bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microfabrication of Organic Electrochemical Transistors for High‐Performance Integrated Bioelectronics
Authors: Frusconi Giulia , Kovács‐Vajna Zsolt M. , Blom Paul W. M. , Gkoupidenis Paschalis , Torricelli Fabrizio
Published: December 2024

In bioelectronics, organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are pivotal in bridging electronic devices and biological systems, especially in sensing, neuromorphic interfacing, and biological monitoring. Current OECT fabrication methods face challenges due to conductive polymers incompatibility with photoresist solvents and the complexity of multi‐step parylene‐C coatings. This work introduces a scalable photolithographic fabrication process for high‐performance OECTs using the prototypical conductive polymer poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS). The method employs a two‐layer photoresist approach with controlled cross‐linking, incorporating (3‐glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane to pattern polymeric channel and encapsulate electrodes. This process yields high‐performance OECTs with highly reproducible characteristics, typical ON/OFF current modulation of 5 103, and transconductance normalized to channel thickness > 200 S cm−1. To avoid cytotoxic Ag/AgCl pellets, the impact of scaling polarizable gates is analyzed on device performance, including bare Au, protein‐functionalized, and PEDOT:PSS gates. The analysis provides design rules to tailor OECT performance for diverse applications. The effectiveness of the approach is demonstrated by integrating OECTs with polarizable gates in current‐driven circuit configuration, allowing ion detection at a supply voltage as low as 0.4 V with a sensitivity of up to 2620 mV dec−1, the highest ever reported. These advancements open opportunities for next‐generation integrated bioelectronics and neuromorphic biosensing.
Organ‐On‐A‐Chip Platforms Created Through Buckled Microchannels of Porous Hydrogel Films
Authors: Takahashi Riku , Tanaka Aya , Saito Tomoki , Ohashi Shinya , Muto Manabu , Yamaguchi Masumi
Published: December 2024

Hydrogel‐based microchannels with biologically similar morphologies and properties can provide excellent platforms for advanced tissue/organ formation in vitro. However, there are still many restrictions on channel morphology, material selection, tubing connections, etc. Here, a novel and versatile method is proposed that couples cononsolvency photopolymerization, which enables the incorporation of porous structures into hydrogels, with on‐chip microchannels formed by buckling of a thin film. This method provides a hydrogel‐based microchannel with improved permeability while maintaining its mechanical properties by incorporating a continuous porous structure into a synthetic polymer network with excellent mechanical properties. Furthermore, by culturing vascular endothelial cells into the microchannel, it is demonstrated that the microchannel works as a vessel‐on‐a‐chip platform that can be used for the evaluation of barrier function, fabrication of various channel shapes, and development of co‐culture systems. This method, which can be adapted to various swellable hydrogels, can provide platforms with properties and functions tailored to the tissue/organ and, thus, it will contribute to the creation of physiologically relevant biological models.
Decyanative Arylation via Radical Coupling
Authors: Zhou Chenxing , Zhang Xin , Zhang Peiqin , Huo Congde
Published: December 2024

Arenes, especially heteroarenes, are crucial structural motifs in organic chemistry, pharmaceutical chemistry, and materials science. The introduction of (hetero)aryl groups using readily available feedstocks to modify organic chemicals is a significant topic. Nitriles are ubiquitous and versatile building blocks in organic synthesis. This review summarizes recent advances in decyanative arylation via radical cross‐coupling reactions. In these transformations, (hetero)aromatic nitriles undergo one‐electron reduction to form persistent radical anion intermediates. Simultaneously, transient carbon centered radicals are generated through cleavage of C−H, C−C, C−X (where X=B, N, Si, S, Br) bonds through single electron transfer or hydrogen atom transfer processes. Finally, a radical‐radical coupling reaction followed by CN elimination leads to the formation of aromatized products.
Cholesterol Targeted Catalytic Hydrogel Fueled by Tumor Debris can Enhance Microwave Ablation Therapy and Anti‐Tumor Immune Response
Authors: Shen Lin , Yang Zhijuan , Zhong Yi , Bi Yanran , Yu Junchao , Lu Qinwei , Su Yanping , Chen Xiaoxiao , Zhao Zhongwei , Shu Gaofeng , Chen Minjiang , Cheng Liang , Feng Liangzhu , Lu Chenying , Liu Zhuang , Ji Jiansong
Published: December 2024

The immunosuppressive residual tumor microenvironment (IRTM) is a key factor in the high recurrence and metastasis rates of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after microwave ablation (MWA). Cholesterol‐rich tumor fragments significantly contribute to IRTM deterioration. This study developed a cholesterol‐targeted catalytic hydrogel, DA‐COD‐OD‐HCS, to enhance the synergy between MWA and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) for HCC treatment. Cholesterol oxidase (COD), modified with dimethyl maleic anhydride (DA) for release in acidic IRTM, is used to degrade cholesterol. Oxydextran (OD) and hemin‐chitosan (HCS) formed a dual network gel, ensuring long‐term fixation of COD and hemin in the IRTM post‐MWA. In both in vitro and in vivo HCC models, DA‐COD‐OD‐HCS effectively released COD, degraded cholesterol, and induced tumor cell ferroptosis, enhancing the antitumor immune response. Combined with anti‐PD‐L1 immunotherapy, this strategy inhibited primary tumor growth and distant metastases, without side effects on adjacent tissues. This work highlights that cholesterol‐targeting catalytic hydrogels fueled by tumor debris can significantly improve the efficacy of MWA and ICIs, offering a novel therapeutic approach for HCC.
Single‐Nucleus RNA Sequencing Reveals That Gabra6+ Neurons in Prefrontal Cortex Promote the Progression of PTSD After Shockwave‐Induced TBI
Authors: Fei Xiaowei , Zhang Zehan , Dou Ya‐nan , Lv Weihao , Chen Hongqing , Wang Li , He Xin , Chao Wangshu , Luo Peng , Fei Zhou
Published: December 2024

