bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New Data on Marine Radiocarbon Reservoir Effect in the Eastern Adriatic Based on Pre-Bomb Marine Organisms from the Intertidal Zone and Shallow Sea
Authors: Faivre Sanja , Bakran-Petricioli Tatjana , Barešić Jadranka , Horvatinčić Nada
Published: September 2015

Radiocarbon analyses of 14 modern, pre-bomb marine organisms collected between AD 1836 and 1946 along the eastern Adriatic coast were performed. The14C ages of five algal and nine mollusk samples were measured by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). Marine14C reservoir ages (R) and regional offsets (ΔR) were calculated and compared. The marine reservoir ages of shells and algae significantly differ, even though both inhabit the hard substrate from the intertidal zone to shallow sea. Coralline algae had a considerably lower reservoir age (355 ± 3414C yr) and ΔR value (–9 ± 3414C yr) than mollusks (R 513 ± 5314C yr; ΔR 154 ± 5214C yr), though the variability of R was high in both groups. Although the microlocations of pre-bomb samples were not known and the studied mollusk species are able to inhabit marine or estuarine environments, it can be assumed that they were not significantly influenced by a freshwater admixture, due to their δ13C values being mostly in the marine range. However, as the entire eastern Adriatic is formed in carbonates, mollusk shells could be influenced by limestone-depleted14C. In examining new data together with previously published data, the marine reservoir effect (MRE) for the Adriatic area is estimated to be 424 ± 5714C yr (ΔR is 77 ± 5714C yr). Without mussel shells, the estimated MRE is 378 ± 4414C yr (ΔR is 28 ± 4514C yr). The presented values are comparable to the MREs and mean ΔRs obtained for the Mediterranean by other authors.
Temporal Variations of Radiocarbon Reservoir Ages in the South Pacific Ocean during the Holocene
Authors: Burr G S , Vance Haynes C , Shen Chuan-Chou , Taylor Fred , Chang Yu-Wei , Beck J W , Nguyen Vicki , Zhou Weijian
Published: September 2015

This article discusses the magnitude and rate of change of radiocarbon reservoir ages from the surface ocean in the South Pacific during the Holocene. 14C reservoir ages are calculated from paired U/Th and 14C measurements. Seventeen pairs of coral dates were determined from samples collected on Rendova and Tetepare Islands, in the Solomon Islands, and from Espiritu Santo Island, Vanuatu. The samples are all Holocene in age, with 230Th ages ranging from about 400 to 9400 BP. Samples were collected as drill cores or surface outcrops. About half of the surface samples appear to have incorporated modern carbon through postdepositional recrystallization. Two of the core samples were also affected by carbon exchange. The Holocene 14C reservoir ages observed in this data set show stable values for the last 3000 yr, and substantial variability from 5000–6000 BP (~100 to ~950 14C yr). Persistent low values (<200 14C yr) were observed for samples from 7000–8000 BP. We attribute these variations to temporal changes in lateral advection and vertical mixing, and possibly to local environmental conditions related to the interplay between sea-level rise and episodic uplift, characteristic of all the coral localities.
A Comparison Of The Wind Spectrum According To Different Methods - An Original Project Of A Building On A Cliff In Gdynia
Authors: Zielińska M. , Zarychta K.
Published: September 2015

The article presents numerical simulations of the dynamic wind loads on the structure of a building designed on a cliff in Gdynia. The results obtained from the two methods: Davenport’s and Karman’s are compared. The results allowed a comparison of the two methods, and they provided an answer to the question how a construction, designed in such an unusual condition of a cliff behaves under the influence of the gusting wind. The wind spectrum is presented and compared in both directions: of the X-axis and of the Y-axis. The dynamic calculations are carried out in the Abaqus software. The conducted numerical analyses compare the displacements in two points - at half height of the building and at the top - obtained by the two methods.
Transfer Logic Gates With Electrical And Optical Inputs For Large Area Electronics
Authors: Horváth Zsolt J.
Published: September 2015

A new type of transfer logic gates with both electrical and/or optical inputs and electrical outputs are proposed, which can be prepared by thin film technology. The possible realization of different logic functions and non-volatile memory logic arrays are demonstrated. The possible application fields are briefly discussed.
Compressed Sensing Of Complex Sinusoids Off The Grid
Authors: Ping Cheng , Liu Shi , Jiaqun Zhao
Published: September 2015

To solve off-grid problem in compressed sensing, a new reconstruction algorithm for complex sinusoids is proposed. The compressed sensing reconstruction problem is transformed into a joint optimized problem. Based on coordinate descent approach and linear estimator, a new iteration algorithm is proposed. The results of experiments verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Textual meaning and its place in a theory of language
Authors: Jeffries Lesley
Published: September 2015

