bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Clinical Application and Evaluation of Artificial Cruciate Ligament Materials for Knee Exercise Injury
Authors: Wang Zhuo , Han Yun Peng
Published: August 2014

Rupture of knee joint cruciate ligament in sports training and competition, need through the surgical method to reconstruction of ligament reconstruction function. Application of biological materials for cruciate ligament, can make patients get less disease waste, and allows the patient knee joint activities immediately after treatment, is beneficial to the rehabilitation of patients. Cruciate ligament graft materials including autograft, allograft ligament ligament and artificial ligament. Autologous tissue reconstruction of knee joint cruciate ligament with bone patellar tendon bone and semitendinosus graft, many complications of bone patellar tendon bone graft, semitendinosus and gracilis tendon transplant will affect the joint function. Allogenic ligament materials mainly include bone patellar tendon bone and four femoral head allograft tendon bone, shortage of material is not completely kill bacteria and viruses. Artificial ligament material divided into permanent ligament, ligament and ligament scaffold material framework material, the effect of LARS artificial ligament transplantation in the treatment of cruciate ligament injury is more ideal, compared with the efficacy of autologous tendon graft, the differences were significant, had no significant differences compared with the long term effect of transplantation of autologous ligament.
Simulation on the Behavior of Individual Vehicles with Influence Evaluation of Flow Rate and Speed Limits on Freeway
Authors: Wu Shu Yue , Yu Xiao Tong , He Zhong Wei , Wen Xin
Published: August 2014

Traffic simulation, a powerful scientific tool, can be applied to both transportation planning and to transportation design and operations. In this paper, a micro-simulation model is developed to simulate the behavior of individual vehicles on the freeway and is used to evaluate the impact of changes in efficiency and safety resulting from changes to traffic flow and speed limits. All aforementioned influences are expressed at a quantitive level.
Effect of Jet Hole Size on Drag Reduction Performance of Bionic Jet Surface
Authors: Gang Zhao , Li Fang , Liu Wei Xin , Zhang Shu , Bi Hong Shi , Zhang Xing Xing
Published: August 2014

According to the problem of drag reduction on bionic jet surface, a rectangular jet surface model which is similar to shark branchial shape was built, and numerical simulation was processed by using SST k-ω turbulence model, moreover, influence of jet hole size on the drag reduction performance of jet surface was studied. The results show that: the effect of flow length of rectangular jet hole on the drag reduction is remarkable, with the increase of flow length, fluid friction resistance of the jet surface decreases, the maximum drag reduction rate was 14.38%, and the results of numerical simulation was verified by carrying out experiments. The jet fluid decreases the sweep on the wall of mainstream high speed fluid, which increases the thickness of jet surface boundary layer, thereby reducing the surface friction of the jet hole downstream.
Analysis on the Pressure Fluctuation of a 660MW Supercritical Boiler
Authors: Ren Ming Li , Xu Ming Feng , Wang Chun Yu , Li You Xin
Published: August 2014

This paper presents the analysis on the periodic fluctuation of pressure in flue and air system of a 660MW supercritical boiler, firing high sulfur coal. The analysis shows that the fluctuation is resulted from a blockage in its air pre-heater, especially in winter. Just as the temperature of flue gas lower than its acid dew point, corrosion occurs and induces the blockage furthermore. This paper exhibits a typical case in boiler firing high sulfur coal.
Influence of Low NOx Burner Retrofit on the Performances of a Boiler
Authors: Ren Li Ming , An Jing Xue , Wang Chun Yu , Wang Lei
Published: August 2014

This paper presents the experimental investigation on the operational performances of a Boiler after a Low NOx burner retrofit. After the retrofit, several operational performances emerge a major change, including the unburned combustible in flying ash raise under higher load, the temperature of reheat steam drop greatly under lower load. As a result, the changes have an influence on the economy of boiler. As for it, a special experimental study was carried out to obtain the best operating mode, and the law of change on the several parameters. The research results are a significant reference to retrofit involved in Low NOx burner utilized to a boiler.
Research and Governance on Catalyst Abrasion for Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) System in Power Plant Boiler
Authors: Ren Li Ming , Wang Lei , Wang Chun Yu , An Jing Xue
Published: August 2014

This paper presents a research on the problem of catalyst failure in a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system. The preliminary analysis indicates that the catalyst failure is caused by abrasion. For this, firstly, the mechanism of abrasion is analyzed through a field experiment. Secondly, according to the results from the field experiment, a scheme is put forward to optimize the flow field. Finally, the application results show that the uniformity of fly ash distribution in the flue gas are improved prominently, the reliability of the SCR system is enhanced at the same time.
The Optimization of Equipment Polling Strategy in Intelligent Substation Control System
Authors: Hu Chun Chao , Ma Kai , Cao Li Juan , Hou Ai Jun , Cui Hong Juan , Chen Hu
Published: August 2014

Under the condition that the increasing number of devices and invariable server hardware facilities in intelligent substation control system, an optimization algorithm of equipment polling strategy in intelligent substation control system is proposed in this paper. This paper proposes an equipment polling mechanism based on time slice scheduling, which is used to solve the problem that the entire network equipment need to detect at the same time on the hour, making the tremendous pressure to the control system. By using the proposed algorithm, it can effectively balance the load in the control system.
Molecular Simulation of Adsorption Mechanism of Silicone Rubber Interfacial Systems
Authors: Yang Qiang , Wen Xiao Ping , Sun Chao Ming , Tang Guang Ping
Published: August 2014

