bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Public‐Private Partnership Model for National Cybersecurity
Authors: Shore Malcolm , Du Yi , Zeadally Sherali
Published: June 2011

Many governments have established public‐private partnerships to manage critical infrastructure protection, one element of which is telecommunications. However, in New Zealand these collaborative efforts have had limited success and the rapid increase in use of the Internet to support both society and commerce has led to the need for a more specific focus in this area. While regulation is an effective means of forcing action by industry, it can lead to significant unintended consequences and undesirable behaviours. This article explores how governments can have confidence in the safety and protection of their critical national infrastructures through a model of assured public‐private partnership that is based on an incentivised adoption approach to drive optimal outcomes within the New Zealand context.
Adolescents and Cybercrime: Navigating between Freedom and Control
Authors: van der Hof Simone , Koops Bert‐Jaap
Published: June 2011

Online safety for children and adolescents as a policy issue finds itself in a turbulent arena: emerging new mobile and online technologies and applications carry opportunities and risks and constantly bring new challenges. This article explores particularly the field of adolescents and cybercrime against a background of a culture of control combined with an increasing use of new media by youngsters. Based on two particular cases, i.e. ‘grooming’—a new development in criminal law where children and adolescents are treated as (potential) victims in need of protection—and ‘sexting’—a new development in online risk‐taking where adolescents are framed as (potential) offenders in need of repression—we argue that public policy with respect to adolescent behaviour and online risks is tilting towards more control. These developments in cybercrime policy that focus on criminal law as a policy instrument disturb the balance between the freedom of adolescents to develop into responsible and independent adults and controlling online risks. Other, more promising avenues, such as encouraging digital literacy of citizens and protecting those children who are particularly vulnerable, should rather be at the forefront of public policy.
Overcoming the Warez Paradox: Online Piracy Groups and Situational Crime Prevention
Authors: Basamanowicz Jonathan , Bouchard Martin
Published: June 2011

US federal law enforcement operations occurring between 2001 and 2005 attempted to disrupt the online piracy scene, targeting copyright piracy rings known as ‘warez groups’. Previous work on warez groups has demonstrated a paradoxical situation where attempts to curtail warez group activities through policing and advancements in DRM only further encourage such groups to crack and distribute content. This study collected data on 93 convictions from these policing operations to construct a crime script of these groups' motivations and modus operandi in the release process. The results confirm previous findings that attempts to disrupt the activities of warez groups are counterproductive. To avoid the paradox, this study suggests that industry account for the motivations and modus operandi of these groups by creating DRM technologies which allow un‐cracked content to seep through the testing step of the script, thereby placing a group's ability to obtain prestige at risk. Law enforcement should focus on apprehending crackers, as they are the most significant step in the release process.
Public Policy Responses to Cybercrime
Authors: Fafinski Stefan
Published: June 2011

Breaches of the ethics, confidence and trust that are embedded in the information society give rise to a range of risks that are of concern to individuals, industry and public administration. This special issue of Policy & Internet is concerned with the policy implications of cybercrimes that result from the abuse of networked technologies. It provides a range of multidisiciplinary views that are actively being sought by policymaking communities and which impact on national and supra‐national legislation, public‐private cooperation, and international coordination against transnational crime.
Sole depth and weight-bearing characteristics of the palmar surface of the feet of feral horses and domestic Thoroughbreds
Authors: Hampson Brian A. , Connelley Alexandra D. , de Laat Melody A. , Mills Paul C. , Pollitt Chris C.
Published: June 2011

Objective—To determine solar load-bearing structures in the feet of feral horses and investigate morphological characteristics of the sole in feral horses and domestic Thoroughbreds.

Sample—Forelimbs from cadavers of 70 feral horses and 20 domestic Thoroughbreds in Australia.

Procedures—Left forefeet were obtained from 3 feral horse populations from habitats of soft substrate (SS [n = 10 horses]), hard substrate (HS [10]), and a combination of SS and HS (10) and loaded in vitro. Pressure distribution was measured with a pressure plate. Sole depth was measured at 12 points across the solar plane in feet obtained from feral horses from SS (n = 20 horses) and HS (20) habitats and domestic Thoroughbreds (20).

Results—Feet of feral horses from HS habitats loaded the periphery of the sole and hoof wall on a flat surface. Feral horses from HS or SS habitats had greater mean sole depth than did domestic Thoroughbreds. Sole depth was greatest peripherally and was correlated with the loading pattern.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The peripheral aspect of the sole in the feet of feral horses had a load-bearing function. Because of the robust nature of the tissue architecture, the hoof capsule of feral horses may be less flexible than that of typical domestic horses. The application of narrow-web horseshoes may not take full advantage of the load-bearing and force-dissipating properties of the peripheral aspect of the sole. Further studies are required to understand the effects of biomechanical stimulation on the adaptive responses of equine feet.
Effect of topical vapocoolant spray on response to arthrocentesis and intravenous catheterization in unsedated horses
Authors: Fjordbakk Cathrine T. , Haga Henning A.
Published: June 2011

Objective—To assess the efficacy of a commercially available topical vapocoolant spray in reducing responses to arthrocentesis of the middle carpal (MC) and metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints and jugular vein catheterization in unsedated horses.

Animals—8 healthy research horses.

