bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
HIV-Related Myocardial Fibrosis: Inflammatory Hypothesis and Crucial Role of Immune Cells Dysregulation
Authors: Teer Eman , Dominick Leanne , Mukonowenzou Nyasha C. , Essop M. Faadiel
Published: September 2022

Although the underlying mechanisms driving human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-mediated cardiovascular diseases (CVD) onset and progression remain unclear, the role of chronic immune activation as a significant mediator is increasingly being highlighted. Chronic inflammation is a characteristic feature of CVD and considered a contributor to diastolic dysfunction, heart failure, and sudden cardiac death. This can trigger downstream effects that result in the increased release of pro-coagulant, pro-fibrotic, and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Subsequently, this can lead to an enhanced thrombotic state (by platelet activation), endothelial dysfunction, and myocardial fibrosis. Of note, recent studies have revealed that myocardial fibrosis is emerging as a mediator of HIV-related CVD. Together, such factors can eventually result in systolic and diastolic dysfunction, and an increased risk for CVD. In light of this, the current review article will focus on (a) the contributions of a chronic inflammatory state and persistent immune activation, and (b) the role of immune cells (mainly platelets) and cardiac fibrosis in terms of HIV-related CVD onset/progression. It is our opinion that such a focus may lead to the development of promising therapeutic targets for the treatment and management of CVD in HIV-positive patients.
Regulatory T-Cells Suppress Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Responses against Microglia
Authors: Chauhan Priyanka , Hu Shuxian , Sheng Wen S. , Lokensgard James R.
Published: September 2022

Regulatory T-cells (Tregs) play pivotal roles during infection, cancer, and autoimmunity. In our previous study, we demonstrated a role for the PD-1:PD-L1 pathway in controlling cytolytic responses of CD8+ T lymphocytes against microglial cells presenting viral peptides. In this study, we investigated the role of Tregs in suppressing CD8+ T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity against primary microglial cells. Using in vitro cytotoxicity assays and flow cytometry, we demonstrated a role for Tregs in suppressing antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses against microglia loaded with a model peptide (SIINFEKL). We went on to show a significant decrease in the frequency of IFN-γ- and TNF-producing CD8+ T-cells when cultured with Tregs. Interestingly, a significant increase in the frequency of granzyme B- and Ki67-producing CTLs was observed. We also observed a significant decrease in the production of interleukin (IL)-6 by microglia. On further investigation, we found that Tregs significantly reduced MHC class 1 (MHC-1) expression on IFN-γ-treated microglial cells. Taken together, these studies demonstrate an immunosuppressive role for Tregs on CTL responses generated against primary microglia. Hence, modulation of Treg cell activity in combination with negative immune checkpoint blockade may stimulate anti-viral T-cell responses to more efficiently clear viral infection from microglial cell reservoirs.
Emetine in Combination with Chloroquine Induces Oncolytic Potential of HIV-1-Based Lentiviral Particles
Authors: Spirin Pavel , Shyrokova Elena , Vedernikova Valeria , Lebedev Timofey , Prassolov Vladimir
Published: September 2022

Chloroquine and Emetine are drugs used to treat human parasitic infections. In addition, it has been shown that these drugs have an antiviral effect. Both drugs were also found to cause a suppressive effect on the growth of cancer cells of different origins. Here, using the replication-deficient HIV-1-based lentiviral vector particles, we evaluated the ability of the combination of these drugs to reduce viral transduction efficiency. We showed that these drugs act synergistically to decrease cancer cell growth when added in combination with medium containing lentiviral particles. We found that the combination of these drugs with lentiviral particles decreases the viability of treated cells. Taken together, we state the oncolytic potential of the medium containing HIV-1-based particles provoked by the combination of Chloroquine and Emetine.
Septic Cardiomyopathy: From Pathophysiology to the Clinical Setting
Authors: Carbone Federico , Liberale Luca , Preda Alberto , Schindler Thomas Hellmut , Montecucco Fabrizio
Published: September 2022

The onset of cardiomyopathy is a common feature in sepsis, with relevant effects on its pathophysiology and clinical care. Septic cardiomyopathy is characterized by reduced left ventricular (LV) contractility eventually associated with LV dilatation with or without right ventricle failure. Unfortunately, such a wide range of ultrasonographic findings does not reflect a deep comprehension of sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy, but rather a lack of consensus about its definition. Several echocardiographic parameters intrinsically depend on loading conditions (both preload and afterload) so that it may be challenging to discriminate which is primitive and which is induced by hemodynamic perturbances. Here, we explore the state of the art in sepsis-related cardiomyopathy. We focus on the shortcomings in its definition and point out how cardiac performance dynamically changes in response to different hemodynamic clusters. A special attention is also given to update the knowledge about molecular mechanisms leading to myocardial dysfunction and that recall those of myocardial hibernation. Ultimately, the aim of this review is to highlight the unsolved issue in the field of sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy as their implementation would lead to improve risk stratification and clinical care.
In Vivo Comparison of Synthetic Macroporous Filamentous and Sponge-like Skin Substitute Matrices Reveals Morphometric Features of the Foreign Body Reaction According to 3D Biomaterial Designs
Authors: Barsch Friedrich , Mamilos Andreas , Schmitt Volker H. , Babel Maximilian , Winter Lina , Wagner Willi , Winther Hinrich , Ottomann Christian , Niedermair Tanja , Schreml Stephan , Hierlemann Helmut , Brochhausen Christoph
Published: September 2022

