bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EPR, Faust, and the Cat
Authors: Baggott Jim , Heilbron John L.
Published: April 2024

‘At the next meeting with Einstein at the Solvay Conference in 1930 our discussions took quite a dramatic turn’, Bohr wrote. Bohr turned Einstein’s ‘photon box’ experiment on its head to defend the uncertainty relations. But Einstein’s purpose was more subtle, arguing that quantum theory implied that the properties of a photon are governed by the choice made by an experimenter, no matter how distant. This argument resurfaced in his epoch-making paper with Boris Podolsky and Nathan Rosen. The experimenter chooses what kind of measurement to make on one of a pair of correlated particles, instantly determining the properties of the distant other. Schrödinger called it ‘entanglement’, and exposed the theory’s absurdities in his paradox of the cat. As the founders were rewarded with Nobel prizes, Pauli resolved the problem of nuclear beta-decay by proposing the neutrino, inspiring a witty parody of Goethe’s Faust performed in Bohr’s institute in 1932.
Small Business Tax
Authors: Conrad Robert F. , Alexeev Michael
Published: April 2024

Small business taxes are critically evaluated in Chapter 5 and a reform proposal is suggested. The proposal includes two classifications of small business. Mirco-enterprises would be subject to a patent (fixed fee) and small businesses would pay tax based on net cash flow. Provision for the transition from one system to another and to the general tax system are included. A small business tax may be a component of a collection-based tax system, at least initially. Through time we have developed a view that a country might be better served by not implementing such a charge, or at least should evaluate the option of doing nothing. We believe the supposed administrative gains from having a small business tax are either low or nonexistent, at least on a net basis. In addition, the supposed revenue gain, as well as compliance gains, from the small business tax may be offset by reduced revenue and compliance from the other parts of the tax system.
Mining and Natural Resources
Authors: Conrad Robert F. , Alexeev Michael
Published: April 2024

Fiscal policy for mining is discussed in this chapter. Separation of payments is maintained in return for the ownership of the resource stock and taxes. The chapter argues that any mineral producer should be subject to the generally applicable tax system with no specific modifications in a contract. Mineral-specific provisions in the income tax include capitalization of exploration and development expenses and amortization of reclamation expenses. Depletion should be allowed only to the resource owner, the state in most cases. An alternative to the Resource Rent Tax (RRT) and other rent capture schemes in proposed. In addition, the chapter proposes that stabilization be limited both in time and in scope.
Proposed Capital Gains Statute
Authors: Conrad Robert F. , Alexeev Michael
Published: April 2024

A capital gains tax should be imposed on both the direct transfer of a mining licence and on the transfer of any equity interest in the domestic entities holding a mining licence (Type 1 indirect transfer). A withholding tax should be imposed on Type 2 indirect transfers. Such distinctions are necessary because it is important to identify whether the transferor of any interest is subject to the country’s income tax and, if not, to ensure that the proper person withholds tax on the gain from the transfer made by a nonresident person. Type 2 indirect transfers will be made by persons who are not domestic taxpayers, so that a withholding tax, or a final tax, is employed in lieu of the generally applicable tax. In the case of Type 2 indirect transfers, the domestic person whose equity is transferred (the last entity in any chain of domestic entities) will be the withholding agent for the tax and will be required to comply with all reporting requirements.
Four Strategies to Advance Arts and Aging Policy
Authors: Lambert Patricia Dewey , Blandy Doug , Wyszomirski Margaret J.
Published: April 2024

“Four Strategies to Advance Arts and Aging Policy” introduces and applies key policy concepts, such as agenda-setting, political context, window of opportunity and advocacy coalition in a 50-year analysis of the tactics, outcomes, and lessons learned in efforts to demonstrate that the arts are a valued asset of healthy aging. This evolution unfolded in four distinct, but overlapping, approaches that explored policy formulation, generated specialized knowledge and evidence, built programming capacity, and expanded network building. This chapter also identifies gaps, unfinished developments, and contextual conditions that have hindered the arts and aging policy community from fully achieving its goal and realizing its potential public benefits. This historical analysis of arts and aging policy strategies and the relevant institutional infrastructure in America lays the foundation for the authors’ recommendations for activating the arts in healthy aging ecosystem.
History of Communist Czechoslovakia and Its Secret Police
Authors: Drumbl Mark A. , Holá Barbora
Published: April 2024

