bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Land Speculation and Suburban Covenants: Racial Capitalism and thePre‐RedliningRoots of Housing Segregation in Syracuse, New York
Authors: Kelly Michael T.
Published: May 2022

This article examines the interrelationship of race, space, and landed property in the historical development of racially segregated housing geographies in the United States. Using archival methods, I directly connect late 18thcentury land speculation to early 20thcentury suburban real estate development based on racially restrictive covenants. I investigate the city of Syracuse—a small, post‐industrial city in Upstate New York on unceded Onondaga Nation land and one of the most racially segregated cities in the US. Dispossession, speculation, and homesteading on the “Central New York Military Tract” generated a racialised, spatialised form of property that real estate capitalists later utilised to create and maintain profit‐oriented suburban segregation. This article extends the historical timeline in studies of residential segregation, provides clarity on dispossession and housing inequity in small and mid‐sized cities, and contributes to understanding how processes of racial capitalism operate through private real estate markets.
The voices of children and young people during COVID‐19: A critical review of methods
Authors: Jörgensen Eva , Koller Donna , Raman Shanti , Olatunya Oladele , Asemota Osamagbe , Ekpenyong Bernadine N. , Gunnlaugsson Geir , Okolo Angela
Published: May 2022

Aim

Critically review research methods used to elicit children and young people's views and experiences in the first year of COVID‐19, using an ethical and child rights lens.

Methods

A systematic search of peer‐reviewed literature on children and young people's perspectives and experiences of COVID‐19. LEGEND (Let Evidence Guide Every New Decision) tools were applied to assess the quality of included studies. The critical review methodology addressed four ethical parameters: (1) Duty of care; (2) Children and young people's consent; (3) Communication of findings; and (4) Reflexivity.

Results

Two phases of searches identified 8131 studies; 27 studies were included for final analysis, representing 43,877 children and young people's views. Most studies were from high‐income countries. Three major themes emerged: (a) Whose voices are heard; (b) How are children and young people heard; and (c) How do researchers engage in reflexivity and ethical practice? Online surveys of children and young people from middle‐class backgrounds dominated the research during COVID‐19. Three studies actively involved children and young people in the research process; two documented a rights‐based framework. There was limited attention paid to some ethical issues, particularly the lack of inclusion of children and young people in research processes.

Conclusion

There are equity gaps in accessing the experiences of children and young people from disadvantaged settings. Most children and young people were not involved in shaping research methods by soliciting their voices.
Improved growth with growth hormone treatment in children after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Hoekx Carlijn A. , Bresters Dorine , le Cessie Saskia , Oostdijk Wilma , Hannema Sabine E.
Published: May 2022

Objective

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) can be a curative treatment for malignant and nonmalignant diseases in children but is associated with significant late effects including growth failure. Growth hormone treatment (GHRx) is offered to improve growth, but limited data are available on its effect on adult height (AH). We aim to evaluate the effectiveness of GHRx.

Design

Single‐center retrospective study.

Patients

Thirty‐four patients who had received GHRx for ≥1 year were matched with two controls each, without GHRx, based on sex, indication for HSCT (malignancy, benign haematological disease or immunodeficiency), age at HSCT and conditioning with/without total body irradiation (TBI). All had reached AH.

Measurements

The primary outcome measure was the difference between AH and predicted AH (PAH) at start of GHRx or the equivalent age in controls (AH−PAH), calculated according to Bailey and Pinneau.

Results

GHRx was started at age 12.0 ± 2.6 years; median treatment duration was 3.8 years (range 1.7−9.2). AH−PAH standard deviation score (SDS) was significantly higher in growth hormone (GH) treated boys (−0.5 ± 0.7 SDS) than in controls (−1.5 ± 1.0 SDS, p < .001). Girls also had a higher AH−PAH after GHRx (+0.5 ± 0.6 SDS) compared to controls (−0.2 SDS ±0.7, p < .01). AH remained approximately 2 SDS below target height (TH) in treated and untreated individuals. Among GH‐treated children, AH−PAH was higher in those who had received busulfan‐based compared to TBI‐based conditioning.

Conclusion

GHRx had a significant positive effect on AH compared to PAH, although AH remained far below TH. Higher AH−PAH was observed in girls and in those conditioned without TBI.
Effect of food intake on echocardiographic measurements in healthy elderly
Authors: Gårdinger Ylva , Malmgren Andreas , Hlebowicz Joanna , Dencker Magnus
Published: May 2022

Objective

This study evaluates whether food intake affects systolic and diastolic echocardiographic measurements in healthy seniors.

Methods

Thirty healthy subjects 65–70 years of age were investigated with echocardiography, at fasting and then 30, 90, and 180 min after a meal.

