bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mineralogy and paragenesis of Ca-dachiardite in Cretaceous zeolitized volcanic rocks, Esquel, Chubut, Argentinian Patagonia.
Authors: Vattuone Maria E. , Latorre Carlos O. , Leal Pablo R.
Published: October 2017

Ca-dachiardite is present in Cretaceous volcanic breccias affected by very low grade metamorphism. The cement of the breccia shows quartz, Ca-dachiardite, mordenite, cristobalite, calcite and siderite, while in the clasts there are pectolite, prehnite, yugawaralite, Ca-dachiardite, albite, adularia, interestratified smectite/chlorite (S/C), quartz and cristobalite. Most Ca-dachiardites are found in the cement of the breccia. It occurs principally as fibrous tubes of parallel or lightly divergent bladed and tabular crystals, arranged in concentrical layers with length along 'b' and the fibers; the crystals are flattened on {001} and rarely on {100}. It shows cyclic twins in cross section normal to the length and multiple twins parallel to {001}, but single crystals are also present. The optical character shows: a=b; g:c= 43°; 2Va=55°/60°; strong dispersion r>v. The structural formulae is: Ca1.54-1.72 K0.82-0.98 Na0 (Al3.65-3.98 Si19.95-20.25 O48) 13H2O ; TSi= 0.83-0.85; R2+/(R+ + R2+)=0.61/0.68; DEC=Ca and K. The strong diffraction lines are: 3.460 Å; 3.190 Å and 1.870 Å; a0 =18.679Å; b0=7.488 Å; c0 10.267 Å; b=107°86'. The secondary mineralogical succession deposited according with the decrease in temperature and Xco2, could be: calcite (step I); pectolite, prehnite, quartz, yugawaralite, Ca-dachiardite, S/C, adularia, albite (step II, zeolite facies); mordenite and cristobalite (step III) and then, siderite and calcite (step IV). The metamorphic assemblages suggests that the crystallization conditions of Ca-dachiardite would be 200-220°C at pressures smaller than 0.5 kb, from high aSi and aCa fluids.
Geologic reconnaissance of Lautaro Volcano, Chilean Patagonia
Authors: Motoki Akihisa , Orihashi Yuji , Naranjo Jose A. , Hirata Daiji , Skvarca Pedro , Anma Ryo
Published: October 2017

Lautaro is the volcano closest to the Chile Triple Junction in the Andean Austral Volcanic Zone. The volcanic edifice of 3,607 m a.s.l. stands out on the north-western part of the plateau of the South Patagonian Ice Field. The volcano basement is composed of low-grade meta-pelites that are cut by tabular intrusive bodies of hornblende-biotite granite. The volcano is almost completely covered by ice and the study was performed on volcanic detritus present in terminal moraines of the Lautaro Glacier and the tephra on the surface of the O'Higgins Glacier. The terminal moraines of Lautaro Glacier contain fragments of light grey dacite rich in plagioclase and hornblende phenocrysts. Some dacite blocks show prismatic jointing, suggesting an origin of hot emplacement and subsequent rapid cooling, possibly resulted from collapse of a steep lava front. Some samples have glassy groundmass and rhyolite-like flow texture, with presence of mafic inclusions and bread crust bomb texture. The surface of the O'Higgins Glacier is covered by lapilli-size pumice fallout deposit. There are many dirt cones covered by volcanic ash composed of pumice fragments, volcanic glass, quartz, plagioclase, biotite, hornblende, and orthopyroxene. The ash and pumice are similar in chemical composition, both indicating an adakitic signature. At least three layers of fallout deposits have been recognised in parts of the surface of the glacier, which may correspond to the latest known eruptions.
Sedimentary provenance study of the post-Early Permian to pre-Early Cretaceous metasedimentary Duque de York Complex, Chile
Authors: Lacassie Juan Pablo , Herve Francisco , Roser Barry
Published: October 2017

The Duque de York Complex constitutes a post-Early Permian to pre-Early Cretaceous metasedimentary succession that crops out at the Madre de Dios and Diego de Almagro archipelagos along the Chilean Patagonian Andes. The petrography and geochemistry of sandstones and mudstones of this complex have been analyzed to characterize its source and depositional tectonic regime. Sandstone modal compositions are dominated by feldspar and, in similar but smaller proportions, by quartz. The mineralogical composition of the sandstones and mudstones is compatible with a low-grade sub-greenschist facies metamorphism. This did not affect significantly the geochemical compositions of these rocks. Nevertheless, the geochemical analyses reveal variable K+ enrichment, especially in the mudstones. Chemical Index of Alteration values of the sandstones and mudstones range between 58 and 71, indicating that the sediment underwent moderate chemical alteration in the source area or during transportation. Sandstone modal compositions are consistent with erosion of the plutonic roots of a magmatic arc. Geochemical provenance indices suggest a relatively evolved source, close in composition to typical continental magmatic arc granodiorite. Deposition of the detritus is most likely to have occurred within an active continental margin. Geochronological, petrographic, and geochemical similarities between the metasediments of the Duke de York Complex, the LeMay Group (Western Antarctica) and the Permian-Late Triassic Rakaia terrane (New Zealand) suggest a common geodynamic set-up for these three successions. This likely constituted an extensive late Paleozoic-early Mesozoic active continental margin, possibly along the Antarctic sector of Gondwana.
New stratigrafic scheme for the Mio-Pliocene marine deposits of the Navidad area (33º00'-34º30'S), central Chile
Authors: Encinas Alfonso , Le Roux Jacobus P. , Buatois Luis A. , Nielsen Sven N. , Finger Kenneth L. , Fourtanier Elizabeth , Lavenu Alain
Published: October 2017

