bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Resistivity and Temperature Coefficient of Thin Metal Films with Rough Surface
Authors: Namba Yoshikatsu
Published: November 2005

The thickness dependence of resistivity and its temperature coefficient of thin metal films has been studied. A theory is proposed to include, the surface roughness in determining the film resistivity, in addition to the reduced mean free path to conduction electrons. The ratio of the roughness to the mean free path, h/λ, is introduced as a convenient parameter. The thickness dependence of the resistivity predicted by the present theory agrees with the well known Fuchs-Sondheimer theory if h/λ=0. If h/λ>0, the discrepancy between the two theories increases with the decrease in film thickness. Satisfactory agreement between the theoretical and experimental results can be obtained by adjusting the value of h/λ.
Intervalley Transfer in Uniaxially Strained n-Type Ge
Authors: Adachi Yoshio , Yoshida Akira , Arizumi Tetsuya
Published: November 2005

The increase of differential conductivity is observed in strainedn-type Ge at 77°K. Samples are subjected to the [111] stress and the electric field (parallel to the stress), up to the value of 1.1×104kg/cm2and 9×103V/cm, respectively. Above 5×103kg/cm2, differential conductivity clearly increases at about several thousand volts per cm. The phenomenon is due to the field induced electron transfer between strain split <111> valleys: the effective mass in the direction of current of the lower valley is seventeen times as large as that of the three higher valleys. The current density vs. electric field characteristics agree with the calculations based on a simple model. Electron temperature and valley population ratio are estimated from the experimental results.
Correction Devisors for the Four-Point Probe Resistivity Measurement on Cylindrical Semiconductors (II)
Authors: Murashima Sadayuki , Ishibashi Fumio
Published: November 2005

The useful and simple expressions of the correction devisors for the equally spaced and linearly arrayed four-point probes on the center line of a semi-circular cylinder are derived under the various boundary conditions by means of Green's function. The correction devisors are given as the function of the ratio of the radius of the cylinder to the probe spacing with the parameter of the edge effect. Numerical results are shown in figure and are tabulated. The Green's function method which heretofore has not been used to analyze fourpoint probe problems is a useful one.
Torque Exerted on a Cylinder by Viscous Flow between Non-Coaxial Cylinders
Authors: Yamagata Yasuji
Published: November 2005

The eccentricity dependence of the torque in non-coaxial flow with appreciable curvature is discussed on the basis of Jeffery's solution and is investigated experimentally. The torqueLsexerted by the fluid on one of the cylinders when the other cylinder rotating varies approximately asLs∝1-(e/δ)2, wheree/δ denotes the eccentric dislocation (e) divided by the difference (δ) of radii of two cylinders. On the contrary, the torqueLrto be applied on the rotating cylinder varies approximately asLr∝1+2(e/δ)2×(1-¾\frac{\delta}{a}), whereais the radius of the inner cylinder and δ/a, stands for the curvature of flow. Therefore the curvature influences little on the torqueLsalthough it influences appreciably on the torqueLr. The observational so shows nearly the same features. The disagreement between the calculation and the observation turns out to be the end effect.
The Effect of Conductivity on the Load Capacity of Hydromagnetic Composite Slider Bearing
Authors: Agrawal V. K.
Published: November 2005

The magnetohydrodynamic conducting composite slider bearing in the presence of a transverse magnetic field has been investigated theoretically. It is found that the load capacity increases as the conductivity and the thickness of the boundaries increase.
On the Excitation Mechanism of Electroluminescence of Evaporated ZnS; Cu, Mn Thin Film
Authors: Sasaki Keisuke
Published: November 2005

A Formula for the voltage dependence of electroluminescence (Sasaki, Karita and Omoto: Japan. J. appl. Phys. 7 (1968) 1038) is modified to include the effect of voltage drop across the whole part of the film as well as the barrier region. The modified formula is shown to explain the saturation of luminescence in higher voltage region observed in evaporated ZnS; Cu, Mn thin films.
The Precipitation Mode in Co-10 at.% Be Alloy
Authors: Yagisawa Kohei , Yoshida Hidehiko
Published: November 2005

Aging behavior of Co-10 at.% Be alloy was investigated with Vickers hardness measurement, X-rays, optical and electron microscopy. In the specimen quenched from homogenizing temperature, hcp and retained fcc matrices exist. Agings were performed at 300, 400, 500 and 600°C. The structure change occurred in the sequence of GP zone formation and three types of discontinuous precipitation. The crystal structure of the precipitate was CoBe of CsCl type. The matrix of the continuously precipitated region above 400°C was supposed to be fcc. The hcp transformation during cooling to room temperature was hindered by the presence of GP zone and precipitates. Besides quench-aging, direct-aging was also conducted after homogenization. Aging sequence was the same as that in fcc matrix of quench-aged specimen. The striation was observed by electron microscope parallel to the traces of {110} planes of the clustered fcc matrix, as in Cu-Be and Ni-Be alloys.
Electrical Conductivity and Photoconductivity Relaxations in Chemically Deposited CdS Layers
Authors: Pavaskar Neela , Menezes Cornelius
Published: November 2005