Chapter 2 provides a brief survey of the forty years of Communist rule in Czechoslovakia focusing on the Czechoslovak secret police, to wit, the Státní bezpečnost (StB). This chapter identifies the StB as among the principal tools of state repression and presents StB officers as securocrats. This chapter distils aggregated findings on the background, mission, and operations of the StB. It unwraps the StB’s use of informers. It outlines the formalities and steps in the creation and dissolution of cooperation agreements between informers and StB officers. Considerable details are proffered on the various categories of informers, methods of recruitment and management, and how the StB as an agency adapted over time to changing circumstances. This chapter also reassesses the dominant post-Communist revisionist narrative that affirms the putative dissonance between state and society in the Communist years and inflates the prevalence of resistance over the actuality of complicity.
Informers Here, Informers There, Informers Everywhere
Authors: Drumbl Mark A. , Holá Barbora
Published: April 2024

Chapter 7 concludes by recapping what we have discovered over the course of our journey to the file-stories of Communist Czechoslovakia. It also uncorks new areas for scholarly inquiry. Based on existing literature and our analysis of the file-stories, Chapter 7 examines motivational similarities between StB informers in repressive times and generic informers in so-called liberal states who assist police in ordinary criminal investigations and public authorities with regulatory compliance. This chapter introduces the concept of ‘just or unjust informing’ to ruminate upon public perceptions of individuals who help authorities in liberal states enforce laws (including COVID lockdowns and abortion restrictions) by informing on individuals who ‘break the rules’. This, then, returns the book full-circle to the complexity of informing, the panoply of the various ‘kinds’ of informing, and the selectivity and conditionality of public derision. Informers indeed have been, are, and will be ‘here, there, and everywhere’. Informers are ubiquitous. They are essential for any state—however virtuous or venal—to maintain authority. On a preliminary note, carry-overs and parallels seem to emerge across repressive and liberal contexts.
Old Order, New Order
Authors: Simon Hendrik
Published: April 2024

Chapter 10 investigates another German ‘special path’. It reconstructs why the German thesis of liberum ius ad bellum prevailed in the broader academic research discourse after the First World War. To this end, the chapter takes up the debates in the interwar and post-war periods and examines the influence of realist proponents of the myth of liberum ius ad bellum, such as Carl Schmitt and Wilhelm G. Grewe, on the further development of the history of international law and international relations. Paradoxically, however, the emerging myth of liberum ius ad bellum was supported also by liberal scholars of that time: for the international legalization initiated after 1920 seemed all the brighter, the darker the preceding era was painted. Only the hitherto overlooked interplay between the realist narrative of anarchy and the liberal narrative of progress can explain how the thesis of the ‘free right to go to war’ gained its appeal in scientific debates until today.
Political Parties, Accessibility and Political Recruitment
Authors: Evans Elizabeth , Reher Stefanie
Published: April 2024

Political parties wield significant power over the make-up of our legislatures and executives, acting as gatekeepers during political recruitment processes. Whether political parties are accessible to disabled people, and whether they have a strategy for selecting disabled candidates, are therefore critical questions. This chapter examines the extent to which political parties in the UK are accessible to disabled people by analysing party websites, manifestos, constitutions, and the role played by internal party disability groups. The chapter finds a great deal of variety in how the parties think about disability and accessibility in terms of their organization and structure. Some parties, notably Labour and the SNP, have codified and institutionalized the role of disabled members as wellas including a commitment to accessibility in all areas of their activism. While most parties pay lip service to the idea of increasing the number of disabled politicians, there are few examples of parties developing specific strategic approaches which would guarantee the recruitment and election of more disabled candidates. Moreover, beyond the parties, approaches to the issue have been inconsistent, especially when it comes to the provision of extra funding to support disabled candidates.
Representing the Preferences of Disabled People?
Authors: Evans Elizabeth , Reher Stefanie
Published: April 2024

Given the ubiquitous disability gap in voter turnout, we might anticipate that the interests and preferences of disabled citizens are not well reflected by political representatives and in the policy-making process. This chapter examines this issue in two ways: by studying policy congruence between citizens and governments across Europe, through analysing data from the European Social Survey and Chapel Hill Expert Survey, and by analysing disability pledges in UK political party manifestos. This two-pronged approach is rooted in wider research on the political representation of group preferences and interests and integrates the role played by political parties in developing disability policy. The findings indicate that the preferences of disabled people are overall less well represented by governments than those of non-disabled citizens. This gap cannot be explained by differences in education, income, and employment levels or lower turnout levels amongst disabled voters. There is a strong asymmetry in the extent to which political parties pay attention to disability, with most parties paying scant attention to this group of citizens and their specific interests and needs.
Revolution and Democracy in Tunisia
Authors: Sadiki Larbi , Saleh Layla
Published: April 2024

