bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pozitif Psikoloji Akımının Zihinsel Yetersizliği Olan Çocuğa Sahip Anneler Örnekleminde İncelenmesi
Authors: KULBAŞ Erdi , ÖZABACI Nilüfer
Published: October 2021

Zihinsel yetersizliğin her seviyesinde bireyler bir öğretici tarafından eğitime, bir yetişkin tarafından fiziksel veya duygusal desteğe ihtiyaç duyarlar. Zihinsel yetersizliği olan bireylerin en önemli destek kaynağı ise anneleridir. Ancak büyük umutlarla ve hayallerle dünyaya gelen çocuklarının zihinsel yetersizlik tanısı alması her anne için birçok zorluğu beraberinde getirir. Bu anlamda öncelikle zihinsel yetersizliği olan bireyin annesinin fiziksel, duygusal ve psikolojik olarak sağlıklı olması önem arz etmektedir. Ailelerin ve özellikle annelerin yaşadıkları duygusal süreçten bir an önce çıkıp duruma uyum sağlamaları hem kendileri hem de aileleri için çok önemlidir. Bunun yanında çocuğunun bağımsızlığına yönelik umut geliştirmenin yolu birincil bakım rolü olan annelerin olumlu duygularını ve iyi oluşunu artırmaktan geçmektedir. Araştırmaya konu olacak literatür incelendiğinde bireylerin güçlü özelliklerini ve olumlu yönlerini ele alarak potansiyelini işlevsel bir biçimde kullanmasını hedefleyen pozitif psikoloji akımı, annelerin yaşadıkları psikolojik sürece ilişkin birçok yönden açıklamalar sunabilmektedir. Bu anlamda çalışmanın amacı zihinsel yetersizliği olan çocukların annelerinin psikolojik durumlarını pozitif psikoloji akımı çerçevesinde değerlendirmektir. Araştırma sonucuna göre annelerin yaşadıkları psikolojik sürecin pozitif psikoloji akımının çalışma alanlarından psikolojik iyi oluş, öz anlayış, umut ve iyimserlik gibi kavramlarla ilişkili olduğu görülmüştür. Bu anlamda araştırmanın son bölümünde ilgili kavramları konu alan teorik çalışmalar ve kavramlar üzerinde etkililiği kanıtlanmış deneysel programlar sunularak önerilerde bulunulmuştur
Manipulation and the popular uprising in Burkina Faso in 2014
Authors: Kambou Moses Kwadwo , Traore Sy Amidou
Published: October 2021

Burkina Faso was considered to be a politically stable country in West Africa. However, this situation changed in October 2014 due to the intention of the ruling party to modify article 37 of the Constitution from two to three terms of the Presidential mandate. The Opposition and Civil Society saw in this act a way of maintaining President Blaise Compaoré in power after serving 27 years. The popular uprising in Burkina Faso on the 30th and 31st October 2014 can be explained from different viewpoints. From our perspective, the uprising could be in part due to the manipulation effects of the political discourses of the political stakeholders. This paper seeks to analyse the different discourses in the build up to the uprising. It attempts to clarify how political and civil society leaders use language and other non-linguistic elements to influence the ordinary citizens' minds and indirectly their actions. This Critical Discourse Analysis would be based on Van Dijk's (2006) Socio-cognitive approach. The paper analyses the cognitive, the social and the discursive dimensions of manipulation in six political speeches (two speeches from Civil Society, two from the ruling party and two from the political opposition). The results suggest that the three groups manipulated their audiences and finally the ruling party lost with the resignation of the Head of State and the takeover by the Transition government.
Ақын – Аманжол Шәмкенов өлеңдерінің көркемдік ерекшеліктері
Authors: Айтмухамет Касымбаевич Трушев  , Әмірбек Айтмухаметович Трушев
Published: October 2021

"Жерлес – ақын, драматург, прозашы Аманжол Шамкеновтің қаламынан қырыққа жуық кітабы, жүзге жуық өлеңіне көптеген композиторлар ән жазған. Пушкиннің, Лермонтовтың, Назым Хикметтің, Есениннің, Исаковскийдің, Бажанның, Құлиевтың бірқатар өлеңдерін, Г. Тушканның «Жора» романын, Н. Хикметтің «Әпенде», М. Шатровтың «Большевиктер», В. Розовтың «Өмір жолдары» атты пьессасын қазақ тіліне аударған. А. Шамкенов өлеңдерінің көркемдік ерекшеліктері, тілі барынша нақты мысалдар арқылы дәлелденіп отырған. Аманжол Шәмкенов Ертіс өңірінде дүниеге келген және өзінің саналы ғұмырын елі мен жерін жырлауға арнаған. Олай дейтініміз, «Сырларым менің» атты өлеңдер жинағына: «Студент сыры», «Жасыл жайлау», «Лирикалық өлеңдер», «Сағат», «Дала тынысы», «Таңдамалы», «Жайлау таңы», «Тың дәптері», «Ертіс перзенті», «Жайлау күні» т.б. таңдамалы өлеңдері мен поэмалары енген. Ақынның қай жырының болмасын сыры терең, мазмұны бай. Өлеңдері тұнып тұрған көне сөздермен теңеулер, көркемдігінде шек жоқ. Талай жас талапкерлерге ақын өлеңдері үлгі-өнеге болары сөзсіз. Ақын өлеңдерімен талай буын өсіп шығатынына, тәрбиеленетініне біз кәміл сенеміз. Ақынның «Аналар туралы балладасы», «Әкелер туралы ой», «Ұстазым» өлеңдері бірі – аналардың гимні, бірі – әкелердің гимні, бірі – ұстаздардың гимні деп теңеуге де болар еді. "
Қазақ тіліндегі етіс категориясының когнитивті-семантикалық аспектісі
Authors: Зауреш Шаршабековна Ерназарова  , Гүлбаршын Шаршыбековна  Ерназарова
Published: October 2021

