bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Frequency domain input identification for vibration testing of flexible structures
Authors: Ramkrishna D , Joshi Ashok , Mujumdar PM , Krishna Y
Published: April 2012

Electronic equipments in flexible slender aerospace structures are subjected to severe vibration environments during the course of flight. In order to qualify the equipment for real life environment, they are subjected to vibrations levels using electrodynamic shaker tables on ground. Control sensors are placed at the critical locations and desired spectra are achieved on the electronic packages at the section level testing. During this testing, the flexible modes of the structure are ignored. In this present study, a methodology of vibration testing is described to achieve the desired spectra at the specified locations on the structure. The article discusses a frequency domain identification of the required input forces to achieve desired acceleration spectra at the specified control locations on the structure. A generalized formulation of input force identification for multiple input multiple output is presented for the vibration testing methodology. Three different configurations like single input single output, multiple input single output, and multiple input multiple output are simulated and verified with the experiments at collocated and non-collocated control sensor-exciter combinations. From the experiments, it has been observed that the desired acceleration spectra at the specified locations are achieved to a good degree of accuracy. Moreover, the efficacy of the proposed method is experimentally verified for the structure with closely spaced modes. Apart from the acceleration control, velocity control approach is also presented in this article.
Hematological features of pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus: suggesting management strategies in children
Authors: Gokce M , Bilginer Y , Besbas N , Ozaltın F , Cetin M , Gumruk F , Ozen S
Published: April 2012

Aim: The aim of this study was to analyze the hematological features in children with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and to review our current treatment protocols. Methods: We evaluated hematological findings of 43 children with SLE diagnosed and followed at the Pediatric Rheumatology Division of Hacettepe University, Turkey. Thirty-seven patients with hematological abnormalities were analyzed in detail. Results: Median age at presentation was 13 years. Hematological involvement was seen in 86% of patients. The most common hematological finding was anemia ( n = 30). Anemia was either a Coombs (+) hemolytic one, or was due to other causes. Hemolytic anemia was treated with steroids and intravenous gamma globulin (IVIG). Leucopenia and thrombocytopenia were detected in 35.1 % and 37.8 %, respectively. Bone marrow aspiration was performed in 15, mainly for cytopenia. Secondary dysplastic changes were common. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) was diagnosed in one patient. Six patients were diagnosed as having macrophage activation syndrome (MAS). One patient died due to secondary infections and multiorgan failure despite aggressive treatment. In patients diagnosed early, treatment with steroids and cyclosporine resulted in an excellent response. Thrombotic microangiopathy was detected in two patients. Both were treated successfully with steroids and plasma exchange. Antiphospholipid and anticardiolipin antibodies were positive in 12 and 15 of the patients, respectively. Five developed deep vein thrombosis (DVT), one cerebral sinus thrombosis and one presented with purpura fulminans. They were effectively treated with anticoagulation protocol. Conclusion: Hematological findings should be carefully assessed and treated vigorously to prevent the morbidity and possible mortality.
Hypercoagulability in End-Stage Liver Disease: Prevalence and Its Correlation With Severity of Liver Disease and Portal Vein Thrombosis
Authors: Singhal Ashish , Karachristos Andreas , Bromberg Michael , Daly Ellen , Maloo Manoj , Jain Ashok kumar
Published: April 2012

Contrary to well-recognized bleeding diathesis in chronic liver disease, thrombotic events can occur in these patients due to reduction or loss of synthesis of anticoagulant proteins. Forty-seven consecutive patients with end-stage liver disease (ESLD) were investigated for activity of protein C, protein S, antithrombin, and factor V Leiden mutation. Forty-two (89.4%) patients had low levels of at least 1 while 33 (70.2%) patients were deficient for all anticoagulant proteins studied. Forty-six (97.9%) patients were negative for factor V Leiden mutation. The deficiencies were more marked in hepatitis C virus–positive patients and patients with model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score >15. Six (12.8%) patients had portal vein thrombosis (PVT), and all had diminished protein S activity. In conclusions, deficiency of anticoagulant proteins occur in early phase of chronic liver disease. The severity of deficiency is proportional to the severity of liver disease. Despite the high prevalence of hypercoagulability, the incidence of PVT is low. Further studies with larger cohort of patients are needed to support these conclusions and to study other associated factors.
Spatiotemporal distribution of white matter lesions in relapsing–remitting and secondary progressive multiple sclerosis
Authors: Filli Lukas , Hofstetter Louis , Kuster Pascal , Traud Stefan , Mueller-Lenke Nicole , Naegelin Yvonne , Kappos Ludwig , Gass Achim , Sprenger Till , Nichols Thomas E , Vrenken Hugo , Barkhof Frederik , Polman Chris , Radue Ernst-Wilhelm , Borgwardt Stefan J , Bendfeldt Kerstin
Published: April 2012

Background:

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system. MS lesions show a typical distribution pattern and primarily affect the white matter (WM) in the periventricular zone and in the centrum semiovale.

Objective:

To track lesion development during disease progression, we compared the spatiotemporal distribution patterns of lesions in relapsing–remitting MS (RRMS) and secondary progressive MS (SPMS).