Results

After 30 min the biggest changes were seen in left ventricular wall stress and myocardial performance index with a decrease of 45% and 33%, respectively, compared to fasting values. Significant (p < .05) increases also were seen in left ventricular stroke volume, left ventricular cardiac output, left ventricular cardiac index, left ventricular outflow velocity‐time integral, peak of early diastolic (E) and late diastolic (A) mitral flow velocities, the E/A ratio, pulsed tissue Doppler peak systolic (s') and early (e') and late (a') diastolic velocities, pulmonary vein peak velocities in systole (S) and diastole (D), mitral annular plane systolic excursion (MAPSE), tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), and global longitudinal strain (GLS) (increases ranging 6%–19%). After 90 min there remained a decrease in wall stress and myocardial performance index of 31% and 17%, respectively, and smaller, but still significant, changes could be seen in left ventricular stroke volume, left ventricular outflow velocity‐time integral, MAPSE (lateral), TAPSE, GLS, and a few pulsed tissue Doppler peak systolic velocities and late diastolic velocities. An increase also could be seen in deceleration time of E‐wave (DT). After 180 min, all variables except DT were back at baseline or below. No significant changes were seen in S/D ratio, lateral early diastolic velocity (e' lateral) and E/e'ratio.

Conclusions

This study shows that food intake affects commonly used echocardiographic parameters, both systolic and diastolic, in healthy seniors. With a few exceptions, the changes seen in the older population were less pronounced than previous studies in younger subjects.
Spatially explicit risk assessment of marine megafauna vulnerability to Indian Ocean tuna fisheries
Authors: Roberson Leslie , Wilcox Chris , Boussarie Germain , Dugan Emma , Garilao Cristina , Gonzalez Kristofer , Green Madeline , Kark Salit , Kaschner Kristin , Klein Carissa J. , Rousseau Yannick , Vallentyne Dan , Watson James E. M. , Kiszka Jeremy J.
Published: May 2022

By‐catch is the most significant direct threat marine megafauna face at the global scale. However, the magnitude and spatial patterns of megafauna by‐catch are still poorly understood, especially in regions with very limited monitoring and expanding fisheries. The Indian Ocean is a globally important region for megafauna biodiversity and for tuna fisheries, but has limited by‐catch data. Anecdotal and scattered information indicates high by‐catch could be a major threat. Here, we adapt a Productivity Susceptibility Analysis tool designed for data‐poor contexts to present the first spatially explicit estimates of by‐catch risk of sea turtles, elasmobranchs, and cetaceans in the three major tuna fishing gears (purse seines, longlines, and drift gill nets). Our assessment highlights a potential opportunity for multi‐taxa conservation benefits by concentrating management efforts in particular coastal regions. Most coastal waters in the northern Indian Ocean, including countries that have had a minimal engagement with regional management bodies, stand out as high risk for fisheries interactions. In addition to species known to occur in tuna gears, we find high vulnerability to multiple gear types for many poorly known elasmobranchs that do not fall under any existing conservation and management measures. Our results indicate that current by‐catch mitigation measures, which focus on safe‐release practices, are unlikely to adequately reduce the substantial cumulative fishing impacts on vulnerable species. Preventative solutions that reduce interactions with non‐target species (such as closed areas or seasons, or modifications to gear and fishing tactics) are crucial for alleviating risks to megafauna from fisheries.
COMPETITION AND MULTILEVEL TECHNOLOGY ADOPTION: A DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF ELECTRONIC MEDICAL RECORDS ADOPTION IN U.S. HOSPITALS
Authors: Wang Yanfei
Published: May 2022

This article develops and estimates a dynamic oligopoly model to study the multilevel adoption of electronic medical records in U.S. hospitals. I find substantial competitive effects in the adoption process, and hospitals of the same adoption level compete more intensely than hospitals of different levels do. Counterfactual experiments suggest that competitive effects prompt hospitals to engage in preemptive adoption and greatly deter the second adopter in a duopoly market. By evaluating the government's subsidy policy enacted in 2009, I find that a policy strategy accounting for market and hospital heterogeneity and competitive effects would have been more effective in stimulating adoption.
Differences in H3K4me3 and chromatin accessibility contribute to altered T‐cell receptor signaling in neonatal naïve CD4 T cells
Authors: Bermick Jennifer R , Issuree Priya , denDekker Aaron , Gallagher Katherine A , Santillan Donna , Kunkel Steven , Lukacs Nicholas , Schaller Matthew
Published: May 2022

Neonatal CD4+ T cells have reduced or delayed T‐cell receptor (TCR) signaling responses compared with adult cells, but the mechanisms underlying this are poorly understood. This study tested the hypothesis that human neonatal naïve CD4+ TCR signaling and activation deficits are related to differences in H3K4me3 patterning and chromatin accessibility. Following initiation of TCR signaling using anti‐CD3/anti‐CD28 beads, adult naïve CD4+ T cells demonstrated increased CD69, phospho‐CD3ε and interleukin (IL)‐2, tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), interferon‐γ and IL‐17A compared with neonatal cells. By contrast, following TCR‐independent activation using phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)/ionomycin, neonatal cells demonstrated increased expression of CD69, IL‐2 and TNF‐α and equivalent phospho‐ERK compared with adult cells. H3K4me3 chromatin immunoprecipitation‐sequencing (ChIP‐seq) and assay for transposase‐accessible chromatin with high‐throughput sequencing (ATAC‐seq) were performed on separate cohorts of naïve CD4+ T cells from term neonates and adults, and RNA‐seq data from neonatal and adult naïve CD4+ T cells were obtained from the Blueprint Consortium. Adult cells demonstrated overall increased chromatin accessibility and a higher proportion of H3K4me3 sites associated with open chromatin and active gene transcription compared with neonatal cells. Adult cells demonstrated increased mRNA expression of the TCR‐associated genes FYN, ITK, CD4, LCK and LAT, which was associated with increased H3K4me3 at the FYN and ITK gene loci and increased chromatin accessibility at the CD4, LCK and LAT loci. These findings indicate that neonatal TCR‐dependent defects in activation are epigenetically regulated and provide a potentially targetable mechanism to enhance neonatal CD4+ T‐cell responses.
Self‐reported child maltreatment and cardiometabolic risk in 30‐year‐old adults
Authors: Kisely Stephen , Siskind Dan , Scott James G. , Najman Jake M.
Published: May 2022

