bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantification of Shigella IcsA required for bacterial actin polymerization
Authors: Magdalena Juana , Goldberg Marcia B.
Published: August 2002

Shigella move through the cytoplasm of host cells by active polymerization of host actin to form an “actin tail.” Actin tail assembly is mediated by the Shigella protein IcsA. The process of Shigella actin assembly has been studied extensively using IcsA‐expressing Escherichia coli in cytoplasmic extracts of Xenopus eggs. However, for reasons that have been unclear, wild type Shigella does not assemble actin in these extracts. We show that the defect in actin assembly in Xenopus extracts by Shigella can be rescued by increasing IcsA expression by approximately 3‐fold. We calculate that the number of IcsA molecules required on an individual bacterium to assemble actin filaments in extracts is approximately 1,500–2,100 molecules, and the number of IcsA molecules required to assemble an actin tail is approximately 4,000 molecules. The majority of wild type Shigella do not express these levels of IcsA when grown in vitro. However, in infected host cells, IcsA expression is increased 3.2‐fold, such that the number of IcsA molecules on a significant percentage of intracellular wild type Shigella would exceed that required for actin assembly in extracts. Thus, the number of IcsA molecules estimated from our studies in extracts as being required on an individual bacterium to assemble actin filaments or an actin tail is a reasonable prediction of the numbers required for these functions in Shigella‐infected cells. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 51:187–196, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Buckling of actin stress fibers: A new wrinkle in the cytoskeletal tapestry
Authors: Costa Kevin D. , Hucker William J. , Yin Frank C.‐P.
Published: August 2002

Intracellular tension is considered an important determinant of cytoskeletal architecture and cell function. However, many details about cytoskeletal tension remain poorly understood because these forces cannot be directly measured in living cells. Therefore, we have developed a method to characterize the magnitude and distribution of pre‐extension of actin stress fibers (SFs) due to resting tension in the cytoskeleton. Using a custom apparatus, human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) were cultured on a pre‐stretched silicone substrate coated with a fibronectin‐like polymer. Release of the substrate caused SFs aligned in the shortening direction in adhered cells to buckle when compressed rapidly (5% shortening per second or greater) beyond their unloaded slack length. Subsequently, the actin cytoskeleton completely disassembled in 5 sec and reassembled within 60 sec. Quantification of buckling in digital fluorescent micrographs of cells fixed and stained with rhodamine phalloidin indicated a nonuniform distribution of 0–26% pre‐extension of SFs in non‐locomoting HAECs. Local variability suggests heterogeneity of cytoskeletal tension and/or stiffness within individual cells. These findings provide new information about the magnitude and distribution of cytoskeletal tension and the dynamics of actin stress fibers, and the approach offers a novel method to elucidate the role of specific cytoskeletal elements and crosslinking proteins in the force generating apparatus of non‐muscle cells. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 52:266–274, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Estramustine phosphate combined with orchidectomy as first‐line therapy in patients with prostate carcinoma
Authors: Pelger Rob C. M. , Lycklama À Nijeholt Guus a. B. , Zwinderman Aeilko H. , Hamdy Neveen A. T.
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND

The role of age as a prognostic factor for survival remains debatable in patients with prostate carcinoma.

METHODS

The authors conducted a retrospective study of the significance of age as a prognostic factor for survival and progression free survival in 386 patients who underwent orchidectomy for locally advanced or metastatic prostate carcinoma, 75% of whom had T0–T4,M1 disease. After undergoing orchidectomy, 192 patients received no further therapeutic intervention, whereas 194 patients received additional treatment with estramustine phosphate (EMP) as first‐line therapy.

RESULTS

The findings confirmed that age was a significant prognostic factor for survival and progression free survival in patients with prostate carcinoma as well as a predictor of response to chemotherapy. The data also showed that, although combining orchidectomy with EMP appeared to be beneficial in younger patients, using this relatively more aggressive therapeutic approach as first‐line therapy in older patients (age ≥ 80 years) may shorten their survival.

CONCLUSIONS

The current findings call for caution with the additional use of EMP as first‐line therapy in older patient with prostate carcinoma. Cancer 2002;94:2596–601. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10558
Axonopathy, tau abnormalities, and dyskinesia, but no neurofibrillary tangles in p25‐transgenic mice
Authors: Bian Feng , Nath Rathna , Sobocinski Gregg , Booher Robert N. , Lipinski William J. , Callahan Michael J. , Pack Amy , Wang Kevin K.‐W. , Walker Lary C.
Published: August 2002