Different stratigraphic schemes have been proposed by various authors for the Neogene marine sedimentary deposits cropping out along the central Chilean coast between Valparaíso (~33°00'S) and Punta Topocalma (~34°30'S), without any consensus having been reached. Neither does any agreement exist with respect to the correlation between the deposits cropping out in the northern part of this area, between San Antonio (~33°30'S) and Valparaíso, and those of the southern part, between San Antonio and Punta Topocalma. Based on new stratigraphic, sedimentologic and paleontologic studies we propose a formal, new stratigraphic classification for this area. According to this scheme we define the Navidad Formation (Upper Miocene-Lower Pliocene) and the Licancheu, Rapel and La Cueva formations (Pliocene). We propose that the rank of the three first cited units (Navidad, Licancheu and Rapel), generally considered to be members in previous classifications, be elevated to formations, because they are separated by regional unconformities (paraconformities). In this paper we define these units, revise the previous classifications, and explain the basis for the new classification.
Tectonothermal ordovician evolution of the western margin of the Famatinian magmatic arc: metamorphism of the mafic and ultramafic rocks of Sierra de la Huerta -Las Imanas (Pampean Ranges, Argentina)
Authors: Murra Juan A. , Baldo Edgardo G.
Published: October 2017

An important magmatic and tectonometamorphic activity of Early and Middle Ordovician age is registered in the pre-Andean basement of the Sierras Pampeanas of Argentina. These were linked to the development of a continental magmatic arc during the Famatinian Orogeny, resulting from the approach and attachment of an alleged exotic terrane (the Precordillera Terrane), to the south western Gondwana's margin (present coordinates). A suit of meta-mafic and ultramafic rocks are exposed in the Sierras de La Huerta and Las Imanas, at the western limit of the famatinian orogen. Metaperidotites (Ol-Opx-Cpx-Am-Spl), coronitic metapyroxenites (Opx-Cpx-Spl-Am-Pl), metaquartz-norites (Opx-Pl-Am-Qtz-Bt±Grt) and metadiorites (Pl-Am-Qtz-Bt-Ep) are associated with metasedimentary rocks (marbles, gneisses and migmatites with Sil+Kfs+Grt) that reached the peak and post-peak conditions of metamorphism at middle Ordovician time. The meta-mafic rocks record a first high-grade metamorphic event (M1-730ºC and 8.4±0.5 kbar) and a second lower pressure event (M2, 720ºC and 4.5 kbar) with Cum+Hbl+Mag in a coronitic assemblage. The meta-ultramafic rocks also record the two metamorphic events, but only for the second one it was possible to calculate the P-T conditions. At latitude 32º30'S, the Famatinian magmatic arc shows a systematic compositional variation normal to its trend, i.e. in an east-west direction, which could be related to present erosion levels. In this context, the mafic and ultramafic units of Sierras de La Huerta and Las Imanas, probably represent the deepest levels of the magmatic arc which is consistent with the position that they show marginal to the orogenic belt, i.e., where the uplift and erosion rates were larger.
Superimposition of oligo-miocene extensional and contractional basins in the northpatagonian Andean retroarc: The Alumine Basin, Neuquen, Argentina.
Authors: Franzese Juan R. , D’Elia Leandro , Bilmes Andres , Muravchik Martin , Hernandez Mariano
Published: October 2017

The Alumine Basin is a volcano-sedimentary depocentre located in the Andean retroarc at 39°S. It is the southern part of a major depositional system: the Bio Bio-Alumine Basin. Stratigraphical, geochronological, sedimentological and structural analysis allow us to conclude that the basin evolved through two stages: an Oligocene extensional stage filled with basalts and reworked volcaniclastic and pyroclastic deposits (Rancahue Formation) and a Miocene contractional stage, filled with alluvial and pyroclastic deposits covered by basaltic lavas (Chimehuin and Tipilihuque formations). The volcanic-rich (basaltic) infill of the extensional stage has a western provenance and was derived from widespread magmatic activity that took place during the Oligocene in the adjacent cordilleran axis. The contractional stage basin is an intramontane depocentre limited by uplifted blocks generated mainly by the inversion of Mesozoic extensional faults. It is strongly asymmetric and shows eastern provenance. Structural and geomorphological evidence indicate the existence of a non-depositional hiatus between the two stages.
The Carboniferous-Permian boundary in the central western Argentinean basins: paleontological evidences
Authors: Cisterna Gabriela A. , Sterren Andrea F. , Gutierrez Pedro R.
Published: October 2017

The central western Argentinean basins of Rio Blanco, Calingasta-Uspallata and western Paganzo, enclose the most complete marine successions used for examining the Carboniferous-Permian boundary in Gondwana. A detailed review of the key stratigraphical sections has allowed the identification of the latest Carboniferous assemblages; NBG, Interval megafloristic Zone and DM (Raistrickia densa-Convolutispora muriornata) Palynological Zone in the lower part, and the earliest Permian T-S (Tivertonia jachalensis-Streptorhynchus inaequiornatus) invertebrate Zone and FS (Pakhapites fusus-Vittatina subsaccata) Palynological Zone in the upper part. This diagnostic mega/microflora and marine invertebrate paleontological evidence provides a biostratigraphical framework for the definition of the Carboniferous-Permian boundary inside the basins of central western Argentina.
Holocene glacial variations in Central Patagonia, Aisen, Chile: geomorphological evidences.
Authors: Mardones Maria , Gonzalez Liubow , King Robert , Campos Eduardo
Published: October 2017