Background

Childhood maltreatment (CM) is associated with both dietary fat intake and obesity in later life. There is less information on associations with metabolic risk factors and specific types of CM such as physical, sexual and emotional abuse, as well as neglect.

Aims

To assess the association between five types of self‐reported CM and a range of obesity and metabolic indicators in a subsample of a birth cohort.

Methods

This was a study of 1689 adults born in a major metropolitan maternity hospital in Australia and followed up 30 years later. Body mass index, bioimpedance and fasting lipid levels/insulin resistance were measured. Details on self‐reported CM were collected using the Child Trauma Questionnaire. We adjusted for birth weight, parental income and relationship at participants' birth, as well as maternal age and alcohol or tobacco use. We also adjusted for participants' smoking, depression, educational level, marital and employment status at follow up.

Results

One‐fifth reported maltreatment (n = 362), most commonly emotional neglect (n = 175), followed by emotional abuse (n = 128), physical neglect (n = 123), sexual (n = 121) and physical abuse (n = 116). On adjusted analyses, there were significant associations for CM, particularly neglect or emotional abuse, and one or more of the following outcomes: obesity, the total cholesterol/high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (TC/HDL‐C) ratio and HDL levels. Results for other outcomes were more equivocal.

Conclusions

Of child maltreatment types, emotional abuse and neglect show the strongest associations with obesity and several cardiometabolic risk factors, therefore highlighting the public health importance of early intervention to reduce childhood adversity.
Managing paradoxes in bi‐modal information technology functions: A multi‐case study
Authors: Toutaoui Jonas , Benlian Alexander , Hess Thomas
Published: May 2022

Leveraging digital technologies is a major concern for companies and has significant implications for their information technology (IT) functions. In many cases, a bi‐modal IT function is established: a ‘traditional IT’ mode focusing on the stability and exploitation of existing IT resources and an ‘agile IT’ mode focusing on exploring new technologies. Whereas previous research has predominantly taken an organisational‐level view of bi‐modal IT by treating it as a single, aggregated entity, we provide a micro‐foundations perspective on the intricate and paradoxical interrelationships between the two IT modes. Based on a multi‐case study with companies from different industries and of varying sizes, we uncover nine core tensions between traditional IT and agile IT as manifestations of five underlying paradoxes. We also identify corresponding management practices to address these tensions and paradoxes. Our study contributes to Information Systems research by disaggregating bi‐modal IT and capturing the tensions and their underlying paradoxes at the organisational and individual levels that bi‐modal IT entails. By highlighting the intricate interdependencies between the traditional and agile IT modes, we show that bi‐modal IT can be messier and more contested than previously anticipated. For practitioners, our study offers an overview of paradoxes and tensions that may arise in bi‐modal IT settings and provides suggestions on how to manage them.
Short version of the Multidimensional Scale of Dating Violence (MSDV 2.0) in Spanish‐language: Instrument development and psychometric evaluation
Authors: García‐Carpintero‐Muñoz María de los Ángeles , Tarriño‐Concejero Lorena , Gil‐García Eugenia , Pórcel‐Gálvez Ana María , Barrientos‐Trigo Sergio
Published: May 2022

Aims

To develop and psychometrically test the short version of the Multidimensional Scale of Dating Violence (MSDV 2.0) in Spanish‐language to detect violence perpetrated and suffered in dating relationships.

Design

A psychometric instrument development and validation study.

Methods

A two‐phase approach was used: Phase (1) the items of the original instrument were revised and new items related to online violence and sexual violence were incorporated. Content validation by a Delphi panel with 25 psychometric and dating violence experts were performed. Next, a face validity was performed in 32 students followed by a pilot study in another 74 participants. Phase (2) Psychometric validation, the instrument was tested in a sample of 1091 university students, analysing the psychometric properties based on construct validity and internal consistency. The study was conducted from September to November 2020 in the context of the Andalusian Public University System.

Results

In phase (1) 42 items for each subscale (perpetration, victimization) were accepted by the Delphi panel, and acceptable values were obtained for the criteria of clarity, coherence, and relevance. In phase (2) the MSDV 2.0 showed acceptable psychometric properties. Confirmatory factor analysis showed a five‐dimensional structure with 18 items for each subscale with excellent fit rates. Reliability analysis indicated adequate internal consistency (α = .879–.802) and correlations with the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (ρ = .418–.225) and the self‐perceived health item (ρ = .380–.179), providing evidence of its convergent validity. Cut‐off points were also calculated for each dimension, with their corresponding sensitivity and specificity, indicating to be a good instrument for detecting possible cases of dating violence.

