas H.
Published: February 2023

New lens forms, employing steep convex meniscus front elements are described, which are capable of imaging at unprecedented fields of view (FOV) up to 270°, at relative apertures up to F/0.7, for both the infrared and visual wavebands.
New Six-Element Lens Corrected for All 3rd-and 5th-Order Aberrations
Authors: Shafer David
Published: February 2023

In addition to the two new six-element lenses I presented at the 1993 O.S.A. annual meeting, which can be corrected to zero for all the 3rd and 5th-order image aberrations, very many completely new six-element designs with this property have recently been discovered, some with exceptional performance.
Compact-Video Rate Optical Scanner (CVROS) for Finite Conjugate Applications
Authors: Taylor W. H.
Published: February 2023

An optical scanner embodying a rotating disc with a circular array of concave reflectors, designed initially for infinite conjugate infrared applications, is examined for use with finite conjugates and visible light.
Rochester Lens Design Problem
Authors: Besenmatter Walter
Published: February 2023

Traditionally, the International Optical Design Conference has included a lens design problem for members of the design community to consider. The present problem was not only to be enjoyable and instructive, but is also of practical value. Designing a lens with a low volume is a design goal with a wide range of applications. From the more general point of view of optical system design, this problem is interesting because of the fact, that the merit function is a non-optical quantity. The normal optical quantities (aberrations, etc.) appeare only as constraints which must be fulfilled, otherwise the solution is excluded from competition. And this in general is nowadays a widespread procedure in modern lens design: Nonoptical requirements dominate the specifications and the fact that image quality requirements must be fulfilled is self-evident. But this self-evidence often is a problem to the designer, and this fact is also shown by the present problem.
Design of Flat-Field Telescopes
Authors: Gelles Rubin
Published: February 2023

The conventional approach to the design of a telescope assumes it is comprised of an objective and an eyepiece whose focal lengths are selected to provide the required magnification and package size. This approach inevitably leads to a system with a significant amount of Petzval curvature which can only be reduced by designing special objectives and/or eyepieces with individually reduced Petzval curvature.
Compensating Lens Designs and Testing of the COSTAR Optics
Authors: Thompson Kevin P. , Rodgers J. Michael , Kestner Bob
Published: February 2023

The Corrective Optics Space Telescope Axial Replacement (COSTAR) unit, designed by Murk Bottema of Ball Aerospace, has been installed in the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) to compensate for the unwanted residual spherical aberration in the telescope primary mirror. The Space Telescope is designed to have five active focal plane regions for science data acquisition. The center of the format is reserved for the Wide Field and Planetary Cameras, the testing of which are discussed in a separate paper. Surrounding this reserved center format are four 90 degree ring sectors. Each sector supplies light to a separate science package. To install COSTAR, one scientific instrument, the High Speed Photometer, was removed. COSTAR then deployed mirrors into the optical path of each of the three remaining instruments. The three instruments fed by COSTAR are the Faint Object Camera (FOC), the Faint Object Spectrograph (FOS), and the Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph (GHRS).
Designs of null test optics for an 8.4-m, f/1.1 paraboloidal mirror
Authors: Burge J. H.
Published: February 2023

The University of Arizona is building the Large Binocular Telescope (LBT) which requires twin 8.4-meter diameter, f/1.14 paraboloidal primary mirrors that have 1.38 mm departure from the best fitting sphere, more than any other existing or proposed astronomical mirrors. The design, manufacture, and qualification of the optical system that allows interferometric testing of these mirrors poses considerable difficulty. This paper shows four different types of designs and discusses the relative merits of each.
Spatial filter lens design for the main laser of the National Ignition Facility
Authors: Komiski Ronald J. , English R. Edward , Miller John L.
Published: February 2023

The National Ignition Facility (NIF), being constructed at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), comprises 192 laser beams. The lasing medium is neodymium in phosphate glass with a fundamental frequency (1ω) of 1.053μm. Sum frequency generation in a pair of conversion crystals (KDP/KD*P) produces 1.8MJ of the third harmonic light (3ω or λ=0.35μm).
Time varying boundary condition diffusion for gradient-index design
Authors: Harkrider Curtis J. , Moore Duncan T.
Published: February 2023

