bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Die Nitratsituation in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland
Authors: Quentin K.‐E.
Published: February 2007

Altogether 10… 20 kg/ha·a N from precipitation are introduced into the soil. The fertilization of the agriculturally used area increased from 50 to 120 kg/ha·a N between 1950 and 1982. The nitrogen concentration is theoretically increased by 0.4 mg/l due to infiltration of surface water and wastewaters. The data prove agriculture to the main source of the nitrate load of groundwater, especially in regions with predominantly intensive agricultural use there is delivered drinking water with nitrate concentrations of more than 50 mg/l. The fixing of the limit value for drinking water at 50 mg/l nitrate (value recommended by the EC: 25 mg/l) is justified by new findings. Since the technology of nitrate elimination from water is very expensive, mainly the preventing of too high nitrate concentrations should be aimed at by agricultural measures of ground‐water protection.
Untersuchungen zum Stickstoff‐, Phosphor‐ und Kaliumeintrag in das Grundwasser nach Gülledüngung
Authors: Mueller K.
Published: February 2007

About 53 million tons of liquid manure from the animal husbandry plants of the GDR are used for purposes of organic fertilization per year. Fertilization by liquid manure must be reasonably done, since there should be avoided fertilization and yield losses of agriculture and damages to the ground‐water as a drinking‐water resource. In dependence on the cultivation of crops, the kinds of graining of soils, the month of application and of the quantity used–referred to the application of nitrogen of liquid manure in kg/ha–the enrichment effect of nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus in infiltration water is determined with the aid of lysimeter investigations. Components of nitrogen which are not used by plants get into ground‐water as undesired nitrate, partly through nitrification processes. Unused potassium, too, migrates into ground‐water, whereas phosphorus is bound by soil. By proposals for new limit values of load with liquid manure, summarized in tabular form, the valid specifications of the GDR standards “TGL” are criticized.
Heavy metal distribution in the Altenwörth Reservoir, Danube, Austria
Authors: Colley R.
Published: February 2007

Some heavy metal concentrations were determined for the water and sediments within‐ the Altenwörth impoundment. The dissolved heavy metal concentrations were very low. The heavy metal contents in the sandy riverine sediments 10 or more kilometres distant from the dam wall were also at a low background level. Closer to the dam wall and especially within four kilometres, heavy metal concentrations were higher. Increased levels are caused by the deposition of fine silt particles with which heavy metals are associated near the dam wall. This sediment can be classified as moderately polluted according to the Geoaccumulation Index of MÜLLER. But the heavy metal contents are not high enough to have deleterious effects on the biota. Concentrations are comparable to those behind other dams on the Austrian Danube west and east of Alten wörth.
Verfahren zur katalytisch‐oxydativen Entsulfidierung von Abwässern
Authors: Walther H.‐J. , Grunig S.
Published: February 2007

The oxidative conversion of strongly alkaline sulphide concentrations in wastewaters from the wet molybdenite enrichment is successfully performed within a relatively short time by the application of atmospheric oxygen, “Winkler adsorbent” (activated form of ash from Winkler generators) or “Winkler generator ash” and chlorinated lime at the same time. The reaction times were 60… 90 min at residual sulphide concentrations of 1… 10 mg/l. The initial concentrations of sulphide were between 400 and 1,200 mg/l. It was proved by comparative investigations that the “Winkler absorbent” or the “Winkler generator ash” have a catalytical effect during the oxidation by air. Therefore, also, e.g., at an initial concentration of sulphide of 600 mg/l only 4 g/l chlorinated lime were required, which corresponded to only about 0.13 times the stoichiometrically calculated quantity with the available chlorine content being taken into account. Flotation cells are suitable as reactors.
Beiträge zur Dynamik der Biomasse in Oxydationsteichen, Teil 4: Untersuchungen an einer hochbelasteten abflußlosen Abwasserteichanlage (Fäkaldeponie Ückeritz)
Authors: Schwarz S. , Schönert C.
Published: February 2007

The system consists of three preliminary clarifiers and two ponds operating in series. It drains 100,000 to 120,000 m3 highly loaded wastewater per year over the ground. In dependence on load, in the pond 1 a midsummer‐time bacterial maximum of up to 800 m3/l occurs. The algal biomass, too, shows an annual curve with one peak; the maximum is independent of the ice cover and varies with the seasons. The BOD5 shows a spring maximum and a summer maximum independent of the biomasses and their variations. In the second pond only slight changes are found from June till October; here prevail algae and a maximum of flagellates. Although a stage of filtrators and consumers is lacking, the system can be regarded as a sewage pond system with a reduction of BOD5 by 73%.
Flotation als einfache Anreicherungsmethode für die Spurenanalyse in Wässern
Authors: Dietze U. , Kunze S.
Published: February 2007

Recently the method of flotation is used as a simple step within a number of procedures of chemical analysis for enrichment of waters or industrial lyes to be investigated by ions. By the example of tin analysis all the possible variants are compared with regard to their efficiency. The advantages result from the using conventional methods of chemical analysis in connection with coprecipitation of traces and their flotation at trace levels of ng/ml. The flotation is a fast method of enrichment, it is easily to handle and sufficiently exact. As a proof example the chemical analysis of Sn, Au and Ag is described.
Probleme der Bereitstellung nitratfreien Trinkwassers
Authors: Frölich P. , Hauptmann R.
Published: February 2007

