bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inverted clast stratigraphy in an eolian archaeological environment
Authors: Buck Brenda J. , Kipp John , Monger H. Curtis
Published: October 2002

Understanding the geomorphic history of eolian basins is important in interpreting the archaeological record and human responses to past environments. One hundred forty soil profiles were excavated and described in southern New Mexico and West Texas. Seven major late Quaternary stratigraphic units were found: La Mesa, eolian Jornada (I, II), eolian Isaacks' Ranch, eolian Organ (I, II, and III), Historical Blowsand, and the playa deposits of Petts Tank and Lake Tank. Each unit represents a period of landscape instability, eolian erosion, and concurrent deposition, followed by landscape stability and soil formation. Eolian erosion can form local surficial lag deposits if materials larger than the competence of the wind are present. However, erosional processes alone cannot explain the presence of older clasts at the surface with intact, younger deposits underneath. We propose a combination of processes: deflation in eolian windows, followed by lateral movement of clasts over areas that have not been deflated. The effects of these processes on artifact stratigraphy and archaeological interpretations could be significant. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Characterization of A2B5+ glial precursor cells from cryopreserved human fetal brain progenitor cells
Authors: Dietrich Joerg , Noble Mark , Mayer‐Proschel Margot
Published: October 2002

The identification and characterization of human neural precursor cells are critical in extending our understanding of central nervous system development from model animal systems to our own species. Moreover, availability of well‐characterized populations of human cells is of potential value in endeavors ranging from cell transplantation to drug screening. We have isolated a population of continuously dividing glial‐restricted precursor cells from commercially available cryopreserved 18–20 weeks old fetal brain neural progenitor cells. These human glial‐restricted precursor cells are A2B5+ and do not express polysialylated E‐NCAM (PSA‐NCAM). They can be grown as purified populations in serum‐free medium supplemented with basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and can be induced to generate cells with the antigenic characteristics of oligodendrocytes and distinct astrocytic populations. GLIA 40:65–77, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Frontotemporal dementia: patient characteristics, cognition, and behaviour
Authors: Diehl J. , Kurz A.
Published: October 2002

Objectives

To describe sociodemographic data of patients with frontotemporal dementia (FTD), to compare the cognitive profile of patients with FTD with that of severity‐matched patients with Alzheimer's disease using the CERAD neuropsychological battery (CERAD‐NP), to investigate the frequency of behavioural disturbances, and to examine the relation between FTD‐specific non‐cognitive behavioural symptoms of patients with FTD with age and sex.

Methods

Fifty outpatients were diagnosed with FTD according to the Lund‐Manchester consensus criteria. Cognitive impairment was assessed in 30 patients using the CERAD‐NP. Severity of dementia was rated on the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR). Eleven non‐cognitive symptoms were rated by severity. To compare CERAD‐NP results between patients with FTD and AD, 30 patients with AD were matched for age, sex, and global severity of cognitive performance.

Results

The average age at onset of first symptoms was 57.8 years. Eighteen patients (36%) had a positive family history of dementia. On the CERAD‐NP patients with FTD performed significantly better than patients with AD on word list learning, delayed verbal recall and visuoconstruction (p<0.05). There were no significant differences between FTD and AD on naming and verbal fluency tasks. The most frequent non‐cognitive behavioural symptoms in FTD were loss of insight, speech abnormality, and apathy. Non‐cognitive behavioural symptoms were more frequent in younger and in male than in older patients and in female patients.

Conclusions

The CERAD‐NP is a valuable clinical instrument for the cognitive evaluation of patients with suspected FTD. Complementary short tests of attention and executive function may be recommended. To enhance diagnostic sensitivity informant interviews should focus on non‐cognitive behavioural changes, taking advantage of standardised questionnaires. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Decision making heuristics and the elicitation of preferences: being fast and frugal about the future
Authors: Cairns John , van der Pol Marjon , Lloyd Andrew
Published: October 2002

It has been suggested that individuals employ simple decision heuristics when answering stated preference questions. Evidence from discrete choice experiments of individuals failing to trade may indicate that they employ simple decision making heuristics. However, individuals might not trade because their preferences are not captured by the range of trade‐offs they are offered. This is explored by offering a series of choices where the trade‐offs implied by subsequent choices depend on the subject's responses to previous choices. The results suggest that individuals answer discrete choices without recourse to simplifying heuristics, and that information is generated on their preferences rather than on how they make such choices. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of primary tumor volumes in advanced T‐staged nasopharyngeal tumors
Authors: Chang Cheng‐Chuan , Chen Mu‐Kuan , Liu Mu‐Tai , Wu Hwa‐Koon
Published: October 2002

Background

Tumor volume is an important prognostic factor in patients with malignancy treated with primary radiotherapy. It is necessary to have a clear understanding of the nasopharyngeal primary tumor volume and the treatment outcome, especially in the advanced T‐staged tumors.

Methods

From 1994–1996, 76 newly diagnosed patients with advanced T‐staged nasopharyngeal carcinomas who were treated with high‐dose radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy were included in this study. CT‐derived primary tumor volume was obtained after the summation of area technique.

