bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The tidal flux in the Firth of Forth
Authors: Elliott A. J. , Neill S. P.
Published: March 2007

The tidal flow into an estuary controls the export of pollutants and determines the net flux and redistribution of sediments. To make an assessment of the accuracy of model simulations, a ship-mounted acoustic Doppler current profiler was used to measure the flow into the Firth of Forth near the Edinburgh road bridge during neap and spring tide conditions. A pressure gauge was used to record the tidal elevation and concurrent meteorological data were obtained from local weather sensors. The maximum tidal flux into the estuary during spring tides reached 30 000 m3/s. The observations were simulated using nested versions of the DIVAST depth-averaged tidal model. Good agreement was obtained between the observed and simulated tidal elevations, and also in the magnitude of the computed tidal fluxes. There were, however, sometimes large instantaneous differences between the observed and computed fluxes. An analysis of low-pass sea-level data, atmospheric pressure and wind forcing, suggests that the errors in the flux estimates were due to meteorologically induced shifts in the phase of the tide at the open boundary of the model. Such shifts limit the accuracy that can be obtained by a tidally forced model when the impact of meteorological forcing is not included at the open boundary.
Cliff recession and behaviour studies, Hunstanton, UK
Authors: Drake A. R. , Phipps P. J.
Published: March 2007

This paper presents the recent case study of cliff recession at Hunstanton, North Norfolk. The cliffs at Hunstanton are composite weak rock cliffs which have retreated by up to 30 m since 1885 in a series of failures of varying size and nature. The paper describes a programme of cliff monitoring and analyses the findings in the context of the available historical data. The geological control over the failure mechanisms, erosion cycle, and hence failure return period is investigated and discussed. Based on observations made, the cliffs have been mapped according to cliff behaviour characteristics, each cliff behaviour unit comprising a recession rate class and a failure type class. In this way the behaviour of the cliffs can be described semi-qualitatively, based on real recession data and the nature and extent of failures. The boundaries between units are seen to traverse the cliffs with time, reflecting the transient nature of the cliffs' response to erosion. The case study demonstrates the importance of high-resolution spatial data in understanding the mechanisms involved in the cliff erosion cycle. The detailed monitoring data collected have enabled a transition from macro-scale predictions of future recession rates for the entire cliff section towards real hazard-related predictions based on failure size and return period at specific localities such as vulnerable structures. The benefits of this approach to coastal managers and planners are illustrated through discussion of remedial options and the anticipated impact of those remedial options on the cliff behaviour.
Subgingival Chlorhexidine Varnish Administration as an Adjunct to Same‐Day Full‐Mouth Root Planing. I. Clinical Observations
Authors: Cosyn Jan , Wyn Iris , De Rouck Tim , Sabzevar Mehran Moradi
Published: March 2007

Background: Chemo‐mechanical treatment concepts have been developed to improve the outcome of non‐surgical periodontal therapy. Recently, the clinical additive value of a supersaturated chlorhexidine varnish was shown when used as an adjunct to staged scaling and root planing. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical effects of a treatment strategy for chronic periodontitis based on a combination of same‐day full‐mouth root planing and subgingival chlorhexidine varnish administration.

Methods: A randomized, controlled, single‐blind, parallel trial was conducted on 33 non‐smoking chronic periodontitis patients. The control group received oral hygiene instructions and same‐day full‐mouth root planing. The test group received the same instructions and treatment; however, all pockets were disinfected using a chlorhexidine varnish. Clinical response parameters were recorded at baseline and after 1, 3, and 6 months.

Results: Both groups showed significant reductions in probing depth following therapy (P <0.001). There was no significant difference in full‐mouth probing depth between the groups at any examination point. However, when a site‐specific comparison was made, additive effects were found in the test group; an extra pocket reduction of 0.93 mm (P = 0.044) for initially deep pockets (≥7 mm) was found at study termination. Additive clinical attachment gains seemed to be temporary. Impermanent extra pocket reductions and clinical attachment gains were found for initially medium‐deep pockets (4 to 6 mm).

Conclusion: The outcome of same‐day full‐mouth root planing may benefit from the subgingival administration of a highly concentrated chlorhexidine varnish, at least in terms of pocket reduction in initially deep sites (≥7 mm).
A Training Program to Improve the Ability of Periodontal Residents to Estimate Patients' Pain Experience
Authors: Kim Yoon Jeong , Lundgren Tord , Abboud Carlos , Gallez Fabrice , Park Hyoung Jin , Bogle Gary , Egelberg Jan
Published: March 2007

Background: The purpose of this study was to determine whether periodontal residents could enhance their ability to assess the pain levels experienced by their patients from probing, using visual analog scale (VAS) to record pain. We hypothesized that with increasing experience by repeated comparisons of the patients' VAS pain ratings with independent ratings by the residents, they would improve their ability to assess their patients' pain experiences.

Methods: For each of three periodontal residents, 40 consecutive patients with periodontal disease were asked to express the degree of pain they experienced during the probing. Independently, the residents rated the pain levels they perceived that the patients experienced. Subsequently, the residents compared the two VAS ratings and discussed differences in ratings with the patients. Descriptive statistics and intraclass correlation coefficients were used to analyze the findings.

