bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Radiation protection issues on preparedness and response for a severe nuclear accident: experiences of the Fukushima accident
Authors: Homma T. , Takahara S. , Kimura M. , Kinase S.
Published: November 2014

Radiation protection issues on preparedness and response for a severe nuclear accident are discussed in this paper based on the experiences following the accident at Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant. The criteria for use in nuclear emergencies in the Japanese emergency preparedness guide were based on the recommendations of International Commission of Radiological Protection (ICRP) Publications 60 and 63. Although the decision-making process for implementing protective actions relied heavily on computer-based predictive models prior to the accident, urgent protective actions, such as evacuation and sheltering, were implemented effectively based on the plant conditions. As there were no recommendations and criteria for long-term protective actions in the emergency preparedness guide, the recommendations of ICRP Publications 103, 109, and 111 were taken into consideration in determining the temporary relocation of inhabitants of heavily contaminated areas. These recommendations were very useful in deciding the emergency protective actions to take in the early stages of the Fukushima accident. However, some suggestions have been made for improving emergency preparedness and response in the early stages of a severe nuclear accident.
Referral criteria and clinical decision support: radiological protection aspects for justification
Authors: del Rosario Pérez M.
Published: November 2014

Advanced imaging technology has opened new horizons for medical diagnostics and improved patient care. However, many procedures are unjustified and do not provide a net benefit. An area of particular concern is the unnecessary use of radiation when clinical evaluation or other imaging modalities could provide an accurate diagnosis. Referral criteria for medical imaging are consensus statements based on the best-available evidence to assist the decision-making process when choosing the best imaging procedure for a given patient. Although they are advisory rather than compulsory, physicians should have good reasons for deviation from these criteria. Voluntary use of referral criteria has shown limited success compared with integration into clinical decision support systems. These systems support good medical practice, can improve health service delivery, and foster safer, more efficient, fair, cost-effective care, thus contributing to the strengthening of health systems. Justification of procedures and optimisation of protection, the two pillars of radiological protection in health care, are implicit in the notion of good medical practice. However, some health professionals are not familiar with these principles, and have low awareness of radiological protection aspects of justification. A stronger collaboration between radiation protection and healthcare communities could contribute to improve the radiation protection culture in medical practice.
Modernity and postcolonial nationhood
Authors: Lee Theresa Man Ling
Published: November 2014

Mahatma Gandhi and Sun Yat-sen are regarded as the respective founding fathers of modern India and China. Given this shared significance, their writings ought to be duly considered as the basis for comparative thought on postcolonial nation-building. Yet a survey of the literature points to the paucity of such study. The article is therefore an attempt to fill in this gap by juxtaposing Gandhi’s Hind Swaraj and Sun’s San Min Chu I as treatises on postcolonial nation-building. Such juxtaposition yields important contrasts between the two regarding postcolonial nationhood at the crossroad of non-western civilization and modernity. Beyond identifying these differences, the author uses the lack of comparative study on the subject as an occasion for pondering over the contrasting contemporary global legacy of the two figures. At stake are two visions of postcolonial nationhood that are lost to the ubiquity of global development.
Immunohistochemical Characterization of Large Intestinal Adenocarcinoma in the Rhesus Macaque (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Harbison C. E. , Taheri F. , Knight H. , Miller A. D.
Published: November 2014

In rhesus macaques, adenocarcinomas of either the ileocecal junction or colon are common spontaneous tumors in aging populations. The macaque tumors have similar gross and histologic characteristics compared with their human counterpart, but little is known regarding the immunohistochemical expression of proteins that are commonly implicated in the pathogenesis of these tumors in humans. We performed a retrospective review of 22 cases of large intestinal carcinoma in the rhesus macaque and evaluated the expression pattern of a panel of potentially prognostically significant proteins identified from human studies. Histologic characteristics of the tumors included abundant mucin deposition, transmural spread, and lymphatic invasion. All rhesus adenocarcinomas displayed altered expression of 1 or more of CD10, β-catenin, sirtuin 1, cytokeratin 17, and p53 compared with age-matched controls. Zymographic analysis of active matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 in the serum from 5 animals failed to reveal statistically significant differences between adenocarcinoma cases and controls. Based on the data presented herein, large intestinal carcinomas in the macaque share many histomorphologic and immunohistochemical similarities to large intestinal tumors in humans. Further validation of this animal model is considered important for the development of novel therapeutics and a better understanding of the pathogenesis.
Comparison of parenteral treatments of acute primary headache in a large academic emergency department cohort
Authors: McCarthy Lucas H , Cowan Robert P
Published: November 2014

Objective

The objective of this article is to compare acute primary headache patient outcomes in those initially treated with parenteral opiates or non-opiate recommended headache medications in a large academic medical emergency department (ED).

Background

Many acute primary headache patients are not diagnosed with a specific headache type and are treated with opiates and nonspecific pain medications in the ED setting. This is inconsistent with multiple expert recommendations.