Following the development of a framework for critical stylistics (Jeffries 2010) and the explication of some of the theoretical assumptions behind this framework (Jeffries 2014a, 2014b, 2015a, 2015b), the present article attempts to put this framework into a larger theoretical context as a way to approach textual meaning. Using examples from the popular U.S. television show, The Big Bang Theory, I examine the evidence that there is a kind of textual meaning which can be distinguished from the core propositional meaning on the one hand and from contextual, interpersonal meaning on the other. The specific aim, to demonstrate a layer of meaning belonging to text specifically, is set within an argument which claims that progress in linguistics can better be served by adherence to a rigorous scientific discipline.
Effect of Initial Porosity on Material Response Under Multi-Axial Stress State for S235JR Steel
Authors: Kossakowski P.G.
Published: September 2015

The effect of the initial porosity on the material response under multi-axial stress state for S235JR steel using the Gurson-Tvergaard-Needleman (GTN) material model was examined. Three levels of initial porosity, defined by the void volume fraction f0, were considered: zero porosity for fully dense material without pores, average and maximum porosity according to the metallurgical requirements for S235JR steel. The effect of the initial porosity on the material response was noticed for tensile elements under multi-axial stress state defined by high stress triaxiality σm/σe = 1.345. This effect was especially noticeable at the range of the material failure. In terms of the load-bearing capacity of the elements, the conservative results were obtained when maximum value of f0 = 0.0024 was used for S235JR steel under multi-axial stress state, and this value is recommended to use in the calculations in order to preserve the highest safety level of the structure. In usual engineering calculations, the average porosity defined by f0 = 0.001 may be applied for S235JR.
Nonlinear Static Analysis of an Asphalt Concrete Core Dam dor Comparison of Three Constitutive Models
Authors: Hong Z. , Hongyan Z. , Jianke D.
Published: September 2015

The goal of this work is to compare different constitutive models in the nonlinear static characteristic analysis of asphalt concrete core dams. The Duncan E- μ model, Duncan E-B model and double-yield-surface model are three major constitutive models in the nonlinear static prediction of earth-rockfill dam. In this paper, an earth-rock fill dam with asphalt concrete core-wall in an actual hydraulic engineering is employed to compare the three models. The finite element model of the core-wall dam is proposed. Nonlinear static analysis of the dam is carried out and the static characteristics are obtained to study the differences generated from different constitutive models. Numerical results show that both the stress extremum and the stress distribution of dam body with three different models are coincident one another. In the deformation analysis of dam body and core-wall, the maximum values of sedimentation with the Duncan E-μ model and the Duncan E-B model, which are greater than the value with double-yield-surface model, are close to the practical test data though the deformation distributions with three models are in good agreement. But, the analysis results of core-wall stress with double-yield-surface model are proper and more reasonable than the other models.
Tendinopathy: Update on Pathophysiology
Authors: Scott Alex , Backman Ludvig J. , Speed Cathy
Published: September 2015

Synopsis

Tendinopathy has become the accepted term to describe a spectrum of changes that occur in damaged and/or diseased tendons. Over the past 2 decades, there have been new insights into tendon pathophysiology of relevance to clinicians, including (1) better characterization of the overuse injury process and the resultant structural and functional disruption in chronically painful tendons, (2) improved understanding of the pathomechanics associated with chronic tendon injury, and (3) greater knowledge about the influence of lifestyle factors and drugs on tendon pathology. The implications of these new insights are discussed. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2015;45(11):833–841. Epub 21 Sep 2015. doi:10.2519/jospt.2015.5884
Patellar Tendinopathy: Clinical Diagnosis, Load Management, and Advice for Challenging Case Presentations
Authors: Malliaras Peter , Cook Jill , Purdam Craig , Rio Ebonie
Published: September 2015

Synopsis

The hallmark features of patellar tendinopathy are (1) pain localized to the inferior pole of the patella and (2) load-related pain that increases with the demand on the knee extensors, notably in activities that store and release energy in the patellar tendon. While imaging may assist in differential diagnosis, the diagnosis of patellar tendinopathy remains clinical, as asymptomatic tendon pathology may exist in people who have pain from other anterior knee sources. A thorough examination is required to diagnose patellar tendinopathy and contributing factors. Management of patellar tendinopathy should focus on progressively developing load tolerance of the tendon, the musculoskeletal unit, and the kinetic chain, as well as addressing key biomechanical and other risk factors. Rehabilitation can be slow and sometimes frustrating. This review aims to assist clinicians with key concepts related to examination, diagnosis, and management of patellar tendinopathy. Difficult clinical presentations (eg, highly irritable tendon, systemic comorbidities) as well as common pitfalls, such as unrealistic rehabilitation time frames and overreliance on passive treatments, are also discussed. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2015;45(11):887–898. Epub 21 Sep 2015. doi:10.2519/jospt.2015.5987
Study on Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C in Haemodialysis patients of National Institute of Kidney Diseases and Urology (NIKDU), Dhaka
Authors: Chowdhury Fahmida Sharmin , Siddiqui Md Ali Ehsan , Rahima Refat , Islam Khairul , Islam Mir Kamrul
Published: September 2015

