bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Times They Are a-Changing … or Are They Not? A Comparison of Gender Stereotypes, 1983–2014
Authors: Haines Elizabeth L. , Deaux Kay , Lofaro Nicole
Published: March 2016

During the past 30 years, women’s participation in the workforce, in athletics, and in professional education has increased, while men’s activities have been more stable. Have gender stereotypes changed over this time period to reflect the new realities? And, to what extent does gender stereotyping exist today? We address these questions by comparing data collected in the early 1980s to new data collected in 2014. In each study, participants rated the likelihood that a typical man or woman has a set of gendered characteristics (traits, role behaviors, occupations, and physical characteristics). Results indicate that people perceive strong differences between men and women on stereotype components today, as they did in the past. Comparisons between the two time periods show stability of gender stereotypes across all components except female gender roles, which showed a significant increase in gender stereotyping. These results attest to the durability of basic stereotypes about how men and women are perceived to differ, despite changes in the participation and acceptance of women and men in nontraditional domains. Because gender stereotypes are apparently so deeply embedded in our society, those in a position to evaluate women and men, as well as women and men themselves, need to be constantly vigilant to the possible influence of stereotypes on their judgments, choices, and actions. Online slides for instructors who want to use this article for teaching are available on PWQ's website at http://pwq.sagepub.com/supplemental
Hemiarthroplasty Versus Total Shoulder Arthroplasty for Shoulder Osteoarthritis
Authors: Garcia Grant H. , Liu Joseph N. , Mahony Gregory T. , Sinatro Alec , Wu Hao-Hua , Craig Edward V. , Warren Russell F. , Dines David M. , Gulotta Lawrence V.
Published: March 2016

Background:

Return to activity is a commonly used indication for shoulder hemiarthroplasty (HA) compared with total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA). Despite clinical studies demonstrating better functional outcomes after TSA, the literature has failed to show a difference in return to sports.

Purpose:

To compare rates of return to sports in a matched cohort of TSA and HA patients with a preoperative diagnosis of glenohumeral osteoarthritis (OA).

Study Design:

Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods:

A prospectively collected registry was queried retrospectively for consecutive patients who underwent HA. Inclusion criteria were preoperative diagnosis of OA and more than 2 years of follow-up. After meeting the inclusion criteria, all HA patients were statistically matched to a TSA patient. All patients had end-stage OA with significant glenohumeral joint space narrowing.

Results:

At final follow-up, 40 HA patients and 40 TSA patients were available. The average (±SD) age at surgery was 65.7 ± 10.5 years and 66.2 ± 9.6 years for the HA and TSA groups, respectively ( P = .06). Average follow-up was 62.0 months and 61.1 months for the HA and TSA groups, respectively ( P = .52). Average American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons scores improved from 36.3 to 70.2 for HA patients and from 34.0 to 78.5 for TSA patients ( P < .001 for both); final scores were not significantly different between groups ( P = .21). Average visual analog scale pain scores improved from 6.3 to 2.2 for HA patients and from 6.1 to 0.6 for TSA patients ( P < .001 for both). HA patients had significantly worse final visual analog scale scores compared with the TSA group ( P = .002). Significantly more TSA patients were satisfied with their surgery compared with HA patients (100% vs 70%) ( P = .01). Of both groups, 65.5% of HA patients (19 of 29) returned to at least 1 sport postoperatively compared with 97.3% of TSA patients (36 of 37) ( P < .001). Average timing for return to full sports was 5.5 ± 4.2 months and 5.4 ± 3.1 months for the HA and TSA groups, respectively ( P = .92). Significantly more TSA patients returned to higher upper extremity use sports ( P = .01).

Conclusion:

In patients with OA, rate of return to sports was significantly better after TSA compared with HA. HA patients had significantly more pain, worse surgical satisfaction, and decreased ability to return to high upper extremity use sports. For patients with OA who wish to return to sporting activities, these results help manage expectations.
Early Mother–Son Relationships, Primary levels of Mental Organization and the Foundation Matrix as Expressed in Fairy Tales: The Case of the ‘Jewish Mother’
Authors: Raufman Ravit , Weinberg Haim
Published: March 2016

Relying on the idea that fairy tales are part of the foundation matrix, and that the phenomenon of realization of idiomatic expressions (often appearing in fairy tales) helps to reveal the affinity between concrete and metaphoric layers of the mind, this article focuses on the realization of idiomatic expressions found in fairy tales dealing with the earliest mother–son relationships in order to explore the different modes of expression in the social mind. Focusing on the folk tradition of eastern European Jews we exemplify the affinity between primary levels of mental organization, which are relatively universal, and social-cultural aspects with which a certain ethnic community is pre-occupied.
Landfill site selection using combination of GIS and fuzzy AHP, a case study: Iranshahr, Iran
Authors: Torabi-Kaveh M , Babazadeh R , Mohammadi SD , Zaresefat M
Published: March 2016

