bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New measurement criteria for studying alcohol drinking and relapse in rodents
Authors: Villarín Pildaín Lilian , Vengeliene Valentina , Matthäus Franziska
Published: November 2013

Purpose

Relapse to alcohol use is considered as one of the central features distinguishing dependence from controlled alcohol consumption. Relapse-like drinking in rodents is a transient episode of heavy drinking that follows a period of abstinence. This behaviour is called the alcohol deprivation effect (ADE). Not all animals develop behavioural changes that resemble relapse-like drinking behaviour. The purpose of our study was to develop a generalized quantitative criterion by which animals could be separated into two groups depending on their behaviour during a relapse-like situation (ADE vs. no-ADE).

Methods

An automated drinkometer system was used for data collection. This system measures fluid consumption by means of high-precision sensors attached to the drinking bottles in the home cage of the rat. We used a four bottle free choice paradigm with water 5, 10, and 20% ethanol solutions. For data analysis we developed a new measure of alcohol intake that quantifies net alcohol intake in relation to net consumption of water. This new measure is called water-penalized net ethanol intake.

Results

The new measure is more robust than commonly used measurements, such as alcohol preference and intake. It allows the comparison of alcohol intake between different groups of animals and different setups using an arbitrary number of bottles. Based on this new measure we developed a method to automatically select the threshold for the presence of ADE in individual animals.

Conclusions

Separating animals by their behavior during relapse-like situation could be used as one of the criteria for identification of alcohol addicted and non-addicted rats. A classification into presenting ADE or not is also essential to test the effectiveness of newly developed therapeutic drugs.
Development of foundation year 1 psychiatry posts: implications
for practice
Authors: Steele Rachel , Beattie Sharon
Published: November 2013

Most literature discussing the introduction of foundation year 1 (F1)
psychiatry posts has focused on recruitment. However, for F1 posts to offer
a valuable learning experience and a potential recruitment boost,
psychiatrists and employing organisations should be aware of general issues
arising in the first postgraduate year. These include the inherently
stressful student-to-doctor transition, the need for bespoke induction
programmes for new graduates, F1 doctors' specific needs for support,
supervision and peer support, and the centrality of the relationship with
the consultant supervisor to the new doctor. Understanding these themes will
enable psychiatrists and mental health organisations to offer better F1
psychiatry experiences, which may boost recruitment and could maximise the
opportunities for F1 doctors to develop skills and qualities that will be of
value in their future careers, whatever specialty they end up working
in.
Flight of ideas – death of a definition: a discussion on phenomenology
Authors: Jeyasingam Neil
Published: November 2013

Phenomenology provides the foundations on which the functions of modern psychiatry stand. It also provides a common language for the assessment of patients, and for the education of the next generation of psychiatrists. However, phenomenology is not anchored in independent clinicopathological correlates, and therefore it is vulnerable to subtle alterations over time. This article briefly discusses some concepts regarding phenomenology and attempts to comment on the various definitions available under the common descriptor termed ‘flight of ideas'. It is asserted that without appropriate monitoring and teaching of these basic descriptors and recognising the value of historical observations, serious inconsistencies will continue to arise in clinical theory and practice, which may prove difficult to rectify.
Repoliticizing the Left
Authors: Watson Janell
Published: November 2013

In this interview, Jodi Dean discusses her career as poststructuralist political theorist, activist, and blogger. She has written on Slavoj Zizek, political solidarity, neoliberalism, media politics, media theory, the Occupy movement, and communism. Long concerned with the issue of solidarity on the left, Dean laments the contemporary Left’s inability to say “we,” a reluctance that, she argues, makes political action impossible. She finds that leftist currents such as radical democracy and radical pluralism have lost the conviction that capitalism must be overturned. However, her quarrels with Ernesto Laclau and others remain a discussion among comrades, in the spirit of an antagonism vital to any political movement. In her latest book, The Communist Horizon, she argues in favor of a new communism and a new communist party capable of uniting the Left against neoliberal capitalism. Unlike many contemporary thinkers on the academic left, Dean defines politics in terms of fundamental antagonism and advocates a return to party hierarchy and structure, which she is convinced are essential for achieving egalitarian goals. The interview helps connect the ideas threading through Dean’s published monographs, which include Solidarity of Strangers: Feminism after Identity Politics; Aliens in America: Conspiracy Cultures from Outerspace to Cyberspace; Publicity’s Secret: How Technoculture Capitalizes on Democracy; Zizek’s Politics; Democracy, and Other Neoliberal Fantasies: Communicative Capitalism and Left Politics; Blog Theory: Feedback and Capture in the Circuits of Drive; and The Communist Horizon.
Insights into Protein Allostery in the CsoR/RcnR Family of Transcriptional Repressors
Authors: Higgins Khadine A , Giedroc David
Published: November 2013