Conclusion

The MSDV 2.0 is the only short instrument published to date that measures the dating violence suffered and perpetrated taking into account all its dimensions. Its use would serve as support in prevention programs and design of public policies.

Impact

The short version of the MSDV 2.0 could be a comprehensive enough instrument to enable a detection and evaluation of dating violence in the educational setting.
Development and validation of a functional screening tool for adults with intellectual disabilities
Authors: Ben‐David Nophar , Lotan Meir , Moran Daniel Sender
Published: May 2022

Background

The dynamic nature of intellectual disability necessitates repeated screening.

Method

The functional screening tool (FST‐ID) for individuals with intellectual disabilities was carefully constructed.

Results

The FST‐ID General Adaptive Composite score (GAC) runs between 0 and 68 points. Criterion validity—high‐positive correlations were found between FST‐ID and ABAS‐II (Gold standard), and between the severity of the intellectual disability and the FST‐ID (r = 0.78, p < .001). The scale holds high‐internal consistency and intra‐ and inter‐rater reliability values. The cut‐off point between mild and moderate disability is 50.4 (Sensitivity: 87%, Specificity 86%, p < .001) and 29.4 between moderate to severe‐profound (Sensitivity: 96%, Specificity 94%, p < .001).

Conclusions

The FST‐ID presents high‐psychometric properties and requires less than 5 min to complete. Using this tool may support efficient screening practices and improved supports for adults with intellectual disability.
CXCR4 and TYROBP mediate the development of atrial fibrillation via inflammation
Authors: Zhang Yan‐Fei , Meng Ling‐Bing , Hao Meng‐Lei , Li Xing‐Yu , Zou Tong
Published: May 2022

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a rapid supraventricular arrhythmia. However, the pathogenesis of atrial fibrillation remains controversial. We obtained transcriptome expression profiles GSE41177, GSE115574 and GSE79768 from GEO database. WGCNA was performed, DEGs were screened, PPI network was constructed using STRING database. CTD database was used to identify the reference score of hub genes associated with cardiovascular diseases. Prediction of miRNAs of hub genes was performed by TargetScan. DIANA‐miRPath v3.0 was applied to make functional annotation of miRNA. The animal model of atrial fibrillation was constructed, RT‐PCR was used to verify the expression of hub genes. Immunofluorescence assay for THBS2 and VCAN was made to identify molecular. Design of BP neural network was made to explore the prediction relationship of CXCR4 and TYROBP on AF. The merged datasets contained 104 up‐regulated and 34 down‐regulated genes. GO and KEGG enrichment analysis results of DEGs showed they were mainly enriched in ‘regulation of release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol’, ‘actin cytoskeleton organization’ and ‘focal adhesion’. The hub genes were CXCR4, SNAI2, S100A4, IGFBP3, CSNK2A1, CHGB, VCAN, APOE, C1QC and TYROBP, which were up‐regulated expression in the AF compared with control tissues. There was strong correlation among the CXCR4, TYROBP and AF based on the BP neural network. Through training, best training performance is 9.6474e‐05 at epoch 14, and the relativity was 0.99998. CXCR4 and TYROBP might be involved in the development of atrial fibrillation by affecting inflammation‐related signalling pathways and may serve as targets for early diagnosis and preventive treatment.
Mahjong and the benefits of social engagement
Authors: Levine Jeffrey M.
Published: May 2022

See related Editorial by Cobert et al. and article by Koga et al. in this issue.
When one cannot bypass the byproducts: Plastic packaging waste embedded in production and export
Authors: Gao Xiang , Dall'erba Sandy , Ellison Brenna , Avelino Andre F. T. , Yang Cuihong
Published: May 2022

While packaging is praised for reducing waste of perishable food products, packaging waste is a growing concern. Its least recyclable type, plastics waste, is increasingly polluting the marine environment and many developing countries are now refusing to take the waste from developed countries. Before responsibility can be established, one has to identify the key producers and consumers. This paper adjusts the packaging waste satellite account in EXIOBASE 3 by combining the official waste data published by the World Bank. Based on input–output methods, we find that the world's top suppliers of plastic packaging waste are the United States, China, and Brazil. Food and beverage products constitute the bulk of the problem. Yet, 21% of these countries’ plastic packaging waste is induced export. At the global level, it is 25.8%. About 76.0% of export‐induced plastic packaging waste corresponds to packaging of the exported goods that will ultimately be disposed of in the destination country; while the others correspond to the packaging used in their supply‐chain and wasted domestically. We conclude that international efforts need to assign shared responsibility and promote improvement in plastic packaging recyclability.
Relationship between flightlessness and brain morphology among Rallidae
Authors: Nakao Tatsuro , Yamasaki Takeshi , Ogihara Naomichi , Shimada Masaki
Published: May 2022

