bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Animal nutrition in a 360-degree view and a framework for future R&D work: towards sustainable livestock production
Authors: Makkar Harinder P. S.
Published: July 2016

As a result of a growing population, national economies and urbanisation the consumption of animal products has risen sharply and will also rise substantially in the future, leading to a huge demand for animal feed. This paper illustrates that feed impacts almost all sectors and services of the livestock sector and its sustainability hinges on how feed is produced and fed. A 360-degree view of animal nutrition is presented, illustrating linkages between animal nutrition and various other domains of the livestock sector, for example productivity, reproductive efficiency, environment including biodiversity, land degradation and land-use change, animal welfare and health, food-fuel-feed competition, product safety and quality, among others. Based on the 360-degree view a framework for future research and development work in animal nutrition is presented. This framework has three components: the first one seeks better knowledge and in-depth analysis of the impact of feed and feeding on various domains of the livestock production system; the second one focuses on the impact of ongoing changes such as climate change, increases in cost of and volatility in feed prices, decreases in water and arable land availability, global trade of feedingstuffs, and high food losses; and the third one deals with providing solutions to challenges through technology, policy and institutional development measures. A multi- and trans-disciplinary approach is suggested for implementation of the framework. Application of the framework would contribute towards producing adequate, safe and nutritious food in a humane way in the face of rapid population growth; reducing impact on the environment and biodiversity; and promoting social equity.
Molecular composition of urban organic aerosols on clear and hazy days in Beijing: a comparative study using FT-ICR MS
Authors: Jiang Bin , Kuang Bin Yu , Liang Yongmei , Zhang Jingyi , Huang X. H. Hilda , Xu Chunming , Yu Jian Zhen , Shi Quan
Published: July 2016

Environmental contextChina has been experiencing severe particulate pollution and frequent haze episodes in recent years. We compare the molecular composition of urban organic aerosols on clear and hazy days in Beijing by high-resolution mass spectrometry. The comparative study shows that oxidation, sulfation and nitrification processes actively involve precursors of anthropogenic origin in the Beijing polluted urban atmosphere. AbstractHaze has frequently affected many cities and threatened human health in China. Detailed knowledge of the chemical composition of secondary organic aerosol provides fundamental information in the study of the formation mechanism of haze and its adverse effects on human health. In our work, dichloromethane and water extracts of ambient aerosols collected on hazy and clear days in Beijing were characterised by negative-ion electrospray ionisation and Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS). Formulae in four elemental compositional groups, namely CHOS, CHONS, CHO and CHON, were identified relying on the ultrahigh resolution and mass accuracy of FT-ICR MS. Significantly more compounds were detected and the peaks were much more intense in the hazy day samples, especially for the CHOS, CHONS and CHON formula groups. Organosulfates (OS) and nitrooxy-organosulfates (nitrooxy OS) were the major forms of CHOS and CHONS formulae respectively, and their numbers more than tripled on the hazy days. Under the severely polluted conditions in Beijing, the compositional distribution of the OS and nitrooxy OS exhibited distinct features such as intense peaks of low double-bond equivalent (DBE) (DBE=0, 1 for OS and DBE=1, 2 for nitrooxy OS) and low degree oxidation, of medium DBE (DBE=2, 3 for OS and DBE=3, 4 for nitrooxy OS), and of high DBE (DBE ≥ 4 for OS and DBE ≥ 5 for nitrooxy OS). The likely respective candidates for these could be aliphatic OS having a low degree of oxidation, biogenic OS and many aromatics and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-derived OS. The CHON formulae observed on hazy days were double those on clear days and had higher DBE values and larger O/N ratios. Slightly more CHO compounds were detected in the hazy-day samples and they had higher DBE values and more oxygen atoms. The comparative study suggests that oxidation, sulfation and nitrification processes actively involve precursors of anthropogenic origin in the Beijing polluted urban atmosphere.
Kin of coauthorship in five decades of health science literature
Authors: Prosperi Mattia , Buchan Iain , Fanti Iuri , Meloni Sandro , Palladino Pietro , Torvik Vetle I.
Published: July 2016

Significance

Family background—kinship—can propagate careers. Five decades of health science literature worldwide show that, among family-tied authorships, there are country-specific patterns of publication evolving over time; authors who are part of a kin tend to form distinctive collaborative networks. A certain level of kinship may have beneficial effects on the research outputs of a country, whereas greater or lesser amounts of kinship could have adverse effects. It is perhaps more important for nations to promote equal opportunities in academic careers than to attempt to contain nepotism. Just as kin build potent academic networks with their own resources, societies may do well to provide equivalent support for talented individuals with fewer resources, on the periphery of networks.
Deep ocean nutrients imply large latitudinal variation in particle transfer efficiency
Authors: Weber Thomas , Cram Jacob A. , Leung Shirley W. , DeVries Timothy , Deutsch Curtis
Published: July 2016

