bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kinetics of the Fully Inhibited Thermal Decomposition of Bistrifluoromethyl Peroxide, CF3OOCF3
Authors: Descamps Bernard , Forst Wendell
Published: May 2006

The pyrolyosis of CF3OOCF3 (BTMP) was studied in the gas phase from 5 to 100 Torr BTMP pressure and between 197 and 244 °C in a clean nickel reactor by the static method. CF3O radicals, due to the initial split[Formula: see text] were scavenged by SO3F radicals produced in situ by the thermal decomposition of their dimer S2O6F2. Under these conditions, CF3OOSO2F is the only product of BTMP pyrolysis, as shown by gas chromatographic analysis. Thus the BTMP pyrolysis becomes fully inhibited and the rate of accumulation of CF3OOSO2F is a measure of k1. The rate constant k1 turns out to be pressure-insensitive under the experimental conditions, from which it is inferred that k1 is actually k1∞, the limiting high-pressure unimolecular rate constant for reaction 1. Its temperature dependence yields the result[Formula: see text]This result is compared with other values of the O—O bond dissociation energy in BTMP. The experimental expression for k1 ∞ is used to construct the pressure falloff of k1 following the procedure of Forst. The calculation confirms that falloff begins only below 10 Torr.
Studies of β-Diketone Complexes of Rhenium. VII. The Crystal and Molecular Structure of Oxodichloropentane-2,4-dionatotriphenylphosphinerhenium(V)
Authors: Lock C. J. L. , Wan Che'ng
Published: May 2006

The crystal structure of oxodichloropentane-2,4-dionatotriphenylphosphinerhenium(V) has been studied by single crystal X-ray methods. The crystals are triclinic with lattice parameters a = 11.023(8) Å, b = 13.523(8) Å, c = 9.360(7) Å, α = 90.2(1)°, β = 114.1(1)°, γ = 67.7(2)°. The space group is [Formula: see text] and there are two formula weights per unit cell. A total of 2891 reflections, of which 2447 were observed, were examined, and the structure was refined by full matrix least squares to an R2 value of 0.0782. The ligands are arranged around the rhenium atom such that the nearest six atoms are at the corners of a very distorted octahedron. Most of this distortion appears to be caused by nonbonding repulsive interactions. The short oxo–phosphine distance, 2.85(1) Å, suggests the possibility of a weak bonding interaction. Observed bond distances (Re—Cl, 2.35 Å av; Re—O(oxo), 1.69(1) Å; Re—O(diketone), 1.99(1), 2.10(1) Å; Re—P, 2.431(4) Å) are close to those observed previously in similar compounds.
A Kinetic Study of the Thermal Isomerization of and Related Complexes
Authors: Cullen William R. , Hou Frank L.
Published: May 2006

The kinetics of the unimolecular isomerization reaction[Formula: see text]have been studied. The ΔH≠ values in kcal mol−1 are 36.8 ± 2.0 (M = M′ = Mn ), 46.8 ± 0.5 (M = M′ = Re ), 39.2 ± 2.8 (M = Mn, M′ = Re ). The mechanism of the rearrangement is discussed.
Mechanism of the Direct Photochemical Decomposition of Thietane and its Derivatives in the Vapor Phase, in Solution, and in Glassy Matrices
Authors: Dice David R. , Steer Ronald P.
Published: May 2006

The direct photolyses of thietane, 3-ethyl-2-propylthietane, and 3-methylthietane in the vapor phase, in solution, and in glassy matrices at low temperatures have been examined. The effects of varying the photolysis wavelength, the temperature, the pressure and the phase of the substrate, and of adding inert thermalizers on the nature and yields of the various products have been measured. The results are interpreted in terms of initial C—S cleavage to give a 1,4-biradical which may, in the gas phase, decompose or ring close before complete equilibration of the various rotamers is achieved, or which may be thermalized in condensed media and trapped in glassy matrices at low temperature.
The 7-Cycloheptatrienylmethyl/7-Norcaradienylmethyl Cation System
Authors: Pikulik Ivan , Childs Ronald F.
Published: May 2006

Reaction of 7-carbomethoxycycloheptatriene with either BCl3 or BBr3 gave a 1:1 complex in which the Lewis acid was complexed to the carbonyl oxygen. The low temperature p.m.r. and u.v. spectra of these zwitterions indicated that they existed almost entirely in the norcaradiene forms 10 and 14, respectively. In contrast, reaction of N,N-dimethyl-1,3,5-cycloheptatriene-7-carboxamide with BCl3 was found to result in the formation of a mixture of the cycloheptatriene 12 (65%) and norcaradiene 13 (35%). Comparison of the chemical shifts of the cyclopropyl proton resonances of 10 and 14 with model compounds showed that their positions were anomolous, the C7 protons resonating at much higher and the C1 and C6 protons resonating at much lower field than expected and to account for this it is suggested that these norcaradienes are aromatic systems. Both 10 and 14 were thermally unstable and underwent an irreversible rearrangement to form the complex of methyl phenylacetate, the phenylmethylacylium cation and the appropriate counterion, [Formula: see text] respectively. The rate of these rearrangements and the product distribution was found to be dependent upon both the ratio of Lewis acid to ester used and the nature of the Lewis acid.
Carbon-13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Studies of Some Lycopodium Alkaloids
Authors: Nakashima Thomas T. , Singer Peter P. , Browne Lois M. , Ayer William A.
Published: May 2006

