bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluating Electronic Properties of Self‐Assembled Inner Hollow (InAs)12n (n = 1–16) Nanomaterials With High Solar Light‐to‐Electricity Efficiencies Using First Principle Modeling
Authors: Zhao Run‐Ning , Chen Rui , Han Ju‐Guang
Published: January 2025

Geometries and electronic properties associated with growth patterns, energy gaps, and relative stabilities of (InAs)12n (n = 1–16) nanowires and nanosheets (nanoclusters) are systemically investigated at the GGA‐PBE level. The relative stabilities of (InAs)12n by means of the calculated fragmentation energies and cluster binding energies are determined and discussed. Particularly, the calculated energy gaps of (InAs)12n nanowires (2.261–2.271 eV) and nanosheets (2.228–2.412 eV) are distinctly localized at the regions of visible light energy ranges, indicating that large‐sized (InAs)12n nanosheets or nanowires are relatively wide‐band semiconductor nanomaterial; the calculated density of states reveals large‐sized porous (InAs)12n nanosheets and nanowires with a large surface area and narrow pore size distribution and slight thickness exhibit ultrahigh specific capacitance of trapping solar light energies and high light‐to‐electricity conversion efficiencies in solar energy absorption or conversion or photovoltaics. Consequently, (InAs)12n‐based nanomaterials are favorable for optoelectronic and energy miniaturized devices. Interestingly, the variable sizes depended energy gaps of (InAs)12n nanosheets manifest quantum size effect. Especially, the gradually increased charge‐transfers in large size (InAs)12n nanowires and nanosheets with their sizes can significantly lead to the ionic bonding and metallic characteristic, which can stabilize themselves. Comparison with experiment results available is made.
Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride‐co‐Hexafluoropropylene) Matrix Nanocomposites Reinforced With Various Types of BaTiO3 Nanoparticles for Flexible Energy Storage Applications
Authors: Koroglu Levent , Tubio Carmen R. , Costa Carlos M. , Ayas Erhan , Lanceros‐Mendez Senentxu , Ay Nuran
Published: January 2025

Poly(vinylidene fluoride‐co‐hexafluoropropylene), (PVDF‐HFP), matrix nanocomposites have been prepared by solution casting, reinforced with BaTiO3 nanoparticles (BT NPs) and surface modified BT NPs (BT‐VTS NPs) with a silane coupling agent (VTS) by 0, 5, 15, and 25 wt.%. The effects of filler content and surface modification of nanofillers on the microstructure development, phase evolution, crystallization behavior, and dielectric properties of the nanocomposites are investigated. Furthermore, the energy storage performance of BT‐VTS‐reinforced nanocomposites is evaluated. The surface modification of BT NPs presents some advantages: it prevents aggregation, restricts interface polarization, and keeps dielectric loss of the nanocomposites low as the relative permittivities rise with filler content. 25% BT‐VTS‐reinforced nanocomposites with a β‐phase fraction of 45% and a crystallinity of 14% provide a higher relative permittivity (22. at 1 kHz) than that of the neat PVDF‐HFP thin films (11). Moreover, they present a low loss tangent (0.043) as the neat thin films (0.042). 25% BT‐VTS/PVDF‐HFP nanocomposites demonstrate a discharged energy density of 4.8 J cm−3 at 220 MV m−1 with a charge–discharge efficiency of 26%. Consequently, the energy density of the neat PVDF‐HFP thin films (3.4 J cm−3 at 238 MV m−1) is improved by 40% after the addition of 25% BT‐VTS NPs.
Where in the Milky Way Do Exoplanets Preferentially Form?
Authors: Teixeira Joana , Adibekyan Vardan , Bossini Diego
Published: January 2025

Exoplanets are detected around stars of different ages and birthplaces within the Galaxy. The aim of this work is to infer the Galactic birth radii () of stars and, consequently, their planets, with the ultimate goal of studying the Galactic aspects of exoplanet formation. We used photometric, spectroscopic, and astrometric data to estimate the stellar ages of two samples of stars hosting planets and, for comparison, a sample of stars without detected planets. The of exoplanets were inferred by projecting stars back to their birth positions based on their estimated age and metallicity [Fe/H]. We find that stars hosting planets have higher [Fe/H], are younger, and have smaller compared to stars without detected planets. In particular, stars hosting high‐mass planets show higher [Fe/H], are younger, and have smaller than stars hosting low‐mass planets. We show that the formation efficiency of planets, calculated as the relative frequency of planetary systems, decreases with the galactocentric distance, which relationship is stronger for high‐mass planets than for low‐mass planets. Additionally, we find that (i) the formation efficiency of high‐mass planets increases with time and encompasses a larger galactocentric distance over time; (ii) the formation efficiency of low‐mass planets shows a slight increase between the ages of 4 and 8 Gyr and also encompasses a larger galactocentric distance over time; and (iii) stars without detected planets appear to form at larger galactocentric distances over time. We conclude that the formation of exoplanets throughout the Galaxy follows the Galactic chemical evolution, for which our results are in agreement with the observed negative interstellar medium (ISM) metallicity gradient and its enrichment and flattening with time at any radius.
A Highly Sensitive Triple Quad LC–MS/MS Method Development and Validation for the Determination of Bexicaserin (LP352) in Human Plasma and Urine Matrices
Authors: Kallem Raja Reddy , Yeager Maisy , Chan Rosa , Fletcher Katharine , Neal Katie , Srinivas Nuggehally R.
Published: January 2025