Results

The median primary tumor volume was 29.6 mL in T3 disease and 54.1 mL in T4 disease, with a range of 8.0–131.8 in T3 disease, and 6.7–223.1 ml in T4 disease. Large primary tumor volume was associated with a significantly poor disease‐specific survival (p < .0001), whereas the T stage carried no prognostic significance (p = .43).

Conclusions

In advanced T‐staged (T3 and T4) nasopharyngeal tumors, a substantial variation of primary tumor volume was present within the same T stage, and primary tumor volume represented a more important prognostic factor for treatment outcome. Volumetric measurements of primary tumors in advanced nasopharyngeal tumors would refine the TNM staging system. Patients with large primary tumor volume should be treated more aggressively. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 24: 940–946, 2002
Measurement of evapotranspiration in a winter wheat field
Authors: Zhang Yongqiang , Liu Changming , Shen Yanjun , Kondoh A. , Tang Changyuan , Tanaka T. , Shimada J.
Published: October 2002

Daily evapotranspiration from a winter wheat field on the North China Plain measured by large‐scale weighing lysimeter was linearly related to that measured by the Bowen ratio energy balance (BREB) technique. Soil evaporation averaged about 23·6% of evapotranspiration from the post‐winter dormancy revival stage to the grain ripening stage in 1999. On clear days during winter dormancy, about half of the net radiation flux Rn was used to warm soil. During the revival stage, conductive heat flux G also used most of the incoming Rn, but the ratio of latent heat flux λE to Rn increased. During the stem‐extension stage, λE was about 50% of Rn; thereafter, λE/Rn increased continually, but G remained less than 10% of Rn. During the ripening stage, λE was almost 90% of Rn. Evaporative fraction (EF) can be expressed as a function of plant status and atmospheric boundary layer conditions. The relationship between EF and available energy under moderate air temperature and vapour pressure deficit conditions was examined for five combinations of aerodynamic and canopy conductance. Although the theoretical relationship indicates that EF should be highly correlated to soil water content, the correlation has been difficult to identify under field conditions. However, we observed that there exists a threshold value of Rn − G, above which EF is less than 1·0, and that the threshold value is lower under soil‐water deficit conditions than under abundant soil‐water conditions. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prognostic value of the quantitative measurement of the oncoprotein p185Her‐2/neu in a group of patients with breast cancer and positive node involvement
Authors: Bohn Uriel , Aguiar José , Bilbao Cristina , Murias Adolfo , Vega Victor , Chirino Ricardo , Díaz‐Chico Nicolas , Díaz‐Chico Juan C.
Published: October 2002

Our study attempts to determine the prognostic value of the quantitative measurement of the oncoprotein p185Her‐2/neu in a group of patients with breast cancer and positive node involvement. In a series of 217 patients with breast cancer and positive nodes in whom the oncoprotein p185 was quantitatively determined by ELISA, we analyzed the clinico‐pathological variables including age, menopausal status, tumor size, number of affected nodes, type and histology grade and the molecular variables such as the oestrogen and progesterone receptors (ER and PR, respectively), pS2 and Cathepsin D (CD). Using 260 fmol/mg protein as a cut‐off point, 18% of the tumors presented as overexpressing p185. The p185 showed no relationship with any of the clinico‐pathological variables studied except that its concentration was elevated in ductal and lobular histology types and in the moderate and poorly differentiated histology grades. With a median follow‐up of 50 months (range 1–90), the univariate analysis of disease‐free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) showed that the histology grade, tumor size, the number of infiltrated nodes, the p185 and the ER were the variables associated with the clinical course of the disease in the patients. In the multivariate analysis, however, only the tumor size, number of affected ganglia, the p185 and the ER remained associated with the clinical progression of the disease. The patients with p185 overexpression had a risk, not only of relapse but also death from the disease, of more than twice that of the patients who had normal p185 concentrations. When the p185 was divided into 3 categories based on ±1 × SD above or below the mean, the patients with high and low p185 showed, in the univariate analysis, a similar relationship with DFS but not with OS. In the multivariate analysis, both with the DFS as with the OS, only a high p185 concentration retained its association with the clinical course of the disease in the patients. Our results suggest that by quantitatively determining (using ELISA) the p185 oncoprotein, groups of cancer patients of high risk could be better identified for more effective clinical management. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Schedule dependence of combretastatin A4 phosphate in transplanted and spontaneous tumour models
Authors: Hill Sally A. , Chaplin David J. , Lewis Gemma , Tozer Gillian M.
Published: October 2002

