bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tele-ICU Partners Enhance Evidence-Based Practice
Authors: Olff Carol , Clark-Wadkins Cynthia
Published: November 2019

Evidence-based practice (EBP) has become more than just a trendy buzzword in health care; EBP validates care delivery methods and grants satisfaction to nurses in knowing the care they provide is based on valid, current information. Research-based enhancements are paramount to the advancement of nursing practice and prompt the implementation of creative methods to improve care. The advent of the tele–intensive care unit (ICU) introduces new members of the health care team to assist with implementation of EBP initiatives. This new partnership results in improved length of stay, mortality rates, and ventilator times for critical care patients. Current literature suggests that a clinician-driven, standardized ventilator management protocol is of significant benefit. Tele-ICU clinicians provide an interactive element to coordinate interdisciplinary team efforts. Enhanced communication, data evaluation, and timely intervention expedite the weaning process and reduce ventilator length of stay. Consistent collaboration between tele-ICU and bedside clinicians successfully improves patient outcomes through standardized adherence to best-practice initiatives.
Perceptions of the Care Experience in Critical Care Units Enhanced by a Tele-ICU
Authors: Golembeski Susan , Willmitch Beth , Kim Sandy S.
Published: November 2019

The purpose of this study was to determine patients’ and families’ perceptions of care in 10 critical care units enhanced by a tele–intensive care unit (ICU) in a 5-hospital health care system. Patients and family members who had a critical care experience were approached for participation. An adapted version of the Schmidt Perception of Nursing Care Survey was administered. The Schmidt Perception of Nursing Care Survey factors–-seeing the individual patient, explaining, responding, and watching over—were analyzed for 637 participants (263 before and 374 after the tele-ICU implementation). Analysis of data from patients and family members indicated significantly higher means for the following factors: seeing the individual patient (P =.004), responding (P =.002), and watching over (P =.006) only when there was an awareness by the patient and family members that the care team was at the bedside and at the tele-ICU command center. The perceptions of care in these cases may suggest an improved patient experience when a tele-ICU is part of the care team.
Preventing Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia Through Oral Care, Product Selection, and Application Method
Authors: Hillier Bianca , Wilson Christine , Chamberlain Di , King Lindy
Published: November 2019

Objective:

Review the literature to identify the most effective method of oral hygiene to reduce the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP).

Background:

Ventilator-associated pneumonia is the most common nosocomial infection in patients being treated with mechanical ventilation.

Method:

This study is a systematic literature review. The databases searched included Web of Science, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Ovid, and MEDLINE.

Results:

Implementation of oral care protocols and nurse education programs reduced VAP. Although chlorhexidine was the most popular oral care product, no consensus emerged on concentration or protocols for oral care.

Conclusion:

No consensus on best practice for oral hygiene in patients being treated with mechanical ventilation was found. Chlorhexidine was the most popular oral care product. Implementation of an oral care protocol, ongoing nurse education, and evaluation were important in reducing the incidence of VAP. Future research should analyze chlorhexidine concentration, application techniques, and frequency of oral care, to optimize VAP prevention.
Acute Diabetes Management
Authors: Pollock Faith , Funk Donna C.
Published: November 2019

In acute diabetes conditions, management of the following 3 potential complications is required: diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state, and iatrogenic hypoglycemia. The hyperglycemic crises diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state are the 2 most serious metabolic complications of diabetes. Hypoglycemia, specifically iatrogenic hypoglycemia, results from treatments that raise circulating insulin levels and thus lower plasma glucose concentrations to an abnormally low level, which exposes the patient to potential harm. This article reviews the pathogenesis, precipitating or risk factors, diagnosis or identification, and treatment of these critical complications of diabetes. In addition, a case study on diabetic ketoacidosis is provided.
Presence and identification of Legionella and Aeromonas spp. in the Great Masurian Lakes system in the context of eutrophication
Authors: Grabowska Karolina , Bukowska Aleksandra , Kaliński Tomasz , Kiersztyn Bartosz , Siuda Waldemar , Chróst Ryszard J.
Published: November 2019

Growing anthropopressure over the last several decades has resulted in rapid progressive eutrophication of the Great Masurian Lakes (GML) system located in northeastern Poland. In our studies, we investigated whether there is a relationship between the occurrence of pathogenic bacteria: Legionella spp. and Aeromonas spp., not explored so far in the waters of GML system, and the trophic status of the studied lakes. The GML system of glacial origin includes lakes connected by natural and artificial channels, and it extends from north to south for approximately 100 kilometers. Water samples were taken during the summer, subsequently spring and autumn seasons from 15 lakes in land-water ecotones. At all sampling sites, basic in situ measurements of physicochemical parameters were recorded. The amounts of chlorophyll a, nitrogen, phosphorus, dissolved organic carbon were also measured. The trophic state index (TSI) of the sampling sites was also estimated. The real-time PCR technique enabled the determination of the presence and abundance of Legionella spp. and Aeromonas spp. The results clearly showed that several environmental water quality parameters, associated with eutrophication, and among them: nitrogen, phosphorus, chlorophyll, ammonium concentration, conductivity, turbidity, water transparency, highly affected the presence and abundance of the detected pathogenic bacteria in the studied lakes. Special attention should be paid to the high impact of water eutrophication on the number of pathogenic microorganisms, which result both from human activities in lakes and climate change.
IL CAPITALISMO MUNICIPALE
Authors: Osculati Franco
Published: November 2019

