bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The osteoregenerative effects of platelet‐derived growth factor BB cotransplanted with mesenchymal stem cells, loaded on freeze‐dried mineral bone block: A pilot study in dog mandible
Authors: Khojasteh Arash , Dashti Seyedeh Ghazaleh , Dehghan Mohammad Mehdi , Behnia Hossein , Abbasnia Pegah , Morad Golnaz
Published: April 2014

Due to shortcomings associated with autogenous bone graft, the gold standard of craniofacial grafting, investigators seek alternatives that are accessible, efficient, and affordable. Accordingly, in the present pilot study, bone regeneration was induced using bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) loaded onto freeze‐dried mineral bone block (FDMBB) in the presence or absence of recombinant platelet‐derived growth factor‐BB (rh PDGF‐BB). Eight weeks after the bilateral extraction of premolars of four mongrel dogs, 25 × 10 mm defects were created at both sides of the mandible. The right mandible received autogenous‐BMSC loaded on FDMBB (MSC group), whereas the left mandible received cellular blocks impregnated with rhPDGF‐BB (MSC + PDGF Group). Animals were euthanized 8 weeks after grafting. Micro‐computed tomography (micro‐CT) and histomorphometric analysis demonstrated higher levels of bone formation for the test group (10.34% ± 0.20 and 26.63% ± 3.14, respectively) when compared to the control group (8.20% ± 0.20 and 21.38% ± 5.11). The differences were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). According to the performed micro‐CT and histomorphometric analysis, adding 0.5 mg rhPDGF‐BB (0.3 mg/mL) to the combination of BMSC/FDMBB did not significantly increase bone formation in supracrestal defect in dog mandible. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 102B: 1771–1778, 2014.
Fabrication of reactive poly(vinyl alcohol) membranes for prevention of bone cement leakage
Authors: Inoue Motoki , Sakane Masataka , Taguchi Tetsushi
Published: April 2014

Leakage of bone cement into the spinal canal has been reported to cause many adverse effects. In this study, we designed an implantable balloon kyphoplasty material that avoids cement leakage through the formation of covalent bonds with the bone cement. For this purpose, glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) was used as a reactive functional group attached to the poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) membrane. The prepared membrane adhered to poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)‐based bone cements within 10 min, which is the time required for PMMA polymerization in the bone cement. The bonding strength between the GMA–PVA membrane and the PMMA‐based bone cement was higher than that for the original PVA membrane, likely because vinyl bonds form between the surface of the GMA–PVA membrane and the bone cement. Since the GMA–PVA membrane adhered firmly to the PMMA‐based bone cement, the membrane was able to completely cover the PMMA‐based bone cement. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 102B: 1786–1791, 2014.
Early radiation‐induced changes evaluated by intravoxel incoherent motion in the major salivary glands
Authors: Marzi Simona , Forina Chiara , Marucci Laura , Giovinazzo Giuseppe , Giordano Carolina , Piludu Francesca , Landoni Valeria , Spriano Giuseppe , Vidiri Antonello
Published: April 2014

Purpose

To investigate the potential of intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) MRI for early evaluation of irradiated major salivary glands.

Materials and Methods

Thirty‐four patients with head‐neck cancer were included in a prospective study. All patients underwent three serial IVIM‐MRI: before, half‐way through, and at the end of radiotherapy (RT). Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), ADClow derived in the low b‐value range, perfusion fraction f, and pure diffusion coefficient D were estimated. Pretreatment values and early changes of diffusion parameters were correlated with parotid mean dose (Dmean) and volume reduction after RT.

Results

Changes in diffusion parameters over time were all significant (P < 0.001 for ADC, ADClow, and D, P = 0.003 for f). Variations of ADC, ADClow, and f were not correlated with Dmean (P = 0.089, P = 0.252 and P = 0.884, respectively), whereas a significant relationship was found between changes in D and Dmean (r = 0.197 with CI95% = 0.004–0.375, P = 0.046). Pretreatment f and Dmean were the best independent predictors for the percentage shrinkage (P = 0.0003 and 0.0597 respectively; R2 = 0.391).

Conclusion

Early changes of irradiated major salivary glands can be noninvasively evaluated by IVIM‐MRI. Perfusion‐related coefficients in conjunction with dosimetric information increase our capability to predict the change in parotid volume and hence, if further validated, guide treatment strategy in RT. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2015;41:974–982. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Liquid‐Crystalline Elastomer Fibers Prepared in a Microfluidic Device
Authors: Fleischmann Eva‐Kristina , Forst F. Romina , Zentel Rudolf
Published: April 2014

The preparation of thermoresponsive fibers made from a crosslinked liquid‐crystalline (LC) side‐chain polymer is presented. For this, an LC polyacrylate with side‐on attached mesogens and crosslinkable units is synthesized and processed in solution in a microfluidic co‐flowing device. Due to the high viscosity of the polymer and the reduced interfacial tension between the dispersed polymer solution and the immiscible ambient fluid, it becomes possible to produce and stabilize a liquid jet against its breaking into droplets, even at low shear rates. The polymer jet is finally stabilized in the capillary by UV‐initiated photopolymerization leading to well‐oriented, crosslinked LC fibers. If the crosslinking density in these fibers is moderate (LCEs), contractions of several 100% can be observed at the nematic–isotropic phase transition.

image
Quantum Monte Carlo for activated reactions at solid surfaces: Time well spent on stretched bonds
Authors: Hoggan Philip E. , Bouferguène Ahmed
Published: April 2014