Shockwave‐induced traumatic brain injury (TBI) results in the onset of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), triggered either by the TBI itself or other stressors. However, the interplay and underlying mechanisms of how these factors synergistically induce PTSD remain inadequately elucidated. Here, mice in the TBI (induced by biological shock tube blast injury) and PTSD (induced by single prolonged stress method) groups both displayed symptoms of PTSD behaviors, with the TBI+PTSD (composite model) group exhibiting more severe manifestations. The result of snRNA‐seq demonstrated a noticeable increase in the population of Gabra6+ neurons in the prefrontal cortex region of mice in the TBI+PTSD group. Knocking down cortical Gabra6 mitigated PTSD‐related behavioral outcomes. Mechanistically, the Smad3/4 complex activation led to the upregulation of Gabra6 expression in cortical neurons. Interaction of Gabra6 with Homer1 activated downstream cAMP signaling pathways. Homer1KO‐Nestin mice show reduced susceptibility to PTSD. Subsequently, the efficacy of monoclonal antibody intervention at the 218 site of Gabra6 in ameliorating PTSD development is verified. This study suggests that TBI and stressors act as independent components in PTSD development, with Gabra6+ neurons pivotal in synergistically facilitating PTSD formation. Strategies geared toward minimizing exposure to singular or combined stressors may effectively diminish the risk of developing PTSD.
Advanced Piezoelectric Materials, Devices, and Systems for Orthopedic Medicine
Authors: Zhang Jingkai , Liu Chang , Li Jun , Yu Tao , Ruan Jing , Yang Fan
Published: December 2024

Harnessing the robust electromechanical couplings, piezoelectric materials not only enable efficient bio‐energy harvesting, physiological sensing and actuating but also open enormous opportunities for therapeutic treatments through surface polarization directly interacting with electroactive cells, tissues, and organs. Known for its highly oriented and hierarchical structure, collagen in natural bones produces local electrical signals to stimulate osteoblasts and promote bone formation, inspiring the application of piezoelectric materials in orthopedic medicine. Recent studies showed that piezoelectricity can impact microenvironments by regulating molecular sensors including ion channels, cytoskeletal elements, cell adhesion proteins, and other signaling pathways. This review thus focuses on discussing the pioneering applications of piezoelectricity in the diagnosis and treatment of orthopedic diseases, aiming to offer valuable insights for advancing next‐generation medical technologies. Beginning with an introduction to the principles of piezoelectricity and various piezoelectric materials, this review paper delves into the mechanisms through which piezoelectric materials accelerated osteogenesis. A comprehensive overview of piezoelectric materials, devices, and systems enhancing bone tissue repair, alleviating inflammation at infection sites, and monitoring bone health is then provided, respectively. Finally, the major challenges faced by applications of piezoelectricity in orthopedic conditions are thoroughly discussed, along with a critical outlook on future development trends.
Bacteroides Fragilis Exacerbates T2D Vascular Calcification by Secreting Extracellular Vesicles to Induce M2 Macrophages
Authors: Chen Cong , Liang Zhengfeng , He Yuqi , Gao Yan , Ouyang Shuhui , Wang Lili , Liu Jianghua , Cao Jingsong
Published: December 2024

Vascular calcification (VC) in type 2 diabetes (T2D) poses a serious threat to the life and health of patients. However, its pathogenesis remains unclear, resulting in a lack of effective treatment for the root cause. It is found that both intestinal Bacteroides fragilis (BF) and peripheral M2 monocytes/macrophages are significantly elevated in patients with T2D VC. M2 macrophages are identified as a significant risk factor for T2D VC. Both BF and their extracellular vesicles (EV) promote T2D VC and facilitate macrophage M2 polarization. Macrophages clearance significantly antagonized BF EV‐induced T2D VC in mice. Mechanistically, EV‐rich double‐stranded DNA (dsDNA) activates stimulator of interferon response cGAMP interactor 1 (Sting), promotes myocyte enhancer factor 2D (Mef2d) phosphorylation, upregulates tribbles pseudokinase 1 (Trib1) expression, and induces macrophage M2 polarization. Concurrently, Mef2d activated by the EV targets and upregulates the expression of pro‐calcification factor Serpine1, thereby exacerbating T2D VC. Clinical studies have shown that Serpine1 is significantly elevated in the peripheral blood of patients with T2D VC and is closely associated with T2D VC. In summary, this study reveals that intestinal BF promotes Trib1 expression through the EV‐Sting‐Mef2d pathway to induce macrophage M2 polarization and upregulates serpin family E member 1 (Serpine1) expression, thereby aggravating T2D VC. The findings provide a new theoretical and experimental bases for optimizing the strategies for prevention and treatment of T2D VC.
High‐Entropy Metal–Organic Frameworks and Their Derivatives: Advances in Design, Synthesis, and Applications for Catalysis and Energy Storage
Authors: Xing Jiangyuan , Liu Yan , Mathew George , He Qiu , Aghassi‐Hagmann Jasmin , Schweidler Simon , Breitung Ben
Published: December 2024

