bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Operational Land Holdings in Bassi tehsil, Jaipur Rajasthan
Authors: - Dr. Shefali Bhagotia
Published: February 2025

India is the most populous country in the world and with the increasing population the cultivable land resource is shrinking day by day. This has contributed to an increase in the number of operational land holdings but a reduction in their size which acts as a major barrier to make effective intervention in the advancement of agriculture. Operational land holding is the fundamental unit of decision making in agriculture and consequently for developmental programmes. This paper is an attempt to examine the findings related to spatial distribution of operational land holdings at micro level. In order to achieve the objectives of the study primary data has been gathered (2015-16) from respondent farmers and secondary data collected from tehsil headquarters and various other related departments. The study brings out that the average size of the operational land holding in the sample households of Bassi Tehsil is 1.42 hectare which is even less than half of the Rajasthan state average land holdings size of 3.07 hectare. Study also reveals that the unavoidable provision of law of inheritance is the primary cause of excessive fragmentation of land holdings in the tehsil.
Survey On Evasion Techniques: Dynamic Loading & Polymorphic Evasion In C2 Environment
Authors: - Pratik. S. Yawale , - Sushant D. Raut , - Sushant S. Khond , - Apeksha A. Kherde , - Shravani S. Wankhade
Published: February 2025

As cyber attackers increasingly rely on sophisticated techniques to maintain control over compromised systems, evasion methods such as dynamic loading and polymorphic evasion have become pivotal in thwarting modern security mechanisms. This survey paper explores the advanced tactics used in Command and Control (C2) environments, where attackers control compromised systems through hidden channels. Dynamic loading allows malicious code to be injected into memory at runtime, avoiding detection by traditional security tools that scan static code. In parallel, polymorphic evasion enables malware to continually alter its code signature, evading signature-based
detection systems. This paper examines the functionality of these techniques, reviews case studies of their use in real-world C2 operations, and analyzes their impact on cybersecurity defenses. Additionally, we evaluate current detection mechanisms and discuss future research directions for developing robust countermeasures against these evolving threats. Understanding these evasion methods is critical for enhancing the detection and mitigation of advanced persistent threats (APTs) and improving the security of modern network environments.
Black Carbon: Its Sources, Environment and Health Impacts & Mitigation Solutions for Sustainable Development
Authors: - Vandita Srivastava
Published: February 2025

Black carbon (BC), in spite of being a short-lived climate pollutant (SLCP), with life time of only few days, is found to be a powerful climate forcer that has hundreds to thousand times more potential of warming the atmosphere than carbon dioxide. It severely affects climate, cryosphere, human health, ecosystems and agricultural productivity. BC is a formed by the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, wood and other fuels. Household cooking methods are the major contributor of the global carbon emissions, followed by transport, industrial and agriculture sectors. Wild fires also contribute to BC emission. BC absorbs the incoming solar radiation which heats the atmosphere, affecting the cloud formation and rainfall in the region. which is critical for agriculture, affecting human livelihoods in addition to ecosystem. This, in turn, affects the economy. Its deposition on ice/snow, reduces its surface albedo that increases the absorption of sunlight, in turn, faster melting of ice/glaciers and rise in sea level. The Arctic and glaciated regions of Himalayas are under high risk. Being small enough in size, black carbon can be inhaled, contributing to respiratory and cardiovascular diseases leading to lung cancer and even to birth defects. Coordinated efforts would be required for attaining zero carbon emission for sustainable development, a goal set by UNEP. This paper presents a review on the various sources of black carbon, its effects on environment, health and economy. The steps to be taken to reduce the black carbon level for sustainable development are also reviewed.
The Twisting Path: Yoga and its Commercialization Worldwide
Authors: - Komal
Published: February 2025

Yoga, an ancient Indian spiritual practice encompassing physical postures, breathing techniques, and meditation, has experienced a global surge in popularity. While its benefits for physical and mental well-being are widely recognized, this rise has been accompanied by increasing commercialization, raising concerns about the dilution of its traditional essence and the potential exploitation of its cultural roots. This paper explores the complex relationship between yoga and commercialization, examining the historical context, the driving forces behind its commodification, the consequences for authentic yoga practices, and the ongoing debate surrounding cultural appropriation and ethical considerations.
The Impact of Socio-cultural Factors on Domestic Violence :Examining Abuse Across Various Demographics and Marital Dynamics
Authors: - C. VENKATA SUBBAIAH , - A.KUSUMA
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Domestic violence remains a persistent and severe issue in India, with profound physical, psychological, and economic repercussions for women. This study investigates the socio-cultural determinants of domestic violence, examining the patterns of abuse across various demographics, marital contexts, and family structures. Using YSR Kadapa district in Andhra Pradesh as a case study, the research employed a stratified random sampling technique to ensure representation from both urban and rural populations. The study surveyed 385 married women, gathering both primary and secondary data to explore the impact of domestic violence on women's well-being. The findings reveal significant differences in domestic violence experiences based on age, education, type of marriage, and family structure. Younger women, particularly those aged 31 to 35 years, experienced higher levels of physical, psychological, and technological abuse, while education level was linked to varying forms of violence. Women with higher education reported greater experiences of technological and financial abuse, while those with lower education faced higher physical violence. Additionally, women in love marriages reported higher levels of physical, psychological, and verbal violence compared to those in arranged marriages, while respondents from nuclear families reported higher psychological and financial violence than those in joint families. The study highlights the complex relationship between socio-cultural factors and domestic violence, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions such as age-specific support programs, financial empowerment, and public awareness campaigns. Strengthening support systems, particularly for women in love marriages and nuclear family settings, is essential to mitigate risks and provide effective protection for those affected by domestic violence. The results underscore the importance of addressing power imbalances and enhancing legal safeguards to protect women's rights and reduce violence in India.
A Study of Enhancing The Brand Image Through Digital Marketing Strategies
Authors: - Devang Agarwal , - Arun Bhadauria
Published: February 2025