During the Holocene, the patagonian glaciers were characterized by geomorphologically registered advances and retreats. This paper presents the geomorphological evolution and evidences of Holocene glacial advances within a segment in Central Patagonia Cordillera. This area will be used as a reference for studying the postglacial paleoclimatic evolution in the southernmost part of South America. The study area is the Rio Blanco basin (45º30’S), located in Central Patagonia (Aisen Region, Chile). Radiometric dating of organic sediments, within terminal moraines, provides preliminary data of two glacial advances. The first one is represented by the Lake Elizalde frontal moraine, which yielded a 14C age of 9.370±50 years BP (10,700 to 10,480 cal. yr BP). According to this chronological age, this glacial event took place in the Early Holocene. This glacial advance, being 100 to 200 years older than that observed immediately south of the study area, on the eastern edge of General Carrera Lake (or Buenos Aires Lake, in Argentina) and approximately 100 years younger than the event recorded in the Puerto Banderas I moraine (Argentino Lake, 50ºS). These results show that the behavior patterns of the Central Patagonia glaciers differ from that observed both in the Lake District (41ºS, Chile) and in the Magallanes District (54°S, Chile), where there are no traces of glacial readvancement recorded during the Early Holocene. After a major retreat to the west, a more recent glacial advance occurred in the Quetro river valley (a tributary river of the Blanco river), at an age prior to 2.250±40 BP (2.340 to 2.150 cal. yr BP), comparable to the cold stage of the Middle Neoglacial, interpreted to have occurred in different parts of Patagonia. Confronting these results with previously published pollen records, we postulate that the cause of both glacier fluctuations is regional variations in the atmospheric temperature and precipitations.
Palynological evidence of the geoecological belts dynamics from Eastern Cordillera of NW Argentina (23° S) during the Pre-Last Glacial Maximum
Authors: Torres Gonzalo R. , Lupo Liliana C. , Kulemeyer Julio J. , Pérez Claudio F.
Published: October 2017

This paper presents the first palynological record for the dynamics of geoecological belts of the Eastern Cordillera in northwestern Argentina prior to the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). The study was carried out on a 5-m deep sedimentary core raised at Laguna Blanca (23°09’S, 65°12’W; 4,256 m a.s.l.), province of Jujuy. The geochronology was based on three 14C dating by AMS method. Results show the sensitive response of the geoecological belts to temperature and effective moisture variations from ca. 29,000 to ca. 25,000 cal. years BP. The High Andean belt probably suffered an altitudinal descent forced by intense cold climate conditions ca. 29,000 cal. years BP, and may have reached a comparable distribution to the present one on 26,300 cal. years BP, favored by a milder climate. The Puna belt did not suffer great changes, since it remained with low representation in the pollen spectrum. High percentages of tree species from the Yungas ca. 29,000 cal. years BP are probably a response to the intensification of anabatic winds ascending the slope of the Sub-Andean Range towards the Eastern Cordillera. These results represent an important contribution to the paleoenvironmental discussion of the Late Pleistocene for the northwestern Argentina, where the available information on vegetation history is scarce.
Impacts of Aerosols on Seasonal Precipitation and Snowpack in California
Based on Convection-Permitting WRF-Chem Simulations
Authors: Wu Longtao , Gu Yu , Jiang Jonathan H. , Su Hui , Yu Nanpeng , Zhao Chun , Qian Yun , Zhao Bin , Liou Kuo-Nan , Choi Yong-Sang
Published: October 2017

Abstract. A version of the WRF-Chem model with fully coupled aerosol-meteorology-snowpack is employed to investigate the impacts of various aerosol sources on precipitation and snowpack in California. In particular, the impacts of locally emitted anthropogenic and dust aerosols, and aerosols transported from outside of California are studied. We differentiate three pathways of aerosol effects including aerosol-radiation interaction (ARI), aerosol-snow interaction (ASI), and aerosol-cloud interaction (ACI). The convection-permitting model simulations show that precipitation, snow water equivalent (SWE), and surface air temperature averaged over the whole domain (34–42° N, 117–124° W, not including ocean points) are reduced when aerosols are included, therefore reducing the high model biases of these variables when aerosol effects are not considered. Aerosols affect California water resources through the warming of mountain tops and anomalously low precipitation, however, different aerosol sources play different roles in changing surface temperature, precipitation and snowpack in California by means of various weights of the three pathways. ARI by all aerosols mainly cools the surface, leading to slightly increased SWE over the mountains. Locally emitted dust aerosols warm the surface of mountain tops through ASI, in which the reduced snow albedo associated with dirty snow leads to more surface absorption of solar radiation and reduced SWE. Transported and local anthropogenic aerosols play a dominant role in increasing cloud water amount but reducing precipitation through ACI, leading to reduced SWE and runoff over the Sierra Nevada, as well as the warming of mountain tops associated with decreased SWE and hence lower surface albedo. The average changes in surface temperature from October to June are about −0.19 K and 0.22 K for the whole domain and over mountain tops, respectively. Overall, the averaged reduction during October to June is about 7 % for precipitation, 3 % for SWE, and 7 % for surface runoff for the whole domain, while the corresponding numbers are 12 %, 10 %, and 10 % for mountain tops. The reduction in SWE is more significant in a dry year, with 9 % for the whole domain and 16 % for mountain tops. The maximum reduction of ~ 20 % in precipitation occurs in May associated with the maximum of aerosol loadings, leading to the largest decrease in SWE and surface runoff over that time period. It is also found that dust aerosols could cause early snowmelt at the mountain tops and reduced surface runoff after April.
Analysis of the distributions of hourly NO2 concentrations contributing to annual average NO2 concentrations across the European monitoring network between 2000 and 2014
Authors: Malley Christopher S. , von Schneidemesser Erika , Moller Sarah , Braban Christine F. , Hicks W. Kevin , Heal Mathew R.
Published: October 2017

