bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vocal activities reflect the temporal distribution of bottlenose dolphin social and non‐social activity in a zoological park
Authors: Lima Alice , Lemasson Alban , Boye Martin , Hausberger Martine
Published: November 2017

Under natural conditions bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) spend their time mostly feeding and then travelling, socializing, or resting. These activities are not randomly distributed, with feeding being higher in early morning and late afternoon. Social activities and vocal behavior seem to be very important in dolphin daily activity. This study aimed to describe the activity time‐budget and its relation to vocal behavior for dolphins in a zoological park. We recorded behaviors and vocalizations of six dolphins over 2 months. All subjects performed more non‐agonistic social interactions and play in the morning than in the afternoon. The different categories of vocalizations were distributed non‐randomly throughout the day, with more chirps in the afternoon, when the animals were “less social.” The most striking result was the strong correlation between activities and the categories of vocalizations produced. The results confirm the association between burst pulses and whistles with social activities, but also reveal that both are also associated with solitary play. More chirps were produced when dolphins were engaged in socio‐sexual behaviors, emphasizing the need for further questioning about the function of this vocal category. This study reveals that: (i) in a group kept in zoological management, social activities are mostly present in the morning; and (ii) the acoustic signals produced by dolphins may give a reliable representation of their current activities. While more studies on the context of signal production are needed, our findings provide a useful tool for understanding free ranging dolphin behavior when they are not visible.
Skin
Authors: Wallis Jennifer
Published: November 2017

In this chapter Wallis discusses how late-Victorian asylum doctors investigated and treated skin conditions, and what they believed these told them about the impact of mental disease on the body. Against a background of the growth of dermatology in the nineteenth century, this chapter reveals how disorders of the skin could affect asylum patients’ subjective experiences of the world, as well as exploring the place of practices such as surgery and phototherapy in the asylum. In addition, ‘Skin’ considers the role of medical photography in the nineteenth century asylum—of photographs as important items for teaching and sharing information about mental disease—including contemporary and present-day concerns about the ethics of photographing asylum patients.
The Lexis Diagram
Authors: Rau Roland , Bohk-Ewald Christina , Muszyńska Magdalena M. , Vaupel James W.
Published: November 2017

The second chapter specifies how a Lexis diagram is constructed and shows that cohorts are depicted on the 45∘ line. It briefly discusses the so-called identification problem of standard methods of age-, period-, and cohort analysis and explains how those effects look like in the Lexis diagram. The chapter concludes with a brief history of the depiction of population dynamics in three dimensions.
Data and Software
Authors: Rau Roland , Bohk-Ewald Christina , Muszyńska Magdalena M. , Vaupel James W.
Published: November 2017

This chapter describes the major data sets used in this monograph: The Human Mortality Database, data from the National Center for Health Statistics of the United States for the analysis of causes of death, and the individual-level, longitudinal data of the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program of the National Cancer Institute of the United States. The latter is used to illustrate the dynamics of cancer survival.
Surface Plots of Observed Death Rates
Authors: Rau Roland , Bohk-Ewald Christina , Muszyńska Magdalena M. , Vaupel James W.
Published: November 2017

The chapter on observed death rates illustrates why demographic rates need to be adjusted by the number of person years lived and shows surface maps of such “raw” death rates for a few selected national populations. One can easily see that random fluctuations can turn out be problematic for smaller populations as they may lead to misinterpretations.
Nilpotent orbits and the Coulomb branch of T σ(G) theories: special orthogonal vs orthogonal gauge group factors
Authors: Cabrera Santiago , Hanany Amihay , Zhong Zhenghao
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Coulomb branches of a set of 3d

$$ \mathcal{N} $$

N

= 4 supersymmetric gauge theories are closures of nilpotent orbits of the algebra

$$ \mathfrak{so}(n) $$

so

n

. From the point of view of string theory, these quantum field theories can be understood as effective gauge theories describing the low energy dynamics of a brane configuration with the presence of orientifold planes [1]. The presence of the orientifold planes raises the question to whether the orthogonal factors of a the gauge group are indeed orthogonal O(N ) or special orthogonal SO(N ). In order to investigate this problem, we compute the Hilbert series for the Coulomb branch of T

σ
(SO(n)∨) theories, utilizing the monopole formula. The results for all nilpotent orbits from

$$ \mathfrak{so}(3) $$

so

3

to

$$ \mathfrak{so}(10) $$

so

10

which are special and normal are presented. A new relationship between the choice of SO/O(N ) factors in the gauge group and the Lusztig’s Canonical Quotient

$$ \overline{A}\left({\mathcal{O}}_{\lambda}\right) $$

A
¯

O
λ

of the corresponding nilpotent orbit is observed. We also provide a new way of projecting several magnetic lattices of different SO(N ) gauge group factors by the diagonal action of a

$$ {\mathbb{Z}}_2 $$

ℤ
2

group.
Long‐Term Follow‐Up After Non‐operative Management of Blunt Splenic and Liver Injuries: A Questionnaire‐Based Survey
Authors: Moreno Peter , Von Allmen Matthias , Haltmeier Tobias , Candinas Daniel , Schnüriger Beat
Published: November 2017

Background

Non‐operative management (NOM) of blunt splenic or liver injuries (solid organ injury, SOI) has become the standard of care in hemodynamically stable patients. However, the incidence of long‐term symptoms in these patients is currently not known. The aim of this study was to assess long‐term symptoms in patients undergoing successful NOM (sNOM) for SOI.

