bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interactive role of depression, distress tolerance and negative urgency on non‐suicidal self‐injury
Authors: Peterson Claire M. , Davis‐Becker Kendra , Fischer Sarah
Published: January 2014

Negative affect often precedes non‐suicidal self‐injury (NSSI). Negative urgency (NU) and distress tolerance (DT) are associated with NSSI yet represent different trait‐like pathways to maladaptive affect regulation. This study examined the role of NU, (lack of) premeditation, depression and DT on NSSI in a sample of 884 undergraduates. Main effects for depression and NU emerged, with no main effects of DT. There was a significant three‐way interaction of NU, DT and depression, whereas no interaction was found for (lack of) premeditation. The influence of NU and depression on NSSI is enhanced when individuals have low perceived ability to tolerate distress. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kinetics and mechanism for the oxidation of anilines by ClO2: a combined experimental and computational study
Authors: Aguilar Carlos Alberto Huerta , Narayanan Jayanthi , Singh Narinder , Thangarasu Pandiyan
Published: January 2014

The oxidation of para‐substituted anilines (X–C6H4NH2, X = –CH3, –H, –Cl, –NO2) with chlorine dioxide was studied as a means of eliminating these pollutants. The oxidation rate decreases from that for 4‐methylaniline to that for 4‐nitroanilinem in agreement with the Hammett plot; the oxidation kinetics is second order in aniline and first order in ClO2, for which a possible mechanism is proposed. Liquid chromatography and gas chromatography mass spectrometry results show that benzoquinone is formed as the major intermediate in aniline/ClO2 oxidation, and the reaction is pH‐dependent as the rate constant increases with increasing pH. To further support our proposed mechanism, Density Functional Theory (DFT) computations at both B3LYP/6‐311 + G(d,p) level with the polarizable continuum model with an integral equation formalism solvation model (i.e., with water) were carried out, showing that activation energy barriers predict the same reactivity trend as shown by the kinetics experiments. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cysteine cathepsins and their potential in clinical therapy and biomarker discovery
Authors: Fonović Marko , Turk Boris
Published: January 2014

Since their discovery, cysteine cathepsins were generally considered to be involved mainly in the nonspecific bulk protein degradation that takes place within the lysosomes. However, it has become clear that their proteolytical activity can also influence various specific pathological processes such as cancer, arthritis, and atherosclerosis. Furthermore, their localization was found not to be limited strictly to the lysosomes. In the light of those findings, it is not surprising that cysteine cathepsins are currently considered as highly relevant clinical targets. Moreover, recent development of proteomic‐based methods for identification of novel physiological substrates of proteases provides a major opportunity also in the field of cysteine cathepsins. In this review, we will therefore present cysteine cathepsin roles in disease progression and discuss their potential relevance as prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers.
Structural insights into FRS2α PTB domain recognition by neurotrophin receptor TrkB
Authors: Zeng Lei , Kuti Miklos , Mujtaba Shiraz , Zhou Ming‐Ming
Published: January 2014

The fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) substrate 2 (FRS2) family proteins function as scaffolding adapters for receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). The FRS2α proteins interact with RTKs through the phosphotyrosine‐binding (PTB) domain and transfer signals from the activated receptors to downstream effector proteins. Here, we report the nuclear magnetic resonance structure of the FRS2α PTB domain bound to phosphorylated TrkB. The structure reveals that the FRS2α‐PTB domain is comprised of two distinct but adjacent pockets for its mutually exclusive interaction with either nonphosphorylated juxtamembrane region of the FGFR, or tyrosine phosphorylated peptides TrkA and TrkB. The new structural insights suggest rational design of selective small molecules through targeting of the two conjunct pockets in the FRS2α PTB domain. Proteins 2014; 82:1534–1541. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis of transparent metallic Sn‐doped In2O3 nanowires: Effects of doping concentration on photoelectric properties
Authors: Kuo Cheng‐Hsiang , Chang Po‐Yu , Chen Wei‐Hao , Lin Su‐Jien
Published: January 2014

Degenerately Sn‐doped In2O3 (ITO) nanowires were synthesized via an Au‐catalyzed vapor–liquid–solid (VLS) method at 750 °C. The Au seed layer provided sites with a high surface energy for the selected‐area growth of ITO nanowires. Morphology and crystal structures confirmed by field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), high‐resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was employed to obtain the chemical compositions of the ITO nanowires as well as the ratio of Sn/In and oxygen concentrations. Under the photo‐excitation the ITO nanowires emit ultraviolet light, which can be ascribed to transitions related to donor levels. Moreover, photoluminescence (PL) spectrophotometer and UV–VIS spectrum analysis revealed a blue shift peaks in the degenerately ITO nanowires. This phenomenon can be explained by Burstein–Moss effect.
Interfacial abruptness in axial Si/SiGe heterostructures in nanowires probed by scanning capacitance microscopy
Authors: Periwal P. , Bassani F. , Patriarche G. , Latu‐Romain L. , Brouzet V. , Salem B. , Baron T.
Published: January 2014

