bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Content Verbalness and Intangibility on Schizophrenics' Deficits in Abstract Thinking
Authors: Watson Charles G.
Published: September 2011

Earlier research has suggested that schizophrenics' deficits on conceptual tasks could reflect special difficulties with verbal or intangible stimuli rather than inability to abstract correctly per se. The performance of process and reactive schizophrenics on similarities tests varying in verbalness and intangibility of stimuli was compared to that of nonschizophrenic psychiatric patients. No special deficits associated with verbal stimulus presentation or stimulus intangibility appeared in either process or reactive samples.
Impact of Literary Works upon College Students
Authors: Ebersole Peter
Published: September 2011

The present study attempted to provide empirical evidence for what type of impact, if any, is reported by college students concerning their reading of literary works they consider important. The effects reported were grouped into three major categories: no effect, behavioral effects, and cognitive effects, the latter being the most frequently reported. The results provide support for both the aesthetic (style-oriented) and moralistic (content-oriented) interpretation of the value of literature. Justification of literature might be most fruitfully approached via cognitive rather than behavioral impact.
CUE Prominence as a Determinant of VMH Obesity
Authors: Colby John J. , Misovich Stephen , Kasouf Chickery
Published: September 2011

Food prominence was manipulated in an attempt to test Schachter's notion that VMH obesity is caused by lesion-induced hyperresponsivity to environmental stimuli. The results indicate, contrary to Schachter's proposal, that ad lib. overeating of dynamic phase VMH-lesioned rats is not affected by the amount of food present. The findings are discussed in the context of Schachter's and Thomas and Mayer's explanations for human and VMH obesity.
An Exploratory Attempt to Define the Components of Activation
Authors: Frazier James R.
Published: September 2011

A battery of physiological and behavioral measures was factor analyzed by the principal factor method in an exploratory attempt to identify components of the activation continuum. Following varimax rotation, three factors were labelled and interpreted within an energy arousal context. Two factors were interpreted and labelled as arousal factors, while a third factor was identified as directed thinking within the visual modality.
Influence of Social Power vs Status Envy Modeled Behaviors on Children's Preferences for Models
Authors: Gottfried Allen W. , Gottfried Adele E.
Published: September 2011

Social power and Whiting's status envy theory were compared for their effects on children's model preferences. Kindergarten children observed a show in which neuter gender puppets exhibited behaviors dictated by these theories. Statistical analyses showed that: (a) sex was not associated with model preference and (b) the status envy model was significantly preferred by Ss. It was concluded that models who dispense both positive and negative reinforcements are not likely to be preferred to models consuming positive reinforcements. These results were interpreted within a social learning framework.
MMPI Characteristics of Mothers of Pre-School Children Who are Emotionally Disturbed or Have Behavior Problems
Authors: Friedman Ronald J.
Published: September 2011

This study compared MMPI profiles of mothers of pre-school children who are emotionally disturbed and have behavior problems with those of a control group. Mothers of children with emotional problems had significantly higher scores on five clinical scales when compared with control mothers as expected: Depression ( D), Psychopathic Deviate ( Pd), Psychasthenia ( Pt), Schizophrenia ( Sc), and Hypomania ( Ma). Mothers of children with behavior problems differed from controls only on the Hypomania ( Ma) scale. The significance of these results is discussed in terms of their contribution to the resolution of the question as to whether or not maternal maladjustment is a causative factor in deviant behavior in children or simply a reaction to a problem child.
Internal/External Control of Reinforcement and Women's Participation in Direct Social Action
Authors: Zikmund William G. , Miller Stephen J.
Published: September 2011

This study sought to investigate the relationship between a personality variable, internal/external control of reinforcement, and women's participation in the 1973 consumers' meat boycott. Internals, as determiners of their own fate, are expected to be more active in this socio-economic event. The results suggest the I/E scale's power to predict boycott behavior is weak.
TV Preference as a Technique for Selection of Reinforcers
Authors: Striefel Sebastian , Smeets Paul M.
Published: September 2011

A technique for evaluating preference for television (TV) programs provided six low-level and six high-level retardates with a simultaneous choice of four keys, each programing a different consequence. The total time S depressed each of the four keys resulting in three different TV programs or no program (no audio or video) was recorded. Each consequence was continuously available and the consequence programmed by each key was switched every 2 min. All Ss spent most of the session responding for TV and preferred TV over no consequence. Five low-level and one high-level S showed a preference for a single program. The preference of one low-level and two high-level Ss varied from day to day and that of three high-level Ss changed one or more times during 10 sessions. One program can be repeated many times with low-level retardates before satiation occurs; whereas satiation occurs quickly with high-level retardates. TV preference might well be considered as a technique for selection of reinforcers. The technique has much to offer to those concerned with developing educational programs.
Isolating Variables Which Affect TV Preferences of Retarded Children
Authors: Striefel Sebastian
Published: September 2011