Methods

Electronic charts were reviewed from 574 consecutive patients who visited the ED for acute primary headache (identified by chief complaint and ICD9 codes) and were treated with parenteral medications.

Results

Non-opiate recommended headache medications were given first line to 52.6% and opiates to 22.8% of all participants. Patients given opiates first had significantly longer length of stays (median 5.0 vs. 3.9 hours, p < 0.001) and higher rates of return ED visits within seven days (7.6% vs. 3.0%, p = 0.033) compared with those given non-opiate recommended medications in univariate analysis. Only the association with longer length of stay remained significant in multivariable regression including possible confounding variables.

Conclusions

Initial opiate use is associated with longer length of stay compared with non-opiate first-line recommended medications for acute primary headache in the ED. This association remained strong and significant even after multivariable adjustment for headache diagnosis and other possible confounders.
Arm Pain in Youth Baseball Players
Authors: Makhni Eric C. , Morrow Zachary S. , Luchetti Timothy J. , Mishra-Kalyani Pallavi S. , Gualtieri Anthony P. , Lee Randall W. , Ahmad Christopher S.
Published: November 2014

Background:

Overuse injury in youth baseball players is increasing in prevalence, and these injuries have been correlated to pitching mechanics and pitch counts/types. Prior studies regarding arm pain in these athletes have focused simply on presence or absence of pain during the season rather than on detailed factors related to arm pain with respect to frequency, severity, and associated performance and psychosocial effect.

Hypothesis/Purpose:

The goal of this study was to investigate frequency, quality, and effect of arm pain in healthy youth baseball players. The hypothesis was that arm pain will affect a majority of healthy baseball players and will be associated with adverse psychosocial effects.

Study Design:

Descriptive epidemiological study.

Methods:

A novel survey focusing on arm pain in youth baseball players was developed for the purpose of this study. Survey questions were formulated by a consortium of trainers, clinicians, and coaches. Surveys were administered to healthy youth baseball players throughout the states of New Jersey and New York.

Results:

A total of 203 healthy players completed the survey; 23% of players (n = 47) reported a prior overuse injury. Only 26% and 20% of players reported that their arm never hurt when throwing or the day after throwing, respectively; 30% of players reported that arm pain at least sometimes caused them to have less fun playing; and 46% of players reported at least once being encouraged to keep playing despite having arm pain. Pitchers were more likely to report arm pain while throwing and the day after throwing and to indicate that arm pain held them back from being a better player (all P < .05). Those with prior overuse injury were more likely to have arm pain while throwing, to have arm fatigue during a game or practice, and to be encouraged to keep playing despite having pain (all P < .05).

Conclusion:

A majority of healthy (actively competing) youth baseball players report at least some baseline arm pain and fatigue, and many players suffer adverse psychosocial effects from this pain.
Increasing Compliance in Students With Intellectual Disabilities Using Functional Behavioral Assessment and Self-Monitoring
Authors: Wadsworth Jamie P. , Hansen Blake D. , Wills Sarah B.
Published: November 2014

Noncompliance in three elementary age students with intellectual disabilities was assessed using functional behavioral assessments. Escape was identified as the primary function of the behavior in all three students, and access to tangible items was identified in one of the students as a secondary function. Teacher-monitoring and self-monitoring interventions were implemented within a multiple baseline design across three students to increase compliance. Results demonstrated that the intervention was effective and that all three students increased compliance during teacher-monitoring and self-monitoring conditions. These results are discussed in terms of recent research on function-based self-monitoring interventions.
Adrenal Clocks and the Role of Adrenal Hormones in the Regulation of Circadian Physiology
Authors: Leliavski Alexei , Dumbell Rebecca , Ott Volker , Oster Henrik
Published: November 2014

The mammalian circadian timing system consists of a master pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and subordinate clocks that disseminate time information to various central and peripheral tissues. While the function of the SCN in circadian rhythm regulation has been extensively studied, we still have limited understanding of how peripheral tissue clock function contributes to the regulation of physiological processes. The adrenal gland plays a special role in this context as adrenal hormones show strong circadian secretion rhythms affecting downstream physiological processes. At the same time, they have been shown to affect clock gene expression in various other tissues, thus mediating systemic entrainment to external zeitgebers and promoting internal circadian alignment. In this review, we discuss the function of circadian clocks in the adrenal gland, how they are reset by the SCN and may further relay time-of-day information to other tissues. Focusing on glucocorticoids, we conclude by outlining the impact of adrenal rhythm disruption on neuropsychiatric, metabolic, immune, and malignant disorders.
Large-scale production of a ternary composite nanofiber membrane for wound dressing applications
Authors: Xu Fenghua , Weng Baicheng , Materon Luis A , Gilkerson Robert , Lozano Karen
Published: November 2014

