bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Delayed Hypersensitivity to Ribosomal Protein from BCG
Authors: Ortiz-Ortiz L. , Solarolo E. B. , Bojalil L. F.
Published: December 2022

The tuberculin activity of ribosomal material isolated from BCG was studied. Ribosomal material was able to induce delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions in BCG-sensitized guinea pigs, in addition to early inflammatory reactions in both BCG-sensitized and non-sensitized animals. Ribosomal RNA and protein were isolated from the above material and their tuberculin activity was studied. Whereas purified RNA was unable to elicit any inflammatory reaction, ribosomal protein did induce a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction in BCG-sensitized guinea pigs. No early inflammatory reactions were observed with the latter material. In addition, ribosomal protein sensitized guinea pigs not only against the specific ribosomal protein but also against PPD. Its activity was destroyed by pronase treatment but resisted heat treatment.
The Use of Human F(ab′)2 Fragments as Blocking Agents in the Mixed Lymphocyte Reaction
Authors: Hornung M. O. , Layne E. , McDonald J. C.
Published: December 2022

F(ab′)2 fragments free of contaminating IgG were prepared from purified IgG obtained from two human anti-HL-A sera. One serum was polyspecific, reacting with 80% of a panel of allogeneic cells in cytotoxicity tests; the other was monospecific anti-HL-A1. The F(ab′)2 fragments were non-cytotoxic but did bind to appropriate HL-A type cells as judged by immunofluorescence studies. Test cells, selected from among those that reacted positively in cytotoxic studies with each serum, were incubated with whole serum or F(ab′)2 fragments (15 mg/ml), then washed, irradiated and tested for their ability to stimulate target cells. The latter were selected as non-reactive in the cytotoxicity test but lacking antigens present on the test cells. All cells were O Rh+ and gave a normal response to PHA. In the mixed lymphocyte reaction, test cells treated with cytotoxic serum or F(ab′)2 fragments did not stimulate the target cells, whereas untreated test cells gave significant stimulation. The effect was complete when polyspecific anti-HL-A serum was used but only partial when monospecific anti-HL-A 1 serum was used in a system in which the test cells carried, in addition to HL-A 1, three other foreign HL-A antigens (3, 5, 8). It was suggested that the mechanism of action is alteration of the test cells' membrane potential by aggregated IgG or F(ab′)2, causing them to repel negatively charged lymphocytes and thus fail to establish the contact required for lymphocyte activation. The F(ab′)2 fragments of human cytotoxic anti-HL-A sera appeared to have the necessary qualitative properties required for an immunologically specific immunosuppressive agent in human transplantation.
Antibody-Mediated Suppression of the Immune Response: Effect on the Development of Immunologic Memory
Authors: Safford John W. , Tokuda Sei
Published: December 2022

The nature of the immune response to a second injection of sheep red blood cells (SRBC) following a primary immune response suppressed by passive antibody was investigated in C57BL/Ks mice. Mice received a primary injection of SRBC and homologous anti-SRBC serum; 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks later groups of mice were challenged with SRBC. The immune response was evaluated by determining the number of cells synthesizing 19S or 7S anti-SRBC in the spleens. A quantitatively low response which qualitatively resembled a secondary immune response was observed when mice were challenged with SRBC 2 weeks after the primary immune response had been suppressed by passive antibody. This response could not be duplicated in normal mice by priming with lower doses of antigen, suggesting that simple antigen clearance is not the sole mechanism in antibody-mediated suppression of the primary immune response. Increasing the interval up to 8 weeks between the suppressed primary response and the second challenge of antigen resulted in responses which approached those observed in the secondary response of normal mice. The possibility that antibody might prevent full expression of the secondary immune response was studied by testing the response in the antibody-free environment of a cell culture system. The immunologic responsiveness of spleen cells from normal mice, from mice injected with anti-SRBC, from mice primed with SRBC only, and from mice given anti-SRBC and SRBC was examined in cell culture. Spleen cells obtained from normal mice and from passively immunized mice responded with equal in vitro primary responses to SRBC, showing that the suppressive effects of antibody can be washed from the cells. Spleen cells obtained from passive antibody-suppressed mice produced a secondary response in vitro equal to that seen in cell cultures prepared from primed spleen cells. These results show that although passive antibody suppressed the synthesis of antibody during the primary response, priming for a secondary immune response was not inhibited.
Amino Acid Sequences of Free and Blocked N-Termini of Leopard Shark Immunoglobulins
Authors: Klaus G. G. B. , Nitecki D. E. , Goodman J. W.
Published: December 2022

Peptides with N-terminal pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid (PCA) were isolated from the heavy and light chains of leopard shark immunoglobulins. The complete amino acid sequences of three such peptides from the H chains of both 19S and 7S proteins, and the partial sequence of a peptide from the L chains, were determined. The sequences bore little homology to the variable (V) region sequence of human H chains. Leopard shark H and L chains were also subjected to 10 cycles of automatic Edman degradation. The sequences of the H chains of the 19S and 7S proteins were identical, as were those of the L chains. The yields obtained indicate that at least 40% of the H chains and 25% of the L chains had free N-terminal residues. The H chain sequences showed substantial homology with human H chains, but the degree of homology with human VH, VK, Vλ and shark VL was approximately the same. The L chain sequence exhibited equal homology with human VK and Vλ, but was less closely related to human VH. These results show that the leopard shark, like mammals, has both blocked and free N-terminal sequences in its immunoglobulin H and L chains. This indicates that genetic divergence of V-region subclasses was an early evolutionary event.
A Factor in Maternal Plasma during Pregnancy That Suppresses the Reactivity of Mixed Leukocyte Cultures
Authors: Kasakura Shinpei
Published: December 2022

