bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kyoto Congestive Heart Failure (KCHF) study: rationale and design
Authors: Yamamoto Erika , Kato Takao , Ozasa Neiko , Yaku Hidenori , Inuzuka Yasutaka , Tamaki Yodo , Kitai Takeshi , Morimoto Takeshi , Taniguchi Ryoji , Iguchi Moritake , Kato Masashi , Takahashi Mamoru , Jinnai Toshikazu , Ikeda Tomoyuki , Nagao Kazuya , Kawai Takafumi , Komasa Akihiro , Nishikawa Ryusuke , Kawase Yuichi , Morinaga Takashi , Kawashima Tsuneaki , Motohashi Yasuyo , Kawato Mitsunori , Toyofuku Mamoru , Sato Yukihito , Kuwahara Koichiro , Shioi Tetsuo , Kimura Takeshi ,   on behalf of the KCHF study investigators
Published: February 2017

Aims

Over the last decade, major developments in medicine have led to significant changes in the clinical management of heart failure patients. This study was designed to evaluate the recent trends in clinical characteristics, management, and short‐term and long‐term prognosis of patients with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) in Japan.

Methods and results

The Kyoto Congestive Heart Failure study is a prospective, observational, multicentre cohort study, enrolling consecutive ADHF patients from 19 participating hospitals in Japan from November 2014 to March 2016. A total of 4000 patients will be enrolled into the study and patients' anthropometric, socio‐economic, and clinical data from hospital admission to discharge will be collected. In addition, in a pre‐determined subgroup of patients (n=1500), a longitudinal follow‐up for 2 years is scheduled.

Conclusions

The Kyoto Congestive Heart Failure study will provide valuable information regarding patients with ADHF in the real‐world clinical practice of Japan and will be indispensable for future clinical and policy decision‐making with respect to heart failure.
Photocatalytic Phenol–Arene C–C and C–O Cross‐Dehydrogenative Coupling
Authors: Eisenhofer Anna , Hioe Johnny , Gschwind Ruth M. , König Burkhard
Published: February 2017

Phenol‐containing nonsymmetrical biaryls play an important role in natural‐product synthesis, as ligands in metal catalysis, and in organic functional materials. Their synthesis through cross‐coupling reactions by two‐fold direct C–H activation are important and challenging transformations. In the last decade, a variety of useful oxidative methods have been developed. The key to efficiency and selectivity typically is the application of highly fluorinated solvent systems. Herein, we describe the visible‐light‐mediated C–C and C–O cross‐coupling of electron‐rich phenols and arenes by using [Ru(bpz)3](PF6)2] as photocatalyst and ammonium persulfate as terminal oxidant. The method requires no leaving group functionalities, which allows the use of simple activated arenes as starting materials. Furthermore, the approach features good chemo‐ and regioselectivity as well as functional group tolerance, even upon the replacement of fluoro alcohols by acetonitrile. The selectivity for the formation of nonsymmetrical biaryls is rationalized on the basis of the nucleophilicity N values and the oxidation potentials Eox of the electron‐rich substrates.
Is this back pain killing me? All‐cause and cardiovascular‐specific mortality in older Danish twins with spinal pain
Authors: Fernandez M. , Boyle E. , Hartvigsen J. , Ferreira M.L. , Refshauge K.M. , Maher C.G. , Christensen K. , Hopper J.L. , Ferreira P.H.
Published: February 2017

Background

Few studies have examined the potentially reduced life expectancy associated with spinal pain (i.e. low back and neck pain) in an ageing population, particularly after controlling for familial factors, including genetics.

Methods

We investigated whether spinal pain increased the rate of all‐cause and disease‐specific cardiovascular mortality in older Danish twins aged ≥70 years. Data from 4391 participants collected at baseline were linked with the Danish Cause of Death Registry with the study ending on 31 December 2014. Two crude and adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression analyses determined the rate of all‐cause and disease‐specific cardiovascular mortality by baseline spinal pain exposure; unpaired (total sample analysis) and twin pair (intra‐pair analysis). Analyses were also adjusted for confounders; baseline physical functional ability and depressive symptoms. Competing risk regression models determined the rate of cardiovascular mortality, adjusting for similar confounders and using the total sample only.

Results

Spinal pain was associated with an increased rate of all‐cause mortality, hazard ratio (HR): 1.13 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.06–1.21]. There was no association between spinal pain and cardiovascular disease mortality, sub‐distribution hazard ratio (SHR): 1.08 [95% CI 0.96–1.21]. After adjusting for confounders (physical functional ability and depressive symptoms), the association became non‐significant. All intra‐pair analyses were statistically non‐significant, although greater in magnitude for monozygotic twins.

Conclusions

Older people reporting spinal pain have 13% increased risk of mortality per years lived but the connection is not causal. We found no association between spinal pain and cardiovascular‐specific mortality. The influence of shared familial factors is unlikely.

