bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Leading through a pandemic
Authors: Armstrong Patricia , Stuart Jayne
Published: May 2023

In 2019, research showed that 87 per cent of third sector leaders reported experiencing one or more symptoms of burnout. Current research has shown that the impact of the pandemic has resulted in additional challenges that can only add to this pressure. A study early in the pandemic showed that 50 per cent of charities feared running out of cash within six months and feared closure, 70 per cent believed there would be cuts to services and budgets after COVID-19 and most anticipated a surge in demand for services. This chapter explores how voluntary sector leaders have coped with these challenges and brings together research and lived experiences of those at the frontline. Case studies captured in the early pandemic were used as a baseline, with follow-up questions, which were used to explore the impact on individual leaders. Findings indicate that a strong peer support network, a focus on personal wellbeing and having a supportive board all had a part to play in the leaders’ resilience and strength in driving organisations through their pandemic response journey. The chapter concludes with what has been learnt from leaders’ experiences of the pandemic and how these lessons may give insights for future leaders’ support and development when challenging times are experienced.
Conclusion
Authors: Eroğlu Şebnem
Published: May 2023

This chapter provides a summary of the key findings, along with a discussion of their implications for research, theory and policy making. It then turns to address the research limitations and concludes with an agenda for future research.
UK households and homes before the pandemic
Authors: Tunstall Becky
Published: May 2023

This chapter describes UK households and homes pre-pandemic. A total of 98% of people lived in private households, averaging two members. Like home, the household was to take on heightened importance during the pandemic as the basic unit for regulating social interaction, including by law. However, definitions of the ‘household’ vary and do not reflect all significant social and support networks. When the pandemic hit, most people in the UK were well-housed, but there were inequalities and a significant minority were affected by poor-quality housing, insecurity and unaffordability, which many identified as a ‘housing crisis’. Despite the decline of deaths from infectious disease, poor housing still had a significant impact on health and longevity. Substantial proportions of the population did not have adequate private, work or state protection from the impact of income shocks on their housing security. Key organisations had been weakened by austerity, the housing safety net had been frayed, and a process of ‘familialisation’ had made family support increasingly important in access to housing and emergency help.
The role of household and home in COVID-19 infection and death
Authors: Tunstall Becky
Published: May 2023

Staying home avoided exposure to COVID-19 and any other risks outside the home, but increased exposure to any harms at home. Scientists recognised early on that home was a major site of infection, with higher risk for larger, overcrowded households, or those with members working outside the home. In the UK, homeless people were provided with self-contained emergency accommodation to reduce risk. However, in contrast to some other countries, there was little policy or support to prevent infection at home in private households, where 98% of people lived, even where they contained infected or vulnerable people. People responded by following rules strictly, by cleaning more, by moving people between households or by giving up work. However, the ability to respond was limited and unequal. Infections at home could have caused 26–39% of all UK pandemic deaths, or 38,000–58,000 deaths within 28 days of a positive test by the start of 2022. They certainly contributed to inequalities in deaths.
Being vulnerable or ill at home in the pandemic
Authors: Tunstall Becky
Published: May 2023

‘Shielding’ and ‘isolating’ were the strictest forms of staying home. Four million people who were particularly vulnerable were asked to ‘shield’ at home for months, initially to protect the health service and latterly for their own protection. At least 12 million who had COVID-19 or suspected COVID-19 were required by law to ‘isolate’ at home to protect others (at least those outside their household). A quarter of shielders and isolators lived alone and became a new category of dependent people. Those who lived with others had to try to avoid infection at home. People on lower incomes were more likely to have to shield or isolate, but they and ethnic minorities were less likely to have a spare bedroom to do so properly, which must have contributed to inequalities in infection and death. Shielding and isolating were only partially successful. In 2020/21, there were 28 million or 18% fewer hospital appointments than before the pandemic. Millions were providing healthcare for household members with COVID, while trying to avoid infection, or conditions that would normally be treated in hospital. Some 34% more people than usual died at home. This placed extra responsibility on sick and vulnerable people, their households and homes.
The impact of COVID-19 and COVID-19 policy on the housing market
Authors: Tunstall Becky
Published: May 2023

UK policy sought to minimise the impact of the pandemic on the housing market, which was viewed as essential to sustaining economic growth. Home construction and marketing paused only for seven weeks, construction workers received £15.9 billion of pandemic support and at least £4.7 billion was spent on a cut in stamp duty (transactions tax). While completions, transactions and lending reduced in 2020, they soon recovered. In contrast to expectations, house price growth continued at 11% a year throughout 2020 and 2021. This contributed to inequalities in access to home ownership and to wealth.
Introducing contemporary planning practice
Authors: Schoneboom Abigail , Slade Jason , Tait Malcolm , Vigar Geoff
Published: May 2023