CsoR/RcnR transcriptional repressors adopt a disc-shaped, all α-helical dimer of dimers tetrameric architecture, with a four-helix bundle the key structural feature of the dimer. Individual members of this large family of repressors coordinate Cu(I) or Ni(II)/Co(II) or perform cysteine sulfur chemistry in mitigating the effects of metal or metabolite toxicity, respectively. Here we highlight recent insights into the functional diversity of this fascinating family of repressors.
Investors� Own Human Capital and Its Effect on Innovation Projects Realization
Authors: �����������  , Vorfolomeev Boris
Published: November 2013

The goal of this paper is to study the investors� own human capital and how

it effects its contribution to the success of innovation projects implementation

in Russia. It is already proven and recognized by foreign researchers

that for the first-time entrepreneurs such factors, as the investor�s knowledge,

skills, experience and business connections year by year are becoming

more and more significant, than the amount of potential project funding.

Based on the review and analysis of recently published foreign studies on

investors� own human capital, the author puts forward a number of hypotheses

and explores the Russian market accordingly. As a result the author

compares the role of investors who manage projects in the developed (US

and European) markets with that of investors managing projects in the

emerging (Russian) market.
Small farms cooperation - historical parallels
Authors: Мамаев  , Mamaev Renat
Published: November 2013

According to our research, the average age of the rural families engaged, in high-value agricultural production, is 45-47 years. This means that in 5-7 years, reaching the retirement age, these people would be no incentive for further expansion of farms. The primary measure is to strengthen the class of households with sufficient income for the transformation of agriculture in the family business - the so-called rural middle class. So, as shown by our Project “Living Village”, we are necessary elements of market and technological infrastructure, capable to increase the profitability of agricultural activities. In the framework of the Project “Living Village”, we tested the format of the training course called “School of contemporary farmer and rural entrepreneurs”. It is not a secret that the villagers all new perceive reluctantly, and do not want to learn. In our case, the stimulus was access to attractive markets subject to the minimum rate of 72 hours. As a result, 12 people were trained, who were able to present their products under a common brand “Living Village” and the corresponding “promotions”.
Assessment of agricultural enterprises competitiveness
Authors: Хаммадеева  , Khammadeeva Leysan
Published: November 2013

In Russia’s accession to the WTO the problem of improving the competitiveness of agricultural enterprises is one of the most important problems in the economy. The starting point of the solution to this problem is the assessment of the competitiveness of businesses. This article consists of an introduction, body and conclusion. In the introduction the authors justify the need to develop methods of competitiveness of agricultural enterprises. The body offers assessing methodology of the competitiveness of agricultural enterprises. The conclusion shows the issues and problems, that can be solved with the help of the author of the proposed methodology for assessing the competitiveness of the agricultural enterprises. The article describes and analyzes different methods and approaches to the assessment of the competitiveness of enterprises, the comparative analysis, revealed their shortcomings. The proposed method of estimation of competitiveness of agricultural consists of two phases: the definition of current competitiveness and identification of potential competitiveness. The author builds a method on the use of such indicators to determine the competitiveness of the agricultural enterprises, as the actual profitability of commercial products , the actual volume of sales , the potential profitability of commodity production and sales potential product market . This method allows to determine the competitiveness of enterprises in the various markets of agricultural products, to develop measures to improve the competitiveness in time to determine the need to go on a new market , to make strategic decisions, that contribute to increasing the competitiveness of the enterprise.
The basic technological components of growing and harvesting of grain of spring wheat in Kama zone of the Republic of Tatarstan
Authors: Сержанов  , Serzhanov Igor , Шайхутдинов  , Shaykhutdinov Farit , Майоров  , Mayorov Ivan
Published: November 2013

The potential of spring wheat varieties, included in the state register list and recommended for cultivation in the Republic of Tatarstan, and the climatic conditions of the Republic allow to obtain the high yields in improving and implementing advanced technology of its cultivation. One of the main conditions for successful cultivation of spring wheat in the region is the proper selection of varieties. Nowadays the varieties with a relatively high resistance to drought, disease and pests, successfully competing with weeds, good usage of soil fertility and at the same time responsive to fertilizers are reclaimed. This approach is explained by the desire to reduce the grain production cost and for environmental management, taking into account environmental constraints. The use of natural resources and the adaptive properties of growing varieties offers in-depth assessment of soil and climatic conditions up to the micro-level, i.e. for each farm, field, land and a thorough study of the features and capabilities of varieties. Only in this way it can be reasonably implement zoning varieties, depending on the situation, even pick up for small areas of two or three suitable varieties of quite a large number of cases in the region. What is important now is another question - how feasible to get the grain of spring wheat with good baking qualities in practice in different agro-climatic zones of the Republic. A major role in this belongs to varieties, agricultural machinery, fertilizers, post-harvest grain handling and other factors. As for the Republic of Tatarstan, the study of comprehensive evaluation of several previously recommended for cultivation and some new varieties of spring wheat wasn’t conducted. Taking into account the knowledge base of questions, in this study the task was to conduct a comprehensive comparative evaluation of spring wheat varieties for specific climatic conditions of the zone, based on observations, surveys and analyzes to evaluate the studied varieties of spring wheat and make appropriate recommendations.
FEATURES OF NEW-GENERATION STANDARTS AS TO NURTURNIG HEALTHY LIFESTYLE AMONG SCHOOL-AGED CHILDREN
Authors: ��������  , Zvezdina Marina
Published: November 2013

The article discusses the national policy aimed at maintaining, enhancing

and building-up health of the rising generation through engraining habits of healthy

lifestyle during the schooldays. The school is considered to be the most sustainable

social institution and efficient conductor of the national policy in the field of health.

