bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Self-management interventions for chronic disease: a systematic scoping review
Authors: Richardson Julie , Loyola-Sanchez Adalberto , Sinclair Susanne , Harris Jocelyn , Letts Lori , MacIntyre Norma J , Wilkins Seanne , Burgos-Martinez Gabriela , Wishart Laurie , McBay Cathy , Martin Ginis Kathleen
Published: May 2014

Objective:

To investigate the contributions of physiotherapy and occupational therapy to self-management interventions and the theoretical models used to support these interventions in chronic disease.

Data sources:

We conducted two literature searches to identify studies that evaluated self-management interventions involving physiotherapists and occupational therapists in MEDLINE, the Cochrane Library, CINAHL, EMBASE, AMED (Allied and Complementary Medicine), SPORTdiscus, and REHABDATA databases.

Study selection:

Four investigator pairs screened article title and abstract, then full text with inclusion criteria. Selected articles ( n = 57) included adults who received a chronic disease self-management intervention, developed or delivered by a physiotherapist and/or an occupational therapist compared with a control group.

Data extraction:

Four pairs of investigators performed independent reviews of each article and data extraction included: (a) participant characteristics, (b) the self-management intervention, (c) the comparison intervention, (d) outcome measures, construct measured and results.

Data synthesis:

A total of 47 articles reported the involvement of physiotherapy in self-management compared with 10 occupational therapy articles. The type of chronic condition produced different yields: arthritis n = 21 articles; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and chronic pain n = 9 articles each. The theoretical frameworks most frequently cited were social cognitive theory and self-efficacy theory. Physical activity was the predominant focus of the self-management interventions. Physiotherapy programmes included disease-specific education, fatigue, posture, and pain management, while occupational therapists concentrated on joint protection, fatigue, and stress management.

Conclusions:

Physiotherapists and occupational therapists make moderate contributions to self-management interventions. Most of these interventions are disease-specific and are most frequently based on the principles of behaviour change theories.
Pharmacological interventions for self-injurious behaviour in adults with intellectual disabilities: Abridged republication of a Cochrane systematic review
Authors: Gormez A , Rana F , Varghese S
Published: May 2014

We aimed to determine clinical effectiveness of pharmacological interventions for self-injurious behaviour in adults with intellectual disability. We searched the following databases: CENTRAL; MEDLINE; EMBASE; PsycINFO; CINAHL; SCI; SSCI; Conference Proceedings Citation Index - Science; Conference Proceedings Citation Index – Social Science and Humanities; ZETOC; World Cat .We also searched ClinicalTrials.gov,ICTRP and the reference lists of included trials. We included randomised controlled trials that examined drug interventions versus placebo for self-injurious behaviour. We found five double-blind, placebo-controlled trials, which included a total of 50 people. Four trials compared the effects of naltrexone versus placebo and one trial clomipramine versus placebo. We did not identify any relevant placebo-controlled trials for other drugs. We presented a narrative summary, as meta-analysis was not appropriate due to differences in study designs, differences between interventions and heterogeneous outcome measures. There was weak evidence in included trials that any active drug was more effective than placebo for people with intellectual disability demonstrating self-injurious behaviour. Due to sparse data, an absence of power and statistical significance, and high risk of bias for four of the included trials, we are unable to reach any definite conclusions about the relative benefits of naltrexone or clomipramine compared to placebo.
Mycobacterium Fortuitum Lipoid Pneumonia in a Dog
Authors: Leissinger M. K. , Garber J. B. , Fowlkes N. , Grooters A. M. , Royal A. B. , Gaunt S. D.
Published: May 2014

A 1-year old female spayed German Shepherd dog was evaluated for acute onset of dyspnea. Pyogranulomatous inflammation and green globoid structures were present on aspirates of the affected lung. Impression smears and histopathology confirmed pyogranulomatous pneumonia, with large amounts of lipid corresponding to the green structures noted cytologically, and identified poorly staining bacterial rods within lipid vacuoles. Special stains confirmed the presence of acid-fast bacterial rods, and polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequencing identified the organism as Mycobacterium fortuitum. M. fortuitum pneumonia is well described in humans and has previously been reported in 4 dogs and 1 cat. Lipid was a prominent cytologic and histologic feature, as is often described in humans and in the single feline case report. Additionally, this case highlights the variable cytologic appearance of lipid, as well as Mycobacterium spp, which are classically nonstaining with Wright-Giemsa.
Profiles of Maternal Parenting Practices
Authors: Tzoumakis Stacy , Lussier Patrick , Corrado Raymond R.
Published: May 2014