The following possible techniques of nitrate removal from drinking water are compared with respect to their efficiency: reserved osmosis, electrodialysis and ion exchange. It can be shown by test products that it is possible, in principle, to synthesize nitrate‐selective anion exchange resins. Today it is assumed that from this a preferential position of the technology of ion exchange can be expected for the elimination of nitrate from drinking water.
Contact oxidation process followed by activated carbon adsorption for textile wastewater treatment
Authors: Huang Ch.‐W. , Hung Y.‐T. , Lo H. H.
Published: February 2007

A pilot plant study and a full scale plant study were conducted to determine the feasibility of using contact oxidation followed by activated carbon adsorption process in textile wastewater treatment, and to determine the effects of types of packing media in the contact oxidation tank and types of aeration process on the treatment performance. Results indicated that contact oxidation followed by activated carbon adsorption process was effective in removing organics and color from textile wastewaters. Types of packing media and types of aeration processes had little effect on the treatment performance. The pilot plant performance was found to perform slightly better than the performance of the full scale plant.
Untersuchungen zur Anreicherung und Bestimmung von Spurenkonzentrationen Epichlorhydrin in Wasser
Authors: Döring C. E. , Schröter P. H.
Published: February 2007

Since the statements by Peters on the steam distillation had not been confirmed, concentration was carried out by steam distillation/extraction (diethyl ether) in an apparatus after Rijks et al. The final determination is performed gas‐chromatographically from the ethereal extract with addition of tetrachloroethane as internal standard and securing of results by means of coupling of GC/MS. The method yields rates of retrieval of 80 … 100% in the concentration range of 10 ppb.
Kupfer als Algizid
Authors: Lüderitz V. , Nicklisch A. , Kohl J.‐G.
Published: February 2007

Physiological and ecological aspects of the application of copper sulfate as an algicide within aquatic ecosystems are reviewed. Excessive developments of algae due to eutrophication of stagnant waters have to be controlled by preventive measures preferably. Application of algicides should be an exception. The mostly used algicide is copper sulfate because it is effective, selective, economical and undesired ecological side‐effects could not be detected. Since blue‐green algae are very copper sensitive, blooms of that species can be controlled effectively. Although toxicity to fish and invertebrates has been proved for a wide range of concentrations, they are actually not endangered by the commonly applied copper concentrations, because they show avoidance reactions and are only affected by prolonged exposition to copper. Some authors, however, showed free ions to be quickly removed from the water body. Organic compounds, water hardness and high alkalinity decrease the amounts of soluble and toxic copper specimens. Some blue‐green algae species produce strong copper‐complexing and detoxifying agents‐extracellular polypeptides and hydroxamic acids. Some chelatic agents, on the other hand, increase the algicidal effectivity of copper in alkaline waters. Also lipid‐soluble ligands increase copper toxicity in many cases. Some uncertainty in knowledge call for further research.

–to determine the very right moment for copper application before algal bloom appearance to avoid oxygen depletion and fish kills‐therefore to improve forecaste of bloom development.

–to define the dependence of copper toxicity on the physiological state of the algae.

–to search for the effects of co‐stress (simultaneous pH‐shock) in order to restrict copper concentration to low levels and

–to estimate and forecast partitioning of copper to the extracellular (chemically bound) and intracellular (taken up by algae) compartment.
Ein Computer‐Programm zur quantitativen Bestimmung der Keimzahl mittels der Most‐Probable‐Number (MPN)‐Methode
Authors: Nagel M. , Blüml T. , Stelzer W. , Schulze E.
Published: February 2007

There are explained the statistical fundamentals of the estimation of the number of bacteria by means of the most‐probable‐number method (MPN method) inclusive of the confidence intervals and the probability of the sample results. On this basis, a program in Turbo‐Pascal is prepared for the operating systems C/PM or MS‐DOS for the computation of both single MPN estimations and complete tables inclusive of probability and confidence limits, their listing being appended.
The Structure of the Zooplankton Community and the Dynamics of its Biomass in the Lake Jaisamand (Rajasthan: India)
Authors: Rao P. S. , Durve V. S.
Published: February 2007

Zooplankton of the lake Jaisamand was represented by 50 taxa out of which 22 were Rotifera, 18 Cladocera, 5 Protozoa, 3 Copepoda and 2 Ostracoda. The total zooplankton exhibited a bimodal pattern with the first peak occurring in December and the second of a little less magnitude in June. The perennial zooplankters were Keratella valga, Brachionus falcatus from Rotifera, Ceriodaphnia spec. from Cladocera and Mesocyclops and Heterocyclops spp. from Copepoda. Considering surface zooplankton as a whole, Rotifera dominated the planktonic biomass followed by Copepoda, Cladocera, Ostracoda, Protozoa and Insecta. The species composition of the mid‐stratum zooplankton was not much different from that of the surface. Interestingly, there was a presence of Cladocera in the anoxic bottom waters. The low and occasional presence of Calanoid copepods, the abundance of Cyclopoids and Cladocerans point to the eutrophication in the lake.
Nährstoffbelastung und Trophie von Talsperren der DDR. Teil 2: Charakterisierung der trophischen Verhältnisse durch einen Trophieindex
Authors: Loth P. , Ackermann G.
Published: February 2007

