bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Some Outcome Predictors for Use in Vocational Rehabilitation Planning
Authors: Thompson James P. , Boeringa J. Alexander , Thornby John , Lewis Fred
Published: August 2011

This study examined some predictor variables for positive outcome with a state vocational rehabilitation agency. Referrals to the agency from VA Counseling Psychology were analyzed to develop guidelines for identifying clients with good probability for positive outcome in their vocational rehabilitation planning. All subjects had a history of substance-abuse treatment at the Houston VA Medical Center. Analyses suggested a number of factors are relevant when assessing potential for successful vocational rehabilitation. Provision of drug-free housing, recent work history, and discharge status from a substance-abuse program were identified as relevant factors.
Insanity and Adultery: Forensic Implications of a Divorce Case
Authors: McKee Geoffrey R.
Published: August 2011

Legal responsibility for acts presumes that a person's behavior is rationally intentional and under voluntary control. Automatism, a type of insanity defense, contends that the person's conscious, voluntary control of behavior has been impaired by a mental disorder. In a recent case in South Carolina, automatism was offered as a defense to adultery, an at-fault grounds for divorce. On appeal, the State Supreme Court recognized the novel application of mental impairment defenses in domestic litigation and remanded the case for rehearing. Implications of the ruling for clinical and forensic practice in family court are discussed.
Comparing Ratios: The Logarithmic Response Bias Revisited
Authors: Ball Christopher
Published: August 2011

A ratio is often used to compare the magnitudes of two related variables and can form an important basis for judgments and decisions as in financial ratio analysis in accounting. However, in psychophysics research shows that ratio judgments of sensory stimuli can produce a logarithmic response bias wherein subjects do not respond to differences in the ratio components but to differences in the relative magnitudes of the resulting ratios. Subjects were required to predict the results of basketball matches when supplied summary information regarding each team's performance. Those subjects who received this information as ratios of wins to losses produced predictions with margins consistent with the logarithmic response bias. Each subject's awareness of or sensitivity to the logarithmic response bias was evaluated from his preferences for various methods of presenting such summary information, including the ratios used in the present study. The ratios which produced the response bias were deemed acceptable although less preferable methods, and these ratings were independent of previous experience with comparisons of such ratios. The results of this study highlight the problems associated with comparing ratios, and the lack of awareness individuals have of such problems.
Compliance-Gaining Tactics of Locus-of-Control-Scoring Television Viewers
Authors: Lamude Kevin G. , Furno-Lamude Diane , Lichtenstein Allen
Published: August 2011

Among 105 college students, internal scorers were likely to exercise value-based tactics and external scorers were likely to exercise consequence-based tactics when selecting television programs.
Gender and Ethnic Role Portrayals: Photographic Images in Three California Newspapers
Authors: DeLouth Tara-Nicholle Beasley , Person Brigitte , Hitchcock Daryl , Rienzi Beth Menees
Published: August 2011

Analysis of photographic images ( N = 450) from the national ( n = 253) and sports sections ( n = 197) of 3 California newspapers indicated women and minorities were disproportionately represented relative to the California population gender and ethnic ratios. Female, Latino, and Asian individuals were disproportionately underrepresented, while black individuals were overrepresented. Women were most frequently presented as victims, while men were significantly more often presented in the role of rescuer or expert. Black individuals were most often depicted in sports and criminal roles.
Knowledge of Sex Stereotypes and Internality
Authors: Neto Félix
Published: August 2011

204 Portuguese adolescents responded to the Portuguese version of the Sexual Stereotypes Measure II and to the Portuguese version of the Intellectual Achievement Responsibility Questionnaire. Positive correlations were found between male sex stereotype and internal attribution of responsibility for successful outcomes and female sex stereotype and internal attribution of responsibility for failing outcomes.
Ability and Role Clarity as Enhancers of the Expectancy Theory Model
Authors: Pringle Charles D. , DuBose Philip B.
Published: August 2011

This study investigated whether the inclusion of ability or role clarity could increase the predictiveness of the traditional expectancy theory model, i.e., effort = expectancy × instrumentality × valence. Both variables had an effect, but the influence of ability was much greater than that of role clarity in a sample of 285 undergraduates.
Tracing Behavioral Changes among Discouraged Workers: What Happens to the Work Ethic?
Authors: Zippay Allison
Published: August 2011

Material from an ethnographic case study of 102 randomly selected blue-collar workers who experienced job loss in the 1980s was examined, with a focus on a subgroup of 11 who became “discouraged” and withdrew from the labor force. Changes in the job-search behavior and attitudes of the discouraged workers are traced, and theoretical explanations for their resignation and withdrawal are explored.
Structure of the 16 PF Fifth Edition from the Perspective of the Five-Factor Model
Authors: Byravan Anupama , Ramanaiah Nerella V.
Published: August 2011