The paper describes the main reasons that lead Local Government to create joint-stock companies for the provision of services and activities previously managed internally. These reasons are basically linked to regulation, as well as to financial and organizational issues. The paper argues that, for the most part of the cases, there are several differences between the public and the private sector as regards the achievement of the expected benefits form â€œcorporatizationâ€, such as limited liability, bankruptcy, efficiency, profits, etc.. In fact, in the public sector these benefits appear substantially less important in comparison with the private sector.
LA GIUSTIZIA ITALIANA NELLO SPECCHIO DELLE SCIENZE SOCIALI
Authors: Ferrari Vincenzo
Published: November 2019

Vincenzo Ferrari, THE ITALIAN SYSTEM OF JUSTICE THROUGH A SOCIAL SCIENCE PERSPECTIVE. This article offers a brief description of an extensive research on â€œJustice in Italy in the 2000sâ€, conducted in the first half of the last decade by a group of social scientists led by the author. This project, whose results have been collected in nine volumes containing twelve monographic studies, focused on the structure and functions of the system of justice, as well as on how it relates to certain other systems of social action, such as the family, politics, the European context and the Bar. The author portrays the Italian judiciary as relatively closed towards society and highlights the main dysfunctions of both civil and penal proceedings. He adds that congestion seems to be a common feature of many modern justice systems and, echoing some recent American studies, lays down the hypothesis that they only succeed in functioning when semi-institutional alternatives are also available, even if prima facie incompatible with their basic principles, such as plea bargaining in criminal and negotiation in civil proceedings.
LE VERSIONI ITALIANE DELLA STORIA DI FIORAVANTE
Authors: Barbieri Ilaria
Published: November 2019

After G. Continiâ€™s finding of the codex Conv. Soppr. da Ord. Badia 30, stored in BNCF, no systematic study has been carried out about the Storia di Fioravante contained in the codex. This paper aims at demonstrating, through textual comparisons, that this chivalric romance is an autonomous version of Fioravanteâ€™s tale documented in other four Italian compilations.
CESARE BECCARIA E Lâ€™Â«INDEX LIBRORUM PROHIBITORUMÂ»
Authors: Pisani Mario
Published: November 2019

â€œDei delitti e delle peneâ€ by Cesare Beccaria was published anonymous, for the first time, in July 1764, and was condemned by the Congregation put at the head of the compilation of the Index librorum prohibitorum, by a decree dated February, 3, 1766. Waiting for the opportunity of reading the text of the sentence, many are still the points deserving explanation to begin with the connection with Voltaire.(**)
I NUOVI TESTI DI GALENO: TRA EPISTEMOLOGIA E STORIA DELLA CULTURA
Authors: Vegetti Mario
Published: November 2019

The recent discovery of a manuscript in a convent of Thessaloniki has allowed us to expand our knowledge of the work of Galen. In the case of two works already known (The order of my books and On my books) the new manuscript can fill a wide gap in the only mauscript so far available. The doctrinal testament of Galen (On my opinions), so far known only in the Latin version of an Arabic translation, is now readable in the original greek, and has shown a valuable epistemological interest. The new manuscript has also revealed a galenic work completely unkown (How to avoid grief) which is a relevant cultural and historical document about the damages suffered both by the properties of Galen himself and by the Roman libraries in the fire of 192.
Lâ€™ATTUALE FASE DI ATTUAZIONE DELLA CONVENZIONE UNESCO 1970 SULLA PROTEZIONE DEI BENI CULTURALI. GLI ESITI DI UN SEMINARIO INTERNAZIONALE (MEXICO SEMINAR 2013)
Authors: Gambaro Antonio
Published: November 2019

The Note reports about the Mexico Seminar 2013 organized by the International Association of Legal Sciences (International association affiliated with UNESCO). The Seminar has focused its attention on the state of implementation of the 1970 UNESCO Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property, followed by the UNIDROIT Convention on Stolen or Illegally Exported Cultural Objects of 24 June 1995 and the 2011 UNESCO-UNIDROIT Model Provisions on State Ownership of Undiscovered Cultural Objects. In the Mexico seminar jurists and officials of various parts of the world have pointed out the weakness of the legal framework created by the conventions and therefore the difficulties in the exercise of restitutionary remedies by the States from which a cultural object has been removed.
WHAT IS SO SPECIAL ABOUT EMERGING ECONOMY MULTINATIONAL ENTERPRISES?
Authors: Rabellotti Roberta
Published: November 2019

The phenomenon of Emerging Economy Multinational Enterprises (EMNEs) and their internationalization process have sparked the debate over the appropriateness of International Business theories to study EMNEsâ€™ internationalization processes. The literature has extensively investigated what distinguishes EMNEs from Advanced Country Multinational Enterprises (AMNEs). This review summarizes and discusses some of the issues that have mostly attracted scholarly debate in this research area. We discuss the specificities of EMNEs: how they differ from AMNEs with respect to three very important and well studied topics: first, country-specific and firm-specific advantages; second, motivations for investing abroad; and third, different modes of entry into foreign markets. We conclude that EMNEs do differ from AMNEs, although these differences may be contingent and transitory.
FILIPPO TOMMASO MARINETTI STUDENTE DI GIURISPRUDENZA A PAVIA
Authors: Pisani Mario
Published: November 2019