This chapter sets out the approach taken in the book, arguing for the need to explore the actual, multiple and diverse practices of planning and the similarly diverse working lives of professional planners. It introduces key changes in the environments in which planners work, including privatisation and the growth of private-sector work as well as linked initiatives to bring commercial logics into the realm of planning. It sets out debates on the purpose of planning and the public interest before outlining the ethnographic approach to data collection in the four case-study organisations.
Southwell: the privatised local authority
Authors: Schoneboom Abigail , Slade Jason , Tait Malcolm , Vigar Geoff
Published: May 2023

This chapter explores the work of planners in Southwell, a local authority that has outsourced its planning functions to a large private-sector company. It explores how outsourcing works in the field of planning, revealing a distinct public-private hybrid. It reveals how ‘organisational islands’ contribute to pragmatic decision-making, in contrast to wider ideals of sustainable development. The chapter also shows the long-term significance of workplace culture, looking closely at class, place and gender identity. We reveal how the working practices of planners show similarities with those in other fully public-sector planning departments under austerity politics.
Bakerdale: a ‘traditional’ local authority commercialising under austerity politics
Authors: Schoneboom Abigail , Slade Jason , Tait Malcolm , Vigar Geoff
Published: May 2023

This chapter explores work in a ‘traditional’ local authority planning department that has sought to retain its in-house specialist staff alongside a long-term reputation for doing ‘good’ planning work. Latterly it has sought to ensure this by instituting a commercialisation agenda that has monetised various aspects of planners’ work. We show how this commercialisation process unfolded and reveal its tensions with planning in the public interest alongside a lack of resistance by planners, despite their identifying with a public-service ethos. The chapter highlights themes such as the public interest, the impact of austerity politics on local authorities and how planning officers work with a local authority’s elected members.
OIP: the ‘regular’ planning consultancy
Authors: Schoneboom Abigail , Slade Jason , Tait Malcolm , Vigar Geoff
Published: May 2023

This chapter follows planners working in a medium-sized planning consultancy. It details the commercial work at the heart of planning systems, including work for private sector clients to promote their developments as well as engagement with more strategic politics and consideration of land and development sites in a particular region. A detailed account of a planning inquiry shows the interactions between planners and other built-environment professionals as well as an asymmetry in resources between private and public sectors. The chapter shows the private sector developing extensive knowledge of regional land markets, local authorities and development cultures. It explores business development practices and networking among private-sector planners, highlighting the existence of communities of practice underpinned by ‘banter’ in which an ‘othering’ of public-sector planners was a prominent feature.
So, just what are planners doing?
Authors: Schoneboom Abigail , Slade Jason , Tait Malcolm , Vigar Geoff
Published: May 2023

This chapter draws together conclusions from the four ethnographic case studies. It provides answers to key questions, including: How do planners work? With whom do they work? What do they know? And what do planners believe in? This reveals the significance of concepts such as ‘public interest’, but also the tensions that planners find in identifying and attaining them, particularly in a changing professional environment shaped by austerity politics and commercial imperatives. We reflect on the powers that planners have and how they work in different, often conflictual settings. Finally, the chapter reflects on the implications of our findings for wider debates in planning, both in England and elsewhere.
Government
Authors: Spicker Paul
Published: May 2023

Government is rule-bound: the conventions of sovereignty and the rule of law bind the government itself.
These conventions make it possible to preserve central authority while delegating practical services. Conventionally, government is understood in terms of legislative, executive and judicial functions. There are overlaps between these elements, but beyond that there are further roles in governance and accountability, and the government acts as a policy-maker and provider in service delivery.
Which people?
Authors: Spicker Paul
Published: May 2023

Some claims to act for ‘the people’ are addressed to society as a whole, or the nation; some relate only to some of the people. The primary distinction between systems of welfare falls between limited partial provision; solidarity, which seeks to include many, but may exclude others; and institutional welfare, which attempts to offer rights to everyone, or at least to every citizen. In this context, the traditional distinction between residual and institutional welfare is not always helpful; both aim, in their different ways, to ensure protection for everyone, and states seeking to make general provision use the methods of both. The pattern of development, however, tends to be uneven, and generalised explanations for development are always incomplete.
The commitment to welfare
Authors: Spicker Paul
Published: May 2023

Normative explanations offer a rationale for the growth of welfare provision, in a way that empirical descriptions of influences alone cannot. Common guiding principles are solidarity, citizenship and democracy. The extension of social policy is commonly characterised by a movement from particular rights to extended solidarity, and ultimately to more comprehensive provision. It is not necessarily the objective of a government to support everyone, but partial coverage is difficult to defend, and once a general duty has been accepted, partial provision has generally given way to a progressively broadening extension of responsibility.
The duties of a government
Authors: Spicker Paul
Published: May 2023

