bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of vegetable production management practices to reduce the ecological risk of pesticides
Authors: Rice Pamela J. , Hapeman Cathleen J. , McConnell Laura L. , Sadeghi Ali M. , Teasdale John R. , Coffman C. Benjamin , McCarty Gregory W. , Abdul-Baki Aref A. , Starr James L.
Published: October 2007

The ability of agricultural management practices to reduce the ecological risks of pesticides was evaluated. Risk quotients, a mathematical description of the relationship between exposure and toxicity, and hazard ratings, a rank of the potential risk of pesticides to aquatic environments, were calculated for conventional and alternative cultivation practices for tomatoes: Poly-Bare, raised beds covered with polyethylene mulch with bare-soil furrows; Poly-Rye, raised beds covered with polyethylene mulch with cereal rye (Secale cereale) grown in the furrows; and Vetch, raised beds and furrows planted with hairy vetch seed (Vicia villosa). Evaluations were conducted using measured pesticide concentrations in runoff at the edge-of-field and estimated environmental concentrations in an adjacent creek and a theoretical pond receiving the runoff. Runoff from Poly-Bare presented the greatest risk to ecosystem health and to sensitive organisms, whereas the use of Vetch minimized these risks. Previous studies have shown that harvest yields were maintained and that runoff volume, soil loss, and off-site transport of pesticides measured in runoff were reduced using the alternative management practices (Poly-Rye and Vetch). Together, these results indicate that the alternative management practices (Poly-Rye and Vetch) have a less adverse impact on the environment than the conventional management practice (PolyBare) while providing growers with an acceptable economic return. In addition, the present study demonstrates the need to consider the management practice when assessing the potential risks and hazards for certain pesticides.
Relative differences in aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated response for 18 polybrominated and mixed halogenated dibenzo-P-dioxins and -furans in cell lines from four different species
Authors: Olsman Helena , Engwall Magnus , Kammann Ulrike , Klempt Martin , Otte Jens , van Bavel Bert , Hollert Henner
Published: October 2007

As a consequence of ubiquitous use of brominated organic chemicals, there is a concern for persistent or increasing environmental levels of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PBDD/Fs) and mixed polychlorinated and polybrominated di-benzo-p-dioxins/furans (PXDD/Fs). Hence, there is a need to broaden the toxicological and environmental knowledge about these compounds, as a basis for risk assessment. In the study presented here, the relative potencies (REPs) for 18 PBDD/F and PXDD/F congeners were determined in four dioxin-specific bioassays from different species: dioxin receptor chemically activated luciferase expression assay (DR-CALUX, rat hepatoma cells), TV101L (human hepatoma cells), and GPC.2D (guinea pig adenoma cells), as well as ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase induction in the fish cell line RTL-W1 (rainbow trout liver cells). The bioassay specific REP factors presented here enable the assessment of the contribution from PBDD/Fs and PXDD/Fs to total 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) equivalents (TEQs: toxic equivalents), using bioassay analysis. The PBDD/Fs were found to be equally potent as their chlorinated analogues in the three mammalian assays, whereas the PXDD/Fs showed relatively higher potencies. Of special concern were the 2,3,7,8-substituted penta- and tetrahalogenated congeners, for which mean REPs were >1. The 2-B-1,3,7,8-CDD (2-bromo-1,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin) was up to three times more potent than TCDD in individual experiments (on weight basis). The RTL-W1 was less sensitive to the tested compounds with overall 10-fold lower REPs than the mammalian cell lines. Although the REP factors exhibited species-specific differences, overall resembling rank orders of dioxin-like potency were obtained.
Whole-sediment toxicity identification evaluation tools for pyrethroid insecticides: I. Piperonyl butoxide addition
Authors: Amweg Erin L. , Weston Donald P.
Published: October 2007

Piperonyl butoxide (PBO) is a synergist used in some pyrethroid and pyrethrin pesticide products and has been used in toxicity identification evaluations (TIEs) of water samples to indicate organophosphate or pyrethroid-related toxicity. Methods were developed and validated for use of PBO as a TIE tool in whole-sediment testing to help establish if pyrethroids are the cause of toxicity observed in field-collected sediments. Pyrethroid toxicity was increased slightly more than twofold in 10-d sediment toxicity tests with Hyalella azteca exposed to 25 μg/L of PBO in the overlying water. This concentration was found to be effective for sediment TIE use, but it is well below that used in previous water and pore-water TIEs with PBO. The effect of PBO on the toxicity of several nonpyrethroids also was tested. Toxicity of the organophosphate chlorpyrifos was reduced by PBO, and the compound had no effect on toxicity of cadmium, DDT, or fluoranthene. Mixtures of the pyrethroid bifenthrin and chlorpyrifos were tested to determine the ability of PBO addition to identify pyrethroid toxicity when organophosphates were present in a sample. The PBO-induced increase in pyrethroid toxicity was not seen when chlorpyrifos was present at or above equitoxic concentrations with the pyrethroid. In the vast majority of field samples, however, the presence of chlorpyrifos does not interfere with use of PBO to identify pyrethroid toxicity. Eleven field sediments or soils containing pyrethroids and/or chlorpyrifos were used to validate the method. Characterization of the causative agent as determined by PBO addition was consistent with confirmation by chemical analysis and comparison to known toxicity thresholds in 10 of the 11 sediments.
Whole-sediment toxicity identification evaluation tools for pyrethroid insecticides: II. Esterase addition
Authors: Weston Donald P. , Amweg Erin L.
Published: October 2007