Significance

Organic particles that sink to the deep ocean release carbon dioxide in waters that remain out of contact with the atmosphere on long timescales. This paper reconstructs particle flux profiles from large-scale ocean nutrient distributions, revealing systematic regional variations that have proved difficult to detect from direct observations alone. We show that the “transfer efficiency” of organic matter to depth is greatest in high-latitude regions and lowest in the subtropics, and is well explained by variations in phytoplankton community structure. These results suggest a greater sensitivity of atmospheric CO
2
to high-latitude carbon export, and predict reduced ocean carbon storage as subtropical communities expand in response to climate warming.
Mechanistic model of evolutionary rate variation en route to a nonphotosynthetic lifestyle in plants
Authors: Wicke Susann , Müller Kai F. , dePamphilis Claude W. , Quandt Dietmar , Bellot Sidonie , Schneeweiss Gerald M.
Published: July 2016

Significance

Parasitism is a proven way of life that brings about extraordinary phenotypic and genetic modifications. Obtaining organic carbon from a host rather than synthesizing it, nonphotosynthetic plants lose unneeded genes for photosynthesis from their plastid genomes, while essential genes in the same subgenome may evolve rapidly. We show that long before the nonphotosynthetic lifestyle is established, losses of functional complexes repeatedly trigger the disruption of evolutionary stasis, resulting in “roller-coaster rate variation” along the transition to full parasitism. Our model of the molecular evolutionary principles of plastid genome degradation under modified selective constraints makes a significant contribution to our understanding of the complexity of genetic switches in relation to lifestyle changes.
Electron transfer across a thermal gradient
Authors: Craven Galen T. , Nitzan Abraham
Published: July 2016

Significance

Electron transfer (ET) is a fundamental process that drives many physical, chemical, and biological transformations, as well as playing a ubiquitous role in the development of technologies for energy conversion and electronics. Recent advances in temperature measurement and control allow thermal gradients and heat flow to be addressed at the molecular level, making it possible to observe electron transfer across thermal gradients. Here, we develop a theory for ET between donor and acceptor sites, where each site has a different local temperature. The transfer of charge across the resulting thermal gradient is found to be coupled with an energy transfer mechanism that may alter heat conduction between sites, even for vanishing net electron current.
Depression-like behavior in rat: Involvement of galanin receptor subtype 1 in the ventral periaqueductal gray
Authors: Wang Peng , Li Hui , Barde Swapnali , Zhang Ming-Dong , Sun Jing , Wang Tong , Zhang Pan , Luo Hanjiang , Wang Yongjun , Yang Yutao , Wang Chuanyue , Svenningsson Per , Theodorsson Elvar , Hökfelt Tomas G. M. , Xu Zhi-Qing David
Published: July 2016

Significance

The pathophysiology of depression remains unclear, but accumulated evidence implicates disturbances in monoaminergic transmission in the brain. Several studies suggest that members of the diverse family of neuropeptides may also be involved. In the rat, the neuropeptide galanin is coexpressed with noradrenaline and serotonin, and modulates the signaling of these neurotransmitters. Here, we explored a possible role of galanin and its receptors in a rat model of depression based on chronic mild stress using quantitative real-time PCR combined with viral-mediated delivery of galanin receptor 1 (Galr1) siRNA. Our results indicate involvement of the GALR1 receptor subtype in the ventral periaqueductal gray in depression-like behavior, possibly representing a novel target for antidepressant therapy.
Leaky ryanodine receptors contribute to diaphragmatic weakness during mechanical ventilation
Authors: Matecki Stefan , Dridi Haikel , Jung Boris , Saint Nathalie , Reiken Steven R. , Scheuermann Valérie , Mrozek Ségolène , Santulli Gaetano , Umanskaya Alisa , Petrof Basil J. , Jaber Samir , Marks Andrew R. , Lacampagne Alain
Published: July 2016

Significance

Ventilator-induced diaphragmatic dysfunction (VIDD) refers to the diaphragm muscle weakness that follows prolonged controlled mechanical ventilation, impeding recovery from respiratory failure. The mechanisms underlying VIDD are still not fully understood. Using human samples and murine models of VIDD, we identify here a pathophysiological pathway involving structural and functional impairment of the ryanodine receptor (RyR1), the main sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca
2+
release channel. We demonstrate that RyR1 defects, which contribute to diaphragm muscle weakness, induced by controlled mechanical ventilation are the result of oxidative stress associated to sympathetic nervous system activation. Thus, preventing RyR1-mediated SR Ca
2+
leak may provide a novel therapeutic approach in controlled mechanical ventilation.
Induction diffusion brazing of copper to aluminium
Authors: Wang X. G. , Yan F. J. , Li X. G. , Wang C. G.
Published: July 2016

The aim of this research was to develop an induction diffusion brazing to obtain a sound joint between copper and aluminium. A foil interlayer was used to bond copper to aluminium at 600°C for 2 s under a bonding pressure of 9 MPa. The failure of tensile test is in the aluminium side and no failure occurs when the joint is bent to 180°. The electrical resistivity of joint is lower than that of aluminium. The interfacial intermetallic compounds layers are Cu9Al4 and CuAl2 with the total thickness of 2 μm. No voids and oxide scale are found in the joint. Heat treatment shows that induction diffusion brazing is superior to conventional flash welding to maintain electrical stability and mechanical integrity of copper to aluminium joint.
Integration of Parafoveal Orthographic Information during Foveal Word Reading: beyond the sub-lexical level?
Authors: Snell Joshua , Vitu Françoise , Grainger Jonathan
Published: July 2016