Significance

Older people reporting spinal pain have 13% increased risk of mortality per year lived. However, this association is not likely to be causal, with the relevant confounders contributing to this relationship. Thus, pain in the spine may be part of a pattern of poor health, which increases mortality risk in the older population.
AC dielectrophoretic manipulation and electroporation of vaccinia virus using carbon nanoelectrode arrays
Authors: Madiyar Foram Ranjeet , Haller Sherry L. , Farooq Omer , Rothenburg Stefan , Culbertson Christopher , Li Jun
Published: February 2017

This paper reports the capture and detection of vaccinia virus particles based on AC dielectrophoresis (DEP) and electrochemical impedance measurements employing an embedded vertically aligned carbon nanofiber (VACNF) nanoelectrode array (NEA) versus a macroscopic indium‐tin‐oxide (ITO) transparent electrode in a “points‐and‐lid” configuration. The nano‐DEP device was fabricated by bonding two SU‐8 covered electrodes patterned using photolithography. The bottom electrode contains a 200 × 200 μm2 active region on a randomly distributed NEA and the top electrode contains a microfluidic channel in SU‐8 spin‐coated on ITO to guide the flow of the virus solution. The real‐time impedance change was measured during DEP capture and validated with fluorescence microscopy measurements. The NEA was able to capture virus particles with a rather low AC voltage (∼8.0 V peak‐to‐peak) at 1.0 kHz frequency as the particles were passed through the fluidic channel at high flow velocities (up to 8.0 mm/s). A concentration detection limit as low as ∼2.58 × 103 particles/mL was obtained via impedance measurements after only 54 sec of DEP capture. At the low AC frequencies (50.0 Hz or less), the high electric field at the exposed VACNF tips induced electroporation of the DEP‐captured virus particles, which was validated by fluorescence emission from the dyes staining lipophilic membrane and internal nucleic acid, respectively. This study suggests the possibility of integration of a fully functional electronic device for rapid, reversible and label‐free capture and detection of pathogenic viruses, with a potential of generating electroporation to the captured the virus particles for further biochemical study.
Establishment and validation of a microfluidic capillary gel electrophoresis platform method for purity analysis of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies
Authors: Smith Michael T. , Zhang Shu , Adams Troy , DiPaolo Byron , Dally Jennifer
Published: February 2017

Capillary and microfluidic chip electrophoresis technologies are heavily utilized for development, characterization, release, and stability testing of biopharmaceuticals. Within the biopharmaceutical industry, CE‐SDS and M‐CGE are commonly used for purity determination by separation and quantitation of size‐based variants. M‐CGE is used primarily as an R&D tool for product and process development, while cGMP release and stability testing applications are commonly reserved for CE‐SDS. This paper describes the establishment of an M‐CGE platform method to be used for R&D and cGMP applications, including release and stability testing, for monoclonal antibodies. The M‐CGE platform method enables testing for product development support and cGMP release and stability using the same method, and utilization of one CE technology for the entire lifecycle of a biopharmaceutical product. Critical method parameters were identified, and the analytical design space of those critical parameters was defined using design of experiments (DOE) studies. Once defined through DOE studies, the method design space was validated according to ICH Q2 (R1) guidelines. Additional molecules of the same validated class were verified for use in the method by experimental confirmation of accuracy, specificity, and stability indicating capabilities. The platform method model facilitates rapid utilization of the method in development and GMP testing environments, and eliminates the need for individual validations for assets of the same class entering early stage development.
The synthesis of weak acidic type hybrid monolith via thiol‐ene click chemistry and its application in hydrophilic interaction chromatography
Authors: Zeng Jiao , Liu Shengquan , Wang Menglin , Yao Shouzhuo , Chen Yingzhuang
Published: February 2017

In this work, a porous structure and good permeability monolithic column was polymerized in UV transparent fused‐silica capillaries via photo‐initiated thiol‐ene click polymerization of 2,4,6,8‐tetravinyl‐2,4,6,8‐tetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane (TMTVS), pentaerythritol tetra(3‐mercaptopropionate)(PETMP), itaconic acid, respectively, in the presence of porogenic solvents (tetrahydrofuranand methanol) and an initiator (2,2‐dimethoxy‐2‐phenylacetophenone) (DMPA) within 30 min. The physical properties of this monolith were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy and nitrogen adsorption/desorption measurements. For an overall evaluation of the monolith in chromatographic application, separations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), phenols, amides and bases were carried out. The column efficiency of this monolith could be as high as 112 560 N/m. It also possesses a potential application in fabrication of monoliths with high efficiency for c‐LC. In addition, the resulting monolithic column demonstrated the potential use in analysis of environment waters.
Investigation of a High‐Performance Nanofiber Cathode with Ultralow Platinum Loading for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
Authors: Hong Shaojing , Hou Ming , Xiao Yu , Shao Zhigang , Yi Baolian
Published: February 2017

