bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the use of sensitivity analysis in model reduction to predict flows for varying inflow conditions
Authors: Hay Alexander , Akhtar Imran , Borggaard Jeff T.
Published: January 2011

The proper orthogonal decomposition (POD)‐based model reduction method is more and more successfully used in fluid flows. However, the main drawback of this methodology rests in the robustness of these reduced order models (ROMs) beyond the reference at which POD modes have been derived. Any variation in the flow or shape parameters within the ROM fails to predict the correct dynamics of the flow field. To broaden the spectrum of these models, the POD modes should have the global characteristics of the flow field over which the predictions are required. Mixing of snapshots with varying parameters is one way to improve the global nature of the modes but is computationally demanding because it requires full‐order solutions for a number of parameter values in order to assemble atextitrich enough database on which to perform POD. Instead, we have used sensitivity analysis (SA) to include the flow and shape parameters influence during the basis selection process to develop more robust ROMs for varying viscosity (Reynolds number), changing orientation and shape definition of bodies. This study aims at extending these ideas to inflow conditions to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach in capturing the effect of varying inflow on the dynamics of the flow over an elliptic cylinder. Numerical experiments show that the newly derived models allow for a more accurate representation of the flows when exploring the parameter space. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bedrock infiltration and mountain block recharge accounting using chloride mass balance
Authors: Aishlin Pam , McNamara James P
Published: January 2011

Mountain front catchment net groundwater recharge (NR) represents the upper end of mountain block recharge (MBR) groundwater flow paths. Using environmental chloride in precipitation, streamflow and groundwater, we apply chloride mass balance (CMB) to estimate NR at multiple catchment scales within the 27 km2 Dry Creek Experimental Watershed (DCEW) on the Boise Front, southwestern Idaho. The estimate for average annual precipitation partitioning to NR is approximately 14% for DCEW. In contrast, as much as 44% of annual precipitation routes to NR in ephemeral headwater catchments. NR in headwater catchments is likely routed to downgradient springs, baseflow, and MBR, while downgradient streamflow losses contribute further to MBR. A key assumption in the CMB approach is that the change in stored chloride during the study period is zero. We found that this assumption is violated in some individual years, but that a 5‐year integration period is sufficient. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Probabilistic rainfall thresholds for flood forecasting: evaluating different methodologies for modelling rainfall spatial correlation (or dependence)
Authors: Golian Saeed , Saghafian Bahram , Elmi Mohammad , Maknoon Reza
Published: January 2011

Rainfall threshold (RT) method is one of the evolving flood forecasting approaches. When the cumulative rainfall depth for a given initial soil moisture condition intersects the threshold rainfall curve, the peak discharge is expected to be equal or greater than the threshold discharge for flooding at the target site. Besides the total rainfall depth, spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall impacts the flood peak discharge and the time to peak. To revisit a previous study conducted by the authors, in which spatially independent rainfall pattern was assumed, the spatial distribution of rainfall was simulated following a Monte Carlo approach. The structure of the spatial dependence among sub‐watersheds' rainfalls was taken into account under three different scenarios, namely independent, bivariate copula (2copula) and multivariate Gaussian copula (MGC). For each set of generated random dimensionless rainfalls, the probabilistic RT curves were derived for dry moisture condition. Results were evaluated with both historical and simulated events. For the simulated events, threshold curves were assessed by means of categorical statistics, such as hit rate, false rate and critical success index (CSI). Results revealed that the best performance based on the CSI criterion corresponded to 50% curve in 2copula and MGC scenarios as well as 90% curve in the independent scenario. The recognition of 50% curve in 2copula and MGC scenarios is in agreement with our expectations that the mean probable curve should have the best performance. Moreover, the proposed inclusion of spatially dependent rainfall scenario improved the performance of RT curves by about 25% in comparison with the presumed spatially uniform rainfall scenario. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The movement of internal facial features elicits 7 to 8‐month‐old infants' preference for face patterns
Authors: Ichikawa Hiroko , Kanazawa So , Yamaguchi Masami K.
Published: January 2011

A preference for static face patterns is observed in newborns and disappears around 3 months after birth. A previous study has demonstrated that 5‐month‐old infants prefer schematic faces only when the internal features are moving, suggesting that face‐specific movement enhances infants' preference.

The present study investigates the facilitative effect of the movement of internal facial features on infants' preference. To examine infants' preference, we used animated face patterns consisting of a head‐shaped contour and three disk blobs. The inner blobs expanded and contracted to represent the opening and closing of the eyes and mouth, and were constrained to open and close only in a biologically possible vertical direction resembling the facial muscle structure. We compared infants' preferential looking time for this vertically moving (VM) face pattern with their looking time for a horizontally moving (HM) face pattern in which blobs transformed at the same speed in a biologically impossible, horizontal direction.