The adsorption mechanisms of silicone rubber (SR)-stainless steel (SS) interfacial system and silicone rubber-HMX interfacial system were studied by molecular simulation method in the present paper. The molecular simulation results revealed that silicone rubber-stainless steel interface has obvious adsorption effect, while silicone rubber-HMX interface has certain adsorption effect. The systematic potential energy calculation results revealed that coulomb interaction and van de waals interaction might be the major microscopic adsorption mechanism for silicone rubber-stainless steel interfacial system and silicone rubber-HMX interfacial system.
Comparison and Analysis on the Impact of Two Typical Rearview Mirrors on Aerodynamic Performance
Authors: Chen Xin , Zhang Wu , Wu Yuan Qiang , Wang Huai Yu , Ning Hou Yu
Published: August 2014

This paper aims to study the impact of the rearview mirror shape on aerodynamic performance. Two typical rearview mirrors were selected to conduct the wind tunnel test, and the test result showed that the noise on the rear monitoring point of the mirror 1 was lower than that of the mirror 2. This paper then conducted simulating computation through computational fluid mechanics (CFD) theory and Fluent software, and obtained the size of the monitoring points of the two typical rearview mirrors, static pressure chart, motion pattern and turbulent kinetic energy distribution diagram, and sequentially analyzed the reason for more noise of the mirror 2. The study shows that different mirror cover structures have a great influence on the flow line flowing through the rearview mirror cover, and significantly influenced the rear flow field of the rearview mirror and the static pressure and the turbulent kinetic energy of the monitoring point.
Research on Reasoning Method of Diagnosis for the Electronic Engine in Fault Knowledge
Authors: Huang Xiao Ci
Published: August 2014

Vehicle is a complicated mechanical system. Its fault often caused by the interactions between the hidden deep reason and multiple systems. Our work is form the electronic engine diagnosis reasoning knowledge to solve the problems of such faults. In order to make fault process and fault concept clearly, constraint relation and causal chain between fault and symptom are introduced. Problems solved including the binding interaction between ontologies, transfer process from the failure to of the final symptom, and inference rules of reasoning rules.
A Service Restoration Method for Multiple Faults in Distribution Systems Based on Load Balancing Distribution
Authors: Zhu Guo Fang , Gao Hou Lei , Li Tian You
Published: August 2014

Current service restoration methods in distribution systems mainly focus on the single fault. When the distribution system deals with more than one fault, current service restoration methods will not be applicable. A service restoration method for multiple faults is proposed to solve the problem mentioned above. Fault outage areas connected through a loop switch compose an unaided fault recovery area which is regarded as a service restoration unit. In order to eliminate the interaction of communal feeders which are connected to more than one unaided fault recovery area, each communal feeder is decoupled into multiple virtual feeders which are assigned to corresponding unaided fault recovery areas based on load balancing distribution. After the process above, the fault recovery area of multiple faults is divided into several independent fault recovery areas and each independent fault recovery area can be restored by traditional service restoration methods. So the contribution of this algorithm is to solve the problem of service restoration of multiple faults. The result of a calculation example proved the validity of the algorithm.
Wide Range Load Transfer Strategy for Power Supply Side Failure in Intelligent Distribution Network
Authors: Zhu Guo Fang , Gao Hou Lei , Li Tian You
Published: August 2014

The equipment capacity factor of the main transformer is limited by the traditional service restoration strategy for power supply side failure, which only uses the automatic switching devices. Under the condition of the tie rate increasing gradually in the intelligent distribution network, a wide range load transfer optimization strategy with the cooperation of the standby busbar power supply and external tie power supplies is proposed in this paper. It will be great of significance to improve the reliability of distribution network and the equipment capacity factor of the main transformer. However, it probably occurs that the same power supply need restore service for two or more feeders because too many feeders lose power when power supply side failure, which leads to the difficulty in generating service restoration scheme. Therefore, a decoupling strategy for this kind of power supply is proposed, decoupling the shared power supply into multiple equivalent power supplies. Eventually, the wide range load transfer problem is transformed into the problem of service restoration for multiple feeders independently. The researches in this paper will lay the foundation for the application of the wide range of load transfer optimization strategy for power supply side failure in the intelligent distribution network.
The Blasting Test with Precise Delayed Time Interval and Wavelet Pocket Analysis for Vibration Signals’ Energy
Authors: He Li , Zhong Dong Wang
Published: August 2014

As a physical carrier, blasting vibration signal includes much information about blasting method, explosive charge structure and propagation medium. Based on the indoor concrete slope test with millisecond blasting and wavelet pocket analysis technology, the blasting seismic signal was analyzed in the features of energy distribution in order to control the blasting vibration hazard better. The attenuation law of the energy and the peak vibration velocity (PPV) with distance decreased were researched. The effects of delayed time interval on PPV and energy are investigated, and the paper have analyzed the weakening degree of energy and PPV of vibration signals when damping ditch exists, so was its effect on the distribution of energy. The conclusions show that: the impact is great about delayed time interval on the total energy of signals in millisecond blasting; the damping ditch made the predominant frequency for energy concentrate on the low frequency band, damping effect of the damping ditch reduced with the delay time interval increasing. When the propagation distance increased, the attenuation trend of the PPV and total energy slowed down gradually near blasting area. The PPV and energy are not necessarily meanwhile the maximum; the energy of the vibration signal is not only determined by the PPV.
Research on Applied Technology in Construction of Road Engineering with Quality Controlling Strategies
Authors: Xia Yu Chao
Published: August 2014

