bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Partial regularity criteria for suitable weak solutions of the three‐dimensional liquid crystals flow
Authors: Yu Huan
Published: February 2016

In this paper, we establish some new interior regularity criteria for suitable weak solutions of the liquid crystals flow in terms of the smallness of the scaled Lp,q‐norm of the velocity field or the vorticity, which extends the results by Scheffer in [Communications in Mathematical Physics 1980; 73:1–42]. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On almost periodicity of delayed predator–prey model with mutual interference and discontinuous harvesting policies
Authors: Luo Daozhong , Wang Dongshu
Published: February 2016

The objective of this paper is to investigate the almost periodic dynamics for a class of delayed predator–prey model with mutual interference and Beddington–DeAngelis type functional response, in which the harvesting policies are modeled by discontinuous functions. Based on the theory of functional differential inclusions theory and set‐valued analysis, the solution in sense of Filippov of system with the discontinuous harvesting policies is given, and the local and global existence of positive the solution in sense of Filippov of the system is studied. By employing generalized differential inequalities, some useful Lemmas are obtained. After that, sufficient conditions which guarantee the permanence of the system are obtained in view of the constructed Lemmas. By constructing some suitable generalized Lyapunov functional, a series of useful criteria on existence, uniqueness, and global attractivity of the almost positive periodic solution to the system are derived in view of functional differential inclusions theory and nonsmooth analysis theory. Some suitable examples together with their numeric simulations are given to substantiate the theoretical results and to illustrate various dynamical behaviors of the system. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Local well‐posedness for a system of quadratic nonlinear Schrödinger equations in one or two dimensions
Authors: Zhang Huali
Published: February 2016

In this article, the local well‐posedness of Cauchy's problem is explored for a system of quadratic nonlinear Schrödinger equations in the space Lp(Rn). In a special case of mass resonant 2 × 2 system, it is well known that this problem is well posed in Hs(s≥0) and ill posed in Hs(s < 0) in two‐space dimensions. By translation on a linear semigroup, we show that the general system becomes locally well posed in Lp(R2) for 1 < p < 2, for which p can arbitrarily be close to the scaling limit pc=1. In one‐dimensional case, we show that the problem is locally well posed in L1(R); moreover, it has a measure valued solution if the initial data are a Dirac function. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new analytical model for consolidation with multiple vertical drains
Authors: Lu Mengmeng , Sloan Scott W. , Indraratna Buddhima , Jing Hongwen , Xie Kanghe
Published: February 2016

Various analytical theories of consolidation for soils with vertical drains have been proposed in the past. Most conventional theories are based on a cylindrical unit cell that contains only a single vertical drain. This paper described a new analytical model where a vertical drain located at the centre (the ‘inner vertical drain’) and is surrounded by two or three vertical drains (the ‘outer vertical drains’), the number of which depends on whether the configuration is triangular or rectangular. Both types of drains are combined into a cylindrical unit cell, and the water is assumed to flow both inwards to the inner vertical drain and outwards to the outer vertical drains distributed around the circumference. The outer radial boundary of the unit cell is regarded as a permeable boundary, with a drainage capacity of two or three separate vertical drains for triangular and rectangular configurations, respectively. The smear effects and the drainage resistances for both the inner and outer vertical drains are considered in the analysis as well. In this way, the equations governing the consolidation process with multiple vertical drains are derived, and the corresponding analytical solutions are obtained for instantaneously loading, ramp loading and multi‐stage of instantaneously loading and multi‐stage of ramp loading. The present solutions are finally compared with several conventional solutions for a single vertical drain in the literature. The results show that the present model predicts the same average degree of consolidation as conventional models do, which verifies the correctness of this new model. Finally, the settlement predicted by the present solution is compared with the measured settlement from a field test at the Port of Brisbane, Australia, which shows a good agreement between them. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spline approximation, Kronecker products and multilinear forms
Authors: Lamping Frank , Peña Juan‐Manuel , Sauer Tomas
Published: February 2016

Sums of Kronecker products occur naturally in high‐dimensional spline approximation problems, which arise, for example, in the numerical treatment of chemical reactions. In full matrix form, the resulting non‐sparse linear problems usually exceed the memory capacity of workstations. We present methods for the manipulation and numerical handling of Kronecker products in factorized form. Moreover, we analyze the problem of approximating a given matrix by sums of Kronecker products by making use of the equivalence to the problem of decomposing multilinear forms into sums of one‐forms. Greedy algorithms based on the maximization of multilinear forms over a torus are used to obtain such (finite and infinite) decompositions that can be used to solve the approximation problem. Moreover, we present numerical considerations for these algorithms. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adverse family experiences during childhood and adolescent obesity
Authors: Heerman William J. , Krishnaswami Shanthi , Barkin Shari L. , McPheeters Melissa
Published: February 2016

Objective

To evaluate the association between adverse family experiences (AFEs) during childhood and adolescent obesity and to determine populations at highest risk for AFEs.

Methods

A cross‐sectional analysis was performed of the 2011‐2012 National Survey of Children's Health, including children aged 10‐17 years. Weighted estimates of 31,258,575 children were based on interviews with 42,239 caregivers. Caregiver reports of nine psychosocial risk factors measured AFEs during childhood. Adolescent overweight and obesity were derived by caregiver‐reported child height and weight.