On the basis of the measurements in 54 storage reservoirs from 1980 till 1985, the Trophic State Index (TSI) by Walker is tested with respect to its functional relations in terms of the criteria of chlorophyll, o‐phosphate and limit of visibility and applied to storage reservoirs. For this, the statistical relations between the chlorophyll concentration and the reciprocal limit of visibility (a vertical extinction coefficient for the non‐planktogenic share being taken into account) as well as the o‐PO4‐P content during the full overturn in spring are determined and transferred into the index of trophy. The total index is formed as the arithmetic mean of the three indices on the basis of chlorophyll, limit of visibility and o‐PO4‐P. The index of trophy provides a safe description of the trophic state of storage reservoirs, especially the expansion of the mesotrophic and hypertrophic range as against the eutrophic and polytrophic range contributing to the increased sensitivity of the classification.
Size Fractions of Heavy Metals in Waters
Authors: Vymazal J.
Published: February 2007

The heavy metal content of river water samples with 12 and 15 mg/l dry matter of seston is increased to 400 … 3900μg/l by the addition of inorganic heavy metal salts, and after three days the distribution of the heavy metals is determined by fractional filtration (8, 3, 1.2, 0.8, 0.65, 0.45 and 0.22 μm pore size). More than 80% of Ni, Co and Mn are found in the fraction <0.22 μm, 60% of Pb and Cu in >8 μm as well as 40 and 25%, resp., in <0.22 μm, Cd, Cr and Zn are found in all fractions, 60 … 80% being in the fraction <0.22 μm, 90% of Fe occurring in the fraction >8 μm. The influence of specific parameters of water quality as pH‐value and seston concentration on the distribution requires further investigations.
Control of Ion Balance in Water by Determining the Cation Content
Authors: Gomółka E. , Gomółka B.
Published: February 2007

Presented is an analytical method which enables a quick determination of the total cation content in water. In this method, total alkalinity is determined before passage, and mineral acidity after passage through the ion exchange bed. The sum of the two parameter values gives the total cation content in the water. Verification was carried out with model solution and natural water samples. The method makes it possible to verify the ion balance of the electrolytes, as well as to determine the salinity level (i.e. the concentration of dissolved substances) in the sample.
Phyto‐ and Zooplankton Composition and Some Ecological Observations on a Man‐made Lake in Wadi el Majanin, Libya
Authors: Khan M. A. , Zarmouh M. M.
Published: February 2007

The small eutrophic man‐made lake in Wadi el Majanin, Libya has a well‐buffered hydrogen‐carbonate (98 … 160 mg/l CaCO3) system (pH = 7 … 7.8) and a poor Secchi visibility (21 … 35 cm). Conductivity data (272 … 480 μS/cm) fit the water‐body in class 2 (‘freshwater’ range) of Beadle. The annual surface water temperature cycle (before noon readings) showed strong seasonal variations from 12 °C in Jan. and Feb. 1986 to 28.5 °C in June, 1987. The lake sustains a good crop of plankton populations. The main phytoplankton were species of Pediastrum, Scenedesmus, Navicula, Amphora, Synedra, Gomphonema, Oscillatoria, Gomphosphaeria and from zooplankton these were Keratella, Polyarthra, Brachionus, Moina, Acanthocyclops and nauplii of copepods. The presence of euglenoids supports the enriched water status of the ecosystem. Planktonic algal flora appeared closer to the eutrophic chlorococcales‐diatom type (Hutchinson). Rotifers dominated the zooplankton community. A well established macrophytic vegetation was lacking.
Oberflächenaktivität und bakterizide Wirksamkeit quaternärer Aminooligomere
Authors: Prodanov E. P. , Dimov A. D.
Published: February 2007

We synthesized series of polyfunctional aminooligomers by means of condensation from polychlorparaffine with ethylenediamine. After modifying them with dimethylsulphate watersoluble oligomers of (quaternary) polyamines are obtained, which can be successfully used as biocides for treating circulating cooling‐waters from different refinery plants. The products have low foaming and formed foam is unsteady. The bactericide properties of the successful samples are good. For the interval time for two to twenty hours of treatment at static conditions the microbe number value decreases by more than 99.99% at a 50 mg/dm3 dose of a biological active substance. At dosing it up to seventy‐two hours the biomass is finely dispersed and does not precipitate on the walls of the chemical set‐equipment.
Dynamik des Phytoplanktons der Oberwarnow 1984–1986
Authors: Hübener Th. , Kell V. , Kolbow D. , Strehlow B. , Lenschow U.
Published: February 2007

The development of the phytoplankton was observed from 1984 to 1986 in the Warnow‐River (GDR, Mecklenburg). The dominant algae throughout the year were the Bacillariophyceae with their maximum in spring (1984: 36.1 mm3/1, 1986: 32.3 mm3/1) or in autumn (1985: 48.3 mm3/1). There is not any limitation of phytoplankton by inorganic nutritation (N, P) throughout the year. The phytoplankton production was most influenced by the turbulance of water. Classification of banked‐up rivers with the help of the plankton‐quotients of Thunmark and Nygaard is impossible.
Ein einfaches Modell zur Simulation der Schwermetallmigration im Boden
Authors: Pelzer J. , Böhmer B.‐M. , Meier U.
Published: February 2007

The heavy‐metal ions are bonded in the soil in different ways. With increasing concentration in the soil the soluble share of heavy‐metal ions which is transported by the percolation water into lower soil layers and finally into the ground‐water grows. The decrease of the distribution quotients and sorption capacities in the lead > cadmium series can be explained by the form of bonding at the soils which is specific to heavy metals. The elements are fixed as monohydroxo complexes. The heavy‐metal retention capacity decreases with increasing time of introduction. For the estimation of the migration of heavy metals in agriculturally used soils it is recommended to combine accumulation models with migration models.
Eliminierung von Schwermetallen aus komplexbildnerhaltigen Abwässern durch Kalk‐/Kreide‐Fällung
Authors: Schilling H. , Fischwasser K.
Published: February 2007

