bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pay Dissatisfaction and Intention to Leave
Authors: Treuren Gerrit J. M. , Frankish Elizabeth
Published: August 2014

This article examines the power of a particular type of employee attachment—client embeddedness—in buffering the adverse effect of pay dissatisfaction on employee intention to leave. Based on a sample of 153 personal care workers employed by a disability service organization, this article finds that client embeddedness—the attachment that employees can experience as a result of interactions with clients or customers—dampens the adverse effect of pay dissatisfaction on employee intention to leave. This finding has implications for the development of appropriate recruitment and retention practices in not‐for‐profit organizations.
Qualitative and Spatial Metabolite Profiling of Lichens by a LC–MS Approach Combined With Optimised Extraction
Authors: Parrot Delphine , Peresse Tiphaine , Hitti Eric , Carrie Daniel , Grube Martin , Tomasi Sophie
Published: August 2014

Introduction

Lichens are self‐sustaining partnerships comprising fungi as shape‐forming partners for their enclosed symbiotic algae. They produce a tremendous diversity of metabolites (1050 metabolites described so far).

Objectives

A comparison of metabolic profiles in nine lichen species belonging to three genera (Lichina, Collema and Roccella) by using an optimised extraction protocol, determination of the fragmentation pathway and the in situ localisation for major compounds in Roccella species.

Methods

Chemical analysis was performed using a complementary study combining a Taguchi experimental design with qualitative analysis by high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry techniques.

Results

Optimal conditions to obtain the best total extraction yield were determined as follows: mortar grinding to a fine powder, two successive extractions, solid:liquid ratio (2:60) and 700 rpm stirring. Qualitative analysis of the metabolite profiling of these nine species extracted with the optimised method was corroborated using MS and MS/MS approaches. Nine main compounds were identified: 1 β‐orcinol, 2 orsellinic acid, 3 putative choline sulphate, 4 roccellic acid, 5 montagnetol, 6 lecanoric acid, 7 erythrin, 8 lepraric acid and 9 acetylportentol, and several other compounds were reported. Identification was performed using the m/z ratio, fragmentation pathway and/or after isolation by NMR analysis. The variation of the metabolite profile in differently organised parts of two Roccella species suggests a specific role of major compounds in developmental stages of this symbiotic association.

Conclusion

Metabolic profiles represent specific chemical species and depend on the extraction conditions, the kind of the photobiont partner and the in situ localisation of major compounds. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Involvement of S1P1 receptor pathway in angiogenic effects of a novel adenosine‐like nucleic acid analog COA‐Cl in cultured human vascular endothelial cells
Authors: Igarashi Junsuke , Hashimoto Takeshi , Kubota Yasuo , Shoji Kazuyo , Maruyama Tokumi , Sakakibara Norikazu , Takuwa Yoh , Ujihara Yoshihiro , Katanosaka Yuki , Mohri Satoshi , Naruse Keiji , Yamashita Tetsuo , Okamoto Ryuji , Hirano Katsuya , Kosaka Hiroaki , Takata Maki , Konishi Ryoji , Tsukamoto Ikuko
Published: August 2014

COA‐Cl (2Cl‐C.OXT‐A) is a recently developed adenosine‐like nucleic acid analog that promotes angiogenesis via the mitogen‐activated protein (MAP) kinases ERK1/2. Endothelial S1P1 receptor plays indispensable roles in developmental angiogenesis. In this study, we examined the functions of S1P1 in COA‐Cl‐induced angiogenic responses. Antagonists for S1P1, W146, and VPC23019, substantially but still partly inhibited the effects of COA‐Cl with regard to ERK1/2 activation and tube formation in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Antagonists for adenosine A1 receptor and purinergic P2Y1 receptor were without effect. Genetic knockdown of S1P1 with siRNA, but not that of S1P3, attenuated COA‐Cl‐elicited ERK1/2 responses. The signaling properties of COA‐Cl showed significant similarities to those of sphingosine 1‐phosphate, an endogenous S1P1 ligand, in that both induced responses sensitive to pertussis toxin (Gα i/o inhibitor), 1,2‐bis(2‐aminophenoxy)ethane‐N,N,N',N'‐tetraacetic acid tetrakis (acetoxymethyl ester) (BAPTA‐AM), (calcium chelator), and PP2 (c‐Src tyrosine kinase inhibitor). COA‐Cl elevated intracellular Ca2+ concentration and induced tyrosine phosphorylation of p130Cas, a substrate of c‐Src, in HUVEC. COA‐Cl displaced [3H]S1P in a radioligand‐binding competition assay in chem‐1 cells overexpressing S1P1. However, COA‐Cl activated ERK1/2 in CHO‐K1 cells that lack functional S1P1 receptor, suggesting the presence of additional yet‐to‐be‐defined COA‐Cl target in these cells. The results thus suggest the major contribution of S1P1 in the angiogenic effects of COA‐Cl. However, other mechanism such as that seen in CHO‐K1 cells may also be partly involved. Collectively, these findings may lead to refinement of the design of this nucleic acid analog and ultimately to development of small molecule‐based therapeutic angiogenesis.
Lipid‐Lowering Effects of Curcumin in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized, Double‐Blind, Placebo‐Controlled Trial
Authors: Yang Yi‐Sun , Su Ying‐Fang , Yang Hui‐Wen , Lee Yu‐Hsien , Chou Janet I. , Ueng Kwo‐Chang
Published: August 2014

