bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chapter 14: Confronting Field Data: Two-Sex Models
Authors: Weiss Kenneth M.
Published: June 2018

The models discussed so far have been, effectively, asexual.We have considered fertility in terms of females and their daughters, but we have used pooled survivorship data to derive model mortalities. In so doing, we have assumed an equal sex ratio at birth and equal sex-specific mortality rates. This introduces some error, and the direction is probably known: pre-industrial males have generally a higher adult survivorship than females, although the sex ratio may vary from age to age and from group to group (Weiss 1972b). Given our purpose and the quality of data available to anthropologists it is doubtful that the error introduced in this way is significant. A fieldworker who insists on constructing 2-sex models must have a larger data sample, so that the stochastic variations in age-class representation are minimized. But if the data seem sufficient and a 2-sex demographic model is desired, this chapter will present the methods by which such a model can be constructed.
4 Pottery Description by Wares
Authors: Wauchope Robert
Published: June 2018

The reader can more easily follow my descriptions of vessel shape if he will bear in mind the following. I describe a segment of vessel profile according to (a) curving quality and (b) angle or flaring quality. Under (a) a profile may be outcurved, rounded, straight or incurved; under (b) it may be flaring, vertical, or insloping. A vessel wall or any part of it may, for example, be at once slightly rounded and vertical, or slightly rounded and flaring, or straight and insloping.
7 Sites
Authors: Wauchope Robert
Published: June 2018

For purposes of this study, the Appalachian archaeological region of Georgia will designate that part of the state north of the following course from the South Carolina border in the northeast, southwestward to Alabama: the confluence of the Chatooga and Tallulah Rivers, thence along the northwest boundary of Banks County to a point just south of Gainesville, along an irregular line midway between the Chattahoochee Drainage on the south and the Etowah Drainage on the north. This meandering course passes through northern Forsyth County, south along the right bank of Vickery Creek to Alpharetta, westward through Cobb County north of Marietta to Dallas in Paulding County, thence almost due west, skirting the headwaters of Pumpkinvine Creek and following the Polk-Caralson county line to Alabama
11 Non-Articulated Bones
Authors: Wheat Joe Ben
Published: June 2018

The Olsen-Chubbuck Bone Bed (Table 15) produced a total of 4264 non-articulated bones, of which 4007 were found in the eastern part of the site, where nearly every bone was recorded. The figure of 257 bones recorded for the central and western parts of the site is undoubtedly low, although it is indicative of the generally lesser concentration of individual bones as well as articulated units in that part of the arroyo.

It should not be imagined that all of the non-articulated bones represent complete butchering of those bones. No doubt, some of the individual bones became disarticulated through weathering between the butchering phase and final entombment in the bone deposit. This would certainly appear to be the case with such elements as vertebrae, sternal and costal elements, tarsal and carpal bones, phalanges, patellae, sesamoids, and isolated teeth. On the other hand, the butchering process, itself, probably resulted in the disarticulation of certain other kinds of skeletal parts. Removal and breakage of the mandible to get to the tongue, the consequent removal of the hyoid, breakage of the ribs, removal of the legs from the pelvis and the scapula, and removal of the lower leg, are examples of this kind of disarticulation. Even so, some of the leg components, such as femora and tibiae, humeri, radii, and ulnae, may have weathered apart. Some bones may also have been pulled apart by scavengers, but it should be noted in passing that remarkably little evidence was found that the bones had been gnawed by such animals. In any case, it would be difficult to assess completely the role played by weathering, washing, settling, and possible disturbance by scavengers, in the ultimate position of the bones. Even after covering, settling must have continued, and occasional animal burrows must have played a part in the final position of loose bones.
12 The Bone Piles
Authors: Wheat Joe Ben
Published: June 2018

During the Analysis of the bone bed, it became obvious that not only was there a vertical sequence in the emplacing of the groups of units, but that the groups were, for the most part, congregated into locally restricted piles of bone units, unit groups, and non-articulated bones, each more or less separated from other similar piles (Figs. 30I, 31I). Something of this sort had already been noted by Chubbuck in the pattern of the bone outcropping on the surface before the site was excavated, but its full significance was not realized until the bone piles in the undisturbed portions of the site had been discovered. The presence of such piles of bone units suggested not only that a definite pattern had been followed in cutting up the buffalo, but that a number of cooperating social units of some kind had been engaged, each group processing a number of animals and disposing of the rejectamenta as they finished each butchering unit, or that the group successively undertook the butchering of one lot of bison before moving on to the next.
13 Utilization of Bison in the Great Plains
Authors: Wheat Joe Ben
Published: June 2018

The Olsen-Chubbuck Site is a bison kill. Therefore, it is pertinent to review some of the characteristics of the quarry, for if the archaeologist is to understand the nature and meaning of such kills, he must first understand something about the nature and habits of the bison, particularly the characteristics which made these great beasts susceptible to the techniques of mass slaughter employed by the Indians who hunted them. Moreover, he must understand the methods which the Indians used to kill and butcher the bison, in order to extract the maximum amount of information from his excavations.

