bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
First MAX‐DOAS Observations of Formaldehyde and Glyoxal in Phimai, Thailand
Authors: Hoque H. M. S. , Irie H. , Damiani A.
Published: August 2018

Multiaxis differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAX‐DOAS) observations were performed for the first time in Thailand at the rural site of Phimai (15.18°N, 102.56°E). Vertical profiles of eight components were retrieved separately using the Japanese MAX‐DOAS profile retrieval algorithm, version 2. Here we focused on formaldehyde (HCHO) and glyoxal (CHOCHO) and evaluated their volume mixing ratios in the lowest layer (0–1 km) of the retrieved vertical profiles. We estimated the ratio of CHOCHO to HCHO concentrations (RGF), which has been suggested to be an important tracer indicative of changes in volatile organic compound emissions. Higher HCHO and CHOCHO concentrations were observed during the dry season, reflecting the influence of biomass burning. The mean RGF for the Phimai site was estimated to be 0.032 ± 0.005. The estimated RGF for the dry season (0.028 ± 0.002) was lower than that during the wet season (0.040 ± 0.003), when biogenic emissions were dominated. While Phimai can be characterized as an environment with low nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentrations (<1 ppbv), the potential impact of biomass burning on the lower RGF during the dry season was investigated by the occasional enhancement of NO2 concentrations as a tracer of biomass burning.
Objective Quantification of Convective Clustering Observed During the AMIE/DYNAMO Two‐Day Rain Episodes
Authors: Cheng Wei‐Yi , Kim Daehyun , Rowe Angela
Published: August 2018

One critical bottleneck in developing and evaluating ways to represent the mesoscale organization of convection in cumulus parameterization schemes is that there is no single accepted method of objectively quantifying the degree of convective organization or clustering from observations. This study addresses this need using high‐quality S‐PolKa radar data from the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Madden‐Julian Oscillation Investigation Experiment/Dynamics of the Madden‐Julian Oscillation (AMIE/DYNAMO) field campaign. We first identify convective elements (contiguous convective echoes [CCEs]) from radar reflectivity observations using the rain type classification algorithm of Powell et al. (2016, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH‐D‐15‐0135.1). Then we apply scalar clustering metrics, including the organization index (Iorg) of Tompkins and Semie, to the radar CCEs to test their ability of quantifying convective clustering during the observed two‐day rain episodes. Our results show two distinct phases of convective clustering during the two‐day rain episodes, with each phase covering about 10 hr before (Phase 1) and after (Phase 2) the time of peak rain rate. In Phase 1 clustering, the number of CCEs increases and convective cells cluster as new cells form preferentially near existing convective entities. The number of CCEs decreases as the environment stabilizes in Phase 2 clustering, during which already clustered cells with associated stratiform clouds are preferred over the isolated ones. Iorg is capable of capturing convective clustering in both phases. The possible mechanisms for convective clustering are discussed, including cold pool‐updraft feedback, moisture‐convection interaction, and mesoscale circulations. Our results suggest that parameterizations of convective organization should represent the feedback processes that are responsible for the convective clustering during both phases.
Orogenic Wedge Evolution of the Central Andes, Bolivia (21°S): Implications for Cordilleran Cyclicity
Authors: Anderson R. B. , Long S. P. , Horton B. K. , Thomson S. N. , Calle A. Z. , Stockli D. F.
Published: August 2018

The Andes are an ideal setting to explore orogenic wedge evolution and the cyclical tectonic processes in Cordilleran convergent‐margin systems. Paleoaltimetry data suggest that the hinterland plateau in southern Bolivia underwent rapid surface uplift at ~16–9 Ma, which is predicted to have induced rapid thrust belt propagation. We integrate fission track and (U‐Th)/He ages from zircon and apatite with a sequentially restored cross section to quantify the timing and rates of thrust belt propagation in southern Bolivia for the last ~43 Myr. These data show that retroarc shortening in the Eastern Cordillera propagated westward from ~43 to 27 Ma as the wedge grew to attain critical taper and steady state. The thrust front then advanced rapidly eastward from ~25 to 17 Ma across the western Interandean zone, where a weak decollement modified the critical taper angle. The thrust front stalled for ~6 Myr but resumed eastward advance into the eastern Interandean zone and Subandean zone by ~11–8 Ma, which we interpret as a response to increased accretionary influx and rapid orogenic wedge expansion induced by eclogitic delamination and corresponding hinterland surface uplift at ~13 Ma. Development of an orographic barrier and wetter climatic conditions resulted in relatively steady state wedge conditions from ~8.5 to 1.5 Ma. Rapid wedge growth after ~1.5 Ma may be attributed to mass accumulation in the orogen interior or a weakened decollement. Our data reveal space‐time variations in orogenic wedge evolution consistent with models of Cordilleran cyclicity and lithospheric removal, with important additional influences of erosion, climate, and rock rheology.
Ecosystem Responses to Water Resource Developments in a Large Dryland River
Authors: Thoms Martin , Delong Michael
Published: August 2018

