bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An improved control efficacy against tobacco bacterial wilt by an engineered Pseudomonas mosselii expressing the ripAA gene from phytopathogenic Ralstonia solanacearum
Authors: Zhuo Tao , Chen Shiting , Fan Xiaojing , Hu Xun , Zou Huasong
Published: January 2019

The environmental bacterium Pseudomonas mosselii produces antagonistic secondary metabolites with inhibitory effects on multiple plant pathogens, including Ralstonia solanacearum, the causal agent of bacterial wilt. In this study, an engineered P. mosselii strain was generated to express R. solanacearum ripAA, which determines incompatible interactions with tobacco plants. The ripAA gene together with its native promoter was integrated into the P. mosselii chromosome. The resulting strain showed no difference in antimicrobial activity against R. solanacearum. Promoter-LacZ fusion and RT-PCR experiments demonstrated that the ripAA gene was transcribed in culture media. Compared with that of the wild type, the engineered strain reduced the disease index by 9.1% for bacterial wilt on tobacco plants. A transcriptome analysis was performed to identify differentially expressed genes in tobacco plants, and the results revealed that ethylene-and jasmonate-dependent defense signaling pathways were induced. These data demonstrated that the engineered P. mosselii expressing ripAA enables improved biological control against tobacco bacterial wilt by the activation of host defense responses.

Importance

Nowadays, the use of biocontrol agents is more and more popular in agriculture, but they cannot replaced of chemical agents mostly, due to the poorer control effect. So the study about how to improve the efficacy of biocontrol agents become necessary and urgent. We increase the efficacy against plant pathogen through introducing an avirulence gene from plant pathogen into the biocontrol agent based on “gene to gene” hypothesis. The new engineered strain can improve the systemic resistance and elicit primary immune response of plants. Our research not only provides a new strategy for genetic modification of biocontrol agent, a number of avirulence gene from pathogen or plant can be tested to be expressed in different biocontrol agents to antagonize plant disease, but also help the study of interaction between phythopathogenic avirulence gene and host.
Stepping up to market participation of smallholder agriculture in rural areas of Indonesia
Authors: Mariyono Joko
Published: January 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to analyse factors that determine farmers’ intention to commercialise vegetable-based agribusiness ventures in rural areas and assess the effect of commercialisation on farmers’ income.

Design/methodology/approach

The study used a regression approach. Market participation and farmers’ income were hypothesised to be dependent on other external factors. This study employed data compiled from a quantitative survey of 357 farm households located in four major vegetable producing regions of rural East Java and Bali, Indonesia.

Findings

Results indicate that household attributes, business environment, supporting facilities and farm characteristics determined farmers to commercialise vegetable farming. Access to credit, seed technology and farm site played high contribution to the market participation. Ultimately, commercial vegetable farming provides an economic advantage regarding increased income. Land fragmentation and status of landholding were identified to influence the net revenue of vegetable farming.

Research limitations/implications

This study has a limitation concerning the number of samples and the availability of data and information. The number of samples is 357 which is about 4 per cent of the total population.

Practical implications

Establishment of vegetable agribusiness terminals with all market infrastructures, adequate access to market information, credit and human capital investment through training and extension services are also required, will boost market participation. Re-structuring land ownership might be the best step to augment farmers’ income, through consolidation of fragmented fertile lands devoted to intensive vegetable farming.

Originality/value

This study was purposely conducted in rural areas where there were subsistence farmers, as this is to improve farmers’ income by commercialising vegetable crops. A novel feature of this finding is the role of access to credit in the commercialisation of vegetable farming and the impact of landholding status on the profitability of intensive farming of high-valued vegetables.
Social norms in the salesforce: justice and relationalism
Authors: Benoit Ilgım Dara , Brashear Alejandro Thomas , Foreman Jeffrey , Chelariu Christian , Bergman Shawn
Published: January 2019

Purpose

This paper aims to examine the role of social norms of justice and relationalism in salesperson–sales manager relationships, and their role in developing salesforce commitment and turnover.

Design/methodology/approach

This study uses structural equation modeling to analyze survey data from 402 business-to-business salespeople.

Findings

As discrete foundational norms, distributive, procedural and interactional (interpersonal, informational) justice develop higher-order norms of relationalism, which then reflect on increased commitment and reduced turnover intention of the salesforce. Among the justice norms, interpersonal justice has the strongest impact on relationalism.

Research limitations/implications

The paper shows how each justice norm has a distinct impact in shaping relational norms, and that interpersonal justice has the highest impact. In addition, with enhanced relationalism salespeople become more committed and have lower turnover intentions. Future research could use a longitudinal study, present manager’s side in the model and measure and compare the impact of supervisor- versus organization-focused justice.

Practical implications

To enhance relationalism, and thus in turn increase commitment and decrease turnover intention of salesforce, sales managers should pay attention to the salespeople’s perceptions of justice norms (distributive, procedural, informational and interpersonal justice), especially interpersonal justice, as it has the highest impact on relationalism. The specific ways to enhance justice perceptions are discussed.

