bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The power edge set problem
Authors: Poirion Pierre‐Louis , Toubaline Sonia , D'Ambrosio Claudia , Liberti Leo
Published: June 2016

The automated real time control of an electrical network is achieved through the estimation of its state using phasor measurement units. Given an undirected graph representing the network, we study the problem of finding the minimum number of phasor measurement units to place on the edges such that the graph is fully observed. This problem is also known as the Power Edge Set problem, a variant of the Power Dominating Set problem. It is naturally modeled using an iteration‐indexed binary linear program, whose size turns out to be too large for practical purposes. We use a fixed‐point argument to remove the iteration indices and obtain a more compact bilevel formulation. We then reformulate the latter to a single‐level mixed‐integer linear program, which performs better than the natural formulation. Lastly, we provide an algorithm that solves the bilevel program directly and much faster than a commercial solver can solve the previous models. We also discuss robust variants and extensions of the problem. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, Vol. 68(2), 104–120 2016
Thermoplastic elastomers based on poly(l‐Lysine)‐Poly(ε‐Caprolactone) multi‐block copolymers
Authors: Ling Jun , Wang Xiaoqing , You Lixin , Shen Zhiquan
Published: June 2016

Novel thermoplastic elastomers based on multi‐block copolymers of poly(l‐lysine) (PLL), poly(N‐ε‐carbobenzyloxyl‐l‐lysine) (PZLL), poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL), and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) were synthesized by combination of ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) and chain extension vial‐lysine diisocyanate (LDI). SEC and1H NMR were used to characterize the multi‐block copolymers, with number‐average molecular weights between 38,900 and 73,400 g/mol. Multi‐block copolymers were proved to be good thermoplastic elastomers with Young's modulus between 5 and 60 MPa and tensile strain up to 1300%. The PLL‐containing multi‐block copolymers were electrospun into non‐woven mats that exhibited high surface hydrophilicity and wettability. The polypeptide–polyester materials were biocompatible, bio‐based and environment‐friendly for promising wide applications. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem.2016,54, 3012–3018
Scattering near‐field optical microscopy on metallic and semiconducting carbon nanotube bundles in the infrared
Authors: Németh Gergely , Datz Dániel , Tóháti Hajnalka M. , Pekker Áron , Kamarás Katalin
Published: June 2016

We demonstrate that scattering‐type near‐field optical microscopy (s‐SNOM) at infrared frequencies can be effectively used to distinguish between carbon nanotube (CNT) bundles based on their electrical properties. Samples from separated metallic and semiconductor nanotubes and their mixtures were investigated using infrared lasers under near‐field conditions. In this frequency range, the difference in the free‐carrier concentration between metallic and semiconducting tubes is expected to influence the properties of the scattered light. The remarkable difference in the optical phase images proves that this is indeed the case: the metallic and semiconducting bundles are unambiguously identifiable in the sample, even in case of 5 nm diameter bundles. The measurements agree qualitatively with our calculations based on the extended finite dipole model using the known optical functions of the constituting nanotubes.
Stratiform cloud electrification: comparison of theory with multiple in‐cloud measurements
Authors: Nicoll K. A. , Harrison R. G.
Published: June 2016

Stratiform clouds constitute ∼40% of global cloud cover and play a key role in determining the planetary radiation budget. Electrification remains one of the least understood effects on their microphysical processes. Droplet charging at the top and bottom edges of stratiform clouds arises from vertical current flow through clouds driven by the Global atmospheric Electric Circuit. In‐cloud charge data are central in assessing the role of charge in droplet growth processes, which influence droplet size distributions and associated cloud radiative properties and precipitation. This study presents the first high vertical resolution electrical measurements made in multiple layer clouds. Of the 22 clouds sampled, all were charged at their edges, demonstrating unequivocally that all stratiform clouds can be expected to contain charge at their upper and lower boundaries to varying extent. Cloud base and cloud top are shown to charge asymmetrically, with mean cloud‐top space charge +32 pC m−3and base space charge −24 pC m−3. The larger cloud‐top charges are associated with strong temperature inversions and large vertical electrical conductivity gradients at the upper cloud boundary. Greater charging was observed in low altitude (<2 km) clouds (20.2 pC m−3), compared to higher altitude (>2 km) cloud layers (7.0 pC m−3), consistent with the smaller air conductivity at lower altitudes associated with reduced cosmic ray ionisation. Taken together, these measurements show that the greatest cloud droplet charges in extensive stratiform clouds occur at cloud tops for low altitude (<2 km) clouds, when vertical mixing is suppressed by appreciable temperature inversions, confirming theoretical expectations. The influence of cloud dynamics on layer cloud edge charging reported here should inform modelling studies of cloud droplet charging effects on cloud microphysics.
Ligand Free Palladium Catalyzed Synthesis of 3‐Aryl/heteroaryl‐4‐Indolylmaleimide and its Antimicrobial Activity.
Authors: Sharma Deepak K. , Rajput Vikrant S. , Singh Samsher , Sharma Rashmi , Khan Inshad A. , Mukherjee Debaraj
Published: June 2016