Bexicaserin is a highly selective agonist at the 5‐HT2c receptor in clinical development for the treatment of seizures associated with developmental and epileptic encephalopathies (DEEs). We report an LC–MS/MS method for the quantitative estimation of bexicaserin in human plasma and urine. The sample preparation involves the extraction of bexicaserin and internal standard (13CD2‐bexicaserin; IS) from 150 μL plasma and 50 μL urine using a solid phase extraction method. The chromatographic separation of bexicaserin and IS was achieved on a Poroshell EC‐C18 column using 5 min gradient program. The calibration curve ranged from 0.1 to 100 ng/mL in plasma and 1.0 to 1000 ng/mL in urine. Intraday and interday precision and accuracy, linearity, matrix effect, extraction recovery, carry‐over, dilution integrity, a battery of stability studies, and incurred sample reanalysis were performed for bexicaserin in both plasma and urine. The intraday and interday accuracy and precision were well within the acceptable limits in both plasma and urine matrices. Stability studies in plasma and urine showed that bexicaserin was stable on bench for 24 h, in autosampler over 54 h, five freeze–thaw cycles, and long‐term storage at −20°C and −80°C for > 368 days. The validated methods were successfully applied in clinical study.
X‐ray controlled release strategy in cancer therapy
Authors: Ruan Yiling , Huang Hongxiang , Liu Huihui , Gong Jinglang , Li Changjun , Sun Xiaolian
Published: January 2025

Construction of drug carriers or prodrugs is a common approach to improve the pharmacokinetics of molecular drugs and enhance the tumor curative effect. Nanocarriers that can be activated by the tumor microenvironment including enzymes, pH, redox status, or external stimuli such as ultraviolet, ultrasound, and magnetism, are booming. As a commonly used clinical theranostic approach with excellent spatiotemporal controllability and deep tissue penetration, X‐ray has attracted much attention as an external stimulus in recent years. The rapid development of nanomaterials as radiosensitizers or radioluminescents further accelerates the construction of X‐ray‐responsive nanocarriers. In this review, the currently developed X‐ray activated drug release systems in cancer therapy are summarized with a focus on controlled release design.
Atrial Fibrillation Recurrence Risk After Catheter Ablation in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Rujirachun Pongprueth , Wattanachayakul Phuuwadith , Taveeamornrat Svita , Ungprasert Patompong , Tokavanich Nithi , Jongnarangsin Krit
Published: January 2025

Background

The association between rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and the risk of developing atrial fibrillation (AF) is well‐established. However, data on the impact of RA on AF recurrence postcatheter ablation (CA) remain unclear. This current study aimed to assess the impact of RA on AF recurrence after catheter‐based pulmonary vein isolation.

Methods

Potentially eligible studies were identified from Medline and EMBASE databases from inception to December 20, 2023. Eligible study must consist of two cohorts of patients with and without RA who underwent catheter ablation for AF. Pooled risk ratio (RR) and 95% CI were calculated using Dersimonian and Laird's random‐effect, generic inverse variance approach.

Results

The meta‐analysis includes three retrospective cohort studies with a total of 700 patients. The pooled analysis found a significantly increased risk of AF recurrence after CA among patients with RA compared to patients without RA with the pooled RR of 1.59 (95% CI, 1.10–2.29, I2 14%). Increased risk of early recurrence (within 90 days) was also observed with the pooled RR of 2.70 (95% CI, 1.74–4.19, I2 0%).

Conclusions

The current study found that patients with RA have a higher risk of AF recurrence after CA for AF, including the risk of early recurrence.
The Association Between IL‐8 Gene Polymorphisms and the Risk of Several Types of Cancer, Especially in Gastric Cancer
Authors: Xu Bin , Yan Yidan
Published: January 2025

Background

Changes in functional genetic polymorphisms may increase or decrease the risk of cancer in patients. Nowadays, the association between polymorphisms in the interleukin‐8 (IL‐8) gene and the susceptibility of cancer risk have been investigated in many studies, however, above relationships remain unclear.

Aim

The current study aims to comprehensively evaluate the association between IL‐8 gene six polymorphisms and the whole cancer risk, especially −251 polymorphism and gastric cancer.

Methods and Results

Six polymorphisms (−251, −353, +678, +1633, +2767, +781) were collected. The expression of serum IL‐8 was calculated by ELISA assay. First, 104 case–control studies were conducted. Second, this research has made significant discoveries regarding the −251, −353 and +781 polymorphisms and the potential associations with cancer risk. Finally, the serum IL‐8 levels in gastric cancer patients with AA/TT genotypes were significantly higher than those with the same genotypes of healthy controls and TT genotypes in gastric cancer patients.