Studies have suggested that the brain morphology and flight ability of Aves are interrelated; however, such a relationship has not been thoroughly investigated. This study aimed to examine whether flight ability, volant or flightless, affects brain morphology (size and shape) in the Rallidae, which has independently evolved to adapt secondary flightlessness multiple times within a single taxonomic group. Brain endocasts were extracted from computed tomography images of the crania, measured by 3D geometric morphometrics, and were analyzed using principal component analysis. The results of phylogenetic ANCOVA showed that flightless rails have brain sizes and shapes that are significantly larger than and different from those of volant rails, even after considering the effects of body mass and brain size respectively. Flightless rails tended to have a wider telencephalon and more inferiorly positioned foramen magnum than volant rails. Although the brain is an organ that requires a large amount of metabolic energy, reduced selective pressure for a lower body weight may have allowed flightless rails to have larger brains. The evolution of flightlessness may have changed the position of the foramen magnum downward, which would have allowed the support of the heavier cranium. The larger brain may have facilitated the acquisition of cognitively advanced behavior, such as tool‐using behavior, among rails.
Update on pharmacology, actions, dosimetry and regimens of oral glucocorticoids in dermatology
Authors: Sardana Kabir , Sachdeva Soumya
Published: May 2022

Glucocorticoids are arguably the most widely used and misused drug in dermatology. There have been recent updates in its mode of action which can impact on its judicious use. There is need to use the correct steroid preparation to maximize results and minimize side effects. We present an updated review on glucocorticoids focusing on its mode of action, rationale of its prescribing considerations and dosing regimens in dermatology. This is based on PubMed search with a focus on mode of actions and dosimetry with additional updates from standard drug books, databases and rheumatology books.
Submental transcutaneous electrical stimulation can impact the timing of laryngeal vestibule closure
Authors: Barikroo Ali , McLean Mitchell T.
Published: May 2022

Background

Laryngeal vestibule closure (LVC) is one of the critical airway protection mechanisms during swallowing. LVC timing impairments during swallowing are among the common causes of airway invasion in patients with dysphagia.

Objectives

To understand whether using submental transcutaneous electrical stimulation (TES) with varying pulse durations can impact the LVC reaction time (LVCrt) and LVC duration (LVCd) measures in healthy adults.

Methods

Twenty‐six healthy adults underwent three TES conditions while receiving three trials of 10 ml pureed: no TES, TES with short pulse duration (300 μs) and TES with long pulse durations(700 μs). Two pairs of electrodes were placed diagonally on the submental area. For each active TES condition, the stimulation was increased up to the participant's self‐identified maximum tolerance. Each swallow trial was recorded using videofluoroscopic swallowing study. All data were extracted and analysed offline using VideoPad Video Editor program.

Results

Submental TES reduced LVCrt during swallowing [F (2, 46) = 7.234, p < .007, ηp2 = .239] but had no significant impact on LVCd [F (2, 50) = .1.118, p < .335, ηp2 = .043]. Furthermore, pulse duration had no distinguished impact on any LVC timing measures.

Conclusion

Transcutaneous electrical stimulation may benefit patients with dysphagia who suffer from delayed LVC during swallowing. Future studies should seek whether the same physiologic effect can be observed in patients with dysphagia.
Evaluation of Shear Bond Strength Between Denture Teeth and 3D‐Printed Denture Base Resin
Authors: Cleto Marília P. , Silva Marcela D. D. , Nunes Thaís S. B. S. , Viotto Hamile E. C. , Coelho Sabrina R. G. , Pero Ana C.
Published: May 2022

Purpose

The aim of this study was to evaluate the bond strength between two types of artificial teeth with a 3D‐printed denture base resin using different bonding agents.

Materials and methods

Two types of artificial teeth were evaluated: 3D‐printed (Cosmos TEMP) and prefabricated polymethylmethacrylate (Biotone) bonded to cylinders (2.5 mm in height and 5 mm in diameter) of 3D‐printed denture bases (Cosmos Denture designing by Meshmixer and printed by Flashforge Hunter DLP Resin 3D Printer). Two combinations between denture base and artificial teeth were eveluated: Cosmos Denture – Biotone, n = 30, and Cosmos Denture ‐ Cosmos TEMP, n = 30. For each combination, the specimens were randomly distributed according to the bonding agent: (1) autopolymerized acrylic resin‐Duralay, n = 10; (2) 3D‐printed resin Cosmos TEMP, n = 10; and (3) methylmethacrylate monomer (MMA) + 3D‐printed resin Cosmos TEMP, n = 10, totaling 60 specimens. The application of MMA was done conditioning the tooth surface for 180 seconds; the other agents were applied on the same surface. The virtual design of the 3D‐printed resin teeth was obtained by scanning the first maxillary molar of the prefabricated teeth as the same protocol of cylinders. The control group (n = 10) was a conventional heat‐polymerized denture base resin (Lucitone 550) bonded to the prefabricated resin teeth (Biotone). The shear bond tests were performed by applying a perpendicular force to the artificial tooth – denture base resin, through a chisel at 1 mm/min until failure. Two‐way ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc tests (α = 0.05) were used for multiple comparisons.

Results

For the Biotone tooth, the bond strength was significantly higher using MMA + Cosmos TEMP (10.04 MPa), and similar to the control (11.84 MPa, p = 0.484). For the 3D‐printed tooth (Cosmos TEMP), the bond strength using the agents Cosmos TEMP (9.57 MPa) and MMA + Cosmos TEMP (12.72 MPa) were similar to the control (11.84 MPa, p = 0.169 and p = 1, respectively), but different from each other (p = 0.016).