Methods:

We used T1 and T2 weighted MR images of 209 RRMS and 62 SPMS patients acquired on two different 1.5 Tesla MR scanners in two clinical centers followed up for 25 (± 1.7) months. Both cross-sectional and longitudinal differences in lesion distribution between RRMS and SPMS patients were analyzed with lesion probability maps (LPMs) and permutation-based inference.

Results:

MS lesions clustered around the lateral ventricles and in the centrum semiovale. Cross-sectionally, compared to RRMS patients, the SPMS patients showed a significantly higher regional probability of T1 hypointense lesions ( p≤0.03) in the callosal body, the corticospinal tract, and other tracts adjacent to the lateral ventricles, but not of T2 lesions (peak probabilities were RRMS: T1 9%, T2 18%; SPMS: T1 21%, T2 27%). No longitudinal changes of regional T1 and T2 lesion volumes between baseline and follow-up scan were found.

Conclusion:

The results suggest a particular vulnerability to neurodegeneration during disease progression in a number of WM tracts.
Detrimental role of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor in neuromyelitis optica: clinical case and histological evidence
Authors: Jacob Anu , Saadoun Samira , Kitley Joanna , Leite Maria , Palace Jacqueline , Schon Frederick , Papadopoulos Marios C
Published: April 2012

In a recent study, administration of granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) increased neuromyelitis optica (NMO) lesions in mice. Here we report a patient whose first episode of NMO may have been exacerbated by inadvertent administration of G-CSF. Histological examination of brain and spinal cord samples from three other NMO patients revealed markedly increased expression of G-CSF in neurons located in and around the lesions, with little or no expression in multiple sclerosis lesions or normal white matter. Taken together, these cases support a detrimental role for G-CSF in NMO pathogenesis.
MRI-based clinical trials in relapsing–remitting MS: new sample size calculations based on a longitudinal model
Authors: Altman RM , Petkau AJ , Vrecko D , Smith A
Published: April 2012

Background:

Sample sizes for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based clinical trials in multiple sclerosis (MS) generally assume that lesion counts are reasonably described by the negative binomial (NB) model.

Objective:

This study aimed to assess the appropriateness of the NB model for lesion count data and to provide sample sizes for placebo-controlled, MRI-based clinical trials in relapsing–remitting MS using a more realistic model.

Methods:

The fit of the NB model in each arm of five MS clinical trials was assessed using Pearson’s chi-squared statistic. Required sample sizes associated with various tests of treatment effect were estimated by simulating data from a new, longitudinal model for repeated lesion count data on individual patients.

Results:

Evidence ( p < 0.05) against the NB model was found in at least one arm of four of the five trials. If a trial is designed using this model but the resulting clinical data do not follow its assumptions then this trial can be seriously under-powered for assessing differences in mean lesion counts.

Conclusion:

Sample sizes based on the longitudinal model are more realistic and often smaller than those previously reported using the NB model.
Targets and delivery methods for therapeutic angiogenesis in peripheral artery disease
Authors: Ouma Geoffrey O , Jonas Rebecca A , Usman M Haris U , Mohler Emile R
Published: April 2012

Therapeutic angiogenesis utilizing genetic and cellular modalities in the treatment of arterial obstructive diseases continues to evolve. This is, in part, because the mechanism of vasculogenesis, angiogenesis, and arteriogenesis (the three processes by which the body responds to obstruction of large conduit arteries) is a complex process that is still under investigation. To date, the majority of human trials utilizing molecular, genetic, and cellular modalities for therapeutic angiogenesis in the treatment of peripheral artery disease (PAD) have not shown efficacy. Consequently, the current available knowledge is yet to be translated into novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of PAD. The aim of this review is to discuss relevant scientific and clinical advances in therapeutic angiogenesis and their potential application in the treatment of ischemic diseases of the peripheral arteries. Additionally, this review article discusses past and recent developments, such as some unconventional approaches that have the potential to be applied as therapeutic targets. The article also includes advances in the delivery of genetic, cellular, and bioactive endothelial growth factors.
Intellectual property law compliance in Europe: Illegal file sharing and the role of social norms
Authors: Svensson Måns , Larsson Stefan
Published: April 2012

The current study empirically demonstrates the widely discussed gap between copyright law and social norms. Theoretically founded in the sociology of law, the study uses a well-defined concept of norms to quantitatively measure changes in the strength of social norms before and after the implementation of legislation. The ‘IPRED law’ was implemented in Sweden on 1 April 2009, as a result of the EU IPR Enforcement Directive 2004/48/EC. It aims at enforcing copyright, as well as other IP rights, when they are violated, especially online. A survey was conducted three months before the IPRED law came into force, and it was repeated six months later. The approximately one thousand respondents between fifteen and twenty-five years-of-age showed, among other things, that although actual file-sharing behaviour had to some extent decreased in frequency, social norms remained unaffected by the law.
Experimental realisation of predefined diesel combustion processes using advanced closed-loop combustion control and injection rate shaping
Authors: Hinkelbein Jan , Kremer Florian , Lamping Matthias , Körfer Thomas , Schaub Joschka , Pischinger Stefan
Published: April 2012

