bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Algeria
Authors: Esposito John L , Voll John O
Published: November 2023

Much of the 1980s was dominated by fear of Iran’s export of revolution. The question asked was invariably, will country X be another Iran? Is so-and-so another Ayatollah Khomeini? In the early 1990s, as surveillance and vigilance against “radical Islamic fundamentalism” continued, many in the Muslim world and the West were stunned by the prospect of an elected Islamic government. Algeria embodies the failures, hopes, and fears of the West’s encounter with political Islam. Although many witnessed the reassertion of Islam in contemporary Muslim politics in Iran and elsewhere, the consensus in the first half of the 1980s, was that it could never happen in Francophile and Francophone North Africa. Governments were controlled by strong rulers (Bourghiba in Tunisia and King Hassan in Morocco) and in Algeria by a single party, the FLN (Front de Liberation Nationale), that had dominated the political scene. In the late 1980s failing economies and the wave of political liberalization that accompanied the fall of the Soviet Union ushered in new realities. In 1988, governments in Egypt, Jordan, Tunisia, and Algeria, among others, experienced street demonstrations and food riots in response to food shortages, high unemployment, and corruption. Less out of a desire to democratize than to steady shaky regimes, rulers caused a crack in their otherwise authoritarian regimes, as they promised elections.
Plain English at Work
Authors: Bailey Edward P
Published: November 2023

Everyday we write countless memos, letters, and reports without a second thought. Likewise, we give presentations, both, formal and informal. Often this writing and speaking gets criticized for being jargon-ridden, obscure, or long-winded--in short, for not being in “plain English.” But what is plain English, and how do we go about writing and speaking it? In Plain English at Work, Edward Bailey gives the answer, with down-to-earth tips and practical advice. Bailey, and expert in business communication, gives us a simple model for writing: BL Style: write more the way you talk. BL Organization: make your point easy to find. BL Layout: use headings, lists, and other white space so readers can see the structure of your writing. Psycholinguists, Bailey points out, have proven that the techniques of plain English writing are far easier on your readers; experience has proven that writing in plain English is easier on you--the writer, too. Bailey also gives you a wealth of practical advice for presentations including: BL How to remember your talk. BL How to design visual aids. BL How to design computer presentations. BL How to set up the room you’ll be speaking in. BL How to develop a successful delivery style. Perhaps most impressive are the many detailed tips he gives here. For instance, when using a pointer, hold it in the hand closer to the screen (otherwise, you turn your back on the audience, making it harder to hear you). When designing a visual aid, use at least 28-point type, and seldom use all capital letters (which are harder to read). And when presenting a bar chart during a computer presentation, build it--a bar at a time--to focus your audience’s attention. Drawing on two earlier and popular books, The Plain English Approach to Business Writing and A Practical Guide for Business Speaking, this new volume has been significantly updated. It includes up-to-the-minute information on using computers, computer graphics, typography for your writing and on using the same technology for designing your presentations. The result is an authoritative and comprehensive single volume that will be the essential guide for everyone wishing to communicate more easily and effectively at work.
Greek Writing from Knossos to Homer
Authors: Woodard Roger D
Published: November 2023

Greek Writing from Knossos to Homer examines the origin of the Greek alphabet. Departing from previous accounts, Roger Woodard places the advent of the alphabet within an unbroken continuum of Greek literacy beginning in the Mycenean era. He argues that the creators of the Greek alphabet, who adapted the Phoenician consonantal script, were scribes accustomed to writing Greek with the syllabic script of Cyprus. Certain characteristic features of the Cypriot script--for example, its strategy for representing consonant sequences and elements of Cypriot Greek phonology--were transferred to the new alphabetic script. Proposing a Cypriot origin of the alphabet at the hands of previously literate adapters brings clarity to various problems of the alphabet, such as the Greek use of the Phoenician sibilant letters. The alphabet, rejected by the post-Bronze Age “Mycenaean” culture of Cyprus, was exported west to the Aegean, where it gained a foothold among a then illiterate Greek people emerging from the Dark Age.
Canons in Conflict
Authors: Brenneman James E
Published: November 2023

Brenneman confronts the contemporary issue of conflicting canons, incorporating insights gained from both literary and biblical disciplines. He begins with a tour through current literary theory and theological discussions. He then applies these theories to a consideration of true and false biblical prophecy to reach an integrative resolution of authority and canon in a pluralistic context.
French peasant Fascism
Authors: Paxton Robert O
Published: November 2023

The Greenshirts, a far-right peasant movement in 1930s France, wanted to transform the Republic into an authoritatian, agrarian state. They succeeded only in mounting sporadic local actions, but they permitted a fresh look at the strengths and weaknesses of fascism in French rural Society, and at the enduring French perception of themselves as a peasant nation.
Social Issues
Authors: Winfrey John C
Published: November 2023

