bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Protective Effect of Chitosan Oligosaccharides Against Cyclophosphamide‐Induced Immunosuppression and Irradiation Injury in Mice
Authors: Zhai Xingchen , Yang Xin , Zou Pan , Shao Yong , Yuan Shoujun , Abd El‐Aty A. M. , Wang Jing
Published: January 2018

Chitosan oligosaccharides (COS), hydrolyzed products of chitosan, was found to display various biological activities. Herein, we assessed the immunostimulatory activity of COS both in in vitro and in vivo studies. In vitro cytotoxicity studies to murine macrophage RAW264.7 revealed that COS is safe even at the maximum tested concentration of 1000 μg/mL. It also stimulates the production of nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF‐α) and enhances the phagocytosis in COS‐stimulated RAW264.7. We have shown that the COS could significantly (P < 0.05) restore the reduced immune organs indices, phagocytic index, lymphocyte proliferation, natural killer cell activity, and antioxidant enzyme activities in a cyclophosphamide‐induced immunosuppressed mice model. COS can also improve the survival rate in irradiation injury mice and significantly (P < 0.05) increased the spleen indices and up‐regulates the CD4+/CD8+ ratio in splenocytes. In sum, the aforementioned results suggest that COS might has the potential to be used as an immunostimulatory agent in patients with immune dysfunctions or be a model for functional food development.

Practical Application

COS might has the potential to be used as an immunostimulatory agent in patients with immune dysfunctions or be a model for functional food development.
In‐bed cycling in the ICU; patient safety and recollections with motivational effects
Authors: Ringdal M. , Warren Stomberg M. , Egnell K. , Wennberg E. , Zätterman R. , Rylander C.
Published: January 2018

Background

In‐bed cycling (IBC) is gaining interest for implementation in intensive care units. Our main objective was to explore patient recollections and experiences of early mobilization, including IBC. Secondly, we aimed to examine if IBC was safe and feasible.

Methods

Eleven participants were interviewed about their experiences during their critical illnesses and active mobilization in the intensive care unit. The interviews were analyzed thematically. Six participants were also monitored for physiological reactions and adverse events during IBC while mechanically ventilated.

Results

From the interviews, one main theme with three subthemes was identified. The main theme was: Early mobilization gave a direction toward normalization. The three subthemes were: (1) IBC gave a feeling of control over recovery early on during the critical illness (2) Early mobilization, including IBC, with continuous support from health care professionals gave a feeling of safety and hope for recovery for the patient; and (3) Unpleasant experiences and disorientation were felt during the critical illness and IBC. Furthermore, IBC did not induce large physiological changes or major adverse events in the participants who were monitored for feasibility and safety.

Conclusions

Patient interviews indicated that the patients’ participation in early mobilization with emphasis on IBC motivated them to be active in their recovery to regain a good level of health after their earlier critical illness during their intensive care stay. IBC was, in this small study, safe and feasible in the two participating intensive care units.
T‐cell Immunoglobulin and ITIM Domain Contributes to CD8+ T‐cell Immunosenescence
Authors: Song Yangzi , Wang Beibei , Song Rui , Hao Yu , Wang Di , Li Yuxin , Jiang Yu , Xu Ling , Ma Yaluan , Zheng Hong , Kong Yaxian , Zeng Hui
Published: January 2018

Aging is associated with immune dysfunction, especially T‐cell defects, which result in increased susceptibility to various diseases. Previous studies showed that T cells from aged mice express multiple inhibitory receptors, providing evidence of the relationship between T‐cell exhaustion and T‐cell senescence. In this study, we showed that T‐cell immunoglobulin and immunoreceptor tyrosine‐based inhibitory motif (ITIM) domain (TIGIT), a novel co‐inhibitory receptor, was upregulated in CD8+ T cells of elderly adults. Aged TIGIT+ CD8+ T cells expressed high levels of other inhibitory receptors including PD‐1 and exhibited features of exhaustion such as downregulation of the key costimulatory receptor CD28, representative intrinsic transcriptional regulation, low production of cytokines, and high susceptibility to apoptosis. Importantly, their functional defects associated with aging were reversed by TIGIT knockdown. CD226 downregulation on aged TIGIT+ CD8+ T cells is likely involved in TIGIT‐mediated negative immune suppression. Collectively, our findings indicated that TIGIT acts as a critical immune regulator during aging, providing a strong rationale for targeting TIGIT to improve dysfunction related to immune system aging.
Hybrid Continuous‐Flow Total Artificial Heart
Authors: Fox Carson , Chopski Steven , Murad Nohra , Allaire Paul , Mentzer Robert , Rossano Joseph , Arabia Francisco , Throckmorton Amy
Published: January 2018