The TV preference of 6 low-level and 6 high-level retardates was determined by providing each S with a simultaneous choice of four alternatives (three TV programs and no program) during baseline. All Ss spent most of each session responding and preferred TV over no program. Ss were then given four simultaneous choices between the preferred program in color, in black and white, audio only, and video only. Of 6 high-level Ss 5 showed a preference for programs in color, 3 low-level Ss showed a preference for black and white presentations, and the other 4 S's showed about equal preferences for color and black and white. The preference technique seems adequate for ascertaining some of the reinforcing variables in TV programs.
Status and Ethnic Relations
Authors: Skeen James T.
Published: September 2011

A field experiment was conducted to investigate the hypothesis that minority groups exhibit social avoidance and/or rejection of (a) member(s) of the majority class on the basis of a perceived dissimilarity in status. The social interaction of the white investigator and 11 working blacks was observed and recorded. The investigator manipulated his status and recorded subsequent changes in Ss' behavior toward him. Comparative social avoidance was significantly associated with rises in the investigator's status.
Relationship between Transgression and Locus of Control in Military Dependent Children
Authors: Chandler Theodore A.
Published: September 2011

It was hypothesized that externally controlled children (as defined operationally by scores on the Bialer-Cromwell Children's Locus of Control Scale) would exhibit a higher frequency of transgression than internally controlled children. Ss were a random selection of 60 fourth and fifth grade boys and 60 first and second grade boys randomly assigned to one of three groups: (a) punishment at initiation, (b) punishment at completion, (c) control. As the child reached for the attractive member of a pair of toys, he was verbally admonished (punishment). Having been conditioned with punishment for nine trials, the child was left alone on Trial 10, to determine if he would transgress (move the preferred toy). The hypothesis was not confirmed. Children who transgressed were significantly higher in internality than those who did not. Analysis of variance showed no statistically significant differences. Data was examined in terms of the military situation, individual differences, and item analysis of the locus of control scale.
Changes in Psychological State Measures and Time of Day
Authors: Barton K. , Cattell R. B.
Published: September 2011

Psychological state measures were obtained on over two thousand junior high school students. Half of the students were tested relatively early in the day and the other half late in the day. Results indicated that self-reported measures of anxiety, stress, regression and depression tended to be higher for the group tested near the end of the school day than for those tested early in the day. A major methodological implication is that we should have separate norms for ‘time of day’ when we are dealing with state measures.
Contiguous Withdrawal Conditioning: A Model for Punishment
Authors: Haraway Maury M. , Maples Ernest G.
Published: September 2011

The study was intended to extend Denny's elicitation theory, which accounts for reinforcement effects through contiguously conditioned approach responses, to the treatment of punishment. This treatment would rest on a demonstration of contiguously conditioned withdrawal responses to stimuli which have been paired with the onset of an aversive stimulus. Two groups of 20 male rats were trained in random order in a standard Skinner box. Experimental Ss received 25 trials in which the onset of a 6-w light was paired with the onset of a 1-ma. shock. Controls received 25 presentations of the light and shock, but these were presented uncorrected with one another. Ss were tested individually in a modified T-maze. A 6-w light was presented in one of the T-arms, randomly selected. Of 20 experimental Ss 17 withdrew from the light but only 9 of 20 control Ss withdrew. The difference between proportions was significant ( p < .01). The findings are taken as allowing the extension of Denny's theory to account for punishment.
Effects of Withdrawal from Chronic Amphetamine Administration on Activity Levels of Albino Rats
Authors: Houser Vincent P. , Van Hart Dale A.
Published: September 2011

18 albino rats were administered either saline or various dosages of d-amphetamine sulfate in activity wheel cages over a 13-wk. period. Food consumption was decreased under the 2.0, 4.0 and 8.0 mg/kg dosages, while water consumption was reduced only under the highest dose. Motor activity was elevated under 1.0 mg/kg and was depressed under 8.0 mg/kg, while no reliable effects were noted under the middle range of doses. Withdrawal from 1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg of amphetamine led to significant elevations in baseline activity. These changes in activity could not be readily explained in terms of a simple conditioning process. It was suggested that amphetamine may produce long lasting changes in the central nervous system which are reflected in elevated activity when the drug is withdrawn.
Anxiety: General vs Specific Trait in the Prediction of Snake Fear
Authors: Mellstrom Martin , Zuckerman Marvin , Cicala George A.
Published: September 2011

2 studies are reported on the relationships between general and specific tests of anxiety and behavioral and self-reported fear responses in the presence of a live snake. Ss were 35 female undergraduates in Study I and 76 in Study II. Measures of general anxiety were not predictive of fear responses, while measures of specific fear of snakes were highly predictive of such responses.
Test-Retest Reliability of the Shipley-Institute of Living Scale: Practice Effects or Random Variation
Authors: Goodman John T. , Streiner David L. , Woodward Christel A.
Published: September 2011

