bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Del objeto al proceso. Interfaz política de informatización en red
Authors: Distelmeyer Jan
Published: July 2019

Actualmente, una de las tareas más difíciles es intentar entender la presencia de la informática. La forma prácticamente ubicua y diversa de los ordenadores en red en todos sus formatos (de sobremesa, portátil, integrado y autónomo) crea una complejidad prácticamente abrumadora. Para hablar de la complejidad de lo que aquí se escapa y está presente a la vez, el artículo propone reconsiderar del concepto de interfaz, sus raíces históricas y sus ventajas heurísticas para el análisis y crítica de la difusión actual y, en especial cotidiana, de la informatización. La cuestión de las interfaces lleva hasta procesos y estados aislados de conducción, así como hasta la complejidad de la cooperación que las conforma. Asimismo, abre a la vez un horizonte de investigación y un modo de análisis, que siempre exige más niveles de interfaz implicados en el fenómeno que investigo actualmente. Como ejemplo, el artículo habla del desplazamiento del archivo en el lanzamiento del iPhone en 2007 y su recuperación en 2017 con la aplicación “Archivos”. Ambos desarrollos están íntimamente relacionados con la creación de ordenadores como máquinas permanentemente interconectadas, donde se centra la atención en su funcionalidad, depresentaciones e ideología.
La gestión matemática de la sinceridad. Algoritmos y veridicción
Authors: Marzo Pérez Jorge Luis
Published: July 2019

Michel Foucault definió la “veridicción” como el aparato sociolingüístico que discierne lo verosímil, aquello potencialmente posible de ser creído, consistente en un sistema cruzado de formatos de sinceridad y autorización. Sin embargo, como dispositivo de autoridad, sus “sistemas de crédito” se han transformado profundamente durante las últimas décadas en paralelo al establecimiento de la nueva esfera comunicacional, globalizada e interdependiente. Los formatos de sinceridad, naturalidad y autenticidad han pasado a formar parte intrínseca de los lenguajes matemáticos con voluntad de competencia pública, emborronando los clásicos formatos de impresión de veracidad basados en el balancín entre interioridad (sinceridad) y exterioridad (autoridad). Los algoritmos de la Inteligencia Artificial aplicados en los aparatos de justicia y en los Social Media se proponen cada vez más como gestores de la franqueza y la reputación de los usuarios/ciudadanos, planteando graves cuestiones sobre la mutación de los tradicionales regímenes de credibilidad.
Media, Translation and the Construction of the Muslim Image: A Narrative Perspective
Authors: Saleh Elimam Dr Ahmed
Published: July 2019

The role played by translators for the media is particularly crucial in the construction, promotion and survival of media narratives, since a narrative cannot travel across linguistic and cultural boundaries without the help of translators. This article aims to identify how the Qur’an, and, in turn, Islam and Muslims, are “narrated” in and by the British press. I use LexisNexis newspaper archives to identify the Qur’anic verses repeatedly used by UK national newspapers between 11/9/2001 and 1/9/2016. I then closely examine the newspaper articles featuring the most repeated verse to establish how narrative strategies (selective appropriation, temporality, causal emplotment and relationality) are used to frame the readers’ understanding. By shedding more light on the active role of translation for the media, I hope to raise awareness of the dangers posed by misrepresenting the world’s second largest religion and by accepting what is presented to us as news unquestioningly.
Effectiveness of Translating English Technical and Scientific Terms by Arabicization Strategy in Al-Oloom Ll-Omoom Magazine and Syrian Researchers Network on Reader’s Understanding
Authors: Bani Abdo Ibrahem , Awwad Majid
Published: July 2019

This research paper is a genuine one since all previous researches discuss Arabicization as a strategy of translation. However, this paper investigates this strategy as a problematic issue that translators of scientific and technical articles face. This study is based on the theoretical frames of scientific and technical terms discussed in Pinchuck (1977) and Olohan (2013). It also includes the lexical borrowing definitions of Catford (1976). Arabicization is also discussed based on Ahmed (2011) and Al-Asal and Smadi (2012) studies. A questionnaire has been conducted to investigate the readers’ understanding of Arabicized terms. 160 respondents have answered the questionnaire. The data are quoted from Al-Oloom Ll-Omoom magazine and Syrian Researchers network. The questionnaire’s results are analyzed through using SPSS technique. The study concludes that different level of understanding the technical and the scientific terms depend on the frequency of use. The frequent use of the technical terms in our daily life makes these terms are more grasped than the scientific ones. This study also reveals that translating scientific terms using Arabicization is a problematic issue and makes these terms difficult to be understood by regular people who are not expert in the field. Footnote is a good strategy to solve this problematic issue.
Internet addiction and poor quality of life are significantly associated with suicidal ideation of senior high school students in Chongqing, China
Authors: Wang Wo , Zhou Dong Dong , Ai Ming , Chen Xiao Rong , Lv Zhen , Huang Yan , Kuang Li
Published: July 2019

Background

Adolescence is a vulnerable period of life, and many mental health and behavioral problems emerge during this particular period, including depression, internet addiction (IA), and suicidal behaviors. Poor quality of life (QOL) and IA have been found to be significantly associated with suicidal ideation (SI) among Chinese university students, of whom most have been adults. Nevertheless, their associations with SI are rarely studied among Chinese adolescents. The objective of this study was to examine these relationships in a representative adolescent sample of Chinese senior high school students, who are experiencing an enormous transition from childhood to adulthood.