This book offers a novel and interdisciplinary exploration of revolution as “situated protest” in Tunisia. It posits a “double articulation” of revolution and peoplehood that feed into each other in a twin ferment. Thus, the book re-narrates Tunisia’s postcolonial politics through the prism of key historical protests. Beginning with the “crucible” of Tunisian constitutionalism (1861) and anti-monarchical revolt (Ali Ben Ghedhahem, 1864–5), it re-conceptualizes the dynamics of change and the resulting key shifts in relations between rulers and ruled. It delves into revolution through a longue durée prism, highlighting spatialities and temporalities of insurgency, reading protest as relational, intersubjective, partial, and demotic. Tunisia’s revolution did not begin in 2010, nor did its rebellious peoplehood. Both, the book argues, were over a century and a half in the making. The book focusses on politics and histories from below, in encounters between bottom-up activism/movement (hirak) and revolution (thawrah). It catalogues the onset of protests in the 1960s with the rejection of collectivization-like cooperatives, through the 2011 “Arab Spring” revolution, and since. Its interpretivist epistemology of synchronic “protestscapes” draws on local knowledge and a rich archive of indigenous discourses, written and spoken. One aim is to re-ontologize protest lives and subjectivities. The book uncovers “traces” of morally-imbued agentic, affective, and cognitive practices and imaginaries of socially acted and en-acted peoplehood across the diachrony of Tunisia’s revolutionary milieu. The protestscapes vividly depict an active citizenry and the becoming of a demos. Their collective memories and imaginaries are stamped by trials of anti-colonial and anti-dictatorial rebellion.
Revelation of the Torah
Authors: Segal Aaron
Published: April 2024

This chapter develops a puzzle about one of the central tenets of Judaism: that God revealed the Torah at Mount Sinai. The puzzle arises from a combination of more specific views, each of which is widely held in the Jewish theological tradition. First, that the realization of the Torah is the purpose for which the world was created. Second, that we couldn’t on our own discover the truths in which the Torah consists. Third and finally, that the Torah is a sort of wisdom; indeed, that once revealed we can see the wisdom in it. The combination of these views is puzzling. If the Torah is a kind of wisdom, it seems that God could have endowed us with cognitive faculties powerful enough to discover it on our own. Given that the Torah is the purpose of creation, it seems that God would have done so. But God didn’t. It looks like creation wasn’t properly matched to its purpose. The author of this chapter suggests two ways of solving the puzzle, both of which contend that while a way of life in keeping with the Torah exhibits great wisdom, it’s not the kind of thing that a wise individual could discover. One, drawing on the work of Hasdai Crescas, points to the demands of love, and love of God in particular. The other, drawing on the work of Nahmanides, points to the intrinsic systematicity of philosophy and theology, and the collective nature of the Sinaitic revelation.
Peace, Violence, and Saints, c. 1000–1150
Authors: Arnold John H.
Published: April 2024

The chapter addresses the so-called ‘Peace of God’ movement, looking specifically at the evidence related to southern France, principally ecclesiastical councils plus some saints’ lives and miracles. Historiographical critiques of earlier interpretations of the Peace movement are rehearsed, noting that it is wrong to see the Church as straightforwardly opposing (lay, knightly) violence; rather, the peace councils constrained some kinds of violence whilst operating clearly within an existing framework of both ecclesial and lay lordship. Moreover, as previous studies have pointed out, the miraculous interventions of saints in this period were themselves quite frequently another form of violence, albeit directed toward the preservation of episcopal or monastic rights. The Peace councils are analysed also for what one can glean of ordinary expectations of lay faith, as are the preambles to charters. The chapter argues that the Peace councils coopted existing, albeit extraordinary, practices of saint worship orchestrated by bishops, and that the principal dynamic of ordinary lay people’s worship of saints was more akin to their relationship to lordship than something opposed to it.
Negotiations of the Faith
Authors: Arnold John H.
Published: April 2024

The elaboration of the Christian faith as lay religion was played out within a social landscape that contained other additional resources and cultural demands. In southern France this social landscape was marked by a number of important features: a widespread ‘civic’ sensibility which extended well beyond the larger settlements; a notarial culture that provided relatively broad access to mechanisms of law and archiving that were authoritative but also somewhat flexible and responsive in their documentary forms; and a strong vein of mercantile practice, that operated through agreements, contracts, and often collective negotiations. These informed the ways in which the laity negotiated their experience of Christianity. In certain areas they pushed back against some of the demands of the Church, most often when these conflicted too strongly with other areas of material life; but in others, the nature of the negotiations and collective actions aimed to forge an enlarged space for lay engagement with Christian piety. These issues are explored through an analysis of various ‘contracts’ and agreements drawn up between local communities and their priests; through an examination of the evidence for religious confraternities in southern France from the twelfth century onward; and finally through a close examination of a body of wills made in Puigcerdà between 1294 and 1310.
Introduction: Responsibility and Health Care
Authors: Davies Ben , De Marco Gabriel , Levy Neil , Savulescu Julian
Published: April 2024