Clinical studies using total artificial hearts (TAHs) have demonstrated that pediatric and adult patients derive quality‐of‐life benefits from this form of therapy. Two clinically‐approved TAHs and other pumps under development, however, have design challenges and limitations, including thromboembolic events, neurologic impairment, infection risk due to large size and percutaneous drivelines, and lack of ambulation, to name a few. To address these limitations, we are developing a hybrid‐design, continuous‐flow, implantable or extracorporeal, magnetically‐levitated TAH for pediatric and adult patients with heart failure. This TAH has only two moving parts: an axial impeller for the pulmonary circulation and a centrifugal impeller for the systemic circulation. This device will utilize the latest generation of magnetic bearing technology. Initial geometries were established using pump design equations, and computational modeling provided insight into pump performance. The designs were the basis for prototype manufacturing and hydraulic testing. The study results demonstrate that the TAH is capable of delivering target blood flow rates of 1–6.5 L/min with pressure rises of 1–92 mm Hg for the pulmonary circulation and 24–150 mm Hg for the systemic circulation at 1500–10 000 rpm. This initial design of the TAH was successful and serves as the foundation to continue its development as a novel, more compact, nonthrombogenic, and effective therapeutic alternative for infants, children, adolescents, and adults with heart failure.
The effectiveness and safety of ledipasvir plus sofosbuvir in adolescents with chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 4 infection: a real‐world experience
Authors: El‐Khayat H. R. , Kamal E. M. , El‐Sayed M. H. , El‐Shabrawi M. , Ayoub H. , RizK A. , Maher M. , El Sheemy R. Y. , Fouad Y. M. , Attia D.
Published: January 2018

Background

The combination of ledipasvir plus sofosbuvir was recently approved for treatment of adolescent (12‐17 years) HCV genotype 1, 4, 5 & 6 patients. However, few clinical trials have been performed in genotype 1 patients.

Aim

To investigate the effectiveness and safety of ledipasvir plus sofosbuvir in chronic HCV adolescent patients with genotype 4 in the real world.

Methods

This prospective multicentre (six centres) open‐label study included 144 adolescent chronic HCV patients with genotype 4 (mean age 14 ± 2, 69% males). All patients received a combination tablet containing 400 mg sofosbuvir and 90 mg ledipasvir once daily for 12 weeks. Laboratory and virological markers were evaluated at baseline, week 4, week 8 and week 12 (EOT), and 12 weeks after end of treatment (SVR12).

Results

SVR12 was observed in 142/144 patients (99%). The relapsers occurred in previous naïve patients (n = 2/128, 2%), while the experienced patients showed 100% SVR12. SVR12 was 98% in F0/F1 patients in comparison to 100% in F2 patients (P = 0.552). No serious side effects were observed, nor was treatment discontinuation or death. Headache was the most common side effect in all patients (20%). In experienced patients, pruritus (31%, P = 0.007), diarrhoea (44%, P < 0.001) and skin rash (19%, P = 0.002) were higher than in naïve patients.

Conclusions

A ledipasvir plus sofosbuvir regimen is well tolerated and effective, and can be used safely in treating adolescent patients with chronic hepatitis C genotype 4.
Ethical consumer decision‐making: The role of need for cognition and affective responses
Authors: Yacout Omneya Mokhtar , Vitell Scott
Published: January 2018

Most of the academic research in the field of consumer ethics has focused on the cognitive antecedents and processes of unethical consumer behavior. However, the specific roles of discrete emotions such as fear have not yet been investigated thoroughly. This research examines the role of the need for cognition (NFC), the three affective responses—fear, power, and excitement—and perceived issue importance on moral intensity, ethical perceptions, and ethical intentions for four types of unethical consumer behaviors. A sample of consumers from the two cities of Alexandria and Cairo, Egypt (n = 346) participated in the survey. Most research hypotheses were supported. NFC, issue importance, and affect variables were all predictors of moral intensity, ethical perceptions, and ethical intentions in four different consumer ethics scenarios. The specific predictors varied from one consumer ethics scenario to another, however.
Experiential learning, community engagement, and student experience: Undergraduate field school course in rural British Columbia
Authors: McPhee Siobhán , Przedpelska Sarah
Published: January 2018

Key Messages

Field courses are important for geographical education and for developing transferable skills.

Community partners add richness and depth to student experiences in field course design.

Students are regarded as possessors of their own learning experience, with the role of the instructor as a facilitator.
The poverty of GIS theory: Continuing the debates around the political economy of GISystems
Authors: Thatcher Jim E. , Imaoka Laura Beltz
Published: January 2018

Over the past several decades, GISystems and GIScience have become established and valorized within the field of geography and geographic education. With the recent explosion in daily use of devices producing spatial data, such as smartphones, has come a renewed call to broaden the purview of Critical GIS beyond the desktop and towards these new systems of capitalist accumulation. In this viewpoint, we argue that any re‐examination of the role of Critical GIS must also consider the political economy of geography and geographic education in which GISystems are used for research and taught. We explicate three registers at which GISystems function within geography: that of the individual educator, that of the GIS user, and that of the military‐industrial complex in which GISystems were and are developed.
Effects of human rhinovirus on epithelial barrier integrity and function in children with asthma
Authors: Looi K. , Buckley A. G. , Rigby P. J. , Garratt L. W. , Iosifidis T. , Zosky G. R. , Larcombe A. N. , Lannigan F. J. , Ling K.‐M. , Martinovich K. M. , Kicic‐Starcevich E. , Shaw N. C. , Sutanto E. N. , Knight D. A. , Kicic A. , Stick S. M.
Published: January 2018

Background

Bronchial epithelial tight junctions (TJ) have been extensively assessed in healthy airway epithelium. However, no studies have yet assessed the effect of human rhinovirus (HRV) infection on the expression and resultant barrier function in epithelial tight junctions (TJ) in childhood asthma.