Social Issues is a text for courses on social issues and policies. Given recent cuts in government budgets, issues such as taxation, welfare, health care, social security, and environmental protection are drawing increasing attention to the basic problems of how to divide resources equitably among all members of society. By combining perspectives from ethics, politics and economics, Social Issues delineates a `social ethics’ which can be combined with basic economic theory to analyse and address these public policy problems.
How Long? How Long?
Authors: Robnett Belinda
Published: November 2023

A compelling and readable narrative history, How Long? How Long? presents both a rethinking of social movement theory and a controversial thesis: that chroniclers have egregiously neglected the most important leaders of the Civil Rights movement, African-American women, in favor of higher-profile African-American men and white women. Author Belinda Robnett argues that the diversity of experiences of the African-American women organizers has been underemphasized in favor of monolithic treatments of their femaleness and blackness. Drawing heavily on interviews with actual participants in the American Civil Rights movement, this work retells the movement as seen through the eyes and spoken through the voices of African-American women participants. It is the first book to provide an analysis of race, class, gender, and culture as substructures that shaped the organization and outcome of the movement. Robnett examines the differences among women participants in the movement and offers the first cohesive analysis of the gendered relations and interactions among its black activists, thus demonstrating that femaleness and blackness cannot be viewed as sufficient signifiers for movement experience and individual identity. Finally, this book makes a significant contribution to social movement theory by providing a crucial understanding of the continuity and complexity of social movements, clarifying the need for different layers of leadership that come to satisfy different movement needs. An engaging narrative history as well as a major contribution to social movement and feminist theory, How Long? How Long? will appeal to students and scholars of social activism, women’s studies, American history, and African-American studies, and to general readers interested in the perennially fascinating story of the American Civil Rights movement.
Variations
Authors: Carroll Jackson W , Wheeler Barbara G , Aleshire Daniel O , Marler Penny Long
Published: November 2023

Like a target with concentric circles, three ETS documents move outward from the center to the edge. The “bull’s-eye” is the school’s Statement of Faith, to which all faculty members, administrators, and students must give assent. Almost as inviolate is the mission statement, six articles that constitute the second circle and define the school’s purposes. The third, outside circle is an extended commentary on the mission statement. President Howard Vincent tells JC that the commentary allows people to incorporate different ideas while not violating the basic principles of either of the first two documents. His remark follows a long, often heated discussion at a faculty meeting during which a committee asked for guidance on several proposed revisions to the commentary.
Evangelical Culture
Authors: Carroll Jackson W , Wheeler Barbara G , Aleshire Daniel O , Marler Penny Long
Published: November 2023

On the table outside the seminary’s bookstore, among the various free pamphlets and brochures, are copies of the Shepherd’s Guide, a “Christian Business Directory” for the region. Each advertisement in the hundred-plus page book contains a small symbol—a silhouette of a shepherd and sheep—and this trademark, the Guide tells the reader, “indicates that the owner of the business [or advertiser] has signed the statement of faith below.” The statement that follows includes confession that “I have received Jesus Christ as my personal Savior, and my desire is to live my life for His Glory.” An acknowledgment that the signer has been born again is followed by a pledge “to hold the highest Biblical code of ethics in my business transactions. It is my ambition to treat my clients with the utmost respect and integrity.”
Elements of Educational Culture
Authors: Carroll Jackson W , Wheeler Barbara G , Aleshire Daniel O , Marler Penny Long
Published: November 2023

The two seminaries we have described and discussed differ along many dimensions used to analyze theological and religious institutions. Mainline Seminary’s home is a tight ring of buildings in an affluent residential section of a large city; Evangelical Seminary is spread over a tract of more than one hundred landscaped acres in affluent exurbia. Mainline is affiliated with a single religious denomination, though it welcomes students and employees of all faith traditions as well as those with no formal religious ties; Evangelical has no links to a particular religious body but requires its faculty and staff to sign a specific statement of religious beliefs. The pattern of faculty training is different. All but one of Mainline’s faculty members earned their doctorates in one of the two dozen historically Protestant private universities that offer advanced academic training in theological subjects.1 More than half of Evangelical’s faculty hold degrees from other kinds of institutions: European universities, public universities, and conservative Protestant seminaries. Although both schools attract students across a wide span of age, the student bodies differ too. Mainline’s is dominated by students coming to seminary from other careers; Evangelical attracts many students within a year or two of their college graduation. And the experience of students in the two schools is different. Many students at Mainline move through their degree programs in the cohorts in which they entered, taking courses together in sequence and completing the program in a specified number of years. At Evangelical, where virtually everyone takes less than a full-time course load, students plot individual paths through the curriculum, with the result that those who enter together follow different sequences and finish at different times.
The Puritan Thesis Revisited
Authors: Morgan John
Published: November 2023