Dark conductivity and photocurrent relaxations in CdS chemically deposited layers have been studied. The ionisation energies are comparable with those of CdS crystals. Photocurrent relaxations show the presence of both shallow and deep traps which are selectively filled depending on the temperature region. `Blue shift' is observed from spectral response study of both doped and undoped samples, compared to CdS crystals, which is in close agreement with spectral absorption edge indicating a band gap of 2.5 ev. It is found from the examination of undoped CdS deposits by electron diffraction that they are polycrystalline in nature and consist of a mixture of `α' (hexagonal) and `β' (cubic) forms of CdS.
Preessure Transmission Media at Low Temperatures in Clamped Type High Pressure Bomb
Authors: Sawaoka Akira , Kawai Naoto
Published: November 2005

In order to get a proper pressure transmission substance for the clamped type high pressure bomb, physical properties of several liquids, such as petroleum ether, kerosene, dehydrate transformer oil, a mixture of kerosene and dehydrate transformer oil, were examined in details at 77°K. It was found that all liquids above mentioned solidify on cooling but the pressure release accompanied with solidification was the lowest in the case of dehydrate transformer oil.
Photoconductivity of PbSe Films
Authors: Yasuoka Yoshizumi , Wada Masanobu
Published: November 2005

P-type PbSe films were converted to n-type through the quasi-intrinsic by repeating the short bakes at 400°C in the pressure of 1×10-8 Torr. The dark current, photocurrent, response time, thermo-electric power and temperature dependence of conductivity were measured after each operation of short bakes. The highest photosensitive film was obtained at slightly p-type region.
The temperature dependence of photoconductivity at various intensities of illumination and V-I characteristics were measured.
It is concluded that a photosensitive film has fully developed potential barriers in it. However, a reduction in the height of these barriers with illumination is not the dominant factor in photoconductivity.
Far-Field Diffraction Patterns of Scattered Light Arising from Interaction between Acoustic and Light Waves with Complex Amplitude Distributions
Authors: Yamazaki Masayuki
Published: November 2005

Optical Bragg reflection, when both acoustic and incident light waves have complex amplitude distributions, is treated mainly from theoretical point of view on the basis of the simplified integral method. As long as the scattered electric field is negligible compared with the incident electric field, the angular dependence of the electric field scattered by undamped or by damped acoustic waves is given by the product of the Laplace transform of the complex amplitude of the acoustic waves and that of the incident light waves. In the case of light scattering by undamped acoustic waves, these Laplace transforms are reduced to the directivity functions. Some explicit results of the angular dependence of the scattered electric field are given for the convenience of practical uses. A comparison between the theory and experiments is done for a simple case.
Low-Beta Plasma Equilibrium and Stability in Linear Filamentary Multipole Magnetic Fields
Authors: Tanaka Masatoshi , Tamura Sanae
Published: November 2005

Analytical results are presented for two stability integrals along a field line and for a class of low-β plasma equilibria in linear multipole magnetic fields. The integral \ointd
l calculated for quadrupole and hexapole fields, \ointd
l/B for quadrupole, hexapole and octopole fields. They are expressed in terms of the complete elliptic integral of the first kind. The stability limit lines defined by (∂/∂ψ)\ointd
l=0 and (∂/∂ψ)\ointd
l/B=0 (ψ: flux function) are determined together with the magnetic mirror ratio on those field lines. The magnetic well depth is also estimated. Low-β plasma equilibria in multipole fields are obtained by the perturbation technique. Variations of the field lines due to the plasma diamagnetism are calculated up to the linear terms in plasma pressure.
dc Electroluminescence and Related Properties in Evaporated Thin Films of ZnS (Cu, Mn, Cl)
Authors: Miyata Toyo-o , Nakagawa Shuso , Hirayama Housuke , Hasegawa Hideo , Korenaga Masahiko
Published: November 2005

Properties of d
c electroluminescence(EL) are studied for two groups of films, one evaporated at rather low temperatures (below 230°C, denoted as film-L) and the other at high temperatures (above 230°C, also denoted as film-H). In sandwich cell, stable EL emission is obtained when the counter electrode is negative for film-L, and positive for film-H. Photovoltage appears with the opposite sign for the film-L and film-H. From the observation of photoluminescence (PL) and EL for the sandwich cell and two types of gap cell (underlying and overlying electrode types), the relations between activator distribution and EL emission are obtained. The emitting portions are found different for the gap cell between the film-L and film-H by microscopic observation. Hole injection mechanism is proved to be predominant in both groups. The same experiments are made for the films doped with activators by “Embedding method.”
Critical Current and Magnetization of Homogeneous Type-II Superconductor in Longitudinal Static Magnetic Field
Authors: Sugahara Masanori
Published: November 2005

Calculations are carried out on the internal flux-density distribution and the upper limit of the internal current density of a homogeneous type-II superconductor in a longitudinal field. The characteristics of the critical transport current obtained by use of the calculated results display a good coincidence with those of the experimentally observed critical current.
It is emphasized that such a superconductor in longitudinal field will become important in engineering field for its capability of transporting fairly large alternating current stably and with negligible power dissipation.
Photoelectric Emission of Metals by X-Rays in the KeV Region
Authors: Mori Chizuo , Watanabe Tamaki
Published: November 2005

