bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Health Knowledge Inventory‐Alpha: A Personal Health Knowledge Test for High School Seniors
Authors: Nicholson Thomas , Case Cara , Price Jimmie O. , Higgins Wayne , Thompson Kelly
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: This study assessed validity and reliability of the Health Knowledge Inventory‐Alpha (HKI‐Alpha) in a sample of high school seniors. The HKI‐Alpha, a general health knowledge test, consists of 110 multiple choice items covering 11 health content areas. All seniors attending one of four high schools completed HKI‐Alpha twice, one week apart. A secondary sample of college students also was tested. Descriptive analysis revealed the test discriminated among examinees and avoided ceiling and floor effects. Test‐retest reliability was .81 (n = 355). Internal consistency reliability (KR20) was .85 (n = 418). A sample of college students scored significantly higher than the high school students, demonstrating construct validity. Other estimates of content validity, criterion‐related validity, and construct validity were high. (J Sch Health. 1991;61(10):430–432)
School Counselors' Perceptions of Adolescent Homosexuals
Authors: Price James H. , Telljohann Susan K.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Data from a national survey of secondary school counselors (N = 289) were collected regarding their perceptions of adolescent homosexuality. Most counselors underestimated the prevalence of homosexual adolescents. Almost one in five counselors reported that counseling a homosexual student concerning gay issues would not be professionally gratifying, and 20% thought they were not very competent in counseling gay adolescents. One‐fourth of the school counselors reported that teachers seem to exhibit significant prejudice toward homosexual students, and 41% believed schools are not doing enough to help gay students adjust to their school environment. Perceptions of adolescent homosexuality did not vary by gender, age, or education level of the counselors. (J Sch Health. 1991;61(10):433–438)
Prevalence and Determinants of Alcohol Consumption Among Schoolchildren in Barcelona, Spain
Authors: Villalbi Joan R. , Nebot Manel , Comin Eva , Murillo Carles
Published: October 2009

The pattern of use of alcoholic beverages and factors influencing it among Barcelona schoolchildren were studied; 2,255 fifth and eighth grade students from 71 schools completed a self‐administered questionnaire. Between fifth‐eighth grades, important changes take place in attitude. — strongly opposed to alcohol among the younger, much more moderate among the older. Family celebrations such as Christmas or birthdays are the earliest source of exposure to alcohol, at which one‐third of fifth grade students and two‐thirds of eighth grade students drink. In eighth grade, though daily consumption is relatively rare (4.4% for boys), a considerable proportion have been drunk at least once (16% of girls and 19% of boys) or have had four or more drinks in a row, while a small but significant proportion (2.5%) have been drunk two or more times in the last six months. A discriminant analysis uncovered some features predicting this “higher risk” use of alcohol: age and gender (being a boy in eighth grade), lower socioeconomic status, higher weekly allowance available for personal expenses, a pattern of usual consumption by both the father and friends, smoking regularly, and having a moderate or high physical activity level, as well as holding opinions in favor of drinking.
Effect of Inservice Training on Implementation of a Health Curriculum in Nova Scotia, Canada
Authors: Cameron Helene
Published: October 2009

The effect of different types of inservice training on the degree of implementation of a fourth grade health curriculum in Nova Scotia, Canada, was investigated. Using a quasiexperimental, nonequivalent control group design with posttest only, teachers (N = 41) were assigned to one trial group and two comparison groups. The distal comparison group received no inservice training, the local comparison group received a single session, and the trial group received ongoing, inservice training. The Health Program Component Checklist developed for this study was used to measure implementation. Data were collected by personal interview. Based on the Mann‐Whitney U test, a significantly greater degree of implementation occurred in the trial group than in the proximal comparison group, but not the distal comparison group.
A Preliminary Investigation of Inner City Adolescents' Perceptions of Guns
Authors: Price James H. , Desmond Sharon M. , Smith Daisy
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Three hundred seventy‐seven African‐American and 201 while adolescents, primarily of low socioeconomic status, were surveyed on perceptions of guns. Chi‐square analyses found significant differences by gender and ethnicity. African‐American males were more likely to have a pistol at home (47%); both African‐American males and females were more likely to have known someone who took a gun to school (57% and 47%) and to have personally known someone who had been shot (87% and 91%). Differences between African‐American and white adolescents and between males and females regarding gun control, gun safety, and consequences of gun use are described.
Status of the General Health Education Courses in U.S. Colleges and Universities
Authors: Kittleson Mark J. , DeBarr Kathy A.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: The status of general health education courses was examined in 248 education programs. A general health education course was included in the curriculum of more than 85% of responding institutions. Thirty‐five universities indicated the course is a graduation requirement for all undergraduate students. One hundred seventy‐eight programs offer a general health education course to meet requirements for various majors including health education, physical education, elementary and secondary education, and athletic training. The average health education course enrolls slightly more than 46 students; more than 108,000 students enroll annually in a general health education course. Part‐time faculty teach approximately 23% of the courses.