Hepatitis viral infections are important causes of morbidity and mortality in haemodialysis patients. The present study was undertaken to estimate the prevalence of HBV and HCV and dual infection among haemodialysis patients attending at National Institute of Kidney Diseases and Urology (NIKDU), Sher EBangla Nagar, Dhaka during the period between January 2012 to April 2013. One hundred and fifty patients attending haemodialysis unit were screened for the presence of HBV and HCV infections. 22 (14.67%) patients were HCV positive while 18 (12%) patients had HBV infection. A dual infection with both the viruses was observed in 1 patient (.67%).Bangladesh J Medicine Jul 2014; 25 (2) : 55-60
Adenosine Deaminase (ADA) in Tuberculous Meningitis
Authors: Skarar Devendra Nath , Hossain Md Ismail , Shoab AKM , Amin Md Robed
Published: September 2015

Abstract not availableBangladesh J Medicine Jul 2014; 25 (2) : 61-71
Quality of Life, Health, and Sleep of Air Traffic Controllers with Different Shift Systems
Authors: Sonati Jaqueline , De Martino Milva , Vilarta Roberto , Maciel Érika , Moreira Edméia , Sanchez Fernando , De Martino Gustavo , Sonati Renato
Published: September 2015

BACKGROUND: Air traffic controllers (ATC) work shifts and their work schedules vary according to the characteristics of each airport. The human body adapts to shiftwork differently. These adjustments affect the health-disease process, predisposing ATC to risk conditions associated
with sleep deprivation and lack of night sleep, which can lead to conditions such as cardiovascular diseases, mood disorders, anxiety, and obesity. This study investigated the characteristics of health, sleep, and quality of life of ATC exposed to 8-h alternate work shifts and 6-h rotational
work shifts.METHODS: The study was cross-sectional with convenience samples consisting of 84 ATC from two international airports in Brazil. We applied questionnaires to collect data about socioeconomic conditions, quality of life, sleep, and physical activity levels. We also collected
health data regarding nutritional status, body composition, and blood pressure. We analyzed the differences between ATC from the two airports considering the variables of sleep, quality of life, and health.RESULTS: Differences were found between the groups in terms of body fat percentage
(30.7% and 27.8%), scores of overall quality of life (56.2 and 68), concentration (3.37 and 3.96), energy (3.12 and 3.62), and sleep time on working days (5:20 h and 6:15 h).CONCLUSION: ATC under 8-h alternate shifts showed lower scores for quality of life, higher body fat, and
less sleep time on working days, which characterizes inadequate shiftwork for this population.Sonati J, De Martino M, Vilarta R, Maciel É, Moreira E, Sanchez F, De Martino G, Sonati R. Quality of life, health, and sleep of air traffic controllers with different shift systems.
Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2015; 86(10):895–900.
Neuroscience of Internet Pornography Addiction: A Review and Update
Authors: Love Todd , Laier Christian , Brand Matthias , Hatch Linda , Hajela Raju
Published: September 2015

Many recognize that several behaviors potentially affecting the reward circuitry in human brains lead to a loss of control and other symptoms of addiction in at least some individuals. Regarding Internet addiction, neuroscientific research supports the assumption that underlying neural processes are similar to substance addiction. The American Psychiatric Association (APA) has recognized one such Internet related behavior, Internet gaming, as a potential addictive disorder warranting further study, in the 2013 revision of their Diagnostic and Statistical Manual. Other Internet related behaviors, e.g., Internet pornography use, were not covered. Within this review, we give a summary of the concepts proposed underlying addiction and give an overview about neuroscientific studies on Internet addiction and Internet gaming disorder. Moreover, we reviewed available neuroscientific literature on Internet pornography addiction and connect the results to the addiction model. The review leads to the conclusion that Internet pornography addiction fits into the addiction framework and shares similar basic mechanisms with substance addiction. Together with studies on Internet addiction and Internet Gaming Disorder we see strong evidence for considering addictive Internet behaviors as behavioral addiction. Future research needs to address whether or not there are specific differences between substance and behavioral addiction.
A Non-Formal Student Laboratory as a Place for Innovation in Education for Sustainability for All Students
Authors: Affeldt Fiona , Weitz Katharina , Siol Antje , Markic Silvija , Eilks Ingo
Published: September 2015

In many Western countries, non-formal education has become increasingly recognized as a valuable addition to the traditional educational system. In recent years, a special form of non-formal student laboratories (Schülerlabor) has emerged in Germany to promote primary and secondary practical science learning. This paper describes a developmental project on Schülerlabor learning environments for all students with a particular focus on sustainability education in the context of chemistry-related topics. The goal of reaching all students puts intentional pressure on the development process of learning environments. It forces the Schülerlabors to create a detailed model of differentiation, which can reach all learners of different interests and abilities. This also includes low-achievers and students who have disadvantaged educational biographies. In this sense, the structuring of non-formal learning environments simultaneously becomes a process of innovation with respect to both the curriculum and the teaching methods. In this paper, we present a corresponding model of differentiation and a specific example focusing on the learning about protecting and preserving metal objects in science education. Preliminary results and implications from the accompanying evaluation are also discussed.
Two-Dimensional Materials for Sensing: Graphene and Beyond
Authors: Varghese Seba , Varghese Saino , Swaminathan Sundaram , Singh Krishna , Mittal Vikas
Published: September 2015