Synthetic macroporous biomaterials are widely used in the field of skin tissue engineering to mimic membrane functions of the native dermis. Biomaterial designs can be subclassified with respect to their shape in fibrous designs, namely fibers, meshes or fleeces, respectively, and porous designs, such as sponges and foams. However, synthetic matrices often have limitations regarding unfavorable foreign body responses (FBRs). Severe FBRs can result in unfavorable disintegration and rejection of an implant, whereas mild FBRs can lead to an acceptable integration of a biomaterial. In this context, comparative in vivo studies of different three-dimensional (3D) matrix designs are rare. Especially, the differences regarding FBRs between synthetically derived filamentous fleeces and sponge-like constructs are unknown. In the present study, the FBRs on two 3D matrix designs were explored after 25 days of subcutaneous implantation in a porcine model. Cellular reactions were quantified histopathologically to investigate in which way the FBR is influenced by the biomaterial architecture. Our results show that FBR metrics (polymorph-nucleated cells and fibrotic reactions) were significantly affected according to the matrix designs. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of the 3D matrix tissue interactions and can be useful for future developments of synthetically derived skin substitute biomaterials.
Human-T-Cell-Selective Fluorescent Probe
Authors: Gao Min , Chang Young-Tae
Published: September 2022

The identification of T and B lymphocytes has relied on using antibodies against different biomarkers as the gold standard. Emerging small molecule-based fluorescent probes have the potential to replace antibodies. Herein, we report the first human-T-cell-selective fluorescent probe, Mito thermo yellow (MTY), achieving the live T cells’ distinction from B cells, which was previously impossible without the help of antibodies. The unexpected cell selectivity of MTY is attributed to the higher mitochondria mass and membrane potential of T cells over B cells. This study enriches the toolbox for live cell distinction from complex cell communities.
Comparison of Muscle Regeneration after BMSC-Conditioned Medium, Syngeneic, or Allogeneic BMSC Injection
Authors: Świerczek-Lasek Barbara , Tolak Lukasz , Bijoch Lukasz , Stefaniuk Marzena , Szpak Patrycja , Kalaszczynska Ilona , Streminska Władysława , Ciemerych Maria A. , Archacka Karolina
Published: September 2022

For many years optimal treatment for dysfunctional skeletal muscle characterized, for example, by impaired or limited regeneration, has been searched. Among the crucial factors enabling its development is finding the appropriate source of cells, which could participate in tissue reconstruction or serve as an immunomodulating agent (limiting immune response as well as fibrosis, that is, connective tissue formation), after transplantation to regenerating muscles. MSCs, including those derived from bone marrow, are considered for such applications in terms of their immunomodulatory properties, as their naive myogenic potential is rather limited. Injection of autologous (syngeneic) or allogeneic BMSCs has been or is currently being tested and compared in many potential clinical treatments. In the present study, we verified which approach, that is, the transplantation of either syngeneic or allogeneic BMSCs or the injection of BMSC-conditioned medium, would be the most beneficial for skeletal muscle regeneration. To properly assess the influence of the tested treatments on the inflammation, the experiments were carried out using immunocompetent mice, which allowed us to observe immune response. Combined analysis of muscle histology, immune cell infiltration, and levels of selected chemokines, cytokines, and growth factors important for muscle regeneration, showed that muscle injection with BMSC-conditioned medium is the most beneficial strategy, as it resulted in reduced inflammation and fibrosis development, together with enhanced new fiber formation, which may be related to, i.e., elevated level of IGF-1. In contrast, transplantation of allogeneic BMSCs to injured muscles resulted in a visible increase in the immune response, which hindered regeneration by promoting connective tissue formation. In comparison, syngeneic BMSC injection, although not detrimental to muscle regeneration, did not result in such significant improvement as CM injection.
Extend the Survival of Human Sperm In Vitro in Non-Freezing Conditions: Damage Mechanisms, Preservation Technologies, and Clinical Applications
Authors: Cheng Qingyuan , Li Liman , Jiang Min , Liu Bo , Xian Yang , Liu Shasha , Liu Xiao , Zhao Wenrui , Li Fuping
Published: September 2022

Preservation of human spermatozoa in vitro at normothermia or hypothermia maintaining their functions and fertility for several days plays a significant role in reproductive biology and medicine. However, it is well known that human spermatozoa left in vitro deteriorate over time irreversibly as the consequence of various stresses such as the change of osmolarity, energy deficiency, and oxidative damage, leading to substantial limitations including the need for semen examinations, fertility preservation, and assisted reproductive technology. These problems may be addressed with the aid of non-freezing storage techniques. The main and most effective preservation strategies are the partial or total replacement of seminal plasma with culture medium, named as extenders, and temperature-induced metabolic restriction. Semen extenders consist of buffers, osmolytes, and antioxidants, etc. to protect spermatozoa against the above-mentioned adverse factors. Extended preservation of human spermatozoa in vitro has a negative effect on sperm parameters, whereas its effect on ART outcomes remains inconsistent. The storage duration, temperature, and pre-treatment of semen should be determined according to the aims of preservation. Advanced techniques such as nanotechnology and omics have been introduced and show great potential in the lifespan extension of human sperm. It is certain that more patients will benefit from it in the near future. This review provided an overview of the current knowledge and prospects of prolonged non-freezing storage of human sperm in vitro.
A BET Protein Inhibitor Targeting Mononuclear Myeloid Cells Affects Specific Inflammatory Mediators and Pathways in Crohn’s Disease
Authors: Elfiky Ahmed M. I. , Hageman Ishtu L. , Becker Marte A. J. , Verhoeff Jan , Li Yim Andrew Y. F. , Joustra Vincent W. , Mulders Lieven , Fung Ivan , Rioja Inmaculada , Prinjha Rab K. , Smithers Nicholas N. , Furze Rebecca C. , Mander Palwinder K. , Bell Matthew J. , Buskens Christianne J. , D’Haens Geert R. , Wildenberg Manon E. , de Jonge Wouter J.
Published: September 2022