Tubulin depolymerizing drugs that selectively disrupt tumour‐associated vasculature have recently been identified. The lead drug in this class, combretastatin A4 phosphate (CA4P), has just completed Phase I clinical trial. Previous studies have focussed on the effects of single drug doses and have demonstrated little or no retardation of tumour growth when CA4P is used alone, but significant benefit when it is combined with conventional treatment. We have investigated the effects of multiple daily or twice daily dosing with CA4P on the vascular function, cell survival and growth of syngeneic and spontaneous breast cancers in mice. In both transplanted and spontaneous tumours significant growth retardation is observed if CA4P is administered daily (10 doses × 50 mg/kg), whereas no significant effects are seen if the same total dose (500 mg/kg) is administered as a single bolus injection. This effect is attributed, at least in part, to anti‐proliferative effects on the tumour and endothelial cells, which retard the revascularisation and repopulation of the tumour core that is initially necrosed by the drug treatment. Further investigation of dose scheduling showed that the initial anti‐vascular effects of CA4P are enhanced by administering the drug in 2 equal doses separated between 2 and 6 hr. The twice daily dosing schedule (25 mg/kg twice a day) produced increased growth retardation compared to the 50 mg/kg once a day schedule in the transplanted CaNT tumour. It did not do so in the spontaneous T138 tumour model. These studies indicate that the potential anti‐tumour activity of CA4P when used as a single agent in clinical trials may be enhanced when used in multiple dose schedules. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Vegetables, fruit and risk of gastric cancer in Japan: A 10‐year follow‐up of the JPHC study Cohort I
Authors: Kobayashi Minatsu , Tsubono Yoshitaka , Sasazuki Shizuka , Sasaki Satoshi , Tsugane Shoichiro ,   JPHC Study Group
Published: October 2002

The association between vegetables and fruit consumption and gastric cancer risk was investigated in a population‐based prospective study in 4 public health center areas in Japan. Dietary and other exposure data were obtained in 1990 from a cohort of 19,304 men and 20,689 women with a self‐administered questionnaire. After 10 years of follow‐up, a total of 404 cases of gastric cancer were documented among them. After adjustment for age, gender, areas and other potential confounding factors and after exclusion of the cases diagnosed in first and second follow‐up years, the relative risk associated with intake 1 or more days per week compared to less than 1 day per week was 0.64 (95% CI 0.45–0.92) for yellow vegetable, 0.48 (95% CI 0.25–0.89) for white vegetable and 0.70 (95% CI 0.49–1.00) for fruit. Relative risks associated with quintile of total vegetable consumption were 1.00, 0.86, 0.75, 0.90 and 0.75 (p for trend = 0.17). In the differentiated type of gastric cancer, the association became clearer: 1.00, 0.96, 0.78, 0.88 and 0.53 (p for trend = 0.03). This prospective study suggests that vegetable and fruit intake, even in low amounts, is associated with a lower risk of gastric cancer. Although no striking differences in the association were seen between cardia and noncardia cancer, an inverse association was higher in differentiated rather than in undifferentiated types of gastric cancer. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
HDLG5/KIAA0583, encoding a MAGUK‐family protein, is a primary progesterone target gene in breast cancer cells
Authors: Purmonen Sami , Ahola Tytti M. , Pennanen Pasi , Aksenov Nickolai , Zhuang Ya‐Hua , Tuohimaa Pentti , Ylikomi Timo
Published: October 2002

The steroid hormone progesterone is known to have profound effects on growth and differentiation of normal and malignant breast epithelial cells. The biologic actions of progesterone are exerted through the nuclear progesterone receptor‐mediated control of target gene transcription. We utilized differential display polymerase chain reaction (DD‐RT‐PCR) to identify genes whose expression is altered in response to progestins in cultured breast cancer cells. Here we report identification of a gene encoding a member of the MAGUK protein family, hDlg5 (also known as KIAA0583 and P‐dlg), as being the primary progestin target gene in MCF‐7 breast cancer cells. Quantitative real‐time RT‐PCR analysis showed a rapid and strong upregulation of hDlg5 mRNA in cells treated with synthetic progestin medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) in the presence of estrogen in MCF‐7, T47D and ZR‐75‐1 cells. The induction was abrogated by antiprogestin RU486. hDlg5 mRNA was also upregulated by progesterone, R5020 and dexamethasone. Protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide failed to block progestin‐mediated induction of the hDlg5 gene. hDlg5 is a member of the growing family of MAGUKs (membrane‐associated guanylate kinase homologs) and is to our knowledge the first member of the family reported to be hormonally regulated. hDlg5 is one of the human homologs of the Drosophila gene dlg [lethal(1)discs‐large], which was initially identified as a tumor suppressor gene. The Dlg has a well‐established role in cell growth control and maintenance of cell adhesion and cell polarity. Domain profile analysis revealed that hDlg5 has 2 additional PDZ domains than previously reported. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluating outreach performance
Authors: Amey Marilyn J.
Published: October 2002

Systematic reform is necessary to allow for an acceptance of and emphasis on outreach performance as an area of faculty work critical to faculty and institutional growth and development.
Faculty evaluation and the development of academic careers
Authors: Taylor Huber Mary
Published: October 2002

National and campus discussions about what should count in faculty evaluation have helped broaden the idea of scholarship at many colleges and universities, but for faculty who wish to fashion careers that include new kinds of scholarly work, debates about actual cases for tenure and promotion matter the most.
In vivo effect of 5‐ and 8‐methoxypsoralens and cimetidine on R,S‐warfarin metabolism in rat
Authors: Szutowski Mirosław M. , Łukasik Marcin , Wawer Zbigniew T. , Chrobak Katarzyna , Michalska Marta , Borzȩcka Katarzyna , Brzeziński Jacek
Published: October 2002