Blood samples were obtained from 50 primiparous mothers immediately after delivery and from 18 primigravidas after the 12th to 38th weeks of gestation. Maternal specimens were also obtained during the early puerperium. Cord blood from full-term newborns was collected at the end of the second stage of labor. The effects of pregnancy and fetal plasmas on the reactivity of mixed leukocyte cultures from both mother-newborn pairs and unrelated pairs were studied. Control plasmas were taken from adult females who had no previous history of pregnancy or blood transfusion and from non-pregnant primiparas. a) MLC from both maternal-newborn pairs and unrelated adult pairs had consistently diminished reactions in test pregnancy plasma when compared with control plasma. b) Pregnancy plasmas of longer gestation times were more inhibitory. c) This inhibitory activity reached a maximum at the time of delivery and disappeared a few days later. d) Control maternal plasmas from non-pregnant primiparas were not inhibitory. e) Fetal plasma also suppressed the reactivity of MLC from mother-newborn pairs. Unlike maternal plasma, fetal plasma did not significantly affect the reactivity of MLC from unrelated adult pairs.
Immunobiology of Human Lymphoid Cell Lines
Authors: Stites Daniel P. , Levin Alan S. , Austin Kay E. , Fudenberg H. Hugh
Published: December 2022

Twenty-two lymphoid cell lines with capacity for long term proliferation in tissue culture were derived from patients with hypogammaglobulinemia, myeloma and Waldenström's macroglobulinemia. Immunoglobulin biosynthesis was demonstrated by radioimmunoelectrophoresis and direct immunofluorescence in each of 22 lines examined. On the basis of qualitative and semi-quantitative analysis of the immunoglobulins produced it cannot be concluded that the cells in culture retain the biochemical abnormalities of the particular disease state of the cell donor.
Antibody Production in Normal Children Receiving Penicillin at Birth
Authors: Fellner Michael J. , Klaus Maria V. , Baer Rudolf L. , Rausen Aaron R. , Ross Christine A.
Published: December 2022

Serial determinations of serum penicillin antibody and immunoglobulin G, A, and M concentrations were performed from birth in 159 normal infants, 69 of whom received parenteral penicillin at birth as prophylaxis for gonococcal ophthalmia, and 90 of whom were treated by a non-penicillin method of prophylaxis. Low levels of penicilloyl-specific IgM antibodies were present in 15/159 (9%) cord sera. This was shown to represent active fetal synthesis following prenatal exposure. Penicilloylspecific IgM antibodies were detected at 1 year of age in 1/22 (5%) infants who never received penicillin therapy, in 12/36 (33%) infants who received penicillin therapy only at birth, and in 15/27 (56%) infants who received penicillin therapy both at birth and subsequently. Penicilloyl-specific IgM antibodies were detected at 5 years of age in 11/17 (65%) children who received penicillin therapy only after the neonatal period, and in 8/10 (80%) children who received penicillin both at birth and subsequently. Penicilloyl-specific IgM antibodies were detected in 486/600 (81%) adults who received penicillin only after the neonatal period. There was a statistically significant greater incidence of penicilloyl-specific IgM antibodies at 1 year of age in the group treated only at birth vs the group who received no penicillin therapy. There was also a statistically significant greater incidence of penicilloylspecific IgM antibodies in the adults who received penicillin therapy after the neonatal period as compared to the 1-year-old children who received penicillin therapy only at birth or at birth and subsequently. These differences were no longer present by 5 years of age. None of the 10 children studied at 5 years of age who had received penicillin at birth had penicilloyl-specific IgG antibodies, delayed skin test reactivity or skin-sensitizing antibodies. No adverse reactions were noted in any of the children studied. It appears that although penicillin therapy at birth is associated with an earlier onset of demonstrable penicilloyl-specific IgM antibodies, this difference is no longer present by 5 years of age, at which time the incidence resembles that observed in adults.
7S IgM and IgA Influenza Fluorescent Antibodies in Serum
Authors: Brown Gordon C. , O'Leary Theresa P.
Published: December 2022

IgM antibodies following the injection of formalinized influenza virus vaccine in adjuvant have been demonstrated in the serum of mice (1) and in rabbits following intravenous administration of live virus (2) but others have reported that no significant antibody in either the IgM or IgA classes appeared in the serum of human volunteers infected by nasal spraying with live influenza virus (3). Although neutralizing antibodies developed to high titers the latter authors stated that all serum antibody was of the IgG type. Since both IgM and IgA antibodies were readily detected in human sera following naturally acquired rubella (4, 5) and mumps (6) by the indirect fluorescent antibody (FA) technique the same procedure was employed to ascertain whether these antibodies were present in persons convalescent from naturally acquired influenza infections. Although brilliant stain was obtained with such sera the reaction was not eliminated by treatment with 2-mercaptoethanol as with the other viral antibodies and therefore contamination of the conjugate by antibodies against IgG was suspected.
Inhibition of Lymphocyte Stimulation by Cyclic and Non-Cyclic Nucleotides
Authors: Estes Gene , Solomon Solomon S. , Norton Walter L.
Published: December 2022

Although little is known of the role of cyclic nucleotides in lymphocyte metabolism, Smith, Steiner and Parker have recently shown that exogenous cyclic and non-cyclic nucleotides inhibit the response of human lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin (PHA). Furthermore, pharmacologic agents which raise the endogenous level of cyclic AMP (adenosine 3′,5′ monophosphoric acid) had the same effect (1). Studies in our laboratory confirm these observations with respect to PHA stimulation and extend them to the mixed lymphocyte reaction.