This introductory chapter offers an overview of the various ways that responsibility may be relevant to health care, in order to situate the chapters in this volume in their broader context. The chapter begins by outlining relevant concepts, and explaining why it is worth considering the role of responsibility in health care. The chapter then turns to various ways in which patients might be held responsible in a health care system, before considering objections to these practices. Finally, the chapter considers the role of responsibility in health care beyond holding patients responsible, by considering the responsibility of medical professionals, and of institutions.
Habitual Health-Related Behaviour and Responsibility
Authors: Brown Rebecca
Published: April 2024

In this chapter, I consider how an analysis of responsibility for habitual behaviour can help us to make judgements about people’s responsibility for their health. Much of our behaviour is habitual, featuring high levels of automaticity and low levels of reflection. Further, habitual behaviour is particularly commonplace in many “everyday” health-affecting actions like diet and physical activity. It is unclear what role conscious awareness plays in habitual behaviour, but it is generally assumed that conscious control over habitual behaviour is limited, if not completely lacking, at least at the time that behaviour is performed. There has been relatively little written about responsibility for habitual behaviour. At least, few philosophical accounts of responsibility have explicitly discussed habitual behaviour or habits. A notable exception is Fischer and Ravizza’s influential Responsibility and Control, which makes reference to behaviour that is performed “instinctively” or out of “unreflective habit”. There is also a significant literature on responsibility for character, which could be considered of direct relevance to attempts to illuminate responsibility for habitual behaviour. This chapter will outline what work remains to be done in order to properly align discussions of responsibility with a psychologically informed analysis of habitual behaviour, and will indicate how this could support discussions of people’s responsibility for their health.
Colonial organisms and complex life cycles
Authors: Chipman Ariel D.
Published: April 2024

Many animals live in colonies, groups of organisms of the same species, living together in a single location. In many cases, the colonies are permanent organizations of sessile animals. In other cases, they are temporary and functional, as in breeding colonies. In clonal colonies, all individuals or zooids are genetically identical descendants of a founder zooid. The zooids of a colony can be morphologically similar or can be specialized, with a greater or lesser level of division of labor among the zooids. Colonial animas often have complex life cycles, but this is not unique to them. Complex life cycles include a separation between juvenile stages and adult stages. In complex life cycles, the juvenile stage or larva is usually morphologically and ecologically different from the adult. In marine animals, the larva is often planktonic. The transition from larva to adult is usually accompanied by a dramatic change in form known as metamorphosis.
Segmental organization of the body
Authors: Chipman Ariel D.
Published: April 2024

Segmentation is a morphological phenomenon in which the body is composed of repeated structures along the anterior posterior axis. Repeated units are fairly common in animal body plans, but the term “segmentation” is usually reserved for cases where the repeated units are complex and include elements from different organ systems. There are several ongoing debates surrounding the question of segmentation. One regards the selective advantage of segmentation. While it is clear that being segmented increases evolvability and provides an excellent template for diversification through modular evolution, this does not explain why it first evolved. It may have provided an advantage in locomotion or it may be a side effect of elongation. A second debate regards the question of whether segmentation evolved once early in bilaterian evolution, or several times convergently. It is possible that some form of repeated body organization existed very early in bilaterian evolution, complex segmentation as defined here, almost surely evolved independently in a few different lineages.
Embryogenesis
Authors: Chipman Ariel D.
Published: April 2024

Embryogenesis is the process in which a single cell develops into a multi-cellular organism. This process varies widely among different organisms, but some overarching features are conserved. The first stage is fertilization, where a male sperm meets a female ovum and the two cell fuse to form a zygote. The zygote then divides in a process known as cleavage. The ball of cells formed in the cleavage process, the blastula, transforms through the process of gastrulation, during which the embryonic axes are defined and the germ layers are determined. After gastrulation, there is a long and intricate process of organogenesis, during which the final structure of the body is assembled. The variability in the developmental process can have phylogenetic significance. A large super-phyletic clade of animals, Spiralia, is defined by the presence of spiral cleavage. The blastopore, the first opening through which gastrulation occurs, develops into the mouth in the clade known as Protostomia, and into the anus in the clade known as Deuterostomia.
Vertebrate diversity
Authors: Chipman Ariel D.
Published: April 2024