If the archaeologist is dealing with prehistoric kills, he must assume that the habits of prehistoric and historic bison were essentially the same, and that the methods of hunting and utilizing them were similar. There can be no doubt that acculturation of the Indian to the use of gun and horse changed, in some cases drastically, the hunting methods of the historic Indians. Yet, the techniques observed by the earliest explorers of interior North America must have remained essentially unchanged over thousands of years. If these assumptions are valid, then we are in a position to comprehend and interpret the evidence recovered in our excavations of bison kills.
14 Cultural Material from the Olsen-Chubbuck Site
Authors: Wheat Joe Ben
Published: June 2018

Sixty Artifacts and Other Specimens denoting or suggesting human activity were found in and near the Olsen-Chubbuck fossil arroyo and in the bone bed which it contained (Table 20). Forty-seven specimens came either from within the bone bed itself or form the surface among the bones exposed by weathering. One specimen came from the upper, later fill of the arroyo where it had been partly exposed by weathering, and the remaining 12 specimens came from the surface of the site near the arroyo. Along the ridges to the north and west of the arroyo a number of artifacts deriving from later occupation of the area were found.

Twenty-seven of the 47 specimens from the bone bed and the bone-bed surface are projectile points, of which 21 are whole or nearly so, and 6 are tips, midsections, or bases of projectile points.

Those specimens found by Chubbuck and Olsen are designated F-l, F-2, etc. for whole projectile points, and PF-1, PF-2, and so on, for point fragments. All specimens found by the University of Colorado Museum party bear University of Colorado Museum catalog numbers.
Chapter 1. Postulate One
Authors: Williams B. J.
Published: June 2018

In Order to justify choosing a particular residence and social system as the system most likely to typify the majority of hunting societies, it is not enough that this system is ethnographically the most commonly known among hunting-gathering groups. It is desirable to state general reasons why this should be the case such that we may ask to what extent these conditions were present prior to the ethnographic present. If possible, especially for archaeologically testable deductions, this should include an estimate of temporal extent as well as the range of geographic and ecological diversity under which such a system would be expected.

Any such endeavor must, of course, be highly tentative. It will be approached in Section I through a series of postulates. Each postulate will be elaborated and its choice justified separately. These six postulates—rather, the conditions postulated—lead to a social organization which, it is believed, is a reasonable approximation to a system that typified most, although not all, past and recent hunting societies. The elaboration of the postulates should lead to an estimate of the range of conditions under which the postulates can be taken as valid.
Chapter 4. The Field Investigation
Authors: Williams B. J.
Published: June 2018

Investigations of the Birhor were confined to Hazaribagh District in the southern part of the state of Bihar, India. Hazaribagh District is on the northern edge of the Chota Nagpur plateau. The plateau is 540 to 600 meters in height with isolated rocky hills rising sharply from this surface as much as another 270 meters in altitude. At its northern edge, the plateau drops off sharply to the Gangetic Plain. When approached from this plain, the escarpment appears as a range of rugged, densely forested hills. This topography is the major reason for the continued existence of tribal people in the area despite the existence of a center of fairly advanced civilization in northern Bihar for over 2000 years.

To the west are the central mountain ranges of Madhya Pradesh. To the east, toward the coastal plain of Bengal and Orissa, the plateau is dissected by river drainages to give the configuration of successive ranges of low hills rather than a plateau. The study area is shown in Figs. 7 and 8.

Plant and animal populations on the plateau have been greatly changed in the past three centuries due to the agency of man. All areas of forest have been cut over in the past and most areas are recut often enough to give a dense scrub-forest cover.
Chapter 6. Demography
Authors: Williams B. J.
Published: June 2018

As brought out in the discussion of Birhor social organization, the band can be viewed as a loose union of families bound together by ties of kinship. This union easily splits or coalesces into smaller or larger units during the course of the year. These changes in composition of the residential unit are facilitated by fairly regular migratory movements of the yearly round.

This yearly round of the Birhor is not nearly so patterned as is found in agricultural populations, as there are a number of factors influencing their movement other than seasonal climatic changes. So far as economic activities are concerned, the three seasons for the Birhor are the wet season, June to October; the cold season, October to February; and the dry season, February to June. The relation of hunting, gathering, and ropemaking to these seasonal changes is described in the chapter on subsistence activities. This pattern of response to the distribution of economic resources leads to a general pattern of movement in which bands reach a maximum average size during the dry season. They may or may not remain in the same size unit during the wet season; however, they split into the smallest average size units at the end of the wet season.
Chapter 7. Subsistence
Authors: Williams B. J.
Published: June 2018

Hunting remains the major activity of the Birhor despite the rapid deforestation now going on in the district. The forests in which they hunt are of second-growth sal trees, quite bushy and dense.