Large floodplain rivers in dryland regions are becoming increasingly modified through water resource developments. Identifying ecosystem responses in these systems is challenging because of their natural variability, limited data, and the myriad of ways they are modified. This study used organic samples from snail, mussel, and fish specimens obtained from museum collections for the determination of carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios, for the Barwon‐Darling River, Australia, between 1869 and 2005, a period of extensive water development. Three hypotheses were posed for this study: (1) The trophic status and food web character of the Barwon‐Darling River will change in response to water resource developments; (2) responses in the trophic status and food web character will differ between different hydrogeomorphic zones identified along the river; and (3) food chain lengths will increase in response to water resource developments. Substantive changes in trophic status and components of the food web were detected between before and after water developments. Three lines of evidence support the conclusion of anthropogenically driven changes in the food web of this dryland floodplain‐river system. Stable isotope ratios of fish, mussels, and snails differed between both hydrogeomorphic zones of the river and the before and after disturbance periods. Layman metrics, representing community niche space, differed between before and after disturbance periods. Also, both mean trophic position and food chain length differed between predisturbance and postdisturbance for the two functional process zones. The substantial shift in basal source contribution over time is a potential indicator of a state change and loss of resilience in this system.
Investigation of Kinetic Isotopic Fractionation of Water During Bare Soil Evaporation
Authors: Quade Maria , Brüggemann Nicolas , Graf Alexander , Vanderborght Jan , Vereecken Harry , Rothfuss Youri
Published: August 2018

The kinetic fractionation factor (αK) controls to a large extent the isotopic enrichment of surface waters during evaporation (E). In contrast to the well‐known vapor‐to‐liquid isotopic equilibrium fractionation factor, αK has still not yet been properly characterized for soil water evaporation. In this study, we investigated the αK daily dynamics during a series of three laboratory experiments differing in soil water availability and aerodynamic conditions. For this, we applied a commonly used isotopic evaporation model and tested it in two different approaches. First, a two‐end‐member mixing model (Keeling plot) was fitted to the measured isotopic composition of the laboratory air water vapor to obtain αK. In a second approach, αK was obtained from the slope of the evaporation line in a dual isotopic coordinate system. For both methods, the isotopic composition of the soil water was determined nondestructively and online by sampling the soil water vapor with gas‐permeable microporous tubing. Results highlighted the limitation of the first approach, as the determination of the isotopic composition of E with the Keeling plot was challenging with the laboratory setup. The second approach provided αK values within the range (
= 1.0132 ± 0.0013;
 = 1.0149 ± 0.0012) reported in the literature and pointed to the prevalence of turbulent water vapor transport under water‐saturated soil conditions but also at soil water content significantly lower than the saturated value. In a third experiment, temporal dynamics of the atmospheric water vapor intrusion in the topmost soil layer could be observed during an isotopic labeling pulse.
Direct Insertion of NASA Airborne Snow Observatory‐Derived Snow Depth Time Series Into the iSnobal Energy Balance Snow Model
Authors: Hedrick Andrew R. , Marks Danny , Havens Scott , Robertson Mark , Johnson Micah , Sandusky Micah , Marshall Hans‐Peter , Kormos Patrick R. , Bormann Kat J. , Painter Thomas H.
Published: August 2018

Accurately simulating the spatiotemporal distribution of mountain snow water equivalent improves estimates of available meltwater and benefits the water resource management community. In this paper we present the first integration of lidar‐derived distributed snow depth data into a physics‐based snow model using direct insertion. Over four winter seasons (2013–2016) the National Aeronautics and Space Administration/Jet Propulsion Laboratory (NASA/JPL) Airborne Snow Observatory (ASO) performed near‐weekly lidar surveys throughout the snowmelt season to measure snow depth at high resolution over the Tuolumne River Basin above Hetch Hetchy Reservoir in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California. The modeling component of the ASO program implements the iSnobal model to estimate snow density for converting measured depths to snow water equivalent and to provide temporally complete snow cover mass and thermal states between flights. Over the four years considered in this study, snow depths from 36 individual lidar flights were directly inserted into the model to provide updates of snow depth and distribution. Considering all updates to the model, the correlation between ASO depths and modeled depths with and without previous updates was on average r2 = 0.899 (root‐mean‐square error = 12.5 cm) and r2 = 0.162 (root‐mean‐square error = 41.5 cm), respectively. The precise definition of the snow depth distribution integrated with the iSnobal model demonstrates how the ASO program represents a new paradigm for the measurement and modeling of mountain snowpacks and reveals the potential benefits for managing water in the region.
Correction: Abolishing Tau cleavage by caspases at Aspartate421 causes memory/synaptic plasticity deficits and pre-pathological Tau alterations
Authors: Biundo F. , d’Abramo C. , Tambini M. D. , Zhang H. , Del Prete D. , Vitale F. , Giliberto L. , Arancio O. , D’Adamio L.
Published: August 2018

Text for Correction
Correction: Altered activation and connectivity in a hippocampal–basal ganglia–midbrain circuit during salience processing in subjects at ultra high risk for psychosis
Authors: Winton-Brown T. , Schmidt A. , Roiser J. P. , Howes O. D. , Egerton A. , Fusar-Poli P. , Bunzeck N. , Grace A. A. , Duzel E. , Kapur S. , McGuire P.
Published: August 2018

