bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Time Course of Dopamine‐D2 and Serotonin‐5‐HT2 Receptor Occupancy Rates by Haloperidol and Clozapine In Vivo
Authors: Sumiyoshi Tomiki , Kido Hideki , Sakamoto Hiroshi , Urasaki Koji , Suzuki Kimiko , Yamaguchi Nariyoshi , Mori Hirofumi , Shiba Kazuhiro , Yokogawa Koiçhi , Ichimura Fujio
Published: March 2008

Abstract: In vivo occupancy of dopamine‐D1, D2 and serotonin‐5‐HT2 receptors by haloperidol 10 mg/kg and clozapine 20 mg/kg were studied. Rats were injected intravenously with [3H]‐YM‐09151‐2, [3H]‐SCH23390, or [3H]‐ketanserin 10 min after the administration of the tested drugs. Fifteen to 240 min after the ligand injection, the receptor occupancy rates of the drugs in the striatum and frontal cortex were calculated. Clozapine demonstrated the higher 5‐HT2 and lower D2 occupancies in the respective regions. A dose‐response analysis of D2 and 5‐HT2, receptor occupancy by the drugs consolidated the higher 5‐HT2 binding affinity of clozapine in comparison with haloperidol. The present methodology may serve as an accurate tool to evaluate the peculiarity of various antipsychotics.
Hemodialysis for Lithium Intoxication: Preliminary Guidelines for Emergency
Authors: Kasahara Hiroo , Shinozaki Toru , Nukariya Kazutaka , Nishimura Hiroshi , Nakano Hiroshi , Nakagawa Tanehide , Ushijima Sadanobu
Published: March 2008

Abstract: In Japan, 9 cases of severe lithium intoxication have been treated by hemodialysis so far, and the usefulness and indications of this procedure are not yet understood fully. We have recently experienced a case of lithium intoxication treated by hemodialysis. Considering this case together with those reported previously, we have prepared some preliminary guidelines for the application of hemodialysis to patients with lithium intoxication. The blood concentration of lithium, renal function, the severity of consciousness disturbance and clinical symptoms such as somatic complications are, of course, important indices for the application of this therapy. We think that the signs of intoxication and the time interval between the onset and the beginning of treatment also serve as useful indices for application of hemodialysis.
Hepatic Encephalopathy with Increased Cerebral Blood Flow in SPECT and MRI Abnormalities in the Basal Ganglia
Authors: Kohira Ichiro , Matsuo Eriko , Shiro Yoshihiko , Uemura Naoto , Matsumoto Seiji , Kitamura Yoshihiro , Matsumoto Yosuke , Ishizu Hideki , Sakai Kenichi , Kuroda Shigetoshi , Shohmori Toshikiyo
Published: March 2008

A case of hepatic encephalopathy with increased cerebral blood flow in singlephoton emission computed tomography (SPECT) and abnormalities upon magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is reported. SPECT showed increased blood flow exceeding 70 ml/100 g/min in the cerebellum, basal ganglia and cerebral cortex, with hyperammonemia and abnormal electroencephalographic signs showing severe generalized slowing. SPECT data and MRI might reflect abnormal metabolism and neuropathological changes in hepatic encephalopathy.
A Nationwide Survey of Day‐Care for Children with Mental Retardation in Japan
Authors: Kurita Hiroshi , Shiiya Junji , Ito Hiroto
Published: March 2008

Abstract: We conducted the first nationwide survey on day‐cares (DCs) for mentally retarded preschoolers in Japan by sending a questionnaire to 686 such facilities, 460 (67.1%) of which responded. There were three types of DCs. Type I was a small facility, financed by a local government but not established by the Child Welfare Act. Type II was a non‐residential facility founded by the Act and usually run by a private welfare organization. Type III was a unit in a large rehabilitation center for various handicapped persons established and run by a local government. We proposed a model DC having 9 staff members to be placed nearby consumers to improve the early treatment system for mentally retarded children in Japan.
L'Anthropophobie: Approche Psychopathologique des Interactions Entre Corps, Intersubjectivité et Langage
Authors: Ogawa Toyoaki , Bouderlique Joël
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Anthropophobia is the general term often taken as an equivalent to social phobia which comprises the several afflictions known in Europe under names like autodysosmophobia, scopophobia, erythrophobia, and olfactory reference syndrome, among others. Following a general introduction to anthropophobia, we will use three short observations to illustrate a phenomenological approach which shows both the confusion between the two dimensions of corpority and intersubjectivity and the specific relations joining body and language that are characteristic of this pathology. In addition to that, a psychoanalytical insight shows that anthropophobic patients possess traits that are specific to the intrusion complex and that reveal an evolutionary stage between narcissism and Oedipian phases.
Psychometric Properties of the 30‐item Version General Health Questionnaire in Japanese
Authors: Iwata Noboru , Uno Bunpei , Suzuki Takashi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Psychometric properties of the 30‐item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ‐30) were explored using the Japanese data collected in various settings. A six‐ or seven‐factor structure emerged for the entire sample and each gender and age‐group divided into a 10‐year interval. The factors were highly identical across the subsamples. The main four factors showed a high agreement with those of UK and Hong Kong studies: approximately 80% of the items were similarly allocated to factors. However, the response endorsement of two “loss of positive attitude” items was much common regardless of the score level. These items counted up approximately one‐fourths of the score, so that these items made the score spuriously higher. Accordingly, a question arose as to whether these items should be included in the scale for its use in Japanese.
Eating Attitudes Test in Japan
Authors: Ujiie Takeshi , Kono Masaaki
Published: March 2008