In Experiment 1, 7 to 8‐month‐olds preferred the VM to the HM, but 5 to 6‐month‐olds did not. However, the preference was diminished in both cases when the moving face patterns were presented without contour (Experiment 2). Our results suggest that internal facial features with vertical movements promote face preference in 7 to 8‐month‐olds. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Resilience, strengths, and regulatory capacities: Hidden resources in developmental disorders of infant mental health
Authors: Papoušek Mechthild
Published: January 2011

Resilience research has demonstrated convincingly that the strengths of resilient children growing up adaptively in the midst of adversity can be traced back to salient attributes of the parent‐‐infant system. Drawing on various strands of developmental infancy research, the present essay focuses on strengths in infants' intrinsic regulatory capacities, in the parents' intuitive communicative competence, and in parent‐‐infant communication as a biologically based, reciprocal reward system. Adaptive and protective roles of the system are discussed in relation to normal developmental perturbations and individual variation on both sides of the system and, based on results from the Munich Interdisciplinary Research and Intervention Program for Fussy Babies, in relation to early excessive crying and other disorders of behavioral and emotional regulation. The final section outlines how this knowledge can be applied in systemic, strength‐based approaches to parent‐‐infant counseling and psychotherapy, with emphasis on the therapeutic potential of videomicroanalytic feedback.
From outside to inside to outside: Comments on intrapsychic representations and interpersonal interactions
Authors: Bürgin Dieter
Published: January 2011

The external world is represented intrapsychically in a specific way. Following the age of an infant, for example, the structure, quality, and the degree of symbolization will be different. The term representation in science is filled with different contents. In psychoanalysis, we see a development from Sigmund Freud's “(Sach‐ or Wort‐)Vorstellungen” to internal objects, then to self–object representations and finally—following newer results of the concept of intersubjectivity and especially under the influence of infant mental‐ and interactional research—to self–object interaction representations. Some aspects of this development are presented more in detail. Knowing that on one hand, interaction in external reality is structured by the self–object interaction representations of each interacting partner and that on the other hand, what happens during the interactions in external reality modifies the representational world of all the interactive persons (i.e., their inner reality), one can observe constant movements from inside to outside (e.g., transference, action) and from outside to inside of the individual (e.g., perception, stimulation, containment, modification). Clinical implications for the actual way of understanding are manifold, but are here only very shortly delineated.
Imitative behaviors facilitate communicative gaze in children with autism
Authors: Sanefuji Wakako , Ohgami Hidehiro
Published: January 2011

Adult imitation of children with autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) is likely to be effective in facilitating their communicative gaze behaviors. This study compared imitative behaviors to contingent, but not‐imitative, behaviors in children with ASD and those with typical development (TD). The caretakers were asked to play an imitative role to explore the effects of imitation intervention on parenting. The results indicated that children with ASD gazed longer at imitative behaviors than mere contingent behaviors while children with TD gazed at their mother irrespective of her type of intervention. The present study highlights the benefits of caretakers using imitation while caring for children with ASD. The power of imitation for children with ASD suggests its therapeutic application to home‐based intervention by caretakers.
Performance assessment of smallholder irrigation in the central rift valley of ethiopia
Authors: Van Halsema G.E. , Keddi Lencha Beshir , Assefa Mengistu , Hengsdijk H. , Wesseler J.
Published: January 2011

The recent increase in smallholder irrigation schemes in the Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia has been associated with the overexploitation of water resources while the economic viability of these schemes has been questioned. This paper assesses water use efficiencies of the Haleku Irrigation Scheme and quantifies improvement scenarios. The viability of these scenarios is discussed taking into account the socio‐economic performance of the Haleku Irrigation Scheme and the nearby Dodicha Irrigation Scheme – that feature similar settings but contrasting socio‐economic performance.

The irrigation efficiency of Haleku is 35% but conveyance losses and application efficiencies vary widely across the scheme. Scenario results indicate scope for improvement and reduced water abstraction. Yields and economic returns of irrigated crops were higher in Haleku than in Dodicha but yields are still lower than attainable yields. Any strategy to increase irrigation efficiency will have to include a programme to improve crop productivity and economic returns.

Considering the over‐abstraction of water resources the poor irrigation performance of Haleku and the disappointing socio‐economic performance of both Haleku and Dodicha suggest that policy should focus on improving existing schemes in the Central Rift Valley instead of further developing new ones. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Interaction of glycyrol with calcineurin A studied by spectroscopic methods and docking
Authors: Peng Liqin , Qi Yao , Wu Hezhen , Wei Qun
Published: January 2011

We have shown previously that glycyrol has an inhibitory effect on the immune response in mice by reducing calcineurin activity (Li et al., 2010, Pharm Biol 48:1177–1184). Here, we investigated the interaction of glycyrol with calcineurin A (CNA, catalytic A subunit of calcineurin) by spectroscopic methods and docking. We showed that glycyrol binds to CNA via hydrophobic interactions in a ratio of 1:1, and the main binding site is in the catalytic domain of CNA close to the calcineurin B subunit‐binding domain. Binding of glycyrol changes the secondary structure of CNA, and this effect may possibly inhibit CN activity. © 2011 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 63(1): 14–20, 2011
High‐resolution X‐ray fluorescence core scanning analysis of Les Echets (France) sedimentary sequence: new insights from chemical proxies
Authors: Kylander Malin E. , Ampel Linda , Wohlfarth Barbara , Veres Daniel
Published: January 2011