I Historical explanations of the development and increasing acceptance of “science” in early modem Europe have generally sought to locate these processes within broader social movements. Given the profusion of religious contention, the widely held contemporary view that monopolistic religion was crucial to the stability of the state and to individual morality, and the evident cultural truth that in studying nature one was examining God’s handiwork, historians have most commonly attempted to link science to particular strains of early modem Christianity.
In Visible City
Authors: Hills Helen
Published: November 2023

More than any other European city, Baroque Naples was dominated by convents. Behind their imposing facades and highly decorated churches, the convents of Naples housed the daughters of the city’s most exclusive families, women who, despite their cloistered existence, were formidable players in the city’s power structure. Invisible City vividly portrays the religious world of seventeenth-century Naples, a city of familial and internecine rivalries, of religious devotion and intense urban politics, of towering structures built to house the virgin daughters of the aristocracy. Helen Hills demonstrates how the architecture of the convents and the nuns’ bodies they housed existed both in parallel and in opposition to one another. She discusses these women as subjects of enclosure, as religious women, and as art patrons, but also as powerful agents whose influence extended beyond the convent walls. Though often ensconced in convents owing to their families’ economic circumstances, many of these young women were able to extend their influence as a result of the role convents played both in urban life and in art patronage. The convents were rich and powerful organizations, riven with feuds and prey to the ambitions of viceregal and elite groups, which their thick walls could not exclude. Even today, Neapolitan convents figure prominently in the city’s fabric. In analyzing the architecture of these august institutions, Helen Hills skillfully reads conventual architecture as a metaphor for the body of the aristocratic virgin nun, mapping out the dialectic between flesh and stone.
Practicing What You Preach Plutarch’s Sources and Treatment
Authors: Hawley Richard
Published: November 2023

Advice and Consolation both belong to ancient traditions. The necessity of marriage is a commonplace, only questioned theoretically by rhetoricians and philosophers. Epic, drama, satire, and epithalamia celebrate and examine it. I shall illustrate how Plutarch selects and shapes preexistent material from a wide variety of genres: rhetoric, philosophy, poetry. Some have argued a pervasive Stoic influence and that Plutarch marks a “step forward” in thought about women, as “proto-feminist.” A greater appreciation of Plutarch’s literary precedents reveals this as overenthusiastic pleading. We should be cautious about attributing to any philosophical school views, especially on gender, that were already traditional.
The Quest for Unity
Authors: Klein Étienne , Lachièze-Rey Marc
Published: November 2023

What could quantum mechanics have in common with the philosophical musings of the ancient Greeks? In our age of multimillion-dollar supercolliders, it’s hard to imagine that modern physics owes anything to thinkers who predate Descartes. But French physicists Etienne Klein and March Lachieze-Rey see an unbroken thread running from antiquity to the present--an ongoing search, throughout the history of science, for unity. In The Search for Unity the authors reveal how the quest for the One has driven all the great breakthroughs in science. They show how the Greeks searched for the fundamental element in all things; how Galileo unified the earth with the heavens, by discovering valleys and mountains on the moon; and how Newton created a single theory to describe the motion of the celestial bodies. With unequaled clarity, they explore the work of the most famous unifier of all, Albert Einstein, who melded space and time into a combined space-time concept, and then embarked on an unsuccessful search for a single theory to explain all the physical laws of the universe. Throughout the book, the authors stress the esthetic motives of scientists, how they recognize truth through apprehension of mathematical beauty. And in tracing the quest for unity up to the present day, they illuminate the bizarre workings of quantum mechanics and the sticky definition of reality itself at the subatomic level. A grand unification of all interactions still awaits discovery--but as Klein and Lachieze-Rey show, the search itself is as fascinating as the end result may ever be.
Arguing The Apocalypse
Authors: O’leary Stephen D
Published: November 2023

Apocalyptic expectations of Armageddon and a New Age have been a fixture of the American cultural landscape for centuries. With the approach of the year 2000, such millennial visions seem once again to be increasing in popularity. Stephen O’Leary sheds new light on the age-old phenomenon of the End of the Age by proposing a rhetorical explanation for the appeal of millennialism. Using examples of apocalyptic argument from ancient to modern times, O’Leary identifies the recurring patterns in apocalyptic texts and movements and shows how and why the Christian Apocalypse has been used to support a variety of political stances and programs. The book concludes with a critical review of the recent appearances of doomsday scenarios in our politics and culture, and a meditation on the significance of the Apocalypse in the nuclear age. Arguing the Apocalypse is the most thorough examination of its subject to date: a study of a neglected chapter of our religious and cultural history, a guide to the politics of Armageddon, and a map of millennial consciousness.
More than Earth
Authors: Read Kay A
Published: November 2023