Two-dimensional materials have attracted great scientific attention due to their unusual and fascinating properties for use in electronics, spintronics, photovoltaics, medicine, composites, etc. Graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides such as MoS2, phosphorene, etc., which belong to the family of two-dimensional materials, have shown great promise for gas sensing applications due to their high surface-to-volume ratio, low noise and sensitivity of electronic properties to the changes in the surroundings. Two-dimensional nanostructured semiconducting metal oxide based gas sensors have also been recognized as successful gas detection devices. This review aims to provide the latest advancements in the field of gas sensors based on various two-dimensional materials with the main focus on sensor performance metrics such as sensitivity, specificity, detection limit, response time, and reversibility. Both experimental and theoretical studies on the gas sensing properties of graphene and other two-dimensional materials beyond graphene are also discussed. The article concludes with the current challenges and future prospects for two-dimensional materials in gas sensor applications.
Biodegradation of Decabromodiphenyl Ether (BDE-209) by Crude Enzyme Extract from Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Liu Yu , Gong Ai-Jun , Qiu Li-Na , Li Jing-Rui , Li Fu-Kai
Published: September 2015

The biodegradation effect and mechanism of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) by crude enzyme extract from Pseudomonas aeruginosa were investigated. The results demonstrated that crude enzyme extract exhibited obviously higher degradation efficiency and shorter biodegradation time than Pseudomonas aeruginosa itself. Under the optimum conditions of pH 9.0, 35 °C and protein content of 2000 mg/L, 92.77% of the initial BDE-209 (20 mg/L) was degraded after 5 h. A BDE-209 biodegradation pathway was proposed on the basis of the biodegradation products identified by GC-MS analysis. The biodegradation mechanism showed that crude enzyme extract degraded BDE-209 into lower brominated PBDEs and OH-PBDEs through debromination and hydroxylation of the aromatic rings.
Biliverdin Reductase A (BVRA) Mediates Macrophage Expression of Interleukin-10 in Injured Kidney
Authors: Hu Zhizhi , Pei Guangchang , Wang Pengge , Yang Juan , Zhu Fengmin , Guo Yujiao , Wang Meng , Yao Ying , Zeng Rui , Liao Wenhui , Xu Gang
Published: September 2015

Biliverdin reductase A is an enzyme, with serine/threonine/tyrosine kinase activation, converting biliverdin (BV) to bilirubin (BR) in heme degradation pathway. It has been reported to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effect in monocytes and human glioblastoma. However, the function of BVRA in polarized macrophage was unknown. This study aimed to investigate the effect of BVRA on macrophage activation and polarization in injured renal microenvironment. Classically activated macrophages (M1macrophages) and alternative activation of macrophages (M2 macrophages) polarization of murine bone marrow derived macrophage was induced by GM-CSF and M-CSF. M1 polarization was associated with a significant down-regulation of BVRA and Interleukin-10 (IL-10), and increased secretion of TNF-α. We also found IL-10 expression was increased in BVRA over-expressed macrophages, while it decreased in BVRA knockdown macrophages. In contrast, BVRA over-expressed or knockdown macrophages had no effect on TNF-α expression level, indicating BVRA mediated IL-10 expression in macrophages. Furthermore, we observed in macrophages infected with recombinant adenoviruses BVRA gene, which BVRA over-expressed enhanced both INOS and ARG-1 mRNA expression, resulting in a specific macrophage phenotype. Through in vivo study, we found BVRA positive macrophages largely existed in mice renal ischemia perfusion injury. With the treatment of the regular cytokines GM-CSF, M-CSF or LPS, excreted in the injured renal microenvironment, IL-10 secretion was significantly increased in BVRA over-expressed macrophages. In conclusion, the BVRA positive macrophage is a source of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in injured kidney, which may provide a potential target for treatment of kidney disease.
Chemically Bonding of Amantadine with Gardenamide A Enhances the Neuroprotective Effects against Corticosterone-Induced Insults in PC12 Cells
Authors: Zhao Jiaqiang , Peng Lizhi , Zheng Wenhua , Wang Rikang , Zhang Lei , Yang Jian , Chen Heru
Published: September 2015

Two amantadine (ATD)-gardenamide A (GA) ligands have been designed and synthesized. The bonding of ATD with GA through a methylene carbonyl brigde (L1) enhances the neuroprotective effect against corticosterone (CORT)-induced impairments in PC12 cells; while the bonding through a succinyl brigde (L2) does not. L1 reduces the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cell apoptosis generated by CORT. It restores CORT-changed cell morphology to a state that is closed to normal PC12 cells. One mechanism of L1 to attenuate CORT-induced cell apoptosis is through the adjustment of both caspase-3 and Bcl-2 proteins. Like GA, both nNOS and eNOS might be involved in the neuroprotective mechanism of L1. All the evidences suggest that L1 may be a potential agent to treat depression.
A Closer Look at Schlemm’s Canal Cell Physiology: Implications for Biomimetics
Authors: Dautriche Cula , Tian Yangzi , Xie Yubing , Sharfstein Susan
Published: September 2015