The natural abundance 13C magnetic resonance spectra of some Lycopodium alkaloids have been determined at both 25.15 and 22.63 MHz. By using standard techniques it has been possible to make self-consistent assignments of almost all of the resonances. The results suggest some interesting conclusions regarding the stereochemistry of some of the alkaloids and have been used to confirm the stereochemical assignment at C-12 in sauroxine and to assign the preferred conformation (axial) of the N-methyl group in the obscurines and N-methyllycodine.
Electric Dipole Moment Investigation of Buttressing in Alkyl Duryl Ketones
Authors: Pinkus A. George , Custard Jr. Herman C.
Published: May 2006

Dipole moments (D) determined for the following alkyl duryl ketones in benzene at 30° were: Me, 2.83; Et, 2.80; i-Pr, 2.74; t-Bu, 2.65. The decrease in the series is explained by increasing rotational restriction about the carbonyl group due to an increasing interference by the ortho methyl groups with the alkyl group. This results in a greater twist from coplanarity between the ring and carbonyl and less π-electron delocalization and consequently a lower dipole moment as the size of the alkyl increases. The increase observed for the duryl ketone moments over those of corresponding mesityl ketones is tentatively explained as due to a higher duryl group moment relative to the mesityl moment. The interplanar angles (angles of twist) for the duryl ketones calculated with the Braude–Sondheimer equation were slightly larger than those calculated for the mesityl ketones, the magnitude depending on the method of calculation. It is tentatively concluded that evidence from dipole moment data indicates that a small buttressing effect exists in the duryl ketone system.
Bridged Xanthenes. II. An Intramolecular Cycloaddition Route
Authors: Bichan D.J. , Yates Peter
Published: May 2006

Oxidation of mesitol (8) with lead tetraacetate in acrylic acid followed by gentle heating gives 6-hydroxy-4,6,7-trimethyl-5-oxobicyclo[2.2.2]oct-7-ene-2-carboxylic acid lactone (13), which is considered to be formed via intramolecular cycloaddition of 6-acryloxy-2,4,6-trimethyl-2,4-cyclohexadienone (11). Similar treatment of 4-methylxanthen-3-o1 (7) gives the corresponding bridged xanthene keto lactone 5. Ketalization of this with ethylene glycol, followed by treatment with methylmagnesium iodide, hydrolysis, and pyrolysis gives the bridged xanthene keto ether 4, which possesses many of the structural features of the nucleus of the naturally occurring coloring matters morellin and gambogic acid.
Conformations of Bridged Diphenyls. XII. Crystal Structure of 2-(4′-Carbomethoxy-2′-nitrobenzyl)-1,3,5-trimethyIbenzene
Authors: van der Heijden Simon P. N. , Chandler W. David , Robertson Beverly E.
Published: May 2006

The crystal structure of 2-(4′-carbomethoxy-2′-nitrobenzyl)-1,3,5-trimethylbenzene, C18HI9-N04, has been determined by X-ray diffraction. The crystals are triclinic, a = 9.534(5), b = 11.887(7), c = 7.431(6) Å, α = 101.62(3), β = 97.25(3), γ = 88.61(3)°, [Formula: see text] with Z = 2. The integrated intensities of 3789 independent reflections were measured on a four circle diffractometer; 2448 reflections were used in a full-matrix refinement to a least-squares residual of 0.067 and a conventional R factor of 0.055.The molecule is in the skew-nitro-distal conformation. The angle between the di-ortho-substituted ring and the central C—CH2—C plane is 87.6° and the angle between the nitro-substituted ring and the C—CH2—C plane is 2.2°.
Linear Free Energy Relationships. IV. Synthesis and Spectral Characterization of Some New Solvatochromics. N-(p-Substituted)benzyl-2′-hydroxy-4-stilbazolium Betaines
Authors: Gibson Harry W. , Bailey F. C.
Published: May 2006

The spectral data for the present series of compounds indicate that the long wavelength π → π* transition in each case involves transfer of negative charge from the phenol–quinone moiety to the pyridyl ring. Two separate features bear on this point: the transition energy dependence on (i) substituent and (ii) solvent. The plots of transition energy υs. Hammett substituent constant for the salts and the betaines have negative slopes as expected for such a transition. The plots of transition energy for the betaines υs. the solvent polarity parameter have large positive slopes, which are evidence for a large decrease in dipole moment upon excitation, consistent with such a transition. Through study of the pH dependence of the spectrum, the pKa of the parent compound was found to be 8.37 at 22°. From this pKa the apparent σortho for the N-benzylstilbazolium substituent was estimated to be 0.75.
Polar Radicals. VIII. Kinetic Studies on the Mechanism of the Vapor Phase Bromination of 1-Chlorobutane. The Role of Reversible Hydrogen Abstraction
Authors: Tanner Dennis D. , Pace Tony , Ochiai Tameichi
Published: May 2006