A report is given on laboratory investigations into model waters containing Cu2+‐, Ni2+‐ or Zn2+‐ions and tartrate, citrate, NTA or EDTA as complexing agents. There were determined residual concentrations of the metal ions at different shares of complexing agents, which are achieved by the precipitation with lime and chalk. Chalk is added in order to secure the required exess of calcium ions without causing an overalkalinization of the water. In the range of pH = 8…9, however, residual concentrations lower than 1 mg/1 are achieved only for copper ions in the presence of tartrate.
Stabilization System for Waste Water Treatment and Use. Part 2. Biology
Authors: Svoboda M. , Koubek P.
Published: February 2007

From the hydrobiological viewpoint the stabilization system represents three different ecosystems with specific biocoenoses. Through natural processes the processed nutrients pass through the anaerobic and semi‐aerobic stages to be utilized in the trophic chain in a fishpond. Here, the process of waste water treatment is brought to the state of beta‐mesosaprobity with variation towards alpha‐mesosaprobity. The annual yield of fishes amounted to 1,060 kg/ha on the average. The economic returnability of the system is 20 years. A critical analysis of the performance of the system allowed the proposal of its optimization. It would consist in the complete separation of the entirely different biocoenoses in three consecutive basins preceding the stabilization pond. When the pond is fished out, the second and the third basin would accumulate the effluent of the first basin until the end of March. In this way the nutrients in incoming waste water would be utilized purposively by the algae during the vegetative period, the algae by the filtering zooplankton and the latter by the fish.
Zur Schlußreinigung konzentrierter Zuckerfabrikabwässer
Authors: Klapper H.
Published: February 2007

The most important measure is that the freshwater demand of 0.5 m3 per t beet processing is strictly kept to or fallen below, to which a catalogue of measures with ten points is presented. The wastewaters which cannot be used again have to be stored prior to the final purification in order to compensate for quantities and concentrations, aerated storage ponds being successful for small sugar factories as the purification technology. For this, three cases are described as examples: supplementary equipment of two anaerobic ponds with a rod‐roll aeration, by which within two months (May to July) the BOD3 is reduced from 1,200 to 11 mg/l. The aeration of a pond of 12.5 ha (370,000 … 500,000 m3) by means of a centrifugal aerator (45 kW) does not lead to completely aerobic conditions: Accumulation up to 350 t BOD5, 200 t organic acids at a reduction of 100 t sulphate, 45 t of which being converted via sulphides by photoautotrophic sulphur bacteria. This combination of anaerobic and aerobic processes is very economical. At aeration with ca. 1 W/m3 in the third case in summer there are achieved wastewater loads which are of a receiving‐water quality.
Zur Ermittlung der Bindungsformen von Haupt‐ und Spurenelementen in Sedimenten durch sequentielle Löseverfahren
Authors: Sager M. , Pucsko R. , Belocky R.
Published: February 2007

A modified procedure after Tessier in comparison with a leaching sequence developed for the speciation of phosphorus (Psenner et al.) is applied to some constituents of river sediments to prove the predicted fractionation pattern. Mica, clay minerals, carbonates, sulfides, humic acid, worms and plants have been used as test substances. In addition, the procedures have been applied to sediments before and after the input of municipal effluents, to test the pathway of the input. Al, As, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Ni, Pb, P and Zn have been determined in the leachates. Living biomass, like oligochaeta and plant material, releases most of its contents in the first solution applied, where death occurs, thus rendering “exchangeable” material. Humic acid is resistant and needs competition with oxalate or decomposition with H2O2. Humic acid is found mainly in bicarbonate/dithionite. Concerning the carbonates, dolomite is not found in the so called “carbonate fraction” of acetate buffer pH=5.5, but in 25% acetic acie, whereas all carbonates are found together in dilute HCl. Among the silicates, biotite and chlorite are partially soluble in hot HNO3 without the need of HF. The clay minerals are very resistant, only small amounts are exchangeable. Sulfides are found after oxidation with H2O2 or with HNO3 or in the other sequence partially in dilute HCl and in hot NaOH. The municipal input of heavy metals and phosphate passes into different fractions, according to individual affinity. To avoid systematic errors of one sequence innatural samples, a combination of both techniques is recommended.
New Approach on Kinetics of Mercury Removal by Sulfide Regenerated Weak Base Anion Exchange Resin
Authors: Nenov V. , Kamensky D. , Dobrevsky I.
Published: February 2007

The kinetics of mercury removal by a conventional type weak base anion exchange resin, regenerated by sodium sulfide solution was studied. Assuming that the active centers of sulfide regenerated resin are located on the surface of macropores, a mathematical model which explains the extremely high specificity of this resin towards mercury was developed.
Organic Matter Mineralization in the Littoral and open Lake Sediments of the Shallow Neusiedlersee, Österreich
Authors: Mühlhauser H. A.
Published: February 2007