The Les Echets sediment sequence has recently been the subject of a high‐resolution, multi‐proxy study which revealed shifts in lake productivity linked to Greenland stadials and interstadials over the last 40 ka (Wohlfarth et al., 2008. Rapid ecosystem response to abrupt climate changes during the last glacial period in western Europe, 40–16 ka. Geology 36: 407–410). Here we present new elemental data for this sequence as acquired using an X‐ray fluorescence core scanning system which provides in situ high‐resolution, continuous, multi‐element analyses. It was found that the strength of associations between the studied elements (Ti, Rb, K, Zr, Si, Ca, Sr, Mn and Fe) varied over time with changes in lake status which are ultimately driven by changes in climate. Increases in fine‐grained, detrital input (as indicated by Ti, Rb, K and Zr/Rb) overlap with independently established periods of lower lake productivity and are interpreted to represent more arid conditions. Several of these arid periods are coincident with low diatom concentrations and the timing of Heinrich events H4, H3 and H2. The duration of the environmental impacts linked to the H events varied by proxy with elemental data (Ti and Zr/Rb) estimating shorter events than the diatom data. Periods of lower detrital input and coarser grain sizes agreed in time with periods of higher lake productivity. The elemental data provide new insights into hydrological changes and related sediment processes within the catchment, and highlight the need for multi‐element and multi‐proxy approaches when reconstructing climate change using lacustrine sediment sequences. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Postcricoid vascular lesions
Authors: Roehm Corrie E. , Chelius Daniel C. , Larrier Deidre , Hicks M. John , Albright James T. , Valdez Tulio A.
Published: January 2011

Objectives/Hypothesis:

Postcricoid vascular lesions are a rare cause of dysphagia and stridor in the pediatric population. Currently, there is no clear consensus on what type of vascular lesions are common in the postcricoid area because adequate histological or immunohistochemistry studies are lacking. This study aimed to describe the histology and immunohistochemistry of postcricoid masses in our institutions' experience, and consolidate available data on the symptoms, management, and histology of these unusual malformations with a comprehensive literature review.

Study Design:

Retrospective patient and literature review.

Methods:

A retrospective review of patients with postcricoid vascular lesions was performed at two pediatric tertiary care institutions. Histology and immunohistochemistry studies were performed in patients undergoing a lesion biopsy. A complete literature review of the English language was completed for cases involving vascular lesions of the postcricoid area.

Results:

Four patients were identified in our study with postcricoid vascular lesions. All patients presented with symptoms of dysphagia and intermittent stridor. Histology and immunohistochemistry studies were performed in three patients. GLUT‐1 was negative in all three patients, and CD34 was positive in all patients tested. Lewis Y antigen was performed in one patient and was negative. A description of 19 cases reported in the English literature is included.

Conclusions:

Patients with postcricoid vascular lesions usually present with mild to moderate feeding difficulties, and stridor or dyspnea with agitation. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry results suggest that postcricoid vascular lesions may often represent congenital vascular malformations instead of infantile hemangiomas.
Long‐term results of calcium hydroxylapatite for vocal fold augmentation
Authors: Carroll Thomas L. , Rosen Clark A.
Published: January 2011

Objectives/Hypothesis:

Studies have shown excellent results for 12‐month post–injection augmentation data for calcium hydroxylapatite (CaHA) for glottal incompetence; however, the longevity of the material past one year was unknown. Our objective was to report the long‐term effectiveness of CaHA as a vocal fold injectable by assessing data from a cohort of patients who underwent injection for glottal insufficiency.

Study Design:

Retrospective chart review.

Methods:

Patients who underwent CaHA injection for glottal insufficiency of any etiology were considered for inclusion in the study. The change in Voice Handicap Index (VHI)‐10 scores between preinjection scores and best postinjection scores as well as between the preinjection and the most recent VHI‐10 scores were used as primary outcome measures to determine the persistence of benefit or the time to loss of benefit. Complications among the cohort were identified.

Results:

Ninety patients who underwent 108 vocal fold injections with CaHA were evaluated for inclusion. Twenty patients with 22 injections met the criteria for inclusion. Fourteen of 22 (64%) subjects showed loss of benefit of the CaHA material. The average length of benefit was 18.6 months, with a range of 8 to 36 months. Three complications were identified among the original cohort of 108 injections.

Conclusions:

CaHA remains a safe and effective long‐term vocal fold injectable with an average length of benefit of 18.6 months. Three complications were seen among 108 CaHA injections. CaHA is a long‐term injectable with an excellent track record that does not appear to warrant concern for permanent or late complications.
Large vestibular aqueduct syndrome
Authors: Campbell Adam P. , Adunka Oliver F. , Zhou Bingqing , Qaqish Bahjat F. , Buchman Craig A.
Published: January 2011

Objectives/Hypothesis:

To correlate imaging and audiologic findings in patients with large vestibular aqueduct syndrome (LVAS).

Study Design:

Retrospective analysis.

Methods:

Thirty‐eight patients with LVAS evident on magnetic resonance imaging with available clinical and audiometric data were selected from the databases of the study institution. Images were analyzed for endolymphatic sac and duct size, evidence of incomplete cochlear partitioning, and endolymphatic sac signal heterogeneity. The endolymphatic duct was measured in two different locations: near the vestibular aperture (EDVA) and at the midpoint between the common crus and the operculum (EDMID). Imaging data were correlated with audiologic variables.