Neurofibrillary tangles, one of the pathologic hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD), are composed of abnormally polymerized tau protein. The hyperphosphorylation of tau alters its normal cellular function and is thought to promote the formation of neurofibrillary tangles. Growing evidence suggests that cyclin‐dependent kinase 5 (cdk5) plays a role in tau phosphorylation, but the function of the enzyme in tangle formation remains uncertain. In AD, cdk5 is constitutively activated by p25, a highly stable, 25kD protein thought to be increased in the AD brain. To test the hypothesis that p25/cdk5 interactions promote neurofibrillary pathology, we created transgenic mouse lines that overexpress the human p25 protein specifically in neurons. Mice with high transgenic p25 expression have augmented cdk5 activity and develop severe hindlimb semiparalysis and mild forelimb dyskinesia beginning at approximately 3 months of age. Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural analyses showed widespread axonal degeneration with focal accumulation of tau in various regions of the brain and, to a lesser extent, the spinal cord. However, there was no evidence of neurofibrillary tangles in neuronal somata or axons, nor were paired helical filaments evident ultrastructurally. These studies confirm that p25 overexpression can lead to tau abnormalities and axonal degeneration in vivo but do not support the hypothesis that p25‐related induction of cdk5 is a primary event in the genesis of neurofibrillary tangles. J. Comp. Neurol. 446:257–266, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Localization of tyrosine hydroxylase and its messenger RNA in the brain of rainbow trout by immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization
Authors: Vetillard Angelique , Benanni Sanae , Saligaut Christian , Jego Patrick , Bailhache Thierry
Published: August 2002

This report describes the distribution of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)‐expressing structures in the brain of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). TH neurons have been localized by the use of two complementary techniques, immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization of TH messenger RNA. Results obtained from in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry were in agreement. TH cells were observed in many areas of the brain, with a higher density at the level of the olfactory bulbs where TH‐positive neurons are abundant in the internal cell layer. In the telencephalon, two populations of TH neurons can be distinguished: one group is located in the area ventralis telencephali pars dorsalis, and the other group is located in the area ventralis telencephali pars ventralis and extends laterally in the area ventralis telencephali pars lateralis. Many labeled neurons are also seen in the preoptic area as well as in the hypothalamus, where several clusters of TH‐positive cells are observed. Some of these neurons located in the paraventricular organ grow a short cytoplasmic extension directed to the ventricular wall and are known to be cerebrospinal fluid‐contacting cells. The most caudal TH neurons are observed at the level of the locus caeruleus. At the level of the pituitary, TH‐positive fibers are observed in the neurohypophysis. The TH‐immunoreactive innervation at the level of the pituitary provides a neuroanatomic basis for the effects of dopamine and/or norepinephrine on the release of pituitary hormones in fish. J. Comp. Neurol. 449:374–389, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The cell adhesion molecule BEN defines a prosensory patch in the developing avian otocyst
Authors: Goodyear Richard J. , Kwan Tao , Oh Seung‐Ha , Raphael Yehoash , Richardson Guy P.
Published: August 2002

The distribution of the cell adhesion molecule BEN in the developing chick inner ear is described. BEN is first detected in the otic placode at stage 11. As the placode begins to invaginate, BEN becomes concentrated in a ventromedial region extending from the anterior to the posterior end of the otic pit. BEN expression levels increase in this region as the pit closes to form the otocyst, and distinct boundaries become defined along the dorsal and ventral edges of the ventromedial band of BEN expression. BEN expression also becomes concentrated dorsally within the otic epithelium as the pit closes and is observed in the condensing otic ganglion. By stage 22, the ventromedial band of BEN expression splits into two distinct regions, a small caudal patch within which the posterior crista will develop, and a larger anterior patch. By stage 26, this larger anterior patch of cells expressing BEN becomes subdivided into five separate areas corresponding to the regions within which the anterior crista, the lateral crista, the utricle, the saccule, and both the basilar papilla and lagenar macula form. Hair cells only develop within these regions defined by BEN distribution. The data suggest that the ventromedial patch of BEN expression observed from stage 11 onwards defines a single sensory competent zone from which all sensory organs of the inner ear develop. BEN immunoreactivity in the inner ear declines after stage 38. In response to noise exposure, upregulation of BEN expression is mainly detected in regions of the posthatch papilla where the damage is severe and regenerating hair cells are not observed. The regenerating hair and supporting cells do not express BEN, highlighting a molecular difference between the processes of development and regeneration. J. Comp. Neurol. 434:275–288, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Computation of a few smallest eigenvalues of elliptic operators using fast elliptic solvers
Authors: Martikainen Janne , Rossi Tuomo , Toivanen Jari
Published: August 2002

The computation of a few smallest eigenvalues of generalized algebraic eigenvalue problems is studied. The considered problems are obtained by discretizing self‐adjoint second‐order elliptic partial differential eigenvalue problems in two‐ or three‐dimensional domains. The standard Lanczos algorithm with the complete orthogonalization is used to compute some eigenvalues of the inverted eigenvalue problem. Under suitable assumptions, the number of Lanczos iterations is shown to be independent of the problem size. The arising linear problems are solved using some standard fast elliptic solver. Numerical experiments demonstrate that the inverted problem is much easier to solve with the Lanczos algorithm that the original problem. In these experiments, the underlying Poisson and elasticity problems are solved using a standard multigrid method. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the logarithmic stress singularities induced by the use of displacement shape functions in boundary conditions in submodelling
Authors: Sinclair G. B. , Epps B. P.
Published: August 2002