Originality/value

This paper is the first to show how each justice norm is unique in its importance to shape the relationship between sales manager and salespeople in a way that increases the quality of relational norms, governing the relational process into a highly committed one. It also shows that among the four justice norms, interactional justice has the highest impact on relationalism. In addition, this is the first study to show that relationalism decreases turnover intention of salespeople.
The assessment of an integrated bio-filter systems for the wastewaters treatment in arid regions (Touggourt, Algeria)
Authors: Amiri Khaled , Hartani Tarik , Zeddouri Aziez
Published: January 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to assess the water quality parameters resulting on: First, the flow direction in biofilters (ascending or descending), second, constructed wetland (CW) with local plant species and third, the combined system for the removal of organic matter and nutrients pollutants from water in arid regions.

Design/methodology/approach

An integrated system is presented and tested in situ with a vertical up-flow and down-flow biofilters. Two configurations schemes are followed by a three separated horizontal subsurface CWs: two planted with Phragmites australis, Typha latifolia and the third unplanted. The methodology is based on a statistical analysis of the collected data.

Findings

The present experiment demonstrated that the wetlands planted with P. australis and T. latifolia showed the highest removal. Moreover, T. latifolia performed better than P. australis for most of the parameters, notably in the first system, whereas the wetland efficiency indicated that P. australis contributed greatly to the removal of TP in the first system and NO3-N in the second system. In general, for the highest removal efficiencies of the combined biofilters and wetlands system, the present study demonstrated that the first system performed better than the second for all the parameters.

Originality/value

The originality of the research is that it compares in situ two biofilter systems: vertical up-flow and down-flow biofilters. To avoid the effects of domestic wastewater that is discharged directly without treatment in the Oued Righ channel or in the lake, this integrated system can be one of the alternatives for wastewater treatment, as it reveals the need to protect aquatic ecosystems in arid regions, and can decrease the risks to human health and the environment.
Shared decision‐making in peri‐operative medicine: a narrative review
Authors: Sturgess J. , Clapp J. T. , Fleisher L. A.
Published: January 2019

This review on shared decision‐making comes at a time when international healthcare policy, domestic law and patient expectation demand a bringing‐together of the patient's values and preferences with the physician's expertise to determine the best bespoke care package for the individual. Despite robust guidance in terms of consent, the anaesthetic community have lagged behind in terms of embracing the patient‐focused rather than doctor‐focused aspects of shared decision‐making. For many, confusion has arisen due to a conflation of informed consent, risk assessment, decision aids and shared decision‐making. Although they may well be linked, they are discrete entities. The obstacles to delivering shared decision‐making are many. Lack of time is the most widely cited barrier from the perspective of physicians across specialties, with little time available to the anaesthetist at the day‐of‐surgery pre‐operative visit. A more natural place to start the process may be the pre‐operative assessment clinic, especially for the ‘high‐risk’ patient. Yet shared decision‐making is for all, even the ‘low‐risk’ patient. Another barrier is the flow and the focus of the typical anaesthetic consultation; the truncated format presents the danger of a cursory, ‘time‐efficient’ and mechanical process as the anaesthetist assesses risk and determines the safest anaesthetic. As patients have already decided to proceed with therapy or investigation and may be more concerned about the surgery than the anaesthesia, it is often assumed they will accept whatever anaesthetic is offered and defer to the clinician's expertise – without discussion. Furthermore, shared decision‐making does not stop at time of anaesthesia for the peri‐operative physician. It continues until discharge and requires the anaesthetist to engage in shared decision‐making for prescribing and deprescribing peri‐operative medicines.
Let's Get Digital: Understanding Adolescent Romantic Relationships Using Naturalistic Assessments of Digital Communication
Authors: Rizzo Christie J. , Collibee Charlene , Nugent Nicole R. , Armey Michael F.
Published: January 2019

Adolescent romantic relationships involve complex patterns of interaction. Innovative technological advances offer opportunities to capture features and dynamics of these relationships that traditional research methods have not addressed. With the explosion of digital communication platforms (e.g., mobile texting, direct messaging, social media applications), researchers can now observe and understand adolescent relationships in vivo, offering for the first time a naturalistic lens into adolescent worlds. Recognizing this scientific opportunity, in this article, we (a) discuss the potential theoretical and methodological benefits of collecting and coding digital communication data to understand adolescent romantic relationships, (b) suggest ways to use these data to develop innovative prevention tools, and (c) address potential challenges in collecting digital communication data from adolescents.
Selective Padding for Polycube‐Based Hexahedral Meshing
Authors: Cherchi G. , Alliez P. , Scateni R. , Lyon M. , Bommes D.
Published: January 2019