Si/SiGe heterostructured nanowires (hNWs) were grown by catalyst mediated vapor–liquid–solid mechanism via chemical vapor deposition. As‐grown hNWs were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and scanning capacitance microscopy (SCM). All these techniques allow us to spatially delineate Si/SiGe and SiGe/Si heterojunctions and show an asymmetry in terms of abruptness between these two interfaces. Material SCM contrast in Si/Ge system is explained by a difference of native oxide quality.
Hydrothermal synthesis of lanthanide‐doped GdPO4 nanowires and nanoparticles for optical applications
Authors: Hernández A. Garrido , Boyer D. , Potdevin A. , Chadeyron G. , Murillo A. García , de J. Carrillo Romo F. , Mahiou R.
Published: January 2014

In this work, Eu3+ and Tb3+ doped GdPO4 nanocrystals, with different shapes were successfully synthetized by an original hydrothermal method. The particles morphology was modified changing the pH value and using glycerol as co‐solvent in the synthesis. Depending on the synthesis conditions, TEM analyses have revealed the achievements of nanowires and nanoparticles with narrow size distributions. Their structural, morphological, and photoluminescent properties were investigated and compared. Luminescent composite films based on silicone polymer were prepared using GdPO4:Eu3+ and GdPO4:Tb3+ with different morphology as filler.
Vibrational and mechanical properties of Si/Ge nanowires as resonators: A molecular dynamics study
Authors: Georgakaki D. , Ziogos O. G. , Polatoglou H. M.
Published: January 2014

In this work, we examine the vibrational and mechanical properties of clamped‐clamped rectangular SixGe1−x and Si/SixGe1−x nanowires (NWs) using molecular dynamics simulations. A virtual atomic force microscope nanotip is used to drive the vibration. The frequency response, the beat vibration phenomenon and the calculation of mechanical properties such as quality factor Q and Young's modulus E are thoroughly analyzed. The influence of added mass and hydrogen passivation on the NW resonator performance is also demonstrated. The decreasing frequency trend with increasing Ge concentration was different for binary alloys and alloy superlattices, while it remained unaffected by the superlattice period. The beat vibration phenomenon driven by a single excitation was observed at elevated temperatures for all studied configurations. The resonance frequency decreases linearly with increasing temperature whereas the Q‐factor follows a power law decrease. The Young's modulus E obtained through stress–strain computational experiments is found to be overestimated compared to the classical beam theory. Frequency decreases linearly as more atoms are added to the resonator. For low temperatures, the quality factor of composite Si/Ge resonators increased from 104 to 105 at T = 23 K, after performing hydrogen passivation on the NW free surfaces.

The frequency shift due to the change in stoichiometry in a Si NW, alongside with representative snapshots of the vibrational behavior.
Recombination dynamics and internal quantum efficiency in InGaN
Authors: Murotani Hideaki , Andoh Hiroya , Tsukamoto Takehiko , Sugiura Toko , Yamada Yoichi , Tabata Takuya , Honda Yoshio , Yamaguchi Masahito , Amano Hiroshi
Published: January 2014

Recombination dynamics and internal quantum efficiency (IQE) of green luminescent InGaN nanowires with different crystalline qualities have been studied by means photoluminescence (PL) and time‐resolved PL spectroscopy. Temperature‐ and excitation‐power‐density‐dependent PL spectroscopy enabled to evaluate the IQE as a function of excitation power density. The shape of the efficiency curves at low temperature strongly depended on the magnitude of nonradiative recombination processes. This leads to the misestimation of the IQE in the lower quality nanowire. In addition, the PL decay curves were well described by a double exponential function both at 6 and 300 K. The PL decay time of the faster component was affected by nonradiative recombination processes even at low temperature. This indicated that the radiative recombination lifetime cannot be estimated from the PL decay time in the lower quality nanowire. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effects of an InGaN prelayer on the properties of InGaN/GaN quantum well structures
Authors: Davies Matthew J. , Massabuau Fabien C.‐P. , Dawson Philip , Oliver Rachel A. , Kappers Menno J. , Humphreys Colin J.
Published: January 2014

In this paper we report on the effects of including of an InGaN prelayer in an InGaN/GaN multiple quantum well (MQW) structure. Two equivalent 10 period In0.16Ga0.84N MQW structures were studied, one with a 24 nm thick In0.05Ga0.95N prelayer, one without. X‐ray diffraction measurements showed no evidence of strain relaxation in the structure containing the prelayer, while AFM revealed a 15% increase in average diameter of “V”‐defects. Temperature dependent photoluminescence (PL) showed the MQW structure, with the prelayer, to exhibit a higher room temperature internal quantum efficiency than the reference structure. PL excitation spectroscopy revealed an absorption and carrier transfer process associated with the InGaN prelayer, which created an additional recombination pathway resulting in a feature on the high energy side of the PL spectrum. Time‐resolved PL studies showed that this recombination had a weaker temperature sensitivity to that of the primary luminescence feature, and thus may be responsible for the enhanced PL intensity measured at 300 K. Monochromatic cathodoluminescence (CL) images showed the high energy feature originated from the “V”‐defects. It is thus suggested that the InGaN prelayer may provide a transfer mechanism for carriers in the prelayer into the semi‐polar QWs on the “V”‐defect facets. Alternatively the high energy emission may arise from QWs at the base of the stack that have parameters that are significantly different from the rest of the QWs. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The effects of varying threading dislocation density on the optical properties of InGaN/GaN quantum wells
Authors: Davies Matthew J. , Dawson Philip , Massabuau Fabien C.‐P. , Oehler Fabrice , Oliver Rachel A. , Kappers Menno J. , Badcock Thomas J. , Humphreys Colin J.
Published: January 2014