Neusiedlersee is a very shallow lake located in the eastern part of Austria. It is characterized by a reed belt that covers nearly 70% of its perimeter. Extended mixing and sediment resuspension due to wind action is observed in the open lake. Autochthonous seston and organic matter accumulates at the fringe and inside the reed belt. Space‐time fluctuations of bacterial populations in the open lake and littoral sediments and mineralization of organic matter in the littoral sediments were studied. Total number of bacteria was determined by epifluorescence. Ammonifying bacteria were determined by an MPN method. Experiments to evaluate organic matter mineralization were performed. Potential proteolysis and sulfate reduction were evaluated. Evidence of organic matter aggregation affecting the patchiness of bacterial populations in the sediments was found. Bacterial populations in the littoral sediments were more numerous and more active than those in the open‐lake sediments. Results suggest that the microbial community in Neusiedlersee littoral sediments play a key role in the carbon and energy flow for the whole lake.
Seasonal Succession of Phytoplankton in a River of Western Ghat, India
Authors: Rao Jayaprakash , Madhyastha M. N.
Published: February 2007

The monthly variation in the phytoplankton was investigated for a period of 2 years at Netravathi river of the Western Ghat region. The number of individual species of phytoplankton were enumerated on the basis of the cell count with an inverted microscope. The diatoms were dominant during winter (November, December) and the blue‐green algae were dominant during summer (March, April). Myxophyceae, Dinophyceae and Xanthophyceae were sparsely represented. A relationship between different environmental parameters, heavy metals and planktonic communities was established. Some of these environmental factors show significant correlations, whereas some others correlated not at all.
Kinetik und Dynamik der Nickelsorption aus Galvanik‐Spülwässern an Polyacrylsäure‐Kationenaustauschern. Teil 1: Kinetische Untersuchungen
Authors: Woldt B. , Frölich P. , Tschikin G. A. , Kusminich W. A.
Published: February 2007

Because of equilibrium investigations it is suitable to carry out the nickel sorption on carboxylic resins in the sodium form, as not only the selectivity but also the capacity of the exchangers are favourable. The quantitative analysis of the kinetics of the nickel sorption leads to information about the mechanism: in the investigated concentration range the exchange on carboxylic resins takes place in the field of mixed kinetics with a strong tendency to film kinetics. The model of mixed kinetics according to the traject‐mechanism is suitable for the description of this process. So it is obvious that the structural differences between the four commercial exchangers WOFATIT CA 20, WOFATIT CP, KB‐2 and KB‐4 have only a small influence on the sorption kinetics.
Nickel Nitrate Induced Changes in Visceral Hexokinase Activity of Three Freshwater Teleosts
Authors: Jagadeesh K. B. , Shaffi S. A.
Published: February 2007

The effect of lethal and sublethal concentrations of nickel nitrate on the visceral hexokinase activity in Labeo rohita (Ham.), Clarias batrachus (Linn.), and Channa punctatus (Bloch) was investigated. A maximum fall in hexokinase activity was recorded in liver followed by muscle, kidney, brain and gill at lethal and sublethal levels of nickel nitrate. Among these three fishes the variations observed in Labeo rohita are greater than in Clarias batrachus and Channa punctatus. The fall in hexokinase activity was minimum at a sublethal level and maximum at a lethal level in all the tissues of these three fish species. The fall in hexokinase activity was highest at 18 h exposure in comparison to 12 h or 8 h in these fishes. However, the differential fall in the visceral hexokinase activity may be ascribed to compartmentation of tissues, precipitation of toxicant and respiratory distress.
Toxicity and Accumulation of Lead with Respect to Algae and Cyanobacteria: A Review
Authors: Vymazal J.
Published: February 2007

Lead is a relatively minor element of the earth's crust but widely distributed in low concentrations in uncontaminated sedimentary rocks and soils. The average content of lead on soil is about 10 mg/kg; the background levels of lead in freshwaters and freshwater sediments are estimated to be below 3 μg/l and 40 μg/g, respectively. Lead is commonly found in water plant tissues but its essentiality has never been proved. The present paper is aimed at summarizing literature data concerning occurrence of lead in water environments and its toxicity and bioaccumulation with respect to algae and cyanobacteria. The data concerning mode of toxic action of lead, factors affecting toxicity and accumulation, concentration factors of lead in algae and cyanobacteria and lead content in various algal and cyanobacterian species are given.
The Interference of Tripton on CO2 Dark Fixation in a Temperate Inpoundment with High Input of Suspended Solids
Authors: Mühlhauser H. A. , Montecino S. V.
Published: February 2007

Dark 14CO2 fixation in primary productivity measurements had been studied extensively. Dark fixation is partly biological, partly non‐biological. Despite several attempts to give an explanation, its variability remains a problem. The bulk research on this matter was done on the biological factors of dark fixation, but abiotic arguments were little considered. The abiotic fraction of 14CO2 fixation, associated with large suspended solids inputs to the temperate impoundment Rapel (Chile), was studied. Seston samples collected from the euphotic zone were analyzed for organic‐inorganic fractions, total‐N and total‐P. Determinations of NO3‐N, PO4‐P, dissolved total‐N and dissolved total‐P, and chlorophyll a were related to seston samples. Primary productivity was measured by the 14C method in the euphotic zone. Results suggest that in reservoirs with large tripton contents a competition for plant nutrients including C (as HCO3−) exists between tripton and phytoplankton. Dark fixation experiments, during large inputs of suspended solids, showed significant amounts of 14C adsorbed to the tripton. Thus, insufficient acid stripping of adsorbed 14C in the experiments hampers the correct assessment of 4CO2 dark fixation.
The Phytoplankton of the Straw Board Mill Effluent Mixing Zone in Comparison with a Reference Zone and Diluted Zones of the River Dhasan, M. P. India
Authors: Sen U. S. , Bais V. S. , Yatheesh S.
Published: February 2007