Hexahedral meshes generated from polycube mapping often exhibit a low number of singularities but also poor‐quality elements located near the surface. It is thus necessary to improve the overall mesh quality, in terms of the minimum scaled Jacobian (MSJ) or average SJ (ASJ). Improving the quality may be obtained via global padding (or pillowing), which pushes the singularities inside by adding an extra layer of hexahedra on the entire domain boundary. Such a global padding operation suffers from a large increase of complexity, with unnecessary hexahedra added. In addition, the quality of elements near the boundary may decrease. We propose a novel optimization method which inserts sheets of hexahedra so as to perform selective padding, where it is most needed for improving the mesh quality. A sheet can pad part of the domain boundary, traverse the domain and form singularities. Our global formulation, based on solving a binary problem, enables us to control the balance between quality improvement, increase of complexity and number of singularities. We show in a series of experiments that our approach increases the MSJ value and preserves (or even improves) the ASJ, while adding fewer hexahedra than global padding.
Women, assets, and formal savings: A comparative analysis of Ecuador, Ghana and India
Authors: Doss Cheryl , Swaminathan Hema , Deere Carmen Diana , Suchitra J. Y. , Oduro Abena D. , Anglade Boaz
Published: January 2019

Motivation

Savings are an important but often overlooked component of financial inclusion. While women are less active than men in the formal financial sector there is little understanding about their ability to accumulate savings.

Purpose

We hypothesize that a woman’s individual economic status, measured by her property ownership, is an important driver of her ability to save.

Approach and Methods

Women are considered as savers in the formal sector only if they have savings above a minimum threshold. Three measures of women’s asset ownership are used: two capture their absolute property status and one their relative status in the household. The data are obtained from three large‐scale surveys that collected individual‐level asset data in Ecuador, Ghana and the Indian state of Karnataka. Logistic regression models are employed to examine the relationship between women’s property ownership and accumulation of savings.

Findings

The absolute value of a woman’s physical assets and her share of household physical wealth are correlated with being able to accumulate formal savings. Women’s relative wealth status is more strongly related to their savings, along with education, paid employment and group membership.

Conclusions

Women’s intrahousehold status, defined by their relative wealth, is critical to determining their ability to save in formal accounts.

Policy Implications

Interventions that boost women’s bargaining power, by increasing their property ownership, should be encouraged, along with greater efforts to improve girls’ access to quality education. Functional literacy training for older women can both reduce barriers to accessing financial institutions and create awareness of their benefits. Constraints to women’s participation in the labour force should be removed in tandem with interventions to reduce gender earnings gaps.
Littoral habitat loss caused by multiyear drought and the response of an endemic fish species in a deep desert lake
Authors: Glassic Hayley Corrine , Gaeta Jereme William
Published: January 2019

Multiyear drought is projected to increase in frequency and duration in arid and semiarid regions across the world, threatening native species and ecosystem function. The effects of multiyear drought are often exacerbated by human water use for consumption, energy production, and agriculture, which, in lentic ecosystems, manifest in reduced lake elevation and altered habitat for aquatic species.

Here, we demonstrate that decreasing lake levels, associated with drought and water management, reduce the availability of littoral cobble habitat to fishes by creating an elevation‐explicit littoral habitat map. We combined long‐term fish catch data and a lake elevation time series with our elevation‐explicit littoral habitat map to test whether fish species population demographics are related to drought‐driven changes in littoral habitat.

We surveyed the littoral zone of Bear Lake, Utah and Idaho, U.S.A., from full pool to a depth of >12 m, totalling 94.86 km2 surveyed. As lake elevation decreased >6 m from full pool to the lowest historical elevation, the area of littoral cobble decreased by >97%. Bear Lake sculpin (Cottus extensus, Cottidae), a cold‐water fish species which relies on cobble for reproduction, catch per unit effort decreased by >75% with littoral cobble, and year class strength declined by as much as 86%, but varied across age.

We predicted the response of age‐0 to age‐4 sculpin under high and low cobble availability. Our simulations predict a 60%–85% decline in juvenile sculpin CPUE (age‐2 and younger) when cobble availability decreases from the 95th to 5th percentile.

Our study provided a unique opportunity to identify quantitative linkages between climate‐driven littoral habitat loss and an ecologically important profundal fish species, expanding our understanding of potential future pathways through which climate change may affect lentic ecosystems and fishes.
Organic amendment additions to rangelands: A meta‐analysis of multiple ecosystem outcomes
Authors: Gravuer Kelly , Gennet Sasha , Throop Heather L.
Published: January 2019