Filippo Marinetti, the founder of Futurism, was born on December 22, 1876, in Alexandria (Egypt) and in that town he accomplished also his course of classical studies, first in a jesuit college and last year attending a detachment of the Academie de Paris. In 1894 he moved to Italy, and entered the Faculty of Law at the University of Pavia, where he attended till the third course with scant success. On november 1897 he was transferred to the University of Genova.
COMPONENTE DI FONDO E COMPONENTI CICLICHE DELLâ€™INDICE DELLA PRODUZIONE INDUSTRIALE IN ITALIA
Authors: Faliva Mario , Zoia Maria Grazia
Published: November 2019

The note is meant to investigate the Italian Index of Industrial Production (IIP) for both the long- and the short-run. To this end, the trend and the cyclic components are detected from the parent IIP time series via a signal-theory argument, which hinges on a finite discrete approximation of an ideal low-pass filter. The behavior of the long-run component thus obtained provides impressive evidence of the structural nature of the crisis afflicting the Italian economy since the beginning of the new millennium.
PARLARE IN PARLAMENTO. VITTORIO EMANUELE ORLANDO NELLA STORIA Dâ€™ITALIA
Authors: Spini Valdo
Published: November 2019

The author recalls a dialogue between Vittorio Emanuele Orlando, a Sicilian liberal, and Piero Calamandrei, a liberal and democratic Tuscan socialist, about the language used in parliamentary life. He then dwells on an essay by Orlando who, drawing inspiration from that dialogue, deals with the nature of the democratically elected Parliament, in which, through the delegation of voters to their representatives, the popular will is expressed. The figure of Orlando is then recalled starting from his role during the First World War up to his activity as an opponent of fascism.
CAPITAL, GROWTH AND INEQUALITY IN PIKETTYâ€™S APPROACH. A CRITICAL REVIEW
Authors: Targetti Lenti Renata
Published: November 2019

The paper is a critical review of Pikettyâ€™s book â€œCapital in the XXI Centuryâ€. The 950 pages of the French original, and the 696 pages of the English translation, are packed with so many topics, insights, comments and observations that affect almost all spheres of economics, that no single review can summarize them. This review will focus mainly on the factors which can explain the trends regarding the concentration of wealth and of personal income distribution. It will also present some features of the theoretical framework and discuss some of the aspects which can be considered weak from an analytical and methodological point of view. Piketty uses simple economic models to investigate how the ratio between the saving rate and the growth rate of the economy determines the capital-output ratio, and consequently the share of capital in the national income. When the rate of returns on capital rises more quickly than the overall economy and taxes on capital remain low, a vicious circle of ever-growing dynastic wealth, and growing inequality takes place. â€œCapital is back because low growth is backâ€. Using the best available historical data, Piketty shows how the capital-output ratio, the capital share in national income, and the rate of return on capital, has evolved over time. Piketty discusses the changes observed, what the main social and economic forces at work are, why these forces change over time, and what we can predict about how the rate of return on capital will evolve in the twenty-first century. The last chapters discuss some policy proposals. Piketty claims that inequality is the result of policies. Only â€œgoodâ€ policies can reverse a trend of rising inequality. It is necessary to introduce alternative policies because the composition of wealth is heterogeneous. Piketty suggests a progressive wealth tax on a global scale, based on the automatic exchange of bank information, not only as â€œuseful utopiaâ€, but as a proposal to think about and to discuss. In particular it would be necessary to adopt a progressive taxation on wealth on a worldwide level.
COMPONENTE DI FONDO E COMPONENTI CICLICHE DELL’INDICE DELLA PRODUZIONE INDUSTRIALE IN ITALIA
Authors: Faliva Mario , Zoia Maria Grazia
Published: November 2019

The note is meant to investigate the Italian Index of Industrial Production (IIP) for both the long- and the short-run. To this end, the trend and the cyclic components are detected from the parent IIP time series via a signal-theory argument, which hinges on a finite discrete approximation of an ideal low-pass filter. The behavior of the long-run component thus obtained provides impressive evidence of the structural nature of the crisis afflicting the Italian economy since the beginning of the new millennium.
PARLARE IN PARLAMENTO. VITTORIO EMANUELE ORLANDO NELLA STORIA D’ITALIA
Authors: Spini Valdo
Published: November 2019

The author recalls a dialogue between Vittorio Emanuele Orlando, a Sicilian liberal, and Piero Calamandrei, a liberal and democratic Tuscan socialist, about the language used in parliamentary life. He then dwells on an essay by Orlando who, drawing inspiration from that dialogue, deals with the nature of the democratically elected Parliament, in which, through the delegation of voters to their representatives, the popular will is expressed. The figure of Orlando is then recalled starting from his role during the First World War up to his activity as an opponent of fascism.
A KEPLERâ€™S NOTE ON SECULAR INEQUALITIES
Authors: Giorgilli Antonio
Published: November 2019