Nanofiber electrodes fabricated by using the electrospinning technique in the cathode of proton exchange membrane fuel cells gave a peak power density of 0.692 W cm−2 with an ultralow Pt loading of 0.087 mg cm−2. As the cathode, the electrospun (E_spun) electrodes exposed a high Pt surface to oxygen, with a highly uniform distribution of Pt catalyst and Nafion ionomer, which improved the utilization of Pt. The ionic resistance of the E_spun electrode was decreased owing to the nanofiber structure. The high porosity of the E_spun electrode enhanced the Knudsen diffusion in small pores, which mitigated the oxygen‐transfer resistance. The addition of 5 wt % polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) to the E_spun electrode optimized water management, especially at high current densities. The accelerated stability test showed that the long‐term durability of the E_spun electrode is much better than the conventional decal electrode due to the interaction of the carbon support and hydrophilic poly(acrylic acid).
gsSKAT: Rapid gene set analysis and multiple testing correction for rare‐variant association studies using weighted linear kernels
Authors: Larson Nicholas B. , McDonnell Shannon , Cannon Albright Lisa , Teerlink Craig , Stanford Janet , Ostrander Elaine A. , Isaacs William B. , Xu Jianfeng , Cooney Kathleen A. , Lange Ethan , Schleutker Johanna , Carpten John D. , Powell Isaac , Bailey‐Wilson Joan E. , Cussenot Olivier , Cancel‐Tassin Geraldine , Giles Graham G. , MacInnis Robert J. , Maier Christiane , Whittemore Alice S. , Hsieh Chih‐Lin , Wiklund Fredrik , Catolona William J. , Foulkes William , Mandal Diptasri , Eeles Rosalind , Kote‐Jarai Zsofia , Ackerman Michael J. , Olson Timothy M. , Klein Christopher J. , Thibodeau Stephen N. , Schaid Daniel J.
Published: February 2017

Next‐generation sequencing technologies have afforded unprecedented characterization of low‐frequency and rare genetic variation. Due to low power for single‐variant testing, aggregative methods are commonly used to combine observed rare variation within a single gene. Causal variation may also aggregate across multiple genes within relevant biomolecular pathways. Kernel‐machine regression and adaptive testing methods for aggregative rare‐variant association testing have been demonstrated to be powerful approaches for pathway‐level analysis, although these methods tend to be computationally intensive at high‐variant dimensionality and require access to complete data. An additional analytical issue in scans of large pathway definition sets is multiple testing correction. Gene set definitions may exhibit substantial genic overlap, and the impact of the resultant correlation in test statistics on Type I error rate control for large agnostic gene set scans has not been fully explored. Herein, we first outline a statistical strategy for aggregative rare‐variant analysis using component gene‐level linear kernel score test summary statistics as well as derive simple estimators of the effective number of tests for family‐wise error rate control. We then conduct extensive simulation studies to characterize the behavior of our approach relative to direct application of kernel and adaptive methods under a variety of conditions. We also apply our method to two case‐control studies, respectively, evaluating rare variation in hereditary prostate cancer and schizophrenia. Finally, we provide open‐source R code for public use to facilitate easy application of our methods to existing rare‐variant analysis results.
Poverty Profiles and Nutritional Outcomes of Using Spate Irrigation in Ethiopia
Authors: Hagos Fitsum , Mulugeta Afework , Erkossa Teklu , Langan Simon , Lefore Nicole , Abebe Yenenesh
Published: February 2017

Development partners and public investors assume that spate irrigation reduces household poverty and malnutrition. This article examines whether the poverty profiles of smallholder farmers and the nutritional outcomes of their children have improved as a result of using spate irrigation. The study areas were in two regional states in Ethiopia. Twenty‐five users each, both from traditional and modern spate irrigation schemes, and an equal number of non‐users responded to a structured questionnaire. Anthropometric measures of 122 children under five were measured using a hanging scale and stadiometer. The results indicated that all poverty indices were significantly lower for the spate irrigation users compared to non‐users, and were even lower for modern spate compared to traditional spate systems. Our results did not show gender differences, using sex of the household head as a crude measure of gender, in poverty profiles. Stochastic dominance tests showed that the poverty comparisons between users, traditional and modern, and non‐users are statistically robust. It can be concluded that the use of spate irrigation can significantly reduce poverty, and modernizing spate systems further increases its poverty‐reduction impact. However, anthropometric measures indicated that use of spate irrigation did not have significant nutritional effects, suggesting the need for nutrition‐sensitive interventions, such as nutrition education and awareness and multisectoral collaboration. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The integration of MRI in radiation therapy: collaboration of radiographers and radiation therapists
Authors: Rai Robba , Kumar Shivani , Batumalai Vikneswary , Elwadia Doaa , Ohanessian Lucy , Juresic Ewa , Cassapi Lynette , Vinod Shalini K. , Holloway Lois , Keall Paul J. , Liney Gary P.
Published: February 2017

The increased utilisation of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in radiation therapy (RT) has led to the implementation of MRI simulators for RT treatment planning and influenced the development of MRI‐guided treatment systems. There is extensive literature on the advantages of MRI for tumour volume and organ‐at‐risk delineation compared to computed tomography. MRI provides both anatomical and functional information for RT treatment planning (RTP) as well as quantitative information to assess tumour response for adaptive treatment. Despite many advantages of MRI in RT, introducing an MRI simulator into a RT department is a challenge. Collaboration between radiographers and radiation therapists is paramount in making the best use of this technology. The cross‐disciplinary training of radiographers and radiation therapists alike is an area rarely discussed; however, it is becoming an important requirement due to detailed imaging needs for advanced RT treatment techniques and with the emergence of hybrid treatment systems. This article will discuss the initial experiences of a radiation oncology department in implementing a dedicated MRI simulator for RTP, with a focus on the training required for both radiographer and RT staff. It will also address the future of MRI in RT and the implementation of MRI‐guided treatment systems, such as MRI‐Linacs, and the role of both radiation therapists and radiographers in this technology.
Experimental research of how the boundary layer lower the pipe drag reduction in transport of dense paste
Authors: Fuyan Lyu , Chunhui Ling , Hao Li , Xigao Liu , Jie Gao , Miao Wu
Published: February 2017