Prior research has shown that processing of a given target word is facilitated by the simultaneous presentation of orthographically related stimuli in the parafovea. Here we investigate the nature of such spatial integration processes by presenting orthographic neighbours of target words in the parafovea, considering that neighbours have been shown to inhibit, rather than facilitate, recognition of target words in foveal masked priming research. In Experiment 1, we used the gaze-contingent boundary paradigm to manipulate the parafoveal information subjects received while they fixated a target word within a sentence. In Experiment 2, we used the Flanking Letters Lexical Decision paradigm to manipulate parafoveal information while subjects read isolated words. Parafoveal words were either a higher-frequency orthographic neighbour of targets words (e.g., blue-blur) or a high-frequency unrelated word (e.g., hand-blur). We found that parafoveal orthographic neighbours facilitated, rather than inhibited, processing of the target. Thus, the present findings provide further evidence that orthographic information is integrated across multiple words and suggest that either the integration process does not enable simultaneous access to those words’ lexical representations, or that lexical representations activated by spatially distinct stimuli do not compete for recognition.
Widespread genetic introgression of escaped farmed Atlantic salmon in wild salmon populations
Authors: Karlsson Sten , Diserud Ola H. , Fiske Peder , Hindar Kjetil ,   Handling editor: W. Stewart Grant
Published: July 2016

Farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) escape from net pens and enter rivers to spawn, potentially resulting in genetic introgression and reduced fitness of wild salmon. Here, we quantify genetic introgression of farmed to wild salmon, using molecular genetic markers, in populations from 147 salmon rivers, representing three-quarters of the total wild salmon spawning population in Norway. For 109 rivers with adult modern samples and sample sizes of 20 or more, the average level of farmed genetic introgression was 6.4% (median = 2.3%), with a range between 0.0% and 42.2%. Fifty-one of these rivers showed significant farmed genetic introgression when compared with historical reference samples. We observed a highly significant correlation between estimated farmed introgression and average proportion of escaped farmed salmon. We quantify levels of introgression as unweighted averages or weighted by population sizes, to compare geographical regions and to compare levels of introgression in rivers and fjords designated as locations deserving a high level of protection. We found a generally lower level of introgression in National Salmon Rivers and National Salmon Fjords subjected to formal protection by parliament. We conclude that farmed to wild genetic introgression is high in a large proportion of Norwegian salmon rivers, with the highest levels found in the most intensive areas of salmon farming. The extensive genetic introgression documented here poses a serious challenge to the management of farmed and wild Atlantic salmon in Norway and, in all likelihood, in other regions where farmed-salmon escape events occur with regularity
Silence and Void
Authors: Daniels Dieter
Published: July 2016

The notorious “silent piece” 4'33 (1952) by John Cage is a seminal point of convergence for visual and acoustic arts: each performance of the piece offers an acoustic and visual uniqueness, which defies repetition. The equivalent in visual arts is Robert Rauschenberg’sWhite Paintings(1951), credited by Cage as inspirational. Around the same time and without knowing the works by Cage and Rauschenberg, Yves Klein and Guy Debord also created works related to silence, emptiness, and void. This chapter reflects on the similar and different types of absence, reduction, and various kinds of “nothingness” involved in these historical works. The legacy of the “aesthetics of absence” to the present day is presented in a typology of performing, recording, and remediating silence in works by Nam June Paik, Bruce Nauman, Manon De Boer, and others. The chapter also analyzes the complex relation of silence and void in these contemporary practices.
The Illegal Wildlife Trade
Authors: Pires Stephen F. , Moreto William D.
Published: July 2016

The illegal wildlife trade is a growing problem driven by a number of factors (e.g. subsistence, alternative medicine, accessories, the pet trade). High demand for illicit wildlife products is threatening the existence of many of the most-endangered species. By unsustainably removing coveted species from the wild, communities that depend on such species for subsistence or eco-tourism will be adversely impacted by depleting populations. Laws and regulations have been implemented over the years, most notably CITES, to regulate the commercial trade in wildlife and prohibit trade in other species that are at-risk of overexploitation albeit with mixed success. Criminologists have recently entered the fold and provided insight to the wildlife trade through various perspectives. Researchers are beginning to better understand why and how the trade operates and what solutions might be implemented to reduce it. The article ends with implications for future research.
Ancient Mississippian Trophy-Taking
Authors: Dye David H.
Published: July 2016

Appropriating and manipulating human body parts was an important component of the belief system throughout much of the world. In eastern North America, Mississippian trophy-taking behavior was predicated on beliefs that focused on human life forces believed to reside in body elements, especially the head and scalp. Archaeologists have generally neglected to apprehend the potent meanings of trophy-taking behavior as a component of indigenous belief systems. Trophy-taking has been traditionally viewed as grounded in competition over economic resources, intercommunity conflict, or the pursuit of personal status and political advancement. This essay explores how Mississippians engaged in trophy-taking behavior, including snaring life forces for religious purposes through raiding and warfare, especially mortuary programs and ritual performances that emphasized the spirit’s journey to the realm of the dead and the enduring cycle of life and death. This alternative approach embraces a multidisciplinary perspective that includes archaeology, bioarchaeology, ethnography, ethnohistory, iconography, mythology, and osteoarchaeology.
Buddhist Economics
Authors: King Matthew
Published: July 2016