Governments have a wide range of responsibilities, and a general duty to work for the benefit of their populations. Most countries in the world either accept that principle explicitly, or at least behave as if they accept it. However, the general duty is subject to some qualifications. Governments do not have either the authority or the capacity to do whatever they think fit. The good state is not a minimal one, but nor is it unfettered. Its role has to be negotiated with a range of actors, some of whom will be within the society they serve, some who may be beyond it. And because the powers that a government wields can be abused, they have to be subject to limits. That calls for a degree of accountability and the rule of law.
Migration-related Health Processes
Authors: Villalón Roberta
Published: May 2023

This chapter focuses on the seven health processes triggered by migration that were identified and conceptualized in the study of the Ecuadorean case in the context of other similar Latin American migratory processes. Reflective mourning, active migrant trauma, passive migrant trauma, migratory stress, migrant crises triggers, return shock, and unrecognized migratory resilience are explained through excerpts from stories of health and migration shared by migrants and non-migrating relatives in individual and group interviews and community workshops as well as quantitative and qualitative data collected through surveys. The health processes are explained in relation to one another and psycho-sociocultural coping mechanisms, and tied to underlying economic, migration, health, and sociocultural policies and politics in countries of origin, transit, and destination.
Universities, Sexual Violence and the Institutional Operation of Power
Authors: Atkinson Kym
Published: May 2023

This chapter presents findings from research which explored the nature and extent of women students’ experiences of sexual violence at one university in England and the institutional responses to this violence. It considers students’ experiences in the context in which they took place and explores the dominant discourses which shape university responses to sexual violence. A feminist poststructuralist framework is utilized to explore the ways in which the exercise of power, via discourses, constructs a ‘truth’ about sexual violence which shapes students’ behaviour and university responses to sexual violence. Alongside this, the chapter asserts that feminist epistemologies, and feminist praxis, are essential in order to understand women students’ experiences and to create an alternative ‘truth’ about sexual violence. The chapter develops radical, theoretically informed victim- and survivor-led responses which directly challenge current policies and practices in the neoliberal university which are failing women students.
Sanctuary as Social Justice: A Feminist Critique
Authors: Canning Victoria
Published: May 2023

The concept of social justice is fundamental to refugee status. That one might be subjected to or fear persecution, but offered protection under the 1951 Refugee Convention, was a monumental addition to post-Second World War responses to the injustices of both the Holocaust and of broader violations of human rights and human dignity. Thus, for survivors of persecution, the prospect of rebuilding a life in perceptively safe states – through the sanctuary offered by such protections – is a central form of justice.This chapter outlines injustices women disproportionately face as part of a continuum of violence prior to seeking asylum and through the process itself. Sanctuary is, I argue, perforated with the diffusion of controls through asylum by trial; the use of immigration detention; and in the centralization of criminal justice responses to sexual trafficking in place of truly humanitarian interventions. In all, the process of seeking asylum is itself a kind of Kafkaesque trial, and as such this chapter offers interventions which might truly centralize an alternative feminist social justice.
Constructing a Feminist Desistance: Resisting Responsibilization
Authors: Barr Úna , Hart Emily Luise
Published: May 2023

Criminology’s focus on desistance theory is illustrative of its phallocentric occupation. This chapter considers the implications of this wilful acceptance in criminal justice policy and practice on the experiences of criminalized women while considering an alternative anti-carceral, intersectional feminist way forward. First, the drive of desistance praxis which has perpetually encouraged criminalized women to (re)enter and engage with ‘conventional society’ and develop and maintain social bonds that will support desistance trajectories is critiqued. It is argued that ‘re/integration’ is often not possible, nor desired. Second, it is contended that a concentration on agentic, individualized desistance, as well as uncritical promotion of relational desistance, has resulted in state support for responsiblized criminalized individuals making changes to their own lives, in the absence of robust structural support mechanisms. Finally, it is outlined how the bulk of desistance literature has not critiqued the role of the prison, nor the wider aspects of the criminal justice system in creating social harm, beyond contributing to, or standing as a barrier to, desistance from crime. The chapter is concluded by putting forward a vision for anti-carceral, intersectional feminist desistance research, theory, policy and practice.
Improving Police Responses to Sexual Abuse Offences against British South Asian Women
Authors: Gill Aisha K.
Published: May 2023