Interest in land application of organic amendments—such as biosolids, composts, and manures—is growing due to their potential to increase soil carbon and help mitigate climate change, as well as to support soil health and regenerative agriculture. While organic amendments are predominantly applied to croplands, their application is increasingly proposed on relatively arid rangelands that do not typically receive fertilizers or other inputs, creating unique concerns for outcomes such as native plant diversity and water quality. To maximize environmental benefits and minimize potential harms, we must understand how soil, water, and plant communities respond to particular amendments and site conditions. We conducted a global meta‐analysis of 92 studies in which organic amendments had been added to arid, semiarid, or Mediterranean rangelands. We found that organic amendments, on average, provide some environmental benefits (increased soil carbon, soil water holding capacity, aboveground net primary productivity, and plant tissue nitrogen; decreased runoff quantity), as well as some environmental harms (increased concentrations of soil lead, runoff nitrate, and runoff phosphorus; increased soil CO2emissions). Published data were inadequate to fully assess impacts to native plant communities. In our models, adding higher amounts of amendment benefitted four outcomes and harmed two outcomes, whereas adding amendments with higher nitrogen concentrations benefitted two outcomes and harmed four outcomes. This suggests that trade‐offs among outcomes are inevitable; however, applying low‐N amendments was consistent with both maximizing benefits and minimizing harms. Short study time frames (median 1–2 years), limited geographic scope, and, for some outcomes, few published studies limit longer‐term inferences from these models. Nevertheless, they provide a starting point to develop site‐specific amendment application strategies aimed toward realizing the potential of this practice to contribute to climate change mitigation while minimizing negative impacts on other environmental goals.
Sources of drug information in neonatal guidelines of low- and middle-income countries†‡
Authors: Japs Kelsey L , Dennehy Cathi , Stoffella Sylvia , Faldasz Jonathan , Bress Joshua
Published: January 2019

Objective

Identify drug information (DI) resources used in neonatal practice guidelines in low- and middle-income countries.

Methods

Individuals with knowledge of national neonatal guideline development completed a descriptive, cross-sectional survey.

Key findings

Eighty-five per cent (33/39) of respondents fully completed the survey. Physicians from university hospitals in Africa were primary respondents. Forty-five per cent (15/33) used a single national neonatal guideline. Primary neonatal resources for drug dosing and preparation were as follows: (1) World Health Organization Pocketbook of Hospital Care for Children, (2) Pediatric & Neonatal Dosage Handbook and (3) National Institute for Health and Care Excellence for Infants and Neonatal pathways.

Conclusion

Low- and middle-income countries with single national neonatal guidelines cite a finite range of DI resources.
Can systemically administered antibiotics be detected in wound tissues and surfaces under negative pressure wound therapy?
Authors: Polykandriotis Elias , Horch Raymund E. , Jost Matthias , Arkudas Andreas , Kees Frieder , Schmitz Marweh
Published: January 2019

In this study, we evaluated a new aspect of negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) as an analytical tool for pharmacokinetic studies. Twenty‐one patients with soft tissue defects scheduled to receive NPWT were included in this study. Concomitant to NPWT, all patients received intravenous moxifloxacin (MX). At different time intervals, blood plasma levels of MX were sampled and compared with synchronous concentrations of MX in the exudate obtained from the NPWT drainage system. Serial measurements were performed upon initiation of the therapy as well as in the steady state (after 5 days). At steady state, wound tissue was obtained intraoperatively. High‐performance liquid‐chromatography (HPLC) was used for analysis. At 1 hour post‐administration, the exudate/plasma levels (mg/L) were 1.92/3.07; at 12 hours, 0.80/1.14; at 24 hours, 0.26/0.43; and at 120 hours (steady state), 0.42/0.47. There was a correlation between exudate and plasma levels reaching approximately 0.75. Until now, methods for pharmacokinetic studies concerning interstitial fluid are difficult to apply in the clinical context. The presented method showed limitations, but we believe that, after methodological improvements, measurements of substances in the interstitial fluid by means of NPWT are feasible.
The tension between efficiency and effectiveness: a study of dietetic practice in primary care
Authors: O'Connor R. , Slater K. , Ball L. , Jones A. , Mitchell L. , Rollo M. E. , Williams L. T.
Published: January 2019

Background

Primary healthcare dietitians have a vital role to play in the prevention and management of chronic disease. Working in primary care requires efficient and effective management of practice to ensure client and practitioner needs are met. The present study aimed to explore the way in which primary care dietitians in Australia view the constructs of efficiency and effectiveness within the context of their practice.

Methods

The study used an exploratory qualitative design within a pragmatist framework. Individual semi‐structured telephone interviews were conducted with Australian primary care dietitians. All interviews were audio‐recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed using an inductive thematic approach.

Results

Twenty dietitians (17 females) working as private practitioners in primary care from three Australian states participated in the present study. Three themes emerged from the data. The first theme revealed that seeking efficiency and especially effectiveness were important to primary care dietitians and that there was a tension between the two. The second theme identified that efficiency and effectiveness are influenced by personal and structural factors. The final theme explored how dietitians are actively seeking ways to be more efficient and effective, including supportive networks, as well as the utilisation of technology.