A general method for the evaluation of the kinetics of the vapor phase brominations of alkanes and substituted alkanes is presented. The method is applied to the bromination of 1-chlrobutane.The hydrogen abstraction reaction and its reversal are both found to be deactivated by the polar influence of the substituent; the effect, as predicted, falls off as the distance of the substituent from the C—H bond involved increases. In the vapor phase bromination of 1-chlorobutane, because of this deactivated reversal, transfer with hydrogen bromide cannot compete (< 10%) with transfer with molecular bromine.There was no evidence for anchimeric assistance by the neighboring chlorine atom during hydrogen abstraction.
Monosubstituted Derivatives of (L–L)Fe2(CO)6 (L–L = fluorocarbon bridged ligand)
Authors: Chia Lian Sai , Cullen William R. , Sams John R. , Scott James C.
Published: May 2006

The reaction of the ditertiary arsines and phosphines fnfars, fnfos, and fnAsP, (L–L), with Fe(CO)5 at 150° is a superior route to the complexes (L–L)Fe2(CO)6. Two are reported for the first time (L–L = f6fars, f8fars). The complexes react with monodentate and certain potentially bidentate ligands on u.v. irradiation to afford the monosubstituted derivatives L(L–L)Fe2(CO)5 and (L–L)'(L–L)Fe2(CO)5. Spectroscopic studies, in particular magnetically perturbed Mössbauer spectra, indicate that the site of substitution is trans to the FeA—FeB bond and cis to the two group V atoms (on FeA). Disubstitution seems to result in further displacement of CO from either FeA or FeB.
Pyrolysis of C2H7+ and other Ion–Molecule Reactions in Methane containing Traces of Ethane
Authors: French Margaret , Kebarle Paul
Published: May 2006

The major reactions in methane containing traces of ethane were studied with a pulsed electron beam high ion source pressure mass spectrometer. The CH4: C2H6 ratios were changed from 50:1 to 100 000:1 at reaction temperatures between 28–210 °C. The reaction 1: CH5+ + C2H6 = CH4 + C2H7+ still proceeded from left to right even at the highest dilution ratios. Measurement of the C2H7+/CH5+ ratio under these conditions leads to a lower limit of the proton affinity difference PA(C2H6)–PA(CH4) > 10 kcal/mol. This result is in agreement with measurements by Bohme.It was observed that C2H7+ decomposes slowly at 30 °C. The decomposition becomes more rapid at higher temperature. Measurements of the temperature dependence of the thermal reaction 2: C2H7+ + CH4 = C2H5+ + H2 + CH4, and an Arrhenius plot of k2 led to the activation energy E2 = 10.5 kcal/mol and preexponential factor A2 = 8.3 × 10−8 (cm3 molecule−1 s−1). Assuming E2 = ΔH2 one obtains ΔHf(C2H7+) = 208.5 ± 2 kcal/mol and PA(C2H7+) = 137.4 ± 2 kcal/mol. This is close to the proton affinity PA(C2H7+) = 139 ± 2 kcal/mol that can be deduced from Bohme's results.At higher dilution ratios the ion C2H5+ was observed to react not only with ethane but also with methane by reaction 6: C2H5+ + CH4 = C3H7+ + H2, k6 ≈ 1 × 10−14 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 at 86 °C. The reaction has positive temperature dependence.
Structure cristalline de Tl2CO3
Authors: Marchand René , Piffard Yves , Tournoux Michel
Published: May 2006

Thallium carbonate, T12CO3, crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group C2/m. The parameters of the unit cell are a = 12.486 Å, b = 5.382 Å, c = 7.530 Å, and β = 122.35°; Z = 4. The structure was determined using 655 independent reflections which were measured on an automatic diffractometer.The lone pair of thallium(I) shows a stereochemical influence in this structure. It is arranged in tunnels parallel to [010]. The planar carbonate groups are parallel to [100]. [Journal translation]
Regioselective O-Alkylation of Sterically Hindered Steroidal Ethynyl Carbinols
Authors: Hajos Z. G. , Duncan G. R.
Published: May 2006

A synthetic method is described for the direct regioselective O-alkylation of sterically hindered acetylenic carbinols in the presence of other alcoholic functional groups. The method is not sensitive to the configuration of the latter or to the stereochemistry of ring fusion; the preparation of 5β- and 5α- 20α-ethynyl-20β-methoxy-pregnan-3β-ol 1b and 2b from the corresponding 20-ols is exemplary. In addition, a straightforward high yield four-step procedure is described for the preparation of the regio-isomer, 20α-ethynyl-3β-methoxy-5β-pregnan-20β-ol 1c from 5β-pregnan-3β-ol-20-one 3a via 3b, 3c and 3d.
The Electroreduction of Some N-Haloamides
Authors: Bérubé Denis , Caza Jean , Kimmerle Frank M. , Lessard Jean
Published: May 2006

The electroreduction of nine N-haloamides (ZCONRX) at a dropping mercury electrode has been investigated in protic and aprotic media. Preparative electrolysis indicated the possibility of capturing the intermediate amide radical by intermolecular addition to olefins or by intramolecular hydrogen abstraction.
Apparent Molal Volumes and Heat Capacities of Some Tetraalkylammonium Bromides, Alkyltrimethylammonium Bromides, and Alkali Halides in Aqueous Glycerol Solutions
Authors: DiPaola Giuseppa , Belleau Bernard
Published: May 2006