Procedures—Arthrocentesis of both MC and MCP joints and bilateral jugular vein catheterization were performed in each horse. Immediately prior to skin penetration, 1 randomly selected MC joint, MCP joint, and jugular vein were sprayed with a vapocoolant liquid (intervention product), and the contralateral MC joint, MCP joint, and jugular vein were sprayed with water (placebo). An observer blinded to the type of spray treatment used evaluated the horses' responses to needle or catheter placement procedures by use of a 6-point categorical scale and a 100-mm visual analog scale.

Results—Responses evaluated via the visual analog scale were significantly reduced after application of the intervention product, compared with responses after application of the placebo, for the MC and MCP joints; no difference in responses to jugular vein catheterization was detected between the 2 treatments.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Vapocoolant spray was safe and effective in reducing horses' responses to arthrocentesis. The use of such products prior to joint injections may reduce procedural nociception and pain anticipation in unsedated horses and may improve the safety of personnel performing such procedures.
Plasma concentrations and behavioral, antinociceptive, and physiologic effects of methadone after intravenous and oral transmucosal administration in cats
Authors: Ferreira Tatiana H. , Rezende Marlis L. , Mama Khursheed R. , Hudachek Susan F. , Aguiar Antonio J. A.
Published: June 2011

Objective—To determine plasma concentrations and behavioral, antinociceptive, and physiologic effects of methadone administered via IV and oral transmucosal (OTM) routes in cats.

Animals—8 healthy adult cats.

Procedures—Methadone was administered via IV (0.3 mg/kg) and OTM (0.6 mg/kg) routes to each cat in a balanced crossover design. On the days of drug administration, jugular catheters were placed in all cats under anesthesia; a cephalic catheter was also placed in cats that received methadone IV. Baseline measurements were obtained ≥ 90 minutes after extubation, and methadone was administered via the predetermined route. Heart and respiratory rates were measured; sedation, behavior, and antinociception were evaluated, and blood samples were collected for methadone concentration analysis at predetermined intervals for 24 hours after methadone administration. Data were summarized and evaluated statistically.

Results—Plasma concentrations of methadone were detected rapidly after administration via either route. Peak concentration was detected 2 hours after OTM administration and 10 minutes after IV administration. Mean ± SD peak concentration was lower after OTM administration (81.2 ± 14.5 ng/mL) than after IV administration (112.9 ± 28.5 ng/mL). Sedation was greater and lasted longer after OTM administration. Antinociceptive effects were detected 10 minutes after administration in both groups; these persisted ≥ 2 hours after IV administration and ≥ 4 hours after OTM administration.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Despite lower mean peak plasma concentrations, duration of antinociceptive effects of methadone was longer after OTM administration than after IV administration. Methadone administered via either route may be useful for perioperative pain management in cats.
Effects of extracorporeal shock wave therapy and polysulfated glycosaminoglycan treatment on subchondral bone, serum biomarkers, and synovial fluid biomarkers in horses with induced osteoarthritis
Authors: Kawcak Chris E. , Frisbie David D. , McIlwraith C. Wayne
Published: June 2011

Objective—To evaluate effects of extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) and polysulfated glycosaminoglycan treatment (PSGAGT) on subchondral bone (SCB), serum biomarkers, and synovial fluid biomarkers in horses with induced osteoarthritis.

Animals—24 healthy 2- to 3-year-old horses.

Procedures—An osteochondral fragment was created on the distal aspect of the radial carpal bone in 1 middle carpal joint of each horse. Horses were randomly allocated to receive local application of ESWT (days 14 and 28; n = 8), PSGAGT (IM, q 4 d for 28 days; 8), or a sham ESWT probe (placebo; days 14 and 28; 8). Serum biomarkers were measured every 7 days, and synovial fluid biomarkers were measured every 14 days. Bone density was measured by use of computed tomography on days 0 and 70, and microdamage and bone formation variables were compared among groups at the end of the study (day 70).

Results—There was no significant effect of ESWT or PSGAGT on any bone variable. Serum osteocalcin concentration was significantly greater in horses that received ESWT, compared with placebo-treated horses, and serum concentration of the C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen was significantly higher in horses that received ESWT, compared with placebo- and PSGAG-treated horses. Concentrations of the synovial fluid epitope CS846 were significantly higher in joints with osteoarthritis treated with ESWT

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Treatment of osteoarthritis with ESWT had no effect on SCB but did induce increases in serum biomarkers indicative of bone remodeling. Treatment of osteoarthritis with PSGAG had no effect on SCB or biomarkers.
Impact of successive freezing-thawing cycles on 3-T magnetic resonance images of the digits of isolated equine limbs
Authors: Bolen Géraldine E. , Haye Dimitri , Dondelinger Robert F. , Massart Laurent , Busoni Valeria
Published: June 2011

Objective—To assess the impact of cycles of freezing and thawing on magnetic resonance (MR) images (obtained by use of a 3-T magnet) of equine feet examined ex vivo.

Sample—9 forelimbs from 9 horse cadavers.

Procedures—9 forefeet underwent MR imaging first at ambient temperature within 12 hours after the horses' death and then after each freezing-thawing cycle. Three digits underwent freezing and thawing (at 4°C for 36 hours) 2 times, 3 digits underwent freezing and thawing (at 4°C for 36 hours) once and rescanning after 24 hours at ambient temperature, and 3 digits underwent freezing and thawing at ambient temperature for 24 hours once. Images of the digits obtained prior to freezing were subjectively compared with images obtained after freezing and thawing. Changes in the signal-to-noise ratio between examinations were assessed.