Methods

By using multi-stage sampling, a total of 26,688 students were successfully recruited from 29 senior high schools of a very large City in western China, Chongqing municipality. In this cross-sectional online survey, students’ demographic and lifestyle characteristics were collected with a standardized questionnaire. The Young’s IA Test, the Chinese Six-item QOL questionnaire, and item 15 of the Symptom Checklist-90-R were used to measure IA, QOL, and SI, respectively.

Results

The 1-month prevalence of SI was 11.5% among students of senior high schools in Chongqing, China. Students with SI had significantly higher QOL scores (17.3 ± 3.7 vs. 13.7 ± 3.8, P < 0.001) and higher prevalence of IA (49.6% vs. 25.6%, P < 0.001) than those without SI. After controlling for demographic, lifestyle, and clinical covariates, IA (odd ratio (OR) = 1.15, P = 0.003) and a high QOL score (OR = 1.09, P < 0.001) remained significantly associated with SI.

Conclusion

Suicidal ideation is prevalent among Chinese adolescents and it is associated with IA and poor QOL. Measures aimed at reducing IA and improving QOL may help prevent suicidal behaviors among Chinese adolescents.
Factors Associated to the Non-adherence to Vaccination Appointments in the Ngambe Health District, Littoral Region, Cameroon: A Case Control Study
Authors: Nkenyi Rene , Telep Daniel , Ndip Lucy , Nsagha Dickson
Published: July 2019

Background: Vaccination is what is strongly recommended in protecting against childhood diseases. The Expanded Program of Immunization (EPI) in Cameroon started in 1976 as a pilot project and became operational all over the country in 1982 where vaccination is seen a fundamental right of every child in the country. However, rural areas have lots of constrains to the effective implementation of vaccination programs some of which are population-related.

Purpose: This study aimed to assess the association between some factors and adherence to vaccination appointments in Ngambe Health District; a typical rural health district in Cameroon.

Methods: This was a case control study where the vaccination records of health facilities in the district were reviewed and parents who respected their vaccination appointments formed the controls while those who missed a vaccination appointment were the cases. They were then traced for interviewed and data analyzed using Epi infos version 3.5.4.

Results: Out of 94 parents, 37.2% had missed a vaccination appointment. In parents older than 36, the odds of missing an appointment was 11 (95%CI 3.69-34.43) while those with <4 children were 0.10 less likely to miss an appointment (95%CI 0.04-0.28). Parent’s education, household size and ANC attendance also influenced adherence to vaccination appointments. After adjustment, only age and whether or not child was born in the hospital remained statistically significant associated with adherence.

Conclusion: User related factors influence uptake of vaccination services in the Ngambe Health District of Cameroon; a rural area, some of which are age of the parents, number of children the parent has and the total household size. Therefore, adding to the availability of vaccines, a high-level political commitment aimed at increasing utilization of health services and effectively taking vaccination to the population are indispensable.
RAC1 inhibition reverses cisplatin resistance in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and induces downregulation of glycolytic enzymes
Authors: Zeng Rui‐Jie , Zheng Chun‐Wen , Gu Jing‐E , Zhang Hai‐Xia , Xie Lei , Xu Li‐Yan , Li En‐Min
Published: July 2019

Development of chemoresistance remains a major challenge in treating esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) patients despite treatment advances. However, the role of RAC1 in chemoresistance of ESCC and the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. In this study, we found that higher levels of RAC1 expression were associated with poorer prognosis in ESCC patients. Enhanced RAC1 expression increased cell proliferation, migration, and chemoresistance in vitro. Combination therapy using RAC1 inhibitor EHop‐016 and cisplatin significantly promoted cell viability inhibition, G2/M phase cycle arrest, and apoptosis when compared to each monotherapy. Mechanistically, glycolysis was significantly downregulated in the RAC1 inhibitor monotherapy group and the combination group via inhibiting AKT/FOXO3a signaling when compared to the control group. Moreover, the silencing of RAC1 inhibited AKT/FOXO3a signaling and cell glycolysis while the upregulation of RAC1 produced an opposite effect. In murine xenograft models, the tumor volume and the expression of glycolytic enzymes were significantly reduced in combination therapy when compared to each monotherapy group. Overall, our study demonstrates that targeting RAC1 with an inhibitor overcomes cisplatin resistance in ESCC by suppressing glycolytic enzymes, which provides a promising strategy for treatment of ESCC in clinical practice.
Intraband Cooling in All‐Inorganic and Hybrid Organic–Inorganic Perovskite Nanocrystals
Authors: Diroll Benjamin T. , Schaller Richard D.
Published: July 2019