The densities and volumetric specific heats of some tetraalkylammonium bromides, alkyltrimethylammonium bromides, and some alkali halides (0.02 to 0.5 aquamolal) were measured in 0 to 30 wt.% glycerol in water with a flow densimeter connected in series with a flow microcalorimeter at 24 and 25 °C respectively. The derived volumes and heat capacities of transfer of the electrolytes from water to glycerol–water mixtures are consistent with the corresponding transfer functions from water to D2O and from water to urea–water mixtures, and suggest that structural interactions are reduced in aqueous glycerol solutions. The volumes and heat capacities of micellisation of n-nonyltrimethylammonium bromide were determined in water, glycerol–water mixtures, urea–water mixtures, and in D2O. Both the transfer and the micellisation study indicate that glycerol behaves in an analogous manner to urea. An effect other than a simple alteration of the water structure must be invoked to account for their different effects on protein stability.
Pulse Radiolysis of Alkali Metal Solutions in Methylamine
Authors: Fletcher John Wallace , Seddon William Arthur , Jevcak John Joseph , Sopchyshyn Fred Charles
Published: May 2006

Pulse radiolysis studies of solutions of alkali metal methylamides (CH3NHM) in methylamine indicate the formation of solvated electrons, es−, ion-pairs (M+, es−), and alkali metal anions M−. This paper compares the spectra, extinction coefficients, and yields of es−, Li, Na, K, and Cs species, with those observed previously in other solvents. The overall reaction kinetics are complex and, in CH3NHNa/NaI solutions, suggest the formation of a higher aggregate or triple ion species (Na22+, es−). A reaction mechanism, quantitatively consistent with experiment, is presented and discussed in detail for solutions containing Na+.
Aryne Formation from 2-Bromolaudanosine. Fate of the 5,6,12,12a-Tetrahydrodibenzo[b,g]indolizinium Ion and an Alternative Synthesis of Glaucine
Authors: Ahmad Ijaz , Gibson Martin S.
Published: May 2006

A synthesis of 2-bromolaudanosine (10) is described. The aryne formed from 10 and amide ion in ammonia yields the corresponding 5,6,12,12a-tetrahydrodibenzo[b,g]indolizinium ion (13) by intramolecular capture, and 2-aminolaudanosine (11) by external addition of amide ion. Compound 13 is converted insitu to 5,6-dimethoxy-2-(4,5-dimethoxy-2-vinylphenyl)-1-methylindoline (14) and 5,6-dimethoxy-2-(4,5-dimethoxy-2-ethylphenyl)-1-methylindole (15). Compound 11 provides an alternative source of glaucine (12).
A Relationship between the Sizes and Energies of Atomic Orbitals
Authors: Daudel R. , Mezey P. G. , Goddard J. D. , Csizmadia I. G.
Published: May 2006

An approximate relationship of the form[Formula: see text]where [Formula: see text] is the mean potential acting upon and V the mean volume of an electron in a closed shell of an atom has previously been proposed. This concept of a simple relationship between the sizes and energies of atomic orbitals which is predicted by simple quantum mechanical arguments has been further examined in this present work. The potential energy for a series of two electron atoms and ions has been replaced by the total electronic energy as these two quantities are simply connected by the virial theorem. For polyelectronic atoms, a quantity per electron pair which sums to the total electronic energy has been used. The volume of the ith atomic orbital[Formula: see text]has been calculated from its size as previously defined in terms of the spherical quadratic operator evaluated at the orbital centroid of charge. A relationship of the above form between the sizes and energies of atomic orbitals holds well for core orbitals but gradually deteriorates on going from the innermost (core) to outermost (valence) shell.
Yemen: Recent Cases
Authors: Ghanem
Published: May 2006

No Abstract
Policing and Police Accountability in the UAE: The Case for Reform
Authors: Kibble  , Al Shaali
Published: May 2006

No Abstract
The Islamic Law of Real Security
Authors: Foster
Published: May 2006

No Abstract
Securities Law in the United Aram Emirates
Authors: Fahl  , Hourani
Published: May 2006

No Abstract
Egypt: Draft Law on E-Commerce
Authors: Translated by Al Tamimi & Company
Published: May 2006

No Abstract
The Islamic Law of Tort: A Study of the Owner and Possessor of Animals with Special Reference to the Civil Codes of the United Arab Emirates, Lebanon, Tunisia, Morocco, Sudan and Iraq
Authors:   Basir Bin Mohamad
Published: May 2006

No Abstract
Concepts of Paper Money in Islamic Legal Thought
Authors:   Siegfried
Published: May 2006

No Abstract
Evidence for the Postconquest Demographic Collapse of the Americas in Historical CO2 Levels
Authors: Faust Franz X. , Gnecco Cristóbal , Mannstein Hermann , Stamm Jörg
Published: May 2006

This article promotes the hypothesis that the massive demographic collapse of the native populations of the Americas triggered by the European colonization brought about the abandonment of large expanses of agricultural fields soon recovered by forests, which in due turn fixed atmospheric CO2 in significant quantities. This hypothesis is supported by measurements of atmospheric CO2 levels in ice cores from Law Dome, Antarctica. Changing the focus from paleoclimate to global population dynamics and using the same causal chain, the measured drop in historic atmospheric CO2 levels can also be looked upon as further, strong evidence for the postconquest demographic collapse of the Americas.
Democracy and Intellectual Property: Examining Trajectories of Software Piracy
Authors: Piquero Nicole Leeper , Piquero Alex R.
Published: May 2006