Results—Overall image quality was considered unchanged except for the hoof capsule. Quantitative analysis revealed signal-to-noise ratio changes in bone marrow, soft tissues, and hoof capsule induced with both thawing processes. The signal-to-noise ratio in the sy-novial recess of the distal interphalangeal joint significantly increased as a result of thawing at4°C.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Although overall image quality was considered unchanged except for the hoof capsule, results suggested that changes induced in cadaver limbs following freezing and thawing, which are probably attributable both to modified and inhomogeneous temperature distribution and direct tissue damage, may alter the reliability of signal intensity in ex vivo MR examinations.
Evaluation of experimentally induced injury to the superficial digital flexor tendon in horses by use of low-field magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasonography
Authors: Karlin William M. , Stewart Allison A. , Durgam Sushmitha S. , Naughton James F. , O'Dell-Anderson Kristen J. , Stewart Matthew C.
Published: June 2011

Objective—To evaluate tendon injuries in horses over a 16-week period by use of ultrasonography and low-field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Sample—Tendons of 8 young adult horses.

Procedures—The percentage of experimentally induced tendon injury was evaluated in cross section at the maximal area of injury by use of ultrasonography and MRI at 3, 4, 6, 8, and 16 weeks after collagenase injection. The MRI signal intensities and histologic characteristics of each tendon were determined at the same time points.

Results—At 4 weeks after collagenase injection, the area of maximal injury assessed on cross section was similar between ultrasonography and MRI. In lesions of > 4 weeks' duration, ultrasonography underestimated the area of maximal cross-sectional injury by approximately 18%, compared with results for MRI. Signal intensity of lesions on T1-weighted images was the most hyperintense of all the sequences, lesions on short tau inversion recovery images were slightly less hyperintense, and T2-weighted images were the most hypointense. Signal intensity of tendon lesions was significantly higher than the signal intensity for the unaltered deep digital flexor tendon. Histologically, there was a decrease in proteoglycan content, an increase in collagen content, and minimal change in fiber alignment during the 16 weeks of the study.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Ultrasonography may underestimate the extent of tendon damage in tendons with long-term injury. Low-field MRI provided a more sensitive technique for evaluation of tendon injury and should be considered in horses with tendinitis of > 4 weeks' duration.
Comparison of two commercial ovine Campylobacter vaccines and an experimental bacterin in guinea pigs inoculated with Campylobacter jejuni
Authors: Burrough Eric R. , Sahin Orhan , Plummer Paul J. , DiVerde Kevin D. , Zhang Qijing , Yaeger Michael J.
Published: June 2011

Objective—To compare efficacy of 2 commercial ovine Campylobacter vaccines and an experimental bacterin in guinea pigs following IP inoculation with Campylobacter jejuni IA3902.

Animals—51 female guinea pigs.

Procedures—Pregnant and nonpregnant animals were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatment groups and administered a commercial Campylobacter vaccine labeled for prevention of campylobacteriosis in sheep via two 5-mL doses 14 days apart (vaccine A; n = 13), another labeled for prevention of campylobacteriosis via two 2-mL doses (vaccine B; 12), an experimental bacterin prepared from the challenge strain (12), or a sham vaccine (14). Ten days later, animals were challenged IP with C jejuni IA3902; 48 hours later, animals were euthanized, complete necropsy was performed, and blood and tissue samples were obtained for bacteriologic culture.

Results—Administration of vaccine B or the experimental bacterin, but not vaccine A, significantly reduced 48-hour infection rates versus administration of the sham vaccine. A significantly reduced 48-hour infection rate was associated with administration of vaccine B independent of pregnancy status.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Administration of vaccine B significantly reduced infection in guinea pigs challenged with C jejuni IA3902, similar to a homologous bacterin. Results suggested that vaccine B or an autogenous product may be effective in controlling ovine campylobacteriosis caused by this emergent abortifacient strain. Bacteriologic culture of blood, liver, bile, and uterus in nonpregnant guinea pigs 48 hours after inoculation may be a useful screening tool for comparing efficacy of C jejuni vaccines.
Evaluation of the ability of two transfection reagents to deliver small interfering RNA molecules to equine and guinea pig cartilage in vitro
Authors: Dougherty Sarah S. , Santangelo Kelly S. , Bertone Alicia L.
Published: June 2011

Objective—To evaluate 2 commercially available transfection reagents for transfection efficiency and distribution of small interfering RNA (siRNA) molecules to chondrocytes in monolayer cultures and full-thickness cartilage explants from guinea pigs and horses.

Sample—Cartilage explants from 5 one-month-old and 3 adult guinea pigs and 5 adult clinically normal horses.

Procedures—Monolayer chondrocytes and uniform cartilage explants were exposed to 1 of 2 siRNA transfection complexes according to manufacturers' protocols (1μM [1×]). Additionally, monolayer chondrocytes were exposed to 2× the suggested amount of a proprietary siRNA molecule. Full-thickness cartilage explants were treated with 1× (1μM), 2× (2μM), and 4× (4μM) or 1× (0.13μM), 4× (0.52μM), and 8× (1.04μM) the recommended concentrations of the proprietary siRNA and the cationic liposome siRNA, respectively, in equivalent media volumes. Use of fluorescent siRNA duplexes allowed quantification of transfected cells via flow cytometry and direct visualization of the depth and distribution of in situ transfection via fluorescent microscopy.