One of the most important recent challenges in solid waste management throughout the world is site selection of sanitary landfill. Commonly, because of simultaneous effects of social, environmental, and technical parameters on suitability of a landfill site, landfill site selection is a complex process and depends on several criteria and regulations. This study develops a multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) process, which combines geographic information system (GIS) analysis with a fuzzy analytical hierarchy process (FAHP), to determine suitable sites for landfill construction in Iranshahr County, Iran. The GIS was used to calculate and classify selected criteria and FAHP was used to assess the criteria weights based on their effectiveness on selection of potential landfill sites. Finally, a suitability map was prepared by overlay analyses and suitable areas were identified. Four suitability classes within the study area were separated, including high, medium, low, and very low suitability areas, which represented 18%, 15%, 55%, and 12% of the study area, respectively.
Quantitative Analysis of Lower Leg Adipose Tissue Distribution in Youth with Myelomeningocele
Authors: Lorenzana Daniel J. , Mueske Nicole M. , Ryan Deirdre D. , Van Speybroeck Alexander L. , Wren Tishya A. L.
Published: March 2016

Children with myelomeningocele have a high prevalence of obesity and excess fat accumulation in their lower extremities. However, it is not known if this is subcutaneous or intramuscular fat, the latter of which has been associated with insulin resistance and metabolic disorders. This study quantified lower leg bone, muscle, and adipose tissue volume in children with myelomeningocele, classifying adipose as subcutaneous or muscle-associated. Eighty-eight children with myelomeningocele and 113 children without myelomeningocele underwent lower leg computed tomographic scans. Subcutaneous and muscle-associated adipose were classified based on location relative to the crural fascia. No differences were seen in subcutaneous adipose. Higher level disease severity was associated with increased muscle-associated adipose volume and decreased muscle volume. Bone volume tended to decrease with higher levels of involvement. Increases in lower leg adiposity in children with myelomeningocele are primarily attributable to accumulation of muscle-associated adipose, which may signify increased risk for metabolic disorders.
Behavioral Symptoms in Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Charvet Leigh , Cersosimo Bianca , Schwarz Colleen , Belman Anita , Krupp Lauren B.
Published: March 2016

The emotional and behavioral problems associated with pediatric multiple sclerosis remain unclear. Participants with pediatric multiple sclerosis or clinically isolated syndrome (n = 140; ages 5-18 years) completed self- and parent ratings using the Behavioral Assessment System for Children, Second Edition, neurologic exam, the Fatigue Severity Scale, and neuropsychological assessment. Mean self- and parent-ratings on the Behavioral Assessment System for Children, Second Edition, were in the typical range across all scales. However, 33.1% indicated a clinically significant problem on a least 1 scale. Although the type of clinical problems varied across participants, attention problems, somatization, and anxiety were found to be most common. Disease features including duration, age of onset, neurologic disability, and fatigue did not distinguish those with and without clinical problems. However, cognitive functioning significantly predicted the presence of a clinical problem ( P = .02). Pediatric multiple sclerosis is associated with a range of nonspecific emotional and behavioral clinical problems, occurring more frequently in those patients with cognitive involvement.
Effect of repeated oral administration of levofloxacin, enrofloxacin, and meloxicam on antioxidant parameters and lipid peroxidation in rabbits
Authors: Khan Adil Mehraj , Rampal Satyavan , Sood Naresh Kumar
Published: March 2016

The effect of 21 days of repeated oral administration of levofloxacin and enrofloxacin both alone and in combination with meloxicam, on the oxidative balance in blood was evaluated in rabbits. Rabbits were randomly allocated to six groups of four animals each. Control group was gavaged 5% dextrose and 2% benzyl alcohol. Three groups were exclusively gavaged meloxicam (0.2 mg/kg body weight o.d.), levofloxacin hemihydrate (10 mg/kg body weight b.i.d 12 h), and enrofloxacin (20 mg/kg body weight o.d.), respectively. Two other groups were co-gavaged meloxicam with levofloxacin hemihydrate and enrofloxacin, respectively. A reduction ( p < 0.05) of reduced glutathione levels was observed in groups treated with meloxicam both alone and in combination with levofloxacin, whereas an increase ( p < 0.01) in the levels of this antioxidant was observed in the groups treated with enrofloxacin. The activities of enzymes, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase, were induced ( p < 0.05) in levofloxacin-alone treated group. Superoxide dismutase was also induced ( p < 0.05) in meloxicam-alone treated group and inhibited ( p < 0.05) in enrofloxacin-meloxicam co-treated group. The activity of catalase was non-significantly different between various groups. Enrofloxacin-treated groups had higher ( p < 0.01) lipid peroxidation than control and levofloxacin-alone treated groups. Elevated lipid peroxidation was also observed in the groups treated with meloxicam both alone and in combination with levofloxacin ( p < 0.05). In conclusion, these drugs have potential to induce oxidative imbalance, however, compared to levofloxacin, more oxidative damage is produced by enrofloxacin and meloxicam.
Mass media framing of biotechnology news
Authors: Marks Leonie A. , Kalaitzandonakes Nicholas , Wilkins Lee , Zakharova Ludmila
Published: March 2016