"Ұсынылып отырған зерттеу жұмысы етістіктің етіс категориясын когнитивті семантикалық аспектіде зерттеуге арналды. Зерттеу мақсаты – етіс категориясын адам танымының нәтижесі – концепт ретінде бағалап, когнитивті моделін анықтау, пропозициялық мазмұнын фреймдік компоненттерге ажырату. Зерттеу жұмысының өзектілігі етіс категориясына тән негізгі грамматикалық мағыналар парадигма түрінде сипатталағанымен, адам танымындағы когнитивті құрылымының анықталмауынан, сонымен байланысты қолданыста туындайтын семантикалық аспектісінің терең талданбауынан көрінеді. Зерттеуде етіс когнитивті лингвистиканың менталды кеңістік теориясы, фреймдік семантика теориясы, когнитивті грамматикадаы бейнелілік теориясы тұрғысынан таным үдерісінің нәтижесі әрі құралы ретінде қарастырылды,семантикалық құрылымын сипатталды. Зерттеу жұмысында компонентті талдау,сипаттау, салыстыру әдістері қолданылды. Зерттеу барысында етістің когнитивті сценарийі жүйеленіп, қазақ тілі мұғалімдері арасында сауалнама жүргізілді. Зерттеу нәтижесінде етіс семантикасы сөйлеу жағдаятына қатысты сөйлеуші субъектінің кеңістіктегі орнына, процеске қатысуына, процеспен байланысты аялық біліміне, субъектінің жеке көзқарасы мен мақсатына, әрекетке қатысына тәуелді екені анықталды. Етіс сөйлеу жағдаятына қатысушы субъектілердің процеске, әрекетке қатысын жеткізетін, анықтайтын етістік категориясы болып табылады. Зерттеу жұмысының нәтижелерін когнитивті семантика саласында, коммуникативті лингвистика, когнитивті грамматика саласында қолдануға болады. Сонымен қатар зерттеу қорытындылары қазақ тілін екінші тіл ретінде оқытудың лингводидактикасында пайдаланылады. "
Қазіргі ұлттық қолөнердегі лингвомәдени бірліктердің мазмұны
Authors: Саян Аманжолұлы Жиренов  , Ақмарал Смайылқызы Сманова  , Құралай Маратқызы Бекболатова
Published: October 2021

"Мақалада қазақтың ұлттық мәдениетінің көрсеткіші саналатын ұлттық қолөнердегі лингвомәдени бірліктердің болмыс-бітімі, мағыналық-мазмұнының тіл арқылы таңбаланып, тіл арқылы мәдени-танымдық семантикасының ашылатындығы жаңа лингвистикалық бағыттардың негізінде қарастырылады. Осымен байланысты ұлттық болмыс пен мәдени-танымды бойына сіңірген ұлттық өнер туындыларының дүние сырын бейнелейтін этнографиялық мазмұнына ерекше назар аударылады. Зерттеу материалында қазіргі ұлттық қолөнердегі лингвомәдени элементтердің ұлттық нақыштағы берілуінің лингвистикалық түсіндірмесі жасалып, антрополингвистикалық бағыт аясындағы этностың өзіндік болмысы мен бейнесін «тіл әлемі» арқылы ғана танытатын лингвомәдени талдау жұмыстары теориялық және практикалық тұрғыда жасалған. Ұлт мәдениетінің көрсеткіші ұлттық қолөнердегі лингвомәдени бірліктердің мазмұнын дәйектейтін этнолексикалық бірліктердің мағыналық-мазмұнына терең үңілу олардың мәдени-танымдық деректер ретінде семантикасы көрсетіледі. Жұмыстың қорытынды бөлімінде, тіл мен мәдениеттің, материалдық және рухани мәдениеттің сабақтастығы, ұлттық қолөнердегі лингвомәдени бірліктердің салт-дәстүрдегі, дүниетанымдағы көрінісі лингвомәдениеттанымдық, этнолингвистикалық талдаулар арқылы сараланып, лингвомәдени бірліктердің этнографиялық негіздері, уәжді белгілері сараланады. "
Exploring the Relationship between Foreign Investments and Carbon Emission: A Bound Test Analysis for Pakistan
Authors: Samreen H. , Wizarat S. , Mehdi Z. , Ahmed R.
Published: October 2021

In this study, the theoretical and empirical effects of foreign investment, openness to trade, urbanization, and economic development on carbon dioxide emission levels (CO2) in Pakistan were examined. Annual time series for 38 years 1970-2018 were utilized. The Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bound test has been used to estimate the model which indicates the presence of cointegration among the variables. Long-run and short-run relationships were observed between Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and CO2 emission levels revealing that increase in FDI results in increased CO2 emission levels contributing to environmental degradation. This endorses the theory of Pollution Haven Hypothesis (PHH) in the case of Pakistan. To achieve the goal of sustainable economic development, it is imperative to consider the possible negative effects of foreign investment on the environment. The study suggests limiting CO2 emissions by adopting more advanced low carbon technologies to ensure growth and a sustainable environment. Strict implementation of environmental laws for foreign and domestic firms both by defining CO2 emission limits, installation of proper waste management plants, and imposing a pollution tax are crucial steps for the improvement of environmental quality.
Production of Light Weight Foam Concrete with Sustainable Materials
Authors: Ali A. W. , Fawzi N. M.
Published: October 2021