In addition to summarizing key concerns in Theravāda Buddhist Economics by scholars such as E. F. Schumacher and the Thai monk Payutto, this essay explores how descriptions of the West, Western development, and the “science” of economics serves in that literature to construct Occidentalist versions of Southeast Asian traditionalism and religious orthodoxy. It then introduces the previously unstudied work of Shérab Tendar, a prominent Tibetan Buddhist scholar in the contemporary People’s Republic of China who has written prodigiously on what he considers to be a scripturally based Mahāyāna and Tantric Buddhist Economics. Comparing these three influential iterations of Buddhist Economics, this essay argues that this movement has less to do with economics proper than with what I call trans-Buddhist “scales of value”: site-specific desires and measures of sought after outcomes that here privilege the economy and economic behavior as a technique for individual, social, and environmental well-being and emancipation.
7. Usefulness of Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound (LIPUS) for the Treatment of Osteochondritis Dissecans (OCD) of the Humeral Capitellum
Authors: Kusano Hiroshi , Furushima Kozo , Mitsui Yasuhiro , Miyamoto Azusa , Urata Daigo , Serita Yu , Itoh Yoshiyasu
Published: July 2016

Objectives:

LIPUS has been reported to promote bone union in pseudoarthrosis and delayed fracture union as well as to have a beneficial effect in shortening the duration of bone healing in fresh fractures. The purpose of this study was to examine whether LIPUS has an accelerating effect on healing OCD.

Subjects and Methods:

From 2008 to 2012, cases with advanced-stage OCD were randomized, and the study was conducted on 51 patients (LIPUS group) who enabled us to decide the treatment efficacy, and gave consent after receiving an explanation on the benefit of LIPUS. LIPUS was performed for 20 minutes every day by treating the elbow in 2 directions, namely on the external and internal sides. The patients were told to stop pitching and batting. Plain radiography was performed once every 6 weeks and computed tomography (CT) scans were performed approximately once every 3 months. Image repair criteria were that the outside localized type was repaired completely, and the central localized or extensive type had lesion occupancy of less than 20%. Twenty-nine of 51 who did not recover and received surgical operation were excluded in the study, and 22 patients who were healed with LIPUS were compared with 21 patients who received conservative therapy only.

Results and Discussion:

The image repair period for the LIPUS group was an average of 4.5 ± 1.9 months, while for the non-LIPUS group it was 6.8 ± 3.8 months. LIPUS treatment for OCD significantly shortened the image repair period (P = 0.037). It is necessary to increase the number of cases, and clarify the utility of LIPUS.
9. Effects of Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound (LIPUS) on Osteoclasts and Osteoblasts: Analysis Using an Assay System With Fish Scale as a Model of Bone
Authors: Suzuki Nobuo , Hanmoto Taizo , Ikegame Mika , Furusawa Yukihiro , Tabuchi Yoshiaki , Kondo Takashi , Kitamura Kei-ichiro , Sekiguchi Toshio , Mikuni-Takagaki Yuko , Hattori Atsuhiko
Published: July 2016

Objective:

Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) provides noninvasive therapeutic treatment to accelerate fracture repair and distraction osteogenesis. However, most studies concerning the influence of LIPUS on bone metabolism have been conducted in vivo systems using osteoblastic cells. Therefore, details of the direct effect of LIPUS on osteoclasts are not yet fully understood. Teleost scale is a calcified tissue that contains osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Its bone matrix consists of type I collagen and hydroxyapatite, and is similar to that of mammalian bone. Therefore, we examined the effect of LIPUS on the osteoclasts and osteoblasts of zebrafish and goldfish scales, as a model of the bone matrix simplified to its bare bones.

Methods:

Ultrasound was generated with the Sonic Accelerated Fracture Healing System (SAFHS 4000J; Teijin Pharma, Ltd). Scales were collected from zebrafish under anesthesia; they were then treated with LIPUS for 20 minutes, incubated at 15°C for 3, 6, and 18 hours in L-15 medium, and subjected to measurement of the mRNA expression. Following the osteoclast induction by the autotransplantation of goldfish scales, we further examined the number of apoptotic osteoclasts after LIPUS treatment.

Results and Discussion:

At 3 hours of incubation after LIPUS treatment, osteoclastic marker expression decreased while osteoblastic markers increased. Using GeneChip analysis of zebrafish scales treated by LIPUS, we found that cell death-related genes were up-regulated by LIPUS treatment. TUNEL staining showed that the number of apoptotic osteoclasts in goldfish scales was elevated by treatment with LIPUS at 3 hours of incubation. Thus, we conclude that LIPUS promotes apoptosis in osteoclasts shortly after exposure.
10. Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound (LIPUS) Stimulation Helps to Maintain the Differentiation Potency of Mesenchymal Stem Cells by Induction in Nanog Protein Transcript Levels and Phosphorylation
Authors: Kusuyama Joji , Hwan Seong Chang , Ohnishi Tomokazu , Bandow Kenjiro , Matsuguchi Tetsuya
Published: July 2016

Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) are pluripotent cells that can be differentiated as osteoblasts, adipocytes, myocytes or chondrocytes depending on the culture condition. However, MSCs are known to lose their differentiation potency after long-term culture. Development of a new cell culture method to maintain their stemness is required for successful application of MSCs. Here, we revealed that low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) stimulation was useful for maintaining the MSC stemness as LIPUS inhibited the loss of osteogenic differentiation potency of osteo-progenitor cells induced by serial subculture. LIPUS also increased the transcriptional and phosphorylation level of Nanog, a crucial stem cell marker gene in a MSC cell line. We also found that LIPUS induced the secretion of extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in MSC. The treatments of the conditioned medium from LIPUS-stimulated MSC and exogenous ATP promoted Nanog expression. Thus, LIPUS may maintain the long-term differentiation potency of MSCs and osteo-progenitor cells by induction in Nanog transcript level and phosphorylation.
13. Effect of Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound (LIPUS) on Remote Bone Marrow in Rats With Healing Socket
Authors: Hidaka Kouki , Miyamoto Chihiro , Kawata Akira , Saita Makiko , Kawamata Ryota , Maehata Yojiro , Minabe Masato , Takahashi Satoko W. , Takahashi Shun-suke , Mikuni-Takagaki Yuko
Published: July 2016

Objective:

We reported at the previous annual meeting that LIPUS treatment of the molar tooth sockets of retired breeder rats accelerated alveolar bone healing, and that associated humoral effects were seen with elevated blood flow. Namely, LIPUS induced VEGF/angiogenesis along with elevated baseline blood flow rate, which was further associated with a sudden depression of blood flow rate in the socket immediately after cessation of LIPUS treatment. Prior injection with EP4 PGE2 receptor antagonist, but not EP3 antagonist, abolished this LIPUS-induced depression, and topical application of PGE2 to the socket epithelium mimicked the LIPUS-induced depression. In fact, the serum level of PGE2 increased after LIPUS treatment, and significantly increased in the blood flow rate at remote sites on the foot dorsum and tail after 20 minutes. Therefore, in the current study, we examined the tibia bone marrow, which is likely to respond to circulating PGE2.

Methods:

Right maxillary first molars were removed from retired female breeder rats in both the LIPUS and the control groups. LIPUS was applied extrabuccally to the socket every 24 hours for 2 weeks starting one day after extraction. Removed bone samples were fixed with 4% formaldehyde to prepare undecalcified frozen sections using Kawamoto's method for immunohistochemical or histochemical staining. Bone marrow samples dissected from the tibia were treated with RNAlater (Ambion) for later RT-PCR analysis.

Results and Discussion:

Chemokine receptor CXCR4-positive bone marrow cells increased in the tibia of the LIPUS-treated rat. Together with ubiquitously expressed CXCL12(SDF-1), it is suggested that PGE2 released from the exposed socket is responsible for the recruitment, proliferation and mobilization of the precursors of bone forming cells. LIPUS is thought to exert humoral effects by recruiting bone marrow cells into the healing socket along with VEGF/angiogenesis induced by PGE2.
2. The Effect of Combined Therapy, Percutaneous Autologous Concentrated Bone Marrow Grafting and Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound (LIPUS), on the Treatment of Non-Unions
Authors: Mishima Hajime , Sugaya Hisashi , Yoshioka Tomokazu , Wada Hiroshi , Aoto Katsuya , Hyodo Kojirou , Tomaru Youhei , Kumagai Hiroshi , Akaogi Hiroshi , Ochiai Naoyuki , Yamazaki Masashi
Published: July 2016

We discuss the effect of combined therapy of percutaneous autologous concentrated bone graft and LIPUS on complex non-union treatment. Seventeen of 27 treated patients who had received the therapy at least 1 year before were discussed (10 femurs, 5 tibiae, 1 humerus, and 1 ulna). The average age of the patients was 40.7, and atrophic degeneration was observed in all cases. After 12 months of treatment, bone union was recognized in 76% in all cases, and in 87% of lower long bones. It was reported that LIPUS was effective at improving blood flow, accelerating cytokines which induce angiogenesis, promoting the transport of nutrition and enzymes to living cells, developing the differentiation of osteoblast from mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), inhibiting the differentiation and development of osteoclast, and promoting endochondral ossification. In this study, all patients had been treated with LIPUS for more than 3 months before the grafting was conducted, but the bone union seemed to stop. It was thought that this combined therapy provided a bone marrow cell growth factor sufficient to enable new bone formation to re-start bone union, and then LIPUS worked effectively to promote the initial differentiation, contributing to new bone formation. This combination therapy—less invasive, safe, and low cost—was considered one useful treatment option for non-union.
Value of MRI in diagnostics and evaluation of myositis
Authors: Pipitone Nicolò
Published: July 2016

Purpose of review

This review aims at covering the role of muscle MRI in supporting the diagnosis of myositis, in aiding to differentiate it from other muscle disorders, and in monitoring myositis patients over time by assessing response to treatment and by discriminating between muscle inflammation and chronic damage.

Recent findings

MRI can assist in ‘pattern recognition’ of muscle involvement across numerous myopathies, including myositis. Novel applications of magnetic resonance such as cardiac MRI, MR elastography and blood oxigenation level-dependent magnetic resonance can shed light on different aspects of myositis and usefully complement conventional MRI in assessing patients with myositis.