The policing of racially minoritized communities has a chequered history in the UK: institutional racism, over-policing and under-protection are rife. While several studies have been conducted on policing and race, little research has examined how the intersections of race, gender and policing may contribute to the low rate of sexual abuse reporting by racially minoritized women – this cannot be solely attributed to some aspects of community policing that still suffer from institutional racism, as the literature suggests. This chapter uses empirical research, conducted within a feminist framework, to examine these issues in relation to how four British police force areas currently respond to sexual abuse incidents involving female survivors from the British South Asian community. The chapter offers an intersectional feminist analysis of what more the police and other statutory agencies can do to increase sexual abuse reporting from British South Asian and other racially minoritized women.
Traumatizing the Traumatized: Self-Harm and Death in Women’s Prisons in England and Wales
Authors: Atkinson Kym , Monk Helen , Sim Joe
Published: May 2023

This chapter is concerned with utilizing feminist methodology and theory to critique the dominant discourses surrounding self-harm and death in women’s prisons. First, it provides a critical overview of the data concerning harm and deaths in women’s prisons. Second, it considers how a feminist epistemology built on ‘feminist praxis’ can be used to ‘unsilence’ the voices of women in prison, and their families, and place their experiences directly at the centre of knowledge production. Third, it develops a feminist, theoretical perspective in order to critically conceptualize the nature of life and death in women’s prisons. Finally, the chapter outlines a number of feminist-based strategies and interventions for the prevention and elimination of self-harm and deaths in prisons. These strategies are put forward to contribute to the radical transformation in, and eventual abolition of, a pain-inducing institution which is dangerous to women.
An Anti-Carceral Feminist Response to Youth Justice Involved Girls
Authors: Hodgson Jodie
Published: May 2023

This chapter advocates for a radical shift in the existing treatment of, and responses to, girls involved in the justice system. The chapter begins by critically exploring the experiences of girls in the youth justice system and their neglect within criminological and youth justice scholarship and policy discourse. Focusing on the themes of welfare and justice, risk management and gender-responsivity, the chapter explores the gendered implications youth justice policy and practice has had for justice-involved girls. The arguments presented emphasize the need for alternative, feminist-informed responses to justice-involved girls. Thus, building upon the recommendations made by Carlen (1990) for a ‘woman-wise’ penology, the chapter lays out the framework and principles for a ‘girl-wise’ penology that consists of an anti-carceral feminist response to girls embroiled in the youth justice system.
Introduction
Authors: Léonard Marie des Neiges
Published: May 2023

Chapter 1 introduces the main topic and purpose of the book, namely to challenge the notion that the French republican model is colorblind, as it seeks to present itself, and that it cannot therefore be racist because of its commitment to a colorblind legal equality. The chapter presents the specific goals of the book regarding the absence and rejection of racial categories in the French census and other institutions, and the denial attached to this absence. The chapter also briefly introduces the premise of the contentious debates in France over the notion of race and the taboo surrounding it. Chapter 1 concludes by presenting the book’s structure and outline.
Counting Racial Diversity: Naming and Numbering
Authors: Léonard Marie des Neiges
Published: May 2023

Chapter 4 critically analyzes the existing census and data collection methods in France, highlighting the contradictions and paradoxes related to a colorblind system that denies the presence of racial categories on the one hand while using proxies to account for the diversity of its residents’ identities on the other. The chapter also offers an alternative to previous explanations of France’s refusal to include race and ethnicity in its census. Finally, the chapter offers sociological research on comparative case studies in Europe, examining the way other countries classify, adopt, deny, or negotiate racial categories.
Reputation and Respect
Authors: Ashley Louise
Published: May 2023

This chapter examines the origins of the meritocratic myth by tracing a (very) brief history of the City over the twentieth century and exploring continuity and change in its demographics. It shows that following an upper-class past where access to the City depended on family connections and did not require qualifications, deregulation in 1986 ushered in numerous changes, including a more comprehensive move toward graduate-only entry, which suggested that entry was available to any body, on the basis of ability and effort. In practice, the impact on the City’s demographics was limited, but this chapter shows how this myth continued to circulate, often relying on the elevation of working class entrants into the City as legendary figures, and was deployed by financial and professional elites to legitimate their growing financial and symbolic rewards.
Qualifications and Complexity
Authors: Ashley Louise
Published: May 2023

This chapter explores how the City sustained an impression of merit in the decades following Big Bang and expands on the purposes it served. It shows how a move to graduate-only entry and a tendency to appoint from a small group of elite universities helped confirm that new entrants to the City were exceptionally smart. This focus on ability helped cement the City’s claims to the most complex work, providing further legitimation for its growing rewards, but this chapter shows that meritocratic narratives rest on three main myths. First, that selecting on qualifications allows talent to be identified on an impartial basis. Second, that all similarly qualified applicants have an equal chance of getting in. Third, that scientific selection techniques eliminate bias. This chapter busts these myths to demonstrate that while new entrants often had strong qualifications, recruitment processes were not, on the other hand, impartial or fair. Where City leaders have leveraged narratives of merit, this has relied on a rather contorted definition of the term.
Capital and Control
Authors: Ashley Louise
Published: May 2023