Results—With both transfection reagents, > 90% of monolayer chondrocytes were transfected. In explants, only use of the proprietary molecule achieved > 50% transfection efficiency, whereas use of the cationic liposome achieved < 20%. Only the proprietary molecule-treated cartilage consistently contained fluorescent cells throughout all zones; the cationic liposome-transfected chondrocytes were restricted to explant surfaces.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Robust transfection of chondrocytes in monolayer was achieved with both reagents, but only use of the proprietary molecule attained effective full-thickness transfection of explants that may allow relevant transcript reduction via RNAi.
Evaluation of four drugs for inhibition of paracentesis-induced blood-aqueous humor barrier breakdown in cats
Authors: Rankin Amy J. , Khrone Sheryl G. , Stiles Jean
Published: June 2011

Objective—To compare inhibitory effects of topically applied 1% prednisolone acetate suspension, 0.03% flurbiprofen solution, 0.1% dexamethasone suspension, and 0.1% diclofenac solution on paracentesis-induced blood-aqueous barrier breakdown in cats.

Animals—9 healthy cats.

Procedures—Paracentesis of the anterior chamber was performed in both eyes of each cat. One eye of each cat was treated with a topically administered anti-inflammatory medication (1% prednisolone [n = 7 cats], 0.03% flurbiprofen [7], 0.1% dexamethasone [9], or 0.1% diclofenac [8]) immediately following paracentesis and at 6, 10, and 24 hours after paracentesis. The contralateral untreated eye served as the control eye. Each cat had a 6-day washout period between experimental drugs. Breakdown of the blood-aqueous barrier was quantified by use of laser flaremetry.

Results—Topical administration of 1% prednisolone significantly reduced aqueous humor flare at 4, 8, and 26 hours after paracentesis. Topical administration of 0.1% diclofenac significantly reduced aqueous humor flare at 8 and 26 hours after paracentesis. Topical administration of 0.1% dexamethasone and 0.03% flurbiprofen did not significantly decrease flare at any time point. There were significant differences in intraocular pressures between NSAID-treated eyes and untreated contralateral eyes.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Topical administration of 1% prednisolone and 0.1% diclofenac significantly reduced intraocular inflammation in cats with paracentesis-induced uveitis. Topical administration of 1% prednisolone or 0.1% diclofenac may be appropriate choices when treating cats with anterior uveitis. Topical administration of diclofenac and flurbiprofen should be used with caution in cats with a history of ocular hypertension.
Development and validation of a sandwich ELISA for use in measuring concentrations of canine surfactant protein A in serum of dogs
Authors: Sone Katsuhito , Akiyoshi Hideo , Aoki Mika , Sugii Shunji , Ohashi Fumihito
Published: June 2011

Objective—To develop and evaluate a sandwich ELISA incorporating rabbit antiserum specific for canine surfactant protein A (SP-A) for use in measuring concentrations of SP-A in serum of dogs.

Sample—Serum samples obtained from 6 healthy dogs and 3 dogs with pulmonary disease.

Procedures—Rabbit antiserum was prepared against purified canine SP-A. The IgG fraction was isolated via protein G affinity chromatography and was then biotinylated. The sandwich ELISA was performed by use of anti-SP-A antibody (IgG) preabsorbed with sera from healthy dogs. Validity of the ELISA was confirmed by determination of the detection limit, precision, reproducibility, and accuracy. Serum SP-A concentrations were measured in 6 healthy dogs and 3 dogs with pulmonary disease.

Results—Detection limit of the ELISA was 2.0 ng/mL. Within- and between-assay coefficients of variation ranged from 3.8% to 14.1% and from 15.5% to 35.6%, respectively. The observed-to-expected recovery ratio ranged from 77.1% to 89.9%. Serum SP-A concentrations measured by use of the ELISA were ≤ 2.3 ng/mL in the 6 healthy dogs, 25.6 ng/mL in a dog with severe cardiac pulmonary edema, 8.3 ng/mL in a dog with pneumonia, and 10.1 ng/mL in a dog with lung lobe torsion.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The sandwich ELISA was found to be useful for measuring purified canine SP-A concentrations and canine SP-A concentrations in serum samples. The ELISA was precise, reproducible, and accurate. The ELISA may be beneficial in assessing serum concentrations of canine SP-A as a potential biomarker of pulmonary diseases in dogs.
Evaluation of variations in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in horses with recurrent airway obstruction
Authors: Jean Daniel , Vrins André , Beauchamp Guy , Lavoie Jean-Pierre
Published: June 2011

Objective—To determine variations in cytologic counts of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid attributable to month of collection, first and second aliquots, and left and right lung sites in horses with recurrent airway obstruction (RAO).

Animals—5 horses with RAO and 5 healthy horses without respiratory tract disease.

Procedures—Horses were housed in a stable for 5 months prior to and throughout the study. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was collected from the right and left lung of each horse 3 times at monthly intervals (February, March, and April). Each BAL fluid collection was performed by use of 2 incremental instillations of 250 mL of isotonic saline (0.9% NaCl) solution in the same bronchial site. Analysis of BAL fluid included volume of BAL fluid recovered, a CBC, and differential cytologic counts.