Methods

Long‐term posttraumatic outcomes including chronic abdominal pain, irregular bowel movements, and recurrent infections were assessed using a specifically designed questionnaire and analyzed by univariable analysis.

Results

Eighty out of 138 (58%) patients with SOI undergoing sNOM) responded to the questionnaire. Median (IQR) follow‐up time was 48.8 (28) months. Twenty‐seven (34%) patients complained of at least one of the following symptoms: 17 (53%) chronic abdominal pain, 13 (41%) irregular bowel movements, and 8 (25%) recurrent infections. One female patient reported secondary infertility. No significant association between the above‐mentioned symptoms and the Injury Severity Score, amount of hemoperitoneum, or high‐grade SOI was found. Patients with chronic pain were significantly younger than asymptomatic patients (32.1 ± 14.5 vs. 48.3 ± 19.4 years, p = 0.002). Irregular bowel movements were significantly more frequent in patients with severe pelvic fractures (15.4 vs. 0.0%, p = 0.025). A trend toward a higher frequency of recurrent infections was found in patients with splenic injuries (15.9 vs. 2.8%, p = 0.067).

Conclusion

A third of patients with blunt SOI undergoing sNOM reported long‐term abdominal symptoms. Younger age was associated with chronic abdominal symptoms. More studies are warranted to investigate long‐term outcomes immunologic sequelae in patients after sNOM for SOI.
The Association of Preoperative Hematocrit and Transfusion with Mortality in Patients Undergoing Elective Non‐cardiac Surgery
Authors: Gabriel Rodney A. , Clark Anthony I. , Nguyen Albert P. , Waterman Ruth S. , Schmidt Ulrich H.
Published: November 2017

Background

Patients with anemia frequently undergo surgery, as it is unclear at what threshold clinicians should consider delaying surgery for preoperative anemia optimization. The primary objective of this study was to determine whether there is an association of varying degrees of anemia and transfusion with 30‐day mortality.

Methods

This is a retrospective cohort study using the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database from 2011 to 2013. Cohorts were analyzed based on preoperative hematocrit range—patients with: (1) no anemia, (2) hematocrit ≥33% and <36% in females or <39% in males, (3) hematocrit ≥30% and <33%, (4) hematocrit ≥27% and <30%, (5) hematocrit ≥24% and <27%, and (6) hematocrit ≥21% and less than 24%. Multivariable logistic regression was used to analyze the association of anemia and transfusion with 30‐day in‐hospital mortality.

Results

The odds for 30‐day mortality increased incrementally as the hematocrit ranges decreased, in which preoperative hematocrit between 21 and 24% had the highest odds for this outcome (odds ratio [OR] 6.50, p < 0.0001) compared to the reference group (no anemia). The use of transfusion increased the odds of mortality even further (OR 5.57, p < 0.0001). Among patients that received an intra‐/postoperative transfusion, preoperative anemia was not predictive of mortality.

Conclusions

Healthcare providers making preoperative clinical decisions for patients undergoing elective surgery should consider the degree of preoperative anemia and likelihood of perioperative transfusion.
Time attitudes predict changes in adolescent self‐efficacy: A 24‐month latent transition mover‐stayer analysis
Authors: Wells Kevin E. , McKay Michael T. , Morgan Grant B. , Worrell Frank C.
Published: November 2017

Increasingly, the study of temporal psychology is moving away from bivariate analyses towards person‐centered analyses, which simultaneously account for scores on past, present and future dimensions. However, longitudinal studies are lacking. This study builds on a developing literature by examining the 24‐month relationship between time attitudes and criterion variables. Four latent profiles called Positive, Ambivalent, Moderately Negative, and Negative, were identified. Results showed that time attitude profiles were generally unstable across the first three years of high school. However, those who stayed in the Positive profile developed higher self‐efficacy in all domains. Transitioning to the Positive profile was associated with positive outcomes, whereas other transitions among profiles were associated with negative outcomes. There were small‐sized, socio‐demographic effects such that living in Northern Ireland (compared to Scotland), being male, and not being entitled to a free school meal, were all related to membership of, or transition to, the Positive profile.
Intracranial artery stenosis: Current status of evaluation and treatment in China
Authors: Cai Bin , Peng Bin
Published: November 2017

Intracranial artery stenosis (ICAS), a common cause of ischemic stroke, is a growing cause of concern in China. Recently, many epidemiological, etiological, pathophysiological, therapy, and diagnostic imaging studies have focused on ICAS, and guidelines and consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of ICAS have been published and updated by domestic experts. Such work is pivotal to our enhanced comprehension, diagnosis, and treatment of ICAS. In this review, we summarize the latest progress in the evaluation and treatment of ICAS in China.
Effect of Passive Limb Activation by Functional Electrical Stimulation on Wheelchair Driving in Patients with Unilateral Spatial Neglect: A Case Study
Authors: Yoshihiro Nao , Ito Emi
Published: November 2017

Background/Objective

Limb activation is one of the behavioural interventions to improve unilateral spatial neglect (USN). However, the effect of passive limb activation on activities of daily living (ADL) is not clear. This study examined the effect of passive limb activation by functional electrical stimulation (FES) on wheelchair driving for patients with USN, and to discuss the possibility of application of this treatment to occupational therapy.