Studies have often linked parenting to children’s subsequent antisocial behavior; however, the circumstances under which this might occur are less clear. The current study explores patterns in mothers’ parenting practices, and associated correlates including maternal delinquency and offending, mental health, and children’s physical aggression. This study is based on the first wave of the ongoing Vancouver Longitudinal Study; the objective of this prospective study is to identify the early risk and protective factors for aggression and violence from the earliest developmental periods. Parenting practices of 287 mothers with preschoolers are examined using a series of latent class analyses. Three different patterns of parenting emerged: Positive, Negative, and Intermittent. Patterns identified are associated with several key criminogenic, socio-demographic, historical, and developmental factors including current maternal adult offending, mothers’ mental health, ethnicity, and frequency of children’s physical aggression. Importantly, mothers who show parenting in line with the more negative classes also rely on a number of positive practices. Implications of the study suggest that parenting is influenced by mothers’ immediate situations and contexts (e.g., current offending rather that past delinquency), which can be targeted for intervention.
“I Don’t See Myself as Prison Material”
Authors: Patten Ryan , Messer Sarah , Candela Kimberlee
Published: May 2014

Since the inception of drug court in the late 1980s, it has become a widely used alternative to incarcerating drug offenders. Previous research has detailed the effectiveness of programming on recidivism, participants’ perceptions of the service delivery model, and cost-effectiveness. The scholarship related to drug offender motivations to participate in drug court has largely discussed family obligations and the sense of loss stemming from drug abuse, and only two studies have discussed the fear of prison as a primary motivator. This research utilized semi-structured interviews with former drug court participants from a rural county in California to ascertain their motivation for engaging in drug court ( N = 29). The results show 79% of participants were trying to avoid prison or jail, while 62% were motivated to end the cycle of drug abuse in their lives. The conclusion has policy implications for future drug court design; however, additional research is needed.
Effect of Anticipation on Lower Extremity Biomechanics During Side- and Cross-Cutting Maneuvers in Young Soccer Players
Authors: Kim Jin Hyun , Lee Ki-Kwang , Kong Se Jin , An Keun Ok , Jeong Jin Hwa , Lee Yong Seuk
Published: May 2014

Background:

Less mature athletes exhibit biomechanical parameters during cutting maneuvers that may place these athletes at greater risk for injury than their more mature counterparts, especially if the maneuvers are unanticipated. However, most studies on risk factors for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury have focused on neuromuscular and knee kinematic differences between the sexes, not on the biomechanical parameters between specific sporting maneuvers.

Hypotheses:

(1) Anticipation will have a greater effect than the type of cutting maneuver (side- vs cross-cutting) in terms of the biomechanical risk factors for ACL injuries, and (2) the biomechanical risk factors will be different between the 2 types of maneuvers.

Study Design:

Controlled laboratory study.

Methods:

Thirty-seven young, male middle school soccer players participated in this study. Three-dimensional motion analysis featuring ground-reaction force and electromyography of the right leg was used. Kinematics, kinetics, and electromyography data for each athlete were analyzed during anticipated and unanticipated side- and cross-cutting maneuvers. The differences between anticipated and unanticipated states as well as between side- and cross-cutting maneuvers were calculated and compared.

Results:

After unanticipated side-cutting, the time to peak ground-reaction force was longer and peak values were smaller compared with anticipated side-cutting. Flexion, valgus, and internal rotations in the knee joint were larger, and greater flexion and valgus moments were observed. The vastus lateralis and vastus medialis showed lower activity, and the lateral gastrocnemius showed higher activity after unanticipated side-cutting maneuvers. With unanticipated cross-cutting, the time to peak ground-reaction force was longer and peak values were smaller compared with anticipated cross-cutting, and the lateral gastrocnemius showed higher activity. Differences in the peak values of the mediolateral and vertical forces were smaller in the cross-cutting maneuver than in side-cutting. Changes in flexion and adduction of the hip joint, flexion of the knee joint, and inversion of the ankle joint were larger during side-cutting.

Conclusion:

Although there were some interactions between direction and anticipation, anticipating a cutting maneuver generally had a greater effect than the type of maneuver when there was no significant interaction.

Clinical Relevance:

Increases in the valgus angle and moment of the knee joint and higher lateral gastrocnemius activity during the late period showed an association with ACL injury risk factors during side-cutting, and higher lateral gastrocnemius activity during the early period showed an association with injury risk factors during cross-cutting.
Glenohumeral Contact Pressure With Simulated Anterior Labral and Osseous Defects in Cadaveric Shoulders Before and After Soft Tissue Repair
Authors: Yamamoto Atsushi , Massimini Daniel F. , DiStefano James , Higgins Laurence D.
Published: May 2014

Background:

Glenoid rim fractures and erosion can result from traumatic and repeated shoulder dislocations, leading to glenoid bone loss. Traditional instability surgery includes Bankart repair to restore soft tissue anatomy, although a recent trend is to address glenoid bone deficiency when appropriate with a bone block procedure.

Hypothesis/Purpose:

The purpose of this study was to quantify glenohumeral joint contact pressures as a function of anterior labral detachment, progressive anterior glenoid bone loss, and labral repair. The hypothesis was that a critical glenoid defect size exists whereby labral repair alone cannot restore joint contact pressures, therefore favoring bone block augmentation over soft tissue repair.