As a nascent class of high‐entropy materials (HEMs), high‐entropy metal–organic frameworks (HE‐MOFs) have garnered significant attention in the fields of catalysis and renewable energy technology owing to their intriguing features, including abundant active sites, stable framework structure, and adjustable chemical properties. This review offers a comprehensive summary of the latest developments in HE‐MOFs, focusing on functional design, synthesis strategies, and practical applications. This work begins by presenting the design principles for the synthesis strategies of HE‐MOFs, along with a detailed description of commonly employed methods based on existing reports. Subsequently, an elaborate discussion of recent advancements achieved by HE‐MOFs in diverse catalytic systems and energy storage technologies is provided. Benefiting from the application of the high‐entropy strategy, HE‐MOFs, and their derivatives demonstrate exceptional catalytic activity and impressive electrochemical energy storage performance. Finally, this review identifies the prevailing challenges in current HE‐MOFs research and proposes corresponding solutions to provide valuable guidance for the future design of advanced HE‐MOFs with desired properties.
High Relative Humidity‐Induced Growth of Perovskite Nanowires from Glass toward Single‐Mode Photonic Nanolasers at Sub‐100‐nm Scale
Authors: Wang Zhiqiang , Li Xinkuo , Chen Chenduan , Lou Minhan , Wu Jiajia , Gao Kai , Li Zengling , Sun Ke , Li Zhou , Xiao Zhu , Li Linhan , Wang Pan , Bai Sai , Qiu Jianrong , Tan Dezhi
Published: December 2024

Metal halide perovskites (MHPs) have achieved substantial progress in their applications; however, their ionic crystal character and low formation energy result in poor structural stability and limited morphological tunability. In particular, high relative humidity (RH) commonly causes severe MHP degradation, which poses a major obstacle to long‐term device operation. Herein, high RH‐induced growth of anisotropic MHP structures on glass surfaces is reported under 25 °C and atmospheric conditions on a basis of glass corrosion by moisture. Nanowires (NWs) with tunable length and composition are obtained under 85% RH air, and water molecule‐induced facet engineering of perovskite is established for anisotropic growth. Importantly, single‐mode photonic lasing in these MHP NWs with thickness at sub‐100‐nm scale (down to 75 nm ∼ 1/7 lasing wavelength) is achieved via both one‐photon and multiphoton pumping. These nanowire lasers exhibited high quality factor (>3000), high degree of polarization (≈0.9), and excellent stability under laser irradiation. The work not only presents a distinctive technique for the growth of MHPs but also endows MHP NWs with new opportunities for nonlinear optics, strong light‐matter interactions, and active photonic integrated devices.
High‐Performance Quasi‐Solid‐State Thermogalvanic Cells with Metallized Fibril‐Based Textile Electrodes and Structure‐Breaking Salts
Authors: Choi Jaejin , Mo Jeongmin , Jung Jaemin , Jeong Yeongje , Cho Jinhan , Jang Jaeyoung
Published: December 2024

Thermogalvanic cells (TGCs) convert heat into electricity through thermoelectrochemical reactions of redox couples, generating a millivolt‐scale Seebeck coefficient. However, TGCs based on liquid electrolytes are prone to leakage, whereas quasi‐solid‐state TGCs (QTCs) using gel‐based electrolytes typically have low power outputs due to slow ion diffusion and limited reaction rates. Herein, we present novel strategies for developing high‐performance all‐flexible QTCs using both metallized fibril‐based textile electrodes with extremely large surface area, (specifically Ni textiles), and structure‐breaking salts for hydrogel electrolytes. The electrodes are oxidized to create Ni and Ni oxide heterostructures, forming numerous O vacancy defects that enhance redox reactions. Meanwhile, the structure‐breaking salts facilitate redox reactions and improve ion diffusion by disrupting water structures in the hydrogel electrolyte. These advancements significantly enhance the performance of the QTCs without the need for precious‐metal electrodes, achieving a remarkable maximum power density of 4.05 mW m−2 K−2 and a record‐high effective cell conductivity of 17.3 S m−1, compared to previously reported QTCs. Finally, the proposed QTCs can generate a stable open‐circuit voltage and output power for wearable applications owing to the flexibility of the electrodes and electrolyte, achieving successful electronic device operation using body heat from the forearm (ΔT ≈ 2 K).
Respiratory Ill‐Health and Welding Exposures: A Canadian Cohort Study
Authors: Galarneau Jean‐Michel , Beach Jeremy , Cherry Nicola
Published: December 2024

Introduction

Respiratory ill‐health in welders is well documented but without a clear indication of exposures responsible.

Methods

In a Canadian cohort study of welders and electrical workers, we collected self‐reports of asthma/wheeze and rhinitis at each 6‐monthly contact for up to 5 years. Physician diagnoses of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD/bronchitis) were extracted from the Alberta administrative health database (AHDB). Welders provided task‐specific information at each contact. Estimates were derived for cumulative exposure to particulates, chromium, and nickel. Factors associated with time to first and recurrent events were identified by proportional hazards regression, adjusting for sex, age, and smoking.

Results

Of 1001 welders and 884 workers in electrical trades recruited, 1338 in Alberta were matched to the AHDB. Welders were more at risk of physician‐diagnosed COPD/bronchitis than those in the electrical trades (HR for first report = 1.87; 95% CI = 1.27–2.77) but not of asthma. Times to first self‐report of asthma/wheezing (HR = 1.58; 95% CI = 1.23–2.04) and rhinitis (HR = 1.29; 95%CI = 1.11–1.49) were shorter in welders. Among welders, time to physician‐diagnosed asthma was weakly related to cumulative nickel exposure (mg/m3_h/100) (HR = 1.08; 95% CI = 1.00–1.17). COPD/bronchitis was related to cumulative exposure to total dust (g/m3_h) (HR = 1.01; 95% CI = 1.00–1.03) and to chromium (mg/m3_h/100) (HR = 1.14; 95% CI = 1.04–1.26). The risk of both asthma and COPD/bronchitis reduced with time using local exhaust ventilation. Self‐reported rhinitis increased with cumulative nickel exposure (HR = 1.00; 95% CI = 1.00–1.01).

