bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of changes in the locomotion and histology of sciatic nerve following experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Authors: Chang S. , Wai S. , Chin P. , Lim J. , Mitra N.
Published: December 2017

Introduction: Involvement of peripheral nerves in the experimental model of multiple sclerosis (MS) is rarely observed. The objective of this study was to investigate the changes in the locomotion in a mouse model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and correlate with histological changes, if any, in the sections of sciatic nerve and lumbar part of spinal cord. Material and Methods: C57BL/6 mice (10 weeks, n = 8) were immunized with single subcutaneous injection of 300 μg of MOG35-55 and 200 μL of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) to produce EAE models. Limp tail with weakness of hindlimb was observed on day 10 and improvement in the weakness was observed on day 20 onwards. Footprint analysis was done to evaluate the impairment in the locomotion on day 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 of the experiment. Results: One way repeated measure ANOVA found significant reduction in the mean hindlimb stride length on day 10 and 15 (left) and on day 15 and day 20 (right) when compared to mean stride length in day 0 (p<0.05). Histological analysis showed evidence of macrophage infiltration around the dilated blood vessels in the epineurium of sciatic nerve and evidence of damage in the myelinated white matter of lateral funiculus of the lumbar sections of the spinal cord in EAE mice. Conclusion: It is concluded that in mouse model of EAE, the impairment oflocomotion due to damage in the lumbar part of spinal cord can be associated with inflammatory changes in the sciatic nerve.
Mandibular and maxillary canine as a tool for sex determination
Authors: Mohsenpour K. , Gangadhar M. , Samehsalari S.
Published: December 2017

Introduction: Teeth measurement assist in the forensic and anthropological investigation to estimate age, confirm sex and race of a person. Maximum resistance to change in a natural disaster and also the most level of sexual dimorphism in canines makes them important in mentioned fields. Materials and Methods: During this study, an effort has been created to determine the sex of a person by using Canine Index (CI) which calculated for mandibular and maxillary canines. Mesio-distal (MD) breadth of canines and also the respective inter-canine distances (ICD) were tested using the independent samples t-test revealed significant sex dimorphism among the 100 individuals (50 males and 50 females) of Iranian population in the age group of 18-35 years. Conclusion: It is evident from our study that the maxillary canine index (MaxCI) is a valuable tool for determining sex.
Men and women do not have the same relation between body composition and bone mineral density in Brazilian people
Authors: Alonso A. , Ribeiro T. , Ferreira R. , Duarte R. , Brech G. , Silva L. , Bocalini D. , Peterson M. , Maifrino L. , Greve J.
Published: December 2017

Objectives: The main objective this study was to examine if lean mass and the adiposity related with BMD in a eutrophic population of Brazilian adults, in different sites and gender. Methods: A crossectional observational study, without intervention. One hundred non-obese men and women, aged 20-40 years, who did not practice regular physical activity were evaluated. Body composition analysis was conducted by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and multiple regression was used to examine the sex-specific association between adiposity and lean mass profiles. Results: Even after adjusting for age, sex, and BMI, total fat mass was inversely associated with total BMD (β=-4.52 g/cm2, p<0.01). Lean mass was positively associated with BMD and female groups. In our study the lean mass has a postive effect in BMD for eutrophic Brazilian adults, opposite of adiposity. Although when stratified by gender, in adults women lean mass and adiposity have positive effects on BMD, which did not happen with men.
Simvastatin intolerance genetic determinants: some features in ethnic Uzbek patients with coronary artery disease
Authors: Shek Aleksandr B. , Kurbanov Ravshanbek D. , Abdullaeva Guzal J. , Nagay Aleksandr V. , Hoshimov Shavkat U. , Nizamov Ulugbek I. , Ziyaeva Adolat V. , Alieva Rano B.
Published: December 2017

Introduction:  The objective is to study the influence of CYP3A5 (6986A>G), CYP2C9 (430C>T), CYP2C9 (1075A>C), SLCO1B1 (521T>C) and BCRP (ABCG2, 421C>A) gene polymorphisms on the development of simvastatin intolerance in ethnic Uzbek patients with coronary artery disease (CAD).

Material and methods: The case group contained 50 patients with clinical simvastatin-induced intolerance symptoms; the control group contained 50 patients without side-effects. Genotyping was performed by means of the PCR-RFLP method.

Results: Among 37 patients with simvastatin-induced liver symptoms the *3/*3 genotype of the CYP3A5 gene (p = 0.0001) and variant genotype of the CA BCRP gene were observed more frequently than in the control group

(p = 0.0001). However, when the 13 patients who had statin-associated muscle symptoms (SAMS) were compared with the control group (n = 50), it was found that in the case group the 3*/3* genotype of the CYP3A5 gene (OR = 8.6; 95% CI: 2.1–34.1; p = 0.003) and C allele carriers of the gene polymorphism SLCO1B1 (OR = 3.54; 95% CI: 1.35–9.27; χ² = 5.7; p = 0.017) were predominant.