In this paper, a combustion control algorithm is presented that, in combination with rate shaping, allows closed-loop control of a cylinder pressure trace. Given this system, it is possible to control the behaviour of the entire combustion process. The paper starts with an explanation of the control algorithm that was developed based on iterative learning control. Consequently, the so-called α-process, which comprises a constant pressure rise, is presented as an example of the additional degrees of freedom gained. Based on the exact analysis of experimental results and combustion simulations, the effects of a peak pressure limitation on the emission behaviour of a single-cylinder engine powered by an α-process are analysed in detail. The capability of the developed control system to isolate certain effects of ideal combustion processes gives a wide range of possible further investigations. However, for practical applications, the use of injection rate shaping is coupled with high hardware costs. Therefore, an additional concept study regarding the possible realisation of the developed control system with a conventional common-rail injector is presented. In this study, it is shown that injectors without rate-shaping capabilities are able to solve the feedback control problem through multiple injection strategies.
Experimental investigation of the impact of post-injection on emissions, combustion and lubricant dilution in a diesel engine with B20 fuel
Authors: Ye Peng , Prabhakar Bhaskar , Boehman André L
Published: April 2012

A 100 hour (h) engine experiment was conducted to investigate the impact of post-injection strategy on emissions, combustion and lubricant dilution with a common-rail turbocharged direct-injection diesel engine at moderate speed and low load. The fuel was a B20 v/v blend of a soybean methyl ester-based biodiesel and ultra low sulfur diesel. The impacts of post-injection on engine performance and emissions were investigated. The total acid number of the lubricant, the engine mechanical friction mean effective pressure and hydrocarbon components in both the exhaust gases and the used lubricant were analyzed. The variations of engine performance strongly depended on the timing of the post-injection. The key parameter that controlled the combustion process of post-injected fuel at late crank angle (later than 40° after top dead center) was found to be the cylinder temperature at which the post-injected fuel was about to ignite. The bulk cylinder temperature threshold was confirmed to be 1500 K, below which a rapid combustion of injected fuel was not observed. The vaporized components of the post-injected fuel were found to contribute the majority of the significantly increased unburned hydrocarbon emissions with the post-injection strategy. Furthermore, these unburned hydrocarbons were also found to be the primary source for lubricant dilution.
Osteoprotegerin, leptin and IL-6: Association with silent myocardial ischemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Guzel Savas , Seven Arzu , Kocaoglu Ali , Ilk Banu , Guzel Eda C , Saracoglu Gamze V , Celebi Aslan
Published: April 2012

Background:

Diabetic patients often exhibit severe, asymptomatic coronary artery disease (CAD). The relationship between osteoprotegerin (OPG), inflammatory markers and silent myocardial ischemia remains to be elucidated.

Methods:

We recruited 45 type 2 diabetic patients and 33 healthy controls and assessed them for silent myocardial ischemia (SMI) by myocardial perfusion imaging. Patient blood was tested for OPG, IL-6 and leptin concentrations.

Results:

OPG, leptin and IL-6 levels were found significantly elevated in diabetic patients ( p < 0.001, p < 0.01, p < 0.05). Based on our classification of presence/absence of SMI in our diabetic group, we found that there was a significant association between SMI and the biomarkers IL-6 ( p < 0.001), leptin ( p < 0.001) and OPG ( p < 0.05). In multivariate regression analyses, OPG was found to be significantly related to diabetes mellitus and to SMI. Age, sex and smoking increased the association between OPG and SMI.

Conclusion:

High OPG, leptin and IL-6 levels are associated with the presence and severity of SMI in type 2 diabetic patients.
Cardioprotective effects of incretin during ischaemia-reperfusion
Authors: Chinda Kroekkiat , Chattipakorn Siriporn , Chattipakorn Nipon
Published: April 2012

Incretin is a gut derived peptide hormone secreted in the intestine after food ingestion, and is degraded rapidly after secretion by dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-4. Incretin-based therapy, such as glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 and the DPP-4 inhibitor, has been proposed as a new therapeutic approach for the treatment of type 2 diabetic patients. In the past few years, growing evidence also demonstrated the cardioprotective effects of incretin-based therapy, especially during ischaemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in both the animal models and in clinical studies. However, inconsistent reports exist regarding the use of these pharmacological interventions. In this article, a comprehensive review regarding both basic and clinical studies reporting the effects of GLP-1 and DPP-4 inhibitors on I/R hearts is presented and discussed. The consistent findings as well as controversial results are summarised, focusing on the effects of incretin on the infarct size, left ventricular function and haemodynamic improvement during an I/R injury.
Standing Center
Authors: Barbour Karen Nicole
Published: April 2012