Human studies of curcumin extract on lipid‐lowering effect have not been completely investigated and have had controversy results. This study tested the effect of daily curcumin extract for 12 weeks on weight, glucose, and lipid profiles in patients with metabolic syndrome. Sixty‐five patients were randomized into two groups; 33 patients taking curcumin extract capsule (630 mg thrice daily) and 32 patients taking a placebo capsule thrice daily for 12 weeks. At 12 weeks after the curcumin extract consumption, the level of high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C) significantly increased from 40.96 ± 8.59 to 43.76 ± 2.79 mg/dL (p < 0.05), and the level of low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) was significantly reduced (120.55 ± 36.81 to 106.51 ± 25.02 mg/dL, p < 0.05). The triglyceride‐lowering effect, a reduction of 65 mg/dL, was also found in this study. In subgroups analysis, the consumption of curcumin may have a lowering cholesterol effect in male patients and an increasing HDL‐C effect in female patients, both of which result in a decrease of T‐Chol/HDL‐C ratio. The intake of the curcumin extract of 1890 mg/day for 12 weeks was associated with lipid‐lowering effect but did not improve weight and glucose homeostasis in the patients with metabolic syndrome. Daily curcumin consumption may be an alternative choice to modify cholesterol‐related parameters, especially in metabolic syndrome patients. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of Smilaxchinoside A and Smilaxchinoside C, Two Steroidal Glycosides from Smilax riparia, on Hyperuricemia in a Mouse Model
Authors: Wu Xiao‐Hui , Wang Chong‐Zhi , Zhang Jun , Wang Shu‐Qing , Han Lide , Zhang Yan‐Wen , Yuan Chun‐Su
Published: August 2014

The roots and rhizomes of Smilax riparia, called ‘Niu‐Wei‐Cai’ in traditional Chinese medicine, are believed to be effective in treating the symptoms of gout. However, the active constituents and their uricosuric mechanisms are unknown. In this study, we isolated two steroidal glycosides, named smilaxchinoside A and smilaxchinoside C, from the total saponins obtained from the ethanol extract of the roots of S. riparia. We then examined if these two compounds were effective in reducing serum uric acid levels in a hyperuricemic mouse model induced by potassium oxonate. We observed that these two steroidal glycosides possess potent uricosuric activities, and the observed effects accompanied the reduction of renal mURAT1 and the inhibition of xanthine oxidase, which contribute to the enhancement of uric acid excretion and the reduction of hyperuricemia‐induced renal dysfunction. Smilaxchinoside A and smilaxchinoside C may have a clinical utility in treating gout and other medical conditions caused by hyperuricemia. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cardiovascular and Affective Consequences of Ruminating on a Performance Stressor Depend on Mode of Thought
Authors: Zoccola Peggy M. , Rabideau Erin M. , Figueroa Wilson S. , Woody Alex
Published: August 2014

Psychological detachment from work is important for facilitating recovery. This can be threatened by rumination, or thinking about the day's stressors. Rumination may lead to distress, fatigue and extended activation of stress‐related systems, but findings are not unequivocal. Level of construal (abstract or concrete) and type of mentation (imagery or verbal thought) used during stressor‐focused rumination may shape physiological and affective responses and impact recovery. This study tested whether blood pressure (BP) and anxiety responses to stressor‐focused rumination differ by mentation type and construal level. Healthy undergraduates (n = 136) performed a speech stressor and then completed a rumination task in one of four randomly assigned conditions: concrete imagery, abstract imagery, concrete verbal thought or abstract verbal thought. Anxiety and continuous BP were assessed. Concrete rumination led to greater BP, whereas rumination with abstract construals led to lower BP. Furthermore, participants in the abstract conditions had greater increases in anxiety following stressor‐focused rumination than in the concrete conditions. Results suggest that the immediate physiological and psychological consequences of stressor‐focused rumination depend upon mode of thought. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Do feelings matter? On the correlation of affects and the self‐assessed productivity in software engineering
Authors: Graziotin Daniel , Wang Xiaofeng , Abrahamsson Pekka
Published: August 2014

Software engineering (SE) research lacks theory and methodologies for addressing human aspects in software development. Development tasks are undertaken through cognitive processing activities. Affects (emotions, moods, and feelings) have a linkage to cognitive processing activities and the productivity of individuals. SE research needs to incorporate affect measurements to valorize human factors and to enhance management styles.

The objective of this study is to analyze the affects dimensions of valence, arousal, and dominance of software developers and their real‐time correlation with their self‐assessed productivity (sPR).

A repeated measurements design was conducted with eight participants (four students and four professionals), conveniently sampled and studied individually over 90 min of programming. The analysis was performed by fitting a linear mixed‐effects (LME) model.

The results showed that valence and dominance are positively correlated with the sPR. The model was able to express about 38% of deviance from the sPR. Many lessons were learned when employing psychological measurements in SE and for fitting LME.