Social scientists interested in criminal activity have generally neglected the topic of democracy, while researchers interested in the topic of democracy have virtually ignored criminal activity. This confluence of neglect has been especially obvious in research on intellectual property (IP) theft. In this study, the authors examine the interrelationship between democracy and IP theft—specifically software piracy. Piracy data from eighty-two countries between the years 1995 and 2000 are used to examine how democratization relates to rates of software piracy. The authors use trajectory methodology to identify distinct offender groups, which vary in their rates of software piracy. The current research has two specific goals: (1) to identify distinct trajectories of software piracy offenders at the international level and (2) to examine how these groups vary according to several measures of democratic strength. The authors hypothesize that more democratic countries (including those that have strong political and civil liberties) will have lower software piracy rates.
Democracy, Values, and Violence: Paradoxes, Tensions, and Comparative Advantages of Liberal Inclusion
Authors: Karstedt Susanne
Published: May 2006

Democracies represent an institutional framework and a way of life that is, almost by definition, nonviolent. Contrasting with this ideal are two simultaneous global trends: an extension of democratic regimes and rising levels of violent crime. This article explores this seeming gap between democracy’s ideal and reality. The author identifies comparative advantages and disadvantages for both democracy and autocracy in restraining violent crime. Comparative advantages of two core democratic values—individualism and egalitarianism—are examined with data from a sample of twenty-six countries. Results show that compared to collectivistic and authoritarian patterns, individualistic and egalitarian values reduce levels of violence. Societies with high levels of violent crime are concentrated among autocracies, which mostly have collectivistic and authoritarian values. In contrast, democratic societies are mostly characterized by individualistic and egalitarian values and have lower levels of violent crime. Democratic values have comparative advantages if they are fostered by democratic practices and institutions.
Pore Structures and Anti-bacterial Properties of Cotton Fabrics Treated with DMDHEU-AA by Plasma Processes
Authors: Yen Meng-Shung , Chen Jui-Chin , Hong Po-Da , Chen Cheng-Chi
Published: May 2006

Dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea and acrylic acid crosslinking agent was used to treat the cotton fabric with a pad-dry-plasma-cure process. Rate constants and structural diffusion resistance constants for the pad-dry-plasma-cure treated fabrics were lower than those for pad-dry-cure fabrics treated at the same resin concentration, and the values of dye absorption and equilibrium absorption of the plasma-treated fabrics were also lower than those for non-plasma-treated fabrics. However, the activation energies for the pad-dry-plasma-cure process were higher than that for the pad-dry-cure process. The anti-bacterial ability of the pad-dry-plasma-cure and pad-dry-plasma-cure with copper after-treatment fabrics were higher than that of pad-dry-cure and pad-dry-cure with copper after-treatment fabrics. The surface distribution of crosslinking agent for pad-dry-plasma-cure process was higher than for the pad-dry-cure process.
Completing the Practice Turn in Strategy Research
Authors: Whittington Richard
Published: May 2006

This paper identifies a practice turn in current strategy research, treating strategy as something people do. However, it argues that this turn is incomplete in that researchers currently concentrate either on strategy activity at the intra-organizational level or on the aggregate effects of this activity at the extra-organizational level. The paper proposes a framework for strategy research that integrates these two levels based on the three concepts of strategy praxis, strategy practices and strategy practitioners. The paper develops implications of this framework for research, particularly with regard to the impact of strategy practices on strategy praxis, the creation and transfer of strategy practices and the making of strategy practitioners. The paper concludes by outlining the distinctive emphases of the practice perspective within the strategy discipline.
The Phenomenon of Quasi-states
Authors: Rywkin Michael
Published: May 2006

The demise of the two federal communist states, the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia, was the major cause of the appearance of a new kind of state entity, unheard of since the end of feudalism in Europe. While the 15 Union Republics of the Soviet Union became independent from the old center (Moscow) as well as detached from each other, some ethnically different or mixed parts of the newly independent republics, deprived of federal protection, felt uncomfortable within the new framework and emerged as separate or detached entities. It should be remembered that this separatist movement predates the disintegration of the Soviet Union and is parallel to Gorbachev's ‘perestroika’. In the Trans-Caucasus, the separatist forces within the republics began to act as soon as Moscow loosened its grip and the national republics began to assert themselves. The half-hearted and limited use of force by Moscow in order to prevent the disintegration of the Soviet Empire (in Baku, Tbilisi, Vilnius) succeeded no better than attempts by individual republics to stop separatism within their own borders. Georgia and Azerbaijan were most affected, with several ‘quasi-states’ appearing within their borders: Nagorno-Karabagh in Azerbaijan, Abkhazia and Ossetia in Georgia. With the direct support of the Armenian republic and covert Russian assistance, the Armenian majority in the former Nagorno-Karabagh Autonomous Region split from Azerbaijan, expelled the Azeri minority, occupied a substantial chunk of Azeri territory, and created a ‘state’ of its own. The Abkhazian minority (less than one-fifth of the total population), with Russian assistance, split Abkhazia from Georgia, expelled the Georgian majority, and established its own ‘state’. South Ossetia declared itself a ‘sovereign republic’, while Adjaria and parts of Georgia proper became practically independent from Tbilisi. Political mistakes and chauvinist acts on the part of the Azeri and Georgian Popular Front governments that initially came to power contributed to local separatism.
Between Empires and Europe: The Tragic Fate of Moldova
Authors: Dressler Wanda
Published: May 2006