The previous chapter expanded the discussion to consider the failures of the diversity agenda as they apply not only to social class, but also to ethnicity and sex. Chapter 7 narrows the focus a little more to consider the role of organizational social mobility programmes in opening access to the City’s elite firms. These programmes aim to support young working class people with appropriate qualifications by providing them with training, mentoring and internships, to provide them with crucial information and advice, build their networks, and persuade them that they ‘fit’. Chapter 7 explores the experience of young people engaged in these programmes and argues that while these programmes are often positioned by firms as benevolent means to level the playing field to help working class young people get middle class jobs, they can also be seen as representative of unequal power and as more problematic forms of corporate control.
Stigma and Shame
Authors: Ashley Louise
Published: May 2023

Chapter 7 explored the experiences of young working class aspirant City workers as they engaged in organizational social mobility programmes. Chapter 8 considers what happens next, as many attempt to secure a permanent graduate role. During initial introductions to the City they are immersed in the meritocratic myth but as they take part in graduate recruitment processes they realize they have been sold highly partial truths. Many experience stigma and shame, especially through painful everyday encounters that suggest that their very presence in the City elicits disgust. Following sociologist Imogen Tyler, the chapter focuses on the political function of stigma, to show how stigma ensures the boundaries of elite professions are managed and contained, so that people who threaten the ‘respectability’ of these jobs are kept out and ‘in their place’.
The Importance of Mattering in Young People’s Lives
Authors: Billingham Luke , Irwin-Rogers Keir
Published: May 2023

This chapter introduces the second key concept of the book: mattering. We argue that the drive to matter is a deeply significant psycho-social phenomenon, characterized by a need to feel that you are significant to others, and to feel you have some effect on the world – to be recognized by others and to be a consequential force. We explore the cultural, emotional and psychological complexity of mattering, before outlining a number of global social processes which we believe may be making the quest to matter more complicated, difficult and ambiguous.
Sexual Violence on Public Transport: Applying the Whole-Journey Approach to Assess Women Students’ Victimization in Paris and the Île-de-France Region
Authors: de Jubainville Hugo d’Arbois
Published: May 2023

In France, the issue of sexual violence against women and girls on public transport has been given prominent attention in recent years, but most studies remain limited as they do not take into account the diversity of sexual offences and the complexity of the transit environment. Based on the French component of the international project Transit Safety Among College Students, this chapter aims to provide a detailed assessment of women students’ victimization on the Paris and Île-de-France transportation system. This chapter relies on the whole-journey approach to determine at which step (riding, waiting, walking) students are victims of sexual harassment and assault. Results suggest that women are mostly victims of verbal and non-verbal offences, and that victimization occurs more frequently in rail transport than in buses, especially sexual assault such as unwanted touching and groping. Similar and specific victimization patterns appear for both modes. Despite methodological limitations, these results imply researchers and practitioners in France and elsewhere should formally apply the whole journey approach to assess more precisely sexual violence against women and girls on public transport and develop safety measures accordingly.
Adaptations to Sexual Violence: Reduced Access to Opportunity Structures by Women Victimized by Sexual Abuse and Harassment
Authors: Lea Suzanne Goodney , D’Silva Elsa , Anyango Jane
Published: May 2023

The Safecity reporting platform, which was launched in December 2012, has been crowdsourcing anonymous stories of sexual and gender-based violence to make visible the under-reported nature of these incidents. With a data set of now 19,000+ reports, it is insightful to study the patterns and trends within the data, based on location, time of day, day of week and so forth. This provides a better understanding of the context in which sexual and gender-based violence occurs and what might contribute to the location being the comfort zone of the perpetrator. Through three case studies, one in New Delhi, India, and another in Mumbai, plus in Nairobi, Kenya, we offer here a deep dive into how the location and the cultural context contributes to sexual and gender-based violence, impacts the opportunity structure afforded women, and influences the kinds of solutions that have worked.
The Social Construction of Work and Retirement: Changing Transitions and ‘Work-endings’
Authors: Phillipson Chris
Published: May 2023