Effects of Fitness Test Type, Teacher, and Gender on Exercise Intrinsic Motivation and Physical Self‐Worth
Authors: Whitehead James R. , Corbin Charles B.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: This study compared effects on exercise intrinsic motivation and physical self‐worth of taking either the President's Challenge or the Fitnessgram fitness test battery. Three teachers administered the battery to seventh and eighth grade students (N = 370). The only significant effect involving fitness test type on intrinsic motivation was a test‐teacher‐gender interaction on the interest‐enjoyment subscale of the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI). Main effects occurred for gender on intrinsic motivation and physical self‐worth (PSW). Finally, using a Fitness Level x Gender x Fitness Test Type design, a main effect occurred for fitness level on all four IMI subscales, and also on PSW. While results supported the construct validity of IMI and PSW scales, they did not support the theory‐based premise that fitness test batteries would produce different motivational and self‐perception outcomes. Results are discussed with reference to the limitations and delimitations of the field‐based study.
Self‐Reported Eating Disorders of Black, Low‐Income Adolescents: Behavior, Body Weight Perceptions, and Methods of Dieting
Authors: Balentine Margaret , Stitt Kathleen , Bonner Judith , Clark Louise
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: This study identified black, low‐income adolescents who thought they had anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa, identified behaviors common to those who thought they had the disorders, and compared their actual and perceived body weight as well as methods of dieting. Of the 1,930 students in grades 7–12 who participated, about 12% thought they might have an eating disorder. These students also reported having food‐related behaviors similar to individuals with eating disorders and which differed significantly from those reported by their peers. Gender was more likely to affect food behavior than age. Though most students were within their expected weight range, those with self‐reported eating disorders perceived themselves to be heavier more often than their peers and when their actual weights were compared, they were more likely to weigh more. Of those who had dieted to lose weight, fasting was the most frequently reported restrictive method used.
Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention Strategies Used by School Nurses
Authors: Kobokovich Linda J. , Bonovich Leah K.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: This survey identified a range of adolescent pregnancy prevention activities used by school nurses in selected Mid‐Atlantic public schools. A purposive sample of 224 public school nurses completed the School Nurse Questionnaire adapted from an instrument used previously to survey school nurses. Based on a 54% response rate, a task analysis revealed that respondents performed only one pregnancy prevention activity frequently. A sub‐sample of nurses, serving students in grades 6–12, used seven of 21 pregnancy prevention activities frequently. Though nurses did not actually perform the remaining activities, they felt prepared to do so. However, the structure of school nursing services often does not allow adequate time or opportunity to engage in adolescent pregnancy prevention activities.
The Depiction of Guns on Prime Time Television
Authors: Price James H. , Merrill Elaine A. , Clause Michael E.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Two weeks of regular prime‐time programming on four major networks (ABC, CBS, Fox, and NBC) was monitored for scenes in which guns were either used or displayed. Guns were seen most often on CBS, Saturdays and Sundays, and later in the evenings. Middle‐aged, white males were depicted as gun users in better than 75% of the scenes. Most scenes involved pistols. Most often the person who used the gun suffered no repercussions. When a victim was depicted as being shot, seldom was the pain of the victim, the victim's family, or friends demonstrated.
Project Lifestyle: Developing Positive Health Lifestyles for Schoolchildren in Antigua
Authors: Sinha Dinesh P.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Countries of the English‐speaking Caribbean are in epidemiological transition. Following SO years of socioeconomic change, obesity and chronic diseases have almost replaced malnutrition and infectious diseases as major health problems. Major risk factors for this modern epidemic are lifestyle‐related. Project Lifestyle seeks to develop positive health lifestyles in schoolchildren gradually, sequentially, and systematically from grades 1–12 and throughout the school system on the island of Antigua. The four health habits addressed include weighing right, eating right, doing daily physical exercise, and having a positive self‐concept. Since risk interventions with schoolchildren have produced positive results in several developed countries, this project developed an intervention methodology in the Caribbean context.
Sources of Stress in Children with Asthma
Authors: Walsh Michelle , Ryan‐Wenger Nancy M.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Children experience stressors related to self‐concept and school, family, and peer relationships. This study of children with asthma determined their perceptions of the frequency and severity of stressors they experience other than their asthma. Children with asthma are similar to peers with regard to perceptions of stressors. Teachers, health professionals, and parents should consider children with asthma as normal children who have an additional source of stress – a chronic illness. Results suggest perceptions of most stressors relate more strongly to gender‐role development than to asthma. Children with asthma rated feeling left out of the group and not being good enough at sports as serious stressors. School personnel could be instrumental in encouraging management and prevention of exercise‐induced asthma and promote all children's full participation in physical activities. Further examination of the relationship between stress and asthma is needed.