Results: Differences between patients' and residents' VAS scores gradually became smaller over time for two of the residents. Results for the third resident were less compelling.

Conclusions: This study indicated that the training program improved the residents' ability to estimate the pain experiences of their patients, at least for two of the three participating residents. This training program, using periodontal probing as a model, could serve as an educational tool for students and practitioners who want to improve their sensitivity to their patients' pain experiences.
Effect of Long‐Term Oral Bisphosphonates on Implant Wound Healing: Literature Review and a Case Report
Authors: Wang Hom‐Lay , Weber Daniel , McCauley Laurie K.
Published: March 2007

Background:Bisphosphonates suppress osteoclast activity, and their intravenous use has been reported in hundreds of cases to be associated with osteonecrosis in the jaw. Little is known of the risks associated with long‐term use of oral bisphosphonates despite their use for >10 years by an oral mode of delivery for the treatment of osteopenia, osteoporosis, and Paget's disease of bone. The purpose of this report is to review the literature associated with bisphosphonate use that could impact bone healing and to report a case of bone necrosis in a patient on long‐term oral bisphosphonates.

Methods:A Medline search was carried out to find relevant articles from both medical and dental literature between 1960 and 2006. A patient, who had been taking an oral bisphosphonate for >10 years, developed unexplained clinical signs of bone necrosis after routine dental implant placement. This case was followed, documented, and the treatment of the osteonecrosis described.

Results:A summary of how bisphosphonates may play a role in wound healing is presented. The compromised healing noted in a patient, who was under long‐term oral bisphosphonate use, was successfully treated with systemic antibiotics, local microbial mouthrinse, and aggressive defect management (detoxification and mixture of bone graft and tetracycline).

Conclusions:This case suggests that patients under long‐term oral bisphosphonate use should be treated with caution. Well‐controlled, prospective clinical trials on the effect of oral bisphosphonates on bone are warranted to determine which patients may be at risk for such complications.
Association of Interleukin‐10 Gene Polymorphisms With Severe Generalized Chronic Periodontitis
Authors: Sumer A. Pinar , Kara Nurten , Keles Gonca Cayir , Gunes Sezgin , Koprulu Hulya , Bagci Hasan
Published: March 2007

Background: Interleukin‐10 (IL‐10), an anti‐inflammatory cytokine, plays a role in periodontal disease by inhibiting synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines and stimulating protective antibody production. Genetic polymorphisms in the IL‐10 gene might be useful as a marker to diagnose susceptibility to periodontitis. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the association between IL‐10 gene polymorphisms and severe generalized chronic periodontitis (CP) in a Turkish population.

Methods: Samples of venous blood and DNA were obtained from 75 patients with severe generalized CP and 73 healthy subjects. The IL‐10 promoter sequences at positions −597 and −824 were amplified by polymerase chain reaction, and polymorphisms were detected by restriction enzyme cleavage. Genotype and allele frequencies were calculated, and data were analyzed using the χ2 test.

Results: There was a statistically significant difference in frequencies of genotypes (AA/CC + CA: P = 0.00007, odds ratio = 12.37, 95% confidence intervals = 2.74 to 7.77; CC/CA + AA: P = 0.001, odds ratio = 3.05, 95% confidence intervals = 1.47 to 6.33) and alleles (P = 0.0002, odds ratio = 2.61, 95% confidence intervals = 1.52 to 4.51) at position −597 C to A between patients with severe generalized CP and healthy controls, whereas there was no significant difference in genotypes and allele frequencies at position −824 C to T between patients with CP and healthy subjects.

Conclusion: Within the limitations of sample selection and number, the IL‐10 gene polymorphism at position −597 seems to be associated with severe generalized CP.
Arthrodesis of the Knee with a Long Intramedullary Nail Following the Failure of a Total Knee Arthroplasty as the Result of Infection
Authors: Bargiotas Konstantinos , Wohlrab David , Sewecke Jeffrey J. , Lavinge Gregory , DeMeo Patrick J. , Sotereanos Nicholas G.
Published: March 2007

BACKGROUND:

Knee arthrodesis can be an effective treatment option for relieving pain and restoring some function after the failure of a total knee arthroplasty as the result of infection. The purpose of the present study was to review the outcome of a staged approach for arthrodesis of the knee with a long intramedullary nail after the failure of a total knee arthroplasty as the result of infection.

METHODS:

We reviewed the results for twelve patients who underwent knee arthrodesis after the removal of a prosthesis because of infection. The study group included seven women and five men who had an average age of sixty-eight years at the time of the arthrodesis. All patients were managed with a staged protocol. Implant removal, débridement, and insertion of antibiotic cement spacers was followed by the administration of systemic antibiotics. Provided that clinical and laboratory data suggested eradication of the infection, arthrodesis of the affected knee with use of a long intramedullary nail was carried out. Clinical and laboratory evaluation and radiographic analysis were performed after an average duration of follow-up of 4.1 years.

RESULTS:

Solid union was achieved in ten of the twelve knees. The average time to union was 5.5 months. One patient had an above-the-knee amputation because of recurrence of infection. In another patient, nail breakage occurred three years following implantation. The average limb-length discrepancy was 5.5 cm. The mean Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) score improved from 41 to 64 points. None of the seven patients who underwent arthrodesis with a technique involving convex-to-concave reamers had a complication, and the average time to union for these seven patients was shorter than that for the remaining five patients (4.3 compared with 7.4 months).