The author compares how Educational standards of the 1st and 2nd generations deal

with the goal of cultivating ideas of healthy lifestyle among students. Special emphasis

is made on fundamental differences in targets and performance requirements for

education at primary, secondary and senior school. The role of certain subjects in

nurturing the culture of healthy lifestyle is highlighted.

Educational standards are analyzed with respect to current trends, observed both

in this country and abroad, concerning the role of school education in upbringing

healthy generation. The main trends are: shift from the tradition of public healthcare to

caring about health of individuals and the recognition of lifestyle as the leading factor

of individual�s health. Hence the declared objective of school education is to nurture

the culture of healthy lifestyle among students. The author mentions two fundamental

ideas for boosting education in the field of health: to make education more individually-,

axiologically- and culturally-oriented and also to enhance its pragmatic aspect.

Such subjects as physical training and FFI play the leading role in implementing these

ideas at all levels of education, while the subject of �Surrounding World� is crucial

for the primary school education, and Biology � for secondary and senior school.

The 2nd generation educational standards, the author argues, tend to integrate educational

goals of different subjects, e.g., physical training and FFI, in order to implement

systems-and-activity approach in education.
DESIGNING THE PROCEDURE OF UNIVERSAL EDUCATIONAL ACTIONS DEVELOPMENT AT COMPREHENSIVE SCHOOLS
Authors: ��������  , Naumenko Yuriy , ��������  , Naumenko O.
Published: November 2013

The paper describes the effective mechanism for designing the Program

of universal educational actions (UUD) development in comprehensive

school pupils. It is pointed that the mechanism implies collective creative efforts

of the whole teaching staff. The relevant provisions of Federal State Educational

Standards (FGOS) of the basic general education are specified and methodically

reasonable options for their realization are offered. Schemes for analyzing the

classroom activities of pupils are given, which helps to identify manifestations of

universal educational actions. As an example the author describes the basic-level

universal educational action, ought to be developed in the 1st�9th grades � �To

define and formulate the activity purpose�. The proposed algorithm may be used

to draw up a similar UUD-development Program for senior and initial schools.

The material offered is intended for general education institutions administrative

bodies in the first place, but can be found methodically helpful to senior governing

bodies in the sphere of education. Also the material can be used in applied

experimental studies.
PLANNING, ANALYZING AND EVALUATING CLASSROOM LESSONS AND AFTER-CLASS ACTIVITIES WITH CONSIDERATION TO HE SYSTEMS-ACTIVITY APPROACH
Authors: ���������  , Ignateva Anna , ��������  , Kokareva Zoya
Published: November 2013

Specifications of the planning training sessions with regard to FGOS for

primary education requirements are described. The authors examine the purpose

and objectives of a lesson in terms of systems-activity approach. It is described in

details how to formulate the dominant purpose of a lesson and objectives reflecting

the classroom activities consistent to the the training session logic.. Ways to set

diagnisticity objectives and methods to specify objectives into leaching and cognitive

tasks are described with several correspondent examples.

Planning training sessions in a proposed way helps to align students� classroom activities

to the FGOS requirements and turns purpose and objectives of each training

session into valuable teaching resources.,. Suggested assessment criteria can be

used by teachers to self-check the quality of their work and also for objective appraisal

of their pedagogical effectiveness.
THE ROLE OF ADDITIONAL PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION IN TRAINING HIGHLY-COMPETITIVE SPECIALISTS AT PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION ESTABLISHMENTS
Authors: �����������  , Abragimovich Mikhail
Published: November 2013

The author shows how additional professional education (APE) helps professional

educational institutions to train competitive specialists under the conditions

of integration in the professional education sphere. It is argued that professional

education establishments (PEE) should carry out labor market research and

forecasting in order to maintain competitiveness at the educational services market.

The concept of �competitive specialist� is explored, and the necessity to work out a

model for forecasting the set of graduates� competences for the highly-demanded

professions.