The optical performance benefits of gradient-index (GRIN) optics have been well established. Index profile depth, shape, and total index change add useful degrees of freedom to correct optical aberrations. However, the manufacture of a specific gradient-index profile can offer significant difficulty. Gradient-index designs are usually specified in terms of index power polynomial coefficients, which have no connection with the ion exchange fabrication process.
Photoinscribed waveguide and grating in Polyglass on silicon
Authors: Touam T. , Du X. M. , Andrews M. P. , Najafi S. I.
Published: February 2023

We report on the fabrication, characterization and analysis of waveguides and gratings imprinted by an ultraviolet lamp and a 193 nm excimer laser in polyglass on silicon prepared by a low temperature sol-gel process.
Lenses with air pressure independent back focal length
Authors: Langenbach Eckhard
Published: February 2023

The focal length of optical systems normally depends on the refractive index n of the surrounding medium. Moving for example a lens from normal air with nair ≈ 1.00027 into a vacuum chamber with nvac = 1.00000 requires refocussing due to the change of the back focal length. Design methods to avoid this effect are introduced in the following sections.
The intersection of ray tracing and solid modeling
Authors: Hayford Michael J.
Published: February 2023

Use of a solid modeler in the implementation of a non-sequential ray tracing engine has a number of advantages not easily achieved using sequential surface based optical system descriptions. These include a solid modeler’s ability to represent a physical part unambiguously as a bounded entity, with a well defined inside and outside. Reliable algorithms for transferring and intersecting rays in a solids environment with homogeneous optical media are compact and general purpose. By associating optical properties (e.g., refraction, reflection, diffraction, and scattering) to the surfaces of the solids, one can generate one or more scattered rays to track the geometrical exitance from the surface. Use of solids with optical surface properties provides a modeling architecture that is both powerful and extensible to handle new types of phenomena with no change to the basic ray trace algorithms.
Isomorphism of the Wigner Distribution Function and the Canonical ABCD Integral Transformation
Authors: Lohmann Adolf W. , Mendlovic David , Zalevsky Zeev
Published: February 2023

The meaning of Isomorphism (Iso=equal, morph=format) is easy to explain by referring to the famous example of the correspondence between linear algebra and analytic geometry: In linear algebra the set has 2 , equations3 unknowns and 1 parameter solution.
Experiments with GSA techniques in structural design of doublet lenses
Authors: Banerjee Saswatee , Hazra Lakshminarayan
Published: February 2023

Generalized Simulated Annealing (GSA) is emerging as an interesting stochastic procedure for global optimization in lens design problems. However, except for the trivial cases, the 'curse of dimensionality' associated with the large number of variables in practical lens design problems often forbids an effective search for true global optimum from an arbitrary starting point in a reasonable time frame. We propose to overcome this impasse by making use of the traditional strategies for lens design, modifying them as and when necessary. It is important to note that these strategies were developed over the years primarily for the sake of tackling the problem of large dimensionality. Essentially, they involve formulation of approximate models with varying degrees of complexity, e.g.,thin lens design, third order design, thick lens design etc., and using them in a bottom up approach. The reduced number of degrees of freedom at the subproblem level facilitates practical utilization of global optimization procedures. These optima can be used as convenient starting points for further optimization in the final configuration space. Although there is no guarantee that a globally optimum solution at the subproblem level would ultimately lead to the global optimum in the final configuration space, it is obvious that the former, in most cases, is more likely to lead to practically useful solutions.
Polarization Considerations
Authors: Waluschka Eugene
Published: February 2023

As light passes through a optical system the reflections and refractions will in general change the polarization state of the light. If we assume that all of the materials in the thin film coating and substrate are isotropic and homogeneous then calculating the amount of "instrumental” polarization is a relatively straight forward task. In the following sections we will present all of the steps required to perform a "polarization ray trace" calculation including the thin film portion of the calculation. The reason for explicitly showing the thin film is that there are sign conventions imposed on the boundary value by the orientation and handedness of the various coordinate frames which are attached to the geometric rays.
Creative Optomechanical Tolerancing in Lens Systems
Authors: Lee Kim Hwee , Yoon Youngshik , Maxwell Jonathan
Published: February 2023

The interface between optical design and fine-mechanical design is a creatively fertile stage in the design of an optical system. The optical designer learns "What the system is all about" and the fine-mechanical engineer is creatively liberated by finding out what the priorities are.
Multiple beam scanning optics for ultra high-speed and high-resolution laser printer
Authors: Kataoka Keiji , Yokokawa Shuho
Published: February 2023