MRI can guide therapy by determining whether muscle weakness is related to edema (active inflammation) or muscle atrophy/fat replacement (chronic damage). There is a need to better standardize the assessment of MRI findings in myositis to provide defined outcome measures for use in clinical trials.

Video abstract

http://links.lww.com/COR/A36
Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of the Tibial Plateau Through the Anterolateral Approach
Authors: Hake Mark E. , Goulet James A.
Published: July 2016

Fractures of the tibial plateau are challenging injuries to treat. The lateral tibial plateau is fractured more commonly than the medial plateau and the workhorse approach for these fractures is the anterolateral approach. This approach allows visualization of the lateral joint, metaphysis, and can be extensile if there is shaft extension. We present our technique for performing the anterolateral approach while treating a Schatzker III tibial plateau fracture. Special attention is given to performing a submeniscal arthrotomy to view the joint surface and judge the reduction. A femoral distractor is placed to assist with elevation the joint surface and visualization of the lateral plateau. A cortical window is created using a triple reamer from the sliding hip screw set. The reduction is performed and supported with cancellous bone chips. Finally, a lateral locking plate with rafting screws is placed. Knowledge of this approach and the strategies needed to address lateral and some bicondlar tibial plateau fractures are crucial to good patient outcomes.
Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of the Posteromedial Tibial Plateau via the Lobenhoffer Approach
Authors: Hake Mark E. , Goulet James A.
Published: July 2016

Posteromedial fractures of the tibial plateau are often encountered after high-energy injuries. They can be seen in isolation or in combination with lateral column fractures. These fractures must be recognized and stabilized independently of any lateral sided fracture to ensure the stability of the final construct. First described in 1997, the Lobenhoffer approach provides access to the posteromedial and posterior aspects of the proximal tibia, allowing for reduction and stabilization of fractures in this location with a posteromedial plate. We present our technique for this approach for the treatment of an isolated posteromedial tibial plateau fracture. The procedure is performed in the prone position. An interval between the gastrocnemius and pes anserine is developed and the fracture apex visualized. The reduction maneuver involves extension and valgus of the knee along with direct manipulation of the fracture fragment. A small fragment antiglide plate is then placed to stabilize the fracture. This relatively straightforward approach is of great use when treating complex tibial plateau fractures involving the medial and posterior columns.
Olecranon Osteotomy With Tension Band Wire Repair
Authors: Fuller David A.
Published: July 2016

Purpose:

The purpose of this video is to demonstrate the surgical technique of olecranon osteotomy with tension band wire repair.

Methods:

A patient with a comminuted, intra-articular distal humerus fracture requiring ORIF is presented in this video demonstration of the surgical technique of an olecranon osteotomy. The olecranon osteotomy is an established technique for approaching the distal humerus for surgical repair of fracture. In the video, the patient is positioned laterally allowing a dorsal incision. The ulnar nerve is identified and protected. A chevron osteotomy, apex distally based, is created in the proximal ulna using osteotomes, centering the osteotomy within the sulcus of the proximal ulna. Once the osteotomy has been completed, the proximal ulna is reflected proximally to allow access to the distal humerus. The osteotomy is repaired using a tension band wire technique. The 2 longitudinal K-wires (0.062 inches) engage the volar cortex of the ulna and the tips of the pins are buried beneath the triceps tendon. A figure 8, 18-gauge cerclage wire is twisted to compress the osteotomy site at the end of the procedure to promote stability and healing.

Results:

The video is 10 minutes, 30 seconds duration in time and 2,048,409,000 bytes in size.

Conclusions:

Various techniques of olecranon osteotomy have been described. The principles of a well-centered osteotomy and a stable repair are essential to this technique. This is demonstrated in the video of an olecranon osteotomy using osteotomes and a tension band repair.
Proximal Humerus Fracture Plating Through the Extended Anterolateral Approach
Authors: Gardner Michael J.
Published: July 2016

Several approaches to the proximal humerus for fracture fixation are possible. The traditional utilitarian approach to the shoulder, the deltopectoral, has distinct disadvantages when performing fracture reduction and locked plating. The anterolateral acromial approach exploits the intermuscular plane between the anterior and middle heads of the deltoid. After identifying the position of the axillary nerve as it crosses this interval, fracture reduction and fixation is performed. Direct access to both the greater and the lesser tuberosities is facilitated. The cancellous surface of the humeral head fragment provides an excellent surface for direct manipulation without further endangering the extraosseous soft tissue attachments.
Fabrication of an Interlocked Antibiotic/Cement-Coated Carbon Fiber Nail for the Treatment of Long Bone Osteomyelitis
Authors: Mauffrey Cyril , Butler Nathan , Hake Mark E.
Published: July 2016

Successful management of intramedullary long bone osteomyelitis remains a challenge for both surgeons and patients. Patients are often immune compromised and have endured multiple surgeries. Treatment principles include antibiotic administration (systemically ± locally), surgical debridement of the infection site, and stabilization. Since their description in 2002, antibiotic-coated nails have become part of the armamentarium for the treatment of osteomyelitis allowing both local elution of antibiotics and stabilization of a debrided long bone. Limitations to their utilization have remained, in part from the technical difficulty of fabrication and magnetic resonance imaging artifacts. We describe a new surgical technique of fabrication that has the advantages of being simple, reproducible, with an end product free of magnetic resonance imaging artifacts.
Open Reduction Internal Fixation of a Bimalleolar Ankle Fracture With Syndesmotic Injury
Authors: Ostrum Robert F. , Avery Matthew C.
Published: July 2016