Within these forests, the Birhor rely entirely on small game and do not attempt to take anything larger than wild pigs and smaller varieties of deer. The Birhor word for the small barking deer (Cervulus muntjac) is jflu which is the same as their word for meat. But today the jflu, apparently once quite important to the Birhor, is taken only rarely. Also formerly of importance to the Birhor were monkeys—both the langur and macaque. These animals have decreased in number to the point that they now occur as isolated populations in rugged ghat areas or on steep hillsides. Formerly, they were hunted for food, and the hide of the langur was traded to Ghasi drum-makers. Today, there exists a market for live macaques but most Birhor bands of Hazaribagh District, at the present, take no monkeys within the course of a year. Of primary importance today is the hare (kulhāi). It is this animal which the Birhor think of, talk of, and hunt daily.
Population Growth and Settlement Pattern in Franklin and Hampshire Counties, Massachusetts, 1650-1850
Authors: Swedlund Alan C.
Published: June 2018

Locational Analysis has been a fundamental part of research in plant ecology and cultural geography for many years (for reviews see Greig-Smith 1964; Haggett 1966; Harvey 1967; King 1969; Morrill 1970). Recently there has been a growing interest in applying locational analysis in anthropological studies (for example, Plog 1968; Zubrow 1970; Wood 1971; Johnson 1972; Marcus 1973; Whallon 1973a, 1973b; Waddell 1972). The spatial organization of settlements and smaller units of human activity is relevant to an understanding of population structure. The distribution of human activity areas is presumably the result of complex interrelationships between social, biological, and ecological variables, and therefore should provide significant information regarding the effects of these variables in given situations. This paper will compare the historic pattern of community growth in Hampshire and Franklin Counties, Massachusetts, with that predicted by Hudson's (1969) model of rural settlement location.

The topography of the study area (Fig. 1) is dominated by the presence of the Connecticut River Valley and its tributaries. This region was first settled by Europeans in the 1650s and was primarily agricultural until recent times. The area has been characterized by rapid population growth over much of its history, and the population has tended to be distributed in the form of towns and small villages. The time period considered in the present study will be 1650-1850 which represents the time of maximum dispersal of settlements, prior to the advent of the automobile and most railroad traffic.
Population Dynamics at Grasshopper Pueblo, Arizona
Authors: Longacre William A.
Published: June 2018

There is a long history of interest in the study of extinct populations, sometimes called “prehistoric demography” or “archaeological demography.” Most studies have focused on regional population size and trends through time and their explanation. Analyses of a single population at one community are rare.

This paper discusses one effort at assessing the dynamics of population at one prehistoric community, the Grasshopper Pueblo, located in east-central Arizona. A long range program of archaeological research is being conducted at the site by the University of Arizona through the Archaeological Field School. This program is sponsored jointly by the Department of Anthropology and the Arizona State Museum and has been supported by the National Science Foundation since 1965.

The Grasshopper Ruin, a fourteenth century pueblo, is an example of what some have called “Late Mogollon” or “Prehistoric Western Pueblo” culture. It consists of several main room clusters separated by a presently intermittent stream and surrounded by smaller groupings of rooms. There are approximately 500 rooms at the site. Space does not permit a discussion of the range of problems that we are attempting to solve in our research nor the sampling design. But one aspect of our work, the “Cornering-Growth Project,” has provided us with the relative construction sequences for all the rooms at the community. These data provide a basis for a study of population dynamics.
Human Population Dynamics in Archaeological Time: Some Simple Models
Authors: Harpending Henry , Bertram Jack
Published: June 2018

Birdsell (1968:231) summarizes qualitative predictions for the dynamics of Pleistocene hunter-gatherer populations. He concludes that population density should respond rapidly to changes in biotic and climatic parameters; that “populations would tend to overshoot carrying capacity as they restore their numbers from a depressed condition,” and that so long as unoccupied areas existed, population density would be regulated at a level well below carrying capacity (see also Binford 1968). We believe that these conclusions can be strengthened and quantified by formal mathematical analysis of reasonable demographic models. The results of this analysis have several important implications for archaeological theory and methodology.

Formal models of population dynamics usually lead to predictions of population behavior over time intervals on the order of the generation time of the organism or longer. Since our direct knowledge of population history of regions is usually in proportion to the amount of recent disruption, archaeology can test and exploit theory in a manner denied ethnology.
Population Pressure as a Non-Explanation
Authors: Cowgill George L.
Published: June 2018

My aim here is to summarize briefly some serious difficulties with assumptions that have frequently been made in considerations of prehistoric population and culture changes, and to suggest better alternatives. I have discussed these matters more fully, with many more references, elsewhere (Cowgill in press).

One problematic assumption is the notion that a fairly strong tendency toward increase is a natural characteristic of human populations, or at least of sedentary food-producing populations. It is taken for granted that as a rule population growth will continue in a region until a point is reached at which further growth would create (or at least pose serious threat of) major shortages of important resources. A second fallacy is the assumption that stresses resulting from resource shortages will naturally tend to evoke developmental responses. Cultural development or evolution is frequently explained as a response to such stresses.
Chapter IV: Disposal of the Dead
Authors: De Laguna Frederica
Published: June 2018

According to our own observations and to the published accounts, the Tena have practiced many different methods of disposing of the dead, and there are also a number of supplementary traits associated with these methods. We may list them as follows:

1. Inhumation

a) Simple inhumation (lower Innoko, Blackburn to Holy Cross)

b) In the house (prehistoric, Khotol River)

c) Under a grave house (Nowitna to Holy Cross)
An Early Occupied Cave: Site 1205
Authors: Hayes Alden C.
Published: June 2018