Among ocular pathologies, glaucoma is the second leading cause of progressive vision loss, expected to affect 80 million people worldwide by 2020. A primary cause of glaucoma appears to be damage to the conventional outflow tract. Conventional outflow tissues, a composite of the trabecular meshwork and the Schlemm’s canal, regulate and maintain homeostatic responses to intraocular pressure. In glaucoma, filtration of aqueous humor into the Schlemm’s canal is hindered, leading to an increase in intraocular pressure and subsequent damage to the optic nerve, with progressive vision loss. The Schlemm’s canal encompasses a unique endothelium. Recent advances in culturing and manipulating Schlemm’s canal cells have elucidated several aspects of their physiology, including ultrastructure, cell-specific marker expression, and biomechanical properties. This review highlights these advances and discusses implications for engineering a 3D, biomimetic, in vitro model of the Schlemm’s canal endothelium to further advance glaucoma research, including drug testing and gene therapy screening.
A Comparative Study of the Sintering Behavior of Pure and Manganese-Substituted Hydroxyapatite
Authors: Zilm Michael , Thomson Seamus , Wei Mei
Published: September 2015

Hydroxyapatite (HA) is a widely studied biomaterial for its similar chemical composition to bone and its osteoconductive properties. The crystal structure of HA is flexible, allowing for a wide range of substitutions which can alter bioactivity, biodegradation, and mechanical properties of the substituted apatite. The thermal stability of a substituted apatite is an indication of its biodegradation in vivo. In this study, we investigated the thermal stability and mechanical properties of manganese-substituted hydroxyapatite (MnHA) as it is reported that manganese can enhance cell attachment compared to pure HA. Pure HA and MnHA pellets were sintered over the following temperature ranges: 900 to 1300 °C and 700 to 1300 °C respectively. The sintered pellets were characterized via density measurements, mechanical testing, X-ray diffraction, and field emission electron microscopy. It was found that MnHA was less stable than HA decomposing around 800 °C compared to 1200 °C for HA. The flexural strength of MnHA was weaker than HA due to the decomposition of MnHA at a significantly lower temperature of 800 °C compared to 1100 °C for HA. The low thermal stability of MnHA suggests that a faster in vivo dissolution rate compared to pure HA is expected.
Manipulation of Self-Assembled Microparticle Chains by Electroosmotic Flow Assisted Electrorotation in an Optoelectronic Device
Authors: Zhu Xiaolu
Published: September 2015

A method incorporating the optically induced electrorotation (OER) and alternating current electroosmotic (ACEO) effects, for the formation and motion control of microparticle chains, is numerically and experimentally demonstrated. In this method, both the rotating electric field and ACEO fluid roll are generated around the border between light and dark area of the fluidic chamber in an optoelectronic tweezers (OET) device. The experimental results show that the particle chains can self-rotate in their pitch axes under the rotating electric field produced due to the different impedances of the photoconductive layer in light and dark areas, and have a peak self-rotating rate at around 1 MHz. The orbital movement of entire particle chain around the center of ACEO fluid roll can be achieved from 0.5 to 600 kHz. The strength of OER motion and ACEO-caused orbital movement of particle chains can be adjusted by changing the frequency of alternating current (AC) voltage. This non-contact method has the potential for spatially regulating the posture, orientation and position of microparticle chains.
Intake of Lutein-Rich Vegetables Is Associated with Higher Levels of Physical Activity
Authors: Crichton Georgina , Elias Merrill , Alkerwi Ala’a , Buckley Jonathon
Published: September 2015

Levels of physical inactivity, a major contributor to burden of disease, are high in many countries. Some preliminary research suggests that circulating lutein concentrations are associated with high levels of physical activity (PA). We aimed to assess whether the intake of lutein-containing foods, including vegetables and eggs, is associated with levels of PA in two studies conducted in different countries. Dietary data and PA data collected from participants in two cross-sectional studies: the Maine-Syracuse Longitudinal Study (MSLS), conducted in Central New York, USA (n = 972), and the Observation of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Luxembourg Study (ORISCAV-LUX) (n = 1331) were analyzed. Higher intakes of lutein containing foods, including green leafy vegetables, were associated with higher levels of PA in both study sites. Increasing the consumption of lutein-rich foods may have the potential to impact positively on levels of PA. This needs to be further explored in randomized controlled trials.
Early Life Nutrition and Energy Balance Disorders in Offspring in Later Life
Authors: Reynolds Clare , Gray Clint , Li Minglan , Segovia Stephanie , Vickers Mark
Published: September 2015