A thin boundary layer formed on inner‐pipe wall and brought out wall slip phenomenon when dense pastes were transported in pipe as plug flow. The boundary layer is called slip layer as well, which reduced frictional pressure loss, increased the conveying distance and saved energy consequently. In order to find out the relationship between the properties of boundary layer and the pressure loss, the design of the liquid injection equipment was detailed in this paper. The liquid (such as water, oil or polymer solution) is injected from the pump into the pipe downstream at comparatively small flowrates and formed a lubricating annulus adjacent on the pipe inner wall. By taking coal slime as an example, the test studied pressure loss result from the change of pipeline features and the thickness of boundary layer systematically. Results show that the pressure loss reduced exponentially with the increase of the boundary layer thickness, and the greater the diameter, the smaller the pressure loss. When the shear rate of the boundary layer was getting higher, the lubrication layer played more efficiency on the reduction of the shear stress. Furthermore, these results provide preview for our understanding of the fundamental processes of slime pipe flow and how such flows can be better modelled, optimised and controlled. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Correlation between precipitate microstructure and mechanical properties in AA7075‐T6 aluminum alloy friction stir welded joints
Authors: Farzadi A.
Published: February 2017

Microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of friction stir welded AA7075‐T6 aluminum alloy were examined. Grain structure and precipitate evolution in the stir zone and heat‐affected zone were evaluated using optical microscope and differential scanning calorimetry. A significant grain refinement and dissolution of η′ precipitates in the stir zone were found, but chromium‐bearing dispersoids remained nearly unchanged. The main particles in the stir zone and heat‐affected zone were η precipitates as well as Guinier‐Preston zones formed during post‐weld natural aging. The small recrystallized grains were observed in the thermo‐mechanically affected zone next to the stir zone. A W‐shaped hardness distribution where soft region was produced in the heat‐affected zone at a short distance from the stir zone were obtained. Hardness profiles of the welds were explained by precipitate distributions. Friction stir welding resulted in the reversion and coarsening of η′ precipitates. The formation of Guinier‐Preston zones in the stir zone and some parts of the heat‐affected zone during post‐weld natural aging increased the hardness. In transverse tensile specimens, fracture occurred in a location with the minimum hardness at either advancing or retreating side randomly. Further, influences of welding parameters on mechanical properties were investigated.
Tribological properties of ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) filled with copper micro‐powder
Authors: Ma Y. , Wang H. , Bhushan B. , Pei G. , Wang H. , Tong J. , Menon C.
Published: February 2017

This paper investigates the tribological properties of ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) filled with copper micro‐powder (CMP). The fabrication and testing procedures implemented to characterize strength and wear properties of the composite are discussed. The effect of copper micro‐powder concentration on tensile strength, elongation at break, impact resistance, coefficient of friction, and wear resistance of the composite is investigated. Results show that copper micro‐powder concentration of 1 wt% yields the optimal combination of wear resistance and tensile strength of the composite. A morphological analysis based on scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of the copper micro‐powder‐ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene specimens is also discussed. The presence of ridges and plaques on the specimens, analyzed after the sliding wear tests, is attributed to fatigue and adhesion mechanisms. Investigations performed by using an electron probe micro‐analyzer provide evidence that the detachment of copper micro‐powder particles from the matrix during sliding wear tests creates a lubricating layer that drastically decreases the coefficient of friction of the composite and improves its wear resistance properties.
An extended vascular model for less biased estimation of permeability parameters in DCE‐T1 images
Authors: Nejad‐Davarani Siamak P. , Bagher‐Ebadian Hassan , Ewing James R. , Noll Douglas C. , Mikkelsen Tom , Chopp Michael , Jiang Quan
Published: February 2017

One of the key elements in dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE) image analysis is the arterial input function (AIF). Traditionally, in DCE studies a global AIF sampled from a major artery or vein is used to estimate the vascular permeability parameters; however, not addressing dispersion and delay of the AIF at the tissue level can lead to biased estimates of these parameters. To find less biased estimates of vascular permeability parameters, a vascular model of the cerebral vascular system is proposed that considers effects of dispersion of the AIF in the vessel branches, as well as extravasation of the contrast agent (CA) to the extravascular‐extracellular space. Profiles of the CA concentration were simulated for different branching levels of the vascular structure, combined with the effects of vascular leakage. To estimate the permeability parameters, the extended model was applied to these simulated signals and also to DCE‐T1 (dynamic contrast enhanced T1) images of patients with glioblastoma multiforme tumors. The simulation study showed that, compared with the case of solving the pharmacokinetic equation with a global AIF, using the local AIF that is corrected by the vascular model can give less biased estimates of the permeability parameters (Ktrans, vp and Kb). Applying the extended model to signals sampled from different areas of the DCE‐T1 image showed that it is able to explain the CA concentration profile in both the normal areas and the tumor area, where effects of vascular leakage exist. Differences in the values of the permeability parameters estimated in these images using the local and global AIFs followed the same trend as the simulation study. These results demonstrate that the vascular model can be a useful tool for obtaining more accurate estimation of parameters in DCE studies.
Local energy‐ and momentum‐preserving schemes for Klein‐Gordon‐Schrödinger equations and convergence analysis
Authors: Cai Jiaxiang , Hong Jialin , Wang Yushun
Published: February 2017