Submodelling of elastic stress concentrations is considered. In particular, the use of displacement shape functions in boundary conditions for submodels is examined. In general, at boundary nodes such displacements contain step discontinuities in their derivatives. These discontinuities are here shown to lead to spurious logarithmic singularities in the boundary stresses. Consequently, it is probably better to use an alternative to displacement shape functions in submodel boundary conditions. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new parallel domain decomposition method for the adaptive finite element solution of elliptic partial differential equations
Authors: Bank Randolph E. , Jimack Peter K.
Published: August 2002

We present a new domain decomposition algorithm for the parallel finite element solution of elliptic partial differential equations. As with most parallel domain decomposition methods each processor is assigned one or more subdomains and an iteration is devised which allows the processors to solve their own subproblem(s) concurrently. The novel feature of this algorithm however is that each of these subproblems is defined over the entire domain—although the vast majority of the degrees of freedom for each subproblem are associated with a single subdomain (owned by the corresponding processor). This ensures that a global mechanism is contained within each of the subproblems tackled and so no separate coarse grid solve is required in order to achieve rapid convergence of the overall iteration. Furthermore, by following the paradigm introduced in 15, it is demonstrated that this domain decomposition solver may be coupled easily with a conventional mesh refinement code, thus allowing the accuracy, reliability and efficiency of mesh adaptivity to be utilized in a well load‐balanced manner. Finally, numerical evidence is presented which suggests that this technique has significant potential, both in terms of the rapid convergence properties and the efficiency of the parallel implementation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
PoLAPACK: parallel factorization routines with algorithmic blocking
Authors: Choi Jaeyoung
Published: August 2002

LU, QR, and Cholesky factorizations are the most widely used methods for solving dense linear systems of equations, and have been extensively studied and implemented on vector and parallel computers. Most of these factorization routines are implemented with block‐partitioned algorithms in order to perform matrix–matrix operations, that is, to obtain the highest performance by maximizing reuse of data in the upper levels of memory, such as cache. Since parallel computers have different performance ratios of computation and communication, the optimal computational block sizes are different from one another in order to generate the maximum performance of an algorithm. Therefore, the ata matrix should be distributed with the machine specific optimal block size before the computation. Too small or large a block size makes achieving good performance on a machine nearly impossible. In such a case, getting a better performance may require a complete redistribution of the data matrix.

In this paper, we present parallel LU, QR, and Cholesky factorization routines with an ‘algorithmic blocking’ on two‐dimensional block cyclic data distribution. With the algorithmic blocking, it is possible to obtain the near optimal performance irrespective of the physical block size. The routines are implemented on the Intel Paragon and the SGI/Cray T3E and compared with the corresponding ScaLAPACK factorization routines. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis and optimization of a novel CMOS multiplier
Authors: Giustolisi G. , Palmisano G. , Palumbo G.
Published: August 2002

A novel CMOS voltage multiplier is proposed which is based on MOS transistors in the saturation region and uses a resistor load. A pencil‐and‐paper optimized design procedure and a detailed analysis of second‐order non‐idealities which affect the multiplier core are given. The circuit has been designed with a 1.2 µm CMOS process setting a 3 V power supply and simulations have been performed to validate results. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hyperreal transients in transfinite RLC networks
Authors: Zemanian A. H.
Published: August 2002

Up to the present time, there have been no transient analyses of RLC transfinite networks. Standard analyses of transfinite networks have been restricted to purely resistive ones. In this paper, it is shown how non‐standard analysis can be used to examine the transient behaviour of transfinite networks having lumped resistors, inductors, and capacitors. To do so, the time line is expanded into the hyperreal time line, and the transients obtained take on hyperreal values. It is also shown how the diffusion of signals on artificial RC cables and the propagation of waves on artificial RLC transmission lines can ‘pass through infinity’ and penetrate transfinite extensions of those cables and lines. Less precisely but more suggestively, we can say that diffusions and waves can reach—with appreciable values—nodes that are transfinitely far away from their starting points, but that it will take infinitely long times in order to get there. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Frequency‐domain grouping robust fault diagnosis for analog circuits with uncertainties
Authors: Chang Yuen‐Haw
Published: August 2002