In the digital scenario to develop, small businesses discover new ways to include digital marketing strategies to improve their involvement, development and brand visibility. This study examines the importance of digital marketing in brand growth for small businesses by working with marketing and search engine optimization (SEO) of social media. By checking the case study, industry trends and consumer behavior, this article shows how small businesses can use cheap digital platforms to compete with large companies. The study emphasizes the role of privatization, targeted outreach and data analysis in developing effective marketing strategies that create strong, sustainable brand identity “[8]”. In addition, it addresses challenges such as a lack of resources and the need for continuous adaptation to change digital trends. Conclusions provide action rich insights for owners of small businesses and digital abolitions, aiming to promote meaningful connections with the audience and achieve the success of a long -term brand.
A Study on Educational Status and Level of Health Awareness of the Children of Urban Slums
Authors: - Dr. Swapna Lahon
Published: February 2025

Education means an all-round development of an individual i.e. body, mind and soul. Education is the creation of sound mind in a sound body. A sound body means a good health. A good health is the production of Education. Without a good health one can’t live in peace and happiness. Health is the level of functional or metabolic efficiency of a living organism. In humans it is the ability of individuals or communities to adapt and self-manage when facing physical, mental or social challenges. Health is a subject of universal concern. According to the World Health Organization, the main determinants of health include the social and economic environment, the physical environment, and the person's individual characteristics and behaviors. Education is a top most determinant which includes in person’s social environment which forms individual characteristics and behavior through which people can learn to live healthy. India is a vast country with a large population and due to lack of awareness and inadequate health care facilities, a wide spectrum of diseases occurs. Factors such as clean water and air, adequate housing, food, pollution, sleeping habits, mental condition, sunlight, safe communities and roads, all have been found to contribute to good health, especially to the health of children. Haphazard mushrooming of industrial units, market places and new settlements have made Guwahati a congested city and burgeoning of slum cluster with problems of serious health diseases. It is seen that those who are literate and educate they are very aware about health issues and they know how to keep themselves healthy. So, it is the responsibility of the government to provide better education and health facilities to the children of slum areas. Therefore, this paper seeks to explore the educational status and level of health awareness of the student’s living in urban slum areas of Guwahati city, and it also tries to find out the ways and means through which positive vibrations could be established to solve problems related to educational and health issues in urban slum areas.
Classification and Conversion of 2-Dimensional Image to 3-Dimensional Image (X-ray, MRI, CT images) Using AI and Deep Learning Techniques
Authors: - Nithya  M R
Published: February 2025

This thesis explores the classification and conversion of 2D medical images (X-ray, MRI, and CT) into 3D images, leveraging advanced AI and deep learning techniques
The Harmony of color : The Essence of wash painting in the Bengal School
Authors: - Kaushal Kumar
Published: February 2025

The origin of Indian art can be traced to pre- historic .The earliest Indian paintings were the rock paintings of prehistoric time. Indian painting has a verry long tradition and history in Indian art. Indian Art is known for its various artworks , as well as a number of painting styles , such as Bengal Art .The art movement and a style of Indian painting that originated in bengal .Bengal School of Art is known for its wash technique and its style . The wash technique created a soft atmospheric , impressionistic and misty effect in the modern Indian painting .There were some highly gifted artists who tried ,each in his own way to give a sense of direction to the art movement depecting everyday life into their art works often featuring rural scenes and traditional customes in their paitings .
“Studying the Financial Performance and Corporate Governance of ISGEC Engineering Heavy Ltd. for seeing their effect on Firm Value for last 10 years ending March 31st i.e. ( 2015-2024)”
Authors: - Deepakshi , - Gourav Kamboj , - Tisha , - Khushi Nathani
Published: February 2025

The intended research on studying the the impact of Studying the Financial Performance and Corporate Governance of ISGEC Engineering Heavy Ltd. for seeing their effect on Firm Value for last 10 years ending March 31st i.e. ( 2015-2024). With this objective this report is undertaken by researcher taking corporate governance and financial performance as an independent variable for which researcher has taken ratios which is Current Ratio , Debt to Assets Ratio , Return on Capital Employed Ratio and board size , board diversity , board composition and number of meetings.

The researcher has tested the relationship among Independent and dependent variable through

various statistical and analytical tools. The research has been Descriptive in nature as it seeks

to discover ideas and insight to bring out new relationship based on previous findings in other

organizations. The type of investigation is Causal as it develops the relationship between

various factors. Study setting is Non-contrived because the study has been conducted with no interference of researcher. It is a Cross-sectional study as data has been collected at one point
of time.

The data has been collected by researcher through capital line database and company’s

websites in order to study the relationship between corporate governance , financial

performance and firm value. Various statistical tools have also been applied like Descriptive

Test, t-test, Kolmogirov smirnov test, Correlation and Regression to analyse the data using

software for Statistical

Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 23.0 Researcher has used analytical tools such as

correlation and regression. Correlation is used in order to study the degree of relationship

between the dependent and independent variables. Regression is used in order to study the

effect of independent variables on dependent variables.