Here we have developed ligand free palladium catalyzed Suzuki coupling of 3‐bromo‐1‐methyl‐4‐indolylmaleimide under room temperature condition. Twenty unsymmetrical indolylmaleimide derivatives (4 a‐4 t) were synthesised using various aryl‐ and heteroarylboronic acids in good to excellent yields. Synthesised compounds were further screened for its antimicrobial activity. Compounds 4 q displayed significant minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 2.3µM toward S. aureus. 4 q was also found to be bactericidal in nature with minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) value of 4.6 µM. The selective index calculated for compounds 4 q was 38.84 towards S. aureus. Compound 4 s was found to be active against M. Tuberculosis and 3.5 times more efficacious than standard drug rifampicin against multidrug‐resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MDR‐MT) strain. In mechanistic study, we identified that 4 s is active in Shikimate kinase enzyme inhibition assay.
Multicomponent Reactions in Organic Synthesis Using Copper‐Based Nanocatalysts
Authors: Das Debjit
Published: June 2016

Environment‐friendly and comparatively inexpensive copper‐based nanoparticles have been extensively explored as highly selective catalysts in C−C and C‐heteroatom bond forming reactions. Among them, multicomponent reactions (MCRs), performed with heterogeneous copper‐based nanocatalysts have undergone an explosive growth in recent years. The one pot character of MCRs delivers smaller amount by‐products compared to classical stepwise synthetic routes, with lower costs, time and energy. These advantages of MCRs, along with a variety of readily available cheap copper‐based nanoparticles, enhance the scope to generate many catalytic systems. The present review primarily aims to illustrate the progress of ex situ or in situ generated copper‐based nanoparticles catalyzed various MCRs towards the synthesis of important organic compounds. The mechanistic aspects of the reactions have been highlighted as well.
Cu(II)‐catalyzed Enantioselective α‐Hydroxylation and α‐Chlorination of β‐Ketoesters with N,N,O‐Tridentate Chiral Phenanthroline Ligand
Authors: Naganawa Yuki , Aoyama Tomotaka , Kato Keisuke , Nishiyama Hisao
Published: June 2016

The N,N,O‐tridentate chiral phenanthroline ligand was employed for Cu(II)‐catalyzed enantioselective α‐hydroxylation of β‐ketoesters with racemic Davis’ oxaziridine to provide the corresponding product. We also tried to understand the plausible mechanism for asymmetric induction of this reaction, achieved by the effective shielding of prochiral Cu(II) enolate. With this working hypothesis, enantioselective α‐chlorination of β‐ketoesters to give the corresponding products was achieved with high enantioselectivity.
CloudEyes: Cloud‐based malware detection with reversible sketch for resource‐constrained internet of things (IoT) devices
Authors: Sun Hao , Wang Xiaofeng , Buyya Rajkumar , Su Jinshu
Published: June 2016

Because of the rapid increasing of malware attacks on the Internet of Things in recent years, it is critical for resource‐constrained devices to guard against potential risks. The traditional host‐based security solution becomes puffy and inapplicable with the development of malware attacks. Moreover, it is hard for the cloud‐based security solution to achieve both the high performance detection and the data privacy protection simultaneously. This paper proposes a cloud‐based anti‐malware system, called CloudEyes, which provides efficient and trusted security services for resource‐constrained devices. For the cloud server, CloudEyes presents suspicious bucket cross‐filtering, a novel signature detection mechanism based on the reversible sketch structure, which provides retrospective and accurate orientations of malicious signature fragments. For the client, CloudEyes implements a lightweight scanning agent which utilizes the digest of signature fragments to dramatically reduce the range of accurate matching. Furthermore, by transmitting sketch coordinates and the modular hashing, CloudEyes guarantees both the data privacy and low‐cost communications. Finally, we evaluate the performance of CloudEyes by utilizing both the campus suspicious traffic and normal files. The results demonstrate that the mechanisms in CloudEyes are effective and practical, and our system can outperform other existing systems with less time and communication consumption. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Asymmetric Aldol Reaction with Formaldehyde: a Challenging Process
Authors: Meninno Sara , Lattanzi Alessandra
Published: June 2016

The asymmetric aldol reaction with formaldehyde is a fundamental carbon‐carbon bond‐forming reaction in organic synthesis, as well as in the quest of the origin of life, as it is thought to have been the first “molecular brick” involved in the synthetic path to complex sugars. Products of aldol reactions, i.e., the β‐hydroxy carbonyl compounds, are versatile building blocks used to access a great variety of functionalised molecules. The employment of formaldehyde, as a C1 symmetric electrophile, in aldol reactions can be likely considered the most challenging, yet simplest, process to introduce a hydroxymethyl group in an asymmetric fashion. In this account, an overview of the progress achieved in the asymmetric metal‐ and organocatalysed aldol reaction, using readily available formalin or paraformaldehyde sources, is illustrated. Our recent contribution to this area, with the application of asymmetric hydroxymethylation in cascade processes for the synthesis of γ‐butyrolactones, is also shown.

