bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Information Warfare Between Russia and Ukraine: A Cause of War for the West?
Authors:   John Paul II Catholic Univeristy in Lublin (Poland), Pierzchała Kazimierz
Published: September 2019

Experts on information competition between Russia and Western countries are convinced that president Vladimir Putin plans a war against the West as a long-term operation. It is directed on two fronts: internal and the more effective external one. Both can be developed in every country of the World; the opponent may be a compatriot but the ally may be a foreigner. Fortunately, in the West the effectiveness of these operations is lower. Confrontation with the West the Kremlin has many advantages: parental and controlled informational space, technical implements, huge experience based on expert knowledge, likewise a longstanding practice in conducting informational operations. Those actions are strongly concentrated and there are widely used digital platforms and also, they popularise the contents in harmony with Russian Federation politics. Their aim is not only forming internal and external public opinion properly and in line with the Kremlin’s interests, because as the annexation of Crimea has demonstrated that their aim is construction of a new reality of the world. Paradoxically, in the Russian Federation’s policy, media freedom and political pluralism are considered as a weakness of the West. Many communities which have different benefits are sensitive to the Kremlin’ s propaganda.
Hybrid Warfare and Deniability as Understood by the Military
Authors:   Swedish Defense University & Mid Sweden University, Gunneriusson Håkan
Published: September 2019

Russia and China are terraforming the maritime environment as part of their warfare. In both cases the actions are illegal and the performance is offensive to its actual nature. In the case of China, the practice is construction of artificial islands in the South Chinese Sea and in the case of Russia it is about the infamous bridge built over the Kerch strait, Ukraine. Neither Russia nor China expects an armed conflict with the West in the near future. That is a reasonable assumption, which is weaponized at the political-strategically level. The attack of this weaponized situation is that the trust in the West. Primarily the EU (European Union) and NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), is eroded for every day which these countries challenges the international system which the western democracies say that they present and defend. China and Russia offer their authoritarian systems as a replacement and there are a lot of pseudo-democratic or even out-right authoritarian regimes on the sideline watching this challenge unfold. The article highlights the difference for the NATO-countries in logic of practice when it comes to the political social field on one hand and the military political field on the other hand. The article uses material from a previously unpublished survey made on NATO-officers then attending courses at NATO Defense College (NDC).
An evolutionary and ecological perspective of Amazonian Hylaea species of Hymeneae (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae)
Authors: Langenheim Jean H. , Lee Yin-Tse , Martin Susan S.
Published: September 2019

Abstract The resin-producing genus Hymenaea has an amphi-Atlantic distribution with 13 species being Neotropical and one occurring along the eastern coast of Africa. Present evidence suggests an African origin for the genus with migration across the Atlantic occurring during the Early Tertiary when the continents were closer and rainforest vegetation was considerably more widely distributed than today. The center of its Neotropical distribution is the Amazonian hylaea, although within its extensive range from 23° N to 26° S it is found in all major ecosystem types. The taxonomy, breeding structure, ecology and resin chemistry of the 9 Hymenaea species and 6 varieties occurring in the Amazonian and historically-related Brazilian Atlantic coastal humid evergreen forests are discussed as well as the possible evolution of these species in response to postulated drying trends beguen in Mid Tertiary times and during wet-dry oscillations in the Pleistocene.
Phytogeographic support tor the theory of Pleistocene forest refuges in the Amazon Basin, based on evidence from distribution patterns in Caryocaraceae, Chrysobalanaceae, Dichapetalaceae and Lecythidaceae
Authors: Prance Ghillean T.
Published: September 2019

Abstract In recent years it has generally been accepted that Amazonia was subject to long dry periods in the late Pleistocene and post-Pleistocene which induced forest cover to a few limited areas or refuges. It has been proposed that the subsequent genetic isolation into separate populations is a mnjor factor in the evolution of the species diversity within the lowland forest of Amazonia. Most of the previous evidence for this theory is based on studies of animals, for example: lizards, butterflies, and birds. Here data are presented to confirm the theory of forest refuges using evidence from phytogeography. Distribution patterns of the lowland species of the woody plant families Caryocaraceae, Chrysobalanaceae, Dichapetalaceae and Lecythidaceae are discussed and concur with the possibility of forest refuges. A map is given of the refuge areas that seem most likely, based on evidence from species distribution of the above plant families. The refuges proposed here correspond closely with the refuge areas proposed by Haffer and Brown rather than the extremely reduced areas proposed by Vanzolini.
Oligochaeta (Annelida) do Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia
Authors: Righi Gilberto , Ayres Ione , Bittencourt Elizabeth C. R.
Published: September 2019

RESUMO Da Amazônia brasileira foram estudadas anatomo-sistematicamente 25 espécies de Oligochaeta distribuídas em 16 gêneros e 8 famílias como segue: Haplotaxidae: Tiguassu reginae, gen. n., sp. n.; Enchytraeidae: Marionina patua, sp. n.; Alluroididae: Brinkhurstia americanus (Brinkhurst, 1964); Glossoscolecidae: Atatina gatesi, sp. n., Amazo atroaris sp. n., A. xecatu, sp. n., Meroscolex eudoxiae, sp. n., Diachaeta juli, sp. n., Holoscolex caramuru Righi, 1975, H. nemorosus tacoa, subsp. n., Glossodrilus (G.) schubarti, sp. n.; Sparganophilidae ?: Areco reco, gen. n., sp. n.; Ocnerodrilidae : Eukerria guamais Righi, 1971, Hoplodrilus (H.) tagua, sp. r., Dariodrilus ferrarius, gen. n., sp. n., Exisdrilus rarus, gen. n., sp. n.; Acanthodrilidae: Wegeneriella divergens itapecu, subsp. n., W. tocaya, sp. n.; Octachaetidae: Dichogaster affinis (Michaelsen, 1890), D. bolaui bolaui (Michaelsen, 1891), D. modigliani (Rosa, 1896), D. saliens (Beddard, 1892), D andina evae, subsp. n., D. ibaia, sp. n., D. badajos, sp. n.
Experimento com variedades de soja do Programa de Colaboração INPA-INTSOY, realizado na várzea da ilha da Paciência, rio Solimões, 1976-1977
Authors: Rahman Fazal
Published: September 2019