This Article was originally published under Nature Research’s License to Publish, but has now been made available under a CC BY 4.0 license. The PDF and HTML versions of the Article have been modified accordingly.
A Metalated Porous Porphyrin Polymer with [Co(CO)4]− Anion as an Efficient Heterogeneous Catalyst for Ring Expanding Carbonylation
Authors: Jiang Jianwei , Yoon Sungho
Published: August 2018

The synthesis of β-lactones from epoxides through ring-expanding carbonylation using homogeneous catalysts has received much attention. However, homogeneous catalysts suffer from difficulty in product separation and recycling of the catalyst, limiting their industrial usage. Herein, a novel heterogeneous catalyst, [Cr-metalated porous porphyrin polymer]+[Co(CO)4]−, was prepared and used for the conversion of propylene oxide (PO) to β-butyrolactone; this catalyst presented superior catalytic activity and selectivity (99%) than our previous heterogeneous catalyst. In addition, the catalyst was readily separated from the product without significant loss of catalytic activity. A possible method to recover the original catalytic activity also was demonstrated.
Mitigation of hysteresis due to a pseudo-photochromic effect in thermochromic smart window coatings
Authors: Sol Christian , Schläfer Johannes , Parkin Ivan P. , Papakonstantinou Ioannis
Published: August 2018

The aim of thermochromic window coatings is to reduce the energy consumption in the built environment by passively switching between a high solar transmitting state at low temperatures and low solar transmitting state at high temperatures. Previous studies have highlighted the negative impact of phase transition hysteresis on the performance of reflection based thermochromic films. However in the literature, the best reported results have depended on vanadium dioxide nanoparticle composites and anti-reflective structures that modulate light via changes in absorption rather than reflection. In light of these factors, this work aims to demonstrate theoretically, how the effects of phase transition hysteresis and gradient differ between absorbing and non-absorbing thermochromic films. To quantify and compare the performance of films with different transition characteristics, we define a metric based on the varying net energy flux through the window over the course of a year, including thermal energy re-radiated into the building from the film. Specifically, and importantly for the field, we demonstrate that a pseudo-photochromic effect in absorbing thermochromic films mitigates the detrimental effects of phase transition hysteresis and gradient that have been reported for reflection based thermochromic films. We find that for moderate hysteresis widths of 15 °C, the performance of the non-absorbing case drops to ~60% of its initial value whilst the performance of the absorbing film only drops to ~95%. As a result we find that the absorbing case outperforms the non-absorbing case when hysteresis widths are greater than 8 °C.
Emergent memory in cell signaling: Persistent adaptive dynamics in cascades can arise from the diversity of relaxation time-scales
Authors: Mitra Tanmay , Menon Shakti N. , Sinha Sitabhra
Published: August 2018

The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascade, an evolutionarily conserved motif present in all eukaryotic cells, is involved in coordinating crucial cellular functions. While the asymptotic dynamical behavior of the pathway stimulated by a time-invariant signal is relatively well-understood, we show using a computational model that it exhibits a rich repertoire of transient adaptive responses to changes in stimuli. When the signal is switched on, the response is characterized by long-lived modulations in frequency as well as amplitude. On withdrawing the stimulus, the activity decays over long timescales, exhibiting reverberations characterized by repeated spiking in the activated MAPK concentration. The long-term persistence of such post-stimulus activity suggests that the cascade retains memory of the signal for a significant duration following its removal. The molecular mechanism underlying the reverberatory activity is related to the existence of distinct relaxation rates for the different cascade components. This results in the imbalance of fluxes between different layers of the cascade, with the reuse of activated kinases as enzymes when they are released from sequestration in complexes. The persistent adaptive response, indicative of a cellular “short-term” memory, suggests that this ubiquitous signaling pathway plays an even more central role in information processing by eukaryotic cells.
Structural Analysis of Redox-sensing Transcriptional Repressor Rex from Thermotoga maritima
Authors: Park Young Woo , Jang Young Yoon , Joo Hyun Kyu , Lee Jae Young
Published: August 2018

The cellular redox state of organisms continues to fluctuate during the metabolism. All organisms have various sensors that help detect and adapt to changes in the redox state. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotides (NAD+/NADH), which are involved in various cellular metabolic activities as cofactors, have been revealed as the key molecules sensing the intra-cellular redox state. The Rex family members are well conserved transcriptional repressors that regulate the expression of respiratory genes by sensing the redox state according to the intra-cellular NAD+/NADH balance. Herein, we reported crystal structures of apo and NAD+- and NADH-bound forms of Rex from Thermotoga maritima to analyse the structural basis of transcriptional regulation depending on either NAD+ or NADH binding. The different orientation of the reduced nicotinamide group to helix α9 caused the rearrangement of N-terminal DNA binding domain, thus resulting in closed form of Rex to dissociate from cognate DNA. The structural data of Rex from T. maritima also support the previous redox-sensing mechanism models of Rex homologues.
Evaluation of cigarette flavoring quality via surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Xu Shi-Qiang , Wen Bao-Ying , Zhang Li-Na , Zhang Hua , Gao Yang , Nataraju Bodappa , Xu Li-Ping , Wang Xin , Li Jian-Feng , Tian Zhong-Qun
Published: August 2018