This article is a narrative with several voices based on interviews conducted with various social actors from Moldova in June 1993. That was three years after the republic declared its independence and one year after the Transnistrian civil war, which ended with separation into two independent republics: the Republic of Transnistria and the Republic of Moldova. These two entities, one of them legal and the other not recognized by the international community, then entered a very difficult period of transition. Recognized by 120 countries and a party to many diplomatic relationships, the Republic of Moldova, which formed an important and particular element of the former Soviet Union, in fact found it quite hard to break its links with Russia for a variety of reasons, which this paper will attempt to make clear.
How Church and Mosque Influence the Media of Albania
Authors: Fuga Artan
Published: May 2006

To begin with, for Albanians, the very concept of religious affiliation is in itself problematic. Albanian society reflects a multi-faith environment within which those of Muslim religious origin are in the majority. That said, all this must be correctly interpreted. For it is true that there are today a good number of Albanians, particularly of younger age, for whom the traditionally tolerant and non-militant form of Islam practised in Albania still commands respect as the religion of their ancestors, while yet no longer constituting a set of personal religious beliefs for them.
Lemberg/Lwów/Lvov/Lviv: Identities of a ‘City of Uncertain Boundaries’
Authors: Bechtel Delphine
Published: May 2006

Leopolis in Latin, Lemberg in German, Lwów in Polish, Lviv in Ukrainian, this city located in the historic province of Eastern Galicia (Galizien, Galicja, Halychyna) has a history marked by the successive conquests of the region by imperial powers. Founded in the 13 th century by Prince Danylo of Galicia as a fortress against the Tatar and Mongol invasions of the period, then bequeathed to his son Lev (Leo) who built it into the city which bears his name, in the 14th century it came under rule of the kings of Poland for the next 400 years or more, emerging as a major centre of the Polish-Lithuanian union. Its multi-ethnic make-up was nevertheless established very early on, like that of most Central-European cities, as a consequence of coming under the ‘Magdeburg rights’ legal system in 1352. Through this development, the city attracted a large number of immigrants of diverse origins (Germans, Czechs, Poles, Jews, Armenians, Tatars, Moldavians and Saracens, both merchants and artisans, who established themselves in their own ethnic quarters in various parts of the city). They had been invited there by King Casimir the Great who was anxious to develop prosperous urban centres in Poland. It was also this ‘German law’ status (jus teutonicum) that set the city apart from its hinterland, populated by Ruthenian peasants and a Polish petty nobility.
Back to the wild: will reintroduction and rehabilitation help the long-term conservation of orang-utans in Indonesia?
Authors: Grundmann Emmanuelle
Published: May 2006

English

The orang-utans (Pongo pygmaeus and Pongo abelii) living on the islands of Borneo and Sumatra are among the first victims of the large-scale deforestation and exploitation of the south-east tropical rainforest. Rehabilitation and reintroduction of confiscated orang-utans back into their original habitat were initiated in the 1960s. The orang-utan community that has been reintroduced in the Meratus forest since 1997 presents an ideal opportunity to study the successes and failures of the re-adaptation of individuals whose maternal bond has been broken at various ages, interrupting their learning phase. This study enables us to evaluate to what extent learning from others, including humans, is crucial to this process and in what ways ethology and ethnology might merge to achieve a better understanding of the rehabilitation process.

French

Les orangs-outans (Pongo pygmaeus et Pongo abelii) vivant sur les îles de Bornéo et Sumatra comptent parmi les premières victimes de la déforestation galopante pour l'exploitation du bois et les monocultures qui, aujourd'hui, mettent à mal les forêts tropicales du sud-est asiatique. La réhabilitation et la réintroduction dans leur habitat d'orangs-outans orphelins ayant été confisqués aux braconniers a débuté dans les années 1960. La communauté d'orangs-outans ayant été réintroduite dans la forêt de Meratus depuis 1997 offre une opportunité de choix pour étudier les succès et échecs du processus de réadaptation d'individus dont le lien maternel a été brisé à des âges variés, cassant, de fait, le processus d'apprentissage. Enfin, à travers cette étude, nous souhaitions évaluer dans quelle mesure l'apprentissage auprès d'autres individus, orangs-outans mais aussi humains, peut s'avérer crucial lors du processus d'apprentissage, mais aussi de quelle manière l'éthologie et l'ethnologie peuvent, de concert, permettre une meilleure compréhension du processus de réhabilitation.
Impact Properties of Silica Particle Modified Glass Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Composite
Authors: Cao Y. , Cameron J.
Published: May 2006

The glass fiber (GF) reinforced epoxy composite samples used in this study are prepared by four different standardized methods, designated as Methods A, B, C, and D. The GF that is modified with silica particles and prestressed during curing in the composite system (Method D) is proved to be significantly superior as a potential candidate material for use in high impact applications. The impact property of the so-finished composite samples is compared, in turn, with other composite samples prepared by the other methods. There are clean fiber reinforced epoxy composite (Method A), modified GF reinforced epoxy composite (Method B), and prestressed clean GF reinforced epoxy composite (Method C). The results indicate that the impact property of the composites prepared by this novel Method D is greater by up to 100% in comparison with Method A and by lesser but, significant, amounts by the other two methods.
Childhood and Violence in Advertising
Authors: Martínez Inmaculada José , Prieto María Dolores , Farfán Juana
Published: May 2006