Electron emission yield from the metal surface under the irradiation of nearly monochromatic X-rays covering the energy range from 1.5 KeV to 7.9 KeV was measured. The yield was about 10-1 for gold and about 10-2 for aluminium, depending on the incident X-ray photon energy. The ratio of the electrons having the energy more than 30 eV to the total electrons depends also on the incident X-ray photon energy and on the material. According to the emission yield obtained theoretically, Auger electron emission is dominant when incident X-ray photon energy is just above the absorption edge of the material.
Studies of Vacuum Deposits of Mercury Selenide and Mercury Telluride Grown on Single Crystals
Authors: Barua K. C. , Goswami A.
Published: November 2005

Selenide and telluride films of mercury formed from vapour phase on single crystals and also on amorphous substrates were studied by electron diffraction. These deposits having cubic structure grew epitaxially on single crystals sometimes even at room temperature with appropriate orientations conforming to the substrate structure and temperature. Thicker deposits always developed 1-d {111} orientation on all substrates. New hexagonal phases of these two deposits were also observed on single crystal substrates, higher temperature, however, favouring these new phases. Additional {115} and {211} orientations due to {111} twinning observed on some faces and also the formation of the hexagonal phases were ascribed to the faults associated with the growth of deposits.
Standardization of Linear Circuits in Nuclear Pulse Measuring System
Authors: Matoba M. , Katase A. , Sonoda M.
Published: November 2005

An attempt of standardization of linear circuits in nuclear pulse measuring system is described. By the use of one circuit block, a number of transformations of linear pulses were accomplished. An operational amplifier fullfilling above-mentioned requirements was designed.
Inertia Effects in Hydromagnetic Inclined Slider Bearing
Authors: Agrawal V. K.
Published: November 2005

A theoretical investigation of inertia effect in an inclined slider bearing with an electrically conducting lubricant in the presence of uniform transverse magnetic field is presented. It is found that for open-circuit case, load capacity increases due to inertia at small Hartmann number and decreases at large Hartmann number.
Performances of an MHD Generator Channel
Authors: Ogiwara Hiroyasu
Published: November 2005

Generalized representations of the performances of an MHD generator channel are developed, using the generalized Ohm's law, in which the factors affecting the generating characteristics are treated as the two global coefficients which limit the output voltage and current. Those coefficients are F-value and a new loading factor K' defined in this report. The degradation of the generating characteristics can be well explained with those coefficients. The examples of the application of the representations are also discussed, in which the methods for improvement of the generating characteristics are discussed and, as a result, reduction in the F-value is theoretically derived for the channel with the pin electrodes shorting the boundary layer resistances. A nearly ideal F-value of the MHD channel was obtained in the MHD generation experiment with the pin electrodes.
Role of Optical Transfer Function for Optimum Magnification in Enlargement Radiography
Authors: Doi Kunio , Sayanagi Kazuo
Published: November 2005

The over-all OTF in enlargement radiography is composed of the OTFs of the focal spot of the X-ray tube and the imaging device. The general equation giving an optimum condition which leads to the maximum over-all OTF multiplied by two elements is obtained by applying a simplified model of the system. The OTFs of the focal spot of the X-ray tube and the image intensifier are approximated by Gaussian distributions, and the OTF of the screen-film system by an exponential distribution. The over-all OTF curves are calculated by using these approximated distributions in relation to the speed and magnification of the system. The Gaussian-Gaussian approximation has a sharp optimum magnification that depends on the spatial frequecy. An optimum-free magnification system is shown to the exponential-exponential system.
Quantitative Electron Probe Microanalysis of Oxygen
Authors: Shiraiwa Toshio , Fujino Nobukatsu
Published: November 2005

Electron probe microanalysis of oxygen is carried out on BeO, MgO, MnO·Al2O3, Al2O3, SiO2, TiO, TiO2, Mn3O4, (Mn, Fe)2O3, Fe2O3, Fe3O4and Cu2O. It is remarkable that the observed OKα intensity depends upon the accelerating voltages for 5–30 KV. The observed results are corrected with the modified Philibert's absorption correction and Poole-Thomas' atomic number correction. The mass absorption coefficients are quoted from experimental data of Henke, Ershov and Hill. Relative errors between the electron probe microanalysis and the wet chemical analysis are less than a few percent. Dependence of observed X-ray intensity upon the accelerating voltage is also measured for CuKα, FeKα, TiKα, CaKα, SiKα, AlKα, OKα and CKα, and simple relation is found between the corrected X-ray intensity and the excitation potential,E/EK-1.
Hydromagnetic Pivoted Slider Bearing with a Convex Pad Surface
Authors: Agrawal V. K.
Published: November 2005

An analysis is presented for the hydromagnetic pivoted slider bearing with a convex pad surface in the presence of transverse magnetic field. It is found that the load supporting capacity of the bearing is increased by the application of large magnetic field. Further it is shown that hydromagnetic pivoted slider bearing with a convex pad surface can support more load than hydromagnetic inclined slider bearing.
Defects in cGMP-PKG pathway contribute to impaired NO-dependent responses in hepatic stellate cells upon activation
Authors: Perri Roman E. , Langer Daniel A. , Chatterjee Suvro , Gibbons Simon J. , Gadgil Jay , Cao Sheng , Farrugia Gianrico , Shah Vijay H.
Published: November 2005