Herein, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) combined with principal component analysis (PCA) has been successfully applied in the evaluation of cigarette flavoring quality using monolayer films of Au nanoparticles as substrates.
Confinement-driven radical change in a sequence of rotator phases: a study on n-octacosane
Authors: Dutta Sujeet , Prasad S. Krishna
Published: August 2018

Complete overhaul of bulk state rotator phases under rigid porous confinement.
Binary mixtures of novel sulfoxides and water: intermolecular structure, dynamic properties, thermodynamics, and cluster analysis
Authors: Chaban Vitaly V.
Published: August 2018

Higher molecular weight dialkyl sulfoxides constitute interest in the context of biomedical sciences due to their ability to penetrate phospholipid bilayers, dissolve drugs, and serve as cryoprotectants.
Highly enhanced liquid flows via thermoosmotic effects in soft and charged nanochannels
Authors: Maheedhara Raja Sampath , Jing Haoyuan , Sachar Harnoor Singh , Das Siddhartha
Published: August 2018

This paper proposes a massively augmented thermoosmotic transport in nanochannels grafted with end-charged polyelectrolyte brushes.
Tunable interlayer coupling and Schottky barrier in graphene and Janus MoSSe heterostructures by applying an external field
Authors: Li Yi , Wang Jiajun , Zhou Baozeng , Wang Fang , Miao Yinping , Wei Junqing , Zhang Baojun , Zhang Kailiang
Published: August 2018

A schematic model of FETs based on the G/MoSSe heterostructures.
Forensic analysis of lead–tin solder by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
Authors: Huang Lily , Beauchemin Diane , Dalpé Claude
Published: August 2018

Elemental concentrations in melted solder can identify the type of solder used in a crime and narrow down suspects.
A microfluidic platform for lifelong high-resolution and high throughput imaging of subtle aging phenotypes inC. elegans
Authors: Saberi-Bosari Sahand , Huayta Javier , San-Miguel Adriana
Published: August 2018

Aging produces a number of changes in the neuronal structure and function throughout a variety of organisms.
Chalcone scaffolds as photofunctional hybrid material of indolin-2-one-functionalized siloxy framework for optical sensing of Cu2+
Authors: Singh Gurjaspreet , Kalra Pooja , Arora Aanchal , Singh Akshpreet , Sharma Geetika , Sanchita Sanchita , Satija Pinky
Published: August 2018

The present article is about the synthesis of an indolin-2-one chalcone-based photofunctional hybrid for the selective and sensitive detection of Cu2+.
Supported ZnBr2and carbon nitride bifunctional complex catalysts for the efficient cycloaddition of CO2with diglycidyl ethers
Authors: Liang Hongguang , Wang Junwei , Li Qifeng , Liang Chen , Feng Yuelan , Kang Maoqing
Published: August 2018

Bifunctional catalysts with large surface areas performed well in the cycloaddition of CO2and bisepoxides under solvent and co-catalyst free conditions.
Rapid fabrication of SnO2 nanoparticle photocatalyst: computational understanding and photocatalytic degradation of organic dye
Authors: Li Yuanyuan , Yang Qimei , Wang Zhongming , Wang Guoyu , Zhang Bin , Zhang Qian , Yang Dingfeng
Published: August 2018

The estimated carrier mobility of electrons is about 50 times that of holes.
Auto‐tuning network for phased‐array high‐intensity focused ultrasound system
Authors: Wang Xusheng , Zhang Ming , Rodes Francis , Cao Congjun
Published: August 2018

In this Letter, an auto‐tuning system based on a variable synchronous switched capacitor is proposed for a phased‐array high‐intensity focused ultrasound system. The proposed system can automatically compensate the reactive power and impedance drift of each transducer caused by manufacturing tolerances and temperature variations. In contrast to traditional solutions, this system does not require measuring the impedances of each transducer or need microcontroller units to calculate the switch control signals. Furthermore, by using an air‐core inductor rather than a ferromagnetic‐core inductor in the auto‐tuning system, it naturally complies with the magnetic resonance imaging compatibility regulations.
Exploring the space density of X-ray selected cataclysmic variables
Authors: Schwope A. D.
Published: August 2018