The effects of the threading dislocation (TD) density on the optical properties of a series of comparable InxGa1–xN/ GaN multiple QW structures were studied. The TD density ranged from 2 × 107 cm–2, for a structure grown on a free‐standing GaN substrate, to 5 × 109 cm–2 grown on a sapphire substrate. Room temperature internal quantum efficiencies (IQEs) were determined by temperature dependent photoluminescence (PL); no systematic dependence of the IQE on the TD density was found. The excitation power density dependence of the efficiency was investigated, which also showed no systematic dependence on TD density. PL excitation spectroscopy was used to verify that equivalent carrier densities were generated within the QWs of each structure. The lack of systematic dependence of the optical properties on TD density is attributed to the strong carrier localisation in InGaN/GaN QWs. At the highest density of TDs studied, it is estimated that the average defect separation greatly exceeds the in‐plane diffusion lengths of electrons and holes; consequently the majority of carriers in the system are isolated from the TDs. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Status of GaN/SiC‐based LEDs and their application in solid state lighting
Authors: Kong Hua‐Shuang , Ibbetson James , Edmond John
Published: January 2014

With the advances in light‐emitting diodes (LED) efficiency over the last several years, solid‐state lighting in the marketplace has grown significantly. This includes outdoor full colour displays, street and parking deck lighting, indoor lighting and hand held devices. In each application, there is an optimization between the LED chips, the components they are encapsulated into and the lighting systems made from these components. In this paper, the latest developments in GaN/SiC chip design, and the most recent white LED component efficacy will be discussed. Recent and predicted lighting system efficiency in the near future will also be presented. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Enhancement of light output power on GaN‐based light‐emitting diodes using two‐direction stripe‐patterned sapphire substrate
Authors: Okuno Koji , Oshio Takahide , Shibata Naoki , Honda Yoshio , Yamaguchi Masahito , Amano Hiroshi
Published: January 2014

To achieve both the reduction of threading dislocation density (TDD) and the enhancement of light extraction efficiency (LEE) of light‐emitting diodes (LEDs), a two‐directional stripe‐patterned sapphire substrate (TPSS) was fabricated. First, a stripe pattern parallel to the a‐axis of Al2O3 was formed on an as‐received c ‐sapphire wafer and then a second stripe pattern rotated around 3° from the m‐axis of Al2O3 was formed on the first stripe PSS. The light output power of TPSS LEDs was around 1.25 times higher than that of LEDs on a flat sapphire substrate. This enhancement is caused by the increase of both the internal quantum efficiency (IQE) and the LEE. On the other hand, although the LED on TPSS with the second stripe just parallel to the m‐axis of Al2O3 showed a similar enhancement ratio of the light output power, the current leakage of this LED increased with the concentration of threading dislocations on the surface of LEDs. Stripes rotated 3° from the m‐axis of Al2O3 changed the growth mode and realized GaN films with a smooth surface without pit formation. Therefore, the misalignment of the stripe from the m‐axis of Al2O3 will become a new design parameter for realizing high‐efficiency reliable LEDs. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Leakage‐current reduction and improved on‐state performance of Au‐free AlGaN/GaN‐on‐Si Schottky diode by embedding the edge terminations in the anode region
Authors: Hu Jie , Lenci Silvia , Stoffels Steve , Jaeger Brice De , Groeseneken Guido , Decoutere Stefaan
Published: January 2014

AlGaN/GaN Schottky barrier diodes (SBDs) have been fabricated on GaN‐on‐Si wafers (8‐inch) with Au‐free CMOS compatible technology. Two types of Edge Terminations have been investigated to suppress the leakage current with the conventional AlGaN/GaN Schottky Barrier Diodes fabricated on the same wafer as a reference. The External Edge Terminated‐SBD (EET‐SBD) shows a trend of reduction in leakage current by scaling down the spacing between the edge termination and the Schottky contact. By embedding the edge terminations inside the anode region named Gated Edge Terminated‐SBD (GET‐SBD), four orders of magnitude reduction in leakage current has been observed experimentally compared with the reference. Furthermore, anode recess was performed and its influences on both on‐ and off‐state characteristics were studied. The recessed EET‐SBD shows lower leakage current than the non‐recessed one. The forward voltage drop in EET‐SBD appears to be degraded by recess. The recessed GET‐SBD features the lowest leakage (1 µA/mm at VAC of –600 V) and improved on‐state performance (with VF of 1.15 V). With Anode‐to‐Cathode distance (LAC) of 10 µm, a breakdown voltage over 600 V in all three architectures has been achieved in both recessed and non‐recessed wafers. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Growth and characterization of DH‐HEMT structures with various AlGaN barriers and AlN interlayers on 200 mm Si(111) substrates
Authors: Zhao Ming , Saripalli Yoga , Kandaswamy Prem Kumar , Liang Hu , Firrincieli Andrea , Decoutere Stefaan , Vancoille Eric
Published: January 2014