The global pandemic of obesity and type 2 diabetes is often causally linked to changes in diet and lifestyle; namely increased intake of calorically dense foods and concomitant reductions in physical activity. Epidemiological studies in humans and controlled animal intervention studies have now shown that nutritional programming in early periods of life is a phenomenon that affects metabolic and physiological functions throughout life. This link is conceptualised as the developmental programming hypothesis whereby environmental influences during critical periods of developmental plasticity can elicit lifelong effects on the health and well-being of the offspring. The mechanisms by which early environmental insults can have long-term effects on offspring remain poorly defined. However there is evidence from intervention studies which indicate altered wiring of the hypothalamic circuits that regulate energy balance and epigenetic effects including altered DNA methylation of key adipokines including leptin. Studies that elucidate the mechanisms behind these associations will have a positive impact on the health of future populations and adopting a life course perspective will allow identification of phenotype and markers of risk earlier, with the possibility of nutritional and other lifestyle interventions that have obvious implications for prevention of non-communicable diseases.
DNA and Flavonoids Leach out from Active Nuclei of Taxus and Tsuga after Extreme Climate Stresses
Authors: Feucht Walter , Schmid Markus , Treutter Dieter
Published: September 2015

Severe over-stresses of climate caused dramatic changes in the intracellular distribution of the flavonoids. This was studied in needles from the current year’s growth of the following species and varieties: Tsuga canadensis, Taxus baccata, T. aurea, T. repens, T. nana, and T. compacta. The mode of steady changes in flavonoids was evaluated by microscopic techniques. Most of the flavonoids stain visibly yellow by themselves. The colorless flavanol subgroup can be stained blue by the DMACA reagent. In mid-summer 2013, outstanding high temperatures and intense photo-oxidative irradiation caused in a free-standing tree of Taxus baccata dramatic heat damage in a limited number of cells of the palisade layers. In these cells, the cytoplasm was burned brown. However, the nucleus maintained its healthy “blue” colored appearance which apparently was a result of antioxidant barrier effects by these flavanols. In late May 2014, excessive rainfall greatly affected all study trees. Collectively, in all study trees, a limited number of the mesophyll nuclei from the needless grown in 2013 and 2014 became overly turgid, enlarged in size and the flavanols leached outward through the damaged nuclear membranes. This diffusive stress event was followed one to three days later by a similar efflux of DNA. Such a complete dissolution of the nuclei in young tissues was the most spectacular phenomenon of the present study. As a common feature, leaching of both flavanols and DNA was markedly enhanced with increasing size and age of the cells. There is evidence that signalling flavonoids are sensitized to provide in nuclei and cytoplasm multiple mutual protective mechanisms. However, this well-orchestrated flavonoid system is broken down by extreme climate events.
Hybrid Dynamic Optimization Methods for Systems Biology with Efficient Sensitivities
Authors: Lewis Nicholas , Hedengren John , Haseltine Eric
Published: September 2015

In recent years, model optimization in the field of computational biology has become a prominent area for development of pharmaceutical drugs. The increased amount of experimental data leads to the increase in complexity of proposed models. With increased complexity comes a necessity for computational algorithms that are able to handle the large datasets that are used to fit model parameters. In this study the ability of simultaneous, hybrid simultaneous, and sequential algorithms are tested on two models representative of computational systems biology. The first case models the cells affected by a virus in a population and serves as a benchmark model for the proposed hybrid algorithm. The second model is the ErbB model and shows the ability of the hybrid sequential and simultaneous method to solve large-scale biological models. Post-processing analysis reveals insights into the model formulation that are important for understanding the specific parameter optimization. A parameter sensitivity analysis reveals shortcomings and difficulties in the ErbB model parameter optimization due to the model formulation rather than the solver capacity. Suggested methods are model reformulation to improve input-to-output model linearity, sensitivity ranking, and choice of solver.
Assessing the Suitability of Future Multi- and Hyperspectral Satellite Systems for Mapping the Spatial Distribution of Norway Spruce Timber Volume
Authors: Nink Sascha , Hill Joachim , Buddenbaum Henning , Stoffels Johannes , Sachtleber Thomas , Langshausen Joachim
Published: September 2015

The availability of accurate and timely information on timber volume is important for supporting operational forest management. One option is to combine statistical concepts (e.g., small area estimates) with specifically designed terrestrial sampling strategies to provide estimations also on the level of administrative units such as forest districts. This may suffice for economic assessments, but still fails to provide spatially explicit information on the distribution of timber volume within these management units. This type of information, however, is needed for decision-makers to design and implement appropriate management operations. The German federal state of Rhineland-Palatinate is currently implementing an object-oriented database that will also allow the direct integration of Earth observation data products. This work analyzes the suitability of forthcoming multi- and hyperspectral satellite imaging systems for producing local distribution maps for timber volume of Norway spruce, one of the most economically important tree species. In combination with site-specific inventory data, fully processed hyperspectral data sets (HyMap) were used to simulate datasets of the forthcoming EnMAP and Sentinel-2 systems to establish adequate models for estimating timber volume maps. The analysis included PLS regression and the k-NN method. Root Mean Square Errors between 21.6% and 26.5% were obtained, where k-NN performed slightly better than PLSR. It was concluded that the datasets of both simulated sensor systems fulfill accuracy requirements to support local forest management operations and could be used in synergy. Sentinel-2 can provide meaningful volume distribution maps in higher geometric resolution, while EnMAP, due to its hyperspectral coverage, can contribute complementary information, e.g., on biophysical conditions.
Comparative Analysis of MODIS Time-Series Classification Using Support Vector Machines and Methods Based upon Distance and Similarity Measures in the Brazilian Cerrado-Caatinga Boundary
Authors: Abade Natanael , Júnior Osmar , Guimarães Renato , De Oliveira Sandro
Published: September 2015