Methods

A single subject design-baseline-intervention-baseline (ABA), was applied to 2 stroke patients with USN. Phase A' and A consisted of the wheelchair driving task only. Phase B consisted of the wheelchair driving task with FES. Each phase lasted for 2 weeks. The wheelchair driving task was maneuvering on a square passage in the clockwise and counter clockwise conditions for 8 minutes respectively, and four obstacles were set at each side. FES was applied to the affected forearm extensor muscles. Assessor recorded: 1) The distance participants drove wheelchair for 8 minutes, and 2) The number of collisions with obstacles and the wall, for 10 days.

Results

For one participant, the distance of maneuvering significantly increased in phase B (p < .05.), and USN on the cognitive test in the extrapersonal space indicated a tendency to improve after phase B.

Conclusion

Passive limb activation by FES improved wheelchair driving and cognitive performance for patients with USN. It can be used with instruction from occupational therapists to enhance the performance on ADL.
Driving magnetic turbulence using flux ropes in a moderate guide field linear system
Authors: Brookhart Matthew I. , Stemo Aaron , Waleffe Roger , Forest Cary B.
Published: November 2017

We present a series of experiments on novel, line-tied plasma geometries as a study of the generation of chaos and turbulence in line-tied systems. Plasma production and the injection scale for magnetic energy is provided by spatially discrete plasma guns that inject both plasma and current. The guns represent a technique for controlling the injection scale of magnetic energy. A two-dimensional (2-D) array of magnetic probes provides spatially resolved time histories of the magnetic fluctuations at a single cross-section of the experimental cylinder, allowing simultaneous spatial measurements of chaotic and turbulent behaviour. The first experiment shows chaotic fluctuations and self-organization in a hollow-current line-tied screw pinch. These dynamics is modulated primarily by the applied magnetic field and weakly by the plasma current and safety factor. The second experiment analyses the interactions of multiple line-tied flux ropes. The flux ropes all exhibit chaotic behaviour, and under certain conditions develop an inverse cascade to larger scales and a turbulent inertial range with magnetic energy ($E$) related to perpendicular wave number ($k_{\bot }$) as $E\propto k_{\bot }^{-2.5\pm 0.5}$.
Combining traditional dietary assessment methods with novel metabolomics techniques: present efforts by the Food Biomarker Alliance
Authors: Brouwer-Brolsma Elske M. , Brennan Lorraine , Drevon Christian A. , van Kranen Henk , Manach Claudine , Dragsted Lars Ove , Roche Helen M. , Andres-Lacueva Cristina , Bakker Stephan J. L. , Bouwman Jildau , Capozzi Francesco , De Saeger Sarah , Gundersen Thomas E. , Kolehmainen Marjukka , Kulling Sabine E. , Landberg Rikard , Linseisen Jakob , Mattivi Fulvio , Mensink Ronald P , Scaccini Cristina , Skurk Thomas , Tetens Inge , Vergeres Guy , Wishart David S. , Scalbert Augustin , Feskens Edith J. M.
Published: November 2017

FFQ, food diaries and 24 h recall methods represent the most commonly used dietary assessment tools in human studies on nutrition and health, but food intake biomarkers are assumed to provide a more objective reflection of intake. Unfortunately, very few of these biomarkers are sufficiently validated. This review provides an overview of food intake biomarker research and highlights present research efforts of the Joint Programming Initiative ‘A Healthy Diet for a Healthy Life’ (JPI-HDHL) Food Biomarkers Alliance (FoodBAll). In order to identify novel food intake biomarkers, the focus is on new food metabolomics techniques that allow the quantification of up to thousands of metabolites simultaneously, which may be applied in intervention and observational studies. As biomarkers are often influenced by various other factors than the food under investigation, FoodBAll developed a food intake biomarker quality and validity score aiming to assist the systematic evaluation of novel biomarkers. Moreover, to evaluate the applicability of nutritional biomarkers, studies are presently also focusing on associations between food intake biomarkers and diet-related disease risk. In order to be successful in these metabolomics studies, knowledge about available electronic metabolomics resources is necessary and further developments of these resources are essential. Ultimately, present efforts in this research area aim to advance quality control of traditional dietary assessment methods, advance compliance evaluation in nutritional intervention studies, and increase the significance of observational studies by investigating associations between nutrition and health.
Childhood inflammatory markers and intelligence as predictors of subsequent persistent depressive symptoms: a longitudinal cohort study
Authors: Khandaker G. M. , Stochl J. , Zammit S. , Goodyer I. , Lewis G. , Jones P. B.
Published: November 2017

Background

To identify developmental sub-groups of depressive symptoms during the second decade of life, a critical period of brain development, using data from a prospective birth cohort. To test whether childhood intelligence and inflammatory markers are associated with subsequent persistent depressive symptoms.

Methods

IQ, a proxy for neurodevelopment, was measured at age 8 years. Interleukin 6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein, typical inflammatory markers, were measured at age 9 years. Depressive symptoms were measured six times between 10 and 19 years using the short mood and feelings questionnaire (SMFQ), which were coded as binary variable and then used in latent class analysis to identify developmental sub-groups of depressive symptoms.