In this article, I demonstrate an approach to fusing autoethnographic writing and solo dance performance, advocating for a place for the female performer to stand as creative practitioner and researcher. While contemporary ethnographers and autoethnographers have actively engaged with issues of methodology and representational forms, and have gained some recognition within qualitative research communities, artists engaged in contemporary performance research still struggle for acknowledgement of the methodological rigor and representational innovation in their work. As in other art forms, dance artists have distinct bodies of knowledge, unique methods specific to dance, and diverse embodied and representational options for sharing knowledge. Referring to creative processes utilized in developing a particular solo dance performance, I weave together descriptions of movement activities undertaken to enhance awareness, literature on human developmental movement and on performance ethnography and excerpts of creative writing. To represent my dancing in this article, I include images from the solo performance. In this weaving I offer a partial representation of embodied ways of knowing and make a call to qualitative researchers to reconnect with their own beginnings – to return home.
Predicting Current Memory With the Modified Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status
Authors: Duff Kevin , Dennett Kathryn , Tometich Danielle
Published: April 2012

The modified Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status (mTICS) is a commonly used screening tool for categorizing mental status of older adults. Recently, prediction equations have been developed to estimate performance on an in-person memory composite based on the mTICS; however, these equations need validation. The current study compared predicted memory functioning based on these equations with observed memory functioning in 101 community-dwelling older adults. Observed and predicted memory composites were comparable for 2 of 6 equations (mTICS total score and immediate recall item), indicating that these equations adequately predict observed memory scores. The predicted memory composite based on the total score was also most highly correlated with the observed memory composite. These results further validate the mTICS, as well as some of the prediction equations, and continue to point out this measure as an efficient tool for screening of cognitive functioning in later life.
Single-Incision Laparoscopic Splenectomy Versus Conventional Multiport Laparoscopic Splenectomy
Authors: Choi Kang Kook , Kim Min Jung , Park Hyojun , Choi Dong Wook , Choi Seong Ho , Heo Jin Seok
Published: April 2012

Background. The authors report their experience with single-incision laparoscopic splenectomy (SLS) and compare postoperative outcomes of conventional multiport laparoscopic splenectomy (MLS) with SLS in patients with spleen sizes ≤15cm. Methods. Demographic, intraoperative, and postoperative data were analyzed retrospectively and compared between patients who underwent MLS from June 20, 2006, to July 9, 2009 (MLS group, 18 patients) and those who underwent SLS from July 28, 2009, to November 2, 2010 (SLS group, 16 patients). Results. Blood loss was significantly greater in the SLS group than in the MLS group (206.25 ± 142.45 vs 111.11 ± 99.58 mL, respectively; P = .047). The Numeric Pain Rating Scale in the SLS group was significantly lower than in the MLS group (3.81 ± 0.91 vs 4.56 ± 1.29, respectively; P = .041). There were no significant differences between the groups for other variables. Conclusions. SLS is a feasible method with good cosmetic benefit and equivalent clinical outcomes as compared with MLS.
Three-dimensional deformity analysis of malunited distal radius fractures and their influence on wrist and forearm motion
Authors: Miyake J. , Murase T. , Yamanaka Y. , Moritomo H. , Sugamoto K. , Yoshikawa H.
Published: April 2012

Little information exists about three-dimensional (3-D) deformity patterns of malunited distal radius fractures including axial deformity. The current study aimed to clarify the 3-D deformity pattern of malunited distal radius fractures and reveal the influence of osseous deformities, including axial rotation deformity, on wrist and forearm motion. The deformity of 20 dorsally tilted malunions were evaluated using 3-D computer models created from CT data, and correlations between deformity components and range of motion were assessed. The 3-D deformity analysis showed that axial malalignment in pronation, which showed a correlation with the degree of radial tilt deformity, was very common. A radial tilt deformity of > 5° was observed in only 45% of cases. Although the range of wrist flexion and extension showed a correlation with dorsal tilt deformity, the range of forearm pronation and supination did not correlate with distal radius deformities.
Third party responses to justice failure
Authors: Zhu Luke (Lei) , Martens Jason P. , Aquino Karl
Published: April 2012

We propose a model that explores the consequences of justice failure. We conceptualize justice failure as a threat to meaning and suggest belief in a just world and justice climate as two moderators for the proposed relationship. We propose that individuals react to justice failure by engaging in fluid compensation and that third parties are more likely than victims of justice failure to engage in this process. We further propose that identity influences individuals’ reaction to justice failure such that individuals high in moral identity are more likely to affirm their moral domain than other domains. As a result of fluid compensation, we finally propose that individuals who affirm their moral domain are (a) more likely to act morally and less likely to act immorally (b) more punitive towards others who violate social norms and (c) more supportive of corporate social responsibility programs. Implications and future research directions are discussed.
Writing good theory
Authors: Shalley Christina E.
Published: April 2012

What makes good theory is a question that has been asked and answered many times. This piece discusses why this is always an important issue to consider, and why one might decide to devote time and energy to writing conceptual analyses. This paper is primarily focused on what would be considered good theory for conceptual research and meta-analyses. In addition, different aspects to consider when judging a conceptual analysis as to whether it presents a sufficient, novel theoretical contribution are discussed. Finally, issues to take into account when striving to develop and build good theory are highlighted.
Effects of pin diameter on microstructures and mechanical properties of friction stir spot welded AZ31B magnesium alloy joints
Authors: Shen J , Wang D , Liu K
Published: April 2012