Study Design:

Controlled laboratory study.

Methods:

Eight fresh-frozen cadaveric shoulders were tested under a 440-N compressive load simulating glenohumeral abduction positions of 30° and 60° in neutral rotation and 60° with 90° of external rotation. Glenohumeral joint contact pressures were recorded with a Tekscan pressure sensor system in these configurations: (1) intact specimen, (2) Bankart lesion, (3) 10% anterior rim bone defect, (4) 10% bone defect with labral repair, (5) 20% bone defect, (6) 20% bone defect with labral repair, (7) 30% bone defect, and (8) 30% bone defect with labral repair. The joint contact pressures were compared at all configurations.

Results:

The Bankart lesion and 10%, 20%, and 30% glenoid defects showed significant ( P < .05) increases in mean contact pressures over baseline values. Labral repair at 10% bone loss reduced mean contact pressures to below the intact state, and labral repair of 20% defects demonstrated normalized mean contact pressures. However, mean contact pressures remained statistically elevated compared with baseline values after labral repair of 30% glenoid defects.

Conclusion:

Glenohumeral joint contact pressures were restored to baseline values after labral repair of 10% and 20% anterior glenoid bone defects. Conversely, labral repair at 30% glenoid bone loss did not restore glenohumeral contact mechanics, yielding elevated contact pressures despite repair. Further study is warranted to investigate the stability (resistance to dislocations) of the glenohumeral joint after labral repair and bone block augmentation.

Clinical Relevance:

A critical glenoid defect size exists in which labral repair alone does not restore normal glenohumeral contact pressures. Surgeons should carefully evaluate glenoid bone loss before selecting a surgical treatment for shoulder instability.
Sex-Based Differences in the Clinical Presentation of Patients With Symptomatic Hip Labral Tears
Authors: Lindner Dror , El Bitar Youssef F. , Jackson Timothy J. , Sadik Adam Y. , Stake Christine E. , Domb Benjamin G.
Published: May 2014

Background:

An increasing body of literature describes the clinical presentation and demographics of patients with hip labral tears. The differences in pelvic structure and joint laxity between sexes have been described; however, no study has evaluated differences in the clinical presentation of patients with symptomatic labral tears between sexes.

Purpose:

To describe the differences between sexes in demographics, clinical history, physical examination, and intraoperative findings in patients with symptomatic labral tears.

Study Design:

Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods:

Data were prospectively collected between February 2008 and February 2013 on 1401 patients who had symptomatic labral tears and underwent arthroscopic surgery. Hips with previous pathologic disorders were excluded. Data on demographics and clinical history were gathered, and a physical examination was performed. Preoperative pain was estimated on the visual analog scale (VAS), and 4 hip-specific patient-reported outcomes (PROs) were administered to evaluate functional status. Intraoperative findings were recorded.

Results:

A total of 654 patients met our inclusion/exclusion criteria, with 320 males and 334 females. The median age for males was 38.3 years (range, 15.0-69.6 years) and for females 40.4 years (range, 13.1-66.8 years). Male patients had a higher incidence of acute injury than females (39.6% vs 27.6%, respectively; P < .05) and a higher incidence of workers’ compensation status (14.1% vs 4.5%, respectively; P < .05). Females had increased range of motion compared with males, which was statistically significant for all range of motion measurements ( P < .05). The anterior impingement test was positive in 94.4% of females and 92.9% of males, the flexion/abduction/external rotation test was positive in 59.5% of females and 61.5% of males, and the lateral impingement test was positive in 55.0% of females and 59.2% of males, but there was no statistically significant difference between sexes in any of the tests. Pain with palpation over the greater trochanter was positive in 22.0% of males and 36.9% of females ( P < .0001). Females had lower PROs; however, VAS scores were similar.

Conclusion:

Male and female patients differ in their hip structure, biomechanics, and operative findings of symptomatic labral tears. However, they do not differ substantially in clinical presentation, except that males are more likely to report an acute injury and females are more likely to be evaluated with increased range of motion.
Evidence of the Gluten-Free and Casein-Free Diet in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Marí-Bauset Salvador , Zazpe Itziar , Mari-Sanchis Amelia , Llopis-González Agustín , Morales-Suárez-Varela María
Published: May 2014

In autism spectrum disorders, many parents resort to alternative treatments and these are generally perceived as risk free. Among these, the most commonly used is the gluten-free, casein-free diet. The objective of this work was to conduct a systematic review of studies published from 1970 to date related to the gluten-free, casein-free diet in autism spectrum disorder patients. Few studies can be regarded as providing sound scientific evidence since they were blinded randomized controlled trials, and even these were based on small sample sizes, reducing their validity. We observed that the evidence on this topic is currently limited and weak. We recommend that it should be only used after the diagnosis of an intolerance or allergy to foods containing the allergens excluded in gluten-free, casein-free diets. Future research should be based on this type of design, but with larger sample sizes.
Long-Term Clinical Course of Glut1 Deficiency Syndrome
Authors: Alter Aliza S. , Engelstad Kristin , Hinton Veronica J. , Montes Jacqueline , Pearson Toni S. , Akman Cigdem I. , De Vivo Darryl C.
Published: May 2014