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The central nervous system of ascidian larvae
Authors: Hudson Clare
Published: June 2016

Ascidians are marine invertebrate chordates. Their tadpole larvae contain a dorsal tubular nervous system, resulting from the rolling up of a neural plate. Along the anterior–posterior (A‐P) axis, the central nervous system (CNS) is organized into a sensory vesicle, neck, trunk ganglion, and tail nerve cord and consists of approximately only 330 cells, of which around 100 are thought to be neurons. The organization of distinct neuronal cell types and neurotransmitter gene expression within the CNS has been described. The unique developmental mode of ascidians, with a small number of cells and a fixed cell division pattern, allows individual cells to be traced throughout development. This feature has led to the complete documentation of the cell lineages of certain cell types in the CNS. Thus, a step‐by‐step understanding of nervous system development from the initial stages of neural induction to the neurogenesis of individual neurons is a feasible goal. The genetic control of neural fate induction and early neural plate patterning are now well understood. The molecular mechanisms specifying the cholinergic neurons of the trunk ganglion as well as the pigment cells of the sensory organs are also well elucidated. In addition, studies have begun on the morphogenetic processes of neurulation. Remaining challenges include building an embryonic atlas integrating gene expression patterns, cell lineage, and neuronal cell types as well as developing the gene regulatory networks of cell fate specification and integrating them with the genetic control of morphogenesis. WIREs Dev Biol 2016, 5:538–561. doi: 10.1002/wdev.239

This article is categorized under:

Gene Expression and Transcriptional Hierarchies > Gene Networks and Genomics

Signaling Pathways > Cell Fate Signaling

Early Embryonic Development > Development to the Basic Body Plan
Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis and acute renal failure in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Jain Punit , Kanagal-Shamanna Rashmi , Wierda William , Ferrajoli Alessandra , Keating Michael , Jain Nitin
Published: June 2016

Objective/background:

Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) is a common extramedullary renal presentation in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and can present with either a frank renal failure or proteinuria. One of its etiologies has been attributed to a paraneoplastic, immune complex phenomenon occurring in CLL. Although there is no standard of care in such patients, use of anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies like rituximab have been used before in such patients with variable responses. Obinutuzumab is a novel, type II, immunoglobulin-G1 monoclonal antibody with a higher efficacy than rituximab and has an established safely profile in patients with comorbidities and poor renal functions. There are no such reported cases of MPGN in CLL being treated with obinutuzumab.

Methods:

We used the standard doses of obinutuzumab in our elderly patient (78-year-old woman) with high-risk CLL due to an underlying TP53 mutation, along with a MPGN-related acute renal failure.

Results:

The patient achieved complete remission after six cycles of obinutuzumab; however, she remained positive for minimal residual disease on flow cytometry. Her renal function improved completely, suggesting a complete response of her underlying MPGN.

Conclusion:

Obinutuzumab has an established safety profile in patients with CLL, but our case is the first reported case of a paraneoplastic, immune complex-mediated MPGN in CLL being treated with obinutuzumab. Obinutuzumab should be explored as a potential option in patients with CLL and MPGN.
How do we compare with best practice? A completed audit of benzodiazepine and z-hypnotic prescribing
Authors: Rowntree R. , Sweeney J. , Crumlish N. , Flynn G.
Published: June 2016

Objectives

To compare benzodiazepine and z-hypnotic prescribing practices in an inpatient psychiatric unit to best practice standards.

Methods

Medication charts of all inpatients in the psychiatric unit, over a 1-week period, were reviewed. Details of current benzodiazepine and z-hypnotic prescriptions were collected. Information collected included the substance prescribed, duration and administration instructions. Feedback was communicated to medical practitioners through a presentation and email. A re-audit was completed 4 months later.

Results

There were increases in total benzodiazepine and z-hypnotic prescribing despite intervention. A reduction of 2 mg occurred in the mean regular dose of benzodiazepine prescribed. Lorazepam was the most prescribed benzodiazepine throughout. In both data sets, at least 50% of regular z-hypnotics and benzodiazepines were initiated before admission. There was an increase of 14% in regular benzodiazepines initiated in hospital exceeding 4 weeks in duration. In neither data collection did regular z-hypnotics initiated in hospital exceed this cut off. A greater number of individuals were in the process of being withdrawn from regular benzodiazepine or z-hypnotic prescriptions in the re-audit. There were minimal improvements in ‘as required’ prescribing as regards documentation of an indication, time limit and maximum dose.

Conclusion

The increase in overall prescribing, despite intervention, maybe because these medications continued to be indicated in the acute presentations needing inpatient treatment. The small improvements in ‘as required’ prescribing patterns suggest that the intervention was limited in effecting change in this area.
Hydromagnetic Stability of a Thin Viscoelastic Magnetic Fluid on Coating Flow Using Landau Equation
Authors: Chen C.-K. , Lin M.-C.
Published: June 2016