Abstract: A Japanese version of the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT) was developed and validated using a group of anorectics and Japanese female controls. Its sensitivity was considered to be low for anorectics, especially for the fasting type anorectics. A cross‐cultural comparison of the EAT scores of anorectics showed some significant differences among those found in Japan, Canada and Germany. A survey of eating disorders among 286 Japanese female students was carried out with a Japanese EAT. Three cases of bulimia nervosa were identified in this survey, although no clear case of anorexia nervosa could be identified. The EAT seemed to be useful to screen cases of bulimia nervosa and sensitive to distinguish abnormal eating attitudes among the young females in Japan.
Missing Peaks in Auditory Brainstem Responses and Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia
Authors: Igata Masayuki , Ohta Mikio , Hayashida Yoshiaki , Abe Kazuhiko
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) were examined in 30 schizophrenic patients and 29 normal subjects. The psychotic symptoms were assessed by the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) and the Scale for Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) in the patients. At least one of the waves I, II or III was found missing on either side at 80 dBHL (hearing level) in 8 (27%) of the patients but in only one (3%) of the normal subjects. There was a significant association between the missing peaks and the BPRS negative symptom cluster or the total score of the SANS. These results suggest that some schizophrenics, especially those with negative symptoms, have an abnormality of input processing of auditory information in the lower brainstem.
Alopecia Areata Associated with Haloperidol
Authors: Kubota Takashi , Ishikura Tamiko , Jibiki Itsuki
Published: March 2008

Abstract: A patient with a 7‐year history of depression relapsed after self‐discontinuation of antidepressant drugs. He was admitted to our hospital and re‐administered amoxapine 150 mg. p. o. per day, and further given haloperidol 5 mg i. m. or p. o. per day because he was suicidal and excited. One month later, an area of alopecia was found on the back of his head. Immediately, he received dermatological treatment. The psychotropic drugs were continued, but the hair loss was unchanged after one month. So, haloperidol alone was discontinued. One week later, the hair loss had stopped and a month later alopecia had virtually disappeared. We suggest that alopecia areata is associated with haloperidol.
Day‐Night Variation of Urine Volume in Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Hineno Takashi , Mizobuchi Mutsuhiko , Nishimatsu Oh‐ichi , Horiguchi Jun , Kakimoto Yasuo
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Studies on the circadian rhythm of urine excretion in healthy men have demonstrated that the maximal urine flow occurs in the early afternoon and the minimal around midnight. In this study, an abnormality in the variation of urine volume was found in parkinsonian patients. Urine samples were collected during daytime (9:00–21:00) and nighttime (21:00–9:00). Fifteen healthy control subjects were examined and found to excrete 60% during the daytime and 40% during the nighttime of the total urine volume. Sixteen parkinsonian patients excreted 43% during the daytime and 57% during the nighttime. In contrast to the control subjects, the parkinsonian patients excreted a smaller volume of their urine during the daytime than during the nighttime. This finding might be related to the degeneration of dopaminergic and/or nondopaminergic neurons in the brain which control urinary excretion.
Low Levels of Serum Apolipoprotein AI and AII in Senile Dementia
Authors: Kuriyama Masaru , Takahashi Kanehisa , Yamano Takashi , Hokezu Yoichi , Togo Seiji , Osame Mitsuhiro , Igakura Takeshi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: We studied the serum lipoprotein and apolipoprotein profiles in 44 patients with sporadic late‐onset Alzheimer's dementia and 43 patients with vascular dementia. The levels of high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol were lower in both patient groups than in a control group. Apolipoprotein A I and A II levels have decreased in both the patient groups, especially in the vascular dementia group. The HDL‐cholesterol levels correlated positively with the level of apolipoprotein A I, but not with the level of apolipoprotein A II. The ratios of apolipoprotein A I/A II have increased in both the patient groups. The apolipoprotein A II levels have disproportionally decreased in the patient groups. The serum apolipoprotein A II may involve the pathological process in the patients with senile dementia.
A Schizophrenic Patient Who Developed Extreme Hypothermia after an Increase in the Dose of Haloperidol: A Case Report
Authors: Harada Hiroyuki , Igarashi Mikio , Sugae Shonosuke , Okamoto Kenichi , Tsuji Motohiro , Nakajima Teruo
Published: March 2008

Abstract: A patient with chronic schizophrenia, who had been treated for a long time with chlorpromazine, haloperidol, levodopa, benserazide hydrochloride, diazepam and biperiden, developed extreme hypothermia (about 32°C) when the dose of haloperidol was increased because of a deterioration of the patient's mental symptoms. No other physical manifestations were observed, except bradycardia. The turnover of noradrenaline in the cerebrospinal fluid and blood was increased in association with the hypothermia in this patient. A hypothesis about the involvement of monoamine imbalance in changes in body temperature is discussed.
An Autopsy Case of Alzheimer Disease with Myoclonus and Periodic Spikes on EEG
Authors: Iijima Masaaki , Ishino Hiroshi , Seno Haruo , Inagaki Takuji , Ebara Takashi , Yamashita Kimio
Published: March 2008