Results

Nearly one‐third (30.5%) of children had experienced ≥2 AFEs, with geographic variation by state. The prevalence of obesity among children experiencing ≥2 AFEs was 20.4%, when compared with 12.5% among children with 0 AFEs. Adjusted survey regression models were controlled for child, parent, household, and neighborhood characteristics. Children with ≥2 AFEs in childhood were more likely to have obesity (AOR = 1.8; 95% CI = 1.47‐2.17; P < 0.001) than those with no AFEs, with Non‐Hispanic, White children most affected.

Conclusions

Adolescents in this national sample who were exposed to greater numbers of AFEs in childhood also had higher rates of overweight and obesity. Geographic variation and differential associations based on race/ethnicity identified children at greatest risk.
Responsiveness of PROMIS® Pediatric Measures to Hospitalizations for Sickle Pain and Subsequent Recovery
Authors: Dampier Carlton , Jaeger Byron , Gross Heather E. , Barry Vaughn , Edwards Lloyd , Lui Yang , DeWalt Darren A. , Reeve Bryce B.
Published: February 2016

Background

The Patient‐Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System® (PROMIS®) created pediatric self‐report scales measuring a variety of health attributes (domains), but their responsiveness to changes in health status has not yet been determined in children with sickle cell disease (SCD).

Procedure

A convenience cohort of symptomatic SCD children, aged 8–17 years, was asked to complete PROMIS pediatric scales at an initial clinic visit, at the end of a subsequent hospitalization for sickle pain, at a subsequent clinic visit or at home 2–3 weeks after hospitalization, and at a clinic visit 1–2 years after their initial assessment.

Results

A total of 121 participants (mean age 12.5 ± 3.1 years, 56.2% female) participated in the study. Pain interference and fatigue domain scores were elevated at baseline, increased substantially during hospitalization, and largely returned to baseline by the recovery period, whereas the depressive symptoms, anger, and anxiety domain scores displayed a less pronounced elevation during hospitalizations and a slower return to baseline levels. The two physical functioning scales showed a substantial decline in response to hospitalization, but only modest improvements at the recovery assessment, likely representing incomplete recovery.

Conclusions

Several PROMIS pediatric measures were responsive to changes in health status associated with occurrence and resolution of acute vaso‐occlusive pain requiring hospitalization. The substantial differences in these domains during SCD‐related pain exacerbations support their potential usefulness in clinical research or in clinical practice. Further studies to characterize variations in symptom patterns over time may provide insights into strategies for more effective management of sickle pain.
ABVD‐Based Therapy for Hodgkin Lymphoma in Children and Adolescents: Lessons Learnt in a Tertiary Care Oncology Center in a Developing Country
Authors: Jain Sandeep , Kapoor Gauri , Bajpai Ram
Published: February 2016

Background

As Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is a highly curable malignancy, most current pediatric trials focus on strategies aimed at reducing late effects of therapy. We report our results with doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, dacarbazine (ABVD) therapy.

Procedure

We retrospectively analyzed 17 years (1996–2013) data of patients ≤18 years of age with HL. All patients received ABVD chemotherapy and involved field radiotherapy (IFRT) was reserved for those with bulky disease or partial response. The analysis was carried out to assess overall survival (OS) and freedom from treatment failure (FFTF) and factors predicting the events.

Results

Of 167 eligible patients, 72 (43.1%) had B symptoms, 28 (16.7%) had bulky disease, 31 (18.6%) had >4 lymph node regions, and 53 (31.8%) had advanced disease (stages III and IV). In all, 87% patients received six cycles of ABVD and IFRT was administered to 51 (30.5%) patients. The 5‐year OS and FFTF were 95.9% and 79%, respectively, and were similar in patients treated with or without IFRT. On multivariable analysis, advanced disease (stages III and IV), involvement of >4 lymph node regions, and serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) ≥500 IU/l at diagnosis were statistically significant factors for FFTF (P = 0.03, 0.003, 0.048, respectively).

Conclusions

The excellent survival of HL patients in the setting of a developing country reported in this retrospective analysis warrants treatment reduction, especially for early‐stage patients. The use of risk‐ and response‐based stratification incorporating disease stage, involved lymph node regions, and serum LDH, along with fluorodeoxyglucose‐positron emission tomography‐based response, may guide development of effective and less toxic protocols.
Nutrient Insufficiencies/Deficiencies in Children With Sickle Cell Disease and Its Association With Increased Disease Severity
Authors: Martyres David J. , Vijenthira Abi , Barrowman Nick , Harris‐Janz Sydney , Chretien Christine , Klaassen Robert J.
Published: February 2016

Background

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is characteristically described as a disease of hemolytic anemia and vaso‐occlusive crises (VOCs). However, patients suffer from a multitude of other problems including impaired development, chronic pain, and increased susceptibility to infection. Nutritional deficiency has been implicated as a contributor to these issues.

Procedure

We reported the nutrition status with respect to vitamin D, zinc, B6, B12, folate, and homocysteine serum levels in Canadian children with SCD (n = 91). We also tested for associations between nutrients and markers of disease severity and growth.