Conclusions

From the results, it is recommended to use: MMA + Cosmos TEMP bonding agent for the Biotone tooth; and Cosmos TEMP or MMA + Cosmos TEMP bonding agents for the Cosmos TEMP tooth, both attached to the 3D‐printed denture resin Cosmos Denture.
Time to reflect: How has COVID‐19 transformed you? A commentary
Authors: Jansen Renée S.
Published: May 2022

The author argues that the COVID‐19 pandemic caused members of the medical education community to reflect on their role and their norms, resulting in tensions between personal identity and organizational expectations.
Deep convolutional generative adversarial networks for the generation of numerous artificial spectrum‐compatible earthquake accelerograms using a limited number of ground motion records
Authors: Matinfar Mehrshad , Khaji Naser , Ahmadi Goodarz
Published: May 2022

Deep learning (DL) methodologies have been recently employed to solve various civil and earthquake engineering problems. Nevertheless, due to the limited number of reliable data in the field of earthquake engineering, it is not convenient to obtain accurate results using DL. To tackle this challenge, the generative adversarial network (GAN) approach may be considered a reliable possible candidate. GANs have been introduced as an efficient way to train generative models. GANs exhibited their capabilities as well as versatility in the field of image production. For nonlinear dynamic analyses of structures, artificial ground accelerograms that are compatible with a target response spectrum are usually generated. In this paper, an efficient algorithm is proposed by which numerous artificial spectrum‐compatible earthquake accelerograms are generated using a few ground motion records. For this purpose, a specific well‐established generative model, namely, the deep convolutional GAN (DCGAN), is adopted for the first time and used. It is shown that DCGAN can easily generate desirable artificial ground accelerograms by having a limited number of seismic records as input to train the network. To quantitatively demonstrate the quality of the artificial ground accelerograms generated by the DCGAN, several computer experiments are presented, among which the robustness and feasibility of the proposed method are examined by using only four earthquake accelerograms as the worst scenario. Moreover, the efficiency of the DCGAN is illustrated by comparing various seismic parameters and the spectral response of the generated accelerograms with those of the actual accelerograms. The outcomes illustrate the efficiency and robustness of the presented DCGAN.
The unconventional way out—Egress of HCMV through multiviral bodies
Authors: Wedemann Linda , Flomm Felix J. , Bosse Jens B.
Published: May 2022

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a ubiquitous herpesvirus and the leading cause of congenital disabilities as well as a significant cause of disease in immunocompromised patients. The envelopment and egress of HCMV particles is an essential step of the viral life cycle as it determines viral spread and potentially tropism. Here we review the current literature on HCMV envelopment and egress with a particular focus on the role of virus‐containing multivesicular body‐like vesicles for virus egress and spread. We discuss the difficulties of determining the cellular provenance of these structures in light of viral redistribution of cellular marker proteins and provide potential paths to illuminate their genesis. Finally, we discuss how divergent egress pathways could result in virions of different tropisms.
Hurricanes increase tropical forest vulnerability to drought
Authors: Smith‐Martin Chris M. , Muscarella Robert , Ankori‐Karlinsky Roi , Delzon Sylvain , Farrar Samuel L. , Salva‐Sauri Melissa , Thompson Jill , Zimmerman Jess K. , Uriarte María
Published: May 2022

Rapid changes in climate and disturbance regimes, including droughts and hurricanes, are likely to influence tropical forests, but our understanding of the compound effects of disturbances on forest ecosystems is extremely limited. Filling this knowledge gap is necessary to elucidate the future of these ecosystems under a changing climate.

We examined the relationship between hurricane response (damage, mortality, and resilience) and four hydraulic traits of 13 dominant woody species in a wet tropical forest subject to periodic hurricanes.

Species with high resistance to embolisms (low P50 values) and higher safety margins () were more resistant to immediate hurricane mortality and breakage, whereas species with higher hurricane resilience (rapid post‐hurricane growth) had high capacitance and P50 values and low . During 26 yr of post‐hurricane recovery, we found a decrease in community‐weighted mean values for traits associated with greater drought resistance (leaf turgor loss point, P50, ) and an increase in capacitance, which has been linked with lower drought resistance.

Hurricane damage favors slow‐growing, drought‐tolerant species, whereas post‐hurricane high resource conditions favor acquisitive, fast‐growing but drought‐vulnerable species, increasing forest productivity at the expense of drought tolerance and leading to higher overall forest vulnerability to drought.
A framework for analyzing organizational culture among politicians: Exploring implications for participatory governance schemes
Authors: Vabo Signy Irene , Winsvold Marte
Published: May 2022

In this article, we develop a theoretical framework for investigating how organizational culture relates to the roles of elected representatives. Based on Douglas's grid and group logic, our framework evaluates two cultural dimensions, negotiability and conflictuality, upon which these roles depend. The negotiability dimension describes elected representatives' roles from a strictly hierarchical and bounded notion of how politics should be handled to a horizontal and inclusive notion. The conflictuality dimension considers politics as confrontation versus a deliberative consensus‐oriented way of handling political issues. By investigating a participatory governance measure called “task committees”, we examine how the framework functions empirically. Our analysis shows how different aspects of organizational culture are reflected in councilors' interpretations of and practices related to this interactive participatory governance scheme and illuminates the implications of organizational culture for the use of such schemes.
“It's not right”: Nurse perspectives on rural hospital closures: A qualitative study
Authors: Smith Jessica G. , Brown Kyrah K. , Hutchings Melynda
Published: May 2022

Objective(s)

Despite providing lifesaving care, 106 rural hospitals have closed in the United States since 2010. Although the role of rural hospital nursing is central, limited information is available about closures from a nursing lens. The purpose was to describe rural hospital closure contributors, processes, and outcomes from the perspective of licensed rural nurses in a hospital during its closure.