The best way to understand vertebrate diversity is to follow their evolutionary history from the Cambrian to the present. The first vertebrates are what we would call fish. They initially had no jaws and no fins, but these had evolved by the Silurian. Lobe-finned fish started a process of terrestrialization in the Devonian, and by the early Carboniferous there was a diversity of terrestrial amphibian vertebrates. Improved adaptation to the terrestrial environment involved evolving a water-resistant integument and the evolution of the amniotic egg, an egg with an internal cavity that provides a water-filled environment for the embryo to develop. The amniotes diversified throughout the mid-late Carboniferous, giving rise to several lineages, distinguished by openings in their skulls. One lineage, the diapsids, gave rise to dinosaurs, birds, and crocodiles through one branch, and to lizards and snakes through another branch. The second major lineage, the synapsids, gave rise to a succession of large-bodied animals throughout the Carboniferous and Permian. By the Mesozoic, the synapsids were outcompeted by the dinosaurs and became small and nocturnal. These were the ancestors of the mammals, which diversified following the extinction of most mammals at the end of the Cretaceous.
Reconciling EU Data Protection and International Trade Law
Authors: Yakovleva Svetlana
Published: April 2024

This chapter sets out four propositions explaining the conclusions of this book with respect to the following research question: how should commitments on cross-border data flows in European Union (EU) trade agreements be reconciled with the protection of the fundamental rights to privacy and personal data? The overall conclusion of this book is that to reconcile EU rules on transfers of personal data outside the European Economic Area (EEA) under the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and of trade law rules regulating cross-border data flows in the EU’s future digital trade agreements, a reform of both of these sets of rules is necessary. This chapter summarizes the reasoning behind this conclusion and the reform proposals presented in this book.
Working-Class Americans Choose a Mate
Authors: Lystra Karen
Published: April 2024

As late as 1880 more than 70 percent of Americans were still living in places with populations of fewer than twenty-five hundred people. These small communities had a special meaning for the working class. Until marriage was imminent, they often remained emotionally attached to a pool of eligible mates based on limited geographical and racial boundaries. What was tacitly assumed, and almost never mentioned, was the racial homogeneity expected in marriage. Most Black and white Americans saw courtship as racially constrained. Expectations of in-group marriage were the foundation of a distinctively nonromantic style of courtship commonly practiced by the working class. These courtship practices can be roughly divided into three stages, which are discussed in detail. Also highlighted are the working-class gender assumptions surrounding mobility and their effect on mate selection.
Logics of Faith
Authors: Burton Simon J. G.
Published: April 2024

This chapter considers the origins and development of German Ramism, its engagement with Melanchthonian thought, and the formation of a distinctive Philippo-Ramist synthesis. It focusses especially on Caspar Olevian, Johannes Piscator, and the influential Herborn Academy. It opens by considering the philosophical and theological motivations to combine Ramism and Philippism, evident in their shared Neo-Platonic heritage. It then considers Olevian’s engagement with Ramism and the way in which his logical and covenantal analysis combines into a new Ramist, federal theology. It also considers his key role in the formation of the Herborn Academy. It then turns to look at Piscator, his successor at Herborn, and his own articulation of Philippo-Ramism against the rival, purer, Ramisms of William Temple and Wilhelm Adolf Scribonius. It finally considers Piscator’s pioneering development of Ramism as a sophisticated exegetical and theological tool and the connection of this to a wider, Reformed, confessionalization of Ramism.
Our Refugee Crisis
Authors: Sandhya Shaifali
Published: April 2024

The introductory chapter, “Our Refugee Crisis: Trauma, Integration, and Resettlement,” illustrates the sheer velocity and vastness of our global refugee crisis, the precursors like conflicts and climate-related disasters driving it, and the struggles of the forcibly displaced. Pushbacks, protection gaps, and deportations of asylum-seekers are on the rise, precipitating their exclusion from equitable economic, social, cultural, political, and reproductive rights and amplifying their complex trauma. Yet, host nations do not always associate refugees’ psychological well-being with their future self-sufficiency, and humanitarian organizations seldom inquire into the policy levers that will lead resettled refugees to improved mental health outcomes. This book relates firsthand accounts and draws upon quantitative and qualitative methodologies, and scientific research in its study of their psychological trauma, systemic treatment of, and care for refugees. In addressing refugee mental health through multisectoral partnerships, the book provides a systems-informed roadmap for multicultural nations to enhance their capacity for inclusive societies and encourage prosperity for all.
The causes of the opioid crisis
Authors: Ukockis Gail
Published: April 2024

Chapter 2 focuses on the causes of the opioid crisis, including the overprescribing of opioid painkillers. Both pharmaceutical companies pushing their “non-addictive” opioids and pill mills distributing millions of prescribed opioids have become notorious for their role. Other causes of the opioid crisis possibly include drug cartels and social despair caused by a poor economy. The chapter introduces the reader to two tools of analysis, the Framework of Addiction and the social determinants of health. A policy case study of the homeless population in Seattle includes both a problem description and problem solutions (policy ideas). Navigation teams, which include police officers and outreach workers, are one example of a policy idea that has sparked controversy.
Child welfare and the opioid crisis
Authors: Ukockis Gail
Published: April 2024

