bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Review: Treatment of Helicobacter pylori Infection 2019
Authors: O'Connor Anthony , Liou Jyh‐Ming , Gisbert Javier P. , O'Morain Colm
Published: September 2019

This review summarizes important studies regarding Helicobacter pylori therapy published from May 2018 to May 2019. The main themes that emerge involve studies assessing the efficacy of bismuth‐based regimens. While in recent years the efficacy of bismuth‐based quadruple therapy as a second‐line therapy has been clearly established, there is now substantial evidence that it is the best performing first‐line therapy. Antibiotic resistance was again intensely studied this year, and a clear and dramatic increase in resistance is noted for clarithromycin and levofloxacin; most notably, it may not be possible to support these therapies in most regions of the world much longer without testing. The utility of vonoprazan as an alternative to proton‐pump inhibitor therapy, especially in resistant and difficult to treat groups, has also been considered in greater detail this year, as well as means of supporting and enhancing adherence to therapy. Several studies showed that the diversity of gut microbiota was significantly altered shortly after H pylori eradication. However, the diversity was restored to pre‐treatment state after 2 months in patients treated with triple therapy. More studies are warranted to assess the long‐term changes of gut microbiota after H pylori eradication.
Review: Gastric cancer—Clinical aspects
Authors: Venerito Marino , Link Alexander , Rokkas Theodoros , Malfertheiner Peter
Published: September 2019

Gastric cancer (GC) was responsible for over 1 000 000 new cases in 2018 and an estimated 783 000 deaths, making it still the fifth most frequently diagnosed cancer and the third leading cause of cancer deaths in both sexes worldwide. Divergent trends for GC incidence were observed in the USA. Incidence rates, particularly for non‐cardia GC, were stable or increasing among persons aged <50 years. In an analysis of data from a public hospital database in Hong Kong, treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection was associated with a lower risk of GC, particularly in older subjects who received treatment ≥10 years before. Based on the results of a 16‐year endoscopy‐based follow‐up eradication trial, patients with incomplete‐type intestinal metaplasia (IM) should receive endoscopic surveillance upon H. pylori eradication therapy. Updated guidelines on the endoscopic surveillance of preneoplastic conditions of the stomach (MAPS II) have been published. In the RAINFALL trial, the addition of ramucirumab to a backbone chemotherapy as a first‐line regimen failed to improve overall survival (OS) of patients with metastatic disease. Also, pembrolizumab did not prolong OS when compared to paclitaxel in the second‐line treatment of patients with advanced GC or esophagogastric junction (EGJ) cancer. Trifluridine/tipiracil improved OS by 2.1 months in the third or further treatment line of patients with advanced GC. In a systematic investigation conducted on Chinese patients with GC, CLDN18‐ARHGAP26/6 fusion was associated with signet‐ring cell content and was prognostic for a worse outcome and predictive for no benefit from oxaliplatin/fluoropyrimidine‐based chemotherapy. Organoid cultures represent an appealing model that may be applied for therapy response testing in the near future.
Evaluation of the quality characteristics of flour and pasta from fermented cassava roots
Authors: Odey Golden Nka , Lee Won Young
Published: September 2019

The study investigated the effect of fermentation of cassava roots on the quality characteristics of flour and pasta. Cassava roots were fermented under natural condition for a period of 12, 36 and 60 h. Physicochemical properties, microbial analysis, pasting properties, in vitro digestibility, X‐ray diffraction analysis of cassava flour, cooking properties, texture profile analysis (TPA) and sensory properties of the pasta were examined. The moisture content, carbohydrate, water absorption capacity, swelling and solubility index of fermented flour increased with an increase in fermentation period. Also, as fermentation progressed, increase in pasting viscosities of cassava flour was observed. The resistant starch (RS) content of cassava flour decreased with increasing period of fermentation. The duration of fermentation process significantly affected textural properties and cooking loss of cassava pasta. Sensory assessment showed that cassava roots fermented for 36 h gave pasta with the most acceptable qualities.
How career facilitators and barriers influence nurses’ professional turnover intention
Authors: Chang Hao‐Yuan , Huang Tzu‐Ling , Wong Alice May‐Kuen , Ho Lun‐Hui , Juan Yeh‐Chun , Chen Yi‐Fang , Teng Ching‐I
Published: September 2019

Aims

Our study investigates the influence of career facilitators and barriers on nurses’ improvement of their professional capabilities and their professional turnover intention.

Background

Reducing nurses’ professional turnover intention could help alleviate the global nursing shortage. Nevertheless, little research has addressed how career facilitators and barriers, nurses’ improvement of their professional capabilities and professional turnover intention are related, indicating a gap.

Design

This study used a cross‐sectional design.

Methods

We surveyed 502 out of 2,660 full‐time nurses who worked for a medical centre in Taiwan between January–March 2018. Our items were adapted from Cunningham et al. and Teng et al. and had adequate reliability and validity. Structural equation modelling was used to test the study hypotheses.

Results

Human capital, social capital, and discrimination were positively related to intention to improve professional capabilities. Moreover, intention to improve professional capabilities was positively related to action to improve professional capabilities, which was negatively related to professional turnover intention.