Materials and Methods. Cell preparation. Sterile technique was employed. Normal human peripheral blood was drawn into a heparinized syringe and centrifuged at 4°C for 10 min at 120 × G. The supernatant plasma and the upper ⅕ of the red cells were drawn into a syringe and allowed to sediment for 30 min. The white cell-rich plasma was removed and centrifuged for 10 min at 200 × G.
The Preparation of Human Kininogen
Authors: Spragg Jocelyn , Austen K. Frank
Published: December 2022

Highly purified human plasma kininogen was detected functionally and antigenically in order to establish its electrophoretic mobility, isoelectric point and molecular weight. The effect of specific and nonspecific treatment upon these parameters was assessed and it is suggested that the several human kininogens may in fact represent alterations of a single plasma protein.
Role of Basophilic Leukocytes in Cellular Immunity to Vaccinia Virus Infection
Authors: Dvorak Harold F. , Hirsch Martin S.
Published: December 2022

Adult guinea pigs infected with an intradermal inoculum of vaccinia virus developed a long-lasting state of hypersensitivity associated with blast transformation in the draining lymph nodes, and characterized by delayed-onset, erythematous, non-indurated skin reactions rich in basophilic leukocytes. These reactions are similar to those of cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity to protein antigens, a contact allergen, and skin allografts in the guinea pig. By contrast, animals sensitized with the same dose of virus in complete Freund's adjuvant developed true delayed hypersensitivity with indurated skin reactions containing numerous mononuclear cells and only rare basophils. Thus, two morphologically distinct forms of cellular immunity may result following immunization with vaccinia virus. This heterogeneity will have to be considered in studies attempting to evaluate the role of cellular immunity in recovery from virus infection.
Serum and Secretory IgA in Axenic and Holoxenic Mice
Authors: Benveniste Jacques , Lespinats Genevieve , Salomon Jean-Claude
Published: December 2022

The study of the IgA content of serum, spleen, cecum and salivary glands of axenic and gnotoxenic mice leads us to these conclusions: only the intestinal IgA system works in axenic mice to secrete an immunoglobulin which is immunologically comparable to the 11S IgA described in man; this system is independent of the serum IgA system which does not function until several weeks after the establishment of a normal intestinal flora. Perhaps only after flora has triggered intense proliferation and kinetic activation of the intestinal lympho-epithelial system can the gut epithelium perform its “instructive function” and influence the maturation of the serum and the other exocrine IgA systems.
The Use of Polyacrylamide Gel as an Immunoadsorbent for Anti-2, 4-Dinitrophenyl Antibodies
Authors: Jaquet H. , Havas H. Francis
Published: December 2022

A simple, effective method for preparing an immunoadsorbent specific for anti-DNP antibody is described. The immunoadsorbent was made with a highly cross-linked polyacrylamide gel containing dinitrophenylated bovine serum albumin (DNP30BSA) as the antigen. The immunoadsorbent permitted the adsorption and subsequent elution of a mouse myeloma IgA (MOPC-315) with anti-DNP activity. The Fc and F(ab) fragments from MOPC-315 could also be separated effectively on this column. In addition, a non-precipitating mouse IgG anti-DNP-hemocyanin antibody was also isolated using the same immunoadsorbent.
Evolution of Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions in Man
Authors: Brandriss Michael W.
Published: December 2022

Hill demonstrated that in guinea pigs intradermal injection of mild irritants resulted at 18 to 24 hr in a local infiltrate of predominantly mononuclear cells which resembled that seen in delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions induced by specific antigens (1). Measurable induration, however, was not present. When sites prepared in this manner were then injected with specific antigen, the appearance of edema and induration were markedly accelerated, reaching a peak in a few hours rather than the 24 hr required at control, nonprepared sites. Since the histological character of the reaction did not change appreciably after antigen injection, the only apparent result of specific challenge was the rapid appearance of induration. Those observations prompted a similar investigation into properties of naturally occurring DTH in humans.

Methods. Eleven experiments were performed in 9 volunteers. Two of the volunteers were used twice with an interval of 4 months between tests.
Cyclophosphamide-Induced Tolerance to Equine γ Globulin and to Equine-Anti-Mouse-Thymocyte Globulin in Adult Mice
Authors: Stockman Gail D. , Trentin John J.
Published: December 2022

Adult mice were made tolerant to equine γ globulin (EqGG) and to equine-anti-mouse-thymocyte globulin (ATG) by injection of EqGG (deaggregated, heat-aggregated, or in Freund's adjuvant) or ATG followed by cyclophosphamide (CY). Injection of deaggregated EqGG alone resulted in only “marginal” tolerance, whereas the other injections alone were immunogenic. The resulting tolerance could be shown to be of long duration without further antigen or drug injections. Relationships between the dose of CY required for tolerance induction and the timing of the drug in relation to antigen administration were established.
Synthesis, Assembly, and Secretion of γ Globulin by Mouse Myeloma Cells
Authors: Bargellesi A. , Periman P. , Scharff M. D.
Published: December 2022

The synthesis and assembly of mouse IgA has been examined in the Adj-PC 6A cell line and in the MOPC 209B and MOPC 315 tumors. The pathway of assembly of the IgA monomer in these tumors appears to be H + H → H2; H2 + L + L → H2L2; H2L2 + H2L2 → (H2L2)n. Final assembly of the monomers of 6A and 315 into IgA polymers occurs close to the time of secretion.
The Differential Localization of Antibody Synthesis and of Immunologic Memory in Lymph Nodes Draining and Not Draining the Site of Primary Immunization with Hemocyanin
Authors: Stavitsky A. B. , Folds J. D.
Published: December 2022

Rabbits were injected with alum-precipitated keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) into one hind foot pad. In one type of experiment the draining and contralateral popliteal lymph nodes were compared at various times with respect to total number of nucleated cells and to the synthesis of antibody, DNA and RNA. Otherwise both nodes were challenged with KLH in vivo or in vitro at various times after priming and their cells similarly compared.