Results

Almost half the sample (42%) had multiple nutrient insufficiencies/deficiencies, and a further 27% had a single insufficiency/deficiency. The most common insufficiency/deficiency was zinc in 57% followed by calcidiol (25 dihydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D)) (52%). Sixteen percent of patients had low vitamin B6 levels, while folate, calcitriol (1,25(OH)D), and homocysteine levels were normal. Increased number of vitamin insufficiencies/deficiencies was associated with increasing disease severity (P = 0.018). Zinc insufficiency/deficiency was significantly associated with an increased number of home pain crises (P = 0.001) and an increased incidence of hospitalizations for VOCs (P = 0.01).

Conclusions

Our findings show that patients with SCD commonly have multiple nutrient insufficiencies/deficiencies and support the growing evidence for the link between low zinc and increased VOC. It also indicates that increased nutrient insufficiencies/deficiencies are associated with increased disease severity in SCD. Prospective studies with larger samples are needed to further elucidate the relationship between nutrient deficiencies and SCD, and to determine whether nutrient supplementation can improve the disease course.
Compendium of photovoltaic degradation rates
Authors: Jordan Dirk C. , Kurtz Sarah R. , VanSant Kaitlyn , Newmiller Jeff
Published: February 2016

Published data on photovoltaic (PV) degradation measurements were aggregated and re‐examined. The subject has seen an increased interest in recent years resulting in more than 11 000 degradation rates in almost 200 studies from 40 different countries. As studies have grown in number and size, we found an impact from sampling bias attributable to size and accuracy. Because of the correlational nature of this study we examined the data in several ways to minimize this bias. We found median degradation for x‐Si technologies in the 0.5–0.6%/year range with the mean in the 0.8–0.9%/year range. Hetero‐interface technology (HIT) and microcrystalline silicon (µc‐Si) technologies, although not as plentiful, exhibit degradation around 1%/year and resemble thin‐film products more closely than x‐Si. Several studies showing low degradation for copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) have emerged. Higher degradation for cadmium telluride (CdTe) has been reported, but these findings could reflect a convolution of less accurate studies and longer stabilization periods for some products. Significant deviations for beginning‐of‐life measurements with respect to nameplate rating have been documented over the last 35 years. Therefore, degradation rates that use nameplate rating as reference may be significantly impacted. Studies that used nameplate rating as reference but used solar simulators showed less variation than similar studies using outdoor measurements, even when accounting for different climates. This could be associated with confounding effects of measurement uncertainty and soiling that take place outdoors. Hotter climates and mounting configurations that lead to sustained higher temperatures may lead to higher degradation in some, but not all, products. Wear‐out non‐linearities for the worst performing modules have been documented in a few select studies that took multiple measurements of an ensemble of modules during the lifetime of the system. However, the majority of these modules exhibit a fairly linear decline. Modeling these non‐linearities, whether they occur at the beginning‐of‐life or end‐of‐life in the PV life cycle, has an important impact on the levelized cost of energy. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The synthesis and photoactive properties of cyclic amphiphilic polymers with azobenzene in main chain
Authors: Jiang Ganquan , Li Lishan , Xu Xiaofei , Lu Jinjie , Zhu Xing , Zhang Zhengbiao , Zhou Nianchen , Zhu Xiulin
Published: February 2016

The cyclic amphiphilic polymers with azobenzene in main chain, cyclic azobenzene tetraethylene glycol polystyrene (cyclic‐Azo‐TEG‐PS) with different molecular weights, were successfully synthesized by combining atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and Cu (I)‐catalyzed azide/alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC). Gel permeation chromatography (GPC), proton nuclear resonance (1H NMR), Fourier transform‐infrared (FT‐IR), and matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight (MALDI‐TOF) mass spectrometry were used to prove the complete conversion from linear polymers to cyclic ones. The thermal properties and photoisomerization behaviors of obtained cyclic polymers have been investigated by comparison with the linear analogues. The cyclic polymer displayed a higher glass transition temperature compared with the linear one, measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). It was found that the trans‐to‐cis and cis‐to‐trans isomerization of cyclic polymers was both slower than that of their respective linear counterparts upon irradiation by UV/visible light. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2016, 54, 1834–1841
Constituent analysis of stress memory in semicrystalline polyurethane
Authors: Narayana Harishkumar , Hu Jinlian , Kumar Bipin , Shang Songmin
Published: February 2016

Similar to shape memory, the stress in a stimulus responsive polymer can also be programmed, stored, and retrieved reversibly upon an external stimulus, and known as stress memory. Herein, the stress analysis in a semicrystalline polyurethane is investigated to unveil the total stress–strain components of the memory polymer. The evolution of stress under different temperature and strain levels is determined experimentally. A constitutive model based on phase transition was further used to predict and characterize the individual stress components during the thermomechanical process. In contrast to earlier models, a new approach of using relaxed modulus (RM) has been proposed to predict the stress components in tensile programming condition. The predicted results are having significant agreement with the experimental data. The quantitative stress analysis can help in engineering the products more precisely, where the controllable stimulus responsive stress is needed in multidisciplinary arenas such as pressure garments, massage devices, and artificial muscles etc. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2016, 54, 941–947
Energy Conversion Efficiency in Plasma Polymerization – A Comparison of Low‐ and Atmospheric‐Pressure Processes
Authors: Hegemann Dirk , Nisol Bernard , Watson Sean , Wertheimer Michael R.
Published: February 2016