This paper investigates the weakly nonlinear stability of a thin axisymmetric viscoelastic fluid with hydromagnetic effects on coating flow. The governing equation is resolved using long-wave perturbation method as part of an initial value problem for spatial periodic surface waves with the Walter's liquid B type fluid. The most unstable linear mode of a film flow is determined by Ginzburg-Landau equation (GLE). The coefficients of the GLE are calculated numerically from the solution of the corresponding stability problem on coating flow. The effect of a viscoelastic fluid under an applied magnetic field on the nonlinear stability mechanism is studied in terms of the rotation number, Ro, viscoelastic parameter, k, and the Hartmann constant, m. Modeling results indicate that the Ro, k and m parameters strongly affect the film flow. Enhancing the magnetic effects is found to stabilize the film flow when the viscoelastic parameter destabilizes the one in a thin viscoelastic fluid.
Numerical Study of Surface Tension Effect on the Hydrodynamic Modeling of the Partially Submerged Propeller's Blade Section
Authors: Yari E. , Ghassemi H.
Published: June 2016

This article is presented the surface tension effect on the two-dimensional blade section of the partially submerged propeller (PSP). In this regard, blade is entered to the water that causes to splash the water due to the impact and free surface. Also, because of the blade's angle of attack suction side is vented by air and pressure side is wetted and gripped the water to generate thrust. The Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) method is used in order to predict the hydrodynamic flow from entering to the exit. Present paper is numerically investigated the effect of free surface and surface tensioni.e.related to the Weber number. So, many numerical results are presented and discussed that are included volume fraction, ventilation zones, pressure distributions, vertical and horizontal forces at various Weber numbers.
Osteology and phylogenetic affinities of the middle Eocene North AmericanBathornis grallator—one of the best represented, albeit least known Paleogene cariamiform birds (seriemas and allies)
Authors: Mayr Gerald
Published: June 2016

Bathornis(“Neocathartes”)grallator(Wetmore, 1944) from the middle Eocene of Wyoming is based on a partial skeleton, which is the most substantial record of the North American Bathornithidae and one of the most complete fossils of a Paleogene stem group representative of the Cariamiformes. So far, however, an assessment of the evolutionary significance of this important fossil has been hampered by the limited published osteological data. Moreover, cariamiform affinities ofB.grallatorand its true “genus”-level identity were recognized after the last comprehensive revision of the Bathornithidae, and some of its features were incorrectly portrayed in the original description. Here, theB.grallatorholotype is restudied and the taxonomic composition and phylogenetic affinities of bathornithids are revised. It is suggested to restrict Bathornithidae to the taxonBathornis, from which the putative bathornithidParacraxdiffers in numerous features, with even cariamiform affinities of this latter taxon not having been established beyond doubt.B.grallatorwas a flightless bird and has recently been hypothesized to be the sister taxon of the likewise flightless South American Phorusrhacidae. The present analysis, however, supports a position outside a clade including Phorusrhacidae and Cariamidae (the cariamiform crown clade). Owing to their terrestrial way of living, Cariamiformes appear to have been prone to a loss of flight capabilities.B.grallatorshows close similarities to a flightless cariamiform bird from the Paleogene of Europe, but the phylogenetic significance of this resemblance is difficult to assess owing to the limited material known of the latter species.
Effects of a dietary strawberry powder on parameters of vascular health in adolescent males
Authors: Djurica Dragana , Holt Roberta R. , Ren Jingyan , Shindel Alan W. , Hackman Robert M. , Keen Carl L.
Published: June 2016

Previous studies have shown that the intake of freeze-dried strawberry powder (FDSP) improves select markers of cardiovascular health in adults with cardiovascular risk factors; however, whether these improvements can be observed in at-risk adolescents is unknown. A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study enrolled twenty-five overweight or obese males, aged 14–18 years, to consume 50 g of a FDSP or a control powder, daily for 1 week. Before and after each test period, measures of microvascular function, plasma nitrate/nitrite, platelet reactivity and blood lipids were collected at baseline and acutely 1 h after FDSP intake. Acute plasma nitrate/nitrite levels increased 1 h after consuming the FDSP during Study Visit 1 before daily FDSP intake (P<0·001) and during Study Visit 2 after 1 week of FDSP intake (P<0·001) compared with control powder intake. As a group, fasting nitrate/nitrite levels did not significantly change after 1 week of control or FDSP intake. However, for those individuals where fasting nitrate levels increased after short-term FDSP intake compared with controls, an increase in reactive hyperaemia index (RHI) was observed (P=0·014), whereas RHI was unchanged in those individuals who did not have a significant increase in nitrate (P=0·396). Taken together, these data support the concept that strawberries can provide vascular health benefits to heavier adolescent males.
A SORRY TALE: NATIVES, SETTLERS, AND THE SALMON OF LAKE ONTARIO, 1780–1900
Authors: TIRO KARIM M.
Published: June 2016

Through the end of the eighteenth century, Lake Ontario had a large population of Atlantic salmon. However, the salmon population declined precipitously in the first half of the nineteenth century, and the fish had disappeared completely by 1900. This article analyses the responses of both Natives and settlers to initial salmon abundance and subsequent diminution. Although the extirpation of the lake's salmon is generally attributed to the construction of dams, this article identifies earlier and broader causes of salmon decline. In both Canada and the United States, commercial fishing captured unprecedented numbers of fish while agriculture and deforestation compromised salmon spawning habitat. While primary responsibility for the extirpation rests with the settlers, both Natives and Euro-Americans treated the fish as a commodity. As the salmon dwindled, sportsmen's groups came to the fore in setting fisheries policy. Sportsmen supported enhanced conservation measures but based their strategy on unrealistic methods for reviving the fish population through pisciculture.
The role of sleep duration in diabetes and glucose control
Authors: Alnaji Alia , Law Graham R. , Scott Eleanor M.
Published: June 2016