In fast-changing scientific fields like biotechnology, new information and discoveries should influence the balance of risks and rewards and their associated media coverage. This study investigates how reporters interpret and report such information and, in turn, whether they frame the public debate about biotechnology. Mass media coverage of medical and agricultural biotechnology is compared over a 12-year period and in two different countries: the United States and the United Kingdom. We examine whether media have consistently chosen to emphasize the potential risks over the benefits of these applications, or vice versa, and what information might drive any relevant changes in such frames. We find that the two sets of technologies have been framed differently—more positive for medical applications, more negative for agricultural biotechnology. This result holds over time and across different geographic locations. We also find that international events influence media coverage but have been locally framed. This local newsworthiness extends to both medical and agricultural applications. We conclude that such coverage could have led to differences in public perception of the two sets of technology: more negative (or ambivalent) for agricultural, positive for medical applications. Our findings suggest that understanding news frames, and the events that drive them, provides some insight into the long-term formation of public opinion as influenced by news coverage.
Science and scientists in Victorian and Edwardian literary novels: insights into the emergence of a new profession
Authors: Russell Nicholas
Published: March 2016

Literary fiction has seldom been seriously considered as a mode of science communication. Here, I review novels from the 19th century canon of English literature in which characters either have, or aspire to have, substantive professional scientific roles to see what insights they provide into the practice of science in the Victorian and Edwardian eras. They reflect the historical transition of science from an intellectual hobby to a paid occupation, but also reveal that while a career in science became possible for a wider range of people, it seldom allowed these new entrants to undertake fundamental scientific research.
Entrepreneurial Activities and Level of Development in Morocco: Empirical Investigation from Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Data
Authors: Ibourk Aomar , Amaghouss Jabrane
Published: March 2016

The purpose of this article, which exploits data gathered by Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM, 2009), is to establish a typology of countries based on the intentions and the level of entrepreneurial activities while focusing on the position of Morocco. We then test the form of the relationship that links the level of development of the countries to the level of intentions and entrepreneurial activity by relying on the techniques of multidimensional analysis and ordinary least squares (OLS).

Results show that unlike popular belief, high-income countries are weakly involved in entrepreneurial activities. They also show that Moroccans have very favourable perceptions and intentions of entrepreneurship. However, the level of entrepreneurial activity at an early stage remains lower than the one recorded in other countries such as Yemen and Uganda. Thus in Morocco, policymakers should seize the opportunity linked to the very high status of the entrepreneur to encourage enterprise creation, and therefore wealth creation.
The advent of psychosurgery in Australia—with particular attention to its introduction into Sydney
Authors: White Richard T , McGee-Collett Martin
Published: March 2016

Objective:

The objective of this study was to describe the advent of prefrontal lobotomy in Sydney and, less comprehensively, its introduction into Australia.

Method:

Reference to journal articles, books, reports and archival data held at the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and via internet searches, interviews and personal memory.

Result:

This paper describes the arrival of psychosurgery in Sydney in the mid-1940s, and less comprehensively, its arrival in other Australian cities.

Conclusions:

In New South Wales, from 1945 or 1946, prefrontal lobotomies were conducted in private clinics and in public hospitals but, because of legal and practical hurdles, it is unlikely that psychosurgery was performed in mental hospitals prior to December 1958. This paper gives some details regarding the participation of neurosurgeons and of the major public hospitals in psychosurgery, and touches on the attitudes within the Australian medical profession towards this dramatic new therapy.
Fatal pyogranulomatous myocarditis in 10 Boxer puppies
Authors: Detmer Susan E. , Bouljihad Mostafa , Hayden David W. , Schefers Jeremy M. , Armien Anibal , Wünschmann Arno
Published: March 2016

