bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of the entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema feltiae, against Bemisia tabaci in relation to plant species
Authors: Head J. , Lawrence A. J. , Walters K. F. A.
Published: September 2004

Abstract:  The use of infective juveniles (IJs) of the entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema feltiae, to control the immature stages of the tobacco whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hom., Aleyrodidae), on a range of host plants was investigated. Foliar applications of S. feltiae (10 000 IJs/ml) were made to tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), cucumber (Cucumis sativus), poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima), chrysanthemum (Dendranthema spp.) and verbena (Verbena hybrida) infested with second instar B. tabaci, to determine whether efficacy was influenced by plant species. The effect of the adjuvants Agral, Triton X‐100, methylcellulose, glycerol and spraying oil on the level of pest mortality was also assessed using two selected host plants, tomato and verbena. Following nematode application B. tabaci mortalities of 32, 28, 22 and 22% were recorded on tomato, cucumber, verbena and chrysanthemum, respectively, but a lower mean mortality was noted for whitefly feeding on poinsettia (10%). Mortality of B. tabaci on tomato and verbena was significantly increased by the addition of either Triton X‐100 or Agral to the spray suspension. The use of Triton X‐100 raised the mortality level to 63 and 37% on tomato and verbena, respectively, while 50 and 27% mortality followed the use of Agral on the two hosts. With the exception of glycerol no phytotoxic effects were observed by the adjuvants when applied to all five host plant species used in this study. The potential for use of the entomopathogenic nematode, S. feltiae, as a non‐chemical alternative control measure for B. tabaci immatures is discussed.
Spiders (Araneae) in the biological and integrated pest management of apple in the Czech Republic
Authors: Pekár S. , Kocourek F.
Published: September 2004

Abstract:  Two management systems, biological and integrated, were compared to control the major pest, codling moth (Cydia pomonella) in apple orchards. The aim of the study was to assess the effect of these two systems on arboreal spiders. The biological system was based on the use of biological preparations, whereas in the integrated system selective pesticides were employed. The control plot had no pesticide treatment. The abundance of spiders was similar in all study plots during 3 years of study. Diversity, however, was higher in the biological plot than in the control and the integrated plots, suggesting that the response of spiders to management was guild‐specific. Four spider families dominanted in all plots: Araneidae (orb weavers), Theridiidae (space‐web weavers), and Philodromidae and Thomisidae (ambushers). While Araneidae and Thomisidae were similarly abundant on all plots, the density of Theridiidae and Philodromidae differed. In the integrated plot there were significantly more theridiid spiders, whereas in the control plot philodromid spiders were significantly more abundant. On the biological plot, the two families were similarly abundant. These differences were attributed to different age of trees in the control and treated plots, different prey spectrum, different susceptibility of the two families to applied chemicals and intraguild predation of theridiids by philodromids.
Feeding studies on gynoparae, males and apterous virginoparae of Myzus persicae on potato by electrical penetration graph
Authors: Margaritopoulos J. T. , Souri A. , Tsitsipis J. A.
Published: September 2004

Abstract:  Feeding behaviour of parthenogenetic apterae, post‐teneral gynoparae and males of a holocyclic parthenogenetic lineage of Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hem., Aphididae) was studied on potato plants, Solanum tuberosum L. (Solanaceae) by DC‐electrical penetration graph recording. Differences were observed between morphs during the 7‐h recordings, specifically in the first phase of subcuticular probing and in xylem and phloem‐related activities. The time required for the first penetration and first cell puncture of the non‐vascular tissues was shorter in apterae than in gynoparae and males. Apterae more often showed phloem activities and sustained sap ingestion (100%) than winged morphs (ca. 25%). In addition, phloem ingestion was much longer in apterae than in winged morphs, 3458 s and 25–70 s respectively. In contrast, winged morphs spent 14–21% of the available time ingesting sap from xylem while in apterae xylem sap uptake was only for 2% of the time. Furthermore, the data showed that males perform in general all the feeding behaviours that other conspecific morphs exhibit. The differences in feeding behaviour among morphs of M. persicae are discussed in relation to host specialization and to their possible involvement in non‐persistent transmission of viruses.
Antimicrobial activity of certain essential oils against hindgut symbionts of the drywood termite Kalotermes flavicollis Fabr. and prevalent fungi on termite‐infested wood
Authors: Alfazairy Ahlam A. M.
Published: September 2004

Abstract:  When the kalotermitid Kalotermes flavicollis Fabr. pseudergates exposed to Casuarina wood wafers treated separately with different concentrations (5, 15 and 30 μl/2 g wood wafer) of the essential oils, their spirochaete and flagellate populations abnormally reduced in numbers and vigour. The lophomonadids Joenia sp. and Mesojoenia sp. were the most adversely affected flagellates followed by the polymastigid Foaina sp. and the trichomonadid Tricercomitus sp. The Taxodium distichum essential oil evidently appeared to have the greatest adverse effect on the flagellates (95–100% decline in numbers within 2–4 days) followed by the Eucalyptus citriodora (89–100%) and the Cupressus sempervirens oils (31–100%). While with the hindgut spirochaetes, the adverse effect seemed to be reversed where the E. citriodora essential oil had the greatest effect (54–100%) followed by C. sempervirens (46–100%) and T. distichum (8–100%) oils. Moreover, the essential oils were assayed for their antifungal activity, at 15, 20, 25, 30, and 50 μl/1 ml acetone/15 ml Czapek‐Dox medium, against isolates of four woodrotting fungi associated with Casuarina timber, Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., Fusarium sp. and Mucor sp. by a method based on inhibition of the fungus growth on agar plates. E. citriodora exhibited the most potent fungicidal activity against the tested four fungi, followed by T. distichum oil. While the C. sempervirens essential oil appeared to have the least significant antifungal property.
Effect of day length on development and reproductive diapause in Nysius huttoni White (Heteroptera, Lygaeidae)
Authors: He X. Z. , Wang Q. , Carpenter A.
Published: September 2004