The effects of pin diameter on the microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir spot welded AZ31B magnesium alloy joints were investigated using microstructural observations, tensile tests and microhardness tests. The results showed that with an increase in the pin diameter, the height and width of the curved interface in the friction stir spot welded AZ31B magnesium alloy joints increased because of the strong effect of stirring and high temperature obtained when large sized pins were adopted. An increase in the pin diameter led to the coarsening of α-Mg grains in the stir zone, thermomechanical affected zone and heat affected zone because of heat generation, resulting in the decrease in microhardness of stir zone, thermomechanical affected zone and heat affected zone. The tensile shear force of the friction stir spot welded AZ31B magnesium alloy joints increased with the increase in pin diameter because the height and width of the curved interface dominated the failure of the specimens.
Epigenetic reprogramming reverses the relapse-specific gene expression signature and restores chemosensitivity in childhood B-lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Bhatla Teena , Wang Jinhua , Morrison Debra J. , Raetz Elizabeth A. , Burke Michael J. , Brown Patrick , Carroll William L.
Published: April 2012

Whereas the improvement in outcome for children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia has been gratifying, the poor outcome of patients who relapse warrants novel treatment approaches. Previously, we identified a characteristic relapse-specific gene expression and methylation signature associated with chemoresistance using a large cohort of matched-diagnosis relapse samples. We hypothesized that “reversing” such a signature might restore chemosensitivity. In the present study, we demonstrate that the histone deacetylase inhibitor vorinostat not only reprograms the aberrant gene expression profile of relapsed blasts by epigenetic mechanisms, but is also synergistic when applied before chemotherapy in primary patient samples and leukemia cell lines. Furthermore, incorporation of the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor decitabine led to reexpression of genes shown to be preferentially methylated and silenced at relapse. Combination pretreatment with vorinostat and decitabine resulted in even greater cytotoxicity compared with each agent individually with chemotherapy. Our results indicate that acquisition of chemo-resistance at relapse may be driven in part by epigenetic mechanisms. Incorporation of these targeted epigenetic agents to the standard chemotherapy backbone is a promising approach to the treatment of relapsed pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
TBL1XR1/TP63: a novel recurrent gene fusion in B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Authors: Scott David W. , Mungall Karen L. , Ben-Neriah Susana , Rogic Sanja , Morin Ryan D. , Slack Graham W. , Tan King L. , Chan Fong Chun , Lim Raymond S. , Connors Joseph M. , Marra Marco A. , Mungall Andrew J. , Steidl Christian , Gascoyne Randy D.
Published: April 2012

Recently, the landscape of single base mutations in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) was described. Here we report the discovery of a gene fusion between TBL1XR1 and TP63, the only recurrent somatic novel gene fusion identified in our analysis of transcriptome data from 96 DLBCL cases. Based on this cohort and a further 157 DLBCL cases analyzed by FISH, the incidence in de novo germinal center B cell–like (GCB) DLBCL is 5% (6 of 115). The fusion appears exclusive to GCB and was not seen in 138 non-GCB cases examined (P = .008, Fisher exact test) but was present at low incidence in follicular lymphoma (1 of 81). In all 7 cases identified, the 3′ end of the fusion consists of exons 4 and onwards of TP63. The recurrence, subtype enrichment, and the remarkably conserved nature of the TP63 portion of the fusion suggest an important functional role in the lymphomas that harbor this event.
Selectivity by host plants affects the distribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: evidence from ITS rDNA sequence metadata
Authors: Yang Haishui , Zang Yanyan , Yuan Yongge , Tang Jianjun , Chen Xin
Published: April 2012

Background

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can form obligate symbioses with the vast majority of land plants, and AMF distribution patterns have received increasing attention from researchers. At the local scale, the distribution of AMF is well documented. Studies at large scales, however, are limited because intensive sampling is difficult. Here, we used ITS rDNA sequence metadata obtained from public databases to study the distribution of AMF at continental and global scales. We also used these sequence metadata to investigate whether host plant is the main factor that affects the distribution of AMF at large scales.

Results

We defined 305 ITS virtual taxa (ITS-VTs) among all sequences of the Glomeromycota by using a comprehensive maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis. Each host taxonomic order averaged about 53% specific ITS-VTs, and approximately 60% of the ITS-VTs were host specific. Those ITS-VTs with wide host range showed wide geographic distribution. Most ITS-VTs occurred in only one type of host functional group. The distributions of most ITS-VTs were limited across ecosystem, across continent, across biogeographical realm, and across climatic zone. Non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis (NMDS) showed that AMF community composition differed among functional groups of hosts, and among ecosystem, continent, biogeographical realm, and climatic zone. The Mantel test showed that AMF community composition was significantly correlated with plant community composition among ecosystem, among continent, among biogeographical realm, and among climatic zone. The structural equation modeling (SEM) showed that the effects of ecosystem, continent, biogeographical realm, and climatic zone were mainly indirect on AMF distribution, but plant had strongly direct effects on AMF.