Results:

There was significant correlation between ears for the audiologic and anatomic variables collected. Twenty‐one (62%) patients had a fluctuating or progressive hearing loss, and 13 (38%) remained stable (four were not evaluable). At the time of the analysis, 41% of ears had a profound loss. Significant correlation was identified between the presence of endolymphatic signal heterogeneity and worse pure tone average (PTA). EDVA measures were significantly larger among ears with a progressive pattern of hearing loss when compared to those that were stable. Also, EDVA correlated with PTA and the presence of progressive hearing loss, but EDMID had no such a relationship.

Conclusions:

Evidence of endolymphatic sac signal heterogeneity and larger measures of endolymphatic width when measured near the vestibule (EDVA) are markers of poorer hearing in these patients. By contrast, midpoint measures of the endolymphatic duct (EDMID) have no correlation with audiometric parameters.
Increased expression of arginase I and II in allergic nasal mucosa
Authors: Cho Woo Sung , Kim Tae Hoon , Kim Ki Hyoung , Lee Heung Man , Lee Seung Hoon , Ju Young Ho , Park Euy Hyun , Kim Kang Woo , Lee Sang Hag
Published: January 2011

Objectives/Hypothesis:

It is known that arginase may be a regulator of diverse pathways, including production of nitric oxide (NO). Increased expression of arginase has been reported in several inflammatory lung diseases, including allergic asthma, suggesting that this may be a common feature underlying the pathophysiology of airway hyperreactivity. Thus, arginase I and II may play a role in the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis. The distribution pattern and level of expression of arginase I and II were therefore determined in normal and allergic nasal mucosa.

Study Design:

Controlled, prospective study.

Methods:

The distribution pattern and level of expression of arginase I and II in normal and allergic nasal mucosa were evaluated using RT‐PCR, immunohistochemistry, and Western blotting.

Results:

The level of expression of arginase I and II mRNA was increased in allergic nasal mucosa in comparison with normal nasal mucosa. In normal nasal mucosa, arginase I and II were expressed in the surface epithelium, submucosal glands, vascular endothelium, and fibroblasts. In allergic nasal mucosa, both enzymes were also localized to similar sites, in addition to inflammatory cells, and the level of expression were greatly increased compared with normal nasal mucosa. These findings were verified by Western blotting.

Conclusions:

These results indicate that arginase I and II may play a role in the pathophysiology of allergic rhinitis, and suggest the possible role of the L‐arginine metabolic pathway through modulation of L‐arginine availability as a substrate for nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and arginase in the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis.
Optimal arytenoid adduction based on quantitative real‐time voice analysis
Authors: Hoffman Matthew R. , Surender Ketan , Chapin William J. , Witt Rachel E. , McCulloch Timothy M. , Jiang Jack J.
Published: January 2011

Hypothesis:

The optimal degree of arytenoid rotation for arytenoid adduction (AA) can be determined using quantitative real‐time voice analysis.

Study Design:

Repeated measures with each larynx serving as its own control.

Methods:

Unilateral vocal fold paralysis (VFP) was modeled in five excised canine larynges. Medialization laryngoplasty (ML) was performed, followed by AA. The optimal degree of arytenoid rotation was determined using real‐time measurements of vocal efficiency (VE), percent jitter, and percent shimmer. After the optimal degree of rotation was determined, the arytenoid was hypo‐ and hyperrotated 10% ± 2% of the optimal angle to mimic hypoadducted and hyperadducted states. Aerodynamic, acoustic, and mucosal wave measurements were recorded.

Results:

Mean optimal angle of arytenoid adduction was 151.4 ± 2.5°. VE differed significantly across experimental conditions (P = .003). Optimal AA produced the highest VE of any treatment, but this value did not reach that produced in the normal condition. Percent jitter (P
< .001) and percent shimmer (P
< .001) differed across groups and were lowest for optimal AA. Mucosal wave amplitude of the normal (P = .001) and paralyzed fold (P = .043) differed across treatments. Amplitude of both folds was highest for optimal AA.

Conclusions:

VE and perturbation parameters were sensitive to the degree of arytenoid rotation. Using real‐time voice analysis may aid surgeons in determining the optimal degree of arytenoid rotation when performing AA. Testing this method in patients and determining if optimal vocal outcomes are associated with optimal respiratory and swallowing outcomes will be essential to establishing clinical viability.
Interleukin‐8 production in response to tumor necrosis factor‐alpha by cholesteatoma keratinocytes in cell culture
Authors: Hilton Christopher W. , Ondrey Frank G. , Wuertz Beverley R. , Levine Samuel C.
Published: January 2011

Objectives/Hypothesis:

Keratinocytes harvested from acquired cholesteatoma and grown in cell culture will demonstrate increased interleukin‐8 (IL‐8) production in response to tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐alpha as compared with a control keratinocyte cell line. Immunohistochemical studies have identified IL‐8 and TNF‐alpha, mediators of bony destruction, in tissue samples of cholesteatoma. TNF‐alpha stimulates IL‐8 production in healthy epidermal keratinocyte cell lines. It is not known whether TNF‐alpha stimulates IL‐8 production in cultured cholesteatoma keratinocytes.

Study Design:

Prospective controlled tissue culture experiment.