Abstract:  Nysius huttoni White is endemic to New Zealand and an important pest of wheat and brassica crops. To provide critical information for pest forecast, management and quarantine inspection, we investigated the effect of day length on the growth, development and reproductive diapause of this pest under a series of photoperiodic regimes: 16 : 8, 14 : 10, 12 : 12 and 10 : 14 h [light : dark (L : D)]. Long day lengths [16 : 8 and 14 : 10 h (L : D)] promote a continuous lifecycle while short day lengths [12 : 12 and 10 : 14 h (L : D)] slow up the growth and development, prolong the pre‐mating period, and induce the reproductive diapause. The absence of oviposition for approximately 30 days is recognized as the criterion for N. huttoni reproductive diapause definition. When all life stages are kept under the short day length conditions, only 60–73% of females enter reproductive diapause; if the exposure to short day lengths starts in late instar nymphs, 100% of females enter reproductive diapause. If only adults experience short day lengths, does diapause incidence fall in between, with up to 26% of females laying a few eggs before entering diapause. The critical photoperiod for the induction of reproductive diapause falls between 13.3 : 10.7 and 13.5 : 10.5 h.
Effect of microsporidian infection in Lacanobia oleracea (Lep., Noctuidae) on prey selection and consumption by the spined soldier bug Podisus maculiventris (Het., Pentatomidae)
Authors: Bell H. A. , Down R. E. , Kirkbride‐Smith A. E. , Edwards J. P.
Published: September 2004

Abstract:  The predatory behaviour of Podisus maculiventris was investigated when this bug was presented with Lacanobia oleracea larvae infected with the microsporidian pathogen Vairimorpha necatrix. In choice tests, adult predatory bugs attacked V. necatrix‐infected L. oleracea prey in similar numbers to uninfected larvae. Exposure to infected prey during nymphal development increased the rate at which adult bugs attacked diseased L. oleracea larvae. Fifth instar P. maculiventris nymphs, however, attacked infected prey in the majority of cases (>80% of occasions). Consumption of healthy and infected prey was measured for both adult and nymphal bugs. Over the course of 1 week, the mean number of V. necatrix‐infected prey eaten by P. maculiventris adults (7.0 ± 0.82) was approximately twice the number of uninfected prey consumed (3.8 ± 0.42). Similarly, the number of prey larvae attacked by the bug over the course of the final nymphal stadium was also increased, with 2.9 ± 0.42 uninfected larvae eaten as opposed to 4.9 ± 0.27 V. necatrix‐infected prey. However, small‐scale investigations into the rate of P. maculiventris reduced small populations of L. oleracea indicated that the combination of the predator and pathogen would produce, at best, an additive effect.
Distribution of Benthic Communities on the Tropical Rocky Subtidal of Armação dos Búzios, Southeastern Brazil
Authors: Oigman‐Pszczol Simone Siag , Figueiredo Marcia A. de O. , Creed Joel C.
Published: September 2004

Abstract.  Few studies have described the spatial patterns of rocky sublittoral benthic communities in Brazil, where these habitats are almost exclusively located on the southeast and south coastline. The fauna and flora were analyzed using a quadrat method, and the species abundance and distribution were determined along transects down to the bottom sand plain on 10 rocky shores at Armação dos Búzios, Brazil. The 16 most common species accounted for around 97% of the benthos coverage and included cnidarians, algae, poriferans, and echinoderms. Cnidarians and algae were the most important groups, with abundance ranging from 13–66% and 27–68%, respectively. The species distribution indicated a clear depth zonation pattern. The algal community dominated the shallowest depths in sites more exposed to waves and steeper substrate slope, whereas the cnidarian community, divided into the zoanthidean Palythoa caribaeorum and the coral Siderastrea stellata, was more abundant from intermediate to greater (4 m) depths. Different community patterns were found between sites, demonstrating that different spatially discrete factors may be acting on each rocky shore.
The Dynamics of Covering Behaviour in Dominant Echinoid Populations from American and European West Coasts
Authors: Verling Emma , Crook Anne C. , Barnes David K. A.
Published: September 2004