104 first-year female nursing students were group administered the Shipley-Institute of Living Scale. Retesting was conducted on subsamples at 2-wk., 1-mo., 2-mo., 3-mo., and 4-mo. intervals with subsample sizes of 17, 19, 19, 19, and 18, respectively. Although the actual differences were relatively small, consistent and significant increases were found for Abstract raw score, Conceptual Quotient and WAIS equivalent IQ. No significant differences were found for Vocabulary raw score. The results are discussed within the context of test-retest reliability, magnitude of the actual differences and the problem of practice effects.
Validity of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory in an Academic Setting
Authors: Martuza Victor R. , Kallstrom Dale W.
Published: September 2011

The multitrait-multimethod procedure was used to assess the validity of Spielberger's dual conceptualization of anxiety and the interpretation of his scales based on that conceptualization. The results support the State-Trait conceptualization of anxiety and provide evidence of the validity of the STAI scales within a graduate level, educational environment.
Adaptation to 23.5-Hr. Food and Water Deprivation Schedules in the Rat and Guinea Pig
Authors: Dutch J. , Brown L. B.
Published: September 2011

20 rats and 20 guinea pigs were compared on a 23.5-hr. water-deprivation schedule and on a 23.5-hr. food-deprivation schedule. Rats showed a satisfactory adjustment to both these schedules, while guinea pigs adjusted to water-deprivation but not to the food-deprivation schedule.
Attitudes toward Busing as a Means of Desegregation
Authors: Nicoletti John A. , Patterson Tom W.
Published: September 2011

Attitudes toward enforced school busing were studied among Blacks, Caucasians, and Chicanos in Denver, Colorado, in relation to six factors. Significant associations were found between type of attitude expressed and race, children enrolled in school, membership in PTA, expectation toward the quality of education to be obtained by busing, and home ownership. The number of contacts with the schools by the adult respondents was not related to attitudes toward busing. Supporters of busing emphasized the provision of equal educational opportunities for all children and improved communication among ethnic groups while those opposed to busing emphasized the disruption of the neighborhood school concept as the bases for their attitudes. Issues related to the implementation of the plan were considered.
Effect of Note-Taking Preference and Type of Notes Taken on Memory
Authors: Fisher Judith L. , Harris Mary B.
Published: September 2011

To study the effect of note taking, type of notes taken, and review on recall, 112 male and female college students were randomly assigned to four treatment groups using different combinations of note taking and review. No treatment effects were found, but preference for detailed notes was significantly positively correlated with recall for those assigned to take detailed notes, more weakly correlated with recall for those assigned to take no notes, and nonsignificantly negatively correlated with recall for those assigned to take only notes on main points.
Dimensions of Profanity
Authors: Mabry Edward A.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of the study was to investigate the dimensions of profane language use by 283 college students. Responses to a questionnaire on personal use of “sexual vernacular” were submitted to factor analysis. Results of the factor analysis yielded five dimensions of profane language based upon predispositions to use such words. The five dimensions were labeled: Abrasive, Technical, Abrasive-Expletive, Latent, and Euphemistic. Results are discussed in terms of past and future research needs.
Environmental Attitudes of Technological Students
Authors: Schmidt Michael M. , Buys Christian J.
Published: September 2011

Environmental attitudes of 47 students at a technical college were surveyed. Attitudes assessed were: perceived severity, causes, and solutions of environmental problems, and personal commitment to solutions. Ss who perceived environmental problems as severe were older, from larger families, and were more committed personally to the solutions. Similarly, Ss who perceived causes of problems as institutional were less religious, perceived the problem as severe, and were committed personally to solutions.
On Use of Multiple Tests of Significance in Psychological Research
Authors: Feild Hubert S. , Armenakis Achilles A.
Published: September 2011

The evaluation of a series of statistical tests in psychological research is a common problem faced by many investigators. As the number of statistical tests increases, the probability of making a Type I error, i.e., of rejecting the null hypothesis when in fact it is true, increases as well. To help researchers evaluate their results, tables have been constructed which show the probability of obtaining k or more significant results due to chance in a series of K independent statistical tests. Recommendations are also given in order to avoid the problems of a Type I error.
Variability within the Theological Concept of Behavior of the Beliefs-About-Behavior Inventory
Authors: Strunk Orlo , Larsen John A.
Published: September 2011

The Beliefs-About-Behavior Inventory, designed to identify 3 concepts about behavior as theological, illness, psychological, was administered to 116 religious professionals, including Protestant seminarians, Roman Catholic priests and nuns, and pastoral counselors. Wide variability was discovered within these theological groups and between these groups and the original criterion groups. When groups were combined and then divided in terms of liberal-conservative categories, the theological scale differentiated better, suggesting that the theological scale may be biased toward a particular type of theological way of thinking (conservative) rather than a general theological cognitive style per se. Several possible explanations for the variability are suggested.
Schedules of Secondary Reinforcement and Resistance to Extinction
Authors: Dutch J.
Published: September 2011