This article demonstrates the value of applying psychological tests in SE and echoes a call to valorize the human individualized aspects of software developers. It reports a body of knowledge about affects, their classification, their measurement, and the best practices to perform psychological measurements in SE with LME models. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A 3D Porous Metal Organic Framework Based on Infinite 1D Nickel(II) Chains with Rutile Topology Displaying Open Metal Sites
Authors: Stylianou Kyriakos C. , Bacsa John , Bradshaw Darren , Rosseinsky Matthew J.
Published: August 2014

The reaction of NiII with a tetra‐benzoate pyrene ligand produces a 3D porous framework based on infinite 1D NiII chains. The NiII–O connectivity and the formation of a hydroxo‐bridge (μ3‐OH) responsible for the connection of the central NiII atoms within the 1D NiII–(μ3‐OH)2–NiII chains can be straightforwardly compared with the TiIV–O–TiIV connectivity seen in TiO2. The arrangement of the TBAPy ligand around the 1D rutile‐based chains leads in the generation of a porous framework with two distinct types of pores; based on the chemistries of these two types of pores, one can be labelled as hydrophobic and the other as hydrophilic. The use of different activation methods results in the generation of either a porous framework free of guest molecules or a completely solvent‐free material, in which the terminal H2O molecules bound to NiII were removed, leading thus to a framework with open NiII sites. CO2 isotherms collected on both frameworks at 195 K and one barshowed type I isotherms characteristic of microporous materials (BET surface areas for: guest‐free framework: 257(3) m2·g–1; solvent‐free framework: 362(2) m2·g–1). The affinity of both networks at zero coverage for both CO2 and CH4 was found to be greater when the unsaturated NiII sites are available within the void space.
The genus Codonopsis (Campanulaceae): a review of phytochemistry, bioactivity and quality control
Authors: He Jing-Yu , Ma Na , Zhu Shu , Komatsu Katsuko , Li Zhi-Yuan , Fu Wei-Ming
Published: August 2014

Codonopsis, in the family Campanulaceae, is a genus containing 42 species of dicotyledonous herbaceous perennial plants, predominantly found in Central, East and South Asia. Several Codonopsis species are widely used in traditional medicine and are considered to have multiple medicinal properties. Among the Codonopsis species, Codonopsis pilosula (Franch.) Nannf. and C. lanceolata (Sieb. et Zucc.) Benth. & Hook. f. ex Trautv. are more popular than others according to the findings, especially phytochemical and bioactive studies. Phytochemical research shows that Codonopsis species contain mainly polyacetylenes, phenylpropanoids, alkaloids, triterpenoids and polysaccharides, which contribute to multiple bioactivities. However, the mechanisms of their bioactivities need to be further elucidated. The less popular Codonopsis species remain to be studied and exploited. In addition, although a series of methods for the quality evaluation of Codonopsis species have been developed, a feasible and reliable approach to the efficacious and safe use of various Codonopsis species is still needed, with considering botanical origin, chemical constituents and bioactive effects. This review aims to provide up-to-date and comprehensive information on the phytochemistry, bioactivity and quality control of medicinal plants in the genus Codonopsis and to highlight current gaps in knowledge, which is useful for the wider development of the Codonopsis genus.
Testing Oleic‐SDS Mixture in the Absence/Presence Na2SO4 as a Phosphate Depressant
Authors: El‐Midany Ayman A. , Arafat Yasir , Al‐Fariss Tariq F.
Published: August 2014

The reverse flotation of calcareous phosphate ores, at acidic pH, usually uses anionic collectors such as oleic acid (Ol) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). However, using a mixture of two anionic collectors is very rare. In the present paper, a mixture of oleic acid and sodium dodecyl sulfate, with a ratio 1:1, was prepared. Different dosages of Ol–SDS mixture was studied in absence or presence of sodium sulfate as a phosphate depressant at different pH values. The results showed that sodium sulfate works better at highly acidic pH where 30.7 % P2O5 was achieved in presence of sodium sulfate in comparison to 29 % P2O5 at pH 4 and 0.5 kg/t collector dosage. However, by increasing the pH, the sodium sulfate negatively affects the concentrate grade. Moreover, the sodium sulfate maintains the grade and recovery almost unchanged within the studied pH range. Although a concentrate grade exceeds 30 % P2O5 could be achieved with or without addition of sodium sulfate, the highest concentrate grade of 33 % P2O5 was obtained with 85 % recovery at 3.5 kg/t collector dosage and pH 6 with no sodium sulfate additions.
Impact of climate change on weeds in agriculture: a review
Authors: Peters Kristian , Breitsameter Laura , Gerowitt Bärbel
Published: August 2014