Many chemical reactions involve bond‐dissociation. This is also true for reactions at solid surfaces, in which the dissociation step is often limiting but facilitated in comparison to gas‐phase reaction channels. This work considers N2 dissociation. The molecule is strongly bound and stretched geometries are chosen. Heterogeneous catalysis by copper is simulated. It was investigated in our previous work as it is in many ways a prototype metal presenting a close‐packed surface here. These nitrogen molecules are adsorbed on copper and fixed geometries on the dissociation reaction pathway for stretched N2 are given using density functional theory (DFT) calculations in a plane‐wave basis. This dissociating molecule appears to be underbound using the ab initio Perdew, Burke, Ernzerhof (PBE) DFT functional but while this phenomenon accounts for a few percent at 5 Å, at 6 Å, PBE gives less than 30% of the binding energy. This indicates the onset of dissociation. The PBE wave‐functions at these bond‐lengths serve as trial input for Quantum Monte Carlo (QMC) simulations of the ground states to obtain highly accurate correlated results for the associated activation barriers indicating the catalytic effect on this dissociation. The geometries from this bond‐stretching study mimic the transition state (TS). This procedure requires no search for the actual TS geometry. Finite‐size effects and fixed‐node error are possible limitations to accuracy of this type of QMC study. We are able to limit fixed‐node error, using certain trial wave‐functions. The finite‐size effect is considerable, although comparing two adsorbed geometries cancels about 90% with respect to clean surfaces. Unfolding the cell to simulate a 9 k‐point grid (rather than a single k‐point) reduces the remainder by at least a factor 130 but relations for calibrating the remaining (2 mHa) error on converged grids are also used. The pseudopotential used to represent the atomic core of copper must also be determined carefully: we leave 11 active electrons but include the 3d shell in the pseudopotential. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Distinct Rayleigh Scattering from Hot Spot Mutant p53 Proteins Reveals Cancer Cells
Authors: Jun Ho Joon , Nguyen Anh H. , Kim Yeul Hong , Park Kyong Hwa , Kim Doyoun , Kim Kyeong Kyu , Sim Sang Jun
Published: April 2014

The scattering of light redirects and resonances when an electromagnetic wave interacts with electrons orbits in the hot spot core protein and oscillated electron of the gold nanoparticles (AuNP). This report demonstrates convincingly that resonant Rayleigh scattering generated from hot spot mutant p53 proteins is correspondence to cancer cells. Hot spot mutants have unique local electron density changes that affect specificity of DNA binding affinity compared with wild types. Rayleigh scattering changes introduced by hot‐spot mutations were monitored by localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) shift changes. The LSPR λmax shift for hot‐spot mutants ranged from 1.7 to 4.2 nm for mouse samples and from 0.64 nm to 2.66 nm for human samples, compared to 9.6 nm and 15 nm for wild type and mouse and human proteins, respectively with a detection sensitivity of p53 concentration at 17.9 nM. It is interesting that hot‐spot mutants, which affect only interaction with DNA, launches affinitive changes as considerable as wild types. These changes propose that hot‐spot mutants p53 proteins can be easily detected by local electron density alterations that disturbs the specificity of DNA binding of p53 core domain on the surface of the DNA probed‐nanoplasmonic sensor.
Grout‐Verbindungen in Monopile‐Tragstrukturen von Offshore‐Windenergieanlagen
Authors: Lochte‐Holtgreven Stephan , Bechtel Anne
Published: April 2014

Grout‐Verbindungen in Monopile‐Tragstrukturen von Offshore‐Windenergieanlagen sind hohen zyklischen Belastungen ausgesetzt. Basierend auf theoretischen und experimentellen Untersuchungen werden in diesem Beitrag Einflussfaktoren auf die Bemessung von Grout‐Verbindungen diskutiert. Die Diskussion der Einflussfaktoren erfolgt vor dem Hintergrund der im Jahr 2009 festgestellten vertikalen Setzungen an Grout‐Verbindungen ohne Schubrippen.

Grouted joints in monopiles for offshore wind energy turbines. Grouted joints in monopile substructures are exposed to high cyclic loads. Based on theoretical and experimental investigations, this paper presents discovered reasons and discusses the design driving parameters for these grouted joints in the context of vertical settlements in grouted joints without shear keys which have become public knowledge in 2009.
Konstruktions‐ und Ausführungsmöglichkeiten von Anschlüssen bei Verbundflachdeckenträgern
Authors: Kuhlmann Ulrike , Hauf Gunter , Rieg Andreas
Published: April 2014

Im Geschoss‐ und Industriebau bieten Slim‐Floor‐Träger aufgrund architektonischer, montagetechnischer und wirtschaftlicher Aspekte große Vorteile [1]. Die Anwendung und Bemessung dieser Verbundflachdeckensysteme ist jedoch nach derzeitigem Stand nur über allgemeine bauaufsichtliche Zulassungen geregelt, eine normative Regelung im Eurocode DIN EN 1994‐1‐1 [2] gibt es hierzu nicht. Neben den zum Teil besonderen Verbundmitteln sind als Abweichungen vom normalen Verbundträgerverhalten besonders die Verformung und die Querkraftabtragung zu nennen. Für das große Spektrum von Slim‐Floor‐Systemen sollen im nachfolgenden Beitrag Hinweise zur Querkraftabtragung und zu Anschlussmöglichkeiten gegeben werden. Konkrete Konstruktionshinweise betreffen sowohl Anschlüsse der Slim‐Floor‐Träger mit Hutprofil an Stützen als auch an Träger und Wände. Die diskutierten und hier gezeigten Anschlüsse können auf beliebige Querschnittsformen von Slim‐Floor‐Trägern übertragen werden.