I discuss the problem of secular inequalities in Kepler by giving account of a manuscript note that has not been published until 1860. In his note Kepler points out the need for a model, clearly inspired by the method of epicycles, that describes the secular inequalities as periodic ones. I bring attention to this point, that seems to have been underestimated, since the references to Keplerâ€™s work usually report only that he observed a decreasing mean motion for Saturn and an increasing one for Jupiter.
COME CATTURARE NEL TEMPO GLI EVENTI PRIMARI DI PROCESSI NATURALI: I LASER AD IMPULSI ULTRABREVI
Authors: De Silvestri Sandro , Svelto Orazio
Published: November 2019

This paper presents a brief review of the modern laser technologies that enable to generate light pulses lasting â€œa few optical cyclesâ€ and tunable over large spectral ranges, thus allowing to follow the evolution of extraordinarily fast dynamical processes. In particular, we will describe the results obtained from the studies of the primary events of two important processes in nature involving the absorption of light, namely vision and photosynthesis. These events last for extremely short times and trigger the corresponding overall processes. The study of these events is important both for fundamental reasons and for the design of artificial molecular systems of high efficiency to be used for new devices in the field of artificial vision and of photovoltaics.
GLI ACCELERATORI NUCLEARI NELLA TERAPIA DEI TUMORI
Authors: Scannicchio Domenico
Published: November 2019

The main advantages of hadrontherapy against the traditional radiotherapy are reported. After a brief review of particles accelerators, the facilities of the â€˜Centro Nazionale di Adroterapia Oncologicaâ€™ (National Center of Oncological Hadrontherapy) in Pavia are described with details on the patient positioning and beam irradiation systems.
IL PROFUMO DI PULITO
Authors: Fuganti Claudio , Brenna Maria Elisabetta
Published: November 2019

Modern perfumery was born nearly a century ago, when synthetic organic chemistry made available a great variety of products, besides those traditionally obtained by extraction from nature: pure or enriched compounds isolated from natural sources, semi-synthetic products prepared from natural starting materials, aromatic compounds obtained by total synthesis. The most relevant results achieved in the last decade are herein presented for several types of odorous substances.
VELOCITÃ€ LIMITE, CAUSALITÃ€ E TEST DELLA RELATIVITÃ€ RISTRETTA
Authors: Prosperi Giovanni Maria
Published: November 2019

With reference to the claim, subsequently withdrawn, by the â€œOPERAâ€ collaboration of â€œNational Gran Sasso Laboratoriesâ€ of the observation of superluminal neutrinos, I briefly recall some basic principles of Relativity Theory and discuss some very stringent positive tests that come from the lack of observation of some effect of the type of Cherenkov effect and indirectly from the OPERA results themselves as stressed by some authors.
CARATTERIZZAZIONE MOLECOLARE E FUNZIONALE DI NEURONI STRIATALI DERIVATI DA CELLULE STAMINALI EMBRIONALI UMANE
Authors: Delli Carri Alessia
Published: November 2019

The development of neural differentiation protocol aimed at obtaining functional neurons in vitro represents the future in medicine. The text will explain the protocol developed by Cattaneolab in order to obtain in vitro striatal neurons from human embryonic and pluripotent stem cells. The work has been published in 2013 on Development (Delli Carri A., Onorati M., et al.; 2013). Striatal neurons at ganglia level die in Huntingtonâ€™s Disease, a neurodegenerative disorder of the central nervous system, characterized by a gradual development of involuntary muscle movements, progressive disorientation and confusion, personality disintegration, impairment of memory control.
ON A THEOREM OF LYAPOUNOV
Authors: Giorgilli Antonio
Published: November 2019

It is shown that a Hamiltonian system in the neighbourhood of an equilibrium may be given a special normal form in case the eigenvalues of the linearized system satisfy nonâ€“resonance conditions of Melnikovâ€™s type. The normal form possesses a two dimensional (local) invariant manifold on which the solutions are known. If the eigenvalue is pure imaginary then these solutions are the natural continuation of a normal mode of the linear system. The latter result was first proved by Lyapounov. The present paper completes Lyapounovâ€™s result in that the convergence of the transformation of the Hamiltonian to a normal form is proven and the condition that the eigenvalues be pure imaginary is removed.
CATALISI IN SISTEMI MICELLARI AUTO-ASSEMBLATI
Authors: Strukul Giorgio
Published: November 2019

Micellar systems are a new versatile medium to carry out catalytic organic reactions, that allows to eliminate organic solvents, induce a better catalyst activity and selectivity, improve yields, reduce waste, thereby simplifying processes, saving energy and operating in a more sustainable manner both from the economical and environmental viewpoint.
NORMAL FORM AND ENERGY CONSERVATION OF HIGH FREQUENCY SUBSYSTEMS WITHOUT NONRESONANCE CONDITIONS
Authors: Bambusi Dario , Giorgilli Antonio , Paleari Simone , Penati Tiziano
Published: November 2019

We consider a system in which some high frequency harmonic oscillators are coupled with a slow system. We prove that up to very long times the energy of the high frequency system changes only by a small amount. The result we obtain is completely independent of the resonance relations among the frequencies of the fast system. More in detail, denote by Ïµ-1 the smallest high frequency. In the first part of the paper we apply the main result of [1] to prove almost conservation of the energy of the high frequency system over times exponentially long with Ïµ-1/n (n being the number of fast oscillators). In the second part of the paper we give a new self-contained proof of a similar result which however is valid only over times of order Ïµ-N with an arbitrary N. Such a second result is very similar to the main result of the paper [4], which actually was the paper which stimulated our work.
EINSTEIN AND BESSO: FROM ZÃœRICH TO MILAN
Authors: Bracco Christian
Published: November 2019