Abstract.  The so‐called ‘covering behaviour’ of echinoids is known to vary with habitat according to the types of covering items available, but the full extent of the role played by habitat characteristics in this behaviour is not known. Moreover, whether or not different species inhabiting similar environmental conditions and habitats also show similar patterns of this particular behaviour has yet to be investigated. In this study, two prominent west coast echinoid species, Paracentrotus lividus and Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, were examined with respect to covering behaviour and spatial organisation. Populations of both species are found in exposed intertidal zones, occupying boreholes within tidepools. Important similarities were found in the spatial organisation of both species’ populations, with lowest densities in upper shore pools. However, the size distributions of the two populations differed significantly; P. lividus within upper shore pools were significantly larger than those in mid or lower shore pools, whereas S. purpuratus on the lower shore were significantly larger than those at other shore heights. We found significant between‐species variability in covering item use, although the number of covering items available at both sites was not significantly different. For example, greater densities of covering items were used by P. lividus than by S. purpuratus. We also found that the percent of echinoid surface area covered varied significantly in space for both species. These data emphasise the complex and multifaceted nature of covering behaviour, but most importantly, they also strongly suggest that habitat characteristics can only partly explain the extent of this behavioural variability amongst echinoid species.
Algal contact as a trigger for coral disease
Authors: Nugues Maggy M. , Smith Garriet W. , van Hooidonk Ruben J. , Seabra Maria I. , Bak Rolf P. M.
Published: September 2004

Diseases are causing alarming declines in reef‐building coral species, the foundation blocks of coral reefs. The emergence of these diseases has occurred simultaneously with large increases in the abundance of benthic macroalgae. Here, we show that physical contact with the macroalga Halimeda opuntia can trigger a virulent disease known as white plague type II that has caused widespread mortality in most Caribbean coral species. Colonies of the dominant coral Montastraea faveolata exposed to algal transplants developed the disease whereas unexposed colonies did not. The bacterium Aurantimonas coralicida, causative agent of the disease, was present on H. opuntia sampled close to, and away from diseased corals, indicating that the alga serves as a reservoir for this pathogen. Our results suggest that the spread of macroalgae on coral reefs could account for the elevated incidence of coral diseases over past decades and that reduction of macroalgal abundance could help control coral epizootics.
Landscape geometry and travelling waves in the larch budmoth
Authors: Johnson Derek M. , Bjørnstad Ottar N. , Liebhold Andrew M.
Published: September 2004

Travelling waves in cyclic populations refer to temporal shifts in peak densities moving across space in a wave‐like fashion. The epicentre hypothesis states that peak densities begin in specific geographic foci and then spread into adjoining areas. Travelling waves have been confirmed in a number of population systems, begging questions about their causes. Herein we apply a newly developed statistical technique, wavelet phase analysis, to historical data to document that the travelling waves in larch budmoth (LBM) outbreaks arise from two epicentres, both located in areas with high concentrations of favourable habitat. We propose that the spatial arrangement of the landscape mosaic is responsible for initiating the travelling waves. We use a tri‐trophic model of LBM dynamics to demonstrate that landscape heterogeneity (specifically gradients in density of favourable habitat) alone, is capable of inducing waves from epicentres. Our study provides unique evidence of how landscape features can mould travelling waves.
Paths of Effects of Early Childhood Intervention on Educational Attainment and Delinquency: A Confirmatory Analysis of the Chicago Child‐Parent Centers
Authors: Reynolds Arthur J. , Ou Suh‐Ruu , Topitzes James W.
Published: September 2004

This study investigated the contributions of 5 mechanisms to the effects of preschool participation in the Child‐Parent Centers for 1,404 low‐income children in the Chicago Longitudinal Study. Based on a matched‐group design, preschool participation was associated with significantly higher rates of educational attainment and lower rates of juvenile arrest. LISREL analysis revealed that the primary mediators of effects for both outcomes were attendance in high‐quality elementary schools and lower mobility (school support hypothesis), literacy skills in kindergarten and avoidance of grade retention (cognitive advantage hypothesis), and parent involvement in school and avoidance of child maltreatment (family support hypothesis). The model accounted for 58% and 79% of the preschool links with school completion and juvenile arrest, respectively. The maintenance early intervention effects are influenced by many alterable factors.
The Importance of Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood for Adulthood Socioeconomic Status, Mental Health, and Problem Behavior
Authors: Feinstein Leon , Bynner John
Published: September 2004

This study examined the extent to which continuities and discontinuities in cognitive performance between ages 5 and 10 predicted adult income, educational success, household worklessness, criminality, teen parenthood, smoking, and depression. Assessed were the degree of this change during middle childhood, the influence of socioeconomic status (SES) on this change, and the extent to which this change influenced adult outcomes. The analyses were conducted on 11,200 individuals from the UK Birth Cohort Study who were born in 1970 and who were resurveyed at ages 5, 10, 16, 26, and 30. Substantial discontinuities emerged during middle childhood, with strong SES influences. Changes in middle childhood strongly affected adult outcomes, often outweighing the effects of cognitive development before age 5.
Familiarity With School English in African American Children and Its Relation to Early Reading Achievement
Authors: Charity Anne H. , Scarborough Hollis S. , Griffin Darion M.
Published: September 2004