Construction solutions for slim‐floor beam joints. Slim‐floor beam solutions offer many advantages for the construction of multi‐storey buildings or industrial buildings regarding architectural, constructional and economical aspects. Nowadays the design of slim‐floor beam constructions is mainly ruled by national approvals. Slim‐floor beams are not really covered by Eurocode EN 1994‐1‐1 [2]. Slim‐floor constructions mainly differ from normal composite girders by the application of different shear connectors as well as deformation and shear force capacity behaviour. In the following paper the wide range of slim‐floor solutions will be presented regarding the construction solutions of joints and the behaviour of the shear loading. The joint solutions will be presented for slim‐floor girders with a hat‐profile for girder‐girder joints as well as girder‐column or girder‐wall joints. However, the presented joints can be transferred to many other slim‐floor sections.
Incidence of Chemotherapy‐Induced Ovarian Failure in Premenopausal Women Undergoing Chemotherapy for Breast Cancer
Authors: Tiong V. , Rozita A. M. , Taib N. A. , Yip C. H. , Ng C. H.
Published: April 2014

Introduction

Breast cancer is increasingly reported in young premenopausal women in Asia. Adjuvant chemotherapy improves survival; however, it has a unique consequence of ovarian failure in premenopausal patients.

Objective

This study’s aim was to find the incidence of chemotherapy‐induced ovarian failure (CIOF) and reversible amenorrhea in premenopausal non‐metastatic breast cancer patients.

Method

This mixed retrospective and prospective study follows premenopausal breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy between 2008 and 2012. Patients in the prospective arm were followed up with menstrual history and serum ovarian hormones (follicle‐stimulating hormone [FSH] and estradiol) until 1 year post‐chemotherapy, and patients in the retrospective arm were contacted for their menstrual history.

Results

The mean age of the 102 subjects was 43.3 years. Of the patients, 93.1 and 77.9 % were amenorrheic at completion of chemotherapy and at 12 months post‐chemotherapy, respectively. Of those who developed amenorrhea, 24.6 % regained menstruation, on average after 7.86 (range 1–15) months post‐chemotherapy. Age was the only statistically significant risk factor. CIOF and reversible amenorrhea was 57 and 50 % at <35 years, 95 and 31.6 % at 35–45 years, and 97.9 and 14.9 % at >50 years, respectively. The 33 prospective patients’ estradiol and FSH levels seem to correlate well with onset of amenorrhea, with a falling estradiol and rising FSH trend. Tamoxifen use was associated with elevated estradiol levels 1 year post‐chemotherapy.

Conclusion

This study found a high incidence of CIOF, with a relatively low rate of reversible amenorrhea. Premenopausal patients should be counselled prior to treatment and education and support provided.
Regularity for degenerate two-phase free boundary problems
Authors: Leitão Raimundo , de Queiroz Olivaine S. , Teixeira Eduardo V.
Published: April 2014

We provide a rather complete description of the sharp regularity theory to a family of heterogeneous, two-phase free boundary problems,

\mathcal{J}_{\gamma }\rightarrow \mathrm{\min }

, ruled by nonlinear,

p

-degenerate elliptic operators. Included in such family are heterogeneous cavitation problems of Prandtl–Batchelor type, singular degenerate elliptic equations; and obstacle type systems. The Euler–Lagrange equation associated to

\mathcal{J}_{\gamma }

becomes singular along the free interface

\{u = 0\}

. The degree of singularity is, in turn, dimmed by the parameter

\gamma \in [0,1]

. For

0 < \gamma < 1

we show that local minima are locally of class

C^{1,\alpha }

for a sharp

α

that depends on dimension,

p

and

γ

. For

\gamma = 0

we obtain a quantitative, asymptotically optimal result, which assures that local minima are Log-Lipschitz continuous. The results proven in this article are new even in the classical context of linear, nondegenerate equations.
Oral and cervical HPV infection in HIV‐positive and HIV‐negative women attending a sexual health clinic in São Paulo, Brazil
Authors: Lima Marina D.M. , Braz‐Silva Paulo Henrique , Pereira Sônia M. , Riera Catalina , Coelho Ariane C. , Gallottini Marina
Published: April 2014

Objective

To investigate the prevalence of HPV infections in the oral and cervical mucosa of HIV‐positive and HIV‐negative women attending a sexual health clinic.

Methods

One‐hundred HIV‐positive women and 100 HIV‐negative women were recruited from a sexual health clinic in São Paulo, Brazil. All participants were given an oral and cervical examination. Cytologic samples were evaluated via HPV DNA test.

Results

In oral samples, HPV DNA was observed in 11 women from the HIV‐positive group and 2 from the HIV‐negative group. High‐risk HPV subtypes were prevalent in both groups and no difference between groups was detected. HPV DNA was detected in cervical scrapings from 41 HIV‐positive women and 45 HIV‐negative women (P = 0.67). No participants showed oral lesions, whereas 15 HIV‐positive and 17 HIV‐negative women presented with macroscopic genital lesions.

Conclusion

HPV is detected more often in cervical scrapings than in oral samples. However, HPV oral shedding is more frequent in HIV‐positive than in HIV‐negative individuals. Concurrence of infection (high and low risk) was not observed in oral and cervical mucosa.
Outcome of obstetric anal sphincter injuries in terms of persisting endoanal ultrasonographic defects and defecatory symptoms
Authors: Oude Lohuis Eefje J. , Everhardt Ellen
Published: April 2014

Objective

To determine the prevalence of persisting endoanal ultrasonographic defects among women with obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASIS), and the incidence of defecatory symptoms.