In this study, chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol binary and tannic acid/chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol ternary composite nanofiber membranes from chitosan citric acid salt aqueous solutions without the use of toxic solvents through Forcespinning® technology were successfully mass produced. Chitosan is being widely evaluated as a wound dressing material based on its biocompatibility, biodegradability, and antibacterial properties. Tannic acid has been applied as a drug for the treatment of wounds due to its astringent, antioxidant, hemostatic, and antibacterial properties. The ternary composite nanofiber membranes were in situ crosslinked to become water stable, in order to be used as wound dressings. The morphology, structure, water stability, water absorption capability, and thermal and mechanical properties of the composite nanofibers were characterized. The antibacterial activity was evaluated by the viable cell-counting method. The ternary composite nanofibers demonstrated synergistic antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli. The ternary composite membranes were found to be beneficial to the adhesion and development of fibroblast cells. These composite nanofiber membranes have the potential to be used in wound dressing applications.
Knitting as Metaphor for Work
Authors: Jubas Kaela , Seidel Jackie
Published: November 2014

This article discusses the coauthors’ experiences as academic colleagues who took up knitting together, and the insights about contemporary complications and tensions of research and work that we developed through that practice. Adopting some of the tenets of ethnography and, more particularly, autoethnography and institutional ethnography, we ground our analysis in everyday encounters and routines in our academic workplace. Employing knitting as metaphor, we organize our discussion of findings as a series of tensions that are alternately evident and hidden in our work(place). We close by considering how our inquiry points to aspects of both similarity and uniqueness in relation to other work contexts and assists us in interpreting and understanding our academic work in the context of broader society.
Dual-branch reed for resonant cavity wind energy harvester with enhanced performances
Authors: Wang Xiao , Liu Yong Bin , Xiao Guang Jun , Pan Cheng Liang , Feng Zhi Hua
Published: November 2014

A structure of dual-branch piezoelectric unimorph reed with the resonant cavity of a harmonica to harvest wind energy for the wireless sensor networks was introduced in this paper. After the experiments and simulation analysis, a new mathematical model was established for further research on this structure. The vibration of the reed in the resonant cavity was dealt with as the damping forced vibration of a triangular pulse excitation. This model well explained why the dual-branch reed can vibrate much stronger than the no-branch reed. The experiment proved that the proposed structure and model are feasible and efficacious, the dual-branch reed not only increases the vibration amplitude of the piezoelectric reed but also exhibits a wide wind speed range. A prototype wind energy harvester with a wind inlet dimension of 25 mm  × 25 mm can generate an maximum power of 6.7 mW and have an efficiency of 3.5%, with wind speed from 3.2 m/s to 16 m/s.
Ethical challenges in neonatal intensive care nursing
Authors: Strandås Maria , Fredriksen Sven-Tore D
Published: November 2014

Background:

Neonatal nurses report a great deal of ethical challenges in their everyday work. Seemingly trivial everyday choices nurses make are no more value-neutral than life-and-death choices. Everyday ethical challenges should also be recognized as ethical dilemmas in clinical practice.

Research objective:

The purpose of this study is to investigate which types of ethical challenges neonatal nurses experience in their day-to-day care for critically ill newborns.

Research design:

Data were collected through semi-structured qualitative in-depth interviews. Phenomenological-hermeneutic analysis was applied to interpret the data.

Participants and research context:

Six nurses from neonatal intensive care units at two Norwegian hospitals were interviewed on-site.

Ethical considerations:

The study is designed to comply with Ethical Guidelines for Nursing Research in the Nordic Countries and the Helsinki declaration.

Findings:

Findings suggest that nurses experience a diverse range of everyday ethical challenges related to challenging interactions with parents and colleagues, emotional strain, protecting the vulnerable infant, finding the balance between sensitivity and authority, ensuring continuity of treatment, and miscommunication and professional disagreement.

Discussion:

A major finding in this study is how different agents involved in caring for the newborn experience their realities differently. When these realities collide, ethical challenges arise. Findings suggest that acting in the best interests of the child becomes more difficult in situations involving many agents with different perceptions of reality.

Conclusion:

The study presents new aspects which increases knowledge and understanding of the reality of nursing in a neonatal intensive care unit, while also demanding increased research in this field of care.
Dexrazoxane
Authors: Wu Vivian
Published: November 2014

Anthracyclines are a fundamental part of many childhood cancer therapy regimens; however, the discovery of anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity has raised concern and led to dose limitation. The cardiotoxicity of anthracyclines has resulted in an increased demand for cardioprotectants. Dexrazoxane is the only cardioprotectant that has proven efficacy in reducing cardiotoxic effects when given prior to the administration of anthracyclines. Currently, it is still considered an “off-label” use due to a paucity of data in the literature on dexrazoxane administration in children. Nevertheless, through evaluation of the available data, dexrazoxane is observed to be safe, tolerable, and efficacious in mitigating the cardiotoxic effects of anthracycline in children, without jeopardizing its antineoplastic activity or increasing the risk of developing secondary malignant neoplasms.
Friendship Relations From the Perspective of Children With Experience of Cancer Treatment
Authors: Einberg Eva-Lena , Svedberg Petra , Enskär Karin , Nygren Jens M.
Published: November 2014