Over a period of 5 years, 10 pure-bred Boxer puppies, 9–16 weeks old, were presented with a history of sudden death and were diagnosed with pyogranulomatous myocarditis. The myocarditis was characterized by a mixed infiltrate composed predominantly of neutrophils and macrophages. In our retrospective study, original case records and archived materials were examined. All dogs were positive for Borrelia burgdorferi on immunohistochemistry (IHC). There was no evidence of infectious agents in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) heart tissue sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin, Ziehl–Neelsen, Gram, Grocott methenamine silver, Warthin–Starry, Von Kossa, and Steiner–Chapman stains. IHC for Chlamydia sp., Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum, West Nile virus, and canine parvovirus also yielded a negative result in all dogs. Polymerase chain reaction testing for vector-borne pathogens on heart tissue from 9 of the dogs (1 frozen and 8 FFPE samples) yielded positive results for 1 dog with B. burgdorferi as well as Anaplasma phagocytophilum in another dog. Subsequently, 2 additional cases were found in a French Bulldog and a French Bulldog–Beagle mix that had identical morphology, test results, age, and seasonality to these 10 Boxer dogs. The similarities in the seasonality, signalment of the affected dogs, and the gross and microscopic lesions suggest a common etiology. Positive IHC and morphologic similarities to human Lyme carditis indicate that B. burgdorferi is likely the agent involved. An additional consideration for these cases is the possibility of a breed-specific autoimmune myocarditis or potential predisposition for cardiopathogenic agents in young Boxers.
Matrix-based hierarchical clustering for developing product architecture
Authors: Daie Pooya , Li Simon
Published: March 2016

Product architecture can influence different aspects of product lifecycle including manufacturing, assembly, and supply chain. The purpose of this article is to employ hierarchical cluster analysis for developing product architecture to support product variety. Design structure matrix is used to visualize and analyze product architecture in view of product modules, overlapping modules, and bus components. The proposed method for design structure matrix clustering consists of three phases. The first phase is component filtering to identify components that should be classified as bus components. The second phase is approximate structure formation that preliminarily organizes similar components to form a diagonal matrix. The third phase is partitioning analysis that finalizes the modules’ boundary to yield the structured matrix as the solution of design structure matrix clustering. To examine the solution’s quality, minimum description length from literature is used. Then, the proposed method is demonstrated via two literature examples and compared with the solutions by the manual and genetic algorithm approaches. One unique advantage of the proposed method is that the user can obtain and inspect the approximate structure in view of the diagonal matrix before finalizing the structured solution (e.g. estimate the number of modules).
Dilatational waves at a microstretch solid/fluid interface
Authors: Singh Dilbag , Rani Neela , Tomar Sushil Kumar
Published: March 2016

The present work is concerned with the study of reflection and transmission phenomena of dilatational waves at a plane interface between a microstretch elastic solid half-space and a microstretch liquid half-space. Eringen's theory of micro-continuum materials has been employed for addressing the mathematical analysis. Reflection and transmission coefficients, corresponding to various reflected and transmitted waves, have been obtained when a plane dilatational wave strikes obliquely at the interface after propagating through the solid half-space. It is found that the reflection and transmission coefficients are functions of the angle of incidence, the frequency of the incident wave and the elastic properties of the half-spaces. Numerical calculations have been carried out for a specific model by taking an aluminum matrix with randomly distributed epoxy spheres as the microstretch solid medium, while the microstretch fluid is taken arbitrarily with suitably chosen elastic parameters. The computed results obtained have been depicted graphically. The results of earlier studies have been deduced from the present formulation as special cases.
Mitigation of the seismic response of multi-span bridges using MR dampers: Experimental study of a new SMC-based controller
Authors: El-Khoury Omar , Kim Chung , Shafieezadeh Abdollah , Hur Jee Eun , Heo Gwang Hee
Published: March 2016

Pounding between adjacent structures has been a concern in multi-span bridges in recent earthquakes. In this paper, a pounding mitigation strategy using magnetorheological dampers is proposed, and its performance is tested for a three-span bridge using a series of shake-table experiments. A new semi-active control algorithm called SMC-OPC is developed that is based on a clipped sliding mode control (SMC) with sliding surfaces designed using an optimal polynomial control (OPC) approach. The control design uses a stochastically linearized model of the nonlinear bridge with passive components of the magnetorheological dampers embedded to achieve a more representative system characterization. Optimal weighting matrices for the optimal polynomial control are found through a genetic algorithm. The proposed method along with uncontrolled, passive-off, and passive-on cases are tested on shake-tables for several scaled near-field Kobe ground motion records. Although no pounding is observed in all control cases for small earthquakes, significant pounding occurs in the uncontrolled and passive-off systems under large earthquakes. For these ground motions, the performance of the semi-active controller converges to that of the passive-on case but with noticeably reduced power consumption. The study shows that the use of magnetorheological dampers between adjacent spans is very effective in mitigating critical bridge responses especially under large earthquakes. In addition, the proposed SMC-OPC semi-active control strategy enables achieving balance among multiple performance objectives with significantly reduced power consumption as compared to passive-on case.
The perfect subject (postcolonial object studies)
Authors: Fowles Severin
Published: March 2016