The paper suggests practical recommendations to enhance competitiveness of PEE

graduates through the development of the additional professional education system.
Canada GEESE 2: Visualization of Integrated Marine Geoscience Data for Canadian and Proximal Waters
Authors: Courtney Robert C.
Published: November 2013

The Geological Survey of Canada has made most of its holdings of marine geoscience data available online with unrestricted access. These holdings constitute the premier collections of geological and geophysical source data for Canadian and proximal waters. Multibeam bathymetric imagery, analog high resolution seismic and sidescan sonar data, seabed photographs, grain size analyses, and radiocarbon dates can be directly downloaded from NRCan’s Geogratis (http://geogratis.cgdi.gc.ca) servers. KML files allow the user to discover and explore these collections, highlighting the building blocks of marine data downloadable from ftp/http servers.SOMMAIRELa Commission géologique du Canada a mis en ligne la plupart de ses fonds de données géoscientifiques marines et y donne accès sans restriction. Ces fonds constituent des collections de premier choix de données géologiques et géophysiques de base des eaux canadiennes ou proximales. On peut ainsi télécharger des serveurs Géogratis de RNCan (http://geogratis.cgdi.gc.ca) des données d’imagerie bathymétrique par secteurs, des données analogiques séismiques haute résolution et de levé de sonar à balayage latéral, des photographies du fond marin, des analyses granulométriques, et des datations au radiocarbone. Le format KML des fichiers permet aux utilisateurs d’exploiter facilement le contenu de ces collections, en mettant en relief les données marines de base téléchargeables depuis les serveurs FTP/HTTP.
Great Canadian Lagerstätten 4. The Devonian Miguasha Biota (Québec): UNESCO World Heritage Site and a Time Capsule in the Early History of Vertebrates
Authors: Cloutier Richard
Published: November 2013

Over the past 170 years, the Late Devonian Miguasha biota from eastern Canada has yielded a diverse aquatic assemblage including 20 species of lower vertebrates (anaspids, osteostracans, placoderms, acanthodians, actinopterygians and sarcopterygians), a more limited invertebrate assemblage, and a continental component including plants, scorpions and millipedes. Originally interpreted as a freshwater lacustrine environment, recent paleontological, taphonomic, sedimentological and geochemical evidence corroborates a brackish estuarine setting. Over 18,000 fish specimens have been recovered showing various modes of fossilization, including uncompressed material and soft-tissue preservation. Most vertebrates are known from numerous, complete, articulated specimens. Exceptionally well-preserved larval and juvenile specimens have been identified for 14 out of the 20 species of fishes, allowing growth studies. Numerous horizons within the Escuminac Formation are now interpreted as either Konservat– or Konzentrat–Lagerstätten.SOMMAIREAu cours des 170 dernières années, le biote du Dévonien supérieur de Miguasha de l’Est du Canada a fourni un assemblage aquatique diversifié, comprenant 20 espèces de vertébrés inférieurs (anaspides, ostéostracés, placodermes, acanthodiens, actinoptérygiens et sarcoptérygiens) et un assemblage peu diversifié d’invertébrés ainsi qu’une composante continentale, représentée par des plantes, des scorpions et des mille-pattes. À l’origine interprété comme un milieu lacustre d’eau douce, les dernières preuves paléontologiques, taphonomiques, sédimentologiques et géochimiques confirment un environnement saumâtre rappelant celui d’un estuaire. Plus de 18,000 fossiles de poissons ont été découverts montrant différents états de conservation, notamment en trois dimensions et la préservation de tissus mous. La plupart des vertébrés sont connus par de nombreux spécimens complets et articulés. Des spécimens de larves et de juvéniles, exceptionnellement bien conservés, ont été identifiées pour 14 des 20 espèces de poissons permettant des études détaillées de leur croissance. De nombreux horizons au sein de la Formation d’Escuminac sont interprétés soit comme des Konservat– ou Konzentrat–Lagerstätten.
The Philadelphia Districting Contest: Designing Territories for City Council Based Upon the 2010 Census
Authors: Gopalan Ram , Kimbrough Steven O. , Murphy Frederic H. , Quintus Nicholas
Published: November 2013

The City of Philadelphia recently redesigned districts for its council members based upon the 2010 census. The districting process evinced considerable public interest and engagement because council districts from the prior census had significant shortcomings. During the 2010 redistricting process, several public interest groups came together to organize a districting contest. The organizers hoped to increase public engagement in the districting process and to proactively offer several well-constructed examples of city council districts that minimize gerrymandering. We were active participants in the contest, developing methodologies for finding good solutions to large integer programs that enabled us to win in one contest category and make presentations before the city council in this and another category. This article describes the unfolding of various events surrounding the districting process, the methodologies we developed, and the influence that the contest ultimately had on the design of city council districts.
Biological Planning for High-Dose-Rate Brachytherapy: Application to Cervical Cancer Treatment
Authors: Lee Eva K. , Yuan Fan , Templeton Alistair , Yao Rui , Kiel Krystyna , Chu James CH
Published: November 2013

