bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microstructure simulation and experimental evaluation of the anisotropy of 316 L stainless steel manufactured by laser powder bed fusion
Authors: Barrionuevo Germán Omar , Ramos-Grez Jorge Andrés , Walczak Magdalena , Sánchez-Sánchez Xavier , Guerra Carolina , Debut Alexis , Haro Edison
Published: August 2022

Purpose

The effect of processing parameters on the microstructure of steel produced by laser-based powder bed fusion (LPBF) is a recognized opportunity for property design through microstructure control. Because the LPBF generates a textured microstructure associated with high anisotropy, it is of interest to determine the fabrication plane that would generate the desired property distribution within a component.

Design/methodology/approach

The microstructure of 316 L produced by LPBF was characterized experimentally (optical, scanning electron microscopy, glow discharge emission spectrometry and X-ray diffraction), and a finite element method was used to study the microstructure features of grain diameter, grain orientation and thermal parameters of cooling rate, thermal gradient and molten pool dimensions.

Findings

The computational tool of Ansys Additive was found efficient in reproducing the experimental effect of varying laser power, scanning speed and hatch spacing on the microstructure. In particular, the conditions for obtaining maximum densification and minimum fusion defects were consistent with the experiment, and the features of higher microhardness near the component’s surface and distribution of surface roughness were also reproduced.

Originality/value

To the best of the author’s knowledge, this paper is believed to be the first systematic attempt to use Ansys Additive to investigate the anisotropy of the 316 L SS produced by LPBF.
Disentangling the interrelated abiotic and biotic pathways linking landscape composition and crop production
Authors: Gerits Frederik , Reubens Bert , Messely Lies , De Smedt Pallieter , Landuyt Dries , Loos Annelies , Verheyen Kris
Published: August 2022

Landscape composition and its related functional agrobiodiversity (FAB) was severely simplified during the last decades. As landscape composition is expected to influence the interrelated microclimate and arthropod community at different scales, this simplification might have led to a decline in multiple agro‐ecosystem services, with potential impacts for the growth of crops with different demands from the environment.

To study landscape‐scale effects on multicrop yield and herbivory in combination with its potential drivers, including functional arthropod community and microclimate, we used standardised 1 m2 mini‐gardens planted with ten different vegetable crops as phytometers. The gardens were installed at locations varying in surrounding landscape composition and the vegetables were selected to have contrasting requirements in terms of growing conditions, pollination services and susceptibility to pests. Monitoring of the mini‐gardens was performed in 2018 and 2019 in Flanders (Belgium).

We found no relationship between landscape composition in a 500 m radius and crop yield. Considering possible mechanisms, we found that an increasing share of woody vegetation (>3 m high) in the surrounding landscape is important to buffer the temperature and soil moisture variation in the mini‐gardens. The share of agricultural land use and urban green (<3 m high) is, respectively, positively and negatively related with the activity‐density of natural enemies and pollinators. The growth of different crops responded differently to higher temperature ranges and we found no relation between natural enemies and herbivory. In conclusion, these abiotic and biotic pathways did not cause an overall relationship between landscape composition and yield.

Synthesis and applications. These outcomes indicate that woody vegetation in the rural landscape buffers soil moisture and temperature variation, which will become even more important due to climate change. Furthermore, pollinators and natural enemies were most active in rural environments and less active in areas with residential green and built‐up surfaces. Local, flower rich habitat, such as road sides, can further support natural enemies and buffer soil moisture variation. Yet, high arthropod activity is no assurance for arthropod mediated ecosystem service delivery nor is microclimate buffering an assurance for higher crop yields.
Melōsa and her prize: The victory of a woman in ancient Greece
Authors: Plant Ian
Published: August 2022

The earliest example of the Ancient Greek word for a victor's prize, nikatērion, comes in a verse inscription from the sixth century bce on an Attic kylix (wine cup) from Taras. It records the victory of Melōsa in a competition with other young women. This article draws out the significance of her victory and redefines our understanding of who she was. Previous interpretations which define Melōsa by her relationship to men are rejected. Instead, it is argued that Melōsa's verse defines her place within a female world. This inscription is significant in the pursuit of feminist historical recovery, revealing aspects of female–female social relationships outside the confines of the traditional male–female paradigm.
BmCH25H, a vertebrate interferon‐stimulated gene(ISG) homolog, inhibits BmNPV infection dependent on its hydroxylase activity in Bombyx mori
Authors: Wu Hongyun , Xia Junming , Fei Shigang , Wang Yeyuan , Zhang Mengmeng , Guo Yiyao , Li Xian , Swevers Luc , Sun Jingchen , Feng Min
Published: August 2022