Factor structure of the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (Fifth Edition) was investigated from the perspective of the five-factor model, using Goldberg's 1992 scales for five factors of personality and the Revised NEO Personality Inventory scales as markers for the five major personality factors. The three inventories were completed by 96 male and 92 female undergraduates. Results provided strong support for the generality and comprehensiveness of the five-factor model.
Further Research on Personality Dimensions and Physical Symptoms Using the Differential Diagnostic Technique
Authors: Weininger O. , Jedrzkiewicz J.
Published: August 2011

The personality dynamics using the Differential Diagnostic Technique are delineated as part of an effort to understand their key role underlying the expression of physical symptoms. An urban sample of 40 boys and 71 girls, aged 14 and 15 years old, from regular classrooms completed the Health Survey which taps into five scales of physical symptoms of stress and the Differential Diagnostic Technique. The personality dimensions produced were very similar to those of earlier studies involving a young criminogenic sample. Expected trends for physical symptoms with ego control, rigid defensiveness, and personality organization are reported. This study provided further validity and reliability data for the Differential Diagnostic Technique as a useful instrument for assessing and interpreting the dynamics of human behaviour.
Do Managerial Women Prefer Women Mentors?
Authors: Burke Ronald J. , McKeen Carol A.
Published: August 2011

Managerial women's beliefs and experiences about cross-sex mentoring were examined 280 women provided data on anonymously completed questionnaires. Managerial women reported or expected few difficulties although some findings suggested cross-sex concerns and modest preferences for same-sex mentors.
An Experimental Study of Gender and Situational Effects in a Performance Evaluation of a Manager
Authors: Giannantonio Christina M. , Olian Judy D. , Carroll Stephen J.
Published: August 2011

Following an interactionist perspective, performance evaluations of a manager were studied to assess whether person-related variables (manager's gender and behaviors) or situation-related variables (subordinate's gender, other persons' ratings of appropriateness of behavior or perceived unpleasantness of the task or situation) were related to judgments about the manager. Analysis points to the importance of both person and situation as sources of variance in evaluating the competence of the manager and observers' affect toward the manager. The manager's leadership or communication style, but not gender, affected 394 observers' ratings as did certain situational variables (subordinate's behavior and perceived unpleasantness of the situation, but not subordinate's gender).
Tests That are Robust against Variance Heterogeneity in k × 2 Designs with Unequal Cell Frequencies
Authors: Overall John E. , Atlas Robert S. , Gibson Janet M.
Published: August 2011

Heterogeneity of variance produces serious bias in conventional analysis of variance tests of significance when cell frequencies are unequal. Welch in 1938 and 1947 proposed an adjusted t test for the difference between two means when cell frequencies and population variances are both unequal. This article describes two ways to use the Welch t to evaluate the significance of the main effect for two treatments across k levels of a concomitant factor in a two-way design. Monte Carlo results document the bias in conventional analysis of variance tests and the stable and appropriately conservative results from applications of the Welch t to evaluation of treatment effects in the two-way design.
Parental Divorce and Academic Achievement of College Students
Authors: Kunz Jenifer , Kunz Jay P.
Published: August 2011

Data from 169 college men and women ( ns = 73 and 96, respectively) showed that there is a significant difference in grade-point averages between college students from divorced and intact homes. College students from divorced homes have lower grade-point averages.
Interrater Reliability of the Scoring of the Screening Test of Adolescent Language
Authors: Farnill Douglas , Hayes Susan C. , Chur-Hansen Anna
Published: August 2011

Group administrations of the Screening Test of Adolescent Language have been successful in identifying students with English-language problems among groups of university students who include many recent immigrants from southeastern Asia. However, scoring several items requires subjective judgement. Accordingly, interrater reliability was investigated by having two independent examiners score the written responses of 299 first-year medical students at two Australian universities. The examiners produced very similar distributions of total scores with means of 20.36 and 19.36 and achieved a high agreement in the categorisation of students with English problems. The Spearman rank-order correlation of 0.83 was high and statistically significant from zero.
Assessing Effects of Treatment for Substance Abuse: A Further Contribution to the Validation of the Employee Reliability Inventory
Authors: Borofsky Gerald L. , Garely Lewis
Published: August 2011

Scores on a scale designed to assess the likelihood of freedom from job-disruptive substance use were compared for three groups: (1) individuals whose current substance use had disrupted their job performance and necessitated treatment, (2) individuals who successfully completed treatment for substance abuse, and (3) a representative subset of a geographically and occupationally diverse group of job applicants ( N > 43,000). The results appear consistent with the hypothesis that this scale validly measures behavioral changes related to job performance which are associated with successful treatment of substance abuse. Scores on the scale differentiated untreated substance users from those who had successfully undergone treatment. Scores for the successfully treated group were the same as those for the general group of job applicants. That is, scores did not differentiate successfully treated former substance users from a general group of job applicants. For the subset of the successfully treated group who became employed during the study period, scores were better for those individuals who successfully completed a minimum of 30 days on the job.
Social Exchange Theory: Content and Context Effects on the Wason Selection Task
Authors: Grams Gwen , Finch Stacia , Sheu Ching-Fan
Published: August 2011