Conclusions

Achieving a balance between efficiency and effectiveness in primary care dietetics is challenging to practitioners, who may require further training and support to enhance productivity, time management and resource utilisation. Structured issues exist for the workface. Further studies are required to quantify these findings and to explore whether it is possible to optimise efficiency and effectiveness and achieve sustainability of the dietetic workforce in primary care.
A potential new oral mapping (OM) method in the clinical evaluation and documentation of oral submucous fibrosis—A prospective clinical crossover study
Authors: Arakeri Gururaj , Aljabab Abdulsalam , Maddur Nagaraj , Hunasgi Santosh , Patil Shekar , Hale Beverley , Merkx Matthias A. W. , Gomes Carolina C. , Gomez Ricardo S. , Brennan Peter A.
Published: January 2019

Background

Despite much research, there is a lack of a definite protocol or method for documenting oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) site presentation. In this study, we propose a new potential oral mapping (OM) method and evaluated its use in recording OSMF‐affected mucosal sites.

Methods

Fifty OSMF patients were evaluated by 15 primary care dental practitioners using both, a conventional subjective recording method and a new OM method, to document the degree of involvement of affected oral mucosa with a crossover study design. Mann‐Whitney test (non‐parametric test) was used to make comparison between groups to determine any significant differences between the two identification methods. Wilcoxon tests were used to evaluate any significant differences in the difficulty in identification of two methods.

Results

There was a low agreement between the two methods used to detect OSMF in affected mucosal surfaces (P‐value < 0.0001). More lesions were identified using the proposed OM method, and less discrepancy was found among dental practitioners. A difference in difficulty of OSMF documentation was found (Wilcoxon z = 3.615, P‐value < 0.001), with the proposed OM method found to be easier.

Conclusion

The proposed OM method appears to be useful for documentation, can easily be adapted in clinical practice, and effectively administered in clinical research. Additionally, it could be a useful tool to helping to maintain an OSMF database.
The adverse childhood experiences checklist: Can it serve as a clinical and quality indicator?
Authors: Wickramasinghe Yuanee , Raman Shanti , Garg Pankaj , Jain Kalpesh , Hurwitz Romy
Published: January 2019

Aim

There is strong evidence that adverse childhood experiences (ACE) are associated with poor short‐, medium‐ and long‐term health outcomes. In South Western Sydney, we trialled a modified ACE checklist in community paediatric clinics. Our aim was to design the best version of the ACE checklist for routine clinical use to serve as both a clinical and quality indicator.

Methods

We trialled two versions of the modified ACE checklist based on a pre‐existing tool in child development (CD) and vulnerable child (VC) clinics over a 6‐month period in 2012 (V1) and 7‐month period in 2017 (V2). We analysed clinical and demographic data and correlated with ACE scores. We asked clinicians about the use of the ACE checklist and modified the checklist based on clinicians' recommendations.

Results

In phase 1, V1 was trialled in CD clinics only; 77 children were assessed, of whom 38 children (49%) had ACE score of ≥1, and 8 (10%) had a score of ≥4. In phase 2, of 279 children assessed, 178 (64%) had ACE ≥1, and 78 (28%) had ACE ≥4. In both phases, clinicians found the checklist simple to use and helpful in identifying especially vulnerable children.

Conclusions

The ACE checklist helps clinicians and managers identify the burden of exposure to trauma, violence and abuse of children attending paediatric clinics, both to facilitate intervention and aid service development. This version of the ACE checklist has the potential to be used across a variety of populations and settings as a clinical and quality indicator.
Ministry in the New Testament
Authors: King Nicholas
Published: January 2019

Pope Francis has brought a fresh style of ministry, including his own, to the Catholic Church. This reflects the accounts of ministry in the New Testament, which eschews privilege and position, and focuses on ministry on service and sees ministers as servants and slaves.
Seasonal responses of photosynthetic parameters in maize and sunflower and their relationship with leaf functional traits
Authors: Miner Grace L. , Bauerle William L.
Published: January 2019

Estimates of seasonal variation in photosynthetic capacity (Pc) are critical for modeling the time course of carbon fluxes. Given the time‐intensive nature of calculating Pc parameters via gas exchange, it is appealing to calculate parameter variation via changes in chlorophyll (Chl) and nitrogen (N) content by assuming that Pc scales with these variables. Although seasonal changes in Pc and the relationships between N and Pc have been evaluated in forest canopies, there is limited data on seasonal parameter values in crops, nor is it clear if seasonal changes in Pc can be estimated from leaf traits under the high N fertility of managed systems. We characterized the seasonal variability of the maximum rates of carboxylation (Vcmax) and electron transport (Jmax) under well‐fertilized conditions for maize (Zea mays L.) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) and coupled these data with measurements of Chl, N, and leaf mass per unit area (LMA). The seasonal Chl–N relationship was significant in maize, but not in sunflower. Area‐based N–Vcmax relationships were not significant for either crop. Mass‐based N–Vcmax relationships were weak in sunflower, but highly significant in maize. Our results suggest that Pc can be seasonally adjusted in maize with reliable estimates of changes in LMA.
Risk stratification of immunocompromised children, including pediatric transplant recipients at risk of severe respiratory syncytial virus disease
Authors: Science Michelle , Akseer Nadia , Asner Sandra , Allen Upton
Published: January 2019

Background

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients. Our goal was to develop a framework for risk stratifying immunocompromised patients, including transplant patients, for RSV prophylaxis.