Conclusion

The distribution of AMF as indicated by ITS rDNA sequences showed a pattern of high endemism at large scales. This pattern indicates high specificity of AMF for host at different scales (plant taxonomic order and functional group) and high selectivity from host plants for AMF. The effects of ecosystemic, biogeographical, continental and climatic factors on AMF distribution might be mediated by host plants.
Antidepressant-like effects of methanol extract of Hibiscus tiliaceus flowers in mice
Authors: Vanzella Cláudia , Bianchetti Paula , Sbaraini Sabrina , Vanzin Samanta Inês , Melecchi Maria Inês Soares , Caramão Elina Bastos , Siqueira Ionara Rodrigues
Published: April 2012

Background

Hibiscus tiliaceus L. (Malvaceae) is used in postpartum disorders. Our purpose was to examine the antidepressant, anxiolytic and sedative actions of the methanol extract of H. tiliaceus flowers using animal models.

Methods

Adult male Swiss albino mice were treated with saline, standard drugs or methanol extract of H. tiliaceus and then subjected to behavioral tests. The forced swimming and tail suspension tests were used as predictive animal models of antidepressant activity, where the time of immobility was considered. The animals were submitted to the elevated plus-maze and ketamine-induced sleeping time to assess anxiolytic and sedative activities, respectively.

Results

Methanol extract of H. tiliaceus significantly decreased the duration of immobility in both animal models of antidepressant activity, forced swimming and tail suspension tests. This extract did not potentiate the effect of ketamine-induced hypnosis, as determined by the time to onset and duration of sleeping time.

Conclusion

Our results indicate an antidepressant-like profile of action for the extract of Hibiscus tiliaceus without sedative side effect.
Impact of psychological problems in chemical warfare survivors with severe ophthalmologic complication, a cross sectional study
Authors: Ghaedi Gholamhosein , Ghasemi Hassan , Mousavi Batool , Soroush Mohammad Reza , Rahnama Parvin , Jafari Farhad , Afshin-Majd Siamak , Sadeghi Naeeni Maryam , Naghizadeh Mohammad Mehdi
Published: April 2012

Background

Sulfur mustard (SM) has been used as a chemical warfare agent since the early twentieth century. Despite the large number of studies that have investigated SM induced ocular injuries, few of those studies have also focused on the psychological health status of victims. This study has evaluated the most prominent influences on the psychological health status of patients with severe SM induced ocular injuries.

Methods

This descriptive study was conducted on 149 Iranian war veterans with severe SM induced eye injuries. The psychological health status of all patients was assessed using the Iranian standardized Symptom Check List 90-Revised (SCL90-R) questionnaire. The results of patients' Global Severity Index (GSI) were compared with the optimal cut-off point of 0.4 that has previously been calculated for GSI in Iranian community. The Mann-Whitney U test, T tests and effect sizes (using Cohen's d) were employed as statistical methods. Data were analyzed using SPSS software.

Results

The mean age of patients was 44.86 (SD = 8.7) and mean duration of disease was 21.58 (SD = 1.20) years. Rate of exposure was once in 99 (66.4%) cases. The mean GSI (1.46) of the study group was higher compared to standardized cut off point (0.4) of the Iranian community. The results of this study showed that the mean of total GSI score was higher in participants with lower educational levels (effect size = 0.507), unemployment (effect size = 0.464) and having more than 3 children (effect size = 0.62). Among the participants, 87 (58.4%) cases had a positive psychological history for hospitalization or receiving outpatient cares previously and 62 (41.6%) cases had a negative psychological history. In addition, the mean of GSI in participants with negative psychological history was lower than those with positive psychological history (Mean Change Difference = -0.621 with SD = 0.120). There was a significant difference between positive and negative psychological history with respect to GSI (P < 0.001).

Conclusion

The study showed that severe ophthalmologic complications in chemical survivors are accompanied with destructive effects on psychological health status. Appropriate management may improve psychological health status in these patients.
Bending effects of ZnO nanorod metal–semiconductor–metal photodetectors on flexible polyimide substrate
Authors: Chen Tse-Pu , Young Sheng-Joue , Chang Shoou-Jinn , Hsiao Chih-Hung , Hsu Yu-Jung
Published: April 2012

The authors report the fabrication and I-V characteristics of ZnO nanorod metal–semiconductor–metal photodetectors on flexible polyimide substrate. From field-emission scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction spectrum, ZnO nanorods had a (0002) crystal orientation and a wurtzite hexagonal structure. During the I-V and response measurement, the flexible substrates were measured with (i.e., the radius of curvatures was 0.2 cm) and without bending. From I-V results, the dark current decreased, and the UV-to-visible rejection ratio increased slightly in bending situation. The decreasing tendency of the dark current under bending condition may be attributed to the increase of the Schottky barrier height.
Novel therapeutic strategies targeting HIV integrase
Authors: Quashie Peter K , Sloan Richard D , Wainberg Mark A
Published: April 2012