Results—Volume of BAL fluid recovered and cytologic counts did not differ in horses with RAO across time or between right and left lungs, except for the number of mast cells. Horses with RAO had significantly lower volumes of BAL fluid recovered, significantly lower percentages of macrophages and lymphocytes, and significantly higher percentages of neutrophils than did healthy horses. Despite individual variation, all horses with RAO had > 25% neutrophils throughout the study period.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Despite variation among horses, BAL fluid cytologic counts were repeatable over short and long periods and samples can be used for longitudinal studies as a diagnostic tool of pulmonary inflammation in horses with RAO.
Effects of oral administration of N-acetyl-d-glucosamine on plasma and urine concentrations of glycosaminoglycans in cats with idiopathic cystitis
Authors: Panchaphanpong Jinnapat , Asawakarn Tanong , Pusoonthornthum Rosama
Published: June 2011

Objective—To determine the effects of once-daily oral administration of N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (NAG) on plasma and urine glycosaminoglycan (GAG) concentrations in cats with idiopathic cystitis (IC).

Animals—19 cats with IC and 10 clinically normal cats.

Procedures—Cats with IC were randomly assigned to receive 250 mg of NAG in capsule form orally once daily for 28 days (n = 12) or a placebo (capsule containing cellulose) orally once daily for the same period (7). In cats with IC, plasma and urine GAG concentrations and urine creatinine concentration were measured on days 0 (immediately before first dose), 7, 14, 21, 28, and 56. For purposes of comparison, those variables were measured in 10 clinically normal cats on day 0.

Results—Mean ± SEM urine GAG-to-creatinine concentration ratios (day 0 data) for cats with IC and clinically normal cats differed significantly (3.11 ± 0.62 μg/mL and 14.23 ± 3.47 μg/mL, respectively). For cats with IC, mean plasma GAG concentration in NAG-treated cats (39.96 ± 5.34 μg/mL) was higher than that in placebo-treated cats (24.20 ± 3.35 μg/mL) on day 21. In the NAG-treated cats, plasma GAG concentration on days 21 (39.96 ± 5.34 μg/mL) and 28 (39.91 ± 6.74 μg/mL) differed significantly from the day 0 concentration (27.46 ± 3.90μg/mL).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Cats with IC have lower urinary GAG-to-creatinine concentration ratios than did clinically normal cats. Administration of NAG (250 mg, PO, q 24 h) significantly increased plasma GAG concentrations in cats with IC after 21 days of treatment.
Impact of gender and race-ethnicity on reasons for pursuing a career in veterinary medicine and career aspirations
Authors: Amass Sandra F. , Davis Kauline S. , Salisbury S. Kathleen , Weisman James L.
Published: June 2011

Objective—To determine the impact of gender and race-ethnicity on reasons applicants to the Purdue University School of Veterinary Medicine decided to pursue a career in veterinary medicine and their career aspirations.

Design—Retrospective cross-sectional study.

Sample—Personal statements from 694 veterinary medical school applications submitted in 2008.

Procedures—Personal statements were read by investigators to identify the turning point for each applicant's decision to pursue a career in veterinary medicine and each applicant's intended career path.

Results—Veterinary practice experience and animal ownership were the most frequently stated reasons for pursuing a veterinary career; differences were not identified between males and females. More Caucasian applicants than underrepresented minority (URM) applicants stated veterinary practice experience and more URM applicants than Caucasian applicants cited animal ownership as a reason for pursuing a veterinary career. Many applicants did not cite a specific career path within veterinary medicine; applicants who indicated a career path most often cited veterinary practice. More females than males stated an interest in equine medicine, and more Caucasian applicants than URM applicants indicated an interest in mixed animal practice. More URM applicants than Caucasian applicants indicated a desire to pursue specialty training.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that veterinary practice experience and animal ownership were important factors influencing applicants' decision to pursue a veterinary career, but many applicants had not selected a specific career path. Opportunities exist to influence the decisions of individuals to become veterinarians and the selection of specific career paths within the veterinary profession.
Evaluation of twice-daily lower-dose trilostane treatment administered orally in dogs with naturally occurring hyperadrenocorticism
Authors: Feldman Edward C.
Published: June 2011

Objective—To evaluate effectiveness and incidence of adverse reactions to twice-daily lower-dose oral administration of trilostane in the treatment of dogs with naturally occurring hyperadrenocorticism (NOH).

Design—Clinical trial.

Animals—47 dogs with NOH.

Procedures—47 dogs were treated orally with trilostane (0.21 to 1.1 mg/kg [0.1 to 0.5 mg/lb], q 12 h). All dogs were reevaluated at 2 weeks and 2 months, 38 dogs at 6 months, and 28 dogs at 1 year of treatment.