CONCLUSIONS:

We believe that obtaining large surfaces of bleeding contact bone during arthrodesis following staged treatment of an infection at the site of a failed total knee arthroplasty contributes to stability and enhances bone-healing. Staged arthrodesis with use of a long intramedullary nail and convex-to-concave preparation of bone ends provided a painless functional gait with low complication and reoperation rates in this challenging group of patients.
Comparison of the Vastus-Splitting and Median Parapatellar Approaches for Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Prospective, Randomized Study
Authors: Kelly Matthew J. , Rumi Mustasim N. , Kothari Milind , Parentis Michael A. , Bailey Katrina J. , Parrish William M. , Pellegrini Vincent D.
Published: March 2007

BACKGROUND:

A vastus-splitting approach for total knee arthroplasty has been advocated to preserve function of the extensor mechanism and to decrease the prevalence of lateral release. Critics have claimed that there is greater blood loss and compromised exposure in large patients who are managed with this approach. The purpose of the present study was to compare vastus-splitting and median parapatellar approaches for primary total knee arthroplasty.

METHODS:

Forty-two consecutive patients (fifty-one knees) undergoing primary total knee arthroplasty were randomized to treatment with a median parapatellar or vastus-splitting approach. The interval of the vastus muscle split was marked with radiopaque vascular clips. Surgical data, functional parameters, and preoperative and postoperative electromyograms were assessed.

RESULTS:

Early (six-month) and intermediateterm (five-year) follow-up showed no differences in functional parameters, tourniquet time, or the frequency of patellar resurfacing. Significantly more lateral releases (p < 0.01) and greater blood loss (p = 0.03) occurred in the median parapatellar group. Nine (43%) of twenty-one knees in the vastus-splitting group had abnormal electromyographic findings at six months postoperatively, whereas all patients in the median parapatellar group had normal findings. Seven knees with abnormal electromyographic findings at six months had normal findings when restudied at five years; in each of these knees, the vastus split had been developed bluntly. The other two knees with abnormal findings at six months had had sharp dissection for the muscle split. Both of these knees had chronic changes, one with changes indicative of reinnervation and the other with ongoing denervation, but neither demonstrated functional compromise.

CONCLUSIONS:

The vastus-splitting approach offers a viable alternative to the median parapatellar approach for primary total knee arthroplasty that reduces the need for lateral retinacular release without impairment of quadriceps function. Electromyographic abnormalities in the quadriceps muscle have no functional consequence and most likely represent reversible neurapraxic injury that may be avoided by blunt dissection in the vastus medialis muscle.
Mercury Distribution in Medium‐Size Rivers and Reservoirs of the São Paulo State (Southeast Brazil)
Authors: Tomazelli Andréa Cristina , Martinelli Luiz Antonio , Krug Francisco José , Santos Dario , Ruffini Iolanda , Barbosa de Camargo Plínio , Horvat Milena
Published: March 2007

The aim of this work was to investigate mercury (Hg) levels in six meso‐scale watersheds (Upper Paranapanema, Aguapeí, Peixe, São José dos Dourados, Mogi‐Guaçu, and Piracicaba) of the São Paulo state to contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of Hg contamination in Brazil. Water, sediment, bivalves, and fish samples were collected during 2001 at 11 sites. Fish were also collected in the Jurumirim and Salto Grande Reservoirs which are 39 and 52 yr old since impoundment, respectively. Results showed that Hg concentrations were low in almost all samples, except fish from Jurumirim Reservoir (total mercury [T‐Hg] = 1.14 ± 0.55 mg kg−1 wet wt.). In spite of industrialization and high population, the results showed that there was no important source of Hg contamination in the investigated areas. The higher concentrations found in fish from Jurumirim seem to be the result of processes that favor Hg mobilization and methylation as a consequence of the impoundment of the reservoir area. The same levels were not observed in the Salto Grande Reservoir, probably because these are no longer significant due to the long time since the impoundment. To understand the dynamics of methylmercury (MeHg) production and its accumulation in fish, further studies are needed in the Jurumirim Reservoir. The results show that even at low T‐Hg concentrations in sediment and water, concentrations in fish can reach values that pose concerns for consumption. This emphasizes the importance of designing an optimized biomonitoring program that can provide warning of biogeochemical conditions that promote formation of MeHg.
A Review of Environmental Factors Affecting Elk Winter Diets
Authors: CHRISTIANSON DAVID A. , CREEL SCOTT
Published: March 2007