This is a case of Alzheimer disease with myoclonus and periodic spikes on EEG. A 56‐year‐old man developed progressive dementia and, 3 years later, generalized convulsions. Eight years later, he showed myoclonus and periodic spikes on EEG. Cranial CT showed cortical atrophy and ventricular dilatation. He became apallic and died of pneumonia at the age of 65,9 years after the onset of the disease. The brain weighed 1,050 g. Neuropathologically, diffuse neuronal loss, abundant neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques, particularly diffuse plaques, were found extensively in the cerebral cortex. The white matter was preserved. In the Ammon's horn, abundant neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques were observed. Grumose degeneration of the cerebellar dentate nucleus, Kuru plaques or prions were not found. Numerous diffuse plaques of the cerebral cortex have rarely been reported in autopsy cases of Alzheimer disease with myoclonus and periodic spikes on EEG.
An Autopsied Case of Acute Lymphocytic Meningoencephalitis with a Long Clinical Course: Special Reference to CT, MR, SPECT and Neuropathological Findings
Authors: Mizukami Katsuyoshi , Tanaka Yoshiro , Arai Tetsuaki , Sasaki Megumi , Shiraishi Hiroyasu , Horiguchi Hisashi , Nakamura Yasushi , Ogata Takesaburo
Published: March 2008

Abstract: This report describes the clinico‐pathological features of acute lymphocytic meningoencephalitis (ALME) of a patient with a long clinical course of 24 months. The patient rapidly developed a confusional state, occasionally with stupor, various involuntary movements and generalized convulsions followed by fever and headache at the age of 29. Clinical symptoms, except fever and convulsions, had not distinctly improved throughout the clinical course, and cortical atrophy on CT and MR gradually progressed. SPECT revealed a low blood perfusion in the cerebral cortices. Neuropathologically, inflammatory findings were very mild, but nerve cells degenerated prominently. From these clinicopathological findings, it is suggested that chronic degenerative changes followed an acute inflammatory phase.
Effects of AETT‐Induced Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis on Learning Ability in Rats
Authors: Furuhashi Atsuo , Akasaki Yasutaka , Sato Masayasu , Miyoshi Koho
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The behavioral effects of ceroid‐lipofuscin accumulation, induced by intraperitoneal administration of acetyl‐ethyl‐tetramethyl‐tetralin (AETT) in Wistar rats for 3 months, were examined in the present studies. A significant increase in neuronal ceroid‐lipofuscin was demonstrated neuropathologically as well as morphometrically. Although the AETT‐intoxicated rats showed neither alteration of locomotor activity nor shock sensitivity, a significant impairment of learning ability, especially an acquisition trial in passive avoidance tests, was observed. Results of the present studies indicate the possibility that a diffuse lipofuscin accumulation causes a learning impairment in rats. The results also imply the possibility of a significant role of age‐related lipofuscin accumulation in the dementing processes of human especially in the elderly.
Personality Disorders: Conceptual Issues and Responsibility
Authors: Saß Henning , Herpertz Sabine , Houben Isabel
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The historical roots of the concepts of abnormal personality, social deviance, delinquency and penal responsibility are described, demonstrating that former concepts of psychopathic personality often included negative social evaluations. Modern classification systems such as DSM‐III‐R and ICD‐10 prefer a behavior‐oriented definition of personality disorders, which increases reliability but may lead to a reductionistic and purely criteriological assessment of personality. A checklist for the assessment of personality disorders (AMPS) according to ICD‐10 and DSM‐III‐R is presented, including four subaffective forms derived from the typology of personality disorders described by Kurt Schneider and Kretschmer. To justify statements of diminished legal responsibility or irresponsibility under the German Penal Code, a differentiation between psychopathological phenomena in personality disorders and pure social deviance is needed. The three notions of psychopathy, sociopathy and dissocial behavior are suggested to guide necessary decisions concerning prognosis and therapy chances.
The Patient as “Subject” and Capacity to Give Informed Consent
Authors: Kumakura Nobuhiro
Published: March 2008

Abstract: In line with Western countries, the idea of “capacity assessment” to determine a person's course of treatment is being introduced to Japanese psychiatry. Herein, some problems associated with the informed consent of mental patients are discussed, and a typical case is presented. The author points out that, when involuntary treatment is necessary, the clinician must consider, 1) the self as a “subject” of the incapable, 2) the dissociation between a subject and a choice, 3) the nature of choice in life, 4) contextual assessment of mental intervention in the patient's life situation. Neglecting these issues will lead to inhumane medical practice in psychiatry.
Ethical Issues in Criminal Forensic Evaluation
Authors: Nishiyama Akira
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Psychiatric practices have been widely intervened by third parties, so that absolute confidentiality cannot be demanded. Forensic psychiatry holds a distinctive position in such practices. Ethics in forensic evaluations rely on the role of the psychiatrist. That role must be provided not only within the relationship with the truster, but also with the evaluee. The latter relationship has seldom been discussed. It is not the therapist‐patient‐relationship, leaving some therapist attitude. A warning (lack of confidentiality etc.) is necessary before the evaluation. Despite all, psychiatric evaluations cannot be conducted without some reliance. It is important to inform the evaluee of the evaluator's opinion prior to the trial, and involve the evaluee in the process of the evaluator's recognition.
Treating the Mentally Disordered Criminal Offender in a Hospital Setting
Authors: Nakatani Yoji
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The author outlines the legislation and treatment system for mentally disordered criminal offenders in Japan, and reviews the recent studies on the treatment of refractory patients in mental hospitals. Involuntary admission of patients referred by a public prosecutor or by a head of a correctional institution is problematic regarding the judgment criteria for admission and discharge, and imposes a burden on practitioners. The author outlines the main problems of the treatment of criminal offenders in a hospital setting: reaction to the hospital environment, lack of motivation for treatment, therapists' reluctance to treat these patients, absence of support for rehabilitation and uncertainty about future risk. Suggested measures for the solution of these difficulties include the role of the Psychiatric Review Board, the psychiatric evaluation system, and therapeutic skills pertaining to dangerous patients.
The Treatment of Mentally Disordered Offenders in Japanese Medical Prisons
Authors: Ishikawa Yoshihiro
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The author outlines the general trends of crime and the treatment of criminals in Japan, and trends of mentally disordered offenders in Japanese penal institutions. Further, he explains the treatment of the mentally disordered offenders in Japanese medical prisons. The author analyzes the Hachioji Medical Prison's treatment record, particularly in regards to the reincarceration rate, which markedly decreases when family support and psychiatric treatment are properly present after release. Finally, the author stresses the value of correctional psychiatric treatment in the medical prison; it is expected to play an important role in contributing to the rehabilitation of mentally disordered offenders and “patients difficult to treat,” and bringing about more open and innovative community‐centered mental health services.
Improvement of Quality‐of‐Life following Resective Surgery for Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: Results of Patient and Family Assessments
Authors: Mihara Tadahiro , Inoue Yushi , Watanabe Yutaka , Matsuda Kazumi , Tottori Takayasu , Hiyoshi Toshio , Kubota Yuko , Yagi Kazuichi , Seino Masakazu
Published: March 2008