Conclusions: The *3/*3 genotype of the CYP3A5 (6986A>G) gene and CA genotype of the BCRP (ABCG2, 421C>A) gene were associated with simvastatin-induced liver symptoms in ethnic Uzbek CAD patients, whereas in patients with simvastatin-associated muscle symptoms (SAMS), the combination of *3/*3 genotype of CYP3A5 (6986A> G) and carriage of the C allele of the SLCO1B1 gene polymorphism was predominant.
Emissions databases for polycyclic aromatic compounds in the Canadian Athabasca Oil Sands Region – development using current knowledge and evaluation with passive sampling and air dispersion modelling data
Authors: Qiu Xin , Cheng Irene , Yang Fuquan , Horb Erin , Zhang Leiming , Harner Tom
Published: December 2017

Abstract. Two speciated and spatially-resolved emissions databases for polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAC) in the Athabasca oil sands region (AOSR) were developed. The first database was derived from volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions data provided by the Cumulative Environmental Management Association (CEMA) and the second database was derived from additional data collected within the Joint Canada-Alberta Oil Sands Monitoring (JOSM) program. CALPUFF modelling results for atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), alkylated PAH, and dibenzothiophenes (DBT), obtained using each of the emissions databases, are presented and compared with measurements from a passive air monitoring network. The JOSM-derived emissions resulted in better model-measurement agreement in the total PAH concentrations and for most PAH species concentrations, compared to results using CEMA-derived emissions. At local sites near oil sands mines, the percent error of the model compared to observations decreased from 30 % using the CEMA-derived emissions to 17 % using the JOSM-derived emissions. The improvement at local sites was likely attributed to the inclusion of updated tailings pond emissions estimated from JOSM activities. In either the CEMA-derived or JOSM-derived emissions scenario, the model underestimated PAH concentrations by a factor of 3 at remote locations. Potential reasons for the disagreement include forest fire emissions, re-emissions of previously deposited PAHs, and long-range transport not considered in the model. Alkylated PAH and DBT concentrations were also significantly underestimated. The CALPUFF model is expected to predict higher concentrations because of the limited chemistry and deposition modelling. Thus the model underestimation of PACs is likely due to gaps in the emissions database for these compounds and uncertainties in the methodology for estimating the emissions. Future work is required that focuses on improving the PAC emission estimation and speciation methodologies and reducing the uncertainties in VOC emissions which are subsequently used in PAC emissions estimation.
Sensitivity analysis of a coupled hydrodynamic-vegetation model using the effectively subsampled quadratures method (ESQM v5.2)
Authors: Kalra Tarandeep S. , Aretxabaleta Alfredo , Seshadri Pranay , Ganju Neil K. , Beudin Alexis
Published: December 2017

Abstract. Coastal hydrodynamics can be greatly affected by the presence of submerged aquatic vegetation. The effect of vegetation has been incorporated into the Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere–Wave–Sediment Transport (COAWST) modeling system. The vegetation implementation includes the plant-induced three-dimensional drag, in-canopy wave-induced streaming, and the production of turbulent kinetic energy by the presence of vegetation. In this study, we evaluate the sensitivity of the flow and wave dynamics to vegetation parameters using Sobol' indices and a least squares polynomial approach referred to as the Effective Quadratures method. This method reduces the number of simulations needed for evaluating Sobol' indices and provides a robust, practical, and efficient approach for the parameter sensitivity analysis. The evaluation of Sobol' indices shows that kinetic energy, turbulent kinetic energy, and water level changes are affected by plant stem density, height, and, to a lesser degree, diameter. Wave dissipation is mostly dependent on the variation in plant stem density. Performing sensitivity analyses for the vegetation module in COAWST provides guidance to optimize efforts and reduce exploration of parameter space for future observational and modeling work.
Exploring the Role of the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning in the Context of the Professional Identities of Faculty, Graduate Students, and Staff in Higher Education
Authors: Mathany Clarke , Clow Katie M. , Aspenlieder Erin D
Published: December 2017

Developing an identity as a Scholarship of Teaching and Learning (SoTL) researcher is associated with tensions of expanding on one’s disciplinary identity and often traversing the liminal space between disciplines that result in a newfound perception of professional self. This study explores the differences that emerged in SoTL identity formation among three different groups of researchers. Focus groups of faculty, graduate students, and professional staff who identified as SoTL researchers were conducted at one comprehensive research institution. Using thematic analysis, the differences and similarities for each of these groups in terms of barriers to SoTL identity formation and motivations for developing a SoTL identity are shared. Reflecting on these barriers and opportunities, a variety of implications for practice for Educational Developers are suggested as they look to support the SoTL identity development of researchers at their institutions.
Le développement d’une identité en tant que chercheur en avancement des connaissances en enseignement et en apprentissage (ACEA) est associé à des tensions d’expansion de l’identité disciplinaire et consiste souvent à traverser l’espace liminal entre les disciplines qui aboutit à une perception nouvelle de son soi professionnel. Cette étude explore les différences qui émergent lors de la formation de l’identité en ACEA parmi trois groupes différents de chercheurs. Des groupes de discussion de professeurs, d’étudiants de cycle supérieur et de personnel professionnel qui s’identifient comme chercheurs en ACEA ont été organisés dans un établissement de recherche complète. L’analyse thématique a permis de mettre à jour les différences et les similarités parmi chacun de ces groupes en termes d’entraves à la formation d’une identité en ACEA, ainsi que les motivations nécessaires au développement d’une identité en ACEA. La réflexion sur ces entraves et sur les opportunités permet de suggérer une variété d’implications pour la pratique des conseillers pédagogiques quand ceux-ci sont à la recherche de soutien pour le développement de l’identité en ACEA des chercheurs dans leurs établissements respectifs.
SoTL Research Fellows: Collaborative Pathfinding through Uncertain Terrain
Authors: Marquis Elizabeth , Holmes Trevor , Apostolou Konstantinos , Centea Dan , Cockcroft Robert , Knorr Kris , Maclachlan John C , Monteiro Sandra D , Karamanis Theomary
Published: December 2017