Abstract: Decades of research have produced substantial data on elk (Cervus elaphus) diets in winter, when foraging conditions are most likely to affect population dynamics. Using data from 72 studies conducted in western North America between 1938 and 2002, we collated data on elk diets and environmental variables. We used these data to quantify diet selection by elk and to test whether variation in elk diets is associated with habitat type, winter severity, period of winter, human hunting, and study method. Graminoids (grasses and grass‐like plants such as sedges) dominated elk diets and consistently occurred at a higher proportion in the diet than in elk foraging habitats, indicating preference. Forbs commonly made up ≤5% of the diet, with no evidence for preference; we conclude that forb use is largely incidental to grazing for graminoids. Browse was consumed in proportion to its availability, implying that the amount of browse in the diet was primarily determined by habitat use rather than selection. Comparing the diets of elk and sympatric ruminants, elk consistently selected graminoids more strongly than sympatric ruminants with the exception of bison (Bison bison), suggesting that elk are not environmentally forced to adopt the graminoid‐biased diet that they normally select. The proportion of open meadows and grasslands on winter ranges was strongly and positively associated with graminoid consumption by elk. The proportion of graminoids in the diet was significantly lower in elk experiencing severe winter conditions or predation risk from human hunting. The period of winter (early, middle, and late) had only small effects on elk diets, as did the method by which the diet was determined. Overall, variation in elk diets is well‐explained by a consistent tendency to select graminoids if available, modified by winter habitat type, predation risk, and winter severity, which can constrain habitat selection and access to grazing opportunities. To fully understand variation in foraging behavior, biologists should recognize these broad patterns when interpreting resource selection data. Managers should recognize that inconspicuous behavioral responses to environmental stimuli can alter the diet in ways that probably carry nutritional consequences.
Vaccination during Pregnancy
Authors: Munoz Flor M
Published: March 2007

Pregnant women and their newborns are susceptible to infectious diseases. Healthcare providers must have the knowledge to provide advice and to support the use of immunizations for women who wish to ensure a healthy pregnancy. Several vaccines are now available for adolescents and women of childbearing age. Vaccination during pregnancy has the potential to provide protection to both mother and infant. Influenza and tetanus/diphtheria vaccines are routinely recommended for pregnant women. Other vaccines are available for women at risk for infection due to exposure, underlying medical conditions or travel. Live vaccines are contraindicated during pregnancy. Vaccines are underutilized in pregnancy due to safety, practical and liability barriers. To address physicians and patients’ concerns, research is ongoing to further support vaccination during pregnancy as an efficient, safe and effective strategy with significant potential to improve the health of women and their infants worldwide.
Influence of borderline hip dysplasia on joint kinematics of clinically sound Belgian Shepherd dogs
Authors: Bockstahler Barbara A. , Henninger Wolfgang , Müller Marion , Mayrhofer Elisabeth , Peham Christian , Podbregar Iztok
Published: March 2007

Objective—To detect changes in joint kinematics of clinically sound dogs with or without radiographically detectable borderline hip dysplasia (HD).

Animals—20 Belgian Shepherd Dogs (Malinois; mean ± SD age, 2.75 ± 1.32 years) with no clinical signs of HD.

Procedures—Kinematic gait analysis was performed in Malinois walking on a treadmill. On the basis of results of radiographic examination for HD and in accordance with guidelines established by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale, dogs were assigned to group 1 (no radiographic signs of HD; 8 dogs) or group 2 (borderline HD; 12 dogs). Ground reaction forces and weight distribution among limbs and differences between groups were evaluated. Maximal sagittal angle during the stance and swing phases, the time at which they were detected, and angle velocities were calculated for joints of the hind limbs.

Results—Ground reaction forces revealed no differences between groups. Dogs in group 1 had significant changes (earlier time for maximal flexion of the hip joint and less flexion and less range of motion of the stifle joint), compared with results for dogs in group 2. Maximal angle velocity of the stifle and tarsal joints was significantly lower during the swing phase in group 1 than in group 2.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—This study revealed that dogs with borderline HD had altered joint kinematics. Our data provide basic kinematic values for clinically sound and affected dogs and can be used to investigate the long-term effects for subclinical radiographic changes of the hip joints of dogs.
Single-slice dynamic computed tomographic determination of glomerular filtration rate by use of Patlak plot analysis in anesthetized pigs
Authors: Alexander Kate , del Castillo Jérôme R. E. , Ybarra Norma , Morin Valérie , Gauvin Domianique , Authier Simon , Vinay Patrick , Troncy Éric
Published: March 2007

Objective—To compare glomerular filtration rate (GFR) as estimated from Patlak plot analysis by use of single-slice computed tomography (CT) with that obtained from clearance of plasma inulin in pigs.

Animals—8 healthy anesthetized juvenile pigs.

Procedures—All pigs underwent precontrast, whole-kidney, helical CT; postcontrast single-slice dynamic CT; and postcontrast, whole-kidney CT for volume determination. On dynamic images, corrected Hounsfield unit values were determined for each kidney and the aorta. A Patlak plot for each kidney was generated, and plasma clearance per unit volume was multiplied by renal volume to obtain whole-animal contrast clearance. Mean GFR determined via inulin clearance (Inu-GFR) was measured from each kidney and correlated to mean GFR determined via CT (CT-GFR) for the left kidney, right kidney, and both kidneys by use of linear regression and Bland-Altman analyses.