Abstract: In order to evaluate the quality‐of‐life (QOL) of epilepsy surgery patients, we surveyed patients' degree of life satisfaction and their families' degree of satisfaction with patient's status in a range of domains both pre‐ and post‐operatively. Of 100 patient‐family sets of surveys that were mailed out, 93 were completed and returned from patients and 91 from their families. All patients surveyed had temporal lobe epilepsy and had been followed for longer than 2 years after resective surgery. Patients and their families rated overall QOL as having markedly improved following surgery. However, they rated social domains of QOL, including role activities, financial status, and social and family relationships as having improved relatively little. Despite freedom from seizures, a few patients' families were dissatisfied with the patients' post‐operative status, primarily for psychosocial reasons. Patients operated on at a later age reported little gains in life satisfaction following surgery. This study supports the conclusion that surgical intervention should occur before patients are subjected to the psychological conflicts and social handicaps associated with chronic intractable epilepsy.
Development of Interview Form to Estimate the Risk of Self‐Destructive Behaviors
Authors: Ono Izumi , Murai Toshihiko , Yasuda Kiwamu , Nakamura Michihiko , Nakajima Teruo
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The authors devised the interview form, Schedule of Self‐Destructive Risks (SOS‐DR), for the estimation of risks of self‐destructive behaviors, and developed the subscale of SOS‐DR especially to estimate hopelessness as a potential risk to suicide. SOS‐DR had a favorable inter‐rater reliability shown by Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) and Kuder‐Richardson's alpha coefficient. On the basis of correlations of items in SOS‐DR with Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS) in 52 patients, 18 items were selected and named SOS‐18. SOS‐18 had favorable concurrent and discriminant validities as shown by correlating significantly with the BHS score but not with the score of Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) from which items common to SOS‐18 were eliminated. Therefore, SOS‐18 was considered to be a reliable indicator of hopelessness as a suicidal risk.
Subjective Burden of Caregivers of Demented Patients: Effects of Coping and Family Adaptability
Authors: Matsuda Osamu
Published: March 2008

Abstract: I tested a hypothesis that coping strategies with psychological stresses in home care and a cognition of family adaptability are associated with a subjective burden based on 31 family caregivers of patients with dementia. Caregivers who gave up home care felt a significantly higher burden and used more confrontative coping than those who did not. The caregivers, who recognized the family system as flexible, felt less burden than those who did as rigid. This study suggested that the subjective burden of caregivers of demented patients accounted for not only by the severity of dementia of patients but also by the confrontative coping and cognition of family system of the caregivers.
Adaptation of Human Sleep‐Wake and Body Temperature Cycles to a New Sleep‐Wake Schedule: A Study with a Short‐Acting Benzodiazepine
Authors: Usui Akira
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Twelve healthy male subjects were divided into 2 groups–the triazolam and placebo groups. The first three days were designated the baseline days. On the last three days, the bedtime and rising time were advanced 3 hours compared with the baseline days, and 0.5 mg of triazolam or a placebo was orally administered at bedtime. Their sleep was monitored polygraphically. Rectal temperature was measured for 6 days. There were no marked changes in the sleep pattern except that the sleep onset time was advanced by 3 hours. On the other hand, the nadir and acrophase of the body temperature were significantly advanced in the triazolam group. These findings suggest triazolam changes the phase of the human body temperature rhythm.
Peripheral Neuropathy Associated with Ulcerative Colitis
Authors: Kanzaki Akihiro , Yabuki Seiso , Takasaki Motohiro , Ueno Kunio , Yorimitsu Yukio , Shirabe Teruo
Published: March 2008