Intraband relaxation in all‐inorganic cesium lead tribromide (CsPbBr3) and hybrid organic–inorganic formamidinium lead tribromide (FAPbBr3) nanocrystals is experimentally investigated for a range of particle sizes, excitation energies, sample temperatures, and excitation fluences. Hot carriers in CsPbBr3 nanocrystals consistently exhibit slower cooling than FAPbBr3 nanocrystals in the single electron–hole pair per nanocrystal regime. In both compositions, long‐lived hot carriers (>3 ps) are only observed at excitation densities corresponding to production of multiple electron–hole pairs per nanocrystal—and concomitant Auger recombination. These presented results are distinct from previous reports in bulk hybrid perovskite materials that convey persistent hot carriers at low excitation fluences. Time‐resolved photoluminescence confirms the rapid cooling of carriers in the low‐fluence (single electron–hole pair per nanocrystal) regime. Intraband relaxation processes, as a function of excitation energy, size, and temperature are broadly consistent with other nanocrystalline semiconductor materials.
Multifunctional Optoelectronics via Harnessing Defects in Layered Black Phosphorus
Authors: Ahmed Taimur , Kuriakose Sruthi , Abbas Sherif , Spencer Michelle J. S. , Rahman Md. Ataur , Tahir Muhammad , Lu Yuerui , Sonar Prashant , Bansal Vipul , Bhaskaran Madhu , Sriram Sharath , Walia Sumeet
Published: July 2019

Layered black phosphorus (BP), a promising 2D material, tends to oxidize under ambient conditions. While such defective BP is typically considered undesirable, defect engineering has in fact been exploited in contemporary materials to create new behaviors and functionalities. In this spirit, new opportunities arising from intrinsic defect states in BP, particularly through harnessing unique photoresponse characteristics, and demonstrating three distinct optoelectronic applications are demonstrated. First, the ability to distinguish between UV‐A and UV‐B radiations using a single material that has tremendous implications for skin health management is shown. Second, the same device is utilized to show an optically stimulated mimicry of synaptic behavior opening new possibilities in neuromorphic computing. Third, it is shown that serially connected devices can be used to perform digital logic operations using light. The underpinning photoresponse is further translated on flexible substrates, highlighting the viability of the technology for mechanically conformable and wearable systems. This demonstration paves the way toward utilizing the unexplored potential offered by defect engineering of 2D materials for applications spanning across a broad range of disciplines.
Electrically Pore‐Size‐Tunable Polypyrrole Membrane for Antifouling and Selective Separation
Authors: Tan Xiao , Hu Chengzhi , Zhu Zongqiang , Liu Huijuan , Qu Jiuhui
Published: July 2019

Antifouling and selectivity are major challenges for membrane separation technology. Herein, a polypyrrole‐dodecylbenzene sulfonate (PPy‐DBS) membrane with tunable pores is fabricated to alleviate pore blocking and achieve selective separation. The insertion/extraction of ions during the electrical redox process causes the change of PPy‐DBS volume, so that the membrane pores can be tuned in situ by applying an external redox potential. The pore size of a fouled membrane is enlarged under an oxidation voltage, then the membrane is backwashed to eliminate foulants in the pores, after which membrane pore size is recovered under a reduction voltage. Thus, membrane fouling can be effectively alleviated by adjusting the membrane pore size combined with cleaning. The specific flux of PPy‐DBS membrane increased by 21.91% after applying the voltages and backwashing, and it exhibits great recycling performance. Moreover, the distribution of humic acid macromolecules in the permeate significantly decreased, proving the enhanced sieving effect of smaller membrane pores under negative voltage. This study provides an intelligent strategy for fouling prevention and selective separation in water treatment.
All‐Cellulose‐Based Quasi‐Solid‐State Sodium‐Ion Hybrid Capacitors Enabled by Structural Hierarchy
Authors: Xu Zhen , Xie Fei , Wang Jing , Au Heather , Tebyetekerwa Mike , Guo Zhenyu , Yang Shengyuan , Hu Yong‐Sheng , Titirici Maria‐Magdalena
Published: July 2019

Na‐ion hybrid capacitors consisting of battery‐type anodes and capacitor‐style cathodes are attracting increasing attention on account of the abundance of sodium‐based resources as well as the potential to bridge the gap between batteries (high energy) and supercapacitors (high power). Herein, hierarchically structured carbon materials inspired by multiscale building units of cellulose from nature are assembled with cellulose‐based gel electrolytes into Na‐ion capacitors. Nonporous hard carbon anodes are obtained through the direct thermal pyrolysis of cellulose nanocrystals. Nitrogen‐doped carbon cathodes with a coral‐like hierarchically porous architecture are prepared via hydrothermal carbonization and activation of cellulose microfibrils. The reversible charge capacity of the anode is 256.9 mAh g−1 when operating at 0.1 A g−1 from 0 to 1.5 V versus Na+/Na, and the discharge capacitance of cathodes tested within 1.5 to 4.2 V versus Na+/Na is 212.4 F g−1 at 0.1 A g−1. Utilizing Na+ and ClO4− as charge carriers, the energy density of the full Na‐ion capacitor with two asymmetric carbon electrodes can reach 181 Wh kg−1 at 250 W kg−1, which is one of the highest energy devices reported until now. Combined with macrocellulose‐based gel electrolytes, all‐cellulose‐based quasi‐solid‐state devices are demonstrated possessing additional advantages in terms of overall sustainability.
Large Increase in External Quantum Efficiency by Dihedral Angle Tuning in a Sky‐Blue Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitter
Authors: Huang Wenliang , Einzinger Markus , Maurano Andrea , Zhu Tianyu , Tiepelt Jan , Yu Chao , Chae Hyun Sik , Van Voorhis Troy , Baldo Marc A. , Buchwald Stephen L.
Published: July 2019