The sixteenth-century Nahua (Aztec)1 goddess Cihuacoatl (Snakewoman) presents the twentieth-century observer with a host of apparently contradictory and puzzling images. She was both a goddess of fields and crops and a woman warrior. Her powers were borne not only by childbearing women but also by the male governmental official second only to the king, often in a dual leadership. Just after the Conquest, the Spanish friar Bernardino de Sahagun called her a “savage beast” and “evil omen” because she brought “misery” (Florentine Codex [FC], 1.6: n) while at the same time referring to her as the “highest of goddesses” because she aided women suffering in childbirth (FC 6.27-29, 31: 151-165, 179-182).
Mythology
Authors: Leeming David Adams
Published: November 2023

What makes something mythic? What do mythic events and narratives have to do with us? In Mythology, David Leeming offers an unusual and effective approach to the subject of mythology by stressing universal themes through myths of many cultures. This anthology collects a wide array of narrative texts from the Bible to English literature to interpretations by Joseph Campbell, C.G. Jung, and others, which illustrate how myths serve whole societies in our universal search for meaning. Leeming illustrates the various stages or rites of passage of the mythic universal hero, from birth to childhood, through trial and quest, death, descent, rebirth, and ascension. The arrangement of texts by themes such as “Childhood, Initiation and Divine Signs,” “The Descent to the Underworld,” and “Resurrection and Rebirth” strip mythic characters of their many national and cultural “masks” to reveal their archetypal aspects. Real figures, including Jesus and Mohammed, are also included underlining the theory that myths are real and can be applied to real life. This edition is updated to include additional heroine myths, as well as Navajo, Indonesian, Indian, Chinese, and African tales.
The Policing of Poor Black Women’s Sexual Reproduction
Authors: West Traci C
Published: November 2023

In popular political rhetoric about social problems in this nation, the sexuality of poor black single mothers who receive welfare is labeled a major threat that endangers the moral health of society. Politicians, academics, and media pundits who contribute to the shaping of public policy often make dramatic claims that stigmatize the procreation of poor black single moms. Thus, the nature of poor black female identity comes to be seen as an appropriate object for public scrutiny, debate, and regulatory experiments. The rhetorical assaults on these women and girls license vicious, state-sponsored, material assaults on them in both direct and indirect ways.
The Associations of Classical Athens
Authors: Jones Nicholas F
Published: November 2023

Jones’ book examines the associations of ancient Athens under the classical democracy (508/7-321 BC) in light of their relations to the central government. Associations of all types--village communities, cultic groups, brotherhoods, sacerdotal families, philosophical schools, and others--emerge as fundamentally similar instances of Aristolian koinoniai. Each, it is argued, acquired its distinctive character in response to particular features of the contemporary democracy. The analysis results in the first integrated, holistic institutional reconstruction of Greece’ s first city.
The Goddess, Women, and Their Rituals in Hinduism
Authors: Gupta Samjukta Gombrich
Published: November 2023

The MarkarųJeya puriit),a (MP) narrates the story of SaraQ.yu just before its famous description of the Great Goddess’s repeated triumphs over the powerful demons. SaraQ.yu was a daughter of the god Tvam, and she married the sun (Vivasvat), who in this myth was considered to be a mortal-that is, part of the created world, which is ultimately transient. Their son Vaivasvata Manu, who is thus half god and half mortal, is the forefather of humankind. As Wendy Doniger has pointed out, SaraQ.yu was never venerated as a goddess or as the original mother of humankind.
Flora Annie Steel : A Voice for Indian Women?
Authors: Huenemann Karyn
Published: November 2023

One of the more interesting trends in literary criticism today is the application of discourse analysis and feminist critical theory to the investigation of colonial literatures. By considering the literary representations of women’s history in light of these two approaches, some recent feminist critics attempt to unravel the complexities of women’s involvement in British imperial history. Implicit in this attempt is the comparison of Western literary (mis)representation of the Orient with male literary (mis)representation of women, a comparison complicated by some Victorian women’s concomitant involvement in both British imperialism and the feminist political battles of the late 1800s.
Memory Changes in Healthy Older Adults
Authors: Balota David A , Dolan, Patrick O , Duchek Janet M
Published: November 2023

The present chapter provides a review of the literature addressing changes in memory performance in older adults (often retired individuals with an age between 60 and 80 years), compared to younger adults (often college students around age 20). While it is well established that memory performance declines in older adults (e.g., Kusler, 1994; Ryan, 1992), it is now clear that not all aspects of memory are impaired (e.g., Balota & Duchek, 1988; Burke & Light, 1981; Craik, 1983; Schacter, Kihlstrom, Kaszniak, & Valdiserri, 1993; Shimamura, 1989). Dissociations across age groups with respect to impairments in different memory types or processes have provided (1) insights into the influence of aging on neuropsychological underpinnings of memory, and (2) leverage for memory theorists to develop a better understanding of normal memory functioning.
Neuroanatomy of Memory
Authors: Markowitsch Hans J
Published: November 2023