This article argues that the late 20th-century tradition of material culture studies, as well as its more recent object-oriented offspring, emerged as a response to the 1980s crisis of representation and the deeper postcolonial critiques that accompanied this crisis. As it became more and more difficult to study and make claims about non-Western people, anthropologists and scholars in related disciplines began to explore the advantages of treating non-human objects as quasi-human subjects. Things proved safer to study than people and the popularity of ‘thing theory’ grew, at least in part, for this very reason. More importantly, the analytical shift of focus from people to things had the effect of salvaging – and, indeed, greatly amplifying – the representational authority of Western scholars at the precise moment when that authority seemed to be evaporating.
The civic and neighbourhood commons as complex adaptive systems: The economic vitality of the centre
Authors: McGreevy Michael , Wilson Lou
Published: March 2016

The metropolis can be understood as a complex adaptive system made up of complex adaptive subsystems that agglomerated to help create the city’s strength, resilience and dynamism. In particular, the accumulated strength and dynamism of the individual neighbourhoods that form and evolve its districts and the districts that form its regions have major impacts on the organisation and evolution of the metropolis. This article discusses the subsystems of the city, in particular its regional, district and neighbourhood transaction places or activity centres. While all metropolitan areas are complex adaptive systems, many urban subsystems constructed in the post–World War II period are not. They are instead chaotic or controlled by mechanical order. It will be argued that only the traditional ‘commons’ has the principles required of complex adaptive systems and that being such confers many benefits to the communities they serve.
Voice Without a Subject
Authors: Mazzei Lisa A.
Published: March 2016

In this article, I deterritorialize the subject by thinking with concepts in the new empiricisms. Thinking first with Deleuze and Guattari’s concept of the Body without Organs, and then with Deleuze and his reading of Bergson’s concept duration, I attempt a reimagining of voice that starts with an ontological unit no longer that of the individual human being. Given this rupture, I pose the following questions: What might it mean to think voice in its many forms as not linked to an “I” of the humanist subject? What does a rethinking of the “I” portend for thinking voice? Is there an “I” of the inquirer or narrator that can be burdened with voice in the new empiricisms? What kind of voice can be thought once voice no longer has to be present, emanating from a unique, essentialist subject, (“I”) conscious to itself? In other words, if there is no subject in the humanist sense, what form does research or thought take in the new?
Factors Associated With HIV Testing Among Men in Haiti: Results From the 2012 Demographic and Health Survey
Authors: Conserve Donaldson F. , Iwelunmor Juliet , Whembolua Guy-Lucien , Sofolahan-Oladeinde Yewande , Teti Michelle , Surkan Pamela J.
Published: March 2016

HIV testing serves as the gateway to HIV prevention and treatment. However, research examining men’s HIV testing behaviors in the Caribbean remains limited. The Andersen Behavioral Model of Health Services Utilization was used to examine factors associated with HIV testing among 7,354 men who participated in the 2012 Demographic and Health Survey conducted in Haiti. Few men (35%) reported having ever been tested for HIV. Logistic regression analyses revealed that HIV testing increased with education and wealth. Marital status was associated with HIV testing, with married men more likely to have been tested (adjusted odds ratio: 2.57, 95% CI [2.07, 3.19]) than unmarried men. Positive attitudes toward people living with HIV, indicated by willing to care for a relative who has HIV/AIDS, was also correlated with higher odds of having been tested (adjusted odds ratio: 1.28, 95% CI [1.08, 1.51]). Men who reported condom use during last sex were more likely to have been tested (odds ratio: 1.58, 95% CI [1.33, 1.88). The findings indicate that HIV testing rates remain low among men in Haiti and more efforts are needed to increase HIV testing among men who are not married, have low level of education, and engage in unprotected sex.
Missed Opportunities for Condom Counseling Among Adolescent Males
Authors: Williams Joshua T. B. , Peters Marissa , Sheeder Jeanelle , Kaul Paritosh
Published: March 2016

The purpose of this study was to quantify the rate of condom counseling (CC) among adolescent males at preventive (PV) and non-PV (NPV) clinic visits in order to identify missed opportunities for contraception counseling. Adolescent males attending an outpatient clinic at a tertiary children’s hospital from 2009 to 2013 were included. Patient demographics and provider responses to a postvisit electronic medical record questionnaire regarding CC were collected. Over 4 years, 2,439 males attended 6,123 visits; 33% were PVs. CC occurred at 92% PVs versus 43% NPVs ( p < .001). Those receiving CC were more likely to be older (16.1 vs. 15.9 years; p < .001) and minority (odds ratio = 1.43; 95% confidence interval = 1.28-1.61). In conclusion, in this single-center study among adolescent males, CC occurred routinely at PVs but infrequently at NPVs. CC was more likely among older, minority males. Providing CC at NPVs and ensuring younger, White males receive CC are two strategies to increase rates of CC among adolescent males.
Outcome Data and Quality: The Critical Role of Policy
Authors: Renhard Russell
Published: March 2016