Over the past decades, climate change has induced transformations in the weed flora of arable ecosystems in Europe. For instance, thermophile weeds, late-emerging weeds, and some opportunistic weeds have become more abundant in some cropping systems. The composition of arable weed species is indeed ruled by environmental conditions such as temperature and precipitation. Climate change also influences weeds indirectly by enforcing adaptations of agronomic practice. We therefore need more accurate estimations of the damage potential of arable weeds to develop effective weed control strategies while maintaining crop yield. Here we review the mechanisms of responses of arable weeds to the direct and indirect effects of climate change. Climate change effects are categorized into three distinct types of shifts occurring at different scales: (1) range shifts at the landscape scale, (2) niche shifts at the community scale, and (3) trait shifts of individual species at the population scale. Our main conclusions are changes in the species composition and new species introductions are favored, which facilitate major ecological and agronomical implications. Current research mainly considers processes at the landscape scale. Processes at the population and community scales have prevalent importance to devise sustainable management strategies. Trait-climate and niche-climate relationships warrant closer consideration when modeling the possible future distribution and damage potential of weeds with climate change.
Personal growth initiative and identity formation in adolescence through young adulthood: Mediating processes on the pathway to well‐being
Authors: Luyckx Koen , Robitschek Christine
Published: August 2014

Developing a personal identity is a challenging task throughout adolescence and the transition to adulthood. The present study sampling 551 14–35 year olds (54.1% female) examined personal growth initiative (PGI) as a potential predictor of core identity processes and explored whether identity functioned as a mediator on the pathway from PGI to self‐esteem and depressive symptoms. Path analyses from a structural equation modeling approach indicated that all four components of PGI (i.e., planfulness, readiness for change, intentional behavior, and using resources) predicted different commitment and exploration processes, with planfulness being the most consistent predictor. Important age differences linking PGI‐components to identity exploration were found. Finally, especially the degree to which individuals identified themselves with their identity commitments and the degree to which they relied on ruminative or maladaptive forms of identity exploration mediated pathways from PGI to self‐esteem and depressive symptoms. Implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Enzymatic characteristics of an ApaH‐like phosphatase, PrpA, and a diadenosine tetraphosphate hydrolase, ApaH, from Myxococcus xanthus
Authors: Sasaki Masashi , Takegawa Kaoru , Kimura Yoshio
Published: August 2014

We characterized the activities of the Myxococcus xanthus ApaH‐like phosphatases PrpA and ApaH, which share homologies with both phosphoprotein phosphatases and diadenosine tetraphosphate (Ap4A) hydrolases. PrpA exhibited a phosphatase activity towards p‐nitrophenyl phosphate (pNPP), tyrosine phosphopeptide and tyrosine‐phosphorylated protein, and a weak hydrolase activity towards Ap
n
A and ATP. In the presence of Mn2+, PrpA hydrolyzed Ap4A into AMP and ATP, whereas in the presence of Co2+ PrpA hydrolyzed Ap4A into two molecules of ADP. ApaH exhibited high phosphatase activity towards pNPP, and hydrolase activity towards Ap
n
A and ATP. Mn2+ was required for ApaH‐mediated pNPP dephosphorylation and ATP hydrolysis, whereas Co2+ was required for Ap
n
A hydrolysis. Thus, PrpA and ApaH may function mainly as a tyrosine protein phosphatase and an Ap
n
A hydrolase, respectively.
The Cantar de mio Cid
Authors: Duggan Joseph J.
Published: August 2014

In this study, Joseph Duggan interprets the Cantar de mio Cid as a work that transmutes moral values first into the economic values of a gift economy, then into genealogical values. Considering the poem's distortions of history more significant than its retention of historical features, Duggan ascribes its depiction of the penurious hero who acquires wealth, power, and kinship alliances to the Castilian monarchy's preoccupations with furthering the victory of Las Navas de Tolosa. He maintains that the Cantar de mio Cid was composed around the year 1200 in substantially the form in which we have it now, in the course of a singer's performance. Arguing against a number of tendencies in Cid scholarship, Professor Duggan denies the necessity of assuming that the poet was a man of learning, that he was directly influenced by French literature, or that he was familiar with written law.
Sampling Theory
Authors: Eldar Yonina C.
Published: August 2014

Covering the fundamental mathematical underpinnings together with key principles and applications, this book provides a comprehensive guide to the theory and practice of sampling from an engineering perspective. Beginning with traditional ideas such as uniform sampling in shift-invariant spaces and working through to the more recent fields of compressed sensing and sub-Nyquist sampling, the key concepts are addressed in a unified and coherent way. Emphasis is given to applications in signal processing and communications, as well as hardware considerations, throughout. With 200 worked examples and over 200 end-of-chapter problems, this is an ideal course textbook for senior undergraduate and graduate students. It is also an invaluable reference or self-study guide for engineers and students across industry and academia.
Diffusions, Markov Processes and Martingales
Authors: Rogers L. C. G. , Williams David
Published: August 2014

This celebrated book has been prepared with readers' needs in mind, remaining a systematic treatment of the subject whilst retaining its vitality. The second volume follows on from the first, concentrating on stochastic integrals, stochastic differential equations, excursion theory and the general theory of processes. Much effort has gone into making these subjects as accessible as possible by providing many concrete examples that illustrate techniques of calculation, and by treating all topics from the ground up, starting from simple cases. Many of the examples and proofs are new; some important calculational techniques appeared for the first time in this book. Together with its companion volume, this book helps equip graduate students for research into a subject of great intrinsic interest and wide application in physics, biology, engineering, finance and computer science.
Biological Materials Science
Authors: Meyers Marc André , Chen Po-Yu
Published: August 2014