In this article, we obtain local energy and momentum conservation laws for the Klein‐Gordon‐Schrödinger equations, which are independent of the boundary condition and more essential than the global conservation laws. Based on the rule that the numerical methods should preserve the intrinsic properties as much as possible, we propose local energy‐ and momentum‐preserving schemes for the equations. The merit of the proposed schemes is that the local energy/momentum conservation law is conserved exactly in any time‐space region. With suitable boundary conditions, the schemes will be charge‐ and energy‐/momentum‐preserving. Nonlinear analysis shows LEP schemes are unconditionally stable and the numerical solutions converge to the exact solutions with order . The theoretical properties are verified by numerical experiments. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 33: 1329–1351, 2017
Trusting other people
Authors: Holmberg Sören , Rothstein Bo
Published: February 2017

The importance of interpersonal social trust is difficult to exaggerate. It builds societies and lowers most kinds of transaction costs. The normative ideal in a society is to have high levels of social trust and a minimum of differences in trust between social, economic, and political groups. These normative expectations are put to a test using World Value Survey data from some 80 different countries. If one had high hopes, the outcome is somewhat of a disappointment. The level of social trust is only on a reasonable level in a very limited number of countries—in the Nordic countries, in the Netherlands, in Switzerland,Australia, and New Zealand. In most other countries, the majority of citizens do not trust their fellow man. Furthermore, except for gender and age differences in social trust, which tend to be minor in most countries, there are rather clear (and normatively unwanted) group differences in social trust in many countries, and especially so in established democracies. Citizens with university degrees, in good health, and gainfully employed do trust other people much more than citizens with low education, in poor health, and out of work. Less fortunate and less privileged people across the world tend to have lower levels of interpersonal trust. That is not good for them, and it is not good for society.
INTRODUCTION TO SPECIAL ISSUE: APPLIED BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS IN SCHOOLS FOR BEHAVIORAL REFERRAL CONCERNS
Authors: Zoder‐Martell Kimberly A. , Dieringer Shannon Titus , Dufrene Brad A.
Published: February 2017

The principles of applied behavior analysis (ABA) can be used in school settings for assessment, behavioral interventions, and consultation. The purpose of this special issue is to highlight the application of ABA in schools for behavior referral concerns. This introduction provides a brief overview of the role of ABA in schools and highlights the author contributions to the special issue.
THE CURRENT STATUS OF INDIRECT FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT INSTRUMENTS
Authors: Dufrene Brad A. , Kazmerski Jennifer S. , Labrot Zachary
Published: February 2017

The Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act requires that functional behavior assessments be conducted under certain circumstances for students with disabilities. Functional assessments may include indirect assessments (e.g., rating scales, interviews), direct‐descriptive assessments (e.g., direct observations with conditional probabilities), and/or experimental functional analyses. Despite being legally required in schools, and consequently commonly conducted, there is limited research establishing the technical adequacy of indirect functional assessment instruments. This review provides an update on the availability and status of indirect functional assessment instruments available for school‐based use. Results of the review are consistent with previous reviews identifying deficiencies in existing instruments. In particular, indirect functional assessment instruments for school‐based use lack sufficient evidence for temporal stability, internal consistency, inter‐rater reliability, treatment utility, and social validity. Results of this review are discussed in terms of directions for future research and implications for applied practice as they relate to school‐based functional assessments.
Dynamic probing of plasma‐catalytic surface processes: Oxidation of toluene on CeO2
Authors: Jia Zixian , Wang Xianjie , Thevenet Frederic , Rousseau Antoine
Published: February 2017

This article reports the use of innovative diagnostics to monitor toluene adsorption and oxidation on CeO2 surface under non‐thermal plasma (NTP) exposure. Two plasma‐catalytic configurations are explored, namely: post‐plasma catalysis (PPC) and in‐plasma catalysis (IPC). Since heterogeneous processes are pointed out as key steps of the plasma‐catalyst coupling, the catalyst surface has been monitored by two complementary in situ diagnostics: (i) diffuse reflectance infrared fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) and (ii) transmission fourier transform infrared spectroscopy using Sorbent track (ST) device. Dielectric barrier discharges (DBD) are used in both PPC and IPC configurations to induce adsorbed toluene oxidation. Toluene in dry air is first adsorbed on the selected catalytic surface: ceria (CeO2). Subsequently, the plasma is switched on. During the experiment, the ceria surface is monitored by infrared to study toluene adsorption and oxidation mechanisms. The adsorption capacity of toluene on ceria is, respectively, measured in the configurations of PPC and IPC by DRIFTS and ST. The oxidation of toluene by plasma follows a first‐order reaction regardless of plasma configuration and injected power and IPC is more effective for the toluene removal than PPC. Intermediates of toluene (benzyl alcohol, benzaldehyde and benzoic acid) are also identified on the surface and their respective temporal evolutions as a function of the plasma exposure are studied.
Dynamics of non‐equilibrium charge carriers in p‐germanium doped by gallium
Authors: Deßmann Nils , Pavlov S. G. , Tsyplenkov V. V. , Orlova E. E. , Pohl A. , Shastin V. N. , Zhukavin R. Kh. , Winnerl S. , Mittendorff M. , Klopf J. M. , Abrosimov N. V. , Schneider H. , Hübers H.‐W.
Published: February 2017