Laser printers are steadily advancing toward high speed and high resolution. The rotation speed of a polygonal mirror for scanning beams and the data rate for printing are going to be over practical limits. The simultaneous scanning of multiple beams in an array is an effective method to eliminate these problems. The arrayed multiple beams can be generated by devices such as grating, Wollaston prisms, fiber array and laser diode array. In any of these devices, the focused arrayed spots have a period of several tens of times larger than the spot diameter. To produce consecutive scan lines using these devices, we proposed the slant scanning method, where the arrayed multiple beams are arranged in a slant angle to the scanning direction.(1) There is another method called an interlacing scanning method.(2) But for realizing high speed and high resolution laser printer, the slant scanning method has a greater advantage in that it is applicable to the case in which the number of beams is large because the multiple beams pass in the vicinity of the scanning plane and the optical aberrations are kept small. We demonstrated high performance printings which are, for example, print speed 1,168 mm/sec with print density 9.45 dot/mm(i.e.240 dot/inch) using two beams generated by a Wollaston prism and print speed 825.5 mm/sec with print density 23.6 dot/mm(i.e.600 dot/inch ) using five beams generated by a grating, both of which have a wide print width of 431.8 mm.
Inertia optimized mirror geometry and compound imaging optics for precision laser scanning
Authors: Ehrmann Jonathan S.
Published: February 2023

Precision laser scanning systems are often characterized by the need to scan large fields with small spots at high speed and accuracy. Performance limitations of these systems are due in part to the tendency of well corrected imaging optics to require a large entrance pupil diameter. This in turn requires large high inertia scan mirrors which adversely affect the system dynamic performance. In general, the dynamic performance will be optimum when the inertia is at or near a minimum.
BOPSCAN Technology: A methodology and implementation of the billion point optical scanner
Authors: Riza Nabeel A.
Published: February 2023

The non-mechanical inertialess optical scanner is a critical building block in numerous optical applications ranging from laser communications, optical storage, and three dimensional (3-D) displays. Perhaps, the ultimate goal of the scanner industry is to realize a low cost 3-D scanner that can rapidly and efficiently scan a volume with 1000 x 1000 x 1000 or a billion points [1]. This also means that such a scanner must have a billion degrees of freedom, a non-trivial task from a device control point of view. In this paper, we describe, perhaps for the first time, a solution to achieving this billion points scanner [2]. Our approach is to use planar active (electronically programmable) and passive thin- film polarization sensitive optics in a compact LEGO-like stacking or cascaded binary switching architecture to form the desired 3-D scanner. We call our approach BOPSCAN Technology: Binary Optical Polarization Sensitive Cascaded Architecture Network Technology. Our non-mechanical optical scanner features include microsecond regime beam reset times, low (e.g., mW levels) control power and low complexity drive electronics, large (several cms) or small (few hundred microns) scan beam active aperture sizes, very large number of scan beams (over a billion), very few control signals (e.g., only 30 signals for a billion point scan), high throughput efficiency (e.g., > 50 %), and most importantly, potential for low cost.
Characterization of Rotary Scan Wheels in Thermal Imaging Systems
Authors: Smith Richard R.
Published: February 2023

A large number of thermal imaging systems use a scan mirror to create a two-dimensional image using a linear focal plane array. Trade-offs between center-pivot scan mirrors and rotary scan wheels will be discussed followed by a derivation of the scan wheel characteristics from optical system parameters. The number of facets on the scan wheel, along with its diameter and position, will be determined from system quantities such as focal length, aperture diameter, scan field of view, and scan efficiency. With the scan wheel and optical system defined, will be presented which quantify the ray clearance on the scan facets as well as the beam wander in the afocal attachment. Design examples will be used to illustrate the methodology.
Formulation of an optical surface for a progressive addition ophthalmic lens
Authors: Isenberg John F.
Published: February 2023

Progressive addition ophthalmic lenses (PALs), originally conceived in the 1950’s as a replacement for bifocals and trifocals, have become more readily feasible over the past few decades with the introduction of plastic lens materials, improved molding and casting techniques, computer-controlled machining (CNC), and improved mathematical formulations for the surface shape.
New Type of Biocular Viewing Device
Authors: Bezdidko S.N. , Goev A.I.
Published: February 2023