Taking a unique materials science approach, this text introduces students to the basic concepts and applications of materials and biomedical engineering and prepares them for the challenges of the new interdisciplinary field of biomaterials science. Split into three sections - Basic Biology Principles, Biological Materials, and Bioinspired Materials and Biomimetics - it presents biological materials along with the structural and functional classification of biopolymers, bioelastomers, foams, and ceramic composites. More traditional biomimetic designs such as Velcro are then discussed in conjunction with new developments that mimic the structure of biological materials at the molecular level, mixing nanoscale with biomolecular designs. Bioinspired design of materials and structures is also covered. Focused presentations of biomaterials are presented throughout the text in succinct boxes, emphasising biomedical applications, whilst the basic principles of biology are explained, so no prior knowledge is required. The topics are supported by approximately 500 illustrations, solved problems, and end-of-chapter exercises.
Disability in the Ottoman Arab World, 1500–1800
Authors: Scalenghe Sara
Published: August 2014

Physical, sensory, and mental impairments can influence an individual's status in society as much as the more familiar categories of gender, class, religion, race, and ethnicity. This was especially true of the early modern Arab Ottoman world, where being judged able or disabled impacted every aspect of a person's life, including performance of religious ritual, marriage, job opportunities, and the ability to buy and sell property. Sara Scalenghe's book is the first on the history of both physical and mental disabilities in the Middle East and North Africa, and the first to examine disability in the non-Western world before the nineteenth century. Unlike previous scholarly works that examine disability as discussed in religious texts such as the Qur'an and the Hadith, this study focuses on representations and classifications of disability and impairment across a wide range of biographical, legal, medical, and divinatory primary sources.
The Evolution of Technology
Authors: Basalla George
Published: August 2014

This book presents an evolutionary theory of technological change based upon recent scholarship in the history of technology and upon relevant material drawn from economic history and anthropology. It challenges the popular notion that technology advances by the efforts of a few heroic individuals who produce a series of revolutionary inventions owing little or nothing to the technological past. Therefore, the book's argument is shaped by analogies taken selectively from the theory of organic evolution, and not from the theory and practice of political revolution. Three themes appear, and reappear with variations, throughout the study. The first is diversity: an acknowledgment of the vast numbers of different kinds of made things (artifacts) that have long been available to humanity; the second is necessity: the belief that humans are driven to invent new artifacts in order to meet basic biological requirements such as food, shelter, and defense; and the third is technological evolution: an organic analogy that explains both the emergence of novel artifacts and their subsequent selection by society for incorporation into its material life without invoking either biological necessity or technological progress. Although the book is not intended to provide a strict chronological account of the development of technology, historical examples - including many of the major achievements of Western technology: the waterwheel, the printing press, the steam engine, automobiles and trucks, and the transistor - are used extensively to support its theoretical framework. The Evolution of Techology will be of interest to all readers seeking to learn how and why technology changes, including both students and specialists in the history of technology and science.
Representing Space in the Scientific Revolution
Authors: Miller David Marshall
Published: August 2014

The novel understanding of the physical world that characterized the Scientific Revolution depended on a fundamental shift in the way its protagonists understood and described space. At the beginning of the seventeenth century, spatial phenomena were described in relation to a presupposed central point; by its end, space had become a centerless void in which phenomena could only be described by reference to arbitrary orientations. David Marshall Miller examines both the historical and philosophical aspects of this far-reaching development, including the rejection of the idea of heavenly spheres, the advent of rectilinear inertia, and the theoretical contributions of Copernicus, Gilbert, Kepler, Galileo, Descartes, and Newton. His rich study shows clearly how the centered Aristotelian cosmos became the oriented Newtonian universe, and will be of great interest to students and scholars of the history and philosophy of science.
Marmot Biology
Authors: Armitage Kenneth B.
Published: August 2014

Focusing on the physiological and behavioral factors that enable a species to live in a harsh seasonal environment, this book places the social biology of marmots in an environmental context. It draws on the results of a forty-year empirical study of the population biology of the yellow-bellied marmot near the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory in the Upper East River Valley in Colorado, USA. The text examines life-history features such as body-size, habitat use, environmental physiology, social dynamics, and kinship. Considerable new data analyses are integrated with material published over a fifty-year period, including extensive natural history observations, providing an essential foundation for integrating social and population processes. Finally, the results of research into the yellow-bellied marmot are related to major ecological and evolutionary theories, especially inclusive fitness and population regulation, making this a valuable resource for students and researchers in animal behavior, behavioral ecology, evolutionary biology, ecology and conservation.
Cultivating Success in the South
Authors: Ferleger Louis A. , Metz John D.
Published: August 2014