Conclusion

Most of the career facilitators and even barriers, boost the improvement of professional capabilities and are useful for retaining nurses in the nursing profession.

Impact

Findings of this study should have an impact on nursing managers by offering them means to retain nurses, for example, enhancing human capital and social capital among nurses to reduce their turnover intention.
Fuzzy cognitive mapping: An old tool with new uses in nursing research
Authors: Andersson Neil , Silver Hilah
Published: September 2019

Aims

Describe the implementation and uses of fuzzy cognitive mapping (FCM) as a constructive method for meeting the unique and rapidly evolving needs of nursing inquiry and practice.

Design

Discussion paper.

Data sources

Drawing on published scholarship of cognitive mapping from the fields of ecological management, information technology, economics, organizational behaviour and health development, we consider how FCM can contribute to contemporary challenges and aspirations of nursing research.

Implications for nursing

Fuzzy cognitive mapping can generate theory, describe knowledge systems in comparable terms and inform questionnaire design and dialogue. It can help build participant–researcher partnerships, elevate marginalized voices and facilitate intercultural dialogue. As a relatively culturally safe and foundational approach in participatory research, we suggest that FCM should be used in settings of transcultural nursing, patient engagement, person‐ and family‐centred care and research with marginalized populations. FCM is amenable to rigorous analysis and simultaneously allows for greater participation of stakeholders.

Conclusion

In highly complex healthcare contexts, FCM can act as a common language for defining challenges and articulating solutions identified within the nursing discipline.

Impact

There is a need to reconcile diverse sources of knowledge to meeting the needs of nursing inquiry. FCM can generate theory, describe knowledge systems, facilitate dialogue and support questionnaire design. In its capacity to engage multiple perspectives in defining problems and identifying solutions, FCM can contribute to advancing nursing research and practice.
Liability of the voltage‐gated potassium channel KCNN3 repeat polymorphism to acute oxaliplatin‐induced peripheral neurotoxicity
Authors: Argyriou Andreas A. , Antonacopoulou Anna G. , Alberti Paola , Briani Chiara , Bruna Jordi , Velasco Roser , Anastopoulou Garifallia G. , Park Susanna B. , Cavaletti Guido , Kalofonos Haralabos P.
Published: September 2019

Thus far, there are conflicting results on the causal role of K+ channels in the pathogenesis of acute oxaliplatin‐induced peripheral neurotoxicity (OXAIPN). As such, we tested the hypothesis that the voltage‐gated K+ channel KCNN3 repeat polymorphism confers liability to acute OXAIPN. DNA from 151 oxaliplatin‐treated patients for colorectal cancer was extracted and genotyped. The incidence of acute OXIPN was measured by the OXA‐neuropathy questionnaire, while the severity of acute OXAIPN was scored basing on the number of symptoms reported by the patients at each clinical assessment. The increased number of acute symptoms was considered as being suggestive of an increased severity of acute OXAIPN. A total of 130/151 (86.1%) patients developed any grade of acute OXAIPN. Grade I acute neurotoxicity was revealed in 43 (28.5%) patients; grade II in 34 (22.5%); and grade III in 53 (53.1%) patients. Genotyping revealed alleles carrying 11 to 20 CAG repeats. The majority of patients were heterozygous (131; 89.4%). The most common numbers of CAG repeats were 15 (n = 46), 16 (n = 53), and 17 (n = 95). Patients carrying alleles with either 15 to 17 CAG repeats (P = .601) did not experience a higher incidence of grade III (treatment‐emergent) acute OXAIPN. Likewise, no increased incidence of acute treatment‐emergent OXAIPN was noted in heterozygous patients carrying either two short alleles (<19 CAG repeats) or one short and one long (≥19 CAG repeats) allele (P = .701). Our results do not support a causal relationship between the KCNN3CAG repeat polymorphism and acute OXΑIPN.
Coffee intake protects against symptomatic gallstone disease in the general population: a Mendelian randomization study
Authors: Nordestgaard A. T. , Stender S. , Nordestgaard B. G. , Tybjærg‐Hansen A.
Published: September 2019

Background and objectives

Coffee intake is associated with low risk of symptomatic gallstone disease (GSD). We tested the hypothesis that high coffee intake causally protects against symptomatic GSD using a Mendelian randomization design.

Methods

First, we tested whether high coffee intake was associated with low risk of GSD in 104 493 individuals from the general population. Mean follow‐up was 8 years (range: <1–13 years). Secondly, we tested whether two genetic variants near CYP1A1/A2 (rs2472297) and AHR (rs4410790), combined as an allele score, were associated with higher coffee intake measured as a continuous variable. Thirdly, we tested whether the allele score was associated with lower risk of GSD in 114 220 individuals including 7294 gallstone events. Mean follow‐up was 38 years (range: <1–40 years).