Rotational ankle fractures are incredibly common, resulting in a wide spectrum of bony and ligamentous injury patterns. After open reduction of an ankle fracture, the treating surgeon must always evaluate syndesmotic stability. If the syndesmosis is determined to be unstable, a reduction of the distal tibiofibular joint should be performed. Failure to adequately identify and treat injuries to the syndesmosis may result in continued ankle instability and poor patient outcomes. Lateral fluoroscopic images are necessary to assess a closed reduction of the syndesmosis before stabilization, although the accuracy of this tool has been questioned in several studies. Significant controversy surrounds many aspects of this injury and its treatment, including methods of diagnosis, ideal reduction clamp positioning, diameter and number of syndesmotic screws, and number of tibial cortices to be engaged. In the accompanying video, we describe our approach for the treatment of a bimalleolar ankle fracture with syndesmotic injury, using a posterior fibular plate and single tricortical syndesmotic screw.
Low Profile Mesh Plating for Patella Fractures: Video of a Novel Surgical Technique
Authors: Verbeek Diederik O. , Hickerson Lindsay E. , Warner Stephen J. , Helfet David L. , Lorich Dean G.
Published: July 2016

Patella fractures can be challenging to treat particularly in the presence of inferior pole comminution. In this video we present a novel surgical technique for the treatment of patella fractures using a small fragment low profile mesh plate. Key points are the surgical exposure with direct visualization of the articular reduction, the preparation of the mesh plate to accommodate patellar anatomy and the augmentation of the construct using Krackow sutures to address inferior pole comminution. Low profile mesh plating allows for multiplanar fixation of patella fractures while avoiding implant and fixation problems related to tension band fixation. Our early experience with this technique is encouraging and it appears that this technique is useful for the treatment of the majority of patella fractures.
Split Thickness Skin Graft to Lower Leg
Authors: Fuller David A.
Published: July 2016

Purpose:

The purpose of this video is to demonstrate the steps of harvesting, meshing, and applying a split thickness skin graft (STSG) to a lower leg to cover a lateral fasciotomy wound.

Methods:

A patient with a gunshot wound to his tibia has already undergone intramedullary rodding of the fracture and has had and medial and lateral fasciotomies for compartment syndrome. In the video, the lateral leg wound is covered with an STSG from the ipsilateral, lateral thigh. The graft is harvested with a dermatome, then meshed, and then inset for full coverage of the wound. A sterile, negative pressure dressing is applied at the conclusion of the case.

Results:

The video is 5 minutes, 46 seconds duration in time and 1,922,884,000 bytes in size.

Conclusion:

Various techniques of STSG have been described. This video demonstrates a successful strategy for coverage of a lateral leg wound with an STSG and negative pressure dressing.
Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty for a 4-Part Proximal Humerus Fracture
Authors: Stahl Dan , Fuente Guadalupe de la
Published: July 2016

Proximal humerus fractures account for approximately 5% of all fractures and they are the third most common fracture seen in the elderly population. Complex fracture patterns, including 3-parts and 4-parts, have traditionally been amendable to shoulder hemiarthroplasty. However, several limiting factors, including poor patient satisfaction and low functional outcomes have guided further exploration for other treatment options. Reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) has began to expand its traditional indications of rotator cuff arthropathy, massive rotator cuff tears, failed shoulder arthroplasties, and proximal humerus fracture sequelae. Overall, consistently improved functional outcomes are reported in RSA studies, including an increased postoperative range of motion, specifically external rotation. RSA has began to have a clinically significant role in the management of acute, complex proximal humerus fractures. Our video demonstrates the key features associated with positive patient outcomes, concluding with postoperative clinical videos.
In Situ Subtalar Arthrodesis for Posttraumatic Arthritis of the Calcaneus
Authors: Probe Robert
Published: July 2016

One of the most frequent complications after intraarticular fracture of the calcaneus is the development of posttraumatic arthritis of the subtalar joint. If conservative measures fail in the treatment of this condition, consideration of arthrodesis should be given. This video depicts the preoperative assessment and surgical technique applied to one such 54-year-old patient who had undergone internal fixation of a calcaneal fracture 9 years before. Shown within the video is exposure of the subtalar joint through a lateral incision, joint preparation, and the application of stable fixation. Subtleties of exposure, osteogenesis maximization, and postoperative management are covered.
Semiextending Nailing for Combined Shaft and Ankle Injuries of the Leg
Authors: Probe Robert
Published: July 2016

Over recent years, orthopaedic traumatologists have been gaining experience with tibial nailing in the extended position. Originally developed to address the complexities of alignment in proximal tibial fractures, this technique has also proven valuable in the treatment of tibial shaft fractures combined with ankle injuries. Depicted in this video presentation is the surgical techniques used to simultaneously address a spiral fracture of the distal tibia associated with a large coronal plane fracture of the tibial articular surface. Discussed are leg positioning, technical aspects of the medial approach, strategies for preliminary ankle stabilization, and fine details of aligning the tibial component of the injury. With a growing body of evidence suggesting similar knee outcomes with semiextended and conventional infrapatellar approaches, it is anticipated that this technique will become increasingly popular in coming years.
Reverse Sural Artery Pedicle Flap
Authors: Finkemeier Christopher G. , Neiman Rafael
Published: July 2016

Objective:

To demonstrate the technical aspects of a reverse sural artery (RSA) flap.