A new frequency‐domain grouping robust fault diagnosis (GRFD) scheme, based on the design for both grouping‐robust estimation/evaluation of component variation rate and Boolean‐based decision process, is proposed for solving fault diagnosis of large‐scale analog circuits with uncertainties, including both component tolerances and measurement errors.In this scheme, first, grouping‐robust estimators for one partitioning of all component groups, designed by using grouping‐full‐column rank output measurement technique, are employed to estimate the component variation rate. Secondly, based on the faulty possibility judgment policy suggested in this research, grouping‐robust evaluators are employed for the careful evaluation of component variation rate in order to reduce the effect of both component tolerances and measurement errors on the diagnostic test result for one partitioning. Next, both repeating the same one‐partitioning GRFD for a variety of partitionings and combining Boolean‐based decision process, an overall GRFD scheme is proposed for achieving analog fault diagnosis. Finally, a fault diagnosis example of a large‐scale analog circuit is illustrated. The results indicate that without any a priori information about the type of component failure, a precise t‐diagnosable case for a large‐scale circuit with component tolerances and measurement errors is accomplished at the lowest measurement cost. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Immunophenotypic analysis of HIV‐infected children: Alterations within the first year of life, changes with disease progression, and longitudinal analyses of lymphocyte subsets
Authors: McCloskey Thomas W. , Kohn Nina , Lesser Martin , Bakshi Saroj , Pahwa Savita
Published: August 2002

Perinatal infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) results in tremendous activation of the pediatric immune system. An important component of understanding the pathogenesis of this disease is to characterize and quantify antigenic indicators of activation within the peripheral lymphocyte population. We measured T‐lymphocyte activation and maturation antigens in a cohort of 112 HIV‐infected children treated with antiretroviral therapy according to the current standard of care. Changes in expression of CD95, HLA‐DR, and CD45RO were evident in 22 HIV‐infected children younger than 1 year of age. A comparison of phenotypic profiles of children in mild, moderate, and severe immune categories revealed perturbations of CD28, CD38, CD45RA, CD45RO, CD95, and HLA‐DR. Finally, a novel analysis of 56 HIV‐infected children based on the repeated collection of data over time (median of seven observations over 33 months) demonstrated a strong negative correlation between the percentage CD4 and the percentage of CD45RO, CD95, and HLA‐DR on both CD4 and CD8 cells. Our data implicate persistent immune activation, beginning within the first year of life, as a major driving force in the pathogenesis of perinatally acquired HIV disease. Cytometry (Comm. Clin. Cytometry) 46:157–165, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detection of loss of heterozygosity at chromosome 3p25–26 in primary and metastatic ovarian clear‐cell carcinoma: Utilization of microdissection and polymerase chain reaction in archival tissues
Authors: Simsir Aylin , Palacios Diana , Linehan W. Marston , Merino Maria J. , Abati Andrea
Published: August 2002

Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at the 3p region is found in up to 50% of epithelial ovarian neoplasms. The von Hippel‐Lindau (VHL) gene at the 3p25 locus is one of the tumor‐suppressor genes located at 3p. The role, if any, of the VHL gene locus is not clear in ovarian carcinogenesis. We analyzed primary and metastatic ovarian clear‐cell carcinomas (OCCC) for LOH at 3p25 to determine its frequency and its diagnostic utility as an adjunctive tool in the differential diagnosis of metastatic clear‐cell carcinomas. Microdissection followed by single‐step DNA extraction and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification, using two polymorphic markers flanking the VHL gene locus, was done on archival histology and cytology samples from 9 patients with metastatic OCCC. Of the informative cases, 43% of the metastatic and 50% of the primary OCCC showed LOH. LOH at the VHL gene locus is not uncommon in clear‐cell ovarian carcinoma. LOH at 3p25 in cytologic specimens may be a valuable adjunct in the diagnosis of OCCC metastasis in cytologically equivocal cases. OCCC should enter the differential in clear‐cell carcinomas of unknown primary that show LOH at 3p25. Diagn. Cytopathol. 24:328–332, 2001. Published 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lipid‐lowering effects of the squalene epoxidase inhibitor FR194738 in dogs, hamsters, and rats
Authors: Sawada Masae , Matsuo Masahiko , Hagihara Hiroyuki , Seki Jiro , Goto Toshio
Published: August 2002

Squalene epoxidase is a microsomal enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of squalene to 2,3‐oxidosqualene and is an important control site in the cholesterol synthetic pathway. FR194738 is a potent inhibitor of hepatic squalene epoxidase from dogs, hamsters, and rats with IC50 values of 49, 14, and 68 nM, respectively. In dogs, FR194738 at 10 and 32 mg/kg/day decreased serum total cholesterol levels by 26% and 40%, and serum triglyceride levels by 47% and 76%, respectively. Pravastatin, an inhibitor of 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, at 3.2 and 10 mg/kg/day also decreased serum total cholesterol levels by 32% and 36%, and serum triglyceride levels by 56% and 50%, respectively. Both FR194738 and pravastatin preferentially decreased low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol levels among the lipoprotein fractions examined. In hamsters, FR194738 decreased serum total cholesterol levels by 22% and led to a decrease in serum triglyceride levels of 9% at 100 mg/kg/day, whereas pravastatin did not decrease total serum cholesterol levels up to 100 mg/kg/day even though it decreased serum triglyceride levels at doses as low as 3.2 mg/kg/day. In rats, both FR194738 and pravastatin failed to decrease total serum cholesterol levels up to 100 mg/kg/day. FR194738 dose‐dependently decreased serum triglyceride levels by 30%, 41%, and 65% at 10, 32, and 100 mg/kg/day, respectively, whereas pravastatin decreased them only by 19% at 100 mg/kg/day. These results clearly showed a species difference in cholesterol and triglyceride metabolism, and suggest that dogs are the most appropriate animal model for evaluating hypocholesterolemic drugs. FR194738 that induced comparable effects with pravastatin in the dog model may provide another treatment for hypercholesterolemia in men. Drug Dev. Res. 54:202–208, 2001. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Adenosine A1 and A3 receptors: Distinct cardioprotection
Authors: Liang Bruce T. , Stewart Douglas , Jacobson Kenneth A.
Published: August 2002