Conclusions

Welders were at increased risk of COPD/bronchitis, with risk related to cumulative dust and chromium exposure. Nickel exposure increased the risk of asthma and rhinitis.
Autocatalytic Nucleation and Self‐Assembly of Inorganic Nanoparticles into Complex Biosimilar Networks
Authors: McGlothin Connor N. , Whisnant Kody G. , Turali Emre Emine Sumeyra , Owuor Dickson , Lu Jun , Xiao Xiongye , Vecchio Drew , Van Epps Scott , Bogdan Paul , Kotov Nicholas
Published: December 2024

Self‐replication of bioorganic molecules and oil microdroplets have been explored as models in prebiotic chemistry. An analogous process for inorganic nanomaterials would involve the autocatalytic nucleation of metal, semiconductor, or ceramic nanoparticles‐an area that remains largely uncharted. Demonstrating such systems would be both fundamentally intriguing and practically relevant, especially if the resulting particles self‐assemble into complex structures beyond the capabilities of molecules or droplets. Here, we show that autocatalytic nucleation occurs with silver nanoparticles, which subsequently self‐assemble into chains through spatially restricted attachment. In dispersions containing “hedgehog” particles, these reactions produce complex colloids with hierarchical spike organization. On solid surfaces, autocatalytic nucleation of nanoparticles yields conformal networks with hierarchical organization, including nanoparticle “colonies.” We analyzed the complexity of both types of solid‐stabilized particle assemblies via graph theory (GT). The complexity index of idealized spiky colloids is comparable to that of complex algal skeletons. The GT analysis of the percolating nanoparticle networks revealed their similarities to the bacterial, but not fungal, biofilms. We conclude that coupling autocatalytic nucleation with self‐assembly enables the generation of complex, biosimilar particles and films. This work establishes mathematical and structural parallels between biotic and abiotic matter, integrating self‐organization, autocatalytic nucleation, and theoretical description of complex systems. Utilization of quantitative descriptors of connectivity patterns opens possibility to GT‐based biomimetic engineering of conductive coatings and other complex nanostructures.
Dual Zn5−NiS4 Sites in a Redox‐Active Metal–Organic Framework Enables Efficient Cascade Catalysis for Nitrate‐to‐Ammonia Conversion
Authors: Zhang Zedong , Lv Yang , Gu Yuming , Zhou Xiaocheng , Tian Bailin , Zhang Anqi , Yang Zhimei , Chen Shizheng , Ma Jing , Ding Mengning , Zuo Jing‐Lin
Published: December 2024

Electrocatalytic Nitrate Reduction to Ammonia (NO3RR) offers a promising solution to both environmental pollution and the sustainable energy conversion. Here we propose an efficient cascade catalytic mechanism based on a dual Zn5−NiS4 sites, orderly assembled in a redox‐active metal–organic framework structure, which separately promotes the reaction kinetics of nitrate‐to‐nitrite and nitrite‐to‐ammonia conversions. Specifically, the Zn5 clusters adsorb and selectively reduce the NO3− to NO2−, whereas [NiS4] acts as an analogue to the ferredoxins, subsequently boosts the reduction of NO2− to produce NH3. To this end, the bimetallic Zn5−NiS4TP MOF was synthesized based on the redox‐active ligand [Ni(C2S2(TPCOOH)2)2]. A maximum ammonia production rate of 23477.59 μg ⋅ h−1 ⋅ mg−1cat. and faradaic efficiency 92.87 % was achived by Zn5−NiS4TP MOF under neutral conditions. To validate the critical role of dual Zn5−NiS4 sites, Mn5−NiS4TP and Cd2−NiS4TP were synthesized as control samples, together with Zn‐TTFTB, Zn−NiS4Ph and other Zn5‐cluster‐based MOFs applied for the investigation of electrocatalytic nitrate reduction. Our results indicated that substitution by ‐thienyl instead of ‐phenyl group increases the S‐heteroatom content, improves the conductivity and facilitates electron transfer. Furthermore, Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations of the energy changes for the reduction of each species could rationalize experimental results.
Metal‐Free Electrocatalytic Alkaline Water Splitting by Porous Macrocyclic Proton Sponges
Authors: Basak Ananda , Karmakar Arun , Dutta Sayantani , Roy Diptendu , Paul Satyadip , Nishiyama Yusuke , Pathak Biswarup , Kundu Subrata , Banerjee Rahul
Published: December 2024