A range of policy developments are influencing transitions from paid work to retirement, focusing on encouraging people to continue employment into their 60s and 70s. This development has been accelerated by reforms in the case of the UK such as the abolition of the default retirement age (DRA), and the raising of state pension age (SPA) for both genders to age 66, rising to 67 by 2028. Other OECD countries are following similar paths, with, for example, France, Germany and Spain increasing their SPA to 67 between 2023 and 2029. The chapter examines the various influences shaping the transition from paid work to retirement, providing, first, a summary of the institutionalization of retirement in the 1950s and 1960s; second, changes affecting employment and retirement in the 1970s and 1980s; third, the reconstruction of this period from the 1990s onwards, and the attempt to extend working life (EWL) into the late 60s and beyond; fourth, a review of the various forms of ‘precarity’ which have come to affect paid work-endings; finally, a concluding review of the implications for developing public policies in the field of paid work and retirement which can resolve some of the pressures and insecurities emerging in this period of the life course.
Time, Precarization and Age Normality: On Internal Job Mobility among Men in Manual Work in Sweden
Authors: Krekula Clary
Published: May 2023

Based on the idea that temporality makes up a fundamental organizing dimension, this chapter discusses conceptions of internal job mobility, and if and when employees are expected to relocate to a different unit in the workplace. The material consists of interviews with 11 men between the ages of 56 and 74, working in manual and managerial capacities at a foundry of a Swedish branch of a large international steel company. The results show that internal work mobility is regulated by normative assumptions of mobility in terms of on- and off-time. This socio-temporal order constructs younger age groups as the age normality while designating the older employees’ transitions as a normative breach. It is also shown that the temporal order constitutes a disciplining element steering employees from an early stage to plan for limitations that may arise as a result of ageism and/or physical changes. The result confirms that transition to less physically demanding tasks is a prerequisite for continuing working in a physically demanding job. These transitions are not, however, included in the socio-temporal order of the company, but are presented as the older employee’s individual problem.
Introduction
Authors: Pahl Kate , Steadman-Jones Richard , Vasudevan Lalitha
Published: May 2023

In this chapter, we introduce some of the reasons that drove us to compose this book in the first place. The book is written to challenge a singular view of the university and to move towards more collaborative modes of enquiry.
Enchantment
Authors: Steadman-Jones Richard
Published: May 2023

Enchantment is an important part of research in the everyday. The experience of locating magic and wonder in the everyday language use of participants constituted a kind of moral intervention – the production of an affective orientation that reinforced our commitment to the well-being and progress of the participants in the project.
Unplanning
Authors: Pahl Kate , Steadman-Jones Richard , Vasudevan Lalitha , Pool Steve
Published: May 2023

This chapter provides an overview of the value of getting lost in research and refers to arts-based methods as a way to do this. It proposes the idea of ‘unplanning’ as a way of exploring what it is to get lost. Using the concept of the ‘clew’ is helpful in this process. This provides new insights into the processes and practices of doing collaborative research.
Examining the Contours of Hate: A Critical Hate Studies Analysis
Authors: James Zoë , McBride Katie
Published: May 2023

This chapter examines the contours of hate within neoliberal capitalism from a critical hate studies perspective which sheds light on the breadth of hate harms that are both everyday and extreme. Drawing on two distinct case studies with Gypsies and Travellers and trans people the chapter evidences the harms of hate that imbue these communities’ lived experience. The chapter also addresses the transitory nature of culture and community within marginalized communities as they negotiate the social world according to the norms of neoliberal capitalism: traversing multiple and intersectional identities in order to be recognized. A great deal of this negotiation requires negation of identity. The mobility that Gypsies and Travellers and trans people use to navigate neoliberalism, as well as their use of particular places, provides victims of hate with a sense of safety or escape, whereas in reality it exacerbates ontological insecurity and thus the harms of hate.
Hiding the Harm? An Argument against Misogyny Hate Crime
Authors: Vera-Gray Fiona , Fileborn Bianca
Published: May 2023

This chapter critiques the move towards the inclusion of misogyny in hate crime legislation and practice. The chapter argues that classifying the harassment and violence that women and girls experience as hate distracts attention from the multiple and complex experiences of violence, hostility and exclusion that women experience in society. The chapter responds to the key claims in feminist campaigns supporting the change, which include both substantive benefits and conceptual purposes of misogyny hate crime. The chapter concludes by proposing a public health approach to violence against women and girls, including improved data gathering, and non-criminal justice system responses, such as education and capacity-building prevention initiatives.
Negotiating Landscapes of (Un)safety: Atmospheres and Ambivalence in Female Students’ Everyday Geographies
Authors: Durey Matthew , Roberts Nicola , Donovan Catherine
Published: May 2023

This chapter reports on the findings from an online survey of female students administered at a university in the north of England exploring perceptions of safety and experiences of interpersonal violence, predominantly in public spaces. The chapter considers how landscapes of (un)safety feature in female students’ experiences of, and strategies to avoid, predominantly sexual harassment, abuse and violence. While certain places and spaces within the urban landscape are regarded as ‘safe’ and ‘unsafe’, their status as such is contingent. Material characteristics of urban landscapes are brought together with social, emotional and affective aspects, to form ‘atmospheres’. The chapter explores how female students recognize, experience and negotiate these hostile yet ‘ambivalent’ and potentially shifting emotional and material environments and atmospheres of university life. The chapter further argues that these atmospheres are shaped by broader processes of neoliberal urbanism.
Speaking Back and Seeing Beyond the Landscapes of Hate
Authors: Bowler Rick , Razak Amina
Published: May 2023