Our objective is to characterize the long-term course of Glut1 deficiency syndrome. Longitudinal outcome measures, including Columbia Neurological Scores, neuropsychological tests, and adaptive behavior reports, were collected for 13 participants with Glut1 deficiency syndrome who had been followed for an average of 14.2 (range = 8.9-23.6) years. A parent questionnaire assessed manifestations throughout development. The 6-Minute Walk Test captured gait disturbances and triggered paroxysmal exertional dyskinesia. All longitudinal outcomes remained stable over time. Epilepsy dominated infancy and improved during childhood. Dystonia emerged during childhood or adolescence. Earlier introduction of the ketogenic diet correlated with better long-term outcomes on some measures. Percent-predicted 6-Minute Walk Test distance correlated significantly with Columbia Neurological Scores. We conclude that Glut1 deficiency syndrome is a chronic condition, dominated by epilepsy in infancy and by movement disorders thereafter. Dietary treatment in the first postnatal months may effect improved outcomes, emphasizing the importance of early diagnosis and treatment.
Nonlinear low-velocity impact analysis of functionally graded shallow spherical shells in thermal environments
Authors: Fu Yiming , Hu Sumin , Mao Yiqi
Published: May 2014

This article presents the nonlinear dynamic response of functionally graded (FG) shallow spherical shells in thermal environments subjected to low-velocity impact by an elastic ball. The material properties of a FG shallow spherical shell vary continuously through the thickness according to a power law distribution of the volume fraction of the constituents. The temperature field is considered to vary along the thickness direction due to the steady state heat transfer. Based on the higher order shear deformation theory, the governing equations of motion for the shell, which account for geometric nonlinearity is obtained using Hamilton’s principle. The contact force between the shell and the impactor is relative to local deformation and calculated using a numerical method. Then, the governing equations of motion are solved numerically by the Chebyshev collocation method and Newmark scheme. This is a complete model that can not only fully model the dynamic behavior of the shell but also fully model the impactor’s dynamic behavior. In the numerical example, the effects of material properties, temperature, initial impact velocity and mass of the impactor on the dynamic behavior of the shells, and contact force are discussed in detail.
Preparing Elementary School Counselors to Promote Career Development
Authors: Knight Jasmine L.
Published: May 2014

Career development at the elementary level is an important developmental function to ensure all students graduate college and career ready. However, the training and continuing education needs of elementary school counselors have been largely ignored in the professional literature and in training programs. This article explores the theoretical and empirical support for career development at the primary level and the challenges in training elementary school counselors. Recommendations for modifications to school counselor educator programs are offered, and future research and continuing education needs for school counselors are explored.
Land–sea climatic variability in the eastern North Atlantic subtropical region over the last 14,200 years: Atmospheric and oceanic processes at different timescales
Authors: Chabaud Ludivine , Sánchez Goñi María F , Desprat Stéphanie , Rossignol Linda
Published: May 2014

High-temporal resolution analysis of different climatic tracers (pollen, foraminiferal-based winter sea surface temperature (SST), benthic foraminiferal δ18O) from marine core MD95-2042, retrieved off SW Iberia, allows us to directly compare, without any chronological ambiguity, Mediterranean vegetation and eastern North Atlantic winter SST changes for the last 14.2 kyr. We identify on land and in the ocean several climatic phases such as the end of the warm and humid Bølling–Allerød, the cold and dry Younger Dryas, and the warm and humid Holocene with the Mediterranean forest (MF) optimum between 9.6 and 8.1 kyr. This record shows that, at multi-centennial timescale (~800 years), declines in forest cover generally related to dry and cool periods in southern Iberia are synchronous with cold SST in the eastern part of the North Atlantic subtropical gyre. At multi-centennial timescale, changes in thermohaline circulation, via freshwater content fluctuations, appear to be responsible for the coupling between dryness in Iberia and SST cooling in eastern North Atlantic subtropical gyre. In contrast, some Holocene events include centennial-scale oscillations (~100 years) marked by MF declines in southern Iberia concomitant with SST warming in the eastern North Atlantic subtropical gyre. This climatic pattern is similar to that observed at decadal timescale under the influence of the positive mode of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). We suggest, therefore, that synchronous SW Iberian dryness and SST warming at centennial timescale could be explained by atmospheric fluctuations related to NAO changes.
Spørteggbreen, western Norway, in the past, present and future: Simulations with a two-dimensional dynamical glacier model
Authors: Laumann Tron , Nesje Atle
Published: May 2014