Following 5,000 trials on FR5 Ss were extinguished with secondary reinforcement presented on several schedules. In general, responses made in extinction increased with higher schedules.
Information and Incentive Characteristics of Secondary Reinforcement Demonstrated in Resistance to Extinction
Authors: Dutch J.
Published: September 2011

Group 1 received 6,000 trials on CRF, Group 2 6,000 trials on FR 10, and Group 3 60,000 trials on FR 10. All Ss were then extinguished under 3 conditions: the magazine click was presented on CRF, on FR 10, or not at all. The click was a weak but effective incentive for CRF Ss and a strong incentive for FR 10 Ss. With extended training the click also became an informative stimulus for FR 10 Ss in that it reduced resistance to extinction.
“I” Language-Induced Anxiety
Authors: Bornstein Philip H.
Published: September 2011

Often a patient is unable to define the problems he is presently experiencing. A six-step procedure is presented which allows the therapist to obtain a clear statement of problematic behavior. The technique described makes use of a combined behavioral-gestalt approach in the gathering of diagnostic information.
Factor Structure of Psychological Assessment at a Community Mental Health Center
Authors: Lubin Bernard , Bangert Charles J. , Hornstra Robijn K.
Published: September 2011

2 factors were derived from 40 assessment variables using principal components and varimax rotation applied to data derived from 387 adult applicants to a community mental health center and their relatives. Factor I is the relatives' report of the patients' over-all emotional-behavioral disturbance and Factor II is the patients' self-report of depression. The factors have simple structure and the concepts, therefore, can be regarded as well-defined and independent. Several correlates of the two factors were presented.
Some Observations on Wording of Item-Stems for Attitude Questionnaires
Authors: Terborg James R. , Peters Lawrence H.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this research was to examine whether mean differences in endorsement rate to reversed item-stems of the same attitude statement can occur independent of acquiescence and if these observed differences have any effect when summed in relation to an outside criterion. Using two within-group designs, a significant number of mean differences between item-stems were found. Analyses showed that these observed differences were not due to the effects of acquiescence. However, for both groups, total scores based on items where mean differences in endorsement were observed correlated significantly with total scores based on items where no mean differences in endorsement were observed. Also, minor variations in mean rate of endorsement due to the direction of the item-stem wording had little effect on the correlations between the summated attitude scores and the outside criterion.
Birth Order and Social Class in a London College
Authors: Jones A. D. , Seaborne A. E. M.
Published: September 2011

The birth order and attendance at a college of the University of London are somewhat at variance with similar American studies of birth order and educational attainment. There is some evidence that differential social-class patterns may play a part in this difference.
Relationship between Pre- and Postmorbid Psychological Stress in Schizophrenics
Authors: Serban George , Woloshin Gerald W.
Published: September 2011

A study was conducted to determine the relationship between preschizophrenic (childhood, adolescence) problems patients had encountered and the pattern of difficulties facing patients in their adult years. The population consisted of 516 chronic and 125 acute schizophrenics and 95 normal individuals. The instrument used to assess the level of earlier and later difficulty was the Social Stress and Functionability Inventory for Psychotic Disorders. Results demonstrated that schizophrenics encountered more problems in their youth, adolescence and their adult years compared to the normals. Also, both chronic and acute schizophrenics showed a high degree of continuity between earlier and later types of difficulties.
Similarity of Judge and Violator in Professional Decision Making
Authors: Weiss Steven Lee
Published: September 2011

Of many factors in professional decision making by judges and violators of regulations 24 Os responded in terms of similarity in age, socio-economic class, degree of comfort, etc. of judge and violator.
Effects of Group Laughter on Responses to Humourous Material, a Replication and Extension
Authors: Fuller Raymond G. C. , Sheehy-Skeffington Alan
Published: September 2011

To test the validity of one interpretation of the concept of “social laughter,” specifically that the sound of others laughing, increases the probability with which an individual will exhibit overt expressions of amusement, Ss' responses were observed under conditions in which group laughter was dubbed onto or omitted from verbal material varying in humourous content. For items of both high and low humour the addition of dubbed laughter increased the frequency of Ss' overt expressions of amusement. However, under this condition Ss rated the items as more humourous. It was hypothesized that, although “social laughter” may represent some form of social facilitation, the laughter of others may act as a contextual cue directing the listener to search for a humourous interpretation of the stimulus material presented to him. Implications for the practice of using dubbed laughter in commercial broadcasting were briefly discussed.
Methods of Administration of Street Drugs: Stereotypes, Actuality, and Perceived Dangers
Authors: Sinnett E. Robert , Arata Christine La Gana , Bates Rodney A.
Published: September 2011