Resumo O presente experimento foi realizado em colaboração com o Programa Internacional de Soja (INTSOY), dos E.U.A., dando continuidade à procura de novas e diversificadas fontes de germoplasma adaptáveis à Amazónia. O plantio foi realizado tardiamente na época de cultivo da várzea. Embora experimentos dessa natureza sejam indesejáveis, se vistos do ponto de vista de um produtor, fornecem informações valiosas para o melhorista de plantas. Devido ao fato dos genótipos serem submetidos às condições naturais mais severas e desfavoráveis, os tipos resistentes são os que sobrevivem e são selecionados e usados nos programas gerais de melhoramento e produção. Hill, uma nova variedade introduzida, produziu 1.265 kg por hectare de sementes de alta qualidade em 74,5 dias e foi resistente a doenças. Esta variedade pode ser importante para várzeas, onde há necessidade de cultivares com produção relativamente alta e curto período de maturação, para que a colheita possa ser feita mecanicamente ainda durante a estação seca. Manaus-1 (uma linhagem do INPA) produziu a maior colheita, de 2.217 kg por hectare, seguida pela variedade Júpiter com 1.373 kg por hectare. Ambas variedades devem ser plantadas mais cedo e testadas sob condições mais favoráveis, para que possam ser melhor avaliadas.
Fixação de nitrogênio (redução de acetileno) em cupins (Insecta: Isoptera) da Amazônia Central
Authors: Sylvester-Bradley Rosemary , Bandeira Adelmar Gomes , Oliveira Luiz Antonio de
Published: September 2019

Resumo Vinte e uma espécies de cupins foram coletadas de seus cupinzeiros em áreas de pastagem, floresta secundária e floresta primária, numa fazenda na Amazônia Central no Brasil. A atividade de nitrogenase associada com os cupins foi testada imediatamente pelo método de redução de acetileno. Todas as atividades maiores (acima de 100 nmoles C2H4 produzidos/g de peso seco/hora) ocorreram em cupins do gênero Nasutitermes coletados na pastagem. Nasutitermes é conhecido como o gênero mais comum na área. As taxas de redução de acetileno detectadas em cupins da floresta primária e secundária foram mais baixas que na pastagem; porém, cupins do gênero Nasutitermes não foram testados na floresta secundária. A diferença da taxa de redução de acetileno entre os operários e soldados foi pequena. As taxas foram lineares dentro de períodos de três horas de incubação, exceto em dois de nove casos. A fixação de nitrogênio associada com cupins pode ser um fator ecológico importante na Amazônia Central.
IMAGEM - PALAVRA: A PRODUÇÃO DO CORDEL CONTEMPORÂNEO
Authors: Gonçalves Marco Antonio
Published: September 2019

Resumo: Câmara Cascudo, ao descrever o cordel, atribui a sua função poética à capacidade de "fotografar", isto é, de apresentar uma imagética por meio das palavras. Partindo da intuição de Cascudo, procuro apresentar a força da imagem produzida pela rima no cordel que, por sua vez, permite ao ouvinte-leitor imaginar e compreender mundos outros apresentados pelo poeta cordelista. Partindo desta questão empreendo uma reflexão sobre a poética do cordel demonstrando que a dimensão afetiva e cognitiva da imagem e do tropos são inseparáveis, construindo, por sua vez, a poética e o estilo discursivo enquanto algo "encorporado" (embodied) na própria natureza material da fala e da comunicação.
ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ КАТЕГОРИЯ ОТЧЕТА ОБ УСТОЙЧИВОМ РАЗВИТИИ КОРПОРАЦИИ
Authors: Немецких Юлия Вячеславовна
Published: September 2019

Цель: изложение основных принципов составления корпорациями публичных нефинансовых отчётов, а также развернутое описание показателей, обеспечивающих необходимую полноту таких отчетов. Обсуждение: на основе обобщения проведенных исследований сформулированы принципы составления нефинансовых отчетов и предложен вариант достаточно полного описания их структуры. В качестве элементов данной структуры рассматриваются возможные аспекты деятельности корпорации, относящиеся к категории «Экологическая». По каждому аспекту деятельности приводятся индикаторы, обеспечивающие измерения результатов деятельности корпораций на экологию в натуральных единицах. Для каждого индикатора указывается его шифр и даётся подробное описание содержательного смысла, позволяющего понять измеряемый результат воздействия деятельности корпорации на живую и неживую природу в рамках соответствующего аспекта. Результаты: предложен вариант нефинансового отчета корпорации по категории «Экологическая». Подробное описание в данном варианте возможных аспектов воздействия на экологию и индикаторов, обеспечивающих измерение этого воздействия, позволяет рекомендовать полученные результаты исследования в качестве ориентира при составлении нефинансовых отчетов.
Protocol for bacterial depletion of Aiptasia anemones - Towards the generation of gnotobiotic/germ-free cnidarian host animals v2
Authors: M Costa Ruben , Cárdenas Anny , R Voolstra Christian
Published: September 2019

This protocol aims to obtain bacteria-depleted Aiptasia polyps. It is divided into 2 sections: (1) a rearing protocol composed of sterile food preparation and anemone priming and (2) a bacteria-depletion protocol for Aiptasia.
Acabou!
Authors: Viana Silvia
Published: September 2019