This paper embodies findings of twelve month on the effect of straw‐board mill effluents on the distribution and diversity of phytoplankton of the river Dhasan. The phytoplankton of the three stretches (Reference Station A, Effluent Mixing Station B and Diluted Station C) of the river was sampled regularly every month and analysed qualitatively and quantitatively. Simultaneously some of the relevant chemical parameters of the water were also analysed. The result of the water were also analysed. The result of the plankton study showed that the plankton concentration was very low. It ranged from 166 organisms to 2240 organisms per litre only. The maximum and minimum numbers were recorded in February and June‐July respectively at all stations. Winter was found to be the most favourable season and the rainy season the most unfavourable with regard to the population density. From the samples collected from all the stations we could recognise 54 genera of chlorophyceae, 25 genera of Bacillariophyceae, 24 genera of cyanophyceae, 3 genera of Dinophyceae and 2 genera each of euglenophyceae, chrysophyceae and xanthophyceae. The percentage composition of the various groups varied with stations, but by and large chlorophyceae and bacillariophyceae dominated in all the sampling stations. The data were subjected to ‘ANOVA’ and ‘t’ tests. The results show that the observed variations in the distribution and diversity of phytoplankton among the three stations were not significant at the 5= level except in the case of Euglenophyceae.
Umwelthygienisehe Aspekte der Freisetzung gentechnisch modifizierter Mikroorganismen
Authors: Böttcher I.
Published: February 2007

The water‐hygienic aspects of the possibility of a release of microorganisms modified by genetic engineering are discussed on the basis of three examples: release of large amounts of bacterial spores into a drinking water protection zone for insect control etc., biotechnological nitrate elimination under anaerobic conditions in the drinking water treatment, protection of groundwater resources when the sewage‐engineering deep‐shaft biology is applied. In future, the biotechnology with microorganisms modified by genetic engineering (GEMs) will be increasingly applied in industry (pharmacy, foodstuff production), agriculture (pest control, plant preservation) and environmental protection (drinking water treatment, wastewater treatment, disposal site systems). Therefore, the monitoring of air, wastewater and production with respect to their content of GEMs or recombined DNA is a component of production hygiene in the sense of an environmental monitoring.
Toxicity of Mercury to Mudskipper, Boleophthalmus dentatus (cuv. and VAL.). Part 2: Changes in the Activity of Acid and Alkaline Phosphatases in Gills
Authors: Lakshmi R. , Kundu R. , Mansuri A. P.
Published: February 2007

Activities of the acid and alkaline phosphatase changes in gills of mudskipper B. dentatus have been analysed during treatment with different concentrations of mercuric chloride for different durations. The study shows a more or less linear inhibition of the activity of acid and alkaline phosphatases with increasing mercuric chloride concentrations as well as duration of treatment.
Major Ions in the Damietta Branch of the River Nile, Egypt
Authors: Saad M. A. H. , Abdel‐Moati A. R.
Published: February 2007

Major cations and anions were investigated in the Damietta branch of the River Nile. The branch is divided into two different regions; the fresh Nile water (Region A) and the mostly marine environment (Region B). The latter region represents the Damietta estuary. The relative abundance of the major ions in the fresh water system was Na > Ca > Mg > K, HCO3 > Cl > SO4 > CO3, while in the mostly marine area it was Na > Mg > K > Ca, Cl > HCO3 > SO4 > CO3. Regional and monthly variations of the major ions were related to the duration of the Nile discharge and climatic conditions. The major ions ‐to‐ chloride ratios for Region A were higher than those in the adjacent Mediterranean waters, while those for the mostly marine region were slightly lower.
Histopathological Lesions in Heteropneustes fossilis Subjected to Acute Thiodan Toxicity
Authors: Narain A. S. , Singh B. B.
Published: February 2007

The common Indian freshwater catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis, was exposed to the 96 h‐LC50 (0.007‐0.013 ppm) of the organochloride thiodan (endosulfan) for 4 days. The stressed fishes showed various histopathological changes. In the liver, extensive degeneration of cytoplasm, pycnosis of nuclei, and loss of glycogen was observed most commonly. Stasis of circulation and constriction of bile duct lumen was also seen frequently. In the kidney, shrinkage of glomeruli, cytoplasmic damage and epithelial desquamation in tubules, and extensive degeneration of hemopoietic stroma was commonly observed. In the intestine, the damage was comparatively negligible, the most common effect was an increased mucus cell activity leading to accumulation of mucoid exudates in the lumen.
Gesetzmäßigkeiten des Sauerstoffaustausches zwischen Gewässer und Atmosphäre im Flußmündungsgebiet
Authors: Shurawljowa L. A. , Samojlenko W. N.
Published: February 2007

Meteorological conditions, biochemical processes in water bodies and anthropogenic pressure of a region are the main factors to determine the atmosphere water‐body gas exchange. Research on oxygen outflows in the Dnjepr estuary region has shown that though gas exchange with atmosphere permanently exists its intensity varies throughout a day, vegetation period, year. The process of evasion is the most active in the flood plain pools of the river. Oxygen exchange between the atmosphere and a river is to be determined with physical characteristics of water outflow and with the anthropogenic influence. Oxygen absorption from the atmosphere is dominating for the liman water area in spite of differences between its parts. The obtained results have shown that gas exchange between river estuary pools and the atmosphere is of great importance for the oxygen balance of these pools.
Hygienische Aspekte der Trinkwassergewinnung aus Uferfiltration und Grundwasseranreicherung
Authors: Schlosser U.
Published: February 2007