An esterase enzyme capable of catalyzing the hydrolysis of the ester bond common to all pyrethroid insecticides has been proposed as a toxicity identification evaluation procedure for the compounds when present in water samples. It appeared to show promise in previous applications to pore water and in one published application to bulk sediment. The present study was designed to provide the additional validation of the technique when applied to whole sediment, demonstrating its efficacy and specificity to pyrethroids. When added to the overlying water in a standard sediment toxicity test with the amphipod Hyalella azteca, the enzyme reduced toxicity of pyrethroid-spiked laboratory sediments. The technique had no effect on toxicity of DDT or chlorpyrifos, but it dramatically reduced the toxicity of cadmium, presumably by complexation of the cadmium with dissolved organic matter rather than by enzymatic activity. Esterase addition consistently reduced pyrethroid-related toxicity in 12 tests with field-collected sediments. The procedure, however, also results in substantial changes in water quality, provides an undesirable nutritional benefit to the test organisms exposed to the esterase, and achieves a substantial fraction of the protective capability simply by complexation of the pyrethroids with the esterase or the microbial growth that the esterase promotes. The esterase addition technique has potential for whole-sediment application, but further development of procedures and confirmation by independent lines of evidence are needed to reduce the potential for misinterpretation of results.
Organochlorine residues in booted eagle (Hieraaetus pennatus) and goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) eggs from southeastern Spain
Authors: Martinez-Lopez Emma , Maria-Mojica Pedro , Martinez Jose E. , Calvo Jose F. , Wright Julian , Shore Richard F. , Romero Diego , Garcia-Fernandez Antonio J.
Published: October 2007

Most organochlorine (OC) use has been banned in Spain, but these compounds are persistent and may still adversely affect predatory birds. Data generally are lacking, however. Residues of hexachlorobenzene, α-hexachlorocyclohexane, lindane, hexachloro-octahydro-epoxy-dimethanonaphthalene, DDT, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured in 22 failed eggs of booted eagles (Hieraaetus pennatus) and goshawks (Accipiter gentilis) from southeastern Spain; both species are declining in this region. Hexachloro-octahydro-epoxy-dimethanon-aphthalene, DDE, and sum PCB congener concentrations were significantly higher in booted eagle than in goshawk eggs, and an inverse relationship was found between shell thickness and DDE concentrations in booted eagles. Organochlorides may have been associated with the failure of some booted eagle eggs, but concentrations in booted eagle and goshawk eggs decreased over the period during which populations have dwindled. Thus, although OCs may be a contributory factor, they are unlikely to be the primary cause of the recent population declines in southeastern Spain.
Acute toxicity of oxygenated and nonoxygenated imidazolium-based ionic liquids to Daphnia magna and Vibrio fischeri
Authors: Samorì Chiara , Pasteris Andrea , Galletti Paola , Tagliavini Emilio
Published: October 2007

Room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) recently have generated great interest as a result of their potential commercial applications. In particular, because of their negligible vapor pressure and low inflammability, they have been suggested as green alternatives to traditional organic solvents. The toxicity and potential environmental risk of this heterogeneous class of chemicals, however, are poorly understood. An alkyl-substituted RTIL, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([bmim][BF4]), is one of the most widely used cations of RTILs, and information regarding its toxicity is relatively extensive. On the other hand, oxygenated chain-substituted ionic liquids, 1-methoxyethyl-3-methylimidazolium salts (moemims), are a new class of RTILs that have been poorly studied. Here, we compared the acute toxicity of [bmim][BF4] and moemims to the crustacean Daphnia magna (end point, 48-h immobilization) and the bacterium Vibrio fischeri (end point, 15-min inhibition of bioluminescence). The concentrations of [bmim][BF4] resulting in 50% of the maximum adverse effect (EC50s) for D. magna and V. fischeri were 5.18 and 300 mg/L, respectively, and were consistent with previously published values. The EC50s of the two moemims for D. magna are very similar, ranging from 209 to 222 mg/L in different experimental trials, and are higher by two orders of magnitude than the EC50 of [bmim][BF4]. The EC50s of 1-methoxyethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([moemim][BF4]) and 1-methoxyethyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide ([moemim][dca]) for V. fischeri are 3,196 and 2,406 mg/L, respectively. Results indicate that introduction of an oxygenated side chain in the imidazolium cation can greatly reduce the toxicity of RTILs and that these RTILs are less toxic than commonly used chlorinated solvents, such as tricloromethane, but are more toxic than nonchlorinated solvent, such as methanol and acetone.
Serial analysis of gene expression reveals identifiable patterns in transcriptome profiles of Palaemonetes pugio exposed to three common environmental stressors
Authors: Griffitt Robert J. , Greig Tom W. , Chandler G. Thomas , Quattro Joe M.
Published: October 2007

Serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) is a transcriptome-profiling technique that allows accurate gene expression profiles to be generated without any need for prior sequence knowledge, making it ideal for assaying toxicant-specific genetic responses in nonmodel species. We used SAGE to perform a large-scale survey of the Palaemonetes pugio transcriptome under different chemical xenobiotic stresses. Four libraries were constructed from fipronil-exposed, endosulfan-exposed, and cadmium-exposed shrimp, as well as from carrier-control-exposed shrimp. A total of 37,152 tags were sequenced from the four libraries, including 13,754 unique tags. Statistical analysis revealed that 117 tags were differentially expressed significantly in at least one of the three exposures. Cluster analyses of the altered tags showed that fipronil and endosulfan elicit transcriptome profiles that are more similar to each other than either one was to cadmium. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (QPCR) was performed on a subset of 46 differentially expressed tags, and largely confirmed the SAGE results. The tags were filtered to identify tags for which both SAGE and QPCR agreed in regard to the direction and magnitude of affect, and which were informative about the exposure experienced. A subset of 16 tags was identified that represents a putative biomarker suite that is indicative of exposures to the three toxicants.
Extending a combined dynamic energy budget matrix population model with a bayesian approach to assess variation in the intrinsic rate of population increase. An example in the earthwormDendrobaena octaedra
Authors: Klok Chris , Holmstrup Martin , Damgaard Christian
Published: October 2007

Matrix models can be used to extrapolate effects of environmental toxicants on life history parameters to the population level. In applications of these models, life history parameters are usually treated as independent factors; however, they are actually strongly linked to each other. To interpret the effect of toxicants on life history parameters considering their interrelatedness the dynamic energy budget (DEB) theory can be applied. This theory is based on closed energy and mass balances and describes in a mechanistic way the acquisition and use of energy by individuals. In the present study we extended an existing combined DEB and matrix population model with an approach to take covariability of the DEB parameters into account. This was accomplished by estimating the joint posterior distribution of the parameters using Bayesian statistics. We used this model to extrapolate effects of copper in the common earthworm Dendrobaena octaedra to the population level.
Sponges as biomonitors of heavy metals in spatial and temporal surveys in northwestern Mediterranean: Multispecies comparison
Authors: Cebrian Emma , Uriz María-J. , Turon Xavier
Published: October 2007

Contamination by heavy metals has increased drastically in the coastal Mediterranean during the last 20 years. A comparative study on metal bioaccumulation by four widespread sponge species (Crambe crambe, Chondrosia reniformis, Phorbas tenacior, and Dysidea avara) has been performed to select the most suitable species for metal monitoring. Copper bioaccumulation fits an accumulation strategy while Pb concentration seems to be regulated in most sponges. Crambe crambe was the only studied species that bioaccumulated Pb and Cu as a function of the available metal, proving its suitability for monitoring purposes. Then, we examined its effectiveness as a bioindicator at large spatial and temporal scales, comparing metal accumulation in this species and in sediments. Crambe crambe provided accurate information on the background levels of metals in the area at both spatial and temporal scales, and furthermore it reflected seasonal fluctuations of the bioavailable metals, which would be impossible to assess by means of a sediment survey.
Revegetation of High Zinc and Lead Tailings with Municipal Biosolids and Lime: Greenhouse Study
Authors: Svendson Alex , Henry Chuck , Brown Sally
Published: October 2007

Acidic (pH 4.1) and high Cd, Pb, and Zn mine tailings (mean ± SD: 17 ± 0.4, 3800 ± 100, and 3500 ± 100 mg kg−1, respectively) from an alluvial tailings deposit in Leadville, Colorado were amended with municipal biosolids (BS) (224 Mg ha−1) and different types of lime (calcium carbonate equivalent of 224 Mg ha−1 CaCO3) in a greenhouse column study to test the ability of the amendments to neutralize surface and subsoil acidity and restore plant growth. The types of lime included coarse, agricultural, and fine‐textured lime (CL, AL, and FL), sugar beet lime (SBL), and lime kiln dust (LK). The FL was also added alone. All treatments increased bulk pH in the amended horizon in comparison to the control, with the most significant increases observed in the FL, SBL+BS, and LK+BS treatments (7.33, 7.34, and 7.63, respectively). All treatments, excluding the FL, increased the pH in the horizon directly below the amended layer, with the most significant increases observed in the SBL+BS and LK+BS treatments (6.01 and 5.41, respectively). Significant decreases in 0.01 M Ca(NO3)2–extractable Zn and Cd were observed in the subsoil for all treatments that included BS, with the largest decrease in the SBL+BS treatment (344 and 3.9 versus 4 and 0.1 mg kg−1 Zn and Cd, respectively). Plant growth of annual rye (Lolium multiflorum L.) was vigorous in all treatments that included BS with plant Zn, Cd, and Pb concentrations reduced over the control.
Investigation of the Toxicity of the Products of Decoloration of Amaranth by Trametes versicolor
Authors: Gavril Mihaela , Hodson Peter V.
Published: October 2007

Trametes versicolor decolorized 2000 mg L−1 of the mono‐azo substituted naphthalenic dye Amaranth with no dye sorption observed visually. The changes in the toxicity were assessed over a period of 30 d for the dye‐treated viable culture, control (no dye added), and a boiled culture treated with dye, using the Microtox Acute Toxicity assay. Before dye addition, the culture filtrate had some toxicity, which increased after the dye addition. The toxicity of the dye‐treated culture decreased during the treatment. The loss of toxicity occurred at the same time, with the loss of color suggesting that detoxification is associated with decoloration. The change in pH was due to natural metabolic processes and had a small effect on detoxification. Because the toxicity of the treatment was similar to that of the control at the end of the treatment, the effluent seems to be safe for release into the environment, potentially rendering this treatment suitable for industrial application.
Nitrogen and Phosphorus Exports from High Rainfall Zone Cropping in Australia: Issues and Opportunities for Research
Authors: Mathers Nicole J. , Nash David M. , Gangaiya Philomena
Published: October 2007