Efficient and stable blue emitters for organic light‐emitting diodes are urgently needed for next‐generation display and lighting applications. The discovery of thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) has revealed a new class of promising candidates. After pairing the iminodibenzyl donor with the triazine acceptor via a phenylene linker, dihedral angle tuning is employed to regulate the difference between the energy levels of singlet and triplet excited states. Enhanced reverse intersystem crossing rates are observed in response to increased methylation at the phenylene linker. This behavior agrees with the density functional theory calculations. Photoluminescence quantum yields of up to 98% are achieved upon doping into a solid‐state matrix. When incorporated in devices, the maximum external quantum efficiency is 28.3% for the emitter with the most favorable trade‐off between singlet–triplet splitting and fluorescent oscillator strength. This result highlights the general applicability of dihedral angle tuning, a molecular design strategy that can be used to improve the performance of donor–acceptor type TADF emitters without significantly changing their emission spectra.
Revealing the pH‐Dependent Photoluminescence Mechanism of Graphitic C3N4 Quantum Dots
Authors: Zhou Zhaobo , Niu Xianghong , Ma Liang , Wang Jinlan
Published: July 2019

Graphitic C3N4 quantum dots (g‐C3N4 QDs), as a kind of widely explored fluorescent materials, show pH‐dependent photoluminescence feature. However, opposite variation tendencies on their pH‐dependent photoluminescence performance are observed in different experiments and the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Herein, based on time‐dependent density functional theory and nonadiabatic molecular dynamics simulations, a synergistic mechanism between light absorption and radiative/nonradiative recombination of g‐C3N4 QDs in neutral and acidic conditions is proposed to address the inconformity. Specifically, under weak acidic condition, the strong light absorption and weak nonradiative recombination of g‐C3N4 QDs yield strong fluorescence emission. While under strong acidic condition, although the light absorption remains high, the fast nonradiative electron‐hole recombination dramatically reduces the population of the excited state and the fluorescence is quenched consequently. The protonation of N atom changes the orbital composition of transition channels and frontier molecular orbital overlap, which consequently modulates the competition between radiative and nonradiative recombination as well as the emission performance. In addition, there is no obvious change in the variation tendency of absorption and emission properties of g‐C3N4 QDs with different functional groups, implying the general applicability of understanding.
Separator Modified by Cobalt‐Embedded Carbon Nanosheets Enabling Chemisorption and Catalytic Effects of Polysulfides for High‐Energy‐Density Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Cheng Zhibin , Pan Hui , Chen Jinqing , Meng Xueping , Wang Ruihu
Published: July 2019

Lithium‐sulfur (Li‐S) batteries are considered to be one of the promising next‐generation energy storage systems. Considerable progress has been achieved in sulfur composite cathodes, but high cycling stability and discharging capacity at the expense of volumetric capacity have offset their advantages. Herein, a functional separator is presented by coating cobalt‐embedded nitrogen‐doped porous carbon nanosheets and graphene on one surface of a commercial polypropylene separator. The coating layer not only suppresses the polysulfide shuttle effect through chemical affinity, but also functions as an electrocatalyst to propel catalytic conversion of intercepted polysulfides. The slurry‐bladed carbon nanotubes/sulfur cathode with 90 wt% sulfur deliver high reversible capacity of 1103 mA h g−1 and volumetric capacity of 1062 mA h cm−3 at 0.2 C, and the freestanding carbon nanofibers/sulfur cathode provides a high discharging capacity of 1190 mA h g−1 and volumetric capacity of 1136 mA h cm−3 at high sulfur content of 78 wt% and sulfur loading of 10.5 mg cm−2. The electrochemical performance is comparable with or even superior to those in the state‐of‐the‐art carbon‐based sulfur cathodes. The separator reported in this work holds great promise for the development of high‐energy‐density Li‐S batteries.
Minimally invasive surgery for large hiatal hernia
Authors: Omura Nobuo , Tsuboi Kazuto , Yano Fumiaki
Published: July 2019

The majority of large hiatal hernias are paraesophageal hiatal hernias (PEH). Once prolapse of the stomach to the chest cavity reaches a high degree, it is called an intrathoracic stomach. More than 25 years have elapsed since laparoscopic surgery was carried out as minimally invasive surgery for PEH. The feasibility and safety thereof has nearly been established. PEH may cause serious complications such as strangulation and perforation. The outcome of elective repair of PEH is better than emergent repair, so we should carry out elective repair as much as possible. Although not a major clinical problem, following PEH repair the rate of anatomical recurrence increases with age. In order to reduce the recurrence rate, mesh reinforcement by crural repair has been widely performed. Although this improves the short‐term outcomes, the long‐term outcomes are unclear. For PEH repair, fundoplication and gastropexy are believed desirable. We should select the procedure associated with a lower incidence of dysphagia and so on following surgery. While relaxing incision is useful for primary tension‐free closure, it has not contributed to improvement in the recurrence rate.
Dental abnormalities in individuals with pathogenic germline variation in DICER1
Authors: Choi Sooji , Lee Janice S. , Bassim Carol W. , Kushner Harvey , Carr Ann G. , Gardner Pamela J. , Harney Laura A. , Schultz Kris Ann P. , Stewart Douglas R.
Published: July 2019