This study manipulated the context or background story accompanying a Wason Selection Task. The content of the story and the instructions were the same in the control and two experimental conditions. The control group was given a standard version of the Wason Selection Task. In the first experimental group, context was altered to include a “catch-cheaters” frame as outlined in social exchange theory. In the second experimental group, the “vividness” of this information was enhanced to make the manipulation more “available.” Significant differences were found between the control and experimental conditions, but not between the “catch-cheaters” and “enhanced catch-cheaters” groups.
Interpersonal Dependency in Alcoholic and Obese Men
Authors: Mills Jon K.
Published: August 2011

While psychological conflict about dependency needs of alcoholic and obese persons has been widely observed, few studies have examined differences in dependency characteristics between these clinical groups. The Interpersonal Dependency Inventory was administered to 22 alcoholic and 8 morbidly obese men in intensive treatment for alcohol and obesity. The original hypothesis that alcoholic and obese men would show similar dependency needs was supported. Dependency correlates of personality may serve as useful predictor variables in the clinical treatment of alcoholic and obese persons.
Locus of Control and Goal-Setting
Authors: Von Bergen C. W.
Published: August 2011

Effects of goal-setting and locus of control were studied in 188 undergraduate men in a laboratory setting using a card-sorting task. Two trials were employed with one of three goals assigned on Trial 2 (easy, moderately difficult, or hard goals representing, respectively, a 10%, 20%, or 50% increase over Trial 1 card sort). A curvilinear relationship moderated the relationship between goal-setting and card sorting when differences in locus of control were examined. However, when these individual differences were partialled out, a linear relation between goal-setting and card sorting typical of the goal-setting literature was obtained.
Psychology of the Scientist: LXX. Increase in the Number of Authors per Article in Leading Management Journals: 1967–1992
Authors: Sauers Daniel A. , Bass Kenneth E.
Published: August 2011

The present analysis is of the average number of authors per article in eight leading management journals over the past 25 years. Data were obtained from the journals in 5-yr. increments, beginning in 1967 and ending in 1992. For the selected years the number of authors per article in each issue of the journals was recorded. A significant increase in authors per article was found, with the average number of authors per article increasing by 39.5% from 1.33 in 1967 to 1.86 in 1992. Increases occurred in all journals sampled, but the increase varied by journal. The Harvard Business Review had the smallest increase of 12.3% while the Academy of Management Journal had the largest increase of 70.4%. Possible reasons for the increase in number of authors per article, e.g., pressure to “publish or perish,” relaxed standards of authorship, and greater complexity of research in management, their implications for the academic reward system, and directions for future research are discussed.
Parental Interest and Academic Achievement of Xhosa Children from Broken and Intact Homes
Authors: Cherian Varghese Iepen
Published: August 2011

This study examined the relationship between parental interest and academic achievement of 955 Xhosa-speaking children whose mean age was 15.3 yr. An interview schedule was used to estimate parental interest. Analysis of variance indicated positive and statistically significant effects of parental interest scores on children's achievement in school.
What Price Nudity?
Authors: Wilson Wayne
Published: August 2011

Students in human sexuality (69 men, 137 women) were randomly assigned to pretend money groups with incentives to disrobe across 25 varied situations. Students' refusals to disrobe in the hypothetical exercise were more decisive than the willingness to disrobe.
Relation among Self-Defeating Personality, Troubled Eating Patterns, and Dissociation
Authors: Kisler Valerie , Schill Thomas
Published: August 2011

Significant small correlations were found between scores on a measure of self-defeating personality with scores on the Bulimia Test—Revised ( r = .27) and also scores on the Dissociative Experiences Scale ( r = .20) for a sample of 165 college women. The correlation between the Bulimia Test and the Dissociative Experiences Scale was .26. Although the research literature led us to expect stronger relationships on theoretical and empirical grounds, it appears these small relationships were more likely due to the fact that scoring higher on all these measures indicates greater psychopathology.
Barriers and AIDS in Conducting Research with Older Homeless Individuals
Authors: Vance David
Published: August 2011