The primary synthetic response, including the synthesis of IgM and IgG antibody, DNA and RNA, was strictly localized in the draining node for at least 43 days. However, immunologic memory for the synthesis of IgG antibody, DNA and RNA was only partially localized in the draining node and with time gradually was equilibrated between this node and the contralateral one. It was postulated that localization of immunocompetent cells was the result of a specific reaction between KLH persisting in the node and specific receptors on these cells and/or by a nonspecific retention of the cells in an inflammatory focus.

Several other features of the immune response were noted, including the peaking of the primary response within the first 8 days, the persistent synthesis of antibody, DNA and RNA for at least 43 days after a single immunization and the first appearance of measurable memory on the 8th day. The injection of antigen often stimulated DNA and RNA synthesis to a greater extent than antibody synthesis. It was suggested that few of the cells which were induced to synthesize nucleic acids also synthesize antibody but that most of them produce a variety of other proteins of which some are not immunoglobulins.

Implications of the data with regard to the pathogenesis of local immunity or local tissue damage were discussed. A role for persisting antigen in the regulation of the immune response through differential localization of one or more of the types of participating immunocompetent cells was proposed.
Quantitative Estimation of Antibody in the Immunoglobulin Classes of the Mouse
Authors: Torrigiani Giorgio
Published: December 2022

Thymectomized mice produced a significantly lower level of antibody against human serum albumin (HSA) and the decrease in total antibody activity was due to a decrease in the IgG1 while the other immunoglobulin classes were largely unaffected. The same animals did produce a normal response in all immunoglobulin classes to a high dose of keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH). However, a low dose (1 µg) of the same antigen produced a poor response in thymectomized mice, and, as was found with HSA, IgG1 was the main immunoglobulin class affected. It is concluded a) that KLH is a “non-thymic-dependent” antigen only at a relatively high dose and b) that of all the immunoglobulin classes only IgG1 is thymic-dependent.
Correlations between the Concentrations of the Four Sub-Classes of IgG and Gm Allotypes in Normal Human Sera
Authors: Morell Andreas , Skvaril Frantisek , Steinberg Arthur G. , van Loghem Erna , Terry William D.
Published: December 2022

The concentrations of the four subclasses of IgG were determined in the sera of 108 young male adults. The relative concentrations are 60.9% for IgG1, 29.6% for IgG2, 5.3% for IgG3 and 4.2% for IgG4. Mean concentrations of IgG2 and IgG4 are higher in sera positive for Gm(23) than in sera lacking this genetic marker. High mean IgG3 concentrations are associated with sera homozygous and heterozygous for Gm(3,5,13,14).
Genetic Control of Immune Response to ϑ-AKR Alloantigen
Authors: Fuji H. , Zaleski M. , Milgrom F.
Published: December 2022

Primary immune responses of ϑ-C3H mouse strains, inbred Swiss Webster (RR) and C57BL/6 to thymic alloantigen ϑ-AKR, as measured by plaque assay detecting IgM-antibody-producing cells, were shown to be under genetic control. F1 hybrids of the high responder, RR, and the low responder, C57BL/6, were intermediate responders. The experiments with backcrosses, F1 × RR and F1 × C57BL/6, suggested that a pair of allelic genes both of which are expressed and which are closely associated with H-2 locus are responsible for the control.

The low responder state of C57BL/6 mice could be overcome to a great extent by higher dose of the antigen. Both RR and C57BL/6 mice developed responses of similar magnitude to heterologous erythrocytes.

The results of these experiments indicated that the genetic control of anti-ϑ response may be exerted at the level of the initiation of the specific immune response.
Delayed Hypersensitivity to SK-SD: In Vitro Lymphocyte Study with an Active Component
Authors: Tomar Russell H. , Taylor Fletcher B. , Green George R.
Published: December 2022

The material in streptokinase-streptodornase which elicits delayed hypersensitivity reactions in man is probably a β globulin with a molecular weight of approximately 21,500. It is devoid of streptokinase, streptodornase, and streptolysin S activities. Its ability to stimulate lymphocytes in vitro shows good correlation with skin reactions in the same subjects.
Radioimmunochemical Studies on Nucleoside-Specific Antibodies Using Iodinated DNA
Authors: Rosenberg Burton J. , Erlanger Bernard F. , Beiser Sam M.
Published: December 2022

Nucleoside-specific antisera that cross-react with denatured DNA can be obtained by immunization with nucleoside-protein conjugates prepared by a procedure developed in this laboratory (1). Such antisera, and other nucleic acid-reactive antisera, have already been used to investigate some aspects of the structure and function of nucleic acids (cf. 2, 3). Other potential applications of antisera specific for major or minor bases and for di- and tri-nucleotides include immunochemical detection and quantification of bases, possible immunochemical sequence analyses, and immunochemical fractionation of nucleic acids.