Quality controlling runs throughout the project in road engineering construction,so,it is necessary to pay attention to it during early,medium and later period.This article focuses on the discussion and analysis of the three stages of quality controlling measures.
Development of Applied Technology in University Library
Authors: Chen Qing
Published: August 2014

The development of science and technology and market offered more chances for applied technology in university library. And university library is necessary to utilize modern science and technology , advanced computer technology, high-density storage technology, multimedia technology, network technology, communication technology and information media to share documentary information resources with public. Only in this way can university library realize digitalization, networking and virtualization and applied technology is functioning adequately in jobs of university library.
Impact of Temperature Variation on Characteristics of Activated Sludge
Authors: Ai Sheng Shu , Xiao Yan Bo , Ren Zhi Min , Xu Hui , Wan Li Guo , Bian De Jun
Published: August 2014

During temperature was decreased first before it was increased again in low-temperature environment of 3°C~15°C, the variation law on characteristics of activated sludge in urban sewage treatment by activated sludge process were investigated. The results showed that settling property and dewatering performance of activated sludge became worse due to the influences from low temperature, and it tended to take longer to recover its property in temperature-rise period; the temperature change had a large effect on microbial activity in activated sludge.
Research on Measures of Reducing Environmental Pollutions by Empty Capsid Virus Particles with Vaccine of Foot and Mouth Disease Virus to Control FMD
Authors: Hong Qi , Liu Zi Hong , Han Duan Dan
Published: August 2014

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease in cloven-hoofed animals, and had been broken out worldwide several times in recent years. In order to extinct outbreak of FMD, a large number of infected animals are slaughtered in some countries, and the slaughterings had been caused a series of environmental pollutions seriously. To reduce this kind of pollution, vaccination is an effective measure to protect animals against FMD, however, FMD virus (FMDV) escaping from manufacturing plant and inactivated incompletely during vaccine production could cause an outbreak of FMD. Therefore, inactivated FMDV vaccines are not safe to animals and environment. FMDV empty capsid (lacking nucleic acid) can elicit the same antibody response as infectious FMDV, thus, empty capsid virus particle vaccine of FMDV would be the most promising candidate vaccine for its safety and protection against FMDV. In this report, we studied the empty capsid virus particle vaccine of FMDV to control FMD and its potential benefits to the environment.
Current Situation and Problem Analysis on Electrostatic-Bag Integrated Precipitator in Coal-Fired Power Plants
Authors: Wang Chun Yu , Wang He Cen , Zhang Ying Shuai , Zhang Bu Ting , Li You Xin
Published: August 2014

The electrostatic-bag integrated precipitator is applied in some coal-fired power plants in recent years. In accordance with the investigation and analysis on 33 electrostatic-bag integrated precipitator,most of bags are broken up or replaced in more than two years. The reason shows that the contents of NO2 and SO3 of flue gas generated in electric precipitator increase and the strengthening degree of bags decreases, So that the filter bags in low reach are destroyed. We should be careful in application in order to avoid the unnecessary loss.1 Current Situation and Problem Analysis on Electrostatic-bag Integrated Precipitator
Abrasive Resistance Study on WC Particles Reinforced Steel Matrix Composite of Engineering Machinery Equipment
Authors: Zhang Ning , Yang Feng , Jiang Xu , Niu Ji Nan
Published: August 2014

The steel matrix composites with 5CrNiMo mold steel as substrate and WC particles as hard phase, were prepared by electroslag melting and casting. The composite material’s properties such as friction factor, wear volume and wear mechanism were investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and friction wear test equipment. The results demonstrate that the sample’s abrasive resistance improved greatly after heat treatment. In the condition of dry sliding wear, surface peeling caused by adhesive wear and adrasive wear caused by wear debris as the third body are the main wear mechanism.
Thermal Conductivity of Cement Concrete Using Discrete Element Method
Authors: Liu Wei Dong
Published: August 2014

Consideration on the traditional experiment was time-consuming and required a major investment in human and material resource, even leaded to a great level of error in the process of experiment. The new test method of thermal conductivity of cement concrete based on discrete element method was presented. The cylinder-shaped specimen was created via the mass graduation of the cement concrete, and make sure the numerical model was identical to the truth experiment. The thermal micro-properties composed of density,specific heat, coefficient of linear thermal expansion and thermal resistance were conducted. The applied constant heat flux and constant temperature as the boundaries were investigated via the herein developed model. The results testified that the virtual test data was nearly identical with the analytical values for both different boundaries, and it confirmed that the new numerical model using discrete element method is feasible and reliable. It also supplied a new method on thermal properties study.
An Unexpected Synthesis of 2H-Benzimidazole Derivatives
Authors: Wang Cheng Jun , Zeng De Yun , Gong Shan Shan , Sun Qi
Published: August 2014

Treatment of 1,2-phenylenediamines and 3-(N-phenyl-N-methyl) aminoacrolein with ZrCl4as catalyst in refluxing 95% ethanol afforded unexpected 2H-benzimidazole derivatives as the major products. It was determined that the formation of 2H-benzimidazoles was not from the decomposition of the 2-aminovinyl benzimidazoles.
Synthesis of an Akt Inhibitor-IV Analogue via an Amine-Exchange Reaction
Authors: Wang Cheng Jun , Gong Shan Shan , Sun Qi
Published: August 2014