Susceptibility to Peer Pressure as an Explanatory Variable for the Differential Effectiveness of an Alcohol Misuse Prevention Program in Elementary Schools
Authors: Dielman T. E. , Kloska Deborah D. , Leech Sharon L. , Schulenberg John E. , Shope Jean T.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: A school‐based alcohol misuse prevention program had differential effects on students' susceptibility to peer pressure, depending on prior experience with alcohol. These effects paralleled those on alcohol use and misuse, indicating program effects on use and misuse were mediated by reductions in the rate of increase on susceptibility to peer pressure. Experimental group students with prior unsupervised use of alcohol showed a significantly greater reduction than their controls in the rate of increase in susceptibility to peer pressure, alcohol use, and alcohol misuse. This difference was not found among students without prior unsupervised use of alcohol.
Demographics of Adolescent Sexual Behavior, Contraception, Pregnancy, and STDs
Authors: Newcomer Susan , Baldwin Wendy
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: The demographics of fertility‐related behavior of youth ages 10–18 are reviewed. Data were collected from U.S. vital statistics, and birth rates, contraceptive use, sexual behavior, number and types of sexual partners, patterns of sexual initiation and sexual intercourse, and sexually transmitted diseases were examined. Despite data limitations, the demographic profile of adolescent sexual intercourse is striking. Age clearly is the single most important predictor of sexual debut.
Risk Factors for Adolescent Sexual Behavior, Fertility, and Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Authors: Santelli John S. , Beilenson Peter
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Current understanding of the risk factors related to adolescent initiation of sexual activity, use of contraception, pregnancy, and STDs is examined. From recent research on adolescent fertility, findings that have particular relevance to school health or reflect new understandings of adolescent sexuality are summarized. In selected cases, prevention programs that build directly on an understanding of these risk factors are cited.
School‐Based Programs to Reduce Sexual Risk‐Taking Behaviors
Authors: Kirby Douglas
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: This article reviews the major approaches implemented during the last two decades to reduce sexual risk‐taking behaviors, examines their evidence for success, and provides several recommendations for effective programs and program evaluations. This article does not discuss more broad‐based sexuality education programs which address sexuality in a broader context. Instead, this article focuses primarily on programs that educators believed would reduce unprotected sexual intercourse.
Adolescent Reproductive Health: Roles for School Personnel in Prevention and Early Intervention
Authors: Majer Lani Smith , Santelli John S. , Coyle Karin
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: The practical roles school staff can play in addressing adolescent reproductive health issues such as teen‐age pregnancy, STDs, and HIV/AIDS are reviewed. Particular attention is given to identification and assessment of adolescents most at risk for pregnancy, STDs, and HIV/AIDS, and the regulations that address protection of students' privacy in this area.
Adolescent Pregnancy Options
Authors: Resnick Michael D.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: The range of pregnancy options available to adolescents each have significant ramifications for future educational and economic achievement. The changing societal context of adolescent pregnancy decision‐making are described, and the characteristics of adolescents who choose to terminate their pregnancy, parent their child, or place for adoption are examined. The role of significant others in decision‐making and the implications of mandatory parental involvement in pregnancy decision‐making is discussed, as well as the roles of schools in promoting the well‐being and potential of adolescents considering pregnancy decisions.
Epidemiology of AIDS, HIV Prevalence, and HIV Incidence Among Adolescents
Authors: DiClemente Ralph J.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Health educators, policy analysts, and public health officials are becoming more aware of the serious threat HIV poses to the health of U.S. adolescents. While AIDS among adolescents remains relatively uncommon, considerable data indicates this age group has alarmingly high HIV infection rates and that minority adolescents are at disproportionately greater risk of HIV infection relative to their White peers. Recent seroconversion studies of active duty military personnel indicate that the number of new HIV infections (incident cases) are especially high among Black adolescents. Findings suggest the urgent need for more tailored HIV prevention programs, especially gender‐ and ethnic‐specific programs.
Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention for Hispanic Youth: The Role of Schools, Families, and Communities
Authors: Brindis Claire
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: A sociodemographic profile of Hispanic youth is presented as well as a description of the incidence of adolescent pregnancy and parenting in this population. Strategies and recommendations that should be implemented to provide Hispanic youth with viable options and assistance in delaying early childbearing also are offered.
Children of Alcoholics in the Classroom: A Survey of Teacher Perceptions and Training Needs
Authors: Knight Sharon M. , Vail‐Smith Karen , Barnes Anne Marie
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Children of alcoholics (COAs) represent a population at risk for alcoholism as well as other physical, emotional, and social problems. This survey explored perceptions of North Carolina elementary and middle school teachers regarding roles and responsibilities in assisting COAs, their need for additional training specific to COAs, and their perceptions of school‐based resources for helping COAs. Survey findings suggest teachers generally are willing to assist COAs but need training regarding these children. Training is particularly appropriate for teachers who perceive a low incidence of COAs in their classrooms since these individuals' responses suggest the existence of barriers to effective COA assistance.