Cholesterol‐25‐hydroxylase (CH25H) has been identified as an interferon‐stimulated gene (ISG) in mammals that exerts its antiviral effects by catalyzing the conversion of cholesterol to 25‐hydroxycholesterol (25HC). However, invertebrates lack an antiviral system homologous to vertebrate interferons (IFNs) because the genomes of invertebrates do not encode IFN‐like cytokines. Nevertheless, CH25H is present in insect genomes and it therefore deserves further study of whether and by which mechanism it could exert an antiviral effect in invertebrates. In this study, the Bombyx mori CH25H (BmCH25H) gene, of which the encoded protein has high homology with other lepidopteran species, was identified and located on chromosome 9. Interestingly, we found that the expression of BmCH25H was significantly upregulated in B. mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) ‐infected BmN cells and silkworm (B. mori) larvae at the early infection stage. The inhibitory effect of BmCH25H on BmNPV replication was further demonstrated to depend on its catalytic residues to convert cholesterol to 25HC. More importantly, we demonstrated that during BmNPV infection, BmCH25H expression was increased through the Janus kinase–signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK–STAT) pathway, similar to the induction of ISGs following virus infection in vertebrates. This is the first report that CH25H has antiviral effects in insects; the study also elucidates the regulation of its expression and its mechanism of action.
Back to the Future: Lessons from the 2009–2012 austerity policies for the aftermath of the COVID crisis
Authors: García Alfredo Arahuetes , Bengoechea Gonzalo Gómez
Published: August 2022

This paper studies the relationship between austerity intensity and adjustment processes in the Eurozone in the period 2000–2021. We empirically analyse fiscal consolidation and its impact on a set of internal adjustment and expansionary austerity indicators. We also evaluate the relationship of those indicators with GDP growth using quantile regressions. Results show that austerity programmes had a negative impact on growth both in the short‐run and in the long‐run. Expansionary austerity indicators play a more relevant role in determining short‐term growth than internal adjustment. This effect is more intense in slow‐growing countries since internal adjustment processes take more time to operate.
Risks of serious adverse events associated with non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs in gastrointestinal surgery. A protocol for a systematic review with meta‐analysis and trial sequential analysis
Authors: Bukhari Shaheer , Leth Morten Fiil , Laursen Christina Cleveland Westerdahl , Larsen Mia , Tornøe Anders Schou , Jakobsen Janus C. , Maagaard Mathias , Mathiesen Ole
Published: August 2022

Background

Post‐operative pain is frequent following gastrointestinal surgery and may result in prolonged hospitalisation, delayed recovery, and lower quality of life. Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are effective analgesics and recommended by Enhanced Recovery After Surgery guidelines as part of opioid‐sparing multimodal treatment. However, perioperative NSAID treatment may be associated with increased risk of harm. We will investigate the risks of serious adverse events associated with perioperative NSAID treatment in patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery.

Methods

This protocol uses the recommendations of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis Protocols. We wish to assess the effects of NSAIDs versus placebo, usual care, or no intervention on the incidence of serious adverse in patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery. We will include all randomised trials. To identify trials, we will search the medical literature analysis and retrieval system online, excerpta medica database, cochrane central register of controlled trials, web of science core collection, and BIOSIS. Two authors will screen the literature and extract data. We will use the ‘Risk of Bias 2 tool’ to assess the risks of systematic errors. We will perform meta‐analyses using R. We will use Trial Sequential Analysis to account for the risks of random errors. We will create a “Summary of Findings”‐table in which we will present our primary and secondary outcome results. We will assess the certainty of the evidence using grading of recommendations assessment, development and evaluation.

Discussion

This systematic review can potentially elucidate the risks of perioperative NSAID treatment in gastrointestinal surgery and inform the already established non‐opioid multimodal pain treatment regimen recommended by enhanced recovery after surgery guidelines.
Premature aging is associated with higher levels of 8‐oxoguanine and increased DNA damage in the Polg mutator mouse
Authors: Yu Tenghui , Slone Jesse , Liu Wensheng , Barnes Ryan , Opresko Patricia L. , Wark Landon , Mai Sabine , Horvath Steve , Huang Taosheng
Published: August 2022

Mitochondrial dysfunction plays an important role in the aging process. However, the mechanism by which this dysfunction causes aging is not fully understood. The accumulation of mutations in the mitochondrial genome (or “mtDNA”) has been proposed as a contributor. One compelling piece of evidence in support of this hypothesis comes from the PolgD257A/D257A mutator mouse (Polgmut/mut). These mice express an error‐prone mitochondrial DNA polymerase that results in the accumulation of mtDNA mutations, accelerated aging, and premature death. In this paper, we have used the Polgmut/mut model to investigate whether the age‐related biological effects observed in these mice are triggered by oxidative damage to the DNA that compromises the integrity of the genome. Our results show that mutator mouse has significantly higher levels of 8‐oxoguanine (8‐oxoGua) that are correlated with increased nuclear DNA (nDNA) strand breakage and oxidative nDNA damage, shorter average telomere length, and reduced mtDNA integrity. Based on these results, we propose a model whereby the increased level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) associated with the accumulation of mtDNA mutations in Polgmut/mut mice results in higher levels of 8‐oxoGua, which in turn lead to compromised DNA integrity and accelerated aging via increased DNA fragmentation and telomere shortening. These results suggest that mitochondrial play a central role in aging and may guide future research to develop potential therapeutics for mitigating aging process.
Unique genetic signature and selection footprints in Dutch population of German Longhaired Pointer dogs
Authors: Yu Yun , Liu Langqing , Windig Jack , Bosse Mirte , Groenen Martien A. M. , Crooijmans Richard P. M. A.
Published: August 2022