The N-methylphenylamino moiety in Akt inhibitor-IV was efficiently substituted by a 1-phenylpiperazinyl group via an amine-exchange reaction to afford a novel Akt inhibitor-IV analogue.
Synthesis of Guanosine-Containing Dinucleoside Triphosphates
Authors: You Yue Hai , Gong Shan Shan , Sun Qi
Published: August 2014

Dinucleoside polyphosphates have potential medicinal value and are of substantial interest to both synthetic and medicinal chemists. A practical method for the synthesis of guanosine-containing asymmetrical dinucleoside triphosphates (Gp3C and Gp3U) with 4,5-dicyanoimidazole as activator has been developed.
Synthesis of P1, P3-Distavudine-5′, 5′-Triphosphate
Authors: Gong Shan Shan , Sun Qi
Published: August 2014

A practical method for the preparation of P1,P3-distavudine triphosphate has been developed. Stavudine diphosphate was first synthesized from stavudine phosphoropiperidate. The coupling of stavudine diphosphate with excess stavudine phosphoropiperidate in the presence of 4,5-dicyanoimidazole afforded symmetrical distavudine triphosphate in good yield.
Electrolyte Influence on the Morphologies of Anodic ZrO2 Nanotube Arrays Formed by Anodization
Authors: Ismail Syahriza , Rozana Monna , Anwar Dede Miftahul , Kawamura Go , Matsuda Atsunori , Lockman Zainovia
Published: August 2014

Self-aligned ZrO2 nanotube (ZNT) arrays were produced by anodization of Zr in aqueous sulphate/fluoride and ethylene glycol (EG)/fluoride electrolytes. The morphologies of the oxide produced were compared. It appears that the nanotubes formed in EG/fluoride are clearer showing smoother walls indicating better cell boundaries separation in this electrolyte. They are also longer with length > 10 µm after 1 hour of anodization. The x-ray diffraction pattern of the ZNTs revealed that ZNTs are cubic oxide.
Micro Powder Injection Moulding Using Nanosized Powders
Authors: Muhamad Norhamidi , Rajabi Javad , Sulong Abu Bakar , Fayyaz Abdolali , Raza Muhammad Rafi
Published: August 2014

Micro powder injection moulding (μPIM) is one of the micro-moulding technology applied today in high-volume fabrication of metal and ceramic micro-components. The current study presents the micro powder injection moulding (µPIM) of 316L Stainless Steel nanopowder-polymer mixtures. 316L SS powders have been blended with a binder system which consists of Polyethylene Glycol (PEG), Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA) and Stearic Acid (SA). All the feedstock prepared shows homogeneity and pseudo-plastic behaviour which is suitable for μPIM process. The results showed that increase in nano powder content would improve the powder loading, injection and sintering temperature. Moreover, high physical and mechanical properties of the sintered specimen have been achieved under vacuum atmosphere. The above results indicate that application of nano powder has the potential to provide micro powder injection moulded parts with nearly full density, fine microstructure. The binder system is environment-friendly, has low viscosity-temperature and suitable to prepare feedstock for μPIM.
Comparison on Tensile Properties of Graphene and Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes/Epoxy Thin Film Composites
Authors: Ghaleb Z. A. , Mariatti M. , Ariff Zulkifli Mohamad , Mohamed Abdul Rahman
Published: August 2014

Graphene nanoplatelets (GNP)/epoxy and multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNTs)/epoxy thin film composites were fabricate by ultrasonication and spin coating technique. The tensile properties of epoxy containing (0.2, 0.6 and 1 vol%) of GNP sonicated at different duration (10, 20 and 30 min) or MWCNTs sonicated at 20 min only have been studied. It was found that the addition of GNP was decrease the tensile strength and modulus. However, among all samples, GNP/epoxy produced by 20 min sonication time showed slightly higher tensile strength and modulus. The effect of sonication time was supported by morphological analysis, which showed an improvement of GNP dispersion with increased sonication time. However, GNP deformation was observed with long sonication time. Compared with MWCNTs/epoxy sonicated at 20 min at different filler loadings, GNP/epoxy shows lower tensile properties. This can attribute to the two dimensional GNP are more easier to aggregate than MWCNTs.
Cure Kinetics of High Performance Epoxy Molding Compounds
Authors: Su Chean Cheng , Yang Cheng Fu , Wei Chien Huan
Published: August 2014

The reaction of EMCs with the triphenylphosphine-1,4-benzoquinone (TPP-BQ) latent catalyst also had a higher temperature sensitivity compared to the reaction of EMCs with triphenylphosphine (TPP) catalyst. In resin transfer molding, EMCs containing the TPP-BQ thermal latency accelerator are least active at a low temperature. Consequently, EMCs have a low melt viscosity before gelation, and the resins and filler are evenly mixed in the kneading process. Additionally, the rheological property, flowability, is increased before the EMC form a network structure in the molding process. The proposed kinetic model adequately describes curing behavior in EMCs cured with two different organophosphine catalysts up to the rubber state in the progress of curing.
Influence of Ground Tyre Rubber Devulcanisates on Morphology and Properties of Tread Tyre Formulation
Authors: Dayang A.I.H. Habibah , Saiwari Sitisaiyidah , Dierkes Wilma , Noordermeer Jacques W.M.
Published: August 2014