Surface indications at Site 1205, a small cave on Wetherill Mesa, were a heavily smoked cave roof, deep deposit on the floor and trash slope, with an absence of pottery. There was no evidence of structures. A test trench in the trash revealed pottery-hearing levels near the surface, with an underlying stratum containing only charcoal and burned sandstone. The possibility of a preceramic occupation led to excavation. Use of the cave from the Piedra through Mesa Verde phases, with estimated dates from the 8th into the 13th centuries, was shown. Evidence for earlier use was inconclusive.
Evidence of Prehistoric Cultivation of Douglas-Fir Trees at Mesa Verde
Authors: Nichols Robert F. , Smith David G.
Published: June 2018

Three trees which began growing in the 12th century lean in a manner not characteristic of neighboring Douglas-firs and have tree-ring patterns showing changes that do not appear to reflect climatic influences. Two old trees, now dead, have limb stubs that were cut by stone tools. It is possible the prehistoric Indians cultivated trees so that in a relatively short time a single root system would produce several limbs suitable for use as construction timbers.
The Biological Model for Paleoclimatic Interpretation of Mesa Verde Tree-Ring Series
Authors: Fritts Harold C. , Smith David G. , Stokes Marvin A.
Published: June 2018

Ring-width chronologies in Douglas-fir, pinyon pine, and Utah juniper show some distinctly different characteristics and exhibit highly predictable relationships with variations in climate. Narrow rings in Douglas-fir are largely the result of low precipitation and high temperatures of the previous June, low precipitation during August through February, low precipitation and low temperatures during March through May, and low precipitation and high temperatures of the current June. Narrow rings in pinyon pine are largely a function of low precipitation from October through May, but high July temperatures near the end of the growing season may also exert an influence. Narrow rings in Utah juniper are the result of low precipitation and high temperatures during the previous October through November, low precipitation during December through February, and low precipitation and high temperatures during March through May. A biological model for these relationships is proposed. The tree-ring chronology from A.D. 1273 through 1285 exhibits a clearly defined drought which exceeds in length and intensity any dry period occurring since A.D. 1673. A comparison of the chronologies from species which are influenced differently by summer precipitation indicates that during this period both summers and winters must have been dry. However, the A.D. 1273-1285 drought at Mesa Verde was surpassed by six other droughts of greater intensity during the period A.D. 500–1300. The A.D. 1273–1285 drought may be only one of several factors in a chain of events which led to the decline of prehistoric population in the Mesa Verde.
Corn and Cucurbits from Wetherill Mesa
Authors: Cutler Hugh C. , Meyer Winton
Published: June 2018

Most corn from the Mesa Verde area belongs to a complex derived from hybridization of a small-cobbed flint-pop corn with an 8-rowed flour corn. This cross produced 12- to 14-rowed flint and flour corn (the typical Basketmaker corn) and the variable Pima-Papago corn. After Pueblo I, probably late Pueblo II, there was an increase in the number of 8-rowed cobs and a decrease in 12- to 14-rowed cobs. The corn is similar to collections from sites of comparable age excavated in northern Arizona near Navajo Mountain. The uniformity and the slow development of corn types probably reflect peripheral conditions, especially adaptation to short growing seasons and limited cultural interchange.

Practically all of the squash was Cucurbita pepo, the species which spread over all agricultural areas of the United States. There were a few specimens of Cucurbita mixta and of the bottle gourd, Lagenaria siceraria. Some rinds of the two species of Cucurbita gave evidence of their use for scrapers and containers, uses to which the bottle gourd is put almost exclusively in sites to the south. The rarity of the bottle gourd and the absence of seeds and plant parts of cotton suggest that these plants were rarely, if ever, grown in the region.
The Feasibility of Micro-Analysis in Southwestern Archaeological Sites
Authors: Brooks Richard H.
Published: June 2018

Midden analyses were made from 15 sample columns raken at four Wetherill Mesa sites in Mesa Verde National Park. The components in these columns were studied in accordance with methods that have proved successful at California archaeological sites. The sampling did no more than reflect data already established by standard procedures regarding the life of the prehistoric inhabitants. The number of sample columns was much too small to determine conclusively whether this type of analysis can be useful for Southwestern sites.
Screening Soil and Fecal Samples for Recovery of Small Specimens
Authors: Colyer Marilyn , Osborne Douglas
Published: June 2018

By careful extraction of minute objects from feces and midden debris at a site, the archaeologist can add greatly to ecological and biological knowledge regarding the human inhabitants of the site, as well as the flora and fauna of the locality. The techniques for sifting through the material to obtain small objects are not complicated, and inexpensive equipment is readily available. Soil and fecal samples from dry, protected sites, such as those of Mesa Verde, will yield the best results.
Methods Used for Identification of Feather Remains from Wetherill Mesa
Authors: Messinger Norman G.
Published: June 2018

Feathers provided by the Wetherill Mesa Archeological Project archaeologists were cleaned, placed on glass mounts, and examined under a microscope. Some initial comparisons were made from macrocharacters. Structures differ from species to species, and trial-and-error comparisons were made until the characteristics of the unknown species matched those of a known species. A file of photographs with characters of known species was kept and was useful for preliminary matching. Most of the material was identified as coming from Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo), with Mourning Dove (Zenaidura macroura) also being identified.
2 The Excavations
Authors: Webb Clarence H.
Published: June 2018