Methods

In a prospective study in Enschede, Netherlands, women with OASIS were enrolled between 2007 and 2012. Three months after surgical repair, all women had an endoanal ultrasound, and data were collected on gas and fecal incontinence, soiling, and fecal urgency.

Results

Overall, 99 women were included. At follow‐up, 35 (35.4%) women had a persisting defect of the external anal sphincter on ultrasound, and 5 women (5.1%) also had a persisting defect of the internal anal sphincter. Overall, 35 (35.4%) women had one or more defecatory complaints—predominantly involuntary loss of gas and fecal urgency. Overall, 22 of 35 (63.0%) women with and 13 of 64 (20.3%) women without a persisting defect on ultrasound had defecatory complaints. The number of defecatory symptoms showed a positive correlation with severity of injury. Women with a persisting defect had a threefold higher risk of defecatory complaints as compared with women who had a successful repair (odds ratio, 6.6; 95% confidence interval, 2.6–16.6).

Conclusion

The results emphasize the importance of adequate repair of OASIS and demonstrate that repair can be difficult or underestimated.
Protective effects of cerebrolysin in a rat model of optic nerve crush
Authors: Huang Tzu‐Lun , Huang Sun‐Ping , Chang Chung‐Hsing , Lin Kung‐Hung , Sheu Min‐Muh , Tsai Rong‐Kung
Published: April 2014

To investigate the effects of cerebrolysin (Cbl) on optic nerves (ON) and retinal ganglion cells (RGC) in a rat model of ON crush. Rats received intravitreal injection of Cbl (n = 20), intra‐ON injection of Cbl (n = 20), intraperitoneal injection (IPI) of Cbl (n = 20), or phosphate buffered saline (PBS; n = 20) every day for 2 weeks after ON crush injury. At 3 weeks post‐trauma, RGC density was counted by retrograde labeling with FluoroGold and visual function was assessed by flash visual‐evoked potentials. Activities of microglia after insults were quantified by immunohistochemical analysis of the presence of ED1 in the optic nerve. At 3 weeks postcrush, the densities of RGCs in the Cbl‐IVI group (1125 ± 166/mm2) and in the Cbl‐IPI treatment group (1328 ± 119/mm2) were significantly higher than those in the PBS group (641 ± 214/mm2). The flash visual‐evoked potential measurements showed that latency of the P1 wave was significantly shorter in the Cbl‐IVI‐ and Cbl‐IPI‐treated groups (105 ± 4 ms and 118 ± 26 ms, respectively) than in the PBS‐treated group (170 ± 20 ms). However, only Cbl IPI treatment resulted in a significant decrease in the number of ED1‐positive cells at the lesion sites of the ON (5 ± 2 cells/vs. 30 ± 4 cells/high‐power field in control eyes). Treatment with intra‐ON injection of Cbl was harmful to the optic nerve in the crush model. Systemic administration of Cbl had neuroprotective effects on RGC survival and visual function in the optic nerve crush model.
The influence of social networks and homophily on correct voting
Authors: WATTS ALISON
Published: April 2014

There is empirical evidence suggesting that a person's family, friends, or social ties influence who a person votes for. Sokhey & McClurg (2012) find that as political disagreement in a person's social network increases, then a person is less likely to vote correctly. We develop a model where voters have different favorite policies and wish to vote correctly for the candidate whose favorite policy is closest to their own. Voters have beliefs about each candidate's favorite policy which may or may not be correct. Voters update their beliefs about political candidates based on who their conservative and liberal social ties are supporting. We find that if everyone's social network consists only of those most like themselves, then the conditions needed for correct voting to be stable are fairly weak; thus political agreement in one's social network facilitates correct voting. We also give conditions under which correct voting is stable for networks exhibiting homophily and for networks exhibiting random social interactions.
Sampling networks from their posterior predictive distribution
Authors: GOYAL RAVI , BLITZSTEIN JOSEPH , DE GRUTTOLA VICTOR
Published: April 2014

Recent research indicates that knowledge about social networks can be leveraged to increase efficiency of interventions (Valente, 2012). However, in many settings, there exists considerable uncertainty regarding the structure of the network. This can render the estimation of potential effects of network-based interventions difficult, as providing appropriate guidance to select interventions often requires a representation of the whole network. In order to make use of the network property estimates to simulate the effect of interventions, it may be beneficial to sample networks from an estimated posterior predictive distribution, which can be specified using a wide range of models. Sampling networks from a posterior predictive distribution of network properties ensures that the uncertainty about network property parameters is adequately captured. The tendency for relationships among network properties to exhibit sharp thresholds has important implications for understanding global network topology in the presence of uncertainty; therefore, it is essential to account for uncertainty. We provide detail needed to sample networks for the specific network properties of degree distribution, mixing frequency, and clustering. Our methods to generate networks are demonstrated using simulated data and data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health.
Teraplectanumn. g. (Monogenea: Diplectanidae) from the banded grunter fish,Terapon therapsCuvier (Perciformes: Terapontidae), off Peninsular Malaysia
Authors: Lim L.H.S.
Published: April 2014