Comentário sobre o ensaio de Marildo Menegat
Mikroalbüminürisi olan ve olmayan tip 2 diyabetik hastalarda serum asimetrik dimetil arjinin, fetuin-A ve ankle-brakial indeks değerlerinin değerlendirilmesi
Authors: KILAVUZ Aslı , GÖKER Bakiye , SAVAŞ Sumru , BİRAY AVCI Çığır , SARAÇ Fulden , GÜNDÜZ Cumhur
Published: September 2019

Amaç: Çalışmamızda mikroalbüminürisi olan ve olmayan tip 2 diabetes mellituslu hastalarda ateroskleroz belirteçlerini karşılaştırmayı amaçladık.Gereç ve Yöntem: Bu çalışmaya 40-60 yaşları arasında, tip 2 diyabetli mikroalbüminürik ve mikroalbuminürisi olmayan 80 hasta dahil edildi. Hastaların serum asimetrik dimetil arjinin, fetuin-A düzeyleri, lipit profili ile açlık ve tokluk glukoz, A1c gibi laboratuvar parametreleri değerlendirildi. Ankle-brakiyal indeks (ABİ) ölçümleri yapıldı.Bulgular: Mikroalbüminüri ile total kolesterol, trigliserid, LDL kolesterol, HDL kolesterol, A1c, plazma açlık glukozu, vücut kitle indeksi, ankle-brakiyal indeksi arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmadı. mikroalbüminürisi olan hastalar mikroalbüminürisi olmayan hastalara göre anlamlı olarak daha düşük serum fetuin-A düzeylerine sahipti (p = 0,008). Ancak, fetuin-A düzeyleri ve mikroalbüminüri arasında anlamlı negatif korelasyon elde edildi. Düşük fetuin-A düzeylerinin, ABİ ≤ 0,9 olarak tanımlanan periferik arter hastalığı ile ilişkili olduğu belirlendi (p = 0,001). Mikroalbüminüri ve serum asimetrik dimetil arjinin düzeyleri arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı ilişki saptandı. Mikroalbüminürisi olan hastaların, olmayanlara göre anlamlı olarak daha yüksek serum asimetrik dimetil arjinin düzeylerine sahip olduğu belirlendi (p = 0,013).Sonuç: Çalışmamızın sonuçlarına göre, aterosklerotik süreçte tip 2 diabetes mellituslu mikroalbüminürisi olan hastalarda serum asimetrik dimetil arjininin fetuin-A'ya üstün olduğu ileri sürülebilir.
The Enforcement of Business Competition Law by the Police: An Indonesian Experience
Authors: Disemadi Hari Sutra , Roisah Kholis
Published: September 2019

In Indonesia, the Commission for the Supervision of Business Competition or Komisi Pengawas Persaingan Usaha (KPPU) is granted the power according to Law Number 5 of 1999 but such a power cannot be optimally implemented. KPPU often experiences difficulties and obstacles in the process of enforcing business competition law due to a large number of business actors and uncooperative witnesses so that this hinders the process of examining cases. In particular, KPPU has lack of cooperation of involved parties during the inspection process. However, the KPPU in carrying out its authority can include the role of the Indonesian police to assist in the process of enforcing business competition law. This paper shows that the role of the Indonesian police in the enforcement of business competition law can be initiated during the investigation process if the KPPU requests assistance to present the reported party, witnesses, and expert witnesses. Until the decision is issued by the KPPU, investigators can follow up with relevant individuals that may have cases that contain criminal aspects.

Keywords: Business Competition Law, the Commission for the Supervision of Business Competition, Indonesian Police
LOSS DAN GAIN PADA TERJEMAHAN BUKU HUKUM THE CONCEPT OF LAW KARYA H. L. A HART KE DALAM VERSI BAHASA INDONESIA “KONSEP HUKUM”
Authors: Pascarina Hanifa , Nababan M.R. , Santosa Riyadi
Published: September 2019

This research aims to: (1) identify what is omitted (Loss) and what is
 added (Gain), (2) discover the causes of Loss and Gain, (3) determine the level of accuracy, (4) determine the level of acceptability, (5) determine the level of readability of translation in the legal book The Concept of Law.

This research employs a descriptive qualitative research with an embedded case study and it is oriented to the translation product. The source of data consists of documents selected with purposive sampling technique and the discussion results with the informant. The documents refer to a legal book The Concept of Law and its translated book. The informants are experts of law study field who understand English grammar and Indonesia. The research data comprises of: (1) forms of Loss and Gain in translation of legal book The Concept of Law, (2) causes of Loss and Gain, (3) results of discussion with the informant regarding legal text and the quality of the translated text. The techniques of collecting data involved document analysis, questionnaires, and focus group discussion. The research data were analyzed using ethnographic analysis by Spradley (1980) which consists of domain, taxonomic, componential, and cultural themes analysis.

The findings show that: (1) there are Loss and Gain which occur separately as well as simultaneously in the forms of certain linguistics unit, namely lexical unit, phrase unit, clause unit, and sentence unit, (2) there are four causes of Loss and Gain in translation of legal book The Concept of Law, namely Loss and Gain by the translator himself, knowledge of specific subject/legal jargon, untranslatability, and the use of Latin language, (3) the effects of applying translation techniques Loss and Gain to the translation of legal text towards the quality of its translation show the high level in accuracy, acceptability, and readability level.