Biocular viewing devices are used lately in different types of optical instruments by which an observer can view with both eyes a magnified image of an object.
New developments in the design of ring field projection cameras for EUV lithography
Authors: Sasian Jose M.
Published: February 2023

One important approach toward producing 0.1 micrometer lithographic features is EUV lithography. This technology requires ring-field reflective projection cameras to produce well corrected aerial images over a 1 x 26 mm arc field. Since the creation and application of the concept of ring field for lithographic systems little more has been published about the characteristics of such systems and their interesting attributes. The effects of smile vignetting, optical surface description choice, and quasi-ring field symmetry are examples that deserve a broader discussion. The presentation will address these effects and the trends in the optical design of all- reflective projection cameras for EUV lithography.
Microlithographic Lenses
Authors: Mercado R. I. , Matsuyama T.
Published: February 2023

The drive toward high density circuitry in microelectronic devices has increase interest in a variety of high resolution lithographic techniques that produce finer resolution patterns at high production rates. The resolution of a lithographic lens system is a function of the wavelength of the exposure light and the numerical aperture of the projection lens system. The projection lens system is used to transfer or image the integrated circuit pattern from a reticle or mask onto a wafer or semiconductor substrate upon which the semiconductor device is to be formed. Because of the difference of the relative sizes of the reticle and the resulting semiconductor device, a reduction projection optical system, typically at 5x or 4x, is used. The resolution (R) or minimum resolvable feature size is directly proportional to the wavelength (λ ) and inversely proportional to the numerical aperture (NA) of the microlithographic lens. Thus, where k1 is a proportionality constant. Equation (1) implies that the better resolution can be achieved if the NA of the projection lens is increased and or by reducing the wavelength of exposure light. However, there are tradeoff that must be considered when the numerical aperture of the projection lens is increased. One such tradeoff is that the depth of focus (DOF) of the projection lens decreases with an increase in numerical aperture, since where k2 is another proportionality constant. The optimization of the optical parameters such as the NA and DOF, together with the illumination conditions and properties of the photoresist, is performed by simulation and is beyond the scope of this paper.
Compact, Wide Range, Telecentric Zoom Lens for DMD Projectors
Authors: Caldwell J. Brian , Betensky Ellis I.
Published: February 2023

An all-spherical negative-positive-positive telecentric zoom lens suitable for DMD projection is described. The zoom range is 2:1 and the aperture is f/3.
Design of Image Stabilizing Optical System
Authors: Hayakawa Shingo
Published: February 2023

Recently, in the field of still camera, AE(auto exposure) and AF(auto focus) became popular enough. But camera shake often becomes a cause of blurred photograph. In the field of video camera, comprising an image stabilizing function becomes a must today, then it is expected in the field of still camera now.
Optics in virtual reality environments
Authors: Rolland Jannick P.
Published: February 2023

Optics plays an important role in the establishment of virtual environments that provides accurate visualization of a conceive or enhanced visual world. The interface between the human visual system and the virtual environment is highly based on knowledge of optics, not only in the use of optical technology for visualization but also in specifying the software for visualization. Moreover, optical tracking technology is currently the state of the art technology for accurate and precise tracking. Finally, optical principles can also be applied to the design of enhanced illumination schemes for augmented reality applications.
Design of an anamorphic fisheye lens
Authors: Rolland Jannick P. , Rapaport Alexandra , Krueger Myron W.
Published: February 2023

This lens was designed as an investigation for the first stage of a larger optical system. The first stage images infrared light emitting diodes that can be localized within a 90 degree (x-dimension) x 30 degree (y-dimension) on a 60 mm square array. The spectral bandwidth of the sources is 150nm, with 20% spectral output at 810nm and 960nm. The layout, rayfans, spot diagrams, and the modulation transfer function are presented for performance assessment. Distortion is constrained to achieve a linear mapping. Achromatization of the lens is addressed. Finally, some cost issues associated with fabrication are discussed.
Differential of the normal glass dispersion
Authors: Rayces Juan L.
Published: February 2023

A problem in computer aided lens design with no satisfactory solution yet, is the use of optical glasses as design parameters in simultaneous optimization of lens systems over different regions of the spectrum.
Research on Analysis & Modification of Deviation in Spectral Calibration of Optical Remote Sensors
Authors: Fu Yutian , Zheng Qinbo
Published: February 2023