Design

This cross‐sectional study used a retrospective, qualitative design grounded in subjective epistemology.

Sample

Purposive, snowball sampling was used to recruit ten participants from two rural hospitals that closed in Texas between 2014–2015. Sample size was sufficient and comparable to prior rural nursing research.

Measurements

Between July 2020 and February 2021, participants completed online demographic questionnaires and semi‐structured interviews.

Results

Thematic analysis yielded six themes and 16 subthemes. The themes are presented in three main components: pre‐closure, closure process and dynamics, and closure impacts. According to nurses, pre‐closure contextual factors can influence closure dynamics. Nurses also reported perceived long‐term impacts after closure.

Conclusion

Beyond financial explanations, community politics and organizational characteristics can contribute to rural closure processes and outcomes from the nursing lens. Policies are needed to address modifiable factors contributing to closures and to create sustainable rural care models.
Understorey light quality affects leaf pigments and leaf phenology in different plant functional types
Authors: Brelsford Craig C. , Trasser Marieke , Paris Tom , Hartikainen Saara M. , Robson T. Matthew
Published: May 2022

Forest understorey plants receive most sunlight in springtime before canopy closure, and in autumn following leaf‐fall. We hypothesised that plant species must adjust their phenological and photoprotective strategies in response to large changes in the spectral composition of the sunlight they receive. Here, we identified how plant species growing in northern deciduous and evergreen forest understoreys differ in their response to blue light and ultraviolet (UV) radiation according to their functional strategy. We installed filters in a forest understorey in southern Finland, to create the following treatments attenuating: UV radiation below 350 nm, all UV radiation (< 400 nm), all blue light and UV radiation (< 500 nm), and a transparent control. In eight species, representing different functional strategies, we assessed leaf optical properties, phenology, and epidermal flavonoid contents over two years. Blue light accelerated leaf senescence in all species measured in the understorey, apart from Quercus robur seedlings, whereas UV radiation only accelerated leaf senescence in Acer platanoides seedlings. More light‐demanding species accumulated flavonols in response to seasonal changes in light quality compared to shade‐tolerant and wintergreen species and were particularly responsive to blue light. Reduction of blue and UV radiation under shade reveals an important role for microclimatic effects on autumn phenology and leaf photoprotection. An extension of canopy cover under climate change, and its associated suppression of understorey blue light and UV radiation, may delay leaf senescence for understorey species with an autumn niche.
Irregular stimulus distribution increases the negative footprint illusion
Authors: Sörqvist Patrik , Volna Iveta , Zhao Jiaying , Marsh John E.
Published: May 2022

As a climate change mitigation strategy, environmentally certified ‘green’ buildings with low carbon footprints are becoming more prevalent in the world. An interesting psychological question is how people perceive the carbon footprint of these buildings given their spatial distributions in a given community. Here we examine whether regular distribution (i.e., buildings organized in a block) or irregular distribution (i.e., buildings randomly distributed) influences people's perception of the carbon footprint of the communities. We first replicated the negative footprint illusion, the tendency to estimate a lower carbon footprint of a combined group of environmentally certified green buildings and ordinary conventional buildings, than the carbon footprint of the conventional buildings alone. Importantly, we found that irregular distribution of the buildings increased the magnitude of the negative footprint illusion. Potential applied implications for urban planning of green buildings are discussed.
Multivariate quantiles with both overall and directional probability interpretation
Authors: Hlubinka Daniel , Kotík Lukáš , Šiman Miroslav
Published: May 2022

The article introduces multivariate quantiles (or reference regions) that have both overall and directional probability interpretation and need not be necessarily convex. They are defined by means of univariate conditional quantiles along the rays starting at a suitable central point. Their basic properties are investigated, their sample estimators and regression extensions are proposed, and their use is illustrated with both simulated and real data.
SvSTL1 in the large subunit family of ribonucleotide reductases plays a major role in chloroplast development of Setaria viridis
Authors: Li Huanying , Li Lin , Wu Weichen , Wang Fei , Zhou Fei , Lin Yongjun
Published: May 2022