The use of reclaimed and devulcanised material in virgin rubber compounds has attracted the attention of many rubber industries due to increasing raw material costs, diminishing resources and growing awareness of environmental issues. Several methods have been developed to reclaim rubber waste, for example, thermo-and chemo-mechanical processes, microwave regeneration, microbial action and ultrasonic regeneration. However, extensive research on processes for high-quality recycling materials based on waste tyres is still lacking. In this study, optimised processing conditions for the devulcanisation of whole passenger car tyres using diphenyldisulphide (DPDS) as a devulcanisation aid will be applied. The devulcanised ground tyre rubber (D-GTR) obtained from the process was blended on top of the original tyre tread formulation at different concentrations. The results so far indicate that the addition of D-GTR influences the properties of the blend, but to a lesser extent than the commercially used powder or reclaim types do, for which loadings less than 5% can be applied. The main reason for the influence of D-GTR on the rubber properties is inhomogeneities in the D-GTR/virgin rubber blend and quality aspects of raw GTR.
Alkali Treatment of Kenaf Fiber Mat and its Influence on the Performance of Unsaturated Polyester/Kenaf Fiber Mat Composites
Authors: Taib Razaina Mat , Ariawan Dody , Ishak Zainal Arifin Mohd
Published: August 2014

Non-woven kenaf fiber mats were prepared from untreated and alkali treated fibers by using a carding machine followed by needle punching. The alkali treatment was carried out by immersing the fiber mats in 6% NaOH solution for 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 h at room temperature. The untreated and alkali treated fiber mats were impregnated with unsaturated polyester resin via a resin transfer molding technique to form composites. Maximum improvements of flexural strength and flexural modulus of the composites were observed when the fiber mat was alkali treated for 3 h. The improved of both properties can be attributed to better fiber-matrix adhesion between the alkali treated kenaf fiber and the unsaturated polyester matrix most probably via mechanical interlocking. Water absorption tests were conducted by immersing the composite samples in distilled water at room temperature. The water absorption patterns of all the composites were found to follow Fickian behavior. The tendency of the composites to absorb water decreased when the alkali treated fiber mats were used.
Influence of Mixing Procedure on Properties of Silica Filled Epoxidised Natural Rubber Compounds
Authors: Kamal Mazlina Mustafa , Asmawi Dayang Habibah Abang
Published: August 2014

Since the introduction of the so-called Green Tyre concept, in the early 90ies, the use of silica as reinforcing fillers has spread and grown worldwide. The general advantages of silica as reinforcing filler over carbon black filler are better rolling resistance by achieving at least equal wet traction while tread wear should not be adversely affected. One way to obtain both low rolling resistance and high wet traction is indeed, to use precipitated silica together with solution polymers in tyre treads. The benefits of reinforcement by silane coupled silicas, in certain blends of solution styrene –butadiene rubber (SBR) and butadiene rubber (BR), were recognized by major tyre manufacturer. However, the use of silica compounds entails considerable disadvantages in terms of raw material costs and processability (before vulcanization). These difficulties include higher compound Mooney Viscosity (ML1+4) that increases upon storage, short scorch time and environmental problems related to alcohol evolution. The high viscosity and poor processability in silica filled rubber compounds are believed to be associated with silica reaggregation (self aggregation) after rubber compounding. The study has been made of the effect of increased mixing stage and dispersion agent in rubber on uncured properties of the Silica Filled Epoxidised Natural Rubber Compounds. In this experiment, two orders of mixing were considered (1) Two Stages Mixing and (2) Three Stages Mixing. Results showed that filler dispersion, Mooney Viscosity and Payne Effect was influenced by the degree of mixing. The incorporation of dispersion agents in the compounds also resultant in the similar manner. It is believed that the dispersion agent could coat the silica surfaces as they are being broken down during the mixing and then stabilize the dispersed structure by stearically preventing silica reagglomeration.
Hot Press Forming of 22MnB5 Steel Using Full Factorial Design of Experiment (DOE)
Authors: Aziz Nuraini , Aqida Syarifah Nur
Published: August 2014

This paper presents optimisation of hot press forming using design of experiment for high hardness properties at maximum cooling water temperature and minimum quenching time. Samples were boron steel blanks of 60x50 mm dimension. Hot press forming was conducted using a hydraulic press machine with 20 tonne maximum load. Results of this research work show that parameters obtained by single response optimization through desirability analysis route will increase hardness by 66.72%. The hardness properties of samples were between 477 and 551.4 HV (0.1). These findings were important to design tailored ultra-high strength automotive components at different process parameter settings and to reduce production cost consumption and improve production rate.
Effect of Grain Refiner on Microstructure of Semi-Solid A356 Aluminium Alloy
Authors: Laila Masrur Mohd Nasir , Anasyida Abu Seman , Hussain Zuhailawati
Published: August 2014