Results—CT-GFR results from 7 pigs were valid. Total and right kidney Inu-GFR were correlated with total and right kidney CT-GFR (total, R2 = 0.85; right kidney, R2 = 0.86). However, left kidney CT-GFR was poorly correlated with left kidney Inu-GFR (R2 = 0.47). Bland-Altman analysis revealed no significant bias between Inu-GFR and CT-GFR for the left kidney, right kidney, or both kidneys.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—CT-GFR as determined by use of a single-slice acquisition technique, low-dose of iohexol, and Patlak plot analysis correlated without bias with Inu-GFR for the right kidney and both kidneys (combined). This technique has promise as an accurate CT-GFR method that can be combined with renal morphologic evaluation.
In vitro effects of reactive oxygen metabolites, with and without flunixin meglumine, on equine colonic mucosa
Authors: Inoue Olivia J. , Freeman David E. , Wallig Matthew A. , Clarkson Robert B.
Published: March 2007

Objective—To determine effects of reactive oxygen metabolites (ROMs), with and without flunixin meglumine, on equine right ventral colon (RVC) in vitro.

Animals—18 healthy horses and ponies.

Procedures—In 3 groups of 6 animals each, short-circuit current and conductance were measured in RVC mucosa in Ussing chambers. The 3 groups received physiologic saline (0.9% NaCl) solution, IV, 10 minutes before euthanasia and tissue incubation in Krebs-Ringer-bicarbonate (KRB) solution; flunixin meglumine (1.1 mg/kg, IV) 10 minutes before euthanasia and tissue incubation in KRB solution; or physiologic saline solution, IV, 10 minutes before euthanasia and incubation in KRB solution with 2.7 × 10−5M flunixin meglumine. Incubation conditions included control (no addition) and ROM systems, including addition of 1mM xanthine and 80 mU of xanthine oxidase (to produce the superoxide radical), 1mM H2O2, and 1mM H2O2 and 0.5mM ferrous sulfate (to produce the hydroxyl radical).

Results—All ROMs that were added or generated significantly increased the short-circuit current except in tissues coincubated with flunixin meglumine, and they induced mild epithelial vacuolation and apoptosis, but did not disrupt the epithelium nor change conductance, lactate dehydrogenase release, or [3H]mannitol flux.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Responses to ROMs could be attributed to increased chloride secretion and inhibited neutral NaCl absorption in equine RVC, possibly by stimulating prostaglandin production. The ROMs examined under conditions of this study could play a role in prostaglandin-mediated colonic secretion in horses with enterocolitis without causing direct mucosal injury.
In vitro effects of bethanechol on specimens of intestinal smooth muscle obtained from the duodenum and jejunum of healthy dairy cows
Authors: Pfeiffer Julia B. R. , Mevissen Meike , Steiner Adrian , Portier Christopher J. , Meylan Mireille
Published: March 2007

Objective—To describe the in vitro effects of bethanechol on contractility of smooth muscle preparations from the small intestines of healthy cows and define the muscarinic receptor subtypes involved in mediating contraction.

Sample Population—Tissue samples from the duodenum and jejunum collected immediately after slaughter of 40 healthy cows.

Procedures—Cumulative concentration-response curves were determined for the muscarinic receptor agonist bethanechol with or without prior incubation with subtype-specific receptor antagonists in an organ bath. Effects of bethanechol and antagonists and the influence of intestinal location on basal tone, maximal amplitude (Amax), and area under the curve (AUC) were evaluated.

Results—Bethanechol induced a significant, concentration-dependent increase in all preparations and variables. The effect of bethanechol was more pronounced in jejunal than in duodenal samples and in circular than in longitudinal preparations. Significant inhibition of the effects of bethanechol was observed after prior incubation with muscarinic receptor subtype M3 antagonists (more commonly for basal tone than for Amax and AUC). The M2 receptor antagonists partly inhibited the response to bethanechol, especially for basal tone. The M3 receptor antagonists were generally more potent than the M2 receptor antagonists. In a protection experiment, an M3 receptor antagonist was less potent than when used in combination with an M2 receptor antagonist. Receptor antagonists for M1 and M4 did not affect contractility variables.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Bethanechol acting on muscarinic receptor sub-types M2 and M3 may be of clinical use as a prokinetic drug for motility disorders of the duodenum and jejunum in dairy cows.
Results of a survey of owners of miniature swine to characterize husbandry practices affecting risks of foreign animal disease
Authors: Marshall Edith S. , Carpenter Tim E. , Thurmond Mark C.
Published: March 2007

Objective—To characterize husbandry practices that could affect the risks of foreign animal disease in miniature swine.

Design—Survey study.

Study Population—106 owners of miniature swine.

Procedures—An online survey of owners of miniature swine was conducted to obtain information about miniature pig and owner demographics; pig husbandry; movements of pigs; and pig contacts with humans, other miniature swine, and livestock.