From 2014-2016, Scholarship of Teaching and Learning (SoTL) Research Fellows at a mid-sized Canadian research-intensive, medical-doctoral university undertook to study their own formation as scholars of teaching and learning, as well as benefits and challenges of their cross-appointment to our central teaching and learning institute from their home academic departments. Findings from surveys and focus groups identified themes such as identity, community, access, transfer, and structural elements (each with benefits and challenges to practice). Our autoethnographic work confirms assertions in the literature about the uneasy relation between SoTL and traditional scholarship, while also bearing out the need for departmental support, and for key interventions along the path from novice to practitioner identity. Some discussion of the ambassador or translator role that can flow from such arrangements is included.
De 2014 à 2016, les chercheurs en Avancement des connaissances en enseignement et en apprentissage (ACEA) d’une université canadienne médicale-doctorale de taille moyenne ayant un coefficient de recherche élevé ont entrepris une étude portant sur leur propre formation en tant que chercheurs érudits en matière d’enseignement et d’apprentissage, ainsi que sur les avantages et les défis de leur nomination conjointe à notre institut central d’enseignement et d’apprentissage tout en enseignant dans leur propre département universitaire. Les résultats des sondages et des groupes de discussion ont permis d’identifier certains thèmes tels que l’identité, la communauté, l’accès, le transfert, ainsi que des éléments structuraux (chacun présentant des avantages et des défis concernant la pratique). Notre travail autoethnographique confirme les assertions présentes dans la documentation existante concernant la relation difficile qui existe entre l’ACEA et la recherche traditionnelle, tout en tenant compte de la nécessité du soutien départemental ainsi que pour les interventions clés sur la voie qui consiste à passer de l’identité de novice à celle de praticien. L’article contient également des discussions sur le rôle d’ambassadeur ou de traducteur qui peut découler de tels arrangements.
A CONCEPÇÃO DE EDUCAÇÃO DO CAMPO NO CONTEXTO DO MOVIMENTO DOS TRABALHADORES RURAIS SEM TERRA (MST)
Authors: Bicalho Ramofly
Published: December 2017

O presente artigo é fruto das pesquisas realizadas em educação do campo na sua estreita articulação com os movimentos sociais, tendo a colaboração do Programa Institucional de Bolsa de Iniciação Científica (PIBIC / CNPq) e do Programa de Educação Tutorial – PET Educação do Campo e Movimentos Sociais, ambos na Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ). Tem como objetivo central apresentar reflexões realizadas nos últimos anos acerca da concepção de educação do campo no contexto do Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra (MST), a formação dos educadores e sua participação, enquanto seres históricos e culturais. Utilizamos, predominantemente, a pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, em especial, o Caderno de Educação n° 8 – Princípios da Educação no MST. Concluímos que a educação do campo, enquanto práxis libertadora, é utilizada no processo de compreensão das lutas e demandas educacionais defendida pelo MST. Ela dialoga com os gestos, desejos, valores e luta pela terra.
Conflict of Interest in Institutional Arrangement and Apparatus Placement Resource of Regional Expansion in Indonesia
Authors: - Suraji , Embi Muhammad Ali
Published: December 2017

This study aims to describe, analyze and assess exhaustively the implementation of institutional arrangement and the placement of local apparatus resources in the expansion area as well as the conflict of interest in the arrangement of regional institutions and placement of local apparatus resources and settlement of conflict of interest in regional institutions arrangement and the placement of local apparatus resources in the expansion area Pangandaran District. This study applies case study approach as qualitative method by interviewing eight participants (see Appendix 1) that are involved in regional expansion from various occupations. The gap of this study is the existence of the conflict of interest in the institutional arrangement and apparatus placement resource in the new regional expansion. This study found that there is a conflict association that caused the lack of development in regional expansion. The resolutions were as follows: (a) Establishment of a joint forum on a regular basis between the regent, council presidium and community leaders to discuss the plan and program areas. (B) The Regent accommodates the council presidium proposal, and put the appropriate and qualified officials. (C) Improve the performance of the region and increase cooperation in order to avoid misunderstanding by the local governments. Theoretically, this study is hoped could strengthen the conflict theory in the new district of regional expansion. On the other hand, the government’s role is hoped in arranging and managing the institution as well as apparatus resource in regional expansion by inventing the laws and policies to execute it.
Comparative study between the hemocytometric and spectrophotometric methods for measuring the sperm concentration of young Nelore bulls
Authors: Cardeal Cléber , Alberton Luiz Romulo , Boscarato André Giarola , Rocha Mirelly Vitalina , Marchetti Lucas Giovanni Lima , Macedo Gustavo Guerino , Lourenço Emerson Luiz Botelho , Martins Leonardo Franco
Published: December 2017