For children whose everyday speech differs greatly from the School English (SE) they encounter in academic materials and settings, it was hypothesized that greater familiarity with SE would be associated with more successful early reading acquisition. Sentence imitation and reading skills of 217 urban African American students in kindergarten through second grade (ages 5 to 8 years) were assessed. Children in each grade varied widely in the extent to which their imitations of SE sentences included phonological and grammatical forms that are acceptable in African American Vernacular English but not in SE. Higher familiarity with SE (reproducing SE features more often when imitating) was associated with better reading achievement, and these relationships were independent of memory ability.
Maturation of Cognitive Processes From Late Childhood to Adulthood
Authors: Luna Beatriz , Garver Krista E. , Urban Trinity A. , Lazar Nicole A. , Sweeney John A.
Published: September 2004

To characterize cognitive maturation through adolescence, processing speed, voluntary response suppression, and spatial working memory were measured in 8‐ to 30‐year‐old (N=245) healthy participants using oculomotor tasks. Development progressed with a steep initial improvement in performance followed by stabilization in adolescence. Adult‐level mature performance began at approximately 15, 14, and 19 years of age for processing speed, response inhibition, and working memory, respectively. Although processes developed independently, processing speed influenced the development of working memory whereas the development of response suppression and working memory were interdependent. These results indicate that processing speed, voluntary response suppression, and working memory mature through late childhood and into adolescence. How brain maturation specific to adolescence may support cognitive maturation is discussed.
Alerting, Orienting, and Executive Attention: Developmental Properties and Sociodemographic Correlates in an Epidemiological Sample of Young, Urban Children
Authors: Mezzacappa Enrico
Published: September 2004

A computerized test of preparedness for effortful processing (alerting attention), response to orienting cues (orienting attention), and response to the interference of competing demands (executive attention) was administered to a diverse sample of 249 children (47% female, 4.96 to 7.27 years) to assess developmental properties and sociodemographic correlates of task performance. Older children and socially advantaged children demonstrated greater proficiency in overall accuracy and speed of responding. Boys and socially advantaged children improved more in response to alerting cues. Older children improved more in response to orienting cues. Older children, socially advantaged children, African American, and Hispanic children resisted the interference of competing demands better. Findings are discussed in the context of developmental and sociodemographic factors relevant to attention and executive functions.
Auditory Dominance and Its Change in the Course of Development
Authors: Robinson Christopher W. , Sloutsky Vladimir M.
Published: September 2004

Young children often have a preference for auditory input, with auditory input often overshadowing visual input. The current research investigated the developmental trajectory and factors underlying these effects with 137 infants, 132 four‐year‐olds, and 89 adults. Auditory preference reverses with age: Infants demonstrated an auditory preference, 4‐year‐olds switched between auditory and visual preference, and adults demonstrated a visual preference. Furthermore, younger participants were likely to process stimuli only in the preferred modality, thus exhibiting modality dominance, whereas adults processed stimuli in both modalities. Finally, younger participants ably processed stimuli presented to the nonpreferred modality when presented in isolation, indicating that auditory and visual stimuli may be competing for attention early in development. Underlying factors and broader implications of these findings are discussed.
True and False Memories in Maltreated Children
Authors: Howe Mark L. , Cicchetti Dante , Toth Sheree L. , Cerrito Beth M.
Published: September 2004

Differences in basic memory processes between maltreated and nonmaltreated children were examined in an experiment in which middle‐socioeconomic‐status (SES; N=60), low‐SES maltreated (N=48), and low‐SES nonmaltreated (N=51) children (ages 5–7, 8–9, and 10–12 years) studied 12 Deese–Roediger–McDermott lists. Using recall and recognition measures, the results showed that both true and false memories increased with age and, contrary to some speculation, these trends did not differ as a function of maltreatment status. However, there were differences in overall memory performance as a function of SES. These results are discussed in the broader framework of children's memory development and the effects of the chronic stress associated with child maltreatment on basic memory processes.
Longitudinal Development of Family Decision Making: Defining Healthy Behavioral Autonomy for Middle‐Class African American Adolescents
Authors: Smetana Judith G. , Campione‐Barr Nicole , Daddis Christopher
Published: September 2004

The development of decision‐making autonomy was examined in 76 middle‐class African American early adolescents (M=13 years) and their mothers, who were followed longitudinally for 5 years. Adolescent decision‐making autonomy over conventional, prudential, multifaceted, and personal issues increased over time but at different rates. Mothers viewed prudential and conventional issues as parent decisions, but adolescents increasingly viewed them as joint. Adolescents viewed multifaceted and personal issues as increasingly decided by adolescents (with parental input), whereas mothers viewed them as joint. Greater autonomy over multifaceted issues in early adolescence was associated with poorer adjustment. Controlling for background variables and earlier adjustment, increased autonomy over personal and multifaceted issues predicted less depression and better self‐worth in late adolescence.
Is Home Visiting an Effective Strategy? A Meta‐Analytic Review of Home Visiting Programs for Families With Young Children
Authors: Sweet Monica A. , Appelbaum Mark I.
Published: September 2004

Home visiting programs for families with young children have been in effect for many years; however, this is the first comprehensive meta‐analytic effort to quantify the usefulness of home visits as a strategy for helping families across a range of outcomes. Sixty home visiting programs contributed data to analysis within 5 child and 5 parent outcome groups. Standardized effect sizes were computed for each end‐of‐treatment outcome measure, for each treatment versus control contrast. Weighted mean standardized effect sizes ranged from –.043 to .318; 6 of the 10 significantly differed from 0. No one program characteristic consistently affected effect sizes across outcome groups. The extent to which these findings have practical use for the field is discussed.
Differential‐Maternal Parenting Behavior: Estimating Within‐ and Between‐Family Effects on Children
Authors: Boyle Michael H. , Jenkins Jennifer M. , Georgiades Katholiki , Cairney John , Duku Eric , Racine Yvonne
Published: September 2004