Results

In observational analysis, those with coffee intake of >6 cups daily had 23% lower risk of GSD compared to individuals without coffee intake [hazard ratio (HR) = 0.77 (95% confidence interval: 0.61–0.94)]. In genetic analysis, there was a stepwise higher coffee intake of up to 41% (caffeine per day) in individuals with 4 (highest) versus 0 (lowest) coffee intake alleles (P for trend = 3 x 10−178) and a corresponding stepwise lower risk of GSD up to 19%[HR = 0.81 (0.69–0.96)]. The estimated observational odds ratio for GSD for a one cup per day higher coffee intake was 0.97 (0.96–0.98), equal to 3% lower risk. The corresponding genetic odds ratio was 0.89 (0.83–0.95), equal to 11% lower risk.

Conclusion

High coffee intake is associated observationally with low risk of GSD, and with genetic evidence to support a causal relationship.
Electronic cigarette use and sleep health in young adults
Authors: Brett Emma I. , Miller Mary Beth , Leavens Eleanor L. S. , Lopez Susanna V. , Wagener Theodore L. , Leffingwell Thad R.
Published: September 2019

Poor sleep health is associated with numerous health concerns, and sleep problems are exacerbated by cigarette smoking. Although rates of traditional tobacco use are declining, rates of electronic cigarette (e‐cigarette) use are comparatively high and growing. Given that nicotine is a primary mechanism by which smoking negatively impacts sleep health, e‐cigarette use may also be linked to poor sleep health; however, no research has investigated this association. Participants were 1,664 college students, 40.9% of whom reported ever trying or currently using an e‐cigarette. Questionnaires assessed demographic information, sleep health and e‐cigarette use status and patterns. All measures were completed remotely via a secure online survey. Analysis of covariance was used to compare the sleep health of daily/non‐daily e‐cigarette users to (a) non‐users and (b) users of combustible cigarettes. Gender and drinks per week were included as covariates in analyses. Current combustible and e‐cigarette users reported significantly more sleep difficulties than never users. Users of e‐cigarettes reported greater use of sleep medication than combustible cigarette users. Similar to combustible cigarette smoking, e‐cigarette use (vs. non‐use) was associated with worse sleep health, even among non‐daily e‐cigarette users. These findings may indicate a need for assessment of and education on the role of e‐cigarette use in sleep health among individuals who report experimentation with or current use of e‐cigarettes. Future research should examine these relationships prospectively.
Automated building image extraction from 360° panoramas for postdisaster evaluation
Authors: Lenjani Ali , Yeum Chul Min , Dyke Shirley , Bilionis Ilias
Published: September 2019

After a disaster, teams of structural engineers collect vast amounts of images from damaged buildings to obtain new knowledge and extract lessons from the event. However, in many cases, the images collected are captured without sufficient spatial context. When damage is severe, it may be quite difficult to even recognize the building. Accessing images of the predisaster condition of those buildings is required to accurately identify the cause of the failure or the actual loss in the building. Here, to address this issue, we develop a method to automatically extract pre‐event building images from 360° panorama images (panoramas). By providing a geotagged image collected near the target building as the input, panoramas close to the input image location are automatically downloaded through street view services (e.g., Google or Bing in the United States). By computing the geometric relationship between the panoramas and the target building, the most suitable projection direction for each panorama is identified to generate high‐quality 2D images of the building. Region‐based convolutional neural networks are exploited to recognize the building within those 2D images. Several panoramas are used so that the detected building images provide various viewpoints of the building. To demonstrate the capability of the technique, we consider residential buildings in Holiday Beach in Rockport, Texas, United States, that experienced significant devastation in Hurricane Harvey in 2017. Using geotagged images gathered during actual postdisaster building reconnaissance missions, we verify the method by successfully extracting residential building images from Google Street View images, which were captured before the event.
Global patterns in anuran–prey networks: structure mediated by latitude
Authors: Ceron Karoline , Oliveira‐Santos Luiz Gustavo R. , Souza Camila S. , Mesquita Daniel O. , Caldas Francis L. S. , Araujo Andréa C. , Santana Diego J.
Published: September 2019

Life on Earth is supported by an infinite number of interactions among organisms. Species interactions in these networks are influenced by latitude, evolutionary history and species traits. We performed a global‐scale literature analysis to build up a database of interactions between anuran communities and their preys, from a wide range of geographical areas, using a network approach. For this purpose, we compiled a total of 55 weighted anuran–prey interaction networks, 39 located in the tropics and 16 in temperate areas. We tested the influence of latitude, as well as anuran taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic richness on network metrics. We found that anuran–prey networks are not nested, exhibit low complementary specialization and modularity and high connectance when compared to other types of networks. The main effects on network metrics were related to latitude, followed by anuran taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic richness, a pattern similar to the emerging in mutualistic networks. Our study is the first integrated analysis of the structural patterns in anuran–prey antagonistic interaction networks in different parts of the world. We suggest that different processes, mediated mainly by latitude, are modeling the architecture of anuran–prey networks across the globe.
Becoming an enabler of everyday activity: Health professionals in home care services experiences of working with reablement
Authors: Liaaen Janne , Vik Kjersti
Published: September 2019

Background

Reablement services aim at improving participation in everyday activities at home and in the local community for older adults, focusing on the older adults' resources and goal for participation. Reablement services have been implemented in a number of municipalities in Scandinavia. To our knowledge, there are a few studies focusing on home care service providers experience working within the frame of reablement.