Cervical cancer has a high mortality rate (approximately 35 percent) in the United States and is difficult to treat successfully. One promising treatment is high-dose-rate brachytherapy, which entails delivering high-dose radiation to the tumor via the temporary implantation of radioactive seeds. This treatment promises to be particularly effective in eradicating tumors while preserving the organs. Yet, major obstacles to successful treatment remain, especially (1) determining the best seed type, spatial configuration of seeds, and seed dwelling time, and (2) improving the probability that the treatment will eliminate all malignant cells. We developed an advanced planning model to simultaneously address both of these issues. To permit taking advantage of the best available information, our model works with inputs from positron emission tomography. We begin with a multiobjective, nonlinear, mixed-integer programming model that is initially intractable. To solve the model, we introduce an original branch-and-cut and local-search approach that couples new polyhedral cuts with matrix reduction and intelligent geometric heuristics. The result has been accurate solutions that are obtained rapidly. Clinical trials at Rush University Medical Center demonstrated superior medical outcomes. These analytical techniques are applicable not only to cervical cancer, but also to other types of cancer, including breast, lung, and prostate cancer.
Femoral stem impaction grafting: extending the role of cement
Authors: Gehrke T. , Gebauer M. , Kendoff D.
Published: November 2013

Femoral revision after cemented total hip replacement (THR) might include technical difficulties, following essential cement removal, which might lead to further loss of bone and consequently inadequate fixation of the subsequent revision stem.

Femoral impaction allografting has been widely used in revision surgery for the acetabulum, and subsequently for the femur. In combination with a primary cemented stem, impaction grafting allows for femoral bone restoration through incorporation and remodelling of the impacted morsellized bone graft by the host skeleton. Cavitary bone defects affecting meta-physis and diaphysis leading to a wide femoral shaft, are ideal indications for this technique. Cancellous allograft bone chips of 1 mm to 2 mm size are used, and tapered into the canal with rods of increasing diameters. To impact the bone chips into the femoral canal a prosthesis dummy of the same dimensions of the definitive cemented stem is driven into the femur to ensure that the chips are very firmly impacted. Finally, a standard stem is cemented into the neo-medullary canal using bone cement.

To date several studies have shown favourable results with this technique, with some excellent long-term results reported in independent clinical centres worldwide.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2013;95-B, Supple A:92–4.
I can’t get no satisfaction after my total knee replacement
Authors: Dunbar M. J. , Richardson G. , Robertsson O.
Published: November 2013

Satisfaction is increasingly employed as an outcome measure for a successful total knee replacement (TKR). Satisfaction as an outcome measure encompasses many different intrinsic and extrinsic factors related to a person’s experience before and after TKR. The Swedish Knee Arthroplasty Registry has previously demonstrated on a large population study that 17% of TKR recipients are not satisfied with their TKR outcome. This finding has been replicated in other countries. Similar significant factors emerged from these registry studies that are related to satisfaction. It would appear that satisfaction is better after more chronic diseases and whether the TKR results in pain relief or improved function. Importantly, unmet pre-operative expectations are a significant predictor for dissatisfaction following a TKR. It may be possible to improve rates by addressing the issues surrounding pain, function and expectation before embarking on surgery.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2013;95-B, Supple A:148–52.
Acetabular impaction bone grafting in total hip replacement
Authors: Ibrahim M. S. , Raja S. , Haddad F. S.
Published: November 2013

The increasing need for total hip replacement (THR) in an ageing population will inevitably generate a larger number of revision procedures. The difficulties encountered in dealing with the bone deficient acetabulum are amongst the greatest challenges in hip surgery. The failed acetabular component requires reconstruction to restore the hip centre and improve joint biomechanics. Impaction bone grafting is successful in achieving acetabular reconstruction using both cemented and cementless techniques. Bone graft incorporation restores bone stock whilst providing good component stability. We provide a summary of the evidence and current literature regarding impaction bone grafting using both cemented and cementless techniques in revision THR.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2013;95-B, Supple A:98–102.
Wound healing in total joint replacement
Authors: Jones R. E. , Russell R. D. , Huo M. H.
Published: November 2013

Satisfactory primary wound healing following total joint replacement is essential. Wound healing problems can have devastating consequences for patients. Assessment of their healing capacity is useful in predicting complications. Local factors that influence wound healing include multiple previous incisions, extensive scarring, lymphoedema, and poor vascular perfusion. Systemic factors include diabetes mellitus, inflammatory arthropathy, renal or liver disease, immune compromise, corticosteroid therapy, smoking, and poor nutrition. Modifications in the surgical technique are necessary in selected cases to minimise potential wound complications. Prompt and systematic intervention is necessary to address any wound healing problems to reduce the risks of infection and other potential complications.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2013;95-B, Supple A:144–7.
When femoral fracture fixation fails
Authors: Petrie J. , Sassoon A. , Haidukewych G. J.
Published: November 2013