NO antagonizes hepatic stellate cell (HSC) contraction, although activated HSC in cirrhosis demonstrate impaired responses to NO. Decreased NO responses in activated HSC and mechanisms by which NO affects activated HSC remain incompletely understood. In normal rat HSC, the NO donor diethylamine NONOate (DEAN) significantly increased cGMP production and reduced serum-induced contraction by 25%. The guanylate cyclase (sGC) inhibitor 1 H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo-[4,3- a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ) abolished 50% of DEAN effects, whereas the cGMP analog 8-bromoguanosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (8-BrcGMP) reiterated half the observed DEAN response, suggesting both cGMP-dependent protein kinase G (PKG)-dependent and -independent mechanisms of NO-mediated antagonism of normal HSC contraction. However, NO donors did not increase cGMP production from in vivo activated HSC from bile duct-ligated rats and showed alterations in intracellular Ca2+ accumulation suggesting defective cGMP-dependent effector pathways. The LX-2 cell line also demonstrated lack of cGMP generation in response to NO and a lack of effect of ODQ and 8-BrcGMP in modulating the NO response. However, cGMP-independent effects in response to NO were maintained in LX-2 and were associated with S-nitrosylation of proteins, an effect reiterated in primary HSC. Adenovirus-based overexpression of PKG significantly attenuated contraction of LX-2 by 25% in response to 8-BrcGMP. In summary, these studies demonstrate that NO affects HSC through cGMP-dependent and -independent pathways. The HSC activation process is associated with maintenance of cGMP-independent actions of NO but defects in cGMP-PKG-dependent NO signaling that are improved by PKG gene delivery in LX-2 cells. Activating targets downstream from NO-cGMP in activated HSC may represent a novel therapeutic target for portal hypertension.
Castration inhibits exercise-induced accumulation of Hsp70 in male rodent hearts
Authors: Milne K. J. , Thorp D. B. , Melling C. W. J. , Noble E. G.
Published: November 2005

Intense exercise leads to accumulation of the inducible member of the 70-kDa family of heat shock proteins, Hsp70, in male, but not female, hearts. Estrogen is at least partially responsible for this difference. Because androgen receptors are expressed in the heart and castration leads to decreases in calcium regulatory proteins and altered cardiac function, testosterone (T) or its metabolites could also be involved. We hypothesized that removal of endogenous T production through castration would reduce cardiac Hsp70 accumulation after an acute exercise bout, whereas castrated animals supplemented with 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) would show the intact male response. Fifty-four 8-wk-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into intact, castrated, or castrated + DHT groups ( n = 18/group). At 11 wk of age, 12 animals in each group undertook a 60-min bout of treadmill running at 30 m/min (2% incline) while the remaining 6 in each group remained sedentary. At 30 min or 24 h after exercise ( n = 6/time point), blood and hearts were harvested for analysis. Serum T was undetectable in castrated and DHT-treated castrated rats, whereas serum DHT was significantly reduced in castrated animals only (∼60% reduction) ( P < 0.05). Although there were no differences in constitutive levels of Hsp70 protein, exercise significantly increased cardiac hsp70 mRNA and protein in intact and DHT-supplemented rats, but not in castrated animals ( P < 0.05). To examine whether castration eliminated the ability to respond to stress, another six intact and six castrated animals were subjected to a 15-min period of hyperthermia (core temperature raised to 42°C) and killed 24 h later. As opposed to exercise, castrated animals subjected to heat shock exhibited increases in Hsp70 above nonshocked (i.e., sedentary) animals, similarly to intact males ( P < 0.05). These data suggest that androgens, in addition to estrogen, play a role in the sexual dimorphism observed in the stress response to exercise but not heat shock.
Modulation of cardiovascular excitatory responses in rats by transcutaneous magnetic stimulation: role of the spinal cord
Authors: Zhou (Yi Syuu) Wei , Hsiao Ian , Lin Vernon W. H. , Longhurst John C.
Published: November 2005