Friendships are significant to child development and health but diseases such as cancer can interrupt the contact with friends. The purpose of this study was to describe perceptions of friendship from the perspective of children undergoing cancer treatment, in order to build knowledge that can be used in a health promotion intervention for these children. Fifteen children between 8 and 12 years of age participated in focus groups, where a mixture of informative and creative techniques were used. The focus group discussions were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. The analysis resulted in three generic categories, “Common interests and experiences,” “Mutual empathic actions.” and “Mutual trust and understanding,” incorporating seven subcategories. Based on children’s descriptions from a salutogenic perspective, friendship emerged as An equal and mutual commitment that evolves over time and with interactions face-to-face and digitally, a child perspective on friendship should be central to the development of health promotion interventions designed to support friendship relations of children treated for cancer.
Adverse Reactions to Radiopharmaceuticals in France
Authors: Laroche Marie-Laure , Quelven Isabelle , Mazère Joachim , Merle Louis
Published: November 2014

Background: Radiopharmaceuticals are regarded as safe by the nuclear medicine community, but up to now, no survey has been conducted with from the perspective of pharmacovigilance. Objective: To describe the adverse reactions to radiopharmaceuticals (ARRPs) reported to the French Pharmacovigilance Database (FPVD). Methods: We selected and described all reports encompassing at least one radiopharmaceutical in the FPVD. The annual incidence of reported ARRPs used in diagnosis was also estimated. Results: From 1989 to 2013, 304 reports of ARRPs were identified (43.0% serious, 12 deaths) in 54.6% women and 45.4% men; the median age was 58 years. Five therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals (131I-sodium iodide, 131I-lipiodol, 89Sr-chloride, 153Sm-lexidronam, and 90Y-ibritumomab-tiuxetan) were involved in 48 reports (97 adverse reactions: 86.6% serious, 9 deaths). Pulmonary disorders represented 44.3% of ARRPs used for therapy, mainly related to 131I-lipiodol. There were 34 diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals involved in 256 reports (451 adverse reactions: 38.1% serious, 3 deaths); 8 diagnostic products (99mTc-oxidronate, 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose, 99mTc-tin pyrophosphate, 99mTc-tetrofosmin, 99mTc-dimercaptosuccinic acid, 201Tl-chloride, 99mTc-sestamibi, and 111In-pentetate) accounted for two-thirds of ARRPs. The most frequent adverse reactions were skin (34.4%), general (18.2%), nervous (9.0%), and gastrointestinal disorders (7.0%). There were 25 cases of altered images and 10 medication errors. The annual incidence of reported adverse reactions ranged from 1.2 × 10−5 to 3.4 × 10−5 diagnostic administrations. Conclusions: Reported ARRPs occurred rarely and were more serious in the therapeutic than in the diagnostic field. The notification of ARRPs was able to provide new guidance for safe use, as was the case for 131I-lipiodol. Therefore, it is important to report ARRPs to a pharmacovigilance system.
Music as engaging, educational matrix: Exploring the case of marginalised students attending an “alternative” music industry school
Authors: Cleaver David , Riddle Stewart
Published: November 2014

Harmony High is an alternative school where music functions as an educational magnet to attract marginalised students who have disengaged from the mainstream. Through an investigation of the student perspective, we discover that while acting as a magnet, music also becomes the educational matrix or “heart and soul” that helps to create a school culture with a positive spirit of connectedness and community working to motivate and inspire active learning. Thus Harmony High demonstrates a model highlighting the need for alternative education contexts that adapt to the needs, voice, interests and experiences of disaffected students. This becomes increasingly important in order to offer alternatives to current neoliberal agendas that focus on the standardisation of education in order to meet economic political and market ideals rather than the needs of students.
Regular physical activity is associated with improved small artery distensibility in young to middle-age stage 1 hypertensives
Authors: Saladini Francesca , Benetti Elisabetta , Mos Lucio , Mazzer Adriano , Casiglia Edoardo , Palatini Paolo
Published: November 2014