The 1896-1901 Milanese period is a key one to understand Einsteinâ€™s training background. When he was a student at the ETH in ZÃ¼rich (the Swiss Federal Polytechnic in ZÃ¼rich) from 1896 to 1900, he would make regular trips back to Milan to stay with his family who was involved in the development of the electricity industry in northern Italy. Between 1899 and 1901, he would meet his faithful friend and collaborator, Michele Besso in Milan on a regular basis. Given their relationship, the 1899-1901 Milanese period therefore foreshadowed the Bern period. In order to specify the circumstances under which Einstein and Besso got the chance to meet, we will show that their respective families did have interconnected social networks, especially through the electricity sector and the polytechnic engineering Universities of ZÃ¼rich and Milan. The branch of the Cantoni family, on Micheleâ€™s motherâ€™s side, rather ignored by now, played a crucial role: with Vittorio Cantoni, a renowned electrical engineer who had not been previously identified as being Micheleâ€™s uncle, and Giuseppe Jung, professor at the Milan Politecnico. We will also show that when staying in Milan, Einstein, who lived in a well-knownMilanese palace in the heart of the city, worked in the nearby rich library of the Istituto Lombardo, Accademia di Scienze e Lettere in Brera. The linkage between the scientific observations which can be found in Einsteinâ€™s correspondence and this library collection sheds new light on his scientific work, in particular on his original thesis.
ON THE RELATIVISTIC GRAVITATIONAL COLLAPSE ET CETERA
Authors: Loinger Angelo , Marsico Tiziana
Published: November 2019

Massive and supermassive â€œdustâ€ spheres (with a zero internal pressure) collapse to compact â€œfull spheresâ€ of finite volumes, whose surfaces have the properties of the event horizon of a gravitating mass-point. By virtue of Hilbertâ€™s repulsive effect, both the event horizon of a mass-point and the event horizon of a â€œfull sphereâ€ cannot â€œswallowâ€ anything, in contradiction with the assertion of a locus communis. The observational data corroborate our results.
Artificial intelligence and the question of being
Authors: Du Toit Cornel W.
Published: November 2019

Technology is part of all life forms. This does not mean that all technology is beneficial for life. Technological evolution in the human sphere holds promises to attain the status of singularity. This identifies the so-called Fourth Industrial Revolution. What is at stake includes the emergence of intelligent and conscious super computers and robots, conscious materialism, the possibility of human immortality and the emergence of the trans-human. In the ambit of a new artificial environment in which humans will live, the question of being must be addressed again. How will all of this affect the question of being human and new conceptions of ‘self’? To what extent will the possibility of techno-religion replace traditional religions with its promise of eradicating poverty, illness and death? This article focuses on these and related issues to identify possibilities of a new artificially envisaged lifestyle.
Breast and Axillary Lymph Node Metastases from Advanced Non-small Cell Lung Carcinoma
Authors: Al-Maghrabi Jaudah A. , Elamin Elshami M. , Abdel-Rahman Hossam A.
Published: November 2019

Lung cancer metastasizing to the breast is rare. Only few published case reports can be found in the literature. Metastatic lung cancer to the breast and its ipsilateral axillary lymph node is extremely unusual. No awareness of any prior case reports of lung cancer with such a presentation is known. Herein, this study reports an unusual case of a middle aged Saudi female with non-small cell lung cancer that has metastasized, not only to the lungs and the breast, but also to the ipsilateral axillary lymph nodes. It is important for the oncologists to be mindful of rare presentations for such a common malignancy as lung cancer.
High Circulation of Malaria and Low Prevalence of Bacteremia in Febrile and Afebrile Children in Northeastern Gabon
Authors: Boumbanda Koyo Célia Scherelle , Oyegue-Liabagui Sandrine Lydie , Mediannikov Oleg , Cortaredona Sébastien , Kouna Lady Charlene , Raoult Didier , Lekana-Douki Jean Bernard , Fenollar Florence
Published: November 2019

The epidemiology of febrile illness etiologies is under-explored in resource-poor settings. Establishing a local repertory of microorganisms circulating in blood of febrile and afebrile people is important for physicians. Blood was collected from 428 febrile and 88 afebrile children in Makokou (Gabon) and analyzed using polymerase chain reaction. Plasmodium spp. were the pathogens, which were most detected in febrile children (69.6%; 298/428) and in afebrile children (31.8%; 28/88) (P < 0.0001). Plasmodium falciparum was the most prevalent species in both febrile and afebrile children (66.8% and 27.3%, respectively). No differences were observed between febrile and afebrile children for Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium ovale (8.2% versus 10.2% and 3.3% versus 3.4%, respectively). Triple infection with P. falciparum, P. malariae, and P. ovale was also detected in 1% of febrile children (4/428). Filariasis due to Mansonella perstans was detected in 10 febrile patients (2.3%), whereas Loa loa was detected in both febrile and afebrile children (1.4% and 2.3%, respectively). Bacterial DNA was detected in only 4.4% (19/428) of febrile children, including 13 (68.4%) who were coinfected with at least one Plasmodium species. These were Haemophilus influenzae (1.6%, 7/428), Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus (1.2%, 5/428), and Rickettsia felis (0.9%, 4/428). Coxiella burnetii, Bartonella spp., Borrelia spp., Tropheryma whipplei, Anaplasma spp., Leptospira spp., Streptococcus pyogenes, and Salmonella spp. were not detected. This study also highlights the over-prescription and the overuse of antibiotics and antimalarials. Overall, malaria remains a major health problem in Makokou. Malaria control measures must be reconsidered in this region.
Causes of Death among Persons Affected by Leprosy in Korea, 2010–2013
Authors: Ahn Young-Hwan , Park Hyungcheol , Kweon Sun-Seog
Published: November 2019