Adenosine is released in large amounts during myocardial ischemia and exerts potent cardioprotective effects in the heart. Although these observations on adenosine have been known for a long time, how adenosine acts to achieve its antiischemic effect remains incompletely understood. Recent advances in the chemistry and pharmacology of adenosine receptor ligands have provided important and novel information on the function of adenosine receptor subtypes in the cardiovascular system. The development of model systems for the cardiac actions of adenosine has yielded important insights into its mechanism of action and have begun to elucidate the sequence of signaling events from receptor activation to the actual exertion of its cardioprotective effect. The goal of the current article is to review recent advances on the cellular and molecular mechanisms that mediate the cardiac actions of adenosine and to show the cardioprotective effect of novel adenosine ligands. Drug Dev. Res. 52:366–378, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preclinical abuse potential assessment of the anticonvulsant zonisamide
Authors: Wiley Jenny L. , Patrick Graham A. , Dance Mario E. , Meyer Kathleen B. , Balster Robert L.
Published: August 2002

Zonisamide (Zonegran®) is a broad‐spectrum antiepileptic agent that shares some pharmacological properties with other anticonvulsants, including phenytoin, carbamazepine, and valproic acid, but is differentiated from these agents by the ability to significantly block T‐type calcium channels. Zonisamide interacts with the γ‐amino‐butyric acid (GABA) receptor in an allosteric manner, and thus does not modulate GABA receptor effects. However, given the potential of drugs within the latter class for drug abuse in humans, an evaluation of zonisamide for abuse potential is an important component of its potential side‐effect profile. In the present study, zonisamide was tested in animal models of the subjective and reinforcing effects of central nervous system (CNS) depressant drugs, e.g., diazepam discrimination in rats and intravenous self‐administration in rhesus monkeys, respectively. In addition, zonisamide was evaluated for physical dependence liability in a chronic infusion model using rats. Zonisamide did not substitute for diazepam in rats trained to discriminate 2.5‐mg/kg diazepam from vehicle nor was it self‐administered by rhesus monkeys experienced in methohexital‐reinforced responding. Continuous infusion of zonisamide (400 or 600 mg/kg/day) did not prevent the loss of body weight associated with discontinued pentobarbital infusion. These doses of zonisamide did produce some incomplete attenuation of observable signs of pentobarbital withdrawal, likely due to direct sedative or depressant effects of these high doses. These results suggest that zonisamide would not produce diazepam‐like intoxication in humans nor would it likely be subject to abuse when made more widely available. Further, when administered chronically, zonisamide would not be expected to produce physical dependence of the CNS depressant type. Taken together, these results support the prediction that zonisamide would have low abuse liability. Drug Dev. Res. 54:66–74, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Minimum duration of reactivation at 3 months of age
Authors: Joh A. , Sweeney B. , Rovee‐Collier C.
Published: August 2002

Briefly exposing subjects to an isolated component of an event after they have forgotten can reactivate their memory of it, leading to renewed retention on an ensuing test. In two experiments with forty‐eight 3‐month‐old infants, we asked what minimum duration of a reactivation treatment could recover their forgotten memory of an operant mobile task and whether the minimum duration was affected by how long the memory was forgotten. In Experiment 1, the minimum duration for reactivating the memory 1 week after forgetting was 120 s—substantially longer than the minimum duration required for reactivation at 6 months after the same relative delay. In Experiment 2, the minimum effective duration for reactivation increased linearly with the time since forgetting, from 7.5 s after 1 day to 180 s after 3 weeks. This study reveals that the duration of an effective memory prime is directly related to age and to memory accessibility. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 40: 23–32, 2002
Molecular cloning, expression analysis, and functional characterization of connexin44.1: A zebrafish lens gap junction protein
Authors: Cason Nicola , White Thomas W. , Cheng Shaohong , Goodenough Daniel A. , Valdimarsson Gunnar
Published: August 2002