This study examined the impact of differential‐maternal parenting behavior, evaluated as a family‐level experience, on children's emotional‐behavioral problems. Data come from 3 child development studies: 2,128 four‐ to sixteen‐year‐olds (Ontario Child Health Study), 7,392 four‐ to eleven‐year‐olds (National Longitudinal Study of Children and Youth), and 1,992 three‐ to fourteen‐year‐olds (National Longitudinal Study of Youth). In 2 of 3 studies, there was consistent evidence that differential‐maternal parenting behavior had an adverse impact on all siblings as a group, over and above parenting directed at individual siblings. The strength of association was sensitive to the type of maternal parenting behavior, dimension of child maladjustment, and respondent perspective (stronger for hostile/negative parenting, child externalizing problems, and mother assessments of child emotional‐behavioral problems).
Links Between Systems of Inhibition From Infancy to Preschool Years
Authors: Aksan Nazan , Kochanska Grazyna
Published: September 2004

Links between early and late emerging inhibitory characteristics of young children are poorly understood. Based on existing evidence, this study proposed an indirect link between reactive inhibition to novelty (fearfulness) and later emerging effortful inhibition of prepotent response tendencies. A model was tested that posits that fearful children have opportunistic advantages in developing a nonimpulsive approach style in contexts that are not imbued with salient novelty cues. That nonimpulsive approach style, in turn, facilitates future effortful inhibition. Longitudinal panel data, all based on observational measures, at 9, 14, 22, 33, and 45 months were used to support the proposed indirect link. The implications for understanding regulatory influences of fearful behavior and developmental complexity in child characteristics are discussed.
Parent Academic Involvement as Related to School Behavior, Achievement, and Aspirations: Demographic Variations Across Adolescence
Authors: Hill Nancy E. , Castellino Domini R. , Lansford Jennifer E. , Nowlin Patrick , Dodge Kenneth A. , Bates John E. , Pettit Gregory S.
Published: September 2004

A longitudinal model of parent academic involvement, behavioral problems, achievement, and aspirations was examined for 463 adolescents, followed from 7th (approximately 12 years old) through 11th (approximately 16 years old) grades. Parent academic involvement in 7th grade was negatively related to 8th‐grade behavioral problems and positively related to 11th‐grade aspirations. There were variations across parental education levels and ethnicity: Among the higher parental education group, parent academic involvement was related to fewer behavioral problems, which were related to achievement and then aspirations. For the lower parental education group, parent academic involvement was related to aspirations but not to behavior or achievement. Parent academic involvement was positively related to achievement for African Americans but not for European Americans. Parent academic involvement may be interpreted differently and serve different purposes across sociodemographic backgrounds.
Three‐ to Four‐Year‐Olds' Recognition That Symbols Have a Stable Meaning: Pictures Are Understood Before Written Words
Authors: Apperly Ian. A. , Williams Emily , Williams Joelle
Published: September 2004

In 4 experiments 120 three‐ to four‐year‐old nonreaders were asked the identity of a symbolic representation as it appeared with different objects. Consistent with Bialystok (2000), many children judged the identity of written words to vary according to the object with which they appeared but few made such errors with recognizable pictures. Children also made few errors when the symbols were unrecognizable pictures. In Experiments 2 to 4 this pattern of responses was preserved in conditions that made it unlikely or impossible for children to answer correctly by taking the symbol to refer to one of the objects with which it appeared. Instead, correct answers required children to appreciate that the symbol had a generic, abstract meaning.
Developmental Trajectories of Externalizing Behaviors in Childhood and Adolescence
Authors: Bongers Ilja L. , Koot Hans M. , Van Der Ende Jan , Verhulst Frank C.
Published: September 2004

This article describes the average and group‐based developmental trajectories of aggression, opposition, property violations, and status violations using parent reports of externalizing behaviors on a longitudinal multiple birth cohort study of 2,076 children aged 4 to 18 years. Trajectories were estimated from multilevel growth curve analyses and semiparametric mixture models. Overall, males showed higher levels of externalizing behavior than did females. Aggression, opposition, and property violations decreased on average, whereas status violations increased over time. Group‐based trajectories followed the shape of the average curves at different levels and were similar for males and females. The trajectories found in this study provide a basis against which deviations from the expected developmental course can be identified and classified as deviant or nondeviant.
An Observational Study of Social Exclusion Under Varied Conditions: Gender and Developmental Differences
Authors: Underwood Marion K. , Scott Bertrina L. , Galperin Mikal B. , Bjornstad Gretchen J. , Sexton Alicia M.
Published: September 2004