This chapter focuses on the range of everyday encounters of racism or ‘microaggressions’ that people from ethnic minorities experience, the impact it has, and the opportunities to challenge this hostility through, for example, anti-racist youth work education. The authors provide an excerpt from their own conversations and reflections to provide an account that illustrates the ways in which those involved in the research on hate have often themselves been victimized by hate and how these lived experiences shape, and are shaped by, and mirror, their research. The chapter also draws on qualitative research with young people in the north of England, to explore two responses to racism: ‘reactive’, an immediate response to the situation, and ‘proactive’, measured responses formulated through resistance, resilience and agency. The chapter concludes by arguing that for young people safe space affords an opportunity to speak back and see beyond landscapes of hate.
Towards a Differential Framework for Middle Power Behaviour
Authors: Teo Sarah
Published: May 2023

Through employing differentiation theory as a heuristic, this chapter sets out a conceptual framework to explore the differentiation mechanism that generates middle power behaviour in multilateralism. The framework here treats structure as segmented, stratified and functionally differentiated. Middle power behaviour is produced when the effects of the differentiated structure are activated by social, relative and relational power politics. Although the specific outcomes would depend on the particular circumstances of the time and place, this framework overall expects that middle powers would pursue a dilution of major-power stratification and take on functionally differentiated roles in multilateralism.
The Differentiation of Middle Power Behaviour in Asia Pacific Multilateralism
Authors: Teo Sarah
Published: May 2023

This chapter presents a comparative analysis of the middle power behaviour of Australia, Indonesia and South Korea in the formation of APEC and the EAS. It traces the empirical developments back to the differentiated structure of regional politics and the relational, relative and social power politics characterizing the respective contexts. The specifics of such negotiations of power politics would vary across the three middle powers not just due to differences in their material and ideational attributes, but also in terms of the social relations they were embedded in. The discussion further reinforces the importance of context, by briefly highlighting two other scenarios of Asia Pacific multilateralism – namely, in the establishment of the ASEAN Regional Forum and the ASEAN Defence Ministers’ Meeting-Plus – where middle power initiative was apparently absent.
Introduction: Embodying Intersex
Authors: Garland Fae , Travis Mitchell
Published: May 2023

This chapter outlines a working definition of intersex and highlights its multiple and contested nature with particular reference to a community retreat (The Darlington Statement, 2017), the European Parliament (Promoting the Human Rights of and Eliminating Discrimination against Intersex People (Resolution 2191) 2017) and a consensus statement of leading endocrinologists (Lee et al, 2006). From the outset the chapter highlights the plural approaches taken to defining and constructing intersex. The chapter then outlines the concept of legal embodiment highlighting its material, discursive and institutional nature. The chapter finally summarizes the methods used in the book describing the participants, recruitment method, interview approach and methods of analysis.
Introduction
Authors: Taylor Seamus
Published: May 2023

Twenty years ago, Disability Hate Crime was unheard of in England and Wales. Disability Hate Crime is today a significant criminal justice concern. This book addresses how Disability Hate Crime moved from invisibility to policy action. This chapter sets out the book’s themes, which focus on the contributions of activism, politics and policy making to the Disability Hate Crime policy agenda; the challenges of a pervasive focus on vulnerability in Disability Hate Crime; and ableism as a prejudicial ideology fuelling Disability Hate Crime. This chapter introduces the book’s organizing and analytical policy concepts of the problem stream, the policy stream, the politics stream, problem representation and problematization as they apply to Disability Hate Crime.
Fifteen Cases of Disability Hate Crime
Authors: Taylor Seamus
Published: May 2023

This chapter sets out and analyses a range of Disability Hate Crime cases. It makes the phenomenon real through an analysis of the empirical data in actual cases. This chapter interrogates how the recognition of Disability Hate Crime and application of penalty uplift affects the outcomes of criminal justice proceedings. Fifteen cases of Disability Hate Crime are reviewed to interrogate the impact of the Disability Hate Crime framework, the recognition (or non-recognition) of disability hostility and the way in which this affected case outcomes. The chapter examines what types of cases attract uplift, the impact of penalty uplift at court on sentences and the implications of the different understandings of the Disability Hate Crime approach drawn upon in policing, prosecution and judicial sentencing.
Agenda Development
Authors: Taylor Seamus
Published: May 2023