Most of the recent works related to the construction industry in Iraq are focused on investigating the validity of local raw materials as alternatives to the imported materials necessary for some practical applications, especially in thermal and sound insulation. This investigation includes the use of limestone dust as partial substitution of cement in combination with foam agent and silica fume to produce sustainable Lightweight Foam Concrete (LWFC). This study consists of two stages. In the first stage, trial mixes were performed to find the optimum dosage of foam agent. Limestone dust was used as a partial replacement for cement. Chemical analysis and fineness showed great similarity with cement. Many concrete mixes were prepared with the content of lime dust powder being 10%, 14%, and 18% as partial replacement of cement by weight. The results indicate that the compressive strength at 7, 28, and 90 days of age was increased for specimens with 14% limestone dust. The best results in compressive strength show an increase at 7 days and a decrease at 28 and 90 days for concrete specimens with 14% limestone dust. In addition, the results show a decrease in dry density for concrete containing 14% lime dust. In the second stage, different percentages of Polypropylene Fibers were added to the concrete, all mixes, containing a constant content of limestone dust of 14% by weight of cement, were modified using different percentages of Polypropylene Fibers (1%, 1.5 %, and 2% by volume) and the best percentage was found to be 1%. The addition of Polypropylene Fibers enhances splitting tensile and flexural strength at 28 days by 14.55% and 55% respectively.
Magnetite Particle Presence in the Human Brain: A Computational Dosimetric Study to Emphasize the Need of a Complete Assessment of the Electromagnetic Power Deposition at 3.5 GHz
Authors: Vatamanu D. , Miclaus S.
Published: October 2021

The growing evidence of increased magnetite nanoparticles (both endo- and exo-genic) in the human brain raises the importance of assessing the entire power deposition when electromagnetic waves at GHz frequencies propagate in such tissues. This frequency range corresponds to many popular portable communication devices that emit radiation close to a human's head. At these frequencies, the current dosimetric numerical codes can not accurately compute the magnetic losses part. This is due to the lack of an implemented computational algorithm based on solving the coupled Maxwell and Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equations, in the case of magneto-dielectrics, considering eddy currents losses and specific properties of magnetic sub-millimetric particles. This paper focuses on analyzing the limits and the inconsistencies when using commercial dosimetric numerical software to analyze the total absorbed power in brain models having ferrimagnetic content and being exposed to 3.5GHz electromagnetic waves. Magnetic losses computed using Polder’s permeability tensor as constitutive relation lead to unreliable results. However, using such software can provide a preliminary view of the electromagnetic impact of ultra- and super-high frequencies on magnetic-dielectric tissues.
FUNGSI UPACARA MIRING DALAM PROSES PEMULIHARAAN KUBU DI WILAYAH TENGAH SARAWAK
Authors: Ugih Echoh Daniel , Abdul Gapor Salfarina , Abdul Rahman Haris Fadzilah
Published: October 2021

Upacara miring memainkan peranan yang penting dalam kehidupan komuniti Iban. Banyak kajian dan perbincangan mengenai upacara miring telah dilakukan, namun, upacara miring dalam konteks pemuliharaan bangunan bersejarah jarang diberi perhatian. Kebanyakan pengkaji memberikan tumpuan kepada upacara miring yang dilakukan semasa menyambut perayaan, aktiviti penanaman padi, pembinaan bangunan, infrastruktur serta aktiviti-aktiviti yang dirasakan memerlukan upacara miring dilakukan oleh komuniti pengamal. Oleh itu, objektif kertas kerja ini bertujuan membincangkan fungsi upacara miring dalam proses pemuliharaan kubu di Wilayah Tengah Sarawak, iaitu Kubu Emma di Daerah Kanowit dan Kubu Brooke di Daerah Julau. Upacara miring dilakukan sebelum kerja-kerja pemuliharaan di kawasan tersebut bermula. Kajian ini menggunakan kaedah kajian kualitatif menggunakan teknik pemerhatian turut serta dan temubual mendalam. Informan merupakan individu berpengalaman yang mengendalikan upacara miring tersebut dan pakar adat istiadat komuniti Iban. Pemerhatian pula dilakukan semasa upacara miring tersebut dilakukan di tapak kajian. Proses analisis data dilakukan menggunakan teknik analisis kandungan daripada temubual yang telah dijalankan. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan upacara miring berperanan penting untuk memastikan kelancaran kerja-kerja pemuliharaan dua buah kubu tersebut selain menjaga sensitiviti komuniti Iban yang tinggal berdekatan dengan kubu tersebut.