Descriptive statistics, correlation and regression analysis are used to test the assumptions

made by the researcher in analysing the effectiveness effect of Financial Performance and

Corporate Governance on Firm Value of ISGEC Engineering Heavy Ltd.. Firstly the

introduction of manufacturing industries and Corporate Governance impact on Firm Value that

is being undertaken for study. The second part presents an overview of Objective of the Study

and Literature Review.

The third part consists of Research Methodology which includes Sampling, Data Collection,

Statistical and Analytical tool and the Limitations of the study. And the last result and

findings ,recommendations, along with bibliography and Annexure is there.
SOSIALISASI PENERAPAN MANAJEMEN LOGISTIK UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KETAHANAN PANGAN PADA TINGKAT KELUARGA
Authors: Yulia M. Zai Yovita , Syafira Salsabila  , Rahmi M. Nur  , Nia Arfina Foci  , Refki Riyantori  , Anisa Jasmiarlita Muluk  , Habibilah Iskandar  , Zonata Gusniawan  , Siti Nur Hafiza
Published: February 2025

Ketahanan pangan merupakan isu strategis yang memengaruhi kualitas hidup masyarakat, baik di tingkat nasional maupun keluarga. Di tingkat rumah tangga, pengelolaan logistik pangan yang baik, mulai dari perencanaan, pembelian, penyimpanan, hingga distribusi bahan makanan, menjadi kunci dalam memastikan ketersediaan pangan yang cukup dan berkualitas. Namun, masih banyak keluarga yang menghadapi tantangan dalam mengelola sumber daya pangan secara efisien, yang berdampak pada pemborosan dan meningkatnya pengeluaran. Program Studi S1 Logistik mengadakan Sosialisasi Penerapan Manajemen Logistik untuk Meningkatkan Ketahanan Pangan pada Tingkat Keluarga guna memberikan edukasi kepada masyarakat, khususnya ibu rumah tangga dan keluarga. Kegiatan ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan pemahaman mengenai pengelolaan logistik pangan, mengurangi pemborosan, dan meningkatkan efisiensi pemanfaatan bahan makanan. Sosialisasi ini menggunakan metode partisipatif berupa presentasi, tanya jawab, dan diskusi interaktif di Klinik Netti, Kota Padang. Hasil yang diharapkan adalah meningkatnya pemahaman peserta mengenai manajemen logistik pangan serta penerapannya dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Sebagai luaran, peserta akan menerima buku saku "Kelola Logistik, Wujudkan Keluarga Tangguh Pangan" sebagai panduan praktis dalam menerapkan manajemen logistik pangan secara mandiri dan berkelanjutan.
An Early Hellenistic Hoard of Gold Staters in the Museum of Uşak
Authors: Arslan Melih , Tahberer Bekircan
Published: February 2025

The article presents nine early Hellenistic gold staters from a hoard find preserved in the Uşak Museum since 1992. The coins of Alexander III (nos. 1–2) were minted in Side and Babylon, while the remaining coins were struck in Amphipolis, Pella, Abydos, Lampsakos and probably Teos in the name of Philippos. Except for the highly corroded coin no. 6, the others are in good condition. Two symbols depicted on its reverse can be identified as a spearhead and a palm branch with taenia. This rare coin type was probably produced between 323 and 319 in a royal mint in western Asia Minor, most likely in Teos. The authors suggest that the hoard was buried at the end of the 4th or the beginning of the 3rd century BC.
North Anatolian Rivers and the Chronology of Xenophon s Anabasis: A Note on An. 5.6
Authors: Bekker-Nielsen Tønnes
Published: February 2025

The dating of the expedition of the Ten Thousand to Persia and their long march home to Greece described in the Anabasis of Xenophon has been debated for over a century. Some researchers now favour a late departure from Sardis over the early date preferred by earlier commentators. One further argument for a late chronology which has failed to attract scholarly attention can be found in the description of four north Anatolian rivers offered by the Sinopean ambassador Hecatonymus in book five of the Anabasis. Had this speech been given in May or June, as according to the early chronology, the rivers would have been at their lowest level by the time the Greek army reached them. If, on the other hand, the speech was held in August or September with the autumn rains approaching, the rivers were likely to swell and present an obstacle to further progress overland through Paphlagonia.
The Stephanephorate of Apollo and the Historical Context of the Milesian Decree for Queen Apama (I.Didyma 480)
Authors: Coşkun Altay
Published: February 2025