Health outcomes data are a major focus of the Australian health policy debate and the national research agenda. There is general agreement that health outcomes data should be collected. Outcomes data have been shown to be a powerful stimulant to service quality at the clinical level. It is argued here that policy which places health outcomes data at the centre of resource allocation and competitive cost control strategies is likely to undermine its capacity to stimulate quality at the clinical level. Policy is needed to support the role of health outcomes data so that it is relevant to clinicians and is seen as being fundamental to quality improvement processes at the organisational level. Governments and other funding bodies require that services be accountable for the quality of their services. By using health outcomes data this quality guarantee can be based on evidence that the data are analysed routinely and, where appropriate, clinical services are modified and improved. Without this clear role for health outcomes data, they may become yet another ‘top-down’ accountability tool that has little relevance to clinicians and therefore loses its value as a stimulant to quality improvement.
Management Information Needs of Clinician Managers in a Metropolitan Teaching Hospital
Authors: Shand Sarah , Callen Joanne
Published: March 2016

Clinician managers need relevant, current and integrated information to assist them in their managerial roles. This study examined the management information needs of clinician managers (doctors, nurses, data managers and a business manager) from a metropolitan teaching hospital. A purposive sample, of 15 clinician managers and five Information Unit staff who provide the clinicians with management reports, was interviewed by one researcher between July and September, 2001. The clinician managers indicated a preference for up-to-date, tabular or graphic management reports specific to their clinical specialty, and for education in interpreting the reports. The Information Unit staff members were willing to assist in these respects, and to present at Clinical Unit meetings to facilitate communication between the information providers and users. Clinician managers also required data for comparison with similar units within the area health service, or state-wide; they used the management reports mainly to assist with staffing and budgetary management. Continuous communication between providers and users of management information is essential to support the management function of clinicians.
Health Information Management: What Business are We In?
Authors: Di Donato Josephine , Walker Sue
Published: March 2016

Developments in information technology will drive the change in records management; however, it should be the health information managers who drive the information management change. The role of health information management will be challenged to use information technology to broker a range of requests for information from a variety of users, including health consumers. The purposes of this paper are to conceptualise the role of health information management in the context of a technologically driven and managed health care environment, and to demonstrate how this framework has been used to review and develop the undergraduate program in health information management at the Queensland University of Technology.
Quality of Final Diagnosis Coding in the Medical Records of Selected Hospitals in the Colombo District, Sri Lanka
Authors: Gamage U.S.H.
Published: March 2016

Clinical coding is a method of translating a clinical description of a disease or procedure into a standard code. Sri Lanka adopted the system of coding recommended by the WHO, The International Classification of Diseases – 10th Revision (ICD-10), in 1997, and this study was undertaken with the objectives of assessing the quality of ICD coding and to identify some factors influencing coding quality in this country. A sample of 1091 medical records was selected from six hospitals in the Colombo District, representing all categories of hospitals in the area. Quality of coding was assessed by using the Australian Coding Benchmark Audit (ACBA), a coding quality assessment tool developed by the National Centre for Classification in Health, Australia.

It was found that the availability of the final diagnosis on front sheets of medical records was satisfactory (94.7%), but the accuracy of the diagnostic statement was unsatisfactory (54%). Out of the six hospitals studied, only the Teaching Hospital and the Peripheral Unit practiced coding. The overall rate of accuracy of ICD coding in the Colombo District hospitals was 31%, which is unsatisfactory.

It is recommended that training opportunities in ICD-10 and other related subjects should be made available to the coders. Efforts should be made to improve the familiarity of the Medical Officers with the WHO guidelines on recording diagnostic information for ICD coding.
Clinical Coder Training Initiatives in Ireland
Authors: Bramley Michelle , Reid Beth
Published: March 2016

The Hospital In-Patient Enquiry and National Perinatal Reporting System (HIPE & NPRS) Unit of the Economic and Social Research Institute in Ireland requested a review of its coder training programs and data quality initiatives, primarily because of the decision to implement a major change in Ireland's morbidity classification in January 2005. In August 2004, a formative evaluation using qualitative methods was conducted to assess the Unit's programs and initiatives. A number of opportunities for building on the solid frameworks the Unit has implemented were identified. In this paper, we focus on the Unit's coder training programs. The Unit's data quality initiatives will be discussed in a subsequent paper (Bramley & Reid 2005).
Coding of Thoughts, Words and Things
Authors: Kemp Madonna , Walker Sue , Scott Peter
Published: March 2016