 

Keywords: translation technique, loss, gain, translation quality, legal translation, The Concept of Law.
THE ANALYSIS OF A CERTAIN TECHNIQUE THAT IMPACTS ON THE QUALITY OF TRANSLATION IN THE STATEMENT OF RESPONDING TOWARD ARGUING SPEECH ACT IN THE NOVEL ALLEGIANT
Authors: Sholihah Siti Fathiyatus , Nababan M.R. , Djatmika D.
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACT

 

This research discusses about how a certain technique can impact on the quality of translation in the statements of responding toward arguing speech act. It aims to determine the impact of choosing a certain micro technique of translation toward the quality in terms of accuracy, acceptability, and readability. This research can be classified as a descriptive qualitative research which focuses on a single case. The source data of this research is the novel Allegiant, its translation in Indonesian, and the two raters. Then, the data are collected from the statement that responds toward arguing. Furthermore, Focus Group Discussion that has been done by two raters and the researcher is used to assess the three aspects of translation quality and determine the micro technique that has been applied to translate the statement that responds arguing speech act. The result of this research is that the application of micro technique of translation that is mostly applied is established equivalent technique that has been applied 172 data 52,9 % that has been influenced the quality of translation because he total average of quality translation is 2,97 that is considered as a good translation. In other words, the establish equivalent has a good impact toward quality of translation toward statement that responds of arguing speech act.

 
Nuevas secuencias didácticas para trascender limitaciones contextuales de los estudiantes
Authors: Paulo-Bevilacqua Laura
Published: September 2019

El curso Políticas Sociales perteneciente al programa de Licenciatura en Trabajo Social de Universidad de la República de Uruguay, recibe estudiantes con situaciones de vida que complican su dedicación al estudio: tienen mucho tiempo de traslado, trabajan además de estudiar o han formado familia, lo que insume parte de su dedicación. En atención a estas limitaciones el equipo docente construyó una estrategia didáctica que combina presencialidad y actividades a distancia; tareas obligatorias y otras de participación voluntaria; trabajos grupales y entregas individuales; grupos al azar y grupos constituidos libremente. Estas nuevas secuencias didácticas han demostrado trascender las limitaciones contextuales de los estudiantes y, por lo tanto, permiten buenos desempeños curriculares a pesar de sus circunstancias actuales de vida. En forma concomitante se logró un equilibrio entre acreditación y evaluación convirtiendo a esta última en un proceso para el aprendizaje y no ya una instancia de control del aprendizaje. En suma, la propuesta didáctica de la actividad curricular Políticas sociales despliega diferentes abordajes que habilitan maneras diversas de acercarse al objeto de estudio, al objeto de evaluación y al estudiante evaluado. Nadie queda condenado a una sola modalidad, así como nadie queda extremadamente favorecido por un único instrumento que le es más propicio. En esta asignatura –además de los contenidos específicos que le competen— se trabaja para dislocar el énfasis en pasar pruebas como fin en sí mismo y por el contrario, da mayor relevancia a la reflexión y auto-percepción sobre el manejo de tales contenidos.
XAB2 TagSNP is Associated with the Risk of Gastric Cancer in Chinese Population:a case-control study
Authors: Xie Yuning , Yu Yuan , Wu Hongjiao , Gao Hui , Yang Zhengbang , Zhang Yi , Zhang Xuemei
Published: September 2019

Background: XAB2 protein (xeroderma pigmentosum group A-binding protein 2) plays a significant role in the nucleotide excision repair pathway and transcription coupled DNA repair. Polymorphisms in XAB2 gene may effect on the capability of DNA repair and further contribute to the risk of developing various cancers. Methods: in order to investigate the relationship between XAB2 genetic variants and the risk of gastric cancer, we performed a hospital-based case-control study. XAB2 tagSNPs were genotyped by using iPlex Gold Genotyping Asssy and Sequenom MassArray. By conducting logistic regression, odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to represent the association of XAB2 tagSNPs with the risk of gastric cancer. Results: Our results showed that XAB2 rs794078 AA genotype was associated with a significantly lower risk of gastric cancer compared with GG genotype with OR (95%CI) of 0.33(0.12-0.91). Stratified analysis indicated a significantly decreased risk for gastric cancer among smokers with rs794078 AA genotype compared with non-smokers with GG genotype (OR=0.11, 95%CI=0.01-0.91, P=0.040). The gene-gene interactions by multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) showed that tagSNP rs794078 was the best predictive elements for gastric cancers (Testing Bal. Acc=51.68%, P=0.055, cross-validation consistency=9). Conclusion: The XAB2 tagSNP rs794078 were significantly associated with the risk of gastric cancer in Chinese population, which proved the important role of XAB2 in the development of gastric cancer.
Material deprivation and sexual risk nexus among young people in urban disadvantaged settings in Malawi and South Africa
Authors: Kamndaya Mphatso
Published: September 2019

Objective: Understanding how context-specific measures of urban disadvantage are associated with sexual risk is critical to the refinement of effective HIV prevention interventions in urban disadvantaged settings in sub-Saharan Africa . This study describes how a mixed methods research design was used to get a more nuanced understanding of young people’s experience of material deprivation and their motivation for sexual risk-taking in urban disadvantaged settings. The study involved secondary analysis of data (n=560) from South Africa, primary qualitative study with 60 young people and household survey (n = 1,071) in Malawi. Legitimation strategies were used to identify inferences from the findings. Material deprivation characteristics that explained the most variance in sexual risk were determined by using logged coefficients multiplied by their standard deviations. Results: In South Africa, financial difficulty (0.16 = (log 2.11)*(0.50)) exerted the strongest effects on sexual risk followed by deprivation (0.10 = (log 1.43)*(0.66)) among young women, while for young men, material deprivation (0.04 = (log 1.20)*(0.50)) showed significant effects on sexual risk-taking. However in Malawi, material deprivation (0.08 = (log 1.37)*(0.58)) and unemployment (0.12 = (log 1.77)*(0.50)) were the most influential indicators of deprivation associated with coercive sex among young women and young men respectively.
2108 cases of thyroid cancer cervical lymph node dissection or not
Authors: Han Lin , Wu Zhen , Li Wenlei , Li Yingxue , Ma Jinglin , Wu Xinxin , Wen Wenjuan , Li Rui , Yao Yumin , WANG Yongkun
Published: September 2019