Immunochemical studies of nucleic acids have been hampered by the limited application of the relatively simple and sensitive radioimmunochemical techniques. In most studies in which these techniques have been employed, the nucleic acids used were labeled in vivo by laborious and frequently difficult procedures (4, 5). Moreover, such methods do not consistently yield nucleic acids with high specific activity.
Complement-Dependent Opsonization of Incompatible Erythrocytes by Human Secretory IgA
Authors: Kaplan Manuel E. , Dalmasso Agustin P. , Woodson Mildred
Published: December 2022

It is generally accepted that secretory IgA (S-IgA) antibodies present in colostrum, saliva, urine and intestinal and bronchial fluids serve to protect mucosal surfaces from colonization and penetration by undesirable microorganisms (1, 2). The mechanism(s) whereby S-IgA antibodies exert their protective function is poorly understood. Thus, there have been a number of reports that these antibodies are incapable of interacting with the complement system (3, 4) and, consequently, fail to lyse or to opsonize antigenic cells and microorganisms with which they combine (5–7). The present studies were undertaken to explore the immunologic properties of colostral IgA antibodies, having anti-B specificity, from a type O mother of an erythroblastotic, type B infant. These antibodies were found to be opsonically active in the presence of complement.2 The findings suggest that the protective effects of S-IgA antibodies may, in part, be mediated by classic immunologic phenomena, i.e., complement fixation and opsonization.
Binding in Vivo of Enhancing Antibodies to Skin Allografts and Specific Allogeneic Tissues
Authors: Jones Joe M. , Peter Hans-Hartmut , Feldman Joseph D.
Published: December 2022

Binding of antibodies with enhancing quality to target skin grafts and to allogeneic tissue was studied in vivo. The alloantibodies were 125I-labeled enriched IgG fraction (125I-EIgG) of Lewis (Le) antisera and were paired with 131I-labeled IgG (131I-ClgG) of control Le sera. 125I-EIgG was specifically bound to target skin grafts within 2 days after grafting and was blocked from localizing in skin grafts by unlabeled enhancing antisera given at the time of grafting (“afferent” blockade). Alloantigenic sites were blocked for several days, after which time skin grafts bound 125I-EigG for up to 40 days. Blocking in vitro of alloantigenic sites was demonstrated and quantitated. Enhancing antibodies generated by long-term enhanced skin grafts on Le hosts (auto-enhancement) were not detected in the circulation. 125I-EIgG disappeared from the circulation of allogeneic rats and was specifically localized in spleen, lung and liver, but not in kidney. 125I-EIgG persisted in the circulation of syngeneic hosts and was not specifically localized in their organs.
False Positive Tests for Hepatitis-Associated Antigen in Blood Donors Caused by Antibodies to Ruminant Serum Proteins
Authors: Alter Harvey J. , Polesky Herbert F. , Holland Paul V.
Published: December 2022

A reaction of non-identity observed during routine screening for hepatitis associated antigen (HAA) by agar gel diffusion led to the demonstration that bovine thrombin added to hepatitis screening reagents could react with antibodies present in normal donor sera. Similar false positive reactions for HAA occurred when anti-HAA produced in ruminants was employed. These human anti-ruminant antibodies occurred in 0.19% of 15,632 blood donors from two geographic areas. The human antibodies were IgG γ globulins and reacted primarily with ruminant serum IgG and IgM. They also reacted with IgG and IgM present in milk plus additional unidentified milk proteins. The anti-ruminant antibodies were present in 39% of IgA deficient patients; among “normal” donors found to have such antibody, 11.5% had depressed levels of IgA. The majority of donors with anti-ruminant antibodies, however, had normal serum IgA concentration. Secretory IgA was present in those tested.

The presence of anti-ruminant antibodies in donor sera will produce false positive reactions for HAA and/or anti-HAA in agar gel diffusion (AGD) if “thrombinized” or ruminant-derived reagents are used and will cause false positive reactions for anti-HAA in counterelectrophoresis. Such antibodies do not interfere with complement fixation or hemagglutination tests for hepatitis antigen or antibody.
Immunity to Cholera: The Occurrence and Nature of Antibody-Active Immunoglobulins in the Lower Ileum of the Rabbit
Authors: Kaur Jasbir , McGhee Jerry R. , Burrows William
Published: December 2022

Earlier studies suggested that immunity to direct challenge with cell-free cholera toxin in the rabbit ileal loop model may be associated with tissue-contained antibody as reflected in serum antitoxin titers, and showed that extracts of epithelium from the lower ileum of immunized rabbits contained relatively large amounts of such antibody. In this study the intestinal epithelium from rabbits immunized by the intraperitoneal or intra-intestinal routes was separated into crypt and villus cell fractions by a modification of the method of Harrison and Webster. The toxin-neutralizing antibody of ultrasonic lysates of such cells was primarily in the crypt cells, while villus cells contained only small amounts of antibody activity later in the immune response. The titration of the antibody activity of immunoglobulins separated on DEAE cellulose and Sepharose 6B from tissue extracts showed that IgG had both vibriocidal and antitoxic activity, and 11S IgA only antitoxic activity. The intracellular antibody appeared to be predominantly, or exclusively, IgA.
A Study of the Cell-Mediated and Antibody Responses to Synthetic Ribonucleic Acids in Guinea Pigs
Authors: van Boxel John A. , Steinberg Alfred D. , Green Ira
Published: December 2022