Memory is a basic and at the same time a highly complex function in the animal kingdom. The range of memory functions certainly is related to the heterogeneity of the underlying nervous systems of species from planaria to humans. The broad span of behaviors subsumed under the umbrella of memory has led researchers to look for appropriate categorizations of mnestic subfunctions that range from simple forms of classical conditioning to epi sodic memory (Thompson & Kim, 1996; Tulving & Markowitsch, 1998). Especially in humans, memory is embedded in other complex behavioral representations such as thoughts, language, reasoning, or emotion.
Introduction
Authors: Shulman David , Stroumsa Guy G
Published: November 2023

This volume attempts to draw out some elements of a comparative, cross-cultural history of dreams. We treat dreaming as a cultural act, for while we by no means assume that we can make direct contact with the dream itself, in any of our texts, there is no doubt that the dream report and all subsequent interpretation and decoding are expressive of culturally specific themes, patterns, tensions, and meanings. Every dream culture articulates issues and makes assumptions, implicitly or otherwise, about the relatively private or public nature of dreams; the conditions in which dreams may reveal the future (or the past); the boundaries between the individual and society; the composition of the dreaming subject; and so on. To tell one’s dream-first, perhaps, to oneself, then to another (perhaps a professional interpreter), and finally to still wider circles-is always an over determined act or statement, at once situating the selfin relation to a rich universe of cultural meanings and implied metaphysical intuitions and creating, or re-creating, that same universe from within.
Meousa
Authors: Wilk Stephen R
Published: November 2023

Medusa, the Gorgon who turns those who gaze upon her to stone, is one of the most popular and enduring figures of Greek mythology. Long after many other figures from Greek myth have been forgotten, she continues to live in popular culture. In this fascinating study of the legend of Medusa, Stephen R. Wilk begins by refamiliarizing readers with the story through ancient authors and classical artwork, then looks at the interpretations that have been given of the meaning of the myth through the years. A new and original interpretation of the myth is offered, based upon astronomical phenomena. The use of the gorgoneion, the Face of the Gorgon, on shields and on roofing tiles is examined in light of parallels from around the world, and a unique interpretation of the reality behind the gorgoneion is suggested. Finally, the history of the Gorgon since Classical times is explored, culminating in the modern use of Medusa as a symbol of Female Rage and Female Creativity.
Coordination of Care: Putting it all Together
Authors: Starfield Barbara
Published: November 2023

Coordination, the fourth component of care, is essential for the attainment of each of the other features. Without it, longitudinality would lose much of its potential, comprehensiveness would be made difficult, and the first-contact function would become purely administrative. Descriptions of primary care from the physician’s vantage often refer to the primary care professional as the patient’s advocate (Robinson, 1977) or in terms of the primary care physician’s commitment to people (McWhinney, 1975; Draper and Smits, 1975). To accomplish what these terms imply, the primary practitioner must be aware of all of the patient’s problems in whatever context they arise, at least insofar as they relate to health. Enlargement of the scope of practice from individual offices to group sites and as part of integrated health systems provides both new challenges as well as better opportunities for coordinating services.
Introduction
Authors: Stewart Susan , Smith Wesley D
Published: November 2023

Andromache is one of a number of Euripides’ preserved plays that are concerned with distressed women. In Alcestis, the title character gives her life for her unworthy husband; in Medea, the heroine, because her husband betrayed her, kills their shared children; in Hippolytus, Phaedra destroys her beloved when he scorns her; and in Hecuba, the queen of defeated Troy takes an ugly vengeance on the murderer of her son. Each play has its own logic, but Euripides shows an overall tendency to bring into question, or even to parody, the conventions of heroic literature, which began with the Iliad.
Attention and Automaticity
Authors: Logan Gordon D , Compton BrianJ
Published: November 2023

Attention and automaticity are intimately related. In everyday life, attention determines what is focal, and automatic processing determines the background. Like well-choreographed dancers, attention leads and automatic processing follows. Shifts in attention bring new input to bear on the cognitive system, some of which is processed deliberately and with effort but most of which is processed automatically. Shifts in attention are driven by goals and purposes, so what is processed automatically is determined by an interaction between goals and purposes and the external environment.
The Information Age in Historical Perspective Introduction
Authors: Chandler Jr. Alfred D
Published: November 2023

I begin this introduction by explaining the book’s title. As it was originally conceived, the title was The Third Industrial Revolution: The Role of Information in the Transformation of the United States from Colonial Times to the Present. As the project progressed and the editors and contributors discussed the chapters to be written, we realized that what we were considering was not an industrial revolution but an information revolution—a revolution that evolved from the industrial world of the twentieth century. Moreover, this information revolution has transformed the industrial world of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries as profoundly as the First and Second Industrial Revolutions transformed the earlier commercial world of the eighteenth century. Of these industrial revolutions, the first, beginning in Great Britain in the late eighteenth century, transformed the processes of production; the second, beginning in Europe and the United States in the 1840s, transformed transportation and communication. For the purpose of this book a more realistic terminology appeared to be one of ‘‘ages’’ rather than ‘‘revolutions.’’ We identify three—the Commercial Age, the Industrial Age, and the Information Age. Therefore, this history of the role of information in the transformation of the United States from colonial times to the present reviews that role from the centuries- old Commercial Age during the eighteenth century into the Industrial Age of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries and then the transformation from the Industrial into the Information Age in the last decades of the twentieth century.
Business Use of Information and Technology during the Industrial Age
Authors: Yates JoAnne
Published: November 2023