Clinical and pathological data from 2108 patients with thyroid cancer, who were initially diagnosed and treated surgically, were collected from the Department of Thyroid Surgery. Among them,There were 1001 cases underwent open operation with total thyroidectomy + central lymph node dissection, meanwhile 1107 cases were treated with neck lateral lymph node dissection at the same time.The overall metastasis rate of all patients was 57.23%. Even the lymph node metastasis of PTMC was as high as 48.97%. When the mass rose above 2cm, the proportion of metastasis increased to 77.22%. With the increase of tumor diameter, the metastasis of cervical lymph nodes ranged from 22.54% to 73.33%, which showed positive correlation.When the diameter of the tumor reached T1c level, the metastasis of the cervical lymph nodes was 56.91%, and the number of metastatic cases above T1c level accounted for 69.96% of the total metastatic cases. It is recommended that initial treatment should comprise at least total thyroidectomy + central lymph node dissection in China, to avoid the risks associated with secondary surgery and effects on patient quality of life.When the tumor diameter exceeds 1cm, the risk of cervical lymph node metastasis is high, we recommended the lateral lymph node dissection.
Hepatitis C Virus: Efficacy of New DAAs Regimens
Authors: Mohamed Amal Ahmed , El-Toukhy Naglaa El-Toukhy Ramadan , Said Ebada Mohamed , Gabal Hoda Mohamed Rabie , AbdelAziz Hossameldin , Doss Wahid , El-Hanafi Hadeel , El Deeb Hala H. , Mahmoud Seham , Elkadeem Mahmoud , Shalby Hassan Salama , Abd-Elsalam Sherief
Published: September 2019

Background:

HCV treatment showed dramatical change due to the introduction of potent,
strong, direct antiviral drugs. Before the appearance of Direct-acting antivirals, multiple
therapeutic interventions were used for hepatitis C, but none of these interventions were effective
on patient-centered outcomes. Direct-acting antivirals cause disruption of viral replication because
they target specific nonstructural viral proteins.

Aim:

To review the advantages of efficient HCV therapy and its long term drawbacks.

Methods:

A search of the literature published in indexed databases (PubMed, Medline In-Process,
and Embase) within the last 5 years was conducted. Any duplicated citations were excluded before
first-pass screening. Citations (titles and abstracts) were screened for eligibility by a single
reviewer. Full texts (including congress abstracts, posters and other congress communications) of
citations deemed relevant during title and abstract screening were retrieved for second-pass review.

Results:

Studies on the clinical effects of DAAs for hepatitis C show better tolerance, improved
survival and fewer complications when compared to previous interferon therapy.

Conclusion:

HCV treatment has improved dramatically. Since that time, there are multiple approved
oral therapies all with high efficacy. The most important factor which should be considered
during choosing appropriate therapy is to ensure that it covers the viral genotype of the infected
patients.
Trends in Biotechnology at the Turn of the Millennium
Authors: Mozafari Masoud , Tariverdian Tara , Beynaghi Ali
Published: September 2019

Background:

The concept of biotechnology has gained wide popularity by the time.
There is, of course, some anecdotal evidence as to what topics are currently considered the most
prominent and how they can be compared to the common perception of which research topics
were considered “trendy” years ago.

Objective:

A thorough search of exact time frames can help us quantitatively determine the evolution
of prominent biotechnology research topics since the turn of the century.

Method:

A text data mining approach has been followed to better identify the emerging trends
and perspectives in biotechnology, taking a look back at how the focus of research and innovation
in biotechnology has shifted, evolved and impacted the human race over the past three decades.

Results:

The extent of biotechnology today is vast, however, the most important newly developed
research themes and patents largely influence human healthcare, affecting hundreds of millions of
people who use grafts, devices, diagnostics, treatment and delivery systems. Even if biotechnology
is very much focused on healthcare, there is also focus on other specialized concepts, such as biofuel,
biocatalyst, food, agriculture and water purification, which have a strong influence on the research
topics studied today.

Conclusion:

We are in the process of developing the practice of medicine through pioneering advances
in biotechnology research and innovation. As companies continue to develop emerging
treatment strategies (involving gene therapy, stem cells, nanomedicine and new drug delivery systems)
that address significant unmet needs, future innovations in biotechnology research will bring
exciting new advancements to help millions of more people worldwide.
APPLICATION OF LASER-INDUCED BREAKDOWN CAVITATION BUBBLES FOR CELL LYSIS IN VITRO
Authors: JASIKOVA DARINA , RYSOVA MIROSLAVA , KOTEK MICHAL
Published: September 2019

Objective: Understanding the basic mechanism of the cavitation bubble action on living cells as a crucial step of development and application ofsophisticated methods based on controlled cavitation in cell behaviour manipulation. Optimisation of parameters in order to expand cell lysis regioncreated by a single bubble.Methods: The cavitation bubbles are generated by the laser-induced breakdown method. The impact of controlled cavitation bubble on thebiological system is synchronously monitored under a microscope and recorded. Visualization of the cavitation bubble course is monitored by a highspeedcamera. The impact of technology on the healthy confluent cell layer is verified. Evaluation of the cavitation bubbles´ effect on cells in real timeand by subsequent analysis of the cell lysis region and impact of the cavitation bubble on cell viability is carried out by optical visualization and life/dead fluorescence staining.Results: Cavitation bubble induced in distance of 1.5 mm from the cell surface overcomes properties of sessile bubble and enables to create cell lysisregion over 1000 μm in diameter due to transient shear stress produced by liquid displaced by the bubble expansion.Conclusion: Cell lysis region is strongly dependent on the spot laser energy (SLE) and the bubble induction distance from cells. This knowledge iscrucial for application in chemical free cell lysis in vitro, wound induction for experimental purposes and cell layers patterning in desired scale.
La impaciencia de la razón
Authors: Flores Julia
Published: September 2019