In the plasma polymerization literature, there has been an interest since at least the 1970s to correlate the structure of plasma polymer (PP) deposits with plasma parameters during deposition, most particularly with the energy input per monomer molecule, Em. In our two laboratories, we have developed methods for measuring Em (or somewhat equivalent, Ea) in low‐ (LP) and atmospheric‐pressure (AP) discharge plasmas. In this article we propose a new parameter, the so‐called energy conversion efficiency, ECE, which permits direct comparison of LP and AP experiments. This is done for the case of three model monomer compounds, ethane, acetylene, and acrylic acid (AAc). “Critical” energy values that demarcate ECE regimes separating different fragmentation/reaction mechanisms agree remarkably well for all three monomers examined; resulting Em (or Ea) values are correlated with specific mechanisms, and the numerical results are convincingly supported by data from the chemical literature.
Phosphor‐converted white light from blue‐emitting InGaN microrod LEDs
Authors: Schimpke Tilman , Mandl Martin , Stoll Ion , Pohl‐Klein Bianca , Bichler Daniel , Zwaschka Franz , Strube‐Knyrim Johanna , Huckenbeck Barbara , Max Benjamin , Müller Marcus , Veit Peter , Bertram Frank , Christen Jürgen , Hartmann Jana , Waag Andreas , Lugauer Hans‐Jürgen , Strassburg Martin
Published: February 2016

A uniform array of gallium nitride core‐shell microrod (MR) light‐emitting diode (LED) structures was grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy. Defects and the quantum well (QW) luminescence in an individual rod were investigated by scanning tunneling electron microscopy (STEM) and STEM cathodoluminescence. Luminescence with different wavelength was detected from the quantum wells on the semipolar tip facets and the nonpolar sidewalls of the MRs. Furthermore, the MR array is processed into LED chips. The electro‐optical characteristics of the devices are analyzed. Two separate emission bands are distinguished, which are attributed to the QWs on the semipolar tip facets and the nonpolar sidewalls, respectively. To obtain white LEDs, micrograin phosphors were developed which fit in between individual MRs. By using electrophoretic particle deposition, these phosphors are deposited onto the MR LED chips. Color coordinates, color temperature, and device efficiency are evaluated.

Blue (top) and phosphor‐converted white (bottom) microrod LEDs on 4″ wafer.
Dopant‐free complementary metal oxide silicon field effect transistors
Authors: Fischer Sergej , Kremer Hauke Ingolf , Berghoff Birger , Maß Tobias , Taubner Thomas , Knoch Joachim
Published: February 2016

Abstractauthoren We present a dopant‐free CMOS technology where n‐ and p‐type semiconductor contacts are realized exclusively based on ultrathin silicon nitrides and metals with appropriate work function. Ellipsometry and FTIR measurements are applied to characterize the thermally grown nitride layers. Unipolar behavior and ohmic contact behavior are accomplished showing that with an appropriate nitride thickness dangling bonds as well as metal‐induced gap states can be suppressed, thus yielding a depinning of the Fermi level. n‐type and –for the first time – p‐type MOSFETs using low‐ and high‐work‐function metals such as aluminum, nickel, or platinum are successfully presented. In contrast to (metal–silicon) Schottky‐barrier MOSFETs, the fabricated devices exhibit on/off ratios larger than .
Subcompartmentalized Nanoreactors as Artificial Organelle with Intracellular Activity
Authors: Thingholm Bo , Schattling Philipp , Zhang Yan , Städler Brigitte
Published: February 2016

Cell mimicry is an approach which aims at substituting missing or lost activity. In this context, the goal of artificial organelles is to provide intracellularly active nanoreactors to affect the cellular performance. So far, only a handful of reports discuss concepts addressing this challenge based on single‐component reactors. Here, the assembly of nanoreactors equipped with glucose oxidase (GOx)‐loaded liposomal subunits coated with a poly(dopamine) polymer layer and RGD targeting units is reported. When comparing different surface modifications, the uptake of the nanoreactors by endothelial cells and macrophages with applied shear stress is confirmed without inherent cytotoxicity. Furthermore, the encapsulation and preserved activity of GOx within the nanoreactors is shown. The intracellular activity is demonstrated by exposing macrophages with internalized nanoreactors to glucose and assessment of the cell viability after 6 and 24 h. The macrophage viability is found to be reduced due to the intracellularly produced hydrogen peroxide by GOx. This report on the first intracellular active subcompartmentalized nanoreactors is a considerable step in therapeutic cell mimicry.
Graphene as Transparent Electrodes: Fabrication and New Emerging Applications
Authors: Xu Yuanhong , Liu Jingquan
Published: February 2016

Graphene has been regarded as a promising candidate for a new generation of transparent electrodes (TEs) due to its prominent characteristics including high optical transmittance, exceptional electronic transport, outstanding mechanical strength, and environmental stability. Comprehensive and critical insights into the latest advances in graphene‐based TEs (GTEs) since, but not limited to 2013, are provided, with an emphasis on fabrication, modification, and versatile applications. Several emerging application areas not previously summarized, including electrochromic devices, supercapacitors, electrochemical and electrochemiluminescent sensors, are discussed in detail. The challenges and prospects in these fields are also addressed.
Fortschrittliche Verfahren zum Innenkorrosionsschutz und zur Begehung von Brücken mit modernen Hohlkasten‐Querschnitten
Authors: Wagner Peter
Published: February 2016