“Miring” ceremony plays an important role for the Iban’s community. Most previous researches and discussions focus on miring ceremonies but the discussion of the ceremony in the context of historical building preservation are extremely rare. Most researchers focus on the “miring” ceremonies held during the annual festivals, paddy cultivation, early phase of house construction and any activities that are considered need to be carried out the ceremony by the practitioner’s group. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the function of the miring ceremony in the process of preserving Fort Brooke in Julau and Fort Emma in Kanowit, Sarawak. The “miring” ceremony was held before the conservation work in the area began. This study utilises qualitative research methods using participatory observation techniques and in-depth interview. The informant was an experienced “miring” leader who conducted the ceremony and experts of Iban's tradition. Observations were made during the ceremony holds at the study site. The process of data analysis has been done using the content analysis techniques based on the transcriptions from the interviews conducted. Observations were made during the “miring” ceremony at the study site. The purpose of the observation was to see the process of miring ceremony.The findings show that the miring ceremony played an important role to make sure the process of preservation of both forts can be completed as planned and as well as to respect the sensitivity of the Iban community living near the fort.
KEBERKESANAN KAEDAH FLIPPED CLASSROOM DALAM MENINGKATKAN KEMAHIRAN MENGOLAH ISI KARANGAN MURID-MURID SEKOLAH RENDAH
Authors: Masri Md Fadzil , Mahamod Zamri
Published: October 2021

Kajian ini dilaksanakan bagi mengkaji keberkesanan kaedah Flipped Classroom dalam meningkatkan kemahiran mengolah isi karangan Bahasa Melayu tahun 6. Kajian kuasi-eksperimen ini adalah berbentuk kuantitatif. Kajian ini dijalankan kepada 31 responden bagi kumpulan eksperimen yang diajar menggunakan kaedah Flipped Classroom dan 28 responden bagi kumpulan kawalan. Instrumen yang digunakan merangkumi ujian pra, ujian pasca, dan senarai semak. Instrumen ujian pra dan pasca dilaksanakan bagi melihat hasil dalam perbezaan prestasi penulisan isi karangan bagi kumpulan eksperimen dan kawalan. Instrumen senarai semak digunakan bagi melihat aspek pengolahan isi karangan murid. Data yang diperoleh telah dianalisis menggunakan perisian Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 23.0. Hasil kajian juga dianalisis menggunakan ujian-t. Skor min bagi kumpulan eksperimen ialah 20.64 dengan sisihan piawai 2.244 menunjukkan dapatan yang lebih tinggi jika dibandingkan skor min bagi kumpulan kawalan 14.00 dan sisihan piawai 3.620. Hasil kajian ini boleh digunakan para guru untuk menggunakan kaedah Flipped Classroom dalam topik atau mata muridan lain dengan lebih berkesan dan bersistematik.

This study was undertaken to assess the effectiveness of Flipped Classroom in improving writing skills in converting the Malay 6. In this quasi-experimental study was quantitative. This study was conducted on 31 respondents for the experimental group taught using the Flipped Classroom method and 28 respondents for the control group. The instruments used include pre-test, post-test, and checklist. Pre- and post-test instruments were implemented to see the results in the differences in essay writing performance for the experimental and control groups. The checklist instrument is used to look at the processing aspects of student essay content. The data obtained were analyzed using Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 23.0 software. The results of the study were also analyzed using t-test. The mean score for the experimental group was 20.64 with a standard deviation of 2.244 showing higher findings when compared to the mean score for the control group 14.00 and a standard deviation of 3.620. The results of this study can be used by teachers to use the Flipped Classroom method in other students' topics or points more effectively and systematically.
Internationalization in Ontario Colleges
Authors: McGregor Adam , Hunter Bill
Published: October 2021

Internationalization of Ontario colleges is a strategic mandate from both the federal and provincial governments to address declining domestic enrollment, labour market shortages, and the evolving needs of 21st century post-secondary students. The growth in numbers of international students in Ontario colleges has been particularly rapid over the past five years, and existing literature on internationalization and Ontario colleges was limited. Therefore, a careful review and analysis of policy at both the federal and provincial level can help Ontario colleges understand what policy has done to create the current environment for internationalization, anticipate how policy will impact the future of internationalization, and support decision making as colleges try to find success in this continuously changing landscape.  The results of this review and analysis of policy surrounding internationalization in the Ontario College system indicate a probable need for additional research, funding, training, and policy changes to ensure a sustainable future.

Keywords: internationalization, international students, Ontario colleges, higher education policy
Editorial
Authors: Hunter Bill
Published: October 2021

This editorial gives an overview of our new issue, which deals with community, connections and diversity in education.
The immediate effect of sham laser and three different spinal manipulative protocols on the throwing speed of baseball players in the KwaZulu-Natal Baseball Union
Authors:   , Robson Michael
Published: October 2021

Background: ABSTRACT Baseball pitching is a whole body ballistic movement that requires transfer of energy from the lower extremity to the upper extremity via the trunk. Adverse changes can occur within the surrounding ligaments, tendons and muscular tissue of the trunk when immobilization or restricted motion within a joint segment occurs. Improper transfer of energy is thought to cause abnormal stresses on the joints and may lead to injury and/or decreased performance. Spinal manipulation therapy (SMT) was the focus of this study, aimed to improve flexibility and joint mobility (Range of motion), thereby allowing for a more efficient closed kinetic chain movement, which could result in a faster speed of the baseball pitch. Objective: To determine and compare the immediate effect of placebo and SMT of the thoracic and lumbar spines in respects of range of motion (ROM) and the velocity of the pitching participants. Methods: Fourty asymptomatic baseball players were divided randomly into four groups. Group A received thoracic spine manipulation, Group B received lumbar spine manipulation, Group C received combined thoracic and lumbar spine manipulation and Group D received the sham laser intervention as a placebo controlled group. Pre- and post- intervention trunk flexion and lateral flexion ROM and pitching speeds were measured, using a digital inclinometer and a radar gun respectively. A subjective measurement of the participant’s perception of a change in pitching speed post-intervention was also recorded. SPSS version 23 was used to analyse the data. Results: There was a significant increase in pitching speed in the SMT interventions groups (p<0.05). However, between the SMT and placebo groups they were not considered significantly different at 5% (p>0.05). A significant increase in Thoracic RLAT ROM was noticed on the inter-group analysis (p<0.05). There was no correlation seen between subjects’ perception of change in throwing speed post-intervention and the objective results obtained. Conclusion The immediate effect of SMT on baseball pitching speed was inconclusive. The outcome of this study suggests that SMT results in an increase in the average speed of baseball pitching but not at a level of statistical significance.
Humor dan Covid-19: Makna Pesan dalam Akun Instagram @t_faturohman
Authors: Susanti Santi , Rahmawati Tine Silvana
Published: October 2021