Determination of sperm concentration using the Neubauer chamber (hemocytometric method) is a direct method for counting cells and also the most reliable. However, the process is time-consuming rendering it the least practical method when large numbers of ejaculates need to be processed. The spectrophotometer measures sperm concentrations as optical density and its main advantages are practicality and speed. This paper aimed to compare the results between evaluators using the hemocytometric method and the spectrophotometer for measuring sperm concentrations in young Nelore bulls. In total, 73 ejaculations from 20 young Nelore bulls were collected by electroejaculation. After soundness examination, 10 µL of the semen was diluted in 2 mL saline formaldehyde for measuring the sperm concentration per mL by the hemocytometric method (measured by three different evaluators) and the spectrophotometer method at 550 nm wavelength. No differences were detected in the results of sperm concentration measurements per mL among the evaluators using the hemocytometric method and the spectrophotometer (P > 0.05). The intraclass correlation was high (0.9), showing high replicability among the evaluator measurements. These results demonstrate that measurements performed using the spectrophotometer are reliable and can substitute the hemocytometric method in future for performing sperm concentration measurements in young Nelore bulls, thus improving and standardizing the techniques used in andrology laboratories.
Ex vivo and in vivo study of Kowa HA-2 applanation tonometer in the measurement of intraocular pressure in cats
Authors: Ricci Claudia Lizandra , Giuffrida Rogério , Kanashiro Glaucia Prada , Belezzi Hilidia Stephania Rufino , Bacarin Carolina De Carvalho , Tenório Michele Paulo , Foglia Bruna Toledo Duran , Andrade Silvia Franco
Published: December 2017

The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of the Kowa HA-2 applanation tonometer in measuring intraocular pressure (IOP) in cats. Ten healthy eyes were used in an ex vivo study in which the calibration curve for manometry vs. tonometry was determined by artificially raising the IOP in 5 mmHg increments up to 60 mmHg (10-60 mmHg). Both eyes of 10 anesthetized cats were studiedin vivo to compare manometry vs. tonometry. In the ambulatory study, 78 healthy eyes, 7 eyes with glaucoma and 20 eyes with uveitis were evaluated by tonometry, which was performed with topical anesthesia and 1% fluorescein eye drops for the formation of fluorescein semicircles. The correlation coefficient (r²) between the manometer and the Kowa HA-2 tonometer was 0.993 and the linear regression equation was y = 0.0915x + 0.0878 in the ex-vivo study. In the in vivo study, the IOP values (mean±SD, in mmHg) in manometry were 15.6 ± 1.1(14.0 – 17.5) and in tonometry were 15.5 ± 1.2(13.5 – 17.2), with no significant difference (P > 0.05) between manometry and tonometry. In ambulatory study, using the Kowa HA-2 tonometer, the IOP values (mean±SD, in mmHg) were 15.0 ± 1.5 (11.8 – 18.3) for the healthy eyes, 38.4 ± 8.1(29.6 – 53.7) for glaucomatous eyes and 10.4 ± 2.0(5.3 – 12.2) for eyes with uveitis. There was a strong correlation and accuracy between the IOP values with the manometry and the Kowa HA-2 tonometer. In the ambulatorystudy the IOP values obtained with the tonometer were compatible for animals with healthy eyes and with clinical signs of glaucoma and uveitis. We conclude that the Kowa HA-2 tonometer can be used in the measurement of IOP in cats, since it is a practical and accurate method in this species.
Chemical control of signalgrass in alfalfa crops
Authors: Dias Renan Coelho , Santos Márcia Vitória , Oliveira Fabiana Lopes Ramos de , Ferreira Evander Alves , Santos José Barbosa dos , Rodrigues Bárbara Martins , Martins Cézar Augusto
Published: December 2017

The use of herbicides to control grass in Medicago sativa (alfalfa) pastures is still incipient. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of fluazifop-p-butyl in the control of Brachiaria decumbens (signalgrass) in alfalfa. Thus, randomized block design was used, with seven doses of fluazifop-p-butyl (0, 25, 50, 100, 200, 300, 400 g ha-1), and four replications. Herbicide application was performed when the plants had about 20 cm height. Chlorophyll fluorescence, control of signalgrass and alfalfa toxicity were evaluated at 7, 15 e 30 days after application (DAA) and, at 45 DAA and 45 days after cut (DAC), both species were cut and tiller density, as well as branches and dry matter of forage species, were determined. Fluazifop-p-butyl does not affect the integrity of the photosynthetic apparatus of alfalfa plants, due to high tolerance to this mechanism of action presented by dicotyledonous species. However, signalgrass had physiological variables negatively affected by the herbicide, indicating the presence of physiological stress, even at the lowest doses of the product. The dose of 50 g ha-1 of fluazifop-p-butyl is effective in controlling signalgrass, without causing physiological and growth damage in alfalfa plants.
Blood testosterone level and growth of castrated, uncastrated, and cryptorchid lambs
Authors: Costa Pablo Tavares , Mendonça Gilson De , Costa Rômulo Tavares , Feijó Fernanda Dornelles , Bogacki Neto Antonio Wrubleski , Martins Mateus San
Published: December 2017