Caddo Parish, in the northwestern corner of Louisiana is bounded on the east by the present channel of Red River. In the vicinity of the Belcher Mound site (Fig. 2) this river follows the eastern escarpment of hills for about 15 miles, with all of its overflow valley lying to the west and varying in width from three miles at the upper part of this stretch to ten miles at the level of the site. The hills to the west of the valley are generally lower than the eastern escarpment and are cut through by several streams, including the Caddo Lake outlet, which follow the western valley margin to the Shreveport level, where they enter the river. The valley floor is covered by mixed red loam and sand, the characteristic overflow deposit of Red River. Along the channel sandy soils form elevated natural levees (“front lands”) so that the numerous small streams which traverse the valley floor have to flow downslope to the outlet of Caddo Lake. The western portion of the valley (“back lands”) was formerly covered by shallow lakes with a few islands of sandy loam. The soil of the old lake beds is a tight red clay containing numerous fragments of mussel shells; one of these lakes, Soda (originally Soto?) Lake, is shown in early maps to extend from the Caddo Lake outlet to the Shreveport level.
4 Burials
Authors: Webb Clarence H.
Published: June 2018

Four types of burials are to be distinguished at the Belcher site. The first group, Burials 1, 4, and 13, were disturbed burials, to the extent that details or relationships were indefinite. The second group, Burials 11 and 12, were in large, wide pits which originated within the primary mound of Mound B, just beneath the red clay cap. The long axes of the pits were on a northeast-southwest line, with the heads directed toward the southwest. The third type, bundle burial, is represented by Burial 21 alone. The fourth and largest group, consisting of all other burials, comprised single and multiple burials in relatively narrow pits which were placed on a northwest-southeast axis, with the heads of the burials directed toward the southeast. This group related to the last two habitation periods, which we have assigned to the Belcher focus.
5 Pottery
Authors: Webb Clarence H.
Published: June 2018

The pottery from this site was described and classified in 1941 (Webb and Dodd 1941), on the basis of the sherds found in the four levels of Mound B (Houses 1 to 4), the floors of the adjoining Houses 5 and 6, and the fills between these levels, in addition to whole vessels from the associated Burials 1 through 19 and several of the house floors. This was the first attempt to set up pottery types from an excavated Caddoan site and was necessarily tentative. The classification has been subjected to continuing study and modification on the basis of reports from subsequent excavations and surface surveys in the four-state area.

Much of this reclassification has resulted from correspondence and conversations with Alex Krieger as he developed the Texas materials, from the two Caddoan Conferences held at Norman, Oklahoma, in 1946 and 1952, and from several informal conferences with Krieger, Howard, Stephenson, Cotter, Haag, Baerreis, and others interested in the area. James B. Griffin and James A. Ford gave valuable assistance in the original formulation of Belcher types in 1941 and critical suggestions since that time.
10 Summary, Comparisons, and Conclusions
Authors: Webb Clarence H.
Published: June 2018

The excavated portion of the Belcher Mound site seems to represent the ceremonial and possibly civil center of a small agricultural community located in the overflow valley of Red River. The village was scattered along the east bank of a stream which presently is inactive but apparently during the life of the site was the main course of Red River, building up its natural levee during the time when the mounds were being constructed. The prehistoric and protohistoric Caddoan inhabitants of the village were primarily farmers, but they were also hunters, fishermen, and gatherers of native foods. Although a riverine people, they left considerable evidence of extensive overland trade and contact.

The mounds, originally two which were later incorporated into one linear mound, were habitation substructures built up by accretion which resulted from the covering over of successively burned structures. This burning seemingly related to ceremonies attending deaths of important individuals, and burials in pits sunk through the covered-over burned structures accounted for most of the burials found in the site. A few individual burials were placed beneath house floors or at random in the mounds during construction.
Analysis of the Artifacts
Authors: Krieger Alex D.
Published: June 2018

In the two preceding sections, a structural framework for the site has been given which will enable the reader to visualize the manner in which artifacts were correlated with the growth of the mound.

With this in mind, it should be clear in the discussion below what I mean by experimentation in establishing valid types. That is to say, it was necessary to create trial “types” first, plot them against the physical strata of the site, first in one way, then in others. It was not until a picture of consistency developed, first within the site, and second in related sites, that I began to feel that the typology was on firm ground. After that it was necessary to re-group and re-plot the specimens against the strata, and finally to re-total the findings in terms of the “phases.” The cultural stratigraphy, then, is the result of a very long-drawn process of typological experimenting and plotting in a number of different ways, the final purpose of which was to find combinations consistently falling together and contrasting with other combinations.
Other Clay Artifacts
Authors: Krieger Alex D.
Published: June 2018

Nineteen ear spools are clay, probably tempered, polished, and fired in the same way as pottery vessels. Of these, one is part of a solid, bi-concave disk (Fig. 53, U); one is a small ring with slightly concave perimeter (Fig. 53, V); and the other 17 are parts of rings with strong flanges around both edges on the exterior (Fig. 53, W, X). The 17 fragments are from no less than 13 different rings, probably 15, but no definite pairs can be seen. Four are decorated with closely spaced engraved lines completely crossing the interior surface from one flange lip to the other (Fig. 53, W). Colors are like those of resident pottery: light brown, medium brown, reddish brown, and black.