Youthful multiple drug users and abusers were interviewed to ascertain their methods of self-administration of street drugs. Stereotypes associating a particular drug with a particular method of self-administration are of dubious value. They do not reflect the diversity of methods commonly employed by users. Both drug substance and method of administration have a marked influence on users' judgments of the danger of various drug experiences.
Laboratory Analogue of Field Helping Behavior
Authors: Lerner Richard M. , Frank Phyllis
Published: September 2011

Within the context of a balanced factorial design, white college students (40 males, 40 females) individually viewed a videotape of a black or white, male or female, financially needy “cohort” performing an alphanumeric substitution task, and were instructed to award money for performance, which was identical in all conditions. Female Ss awarded more money than male Ss, but males were given as much money as females, and blacks were given as much as whites. Results were compared to field studies of the relation of race and sex to helping behavior.
Covert Reinforcement and Self-Control Procedures in Systematic Desensitization of Gagging Behavior
Authors: Altamura Leonard S. , Chitwood P. R.
Published: September 2011

A case of chronic gagging associated with numerous topographically dissimilar CSs was successfully treated in 11 sessions of behavioral therapy. A flexible, multifaceted approach was applied utilizing systematic desensitization, covert reinforcement, and self-control procedures.
Do's and dont's: An Informal Study of Some Prevailing Superstitions
Authors: Blum Stuart H. , Blum Lucille H.
Published: September 2011

An informal study was conducted to demonstrate the prevalence and relationship to specific background variables of prevailing superstitions. A questionnaire containing 24 superstitious beliefs or practices was independently completed by 132 adults. Each superstition was rated as to whether it had strong, partial, or no influence for the individual, and a total score was obtained. The highest possible score was 48, and the range found in the sample was 0 to 46. The mean total superstition score for women was higher than for men, the difference being statistically significant ( p.05). A moderately substantial negative correlation ( p.01) was found between superstitious belief and amount of formal education. It is suggested that, particularly in current times, the sense of control inherent in superstitious belief and practice has a therapeutic value in the reduction of anxiety. This value may account for the survival of common superstitions in spite of centuries of advance in scientific knowledge.
Psychological Need Structures of Law Enforcement Officers
Authors: Sheppard Charles , Bates Cindy , Fracchia John , Merlis Sidney
Published: September 2011

Hypothesizing that a relationship exists between personality and occupational choice, the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule was employed to assess need differences for a sample of 33 metropolitan police officers, Edwards' adult male, and male college normative groups. Comparison with the adult male population indicates this police sample score higher on needs for achievement, exhibitionism, and heterosexuality. They score lower on needs for abasement, affiliation, deference, endurance, nurturance, and order. Comparisons with the male college normative population show this sample of police personnel differs in having a lower affiliation need. A discussion of these findings with those of two previous studies was undertaken. The common findings of the three studies suggest that compared to the male general population, police officers have higher needs for exhibitionism and heterosexuality and a lower need for affiliation. Further studies are necessary for clarification.
Has Neurophysiology Resurrected the Platonic Soul?
Authors: Nealis Perry M.
Published: September 2011

It has been argued that the objective of psychological experimentation should be one of furthering our understanding of the processes by which human knowledge is acquired. However, there are those who argue that many hypothetical constructs employed by contemporary psychologists, in contrast to their assessments, reflect an epistemology embraced by Plato centuries past. A different position is taken here, one which maintains that modern psychological researches are more characteristic of the Aristotelian position in contrast to Platonic doctrine. The viability of these traditional epistemologies is discussed in view of researches in the areas of perception and neurophysiology. It is suggested that the Aristotelian approach to the resolution of the paradox of knowing about knowing is both philosophically substantive and, unlike the Platonist position, operationally feasible.
Early Detection of Final Performance in an Introductory Course in General Psychology
Authors: Zimmermann Robert R. , Wise Larry , Smith Olin W.
Published: September 2011

Final grades in an introductory psychology course were found to correlate significantly with a test representative of course content and ACT scores. Contrary to traditional predictions, the content specific test was not superior to the general abilities test in the prediction of final grades. Course content tests taken during the first three weeks of the academic quarter correlated .85 with course content tests taken during the last 3 wk. of the academic quarter. Both general ability tests and specific content tests given early in the academic year could be used to assign students to course programs that might provide the special assistance some students require to cope with traditional large lecture college courses.
Program for Psychological Assessment of Law Enforcement Officers: Initial Evaluation
Authors: Saccuzzo Dennis P. , Higgins Gwendolyn , Lewandowski Denis
Published: September 2011