Methods:

Tissue from an acquired cholesteatoma was dissociated and grown in keratinocyte serum‐free media for 8 weeks. Cholesteatoma keratinocytes and a control cell line of skin epidermal keratinocytes were treated with TNF‐alpha. Conditioned media were harvested; production of IL‐8 was measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, and cell counts were performed.

Results:

At a zero concentration of TNF‐alpha, mean production of IL‐8 by cholesteatoma keratinocytes was 39,809 pg/mL/24hr/1 × 106 cells versus 1,907 pg/mL/24hr/1 × 106 cells from skin epidermal keratinocytes, a statistically significant difference (P
< .05). The cholesteatoma keratinocytes showed a 2.1‐fold increase in response to 2 pg/mL of TNF‐alpha and a 2.44‐fold increase in response to 20 pg/mL of TNF‐alpha. The skin epidermal keratinocyte cell line demonstrated a 1.07‐ and 1.13‐fold increase to respective concentrations of TNF‐alpha.

Conclusions:

Cholesteatoma keratinocytes appear to retain cell signaling characteristics in vitro that distinguish them from skin epidermal keratinocytes. This finding may indicate that cholesteatoma keratinocytes undergo a change in behavior in vivo that is preserved after the cells are removed from the inflammatory environment of the middle ear.
Raised intensity phonation compromises vocal fold epithelial barrier integrity
Authors: Rousseau Bernard , Suehiro Atsushi , Echemendia Nicholas , Sivasankar Mahalakshmi
Published: January 2011

Objectives/Hypothesis:

We investigated the hypothesis that 30 minutes of raised intensity phonation alters transcript levels of vocal fold intercellular tight junction proteins and disrupts the vocal fold epithelial barrier.

Study Design:

Prospective animal study.

Methods:

Eighteen New Zealand white breeder rabbits were randomly assigned to receive 30 minutes of raised intensity phonation or approximation of the vocal folds without phonation. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was used to investigate transcript levels of the epithelial intercellular tight junction proteins, occludin and zonula occludin‐1 (ZO‐1), and the adherens junction proteins β‐catenin and E‐cadherin. Structural alterations to the vocal fold epithelium were further examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).

Results:

Mann‐Whitney U revealed significantly decreased occludin (P = .016) and β‐catenin (P = .016) gene expression from rabbits undergoing raised intensity phonation compared with control. There were no significant differences in Z0‐1 and E‐cadherin gene expression between groups (P > .025). SEM revealed significant obliteration, desquamation, and evidence of microhole formation in rabbit vocal folds exposed to raised intensity phonation compared with control, whereas TEM revealed dilated intercellular morphology between groups.

Conclusions:

Results provide support for the hypothesis that a transient episode of raised intensity phonation alters transcript levels of vocal fold intercellular tight junction proteins and disrupts integrity of the epithelial barrier. The loss of barrier integrity may have significant consequences on epithelial defenses and compromise protection of the underlying mucosa from damage secondary to prolonged vibration exposure.
Temperature variations of nasal endoscopes
Authors: Nelson Jeffrey J. , Goyal Parul
Published: January 2011

Objectives:

Advances in light sources and endoscopes have improved illumination during endoscopic sinus surgery. However, these advances have also increased the temperatures the equipment reaches during the course of procedures. Limited data exist on temperature variations of nasal endoscopes and the potential risks of burns to drapes and patients. We attempt to quantify temperature variations of nasal endoscopes and light cords.

Methods:

Various endoscopes, light cords, and xenon light sources were used to measure temperature increases over time. Temperatures were measured with noncontact thermometers using different combinations of endoscopes, light cords, and light sources at multiple intervals up to 30 minutes over 30 trials. Variables assessed included endoscope age, light cord age, light source type, and light source age. Also, extended time trials were repeated up to 180 minutes.

Results:

Endoscope tip temperatures peaked at 62.5°C. Additional studies performed with the cord and light source alone reached a maximum temperature of nearly 200°C. The ages of light cords and scopes do lead to statistically significant changes in heat production. Higher wattage light sources may increase potential temperatures.

Conclusions:

Patient safety is a preeminent concern for all procedures. Although the endoscope temperatures appear low risk for patient injury, the light cord itself creates extreme temperatures. It is important to monitor the endoscope and light cords for extreme temperatures to avoid patient injury.
Traumatic dislocation of the incudostapedial joint repaired with fibrin tissue adhesive
Authors: Nikolaidis Vasilios
Published: January 2011