Abstract. Exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is associated with negative human health effects, both for short-term peak concentrations and from long-term exposure to a wider range of NO2 concentrations. For the latter, the European Union has established an air quality limit value of 40 µg m−3 as an annual average. However, factors such as proximity and strength of local emissions, atmospheric chemistry and meteorological conditions means that there is substantial variation in the hourly NO2 concentrations contributing to an annual average concentration. The aim of this analysis was to quantify the nature of this variation at thousands of monitoring sites across Europe through the calculation of a standard set of chemical climatology statistics. Specifically, at each monitoring site that satisfied data capture criteria for inclusion in this analysis, annual NO2 concentrations, as well as the percentage contribution from each month, hour of the day, and hourly NO2 concentrations divided into 5 µg m−3 bins were calculated. Across Europe, 2010–2014 average annual NO2 concentrations (NO2AA) exceeded the annual NO2 limit value at 8 % of > 2500 monitoring sites. The application of this chemical climatology approach showed that sites with distinct monthly, hour of day, and hourly NO2 concentration bin contributions to NO2AA were not grouped in specific regions of Europe, and within relatively small geographic regions there were sites with similar NO2AA, but with differences in these contributions. Specifically, at sites with highest NO2AA, there were generally similar contributions from across the year, but there were also differences in the contribution of peak vs moderate hourly NO2 concentrations to NO2AA, and from different hours across the day. Trends between 2000 and 2014 for 259 sites indicate that, in general, the contribution to NO2AA from winter months has increased, as has the contribution from the rush-hour periods of the day, while the contribution from peak hourly NO2 concentrations has decreased. The variety of monthly, hour of day and hourly NO2 contribution bin contributions to NO2AA, across cities, countries and regions of Europe indicate that within relatively small geographic areas different interactions between emissions, atmospheric chemistry and meteorology produce variation in NO2AA and the conditions that produce it. Therefore, measures implemented to reduce NO2AA in one location may not be as effective in others. The development of strategies to reduce NO2AA for an area should consider i) the variation in monthly, hour of day and hourly NO2 concentration bin contributions to NO2AA within that area, and ii) how specific mitigation actions will affect variability in hourly NO2 concentrations.
Assessment of surface solar irradiance derived from real-time modelling techniques and verification with ground-based measurements
Authors: Kosmopoulos Panagiotis G. , Kazadzis Stelios , Taylor Michael , Raptis Panagiotis I. , Keramitsoglou Iphigenia , Kiranoudis Chris , Bais Alkiviadis F.
Published: October 2017

Abstract. This study focuses on the assessment of surface solar radiation (SSR) based on operational Neural Network (NN) and Multi-Regression Function (MRF) modelling techniques that produce instantaneous (in less than one minute) outputs. Using real-time cloud and aerosol optical properties inputs from the Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) onboard the Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) satellite and the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS), respectively, these models are capable of calculating SSR in high resolution (1 nm, 0.05 degrees, 15 min) that can be used for spectrally-integrated irradiance maps, databases and various applications related with energy exploitation. The real-time models are validated against ground-based measurements of the Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSRN) in a temporal range varying from 15-min to monthly means, while a sensitivity analysis of the cloud and aerosol effects on SSR is performed to ensure reliability under different sky and climatological conditions. The simulated outputs, compared to their common training dataset created by the radiative transfer model (RTM) libRadtran, showed median error values in the range −15 to 15 % for the NN that produces spectral irradiances (NNS), 5–6 % underestimation for the integrated NN and close to zero errors for the MRF technique. The verification against BSRN revealed that the real-time calculation uncertainty ranges from −100 to 40 W/m2 and −20 to 20 W/m2, for the 15-min and monthly mean Global Horizontal Irradiance (GHI) averages, respectively, while the accuracy of the input parameters, in terms of aerosol and cloud optical thickness (AOD and COT), and their impact on GHI, was of the order of 10% as compared to the ground-based measurements. The proposed system aims to be utilized through studies and real-time applications, which are related with the solar energy production planning and use.
Challenges and opportunities in land surface modelling of savanna ecosystems
Authors: Whitley Rhys , Beringer Jason , Hutley Lindsay B. , Abramowitz Gabriel , De Kauwe Martin G. , Evans Bradley , Haverd Vanessa , Li Longhui , Moore Caitlin , Ryu Youngryel , Scheiter Simon , Schymanski Stanislaus J. , Smith Benjamin , Wang Ying-Ping , Williams Mathew , Yu Qiang
Published: October 2017