Results

Longitudinal SMFQ data from 9156 participants yielded three distinct population sub-groups of depressive symptoms: no symptoms (81.2%); adolescent-onset symptoms (13.2%); persistent symptoms (5.6%). Lower IQ and higher IL-6 levels in childhood were independently associated with subsequent persistent depressive symptoms in a linear, dose–response fashion, but not with adolescent-onset symptoms. Compared with the group with no symptoms the adjusted odds ratio for persistent depressive symptoms pers.d.increase in IQ was 0.80 (95% CI, 0.68–0.95); that for IL-6 was 1.20 (95% CI, 1.03–1.39). Evidence for an association with IL-6 remained after controlling for initial severity of depressive symptoms at 10 years. There was no evidence that IL-6 moderated or mediated the IQ-persistent depressive symptom relationship.

Conclusions

The results indicate potentially important roles for two distinct biological processes, neurodevelopment and inflammation, in the aetiology of persistent depressive symptoms in young people.
Buthrotum's sacred topography and the imperial cult, I: the west courtyard and pavement inscription
Authors: Hernandez David R.
Published: November 2017

The sacred topography of cities throughout the empire was transformed under Augustus. The remodeling of sacred spaces and buildings, the proliferation of sacred images and references to Augustus, and the redefinition of local cults within an imperial system — in effect, the emergence of the imperial cult — all affected provincial centers, where political and divine powers were expressed through art and monumental architecture. The imperial cult was a complex phenomenon, involving an interplay between imperial expectations and local initiatives. It was reinforced through a variety of media, from a new iconography of coinage to a new epigraphy of “monumental writing” across the Mediterranean. The imperial message promised a golden age of peace through divine intervention, cultural rectitude through pietas, and prosperity through the beneficence of the emperor. Colonies founded by Caesar and Augustus in the provinces responded fervently and competitively to the Augustan message, while aiming to enhance their already-considerable imperial favor.
A new edition of the imperial regulation from the Lella Drebblia site near Dougga (AE 2001, 2083)
Authors: González Bordas Hernán , France Jérôme
Published: November 2017

While prospecting in the vicinity of Dougga in the autumn of 1999, the research group directed by M. de Vos (Università degli Studi di Trento) unearthed a large inscription dating from the reign of Hadrian. Its contents were immediately associated with the 6 major inscriptions found between the late 19th and early 20th c. concerning the conditions of exploitation of imperial property in this part of the province of Africa (NW Tunisia). The very next year de Vos presented photographs and an initial transcription of the inscription; her reading was subsequently corrected on certain points by Année Épigraphique but it remains incomplete for several lines, or one-third of the text on the preserved surface. It was therefore necessary to make a full scientific edition on the basis of a new reading.
International audit of Virtual Environment for Radiotherapy Training usage
Authors: Bridge P. , Giles E. , Williams A. , Boejen A. , Appleyard R. , Kirby M.
Published: November 2017

Introduction

The Virtual Environment for Radiotherapy Training (VERT) is a high-fidelity simulation hardware and software resource that replicates the expensive and high-pressure clinical environment of a radiotherapy treatment machine. The simulation allows students to gain confidence with clinical techniques in a safe and unpressured academic environment before clinical placement. The aim of this study was to establish the current and future role of VERT and explore the potential for collaborative resource development and research.

Methods

An anonymous online survey was made available to all users of the software internationally (n=52). A mixture of fixed and open response questions gathered usage data and user feedback.

Results

The study had a 90% response rate (n=47). Most participants (78·5%) used the resource 1 day/week or less; around 8,000 hours worldwide. It was clear that most participants used the simulation resource to help student to either gain understanding of concepts and techniques or to gain practice with techniques and practical skills. There was good support for collaborative resource development, deployment and evaluation to help VERT users to fully exploit its range of pedagogical uses.

Conclusions

This audit demonstrated high levels of engagement and enthusiasm for collaborative resource development and ongoing research among the radiotherapy simulation community. Adoption of an international Academic Community of Practice for collaborative simulation resource deployment and support may be of significant value and is worthy of further discussion and consideration.
Credit Market Discipline and Capitalist Slavery in Antebellum South Carolina
Authors: Clegg John J.
Published: November 2017

Historians and economists have increasingly identified capitalist patterns of behavior among antebellum slave owners, yet no consensus has emerged about the explanation for this finding. I argue that US slave owners were driven to behave like capitalists in part because of their dependence on credit. The ability of creditors to seize the land and slaves of insolvent debtors generated selection pressures that led to both aggregate patterns of capitalist development and the adaptation of individual slave owners to the logic of capitalist competition. I refer to this process as “credit market discipline.” In a case study of South Carolina in the 1840s, I show that the threat and reality of foreclosure was capable of stimulating recognizably capitalist behaviors among even the most aristocratic and “prebourgeois” slave owners.
Deconvoluting interrelationships between concentrations and chemical shifts in urine provides a powerful analysis tool
Authors: Takis Panteleimon G. , Schäfer Hartmut , Spraul Manfred , Luchinat Claudio
Published: November 2017