Results—12 states, 106 premises, and 317 miniature swine were represented in the survey. More than a third (35%) of miniature swine owners also owned other livestock species. Regular contact with livestock species at other premises was reported by 13% of owners. More than a third of owners visited shows or fairs (39%) and club or association events (37%) where miniature swine were present. More than 40% of owners fed food waste to miniature swine. Approximately half (48%) of the veterinarians providing health care for miniature swine were in mixed-animal practice.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results of this study indicated that miniature swine kept as pets can be exposed, directly and indirectly, to feed and other livestock, potentially introducing, establishing, or spreading a foreign animal disease such as foot-and-mouth disease. In addition, the veterinary services and carcass disposal methods used by miniature swine owners may reduce the likelihood of sick or dead pigs undergoing ante- or postmortem examination by a veterinarian.
Opioid Receptors
Authors: Pasternak Gavril W.
Published: March 2007

The opiate peptides and opiate receptors comprise a highly complex system within the central nervous system (CNS). Although intimately involved with analgesia and pain modulation, they have a host of other functions. Three classes of opioid receptors were proposed from classical pharmacological studies and each family has been cloned. Early work proposing multiple μ‐opioid receptors also have been confirmed with the isolation and identification of a host of splice variants of the μ‐opioid receptor MOR‐1. The complexity of the opioid system is further illustrated by the tendency of opioid receptors to dimerize and associate with other opioid receptors as well as unrelated classes of G‐protein‐coupled receptors.
Regulation of Adult Neurogenesis
Authors: Cameron Heather A.
Published: March 2007

Several neuronal populations in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) continue to be generated from dividing precursor cells well into adulthood. A large number of factors regulating adult neurogenesis have now been identified, including specific experiences, as well as hormones, neurotransmitters, and growth factors. Distinct factors control neuronal precursor proliferation and survival of the young neurons, and distinct, though somewhat overlapping, factors control these processes in the dentate gyrus and olfactory bulb. Although no coherent picture has emerged to connect all of the regulatory factors, there appears to be a direct relationship between the ability to increase neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus and anti‐depressant properties, either in humans or animal models. This review discusses the large number of factors currently known to regulate cell proliferation and survival of young neurons in the dentate gyrus and olfactory bulb.
Neurotrophins and Their Receptors
Authors: Bothwell Mark
Published: March 2007

A small family of growth factors known as neurotrophins regulates many different aspects of neuronal function. Although neurotrophins are best known for their ability to promote the survival of embryonic neurons, and to promote growth of neuronal axons, during neural development, neurotrophins also are important regulators of plasticity and synaptic function in the adult nervous system. These functions are mediated by four different receptor proteins—TrkA, TrkB, TrkC, and p75
NTR
.
Tourette's Syndrome and Pharmacotherapy
Authors: van Wattum Pieter Joost , Leckman James F.
Published: March 2007

This chapter describes the neurobiology and the pharmacological treatment of Tourette's Syndrome (TS). The current understanding of the phenomenology, epidemiology, pathophysiology, neurochemical and neuroanatomical factors are reviewed, as well as the influence that comorbidities, genetic, environmental, and immunological factors may have on the clinical course of TS. Finally, an up to date overview of pharmacological and non pharmacological treatments for TS is described.
Neuropharmacology of Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Glaser Paul E. A. , Castellanos F. Xavier , Margulies Daniel S.
Published: March 2007

This chapter provides an overview of various treatment options for Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). While methylphenidate in various forms remains the mainstay of pharmacological treatment, amphetamine and non‐stimulant options are also viable and increasingly supported by controlled trials. The authors provide a comprehensive review of the literature which informs the concluding reflections on clinical practice in this rapidly evolving field.
Individual differences conducive to aggression and violence: trajectories and correlates of irritability and hostile rumination through adolescence
Authors: Caprara Gian Vittorio , Paciello Marinella , Gerbino Maria , Cugini Claudia
Published: March 2007

This study examined the developmental trends of Irritability and Hostile Rumination at different times over the course of adolescence in a sample of 500 youth. Participants were 12 years old at the time of the first assessment and 20 years old at the last assessment time. Three objectives were pursued: (a) investigation of the stability and change of both Irritability and Hostile Rumination; (b) identification of developmental trajectories of Irritability and Hostile Rumination; and (c) determination of whether different trajectories of Irritability and Rumination were significantly related to physical and verbal aggression and violent conduct at age 20. Results showed that Irritability and Hostile Rumination were highly correlated and stable over time. Four developmental trajectories were identified for both dimensions. Whereas most of the participants demonstrated stable mean levels of Irritability, half of the youth either increased or decreased in their level of Hostile Rumination over time. In addition, high Irritability trajectories were associated with high physical and verbal aggression while high Hostile Rumination trajectories were associated with high levels of violent behavior. Aggr. Behav. 33:359–374, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) predation on primates in Caratinga Biological Station, Southeast Brazil
Authors: Bianchi Rita De Cassia , Mendes Sérgio Lucena
Published: March 2007

This study demonstrates that ocelots (Leopardus pardalis) extensively use primates as a food resource at the Caratinga Biological Station (CBS) in Southeast Brazil. Analysis of 60 fecal samples collected over 4 years revealed predation upon the brown howler monkey (Alouatta guariba), the muriqui (Brachyteles hypoxanthus), and the brown capuchin monkey (Cebus apella). The most frequent items found in the fecal samples analyzed were Calomys (n=16) and non‐identified Aves (n=15), followed by A. guariba (n=12). Although Rodentia was the most common group consumed (n=52) Primates were found in 27% of total fecal samples and were the third most consumed group in relation to the total items. Particularly, predation of A. guariba by ocelots (20% of the total fecal samples) was not an isolated event; our results showed that this species was preyed on across several months. Predation on primates was far higher at CBS than at other sites where comparable studies have been carried out. Am. J. Primatol. 69:1173–1178, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Primate abundance along five transect lines at ngogo, Kibale National Park, Uganda
Authors: Teelen Simone
Published: March 2007