One of the most tragic aspects of the opioid crisis is its impact on children, as described in Chapter 5. Social workers need a solid understanding of the child welfare system such as foster care. Policy decisions on permanency planning are controversial since it is difficult to determine when an addicted parent should be given more chances to recover while a child is still in limbo. At what point should a child be returned home or be considered for adoption? The challenges faced by grandparents and other kinship care providers are also discussed. Adverse childhood experience (ACE) is another child welfare topic that deserves attention.
Wartime in Chicago
Authors: Warsh Cheryl Krasnick
Published: April 2024

Oldham immediately tried to enlist during WWII but there was no interest from the Canadian or British governments for a female pharmacologist. But the University of Chicago’s research facilities moved into high gear, studying poison gases and building the first nuclear reactor. Oldham felt increasingly estranged in pre-Pearl Harbor Chicago where there was isolationism and a sizeable German university presence. Oldham studied antimalarial drugs on rabbits and chickens, and then did clinical trials at Joliet’s Statesville Prison. These trials were raised during debates over patient consent. A Joliet participant was infamous murderer Nathan Leopold, who later applied to the FDA to do a research study. Oldham found that rabbit embryos could not break down enzymes as efficiently as adults, a finding she recalled when reviewing the thalidomide application. Wartime research was opposed by Chicago anti-vivisectionists; as a result, university president Robert Hutchins established an animal care committee, on which Oldham served.
Adventures in South Dakota
Authors: Warsh Cheryl Krasnick
Published: April 2024

In 1952, the Kelsey family moved to Vermillion, where Ellis became pharmacology chair at the University of South Dakota. Frances was unemployed for six months, then interned and did locum tremens (fill-in medicine) around the state. The family enjoyed small-town living, and the two working parents juggled childcare with the help of babysitters. Frances received a Lederle Fellowship, which paid for her teaching and research position, and trained in nuclear medicine. She investigated local thyroid issues, and researched the pituitary of the beaver. In 1956, she became a naturalized American citizen, and both Kelseys explored alternative employment, as senior administrators rendered the department atmosphere toxic.
Preparing for the Field
Authors: Lebovits Hannah
Published: April 2024

Some kinds of research questions lend themselves to a data collection and analysis experience that is immersive and requires access to a confined space that operates according to its own norms. These questions lead the researcher to “the field.” This chapter defines the field, describes several different types of fields, explains why navigating them can be difficult, and provides a checklist for scholars preparing to engage in fieldwork. Though the chapter at times draws on a particular research project for illustration, it presents a flexible approach for any early scholar to navigate their own field journey and plan a successful field experience.
A Plan for Managing and Storing Your Data
Authors: Bentancur Verónica Pérez
Published: April 2024

This chapter discusses the use of data management plans (DMPs) in qualitative research. In DMPs, scholars thoroughly record the main decisions involved in the data cycle of a research project, before the fieldwork stage. This record ranges from the data-gathering procedures to the criteria that will be used for its storage and sharing. This chapter focuses on the features of qualitative data by describing the main characteristics a qualitative DMP should have and by providing concrete steps to aid in its development. A well-designed DMP helps scholars manage the large and diverse volume of information qualitative research projects typically yield and, simultaneously, helps make the information more accessible to other researchers. Therefore, DMPs not only improve the efficacy of fieldwork, by enabling scholars to produce research reports more efficiently, but also help advance transparency in qualitative inquiry.
Qualitative Research as a Minoritized Scholar
Authors: Turner Robin L.
Published: April 2024

Minoritized scholars confront distinct challenges, opportunities, and pitfalls in undertaking qualitative research: minoritization affects all aspects of the research process, from question development through research design, data generation and analysis, to reception of one’s scholarship. This chapter defines minoritization, discusses the traits of scholars most likely to experience minoritization, describes how minoritization influences the research process, and offers strategies to address the particular opportunities and pitfalls minoritized scholars confront at each stage of the research process. The chapter focuses on those strategies available to minoritized individuals because those are most within the scholar’s control, not because addressing it is their responsibility. Rather, minoritization is a structural disciplinary problem impeding scholarship and knowledge production.
Digital Fieldwork
Authors: Kapiszewski Diana , MacLean Lauren , Smith Lahra
Published: April 2024

Technological advancements, increased access to and engagement with technology by individuals and organizations globally, and the digitization of information sources all over the world encourage and facilitate the conduct of digital fieldwork. This chapter identifies some core practices that scholars can adopt to prepare for and carry out digital fieldwork. It then examines some of the personal, operational, and ethical opportunities offered and challenges posed by digital fieldwork, discussing the intellectual implications and offering ideas for how to maximize the benefits. The chapter’s conclusion considers some broader implications of conducting digital fieldwork and highlights literature that addresses these long-standing and evolving practices.
Welfarenomics
Authors: Suh Sang-Mok
Published: April 2024