Field notes of a qualitative pilot study of older homeless people in Cincinnati identified several barriers and aids to the study of homeless elders. Identified research barriers were researcher's lack of contextual wisdom (street smarts), locating elders, substance abuse, attrition, victimization, credibility of informants, and xenophobia. Identified research aids were friendliness of certain elders, openness of the researcher, attractive incentives in exchange for interviews, and service providers' willingness to share experiences.
Risk of HIV Transmission in Sexual Behaviors of College Students
Authors: Simkins Lawrence
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate the sexual behaviors of college students and assess the extent to which they were engaging in behaviors that have a risk for contracting AIDS. A total of 132 single sexually active students and 58 married students responded to a survey on their sexual behaviors and attitudes. Risk behaviors such as engaging in unprotected sex, having multiple sex partners, practicing anal sex, alcohol use, and infidelity and deceptive communication with partner were examined. Compared with earlier surveys on the same population, there was an increase in concern about contracting AIDS and a significant increase in the percentage of students who took the AIDS antibody test. Although none indicated they would lie to partners about a seropositive AIDS test, a few would not tell their partner unless specifically asked. A small percentage of subjects would have extradyadic relations without informing their steady partners and a small number of respondents indicated they might continue to engage in sexual relations with a seropositive partner or a new partner who recently had a seronegative AIDS test. The risks most predominant in this sample were the practice of unprotected sex, having multiple sex partners, and the consumption of alcohol in conjunction with sexual activity. With the exception of unprotected intercourse, the majority of respondents were engaging in behaviors that pose a minimal risk for contracting AIDS.
A Nonexperimental Demonstration of Anchoring Bias
Authors: Reidpath Daniel D. , Diamond Mark R.
Published: August 2011

Evidence for the existence of cognitive biases in controlled experimental tasks may not be evidence that such biases exist outside the laboratory. Observations of human decision-making in a nonexperimental setting (a television game show) indicated an apparently strong anchoring bias in the contestants' decisions. This spontaneous nonexperimental illustration of the anchoring bias is not only interesting in its own right but also supports assertions that experimental demonstrations of other cognitive biases may have corollaries in the real world.
Machiavellianism and Medical Career Choices
Authors: Moore Shirley , Katz Barry , Holder James
Published: August 2011

Medical career choices and Machiavellianism of 36 junior and 37 senior medical students at one private midwestern medical school were studied. Machiavellianism was measured by the Mach V Scale. Students choosing psychiatry did not score significantly higher on Machiavellianism than those choosing medicine, surgery, or other clinical medical specialties. This is contrary to previous research which indicated those medical students choosing psychiatry scored higher on Machiavellianism. There were no significant differences in Machiavellianism scores from two different age groups (20–30 yr. and 31–40 yr.). No significant differences were reported in Machiavellianism scores of 45 male and 29 female medical students or between junior and senior medical students.
Teachers' Perceptions of Occupational Stress Factors
Authors: Montalvo Alfredo , Bair Jeffrey H. , Boor Myron
Published: August 2011

Perceptions of factors in occupational stress were examined using the 17 elementary and 25 high school teachers' gender, age, experience, and grade taught. Statistically significant differences were reported.
Place Attachment, Isolation, and the Power of a Window in a Hospital Environment: A Case Study
Authors: Baird Carol L. , Bell Paul A.
Published: August 2011

This paper describes the relevance of the literature on environmental psychology to the coping strategies a leukemia patient used in adapting to psychological and physical isolation on a hospital bone marrow transplant unit and oncology unit. The case study describes the difficulty of place attachment on the isolation unit and its evolution on the oncology unit. The power of a window with a natural view—including a view of a cemetery—was especially evident even as the disease became terminal.
Smoking and Trait Anxiety
Authors: Farley Jill , Lester David
Published: August 2011

Smoking behavior was not associated with manifest anxiety scores for a sample of 91 college students.
Facilitating Changes in Exercise Behavior: Effect of Structured Statements of Intention on Perceived Barriers to Action
Authors: Huddy D. Craig , Hyner Gerald C. , Hebert Jaimie L. , Johnson Robert L.
Published: August 2011

Two groups of worksite employees (58 in a control, 53 in an experimental group) underwent three 90-min. educational sessions designed to increase participation in exercise. At the end of the third session, experimental subjects were asked to complete a structured statement of exercise intention which addressed the major barrier to exercise. Two weeks following the program, chi-squared analysis showed that the two groups were proportionately different in changes in frequency and intensity of exercise such that the experimental group in both cases showed greater changes than the control. Experimental subjects showed a twofold increase in frequency and intensity of exercise over the control group. Pearson r indicated a statistically significant association between the completeness of structured statements of intention and an increase in frequency of exercise. We conclude that structured statements of intention are useful for distinguishing between contrived barriers to exercise (excuses) and actual barriers that require practical solutions.
The Moderating Effect of Optimism on the Relation between Hassles and Somatic Complaints
Authors: Lai Julian C. L.
Published: August 2011

The relations between hassles, dispositional optimism, and prospective reports of physical symptoms were examined in a group of 90 Hong Kong undergraduates. Given that most hassle scales are confounded by physical and psychological symptomatology, a decontaminated scale specifically tailored to the experiences of college students was used. Multiple regression analyses indicated that hassle scores and the interaction of hassles and optimism uniquely and reliably predicted symptom reporting. Optimism, however, did not reliably predict symptom reports when effects of hassles and the interaction of hassles and optimism were controlled. Inspection of the interaction showed that optimism predicted symptom scores only at high levels of hassles. The underlying mechanisms were discussed in the light of previous data linking optimism and adaptational outcomes via coping. It was suggested that further pursuit of the connection between optimism and coping in relation to measures of life stress would be worthwhile.
Depression in Nigerian and American Students
Authors: Lester David , Akande Adebowale
Published: August 2011