Background: Myeloid cells are critical determinants of the sustained inflammation in Crohn’s Disease (CD). Targeting such cells may be an effective therapeutic approach for refractory CD patients. Bromodomain and extra-terminal domain protein inhibitors (iBET) are potent anti-inflammatory agents; however, they also possess wide-ranging toxicities. In the current study, we make use of a BET inhibitor containing an esterase sensitive motif (ESM-iBET), which is cleaved by carboxylesterase-1 (CES1), a highly expressed esterase in mononuclear myeloid cells. Methods: We profiled CES1 protein expression in the intestinal biopsies, peripheral blood, and CD fistula tract (fCD) cells of CD patients using mass cytometry. The anti-inflammatory effect of ESM-iBET or its control (iBET) were evaluated in healthy donor CD14+ monocytes and fCD cells, using cytometric beads assay or RNA-sequencing. Results: CES1 was specifically expressed in monocyte, macrophage, and dendritic cell populations in the intestinal tissue, peripheral blood, and fCD cells of CD patients. ESM-iBET inhibited IL1β, IL6, and TNFα secretion from healthy donor CD14+ monocytes and fCD immune cells, with 10- to 26-fold more potency over iBET in isolated CD14+ monocytes. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that ESM-iBET inhibited multiple inflammatory pathways, including TNF, JAK-STAT, NF-kB, NOD2, and AKT signaling, with superior potency over iBET. Conclusions: We demonstrate specific CES1 expression in mononuclear myeloid cell subsets in peripheral blood and inflamed tissues of CD patients. We report that low dose ESM-iBET accumulates in CES1-expressing cells and exerts robust anti-inflammatory effects, which could be beneficial in refractory CD patients.
Perspectives of Volunteer Firefighters during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Stumbling Blocks and Silver Linings
Authors: Gaughan Alice A. , Rush Laura J. , MacEwan Sarah R. , Panchal Ashish R. , McAlearney Ann Scheck
Published: September 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly affected the lives of almost every individual in every nation, with numbers of infections continuing to grow. Across these nations, first responders are essential in their roles addressing emergencies, despite their risk of exposure to COVID-19 in the course of their work. We sought to understand the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the lives of volunteer firefighters in the United States, an understudied group of these first responders. Interviews were conducted with volunteer firefighters between September and November 2021. Interviews were analyzed using deductive dominant thematic analysis. Thirty-three firefighters were interviewed who had an average of 22 years of service and a mean age of 52 years. Interviewees described pandemic-related challenges including the fear of COVID exposure and frustrations with work and personal relationships. They also identified unexpected work-related benefits including a deepened commitment to serve and improvements to training and safety. Further, some volunteers noted personal benefits such as developing stronger connections with others, having a new outlook on life, and observing goodwill. Our findings provide insight into the multifaceted and complex impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on volunteer firefighters.
Surface Structuring and Thin Film Coating through Additive Concept Using Laser Induced Plasma of Mg Alloy: A Comparison between the Presence and Absence of Transverse Magnetic Field (TMF)
Authors: Dawood Asadullah , Bashir Shazia , Ahmed Naveed , Hayat Asma , AlFaify Abdullah , Sarfraz Syed , Abbasi Shahab , Ur Rehman Ateekh
Published: September 2022

In the present study, the influence of a 1.1 tesla Transverse Magnetic Field (TMF) on Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) of Mg-alloy plasma has been explored. The Mg plasma was produced using an Nd: YAG laser (1064 nm, 10 ns) at an intensity of 2 GW/cm2. Inert gases of Ar, Ne, and He were filled as environmental gases at pressures ranging from 1 to 100 Torr. Optical emission spectra from laser-produced plasma were detected with the help of a spectrometer, and plasma parameters such as excitation temperature (Texc) and electron number density (ne) were evaluated. Enhancement in the Mg plasma’s Texc and ne in the presence of TMF was noticed under all experimental conditions, including different ambient gases with varying pressures and time delays (0.42 µs–9.58 µs). Plasma confinement by applied TMF was analytically evaluated through thermal beta (βt) values, which were <1 under all circumstances. The highest Texc and ne values (17,259 K and 11.5 × 1017 cm−3) for Mg-alloy plasma were obtained with ambient Ar in TMF, while the lowest values (8793 K and 1.0 × 1017 cm−3) were obtained in presence of He gas in the absence of TMF. SEM analysis was used to determine the surface structure of laser-ablated Mg alloy in the presence and absence of TMF. It revealed that the formation of cones, cavities, and non-uniform melting are characteristic features of ambient Ar, while spikes and cavities are prominent features in Ne gas environments. Conical spikes and dendrites are distinct features when ambient He is present. In comparison with the field-free condition, distinct and well-defined structures were observed in the presence of TMF. By controlling LPP parameters, the surface structuring of Mg alloy can be controlled. The optimization and enhancement of LPP parameters make it a highly useful tool for thin film deposition, coatings of multilayers, and ion implantation/doping.
Study on Low-Damage Cutting of Alfalfa Stalks by Self-Sharpening Blades of Gradient Material with Carbon-Nitron-Boronized Heat-Treatment
Authors: Wu Kun , Bai Chunhao , Ren Longlong , Song Yuepeng , Guo Jing
Published: September 2022