Most hip fractures treated with modern internal fixation techniques will heal. However, failures occasionally occur and require revision procedures. Salvage strategies employed during revision are based on whether the fixation failure occurs in the femoral neck, or in the intertrochanteric region. Patient age and remaining bone stock also influence decision making. For fractures in young patients, efforts are generally focused on preserving the native femoral head via osteotomies and repeat internal fixation. For failures in older patients, some kind of hip replacement is usually selected. Disuse osteopenia, deformity, bone loss, and stress-risers from previous internal fixation devices all pose technical challenges to successful reconstruction. Attention to detail is important in order to minimise complications. In the majority of cases, good outcomes have been reported for the various salvage strategies.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2013;95-B, Supple A:7–10.
Tapered fluted modular titanium stems in the management of Vancouver B2 and B3 peri-prosthetic fractures
Authors: Munro J. T. , Masri B. A. , Garbuz D. S. , Duncan C. P.
Published: November 2013

Tapered, fluted, modular, titanium stems are increasingly popular in the operative management of Vancouver B2 and selected B3 peri-prosthetic femoral fractures. We have reviewed the results at our institution looking at stem survival and clinical outcomes and compared this with reported outcomes in the literature. Stem survival at a mean of 54 months was 96% in our series and 97% for combined published cases. Review of radiology showed maintenance or improvement of bone stock in 89% of cases with high rates of femoral union. Favourable clinical outcome scores have reported by several authors. No difference in survival or clinical scores was observed between B2 and B3 fractures. Tapered stems are a useful option in revision for femoral fracture across the spectrum of femoral bone deficiency.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2013;95-B, Supple A:17–20.
Surgical challenges and clinical outcomes of total hip replacement in patients with Down’s syndrome
Authors: Zywiel M. G. , Mont M. A. , Callaghan J. J. , Clohisy J. C. , Kosashvili Y. , Backstein D. , Gross A. E.
Published: November 2013

Down’s syndrome is associated with a number of musculoskeletal abnormalities, some of which predispose patients to early symptomatic arthritis of the hip. The purpose of the present study was to review the general and hip-specific factors potentially compromising total hip replacement (THR) in patients with Down’s syndrome, as well as to summarise both the surgical techniques that may anticipate the potential adverse impact of these factors and the clinical results reported to date. A search of the literature was performed, and the findings further informed by the authors’ clinical experience, as well as that of the hip replacement in Down Syndrome study group. The general factors identified include a high incidence of ligamentous laxity, as well as associated muscle hypotonia and gait abnormalities. Hip-specific factors include: a high incidence of hip dysplasia, as well as a number of other acetabular, femoral and combined femoroacetabular anatomical variations. Four studies encompassing 42 hips, which reported the clinical outcomes of THR in patients with Down’s syndrome, were identified. All patients were successfully treated with standard acetabular and femoral components. The use of supplementary acetabular screw fixation to enhance component stability was frequently reported. The use of constrained liners to treat intra-operative instability occurred in eight hips. Survival rates of between 81% and 100% at a mean follow-up of 105 months (6 to 292) are encouraging. Overall, while THR in patients with Down’s syndrome does present some unique challenges, the overall clinical results are good, providing these patients with reliable pain relief and good function.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2013;95-B, Supple A:41–5.
The two-stage standard in revision total hip replacement
Authors: Cooper H. J. , Della Valle C. J.
Published: November 2013

Two-stage exchange remains the gold standard for treatment of peri-prosthetic joint infection after total hip replacement (THR). In the first stage, all components and associated cement if present are removed, an aggressive debridement is undertaken including a complete synovectomy, and an antibiotic-loaded cement spacer is put in place. Patients are then treated with six weeks of parenteral antibiotics, followed by an ‘antibiotic free period’ to help ensure the infection has been eradicated. If the clinical evaluation and serum inflammatory markers suggest the infection has resolved, then the second stage can be completed, which involves removal of the cement spacer, repeat debridement, and placement of a new THR.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2013;95-B, Supple A:84–7.
Assuring the happy total knee replacement patient
Authors: Drexler M. , Dwyer T. , Chakravertty R. , Farno A. , Backstein D.
Published: November 2013

Total knee replacement (TKR) is one of the most common operations in orthopaedic surgery worldwide. Despite its scientific reputation as mainly successful, only 81% to 89% of patients are satisfied with the final result. Our understanding of this discordance between patient and surgeon satisfaction is limited. In our experience, focus on five major factors can improve patient satisfaction rates: correct patient selection, setting of appropriate expectations, avoiding preventable complications, knowledge of the finer points of the operation, and the use of both pre- and post-operative pathways. Awareness of the existence, as well as the identification of predictors of patient–surgeon discordance should potentially help with enhancing patient outcomes.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2013;95-B, Supple A:120–3.
Virtual 3D planning and patient specific surgical guides for osteotomies around the knee
Authors: Victor J. , Premanathan A.
Published: November 2013