112 college students in America and 180 Muslim Yoruban students in Nigeria obtained similar scores on the Beck Depression Inventory. Although they differed in their response to seven of the 21 items, no clear general pattern of differences emerged
Maternal Drug Use, Personality, Child-Rearing Practices, and Toddlers' Sadness
Authors: Brook Judith S. , Tseng Li-Jung
Published: August 2011

We investigated the influence of maternal drug use/personality attributes and child-rearing on 2-yr.-olds' sadness. The sample consisted of 62 girls and 53 boys and their mothers. Analysis showed maternal parenting practices served as a mediator for the effect of the mothers' personalities on the children's feelings of sadness. Moreover, the mothers' personality traits of low interpersonal difficulty, anxiety, and depression were important in enhancing low maternal alcohol or illegal drug use, leading to less sadness in the children.
Using Relaxation Techniques and Positive Self-Esteem to Improve Academic Achievement of College Students
Authors: Schreiber Elliott H. , Schreiber Karen N.
Published: August 2011

This study examined whether after 20 sessions over 10 weeks of Jacobson's muscle relaxation accompanied by encouragement of positive self-esteem academic examination scores of 22 undergraduate college students would improve by comparison with those of a control group of 30 students. The relaxation group had significantly higher examination grades than the control group, but there was no significant mean difference between the groups on the Cattell and Scheier Anxiety Scale or a two-item measure of self-esteem.
Person-Environment Fit: Examining the Use of Commensurate Scales
Authors: Puccio Gerard J. , Joniak Andrew J. , Talbot Reginald J.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to explore the use of commensurate scales for research on person-environment fit. Three commensurate scales were derived from the Kirton Adaption-Innovation Inventory by altering the instructions of this cognitive-style measure. The three scales measured person-environment fit in the workplace. Respondents ( n = 108) indicated the kind of person they were required to be at work, the kind of person they currently were at work, and the kind of person they wanted to be in their ideal jobs. Scores from the person-environment fit measure were compared to scores from Kirton's original style inventory. Tukey tests indicated significant differences between Kirton's measure and individuals' perceptions of the style required at work and the style they preferred for an ideal job. The style demanded at work was more adaptive than the respondents' general style preferences. Also the respondents' ideal work style was more innovative than their general style preferences. Only one subscale, Sufficiency of Originality, showed a significant difference between Kirton's measure and perceptions of the style currently exhibited at work. Also, correlations showed no significant associations between respondents' adaptor-innovator styles and perceptions of the style required at work. Significant correlations were found for respondents' adaptor-innovator style preferences with their current and ideal work styles. Additional findings, interpretations, and implications for research are discussed.
Psychology of Computer Use: XXXIII. Interactive Instruction with College-Level Science Courses
Authors: Hall Cathy W. , Hall Thomas L. , Kasperek Judith G.
Published: August 2011

The current study assessed the effectiveness of interactive computer software with 398 community college students. The interactive software was used in conjunction with science courses, and students were provided access to the interactive software through a computer laboratory. Computer time was assessed by gender, race, and course grade. Analysis indicated significant effects for grades and computer time, but there were none for race or gender and no significant interactions. In addition, students were asked to complete a brief rating scale assessing their perception of the computer lab. An over-all positive regard for the computer Jab was noted. The results support the effectiveness of computer-assisted instruction when used in conjunction with classroom lecture.
The Child Abuse Potential Inventory: Cross-Validation in Croatia
Authors: Pečnik Nina , Ajduković Marina
Published: August 2011

The aim of this study was to cross-validate the Child Abuse Potential Inventory by Milner in Croatia. The inventory was translated and administered to 59 parents reported to centres of social work for child abuse or neglect and to a sample of 383 in the general population of parents. Data on sociodemographic variables and socioenvironmental stressors on the family were also collected. A significant difference in scores on the inventory's Abuse Scale between groups of parents was found. Discriminant analysis indicated an over-all correct classification rate for the Abuse Scale of 87.59%. The coefficient of internal consistency for the Abuse Scale for all respondents was 0.91. Results were interpreted as supportive of concurrent predictive validity in the Croatian sociocultural context.
Clinical Psychology Students' Subjective Stress Ratings during Their Doctoral Training
Authors: Platt Jessica , Schaefer Charles
Published: August 2011

The Bandura-Rosenthal Metrics for Assessing Stress was used to measure perceived stress among 25 first and 28 second- and third-year clinical Ph.D. students. Analysis gave no significant differences in reported stress across time.
Assessing Environmentally Responsible Behaviour
Authors: Caltabiano Nerina Jane , Caltabiano Marie Louise
Published: August 2011