Grain refining has been studied in the semi-solid-metal (SSM) casting by addition of master alloy Al-5Ti-1B using inclined slope. A356 aluminium alloy was melted at 850 °C and poured at 660 °C on the inclined slope into the steel mould. Grain refiner was added in various percentages of 0.2%, 0.5% and 1.0% in A356 aluminium alloy melt. Microstructure and microhardness were characterized using optical microscope and Vicker’s microhardness tester. The addition of master alloy Al-5Ti-1B not only refined but also increased the globularity of the primary α-Al particles. The higher hardness was achieved with 1% addition of master alloy Al-5Ti-1B.
Fabrication of Anodic Alumina Templates on Ti/Si Substrate and Preparation of Cu Nanorods by Electrochemical Process
Authors: Chahrour Khaled M. , Ahmed Naser Mahmoud , Hashim Md. Roslan , Elfadill Nezar Gassem
Published: August 2014

Abstract: Thin anodic alumina (AAO) templates with uniform nanoscale pore diameters and interpore distances were fabricated by a two-step anodization technique on a Si-based (AAO/Ti/Si structure) under controllable anodizing conditions. The obtained thin AAO templates were approximately 60 nm in pore diameter and 1.2 µm in length with 110 nm interpore distances in area of 1 cm2. A bottom barrier layer of the anodic alumina (AAO) templates was removed by a wet etching using phosphoric acid (5 wt%) under control of etching time. As an application, Cu nanorods arrays embedded in anodic alumina (AAO) template were fabricated by electrodeposition. The morphologies and structure of the templates and the Cu nanorods produced were analyzed using Field-emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD).
Poly (Vinyl Alcohol) in Fabrication of PLA Micro- and Nanoparticles Using Emulsion and Solvent Evaporation Technique
Authors: Tham C.Y. , Hamid Zuratul Ain Abdul , Hanafi Ismail , Ahmad Zulkifli
Published: August 2014

Poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVAL) was a common stabilizing agent used in formulate polymeric drug encapsulated micro-/nanoparticles. In preparing poly (lactic acid) (PLA) micro-/nanoparticles by emulsion and solvent evaporation (ESE) technique, the particle size and distribution have shown dependent on PVAL concentration. The focused of this project was to investigate the PVAL function in relation to significant changes in particle size. These studies were relatively important, as it was the basic studies of material usage in ESE fabricating process. The function of PVAL as, either surfactant that able to reduce interfacial tension or stabilizer to provide steric stability was further investigated by measuring the interfacial tension (IFT) of two liquids and zeta potential of the particles. As PVAL concentration increased, the reduction of IFT was only pronounced at the early stage of PVAL incorporation from 16.02 m N/m (absence of PVAL) to 2.0 m N/m (presence of 1 % PVAL), while zeta potential of particles was gradually decreased from-25 mV to-10.2 mV. As conclusion, the presence of PVAL could reduce the interfacial tension. However, to further stabilize the particle (e.g. reduce size and narrow size distribution) in the fabrication process, the steric stabilization provided by PVAL give more significant advantages.
An In-Situ Functionalization of Decanethiol Monolayer on Thin Silica Coated Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesized by Non-Seeded Process
Authors: Kayode Sodipo Bashiru , Abdul Aziz Azlan
Published: August 2014

Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) are routinely employed in biomedical and water treatment applications due to their inherent magnetic properties. However, for these applications a surface modified and functionalized SPION is required. Herein, for the first time we present an in-situ method of functionalizing decanethiol monolayer on thin silica coated SPION synthesised via a non-seeded process. Through physico-chemical analyses the grafting of decanethiol onto the composite nanoparticles were demonstrated. The alkane functional group in the monolayer molecule attached to the silanol group of the silica shell and became the tail and binding site to the magnetic composite nanoparticles.
P-Incorporated TiO2 Nanotube Arrays by Wet Impregnation Method for Efficient Photocatalytic Activity
Authors: Saharuddin Khairul Arifah , Sreekantan Srimala
Published: August 2014

In this work, 12 μm titanium oxide (TiO2) nanotube arrays were formed by the anodization of titanium (Ti) foil in ethylene glycol containing 1 wt% water and 5 wt% fluoride for 60 min at 60 V. After annealing at 400 °C in argon for 4 hr, TiO2 nanotube arrays were immersed in 0.02 M phosphoric acid (H3PO4) to incorporate phosphorus (P) into TiO2 nanotube arrays. Results from x-ray photoelectron spectra revealed that the P-incorporated TiO2 nanotubes contained Ti, oxygen (O), P and carbon (C) after wet impregnation process. The photocatalytic activity of the nanotube arrays immersed in H3PO4 at various impregnation times was evaluated by monitoring the degradation of methyl orange. Results indicate that the nanotube immersed in H3PO4 for 90 minutes with an average diameter of 100 nm and an optimal tube length of 12 μm with a thin tube wall (20 nm) is the optimum structure required to achieve high photocatalytic reaction. The incorporated C and P into TiO2 nanotube arrays is believed to provide a shallow trap for photo-generated e- and h+, inhibiting the recombination and extending the lifetime of the charge carriers. Thus, this sample resulted in high degradation of methyl orange as compared with other samples. In addition, the existence of C, P, and high degree of anatase crystallinity, smooth wall and absence of fluoride enhanced the photocatalytic activity of the sample.
Effect of Sintering Temperature on the Diametral Tensile Strength of β-Tricalcium Phosphate Block
Authors: Lau Kung Shiuh , Nurazreena Ahmad
Published: August 2014