For the initial evaluation of Tennessee's Law Enforcement Candidate Assessment Program, groups of metropolitan and non-metropolitan candidates for police certification were studied and compared with respect to their scores on the MMPI, Kuder Preference Record-Vocational, Form CH, and Otis-Lennon Mental Ability Test-Form J. The mean profiles for each group individually, as well as the profiles for the groups combined, were calculated. The results showed that the non-metropolitan applicants were older and had lower IQ scores than the metropolitan group. Both groups approached the MMPI in a “faking good” manner. These profiles, nevertheless, were relatively flat and hovered around the mean. In terms of interests both groups showed peaks in the social service area with the metropolitan sample scoring somewhat higher than the non-metropolitan group, who also showed a strong interest in outdoor activities. Their other interests appeared to be approximately equal. Although caution is suggested in interpreting the results, the data indicated that, if psychopathology is present in police officers, it will most commonly be manifest as a character disorder as described by the 4-9 or 4-3 MMPI profile code type.
Overcorrection Treatment for Radical Reduction of Aggressive-Disruptive Behavior in Institutionalized Mental Patients
Authors: Sumner Joan H. , Hsu Louis , Mueser Sonja T. , Morales Rafael G.
Published: September 2011

This study was designed to extend and evaluate a new treatment, overcorrection, for the radical reduction of aggressive-disruptive behavior. The treatment emphasized four specific attributes. The first was reeducation in prosocial adaptive responses; the second was an extended period of work and effort; the third was time out from general positive reinforcement; the fourth was the prevention of any reinforcement from the disruptive behavior itself. The overcorrection treatment in this study stressed the cognitive modality so that the patient would accept and internalize full responsibility for her behavior. Ss were 7 chronic female patients in a behavior-modification token-economy program in a state mental hospital. The treatment consisted of having S restore her disturbance to an extent that greatly improved the previous situation. Overcorrection required S to apologize and reassure all persons present that the disturbance would not be repeated. S was instructed verbally or guided manually in alleviating the general psychological distress or physical disorder caused by her aggressive-disruptive behavior. The data showed that the average reduction for experimental Ss at the end of 8 wk. was 91%. The average reduction for all controls at the end of 8 wk. was 55%. However, the monotonic decreasing trend of the mean number of incidents over weeks for the experimental group was significantly greater (α = 0.02) than that of the control group. Additional data indicated that the inhibition of the maladaptive behavior lasted with little assistance from the staff. Thus, overcorrection may be considered a generally effective therapeutic procedure. The unexpected significant reduction in the control group was ascribed to the influence of modeling.
Word Associations of Schizophrenic Children
Authors: Johnston Mary Hollis
Published: September 2011

A study of word associations in 84 normal and 16 disturbed 10- and 11-yr.-old children was made through an integration of two prior methods of word-association research: the study of pathological features of adult schizophrenic language and the study of psycholinguistic features of developmental changes in children's associations. The associations of 8 schizophrenic children and 8 non-schizophrenic children in residential treatment were compared with those of 84 normal children. The associative differences were most consistent and definitive among the schizophrenic children: they gave fewer common responses and more idiosyncratic, unrelated responses. All the children made responses termed “playing with the word,” which is a sign of association disturbance in adults but appears to be normal in children. The associative differences observed between normal and disturbed children were interpreted as not so much reflecting a “developmental lag” in associative structure as a difficulty in selection of an association from what is believed to be a normal associative repertoire. The variability in occurrence of common responses plus the appearance of the expected “paradigmatic shift” in all the children supported this interpretation.
Electrically Induced Relaxation in Systematic Desensitization: A Case Note
Authors: Feinberg Allen M. , Stabler Brian , Coley Silas B.
Published: September 2011

The use of electrically induced relaxation by means of an apparatus developed in the USSR is described. The technique is used as an adjunct to systematic desensitization in one case. Such relaxation is compared with other techniques which place greater constraints on their application.
Relationship between the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale and the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List for Schizophrenic Women
Authors: Steer Robert A.
Published: September 2011

The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale and Multiple Affect Adjective Check List were administered to 75 schizophrenic women. A principal component analysis of the correlations between the former instrument's 18 symptoms and the latter instrument's measures of Anxiety, Depression, and Hostility indicated that the checklist's scales loaded together on one component along with the rating scale's symptom of hallucinatory behavior. The conclusion was drawn that the scales had measured different aspects of psychopathology in schizophrenic women.
Operant Approaches to Group Therapy and Effects on Sociometric Status
Authors: Schofield Leon J. , Hedlund Carol , Worland Julien
Published: September 2011

A behavior modification approach for group therapy was used with 4 hyperactive, unsocialized boys in a residential treatment center. Ss showed increased attention to tasks and interacted more frequently with each other. However, there was no change in the sociometric status of Ss in their living groups following treatment. The difficulties in changing sociometric status were discussed.
Encounter-Group Experience and Personality Change
Authors: Martin Roger D. , Fischer Donald G.
Published: September 2011

Participants in 4 separate weekend encounter groups and matched control Ss were administered pre- and posttests of the Adjective Checklist to determine whether the encounter-group experience would result in increased positive self-concept and confidence and improved social skills and attitudes. Checklist scales were grouped into self-concept-related scales and social-skills scales. Combined data over the 4 experimental groups demonstrated improvement on the 2 concepts, while there was no change in the matched controls over the same time period. Limitations of the study are discussed.
Similarity of Attitudes and Attraction to an Occupation
Authors: Good Lawrence R. , Good Katherine C.
Published: September 2011