This article considers the subject of childhood and violence contained in the advertising format, focusing especially on television advertising. The article analyses the violent and aggressive content of audiovisual texts looking at childhood from a broader perspective than has been used in research to date, in order to show the wide spectrum of involvement of children in advertising material. This new focus implies looking at the subject of childhood and media violence in televised advertising taking into account the strategic communicative process, in which regard the figure of the child can be studied from three different yet complementary lines of analysis. The first evolves around the child as advertising target, according to the campaign's objective and the intention of the advertiser or issuer of the advertising message. The second line of analysis refers to the use of children as advertising resources, which can provoke effects at a cognitive, affective or even behavioural level. Third and finally, one can refer to children as receptors of advertising, an aspect associated with the behaviour and habits of television and advertising intake by these young viewers. The importance and current relevance of the subject are highlighted in the legislative interventions of national governments as well as transnational institutions (for example the EU) that are related to violence in advertising and childhood.
Significance testing of a cluster of multivariate binary variables: comparison of the tripartite T index to three common similarity measures
Authors: Deutsch R , Cherner M , Grant I
Published: May 2006

Similarity measures quantify resemblance between pairs of items when each consists of a pattern of two-state (eg, presence versus absence) variables. Numerous similarity measures, many of which are straightforward to calculate and interpret, have been developed and characterized. Methods for testing if items within a specified cluster are significantly more similar to each other than to items outside the cluster have not been extensively developed for binary responses, but a permutation test procedure using a measure of distinctness is available to do this. We compare three well known similarity measures, the Dice, Jaccard and simple matching coefficients, with the more complex tripartite T similarity index recently proposed by Tulloss. Each measure is used in significance tests of whether hypothesized subsets of items are legitimately grouped for resemblance. Theoretically derived measures reflecting diverse scenarios found in medical research and data from neuropsychological research illustrate the methods. Results for the tripartite T measure were comparable to the other methods in some settings, and essentially the same as the Dice coefficient overall when compared theoretically and on the same clinical data. Some shortcomings with the Tulloss algorithm were found and limit the usefulness of the tripartite T index in medical applications.
Conscription in the French Restoration: The 1818 Debate on Military Service
Authors: Hippler Thomas
Published: May 2006

The article analyses the parliamentary debate in the French Chambers of Deputies and of Peers on the Gouvion-Saint-Cyr law. Conscription having been abolished by the restoration, its re-establishment confronted the monarchy with ideological trouble, and the law gave rise to one of the most remarkable debates in French parliamentary history, because virtually all modern political ideologies - conservatism, liberalism, constitutional monarchism, republicanism - confronted each other in theoretically very elaborated speeches. The debate is thus both a summary of the revolutionary experience and a look towards the nineteenth century.
Dishonesty in Everyday Life and Its Policy Implications
Authors: Mazar Nina , Ariely Dan
Published: May 2006

Dishonest acts are all too prevalent in day-to-day life. This article examines some possible psychological causes for dishonesty that go beyond the standard economic considerations of probability and value of external payoffs. The authors propose a general model of dishonest behavior that includes internal psychological reward mechanisms for honesty and dishonesty, and they discuss the implications of this model in terms of curbing dishonesty.
The Dark Side of Choice: When Choice Impairs Social Welfare
Authors: Botti Simona , Iyengar Sheena S.
Published: May 2006

The provision of choice in terms of how people use goods and services has been proposed as a vehicle of improvement of social welfare. This article highlights some of the costs and benefits of creating choice, and it discusses how much choice policy makers and other agents (e.g., employers, retailers) should ideally grant and in what form they should grant it.
Increasing the Effectiveness of Communications to Consumers: Recommendations Based on Elaboration Likelihood and Attitude Certainty Perspectives
Authors: Rucker Derek D. , Petty Richard E.
Published: May 2006

This article makes suggestions about how to effectively communicate the risks associated with products and services to consumers. The authors realize this goal by drawing on several rich streams of literature on the psychology of persuasion. Specifically, they provide guidelines for developing effective communications based on the elaboration likelihood model of persuasion and integrating emerging research on attitude certainty. On the basis of these research areas, the authors further discuss how to diagnose why a particular communication may not have proved effective. Finally, they provide examples to help illustrate the actual steps policy makers and others might take in developing communications to warn or inform consumers.
When do you Want It? Time, Decisions, and Public Policy
Authors: Lynch John G. , Zauberman Gal
Published: May 2006

Most consumer decisions involve trade-offs of costs and benefits over time. The research literature on “intertemporal choice” examines behavioral regularities in how people think about such decisions, drawing from marketing, psychology, and behavioral economics. This diverse literature is relevant to the analysis of public policy issues related to consumers’ discounting of future outcomes “too much” compared with sooner outcomes. A stream of outcomes can be viewed as occurring in three temporal regions: the present, the near future, and the more distant future. Somewhat different research streams have developed around the topic of underweighting outcomes in the distant (compared with the near) future and of overweighting outcomes in the present compared with any point in the future. The authors review key concepts from the literature on underweighting the distant future versus the near-term future to analyze policy issues related to consumers’ saving for retirement and their response to rebates. The authors review key concepts from the literature on impulsive behavior and present-biased preferences to analyze the problems of self-control that people have in their consumption of “sin” products that are proximate and that affect rewards in the present. The authors critique current information and incentive remedies that ignore behavioral principles from the literature, focusing their recommendations on policy interventions designed to influence eating habits and obesity and on cooling-off laws that govern return policies for consumers’ big-ticket purchases.
Interventions to Break and Create Consumer Habits
Authors: Verplanken Bas , Wood Wendy
Published: May 2006