The low‐temperature capture processes of non‐equilibrium holes into gallium acceptors in moderately doped p‐germanium (NA ≈ 2 × 1015 cm−3) has been investigated by a single‐color pump–probe experiment using the free electron laser FELBE. The capture time decreases with increasing average photon flux density of the excitation pulse from about 10.9 ns (at ∼1.2 × 1024 cm−2 s−1) to ∼1.2 ns (∼2 × 1026 cm−2 s−1). Relaxation inside the valence band is almost independent on pump light intensity and its characteristic time is about 200 ps. In Addition, the intracenter relaxation times of the lowest excited Ga states were measured. The lifetimes scale with the phonon density of states controlling the bound hole − acoustic phonon interaction. The lifetime of the lowest excited state, , was measured to be ∼275 ps; while the lifetimes of the higher excited states, and , were found to be ∼160 ps.
Effect of ZnO twin grain boundary on Zn vacancies induced d0 ferromagnetism: First‐principles calculations
Authors: Wu Jingjing , Tang Xin , Long Fei , Tang Biyu
Published: February 2017

First‐principles calculation, based on density functional theory, is applied to study the electronic and magnetic properties of Zn vacancies in ZnO Σ7 (120) twin grain boundary with fivefold coordination sites. The fivefold coordination can facilitate the formation and aggregation of Zn vacancies. The O atoms around Zn vacancies are responsible for the ferromagnetic state, which has an obvious character of d0 ferromagnetism. Meanwhile, the twin grain boundaries have a two‐dimensional periodic structure, and periodical fivefold coordination sites are available, which favors the realization of the macroscopic ferromagnetic ordering. The result also gives us a new thinking to understand d0 ferromagnetism in undoped ZnO.
Topological spin Hall effect in antiferromagnetic skyrmions
Authors: Buhl Patrick M. , Freimuth Frank , Blügel Stefan , Mokrousov Yuriy
Published: February 2017

The topological Hall effect (THE), as one of the primary manifestations of non‐trivial topology of chiral skyrmions, is traditionally used to detect the emergence of skyrmion lattices with locally ferromagnetic order. In this work we demonstrate that the appearance of non‐trivial two‐dimensional chiral textures with locally anti‐ferromagnetic order can be detected through the spin version of the THE – the topological spin Hall effect (TSHE). Utilizing the semiclassical formalism, here used to combine chiral antiferromagnetic textures with a density functional theory description of the collinear, degenerate electronic structure, we follow the real‐space real‐time evolution of electronic SU(2) wavepackets in an external electric field to demonstrate the emergence of sizeable transverse pure spin current in synthetic antiferromagnets of the Fe/Cu/Fe trilayer type. We further unravel the extreme sensitivity of the TSHE to the details of the electronic structure, suggesting that the magnitude and sign of the TSHE in transition‐metal synthetic antiferromagnets can be engineered by tuning such parameters as the thickness or band filling. Besides being an important step in our understanding of the topological properties of ever more complex skyrmionic systems, our results bear great potential in stimulating the discovery of antiferromagnetic skyrmions.
Enhanced adsorption performance of the graphene oxide with metallic ion impurities by elution
Authors: Peng Weijun , Hu Yu , Wang Chenger , Li Hongqiang , Liu Yanyan , Song Shaoxian
Published: February 2017

The graphene oxides (GOs) with various content of metallic ions impurities were prepared, and the adsorption performance of the GO before and after elution was evaluated. The prepared GOs were characterized by X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma and atomic force microscopy. The results indicated that the metallic ion impurities hardly affected the interlayer distance, microstructure and thickness of the prepared GOs. The adsorption isotherm and adsorption kinetic results showed that the metallic ions adsorbed on the GO surface had a negative influence on both the adsorption capacity and rate. After eluted by HNO3 or HCl, most of the metallic ions adsorbed on the GO‐91 surface were ion‐exchanged by the protons of the acid eluents, and the purified GO showed enhanced equilibrium capacities and improved adsorption rate. The elution efficiency of HCl was better than that of HNO3, and the adsorption capacity and rate of the GO eluted by HCl approximately reached to those of the GO prepared from the graphite with high purity. It indicated that HCl could efficiently remove the metallic ions adsorbed on the GO surface. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cover Image, Volume 6, Issue 2
Authors: Bartfeld Sina , Koo Bon‐Kyoung
Published: February 2017

The front cover image, by Sina Bartfeld and Bon‐Kyoung Koo, is based on the Focus Article Adult gastric stem cells and their niches, DOI: 10.1002/wdev.261.

image
Discovering the material palette of the artist: a p‐XRF stratigraphic study of the Giotto panel ‘God the Father with Angels’
Authors: Galli A. , Caccia M. , Alberti R. , Bonizzoni L. , Aresi N. , Frizzi T. , Bombelli L. , Gironda M. , Martini M.
Published: February 2017