This study investigated the efficacy of magnetic stimulation on the reflex cardiovascular responses induced by gastric distension in anesthetized rats and compared these responses to those influenced by electroacupuncture (EA). Unilateral magnetic stimulation (30% intensity, 2 Hz) at the Jianshi-Neiguan acupoints (pericardial meridian, P 5–6) overlying the median nerve on the forelimb for 24 min significantly decreased the reflex pressor response by 32%. This effect was noticeable by 20 min of magnetic stimulation and continued for 24 min. Median nerve denervation abolished the inhibitory effect of magnetic stimulation, indicating the importance of somatic afferent input. Unilateral EA (0.3–0.5 mA, 2 Hz) at P 5–6 using similar durations of stimulation similarly inhibited the response (35%). The inhibitory effects of EA occurred earlier and were marginally longer (20 min) than magnetic stimulation. Magnetic stimulation at Guangming-Xuanzhong acupoints (gallbladder meridian, GB 37–39) overlying the superficial peroneal nerve on the hindlimb did not attenuate the reflex. Intravenous naloxone immediately after termination of magnetic stimulation reversed inhibition of the cardiovascular reflex, suggesting involvement of the opioid system. Also, intrathecal injection of δ- and κ-opioid receptors antagonists, ICI174,864 ( n = 7) and nor-binaltorphimine ( n = 6) immediately after termination of magnetic stimulation reversed inhibition of the cardiovascular reflex. In contrast, the μ-opioid antagonist CTOP ( n = 7) failed to alter the cardiovascular reflex. The endogenous neurotransmitters for δ- and κ-opioid receptors, enkephalins and dynorphin but not β-endorphin, therefore appear to play significant roles in the spinal cord in mediating magnetic stimulation-induced modulation of cardiovascular reflex responses.
Contribution of Kv Channels to Phenotypic Remodeling of Human Uterine Artery Smooth Muscle Cells
Authors: Miguel-Velado Eduardo , Moreno-Domínguez Alejandro , Colinas Olaia , Cidad Pilar , Heras Magda , Pérez-García M. Teresa , López-López José Ramón
Published: November 2005

Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) perform diverse functions that can be classified into contractile and synthetic (or proliferating). All of these functions can be fulfilled by the same cell because of its capacity of phenotypic modulation in response to environmental changes. The resting membrane potential is a key determinant for both contractile and proliferating functions. Here, we have explored the expression of voltage-dependent K+(Kv) channels in contractile (freshly dissociated) and proliferating (cultured) VSMCs obtained from human uterine arteries to establish their contribution to the functional properties of the cells and their possible participation in the phenotypic switch. We have studied the expression pattern (both at the mRNA and at the protein level) of Kvα subunits in both preparations as well as their functional contribution to the K+currents of VSMCs. Our results indicate that phenotypic remodeling associates with a change in the expression and distribution of Kv channels. Whereas Kv currents in contractile VSMCs are mainly performed by Kv1 channels, Kv3.4 is the principal contributor to K+currents in cultured VSMCs. Furthermore, selective blockade of Kv3.4 channels resulted in a reduced proliferation rate, suggesting a link between Kv channels expression and phenotypic remodeling.
cAMP-Binding Protein Epac Induces Cardiomyocyte Hypertrophy
Authors: Morel Eric , Marcantoni Andrea , Gastineau Monique , Birkedal Rikke , Rochais Francesca , Garnier Anne , Lompré Anne-Marie , Vandecasteele Grégoire , Lezoualc’h Frank
Published: November 2005

cAMP is one of the most important second messenger in the heart. The discovery of Epac as a guanine exchange factor (GEF), which is directly activated by cAMP, raises the question of the role of this protein in cardiac cells. Here we show that Epac activation leads to morphological changes and induces expression of cardiac hypertrophic markers. This process is associated with a Ca
2+
-dependent activation of the small GTPase, Rac. In addition, we found that Epac activates a prohypertrophic signaling pathway, which involves the Ca
2+
sensitive phosphatase, calcineurin, and its primary downstream effector, NFAT. Rac is involved in Epac-induced NFAT dependent cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Blockade of either calcineurin or Rac activity blunts the hypertrophic response elicited by Epac indicating these signaling molecules coordinately regulate cardiac gene expression and cellular growth. Our results thus open new insights into the signaling pathways by which cAMP may mediate its biological effects and identify Epac as a new positive regulator of cardiac growth.
Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Histograms as a Surrogate Marker and Predictor of Disease Progression in CADASIL
Authors: Holtmannspötter Markus , Peters Nils , Opherk Christian , Martin Daniel , Herzog Jürgen , Brückmann Hartmut , Sämann Philipp , Gschwendtner Andreas , Dichgans Martin
Published: November 2005

Background and Purpose—

Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is a cerebral small vessel disease caused by mutations in the
NOTCH3
gene. MRI is sensitive in detecting preclinical involvement and changes over time. However, little is known about correlations between MRI metrics and clinical measures on a longitudinal scale. In this study, we assessed the role of quantitative MRI (T2-lesion volume and diffusion tensor imaging [DTI]–derived metrics) in monitoring and predicting disease progression.

Methods—

Sixty-two CADASIL subjects were followed prospectively over a period of 26.3±1.2 months. Dual-echo scans, DTI scans, and clinical scales were obtained at baseline and at follow-up. T2-lesion volumes were determined quantitatively, and histograms of mean diffusivity (MD) were produced.

Results—

At follow-up, T2-lesion volumes and MD histogram metrics had changed significantly (all
P
<0.01). Lesion volumes and average MD correlated with clinical scores at baseline. Changes of average MD correlated with changes of the Rankin score, the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, and the structured interview for the diagnosis of Alzheimer dementia and multiinfarct dementia score (all
P
<0.01). On multivariate analysis, average MD and systolic blood pressure at baseline were predictors of changes of average MD during follow-up. Moreover, average MD was the main predictor of clinical progression. Sample size estimates showed that the number of individuals required to detect a treatment effect in an interventional trial may be reduced when using MD histograms as an end point.