Cropping is one of the many industries contributing to the excessive loading of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) to rivers and lakes in Australia. Nitrogen and P exports from cropping systems have not been systematically investigated to the same extent as those from other agricultural sectors, such as dairy pastures. Therefore, this review relies heavily on information derived from agronomy and other fundamental studies on soil–nutrient interactions to determine the potential for nutrient export from high rainfall zone (HRZ) cropping. There is a great deal of variation in environmental and management strategies across cropping in the HRZ, which suggests that nutrient exports could occur under a range of scenarios. The potential for exports is therefore discussed within a conceptual framework of nutrient sources, mechanisms for mobilization, and transport pathways in HRZ cropping. Transport refers to nutrient movement by flowing water after it has been mobilized, and export refers to the transfer of nutrients from one landscape compartment (e.g., a soil) to another (e.g., a stream or lake). The transport of nutrients from HRZ cropping can occur through surface and/or subsurface pathways depending on factors such as landform and infiltration and nutrient sorption characteristics of the soil profile. Surface pathways are likely to be more significant for phosphorus. For N, subsurface movement is likely to be as significant as surface movement because nitrates are generally not bound by most soils. Information about mechanisms of nutrient mobilization is essential for developing management strategies to control nutrient exports from HRZ cropping.
Relationships between Water Quality, Habitat Quality, and Macroinvertebrate Assemblages in Illinois Streams
Authors: Heatherly Thomas , Whiles Matt R. , Royer Todd V. , David Mark B.
Published: October 2007

The influence of specific stressors, such as nutrient enrichment and physical habitat degradation, on biotic integrity requires further attention in Midwestern streams. We sampled 53 streams throughout Illinois and examined relationships between macroinvertebrate community structure and numerous physicochemical parameters. Streams were clustered into four major groups based on taxa dissimilarity. Habitat quality and dissolved nutrients were responsible for separating the major groups in a nonmetric multidimensional scaling ordination. Furthermore, the alignment of environmental factors in the ordination suggested there was a habitat quality–nutrient concentration gradient such that streams with high‐quality habitats usually had low concentrations of nutrients. Discrimination by community measures further validated the major stream groups and indicated that forested streams had generally higher biological integrity than agricultural streams, which in turn had greater integrity than urban streams. Our results demonstrate that physical habitat degradation and nutrient pollution are important and often confounded determinants of biotic integrity in Illinois streams. In addition, we suggest that management of Midwestern streams could benefit from further implementation of multivariate data exploration and stream classification techniques.
Distribution of Copper, Zinc, and Phosphorus in Coastal Plain Soils Receiving Repeated Liquid Biosolids Applications
Authors: Sukkariyah Beshr , Evanylo Gregory , Zelazny Lucian
Published: October 2007

Continuous N‐based application of biosolids contributes to a gradual increase of trace elements and P in soils. The objectives of this study were to assess the accumulation and vertical transport of Cu, Zn, C, N, and P within the profile of two coastal plain soils. Liquid (6–8% total solids) biosolids were applied to an Acredale silt loam (fine silty, mixed, thermic typic Ochraqualfs) and Bojac loamy sand (coarse loamy, mixed, thermic typic Hapludult) annually from 1984 to 1998. The repeated applications supplied 70, 204, and 3823 kg ha−1 of Cu, Zn, and P, respectively, to the Acredale and 81, 225, and 4265 kg ha−1 of Cu, Zn, and P, respectively, to the Bojac. The total C and N contents were not different than background levels in the Bojac soil and were slightly higher in the Acredale soil 7 years after cessation of biosolids application. Phosphorus, Cu and Zn are still concentrated in the top 0.25 m of the Acredale soil. Enrichment of P, Cu, and Zn were detected to the deepest soil increment in the coarse‐textured Bojac soil. Approximately 20 to 40% of the Cu and Zn applied in the biosolids could not be accounted, which was likely due to a combination of leaching and incomplete extraction. Excessive Mehlich 1‐P concentrations and a high degree of P saturation were found in amended soil, raising the potential for P release to runoff or leaching water.
Response of Antibiotics and Resistance Genes to High‐Intensity and Low‐Intensity Manure Management
Authors: Storteboom Heather N. , Kim Sung‐Chul , Doesken Kathy C. , Carlson Kenneth H. , Davis Jessica G. , Pruden Amy
Published: October 2007