Elemental analysis, and in particular stratigraphic distribution of elements themselves, is a fundamental method to address the composition of materials, but its nature, often invasive, crashes with the necessity of avoiding artefacts' damage when dealing with Cultural Heritage objects. In fact, when work of art are involved, sampling is often forbidden, and transferring an artistic artefact to equipped laboratories is a not negligible issue. The skill to employ in situ non‐destructive and non‐invasive analytical method is essential. In this scenario, portable X‐ray fluorescence (p‐XRF) has become one of the most employed techniques due to the development of adaptable and open architecture instruments. In this paper, we show a new data analysis protocol and its application to XRF data acquired from a work by Giotto never studied before: ‘God the Father with Angels’ (ca. 1330, San Diego Museum of Art). The measurements have been performed in situ during the closing time of the exhibition ‘Giotto, l'Italia’ (Milano Palazzo Reale – 2 September 2015/10 January 2016). Combining the effectiveness of scanning p‐XRF with the responsive of image spectroscopic analysis, we move step by step toward the discovery of Giotto's palette for the flesh tones in God the Father with Angels; our method allows to argue the stratigraphy of the painting without complementary measurements and, at the same time, provides a sequential and smart representation of complex data. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Contingent self‐worth moderates the relationship between school stressors and psychological stress responses
Authors: Ishizu Kenichiro
Published: February 2017

This study examined the moderating role of contingent self‐worth on the relationships between school stressors and psychological stress responses among Japanese adolescents. A total of 371 Japanese junior high school students (184 boys and 187 girls, Mage = 12.79 years, SD = 0.71) completed the Japanese version of the Self‐Worth Contingency Questionnaire and a mental health checklist at two points separated by a two‐month interval. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were then used to determine whether contingent self‐worth moderated the relationship between school stressors and psychological stress responses. The results indicated that, when psychological stress responses were controlled for at Time 1, contingent self‐worth did not predict the psychological stress responses at Time 2. However, a two‐way interaction between contingent self‐worth and stressors was found to significantly influence psychological stress responses, thus indicating that stressors had a stronger impact on psychological stress responses among those with high contingent self‐worth compared to those with low contingent self‐worth.
Exact controllability for semilinear wave equations in one space dimension
Authors: Zuazua E.
Published: February 2017

The exact controllability of the semilinear wave equation

y″ – y_{xx} + f(y) = h

in one space dimension with Dirichlet boundary conditions is studied. We prove that if

|f(s)|/|s |\mathrm{log}^2 |s| → 0

as

|s| → ∞

, then the exact controllability holds in

\mathrm{H}_{0}^{1}(\mathrm{\Omega }) \times \mathrm{L}^{2}(\mathrm{\Omega })

with controls

h \in \mathrm{L}^2(Ω × (0, T))

supported in any open and non empty subset of

Ω

. The exact controllability time is that of the linear case where

f = 0

. Our method of proof is based on HUM (Hilbert Uniqueness Method) and on a fixed point technique. We also show that this result is almost optimal by proving that if

f

behaves like

– s \mathrm{log}^p(1 + |s|)

with

p> 2

as

|s| → ∞

, then the system is not exactly controllable. This is due to blow-up phenomena. The method of proof is rather general and applied also to the wave equation with Neumann type boundary conditions.

On démontre la contrôlabilité exacte de l’équation des ondes semi-linéaire à une dimension d’espace pour des nonlinéarités

f

que satisfont

|s|/|s| \mathrm{log}^2 |s| → 0

lorsque

|s| → ∞

. La méthode de démonstration combine HUM et une technique de point fixe. En utilisant des arguments d’explosion on démontre que la condition de croissance imposée à la nonlinéarité est presque optimale.
The Cauchy problem for a nonlinear Wheeler–DeWitt equation
Authors: Dias J.-P. , Figueira M.
Published: February 2017

In this paper we consider a nonlinear version of the simplified Wheeler–DeWitt equation which describes the minisuperspace model for the wave function

ψ

of a closed universe (cf. [3], [2], [1]). Following [1], where the linear case has been solved, we study this equation as an evolution equation in the scalar field

y \in \mathbf R

with a scale factor

x\in ]0, R[

. We solve the Cauchy problem for the initial data

ψ(x, 0)

and

\frac{\mathrm{∂}\mathrm{\psi }}{\mathrm{∂}y}(x,0)

and we study some decay properties and blow-up situations. A particular nonlinear version has been proposed in [6].

Dans cet article nous considérons une version non linéaire de l’équation de Wheeler-DeWitt simplifiée qui décrit le modèle de mini-superespace pour la fonction d’onde ψ d’un univers fermé (cf. [3], [2], [1]). Dans l’esprit de [1], où nous avons résolu le cas linéaire, nous étudions cette équation comme une équation d’évolution dans le champ scalaire

y \in \mathbf R

avec le facteur d’échelle

x\in ]0, R[

. Nous résolvons le problème de Cauchy pour des données initiales

ψ(x, 0)

et

\frac{\mathrm{∂}\mathrm{\psi }}{\mathrm{∂}y}(x,0)

et nous étudions des propriétés de décroissance à l’infini et des situations d’explosion de la solution. Une version non linéaire particulière a été proposée dans [6].
Das hinkende Kind
Authors: Bachmann Holzinger Iris Irene , Höhn Tobias
Published: February 2017