Design:

Video case presentation.

Setting:

Community Level 2 Trauma Center.

Patients:

Single patient with a full thickness soft tissue loss over the posterior calcaneal tuberosity requiring soft tissue coverage.

Method:

Video demonstration of the stepwise planning and technical aspects of performing an RSA flap.

Outcome:

Successful soft tissue coverage of an exposed calcaneal tuberosity using an RSA flap.

Conclusion:

The RSA flap is a relatively simple fasciocutaneous flap that can be used to cover wounds of the lower leg and foot. Orthopaedic trauma surgeons can easily perform this procedure after a short time reviewing the neurovascular anatomy of the lower leg and understanding some of the important technical aspects of the procedure. This flap does not require microsurgical skills and can be done fairly quickly. The flaps usually have some partial necrosis that may require debridement, dressing changes, and surgeon patience. The main morbidity of the operation is lateral foot numbness and the need to harvest a split thickness skin graft.
Postoperative Computed Tomography for Articular Fractures: A Systematic Review
Authors: Stott Samantha , Balogh Zsolt J.
Published: July 2016

Objectives:

To determine the current published patterns of computed tomography (CT) use postoperatively in peri-articular fractures and identify those populations whereby postoperative CT changes management or results in better clinical outcomes.

Data Sources:

Systematic review of MEDLINE and Cochrane using a combination of key words, including fracture fixation, fracture healing, and computed tomography. The final update search was performed on May 20, 2015. The search was limited to English language publications of human studies from the past 20 years.

Study Selection:

Eligible studies enrolled internally fixed peri-articular fractures in adults imaged routinely with postoperative CT. Facial and spinal fracture studies were excluded.

Data Extraction:

One thousand five hundred thirty-seven articles were identified using the search strategy. One thousand two hundred ninty-seven articles were excluded by title. One hundred eighty-three studies were excluded by abstract. Fifty-seven full text articles were assessed for eligibility, 31 studies were eligible for study inclusion.

Data Synthesis:

There was no intention to perform combined statistical analysis in the form of a meta-analysis as disparity was anticipated between study populations, interventions, and outcome measures. Routine CT use postoperatively in peri-articular fractures is limited to countries within the developed world, predominantly imaging the lower limb. Only 5 studies detailed postoperative CT leading to a change in patient management; within this pool, only 8 of the 361 individual patients received management changes due to CT scan findings.

Conclusions:

Use of postoperative CT in peri-articular fracture fixation has been demonstrated with minimal evidence, this leads to improved clinical outcomes. Based on available literature, postoperative CT scan use is questionable without convincing evidence of benefit. More research is required to identify selected patients who benefit from postoperative CT imaging.

Level of Evidence:

Diagnostic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Risk of Implant Loosening After Cyclic Loading of Fusionless Growth Modulation Techniques
Authors: Yaszay Burt , Doan Joshua D. , Parvaresh Kevin C. , Farnsworth Christine L.
Published: July 2016

Study Design.

Biomechanical evaluation using porcine spines.

Objective.

Compare the fixation strength of two currently used fusionless adolescent idiopathic scoliosis correction techniques following cyclic loading using porcine spines.

Summary of Background Data.

The ability of fusionless implants to control or correct scoliosis in a growing patient requires such implants to maintain spinal fixation. Because they cross the disc, motion may weaken fixation over time.

Methods.

Eight pig spines were divided into cycled segments (T10-T13) and uncycled segments (T7-T8, L2-L3). Initial range of motion (ROM) was determined in torsion, flexion-extension, and lateral bending (0.5°/s to 1.75 N·m).

Staple group (n = 4): 6 mm parallel staples were inserted on the right anterolateral spine across each intervertebral disc. Cycled segments received six staples (three adjacent discs) and uncycled segments received four staples (two separate discs).

Tether group (n = 4): 5.35 × 35 mm right anterolateral vertebral body screws were placed into each vertebra. Cycled segments received four screws and uncycled segments received four screws. Screws in cycled segments were connected with a flexible tether tensioned to straight alignment.

ROM of instrumented cycled segments was measured, and then segments were loaded to the measured ROM in flexion-extension (2000 cycles), lateral bending (1000 cycles), and axial rotation (2000 cycles). Implants were axially loaded to failure. Parametric tests compared pre- to postimplant ROM; nonparametric tests compared staple to screw pullout strength; P < 0.05 was significant.

Results.

There were no differences in ROM before instrumentation between groups. ROM was not changed except tethers decreased left lateral bending (–6.2°). Although staple pullout was less than screw pullout for cycled and uncycled segments (P < 0.05 and P = 0.057, respectively), there was no difference in pullout strength with and without cyclic loading for either group (P = 0.4).

Conclusion.

Tethers decreased lateral bending away from the tether. Screws had almost five times greater load to failure than staples. Five thousand cycles did not result in loosening of either staple or tether screws.

Level of Evidence: N/A