41 college students completed a 13-item Survey of Attitudes. During a later session, each received a Survey of Occupation Members' Attitudes which was represented as being the attitudes of most people engaged in a hypothetical occupation. These attitudes were either 15% or 85% similar to S's own views. S then made judgments of the occupation's social prestige, opportunities for advancement, opportunities for getting to know interesting people, opportunities for self-fulfillment, how much he would like the occupation, and how much he would enjoy entering the occupation. The results indicated that similarity of attitudes between the person and the occupation was associated with significantly more attraction to the occupation (liking and desire to enter) as well as more favorable evaluations of the occupation's social prestige, opportunities for getting to know interesting people, and opportunities for self-fulfillment.
An Experimental Study of Socially Facilitated ‘Humorous Laughter’
Authors: Chapman Antony J.
Published: September 2011

Independent groups of 7-yr.-old children listened through headphones to humorous material in dyadic conditions and when alone. Members of a dyad were of like-sex. Ss' companions were trained confederates who reacted according to pre-recorded on-line directions received through headphones. Increments in the companion's mirth augmented Ss' laughter, smiling and looking at the companion's face. The companion's facilitative influences were not reduced when they were thought to be listening to different humorous recordings. There was a significant relationship between humor-ratings and amount of time spent laughing, and Ss expected companions to rate the material as funnier when the latter displayed more mirth. There were no sex differences or interaction effects.
Certain Therapist's Characteristics and the Therapeutic Process
Authors: Goldstein Ronald , Richard James T.
Published: September 2011

This paper proposes 7 qualities of therapists which may affect the therapeutic process: constructive criticism orientation, understanding manner, trust, salesmanship, openness, unconditional positive regard, and awareness of time. The characteristics are discussed in the context of multimodal therapy and may be applicable to other types of therapy orientations.
Children's Evaluations of Harm-Doers as a Function of Intentions and Consequences
Authors: Hewitt Lynn Stewart
Published: September 2011

96 Dutch boys of 6, 8, and 10 yr. viewed brief videotaped scenes in which a harm-doer responded to a provoker with either a good intention (to teach the provoker how to do something) or a bad intention (to harm the provoker); the harm-doer's behavior resulted in either minor or serious injury to the provoker. Ss evaluated both the provoker and harm-doer. 8- and 10-yr.-olds expressed greater anger and disapproval when an act led to serious rather than minor consequences whereas 6-yr.-olds did not differentiate their judgments of the harm-doer on the basis of consequences; 6-yr.-olds evaluated the provoker more positively than did the older children.
Personality Characteristics of Female Narcotic Addicts on the Mmpi
Authors: Ross Wesley F. , Berzins Juris I.
Published: September 2011

The primary purpose of the present report was to obtain an up-dated characterization of hospitalized female narcotic addicts on the MMPI. The secondary purpose was to determine how various admission categories differed in terms of personality characteristics. Four samples (total N = 395) of female addicts were contrasted through multiple discriminant analyses on MMPI and other psychometric data. The first discriminant function contrasted volunteer patients with prisoner patients and was tentatively labeled neuroticism vs character disorder. The second dimension appeared to refer to ethnicity-related differences in defensive styles. The mean profile on the MMPI for the total sample was a 4-spike.
Does the Human Figure Replacement Technique Reveal the Operation of Social Schemata?
Authors: Kuethe James L. , Tibbetts John R.
Published: September 2011

Many investigators have made use of a technique for studying social schemata: Ss briefly view representations of human figures presented with a fixed separation and then attempt to reconstruct the social display as originally viewed. Errors of replacement are recorded and related to the specific social content of the stimuli and a variety of other behaviors and individual traits. Population differences are often studied. A review of relevant studies leads to the conclusion that replacement errors are not random reflections of perceptual error but are in fact specific to the social content of the stimuli which arouse specific social schemata (or social response sets).
Drugs and Placebos: Effects of Caffeine on Cognitive Performance
Authors: Mitchell Valerie E. , Ross Sherman , Hurst Paul M.
Published: September 2011