Aim

To provide knowledge regarding how home care service providers working with reablement in the home care setting describe their experiences.

Methods

The study had a qualitative design and included five focus group discussions with 25 healthcare professionals working in community health care in two municipalities. The data were analysed using a grounded theory approach.

Result

The analysis illustrated how the participants experienced both engagement and challenges working with reablement. This was identified by the two categories: creating sustainable change and negotiating the line between helping and enabling. The first described how increased focus on enabling participation among the service recipients created sustainable changes for the older adults and was considered a positive change for both the recipients and the health professionals. The latter showed how the participants found working with reablement as a process of negotiation. This was what the health professionals found most challenging with reablement.

Conclusion

Working within the frame of reablement offered the service providers, a framework for being more flexible in meeting the fluctuating needs of the older adults. This was done by increasingly utilise ones' clinical skills and changing from providing passive care to working on increasing the older persons' participation in everyday activities. Working with reablement also created challenges. This was related to the health professionals perceived expectations of what some of the older adults expected home care to be and caused ambivalence.

Implications for practice

Nurses and healthcare workers should focus on older adults' resources and goals in order to give services that enhance participation in daily activities.
Representative bureaucracy, international organizations and public service bargains
Authors: Christensen Johan
Published: September 2019

Academic interest in the administrative aspects of international organizations is on the rise. Yet, an issue that has received little attention is bureaucratic representation—the extent to which international bureaucracies are representative of the polity that they serve. The article theorizes the rationales for and forms of representative bureaucracy in international organizations by combining insights from the representative bureaucracy literature with the ‘public service bargains’ framework. It argues that bureaucratic representation is highly relevant in international organizations, given the diverse polity these organizations serve and their precarious legitimacy. It distinguishes three types of representational ‘bargains’ between international organizations and those they serve, centred on power, equal opportunities and diversity, and discusses under which conditions each type of bargain is likely to be struck. The argument contributes to discussions about representative bureaucracy in international organizations and to broader theoretical debates about international public administration.
How is paranoia experienced in a student population? A qualitative study of students scoring highly on a paranoia measure
Authors: Harper David J. , Timmons Caoilfhionn
Published: September 2019

Objectives

Recent studies have suggested that students may experience high levels of paranoia. This study aimed to explore both experiences of paranoia and coping strategies in students scoring at high levels on a measure of paranoia.

Design

This was a qualitative study which utilized a quantitative measure to identify potential participants.

Methods

From an overall sample of 174 London‐based university students in the United Kingdom, a sub‐sample of 31 students with the highest total scores on the Green et al. Paranoid Thoughts Scale were invited to interview resulting in interviews with seven students (six female and one male) aged between 20 and 36 (M = 28.14). A thematic analysis of the interview transcripts was conducted from a critical realist standpoint.

Results

Two key foci structured the analysis: perceived causal influences on paranoia (comprised of ‘historical contexts fostering mistrust’; ‘finding a social situation strange’; ‘anticipating threat’; and ‘evaluating the concern’) and living with paranoia (comprised of ‘effects on everyday life’ and ‘trying to minimize the effects of paranoia and regaining control’).

Conclusions

Key aspects of the findings discussed in the context of the literature include paranoia as a threat heuristic; the role of internal and external dialogues; the influence of gender on content; and the importance of meaning in life as a coping resource.

Practitioner points

Paranoia may be a significant issue for some students.

Paranoia needs to be seen in the context of past aversive experiences.

Dialogical approaches may be useful in developing new therapeutic narratives.

Valued social roles, activities, and responsibilities may be an important coping resource.
Comparison of Secreted in Xylem (SIX) genes in two fusarium wilt pathogens of ornamental palms
Authors: Ponukumati S. V. , Elliott M. L. , Des Jardin E. A.
Published: September 2019

Fusarium oxysporum ff. sp. canariensis (Foc) and palmarum (Fop) cause lethal fusarium wilt on ornamental palms. Foc infects Phoenix canariensis and has a worldwide presence, whereas Fop primarily infects Washingtonia robusta and Syagrus romanzoffiana and is currently primarily restricted to Florida (USA). A Secreted in Xylem (SIX) gene profile was obtained for Fop and Foc isolates from the USA. SIX1, SIX7, SIX10 and SIX12 were detected in most Foc isolates and, with the exception of SIX12, with minimal sequence polymorphism. SIX8 and SIX9 were detected in all Fop isolates, with no sequence polymorphism. SIX10 was also present in seven of the Fop isolates. Phylogenetic trees were constructed using EF-1α‐, SIX1, SIX7 and SIX10 gene sequences from this study and previously derived sequences from Foc isolates obtained in Australia, the Canary Islands and Japan. The topology of the housekeeping EF‐1α gene indicated Foc is polyphyletic, with the Australian isolates separating into a distinct group from all other Foc isolates. However, the topologies of SIX1, SIX7 and SIX10 phylogenetic trees for Foc indicate monophyly. As has been proposed previously, this suggests the core genome of Foc evolved into a separate lineage after the SIX genes were conserved within the whole genome. This study is the first to generate SIX12 sequences for Foc. Interestingly, the topology of the SIX12 phylogenetic tree suggests polyphyly. For Fop, the topologies of the EF‐1α, SIX8 and SIX9 phylogenetic trees support monophyly. The distinct SIX gene profile and EF‐1α sequence of Fop demonstrates an independent evolutionary origin from Foc.
Fitness cost but no selection for virulence in Meloidogyne incognita after two consecutive crops of eggplant grafted onto Solanum torvum
Authors: García‐Mendívil H. A. , Sorribas F. J.
Published: September 2019