This book explores changes in rural households of the Georgia Piedmont through the material culture of farmers as they transitioned from self-sufficiency to market dependence. The period between 1880 and 1910 was a time of dynamic change when Southern farmers struggled to reinvent their lives and livelihoods. Relying on primary documents, including probate inventories, tax lists, state and federal census data, and estate sale results, this study seeks to understand the variables that prompted farm households to assume greater risk in hopes of success as well as those factors that stood in the way of progress. While there are few projects of this type for the late nineteenth century, and fewer still for the New South, the findings challenge the notion of farmers as overly conservative consumers and call into question traditional views of conspicuous consumption as a key indicator of wealth and status.
Gender and Race in Antebellum Popular Culture
Authors: Roth Sarah N.
Published: August 2014

In the decades leading to the Civil War, popular conceptions of African American men shifted dramatically. The savage slave featured in 1830s' novels and stories gave way by the 1850s to the less-threatening humble black martyr. This radical reshaping of black masculinity in American culture occurred at the same time that the reading and writing of popular narratives were emerging as largely feminine enterprises. In a society where women wielded little official power, white female authors exalted white femininity, using narrative forms such as autobiographies, novels, short stories, visual images, and plays, by stressing differences that made white women appear superior to male slaves. This book argues that white women, as creators and consumers of popular culture media, played a pivotal role in the demasculinization of black men during the antebellum period, and consequently had a vital impact on the political landscape of antebellum and Civil War-era America through their powerful influence on popular culture.
DRCOG Revision Guide
Authors: Davies Nigel , Hodges Paul
Published: August 2014

The DRCOG (Diploma) is an examination for doctors who wish to offer obstetrics, gynaecology and other aspects of women's health care in a primary care setting (GP surgeries, walk-in centres and family planning clinics). This book provides a comprehensive guide to the new style DRCOG examination which was introduced in October 2007. It includes:
• an overview of the curriculum and syllabus
• a guide to the format of the DRCOG examination
• sample questions for each of the question formats: extended matching questions (EMQs), single best answer questions (SBAs) and multiple choice questions (MCQs)
• six sample papers
• answers to all of the sample questions and papers
• tips for candidates.
Emotional and Sectional Conflict in the Antebellum United States
Authors: Woods Michael E.
Published: August 2014

The sectional conflict over slavery in the United States was not only a clash between labour systems and political ideologies but also a viscerally felt part of the lives of antebellum Americans. This book contributes to the growing field of emotions history by exploring how specific emotions shaped Americans' perceptions of, and responses to, the sectional conflict in order to explain why it culminated in disunion and war. Emotions from indignation to jealousy were inextricably embedded in antebellum understandings of morality, citizenship, and political affiliation. Their arousal in the context of political debates encouraged Northerners and Southerners alike to identify with antagonistic sectional communities and to view the conflicts between them as worth fighting over. Michael E. Woods synthesizes two schools of thought on Civil War causation: the fundamentalist, which foregrounds deep-rooted economic, cultural, and political conflict, and the revisionist, which stresses contingency, individual agency, and collective passion.
Tales from Shakespeare
Authors: Holderness Graham
Published: August 2014

In this engaging new book, writer and critic Graham Holderness shows how a classic Shakespeare play can be the source for a modern story, providing a creative 'collision' between the Shakespeare text and contemporary concerns. Using an analogy from particle physics, Holderness tests his methodology through specific examples, structured in four parts: a recreation of performances of Hamlet and Richard II aboard the East India Company ship the Red Dragon in 1607; an imagined encounter between Shakespeare and Ben Jonson writing the King James Bible; the creation of a contemporary folk hero based on Coriolanus and drawing on films such as Skyfall and The Hurt Locker; and an account of the terrorist bombing at a performance of Twelfth Night in Qatar in 2005. These pieces of narrative and drama are interspersed with literary criticism, each using a feature of the original Shakespeare play or its performance to illuminate the extraordinary elasticity of Shakespeare. The 'tales' provoke questions about what we understand to be Shakespeare and not-Shakespeare, making the book of vital interest to students, scholars, and enthusiasts of Shakespeare, literary criticism and creative writing.
Orthogonal Polynomials of Several Variables
Authors: Dunkl Charles F. , Xu Yuan
Published: August 2014

Serving both as an introduction to the subject and as a reference, this book presents the theory in elegant form and with modern concepts and notation. It covers the general theory and emphasizes the classical types of orthogonal polynomials whose weight functions are supported on standard domains. The approach is a blend of classical analysis and symmetry group theoretic methods. Finite reflection groups are used to motivate and classify symmetries of weight functions and the associated polynomials. This revised edition has been updated throughout to reflect recent developments in the field. It contains 25% new material, including two brand new chapters on orthogonal polynomials in two variables, which will be especially useful for applications, and orthogonal polynomials on the unit sphere. The most modern and complete treatment of the subject available, it will be useful to a wide audience of mathematicians and applied scientists, including physicists, chemists and engineers.
Social Choice and Legitimacy
Authors: Patty John W. , Penn Elizabeth Maggie
Published: August 2014