Abstract. The savanna complex is a highly diverse global biome that occurs within the seasonally dry tropical to sub-tropical equatorial latitudes and are structurally and functionally distinct from grasslands and forests. Savannas are open-canopy environments that encompass a broad demographic continuum, often characterised by a changing dominance between C3-tree and C4-grass vegetation, where frequent environmental disturbances such as fire modulates the balance between ephemeral and perennial life forms. Climate change is projected to result in significant changes to the savanna floristic structure, with increases to woody biomass expected through CO2 fertilisation in mesic savannas and increased tree mortality expected through increased rainfall interannual variability in xeric savannas. The complex interaction between vegetation and climate that occurs in savannas has traditionally challenged terrestrial biosphere models (TBMs), which aim to simulate the interaction between the atmosphere and the land surface to predict responses of vegetation to changing in environmental forcing. In this review, we examine whether TBMs are able to adequately represent savanna fluxes and what implications potential deficiencies may have for climate change projection scenarios that rely on these models. We start by highlighting the defining characteristic traits and behaviours of savannas, how these differ across continents and how this information is (or is not) represented in the structural framework of many TBMs. We highlight three dynamic processes that we believe directly affect the water use and productivity of the savanna system: phenology, root-water access and fire dynamics. Following this, we discuss how these processes are represented in many current-generation TBMs and whether they are suitable for simulating savanna fluxes.Finally, we give an overview of how eddy-covariance observations in combination with other data sources can be used in model benchmarking and intercomparison frameworks to diagnose the performance of TBMs in this environment and formulate road maps for future development. Our investigation reveals that many TBMs systematically misrepresent phenology, the effects of fire and root-water access (if they are considered at all) and that these should be critical areas for future development. Furthermore, such processes must not be static (i.e. prescribed behaviour) but be capable of responding to the changing environmental conditions in order to emulate the dynamic behaviour of savannas. Without such developments, however, TBMs will have limited predictive capability in making the critical projections needed to understand how savannas will respond to future global change.
Reviews and Syntheses: Carbonyl Sulfide as a Multi-scale Tracer for Carbon and Water Cycles
Authors: Whelan Mary E. , Lennartz Sinikka T. , Gimeno Teresa E. , Wehr Richard , Wohlfahrt Georg , Wang Yuting , Kooijmans Linda M. J. , Hilton Timothy W. , Belviso Sauveur , Peylin Philippe , Commane Róisín , Sun Wu , Chen Huilin , Kuai Le , Mammarella Ivan , Maseyk Kadmiel , Berkelhammer Max , Li King-Fai , Yakir Dan , Zumkehr Andrew , Katayama Yoko , Ogée Jérôme , Spielmann Felix M. , Kitz Florian , Rastogi Bharat , Kesselmeier Jürgen , Marshall Julia , Erkkilä Kukka-Maaria , Wingate Lisa , Meredith Laura K. , He Wei , Bunk Rüdiger , Launois Thomas , Vesala Timo , Schmidt Johan A. , Fichot Cédric G. , Seibt Ulli , Saleska Scott , Saltzman Eric S. , Montzka Stephen A. , Berry Joseph A. , Campbell J. Elliott
Published: October 2017

Abstract. For the past decade, observations of carbonyl sulfide (OCS or COS) have been investigated as a proxy for carbon uptake by plants. OCS is destroyed by enzymes that interact with CO2 during photosynthesis, namely carbonic anhydrase (CA) and RuBisCO, where CA is the more important. The majority of sources of OCS to the atmosphere are geographically separated from this large plant sink, whereas the sources and sinks of CO2 are co-located in ecosystems. The drawdown of OCS can therefore be related to the uptake of CO2 without the added complication of co-located emissions comparable in magnitude. Here we review the state of our understanding of the global OCS cycle and its applications to ecosystem carbon cycle science. OCS uptake is correlated well to plant carbon uptake, especially at the regional scale. OCS can be used in conjunction with other independent measures of ecosystem function, like solar-induced fluorescence and carbon and water isotope studies. More work needs to be done to generate global coverage for OCS observations and to link this powerful atmospheric tracer to systems where fundamental questions concerning the carbon and water cycle remain.
Comparison of MODIS and SWAT Evapotranspiration over a Complex Terrain at Different Spatial Scales
Authors: Abiodun Olanrewaju O. , Guan Huade , Post Vincent E. A. , Batelaan Okke
Published: October 2017

Abstract. In most hydrological systems, evapotranspiration (ET) and precipitation are the largest components of the water balance, which are difficult to estimate, particularly over complex terrain. In recent decades, the advent of remotely-sensed data based ET algorithms and distributed hydrological models has provided improved spatially-upscaled ET estimates. However, information on the performance of these methods at various spatial scales is limited. This study compares the ET from the MODIS remotely sensed ET dataset (MOD16) with the ET estimates from a SWAT hydrological model for the complex terrain of the Sixth Creek Catchment of the Western Mount Lofty Ranges, South Australia. The SWAT model analyses are performed on daily timescales with a 6-year calibration period (2000–2005) and 7-year validation period (2007–2013). Differences in ET estimation between the two methods of up to 48 %, 21 % and 16 % were observed at respectively 1 km2, 5 km2 and 10 km2 spatial resolutions. Land cover differences, mismatches between the two methods and catchment-scale averaging of input climate data in the SWAT semi-distributed model were identified as the principal sources of weaker correlations at higher spatial resolution.
Discovering the differential and gendered consequences of natural disasters on the gender gap in life expectancy in Southeast Asia
Authors: Murillo Marshal Q. , Tan Shukui
Published: October 2017

Abstract. Generally, the country and the population at risk experience the consequences of natural disasters differently and disproportionately. Likewise, the negative impacts of the natural disaster on the population are not gender-neutral. This article explores the relationship of the negative consequences of natural disasters on the difference of gender gap in life expectancy in Southeast Asia. Using the regional data set over the period 1995 to 2011, we analyzed the influence of the natural disaster magnitude, i.e. number of disaster-related casualties, and the interaction with women's socioeconomic and political rights, and the country’s vulnerability and exposure to climate change impacts on the gender gap in life expectancy, i.e. ratio of female to male life expectancy. The study produced three important findings. First, Southeast Asian women's life expectancy is more likely to decrease on average compared to that of men as the magnitude of natural disaster increases. Second, lower women's socioeconomic and political conditions are associated with the gender difference in life expectancy as the magnitude of natural disaster increases. Lastly, country's higher level of exposure and vulnerability to climate change impacts are associated with the negative influence of natural disasters on the women's life expectancy more than that of men. Taken together, our study concluded that lower women's socioeconomic and political conditions, as well as country's higher climate change-related vulnerabilities, are likely to pose a collective threat to women's overall well-being more than that of men.
Rising bubbles as mechanism for scavenging and aerosolization of diatoms
Authors: Marks Roman , Górecka Ewa , Mc Cartney Kevin , Borkowski Wojciech
Published: October 2017