While many individuals seem to have a genuine concern about minimising the global environmental crisis, little documentation of what environmentally responsible behaviour is being practised has appeared. University students ( N = 247) answered a self-report questionnaire on environmental practices. Analysis showed that responsible behaviour has three dimensions, the three factors being Reusing/Recycling, Conserving, and Replacing products with friendly ones.
A New Laboratory Method for Altering Positive Affect
Authors: Wiseman David , Levin Irwin P.
Published: August 2011

This paper reports the development with 95 undergraduates of a new method for altering Positive Affect in the laboratory. The method consists of assigning persons to complete a boring task for a specific amount of time and, shortly after beginning the task, informing them that the assigned time period has either been increased or reduced. The advantages of this method are that it is effective, relatively free of demand characteristics, ethical, fast to administer, and parallels “real world” experiences. In addition, this procedure seems to circumvent limitations of other mood-induction procedures.
Prejudice toward Persons Living with a Fatal Illness
Authors: Dukes Richard L. , Denny Harry C.
Published: August 2011

Vignettes depicting a person living with a fictitious fatal illness were presented to 222 undergraduates. Manipulated variables in a completely randomized 3×2×2 factorial design were method of transmission of the illness (genetic/contagious/infectious), the population likely to become ill (anyone/primarily marginal persons), and the amount of suffering (little/much). Subjects reported on perceptions of ease of transmission of the illness, danger of contact with the ill person, blame, support of sanction, and social distance. Multivariate analysis of covariance showed that the manipulated variables affected the dependent variables considered together. Greatest prejudice was shown toward persons suffering greatly from an infectious illness that affected primarily marginal persons. Results are discussed relative to HIV.
Different HIV Risk Profiles in Samples of College Students and Homeless Persons
Authors: Rickert Edward J. , Rickert Donna L.
Published: August 2011

A cross-sectional survey examined demographic characteristics, self-reported sexual behaviors, and knowledge of AIDS in samples of 106 homeless persons and 260 college students. As expected, the two samples differed with respect to age, gender, race, and education. Respondents in both samples possessed moderate knowledge of HIV infection and AIDS and reported they considered their personal risk of HIV infection low. Both samples acknowledged frequent use of alcohol with sexual activity, active and passive oral sex, and lax use of condoms. A discriminant analysis indicated that a greater percentage of college students were sexually active than of the homeless sample and that the homeless group had a higher proportion of individuals who were either homosexual or bisexual, who had sexual contact with multiple partners or who had visited a prostitute, who had sexually transmitted diseases, and who had injected drugs. Although the risk profiles differed, each group reported high-risk behaviors and perceptions of low personal risk of HIV infection.
Childhood Trauma and Personality Disorder in 43 Women with Panic Disorder
Authors: Moisan Daniel , Engels Mary-Louise
Published: August 2011

Among 43 women with panic disorder (38 with agoraphobia), 23 reported histories of childhood sexual abuse associated with high incidence of other early adverse experiences. The finding that subjects reporting childhood sexual and physical abuse were more likely to receive an Axis II diagnosis than those who did not confirms prior work.
Judgments of Substance Use and Creativity in ‘Ordinary’ People's Everyday Lifestyles
Authors: Lowe Geoff
Published: August 2011

To investigate the relationship between substance use and creativity, four pairs of raters independently assessed the reports of over 600 respondents from the Mass-Observation (M-O) Archive. The M-O directive addressed their use of ‘stimulants and relaxants.’ Correlations between ‘creativity’ ratings and ‘substance use’ ratings were low but significantly positive (around .275). The observed links are discussed in relation to laboratory-based and other studies of substance use and creativity.
Self-Defeating Personality and Depression: A Closer Look
Authors: Schill Thomas , Sharp Michelle
Published: August 2011

55 men and 55 women were given Schill's Self-defeating Personality Scale, a measure of Beck's cognitive triad, and a measure of the personality dimensions of sociotropy and autonomy. The more characteristics of self-defeating personality endorsed, the more negative were subjects' cognitions about themselves, the world, and the future. Self-defeating men and women scored higher on sociotropy (social dependence), suggesting threats to relationships may be an important source of depression for them. Self-defeating women also scored higher on the autonomy subscales, suggesting threats to their independence may be a source of depression as well. Implications for treatment were discussed.
Time Series Analysis of Improved Quality of Life in Canada: Social Change, Collective Consciousness, and the Tm-Sidhi Program
Authors: Assimakis Panayotis D. , Dillbeck Michael C.
Published: August 2011