Several forms of cytochrome P‐450 (CYP) metabolize R,S‐warfarin in a regio‐ and enantioselective manner, therefore R,S‐warfarin can be recognized as a metabolic probe for a number of CYP isoforms. We have applied a warfarin model in vivo in order to estimate the inhibitory properties of 5‐ and 8‐methoxypsoralens on the activity of rat CYP isoforms. The area under the serum concentration versus time curve (AUC) values from time zero to 5 h for R‐ and S‐warfarin and their metabolites were calculated. R,S‐Warfarin kinetics measurements were made three times on each rat: a week before the 7‐days inhibitor treatment, 3 h after the last dose of inhibitor and 3–7 days after the inhibitor was withdrawn. The inhibitory effect of cimetidine on CYP 2C11 and CYP 2C6 activities was confirmed in this approach and can be recognized as a positive control in validation of the in vivo experiment. Both 5‐ and 8‐methoxypsoralen inhibited CYP 2C6 activity as the respective AUC for metabolite/warfarin enantiomer ratio decreased significantly. The activity of CYP 2C6 in 5‐ and 8‐methoxypsoralen‐treated rats increased over control values after the inhibitor was withdrawn. It was also observed that cimetidine additionally inhibits the absorption of R,S‐warfarin and a decrease in the sum of AUC for R‐ and S‐enantiomers became evident in spite of inhibition of the activity of both CYPs. 5‐Methoxypsoralen modified the serum R‐warfarin/S‐warfarin ratio and a selective increase in AUCS−warfarin was observed, the most pronounced being after the inhibitor was withdrawn. This effect is not likely to be mediated by P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp) because quinidine—, a P‐gp inhibitor at a dose of 15 mg kg−1 body wt.—did not influence the AUC for either enantiomer. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of thyroid hormone on phenylhydrazine hydrochloride mediated inhibitory effects on blood acetylcholinesterase: An in vivo and in vitro study
Authors: Banerjee Mitali , Ray Arun K.
Published: October 2002

A novel phenomenon of protective counteraction by thyroid hormone has been demonstrated in phenylhydrazine hydrochloride (PHH) induced insult on blood acetylcholinesterase (AChE, EC 3.1.1.7) activity, in both, in vivo and in vitro conditions. Injection of PHH (20 μg/g) to juvenile male rats for three consecutive days caused a 48% decrease (p < 0.001) in the total blood AChE activity on the third day (i.e. 24 h after injections for three consecutive days) in comparison to the control animals. Simultaneous injections of thyroxine (T4) 1 or 2 μg/g with PHH (20 μg/g) showed a recovery in AChE activity by 27% (p < 0.02) and 55% (p < 0.001), respectively, in comparison to the only PHH‐injected animals. T4 at 1, 2 and 4 μg/g doses showed unchanged levels in comparison to the untreated controls. In our in vitro system, incubations of the RBCs in PHH (2 mM) containing medium also showed an inhibition of 44% (p < 0.001) of the RBC membrane AChE activity in comparison to the control conditions. A recovery of 23–81% of the enzyme activity was observed after simultaneous use of T4 (1 nM–100 nM) or T3 (0.1 nM–100 nM), or triiodothyroacetic acid (TRIAC) (100 nM) with PHH (2 mM) in a dose‐dependent manner with a potency profile of T3 > T4 > TRIAC. Incubation of RBCs only with T4, T3, or TRIAC at 0.1–100 nM concentration did not cause any alteration in the membrane AChE activity in comparison to control conditions. Thus, thyroid hormone distinctly demonstrated a counteraction or protective nature of action on the PHH‐induced inhibition of total blood and RBC membrane AChE activity. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 16:162–168, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.10039
Gene expression for a novel protein RGPR‐p117 in various species: The stimulation by intracellular signaling factors
Authors: Misawa Hiroyuki , Yamaguchi Masayoshi
Published: October 2002

The presence and expression for the gene encoding a novel regucalcin gene promoter region‐related protein (RGPR‐p117) in various species was investigated by using Southern “zoo blot” and Northern hybridization analyses. A “zoo blot” analysis demonstrated that RGPR‐p117 gene was widely conserved in various species including human, rat, mouse, dog, cow, pig, rabbit, chicken, fish, C. elegans and yeast. The gene was not found in Xenopus. Northern blot analysis showed that RGPR‐p117 mRNA was expressed in the liver of human, rat, mouse, and rabbit as a single mRNA of ∼4.5 kb, respectively. However, homologous mRNA was not found in the liver of Xenopus. The expression of RGPR‐p117 mRNA in liver was clearly enhanced 5 h after a single intraperitoneal administration of CaCl2 (5 mg Ca2+/100 g body weight) to rats. The RGPR‐p117 mRNA is also expressed in the cloned H4‐II‐E rat hepatoma cells, although this expression was weak as compared with that of liver tissues. Moreover, the RGPR‐p117 mRNA expression in H4‐II‐E cells was stimulated in the presence of dibutyryl cAMP, PMA, insulin, 17β‐estradiol, or serum in culture medium. The present study demonstrates that the RGPR‐p117 gene is conserved in various species, and that its expression is stimulated by intracellular signaling factors. J. Cell. Biochem. 87: 188–193, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Relationships between lifestyle factors and neutrophil functions in the elderly
Authors: Tsukamoto Kazumasa , Suzuki Katsuhiko , Machida Kazuhiko , Saiki Chinatsu , Murayama Rumiko , Sugita Minoru
Published: October 2002