La modernidad encarna las paradojas y contradicciones del hombre, entre los sueños y las creaciones, entre las intenciones y el resultado de sus esfuerzos. Los logros y realizaciones del hombre se vuelven en su contra. El paradigma moderno nace del arte: la ciencia y la metafísica se disuelven en técnica, la ética y la moral en el mensaje y código impersonales de los medios de comunicación. La modernidad es ese extraño lugar de lo irreconciliable, de la diferencia, el desencanto y la fragmentación. Como símbolo de esta contradicción se encuentra la novela de Frankenstein, criatura que representa un mundo despiadado pero técnicamente superior.
Discursos de la Asamblea Nacional. Mirabeau
Authors: Trujillo Luis Francisco
Published: September 2019

Reseña del libro de Torres Mejía, David (compilador), Discursos en la Asamblea Nacional. Mirabeau, 1a. edición, Consejo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes, México, 1989.
Psicoanálisis, sexualidad, amor
Authors: Braunstein Néstor
Published: September 2019

Análisis del discurso amoroso, específicamente sobre el goce de la sexualidad, desde la perspectiva del psicoanálisis y a partir de dos descubrimientos fundamentales de Freud: el inconsciente y el elemento fundamental de la sexualidad, los que en su conjunto motivan ciertas actitudes, pensamientos y discursos de los hombres.
El verdadero tantrismo budista e hindú
Authors: King Francis
Published: September 2019

King, Francis, Sexo, magia y perversión, Madrid, Ediciones Felmar, 1978.
Ciudades en expansión: una interpretación tentativa
Authors: Ribbeck Eckhart , Delgado Javier
Published: September 2019

Ensayo sobre la proliferación en México de las ciudades en expansión. Se trata de un fenómeno contradictorio que implica un cierto progreso en cuanto a la desconcentración demográfica y económica a nivel nacional, pero también la reproducción de ciertos fenómenos de concentración demográfica a nivel regional, con un proceso de urbanización y metro- polización de las ciudades medias. Incluye bibliografía.
Lo desconocido y lo incognoscible: lectura teológica de la iniciación de Carlos Castañeda
Authors: Rausis Op. Philippe Emmanuel
Published: September 2019

A fin de analizar las formas de iniciación practicadas antiguamente por las poblaciones amerindias, el autor presenta una lectura teológica de los libros publicados por Carlos Castaneda de 1968 a 1987, en los cuales relata su propia experiencia al respecto.
Entrevista que hace el Maestro Horacio Labastida al Doctor Ricardo Méndez Silva con motivo de la terminación de su periodo como director de la Facultad de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales
Authors: Labastida Horacio
Published: September 2019

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La polémica Kuhn-Popper
Authors: Suárez-Íñiguez Enrique
Published: September 2019

Análisis de algunos de los aspectos básicos de la polémica entre Karl Popper y T. S. Kuhn, cuyos prolegómenos se remontan a 1962 y la cual gira en torno a la filosofía de la ciencia: el método científico, el modo en que la ciencia se desarrolla, la crítica científica, etcétera. Según el autor, se trata de dos concepciones diametralmente opuestas, ambas con aciertos y limitaciones.
Diccionario de política internacional
Authors: Labariega V. Pedro G.
Published: September 2019

Reseña del libro de Edmundo Hernández-Vela S., Diccionario de política internacional, Ed. Porrúa, 3a. ed., 1988.
Consideraciones sobre El contrato social de Rousseau
Authors: Suárez-Iñiguez Enrique
Published: September 2019

Análisis de algunos de los planteamientos más relevantes de Jean Jacques Rousseau, autor de El contrato social y uno de los pocos filósofos clásicos aún leído: el orden social, la democracia, el Estado, lo colectivo frente a lo individual y la sociedad civil, entre otros temas.
Segundo Informe Anual del Director de la Facultad de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales
Authors: Leal y Fernández Juan Felipe
Published: September 2019

Síntesis de los aspectos más relevantes del quehacer de la FCPYS en 1993- Incluye: Reforma académica, actividades del Consejo Técnico, inscripción, titulación, estudiantes destacados, personal académico, investigación, profesores destacados, ingreso y promoción de personal académico, actividades deportivas y recreativas, conferencias magistrales y coloquios, producción editorial, servicios bibliotecarios y documentales, servicios audiovisuales, cómputo, intercambio académico, educación continua y vinculación, donaciones, becas, organización y administración, planeación y evaluación, acciones de reestructuración, nuevos desarrollos y epílogo.
El Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte: desarrollo social y los dilemas de la agricultura mexicana
Authors: Rosas Ma. Cristina , Valtonen Pekka
Published: September 2019