A two-dimensional shallow ice-flow model, yielding the glacier geometry at selected time intervals, is used to simulate the development of Spørteggbreen (1) from 8000 cal. yr BP to the present, (2) from ad 2011 to 2050, and (3) extending forward in time to ad 2100 and 2200. Glacier-surface geometry, subglacial topography, mass-balance data, internal deformation, and subglacial sliding are used as input data for the model runs. To force the model from 8000 cal. yr BP to the present, a mass-balance series based on the equilibrium-line altitude (ELA) variations on Jostedalsbreen to the west of Spørteggbreen is applied. A 50% reduction of the ELA amplitude at Jostedalsbreen is used to construct a new mass-balance series, and it was found that this gives a reasonably good coherence between the modelled and the real glacier. The modelled time series for ELA and length changes indicate that the glacier melted away c. 7300 cal. yr BP and was absent for c. 1700 years. It reformed c. 5400 cal. yr BP because of a modest lowering of the ELA and continued to grow in areal extent after c. 4000 cal. yr BP, apart from a small retreat episode c.ad 500. Simulations of the extent and geometry of Spørteggbreen in the future are carried out using different climate scenarios, involving summer temperature and winter precipitation. The model simulation from ad 2011 to 2050 gives relatively minor changes for glacier-surface profiles and glacier-surface geometry, mainly because of the short duration of the model run and because the increase of 12% in winter precipitation compensates for about 25% of the temperature increase of 1.3°C. The simulations from ad 2011 to 2100, and further extended to ad 2200, show, however, significant changes in the glacier volume. This is reasonable because a summer temperature rise of 2.3°C, which is used in this simulation, must be compensated for by an increase in winter precipitation of about 70% to maintain equilibrium.
Synovitis with pitting edema as the presenting manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Hegazi MO , Saleh F , Al Rashidi A , Yaktien MM
Published: May 2014

Rheumatologists are increasingly aware of the entity synovitis with pitting edema. The remitting seronegative symmetrical synovitis with pitting edema (RS3PE) syndrome has been reported with an array of conditions that include polymyalgia rheumatica, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjögren’s syndrome and psoriatic arthropathy. Synovitis with pitting edema is now being increasingly recognized with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We report a patient who presented with edema of hands and feet and was diagnosed eventually with definite SLE. With magnetic resonance imaging, joint effusions and tenosynovitis were confirmed to be associated with the otherwise-unexplained extremity edema.
Electroconvulsive therapy for catatonia in juvenile neuropsychiatric lupus
Authors: Leon T , Aguirre A , Pesce C , Sanhueza P , Toro P
Published: May 2014

Neuropsychiatric manifestations are serious and frequent complications of systemic lupus erythematous (SLE). Catatonia is a neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by motor disturbance (including waxy flexibility and catalepsy), stupor, excitement, negativism, mutism, echopraxia and echolalia. Catatonia associated with SLE has been only rarely reported, especially in children. Here we present a case of a 14-year-old patient encountered in consultation-liaison psychiatry who presented catatonia associated with SLE. Her catatonia was refractory to treatment with pulse methylprednisolone, intravenous cyclophosphamide and rituximab. The patient responded to a combined therapy of electroconvulsive therapy and benzodiazepines. The present case suggests that although rarely reported, catatonia seen in the background of SLE should be promptly identified and treated to reduce the morbidity.
Public communication of science in Mexico: Past, present and future of a profession
Authors: Sánchez-Mora Carmen , Reynoso-Haynes Elaine , Mora Ana María Sánchez , Parga Julia Tagüeña
Published: May 2014

In this article, we offer an analysis of the evolution of the professional field of public communication of science in Mexico, particularly at the National Autonomous University of Mexico, the influences it has received from other countries, the impact it has on Mexican society and some of its relationships with other Latin American countries. We present examples of successful programmes in different mass media and an analysis of the evolution and diversification of science communicators over the last four decades.
Exploring Post-Fall Audit Report Data in an Acute Care Setting
Authors: Tzeng Huey-Ming , Yin Chang-Yi
Published: May 2014

This retrospective, descriptive, chart review study was done to demonstrate one strategy for communicating aggregated and actionable fall data to bedside nurses. It was conducted at a nonprofit acute care hospital in the northwestern United States to analyze the quantitative data captured in post-fall audit reports of patient falls (March 1-December 31, 2012, N = 107 falls). Descriptive and binary statistical analyses were used. The quarterly National Database of Nursing Quality Indicators 2011 and 2012 reports showed that implementation of post-fall audit reports can lead to a lower overall fall rate and a lower fall-injury rate. Increased nursing hours could be a confounding factor of the positive impact of conducting post-fall audits in this study. It is concluded that timely and systematic reporting, analysis, and interpretation of fall data in an electronic format can facilitate prevention of falls and fall injuries.
Predictors of Serious Fall Injury in Hospitalized Patients
Authors: Anderson Chrys , Dolansky Mary , Damato Elizabeth G. , Jones Katherine R.
Published: May 2014