The cellular and humoral immune responses to two synthetic double stranded polyribonucleotides (RNA) were investigated in strain 2, strain 13, and Hartley guinea pigs. When animals were immunized with RNA without protein carrier or adjuvant a barely detectable antibody response was obtained. Somewhat more antibody was produced when the RNA was emulsified with adjuvant. Maximal antibody responses could only be obtained by immunization with RNA complexed with methylated bovine serum albumin given in adjuvant. RNA was capable of eliciting acute systemic anaphylaxis in animals immunized with RNA. RNA failed to elicit either delayed cutaneous sensitivity or in vitro lymphocyte transformation and anamnestic responses were not obtained after boosting with RNA alone. Partial tolerance to RNA could be induced by injecting RNA and cyclophosphamide. This data is interpreted to mean that RNA has little if any carrier function and that the small amount of antibody produced after immunization with RNA alone may be due to direct stimulation of bone marrow-derived lymphocytes.
The Immunogenicity of Adenovirus Type 5 Structural Proteins
Authors: Haase A. T. , Mautner V. , Pereira H. G.
Published: December 2022

The immunogenicity of two adenovirus structural proteins, hexon and fiber of adenovirus type 5, has been investigated. The lowest dose of antigen capable of inducing a primary immune response in guinea pigs was found to be 1 ng and 100 ng, respectively, for the two antigens. The immunogenicity of adenovirus antigens is discussed with respect to antigens from other microorganisms and vaccination with virus subunits.
The Secondary Immune Response: The Specificity of Lymph Node Cells and Antibody
Authors: Levin Howard A. , Herman Judith , Levine Herbert , Schlossman Stuart F.
Published: December 2022

Guinea pigs were sensitized to either α, DNP-Lys7–10 or ε, DNP-Lys7–10 and boosted at 20 weeks with one or the other of these two compounds. This yielded four groups of boosted animals, two of which received homologous antigen and two the heterologous. The specificity of lymph-node lymphocytes and anti-DNP antibody produced was measured early (3 weeks) in the immune response and 2 weeks after booster injection. Antibody raised early in the immune response and after a homologous boost had greater affinity for the immunizing than for heterologous antigen. However, after heterologous boost, the antibody specificity changed so that it now had greater affinity for the boosting antigen than for the immunizing antigen. Although antibody specificity changed after heterologous boost, the specificity of the lymphnode lymphocytes from the same animals remained unchanged, i.e., responded maximally to the immunizing antigen. These results suggest that the antigen-sensitive thymidine-incorporating cell and the antigen-sensitive antibody-forming cell may have different triggering mechanisms.
Specifically Cytotoxic Lymphocytes Produced by Preincubation with Antibody-Complexed Target Cells
Authors: Perlmann Peter , Perlmann Hedvig , Biberfeld Peter
Published: December 2022

Highly purified human blood lymphocytes which had been incubated with antibody-complexed chicken erythrocytes, adsorbed 50 to 100 × more of this antibody (rabbit) than lymphocytes incubated with antibody-IgG without erythrocytes. Most of the adsorbed IgG was present in the form of antigen-antibody complexes, derived from lysed erythrocytes and not removable from the lymphocytes by repeated washing. When tested in subsequent cytotoxicity tests, the lymphocytes which carried antigen-antibody complexes were specifically cytotoxic for freshly added chicken erythrocytes. This was not the case with lymphocytes preincubated with antibody-IgG alone, with antibody IgG and noncross-reactive duck erythrocytes, or with IgG from normal rabbit serum. The results indicate that some lymphocytes have high affinity for antigen-antibody complexes. Antibody taken up in this way may be reutilized, thereby conferring specific effector functions on a population of normal lymphocytes. When complex-carrying lymphocytes were incubated with fresh erythrocytes and small amounts of fresh anti-erythrocyte antibody, however, they were less cytotoxic than those preincubated with antibody alone or with normal rabbit IgG. This may at least in part reflect a competition for lymphocytic sites with affinity for immunoglobulin and may be necessary for triggering of the antibody-induced cytotoxicity of lymphocytes.
The IgA System of the Guinea Pig
Authors: Vaerman J. P. , Heremans J. F.
Published: December 2022

The existence of the IgA system of the guinea pig has been established on the following grounds. 1) An 11S immunoglobulin (guinea pig IgA) has been isolated from milk and has been found to differ from IgM, IgG1 and IgG2. 2) An antiserum against this protein contained antibodies capable of eliciting the classical spur of secretory IgA over serum IgA, enabling to identify both the bound and free form of the secretory component. 3) IgA is a minor immunoglobulin constituent of guinea pig serum but a major immunoglobulin in secretions. 4) The electric charge and molecular size properties (large amounts of dimer) of guinea pig serum IgA were those characteristic for this immunoglobulin in other mammalian sera. 5) The majority of the immunoglobulin-containing cells of the intestinal mucosae of the guinea pig produce IgA, in contrast to IgM and IgG which is mainly found in the immunocytes of the spleen and lymph nodes.
Induction of Cross-Tolerance for Contact Sensitivity by a Non-Immunogenic Chemical
Authors: Baer Rudolf L. , Rosenthal Stanley A.
Published: December 2022

1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene (DcNB), a non-immunogenic chemical, when fed to guinea pigs 21 days before attempted contact sensitization to 2,4-dinitro-1-chlorobenzene (DNCB), induced tolerance with respect to contact sensitivity to DNCB. The tolerance was specific since DCNB induced no tolerance to citraconic anhydride under similar experimental conditions. Guinea pigs which were contact sensitive to DNCB did not cross-react to DCNB. The theoretical and potential practical implications of these findings are discussed.
Effect of Carrier Modification on the Cellular and Serologic Responses of the Rat to the Tnp Hapten
Authors: Hirsh Dwight C. , Amkraut Alfred A. , Steward John P.
Published: December 2022