We present a case of traumatic dislocation of the incudostapedial joint (ISJ) and a simple method for controlled application of the glue using commercial fibrin tissue adhesive. A 26‐year‐old female presented to our ENT clinic for hearing impairment to her left ear 2 months after a head trauma due to a motorcycle accident. The audiogram revealed a 40‐ to 50‐dB HL conductive hearing loss with a notch configuration in bone conduction curve on the left ear. Computed tomography of the left temporal bone revealed a longitudinal fracture line. An exploratory tympanotomy was performed under general anesthesia. The ISJ was found dislocated while the incus was trapped by the edges of the bony lateral attic wall fracture. A small bony edge that impeded incus movement was removed and a small amount of the glue was precisely applied to the lenticular process of the incus with an angled incision knife. The long process of the incus was firmly pressed over the stapes for 30 seconds with a 90° hook and 60 seconds after the application of the glue the ISJ was repaired. One year after our patient achieved full airbone gap (ABG) closure (ABG, ≤10 dB HL), while she demonstrated overclosure in frequencies 2 and 4 kHz. Fibrin tissue glue allowed safe, rapid, and accurate repair of the ISJ and resulted in an anatomically normal articulation as the mass and shape of the ossicles was preserved. Moreover, our patient achieved full ABG closure. Laryngoscope, 2011
Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia with a four‐way variant translocation originating the RBM15–MKL1 fusion gene
Authors: Torres Lurdes , Lisboa Susana , Vieira Joana , Cerveira Nuno , Santos Joana , Pinheiro Manuela , Correia Cecília , Bizarro Susana , Almeida Marta , Teixeira Manuel R.
Published: January 2011

Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia (AMKL) with t(1;22)(p13;q13) is a subset of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) representing <1% of all cases and about 70% of pediatric AMKL in the first year of life. We present a case of a 7‐month‐old female in whom the bone marrow karyotype showed the derivative chromosome der(22)t(1;22)(p13;q13). The RBM15–MKL1 fusion transcript was detected by RT‐PCR and confirmed by sequencing analyses. FISH analyses revealed the presence of the four‐way translocation t(1;22;17;18)(p13;q13;q22;q12). Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011;56:846–849. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Safety of short‐term valacyclovir as an anti‐sickling agent in sickle‐cell anemia
Authors: Ender Katherine L. , DeBellis Robert H. , Erlanger Bernard F. , Billote Genia B. , Brittenham Gary M.
Published: January 2011

To assess safety and tolerability, we administered valacyclovir, an oral anti‐viral medication that inhibits erythrocyte sickling in vitro, to 14 subjects with sickle‐cell anemia for 1 week at a standard dose of 1,000 mg every 8 hr. No clinically significant adverse effects occurred. In 11 subjects in steady state, the mean hemoglobin concentration was almost constant while the absolute reticulocyte count decreased in eight (P = 0.1) and the overall mean fell slightly although not significantly (10%, P = 0.2). These results suggest that valacyclovir is safe and well tolerated in patients with sickle‐cell anemia and that a longer duration of therapy merits investigation. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011;56:843–845. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis of acrylamide‐co‐(itaconic acid) superabsorbent polymers and associated silica superabsorbent polymer composites
Authors: Seetapan Nispa , Srisithipantakul Natsiri , Kiatkamjornwong Suda
Published: January 2011

Superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) were synthesized from acrylamide (AM) and itaconic acid (IA) via a crosslinking polymerization. SAP composites (SAPCs) were formed by the incorporation of silica with three particle sizes into the polymerization to increase the gel strength of SAPs. Effects of AM: IA molar ratios, silica types and concentrations on water absorbency, absorbency rate and absorbency under loadings (AUL) of the composites were investigated. The highest water absorbency of the SAP is 233 ± 8 g g−1 at an AM: IA molar ratio of 97:3 with absorbency of 149 ± 2 g g−1 within 15 min. The highest AUL of the SAPC with 0.5%–2.0% w w−1 silica is 13 g g−1 by 1.93 × 103 Pa load. A pseudo‐second‐order kinetics for water absorbency was found in both SAPs and in situ SAPCs. In situ SAPCs and the mechanically mixed SAPCs in vertical and horizontal direction yielded similar water absorbency values. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2011. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
Systematic quantification of peptides/proteins in urine using selected reaction monitoring
Authors: Selevsek Nathalie , Matondo Mariette , Carbayo Marta Sanchez , Aebersold Ruedi , Domon Bruno
Published: January 2011

The evaluation of biomarkers in bodily fluids necessitates the development of robust methods to quantify proteins in a complex background, using large sets of samples. The ability to multiplex numerous analytes in a single assay expedites the process. Liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry (LC‐MS) analyses performed in selected reaction monitoring (SRM) in conjunction with stable isotope dilution MS present an effective way to detect and quantify biomarker candidates in bodily fluids. The strategy presented involves an initial qualification of predefined sets of proteins in urine. The technique was applied to detect and quantify peptides in urine samples as surrogates for a few endogenous proteins. Multiplexed assays were developed to analyze proteins associated with bladder cancer; a few exogenous proteins were added as internal standards. The sample preparation and the analytical protocols were optimized to ensure reproducibility, analytical precision, and quantification limits in the low nanogram per milliliter range. Analyses were performed using known amounts of isotopically labeled peptides. Systematic replication of the measurements indicated intra‐assay and inter‐assay variability, with CVs in the range of 10%. The differences measured for two targeted proteins were correlated with their level of expression in the corresponding tumors using immunohistochemistry.
1,5‐electrocyclization versus 1,5‐proton shift in imidazolium allylides and 2‐phospha‐allylides: a DFT investigation
Authors: Gupta Neelima , Bansal Raj K. , von Hopffgarten Moritz , Frenking Gernot
Published: January 2011