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of sexual status on blood testosterone levels and its influence on lamb growth. A total of 49 Texel x Corriedale males, originating of single births, were divided into three groups: uncastrated (n = 16), castrated (n = 17) and cryptorchid (n = 16), in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, in extensive natural pasture, with feed supplementation after weaning. The effect of the sexual status was examined by analysis of variance. Uncastrated and castrated lambs showed higher body weight, thoracic perimeter, and body compactness between the 35th and 203th day of age. Uncastrated lambs had mean weight higher than cryptorchid lambs over the whole period. Cryptorchid lambs had an average weight gain greater than castrated lambs between the 203rd and 259th days. Castrated lambs had a higher body condition score on the 147th day than the cryptorchid lambs, and on the 175th and 203rd days than uncastrated and cryptorchid lambs. Blood testosterone concentrations were higher in the uncastrated and cryptorchid lambs on the 203rd and 231st days and in the overall mean. The findings of this study showed that, with advancing age, the sexual status affects the testosterone production, not showing differences regarding growth at young ages.
Contribution of basal and aerial tillers to forage production dynamics in Tifton-85 bermudagrass irrigated with fishpond wastewater and fertilized with NPK
Authors: Almeida Bruno Augusto De Souza , Mistura Claudio , Nunes Timóteo Silva dos Santos , Borges Rodrigo Oliveira , Queiroz Mário Adriano Ávila , Oliveira Gilmara Moreira de , Araújo Eder Jofry Benevides , Ferreira Filho Pedro Alves
Published: December 2017

This paper aims to assess the contribution of basal and aerial tillers to structural and productive characteristics of Tifton 85 bermudagrass, irrigated with fish tank wastewaters and fertilized with NPK. The experiment was conducted in the city of Petrolina-PE, Northeastern Brazil. The evaluated area had 960 m2 subdivided into five treatments and ten replicates, in a completely randomized design. Treatments consisted of different fertilization rates of NPK (0, 33, 67, 100, and 150%) as recommended by the Handbook of Fertilization Recommendations for the State of Pernambuco, and based on a prior soil analysis. Irrigation water came from fishponds with Nile Tilapia fingerlings. The experiment was divided into four intervals of 27, 29, 18, and 21 days respective to the first, second, third, and fourth cuts. Both tiller types were analyzed for number of individuals, culm length and diameter, fully- and partially-expanded leaves, leaf length and width (fully or partially expanded), dry mass of leaves (fully and partially expanded and total), culm, dead tissue, and total tiller, and the ratio of leaf and culm. Both structural and productive characteristics showed a linear growth trend for both types, with emphasis on the basal tillers. Thus, a suitable supply of nutrients is crucial for grasses, mainly NPK, as these are macronutrients of vital importance in physiological processes. In addition to the nutrients supplied via fish farming wastewater, fertilization with 150% of the recommended amount of NPK promoted a greater structural development of the tillers, increasing their productivity levels.
Productivity and the presence of mycotoxins in oats, wheat, and triticale subjected to grazing
Authors: Taffarel Loreno Egidio , Oliveira Paulo Sérgio Rabello de , Piano Jeferson Tiago , Costa Patricia Barcellos , Mesquita Eduardo Eustáquio , Costa Poliana Ferreira da , Castagnara Deise Dalazen , Horn Marcelina Bottoni , Oliveira Elir De
Published: December 2017

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of grazing on the agronomic characteristics, grain yield, and presence of the mycotoxins aflatoxins, fumonisins, and zearalenone in IPR 126 oat, BRS Tarumã wheat, and IPR 111 triticale. This study was performed from April 24, 2012 to November 11, 2013 at UNIOESTE’s Experimental Farm in southern Brazil. The experimental design was a randomized block in a banded scheme, with four replications. The treatments in the A tracks were the three crops and the B tracks, the treatments: without grazing, one grazing event, or two grazing events. One grazing reduced the productivity of oat by 42.48% and triticale by 28.09% and increased wheat productivity by 24.89%. Two grazings reduced oat productivity by 54.14%, wheat by 40.96%, and triticale by 54.69%. Crops subjected to two grazings should be used for dry matter production for ground cover or partially used for silage when the plant is in the pasty or semi-hard grain stage, as grazing affects the agronomic characteristics and grain yield. The BRS Tarumã wheat, when used in crop-livestock integration systems, should be grazed only once due to increased productivity, while IPR 126 oat and IPR 111 triticale should not be grazed in crop-livestock integration systems for commercial production of grain. Oats from grazed plants should not be added to feeds of poultry in the early stage or pigs in the early and growth stages due to the higher levels of aflatoxins, fumonisins, and zearalenone. Grazing of winter crops increases the length of the crop cycle and grain formation will occur under climatic conditions favorable to the mycotoxins. Therefore, when grains are intended for human consumption, grazing is not recommended, as it increases the possibility of aflatoxins, fumonisins, and zearalenone at levels above the maximum tolerable levels permitted by law. These grains should be supplied to animals only after analysis of the mycotoxin levels present in the grains.
Forage production from fine branches and sprouts of native maniçoba
Authors: Rangel João Alberto Ferreira , Bakke Olaf Andreas , Silva José Evanaldo Rangel da , Rangel Izabela Souza Lopes
Published: December 2017