Objectives

To investigate the impact of HRV infection on airway epithelial TJ expression and barrier function in airway epithelial cells (AECs) of children with and without asthma. Furthermore, to test the hypothesis that barrier integrity and function is compromised to a greater extent by HRV in AECs from asthmatic children.

Methods

Primary AECs were obtained from children with and without asthma, differentiated into air‐liquid interface (ALI) cultures and infected with rhinovirus. Expression of claudin‐1, occludin and zonula occluden‐1 (ZO‐1) was assessed via qPCR, immunocytochemistry (ICC), in‐cell western (ICW) and confocal microscopy. Barrier function was assessed by transepithelial electrical resistance (TER; RT) and permeability to fluorescent dextran.

Results

Basal TJ gene expression of claudin‐1 and occludin was significantly upregulated in asthmatic children compared to non‐asthmatics; however, no difference was seen with ZO‐1. Interestingly, claudin‐1, occludin and ZO‐1 protein expression was significantly reduced in AEC of asthmatic children compared to non‐asthmatic controls suggesting possible post‐transcriptional inherent differences. HRV infection resulted in a transient dissociation of TJ and airway barrier integrity in non‐asthmatic children. Although similar dissociation of TJ was observed in asthmatic children, a significant and sustained reduction in TJ expression concurrent with both a significant decrease in TER and an increase in permeability in asthmatic children was observed.

Conclusion

This study demonstrates novel intrinsic differences in TJ gene and protein expression between AEC of children with and without asthma. Furthermore, it correlates directly the relationship between HRV infection and the resultant dissociation of epithelial TJ that causes a continued altered barrier function in children with asthma.
Measurement properties of gingival biotype evaluation methods
Authors: Alves Patrick Henry Machado , Alves Thereza Cristina Lira Pacheco , Pegoraro Thiago Amadei , Costa Yuri Martins , Bonfante Estevam Augusto , de Almeida Ana Lúcia Pompéia Fraga
Published: January 2018

Background

There are numerous methods to measure the dimensions of the gingival tissue, but few have compared the effectiveness of one method over another.

Objective

This study aimed to describe a new method and to estimate the validity of gingival biotype assessment with the aid of computed tomography scanning (CTS).

Materials and Methods

In each patient different methods of evaluation of the gingival thickness were used: transparency of periodontal probe, transgingival, photography, and a new method of CTS). Intrarater and interrater reliability considering the categorical classification of the gingival biotype were estimated with Cohen's kappa coefficient, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), and ANOVA (P < .05). The criterion validity of the CTS was determined using the transgingival method as the reference standard. Sensitivity and specificity values were computed along with theirs 95% CI.

Results

Twelve patients were subjected to assessment of their gingival thickness. The highest agreement was found between transgingival and CTS (86.1%). The comparison between the categorical classifications of CTS and the transgingival method (reference standard) showed high specificity (94.92%) and low sensitivity (53.85%) for definition of a thin biotype.

Conclusion

The new method of CTS assessment to classify gingival tissue thickness can be considered reliable and clinically useful to diagnose thick biotype.
The Preference for Pointing With the Hand Is Not Universal
Authors: Cooperrider Kensy , Slotta James , Núñez Rafael
Published: January 2018

Pointing is a cornerstone of human communication, but does it take the same form in all cultures? Manual pointing with the index finger appears to be used universally, and it is often assumed to be universally preferred over other forms. Non‐manual pointing with the head and face has also been widely attested, but it is usually considered of marginal significance, both empirically and theoretically. Here, we challenge this assumed marginality. Using a novel communication task, we investigated pointing preferences in the Yupno of Papua New Guinea and in U.S. undergraduates. Speakers in both groups pointed at similar rates, but form preferences differed starkly: The Yupno participants used non‐manual pointing (nose‐ and head‐pointing) numerically more often than manual pointing, whereas the U.S. participants stuck unwaveringly to index‐finger pointing. The findings raise questions about why groups differ in their pointing preferences and, more broadly, about why humans communicate in the ways they do.
Patent foramen ovale repair at the time of double lung transplantation: Necessary or not?
Authors: Hess Nicholas R. , Esper Stephen A. , Awori Hayanga J. W. , Tuft Marie , Morrell Matthew , D'Cunha Jonathan
Published: January 2018

Introduction

Patient foramen ovale (PFO) is a common and often incidental intraoperative finding during lung transplantation (LTx). We sought to characterize the potential outcomes related to the decision making of whether the PFO was repaired or left unrepaired.

Methods

We retrospectively evaluated bilateral LTx recipients between 2005 and 2015 from our prospective database. Incidence of postoperative stoke, 90‐day mortality, and overall survival was compared between the PFO‐positive and PFO‐negative groups, and secondly compared between repaired PFO (rPFO) and non‐repaired PFO (nrPFO) groups.

Results

A total of 831 LTx recipients were analyzed: 185 PFO‐positive (140 nrPFO, 45 rPFO) and 646 PFO‐negative. Study groups were similar with regard to age and comorbidity. The presence of PFO was not associated with a difference in postoperative stroke (P = .89) or 90‐day mortality (P = .64). In patients with PFO, intraoperative repair resulted in a lower, but non‐significant rate of stroke (0% vs 5%; P = .20) and no difference in mortality (P = .26). As expected, PFO and PFO repair were both associated with a higher incidence of cardiopulmonary bypass utilization, but no difference in pump‐related complications.