Interventions to change everyday behaviors often attempt to change people's beliefs and intentions. As the authors explain, these interventions are unlikely to be an effective means to change behaviors that people have repeated into habits. Successful habit change interventions involve disrupting the environmental factors that automatically cue habit performance. The authors propose two potential habit change interventions. “Downstream-plus” interventions provide informational input at points when habits are vulnerable to change, such as when people are undergoing naturally occurring changes in performance environments for many everyday actions (e.g., moving households, changing jobs). “Upstream” interventions occur before habit performance and disrupt old environmental cues and establish new ones. Policy interventions can be oriented not only to the change of established habits but also to the acquisition and maintenance of new behaviors through the formation of new habits.
Effect of poly(ethylene oxide) molecular mass on miscibility and hydrogen bonding with lignin
Authors: Kubo Satoshi , Kadla John F.
Published: May 2006

The effect of the molecular mass of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) on lignin-PEO blends was studied using thermal analysis and FT-IR. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis revealed miscible blends over the entire blend ratio. A negative deviation inTgfrom a simple weighted average was observed, indicating the existence of relatively weak favorable interactions between blend components. Analysis of the data revealed no difference in the magnitude or propensity of intermolecular interactions with increasing PEO molecular mass in the kraft lignin-PEO blends. By contrast, the fitting parameters obtained for organosolv lignin were substantially different; the higher molecular mass PEO had a higher propensity to form slightly stronger intermolecular inter-actions than the lower molecular mass PEO. Low molecular mass poly(ethylene glycol) dimethylether (M-PEG)-lignin blends had a much higher degree of crystallinity than the PEO blends, resulting in an increase inTgat high PEG content. FT-IR analysis revealed the presence of strong intermolecular hydrogen bonding between lignin and PEO. However, the band shape of the νOHregion of the M-PEG blends was slightly different from the PEO blends; some of the original lignin inter- and intramolecular hydrogen bonding was still present in the M-PEG-lignin blends.
Formic and acetic acids in archaeological wood. A comparison between the Vasa Warship, the Bremen Cog, the Oberländer Boat and the Danish Viking Ships
Authors: Glastrup Jens , Shashoua Yvonne , Egsgaard Helge , Nordvig Mortensen Martin
Published: May 2006

A method has been developed to analyse and quantify formic and acetic acids in archaeological and fresh wood. The method takes advantage of the fact that, in equilibrium, the gas-phase concentrations of formic and acetic acids over pulverised archaeological wood in a sulfuric acid solution are proportional to their absolute concentrations in wood. The method is based on automated solid-phase micro extraction (SPME) combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Good linearity of the calibration curves was observed. The content of formic and acetic acids in archaeological wood from ships conserved with polyethylene glycol (PEG) was determined. The content of formic acid is related to the intensity of conservation and, hence, the PEG content in wood. Accordingly, formic acid found in the hull of the ships may partly be a result of PEG degradation. The formic acid content in the Vasa warship is, on average, not higher than in the other ships analysed. In contrast, the acetic acid content in PEG-preserved archaeological wood is lower than in fresh wood. The acetic acid content is age-dependent and is lowest in 1000-year-old wood. The acetic acid probably originates from the wood.
Níveis de imunidade contra a poliomielite em uma amostra de escolares do município de São Paulo, Brasil
Authors: Stewien Klaus E. , Barbosa Victório , Rosenburg Cornélio P.
Published: May 2006

A prevalência dos anticorpos protetores contra os três tipos de poliovírus e os níveis de imunidade para os grupos etários de 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 e 15 e mais anos de idade foram determinados, por meio de um inquérito soro-epidemiológico, na população escolar do 19 grau da rede da Prefeitura Municipal de São Paulo. O estudo se baseou numa amostra representativa desta população infantil - exames de 1.489 crianças - e os níveis de imunidade foram determinados em 13 Regionais Administrativas da Prefeitura, bem como nas três zonas geográficas da capital consideradas - "Centro", "Intermediária" e "Periférica". Os resultados mostraram que apenas cerca da metade das crianças apresentaram anticorpos contra todos os três tipos de poliovírus nos diferentes grupos etários examinados, exceto no grupo de 13 anos, em que a percentagem de triplo-imunes alcançou 68,0%. Conseqüentemente, o estado imunitário da população ainda não alcança os níveis desejáveis de 75% de triplo-imunes e a principal causa desta situação foi a prevalência relativamente baixa dos anticorpos contra o poliovírus do tipo 3, em quase todos os grupos etários examinados. O estudo mostrou também que o estado imunitário da população escolar é semelhante nas três zonas geográficas da capital, havendo, entretanto, diferenças consideráveis nas 13 Regionais Administrativas da Prefeitura, onde as percentagens de crianças triplo-imunes variaram de 38,6% a 66,9%. Doses de reforço de vacina oral são recomendadas às crianças em idade escolar.