Macrocycles are unique as they encapsulate and transfer guest molecules or ions and facilitate catalytic processes. Although metalated macrocycles are pivotal in electrocatalytic processes, using metal‐free analogs has been rare. Following the strategy of Kanbara et al., we synthesized an azacalixarene macrocycle‐N, N’, N’’‐tris(p‐aminophenyl)azacalix[3](2,6)pyridine (CalixNH2). The macrocycle encapsulates a proton in its cavity, maintaining the protonation even in highly alkaline media. Notably, it retains almost 50 % protonated form in 1 M KOH (~pH 14)‐acting as a proton sponge. As hydrogen evolution is complex in alkaline media owing to sluggish water dissociation, we implemented the proton sponge (CalixNH2) in an alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction. Conjugated Porous polymers, TpCalix and DhaCalix, have been synthesized from the triamine‐CalixNH2. The most efficient catalyst, TpCalix, has shown excellent performance in alkaline HER and OER in 1 M KOH (~pH 14), with low overpotentials of only 112(±2) and 290(±2) mV at 10 mA cm−2, respectively, and durable up to 24 hours. A full‐cell reaction using TpCalix in both the cathode and anode exhibited a low full‐cell voltage of 1.73 V and was stable for 12 hours. DFT calculations verified the tripyridinic core, which acts as the principal site for proton abstraction and binding.
Synthesis of New Nano‐Sized Cu (II), Co (II), and Zn (II) Complexes From β,β′‐Dihydroxy‐Dithioether Derivative: Spectroscopic Characterization, DNA Interactions, in Vitro Cytotoxicity, Cell Cycle Analysis and Quantum Chemical Calculations
Authors: Alaghaz Abdel‐Nasser M. A. , Hakami Othman , Alamri Abdullah Ali , Amri Nasser , Souadi G.
Published: December 2024

Nano‐sized β,β′‐dihydroxydithioether bivalent metal complexes of Cu (II) (C1), Co (II) (C2), and Zn (II) (C3) were produced and analyzed of the form [M(L)(H2O)n]·X(H2O) where M = Cu (II); n = 0; X = 0, M = Co (II); n = 2; X = 3, M = Zn (II); n = 2; X = 2, and H2L = [2,2′‐(ethane‐1,2‐diylbis (sulfanediyl))‐bis(1‐phenylethan‐1‐ol)]. Several characteristic methodologies were employed to evaluate our monometallic complexes. Quantum chemical computations were made using DFT (density functional theory), B3LYP functional and 6‐31++G(d,p)/SDD basis set in order to determine optimized structure parameters and frontier molecular orbital parameters. Based on DFT and experimental evidence, the complexes ensured that the square planar geometry has been proposed for complex C1, octahedral for complexes C2 and C3. The SEM, XRD, EDX, and AFM investigations of the bivalent metal complexes revealed that the presence of distinct and prominent diffraction peaks signify their crystalline indicates with nanoscale particle dimensions. The absorption measurements reveal the interaction of the nano‐sized complexes with CT‐DNA via intercalation, exhibiting an intrinsic binding constant (Kb) of 4.69 × 106–6.03 × 106 M−1. Nano‐sized metal (II) complexes show a higher viscous nature than H2SOSO. The antiproliferative activity of the ligand (H2SOSO) and complexes (C1 to C3) were evaluated in vitro against human liver cells (HepG2) and normal skin fibroblast cells (FG0). Our flow cytometry data indicate significant levels of apoptosis and cell cycle arresting in liver cancer cell lines.
Genetic Divergence in the Natural Regeneration of Black Poplar Along the Vistula River in Poland
Authors: Robak Dominika , Lewandowski Andrzej , Żukowska Weronika Barbara
Published: December 2024

Many years of land use transformation within river valleys have drastically changed these ecosystems. Black poplar is a tree species characteristic of riparian habitats, but due to specific environmental requirements, their populations have difficulties with natural regeneration. Here, we genotyped 623 black poplar individuals from four populations located along different sections of the Vistula River. This river, which is the largest in Poland, is characterized by the variable degrees of regulation and transformation of its natural environment. Each black poplar population consisted of a group of mature trees and a group of naturally regenerated trees. Our main goal was to assess the differences between the gene pools of mature trees and natural regenerations. The results showed that all populations were characterized by high and comparable values of the parameters of genetic diversity. Despite this, we distinguished two to three genetic clusters (depending on the method). The genetic differentiation among the natural regeneration groups was almost twice as high as that among the mature tree groups. The gene pools of most natural regenerations diverged from the gene pools of mature tree groups except for one population. This was also the only population where fully generative regeneration occurred, growing in the least transformed middle section of the river. Our research confirms the need to monitor seedlings and saplings along major rivers and to conduct molecular analyses to assess their gene pools. It can be assumed that due to the lack of suitable areas for seed germination, black poplar will reproduce mainly vegetatively, which may be a way to ensure the survival of the species. However, the adaptive potential of the youngest generations is unknown, especially in the face of progressive climate change. We conclude that to preserve black poplar genetic resources, ex situ protection in the form of local clone archives is necessary.
Cuticular Hydrocarbons as Putative Sex Pheromones and Mating Peculiarity of Cuckoo Wasps Chrysis Angustula, Chrysis fulgida and Chrysis Iris (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae)
Authors: Būda Vincas , Radžiutė Sandra , Apšegaitė Violeta , Budrys Eduardas , Budrienė Anna , Blažytė‐Čereškienė Laima
Published: December 2024