Abstract: This is a report of two cases of peripheral neuropathy associated with ulcerative colitis (UC). Patient 1 developed asymmetric neuropathy two weeks after the onset of UC. Subsequent neurological improvement paralleled the improvement in the active UC as revealed by colonoscopy. Patient 2 exhibited sensory ataxic neuropathy with deposits of IgG and Λ chain in the sural nerve. Both patients showed axonal neuropathy, and corticosteroid therapy improved the neurological symptoms. These types of neuropathy have not previously been reported in association with UC.
Immunohistochemical Features which Distinguish Pallido‐Nigro‐Luysial Atrophy from Progressive Supranuclear Palsy
Authors: Yamada Tatsuo , McGeer Patric L. , Shigematsu Kazuo , McGeer Edith G. , Calne Donald B.
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Pallido‐nigro‐luysial atrophy (PNLA) and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) have similar clinical features and somewhat similar classical pathology. We describe here their differentiation on the basis of immunohistochemistry. We examined three autopsy cases of typical PSP and one case demonstrating PNLA. Biochemically, all four cases showed greatly depleted striatal catecholamines. Immunohistochemistry for complement, Tau and some other proteins revealed in all cases pathology beyond the classically described areas of involvement. PSP cases were characterized by the appearance of many Tau‐positive, paired nucleated glia with astrocyte morphology in numerous brain areas; none were seen in the PNLA case. The PSP cases also showed many more complement activated oligodendrocytes and oligodendroglial microtubular masses than did the PNLA case. On the other hand, the PNLA case showed more abundant neuropil threads.
Dopamine D1 and D2 Receptor Antagonists Suppress Acute Stimulant Action of Cocaine, but Enhance Cocaine Sensitization
Authors: Kuribara Hisashi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The ambulation increase caused by the repeated dosing of cocaine (10 mg/kg s. c.) was dose‐dependently reduced by the simultaneous administration of the selective dopamine D1 and D2 receptor antagonists, SCH 23390 (0.01, 0.03 and 0.1 mg/kg s. c.) and YM‐09151‐2 (nemonapride) (0.01, 0.03 and 0.1 mg/kg s. c.), respectively. However, the mice given cocaine with SCH 23390 (0.03 mg/kg) and cocaine with YM‐09151‐2 (0.03 and 0.1 mg/kg) 5 times at 3 to 4‐day intervals showed significantly higher sensitivity than the mice given cocaine alone to the challenge cocaine. The present results suggest that, although the blockade of either dopamine D1 or D2 receptor is effective for a reduction in the stimulant action of cocaine, such treatment enhances the induction of cocaine sensitization.
Relationship between the melancholic type of personality (Typus melancholicus) and DSM‐III‐R personality disorders in patients with major depression
Authors: SATO TETSUYA , SAKADO KAORU , NISHIOKA KAZURO , KASAHARA YOMISHI , UEHARA TORU , SATO SATOSHI
Published: March 2008

Abstract The relationship between the melancholic type of personality (TM) and DSM‐III‐R personality disorders (PD) in a sample of 96 outpatients with major depression was investigated using a series of multivariate analyses. The results showed that the personality features of TM were quite different from those of any DSM‐III‐R PD, including obsessive‐compulsive PD, and gave only partial support to the DSM‐III‐R classification of PD into three clusters. It is suggested that if the personality description of TM be included in the Axis II of DSM‐III‐R, the description of the Axis could have a wider range of personality features and could be more useful for the clinical praxis and research of depressive patients.
Persistence of chronic mood disorders: A 2 year follow‐up
Authors: FURUKAWA TOSHIAKI , AWAJI RIE , NAKAZATO HITOSHI , SUMITA YUKIO
Published: March 2008

Abstract Chronic mood disorder patients who remain frequent and long‐term users of psychiatric facilities constitute a major clinical concern today. A 2 year naturalistic prospective follow‐up study was conducted on a cohort (n= 40) randomly extracted out of 335 such patients. Longitudinal data involving semi‐structured interviews, observer‐rated scales and self‐report measures were available for 37 patients (93%). While three (8%) remitted completely, the cohort on the average showed no statistically significant change in the severity of depression, social adjustment or global functions during the 2 years under observation. Two baseline features that characterized ameliorated patients were the absence of panic disorder and lower level of education.
Psychiatric comorbidity in eating disorders: Psychopathological considerations
Authors: TAKAOKA KEN
Published: March 2008

Abstract The psychiatric comorbidity was examined in patients who met ICD‐10 criteria for eating disorders. The most frequent comorbid diagnoses were mood disorders, followed by personality disorders and neurotic disorders. Non‐attendance at school was also seen. Eating disorders did not directly cause mood disorders, but rather indirectly brought them about by a devaluation of self‐esteem. Features of personality disorders occurred independently of eating disorders, appearing or disappearing relative to the major object or transitional object. Neurotic disorders served as non‐verbal communication, a function originally included in eating disorders. It is important to take note of the devaluation of self‐esteem and the meanings of symptoms as communication within eating disorders.
A survey of Japanese physicians' attitudes and practice in caring for terminally ill cancer patients
Authors: UCHITOMI YOSUKE , OKAMURA HITOSHI , MINAGAWA HIDEAKI , KUGAYA AKIRA , FUKUE MAYUMI , KAGAYA ARIYUKI , OOMORI NOBUTADA , YAMAWAKI SHIGETO
Published: March 2008