To investigate social exclusion, 146 dyads of close friends (N=292, ages 10, 12, and 14) were observed as they played a board game with a same‐gender confederate actor, trained to be a difficult play partner. Verbalizations and gestures were coded for verbal and nonverbal social exclusion, verbal aggression, and verbal assertion. The results indicated few developmental differences. For verbal responses in the presence of the actor, boys were more socially exclusive and verbally aggressive than were girls. Girls engaged in more nonverbal social exclusion in the presence of the actor than did boys. Girls' socially exclusive behaviors were unrelated to other negative behaviors and more strongly related between friends in the actor's absence.
Developmental and Individual Differences in Girls' Sex‐Typed Activities in Middle Childhood and Adolescence
Authors: McHale Susan M. , Shanahan Lilly , Updegraff Kimberly A. , Crouter Ann C. , Booth Alan
Published: September 2004

Girls' time in sex‐typed leisure activities was studied across 2 years in middle childhood (n=98,M=8.2 years in Year 1), early adolescence (n=106,M=11.7 years), and middle adolescence (n=86,M=14.9 years). In annual home interviews, White middle‐class girls, mothers, and fathers rated their gendered attitudes, interests, and personality qualities, and saliva samples were used to assess testosterone; activity data were collected in 7 nightly phone interviews. Girls spent more time in feminine than masculine activities except in early adolescence. Girls' and parents' personalities and interests predicted sex‐typed activities at each developmental period, but associations between testosterone and activities emerged only in middle childhood.
Interference Control in a New Rule Use Task: Age‐Related Changes, Labeling, and Attention
Authors: Müller Ulrich , Zelazo Philip David , Hood Suzanne , Leone Tullia , Rohrer Lisa
Published: September 2004

Three experiments examined 3‐ to 6‐year‐olds' interference control using a task in which children saw 2 corresponding sets of colored cards, a large set in front of them and a small set behind them. A colored candy (Smartie) was placed on a large card with mismatching color, and children could win the Smartie by selecting the small card that matched the color of the large card. Three‐year‐olds performed poorly whereas older children performed well. Having children label the correct color before responding improved 3‐year‐olds' performance (Experiment 2), as did pointing to the large card (Experiment 3); decreasing the affective salience of the stimuli (colored beads vs. Smarties) did not (Experiment 3). Results reveal the role of selective attention in action control.
ARGUMENT TO BLISS: THE EPISTEMOLOGY OF THE SUMMA THEOLOGIAE
Authors: WILLIAMS A. N.
Published: September 2004

The essay examines intellectual virtue in the Summa theologiae, taking it as an interpretative key to the epistemology of the Summa theologiae as a whole. Because Aquinas blurs the line between the acquired and the theological virtues, and between virtues and the gifts of the Spirit, it becomes impossible to maintain the distinction between the realms of nature and grace, or between natural reason and revealed truth: grace permeates the most ordinary activities of human reasoning. This reading of the Summa theologiae raises questions about many contemporary debates, particularly those concerning natural law.
PRAYING FOR UNDERSTANDING: READING ANSELM THROUGH WITTGENSTEIN1
Authors: KALLENBERG BRAD J.
Published: September 2004

If Wittgenstein is correct to assert that practice gives words their sense, then it is logically possible that an understanding of the ontological “argument” Anselm presents in Proslogion requires some level of practical participation in prayer. A close inspection of Anselm's historical context shows that the conceptual distance we stand from him may be too great to be overcome by mere spectatorship. Rather, participation in this case likely requires of the modern reader a reproduction of Anselm's conduct in prayer. If so, Anselm's case falsifies, and thus warrants our resistance of, the commonly presumed disconnect between knowledge and practice.
CHRIST's AUTONOMOUS HAND: SIMULATIONS ON THE MADNESS OF GIVING
Authors: PLANT BOB
Published: September 2004

In Matthew 6:3–4 Jesus counsels: “when you do some act of charity, do not let your left hand know what your right is doing; your good deed must be in secret”. In the following essay we will use this passage as our conceptual touchstone to explore Jacques Derrida's reflections on the “madness” of giving, and how the gift (of Levinasian “hospitality”, for example) hinges on a certain vulnerability and the manifold risks of narcissism. In order to negotiate these themes, we will also draw on Ludwig Wittgenstein's On Certainty, Martin Heidegger's reflections on the “hand”, and the psychological‐neurological literature on “phantom limbs”.
LOVE OF GOD AND LOVE OF NEIGHBOR IN THE THEOLOGY OF KARL RAHNER AND KARL BARTH
Authors: MOLNAR PAUL D.
Published: September 2004

The way Barth and Rahner envision the relationship between the commands to love God and neighbor is affected by their views of the relationship between the immanent and economic Trinity. Rahner identifies the immanent and economic Trinity; thinks the two commands are identical, and believes that self‐acceptance is the same as accepting Christ and revelation. Barth insists that, while identical in content, the immanent and economic Trinity must be sharply distinguished without separation; insists the two commands are inseparable but not identical and maintains that we must seek God only in Christ. This divergence, I contend, results from their very dissimilar understandings of nature and grace and is rooted in their different starting points for theology, namely, transcendental experience for Rahner and God's Word and Spirit for Barth.
IS JOHN ZIZIOULAS AN EXISTENTIALIST IN DISGUISE? RESPONSE TO LUCIAN TURCESCU
Authors: PAPANIKOLAOU ARISTOTLE
Published: September 2004