Two replication studies test in Canada a field theory of the effect of consciousness on social change. The exogenous variable is the number of participants in the largest North American group practice of the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi program, in Iowa. The first study indicated a significant reduction in violent deaths (homicide, suicide, and motor vehicle fatalities), using both time series intervention analysis and transfer function analysis methods, in weeks following change in the exogenous variable during the period 1983 to 1985. The second study, using time series intervention analysis, gave during and after intervention periods a significant improvement in quality of life on an index composed of the behavioral variables available on a monthly basis for Canada from 1972 to 1986—homicide, suicide, motor vehicle fatalities, cigarette consumption, and workers' days lost due to strikes. Implications of the findings for theory and social policy are noted briefly.
Faking and its Detection on the Holden Psychological Screening Inventory
Authors: Holden Ronald R.
Published: August 2011

This paper describes an index for the detection of fakers on the Holden Psychological Screening Inventory. Initially, the index is constructed and validated using an experimental paradigm. Subsequently, cut-off scores are developed based on a consideration of distributions of the index scores for the experimental groups ( n = 101), for general psychiatric patients ( n = 64), and for the general adult normative population ( n = 564).
Dimensions of Attitudes toward Women in the Military: Factor Analysis of the Women in the Military Scale
Authors: Hurrell Rose Marie , Lukens John H.
Published: August 2011

This study describes the factor structure of the Women in the Military Scale and compares scores obtained on 127 women surveyed approximately three years after the conclusion of the Gulf war with scores from 97 women surveyed during the war. Factor analysis yielded three primary factors reflecting equal competence of women and men in the military, having children in the context of military life, and family role and the place of women in combat. No difference in over-all scores was obtained between the two groups of women.
Factors Affecting Union Member Involvement in a Closed Shop Setting
Authors: Dahms Clifford S. P. , Wagar Terry H.
Published: August 2011

This study, based on responses from 283 union members, examined members' involvement in two union activities. Union loyalty was strongly related to a willingness to help organize a nonunion employer. In addition, occupying a union executive or shop steward position was associated with both helping organize a nonunion employer and voting in the most recent election.
Attitudes of Hong Kong Medical Students toward Different Modalities of Treatment for Cancer
Authors: Ho Samuel M. Y. , Leung S. F.
Published: August 2011

140 medical undergraduates in a Hong Kong medical school rated the usefulness of different modalities of cancer treatment for curative, medically palliative, and psychologically palliative care, respectively. Factor analyses showed that respondents used a Chinese versus non-Chinese cultural framework in conceptualizing modalities of treatment outside the conventional Western medical model. The functions of unconventional modalities were mainly for psychologically palliative care according to the respondents, although they did not regard these modalities as adversive to curative and medically palliative treatments. Among the Western medical modalities, surgery was rated as more useful for curative treatment while chemotherapy and radiotherapy were rated as more useful for symptom control. The implications of the findings for cancer care and further research were discussed.
Fear of Weight Gain: Its Correlates among School-Aged Adolescents
Authors: Moore Susan M. , Gullone Eleonora
Published: August 2011

Correlations between fear of weight gain, dieting, risk-taking, and fears associated with adult status were observed for 110 school-aged adolescents.
Comments on Coping and Culture
Authors: Diaz-Guerrero Rogelio
Published: August 2011

Given Negy's interesting 1995 comments the correlations reported in 1989 by Diaz-Guerrero for 120 Mexican and Mexican-American mothers require further research for interpretation.
A Study of Planning and Mathematics Instruction for Students with Learning Disabilities
Authors: Naglieri Jack A. , Gottling Suzanne H.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to extend research in training the use of cognitive strategies or planning to mathematical computation for 4 students with specific learning disabilities. A cognitive education method utilized in previous research was duplicated. It was expected that students would find the instruction differentially effective based upon their initial scores on a measure of planning. Using the Planning, Attention, Simultaneous, Successive model as a base, a cognitive instruction which facilitated planning was provided to two students with low scores on planning, obtained using an experimental version of the Das-Naglieri Cognitive Assessment System, and two students with average planning scores. All students completed three sessions of baseline and seven sessions of cognitive instruction in addition and multiplication. During the cognitive instruction phase, 5-min. sessions of self-reflection and verbalization of strategies about the mathematics problems were conducted after each initial 10-min. session of mathematics. Scores on addition problems showed that all students improved. On multiplication, however, 2 students with low planning scores improved considerably but not 2 with higher planning scores. Implications are provided.
Loneliness, Duration of Loneliness, and Reported Stress Symptomatology
Authors: DeBerard M. Scott , Kleinknecht Ronald A.
Published: August 2011

The correlations between intensity of loneliness, duration of loneliness, and reported psychological and somatic stress symptoms were examined in 195 undergraduate students (100 women and 95 men). Analysis indicated that intensity and duration of loneliness were significantly correlated and both were also significantly positively correlated with subjects' reported psychological and somatic stress symptoms. In a forced-entry multiple regression equation predicting over-all stress symptomatology, only duration of loneliness emerged as a significant predictor, while intensity of loneliness did not add significant predictability. For college students, loneliness may be related to a wide array of reported psychological and somatic stress symptoms. It is also suggested that the duration of a lonely experience is perhaps a better predictor for symptoms of stress than intensity of loneliness.
Perceived Consequences to the Predictor: A Variable in the Release of Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Stevens Heather B. , Brodsky Stanley L.
Published: August 2011