Governing requires choices, and hence trade-offs between conflicting goals or criteria. This book asserts that legitimate governance requires explanations for such trade-offs and then demonstrates that such explanations can always be found, though not for every possible choice. In so doing, John W. Patty and Elizabeth Maggie Penn use the tools of social choice theory to provide a new and discriminating theory of legitimacy. In contrast with both earlier critics and defenders of social choice theory, Patty and Penn argue that the classic impossibility theorems of Arrow, Gibbard, and Satterthwaite are inescapably relevant to, and indeed justify, democratic institutions. Specifically, these institutions exist to do more than simply make policy - through their procedures and proceedings, these institutions make sense of the trade-offs required when controversial policy decisions must be made.
Evidence, Decision and Causality
Authors: Ahmed Arif
Published: August 2014

Most philosophers agree that causal knowledge is essential to decision-making: agents should choose from the available options those that probably cause the outcomes that they want. This book argues against this theory and in favour of evidential or Bayesian decision theory, which emphasises the symptomatic value of options over their causal role. It examines a variety of settings, including economic theory, quantum mechanics and philosophical thought-experiments, where causal knowledge seems to make a practical difference. The arguments make novel use of machinery from other areas of philosophical inquiry, including first-person epistemology and the free will debate. The book also illustrates the applicability of decision theory itself to questions about the direction of time and the special epistemic status of agents.
Sour Grapes
Authors: Elster Jon
Published: August 2014

Sour Grapes aims to subvert orthodox theories of rational choice through the study of forms of irrationality. Dr Elster begins with an analysis of the notation of rationality, to provide the background and terms for the subsequent discussions, which cover irrational behaviour, irrational desires and irrational belief. These essays continue and complement the arguments of Jon Elster's earlier book, Ulysses and the Sirens. That was published to wide acclaim, and Dr Elster shows the same versatility here in drawing on philosophy, political and social theory, decision-theory, economics and psychology, as well as history and literature.
History of the Rise of the Mahomedan Power in India, till the Year AD 1612
Authors: Ferishta Mahomed Kasim
Published: August 2014

The Persian chronicler Ferishta (1560–1620) composed his great work, published in this four-volume English translation in 1829, at the court of Bijapur - where he spent most of his life - under the patronage of King Ibrahim Adil Shah II. It covers Muslim India from around 975 to 1612 and is notable for its balance, despite Ferishta's close involvement with some of the events and people he records. In the translator's preface, East India Company officer John Briggs (1785–1875) highlights the danger of misconceptions about the people of India and the importance of religious policy in the success or failure of her various governments. Volume 1 includes introductory matter, a chapter on pre-Muslim India, histories of the Ghaznavid kings of Lahore, and information on the rulers of Delhi. Also included is Briggs' valuable comparative chronology of events in Europe and India.
A History of Thailand
Authors: Baker Chris , Phongpaichit Pasuk
Published: August 2014

A History of Thailand offers a lively and accessible account of Thailand's political, economic, social and cultural history. This book explores how a world of mandarin nobles and unfree peasants was transformed and examines how the monarchy managed the foundation of a new nation-state at the turn of the twentieth century. The authors capture the clashes between various groups in their attempts to take control of the nation-state in the twentieth century. They track Thailand's economic changes through an economic boom, globalisation and the evolution of mass society. This edition sheds light on Thailand's recent political, social and economic developments, covering the coup of 2006, the violent street politics of May 2010, and the landmark election of 2011 and its aftermath. It shows how in Thailand today, the monarchy, the military, business and new mass movements are players in a complex conflict over the nature and future of the country's democracy.
Liberalization of Trade in Banking Services
Authors: De Meester Bart
Published: August 2014

The financial crisis struck with full force in the autumn of 2008. Very soon after the start of the crisis, culprits were sought. An important recurring argument was that liberalization of trade in banking services, as pursued at the European (within the EU) and international level (in the WTO), had seriously reduced the possibilities for governments to regulate and supervise the banking sector. This book examines the validity of this claim and considers how EU law and WTO law deal with the trade-off any policy-maker must make between stability and efficiency in the market for banking services. The book considers specifically the interaction between EU and WTO law because the EU is itself a Member of the WTO, next to its Member States. This implies that the EU must respect the obligations it undertook in the framework of the WTO when the EU determines its policy towards third-country banks.
Representing the Advantaged
Authors: Butler Daniel M.
Published: August 2014

Political inequality is a major issue in American politics, with racial minorities and low-income voters receiving less favorable representation. Scholars argue that this political inequality stems largely from differences in political participation and that if all citizens participated equally we would achieve political equality. Daniel M. Butler shows that this common view is incorrect. He uses innovative field and survey experiments involving public officials to show that a significant amount of bias in representation traces its roots to the information, opinions, and attitudes that politicians bring to office and suggests that even if all voters participated equally, there would still be significant levels of bias in American politics because of differences in elite participation. Butler's work provides a new theoretical basis for understanding inequality in American politics and insights into what institutional changes can be used to fix the problem.
Cellular Solids
Authors: Gibson Lorna J. , Ashby Michael F.
Published: August 2014