Conclusion

Overall, the investigation has revealed that IL‐8 gene polymorphisms significantly influence vulnerability to cancer development, especially for gastric cancer.
Optimized Execution of a Numerical Weather Forecast Model in a Cloud Cluster
Authors: de Melo Mateus S. , Souto Roberto Pinto , Drummond Lúcia M. A.
Published: January 2025

This study proposes strategies to reduce the financial cost of using cloud clusters, through Amazon Web Services (AWS) ParallelCluster, to run the weather forecast model Brazilian developments on the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (BRAMS). We developed an instance selection algorithm that obtains and compares the costs of various instance types in different regions and markets, recommending those with the lowest costs. If the suggested instance is a Spot instance and is revoked by the cloud provider, the proposed strategy resumes the application execution from a pre‐recorded checkpoint by rescheduling it on On‐Demand instances. This study also presents a detailed analysis of BRAMS execution across various instance architectures and proposes a novel three‐queue architecture for managing BRAMS execution on On‐Demand and Spot instances within AWS ParallelCluster. The results obtained from small and large spatial domains executed in AWS ParallelCluster using the proposed strategies show that adopting a cloud cluster is a promising alternative for this type of High‐Performance Computing application, compared with execution on a supercomputer.
Vericiguat improves cardiac remodelling and function in rats with doxorubicin‐induced cardiomyopathy
Authors: Chen Wen , Wu Ying , Li Wei , Song Meiyan , Xu Kaizu , Wu Meifang , Lin Liming
Published: January 2025

Purpose

Vericiguat, a soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) stimulator, has been demonstrated effective in improving prognosis of patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. However, there are limited data concerning the effect of vericiguat in patients with doxorubicin (DOX)‐induced cardiomyopathy (DIC). In this study, we investigated the effects of vericiguat on cardiac structure and function in rats with DIC as well as their potential mechanisms of action.

Methods

DIC rats were established by intraperitoneal injection of DOX (1 mg/kg) twice a week for 6 weeks, followed by intragastric administration of vericiguat 1 mg/kg/day or an equal volume of normal saline for 8 weeks. Cardiac histology and function, circulating levels of amino‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP), nitric oxide (NO), and oxidative indices, as well as myocardial cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)‐protein kinase G (PKG) signalling, oxidative and apoptosis‐associated protein were measured.

Results

Compared with the control group, rats treated with DOX exhibited significantly increased heart size, reduced systolic function and elevated plasma levels of NT‐proBNP. Histological findings revealed myocardial cell atrophy, fibrosis and apoptosis. Vericiguat treatment effectively reversed DOX‐induced cardiac remodelling and improved systolic function. Mechanistically, Vericiguat attenuated the inhibitory effects of DOX on the myocardial cGMP‐PKG axis and nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2) protein, thereby alleviating oxidative stress and apoptosis.

Conclusions

Vericiguat improved cardiac remodelling and contractile function in rats with DIC through upregulation of cGMP‐PKG signalling and inhibition of oxidative stress and myocardial apoptosis.
Oxygen Atom Migration of Allylic Esters via an Organocatalyzed Claisen‐type Rearrangement
Authors: Wang Xiaoli , Liu Ke , Jin Xudong , Li Xin , Shen Mingyu , Zhang Sheng , Li Man‐Bo
Published: January 2025

Direct transforming molecular skeleton to the other useful one is highly desirable for synthetic chemists. Oxygen atom migration of allylic esters is a powerful avenue for skeleton editing, and various methodologies involving palladium, Lewis acid and cobalt hydride catalysts have been reported. However, these protocols commonly suffer from inferior functional group tolerance and limited preparative application due to the harsh conditions and metal residues. Herein, we report a practical approach for the transformation by using an organocatalyst 4‐dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP). We test this protocol generality and practicality with uniform gram‐scale reactions, and it tolerates with a broad range of functional groups including boric ester, nitrile, ester and others (42 examples). Moreover, corresponding products exhibit versatile reactivity with a series of nucleophiles to open up a platform for bioactive molecules synthesis. A plausible reaction mechanism is proposed to rationalize the experimental observations.
Discovery and Significance of the Neoproterozoic Gabbro Intrusion in the Bayan Obo Group Along the Northern Margin of the North China Craton
Authors: Hu Hao , Li Yuan , Zhou Zhiguang , Wang Guosheng , Gao Shen , Chen Jianfeng , Feng Chenfei
Published: January 2025

The tectonic position of the North China Craton within the Rodinia supercontinent remain unclear due to the scarcity of early Neoproterozoic magmatic rocks in the region, resulting in limited paleomagnetic data. In this study, we report the discovery of a Neoproterozoic metamorphic gabbro intrusion within the Bayan Obo Group, located in the northwestern Bayan Obo rift zone at the northern margin of the North China Craton. This finding offers crucial geological insights into addressing this key scientific question. We utilised petrography, whole‐rock geochemistry, zircon U–Pb geochronology, and Sr‐Nd isotopic analysis to investigate the genesis and source of the gabbroic rock and its tectonic setting. The metamorphosed gabbro has a zircon 206Pb/238U weighted mean age of 925.9 ± 7.2 Ma, with low SiO2 (46.46%–48.28%), high Na2O (2.95%–3.56%), and low K2O (0.761%–1.41%), and has the signature of sub‐alkaline tholeiitic basalt. It is enriched in large‐ion lithophile elements (Rb, Ba, Th, U, K, Pb) and depleted in high‐field‐strength elements (Nb, Ta). The rock is also enriched in light rare earth elements, shows a negative Eu anomaly, and has a positive εNd(t) value (+0.1 ~ +0.8). The metamorphosed gabbro shares geochemical characteristics and Nd isotopic compositions with contemporaneous mafic intrusions, including the 945–890 Ma mafic sills in southeastern North China Craton, the ~925 Ma Dashigou mafic dike swarm in central North China Craton, the ~925 Ma gabbro in Guyang, northern North China Craton, and the 827–819 Ma gabbro in Langshan, western North China Craton. This age suggests that the gabbro may represent a response to a large‐scale mafic magmatic event in central‐eastern North China Craton during the early Neoproterozoic, potentially linked to the initial breakup of the Rodinia supercontinent.
Holding up the mirror: The role of teacher educators and syllabi in perpetuating or disrupting inequity
Authors: Batz Ruby , Walter Melissa C. , Burnham Melissa M. , Fiore Lisa B.
Published: January 2025