Pathogenic germline variation in the microRNA processing gene DICER1 gives rise to an autosomal dominant, tumor‐predisposition disorder. Conditional deletion of Dicer1 in murine dental epithelium shows that it controls tooth patterning, size, number, and shape. The human dental phenotype of people with germline pathogenic variation in DICER1 is unknown. DICER1‐carriers (n = 57) and family controls (n = 55) were evaluated at the NIH Clinical Center dental clinic as part of a comprehensive medical evaluation. Digital panoramic radiographs, bite‐wing radiographs, and oral photographs were collected. A single observer, blind to DICER1 status, reviewed the dental records and determined the presence or absence of 11 dental characteristics as described in the clinic notes, radiographs, or oral photographs. Subjective phenotypes were reviewed on radiographs by two examiners (blind to DICER1 status) for the presence or absence of the dental characteristics to reduce inconsistencies. By simple association, bulbous crown, periodontitis, and taurodontism were all significant (p < .05). Logistic regression with chi‐square maximum likelihood estimates showed that bulbous crown and periodontitis remained significant. Recognition of these phenotypes may aid identification of individuals and families at risk for DICER1‐associated neoplasms. These findings may also guide dental care for individuals with germline DICER1 pathogenic variation.
Risk factors for primary congenital glaucoma in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study
Authors: Forestieri Nina E. , Desrosiers Tania A. , Freedman Sharon F. , Aylsworth Arthur S. , Voltzke Kristin , Olshan Andrew F. , Meyer Robert E. ,   The National Birth Defects Prevention Study
Published: July 2019

Primary congenital glaucoma (PCG) is a rare but serious birth defect. Genetic mutations have been implicated in the development of PCG, but little is known about nongenetic risk factors. This study investigates potential risk factors for PCG in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study (NBDPS), a large population‐based case–control study of major birth defects in the United States. The analysis includes case infants with PCG (N = 107) and control infants without birth defects (N = 10,084) enrolled in NBDPS from birth years 2000–2011. Pregnancy/infant clinical characteristics, demographics, and parental health history were collected through maternal interview. Adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed to examine associations with all PCG cases and isolated PCG cases without other major malformations. Associations with all the cases included term low birth weight (<2,500 g; aOR = 2.80, CI 1.59–4.94), non‐Hispanic black maternal race/ethnicity (aOR = 2.42, CI 1.42–4.13), maternal history of seizure (aOR = 2.73, CI 1.25–5.97), maternal antihypertensive use (aOR = 3.60, CI 1.52–8.53), and maternal sexually transmitted infection (aOR = 2.75, CI 1.17–6.44). These factors were also associated with isolated PCG, as was maternal use of nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (aOR = 2.70, CI 1.15–6.34). This study is among the first to examine a wide array of potential risk factors for PCG in a population‐based sample.
Rapid Base‐ and Metal‐Free Oxidative C‐H Cyclization for the Synthesis of Benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridine Derivatives
Authors: Lee Hae Eun , Lee Mi Jung , Park Jin Kyoon
Published: July 2019

Metal‐free oxidative intramolecular cyclizations have been developed for the synthesis of benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines. Remarkably fast reactions were observed when chloramine‐T was used as an oxidant with 1,1,1,3,3,3‐hexafluoro‐2‐propanol (HFIP) as the solvent, and it was noted that the reactions could be performed without using a base at room temperature.
Facile Substituent Exchange at H‐Phosphonate Diesters Limiting an Effective Synthesis of D‐Phosphonate Diesters
Authors: Lee Keng Lung , Feld Joey , Ben‐Tal Yael , Guo Zhaoyang , Hume Paul , Leitao Erin M.
Published: July 2019

Research on using H‐phosphonate diesters to introduce phosphorus functionality into molecules and polymers, some of which have medicinal applications, has recently attracted a lot of attention. Deuterium labelling to yield the corresponding D‐phosphonate diesters, although desirable in order to help with the mechanistic elucidation of reactions containing H‐phosphonate diesters, has been demonstrated to be a challenge. Deuterium exchange at H‐phosphonate diesters using D2O, MeOD and ND2Bn has shown competitive behavior with hydrolysis, alcoholysis and aminolysis reactions, respectively. This facile substituent exchange for the addition of D2O and MeOD can be attributed to the similar energy required to eliminate ROH or H2O (ROD or HOD, R=iPr, Et, Me) from a pentavalent P(V) intermediate which is generated from axial delivery of an OD or OR group from D2O and MeOD, respectively. The trend in reaction rate for the exchange processes follows the order of R=Me>Et>iPr in (RO)2P(O)H and also depends on the nucleophilicity of the incoming group. Attempted synthesis of D‐phosphonate diesters directly from PCl3 and alcohols or via lithiation reactions further demonstrated just how sensitive the H/D‐scrambling process is. These results have implications for the general reactivity of H‐phosphonate diesters towards water, alcohol, and amines and their potential to selectively undergo substitution at either P‐OR or P‐H. Moreover, insight into the mechanism(s) of selective deuterium exchange, for example to give D‐phosphonate diesters via the direct exchange of D for H, was illuminated through this research.
The governance of primary mental health planning by Primary Health Networks
Authors: Henderson Julie , Javanparast Sara , Baum Fran , Freeman Toby , Ziersch Anna , Mackean Tamara , Fuller Jeffery
Published: July 2019