Cuckoo wasps, also known as jewel or gold wasps (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae), are kleptoparasites and parasitoids that impose their offspring on the breeding efforts of other wasp species. Chrysidids oviposit in the nests of predatory wasps, and the hatched larva kills the host's larva and consumes the resources collected by the host. When a cuckoo wasp is detected by the host wasp, the host may abandon the nest or take other measures to prevent the development of the kleptoparasite. Chemical camouflage, particularly involving cuticlar hydrocarbons (CHCs), is crucial for cuckoo wasp females. There is a conflict because females need chemical signals that are easily detectable by males but not by the host wasps. It was demonstrated that virgin females of Chrysis angustula, Chrysis fulgida, and Chrysis iris contain CHCs that stimulate behavioral reactions in conspecific males. Coupled gas chromatography‐electroantennogram detection analysis revealed 16 hydrocarbons with carbon chain lengths of C23‐27 in virgin females: 6 in C. angustula, 8 in C. fulgida, and 13 in C. iris. A specific ratio of CHC compounds, including putative sex pheromones, was established for these three chrysidid species. Observations of re‐mating refusals led to the hypothesis that virgin females of cuckoo wasps cease production of some unsaturated CHCs, functioning as sex pheromones, following mating. This change could reduce the risk of detection of CHCs traces left while entering the host's nest.
Associations Between Maternal Periconceptional Alcohol Consumption and Risk of Craniosynostosis Among Offspring, National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997–2011
Authors: Fisher Sarah C. , Romitti Paul A. , Tracy Melissa , Howley Meredith M. , Jabs Ethylin Wang , Browne Marilyn L. ,   the National Birth Defects Prevention Study
Published: December 2024

Background

Previous studies of maternal alcohol consumption and craniosynostosis have reported null or inverse associations. We updated a previous analysis of National Birth Defects Prevention Study (NBDPS) data to further examine associations between maternal alcohol consumption and craniosynostosis.

Methods

NBDPS was a multi‐site, population‐based case–control study. Mothers of craniosynostosis cases and randomly selected liveborn controls delivered during 1997–2011 completed a telephone interview about pregnancy exposures. We examined associations for self‐reported periconceptional maternal alcohol consumption (during the month before conception through the third gestational month) and odds of craniosynostosis in offspring. We used logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for associations between any alcohol consumption and binge consumption and craniosynostosis, overall and by affected suture. Finally, we performed a probabilistic bias analysis using a range of assumptions about the sensitivity and specificity of self‐reported consumption by case/control status.

Results

We analyzed interview data from 1435 mothers of craniosynostosis cases and 11,216 mothers of controls. Periconceptional alcohol consumption prevalence was similar among case (36.9%) and control (38.2%) mothers. We observed point estimates near or below 1.0 for alcohol consumption (any and binge) and all suture subtypes of craniosynostosis, with all CIs including the null. Our bias‐adjusted estimates for periconceptional alcohol consumption were higher than our conventional estimates but supported the null findings.

Conclusions

We observed primarily null associations between maternal periconceptional alcohol consumption and craniosynostosis. However, our findings do not diminish the prevailing clinical guidance in the United States that pregnant people should abstain from alcohol consumption.
3D Printed GelMA/CHIMA Cross‐Linked Network Hydrogel for Angiogenesis
Authors: Liu Zixian , Li Meng , Cheng Rong , Wang Lijing , Hou Peiyi , Han Lu , Sang Shengbo
Published: December 2024

Vascularization is a key issue facing the construction of functional three‐dimensional (3D) tissues, which is critical for the long‐term survival and stability of tissue construct transplantation. In this study, a photocurable hydrogel material carboxymethyl chitosan (CHIMA) was successfully prepared and integrated with methacryloyl gelatin (GelMA) to construct the bioink GelMA/CHIMA, which was subsequently used 3D printing technology to prepared a bioactive scaffold with angiogenesis‐inducing functionality. The results showed that the cross‐linked GelMA/CHIMA bioink had a porous structure that supported cell growth and metabolism. The incorporation of CHIMA could significantly improve the hydrophilicity, swelling rate, pressure resistance and mechanical strength of the bioink. GelMA/CHIMA bioink supported the survival and continued proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in the scaffold. In particular, the bioink composed of 8 wt% GelMA and 2 wt% CHIMA could stimulate the expression of angiogenesis genes. 3D printed bioactive scaffolds supported the survival of HUVECs and had abundant protein deposition including CD31 and VEGF. Therefore, this study constructed a bioactive scaffold with angiogenesis induction function, which provides a feasible strategy for the construction of vascularized complex tissues.
Oxidative stress in hydrocephalus: A new potential therapeutic target
Authors: Zhao Jie , Tang Zhi , Jiang Yuchu , Yang Yijian , Liao Junbo , Su Zhangjie , Usman Ahsan Muhammad , Chen Xiaoyu , Xiao Gelei
Published: December 2024

Hydrocephalus is an abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the skull for several reasons, such as cerebrospinal fluid overproduction, circulatory obstruction, and malabsorption. Excess fluid causes the ventricular system and subarachnoid space to enlarge due to the squeezing of cerebrospinal fluid. Hydrocephalus is clinically manifested by increased intracranial pressure and impaired brain function. It is a neurological disease with a variety of complications that affect the body and require long‐term and continuous treatment; however, current treatment methods are relatively limited, whether medical or surgical. Studies have shown that oxidative stress plays an important role in the formation and development of hydrocephalus, but it has not been systematically reviewed in current studies. In this paper, oxidative stress in hydrocephalus formation and its potential role were systematically reviewed, including the mechanism of oxidative stress, related signaling pathways, and pathological changes in oxidative stress formation. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the possibility of oxidative stress as a new therapeutic target of hydrocephalus treatment, expecting that it will be helpful for future research.
The Miraculous Asian Fruit Baccaurea motleyana Müll. Arg. (Rambai): Exploring the Phyto‐Pharmacological Potentials of Fruit Peel Through GC–MS/MS, In Vitro, In Vivo, and In Silico Approaches
Authors: Riti Saima Jahan , Shompa Suriya Akter , Hasnat Hasin , Islam Md. Mirazul , Alam Safaet , Ghosh Sagar , Saha Tanoy , Zeng Chunlai , Shao Chuxiao , Wang Shuanghu , Geng Peiwu , Mamun Abdullah Al
Published: December 2024