The purpose of this study was to determine the response of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes (ARG) to manure management. A pilot field study was conducted using horse manure containing no antibiotics, into which chlortetracycline (CTC), tylosin (TYL), and monensin (MON) were spiked and compared to unspiked controls. Subsequently, a large‐scale field study was conducted comparing manure from a dairy with minimal use of antibiotics and a feedlot with regular subtherapeutic use of antibiotics. The manures were subjected to high‐intensity management (HIM) (amending, watering, and turning) and low‐intensity management (LIM) (no amending, watering, or turning) and were monitored for antibiotic concentrations and levels of tetracycline ARG [tet(W) and tet(O)] using quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction. All three antibiotics in the pilot study dissipated more rapidly in HIM manure, with half‐lives ranging from 4 to 15 d, compared to LIM manure, with half‐lives ranging from 8 to 30 d. Levels of tet(W) were significantly higher after 141 d of treatment, but levels of tet(O) were significantly lower in all treatments. In the large‐scale study, the feedlot manure had higher initial concentrations than the dairy manure of tetracycline (TC), oxytetracycline (OTC), and CTC as well as tet(W) and tet(O). Tetracycline and OTC dissipated more rapidly in HIM manure, with half‐lives ranging from 6 to 15 d, compared to LIM manure, with half‐lives ranging from 7 to 31 d. After 6 mo of treatment, tet(W) and tet(O) decreased significantly in feedlot manure, whereas dairy manure required only 4 mo of treatment for similar results.
Determining Long‐Term (Decadal) Deep Drainage Rate Using Multiple Tracers
Authors: Si Bing C. , de Jong Eeltje
Published: October 2007

The deep drainage rate is a critical hydrological parameter in understanding contamination mechanisms of soil and groundwater. Little research has been conducted on the temporal variations in deep drainage rate during the last century. The objective of this study was to determine the long‐term deep drainage rate on a cultivated loamy soil in the Canadian Prairies. Three tracers were used: KCl applied in 1971, fallout tritium in 1963, and NO3− released during the initial cultivation of the field (1923). Two soil cores to a depth of 3.6 m were taken along a flat portion of the field, and soil Cl−, 3H, and NO3− concentrations were measured as a function of depth. An additional four cores were taken for soil water content measurements between 2000 and 2003. Distinct peaks in the depth distribution of these three tracers were located at 1.27 m for Cl−, 1.31 m for 3H, and 1.52 m for NO3−, 32, 40, and 80 yr after the application of Cl−, 3H, and NO3−, respectively. The average deep drainage rates, calculated as the product of the estimated tracer velocity and volumetric soil water content below the active root zone, were 2.0 mm yr−1 from the Cl− tracer, 2.2 mm yr−1 from 3H, and 2.5 mm yr−1 from the NO3− tracer. Therefore, there was little temporal variability in the groundwater recharge over the eight decades that the field has been cultivated. The recharge rates are less than 1% of the mean annual precipitation (333 mm).
Papermill Biosolids Effect on Soil Physical and Chemical Properties
Authors: Price G. W. , Voroney R. P.
Published: October 2007

Papermill biosolids (PB) can provide multiple benefits to the soil system. The purpose of this study was to quantify the effects of a high C/N ratio (C/N = 100) de‐inked PB on soil physical and chemical properties, including soil bulk density, infiltration rates, wet aggregate stability, total soil carbon, and heavy metal concentrations. Four rates of PB (0, 50, 100, and 150 Mg ha−1) were applied annually, for up to 3 yr, on four agricultural soils in Ontario, Canada. Decreases in soil bulk density between 0.27 and 0.35 g cm−3, relative to the nonamended treatment, were observed in soils receiving PB treatments over 3 yr. Total soil carbon increased within 1 yr on PB‐amended soils planted to soybeans but not on soils planted to corn. Hydraulic conductivities (Kfs) were greater in all soils receiving PB amendments relative to the nonamended treatment throughout the study. Other properties measured, such as pH and electrical conductivity, were relatively unchanged after 2 yr of PB applications. While some increases in heavy metal accumulation occurred, there were no clear trends observed at any of the sites related to PB rates. The results of this study provide support to the idea that annual applications of PB can add significantly to the stability of soil structure.
Fungal Inoculum Properties: Extracellular Enzyme Expression and Pentachlorophenol Removal in Highly Contaminated Field Soils
Authors: Ford Christopher I. , Walter Monika , Northcott Grant L. , Di Hong J. , Cameron Keith C. , Trower Tania
Published: October 2007

This study was conducted to improve the pentachlorophenol (PCP) bioremediation ability of white‐rot fungi in highly contaminated field soils by manipulating bioaugmentation variables. These were the dry weight percentage of fungal inoculum addition (31–175 g kg−1), PCP concentration (100–2137 mg kg−1 PCP), fungal inoculum formulation, and time (1–7 wk). Five fungal isolates were used: the New Zealand isolates Trametes versicolor (L.: Fr.) HR131 and Trametes sp. HR577; the North American isolates Phanerochaete chrysosporium Burds. (two isolates) and Phanerochaete sordida (Karst.) Erikss. & Ryv. Pentachlorophenol removal, manganese peroxidase, and laccase activity, and the formation of chloroanisoles in the contaminated field soils were measured. The majority of PCP removed by the Trametes isolates was in the first week after bioaugmentation. The maximum PCP removal by the fungi varied from 50 to 65% from a 1065 mg kg−1 PCP contaminated field soil. Pentachlorophenol was preferentially converted to pentachloroanisole (PCA) by the Phanerochaete isolates (>60%), while 2 to 9% of the PCP removed by two Trametes isolates was converted to PCA. A pH increase was measured following bioaugmentation that was dependent on PCP concentration, fungal inoculum addition, and formulation. This, together with rapid initial PCP removal, possibly changed the bioavailability of the remaining PCP to the fungi and significantly decreased the sequestering of PCP in the contaminated field soils. The research supports the conclusion that New Zealand Trametes spp. can rapidly remove PCP in contaminated field soils. Bioavailability and extractability of PCP in the contaminated field soil may significantly increase after bioaugmentation.
Bioavailability of Permethrin and Cyfluthrin in Surface Waters with Low Levels of Dissolved Organic Matter
Authors: Yang W. C. , Hunter W. , Spurlock F. , Gan J.
Published: October 2007