The aim of the present study was to investigate the association of physical activity with small artery elasticity in the early stage of hypertension. We examined 366 young-to-middle-age stage 1 hypertensives (mean blood pressure 145.6±10.3/92.5±5.8 mmHg), divided into two categories of physical activity, sedentary ( n=264) and non-sedentary ( n=102) subjects. The augmentation index was measured using the Specaway DAT System. Small artery compliance (C2) was measured by applanation tonometry, at the radial artery, with an HDI CR2000 device. After 6 years of follow-up, arterial distensibility assessment was repeated in 151 subjects. Heart rate was lower in active than in sedentary subjects (71.2±8.9 vs 76.6±9.7 bpm, p<0.001). After adjusting for age, sex, heart rate, smoking, and blood pressure, C2 was higher (8.0±2.6 vs 6.4±3.0 ml/mmHg × 100, p=0.008) in non-sedentary than in sedentary patients. The augmentation index was smaller in the former (8.8±20.1 vs 16.8±26.5%, p=0.044) but the difference lost statistical significance after further adjustment for blood pressure. After 6 years, C2 was still higher in the non-sedentary than sedentary subjects. In addition, an improvement in the augmentation index accompanied by a decline in total peripheral resistance was found in the former. These data show that regular physical activity is associated with improved small artery elasticity in the early phase of hypertension. This association persists over time and is independent of blood pressure and heart rate.
Development of and Feedback on a Fully Automated Virtual Reality System for Online Training in Weight Management Skills
Authors: Thomas J. Graham , Spitalnick Josh S. , Hadley Wendy , Bond Dale S. , Wing Rena R.
Published: November 2014

Virtual reality (VR) technology can provide a safe environment for observing, learning, and practicing use of behavioral weight management skills, which could be particularly useful in enhancing minimal contact online weight management programs. The Experience Success (ES) project developed a system for creating and deploying VR scenarios for online weight management skills training. Virtual environments populated with virtual actors allow users to experiment with implementing behavioral skills via a PC-based point and click interface. A culturally sensitive virtual coach guides the experience, including planning for real-world skill use. Thirty-seven overweight/obese women provided feedback on a test scenario focused on social eating situations. They reported that the scenario gave them greater skills, confidence, and commitment for controlling eating in social situations.
News, Trust in the European Parliament, and EP Election Voting
Authors: Nardis Yioryos
Published: November 2014

This article examines the role of news exposure and political trust in the decision to vote in European Parliament (EP) elections in established (EU-15) and new member states of the 2004/2007 enlargement. News coverage of EP elections tends to differ among established and new member states. News in new members contains more coverage of EP elections and the European Union (EU) and tends to also be more positive than in established members. The difference in coverage may play a role in how European institutions are trusted, and ultimately, in election participation. A moderated mediation model is proposed to test whether trust in the EP mediates the relationship between news exposure and voting in EP elections, and whether the relationship between news exposure and trust is stronger among new member states. Using two methods, an experiment conducted in four EU states and a structural equation model of 2004 European Election Studies survey data, support is found for the model. The results also suggest that while European-level considerations account for some of the variance in voting, they cannot be a substitute for national-level considerations.
Harnessing Reciprocity to Promote Cooperation and the Provisioning of Public Goods
Authors: Rand David G. , Yoeli Erez , Hoffman Moshe
Published: November 2014

How can we maximize the common good? This is a central organizing question of public policy design, across political parties and ideologies. The answer typically involves the provisioning of public goods such as fresh air, national defense, and knowledge. Public goods are costly to produce but benefit everyone, thus creating a social dilemma: Individual and collective interests are in tension. Although individuals may want a public good to be produced, they typically would prefer not to be the ones who have to pay for it. Understanding how to motivate individuals to pay these costs is therefore of great importance for policy makers. Research provides advice on how to promote this type of “cooperative” behavior. Synthesizing a large body of research demonstrates the power of “reciprocity” for inducing cooperation: When others know that you have helped them, or acted to benefit the greater good, they are often more likely to reciprocate and help you in turn. Several conclusions stem from this line of thinking: People will be more likely to do their part when their actions are observable by others; people will pay more attention to how effective those actions are when efficacy is also observable; people will try to avoid situations where they could help, but often will help if asked directly; people are more likely to cooperate if they think others are also cooperating; and people can develop habits of cooperation that shape their default inclinations.
Access to Counsel
Authors: Kaiser Cheryl R. , Quintanilla Victor D.
Published: November 2014

Employment discrimination claimants in general, and racial minority claimants in particular, disproportionately lack access to legal counsel. When employment discrimination claimants lack counsel, they typically abandon their claims, or if they pursue their claims, they do so pro se (without counsel), a strategy that is seldom successful in court. Access to counsel is, hence, a decisive component in whether employment discrimination victims realize the potential of civil rights enforcement. Psychological science analyzes access to counsel by identifying psychological barriers—such as threatened social identity, mistrust in legal authorities, and fear of repercussions—that prevent employment discrimination victims from pursuing counsel. The analysis also identifies how cultural beliefs and practices concerning justice—such as meritocracy beliefs, perceived post-racialism, and organizational diversity initiatives—shape how judges, jurors, and lay people think about discrimination. Furthermore, counsels’ perceptions of other’s beliefs about discrimination shape their assessed likelihood of prevailing. These psychological barriers intersect with structural barriers to shape counsels’ evaluation of each case’s likely financial viability, which can prevent counsel from accepting cases that they otherwise deem meritorious. Policy can help those who experience employment discrimination obtain legal representation and meaningful redress for civil rights violations.
Eliciting Reliable Information in Investigative Interviews
Authors: Vrij Aldert , Hope Lorraine , Fisher Ronald P.
Published: November 2014