A new genus of the Monogenea,Teraplectanumn. g., is proposed for two new species of diplectanids found on the gills ofTerapon therapsCuvier collected off Carey Island, Peninsular Malaysia. The genus is based on a unique arrangement of the male reproductive system. In the new species spermatozoa stored in the seminal vesicle and secretions stored in the prostatic reservoir are transferred into, and mixed to form semen within, a special sclerotized auxiliary piece (SAP), and not within the copulatory tube as occurs in the majority of monogeneans.Teraplectanumspecies also possess a unique sclerotized vaginal loop through which the vaginal tube passes en route from the vaginal pore to the seminal receptacle. The two new species areTeraplectanum crassitubusn. sp. (type species) andT. angustitubusn. sp. They differ from each other mainly in the morphology of their copulatory tube: inT. crassitubus,the proximal region of this tube is thicker compared to the slender proximal region inT. angustitubus, although in both cases the tube tapers and twists distally. Of the known diplectanid species, onlyDiplectanum undulicirrosumZhanget al., 2000 (currently consideredincertae sedis) possesses such sclerotized hard parts, which suggests the same type of arrangement of the male reproductive system. Consequently,D. undulicirrosumis re-assigned to this new genus asTeraplectanum undulicirrosum(Zhanget al., 2000) n. comb. The copulatory tube ofT. undulicirrosumis similar to the slender, undulating copulatory tube ofT. angustitubusbut does not taper distally as in the latter species.
Steinernema innovationin. sp. (Panagrolaimomorpha: Steinernematidae), a new entomopathogenic nematode species from South Africa
Authors: Çimen H. , Lee M.-M. , Hatting J. , Hazir S. , Stock S.P.
Published: April 2014

Morphological and molecular sequence data were combined with cross-hybridization studies and used to identify a newSteinernemasp. from Free State, South Africa. Molecular and morphological data indicate that the new species belongs to the ‘glaseri-group’ ofSteinernemaspp. Key morphological diagnostic characters forS. innovationin. sp. include the morphometric features of the third-stage infective juveniles: total body length = 1054 (1000–1103) μm, tail length = 108 (97–117) μm, location of the excretory pore = 88 (82–91) μm, and D% = 58 (54–63), E% = 115 (104–137) and H% = 43 (37–46). Additionally, the morphology of the spicules and gubernaculum of the first-generation males are considered key diagnostic traits.Steinernema innovationin. sp. was also characterized by analysis of both rDNA and mitochondrial gene sequence data, which further indicate the uniqueness of thisSteinernemaspecies.
Behaviour of Chilean and Peale's dolphins in southern Chile: interspecific variability of sympatric species
Authors: Viddi Francisco A. , Harcourt Robert G.
Published: April 2014

Assessing the behavioural patterns of animals is an increasingly important field in conservation biology, as it may assist in the prediction of how animals respond to rapid changes in the environment. Comparing the behavioural patterns of sympatric species can also give insights into the mechanisms that allow similar species to coexist. We undertook dolphin group follows in order to quantify the behavioural patterns of the sympatric Chilean and Peale's dolphins in southern Chile. Markov chains showed that these species differed significantly in time allocated to each of the five different behavioural states, but travelling was the most frequent behavioural state observed for both species. Six (out of 25) behavioural transitions were found to be different between species. In addition, group size and group dispersion were highly associated with specific behavioural states. Larger groups were more likely to socialize, while small groups were more likely to rest. For both species resting was mostly observed in tight groups, while foraging/feeding and travelling were related to intermediate group dispersion. Socializing differed between species, occurring in tight groups for Peale's dolphins and dispersed groups for Chilean dolphins. Overall, there were significant differences in behavioural patterns between the two species. These dissimilarities may represent evidence of different strategies (i.e. habitat use patterns and foraging) these two species employ which allow them to coexist. The information generated in this study will contribute to the development of better predictive models on how animals may respond to a changing environment and to the potential effects of human induced activities.
A critique of Peter Byrne's religious pluralism
Authors: LEHE ROBERT T.
Published: April 2014

An interesting version of religious pluralism has been proposed by Peter Byrne in his Prolegomena to Religious Pluralism. Byrne's pluralism aims to unite an affirmation of the equal cognitive and salvific success of all major religions with a realist view of religious truth and a severe agnosticism about specific descriptions of religious reality. I argue that Byrne's proposal, while an improvement upon non-realist versions of pluralism, fails to resolve the tensions between its agnosticism about detailed descriptions of the sacred reality and its realist conception of religious truth, which requires the revisability of descriptions of the sacred offered by diverse religions.
Split brains: no headache for the soul theorist
Authors: HERSHENOV DAVID B. , TAYLOR ADAM P.
Published: April 2014

Split brains that result in two simultaneous streams of consciousness cut off from each other are wrongly held to be grounds for doubting the existence of the divinely created soul. The mistake is based on two related errors: first, a failure to appreciate the soul's dependence upon neurological functioning; second, a fallacious belief that if the soul is simple, i.e. without parts, then there must be a unity to its thought, all of its thoughts being potentially accessible to reflection or even unreflective causal interactions. But a soul theorist can allow neurological events to keep some conscious thoughts unavailable to others.
Is it possible to discover ‘the one’ intended meaning of the biblical authors?
Authors: White C. Jason
Published: April 2014

A major pursuit of biblical studies, especially since the dawn of the Enlightenment, has been to discover the one, intended, objective meaning of the various biblical texts. Over the last several hundred years, a plethora of methodological paradigms, biblical language and reference tools, historical studies, sociological analyses, comparative linguistic investigations, and anthropological and cultural examinations have all been published through many outlets by a host of people for the purpose of finding THE meaning the biblical authors wished to convey to their respective audiences. Although the results of all these works have positively contributed to our knowledge of scripture in profound ways, the problem is this: none can claim that they have actually discovered this one objective meaning. This is not to say, however, that there are not better understandings of scripture which point more adequately to the originally intended meaning, but simply that the best anyone can do is interpret scripture. The consequence of interpretation, though, is the relativity of meaning. In other words, there are several interpretations of scripture which can validly point to the intended meaning of the biblical authors and texts. One purpose of this article, then, will be to explore why it is not possible to find the one intended meaning of scripture, by defining some key concepts (e.g. tradition and presupposition) in the work of Hans-Georg Gadamer, who is one of the most influential names in the history of philosophical hermeneutics of the twentieth century, as interpreted by Merold Westphal.