The work aims to realize low-damage cutting of Alfalfa stalk. The self-sharpening blades of gradient material were prepared by 40 Cr steel, then heat-treating the flank surface by carbon-nitron-boronized with a rare elements catalysis technique. The biological characteristics of Alfalfa incision self-healing and regeneration process were analyzed in order to compare the cutting effects of different blades. After treatment with carbon-nitron-boronized with rare elements catalysis, the flank surface and tip point of blades were coated by boride layer and carbonitriding layer. The composition, microstructure and properties of the carbon-nitron-boronized layer demonstrated a gradient distribution state, and had good wear resistance. A kinetic model for the formation of the carbon-nitron-boronized layer was proposed. The initial stage of heat-treatment was mainly a carbonitriding process. When continuous and compact boride was formed on the surface, it was mainly boridized. The results of field experiment indicated that compared with the commercial blades, the self-sharpening blades have excellent properties as wear resistance and long service life. In addition, the cut damage caused by the self-sharpening blades was less, the self-healing and regeneration process of Alfalfa stalk was normal, and the regeneration duration was greatly shortened. The blades with carbon-nitron-boronized heat-treatment could form the self-sharpening characteristics, always maintaining the cutting sharpness, and realized the low-damage cutting of Alfalfa stalk.
Copper-Coated Graphite Felt as Current Collector for Li-Ion Batteries
Authors: Pushnitsa Konstantin , Kosenko Alexandra , Chernyavsky Vladislav , Pavlovskii Alexander A. , Novikov Pavel , Popovich Anatoliy A.
Published: September 2022

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) undoubtedly are considered a viable option to meet the ever-increasing demands for portable consumer electronic devices and electric vehicles. To meet this requirement, intensive research is being conducted on increasing the volumetric and gravimetric energy density of LIBs as well as developing high-capacity electrode materials for LIB. In this study, a novel copper-coated graphite felt as a current collector is proposed for use as a constituent of LIB. Different type of Cu-coated graphite felt electrodes were synthesized. They were characterized by X-ray Diffractometer (XRD). To test its electrochemical performance Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CVA) techniques were used. Materials with a specific capacity of up to 473 mAh∙g−1 were obtained. It was found that the nature of the capacity gain of carbon felt electrodes differs from that of graphite due to a different crystal structure. The use of a copper coating reduces the charge transfer resistance and increases the capacity of the material. Therefore, such new type of anode materials may be successfully used in LIBs.
Surface Biofunctionalization of Tissue Engineered for the Development of Biological Heart Valves: A Review
Authors: Yu Wenpeng , Jiang Ying , Lin Feng , Liu Jichun , Zhou Jianliang
Published: September 2022

Valve replacement is the mainstay of treatment for end-stage valvular heart disease, but varying degrees of defects exist in clinically applied valve implants. A mechanical heart valve requires long-term anti-coagulation, but the formation of blood clots is still inevitable. A biological heart valve eventually decays following calcification due to glutaraldehyde cross-linking toxicity and a lack of regenerative capacity. The goal of tissue-engineered heart valves is to replace normal heart valves and overcome the shortcomings of heart valve replacement commonly used in clinical practice. Surface biofunctionalization has been widely used in various fields of research to achieve functionalization and optimize mechanical properties. It has been applied to the study of tissue engineering in recent years. It is proposed to improve the shortcomings of the current commercial valve, but it still faces many challenges. This review aimed to summarize the modification strategies of biofunctionalization of biological heart valve surfaces based on tissue engineering to eliminate adverse reactions that occur clinically after implantation. Finally, we also proposed the current challenges and possible directions for future research.
Effect of a Discontinuous Ag Layer on Optical and Electrical Properties of ZnO/Ag/ZnOStructures
Authors: Vitanov Petko , Ivanova Tatyana , Dikov Hristosko , Terziyska Penka , Ganchev Maxim , Petkov Nikolay , Georgiev Yordan , Asenov Asen
Published: September 2022

ZnO/Ag/ZnO nanolaminate structures were deposited by consecutive RF sputtering at room temperature.The optical transparency, sheet resistance, and figure of merit are determined in relation to the deposition time of Ag and to the film thickness of the ZnO top layer. An improved transmittance has been found in the visible spectral range of the ZnO/Ag/ZnO structure compared to ZnO multilayers without Ag. High transmittance of 98% at 550 nm, sheet resistance of 8 Ω/sq, and figure of merit (FOM) of 111.01 × 10−3 Ω−1are achieved for an optimized ZnO/Ag/ZnO nanolaminate structure. It is suggested that the good optical and electrical properties are due to the deposition of the discontinuous Ag layer. The electrical metallic type conductivity is caused by planar located silver metal granules. The deposition of a discrete layer of Ag nano-granules is confirmed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and cross-section high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) observations.
Effective Evaluation of Elastic Properties of a Graphene and Ceramics Reinforced Epoxy Composite under a Thermal Environment Using the Impact Hammer Vibration Technique
Authors: Kumar Nitesh , Babu Ananda , Das Alok Kumar , Srivastava Ashish Kumar
Published: September 2022