One black fragment is from under the mound, beneath the floor of Feature 31 but above the floor of Feature 37. One other was in Phase 2 position, under mound wash; one is from Feature 9; one from the secondary mound; and 14, including the complete ring, are from the field in Zones 16 to 13. Although their numbers seem to have increased as time went by, this flanged form wasat least present before mound construction began.
Association of Artifacts and Food Remains with Buildings
Authors: Krieger Alex D.
Published: June 2018

Table 15 summarizes the occurrences of pottery types and descriptive groupings in the buildings. As discussed in the section on Cultural Stratigraphy (pp. 66-70), some of the round houses under the mound were positively in Phase 1 because they were overlapped by the first mound fills, the four “small round mounds” called Zones 2 to 5. Features 10-18 were included in Phase 1 because they agreed with sub-mound houses in all particulars, and Newell’s notes stated that mound wash on the north side came down over them in part. Features 19, 29, 30, 32, 33, 35, and 41 were placed with Phase 2 in the artifact tables because there was some chance that they were not built until after the four “small mounds” were erected, or until the primary-mound platform was being extended laterally over the former village.
Language membership as a gradient emergent feature
Authors: JOHNS MICHAEL A. , PUTNAM MICHAEL T.
Published: June 2018

In their keynote article, Dijkstra, Wahl, Buytenhuijs, van Halem, Al-jibouri, de Korte, and Rekké (2018) introduce the Multilink model representing an integrated bi/multilingual lexicon. This proposal builds upon both previous and recent research on an integrated cognitive architecture underlying the language faculty (for a summary, see e.g., Putnam, Carlson & Reitter, 2018). In our view, the adjustments proposed by the authors are an improvement on previous instantiations of similar models such as those discussed in the present article. In our remarks we explicate how the Multilink model may be further enhanced, by making any appeal to language-specific nodes or representations epiphenomenal. To achieve this, we propose a novel approach to representing language membership as the result of gradient emergent principles that builds upon the integrated lexicon underlying the Multilink model.
Beyond anarchy: logics of political organization, hierarchy, and international structure
Authors: Mcconaughey Meghan , Musgrave Paul , Nexon Daniel H.
Published: June 2018

Many scholars now argue for deemphasizing the importance of international anarchy in favor of focusing on hierarchy – patterns of super- and subordination – in world politics. We argue that only one kind of vertical stratification, governance hierarchy, actually challenges the states-under-anarchy framework. But the existence of such hierarchies overturns a number of standard ways of studying world politics. In order to theorize, and identify, variation in governance structures in world politics, we advocate a relational approach that focuses on three dimensions of hierarchy: the heterogeneity of contracting, the degree of autonomy enjoyed by central authorities, and the balance of investiture between segments and the center. This generates eight ideal-typical forms: national-states and empires, as well as symmetric and asymmetric variants of federations, confederations, and conciliar systems. We argue that political formations – governance assemblages – with elements of these ideal types are likely ubiquitous at multiple scales of world politics, including within, across, and among sovereign states. Our framework suggests that world politics is marked by a heterarchy of nested and overlapping political structures. We discuss broad implications for international-relations theory and comparative politics, and illustrate our approach through an analysis of contemporary China and the evolution of the British ‘Empire’ in the 19th and 20th centuries.
A Simmelian approach to space in world politics
Authors: Gazit Orit
Published: June 2018

Assumptions regarding space and spatiality exist in all major theoretical traditions in international relations, from realism to constructivism, but the mutual constitution of space and social interaction in the study of world politics requires further conceptual development in its own right. This article suggests a preliminary research agenda for the study of space and social relations in IR by lending insight from Georg Simmel’s classical sociology of space. Simmel’s approach offers scholars of contemporary world politics an innovative conceptualization of the relations between physical and symbolic space (‘the physical-symbolic axis’) and between space and time (‘the spatio-temporal axis’); and a set of practical analytical tools to apply in IR research by defining the foundational qualities of space (exclusivity, divisibility, containment, positioning, and mobility) and suggesting a typology of distinct sociospatial formations: organized space, governed space, fixed space, and empty space. The article discusses the potential of Simmel’s nuanced relational approach to contribute to the contemporary study of world politics, and demonstrates its utility in two particular areas of research: the study of unbundled sovereignty and mobility in late modernity; and the study of empty spaces in IR.
Of International Law, Semi-colonial Thailand, and Imperial Ghosts
Authors: SINGH Prabhakar
Published: June 2018

I argue that contextually reading two disputes involving Siam—Cheek v. Siam(1898) and theTemple of Preah Vihear(1962)—proves that both private law and public international law are structurally rigged against ex-semi-colonial nations. Nineteenth-century Siam was a political ferment known variously as a semi-colonial, semi-peripheral, non-colonial, or uncolonized polity. Siam bargained under imperial shadows her political independence by the tactical grants of concession contracts, as well as by negotiating treaties with competing European powers. In the post-colonialTemple of Preah Vihearcase, colonial stationery—maps, photographs, and communiqués—as well as imperial customs offered evidentiary support to Cambodia, an ex-colonial state, against Thailand. In the early twentieth century, while authors pickedCheek v. Siamas a precedent for the law of international claims, textbooks offer theTemple of Preah Vihearcase as a precedent on the form of treaties and estoppel. Conclusively, these two cases allow us to locate, if not exorcise, the ghosts of empires in Asian legal history, exposing, at the same time, Judge Koo’s Orientalization of customary international law.
Integration von Arbeitsgedächtnistrainings in die mathematische Lernförderung
Authors: Schulze Sarah , Kuhl Jan
Published: June 2018