Conclusions

The protective effect of PFO repair remains unclear. However, it is not associated with an increased incidence of stroke or postoperative mortality following LTx.
Primary cardiac angiosarcoma: A case report
Authors: Ambrus Nóra , Havasi Kálmán , Kalapos Anita , Sághy László , Makai Attila , Bogáts Gábor , Hegedűs Zoltán , Iványi Béla , Besenyi Zsuzsanna , Pápai Zsuzsanna , Nagy László , Forster Tamás , Nemes Attila
Published: January 2018

Cardiac angiosarcomas are the most common primary malignant cardiac tumors in adults. The diagnosis is often delayed due to nonspecific clinical symptoms at presentation. The cornerstones of diagnosis are echocardiography and the histological evaluation of the cardiac biopsy. The knowledge on the treatment is limited; the outcomes of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, complete surgical removal, and heart transplantation are controversial. We report a 38‐year‐old woman with a primary heart tumor which infiltrated the right atrial wall and the pericardium and caused pericardial effusion. Angiosarcoma was verified histologically. The surgical excision could not be radical, and the patient died 3 months from diagnosis.
Thrombectomy outcomes for acute stroke patients with anterior circulation tandem lesions: a clinical registry and an update of a systematic review with meta‐analysis
Authors: Sadeh‐Gonik U. , Tau N. , Friehmann T. , Bracard S. , Anxionnat R. , Derelle A.‐L. , Tonnelet R. , Liao L. , Richard S. , Armoiry X. , Gory B.
Published: January 2018

Background and purpose

Although mechanical thrombectomy (MT) appears to be superior in stroke patients with extracranial carotid disease (ECD) compared to thrombolysis alone, the impact of emergent carotid stenting during MT remains unclear. The MT outcomes were assessed in anterior stroke patients with ECD, especially when combined with carotid stenting.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of our registry was performed and an update of a systematic review and meta‐analysis of MT studies with or without stenting for anterior circulation stroke with ECD published between November 2010 and April 2017 was conducted.

Results

In our registry, 46 patients with ECD underwent MT. In the meta‐analysis including 13 primary studies plus our prospective registry data (590 patients in total), the successful reperfusion rate (modified thrombolysis in cerebral infarction score ≥2b) reached 75% [95% confidence interval (CI) 69%–81%]. The rate of symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage (sICH) was 8% (95% CI 6%–11%), 90‐day favourable outcome was achieved in 50% (95% CI 42%–59%) and mortality rate was 16% (95% CI 11%–22%). When using carotid stenting, rates of successful reperfusion, sICH, 90‐day favourable outcome and mortality were 80% (95% CI 73%–87%), 7% (95% CI 4%–12%), 53% (95% CI 43%–62%) and 14% (95% CI 9%–19%), respectively.

Conclusions

Our data report an association between acute stenting and successful reperfusion rates in stroke patients with tandem lesion treated with MT. Further studies are warranted to determine the intracranial bleeding risk after MT and stenting according to the antiplatelet therapy.
Surgical repair of propagating condylar fractures of the third metacarpal/metatarsal bones with cortical screws placed in lag fashion in 26 racehorses (2007–2015)
Authors: Moulin N. , François I. , Coté N. , Alford C. , Cleary O. , Desjardins M. R.
Published: January 2018

Background

Despite the recommendation of plate fixation for propagating condylar fractures of the third metacarpal (McIII) or third metatarsal bone (MtIII), lag screw fixation can be a viable surgical option.

Objectives

To evaluate short‐term outcome and long‐term racing performance of horses that underwent lag screw fixation of long condylar fractures of the McIII/MtIII.

Study design

Retrospective case series.

Methods

Medical records, post‐surgical racing performance and outcome of 26 horses with propagating fractures of the medial and/or lateral condyle of McIII/MtIIIwere reviewed. Medical information included were age, breed, sex, physical examination at admission, circumstances of fracture, radiographic evaluation, anaesthesia and recovery records, surgical and post‐operative management, as well as complications. Outcome included racing data and information from telephone interviews.

Results

Twenty‐six horses (9 Standardbreds and 17 Thoroughbreds) were admitted with a long condylar fracture of the McIII/MtIII. Fore‐ and hindlimbs were equally represented with the left hindlimb being more frequently involved. Most of the fractures had a spiralling component (76%) and four (15%) were comminuted. Fifteen (58%) horses raced post‐surgery including nine Standardbreds (100%) and six Thoroughbreds (35%). Twelve of them were placed in at least one race and 11 won at least once. One horse sustained a severe complication in recovery. No significant difference was observed in the racing performances before and after surgery.

Main limitations

Follow‐up method and duration were not standardised and there is a low number of cases with six surgeons.