Some scriptural interpreters, especially evangelicals, are frightened by the idea that biblical meaning is relative because such a pluralistic approach can lead quickly to the demise of biblical infallibility and authority. A second major purpose of this article will be to help ease such fear by offering a biblically grounded theological justification for the interpretative plurality of scripture by looking at the relativity of meaning through the lens of the doctrine of the Trinity. This justification will suggest that the more we rely upon the Holy Spirit and act out our faith in God through Jesus Christ in and outside of the church, the better our interpretation of scripture will become.
First detection of superior-type caval vein defect in foetus
Authors: Yiimer Muluneh A. , Kula Miriam B. , Peshkovsky Courtney
Published: April 2014

We present the images of the first superior-type caval vein defect diagnosed in a foetal echocardiogram.
Unusual variant of tetralogy of Fallot with pulmonary atresia: a right pulmonary artery from the ascending aorta and a coronary-to-left pulmonary artery collateral
Authors: Yilmaz Betul , Crystal Matthew A. , Anderson Brett R.
Published: April 2014

We present the case of a newborn with tetralogy of Fallot and pulmonary atresia, with a right pulmonary artery from the ascending aorta, and a left pulmonary artery arising from the right coronary artery via an indirect aortopulmonary collateral. The embryogenesis of this unusual combination of pulmonary blood supply has significant implications when considering normal migration of the aortopulmonary septum.
On Ibn Juljul and the meaning and importance of the list of medicinal substances not mentioned by Dioscorides
Authors: AMAR ZOHAR , LEV EFRAIM , SERRI YARON
Published: April 2014

Pedanius Dioscorides, a Greek physician and one of the first pharma-botanists is known mainly for his bookDe Materia Medica, a medical codex listing hundreds of medicinal substances. The Arabs admired Dioscorides’ legacy however they were very aware that their own inventory of drugs was much larger than his.

The Andalusian physician Ibn Juljul (944 – after 994) became famous on account of several medical treaties which he wrote. He devoted most of his time to identifying the drugs listed in Dioscorides’ monumental work, and thereafter wrote: “An article on the drugs not mentioned in Dioscorides’ book. . .”

This article analyzes and discusses the names of those drugs and presents an English translation of this work. The absence of these substances from Dioscorides’ codex, and from other classical sources of the pre-Islamic period (Theophrastus, Pliny, Galen, Paul of Aegina), is a prime reason for ascribing their distribution to the Arabs.

Ibn Juljul's list reflects the major change that took place in the inventory of Galeno-Arabic drugs after the Islamic conquests; about one hundred new substances. Some of these substances, such as the myrobalan, soon became among the most common and popular drugs in the practical pharmacology of the Middle Ages. The fact that about half of the substances not mentioned by Dioscorides are of “Indian” origin should be seen against the background of the influence of the Ayurvedic medical culture, to which the Arabs were exposed alongside the Greek.
High-Resolution Spectroscopy of Bonding in a Novel BeP2N4Compound
Authors: Dennenwaldt Teresa , Ciston Jim , Dahmen Ulrich , Ching Wai-Yim , Pucher Florian J. , Schnick Wolfgang , Scheu Christina
Published: April 2014

The recently discovered compound BeP2N4that crystallizes in the phenakite-type structure has potential application as a high strength optoelectronic material. Therefore, it is important to analyze experimentally the electronic structure, which was done in the present work by monochromated electron energy-loss spectroscopy. The detection of Be is challenging due to its low atomic number and easy removal under electron bombardment. We were able to determine the bonding behavior and coordination of the individual atomic species including Be. This is evident from a good agreement between experimental electron energy-loss near-edge structures of the Be-K-, P-L2,3-, and N-K-edges and density functional theory calculations.
Radiation dose distribution under the area protected using a Cerrobend block during external beam radiotherapy: a film study
Authors: Mohammadi Mohammad , Taherkhani Amir , Saboori Mohmmadsaeed
Published: April 2014

Background

In radiation therapy, to spare normal surrounding tissues, either Multileaf Collimators or Cerrobend blocks are used.

Purpose

The current study focuses on the relative dose distribution under the areas protected by Cerrobend blocks.

Materials and methods

A dual-energy linear accelerator and a Cobalt-60 machine were utilised as radiation sources. Several blocks were designed using commercially available materials to shield radiation fields. The relative dose distribution was then evaluated using extended dose range 2 films.

Results

Results showed that the dose distribution under protected areas depends on several parameters including the width and height of protecting blocks, incident photon beam energy, radiation field size and source to surface distance. An increase in Cerrobend block height from 80 to 95 mm significantly decreases the dose at the protected areas.