Interviews are an important part of investigations, as the information obtained from interviewees generates leads and evidence. However, for several psychological reasons, even cooperative victims and witnesses do not spontaneously report all the information they know, and their accounts may incorporate errors. Furthermore, suspects often deliberately withhold information or may attempt to mislead the interviewer. First, known psychological factors promote complete and accurate reports by cooperative witnesses and victims. Such factors relate to the social dynamics between the witness and interviewer (e.g., developing rapport), the interviewee’s and the interviewer’s cognitive processes, and communication between the witness and interviewer. Empirical research examines interviewing techniques that incorporate these interviewing principles. Second, some suspects may be reluctant to volunteer information. Typically, two interview styles encourage suspects to talk: An information-gathering style seeks to establish rapport with interviewees and uses open-ended exploratory questions to elicit information and establish guilt. An accusatorial style uses closed-ended confirmatory questions to elicit confessions. The former approach performs better at eliciting accurate information and true confessions. In any interview, the ability to detect truth from deceit is important. Many lie detection techniques are based on listening to speech or observing behavior, but only some discriminate between truth and deceit.
Public Policy and Health
Authors: Ehret Phillip J. , Sherman David K.
Published: November 2014

Public policies designed to improve health and well-being are challenged by people’s resistance. A social psychological perspective reveals how health policies can pose a psychological threat to individuals and result in resistance to following health recommendations. Self-affirmation, a brief psychological intervention that has individuals focus on important personal values, can help reduce resistance to behavior change and help promote health and well-being in four health-policy domains: graphic cigarette warning labels designed to get people to quit smoking, community health programs targeted at high-risk populations, alcohol intervention and prevention programs targeted at problem drinkers, and adherence to medical recommendations and treatment regimens among people coping with disease. Using self-affirmation has important strengths and limitations as a tool to help policymakers and practitioners encourage better health choices.
Intercultural Training and Assessment
Authors: Morris Michael W. , Savani Krishna , Roberts Richard D.
Published: November 2014

With globalization, cross-cultural competence is increasingly important to effective policies in international relations, business, and even in our schools and communities. Can we assess the skills and attributes relevant to gaining proficiency in other cultures? What kinds of training can help people toward this goal? Evidence on the assessment question comes from surveys of immigrant acculturation and expatriate adjustment, investigating antecedents including personality, general intelligence ( g), and social-cultural intelligence. Evidence-based research should guide organizational and public policies for selecting people for intercultural positions, assignments, and assistance. Although past assessment tools have often lacked the validity necessary for consequential applications, recent innovations make the implementation of these policies feasible. Evidence on the training question comes from research on multiple learning processes that play different roles in the journey toward proficiency in another culture, such as studying, attributional reasoning, social learning, and conditioning. Training policies should recognize the distinctive demands of each learning process and identify evidence-based training procedures that fit the learning process. Finally, parallels across the two halves of our discussion on assessment and training can help understand both how personality traits and social strengths foster intercultural learning, and why general mental ability is not as important a driver as many assume.
Comparison of 3DSIM thermal modelling of selective laser melting using new dynamic meshing method to ANSYS
Authors: Zeng K. , Pal D. , Gong H. J. , Patil N. , Stucker B.
Published: November 2014

Selective laser melting (SLM) is an additive manufacturing (AM) process in which parts are fabricated by selectively melting regions of the surface of a metallic powder bed in a layer-by-layer fashion. Various thermal phenomena such as heat conduction, convection, radiation, melting and solidification, dynamic phase changes, and evaporation occur during the SLM process. In addition, laser intensity and powder bed scan speeds during processing complicate understanding of the process due to complex dynamic interactions between the powder bed and laser. In order to study these dynamic interactions, a finite element model has been developed which uses a dynamic mesh with spatial non-linear thermal properties to track the point of laser exposure on the powder bed to study thermal evolution during SLM. The model is able to achieve a refined, localised mesh in the melt zone and heat affected zone (HAZ), surrounded by a relatively coarse mesh outside of the HAZ regions. The dynamic meshing for this implementation is achieved using both the sub-modelling functionality in ANSYS and a new set of algorithms being commercialised by 3DSIM, LLC. It was found that dynamic meshing reduces the model size and computational burden. In this paper, the use of the sub-modelling approach for dynamic meshing was verified by comparing it against a uniform fine mesh model. The results of the two models match within an acceptable tolerance. Also, a mesh sensitivity analysis was carried out in order to show solution convergence as a function of increasing mesh density. The results of this analysis were also validated using experiments to show a match between experimental and simulated melt pools. Finally, the ANSYS solution was compared with a new set of dynamic meshing finite element analysis algorithms running in Matlab. It was found that these new algorithms were significantly faster than their ANSYS counterparts for solving problems using a dynamic mesh.
BVPs for higher-order integro-differential equations with ϕ-Laplacian and functional boundary conditions
Authors: Guo Xiufeng , Lu Liang , Liu Zexian
Published: November 2014

In this paper, we study the existence of solutions of a class of higher-order integro-differential boundary value problems with ϕ-Laplacian like operator and functional boundary conditions. By giving the definition of a pair of coupled lower and upper solutions and some new hypotheses, we obtain some new existence results for boundary value problems with ϕ-Laplacian like operator by employing the Schauder fixed point theorem and an appropriate Nagumo condition. Finally, an example is given to illustrate the results.