Methods

Risk factors for severe RSV disease in immunocompromised patients were identified in the literature and by an expert panel via survey. Experts assigned a probability of developing severe disease (0 to 100 scale) to the risk factors for each immunocompromised population. The results were validated using a clinical dataset. Linear mixed models adjusted for within‐expert clustering of ranks were used to estimate average scores, and differences were tested using paired t tests. Logistic regression was utilized to identify important determinants of severe RSV disease.

Results

The survey was emailed to twenty‐seven experts and thirteen responded (48%). Across all transplant groups, age <2 years (mean 77.1, 95% CI 71.7, 82.5) and day care attendance (mean 72.8, 95% CI 67.3, 78.3) were assigned the highest risk of severe disease. The highest risk groups were lung transplant recipients (mean 73.2, 95% CI 67.6, 78.8), combined lung and heart transplant recipients (mean 75.2, 95% CI 69.6, 80.7), allogeneic stem cell transplant (mean 76.0, 95% CI 70.4, 81.6), and severe combined immunodeficiency (mean 74.7, 95% CI 69.1, 80.3).

Conclusion

The results provide a logical validity to current practice and provide guidance for prioritizing patients to receive prophylactic agents to prevent severe RSV disease. The results will facilitate the development of a risk stratification tool for RSV prophylaxis for immunocompromised patients.
Diabetic foot ulcer care: a concept analysis of the term integrated into nursing practice
Authors: Subrata Sumarno A. , Phuphaibul Rutja
Published: January 2019

Background

Diabetic foot ulcer care demonstrates a beneficial approach to overcoming problems in patients with diabetes. This approach is frequently given but is not always successfully implemented due to its fragmentation amid healthcare providers. What's more, there are a number of different understandings, interchangeable languages and an absence of uniformity overlapping terminologies of meaning for diabetic foot ulcer care. Therefore, analysing the concept of diabetic foot ulcer care is important to provide a wider nursing knowledge, synthesise a greater theoretical model and drive more effective care of diabetic foot ulcer.

Objective

This article aimed to analyse how the concept of diabetic foot ulcer care is clearly defined in the relevant evidence as it has several implications in nursing practice.

Method

Walker and Avant's (1995) method of concept analysis was systematically used in this study.

Findings

Three critical attributes of diabetic foot ulcer care were determined consisting of assessment, intervention and evaluation. Constructed cases are also presented to differentiate the concept of diabetic foot ulcer care from other concepts. This concept analysis results in the critical attributes of diabetic foot ulcer care, defines an operational definition and describes common goals that improve clarity, consistency and understanding of the concept amid healthcare professionals along with researchers.

Conclusion

Effective implementation of the concept of DFU care into clinical nursing practice may undoubtedly improve patient outcomes and prevent the complexities of DFU in the years to come. Future research needs to be developed for evaluating the current use of this concept.
Molecular phylogenetic and morphological studies on the systematic position of Heracula discivitta reveal a new subfamily of Pseudobistonidae (Lepidoptera: Geometroidea)
Authors: Wang Houshuai , Holloway Jeremy D. , Wahlberg Niklas , Wang Min , Nylin Sören
Published: January 2019

Heracula discivitta Moore is an uncommon moth species currently recorded from India, Nepal and China. Although this species has traditionally been placed in Lymantriinae, its systematic position in Macroheterocera has been enigmatic due to its unique morphological features. Here we used molecular and morphological data to explore the systematic position of H. discivitta. Our molecular phylogenetic analyses indicate that this species is sister to Pseudobiston pinratanai Inoue, a member of a recently established monotypic family Pseudobistonidae. The examinations of morphological features further show that H. discivitta shares synapomorphies with Pseudobistonidae. Based on the analysis results, we propose a new subfamily of Pseudobistonidae (Heraculinae subfam.n.) to accommodate H. discivitta. The resemblance of the habitus to that of the brahmaeid genus Calliprogonos Mell & Hering is discussed.