The growth and forage production of Manihot glaziovii were evaluated in plants growing in Itapetim-PE, Brazil via a complete block experimental design with four treatments (0, 33, 50, and 100% branch cutting intensity) to analyze increases in height and diameter. Furthermore, 3×2 factorial treatments (three branch cutting intensities: 33, 50, and 100% as well as two types of collected forage material: Branches with diameter < 10 mm and corresponding sprouts on the same branches 1 year after being cut) were analyzed for improvement in forage quantity and quality parameters. Height increase was affected (P < 0.05) by branch cutting intensity (0.29, 0.11, 0.43, and -0.04 m plant-1, respectively, for 0, 33, 50, and 100% branch cutting intensities), while the increase in diameter was not affected (P > 0.05) (3.97 mm plant-1 was the overall mean increase). Cutting intensity×type of collected material, in combination, affected (P < 0.05) the quantity of the collected forage: means were considered similar (P > 0.05) in the first (branches) and second (sprouts) forage collection events for 33% (0.66 and 0.75 kg dry matter plant-1, respectively) and 50% (1.40 and 1.73 kg dry matter plant-1, respectively) cutting intensities; it decreased (P < 0.05) from the first to the second collection events, when 100% of branches and sprouts were harvested (3.37 and 2.06 kg dry matter plant-1, respectively). The combined effects of aforementioned parameters were observed (P < 0.05) as interactions for some forage quality variables. Neutral detergent fiber content remained constant (P > 0.05) between 50.57 and 54.41% in forage containing branch and sprouts from 33 and 50% cutting intensities. It increased (P < 0.05) to 62.20% in sprouts from 100% cutting intensity. Acid detergent fiber content increased (P < 0.05) from around 38.4% to 46.63% in sprouts from plants subjected to 100% cutting intensity. The crude protein (between 8.72 and 10.08%) and ether extract (between 2.74 and 4.35%) contents were unaffected (P > 0.05) by these factors. Mineral matter content was higher (P < 0.05) in sprouts from all cutting intensities with 5.9% being the highest. Up to 50% of Manihot glaziovii branches with Ø < 10 mm and corresponding 1-year-old sprouts can be pruned with no negative effect on the quality and quantity (up to 1.73 kg dry matter plant-1) of the collected forage.
Agronomic characteristics and nutritive value of elephant grass clones managed under rotational stocking during the dry period
Authors: Morenz Danilo Antonio , Morenz Mirton José Frota , Paciullo Domingos Sávio Campos , Gomide Carlos Augusto De Miranda , Lédo Francisco José da Silva , Lopes Fernando César Ferraz
Published: December 2017

This study aimed to evaluate the agronomic characteristics and nutritional value of two clones of elephant grass (CNPGL 00-1-3 and BRS Kurumi) operating under rotational stocking in the dry season. A completely randomized design with repeated measures (grazing cycles) and three replicates (paddocks) was used. Clones were managed under rotational stocking with a defoliation interval of 24 days and four days of occupation of paddocks, using Holstein x Gyr heifers with mean body weight of 150 kg. The evaluations were conducted in April/May, May/June, June/July and July/August 2010. Green forage mass was influenced by clone and grazing cycle, with higher mean value observed for CNPGL 03-01-00, which was 17% higher than the value observed for BRS Kurumi, and there was decreased of dry mass of green forage with the advance of grazing cycles. Leaf mass was influenced only by grazing cycle, with gradual reduction from the first to the third cycle. However, in fourth cycle was increase in biomass of leaves, which did not differ from that observed in the second cycle. There was interaction for dry matter production of stem, being observed differences in the first and third cycles for the clones. There was no effect of the factors studied for the production of senescent material. The leaf:stem ratio was influenced by grazing cycles, with interaction of the factors studied. The clone BRS Kurumi kept the leaf:stem ratio stable over the cycles, while clone CNPGL 1-3-00 presented a decrease in leaf:stem ratio from first until to third cycle. The content of crude protein (PB) was not influenced by the factors studied, with average values of 15.3% and 15.8% PB for the CNPGL 00-1-3 and BRS Kurumi clones. Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and the in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) were affected only by grazing cycles. The highest values of NDF were observed in the three first grazing cycles, with values of 55.5%, 56.0% and 55.7% from the first to the third grazing cycle, respectively, while in the fourth cycle was obtained the value of 50.5%. There was a decrease in the IVDMD until the third cycle. In the fourth cycle the IVDMD values were similar to the first cycle. The clones did not differ in relation to biomass production, morphological composition and nutritional value, during the dry season.
Standardized ileal digestible lysine in diets for pigs fed ractopamine in commercial production system
Authors: Saraiva Alysson , Donzele Juarez Lopes , Silva Bruno Alexander Nunes , Dutra Júnior Wilson Moreira , Detmann Edenio , Rocha Gabriel Cipriano
Published: December 2017

Two consecutive experiments were conducted using 480 pigs each with six replicate pens per treatment and 10 pigs per pen to evaluate the effect of standardized ileal digestible (SID) Lys (0.81, 0.91, 1.01, and 1.11%) in diets containing ractopamine (RAC; 10 or 20 mg kg-1) on growth and carcass traits of barrows in a commercial production system. There were no effects of either RAC levels or the interaction between RAC and SID Lys levels on any of the performance and carcass variables. No lack of fit was detected in the response surface analysis. From d 0 to 21, there was no effect of SID Lys levels on ADFI. However, as SID Lys increased, there was a linear increase in ADG and G:F. As SID Lys increased, the ADG, G:F, loin depth, and lean percentage improved linearly from d 0 to 28, with no effect on ADFI and backfat thickness. In conclusion, performance and carcass traits of pigs fed RAC (10 or 20 mg kg-1) in a commercial finishing facility are improved by up to 1.11% SID Lys supplementation. There is no additional benefit of feeding 20 mg kg-1 RAC in comparison with 10 mg kg-1 RAC.
Harvest season and seed physiological potential of ‘dedo-de-moça BRS Mari’ hot peppers
Authors: Gomes Gisely Paula , Damasceno Junior Clério Valentin , Costa Denis Santiago da , Queiroz Robison Alesandro de , Baba Viviane Yumi , Takahashi Lúcia Sadayo Assari , Gonçalves Leandro Simões Azeredo
Published: December 2017