Sleep curtailment is common in the Westernised world and coincides with an increase in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This review considers the recently published evidence for whether sleep duration is involved in the development of T2DM in human subjects and whether sleep has a role to play in glucose control in people who have diabetes. Data from large, prospective studies indicate a U-shaped relationship between sleep duration and the development of T2DM. Smaller, cross-sectional studies also support a relationship between short sleep duration and the development of both insulin resistance and T2DM. Intervention studies show that sleep restriction leads to insulin resistance, with recent sleep extension studies offering tantalising data showing a potential benefit of sleep extension on glucose control and insulin sensitivity. In people with established diabetes the published literature shows an association between poor glucose control and both short and long sleep durations. However, there are currently no studies that determine the causal direction of this relationship, nor whether sleep interventions are likely to offer benefit for people with diabetes to help them achieve tighter glucose control.
Anton's Game: Deontological Decision Theory for an Iterated Decision Problem
Authors: LAZAR SETH
Published: June 2016

How should deontologists approach decision-making under uncertainty, for an iterated decision problem? In this article I explore the shortcomings of a simple expected value approach, using a novel example to raise questions about attitudes to risk, the moral significance of tiny probabilities, the independent moral reasons against imposing risks, the morality of sunk costs, and the role of agent-relativity in iterated decision problems.
Food ordering for children in restaurants: multiple sources of influence on decision making
Authors: Castro Iana A , Williams Christine B , Madanat Hala , Pickrel Julie L , Jun Hee-Jin , Zive Michelle , Gahagan Sheila , Ayala Guadalupe X
Published: June 2016

Objective

Restaurants are playing an increasingly important role in children’s dietary intake. Interventions to promote healthy ordering in restaurants have primarily targeted adults. Much remains unknown about how to influence ordering for and by children. Using an ecological lens, the present study sought to identify sources of influence on ordering behaviour for and by children in restaurants.

Design

A mixed-methods study was conducted using unobtrusive observations of dining parties with children and post-order interviews. Observational data included: child’s gender, person ordering for the child and server interactions with the dining party. Interview data included: child’s age, restaurant visit frequency, timing of child’s decision making, and factors influencing decision making.

Setting

Ten independent, table-service restaurants in San Diego, CA, USA participated.

Subjects

Complete observational and interview data were obtained from 102 dining parties with 150 children (aged 3–14 years).

Results

Taste preferences, family influences and menus impacted ordering. However, most children knew what they intended to order before arriving at the restaurant, especially if they dined there at least monthly. Furthermore, about one-third of children shared their meals with others and all shared meals were ordered from adult (v. children’s) menus. Parents placed most orders, although parental involvement in ordering was less frequent with older children. Servers interacted frequently with children but generally did not recommend menu items or prompt use of the children’s menu.

Conclusions

Interventions to promote healthy ordering should consider the multiple sources of influence that are operating when ordering for and by children in restaurants.
How dietary evidence for the prevention and treatment of CVD is translated into practice in those with or at high risk of CVD: a systematic review
Authors: Schumacher Tracy L , Burrows Tracy L , Neubeck Lis , Redfern Julie , Callister Robin , Collins Clare E
Published: June 2016

Objective

CVD is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity, and nutrition is an important lifestyle factor. The aim of the present systematic review was to synthesise the literature relating to knowledge translation (KT) of dietary evidence for the prevention and treatment of CVD into practice in populations with or at high risk of CVD.

Design

A systematic search of six electronic databases (CINAHL, Cochrane, EMBASE, MEDLINE, PsycINFO and Scopus) was performed. Studies were included if a nutrition or dietary KT was demonstrated to occur with a relevant separate measureable outcome. Quality was assessed using a tool adapted from two quality checklists.

Subjects

Population with or at high risk of CVD or clinicians likely to treat this population.

Results

A total of 4420 titles and abstracts were screened for inclusion, with 354 full texts retrieved to assess inclusion. Forty-three articles were included in the review, relating to thirty-five separate studies. No studies specifically stated their aim to be KT. Thirty-one studies were in patient or high-risk populations and four targeted health professionals. Few studies stated a theory on which the intervention was based (n10) and provision of instruction was the most common behaviour change strategy used (n26).