Humor can be used to convey messages, one of which is about COVID-19. Using humor in conveying messages of COVID-19 is done by one of the humor writers in Bandung, Taufik Faturohman, through his Instagram account @t_faturohman. Messages posted on the account are writes in Sundanese. The choice of Sundanese language and humor in conveying messages is conducted to make messages easier to receive, and the receivers feel entertained. In addition, the use of Sundanese language remains sustainable. This study analyses messages related to COVID-19 on the @t_faturohman Instagram account, using Roland Barthes' semiotic analysis. The method used is qualitative with data collection techniques through text observation and library source enrichment. The object of his research is posts related to COVID-19. Data analysis used the Miles and Huberman analysis techniques. The results show that behind the humorous style conveyed there is an informative and educational meaning in the messages on the @t_faturohman account related to COVID-19
Temporary pause in the growth of atmospheric ethane and propane in 2015–2018
Authors: Angot Hélène , Davel Connor , Wiedinmyer Christine , Pétron Gabrielle , Chopra Jashan , Hueber Jacques , Blanchard Brendan , Bourgeois Ilann , Vimont Isaac , Montzka Stephen A. , Miller Ben R. , Elkins James W. , Helmig Detlev
Published: October 2021

Abstract. Atmospheric non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) play an important role in the
formation of secondary organic aerosols and ozone. After a multidecadal
global decline in atmospheric mole fractions of ethane and propane – the
most abundant atmospheric NMHCs – previous work has shown a reversal of
this trend with increasing atmospheric abundances from 2009 to 2015 in the
Northern Hemisphere. These concentration increases were attributed to the
unprecedented growth in oil and natural gas (O&NG) production in North
America. Here, we supplement this trend analysis building on the long-term
(2008–2010; 2012–2020) high-resolution (∼3 h) record of
ambient air C2–C7 NMHCs from in situ measurements at the Greenland
Environmental Observatory at Summit station (GEOSummit, 72.58 ∘ N,
38.48 ∘ W; 3210 m above sea level). We confirm previous findings
that the ethane mole fraction significantly increased by +69.0 [+47.4,
+73.2; 95 % confidence interval] ppt yr−1 from January 2010 to
December 2014. Subsequent measurements, however, reveal a significant
decrease by −58.4 [−64.1, −48.9] ppt yr−1 from January 2015 to December
2018. A similar reversal is found for propane. The upturn observed after
2019 suggests, however, that the pause in the growth of atmospheric ethane
and propane might only have been temporary. Discrete samples collected at
other northern hemispheric baseline sites under the umbrella of the NOAA
cooperative global air sampling network show a similar decrease in 2015–2018
and suggest a hemispheric pattern. Here, we further discuss the potential
contribution of biomass burning and O&NG emissions (the main sources of
ethane and propane) and conclude that O&NG activities likely played a
role in these recent changes. This study highlights the crucial need for
better constrained emission inventories.
Dramatic changes in Harbin aerosol during 2018–2020: the roles of open burning policy and secondary aerosol formation
Authors: Cheng Yuan , Yu Qin-qin , Liu Jiu-meng , Cao Xu-bing , Zhong Ying-jie , Du Zhen-yu , Liang Lin-lin , Geng Guan-nan , Ma Wan-li , Qi Hong , Zhang Qiang , He Ke-bin
Published: October 2021

Abstract. Despite the growing interest in understanding haze formation in Chinese
megacities, air pollution has been largely overlooked for the
Harbin–Changchun (HC) metropolitan area, located in the severe cold climate
region in northeast China. In this study, we unfolded significant variations
of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in HC's central city (Harbin) during
two sequential heating seasons of 2018–2019 and 2019–2020, and we explored
major drivers for the observed variations. The two campaigns showed
comparable organic carbon (OC) levels but quite different OC sources. The
biomass burning (BB) to OC contribution decreased substantially for
2019–2020, which was attributed primarily to the transition of local
policies on agricultural fires, i.e., from the “legitimate burning” policy
released in 2018 to the “strict prohibition” policy in 2019. Meanwhile,
the contribution of secondary OC (OCsec) increased significantly,
associated with the much more frequent occurrences of high relative humidity
(RH) conditions during the 2019–2020 measurement period. Similar to
OCsec, the major secondary inorganic ions, i.e., sulfate, nitrate and
ammonium (SNA), also exhibited RH-dependent increases. Given the
considerable aerosol water contents predicted for the high-RH conditions,
heterogeneous reactions were likely at play in secondary aerosol formation
even in the frigid atmosphere in Harbin (e.g., with daily average
temperatures down to below −20 ∘C). In brief, compared to
2018–2019, the 2019–2020 measurement period was characterized by a
policy-driven decrease of biomass burning OC, a RH-related increase of
OCsec and a RH-related increase of SNA, with the first two factors
generally offsetting each other. In addition, we found that open burning
activities were actually not eliminated by the strict prohibition policy
released in 2019, based on a synthesis of air quality data and fire count
results. Although not occurring during the 2019–2020 measurement period,
agricultural fires broke out within a short period before crop planting in
spring of 2020, and this resulted in off-the-charts air pollution for Harbin, with
1 h and 24 h PM2.5 concentrations peaking at ∼ 2350 and
900 µg/m3, respectively. This study indicates that sustainable use
of crop residues remains a difficult challenge for the massive agricultural
sector in northeast China.
Preliminary safety analyses in the high-level radioactive waste site selection procedure in Germany
Authors: Hoyer Eva-Maria , Luijendijk Elco , Müller Paulina , Kreye Phillip , Panitz Florian , Gawletta Dennis , Rühaak Wolfram
Published: October 2021