This chapter develops a paradigm that integrates social welfare policy and economic development, pointing the way toward a future model for the Korean welfare state. The model of “welfarenomics” seeks to advance a social investment perspective by (1) building a foundation for “workfare” through developing customized job programs for welfare beneficiaries, (2) utilizing various welfare programs as means for social innovation, and (3) the application of management concepts to improve the operation of welfare programs. This paradigm is based on the view that economy and welfare are the opposite sides of the same coin. Welfarenomics aims at modifying the existing neoliberal market economy model to develop an inclusive capitalistic system that boost “welfare economy” through “win-win capitalism” on the one hand and realizes “economic welfare” by enhancing the sustainability of the existing Western welfare state model on the other.
National Health Insurance in Korea
Authors: Jeong Hyoung-Sun
Published: April 2024

Korea introduced mandatory health insurance in 1977 and incrementally extended population coverage. Several pilot programs were implemented for the self-employed. In 1988, all rural self-employed were covered by national health insurance (NHI), and, a year later, universal coverage (UHC) was achieved when the self-employed in urban areas joined the NHI. In 2000, the merger of more than 300 health insurance funds into a single-payer system fundamentally changed the structure of the NHI and contributed to the efficiency and equity of the Korean health system. In July 2008, Korea introduced public long-term care insurance (LTCI) in response to rapid population aging and low income security for older people. Increased demand for long-term care resulted not only from demographic changes but also from the change in family structures and attitudes toward care for older people. Korea’s path from the introduction of NHI, achievement of UHC, and a major reform to a single-payer system showcases the political economy of UHC, ranging from authoritarian policymaking, democratic and competitive politics, the role of economic crisis, and open policy community with active participation by civic groups. Korea’s health system faces challenges, such as limited financial protection and high direct payments at the point of healthcare utilization, rapidly increasing health expenditures and the financial sustainability of NHI, a predominance of private profit-seeking providers who are strong vested interest groups in health policymaking, and the ineffective coordination between health insurance and LTCI.
Introduction: Unfinished Business
Authors: Cook Nicholas
Published: April 2024

This is a brief introduction to the book, the circumstances of its production, and its motivation. It explains that the book is built on a number of themes that weave in and out of the chapters. These include musical performativity; how music both affords the construction of relationship and sonifies it; the over-emphasis on asocial individualism built into longstanding ways of thinking about music; a model of encounter (including, but not just, cross-cultural encounter) based on openness to the other; the idea of music being governed by impersonal forces; modernisation as an underlying principle of music history; and the role of notation in musical modernity. In a nutshell the aim is to find principled ways of putting people back into thinking about music.
Afterword: On Certainty
Authors: Cook Nicholas
Published: April 2024

This begins as a coda to Chapter 9 but draws on many themes from the book. In music as elsewhere, modernity has involved the abstraction of models of the world that are then treated as if they were the world. Musical notations are highly reductive—as cues for complex, real-time action they have to be—and cannot embody everything that matters in music. Ignoring or eliminating what is not rationalised gives rise to the false certainties that, among other things, underpin the oppressive culture of classical performance today. But music also shows how the irrational can be mobilised within the rationalised systems that structure everyday life. Approached from the relational perspective put forward in this book, music can suggest ways in which the reified structures of modernity can be humanised. Music cannot bring about a better world, but it does provide some hints as to what it might look like.
The Unfinished Quest
Authors: Paul T.V.
Published: April 2024

The Unfinished Quest: India’s Search for Major Power Status from Nehru to Modi presents the path that India has taken toward higher regional and global status. It discusses the challenges and key motivations driving Indian leaders to enhance India’s global status and power position. As the economies of China and India grow rapidly, the power balance between them is determined by their ability to develop both hard and soft power assets. The Unfinished Quest also covers a new framework built around status competition for understanding the China-India rivalry and India’s relative position in the Indo-Pacific theater as a swing power. It identifies indicators of greater status as benchmarks in the assessment of India’s history of development, status competition, and transitions in the contemporary international system. It contends that advancing an inclusive democratic political order, greater human development-oriented economic strategy, and deft diplomacy will be necessary to improve and legitimize India’s status in the years to come.
Soft Power
Authors: Paul T.V.
Published: April 2024

This chapter tackles the importance of soft-power markers for a country seeking higher status and influence. It explains that soft power is based on intangible indicators such as culture, civilization, literature, and political system. Soft power can affect social recognition and the policies of others in congruence with the influencing party’s preferences, as the latter has something valuable to offer and is also worth emulating. The chapter then covers India’s deep multiethnic culture, grand civilizational assets, and potential for producing and projecting soft power. It explains that some of India’s soft power assets for status enhancements have not been utilized effectively or are constrained by countervailing factors. Today that include increasing questions on the resilience of India’s democracy, secularism and inclusive economic development, in particular the polity’s tolerance toward minorities.
State Capacity
Authors: Paul T.V.
Published: April 2024