Conclusions—

This study establishes correlations between changes of DTI histogram metrics and clinical measures over time. DTI histograms may be used as an adjunct outcome measure in future therapeutic trials. Moreover, DTI histogram metrics predict disease progression in CADASIL.
Dysphagia After Stroke
Authors: Martino Rosemary , Foley Norine , Bhogal Sanjit , Diamant Nicholas , Speechley Mark , Teasell Robert
Published: November 2005

Objective—To determine the incidence of dysphagia and associated pulmonary compromise in stroke patients through a systematic review of the published literature.

Methods—Databases were searched (1966 through May 2005) using terms “cerebrovascular disorders,” “deglutition disorders,” and limited to “humans” for original articles addressing the frequency of dysphagia or pneumonia. Data sources included Medline, Embase, Pascal, relevant Internet addresses, and extensive hand searching of bibliographies of identified articles. Selected articles were reviewed for quality, diagnostic methods, and patient characteristics. Comparisons were made of reported dysphagia and pneumonia frequencies. The relative risks (RRs) of developing pneumonia were calculated in patients with dysphagia and confirmed aspiration.

Results—Of the 277 sources identified, 104 were original, peer-reviewed articles that focused on adult stroke patients with dysphagia. Of these, 24 articles met inclusion criteria and were evaluated. The reported incidence of dysphagia was lowest using cursory screening techniques (37% to 45%), higher using clinical testing (51% to 55%), and highest using instrumental testing (64% to 78%). Dysphagia tends to be lower after hemispheric stroke and remains prominent in the rehabilitation brain stem stroke. There is increased risk for pneumonia in patients with dysphagia (RR, 3.17; 95% CI, 2.07, 4.87) and an even greater risk in patients with aspiration (RR, 11.56; 95% CI, 3.36, 39.77).

Conclusions—The high incidence for dysphagia and pneumonia is a consistent finding with stroke patients. The pneumonia risk is greatest in stroke patients with aspiration. These findings will be valuable in the design of future dysphagia research.
Coercive Capacity and The Politics of Implementation
Authors: Ellermann Antje
Published: November 2005

Why are some bureaucracies in highly coercive policy fields able successfully to implement controversial policies whereas others bow to political opposition? This article challenges the common argument, based on a principal-agent model, that bureaucratic nonimplementation is the result of the absence of effective legislative oversight. Instead, the article argues that in coercive policy fields where the state imposes significant costs on its targets, nonimplementation can in fact be understood as the result of control efforts by elected officials. The article empirically tests this argument by comparatively examining the politics of implementation in the policy field of migration control. Drawing on interview data from Germany and the United States, the article identifies significant cross-national and subnational variation in the capacity of bureaucrats to implement contested deportation orders. The article argues that this variation can be accounted for primarily by institutionally determined differences in the degree of political insulation of bureaucratic agencies.
Explaining The Gender Gap in Support for the New Right
Authors: Gidengil Elisabeth , Hennigar Matthew , Blais AndrÉ , Nevitte Neil
Published: November 2005

This article uses data from the 2000 Canadian Election Studyto examine a variety of possible explanations for the gender gap in support for the newright. The authors find structural and situational explanations to be of little help in accounting for the gap. What matters are values and beliefs. The gender gap in support for Canada's new right party reflects differences in views about the appropriate role of the state, lawand order, and traditional moral values. It also appears to reflect differences in the salience of politics in men's andwomen's lives. When all of these attitudinal factors are taken into account, the gender gap ceases to be significant. The implications of the findings are considered in light of comparative analyses of gender gaps in vote choice and support for radical right-wing populist political parties in Western Europe.
Endogenous Institutional Change in the Mexican Senate
Authors: Diaz-Cayeros Alberto
Published: November 2005

This article studies the endogenous transformation of the Mexican Senate. Changes in the electoral rules for the Senate composition are explained as an effort by the Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI) politicians to protect their majority in a broader strategy of division and cooptation of its opponents. That strategy expanded seats for the opposition while reducing risks for the incumbent party. The article calculates, through Monte Carlo simulations, counterfactual scenarios for the composition of theMexican Senate under alternative electoral rules. Those simulations highlight the inherent uncertainty involved in institutional design. In spite of the demise of the PRI in the 2000 presidential election, the Senate will afford in the foreseeable future veto power to the hitherto hegemonic party.
Too Late for Luck: A Comparison of Post-Furman Exonerations and Executions of the Innocent
Authors: Harmon Talia Roitberg , Lofquist William S.
Published: November 2005

This study is a quantitative analysis designed to compare two groups of factually innocent capital defendants: those who were exonerated and those who were executed. There are a total of 97 cases in the sample, including 81 exonerations and 16 executions. The primary objective of the authors is to identify factors that may predict case outcomes among capital defendants with strong claims of factual innocence. Through the use of a logistic regression model, the following variables were significant predictors of case outcome (exoneration vs. execution): allegations of perjury, multiple types of evidence, prior felony record, type of attorney at trial, and race of the defendant. These results point toward significant problems with the administration of capital punishment deriving primarily from the quality of the case record created at trial.
Structural Theories and Race-Specific Drug Arrests: What Structural Factors Account for the Rise in Race-Specific Drug Arrests Over Time?
Authors: Parker Karen F. , Maggard Scott R.
Published: November 2005