Soon after the Battle of Ipsos (301 BCE), the Milesians honoured king Seleukos I, his son Antiochos (I), and his wife, queen Apama, in gratitude for promising to rebuild the Apollo temple at Didyma and erecting a stoa. The decrees for Antiochos (I.Didyma 479) and Apama (I.Didyma 480) are largely extant, and the latter provides the chronological anchor for all three honours. It mentions Apollo as , under whom the fi-nancial officials (anataktai) were to procure the funds for the queen’s statue. In the standard edition of the text, Albert Rehm identified this stephanephorate with the year 299/8 BCE, but failed to see that it rather constitutes a terminus ante quem for the decree. The exceptional financial strain on the Milesians may already have resulted in postponing the order of the equestrian statue of Antiochos from perhaps fall 300 BCE to spring 299 BCE. This slightly adjusted timeline invites us to reconsider other aspects of dynastic history under the Diadochs. Contrary to the common opinion, the wedding of Seleukos and Stratonike, the daughter of Demetrios I, in 300 BCE does not constitute a terminus ante quem for honouring Apama, the first wife at a polygamous court, but rather a terminus a quo, since it sealed the reconciliation with Demetrios after the Battle of Ipsos. The Seleukid benefaction should be viewed within the context of a joint peace initiative that Demetrios and Seleukos started from Rhosos. It is also reflected in the mission of Nikagoras of Rhodes to Ephesos (I.Ephesos V 1453). In this context, the Milesian embassy was invited to the Seleukid court, offered the benefactions, and had their fellow citizens respond with three honorific decrees.
News from the Sketchbooks of Rudolf Heberdey: Inscriptions from Olbasa (Pisidia)
Authors: Czeitschner René
Published: February 2025

This paper presents three unpublished inscriptions (no. 1–3) from the Pisidian city of Olbasa. These texts stem from the sketchbooks of the Austrian archaeologist and epigraphist Rudolf Heberdey (1864–1936), which are currently kept in the archives of the Forschungsgruppe Epigraphik (formerly Kleinasiatische Kommission) at the Austrian Archaeological Institute (ÖAI). The inscriptions are taken from the notes that Heberdey took during an expedition in the summer of 1897. The review of Heberdey’s sketchbooks as well as the «Scheden» based on them made it possible to reread and correct three published texts (No. 4–6).
The Career of Dillius Aponianus, Provincial Governor and Consul in the Early Reign of Vespasian
Authors: Eck Werner
Published: February 2025

The career of the senator C. Dillius Aponianus has been handed down only incompletely. In the civil war of 69 he supported the Flavian party as legate of legio III Gallica, which secured him future promotion by Vespasian. In 73 he performed the function of curator riparum et alvei Tiberis, which at that time was usually filled by consulars. Between his legionary command and his consulship, Dillius Aponianus was praetorian governor of a province whose name is omitted in the fragmentary inscription CIL II 7, 275 from Corduba. A likewise fragmentary honorary inscription from Rhodiapolis suggests that the province in question was Pamphylia et Lycia. Aponianus seems to have been the immediate successor of Sex. Marcius Priscus in 70; he was given the task of organising Lycia and Pamphylia as a double province. A later date can be excluded, since with M. Hirrius Fronto Neratius Pansa, Cn. Avidius Celer Rutilius Lupus Fiscilius Firmus and L. Luscius Ocrea the governors of the years 71–76 are known. Dillius Aponianus served both as praetorian governor of Lycia and Pamphylia and as curator riparum et alvei Tiberis for less than a year, which is characteristic of senators promoted by Vespasian in the early Flavian period.
On the Order of the Severan Family in IGR IV 881, a Building Inscription from Takina in Lycia-Pamphylia under the proconsul Tarius Titianus
Authors: Eck Werner
Published: February 2025

An examination of the building inscription from Takina, which has been known since the early 19th century and reports the construction of a bath, leads to the following results: In line 2, behind the name of Caracalla stood that of his brother Geta, in line 3, which was also erased, after Iulia Domna, the name of Plautilla, Caracalla’s wife. Thus, the governorship of C. Iulius Tarius Titianus, mentioned in the building inscription, can be dated between 202 and 205 with certainty.
The Date of the Letter of King Antiochos in Baitokaike
Authors: Hallof Klaus
Published: February 2025

This article presents the edition of another copy, probably made in Augustan times, of the Antiochus letter already known from the Baitokaike dossier (IGLS VII 4028). The fragmentary inscription, which contains not only the royal letter but also an accompanying letter that is missing from the known dossier, came from the «Puchstein estate» to the Antikensammlung der Staatlichen Museen in Berlin and has so far remained unpublished. The king's letter and the accompanying letter are dated after the Seleucid era: 169 (ΞΡ). They appear to have been written in February/March 143 BC. As a result, Antiochos VI Epiphanes Dionysos can be identified as the sender of the royal letter, who had not previously been considered in the discussion about the date of the letter and the related construction history of the sanctuary of Baitokaike.
Thinking Processes from the Beginning. New Greek History(s) in the Context of Current Developments in Historical Studies
Authors: Hölkeskamp Karl-Joachim
Published: February 2025

Several recent overview works on the history of Greece, the Greeks and their settlement and cultural area in the first half of the first millennium BC – namely Ulf – Kistler 2020 and Schulz – Walter 2022 – offer reliable, extensively documented introductions to the current status of the international Research that has developed dynamically in recent decades. The intense debates, which are far from over, revolve around the structural conditions of the living environment – such as time, space and spatiality – on the one hand and processes of all kinds on the other –such as «ethnogenesis» and the formation of identity(s), such as mobility and migration, such as social stratification and practices of distinction, such as institutionalization, the genesis of «statehood» and the differentiation of political forms of organization. The article identifies particular focal points of these debates and presents the modern descriptive and analytical concepts and categories that have been developed.
A Funerary Epigram with a Quotation from Odyssey I 4, Found at the Junction of the Asian–Galatian Border
Authors: Nowakowski Paweł , Güney Hale
Published: February 2025