Adolescents' Perceptions of Relative Weight and Self‐Reported Weight Loss Activities
Authors: Felts Michael , Tavasso Debra , Chenier Thomas , Dunn Patricia
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Data from the 1990 North Carolina Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) were used to examine adolescents' perceptions of relative weight and the relationship of these perceptions to physical activity levels, efforts to lose weight, and time spent viewing television. A total of 3,437 ninth and 12th grade respondents to the May 1990 survey were included in the analysis. Of this sample, 25% perceived themselves as “too fat.” Of that group, 68% were trying to lose weight. Females made up 75% of those reporting they were “too fat” and were trying to lose weight. White females were more likely to think of themselves as overweight and were more likely to be trying to lose weight than black females. Adolescents who perceived themselves as “too fat” reported fewer days of strenuous activity, fewer hours of strenuous exercise in physical education classes, and more hours spent viewing television on school days.
The Longevity of Growing Healthy: An Analysis of the Eight Original Sites Implementing the School Health Curriculum Project
Authors: Smith Dennis W. , Redican Kerry J. , Olsen Larry K.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: The status of the Growing Healthy curriculm (School Health Curriculum Project [SHCP]) was examined in the eight sites selected in 1969 by the National Clearinghouse on Smoking and Health to receive funded training and implementation support. A contact person from each site completed and returned a questionnaire pertaining to the district's continued implementation (institutionalization) of the SHCP. Most districts had not continued to implement the program. Reasons for discontinuation included loss of the “program champion” and insufficient administrative leadership. Districts continuing to implement the program generally were smaller in size, and employed a part‐time coordinator for the SHCP. Recommendations for institutionalizing future instruction programs include identifying replacement program coordinators and other administrators to ensure continuity and support for the program over time, and conducting process and impact evaluations on program effects. (J Sch Health. 1992;62(3):83–87)
Gender and Ethnic Differences in Adolescents' Attitudes Toward Condom Use
Authors: Hodges Bonni C. , Leavyx Margaret , Swift Robert , Gold Robert S.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: This secondary analysis from the National Adolescent Student Health Survey (NASHS) examined relationships between adolescents' personal and perceived peer attitudes toward condom use with gender and self‐reported ethnic background. Descriptive results revealed general personal support and perceived peer support for condom use. Results from multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVAs) demonstrated significant interaction effects for the eighth grade sample [F = (4, 2383228) = 3530.01 p = .000], and the 10th grade sample [F = (4, 2636878) = 2594.41073, p = .000]. Contrasts revealed significant differences among all ethnic groups for both belief variables for the entire sample, eighth grade students, and 10th grade students. Though general support exists for condom use among U.S. eighth and 10th grade students, conviction varies among groups perhaps indicating a need for tailored messages about condom use, especially for Hispanic students. Implications for health education include the need for cultural‐sensitive and gender‐sensitive STD education. (J Sch Health. 1992;62(3):103–106)
Nutrient Contribution of the School Lunch Program: Implications for Healthy People 2000
Authors: Farris Rosanne P. , Nicklas Theresa A. , Webber Larry S. , Berenson Gerald S.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Cardiovascular disease‐related nutrients were quantified in a school lunch program over a 15‐year period. Methods included 24‐hour dietary recall, menu weights, and recipe analysis. School lunch was eaten by 93% of students. School lunches provided 23% of daily kilocalories and 24%, 29%, and 20% of daily fat, protein, and carbohydrate intake, respectively, saturated fat and cholesterol from school lunch were 27% and 24% of daily total. School lunch provided 7% of daily sucrose and 32% of daily sodium. Children not eating school lunch had significantly greater polyunsaturated (p <.001), carbohydrate (p <.05), and sucrose (p <.001) intakes. Though the school lunch contributed less than one‐third of daily total nutrients, intakes of diet components related to cardiovascular disease risk were excessive. Sixty percent to 80% of children exceed daily total fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, and sodium intakes over recommended levels. Schools can influence childhood cardiovascular disease risk by providing students healthier foods, with education to promote positive lifestyles. (J Sch Health. 1992;62(5):180–184)
Adolescents' Reasons for Smoking
Authors: Sarason Irwin G. , Mankowski Eric S. , Peterson Arthur V. , Dinh Khanh T.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Part of the Hutchinson Smoking Prevention Project, this study provides information on reasons reported by adolescents for their smoking behavior. A total of 1,615 10th grade students in 20 rural and suburban school districts in Washington state were asked why they currently smoke and why they first smoked. For beginning smoking, curiosity, social norms, and social pressure were the most frequently given reasons for smoking. For current smoking, pleasure and addiction were mentioned most often. A number of gender differences occurred with 10th grade students beginning and current smoking. More females than males reported social norms and social pressure as reasons for beginning to smoke, whereas for currently smoking, pleasure was given as a reason more frequently by females than males. When developing interventions, smoking prevention programs need to consider students' current and past smoking behavior, and the reasons they give for smoking. (J Sch Health. 1992;62(5):185–190)
Project School Care: Integrating Children Assisted by Medical Technology into Educational Settings
Authors: Palfrey Judith S. , Haynie Marilynn , Porter Stephanie , Bierle Timaree , Cooperman Paula , Lowcock Joan
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: The increasing number of children assisted by medical technology in the U.S. has led to a need for systematic planning for the children's care in community settings such as schools. Project School Care in Massachusetts provides consultation to school systems as schools respond to the challenge of integrating children assisted by medical technology into educational settings. The model of practice described includes the step‐wise planning process and the ensuing training, enrollment, and monitoring procedures. Implications are explored with particular emphasis on upgrading of skills at all medical and educational levels. More input from school health personnel in administrative decision‐making around enrollment of children with special health care needs is recommended. For these children, a health care plan should be incorporated into their Individualized Education Plans and into their school records.