Conclusions

KT in nutrition and dietary studies has been inferred, not stated, with few details provided regarding how dietary knowledge is translated to the end user. This presents challenges for implementation by clinicians and policy and decision makers. Consequently a need exists to improve the quality of publications in this area.
Why early collective action pays off: evidence from setting Protected Geographical Indications
Authors: Quiñones-Ruiz Xiomara F. , Penker Marianne , Belletti Giovanni , Marescotti Andrea , Scaramuzzi Silvia
Published: June 2016

The registration of Geographical Indications (GIs) under the European Union (EU) legislation requires collective action and considerable efforts borne by multiple actors such as producers, processors, public authorities and research centers. We analyze their efforts, risks and benefits by comparing two EU GI registration processes in Italy and Austria, namely the Sorana bean Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) and the Perry from Mostviertel PGI. Results from the institutional and transaction costs analysis suggest that intensive interaction for solving conflicting interests, negotiating quality standards and defining common rules might pay off in indirect benefits and reduced risks. In particular, an inclusion of diverse and heterogeneous interest groups and a high degree of direct enterprise participation along the GI application process (as observed in the Italian case) generate benefits such as trust and social cohesion, which then support the actual use of the GI label and a better implementation of associated quality standards. A supportive legal framework with assistance from public authorities can back up the community of producers not only in technical aspects, but also as mediators when conflicts seem to be difficult to solve. As there seems to be a positive relationship between the intensity and effectiveness of collective action and the likelihood of achieving broadly accepted standards and social cohesion needed for successful GI implementation, the question for future research would not be how to avoid collective efforts but how to effectively organize the interaction among heterogeneous producer groups.
The coronial manual and the bureaucratic logic of the coroner's office
Authors: Trabsky Marc
Published: June 2016

This paper examines the coronial manual as a technique of occupying office in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The manual guided coroners in the performance of their duties, obligations and responsibilities. It was preoccupied with questions of technical knowledge, operational processes and administrative procedure. The language ofofficethat characterised coronial treatises prior to the eighteenth century was gradually supplemented in the nineteenth century by the discourse of bureaucracy. This paper argues that the guidebook professionalised the office of coroner in Australia by setting out procedures, forms and rituals for assuming responsibility for the dead. It also provided advice to coroners for devoting themselves to a vocation in the public service. The paper thus traces historical shifts in the technology of the coronial manual in British colonies and examines how a bureaucratic logic of the coroner's office affected the way in which coroners pursued justice during the death investigation process.
Median voter and power resources revisited: a composite model of inequality
Authors: Wong Mathew Y. H.
Published: June 2016

This study explains redistribution and income inequality by revisiting traditional approaches. The predictions of the two dominant theories, the median voter hypothesis (the Meltzer–Richard model) and the power resources theory are regarded as contrasting, and have seldom been incorporated under a single framework. I develop a composite model of inequality by combining their core arguments within the framework of party competition. This study also analyses stages of inequality formation, namely market wage inequality and redistribution, and adds in a dynamic component to the model, completing the cycle of income distribution. The model is supported empirically with data from 18 Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development countries from 1970 to 2009. I demonstrate the joint relevance and significance of the two theories, showing that they are not necessarily mutually exclusive and should be properly addressed from both theoretical perspectives.
Kein klassischer Klassiker
Authors: Frasnelli Andreas , Frasnelli Matthias
Published: June 2016

Zusammenfassung. Die Ursachen bei Hämoptysen sind vielfältig, häufig lassen sie sich mit einer genauen Anamnese und der klinischen Untersuchung enger eingrenzen, auch Pseudohämoptysen mit anderer Lokalisation der Blutung ausserhalb der Lunge sind möglich. Eine Röntgenaufnahme des Thorax ist notwendig und kann in bis zu einem Drittel der Fälle die Ursache zeigen.
Activation of D2 dopamine receptor-expressing neurons in the nucleus accumbens increases motivation
Authors: Soares-Cunha Carina , Coimbra Barbara , David-Pereira Ana , Borges Sonia , Pinto Luisa , Costa Patricio , Sousa Nuno , Rodrigues Ana J.
Published: June 2016

Striatal dopamine receptor D1-expressing neurons have been classically associated with positive reinforcement and reward, whereas D2 neurons are associated with negative reinforcement and aversion. Here we demonstrate that the pattern of activation of D1 and D2 neurons in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) predicts motivational drive, and that optogenetic activation of either neuronal population enhances motivation in mice. Using a different approach in rats, we further show that activating NAc D2 neurons increases cue-induced motivational drive in control animals and in a model that presents anhedonia and motivational deficits; conversely, optogenetic inhibition of D2 neurons decreases motivation. Our results suggest that the classic view of D1–D2 functional antagonism does not hold true for all dimensions of reward-related behaviours, and that D2 neurons may play a more prominent pro-motivation role than originally anticipated.
Arf6 controls retromer traffic and intracellular cholesterol distribution via a phosphoinositide-based mechanism
Authors: Marquer Catherine , Tian Huasong , Yi Julie , Bastien Jayson , Dall'Armi Claudia , Yang-Klingler YoungJoo , Zhou Bowen , Chan Robin Barry , Di Paolo Gilbert
Published: June 2016