The purpose of this study was to identify predictors of falls that result in serious injury in hospitalized patients. The study involved secondary data analysis of 1,438 patient falls in a community hospital system between 2008 and 2010. The analysis included demographics, severity of illness, diagnosis-related group (surgical vs. medical), event type (bathroom, bed, chair, transfer, ambulating), risk factors identified by the Hendrich II fall risk assessment prior to the fall (confusion, depression, altered elimination, dizziness, antiepileptic or benzodiazepine medications), and contributing factors identified through an online event reporting system post-fall (incontinence, confusion, history of falls, alteration in mobility, and medication-related). Logistic regression results indicated that the overall model was a good fit and two predictors, age greater than 64 and male gender, were statistically reliable in predicting which patient falls would result in serious injury.
Management of Type 2 Diabetes in Asian Indians
Authors: Joseph Letha M. , Berry Diane , Jessup Ann
Published: May 2014

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is increasing in Asian Indians globally. In this article, we review published studies of interventions designed to prevent T2DM or improve self-management in South Asian Indians. A PubMed, CINAHL, Medline, EMBASE, Psycinfo, Family & Society Studies Worldwide, Web of Science, and Consumer Health Complete search was conducted using the following search terms: type 2 diabetes mellitus, Asian Indian continental ancestry group, therapy, treatment, management, care, intervention, self-care, exercise, diet, and lifestyle. The review included pilot or full intervention studies examining the prevention and/or management of T2DM and qualitative studies analyzing the influence of various ethnic factors on the prevention and management of T2DM. Seventeen studies met the inclusion criteria. They examined the influence of culture and religion and the effectiveness of individual and community-based education and lifestyle improvement programs, exercise, and complementary therapies. Few programs led to the improved long-term management of T2DM. Further research is needed to develop ethnic-specific interventions.
Revisiting Descriptive Representation in Congress
Authors: Bowen Daniel C. , Clark Christopher J.
Published: May 2014

The 113th Congress has a record number of racial and ethnic minorities serving on Capitol Hill. Using the 2008 Cooperative Congressional Election Study (CCES), we examine what this increased descriptive representation of racial minorities means for legislative responsiveness and citizen–representative communication in the U.S. House. We argue that descriptive representation will improve the constituent–legislator relationship across racial groups, but that shared race should matter more for blacks and Latinos as racial minorities unaccustomed to legislative responsiveness. Our findings follow these expectations and suggest that the presence or lack of descriptive representation is an integral part of how citizens experience representation in the U.S. House.
Revisiting Latino Voting
Authors: Collingwood Loren , Barreto Matt A. , Garcia-Rios Sergio I.
Published: May 2014

Traditional vote-choice models include variables such as party identification, assessments of the economy, as well as other demographic characteristics. We argue that variables that tap shared racial/ethnic identity or some such similar dimension can enhance Latino vote-choice models beyond the traditional model. We evaluate Barack Obama and Mitt Romney’s cross-racial mobilization of Latino voters during the 2012 Presidential election. Using a survey of several thousand Latino voters, we find that these candidates’ policy stances vis-à-vis immigration and their ability to convey care and concern to the Latino community are important variables that guide Latino vote choice. Implications are discussed.
To Know Democracy Is to Love It
Authors: Cho Youngho
Published: May 2014

Scholars of democratization have developed a variety of theories to explain national and cross-national differences in democratic support. These theories, however, pay little attention to the cognitive origin of democratic support. This study seeks to examine how informed understanding about democracy affects such support. To this end, it applies theories of institutional legitimacy and social learning and predicts that the relationship between citizen understanding of and support for democracy is not only positively concaved but also dependent on the historical experience of democracy. An analysis of the World Values Survey 2005–2008 reveals strong evidence to support the theoretical predications.
Well-Differentiated Follicular Patterned Tumors of the Thyroid With High-Grade Features Can Metastasize in the Absence of Capsular or Vascular Invasion
Authors: Bongiovanni Massimo , Mazzucchelli Luca , Giovanella Luca , Frattini Milo , Pusztaszeri Marc
Published: May 2014

We report a case of an encapsulated, noninvasive, follicular thyroid neoplasia with high-grade features in a 59-year-old man who developed multiple metastases. The 5-cm lesion was originally categorized by thyroid fine-needle aspiration as “suspicious for a follicular lesion” and as a “follicular adenoma” on the subsequent hemithyroidectomy specimen. The high-grade features were represented by foci of solid, trabecular, and insular pattern (10% of the tumor), necrosis (< 5% of the tumor), and up to 14 mitoses per 10 high-power fields in the solid areas. No immunohistochemical and molecular markers associated to thyroid malignancy were observed. Although encapsulated noninvasive follicular tumors are usually regarded as benign lesions that never metastasize or recur, our case was characterized mainly by an elevated number of mitoses, and the patient progressed to widespread metastatic disease. This uncommon lesion should most likely be considered as an early form of poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma with a dismal prognosis.
Fresh Kills
Authors: Holmes Rachel
Published: May 2014