The connexin family of genes codes for proteins that oligomerize into a connexon of six subunits to form one half of the gap junction channel. Gap junctions are plasma membrane structures that mediate intercellular communication by joining the cytoplasm of two cells, allowing the passage of small molecules and metabolites, and contributing significantly to the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. The signaling mediated by these junctions appears to be necessary for the correct timing of key developmental events. This communication is especially important in the avascular lens where the intercellular passage of metabolites, second messengers, and ions is necessary to maintain the correct ionic balance in the lens fibre cells, and prevent cataract formation. To characterize the role that the connexin genes play in development, a novel connexin was cloned from zebrafish. A genomic clone was isolated that contained a 1,173 base open reading frame. The nucleotide sequence in this open reading frame shows extensive sequence similarity to mouse connexin50 (Cx50), chicken Cx45.6, sheep Cx49, and human Cx50. The protein encoded by this open reading frame contains 391 amino acids, with a predicted molecular weight of 44.1 kDa and a typical connexin transmembrane topology. By using the LN54 radiation hybrid panel, the Cx44.1 gene was mapped to linkage group 1. Whole‐mount in situ hybridization and Northern blot analyses were performed on zebrafish embryos at various developmental stages to characterize the developmental expression of the Cx44.1 message. The ocular lens was the only tissue in which Cx44.1 transcripts were detected. The transcripts were first detected in the lens around 24 hr post fertilization and remained detectable until 120 hr post fertilization. Electrophysiological analysis of Cx44.1 channels revealed gating properties that were virtually identical to the mouse and chicken orthologues of Cx44.1. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
On the relation of flexible and rigid control of eating to body mass index and overeating in patients with binge eating disorder
Authors: Masheb Robin M. , Grilo Carlos M.
Published: August 2002

Objective

To examine the relationship of flexible and rigid dimensions of restrained eating to body mass index (BMI) and overeating in outpatients with binge eating disorder (BED).

Method

Participants were 148 consecutive outpatients who met criteria for BED. The Three‐Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ) was administered to assess Cognitive Restraint, Hunger, and Disinhibition. The TFEQ also contains two Cognitive Restraint subscales — Flexible Control and Rigid Control. The Eating Disorder Examination‐Questionnaire version (EDE‐Q) was administered to assess frequency of different forms of overeating during the past 28 days and the attitudinal features of eating disorders.

Results

Flexible Control and Rigid Control were significantly correlated with each other. They were both negatively correlated with BMI, but neither was significantly correlated with the frequency of binge eating or other forms of overeating. In addition, Flexible Control and Rigid Control predicted almost the same amount of variance in BMI.

Discussion

BED patients exhibit flexible and rigid control of eating that is related to BMI, but not to the frequency of binge eating or other forms of overeating. Results of the present study provide preliminary evidence that flexible and rigid control of eating may not be a useful distinction in BED patients. However, increased restraint, regardless of type, may prove to be of benefit with regard to weight control and may not have adverse effects on binge eating in obese BED patients. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 31: 82–91, 2002.
Schema avoidance in bulimic and non–eating‐disordered women
Authors: Spranger Sonja C. , Waller Glenn , Bryant‐Waugh Rachel
Published: August 2002

Objective

Models of bulimia lack a clear conceptualization of avoidance. This study considers the role of different domains of schema avoidance in bulimic disorders and examines the association of scores on the Young‐Rygh Avoidance Inventory (YRAI) with bulimic pathology.

Methods

A total of 19 bulimic and 74 comparison women completed the YRAI and a measure of bulimic psychopathology.

Results

Bulimics scored significantly higher than the nonclinical women did on all YRAI scales. Greater reported use of avoidance was positively associated with bulimic attitudes, but only among the comparison group. At a dimensional level, behavioral/somatic avoidance was more strongly associated with bulimic pathology than cognitive/emotional avoidance, but the same was not true when differentiating groups.

Conclusions

The YRAI is a robust measure of different domains of schema avoidance in understanding bulimic psychopathology. Clinically, the YRAI might be used to guide treatment for bulimic disorders. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 29: 302–306, 2001.
Food presentation and energy intake in a feeding laboratory study of subjects with binge eating disorder
Authors: Gosnell Blake A. , Mitchell James E. , Lancaster Kathryn L. , Burgard Melissa A. , Wonderlich Steve A. , Crosby Ross D.
Published: August 2002

Objective

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of the number of foods presented and the amount of food presented on overeating or binge eating behavior in obese subjects with and without binge eating disorder (BED).

Method

Ten subjects (5 BED, 5 non‐BED), male and female, aged 18–65, participated. Their body weight was ≥130% of their ideal body weight (IBW). They were evaluated in a feeding laboratory setting on four occasions when they were presented with (a) either one or two binge foods presented in (b) either two or four times the amount of their self‐reported usual intake during a binge/overeating episode. Measurement included energy intake and self‐recorded measures of hunger, fullness, anxiety, and depression.

Results

The results indicated that the number and amount of food presented influenced significantly the amount of food consumed. Although subjects with BED tended to eat more than the non‐BED obese, the differences did not reach statistical significance.