We have mapped the primary native and exotic vegetation that occurs in the Cerrado-Caatinga transition zone in Central Brazil using MODIS-NDVI time series (product MOD09Q1) data over a two-year period (2011–2013). Our methodology consists of the following steps: (a) the development of a three-dimensional cube composed of the NDVI-MODIS time series; (b) the removal of noise; (c) the selection of reference temporal curves and classification using similarity and distance measures; and (d) classification using support vector machines (SVMs). We evaluated different temporal classifications using similarity and distance measures of land use and land cover considering several combinations of attributes. Among the classification using distance and similarity measures, the best result employed the Euclidean distance with the NDVI-MODIS data by considering more than one reference temporal curve per class and adopting six mapping classes. In the majority of tests, the SVM classifications yielded better results than other methods. The best result among all the tested methods was obtained using the SVM classifier with a fourth-degree polynomial kernel; an overall accuracy of 80.75% and a Kappa coefficient of 0.76 were obtained. Our results demonstrate the potential of vegetation studies in semiarid ecosystems using time-series data.
Retrieval of Mangrove Aboveground Biomass at the Individual Species Level with WorldView-2 Images
Authors: Zhu Yuanhui , Liu Kai , Liu Lin , Wang Shugong , Liu Hongxing
Published: September 2015

Previous research studies have demonstrated that the relationship between remote sensing-derived parameters and aboveground biomass (AGB) could vary across different species types. However, there are few studies that calibrate reliable statistical models for mangrove AGB. This study quantifies the differences of accuracy in AGB estimation between the results obtained with and without the consideration of species types using Worldview-2 images and field surveys. A Back Propagation Artificial Neural Network (BP ANN) based model is developed for the accurate estimation of uneven-aged and dense mangrove forest biomass. The contributions of the input variables are further quantified using a “Weights” method based on BP ANN model. Two types of mangrove species, Sonneratia apetala (S. apetala) and Kandelia candel (K. candel), are examined in this study. Results show that the species type information is the most important variable for AGB estimation, and the red edge band and the associated vegetation indices from WorldView-2 images are more sensitive to mangrove AGB than other bands and vegetation indices. The RMSE of biomass estimation at the incorporation of species as a dummy variable is 19.17% lower than that of the mixed species level. The results demonstrate that species type information obtained from the WorldView-2 images can significantly improve of the accuracy of the biomass estimation.
Characteristics of Surface Deformation Detected by X-band SAR Interferometry over Sichuan-Tibet Grid Connection Project Area, China
Authors: Meng Yunshan , Lan Hengxing , Li Langping , Wu Yuming , Li Quanwen
Published: September 2015

The Sichuan-Tibet grid connection project is a national key project implemented in accordance with the developmental needs of Tibet and the living requirements of 700 thousand local residents. It is the first grid project with special high voltage that passes through eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. The ground deformation due to widely distributed landslides and debris flow in this area is the major concern to the safety of the project. The multi-temporal interferometry technique is applied to retrieve the surface deformation information using high resolution X-band SAR imagery. The time series of surface deformation is obtained through the sequential high spatial and temporal resolution TerraSAR images (20 scenes of X-band TerraSAR SLC images acquired from 5 January 2014 to 12 December 2014). The results have been correlated with the permafrost activities and intensive precipitation. They show that the study area is prone to slow to moderate ground motion with the range of −30 to +30 mm/year. Seasonal movement is observed due to the freeze-thaw cycle effect and intensive precipitation weather condition. Typical region analysis suggests that the deformation rate tends to increase dramatically during the late spring and late autumn while slightly during the winter time. The correlations of surface deformations with these two main trigger factors were further discussed. The deformation curves of persistent scatterers in the study area showing the distinct seasonal characteristics coincide well with the effect of freeze-thaw cycle and intensive precipitation. The movement occurring at late spring is dominated by the freeze-thaw cycle which is a common phenomenon in such a high-elevated area as the Tibetan Plateau. Intensive precipitation plays more important role in triggering landsides in the summer season. The combining effect of both factors results in fast slope movement in May. The results also suggest that the movement often occur at the middle to toe part of the slope where the combining effect of freeze-thaw cycle and precipitation plays an important role. Therefore the majority of transmission towers are not threatened significantly by geological hazards since they are located on the higher elevation which is beyond the boundary of slope movement. The comparison between field observations and the persistent scatterers interferometry (PSI) results reveals good agreement in obvious deformation accumulations. High uncertainty still exists due to issue of SAR imagery quality and the persistent scatterers interferometry technique. Nevertheless, this study provides an insight into understanding the characteristics of ground movement trend in the complicated eastern Tibet area.
A Dedicated Genetic Algorithm for Localization of Moving Magnetic Objects
Authors: Alimi Roger , Weiss Eyal , Ram-Cohen Tsuriel , Geron Nir , Yogev Idan
Published: September 2015