This article has in its flesh the question of what I, as a qualitative researcher, do, other than code, when I do something I think is “analysis.” In 1850, Horne catalogs the ingredients of a huge decomposing dust-heap in Marylebone. It is described as comprising of original heterogeneous contents from all the dustbins of the London locality, as having grandeur and permanence and capable of sustaining life. Resembling the ethnographers’ scrutiny as she distils, condenses, and categorizes data, these contents are searched and sorted in accordance with their ongoing potential, the debris is organized to ensure the appropriation of (re)useable decomposing materials, “the dead cats are compromised . . . dealers come . . . they give sixpence for a white cat, fourpence for . . . a black one . . . the bones are . . . sold to the soap-boiler.” Integral to this process of decomposition is the mound’s uncanny life as a recipient of the dead and procurer of new life, as movement sparks from the heterogeneous matter of lifeless carcasses, disintegrated bone fragments, breeze, cinders, and dust. Given this backdrop of decomposition and becoming amid a plethora of life and death, movement and dispersion, this article opens up serendipitous encounters between an ethnographer and some data, whereby analysis is understood as a body encountering another body, or an idea another idea, and it happens that sometimes one decomposes the other, destroying the cohesion of its parts. In this encounter, the organic and the inorganic become folded into the other, allowing each to be dragged and dispersed among its own and each other’s mundane detail.
Process Evaluation of an Intervention to Increase Provision of Adolescent Vaccines at School Health Centers
Authors: Golden Shelley D. , Moracco Kathryn E. , Feld Ashley L. , Turner Kea L. , DeFrank Jessica T. , Brewer Noel T.
Published: May 2014

Background. Vaccination programs in school health centers (SHCs) may improve adolescent vaccine coverage. We conducted a process evaluation of an intervention to increase SHC-located vaccination to better understand the feasibility and challenges of such interventions. Method. Four SHCs participated in an intervention to increase provision of recommended vaccines to 2,975 adolescents. We reviewed program materials and SHC staff reports, and interviewed parents to assess implementation fidelity and reactions to materials. Results. Ten percent of parents returned forms with consent to at least one vaccine. Of these, 79% checked the box consenting for “all recommended” vaccines, rather than indicating individual vaccines. SHCs sent supplemental mailings to some parents that clarified (a) vaccination costs or (b) human papillomavirus vaccine recommendation for boys and required parents to reconsent. This process resulted in loss of initial consent, primarily due to nonresponse. In interviews, parents who consented to vaccination indicated that intervention materials were clear and persuasive, but needed greater detail about costs and clinic processes. Conclusions. With limited additional investment, it appears feasible for SHCs to achieve a modest increase in the number of vaccinated adolescents. Providing a checkbox to indicate global consent for all recommended vaccinations, and close collaboration among individuals involved in intervention development, may facilitate vaccination efforts.
Exploring Contextual Factors and Patient Activation
Authors: Chen Jie , Mortensen Karoline , Bloodworth Robin
Published: May 2014

Patient activation has been considered as a “blockbuster drug of the century.” Patients with mental disorders are less activated compared to patients with other chronic diseases. Low activation due to mental disorders can affect the efficiency of treatment of other comorbidities. Contextual factors are significantly associated with mental health care access and utilization. However, evidence of their association with patient activation is still lacking. Using data from the Health Tracking Household Survey 2007 and Area Health Resource File 2008, we examine the association between contextual factors and self-reported activation levels among patients with depression. We investigate two types of contextual factors—(a) site of usual source of care and (b) community characteristics, measured by mental health care resources availability, population demographics, and socioeconomic characteristics at the county level. Results show significant variation in activation levels by contextual factors. The availability of community mental health centers, lower proportion of foreign-born individuals, and higher income in the local community are associated with higher patient activation. Our results also show that depressed patients having a usual source of care at a physician’s office have significantly higher patient activation levels than those with a usual source of care in the emergency department or hospital outpatient clinics. Results suggest that primary care setting is critical to having a sustained relationship between patients and physicians in order to enhance patient engagement in mental health care. Interventions in communities with low income and high immigrant populations are necessary.
Does Concern Motivate Behavior Change?
Authors: Tamers Sara L. , Allen Jennifer , Yang May , Stoddard Anne , Harley Amy , Sorensen Glorian
Published: May 2014