This paper presents an evaluation of the mechanical properties of nanocomposites when a lower concentration of nanoparticles graphene and ceramics are mixed with epoxy to determine the damping and stability characteristics of hybrid epoxy, using vibration techniques to extract accurate results. The effectiveness of the Impact hammer vibration technique is validated with mechanical testing such as three-point bending in terms of Young’s modulus of the nanocomposite. The graphene nanocomposite carries nanoparticle 1 wt.% of epoxy, while the ceramic nanocomposite carries 3 wt.% of epoxy. It is observed that the reduction in frequency under a thermal environment is significantly less for graphene and ceramic reinforced hybrid nanocomposites, whereas the reduction in pure epoxy under a thermal environment is high. Thus, the results show that the addition of nanoparticles to composites shows improvement in the mechanical and thermal stability of elastic properties. The elastic properties obtained from the vibrational analysis are more consistent and economical than the three-point bending test for the evaluation of hybrid nanocomposites.
Study on Cutting Performance of Micro Groove Tool in Turning AISI 304 and Surface Quality of the Workpiece
Authors: Liu Zhenghong , Wu Jinxing
Published: September 2022

AISI 304 has high-tensile strength and excellent corrosion resistance, which is widely needed in the energy industry and equipment manufacturing industry. However, the tools for cutting AISI 304 are easy to wear and have short service life. In order to improve tool life, micro grooves are designed on the rake face of the tool for the machining of AISI 304. Through the single factor cutting experiment, it is found that under the same cutting parameters, the micro groove tool has less cutting depth resistance than the initial tool; the main cutting force and feed resistance are reduced by more than 15%. The shear energy is reduced by more than 13%; the surface roughness and the hardening degree of the workpieces are reduced. Through the durability test, it is found that the service life of the micro groove tool is 57% longer than that of the initial tool, and the abrasive wear, bonding wear, and oxidation wear of the tool are significantly less. Through cutting experiments and theoretical analysis, the cutting performance of the micro groove tool has been improved.
Predicting Breast Cancer from Risk Factors Using SVM and Extra-Trees-Based Feature Selection Method
Authors: Alfian Ganjar , Syafrudin Muhammad , Fahrurrozi Imam , Fitriyani Norma Latif , Atmaji Fransiskus Tatas Dwi , Widodo Tri , Bahiyah Nurul , Benes Filip , Rhee Jongtae
Published: September 2022

Developing a prediction model from risk factors can provide an efficient method to recognize breast cancer. Machine learning (ML) algorithms have been applied to increase the efficiency of diagnosis at the early stage. This paper studies a support vector machine (SVM) combined with an extremely randomized trees classifier (extra-trees) to provide a diagnosis of breast cancer at the early stage based on risk factors. The extra-trees classifier was used to remove irrelevant features, while SVM was utilized to diagnose the breast cancer status. A breast cancer dataset consisting of 116 subjects was utilized by machine learning models to predict breast cancer, while the stratified 10-fold cross-validation was employed for the model evaluation. Our proposed combined SVM and extra-trees model reached the highest accuracy up to 80.23%, which was significantly better than the other ML model. The experimental results demonstrated that by applying extra-trees-based feature selection, the average ML prediction accuracy was improved by up to 7.29% as contrasted to ML without the feature selection method. Our proposed model is expected to increase the efficiency of breast cancer diagnosis based on risk factors. In addition, we presented the proposed prediction model that could be employed for web-based breast cancer prediction. The proposed model is expected to improve diagnostic decision-support systems by predicting breast cancer disease accurately.
An Open-Label Clinical Trial Analyzing the Efficacy of a Novel Telomere-Protecting Antiaging Face Cream
Authors: Alt Christina , Tsapekos Menelaos , Perez Diego , Klode Joachim , Stoffels Ingo
Published: September 2022

Telomere length, a hallmark of cellular senescence, decreases with age and is associated with age-related diseases. Environmental factors, including dietary and lifestyle factors, can affect the rate at which telomeres shorten, and telomere protection prevents this from happening. The protection of telomeres by natural molecules has been proposed as an antiaging strategy that may play a role in treating age-related diseases. This study investigated the effect of a cycloartane-type triterpene glycoside (astragaloside IV). Astragaloside IV is one of the primary compounds from the aqueous extract of Astragalus membranaceus, and it provides telomere protection both in vitro and in vivo. In a study cohort with 13 participants, telomere length in human skin samples was analyzed after daily treatment for 4 weeks. A comparison of the average median telomere length between the treatment and control groups (5342 bp vs. 4616 bp p = 0.0168) showed significant results. In the second clinical cohort with 20 participants, skin parameters at baseline and after 4 and 8 weeks were measured in vivo. The results show that the product improved hydration by 95%, the skin appeared brighter by 90%, and wrinkle visibility was reduced by 70%. The combination of biologically active compounds in the cream possesses telomere-protecting properties and notable antioxidant activity in vitro and in vivo.
Size-Dependent Buckling Analysis of Microbeams by an Analytical Solution and Isogeometric Analysis
Authors: Yin Shuohui , Xiao Zhibing , Zhang Gongye , Liu Jingang , Gu Shuitao
Published: September 2022