The NMR chemical shifts of a substance in a complex mixture strongly depend on the composition of the mixture itself, as many weak interactions occur that are hardly predictable. Chemical shift variability is the major obstacle to automatically assigning, and subsequently quantitating, metabolite signals in body fluids, particularly urine. Here we demonstrate that the chemical shifts of signals in urine are actually predictable. This is achieved by constructing ca. 4000 artificial mixtures where the concentrations of 52 most abundant urine metabolites—including 11 inorganic ions—are varied, to sparsely but efficiently populate an N-dimensional concentration matrix. A strong relationship is established between the concentration matrix and the chemical shift matrix, so that chemical shifts of > 90 metabolite signals can be accurately predicted in real urine samples. The concentrations of the invisible inorganic ions are also accurately predicted, along with those of albumin and of several other abundant urine components.
Characterizing a thermostable Cas9 for bacterial genome editing and silencing
Authors: Mougiakos Ioannis , Mohanraju Prarthana , Bosma Elleke F. , Vrouwe Valentijn , Finger Bou Max , Naduthodi Mihris I. S. , Gussak Alex , Brinkman Rudolf B. L. , van Kranenburg Richard , van der Oost John
Published: November 2017

CRISPR-Cas9-based genome engineering tools have revolutionized fundamental research and biotechnological exploitation of both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. However, the mesophilic nature of the established Cas9 systems does not allow for applications that require enhanced stability, including engineering at elevated temperatures. Here we identify and characterize ThermoCas9 from the thermophilic bacterium Geobacillus thermodenitrificans T12. We show that in vitro ThermoCas9 is active between 20 and 70 °C, has stringent PAM-preference at lower temperatures, tolerates fewer spacer-protospacer mismatches than SpCas9 and its activity at elevated temperatures depends on the sgRNA-structure. We develop ThermoCas9-based engineering tools for gene deletion and transcriptional silencing at 55 °C in Bacillus smithii and for gene deletion at 37 °C in Pseudomonas putida. Altogether, our findings provide fundamental insights into a thermophilic CRISPR-Cas family member and establish a Cas9-based bacterial genome editing and silencing tool with a broad temperature range.
Determining therapeutic susceptibility in multiple myeloma by single-cell mass accumulation
Authors: Cetin Arif E. , Stevens Mark M. , Calistri Nicholas L. , Fulciniti Mariateresa , Olcum Selim , Kimmerling Robert J. , Munshi Nikhil C. , Manalis Scott R.
Published: November 2017

Multiple myeloma (MM) has benefited from significant advancements in treatment that have improved outcomes and reduced morbidity. However, the disease remains incurable and is characterized by high rates of drug resistance and relapse. Consequently, methods to select the most efficacious therapy are of great interest. Here we utilize a functional assay to assess the ex vivo drug sensitivity of single multiple myeloma cells based on measuring their mass accumulation rate (MAR). We show that MAR accurately and rapidly defines therapeutic susceptibility across human multiple myeloma cell lines to a gamut of standard-of-care therapies. Finally, we demonstrate that our MAR assay, without the need for extended culture ex vivo, correctly defines the response of nine patients to standard-of-care drugs according to their clinical diagnoses. This data highlights the MAR assay in both research and clinical applications as a promising tool for predicting therapeutic response using clinical samples.
Diverse landscapes beneath Pine Island Glacier influence ice flow
Authors: Bingham Robert G. , Vaughan David G. , King Edward C. , Davies Damon , Cornford Stephen L. , Smith Andrew M. , Arthern Robert J. , Brisbourne Alex M. , De Rydt Jan , Graham Alastair G. C. , Spagnolo Matteo , Marsh Oliver J. , Shean David E.
Published: November 2017

The retreating Pine Island Glacier (PIG), West Antarctica, presently contributes ~5–10% of global sea-level rise. PIG’s retreat rate has increased in recent decades with associated thinning migrating upstream into tributaries feeding the main glacier trunk. To project future change requires modelling that includes robust parameterisation of basal traction, the resistance to ice flow at the bed. However, most ice-sheet models estimate basal traction from satellite-derived surface velocity, without a priori knowledge of the key processes from which it is derived, namely friction at the ice-bed interface and form drag, and the resistance to ice flow that arises as ice deforms to negotiate bed topography. Here, we present high-resolution maps, acquired using ice-penetrating radar, of the bed topography across parts of PIG. Contrary to lower-resolution data currently used for ice-sheet models, these data show a contrasting topography across the ice-bed interface. We show that these diverse subglacial landscapes have an impact on ice flow, and present a challenge for modelling ice-sheet evolution and projecting global sea-level rise from ice-sheet loss.
Full-scale evaluation of methane production under oxic conditions in a mesotrophic lake
Authors: Donis D. , Flury S. , Stöckli A. , Spangenberg J. E. , Vachon D. , McGinnis D. F.
Published: November 2017

Oxic lake surface waters are frequently oversaturated with methane (CH4). The contribution to the global CH4 cycle is significant, thus leading to an increasing number of studies and stimulating debates. Here we show, using a mass balance, on a temperate, mesotrophic lake, that ~90% of CH4 emissions to the atmosphere is due to CH4 produced within the oxic surface mixed layer (SML) during the stratified period, while the often observed CH4 maximum at the thermocline represents only a physically driven accumulation. Negligible surface CH4 oxidation suggests that the produced 110 ± 60 nmol CH4 L−1 d−1 efficiently escapes to the atmosphere. Stable carbon isotope ratios indicate that CH4 in the SML is distinct from sedimentary CH4 production, suggesting alternative pathways and precursors. Our approach reveals CH4 production in the epilimnion that is currently overlooked, and that research on possible mechanisms behind the methane paradox should additionally focus on the lake surface layer.
Role of epithelial to mesenchymal transition associated genes in mammary gland regeneration and breast tumorigenesis
Authors: Sikandar Shaheen S. , Kuo Angera H. , Kalisky Tomer , Cai Shang , Zabala Maider , Hsieh Robert W. , Lobo Neethan A. , Scheeren Ferenc A. , Sim Sopheak , Qian Dalong , Dirbas Frederick M. , Somlo George , Quake Stephen R. , Clarke Michael F.
Published: November 2017