Im Stahl‐ und Verbundbrückenbau haben sich in den letzten Jahrzehnten Querschnittsausbildungen unter Verwendung von ein‐ oder mehrzelligen Stahlhohlkästen allgemein durchgesetzt, da diese Bauweise technisch‐wirtschaftliche Vorteile aufweist und dank ihrer glatten und geschlossenen Außenflächen sehr gute Prüfungs‐ und Unterhaltungsmöglichkeiten von außen bietet. Um auch die Innenflächen von begehbaren Hohlkästen ausreichend gegen Korrosion zu schützen und eine Prüfung und Unterhaltung der Innenräume zu ermöglichen, kam hierbei in der Regel ein dreilagiger Innenanstrich zur Ausführung und es wurden umfangreiche stationäre oder auch bewegliche Begehungseinrichtungen installiert.

Beide Maßnahmen führen zu einem relativ hohen Kostenaufwand sowohl bei der Herstellung als auch bei der laufenden Wartung und Unterhaltung des Brückenbauwerks. Der vorliegende Beitrag berichtet über die in jüngster Zeit verstärkten Bemühungen, einerseits neue Querschnittsformen zu entwickeln und andererseits fortschrittliche und auf diese Querschnitte abgestimmte Verfahren zum Innenkorrosionsschutz und zur Begehung von derartigen Brücken einzusetzen.

Advanced methods for the inside protection against corrosion and the accessibility of bridges with advanced box‐girder design. Steel‐ and composite bridges with single‐ or multi‐cell box girder designs have succeeded during the last decades because these bridge types show important technical and economical advantages. Furthermore they could offer excellent conditions for the inspection and maintenance of the outside of the structure due to their plain and closed steel surfaces. In order to secure proper protection against corrosion of the inside of the box girders as well and to enable a good accessibility for reasons of inspection and maintenance, there has usually been applied a painting system consisting of three coats and there have been installed permanent gangways and/or movable inspection gantries inside the box girders.

Both measures naturally imply relatively high costs both for the original implementation and the running inspection and maintenance of the inside of the box girders. As a consequence, nowadays has been made every effort to develop advanced cross section designs on the one hand and to implement progressive methods for the inside protection against corrosion on the other hand which could fit in perfectly to these new cross sections. This paper will describe the new developments in the field of inside protection against corrosion in connection with advanced bridge designs.
Bau der Weinberg‐Brücke in Rathenow für die Bundesgartenschau 2015 in Deutschland
Authors: Watzl Bernhard , Angerer Jürgen , Wall Christian E.
Published: February 2016

Über die Havel verläuft in Rathenow eine neue 350 m lange Brücke für Fußgänger und Radfahrer. Die S‐förmige Weinberg‐Brücke war das zentrale Highlight der Bundesgartenschau 2015 in der Havelregion. Die Gartenschau fand im Land Brandenburg in den Städten Brandenburg/Havel, Premnitz, Rathenow und Rhinow/Stölln sowie in Havelberg in Sachsen‐Anhalt statt.

Die Brücke besteht aus zwei Bogenbrücken, der eine führt über die Havel und der andere über das Gewässer Hellers Loch, mit jeweils nach außen geneigten Bögen sowie einem einseitig aufgehängten Deck, das sich zur Bogenmitte hin aufweitet und einen Verweilbereich mit Bänken schafft. Die einseitige Seilaufhängung ermöglicht ungehinderte Blicke über die Gewässer und Baumkronen in die Umgebung.

Durch die neue Brücke ist eine dauerhafte Verbindung zwischen der Kulisse Schwedendamm und dem Weinberg geschaffen worden. Sie ist der wichtigste Baustein für die touristische Entwicklung der Stadt Rathenow und des Optikparks.

Construction of the Weinberg‐Bridge in Rathenow for the Federal Garden Show 2015 in Germany. In Rathenow, a new 350 m long bicycling and footbridge spans the river Havel. The ogee Weinberg‐Bridge was the main highlight of the Federal Garden Show 2015 in the Havelland. The horticultural show was located in the cities of Brandenburg/Havel, Premnitz, Rathenow and Rhinow/Stölln of the region of Brandenburg as well as in the city of Havelberg in Saxony‐Anhalt.

Over the two waters (Havel and Hellers Loch), the construction consists of two arch bridges with slanted archs, an unilaterally jointed bridge deck, which enlarges until the middle of the arch and offers benches for a stay on the bridge. The unilateral connection of the ropes enables unimpeded views over the waters and the trees in the surrounding area of the bridge.