Integration of the viral genome into host cell chromatin is a pivotal and unique step in the replication cycle of retroviruses, including HIV. Inhibiting HIV replication by specifically blocking the viral integrase enzyme that mediates this step is an obvious and attractive therapeutic strategy. After concerted efforts, the first viable integrase inhibitors were developed in the early 2000s, ultimately leading to the clinical licensure of the first integrase strand transfer inhibitor, raltegravir. Similarly structured compounds and derivative second generation integrase strand transfer inhibitors, such as elvitegravir and dolutegravir, are now in various stages of clinical development. Furthermore, other mechanisms aimed at the inhibition of viral integration are being explored in numerous preclinical studies, which include inhibition of 3' processing and chromatin targeting. The development of new clinically useful compounds will be aided by the characterization of the retroviral intasome crystal structure. This review considers the history of the clinical development of HIV integrase inhibitors, the development of antiviral drug resistance and the need for new antiviral compounds.
Sporadic haemangioblastoma of the kidney with rhabdoid features and focal CD10 expression: report of a case and literature review
Authors: Yin Wei-hua , Li Jian , Chan John KC
Published: April 2012

We present here an intriguing case of sporadic renal haemangioblastoma occurring in a 61-year-old male. The tumor consisted of nests of polygonal cells and abundant capillary networks. The neoplastic cells generally showed abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm and prominent eccentric nuclei, resembling the rhabdoid cells. Pronounced intranuclear cytoplasmic pseudoinclusions were another significant feature seen. NSE, a-inhibin and S100 were positive in tumor cells and particularly, focal CD10 expressions were observed. This is possibly the first reported case of a haemangioblastoma showing a rhabdoid phenotype and CD10 immunopositivity. Malignant rhabdoid tumor and renal cell carcinoma with rhabdoid features were probably the most challenging mimics need to be differentiated. The result of focal CD10 staining in our case may further lead to confusion with renal cell carcinoma. To avoid misdiagnosis, more considerations should be attached to the rare neoplasm.

Virtual Slides

The virtual slide(s) for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/1068858553657049
DNA methylation differences at growth related genes correlate with birth weight: a molecular signature linked to developmental origins of adult disease?
Authors: Turan Nahid , Ghalwash Mohamed F , Katari Sunita , Coutifaris Christos , Obradovic Zoran , Sapienza Carmen
Published: April 2012

Background

Infant birth weight is a complex quantitative trait associated with both neonatal and long-term health outcomes. Numerous studies have been published in which candidate genes (IGF1, IGF2, IGF2R, IGFbinding proteins,PHLDA2andPLAGL1) have been associated with birth weight, but these studies are difficult to reproduce in man and large cohort studies are needed due to the large inter individual variance in transcription levels. Also, very little of the trait variance is explained. We decided to identify additional candidates without regard for what is known about the genes. We hypothesize that DNA methylation differences between individuals can serve as markers of gene "expression potential" at growth related genes throughout development and that these differences may correlate with birth weight better than single time point measures of gene expression.

Methods

We performed DNA methylation and transcript profiling on cord blood and placenta from newborns. We then used novel computational approaches to identify genes correlated with birth weight.

Results

We identified 23 genes whose methylation levels explain 70-87% of the variance in birth weight. Six of these (ANGPT4, APOE, CDK2, GRB10, OSBPL5andREG1B) are associated with growth phenotypes in human or mouse models. Gene expression profiling explained a much smaller fraction of variance in birth weight than did DNA methylation. We further show that two genes, the transcriptional repressorMSX1and the growth factor receptor adaptor proteinGRB10, are correlated with transcriptional control of at least seven genes reported to be involved in fetal or placental growth, suggesting that we have identified important networks in growth control.GRB10methylation is also correlated with genes involved in reactive oxygen species signaling, stress signaling and oxygen sensing and more recent data implicateGRB10in insulin signaling.

Conclusions

Single time point measurements of gene expression may reflect many factors unrelated to birth weight, while inter-individual differences in DNA methylation may represent a "molecular fossil record" of differences in birth weight-related gene expression. Finding these "unexpected" pathways may tell us something about the long-term association between low birth weight and adult disease, as well as which genes may be susceptible to environmental effects. These findings increase our understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in human development and disease progression.
Peritonitis Activates Transcription of the Human Prolactin Locus in Myeloid Cells in a Humanized Transgenic Rat Model
Authors: Semprini Sabrina , McNamara Anne V. , Awais Raheela , Featherstone Karen , Harper Claire V. , McNeilly Judith R. , Patist Amanda , Rossi Adriano G. , Dransfield Ian , McNeilly Alan S. , Davis Julian R.E. , White Michael R.H. , Mullins John J.
Published: April 2012