The establishment of Primary Health Networks (PHNs) was accompanied by assignment of responsibility for funding for primary mental healthcare. To ensure this funding is spent in line with government priorities, the Federal government developed a planning document with established priorities and guidance documents for how the planning document should be completed. This paper examines how these documents shape service delivery through enabling some activities and excluding others and identifies the assumptions that underpin these documents. Data were drawn from discourse and content analysis of completed planning documents from the PHNs and of the guidance documents and from reflection upon mental health planning from 55 interviews with key personnel from six PHNs. Service delivery is shaped by outcome measures that promote service access, cost‐effectiveness and clinical effectiveness, contributing to service options that favour self‐management for mild mental illness and clinical (but not social) services for people with severe mental illness. There is also limited scope for mental health promotion with prevention activities focused upon populations identified by the government as being at‐risk. This occurs to the detriment of other at‐risk populations.
Direct Visualization of Single Nuclear Pore Complex Proteins Using Genetically‐Encoded Probes for DNA‐PAINT
Authors: Schlichthaerle Thomas , Strauss Maximilian T. , Schueder Florian , Auer Alexander , Nijmeijer Bianca , Kueblbeck Moritz , Jimenez Sabinina Vilma , Thevathasan Jervis V. , Ries Jonas , Ellenberg Jan , Jungmann Ralf
Published: July 2019

The nuclear pore complex (NPC) is one of the largest and most complex protein assemblies in the cell and, among other functions, serves as the gatekeeper of nucleocytoplasmic transport. Unraveling its molecular architecture and functioning has been an active research topic for decades with recent cryogenic electron microscopy and super‐resolution studies advancing our understanding of the architecture of the NPC complex. However, the specific and direct visualization of single copies of NPC proteins is thus far elusive. Herein, we combine genetically‐encoded self‐labeling enzymes such as SNAP‐tag and HaloTag with DNA‐PAINT microscopy. We resolve single copies of nucleoporins in the human Y‐complex in three dimensions with a precision of circa 3 nm, enabling studies of multicomponent complexes on the level of single proteins in cells using optical fluorescence microscopy.
Realization of Lewis Basic Sodium Anion in the NaBH3− Cluster
Authors: Liu Gaoxiang , Fedik Nikita , Martinez‐Martinez Chalynette , Ciborowski Sandra M. , Zhang Xinxing , Boldyrev Alexander I. , Bowen Kit H.
Published: July 2019

We report a Na:−→B dative bond in the NaBH3− cluster, which was designed on the principle of minimum‐energy rupture, prepared by laser vaporization, and characterized by a synergy of anion photoelectron spectroscopy and electronic structure calculations. The global minimum of NaBH3− features a Na−B bond. Its preferred heterolytic dissociation conforms with the IUPAC definition of dative bond. The lone electron pair revealed on Na and the negative Laplacian of electron density at the bond critical point further confirm the dative nature of the Na−B bond. This study represents the first example of a Lewis adduct with an alkalide as the Lewis base.
Microwave‐associate synthesis of Co3O4 nanoparticles as an effcient nanocatalyst for the synthesis of arylidene barbituric and Meldrum's acid derivatives in green media
Authors: Yahyazadehfar Mahdieh , Sheikhhosseini Enayatollah , Ahmadi Sayed Ali , Ghazanfari Dadkhoda
Published: July 2019

In this study, Co3O4 nanocatalysts were constructed in environmentally appropriate conditions using controlled, effective, and facile microwave method. The final nanostructures were characterized by SEM, XRD, and TEM analyses. The products had a small size distribution, homogeneous morphology, and crystallographic structures associated with the formation of Co3O4 nanostructures. Moreover, EDS mapping analysis confirmed the existence of Co and O elements in the final structure, and the magnetic properties of the samples were investigated by VSM. The application of this nanostructure in a catalytic process was further examined, and the results suggested that it could be used as a novel candidate for the synthesis of arylidene barbituric and Meldrum,s acid through Knoevenagel condensation of aldehydes by barbituric and Meldrum,s acid in aqueous media. The high yield of these nanocatalysts would be justified by the nature of the nanostructure as well as the experimental procedure developed in this study, which affected the physicochemical features of the products.
Comparative study between two fabricated potentiometric sensors to enhance selectivity towards ferrous ions
Authors: Frag Eman Yossri , Mohamed Marwa El Badry , Mohamed Gehad G. , Samy Yasser
Published: July 2019

Electroanalytical methods are highly selective for measuring electrical quantities including the charge, potential and current with their relation to chemical parameters. They are widely applied in various fields such as biochemical analysis, industrial quality control and environmental monitoring. They have many advantages over other techniques in that they are not time consuming and are specific for certain oxidation states of certain elements which give these techniques high selectivity and sensitivity features. This paper is based on two parts: the first part describes the fabrication of screen‐printed electrodes (SPEs) modified with methyl red as electroactive material, while second part describes the preparation and characterization of Fe(II)–methyl red complex using various spectroscopic tools, the complex being used for the construction of carbon paste electrodes (CPEs). The two proposed electrodes were successfully applied for the determination of Fe(II) in water and pharmaceutical (pharovit) samples. The electrodes under investigation show potentiometric response for Fe(II) in the concentration range 8.0 × 10−7–1.0 × 10−2 and 5.0 × 10−7–1.0 × 10−2 M at 25°C for SPE and CPE, respectively, and the electrode response is independent of pH in the range 1.5–7.0. These sensors show Nernstian slopes of 29.1 ± 0.2 and 29.7 ± 0.16 mV decade−1 with detection limit values of 8.0 × 10−7 and 5.0 × 10−7 M for SPE and CPE, respectively. These electrodes show fast response time of 6 and 4 s and exhibit a lifetime of 100 and 30 days for SPE and CPE, respectively. The mechanism of chemical reaction between modifier and Fe(II) on the SPE surface was studied using infrared spectra, scanning electron microscopy and energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis. The proposed potentiometric method was validated according to the IUPAC recommendations. The results obtained using the proposed sensors were comparable with those obtained with inductively coupled plasma analysis.
Influence of UV stabilizers on the weathering of PETG and PCTT films
Authors: Arangdad Kiarash , Yildirim Erol , Detwiler Andrew , Cleven Curtis D. , Burk Christopher , Shamey Renzo , Pasquinelli Melissa A. , Freeman Harold S. , El‐Shafei Ahmed
Published: July 2019