The space density of the various classes of cataclysmic variables (CVs) has up to now only been weakly constrained, due to the small number of objects in complete X-ray flux-limited samples and the difficulty in deriving precise distances to CVs. The former limitation still exists. Here the impact of Gaia parallaxes and implied distances on the space density of X-ray-selected complete, flux-limited samples is studied. These samples have been described in the literature: Those of non-magnetic CVs are based on ROSAT (RBS – ROSAT Bright Survey & NEP – North Ecliptic Pole) and that of the intermediate polars (IPs) stems from Swift/BAT. All CVs appear to be rarer than previously thought, although the new values are all within the errors of past studies. Upper limits at 90% confidence for the space densities of non-magnetic CVs are ρRBS < 1.1 × 10−6 pc−3 and ρRBS+NEP < 5.1 × 10−6 pc−3 for an assumed scale height of h = 260 pc and ρIPs < 1.3 × 10−7 pc−3 for the long-period IPs at a scale height of 120 pc. Most of the distances to the IPs have previously been under-estimated. The upper limits to the space densities are only valid in cases where CVs do not have lower X-ray luminosities than the lowest-luminosity member of the sample. These results require confirmation using larger sample sizes, soon to be established through sensitive X-ray all-sky surveys to be performed with eROSITA on the Spektrum-X-Gamma mission.
Synthesis of 1,3-Diols by O-Nucleophile Additions to Activated Alkenes
Authors: Gamba-Sánchez Diego , Prunet Joëlle
Published: August 2018

The diastereoselective synthesis of 1,3-diols by addition of oxygen nucleophiles to activated alkenes is presented. This review focuses on homoallylic alcohol substrates that react with a relay compound to form an intermediate oxygen nucleophile, which in turn will lead to a protected 1,3-diol by intramolecular addition to the olefin moiety.

1 Introduction

2 Base Catalysis

3 Organocatalysis

4 Activation with Non-Metallic Electrophiles

5 Activation with Transition Metal Derivatives

6 Conclusions
Extended recurrence plot and quantification for noisy continuous dynamical systems
Authors: Wendi Dadiyorto , Marwan Norbert
Published: August 2018

One main challenge in constructing a reliable recurrence plot (RP) and, hence, its quantification [recurrence quantification analysis (RQA)] of a continuous dynamical system is the induced noise that is commonly found in observation time series. This induced noise is known to cause disrupted and deviated diagonal lines despite the known deterministic features and, hence, biases the diagonal line based RQA measures and can lead to misleading conclusions. Although discontinuous lines can be further connected by increasing the recurrence threshold, such an approach triggers thick lines in the plot. However, thick lines also influence the RQA measures by artificially increasing the number of diagonals and the length of vertical lines [e.g., Determinism (DET) and Laminarity (LAM) become artificially higher]. To take on this challenge, an extended RQA approach for accounting disrupted and deviated diagonal lines is proposed. The approach uses the concept of a sliding diagonal window with minimal window size that tolerates the mentioned deviated lines and also considers a specified minimal lag between points as connected. This is meant to derive a similar determinism indicator for noisy signal where conventional RQA fails to capture. Additionally, an extended local minima approach to construct RP is also proposed to further reduce artificial block structures and vertical lines that potentially increase the associated RQA like LAM. The methodology and applicability of the extended local minima approach and DET equivalent measure are presented and discussed, respectively.
Probabilistic analysis of recurrence plots generated by fractional Gaussian noise
Authors: Ramdani Sofiane , Bouchara Frédéric , Lesne Annick
Published: August 2018

Recurrence plots of time series generated by discrete fractional Gaussian noise (fGn) processes are analyzed. We compute the probabilities of occurrence of consecutive recurrence points forming diagonals and verticals in the recurrence plot constructed without embedding. We focus on two recurrence quantification analysis measures related to these lines, respectively, the percent determinism and the laminarity (LAM). The behavior of these two measures as a function of the fGn’s Hurst exponent H is investigated. We show that the dependence of the laminarity with respect to H is monotonic in contrast to the percent determinism. We also show that the length of the diagonal and vertical lines involved in the computation of percent determinism and laminarity has an influence on their dependence on H. Statistical tests performed on the LAM measure support its utility to discriminate fGn processes with respect to their H values. These results demonstrate that recurrence plots are suitable for the extraction of quantitative information on the correlation structure of these widespread stochastic processes.
Quantitative determination of elemental diffusion from deeply buried layers by photoelectron spectroscopy
Authors: Zborowski C. , Renault O. , Torres A. , Guedj C. , Yamashita Y. , Ueda S. , Grenet G. , Tougaard S.
Published: August 2018

The recent advances in the inelastic background analysis of XPS spectra recorded with hard X-rays (HAXPES) make this method a powerful, non-destructive solution to retrieve the depth distribution of deeply buried elements. In this work, we apply this technique to study diffusion phenomena, upon annealing, in power transistor devices. We present a complete analysis of a sample under different stages of the fabrication process. We investigate the accuracy of the determination of the elemental depth distributions and concentrations with the inelastic background analysis. This is done by cross-checking with destructive techniques such as TEM/EDX and XPS depth profiling, and we shed light on the complementarities with HAXPES core-level analysis. We obtain consistent results which show the formation of an inhomogeneous structure, consisting of a blend of Al, Ga, and Ta, created during annealing. The inelastic background analysis permits us to successfully retrieve the depth distributions of Al, Ga, and Ta as well as the concentration of these elements in each layer, over 70 nm below the surface. This is a reliable solution to investigate diffusion phenomena and improve the fabrication processes of devices with critical and deeply buried interfaces.
Alfvén solitary waves with effect of arbitrary temperature degeneracy in spin quantum plasma
Authors: Jan Qasim , Mushtaq A. , Farooq M. , Shah H. A.
Published: August 2018