This blended pilot‐empirical and theoretical manuscript documents a reflective journey undertaken by a group of early childhood teacher educators located across different regions of the United States as they examined their course design, materials, and syllabi construction. Grounded in reflective practice, intersectionality, and critical pedagogy, their collaborative endeavor necessitated profound self‐examination and recognition of oppressive structures inherent within the field and reproduced throughout course syllabi, thereby perpetuating societal inequities inside and outside the classroom context. Their iterative, evolving effort resembled a reflective consultation group, marked by continuous self‐reflection, challenging assumptions, and transforming actions, vividly portrayed in their vignettes. A nonlinear spiral model emerged as a visual representation of the multiple entry points into an ongoing process—highlighting access points that encourage curiosity and interrogation of academic syllabi and course content. The inclusive nature of this inquiry invites faculty members and practitioners to confront racism, ableism, and other systems of domination, amplify marginalized scholarship, and redefine early childhood education‐related fields, including the Infant and Early Childhood Mental Health landscape. It also underscores the imperative of sustained introspection and collaborative action in nurturing equity.
Reactive Metabolites Cause Idiosyncratic Drug‐Induced Liver Injury via Inflammasome Activation in Antigen‐Presenting Cells
Authors: Kato Ryuji
Published: January 2025

Although the pathophysiology of idiosyncratic drug‐induced liver injury (IDILI) is unclear, it is presumed to be immune‐mediated, involving complex interactions between drug metabolism and activation of the immune system. The following four reactive metabolite production patterns are considered: (1) parent compounds into reactive metabolites within neutrophils or antigen‐presenting cells (APCs), (2) reactive metabolites produced by cytochrome P450 (CYP), (3) nonreactive metabolites produced by CYP into reactive metabolites within APCs, and (4) reactive metabolites produced by non‐CYPs. Reactive metabolites indirectly activate inflammasomes in APCs, leading to IDILIs. These metabolites can cause cell damage, resulting in the release of damage‐associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which subsequently activate APCs. Given the diversity of DAMPs, comprehensive analyses are warranted to identify additional candidates. If validates, these DAMPs could be used as early biomarkers and predictive markers of IDILIs onset.
Achieving High‐Precision Attenuation Coefficient Measurement in Optical Coherence Tomography
Authors: Neubrand Linda B. , Attendu Xavier , van Leeuwen Ton G.
Published: January 2025

In this study, we aim to validate the analytical Cramer‐Rao lower bound (CRLB) equation for determining attenuation coefficients using a 1310 nm Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) system. Our experimental results successfully confirm the validity of the equation, achieving unprecedented precision with a standard deviation below 0.01 mm−1 for intralipid samples. Furthermore, we introduce a systematic framework for attaining high precision in OCT attenuation measurements.
Statistical Assessment and Augmentation of European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Monthly Precipitation Forecast (SEASonal Prediction of Precipitation)
Authors: Nasseri Mohsen , Schoups Gerrit , Taheri Mercedeh
Published: January 2025

Accurate prediction of precipitation is of paramount importance for effective planning of future water resources. In this study, we focused on the improvement and evaluation of the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) fifth‐generation ensemble‐based seasonal precipitation prediction product, designated (SEASonal prediction of precipitation (SEAS5)). Three selected linear regression methods, namely ordinary least squares (OLS), flexible least squares (FLS) and the quantile‐quantile (Q‐Q) methods, were used to develop a correction procedure. The watershed of Lake Urmia was selected as a case study. The application of these augmentation methods has yielded encouraging results, demonstrating an improvement in the statistical metrics of SEAS5 precipitation forecasts for the first and second‐coming months. However, all linear projection methods improve the performance of the SEAS5 products. The Q‐Q method has shown the highest efficiency among the methods, playing a significant role in improving the accuracy of the hindcast precipitation. A variety of statistics (deterministic, forecast skill and uncertainty scores) were used to evaluate the effectiveness of both the raw and enhanced SEAS5 products. These analyses provide a comprehensive understanding of the performance of the SEAS5 product in its original form and after augmentation. The results highlight the potential of the linear projection method (specifically Q‐Q method) to improve the accuracy of hindcast precipitation and provide valuable insights for water resource planning in the study area.
Snow avalanche‐induced disturbances can resurrect extinct zooplankton and alter paleolimnological records
Authors: Granados Ignacio , Toro Manuel , Montes Carlos , Camacho Antonio
Published: January 2025