This chapter focuses on state capacity and its impact on India’s status quest. While India already has made many advancements since its independence in 1947, the goalpost of India and its status markers have changed since the early days of independence. The Indian elite and many in the general public believe that India could rise to the ranks of an advanced state and a major power fairly soon. The chapter discusses the weak state syndrome and the economic strategy that does not pay adequate attention to inclusive development or resolving the deep inequalities as the two associated domestic level constraints that inhibit India’s rapid status elevation.
Three Jewish Conversion Songs
Authors: Drummond Henry T.
Published: April 2024

Throughout much of its history, the Crown of Castile was a home for Jewish citizens. Their social status and living conditions vacillated throughout the centuries. While some of Alfonso X’s policies towards his non-Christian subjects could be considered relatively moderate, his treatment of Jews towards the latter years of his reign became particularly brutal. The three songs discussed in this chapter address themes of Jewishness and conversion to Christianity. Here, song narratives tell—both explicitly and implicitly—of characters turning away from their Jewish faith following the Virgin’s intervention. The use of specific character names, many of which coincide in the songs with points of rhyme, gives focus to these figures’ Jewish identities, through which antisemitic tropes are laid out and a political agenda alluded to that proselytizes conversion. Rhyme placement therefore amplifies the songs’ moralistic messages, highlighting the need to evangelize and convert non-believers through love for the Virgin Mary.
Judgment, Perception, and Attention in the Cultivation of Emotions
Authors: Perkins Franklin
Published: April 2024

The cultivation of emotions is a common theme in philosophical traditions across the world. One common method for cultivating emotions addresses the element of appraisal on which emotions depend. The first half of this chapter provides an orientation on these issues as they appear in early China, considering first some of the ideals for a cultivated affective life (section 1) and then how the appraisal element of emotions was understood (section 2). The second half of the paper takes up one specific case in detail, analyzing Mengzi’s approach to the cultivation of emotions in dialogue with that of Stoics. While argument and judgment play important roles for Mengzi, he believes that changing our appraisals depends most of all on cultivating perception and attention. The paper concludes with some reflections on the central issues at stake in the disagreements between Mengzi and the Stoics.
Afterword: The Emotions in the Ancient Greco-Roman and Chinese Worlds
Authors: Lloyd G. E. R.
Published: April 2024

This short afterword reflects upon some of the issues raised by the volume as whole, especially those connected with cross-cultural variability in the experience and conceptualization of affectivity and emotion, with the status of emotions as biological and cultural phenomena, with the challenges posed by the overall project of cross-cultural comparison, and with variation within cultures in representations of and approaches to emotion. A substantial emphasis is placed on social functions in specific cultural contexts. In conclusion, the chapter summarizes some of the main results of the volume, draws connections between chapters, and surveys the prospects for further work on these topics.
Volatility
Authors: Zhang Angela Huyue
Published: April 2024

This chapter uses the 2020–2022 tech crackdown in China as a case study to illustrate how the dynamic pyramid model can cause extreme volatility in regulation. Initially, China’s leadership promoted entrepreneurship and innovation to fuel economic growth. This created a lenient regulatory environment, favoring the expansion of domestic tech giants, but also allowing regulatory tensions to escalate. When these issues loomed into crises, the regulatory pendulum swung toward harsh crackdown, leading to many unintended effects that undermined investor confidence and hurt employment. These effects, coupled with economic slowdown and stock market sell-off, exerted pressure on Chinese leadership to ease its policies. Thus, Chinese tech regulation entered a third phase, where previous measures were scaled back, returning to routine enforcement.
Fragility
Authors: Zhang Angela Huyue
Published: April 2024

This chapter introduces a framework for evaluating the impact of regulation, underscoring side effects and information lag as key factors impacting the resilience of regulatory outcome. The greater the side effects, the stronger the resistance to the policy; conversely, a longer information lag potentially magnifies policy damage and complicates remediation efforts. Although the dynamic pyramid model of regulation can be effective when policy side effects are minimal, unintended consequences can often result in undesirable outcomes. This is particularly true when there is a significant delay in top policymakers realizing the extent of the side effects. Through the lens of four policy challenges—China’s Covid policy, the energy crisis, the property crackdown, and the one-child policy—the chapter explores the fragility of the dynamic pyramid model. It also discusses potential strategies to reduce side effects and information lags, highlighting the transition from decentralized policy experiments to centralized decision-making under Xi’s regime.