Abstract. The Federal Company for Radioactive Waste Disposal (BGE) is responsible for the search for a site with
the best possible safety for the disposal of high-level radioactive waste in
Germany. The site selection procedure is regulated in a law that was adopted
by the German Federal Parliament (Repository Site Selection Act – StandAG, 2017, last updated 2020) and aims to be a
participatory, transparent, learning, and self-questioning process based on
scientific expertise. The first step of the first phase of the site
selection procedure was completed in September 2020 and resulted in the
identification of sub-areas that give reason to expect favorable geological
conditions for the long-term storage of nuclear waste in the subsurface.
These sub-areas cover approximately 54 % of Germany and are located in
three different host rocks: rock salt – halite, claystone, and crystalline rock. The
challenge for the next step is to find suitable siting regions within the previously
determined sub-areas that are then considered further in the next phase of
the site selection procedure. In the following, the methodology of the
so-called representative preliminary safety analyses is described, which constitute one of the tools to identify siting
regions, and some first insight on how they are planned to be
implemented in practice is given.
Atmospheric carbon dioxide measurement from aircraft and comparison with OCO-2 and CarbonTracker model data
Authors: Wang Qin , Mustafa Farhan , Bu Lingbing , Zhu Shouzheng , Liu Jiqiao , Chen Weibiao
Published: October 2021

Abstract. Accurate monitoring of atmospheric carbon dioxide
(CO2) and its distribution is of great significance for studying the
carbon cycle and predicting future climate change. Compared to the
ground observational sites, the airborne observations cover a wider area
and simultaneously observe a variety of surface types, which helps with
effectively monitoring the distribution of CO2 sources and sinks. In
this work, an airborne experiment was carried out in March 2019 over the
Shanhaiguan area, China (39–41∘ N, 119–121∘ E). An integrated path differential
absorption (IPDA) light detection and ranging (lidar) system and a
commercial instrument, the ultraportable greenhouse gas analyser (UGGA),
were installed on an aircraft to observe the CO2 distribution over
various surface types. The pulse integration method (PIM) algorithm was used
to calculate the differential absorption optical depth (DAOD) from the lidar
data. The CO2 column-averaged dry-air mixing ratio (XCO2) was
calculated over different types of surfaces including mountain, ocean, and
urban areas. The concentrations of the XCO2 calculated from lidar
measurements over ocean, mountain, and urban areas were 421.11 ± 1.24, 427.67 ± 0.58, and 432.04 ± 0.74 ppm, respectively.
Moreover, through the detailed analysis of the data obtained from the UGGA,
the influence of pollution levels on the CO2 concentration was also
studied. During the whole flight campaign, 18 March was the most heavily polluted
day with an Air Quality Index (AQI) of 175 and PM2.5 of 131 µg m−3. The aerosol optical depth (AOD) reported by a sun photometer
installed at the Funing ground station was 1.28. Compared to the other
days, the CO2 concentration measured by UGGA at different heights was
the largest on 18 March with an average value of 422.59 ± 6.39 ppm,
which was about 10 ppm higher than the measurements recorded on 16 March.
Moreover, the vertical profiles of Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) and
CarbonTracker were also compared with the aircraft measurements. All the
datasets showed a similar variation with some differences in their CO2
concentrations, which showing a good agreement among them.
Improved BEC SMOS Arctic Sea Surface Salinity product v3.1
Authors: Martínez Justino , Gabarró Carolina , Turiel Antonio , González-Gambau Verónica , Umbert Marta , Hoareau Nina , González-Haro Cristina , Olmedo Estrella , Arias Manuel , Catany Rafael , Bertino Laurent , Raj Roshin P. , Xie Jiping , Sabia Roberto , Fernández Diego
Published: October 2021

Abstract. Measuring salinity from space is challenging since the sensitivity of the brightness temperature (TB) to sea surface salinity (SSS) is low (about 0.5 K / psu), while the SSS range in the open ocean is narrow (about 5 psu, if river discharge areas are not considered). This translates into a high accuracy requirement of the radiometer (about 2–3 K). Moreover, the sensitivity of the TB to SSS at cold waters is even lower (0.3 K / psu), making the retrieval of the SSS in the cold waters even more challenging. Due to this limitation, ESA launched a speciﬁc initiative in 2019, the Arctic+Salinity project (AO/1-9158/18/I-BG), to produce an enhanced Arctic SSS product with better quality and resolution than the available products. This paper presents the methodologies used to produce the new enhanced Arctic SMOS SSS product (Martínez et al., 2020) . The product consists of 9-day averaged maps in an EASE 2.0 grid of 25 km. The product is freely distributed from the Barcelona Expert Center (BEC, http://bec.icm.csic.es/) with the DOI number: 10.20350/digitalCSIC/12620. The major change in this new product is its improvement of the effective spatial resolution that permits better monitoring of the mesoscale structures (larger than 50 Km), which beneﬁts the river discharges monitoring.
The sagging shape of shoreline formed on downdrift side of the structures due to seasonal oblique wave incidence
Authors: Lim Changbin , Hwang Soonmi , Lee Jung Lyul
Published: October 2021