The optical system of the spectral-calibration facility of an optical remote sensor is composed of a grating monochromator and an assistant collimator. If the optical system meet the following two requirements, an accurate spectral responsive function of the tested system can be obtained: first, a collimated beam fills up the aperture of the tested instrument; secondly, the real image formed by the exit slit of the monochrometer covers the whole field stop of the tested instrument1. For most of the optical remote sensor with large aperture and large field of view, the optical system of the calibration facility can not meet both of the requirements simultaneously, because the grating monochromator can work only with a small exit aperture angle. A deviation may be induced because the test proceeds under the condition of meeting one of the requirements only.
Reflectance tomography of layered media with photon density waves
Authors: Svaasand L.O. , Fishkin J. , Tromberg B.J. , You J. , Berns M.W.
Published: February 2023

Optical techniques represent a valuable tool for non-invasive investigation of in vivo tissue properties, and for imaging of tissue structures. Red/near-infrared light reflected from a tissue surface contains not only information on the properties at the very surface, but carries information of tissue structures at depths of several millimeters. Such information is important for several clinical situations, e.g., in determining the depth of hemangioma, the thickness of nodular basal cell carcinoma, or the depth of necrosis in burns.
The use of matrices for third order modelling of optical systems
Authors: Almeida José B.
Published: February 2023

The paraxial approximation makes two assumptions: • All the rays make small angles with the optical axis allowing the replacement of sines and tangents by the angles themselves in radians. • All rays are meridional, i.e. they belong to planes that pass through the optical axis.
The Controllable Modular Laboratory Equipment for Provision Practical Training in Optics
Authors: Stafeev S.C. , Smirnov A.V. , Zinchik A.A. , Volkoff S.A. , Shtennikov D.G.
Published: February 2023

The basic principles and detailed description of the controllable optical laboratory of a new type are reported. The laboratory is based on a modular principle and enabled to mount and adjust any optical scheme (geometrical or wave) in short time. The scheme not only linear, but also ramified, practically of any grade of complexity. The laboratory training works can be carried out in several modes: from usual «hand-operated» with readout of distances and angles on scales and limbs up to completely controlled IBM PC with digital processing of received one-coordinate distributions (received with photo diodes) or digital optical images (by means CCD-camera).
Zernike Orthogonal Polinomials In Optical Sistem Design
Authors: Bezdidko S.N.
Published: February 2023

Zemike polynomials are widely used when solution many problems of optical design. The unique properties of the polynomials allow to obtain simple and elegant solutions of many complex tasks [1 - 5].
Research on A Cooled Field Stop Using Linear-Variable Filter in A Thermal Infrared Imaging Spectrometer
Authors: Yutian Fu , Qinbo Zheng
Published: February 2023

With the improvement of the linear-vanable-filter (LVF), it is possible to design a cooled field stop using a micro-LVF. The concept, structure and characteristics of this cooled field stop are described in this paper.
New Infrared Optical System for Spaceborne Instrument
Authors: Xuerong Xu , Lei Ding , Qinbo Zheng
Published: February 2023

For the earth observation system, new designed optical imaging systems are generally based on pushbroom image. With the development of infrared array detectors, this technology, which gives consideration to both spatial resolution and radiative sensitivity, is extended to infrared instruments. But increase of the field of view(FOV) drops the off-axis image quality and drops the resolution of the system. The structure using array aperture in synthesized manner makes it possible to increase both image quality and radiative sensitivity.
Optical Design and Specification of Telecentric Optical Systems
Authors: Pate Michael A.
Published: February 2023

The optical design of telecentric optical systems does not seem to be a well known or published area of the optical design field. This paper has attempted to rectify this lack of information. Telecentric lens designs are very important to several areas of part manufacturing and part gauging or metrology.
Lithography Optics: Its Present And Future
Authors: Matsumoto Koichi , Mori Takashi
Published: February 2023

The first item discussed in this paper is to forecast the future trend regarding NA and the wavelength. The resolution limit is defined as a minimum feature size which retains practical DOF and the analysis is made by simulation. Pattern geometry is classified into two categories, which are dense lines and isolated lines. Available wavelengths are assumed to be KrF excimer laser (λ =248nm), ArF excimer laser (λ =193nm) and F2 excimer laser (λ =157nm). Based upon the simulation results, resolution limit is estimated for each geometry and each wavelength.
Optical systems image irradiance simulations
Authors: Cote Marie
Published: February 2023