Discussion

The results have implications for the interpretation of results obtained in feeding laboratory settings, suggesting that attention needs to be given to both the number and amount of foods presented because both variables have an impact on the amount of food eaten during overeating or binge eating episodes. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 30: 441–446, 2001.
Generation of physical random digits using diode noise and its statistical properties
Authors: Kishimoto Shunsuke , Fukue Masuo
Published: August 2002

This study deals with a method of random number generation using hardware as a source of random signals. The random signals are produced by shot noise generated by a Zener diode and are converted into sequences of high‐quality random numbers. The proposed method is an improvement compared to conventional hardware‐based methods due to the fact that randomness of generated numbers is not affected by irregular performance characteristics of the hardware. This new method was verified by generating approximately 1.2 × 109 decimal random integers and by testing such characteristics of the generated random number sequences as their uniformity and independence by statistical methods. Results of the verification confirmed that characteristics of the random sequences obtained by this method were most satisfactory. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 84(11): 29–36, 2001
Enlargement of digital images by using multi‐neural networks
Authors: Sekiwa Daisuke , Taguchi Akira
Published: August 2002

In the enlargement of a digital image, it is required to estimate the high‐frequency components, which were lost in sampling. As a method of meeting this requirement, the authors have proposed an image enlargement method using a high‐resolution neural network (NN). The high‐resolution neural network provided excellent results of image enlargement. There remained, however, the following two problems. (1) When the image is enlarged by the high‐resolution NN, artifacts are produced in the smooth region of the enlarged image when the magnification ratio is increased as 4, 8, . . . . (2) There is a variation of approximately 10% in the accuracy of the enlarged result, depending on the kind of image used in the training of the high‐resolution NN. In order to cope with such problems, this paper newly proposes the high‐resolution multi‐neural network (MNN), which is based on the local variance. The training procedure is shown. In the high‐resolution MNN, two NN are used, corresponding to the region with a rapid change (high local variance) and the region requiring a smooth interpolation (low local variance), in the image for which resolution improvement is required. The weighted sum of the two NN outputs is defined as the result of enlargement. It is shown through application examples that the two problems in the high‐resolution NN are remedied by using the high‐resolution MNN. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 84(11): 61–69, 2001
Dynamical analysis of the Wake–Sleep algorithm
Authors: Shimasaki Seiichi , Kabashima Yoshiyuki
Published: August 2002

We employ statistical dynamics to study the convergence of the Wake–Sleep (W‐S) algorithm, which is a learning algorithm for neural network models having hidden units. Although there have been several reports on the effectiveness of the W‐S algorithm based on experimental methods, the theoretical side is not clear even for a simple network. In this paper, we investigate the dynamic characteristics of the W‐S algorithm expressed by a single factor analysis problem, which is the simplest state setting. The advantage of our approach is the ability to quantitatively evaluate the effect that the learning coefficients have on the convergence, which is difficult when using other methods. The result was that the settings of the learning coefficients, particularly in the Sleep step, had a substantial effect on the convergence of the algorithm. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 85(1): 41–49, 2002
Multilayered transformer utilizing Mn‐Zn ferrite and its application to a forward‐type DC–DC converter
Authors: Sato Toshiro , Yokoyama Hironori , Yamasawa Kiyohito , Toya Kazumi , Kobayashi Shigeru , Minamisawa Toshitaka
Published: August 2002

This paper describes the electrical characteristics of a multilayered transformer composed of a Mn‐Zn ferrite core, and primary and secondary conductors positioned alternately not only in the vertical direction but also in the horizontal direction. In order to elucidate the operating characteristics of the two types of transformers, one was given the conventional planar winding structure and the other the new winding structure described above, and a two‐dimensional finite element method that took account of the two conditions and a constant input voltage and load current was introduced. The coupling coefficient of the conventional multilayered transformer deteriorated with increasing load current. But the coupling coefficient of the proposed multilayered transformer was independent of the load current. A forward‐type DC–DC converter using the new multilayered transformer had higher efficiency than a converter using the conventional multilayered transformer. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 135(4): 1–8, 2001
Design guidelines of a flux‐lock superconducting fault current limiter with ac magnetic field coil for a 6.6‐kV distribution system
Authors: Guo Yu‐Hung , Yokomizu Yasunobu , Matsumura Toshiro
Published: August 2002

We have proposed a new type of fault current limiter, which consists of a flux‐lock reactor with high‐Tc superconducting (HTS) elements and an ac magnetic field coil (Flux‐Lock‐Type Fault Current Limiter: FLT‐FCL). The FLT‐FCL can increase both the current capacity and the limiting impedance by means of a transformer action and an ac magnetic field application mechanism. This paper reports the conceptual design of an FLT‐FCL for application to a 6.6‐kV/200‐A distribution system. Theoretical expressions for the current limiting behavior are derived and the new concept of “quench power” is proposed in order to estimate the required number of HTS elements for two types of FLT‐FCL and for a basic FCL type consisting only of HTS elements. Design guidelines for the FLT‐FCL are derived from the calculation results. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 135(4): 17–25, 2001
A mathematical programming approach to service restoration for distribution systems
Authors: Nagata Takeshi , Jin Jun , Hatakeyama Syuichi , Sasaki Hiroshi
Published: August 2002