Conclusion

An increase in the block width and photon energy decreases the relative dose deposition at the protected area. However, electron and neutron contaminations should also be taken into consideration.
Social Innovation and Social Policy – Promises and Risks
Authors: Sinclair Stephen , Baglioni Simone
Published: April 2014

Social innovation (SI) is an increasingly prominent but contested issue in discussions of social policy reform. Although not yet a familiar concept, nor widely understood (least of all by policy makers), it has entered mainstream policy discourses. However whether SI marks a significant departure in either theory or in practice, or merely in rhetoric, remains to be determined. This Review Article, and the Themed Section as a whole, aims to set out some of the questions social policy analysts should ask about SI, and to help clarify whether or not it is a significant development which merits attention. The Review begins by considering some of the reasons for the recent interest shown in SI before clarifying the meaning of the concept and outlining some of the different forms SI has taken. This discussion is followed by a consideration of some of the practical and theoretical questions which SI raises for social policy analysis. The Review concludes that social policy analysts cannot afford to ignore SI, but that the most effective contribution the discipline can make is to apply a critical empirical perspective to test the significance, value and impact of SI.
A MACHINE-ASSISTED PROOF OF GÖDEL’S INCOMPLETENESS THEOREMS FOR THE THEORY OF HEREDITARILY FINITE SETS
Authors: PAULSON LAWRENCE C.
Published: April 2014

A formalization of Gödel’s incompleteness theorems using the Isabelle proof assistant is described. This is apparently the first mechanical verification of the second incompleteness theorem. The work closely follows Świerczkowski (2003), who gave a detailed proof using hereditarily finite set theory. The adoption of this theory is generally beneficial, but it poses certain technical issues that do not arise for Peano arithmetic. The formalization itself should be useful to logicians, particularly concerning the second incompleteness theorem, where existing proofs are lacking in detail.
Familiäre Unterstützung der kindlichen Interessenentwicklung in der Transition vom Kindergarten zur Schule
Authors: Lichtblau Michael
Published: April 2014

Der Beitrag stellt Ergebnisse einer qualitativen Längsschnittstudie zur Interessenentwicklung von Kindern aus soziokulturell benachteiligten Familien in der Transition vom Kindergarten zur Schule vor. Untersucht wurden Einflüsse der Mikrosysteme „Familie“, „Kindergarten“ und „Schule“ auf die Interessenentwicklung. Die theoretische Grundlage bildete die Person-Gegenstands-Theorie des Interesses ( Krapp, 2007 ), die Selbstbestimmungstheorie der Motivation ( Deci & Ryan, 2000 ) und das Ecological and Dynamic Model of Transition ( Rimm-Kaufman & Pianta, 2000 ). Die Ergebnisse beschreiben Unterschiede der Interessenentwicklungsverläufe einzelner Kinder infolge differenter familiärer Unterstützungsbedingungen, die durch die soziokulturelle Belastungssituation der Familien moderiert wurden.
Der Einfluss der Einrichtungsqualität auf die sprachliche und sozial-emotionale Entwicklung von Kindern mit und ohne Migrationshintergrund
Authors: Beckh Kathrin , Mayer Daniela , Berkic Julia , Becker-Stoll Fabienne
Published: April 2014

Der Beitrag geht der Frage nach, welchen Einfluss die Betreuungsqualität in Krippen auf die sprachliche und sozial-emotionale Entwicklung von zweijährigen Kindern hat und ob es hierbei Unterschiede zwischen Kindern mit und ohne Migrationshintergrund gibt. Die Daten stammen von N = 929 zweijährigen Kindern aus der Nationalen Untersuchung zur Bildung, Betreuung und Erziehung in der frühen Kindheit (NUBBEK), davon n = 255 Kinder mit türkischem oder russischem Migrationshintergrund. Die folgenden Gruppen wurden verglichen: Kinder, die überwiegend in der Familie betreut wurden (n = 395), sowie drei Gruppen von Kindern, die in einer Kindertageseinrichtung betreut wurden, wobei hier zwischen niedriger (n = 178), mittlerer (n = 175) und hoher (n = 181) Einrichtungsqualität (erfasst durch die revidierte Krippenskala, KRIPS-R) unterschieden wurde. Bei Kontrolle familiärer Hintergrundvariablen fand sich ein Interaktionseffekt zwischen Betreuungsform bzw. -qualität und dem Migrationshintergrund der Kinder dahingehend, dass sich der Einfluss der Einrichtungsqualität für Kinder mit Migrationshintergrund als stärker erwies als für Kinder ohne Migrationshintergrund. Kinder mit Migrationshintergrund profitierten in ihrer sprachlichen Entwicklung (rezeptiver Wortschatz in Deutsch, PPVT) nur beim Besuch einer Krippe mit hoher Einrichtungsqualität, bei niedriger oder mittlerer Einrichtungsqualität zeigten sich keine Unterschiede im Vergleich mit den ausschließlich in der Familie betreuten Kindern. Im Hinblick auf die sozial-emotionale Entwicklung (ITSEA) erzielten Kinder mit Migrationshintergrund, die in Krippen mit niedriger oder mittlerer Qualität betreut wurden, die niedrigsten Werte und schnitten damit schlechter ab als alle anderen untersuchten Gruppen. In Bezug auf das Problemverhalten (CBCL) fanden sich keine signifikanten Effekte. Die Ergebnisse unterstreichen die Bedeutung der Qualität der Kindertagesbetreuung für die sprachliche und sozial-emotionale Entwicklung von Kindern mit Migrationshintergrund.
Bacterial epibionts of Daphnia: a potential route for the transfer of dissolved organic carbon in freshwater food webs
Authors: Eckert Ester M , Pernthaler Jakob
Published: April 2014