The influence of two UV photostabilizers on the photostability of Polyethylene‐co‐CHDM‐terephthalate (PETG) and Polycyclohexylenedimethylene‐Co‐TMCD‐terephthalate (PCTT) copolyester films was investigated. Untreated films and films containing stabilizer were irradiated. The resulting films were analyzed by attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR FTIR) spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). FTIR spectra of the irradiated films containing Cyasorb 1164 showed less change in intensity of the broad peak corresponding to OH groups, than the films containing Cyasorb 3638, indicating that Cyasorb 1164 is a better photostabilizer for these films. XPS results showed that the decrease in C/O ratio, due to photodegradation, was greater in films containing Cyasorb 3638 compared to those containing Cyasorb 1164. The formation of degradation products was evident from emission spectra arising from extracts of irradiated films based on PCTT +10% Cyasorb 3638, but no degradation products were apparent in extracts from irradiated PCTT +10% Cyasorb 1164. UV‐absorption spectra of Cyasorb 1164 overlap more substantially with the absorption spectra of PETG and PCTT. The results from FTIR, XPS, and GPC analyses of the irradiated PETG and PCTT films demonstrated that Cyasorb 1164 was more effective than Cyasorb 3638 in enhancing resistance to UV‐induced weathering. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 48198.
Study of the degradation and recyclability of polyethylene and polypropylene present in the marine environment
Authors: Pelegrini Kauê , Maraschin Thuany Garcia , Brandalise Rosmary Nichele , Piazza Diego
Published: July 2019

Polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE) are two of the most widely used polymers in the world, and consequently the main polymer waste that contributes to the pollution of the oceans. Because they are considered inert to degradation, such waste becomes a threat to marine life. In this study, it was possible to collect data on the recyclability of PP and PE waste collected from the Great Pacific Garbage Patch. First, the degradation conditions suffered by these materials were evaluated. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy assays presented different levels of carbonyl in different layers below the surface of each material and scanning electron microscopy tests showed cracks and microorganisms. The mechanical and rheological properties were evaluated in order to evaluate the recyclability of samples exposed to the marine environment. From the study, it can be concluded that, despite the levels of degradation of the samples, it is possible to obtain satisfactory properties for mechanically recycled products. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 48215.
Effect of pine resin derivatives on the structural, thermal, and mechanical properties of Mater‐Bi type bioplastic
Authors: Aldas M. , Ferri J. M. , Lopez‐Martinez J. , Samper M. D. , Arrieta M. P.
Published: July 2019

The effect of three additives derived from pine resin, namely, gum rosin (GR) and two pentaerythritol ester of GR, Lurefor (LF) and Unik Tack (UT), in 5, 10, and 15 wt %, on the properties of Mater‐Bi, based on plasticized starch, poly(butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate), and poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL), obtained by injection molding processes, was studied. The mechanical, microstructural, and thermal properties were evaluated. LF had a cohesive behavior with the components of Mater‐Bi, increasing the toughness of the material up to 250% accompanied by an increase of tensile modulus and tensile strength. UT had an intermediate behavior, conferring cohesive and plasticizing effects, allowing an increase of 105% in impact resistance. GR had a more marked plasticizing effect. This allows processing temperatures of about 50 °C lower than those used for neat Mater‐Bi. In addition, an increase of the elongation at break, toughness, and impact resistance in 370, 480, and 250%, respectively, was achieved. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 48236.
Biodegradation of mulch films from poly(butylene adipate co‐terephthalate), carnauba wax, and sugarcane residue
Authors: de Oliveira Thainá Araújo , de Oliveira Mota Islaine , Mousinho Francisco Edinaldo Pinto , Barbosa Renata , de Carvalho Laura Hecker , Alves Tatianny Soares
Published: July 2019

Plastic mulching for agricultural purposes is a technique which began in the last century and since then its use has been perfected. The fragments of some large‐scale mulch films used may accumulate in the soil, release toxic substances, and affect soil microbial activity. The environmental problems generated by fragments of plastic films accumulated in soil have prompted the development and large‐scale use of biodegradable plastic mulch films. The aim of this work is to develop biodegradable plastic mulch films from poly(butylene adipate co‐terephthalate (PBAT), sugarcane residue, and carnauba wax and to evaluate its biodegradation when buried in soil. The films, obtained by flat extrusion, contained 2.5 and 5.0% sugarcane residue and 0 and 2.0% carnauba wax. Their biodegradation after burial in soil was monitored by mass loss, visual inspection, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Our data show biodegradation in soil to increase with sugarcane residue content and to be independent on carnauba wax addition. This behavior, confirmed by visual inspection, FTIR and SEM images, was associated with the biodegradability of lignocellulosic residues as microorganisms tend to attack this component first, thus eroding fiber/matrix interface and facilitating bio disintegration. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 48240.
Star‐shaped silicon‐containing arylacetylene resin based on a one‐pot synthesis using zinc powder catalysis with improved processing and thermal properties
Authors: Huang Yanchun , Deng Shifeng , Liu Zhongqi
Published: July 2019