We have investigated the benefits of patient specific instrument guides, applied to osteotomies around the knee. Single, dual and triple planar osteotomies were performed on tibias or femurs in 14 subjects. In all patients, a detailed pre-operative plan was prepared based upon full leg standing radiographic and CT scan information. The planned level of the osteotomy and open wedge resection was relayed to the surgery by virtue of a patient specific guide developed from the images. The mean deviation between the planned wedge angle and the executed wedge angle was 0° (-1 to 1, sd 0.71) in the coronal plane and 0.3° (-0.9 to 3, sd 1.14) in the sagittal plane. The mean deviation between the planned hip, knee, ankle angle (HKA) on full leg standing radiograph and the post-operative HKA was 0.3° (-1 to 2, sd 0.75). It is concluded that this is a feasible and valuable concept from the standpoint of pre-operative software based planning, surgical application and geometrical accuracy of outcome.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2013;95-B, Supple A:153–8.
Intensive care monitoring after total joint replacement
Authors: Kamath A. F. , McAuliffe C. L. , Gutsche J. T. , Kosseim L. M. , Hume E. L. , Baldwin K. D. , Kornfield Z. , Israelite C. L.
Published: November 2013

Patient safety is a critical issue in elective total joint replacement surgery. Identifying risk factors that might predict complications and intensive care unit (ICU) admission proves instrumental in reducing morbidity and mortality. The institution’s experience with risk stratification and pre-operative ICU triage has resulted in a reduction in unplanned ICU admissions and post-operative complications after total hip replacement. The application of the prediction tools to total knee replacement has proven less robust so far. This work also reviews areas for future research in patient safety and cost containment.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2013;95-B, Supple A:74–6.
THE Future Delivery of Emergency Surgery in the UK
Authors: Consultant Surgeon CJ Lewis , Consultant Surgeon SE Attwood
Published: November 2013

Over the past two decades, general surgeons have evolved and subspecialised. It is no longer plausible for a consultant to label him or herself as a true general surgeon in the traditional sense of the term. For example, a surgeon is very unlikely to have the training and experience to operate on all aspects of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract while still maintaining adequate skills in oncoplastic breast surgery and vascular surgery. To maintain adequate skill and up-to-date knowledge, it has become necessary for surgeons to focus on one area of general surgery, declaring an interest in that subspecialty while continuing to serve as a general surgeon for the purposes of the emergency on-call provision for general surgery.
Commissioning ‐ what’s in it for surgeons?
Authors: O’Flynn Paul , Sitterlé Erana
Published: November 2013

The College is committed to enabling surgeons to attain and maintain the highest standards of surgical practice and patient care. This is achieved through a number of different mechanisms, including the setting of professional standards, such as Good Surgical Practice, and clinical standards, such as recent publications on standards for children’s surgery and emergency surgery. The College also plays a key role in the training and education of surgeons, and so we are well placed to recognise how important it is to have a clear strategy that links workforce, service and training.
Helping you keep up to date: RCS e-journals and Current Awareness Service
Authors: Sams Steffi
Published: November 2013

Access to e-journals has been cited consistently as one of the most important services the College can offer to its members. The College’s Library and Surgical Information Services department is responsible for procuring e-journals and developing associated services to provide added value.
Dental public health ‐ a class act?
Authors: Allen Christopher
Published: November 2013

In April this year the Health and Social Care Bill became the Health and Social Care Act. And what an act to follow. Undoubtedly what has been the largest reorganisation in the history of the NHS has created great turmoil but as the dust settles people are learning how to work in their new organisations.
The Emergency Surgeon’s Perspective on Emergency Surgery
Authors: Behar Nebil
Published: November 2013

After decades of emphasis on cancer targets and waiting times for elective surgery, attention is now focused firmly on emergency surgery. Once described as a Cinderella specialty within general surgery owing to under-investment, there is now a clear appetite both from the commissioners and the RCS to address the poor outcomes in this area. Yet the data available on the current state of provision of emergency surgery are sparse. Recently an alarming variation in mortality between 3.6% and 41.7% among 35 trusts in UK has been revealed. This paper also began to identify factors responsible for this, including consultant availability, high-dependency unit (HDU) beds, lack of goal-directed fluid management.
Publishing and visual culture: Symbiotic relationships and the impact of technology on publishing strategies and activity
Authors: Preston Louisa
Published: November 2013

This article analyses the impact of technology on the activity and strategies of publishers within visual culture. Existing publishers, heavily involved with publications in print, are urgently required to adjust their future strategies, while emerging companies are grasping opportunities presented by creating online content, e-books and apps. As in the past, artists and designers have played an important role in the development and innovation of twenty-first century publication design and despite the shift to digital, the printed book is still the predominant product. However, it finds that publishers are creatively using digital media and developing technologies in convergence to promote and take publications to market, whilst also concentrating on generating a more closely connected cultural community of readers, using websites, social media, the gallery and associated live events.
A digital manuscript case study: How publishing theory can advance the practice of manuscript digitization
Authors: Tether Leah
Published: November 2013