El presente documento analiza los impactos regionales del Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte (TLC), especialmente en el sector agrícola mexicano. Los autores sugieren que dadas las tendencias actuales hacia la liberalización comercial en el sector de referencia, los productos agrícolas orientados a la exportación (es decir, los que se producen sobre todo en el norte del país) podrían experimentar un auge positivo a costa de los productos agrícolas de autoconsumo (es decir, los producidos especialmente en el sur del país). Las medidas adoptadas por el gobierno mexicano ante este hecho (entre ellas, el Programa de Solidaridad) sugieren que los problemas estructurales de la agricultura mexicana se mantienen sin solución, en tanto que el TLC podría favorecer la conversión de las áreas destinadas a la producción de granos básicos en campos mecanizados y de capital intensivo. El efecto potencial de una situación de este tipo sobre las cifras existentes de desempleo en las zonas rurales es un motivo de preocupación que involucra a los tres gobiernos norteamericanos.
El Partido Liberal-Democrático en Japón: la dominación conservadora
Authors: Crespo José Antonio
Published: September 2019

El Partido Liberal-Democrático (PLD) gobernó sin interrupción en Japón durante 38 años. Esto ha provocado la curiosidad de más de un científico político, pues es algo que sale de la norma en regímenes democráticos. Parte de la explicación radica en la coordinación existente durante todo ese tiempo en los tres pilares del sistema social y político de esa nación: el propio partido dominante, la burocracia gubernamental y los grandes consorcios industriales y financieros. Estos tres actores mantienen por un lado suficiente autonomía para perseguir sus intereses respectivos. Por otro lado, existió una alianza tácita entre ellos, de modo que se complementaron mutuamente para desarrollar una empresa común, el desarrollo económico de Japón, a través de una política conservadora que beneficia a los tres de manera simultánea. En este artículo se explora ese vínculo funcional entre los tres actores, con vistas a entender un poco más la larga continuidad del Partido Liberal-Democrático en Japón.
Año XL (1995): núm. 159
Authors: Autor Sin
Published: September 2019

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De la legitimidad al “marketing político”: El problema de la credibilidad
Authors: González Casanova Fernández Enrique
Published: September 2019

La idea central del presente ensayo consiste en exponer algunos asuntos relativos a la legitimidad que cualquier gobernante requiere para poner en práctica con éxito su proyecto de gobierno. En este contexto, se ha buscado resaltar como un aval a la teoría y la praxis política, enfatizando que el uso de este concepto conlleva una relación intrínseca con los principios de la mercadología contemporánea.
Liberalismo viejo y nuevo
Authors: Cabello Alejandra
Published: September 2019

Reseña del libro de José Guilherme Merquior, Liberalismo viejo y nuevo, México, Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1993.
Las aportaciones de Ricardo Pozas Arciniega a la antropología y sociología. Notas
Authors: Federico Arreola Teresa
Published: September 2019

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El retraso del reloj latinoamericano
Authors: Rodríguez Ledesma Xavier
Published: September 2019

El artículo se aboca a partir de la reflexión sobre el significado de la modernidad para las sociedades latinoamericanas en general y para la mexicana en particular, a la reconstrucción critica de la concepción de modernidad inherente en la reflexión política de Octavio Paz. De tal forma, junto con el poeta se avanza en la propuesta de la necesaria reconfirmación de las pluralidades espacio-temporales, de la historicidad de nuestras sociedades, para pensar y asumir el concepto de modernidad y, en ese sentido, discurrir en la especificidad que dicha noción adquiere hoy día en nuestro país.
Yalta desde las calles de Budapest
Authors: Antal Fodroczy Edit
Published: September 2019

Hungría es uno de los países que perdió la Segunda Guerra Mundial y que fue ocupado por el Ejército Rojo, por lo que se puede interpretar que el país en 1945 no solamente perdió la guerra, sino también la posibilidad de ejercer su libertad, ello en buena parte fue decidido por los acuerdos de Yalta y el de Potsdam entre las potencias ganadoras de la guerra. Sin embargo, existe una serie de razones internas en el país que condicionaron este hecho y que ayudan a entender por qué Hungría pasó a formar parte del bloque soviético. En este trabajo se analizan la reforma agraria, los juicios populares, las elecciones, la situación de los partidos políticos, el estatus del ejército soviético ocupante y su relación con la población durante el año de 1945, momento en el cual la vinculación e incluso la identificación entre ser colaboracionista y enemigo de clase que establecía la ideología comunista tuvo un peso poderoso.
Europa: la batalla por las memorias
Authors: Waldman Gilda
Published: September 2019

En este artículo, la autora expone una de las paradojas que recorre actualmente a Europa. Por una parte, y en el marco de un proceso de creciente articulación económica y política, reaparecen en el Viejo Continente fantasmas del pasado a los que se creía ya definitivamente enterrados: racismo, xenofobia, discriminación, violencia contra minorías, etcétera. Diversos grupos y movimientos de ultraderecha adquieren un importante auge entre la juventud y un notable peso en las urnas. Sin embargo, Europa se confronta también con las viejas heridas de su pasado. Así, Austria, Francia y Alemania, entre otros países, rescatan verdades olvidadas y reinterpretan su historia a la luz del presente. El dilema es, entonces: ¿Qué tendrá mayor peso: el olvido o el vigor de la memoria?
La "sociedad mundial” y la carencia de reflexiones normativas en las teorías sociales de NikIas Luhmann y Norbert Elias
Authors: Kozlarek Jonas Oliver
Published: September 2019

El actual debate de la globalización provoca revisiones de las teorías políticas y sociales conocidas. Los resultados son sorprendentes: la mayoría de las teorías políticas y sociales modernas hacen, por lo menos implícitamente, referencia a lo que hoy en día llamamos globalización. En algunas de estas teorías las tendencias globalizantes ocupan un lugar central alrededor del cual estas teorías circulan. Este es el caso de las teorías de Niklas Luhmann y de Norbert Elias, que en este artículo revisaré. La duda que subyace en el estudio de estas dos teorías es: si en ellas encontramos respuestas para los desafíos teóricos actuales. Mi crítica frente a estas dos teorías se refiere a la manera en la cual en ellas se trata el problema de la normatividad.
El conflicto universitario (1999-2000) a la luz del discurso escrito
Authors: Paulín Pérez Georgina
Published: September 2019