We present a detailed observational study of the effects of the impulse wave caused by a snow‐avalanche on an alpine lake (Lake Peñalara, Sierra de Guadarrama, Spain). The avalanche broke the lake's ice cover (> 50 cm thick) and caused the lake to overflow. The impulse wave altered the lake water column stratification and physicochemical properties (dissolved oxygen, conductivity) in the short (hours) and mid‐term (days and weeks). It also caused the mobilization of hundreds of cubic meters of sediment, changing the lake morphometry. The sediment reconfiguration is likely the cause of the observed increased sedimentation rate and changes in the zooplankton density and composition in the following 4 yr after the avalanche, including the resurrection of a cladoceran species (Daphnia pulicaria) that had disappeared from the lake decades ago. Events such as the one we present can have significant paleolimnological implications: in this case, 75 cm of the sediment sequence were lost. Given these results, we propose that past avalanches could be the explanation to the almost complete removal of sediment from the deepest part of the lake around 260 yr cal BCE.
Spatially Asymmetric Optical Propagation and All‐Optical Switching Based on Spatial Self‐Phase Modulation of Semimetal MoP Microparticles
Authors: Weng Danyi , Ling Cheng , Gao Yang , Rui Guanghao , Fan Li , Cui Qiannan , Xu Chunxiang , Gu Bing
Published: January 2025

Molybdenum phosphide (MoP) has excellent catalytic activity in hydrogen evolution reactions, but research on its nonlinear optical properties is just beginning. In this work, the spatial self‐phase modulation (SSPM) phenomena of semimetal MoP spherical microparticles are investigated, their applications in spatially asymmetric optical propagation and all‐optical switching are developed. The effective nonlinear refractive index n2 of MoP microparticles and the ring formation time τF of SSPM are measured to be about 10−5 cm2 W−1 and 0.4 s, respectively. The SSPM experimental results after the sample placed for over two months indicate that MoP microparticles have long‐term stability and resistance to photodegradation. The physical origin of the interaction between light and MoP microparticles to form SSPM is dominated by laser‐induced hole coherence and a small amount of thermal effect. By utilizing the superior optical nonlinearity of MoP microparticles, the spatially asymmetric optical propagation of MoP/violet phosphorus (VP) cascaded samples and the all‐optical switching performance of MoP microparticles are demonstrated, respectively. These results deepen the understanding of the optical nonlinear mechanism of hole micromaterials and are beneficial for the development of SSPM based on topological semimetal micro/nano‐materials in passive nonlinear photonic devices, such as all‐optical diodes, optical isolators, optical logic gates, etc.
The Dark Side of Social Media Influencers: A Research Agenda for Analysing Deceptive Practices and Regulatory Challenges
Authors: Ekinci Yuksel , Dam Shubhankar , Buckle Georgia
Published: January 2025

Social media influencers are powerful agents as they broadcast information, steer consumer behavior and social norms. But their influence masks a “dark side,” too. Our research agenda investigates this understudied theme. What happens when social media influencers behave badly? Does the negative influence adversely impact marketing strategies and consumer behavior? We explore a range of areas, including influencers' authenticity, ethics, and their psychological and social impact on followers. Employing interdisciplinary approaches, our research presents the complexities and harms of influencer culture. Organized around six key themes—Harmful Products, Misinformation, Unrealistic Beauty Standards, Comparison Culture, Deceptive Consumption, and Privacy Concerns— the findings provide a comprehensive analysis of the negative impacts of social media influencers in marketing contexts. Additionally, the study proposes six theoretical propositions and presents 35 research questions to guide future investigations.
Task force report addresses youth challenges with MH, SUD
Authors: Canady Valerie A.
Published: January 2025

Reacting to a common refrain among child‐serving health care professionals that the health care system and its financing mechanisms are not designed to optimally serve youth and their families, the Bipartisan Policy Center (BPC) said they aim to change that following a just‐released report on challenges facing youth with behavioral health disorders.
Multiple Resonators Coupling Effect in Waveguide Loss Measurement Using the Fabry–Perot Method
Authors: Shen Heliang , Huang Fei , She Xuan , Chen Kan , Chen Meng , Fan Wen , Bi Ran , Wang Lei , Shu Xiaowu
Published: January 2025

The traditional Fabry–Perot (FP) method is widely used to measure propagation loss, which is a critical parameter in characterizing the performance of optical waveguides. This work probes the significant influence coming from the multiple resonators coupling (MRC) effect on the performance of the FP method. This letter presents a theoretical analysis and simulation of the MRC effect that are in good agreement with experimental results. This letter verifies that the MRC effect will introduce a varying envelope to the transmission spectrum, stating its challenge to the operational bandwidth and reliability of the FP method. In addition, this letter experimentally demonstrates an effective route to suppress the MRC effect by optimizing the reflectivity of the fiber end‐facets, which verifies the scalability of our theoretical model and has strong practical application value.
The JAK1/3 Inhibitor Tofacitinib Regulates Th Cell Profiles and Humoral Immune Responses in Myasthenia Gravis
Authors: Bi Zhuajin , Zhang Qing , Gao Huajie , Ge Huizhen , Zhan Jiayang , Yang Mengge , Bu Bitao
Published: January 2025

Introduction/Aims

Tofacitinib, a first‐generation Janus kinase (JAK) 1/3 inhibitor, is commonly used for treating ulcerative colitis and rheumatoid arthritis. However, its role in myasthenia gravis (MG) remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the immunomodulatory effects of tofacitinib on experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients with MG.