The present study examined factors hypothesized to influence mental health professionals' perceptions of dangerousness, predictions of violence, and decisions on patients' release. 120 mental health professionals employed in state mental hospitals were each given one of 12 patient profiles. The independent variables, manipulated within vignettes, were (a) violence history, (b) paranoid schizophrenia versus nonparanoid schizophrenia, and (c) perceived consequences in terms of liability and publicity. Type of schizophrenia did not affect ratings, but violence history of the predictee and perceived consequences to the predictor did significantly influence the ratings. Patients with actual violence histories were viewed by the subjects as having more potential for future violence, as being more globally dangerous, and as requiring a more secure placement than those with histories of threats of violence or no violence. Possible litigation following release led to a recommendation for more secure placement than did minimal legal consequences. Predictions of violence and decisions on hospital release were interpreted as dependent on both predictor and patient-related variables.
Suicide and Homicide among Native Americans: A Comment
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

In the 12 regions of the U.S. Indian Health Service in 1980 suicide rates were most strongly associated with the number of households in the areas while homicide rates were predicted by poverty and income.
Structural Findings regarding the Silencing the Self Scale
Authors: Stevens Heather B. , Galvin Shelley L.
Published: August 2011

Principal components factor analysis, based on scores of 363 college women, confirmed four subscales of the Silencing the Self Scale; however, 5 items loaded differently in the structure of these subscales. Recommendations for scale revision and studies with other populations are suggested.
Educational Level, Occupation, and the MMPI-2 F-K Index
Authors: Brophy Alfred L.
Published: August 2011

The relationship between the F-K dissimulation index and educational and occupational level was examined in the MMPI-2 normative group. Higher levels of education and occupation are associated with higher scores on the K scale and with lower scores on the F scale and the F-K index. Mean F-K scores differ by 5 to 7 points between the lowest and highest educational and occupational levels, necessitating consideration of those factors when interpreting the index. The effects of education and occupation on the F-K index are similar for men and women in the MMPI-2 normative group.
Depression and Suicidal Ideation in African American and Caucasian Students
Authors: Lester David , DeSimone Adrienne
Published: August 2011

In a sample of 52 high school students and 81 college students, scores on the Beck Depression Inventory and current suicidal ideation were associated with high school versus college status but not with gender or race.
Health Practices and Mental Health Revisited
Authors: Duncan David F. , Bomar Ginger J. , Nicholson Thomas , Wilson Richard , Higgins Wayne
Published: August 2011

The relationships of seven health practices with a measure of mental well-being were explored in a sample of 490 university students. Mental well-being was associated with moderate exercise and regular sleep.
Age, Cooperative vs Lecture Training, and Group Composition: Some Preliminary Findings of Effects on Performance
Authors: Sell Yvonne , Kline Theresa J. B.
Published: August 2011

18 younger (under 25 years) and 18 older (over 39 years) undergraduate women were trained in problem-solving by either a cooperative or traditional lecture technique and in age-consistent, i.e., younger or older participants only, or mixed age, i.e., younger and older participants, groups. Analysis indicated that older subjects did not score as well on the problem-solving task (48.9 vs 43.9) where lower scores indicate better performance, particularly in mixed-age groups (58.2 vs 44.3); older subjects completed the task more quickly (349 sec. vs 466 sec), age-consistent groups completed the task equally quickly regardless of training; and age-inconsistent groups completed the task more quickly when cooperatively trained (183 sec. vs 390 sec).
The Imposter Phenomenon in Teachers and Accountants
Authors: Byrnes Kathleen D. , Lester David
Published: August 2011

In a sample of 30 accountants and 30 teachers, those believing more strongly in an external locus of control felt stronger imposter feelings.
Reliability and Validity of the Reflective Teaching Instrument
Authors: Candler-Lotven Ann C. , Tallent-Runnels Mary K. , Sigler Ellen A.
Published: August 2011

Scores from the Reflective Teaching Instrument were examined for reliability and validity. In Study 1, teachers from gifted programs ( n = 32), special education ( n = 26), and regular education ( n = 26) completed the instrument, the Ambiguity of Tolerance Scale, and the Teacher Efficacy Scale. Group 1 teachers scored higher on reflective teaching than the other groups, and internal consistency was .75 to .82; but concurrent validity of the instrument was low. In Study 2, teachers ( ns = 22, 60, and 29) from the gifted program, special education, and regular education completed the Reflective Teaching Instrument and were judged with a measure of teaching effectiveness by a school administrator. There was no significant correlation between the reflective teaching and effectiveness measures, but there were no differences among the groups, α reliabilities were .67 to .83. While this instrument shows promise, reflective teaching may be difficult to measure with a short objective scale.