The German Longhaired Pointer (GLP) breed is a versatile pointer dog breed. In the current study, we investigated the genetic diversity of these dogs based on SNP array data and compared it to 11 other pointer setter breeds. The results show that GLPs have a relatively low level of inbreeding among these pointer breeds. In addition, with the availability of pedigree information of the GLPs, we demonstrate that the correlation between pedigree‐based inbreeding and genotype‐based inbreeding coefficients was high (R = 0.89 and 0.85). By investigating population structure between these 12 pointer setter breeds we showed that GLP is a breed distinct from other pointers and shares common ancestry with a few other pointing breeds. Finally, we identified selection signatures in GLPs using the runs of homozygosity islands method. The most significant runs of homozygosity island was detected on chromosome 30 harboring the genes RYR3, FMN1, and GREM1. The RYR3 gene plays a role in skeletal muscle contraction while the FMN1 and GREM1 genes are involved in limb development. The selection on these three genes could have contributed to the excellent athletic performance of GLPs, which is an extremely important characteristic for this hunting dog.
The chicken or the egg: disentangling the relationship between smoking, alcohol consumption and psoriasis using Mendelian randomization
Authors: Naldi Luigi , Cazzaniga Simone
Published: August 2022

Linked Article: Wei et al. Br J Dermatol 2022; 187:684–691.
Stone disease in low‐ and middle‐income countries: could augmented reality have a role in its management?
Authors: Watson Graham , Payne Stephen R. , Kunitsky Kevin , Natchagande Gilles , Mabedi Charles , Scotland Kymora B.
Published: August 2022

Urolithiasis is a global phenomenon. Cystolithiasis is common in parts of Africa due to low protein intake and dehydration from endemic diarrhoeal illnesses. Nephrolithiasis is less prevalent than in high‐income countries, probably due to a variety of lifestyle issues, such as a more elemental diet, higher physical activity, and less obesity. Although renal stones are less common in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs), the social and economic impacts of nephrolithiasis are still considerable; many stones present late or with complications such as upper urinary tract obstruction or urosepsis. These may lead to the development of chronic kidney disease, or end‐stage renal failure in a small proportion of cases, conditions for which there is very poor provision in most LMICs. Early treatment of nephrolithiasis by the least invasive method possible can, however, reduce the functional consequences of urinary stone disease. Although extracorporeal lithotripsy is uncommon, and endoscopic interventions for stone are not widespread in most of Africa, percutaneous nephrolithotomy and ureteroscopic renal surgery are viable techniques in those regional centres with infrastructure to support them. Longitudinal mentoring has been shown to be a key step in the adoption of these minimally invasive procedures by local surgeons, something that has been difficult during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic due to travel restriction. Augmented reality (AR) technology is an alternative means of providing remote mentoring, something that has been trialled by Urolink, the MediTech Trust and other global non‐governmental organisations during this period. Our preliminary experience suggests that this is a viable technique for promulgating skills in LMICs where appropriate connectivity exists to support remote communication. AR may also have long‐term promise for decreasing the reliance upon short‐term surgical visits to consolidate competence, thereby reducing the carbon footprint of global surgical education.
Identification of therapeutic miRNAs from the arsenic induced gene expression profile of hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Mukherjee Arnab , Acharya Prethi Bhaskar , Singh Akshita , Kuppusamy Selvam Mukunthan
Published: August 2022

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver cancer, with a rising worldwide burden due to a lack of efficient treatment techniques and diagnosis after it has metastasized. Therefore, small non‐coding RNA (miRNAs) as protein translation inhibitors are gaining attention that degrades or suppress specific gene transcripts, making it a prime strategy for oncogenes or tumor suppression. Systematic research with miRNAs in combination with Arsenic, which has been employed as a drug to treat several diseases, including cancer, was focused on cellular responses through interacting with multiple biological targets. The differential gene expression of the DNA microarray dataset (GSE48441) revealed the association of sterol, cholesterol, and lipid metabolic processes. With the aid of the network pharmacology approach, hsa‐mir‐335‐5p was uncovered to negatively regulate the important nodes driving the transport and utilization of essential compounds for the rapid growth and proliferation of cancer cells. The binding energies of the duplexes were validated by the minimal free energies of the mRNAs for hsa‐mir‐335‐5p, indicating energetically desirable binding association. The molecular interactions between hsa‐mir‐335‐5p, which interacts with the Argonaute protein in the RNA induced silencing complex, and the target‐specific genes were also investigated, revealing its susceptibility to be employed in in vitro studies.
Readiness for transition to adult health care among US adolescents, 2016–2020
Authors: Mulkey Mackenzie , Baggett A. Brooke , Tumin Dmitry
Published: August 2022

Objective

Adolescence is a critical period of transition from paediatric to adult health care, but readiness for this transition has been described as low in the general adolescent population. We aimed to investigate whether transition readiness improved over time among US adolescents and to examine associations between demographic and clinical characteristics and transition readiness over time.