AlGaN/GaN/AlGaN double heterojunction high‐electron‐mobility transistors were grown on 200 mm Si (111) using metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. The Al composition of AlGaN barrier varied from 20 at% to 30 at% and thickness from 10 nm to 20 nm. In some structures, a 1 nm AlN interlayer was inserted between AlGaN barrier and GaN channel. The as‐grown wafers were proven to be of high material quality and the layer thickness were well controlled to the target values. A buffer break down voltage of over 700 V were obtained for all grown wafers. Compared to their counterparts without AlN interlayer, structures with AlN interlayer showed a much lower and more uniform two‐dimensional electron gas sheet resistance. With the presence of AlN interlayer, the sheet resistance was much less sensitive towards variations in AlGaN barrier composition and thickness. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Dynamics of carrier redistribution processes in InGaN/GaN quantum well structures
Authors: Badcock Tom J. , Dawson Phil , Davies Matthew J. , Oliver Rachel A. , Kappers Menno J. , Humphreys Colin J.
Published: January 2014

We have studied the carrier dynamics in an InGaN/GaN multiple quantum well as a function of recombination energy between temperatures of 10 K and 100 K. For emission detected on the high energy side of the luminescence spectrum, the luminescence intensity and its decay time decrease strongly between 10 K and 50 K. In contrast, for emission detected on the low energy side of the spectrum, both of these quantities increase over the same temperature range. We attribute this behaviour to the thermally activated redistribution of carriers via energy‐loss hopping between localised states. On the basis of the respective changes in decay timescales for shallow and deep states, the average energy‐loss hopping times are inferred to increase with increasing energy depth of localisation and are thus consistent with spatially uncorrelated localisation within a Gaussian or exponential density of localised states. Under higher excitation densities this behaviour is suppressed due to the onset of saturation of the localised states. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Post‐disaster Remote Sensing and Sampling via an Autonomous Helicopter
Authors: Kochersberger Kevin , Kroeger Kenneth , Krawiec Bryan , Brewer Eric , Weber Thomas
Published: January 2014

An unmanned remote sensing and sampling system has been developed to aid first responders in urban disaster assessment and recovery. The system design is based on a 90 kg autonomous helicopter platform with interchangeable payloads ranging from radiation detection to tethered robot deployment. A typical response would begin with three‐dimensional terrain mapping using the stereovision system and a survey of radiation levels with an onboard spectrometer. From this initial survey, a more targeted flight is planned at a lower altitude with the option to localize radioactive sources in the event that radiation is present. Finally, a robot can be tether‐deployed into the area of interest to collect samples. It is teleoperated from the ground control station, and after collection is finished the robot is retracted back to the helicopter for retrieval. The terrain mapping, radiation detection, radiation localization, and robot deployment and retrieval have all been flight‐tested. Results of these tests indicate that the systems functioned successfully in the context of a prototype demonstrator.
Water Quality Monitoring Station Design for Remote Sites Experiencing Extreme Water Level Fluctuation
Authors: Rice C. L. , Weber D. S. , Haase C. S. , Piazza B. P.
Published: January 2014

The Nature Conservancy and the US Fish and Wildlife Service initiated a multiyear floodplain restoration project on the Mollicy Farms tract of the Upper Ouachita National Wildlife Refuge (UONWR) located in north‐east Louisiana. Large magnitude flood pulses, remote setting and other factors presented major challenges to the monitoring effort. A planning and design process resulted in the creation of a water quality monitoring station that could deploy Yellow Springs Instruments water sampling equipment in areas with large ranges in water level throughout the UONWR floodplain. Details of the station design, fabrication and diagrams are provided. Monitoring data will help measure the impact that large‐scale floodplains have on water quality once they are reconnected to river systems. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phase I/II adaptive design for drug combination oncology trials
Authors: Wages Nolan A. , Conaway Mark R.
Published: January 2014

Existing statistical methodology on dose finding for combination chemotherapies has focused on toxicity considerations alone in finding a maximum tolerated dose combination to recommend for further testing of efficacy in a phase II setting. Recently, there has been increasing interest in integrating phase I and phase II trials in order to facilitate drug development. In this article, we propose a new adaptive phase I/II method for dual‐agent combinations that takes into account both toxicity and efficacy after each cohort inclusion. The primary objective, both within and at the conclusion of the trial, becomes finding a single dose combination with an acceptable level of toxicity that maximizes efficacious response. We assume that there exist monotone dose–toxicity and dose–efficacy relationships among doses of one agent when the dose of other agent is fixed. We perform extensive simulation studies that demonstrate the operating characteristics of our proposed approach, and we compare simulated results to existing methodology in phase I/II design for combinations of agents. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of Mechanical Properties of Polycrystals by Using Crystal Plasticity and Numerical Homogenization Schemes
Authors: Baiker Maria , Helm Dirk , Butz Alexander
Published: January 2014