Studies examining the structural correlates of urban crime have generated a large body of research; however, few studies have linked the structural conditions to race-specific drug arrests. In this study, the authors examine the impact of urban disadvantage, social disorganization, and racial threat indicators on the rise in race-specific drug arrests from 1980 to 1990. They find these theoretical perspectives contribute to an understanding of the change in race-specific drug arrests. Findings indicate that shifts in the urban economy significantly affected Black drug arrests, while having no effect on the change in White drug arrests. In addition, the shift away from manufacturing jobs significantly affected Black arrests for drug possession. Consistent with the theory, social disorganization measures proved equally significant for Whites and Blacks, whereas mixed support was found for racial threat arguments. The importance of a theoretically grounded exploration into the rise in racial disparities in drug arrests is highlighted.
Personal value priorities of economists
Authors: Gandal Neil , Roccas Sonia , Sagiv Lilach , Wrzesniewski Amy
Published: November 2005

Economists often play crucial roles in designing and implementing policies in the private and public sectors; thus it is important to better understand the values that underlie their decisions. We explore the value hierarchies that characterize economists in five studies. Findings indicate that students of economics attribute more importance to self-enhancement values and less importance to universalism values than students in other fields. This profile is already apparent at the beginning of the first year of study and persists throughout the degree. The values distinctive to economists are related to work-related perceptions and attitudes and hence may influence the policy decisions and recommendations of economists.
An investigation of silence and a scrutiny of transparency: Re-examining gender in organization literature through the concepts of voice and visibility
Authors: Simpson Ruth , Lewis Patricia
Published: November 2005

This article presents a review of the literature on gender and organizations through the twin concepts of ‘voice’ and ‘visibility’. In gender studies, as in other areas, the concepts have been used at different levels of abstraction to analyse inequality and exclusion. However, we argue that their potential richness has not been fully exploited and we accordingly produce a ‘framework’ which is based on ‘surface’ and ‘deep’ conceptualizations. These conform broadly to liberal feminist and post-structuralist interpretations respectively. With ‘voice’, we therefore distinguish between the ‘surface’ act of speaking/being heard as discussed within ‘women’s voice’ literature and, at a deeper level, the power of silence as discursive practices eliminate certain issues from arenas of speech and sound. Similarly, we can see visibility as a ‘surface’ state of exclusion and difference while, at a deeper level, conceptualizations can usefully explore the power of ‘invisibility’ and the battle for the (male) norm. Through the concepts of voice and visibility, and through exploring commonalities and tensions between and within the two conceptual levels, we help to illuminate the increasingly diverse field of gender and organizational studies.
Is the Pace of Social Change Accelerating?
Authors: Rudel Thomas K. , Hooper Linda
Published: November 2005

Commentators frequently observe that the pace of social change accelerated during the 20th century. Processes of industrialization, demographic change, and human-induced environmental change all occurred more rapidly at the end of the century than they did at the beginning. While claims about accelerating social change abound, few studies attempt to explain it. This article tries to do so through a quantitative analysis of the changing pace of fertility declines over the past two centuries. It outlines two possible explanations for the acceleration: a social integration thesis which emphasizes our growing interconnectivity; and a ‘latecomer effect’ which attributes the accelerated processes to political efforts by elites in poorer countries who want to ‘catch up’ with more affluent countries. An empirical analysis of fertility declines provides support for both explanations. Increased social integration through the spread of common languages may have facilitated the transmission of new norms about fertility, and the creation of elite initiated family planning programs after the Second World War expanded access to contraceptives.!
Corruption, Democracy, Economic Freedom, and State Strength
Authors: Shen Ce , Williamson John B.
Published: November 2005

While it is widely acknowledged that corruption has negative effects on economic growth, investment, and social welfare, the structural causes of corruption have received very little quantitative country-level cross-national analysis. Our structural equation-based analysis of data for 91 nations includes several important determinants of cross-national variation in perceived levels of corruption. Our analyses yield four major findings: 1) democracy, as measured by indicators of political rights, civil liberties, and press freedom, has a positive effect on perceived level of corruption control; 2) state strength has a positive direct effect; 3) openness of the economy, as measured by economic freedom, has a positive effect; and 4) ethnolinguistic fractionalization has both direct and indirect negative effects.
The Expansion of Modern Accounting as a Global and Institutional Practice
Authors: Jang Yong Suk
Published: November 2005

A worldwide movement of theorization and professionalization of management has spread a variety of modern organizational systems, including personal training, decision-making, accounting, organizational behavior and strategy. This worldwide development promotes and expands notions of ‘organizational rationality’ while undercutting older communal forms of organizing. In this article I examine and explain this development, focusing on the area of accounting. The core argument is that an accountability model, particularly evident in corporate accounting, has triumphed at both the global and national governance levels. Much of the literature on globalization views this triumph as a technical achievement brought about by economic processes. Following a broader sociological perspective, I view the expansion of accounting as an institutional process reflecting world models of organizational rationality. This article examines these global trends and analyzes cross-national variations in the proliferation of the accountability model.
Casualties and Constituencies
Authors: Koch Michael , Gartner Scott Sigmund
Published: November 2005