This paper studies image plane irradiance distributions of diverse optical systems that have different pupil locations and that contain various amounts of image and pupil aberration. Its intent is to present data and rules of thumb that can help designers determine when accurate radiometric calculations depart significantly from first order ones.
Some dynamic computer tools for the teaching of optical principles
Authors: Shack Roland
Published: February 2023

The computer as an aid in visualization, especially when the display is interactive and dynamic, is singularly appropriate for the teaching of optical principles. The author will demonstrate a number of different approaches he has employed in the development of materials for his courses. A few experimental forays into alternative modes will also be shown.
Distributed Feedback Semiconductor Lasers
Authors: Nakamura M. , Yariv A.
Published: February 2023

Recently semiconductor lasers with distributed feedback have been successfully operated under dc bias and are becoming more and more practical. Because of their integration capability as well as frequency and mode selectivity, they are expected to find wide application as light sources in various optical systems. In this paper, we review the development of distributed feedback semiconductor lasers and discuss their application to integrated optics.
Far Infrared Guided Wave Optics Experiments in Anisotropic Crystal Quartz Waveguides
Authors: Danielewicz E. J. , Coleman P. D.
Published: February 2023

Integrated optics research is being vigorously pursued in the visible, near-IR, and in the microwave region. However, there has been only a relatively small effort1,2 to extend this technology into the far IR region from 100-1000 µm thereby bridging the gap between the near IR and microwave regions.
Applications of Curved-Surface (CS) Waveguides in Integrated Optics*
Authors: Sheem Sang K. , Whinnery John R.
Published: February 2023

Since we proposed the Single-Boundary (SB) saveguide1 to direct and guide an optical beam confined in a planar thin-film waveguide, we have continued theoretical and experimental work 2,3 to find the characteristics and further applications of this type of waveguide. Recent experiments and some possible applications of curved-surface waveguides will be presented.
Semiconductor Laser to Integrated Optics Coupling Using Transition Waveguides
Authors: Mitchell Gordon L. , Dalgoutte David G.
Published: February 2023

The geometric mismatch between double heterostructure lasers and single mode fibers or integrated optics guides causes considerable coupling loss. The laser active area is typically 1x2μm whereas fiber or integrated optics guides are about 3μm in diameter. A butt joint without lenses or other improvements can couple only a few percent of the laser output into the wave guide. The transition waveguides described here have the potential of improving this coupling efficiency to 50% or more.
Switching and Coupling in Ti : LiNbO3 Waveguides
Authors: Papuchon M.
Published: February 2023

Since the beginning of integrated optics, it has been evident that, elements capable of switching light from one channel guide to another would play an essential role.
Acoustooptic Bragg Diffraction Using Multiple Surface Acoustic Waves and Electrooptic Deflection/Modulation Using Tilted Electrodes*
Authors: Tsai C. S. , Kim B. , Saunier P. , Nguyen Le T.
Published: February 2023

Noncollinear, coplanar acoustooptic Bragg-interaction involving surface acoustic waves (SAW) and guided optical waves has been a subject of considerable interest because the resulting devices are compatible with future integrated/fiber optic systems (1). However, results of our previous study have shown that the bandwidth of a device using a single SAW is rather limited. For example, a bandwidth of only 45 MHz is possible for a device using Y-cut LiNbO3 out-diffused waveguide of 7 μ penetration depth in which the acoustic aperture is 0.5 cm and the acoustic center frequency is 380 MHz (2). Recently, we had explored two device configurations utilizing multiple SAWs, namely, tilted and phased SAWs, which are capable of providing a substantially larger device bandwidth, and have reported some preliminary results (2,3). The first wideband device configuration employs multiple interdigital transducers which are staggered in their center frequency and tilted in their propagation axis (2). The second wideband device configuration employs multiple interdigital transducers of identical center frequency and propagation axis but having a specific step height between adjacent transducers (3).
Integrated Optical Circuits Grown by Liquid Phase Epitaxy
Authors: Logan R. A.
Published: February 2023