High School Students' Knowledge of HIV/AIDS and Perceived Risk of Currently Having AIDS
Authors: DuRant Robert H. , Ashworth Carolyn Seymore , Newman Cheryl , Gaillard Greg
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Factors associated with AIDS knowledge and perceived risk of currently having HIV infection among adolescents were examined. A modified version of the Centers for Disease Control's Health Risk Survey was administered to 11th and 12th grade students (N = 2,483) in homerooms from nine schools in one southeastern community. Knowledge was based on cumulative responses to 12 questions. Many adolescents incorrectly answered seven questions. Based on multivariate analysis of variance, lower AIDS knowledge was associated with no prior school‐based AIDS education (p ≤ 0.0001), previous IV drug use (p ≤ 0.0001), male gender (p ≤ 0.0001), and being Black or “other” ethnic group (p ≤ 0.0001). Based on interaction effects, Hispanics not receiving AIDS education in school (p ≤ 0.0001) and Black and “other” ethnic group IV drug users (p ≤ 0.0011) had a lower AIDS knowledge. When controlling for AIDS knowledge level (p ≤ 0.0001), higher perceived risk of current infection with HIV was associated with previous IV drug use (p ≤ 0.0001) and male gender (p ≤ 0.0001). However, previous IV drug users who never received AIDS education (p ≤ 0.0001) or were from Black or “other” ethnic group (p ≤ 0.008) had higher perceived risks of presently having HIV infection.
Total Blood Cholesterol and Contributory Risk Factors in an Adolescent Population
Authors: Berg Carol L. , Swanson Deborah J. , Juhl Nyla
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Total blood cholesterol (TBC) levels and contributory risk factors in an adolescent population were investigated. Existing TBC screening records were reviewed on 452 10th grade students in two schools. The sample consisted of 52% males and 48% females whose mean age was 15.47 years. Blood samples were analyzed by the Reflotron.® Risk factors investigated included age, gender, ethnicity, individual and family history of high cholesterol history of high blood pressure, smoking tobacco products, and oral contraceptive use. The sample mean for TBC was 150.61. The only significant factors identified by ANOVA were gender and use of oral contraceptives. Females had higher TBC levels than males, and females who used oral contraceptives had higher TBC levels than nonusers.
The Role of the Federal Government in Promoting Health Through the Schools: Opening Statement of Senator William S. Cohen
Authors: Cohen William S.
Published: October 2009

Opening Statement of Senator William S. Cohen, Subcommittee on Oversight of Government Management, Committee on Governmental Affairs, U.S. Senate, at Hearing on Healthy Schools, Healthy Children, Healthy Futures: The Role of the Federal Government in Promoting Child Health Through the Schools, November 14, 1991.
The Role of the Federal Government in Promoting Health Through the Schools: Opening Statement of Senator Carl Levin
Authors: Levin Carl
Published: October 2009

Opening Statement of Senator Carl Levin, Chairman, Subcommittee on Oversight of Government Management, Committee on Governmental Affairs, U.S. Senate, at Hearing on Healthy Schools, Healthy Children, Healthy Futures: The Role of the Federal Government in Promoting Child Health Through the Schools, November 14, 1991.
The Role of the Federal Government in Promoting Health Through the Schools: Report from the President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports
Authors: Vidmar Peter
Published: October 2009

Statement of Peter Vidmar, member, President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports, before the Subcommittee on Oversight of Government Management, Committee on Governmental Affairs U.S. Senate, November 14, 1991.
The Role of the Federal Government in Promoting Health Through the Schools: Report from the Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion
Authors: McGinnis J. Michael
Published: October 2009

Statement of J. Michael McGinnis, MD, Deputy Assistant Secretary for Health, Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Public Health Service, U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, before the Subcommittee on Oversight of Government Management, Committee on Governmental Affairs, U.S. Senate, November 14, 1991.