Conclusions

Long condylar fractures can be repaired using lag fashion technique combined with a half‐limb or full‐limb tight cast for recovery as a good surgical alternative. Similar results to plate fixation can be expected, with a return to racing of more than 50%, and the prognosis being even better for pacers.
From grey to green: Efficacy of eco‐engineering solutions for nature‐based coastal defence
Authors: Morris Rebecca L. , Konlechner Teresa M. , Ghisalberti Marco , Swearer Stephen E.
Published: January 2018

Climate change is increasing the threat of erosion and flooding along coastlines globally. Engineering solutions (e.g. seawalls and breakwaters) in response to protecting coastal communities and associated infrastructure are increasingly becoming economically and ecologically unsustainable. This has led to recommendations to create or restore natural habitats, such as sand dunes, saltmarsh, mangroves, seagrass and kelp beds, and coral and shellfish reefs, to provide coastal protection in place of (or to complement) artificial structures. Coastal managers are frequently faced with the problem of an eroding coastline, which requires a decision on what mitigation options are most appropriate to implement. A barrier to uptake of nature‐based coastal defence is stringent evaluation of the effectiveness in comparison to artificial protection structures. Here, we assess the current evidence for the efficacy of nature‐based vs. artificial coastal protection and discuss future research needs. Future projects should evaluate habitats created or restored for coastal defence for cost‐effectiveness in comparison to an artificial structure under the same environmental conditions. Cost‐benefit analyses should take into consideration all ecosystem services provided by nature‐based or artificial structures in addition to coastal protection. Interdisciplinary research among scientists, coastal managers and engineers is required to facilitate the experimental trials needed to test the value of these shoreline protection schemes, in order to support their use as alternatives to artificial structures. This research needs to happen now as our rapidly changing climate requires new and innovative solutions to reduce the vulnerability of coastal communities to an increasingly uncertain future.
Were we terrorists? History, terrorism, and the French Resistance
Authors: Millington Chris
Published: January 2018

This article argues that scholars of historical terrorism should abandon the practice of defining the phenomenon in favour of prioritising past understandings of terrorist violence. Research into the history of terrorism often uses a definition informed by contemporary concerns to reveal previous incidents and outbreaks of terrorism. This approach speaks more to the concerns of the present than those of the past. We must refocus our attention on how people in history understood terrorism and to whom and to what they applied the term. This approach can open avenues of investigation into neglected or sensitive subjects, with the example of the violence of the French Resistance explored here. Historians have rejected the use of the term “terrorism” to describe resistance action, preferring instead to use military or paramilitary terminology. However, resistance violence was understood in several ways, and the resisters' own rejection of the terrorist label was not total.
Malignant mesothelioma in situ
Authors: Churg Andrew , Hwang Harry , Tan Larry , Qing Gefei , Taher Altaf , Tong Amy , Bilawich Ana M , Dacic Sanja
Published: January 2018

Aims

The existence of malignant mesothelioma in situ (MIS) is often postulated, but there are no accepted morphological criteria for making such a diagnosis.

Methods and results

Here we report two cases that appear to be true MIS on the basis of in‐situ genomic analysis. In one case the patient had repeated unexplained pleural unilateral effusions. Two thoracoscopies 9 months apart revealed only visually normal pleura. Biopsies from both thoracoscopies showed only a single layer of mildly reactive mesothelial cells. However, these cells had lost BRCA1‐associated protein 1 (BAP1) and showed loss of cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitor 2 (CDKN2A) (p16) by fluorescence in‐situ hybridisation (FISH). NF2 was not deleted by FISH but 28% of the mesothelial cells showed hyperploidy. Six months after the second biopsy the patient has persisting effusions but no evidence of pleural malignancy on imaging. The second patient presented with ascites and minimal omental thickening on imaging, but no visual evidence of tumour at laparoscopy. Omental biopsy showed a single layer of minimally atypical mesothelial cells with rare tiny foci of superficial invasion of fat. BAP1 immunostain showed loss of nuclear BAP1 in all the surface mesothelial cells and the invasive cells. There was CDKN2A deletion, but no deletion of NF2 by FISH.

Conclusions

These cases show that morphologically bland single‐layered surface mesothelial proliferations with molecular alterations seen previously only in invasive malignant mesotheliomas exist, and presumably represent malignant MIS. More cases are need to understand the frequency of such changes and the time–course over which invasive tumour develops.
Mechanical properties of bioactive glass/polymer composite scaffolds for repairing load bearing bones
Authors: Mohammadkhah Ali , Day Delbert E.
Published: January 2018

Developing a glass scaffold suitable for repairing defects in load‐bearing bones has been a challenging task due to the brittle and catastrophic failure characteristics of glass, especially when subjected to flexural or tensile stresses. In the present work, the flexural strength of cylindrical scaffolds composed of thermally bonded, unidirectional 13‐93 silicate glass fibers, was compared with the flexural strength of a cylindrical composite scaffold. The composite scaffold consisted of a core of the same thermally bonded, unidirectional glass fibers, but the core was encased within a nominal 500 micron thick layer of a biodegradable polymer, polylactic acid (PLA). The flexural strength of the PLA composite scaffolds (~120 MPa) was more than twice that of the all‐glass “bare” scaffolds (no PLA) and was within the range for the flexural strength of cortical bone. Unlike the brittle, catastrophic failure observed for bare scaffolds, the composite scaffolds behaved as a ductile material under flexural loads and remained load bearing even after significant physical/mechanical damage had occurred during flexural loading. The higher flexural strength of composite scaffolds along with their ductility under flexural loads and their cylindrical geometry are important advantages compared to all‐glass “bare” scaffolds.
Multicriteria optimization approach to deploy humanitarian logistic operations integrally during floods
Authors: Mejia‐Argueta Christopher , Gaytán Juan , Caballero Rafael , Molina Julián , Vitoriano Begoña
Published: January 2018