Methods

Deidentified caregiver‐reported repeated cross‐sectional data from the 2016–2020 National Survey of Children's Health were analysed for caregiver‐reported measures of transition readiness among adolescents age 12–17 years. Logistic regression was used to identify trends in transition readiness and change over time in factors associated with this outcome.

Results

Among 55 022 adolescents represented in the five survey years, the proportion meeting a composite definition of transition readiness increased from 15% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 14%, 16%) in 2016 to 19% (95% CI: 17%, 20%) in 2020. After multivariable adjustment, each additional year was associated with 12% greater odds of caregiver‐reported transition readiness (95% CI: +8%, +15%; P < 0.001), and transition readiness was more likely for girls, older adolescents and adolescents with special health care needs. Associations between adolescent characteristics and transition readiness did not change over the study period.

Conclusions

Population‐level caregiver‐reported transition readiness among US adolescents has increased but remains low. Factors previously associated with transition readiness (age, sex, race and ethnicity, family income and presence of special health care needs) have persisted over recent years.
Variants in HNRNPH1 are associated with high myopia in humans and ocular coloboma in zebrafish
Authors: Ouyang Jiamin , Li Shiqiang , Sun Wenmin , Xiao Xueshan , Wang Yingwei , Jiang Yi , Zhang Qingjiong
Published: August 2022

High myopia is one of the most common causes for blindness due to its associated complications. Genetic factor has been considered as the major cause for early‐onset high myopia (eoHM), but exact genetic defects for most eoHM are yet to be identified. Through multi‐step bioinformatics analysis of our in‐house whole exome sequencing dataset from 6397 individuals, variants from 928 probands with eoHM were further compared with those from in‐house controls as well as gnomAD database. The results showed that loss‐of‐function (LoF) variants in a novel gene HNRNPH1 were identified in two of 928 probands with eoHM but in none of 5469 probands with other eye conditions (p = 0.02). LoF variants in HNRNPH1 were extremely rare and intolerant, while two LoF variants in 928 eoHM were statistically higher than their frequency in gnomAD (p = 5.98 × 10−4). These two LoF variants, c.2dup/p.(M1?) and c.121dup/p.(Q41Pfs*20), were absent from existing database. Variants in HNRNPH1 have not been associated with any inherited eye disease before. Expression of HNRNPH1 was enriched in ganglion cell layer and inner nuclear layer in humans. Knockdown of hnrnph1 in zebrafish resulted in ocular coloboma. All these suggest that HNRNPH1 is potential contribution to eoHM when mutated.
State of the Art in Computational Mould Design
Authors: Alderighi T. , Malomo L. , Auzinger T. , Bickel B. , Cignoni P. , Pietroni N.
Published: August 2022

Moulding refers to a set of manufacturing techniques in which a mould, usually a cavity or a solid frame, is used to shape a liquid or pliable material into an object of the desired shape. The popularity of moulding comes from its effectiveness, scalability and versatility in terms of employed materials. Its relevance as a fabrication process is demonstrated by the extensive literature covering different aspects related to mould design, from material flow simulation to the automation of mould geometry design. In this state‐of‐the‐art report, we provide an extensive review of the automatic methods for the design of moulds, focusing on contributions from a geometric perspective. We classify existing mould design methods based on their computational approach and the nature of their target moulding process. We summarize the relationships between computational approaches and moulding techniques, highlighting their strengths and limitations. Finally, we discuss potential future research directions.
Ultrasound‐assisted enzymatic scouring of jute optimised by response surface methodology and its natural dyeing
Authors: Patil Harshal , Mudaliar Sahil , Athalye Ashok
Published: August 2022

India is the largest producer of jute in the world and the use of this natural fibre in various value‐added applications is gaining momentum. The use of white biotechnology involving enzymes for the efficient processing of jute is considered to boost its productivity. The present investigation deals with the pretreatment of jute by using ultrasound‐assisted enzymatic scouring followed by bleaching and dyeing. The process showed optimum removal of impurities and improved water absorption capacity with minimal damage to fibre tensile strength. The process parameters and conditions were determined by response surface methodology, where weight loss of jute was kept as the main response. The optimised recipe obtained was 2.8% enzyme concentration, 1 g/L wetting agent at 55°C for 10 minutes at an ultrasound frequency of 40 kHz. The optimised recipe was compared with conventional high‐temperature long‐duration enzymatic scouring and was found to have an equal performance. Further, the scoured jute was dyed with a natural dye extracted from sappan wood and madder. Fourier Transform–infrared analysis was used for characterisation. The wash and light fastness of dyed jute yarn were evaluated and found to meet the industry norms.
Revisiting the sublimation printability of cellulose‐based textiles in light of ever‐increasing sustainability issues
Authors: Özen İlhan , Schneider Reinhold , Buchmeiser Michael R. , Wang Xungai
Published: August 2022