Previous studies have proposed that epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in breast cancer cells regulates metastasis, stem cell properties and chemo-resistance; most studies were based on in vitro culture of cell lines and mouse transgenic cancer models. However, the identity and function of cells expressing EMT-associated genes in normal murine mammary gland homeostasis and human breast cancer still remains under debate. Using in vivo lineage tracing and triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) patient derived xenografts we demonstrate that the repopulating capacity in normal mammary epithelial cells and tumorigenic capacity in TNBC is independent of expression of EMT-associated genes. In breast cancer, while a subset of cells with epithelial and mesenchymal phenotypes have stem cell activity, in many cells that have lost epithelial characteristics with increased expression of mesenchymal genes, have decreased tumor-initiating capacity and plasticity. These findings have implications for the development of effective therapeutic agents targeting tumor-initiating cells.
The key role of Au-substrate interactions in catalytic gold subnanoclusters
Authors: Cordón Jesús , Jiménez-Osés Gonzalo , López-de-Luzuriaga José M. , Monge Miguel
Published: November 2017

The development of gold catalysis has allowed significant levels of activity and complexity in organic synthesis. Recently, the use of very active small gold subnanoclusters (Au
n
, n < 10) has been reported. The stabilization of such nanocatalysts to prevent self-aggregation represents a true challenge that has been partially remediated, for instance, by their immobilization in polymer matrices. Here, we describe the transient stabilization of very small gold subnanoclusters (Au
n
, n < 5) by alkyl chains or aromatic groups appended to the reactive π bond of simple alkynes. The superior performance toward Brønsted acid-free hydration of medium to long aliphatic alkynes (1-hexyne and 1-docecyne) and benzylacetylene with respect to phenylacetylene is demonstrated experimentally and investigated computationally. A cooperative network of dispersive Au···C–H and/or Au···π interactions, supported by quantum mechanical calculations and time-resolved luminescence experiments, is proposed to be at the origin of this stabilization.
Activity-dependent expression of Channelrhodopsin at neuronal synapses
Authors: Gobbo Francesco , Marchetti Laura , Jacob Ajesh , Pinto Bruno , Binini Noemi , Pecoraro Bisogni Federico , Alia Claudia , Luin Stefano , Caleo Matteo , Fellin Tommaso , Cancedda Laura , Cattaneo Antonino
Published: November 2017

Increasing evidence points to the importance of dendritic spines in the formation and allocation of memories, and alterations of spine number and physiology are associated to memory and cognitive disorders. Modifications of the activity of subsets of synapses are believed to be crucial for memory establishment. However, the development of a method to directly test this hypothesis, by selectively controlling the activity of potentiated spines, is currently lagging. Here we introduce a hybrid RNA/protein approach to regulate the expression of a light-sensitive membrane channel at activated synapses, enabling selective tagging of potentiated spines following the encoding of a novel context in the hippocampus. This approach can be used to map potentiated synapses in the brain and will make it possible to re-activate the neuron only at previously activated synapses, extending current neuron-tagging technologies in the investigation of memory processes.
Chemogenomic analysis reveals key role for lysine acetylation in regulating Arc stability
Authors: Lalonde Jasmin , Reis Surya A. , Sivakumaran Sudhir , Holland Carl S. , Wesseling Hendrik , Sauld John F. , Alural Begum , Zhao Wen-Ning , Steen Judith A. , Haggarty Stephen J.
Published: November 2017

The role of Arc in synaptic plasticity and memory consolidation has been investigated for many years with recent evidence that defects in the expression or activity of this immediate-early gene may also contribute to the pathophysiology of brain disorders including schizophrenia and fragile X syndrome. These results bring forward the concept that reversing Arc abnormalities could provide an avenue to improve cognitive or neurological impairments in different disease contexts, but how to achieve this therapeutic objective has remained elusive. Here, we present results from a chemogenomic screen that probed a mechanistically diverse library of small molecules for modulators of BDNF-induced Arc expression in primary cortical neurons. This effort identified compounds with a range of influences on Arc, including promoting its acetylation—a previously uncharacterized post-translational modification of this protein. Together, our data provide insights into the control of Arc that could be targeted to harness neuroplasticity for clinical applications.
Extremely high magnetoresistance and conductivity in the type-II Weyl semimetals WP2 and MoP2
Authors: Kumar Nitesh , Sun Yan , Xu Nan , Manna Kaustuv , Yao Mengyu , Süss Vicky , Leermakers Inge , Young Olga , Förster Tobias , Schmidt Marcus , Borrmann Horst , Yan Binghai , Zeitler Uli , Shi Ming , Felser Claudia , Shekhar Chandra
Published: November 2017