This published work has been registered on ZooBank,
http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:63D17850‐6D51‐4E03‐A5D6‐F9EF6E7AF402.
High‐throughput 3D modelling to dissect the genetic control of leaf elongation in barley (Hordeum vulgare)
Authors: Ward Ben , Brien Chris , Oakey Helena , Pearson Allison , Negrão Sónia , Schilling Rhiannon K. , Taylor Julian , Jarvis David , Timmins Andy , Roy Stuart J. , Tester Mark , Berger Bettina , van den Hengel Anton
Published: January 2019

To optimize shoot growth and structure of cereals, we need to understand the genetic components controlling initiation and elongation. While measuring total shoot growth at high throughput using 2D imaging has progressed, recovering the 3D shoot structure of small grain cereals at a large scale is still challenging. Here, we present a method for measuring defined individual leaves of cereals, such as wheat and barley, using few images. Plant shoot modelling over time was used to measure the initiation and elongation of leaves in a bi‐parental barley mapping population under low and high soil salinity. We detected quantitative trait loci (QTL) related to shoot growthper se, using both simple 2D total shoot measurements and our approach of measuring individual leaves. In addition, we detectedQTLspecific to leaf elongation and not to total shoot size. Of particular importance was the detection of aQTLon chromosome 3H specific to the early responses of leaf elongation to salt stress, a locus that could not be detected without the computer vision tools developed in this study.
Building a Global, Pediatric Vascular Access Registry: A Scoping Review of Trial Outcomes and Quality Indicators to Inform Evidence‐Based Practice
Authors: Schults Jessica A. , Rickard Claire M. , Kleidon Tricia , Hughes Rebecca , Macfarlane Fiona , Hung Jacky , Ullman Amanda J.
Published: January 2019

Background

Internationally, there is a lack of comparative vascular access (VA) data for pediatric clinicians and organizations to benchmark outcomes, evaluate quality initiatives, and improve practice. A VA registry is needed to address these knowledge and data capture gaps.

Objectives

To determine the range and heterogeneity of VA outcome measures or quality indicators reported in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and clinical registries, to inform development of a homogeneous, reliable, minimum dataset for a pediatric VA registry.

Methods

Scoping review framework. A systematic search for RCTs reporting VA outcomes in pediatrics and neonates was undertaken in the Cochrane library, EMBASE, CINAHL, PubMed, MEDLINE, and EBSCO using a medical subject headings and key words related to VA and pediatrics. We included RCTs of children (0–18 years) reporting any VA outcome. We identified clinical registries reporting VA data in children (0–18) through web‐based searches using key words related to VA and clinical or quality registries. Additional registries were identified through peer consultation. The frequency and scope of outcome measures and quality indicators were extracted from trials and registries and evaluated.

Results

From 93 RCTs included, 214 different VA measures were reported, reflecting 14 outcome domains. The most commonly reported outcome domains were insertion (44 RCTs; 47%), noninfectious complications (33 RCTs; 35%), and infectious complications (30 RCTs; 32%). Of the 22 registries identified, VA‐associated infection was the main quality indicator routinely collected (12 registries; 55%). Outcomes such as mechanical complications and patient‐reported outcomes were infrequently collected.

Linking Evidence to Action

Vascular access outcomes reported in pediatric and neonatal RCTs are highly heterogeneous. Internationally, clinical registries currently collect minimal VA data with the exception of infection outcomes. A core dataset of reliable, relevant measures to children and clinicians for VA device quality is needed. This will enable a VA registry that facilitates inter‐institutional and international benchmarking.
An Assessment of Computational Fluid Dynamics Cavitation Models Using Bubble Growth Theory and Bubble Transport Modeling
Authors: Kinzel Michael P. , Lindau Jules W. , Kunz Robert F.
Published: January 2019

This effort investigates advancing cavitation modeling relevant to computational fluid dynamics (CFD) through two strategies. The first aims to reformulate the cavitation models and the second explores adding liquid–vapor slippage effects. The first aspect of the paper revisits cavitation model formulations with respect to the Rayleigh–Plesset equation (RPE). The present approach reformulates the cavitation model using analytic solutions to the RPE. The benefit of this reformulation is displayed by maintaining model sensitivities similar to RPE, whereas the standard models fail these tests. In addition, the model approach is extended beyond standard homogeneous models, to a two-fluid modeling framework that explicitly models the slippage between cavitation bubbles and the liquid. The results indicate a significant impact of slip on the predicted cavitation solution, suggesting that the inclusion of such modeling can potentially improve CFD cavitation models. Overall, the results of this effort point to various aspects that may be considered in future CFD-modeling efforts with the goal of improving the model accuracy and reducing computational time.
Flow Simulation With Needle Movement of Diesel Nozzles With Alternating Diameter
Authors: Vasconi Constantin , Baar Roland
Published: January 2019