Herein, reporting a simple, sustainable, and cost‐effective chemical synthesis of a star‐shaped silicon‐containing arylacetylene (SSA) resin via a one‐pot process using zinc powder as a catalyst. The as‐prepared viscous liquid resins exhibited moderate rheological behavior. The thermal curing temperature was determined to be 203 °C using differential scanning calorimetry, which is much lower than that reported for polyimide and phthalonitrile (>300 °C), indicating the SSA resins are suitable for processing at a lower temperature. Thermogravimetric analysis also revealed the excellent thermal stability and extremely high carbon residue of the cured SSA resin (the temperature at 5% mass loss and residual yield at 800 °C under N2 were 654 °C and 93%, respectively). The results showed the excellent processability and thermal stability of SSA resin. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 48248.
Isothermal emulsion polymerization of n‐butyl methacrylate with KPS and redox initiators: Nucleation
Authors: Wang Shi , Daniels Eric S. , El‐Aasser Mohamed S. , Klein Andrew
Published: July 2019

Nucleation is a very important stage of emulsion polymerization due to its significant influence on the latex particle diameter, particle diameter distribution, and molecular weight. In this study, we evaluated the effect of thermal and redox initiators on the nucleation and reaction kinetics with a model emulsion system comprised of n‐butyl methacrylate, sodium lauryl sulfate, water, initiators, and other additives. Our previous study has demonstrated that a micellar nucleation mechanism plays a role in both initiator systems. In the present study, we further explored secondary nucleation using these two types of initiator systems, that is, homogeneous nucleation, which exists in the redox‐initiated process, and micellar nucleation which is the main nucleation mechanism for the thermal‐initiated system. The investigation also illustrates that coagulative nucleation in the redox‐initiated emulsion system results in a greater extent of monodispersed particle diameter distributions, much smaller particle diameters, and lower molecular weights for the final latex. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48275.
iPASTIC: An online toolkit to estimate plant abiotic stress indices
Authors: Pour‐Aboughadareh Alireza , Yousefian Mohsen , Moradkhani Hoda , Moghaddam Vahed Mohammad , Poczai Peter , Siddique Kadambot H. M.
Published: July 2019

Premise

In crop breeding programs, breeders use yield performance in both optimal and stressful environments as a key indicator for screening the most tolerant genotypes. During the past four decades, several yield‐based indices have been suggested for evaluating stress tolerance in crops. Despite the well‐established use of these indices in agronomy and plant breeding, a user‐friendly software that would provide access to these methods is still lacking.

Methods and Results

The Plant Abiotic Stress Index Calculator (iPASTIC) is an online program based on JavaScript and R that calculates common stress tolerance and susceptibility indices for various crop traits including the tolerance index (TOL), relative stress index (RSI), mean productivity (MP), harmonic mean (HM), yield stability index (YSI), geometric mean productivity (GMP), stress susceptibility index (SSI), stress tolerance index (STI), and yield index (YI). Along with these indices, this easily accessible tool can also calculate their ranking patterns, estimate the relative frequency for each index, and create heat maps based on Pearsonʼs and Spearmanʼs rank‐order correlation analyses. In addition, it can also render three‐dimensional plots based on both yield performances and each index to separate entry genotypes into Fernandezʼs groups (A, B, C, and D), and perform principal component analysis. The accuracy of the results calculated from our software was tested using two different data sets obtained from previous experiments testing the salinity and drought stress in wheat genotypes, respectively.

Conclusions

iPASTIC can be widely used in agronomy and plant breeding programs as a user‐friendly interface for agronomists and breeders dealing with large volumes of data. The software is available at https://mohsenyousefian.com/ipastic/.
Theory and practice to conserve freshwater biodiversity in the Anthropocene
Authors: Flitcroft Rebecca , Cooperman Michael S. , Harrison Ian J. , Juffe‐Bignoli Diego , Boon Philip J.
Published: July 2019

The unprecedented impact of human activities on nature has led scientists to propose we might now be in a new geological epoch: the Anthropocene. Significant human alterations of freshwater systems include massive changes to soil erosion–deposition dynamics, hydrological regimes via impoundment and diversion, land‐use conversion, chemical and nutrient pollution, and human‐assisted range expansion of invasive species. In this human‐dominated epoch, biodiversity, which includes all life on Earth, is at risk, and freshwater biodiversity shows the strongest examples of the extent of this threat.

We live in a world where it is necessary to find optimal ways to balance the growing human need for fresh water with ensuring that freshwater ecosystems remain functional in support of the biodiversity that inhabits them and the services these systems provide.

Within the broader context of freshwater management in the Anthropocene, this special issue targets freshwater biodiversity and habitat conservation through a variety of lenses. Four main areas of emphasis include: conservation approaches; advances in model and tool development; enhancing water planning; and management and protection of species and habitats.

For manuscripts included in this special issue, all authors were instructed to demonstrate how the material presented, be it commentary, conservation prioritization, new methodology or other subject matter, is broadly applicable and transferable.