We have seen that democratic ideology encouraged U.S. demand for information in the eighteenth century, and that technologies such as the printing press allowed and encouraged increased dissemination of such information. The continued growth of demand for information, combined with new communication and transportation technologies and evolving organizational forms, encouraged the development and support of information infrastructures such as the postal system, the railroad, the telegraph, and the telephone in the early and mid- nineteenth century. During the period from 1880 to 1950, the nonfarm sectors in the U.S. economy, especially manufacturing, expanded rap- idly, with manufacturing overtaking agriculture as the dominant sector in the private economy. The rapid growth of manufacturing both encouraged and was built on the extensive use of information to control business processes and outcomes; this appetite for information in turn encouraged the diffusion of technologies—including both office equipment and bureaucratic techniques or systems that supported information use.2 These information processing technologies spread into other, often information-intensive sectors such as financial services and retail selling, adding further to the demand for information processing technologies. By 1950, the uses and technologies of business information had evolved to a considerable extent, putting U.S. business on the threshold of what has become known as the Information Age.
Computers in U.S. Households Since 1977
Authors: Sproull Lee S
Published: November 2023

By the concluding years of the twentieth century, the information age was no stranger in the home or the office. By this time the American household was extraordinarily well-equipped with information and communication technologies. By 1995, 99 percent of U.S. households had at least one radio; 98 percent had at least one television; 94 percent had at least one telephone; 81 percent had at least one VCR; 63 percent had cable service. In 1995, people over the age of eighteen spent about 3,400 hours watching television and videos, listening to the radio and recorded music, playing home video games, and reading newspapers, magazines, and books. The newest and potentially most powerful information technology to enter the U.S. household is the personal microcomputer. In naming the personal computer ‘‘Machine of the Year’’ for 1982, Time magazine proclaimed, ‘‘The ‘information revolution’ that futurists have long predicted has arrived, bringing with it the promise of dramatic changes in the way people live and work, perhaps even in the way they think’’ (see figure 8.1). America will never be the same.’’ By 1997, twenty years after the introduction of the personal computer (PC) 37 percent of U.S. households owned one. This chapter offers a sociological perspective on the spread, use, and effects of computing technology in the U.S. home from 1977 to 1997.2 It extends the focus of the two previous chapters on the development of computer technology and its role in business. In comparison with literature on other information technologies in the home, little has been written about the use and effects of the household computer. This has occurred for at least two reasons. One is that the diffusion of computers into the home is still in progress; therefore, documenting its spread requires tracking a moving target.
The Information Age Continuities and Differences
Authors: Chandler Alfred D , Cortada James W
Published: November 2023

This concluding chapter focuses, as did the introductory one, on the evolving infrastructure for the transmission of information in today’s Information Age. Here we do not attempt to summarize or evaluate how the recipients used the information transmitted by the evolving broader information infrastructure. Those responses, the primary subjects in the preceding chapters, reflect the ever-changing economic, political, social, and cultural changes experienced in the United States. They will continue to do this in the future. Speculating on the future is really outside the scope of this book. However, a reader interested in the future should take notice of the patterns of the ebb and flow of information-handling in America’s past and present. There is a striking continuity in the infrastructural evolution that began with the postal system in the eighteenth century, then moved to the railway and the telegraph, the telephone, radio and television, and then computers both big and small. That continuity will probably have a significant impact on the ongoing evolution of the infrastructure of the Information Age for reasons that will be made clear later.
Pausanias and the Chest of Kypselos
Authors: Snodgrass A M
Published: November 2023

Sightseeing is a notoriously tiring activity. Every user ofa guidebook will hope and expect that, from time to time, there will be occasions when the author will call a halt and describe what can be seen from a more or less stationary position. The user of Pausanias guide will know that he provided a few such occasions for his ancient readers, by offering long and detailed descriptions of objects or groups of objects. This. I suggest. is his counterpart for the ekphrasis, in which his more demanding literary forerunners and successors so reveled. Pausanias’s passages have not hitherto been taken in this way, because of the extreme restraint and self-effacement with which he presents his material, here and elsewhere: certainly his descriptions, by comparison with the gushing set pieces of some writers of the Second Sophistic, are dry indeed. They are entirely without that overt empathy with the work of art which we encounter in, say, Philostratus or Lucian: and I would not exclude the possibility that this represents an early and deliberate move in the long-running debate between “empathy” and “objectivity” in art criticism, an open espousal of a contrasting approach.
Shakespeare’s Twenty - First - Century Economics
Authors: Turner Frederick
Published: November 2023