This chapter analyses the policy journey of Disability Hate Crime from agenda triggering to substantive agenda setting. The arrival of Section 146 on the statute books by the end of 2003 has been regarded as the birth of the Disability Hate Crime policy agenda. Section 146 was not enacted until 2005, however, and in the meantime, Disability Hate Crime came to be a way of conceiving of targeted victimization of disabled people that was in advance of the prevalent view of hate crime in 2003. Sharply awake to equality agendas after the Lawrence Inquiry, the criminal justice system was receptive to the new policy agenda. The arrival of the Disability Equality Duty applying to the public sector from 2004 shaped the ‘discovery’ of Disability Hate Crime by the criminal justice system. The Pilkington case opened a policy window of opportunity. In contrast to the agenda triggering phase where politicians determined the direction of travel, in Phase 2, policy officials take the lead and the policy agenda became set.
Colonization, Territorialization and Displacement in Ottoman Migration Policy, 1856–1918
Authors: Fratantuono Ella
Published: May 2023

This chapter considers the themes of expulsion and colonization within the Ottoman immigration story. The Ottoman Empire does not figure prominently in histories of empire and colonization, yet it offers a specific context to pose questions about forced migrants as tools in empire-building. The empire’s tenuous sovereignty in the 19th and early 20th centuries influenced patterns of inclusion and exclusion and affected how the state used migrants in its state-building efforts over time. The chapter concludes by considering what, if anything, is relevant in the Ottoman colonization story to Turkey’s treatment of Syrian refugees in the 21st century. In keeping with the insights of this volume, the chapter suggests that historicizing the present reveals patterns of exclusion, assimilation, and expulsion across regimes and through time.
Situating the Coloniality of Encampment and Deportation as a Mode of Mobility Governance: Insights from Ceuta and Melilla, Mayotte and Tanzania
Authors: Boeyink Clayton , Sahraoui Nina , Tyszler Elsa
Published: May 2023

This chapter is an exploration of the contradictions and dissonances of coloniality exemplified through the shared inertias of strict mobility control in three cases transitioning to various degrees from colonialism to nationalism. Joining in conversation with post-colonial thinkers, we foreground the ways in which coloniality continues to permeate the governance of people’s mobility in the Spanish enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla on the African continent, the French department of Mayotte in the Indian Ocean and the state of Tanzania in Eastern Africa. We argue that the racializing hierarchies inherited from colonial rule underpin many of the most repressive dimensions of migration control across different postcolonial settings, albeit differently. Borders created under European colonialism as well as former logics of mobility control continue to shine through in the practices of collective refoulement, massive deportations and large-scale encampment that characterize these three case studies.
Of the Mobile and the Immobilized: COVID-19 and the Uneven Geographies of Disease Transmission
Authors: Mayblin Lucy
Published: May 2023

This chapter focuses on control of forced migration in relation to disease and pandemic control. While migrants have often been presented as bearers of disease, which has justified their exclusion, surveillance and enclosure in camps, it is in fact the much more affluent and mobile populations from the global North who have tended to spread disease across the world. The chapter demonstrates how this has been the case throughout history, and the deadly implications for refugees that it has given rise to. The aim is to highlight some of the ways in which the almost unfettered mobilities of the world’s wealthier inhabitants might in fact be dangerous (rather than benign, if not positive, as it is often portrayed); and to contrast that with the vast and expensive architecture of control erected to prevent or contain Third World mobilities. Recognizing these uneven geographies of fear and control, the chapter suggests the need for arguing for more just mobility regimes which can overcome the embedded racist logics which currently dominate.
The Long-term Influence of a Short-lived Colony: Postcoloniality and Geopolitics of Energy and Migration Control in Libya
Authors: Tjønn Mathias Hatleskog , Lemberg-Pedersen Martin
Published: May 2023

This chapter applies a postcolonial gaze on a very specific architecture of energy, trade and displacement politics, namely the evolution of successive and entangled layers of imperial and postcolonial actors and geopolitics on forced migration in Libya. Recognizing how colonial infrastructures and matrices of power did not end when Libya gained independence, and that such matrices can be identified also in current forced migration dynamics, the chapter details the complex entanglements of colonial powers and empires in Libyan politics, such as Italy, the Ottoman Empire/Turkey, and the EU. Spanning from the 1911 Italo-Turkish war that gave rise to the Italian colony of Libya, through the Gaddafi regime, and to the present, the chapter details linkages between water exploration, settler colonialism and mass displacement, between Big Oil and natural gas pipelines and anti-colonial discourses, and recently, between the EU’s externalized migration control in Libya and Turkish visions of energy corridors through a ‘blue homeland’. The chapter demonstrates the intricate and strategic uses of postcoloniality, and the enduring effect of an otherwise epistemologically erased era of brutal colonial suppression in Libya.