The peculiar band structure of semimetals exhibiting Dirac and Weyl crossings can lead to spectacular electronic properties such as large mobilities accompanied by extremely high magnetoresistance. In particular, two closely neighboring Weyl points of the same chirality are protected from annihilation by structural distortions or defects, thereby significantly reducing the scattering probability between them. Here we present the electronic properties of the transition metal diphosphides, WP2 and MoP2, which are type-II Weyl semimetals with robust Weyl points by transport, angle resolved photoemission spectroscopy and first principles calculations. Our single crystals of WP2 display an extremely low residual low-temperature resistivity of 3 nΩ cm accompanied by an enormous and highly anisotropic magnetoresistance above 200 million % at 63 T and 2.5 K. We observe a large suppression of charge carrier backscattering in WP2 from transport measurements. These properties are likely a consequence of the novel Weyl fermions expressed in this compound.
Germline variation in ADAMTSL1 is associated with prognosis following breast cancer treatment in young women
Authors: Kadalayil Latha , Khan Sofia , Nevanlinna Heli , Fasching Peter A. , Couch Fergus J. , Hopper John L. , Liu Jianjun , Maishman Tom , Durcan Lorraine , Gerty Sue , Blomqvist Carl , Rack Brigitte , Janni Wolfgang , Collins Andrew , Eccles Diana , Tapper William
Published: November 2017

To identify genetic variants associated with breast cancer prognosis we conduct a meta-analysis of overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) in 6042 patients from four cohorts. In young women, breast cancer is characterized by a higher incidence of adverse pathological features, unique gene expression profiles and worse survival, which may relate to germline variation. To explore this hypothesis, we also perform survival analysis in 2315 patients aged ≤ 40 years at diagnosis. Here, we identify two SNPs associated with early-onset DFS, rs715212 (Pmeta = 3.54 × 10−5) and rs10963755 (Pmeta = 3.91 × 10−4) in ADAMTSL1. The effect of these SNPs is independent of classical prognostic factors and there is no heterogeneity between cohorts. Most importantly, the association with rs715212 is noteworthy (FPRP <0.2) and approaches genome-wide significance in multivariable analysis (Pmultivariable = 5.37 × 10−8). Expression quantitative trait analysis provides tentative evidence that rs715212 may influence AREG expression (PeQTL = 0.035), although further functional studies are needed to confirm this association and determine a mechanism.
Female-specific myoinhibitory peptide neurons regulate mating receptivity in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Jang Yong-Hoon , Chae Hyo-Seok , Kim Young-Joon
Published: November 2017

Upon mating, fruit fly females become refractory to further mating for several days. An ejaculate protein called sex peptide (SP) acts on uterine neurons to trigger this behavioural change, but it is still unclear how the SP signal modifies the mating decision. Here we describe two groups of female-specific local interneurons that are important for this process—the ventral abdominal lateral (vAL) and ventral abdominal medial (vAM) interneurons. Both vAL and vAM express myoinhibitory peptide (Mip)-GAL4. vAL is positive for Mip neuropeptides and the sex-determining transcriptional factor doublesex. Silencing the Mip neurons in females induces active rejection of male courtship attempts, whereas activation of the Mip neurons makes even mated females receptive to re-mating. vAL and vAM are located in the abdominal ganglion (AG) where they relay the SP signal to other AG neurons that project to the brain. Mip neuropeptides appear to promote mating receptivity both in virgins and mated females, although it is dispensable for normal mating in virgin females.
Anti-Stokes photoluminescence probing k-conservation and thermalization of minority carriers in degenerately doped semiconductors
Authors: Mergenthaler K. , Anttu N. , Vainorius N. , Aghaeipour M. , Lehmann S. , Borgström M. T. , Samuelson L. , Pistol M.-E.
Published: November 2017

It has recently been found that anti-Stokes photoluminescence can be observed in degenerately n-doped indium phosphide nanowires, when exciting directly into the electron gas. This anti-Stokes mechanism has not been observed before and allows the study of carrier relaxation and recombination using standard photoluminescence techniques. It is important to know if this anti-Stokes photoluminescence also occurs in bulk semiconductors as well as its relation to carrier recombination and relaxation. Here we show that similar anti-Stokes photoluminescence can indeed be observed in degenerately doped bulk indium phosphide and gallium arsenide and is caused by minority carriers scattering to high momenta by phonons. We find in addition that the radiative electron-hole recombination is highly momentum-conserving and that photogenerated minority carriers recombine before relaxing to the band edge at low temperatures. These observations challenge the use of models assuming thermalization of minority carriers in the analysis of highly doped devices.
Human eye-inspired soft optoelectronic device using high-density MoS2-graphene curved image sensor array
Authors: Choi Changsoon , Choi Moon Kee , Liu Siyi , Kim Minsung , Park Ok Kyu , Im Changkyun , Kim Jaemin , Qin Xiaoliang , Lee Gil Ju , Cho Kyoung Won , Kim Myungbin , Joh Eehyung , Lee Jongha , Son Donghee , Kwon Seung-Hae , Jeon Noo Li , Song Young Min , Lu Nanshu , Kim Dae-Hyeong
Published: November 2017