Baccaurea motleyana Müll. Arg. (Rambai), an Asian fruit belonging to the Phyllanthaceae family, is cultivated throughout Southeast Asia and has been traditionally utilized in folk medicine to address eye discomfort, digestive issues, insomnia, and fevers. This study of the peel employed four Kupchan fractions (PSF, DSF, ESF, and ASF) obtained from the methanol extract of the peel of B. motleyana for in vitro assessments, including antioxidant cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activities. The crude methanol extract was also used for in vivo evaluations, focusing on antidiarrheal and antidepressant effects, complemented by phytochemical screening and analysis using GC–MS/MS. The investigation of B. motleyana methanol peel extract identified 20 phytochemicals, with primary constituents, including phenol, 3,5‐bis(1,1‐dimethylethyl) (26.14%) and 1‐heptadec‐1‐ynyl‐cyclohexanol (23.12%). The extract exhibited potent antioxidant activity (IC50: 9.43 µg/mL) and cytotoxicity (LC50: 6.01 µg/mL). The most significant antidiarrheal effect was observed at a dosage of 400 mg/kg. Molecular docking studies revealed that compounds, such as C9, C2, and C19, displayed noteworthy binding affinities against glutathione reductase (−6.3 kcal/mol), urease oxidase (−6 kcal/mol), and monoamine oxidase A (−6.5 kcal/mol) receptors. In summary, our study demonstrates that fruits, like Rambai, could serve as a promising source for therapeutics and drug development in Asian countries.
Astaxanthin Prevents Oxidative Damage and Cell Apoptosis Under Oxidative Stress Involving the Restoration of Mitochondrial Function
Authors: Yu Jia‐Xin , Lin Miao , Zhang Wen‐Xuan , Lao Feng‐Xue , Huang Han‐Chang
Published: December 2024

Oxidative stress (OS) is one of the factors that result in cell damage and the development of neurological diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Astaxanthin (ASTA), a natural compound known for its potent antioxidant properties, shows the biological activities in anti‐apoptosis and antitumor. However, its specific mechanism on mitochondrial function remains unclear. This study investigated the effects of ASTA on regulation in mitochondrial function and cell apoptosis under OS induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The results demonstrated that ASTA (0.1, 1, 10 μmol/L) protected cells form H2O2‐induced cell damage and apoptosis through mitochondrial pathway. ASTA significantly reduced H2O2‐induced mitochondrial dysfunctions and restored the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential, and respiratory capacity. These findings suggest that ASTA's antioxidant properties can benefit neurons by maintaining mitochondrial function and alleviating oxidative damage and cell apoptosis induced by H2O2.
Enantioselective Synthesis of Spirooxindole‐Pyran and Furan Scaffolds via Copper‐Catalyzed Formal (3+3) and (3+2) Cycloaddition of Isatin‐Derived Propargylic Esters
Authors: Rohilla Shweta , Ahmad Khan Zahid , Singh Vinod K.
Published: December 2024

Herein, we report a copper‐catalyzed enantioselective formal (3+3) and (3+2) cycloaddition reaction of isatin‐derived tertiary propargylic esters with N,N‐dimethylbarbituric acid and 4‐hydroxycoumarins, respectively. In this process, the tertiary propargylic ester serves as both C3‐ and C2‐synthons, facilitating the synthesis of optically active spirooxindole‐pyran and furan scaffolds featuring an all‐carbon quaternary stereocenter. The reaction delivers these spirocyclic frameworks in good yields with high enantioselectivities. Additionally, the scalability of both the reactions and the transformation of chiral intermediates into valuable structures emphasize the synthetic and practical importance of this strategy.
Exploring Oesophageal Cancer in Ethiopia: Elevated Incidence in Females and Younger Cases
Authors: Mulisa Girma , Abebe Tamrat , Gutema Bekele , Mahmuda Jannatul , Khan Md. Al Amin , Gheit Tarik , Herceg Zdenko , Talukdar Fazlur Rahman
Published: December 2024

Background

Oesophageal cancer is a public health concern in Ethiopia. Identifying the incidence and demographic profile of the two histological subtypes: oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and oesophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) are the key steps in recognizing the disease burden and potential aetiopathological associations.

Aim

The aim of this study is to identify the age and gender‐specific incidence patterns of the most common subtype of oesophageal cancer in a high‐incidence area of Ethiopia.

Methods

A retrospective cross‐sectional study from a high‐incidence oesophageal cancer district in Ethiopia identified 630 cases from the pathology registry of nine hospitals. The patient records were carefully reviewed and data on age, gender, tumour location and histological types was systematically compiled. The patient data were retrieved and descriptive statistics were used to generate results.

Results

ESCC subtype, accounted for constituting 500 (79.437%) cases. A gender disparity was observed, with 62.80% of cases occurring in females and 37.20% in males. This distribution of higher female ESCC incidences aligns with previous findings indicating a regional consistency and probable aetiological factor. Furthermore, ESCC incidence peaked at 40–50 years in females, highlighting an age‐related incidence trend. EAC was observed in 67 (51.5%) females and 63 (48.5%) males showing similar prevalence. Spatial analysis revealed that the majority of ESCC cases were located in the lower oesophagus, followed by the middle part, with fewer instances in the upper oesophagus.