Abstract. Downdrift coastal erosion has occurred at natural or man-made groynes on Korea’s eastern coast, caused by oblique high waves in winter months. The resulting shoreline planform has a sagging shape with a maximum indentation point within the eroded shoreline. This study focused on solving the frequent and severe coastal erosion problem of this type at the Jeongdongjin review of wave data over 40 years from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), as well as analyzing shoreline monitoring images for identifying the yielding line of maximum indentation points. An analytical method was developed to verify the eroding shoreline in a sagging shape and its maximum indentation by applying the conservation principle of sediment transport and the empirical model of equilibrium shoreline. To examine how well the empirical formula is suitable for the Jeongdongjin coast, the annual directional spectrum of the observed wave data was applied to the simple diffraction wave model for the gamma breakwater, and satisfactory agreement was obtained by comparing it with the shoreline results. Breaking wave height and angle, duration, longshore sediment transport coefficient, and protruding length of the groyne were the inputs. The theoretical results are in good agreement with those of the shoreline monitoring program. The factors mitigating downdrift coastal erosion of this type were identified by applying the obtained theoretical solution, and the engineering solutions were examined via factor analysis.
Global assessment and mapping of ecological vulnerability to wildfires
Authors: Arrogante-Funes Fátima , Aguado Inmaculada , Chuvieco Emilio
Published: October 2021

Abstract. Fire is a natural phenomenon that has played a critical role in transforming the environment and maintaining biodiversity at a global scale. However, the plants in some habitats have not developed strategies for recovery from fire or have not adapted to the changes taking place in their fire regimes. Maps showing ecological vulnerability to fires could contribute to environmental management policies in the face of global change scenarios. The main objective of this study is to assess and map ecological vulnerability to fires on a global scale. To this end, we created ecological value and post-fire regeneration delay indices on the basis of existing global databases. Two ecological value indices were identified: biological distinction and conservation status. For the post-fire regeneration delay index, various factors were taken into account, including the type of fire regime, the increase in the frequency and intensity of forest fires and the potential soil erosion they can cause. These indices were combined by means of a qualitative cross-tabulation to create a new index evaluating ecological vulnerability to fire. The results showed that global ecological value could be reduced by as much as 50 %, due to fire perturbation of ecosystems that are poorly adapted to it. The terrestrial biomes most affected are the tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forest; tundra; mangroves; tropical and subtropical coniferous forests; and tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests.
Flow separation, dipole formation, and water exchange through tidal straits
Authors: Nøst Ole Anders , Børve Eli
Published: October 2021

Abstract. We investigate the formation and evolution of dipole vortices and their contribution to water exchange through idealized tidal straits. Self-propagating dipoles are important for transporting and exchanging water properties through straits and inlets in coastal regions. In order to obtain a robust dataset to evaluate flow separation, dipole formation and evolution, and the effect on water exchange, we conduct 164 numerical simulations, varying the width and length of the straits as well as the tidal forcing. We show that dipoles form and start propagating at the time of flow separation, and their vorticity originates in the velocity front formed by the separation. We find that the dipole propagation velocity is proportional to the tidal velocity amplitude and twice as large as the dipole velocity derived for a dipole consisting of two point vortices.
We analyze the processes creating a net water exchange through the straits and derive a kinematic model dependent on dimensionless parameters representing strait length, dipole travel distance, and dipole size. The net tracer transport resulting from the kinematic model agrees closely with the numerical simulations and provides an understanding of the processes controlling net water exchange.
INFORMATION RELIABILITY ENHANCEMENT METHODS
Authors: Salmanov V.I.
Published: October 2021

Information reliability is the property of information to reflect real-world objects with the necessary accuracy. The reliability of information is an essential characteristic of any communication system. It is found that in modern network architectures of test automation systems, the main problem in the field of enhancement of the reliability of information is the creation of methods aimed at solving the problem of enhancing the reliability for «real» time systems.
Evaluation and Improvement Ways of Ecological State
in Agroecosystems of Voghjaberd Community
Authors: Galstyan M.H. , Matevosyan L.G. , Mkrtchyan A.L. , Markosyan M.A.
Published: October 2021

The disturbance of equilibrium in agroecological systems of Voghjaberd community and their productivity decrease are mainly due to the strong landslides occurred in that area and to the erodibility of land resources. In the mentioned community 500 ha land area is highly prone to landslides, while 200 and 380 ha land areas are averagely and slightly susceptible to landslides respectively. About 69 % of the agricultural lands are strongly and averagely eroded.
Thus, in the landslide areas it is necessary to establish anti-landslide forest
strips, while to mitigate erosion in the steep slopes it is necessary to implement
perennial plant sowing and fertilization with organic fertilizers in the arable
lands and rangelands.
ATTAINMENT OF HIGHER ENROLLMENT RATES IN PAKISTAN: A MACROECONOMIC AND ECONOMETRIC STUDY
Authors: Bashir Furrukh , Nawaz Shahbaz , Ullah Rahat , Arshad Muhammad Ramzan , Bagum Munwar , Sandila Muhammad Asif , Raza Jawad
Published: October 2021