The effect of sintering temperature on the diametral tensile strength of β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) block was investigated. Uniaxially pressed block of mixture of calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrates (CaHPO42H2O) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) were pressed at 5 MPa and sintered at 1000°C, 1050°C and 1100°C. XRD analysis revealed that single phase β-TCP was obtained at all sintering temperature. The porosity obtained from β-TCP block sintered at 1100°C was found to be lower than that sintered at 1000°C and 1050°C. Diametral tensile strength (DTS) value of β-TCP block sintered at 1100°C showed significantly higher value than β-TCP block sintered at lower temperature. It is therefore concluded that the increased in sintering temperature affects the mechanical strength of the β-TCP block.
Dielectric Relaxation in Lanthanide Doped/Based Oxides Used for High-k Layers
Authors: Zhao Ce Zhou , Taylor Stephen , Zhao Chun , Chalker Paul R.
Published: August 2014

Lanthanide doped/based oxide thin films were deposited by liquid injection metal organic chemical vapor deposition or atomic layer deposition. Frequency dispersion is often found in the capacitance-voltage measurements. After taking the extrinsic frequency dispersion into account, the frequency dependence of the dielectric constant (k-value), that is the intrinsic frequency dispersion (dielectric relaxation) has been successfully theoretically modeled. For the physical mechanism of the dielectric relaxation, it was found that the effect of grain sizes for the high-k materials structure mainly originates from higher surface stress in smaller grain due to its higher concentration of grain boundary. Variations in the grain sizes of the samples are governed by the deposition and annealing conditions and have been estimated using a range of techniques including Scherrer analysis of the X-ray diffraction patterns. The relationship extracted between grain size and dielectric relaxation suggests that tuning properties for improved frequency dispersion can be achieved by controlling grain size, hence, the strain at the nanoscale dimensions.
Electrochemical Stability of High Conducting PAN-Based Electrolytes for Lithium Ion Polymer Cells
Authors: Chong Woon Gie , Md Isa Khairul Bahiyah , Othman Lisani , Zainol Nurul Husna , Samin Siti Mariam , Osman Zurina
Published: August 2014

Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) based polymer electrolytes composed of PAN, lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF4), ethylene carbonate (EC) and dimethyl phthalate (DMP) were prepared by solution casting technique. The variation of conductivity with LiBF4 concentrations of the prepared films has been studied using AC impedance spectroscopy. The conductivity of the films is charge concentration dependent and the highest room temperature conductivity of 1.08 ×10-2 S cm-1 is achieved for the film with optimum composition. The thermal activated conductivity of the films obeys Arrhenius rule in the temperature range from 303 K to 353 K. The electrochemical stability of the PAN-based films has been investigated using linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) with three electrodes system. The films were found to be electrochemically stable up to 4.4 V. The reversibility of the lithium ions conduction in the polymer electrolyte films have been studied using cyclic voltammetry (CV).
Luminescence of Sr2MgSi2O7 Phosphor Prepared by Solid State Reaction
Authors: Pung Swee Yong , Tan Chuan Hwai , Fauzi Mohd Noor Ahmad , Kasim Shah Rizal
Published: August 2014

Blue phosphor Sr2MgSi2O7:Eu, Dy (SMS) has been widely used in the applications of painting, watches, clock displays and emergency signboards due to its long afterglow property, long term chemical and physical stability. In this work, solid state reaction method was used in the synthesis of SMS phosphor. The reductive atmosphere was generated by combustion of the raw materials in a graphite crucible. This approach was less costly as compared to the conventional solid state reaction which uses a mixture of hydrogen and nitrogen gas. The PL measurement shows a blue emission at wavelength of 466 nm when excite the SMS phosphor with Xenon lamp at wavelength of 325nm. This emission was attributed to Eu2+ subshells 4f65d1 to 4f7 transition. In addition, the strongest PL emission was obtained with the excitation source of 428 nm. X-ray diffraction analysis shows that SMS phosphor consist of tetragonal structure of Sr2MgSi2O7 and monoclinic structure α-SrSiO3.
Energy Balance Assessment of Magnetic Materials as Theoretical Hint for Formulation of Interoperable Magnetic-Mechanical Equation
Authors: Akbar Ahmad Radikal , Awang Mokhtar , Sawitri Dyah
Published: August 2014

Theoretical review on magnetic energy conception is still crucial since the recent discourse emerged in various conceptual speculations that lead into inconsistency in mathematical expression. The coming study should direct its formula into an interoperable equation which enables a magnetic energy to be observed as a mechanical work. The forthcoming expression of magnetic energy should represent operation of mechanical work definitely, considering the usage of Permanent Magnet (PM) in numerous mechanical devices. This interoperable magnetic-mechanical equation would be formulated from energy balance principle applied in both magnetic boundary and mechanical boundary. The energy balance assessment would clarify the usage of magnetic energy during the action of mechanical work. A computational study would assist this observation to interpret some magnetic parameters such as flux density B, magnetic strength H, magnetic energy Em on a self-engineered device named Frequent Flux Collider which examines PMs to be attracted and repelled frequently. The research objectives are: 1) Presenting the technique for assessing the energy balance in PM; 2) Proposing an interoperable equation for bridging magnetic energy and mechanical work. In conclusion, the assessment has brought a theoretical hint to the development of interoperable magnetic-mechanical formula.
Dielectric Properties of BaTiO3/Epoxy and MWCNT/Epoxy Composites
Authors: Poh Chen Ling , Mustapha Mariatti Jaafar , Mohd Noor Ahmad Fauzi , Mohamed Abdul Rahman , Chuah Tin Poay , Chee Choong Kooi
Published: August 2014