Methods

Flow cytometry, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR), and Western blot were used to evaluate the effects of tofacitinib on T helper (Th) cell profiles, humoral immune responses, and the JAK‐signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway proteins.

Results

In vivo, tofacitinib significantly ameliorated EAMG severity in rats, reducing the proportions of Th1, Th17 and memory B cells, and anti‐acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibodies levels, while increasing the proportions of regulatory T (Treg) cells. In vitro, tofacitinib administration resulted in a significant decrease in the proportions of Th1 and IgG‐secreting B cell, and a significant upregulation of Treg cells in mononuclear cells (MNCs) from EAMG rats, which was consistent with findings in PBMCs from MG patients. Further analysis revealed that tofacitinib inhibited CD4+ T cell differentiation into Th1 by decreasing phosphorylated STAT1 levels, while promoting Treg differentiation via increased phosphorylated STAT5 levels in MNCs from EAMG rats.

Discussion

Tofacitinib modulates Th cell profiles and humoral immune responses by targeting the JAK–STAT pathway, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic candidate for MG. Further clinical studies are warranted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of tofacitinib in MG patients.
Determinants of Enforced Return: A Quantitative Analysis of the Spectrum of (In)voluntariness Among Rejected Asylum Seekers in the Netherlands
Authors: Sinnige Michael , Cleton Laura , Leerkes Arjen
Published: January 2025

In recent decades, scholars documented the rise of enforced return in the Global North and scrutinised the vast infrastructure, international diplomacy and in‐country measures that set out to boost these. One such way is by promoting so‐called ‘Assisted Voluntary Returns’: programs in which rejected asylum seekers allegedly have ample opportunity to decide on and effectuate return themselves. This article builds upon scholarly critiques of such programs and aims to destabilise the purported binary between ‘voluntary’ and ‘forced’ return. By comparing predictors for ‘voluntary’ return and forced removal outcomes, we provide empirical evidence for the existence of a ‘spectrum of (in)voluntariness’. Centring our empirical analysis on the Netherlands, we use a unique multilevel dataset with data from various governmental agencies and other sources. Our findings indicate a significant overlap in the policy and non‐policy determinants for both ‘voluntary’ return and forced removal outcomes. Intergovernmental policy determinants only partially explain forced removal outcomes, whereas age, family composition and the situation in migrants' countries of citizenship are of major importance. These findings, therefore, have significant implications for both academic research into enforced return outcomes and for public policy.
Harnessing Nanomaterials for Next‐Generation DNA Methylation Biosensors
Authors: Zou Anlai , Zhu Xiaoxue , Fu Ruijie , Wang Zexiang , Wang Yidan , Ruan Zhi , Xianyu Yunlei , Zhang Jun
Published: January 2025

DNA methylation is an epigenetic mechanism that regulates gene expression and is implicated in diseases such as cancer and atherosclerosis. However, traditional clinical methods for detecting DNA methylation often lack sensitivity and specificity, making early diagnosis challenging. Nanomaterials offer a solution with their unique properties, enabling highly sensitive photochemical and electrochemical detection techniques. These advanced methods enhance the accuracy and efficiency of identifying DNA methylation patterns, providing a powerful tool for early diagnosis and treatment of methylation‐related diseases. This review summarizes nanomaterial‐based techniques, categorized into electrochemical and photochemical methods for developing next‐generation biosensors for DNA methylation. Electrochemical approaches based on nanostructured or nanomaterial‐modified electrodes can detect methylation through electrical signals and can directly identify methylation sites via ionic current changes based on nanopore sequencing. Photochemical methods based on nanoparticles allow for optical detection through colorimetry, fluorescence, surface plasmon resonance, and Raman spectroscopy. Nanotechnology‐implemented methodologies enable ultrasensitive and selective biosensors as point‐of‐care platforms for DNA methylation analysis, thereby advancing epigenetic research and clinical diagnostics.
Insights Into the Reproduction and Maturity of the Spinetail Devil Ray (Mobula mobular)
Authors: Kiyatake Itsuki , Ito Konomi , Yoshii Yusuke , Miyagawa Yoshimi , Kitadani Yoshikazu , Nishida Kiyonori
Published: January 2025

Little is known about the reproductive biology of the endangered spinetail devil ray (Mobula mobular). Here, we describe the reproductive behavior, estimates of age, size at maturity, embryonic development in the uterine cavity, and the morphology of a neonate produced by a male and female ray kept in Osaka Aquarium KAIYUKAN for 7.5 years. The reproductive behaviors observed included initiation, endurance, evasion, pre‐copulation positioning, copulation, and separation. The disc widths (DW) of male and female rays displaying reproductive behaviors were 203 and 204 cm, respectively. The male was estimated to be 7.7 years old after elongation of claspers, while the female was estimated to be 8.9 years old at first mating. A neonate was born 464 days after successful copulation, weighing 11.32 kg, with a DW of 104 cm. These observations are consistent with those of previous studies conducted on wild individuals. This is one of the few reports on the reproductive behavior of spinetail devil ray. Research conducted on this species in captivity is expected to help fill the knowledge gaps for this poorly studied species.
Social inequalities in youth mental health in Canada, 2007–2022: a population-based repeated cross-sectional study
Authors: McKinnon Britt , Jahan Rabina , Mazza Julia
Published: January 2025

Purpose

Rising concern surrounds youth mental health in Canada, with growing disparities between females and males. However, less is known about recent trends by other sociodemographic factors, including sexual orientation, ethnocultural background, and socioeconomic status.