The competitive 1,5‐electrocyclization versus intramolecular 1,5‐proton shift in imidazolium allylides and imidazolium 2‐phosphaallylides has been investigated theoretically at the DFT (B3LYP/6‐311 + +G**//B3LYP/6‐31G**) level. 1,5‐Electrocyclization follows pericyclic mechanism and its activation barrier is lower than that for the pseudopericyclic mechanism by ∼5–6 kcal mol−1. The activation barriers for 1,5‐electrocyclization of imidazolium 2‐phosphaallylides are found to be smaller than those for their nonphosphorus analogues by ∼3–5 kcal mol−1. There appears to be a good correlation between the activation barrier for intramolecular 1,5‐proton shift and the density of the negative charge at C8, except for the ylides having fluorine substituent at this position (7band8b). The presence of fluorine atom reduces the density of the negative charge at C8 (in7bit becomes positively charged) and thus raises the activation barrier. The ylides7fand8fhaving CF3group at C8, in preference to the 1,5‐proton shift, follow an alternative route leading to different carbenes which is accompanied by the loss of HF. The carbenesPr7,8b–eresulting from intramolecular 1,5‐proton shift have a strong tendency to undergo intramolecular SN2 type reaction, the activation barrier being 7–28 kcal mol−1. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Conjugated polyelectrolytes and neutral polymers with poly(2,7‐carbazole) backbone: Synthesis, characterization, and photovoltaic application
Authors: Xu Xiaofeng , Cai Wanzhu , Chen Junwu , Cao Yong
Published: January 2011

Poly(2,7‐carbazole) neutral polymers (PC‐N, PC‐NOH, and PC‐P) and polyelectrolytes (PC‐NBr and PC‐SO3Na) with hydrophilic pendant groups of ammonium, phosphonate, and sulfonate were synthesized as interlayers for cathode modifications in bulk‐heterojunction photovoltaic cells (BHJ PVCs). The absorptions of the polymers were determined by the poly(2,7‐carbazole) backbone, showing absorption peaks at ∼390 nm for their solutions and films. Because of large intermolecular interactions, excimer emissions with wavelengths higher than 500 nm were found in the photoluminescence spectra of the films of the polymers, which weakened the light emissions of the polymers. PC‐N, PC‐NBr, PC‐NOH, and PC‐P possessed comparable HOMO levels of −5.23 eV and LUMO levels of −2.4 eV, but HOMO and LUMO levels of PC‐SO3Na were up‐lying to −4.91 and −2.12 eV, respectively. PC‐N, PC‐NBr, PC‐NOH, and PC‐P were selected to construct thin interlayers in BHJ PVCs with PFO‐DBT35:PCBM = 1:4 as the active layer. Compared with traditional Al cathode, bilayer cathodes with the interlayers showed improvements of open‐circuit voltages and short‐circuit currents of the PVCs. PC‐NOH was the best for the photovoltaic performances and over 20% increase of power conversion efficiency (PCE) was achieved. The bilayer cathodes would have great potential to further elevate PCE of BHJ PVCs with other active layer materials. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Characterisation of spinosad resistance in the housefly Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae)
Authors: Shi Jing , Zhang Lan , Gao Xiwu
Published: January 2011

BACKGROUND: Spinosad, a relatively new, effective and safe pesticide, has been widely used in pest control over the last 10 years. However, different levels of resistance to this insecticide have developed in some insects worldwide.

RESULTS: After continuous selection for 27 generations, a strain (SpRR) of the housefly developed 247‐fold resistance to spinosad compared with the laboratory susceptible strain (CSS). The estimated realised heritability (h2) of spinosad resistance was 0.14. There was no significant difference in the LD50 values and slopes between reciprocal progenies F1 and F1′, and values of 0.33 (F1) and 0.30 (F1′) were obtained for the degree of dominance. Chi‐square analysis from responses of self‐bred (F2) and backcrosses (BC1 and BC2) were highly significant, suggesting that the resistance was probably controlled by more than one gene. Synergists piperonyl butoxide (PBO), diethyl maleate (DEM) and S,S,S‐tributyl phosphorotrithioate (DEF) affected the toxicity of spinosad at a low level, and demonstrated that metabolic‐mediated detoxification was not an important factor in conferring resistance to spinosad in the SpRR strain.

CONCLUSION: It was concluded that spinosad resistance in the housefly was autosomal and incompletely dominant, and the resistance was probably controlled by more than one gene. These results provide the basic information for designing successful management programmes for the control of houseflies. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Trapping whiteflies? A comparison of greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) responses to trap crops and yellow sticky traps
Authors: Moreau Tara L , Isman Murray B
Published: January 2011

BACKGROUND: Greenhouse whiteflies, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood), are notorious pests that, through the reduction of crop yields and excretion of honeydew, cause significant economic losses for sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) growers. Chemical and biological controls are the two most common forms of whitefly management in greenhouses. Consequently, insecticide resistance and inadequate control have rejuvenated interest in alternative tactics. In the present study, whitefly responses to trap crops (eggplant and squash) and yellow sticky traps were compared in order to identify the most effective traps for dispersing and resident adults.

RESULTS: Results indicated that yellow sticky traps were most effective at trapping adult whiteflies. Significantly more dispersing whiteflies were recorded on eggplant than on squash trap crops. None of the traps significantly reduced adult populations on the main crops (peppers) compared with the control. However, yellow sticky traps did significantly reduce oviposition on peppers.