Zusammenfassung. Hinken ist ein häufiger Vorstellungsgrund in der pädiatrischen Praxis und stellt wegen der vielfältigen Differenzialdiagnosen, der teilweise schwierigen Anamnese und den möglicherweise sehr unspezifischen klinischen Befunden eine diagnostische Herausforderung dar. Die Kunst besteht darin, bei häufigen und selbstlimitierenden, harmlosen Krankheitsbildern (z.B. Coxitis fugax, Myositis) die diagnostischen Untersuchungen zurückhaltend einzusetzen und gleichzeitig potenziell schwerwiegende Ursachen (z.B. septische Arthritis, Epiphysiolysis capitis femoris) nicht zu verpassen. Eine sorgfältige Anamnese und körperliche Untersuchung grenzen die umfangreiche Liste der Differenzialdiagnosen entscheidend ein und helfen bei der Wahl allenfalls nötiger Zusatzuntersuchungen wie Bluttest oder bildgebender Verfahren.
Zahnunfälle bei Kindern und das Verhalten am Unfallort
Authors: Filippi Andreas
Published: February 2017

Zusammenfassung. Etwa jedes zweite europäische Kind erleidet heute einen Zahnunfall. Die Verletzungen reichen von einfachen oder komplexeren Zahnfrakturen über diverse Arten von Dislokationsverletzungen bis hin zu Avulsionen. Während im Milchgebiss maximal ein temporärer Zahnerhalt bis zum physiologischen Zahnwechsel angestrebt wird, fehlen nach schweren Zahnverletzungen oder unfallbedingten Zahnverlusten die entsprechenden Behandlungsmöglichkeiten, die erst Erwachsenen zur Verfügung stehen. Grund ist das noch nicht abgeschlossene Kieferwachstum mit eventuellem Durchbruch weiterer bleibender Zähne, was einen Zahnersatz mit Brücken oder gar Implantaten verbietet. Daher sind richtiges Verhalten unmittelbar nach einem Zahnunfall und eine professionelle zahnärztliche Erstbehandlung essenziell für die Prognose nach einem Zahntrauma.
Personality and Memory Conformity
Authors: Doughty Nicole , Paterson Helen M. , MacCann Carolyn , Monds Lauren A.
Published: February 2017

Abstract. When an individual’s memory for an event is altered by post-event information (PEI) provided by a co-witness, this is known as memory conformity ( Wright, Self, & Justice, 2000 ). The aim of this study was to investigate whether personality characteristics are associated with memory conformity. Ninety-nine participants viewed a crime film and then completed the Ten-Item Personality Questionnaire (TIPI; Gosling, Rentfrow, & Swann, 2003 ), a measure of extraversion, openness, agreeableness, neuroticism, and conscientiousness. Participants then discussed the film with a co-witness who contributed 12 items of post-event information (6 correct, 6 incorrect). Finally, participants completed a film recall questionnaire individually. Significant correlations between personality and memory conformity were found, with decreased openness, extraversion, and neuroticism related to increased reporting of post-event misinformation, increased agreeableness related to increased reporting of accurate post-event information, and decreased conscientiousness and neuroticism related to increased fabrications. These findings suggest that some individuals may be more susceptible to accepting misinformation and reporting errors than others.
The Effects of Age on the Interplay Between News Exposure, Political	Discussion, and Political Knowledge
Authors: Trepte Sabine , Schmitt Josephine B.
Published: February 2017

Abstract. Using the theory of fluid-crystallized intelligence, we argue that with growing age, political discussion becomes less important as a complement to news exposure in political knowledge building. We applied moderated mediation analyses to the survey data of N = 69,125 German respondents. The data supported the hypothesis that news exposure influences political discussion, which in turn leverages political knowledge. As expected, we showed that news exposure is more strongly associated with political discussion for younger age groups. The results are discussed with regard to how to integrate a psychological lifespan perspective into further research on knowledge acquisition.
Why Does Digit Ratio Research Fail to Give Any Implication Regarding	the Organizational Effect of Prenatal Androgen?
Authors: Au Yeung Larry , Tse Wai S.
Published: February 2017

Abstract. The digit ratio is a putative biomarker for evaluating the organizational effects of prenatal testosterone. This evaluation was performed by relating postnatal traits to digit ratio. We examined the relationship among digit ratio, depression, and positive/negative affect. A total of 335 university students who completed a set of questionnaires had both of their hands scanned, and the digit ratios were measured using a computer program. All the studied variables were insignificantly related to the right-hand digit ratio. The variables remained insignificant even when the data for males and females were analyzed separately. Furthermore, a meta-analysis, including a previous study combined with current data, showed no association between digit ratio and depression, although the current sample size of 355 could detect r = 0.2 at α = 0.05, and β = 0.2. The lack of association between digit ratio and depression was common, and the present results corroborated those of previous studies, which showed no association between digit ratio and depression. This nil result would be least likely attributable to an inadequate sample size, considering that the current sample size of 335 allowed the detection of r = 0.2 at α = 0.05 and β = 0.2, nor idiosyncratic results, given that the meta-analysis with previous relevant studies also concluded the same results. We extensively reviewed the relevant literature and evaluated the use of digit ratio as a biomarker for prenatal testosterone exposure in seven different perspectives. Nearly all the analysis showed the problems of using digit ratio as a biomarker for evaluating the organizational effect of prenatal hormones.