Abstract. Bubbles rising in clean saline water cause steady displacement of ions at the bubble boundaries that separate anions and cations based on ion mass. Anions of greater mass are resistant to displacement and concentrate on the bubble upper half sphere, while smaller and less massive cations are displaced towards lower pressure of the bottom half sphere. The separation into anionic and cationic domains on the bubble curvatures creates electric polarity that may draw particulates dispersed in the water. Viable diatoms as well as bacteria develop negative charge on outer membranes, that are attracted to the cationic bubble bottom half sphere and pocket. When bubble bursts at the air/water interface the diatoms and bacteria are ejected into the air with initial or secondary jet droplets that are projected upward with a small water column derived from a cationic vortex. Experiments conducted in brackish and oceanic saline water on Nanofrustulum and Cyclotella cells indicated that the averaged concentration in jet droplets compared to the original water volume (here termed the enrichment factor) for aerosolized diatoms may range from 8 to 307.
Climate change and the global pattern of moraine-dammed glacial lake outburst floods
Authors: Harrison Stephan , Kargel Jeffrey S. , Huggel Christian , Reynolds John , Shugar Dan H. , Betts Richard A. , Emmer Adam , Glasser Neil , Haritashya Umesh K. , Klimeš Jan , Reinhardt Liam , Schaub Yvonne , Wilyshire Andy , Regmi Dhananjay , Vilímek Vít
Published: October 2017

Abstract. Despite recent research identifying a clear anthropogenic impact on glacier recession, the effect of recent climate change on glacier-related hazards is at present unclear. Here we present the first global spatio-temporal assessment of glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) focusing explicitly on lake drainage following moraine dam failure. These floods occur as mountain glaciers recede and downwaste and many have an enormous impact on downstream communities and infrastructure. Our assessment of GLOFs associated with the collapse of moraine-dammed lakes provides insights into the historical trends of GLOFs and their distributions under current and future global climate change. We observe a clear global increase in GLOF frequency and their regularity around 1930, which likely represents a lagged response to post-Little Ice Age warming. Notably, we also show that GLOF frequency and their regularity – rather unexpectedly – has declined in recent decades even during a time of rapid glacier recession. Although previous studies have suggested that GLOFs will increase in response to climate warming and glacier recession, our global results demonstrate that this has not yet clearly happened. From assessment of the timing of climate forcing, lag times in glacier recession, lake formation and moraine dam failure, we predict increased GLOF frequencies during the next decades and into the 22nd century.
Reclaiming the Center: The Case for a Ceasefire in America's Culture War
Authors: Smith Majorie
Published: October 2017

Partisan news sources of all political stripes would have us believe that there’s a war raging on in American society. Increasingly prevalent is the notion that America is in the grips of what some despairing analysts (and gleeful news anchors) have labeled a “Culture War”- the ultimate expression of our increasingly polarized political life, in which the two competing viewpoints stay in their own yards, only seeking out media sources that validate their existing ideals, and lobbing attacks across the fence at the enemy camp.
Drinks on Us: Defending the Pennsylvania Liquor Control Board
Authors: Pavlecic Jacob
Published: October 2017

According to to Yuengling: the History of America’s Oldest Brewery, the Pennsylvania Liquor Control Board (PLCB) was designed to, in the words of then-Governor Gifford Pinchot, make liquor sales “as inconvenient and expensive as possible.” The PLCB is the state agency with sole control over the distribution and sale of alcohol in Pennsylvania. State House Republicans agree with Gov. Pinchot and have been arguing that it is time to privatize the PLCB. They charge that the agency is “archaic” and losing money. Supporters of the PLCB argue that privatization would result in higher prices for consumers and the loss of well-paying Pennsylvania jobs. While the PLCB does have some inherent features making it harder to buy alcohol, the best option for the citizens of Pennsylvania is a modernized PLCB.
A POPULAÇÃO DE BALNEÁRIO ARROIO DO SILVA (SC) E O POTENCIAL PARA GERAÇÃO DE ENERGIA ELÉTRICA RENOVÁVEL: EDUCAÇÃO, ENERGIA E EFICIÊNCIA ENERGÉTICA
Authors: Schmidt Nágila Lucietti , Zandomenego Raffaela , D'Aquino Carla De Abreu
Published: October 2017

Este trabalho faz parte de um projeto de pesquisa que visa estimar o potencial energético das ondas oceânicas na região costeira de Balneário Arroio do Silva (SC) e posteriormente, instalar uma estrutura para conversão da energia de ondas em energia elétrica. O presente texto destaca a inserção da comunidade no contexto das energias renováveis e teve como intenção principal levantar o grau de conhecimento da comunidade de Balneário Arroio do Silva acerca de temas como energias renováveis, geração de energia elétrica a partir de ondas oceânicas e questionar sobre o conceito de eficiência energética, através da aplicação de questionários. Após tratamento estatístico das informações obtidas, foram realizadas palestras sobre os temas menos conhecidos, com a intenção de educar e completar saberes, tornando a comunidade parceira e integrada ao tema e ao projeto geral.
PRODUÇÃO DE BLENDAS DE ÓLEO DE FRITURA E SEBO BOVINO PARA POSSÍVEL DESTINAÇÃO A PRODUÇÃO DE ÉSTER ETÍLICO
Authors: Oliveira Sandro Martins de , Dalcolle Juan Carlos , Pereira Nehemias Curvelo
Published: October 2017