Education is always considered as the major determinant for the development of any economy. Enrollment at various levels also shows that how much education is common within the citizens of the country. Considering the importance of enrollment, the current study examines the influence of some macroeconomic variables on various levels i.e. primary, secondary, higher, college, professional and university enrollment in Pakistan. Time series data has been gathered on consumer price index, government revenue, employed labor force, government expenditure, and health expenditure for the period from 1972 to 2010. For long run estimates, Johansen Co integration test is used and short run estimates are taken through error correction model. The results of the study exhibit positive association of employed labor force, government expenditure and health expenditure with primary, secondary, higher, college, professional and university enrollment in Pakistan. On the other side, consumer price index and government revenue have been found to be inversely influencing enrollment at various levels. Short run results are also much favorable for the economy and reveals convergence towards long run equilibrium due to any disturbances in the short run period. At the end study gives some policy implications that government should decrease consumer price index and tax rate and to increase government expenditure in terms of education and health for higher enrollment rates in Pakistan.
A STUDY OF JOB SATISFACTION AMONG NON PHD FACULTY IN UNIVERSITIES
Authors: Mangi Riaz Ahmed , Soomro Hassan Jawad , Ghumro Ikhtiar Ali , Abidi Asad Raza , Jalbani Amanat Ali
Published: October 2021

This study was conducted to comprehend the overall job satisfaction of non-PhD faculty in universities of Sindh. The study was based on (Herzberg’s, 1959) two factors, motivator (Advancement, Recognition) and Hygiene (Interpersonal, Policies, Compensation) of job satisfaction. A well-structured questionnaire based on (Castillo & Cano, 2004) job satisfaction index was applied to obtain required data from non-PhD faculty members of universities. 125 non PhD faculty members from various universities at a response rate of 83% participated in the survey. The 81% data was reliable for the analysis. The frequencies and cross tabs were calculated from the data. The majority of the respondents was male, graduate, below 30 years of age, married and had job experience of more than 5 years. The factor analysis was applied to find out the underlying variance among the variables. The analysis has found five new components of the job satisfaction. The results showed that overall job satisfaction among the non-PhD faculty members of universities was very low. The motivator and job satisfaction components have significant impact on the overall job satisfaction of the non-PhD faculty. Considering the results, the management of the universities is recommended to focus on the job motivators (Advancement, Recognition) hygiene (Interpersonal/Administration relationship, Policies, Compensation) of the non-PhD faculty for the improvement of job satisfaction and performance. The researchers and scholars may conduct further studies on the factors identified through factor analysis.
HISTORICAL AND IMPLIED VOLATILITY: AN INVESTIGATION INTO NSE NIFTY FUTURES AND OPTIONS
Authors: Parasuraman N R , Ramudu P.Janaki
Published: October 2021

The broad objective of the paper is to have an understanding of the movement of volatility over a fair period in respect of the market portfolio. Also, it enables an understanding on how divergent the implied volatility has been from this estimate. It uses Volatility Cone, Volatility Smile and Volatility Surface as the parameters. The study takes different rolling periods percentiles of volatility. Hoadley Options Calculator is used for calculation and analysis purpose. The study empirically proves that there is a clear reversion to the mean as indicated by the volatility cone. The study of volatility smiles in respect of NIFTY options throws up different patterns. The Garch (1.1) model reveals that historical volatility for the period from 2004 to 2004 and for the year 2009 were estimated. Interestingly, but not totally surprisingly, the average implied volatility of calls and puts on Nifty during the period January to March 2010 showed differences.
APPLICATION OF ROVIS IN HUMAN RESOURCE APPLICATION IN THE GULF REGION
Authors: Tewari Peeyush , Jacob Boby George
Published: October 2021

Decision making in many situation is a critical factor in growth and sustainment for any national or international business situations. In this paper we conceptualize a new theory names as ROVIS which can be applied as a new business concept for decision making, which can be universally applied to all management related spheres. The concept focuses on thought - rationalization before even considering the thought as a decision. It interprets the Critical X Factor or the Critical Success Factor and then employs optimization models to maximize the chances of success. The Critical X Factor is converted as the Optimal Decision Model to maximize success conditions. Then using the surrounding environment and the risk factors involved one can identify the critical success factor(s) and develop it to the maximum level to achieve surety of success which is predetermined which is optimization stage. Then the developed success factor is re-employed in the process and tested in simulated conditions replicating the actual environment and risk factors and then verified to see if the critical success factor(s) produces the desired results otherwise we incase of a deviation from the desired level of success due the unsatisfactory performance of the identified critical success factor(s). Then the factor(s) is subjected to further improvement and development and retested until desired results are achieved. Once the desired results are achieved in simulated environment the critical success factors are now subjected to actual environment with actual risks. Based on their performance in real conditions, the results of the satisfaction are evaluated and compared against the computed results of the simulated environment (replicating the actual environment & risks) keeping in mind that the difference of the results cannot exceed the accepted tolerance level which attributes to the instability of the economy or uncontrollable factors bringing results within the tolerance levels. The ROVIS theory also emphasizes making the right decision at the right time in the right situation which would minimize over-spending occurring out of short-sighted business decisions or irregularities in decision making. Though industries vary in operational level, we find that, the ROVIS Theory is definitely a evolving management concept which focuses on strategic thinking through rationalized approach and can be a universally acceptable role model in all industries globally. A brief example explains the usability of this theory in the Gulf Business environment.