Nonlinear Alfvén waves are studied in a fluid model for nonrelativistic, magnetized spin-1/2 quantum plasmas with an arbitrary degeneracy effect. Following a local Fermi-Dirac distribution function, a modified equation of state is utilized which is applicable to both classical and degenerate limits. Using the fluid equations for Hall magnetohydrodynamics with quantum corrections due to statistical effects, Bohm potential, spin magnetization energy, and temperature degeneracy, a set of modified Zakharov equations are derived for circularly polarized nonlinear Alfvén waves. Ions are assumed to be cold, and the spin effects of electrons are incorporated through spin force along with spin magnetization current. A linear dispersion relation for finite amplitude Alfvén waves duly modified by spin magnetization and arbitrary temperature degeneracy effects is also obtained. Employing the Sagdeev potential approach, the properties of Alfvén solitary profiles in quantum plasmas with arbitrary degeneracy effects of electrons are analyzed. The amplitude of Sagdeev potential and of the associated soliton structure for both right and left-hand circularly polarized Alfvén waves is observed to decrease with the decrease in the value of the arbitrary temperature degeneracy factor G for the case of the nearly degenerate limit. Similarly, it is found that the amplitude of Sagdeev potential and of the related solitary profile increases for both kinds of circular polarized Alfvén waves with the increasing value of G in the case of the nearly non-degenerate limit.
Low-dark current 10 Gbit/s operation of InAs/InGaAs quantum dot p-i-n photodiode grown on on-axis (001) GaP/Si
Authors: Inoue D. , Wan Y. , Jung D. , Norman J. , Shang C. , Nishiyama N. , Arai S. , Gossard A. C. , Bowers J. E.
Published: August 2018

We demonstrate 10 Gbit/s operation of InAs/InGaAs quantum dot (QD) p-i-n photodiodes (PDs) grown on on-axis (001) GaP/Si substrates. A 3.0 × 50 μm2 QD PD shows a small dark current of 0.2 nA at a bias voltage of −3 V, which corresponds to a dark current density of 0.13 mA/cm2. This low-dark current characteristic obtained from a narrow-stripe device indicates that sidewall and threading dislocations have small effects on the dark current. The 3 dB bandwidth was 5.5 GHz at a bias voltage of −5 V. Large signal measurement with non-return-to-zero signals shows 10 Gbit/s eye opening.
Communication: Multi-mass velocity map imaging study of the ultraviolet photodissociation of dimethyl sulfide using single photon ionization and a PImMS2 sensor
Authors: Bain Matthew , Hansen Christopher S. , Ashfold Michael N. R.
Published: August 2018

This study of the photodissociation of dimethyl sulfide at λ = 227.5 nm demonstrates the opportunities (and some of the challenges) of product detection using vacuum ultraviolet photoionization combined with recently developed multi-mass imaging methods. The capability of imaging different charged products simultaneously allows determination of the primary fragmentation dynamics through, for example, product fragment momentum and angular distribution matching and reveals potential complications from dissociative ionization, product alignment-dependent photoionization probabilities, and the effects of space charging.
Ion beam bunching via phase rotation in cascading laser-driven ion acceleration
Authors: Wang H. C. , Weng S. M. , Liu M. , Chen M. , He M. Q. , Zhao Q. , Murakami M. , Sheng Z. M.
Published: August 2018

The ion beam bunching in cascaded target normal sheath acceleration is investigated by theoretical analysis and particle-in-cell simulations. It is found that a proton beam can be accelerated and bunched simultaneously by injecting it into the rising sheath field at the rear side of a laser-irradiated foil target. In the rising sheath field, the ion phase rotation may take place since the back-end protons of the beam feel a stronger field than the front-end protons. Consequently, the injected proton beam can be compressed in the longitudinal direction. At last, the vital role of the ion beam bunching is illustrated by the integrated simulations of two successive stages in cascaded acceleration.
Possible sympatry between kenngoor (Phascogale calura) and wambenger (Phascogale tapoatafa wambenger)
Authors: Cannella Edward , Browne-Cooper Robert , Fairbairn Kevin , Turpin Jeff
Published: August 2018

We report the capture of individuals of two species of phascogale (Phascogale tapoatafa wambenger and P. calura) at the same locations within the same habitat and during the same survey event, something that has not been reported previously. This would suggest that these species may occur in sympatry where their distributions overlap. Further investigations are required to confirm the extent of sympatry as this could have implications for the conservation and management of both species.
Gain control explains the effect of distraction in human perceptual, cognitive, and economic decision making
Authors: Li Vickie , Michael Elizabeth , Balaguer Jan , Herce Castañón Santiago , Summerfield Christopher
Published: August 2018

Significance

Information in the world can sometimes be irrelevant for our decisions. A good decision maker should take into account the relevant information and ignore the distracting information. However, empirical observation showed that human decisions are unduly influenced by distracting information. Diverse theories have been proposed to explain the cost that distracters incur during decision making across perceptual, cognitive, and economics domains. Here, we propose a single, unified model that is based on adaptive gain control to explain the influence of distraction across domains.
Effect of thermal treatment on the evolution of delta ferrite in 11Cr–3Co–2.3W steel
Authors: Cui Chenshuo , Gao Xiuhua , Su Guanqiao , Gao Cairu , Liu Zhenguang , Misra R. D. K.
Published: August 2018