The cultivation of chili peppers (Capsicum spp.) plays a key role in the fresh vegetable, condiment, and preserve markets. The determination of the harvest season suitable for seed production is crucial to obtain high-quality seeds and ensure production success. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the harvest season of ‘dedo-de-moça BRS Mari’ hot peppers that provides the maximum seed physiological potential. The flowers in anthesis were labeled daily and the fruits were harvested 25, 40, 55, 70, 85, and 100 days after anthesis (DAA) and classified as green, yellowish green, orange, red, extreme red, and intense red, respectively. The seed physiological potential was determined by using the water content, dry matter, germination, first germination count, germination rate index, and accelerated aging tests. The seed dry matter increased steadily until 55 DAA (3.95 mg per seed), then increased slightly to 70 DAA (4.05 mg per seed), and stabilized from 85 to 100 DAA. The harvested seeds began to germinate at 55 DAA with approximately 40% germination, which peaked at 70 DAA with 87% germination; this value was maintained until 100 DAA. The highest values of the germination rate index were found at 70, 85, and 100 DAA. An increase in seed vigor was observed, based on the accelerated aging test, which peaked at 85 DAA and subsequently decreased. The peppers were harvested between 70 and 85 DAA and red to extreme red were found to be the most recommended colors to obtain ‘dedo-de-moça BRS Mari’ hot pepper seeds with high physiological potential.
Structure of bacterial chromosome: An analysis of DNA-protein interactions in vivo
Authors: Hołówka Joanna , Płachetka Małgorzata
Published: December 2017

According to recent reports, bacterial chromosomes exhibit a hierarchical organization. The number of proteins that bind DNA are responsible for local and global organization of the DNA ensuring proper chromosome compaction. Advanced molecular biology techniques combined with high-throughput DNA sequencing methods allow a precise analysis of bacterial chromosome structures on a local and global scale. Methods such as in vivo footprinting and ChIP-seq allow to map binding sites of analyzed proteins in certain chromosomal regions or along the whole chromosome while analysis of the spatial interactions on global scale could be performed by 3C techniques. Additional insight into complex structures created by chromosome-organizing proteins is provided by high-resolution fluorescence microscopy techniques.
Case study: Monitoring and risk management practices of blue–green algae blooms within the regional municipality of Halton
Authors: Sereshk Ramien , Kuchmak Nicholas
Published: December 2017

Cyanobacteria pose a threat to public health in waters affected by seasonal blooms. There have been sporadic occurrences of cyanobacterial blooms at an increasing number of public beaches in Halton Region, Ontario, Canada. Even though cyanobacteria may not be visibly present, the risk of exposure to cyanotoxins remains and requires consideration for an effective risk management and monitoring program. The objective of this case study is to provide best practices that may aid local Health Departments in setting up a cyanobacteria monitoring program. Public health inspectors are responsible for visual monitoring of public beaches that takes place on a weekly basis while conducting routine surveillance. Currently, when cyanobacteria are visually identified, a beach posting is issued. A complete risk assessment is completed to determine the acceptability of reopening the beach for public use. It is recommended to implement an approach that involves both visual monitoring and toxin testing using a field test kit. For a beach to be considered safe for bathing, surveillance should indicate a visual absence of a bloom and microcystin test results below Health Canada’s recreational water standard of 20 ppb. This case study highlights Halton Region’s response to cyanobacteria blooms in recreational waters in accordance with the prescribed protocol and guidance document.
Measuring Lava Flows With ArcticDEM: Application to the 2012–2013 Eruption of Tolbachik, Kamchatka
Authors: Dai Chunli , Howat Ian M.
Published: December 2017

ArcticDEM is an open‐access collection of high‐resolution (2 m), repeat, digital surface models, created from submeter resolution, stereoscopic satellite imagery, covering the entire Arctic landmass. To demonstrate the application of this powerful new data source for measuring Earth surface change, we measure elevation changes resulting from the 2012–2013 eruption of Tolbachik volcano in Kamchatka, Russia, which reveals detailed variations in lava thickness. We estimate a total lava volume of 0.573 ± 0.007 km3 emplaced over an area of 45.8 km2 at a mean rate of 21 m3/s. Furthermore, the size and timing of eruptions over the past 2,000 years support the hypothesis that the combined eruptions of 1976–77 and 2012–2013 ejected much or all of the magma stored over the previous ~1,000 years, so that a multicentury repose is expected. The approaches developed in this study will guide future, expanded applications of ArcticDEM to mapping terrain change.
Energetic Electron Periodicities During the Cassini Grand Finale
Authors: Carbary J. F. , Mitchell D. G. , Kollmann P. , Krupp N. , Roussos E.
Published: December 2017