Pyrethroids are widely used insecticides in both agricultural and urban environments, and their potential movement to surface streams and toxicity to susceptible aquatic species is an emerging concern. Natural surface waters usually contain low levels of dissolved organic matter (DOM). Limited data have shown that DOM preparations can significantly alter the bioavailability and toxicity effects of pyrethroids. However, the importance of these effects in natural waters has not been investigated. In this study we measured uptake and acute toxicity of permethrin and cyfluthrin by Daphnia species in 15 surface water samples. Low levels of DOM (3–20 mg L−1) inhibited cyfluthrin uptake by Daphnia magna and acute toxicity to Ceriodaphnia dubia in most samples. For permethrin, the effects of DOM on bioavailability and toxicity were generally not significant. The effects of DOM on bioavailability of cyfluthrin could not be explained from the DOC concentration alone, suggesting that properties of DOM were also important in regulating bioavailability. Regression of KDOC with selected DOM properties revealed significant dependence of KDOC on the carboxylic acid content of DOM. Moreover, concentrations sensed by solid‐phase microextraction (SPME) fibers were well correlated with the observed changes in bioaccumulation by D. magna and acute toxicity to C. dubia Therefore, selective sampling methods such as SPME may be used for measuring the bioavailable concentrations of pyrethroids in waters with naturally occurring DOM levels and predicting the actual toxicity effects.
Quantifying Ammonia Emissions from a Cattle Feedlot using a Dispersion Model
Authors: McGinn S. M. , Flesch T. K. , Crenna B. P. , Beauchemin K. A. , Coates T.
Published: October 2007

Livestock manure is a significant source of ammonia (NH3) emissions. In the atmosphere, NH3 is a precursor to the formation of fine aerosols that contribute to poor air quality associated with human health. Other environmental issues result when NH3 is deposited to land and water. Our study documented the quantity of NH3 emitted from a feedlot housing growing beef cattle. The study was conducted between June and October 2006 at a feedlot with a one‐time capacity of 22,500 cattle located in southern Alberta, Canada. A backward Lagrangian stochastic (bLS) inverse‐dispersion technique was used to calculate NH3 emissions, based on measurements of NH3 concentration (open‐path laser) and wind (sonic anemometer) taken above the interior of the feedlot. There was an average of 3146 kg NH3 d−1 lost from the entire feedlot, equivalent to 84 μg NH3 m−2 s−1 or 140 g NH3 head−1 d−1 The NH3 emissions correlated with sensible heat flux (r2 = 0.84) and to a lesser extent the wind speed (r2 = 0.56). There was also evidence that rain suppressed the NH3 emission. Quantifying NH3 emission and dispersion from farms is essential to show the impact of farm management on reducing NH3–related environmental issues.
Quantitative trait loci for udder conformation and other udder traits in Finnish Ayrshire cattle
Authors: SCHULMAN N.F. , VIITALA S.M. , VILKKI J.H.
Published: October 2007

Udder traits are important due to their correlation with clinical mastitis which causes major economic losses to the dairy farms. Chromosomal areas associated with udder conformation traits, milking speed and leakage could be used in breeding programs to improve both udder traits and mastitis resistance. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping for udder traits was carried out on bovine chromosomes (BTA) 9, 11, 14, 18, 20, 23, and 29, where earlier studies have indicated QTL for mastitis. A granddaughter design with 12 Ayrshire sire families and 360 sons was used. The sires and sons were typed for 35 markers. The traits analysed were udder depth, fore udder attachment, central ligament, distance from udder to floor, body stature, fore teat length, udder balance, rear udder height, milking speed, and leakage. Associations between markers and traits were analysed with multiple marker regression. Five genome-wise significant QTL were detected: stature on BTA14 and 23, udder balance on BTA23, rear udder height on BTA11, and central ligament on BTA23. On BTA11 and 14 the suggested QTL positions for udder traits are at the same position as previously detected QTL for mastitis and somatic cell count.;
Bias in genetic evaluation using random regression test-day model
Authors: LIDAUER M. , MÄNTYSAARI E.A.
Published: October 2007

The effect of an upgraded Finnish evaluation model on bias in estimated breeding values for protein yield was investigated. Evaluations based on repeatability animal model and on random regression test-day model without and with heterogeneous variance adjustment were compared. Comparisons were based on the average difference between pedigree indices and the future estimated breeding values, based on own or on daughter performance records. This was defined as empirical bias. The pedigree indices were computed from reduced data sets where four years of the most recent data were excluded. Results showed an upward bias in the protein yield pedigree indices for Ayrshire young sires of 2.2 kg, 2.5 kg and 1.8 kg from the repeatability animal model, random regression test-day model and random regression test-day model with heterogeneous variance adjustment, respectively. Pedigree indices for daughters of young sires were upward biased, whereas pedigree indices for daughters of proven sires were slightly underestimated when heterogeneous variance was not accounted. Inclusion of test-day yields from the fourth lactation onwards increased the bias. Moving from repeatability animal model to random regression test-day model did not reduce the bias, whereas adjustment of heterogeneous variance reduced bias.;
Inbreeding and relationship coefficients in the Finnish blue fox population
Authors: STRANDÉN I. , PEURA J.
Published: October 2007