This paper addresses frequent and foreseeable floods in the short‐term preparedness of an imminent event using a multicriteria optimization model integrated with a geographical information system to simulate flood levels, determine the best strategies, and update information. The proposed model takes into account the four main relief operations: location of emergency facilities (i.e., distribution centers, shelters, and meeting points), prepositioning of humanitarian aid, evacuation, and distribution of humanitarian aid. Three criteria are considered in the formulation to minimize: the maximum evacuation flow‐time, the maximum distribution flow‐time, and total cost of relief operations. The approximation to the efficient frontier is built using multiobjective programming through the use of commercial software. The usefulness and robustness of the model are verified using data from one of the worst Mexican floods considering various flood levels created from three key elements in humanitarian logistics. The strategies provided by the proposed methodology are compared with those implemented by the Mexican authorities during the studied disaster.
Influence of calcium additions on the compressive strength and microstructure of alkali‐activated ceramic sanitary‐ware
Authors: Reig Lucía , Soriano Lourdes , Tashima Mauro M. , Borrachero María V. , Monzó Jose , Payá Jordi
Published: January 2018

The ceramic sanitary‐ware market generates large amounts of waste, both during the production process and due to construction and demolition practices. In this paper, the effect of different amounts and calcium sources (calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2, calcium aluminate cement CAC, Portland cement PC) on the alkaline activation of ceramic sanitary‐ware waste (CSW) was assessed. Blended samples were activated with NaOH and sodium silicate solutions and cured for 3 and 7 days at 65°C. The maximum amount of calcium source‐type added to the system varied according to its influence on the compactability of the mortars.CSW was physico‐chemically characterized and the compressive strength development of activated samples was assessed on the mortars. The nature of the reaction products was analyzed in pastes, by X‐ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, infrared spectroscopy and microscopic studies. The results show a great positive influence with the addition of moderate amounts of Ca(OH)2, PC and CAC on the mechanical properties. Among the typical hydrates usually observed in plain water‐hydrated PC or CAC, only AH3 and a small amount of C3AH6 were identified in the alkali‐activated CSW/CAC blended pastes, which indicates that Al and Ca from PC, CAC and Ca(OH)2 are taken up in the newly formed (N,C)‐A‐S‐H or C‐A‐S‐H gels.
Low‐temperature synthesis of uranium monocarbide by a Pechini‐type in situ polymerizable complex method
Authors: Guo Hangxu , Wang Jieru , Bai Jing , Cao Shiwei , Chen Denglei , Sun Yalou , Yin Xiaojie , Tian Wei , Tan Cunmin , Huang Qing , Qin Zhi , Deng Qihuang
Published: January 2018

Uranium monocarbide (UC) was successfully synthesized by the Pechini‐type in situ polymerizable complex technique (IPC) with the organic matter as the only carbon source. In the aqueous process, a mixture of citric acid (CA) and mannitol withwas polymerized to form a spongy‐like organic polymeric precursor without any precipitations. The structural evolution and formation mechanism of the precursor were investigated using XRD, DSC‐TG, SEM (EDX), TEM, and FT‐IR. XRD results demonstrated that UC was obtained with the/mannitol/CA molar ratios of 1.0/0.3/1.0 at a low temperature of 1400°C. SEM and TEM analyses revealed that the UO2nanoparticles were uniformly distributed in the carbon matrix to form UO2/C nanocomposites, and submicrometer‐sized ellipsoidal UC particles cemented together. FT‐IR showed that a‐CA chelated structure was firstly obtained, achieving the molecular scale mixing of uranium and C. Then the in situ charring guaranteed the intimate contact of UO2and C, leading to a low reaction temperature in carbothermal reduction owing to a short diffusion distance.
Would you like to add a weight after this blood pressure, doctor? Discovery of potentially actionable associations between the provision of multiple screens in primary care
Authors: Kalia Sumeet , Greiver Michelle , Zhao Xu , Meaney Christopher , Moineddin Rahim , Aliarzadeh Babak , Grunfeld Eva , Sullivan Frank
Published: January 2018

Rationale, aims, and objective

Guidelines recommend screening for risk factors associated with chronic diseases but current electronic prompts have limited effects. Our objective was to discover and rank associations between the presence of screens to plan more efficient prompts in primary care.

Methods

Risk factors with the greatest impact on chronic diseases are associated with blood pressure, body mass index, waist circumference, glycaemic and lipid levels, smoking, alcohol use, diet, and exercise. We looked for associations between the presence of screens for these in electronic medical records. We used association rule mining to describe relationships among items, factor analysis to find latent categories, and Cronbach α to quantify consistency within latent categories.

Results

Data from 92 140 patients in or around Toronto, Ontario, were included. We found positive correlations (lift >1) between the presence of all screens. The presence of any screen was associated with confidence greater than 80% that other data on items with high prevalence (blood pressure, glycaemic and lipid levels, or smoking) would also be present. A cluster of rules predicting the presence of blood pressure were ranked highest using measures of interestingness such as standardized lift. We found 3 latent categories using factor analysis; these were laboratory tests, vital signs, and lifestyle factors; Cronbach α ranged between .58 for lifestyle factors and .88 for laboratory tests.