The technique of liquid phase epitaxy (LEE) used to grow multilayer GaAs-AlGaAs structures will be described; emphasizing procedures to control layer composition and doping; melt mixing caused by imperfect melt wipes between successive layer growths, dimensional uniformity and point defects. While LPE has been widely used to form discrete double heterostructure (DH) devices such as CW lasers, waveguides, modulators and detectors, diffraction limitations and mechanical stability have required stringent conditions for their interconnection. These difficulties are largely overcome in monolithic integration where the laser radiation is coupled from the active layer into a low loss passive DH waveguide without appreciable loss in the transfer.1,2,3 The waveguide may then easily be extended into the active layer of a DH modulator1,6 or be modified in dimension to control the laser divergence at an exit mirror4. A portion of the DH waveguide cladding can be exposed to permit formation of a distributed Bragg reflector grating to provide the laser feedback5.
Application and Properties of Molecular-Beam Epitaxial Layers for Optoelectronic Devices
Authors: Casey H. C. , Cho A. Y. , Ilegems M.
Published: February 2023

One approach to integrated optics is to optically couple distributed-feedback (DFB) GaAs/Aℓx Gal-x As injection lasers to other devices such as waveguides and optical switches that are grown on the same substrate. Some of these requirements can be met by using conventional liquid-phase epitaxy (LPE) processes. Despite these achievements, there are presently limitations associated with the LPE growth technique. Several such problems are the regrowth over partially completed structures, critical dimension control, and layer uniformity and reproducibility. Most of these problems can be avoided by using the molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE) vacuum deposition technique.
Room Temperature CW Laser Diodes - An Overview*
Authors: Kressel Henry
Published: February 2023

Room temperature CW operation has so far been achieved only with AlGaAs heterojunction laser diodes, being the only ones with a sufficiently low threshold current density. The technology is well advanced with the required sub-micrometer layer thickness control being achieved on a routine basis using sophisticated liquid phase epitaxial techniques. Threshold current densities of about 1000 A/cm2 in the 8000-9000 Å spectral range are obtained with Fabry-Perot laser structures having active region thicknesses of 0.1-0.2 μm. Lower threshold values (to ~500 A/cm2) are possible with experimental structures which incorporate either two or four heterojunctions.
Optically Pumped GaAs Waveguide Lasers with Bragg Reflectors
Authors: Yen H. W. , Yariv A. , Ng W.
Published: February 2023

Because of the possibility of longitudinal and transverse mode control as well as the compatibility of corrugation process with the planar technology GaAs distributed feedback (DFB) laser has attracted dozens of workers in the field of integrated optics. And this resulted in the recent successful room temperature cw operation of GaAs DFB injection lasers.(1) But our study indicates that the introduction of corrugation at or near the active region of a laser could seriously limit its lifetime. Distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) lasers which have corrugations outside of the active region and still preserve most of the merits of DFB lasers seem to be an answer to this problem. Theoretical analysis of DBR lasers has been done by several people.(2-4) Room temperature operation of GaAs laser using one cleaved end face and one Bragg reflector was demonstrated by Reinhart et al.(5) In this paper we report optically pumped GaAs waveguide lasers with two Bragg reflectors operating at 77°K.
Grating Coupling Between Low Index Fiber and High Index Film Waveguides*
Authors: Hammer J. M. , Bartolini R. A. , Miller A. , Neil C. C.
Published: February 2023

We have analyzed and experimentally demonstrated grating coupling between low refractive index optical fibers and high refractive index electro-optic planar waveguides. Practical fibers and many useful active film waveguide devices have refractive indices respectively near these values.
Uncertainty on phase reconstruction using the Knox and Thomson algorithm
Authors: Deron R. , Fontanella J.C.
Published: February 2023

Different techniques can be used to restore turbulence degraded images. One approach is to use the speckle interferometry technique to determine the modulus of the object Fourier transform and the algorithm suggested by Knox and Thomson [1] to retrieve the phase. The quality of the restoration depends strongly on the accuracy of the phase determination.
Efficient Real-Time Digital Measurement and Unwrapping of Optical Phase at Video (5MHZ) Sample Rates: Experimental Results.
Authors: Mertz L.
Published: February 2023

The difficulty of measuring optical phase has long presented an obstacle to optical aperture synthesis with interferometers. This difficulty is very easily overcome by using an ordinary lenticular screen as a three-phase interferometer that permits counting essentially all of the incident photons, offers wide bandwidth, and has no moving parts. The particular screen used in our experiments has 40 lenticular grooves per mm. Three neighboring photodetectors then give signals that may be combined to eliminate the common-mode while making available simultaneous in-phase and quadrature fringe signals; the same as are routinely acquired in radio interferometry. Careful rejection of the common-mode allows legitimate static operation with low-contrast fringes and with no need for scanning or a.c. coupling.
Global Fringa Fitting in VLBI
Authors: Cotton W. D. , Schwab F. R.
Published: February 2023