I love you according to my bond, says Cordelia to her father in King Lear. As the play turns out, Cordelia proves to be an exemplary and loving daughter. A bond is both a legal or financial obligation, and a connection of mutual love. How are these things connected? In As You Like It, Shakespeare describes marriage as a "blessed bond of board and bed": the emotional, religious, and sexual sides of marriage cannot be detached from its status as a legal and economic contract. These examples are the pith of Frederick Turner's fascinating new book. Based on the proven maxim that "money makes the world go round," this engaging study draws from Shakespeare's texts to present a lexicon of common words, as well as a variety of familiar familial and cultural situations, in an economic context. Making constant recourse to well-known material from Shakespeare's plays, Turner demonstrates that the terms of money and value permeate our minds and lives even in our most mundane moments. His book offers a new, humane, evolutionary economics that fully expresses the moral, spiritual, and aesthetic relationships among persons, and between humans and nature. Playful and incisive, Turner's book offers a way to engage the wisdom of Shakespeare in everyday life in a trenchant prose that is accessible to lovers of Shakespeare at all levels.
A Rehabilitation of Paul Feyerabend
Authors: Munevar Gonzalo
Published: November 2023

One of Paul Feyerabend’s pet peeves was the way the history of philosophy had maligned Ernst Mach by treating him as the founding father of logical positivism. Feyerabend often spoke of writinp a rehabilitation of Mach and did take a few beginning steps in that direction. I largely agree with Feyerabend’s appraisal of the historical misjudgment of Mach, but my purpose in this chapter is not to explore that issue: my intent is rather to write about Feyerabend as he would have about Mach. For it seems to me that few philosophers have been as misunderstood as Feyerabend himself.
The Katabasis Theme in Modern Cinema
Authors: Holtsmark Erling B
Published: November 2023

To the extent that it adheres to a genre of film criticism, this chapter comes closest to the tenets of Russian Formalism.1 It is true that the material I examine assumes a vaguely Proppian shape in that my analysis is based on a study of repeated motifs and themes, but my concern is not merely to catalogue such repetitions in order to construct an idealized katabasis film. The films I discuss are all formulaic in the sense that they fit, and draw on, patterns of narrative expectation that are of great antiquity. Yet their very formalism need not detract from their originality, which in fact lies in their creators’ capacity to manipulate audience expectation.
Michael Cacoyannis and Irene Papas on Greek Tragedy
Authors: McDonald Marianne , Winkler Martin M
Published: November 2023

editor’s note: The following interviews were conducted by Marianne McDonald via telephone in November and December 1988 from a list of questions prepared by both of us. Mr. Cacoyannis and Ms. Papas then reviewed the transcripts. They appear here somewhat abridged from their earlier version in Classics and Cinema. Material unrelated to the subject of tragedy and to their films of Euripides has been omitted.
Peter Greenaway’s The Cook, The Thief, His Wife and Her Lover: A Cockney Procne
Authors: Siegel Janice F
Published: November 2023

Although Peter Greenaway did not consciously model The Cook, The Thief, His Wife and Her Lover (1989; abbreviated hereafter as CTWL) on the mythological tale of Procne and Philomela, there is evidence to suggest unbidden influence. A film like A Zed and Two Noughts (1985) shows Greenaway’s knowledge of and interest in mythological conflicts and themes, and he admits to being particularly partial to Ovid.1 His vision of Prospero in Prospero’s Books (1991), a reworking of Shakespeare’s The Tempest, developed from his certainty that any successful humanist scholar must owe a great debt to Ovid.2 Greenaway traces the tradition of the classic revenge tragedy, from which he claims CTWL springs, to its ancient roots.
Introduction
Authors: Hammond Kenneth R , Stewart Thomas R
Published: November 2023

Probabilistic functionalism is the best broad descriptive term we have for Egon Brunswik’s work; it is the one he used, and it is far preferable to Brunswikianism, a label he would have found to be in bad taste. But the phrase probabilistic functionalism is somewhat forbidding, and its meaning is not immediately obvious; thus, new comers are confronted at the outset with an uninviting title. Although the mystery will disappear for the reader of Brunswik’s articles in this volume, we offer here a brief explanation to facilitate understanding his approach to psychology.
Brunswik and Medical Science
Authors: Wigton Robert S
Published: November 2023