This paper proposes an analytical solution and isogeometric analysis numerical approach for buckling analysis of size-dependent beams based on a reformulated strain gradient elasticity theory (RSGET). The superiority of this method is that it has only one material parameter for couple stress and another material parameter for strain gradient effects. Using the RSGET and the principle of minimum potential energy, both non-classical Euler–Bernoulli and Timoshenko beam buckling models are developed. Moreover, the obtained governing equations are solved by an exact solution and isogeometric analysis approach, which conforms to the requirements of higher continuity in gradient elasticity theory. Numerical results are compared with exact solutions to reveal the accuracy of the current isogeometric analysis approach. The influences of length–scale parameter, length-to-thickness ratio, beam thickness and boundary conditions are investigated. Moreover, the difference between the buckling responses obtained by the Timoshenko and Euler–Bernoulli theories shows that the Euler–Bernoulli theory is suitable for slender beams.
Synthesis and Crystallographic Characterisation of Pyridyl- and Indoleninyl-Substituted Pyrimido[1,2-b]Indazoles
Authors: Ramle Abdul Qaiyum , Tan Sang Loon , Tiekink Edward R. T.
Published: September 2022

Pyridyl- and indoleninyl-substituted pyrimido[1,2-b]indazole were synthesised in good to high yields from the condensation reaction of 1,3-dialdehydes with 3-aminoindazoles. The structural features of the compounds were determined by NMR (1H, 13C and 19F), FT-IR and HR-MS. The spectroscopic assignments were confirmed by X-ray crystallography for two derivatives, i.e., 9-Bromo-3-(pyridin-4-yl)pyrimido[1,2-b]indazole (1b) and 10-Methoxy-3-(pyridin-4-yl)pyrimido[1,2-b]indazole (1c), which further provides support for significant delocalisation of π-electron density over the entire fused ring system. The molecular packing was assessed by conventional methods together with Hirshfeld surface analyses. In 1b, the molecular packing features pyrimidyl-N–H···N(pyrimidyl), π(pyrazolyl)···π(pyrimidyl) and Br···N interactions within a two-dimensional array. In 1c, pyrimidyl-C–H···N(pyrazolyl) and pyridyl-C–H···O(methoxy) interactions feature within a three-dimensional architecture.
Quantum Chemical Approach to the Adsorption of Chlorpyrifos and Fenitrothion on the Carbon-Doped Boron Nitride Nanotube Decorated with Tetrapeptide
Authors: Lee Chien-Lin , Chang Chia Ming
Published: September 2022

In the present study, four materials based on boron nitride nanotubes—namely pristine BNNT, C-doped BNNT, tetrapeptide/BNNT, and tetrapeptide/C-doped BNNT—were examined to evaluate adsorption of the organophosphorus pesticides chlorpyrifos and fenitrothion. Through a quantum chemical approach to the molecular and electronic structures, the impacts of C doping and tetrapeptide modification on boron nitride nanotubes are clarified. The results reveal that the tetrapeptide decoration does have the potential for differential sensing of chlorpyrifos and fenitrothion, but the improvement in the adsorption characteristics is slightly inferior to that of the C doping method. Nanosensors, such as C-doped BNNT and tetrapeptide/C-doped BNNT, are used to monitor chlorpyrifos and fenitrothion in solution phase, respectively. This quantum chemistry investigation has paved the way for the design of differential sensing devices for organophosphorus pesticides.
Theoretical Study on the Electrochemical Water Splitting of Two-Dimensional Metal–Organic Frameworks TM3C12O12 (TM = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni)
Authors: Li Quan , Feng Zhen , Wang Dianhui
Published: September 2022

Recently, two-dimensional metal–organic frameworks have received increasing interest due to their flexible components with adjustable structures, abundant accessible active sites, and high conductivity. In this paper, the thermal stability and electronic structure of 2D transition metal–organic framework (TM-O MOF, TM = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni) single-layer structures are systematically explored using first-principles calculations. Theoretical results reveal that these TM-O MOF systems exhibit good thermal stability due to sufficient π-electron conjugation and effective interaction between the transition metal and the organic ligands. They all show metallic behavior with spin magnetism. The catalytic property of TM-O MOFs depends on the d-electron occupations in the TM atoms. Interestingly, the active sites of HER and OER are O atoms and TM atoms, respectively, enhancing the water splitting process. The Co-O MOF shows a good HER and OER catalysis performance with the Gibbs free energy of adsorbed hydrogen atoms ΔG*H = 0.02 eV and the over potential ηOER = 0.53 V. The insights confirm the stability and highlight the outstanding water splitting catalytic performance of 2D MOFs under normal reaction conditions.
The Impact of Spatial Delineation on the Assessment of Species Recovery Outcomes
Authors: Grace Molly K. , Akçakaya H. Resit , Bennett Elizabeth L. , Boyle Michael J. W. , Hilton-Taylor Craig , Hoffmann Michael , Money Daniel , Prohaska Ana , Young Rebecca , Young Richard , Long Barney
Published: September 2022