A busca por matérias-primas para a produção de biodiesel vem crescendo consideravelmente motivadas pelo interesse em novas fontes energéticas. Com isso, o sebo bovino e o óleo de fritura surgem como uma grande alternativa de fonte para produção do biocombustível. Além da reciclagem realizada com estes resíduos que até então não possuíam destino final adequado, o óleo de fritura também auxilia na redução da acidez do sebo. Deste modo, este trabalho teve como objetivo a produção de blendas de sebo bovino com óleo de fritura que possam ser destinados para produção de ésteres etílicos por meio de uma reação química, visando-se obter um biocombustível a partir da reciclagem de resíduos, capaz de substituir com a mesma eficiência o óleo diesel.
Análise comparativa de custos e tarifas de energias renováveis no Brasil
Authors: Rangel Mariana Salles , Borges Pedro Baptista , Dos Santos Ivan Felipe Silva
Published: October 2017

O esgotamento das reservas de combustíveis fósseis é muito preocupante, pois as indústrias, de um modo geral, necessitam desse tipo de energia para funcionarem. Sendo assim, num futuro próximo, a escassez do petróleo poderá tornar-se o grande impulsionador da utilização das energias renováveis em larga escala. É neste contexto que as energias: solar, eólica, biomassa e pequenas centrais hidroelétricas (PCHs) começam a disputar entre si e com as tecnologias já utilizadas em larga escala por uma atenção maior, no sentido de aumentar-se a escala de produção a partir de preços mais competitivos para a energia gerada. Dessa forma, o presente artigo compreende uma análise comparativa entre os custos e tarifas das energias renováveis no Brasil. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram quequanto menor a potência menor o investimento total e que existe uma tendência de que quanto maior o custo unitário maior a tarifa de energia. Dessa forma, as tarifas e os custos unitários mais baixos foram da energia eólica e da PCH. Palavras-chaves: energias renováveis; preços; potência.
Análise comparativa das normas brasileiras e americanas para sistemas de aproveitamento de água de chuva para fins não potáveis
Authors: Martins Márcia Viana Lisboa , Rufino Raphael Reis
Published: October 2017

Resumo Tendo em vista a crescente demanda por água em nossa sociedade e o aumento dos custos com tratamento de mananciais cada vez mais poluídos, a utilização de sistemas de aproveitamento da água de chuva para fins não potáveis se mostra uma alternativa sustentável para reduzir a demanda por água potável bem como atenuar os gastos da população com o fornecimento de água.O presente trabalho tem o objetivo de discutir a norma brasileira ABNT: NBR 15.527 (2007), que trata do aproveitamento de água de chuva, e as normas relacionadas a esta e compara-las com a diretriz americana de reúso de água publicada pela Agência de Proteção do Meio Ambiente dos Estados Unidos. A finalidade é contribuir com o aprimoramento das normas brasileiras e facilitar a implantação dos sistemas de reúso de água.A análise realizada possibilitou verificar que as normas americanas já tratam inclusive de sistemas públicos de fornecimento de água reciclada para fins não potáveis, tema ainda não abordado pelas normas brasileiras. No que diz respeito às instalações prediais de sistemas individuais de aproveitamento da água de chuva, as normas brasileiras se mostraram alinhadas com as normas americanas, porém foi possível detectar alguns pontos que merecem mais atenção por parte das normas brasileiras, como a definição de cores para identificação de tubulações de água não potável e a falta de exigência de testes de conexão cruzada e a necessidade de estabelecer parâmetros de qualidade para os usos não potáveis.Palavras-chave: Aproveitamento da água de chuva, normas, não potáveis.
DIMENSIONAMENTO DE DIFERENTES CENÁRIOS NA DESTINAÇÃO DE RESÍDUOS SÓLIDOS NO ATERRO SANITÁRIO - CPGRS
Authors: Costas Amanda Maria Coura Dias , Constante Ana Michelle Gomez , Ribeiro Maísa Mello , Silva Naja Scarlat Honorio , De Oliveira Nycollas Matheus
Published: October 2017

Este artigo apresenta os resultados obtidos através dos programas WARM e LandGEM, na previsão da geração de gases do efeito estufa (GEE) e biogás, e uma conclusão sobre a eficiência ambiental e econômica do aterro sanitário do consórcio CPGRS, responsável pelos resíduos sólidos dos municípios de João Monlevade, Bela Vista de Minas, Rio Piracicaba e Nova Era, em Minas Gerais.Palavras-chave: Resíduos sólidos, WARM, LandGEM.
O impacto do ICMS na Geração Distribuída no Brasil
Authors: De Oliveira Michele Aparecida
Published: October 2017

A Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica (ANEEL) estabeleceu as condições gerais de acesso de microgeração e minigeração distribuída aos sistemas de distribuição de energia elétrica por meio da REN nº 482/2012 e da seção 3.7 do Módulo 3 do PRODIST, onde foi implantada mini e micro geração de energia no pais. Um sistema onde todos os brasileiros podem gerar a própria energia para abater em sua conta de luz. Devido a implementação dessa resolução normativa estabeleceu um novo paradigma de operação do sistema elétrico brasileiro e esse trabalho tem como objetivo abordar o ICMS como um gargalo regulatório relativo à geração de energia pelo consumidor.Palavras Chave: Energia Elétrica, Resolução Normativa, ICMS.
Turbina Axial para Condições de Ultra-Baixa Queda
Authors: Botan Antonio Carlos Barkett , Filho Geraldo Lucio Tiago , Camacho Ramiro Gustavo Ramires , Galhardo Camila Rocha , De Azevedo Tiago Martins
Published: October 2017