Soluble trinitrophenylated keyhole limpet hemocyanin (s-TKLH) was made particulate by reacting with ethyl chloroformate. After i.p. injection, the anti-hapten response was measured by passive hemagglutination and by plaque-forming cells (PFC) in the parathymic lymph nodes (PLN) and spleen. Titers were higher, and the slopes of the log phase were dose-independent for particulate TKLH; titers were lower, and the slopes of the log phase were dose-dependent for soluble TKLH. The peak number of 7S PFC in the PLN was sustained with particulate TKLH, but decreased rapidly with soluble TKLH. The number of PFC in the spleen was not above background. The priming ability of particulate antigen was 10 to 100 times that of soluble antigen in the PLN, other lymph nodes and spleen.

Particulate TKLH was phagocytosed by macrophages 20 to 30 times more efficiently than was soluble TKLH. Association with macrophages, however, enhanced the immunogenicity of soluble TKLH greatly, while it almost abolished the primary response to particulate TKLH, and significantly reduced the secondary response. Furthermore, antigen-containing granulomata found in the peritoneal cavity 3 days after injection of the particulate antigen did not induce an immune response when transplanted to normal rats. We concluded that increased uptake or differential processing by peritoneal macrophages does not account for the greater immunogenicity of particulate TKLH.

Retention of particulate TKLH in the liver and spleen was much greater than that of soluble TKLH, and may account for some, but not all, of the differences we report. Possible suppressive effects of excess soluble antigen will be discussed in a subsequent paper.
Inhibition of Phytohemagglutinin-Induced Lymphocyte Transformation by α Globulins; Lack of Correlation with Phytohemagglutinin Precipitation by Serum Proteins
Authors: Yachnin Stanley
Published: December 2022

Human α globulin will suppress the in vitro transformation of human lymphocytes induced by two highly purified mitogens isolated from crude phytohemagglutinin preparations. Only one of the mitogen preparations (H-PHAP), however, forms nonspecific precipitates with human serum or isolated α globulin preparations. These results suggest that α globulin does not interfere with phytohemagglutinin-induced transformation by virtue of a direct reaction with the reaction with the mitogen.
The Early Stimulation of Protein Synthesis in Sensitized Guinea Pig Lymph Node Cells by Antigen
Authors: Levy Ronald , Rosenberg Steven A.
Published: December 2022

Lymph node cells from immunized guinea pigs were studied in short-term cell culture to determine the effect of specific antigen on protein and RNA synthesis. Both RNA and protein synthesis were stimulated early after the addition of antigen to these cultures. Pulse-labeling techniques disclosed a stimulatory effect on protein synthesis by antigen as early as 4 hr after its addition. This stimulatory effect was associated with the specific release of a soluble non-dialyzable mediator which recruited nonsensitized cells to increase their rate of protein synthesis. The stimulatory effect of antigen on protein synthesis was abolished by the prior addition of actinomycin D.
Detection of Serum-Hepatitis Antigen by Charcoal Particle Agglutination-Inhibition
Authors: Stevens Roy W. , Ziegler F. D. , Kelly James H.
Published: December 2022

A new method has been developed for the detection and quantitation of the antigen related to serum hepatitis. This antigen, in addition to its association with serum hepatitis (1, 2), has been implicated more recently in a variety of other disease states (3–5). The test reagent is serum-hepatitis (SH) antigen adsorbed to particulate charcoal. These particle-antigen complexes are macroscopically aggregated by homologous antisera and inhibition of this agglutination by a serum specimen forms the test for antigen. This communication describes the method and reports the findings of a serologic evaluation.

Materials and Methods. Serum-hepatitis antigen (lot 28-56-1) purified by zonal ultracentrifugation was obtained from Electro-Nucleonics Laboratories, Inc., Bethesda, Md. 20014. The antigen, after dialysis against 0.85% saline, was diluted and mixed with an aqueous suspension of fine charcoal particles (Hynson, Westcott, and Dunning, Inc., Baltimore, Md. 21201).
Immunoglobulin Content and Antibody Activity in Urine in Experimental Urinary Tract Infection
Authors: Smith James W. , Hand W. Lee
Published: December 2022

Immunoglobulin content and antibody content in urine were analyzed in rabbits following experimental urinary tract infection. IgA was present in urine from normal animals and in animals with urinary tract infection. Since it was present in urine whether it was synthesized locally or not, IgA in urine probably represents IgA excreted from serum. IgG was not present in urine from normal rabbits, but was present in urine from some animals with pyelonephritis. This IgG migrated as a fast component immunoelectrophoretically, had antibody activity, and had the capability of crossing renal and intestinal epithelium. This unique IgG probably represents IgG synthesized by a restricted population of cells within the infected kidney. IgG was present in urine from all animals with bladder infection and represents newly synthesized IgG which can cross the inflamed bladder mucosa.
Assay of IgG and Other Human Plasma Proteins by Quantitative Inhibition of Passive Hemagglutination
Authors: Nusbacher Jacob , Berkman Eugene M. , Wong Kwan Y. , Kochwa Shaul , Rosenfield Richard E.
Published: December 2022