Today, bank filtration and artificial recharge of groundwater are two important process steps of the obtaining of drinking water, in view of the fact that the pollution of surface waters has considerably increased. If surface waters are highly polluted, in many cases a preliminary treatment is necessary. To provide protection from heavy bacterial contamination, it is recommended to orientate towards a bottom passage of the infiltrating surface water of at least 100 days. Under favourable conditions, the periods of survival are 100 days for E. coli, 100 days for Salmonella typhii, up to 200 days for Yersinia, and up to 250 days for polioviruses. A high quality of the drinking water obtained from bank‐filtrated and infiltrated water is secured by protection of waters from pollutions in their catchment areas and by a drinking water treatment meeting all hygienic demands.
On the Length‐Weight Relationship of the Ganga River Prawn Macro‐brachium birmanicum choprai (TIWARI)
Authors: Singh S. R. , Srivastava V. K.
Published: February 2007

A total of 331 male and 237 female individuals of the Ganga river prawn, Macrobrachium birmanicum choprai (TIWARI), were examined to establish relationship between its length and weight. The individuals of both the sexes were placed separately in different size groups. When plotted against corresponding values of weight, the average length computed for each size group exhibited an exponential relationship. However, the logarithimic values of observed lengths when plotted against corresponding values of weight exhibited a linear relationship. Correlation coefficient values for both the sexes were found highly significant (r = 0.9846 for males and 0.9762 for females).
Action Sites of Cypermethrin, a Synthetic Pyrethroid in the Snail Lymnaea acuminata
Authors: Singh D. K. , Agarwal R. A.
Published: February 2007

24 h of in vivo exposure to 40 and 80 = LC50 of the synthetic pyrethroid cypermethrin significantly reduced the acetylcholinesterase, cytochrome oxidase and lactic dehydrogenase activity in the nervous tissue of L. acuminata. Succinic dehydrogenase activity increased significantly after the same treatment. Fifteen minutes in vitro exposure to different doses of cypermethrin also significantly inhibited cytochrome oxidase and lactic dehydrogenase activity. However, acetylcholinesterase and succinic dehydrogenase activities remain unaltered. It is concluded that the cypermethrin on the one hand causes repititive discharges at the nerve terminal and on the other hand blocks the electron transport chain.
Water Quality, Phytoplankton Diversity and Production in G. B. Pant Sagar at Rihand Dam, Pipri
Authors: Srivastava N. K. , Ambasht R. S. , Kumar R.
Published: February 2007

The man made reservoir, G. B. Pant Sagar at the dam site (24° 15′ N Lat) in the South Mirzapur district of eastern U. P. was investigated in terms of water quality, phytoplankton diversity and production at monthly intervals between January 1987 and December 1987. The reservoir water showed low to moderate dissolved oxygen (4.3 … 7.5 mg/l) and quite low nutrient contents (0.01‐0.2 mg l−1). Phytoplankton diversity narrowly fluctuated (3.17‐3.74) and mean annual production (149.7 g/m3 · aC) showed a meso‐ to eutrophic condition. A significant positive correlation was obtained between gross production and phytoplankton density (r = 0.79; P < 0.001) Multiple regression equation (GPP = 11.292 + 0.043 BAC + 0.075 CHL + 0.073 CYN) indicates that Chlorophyta contributed more to gross production due to the presence of a higher number of individuals.
Abwasserreinigung in der Produktion von Phenolformaldehydharzen
Authors: Dobrevski I. , Prodanova S. , Panayotova T.
Published: February 2007

As investigations on model solutions and real wastewaters with 30 … 33 g/l phenol and 5 … 10 g/l formaldehyde as well as pH = 2 … 3 have shown, the following technique of sewage purification proves to be optimal: condensation with addition of 7 g/l sulphuric acid at 98 °C, settling of the condensation products formed for 8 h, centrifugation of the supernatant and adsorption on activated carbon or a polymer sorbent (XAD 4). Preference should be given to activated carbon. The residual concentrations amount to 0.1 mg/l for both phenol and formaldehyde. The adsorbents are largely fully regenerated with methanol, the regeneration solution containing 11 … 20 g/l phenol.
Effects of Deicing‐Salts on Heavy Metal Mobility Zum Einfluß von Streusalzen auf die Beweglichkeit von Schwermetallen
Authors: Bauske B. , Goetz D.
Published: February 2007

Heavy metal input into roadside soils and effects of deicing salts are often discussed as separate environmental problems. However, a relationship between salt input and heavy metal mobility has already been detected in laboratory tests. During a 2‐year field study, the soil solution of a roadside soil was continuously sampled. The results of soil solution analysis not only showed a strong rise in deicing‐salt related sodium, calcium and chloride concentrations, but also high zinc and cadmium values in winter and spring. Additional laboratory tests confirmed the mobilizing effects of salt solution which contained NaCl and CaCl2. Cation exchange and the formation of chlorocomplexes are discussed as the responsible mechanisms.
Neue Wege in die Ökotoxikologie: Quantitative Verhaltensmessungen an Fischen als Toxizitätsendpunkt
Authors: Lorenz R. , Spieser O. H. , Steinberg Ch.
Published: February 2007