This study concerned the effects of caffeine alkaloid on cognitive performance. It was indicated from previous experimentation with this drug that caffeine reduces drowsiness and increases alertness. Caffeine at a dosage level of 150 to 300 mg. is reported to offset fatigue-induced performance decrement in both physical and mental tasks and slows the development of boredom. It was hypothesized that 300 mg. of caffeine, administered in the form of a capsule, will enhance performance on the Paced Sequential Memory Task developed by Lloyd, et al. (1960). Ss were 60 volunteer Howard University students taking undergraduate courses in psychology. They were randomly assigned to four treatment groups: (1) drug, (2) drug disguised, (3) placebo, and (4) no drug. Ss were instructed on the nature of the task, then tested individually. The original data analysis showed no statistically reliable effects, despite a considerable spread of treatment means. Due to extremely high withingroups variance, the data were re-analyzed with outliers removed according to Grubbs' (1950) criterion. A significant interaction was found between presence of drug and presence of pill, suggestive of an “active placebo” effect in the direction of performance enhancement It is noteworthy that such an effect would be misinterpreted in the conventional drug vs placebo model.
Precise Voluntary Heart Control in Humans
Authors: McFarland Richard A. , Herrmann Jack A.
Published: September 2011

10 Ss showed reliable accuracy in voluntarily producing electrocardiogram R waves within precise time intervals after repetitive stimuli. Ss' ability accurately to vary the timing of the R wave occurrences within the interstimulus interval is evidence that the heartbeats were not driven by the repetitive stimuli but were under the precise voluntary control of Ss.
Test of Two Models for Acquisition of Information: Failure to Replicate
Authors: Rotton James
Published: September 2011

Both additive and multiplicative combinations of importance and uncertainty have predicted information search in past research. In an attempt to obtain both relationships in a single experiment, this study manipulated importance in terms of incentive and difficulty, and it varied uncertainty in terms of ambiguity and incompatibility. Data from 240 subjects indicated that ambiguity depressed confidence and heightened direct and social search, but other predicted effects were not obtained. The failure to replicate prior research was attributed to use of manipulations between- as opposed to within-subjects.
Emotionality, Conditioned Helplessness, and Escape Conditioning
Authors: Shafer Scott W. , Stephens Mark W.
Published: September 2011

The role of emotionality in mediating conditioned helplessness was tested by comparing the performance of 16 handled (low emotionality) and 16 nonhandled (high emotionality) litters of rats, half of each group having had prior experience with inescapable shock (conditioned helplessness) and half without such experience on a task requiring escape from shock. Generalization of helplessness effects was tested by subsequently testing Ss in a two-way shuttle box with a loud escapable buzzer as the US. Differences in activity level in the absence of an aversive stimulus were measured later. Prior experience with inescapable shock did inhibit performance on the shock-escape task but emotionality did not, nor did emotionality differences interact with prior experience with inescapable shock. Emotionality affected shuttle-box performance, but conditioned helplessness did not. Activity level was reduced significantly by the conditioned helplessness experience, but only marginally related to emotionality.
Dimensionality of the Rotter Interpersonal Trust Scale
Authors: Chun Ki-Taek , Campbell John B.
Published: September 2011

The Rotter Interpersonal Trust Scale was interspersed in a larger questionnaire completed by 187 paid undergraduates. Its dimensionality was investigated through cluster analysis and orthogonal and oblique rotations following a principal axis factor solution. Four dimensions, designated “Political Cynicism,” “Interpersonal Exploitation,” “Societal Hypocrisy,” and “Reliable Role-performance” were identifiable across techniques. This finding of multi-dimensionality underscores the incongruence between Rotter's definition and his measure of interpersonal trust. Studies supporting the multidimensional interpretation are discussed. Scoring these four dimensions in addition to the total scale is recommended. A short form of the scale consisting of the three marker items for each dimension is proposed. This short form is efficient, and it retains the dimensionality of the total scale.
On the Relationship between Internal-External Control and Morality
Authors: Bloomberg Morton
Published: September 2011

53 undergraduates varying in sophistication about moral judgment on the Defining Issues Test completed Rotter's I-E scale. Analysis showed internally oriented Ss used significantly more Stage 6 thinking than externals.
Note on Treatment of Heterosexual Anxiety Using Short-Term Massed Desensitization
Authors: Mitchell Kenneth R. , Orr Fred E.
Published: September 2011

Data from traditional and short-term desensitization procedures ( ns = 7, 8) showed decreased anxiety associated with paper-and-pencil measures of heterosexual interactions but the two desensitization groups were not significantly different nor did a relaxation and a no-treatment group ( ns = 9, 5) differ in reports.
Age and Sex Differences in Personality during Adolescence
Authors: Stefic Edward C. , Lorr Maurice
Published: September 2011

The study sought to determine what changes occur in adolescent personality in the age period between 12 and 19 yr. Specifically the aims were to identify the personality dimensions that distinguish boys from girls at various age periods and any age trends in personality change. The Interpersonal Style Inventory was administered to 331 boys and 358 girls from six high schools. Boys and girls were significantly differentiated on this inventory at each of four age levels through use of discriminant function analyses. Girls scored more Sociable, Nurturant, Conscientious, Help-seeking, and Anxious at all age levels. The boys scored more Detached, Withholding, Self-sufficient, and Stable. Results were in close agreement with those reported by Sealy and Cattell and by Garai and Gurin. Age trends, however, were few in number.