Animal size has increased considerably in the Finnish blue fox population. This has been achieved by intensive selection. An efficient breeding scheme may increase inbreeding. The rate of inbreeding by generation was estimated to be from 0.107% to 0.191% depending on the considered years. Annual rate of inbreeding was estimated to be from 0.059% to 0.100% depending on the considered years. Effective population size was estimated to be at least 260. Thus, inbreeding seems not a major problem in the Finnish blue fox population. However, some of the best breeding farms in terms of estimated genetic level in animal size have the highest average inbreeding coefficient, as well. Advanced tools to restrict increase in coefficient of inbreeding may be needed in the future, and in some farms already.;
Economic values of pork production related traits in Finland
Authors: SERENIUS T. , MUHONEN P. , STALDER K.
Published: October 2007

The objective of the present study was to estimate economic values for sow efficiency and meat production traits in the Finnish pork production system including the consideration for subsidies. Economic values were estimated by developing a bio-economic model that describes the Finnish production system. Genetic improvement estimates for meat production traits were also developed in order to evaluate how much genetic gain is reduced due to selection for meat quality. Results showed that the highest economic values, when expressed in genetic standard deviations, were obtained for total number of piglets born (2.07 per piglet), feed conversion ratio (2.07 per feed unit per kg), and lean meat percentage (1.69 per %). Economic values for litter size, piglet mortality, sows length of productive life, and lean meat percentage increased when subsidies were not accounted for in the bio-economic model. Results show further that meat quality should have 1520 percent weight in the Finnish production trait index in order to prevent its deterioration. When the selection weights are 1520% for meat quality, the expected loss in genetic gain is approximately 3 percent for other production traits when compared to selection indices where meat quality traits are not included.;
Genetic analysis of clinical mastitis during different risk periods in Finnish Ayrshire
Authors: NEGUSSIE E. , STRANDÉN I. , MÄNTYSAARI E.
Published: October 2007

Clinical mastitis (CM) records from first-lactation Finnish Ayrshire were analysed by linear and threshold models to assess the effects trait definition on estimates of genetic parameters and sire evaluation. The studied CM traits were defined by dividing lactation into six lactation stages (risk periods) by days (d) after calving: CM1 (-7 to 150 d), CM2 (-30 to 30 d), CM3 (-30 to 150 d), CM4 (31 to 150 d), CM5 (150 to 300 d), CM6 (-30 to 300 d). In addition, two data sets were prepared to assess the effect of excluding (Data I) or including (Data II) records of culled cows on estimates of genetic parameters. Sire variances and heritabilities were larger using Data II. When data from longer intervals was used heritabilities of CM were slightly higher than shorter intervals indicating that longer intervals tend to obscure genetic variation between animals. Of all CM traits, heritability of liability to CM with threshold-liability model was highest for CM2 (h2=0.083) implying that most of the genetic information on CM is in early lactation. In sire evaluation, a multitrait index calculated by combining CM2, CM4 and CM5 had the highest correlation with all other univariate CM trait evaluations. This and the magnitude (less than 1.0) of genetic correlations between CM traits suggest that a multitrait model considering CM from the different risk periods would be appropriate for CM sire evaluation.;
Insulin Resistance of Protein Metabolism in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Pereira Sandra , Marliss Errol B. , Morais José A. , Chevalier Stéphanie , Gougeon Réjeanne
Published: October 2007

OBJECTIVE—We previously demonstrated that 1) obesity impairs and 2) sex influences insulin sensitivity of protein metabolism, while 3) poor glycemic control in type 2 diabetes accelerates protein turnover in daily fed-fasted states. We hypothesized that type 2 diabetes alters the insulin sensitivity of protein metabolism and that sex modulates it.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Hyperinsulinemic (∼570 pmol/l), euglycemic (5.5 mmol/l), and isoaminoacidemic (kept at postabsorptive concentrations) clamps were performed in 17 hyperglycemic type 2 diabetic subjects and 23 subjects without diabetes matched for age and body composition, after 7 days on a inpatient, protein-controlled, isoenergetic diet. Glucose and leucine kinetics were determined using tracers.

RESULTS—In type 2 diabetes, postabsorptive (baseline) glycemia was 8–9 mmol/l, glucose production (Ra) and disposal (Rd) were elevated, and once clamped, endogenous glucose Ra remained greater and Rd was less (P < 0.05) than in control subjects. Baseline leucine kinetics did not differ despite higher insulin levels. The latter was an independent predictor of leucine flux within each sex. With clamp, total flux increased less (P = 0.016) in type 2 diabetic men, although protein breakdown decreased equally (∼20%) in male groups but less in female groups. Whereas protein synthesis increased in male control subjects and in both female groups, it did not in male subjects with type 2 diabetes. In men, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance predicted 44%, and, in women, waist-to-hip ratio predicted 40% of the change in synthesis.