The permanent connection between the scenery of the Schwedendamm and the Weinberg is the most important part of the touristic development process of the city and the Optikpark.
Das Ottendorfer Viadukt – Entwurf und Ausführung einer außergewöhnlichen Stahlbogenbrücke
Authors: Teich Stephan , Otto Jens , Bösche Thomas
Published: February 2016

Aufgrund des schlechten Bauzustandes der alten Gewölbebrücke Ottendorfer Viadukt wurde zum Erhalt der Streckenverfügbarkeit der Bahnstrecke Riesa–Chemnitz die Erneuerung der Eisenbahnüberführung erforderlich. Entsprechend den gestalterischen und funktionalen Vorgaben wurde der Ersatzneubau als rahmenversteiftes Bogentragwerk mit einer Gesamtlänge von 90,95 m und einer Bogenstützweite von 74,95 m konzipiert. Den zentralen Bereich bildet ein Stabbogen mit einer an Flachstahlhängern aufgehängten Fahrbahn. Der Bogen durchdringt die Versteifungsträger und bildet mit ihm und den nach unten verlängerten Bogenstielen ein zusätzlich tragendes Rahmensystem. Aufgrund dieser komplexen Tragwirkung handelt es sich um ein außergewöhnliches Ingenieurbauwerk. Die ausgeführte Form des Bogentragwerkes wurde bei der Deutschen Bahn zum ersten Mal ausgeführt und präsentiert im Ottendorfer Tal eine äußerst ästhetische Landschaftsmarke. Der vorliegende Beitrag berichtet über die Konstruktion, die bauliche Umsetzung sowie ausgewählte statische Details des Brückenbauwerkes.

The Ottendorfer Viadukt – Design and execution of an exceptional steel arch bridge. Due to the bad condition of the old railway arch bridge Ottendorfer Viaduct at the route Riesa–Chemnitz and to obtain the route availability the renewal of the railway overpass was required. According to the shape and functional specifications the bridge was designed as an arch structure stiffened by a framed substructure with a total length of 90.95 m and an arch width of 74.95 m. The central structure is formed by a bridge beam suspended from flat steel hangers connected with the overrunning arch. The arch is going through the bridge beams and forms with his stalks an additional supporting framed substructure. Because of this complex structural behavior the bridge is an exceptional engineering object. The special structure was carried out at the Deutsche Bahn for the first time and presents the Ottendorfer Valley with a highly aesthetic landscape mark. This paper reports on the design, the execution and selected static details of the bridge building.
Thanks to reviewers
Authors: None
Published: February 2016

None
The Contributions of Kenelm Hutchinson Digby to Orthopaedics in Hong Kong Part 2
Authors: Louis Fu Kuo-tai
Published: February 2016

As the first professor of surgery in Hong Kong, Kenelm Hutchinson Digby had the tremendous task of building a new clinical department in the infant University of Hong Kong from scratch. Despite his heavy commitments in clinical, administrative, and teaching responsibilities, he pioneered novel orthopaedic treatment principles and techniques, in addition to that of general surgery.
Conditions for diamond and graphite formation from iron carbide at the P-T parameters of lithospheric mantle
Authors: Bataleva Yu.V. , Palyanov Yu.N. , Borzdov Yu.M. , Bayukov O.A. , Sobolev N.V.
Published: February 2016

To estimate conditions for the stability of iron carbide under oxidation conditions and to assess the possibility of formation of elemental carbon by interaction between iron carbide and oxides, experimental modeling of redox interaction in the systems Fe3C–Fe2O3 and Fe3C–Fe2O3–MgO–SiO2 was carried out on a “split-sphere” high-pressure multianvil apparatus at 6.3 GPa and 900–1600 °C for 18–20 h. During carbide–oxide interaction in the system Fe3C–Fe2O3, graphite crystallizes in assemblage with Fe3+-containing wüstite. Graphite forms from carbide carbon mainly by cohenite oxidation: Fe3C + 3Fe2O3 → 9FeO + C0 and FeO + Fe3C → (Fe2+,Fe3+)O + C0. At above-solidus temperatures (≥1400 °C), when metal–carbon melt is oxidized by wüstite, graphite and diamond crystallize by the redox mechanism and form the Fe3+-containing wüstite + graphite/diamond assemblage. Interaction in the system Fe3C–Fe2O3–MgO–SiO2 results in the formation of Fe3+-containing magnesiowüstite–olivine–graphite assemblage. At ≥1500 °C, two melts with contrasting fO2 values are generated: metal–carbon and silicate–oxide; their redox interaction leads to graphite crystallization and diamond growth. Under oxidation conditions, iron carbide is unstable in the presence of iron, silicon, and magnesium oxides, even at low temperatures. Iron carbide–oxide interaction at the mantle temperatures and pressures leads to the formation of elemental carbon; graphite is produced from carbide carbon mainly by redox reactions of cohenite (or metal–carbon melt) with Fe2O3 and FeO as well as by interaction between metal–carbon and silicate–oxide melts. The results obtained suggest that cohenite can be a potential source of carbon during graphite (diamond) formation in the lithospheric mantle and the interaction of iron carbide with iron, silicon, and magnesium oxides, during which carbon is extracted can be regarded as a process of the global carbon cycle.
24-Hour Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring in SWEDDs Patients With Parkinsonism
Authors: Kang Seok-Jae , Ahn Jin Young , Kim Joong-Seok , Cho Jin Whan , Kim Ji Young , Choi Yun Young , Kim Hee-Tae
Published: February 2016