This paper presents a new funerary epigram recorded in Özdenk village in Alpu District, Eskişehir during the survey of 2019. The stone was brought from a place called Ayvalı in Belkese village nearby. Twenty-one lines of the inscription have survived, but are worn to a certain extent and not completely legible. Interestingly, two verses are probably quoted from the Odyssey. Other Homeric reminiscences are present throughout the text. The inscription praises the virtues and deplores the ill fate of a deceased man who orphaned a son. It ends with an imprecation in prose. The vocabulary, phrasing and contents may point to the same authorship as in the case of two other verse epitaphs from the nearby imperial estate of the Choria Considiana. The date of the inscription is probably the second half of the first or first half of the second century C.E., based on parallels with other inscriptions from this area, and on the letter shapes.
New Inscriptions from the Kabalis
Authors: Santini Flavio
Published: February 2025

In this article eight new inscriptions from the Kabalis region are published on the basis of the documentation preserved in Vienna (ÖAI, ÖAW). The funerary inscriptions (texts nos. 1–5, 7–8) shed light on local onomastics, inscription no. 6 is a dedication to the Theoi Hosioi, attested until now only in Phrygia.
Trqqas asati: eine lykische Formel mit langer Vorgeschichte
Authors: Schürr Diether
Published: February 2025

Eine mesopotamische Formel wurde von den Hethiterkönigen übernommen und für kurze Zeit auch bildlich auf Siegeln und in einem Felsrelief dargestellt. Sie wurde auch in das Reichsluwische der hieroglyphischen Königsinschriften übersetzt und taucht so in den spätluwischen Inschriften lange nach dem Ende des Hethiterreiches wieder auf, in vielfältiger Verwendung. Außerdem wurde sie auch zur Bildung von Personennamen benutzt, die sich von Kilikien weiter nach Westen verbreitet haben, wie verstreute Belege in hauptsächlich griechischen Inschriften belegen. Die Formel selbst wurde in der langen lykischen Inschrift des Agora-Pfeilers in Xanthos (spätes 5. Jh. v. Chr.) verwendet, wo sie freilich nicht länger ein persönliches Verhältnis zur Gottheit anzeigt, sondern die Wertschätzung von Königsherrschaft durch sie.
A Hellenistic Decree from Apollonia under Salbake
Authors: Thonemann Peter
Published: February 2025

The author identifies a fragmentary honorific decree in the Archaeological Museum of Denizli-Hierapolis as the upper part of a long-known Hellenistic decree from Apollonia under Salbake in honour of the ambassador Pamphilos, dating shortly after 188 BC. The author proposes various new readings and restorations to the text of the upper part of the decree.
New Inscriptions from Idyma
Authors: Ünver Güray
Published: February 2025

This article presents four new inscriptions from the Karian city of Idyma. The inscriptions were found during the surveys and excavations on the site between the years 2019 and 2022. Two of the inscriptions (nos 1 and 2) are from an artificial terrace on the southern slope of Küçük Asar hill, which may have been an important part of the urban centre of Idyma in the Hellenistic period. The inscription no. 1 belongs to an al-tar of Arsinoe II Philadelphos. It shows that Idyma was under Ptolemaic control in the early 260s BC. The epidosis list no. 2 provides direct evidence that the city was part of the Rhodian Peraia in 175 BC. It is dated by the Rhodian eponymous priest and the board of prytaneis of Idyma. The subscription aimed to finance a palaistra. Among the fifteen subscribers whose names are preserved there are also the Rhodian governor in charge of the city (epistates) and two Rhodian military officials (hegemones). The fragmentary inscriptions nos 3 and no. 4 were excavated in the ruins of the medieval castle at İnişdibi. The inscription no. 3 is a dedication of the κοινὸν τῶν ἐρανι[σ|τῶν Δω]ριῶν? for Artemi[doros]. The association was possibly named after its founder (Doros?). The designation of this private association as κοινὸν τῶν ἐρανιστῶν indicates Rhodian influence. The last inscription is very fragmentary. It probably contains a decree of the city in honour of an unknown Rhodian.
Neue christlich-frühbyzantinische Inschriften aus Nikaia
Authors: ADAK Mustafa , NOWAKOWSKI Paweł
Published: February 2025

Die hier zusammengestellten 23 Inschriften stammen alle aus der bithynischen Metropole Nikaia und gehören in das 3. bis 6. Jh. Die Bauinschrift Nr. 1 ist nach dem Bischof und dem πατὴρ τῆς πόλεως datiert. Bei dem eponymen Amtsträger in dem Spielbrett Nr. 2 dürfte es sich ebenfalls um den πατὴρ τῆς πόλεως handeln. Eine Gruppe von ähnlich aufgebauten Grabinschriften aus dem 3. und 4. Jh. enthält Angaben zum Beruf (σιλιγνάριος, πιλιάριος) und Wohnort des Grabherrn. Die Phylen Makete, Severiane und Konstantiane waren für Ni-kaia bisher nicht belegt (Nr. 5–7). Die Grabinschrift Nr. 15 erwähnt ein im Stadtviertel Tri-miton gelegenes ἱερὸν γυναικεῖον, bei dem es sich um eine kaiserliche Weberei handeln dürfte. Neben weiteren Grabinschriften sind eine Toposinschrift (Nr. 19), ein Stempelab-druck (Nr. 20) und eine christliche Akklamation auf einem Bauglied (Nr. 23) aufgenommen. Sie vermitteln einen Einblick in den reichen Inschriftenbestand der Stadt Nikaia in der Spät-antike und der frühbyzantinischen Zeit.
Were Spartan Boys Whipped to Death
Authors: Bekker-Nielsen Tønnes
Published: February 2025