Methods

This study analyzed data from 96 683 youths aged 15–24 who participated in the nationally representative Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) between 2007 and 2022. Trends in absolute and relative inequalities in poor/fair self-rated mental health (SRMH) by sex, sexual orientation, racialized and Indigenous identity, and socioeconomic conditions were assessed.

Results

The percent of youths reporting poor/fair SRMH quadrupled from 4.3% in 2007-08 to 20.1% in 2021-22. During the same period, absolute inequalities in SRMH increased by 9.9% points (95% CI: 6.6, 12.9) for females compared to males, 11.4% points (95% CI: 4.6, 18.2) for Indigenous versus non-racialized youth, and 15.4% points (95% CI: 5.7, 25.1) for youth (aged 18–24) identifying as lesbian, gay, or bisexual (LGB) compared to heterosexual.

Conclusion

The sustained deterioration in youth SRMH over the past decade and a half has been accompanied by widening inequalities across several dimensions important for health equity in Canada. Action is needed to identify and implement effective programs and policies to support youth mental health and address disparities.
Huge extrahepatic gallstone on percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage tip—a pediatric case report
Authors: Odenthal Anna-Maria , Meyer Carsten , Born Mark , Heimbrodt Martin , Luetkens Julian , Dohna Martha
Published: January 2025

Biliary strictures, which are common in the first year after pediatric liver transplantation, are diagnosed and managed with percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography. In children undergoing percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography, early cholangitis is the most common complication while typical catheter-related complications are obstruction, dislodgement, kinking, or fracture. This case report discusses the unique presentation and management of a 5-year-old girl with an incidental percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage-associated extrahepatic gallstone formation following treatment of biliary stricture after pediatric liver transplantation. It was effectively treated with percutaneous transhepatic lithotripsy. Although this is a rare but potentially harmful complication, in case of resistance at drainage removal, a drainage-tip stone should be excluded by ultrasound or fluoroscopy.
Maternal microchimeric cell trafficking and its biological consequences depend on the onset of inflammation at the feto-maternal interface
Authors: Slaats Emiel , Bramreiter Bernadette , Chua Kristine J. , Quilang Rachel C. , Sallinger Katja , Eikmans Michael , Kroneis Thomas
Published: January 2025

Microchimerism is defined as the presence of a small population of genetically distinct cells within a host that is derived from another individual. Throughout pregnancy, maternal and fetal cells are known to traffic across the feto-maternal interface and result in maternal and fetal microchimerism, respectively. However, the routes of cell transfer, the molecular signaling as well as the timing in which trafficking takes place are still not completely understood. Recently, the presence of inflammation at the feto-maternal interface has been linked with maternal microchimeric cells modulating organ development in the fetus. Here, we review the current literature and suggest that inflammatory processes at the feto-maternal interface tissues are a physiological prerequisite for the establishment of microchimerism. We further propose a spatio-temporal corridor of microchimeric cell migration to potentially explain some biological effects of microchimerism. Additionally, we elaborate on the possible consequences of a shift in this spatio-temporal corridor, potentially responsible for the development of pathologies in the neonate.
Tofersen for SOD1 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Hamad Abdullah Ashraf , Alkhawaldeh Ibraheem M. , Nashwan Abdulqadir J. , Meshref Mostafa , Imam Yahia
Published: January 2025

Objective

Tofersen, an antisense oligonucleotide, has recently received FDA and EMA approval for treating amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) in adults with SOD1 gene mutations. This systematic review and meta-analysis synthesized evidence on tofersen’s safety and efficacy in patients with SOD1-related ALS.

Methods

A comprehensive search of three databases was conducted from inception through October 2024. Eligible studies included clinical trials, observational studies, and case studies. Meta-analyses were conducted using a random-effects model in RevMan.

Results

Twelve studies involving 195 patients treated with tofersen met the inclusion criteria, comprising two randomized controlled trials (RCTs), five cohort studies, one case series, and four case reports. Tofersen demonstrated promising effects, notably reducing SOD1 levels in cerebrospinal fluid and neurofilament light chain (NfL) in plasma, a biomarker strongly correlated with ALS progression and survival. Meta-analysis of RCTs showed a significantly lower rate of decline in ALS Functional Rating Scale-Revised (ALSFRS-R) scores from baseline in the tofersen group compared to placebo (SMD = 0.44, 95% CI [0.05 to 0.83], P = 0.03) and a significant reduction in the decline of predicted Slow Vital Capacity (P = 0.005). In a pre-post meta-analysis of five studies, a significant decrease in ALS progression rate (ALSFRS-R decline rate) was observed (MD = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.40 to -0.15], P < 0.0001). Reported adverse events were consistent with ALS progression or procedural effects.