The eggplant Solanum melongena cv. Cristal, either ungrafted or grafted onto the Solanum torvum rootstock cv. Brutus, was cultivated for two consecutive years in the same plots in a plastic greenhouse to assess the level of resistance to Meloidogyne incognita and crop yield. At the end of the second crop, the putative selection for virulence of the nematode subpopulations coming from infected ungrafted and grafted eggplant was assessed in the eggplant and in S. torvum in a pot experiment. Nematode population densities at transplantation in 2017 ranged from 2 to 378 per 100 cm3 of soil and did not differ between ungrafted and grafted eggplant. At the end of each crop, a higher galling index and number of nematodes in soil and in roots was registered in ungrafted compared to grafted eggplant. The grafted eggplant was categorized as resistant in 2017 and as highly resistant in 2018. Eggplant yield did not differ irrespective of grafting in 2017 after being cultivated for 135 days, but it differed after 251 days of cultivation in 2018. In the pot experiment, S. torvum was categorized as resistant to both M. incognita subpopulations. However, the M. incognita subpopulation obtained from roots of S. torvum produced 49.4% fewer egg masses and 56% fewer eggs per plant in the eggplant than the nematode subpopulation obtained from roots of the eggplant cv. Cristal. The results of this study revealed that the infective and reproductive fitness of the nematode decreased without having been selected for virulence.
Trends in the Massachusetts cranberry industry create opportunities for the restoration of cultivated riparian wetlands
Authors: Hoekstra Benjamin R. , Neill Christopher , Kennedy Casey D.
Published: September 2019

Many ecosystem services provided by wetlands decline if they are managed for agricultural use. Ecological restoration of retired agricultural lands can restore these ecosystem services, yet practitioners require information on where restoration is possible and most likely to succeed. We report trends in the Massachusetts cranberry industry which suggest that cranberry farms located in riparian fens are well suited for ecological restoration that enhance their characteristics and functions as wetlands. We created a classification scheme for cranberry farms based on their: (1) crop status; (2) renovation status; (3) cultivar type; and (4) hydrologic type for the Wareham River watershed in southeastern Massachusetts. We ranked farms for their priority for restoration and extrapolated our results to the total cranberry acreage of Massachusetts. The occurrence of low‐yielding native cranberry cultivars in all riparian farms (i.e. those with a direct hydrological connection to an adjacent river or stream), combined with our finding that 100% of the area of the highest‐yielding new cultivars were planted in newly renovated but non‐riparian farms suggest that riparian farms are not targets for investment but instead have a high likelihood of retirement. We found that 20% of farm area in this watershed had riparian hydrology, a proportion suggesting the existence of over 1,000 ha of high‐priority farms for restoration statewide. Restoration of these stream‐adjacent riparian farms can provide an exit strategy for some cranberry growers, ease economic pressures on remaining growers, and develop wetlands able to provide ecosystem services such as habitat provision, nitrogen removal, and recreation.
Experiences of suffering among elderly hip‐fracture patients during the preoperative period: patients’ and nurse's perspective
Authors: Hestdal Tove , Skorpen Frode
Published: September 2019

Background

In Norway, 6000 patients were operated on due to hip fracture in 2016. Hip fracture results in increased suffering and often in a dramatic change in an older person's life. The experience of suffering in patients with hip fracture, or nursing staff's perception of it in the preoperative period, is sparsely studied. The perspective of the study was based on caring sciences.

Aim

The aim of this study was to gain a deeper understanding of subjective experiences of suffering among elderly hip‐fracture patients during the preoperative period, seen from the patients’ and nurses’ perspective.

Methodological approach

A Q‐methodological approach was used. Forty statements (Q‐sample), based on interviews and theory, were ranked in a forced‐choice distribution curve from ‘mostly agree’ to ‘mostly disagree’, followed by postinterviews. Nine patients and five nurses participated. A by‐person factor analysis in the form of principal component analysis with varimax and hand rotation was conducted.

Results

Three factors, also called viewpoints, emerged as follows: (i) ‘Feeling safe through presence, trust and hope’; (ii) ‘Feeling safe occurs when the patient is seen, met and informed’; and (iii) ‘Feeling alone and angry at oneself’. A polarisation between participants occurred, since the youngest patients (median age 73), the oldest patients (median age 90) and the nurses were represented in each specific factor.