As the reduction of the nozzle hole diameter in diesel injectorsleads to a better vaporization and mixture generation, thenozzle geometry is considered as a key factor to face stricteremission standards. Many researches have been conductedconcerning the inner nozzle flow and especially the cavitationformation in the nozzles. In these studies, the geometricalinfluence of the nozzle shape on flow development is analyzednumerically. To reduce simulation time, sector models are used.One nozzle is simulated separately and the flow in the sac holeis assumed to follow symmetric boundaries. In this work, a newdesign of diesel nozzle is presented using 12 spray holes withalternating diameters (6 big and 6 small nozzles). The goal is toenhance air utilization during the combustion process byincreasing the spray covered volume in the piston bowl. Withthis design symmetric boundaries can only be set by simulatingtwo nozzles simultaneously. To analyze the influence of usingalternating nozzle hole diameters in one model severalsimulation are conducted. Three nozzle designs with 8, 12 and6+6 holes are examined and three types of models simulatingup to 6 nozzles simultaneously are applied. All nozzles have thesame hydraulic flow rate. In transient simulations the innerflow of these nozzles is analyzed, including the needlemovement. Compared to a sector model of an 8-hole nozzle,the flow field shows differences using alternating diameters ofspray holes at various needle positions. Since the flow field atthe nozzle outlet can be used as initial conditions forcontinuative spray simulations this effect may influence thespray angle and spray penetration.
Numerical Investigation on LNG Injection in a SI-ICE
Authors: Pasini Gianluca , Frigo Stefano , Antonelli Marco , Berardi Maria
Published: January 2019

Since the beginning of this century, Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) has been attracting more and more attention as a cleaner energy alternative to other fossil fuels, mainly due to the possibility to transport it over longer distances than natural gas in pipelines and lower environmental impact than other liquid fuels. It is expected that this trend in the use of LNG will lead to steady increases in demand over the next few decades.

At present, in the automotive sector, natural gas is employed as fuel in spark-ignited (SI) engines in the gas phase (CNG) adopting port-fuel injection system (PFI) in the intake manifold, with the main result of reducing CO2 emissions by up to 20%, compared with gasoline operation. However, SI engines which are operated in this manner suffer loss of peak torque and power due to a reduction in volumetric efficiency. Direct-Injection (DI) inside the cylinder can overcome this drawback by injecting CNG after intake valve closure. Another strategy could be the injection of natural gas in the liquid phase, both in PFI or DI mode. The injected fuel evaporation cools down the intake air; increasing the charge density with a substantial improvement in the engine volumetric efficiency and delivered power. However, at present, injection systems dedicated to cryogenic injection of natural gas are still in the prototype state.

In the present study, the volumetric efficiency and performance of a turbocharged, LNG fuelled SI-ICE were numerically analysed both in the cases of DI and PFI modes and compared with the results of a conventional CNG system. Various fuel injection timings and injector position were analysed. The engine performance was evaluated by means of a one-dimensional model developed with the simulation program GT-Power, while the verification of the LNG-air mixture characteristics was carried out with the commercial code Aspen HYSIS.

The numerical activity has shown that gaseous DI, before inlet valves closing, gives the worst result since methane, once injected into the cylinder, expands hindering the entry of air. On the other side, liquid PFI represents the best configuration to maximize the volumetric efficiency and therefore the engine power. All the technological issues related to a cryogenic liquid methane injection system were not taken into consideration in this study.
Integration of Printed Sensors in Plain Engine Bearings
Authors: Gorges Roger , Bisgrove William , Curtis Ryan , Carter Jeff , George James W. , Ritchie Jonathan , Wirth Ingo , Zoellmer Volker , Rusch Tim
Published: January 2019

The integration of sensors in engine components has been a long-standing wish of engine manufacturers and researchers. Conventional probes are particularly difficult to mount in moving engine parts and require time-intensive and costly preparation, while often still not reaching the site of interest close enough. The advances recently made in the field of printed electronics enable new possibilities for sensor integration that previously were not possible. Particularly, crankshaft engine bearings are an interesting component to apply those new sensors to.

An important enabling factor for the successful sensor integration has been the increasing market penetration of polymer overlays for crankshaft bearings. The driving force behind this development was the pressure from legislation to reduce CO2 emissions, which in turn brought about new technologies such as start-stop and mild hybrids. Engine components now have to operate in much more aggressive environments, which in many cases only polymer overlays withstand. The unique application process of those coatings together with their material properties, such as robustness and non-conductivity, now allow embedding of electronic components right at the running surface of the bearings.

This paper details the development of a printed sensor that has been integrated into the bearing polymer overlay coating. Various results from respective rig testing of the sensor feedback throughout different load and speed conditions during operation are reported.
Turbulent Reactive Flow Modeling in Engines: A Robust and Accurate Toolkit/Software for Simulating Engine Dynamics
Authors: Carrington David B. , Waters Jiajia
Published: January 2019

The Los Alamos turbulent reactive flow researchers, our modelers and simulation code developers have succeeded in providing the engine research and development community an encompassing, robust, accurate and easy to use software for engine modeling or simulations. This software is now known as the FEARCE Toolkit.

In this paper we discuss the physics present in the engine by discussion the methods we’ve employed to solve the model equations within the toolkit. Provided are background on what has been developed recently at LANL for internal combustion engine modeling.