During the Roman period, the whipping contest at the altar of Artemis Orthia attracted numerous visitors who flocked to Sparta in order to witness the spectacle of young boys being whipped till the blood flowed, the last boy standing being declared the winner. Among the visitors was Plutarch, who, in his biography of the Spartan lawgiver Lycurgus, relates how he has seen boys dying under the whip at Artemis’ altar. Cicero, too, has witnessed the whipping contest and has been told that from time to time, boys die during the flagellation. Most modern scholars have accepted these accounts as statements of fact. From the writings of Pausanias and Philostratus, however, it would appear that deaths in connection with the endurance contest were not a common occurrence. Furthermore, a comparison with more recent and better documented examples of fatalities due to excessive whipping reveals that death would not occur in the manner described by Plutarch, but hours or days later.
Revisiting the Stephanephoroi of Early Hellenistic Miletos
Authors: CARBON Jan-Mathieu
Published: February 2025

Altay Coşkun (C.) recently wrote another detailed and rewarding investigation of early Hellenistic history in the pages of this journal (Philia 8, 2022, 23–40). The purpose of this note is only to clarify some key dates provided by the Milesian evidence. Ever since the work of Eugène Cavaignac, it should have been well recognised that the dates of the Milesian stephane¬phoroi, as originally developed by Rehm and maintained since in publications of the Milesian evidence, are not as assured as one might think. They should be adjusted to take into account two pairs of co-occurring names in the earlier list of eponyms, as well as the course of Alexander’s campaign. Cavaignac suggested that Alexander’s stephanephoria at Miletos took place only in 333/2 BC, not in 334/3 BC (Rehm et al.). This is convincing: one may add that at the start of the Milesian year 334/3, that is to say in spring 334 BC, Alexander had certainly not yet besieged or «liberated» Miletos. The eponym at Miletos had already been appointed when Alexander arrived and thus he was named the honorary stephanephoros for the year following his takeover of the city. To argue otherwise would imply that the Milesians somehow retrojected Alexander’s stephanephoria.
The starting point for any investigation of the Hellenistic period and its chronology at Miletos should therefore be Alexander’s stephanephoria in 333/2 BC. Accordingly, all of Rehm’s chronology in the third century is to be «downdated» by one year. This involves numerous small adjustments to our understanding of Milesian history, which are only indicatively sketched here for the first quarter of the third century BC, further illuminating some of the events discussed by C.
Eine seltsame juristische Formel in einer Grabinschrift aus Myra
Authors: CORSTEN Thomas , HARTER-UIBOPU Kaja
Published: February 2025

In diesem Artikel wird eine Grabinschrift aus Myra publiziert, die einer Frau mit dem Namen Hellas gesetzt wurde. Sie war eine Bürgerin von Trabendai, und die Strafsumme für widerrechtliche Nutzung des Grabes sollte der dort verehrten Göttin Eleu-thera zugute kommen. Zusätzlich wird das Grab durch eine bisher nicht belegte und kaum genau zu erklärende juristische Formel geschützt, die eine Praxis (Eintreibung) gemäß den Bedingungen eines Darlehensvertrags vorsieht.
Neue Inschriften aus Kütahya
Authors: Erten Emre , ERAYDIN Necmettin , Gürda Sevgi
Published: February 2025

In diesem Artikel werden insgesamt fünf Grabinschriften vorgestellt. Davon stammt eine aus der Stadt Kütahya (Nr. 1), die vier übrigen sind im ungefähr 47 km südlich von Kütahya gelegenen Dorf Çakırsaz im Distrikt Altıntaş gefunden worden (Nr. 2–5). Die erste Inschrift auf einem Sarkophag bezeugt zum ersten Mal eine wahrscheinlich enge verwandtschaftliche Verbindung zweier bereits zuvor bekannter Bildhauer der Region. Die zweite Inschrift befindet sich auf einem der in der Gegend verbreiteten Türsteine und gehört einem Ehepaar. Die dritte Inschrift ist ein Epigramm für einen lokalen Würdenträger, der ein Christ war. Die vierte Inschrift gehört wahrscheinlich wieder zu einem Türstein und bezieht sich offenbar auf eine Frau. Die fünfte Inschrift eines Flurwächters bietet offenbar den ersten Beleg für den Begriff sophodragates.
Deux inscriptions d Asie Mineure au déchiffrement inachevé
Authors: Feissel Denis
Published: February 2025

I. Une inscription de bornage trouvée près de Cyzique est déchiffrée en montrant que le signe S équivaut ici à la lettre kappa. La propriété délimitée appartenait à l’église de la Théotokos d’Artakè (actuel Erdek). Deux chroniques byzantines mentionnent la même église à l’occasion de la prise du pouvoir d’Héraclius en 610.
II. Une inscription fragmentaire de Philomèlion, comparée à d’autres inscriptions d’Asie Mi-neure, est restituée comme une double acclamation, en l’honneur de Philomèlion et d’un no-table de la cité auteur de travaux de rénovation.
T. Aurelius Flavinus primipilaris. Gedanken zu einer Inschrift aus Oescus
Authors: HERZ Peter
Published: February 2025