CONCLUSIONS—During our clamp, men with type 2 diabetes have greater insulin resistance of protein metabolism than that conferred by excess adiposity itself, whereas women do not. These results may have implications for dietary protein requirements.
Mechanistic Study on Aniline-Induced Erythrocyte Toxicity
Authors: Singh Harpal , Purnell Elissa , Smith Carion
Published: October 2007

Mechanistic Study on Aniline-Induced Erythrocyte Toxicity

Strategies for the use of bio-indicators in the prediction of environmental damage should include mechanistic research. This study involves the relationship between the chemical structure and hemotoxic markers of aniline and its halogenated analogs. Aniline-induced methemoglobinemia, loss of circulating blood cells, blood stability, glutathione depletion and membrane cytoskeletal changes were assessed following exposure to phenylhydroxylamine (PHA),para-fluoro-,para-bromo-, andpara-iodo in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Methemoglobin was determined spectrophotometrically at 635 nm. Erythrocyte depletion was investigated by loss of radioactivity in chromium-labeled red blood cellsin vivo.Membrane proteins were analyzed by SDS-PAGE using red blood ghost cells treated with various aniline analogs. Results showed dose- and time-dependent changes in the induction of methemoglobin of up to 78 % withpara-bromo PHA and 75 % withpara-iodo PHA compared to 3 % to 5 % in control. Treated animals lost up to three times more blood from circulation compared to control within 14 days after treatment. Erythrocytes were more stable in buffer solution than inpara-iodo-treated cells. Depletion of reduced glutathione in PHA andpara-iodo-PHA treated red cells was also observed. Analysis of red cell skeletal membrane treated withpara-iodo-PHA showed that protein band 2.1 became broader and band 2.2 diminished completely in some treatments. Dose- and time-dependent changes suggested the use of hemotoxic endpoints as potential biomarkers for assessing chemical and drug safety.
Evaluation of Resveratrol and Piceatannol Cytotoxicity in Macrophages, T Cells, and Skin Cells
Authors: Radkar Vijayalaxmi , Hardej Diane , Lau-Cam Cesar , Billack Blase
Published: October 2007

Evaluation of Resveratrol and Piceatannol Cytotoxicity in Macrophages, T Cells, and Skin Cells

The cytotoxicity of resveratrol and of piceatannol, a structural analog of resveratrol, was examined in cultured cells. Using a MTT-based assay, which measures the conversion of 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) to a colored formazan product in living cells, resveratrol was found to inhibit the viability of transformed mouse macrophages, tumor-derived human T cells and human epidermoid carcinoma cells in a concentration-dependent manner, with the effect decreasing in the order: T cells (LC50 ~27 μmol L-1, 24 h; ~9 μmol L-1; 48h) > macrophages (LC50~29 μmol L-1, 24 h; 39 μmol L-1, 48 h) > skin cells (LC50 ~91 μmol L-1, 24 h; ~66 μmol L-1, 48 h). Paradoxically, a high concentration of resveratrol (50 μmol L-1) inhibited the proliferation of all three cell types, and a low concentration (5 μmol L-1) stimulated the proliferation of macrophages. The viability of macrophages was also decreased by piceatannol in a concentration-dependent manner. The stimulation of macrophages with zymosan lowered the cytotoxicity of both resveratrol and piceatannol. Scanning electron microscopy of cells treated with resveratrol revealed changes in cellular morphology that were consistent with toxicity. In macrophages and skin cells, resveratrol (50 μmol L-1) induced a time-dependent increase in reduced glutathione levels but did not alter the background levels of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances. Taken together, the present data indicate that resveratrol is toxic to cultured macrophages, T cells and skin cells at concentrations ≥25 μmol L-1, and that the cytotoxicity occurs via a mechanism that does not involve oxidative stress. Furthermore, the degree of toxicity of both resveratrol and piceatannol towards macrophages depends on the activation status of these cells, with zymosan-activated cells appearing more resistant than nonstimulated cells.
Effect of Aluminium on the Levels of Some Essential Elements in Occupationally Exposed Workers
Authors: Metwally Fateheya , Mazhar Manal
Published: October 2007

Effect of Aluminium on the Levels of Some Essential Elements in Occupationally Exposed Workers

The mechanism of aluminium-induced cytotoxicity has not yet been defined. This study investigated possible changes in essential elements in workers occupationally exposed to Al fumes. It included 60 exposed workers and a matching control group of 60 employees not occupationally exposed to Al. Mean serum copper, calcium, zinc and iron were significantly lower in the exposed group than in controls. In addition, mean plasma and urine levels of Al were significantly higher in the exposed employees than in the controls. A statistically significant negative correlation was found between plasma and urinary Al and the studied essential elements. These findings corroborate the hypothesis that Al exposure has an adverse effect on essential elements in humans, with subsequent impact on the cellular enzymatic and metabolic processes.
Drug Analysis in Necrophagous Flies and Human Tissues
Authors: Definis-Gojanović Marija , Sutlović Davorka , Britvić Dolores , Kokan Bože
Published: October 2007

Drug Analysis in Necrophagous Flies and Human Tissues

Necrophagous insects may provide useful information about the time, place and cause of death. In addition, they can serve as reliable alternative specimens for toxicological analysis in cases where human tissue and fluids, normally taken during autopsies, are not available, due to decomposition of the corpse. This paper reports the results of drug analysis of the larvae of two fly families, Calliphoridae and Sarcophagidae, collected from the body of a middle-aged man who had committed suicide approximately three weeks before his corpse was found. Multiple samples of decomposed human tissue, of the blowfly, and of the larval flesh were analysed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), and amphetamine was detected in all samples. While the screening results were beyond doubt, the quantitative analysis was less clear, and further research is needed in this area.