In this new edition of their classic work on Cellular Solids, the authors have brought the book completely up to date, including new work on processing of metallic and ceramic foams and on the mechanical, electrical and acoustic properties of cellular solids. Data for commercially available foams are presented on material property charts; two new case studies show how the charts are used for selection of foams in engineering design. Over 150 references appearing in the literature since the publication of the first edition are cited. The text summarises current understanding of the structure and mechanical behaviour of cellular materials, and the ways in which they can be exploited in engineering design. Cellular solids include engineering honeycombs and foams (which can now be made from polymers, metals, ceramics and composites) as well as natural materials, such as wood, cork and cancellous bone.
Hillforts at War: From Maiden Castle to Taniwaha Pā
Authors: Armit Ian
Published: August 2014

Following Wheeler's excavations at Maiden Castle, the multivallate hillforts of Wessex came to be seen as responses to a specific form of warfare based around the massed use of slings. As part of the wider post-processual ‘rethink’ of the British Iron Age during the late 1980s and 1990s, this traditional ‘military’ interpretation of hillforts was increasingly subject to criticism. Apparent weaknesses in hillfort design were identified and many of the most distinctive features of these sites (depth of enclosure, complexity of entrance arrangements, etc) were reinterpreted as symbols of social isolation. Yet this ‘pacification’ of hillforts is in many ways as unsatisfactory as the traditional vision. Both camps have tended to view warfare as a detached, functional, and disembedded activity which can be analysed in terms of essentially timeless concepts of military efficiency. Consideration of the use of analogous structures in the ethnographic record suggests that, far from being mutually exclusive, the military and symbolic dimensions are both essential to a more nuanced understanding of the wider social role of hillforts in Britain and beyond.
XXVI. Description of a Coin of the Emperor Vitalian, in a Letter from the Rev. Stephen Weston, B.D. F.R.S. and S.A.to the Earl of Aberdeen, K.T. F.R.S. President
Authors: Weston Stephen
Published: August 2014

I have the honour to exhibit to your Lordship, and the Society, a gold Quinarius of the Emperor Vitalian, which reacls oh the obverse, DN VITALINVS P.P.A.V. on the reverse, VICTORIA. AVGVSTOR. and in the exergue, CONO. The obverse has the head of the Emperor, crowned with a diadem of pearls; the reverse represents a figure of Victory. The Numismatic Authors that mention it, are Beauvais, Tom. III. p. 28, as the only coin of this Emperor that had occurred when he wrote; D'Ennerie Cat. p. 277, 4to. and Tanini in Supplern. p. 383. Descriptions of a coin of Vitalian have been since given both by Eckhel and Rasche.
Remembering Lenny Bruce
Authors: Marowitz Charles
Published: August 2014

On 13 October 2012, Lenny Bruce, had he not accidentally overdosed on narcotics (or committed suicide – the jury is still out on that one), would be eighty-seven years old. It is, of course, a thoroughly incredible notion – like an octogenarian Mozart, a super annuated Janis Joplin, or James Dean signing up for a senior citizen pension. Poètes maudits, doomed rock icons, and self-destructive superstars are supposed to die young. Their myth demands it, and we wouldn't have it any other way.

Bruce at forty-one, perched on a toilet bowl with a spike in his right arm and his last typed words (‘conspiracy to interfere with the Fourth Amendment const—’) in the barrel of his still humming electric typewriter, died characteristically. He was always associated with toilet humour and throughout the last decade of his life ex hausted himself trying to demonstrate that the United States Constitution protected the free speech for which one court after another mercilessly prosecuted him. (The Fourth Amendment, incidentally, protects citizens from ‘unreasonable searches and seizures’ and, along with the state's First Amendment violations, was as much responsible for his downfall as the cocaine and morphine.)
The Losey–Moscow Connection: Experimental Soviet Theatre and the Living Newspaper
Authors: Gardner Colin
Published: August 2014

Although Joseph Losey is best known as the blacklisted director of films such as the Pinter-scripted The Servant, The Go-Between, and Accident, as well as Mr Klein starring Alain Delon, he also had an important career in leftist theatre prior to making his Hollywood film debut in in the late 1940s. Because of his collaboration with Bertolt Brecht on the 1947 Hollywood production of Galileo, it is assumed that Losey learned from him most of his stagecraft – particularly the use of Verfremdungseffekt and self-reflexivity. However, as this article shows, Losey's apprenticeship was rooted not in the Epic Theatre (which was largely a second-hand phenomenon) but in the Soviet theatrical avant garde, observed at first hand during a 1935 Moscow visit studying the techniques of Meyerhold, Vakhtangov, and Pavlovich Okhlopkov, whose ‘theatre in the round’ stagings and use of complex ramps and projections provided the basis for Losey's subsequent Federal Theatre Project ‘Living Newspaper’ productions – notably Triple-A Plowed Under and Injunction Granted! Under the aegis of co-founder Hallie Flanagan, the Living Newspaper proved to be the model of 1930s political theatre: topical, didactic, fast-paced – and almost immediately obsolete as events superseded the plays' relevance. Colin Gardner is Professor of Critical Theory and Integrative Studies at the University of California, Santa Barbara. He is the author of critical studies on Joseph Losey and Karel Reisz for Manchester University Press's ‘British Film Makers’ series and of Beckett, Deleuze, and the Televisual Event: Peephole Art for Palgrave Macmillan. He is currently working with Felicity Colman on a three-volume Encyclopedia of Film-Philosophy.