Sustainability, being a recent buzzword, has been given an increasing emphasis in all industry fields, especially in the textile industry, since it is one of the main contributing sectors to resource consumption and thus environmental pollution. Among them, coloration of textiles should be paid special attention due to offering enormous savings in terms of sustainability. Within all fibres, cotton, being one of the cellulosic fibres, has been the most widely used material alone or together with poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET). Therefore, we focus on the coloration of cellulose‐based fibres and its blends with PET in this review. There is only one single coloration technique at the intersection of sustainability and coloration, that is, sublimation or heat transfer printing, because it is the most eco‐friendly approach for the coloration of textiles. There are many studies on this issue, in which either cellulose, that is, cotton, or the transfer paper is modified/treated. In spite of many attempts for sublimation printability of cotton and its blends with PET, they still have problems in terms of sustainability that limits its applicability. In light of ever‐increasing sustainability issues such as Agenda 2030, new developments are yet to be expected for achieving sustainable coloration of cellulose‐based textiles and their blends. Therefore, it is high time to revisit the sublimation printability of cellulose‐based textiles, to mention the latest developments considering nanotechnological advancements, and to give a future perspective in this field.
Characterization of hepatic steatosis using controlled attenuation parameter and MRI‐derived proton density fat fraction in living donor liver transplantation
Authors: Zhuang Rachel H. , Weinstock Allison K. , Ganesh Swaytha , Behari Jaideep , Malik Shahid M. , Bataller Ramon , Furlan Alessandro , Hughes Christopher B. , Humar Abhinav , Duarte‐Rojo Andres
Published: August 2022

Background

The increasingly favorable outcomes of live donor liver transplant warrant development of screening techniques to expand current donor pool. Transient elastography (TE) with controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) is accessible and has promising diagnostic performance in non‐obese individuals. Here, we demonstrate its utility in grading donor steatosis for risk assessment in living liver donors (LLD).

Study Design

In a prospective study of LLD and recipients, accuracy was determined using MRI‐derived proton density fat fraction (PDFF) as reference.

Results

One hundred and one LLD underwent TE, 95 of whom had available PDFF. Median CAP and MRI‐PDFF were 233 dB/m (206–270) and 2.9% (2.3–4.0), respectively. A CAP threshold of 270 dB/m captured all steatosis which was present in 13 (13%) LLD (AUROC .942, 100% sensitivity and 83% specificity). Performance further improved when excluding obese LLD and limiting analysis to M‐probe (AUROC .971 and .974, respectively, with 87% specificity). There was no difference in CAP and MRI‐PDFF between LLD and nondonors (P = .26 and .21, respectively). Early allograft dysfunction was observed in one recipient (CAP 316, PDFF 9.5%), zero underwent retransplant, and one died from sepsis.

Conclusion

The specific role of CAP in living liver donation warrants further study, beginning with its use as screening tool across peripheral clinics.
A precise review on NAATs‐based diagnostic assays for COVID‐19: A motion in fast POC molecular tests
Authors: Maleki Bahareh , Hojati Zohreh
Published: August 2022

Background

Diagnosis is one of the main strategies to deal with infectious and deadly diseases such as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). The global pandemic of COVID‐19 has led to an immediate need to expand rapid diagnostic techniques. New isothermal‐based methods are being developed for COVID‐19 detection aiming to resolve the limitations related to the reverse transcription‐quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR) method through immediate samples processing and minimizing false‐negative or ambiguous results. Advances in nucleic acid amplification techniques (NAATs) can provide affordable and easy‐to‐use diagnostic platforms with high sensitivity and specificity in order to be available to the public as approved commercial kits.

Aims

The development of point‐of‐care (POC) testing can assist in rapid clinical decision‐making and mitigate burdens on health care facilities. Finally, we discussed the different diagnostic methods based on NAATs for COVID‐19 in detail. Comparative parameters are addressed for all assays and Emergency Use Authorizations (EUA)‐approved commercial tests are cited.

Conclusions

Isothermal‐coupled methods and LAMP‐based molecular methods have been suggested as suitable portable tests with high diagnostic speed for use in POC testing.
Assessment of global, national and regional‐level digital soil mapping products at different spatial supports
Authors: Han Si Yang , Filippi Patrick , Singh Kanika , Whelan Brett M. , Bishop Thomas F. A.
Published: August 2022

Digital soil mapping provides estimates of soil properties and, in turn, an understanding of the spatial variation in soil across landscapes. In recent years, several digital soil mapping products have been released across the world. An end user in New South Wales (NSW), Australia, could choose between a global product (SoilGrids), a national product (Soil and Landscape Grid of Australia) and a state product (NSW digital soil maps). All predict at grid resolutions of 250 m or less, which approaches the required detail for within‐field site‐specific management such as variable‐rate application of agricultural inputs. In this study, the quality of clay and soil organic carbon (SOC) products (0–30 cm) from these three publicly available digital soil maps (DSM) were validated with an external dataset of 394 soil observations, collected from 14 farms across eastern Australia. Each farm was sampled using stratified random sampling, allowing for unbiased estimates of prediction quality at three spatial supports: point (soil core), strata (management zone) and farm. For the clay attribute, this study observed Lin's concordance correlation coefficient (LCCC) values of 0.22–0.37 at the point spatial support, far below reported values. This improved at the strata spatial support with LCCC values of 0.20–0.60 and the farm spatial support with values of 0.07–0.54. For SOC, LCCC values ranged from 0.25 to 0.45 for points, 0.31–0.55 for strata and 0.31–0.60 for farms. The grid resolution of DSMs depends largely on the resolution of the covariates used, and current efforts look to incorporate more recent, finer resolution covariates to create higher‐resolution soil maps. However, the results of this study suggest that both the grid resolution and spatial support used in DSMs need further consideration. Rather than letting the resolution of covariates determine the resolution of DSMs, this should also be determined by the number of soil observations available for modelling, their distribution in geographic and attribute space and the prediction quality.