The modeling and simulation of metal forming processes is typically based on experimental data. Unfortunately, the experimental investigation of the mechanical behavior and the related properties of polycrystalline materials is a difficult task, because only limited stress and strain states can be investigated experimentally. For example, the testing of sheet metals is simple under tension, complex under compression due to buckling, and costly under biaxial load. In order reduce these drawbacks, a virtual testing concept is applied. In this concept, the behavior of single crystals is modeled by crystal plasticity and the behavior of polycrystalline microstructures is represented by using finite element solutions of periodic microstructures. The success of the strategy is validated on the mild steel DC04. In order to calibrate the virtual testing, only a small number of experimental information like crystallographic and morphologic texture and tension test data will be incorporated. Other quantities, like the tension behavior in other directions, the multi‐axial material behavior, as well as the Lankford coefficients and the initial yield behavior will be predicted by virtual testing and compared to experimental data for validation. The demonstrated approach for calibrating the virtual testing and for predicting key material values is successful and leads to valuable contributions to the modeling and simulation of sheet metals.
Severe Plastic Deformation of Large‐Scale Nb‐Microalloyed Steel Billet by Multi‐Directional Forging Process
Authors: Farahat Ahmed I. Z. , El‐Morsy Abdel‐Wahab , El‐Bitar Taher A.
Published: January 2014

The microstructural and the tensile properties of Nb‐microalloyed steel billet subjected to severe deformation processing were investigated. The steel samples in the form of as‐cast were severely deformed using multi‐directional hot forging process to approximately accumulated strain (∼4). The microstructure and tensile properties of multi‐directional forging samples were compared with those of the unidirectional forging (UDF) samples. Both optical and scanning electron microscopy examinations showed that the grain size is smaller after multi‐directional forging in comparison with UDF. In addition, the microstructure appears to be more homogeneous and generally more equiaxed after multi‐directional forging processing.
The Metafictive Nature of Postmodern Picturebooks
Authors: Pantaleo Sylvia
Published: January 2014

Throughout its history, the ecology of the picturebook has been impacted by various social and cultural changes. Postmodernism is one perspective, among other conceptual and theoretical frameworks, that has been proposed to explain some of the fundamental changes evident in many contemporary picturebooks. A review of the literature (Pantaleo & Sipe, 2008) reveals agreement among researchers and theorists that metafiction is one of the most prominent features exhibited in postmodern literature. Succinctly, metafiction draws the attention of readers to how texts work and to how meaning is created through the use of a number of devices or techniques. Following an overview of postmodern picturebooks and metafictive devices, the author provides an analysis of the metafictive devices evident in the picturebook NO BEARS (McKinlay & Rudge, 2012). The article concludes with a discussion of how postmodern picturebooks with metafictive devices can contribute to students' development as readers, writers, and creative thinkers.
Performance analysis of MIMO cognitive amplify‐and‐forward relay networks with orthogonal space–time block codes
Authors: Chu Thi My Chinh , Phan Hoc , Zepernick Hans‐Jürgen
Published: January 2014

In this paper, we study the performance of multiple‐input multiple‐output cognitive amplify‐and‐forward relay networks using orthogonal space–time block coding over independent Nakagami‐m fading. It is assumed that both the direct transmission and the relaying transmission from the secondary transmitter to the secondary receiver are applicable. In order to process the received signals from these links, selection combining is adopted at the secondary receiver. To evaluate the system performance, an expression for the outage probability valid for an arbitrary number of transceiver antennas is presented. We also derive a tight approximation for the symbol error rate to quantify the error probability. In addition, the asymptotic performance in the high signal‐to‐noise ratio regime is investigated to render insights into the diversity behavior of the considered networks. To reveal the effect of network parameters on the system performance in terms of outage probability and symbol error rate, selected numerical results are presented. In particular, these results show that the performance of the system is enhanced when increasing the number of antennas at the transceivers of the secondary network. However, increasing the number of antennas at the primary receiver leads to a degradation in the secondary system performance. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pathways to college and STEM careers: Enhancing the high school experience
Authors: Schneider Barbara , Broda Michael , Judy Justina , Burkander Kri
Published: January 2014