Conclusion

There exist differences between how the nursing staff, the youngest and the oldest elderly patients experienced the preoperative period and what can enhance or alleviate their suffering. Where the youngest elderly communicated safety through trust and relatives’ presence, the oldest elderly communicated insecurity in relation to staff and experienced severe pain and loneliness. Nursing staff and one patient emphasised the importance of seeing the patient in the first meeting to establish a feeling of security.
A General Damage Accumulation Model for Multiaxial, Proportional High Cycle Fatigue Loadings With Sines, Crossland and Dang Van Criteria
Authors: Ghazavizadeh Akbar , Meraghni Fodil , Peltier Laurent , Bourgeois Nadine
Published: September 2019

In this paper, a key differential equation is proposed to formulate fatigue damage evolution in metallic alloys under multiaxial, multiblock, proportional loadings in high cycle fatigue (HCF) and very high cycle fatigue (VHCF) regimes. This differential equation possesses two main components: one is a stress function to accommodate the adopted fatigue criterion and the other one is a characteristic damage function that serves to capture the HCF response of alloys. Two distinct characteristic damage functions with three different multiaxial fatigue criteria, namely Sines, Crossland, and Dang Van criteria, are examined to develop six (out of many possible) variants of the presented damage accumulation model. As a validation measure, Chaboche’s HCF damage model is retrieved as a specific case of the developed formalism. For model parameters identification, an ad hoc two-level identification scheme is designed and numerically verified. It is demonstrated that endurance limit, which is determined from fully reversed HCF tests (i.e., R = −1), can be identified from fatigue tests with positive stress ratio (R > 0), thus making our development quite suitable for specimens prone to buckling under compression. Another salient feature of the devised identification scheme is its capability in extracting model parameters from noisy data.
The Influence of X-Ray Computed Tomography Acquisition Parameters on Image Quality and Probability of Detection of Additive Manufacturing Defects
Authors: Kim Felix H. , Pintar Adam L. , Moylan Shawn P. , Garboczi Edward J.
Published: September 2019

X-ray computed tomography (XCT) is a promising nondestructive evaluation technique for additive manufacturing (AM) parts with complex shapes. Industrial XCT scanning is a relatively new development, and XCT has several acquisition parameters that a user can change for a scan whose effects are not fully understood. An artifact incorporating simulated defects of different sizes was produced using laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) AM. The influence of six XCT acquisition parameters was investigated experimentally based on a fractional factorial designed experiment. Twenty experimental runs were performed. The noise level of the XCT images was affected by the acquisition parameters, and the importance of the acquisition parameters was ranked. The measurement results were further analyzed to understand the probability of detection (POD) of the simulated defects. The POD determination process is detailed, including estimation of the POD confidence limit curve using a bootstrap method. The results are interpreted in the context of the AM process and XCT acquisition parameters.
Chatter Stability of Micro-Milling by Considering the Centrifugal Force and Gyroscopic Effect of the Spindle
Authors: Lu Xiaohong , Jia Zhenyuan , Liu Shengqian , Yang Kun , Feng Yixuan , Liang Steven Y.
Published: September 2019

In the micro-milling process, the minimization of tool chatter is critical for good surface finish quality. The analysis of chatter requires an understanding of the milling tool as well as the dynamics of milling system structure. Frequency response function (FRF) at the micro-milling tool point reflects dynamic behavior of the whole micro-milling machine–spindle–tool system. However, the tool point FRF of micro-milling cannot be obtained directly through the hammering test. To solve the problem, the authors get the FRF of the spindle system based on the rotating Timoshenko beam theory and the receptance coupling substructure analysis (RCSA), and the bearing characteristics are added into the spindle model through structural modification. Then, the centrifugal force and gyroscopic effect caused by the high-speed rotation of the micro-milling spindle are considered to better simulate the real scenario and increase the accuracy of modal parameters. The method has general usage and can be applied to all the micro-milling tools under which only the spindle dimension, bearing characteristics, and contact parameters need to be changed.
Quantitative Modeling and Analysis of Reliance in Physical Human–Machine Coordination
Authors: Wang Yiwei , Lematta Glenn J. , Hsiung Chi-Ping , Rahm Kyleigh A. , Chiou Erin K. , Zhang Wenlong
Published: September 2019

Smooth and efficient human–machine coordination in joint physical tasks may be realized through greater sensing and prediction of a human partner's intention to apply force to an object. In this paper, we define compliance and reliance in the context of physical human–machine coordination (pHMC) to characterize human responses in a joint object transport task. We apply an optimization framework to explain human intention and behavior. The weighting factor in the optimization problem, lambda (λ), is presented as a person's reliance on the machine in a joint physical task with varying constraints. We demonstrate that with an estimated λ, the intended two-dimensional motion of a person's trajectory can be captured. We also found a relationship between λ and trust while participants performed a familiar task with no distraction. This finding suggests a relationship between the psychological construct of trust and joint physical coordination. The extent to which λ may serve as an online measure of trust and reliance in a physical load sharing task requires further investigation under more complex task scenarios that involve greater degrees of vulnerability and uncertainty.
On the Road With Minor League Baseball Externalities
Authors: Tainsky Scott , Mills Brian M. , Hans Zainab , Lee Kyunghee
Published: September 2019