Highlights

DSM products do not meet published accuracies when assessed with an independent dataset

The large‐extent DSM products were unable to represent within‐farm variability

Aggregation of the DSM products over large spatial supports improved accuracies

DSM products should be created at different spatial supports, each with an associated uncertainty
The biasing effect of networks in the implementation of innovations
Authors: Szatmari Balazs , Deichmann Dirk
Published: August 2022

We develop a theoretical framework about how the social network of a project leader can introduce bias in project‐related decision making in the form of overvaluation. Overvaluation can increase both the likelihood of implementing projects that turn out to be successes or projects that fall below what is expected and thus turn out to be failures. We provide a deeper understanding of the contingencies under which the biasing effects of networks through overvaluation turn out to be more or less beneficial for organizations. More specifically, we theorize that overvaluation is more beneficial in organizations that have a low decision threshold for projects, whereas it can be more detrimental in organizations that have a high decision threshold.
When half is more than the whole: Wheat domestication syndrome reconsidered
Authors: Peleg Zvi , Abbo Shahal , Gopher Avi
Published: August 2022

Two opposing models currently dominate Near Eastern plant domestication research. The core area‐one event model depicts a knowledge‐based, conscious, geographically centered, rapid single‐event domestication, while the protracted‐autonomous model emphasizes a noncentered, millennia‐long process based on unconscious dynamics. The latter model relies, in part, on quantitative depictions of diachronic changes (in archaeological remains) in proportions of spikelet shattering to nonshattering, towards full dominance of the nonshattering (domesticated) phenotypes in cultivated cereal populations. Recent wild wheat genome assembly suggests that shattering and nonshattering spikelets may originate from the same (individual) genotype. Therefore, their proportions among archaeobotanical assemblages cannot reliably describe the presumed protracted‐selection dynamics underlying wheat domestication. This calls for a reappraisal of the “domestication syndrome” concept associated with cereal domestication.
Can contagious itch be affected by positive and negative suggestions?
Authors: Meeuwis Stefanie H. , Skvortsova Aleksandrina , van Laarhoven Antoinette I. M. , Holle Henning , Evers Andrea W. M.
Published: August 2022

Contagious itch can be evoked by observing people scratching. Verbal suggestions about to‐be‐received itch can influence itch intensity, as shown by placebo research, but it is unknown whether this extends to contagious itch. The current study aimed to replicate prior findings that listening to scratching and rubbing sounds elicits contagious itch, and to investigate whether suggestions can modulate this process. Healthy participants (n = 140) received positive or negative suggestions about itch in response to the sounds (aimed to decrease or increase expected itch, respectively), or no specific suggestions as a control. Participants listened to a number of audio fragments with scratching and rubbing sounds. The amount of expected itch as well as itch sensation after each audio fragment were measured by self‐report. Suggestions had no effect on the expected itch. Both rubbing and scratching sounds significantly elicited itch in all groups. Scratching sounds induced more itch than rubbing sounds exclusively in the control group. These findings indicate that short suggestions might be not effective enough to modify the expectations of people regarding contagious itch. Furthermore, suggestions modulate contagious itch to some degree, but not in the hypothesized direction. Potential similarities and differences in the neurobiological mechanisms of contagious itch and nocebo effects are discussed.
Functional flexibility of cyanobacterial light harvesting phycobilisomes enable acclimation to the complex light regime of mixing marine water columns
Authors: Bezalel‐Hazony Noa , Zer Hagit , Nathanson Shiri , Shevtsov‐Tal Sofia , Ostersetzer‐Biran Oren , Keren Nir
Published: August 2022

The light environment in a mixing water column is arguably the most erratic condition under which photosynthesis functions. Shifts in light intensity, by an order of magnitude, can occur over the time scale of hours. In marine Synechococcus, light is harvested by massive, membrane attached, phycobilisome chromophore‐protein complexes (PBS). We examined the ability of a phycobilisome‐containing marine Synechococcus strain (WH8102) to acclimate to illumination perturbations on this scale. Although changes in pigment composition occurred gradually over the course of days, we did observe significant and reversible changes in the pigment's fluorescence emission spectra on a time scale of hours. Upon transition to ten‐fold higher intensities, we observed a decrease in the energy transferred to Photosystem II. At the same time, the spectral composition of PBS fluorescence emission shifted. Unlike fluorescence quenching mechanisms, this phenomenon resulted in increased fluorescence intensities. These data suggest a mechanism by which marine Synechococcus WH8102 detaches hexamers from the phycobilisome structure. The fluorescence yield of these uncoupled hexamers is high. The detachment process does not require protein synthesis as opposed to reattachment. Hence, the most likely process would be the degradation and resynthesis of labile PBS linker proteins. Experiments with additional species yielded similar results, suggesting that this novel mechanism might be broadly used among PBS‐containing organisms.
‘ICH HATTE BEFEHLE’: MULTIDIRECTIONAL MEMORY AND THE VIETNAM WAR IN HEYNOWSKI AND SCHEUMANN'S PILOTEN IM PYJAMA (1968)*
Authors: Cuthbert Lauren
Published: August 2022