The article discusses the individual stages of the career of the officer Titus Aurelius Flavinus, who came from Oescus and is known from two inscriptions, in their historical setting. Before his primipilate, Flavinus was probably an officer entrusted with logistical tasks, which are examined in detail. He was named councilor by five municipalities (Tyras, Dionysiopolis, Marcianopolis, Atuatuca = municipium Tungrorum, Aquincum). They were all important from the point of view of military supplies during Caracalla’s reign.
Ein frühhellenistisches Dekret aus Magnesia am Mäander über die Verbesserung der Getreideversorgung
Authors: HOFMANN Vera , ADAK Mustafa
Published: February 2025

In this article, we publish an early Hellenistic decree of the people of Magnesia meant to set incentives for the import of grain. Willing importers are promised either various honours or - in the case of free foreigners - equal citizenship. A special commission is appointed to ensure that the requirements set out mostly in the lost part of the decree are actually met. Among other things, the required quantity of imported grain is likely to have been specified. A comparable procedure had previously only been inferred on the basis of two citizenship decrees from Samos and Ephesus. The new decree, for the first time, sheds light on the background of this modus ope-randi in which a polis proactively shaped its citizenship policy in favour of its food supply.
Königliche Rekorde von Naram-Sin bis Erbbina: Ein altakkadischer Topos und seine Wandlungen im Laufe der Zeiten
Authors: SCHÜRR Diether
Published: February 2025

Boasting with so and so many warlike deeds in one year is first attested in inscriptions of Naram-Sin, inaugurating a mainly Mesopotamian tradition, but recurring in the trilingual inscriptions of Darius I at Bisitun too. In an Old Hittite tale there is some sort of a female counterpart: The queen of Kaniš gives birth to 30 sons in one year. Much later an Urartian king uses the warlike topos, and the more or less contemporary new Late Luwian inscription of Hartapus has it almost certainly too. A similar topos are deeds in one day, mainly attested before 2000 BC and later in Urartu. Last came two Greek examples in Lycia, deeds in one day and in one month, most proba-bly triggered by the example of Darius. Treated are also a few pictorial representations from Anubanini around 2000 BC to the Inscribed Pillar of Xanthos in the late 5th century BC.
An Honorific Decree from Laodikeia on the Lykos
Authors: THONEMANN Peter
Published: February 2025

The author offers a full re-edition of a newly discovered inscription from Laodikeia on the Lykos, preserved in three fragments, only two of which were recognised by the first editor as belonging to the text. The inscription is an honorific decree of the mid-second century AD for a civic benefactor named Amphilochos, who had held the civic magistracies of exetastēs, ephebarch, and dekaprōtos; the author provides parallels for the formulaic language of the decree and discusses Amphilochos’ more unusual gifts to the city, which include a statue-group of Homeric heroes and a mule and muleteer for the cursus publicus.
Inschriften aus Sarıkaya (Basilika Therma / Kappadokien)
Authors: WALLNER Christian
Published: February 2025

This paper offers the edition of inscriptions that were recorded in 2018 as part of an epigraphic survey in Sarıkaya and in the Yozgat Museum. All in all, these are three funerary monuments, a dedication and a baptismal seal, almost all originating from the Early Byzantine period. In the introduction, a brief historical outline of Basilika Therma, as Sarıkaya was called in Roman and Byzantine times, is given. Furthermore, the appendix offers a brief synopsis of previously published monuments with inscriptions found in and adjacent to Sarıkaya.
New Inscriptions from Herakleia Salbake
Authors: ACAR Özge , CHANIOTIS Angelos , OK Mehmet
Published: February 2025

This article presents 7 unpublished inscriptions of the Imperial period found during a sur-vey conducted in Herakleia Salbake in 2021 and 2022. They include a dedication to Hera¬kles Ktistes, Dionysos Prokathegemon, and Lucius Verus, the first direct attestation of Herakles as the city’s mythical founder (1); a dedication (of a temple?) to Aphrodite, whose cult was hitherto unattested in this city (2); the heading of an honorific inscription (3); the epitaph of a gladiator (4); the epitaph of Apollonios and his wife Melitine, which includes a funerary fi-ne (5); two possibly metrical epitaphs (6 and 7); and a graffito (8). In addition to providing information on the city’s cults, the new texts enrich Herakleia’s prosopography. The article also provides a list of four already published inscriptions that were located during the sur-vey.
New Christian Inscriptions from Southeast Cappadocia
Authors: Baz Ferit , Nowakowski Paweł , Macit Emre
Published: February 2025

The article presents seven Christian inscriptions from the district Saimbeyli and the city Comana/Hierapolis in Southeast Cappadocia. The inscriptions are rich in quotations of biblical texts, among them: 2 Corinthians 1:3; Matthew 26:13/Romans 1:8; Isaiah 12:3; Psalm 28(29):3; and Psalm 131(132):14. Additionally, they bring us a new attestation of the era of Anazarbos, and the fifth Anatolian attestation of a periodeutes.
A Confession Inscription from the Sanctuary of Zeus at Twin Oaks Rediscovered
Authors: I. CHALKIADAKIS Konstantinos
Published: February 2025

In 2013, part of an inscribed stele was auctioned by the international auction house Bonhams. The surviving part of the inscription allows us to identify it with a confession inscription published in 2018 by Hasan Malay. However, Malay only published the text of the inscription based on a copy taken by other epigraphers, which did not record any other information about the stele. Based on the photo from the auction catalogue, above the inscription there is a relief depicting a woman standing next to an altar. In addition, the photograph allows us to make minor corrections to the edition of the text.
Athletes in New Inscriptions from Aphrodisias
Authors: CHANIOTIS Angelos
Published: February 2025