Zusammenfassung. Das Arbeitsgedächtnis stellt eine wichtige individuelle Voraussetzung für erfolgreiches Lernen dar ( Hasselhorn & Gold, 2013 ). Entsprechend werden auch Einflüsse auf mathematisches Lernen diskutiert. Zusammenhänge zwischen der Funktionstüchtigkeit des Arbeitsgedächtnisses und mathematischen Fertigkeiten konnten bereits vielfach nachgewiesen werden ( Friso-van den Bos, van der Ven, Kroesbergen & van Luit, 2013 ). Auch Rechenschwierigkeiten gehen häufig mit einer eingeschränkten Funktionstüchtigkeit des Arbeitsgedächtnisses einher ( Schuchardt, 2008 ; Peng, Congying, Beilei & Sha, 2012 ). Fraglich ist, wie dieses Merkmal in der Lernförderung stärker als bisher berücksichtigt werden kann. Um diese Frage zu beantworten, wird der Forschungsstand zur Funktionssteigerung des Arbeitsgedächtnisses nachgezeichnet. Durch die Hinzunahme der PRIMs-Theorie von Taatgen (2013) leiten sich anschließend Implikationen für einen Förderansatz ab, bei dem Arbeitsgedächtnisfunktionen während des Aufbaus mathematischer Fertigkeiten direkt gefördert werden, womit sich die Kontroverse zwischen spezifischer und unspezifischer Förderung (z.B. Hager & Hasselhorn, 1998 ; Klauer, 1996 ) auflöst. Im vorliegenden Artikel wird diese Genese expliziert und gezeigt, welche Chancen sich durch eine arbeitsgedächtnissensible Mathematikförderung, insbesondere für Kinder mit beständigen Schwierigkeiten im Erwerb mathematischer Fertigkeiten, ergeben.
Zur Angleichung von Itemwortlauten bei SDQ-Fremd- und Selbstbericht und deren Auswirkung auf Beurteilungsdiskrepanzen
Authors: Vierhaus Marc , Rueth Jana Elisa , Buchberger Elisa Sophie , Lohaus Arnold
Published: June 2018

Zusammenfassung. In der vorliegenden Studie wurde ein Vergleich zwischen den deutschsprachigen Selbst- und Fremdberichtskalen des Fragebogens zu Stärken und Schwächen (Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire; SDQ) vorgenommen, um mögliche Einschätzungsdiskrepanzen zu analysieren. Verglichen wurden die Originalskalen mit modifizierten Skalen, die eine stärkere sprachliche Angleichung zwischen den Selbst- und Fremdberichtsitems enthielten. In einer Stichprobe mit 217 Mutter-Kind-Dyaden kamen die Originalversionen des SDQ zum Einsatz, während in einer zweiten Stichprobe mit 276 Dyaden eine bezüglich der Itemwortlaute angeglichene Version genutzt wurde. Sowohl für die Selbsteinschätzungen der Kinder und Jugendlichen als auch für die Fremdeinschätzungen konnte eine partielle Messinvarianz zwischen den Originalversionen und den modifizierten Fragebogenversionen nachgewiesen werden. Weiterhin ließ sich zeigen, dass die Einschätzungsdiskrepanzen sowohl auf der Ebene der Mittelwerte als auch der Korrelationen zwischen Selbst- und Fremdurteilen in der modifizierten Fassung geringer sind. Die Ergebnisse zeigen die Bedeutung der Itemformulierungen für Fragebogenergebnisse im Allgemeinen und für das Entstehen von Beurteilungsdiskrepanzen im Besonderen.
Geschlechtsinvarianz und Geschlechtsdifferenzen in der Intelligenzeinschätzung mit den Intelligence and Development Scales
Authors: Schweizer Florine , Arx Priska Hagmann-von , Ledermann Thomas , Grob Alexander
Published: June 2018

Zusammenfassung. Die Studie untersucht die Messinvarianz über das Geschlecht und Geschlechtsdifferenzen in der Intelligenz mit den Intelligence and Development Scales-Preschool (IDS-P; Grob, Reimann, Gut & Frischknecht, 2013 ) und Intelligence and Development Scales (IDS; Grob, Meyer & Hagmann-von Arx, 2013 ). Die IDS-P (3.0 to 5.11) und IDS (5.0 to 10.11) erfassen die allgemeine Intelligenz anhand von 7 Untertests. Die Studie verwendete die Normierungsstichproben mit N(IDS-P) = 700 und N(IDS) = 1 330 (je 50 % Jungen). Beide Verfahren wiesen latente partielle Messinvarianz auf Ebene der Untertests sowie auf Ebene der allgemeinen Intelligenz auf. Auf manifester Ebene zeigten sich keine Mittelwertdifferenzen für die allgemeine Intelligenz. In einigen Untertests ergaben sich Unterschiede zwischen den Geschlechtern: Jungen zeigten im Durchschnitt in Denken Bildlich in beiden Verfahren, Mädchen in Aufmerksamkeit Selektiv und in Gedächtnis Auditiv bessere Leistungen in den IDS-P. Die manifesten Varianzen unterschieden sich nicht. Die Befunde belegen, dass die Verfahren invariant bezüglich ihrer Struktur über das Geschlecht sind und folglich eine faire Intelligenzeinschätzung für beide Geschlechter ermöglichen.
When Environmental Forces Collide
Authors: Wahl Thomas , Ward P. , Winsemius H. , AghaKouchak Amir , Bender J. , Haigh I. , Jain S. , Leonard M. , Veldkamp T. , Westra S.
Published: June 2018