East German documentarians Walter Heynowski and Gerhard Scheumann's four‐part documentary Piloten im Pyjama (1968) focuses on interviews with downed US bomber pilots who had been captured by the North Vietnamese Army during the Vietnam War. The documentary draws explicit connections between the American presence in Vietnam and Germany's recent Nazi past, thus creating a memorial link between East German and Vietnamese citizens. This article analyses the connections drawn between Nazism and the Vietnam War throughout the course of the documentary, ultimately arguing that the film is not simply an anti‐Western condemnation of imperialism, but also a work of ‘multidirectional memory’ (Rothberg) which creates a space in which questions of responsibility, duty, and guilt can be confronted from the standpoint of a perpetrator collective.
Anthropogenic Decline of Ancient, Sustainable Water Systems: Qanats
Authors: Maghrebi Mohsen , Noori Roohollah , Sadegh Mojtaba , Sarvarzadeh Fereshteh , Akbarzadeh Aliasghar Erfanian , Karandish Fatemeh , Barati Reza , Taherpour Hamid
Published: August 2022

Qanat is an ancient underground structure to abstract groundwater without the need for external energy. A recognized world heritage, Qanat has enabled civilization in arid and semi‐arid regions that lack perennial surface water resources. These important structures, however, have faced significant challenges in recent decades due to increasing anthropogenic pressures. This study uses remote sensing to investigate land‐use changes and the loss of 15,983 Qanat shafts in the Mashhad plain, northeast of Iran, during the past six decades. This entails obtaining a rare aerial imagery from 1961, as well as recent satellite imagery, over a region with the highest density of Qanats in Iran, the birthplace of Qanat. Results showed that only 5.59% of the Qanat shafts in 1961 remained intact in 2021. The most prominent Qanat‐impacting land‐use changes were agriculture and urban areas, that accounted for 42.93 and 31.81% Qanat shaft destruction in the study area, respectively. This study also showed that groundwater table decline, demographic changes, and reduction in the appeal of working in the Qanat maintenance and construction industry among the new generation are existential threats to Qanats, and may result in the demise of these ancient structures in the future. Findings of this study can be used for urban planning in arid and semi‐arid areas with the aim of protecting these historic water structures.
γ‐Aminobutyric acid and oxalic acid contents and angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitory activity of spinach juices cofermented with Levilactobacillus brevisGABA100 and other lactic acid bacteria
Authors: Kim Moon Joo , Lim Taehwan , Kim Jaecheol , Ji Geun Eog , Lee Haeseong , Lee Kiuk , Kim Ryun Hee , Hwang Keum Taek
Published: August 2022

This study aimed to develop fermented spinach juice with enhanced γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) level and angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity and reduced oxalic acid level. We cofermented spinach juice with Levilactobacillus brevis GABA100 and oxalic acid‐degrading bacteria (Lactobacillus gasseri HHuMin D, Lactobacillus sakei RH1114, Lactobacillus acidophilus 19L5, or Limosilactobacillus fermentum BH03). GABA levels were not different among all the fermented juices except for the juice cofermented with L. brevis GABA100 and L. fermentum BH03. Oxalic acid decreased in the cofermented juices. The most increase in ACE inhibitory activity was observed in the juice cofermented with L. brevis GABA100 and L. sakei RH1114. Peptides (IVVGPPPP, PQTETKASVGFKAG and QIIGPVLD) produced during the cofermentation showed a positive correlation with the ACE inhibitory activity of the juice. These results suggest that spinach juice cofermented with L. brevis GABA100 and L. sakei RH1114 may have potential applications for the management of hypertension.
Foreign direct investment: robustness analysis of an attractiveness index
Authors: Zambujal‐Oliveira João , Amaral José
Published: August 2022

One of the most heavily employed tools to define countries' policies are the attractiveness indexes. The main purpose of our paper is to formally verify the capacity of an attractiveness index to describe the phenomenon of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). Severe weaknesses were detected through the use of a framework (principal components analysis and Cronbach's alpha reliability) to analyse indexes, regarding the theoretical background and the adequate selection of indicators, especially the ones from the bottom. Additionally, the study demonstrated that the analyzed FDI attractiveness index built to formally aggregate the factors that impacts foreign direct investment can hardly be applied to emerging economies.
Skin hydration measurement and the prediction of the early development of pressure ulcers among at risk adults: A systematic review
Authors: Wilson Hannah , Avsar Pinar , Patton Declan , Budri Aglecia Moda Vitoriano , Moore Zena
Published: August 2022