New epigraphic finds from Aphrodisias concern local athletes of the early 3rd cent. CE. A sarcophagus was used for the burial of Achilleus, a runner who owed his nick-name Δρόμαξ (“Dromedary”) to his speed. He held the office of the ἀρχιγραμματεύς, probably of the xystos. His identification with a homonymous pankratiast or boxer is unlikely (1). A grave epigram for the athlete Adrastos (2) praises him both as athlete and as citizen. An inscribed statue base commemorates the victory of an anonymous athlete at the agonistic festival of the Aphrodisieia Adoneia (3). The new texts confirm the importance of athletic competitions and athletic training in early third-century Aphrodisias.
A Bear Named Barbaros: A pierre errante from Apollonia
Authors: CHANIOTIS Angelos , RUSSELL Ben
Published: February 2025

A grave altar from Pisidian Apollonia (Uluborlu), already published various times, is re-examined here. The authors provide a detailed study of the iconography of the altar, which is now on display in a park in Kızılcabölük, ca. 200 km to the west of Uluborlu. The altar is decorated with a dramatic scene, the death of a bestiarius, who is depicted being killed by a bear. The rocky, uneven terrain below the figures indicate that the bestiarius was killed either while trying to capture the bear, while training the animal or leading it to the amphitheater. The name of the bear (Barbaros) is afterwards discussed in the context of names used for wild animals.
Eine Konstitution für die classis Misenensis unter dem Präfekten
Authors: ECK Werner , PANGERL Andreas
Published: February 2025

This article publishes a diploma for the veterans of the classis Misenensis. The diploma was issued to a Q. Munatius Mucatralis, son of Mestrius, who came from Anchialus in Thrace. On his entry into the fleet he was granted Latin citizenship, combining the Roman name element Q. Munatius with his native name Mucatralis. The constitution was published in Rome on 30 September 141. The prefect of the fleet was Caecius Severus, who held said office from around 139 to 141. In the diploma the suffect couple M. Vettius Valens and Ti. Claudius Saturninus appear for the first time. Their term of office lasted from 1 September to 31 October 141. The cursus honorum of the two senators, known from other sources, is briefly reconstructed.
Inschriften aus Milet II: Neues zu den Temeniten. Drei kaiserzeitliche Vereinsinschriften
Authors: EGETENMEIER Philip
Published: February 2025

This article contains three new inscriptions from Miletos, all of which are related to the Teme­nitai. With the new inscriptions we now have evidence from the imperial period for this enigmatic association, which is only found in Miletos. These are all lists of names that were later supplemented by additional names. This phenomenon in particular is therefore also investigated in relation to the material that has already been published. The discussion of the new inscriptions is followed by some concluding considerations in which, on the basis of all known evidence regarding the Temenitai, an attempt is made to offer an explanation of what lies behind these lists of names and the character of these Milesian associations. Of particular interest are also the dating (stephanephoroi Lucius Malius Reginus and his son Lucius Malius Saturninus) as well as a very early case of an archisynagogos.
Un discours de Constance II au sénat de Constantinople en l honneur du préfet du prétoire Philippe (inscription de Pergè, 352 ap. J.-C.)
Authors: FEISSEL Denis
Published: February 2025

This article offers the first complete edition of a long Latin document inscribed on the arch of Hadrian at Perge. This inscription is a copy of the speech addressed in 352 by Emperor Constantius II (337–361) to the senate of Constantinople, in order to have statues of Philippus (praetorian prefect 344–353?) erected in Constantinople and in the provinces. The text reveals previously unpublished aspects of his career already during the reign of Constantine, when Constantius was still Caesar (324–337). Philippus took part in the education of Constance. He became his cura palatii during the stay of Caesar Constantius in the East (335–337). A long gap in the inscription leaves more than ten years of Philippus’ career in darkness. The text takes up with the conflict between Constantius II and his rival Magnentius (350–353). In addition to the known literary sources, the inscription provides new details on the courageous resistance of Philippus, prisoner of Magnentius, and his release after Constantius’ victory at Mursa. Two dedications of statues of Philippus, in Perge and Cyprus, are republished in the appendix.
Inschriften aus Milet I: Neufunde und Addenda 2021–2023
Authors: HARTER-UIBOPUU Kaja , CZEITSCHNER René , EGETENMEIER Philip , SCHNEIDER Julian Gabriel
Published: February 2025

The article comprises the first results of the field research on the inscriptions from Miletos, which was resumed in 2021. It publishes 18 new texts and fragments from the Hellenistic to Byzantine periods that were discovered in the museum, in the excavation depot and in the field. An addendum to an already known inscription is also included. The aim of this newly initiated series of articles is to publish the results of future campaigns on an ongoing basis as soon as possible.
«Entre deux statues colossales-: Kymè d Éolide honore Mikythos de Magnésie
Authors: MINON Sophie
Published: February 2025

Kymè of Aeolis offered the Magnete Mikythos the double honour of the statue and the epigram that subtly revealed the reasons for it: the origin of the decision, the justice rendered with efficiency probably in the other city, as well as the recognized excellence of his house, especially of the maternal line: he undoubtedly shared with them the athletic prowess in the race that had earned his uncles the honour of large statues depicting them with the hoplite shield. The monumental group they formed, those of the uncles flanking that of Mikythos on either side, further enhanced his glory.