Effect of thermal treatment on the evolution of delta ferrite was studied in 11Cr–3Co–2.3W steel. Ferrite-forming alloy elements promoted the formation of delta ferrite during thermo-mechanical processing. The results of JMatPro and chromium equivalent calculations indicated that 11Cr–3Co–2.3W steel partially contained delta ferrite. Cr and W were segregated in/around delta ferrite. Delta ferrite had a bamboo-type morphology and it contained MX-type carbonitrides inside and the Laves phase at the interface between delta ferrite and martensite. On annealing, delta ferrite dissolved especially during the early stage of annealing. After ageing at 600°C for 500 h, some Laves phases were observed in delta ferrite which is regarded as a favourable nucleation site. In the meantime, its precipitation resulted in the reduction of dissolved W and Mo in the matrix.
Indigenous Literature in Postwar Australia
Authors: Griffiths Michael R.
Published: August 2018

Indigenous people in Australia have used inscriptive practices for at least 65,000 years and have employed alphabetic writing extensively since contact with Europeans, but the latter half of the 20th century saw an even wider explosion of indigenous writing in Australia. Aboriginal writers have worked across all modes: poetry (beginning with Oodgeroo Noonuccal in the 1960s), theater (flourishing in the 1970s with the National Black Theatre and spreading as far afield as Western Australia with the formation of Jack Davis’s Yirra Yaakin Aboriginal Theatre Company), the novel, and the proliferation of life writing in the 1980s. In each case, indigenous writing in postwar Australia balances the aesthetic with the political, drawing in transnational influences while also foregrounding local concerns.
Heteronormativity and Homonormativity in Queer Chicana/o Cultural Discourse and Politics
Authors: Esparza René
Published: August 2018

Heteronormativity is the dominant belief in Western and Westernized societies prescribing heterosexual sex and romance as “natural.” Its more recent same-sex equivalent, homonormativity, expands upon heteronormativity by championing domestic consumerism, middle-class respectability, and reproductive futurism as practices and values for same-sex households to observe in their quest for political inclusion. Together, heteronormativity and homonormativity figure largely in the rights-based claims of marginalized communities on the nation-state for citizenship. Such an assimilationist ethos proves popular in the political arena because gender and sexuality remain central to the racialization of marginalized communities as “other.” To undo stereotypes that cast marginalized communities as unassimilable and, thus, unfit for the privileges of democracy, those same communities proceed to invalidate dominant scripts casting their gender and sexuality as dangerous, deviant, and diseased. The mainstream US immigrant rights movement, for instance, has capitalized on the ideology of the nuclear family to make compelling claims for immigration reform centered around family reunification. This approach depicts idealized immigrant families (read: worthy) through sanitized images of strict hardworking fathers, self-sacrificing mothers, and productive sons and daughters. However, such liberal approaches to rights and citizenship risk shoring up the very same technologies of normative power that pathologize gender non-normativity and sexual deviance. First, the ideology of the nuclear family—in both its heterosexual and homosexual guises—neglects the abundance of familial experiences that do not adhere to hard and fast notions of traditional gender roles. Second, when heteronormativity and homonormativity shape the organizing logics of rights-based mobilizations, a danger coalesces in reinforcing the partition between “deserving” and “underserving” subjects. Third, the ideology of the nuclear family conceals the involvement of the nation-state in establishing those conditions of precarity it is then petitioned to rectify. In spite of the legibility that heteronormativity and homonormativity ascribe onto marginalized communities, some social justice movements have divested from the nuclear family model. By jettisoning gender and sexual normativity as prerequisites for personhood, these grassroots efforts, including the UndocuQueer movement, have made intelligible a once unfathomable position: “deviant,”—that is, non-normative—but valuable, nonetheless. In short, heteronormative and homonormative rubrics of social value may prove beneficial in extending rights and citizenship to some, but these rubrics cannot sustenance broad structural change.
The Short Story in America
Authors: Champion Laurie
Published: August 2018