This systematic review aimed to examine skin hydration and determine if this biophysical parameter can predict pressure ulcer development in at risk adults. A literature search was conducted in March 2022, using PubMed, CINAHL, SCOPUS, Cochrane, and EMBASE databases. A total of 1727 records were returned, with 9 studies satisfying the inclusion criteria. Data were extracted using a pre‐designed extraction tool and a narrative synthesis of the data was undertaken. The methodological quality of the included articles was assessed using the evidence‐based librarianship checklist. Included studies were published between 1997 and 2021, with most using a prospective cohort design (88.9%, n = 8). The mean sample size was 74 participants (SD = 38.6; median 71). All studies measured skin hydration objectively, with 55.6% (n = 5) using the Corneometer® CM825 and 33.3% (n = 3) of studies reported a statistically significant association between skin hydration and pressure ulcer development. The mean evidence‐based librarianship percentage was 66.6% (SD: 20.7%), however, only 33.3% (n = 3) of studies scored ≥75%, indicating validity. The quality of included studies, methodology variation, and reported results has reduced the homogeneity of outcomes. This review highlights the requirement for future research evidence to ascertain the role of skin hydration in pressure ulcer development.
Nursing skills required across natural and man‐made disasters: A scoping review
Authors: Su Ya , Wu Xi Vivien , Ogawa Natsuka , Yuki Michiko , Hu Yun , Yang Yan
Published: August 2022

Aims

To map the nursing skills required for different types of disasters.

Design

This was a scoping review of research studies conducted between July and August 2021. We conducted a systematic literature search of nine electronic databases from inception till July 2021, and an updated search was done in April 2022. This review is based on the methodological framework of Arksey and O'Malley (2005), which was further refined by the Joanna Briggs Institute.

Data Sources

A range of electronic databases was searched systematically, including CINAHL, Cochrane, Embase, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, PubMed, Web of Science, CNKI and Ichushi‐Web. Articles published in Chinese, English and Japanese were selected for the review.

Review Methods

The PCC model was used to frame the inclusion criteria. Studies were screened, appraised and extracted by two reviewers, and the study findings were narratively synthesized.

Results

We identified nursing skills for five types of natural disasters including (1) earthquakes, (2) typhoons, (3) tsunamis, (4) marine disasters and (5) infectious diseases and three man‐made disasters: (1) radiation disasters, (2) bioterrorism and (3) war. Among these, there are five types of common professional skills nurses are required to possess including casualty triage, observation and monitoring, basic first aid techniques, psychological care and communication skills. In addition, it was shown that different disasters require different specific professional skills.

Conclusion

This scoping review explored the disaster nursing skills required for eight types of disasters and provides evidence for future education and training. Further research is needed to build more accurate scenario‐based simulation training programs to provide more insights into future disaster precision nursing.

Impact

This scoping review provides evidence for future education and training in disaster nursing to improve nurses’ knowledge and competencies in dealing with the different types of disaster situations.
Exploring the effects of automatic speech recognition technology on oral accuracy and fluency in a flipped classroom
Authors: Jiang Michael Yi‐Chao , Jong Morris Siu‐Yung , Lau Wilfred Wing‐Fat , Chai Ching‐Sing , Wu Na
Published: August 2022

Background

While automatic speech recognition (ASR) is increasingly used for commercial purposes, its influence on the learners' linguistic performance in terms of oral complexity, accuracy and fluency was under‐explored. To date, few studies have been conducted to investigate how the dictation ASR technology could be incorporated into language classrooms to facilitate the learners' language acquisition.

Objectives

This study aimed to examine the effects of ASR‐based technology on English learners' oral accuracy and fluency and depict the corresponding development trajectories.

Methods

A total of 160 first‐year university students were enrolled in a 14‐week quasi‐experiment based on a longitudinal research design. Both treatment and control groups were taught with the flipped classroom approach, but the students in the treatment group were particularly required to undertake a pre‐class task with ASR technology. Students' Unit Task performance was audio‐recorded, and the metrics of oral accuracy and fluency were coded and computed based on the recording transcripts. A two‐way repeated measures ANCOVA was conducted to investigate the between‐ and within‐subjects effects as well as the corresponding interaction effects.

Results

In terms of the between‐subjects effect, the treatment group outperformed the control group on phonological accuracy, speed fluency and repair fluency. In terms of the within‐subjects effect, significant gains in lexical and morphosyntactic accuracy were witnessed over time in both groups, but the performance of the treatment group tended to be more stable. On all the fluency metrics and phonological accuracy, no significant within‐subjects improvement was seen over time.

Implications

The development of oral accuracy may generate a negative impact on that of fluency. Therefore, course developers and teachers need to design special tasks and provide conditions conducive to the development of the students' oral fluency. Moreover, the mobile‐based dictation ASR application could incorporate adaptive artificial intelligence, which may escalate the students' fossilization of learner interlanguage.