In addition to the complications of leprosy, people affected by leprosy (PALs) can suffer from chronic diseases. We evaluated the recent pattern of deaths among Korean PALs and compared it with that in the general population. We analyzed the death certificate data of 1,359 PALs from 2010 through 2013. The all-cause and cause-specific standardized mortality ratio (SMR) and standardized mortality with 95% CI were calculated. Malignancy had the highest standardized mortality, with 130.9 deaths per 100,000 persons, followed by cardiovascular diseases (CVDs; 85.5 deaths) and respiratory diseases (38.2 deaths). Of malignancies, liver cancer caused the greatest number of cancer deaths (40.0 deaths). The all-cause mortality of PALs was significantly lower than that in the general population, corresponding to an SMR of 0.84 (95% CI 0.79–0.88). Deaths from malignancy and CVDs were significantly lower, corresponding to SMRs (95% CIs) of 0.88 (0.79–0.98) and 0.75 (0.67–0.84), respectively. The death rates for lung and stomach cancers were lower, whereas mortality due to liver cancer was higher, with an SMR of 1.79 (95% CI 1.43–2.22). Except for liver cancer and infection, the causes of mortality of PALs tend to be lower than that in the general population. The most common underlying cause of death in PALs was stroke, followed by ischemic heart disease, liver cancer, and pneumonia.
Risk of Respiratory Infection following Diarrhea among Adult Women and Infants in Nepal
Authors: Newman Kira L. , Gustafson Kathryn , Englund Janet A. , Khatry Subarna K. , LeClerq Stephen C. , Tielsch James M. , Katz Joanne , Chu Helen Y.
Published: November 2019

Globally, diarrheal and respiratory infections are responsible for more than 24% of deaths in children aged less than 5 years. Historically, these disease entities have been studied separately; recent evidence suggests that preceding diarrheal disease may be a risk factor for subsequent respiratory illness. We used data from a community-based, prospective randomized trial of maternal influenza immunization of 3,693 pregnant women and their 3,646 infants conducted in rural Nepal from 2011 to 2014. A case-crossover design was used to determine whether the risk of respiratory infection in the 30 days following a diarrheal episode was increased compared with that 30 days prior. Diarrheal illness was a significant risk factor for subsequent respiratory illness in infants but not in women during pregnancy or in women up to six months postpartum. Diarrheal illness and respiratory infections remain important global sources of morbidity and mortality, and our study supports a causal relationship between them in infants.
Complex Cytokine Responses in Imported Scrub Typhus Cases, Germany, 2010–2018
Authors: Eisermann Philip , Rauch Jessica , Reuter Stefan , Eberwein Lukas , Mehlhoop Ute , Allartz Petra , Muntau Birgit , Tappe Dennis
Published: November 2019

Scrub typhus is a life-threatening zoonotic disease, which is caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi, an obligatory intracellular Gram-negative bacterium. It is transmitted by Leptotrombidium mites in endemic regions of Southeast Asia. So far, data on imported scrub typhus cases to non-endemic areas and immunological descriptions are rare. Eleven scrub typhus cases that had been diagnosed by the German National Reference Center for Tropical Pathogens between 2010 and 2018 were retrospectively reviewed for clinical symptoms, laboratory changes, and travel destinations. Patient sera were included if follow-up samples showed simultaneous seroconversion for IgM and IgG antibody responses by immunofluorescence assays or concurrence with the first serum sample. The median of seroconversion was week 2 after symptom onset. Cytokine levels were measured over time, demonstrating simultaneously upregulated major Th1, Th2, and Th17 cytokines in the acute phase of infection followed by normalization during convalescence. This study underlines the complex mixed cytokine response elicited by scrub typhus and highlights clinical and diagnostic aspects of imported infections with O. tsutsugamushi.
Análise da correlação entre resistência à compressão axial e à tração na flexão em pavimentos rígidos
Authors: Brito Luciana Rabelo de , Almeida Antônia Fabiana Marques , Oliveira Francisco Heber Lacerda de
Published: November 2019