The Role of the Federal Government in Promoting Health Through the Schools: Report from the Division of Adolescent and School Health, Centers for Disease Control
Authors: Kolbe Lloyd J.
Published: October 2009

Statement of Lloyd J. Kolbe, PhD, Director, Division of Adolescent and School Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, before the Subcommittee on Oversight of Government Management, Committee on Governmental Affairs, U.S. Senate, November 14, 1991.
The Role of the Federal Government in Promoting Health Through the Schools: Report from the Department of Agriculture
Authors: Nelsen Betty Jo
Published: October 2009

Statement of Betty Jo Nelsen, Administrator, Food and Nutrition Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Testimony Before the Subcommittee on Oversight of Government Management, Committee on Governmental Affairs, U.S. Senate, November 14, 1991.
The Role of the Federal Government in Promoting Health Through the Schools: Report from the Department of Education
Authors: Ravitch Diane
Published: October 2009

Statement of Diane Ravitch, PhD, Assistant Secretary for the Office of Educational Research and Improvement, U.S. Department of Education, and Counselor to the Secretary on the Federal Government's Role in Child Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, before the Subcommittee on Oversight of Government Management, Committee of Governmental Affairs, U.S. Senate, November 14, 1991.
Multiple Correlates of Cigarette Use Among High School Students
Authors: McDermott Robert J. , Sarvela Paul D. , Hoalt Pamela N. , Bajracharya Srijana M. , Marty Phillip J. , Emery Eileen M.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: A cross‐sectional survey research design measured factors related to cigarette use among 2,212 senior high school students. Results showed 14.3% of the sample smoked cigarettes at least occasionally, with 5.3% reporting they were daily smokers. About 12.8% indicated they were ex‐smokers. Males and females smoked at almost equal rates, and the percentage of 10th grade student smokers was slightly higher (16.4%) than the percentage of juniors and seniors who smoked. Approximately 22% of Hispanic students, 15% of Caucasian students, and 4.5% of African‐American students reported smoking cigarettes at least occasionally. An initial regression analysis used 21 variables to predict cigarette smoking. A more parsimonious regression model (R2 = .28), using variables from the initial regression analysis with significance levels of .01 or less, indicated the most important predictors of cigarette use were ethnic group, attitude toward females who smoke, close friends' use of cigarettes, personal use of marijuana, best friend's use of cigarettes, personal use of alcohol, and school self‐esteem. Implications for school health programs are addressed.
Potential Bias in Teacher Referrals to the School Nurse
Authors: Schneider Paula L. , Grimes Richard M.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Education literature suggests gender, race, and socioeconomic status of students influence the quality and quantity of interactions with their teachers. Studies show that teachers favor White, male, and upper‐income children. This preliminary study was conducted to determine if bias was evident in teacher referrals to the school nurse. Referrals from seven elementary schools were studied. The 117 children referred for nonroutine nursing interventions during the nine‐week period were compared with 3,787 children not referred. Results showed no differences by gender, but significant differences occurred by socioeconomic status and race (p < .001). When controlling for gender and race, no differences existed between White males and African American males. However, significantly (p < .001) more African American females were referred than White females. (J Sch Health. 1993;63(10):426–428)
Death Themes in Literature for Children Ages 3–8
Authors: Seibert Dinah , Drolet Judy C.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Children's literature provides an appropriate tool for addressing concepts of death education. This study examined how death is presented in literature for children ages three‐eight. A review of literature and Holsti's formula for intercoder reliability were used to develop a data collection instrument. Children's books with death themes were identified, and a content analysis recording frequencies for 39 items was performed on 65 books available for the study. A profile of the typical children's book with death themes was developed. The profile is discussed in terms of positive and negative presentations of death and being developmental appropriate for young children. Based on results from the study, death themes are presented in a positive, realistic way that promote healthy development. Because of its positive presentations, children's literature is recommended as a teaching tool for death education.
Correlates of Condom Use and Number of Sexual Partners Among High School Adolescents
Authors: Richter Donna L. , Valois Robert F. , McKeown Robert E. , Vincent Murray L.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Factors associated with condom use and number of sexual partners were examined in a statewide sample of public high school students in grades 9–12 (N = 3,893). Data were collected in spring 1990 using the 70‐item, self‐report Youth Risk Behavior Survey, developed and piloted by the Centers for Disease Control. Composite scores were constructed to measure aggression, physical recklessness, alcohol use, illegal drug use, cigarette use, lack of exercise, and academic self‐image. Since simple polychotomous logistic regression models revealed a significant race by gender interaction, multivariate models were run separately for each race‐gender group. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated from polychotomous logistic regression of lifetime sexual activity and condom use with their potential correlates. Risky sexual behavior appears to be correlated with a complex of other behaviors that place students at risk. A pattern of declining condom use with increasing number of partners was evident, especially for White students.