With a rising demand for a college degree and an increasingly complicated college search, application, and selection process, there are a number of interventions designed to ease the college‐going process for adolescents and their families. One such intervention, the College Ambition Program (CAP), is specifically designed to be a whole‐school intervention that comprehensively connects several important aspects of the college‐going process and specifically is focused on increasing interest in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM). With many adolescents having interest in STEM careers but lacking knowledge of how to transform these interests into plans, CAP supports students in developing and pursuing their educational and occupational goals. CAP offers students tutoring and mentoring, course‐counseling and advising, assistance through the financial aid process, and college experiences through visits to college campuses. In addition to these four core components, CAP is also pursuing how to integrate mobile technology and texting to further provide students with tailored resources and information about the college‐going process. This chapter describes the complexities of the college‐going process, the components of the CAP intervention, and presents findings that demonstrate that these strategies can increase college‐going rates and interest in STEM. The authors highlight the importance of developing a college‐going culture within high schools that support the alignment of postsecondary and career goals.
A moving–resting process with an embedded Brownian motion for animal movements
Authors: Yan Jun , Chen Yung‐wei , Lawrence‐Apfel Kirstin , Ortega Isaac M. , Pozdnyakov Vladimir , Williams Scott , Meyer Thomas
Published: January 2014

Animal movements are of great importance in studying home ranges, migration routes, resource selection, and social interactions. The Global Positioning System provides relatively continuous animal tracking over time and long distances. Nevertheless, the continuous trajectory of an animal's movement is usually only observed at discrete time points. Brownian bridge models have been used to model movement of an animal between two observed locations within a reasonably short time interval. Assuming that animals are in perpetual motion, these models ignore inactivity such as resting or sleeping. Using the latest developments in applied probability, we propose a moving–resting process model where an animal is assumed to alternate between a moving state, during which it moves in a Brownian motion, and a resting state, during which it does not move. Theoretical properties of the process are studied as a first step towards more realistic models for animal movements. Analytic expressions are derived for the distribution of one increment and two consecutive increments, and are validated with simulations. The induced bridge model conditioning on the starting and end points is used to compute an animal's probability of occurrence in an observation area during the time of observation, which has wide applications in wildlife behavior research.
The Influence of Mindfulness on Upper Extremity Illness
Authors: Voskuijl Timothy , Ring David
Published: January 2014

Background

Previous studies suggest a benefit of mindfulnessbased interventions on pain conditions. This study addresses the null hypothesis that mindfulness is not correlated with pain intensity or magnitude of disability in orthopedic upper extremity conditions.

Methods

In a prospective cohort, the correlation of the two separate aspects of mindfulness—acceptance and awareness—with disability and pain intensity was tested in patients with nonacute upper extremity conditions. Regression analyses were performed to determine factors associated with arm-specific disability and pain intensity.

Results

Awareness and acceptance both correlated with arm-specific disability, but only awareness was retained as a predictor in the best multivariable model. Neither awareness nor acceptance correlated with pain intensity. Pain interference and symptoms of depression accounted for more of the variation in disability and pain intensity.

Conclusion

Improved mood and decreased pain interference (a greater sense that one can accomplish one's goals in spite of pain) may be more fruitful than increased mindfulness for patients with nonacute conditions of the upper extremity.
Anisotropic Einstein data with isotropic non negative prescribed scalar curvature
Authors: Fiedler Bernold , Hell Juliette , Smith Brian
Published: January 2014

We construct time-symmetric black hole initial data for the Einstein equations with prescribed scalar curvature, or more precisely a piece of such initial data contained inside the black hole. In this case, the Einstein constraint equations translate into a parabolic equation, with radius as ‘time’ variable, for a metric component

u

that undergoes blow up. The metric itself is regular up to and including the surface at the blow up radius, which is a minimal surface.

We show the existence of Einstein constrained data with blow up profiles that are anisotropic (i.e. not

O(3)

symmetric) although the scalar curvature was isotropically prescribed.

Our results are based on center manifold theory for quasilinear parabolic equations and on equivariant bifurcation theory for not necessarily self-similar solutions of a self-similarly rescaled equation.

Nous construisons des données initiales de trou noir à symétrie temporelle pour les équations d'Einstein dont la courbure scalaire est prescrite ; plus précisément une partie de telles données initiales contenue à l'intérieur du trou noir. Dans ce cas, les contraintes d'Einstein peuvent être exprimées à l'aide d'une équation parabolique dont la variable « temps » est le rayon, vérifiée par une composante

u

de la métrique qui subit une explosion en « temps » fini. La métrique elle-même est régulière jusqu'à la surface au rayon de l'explosion (inclue) ; cette surface est une surface minimale.

Nous montrons l'existence de données vérifiant les contraintes d'Einstein, dont le profil d'explosion est anisotrope (i.e. elles ne sont pas

O(3)

-symétriques) alors que la courbure scalaire a été prescrite de façon isotrope.

Nos résultats sont basés sur la théorie des variétés centrales pour les équations paraboliques quasi-linéaires et sur la théorie équivariante des bifurcations pour des solutions de l'équation en variables auto-similaires, dont l'évolution n'est pas nécessairement auto-similaire.
Mantle plumes of Central Asia (Northeast Asia) and their role in forming endogenous deposits
Authors: Kuzmin M.I. , Yarmolyuk V.V.
Published: January 2014

The Phanerozoic within-plate magmatism and the related deposits of Siberia are reviewed. The formation of post-perovskite at about 2.5 Ga in the Earth’s interior and the isotope characteristics of within-plate igneous rocks have shown that plate tectonics and deep geodynamics started to operate at about 2–2.5 Ga. The assembly and breakup of supercontinents under the effect of the superplumes formed in layer D″ is considered. Thus, the supercontinent–superplume cycles spanning about 700 Ma are recognized in the Earth’s history.