Electoral institutions influence legislators’ constituency size and makeup and, as a result, affect the lens that representatives look through to assess the costs of military conflict. Given the uneven distribution of casualties during a conflict, the costs of international violence vary between constituencies and thus affect representatives differently. The authors develop a constituency-based theory of legislator accountability and legislature behavior that predicts when democracies are willing to pay human costs in an interstate conflict and their likelihood of being involved in a dispute. The results suggest that the more diffuse political account-ability, the less likely a state is to get involved in a militarized dispute, but that once involved, the more likely a state will sustain casualties. The authors’theory suggests that choices over the mechanisms of political representation have far-reaching effects on political accountability and foreign policy.
Rules over Real Estate
Authors: Simmons Beth A.
Published: November 2005

Territorial disputes between governments generate a significant amount of uncertainty for economic actors. Settled boundary agreements produce benefits to economic agents on both sides of the border. These qualities of borders are missed both by realists, who view territorial conflicts in overly zero-sum terms, and globalists, who claim borders are increasingly irrelevant. Settled borders help to secure property rights, signal much greater jurisdictional and policy certainty, and thereby reduce the transactions costs associated with international economic transactions. The plausibility of this claim is examined by showing that territorial disputes involve significant economic opportunity costs in the form of foregone bilateral trade. Theories of territorial politics should take into account the possibility of such joint gains in their models of state dispute behavior.
Do International Human Rights Treaties Improve Respect for Human Rights?
Authors: Neumayer Eric
Published: November 2005

After the nonbinding Universal Declaration of Human Rights, many global and regional human rights treaties have been concluded. Critics argue that these are unlikely to have made any actual difference in reality. Others contend that international regimes can improve respect for human rights in state parties, particularly in more democratic countries or countries with a strong civil society devoted to human rights and with transnational links. The findings suggest that rarely does treaty ratification have unconditional effects on human rights. Instead, improvement in human rights is typically more likely the more democratic the country or the more international nongovernmental organizations its citizens participate in. Conversely, in very autocratic regimes with weak civil society, ratification can be expected to have no effect and is sometimes even associated with more rights violation.
The Construction and Validation of a Social Support Measure for Sojourners
Authors: Ong Andy S. J. , Ward Colleen
Published: November 2005

Research on stress, coping, and cross-cultural adaptation has been frequently hampered by the use of inadequate and inappropriate measures of sojourner social support. An attempt is made here to develop an instrument that assesses social support in an acculturation context and integrates generic conceptualizations of the construct with the unique circumstances of a sojourning population. The construction and validation of the Index of Sojourner Social Support (ISSS) Scale were based on three studies. Study 1 describes the process of item generation; Study 2 deals with the development and validation of the ISSS; and Study 3 presents a preliminary cross-cultural validation of the instrument. A cross-validation procedure was used for the validation of both the internal and external structures of the ISSS. On the whole, multiple-groups covariance structure analyses showed the ISSS to possess a stable two-factor internal structure (socioemotional support and instrumental support) and a logical external structure of nomological relationships to received social support, locus of control, sense of mastery, interpersonal trust, depression, and social desirability.
Cultural Influences on Categorization Processes
Authors: Unsworth Sara J. , Sears Christopher R. , Pexman Penny M.
Published: November 2005

Chiu (1972) reported that in a categorization task, Chinese children were more likely to categorize objects based on shared relationships, whereas American children were more likely to categorize objects based on similarity. This research examines whether such findings generalize to adults and whether cultural differences would also be observed in the activation of semantic concepts. In Experiment 1, Chinese adults were equally likely to categorize based on relationships and similarity, whereas Western adults were more likely to categorize based on similarity. Analogous differences in response latencies were observed in a timed task that reflected semantic processing in Experiment 2, and to some extent in a slightly different task in Experiment 3, although differences between the two experiments suggest that the nature of the categorization task determines the extent to which cultural differences are observed. Overall, results suggest that differences in categorization styles are associated with differences in semantic activation.
A Cross-Cultural Investigation of Autobiographical Memory
Authors: Conway Martin A. , Wang Qi , Hanyu Kazunori , Haque Shamsul
Published: November 2005

Groups from Japan, China, Bangladesh, England, and the United States recalled, described, and dated specific autobiographical memories. When memories were plotted in terms of age-at-encoding highly similar life-span memory retrieval curves were observed: the periods of childhood amnesia and the reminiscence bump were the same across cultures. However, content analysis of memory descriptions of the U.S. and Chinese groups found that memories from the Chinese group had interdependent self-focus (i.e., were of events with a group or social orientation), whereas the memory content of the U.S. group showed an independent self-focus (i.e., were of events oriented to the individual). These findings suggest that there are culturally invariant features of autobiographical memory that yield structurally similar memories across cultures, yet the content of memories is sensitive to cultural influences related to the nature of the self. Findings are discussed in light of similarities and diversity between selves with different self/other orientations.