Small GTPases play a critical role in membrane traffic. Among them, Arf6 mediates transport to and from the plasma membrane, as well as phosphoinositide signalling and cholesterol homeostasis. Here we delineate the molecular basis for the link between Arf6 and cholesterol homeostasis using an inducible knockout (KO) model of mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). We find that accumulation of free cholesterol in the late endosomes/lysosomes of Arf6 KO MEFs results from mistrafficking of Niemann–Pick type C protein NPC2, a cargo of the cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate receptor (CI-M6PR). This is caused by a selective increase in an endosomal pool of phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PI4P) and a perturbation of retromer, which controls the retrograde transport of CI-M6PR via sorting nexins, including the PI4P effector SNX6. Finally, reducing PI4P levels in KO MEFs through independent mechanisms rescues aberrant retromer tubulation and cholesterol mistrafficking. Our study highlights a phosphoinositide-based mechanism for control of cholesterol distribution via retromer.
Auditory experience-dependent cortical circuit shaping for memory formation in bird song learning
Authors: Yanagihara Shin , Yazaki-Sugiyama Yoko
Published: June 2016

As in human speech acquisition, songbird vocal learning depends on early auditory experience. During development, juvenile songbirds listen to and form auditory memories of adult tutor songs, which they use to shape their own vocalizations in later sensorimotor learning. The higher-level auditory cortex, called the caudomedial nidopallium (NCM), is a potential storage site for tutor song memory, but no direct electrophysiological evidence of tutor song memory has been found. Here, we identify the neuronal substrate for tutor song memory by recording single-neuron activity in the NCM of behaving juvenile zebra finches. After tutor song experience, a small subset of NCM neurons exhibit highly selective auditory responses to the tutor song. Moreover, blockade of GABAergic inhibition, and sleep decrease their selectivity. Taken together, these results suggest that experience-dependent recruitment of GABA-mediated inhibition shapes auditory cortical circuits, leading to sparse representation of tutor song memory in auditory cortical neurons.
Genome-wide analysis of chromosomal import patterns after natural transformation of Helicobacter pylori
Authors: Bubendorfer Sebastian , Krebes Juliane , Yang Ines , Hage Elias , Schulz Thomas F. , Bahlawane Christelle , Didelot Xavier , Suerbaum Sebastian
Published: June 2016

Recombination plays a dominant role in the evolution of the bacterial pathogen Helicobacter pylori, but its dynamics remain incompletely understood. Here we use an in vitro transformation system combined with genome sequencing to study chromosomal integration patterns after natural transformation. A single transformation cycle results in up to 21 imports, and repeated transformations generate a maximum of 92 imports (8% sequence replacement). Import lengths show a bimodal distribution with averages of 28 and 1,645 bp. Reanalysis of paired H. pylori genomes from chronically infected people demonstrates the same bimodal import pattern in vivo. Restriction endonucleases (REases) of the recipient bacteria fail to inhibit integration of homeologous DNA, independently of methylation. In contrast, REases limit the import of heterologous DNA. We conclude that restriction-modification systems inhibit the genomic integration of novel sequences, while they pose no barrier to homeologous recombination, which reconciles the observed stability of the H. pylori gene content and its highly recombinational population structure.
Whole-genome plasma sequencing reveals focal amplifications as a driving force in metastatic prostate cancer
Authors: Ulz Peter , Belic Jelena , Graf Ricarda , Auer Martina , Lafer Ingrid , Fischereder Katja , Webersinke Gerald , Pummer Karl , Augustin Herbert , Pichler Martin , Hoefler Gerald , Bauernhofer Thomas , Geigl Jochen B. , Heitzer Ellen , Speicher Michael R.
Published: June 2016

Genomic alterations in metastatic prostate cancer remain incompletely characterized. Here we analyse 493 prostate cancer cases from the TCGA database and perform whole-genome plasma sequencing on 95 plasma samples derived from 43 patients with metastatic prostate cancer. From these samples, we identify established driver aberrations in a cancer-related gene in nearly all cases (97.7%), including driver gene fusions (TMPRSS2:ERG), driver focal deletions (PTEN, RYBP and SHQ1) and driver amplifications (AR and MYC). In serial plasma analyses, we observe changes in focal amplifications in 40% of cases. The mean time interval between new amplifications was 26.4 weeks (range: 5–52 weeks), suggesting that they represent rapid adaptations to selection pressure. An increase in neuron-specific enolase is accompanied by clonal pattern changes in the tumour genome, most consistent with subclonal diversification of the tumour. Our findings suggest a high plasticity of prostate cancer genomes with newly occurring focal amplifications as a driving force in progression.
Gelation process visualized by aggregation-induced emission fluorogens
Authors: Wang Zhengke , Nie Jingyi , Qin Wei , Hu Qiaoling , Tang Ben Zhong
Published: June 2016

Alkaline-urea aqueous solvent system provides a novel and important approach for the utilization of polysaccharide. As one of the most important polysaccharide, chitosan can be well dissolved in this solvent system, and the resultant hydrogel material possesses unique and excellent properties. Thus the sound understanding of the gelation process is fundamentally important. However, current study of the gelation process is still limited due to the absence of direct observation and the lack of attention on the entire process. Here we show the entire gelation process of chitosan LiOH-urea aqueous system by aggregation-induced emission fluorescent imaging. Accompanied by other pseudo in situ investigations, we propose the mechanism of gelation process, focusing on the formation of junction points including hydrogen bonds and crystalline.
Amyloid proteotoxicity initiates an inflammatory response blocked by cannabinoids
Authors: Currais Antonio , Quehenberger Oswald , M Armando Aaron , Daugherty Daniel , Maher Pam , Schubert David
Published: June 2016