Objective. To explore relationships between concerns and physical activity and body mass index (BMI) among a racially/ethnically diverse low-income population. Method. A cross-sectional survey documented behavioral risks among racially/ethnically diverse low-income residents in the Boston area (2005-2009). Multivariable logistic regressions were conducted in 2012 for each concern, using SAS version 9.2. Results. Those very/moderately concerned about weight were more likely to have higher BMIs, be in the preparation/action stage, received behavioral counseling, participated in a weight management program, and be interested in participating in one in the future. Those very/moderately concerned about physical activity were more likely to have higher BMIs, received behavioral counseling, and participated in a physical activity program. Conclusion. Individuals with elevated BMIs or low levels of physical activity are concerned. While level of concern is important, these findings suggest that it is not likely to be a sufficient catalyst to behavior change.
Constrictive pericarditis following surgical repair of a peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia in a cat
Authors: Murphy Lisa A , Russell Nicholas J , Dulake Michelle I , Nakamura Reid K
Published: May 2014

A 4-year-old female spayed domestic longhair cat was referred for dyspnea. Further diagnostics revealed severe pleural effusion and a peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia (PPDH). Following surgical correction of the PPDH the pleural effusion persisted. Re-check echocardiogram 4 weeks after initial evaluation revealed leftward deviation of the interventricular septum and interatrial septum occurring with inspiration. There were also exaggerated phasic changes in trans-tricuspid flow velocities suggestive of constrictive pericardial disease. Cardiac catheterization was performed and revealed elevated pressures in the right atrium and right ventricle. Constrictive pericarditis (CP) and epicarditis was confirmed at surgery, where subtotal pericardiectomy was performed with epicardial decortication. The cat continued to develop recurrent pleural effusion after surgery, although the volume and frequency of recurrence slowed over time. This is the first reported case of CP following PPDH repair in a cat.
From immigrant worker to Muslim immigrant: Challenges for feminism
Authors: Yılmaz Ferruh
Published: May 2014

In many Western European countries, gender equality and sexual tolerance have increasingly become markers of national cultures and European values that face an insistent threat from Muslims. Gender equality and sexual tolerance are increasingly framed in cultural terms and they play an important role in the construction of a social imaginary based on a cultural antagonism between ‘us’ (the nation) and ‘them’ (Muslims). This article argues that a new ‘culturalized’ social imaginary has been established by turning ‘immigrant workers’ into ‘Muslim immigrants’ over the last three decades. The unending moral panics around Muslim immigrants’ cultural practices such as honor killings, forced marriages, headscarves, female circumcision and homophobia create a sense of imminent threat and force progressive movements (e.g. feminists and gay movements) to forge unlikely alliances with right-wing groups against the insidious threat. These alliances are not, however, ephemeral mobilizations in defense of ‘common achievements’; the notion of common achievements creates a sense of cultural sameness vis-a-vis Muslims. Thus, what we see is the displacement of the internal frontiers and the creation of a new ‘hegemonic bloc’ around ‘common cultural values’. And this hegemonic displacement creates unresolvable tensions within feminist and queer movements.
US state variation in autism insurance mandates: Balancing access and fairness
Authors: Johnson Rebecca A , Danis Marion , Hafner-Eaton Chris
Published: May 2014

This article examines how nations split decision-making about health services between federal and sub-federal levels, creating variation between states or provinces. When is this variation ethically acceptable? We identify three sources of ethical acceptability—procedural fairness, value pluralism, and substantive fairness—and examine these sources with respect to a case study: the fact that only 30 out of 51 US states or territories passed mandates requiring private insurers to offer extensive coverage of autism behavioral therapies, creating variation for privately insured children living in different US states. Is this variation ethically acceptable? To address this question, we need to analyze whether mandates go to more or less needy states and whether the mandates reflect value pluralism between states regarding government’s role in health care. Using time-series logistic regressions and data from National Survey of Children with Special Health Care Needs, Individual with Disabilities Education Act, legislature political composition, and American Board of Pediatrics workforce data, we find that the states in which mandates are passed are less needy than states in which mandates have not been passed, what we call a cumulative advantage outcome that increases between-state disparities rather than a compensatory outcome that decreases between-state disparities. Concluding, we discuss the implications of our analysis for broader discussions of variation in health services provision.
Historical trauma: Politics of a conceptual framework
Authors: Prussing Erica
Published: May 2014

The concept of historical trauma (HT) is compelling: Colonialism has set forth cumulative cycles of adversity that promote morbidity and mortality at personal and collective levels, with especially strong mental health impacts. Yet as ongoing community-based as well as scholarly discussions attest, lingering questions continue to surround HT as a framework for understanding the relationships between colonialism and indigenous mental health. Through an overview of 30 recent peer-reviewed publications that aim to clarify, define, measure, and interpret how HT impacts American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN) mental health, this paper examines how the conceptual framework of HT has circulated in ways shaped by interactions among three prominent research approaches: evidence-based, culturally relevant, and decolonizing. All define current approaches to AIAN mental health research, but each sets forth different conceptualizations of the connections between colonialism and psychological distress. The unfolding trajectory of research about HT reflects persistent tensions in how these frameworks interact, but also possibilities for better integrating them. These considerations aim to advance conversations about the politics of producing knowledge about AIAN mental health, and support ongoing calls for greater political pluralism in mental health research.