Abstract To clarify the psychiatric liaison issues in cancer care, questionnaires were distributed to physicians at 31 teaching hospitals in Japan, including cancer centers and psychiatrists at 197 teaching hospitals. Data from 329 physicians and 156 psychiatrists showed that the majority of the physicians felt troubled by the psychiatric problems of terminally ill patients. However, actual psychiatric referrals were infrequent. An important factor that interferes with appropriate psychiatric referrals for cancer patients is that most physicians do not usually inform patients of a cancer diagnosis. Thus, it seems that close communication between physicians and psychiatrists is essential in caring for terminally ill cancer patients in the context of Japanese culture, when the psychiatric consultations are offered.
Effects of acetazolamide on the sleep apnea syndrome and its therapeutic mechanism
Authors: SAKAMOTO TETSURO , NAKAZAWA YOICHI , HASHIZUME YUJI , TSUTSUMI YASUHIRO , MIZUMA HIKARI , HIRANO TAKASHI , MUKAI MASAKI , KOTORII TSUYOSHI
Published: March 2008

Abstract Twenty male patients with sleep apnea syndrome were treated with acetazolamide (AZM), a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. In 14 of the patient a significant decrease was found in the number of apnea, apnea index and % apnea time (percentage of time spent with apnea to the total sleep time) with improvement in sleep structure, clinical symptoms, such as insomnia, daytime excessive sleepiness and snoring. A significant decrease was also observed in arterial blood pH and HCO−3 in the 14 improved patients. On the other hand, no improvement occurred in the parameters of sleep apnea and sleep with AZM in the remaining six patients. Moreover, metabolic acidosis and an improvement in arterial blood gases did not occur with AZM in the six patients.
Carbamazepine‐exacerbated epilepsy with multifocal shifting independent epileptiform discharges on electroencephalogram: A case report
Authors: KIMURA MASAHIKO , YOSHINO KUNIO , SUZUKI NORIKO
Published: March 2008

Abstract A 7 year old girl with epilepsy and spastic quadriplegia secondary to an episode of status epilepticus at 4 months of age is reported. At the age of 6 years, she began to experience increased generalized myoclonic and tonic seizures during treatment with carbamazepine (CBZ) 200 mg/day and clonazepam 1.5 mg/day. When the CBZ was increased to 400 mg/day, the seizures increased dramatically in frequency. Following discontinuation of CBZ, the seizure frequency decreased to a level less than that prior to starting CBZ. Serial electroencephalograms displayed multifocal independent epileptiform discharges (MIED) characterized by shifting localization, which could be one of the risk factors for exacerbation by CBZ. In this case MIED may indicate widespread rather than localized cerebral dysfunction.
The present and the future of sleep research in Asia
Authors: OKUMA TERUO
Published: March 2008

Abstract In recent years, recognition of the importance of sleep, not only as a health problem but also as a social problem, has brought about worldwide growing interest in sleep and sleep research. In Asian countries, the number of sleep researchers is increasing rapidly and as a result the Asian Sleep Research Society (ASRS) was founded in 1994. This paper reviews the main topics of basic and clinical sleep research which have been investigated recently in Japan and in Asian countries. The subjects of sleep research in Asia in the future will be, in principle, similar to those in other countries of the world. However, the author suggests several subjects which are more or less specific to Asia and which should be studied in association, such as epidemiological longitudinal study of sleep disorders in developing countries, characteristics of sleep and dreaming in oriental culture and philosophy, etc. The roles of ASRS in dissemination of information, promotion of training and education, and enlightenment of public and government were also emphasized.
Acupuncture treatment for insomnia and acupuncture analgesia
Authors: LIN YINLI
Published: March 2008

Abstract Acupuncture is a simple and useful treatment for insomnia, with a success rate of around 90%. The acupuncture points applied vary depending on the doctor and on the case, but the usual points are Shenmen (HT7) and Anmien (extrapoint). The mechanism of this treatment has not been well elucidated. Acupuncture analgesia may be used as a great indicator, because in both practices needles are inserted in deep tissues as the common stimulation. The possible neuronal integration and transmitter effect in the acupuncture treatment for insomnia are discussed.
Is mythical delusion a factor blocking schizophrenic symptoms?
Authors: NAKAYA MAKOTO
Published: March 2008

Abstract It has been stated that mythical delusion can block schizophrenic symptoms. However, there are some schizophrenics in whom mythical delusion does not react against schizophrenic symptoms. Three cases are reported of mythical delusion and what conditions are necessary for the mythical delusion to “block” schizophrenic symptoms are considered. Such ‘blocking’ can be found in the mythical delusion which mediates between schizophrenic symptoms and reality. Conversely, when there is no relationship between mythical delusion and schizophrenic symptoms ‘blocking’ cannot be expected.
Positron emission tomography and plasma biochemistry findings in schizophrenic patients before and after electroconvulsive therapy
Authors: UESUGI HIDEJI , TOYODA JUNZO , IIO MASAKI
Published: March 2008

Abstract The clinical effects of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) on the morbidity of paranoid schizophrenic patients were assessed by positron emission tomography (PET) and plasma biochemistry studies before and after ECT. The present study included five patients whose average age was 41.4 years. The average duration of illness was 23.0 years. To avoid any effect of changes in drugs on PET, no changes were made in the medication of any of the five patients during the study period. ECT improved the clinical symptoms in every patient. Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) on PET in both temporal lobes and the left cerebellum was higher in paranoid schizophrenia before ECT than in normal subjects, and rCBF after ECT in both frontal lobes, the right temporal lobe and the right putamen was lower than before ECT as mental symptoms improved. These findings suggest high cerebral blood flow volume in paranoid schizophrenia. Plasma biochemistry studies revealed a lower level of 3‐methoxy‐4‐hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) after ECT than before ECT, but a higher level of prolactin existed.
Event‐related changes of background electroencephalogram during contingent negative variation paradigm
Authors: MATSUOKA TOSHIKI , NAKAMURA MICHIHIKO , KANO KUNIO , YAMAMOTO TAKUJI , NISHIHARA KYOKO , SAITO YASUHIKO , NAKAJIMA TERUO
Published: March 2008