Results—9 of 47 dogs had an adrenocortical tumor causing NOH, and all had good responses after 2 months (mean trilostane dosage, 0.89 mg/kg [0.40 mg/lb], q 12 h). All successfully underwent surgical adrenal tumor extirpation. Thirty-eight dogs had pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism (PDH); 15 dogs did not require a dose increase during the study, and at each of 4 reevaluations, 10 of 15, 13 of 15, 14 of 15, and 11 of 11 had a good response. Twenty-three dogs with PDH had their dose or frequency of trilostane administration increased during the study. Mean trilostane dosage at 1-year reevaluation in dogs with a good response was 1.7 mg/kg (0.8 mg/lb), twice daily, or 1.1 mg/kg, 3 times daily. At each of 4 reevaluations, 17 of 23, 14 of 23, 17 of 23, and 13 of 17 dogs with PDH had a good response. Five dogs became ill because of trilostane-induced adverse effects, but only 1 required hospitalization.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Administration of initial lower doses of trilostane to dogs with NOH is effective.
Osteoma of the oral and maxillofacial regions in cats: 7 cases (1999–2009)
Authors: Fiani Nadine , Arzi Boaz , Johnson Eric G. , Murphy Brian , Verstraete Frank J. M.
Published: June 2011

Objective—To describe clinical features of oral and maxillofacial osteomas in cats.

Design—Retrospective case series.

Animals—7 cats with oral or maxillofacial osteoma or both.

Procedures—Medical records were reviewed for information on signalment, history, clinical signs, physical examination findings, diagnostic imaging findings, results of serum biochemical analyses and histologic testing, surgical procedures performed, and perioperative complications. Outcome was determined on the basis of follow-up telephone interviews of owners.

Results—Cats ranged from 1 to 23 years of age. Clinical signs were observed in 5 cats and were attributed to the presence of the mass. Diagnostic imaging (radiography and computed tomography) and histologic examination confirmed the diagnosis of osteoma. Three cats were euthanatized; 1 cat was treated by mandibulectomy, 1 was treated by maxillectomy, and 2 were treated by debulking. At the time of follow-up at least 1 year after surgery, all 4 treated cats were alive, with owners reporting an acceptable quality of life.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Osteoma of the oral and maxillofacial regions is an uncommon tumor in cats. Most cats are examined during an advanced stage of the disease, when treatment options may be limited. Although osteoma is a benign tumor, the recommendation is to perform a clinical evaluation, diagnostic imaging, biopsy, and treatment early in the disease process, when less invasive surgical approaches may be feasible.
Use of a novel intramedullary nail for femoral fracture repair in calves: 25 cases (2008–2009)
Authors: Bellon Jacques , Mulon Pierre-Yves
Published: June 2011

Objective—To describe the use of a novel intramedullary interlocking nail for femoral fracture repair in newborn calves and outcome associated with this treatment modality.

Design—Retrospective case series.

Animals—25 calves.

Procedures—Medical records from calves referred for femoral fracture repair between November 2008 and June 2009 were included. Signalment, clinical findings, and results of lameness examination and complete radiographic examination were recorded. Details of surgical technique, orthopedic fixation, associated complications, and outcome were also noted.

Results—25 Charolais calves were included in the study. All fractures were closed and located in the diaphysis; 18 extended to the distal metaphysis, 1 was located proximally, and 6 were midshaft fractures. Fractures were localized to the left femur in 17 calves and to the right femur in 8 calves. An interlocking nail was used as the sole means of internal fixation in 16 calves and was reinforced in 9 calves. Two calves were euthanatized for reasons related to the surgery, and 4 died of unrelated reasons. Long-term prognosis was considered excellent for 15 calves and fair for 4 calves. Age, body weight, overall musculoskeletal strength at initial evaluation, affected limb, configuration and location of the fracture, need for reinforcement of the repair, and quality of the reduction had no significant association with positive outcome of the surgery.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The novel intramedullary interlocking nail used in the present study was associated with a good prognosis for surgical repair of femoral fractures in newborn calves regardless of the location of the fracture.
Dystrophy or eutrophy: phytoplankton and physicochemical parameters in the functioning of humic lakes
Authors: Poniewozik Małgorzata , Wojciechowska Władysława , Solis Michał
Published: June 2011

The studies were carried out in six humic lakes (Polesie Region, Eastern Poland) in order to present a role of phytoplankton in relation to physical and chemical parameters characteristic of particular processes. On the basis of physical and chemical properties of waters (SD, colour, pH, EC, Ca2+, DIC, DOC), these lakes are divided into three groups: dystrophic (Lakes Orchowe and Płotycze), humoeutrophic (Lakes Brudzieniec and Pereszpa) and mesoeutrophic (Lakes Moszne and Długie). The occurrence of dystrophication, humoeutrophication or eutrophication processes is clearly reflected in the phytoplankton composition and its abundance, as well as its biomass. In both dystrophic and humoeutrophic lakes, flagellates dominated in the phytoplankton. Among them, the invasive species Gonyostomum semen was very abundant. Mesoeutrophic lakes were characterized by other phytoplankton composition, mainly by non-flagellate species (green algae).
The disappearance of stonewort populations in lobelia lakes of the Kashubian Lakeland (NW Poland)
Authors: Bociąg Katarzyna , Rekowska Emilia , Banaś Krzysztof
Published: June 2011