Multiple factors often interact to amplify the effects of severe storms, droughts, and other extreme water-related events.
Inhibition of excessive autophagy and mitophagy mediates neuroprotective effects of URB597 against chronic cerebral hypoperfusion
Authors: Su Shao-Hua , Wu Yi-Fang , Wang Da-Peng , Hai Jian
Published: June 2018

URB597 (URB) has therapeutic potential for treating chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH)-induced neuronal death. The present study investigated the protective effects of URB on autopahgy and mitophagy in a CCH model as well as the underlying mechanisms. The ultrastructural changes were examined by electron microscopy. The mitochondrial membrane potential was assessed by immunofluorescence. The expressions of autophagy-related proteins (beclin-1, p62, and LC3), lysosome-related proteins (CTSD and LAMP1), and mitophagy-related proteins (BNIP3, cyt C and parkin) were evaluated by western blotting, and the interaction of beclin-1 and Bcl-2 were determined by immunoprecipitation. CCH significantly decreased the protein expression of p62, CTSD, and LAMP1 and increased the protein expression of beclin-1, parkin, and BNIP3, the LC3-II to LC3-I ratio, and the release of cyt C from mitochondria to cytoplasm. Furthermore, CCH induced the accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins in PSDs. However, URB significantly reversed these results. Besides, URB significantly inhibited the beclin-1 from beclin-1/Bcl-2 complex to whole-cell lysates. The above results indicate that URB could inhibit impaired autophagy degradation and the disruption of beclin-1/Bcl-2 complex and subsequently cut off BNIP3-cyt C- and parkin-required mitophagy, finally preventing the abnormal excessive autophagy and mitophagy. These findings provide new insights that URB is a promising agent for therapeutic management of CCH.
Epidermal-specific deletion of TC-PTP promotes UVB-induced epidermal cell survival through the regulation of Flk-1/JNK signaling
Authors: Baek Minwoo , Kim Mihwa , Lim Jae Sung , Morales Liza D. , Hernandez Joselin , Mummidi Srinivas , Williams-Blangero Sarah , Jang Ik-Soon , Tsin Andrew T. , Kim Dae Joon
Published: June 2018

UVB exposure can contribute to the development of skin cancer by modulating protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) signaling. It has been suggested that UVB radiation increases the ligand-dependent activation of PTKs and induces PTP inactivation. Our recent studies have shown that T-cell protein tyrosine phosphatase (TC-PTP) attenuates skin carcinogenesis induced by chemical regimens, which indicates its critical role in the prevention of skin cancer. In the current work, we report that TC-PTP increases keratinocyte susceptibility to UVB-induced apoptosis via the downregulation of Flk-1/JNK signaling. We showed that loss of TC-PTP led to resistance to UVB-induced apoptosis in vivo epidermis. We established immortalized primary keratinocytes (IPKs) from epidermal-specific TC-PTP-deficient (K14Cre.Ptpn2fl/fl) mice. Immortalized TC-PTP-deficient keratinocytes (TC-PTP/KO IPKs) showed increased cell survival against UVB-induced apoptosis which was concomitant with a UVB-mediated increase in Flk-1 phosphorylation, especially on tyrosine residue 1173. Inhibition of Flk-1 by either its specific inhibitors or siRNA in TC-PTP/KO IPKs reversed this effect and significantly increased cell death after UVB irradiation in comparison with untreated TC-PTP/KO IPKs. Immunoprecipitation analysis using the TC-PTP substrate-trapping mutant TCPTP-D182A indicated that TC-PTP directly interacts with Flk-1 to dephosphorylate it and their interaction was stimulated by UVB. Following UVB-mediated Flk-1 activation, the level of JNK phosphorylation was also significantly increased in TC-PTP/KO IPKs compared to control IPKs. Similar to our results with Flk-1, treatment of TC-PTP/KO IPKs with the JNK inhibitor SP600125 significantly increased apoptosis after UVB irradiation, confirming that the effect of TC-PTP on UVB-mediated apoptosis is regulated by Flk-1/JNK signaling. Western blot analysis showed that both phosphorylated Flk-1 and phosphorylated JNK were significantly increased in the epidermis of TC-PTP-deficient mice compared to control mice following UVB. Our results suggest that TC-PTP plays a protective role against UVB-induced keratinocyte cell damage by promoting apoptosis via negative regulation of Flk-1/JNK survival signaling.