Background: Patients diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease (PD) on clinics who subsequently turn out to have normal dopamine transporter images have been referred to as scans without evidence of dopaminergic deficits (SWEDDs) patients. Cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction has frequently been reported in PD. In this study, we determined the similarities and differences in cardiac autonomic dysfunction between SWEDDs and PD patients. This study investigated whether 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (24-hour ABPM) can help identify possible cases with SWEDDs. Methods: We enrolled 28 SWEDDs patients, 46 patients with PD, and 30 healthy controls. To evaluate cardiac autonomic function, 24-hour ABPM was performed on all subjects. Cardiac metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) scintigraphy was performed on the SWEDDs and PD subjects. Results: The percentage nocturnal decline in blood pressure differed significantly among SWEDDs patients, PD patients, and controls (p<0.05). In addition to the abnormal nocturnal BP, regulation (nondipping and reverse dipping) was significantly higher in SWEDDs and PD subjects than in the control subjects (p<0.05). There was no significant correlation between the % nocturnal blood pressure reduction and parameters of cardiac MIBG uptake ratio. However, orthostatic hypotension was significant correlated with the nocturnal blood pressure dip (%), nocturnal blood pressure patterns, and the cardiac MIBG uptake ratio (early and late) in combined SWEDDs and PD subjects. Conclusions: Pathologic nocturnal blood pressure regulation and nocturnal hypertension, known characteristics of PD, are also present in SWEDDs. Moreover, cardiac sympathetic denervation should not be attributed to cardiac autonomic dysfunction in SWEDDs patients. As with PD patients, the SWEDDs patients studied here tended to have cardiac autonomic dysfunction.
The Aeneid
Authors: Williams R. D.
Published: February 2016

We know that Virgil, like Milton, spent many preliminary years in planning an epic poem, turning over the possibilities, practising his skill and techniques on other genres before undertaking the most ambitious of all the literary types. He tells us himself at the beginning of the sixth eclogue that when he wished to sing of kings and battles, Apollo warned him to keep to pastoral poetry; and in the proem toGeo.iii he promises to make a temple of song whose shrine shall be Caesar’s, and on the doors will be pictures of the conquering Romans and of their glorious ancestors.

He did not in the end sing of Alban kings, nor yet (directly) of the battles of Caesar: he selected instead a subject which offered wide scope within his chosen area of interest.
Agriculture, American expertise, and the quest for global data: Leon Estabrook and the First World Agricultural Census of 1930
Authors: Ribi Forclaz Amalia
Published: February 2016

This article provides a history of the First World Agricultural Census of 1930, an ambitious international attempt to evaluate world agricultural resources through the compilation of global statistics on crops, livestock, and agricultural production. Based on primary archival material, it explores how the census emerged from the connections between American and international institutions at a time when food security and the need to address problems of trade and competition appeared as central economic concerns of interstate relations. The article focuses on the role played by the American agricultural expert Leon Estabrook (1869–1937) and a related network of scientists and economists in the preparation and implementation of the statistical survey. By examining how Estabrook’s vision of economic development and scientific planning was shaped by his national background and redefined by his transnational engagement, the article sheds light on the global dominance and limitations of American scientific knowledge and agricultural practices in the interwar years. It uncovers the political manoeuvrings and negotiations that were necessary to move forward with the project, and assesses the survey’s outcome against the backdrop of the global economic downturn of the 1930s.
Working together: new directions in global labour history
Authors: Lucassen Leo
Published: February 2016

The aim of this article is to show the added value of global history that puts labour and labour relations as independent variables in the centre and uses structured long-term data by collaborating closely with historians in various parts of the world. The first part focuses primarily on the global labour relations approach, within the broader debate on social inequality and migration. The second part illustrates the potential of labour as an independent variable by reflecting on recent innovative work pertaining to labour-intensive industrializations in East Asia and Europe. The third part employs the perspective of migration to show the interrelated nature of labour relations and labour. Using the insights from the global labour relations approach and by taking labour seriously, the article will help to address core questions in labour history in a more structural way: why has work been valued and compensated in very different ways over the past five centuries? And how have people individually or collectively influenced these conditions? To find answers, it is crucial to make use of standardized empirical data, structured global comparisons, and more intensive collaborations.
Former Ottomans in the ranks: pro-Entente military recruitment among Syrians in the Americas, 1916–18
Authors: Fahrenthold Stacy D.
Published: February 2016

For half a million ‘Syrian’ Ottoman subjects living outside the empire, the First World War initiated a massive political rift with Istanbul. Beginning in 1916, Syrian and Lebanese emigrants from both North and South America sought to enlist, recruit, and conscript immigrant men into the militaries of the Entente. Employing press items, correspondence, and memoirs written by émigré recruiters during the war, this article reconstructs the transnational networks that facilitated the voluntary enlistment of an estimated 10,000 Syrian emigrants into the armies of the Entente, particularly the United States Army after 1917. As Ottoman nationals, many Syrian recruits used this as a practical means of obtaining American citizenship and shedding their legal ties to Istanbul. Émigré recruiters folded their military service into broader goals for ‘Syrian’ and ‘Lebanese’ national liberation under the auspices of American political support.
Becoming a more mindful practitioner: the effectiveness of a Mindfulness-based CBT course in meeting training needs for clinical staff in adult mental health Urgent Care services
Authors: Moorhead Cate , Winfield Jill , Freeston Mark H.
Published: February 2016