The identification of interacting species and elucidation of their mode of interaction may be crucial to understand ecosystem-level processes. We analysed the activity and identity of bacterial epibionts in cultures of Daphnia galeata and of natural daphnid populations. Epibiotic bacteria incorporated considerable amounts of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), as estimated via uptake of tritiated leucine: three times more tracer was consumed by microbes on a single Daphnia than in 1 ml of lake water. However, there was virtually no incorporation if daphnids were anaesthetised, suggesting that their filtration activity was essential for this process. Microbial DOC uptake could predominantly be assigned to microbes that were located on the filter combs of daphnids, where the passage of water would ensure a continuously high DOC supply. Most of these bacteria were Betaproteobacteria from the genus Limnohabitans. Specifically, we identified a monophyletic cluster harbouring Limnohabitans planktonicus that encompassed sequence types from D. galeata cultures, from the gut of Daphnia magna and from daphnids of Lake Zurich. Our results suggest that the epibiotic growth of bacteria related to Limnohabitans on Daphnia spp. may be a widespread and rather common phenomenon. Moreover, most of the observed DOC flux to Daphnia in fact does not seem to be associated with the crustacean biomass itself but with its epibiotic microflora. The unexplored physical association of daphnids with heterotrophic bacteria may have considerable implications for our understanding of carbon transfer in freshwater food webs, that is, a trophic ‘shortcut’ between microbial DOC uptake and predation by fish.
Tandem-structured, hot electron based photovoltaic cell with double Schottky barriers
Authors: Lee Young Keun , Lee Hyosun , Park Jeong Young
Published: April 2014

We demonstrate a tandem-structured, hot electron based photovoltaic cell with double Schottky barriers. The tandem-structured, hot electron based photovoltaic cell is composed of two metal/semiconductor interfaces. Two types of tandem cells were fabricated using TiO2/Au/Si and TiO2/Au/TiO2 and photocurrent enhancement was detected. The double Schottky barriers lead to an additional pathway for harvesting hot electrons, which is enhanced through multiple reflections between the two barriers with different energy ranges. In addition, light absorption is improved by the band-to-band excitation of both semiconductors with different band gaps. Short-circuit current and energy conversion efficiency of the tandem-structured TiO2/Au/Si increased by 86% and 70%, respectively, compared with Au/Si metal/semiconductor nanodiodes, showing an overall solar energy conversion efficiency of 5.3%.
Native and functionalized micrometre-sized cellulose capsules prepared by microfluidic flow focusing
Authors: Carrick Christopher , Larsson Per A. , Brismar Hjalmar , Aidun Cyrus , Wågberg Lars
Published: April 2014

Schematic illustration of the formation of a regenerated cellulose capsule from a double emulsion using microfluidic flow focusing and isopropanol as precipitating solvent.
A new strategy for treating hypertension by blocking the activity of the brain renin–angiotensin system with aminopeptidase A inhibitors
Authors: Gao Ji , Marc Yannick , Iturrioz Xavier , Leroux Vincent , Balavoine Fabrice , Llorens-Cortes Catherine
Published: April 2014

Hypertension affects one-third of the adult population and is a growing problem due to the increasing incidence of obesity and diabetes. Brain RAS (renin–angiotensin system) hyperactivity has been implicated in the development and maintenance of hypertension in several types of experimental and genetic hypertension animal models. We have identified in the brain RAS that APA (aminopeptidase A) and APN (aminopeptidase N), two membrane-bound zinc metalloproteases, are involved in the metabolism of AngII (angiotensin II) and AngIII (angiotensin III) respectively. The present review summarizes the main findings suggesting that AngIII plays a predominant role in the brain RAS in the control of BP (blood pressure). We first explored the organization of the APA active site by site-directed mutagenesis and molecular modelling. The development and the use in vivo of specific and selective APA and APN inhibitors EC33 and PC18 respectively, has allowed the demonstration that brain AngIII generated by APA is one of the main effector peptides of the brain RAS, exerting a tonic stimulatory control over BP in conscious hypertensive rats. This identified brain APA as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of hypertension, which has led to the development of potent orally active APA inhibitors, such as RB150. RB150 administered orally in hypertensive DOCA (deoxycorticosteroneacetate)-salt rats or SHRs (spontaneously hypertensive rats) crosses the intestinal, hepatic and blood–brain barriers, enters the brain, generates two active molecules of EC33 which inhibit brain APA activity, block the formation of brain AngIII and normalize BP for several hours. The decrease in BP involves two different mechanisms: a decrease in vasopressin release into the bloodstream, which in turn increases diuresis resulting in a blood volume reduction that participates in the decrease in BP and/or a decrease in sympathetic tone, decreasing vascular resistance. RB150 constitutes the prototype of a new class of centrally acting antihypertensive agents and is currently being evaluated in a Phase Ib clinical trial.
Use of intermediate focus for grazing incidence small and wide angle x-ray scattering experiments at the beamline P03 of PETRA III, DESY
Authors: Santoro G. , Buffet A. , Döhrmann R. , Yu S. , Körstgens V. , Müller-Buschbaum P. , Gedde U. , Hedenqvist M. , Roth S. V.
Published: April 2014

We describe the new experimental possibilities of the micro- and nanofocus X-ray scattering beamline P03 of the synchrotron source PETRA III at DESY, Hamburg (Germany), which arise from experiments with smaller beam sizes in the micrometer range. This beamline has been upgraded recently to perform new kinds of experiments. The use of an intermediate focus allows for reducing the beam size of microfocused hard X-rays while preserving a large working distance between the focusing elements and the focus position. For the first time, this well-known methodology has been employed to grazing incidence small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS/GIWAXS). As examples, we highlight the applications to in situ studies using microfluidic devices in GISAXS geometry as well as the investigation of the crystallinity of thin films in GIWAXS geometry.