Investigating Children's Knowledge and Understanding of AIDS
Authors: Obeidallah Dawn , Turner Patricia , Iannotti Ronald J. , O'Brien Robert W. , Haynie Denise , Galper Daniel
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Though AIDS education in schools reaches many adolescents, the incidnce of adolescent HIV infection has risen dramatically. Reasons for failure to properly educate adolescents include not educating children prior to adolescence and neglecting to assess and address children's varying levels of cognitive development when designing AIDS education programs. Citing examples from a study of more than 600 elementary‐age schoolchildren, this paper focuses on the importance of assessing children's understanding of disease processes rather than accepting their use of key phrases in appropriate contexts as reflecting knowledge, and using the level at which they understand disease processes rather than age as the primary determinant of students' readiness for comprehending AIDS‐related concepts. Guidelines for assessing how well children understand disease processes, including use of nonleading probes, are presented.
Incorporating Health‐Fitness Concepts in Secondary Physical Education Curricula
Authors: Goldfine Bernard D. , Nahas Markus V.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: This investigation ascertained escertained effects of exposing high school students to classroom health‐related fitness instruction involving a curriculum focused on the relationship of exercise to cardiorespiratory fitness, body composition, flexibility, strength (particularly as it relates to abdominal and lower‐back muscoskeletal function), and muscular endurance. The curriculum included lectures, labs, and readings as part of the physical education course work. Ninety ninth and 10th grade students were assigned randomly to one of three physical education classes, which met daily for one, 12‐week semester. Each class received the same skill‐related instruction; however, the two experimental classes, in lieu of skill activities, were exposed to classroom instruction and readings dealing with health fitness topics on a one or two day per week basis. The third class of students, the control group, was engaged strictly in skill activities daily. Students exposed to health‐related fitness classroom instruction displayed significantly more positive attitudes toward physical activity and a better understanding of health‐related fitness than students who did not receive such information.
The Impact of Training on School Professionals' Knowledge, Beliefs, and Behaviors Regarding HIV/AIDS and Adolescent Homosexuality
Authors: Remafedi Gary
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: The impact of training on secondary school professionals' knowledge, beliefs, and behaviors regarding HIV/AIDS and adolescent homosexuality was examined. Subjects (79 introductory and 50 advanced trainees) and 58 controls (no prior training) were systematically sampled from professionals in a statewide demonstration program to prevent HIV transmission among gay and bisexual youth. Subjects completed mailed, self‐administered surveys based on the curriculum. The overall response rate was 79%. Trainees scored significantly higher than controls on knowledge pertaining to HIV and adolescent homosexuality. They also reported using greater numbers of strategies to teach students about homosexuality and to improve the milieu for homosexual students. Training at any level was independently associated with constructive behaviors, while controlling for demographic characteristics. Advanced learners were most knowledgeable and least reliant on informal sources of information. They were more likely than others to teach about homosexuality and to refer homosexual students to community services. Findings supported the hypothesized benefits of the intervention. Schools that mandate AIDS education should help staff confront the difficult issue of adolescent homosexuality.
Perceived Health Needs of Secondary School Students in Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria
Authors: Nwangwa M. A. , Okure Maria J.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Nigeria generally has overlooked the health needs of its adolescents. To determine student perceptions of their health‐related needs, some 600 students in Uyo, the capital of Akwa Ibom State, were surveyed, and they identified several concerns. Their responses provided the basis to offer five recommendations for action: improve the quality of school health service facilities and personnel available in the secondary schools; implement a comprehensive national program of drug education and control; provide a healthful school environment; assess the quality and quantity of food provided to students, especially in boarding schools; and implement a comprehensive school health education program in Nigerian schools.
Relationships Between Expectancies and Adolescent Dieting Behaviors
Authors: Allen Karen M. , Thombs Dennis L. , Mahoney Colleen A. , Daniel Eileen L.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Dieting expectancies are cognitive variables pertaining to anticipated outcomes individuals expect to obtain from dieting to lose weight. This investigation examined the factor structure of dieting expectancies in an adolescent population, age 10–18, and tested the ability of factors to distinguish among types of dieter, diet pill user, and vomiter groups. Emerging from a principal components analysis were five reliable expectancy factors: Social Confidence, Social Approval, Self‐Worth, Positive Performance, and Negative Consequences. Results indicate dieting expectancies and gender are important in distinguishing among adolescents who engage in different dieting practices. Gender and Self‐Worth were particularly important in distinguishing frequent dieters from nondieters. Social Approval was best at separating frequent dieters from occasional dieters, diet pills users from nonusers, and vomiters from nonvomiters.