Using the line transect methods, I studied the primate density at Ngogo, Kibale National Park, Uganda for 18 months. Comparisons with other studies show that the population of red colobus monkeys (Procolobus rufomitratus) and blue monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis) is declining, whereas the populations of black‐and‐white colobus (Colobus guereza), red‐tailed monkeys (Cercopithecus ascanius), grey‐cheeked mangabeys (Lophocebus albigena), baboons (Papio anubis), and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) remain constant or slightly increase. In this paper, I compare data on density from this study to data from previous and recent censuses at Ngogo and with data from other sites in the Kibale forest to examine the stability of primate populations. Furthermore, I test the hypothesis that the changes in red colobus and blue monkey density are due to changes in the forest structure and abundance of their most selected feeding trees, and show that changes in forest composition cannot account for changes in their red colobus abundance, but that hunting by chimpanzees provides a reasonable explanation. Am. J. Primatol. 69:1030–1044, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reply to Réplique: A New Concept for Bonding in Carbodiphosphoranes?
Authors: Frenking Gernot , Neumüller Bernhard , Petz Wolfgang , Tonner Ralf , Öxler Florian
Published: March 2007

Weder ist die Synthese eines Moleküls eine bloße technische Bestätigung einer theoretischen Vorhersage noch sind quantenchemische Untersuchungen eine bloße Ergänzung experimenteller Arbeiten – vielmehr sind beide Seiten komplementär. Die vorgestellte Studie zu Carbodiphosphoranen hat gezeigt, dass noch mehr Verbindungen mit der allgemeinen Formel EL2 mit Donor‐Acceptor‐Bindungen existieren sollten, deren Synthese in Aussicht steht.
Beliefs about the causes of osteoarthritis among primary care patients
Authors: Turner A. P. , Barlow J. H. , Buszewicz M. , Atkinson A. , Rait G.
Published: March 2007

Objective

Beliefs about the causes of osteoarthritis (OA) have been examined infrequently. The purpose of this study was to provide insight into patients' beliefs about the causes of OA in a primary care population.

Methods

This study involved 31 individuals with OA who were purposively sampled to reflect age, sex, and self‐efficacy scores from the intervention arm of a randomized controlled trial examining the effectiveness of an arthritis self‐management program in primary care. Participants took part in face‐to‐face interviews. Data were analyzed using interpretative phenomenologic analysis.

Results

A total of 31 patients with OA (17 [55%] men) with a median age of 68 years (range 56–84 years) were recruited. OA and painful joints were considered to be an inevitable aspect of aging rather than an indication of disease. Participants attributed the cause of OA to multiple factors, the most commonly reported being wear and tear.

Conclusion

Insight into beliefs about the causes of OA among older people may help explain attitudes towards the uptake of health care among this group of patients.
TOP‐curves
Authors: Egghe Leo , Rousseau Ronald , Rousseau Sandra
Published: March 2007

Several characteristics of classical Lorenz curves make them unsuitable for the study of a group of top‐performers. TOP‐curves, defined as a kind of mirror image of TIP‐curves used in poverty studies, are shown to possess the properties necessary for adequate empirical ranking of various data arrays, based on the properties of the highest performers (i.e., the core). TOP‐curves and essential TOP‐curves, also introduced in this article, simultaneously represent the incidence, intensity, and inequality among the top. It is shown that TOP‐dominance partial order, introduced in this article, is stronger than Lorenz dominance order. In this way, this article contributes to the study of cores, a central issue in applied informetrics.
Verhalten feuerverzinkter Bewehrungsstähle in alkalischem Beton unter Berücksichtigung des Alkali‐ und Chromatgehaltes der verwendeten Zemente. Zusammenfassung des bekannten Wissens
Authors: Nürnberger Ulf
Published: March 2007

Bei Kontakt von verzinkten Einbauteilen mit dem alkalischen Milieu von Frischbeton können kurzzeitig Zinkkorrosion und Wasserstoffbildung auftreten. Diese Erscheinungen sind ausgeprägter, wenn anstelle von chromathaltigen Zementen chromatreduzierte Zemente verwendet werden; der gleichzeitige Einsatz von Zementen mit hoher Alkalität verstärkt die genannten Korrosionserscheinungen weiter.

Durch die Wasserstoffbildung wird nach bisherigen Erkenntnissen das Verbundverhalten von verzinkten Betonstählen auf Dauer nicht nachteilig beeinflusst. Es können jedoch Veränderungen der Oberflächenstruktur des Betons durch den im Frischbeton aufsteigenden Wasserstoff vorkommen. Dem Problem kann durch eine Verwendung von Zementen mit nicht zu hoher Alkalität begegnet werden.
Torsion of an intra-abdominal seminoma of the testis
Authors: Packham D A
Published: March 2007

In 1927 Wangensteen wrote, ‘No greater diversity of opinion probably exists concerning anything in medicine than the question of malignancy in the undescended testicle.’ Since this was written a great number of papers has been published on this subject, and now it is generally accepted that the maldescended testis is more liable to undergo malignant change than the normally descended organ. The main factors which swayed opinion to this view were Campbell's analytical papers of 1942 and 1959. His conclusions were that malignancy was eleven times more frequent in the inguinal testis and sixty times more frequent in the intra-abdominal testis. The maldescended testis is also known to be more liable to torsion and trauma than is the normal organ.