This short paper highlights some new work being performed at the National Centre for Classification in Health (NCCH), relating newly created term sets developed for specific purposes to existing reference terminologies and classifications such as SNOMED CT and ICD-10-AM. It describes some of the inherent difficulties experienced by the NCCH team in interpreting terms in the term set and therefore in locating equivalent concepts in reference terminologies and classifications, in the absence of a context with which to associate each term. Also examined is the effect that a person's background and past experience has on their understanding and interpretation of clinical terms and how this results in inconsistent ‘world views’.
Privacy Laws: Who Owns Information Compiled as Part of a Business?
Authors: Mair Judith
Published: March 2016

Patients have a right to expect that their personal information will remain confidential when they consult a practitioner. However, when they consult a doctor who is contracted to provide services as part of a business, the question can arise as to the right to ownership of the medical records created by that doctor, and/or the information recorded therein, after that doctor leaves the business. This was the issue in a recent case heard in NSW, IVF Australia Pty Ltd v Palantrou Pty Ltd [2005] NSWSC 810, in which IVFA sought an injunction to prevent specialists from accessing a database containing patient information when those specialists left the business to set up elsewhere. A further issue is what effect privacy legislation has on such disputes. This review provides an overview of the case and its outcome.
Litigation and Doctor-Patient Confidentiality
Authors: Mair Judith
Published: March 2016

When a patient sues a healthcare practitioner with regard to their care, the healthcare records are an important part of the evidence used in the case. Litigation is usually heard in open court in the presence of the public and information contained within the records can be aired in that public forum. The issue of patient confidentiality and litigation arose in the case of Kadian v Richards [2004] NSWSC 382, which forms the basis for this report. The decision in Kadian preserves the right of patients to confidentiality of their medical records other than when a patient sues a practitioner for negligence in the delivery of health care; the loss of confidentiality is limited to what is necessary to enable the defendant doctor to prepare an adequate defence; and patient-doctor confidentiality with subsequent treating doctors is preserved unless it becomes inconsistent for the plaintiff patient to press on with litigation while continuing to maintain a full obligation of confidentiality with those doctors.
Emergency Department Presentations of Victorian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People
Authors: Costa Nadia , Sullivan Mary , Walker Rae , Robinson Kerin M
Published: March 2016

This paper explains how routinely collected data can be used to examine the emergency department attendances of Victorian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. The data reported in the Victorian Emergency Minimum Dataset (VEMD) for the 2006/2007 financial year were analysed. The presentations of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander and non-Aboriginal people were compared in terms of age, gender, hospital location (metropolitan and rural) and presenting condition. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people were found to attend the emergency department 1.8 times more often than non-Aboriginal people. While the emergency department presentation rates of metropolitan Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander and non-Aboriginal people were similar, rural Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people presented to the emergency department 2.3 times more often than non-Aboriginal people. The injuries or poisonings, respiratory conditions and mental disorders presentation rates of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander and non-Aboriginal population were compared. No previous studies have assessed the accuracy of the Indigenous status and diagnosis fields in the VEMD; therefore the quality of this data is unknown.
Issues in the Measurement of Social Determinants of Health
Authors: Mooney Gavin , Fohtung Nubong G.
Published: March 2016

This article focuses on the measurement of the social determinants of health, and specifically on issues relating to two key variables relevant to the analysis of public health information: poverty and inequality. Although the paper has been written from the perspective of economics, the discipline of the two authors, it is also of relevance to researchers in other disciplines. It is argued that there is a need to ensure that, when considering measurement in this largely neglected area of research, sufficient thought is given to the relationships that are being examined or assessed. We argue further that any attempt at measurement in this area must take into account the historical backdrop and the complex nature of the relationships between these key variables.
Archetype-Based Electronic Health Records: A Literature Review and Evaluation of Their Applicability to Health Data Interoperability and Access
Authors: Wollersheim Dennis , Sari Anny , Rahayu Wenny
Published: March 2016

Health Information Managers (HIMs) are responsible for overseeing health information. The change management necessary during the transition to electronic health records (EHR) is substantial, and ongoing. Archetype-based EHRs are a core health information system component which solve many of the problems that arise during this period of change. Archetypes are models of clinical content, and they have many beneficial properties. They are interoperable, both between settings and through time. They are more amenable to change than conventional paradigms, and their design is congruent with clinical practice. This paper is an overview of the current archetype literature relevant to Health Information Managers. The literature was sourced in the English language sections of ScienceDirect, IEEE Explore, Pubmed, Google Scholar, ACM Digital library and other databases on the usage of archetypes for electronic health record storage, looking at the current areas of archetype research, appropriate usage, and future research. We also used reference lists from the cited papers, papers ref website, and the recommendations from experts in the area. Criteria for inclusion were (a) if studies covered archetype research and (b) were either studies of archetype use, archetype system design, or archetype effectiveness. The 47 papers included show a wide and increasing worldwide archetype usage, in a variety of medical domains. Most of the papers noted that archetypes are an appropriate solution for future-proof and interoperable medical data storage. We conclude that archetypes are a suitable solution for the complex problem of electronic health record storage and interoperability.
A New Era in Clinical Communications: A Report on the Past Year's Work at NEHTA
Authors: Fleming Peter
Published: March 2016