Conclusions

Associations between the provision of important screens can be discovered and ranked. Rules with promising combinations of associated screens could be used to implement data driven alerts.
New species of the genus Spectracanthicus (Loricariidae, Hypostominae, Ancistrini) from the Rio Javaés (Rio Araguaia basin), with a description of gross brain morphology
Authors: Chamon C. C. , Pereira T. N. A. , Mendonça M. B. , Akama A.
Published: January 2018

A new species of Spectracanthicus is described from the Rio Javaés, Rio Araguaia basin. The new species is distinguished from its congeners (except Spectracanthicus immaculatus) by colour pattern: body dark grey to dark brown without dots or blotches (v. body colour with yellowish small dots in Spectracanthicus murinus, Spectracanthicus punctatissimus and Spectracanthicus tocantinensis and large white dots in Spectracanthicus zuanoni). It can be further distinguished from S. immaculatus by having thicker and less numerous teeth, with up to eight premaxillary and 20 dentary teeth (v. teeth thinner and more numerous with up to 22 premaxillary and 30 dentary teeth); dorsal and caudal fins without curved spines (v. dorsal and caudal fins with curved spines). Other osteological characters can also diagnose the new species from its congeners. In addition, a gross brain description and brief comments on the new species' ecological habitat are given.
Skeletogenesis in the Persian sturgeon Acipenser persicus and its correlation with gene expression of vitamin K‐dependent proteins during larval development
Authors: Eshaghzadeh H. , Akbarzadeh A. , Yarmohammadi M. , Gisbert E.
Published: January 2018

The present study describes morphological development of the skeleton in the Persian sturgeon Acipenser persicus and discusses the hypothesis that expression of genes encoding vitamin K‐dependent proteins (VKDP) might be correlated with the mineralization of skeletal tissues during early development in sturgeons. Results showed that development of cartilage started just after hatching (mean ± S.D., 10·9 ± 0·7 mm in total length, LT) in the head and notochord, whereas the first signs of mineralization occurred in the dentary and in the dermopalatine and palatopterygoid elements of the upper jaw, coinciding with the onset of exogenous feeding (20·1 ± 1·5 mm LT). All branchial arch elements developed between 19·3 and 22·3 mm LT, whereas mineralization was only observed in tooth plates associated with the hypobranchial 1 and gill rakers at 20·8 ± 1·5 mm LT and 48·4 ± 6·4 mm LT, respectively. Quantitative real‐time PCR showed that transcripts of VKDP genes including bone Gla protein (bgp), matrix Gla protein (mgp) and Gla rich protein (grp) genes were significantly up‐regulated during the transition to exogenous feeding, supporting hypotheses about relevance of the above‐mentioned genes in chondrogenesis at early developmental stages. The strong mineralization of skeletal elements from 21·5 to 27·3 mm LT (20 days post hatch) was in accordance with the maximal levels of bgp, mgp and grp expression indicating a correlation between development of the skeleton and the expression of VKDP genes. These data are important for evaluating A. persicus larval quality, understanding the influence of rearing biotic and abiotic factors on skeletogenesis and recognizing the occurrence of skeletal deformities in this species.
Roles of water quality and disinfectant application on inactivation of fish pathogenic Streptococcus agalactiae with povidone iodine, quaternary ammonium compounds and glutaraldehyde
Authors: Mon‐on N , Surachetpong W , Mongkolsuk S , Sirikanchana K
Published: January 2018

Streptococcosis is an important bacterial disease in Nile tilapia causing severe economic losses to tilapia aquaculture worldwide. The effects of water quality (low‐ [LS] and high‐level [HS] soiling, to mimic clean or dirty surface conditions and temperatures) and disinfectant application (diluted concentrations and exposure time) were characterized on the inactivation of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from diseased tilapia. Five isolates were tested against three commercial disinfectant products with the main ingredients being povidone iodine (Anidine 100™; AD), benzalkonium chloride (Better BKC 80%™; BKC 80), and a mixture of quaternary ammonium compounds and glutaraldehyde (Chloraldehyde™; CR). CR demonstrated highest efficacy to S. agalactiae inactivation, followed by BKC 80 and AD, respectively. Higher‐level soiling, low temperature, diluted concentrations and short exposure time all decreased the disinfectant efficacy. CR and BKC 80 provided more than 5‐log inactivation at 1‐min exposure at 20°C under HS conditions, and also with ten‐fold‐diluted concentrations at 60‐min exposure time at 30°C. However, AD required 10‐min exposure to effectively remove bacteria under LS conditions at 30°C. The results could facilitate aquaculture management planning that leads to operating cost reductions and improvements in biosecurity.
Efficacy of Citrilow and Cecure spray wash on prevalence of aerobic and Enterobacteriaceae bacteria/gram‐negative enteric bacilli and cattle hide quality
Authors: Long Wilbert , Sarker Majher I. , Marsico Ryan , Ulbrich Lindsey , Latona Nicholas P. , Muir Zerlina , Liu Cheng‐Kung
Published: January 2018