Using Gérard Genette’’s seminal work on ‘paratexts’ (defined by Genette (1997) as extratextual items which fundamentally influence a reader’s reception of a text, such as, for example, blurbs, jacket designs, prefaces, etc.), this article undertakes a practical enquiry into the ways in which digital media have been used to render the paratexts of medieval manuscripts. Reference to an existing project, Christine de Pizan: the Making of the Queen’s Manuscript, is made so as to form a case study on this area, one that acts representatively, due to its use of software features, methods and tools that have been applied in a number of digital/medieval projects. This case study will constitute a lens for exploring how successfully manuscriptural paratexts are represented by completed digitization projects by applying Genette’s theory of paratextual spaces. The article will then consider some of the latest developments in digital tools for medievalists under the same light so as to see how differently such projects can now be approached. Ultimately, the article will explore how the broader application of publishing theory could move manuscript digitization projects forward because, just as book publishing actually constitutes an exercise in content packaging – which is traditionally the realm of publishing professionals – the process of creating digital manuscripts, and digital editions of medieval texts, represents a closely related undertaking.
Review
Authors: Canty Nick
Published: November 2013

The Publishing Business: From p-Books to e-Books, Kelvin Smith (2013) Lausanne: AVA Publishing SA, pp. 208 ISBN: 978-2940411627, p/bk Nick Canty, UCL
Autoimmunity, preeclampsia and splenic rupture: a case report and literature review
Authors: Adler-Lazarovits Chana , Mazor Moshe , Erez Offer
Published: November 2013

Antiphospholipid antibody (APLA) syndrome is an autoimmune disease which is associated with preeclampsia and can cause thromboembolic events in several organs including the spleen. This report includes a case of post-partum splenic rupture in a woman with preeclampsia in the presence of APLA syndrome and a literature review of splenic rupture during the third trimester and puerperium. Unlike the prominent clinical manifestation of liver hematoma and rupture during preeclampsia, rupture of the spleen can be silent and mistakenly underdiagnosed.
The acoustic and articulatory characteristics of Cape Breton fricative /t/
Authors: Hunt Gardner Matt
Published: November 2013

This paper examines the acoustic and articulatory characteristics of the fricative realization of /t/ in the dialect of the Cape Breton Regional Municipality, in Nova Scotia, Canada. Two experiments were conducted to determine the similarities and differences betwee fricative /t/, or “slit-t”, and other voiceless coronal sounds. Previous research on this sound in some communities has found it to be more similar to /s/ than /ʃ/, while in other communities it has been found to be more similar to /ʃ/ than /s/. The first experiment conducted was a qualitative analysis of static palatograms of one Cape Breton speaker’s production of six different coronal sounds. Results from this experiment suggest “slit-t” to be articulatorily distinct from both /s/ and /ʃ/. The second experiment conducted was a statistical analysis of several acoustic measurements of six Cape Breton speakers’ production of six different coronal sounds. Results from this experiment suggest “slit-t” is acousticcally distinct from both /s/ and /ʃ/, or rather on a cline between these two sounds.
Pretreatment of hardwood chips via autohydrolysis supported by acetic and formic acid
Authors: Tunc Mehmet Sefik , Chheda Juben , van der Heide Evert , Morris Jerry , van Heiningen Adriaan
Published: November 2013

A mixture of US southern hardwood chips was treated with aqueous acetic and formic acid (FA) solutions in a modified Dionex ASE100 extractor. The amount and selectivity of hemicelluloses dissolution increase at higher acetic acid (AA) and FA concentrations, but cellulose remains intact in the residual wood. Even at the highest AA concentration of 100 g l-1, the dissolved hemicellulose fragments are still oligomeric except for arabinose. The formation of lignin-like condensation products (LCPs) and decomposition of dissolved mannose, arabinose, and galactose were observed at the highest AA concentration. Sugar hydrolysis is more pronounced with the addition of FA at increasing temperature. The concentration of xylose in the FA extract is approximately the same as that of xylo-oligomers at 160°C. Formation of LCPs is only observed at 170°C during 10 g l-1 FA treatment. The concentrations of dissolved wood components increase linearly with increased recycling of the FA extract.
Mathematical Modelling of Microwave Pyrolysis
Authors: Khaghanikavkani Elham , Farid Mohammed M.
Published: November 2013

This study deals with a detailed numerical investigation of the microwave heating process in plastic pyrolysis. The pyrolysis of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) was studied using a single-mode microwave cavity, TE10 mode, at 2.45 GHz with two different absorbents, as carbon and silicon carbide, and the results were compared. The temperature distribution inside the sample was determined by solving the conservation equations coupled with the microwave and chemical kinetic equations. Lambert’s law was applied to describe the electromagnetic field in the microwave cavity. The effective heat capacity method was used to account for the latent heat in the melting range of plastic. The heat of the reaction was taken into account using first-order kinetic equations assuming a single-step reaction. One-dimensional model equations were solved using the finite difference method utilising MATLAB codes. The model developed in this study provides a better understanding of the fundamental mechanisms of the microwave pyrolysis of HDPE based on a combination of electromagnetic field and thermal models. The primary focus was to incorporate and investigate the effect of the phase changes and reaction during microwave pyrolysis. The results show that the temperature profile strongly depends on the physical properties of the material. Silicon carbide provides more uniform heating distribution compared with carbon.