We investigated the relationships between neutrophil functions and lifestyle factors in the elderly. The subjects (84 males, 73.9±5.8 years old; and 63 females, 70.0±4.6 years old) belonged to a recreational seniors club in Japan. Investigations of the subjects' stress, exercise habits, smoking habits, and alcohol‐drinking habits were performed. The phagocytosis and superoxide productivity of the neutrophils were measured with a nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction test. In addition, leukocyte counts and serum total protein (TP) levels were determined. The results revealed that aging, high serum levels, and stress‐coping factors (e.g., having hobbies, keeping pets, and close links with friends or family) significantly correlated with preferable neutrophil functions. In addition, significant effects of lifestyle factors on the balance between phagocytosis and subsequent superoxide production were observed. Thus, the results of the present study suggest that there are correlations between neutrophil functions and lifestyle factors in the elderly. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 16:266–272, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
How psychotherapy integration can complement the scientist‐practitioner model
Authors: Lampropoulos Georgios K. , Spengler Paul M. , Dixon David N. , Nicholas Donald R.
Published: October 2002

This article aims to integrate the two separate bodies of literature in Psychotherapy Integration (PI) and the Scientist‐Practitioner (S‐P) model. Based on an examination and synthesis of the main ideas from the two fields, it illustrates that, although developed separately, these movements are compatible and they complement each other. After describing the historical, empirical, and conceptual relationship of the two movements, the implications of this relationship for psychotherapy are outlined and recommendations are offered. PI is conceptualized as a key ingredient in the optimal expression of the S‐P model, which can address several difficulties in the actualization of the model. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 58: 1227–1240, 2002.
What is a scientist‐practitioner anyway?
Authors: Stricker George
Published: October 2002

The scientist‐practitioner model is the dominant approach to training in clinical psychology, but it is more readily realized in theory than in practice. The articles in this series consider ways to make research more accessible to the practitioner in a realistic and helpful manner, and to allow practitioners to influence the course of research. Many innovative models are described, and they converge on a high value placed on methodological pluralism. Many of the authors, explicitly or implicitly, endorse psychotherapy integration, and also portray a practitioner who bears resemblance to the local clinical scientist. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 58: 1277–1283, 2002.
Psychological sense of community in Australia and the challenges of change
Authors: Fisher Adrian T. , Sonn Christopher C.
Published: October 2002

Social change is a phenomenon experienced in all societies, whether from gradual passages and time and interaction with other groups, or through the more immediate impacts such as war, invasion, or physical catastrophe. How societies manage change indicates much about their abilities to survive and the type of social cohesion that will be evidenced. In this article, the authors investigate the use of common symbols and shared history as ways of either maintaining social identity and moving with change, or using them in negative ways to resist change. The case study of immigration to Australia is used to demonstrate that members of the community are able to identify a series of salient identity markers—whether they wish to accept all of them or not—as the types of knowledge that all members share. Many of the markers reflect decades of passed history, but are seen as foundational to Australia today. Although they are core to identity, they are the types of symbols that are grasped as a lifestyle under threat by those who are newcomers. Often the markers are there as more unconscious constructions, to be evoked at times of high emotion to indicate what must be “saved” for current ideas to survive. The authors discuss the meanings of these markers as ways in which the identity of members of the community has been established. But these are seen as reminders, or glorifications, of the past, and how such markers are able to be captured and (mis)used by narrow populist and extremist interest groups. The challenge of managing change is how to build forward, maintaining those markers of real social value, and incorporating the new ones that are brought by newcomers, and those that are developed together. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Solvent extraction separation of vanadium(V) from multivalent metal chloride solutions using 2‐ethylhexyl phosphonic acid mono‐2‐ethylhexyl ester
Authors: Jayadas Saji , Reddy Mundlapudi Lakshmipathi
Published: October 2002

The solvent extraction behaviour of vanadium(V) from hydrochloric acid solutions has been investigated using 2‐ethylhexyl phosphonic acid mono‐2‐ethylhexyl ester (EHEHPA ≡ HX) in kerosene as an extractant. For comparison, extraction studies have also been carried out with vanadium(IV). The results demonstrate that the extraction of vanadium(V) follows the cation exchange mechanism:

where (HX)2 refers to the dimeric form of EHEHPA. On the other hand, two dimeric molecules of EHEHPA were found to be involved in the extracted complex of vanadium(IV):