Abstract The autoregressive model was applied to the background electroencephalogram during the tone(S1)‐tone(S2)‐respond contingent negative variation paradigm under eyes‐open condition. The EEG data were obtained at the scalp sites of Fz, Cz, and Pz in seven normal males. During the first half of the interstimulus interval (ISI) of 2.5 s, Fz‐dominant excitatory process was suggested in concordance with an orienting response to stimulus 1. In the second half of the ISI, Pz‐dominant inhibitory process was considered. The stimulus 2 presentation and the required motor response promoted the Pz‐dominant process.
Changing pattern of mental health utilization in Hachijojima
Authors: ITO HIROTO , MORI TOSHIO , KUMAGAI NAOKI , MIYAUCHI MASARU , HARADA SEIICHI , YAMAMURA MOTOE , NAKANO RYOGO , KURITA HIROSHI , SASAKI YUJI
Published: March 2008

Abstract We have reviewed retrospectively 229 patients interviewed by the mental health team in the Hachijojima since the establishment of our services in 1987. The 6 year observation period was classified into three chronological stages for the purposes of identifying any change in the utilization pattern of the mental health services of the island. The rate of schizophrenia was observed to have decreased from 48% in the first 2 years of the study period to 28% in the last 2 years; while that of other mental disorders increased yearly. Interestingly, an increasing number of patients were referred to our services by professionals in areas other than mental health (from 42 to 77%), and patients without any history of psychiatric treatment were more frequently seen (from 36 to 75%) in the later part of the study period. These changes suggest the importance of access to mental health services.
Transient P300 abnormality of event‐related potentials following unilateral temporal lobectomy
Authors: HIRAYASU YOSHIO , OHTA HIROKAZU , FUKAO KOZO , OGURA CHIKARA , MUKAWA JIRO
Published: March 2008

Abstract Event‐related potentials (ERP) were recorded during auditory oddball tasks for a patient prior to and soon after left anterior temporal lobectomy. The N100 amplitude decreased bilaterally although the latency did not change after the lobectomy. The P300 amplitude decreased in the left hemisphere at 1 and 2 weeks after surgery, then recovered to the pre‐operative level at 4 weeks. These findings suggest that the medial temporal structure participates in the generating system of P300.
Effects of antidepressants on thyroid stimulating hormone release in rats under ether stress
Authors: KADONO YOSHIHIRO , KANEDA HIROYUKI , MAEDA KIYOSHI
Published: March 2008

Abstract We found inhibitory effects of antidepressants (clomipramine, maprotyline, mianserin and zimelidine) and 5‐hydroxytryptophan (5‐HTP) on thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) release induced by ether stress in freely moving rats. We confirmed that ether stress suppressed the plasma TSH levels after 30 min. We then injected intravenously 250 ng thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH), 0.1 mg/kg clomipramine, 2.5 mg/kg maprotyline, 2.5 mg/kg mianserin, 0.5 mg/kg zimelidine and 25 mg/kg 5‐HTP simultaneously. These materials blocked the influences on plasma TSH levels by the ether stress. Serotonergic antidepressants (clomipramine, zimelidine) and 5‐HTP (precursor of serotonin) had a higher potency against the ether stress. These results suggest that antagonizing effects against the ether stress may involve the serotonergic system in the pituitary gland.
Civilization, culture and neurotic depression: In view of the Freudian theory
Authors: SUZUKI KUNIFUMI
Published: March 2008

Abstract Our discussion is based on the psychoanalytic theory of Freud. We, however, discuss a case of neurotic depression which is not considered a subtype in Freud's concept of neurosis. We discuss the difference between culture and civilization, referring to what Freud discussed in Totem and Taboo and Moses and Monotheism. We then discuss two matters specific to Japanese culture; the assimilation of foreign cultures, and the sexual differences found in Japanese culture. On the basis of these discussions, we attempt to link these with the problem of structure of the neurotic depression. We conclude with Confucianism which we can consider as relative to the East‐Asian world.
A clinical case of neuro‐Behçet syndrome without mucocutaneo‐ocular symptoms: Relationship with brain stem encephalitis
Authors: KAWANISHI YOICHI , HORI TAKAFUMI , SUZUKI TOSHIHITO , MIZUKAMI KATSUYOSHI , SASAKI MEGUMI , SHIRAISHI HIROYASU
Published: March 2008

Abstract The case of a 50 year old man with personality changes, dementia, and brain stem symptoms is presented. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) disclosed high signal areas mainly in the brain stem. Both a positive skin prick test and an HLA‐B51 were demonstrated. These clinical findings were suggestive of neuro‐Behçet syndrome, although there were no mucocutaneo‐ocular symptoms characteristically associated with this disease. The relationship between neuro‐Behçet syndrome and brain stem encephalitis, including a discrimination from multiple sclerosis, is discussed.
Magnetic resonance imaging study of the brain in aged volunteers: T2 high intensity lesions and higher order cortical function
Authors: KASAHARA HIROO , YAMADA HIDEO , TANNO MUNEHIKO , KOBAYASHI MITSURU , KARASAWA AKIHIDE , ENDO KAZUO , USHIJIMA SADANOBU
Published: March 2008