Conclusion

This study from Ethiopia identified ESCC as the predominant subtype, with a marked female predominance and age‐related gender disparities. EAC with a lesser proportion identified with consistent spatial distribution patterns in both genders provide valuable insights into the epidemiological landscape of this disease. These findings emphasize the urgency of targeted research to uncover the underlying factors.
Molecular and Microbial Detections of Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacilli in Dental Caries: An Experimental Study on Iranian Children Aged 5–9
Authors: Danaei Marzieh , Mollaali Milad , Fakharmohialdini Vida , Poureslami Hamidreza , Sajadi Fatemeh Sadat , Gisour Elham Farokh , Jahanimoghadam Fatemeh , Gholampour Aida , Foroudisefat Mehrnaz , Mirshekari Arezoo , Shojaeipour Raziyeh
Published: December 2024

Objectives

Lactobacilli and Streptococcus mutans are stigmatized as cariogenic bacteria, but few studies have simultaneously examined the quantitative and qualitative aspects of lactobacilli and S. mutans in childhood dental caries. Therefore, this study aimed to detect the presence of S. mutans and lactobacilli in dental caries using Snyder's test, colony counting, and PCR in the primary teeth of Iranian children with dental caries.

Material and Methods

A cross‐sectional study was conducted in Kerman, Iran, from March to Jun 2024. After dental examinations, 120 eligible children aged 5–9 were chosen using simple random sampling and classified into four groups based on their decayed, missing, and filled (primary) teeth (dmft) index: Group 1 (dmft = 0), Group 2 (dmft = 4–6), Group 3 (dmft = 7–9), and Group 4 (dmft = 10–13). The salivary levels of lactobacilli and S. mutans were calculated using colony counting (CFU/ml). Moreover, Snyder's test was applied to evaluate caries activity. PCR was also performed for molecular detection of lactobacilli (16S rRNA gene) and S. mutans (gftB gene). Lastly, the association between bacterial counting, molecular findings, and Snyder's test was estimated through statistical methods using SPSS 27.

Results

Significant differences were found between the age and the PCR results of lactobacilli and S. mutans among all dmft Groups (p < 0.05). Moreover, positive significant correlations were observed between the counts of lactobacilli and S. mutans in dmft Group 1 compared to other dmft Groups (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the counts of these two bacteria differed significantly in Snyder's test (p < 0.05). However, Snyder's test differed significantly from the S. mutans PCR (p < 0.05), but not from the lactobacilli PCR (p > 0.05).

Conclusions

The results of the study could potentially be considered a promising and cost‐effective screening program to identify children who are susceptible to dental caries.
Periodontal Disease and Metabolic Syndrome in Women at Prior High Risk for Gestational Diabetes
Authors: Poulsen Hanna , Meurman Jukka H. , Kautiainen Hannu , Huvinen Emilia , Koivusalo Saila , Eriksson Johan G.
Published: December 2024

Objectives

This study aimed to assess the association between periodontal disease and metabolic syndrome (MetS) among women at prior high risk for gestational diabetes with the hypothesis that women with MetS show more signs of periodontal disease than women without MetS.

Material and Methods

A total of 112 women from an original study cohort of 348 women at high risk of gestational diabetes were examined 4–6 years postpartum. Diagnosis of MetS was based on the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III diagnostic criteria. Insulin resistance was approximated by the homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance. Full‐mouth examinations and panoramic radiographs provided the total dental index, number of teeth, and decayed, missing, and filled teeth index. Clinical examination assessed bleeding on probing, probing depth, visible plaque index, signs of infection, and clinical attachment levels. The periodontal inflammatory burden index (PIBI) was also calculated. Information on oral health habits, symptoms, and individual opinions on oral health was collected through questionnaires.

Results

Five years after delivery, 21% of the women had MetS, and they had more gingivitis compared to those without MetS (bleeding on probing: 52% and 44%, p = 0.011). Women with MetS tended to have more periodontitis than those without (39% and 25%, p = 0.13). A high PIBI correlated with insulin resistance (partial correlation of PIBI and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance: 0.25 p < 0.05).

Conclusions

Periodontal disease was associated with insulin resistance and MetS in women at prior high risk of developing gestational diabetes.
Surfactant toxicity and synergistic activity with pyrethroids in managing resistant Listronotus maculicollis Kirby populations
Authors: Price Garrett Y. , McGraw Benjamin A.
Published: December 2024

This study investigates the efficacy of surfactants as a means to manage the annual bluegrass weevil, Listronotus maculicollis, particularly in populations demonstrating resistance to pyrethroids. Laboratory assays evaluated L. maculicollis adult mortality when exposed to 13 unique turfgrass surfactant classes alone and in combination with a low rate of bifenthrin. Results from dose–response assays suggest that the alkylpolyglucoside (Alypso), organosilicone (Silwet), anionic blend (Pervade), and the anionic + nonionic blend (Duplex) surfactants were acutely toxic to adults. When combined with low rates of pyrethroid, additive effects were seen with each of these classes plus the block copolymer + alkylpolyglucoside (Dispatch), which was non‐toxic in the absence of pyrethroids. The top four surfactant classes were further examined for their ability to depress cytochrome P450 enzyme activity, an enzyme family suspected to confer resistance within L. maculicollis. Only the block copolymer + alkylpolyglucoside blend showed a notable decrease in P450 activity, suggesting a potential mechanism for overcoming insecticide resistance in populations where enhanced enzymatic activity is responsible for pyrethroid resistance. However, the enzyme activity in the tested population of moderately resistant weevils did not show a significant increase, indicating that resistance to pyrethroids in L. maculicollis involves mechanisms other than enhanced enzymatic detoxification. Further research is needed to elucidate additional mechanisms of resistance as well as confirm the benefits of incorporating surfactants into L. maculicollis management strategies in the field.