This essay responds to Lucian Turcescu's article, “ ‘Person’ versus ‘Individual’, and Other Modern Misreadings of Gregory of Nyssa”, Modern Theology Vol. 18 no. 4 (October, 2002) in which he argues that John Zizioulas's relational ontology of trinitarian personhood is indebted more to modern personalism and existentialism than to the Cappadocian Fathers. Turcescu's focus on Gregory of Nyssa does not warrant the claim that a relational ontology of personhood cannot be found within the thought of the Cappadocian Fathers. More substantively, Turcescu never addresses Zizioulas's interpretation of the Cappadocian affirmation of the monarchy of the Father, which, I argue, is central to Zizioulas's relational ontology insofar as such an ontology attempts to express the realism of divine‐human communion.
Delayed progression to AIDS in volunteers treated with long‐term HIV‐1 Immunogen (REMUNE®) therapy in Thailand
Authors: Chantratita W , Sukeepaisarncharoen W , Chandeying V , Kulpradist S , Israngkura Na Ayudhtaya B , Rugpao S , Sirawaraporn W , Boonshuyar C , Churdboonchart V
Published: September 2004

Objectives

To observe the long‐term effects of an immune‐based therapy HIV‐1 Immunogen (REMUNE®; Immune Response Corp., Carlsbad, CA, USA) as a first course of treatment designed to sustain the immune system and thus delay the initiation of therapy with antiretroviral drugs and/or delay disease progression.

Methods

In this open‐label, multi‐institute extended phase II P2101B study, disease progression, CD4 and CD8 T‐cell counts, HIV‐1 RNA levels, and genotypic antiretroviral drug resistance were examined in 223 asymptomatic HIV‐1‐infected Thai volunteers receiving REMUNE® every 12 weeks over 132 weeks. A subset of subjects was randomly selected by the physicians to receive antiretroviral drugs for 10 months.

Results

Patients treated with REMUNE® demonstrated a low rate of clinical disease progression (0.72 per 100 person‐years), higher CD4 and CD8 T‐cell counts, higher body weight before and after treatment in the same patient, and stable viral load with no serious adverse events. We found no genotypic evidence of drug resistance in subgroups of patients on REMUNE® monotherapy or REMUNE® plus antiretrovirals (ARTs).

Conclusions

This Thai study, like previous US and European studies, confirms that therapeutic immunization of HIV‐infected volunteers modifies disease progression, as evidenced by stabilization of CD4 and CD8 T‐cell counts, body weight, and viral load. As the majority of asymptomatic patients demonstrated an objective response to immunization, this study suggests that REMUNE® may be utilized prior to initiation of antiviral drug therapy when CD4 cell counts are still above the current ART guidelines. Further work should be carried out to examine its potential use in combination with ART in order to reduce the increasingly common occurrence of drug resistance.
Recent changes in the management of primary HIV‐1 infection: results from the French PRIMO cohort
Authors: Schiffer V , Deveau C , Meyer L , Iraqui I , Nguyen‐Wartel A , Chaix M‐L , Delfraissy J‐F , Rouzioux C , Venet A , Goujard C ,   for the French PRIMO Cohort Study Group
Published: September 2004

Objectives
To describe the management of primary HIV infection (PHI), focusing on changes in the design of therapies and time to initiation of antiretroviral treatment, the clinical outcome, and the immuno‐virological response over time to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and its tolerance.

Design and methods
In the French PRIMO multicentre cohort, 291 patients presenting with PHI were enrolled between 1996 and 2001. Data were analysed to describe treatment prescription habits over a period of 5 years, and response to and tolerance of treatment.

Results
The proportion of patients who initiated treatment during PHI decreased from 92% in 1996 to 56% in 2001. At 6 months, whatever the initiated treatment, 74% of treated patients achieved a plasma viral load<400 HIV‐1 RNA copies/mL and 53% achieved a viral load of<50 copies/mL. Prescription of protease inhibitor (PI)‐sparing regimens has become more frequent since 1999. Despite a similar virological response, patients in the PI‐containing group tended to experience a greater 1‐year increase in CD4 cell count than those in the non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase (NNRTI)‐containing group (218 cells/μL versus 157 cells/μL, respectively). An adverse event was recorded in 51% of treated patients. The most frequent events were gastrointestinal disorders (71%), lipodystrophy (27%) and mood disorders (19%). The main reason for modifying or stopping therapy was the occurrence of an adverse event.

Conclusions
Limitations of therapy and poor tolerance to antiretroviral regimens have changed physician attitudes in PHI. This suggests the need for evaluation of better‐tolerated regimens and new therapeutic strategies.
Lopinavir/ritonavir treatment in HIV antiretroviral‐experienced patients: evaluation of risk factors for liver enzyme elevation
Authors: Meraviglia P , Schiavini M , Castagna A , Viganò P , Bini T , Landonio S , Danise A , Moioli MC , Angeli E , Bongiovanni M , Hasson H , Duca P , Cargnel A
Published: September 2004

Objectives

To evaluate the risk factors for lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r)‐related liver enzyme elevation (LEE) in HIV antiretroviral‐experienced patients.