Abstract The aims of the present study were to clarify the findings of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the aging brain, and to relate the MRI findings to higher order cortical function. A total of 118 healthy aged volunteers (41 men, 77 women) underwent cranial MRI electroencephalography (EEG), Benton visual retention test (BVRT) and interview. The subjects had no past history or clinical evidence of cerebrovascular disorder, head trauma or dementia and were living at home without any difficulty. The majority of the subjects have participated in this series of studies since 1982. Using a 1.5 T superconductive MR instrument, T1‐weighted, proton density and T2‐weighted images were obtained. The MRI data were rated visually by regarding 12 items according to fixed criteria. T2 high signal intensity (T2HSI) lesions were found in 69.5% of subjects, the prevalence of which increased with age. T2HSI lesions were most frequently found in the basal ganglia (61.9%), followed by the thalamus (39.0%), parietal lobe (37.0%), temporal lobe (12.7%) and pons (8.5%). Among these lesions, lacunar infarction showed low signal intensity in T1‐weighted images and was found in 24.6% of subjects, the prevalence also increasing with age. These findings, including brain atrophy determined according to similar criteria, were correlated closely with the subjects' age. The results of BVRT showed a close relation with T2HSI, suggesting that T2HSI may influence cognitive function. When the subjects were classified according to the presence of T2HSI, lacunar infarction and EEG abnormalities, brain atrophy was significantly milder in a group of subjects with T2HSI(‐), lacunar infarction(‐) and normal EEG than in the other groups. This suggests that changes seemingly representing physiological aging may be promoted by another pathological which also exerts influences on higher order cerebral function.
Reliability of the task‐related component (P3b) of P3 event‐related potentials
Authors: MAEDA HISAO , MORITA KIICHIRO , NAKAMURA JUN , INOUE MASAYUKI , KINOSHITA SAYAKA , KODAMA EISUKE , MAKI SEIKO , NAKAZAWA YOICHIRO
Published: March 2008

Abstract Within session and between session reliabilities of the task‐related component (P3b) of the P3 measures (amplitude, area and latency) and their habituation across eight sessions separated by 7–10 days, except for an interval of 1 month between the 6th and 7th sessions, were studied based on the difference waves, which were obtained by subtracting the ignored infrequent event‐related potentials (ERP) from the target ERP elicited by a standard auditory oddball paradigm with eyes‐open or eyes‐closed conditions in 10 normal subjects. The within session reliabilities represented as Pearson correlation coefficients (r) were 0.57‐0.66 for the three measures except for those for the latency and amplitude under the eyes‐closed condition. The between session reliabilities expressed as intraclass correlation coefficients (R) ranged from 0.54 to 0.60 except for that for latency under eyes‐closed conditions. Long‐term habituation occurred within the first six sessions for the P3b amplitude and area, and dishabituation took place in the 7th session after an interval of 1 month, whereas no such phenomenon was observed for the P3b latency. Implications of the present results are discussed in terms of the clinical application of the P3 measures.
Changes in the ratio of urinary α1‐microglobulin to ulinastatin levels in patients with Alzheimer‐type dementia and vascular dementia
Authors: INAGAKI TAKUJI , SHIKIMI TADAHIRO , ISHINO HIROSHI , OKUNISHI HIDEKI , TAKAORI SHUJI
Published: March 2008

Abstract Relationships between urinary levels of α1‐microglobulin (α1M) and ulinastatin (UT) in patients with dementia were investigated. There were no significant differences in α1M and UT levels and α1M: UT ratios among three groups: age‐matched control subjects, patients with either Alzheimer‐type senile dementia (ATD) or vascular dementia (VD). Although a positive correlation was established between α1M and UT levels in these groups, the regression of the demented patients differed significantly from that of controls (P <0.05). A tendency towards a negative correlation between α1M: UT ratios and the levels of severity or duration of the disease was displayed in the ATD group, whereas a tendency toward a positive correlation between α1M: UT ratios and the levels of severity was observed in the VD group. These results suggest that changes in the relationships between urinary levels of α1M and UT may provide a useful biochemical index for diagnoses of ATD and VD.
Induction of Fos expression following anodal polarization in rat brain
Authors: MORIWAKI AKIYOSHI , ISLAM NADIRA , HATTORI YUKIO , HORI YASUO
Published: March 2008

Abstract Expression of c‐fos immunoreactivity was investigated in rat brain after unilateral application of a weak anodal direct current (anodal polarization) to the sensorimotor cortex of rats. Increases in Fos‐immunopositive neurons were observed transiently in the neocortex, cingulate cortex, piriform cortex, and hippocampal formation, which were ipsilateral to the polarization, as a function of the duration and intensity of the currrent applied. It is likely that anodal polarization enhances the neuronal activities in the cortex dependent on polarization paradigms.
Treatment of recurrent hypersomnia with methylcobalamin (vitamin B12): A case report
Authors: YAMADA NAOTO
Published: March 2008

Abstract A 32 year old male patient suffered from recurrent hypersomnia for 12 years was successfully treated with vitamin B12. Episodes of hypersomnia lasting a few days occurred repeatedly a few times each year. Furthermore, the frequency of episodes had increased during the last 2 years. During the administration of vitamin B12, the patient had no episodes of hypersomnia for 6 months. In addition, he did not have any episodes during a follow‐up observation period of 17 months after cessation of the treatment. Thus, this case suggests that vitamin B12 may be effective for preventing recurrent hypersomnia.