The manifestations of the within-plate magmatic activity are found throughout the whole Phanerozoic. It was demonstrated earlier that between 570 and 160 Ma, the Siberian continent drifted within the African hot mantle field or large low shear velocity province (LLSVP). At least four plumes, excluding the superplume leading to the breakup of Rodinia at 750 Ma, interacted with the Siberian continent. The superplume leading to the breakup of Rodinia was also responsible for the origin of ultramafic intrusions with carbonatites hosting rare-metal (Nb, Ta, REE) mineralization as well as ultramafic–mafic intrusions with Cu–Ni–Pt mineralization localized along the rift zones.

The plumes originated in other Phanerozoic cycles formed most likely at the lower-upper mantle boundary, where most of the stagnant slabs is accumulated. Those plumes were responsible for the origin of within-plate igneous rocks. The granitic batholiths formed in the centers of zonal area surrounded by rift zones containing abundant rare-metal intrusions with rare-metal mineralization. Gold, tin, base metal, and porphyry copper deposits are also related to these zonal area.

The studies have shown that the formation of folded zones and related deposits which surround these zones as well as the structures of cratons and their metallogenic specialization should be considered in terms of both plate tectonics and plume tectonics.
Late Paleozoic granitoids in western Transbaikalia: sequence of formation, sources of magmas, and geodynamics
Authors: Tsygankov A.A.
Published: January 2014

The evolution of Late Paleozoic granitoid magmatism in Transbaikalia shows a general tendency for an increase in the alkalinity of successively forming intrusive complexes: from high-K calc-alkaline granites of the Barguzin complex (Angara–Vitim batholith) at the early stage through transitional from calc-alkaline to alkaline granites and quartz syenites (Zaza complex) at the intermediate stage to peralkaline granitoids (Early Kunalei complex) at the last stage. This evolution trend is complicated by the synchronous development of granitoid complexes with different sets and geochemical compositions of rocks. The compositional changes were accompanied by the decrease in the scales of granitoid magmatism occurrence with time. Crustal metaterrigenous protoliths, possibly of different compositions and ages, were the source of granitoids of the Angara–Vitim batholith. The isotopic composition of all following granitoid complexes points to their mixed mantle–crustal genesis. The mechanisms of granitoid formation are different. Some granitoids formed through the mixing of mantle and crustal magmas; others resulted from the fractional crystallization of hybrid melts; and the rest originated from the fractional crystallization of mantle products or the melting of metabasic sources with the varying but subordinate contribution of crustal protoliths. Synplutonic basic intrusions, combined dikes, and mafic inclusions, specific for the post-Barguzin granitoids, are direct geologic evidence for the synchronous occurrence of crustal and mantle magmatism. The geodynamic setting of the Late Paleozoic magmatism in the Baikal folded area is still debatable. Three possible models are proposed: (1) mantle plume impact, (2) active continental margin, and (3) postcollisional rifting. The latter model agrees with the absence of mafic rocks from the Angara–Vitim batholith structure and with the post-Barguzin age of peralkaline rocks of the Vitim province.
Large fields of spodumene pegmatites in the settings of rifting and postcollisional shear–pull-apart dislocations of continental lithosphere
Authors: Zagorsky V.Ye. , Vladimirov A.G. , Makagon V.M. , Kuznetsova L.G. , Smirnov S.Z. , D’yachkov B.A. , Annikova I.Yu. , Shokalsky S.P. , Uvarov A.N.
Published: January 2014

The authors analyze the geodynamic settings of large fields of spodumene pegmatites hosting Li and complex (Li, Cs, Ta, Be, and Sn) deposits of rare metals within the Central Asian Fold Belt. Most of the studied fields show a considerable time gap (from few tens of Myr to hundreds of Myr) between the spodumene pegmatites and the associated granites, which are usually considered parental. This evidence necessitates recognition of an independent pegmatite stage in the magmatic history of some pegmatite-bearing structures in Central Asia. The Precambrian–Late Mesozoic interval is marked by a close relationship between the large fields of spodumene pegmatites and extension settings of continental lithosphere. They occur either as (1) zones of long-lived deep faults bordering on trough (rift) structures experiencing the tectonic-magmatic activity or as (2) postcollisional zones of shearing and pull-apart dislocations. Thus, large fields of spodumene pegmatites might serve as indicators of continental-lithosphere extension. Important factors favoring the formation of rare-metal pegmatites both in collision zones and continental-rift settings are the presence of thick mature crust dissected by long-lived, deeply penetrating (down to the upper mantle) fault zones. They ease the effect of deep sources of energy and substance on crustal chambers of granite and pegmatite formation.
Types of endogenous geochemical fields and their significance for prospecting
Authors: Spiridonov A.M. , Zorina L.D. , Romanov V.A.
Published: January 2014