Conclusion

Current evidence suggests that tofersen effectively reduces SOD1 and NfL levels and slow disease progression in SOD1 ALS, showing promise as a targeted therapeutic option.
Time-domain analysis of mode competition in ZnO nanowire lasers in inhomogeneous environments
Authors: Repp Daniel , Barreda Angela , Vitale Francesco , Staude Isabelle , Peschel Ulf , Ronning Carsten , Pertsch Thomas
Published: January 2025

Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowire lasers are increasingly integrated into complex optoelectronic devices as a source of coherent radiation. To enable the rational design of these devices, it is crucial to understand how both the nanowire resonator and its surrounding environment influence mode competition and the three-dimensional structure of lasing modes. Additionally, realistic models of the lasing process must account for transient gain dynamics. In order to investigate the impact of an inhomogeneous environment, composed of various materials and structures, on mode competition, we conducted Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) simulations of the dominant lasing modes in different ZnO nanowire laser configurations. Our model describes how key parameters such as nanowire diameter, length, and substrate choice affect the field distribution in the lasing regime. We show that metallic substrates support lasing in thin nanowires in two distinct coupling regimes. Furthermore, we show that metallic particles attached to the nanowire end facets as a result of established nanowire growth techniques significantly influence lasing threshold, field distribution and competition between counter-propagating modes. We show that attaching an aluminum particle at the end facet of a ZnO nanowire leads to a threshold reduction, a switching of the dominant lasing mode and a mono-directional power flow inside a large segment of the nanowire.
Personalized Medicine Through Semisolid-Extrusion Based 3D Printing: Dual-Drug Loaded Gummies for Enhanced Patient Compliance
Authors: Holkunde Aditi , Karnik Indrajeet , Uttreja Prateek , Narala Nagarjuna , Wang Honghe , Elkanayati Rasha M. , Vemula Sateesh Kumar , Repka Michael A.
Published: January 2025

Purpose

The purpose of this research was to develop and characterize dual-drug Isoniazid-Pyridoxine gummies using Semisolid Extrusion (SSE) 3D printing technology, aimed at personalized dosing for a broad patient demographic, from pediatric to geriatric. This study leverages SSE 3D printing, an innovative approach in personalized medicine, to enable precise dose customization and improve patient adherence. By formulating dual drug-loaded gummies, the research addresses the challenges of pill burden and poor palatability associated with traditional tuberculosis regimens, ultimately enhancing the therapeutic experience and effectiveness for patients across various age groups.

Methods

Gummies were formulated using varying ratios of gelatin, carrageenan, and xylitol, and printed using the BIO X 3D printer. Rheological properties were evaluated to confirm printability, shear-thinning behavior, and viscosity recovery. In vitro drug release and stability were assessed under refrigerated (5 ± 3°C) and ambient (25 ± 2°C) storage conditions. FT-IR spectroscopy was used to examine drug-excipient interactions.

Results

The optimized F3 formulation, containing 900 mg Isoniazid and 30 mg Pyridoxine, demonstrated successful printability and structural integrity. Over 80% of both drugs were released within 30 min. Rheological testing confirmed ideal shear-thinning and viscoelastic properties for extrusion-based printing. Suitable textural properties for pediatric patient compliance were observed. Stability studies showed that both drug content and release profiles remained consistent for 30 days under refrigerated storage.

Conclusions

This study determines the potential of SSE 3D printing in fabricating personalized Isoniazid-Pyridoxine-loaded gummies, offering a novel, patient-friendly dosage form for tuberculosis treatment. The optimized formulation exhibited excellent printability, stability, and rapid drug release, positioning 3D-printed gummies as a promising alternative to conventional oral dosage forms in enhancing patient adherence.

Graphical abstract
CO2-oxidative Dehydrogenation of Light Alkanes Catalyzed by Cr Catalysts Supported on Different Mesoporous Silica Structures
Authors: Lara-Moreno L. , Sánchez-López P. , Pawelec B. , Navarro Yerga R. M. , Gomez S. A. , Moyado S. Fuentes , Zepeda T. A.
Published: January 2025

Herein, a series of highly porous and well-structured mesoporous materials are presented as supports for chromium catalysts for the mild oxidative dehydrogenation of propane using CO2 as the oxidizing agent. The materials MCM-41, SBA-1, and SBA-15 were proposed as supports for the preparation of Cr-based catalysts with a Cr content of 6 wt%. These results highlight that mesostructured supports influence chromium species’ dispersion and electronic state in the catalysts. Among the catalysts tested, the Cr/SBA-1 catalyst demonstrated superior propane conversion and propylene selectivity. The results suggest that the Cr6+ species fraction significantly influences the conversion and selectivity during oxidative dehydrogenation of propane by CO2. As the Cr6+ species fraction increases, a linear increase in conversion was observed for both propane and CO2. Furthermore, an increase in the Cr6+ species fraction leads to an increased selectivity towards propylene formation while it reduces the selectivity for CO and cracking products. This indicates that Cr6+ species favor olefin formation over undesired by-products.