Investigation of minor league demand is scant relative to major leagues, particularly at the game level. This presents not only a contextual gap in the research, but also a conceptual one related to demand externalities. Minor League Baseball differs from major professional leagues in that gate revenue sharing is not a fixture in league policy, and talent investment decisions are made by the parent club. Nonetheless, it may be the case that a host club benefits from characteristics of its opponent. Econometric examination of over 31,000 minor league games across multiple leagues and seasons finds proximity to an opponent’s major league parent team increases attendance. Although the authors find evidence of increased demand for a top prospect from the home club, the presence of visiting top prospects is not associated with changes in attendance, prompting the question as to whether effective marketing efforts in this regard would increase home club revenues.
No safe haven for the Thirty Meter Telescope
Authors: Clery Daniel
Published: September 2019

Stalled in Hawaii, giant telescope faces roadblocks at its backup site in the Canary Islands.
Radio emission from a pulsar’s magnetic pole revealed by general relativity
Authors: Desvignes Gregory , Kramer Michael , Lee Kejia , van Leeuwen Joeri , Stairs Ingrid , Jessner Axel , Cognard Ismaël , Kasian Laura , Lyne Andrew , Stappers Ben W.
Published: September 2019

General relativity reveals pulsar beams

Pulsars are rotating neutron stars that emit beams of radio waves along their magnetic poles, seen as regular pulses if the beam points toward Earth. Desvignes
et al.
monitored a pulsar for more than a decade, observing how its radio pulses vary. General relativity causes precession of the rotation axis, because of the influence of a binary companion. In 2005, two pulses per rotation were visible, one from each magnetic pole, but by 2018 one had precessed out of our line of sight and disappeared. Mapping the radio emission across the magnetic pole determines the beaming angle, the angular region in which a radio observer can detect a pulsar.

Science
, this issue p.
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CRISPR-mediated live imaging of genome editing and transcription
Authors: Wang Haifeng , Nakamura Muneaki , Abbott Timothy R. , Zhao Dehua , Luo Kaiwen , Yu Cordelia , Nguyen Cindy M. , Lo Albert , Daley Timothy P. , La Russa Marie , Liu Yanxia , Qi Lei S.
Published: September 2019

Tracking nucleic acids in living cells

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is a powerful molecular technique for detecting nucleic acids in cells. However, it requires cell fixation and denaturation. Wang
et al.
found that CRISPR-Cas9 protects guide RNAs from degradation in cells only when bound to target DNA. Taking advantage of this target-dependent stability switch, they developed a labeling technique, named CRISPR LiveFISH, to detect DNA and RNA using fluorophore-conjugated guide RNAs with Cas9 and Cas13, respectively. CRISPR LiveFISH improves the signal-to-noise ratio, is compatible with living cells, and allows tracking real-time dynamics of genome editing, chromosome translocation, and transcription.

Science
, this issue p.
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Our autumn reading list
The Nature of Life and Death: Every Body Leaves a Trace,
Patricia Wiltshire,
G. P. Putnam's Sons, 2019. 304 pp.
Why Trust Science?,
Naomi Oreskes,
Princeton University Press, 2019. 374 pp.
The Republic of Color: Science, Perception, and the Making of Modern America,
Michael Rossi,
University of Chicago Press, 2019. 330 pp.
Superheavy: Making and Breaking the Periodic Table,
Kit Chapman,
Bloomsbury Sigma, 2019. 304 pp.
Higher and Colder: A History of Extreme Physiology and Exploration,
Vanessa Heggie,
University of Chicago Press, 2019. 264 pp.
Something Deeply Hidden: Quantum Worlds and the Emergence of Spacetime,
Sean Carroll,
Dutton, 2019. 362 pp.
How To: Absurd Scientific Advice for Common Real-World Problems,
Randall Munroe,
Riverhead Books, 2019. 320 pp.
Meat Planet: Artificial Flesh and the Future of Food,
Benjamin Aldes Wurgaft,
University of California Press, 2019. 264 pp.
Fashionopolis: The Price of Fast Fashion and the Future of Clothes,
Dana Thomas,
Penguin Press, 2019. 318 pp.
Authors: Szostak Rosemarie , Gilmore Elisabeth , Douglas Susan , Smith Nathaniel , Wong Gifford J , McCormick Colin , Vincent Isaah , Willis Mary S. , Jones-Davis Dorothy
Published: September 2019

What can a lowly lichen reveal about a grisly murder case? Which common clothing item requires 5000 gallons of water to create? Where is the best place for a pilot to crash a malfunctioning airplane? Chockful of interesting trivia and thoughtful scholarship, the books on this year's fall reading list—reviewed by alumni of the AAAS Science and Technology Policy Fellowship program—tackle topics ranging from the future of food to the nature of reality. Consider a careful analysis of why we ought to trust science or join a harrowing expedition to the most extreme environments on Earth. Dive into a fascinating quest to identify new elements or crack open an eye-opening history of color science.
Nebulised hypertonic saline in moderate-to-severe bronchiolitis: a randomised clinical trial
Authors: Jaquet-Pilloud Raphaelle , Verga Marie-Elise , Russo Michel , Gehri Mario , Pauchard Jean-Yves
Published: September 2019

Objectives

To investigate whether nebulised hypertonic saline (HS) treatment would decrease length of hospital stay (LOS) among infants with moderate-to severe-bronchiolitis compared with standard supportive care (SC).