El presente artículo recoge los resultados preliminares de una ambiciosa investigación semántica que examina detenidamente el manejo del conflicto universitario por parte de los principales medios escritos del país. El encuadramiento que estos medios han dado al conflicto parece concentrarse en dos líneas interpretativas que, tal y como lo demuestra esta investigación, no logran agotar adecuadamente su complejidad interna. La primera de estas líneas de análisis sostiene que el conflicto es la "única" alternativa que se ha dejado a la comunidad universitaria frente a los proyectos de transformación de la universidad dictados desde las altas esferas de las estructuras de poder. La segunda línea, en cambio, estima que la reacción de protesta de los estudiantes constituye el producto de una indeseable, innecesaria e inadecuada "salida" a los impulsos agresivos y las energías mal encauzadas del estudiantado de la universidad. Ambas interpretaciones son parciales y sesgadas. En este sentido, el artículo sostiene, como parte de sus conclusiones provisionales, que los medios periodísticos no han logrado superar las tentaciones de darle al conflicto un manejo sensacionalista y distorsionador del fenómeno en cuestión.
El enfoque de la economía institucional
Authors: Hodgson Geoffrey M.
Published: September 2019

Este artículo evalúa la “antigua” economía institucional, enfatizando la importancia clave de los demás del “antiguo” institucionalismo respecto de los hábitos, reglas y el rol de las instituciones. El problema del alternativo programa teórico del “nuevo” institucionalismo es su insostenible supuesto de un “mercado” original, libre de instituciones, o el del estado de la naturaleza. Aunque todavía le falta una teoría completa y sistemática, el enfoque “evolucionista” de los “antiguos” institucionalistas enfrenta el problema de la relación interactiva entre el actor y la estructura sin una reducción analítica del uno al otro.
Analisis Penerapan Firewall Nftables Sebagai Sistem Keamanan Server Pada Mesin Virtualisasi
Authors: Purwoko Malik , Hilal Hamzah
Published: September 2019

Teknologi virtualisasi telah mengubah arah revolusi industri komputer dengan cara penurunan biaya-biaya modal, biaya operasional, ketersediaan layanan yang lebih tinggi dan mekanisme perlindungan data. Begitupun di Balai Teknologi Polimer yang menerapkan server-servernya di dalam mesin virtualisasi, pada penelitian ini dilakukan analisa dan penerapan  firewall dengan menggunakan nftables  pada mesin virtualisasi. Nftables adalah firewall generasi baru di sistem operasi linux  yang siap menggantikan iptables sebagai firewall. Penelitian ini menguji kinerja firewall nftables terhadap serangan DDoS ( Distribution Denial of Service). Pengambilan data pengujian DDoS  dilakukan sebanyak 30 kali dengan tools yang ada di linux, yaitu htping3 dan wireshark. Skenario 1 tanpa gangguan DDoS diambil data sebanyak 10 kali, skenario 2 dengan DDoS gangguan ke server sebanyak 32000 byte dengan 3 komputer sebanyak 10 kali. Dan terakhir skenario 3 dengan gangguan DDoS sebanyak 65000 byte dengan 6 komputer sebanyak 10 kali juga. Hasil penelitian menunjukan saat tidak ada serangan DDoS server berjalan baik dengan troughput yang besar dan pemakaian sumber daya CPU (%) yang kecil. Namun setelah dilakukan serangan DDoS terjadi penurunan nilai troughput dan pemakaian CPU yang besar. Semakin besar jumlah serangan maka semakin menurunkan nilai troughput dan makin membesarnya pemakaian sumber daya CPU dari server firewall.
Genetic Prediction of Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D, Calcium, and Parathyroid Hormone Levels in Relation to Development of Type 2 Diabetes: A Mendelian Randomization Study
Authors: Yuan Shuai , Jiang Xia , Michaëlsson Karl , Larsson Susanna C.
Published: September 2019

OBJECTIVE

We conducted a Mendelian randomization study to investigate the associations of genetically predicted serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (S-25OHD), calcium (S-Ca), and parathyroid hormone (S-PTH) levels with type 2 diabetes (T2DM).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Seven, six, and five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with S-25OHD, S-Ca, and S-PTH levels, respectively, were used as instrumental variables. Data on T2DM were available for 74,124 case subjects with T2DM and 824,006 control subjects. The inverse variance–weighted method was used for the primary analyses, and the weighted median and Mendelian randomization (MR)–Egger methods were used for supplementary analyses.

RESULTS

Genetically predicted S-25OHD but not S-Ca and S-PTH levels were associated with T2DM in the primary analyses. For 1 SD increment of S-25OHD levels, the odds ratio (OR) of T2DM was 0.94 (95% CI 0.88–0.99; P = 0.029) in an analysis based on all seven SNPs and 0.90 (95% CI 0.83–0.98; P = 0.011) in an analysis based on three SNPs within or near genes involved in vitamin D synthesis. Only the association based on the SNPs involved in vitamin D synthesis remained in the weighted median analysis, and no pleiotropy was detected (P = 0.153). Pleiotropy was detected in the analysis of S-Ca (P = 0.013). After correcting for this bias using MR-Egger regression, the OR of T2DM per 1 SD increment of S-Ca levels was 1.41 (95% CI 1.12–1.77; P = 0.003).

CONCLUSIONS

Modest lifelong higher S-25OHD levels were associated with reduced odds of T2DM, but the association was only robust for SNPs in the vitamin D synthesis pathway. The possible role of S-Ca levels for T2DM development requires further research.