Improving School Nursing Practice in South Carolina Through Continuing Education
Authors: Felton Gwen M. , Parsons Mary Ann
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: School nurses often provide direct health care to school‐age children, and thus need a range of knowledge and skills to meet the needs of less healthy children, as well as healthy children. To meet this challenge in South Carolina, a statewide continuing education program with didactic and school‐based clinical instruction was implemented to enhance the scope of school nurse practice. The physical, psychosocial, and environmental health dimensions of the school nurse's role improved significantly when the program ended at nine months and were maintained at 18 months follow‐up. However, program management skills did not improve. Practice guidelines indicate continuing education can improve practice in areas under direct control of the school nurse. Focus on development of program management skills is called for in continuing education. Redefinition of this aspect is crucial to full development of the school nurse role and improved health for school‐age children.
The Relationship Between Youth Substance Use and Area‐Specific Self‐Esteem
Authors: Emery Eileen M. , McDermott Robert J. , Holcomb Derek R. , Marty Phillip J.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: A cross‐sectional survey design investigated the relationship of school and home self‐esteem to history of substance use, membership in alternative education (non‐mainstream) school programs, gender, and race. Self‐esteem was assessed using the Hare Self‐Esteem Scale. Four hundred eleven sixth grade students completed the survey. Results revealed home self‐esteem related inversely to tobacco use (F = 15.39, df = 2,343, p < .0001), alcohol use (F = 12.08, df = 2,343, p < .0001), and use of other drugs (F = 12.28, df = 2,338, p < .0001). Similarly, school self‐esteem related inversely to tobacco use (F = 15.47, df = 2,354, p < .0001), alcohol use (F = 8.74, df = 2,353, p = .0002), and use of other drugs (F = 9.30, df = 2,350, p < .0001). Regardless of type of drug, recent users had the lowest self‐esteem scores on both subscales and never users had the highest scores. Subjects enrolled in non‐mainstream programs had significantly lower home and school self‐esteem scores than did subjects in mainstream classes. Race and gender were not associated significantly with self‐esteem. Implications for youth substance use prevention and research are discussed.
Creating a Safe Environment for Children in Daycare
Authors: Strauman‐Raymond Karen , Lie Letty , Kempf‐Berkseth Janet
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Injuries represent the leading cause of death for children older than age one. Likewise, some 22 million children are injured each year, with more than 1 million requiring medical treatment. More than 40% of children currently receive full‐time or part‐time day care, but little research has examined the status of injuries to children in daycare. This paper provides information on the nature and extent of injuries to children, and contributing factors responsible for those injuries. One case study of research on injuries in Minneapolis, Minn., daycare centers is discussed. Recommendations for action are offered.
Implementing a School‐Based STD/HIV Prevention Intervention: Collaboration Between a University Medical Center and an Urban School District
Authors: Molbert William , Boyer Cherrie B. , Shafer Mary‐Ann B.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: To effectively implement a school‐based STD/HIV prevention intervention program developed by a community‐based agency, several issues must be addressed to build a collaborative partnership between the agency and the school district. Steps taken by the Division of Adolescent Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, in achieving partnership with a local urban school district are outlined. The process of recruiting school district administrators, health education liaisons, teachers, parents, and students is emphasized.
A Model for Training Community‐Based Providers for Children with Special Health Care Needs
Authors: Todaro Ann Witt , Failla Salva , Caldwell Terry H.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Children with special health care needs pose many challenges for community‐based providers. Programs such as school, child care, and Head Start provide services to children that previously would have been delivered in hospitals or at home. The need for a system of care to assure safe, quality services for these children is paramount. While health procedure manuals for schools have been developed, few recommendations address the actual training of providers or the trainers of providers. This article describes a system of training which includes steps in managing the care of children with special health care needs, levels of training, and expected competencies for the care providers of children with special health care needs.
Cigarette Smoking as a Predictor of Alcohol and Other Drug Use by Children and Adolescents: Evidence of the “Gateway Drug Effect”
Authors: Torabi Mohammad R. , Bailey William J. , Majd‐Jabbari Massoumeh
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Data from a statewide survey, conducted by the Indiana Prevention Resource Center, of 20,629 Indiana students in grades 5–12 were analyzed to determine the extent to which cigarette smoking predicted use of alcohol and other drugs and acted as a so‐called “gateway drug.” A three‐stage purposive/quota cluster sampling strategy yielded a representative sample of Indiana students, stratified by grade. Cross‐tabulated data revealed a strong, dose‐dependent relationship between smoking behavior and binge drinking, as well as use of alcohol and illicit drugs. Daily pack‐a‐day smokers were three times more likely to drink alcohol, seven times more likely to use smokeless tobacco, and 10–30 times more likely to use illicit drugs than nonsmokers. A stepwise multiple regression analyzed the role that the student's perceptions of the risk of using drugs and of peer approval/disapproval of the student's drug use, gender, grade in school, and ethnic background played in predicting alcohol and other drug use.