MSC:39K10, 34B15.
Randomized Phase III Trial to Test Accelerated Versus Standard Fractionation in Combination With Concurrent Cisplatin for Head and Neck Carcinomas in the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 0129 Trial: Long-Term Report of Efficacy and Toxicity
Authors: Nguyen-Tan Phuc Felix , Zhang Qiang , Ang K. Kian , Weber Randal S. , Rosenthal David I. , Soulieres Denis , Kim Harold , Silverman Craig , Raben Adam , Galloway Thomas J. , Fortin André , Gore Elizabeth , Westra William H. , Chung Christine H. , Jordan Richard C. , Gillison Maura L. , List Marcie , Le Quynh-Thu
Published: November 2014

Purpose

We tested the efficacy and toxicity of cisplatin plus accelerated fractionation with a concomitant boost (AFX-C) versus standard fractionation (SFX) in locally advanced head and neck carcinoma (LA-HNC).

Patients and Methods

Patients had stage III to IV carcinoma of the oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx, or larynx. Radiation therapy schedules were 70 Gy in 35 fractions over 7 weeks (SFX) or 72 Gy in 42 fractions over 6 weeks (AFX-C). Cisplatin doses were 100 mg/m2once every 3 weeks for two (AFX-C) or three (SFX) cycles. Toxicities were scored by using National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria 2.0 and the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group/European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer criteria. Overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) rates were estimated by using the Kaplan-Meier method and were compared by using the one-sided log-rank test. Locoregional failure (LRF) and distant metastasis (DM) rates were estimated by using the cumulative incidence method and Gray's test.

Results

In all, 721 of 743 patients were analyzable (361, SFX; 360, AFX-C). At a median follow-up of 7.9 years (range, 0.3 to 10.1 years) for 355 surviving patients, no differences were observed in OS (hazard ratio [HR], 0.96; 95% CI, 0.79 to 1.18; P = .37; 8-year survival, 48% v 48%), PFS (HR, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.84 to 1.24; P = .52; 8-year estimate, 42% v 41%), LRF (HR, 1.08; 95% CI, 0.84 to 1.38; P = .78; 8-year estimate, 37% v 39%), or DM (HR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.56 to 1.24; P = .16; 8-year estimate, 15% v 13%). For oropharyngeal cancer, p16-positive patients had better OS than p16-negative patients (HR, 0.30; 95% CI, 0.21 to 0.42; P < .001; 8-year survival, 70.9% v 30.2%). There were no statistically significant differences in the grade 3 to 5 acute or late toxicities between the two arms and p-16 status.

Conclusion

When combined with cisplatin, AFX-C neither improved outcome nor increased late toxicity in patients with LA-HNC. Long-term high survival rates in p16-positive patients with oropharyngeal cancer support the ongoing efforts to explore deintensification.
Stem cells and the impact of ROS signaling
Authors: Bigarella Carolina L. , Liang Raymond , Ghaffari Saghi
Published: November 2014

An appropriate balance between self-renewal and differentiation is crucial for stem cell function during both early development and tissue homeostasis throughout life. Recent evidence from both pluripotent embryonic and adult stem cell studies suggests that this balance is partly regulated by reactive oxygen species (ROS), which, in synchrony with metabolism, mediate the cellular redox state. In this Primer, we summarize what ROS are and how they are generated in the cell, as well as their downstream molecular targets. We then review recent findings that provide molecular insights into how ROS signaling can influence stem cell homeostasis and lineage commitment, and discuss the implications of this for reprogramming and stem cell ageing. We conclude that ROS signaling is an emerging key regulator of multiple stem cell populations.
Mesogenin 1 is a master regulator of paraxial presomitic mesoderm differentiation
Authors: Chalamalasetty Ravindra B. , Garriock Robert J. , Dunty William C. , Kennedy Mark W. , Jailwala Parthav , Si Han , Yamaguchi Terry P.
Published: November 2014