When prospecting ore deposits in Trans-Baikal region the endogenous geochemical fields (EGF) are taken as the main search element, as was proposed by L.V. Tauson (1983). Such fields are classified into: geochemical fields of dispersion (GFD), concentration (GFC) and removal (GFR). With regard to their formation conditions they are subdivided into magmatic (associated with magmatic chambers), intratelluric (associated with activity of intratelluric emanations), hydrothermal-metamorphic (vadose-thermal solutions), metamorphogenic, and sedimentary-metamorphogenic ones. Magmatic EGFs are divided into three groups: magmatic, pneumatolytic, and hydrothermal stages. This study identified their polygenetic origin and association with ore-magmatic systems. The geochemical fields of ore zones, fields, and deposits result from the late and post-magmatic processes; they also include the EGF of host rocks and those which altered at pre-ore stage of the natural system development.

At ore deposits the EGFs are responsible for supply and redistribution of elements through the entire ore formation process. The fields were divided into EGF of poor concentration (contrast coefficient CC normalized after background to 10), mean (CC >10–100), and intense (CC >> 100). The EGF intensity progressively increases at the hierarchy stage: “host rock—pre-ore metasomatite—syn-ore hydrothermalite—ore body—ore pillar”.

To summarize, the fields, ore districts, zones, and deposits are characterized by diverse patterns of dispersion, concentration, and removal.

The specific features of composition, structure, and zonal distribution of elements in geochemical fields are exemplified by some gold-bearing zones of the Trans-Baikal region. The paper reports new approaches to investigating these natural formations. The authors promote transition from the generally accepted evaluation of a halo separation to the volumetric survey of endogenous geochemical fields (GFD, GFC, and GFR included) of ore deposits and ore-magmatic systems, in general. The acquired evidence supports the assumption that endogenous geochemical fields should be regarded as a complete system differentiated in space and time preserving specifics and pattern of the internal structure.
Paediatric psychotropic prescribing practices in Ireland
Authors: McNicholas F. , Orakwue-Ononye N. , O’Hanrahan S.
Published: January 2014

Objectives

This study describes the attitudes, knowledge and prescribing of psychotropic medication in children.

Method

A study-specific questionnaire was mailed to all child psychiatrists, paediatricians and a group of registered general practitioners (GPs) from a selected Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services catchment area.

Results

In the 116 respondents who replied (39% response rate), psychotropic medication was generally valued and used by all groups (70.1%). Respondents believed that the majority (61.9%) of their non-medical colleagues would also value/support the use of medication and this endorsement influenced the respondents’ prescribing rates. Initiating medication was viewed as the province of child psychiatry (78.6%). Medication is felt to be justified in a wide variety of mental health disorders, their use being reserved for severe presentations, with psychostimulants and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors being most used. A significant number of GPs (60.9%) and paediatricians (63.4%) were felt to be lacking in competence in psychotropic prescribing, with a general request for more seminars in this area (61.5%) with almost half (45%) of them believing that they would prescribe more often.

Conclusion

The use of psychotropic medication in children remains a valued and common practice in Ireland. Attitudinal and practice differences across professional groups exist, and although the experience is one of relative safety there was a strong desire for further education leading to a perceived increase in utilisation. The impact of perceived public opinion regarding psychotropic prescribing along with a lack of competence may represent a major barrier to effective prescribing, thus highlighting the importance of ongoing professional development and increased public health initiatives to increase knowledge and understanding in this increasingly important area.
n-3 Fatty acids affect haemostasis but do not increase the risk of bleeding: clinical observations and mechanistic insights
Authors: Wachira John K. , Larson Mark K. , Harris William S.
Published: January 2014

n-3 Fatty acids (EPA and DHA, from fish oil) are essential fatty acids that are approved for the treatment of severe hypertriacylglycerolaemia and, in some countries, used for reducing the risk of CVD. Because of their inhibitory effects on platelet function, some practitioners have, perhaps unnecessarily, discontinued their use in patients undergoing invasive procedures or being treated with anti-platelet or anticoagulation drugs. Thus, the aim of the present study was to review the effects ofn-3 fatty acids on bleeding complications in a wide variety of clinical settings, and to summarise their biochemical mechanism of action in platelet function and coagulation. We surveyed recent publications that either directly studied the effects ofn-3 fatty acids on the risk of bleeding or focused on different end-points and also reported the effects on bleeding.n-3 Fatty acid treatment had no effect on the risk of clinically significant bleeding in either monotherapy or combination therapy settings. Although originally believed to operate primarily via the cyclo-oxygenase system, these fatty acids have been shown to affect multiple signalling pathways and thrombotic processes beyond simply affecting platelet aggregation. The present overview found no support for discontinuing the use ofn-3 fatty acid treatment before invasive procedures or when given in combination with other agents that affect bleeding. On the contrary, the use of these fatty acids in several settings improved clinical outcomes.