Methods

An open prospective observational study was carried out to analyse the incidence and time of LEE development during LPV/r treatment, and to determine whether LEE development was correlated with epidemiological, clinical and biochemical data, immune and virological profiles, concomitant hepatic diseases, antiretroviral therapy, or histological and ultrasonography liver examination results. A diagnosis of LEE was considered when LEE symptoms occurred after LPV/r introduction and was confirmed by a second control within 2 weeks.

Results

A total of 782 HIV‐positive outpatients have been enrolled in six different Infectious Diseases Departments in Northern Italy since August 2000. Of these patients, 71 (9.1%) developed LEE within 115±85 days (mean±standard deviation); 13 of these subjects discontinued LPV/r and four were hospitalized. Of the patients with LEE, 74.6% and 25.4% had grade 2 and ≥3 toxicity, respectively. No correlation between LEE and sex, baseline CD4 cell count, viral load, HIV stage, triglyceride values, histological and ultrasonography liver examination results, nevirapine use, or increase in CD4 cell count was observed. Higher baseline alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and γ‐glutamyltransferase (GGT) values (P < 0.0001 and P=0.004, respectively), younger age (P=0.008), previous hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection (P=0.012), efavirenz use (P=0.04), and hepatitis C virus (HCV) and/or HBV coinfection (P < 0.0001, relative risk 4.78) were significantly related to LEE. No correlations between LEE and the same risk factors as investigated in the whole study population were found in subgroups of patients with HCV and/or HBV infection.

Conclusions

HCV and HBV testing and measurement of baseline ALT values are essential for screening subjects at risk of LEE before starting LPV/r. Strict monitoring of clinical and biochemical parameters should be performed in these patients.
Resistance profiles and adherence at primary virological failure in three different highly active antiretroviral therapy regimens: analysis of failure rates in a randomized study
Authors: Røge BT , Barfod TS , Kirk O , Katzenstein TL , Obel N , Nielsen H , Pedersen C , Mathiesen LR , Lundgren JD , Gerstoft J
Published: September 2004

Objectives

To investigate the interplay between resistance and adherence in the virological failure of three fundamentally different highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) regimens.

Methods

We retrospectively identified 56 verified primary virological failures (viral load >400 HIV‐1 RNA copies/mL) among 293 patients randomized to two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs)+ritonavir+saquinavir (RS‐arm) (n=115), two NRTIs+nevirapine+nelfinavir (NN‐arm) (n=118), or abacavir+stavudine+didanosine (ASD‐arm) (n=60) followed up for a median of 90 weeks. Data on adherence were collected from patient files, and genotyping was performed on plasma samples collected at time of failure.

Results

Treatment interruption or poor adherence was mainly caused by side effects and accounted for 74% of failures, and was associated with absence of resistance mutations. In the 30 failing patients not switched from randomized treatment, we found resistance in two of 12 patients in the RS‐arm (M184 V only), four of six patients in the NN‐arm [all four had non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) mutations], and seven of 12 patients in the ASD‐arm (NRTI mutations only). Two adherent patients on randomized treatment failed in the RS‐arm, none in the NN‐arm, and six in the ASD‐arm.

Conclusions

Primary virological failure was caused mainly by treatment interruption. No primary protease inhibitor (PI) mutations were found in patients failing on boosted saquinavir, whereas resistance to NNRTIs and NRTIs was prevalent in several patients failing on regimens based on these medications.
Effectiveness and tolerability of a once‐daily amprenavir/ritonavir‐containing highly active antiretroviral therapy regimen in antiretroviral‐naïve patients at risk for nonadherence: 48‐week results after 24 weeks of directly observed therapy
Authors: Jayaweera DT , Kolber MA , Brill M , Tanner T , Campo R , Rodriguez A , Chu H‐M , Garg V
Published: September 2004

Objectives

To determine the safety and effectiveness of a once‐daily highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) regimen in patients at risk for poor adherence using directly observed therapy (DOT) for 24 weeks followed by weekly phone contact for another 24 weeks.

Methods

A prospective, open‐label pilot study was carried out. Antiretroviral‐naïve patients with advanced HIV disease were treated with once‐daily amprenavir 1200 mg, ritonavir 200 mg, didanosine 400 mg and lamivudine 300 mg. After 24 weeks, DOT was substituted by weekly phone contact. Measurements of viral load and CD4 cell count, and safety laboratory measurements, were taken regularly for 48 weeks.

Results

Twenty‐two patients were enrolled in the study, of whom 19 completed at least 4 weeks of treatment. Seventeen patients completed 24 weeks and 13 completed 48 weeks. None discontinued treatment as a result of adverse events. The median baseline HIV viral load was 5.29 log10 HIV‐1 RNA copies/mL and the median CD4 cell count was 20 cells/μL. At weeks 24 and 48, 74% of the patients had viral loads <400 copies/mL. At 48 weeks, the median decrease in viral load from baseline was 3.06 log10 copies/mL, and the median increase in CD4 cell count was 118 cells/μL. The median trough plasma amprenavir concentrations at weeks 1 and 24 were 1.87 and 1.42 μg/mL, respectively.

Conclusions

This study suggests that DOT followed by weekly patient contact results in good treatment outcome in this challenging population. The median trough plasma amprenavir concentrations were above the effective concentration of drug that resulted in 90% inhibition of viral load in vivo (EC90) for wild‐type HIV.