Polymer ceramic composite materials are candidate material for capacitor application. In this research, MWCNT and BaTiO3 were used as fillers in epoxy thin film composites where the filler loading was in the range of 0 to 2.0 vol%. The thin film composites were fabricated by using spin coating method. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss were measured at 100 Hz to 1 MHz. The dielectric constant of CNT was in the range of 3.5 to 243.7 whereas the dielectric constant of BaTiO3 was 3.5 to 33.7 at 1 kHz. Meanwhile the dielectric loss of MWCNT was 0.009 to 6.83 while dielectric loss of BaTiO3 was 0.009 to 0.016 at 1 kHz. In general, it was found that MWCNT filler provide high dielectric constant value compare to BaTiO3 this is because MWCNT is more conductive than BaTiO3. However MWCNT/epoxy composites exhibit higher dielectric loss compare to BaTiO3/epoxy composites.
Formation of Platinum Nanodendrites Embedded Organic Insulator for Memory Application
Authors: Nur Syafinaz Ridhuan , Muzzafaruddin Nabil Iman , Khairunisak Abdul Razak , Aw K.C.
Published: August 2014

This work describes the formation of platinum nanodendrites (PtNDs) using the chemical reduction method. The PtNDs were formed with varying concentration of K2PtCl4 precursor (5-20 mM) and growth duration (8-16 min). The optimum concentration of K2PtCl4 was 15 mM whereby high crystalline nanodendrites with an average size of 118 nm were produced. Aggregation of nanodendrites occurred when the growth duration was prolonged to more than 12 minutes. The morphology and size of PtNDs were characterized by using a transmission electron microscope (TEM), high resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) and X-ray diffractometer (XRD). Additionally, the memory characteristics of PtNDs embedded in polymethylsilsesquioxanes (PMSSQ)/Si with gold electrodes were studied in this work. PtNDs played a role as charge-trapped sites and showed good memory effect when embedded in PMSSQ. Optimum memory properties of PMSSQ-embedded PtNDs were obtained for PtNDs synthesized with 15 mM K2PtCl4 concentration at 12 min of growth duration with 170 electrons trapped per PtNDs and Vth of 2.8 V.
Synthesis and Characterization of Zn-Al Layered Double Hydroxide (LDH) Nanocomposite Intercalated with Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS)
Authors: Babakhani Samaneh , Talib Zainal Abidin , Hussein Mohd Zobir , Ahmed Abdullah Ahmed Ali
Published: August 2014

The co-precipitation method was employed to fabricate Zn/AlNO3LDH in molar ratio, Zn2+/Al3+= 2 at PH=7. The sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was intercalated to Zn/Al-LDH using coprecipitation method to form a new organicinorganic nanocomposite (LDH-SDS) with different concentration of SDS solution (0.2M, 0.4M and 0.8M). The structural properties of the resultant nanocomposites were perused using powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD). The shifting in the basal spacing for LDHSDS samples (2.562.60nm) with respect to Zn/AlNO3 (0.890 nm) indicated SDS intercalation within the galleries. The UVVIS NIR Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy were applied to evaluate the optical band gap energy of LDH and LDHSDS samples. Due to the presence of different phases in LDH, more than one energy gap was shown in diffuse reflectance spectroscopy of the Zn/AlLDH sample and LDHSDS nanocomposites. For LDHSDS samples the values of Eg1 and Eg2 were observed to increase to around 5.2 eV and 4.1 eV. The electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra of Zn/Al-LDH are comprised of a broad signal with g-factor=2.11875 which can be caused by the existence of nitrate radicals within LDH interlayer, it was obtained up to around g=1.98639 for LDH-SDS samples which can be attributed to the interaction between SO42- from DS anion and Al nuclei (5/2) from the layers.
The Effect of Zinc Oxide and Aluminum Oxide Nanoparticles on Interfacial Tension and Viscosity of Nanofluids for Enhanced Oil Recovery
Authors: Zaid Hasnah Mohd , Ahmad Latiff Noor Rasyada , Yahya Noorhana
Published: August 2014

Application of nanotechnology in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) has been increasing in the recent years. After secondary flooding, more than 60% of the original oil in place (OOIP) remains in the reservoir due to trapping of oil in the reservoir rock pores. One of the promising EOR methods is surfactant flooding, where substantial reduction in interfacial tension between oil and water could sufficiently displace oil from reservoir. The emulsion that is created between the two interfaces has a higher viscosity than its original components, providing more force to push the trapped oil. In this paper, the recovery mechanism of the enhanced oil recovery was determined by measuring oil-nanofluid interfacial tension and the viscosity of the nanofluid. Series of core flooding experiments were conducted using packed silica beads whichreplicate core rocks to evaluate the oil recovery efficiency of the nanofluid in comparison to that using an aqueous commercial surfactant, 0.3wt% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). 117 % increase in the recovery of the residual oil in place (ROIP) was observed by the 2 pore volume (PV) injection of aluminium oxide nanofluid in comparison with 0.3wt% SDS. In comparison to the type of material, 5.12% more oil has been recovered by aluminium oxide compared to zinc oxide nanofluid in the presence of EM wave. The effect of the EM wave on the recoverywas also studied by and it was proven that electric field component of the EM waves has been stimulating the nanofluid to be more viscous by the increment of 54.2% in the oil recovery when aluminium oxide nanofluid was subjected to 50MHz EM waves irradiation.