Errors in judgment must occur in the practice of an art which consists largely in balancing probabilities. (Sir William Osler, 1897) (cited in Bean, 1961)SThe more I learn about medicine, the more I am impressed with its probabilistic nature. All diagnoses are uncertain no matter how classic the presenting signs and symptoms. All prognoses are uncertain no matter how effective the treatments. Exposure to agents that “cause” illness may or may not lead to clinical disease, and the manifestations of disease may differ from patient to patient. Although Brunswik’s work is unknown to nearly all physicians, there are striking parallels between what medicine has learned and his views of the causal texture of the environment. The dominant feature of nearly all medical decision making is a healthy dose of irreducible uncertainty, inevitable error, and an abundance of fallible indicators. As an example of the irreducible uncertainty in medicine, consider urinary tract infection, a common and well-studied illness. Medical texts list fifteen to twenty-five clinical findings, tests, and predisposing factors that are common features of urinary tract infection. The test most physicians depend on, the presence of white blood cells on microscopic examination of the urine, explains less than 20 percent of the variance in the diagnosis. The best clinical pre diction rule incorporating all symptoms, findings, and tests leaves 70 percent or more of the variance unexplained. This diagnostic problem also shows how vicarious functioning can be important in actual practice. Patients with urinary tract infection may complain of various symptoms, including painful urination, frequency of urination, small volume of urine, and lower abdominal pain. These symptoms are highly intercorrelated, and physicians must learn not to conclude that more of these symptoms does not mean the diagnosis is more certain.
A Brunswikian Approach to Emotional Communication in Music Performance
Authors: Juslin Patrik N
Published: November 2023

Music is probably the most widely practiced and appreciated of all art forms. One possible explanation may be that music offers a powerful means of emotional communication. Yet this is one of the least understood aspects of music, at least as far as scientific explanation goes (Juslin, in press b). As a result, emotional aspects of performance have been sadly neglected in music education (Persson, Pratt, & Robson, 1992; Tait, 1992).
Protestants & Pictures Religion, Visual Culture, and the Age of American Mass Production
Authors: Morgan David
Published: November 2023

In this lavishly illustrated book, David Morgan surveys the visual culture that shaped American Protestantism in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries--a vast record of images in illustrated bibles, Christian almanacs, children's literature, popular religious books, charts, broadsides, Sunday school cards, illuminated devotional items, tracts, chromos, and engravings. His purpose is to explain the rise of these images, their appearance and subject matter, how they were understood by believers, the uses to which they were put, and what their relation was to technological innovations, commerce, and the cultural politics of Protestantism. His overarching argument is that the role of images in American Protestantism greatly expanded and developed during this period.
The Impact of World War I
Authors: Wolpert Stanley
Published: November 2023

Colonel R. J. Baker was appointed to command Gandhi’ s medical corps on October first, and two weeks later Gandhi was ready to resign. Baker had appointed the “section leaders” of the corps without consulting him, and since Gandhi was “entirely a cripple,” he invited Baker to his room for “a mutual discussion.” The colonel refused, however, to call upon Private Gandhi, or to allow his corps to “elect” its corporals.
The Road Back to Satyagraha
Authors: Wolpert Stanley
Published: November 2023

He drew up a scheme for reactivating the Congress and mobilizing its local committees to serve as volunteers going “from door to door in every town and village” to collect foreign cloth that was to be “publicly burnt” and to take orders for handwoven cloth from every householder. “Picketing foreign cloth shops may be undertaken wherever possible.... All units should from day to day report to the Central Office details of work done.
Prelude to War and Partition
Authors: Wolpert Stanley
Published: November 2023

The 1935 Government of India Act that had emerged from London’ s three Round Table Conferences enfranchised some thirty-five million Indians, more than half of whom trekked to polling places throughout British India in February of 1937. Congress candidates won 716 seats, capturing majorities in six of British India’ s eleven provincial legislative assemblies. Nehru, whose electrifying air-borne campaign, had led the euphoric Congress party to its stunning victory, ordered all minority parties to “line up!” saying there were only two parties left in India, Congress and the British. Jinnah rejected that argument, insisting that the Muslims represented by his Muslim League, were a “third party.” Then Lord Zetland, the new Tory secretary of state for India, insisted that British provincial governors would all be “obliged,” under the new Constitution, to “safeguard the legitimate interests of the minorities.”
War behind Bars
Authors: Wolpert Stanley
Published: November 2023

“Mahadev, Mahadev,” Gandhi cried, imploring his faithful secretary’ s corpse to awake. “Mahadev has lived up to the ‘ Do or Die’ mantra,” Gandhi eulogized, as the corpse he had prepared was burned. “This sacrifice cannot but hasten the day of India’ s deliverance.”
Elite Women
Authors: Pomeroy Sarah B
Published: November 2023

More specific information is available about royal women than about any other group. It is clear, however, that a historian must not generalize from information about the female kin of kings to women of lesser social status. For example, because of concern about the legitimacy of the succession, only royal women are named in tales of adultery, but the ancient sources often do not distinguish between royal and upper-class women. Many Spartiates had Heraclid blood. Aristotle writes about wealthy women, but only Plutarch gives details about particular wealthy women and they are all members of the royal houses (see below). Furthermore, the Spartiates were an elite, an aristocracy, and women of the upper classes tend to imitate the most elite among them.