Methods

We conducted an open, multicentre, randomised clinical trial from 1 April 2013 to 31 March 2016, in Swiss children’s hospitals. Patients aged 6 weeks to 24 months with a primary diagnosis of moderate or severe bronchiolitis were included. Children with previous episodes of wheezing, cardiac disease, chronic respiratory disease, immunodeficiency, prematurity (gestational age <34 weeks), corticotherapy in the preceding 2 weeks or inhaled bronchodilators within 24 hours before presentation were excluded. Patients were randomised to receive standard SC with nebulisation of 4 mL of 3% sodium chloride every 6 hours versus SSC. Main outcomes and measures were LOS duration of oxygen therapy, transfer to intensive care unit (ICU), readmission within 7 days following discharge and adverse events.

Results

121 children were randomised. No statistically significant differences were found between treatment groups at baseline (age, Wang Score, atopic history, smoking exposure). Children in the HS group had a non-significant difference in length of stay −2.8 hours (−10; 16) compared with the SC group. There were no differences in oxygen therapy duration, transfer to ICU, readmission rate or adverse events. The intervention was discontinued at the parents’ request in 16% of the cases.

Conclusion

Our study does not support the use of HS nebulisation in children with moderate to severe bronchiolitis.

Trial registration number

NCT01812525.
Characterisation of human orbital fibroblasts cultivated from intraconal, nasal and central adipose tissues
Authors: Kim Jin A , Ahn Donghyuck , Kim Bo-Yeon , Choi Yeon Jeong , Shin Hyun Jung , Jang Sun Young
Published: September 2019

Purpose

To investigate the characteristics of human orbital fibroblasts (OFs) cultivated from intraconal, nasal and central adipose tissues.

Methods

Intraconal adipose tissues were obtained during orbital decompression surgery for severe proptosis in nine patients with Graves’ orbitopathy (GO). Nasal and central adipose tissues were obtained during upper eyelid blepharoplasty in nine patients with no history of GO. Human OFs were separately cultured from GO intraconal, non-GO nasal, non-GO central orbital adipose deposits. Human dermal fibroblasts were also cultured from redundant resected skin tissue obtained during upper eyelid blepharoplasty in normal controls. Expression of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors were investigated using real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR. Protein levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β)-induced inflammatory cytokines and generated intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were determined.

Results

IGF-1 and TSH receptor RNA expressions of GO intraconal OFs and non-GO nasal OFs were higher than non-GO central OFs and dermal fibroblasts. The expression of IL-1β induced the IL-6, IL-8, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 of GO intraconal OFs, and non-GO nasal OFs were higher than non-GO central OFs and dermal fibroblasts. Intracellular ROS generation in GO intraconal OFs and non-GO nasal OFs were higher than in non-GO central OFs and dermal fibroblasts, although the differences were not statistically significant.

Conclusions

Non-GO nasal OFs had similar characteristics to GO intraconal OFs. We recommend the use of nasal adipose tissue in order to culture OFs as a normal control involving in vitro experiments.
Lamina cribrosa pore movement during acute intraocular pressure rise
Authors: Wang Ya Xing , Zhang Qi , Yang Hongli , Chen Jian Dong , Wang Ningli , Jonas Jost B
Published: September 2019

Purpose

To assess changes in the position of lamina cribrosa pores (LCPs) induced by acute intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation.

Methods

A prospective observational study. Acute angle-closure suspects who underwent the 2-hour dark room prone provocative test (DRPPT) were included. At baseline and within 5 min after the DRPPT end, tonometry, fundus photography and optical coherence tomography were performed. Optic disc photos taken before and after the DRPPT were aligned and moving distance of each visible LCP was measured (LCPMD).

Results

38 eyes from 27 participants (age: 52.5±10.8 years) were included. The IOP rose from 16.7±3.2 mm Hg at baseline to 23.9±4.3 mm Hg at the DRPPT end. The mean lateral LCPMD was 28.1±14.6 µm (range: 5.0–77.2 µm), which increased with higher IOP rise (p=0.01) and deeper optic cup (p=0.02) in multivariate analysis. The intralamina range and SD of the LCPMD increased with younger age (p=0.01 and p=0.02, respectively) and with wider optic cup (p=0.01 and p=0.02, respectively). The LCP movements were headed to the superior direction in 12 (33%) eyes, inferior direction in 10 (28%) eyes, temporal direction in 9 (25%) eyes, and nasal direction in 5 (14%) eyes.

Conclusions

IOP rise is associated with LCP movements in the frontal plane, which are more pronounced with higher IOP rise and deeper optic cup. The intralamina variability in the IOP rise-associated LCPMD increased with younger age and wider optic cup. IOP variation-associated lateral LCP movements may be of interest to elucidate glaucomatous optic nerve damage.