The equilibrium constants of the above extracted complexes have been calculated and found to be Kex,V(V) = 3.14 and Kex,V(IV) = 0.32. The effect of the nature of the diluent on the extraction of vanadium(V) with EHEHPA has been studied and correlated with the dielectric constants. IR spectral studies of the extracted complex were used to further clarify the nature of the extracted complex. The separation and recovery possibilities of vanadium(V) from other associated metal ions, viz magnesium(II), aluminium(III), titanium(IV), chromium(III), manganese(II) and iron(III), which are present in the waste chloride liquors from the processing of titanium minerals, are also discussed.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Role of color and power doppler imaging in differentiating between malignant and benign solid breast masses
Authors: Lee Sheen‐Woo , Choi Hye Young , Baek Seung Yon , Lim Soo Mee
Published: October 2002

Purpose

This study analyzed the color and power Doppler signals in solid breast masses and assessed their value in differentiating malignant from benign lesions.

Methods

One hundred twenty‐nine biopsy‐proven solid breast masses (54 malignant and 75 benign) were evaluated with color and/or power Doppler sonography using a 7‐MHz linear‐array transducer. We retrospectively analyzed the location, shape, and penetration of the Doppler vascular signals in the breast masses. The location of the vascular signals was categorized as central, peripheral, or both. The shape of the signals was categorized as linear, irregular, branching, or a single dot. A penetrating vessel was defined as a continuous vascular signal extending from outside the lesion to inside it. In 43 cases, power and color Doppler sonograms were compared.

Results

Doppler features suggestive of malignant lesions were the presence of both peripheral and central vascularity (odds ratio, 6.0), presence of penetrating vessels (odds ratio, 5.4), and presence of branching vessels (odds ratio, 13.7). Power Doppler sonography was more sensitive than color Doppler sonography in detecting vascular signals in 49% of cases.

Conclusions

Color (power) Doppler imaging is a valuable adjunct to conventional sonography in differentiating between malignant and benign breastlesions. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 30:459–464, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI: 10.1002/jcu.10100
Littoral cell angioma of the spleen: Appearance on sonography and CT
Authors: Goldfeld Moshe , Cohen Isaac , Loberant Norman , Mugrabi Ahmed , Katz Igor , Papura Sorin , Noi Ivan
Published: October 2002

Littoral cell angioma (LCA) is a rare benign vascular tumor of the spleen with characteristic histomorphologic features. Only a few descriptions of the radiologic appearance of this tumor have been published, and those descriptions are variable. We report a case of LCA in a 37‐year‐old man with psoriasis and nonspecific symptoms of weakness, pain and fatigue, normocytic anemia, and thrombocytopenia. The results of abdominal sonography and contrast‐enhanced CT correlated: the 2 modalities revealed hepatosplenomegaly and multiple round splenic lesions of similar appearance and size (on sonograms, ill‐defined echogenic lesions up to 3.2 cm without acoustic enhancement; on CT scans, hypodense, nonenhancing lesions up to 3.5 cm). Because making a differential diagnosis was difficult and our presumptive diagnosis was hemangioma or lymphoma, splenectomy was performed. Postoperative pathologic examinations confirmed a final diagnosis of LCA. The patient's recovery was uneventful. LCA should be considered when making a differential diagnosis of splenic lesions, and sonography may be more helpful than CT in reaching a diagnosis of LCA. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 30:510–513, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI: 10.1002/jcu.10101
Hypoxia‐induced pathways in breast cancer
Authors: Goonewardene T.I. , Sowter H.M. , Harris A.L.
Published: October 2002

Hypoxia, a common consequence of solid tumor growth in breast cancer and other cancers, serves to propagate a cascade of molecular pathways which include angiogenesis, glycolysis, and alterations in microenvironmental pH. Hypoxia‐inducible factors, heterodimeric DNA binding complexes composed of two subunits, provide critical regulation of this response. This review presents a synopsis of the genes induced by hypoxia in the context of breast cancer and discusses how upregulation of HIF‐1 activity, and the homologous factor HIF‐2, are not only fundamental for the adaptation to hypoxia but also may be critical for tumor progression. Microsc. Res. Tech. 59:41–48, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Applications of quantitative digital image analysis to breast cancer research
Authors: Ortiz De Solórzano C. , Costes S. , Callahan D.E. , Parvin B. , Barcellos‐Hoff M.H.
Published: October 2002

Our studies of radiogenic carcinogenesis in mouse and human models of breast cancer are based on the view that cell phenotype, microenvironment composition, communication between cells and within the microenvironment are important factors in the development of breast cancer. This is complicated in the mammary gland by its postnatal development, cyclic evolution via pregnancy and involution, and dynamic remodeling of epithelial‐stromal interactions, all of which contribute to breast cancer susceptibility. Microscopy is the tool of choice to examine cells in context. Specific features can be defined using probes, antibodies, immunofluorescence, and image analysis to measure protein distribution, cell composition, and genomic instability in human and mouse models of breast cancer. We discuss the integration of image acquisition, analysis, and annotation to efficiently analyze large amounts of image data. In the future, cell and tissue image‐based studies will be facilitated by a bioinformatics strategy that generates multidimensional databases of quantitative information derived from molecular, immunological, and morphological probes at multiple resolutions. This approach will facilitate the construction of an in vivo phenotype database necessary for understanding when, where, and how normal cells become cancer. Microsc. Res. Tech. 59:119–127, 2002. Published 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Specializations of the chorioallantoic placenta in the Brazilian scincid lizard, Mabuya heathi: A new placental morphotype for reptiles
Authors: Blackburn Daniel G. , Vitt Laurie J.
Published: October 2002