The beta amyloid (Aβ) and other aggregating proteins in the brain increase with age and are frequently found within neurons. The mechanistic relationship between intracellular amyloid, aging and neurodegeneration is not, however, well understood. We use a proteotoxicity model based upon the inducible expression of Aβ in a human central nervous system nerve cell line to characterize a distinct form of nerve cell death caused by intracellular Aβ. It is shown that intracellular Aβ initiates a toxic inflammatory response leading to the cell's demise. Aβ induces the expression of multiple proinflammatory genes and an increase in both arachidonic acid and eicosanoids, including prostaglandins that are neuroprotective and leukotrienes that potentiate death. Cannabinoids such as tetrahydrocannabinol stimulate the removal of intraneuronal Aβ, block the inflammatory response, and are protective. Altogether these data show that there is a complex and likely autocatalytic inflammatory response within nerve cells caused by the accumulation of intracellular Aβ, and that this early form of proteotoxicity can be blocked by the activation of cannabinoid receptors.
Correction: Corrigendum: Universality in boundary domain growth by sudden bridging
Authors: Saberi A. A. , Rahbari S. H. Ebrahimnazhad , Dashti-Naserabadi H. , Abbasi A. , Cho Y. S. , Nagler J.
Published: June 2016

Scientific Reports 6: Article number: 21110; published online 22 February 2016; updated: 23 June 2016 The original version of this Article contained errors. H. Dashti-Naserabadi and A. Abbasi were incorrectly listed as being affiliated with ‘Department of Physics, Plasma and Condensed Matter Computational Laboratory, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz 53714-161, Iran’ and ‘Physics and Accelerators Research School, NSRTI 11365-3486, Tehran, Iran’ respectively.
MK2 inhibitor reduces alkali burn-induced inflammation in rat cornea
Authors: Chen Yanfeng , Yang Wenzhao , Zhang Xiaobo , Yang Shu , Peng Gao , Wu Ting , Zhou Yueping , Huang Caihong , Reinach Peter S. , Li Wei , Liu Zuguo
Published: June 2016

MK2 activation by p38 MAPK selectively induces inflammation in various diseases. We determined if a MK2 inhibitor (MK2i), improves cornea wound healing by inhibiting inflammation caused by burning rat corneas with alkali. Our study, for the first time, demonstrated that MK2i inhibited alkali burn-induced MK2 activation as well as rises in inflammation based on: a) blunting rises in inflammatory index, inflammatory cell infiltration, ED1+ macrophage and PMN+ neutrophil infiltration; b) suppressing IL-6 and IL-1β gene expression along with those of macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1); c) reducing angiogenic gene expression levels and neovascularization (NV) whereas anti-angiogenic PEDF levels increased. In addition, this study found that MK2i did not affect human corneal epithelial cell (HCEC) proliferation and migration and had no detectable side effects on ocular surface integrity. Taken together, MK2i selectively inhibited alkali burn-induced corneal inflammation by blocking MK2 activation, these effects have clinical relevance in the treatment of inflammation related ocular surface diseases.
Ultrafast control of third-order optical nonlinearities in fishnet metamaterials
Authors: Shorokhov Alexander S. , Okhlopkov Kirill I. , Reinhold Jörg , Helgert Christian , Shcherbakov Maxim R. , Pertsch Thomas , Fedyanin Andrey A.
Published: June 2016

Nonlinear photonic nanostructures that allow efficient all-optical switching are considered to be a prospective platform for novel building blocks in photonics. We performed time-resolved measurements of the photoinduced transient third-order nonlinear optical response of a fishnet metamaterial. The mutual influence of two non-collinear pulses exciting the magnetic resonance of the metamaterial was probed by detecting the third-harmonic radiation as a function of the time delay between pulses. Subpicosecond-scale dynamics of the metamaterial’s χ(3) was observed; the all-optical χ(3) modulation depth was found to be approximately 70% at a pump fluence of only 20 μJ/cm2.
Probabilistic Movement Models Show that Postural Control Precedes and Predicts Volitional Motor Control
Authors: Rueckert Elmar , Čamernik Jernej , Peters Jan , Babič Jan
Published: June 2016

Human motor skill learning is driven by the necessity to adapt to new situations. While supportive contacts are essential for many tasks, little is known about their impact on motor learning. To study the effect of contacts an innovative full-body experimental paradigm was established. The task of the subjects was to reach for a distant target while postural stability could only be maintained by establishing an additional supportive hand contact. To examine adaptation, non-trivial postural perturbations of the subjects’ support base were systematically introduced. A novel probabilistic trajectory model approach was employed to analyze the correlation between the motions of both arms and the trunk. We found that subjects adapted to the perturbations by establishing target dependent hand contacts. Moreover, we found that the trunk motion adapted significantly faster than the motion of the arms. However, the most striking finding was that observations of the initial phase of the left arm or trunk motion (100–400 ms) were sufficient to faithfully predict the complete movement of the right arm. Overall, our results suggest that the goal-directed arm movements determine the supportive arm motions and that the motion of heavy body parts adapts faster than the light arms.