Soft bioelectronic devices provide new opportunities for next-generation implantable devices owing to their soft mechanical nature that leads to minimal tissue damages and immune responses. However, a soft form of the implantable optoelectronic device for optical sensing and retinal stimulation has not been developed yet because of the bulkiness and rigidity of conventional imaging modules and their composing materials. Here, we describe a high-density and hemispherically curved image sensor array that leverages the atomically thin MoS2-graphene heterostructure and strain-releasing device designs. The hemispherically curved image sensor array exhibits infrared blindness and successfully acquires pixelated optical signals. We corroborate the validity of the proposed soft materials and ultrathin device designs through theoretical modeling and finite element analysis. Then, we propose the ultrathin hemispherically curved image sensor array as a promising imaging element in the soft retinal implant. The CurvIS array is applied as a human eye-inspired soft implantable optoelectronic device that can detect optical signals and apply programmed electrical stimulation to optic nerves with minimum mechanical side effects to the retina.
Microscale cavitation as a mechanism for nucleating earthquakes at the base of the seismogenic zone
Authors: Verberne Berend A. , Chen Jianye , Niemeijer André R. , de Bresser Johannes H. P. , Pennock Gillian M. , Drury Martyn R. , Spiers Christopher J.
Published: November 2017

Major earthquakes frequently nucleate near the base of the seismogenic zone, close to the brittle-ductile transition. Fault zone rupture at greater depths is inhibited by ductile flow of rock. However, the microphysical mechanisms responsible for the transition from ductile flow to seismogenic brittle/frictional behaviour at shallower depths remain unclear. Here we show that the flow-to-friction transition in experimentally simulated calcite faults is characterized by a transition from dislocation and diffusion creep to dilatant deformation, involving incompletely accommodated grain boundary sliding. With increasing shear rate or decreasing temperature, dislocation and diffusion creep become too slow to accommodate the imposed shear strain rate, leading to intergranular cavitation, weakening, strain localization, and a switch from stable flow to runaway fault rupture. The observed shear instability, triggered by the onset of microscale cavitation, provides a key mechanism for bringing about the brittle-ductile transition and for nucleating earthquakes at the base of the seismogenic zone.
MyD88 promotes myoblast fusion in a cell-autonomous manner
Authors: Hindi Sajedah M. , Shin Jonghyun , Gallot Yann S. , Straughn Alex R. , Simionescu-Bankston Adriana , Hindi Lubna , Xiong Guangyan , Friedland Robert P. , Kumar Ashok
Published: November 2017

Myoblast fusion is an indispensable step for skeletal muscle development, postnatal growth, and regeneration. Myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88) is an adaptor protein that mediates Toll-like receptors and interleukin-1 receptor signaling. Here we report a cell-autonomous role of MyD88 in the regulation of myoblast fusion. MyD88 protein levels are increased during in vitro myogenesis and in conditions that promote skeletal muscle growth in vivo. Deletion of MyD88 impairs fusion of myoblasts without affecting their survival, proliferation, or differentiation. MyD88 regulates non-canonical NF-κB and canonical Wnt signaling during myogenesis and promotes skeletal muscle growth and overload-induced myofiber hypertrophy in mice. Ablation of MyD88 reduces myofiber size during muscle regeneration, whereas its overexpression promotes fusion of exogenous myoblasts to injured myofibers. Our study shows that MyD88 modulates myoblast fusion and suggests that augmenting its levels may be a therapeutic approach to improve skeletal muscle formation in degenerative muscle disorders.
Dynamically controlled Purcell enhancement of visible spontaneous emission in a gated plasmonic heterostructure
Authors: Lu Yu-Jung , Sokhoyan Ruzan , Cheng Wen-Hui , Kafaie Shirmanesh Ghazaleh , Davoyan Artur R. , Pala Ragip A. , Thyagarajan Krishnan , Atwater Harry A.
Published: November 2017

Emission control of colloidal quantum dots (QDs) is a cornerstone of modern high-quality lighting and display technologies. Dynamic emission control of colloidal QDs in an optoelectronic device is usually achieved by changing the optical pump intensity or injection current density. Here we propose and demonstrate a distinctly different mechanism for the temporal modulation of QD emission intensity at constant optical pumping rate. Our mechanism is based on the electrically controlled modulation of the local density of optical states (LDOS) at the position of the QDs, resulting in the modulation of the QD spontaneous emission rate, far-field emission intensity, and quantum yield. We manipulate the LDOS via field effect-induced optical permittivity modulation of an ultrathin titanium nitride (TiN) film, which is incorporated in a gated TiN/SiO2/Ag plasmonic heterostructure. The demonstrated electrical control of the colloidal QD emission provides a new approach for modulating intensity of light in displays and other optoelectronics.
Universal model of individual and population mobility on diverse spatial scales
Authors: Yan Xiao-Yong , Wang Wen-Xu , Gao Zi-You , Lai Ying-Cheng
Published: November 2017

Studies of human mobility in the past decade revealed a number of general scaling laws. However, to reproduce the scaling behaviors quantitatively at both the individual and population levels simultaneously remains to be an outstanding problem. Moreover, recent evidence suggests that spatial scales have a significant effect on human mobility, raising the need for formulating a universal model suited for human mobility at different levels and spatial scales. Here we develop a general model by combining memory effect and population-induced competition to enable accurate prediction of human mobility based on population distribution only. A variety of individual and collective mobility patterns such as scaling behaviors and trajectory motifs are accurately predicted for different countries and cities of diverse spatial scales. Our model establishes a universal underlying mechanism capable of explaining a variety of human mobility behaviors, and has significant applications for understanding many dynamical processes associated with human mobility.