Ribonucleotide reductases (RNRs) are essential enzymes in DNA synthesis. However, little is known about the RNRs in plants. Here, we identified a svstl1 mutant from the self‐created ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) mutant library of Setaria viridis. The mutant leaves exhibited a bleaching phenotype at the heading stage. Paraffin section analysis showed the destruction of the C4 Kranz anatomy. Transmission electron microscopy results further demonstrated the severely disturbed development of some chloroplasts. MutMap analysis revealed that the SvSTL1 gene is the primary candidate, encoding a large subunit of RNRs. Complementation experiments confirmed that SvSTL1 is responsible for the phenotype of svstl1. There are two additional RNR large subunit homologs in S. viridis, SvSTL2 and SvSTL3. To further understand the functions of these three RNR large subunit genes, a series of mutants were generated via CRISPR/Cas9 technology. In striking contrast to the finding that all three SvSTLs interact with the RNR small subunit, the phenotype varied along with the copies of chloroplast genome among different svstl single mutants: the svstl1 mutant exhibited pronounced chloroplast development and significantly fewer copies of the chloroplast genome than the svstl2 or svstl3 single mutants. These results suggested that SvSTL1 plays a major role in the optimal function of RNRs and is essential for chloroplast development. Furthermore, through the analysis of double and triple mutants, the study provides new insights into the finely tuned coordination among SvSTLs to maintain normal chloroplast development in the emerging C4 model plant S. viridis.
Age‐ and sex‐related changes in body weights and clinical pathology analytes in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca Fascicularis) of Mauritius origin
Authors: Li Xiantang , Li Dingzhou , Biddle Kathleen E. , Portugal Susan S. , Li Mark R. , Santos Rosemary , Burkhardt John E. , Khan Nasir K.
Published: May 2022

Background

Clinical pathology and body weight information for the cynomolgus monkey in the literature is primarily derived from a small number of animals with limited age ranges, varying geographic origins, and mixed genders.

Objectives

This study aimed to summarize the age‐ and sex‐related changes in clinical pathology analytes and body weights in cynomolgus monkeys of Mauritian origin.

Methods

Pre‐study age and body weight data were reviewed in 1819 animals, and pre‐study hematologic, coagulation, and serum biochemical analytes were reviewed in 1664 animals.

Results

Body weights were statistically higher (P < 0.01) in males than females in all age groups (2–10 years). These measurements became prominent after 4 years of age and peaked at 7 to 8 years of age in both sexes. Sex‐related differences were noted in reticulocyte (RETIC) counts, creatinine, cholesterol, and triglyceride concentrations, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and gamma‐glutamyl transferase (GGT) activities. Age‐related differences were noted in RETIC and lymphocyte counts, creatinine, triglyceride, phosphorus, and globulin concentrations, and ALP and GGT activities. The youngest (2 to <3 year) age group had the fewest number of clinical pathologic analyte differences including ALP and GGT activity differences which occurred in all age groups from 2 to 10 years; they also had age‐related lower globulin concentrations. There were no age‐ or sex‐related differences in coagulation measurands.

Conclusions

Sexual dimorphism in body weight was apparent for all ages from 2 to 10 years of age. The only difference in clinical pathology analytes unique to the 2 to <3 years of age group were age‐related lower globulin levels.
Red blood cell alloimmunization among recipients of blood transfusion in India: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Shastry Shamee , Chenna Deepika , Basavarajegowda Abhishekh , Das Soumya , Chaudhary Rajendra K.
Published: May 2022

Background and Objectives

There is a varied prevalence of red cell alloimmunization being reported from different parts of India. This study aimed to estimate the overall prevalence of alloimmunization in India by performing a systematic review of the literature and to establish the most suitable antigen‐matching strategy to reduce the red blood cell (RBC) alloimmunization rate among transfusion recipients.

Materials and Methods

A systematic search of all the original articles published in English on RBC alloimmunization among transfusion recipients from India in MEDLINE, SCOPUS, CINAHL and Google Scholar bibliographic databases was conducted. After screening the articles as per inclusion/exclusion criteria, data extraction was done independently by two sets of investigators. Meta‐analysis was performed by the binary random‐effects model using the restricted maximum likelihood method.

Results

A total of 44 studies on RBC alloimmunization, with a cumulative sample size of 309,986 patients, were grouped into hospital‐based and multiply‐transfused patients, which yielded a prevalence of 0.5 (95% confidence interval; 0.3–0.8) and 4.8 (95% confidence interval; 3.9–5.7) per 100 patients, respectively. As many as 1992 alloantibodies were identified among the 1846 alloimmunized patients. The most common antibody identified was anti‐E (127; 31.99%), followed by anti‐c (75; 18.89%) in multiply‐transfused patients.

Conclusion

The rate of alloimmunization was 0.5 per 100 patients tested for antibodies and 4.8 per 100 patients receiving transfusion. Considering E‐ and c‐antigen‐matched red cells along with ABO and RhD matching may significantly reduce the overall occurrence of alloimmunization among Indian population who are transfusion‐dependent.
Model-Based Engine Control
Authors: Zhu Guoming (George) , Chen Xiang
Published: May 2022

This article focuses on control-oriented engine modeling and model-based engine control techniques. The engine modeling research is centered on the engine combustion process. Multi-zone, three dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models, with detailed chemical kinetics are able to precisely describe the thermodynamics, fluid and flow dynamics, heat transfer, and pollutant formation of the combustion process. The simplified one-dimensional combustion models have also been implemented into commercial codes such as GT-Power and Wave. However, these high fidelity models cannot be used for model-based control since they are too complicated to be used for real-time computing. Crank-resolved engine air handling system modeling is also important for describing the in-cylinder charge-mixing process. Therefore, for model-based control and real-time hardware-in-the-loop simulations, it is necessary to have a crank-resolved engine model with its complexity intermediate between the time-based mean-value and one-dimensional CFD models.