This paper describes a service development which arose from an adult mental health inpatient ward team who wanted to be able to work more effectively to help patients who had major difficulties with emotion regulation. It was proposed that enhancing mindfulness through a Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) programme within the core staff team would enhance therapeutic milieu and therefore general outcomes associated with engagement and recovery. The training delivered was an adapted 8-week MBCT programme. A double baseline design was used with measures taken at 1 month before training and immediately before the programme started. Standardized and non-standardized measures were administered at pre-, mid-, post-, and 1-month follow-up points. Workshops and interviews supported the investigation of staff experience and impact of MBCT training. Participants in the training were nursing and occupational therapy staff. The trainer was the first author (C.M.), who is a cognitive behavioural therapist and mindfulness teacher at Newcastle Cognitive and Behavioural Therapies Centre, specializing in emotion regulation and stabilization. Results showed that staff reported a significant increase in mindfulness which had a positive impact upon their wellbeing and perceived ability to respond skilfully to challenging situations at work and at home. Gains were mostly in the first half of training but were maintained to the end and to follow-up. This adapted mindfulness training course appeared to be effective in meeting the need for a group of clinical staff to develop mindfulness. The potential impact upon patient engagement has been identified but further research into this area is indicated.
Systematic selection of small molecules to promote differentiation of embryonic stem cells and experimental validation for generating cardiomyocytes
Authors: KalantarMotamedi Y , Peymani M , Baharvand H , Nasr-Esfahani M H , Bender A
Published: February 2016

Small molecules are being increasingly used for inducing the targeted differentiation of stem cells to different cell types. However, until now no systematic method for selecting suitable small molecules for this purpose has been presented. In this work, we propose an integrated and general bioinformatics- and cheminformatics-based approach for selecting small molecules which direct cellular differentiation in the desired way. The approach was successfully experimentally validated for differentiating stem cells into cardiomyocytes. All predicted compounds enhanced expression of cardiac progenitor (Gata4, Nkx2-5 and Mef2c) and mature cardiac markers (Actc1, myh6) significantly during and post-cardiac progenitor formation. The best-performing compound, Famotidine, increased the percentage of Myh6-positive cells from 33 to 56%, and enhanced the expression of Nkx2.5 and Tnnt2 cardiac progenitor and cardiac markers in protein level. The approach employed in the study is applicable to all other stem cell differentiation settings where gene expression data are available.
Annexin A6 regulates interleukin‐2‐mediated T‐cell proliferation
Authors: Cornely Rhea , Pollock Abigail H , Rentero Carles , Norris Sarah E , Alvarez‐Guaita Anna , Grewal Thomas , Mitchell Todd , Enrich Carlos , Moss Stephen E , Parton Robert G , Rossy Jérémie , Gaus Katharina
Published: February 2016

Annexin A6 (AnxA6) has been implicated in cell signalling by contributing to the organisation of the plasma membrane. Here we examined whether AnxA6 regulates signalling and proliferation in T cells. We used a contact hypersensitivity model to immune challenge wild‐type (WT) and AnxA6−/− mice and found that the in vivo proliferation of CD4+ T cells, but not CD8+ T cells, was impaired in AnxA6−/− relative to WT mice. However, T‐cell migration and signalling through the T‐cell receptor ex vivo was similar between T cells isolated from AnxA6−/− and WT mice. In contrast, interleukin‐2 (IL‐2) signalling was reduced in AnxA6−/− compared with WT T cells. Further, AnxA6‐deficient T cells had reduced membrane order and cholesterol levels. Taken together, our data suggest that AnxA6 regulates IL‐2 homeostasis and sensitivity in T cells by sustaining a lipid raft‐like membrane environment.
Rapid radiation in bacteria leads to a division of labour
Authors: Kim Wook , Levy Stuart B. , Foster Kevin R.
Published: February 2016

The division of labour is a central feature of the most sophisticated biological systems, including genomes, multicellular organisms and societies, which took millions of years to evolve. Here we show that a well-organized and robust division of labour can evolve in a matter of days. Mutants emerge within bacterial colonies and work with the parent strain to gain new territory. The two strains self-organize in space: one provides a wetting polymer at the colony edge, whereas the other sits behind and pushes them both along. The emergence of the interaction is repeatable, bidirectional and only requires a single mutation to alter production of the intracellular messenger, cyclic-di-GMP. Our work demonstrates the power of the division of labour to rapidly solve biological problems without the need for long-term evolution or derived sociality. We predict that the division of labour will evolve frequently in microbial populations, where rapid genetic diversification is common.
Agriculture causes nitrate fertilization of remote alpine lakes
Authors: Hundey E. J. , Russell S. D. , Longstaffe F. J. , Moser K. A.
Published: February 2016

Humans have altered Earth’s nitrogen cycle so dramatically that reactive nitrogen (Nr) has doubled. This has increased Nr in aquatic ecosystems, which can lead to reduced water quality and ecosystem health. Apportioning sources of Nr to specific ecosystems, however, continues to be challenging, despite this knowledge being critical for mitigation and protection of water resources. Here we useΔ17O,δ18O andδ15N from Uinta Mountain (Utah, USA) snow, inflow and lake nitrate in combination with a Bayesian-based stable isotope mixing model, to show that at least 70% of nitrates in aquatic systems are anthropogenic and arrive via the atmosphere. Moreover, agricultural activities, specifically nitrate- and ammonium-based fertilizer use, are contributing most (∼60%) Nr, and data from other North American alpine lakes suggest this is a widespread phenomenon. Our findings offer a pathway towards more effective mitigation, but point to challenges in balancing food production with protection of important water resources.