The Cassini F ring and Proximal orbits took the spacecraft closer to Saturn than any previous mission and allowed determination of energetic charged particles (E > 20 keV) in the inner magnetosphere of the planet. The periodicities of the energetic electrons show a remarkable consistency when analyzed using Lomb periodograms. From the beginning of the F ring orbits in October 2016 to the end of the mission in September 2017, the particles manifest a strong main period of 10.79 h ± 0.01 h, with small Doppler‐related signals slightly above and below this period. The signal‐to‐noise ratio of the main period indicates one of the strongest periods ever seen in Saturn's magnetosphere. As implied by latitude separation, the main period seems to be associated with the northern hemisphere. The 10.79 h period is exactly the same as the single period observed during the early part of the Cassini mission in 2005–6 when Saturn experienced southern summer. A simple rotating searchlight model can simulate the periodograms.
B
enedict,
R
uth
Authors: Anderson Mark
Published: December 2017

Ruth Benedict was one of the most influential and widely read anthropologists of the twentieth century, especially in the United States. She made important contributions to cultural theory, figuring culture as an integrated pattern of values, norms, beliefs, and practices that shaped and constrained the development of individual personalities. She is known as a foremost proponent of cultural relativism. Benedict was a leading figure in the study of culture and personality and also published important works on race and racism for the general public.
Cloning
Authors: Grønning Terje
Published: December 2017

Cloning is used in biology for describing the process where a genetically identical copy of something is being made; and is relevant within a number of different natural and laboratory processes. Within societal debate the phenomenon of reproductive cloning has attracted the most attention after the first case of mammalian cloning creating an embryo based on a body cell and an egg cell – the sheep Dolly in 1996. But both before and after Dolly the potential of human cloning has attracted a great deal of attention within popular culture and policy debates; however, both of these realms seem to be dominated by essentialist claims as for what cloned individuals are expected to be like, rather than by arguments being based on what is hitherto known within scientific research.
Eisenstadt,ShmuelNoah
Authors: Roniger Luis
Published: December 2017

A major figure of macro‐sociology, Shmuel Noah Eisenstadt developed a comparative‐historical perspective that brought together the comparative study of institutions, Martin Buber's lead on human creativity, and a Weberian interest in world religions and civilizations. His approach intertwined structural differentiation within a cultural‐interpretative approach to social dynamics in historical and modern societies. Among his contributions are studies stressing the role of agency, structure, and culture in processes of change; a critical assessment of modernization and revolutions; institutional and civilizational analyses, among them of Japan and Jewish civilization; and the perspective of “multiple modernities.”
Experimental Methods
Authors: Morawski Jill
Published: December 2017

Experiments have long been taken as the ideal method of science, yet only in recent decades have experimental methods been subjected to close analysis. Historians have documented controversies, local forms, and variations in experimental method and social studies scholars have undertaken empirical investigation of the actors, materials, economics, and politics that are constitutive of experimental methods. Studies of experimental method as it has evolved in the natural sciences have yielded appreciation of the historical nature of epistemology, and studies of experimental method in the human sciences have provided understanding of the dynamics of ontology.
H
omans,
G
eorge
C
Authors: Treviño A. Javier
Published: December 2017

George C. Homans made major contributions to small group theory and research, and developed social exchange theory. Early in his career, he considered “interaction,” “sentiment,” and “activity” as variables that could account for the content of interaction. According to Homans, every group consists of an internal system and an external system. He demonstrated how interaction, sentiment, and activity and the internal and external systems of a group are mutually dependent. Later, Homans articulated six general propositions, based on behavioral psychology, in explaining elementary forms of social behavior in groups. These are grounded in notions of reward and punishment, deprivation and satiation, cost and profit, and aggression and approval. From these six propositions Homans endeavored to explain a wide range of social phenomena. Structural exchange theory, rational choice theory, and network exchange theory have their roots in Homans's work.
H
onor
K
illing
Authors: Gill Aisha K.
Published: December 2017

In recent years, violence against women and girls committed in the name of “honor” has attracted increasing attention across the globe. Unfortunately, media accounts and policy discourses concerning honor‐based violence (HBV) and so‐called honor killings have principally viewed the problem through the lens of cultural essentialism. This entry seeks to identify and interrogate structures and ideologies that underpin HBV as a form of gender‐based violence. Furthermore, it avoids the common trap of simplistically viewing culture, ethnicity, religion, or nationality as the sole causal factor behind this complex phenomenon. Current understandings of the motivating factors behind HBV and the impediments to effective responses, regarding not just legal and political measures but also economic and social ones, are discussed and measures aimed at addressing it are offered.
J
ames,
W
illiam
Authors: Turner Bryan S.
Published: December 2017

William James (1842–1910) was a major figure, along with Charles Sanders Peirce and John Dewey, in American pragmatism and made fundamental contributions to psychology. He is also known for his contributions to radical empiricism. In addition to influencing philosophers, such as Richard Rorty, Charles Taylor, and Ludwig Wittgenstein, his ideas had an important impact on the work of sociologists such as W. E. B. DuBois, Émile Durkheim, and Max Weber. In the sociology of religion, his
The Varieties of Religious Experience
has had a lasting role in the study of conversion experiences.
Labor Markets
Authors: Klimczuk Andrzej
Published: December 2017

In a market economy, human work is offered and sought in the labor market. It is valued because of the level of demand for it and the rarity of the required qualifications. At the same time, because of the different contexts and conditions, there are many labor markets that are defined as the professional labor markets, local labor markets, dual labor markets, and black and gray labor markets.