By the nature of very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) the signal recorded at each antenna must be labeled with the time derived from independent time standards. Since these time standards are independent, the time labels recorded at each antenna are neither identical nor increase at identical rates. Thus there is a time dependent clock error at each antenna relative to a reference clock.
Use of Unfilled Apertures in Space for Optical and Near-Infrared Imaging
Authors: Knowles S. H. , Johnston K. J. , Shao M. , Simon R. , Spencer J. H.
Published: February 2023

The use of unfilled aperture techniques at optical wavelengths in space is examined from general principles. At optical wavelengths, unfilled aperture techniques can be used to create an approximation to a filled-aperture optical point spread function, which is then treated by conventional optical techniques (image-plane interferometry). Point-spread functions have been simulated using the AIPS image-processing software for a variety of possible dilute-aperture arrays. In addition, the ability to detect an image on a relatively bright and confusing background has been simulated, and results are presented. The sensitivity of an unfilled-aperture telescope can approximates that of a filled-aperture telescope with the same collecting area. This means that an interferometer with a total area of one square meter can detect many of the brighter astronomical nebulae at 0.01 arcsecond resolution, as well as easily detecting sunlit targets on the earth’s surface with the maximum resolution of 10 cm. that is allowed by the earth's atmosphere.
Real Time Holographic Interferometric Measurments of Diffusion in Liquids
Authors: Fenichel Henry , Frankena Hans , Groen Fokke , Smilde Bert
Published: February 2023

The use of holography to study mutual diffusion in liquids is a
relatively recent application of holographic interferometry. Such
measurements, using double exposed holograms, have been reported
previously. (1) The present paper is an extension of these
measurements to the real time domain.
Astronomical Speckle Interferometry
Authors: McAlister Harold A.
Published: February 2023

Antoine Labeyrie first pointed out in 1970 that short exposure pictures of astronomical objects can be analyzed in a simple way to recover information about the objects' structures down to the diffraction limit of a telescope. Labeyrie's method, which rather quickly came to be called speckle interferometry, takes advantage of the convolution theorem to separate the modulation transfer function of the telescope and atmosphere from the average squared-modulus of the two-dimensional Fourier transform of the object intensity. Alternatively and equivalently, the autocorrelations of speckle pictures can be produced and analyzed to study spatial structures in astronomical objects. Although speckle interferometry does not produce diffraction limited images, it has provided a wealth of new data in a wide variety of fields where the objects of interest have relatively simple morphologies usually characterized by combinations of point sources or only first order deviations from circular symmetry.
RIMSTAR: Rapid Image Scanning Technology and Archiving
Authors: Craine Eric R. , Scott John S.
Published: February 2023

In recent years, techniques of obtaining astronomical imagery have been experiencing a conversion from traditional photographic emulsions to electronic arrays as the detection devices of choice. In spite of the great promise of linear scanners and area arrays, using CCDs or photodiodes as detectors, this transition has been evolutionary rather than revolutionary. Indeed, for many large volume applications, such as sky surveys, the photographic emulsion has remained highly desirable not only as the detector but as the archiving and display medium as well.
Multi-Spectral Image Processing in the Planetary Sciences
Authors: McCord Thomas , Singer Robert
Published: February 2023

Summary not available
Analysis of MAMA Images for Astrometry
Authors: Scargle Jeffrey D.
Published: February 2023

I am developing an approach to astrometry in which controlled motion of the star field is used to convert the troublesome spatial metric into the more easily measurable temporal metric. The Multi-Anode Microchannel Array (MAMA) detector is ideally suited to this project because of its geometrical stability and the precise timing information it provides. In a rudimentary observational test using the Kitt Peak National Observatory 4-Meter Mayall Telescope, the precision obtained was consistent with the ideal limit based on photon statistics and the assumption that no systematic errors are present. The availability of precise arrival times for each detected photon opens up fascinating possibilities for innovations in the data analysis, including post-facto compensation for atmospheric seeing effects. New techniques for the determination of star-image centroids are described below.