As turbinas axiais convencionais são turbinas que operam em condições de baixa-queda, ou seja, alturas de queda entre 70 e até 5 metros. São máquinas que operam com baixas alturas de queda e altas vazões. Para alturas de queda abaixo de 5,0 metros, ainda estão sendo desenvolvidas máquinas para operação dentro desse parâmetro. Máquinas desse porte geram viabilidade econômica e devido à facilidade de sua manutenção e o não emprego de grandes obras civis, podendo ser instaladas em pequenos canais em propriedades rurais e comunidades. Um termo de cooperação científica entre Canadá e Brasil favoreceu para que um modelo de turbina desenvolvido por uma instituição canadense e fosse ensaiada nas dependências da Universidade Federal de Itajubá fosse realizado.Palavras-chave: turbina axial, ultra-baixa queda, ensaio de eficiência mecânica.
Alternativas para o uso do glicerol produzido a partir do biodiesel
Authors: Peiter Gabrielle Caroline , Alves Helton José , Sequinel Rodrigo , Bautitz Ivonete Rossi
Published: October 2017

Nos últimos anos tem havido esforços consideráveis no desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias para a produção de produtos químicos a partir de recursos renováveis de biomassa, principalmente combustíveis, em resposta ao esgotamento da matéria-prima de origem fóssil e as preocupações com o meio ambiente. Entre os vários compostos derivados a partir da biomassa que têm sido propostos como matéria-prima para a produção de substâncias químicas, o glicerol é de interesse especial porque é produzido em grandes quantidades, como um coproduto durante a produção de biodiesel por meio de transesterificação. Com o rápido aumento da produção de biodiesel em todo o mundo, o mesmo acontece com a produção do glicerol. O recente aumento da produção de glicerol a partir do processo de fabricação de biodiesel criou um excesso no mercado, como resultado, são necessárias novas tecnologias para o uso do glicerol que é uma substância abundante e tem grande potencial para ser uma importante matéria prima para produção de produtos de alto valor agregado.
ANÁLISE DE DESEMPENHO DE UM MOTOR AGRÍCOLA COM USO DE DIESEL E BIODIESEL DE SOJA (GLYCINE MAX) DA REGIÃO DO MATOPIBA, TOCANTINS, BRASIL.
Authors: De Aguiar Márcio Alves
Published: October 2017

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho de um motor diesel, utilizando diesel S-10 e biodiesel B-20, B-50, B-100. A metodologia desenvolvida foi em conformidade com a norma ABNT ISO 1585, em que se baseou no aquecimento do motor a diesel e elevação à carga plena de trabalho na rotação máxima de 2300 rpm e decaimento do giro do motor até a rotação mínima de 1000 rpm, numa variação de 100 rpm nos catorze níveis rotacionais realizados em três amostras, para todos os combustíveis.  Os dados relativos à potência, torque e consumo de combustíveis verificados em todas as repetições foram utilizados para a observação das curvas de desempenho do motor, tanto quanto para a avaliação de rendimento do motor. Os resultados comparativos indicaram que torque e potência entre B-20 e diesel foram similares, porém o biodiesel nesta proporção a 20% apresentou aumento do consumo de combustível. Já os biodieseis 50% e 100%, apresentaram queda de desempenho e elevação do consumo de combustível, com aumento desta concentração, enquanto que o diesel apresentou melhor rendimento e o B-100 o menor, dentre os todos os combustíveis, situação já prevista devido a sua elevada viscosidade. Contudo, pode-se concluir que o uso de biodiesel, em pequenas ou elevadas concentrações na mistura com o diesel e até mesmo a 100% deste combustível renovável garante a independência parcial ou integral do uso de combustíveis fósseis altamente poluentes apresentando-se como uma expressiva justificativa no emprego de combustíveis biodegradáveis em motores a diesel diminuindo-se, inclusive, os impactos ambientais.
APROVEITAMENTO ENERGÉTICO DE RESÍDUOS SÓLIDOS URBANOS EM PROCESSO DE PIRÓLISE
Authors: Pedroxa Marcelo Mendes , Gomes Magda Cristina Ferreira de Araujo , Paz Eliane Cunha da Silva , Pedrosa Argemiro Lima , Viera Gláucia Eliza Gama , Soares João Evangelista Marques
Published: October 2017

Esse trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar as características físicas e químicas de Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos (RSU) e avaliar o seu aproveitamento através do processo de pirólise, através de uma revisão da literatura com a finalidade de ser obter um retrato dos mesmos como uma fonte de possibilidades para o desenvolvimento de rotas térmicas de obtenção de produtos químicos. Os RSU são constituídos principalmente de papel, papelão, plásticos, vidros, metais, têxteis, restos de comidas e materiais inertes. A pirólise é um processo endotérmico realizado na ausência de oxigênio, gerando como produtos finais bio-óleo, gases e finos de carvão. Esse processo térmico pode ser influenciado por diversos fatores relacionados às características da biomassa e condições de operação do reator. O bio-óleo apresenta alto poder calorífico e ausência de compostos sulfurados, o que aponta para a possibilidade do seu uso como biocombustível. A fração gasosa obtida através da pirólise de RSU possui alto poder calorífico e é composta por hidrocarbonetos, hidrogênio, CO e CO2. O carvão também pode ser empregado na remoção de metais pesados e substâncias orgânicas de efluentes industriais, substituindo o carvão ativado comercial. Reatores de pirólise de RSU em escala real devem apresentar um sistema de purificação do gás de síntese como forma de evitar a contaminação ambiental através de compostos presentes na fração gasosa.