In 2021, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) introduced a novel method for assessing species recovery and conservation impact: the IUCN Green Status of Species. The Green Status standardizes recovery using a metric called the Green Score, which ranges from 0% to 100%. This study focuses on one crucial step in the Green Status method—the division of a species’ range into so-called “spatial units”—and evaluates whether different approaches for delineating spatial units affect the outcome of the assessment (i.e., the Green Score). We compared Green Scores generated using biologically based spatial units (the recommended method) to Green Scores generated using ecologically based or country-based spatial units for 29 species of birds and mammals in Europe. We found that while spatial units delineated using ecoregions and countries (fine-scale) produced greater average numbers of spatial units and significantly lower average Green Scores than biologically based spatial units, coarse-scale spatial units delineated using biomes and countries above a range proportion threshold did not differ significantly from biologically based results for average spatial unit number or average Green Score. However, case studies focusing on results for individual species (rather than a group average) showed that, depending on characteristics of the species’ distribution, even these coarse-scale delineations of ecological or country spatial units often over- or under-predict the Green Score compared to biologically based spatial units. We discuss cases in which the use of ecologically based or country-based spatial units is recommended or discouraged, in hopes that our results will strengthen the new Green Status framework and ensure consistency in application.
Impact and Lessons Learned from A Half-Century of Primate Conservation Action Planning
Authors: Reuter Kim E. , Mittermeier Russell A. , Williamson Elizabeth A. , Jerusalinsky Leandro , Refisch Johannes , Sunderland-Groves Jacqui , Byler Dirck , Konstant William R. , Eichler Vercillo Ugo , Schwitzer Christoph , Rylands Anthony B.
Published: September 2022

Over the last half-century, the world’s human population has doubled, impacting almost all ocean and land areas. The threats facing primates in the wild have never been greater or more complex. Primatologists have long been aware of these threats and, since the 1970s, have coordinated efforts to safeguard these threatened species, through the International Union for Conservation of Nature Species Survival Commission (IUCN SSC) Primate Specialist Group (PSG). In an effort to stem the threat of extinction to primates, this group of now 700 experts+ has published 17 conservation action plans since 1977. As we look toward the next half-century, we take stock of the history of primate action planning to better understand the costs and benefits of these plans as a conservation tool. Here, we reviewed all plans published by the IUCN SSC PSG. In total, they described USD 246 million in planned primate conservation programming and were cited 1657 times by others. We found that half of the plans had been assessed in regard to their implementation, although these assessments were not standardized. Those that had been assessed, showed evidence of positive impacts on awareness raising, collaboration, fundraising, project implementation and policy, although the impact varied by plan. For example, three of the plans directly resulted in USD 15.92 million in funds raised; four plans quantified implementation rates, which ranged from 38% to 74% of actions partially or completely achieved 5 years after plan publication; and four plans attributed the gazettement of 19 protected areas across 11 countries as indirect successes following the publication of plans. Considered together, we reflect on the ‘return-on-investment’ for developing these plans and consider a range of ‘lessons learned’ for future primate action planning efforts.
The Use of Optical Coherence Tomography for Gross Examination and Sampling of Fixed Breast Specimens: A Pilot Study
Authors: Faragalla Hala , Davoudi Bahar , Nofech-Moses Naama , Yucel Yeni , Jakate Kiran
Published: September 2022

Thorough gross examination of breast cancer specimens is critical in order to sample relevant portions for subsequent microscopic examination. This task would benefit from an imaging tool which permits targeted and accurate block selection. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-destructive imaging technique that visualizes tissue architecture and has the potential to be an adjunct at the gross bench. Our objectives were: (1) to familiarize pathologists with the appearance of breast tissue entities on OCT; and (2) to evaluate the yield and quality of OCT images of unprocessed, formalin-fixed breast specimens for the purpose of learning and establishment of an OCT–histopathology library. Methods: Firstly, 175 samples from 40 formalin-fixed, unprocessed breast specimens with residual tissue after final diagnosis were imaged with OCT and then processed into histology slides. Histology findings were correlated with features on OCT. Results: Residual malignancy was seen in 30% of tissue samples. Corresponding OCT images demonstrated that tumor can be differentiated from fibrous stroma, based on features such as irregular boundary, heterogeneous texture and reduced penetration depth. Ductal carcinoma in situ can be subtle, and it is made more recognizable by the presence of comedo necrosis and calcifications. OCT features of benign and malignant breast entities were compiled in a granular but user-friendly reference tool. Conclusion: OCT images of fixed breast tissue were of sufficient quality to reproduce features of breast entities previously described in fresh tissue specimens. Our findings support the use of readily available unprocessed, fixed breast specimens for the establishment of an OCT–histopathology library.
Quantification of Thyroid Viscosity in Healthy Subjects Using Ultrasound Shear Wave Dispersion (Viscosity PLUS)
Authors: Stoian Dana , Moisa Luciana , Taban Laura , Sporea Ioan , Popa Alexandru , Bende Felix , Popescu Alina , Borlea Andreea
Published: September 2022