O concreto de cimento Portland é um material compósito que tem como principal característica para estruturas a resistência mecânica à compressão. Porém, quando se trata de pavimento rígido de concreto simples, outra propriedade mecânica que assume destaque é a resistência à tração na flexão. Essa propriedade é uma forma indireta de obter a tração direta, pois o seu ensaio não é muito empregado devido ao dispositivo que prende o corpo de prova ao equipamento inserir cargas que afetam no resultado obtido. Essa obtenção indireta é normalizada e considera que a tração direta equivale a 70% do valor obtido da tração na flexão. Como ensaios de resistência à compressão são mais realizados, a mesma norma prevê a possibilidade de obter o valor da tração direta através do fck. Como o concreto é influenciado por vários fatores externos e internos, que muitas vezes não há como mensurar, tem-se a premissa que esta equação não é válida para todos os conjuntos de dados. Nesse sentido, este trabalhou buscou, com um conjunto de dados obtidos do controle tecnológico da execução de placas de concreto simples do Quarto Anel Rodoviário em Fortaleza, avaliar a correlação existente entre esses parâmetros. Os resultados analisados encontraram uma equação que difere da prevista em norma. Contudo, os erros calculados com a aplicação das duas equações são próximos, fazendo com que a equação ora existente possa ser aplicada.
Medições da Rigidez do Solo para Previsão da Estabilidade da Camada de Cobertura de um Aterro Sanitário
Authors: Freire Samara Castro , Da Silva Roberto Antônio Cordeiro , Pio de Oliveira Francisco Carlos Henrique , Ribeiro Eliana Dantas , Santos Gemmelle Oliveira
Published: November 2019

Essa pesquisa utilizou um equipamento chamado Humboldt GeoGauge™, muito aplicado na avaliação da qualidade da compactação dos solos em obras de engenharia civil, para medir a rigidez da camada de cobertura (bermas e talude) de uma parte do maior Aterro Sanitário do Estado do Ceará, em processo de encerramento da sua vida útil. Foram escolhidos nove locais, sendo três na berma inferior, três no talude e três na berma superior. Em cada ponto foram extraídas três leituras da rigidez do solo e do módulo de deformação para obtenção de uma média. Os resultados mostraram que as bermas são mais rígidas que o talude, indicando uma maior e menor compactação do solo, respectivamente. Cinco pontos foram classificados como fracamente rígidos (k < 10 MN/m) e os outros quatro pontos como rígidos (10 MN/m > k < 12,96 MN/m). Tais resultados foram discutidos no contexto de outros importantes parâmetros do aterro estudado: teor de umidade do solo e dos resíduos, presença de gases, permeabilidade e granulometria dos solos, presença ou ausência de fissuras/trincas sobre a cobertura, considerando diversas abordagens da literatura. O Humboldt GeoGauge™ mostrou-se extremamente viável e adequado para a medição da rigidez dos solos da camada de cobertura do aterro sanitário em questão, abrindo - inclusive - novas linhas de investigação para a engenharia sanitária e ambiental e, principalmente, para o controle geotécnico desses empreendimentos.
Collecting Prints, Posters, and Ephemera
Authors: Iskin Ruth E. , Salsbury Britany
Published: November 2019

Why did collectors seek out posters and collect ephemera during the late-nineteenth and the twentieth centuries? How have such materials been integrated into institutional collections today? What inspired collectors to build significant holdings of works from cultures other than their own? And what are the issues facing curators and collectors of digital ephemera today?

These are among the questions tackled in this volume—the first to examine the practices of collecting prints, posters, and ephemera during the modern and contemporary periods. A wide range of case studies feature collections of printed materials from the United States, Latin America, France, Germany, Great Britain, China, Japan, Russia, Iran, and Cuba. Fourteen essays and one roundtable discussion, all specially commissioned from art historians, curators, and collectors for this volume, explore key issues such as the roles of class, politics, and gender, and address historical contexts, social roles, value, and national and transnational aspects of collecting practices. The global scope highlights cross-cultural connections and contributes to a new understanding of the place of prints, posters and ephemera within an increasingly international art world.
Analysis of summer O3 in the Madrid air basin with the LOTOS-EUROS chemical transport model
Authors: Escudero Miguel , Segers Arjo , Kranenburg Richard , Querol Xavier , Alastuey Andrés , Borge Rafael , de la Paz David , Gangoiti Gotzon , Schaap Martijn
Published: November 2019

Abstract. Tropospheric O3 remains a major air-quality issue in the Mediterranean region. The combination of large anthropogenic emissions of precursors, transboundary contributions, a warm and dry aestival climate, and topographical features results in severe cases of photochemical pollution. Chemical transport models (CTMs) are essential tools for studying O3 dynamics and for assessing mitigation measures, but they need to be evaluated specifically for each air basin. In this study, we present an optimisation of the LOTOS-EUROS CTM for the Madrid air basin. Five configurations using different meteorological datasets (from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecast, ECMWF; and the Weather Research and Forecasting Model, WRF), horizontal resolution and number of vertical levels were compared for July 2016. LOTOS-EUROS responded satisfactorily in the five configurations reproducing observations of surface O3 with notable correlation and reduced bias and errors. However, the best-fit simulations for surface O3 were obtained by increasing spatial resolution and using a large number of vertical levels to reproduce vertical transport phenomena and the formation of reservoir layers. Using the optimal configuration obtained in the evaluation, three characteristic events have been described: recirculation (REC) episodes and northern and southern advection (NAD and SAD, respectively) events. REC events were found to produce the highest O3 due to the reduced ventilation associated with low wind speeds and the contribution of reservoir layers formed by vertical transport of O3 formed near the surface in the previous days of the event. NAD events, usually associated with higher wind speeds, present the lowest ground-level O3 concentrations in the region. During SAD episodes, external contributions along with low wind speeds allow O3 to increase considerably but not as much as in REC events because steady southerly winds disperse local emissions and hinder the formation of reservoir layers.
Objective evaluation of surface- and satellite-driven carbon dioxide atmospheric inversions
Authors: Chevallier Frédéric , Remaud Marine , O'Dell Christopher W. , Baker David , Peylin Philippe , Cozic Anne
Published: November 2019