Es wird das Verhaltensmeßgerät BehavioQuant vorgestellt. Dieses automatisierte System erlaubt quantitative Verhaltensmessungen an Fischen und anderen Testorganismen. Die sich frei im Testraum bewegenden Tiere werden per Videokamera beobachtet und ihre Bewegungsbahnen in einem Koordinatenraster numerisch festgehalten. Aus diesen werden verschiedene Verhaltensparameter wie mittlere Schwimmhöhe, mittlere Bewegungsgeschwindigkeit, Ungleichförmigkeit der Bewegungsgeschwindigkeit, Richtungsänderungen. Häufigkeitsverteilung der Aufenthaltsorte in Vertikal‐ und Horizontalrichtung (z. B. zur Erfassung einer Hell‐Dunkel‐Präferenz) und das Abstandsverhalten der Tiere untereinander automatisch errechnet. Das Gerät erlaubt eine fortlaufende Überwachung von bis zu 16 Aquarien. Die statistischen Vergleichsberechnungen zwischen verschiedenen Behandlungs‐und Kontrollgruppen erfolgen für die einzelnen Verhaltensmeßgrößen gesondert. Bei der kontinuierlichen Überwachung von Oberflächengewässern erfolgt eine automatische Bewertung aus Vergleichen zwischen den aktuellen Meßwerten und denen eines sich fließend anpassenden Referenz‐Zeitraumes. Die Anwendung des BehavioQuant wird an einigen Beispielen (Wirkung von Atrazin) demonstriert. Verhaltensänderungen einer einzelnen Spezies können, bedingt durch die Wechselwirkungen zu ihrem Lebensraum und anderen darin lebenden Arten, Veränderungen der biozönotischen Strukturen und Funktionen hervorrufen. Änderungen auf einer bestimmten Ebene beeinflussen häufig auch andere Ebenen eines Ökosystems und können zu Verschiebungen von Gleichgewichten führen. Daher ist bei einer ökotoxikologischen Bewertung die Einbeziehung quantifizierter Verhaltensbeobachtungen geboten.
Speciation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in aquatic sediments
Authors: Püschel R. , Calmano W.
Published: February 2007

A simple sequential extraction technique is presented for the examination of PAH speciation in aquatic sediments. This method is discussed with special emphasis on the sorption of PAH to humic substances and coal‐like particles. Sorption experiments were carried out with sediments after treatment with H2O2 or after lipid removal by organic solvent extraction. The results show that lipids exert only a minor influence on PAH sorption. Furthermore, deviations from simple partition behaviour are discussed.
Two Experimental Methods to Determine the Speciation of Cadmium in Sediment from the River Neckar
Authors: Martin N. , Schuster I. , Peiffer St.
Published: February 2007

The binding forms of Cd to an anaerobic sediment of low sulfide content from Lauffen reservoir (River Neckar, Germany) were studied using two different approaches, i. e. sequential extraction (modified from published protocols) and titrimetric study of the pH‐dependent Cd release. Thermodynamic equilibrium calculations were applied to calculate both the release pattern of Cd during the titrations and the speciation of Cd within the single fractions of the extraction protocol. The calculations were based on measured sediment parameters such as hydrous ferric oxide (HFO), acid volatile sulfide, carbonate content and total Cd content, and the extractants (oxalate, acid etc.) used. The results of the two independent approaches coincided well in that they both assigned more than two thirds of the total Cd content to be adsorbed to organic matter. Cd bound as CdS is of little importance. Sequential extraction after a 3‐month oxidation period at pH 7 revealed a shift of Cd from being mainly bound in stronger surface complexes with organic matter to being mainly bound in weaker surface complexes with organic matter and HFO, and thus becoming more bioavailable. This study suggests that the use of sequential extraction although being frequently criticized due to its operational character can be used to determine binding forms of metal ions if they are accompanied by 1) careful supporting experiments, 2) analysis of important sediment parameters, and 3) the use of thermodynamic equlibrium models which can help to understand Cd speciation within the extraction fractions.
Photochemical Degradation of Hydrophilic Xenobiotics in the UV/H2O2‐process. Influence of Humic Matter on the Degradation Rate of 2‐Amino‐1‐naphthalenesulfonate and Ethylenediaminetetraacetate
Authors: Sörensen M. , Tanner U. , Sagawe G. , Frimmel F. H.
Published: February 2007

Photochemical oxidation methods are able to eliminate hydrophilic xenobiotics with a high efficiency. In waters with high DOC values caused by humic substances (HS) which are able to absorb UV light, problems can result. The degradation rates of the micropollutants using irradiation wavelengths in the range between λ = 200 nm to λ = 260 nm are significantly influenced by HS. This is mainly caused by the high absorption of the HS at shorter wavelength. In the presence of HS, the photolytic degradation of EDTA and FeEDTA was slowed down by an inner filter effect. A similar tendency could be seen for the photolytic degradation of 2‐amino‐1‐naphthalenesulfonate where additional effects to the inner filter effect were also operating. In the UV/H2O2‐process, the decrease of the degradation rate could be assigned to the ability of the HS to scavenge HO radicals.
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in Sediments of the Elbe Catchment Area – Analytical Methods and Status of Pollution
Authors: Gandraß J. , Zoll M.
Published: February 2007

A survey was conducted to determine the status of pollution of surficial sediments in the Elbe catchment area (Germany, Czech Republic) for the period 1992 to 1994. Chlorinated benzenes, PCBs, DDT and its metabolites, and HCH isomers were determined by GC/ECD following a simultaneous steam distillation‐extraction procedure. Most of the investigated compounds showed increased concentration levels in sections of the Elbe or its main tributaries exceeding the target value II (quality criteria ARGE Elbe). Patterns of chlorinated hydrocarbons could be traced back from the Elbe into tributaries, and in some cases, links between patterns and inputs or long‐term effects of former chemical production sites were supposed.