Shear-wave elastography (SWE) is widely used in thyroid evaluation, but multiple factors influence thyroid stiffness. Estimating tissue viscosity may enhance the ultrasound diagnosis of thyroid diseases, along with the ultrasound (US) and the SWE assessment. In order to be able to detect diffuse thyroid disease by viscosity measurements, it is essential to firstly define the normal values of thyroid viscosity in healthy subjects. Currently there are no published data on thyroid viscosity measurements. This first prospective study aimed to determine the normal range of thyroid viscosity values in a cohort of healthy thyroids, as well as to determine the factors that may influence them. One hundred and twenty-one consecutive subjects without thyroid pathology were evaluated in the study by means of conventional ultrasound, two-dimensional SWE (2D SWE PLUS) and viscosity plane-wave ultrasound (ViPLUS) embedded in the Supersonic MACH® 30 ultrasound system. Five valid tissue viscosity measurements were obtained for each thyroid lobe in every patient and the median values were analyzed and correlated with the biological and demographic parameters of each patient. Our results reveal that ViPLUS is a highly feasible and reproducible technique for thyroid evaluation. Thyroid stiffness, age, gender, BMI and depth of measurements did not influence the thyroid viscosity values. The mean thyroid viscosity by ViPLUS for normal thyroid tissue was of 2.42 ± 0.41 Pa·s. Viscosity assessment by Supersonic ViPLUS is an innovative, non-invasive technique that has proven to be useful for thyroid US evaluation and remains to demonstrate its effectiveness in identifying patients with thyroid disease.
Inter- and Intra-Rater Reliability of Ultrasound Measurements of Superficial and Deep Fasciae Thickness in Upper Limb
Authors: Pirri Carmelo , Pirri Nina , Porzionato Andrea , Boscolo-Berto Rafael , De Caro Raffaele , Stecco Carla
Published: September 2022

Ultrasound (US) imaging is increasingly the most used tool to measure the thickness of superficial and deep fasciae, but there are still some doubts about its reliability in this type of measurement. The current study sets out to assess the inter-rater and intra-rater reliability of US measurements of superficial and deep fasciae thicknesses in the arm and forearm. The study involved two raters: the first (R1) is an expert in skeletal–muscle US imaging and, in particular, the US assessment of fasciae; the second (R2) is a radiologist resident with 1 year’s experience in skeletal–muscle US imaging. R2, not having specific competence in the US imaging of fasciae, was trained by R1. R1 took US images following the protocol by Pirri et al. 2021, and the US-recorded images were analyzed separately by the two raters in different sessions. Each rater measured both types of fasciae at different regions and levels of the arm and forearm. Intra- and inter-rater reliability was excellent for the deep fascia and good and excellent for the superficial fascia according to the different regions/levels (for example for the anterior region of the arm: deep fascia: Ant 1: ICC2,2 = 0.95; 95% CI = 0.81–0.98; superficial fascia: Ant 1: ICC2,2 = 0.85, 95% CI = 0.79–0.88). These findings confirm that US imaging is a reliable and cost-effective tool for evaluating both fasciae, superficial and deep.
PRAME Immunoexpression in 275 Cutaneous Melanocytic Lesions: A Double Institutional Experience
Authors: Cazzato Gerardo , Cascardi Eliano , Colagrande Anna , Belsito Vincenzo , Lospalluti Lucia , Foti Caterina , Arezzo Francesca , Dellino Miriam , Casatta Nadia , Lupo Carmelo , Buongiorno Luigi , Stellacci Alessandra , Marrone Maricla , Ingravallo Giuseppe , Maiorano Eugenio , Resta Leonardo
Published: September 2022

In recent years, the preferentially expressed antigen in melanoma (PRAME) has also been used in the histopathological diagnosis of melanocytic lesions, in order to understand if it could constitute a valid, inexpensive, and useful resource in dermatopathological fields. We performed a double-center study to evaluate whether the data on the usefulness and possible limitations of PRAME could also be confirmed by our group. From 1 December 2021 to 29 March 2022, we collected 275 cases of melanocytic lesions that were immunostained with PRAME (Ab219650) and rabbit monoclonal antibody (Abcam). To better correlate the PRAME expression with its nature (benign, uncertain potential for malignancy, or malignant), we categorized PRAME tumor cells’ percentage positivity and intensity of immunostaining in a cumulative score obtained by adding the quartile of positive tumor cells (0, 1+, 2+, 3+, 4+) to the PRAME expression intensity in tumor cells (0, 1+, 2+, 3+). Of these 275 lesions, 136 were benign, 12 were of uncertain potential for malignancy (MELTUMP or SAMPUS or SPARK nevus), and 127 were malignant. The immunoexpression of PRAME was completely negative in 125/136 benign lesions (91.9%), with only a few positive melanocytes (1+) and intensity 1+ in the remaining 11 cases (8.1%). Of the 127 cases of melanoma (superficial spreading, lentigo maligna, and pagetoid histotypes), PRAME was strongly positive in 104/127 cases (81.8%) with intensity 4+ and 3+. In 17 cases (13.3%; melanoma spindle and nevoid cell histotypes), PRAME was positive in percentage 2+ and with intensity ranging from 2+ to 3+. In 7 cases (5.5%) of desmoplastic melanoma, PRAME was 1+ positive and/or completely negative. Of the 12 cases of lesions with uncertain potential for malignancy, the immunoexpression of PRAME was much more heterogeneous and irregularly distributed throughout the lesion. These data are perfectly in agreement with the current literature, and they demonstrate that the reliability of PRAME is quite high, but its use cannot cause physicians to disregard the morphological information and the execution of other ancillary immunohistochemical stains such as Melan-A, HMB-45, MiTF, and SOX-10.