Using tanned human red cells coated optimally with isolated plasma proteins, specific agglutination in an AutoAnalyzer was quantitatively inhibited by solutions of the coating protein. IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE, transferrin, fibrinogen and ceruloplasmin were assayed in this manner. Lowest detectable concentrations varied from 0.2 µg IgE/ml and 0.4 µg IgG/ml to 9 µg IgD/ml. The amount of 125I-labeled IgG bound by tanned cells was a linear function of the amount applied when both variables were treated as logarithms, and about 2000 bound molecules per cell were optimal for agglutination. IgG appeared to bind at its Fab region, but less than 5% of the lowest applied concentrations was bound. Assays of cerebrospinal fluid for IgG compared favorably with quantitative precipitin data, but some myeloma proteins were not assayed reliably in reference to normal IgG.
A Quantitative Method for Determining Human γG Allotype Antigens (Gm)
Authors: Litwin S. D. , Balaban S.
Published: December 2022

Quantitative measurements of human γG allotype antigens (Gm) provided information on some of the factors controlling the sera expression of immunoglobulin allotypes. The data suggested different rates of synthesis by allelic Gm genes at two γG subclass loci. This was apparent from the striking differences in the serum expression of antithetical γG3 allotypes, Gm(b) and Gm(g), and a smaller difference for the γG1 isoalleles, Gm(f) and Gm(a). In heterozygous sera, Gm(b+) γG constituted 70% of the γG3 heavy chains and Gm(g) 30%; Gm(f+) γG constituted 54% of γG1 chains and Gm(a) 46% (mean values). Allotype values were consistent with γG class and subclass measurements. A gene dosage effect was also present, reflected in the differences between mean values of homozygous and heterozygous subjects—although phenotype ranges overlapped.

The data indicated that normal heterozygous sera contained close to balanced proportions of each γG1 gene product. Certain exceptional hypergammaglobulinemic sera had unusual distributions of allelic γG1 heavy chains without evidence of a monoclonal component.
Characterization of the Surface Antigens of Staphylococcus Aureus, Strain K-93M
Authors: Karakawa Walter W. , Kane Judith A.
Published: December 2022

Three distinct surface antigens were isolated from the culture filtrate of Staphylococcus aureus, strain K-93M, by a combination of Cetavlon precipitation, ion-exchange chromatography, and gel-filtration. Chemical analysis indicated that the immunologically predominant constituent of the K-93M filtrate material was a glucosaminuronic acid-alanine complex which was chemically analogous to the Smith antigen, the capsule prototype of S. aureus. Immunochemical studies confirmed the structural relationship between the Smith capsule and the glucosaminuronic acid polymers isolated from the K-93M culture filtrate. Quantitative precipitin analysis suggested that glucosaminuronic acid is the immunodominant determinant of this antigen.

Chemical analyses indicated that the second acidic polymer was composed of mannose, galactose and phosphorus; whereas the third polymer was composed of galactose and galacturonic acid. Immunologic studies revealed that both of these polymers were also distinct antigenic polymers.
A Protein in Normal Nurse Shark Serum Which Reacts Specifically with Fructosans
Authors: Harisdangkul Valee , Kabat Elvin A. , McDonough Robert J. , Sigel M. Michael
Published: December 2022

A protein which specifically precipitates with the fructosans, levans and inulin, was found in most normal nurse shark sera. It could be specifically purified on insoluble immunoadsorbent columns by using Sephadex G-75 or levan gel. From quantitative precipitin and inhibition studies, the combining site was found to react specifically with the β-D-fructofuranosyl (2 → 1) β-D-fructofuranosyl and β-D-fructofuranosyl (2 → 6) α-D-glucopyranosyl residues. The best inhibitor was a tetrasaccharide, β-D-fructofuranosyl (2 → 1) β-D-fructofuranosyl (2 → 1) β-D-fructofuranosyl (2 → 6) D-glucose (3F1G). The protein was unrelated to shark IgM antigenically and appears not to be an immunoglobulin of the usual type. Binding of the protein with its specific ligands caused specific fluorescence quenching and the association constants for various mono- and oligosaccharides were measured. The calculated relative association constants from precipitin inhibition assays and from fluorescence quenching for various mono- and oligosaccharides agreed closely and the homogeneity of the combining site was indicated by both methods. The association constant (K0) for 3F1G was 3.7 × 104 1/M. Two other carbohydrate-reacting proteins were also found in normal nurse shark sera. One precipitated with perennial rye grass levan which contained 2 → 6 linked fructofuranosyl residues. The other was specific for dextran B1355-S-4, which contained a high percentage of α(1 → 3) linked glucopyranosyl residues.
Specificity of the in Vitro Binding of IgG and Rabbit Serum Albumin (RSA) to Rabbit Yolk Sac Membrane
Authors: Sonada Shunro , Schlamowitz Max
Published: December 2022

A method is described for the study of specificity of binding of IgG and rabbit serum albumin (RSA) to rabbit yolk sac membrane in vitro. Yolk sac membranes are fixed with formaldehyde, challenged with 125I-IgG or 125I-RSA and then subjected to elution of the labeled protein by unlabeled IgG, RSA or other eluents Consistent results are obtained when elution data are expressed in terms of “specific elutability,” i.e., the fraction of the total membrane-bound protein that is eluted. The recognition and binding of IgG and RSA by membranes and their elution are essentially specific. Further, the displacement of membrane-bound 125I-IgG, but not 125I-RSA, by crude glycopeptide fractions prepared from IgG illustrates the applicability of this in vitro system for investigating the structural moieties of macromolecules that confer specific recognition to the macromolecules.