Neuromesodermal (NM) stem cells generate neural and paraxial presomitic mesoderm (PSM) cells, which are the respective progenitors of the spinal cord and musculoskeleton of the trunk and tail. The Wnt-regulated basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor mesogenin 1 (Msgn1) has been implicated as a cooperative regulator working in concert with T-box genes to control PSM formation in zebrafish, although the mechanism is unknown. We show here that, in mice, Msgn1 alone controls PSM differentiation by directly activating the transcriptional programs that define PSM identity, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, motility and segmentation. Forced expression of Msgn1 in NM stem cells in vivo reduced the contribution of their progeny to the neural tube, and dramatically expanded the unsegmented mesenchymal PSM while blocking somitogenesis and notochord differentiation. Expression of Msgn1 was sufficient to partially rescue PSM differentiation in Wnt3a−/− embryos, demonstrating that Msgn1 functions downstream of Wnt3a as the master regulator of PSM differentiation. Our data provide new insights into how cell fate decisions are imposed by the expression of a single transcriptional regulator.
Class I KNOX transcription factors promote differentiation of cambial derivatives into xylem fibers in the Arabidopsis hypocotyl
Authors: Liebsch Daniela , Sunaryo Widi , Holmlund Mattias , Norberg Mikael , Zhang Jing , Hall Hardy C. , Helizon Hanna , Jin Xu , Helariutta Ykä , Nilsson Ove , Polle Andrea , Fischer Urs
Published: November 2014

The class I KNOX transcription factors SHOOT MERISTEMLESS (STM) and KNAT1 are important regulators of meristem maintenance in shoot apices, with a dual role of promoting cell proliferation and inhibiting differentiation. We examined whether they control stem cell maintenance in the cambium of Arabidopsis hypocotyls, a wood-forming lateral meristem, in a similar fashion as in the shoot apical meristem. Weak loss-of-function alleles of KNAT1 and STM led to reduced formation of xylem fibers – highly differentiated cambial derivatives – whereas cell proliferation in the cambium was only mildly affected. In a knat1;stm double mutant, xylem fiber differentiation was completely abolished, but residual cambial activity was maintained. Expression of early and late markers of xylary cell differentiation was globally reduced in the knat1;stm double mutant. KNAT1 and STM were found to act through transcriptional repression of the meristem boundary genes BLADE-ON-PETIOLE 1 (BOP1) and BOP2 on xylem fiber differentiation. Together, these data indicate that, in the cambium, KNAT1 and STM, contrary to their function in the shoot apical meristem, promote cell differentiation through repression of BOP genes.
Superior Photocatalytic Activity of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Linked on Single-walled Carbon Nanotubes through Mussel-inspired Chemistry
Authors: Kim Sung Min , Lee Gibaek , In Insik , Park Sung Young
Published: November 2014

Mussel-inspired linking of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles on a single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) was successfully attempted to provide a novel photocatalyst that shows enhanced and recyclable photocatalytic degradation of environmental pollutants such as Methylene Blue with ultraviolet and even with visible light irradiation.
Excessive Accumulation of Knowledge as a Challenge to Science Policy
Authors: Wachowska Małgorzata
Published: November 2014

In response to current economic theories, a special emphasis is put on the need for continuous acquisition of knowledge. The stock of knowledge, however, is growing very dynamically, which leads to shifts in the scientific process. There are shifts in individual innovative productivity, which is manifested by the fact that the contribution of young scientists to science is getting smaller and – as a result of deepening of specialization – the dominance of teamwork increases. These two fundamental changes taking place in science should imply changes in the approach to science policy. In the face of “ageing” of innovators, policy makers should put more emphasis on creating incentives for young people to enter scientific careers (higher wages in science, more attractive grants at the peak of scientific career; contrary to popular beliefs, grant systems should not be created specifically for young people). A measure increasing the interest in scientific careers could also be a shortening of education which, however, is difficult to achieve. A response of science policy to the increasing dominance of teamwork should be (1) implementation of changes in the remuneration system for researchers, which should evolve from individual-oriented rewarding to team-oriented rewarding, as well as (2) implementation of changes in the evaluation system, which should be aimed towards team evaluation.
The new Care Quality Commission Standards
Authors: Stuart-Wilson Fiona
Published: November 2014

The Care Quality Commission has published its proposed new Fundamental Standards. Are they a ‘new start’ or more of the same?
Head lice prevention
Authors: Brown Christine
Published: November 2014

Tackling head lice is not a school's responsibility, but by taking some simple steps to educate parents we can have a big impact on prevention, says Christine Brown.
When life is a beach
Authors: Francis-Pester Dawn
Published: November 2014

With 11,000 miles of coastline around the British Isles a beach can be an exciting learning resource. Try these ideas for taking learning to a sandy classroom near you.
‘What light through yonder window breaks?’
Authors: Hewson Claire
Published: November 2014

Vibrant, tragic and supercharged, what's not to like about Shakespeare's great tragedy Romeo and Juliet? Try these activities to introduce the play to key stage 2.
Connecting local and global issues
Authors: Mynard Steve
Published: November 2014

By helping children to discover and act on local geographical issues, you will be enhancing their knowledge and awareness of the wider world, says Steve Mynard.