A dedicated Genetic Algorithm (GA) has been developed to localize the trajectory of ferromagnetic moving objects within a bounded perimeter. Localization of moving ferromagnetic objects is an important tool because it can be employed in situations when the object is obscured. This work is innovative for two main reasons: first, the GA has been tuned to provide an accurate and fast solution to the inverse magnetic field equations problem. Second, the algorithm has been successfully tested using real-life experimental data. Very accurate trajectory localization estimations were obtained over a wide range of scenarios.
Camera on Vessel: A Camera-Based System to Measure Change in Water Volume in a Drinking Glass
Authors: Ayoola Idowu , Chen Wei , Feijs Loe
Published: September 2015

A major problem related to chronic health is patients’ “compliance” with new lifestyle changes, medical prescriptions, recommendations, or restrictions. Heart-failure and hemodialysis patients are usually placed on fluid restrictions due to their hemodynamic status. A holistic approach to managing fluid imbalance will incorporate the monitoring of salt-water intake, body-fluid retention, and fluid excretion in order to provide effective intervention at an early stage. Such an approach creates a need to develop a smart device that can monitor the drinking activities of the patient. This paper employs an empirical approach to infer the real water level in a conically shapped glass and the volume difference due to changes in water level. The method uses a low-resolution miniaturized camera to obtain images using an Arduino microcontroller. The images are processed in MATLAB. Conventional segmentation techniques (such as a Sobel filter to obtain a binary image) are applied to extract the level gradient, and an ellipsoidal fitting helps to estimate the size of the cup. The fitting (using least-squares criterion) between derived measurements in pixel and the real measurements shows a low covariance between the estimated measurement and the mean. The correlation between the estimated results to ground truth produced a variation of 3% from the mean.
How Angular Velocity Features and Different Gyroscope Noise Types Interact and Determine Orientation Estimation Accuracy
Authors: Pasciuto Ilaria , Ligorio Gabriele , Bergamini Elena , Vannozzi Giuseppe , Sabatini Angelo , Cappozzo Aurelio
Published: September 2015

In human movement analysis, 3D body segment orientation can be obtained through the numerical integration of gyroscope signals. These signals, however, are affected by errors that, for the case of micro-electro-mechanical systems, are mainly due to: constant bias, scale factor, white noise, and bias instability. The aim of this study is to assess how the orientation estimation accuracy is affected by each of these disturbances, and whether it is influenced by the angular velocity magnitude and 3D distribution across the gyroscope axes. Reference angular velocity signals, either constant or representative of human walking, were corrupted with each of the four noise types within a simulation framework. The magnitude of the angular velocity affected the error in the orientation estimation due to each noise type, except for the white noise. Additionally, the error caused by the constant bias was also influenced by the angular velocity 3D distribution. As the orientation error depends not only on the noise itself but also on the signal it is applied to, different sensor placements could enhance or mitigate the error due to each disturbance, and special attention must be paid in providing and interpreting measures of accuracy for orientation estimation algorithms.
Energy Efficient Medium Access Control Protocol for Clustered Wireless Sensor Networks with Adaptive Cross-Layer Scheduling
Authors: Sefuba Maria , Walingo Tom , Takawira Fambirai
Published: September 2015

This paper presents an Energy Efficient Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol for clustered wireless sensor networks that aims to improve energy efficiency and delay performance. The proposed protocol employs an adaptive cross-layer intra-cluster scheduling and an inter-cluster relay selection diversity. The scheduling is based on available data packets and remaining energy level of the source node (SN). This helps to minimize idle listening on nodes without data to transmit as well as reducing control packet overhead. The relay selection diversity is carried out between clusters, by the cluster head (CH), and the base station (BS). The diversity helps to improve network reliability and prolong the network lifetime. Relay selection is determined based on the communication distance, the remaining energy and the channel quality indicator (CQI) for the relay cluster head (RCH). An analytical framework for energy consumption and transmission delay for the proposed MAC protocol is presented in this work. The performance of the proposed MAC protocol is evaluated based on transmission delay, energy consumption, and network lifetime. The results obtained indicate that the proposed MAC protocol provides improved performance than traditional cluster based MAC protocols.
Three-Component Decomposition Based on Stokes Vector for Compact Polarimetric SAR
Authors: Wang Hanning , Zhou Zhimin , Turnbull John , Song Qian , Qi Feng
Published: September 2015

In this paper, a three-component decomposition algorithm is proposed for processing compact polarimetric SAR images. By using the correspondence between the covariance matrix and the Stokes vector, three-component scattering models for CTLR and DCP modes are established. The explicit expression of decomposition results is then derived by setting the contribution of volume scattering as a free parameter. The degree of depolarization is taken as the upper bound of the free parameter, for the constraint that the weighting factor of each scattering component should be nonnegative. Several methods are investigated to estimate the free parameter suitable for decomposition. The feasibility of this algorithm is validated by AIRSAR data over San Francisco and RADARSAT-2 data over Flevoland.