This study investigated spray wash treatments independently with Citrilow or Cecure for their effects on microbial concentrations and leather quality. Spray washing with Citrilow reduced aerobic mesophilic recovery by 2.42–2.78 log cycles 2.78–2.95 log cycles, and 3.32–3.72 log cycles on the belly, belly, and butt regions, respectively. After washing with Citrilow, Enterobacteriaceae/related gram‐negative enteric bacilli (ENT/gnEB) recovery counts reduced by, 2.14–2.57 log cycles, 3.06–4.08 log cycles, and 4.65–4.99 log cycles on the belly, head, and butt regions, respectively. Cecure significantly lowered aerobic bacterial levels on the belly, head, and butt regions by 6.00–6.12 log cycles, 1.40–1.65 log cycles, and 4.26–3.60 log cycles, respectively. Washing with Cecure significantly lowered ENT/gnEB counts by 3.65–3.01 log cycles and 2.17–3.17 log cycles on belly and butt regions. Subjective testing, grain structure analyses, and mechanical properties of leather made from fresh hides after Citrilow or Cecure treatments revealed no difference between the treatment and their corresponding controls.

Practical applications

The purpose of this study is to investigate the ability of two antibiotics (Citrilow and Cecure) to reduce bacteria on the outer haired surface of cattle hides which serves as a potential source of cross‐contamination of pathogens to beef. In addition, while reducing probability of cross‐contamination during cattle processing, the quality of the byproducts need to be insured. In the cattle industry, antimicrobials and surfactants applied must be food safe and limit damage to the animal byproducts, in the case of this study hides which are used to produce leather. The results from this study may be beneficial for meat processing plants, hide preparers and leather manufacturers to identify antimicrobials that may limit bacterial cross‐contamination which can lead to food related illnesses while insuring the quality of one of the cattle industries main byproducts.
Interleukin‐34 levels in gingival crevicular fluid and plasma in periodontal health and disease with and without type‐2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Guruprasad C. N. , Pradeep A. R.
Published: January 2018

Aim

The aim of the present study was to evaluate and correlate the levels of interleukin‐34 (IL‐34) in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and plasma in chronic periodontitis (CP) patients with and without type‐2 diabetes mellitus (DM).

Methods

A total of 175 patients were divided into five groups: (a) group I had 35 periodontally‐healthy patients; (b) group II had 35 chronic gingivitis patients; (c) group III had 35 CP patients without type‐2 DM; (d) group IV had 35 CP patients with type‐2 DM; and (e) group V had 35 type‐2 DM patients without CP. The GCF and plasma levels of IL‐34 were quantified using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Clinical and systemic parameters, such as gingival index, probing pocket depth, clinical attachment loss, and glycated hemoglobin levels, were evaluated.

Results

The mean IL‐34 concentration in GCF and plasma was highest for group IV, followed by groups III, V, and II, and lowest in group I. The difference between them was statistically significant (P < .05). There was a positive correlation between IL‐34 concentration in GCF and plasma in the study groups, with the exception of group I, for which there was a negative correlation.

Conclusion

IL‐34 can be considered a possible GCF and plasma inflammatory biomarker of periodontal disease progression and DM.
Low performance on mathematical tasks in preschoolers: the importance of domain‐general and domain‐specific abilities
Authors: Costa H. M. , Nicholson B. , Donlan C. , Van Herwegen J.
Published: January 2018

Background

Different domain‐specific and domain‐general cognitive precursors play a key role in the development of mathematical abilities. The contribution of these domains to mathematical ability changes during development. Primary school‐aged children who show mathematical difficulties form a heterogeneous group, but it is not clear whether this also holds for preschool low achievers (LAs) and how domain‐specific and domain‐general abilities contribute to mathematical difficulties at a young age. The aim of this study was to explore the cognitive characteristics of a sample of preschool LAs and identify sub‐types of LAs.

Methods

81 children were identified as LAs from 283 preschoolers aged 3 to 5 years old and were assessed on a number of domain‐general and domain‐specific tasks.

Results

Cluster analysis revealed four subgroups of LAs in mathematics: (1) a weak processing sub‐type; (2) a general mathematical LAs sub‐type; (3) a mixed abilities sub‐type; and (4) a visuo‐spatial deficit sub‐type. Whilst two of the groups showed specific domain‐general difficulties, none showed only domain‐specific difficulties.

Conclusions

Current findings suggest that preschool LAs constitute a heterogeneous group and stress the importance of domain‐general factors for the development of mathematical abilities during the preschool years.
Medication‐related osteonecrosis of the jaw – a current review
Authors: Domah F. , Shah N. , Domah J. , Shah R.
Published: January 2018

Aim

This study was aimed to discuss different classes of antiresorptive agents and their modes of action, to review the proposed mechanisms in the pathophysiology of osteonecrosis development and to analyse the prevention and the management of medication‐related osteonecrosis of the jaw.

Materials and methods

Three databases were searched for relevant articles: PubMed, Ovid and Dentistry and Oral Sciences Source. Current literature consists mainly of case series, case reports and expert body opinions.

Discussion

The repertoire of antiresorptive medication keeps expanding as novel drugs are being introduced. The exact pathway that leads to the development of osteonecrosis remains to be elucidated, but different mechanisms have been put forward. An attempt at staging has been made, and treatment guidelines have been drawn but opinions remain divided. New treatments are being trialled; however, evidence is lacking.