The subject of this work is a comparative analysis of stonewort populations in 5 lobelia lakes of the Kashubian Lakeland based on literature data from the mid-1970s and the authors’ own studies from 2006. In the 1970s 15 sites of 7 stonewort species: Chara delicatula, C. fragilis, C. tomentosa, C. rudis, Nitella flexilis, N. opaca and N. mucronata were recorded in the lakes under study. The populations of C. delicatula and N. flexilis occupied the area from 0.3 to 6 m deep and were characterized by 20% cover on average. Thirty years later, in 2006, the presence of only 6 out of 15 stands was confirmed: 3 of C. delicatula and 3 of N. flexilis. Thus, a total of 9 stands (60%) and 5 species (71%) had disappeared completely. The majority of the preserved populations survived in a vestigial form. Population areas of C. delicatula reached a depth of 2 m and their cover did not exceed 5%. Populations of N. flexilis occupied the littoral up to a depth of 7 m and had 10% cover. The disappearance of stoneworts was probably caused by both anthropogenic factors and natural processes.
The impact of environmental factors on zooplankton communities in the Vistula Lagoon
Authors: Paturej Ewa , Kruk Marek
Published: June 2011

The Vistula Lagoon, an estuarine system exposed to both continental and marine impacts, is marked by rapid changes in local environmental conditions, including salinity levels, water transparency, temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen concentrations, trophic state and wind speed. Here, the effect of environmental factors on the abundance and horizontal distribution of zooplankton was analysed. A higher number of taxa were noted in the saltwater intrusion section of the Vistula Lagoon (Central Basin) compared to the area of freshwater inflow (Western Basin). The average density of the analysed zooplankton in the western section of the Vistula Lagoon reached 654 indiv. dm−3, three-fold higher than in the central section (224 indiv. dm−3). Differences in zooplankton biomass were even more pronounced (13.43 mg dm−3 vs. 2.33 mg dm−3). The Central Basin of the Vistula Lagoon was dominated by Copepoda (approx. 50% total abundance), mostly Calanoida (genus Acartia) typically found in brackish waters. Marine species, including Acartia bifilosa and Acartia tonsa, were also reported. Species of freshwater Cladocera predominated in the Western Basin (over 50% total abundance, mostly the eutrophic species Chydorus sphaericus) where Copepoda were represented by a single cyclopoid species, Cyclops vicinus. The saline and freshwater environments of the Vistula Lagoon differed significantly (p<0.001) with respect to the abundance and biomass of zooplankton. The above differences resulted not only from salinity and temperature conditions, but also from dissolved oxygen concentrations, the trophic state of the investigated water body, and the existing biocenotic relationships.
A long-term trend and temporal fluctuations of the sea level at the Polish Baltic coast
Authors: Wiśniewski Bernard , Wolski Tomasz , Musielak Stanisław
Published: June 2011

The analysis of sea level record series along the Polish coast is presented. The main aim was to identify linear trends in the sea level changes at the coastal (Świnoujście, Kołobrzeg, Ustka, Łeba, Władysławowo, Hel, Gdynia, Gdańsk), lagoonal (Trzebież, Tokmicko) and riverine (Szczecin) gauge stations. The analysis showed individual coastal stations to differ in the rate of sea level changes. During 60 years of continuous observations (1947–2006), the differences varied from 1.0 (the western part of the coast) to 2.5 mm year−1 (the eastern part of the coast). The longest, more than 100-yr-long data series showed the sea level rise in Świnoujście and Kołobrzeg to be about 0.5 mm year−1; 1.57 mm year−1 being revealed in Gdańsk. Spectral analysis applied to the data showed numerous fluctuations and cyclicity in changes of the annual mean sea level at the Polish coast. A distinct, major 3-year cycle was revealed. In addition, three secondary cycles of 4.6, 6.7, and 8.6 years were present in the data, more or less clearly identifiable at individual stations.
Upwelling intrusion into shallow Puck Lagoon, a part of Puck Bay (the Baltic Sea)
Authors: Matciak Maciej , Nowacki Jacek , Krzymiński Włodzimierz
Published: June 2011

In this short communication we present the results of field measurements which show the incidence of waters originating from the deeper layers of Puck Bay in shallow Puck Lagoon. The reason for such a situation is the occurrence of a small-scale upwelling. This phenomenon may play a significant role in shaping the ecosystem conditions of Puck Lagoon, which is unique in terms of its natural values.
Total organic carbon as a new index for monitoring trophic states in lakes
Authors: Dunalska Julita
Published: June 2011

Total organic carbon (TOC) can be one of the parameters used to determine trophic state in lakes, as shown by the statistically significant correlation between TOC and chlorophyll, total phosphorus and Secchi disk transparency. Calculation of the TSI index based on TOC according to the formula TSI(TOC) = 20.59 + 15.71 ln(TOC) and its introduction as an additional index to the classification by Carlson may optimize the comparative analysis of lakes and allow a measurable assessment of lakes with respect to the trophic gradient.
Occult Hypermobility of the Craniocervical Junction: A Case Report and Review
Authors: Mathers K. Sean , Schneider Michael , Timko Michael
Published: June 2011

Study Design

Resident's case problem.

Background

Patients often present to physical therapists with chief complaints of neck pain, occipital headache, and dizziness associated with a past history of cervical spine injury. These symptoms may be associated with various cervical spine conditions, including craniocervical junction (CCJ) hypermobility.

Diagnosis

This report reviews the history, physical exam, and diagnostic imaging findings of a patient with the above symptoms. This patient, who had a history of multiple cervical spine injuries, was examined with 2 manual therapy provocative tests: the Sharp-Purser test, which is intended to stress the transverse ligament and odontoid, and the modified lateral shear test, which is intended to stress the alar ligaments. The lateral shear test was perceived as demonstrating excessive mobility and a soft end feel, with a “shift” of C1 on C2. Stress cervical radiographs, obtained using open-mouth projections in neutral, left, and right cervical lateral flexion, revealed a 3-mm lateral offset of the right lateral mass of C1 on C2. MRI evaluation of the lower cervical spine did not reveal any significant disc derangement; however, images of the soft tissues of the craniocervical junction were not obtained. Based on the examination and imaging studies, the patient was determined to have a previously undiagnosed hypermobility of the atlantoaxial joint.

