Different cytokine and chemokine profiles in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 during the first and second outbreaks from Argentina show no association with clinical comorbidities
Authors: Almada Laura , Angiolini Sofía Carla , Dho Nicolás Daniel , Dutto Jeremías , Gazzoni Yamila , Manzone-Rodríguez Clarisa , Marín Constanza , Ponce Nicolás Eric , Arroyo Daniela Soledad , Quiróz Juan Nahuel , Iribarren Pablo , Cerbán Fabio Marcelo , Morón Gabriel , Amezcua Vesely María Carolina , Cervi Laura , Chiapello Laura Silvina , Fozzatti Laura , Icely Paula Alejandra , Maccioni Mariana , Montes Carolina Lucia , Motrán Claudia Cristina , Rodríguez-Galán María Cecilia , Stempin Cinthia Carolina , Viano María Estefanía , Mena Cristian , Bertone Mariana , Abiega Claudio Daniel , Escudero Daiana , Kahn Adrián , Caeiro Juan Pablo , Maletto Belkys Angélica , Acosta Rodríguez Eva Virginia , Gruppi Adriana , Sotomayor Claudia Elena 
Published: February 2023

Background

COVID-19 severity has been linked to an increased production of inflammatory mediators called “cytokine storm”. Available data is mainly restricted to the first international outbreak and reports highly variable results. This study compares demographic and clinical features of patients with COVID-19 from Córdoba, Argentina, during the first two waves of the pandemic and analyzes association between comorbidities and disease outcome with the “cytokine storm”, offering added value to the field.

Methods

We investigated serum concentration of thirteen soluble mediators, including cytokines and chemokines, in hospitalized patients with moderate and severe COVID-19, without previous rheumatic and autoimmune diseases, from the central region of Argentina during the first and second infection waves. Samples from healthy controls were also assayed. Clinical and biochemical parameters were collected.

Results

Comparison between the two first COVID-19 waves in Argentina highlighted that patients recruited during the second wave were younger and showed less concurrent comorbidities than those from the first outbreak. We also recognized particularities in the signatures of systemic cytokines and chemokines in patients from both infection waves. We determined that concurrent pre-existing comorbidities did not have contribution to serum concentration of systemic cytokines and chemokines in COVID-19 patients. We also identified immunological and biochemical parameters associated to inflammation which can be used as prognostic markers. Thus, IL-6 concentration, C reactive protein level and platelet count allowed to discriminate between death and discharge in patients hospitalized with severe COVID-19 only during the first but not the second wave.

Conclusions

Our data provide information that deepens our understanding of COVID-19 pathogenesis linking demographic features of a COVID-19 cohort with cytokines and chemokines systemic concentration, presence of comorbidities and different disease outcomes. Altogether, our findings provide information not only at local level by delineating inflammatory/anti-inflammatory response of patients but also at international level addressing the impact of comorbidities and the infection wave in the variability of cytokine and chemokine production upon SARS-CoV-2 infection.