Abstract. We study an ensemble of six multi-year global Bayesian
carbon dioxide (CO2) atmospheric inversions that vary in terms of assimilated
observations (either column retrievals from one of two satellites or surface
air sample measurements) and transport model. The time series of inferred
annual fluxes are first compared with each other at various spatial scales.
We then objectively evaluate the small inversion ensemble based on a large
dataset of accurate aircraft measurements in the free troposphere over the
globe, which are independent of all assimilated data. The measured
variables are connected with the inferred fluxes through mass-conserving
transport in the global atmosphere and are part of the inversion results.
Large-scale annual fluxes estimated from the bias-corrected land retrievals
of the second Orbiting Carbon Observatory (OCO-2) differ greatly from the prior
fluxes, but are similar to the fluxes estimated from the surface
network within the uncertainty of these surface-based estimates. The OCO-2-based and surface-based inversions have similar performance when projected in the
space of the aircraft data, but the relative strengths and weaknesses of the two
flux estimates vary within the northern and tropical parts of the
continents. The verification data also suggest that the more complex and
more recent transport model does not improve the inversion skill. In
contrast, the inversion using bias-corrected retrievals from the Greenhouse
Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT) or, to a larger extent, a non-Bayesian
inversion that simply adjusts a recent bottom-up flux estimate with the
annual growth rate diagnosed from marine surface measurements both estimate much
different fluxes and fit the aircraft data less. Our study highlights a way
to rate global atmospheric inversions. Without any general claim regarding the
usefulness of all OCO-2 retrieval datasets vs. all GOSAT retrieval datasets,
it still suggests that some satellite retrievals can now provide inversion
results that are, despite their uncertainty, comparable with respect to credibility to
traditional inversions using the accurate but sparse surface network and
that are therefore complementary for studies of the global carbon budget.
Calibration of an airborne HOX instrument using the All Pressure Altitude based Calibrator for HOX Experimentation (APACHE)
Authors: Marno Daniel , Ernest Cheryl , Hens Korbinian , Javed Umar , Klimach Thomas , Martinez Monica , Rudolf Markus , Lelieveld Jos , Harder Hartwig
Published: November 2019

Abstract. Laser induced fluorescence (LIF) is a widely used technique for both laboratory-based and ambient atmospheric chemistry measurements. However, LIF instruments require calibrations in order to translate instrument response into concentrations of chemical species. Calibration of LIF instruments measuring OH and HO2 (HOX), typically involves the photolysis of water vapor by 184.9 nm light thereby producing quantitative amounts of OH and HO2. For ground-based systems HOX instruments, this method of calibration is done at one pressure (typically ambient pressure) at the instrument inlet. However, airborne HOX instruments can experience varying cell pressures, internal residence times, temperatures, and humidity during flight. Therefore, replication of such variances when calibrating are essential to acquire the appropriate sensitivities. This requirement resulted in the development of the APACHE (All Pressure Altitude-based Calibrator for HOX Experimentation) chamber. It utilizes photolysis of water vapor, but has the additional ability to alter the pressure at the inlet of the HOX instrument thus relating instrument sensitivity to the external pressure ranges experienced during flight (275 to 1000 mbar). Measurements supported by COMSOL multiphysics and its computational fluid dynamics calculations revealed that, for all pressures explored in this study, APACHE is capable of initializing homogenous flow and maintain near uniform flow speeds across the internal cross-section of the chamber. This reduces the uncertainty regarding average exposure times across the mercury (Hg) UV ring lamp. Two different actinometrical approaches characterized the APACHE UV ring lamp flux as 6.3 x 1014 (± 0.9 x 1014) s-1 depending on pressure. Data presented in this study are the first direct calibrations, performed in a controlled environment using APACHE of an airborne HOX system instrument.
On the interconnections among major climate modes and their common driving factors
Authors: Pan Xinnong , Wang Geli , Yang Peicai , Wang Jun , Tsonis Anastasios A.
Published: November 2019

Abstract. The variations in oceanic and atmospheric modes on various timescales play important roles in generating regional and global climate variability. Many efforts have been devoted to identify the relationships between the variations in climate modes and regional climate variability, but rarely explored the interconnections among these climate modes. Here we use climate indices to represent the variations in major climate modes and we examine the harmonic relationship among the driving forces of climate modes by the combination of Slow Feature Analysis (SFA) and wavelet analysis. We find that all of the significant peak-periods of driving-force signals in the climate indices can be represented as the harmonics of four base periods: 2.32 yr, 3.90 yr, 6.55 yr and 11.02 yr. We infer that the period of 2.32 yr is associated with the signal of Quasi Biennial Oscillation (QBO). The periods of 3.90 yr and 6.55 yr are connected with the intrinsic variability of El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and the period of 11.02 yr arises from the sunspot cycle. Results suggest that the base periods and their harmonic oscillations linked to QBO, ENSO and solar activities act as the key connections among the climatic modes with synchronous behaviors, highlighting the important roles of these three oscillations in the variability of current climate.