Discussion

The patient was advised to avoid rotational manipulation and end range lateral flexion stretching exercises. Axial traction manipulation techniques, midrange stabilization exercises, and postural advice appeared to provide good relief of symptoms. Physical therapists should consider the possibility of CCJ hypermobility in the frontal plane when examining the cervical spine in patients with chronic neck pain, headache, and a past history of trauma. The lateral shear test and stress radiography may provide simple screening tests for occult CCJ hypermobility; however, the reliability and validity of these tests is lacking. Further research on diagnosis and management of CCJ hypermobility is warranted.

Level of Evidence

Differential diagnosis, level 4. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2011;41(6):444–457. doi:10.2519/jospt.2011.3305
Computer Simulation of Pectoralis Major Muscle Strain to Guide Exercise Protocols for Patients After Breast Cancer Surgery
Authors: Stegink-Jansen Caroline W. , Buford William L. , Patterson Rita M. , Gould Lisa J.
Published: June 2011

Study Design

Descriptive study.

Objective

To quantify and rank the order of strain (length change in proportion to the resting length) of 3 portions of the pectoralis major (PM) muscle during various exercises.

Background

A biomechanical foundation on which to base exercise prescriptions for patients after breast cancer surgery is lacking.

Methods

An interactive, 3-D, computer graphic simulation system, developed to study biomechanical properties of the musculoskeletal system, was used to simulate movements of the glenohumeral, scapulothoracic, and scapuloclavicular joints of the shoulder, and to estimate strain in 3 portions of the pectoralis major (PM) muscle throughout the motions. The computed tomography scans of 2 male cadavers and literature review formed the basis for the estimations used in the model. Strains in the clavicular, midsternum, and abdominal regions of the PM were expressed as percent strain: [(change in muscle length/resting length) × 100]. Exercise motions were based on PM muscle anatomy and published breast cancer rehabilitation protocols.

Results

Strains of the PM regions ranged from -21% shortening of the clavicular region during flexion to 55% lengthening of the abdominal region during the overhead stretch. Strain between adjacent regions was most uniform for the movement of abduction with external rotation, and least uniform with flexion.

Conclusion

PM muscle lengthening estimates were not linearly proportioned to shoulder joint motions, and varied for 3 portions of the PM. This information may help clinicians and researchers to estimate lengthening of PM portions throughout measurable shoulder motions. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2011;41(6):417–426. doi:10.2519/jospt.2011.3358
‘She Really Only Speaks English’: Positioning, Language Ideology, and Heritage Language Learners
Authors: Abdi Klara
Published: June 2011

This article draws on data from an ethnographic multiple-case study on the identity, positioning, and interactions of Spanish as a heritage language (SHL) students in regular Canadian high school Spanish classes. Interview and classroom observational data are discursively analyzed to reveal the presence of a form of language ideology that equates displayed Spanish speaking ability with language proficiency and heritage. This type of language ideology particularly impacted how one SHL student, who was reluctant to speak Spanish, was positioned and treated in class in ways that not only did not acknowledge her Hispanic heritage or encourage the development of her oral skills, but also did not recognize the usefulness of her literacy skills. This article problematizes the assumptions that HL students are typically able (and willing) to speak their HL and that this ability is viewed as their most important asset in class. The article concludes with pedagogical implications and directions for future research.
Les effets de la carte conceptuelle hiérarchique sur la compréhension littérale et inférentielle de textes informatifs en langue seconde
Authors: Vakilifard Amirreza , Armand Françoise
Published: June 2011

Résumé

Cette étude porte sur les effets de la stratégie d'enseignement des cartes conceptuelles sur la compréhension de textes informatifs en langue seconde. Soixante-neuf adultes apprenants en français langue seconde, dans une université francophone montréalaise, ont été aléatoirement assignés à un groupe expérimental ou à un groupe contrôle. Les deux groupes ont répondu, après la lecture d'un texte informatif, à un questionnaire de compréhension lors d'une épreuve de pré-test. Le groupe expérimental a bénéficié d'une intervention hebdomadaire durant quatre semaines. Après chaque intervention, la compréhension de chacun des quatre textes à l’étude a été évaluée au moyen d'un questionnaire de compréhension de texte comprenant des questions de type littéral et inférentiel. Une semaine après la fin de l'intervention, les apprenants des deux groupes ont été évalués au moyen du même questionnaire de compréhension utilisé lors du pré-test.

Les résultats montrent que le groupe expérimental tend à obtenir des scores supérieurs à ceux du groupe contrôle, que ce soit pour le score global (3 textes sur 4), pour le score obtenu aux questions littérales (2 textes sur 4) et pour le score obtenu aux questions inférentielles (2 textes sur 4). Par ailleurs, les résultats de la comparaison du pré-test et du post-test indiquent que les étudiants du groupe expérimental ont pu transférer leurs habiletés de compréhension littérale. Toutefois, ils n'ont pu le faire dans le cas de la compréhension inférentielle.