New World skinks of the genus Mabuya exhibit a unique form of viviparity that involves ovulation of tiny (1 mm) eggs and provision of virtually all of the nutrients for embryonic development by placental means. Studies of the Brazilian species M. heathi reveal that the chorioallantoic placenta is unlike those reported in any other squamate genus and exhibits striking specializations for maternal–fetal nutrient transfer. The uterine lining is intimately apposed to the chorioallantois, with no trace of an intervening shell membrane or of epithelial erosion; thus, the placenta is epitheliochorial. The uterus exhibits multicellular glands that secrete organic material into the uterine lumen. Opposite the openings of these glands, the chorion develops areolae, invaginated pits that are lined by absorptive, columnar epithelium. A single, mesometrial placentome develops, formed by radially oriented uterine folds that project into a deep invagination of the chorion. Uterine epithelium of the placentome appears to be syncytial and secretory and overlies a rich vascular supply. The apposed chorionic epithelium is absorptive in morphology and contains giant binucleated cells that bear microvilli. Several specializations of the placental membranes of M. heathi are found among eutherian mammals, signifying evolutionary convergence that extends to histological and cytological levels. The chorioallantoic placenta of M. heathi and its relatives warrants recognition as a new morphotype for reptiles, defined here as the “Type IV” placenta. This is the first new type of chorioallantoic placenta to be defined formally for reptiles in over half a century. J. Morphol. 254:121–131, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Electrospray mass spectrometry of stable iminyl nitroxide and nitronyl nitroxide free radicals
Authors: Smith Craig D. , Bartley John P. , Bottle Steven E.
Published: October 2002

Electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectra have been recorded for a range of substituted nitronyl nitroxide and iminyl nitroxide monoradicals and biradicals. Secondary species formed in the ESI source were observed as the dominant ions in both the iminyl nitroxide and nitronyl nitroxide spectra. Daughter ion spectrometry was used to establish fragmentation mechanisms for the nitronyl nitroxide and iminyl nitroxide moieties as well as the secondary species under ESI conditions. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of adulteration in water buffalo mozzarella and in ewe cheese by using whey proteins as biomarkers and matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Cozzolino R. , Passalacqua S. , Salemi S. , Garozzo D.
Published: October 2002

A rapid and accurate method to identify bovine and ewe milk adulteration of fresh water buffalo mozzarella cheese by using matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOFMS) is described. The differentiation among mozzarella made from water buffalo milk and from mixtures of less expensive bovine and, more recently, ewe milk with water buffalo milk is achieved using whey proteins, α‐lactalbumin and β‐lactoglobulins as molecular markers. It is worth noting that the method proposed here is, to our knowledge, the first strategy able to characterize possible fraudulent additions of ewe milk in samples of water buffalo milk devoted to the production of water buffalo mozzarella cheese. In addition, a linear relationship was found between the relative response of the molecular ion and the abundance of the analysed whey proteins. This demonstrates that this approach can be used to determine the amount of bovine or ovine milk added to water buffalo milk employed for mozzarella cheese production. Furthermore, this method also appears suitable for the analysis of ewe cheese. Hence these findings open the way to a new field for mass spectrometry in the evaluation of possible fraudulence in dairy industry production. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A comparison of time‐domain hybrid solvers for complex scattering problems
Authors: Edelvik F. , Ledfelt G.
Published: October 2002

In this paper the accuracy, efficiency and stability of two hybrid solvers are compared to FDTD in several complex scattering cases. The explicit hybrid solver, FD‐FV, combines an unstructured FVTD solver with FDTD, and the explicit–implicit solver, FD‐FE, combines an unstructured FETD solver with FDTD.

The results show that the two hybrid solvers are much more efficient than FDTD for complex objects where a Cartesian grid is not able to capture the geometry properly. Furthermore, they show that the FD‐FE solver is a better choice than the FD‐FV solver. Mainly because it is stable as long as the time step satisfies the CFL condition in the FDTD region, while the FD‐FV solver may suffer from late time instabilities. But the FD‐FE solver is also more efficient since the iterative method used to solve the matrix–vector system arising in FETD converges fast and the FVTD solver is heavily penalized by having to take shorter time steps to satisfy its CFL condition. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lipid binding activity of a neuron‐specific protein NAP‐22 studied in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Terashita Akira , Funatsu Nobuo , Umeda Masato , Shimada Yukiko , Ohno‐Iwashita Yoshiko , Epand Richard M. , Maekawa Shohei
Published: October 2002