Across Australia there is a groundswell of support for a better more connected healthcare system. More than 80 per cent of Australians are in favour of electronic health records and the sector is increasingly aware of the safety and quality benefits that e-health can deliver. On behalf of the governments of Australia, the National E-Health Transition Authority (NEHTA) is developing a national e-health infrastructure that will underpin the success of a connected healthcare system. This involves a body of work that includes clinical terminologies, unique healthcare identification and the development and recommendation of standards for the safe transmission and access of healthcare information. Read an update of NEHTA's work and progress in 2008.
What Information Do General Practitioners Need to Care for Patients with Lung Cancer? A Survey of General Practitioners Perceptions
Authors: Rowlands Stella , Callen Joanne , Westbrook Johanna
Published: March 2016

General practitioners (GPs) are an integral part of the multidisciplinary team that care for patients with lung cancer. It is essential that patient information including results of tests, management plans, treatment, and follow-up arrangements are communicated between hospital-based carers and the community-based GR. The aim of this study was to explore GPs' views about the information they need from hospital-based health professionals in the management of their patients with lung cancer. This exploration is undertaken within the context of a multidisciplinary model of care, a relatively new concept in service delivery for cancer patients. Data were collected using a questionnaire that was distributed to the population of 433 GPs from one Australian regional Division of General Practice. Questions related to from whom, what, when and how GPs would like to receive information from the multidisciplinary hospital-based lung cancer team. GPs reported that they wanted information from all members of the multidisciplinary hospital-based lung cancer team, not just physicians. The key triggers for communication included: any change in the patient's condition; following initial outpatient visit; at admission and discharge; and following treatment milestones. Both medical and social information were seen as important to GPs and there was strong support to receive information electronically. This study illustrates the desire by GPs to receive information from all members of the hospital-based lung cancer team if it is relevant to the ongoing care of their patient. Technology-enabled solutions, such as an electronic multidisciplinary discharge summary, the electronic health record and the person-controlled electronic health record, offer strategies to improve both timeliness and access to information.
An ICT Solution for Medical Care to Residents in Residential Aged Care Facilities
Authors: Irvine Sue J , Kroeger Ken
Published: March 2016

Treatment of residents living in aged care facilities presents a challenge to the traditional model of general practitioner (GP)-patient interactions, which rely on patients having the mobility to visit a GP's rooms, to transport themselves for follow-up tests, and are cooperative in taking medications. Aged care residents lack mobility and rely on caregivers for medications; subsequently treatment is often reactive, based on prescribing medications for known and newly diagnosed conditions. Comprehensive Medical Assessments (CMAs) are available at no cost to residents in aged care. However, less than 30% of the 170,000 residents in aged care have had a CMA conducted. A recent University of Sydney Health Informatics Research and Evaluation Unit study concluded that new models for aged care are warranted and that CMAs should play a central role in developing these new approaches. HealthCube has developed an electronic CMA process that underpins the Preventative Aged Care Service package, which promises to change aged care treatment through a new model of GP-patient engagement.
Respect for Autonomy; Or the Right to Die?
Authors: Mair Judith
Published: March 2016

Recent cases have drawn attention to the issue of individual autonomy and what is sometimes referred to as ‘the right to die’. Adult patients who are mentally competent have the right to refuse medical treatment even when that refusal can lead to worsening ill health and even death. This refusal of treatment may only be ignored when statutory law provides for treatment without consent, or a judge makes an order that overrides the patient's consent. While this is largely accepted when patients are physically and mentally competent, it becomes a complex issue when a person is mentally competent but due to physical incapacity are in care because they are unable to care for themselves.
Rethinking Health Planning: A Framework for Organising Information to Underpin Collaborative Health Planning
Authors: Gudes Ori , Kendall Elizabeth , Yigitcanlar Tan , Pathak Virendra , Baum Scott
Published: March 2016

The field of collaborative health planning faces significant challenges created by the narrow focus of the available information, the absence of a framework to organise that information and the lack of systems to make information accessible and guide decision-making. These challenges have been magnified by the rise of the ‘healthy communities movement’, resulting in more frequent calls for localised, collaborative and evidence-driven health related decision-making. This paper discusses the role of decision support systems as a mechanism to facilitate collaborative health decision-making. The paper presents a potential information management framework to underpin a health decision support system and describes the participatory process that is currently being used to create an online tool for health planners using geographic information systems. The need for a comprehensive information management framework to guide the process of planning for healthy communities has been emphasised. The paper also underlines the critical importance of the proposed framework not only in forcing planners to engage with the entire range of health determinants, but also in providing sufficient flexibility to allow exploration of the local setting-based determinants of health.