This paper aims to develop a suitable power system restoration method by using mathematical programming (MP). Generally, the problem of determining the target configuration can be formulated as a mixed integer programming (MIP) problem. Whether or not each branch is included in a target system is expressed as a 0–1 variable, while the other constraints such as the demand and supply balance conditions are formulated in terms of continuous variables. Although an MP‐based method can obtain an optimal solution under specified operational constraints, in the case of large‐scale problems the solution time often exceeds the computation time that is practically available due to combinatorial explosion. The object of this paper is to develop an efficient solution algorithm for service restoration in distribution systems. First, an MIP problem is solved to determine the sound network configuration that maximizes the available power to the out‐of‐service area, then an MIP problem is solved to determine the target configuration for the out‐of‐service network. The proposed method has been applied to distribution system restoration problems, and simulation results demonstrate its effectiveness. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 135(4): 35–42, 2001
Development of a contactless measurement method for transmission line surge voltage waveform
Authors: Yamabuki Koichi , Nagaoka Naoto , Ametani Akihiro
Published: August 2002

This paper proposes a contactless method to measure a surge voltage waveform on an overhead transmission line and on a cable sheath enclosed in a corrosion‐proof layer. To measure surge voltage and current waveforms on the overhead line, the method is based on electromagnetic coupling between the overhead line and a surge sensor, composed of a closed loop which is a distributed parameter line. The surge waveform is estimated from the induced voltage to the closed loop and from a Z‐parameter theory. To measure the cable sheath voltage waveform, the method is based on electrostatic coupling between the sheath and a detecting electrode, which is portable and detachable, and is composed of quite simple components, and its potential dividing ratio is adjustable using a lumped capacitor. The proposed method is inexpensive, is easy to measure surge waveforms with reasonable accuracy, and also is applicable to surge measurement on a live line because of its contactless nature. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 136(1): 9–15, 2001
Analysis of recovery characteristic in commutation‐type superconducting fault current limiter considering time–current characteristic of protective relay and system impedance
Authors: Mimura Kazushi , Shimizu Hirotaka , Yokomizu Yasunobu , Matsumura Toshiro
Published: August 2002

As equipment to limit the fault current in electric power systems, the superconducting fault current limiter (SC‐FCL) is expected to be introduced. Since the SC‐FCL was required to recover to the superconducting state rapidly after current interruption, it is important to understand the recovery characteristics of SC‐FCL. In this paper, the recovery characteristics of SC‐FCL in a 6.6‐kV distribution system were theoretically investigated. We computed the time variation of superconducting cable temperature after quench and the recovery time for the commutation‐type SC‐FCL having the superconducting element connected to a limiting resistor in parallel. The calculations were carried out for different conditions of system impedance, limiting impedance of SC‐FCL, and length of superconducting cable, considering the time–current characteristics of the protective relay. As a result, it is found that the recovery time decreases with an increase in system impedance and with a reduction in limiting impedance of SC‐FCL. Furthermore, the decrease in length of superconducting cable causes the increase in the recovery time. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 136(4): 26–33, 2001
Assessment of regional air pollution variability in Istanbul
Authors: Şen Zekai , Öztopal Ahmet
Published: August 2002

Air pollution concentrations have temporal and spatial variations depending on the prevailing weather conditions, topographic features, city building heights and locations. When the measurements of air pollutants are available at set measurement sites, the regional variability degree of air pollutants is quantified using the point cumulative semi‐variogram (PCSV). This technique provides a systematic method for calculating the changes in the concentrations of air pollutants with distance from a specific site. Regional variations of sulphur dioxide (SO2) and total suspended particulate (TSP) matter concentrations in Istanbul city were evaluated using the PCSV concept. The data were available from 16 different air pollution measurement stations scattered all over the city for a period from 1988 to 1994. Monthly regional variation maps were drawn in and around the city at different radii of influence. These maps provide a reference for measuring future changes of air pollution in the city. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Closed‐form solution for seismic response of adjacent buildings with linear quadratic Gaussian controllers
Authors: Xu Y. L. , Zhang W. S.
Published: August 2002

Closed‐form solution for seismic response of adjacent buildings connected by hydraulic actuators with linear quadratic Gaussian (LQG) controllers is presented in this paper. The equations of motion of actively controlled adjacent buildings against earthquake are first established. The complex modal superposition method is then used to determine dynamic characteristics, including modal damping ratio, of actively controlled adjacent buildings. The closed‐form solution for seismic response of the system is finally derived in terms of the complex dynamic characteristics, the pseudo‐excitation method and the residue theorem. By using the closed‐form solution, extensive parametric studies can be carried out for the system of many degrees of freedom. The beneficial parameters of LQG controllers for achieving the maximum response reduction of both buildings using reasonable control forces can be identified. The effectiveness of LQG controllers for this particular application is evaluated in this study. The results show that for the adjacent buildings of different dynamic properties, if the parameters of LQG controllers are selected appropriately, the modal damping ratios of the system can be significantly increased and the seismic responses of both buildings can be considerably reduced. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.