The following case illustrates two of the dangers to which an intra-abdominal testis is exposed.
Appendicitis, seasonal incidence and postoperative wound infection
Authors: Brumer Martin
Published: March 2007

In this series of 404 appendicectomies there was found to be a seasonal incidence of acute appendicitis (nearly two-thirds of the cases occurring between October and March). The environmental factor which appears to be linked with this increase in incidence is a lowering of humidity.

If strict surgical principles are followed in relation to peritoneal (and wound) toilet, the indications for the use of a drain tube are very few indeed; moreover there is a direct relationship between the use of a drain tube and wound infection, particularly in the presence of excess peritoneal fluid.

It has been shown that the turbidity of the excess peritoneal fluid is not related to its pathogenicity as regards wound infection.

It has also been shown that the more severe the appendicular pathology, the greater is the risk of development of wound infection.

It is evident from this series of appendicectomies that immediate postoperative antibiotics play no part in the prevention of wound infection, and may even confer an increased risk in the development thereof.

It is noteworthy that the gridiron incision which had to be extended, and the paramedian incisions, have the highest incidence of wound infection.
Gangrene of the small intestine—a complication of argentaffin carcinoma
Authors: Anthony P P
Published: March 2007

Ten cases of argentaffin carcinoma of the ileum, encountered at autopsy over a period of 12 years, are reviewed, with particular attention to the state of the mesenteric blood-vessels.

Six of the 9 cases that had had symptoms attributable to the tumour showed obliterative elastic sclerosis of the mesenteric blood-vessels. Gangrene of the small intestine resulted in 4 and was fatal in 3. Impairment of blood-supply was evident in a further 2 cases. A relationship between the occurrence of this vascular lesion and secretory activity of the tumour is postulated.

It is suggested that awareness of the possibility of this dangerous complication may bring a worthwhile prolongation of life in cases of this tumour.
Multiple lymphomatous polyposis of the gastro-intestinal tract
Authors: Davies Sylvia W , Scarrow G D , Macaulay M B
Published: March 2007

Multiple lymphomatous polyposis of the gastrointestinal tract may be mistaken clinically for ulcerative colitis and, radiologically, the condition needs to be distinguished from ulcerative colitis and from familial polyposis coli. Pathologically, the submucosal lymphoid lesions must be differentiated from those of benign lymphoid hyperplasia and recognized as a reticulosis, any type of which may be found.

The patient's condition improved considerably following treatment with chlorambucil, and he is well and back at work 18 months after his first presentation.
Spinal ileus
Authors: Watkin D F L
Published: March 2007

Spinal ileus is a functional intestinal obstruction complicating a lesion in the spine. In 8 cases reported here the primary pathology was a spinal fracture in 2 cases, a prolapsed intervertebral disk in 3 cases, and 1 case each of fractured pelvis, infarcted spinal cord, and plaster-cast treatment for a tuberculous cervical spine. The intestinal disturbance was a pseudo-obstruction in 5 cases and an adynamic ileus in 3, and involved small or large bowel.

That an intestinal obstruction is of functional origin is suggested by the presence of a plausible remote cause—in these cases a spinal lesion, which was often painful. Colicky abdominal pain and loud bowel-sounds do not exclude the diagnosis; indeed they are the rule in pseudo-obstruction. A predominantly gaseous bowel distension seen on plain radiographs, together with the release of flatus by sigmoidoscopy if there is dilatation of the distal colon, further support the diagnosis, which may then be accepted provisionally provided there is no marked abdominal tenderness. Subsequently the absence of a mechanical obstruction may be proved by contrast radiography.

Treatment generally follows accepted conservative lines with nasogastric and rectal intubation, and intravenous fluid replacement as necessary. However, operative treatment is indicated in a minority of patients if there develops serious doubt as to the diagnosis, or if gross distension threatens caecal rupture or respiratory failure.
Suction drainage. A study in wound healing
Authors: Maitland A Ian L , Mathieson A J M
Published: March 2007

This paper relates the results of a clinical investigation into the value of suction drainage in general surgery which has covered 5 years and was conducted under some measure of control.

The number of drained wounds observed is 1193; the results obtained show that the method produces great improvement in the healing of operations on the genito-urinary tract. In operations on the breast and thyroid, in herniotomies in which drainage has been indicated, and in a miscellaneous group, some improvement has been noted clinically. In the biliary tract fringe benefits have also occurred, but in these five groups statistical analysis of the figures obtained has not disclosed truly significant differences.

It has not been found satisfactory in operations involving the lumen of the alimentary tract or in cases where frank infection with purulent exudate was present at operation.

The results of two other investigations are also shown. One related to comparative studies of Lugol's solution, iodophor solution, and antibiotic sprays as methods of preoperative preparation, and the other to the time of the preliminary preoperative skin preparation and the effect this may have on wound healing.
Epithelial cysts of the spleen
Authors: Talerman A , Hart S
Published: March 2007

A case of epithelial cyst of the spleen in a 10-year-old girl has been described. The nomenclature and the clinical and pathological findings have been discussed.