The short story is the only genre that can be considered uniquely American. The genre began as sketches, or tales, as in the classic tale “Rip Van Winkle.” The genre remained undefined until Edgar Allan Poe’s well-known 1842 review of Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Twice-Told Tales. Since Poe’s review, in which he distinguished short fiction from other genres, the American short story has evolved both in form and in content. Like other genres, the short story has evolved through various movements and traditions such as realism, modernism, and postmodernism; however, it has remained unique because of publishing opportunities that differ from longer works such as the novel. The short story genre shares elements of fiction with the novel, traditionally consisting of characteristics such as plot, character, setting, point of view, theme, and writing style. Although the short story shares elements of literature and writing devices with other literary genres, avenues for publication differ greatly. Unlike a novel, a short story is not published as a single entity. It is usually presented with works by other authors in a journal or magazine or in a collection of previously published stories by one author. The rise in popular magazines during the 1920s gave rise to the short story, as the magazines provided a publication outlet. During the second half of the 20th century the short story became less commercial and more literary, paving the way for artistic stories such as one appropriately called “The New Yorker Story.” However, as it became less commercial, the short story fell from popularity and became somewhat obscure in the manner in which poetry remains. Because short stories do not sell, publishers are hesitant to produce them. But during the 1970s, American universities began teaching creative writing classes, and the short story provided a suitable genre for teaching the art of fiction writing. Hence, the American short story experienced a renaissance, and a wave of literary journals emerged. About this time, minimalism was one of the styles most often used in the short story. Raymond Carver built on what Ernest Hemingway had started in America, and the short story took on a new form. During the latter half of the 20th century and early 21st century, women and ethnic writers were given more opportunities to publish short fiction, and the short story reflected progress in civil rights issues. Currently, the rise in technological advances has brought even more opportunities for publication, and more and more American authors are publishing short stories online, now a respected publication venue.
Successful Aging: History and Prospects
Authors: Rowe John W. , Carr Dawn C.
Published: August 2018

While the factors that influence the well-being of individuals in late life have long been a major concern of research in aging, they have been a particularly active area of research and debate since the 1980s and continue to have a prominent role in gerontological research and debate. Early research on aging (from the 1920s to the 1960s) focused largely on examining typical problems that come with aging. The term successful aging was initially used to describe those who aged better than expected. In the 1980s, the MacArthur Network on Successful Aging, concerned that the field of gerontology had become preoccupied with disease and disability to the neglect of studies of the factors that fostered doing well in late life, conducted a series of studies of high-performing older persons and formulated the MacArthur theory of successful aging, which included three principal components: avoidance of disease, maintenance of physical and cognitive function, and engagement with society. Since its initial publication, the concept of successful aging has been applied to many subpopulations of older persons based on geography (East vs. West), socioeconomic status, race and ethnicity, religion, cognitive or physical function, and disease states.
Adult Education for African Victims Of Trafficking In Spain
Authors: Fernández Antonio Alfaro
Published: August 2018

This is an advance summary of a forthcoming article in the Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Education. Please check back later for the full article.

Victims of trafficking, once they are released from their captors, need psychological and educational intervention to achieve their recovery and integration. For this, it is important to design and develop educational programs that foster language learning, professional training, and good habits of nutrition and higiene, and that provide alternatives for leisure and free time.

These education programs, designed for adults, should be initiated in the shelter houses where the victims are released. They are developed by multidisciplinary teams formed by professionals in education, psychology, nursing, and social work. The final objective is to provide competences to the people included in the program so that they can leave the shelters and be able to live autonomously and independently in the host society.
Incentives and Performance of Healthcare Professionals
Authors: Chalkley Martin
Published: August 2018

Economists have long regarded healthcare as a unique and challenging area of economic activity on account of the specialized knowledge of healthcare professionals (HCPs) and the relatively weak market mechanisms that operate. This places a consideration of how motivation and incentives might influence performance at the center of research. As in other domains economists have tended to focus on financial mechanisms and when considering HCPs have therefore examined how existing payment systems and potential alternatives might impact on behavior. There has long been a concern that simple arrangements such as fee-for-service, capitation, and salary payments might induce poor performance, and that has led to extensive investigation, both theoretical and empirical, on the linkage between payment and performance. An extensive and rapidly expanded field in economics, contract theory and mechanism design, had been applied to study these issues. The theory has highlighted both the potential benefits and the risks of incentive schemes to deal with the information asymmetries that abound in healthcare. There has been some expansion of such schemes in practice but these are often limited in application and the evidence for their effectiveness is mixed. Understanding why there is this relatively large gap between concept and application gives a guide to where future research can most productively be focused.
The Secretary of War’s Historical Commission: Military Historians and the Cristeros
Authors: Preciado Julia
Published: August 2018

The Cristero Rebellion (1926–1929), also known as La Cristiada, was a conflict between the Catholic Church and the Mexican government. The Catholics, especially from western states, rose up in arms against the anticlerical and pro-agrarian measures of President Plutarco Elías Calles’s government (1924–1928). General Joaquín Amaro, Minister of War, was charged with fighting the Cristeros in various regions of Mexico. Certain army generals, unable to conquer the Cristeros on the battlefields, triumphed when negotiating the road to peace with certain priests and Cristero leaders. In the higher echelons, two bishops, Pascual Díaz y Barreto and Leopoldo Ruiz y Flores, arranged, with President Emilio Portes Gil (1928–1930), an end to the conflict. The known “arrangements” between church and state were agreed upon, officially, on June 22, 1929. Once the conflict was formally over, General Amaro planned for the writing of an authorized version of the Cristero uprising. For this, he created the Historical Commission within the Ministry of War. The commission, according to Amaro’s orders, would produce, beginning with military documents, its own version of what had happened during the war. The soldiers turned “historians” would present their interpretation to their colleagues as well as to future generations. In spite of this, in the end the version that was disseminated was that of the former Cristeros. General Amaro failed a second time upon trying to pacify newer generations.