There exists a microdomain called “raft” in the cell membrane. The enrichment of cholesterol and sphingolipids in its outer leaflet is well recognized. In contrast, little is known of the lipid composition of the inner leaflet of raft, where many acylated signal‐transducing molecules, such as trimeric G proteins and protein tyrosine kinases, associate. NAP‐22 is a neuronal protein localized on the inner leaflet of raft domain. This protein was found to bind cholesterol in the liposome. In this study, we further analyze the lipid binding activity of NAP‐22 using eukaryotic and bacterial expression systems. In addition to cholesterol, NAP‐22 showed a phosphatidylethanolamine (PE)‐ and polyphosphoinositide‐dependent membrane binding in the liposome assay. The N‐terminal myristoylation was essential for the liposome binding. The C‐terminal deletion up to D61 showed little effect on the binding. The lipid binding region was hence judged to be in the N‐terminal 60‐amino‐acid sequence. NAP‐22 was then expressed in COS7 cells, and the intracellular localization was studied. Biochemical analysis showed the localization of NAP‐22 in a Triton‐insoluble low‐density fraction. Cell staining analysis showed colocalization patterns of NAP‐22 with PE and cholesterol in the membrane. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spectra and structure of silicon‐containing compounds. XXXIII — Raman and infrared spectra, conformational stability and vibrational assignment of chloromethylsilyl bromide
Authors: Guirgis Gamil A. , Pan Chunhua , Durig James R.
Published: October 2002

The Raman spectra (3200 to 30 cm−1) of liquid and solid and the infrared spectra of gaseous and solid chloromethylsilyl bromide, ClCH2SiH2Br, were recorded. Utilizing three conformer pairs from the Raman spectrum of the liquid along with their ab initio predicted activities, the enthalpy difference of 216 ± 22 cm−1 (2.58 ± 0.26 kJ mol−1) was obtained with the trans conformer the more stable form. Variable temperature (−105 to 150° C) studies of the infrared spectra of the sample dissolved in liquid krypton were carried out and from these data, the enthalpy difference was estimated to be 250 ± 50 cm−1 (2.99 ± 0.60 kJ mol−1), again with the more stable form being the trans conformer. These values are consistent with the prediction from ab initio calculations both at the Hartree–Fock level and with full electron correlation by the perturbation method to second order. It is estimated that 37 ± 6% of the sample is in the gauche form at ambient temperature. Only the trans conformer remains in the spectra of the solid. A complete vibrational assignment is proposed for the trans conformer and also several of fundamentals of the gauche conformer based on infrared band contours, relative intensities, depolarization values and group frequencies, which is supported by normal coordinate calculations utilizing the force constants from the ab initio MP2/6–31G(d) calculations. The optimized geometries and conformational stabilities were also been obtained from ab initio calculations utilizing two additional basis sets with full electron correlation by the perturbation method. Estimates were made of the r0 structural parameters based on the predicted structural parameters from ab initio MP2/6–311 + G(d,p) calculations. The results are discussed and compared with some corresponding results for some related molecules. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raman and IR spectral studies of D‐phenylglycinium perchlorate
Authors: Ramaswamy S. , Rajaram R. K. , Ramakrishnan V.
Published: October 2002

The Raman and infrared spectra of D‐phenylglycinium perchlorate were recorded at room temperature. Tentative vibrational assignments of the observed wavenumbers were made by comparison with the vibrational wavenumbers of glycine, phenylalanine and other similar compounds. Anions were found to coordinate through hydrogen bonding interactions to other ligands in the crystal, affecting the Td symmetry and thereby causing the degeneracies of several modes to be removed. The extensive intermolecular hydrogen bonding in the crystal leads to a shift of bands due to the stretching and bending modes of various functional groups. The broadening and appearance of multiple bands for the carbonyl stretching mode due to the resonance interaction is also discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Soil degradation in Kabd area, southwestern Kuwait City
Authors: Misak R. F. , Al‐Awadhi J. M. , Omar S. A. , Shahid S. A.
Published: October 2002

Adverse environmental impacts of human activities are the main causes of soil degradation in the desert of Kuwait in general, and in Kabd area in particular. In this study, assessment of soil degradation in open and protected sites has been carried out using field measurements and laboratory investigations. The overall status of vegetation is nearly twice as low in vegetation cover in the open sites than in the protected ones due to overgrazing and off‐road transport. Compaction of soil due to pressure exerted on the soil by vehicles led to a significant reduction in its porosity, permeability and infiltration capacity. The average infiltration rate of the compacted soils is 51 per cent lower than that of the non‐compacted soils. The bulk density of the non‐compacted soils is 3.4 per cent lower than that of compacted soil. The average topsoil resistance of compacted soils has increased by 83 per cent in comparison with non‐compacted soil. Using the least squares method a relation between infiltration rate (IR) and penetration resistance (PR) of the topsoil for the study areas is found (i.e. IR = −0.148 PR + 1.85 with R2 = 25 per cent). Soil strength within the soil profile shows maximum penetration resistance readings at 11.5 cm depth in average in compacted soils, while it shows maximum readings at 34.6 cm depth in average in non‐compacted soils. The adverse changes in the chemical properties due to soil compaction is also investigated. A restoration plan is needed in order to reduce land degradation. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.