Prolactin (PRL) is mainly expressed in the pituitary in rodents, whereas in humans, expression is observed in many extrapituitary sites, including lymphocytes. Due to the lack of adequate experimental models, the function of locally produced PRL in the immune system is largely unknown. Using transgenic rats that express luciferase under the control of extensive human PRL regulatory regions, we characterized immune cell responses to thioglycollate (TG)-induced peritonitis. Resident populations of myeloid cells in the peritoneal cavity of untreated rats expressed barely detectable levels of luciferase. In contrast, during TG-induced peritonitis, cell-specific expression in both neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages in peritoneal exudates increased dramatically. Elevated luciferase expression was also detectable in peripheral blood and bone marrow CD11b+ cells. Ex vivo stimulation of primary myeloid cells showed activation of the human extrapituitary promoter by TNF-α, lipopolysaccharide, or TG. These findings were confirmed in human peripheral blood monocytes, showing that the transgenic rat provided a faithful model for the human gene. Thus, the resolution of an inflammatory response is associated with dramatic activation of the PRL gene promoter in the myeloid lineage.
Mechanism of Prostacyclin-Induced Potentiation of Glucose-Induced Insulin Secretion
Authors: Gurgul-Convey Ewa , Hanzelka Katarzyna , Lenzen Sigurd
Published: April 2012

Arachidonic acid metabolites are crucial mediators of inflammation in diabetes. Although eicosanoids are established modulators of pancreatic β-cell function, the role of prostacyclin (prostaglandin I2) is unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the role of prostacyclin in β-cell function. Prostacyclin synthase (PGIS) was weakly expressed in rat islet cells but nevertheless significantly increased by incubation with 30 mM glucose, especially in non-β-cells. PGIS was overexpressed in INS1E cells, and the regulation of insulin secretion was analyzed. PGIS overexpression strongly potentiated glucose-induced insulin secretion along with increased insulin content and ATP production. Importantly, overexpression of PGIS potentiated only nutrient-induced insulin secretion. The effect of PGIS overexpression was mediated by prostacyclin released from insulin-secreting cells and dependent on prostacyclin receptor (IP receptor) activation, with concomitant cAMP production. The cAMP-mediated potentiation of glucose-induced insulin secretion by prostacyclin was independent of the protein kinase A pathway but strongly attenuated by the knockdown of the exchange protein directly activated by cAMP 2 (Epac2), pointing to a crucial role for Epac2 in this process. Thus, prostacyclin is a powerful potentiator of glucose-induced insulin secretion. It improves the secretory capacity by inducing insulin biosynthesis and probably by stimulating exocytosis. Our findings open a new therapeutical perspective for an improved treatment of type 2 diabetes.
Else Steinert née Loewenheim (1879–1948): one of Germany's first female specialist ophthalmologists
Authors: Steinberg Holger , Fahrenbach Sabine
Published: April 2012

This study of Else Steinert presents one of the first women in Germany to specialize as an ophthalmologist. Merely tolerated as a guest listener, she conducted most of her studies in Leipzig (1900–1905) and acquired her doctor's licence there. During World War I she worked as assistant at the Ophthalmology Clinic at Leipzig University under Hubert Sattler (1844–1928), but soon thereafter was displaced by her male colleagues returning from the War. Between 1920 and 1937 the young widow and mother of three had a private practice, first in Leipzig and then in Idar-Oberstein, which was one of the first ophthalmology practices to be opened by a female doctor on a national scale. After the Nazis had seized power and she had thus been declared a Jew, her doctor's licence was withdrawn and in this manner she was deprived of her livelihood. To escape being deported to a concentration camp she fled and survived World War II in the countryside of Bavaria. Her MD thesis of 1920, of which only an eight-page abridged version has survived, is a contribution to the debate on the indication and prognosis of Elliot's trepanation for the treatment of glaucoma. Based on her investigations she strongly recommended this operation for all patients with severe glaucoma.
Ludwig Rehn (1849–1930): the German surgeon who performed the worldwide first successful cardiac operation
Authors: Werner Orla J , Sohns Christian , Popov Aron F , Haskamp Jannik , Schmitto Jan D
Published: April 2012

Ludwig Rehn, a German surgeon, performed the worldwide first successful cardiac operation in 1896 when he repaired a stab wound to the heart by direct suture. When he presented his work one year later at a surgical conference this pioneering operation evoked considerable ethical discussion. Rehn's surgical contributions also include carrying out the first thyroidectomy in 1880 and clarifying the causes of cancer in workers in the local aniline factories.
On Maximum Speedup Ratio of Restart Algorithm Portfolios
Authors: Mostovyi Oleksii , Prokopyev Oleg A. , Shylo Oleg V.
Published: April 2012

We discuss two possible parallel strategies for randomized restart algorithms. Given a set of available algorithms, one can either choose the best performing algorithm and run its multiple copies in parallel (single algorithm portfolio) or choose some subset of algorithms to run in parallel (mixed algorithm portfolio). It has been previously shown that the latter approach may provide better results computationally. In this paper, we provide theoretical investigation of the extent of such improvement generalizing some of the known results from the literature. In particular, we estimate the computational value of mixing randomized restart algorithms with different properties. Under some mild assumptions, we prove that in the best case the mixed algorithm portfolio may perform approximately up to 1.58 times faster than the best single algorithm portfolio. We also show that the obtained upper bound is sharp. Furthermore, the constructive proof of the main result allows us to characterize algorithms that are likely to form an effective mixed algorithm portfolio.