CONCLUSIONS: Adult whiteflies were most effectively trapped on yellow sticky traps followed by eggplant trap crops. Further study of whitefly trapping using visual cues may enhance trapping management. Specifically, research combining yellow sticky traps with other control strategies is recommended. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Dynamic plant uptake model applied for drip irrigation of an insecticide to pepper fruit plants
Authors: Legind Charlotte N , Kennedy Coleen M , Rein Arno , Snyder Nathan , Trapp Stefan
Published: January 2011

BACKGROUND: Drip application of insecticides is an effective way to deliver the chemical to the plant that avoids off‐site movement via spray drift and minimizes applicator exposure. The aim of this paper is to present a cascade model for the uptake of pesticide into plants following drip irrigation, its application for a soil‐applied insecticide and a sensitivity analysis of the model parameters.

RESULTS: The model predicted the measured increase and decline of residues following two soil applications of an insecticide to peppers, with an absolute error between model and measurement ranging from 0.002 to 0.034 mg kg fw−1. Maximum measured concentrations in pepper fruit were approximately 0.22 mg kg fw−1. Temperature was the most sensitive component for predicting the peak and final concentration in pepper fruit, through its influence on soil and plant degradation rates.

CONCLUSION: Repeated simulations of pulse inputs with the cascade model adequately describe soil pesticide applications to an actual cropped system and reasonably mimic it. The model has the potential to be used for the optimization of practical features, such as application rates and waiting times between applications and before harvest, through the integrated accounting of soil, plant and environmental influences. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Improvement of solar cells performances by surface passivation using porous silicon chemically treated with LiBr solution
Authors: Haddadi Ikbel , Dimassi Wissem , Bousbih Rabaa , Hajji Massoud , Kanzari M. Ali , Ezzaouia Hatem
Published: January 2011

Solar cells need efficient light absorption to achieve high efficiencies. In this paper, we present a study on the immersion effect of porous silicon (PS) in a Lithium Bromide (LiBr) aqueous solution, followed by thermal annealing at 100 °C for 30 min under nitrogen atmosphere on solar cells performances. The surface morphology was studied by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). All samples were analyzed by Fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) before and after LiBr immersion. Good electrical properties were observed after thermal annealing at 100 °C for 30 min under nitrogen atmosphere. The reflection spectra of PS, before and after LiBr treatment, performed in the 300‐1200 nm wavelength range, showed an important decrease of the reflectivity by this new treatment. A significant increase of the photoluminescence (PL) intensity was obtained after LiBr treatment. An enhancement of the light beam induced current (LBIC) as well as the internal quantum efficiency (IQE) were shown after LiBr treatment. I–V characteristics, under AM1.5 illumination, were improved owing to the increase of the minority carrier diffusion length (L) and an excellent enhancement of the surface recombination velocity (Vs) (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Influence of rf power on the properties of nanostructured silicon‐carbon films deposited by PECVD
Authors: Coscia U. , Ambrosone G. , Basa D.K. , Rava P. , Ferrero S. , Virga A. , Tucci M.
Published: January 2011

Nanostructured films composed of silicon crystallites embedded in an hydrogenated amorphous silicon carbon matrix have been deposited by plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition from silane methane mixture diluted in hydrogen varying the rf power from 30 to 80 W. The films have been investigated in their structural, optical and electrical properties. The increase of rf power appears to be an effective deposition parameter to increase the incorporation of carbon in the amorphous matrix and to facilitate the reduction of the crystallite size. The dark conductivity of the studied films decreases from 1.4 × 10‐3 to 3.5 × 10‐9 Ω‐1cm‐1 while the photo conductivity decreases from to 3.2 × 10‐3 to 3.5 × 10‐7 Ω‐1cm‐1 as a function of rf power. The photosensitivity is about 100 in 40‐80 W range. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
First‐principles study on initial stage of oxidation on Si(110) surface
Authors: Nagasawa Takahiro , Shiba Seiji , Sueoka Koji
Published: January 2011

There is a great deal of engineering interest in Si (110) wafers as the substrates of large scale integrations (LSIs) in the next generation. However, few studies on Si (110) surface have been reported in comparison with those on other low‐index surfaces, still less the mechanism of surface oxidation. We analyzed the surface structure and the initial stage of oxidation on the Si (110)‐(16×2) clean surface with first‐principles calculation. The results of our calculations showed that first, the stable structure of the Si (110) clean surface was the adatom‐tetramer‐interstitial (ATI) reconstruction. Second, pairs of pentagon (PPs) were preferentially oxidized in the initial stage of the oxidation. Third, the oxidation growth should progress with the clustering of O atoms (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Observation of strains caused by heterostructure interfaces
Authors: Nishimori Masashi , Hasegawa Hirokazu , Sasaki Susumu , Watanabe Shinji , Hirayama Yoshiro
Published: January 2011

By developing the sensitivity of our custom‐made spectrometer, we have succeeded for the first time in detecting the strains in an Al0.3Ga0.7As/GaAs heterostructrued sample through Al nuclear spins based on standard nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technique. By analyzing the observed quadrupolar‐split frequency value, it is concluded that the strain is dominantly caused by the lattice mismatch around the interface, rather than the contraction of epoxy resin that bundles the sample. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)